bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical analysis of inflow turbulence intensity impact on the stress and fatigue life of vertical axis hydrokinetic turbine
Authors: Gorgun Emre
Published: January 2024

The present study aims to analyze the effect of upstream turbulence intensity on the hydrodynamic and structural performance of the straight-blade vertical axis turbine. To achieve this, a one-way fluid structure interaction analysis is conducted within the ANSYS workbench environment. Initially, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is performed at different values of upstream velocity values. Additionally, the impact of upstream turbulence intensity is also analyzed. The CFD simulation results were validated against published experimental work. Once CFD simulation is performed then computed fluid loads are transferred to the ANSYS mechanical structural module. Finite element modeling is performed to compute the stresses and the fatigue life. The study reveals that increasing the upstream turbulence intensity from 5% to 20% leads to 8.6% improvement in the turbine's power performance. However, turbulence intensity also results in 35.6% increase in Von-Mises stresses produced within the designed turbine. However, even with this increase, the Von-Mises stresses remain below a critical threshold, measuring at 173.34 MPa when the upstream water velocity is 1.4 m/s, and the inflow turbulence intensity is at 20%. This stress level is well within the material's yield strength, ensuring the turbine's structural integrity. Moreover, the simulation results emphasize that turbulence intensity has a significant impact on the turbine's fatigue life. Further, it is predicted that an increase in turbulence intensity from 5% to 20% leads to a significant 40% reduction in the turbine's fatigue life. The stress analysis results reveal that struts, strut–blade joints, and strut–shaft joints are the key stress concentration areas. The results suggested that an increase in upstream turbulence intensity has favorable impact on turbine performance, however, for highly turbulent flows turbine should have higher strength and key areas should be focused on designing turbine for such flow conditions.
On the origin of time-aging-time superposition
Authors: Richert Ranko
Published: January 2024

Time-aging-time superposition and the concept of single-parameter aging refer to the experimentally verified scenario in which the relaxation profile is shifted as a whole along the logarithmic time or frequency scale during physical aging, i.e., without changing the shape of the susceptibility spectrum or decay function. This homogeneous aspect of aging and structural recovery appears to contrast the heterogeneous nature of structural relaxation in equilibrium. A picture is proposed in which both structural recovery and relaxation are heterogeneous, but lacking a local correlation of time constants. This scenario is consistent with time-aging-time superposition and single-parameter aging, as well as with recovery and relaxation processes being subject to practically the same time constant dispersion.
An MSM photodetector based on an InGaO/TiO2 heterojunction for high-performance UV detection
Authors: Bi Zhengyu , Liu Xinyan , Zhang Yongfeng , Zhang Yupeng , Ma Yan , Chen Yu , Zhou Jingran , Ruan Shengping
Published: January 2024

As typical metal–oxide wide bandgap semiconductor devices, ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors (PDs) based on TiO2 have encountered challenges related to high dark current and low photo-to-dark suppression ratio. In this study, indium (In) was doped into Ga2O3 to create the compound InGaO (IGO). Subsequently, IGO was combined with TiO2 to fabricate IGO/TiO2 heterojunction (ITH) MSM UVPDs. The built-in electric field constructed at the contact interface is capable of depleting the majority carriers in dark and limiting the dark current. The Au interdigital electrodes and the IGO film of the top layer will form an Ohmic contact without the carrier transport barrier to construct a photoconductive device with high photo currents. The results show that the ITH UVPDs exhibit a notable photo current of 1.21 mA and a low dark current of 0.29 nA, leading to an ultrahigh photo-to-dark current ratio of 6 orders of magnitude (4.17 × 106). Additionally, the UVPDs demonstrate a significant responsivity (R) of 1.16 × 104 A/W and a remarkable detectivity (D*) of 7.34 × 1015 Jones under 290 nm UV illumination at 5 V bias. This study provides a potential method for fabricating high-performance UVPDs.
Electric-field control of spin-wave packets excitations
Authors: Zhou Sai , Zheng Cuixiu , Wang Chengjie , Liu Yaowen
Published: January 2024

In this paper, we introduce a design concept for a spin-torque nano-oscillator capable of generating spin-wave (SW) packets using magnetic droplets tuned by an electric field (E-field). A comparison is made between this device concept and a conventional setup, where SWs are generated by an oscillating external magnetic field, revealing similar results. The design incorporates a CoFeB layer with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, acting as a waveguide for propagating SW packets. Adjusting the pulse width of applied E-fields leads to observable changes in the amplitude and periodicity of SW packets. Additionally, this study explores the potential of encoding SW packets as binary signals (“0” and “1”). The findings offer valuable insights into the applications of magnetic droplets and electric-field tuning for spin-wave packet generation, with potential implications for various spintronic devices and technologies.
Low-frequency noise and defects in AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs pseudomorphic high-electron mobility transistors
Authors: Luo X. Y. , O'Hara A. , Li X. , Wang P. F. , Zhang E. X. , Schrimpf R. D. , Pantelides S. T. , Fleetwood D. M.
Published: January 2024

Current–voltage characteristics and low-frequency (LF) noise of industrial-quality AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs pseudomorphic high-electron-mobility transistors are evaluated as a function of bias stress and temperature. A small positive shift of threshold voltage Vth and negligible degradation in peak transconductance GM are observed under ON-state bias conditions at elevated temperatures. The Vth measurements suggest activation of an acceptor-like defect or impurity center. The GM measurements demonstrate that newly activated defects are not located close enough to the two-dimensional electron gas to scatter carriers strongly. First-principles calculations and comparisons with previous work suggest that OAs impurity centers, other oxygen-related defects, isolated AsGa antisites, and dopant-based DX centers may contribute significantly to low-frequency (LF) noise in as-processed devices. LF noise is relatively unaffected by voltage stress at elevated temperatures, consistent with the small changes in Vth and peak GM.
Fabrication of metal matrix composites with negative thermal expansion zinc pyrophosphate filler
Authors: Kasugai R. , Takano K. , Hirai D. , Takenaka K.
Published: January 2024

We fabricated Cu matrix composites with low thermal expansion and high thermal conductivity using Zn2P2O7-based negative thermal expansion (NTE) filler. Magnesium and aluminum co-doped Zn2−x−yMgxAlyP2O7 exhibits large NTE over a wide temperature range including room temperature. While achieving high density of the phosphate filler using spark plasma sintering and its uniform dispersion by an ultrasonic process, we reduced thermal expansion of the Cu matrix composites and retained their high thermal conductivity. Particularly, the 30 vol. %-Zn1.70Mg0.25Al0.05P2O7/Cu composite had a linear expansion coefficient as low as 5.1 ppm/K at temperatures of 300–400 K. The results reported herein demonstrate that Zn pyrophosphates, which are superior in terms of environmental impact and cost, are effective for controlling the thermal expansion of metals and are expected to support widely diverse engineering applications in the future.
Importance of hydrogen bond configuration on lattice thermal conductivity of hydrogenated borophene
Authors: He Jia , Yu Cuiqian , Lu Shuang , Zhang Zhongwei , Chen Jie
Published: January 2024

Due to the electron deficiency of boron, two-dimensional boron systems and its derivatives have a great diversity of configurations, such as the hydrogenated borophene, providing a promising platform to realize different electronic and thermal functions. In this work, using first-principles calculations combined with phonon Boltzmann transport equation, we study the lattice thermal conductivity (κL) of two hydrogenated borophene structures with different B–H bond configurations. We find that the κL of hydrogenated borophene can be doubled, when the B–H bond is replaced by the bridged B–H–B bond. Benefit from the electron deficiency of boron, the bridged B–H–B bond can provide electrons to the borophene layer, generating stronger B–B covalent bonds. This configuration further results in the blue-shift of phonon modes as well as the bunching effect for acoustic branches, which simultaneously increase the phonon group velocity and suppress the phonon–phonon scatterings, consequently enhancing the thermal conductivity. Our work offers an effective approach to optimize lattice thermal conductivity of two-dimensional materials via structure engineering, without varying the material content.
Effect of muzzle gases on forward spatter of viscoelastic blood in close-range shooting
Authors: Huh Jungwoo , Kim Seongdong , Bang Boo-Hyoung , Aldalbahi Ali , Rahaman Mostafizur , Yarin Alexander L. , Yoon Sam S.
Published: January 2024

Because bloodstain patterns resulting from close-range shooting are intrinsically different from those of long-range shooting, an accurate interpretation and delineation of these phenomena are essential in forensic science and crime scene analysis. Such a delineation would be helpful, for example, to distinguish whether a suicide or a homicide had happened. If the shooting was from a long-range (most likely a homicide), muzzle gases would not be able to influence blood spatter ejected from a victim. However, in the case of a close-range shooting, muzzle gases would greatly influence blood spatter. Herein, the effect of the muzzle gases on bloodstain patterns is studied. A de Laval nozzle is used to mimic an issue of supersonic “muzzle” gas from a gun barrel. The supersonic gas flow passes through a cylinder containing defibrinated sheep blood, which is blown off and atomized into numerous drops. These drops fly away and settle onto the floor or onto vertical walls at various distances from the cylinder exit. Viscoelasticity of the defibrinated sheep blood is enhanced by adding Xanthan to model different states of blood corresponding to different conditions. An impact of a vertically-released single drop onto an inclined substrate was also studied to elucidate splashing regimes/criteria of the blood drops of different viscoelasticity levels. We found that stronger elastic forces facilitated formation of bloodstains with higher ellipticity at a higher impact angles.
Direct Z-scheme MS2/Si2PAs (M = Zr, Hf) heterostructures for efficient water splitting: A first-principles study
Authors: Lv Ting , Ge Meng , Zeng Yang , Xu Degao , Zhao Yipeng , Ouyang Gang
Published: January 2024

Designing direct Z-scheme heterostructure is an effective strategy to enhance redox ability, greatly raising the attention of photocatalysis in recent years. Here, we design 24 diverse vertical MS2/Si2PAs (M = Zr, Hf) heterostructures with different stacking configurations. Four kinds of heterostructures with different interlayer contacts are taken as examples to investigate the geometry, stability, and electronic properties, as well as the photocatalytic mechanism based on the first-principles calculations. We find that the competitiveness of MS2/Si2PAs (M = Zr, Hf) heterostructures is attributed to their excellent visible light absorption (∼2 × 105 cm−1), ultrafast carrier migration (∼13 587.28 cm2 V−1 s−1), and high solar-to-hydrogen efficiency (10.02%), indicating that this kind of system can be as a promising candidate in the field of semiconductor photocatalysis.
High-efficiency Ka-band frequency multiplier based on the nonlinear kinetic inductance in a superconducting microstrip
Authors: Cunnane Daniel , Leduc Henry G. , Klimovich Nikita , Faramarzi Farzad , Beyer Andrew , Day Peter
Published: January 2024

Local oscillator sources have become a major technological deficit approaching the terahertz frequencies. For applications, where a narrow linewidth is necessary, such as coherent remote sensing, the best solution to signal generation is frequency multiplication, where phase locking can be easily achieved using the fundamental source. We present an alternative to existing frequency multiplier technologies for cryogenic applications. The device is a superconducting waveguide that has kinetic inductance dependent on the rf current through the device. The nonlinear kinetic inductance is anomalous to a nonlinear optical medium, where the Kerr effect causes 3- or 4-wave mixing, as demonstrated in microwave parametric amplifiers utilizing the same nonlinear effect. In 4-wave mixing, three photons at the fundamental frequency are mixed to generate a single photon at the third harmonic. Dispersion engineering is used to achieve wideband phase matching and phase out harmonics higher than the third. The device length is designed to be the point where most photons are up-converted to the third harmonic. Simulations of these devices lead to expected efficiencies as high as 90%. We report results from a NbTiN frequency multiplier from 34.2 to 104 GHz with efficiency better than 50%.
Cobalt(II) catalytic oxidation of arylmethyl sulfonyl imines to arylcarbonyl analogues
Authors: Ma Zetao , Ma Peipei , Wu Hongli , Gan Haifeng
Published: January 2024

A novel Co(OAc)2/N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI)-catalyzed oxidation of 3-arylmethyl sulfonyl imines to prepare 3-arylcarbonyl analogues has been realized. 3-Arylcarbonyl sulfonyl imines were comprehensively synthesized from benzyl substrates for the first time. The reactions proceeded in moderate to excellent yields. Mechanistic investigation suggests that 3-(hydroperoxy(phenyl)methyl)benzo[d]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide A is the key intermediate for the formation of products 2.
The role of EGY2 protease in response to high light stress
Authors: Luciński Robert , Dobrogojski Jędrzej , Ishikawa Takao , Adamiec Małgorzata
Published: January 2024

In this study, we investigated the importance of one of the intramembrane proteases, EGY2, for the proper functioning of PSII under short-term high light stress conditions. EGY2 is a chloroplast intramembrane protease of the S2P family, whose absence in Arabidopsis thaliana affects PSII protein composition. The egy2 mutants exhibited a slower degradation of PsbA and decreased content of PsbC and PsbD. During exposure to high light stress, these stoichiometric changes affect the functional state of PSII, leading to its higher sensitivity to photoinhibition of the PSII reaction centre and increased heat dissipation. Furthermore, we explored the relationship between EGY2 and the pTAC16 transcription factor, which is a potential EGY2 substrate. Under light stress, WT plants showed decreased levels of pTAC16, while it remained unchanged in the egy2 mutants. This finding suggests that EGY2 may release pTAC16 from thylakoid membranes through proteolytic cleavage. We also confirmed the physical interaction between EGY2 and pTAC16 using the yeast two-hybrid system, providing evidence of EGY2’s involvement in the regulation of PsbA and PsbC/PsbD operons by releasing pTAC16 from the thylakoid membrane.
Societal determinants of flood-induced displacement
Authors: Vestby Jonas , Schutte Sebastian , Tollefsen Andreas Forø , Buhaug Halvard
Published: January 2024

What explains human consequences of weather-related disaster? Here, we explore how core socioeconomic, political, and security conditions shape flood-induced displacement worldwide since 2000. In-sample regression analysis shows that extreme displacement levels are more likely in contexts marked by low national income levels, nondemocratic political systems, high local economic activity, and prevalence of armed conflict. The analysis also reveals large residual differences across continents, where flood-induced displacement in the Global South often is much more widespread than direct human exposure measures would suggest. However, these factors have limited influence on our ability to accurately predict flood displacement on new data, pointing to important, hard-to-operationalize heterogeneity in flood impacts across contexts and critical data limitations. Although results are consistent with an interpretation that the sustainable development agenda is beneficial for disaster risk reduction, better data on societal consequences of natural hazards are critically needed to support evidence-based decision-making.
Climate migration amplifies demographic change and population aging
Authors: Hauer Mathew E. , Jacobs Sunshine A. , Kulp Scott A.
Published: January 2024

The warnings of potential climate migration first appeared in the scientific literature in the late 1970s when increased recognition that disintegrating ice sheets could drive people to migrate from coastal cities. Since that time, scientists have modeled potential climate migration without integrating other population processes, potentially obscuring the demographic amplification of this migration. Climate migration could amplify demographic change—enhancing migration to destinations and suppressing migration to origins. Additionally, older populations are the least likely to migrate, and climate migration could accelerate population aging in origin areas. Here, we investigate climate migration under sea-level rise (SLR), a single climatic hazard, and examine both the potential demographic amplification effect and population aging by combining matrix population models, flood hazard models, and a migration model built on 40 y of environmental migration in the United States to project the US population distribution of US counties. We find that the demographic amplification of SLR for all feasible Representative Concentration Pathway-Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (RCP–SSP) scenarios in 2100 ranges between 8.6–28 M [5.7–53 M]—5.3 and 18 times the number of migrants (0.4–10 M). We also project significant aging of coastal areas as youthful populations migrate but older populations remain, accelerating population aging in origin areas. As the percentage of the population lost due to climate migration increases, the median age also increases—up to 10+ y older in some highly impacted coastal counties. Additionally, our population projection approach can be easily adapted to investigate additional or multiple climate hazards.
Rapid single-particle chemical imaging of nanoplastics by SRS microscopy
Authors: Qian Naixin , Gao Xin , Lang Xiaoqi , Deng Huiping , Bratu Teodora Maria , Chen Qixuan , Stapleton Phoebe , Yan Beizhan , Min Wei
Published: January 2024

Plastics are now omnipresent in our daily lives. The existence of microplastics (1 µm to 5 mm in length) and possibly even nanoplastics (<1 μm) has recently raised health concerns. In particular, nanoplastics are believed to be more toxic since their smaller size renders them much more amenable, compared to microplastics, to enter the human body. However, detecting nanoplastics imposes tremendous analytical challenges on both the nano-level sensitivity and the plastic-identifying specificity, leading to a knowledge gap in this mysterious nanoworld surrounding us. To address these challenges, we developed a hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) imaging platform with an automated plastic identification algorithm that allows micro-nano plastic analysis at the single-particle level with high chemical specificity and throughput. We first validated the sensitivity enhancement of the narrow band of SRS to enable high-speed single nanoplastic detection below 100 nm. We then devised a data-driven spectral matching algorithm to address spectral identification challenges imposed by sensitive narrow-band hyperspectral imaging and achieve robust determination of common plastic polymers. With the established technique, we studied the micro-nano plastics from bottled water as a model system. We successfully detected and identified nanoplastics from major plastic types. Micro-nano plastics concentrations were estimated to be about 2.4 ± 1.3 × 10
5
particles per liter of bottled water, about 90% of which are nanoplastics. This is orders of magnitude more than the microplastic abundance reported previously in bottled water. High-throughput single-particle counting revealed extraordinary particle heterogeneity and nonorthogonality between plastic composition and morphologies; the resulting multidimensional profiling sheds light on the science of nanoplastics.
Concurrent Asian monsoon strengthening and early modern human dispersal to East Asia during the last interglacial
Authors: Ao Hong , Ruan Jiaoyang , Martinón-Torres María , Krapp Mario , Liebrand Diederik , Dekkers Mark J. , Caley Thibaut , Jonell Tara N. , Zhu Zongmin , Huang Chunju , Li Xinxia , Zhang Ziyun , Sun Qiang , Yang Pingguo , Jiang Jiali , Li Xinzhou , Xie Xiaoxun , Song Yougui , Qiang Xiaoke , Zhang Peng , An Zhisheng
Published: January 2024

The relationship between initial
Homo sapiens
dispersal from Africa to East Asia and the orbitally paced evolution of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM)—currently the largest monsoon system—remains underexplored due to lack of coordinated synthesis of both Asian paleoanthropological and paleoclimatic data. Here, we investigate orbital-scale ASM dynamics during the last 280 thousand years (kyr) and their likely influences on early
H. sapiens
dispersal to East Asia, through a unique integration of i) new centennial-resolution ASM records from the Chinese Loess Plateau, ii) model-based East Asian hydroclimatic reconstructions, iii) paleoanthropological data compilations, and iv) global
H. sapiens
habitat suitability simulations. Our combined proxy- and model-based reconstructions suggest that ASM precipitation responded to a combination of Northern Hemisphere ice volume, greenhouse gas, and regional summer insolation forcing, with cooccurring primary orbital cycles of ~100-kyr, 41-kyr, and ~20-kyr. Between ~125 and 70 kyr ago, summer monsoon rains and temperatures increased in vast areas across Asia. This episode coincides with the earliest
H. sapiens
fossil occurrence at multiple localities in East Asia. Following the transcontinental increase in simulated habitat suitability, we suggest that ASM strengthening together with Southeast African climate deterioration may have promoted the initial
H. sapiens
dispersal from their African homeland to remote East Asia during the last interglacial.
CLCF1 inhibits energy expenditure via suppressing brown fat thermogenesis
Authors: Yuan Youwen , Li Kangli , Ye Xueru , Wen Shiyi , Zhang Yanan , Teng Fei , Zhou Xuan , Deng Yajuan , Yang Xiaoyu , Wang Weiwei , Lin Jiayang , Luo Shenjian , Zhang Peizhen , Shi Guojun , Zhang Huijie
Published: January 2024

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the main site of nonshivering thermogenesis which plays an important role in thermogenesis and energy metabolism. However, the regulatory factors that inhibit BAT activity remain largely unknown. Here, cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (CLCF1) is identified as a negative regulator of thermogenesis in BAT. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of CLCF1 in BAT greatly impairs the thermogenic capacity of BAT and reduces the metabolic rate. Consistently, BAT-specific ablation of CLCF1 enhances the BAT function and energy expenditure under both thermoneutral and cold conditions. Mechanistically, adenylate cyclase 3 (ADCY3) is identified as a downstream target of CLCF1 to mediate its role in regulating thermogenesis. Furthermore, CLCF1 is identified to negatively regulate the PERK-ATF4 signaling axis to modulate the transcriptional activity of ADCY3, which activates the PKA substrate phosphorylation. Moreover, CLCF1 deletion in BAT protects the mice against diet-induced obesity by promoting BAT activation and further attenuating impaired glucose and lipid metabolism. Therefore, our results reveal the essential role of CLCF1 in regulating BAT thermogenesis and suggest that inhibiting CLCF1 signaling might be a potential therapeutic strategy for improving obesity-related metabolic disorders.
Spartin-mediated lipid transfer facilitates lipid droplet turnover
Authors: Wan Neng , Hong Zhouping , Parson Matthew A. H. , Korfhage Justin L. , Burke John E. , Melia Thomas J. , Reinisch Karin M.
Published: January 2024

Lipid droplets (LDs) are organelles critical for energy storage and membrane lipid homeostasis, whose number and size are carefully regulated in response to cellular conditions. The molecular mechanisms underlying lipid droplet biogenesis and degradation, however, are not well understood. The Troyer syndrome protein spartin (SPG20) supports LD delivery to autophagosomes for turnover via lipophagy. Here, we characterize spartin as a lipid transfer protein whose transfer ability is required for LD degradation. Spartin copurifies with phospholipids and neutral lipids from cells and transfers phospholipids in vitro via its senescence domain. A senescence domain truncation that impairs lipid transfer in vitro also impairs LD turnover in cells while not affecting spartin association with either LDs or autophagosomes, supporting that spartin’s lipid transfer ability is physiologically relevant. Our data indicate a role for spartin-mediated lipid transfer in LD turnover.
Efr3b is essential for social recognition by modulating the excitability of CA2 pyramidal neurons
Authors: Wei Xiaojie , Wang Jing , Yang Enlu , Zhang Yiping , Qian Qi , Li Xuekun , Huang Fude , Sun Binggui
Published: January 2024

CA2 pyramidal neurons (PNs) are associated with social behaviors. The mechanisms, however, remain to be fully investigated. Here, we report that Efr3b, a protein essential for phospholipid metabolism at the plasma membrane, is widely expressed in the brain, especially in the hippocampal CA2/CA3 areas. To assess the functional significance of Efr3b in the brain, we generated Efr3b
f/f
mice and crossed them with Nestin-cre mice to delete Efr3b specifically in the brain. We find that Efr3b deficiency in the brain leads to deficits of social novelty recognition and hypoexcitability of CA2 PNs. We then knocked down the expression of Efr3b specifically in CA2 PNs of C57BL/6J mice, and our results showed that reducing Efr3b in CA2 PNs also resulted in deficits of social novelty recognition and hypoexcitability of CA2 PNs. More interestingly, restoring the expression of Efr3b in CA2 PNs enhances their excitability and improves social novelty recognition in Efr3b-deficient mice. Furthermore, direct activation of CA2 PNs with chemogenetics improves social behaviors in Efr3b-deficient mice. Together, our data suggest that Efr3b is essential for social novelty by modulating the excitability of CA2 PNs.
Pollen nutrition structures bee and plant community interactions
Authors: Vaudo Anthony D. , Dyer Lee A. , Leonard Anne S.
Published: January 2024

As bees’ main source of protein and lipids, pollen is critical for their development, reproduction, and health. Plant species vary considerably in the macronutrient content of their pollen, and research in bee model systems has established that this variation both modulates performance and guides floral choice. Yet, how variation in pollen chemistry shapes interactions between plants and bees in natural communities is an open question, essential for both understanding the nutritional dynamics of plant–pollinator mutualisms and informing their conservation. To fill this gap, we asked how pollen nutrition (relative protein and lipid content) sampled from 109 co-flowering plant species structured visitation patterns observed among 75 subgenera of pollen-collecting bees in the Great Basin/Eastern Sierra region (USA). We found that the degree of similarity in co-flowering plant species’ pollen nutrition predicted similarity among their visitor communities, even after accounting for floral morphology and phylogeny. Consideration of pollen nutrition also shed light on the structure of this interaction network: Bee subgenera and plant genera were arranged into distinct, interconnected groups, delineated by differences in pollen macronutrient values, revealing potential nutritional niches. Importantly, variation in pollen nutrition alone (high in protein, high in lipid, or balanced) did not predict the diversity of bee visitors, indicating that plant species offering complementary pollen nutrition may be equally valuable in supporting bee diversity. Nutritional diversity should thus be a key consideration when selecting plants for habitat restoration, and a nutritionally explicit perspective is needed when considering reward systems involved in the community ecology of pollination.
Diachronic changes in constructional networks
Authors: Hölzl Andreas
Published: January 2024

This study investigates diachronic changes in constructional networks illustrated with examples from the Manchuric
branch of Tungusic, an endangered language family spoken in Northeast Asia. Earlier studies have noted pronounced differences
between this branch and the rest of the family, such as a reduction in morphological complexity and partial restructuring of the
morphosyntactic system. Based on the framework of Diachronic Construction Grammar, this study investigates aspects of nominal
morphology, including flagging and indexing. These are especially promising for a better understanding of the evolution of
Manchuric and have not often been discussed in terms of Construction Grammar.
Teaching prosody in research studies
Authors: Levis John M.
Published: January 2024

This special issue looks at the decisions behind prosody teaching in recently published L2 pronunciation studies.
The teaching of prosody can include a variety of topics (e.g., lexical stress, intonation, prominence, rhythm, etc.) and
approaches to teaching, but the justifications for the decisions about what to emphasize often are not extensively explained in
published articles. It is the intention of this issue to provide descriptions of a variety of studies, some face-to-face and some
using technology, in the hope that future studies focused on prosody will provide more complete accounts of their own decisions.
Each of the articles in this issue address decisions to teach prosody, the teaching approach of the study, materials used, and an
evaluation of the decisions made.
Is minority language use a right or a privilege?
Authors: Nagy Csongor István
Published: January 2024

This paper demonstrates how European institutions bend to the idea of the mono-ethnic and monolingual nation-state. Instead of encouraging the use of minority languages and accepting them as a value, minority languages are treated as a tolerated but voluntarily assumed handicap. This is in stark contrast to the treatment of other types of protected identities, such as religion, gender and sexual orientation. Against this background, there is a desperate need for clear value-setting by the European institutions and for a clear message that language shaming is not a venial sin of the monolingual nation-state but a no-go zone even for populists. For this, however, language chauvinism should not be condoned but condemned.
Cognitive attributes of preclassical phonology
Authors: Moreno-Fernández Francisco
Published: January 2024

Cognitive phonology, as a development of cognitive linguistics, is one of the most interesting fields of research in
the twenty-first century. It is often opposed to so-called “classical phonology”, since the latter mainly builds on
structuralist foundations. This chapter considers the proposals made between 1889 and 1921 concerning the concept of
“phoneme”, which coincide in many basic assumptions with contemporary cognitive phonology. Among these proposals, those of Jan
Baudouin de Courtenay are especially relevant, together with those of Edward Sapir. Basic concepts of cognitivism, such as
mental representation, similarity, social use and frequency, can be found in them, both explicitly and implicitly.
Social patterns in s-palatalisation in Moroccan and Turkish ethnolectal Dutch
Authors: Hinskens Frans , Ooijevaar Etske
Published: January 2024

This is a study of variable s-palatalisation in Turkish and Moroccan ethnolectal Dutch, with special attention to
its social distribution. Following a discussion of the phenomenon of ethnolectal variation, this chapter introduces the Roots
of Ethnolects project as well as the present sub-study. It then explores palatalisation both in general and specifically in
the realisation of /s/, before presenting the details of this study on s-palatalisation in the Roots of Ethnolects data,
including methodology, the speakers studied, material and data, coding, measurement and analysis. Lastly, it discusses the
findings from the point of view of the research questions guiding the Roots of Ethnolects project as well as issues for
further research.
Nuclear pitch accents in the assertive speech prosody of Acapulco, Mexico
Authors: Martín-Butragueño Pedro
Published: January 2024

This chapter studies certain aspects of assertive intonation in Acapulco, Mexico, using sociolinguistic interviews
from the Corpus oral del español de México. It presents acoustic and phonetic analysis that focuses on the
nuclear syllable and considers the type of boundary tone, tonal movement, syllable duration and the position of the tonal
peak, while examining the effects of information structure, age, gender and educational level. The results show that
information structure and age are significant in the distribution of nuclear pitch accents. The conclusions suggest a
retraction pattern of the most prominent tonal configurations and the grouping of the prosody of Acapulco with central Mexican
Spanish, although some degree of prosodic residue from the coast can also be observed.
Little words, small moves
Authors: Tsiplakou Stavroula
Published: January 2024

This paper explores clitic placement in two different varieties of Greek, Standard Modern Greek and Cypriot Greek,
and it is argued that, under heavy influence from the standard variety, the Cypriot variety is undergoing change as regards a
core property of its syntax, namely the placement of pronominal object clitics, since alongside structures where object
clitics appear in second position in the clause, they also tend to appear in the immediately preverbal position, as in
Standard Greek, the roofing standard for the Cypriot koine. An overview of existing studies is provided, after which the
argument is made for competing grammars; the availability in the Cypriot koine of the Standard Greek as well as the Cypriot
clitic placement strategy is accounted for on the basis of successful second dialect acquisition.
Ab initio investigation of the lattice dynamics and thermophysical properties of BCC vanadium and niobium
Authors: Pandey Prakash , Pandey Sudhir K
Published: January 2024

In the present work, we have performed the phonon dispersion calculations of body-centered cubic vanadium (V) and niobium (Nb) with the supercell approach using different supercell size. Using DFT method, the calculated phonon spectra of V and Nb are found to be in a good agreement with the available experimental data. Our calculated results show a ‘dip’-like feature in the longitudinal acoustic phonon mode along the Γ-H high symmetric path for both transition metals in the case of supercell size

4
×
4
×
4

. However, in supercell size

2
×
2
×
2

and

3
×
3
×
3

, the ‘dip’-like feature is not clearly visible. In addition to this, thermodynamical properties are also computed, which compare well with the experimental data. Apart from this, the phonon lifetime due to electron–phonon interactions (

τ

eph

ph

) and phonon–phonon interactions (PPIs) (

τ

ph

ph

) are calculated. The effect of PPIs is studied by computing the average phonon lifetime for all acoustic branches. The value of

τ

eph

ph

of V (Nb) is found to be 23.16 (24.70)

×

10

−
15

s at 100 K, which gets decreased to 1.51 (1.85)

×

10

−
15

s at 1000 K. The

τ

ph

ph

of V (Nb) is found to be 8.59 (18.09)

×

10

−
12

and 0.83 (1.76)

×

10

−
12

s at 100 and 1000 K, respectively. Nextly, the lattice thermal conductivity is computed using linearized phonon Boltzmann equation. The present work suggests that studying the variation of phonon dispersion with supercell size is crucial for understanding the phonon properties of solids accurately.
Classical route to ergodicity and scarring in collective quantum systems
Authors: Sinha Sudip , Ray Sayak , Sinha Subhasis
Published: January 2024

Ergodicity, a fundamental concept in statistical mechanics, is not yet a fully understood phenomena for closed quantum systems, particularly its connection with the underlying chaos. In this review, we consider a few examples of collective quantum systems to unveil the intricate relationship of ergodicity as well as its deviation due to quantum scarring phenomena with their classical counterpart. A comprehensive overview of classical and quantum chaos is provided, along with the tools essential for their detection. Furthermore, we survey recent theoretical and experimental advancements in the domain of ergodicity and its violations. This review aims to illuminate the classical perspective of quantum scarring phenomena in interacting quantum systems.
Magnetotransport and Fermi surface segmentation in Pauli limited superconductors
Authors: Karmakar Madhuparna
Published: January 2024

We report the first theoretical investigation of the spectroscopic, electrical and optical transport signatures of d-wave Pauli limited superconductors, based on a non perturbative numerical approach. We demonstrate that the high magnetic field low temperature regime of these materials host a finite momentum paired superconducting phase. Multi-branched dispersion spectra with finite energy superconducting gaps, anisotropic segmentation of the Fermi surface and spatial modulations of the superconducting order characterizes this finite momentum paired phase and should be readily accessible through angle resolved photo emission spectroscopy, quasiparticle interference and differential conductance measurements. Based on the electrical and optical transport properties we capture the non Fermi liquid behavior of these systems at high temperatures, dominated by local superconducting correlations and characterized by resilient quasiparticles which survive the breakdown of the Fermi liquid description. We map out the generic thermal phase diagram of the d-wave Pauli limited superconductors and provide for the first time the accurate estimates of the thermal scales corresponding to the: (a) loss of (quasi) long range superconducting phase coherence (T
c), (b) loss of local pair correlations (T
pg), (c) breakdown of the Fermi liquid theory (T
max) and cross-over from the non Fermi liquid to the bad metallic phase (T
BR). Our thermal phase diagram mapped out on the basis of the spectroscopic and transport properties are found to be in qualitative agreement with the experimental observations on CeCoIn5 and κ-BEDT, in terms of the thermodynamic phases and the phase transitions. The results presented in this paper are expected to initiate important transport and spectroscopic experiments on the Pauli limited d-wave superconductors, providing sharp signatures of the finite momentum Cooper paired state in these materials.
Symmetry-enforced fourfold degenerate phonons in noncentrosymmetric space groups
Authors: Li Zehou , Pan Baoru , Zhou Pan , Kang Ruirong , He Shenda , Peng Xiangyang , Sun Lizhong
Published: January 2024

Multifold degenerate phonons have received much attention due to their nontrivial monopole topological charge and fascinating boundary states. Although Yu et al recently provides a comprehensive list of all potential nodal points for systems with specific space groups (SGs) (2022 Sci. Bull.
67 375). However, our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that give rise to the formation of fourfold-degenerate (FD) phonons is still limited. In this paper, we have directed our research towards investigating the generation mechanism of these FD phonons in noncentrosymmetric SGs. Using symmetry arguments and

k
⋅

p

model analysis, we have classified them into two categories: the first origins from the commutation/anticommutation relation of the little cogroup operations, and the second associates to the combination of threefold rotation, mirror and time-reversal symmetries. Moreover, the band dispersions of the FD phonons in the first group are required to be linear, whereas the band dispersions of the FD phonons in the second category may be quadratic. On the basis of first-principles calculations, we propose that K

2

Mg2O3 and Na

4

SnSe4 are representative candidates for the two categories, respectively. Furthermore, for each SG with fourfold degenerate phonons, we propose corresponding materials that must host the FD points. Our work not only deepens our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the formation of these FD phonons, but it also proposes practical materials for observing FD phonons in crystalline systems without inversion symmetry.
Phase transitions, conductance fluctuations and distributions in disordered topological insulator stanene
Authors: Liu Wenchao , Luo Chaobo , Peng Xiangyang
Published: January 2024

It is essential to understand to what extent the protected edge states of topological insulators (TIs) can survive against the degradation of the ubiquitous disorders in realistic devices. From a different perspective, disorders can also help to enrich the applications by modulation of the phases in TIs. In this work, the phases and phase transitions in stanene, a two-dimensional TI, have been investigated via the statistical approach based on the random matrix theory. Using a tight binding model with Aderson disorder term and the Landauer–Büttiker formalism, we calculated the conductance of realistic stanene ribbons of tens of nanometers long with random disorders. The calculated phase diagram presents TI in the gap, metal in high energy and ordinary insulator in large disorder region. Increasing the width of the ribbon can significantly enhance the robustness of TI phase against disorders. Due to different underlying symmetries, the metallic phase can be further categorized into unitary and orthogonal classes according to the calculated universal conductance fluctuations. The local density of states is calculated, showing characteristic patterns, which can facilitate the experimental identification of the phases. It is found that different phases have distinguishing statistical distribution of conductance. Whereas at the phase boundary the distribution exhibits intermediate features to show where the phase transition occurs. To reveal the phase evolution process, we further studied the effects of the disorders on respective transmission channels. It is found that when phase transition takes place, the major transmission channels of the old phase are fading and the new channels of the new phase are emerging.
Adaptive rotating machinery fault diagnosis method using MKIST
Authors: Yi Jiliang , Tan Huabing , Yan Jun , Chen Xin
Published: January 2024

An adaptive fault diagnosis method for rotating machinery based on maximum kurtosis incomplete S-transform is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the incomplete S-transform is performed on the fault frequency band of the vibration signal, and the module vector group is obtained through module calculation. Subsequently, the kurtosis of all the modulus vectors are calculated and the vector corresponding to the maximum kurtosis is located to adaptively determine the envelope of the fault frequency component in the vibration signal. Then, fast Fourier transform is performed on the envelope to obtain its main frequency, which is matched with the fault mode frequency to achieve fault diagnosis of rotating machinery. Finally, the mean peak ratio (MPR) was used to evaluate the performance of different methods under various operating conditions. The results show that the maximum MPR is obtained by the proposed method, demonstrating its stronger noise resistance and demodulation ability.
Traceable frequency measurements with counters
Authors: Piester Dirk , Staliuniene Egle , Bauch Andreas
Published: January 2024

Received signals from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are nowadays widely used by industry laboratories for ensuring metrological traceability for their respective range of calibration services in the field of time and frequency. Usually, a local frequency standard is steered by continuous GNSS signal reception providing at its output stable and accurate reference signals for the laboratory measurement equipment, in general for synthesizers and counters. Reception of GNSS signals is surely an adequate and practical tool for the purpose, however further steps are needed to establish traceability in a strict metrological sense. Based on already available guidelines and publications, this paper is a contribution to the discussion how metrological traceability to internationally accepted standards can be established in a calibration laboratory. We restrict the discussion to equipment in common use which may not necessarily be of the highest sophistication. In this spirit, we develop a detailed scheme for an uncertainty budget comprising all links of the traceability chain from the device under test to the SI second, the scale-unit of Coordinated Universal Time. Then we go through and apply this scheme step by step to a demonstration setup for frequency measurements with a counter with varying operational parameters. In this framework, a novel approach to distinguish between components of statistical measurement uncertainty is introduced. Furthermore, the limiting uncertainty contributions are discussed and based on a suitable set of parameters an expression for the best measurement capability is given. With this scheme at hand a user may develop an uncertainty budget adapted to his own setup, especially if acceptance from a national accreditation body is sought.
A steel surface defect detection model based on graph neural networks
Authors: Pang Wenkai , Tan Zhi
Published: January 2024

Steel is an indispensable raw material in the construction industry. To avert catastrophic events such as building collapse, it is essential to detect minute defects on steel surfaces during production. However, this has been a persistent challenge due to the minuscule and dense nature of these defects. To this end, we propose an efficient defect detector called Vision Grapher with Hadamard, which employs a novel attention mechanism (HDmA) to establish local-to-local relationships within an image and integrates global relationships by graph convolution. With the HDmA module, we can not only fuse information under the same field of view, but also under different fields of view, which significantly enhances the richness of the acquired features. In addition, compared to convolutional neural networks, graph neural networks can utilize the contextual information in the image more effectively and resulting in better performance. We evaluate our model on the NEU-DET and GC-10 benchmark datasets, which encompass six and ten types of defects on the surfaces of hot-rolled and cold-rolled steel, and our model achieves a mean average precision of 79.04% and 66.93% on the two datasets, respectively. The results demonstrate that our model significantly improves the accuracy of defect detection compared to existing methods.