bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The efficacy and safety of liraglutide in the obese, non-diabetic individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Pei , Liu Yu , Ren Yuan , Bai Jie , Zhang Guangzhen , Cui Yuanshan
Published: October 2020

Background: Liraglutide has been shown to improve glucose tolerance and lose weight in individuals with type 2 diabetes. To date, no meta-analysis of liraglutide’s safety and efficacy in individuals without diabetes has been conducted.Objectives: The aim of this study is to carry out a meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of liraglutide in the obese, non-diabetic individuals.Methods: A literature review was performed to identify all published randomised control trials (RCT) of liraglutide for the treatment of obesity in non-diabetic individuals. The search included the following databases: EMBASE, MEDLINE and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register.Results: We included five publications involving a total of 4,754 patients that compared liraglutide with placebo and found that liraglutide to be an effective and safe treatment for weight loss in individuals without diabetes. Primary efficacy end points: mean weight loss (MD = -5.52, 95% CI = -5.93 to -5.11, p<0.00001); lost more than 5% of body weight (OR = 5.46, 95% CI=3.57 to 8.34, p<0.00001) and key secondary efficacy end points: SBP decreased (the MD = -2.56, 95% CI = -3.28 to -1.84, p<0.00001). Safety assessments included the proportion of individuals who were withdrawn due to AE (OR = 2.85, 95% CI= 0.84 to 9.62, p=0.009), and nausea indicated that liraglutide was well tolerated. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis indicates that liraglutide to be an effective and safe treatment for weight loss in the obese, non-diabetic individuals.Keywords: liraglutide, weight loss, meta-analysis.
The experience of women following caesarean section in a tertiary hospital in SouthEast Nigeria
Authors: Anikwe Chidebe C , Egbuji Chuma C , Ejikeme Brown N , Ikeoha Cyril C , Egede John O , Ekem Napoleon N , Adeoye Sunday I
Published: October 2020

Objective: To explore maternal experience following caesarean section.Methods: The study was a cross-sectional prospective study involving 250 women.Results: The mean age of the study population was 27.2 ± 5.5 years with fifty-three per cent (53.1%) of the women between the ages of 20-29 years. Majority of the participants (67.1%) were multiparous and 37.4% of the parturient had secondary school education. The majority (67.1%) were in social class 3-5. Emergency caesarean section accounted for 74.5% of the caesarean section and the commonest indication was foetal distress. One hundred and forty-four participants (59.3%) were satisfied with their caesarean section experience which was significantly associated with health care attention and foetal outcome. More than half of the study population would not accept caesarean section when indicated in a future pregnancy. The health care attention [AOR 0.53, 95% CI (0.32, 0.88)] and maternal age [AOR 3.05, 95%CI (1.43, 6.49)] were significant predictors.Conclusion: Majority of the women were satisfied with their caesarean section experience which is influenced by the hospital care and foetal outcome. Improvement in maternal caesarean section experience through quality health care is important in increasing uptake when indicated.Keywords: caesarean section, maternal experience, acceptance of caesarean section.
Drug expiry debate: the myth and the reality
Authors: Gikonyo Dan , Gikonyo Anthony , Luvayo Duncan , Ponoth Premanand
Published: October 2020

Nil.
Levels and predictors of TB-HIV Diagnostic service linkage and testing in government hospitals of Southern zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
Authors: Mitiku Ashebir Mengistu , Asfaw Gebrezgi Zinabu , Yodit Zewdie Haftu Tesfahun Tsegay Berhe , Tesfay Atsibeha Mussie
Published: October 2020

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are global public health problems. TB and HIV diagnostic services linkage is imperative for the fight against the two diseases.Objective: To assess the diagnostic service linkage and testing of TB-HIV diagnostic services and identify predictors in Public hospitals of Northern Ethiopia.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in five hospitals of Northern Ethiopia. Study subjects’ socio-demographic, household and clinical variables were assessed.Data was analyzed using SPSS. Logistic regressions were used to determine the predictors of uptake of TB and HIV testing among HIV and TB patients, respectively.Result: The level of HIV testing among TB patients was 94.4% and of TB screening among HIV patients was 90.5%. Factors that independently predict HIV testing among TB patients were Residence AOR=0.187(95% CI 0.05-0.76), being 9 grade and above AOR=13.17 (95%CI 2.67-65.03) and drinking alcohol AOR=0.03(95% CI 0.002-0.475). Likewise, being grade 9 and above AOR=6.92 (95% CI 1.75- 27.4) and having chronic cough AOR=0.23 (95% CI 0.06- 0.92) were predictor variables for having TB screening among HIV patients.Conclusion: The levels of TB-HIV linkages and testing are high. Moreover, educational status is a strong predictor of TB screening among HIV patients and HIV testing among TB cases. The regional health bureau has to continue supporting its TB and HIV case teams in every health facility.Keywords: TB-HIV Diagnostic service linkage, testing in government hospitals, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia.
Participant incentives in rehabilitation research: a pilot study of researchers’ perspectives
Authors: Govender Pragashnie , Naidoo Deshini , Naidoo Urisha
Published: October 2020

Background: Despite the use of research incentives in the recruitment and retention of participants for research studies, there remains debate over the acceptable use of participant incentives in research. There appears to be a paucity of guidelines that can assist researchers in demonstrating practically how incentives may be ethically used in research.Objective: This single site pilot study explored the experiences of key stakeholders involved in rehabilitation research to highlight what may constitute acceptable practices for incentives.Methods: A qualitative inquiry with use of semi-structured interviews with four key informants from a single site was undertaken. Data was audio-recorded and analysed thematically using deductive reasoning.Results: The findings reflect a description of what incentives constitute; the issues around undue inducement and use of incentives in practice. Participants’ offered their perceptions on perceived acceptable versus unacceptable practices in the use incentives in research. Participants shared their concern over research incentives being used to sway participation in research rather than reimburse participants for their expenses or offering a token of appreciation.Conclusion: There is a need for education of practitioners and researchers to develop skill to aid researchers to evaluate the ethical dilemmas related to the use of incentives in research.Keywords: Participant incentives, rehabilitation research, researchers’ perspectives.
Performance of community health workers and associated factors in a rural community in Wakiso district, Uganda
Authors: Musoke David , Ndejjo Rawlance , Atusingwize Edwinah , Mukama Trasias , Ssemugabo Charles , Gibson Linda
Published: October 2020

Background: Community health workers (CHWs) continue to play a crucial role in supporting health service delivery globally. Several CHW programmes around the world face vast challenges which affect their performance.Objectives: This study assessed the performance of CHWs and associated factors in a rural community in Wakiso district, Uganda.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that employed a structured questionnaire to collect quantitative data from 201 CHWs in Wakiso district. The main study variable was CHW performance based on various roles carried out by CHWs. Multivariable logistic regression in STATA was used to establish the predictors of CHW performance.Results: Only 40 (19.9%) of the CHWs had a high performance which was associated with having attended additional / refresher trainings [AOR=12.79 (95% CI: 1.02-159.26)], and having attained secondary level education and above [AOR=3.93 (95% CI: 1.17-13.24)]. CHWs who were married [AOR=0.29 (95% CI: 0.09-0.94)] were less likely to perform highly. Among CHWs who had received essential medicines for treatment of childhood illnesses, the majority 90.3% (112/124) had experienced stock-outs in the 6 months preceding the study. Despite the majority of CHWs, 198 (98.5%), stating that being motivated was very important in their work, only 91 (45%) said that they were motivated.Conclusion: Additional / refresher trainings are necessary to enhance performance of CHWs. In addition, level of education should be considered while selecting CHWs. The health system challenges of low motivation of CHWs as well as stock-out of medicines need to be addressed to support their work.Keywords: Community health workers, performance, motivation, satisfaction, stock-outs, village health teams, Uganda.
Incidence and outcome of gestational trophoblastic disease in lower Egypt
Authors: Zakaria Ahmed , Hemida Reda , Elrefaie Waleed , Refaie Ehsan
Published: October 2020

Background. Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) defines a spectrum of proliferative disorders of trophoblastic epitheli- um of the placenta. Incidence, risk factors, and outcome may differ from one country to another.

Objective. To describe incidence, patient characteristics, treatment modalities, and outcome of GTD at Mansoura University which is a referral center of Lower Egypt.

Methods. An observational prospective study was conducted at the GTD Clinic of Mansoura University. The patients were recruited for 12 months from September 2015 to August 2016. The patients’ characteristics, management, and outcome were reported.

Results. We reported 71 clinically diagnosed GTD cases, 62 of them were histologically confirmed, 58 molar (33 CM and 25 PM) in addition to 4 initially presented GTN cases. Mean age of the studied cases was 26.22 years ± 9.30SD. Mean pre-evacu- ation hCG was 136170 m.i.u/ml ±175880 SD. Most of the cases diagnosed accidentally after abnormal sonographic findings (53.2%). Rate of progression of CM and PM to GTN was 24.2% and 8%, respectively.

Conclusion. The incidence of molar pregnancy and GTN in our locality was estimated to be 13.1 and 3.2 per 1000 live births respectively. We found no significance between CM and PM regarding hCG level, time to hCG normalization, and progression rate to GTN.

Keywords. Molar pregnancy; incidence; outcome.
Editorial ii Challenges of tackling non COVID-19 emergencies during the unprecedent pandemic
Authors: Mukunya David , K Tumwine James
Published: October 2020

NIL
Central line-related bloodstream infections and microbiological study in an Egyptian Ministry of Health Hospital
Authors: Shaaban Nahla Khalil , Sayed  Manal Ismaeel , Abdnaby Gehan Mohamed
Published: October 2020

Background: Central line-associated bloodstream infections continue to be one of the most important health problems in ICU.

Objectives: To identify the central line-related bloodstream infections and their microbiological characteristics Specific objectives to the identify the incidence, predisposing factors of central line-related bloodstream Infections and study the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the isolated organisms.

Material and Methods: Patients’ demographic, clinical data, central venous catheter related data,and blood culture specimen collection data were collected utilizing a descriptive exploratory design from a purposive sample of 120 ICU patients under- went insertion central venous catheter.

Results: out of 120 central line catheters sent for culture from patients immediately and seven days after insertion., 13( 10.83%) were positive seven days after insertion. Of the 13 infection cases, 10 cases were Staphylococcus epidermis and the others were Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, most infected patients were overweight and obese, diabetic, had sub-clavian route, and their length of hospital stayed more than7 days.

Conclusion: 10.83 % developed bacterial blood stream infection 7 days after insertion of central venous catheters, and most of bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus epidermis and were sensitive to Vancomycin and Amikain.

Keywords: Bacterial infections; bacterial isolates; antibiotic resistance.
Prevalence of plasmid-mediated resistance genes among multidrug-resistant uropathogens in Egypt
Authors: A Elshamy Ann , M Aboshanab Khaled , A Yassien Mahmoud , A Hassouna Nadia
Published: October 2020

Background: The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) uropathogens has become a public health threat and current knowledge of the genotypic basis of bacterial resistance is essential for selecting appropriate treatment options.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among MDR uropathogens and to elucidate the molecular bases of plasmid-mediated resistance.

Methods: Bacterial isolates were recovered from urine specimens of 150 out-patients with signs and symptoms of urinary tract infections (UTIs) at El-Demerdash Hospital, Cairo, Egypt. Standard methods were used for identification, antimicrobial suscep- tibility testing was performed according to CLSI guidelines.

Results: Among the recovered isolates, 22.7% and 77.3% were Gram-positive, and negative, respectively. Of which; 43.3% were MDR with 60% harboring plasmids. Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM were detected on plasmids of 89.7%, 41%, and 84.6% of the tested isolates, respectively. The aminoglycoside resistance gene aac6’-Ib/aac-6’-Ib- cr was found on plasmids of 92.3% of the tested isolates followed by qnrS (92.3%), qnrB (46.2%), and qnrA (7.7%). The most prevalent quinolone efflux pump gene was oqxB (38.5%), followed by oqxA (20.5%), then qepA (10.3%).

Conclusion: High levels of resistance to nitrofurans, β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones were detected, and their use as empirical treatment for UTIs has become questionable.

Keywords: ESBLs; qnR; plasmid-mediated; uropathgens; antibacterial resistance.
Prevalence of plasmodium, leptospira and rickettsia species in Northern Tanzania: a community based survey
Authors: O Chilongola Jaffu , J Sabuni Elias , Paul Kapyolo Eliakimu
Published: October 2020

Background: The overlap of symptoms, geographic and seasonal co-occurrence of Plasmodium, Leptospira and Rickettsia infections makes malaria diagnosis difficult, increasing the chances of misdiagnosis. The paucity of data on the prevalence Plasmodium, Leptospira and Rickettsia infections contributes to an overly diagnosis of malaria. We aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of Plasmodium, Leptospira and Rickettsia infections in northern Tanzania.

Methods: A community based, cross sectional survey was conducted in two sites in Northern Tanzania. PCR was used to detect Plasmodium, Leptospira and Rickettsia infections.

Results: The prevalence of P. falciparum and Leptospira spp were 31/128 (24.2%) and 3/128 (2.3%), respectively. No Rickettsia infection was detected in any of the two sites. Taking study sites separately, Plasmodium infection was detected in 31/63(49.2%) of participants in Bondo while Leptospira infection was detected in 3/65(4.6%) of participants in Magugu. Plasmodium was not detected in Magugu while no Leptospira infections were detected in Bondo. Fever was significantly associated with Plasmodium infection (χ2= 12.44, p<0.001) and age (χ2=17.44, p=0.000).

Conclusion: Results from this study indicate Plasmodium infection as the main cause of fever in the studied sites. While Plasmodium and Leptospira contribute to fevers, Rickettsia infection is an insignificant cause of fever in Northern Tanzania.

Keywords: Neglected Infectious Diseases; Plasmodium; Leptospira; Rickettsia; co-occurrence; Tanzania.
Parvovirus B19 DNA detection in treatment-naïve HIV anemic patients in Lagos, Nigeria: a case control study
Authors: Sedowhe Ashaka Oluwaseyi , Babalola Salu Olumuyiwa , Babatunde James Ayorinde , Oriowo Bola Oyefolu Akeeb , Adeyemi Anjorin AbdulAzeez , Oludare Oke Bamidele , Remilekun Orenolu Mercy , Aremu Omilabu Sunday
Published: October 2020

Background: Parvovirus B19 (B19) has tropism for cells of the erythroid lineage, which may lead to transient inhibition of erythropoiesis. Several studies and case reports suggested that B19 infection may contribute significantly to severe chronic ane- mia in HIV infected persons.

Objective: To detect parvovirus B19 DNA in treatment-naïve HIV patients.

Methods: This was a case control retrospective study. One hundred nineteen anemic and 81 non-anemic treatment-naïve HIV infected patients participated in the study at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect B19 DNA.

Results: Out of 200 patients analysed, 13(6.5%) had parvovirus B19 DNA. Eight HIV patients with anemia had B19 DNA while five non-anemic HIV patients had B19 DNA. This suggests that the presence of B19 DNA in the blood of HIV positive individuals may contribute to anemia because the majority (61.5%) who were positive for B19 DNA had anemia as compared to the non-anemic control group (38.5%).

Conclusion: This study shows that the presence of B19 DNA in anemic HIV infected patients is not associated with chronic anaemia in HIV infection because no significant association exist.

Keywords: Parvovirus B19; anemia; human immunodeficiency virus; polymerase chain reaction.
Trace elements in type 2 diabetes mellitus and their association with glycemic control
Authors: MW Hasanato Rana
Published: October 2020

Background: Alterations in serum levels of trace elements reported in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been linked with induction of T2DM and associated complications.

Objectives: To assess serum levels of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) in T2DM patients with adequate and poor gly- cemic control.

Patients and methods: This study was performed at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh. A total of 100 consenting T2DM patients comprising of 50 patients with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) less than 6.5% and 50 patients with HbA1c more than 6.5% along with a group of 50 normal healthy individuals were included in the study. Serum levels of Cu, Zn and Se were measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) instrument.

Results: Among T2DM patients with HbA1c <6.5%, mean serum Cu levels (13.4+4.3μmol/L) were not different from the controls (14.5+1.92μmol/L) whereas Zn (9.9+2.7μmol/Lvs15+3.2μmol/L;p<0.0001) and Se levels (1+0.2μmol/ Lvs1.62+0.2μmol/L; p<0.0004) were lower than the controls. Among T2DM patients with HbA1c >6.5% mean serum Cu (18.1+4.1μmol/Lvs14.5+1.9μmol/L; p<0.0001), Zn (15+3.2μmol/Lvs13.5+1.9μmol/L; p<0.009) and Se (1.62+0.2μmol/ Lvs1.17+0.16μmol/L;p<0.0001) were significantly higher than the controls. HbA1c% negatively correlated with HbA1c >6.5% (r = -0.302; p<0.03).

Conclusion: Cu, Zn and Se homeostasis was altered in T2DM patients and varied with glycemic control.

Keywords: Copper; Zinc; Selenium; trace elements; diabetes mellitus.
Determination of serum glycated albumin and high sensitivity C - reactive protein in the insight of cardiovascular complications in diabetic chronic kidney disease patients
Authors: Vijayaraghavan Bhooma , Padmanabhan Giri , Ramanathan Kumaresan
Published: October 2020

Background: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) has been proved as one among the cardiovascular complications and pre- dominant in patients with CKD. In CKD patients, Glycated albumin (GA) express a superior marker of glycemic control than HbA1c. Nevertheless, the precision of GA for the prediction of cardiovascular diseases among the CKD population has been ineffectively reported. The present study looks at the part of GA, HbA1c in CKD to envisage vascular complications.

Materials and methods: One hundred and ninety-four patients were selected in the present study. The study has a control group (Group I, N: 52) and participants were divided into two groups based on vein diseases (Group II, N: 42; two vessels and group III, N: 100; triple vessel disease). Serum glycated albumin, hsCRP and other routine parameters were estimated in all the three groups. 2-dimensional echocardiography (2D Echo) has been done by a cardiologist to all the study patients for assessing ejection fraction and distinguish the sort of vessel diseases.

Results: Group I compared with group II and III shown there was a significant association among blood glucose, serum creati- nine, HbA1c, mean blood glucose, GA, ejection fraction and hsCRP. Additionally, observed that increased levels of HbA1c, GA and creatinine inversely related to the left ventricle ejection fraction. Notwithstanding, GA and hsCRP predict precisely the left ventricle ejection fraction than different parameters.

Conclusion: GA alongside hsCRP might be appropriate markers for anticipating cardiovascular diseases particularly left ventricle hypertrophy in diabetic CKD population.

Keywords: CKD; glycemic control; Left Ventricular Hypertrophy; GA; HbA1c.
A comparative study of the prevalence of zinc deficiency among children with acute diarrhoea in SouthWestern Nigeria
Authors: O Abolurin Olufunmilola , A Oyelami Oyeku , B Oseni Saheed
Published: October 2020

Background: Zinc deficiency has been associated with increased incidence, severity and duration of childhood diarrhoea.

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of zinc deficiency among under-five children with acute diarrhoea.

Methods: The study was a comparative cross-sectional study in which serum zinc levels were determined using atomic absorp- tion spectrometry in under-five children with acute diarrhoea and in apparently healthy contols. Two hundred and fifty children with acute diarrhoea and 250 controls were studied at the Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesa, Nigeria.

Results: The diarrhoea patients had a mean ± SD serum zinc level of 78.8 ± 35.6 µg/dl, while the controls had a mean of 107.3 ± 46.8 µg/dl. The mean serum zinc level was significantly lower in the patients than the controls (t = -7.66; p < 0.001). Furthermore, the prevalence of zinc deficiency was significantly higher among the patients (30.4% versus 12.4% in the controls; OR = 3.09; 95% CI = 1.94 – 4.90; χ2 = 24.08; p < 0.001). Low social class was associated with a significantly higher prevalence of zinc deficiency among the patients (p = 0.013).

Conclusion: Zinc deficiency is significantly associated with diarrhoea among under-five children in the study community. Hence, routine zinc supplementation should be encouraged for the treatment of diarrhoea, and availability should be ensured.

Keywords: Zinc deficiency; diarrhoea; children; Nigeria.
Adherence to safety practices and risks associated with health care waste management at an academic hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
Authors: Lizbeth Mugivhisa Liziwe , Dlamini Nokuthula , Oluwole Olowoyo Joshua
Published: October 2020

Background: Adequate knowledge on hazards of healthcare waste and proper handling methods can result in its safe disposal and protection of workers and communities. The study assessed perceptions of healthcare workers on the adherence and risks associated with the practices of healthcare waste management.

Methods: A total of 126 questionnaires were administered in selected wards at an academic hospital to establish training and knowledge on legislations regarding healthcare waste and health hazards associated with such waste.

Results: Sixty nine percent (69.0%) of participants had received training on healthcare waste handling. The highest number of cleaning staff (85.7%) received training from work while 34.8% of the doctors also received training from work. Only 44.1% of the nurses had knowledge about policies on healthcare waste. The majority of the participants (82.0%) had knowledge on the risks associated with handling of healthcare waste. However, only 20.0% of the participants re-capped needles after use and of these 43.5% were doctors. Most of the nurses (64.0%) had been exposed to needle pricks.

Conclusion: Even though 82.0% of the participants believed there were enough management practices enforced with regards to the healthcare waste, it was recommended that there should be more education on the handling of healthcare waste.

Keywords: Healthcare waste; perceptions; risks; disposal, management.
Potential anti-proliferative effects of chemical constituents and hemisynthetic derivatives from Scadoxus pseudocaulus (Amarillydaceae)
Authors: Laure Ngankeu Pagning Annie , Tamokou Jean-de-Dieu , Taj Muhammad Bushra , Ngnokam David , AzefackTapondjou Leon , Shaiq Ali Mohammad , Waqar Hameed Muhammad
Published: October 2020

Background: Biological significance of Amaryllidaceae is well advocated from the literature. In Cameroon, plants from this fam- ily are routinely used for the cure of liver, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. To date, no scientific investigation corresponding to the anti-cancer activity of extracts and isolated compounds of Scadoxus pseudocaulus is available.

Objective: Current study is focused to elaborate the anti-proliferative effects of natural isolates (compounds 1-6, 9) and hemi-synthetic analogs (compounds 7-8) extracted from S. pseudocaulu.

Methods: Column chromatography of the ethyl acetate extract followed by purification of different fractions led to the isolation of seven compounds (1 – 6, 9). Esterification reaction of compound 6 was carried out using butyroyl chlorides and triethylamin to produce two derivatives (7 – 8). The cytotoxic activity was performed after staining of treated cells with florescent dye propid- ium iodide. Dead cells were detected using cytometer FL2 or FL3 channels/filters.

Results: Trans-derivative of narciclasine (a natural isolate from S. pseudocaulus), was found to be most potent among all tested compounds. Its effects were more significant on low malignant follicular lymphoma (DoHH2 cells) as compared to highly ma- lignant (EBV infected) Burkitts lymphoma (Raji cells).

Conclusion: From our results, narciclasine appears to hold the potential of a lead molecule that can be used to bridge the ther- apeutic gaps in cancer research.

Keywords: Scadoxus pseudocaulus; Amaryllidaceae; 7-deoxy-trans-dihydronarciclasin; farrerol; derivatization; cytotoxic activity.
Parent-reported feeding and swallowing difficulties of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (aged 3 to 5 years) compared to typically developing peers: a South African study
Authors: Viviers Mari , Jongh Marguerite , Dickonson Lindsay , Malan Roxanne , Pike Tamaryn
Published: October 2020

Background: Research on aspects of neurodevelopment such as feeding and swallowing difficulties in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is limited in low and middle income countries such as South Africa.

Method: A descriptive comparative group design was used to investigate feeding and swallowing difficulties of young children with ASD in comparison to typically developing peers. The Brief Autism Mealtime Behavioural Inventory (BAMBI) was used.

Results: Findings indicated a significant difference in the severity of feeding and swallowing difficulties between the two groups. Difficulties such as food selectivity, sensory processing difficulties, oral-motor difficulties and symptoms of dysphagia were iden- tified. The findings added to the existing global literature on feeding and swallowing difficulties in young children with ASD but provide a unique first perspective on these difficulties in South African children with ASD.

Conclusion: Findings also highlighted the use of the BAMBI as an adjunct clinical tool to encourage comprehensive parental report during feeding assessment in this population. Cultural adaptation of the BAMBI for future use in African countries should be considered. A better local understanding of the parental perspective on the multidimensional nature of the feeding and swallowing difficulties displayed by young children with ASD was obtained.

Keywords: Parent-reported feeding; swallowing difficulties; Autism Spectrum Disorders; South Africa.
Prevalence of Candida spp. and age-related disparities amongst women presenting with vaginitis at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O&G) Clinic in a Tertiary hospital in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Mbakwem-Aniebo Chiaka , Uche Osadebe Anwuli , Athanasonny Eunice , Omezurike Okonko Iheanyi
Published: October 2020

Background: Vaginitis, an infection of the lower genital tract in women, is known to be triggered by the overgrowth of the vagina’s naturally occurring microorganisms.

Objective: This study looked at the prevalence of Candida spp. and age-related disparities amongst women presenting with vag- initis at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O&G) clinic in a tertiary hospital in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Methods: One hundred high vaginal swabs were collected from pregnant and non-pregnant women and examined microscop- ically and microbiologically.

Results: Age-group 20–29 years had the highest incidence of candidal vaginitis. There was a higher occurrence of yeast cells in pregnant than in non-pregnant participants while the non-pregnant women had a greater level of bacterial cells. Forty (40) of the samples contained yeasts of Candida species representing a 40% prevalence. Three species of Candida were identified with C. albicans dominating. Of the 40 samples positive for Candida spp., 30 (75.0%) were confirmed to be C. albicans. The remaining isolates were C. tropicalis (15.0%) and C. parapsilosis (10.0%).

Conclusion: The findings in this study would play a role in the future management of Candida-induced vaginitis.

Keywords: Candida; epidemiology; prevalence; vaginitis; vulvovaginal candidiasis.
FASCIOLIASIS IN DAIRY CATTLE IN THE RIO PLATA BASIN OF THE DORADO AREA, PUERTO RICO
Authors: De León Delfín , Ritchie L. S. , Chiriboga J.
Published: October 2020

FASCIOLIASIS IN DAIRY CATTLE IN THE RIO PLATA BASIN OF THE DORADO AREA, PUERTO RICO
Effect of Four Levels of Fertilization on Beef Production and Carrying Capacity of Pangola Grass Pastures in the Humid Mountain Region of Puerto Rico
Authors: Caro-Costas Rubén , Vicente-Chandler José , Abruña Fernando
Published: October 2020

Pangola grass pastures on sloping lands in the humid mountain region of Puerto Rico responded in terms of beef production and carrying capacity, as well as economically, to applications of up to 2,400 pounds of 14-4-10 fertilizer per acre yearly, but there was no further significant increase due to heavier fertilization over 2 years of experimentation. At the 2,400-pound rate of fertilization, Pangola grass pastures carried the equivalent of two 600-pound steers per acre and produced an average of 871 pounds of gain in weight per acre yearly with average daily gains per head of 1.2 pounds.
Evaluation of Ten Varieties of Yam (Dioscorea spp.) for Production of Instant Flakes
Authors: Rodríguez-Sosa E. J. , González M. A. , Martin F. W.
Published: October 2020

Ten varieties of yam representing two species (Dioscorea alata and Dioscorea esculenta) were processed into yam flakes by previously described methods. The varieties differed in many characteristics that influenced ease of processing and final quality of the product. Large and irregularly shaped tubers could not be cleaned and peeled easily. Pigments influenced color of the product. Total solids and free starch content did not influence quality. Two varieties of D. alata (Prolific and Seal Top) yielded flakes which were rated about as high as Florido, the control. The only variety of D. esculenta (Pana) tested could not be adequately processed because it caramelized, preventing the flake-producing process.
Chlorophyll in Citron (Citrus medica L.)
Authors: Cancel L. E. , De Montalvo Milagros R. , Rivera José M.
Published: October 2020

The variation in the chlorophyll content of citrons was determined at different stages of maturity and at different depths in the mature green fruit. Fruit at different stages of maturity (immature green, mature green, turning ripe, and ripe) was selected from a commercial farm in Adjuntas, Puerto Rico. An examination of the endocarp revealed that it was of a greenish tint in the immature green fruit, greenish yellow in the mature green, completely yellow in the turning ripe, and whitish yellow or cream in the fully ripe fruit. Spectrophotometric determinations were made at different depths of the fruit, showing that the chlorophyll content was highest in the immature green fruit, with the mature green following closely. The chlorophyll content of fruit turning ripe was substantially lower than in the first two stages of maturity but higher than in the ripe fruit. The chlorophyll content of the citron diminishes considerably from one tissue layer to another as one cuts deeper into the fruit. Nevertheless, tissues of immature and mature green fruit contain a good amount of green pigment at greater depths. Because greenness is a characteristic index of quality in candied citron, it is advisable to use immature and mature green fruit for this purpose.
Strains of Sugarcane Mosaic Virus in Puerto Rico
Authors: Liu Lii-Jang
Published: October 2020

The great majority of the sugarcane mosaic virus collections from Puerto Rican fields were identified as strain A, B, and D on the basis of symptoms induced on differential hosts C.P. 31294, C.P. 29291, Co. 281, Black Cheribon, and C.P. 31588. Strain A caused little effect on growth and sucrose content of C.P. 31294 while strain D caused severe stunting and reduced sucrose content of the same variety. Strain A was most frequently obtained from sugarcane fields in the Central Rufina area where B. 34104 was planted. Strain D was most frequently obtained from fields in the Central Aguirre area where B. 37161 was planted. Puerto Rican varieties differed greatly in their susceptibility to local mosaic virus strains. Forty-percent mosaic infection was obtained when variety P.R. 980 was inoculated with strain A. This same variety however, developed no mosaic symptoms when inoculated with strain B. Canes recovered from either strain A or strain B can be reinfected in many cases by the same virus strains.
Seasonal Changes in Soil and Air Temperature at Three Locations in Puerto Rico, 1963-67
Authors: Lugo-López M. A. , Capiel Modesto
Published: October 2020

Soil temperature data at Río Piedras in the north, Lajas in the southwest, and Fortuna in the south, are given in this paper for the 5-year period 1963- 67. Seasonal variations in soil and air temperatures follow distinct patterns somewhat, depending on the nature of the soil cover and rainfall. Mean maximum and minimum temperatures at the 2-inch depth, respectively, are: Río Piedras, 96.2° F. and 79.6° F.; Lajas, 102.1° F. and 69.0° F.; and Fortuna, 93.2° F. and 79.1° F. The corresponding soil temperatures at the 8-inch depth, respectively, are: Río Piedras, 80.5° F. and 77.4° F.; Lajas, 83.4° F. and 77.8° F.; and Fortuna, 85.7° F. and 82.7° F. The differences and trends of soil temperature at 2-inch and 8-inch depths can find adequate explanation when soil moisture and soil cover are considered. However, the differences between maximum and minimum soil temperatures at 8 inches of depth are roughly one fifth of the corresponding ones at the 2-inch depth. The maximum and minimum air temperature at Lajas, Fortuna and Río Piedras are much more similar to each other than the corresponding soil temperature, especially at the 2-inch depth. This is mainly because air temperature is rather measured on a macro and integrating scale while soil temperature measurements exhibit localized effects of soil cover and soil moisture. It was found that highly significant 2-inch soil-air temperature relationships are evident under bare soil conditions. The same relationships were not significant under sod cover at Fortuna.
APPARENT DENSITY OF SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI AND FASCIOLA HEPATICA EGGS
Authors: De León-Dancel Delfín , Brown Raymond A. , Knight Wilda B.
Published: October 2020

APPARENT DENSITY OF SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI AND FASCIOLA HEPATICA EGGS
Effect of Individual Leaf-Trimming on Flowering in Sugarcane
Authors: Chu Teh-ling , Serapión J. L.
Published: October 2020

The effect of individual leaf-trimming on sugarcane flowering is reported herein. Two varieties, N.Co. 310 and P.R. 980, were grown in the field under normal conditions of climate and nutrition. Individual leaf ranks were trimmed away twice (August 14 and 13) or once on September 1. It was shown that the expanding leaf and the leaf just fully expanded probably were most effective in producing the flowering stimulus. Greatest activity was found in the leaf —1 for N.Co. 310 and leaf 0 for P.R. 980. A significant depression in tassel emergence caused by the removal of leaf —2 and all the younger leaves within it may be related to the absence of leaf 0 which failed to appear in the normal replacement sequence during the critical period for primordia differentiation in P.R. 980. Both floral initiation and tassel emergence were increased by removing leaf 0, +1, or +2 in N.Co. 310. Selective defoliation was most effective when performed twice, on August 14 and 31. No significant effect on flowering was produced by removing an older leaf (+3 or +4), or a younger leaf (—1, P.R. 980, or —2, N.Co. 310), during the critical floral induction period.
Effect of Five Nitrogen Sources Applied at Four Rates to Pangola Grass Sod Under Humid Tropical Conditions
Authors: Figarella Jacinto , Abruña Fernando , Vicente-Chandler José
Published: October 2020

The effects of applying ammonium sulfate, urea, ammonium nitrate, urea + CaCO3, and ammonium-nitrate-lime (ANL) at the rate of 0, 170, 340, and 510 pounds of nitrogen per acre yearly to a Pangola grass pasture growing on a Ultisol under humid tropical conditions were determined over a 3-year period. Although the differences were not marked, ammonium sulfate was generally the most efficient and urea the least efficient provider of nitrogen to the Pangola grass pastures. The various nitrogen sources did not affect the phosphorus, potassium, calcium, or magnesium content of Pangola grass. Ammonium sulfate applications, and to a lesser extent urea and ammonium nitrate, increased exchangeable aluminum and decreased pH and exchangeable base content of the soil. Mixing lime with urea or ammonium nitrate did not affect their efficiency as suppliers of nitrogen to the grass, yet maintained soil acidity at levels similar to those of plots receiving no nitrogen.
Cytological Studies on Chironja
Authors: Moscoso Carlos G. , Shambulingappa K. G.
Published: October 2020

Studies on somatic chromosomes in leaf-tips and meiosis in pollen mother cells were carried out in chironja, a new citrus fruit discovered in Puerto Rico. Meiotic abnormalities such as non-pairing regions at pachytene, occurrence of univalents and quadrivalents at diakinesis and metaphase I and presence of a well-marked heteromorphic bivalent at metaphase I were recorded. Based on the data gathered through meiotic studies, together with morphological and other circumstantial evidence, it appears that chironja may have arisen as a hybrid.
A ECONOMIA AMBIENTAL PROPORCIONADA ATRAVÉS DA RECICLAGEM PELA ASSOCIAÇÃO MONTES CLAROS DE CATADORES DE RECICLÁVEIS – MONTESUL
Authors: Bicalho Maia Pedro
Published: October 2020

O presente artigo teve como objetivo apresentar a importância da reciclagem de resíduos sólidos realizada pela Associação Montes Claros de Catadores de Recicláveis – MONTESUL na cidade de Montes Claros - MG e identificar os dados de economia de água, energia elétrica e gases do efeito estufa (GEEs), obtidos através aplicação da calculadora ambiental. Para atingir os objetivos propostos foi utilizado em sua metodologia, inicialmente uma revisão de literatura para dar embasamento científico ao trabalho em seguida foram aplicados o cálculo Recuperação e Reciclagem de Materiais de Resíduos Sólidos (AMS-III.AJ) nos materiais coletados pela associação para identificar os dados de economia de água, energia elétrica e gases do efeito estufa (GEEs). A economia de água e energia elétrica proporcionada pela MONTESUL através da reciclagem no período de fevereiro a julho de 2020, seria suficiente para abastecer a população da microrregião do Morada do Parque que abrange quatro bairros com população de 4.434 habitantes por um período de 20 dias.
DINÂMICA DOS SOLOS BRASILEIROS E TÉCNICA ALTERNATIVA PARA MEDIÇÃO DO PH DO SOLO, UTILIZANDO EXTRATO DE REPOLHO ROXO
Authors: Pagno Vanessa , Pagno Fabiana , Rafael Coineth de Souza Alan , Rosa Marques de Oliveira Daniella
Published: October 2020

No presente relato de experiência, é destacada uma atividade prática que teve como objetivo a realização de experiências com uma técnica alternativa de obtenção de pH do solo, utilizando extrato de repolho roxo como indicador, para auxiliar na compreensão deste conceito e compará-lo com a realidade de solos brasileiros. Esta atividade foi realizada em um minicurso desenvolvido durante o XXII Encontro de Geografia (ENGEO) e XVI Encontro de Geografia do Sudoeste do Paraná (ENGESOP), promovido pelos colegiados dos cursos de Geografia da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE) – Campus Francisco Beltrão – PR, no ano de 2019. Neste trabalho, relata-se as experiências vivenciadas durante a atividade, os objetivos alcançados, discussões sobre os temas propostos e realização de atividades experimentais de medição do pH de substâncias diversas e de três tipos de solo, bem como a discussão dos valores de pH e sua relação com os diferentes solos brasileiros.
APRENDIZAGEM SIGNIFICATIVA E A INTELIGÊNCIA ESPACIAL: UMA POSSIBILIDADE DE ATUAÇÃO NA CARTOGRAFIA ESCOLAR
Authors: Oliveira do Nasicmento Giovana , De Almeida Morato Anderson
Published: October 2020

O presente trabalho constitui-se de uma revisão bibliográfica da correlação entre a teoria das múltiplas inteligências, elaborada por Howard Gardner, e a teoria da aprendizagem significativa, proposta por David Ausubel, em uma atuação conjunta entre elas no ensino da cartografia escolar. Partindo da compreensão de que os conteúdos abordados dentro da Geografia Escolar seguem uma evolução teórica conceitual, bem como cognitiva, sendo o ensino sequencial e basilar para os demais anos da vida escolar. Portanto, inicialmente, o estudo aborda a importância da cartografia para a Ciência Geográfica, até sua evolução e reconstrução no ensino, mediante uma cartografia escolar. A posteriori, relacionando esta linguagem com a perspectiva de Gardner sob a inteligência espacial, tendo em vista que a Geografia explora a espacialidade dos fenômenos, conectando os estudos de Ausubel sobre a aprendizagem significativa. Consequentemente, o professor de geografia poderá apropriar-se dos elementos teóricos e metodológicos a sua práxis no ensino da cartografia escolar, por intermédio de uma linguagem espacial dos conteúdos relevantes e significativos para os alunos.
ATENCION PLENA Y LIDERAZGO: PUNTOS DE CONVERGENCIA EN LA EXHIBICIÓN DE NIVELES DE LIDERAZGO
Authors: Pimentel Bernal Paul
Published: October 2020

Este artículo académico es una revisión de la literatura de sobre las relaciones existentes entre atención plena o mindfulness y su relación con los niveles de liderazgo con el objetivo de obtener una aproximación clara si la relación entre ambos ha sido relevante para la comunidad científica. La presente investigación se ocupa de definir y clarificar lo que se entiende por Conciencia Plena o Atención Plena, sus componentes o elementos, la naturaleza de su origen, las herramientas de cómo se mide y si existen puntos de convergencia entre el liderazgo y su medición.  De la investigación se concluye que este es un cuerpo de investigación que está en construcción rápidamente por lo que se debe seguir avanzando en la evaluación sobre una relación directa o causal entre los niveles de liderazgo y los niveles de Conciencia plena o Atención Plena.
A Study of Serum Electrolytes in Malnourished Children
Authors: Mohd Zakir Mohiuddin Owais  , N.L Sridhar
Published: October 2020

Background: Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is one of the most common health problems. SAM children are more prone to serious infections that culminate in different co-morbid conditions and result in electrolyte disturbances. Objective: To study the electrolyte profile in severely malnourished children. Subjects and Methods:This was Hospital based cross sectional study. Duration: 1 year from June 2018 to May 2019. Setting: Department of Pediatrics. Participants: 50 Children.Detailed history and physical examination were made. Anthropometric measurements, such as weight and height, were recorded. On admission, electrolytes were performed and children were classified as either hypo / hypernatramic or hypo / hyperkalemic, which depend on the levels of the electrolytes.Result:The Hyponatremia was high with 72% on the day 1, and hypernatremia was 6%, on day 3 hyponatremia was 60% and hypernatremia was 4% and on day 8 Normal sodium was seen in around 68% of the children. The mean sodium significantly improved from day 1 to day 8 with a mean of 135.8±9.9 on the day 8th. The Hypokalemia was highest with 38% on the day 1, Hyperkalemia was seen in 28% of the patients on day 3 and normal potassium was seen in 80% of the children on the day 8th. The mean potassium significantly improved from day 1 to 8 with a mean of 5.5±1.24 on the day 8th. Conclusion:Most of the children with SAM and electrolyte derangements also had diarrhoea. Therefore determination of the electrolyte profile of all patients with SAM immediately on admission and proceeding days after admission is vital as it helps the clinician to decide on the most appropriate fluids to give to help reduce on the morbidity and mortality associated with life threatening electrolyte derangements.
A Prospective Study on Retinopathy of Prematurity in a Teritiary Care Center
Authors: Mahaboob Basha Kallur  , K. Muralidhar
Published: October 2020

Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vaso-proliferative retinopathy which occurs mostly in premature babies. The pathological change in ROP is peripheral retinal neovascularisation which may regress completely or leave sequelae from mild myopia to bilateral total blindness. International classification of ROP helped in uniform documentation and staging of ROP. In India, the incidence of ROP is between 38 and 51.9 p.c among low-birth-weight infants. Aim & Objectives: To estimate the incidence of ROP among premature and / or low birth weight babies who were born and admitted to neonatal intensive care unit and attending neonatal follow-up clinic.Subjects and Methods:A hospital based, prospective analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Pediatrics at Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences, Teaching hospital and research center, Hyderabad, Telangana for a period of 6 months from 1st October 2018 to 31st March 2019. Prior to the study initiation, ethical clearance was obtained and written consent was taken from the parents of the respective babies. The study subjects included premature babies (less than or equal to 35 weeks of gestation) or low birth weight babies (less than or equal to 1500 grams). A predesigned, pre-tested, semi-structured proforma was used to collected the data. The data was collected, entered in Microsoft excel-2013 and analyzed using SPSS version-22 (trial). Data was presented in percentages, proportions and figures.Result:The ROP incidence in the study group was reported among 17.1 p.c of the study subjects.Conclusion:Low birth weight and prematurity are important risk factors for ROP.