bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Village Life in Ancient Egypt
Authors: Mcdowell A G
Published: November 2023

Deir el-Medina, the village of the workmen who built the royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings, is a uniquely rich source of information about life in Egypt between 1539 and 1075 BC. The abundant archaeological remains are complemented by tens of thousands of texts documenting the thoughts and activities of the villagers. Many of the texts are written on papyrus but most are on flakes of limestone which, being free and readily available, were used for even the most casual and temporary of records. They include private letters, administrative accounts, magic spells, records of purchases, last wills and testaments, laundry lists, and love songs. The value of these rare glimpses of daily life is greatly enhanced by the concentration of texts in one time and place. This book combines translations of over 200 of these texts spanning the entire range of preserved genres with stunning illustrations. The reader will, therefore, be able to experience the life of the villagers through their own words whilst viewing places known to each individual writer. Each text is introduced by a commentary that provides the context and explains the contribution each text makes to our understanding of Egyptian society at this period.
Introduction
Authors: Mcdowell A G
Published: November 2023

The texts collected in this anthology belong to the New Kingdom (c.1570-1070 Be), a period of a different character than earlier eras of Egyptian history. At the dawn of the Eighteenth Dynasty, the native Egyptian kings ruled over only a stump of their ancient kingdom; the north of Egypt was in the hands of an alien people, the Hyksos; while, to the south, Egypt had lost Lower Nubia to the kingdom of Kush. This situation was intolerable to the last pharaoh of the Seventeenth Dynasty, Kamose, who led his countrymen in an uprising against the realms to either side. It was his son Ahmose who achieved the final victory, driving the Hyksos out of the land and pursuing them into Palestine. The years of foreign occupation had made Egypt distrustful; it was no longer enough to free Egyptian soil, but neighbouring countries must also be subjected to provide a buffer zone against future enemies. Thus Egypt acquired an empire, and now for the first time enjoyed extensive and prolonged contact with the other great civilizations of the Ancient Near East.
Religion
Authors: Mcdowell A G
Published: November 2023

Much of the surviving evidence of Egyptian piety consists of stelae, funerary monuments, and other records that are standardized and formal and thus difficult to relate to everyday religious ideas and practice. Moreover, the cult as conducted in the major temples those most prominent monuments of New Kingdom religion-was an affair of state, the purpose of which was to maintain the goodwill of the gods and to reaffirm the order of the world and oppose the forces of chaos. As a professional priesthood emerged to run the increasingly powerful temples, there is some doubt whether the common man was much concerned with what went on behind the temple pylons.
Work on the Royal Tomb
Authors: Mcdowell A G
Published: November 2023

The raison d ‘etre of the community of workmen was the construction of the royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings. These tombs are rich in imagery, illustrating and magically promoting the passage of the deceased king through the Beyond. The king hoped to travel with the god Re in his sun-bark as he journeyed through the Netherworld during the twelve hours of the night towards the Gates of the Horizon where the sun, and the king, would be reborn. The perils and adventures of this nocturnal journey are recorded in great detail in the Books of the Netherworld, which form the basis of the decoration in the royal tombs, the various corridors and chambers corresponding to specific hours of the night. From the reign of Seti I on, the walls of the entire tomb, from the entrance down to and including the burial chamber, were covered with figures cut in low relief and painted with the full Egyptian palette-if indeed the king reigned long enough for this ambitious programme to be completed.
Women and Law in Late Antiquity
Authors: Arjava Antti
Published: November 2023

This is the first comprehensive account of women's legal and social position in the west from classical antiquity right through to the early middle ages. The main focus of the book is on the late antique period, with constant reference to classical Roman law and the lives of women in the early empire. The book goes on to follow women's history up to the seventh century, thus bridging the notorious gap of the "dark ages". Major themes include daughters' succession rights; the independence of married women; sexual relations outside marriage; divorce; remarriage; and the general legal capacity of women. Dr Arjava argues that from the viewpoint of most women, late antiquity was not a period of radical change. In particular, the influence of Christianity has often been considerably exaggerated. It was only after the fall of the western empire that a new legal system and a new social world emerged.
Prehistory From The Palaeolithic To The Badarian Culture (c.700,000—4000 BC)
Authors: Hendrickx Stan , Vermeersch Pierre
Published: November 2023

It has become a truism that ancient Egypt was a gift of the Nile because the river’s flooding brought new life into the valley in the late summer of every year. Egypt was, therefore, essentially a rich oasis amid the very extensive expanse of the Sahara. This, however, has not always been the case: the very earliest inhabitants of Egypt lived in a different kind of environment. First, the climate was not always as arid as it is now (modern Upper Egypt being one of the most arid regions in the world), oscillating instead between the present hyperaridity and a dry sahelian condition. Secondly, the river itself was not always a meandering river in a wide floodplain, with its late summer high floods. During some periods, the Nile was either reduced to a series of independent ephemeral wadi basins or had a generally low discharge, choked by its own huge floodplain deposits. It brought its rich alluvia into Egypt only when its headwaters reached back to Ethiopia. Finally, although the river clearly brought life to Egypt, it has also brought about the erosion of older archaeological deposits—we should, therefore, not be surprised to find that only very scarce remains from the earliest occupation have been preserved.
Egypt and the Outside World
Authors: Shaw Ian
Published: November 2023

From the earliest times, expeditions concerned with trade, quarrying, and warfare brought the Egyptians into repeated contact with foreigners. The regions with which Egypt gradually fostered commercial and political links can be grouped into three basic areas: Africa (primarily Nubia, Libya, and Punt), Asia (Syria–Palestine, Mesopotamia, Arabia, and Anatolia) and the northern and eastern Mediterranean (Cyprus, Crete, the Sea Peoples, and the Greeks).
The Third Intermediate Period (1069–664 BC)
Authors: Taylor John
Published: November 2023

This 400-year period, comprising the 21st to 25th Dynasties (1069–664 BC), may justly be regarded as marking a new phase in Egypt’s history. The period is characterized by significant changes in Egypt’s political organization, society, and culture. Centralized government was replaced by political fragmentation and the re-emergence of local centres of power; a substantial influx of non-Egyptians (Libyans and Nubians) permanently modified the profile of the population, while Egypt as a whole became more inward-looking, its contacts with the outside world (and its impact on the Levant in particular) greatly reduced in scale. These, and other, factors had important consequences for the functioning of the economy, for the structure of society, and for the religious attitudes and funerary practices of the inhabitants. It is true that the period was marked by tensions over control of territory and resources, leading on occasion to conflicts, but violence was not endemic; the period as a whole was stable and represents far more than a temporary lapse from traditional pharaonic rule (an unfortunate implication of the customary designation ‘Intermediate’). Many of the events and trends of these years were permanent in their effect and played a crucial role in shaping the Egypt of the later first millennium BC.
Rome and the Outside World: Senatorial Families and the World They Lived In
Authors: Eck Werner
Published: November 2023

Minicius Fundanus, one of Pliny’s closest friends (I. 9; 4. 15; 5. 16; 6. 6; 7. 12), is a person we know better still because he was also one of Plutarch’s friends and appears as a participant in several of Plutarch’s Essays. For a long time it was debated how the acquaintance with Plutarch arose. It seemed plausible to suppose that Fundanus had held office in the province of Achaia at some stage in his preconsular career, either as quaestor or as legate to the governor, or indeed as proconsul. He could have got to know the sage of Chaeronea at this time, as was the case, so it is assumed, with Sosius Senecio, the consul ordinarius of AD 99. The latter may indeed have been quaestor in Greece (Jones 1970: 98 ff.). However, an inscription, long overlooked, which supplies the cursus honorum of Minicius Fundanus up to the point just before his consulship in 107, has made it plain that Fundanus never visited Greece in an official capacity. Where then did these two philosophically inclined persons meet? Ronald Syme, in one of his last papers (1991: 603-19, at 619), argued persuasively, from the fact that Fundanus spent the entire period between quaestorship and praetorship in Rome, that it was at Rome itself that this first contact took place. ‘Plutarch had visited Rome several times, for certain in 88 and 92. Rome was the intellectual centre of the Greek world, the goal of ambition, the resort of talkers and thinkers.’
Perceptions of Domestic Space in Roman Italy
Authors: Nevett Lisa
Published: November 2023

The wealth of the material evidence uncovered at Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Ostia offers an almost unparalleled opportunity to explore the domestic life of a past society through archaeological evidence. Indeed, Pompeii has sometimes been held up by archaeologists working on other societies as the site that exemplifies their ideals in terms of the manner of its destruction and the exceptional standard of preservation (the ‘Pompeii premise’, cf. Allison 1992a: passim). Yet despite all the advantages offered by this material, in many ways it has yet to be exploited to its full potential, and, in particular, our knowledge of patterns of activity within individual dwellings remains surprisingly poor, even for the atrium house, which has been the subject of the most extensive research. In this chapter it is argued that, in conjunction with study of the archaeological evidence, an alternative approach to the use of literary sources for activity in the Roman household in general, and in urban houses in particular, can help us to construct a clearer and more detailed picture of Roman attitudes to spatial organization and of some of the factors that helped to shape domestic space in different types of dwelling.
The Roman Army at War 100 BC - AD 200
Authors: Goldsworthy Adrian Keith
Published: November 2023

This detailed examination of the way in which the Roman army operated during a war and how it fought a battle breaks away from existing studies that mostly concentrate on the army in peacetime and attempts to understand the army as an institution whose ultimate purpose was to wage war. Adrian Goldsworthy explores the influence of the Roman army's organization on its behaviour during a campaign, emphasizing its great flexibility in comparison to most of its opponents. He considers the factors determining the result of a conflict and proposes, contrary to orthodox opinion, that the Roman army was able to adapt successfully to any type of warfare. Following the technique pioneered by John Keegan in The Face of Battle (1976), Dr Goldsworthy builds up a precise picture of what happened during battle: tactics employed; weaponry; leadership; behaviour of individuals as well as groups of soldiers; and, of utmost importance, morale.
Theseus, Tragedy and the Athenian Empire
Authors: Mills Sophie
Published: November 2023

This book traces the development of the Theseus myth and its importance for Athens from the earliest evidence down to the end of the fifth century. The author examines all extant tragedy in which Theseus appears, even including the fragmentary drama in which Theseus is known to appear, to assess the significance of his role as mythological representative of Athenian greatness. The author argues that the Theseus of most Athenian tragedy is carefully drawn to exemplify the idealized image of the Athenian `national character' that was prevalent in the age of the Athenian empire. Every nation needs role models: the Athenians were no exception. Handsome, brave, intelligent, and just, Theseus seemed the perfect Athenian, but under the exterior lay a heartless seducer, rapist, and killer of his own son. The author describes Athenian attempts to cope with these contradictions in her discussion of how the Theseus of Athenian tragedy relates to Athenian life and imperial ideology.
Images of Theseus before Tragedy
Authors: Mills Sophie
Published: November 2023

Every human being experiences a continuous interplay between past and present, because only by constantly referring to what is known already can the present be understood and preparations for the future be made. Something similar is true of human societies, for which the past can be defined as comprising certain events, personalities or institutions which are considered by most people to have a continuing relevance for their present and future prosperity. The function of this past is essentially aetiological because it purports to explain what has made the society what it is: it defines the nature of the society for its members, and the past is used as a guide to the future to encourage certain values and types of conduct. In the Greek world especially, what past generations were has a direct bearing on current ones, and particularly outstanding individuals or groups, whether from recent history or the heroic past, can be made to stand as allegedly typical examples of the prowess of the city as a whole, exemplifying behaviour which should be ‘natural’ for all its members. It need hardly be said that this so called ‘national character’ prescribes behaviour at least as much as it describes it, and that it is not necessarily fixed or free from contradictions, in spite of the way that it is usually presented, as something natural, time-honoured and self-evidently right.
The Athenian Image of Athens
Authors: Mills Sophie
Published: November 2023

Much of the first book of Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War is devoted to examining the relationship between the outbreak of the war and the growth of the Athenian empire. The first extended exploration of the links between them is presented in the account of the debate at Sparta (Thuc. I. 66-88) which was convened to discuss the incidents at Epidamnus and Potidaea, where Athenians and Corinthians had recently come into conflict with one another. The Corinthians open the discussion, and try to frighten the Spartans into making war on Athens by painting a formidable portrait of their common enemy. For them, the Athenian empire is intimately connected with the national character of the Athenians (Thuc. I. 70), who are a uniquely active, aggressive people, never still, but always taking risks and striving to do better: their limitless ambition and energy are manifested in an unceasing expansion which is a direct threat to Sparta and the whole of Greece.
Theseus at Colonus
Authors: Mills Sophie
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter traced the influence of Athenian ideals on Euripides’ reinvention of the myth of Heracles’ madness. Theseus’ encounter with Heracles is almost certainly Euripides’ own extension of older traditions of Athenian hospitality to distressed suppliants, so as to include Greece’s greatest hero in the list of clients of Athens. In Oedipus at Colonus, Sophocles takes the process of Athenian reinvention even further. Although Oedipus, like Heracles, is a well-established figure in Greek mythology, he has no close or early connections with Attica, and the help Athens gives to him has no roots in mainstream Greek tradition. Sophocles’ account may instead be seen as a kind of local variant of the Oedipus story, whose primary interest is for Athenians. Moreover, Oedipus is a figure whose appalling crimes had perhaps previously made any help or resolution of his sufferings unthinkable. The daring of Sophocles in suggesting that he could be welcomed into the city is akin to the daring of Athens in the face of danger that is emphasized in the Athenian encomia. The mythological expansionism which claims for Athens a share in non-Athenian myths, and even resolution of their problems by a virtuous representative of the city is, perhaps, akin to Athenian territorial expansionism and its justification in terms of the justice and Tollµ,a of Athens (cf. Thuc. 2. 41. 4).
Theseus in Fragmentary Tragedy
Authors: Mills Sophie
Published: November 2023

Error and human suffering are central to tragedy: as Phrynichus discovered at the cost of 1 ,ooo drachmas, it is easier for an Athenian audience to look at others’ errors than their own (Hdt. 6. 21), and therefore the role of representative of the ideal city, in which Theseus is normally cast in tragedy, fundamentally conflicts with any attempt to make him into a tragic hero like those whose crimes and punishments are judged by Aristotle to be part of the ‘best’ tragedies (Poetics 1453a17 ff.). A hero who embodies Athens must normally be competent and successful, and in the Hippolytus, where he is neither–and more like traditional tragic heroes–his connection with the ideal Athens has been cut.
Afterword
Authors: Mills Sophie
Published: November 2023

Recent scholarship has emphasized the problematic aspects of Theseus in his role as the national hero of Athens. His mother’s Trozenian nationality, especially after Pericles’ citizenship law of 451/0,2 makes his very status as an Athenian dubious, and, with the exception of the triumph over the Minotaur, the deeds for which he is famous in early narrative are moral failures in their conception and actual failures in their results. It seems very strange that the Athenians should focus on such an apparently unsuitable character as their representative in tragedy and other art-forms.
Written Women: Propertius’ scripta puella (2.10–13)
Authors: Wyke Maria
Published: November 2023

The narrative organisation of Propertius’ first poetry-book seems to encourage a practice of reading the characters and events of his love elegy as real. The predominantly autobiographical mode allows the reader to equate the lover of the text with the author Propertius. Direct addresses to a beloved Cynthia who is allocated physical and psychological characteristics suggest that the narrative’s female subject has a life outside the text as Propertius’ mistress. The illusion of a real world populated by real individuals is then sustained by various other formal mechanisms such as the regular deployment of addresses to the historically verifiable figure of Tullus or occasional references to the landscape of Baiae, Umbria, and Rome.
Incompleteness: me talia uelle?
Authors: Hershkowitz Debra
Published: November 2023

Valerius Flaccus’ Argonautica comes to a sudden stop. The Argo is at Peuce, where Jason and Medea have celebrated their marriage, but Medea begins to suspect that the Argonauts plan to abandon her to her pursuing brother and to the wrath of her betrayed father, and harangues Jason with threats and entreaties, whipping herself up into a maenadic frenzy in the process (8. 408 – 63).
Digressions: The Road Not Taken
Authors: Hershkowitz Debra
Published: November 2023

But look, at first light the waves, gaping open beneath it, terrified the flying ship, and fillet-wearing Helle stood up, now the sister of Panope and Thetis and now holding a golden sceptre in her left hand, while she made the waves subside and saw the princes and their leader, and addressed Jason with calm words ... (2. 587–91).
Statius’ Thebaid: Furor Without Limits
Authors: Hershkowitz Debra
Published: November 2023

In the Aeneid, Juno’s declaration fiectere si nequeo superos, Acheronta mouebo (‘ If I am unable to bend the heavens, I shall move Acheron’, 7. 312) signals the shift in the emphasis of Vergil’s poetic enterprise as much as it reflects the angered goddess’ new resolve. Hatred, discord, and, most of all, madness come to the forefront of the epic as Juno summons Allecto from the underworld, bringing to the surface, as it were, the infernal forces which will guide the action of the second half of the Aeneid. Juno requests the Fury’s services to produce strife between the Italians and the Trojans and thus sow the seeds of war, which Allecto does easily, spreading madness throughout Latium, and in doing so causing divinely sanctioned fata to give way to infernally produced furor.
Visual and written culture in ancient Egypt
Authors: Baines John
Published: November 2023

A generously illustrated selection of John Baines’s influential writings on two core areas of ancient Egyptian civilization: the role of writing, which was very different in antiquity from what is familiar in the modern world, and the importance of visual culture. These questions are explored through a number of case studies. The volume assembles articles that were scattered in publications in a variety of disciplines, making available key contributions on core problems of theory, comparison, and analysis in the study of many civilizations and offering important points of departure for further research. Three wholly new essays are included, and the overall approach is an interdisciplinary one, synthesizing insights from archaeology, anthropology, and art history as well as Egyptology.
Stone and other materials: usages and values
Authors: Baines John
Published: November 2023

Stone is fundamental to ancient Egyptian monumental buildings, statuary, and objects of all sizes down to amulets and beads. It played a leading role in the Egyptian elite’s display of high culture through its main actor, the king, to its eternal participants, the gods and the dead. The Egyptians used some stones to give structural strength as well as aesthetic and symbolic value to their most important buildings; they exploited an overlapping, wider range of stones for statuary and other monuments such as stelae; and they employed yet other varieties as inlays and display elements in such contexts as jewellery.
Morality, Schooling, and the Printed Book in Renaissance Venice
Authors: Kallendorf Craig
Published: November 2023

Just four years after the first Venetian edition of Virgil’s works came off the newly established printing press of Vindelinus de Spira, a copy of the Eclogues, Georgics, and Aeneid was prepared in the traditional handwritten fashion in Ferrara. By around I 540 this manuscript (now Princeton University Ms. 36) had travelled the hundred kilometres north to Venice, where it entered the library of one Marco Michiel.1 Michiel’s manuscript was a luxury production, written on vellum with illuminated initials, but a series of pointing hands and Nota (‘note this’) markers shows us that its owner had clearly bought this book to use as well as to enjoy.
Thucydides
Authors: Rood Tim
Published: November 2023

War is a harsh teacher wrote Thucydides in the fifth century BC. Rood analyses the techniques through which Thucydides' narrative explains the origin and course of the Peloponnesian War and exposes harsh truths about how individuals and states behave. Rood concentrates on how the use of techniques, such as selectivity, interaction of speech and narrative, and manipulation of time and perspective, points at one level to general human constraints, at another to the self-destructiveness of Athen's imperial power. The book explores some techniques that have received little attention and offers new ways of reading others; it gives new insight into Thucydides' sophistication and the way he relates to his predecessors. It is also important for its attempts to refute views that Thucydides' History is made up of different compositional strata or inspired by pro-Athenian bias. And it addresses directly the way modern historians use Thucydides,, contributes to the contemporary debate over narrative history, and shows the value of applying some of the concepts of recent narrative theory to historical texts.
Perceptions: Towards Peace
Authors: Rood Tim
Published: November 2023

Rhamphias and his men [reinforcements for Brasidas] returned home, knowing that when they set out, the Spartans were more inclined towards peace. Indeed it happened that, directly after the battle of Amphipolis and the retreat of Rhamphias from Thessaly, both sides no longer set their hands to war, but were more inclined to peace. The Athenians had suffered a blow at Delion, and again shortly afterwards at Amphipolis, and no longer had that confidence in their strength through which they had previously refused peace, thinking that in their present good fortune they would come out on top; they were afraid, too, that their allies elated by their failures might revolt more generally; and they regretted that they had not come to terms after the affair at Pylos, when a good opportunity offered. The Spartans, on the other hand, found that the war was not turning out as they had expected: they had thought that they would destroy the power of the Athenians . within a few years if they ravaged their land. As it was, they had met on the island a disaster such as had never happened to Sparta; their land was being plundered from Pylos and Kythera; the helots were deserting; and they were in constant apprehension that the helots who remained, trusting in those outside, might revolt, as before, in response to present circumstances.
Misreadings: Book V
Authors: Rood Tim
Published: November 2023

Victory at Mantineia ends one strand of the story of Pylos: Utterly worsted in respect of skill, the Spartans showed then that they were superior in courage. . . . By this one achievement they freed themselves from the imputations cast upon them by the Greeks at the time, of cowardice because of the disaster on the island, and of mismanagement and slowness generally: they were being maligned, so it seemed, for what was only ill fortune, but in spirit they were still the same.
Selectivity and Omission: Athenian Politics
Authors: Rood Tim
Published: November 2023

Defeat came upon us through our own quarrels. We were never conquered by others, and to this day we are still unconquered by them; but we were our own conquerors, and suffered defeat at our own hands. (Pl. Menex, 243d4-7)
Athens and Sicily
Authors: Rood Tim
Published: November 2023

As a result many other mistakes were made, as was to be expected in a great city with an empire, and above all the voyage to Sicily. It was not so much that this was an error of judgement with regard to those whom they were attacking, it was rather that the senders did not take the best measures for those who had gone out, but because of their personal quarrels over the leadership of the demos they weakened the army in the field and first introduced civil discord at home.
Extortion
Authors: Lyne R O A M
Published: November 2023

Vergil contrives local collocations and larger contexts which wrest surprising senses from words. Compared with Horace’s combinations, Vergil’s can be extortionate (1.5). To illustrate the point, we will observe first how he extorts sense from an apparently poetical word: ‘taenia’. ‘Taenia’ is a Latin borrowing of the Greek word, ταιíα , which basically means ‘ribbon’, ‘headband’. More information will be given on this word in a moment. For now we observe that the denotative value of ’taenia’ seems the same as that of the Latin ‘uitta’; ‘taenia’ seems therefore (and has been judged to be) simply a poetical variant, a grecism, for ‘uitta’.

The Fury Allecto flings a snake at Amata in order to inflame her. It ranges over and into her, becoming in its progress items in her apparel.
Incitement
Authors: Lyne R O A M
Published: November 2023

Vergil will catch the eye with, say, a prosaic word and then exploit its particular sense (chs. III and V). He may do this just once (‘uxorius’, 111.2) or several times (‘conlabor’, III.I). In the latter case each example may produce a self-contained effect. Or Vergil may use one exploitation, by its nature ‘eye-catching’, to initiate a pair or sequence of related effects. We may regard an example of exploitation as a potential incitement to pursue a sequence, for Vergil likes to integrate effects elaborately into his text. Or we can have another, kindred situation. We may be struck by a word, not necessarily prosaic or colloquial, that in its combination is eye-catching, and infer that some important effect is operative; yet scrutiny of the immediate context may leave us unenlightened as to what that full effect is. We should regard this too as an incitement, an incitement to search further abroad for the full explanation. Nothing in Vergil is without explanation or purpose.
Acquisition
Authors: Lyne R O A M
Published: November 2023

At 10.622 f. Jupiter refers to Turnus as ‘caduco ... iuueni’, the young man who will fall. I suggested above (Vll.6) that Jupiter implies much else by the epithet ‘caducus’: that Turnus is as insubstantial and ultimately unimportant as the leaves. I argued that ‘caducus’ had acquired the potential to deliver such implications by virtue of a signal use in book 6. Likewise I argued that ‘Saturnius’, owing to the way it is used in 5.606 ff., acquires the potential to connote sinister things in the rest of the Aeneid (Vll.8). These are I think less certain examples of acquisition than the ones which l shall proceed to adduce now.

The technique I have in mind is not essentially a mysterious one. Characteristic of Vergil, but not confined to Vergil, it takes various forms, which I now schematically outline.

i. If a poet uses a word on one occasion in some particularly striking way, if he organizes a combination which imparts some signal novelty of sense to it, that use will stick in our memory and affect or potentially affect our response to later occurrences of the word in the same text. It has acquired for the duration of this poet’s text the potential to mean something special. The poet can then cash in this special value when he pleases; and he can do so more or less patently, depending on the combination he organizes at the time of encashment. ‘Caducus’ and ‘Saturnius’ (after 5.606 ff.) arguably acquire special value in this way. A more familiar example might be ‘furor’. This word is given a striking political resonance in its first use in the Aeneid (1.150), and acquires thereby the potential to bring to mind political
Control Of Violence By The Executive
Authors: Lintott Andrew
Published: November 2023

I Suggested in my introduction that the outstanding defect of the Roman political system was the lack of a police force and indeed the lack of a suitable magistrate to whom responsibility for that force could be entrusted.
Proteus and his Texts: Opposition in Writing and Everyday Life, 1844—1848
Authors: Burton Richard D E
Published: November 2023

To the extent that our names are given names, given to us without our knowledge and consent, and impose a single social definition on the multiplicity of inner selves, actual and potential, we contain, they constitute a privileged terrain for the kinds of oppositional practice—opposition by subterfuge, irony, and paradox rather than by direct resistance—which, following Michel de Certeau, we outlined in the previous chapter.
The Revenge of Pluviosus: Baudelaire and the Agony of the Second Republic
Authors: Burton Richard D E
Published: November 2023

On 9 April 1851—by design or coincidence his thirtieth birthday —Baudelaire at last published, under the long-announced title Les Limbes, a sequence of eleven sonnets in Le Messager de 1’Assembl  ée, the journal in which Du vin et du haschisch had appeared the previous month.
Introduction
Authors: Knight Diana
Published: November 2023

IT is the central argument of this book that utopias play a major role in Barthes’s work. A surprising proportion of his ideas are formulated through an explicit vocabulary of utopia as adjective or proper noun, while implicit utopias often lie behind more negative evaluations: ‘For me the ideal takes on a very precise form which is that of utopia. I have a utopian imagination and very often when I write, even if I’m not referring to a utopia, if, for example, I’m analysing particular notions in a critical way, I always do this through the inner image of a utopia: a social utopia or an affective utopia.’
Colonial Mythologies
Authors: Knight Diana
Published: November 2023

THE collection of photographs that opens Roland Barthes by Roland Barthes contains a distant photo of Barthes performing in a play put on by the Sorbonne theatre group of which he was a founding member (RB 33 / 37). The play is The Persians by Aeschylus, and the hooded and masked figure of Barthes represents the Persian King Darius, returned from the grave to lament the victory of the Greeks over his son King Xerxes.
Turkey and China: ‘But Where is the Orient?’
Authors: Knight Diana
Published: November 2023

IN the early and mid-I97os Barthes often draws a distinction between ‘the political’ (le politique) and ‘politics’ (la politique). The political, he claims, is a fundamental order of history, of thought, of all that is done and spoken; it is the very dimension of the real. Politics, on the other hand, emerges when the political is converted into a repetitive, fixed discourse. This, clearly, is the general realm of politics evaluated through the familiar distinction between positive signifier (the political) and negative .signified (politics).
The Politics of Production Finance
Authors: Harper Sue , Porter Vincent
Published: November 2023

The post-war Labour Government needed to resolve the production crisis for two reasons. Not only would it be able to provide employment for producers and technicians, but the more British films that could be shown in the cinemas, the smaller would be the dollar drain from showing Hollywood products.Hugh Dalton’s attempt in 1947 to stem the dollar drain by imposing a 75 per cent duty on the revenues of all foreign films had nearly ruined the British film economy. The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) immediately imposed an embargo on any new Hollywood films coming into the UK, causing chaos in the cinemas and a consequent fall in revenues from entertainment duty. When Dalton resigned over a Budget leak, Attlee replaced him by Sir Stafford Cripps, and appointed the young Harold Wilson as President of the Board of Trade. It fell to Wilson to negotiate an agreement with the MPAA President, Eric Johnston, that would normalize the film trade between Britain and America.
British Lion
Authors: Harper Sue , Porter Vincent
Published: November 2023

BRITISH LIONDON was the second largest distributor of British Films in the 1950s. During the decade, it distributed about 150 films, many of them made by independent producers, and it became a central player in debates about state control and cinematic creativity. British Lion was a long-established company, and was founded in the 1930s, when it concentrated almost entirely on’ quota quickies’, and had a distribution deal with the American Republic Pictures Corporation. During the war, British Lion’s relationship with Republic was increasingly profitable, and in 1944 it achieved a record profit of £101,000, which enabled it to acquire 50 per cent of the Worton Hall studio at Isleworth. It was at this juncture that Alexander Korda became interested in the company, and in 1945 he sold his shares in United Artists in order to buy it. He also bought a controlling interest in Shepperton Studios, and large production offices in Piccadilly; his aim was to transform British Lion from a small-time outfit into a company that could distribute and produce large-budget international films. Korda, of course, had previously had a substantial career in British cinema. In the 1930s, he founded London Films and produced (and occasionally directed) a range of popular films such as The Scarlet Pimpernel(1935) which skilfully deployed residual elements in British culture. During the war, Korda thought his primary task was to persuade the Americans to enter the war, and in Hollywood he made the phenomenally successful Lady Hamilton(1941). As a major share holder in United Artists, he understood the economics of the major Hollywood companies. Unlike Rank, Korda was essentially cosmopolitan in his personality and tastes; he exuded a confident charisma, and his cultural and business instincts were acute during the1930s and the war. However, his plans went awry in the post war period, and by 1948, British Lion was deeply compromised.
Visual Style
Authors: Harper Sue , Porter Vincent
Published: November 2023

IN order to map the field of visual style in 1950s British cinema, we need to relate the formal elements in the film text to their conditions of production. This means we have to provide an account of some of the shifting power relations in the technical side of the industry--of the struggles of, and accommodations between, art directors, lighting cameramen, costume designers, and others. Much depends on the career trajectories of individual workers-and of who became, or ceased to be, their patron. Having artistic talent was not enough; being offered chances at the right time was crucial. Much depended too on when designers came to maturity or went into artistic decline, and on the degree of autonomy permitted by the director or producer. This depended in turn on the management of the production process. British cinema in the 1950s was in a state of profound flux. Because of the shift away from producer-power and towards distributor-power, the older chain of command grew progressively weaker. This inevitably affected films’ visual style, since the management process engendered a different set of relations between technical workers, in which old patterns of dependence atrophied and new freedoms were seized. In addition, there were technical determinants on visual style. The 1950s was a period of important technological innovations in the film industry, and it had to deal with the artistic consequences of Eastman color, Cinema Scope, and single-strip Technicolor.
Gide‘s body
Authors: Segal Naomi
Published: November 2023

The body is with the king, but the king is not with the body. A dead author is embalmed in text and, however carefully wrapped up in advance, belongs to us to grave-rob. Once the author ‘s death had been fully established, arts of literary disinterring quickly devel¬oped: the last was psychoanalysis and the latest is the physical¬ psychical equivalent, in which no one is possessor of their verbal remains any more than they were in control of ‘how they looked ‘.
Her voice
Authors: Segal Naomi
Published: November 2023

At the end of March 1930, while writing Genevieve, Gide noted in his Journal: I find it easy to escape from myself and, supplanted by a personality different from my own, I can let go with perfect abandon and no sense of opposition, and let that other personality express itself through me exactly as it should. But I get no satisfaction from writing in a feminine manner, as the pen flows, and everything I write in that way displeases me. (} ii. 194) Used as we are to Gide ‘s hydraulic way of speaking about desire, we must find this statement paradoxical for a number of reasons. After all, in its most obvious vulgar Freudian significance, it puts the penis/pen where he claims to be at his most feminine, letting it all run out, exhausting himself but without the least pleasure or gratification.
Androgyde
Authors: Segal Naomi
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters we have followed the fluid dynamics of a number of forms in texts by Gide: triangular desire, the male chain, the reversible chase, the passing of good and bad influence in avuncular relations, positive and negative attitudes to ‘her voice ‘, the impossibility of making a child. In this conclusion I shall try and draw out of these versions of fluidity and precipitation some tenta¬tive arguments about gender in desire. But first, closing the frame, we need to repeat the question that underlies this study: what (how) does Gide want? Two irresolutions inform all the material. The first is the gender indeterminacy that gives this chapter its title. What we have seen of Gide is masculine at least from his early adulthood on. By adult masculinity I understand the exercise of unconsidered entitlement, the right to respect, to a voice that is heard and read, the right to be obeyed. I shall argue in this chapter that the internalized (and often all too visible) ‘little boy ‘ in the authoritative adult is a further and more complex demonstration of the masculinity endemic to his thoughts and actions. But at the same time, his modus operandi is haunted by a feminine that underwrites it negatively, whether as the middle term to be used and drained in a mediate structure, as a natural genealogy upon which the contrary cultural genealogy is modelled, or as the vampirism that threatens either end of the process of the pedophilic chase in the forms of the aunt/mantis and the sacrificial girl victim.
The Later Thirteenth and the Fourteenth Centuries
Authors: Caldwell John
Published: November 2023

DURING this period English music acquired a distinctive national voice. In one sense the whole epoch can be seen as a preparation for the great outburst of creative energy associated with the age of the Lancastrian kings, which found material expression in the compilation of the ‘Old Hall’ manuscript, the first great monument of English music.1 But it would be wrong to see the era of the later Plantagenets as merely preparatory. It was one great artistic achievement in its own right, symbolized in music by such collections as the ‘Worcester’ repertory of polyphonic music, in literature by the writings of Chaucer and Langland and a whole series of devotional writers, in architecture by a host of fine churches, and in art, at the end of the period, by so splendid an artefact—if it is indeed the work of an Englishman—as the Wilton diptych.
Introduction
Authors: Walls Peter
Published: November 2023

Middleton and Rowley’s Courtly Masque would not, in fact, have given its audience at the Swan a very accurate picture of what real masques were like, but the prologue is absolutely right in suggesting that the balance between spoken drama and music (and I include dance here) would have been very much in music’s favour. When masques at court feature in seventeenth century letters and chronicles, music and dancing attract at least as much comment as the visual spectacle and rather more than the literary device.
Masque Song
Authors: Walls Peter
Published: November 2023

The most frustrating aspect of studying music for the English court masque is that, for so much of the time, it no longer exists. In this respect, masque texts are like fossils—they can give a vivid impression of what was once there, but the substance itself, the music, has often disappeared. Certain types of vocal music (most obviously ‘foll songs’ and almost all the other ensemble pieces) are missing altogether. Occasionally, the texts go as far as indicating the precise scoring of these pieces.
Dance and Instrumental Music
Authors: Walls Peter
Published: November 2023

Guerino’s complicated directions and Aurelia’s bemused reaction suggest that an onlooker might have had great difficulty in seeing this particular dance as a model of celestial order. Yet in the songs of Pleasure Reconciled to Virtue Jonson takes up the very image used by the bewildered Aurelia to communicate a sense of the beautiful orderliness of set masque dances and the revels.
Music for the Eyes
Authors: Walls Peter
Published: November 2023

Jonson’s ‘Expostulation’ marks the final parting of the ways in a partnership which-despite very evident difficulties—had given the Jacobean masque a consistency of structure and an artistic integrity which no other form of courtly entertainment in Europe could rival.
The Younger Generation: Clarke, Weldon, and Croft
Authors: Spink Ian
Published: November 2023

For the last ten years of his life Purcell was recognized as the most gifted church musician of his time. Not only were younger men like Clarke and Croft influenced by him, so were his seniors Blow and Turner, who had been in the chapel since the earliest years of the Restoration. Rightly, Blow was honoured as doyen, and composers brought up in the chapel acknowledged their debt to him, but it was Purcell’s late anthems that provided them with their models.
Windsor and Eton
Authors: Spink Ian
Published: November 2023

King Edward III refounded St George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle, in 1348 as the chapel of the Most Noble Order of the Garter. Its constitution was governed by the number thirteen: there were thirteen canons (one of whom was dean), thirteen vicars choral, and thirteen choristers, while the military establishment comprised twenty-six Knights of the Garter (the sovereign and twenty-five) and an equal number of Poor Knights, later reduced to thirteen. However, in the reign of Henry VIII the symmetry was destroyed by the introduction of a body of minor canons, at first eight in addition to the vicars choral, but ultimately absorbing them. Although the legal basis of these developments is obscure, by 1564 not only had the vicars choral ceased to exist-they had never been incorporated by charter···--but the minor canons had been reduced to seven.
Ut oratoria musica: The Rhetorical Basis of Musical Mannerism
Authors: Palisca Claude V
Published: November 2023

This and the following essay, ‘Towards an intrinsically Musical Definition of Mannerism in the Sixteenth Century’, were originally invited contributions to conferences on mannerism. The first was published in The Meaning of Mannerism, edited by Franklin W. Robinson and Stephen G. Nichols, Jr. (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1972), 37–65. This book collected the six papers read at the New England Renaissance Conference held at Dartmouth College, 3 and 4 October 1970. The other five papers were on aspects of literature, by James V. Mirollo and Thomas M. Greene, of art history, by Samuel Y. Edgerton, Jr., on book-making, by Ray Nash, and on the concept of mannerism as applied in art history, by Henri Zerner.
Vincenzo Galilei and some Links between ‘Pseudo-Monody’ and Monody
Authors: Palisca Claude V
Published: November 2023

This essay was first published under the above title in Musical Quarterly, 46 (1960), 344–60. I should note concerning this title that there is nothing really pseudonymous about the monody called ‘pseudo-monody’. The label arose because ‘monody’ was thought to be a new genre of solo music brought about by a revolution in taste at approximately the time that recitative was invented. Caccini’s airs and madrigals were considered to be monody, as was recitative.
Musical Asides in the Diplomatic Correspondence of Emilio de’ Cavalieri
Authors: Palisca Claude V
Published: November 2023

This essay was first published in Musical Quarterly, 49 (1963), 339–55. The thread that holds this piece together is the fascinating personality of Emilio de’ Cavalieri, diplomat, administrator, impresario, composer, organist, teacher of singing, and choreographer. I recall first that he was a diplomat and administrator, because the correspondence studied here reveals him primarily in these roles, although our interest focuses on the light the letters throw on the musical life of Florence and Rome between 590 and 1602.