bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extracellular Renal Guanosine Cyclic 3′5′-Monophosphate Modulates Nitric Oxide– and Pressure-Induced Natriuresis
Authors: Ahmed Farah , Kemp Brandon A. , Howell Nancy L. , Siragy Helmy M. , Carey Robert M.
Published: September 2007

This study addresses the hypothesis that NO- and pressure-induced natriuresis are inhibited when guanosine cyclic 3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP) is prevented from being transported outside its renal synthesizing cells in vivo. Rats received a renal interstitial (RI) infusion of NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) or SNAP+organic anion transporter inhibitor probenecid (PB) or SNAP+PB+cGMP. SNAP alone increased U
Na
V (
P
<0.05 at 1 hour and
P
<0.005 at 2 hours). In contrast, SNAP failed to increase U
Na
V when coinfused with PB, but cGMP coinfused with SNAP+probenecid restored the natriuretic response. SNAP alone increased RI cGMP (
P
<0.05) during the second experimental period. PB abolished the increase in RI cGMP in response to SNAP (
P
<0.01), but cGMP levels were restored by coinfusion with cGMP. PB also abolished SNAP-induced increases in fractional excretion of Na
+
(FE
Na
) and lithium (FE
Li
) (both
P
<0.01). PB also abolished the rise in RI cGMP and natriuresis induced by raising renal perfusion pressure (RPP) from 100 to 160 mm Hg in rats subjected to a standard pressure-natriuresis protocol and the natriuretic response was rescued by coinfusion with cGMP. RI administration of phosphodiesterase type V (PDE V) reduced both RIcGMP and U
Na
V in parallel (both
P
<0.01) without altering RIcAMP. The data demonstrate that export of cGMP from its renal synthesizing cells into the extracellular RI compartment is critical for the natriuretic action of NO donor SNAP or increased RPP and that RI cGMP controls basal Na
+
excretion. Extracellular cGMP modulates NO- and pressure-induced natriuresis.
Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blockade Improves Vasomotor Dysfunction and Vascular Oxidative Stress Early After Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Sartório Carmem Luíza , Fraccarollo Daniela , Galuppo Paolo , Leutke Meike , Ertl Georg , Stefanon Ivanita , Bauersachs Johann
Published: September 2007

Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade improves mortality early after myocardial infarction (MI). This study investigated the vascular effects of mineralocorticoid receptor blockade in the early phase postinfarction in rats. Starting immediately after coronary ligation, male Wistar rats were treated with placebo or eplerenone (100 mg/kg/d). After 7 days, hemodynamic assessment was performed and endothelial function was determined. Maximum acetylcholine-induced relaxation was significantly attenuated in aortic rings from rats with heart failure after MI, and ameliorated by eplerenone treatment. Endothelium-independent relaxation by DEA-NONOate was similar among the groups. Endothelial NO synthase phosphorylation was reduced in the aorta of MI rats and restored by eplerenone therapy. Angiotensin I-induced vasoconstriction as well as angiotensin-converting enzyme protein levels were enhanced in aortas from MI placebo rats, and reduced by mineralocorticoid receptor inhibition. Aortic reactive oxygen species formation as well as the expression of the NAD(P)H oxidase subunit p22
phox
were increased after MI and normalized in eplerenone treated rats. In conclusion, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism improved endothelial dysfunction in the early phase post-MI. Underlying mechanisms involve inhibition of vascular angiotensin-converting enzyme upregulation and improvement of endothelial NO synthase-derived NO bioavailability.
Renin Enhancer Is Crucial for Full Response in Renin Expression to an In Vivo Stimulus
Authors: Markus M. Andrea , Goy Christine , Adams David J. , Lovicu Frank J. , Morris Brian J.
Published: September 2007

We showed recently that deletion of a strong enhancer located 2.7 kb upstream of the renin gene in mice produces a strain with mild hypotension and salt-sensitivity. Here we set out to compare responses in renin expression in kidney and extrarenal tissues in these “REKO” mice. REKO and wild-type mice were placed on a low NaCl/enalapril regimen for 1 week, and then
Ren-1
c
mRNA and renin enzyme activities were measured in tissues and plasma. In untreated REKO mice, renin and
Ren-1
c
mRNA were reduced significantly in kidney, submandibular gland, adrenal, heart, and brain. In situ hybridization indicated a marked reduction in
Ren-1
c
mRNA in juxtaglomerular cells and granular ducts of submandibular gland. After the chronic stimulus response in renal
Ren-1
c
mRNA in REKO mice was blunted by 54% compared with wild-type mice, and was accompanied by almost complete exhaustion of renin stores. Response in plasma renin was blunted by 47%, this being mirrored in heart (54% decline), in which renin is derived mostly from the bloodstream. In adrenal a 55% reduction was seen. These data are consistent with inability of REKO mice to adequately replenish renal renin stores during chronic stimulation of renin secretion. In conclusion, the renin enhancer is critical for replenishment of renin stores and response in renin to a chronic in vivo stimulus.
Association of Increased Plasma Cardiotrophin-1 With Inappropriate Left Ventricular Mass in Essential Hypertension
Authors: López Begoña , Castellano José M. , González Arantxa , Barba Joaquín , Díez Javier
Published: September 2007

Inappropriate left ventricular mass is present when the value of left ventricular mass exceeds individual needs to compensate hemodynamic load imposed by increased blood pressure. The goal of this study was to investigate whether plasma concentration of cardiotrophin-1, a cytokine that induces exaggerated hypertrophy in cardiomyocytes with hypertensive phenotype, is related to inappropriate left ventricular mass in patients with essential hypertension. The study was performed in 118 patients with never-treated hypertension and without prevalent cardiac disease. The left ventricular mass prediction from stroke work (systolic blood pressure×Doppler stroke volume), sex, and height (in meters
2.7
) was derived. An observed left ventricular mass/predicted left ventricular mass value >128% defined inappropriate left ventricular mass. Plasma cardiotrophin-1 was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The studies were repeated in a group of 45 patients after 1 year of antihypertensive treatment. At baseline 67 and 51 patients presented with appropriate and inappropriate left ventricular mass, respectively. Plasma cardiotrophin-1 was higher (
P
<0.001) in patients with inappropriate mass than in patients with appropriate mass and normotensive controls. A direct correlation was found between cardiotrophin-1 and observed left ventricular mass/predicted left ventricular mass ratio (
r
=0.330,
P
<0.001) in all hypertensive patients. After treatment, plasma cardiotrophin-1 decreased and increased in patients in which inappropriate left ventricular mass regressed and persisted, respectively, despite a similar reduction of blood pressure in the 2 subgroups of patients. Albeit descriptive in nature, these results suggest the hypothesis that an excess of cardiotrophin-1 may contribute to inappropriate left ventricular growth in hypertensive patients.
Applying a Generic Juvenile Risk Assessment Instrument to a Local Context
Authors: Miller Joel , Lin Jeffrey
Published: September 2007

This article examines issues raised by the application of a generic actuarial juvenile risk instrument (the Model Risk Assessment Instrument) to New York City, a context different from the one in which it was developed. It describes practical challenges arising from the constraints of locally available data and local sensibilities and highlights important differences between locally relevant recidivism predictors and generic tool predictors. The analysis shows that the generic tool is less predictive than a locally developed risk-assessment tool and also performs less well than unassisted clinical judgment. This is true even after the generic tool has been validated and optimized on local data. This is because the tool does not include key demographic variables relevant to the New York City context.
Whistle-Blowing and the Code of Silence in Police Agencies
Authors: Rothwell Gary R. , Baldwin J. Norman
Published: September 2007

This article reports the findings from a study that investigates predictors of police willingness to blow the whistle and police frequency of blowing the whistle on seven forms of misconduct. It specifically investigates the capacity of nine policy and structural variables to predict whistle-blowing. The results indicate that two variables, a policy mandating the reporting of misconduct and supervisory status, surface as the most consistent predictors of whistle-blowing. Contrary to popular belief, the results also show that police are slightly less inclined than civilian public employees to subscribe to a code of silence.
The Unknown in Process
Authors: Gross Matthias
Published: September 2007

In contemporary debates on risk in modern societies, on reflexive modernity and a general crisis of knowledge, concepts and terms such as ignorance, non-knowledge or negative knowledge are used to denote that there can be knowledge about what is not known. Many of these terms are not only used with different meanings, sometimes antithetic to one another in their implications, but they often propose tree-like taxonomies without broaching the issue of the further connectivity of different types of unknowns between the limbs of the tree. In this article, an attempt is made to simplify and integrate different connotations in sociological usage of concepts that try to grasp the unknown and to outline the dynamic and recursive relations of these types of knowledge and the way they can change over time. This is illustrated with examples from large-scale ecological design projects.
The Socioaffective Impact of Acceleration and Ability Grouping
Authors: Neihart Maureen
Published: September 2007

Although the academic gains associated with acceleration and peer ability grouping are well documented, resistance to their use for gifted students continues because of concerns that such practices will cause social or emotional harm to students. Results from the broad research indicate that grade skipping, early school entrance, and early admission to college have socioaffective benefits for gifted students who are selected on the basis of demonstrated academic, social, and emotional maturity, but may be harmful to unselected students who are arbitrarily accelerated on the basis of IQ, achievement, or social maturity. There is little research on the socioaffective effects of peer ability grouping. The limited evidence indicates strong benefits for highly gifted students and possibly for some minority or disadvantaged gifted students. Robust evidence does not exist to support the idea that heterogeneous classroom grouping per se significantly increases the risk for adjustment problems among moderately gifted students. Recommendations for best practice based on the available evidence are presented.
Lessons Learned About Educating the Gifted and Talented
Authors: Rogers Karen B.
Published: September 2007

This article discusses five reconsiderations (lessons) the research on the education of the gifted and talented suggests. Although several of the considerations derive from traditional practice in the field, some reconsideration is warranted because of more currently researched differences in how the gifted learner intellectually functions. It is argued that thinking of the gifted learner as idiosyncratic, not necessarily one of many classified as “the gifted,” requires a reconceptualization of how to appropriately and fully serve this unique learner. The research synthesized here covers the period from 1861 to present and represents the entire body of published research studies and representative literature (theory, program descriptions, and persuasive essays). Implications for service development and implementation are also discussed.
International Social Work
Authors: Healy Lynne M. , Thomas Rebecca L.
Published: September 2007

English

This article analyzes the contributions of editorials and articles published in 50 years of International Social Work to knowledge about international social work and about the profession internationally. While sometimes too silent on major global social issues, the journal has enhanced understanding of the field and provides an important vehicle for international knowledge sharing.

French

Cet article analyse la contribution des éditoriaux et des articles parus à l'occasion du cinquantenaire de la revue International Social Work pour documenter le travail social international ainsi que le rayonnement de la profession à 'échelle internationale. Quoique parfois trop silencieuse sur d'importants enjeux mondiaux, la publication enrichit la compréhension du domaine et se révè le un véhicule incontournable pour le partage du savoir à l'échelle internationale.

Spanish

Este artículo analiza las contribuciones de editoriales y artículos publicados durante 50 añ os en International Social Work para conocer acerca del trabajo social internacional y acerca de la profesió n internacionalmente. Aunque algunas veces con demasiado silencio en los asuntos sociales globales, la revista ha ampliado la comprensió n del tema y proporciona una importante vía para compartir el conocimiento internacional.
Analysing Internal Power Dynamics in Peak Unions: A Conceptual Framework
Authors: Brigden Cathy
Published: September 2007

Peak union bodies, organizations formed by trade unions acting collectively, have been part of the union landscape from the very earliest years of union organization. Yet, despite this long presence, peak unions have garnered relatively little academic and theoretical attention. Despite a growing scholarship on the role and activities of peak unions, analysis of their internal power dynamics remains limited. This article seeks to add to our theoretical understanding of peak unions by proposing a conceptual framework that focuses on peak union power through the original concepts of `organization power' and `collective movement power'.
Corporatism as a Process of Working-class Containment and Roll-back: The Recent Experiences of South Africa and South Korea
Authors: Bramble Tom , Ollett Neal
Published: September 2007

In this article we argue that recent debates in the corporatist literature about whether corporatism is best understood as a process of structured interest representation or political dialogue miss the point as to corporatism's central task — the shift of material resources and power away from the working class to the capitalist class, in which two processes are evident — containment and roll-back. We discuss these processes in the context of successive waves of corporatism in Western Europe from the 1940s to the 1990s before moving on to an analysis of the contrasting fortunes of corporatism in South Africa and South Korea during democratic transition. We conclude that the ability of corporatism to carry out the processes of containment and roll back in these two cases have been dependent on the existence (or absence) of supportive prior political relationships between organized labour and the state.
From Historical to Enduring Injustice
Authors: Spinner-Halev Jeff
Published: September 2007

Advocates of remedying historical injustices urge political communities to take responsibility for their past, but their arguments are ambiguous about whether all past injustices need remedy, or just those regarding groups that suffer from current injustice. This ambiguity leaves unanswered the challenge of critics who argue that contemporary injustices matter, not those in the past. I argue instead for a focus on injustices that have roots in the past, and continue to the present day, what I call enduring injustice. Instead of focusing on finding the party responsible for the injustice, I argue that we use history to help us understand why some injustices endure, which I suggest is partly due to the limitations of liberal justice. I conclude with a conception of responsibility for repairing enduring injustice that deemphasizes searching for the causal agent, and instead focuses on how to repair the injustice, which I explain through an expansive conception of shared space.
Moral Error, Power, and Insult
Authors: Hendrix Burke A.
Published: September 2007

Defenders of Aboriginal rights such as James Tully have argued that members of majority populations should allow Aboriginal peoples to argue within their own preferred intellectual frameworks in seeking common moral ground. But how should non-Aboriginal academics react to claims that seem insufficiently critical or even incoherent? This essay argues that there are two reasons to be especially wary of attacking such errors given the historical injustices perpetrated by settler states against Aboriginal peoples. First, attempts to root out error will often be misplaced, because they will fail to consider the full range of possible reasons for particular kinds of social practices. Second, such attempts will often have counterproductive social effects in disrupting conversations and prolonging Aboriginal alienation. This essay thus argues that non-Aboriginal academics should be willing to exercise considerable self-restraint toward apparent intellectual errors, because such a strategy will be most conducive to realizing justice over the long term.
Conflict and Universal Moral Theory
Authors: Erman Eva
Published: September 2007

The solutions to moral problems offered by contemporary moral theories largely depend on how they understand pluralism. This article compares two different kinds of universal moral theories, liberal impartiality theory and discourse ethics. It defends the twofold thesis that (1) a dialogical theory such as discourse ethics is better equipped to give an account of pluralism than impartiality theory due to a more correct understanding of the nature of conflict, but that (2) discourse ethics cannot, contrary to what Jürgen Habermas claims, embrace the notion of impartiality connected to agent-neutrality. The article argues that pluralism reflects conflicts among values not only between but also within people and that discourse ethics can include both these dimensions since it recognizes the constitutive connection between deliberation and (moral) conflict. Thus, unlike impartiality theory, it can elucidate the transformative aspects of pluralism.
New Learning: Constructing Knowledge in Leadership Training Programs
Authors: Aalsburg Wiessner Colleen , González Sullivan Leila
Published: September 2007

This study examined the new learning that occurred in a professional development program for participants who aspire to the community college presidency. Knowledge construction occurred on three levels: personal, professional, and disciplinary. Reframing, embracing, and embodying activities toward knowledge construction were evident, and new knowledge was expressed cognitively, affectively, and conatively. The new learning approach can be used to capture actual learning in a professional development venue, bring the learning into the participants' full consciousness, stimulate individual and group processing for iterative knowledge construction, and provide a higher level of program evaluation.
Defining Dates and First Date Goals
Authors: Mongeau Paul A. , Jacobsen Janet , Donnerstein Carolyn
Published: September 2007

College students and single noncollege adults defined the term date, differentiated dates from going out with a friend, and described their reasons for going on their most recent first date. Responses indicate that single adults vary more in their orientation toward dating (e.g., an emphasis on a lifelong relationship) than do college students. Sex differences in first date goals appeared only in the college sample. College men were more likely to report sexual goals, whereas college women were more likely to report goals reflecting friendship, date-to-date, and having fun. Results highlight the importance of several forms of uncertainty reduction, shed light on an application of predicted outcome value theory, and suggest that the nature of commitment may differ across age groups.
Production Chains in an Interregional Framework: Identification by Means of Average Propagation Lengths
Authors: Dietzenbacher Erik , Romero Isidoro
Published: September 2007

When linkages between industries are studied from the perspective of production chains, sequencing is important. In this respect, both the strength of the linkages and the distance between industries are relevant. Distance is measured by the average propagation length, defined as the average number of steps it takes a stimulus in one industry to propagate and affect another industry. Using the 1985 intercountry input—output table for six European countries, we present three applications—visualizing the production structure by graphing its production chains, analyzing intercountry linkages between industries, and determining the role that each country plays within the system.
Knowing Bodies at Work: Embodiment and Ephemeral Teamwork in Anaesthesia
Authors: Hindmarsh Jon , Pilnick Alison
Published: September 2007

In spite of a growing corpus of studies concerned with the body and its relationships to organizing and organization, there is a distinct lack of empirical work to take seriously the nature of `embodiment' in the workplace. This paper presents a video-based study of teamwork in preoperative anaesthesia in order to propose an approach to analysing the body that focuses on organizational members' practical orientations to the body, and in particular dynamic bodies, in the workplace. To demonstrate the value of this approach, the paper considers coordination work among anaesthetic teams and highlights the importance of intercorporeal knowing in the real-time coordination of a team's work. The analytic orientation is drawn from ethnomethodology and conversation analysis.
Explaining Conflicted Collaboration: A Critical Realist Approach to Hegemony
Authors: Delbridge Rick
Published: September 2007

The evidence on current developments in work organization suggests that the outcome is often one of `conflicted collaboration', where there is simultaneous interdependence and disconnection resulting in both coercive and collaborative experiences for workers. It is argued here that analysis and explanation of these findings requires engagement with both the active role of agency and the social structures of capitalist development. These analyses must also locate the workplace in wider social contexts. A critical realist approach to understanding hegemony offers considerable potential in this endeavour.
Paleo-Paralysis? Work, Organizations and the Labour Process Debate
Authors: Vallas Steven
Published: September 2007

Paul Adler addresses the fall from grace of labour process theory by advocating a `paleo Marxist' perspective that would return the study of labour to its classical Marxist lineage. I find that Adler is right to emphasize the contradictions that often lie hidden within contemporary managerial regimes, yet utterly wrong to root them within the capitalist mode of production as such. So heavily deterministic and reductionist a view would, if generalized, deny us any ability to explain why managerial regimes vary across firms, industries and nation-states. Likewise, issues of organization culture, gender and racial inequalities, or worker subjectivity would all quickly vanish from sight. What Adler views as a weakness of the labour process approach — its emphasis on the negotiated nature of the wage-labour relation — in fact constitutes an enduring contribution to the study of work.
Rituals, Invented Traditions, and Shifting Power
Authors: Trumpbour Robert C.
Published: September 2007

This study employs James Carey's ritual view of communication to better understand the broad issues and forces that have driven stadium building in North America. The role of the city as part of an imagined community offers one rationale to explain why competitive stadium building has unfolded in various eras of history. Hobsbawm's notion of “invented tradition” is offered as a mechanism to understand the recent emergence of retro ballpark construction. The role of communication technologies and changes in deeper social structures are discussed in explaining a shift that has occurred among political and commercial realms involved in the stadium-building process, as is the relevance of Carey's vision for more inclusive journalistic strategies that draw from the philosophy of John Dewey.
Community service in Austria: Main results of a feasibility study
Authors: Grafl Christian
Published: September 2007

This article discusses the main results of a study on community service as a diversionary measure in Austria. The study was carried out in 2003 at four regional court districts and includes analysis of quantitative data as well as evaluation of interviews with social workers, prosecutors and judges. Regional differences in the application of community service show that its scope as diversionary measure has been far from exhausted in Austria. A nationwide uniformity and agreement concerning the application of community service as a diversionary measure is suggested as a precondition for its introduction as an independent sanction.
Examining the introduction of legislation in Ireland to tackle juvenile anti-social behaviour
Authors: Brown Kevin
Published: September 2007

In July 2006, the Irish Parliament passed legislation aimed at tackling anti-social behaviour following a perceived increase in the problem. The new provisions are based on existing law and practice in England and Wales. However, the legislation includes a framework for dealing with juveniles that differs in a number of respects from that which exists in England and Wales. This article examines how the Irish legislation proposes to treat juveniles engaged in antisocial behaviour and contrasts this with the English approach.
The challenge of working with racially motivated offenders: An exercise in ambivalence?
Authors: McGhee Derek
Published: September 2007

A Probation Circular published in 2005 announced that accredited one-to-one programmes should be developed for Racially Motivated Offenders (RMOs). This article reviews a number of existing literatures written by both practitioners and academics which have focused on the problems and opportunities that arise during interventions with RMOs. At the same time, in this article, insights derived from the latter literatures are contextualized within poststructuralist and discursive psychological literatures. The outcome of this is an attempt to forge common ground between practitioner-derived insights on racism, racists, identity, locality and shared `communities of prejudice' with poststructuralist approaches to identity and the advancement of specific therapeutic/correctionalist techniques (especially the motivational interviewing technique pioneered by Miller and Rollnick, 1991) for facilitating change processes in RMOs.
Real-World Indicators and the Coverage of Immigration and the Integration of Minorities in Dutch Newspapers
Authors: Vliegenthart Rens , Boomgaarden Hajo G.
Published: September 2007

A B S T R A C T ■ An intriguing question in communication science deals with factors determining the intensity of news reporting about certain issues. The study investigates whether the prominence of immigration and the integration of minorities in news coverage reflects real-world developments or whether it is dependent on (political) key events. The authors compare the direct effects of real-world developments and key events in Dutch newspapers for the period 1991—2002 on the prominence of issue coverage. Results indicate that events have a more direct impact on the attention given to immigration and the integration of minorities in the news. The authors furthermore find that international events have a direct, but temporary effect, while most institutional national events influence media attention permanently. ■
Parents' Interest in Videogame Ratings and Content Descriptors in Relation to Game Mediation
Authors: Nikken Peter , Jansz Jeroen , Schouwstra Sanneke
Published: September 2007

A B S T R A C T ■ An Internet survey of 765 parents examined (1) to what extent parents wanted to be informed by ratings of harmful videogames for their children (four to 18 years), (2) which content descriptors interested them, (3) which parents were most interested and (4) how parental mediation of the child's gaming related to their interest in ratings and content descriptors. The majority of parents thought it very necessary to have ratings. Warnings of realistic `gore and gross' were considered most important, followed by warnings regarding alcohol/drugs, fantasy violence, bad language and, finally, nudity. A LISREL model showed that the ratings and most content descriptors were used as tools for restrictive and active parental mediation, in relation to parents' ideas on negative game effects. The mediation strategy of social co-play was strongly associated with the parents' own gaming and views on positive game effects. ■
Behind the Scenes
Authors: Sooryamoorthy Radhamany
Published: September 2007

Research films are a rarity in sociology. Enthralled by the potential of research films and having made three films so far, the author believes that this medium offers great opportunities for sociologists. As a powerful means of communication with its tremendous appeal to sociologists and the public alike, research films have a future as an effective tool of data collection like surveys and interviews. But this largely depends upon the readiness of sociologists to make use of the medium of film in their research, by sparing some of their time to learn the necessary skills of filming and editing. Making research films is as rigorous as writing a research paper or a book, and it offers a great deal of satisfaction and pleasure to the sociologist-filmmaker. Against a backdrop of the production of the author's own research films, this article looks at the relevance of the medium to present sociological concepts and theses, the work associated with the production of a research film, the skills that can be learned to produce a movie without relying on film professionals, and the impact that it can have on the career of sociologists in the near future.
Apraxia of speech: how reliable are speech and language therapists' diagnoses?
Authors: Mumby Katharyn , Bowen Audrey , Hesketh Anne
Published: September 2007

Objective : To discover how reliably speech and language therapists could diagnose apraxia of speech using their clinical judgement, by measuring whether they were consistent (intra-rater reliability), and whether their diagnoses agreed (inter-rater reliability).

Design : Video clips of people with communication difficulties following stroke were rated by four speech and language therapists who were given no definition of apraxia of speech, no training, and no opportunity for conferring.

Settings : Videos were made of people following stroke in their homes. Ratings of the videos were carried out in the university lab under controlled conditions.

Subjects : Forty-two people with communication difficulties such as aphasia, apraxia of speech and dysarthria took part, and four specialist speech and language therapists acted as raters.

Main measure : Speech and language therapists' ratings of the presence and severity of apraxia of speech using videos.

Results : Intra-rater reliability was high for diagnosing (1) the presence of apraxia of speech (Cohen's kappas ranging from 0.90 to 1.00; 0.93 overall), and (2) the severity of apraxia of speech (kappa 0.84 to 0.92; 0.90 overall). The inter-rater reliability was also high for both the presence of apraxia of speech (kappa 0.86) and severity of apraxia of speech (0.74).

Conclusion : Despite controversy over its nature and existence, specialist speech and language therapists show high levels of agreement on the diagnosis of apraxia of speech using their clinical judgement.
Effects of acupuncture and sham acupuncture in addition to physiotherapy in patients undergoing bilateral total knee arthroplasty — a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Tsang Raymond Chi-Chung , Tsang Pui-Ling , Ko Chung-Yee , Kong Ben Chi-Hung , Lee Wing-Yee , Yip Ho-Ting
Published: September 2007

Objective: To compare the acute effects of acupuncture with sham acupuncture on knee pain, range of motion and ambulation in patients with knee osteoarthritis undergoing bilateral total knee arthroplasty, when added to a standard postoperative physiotherapy programme.

Design: Prospective patient- and assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial.

Setting: Acute inpatient physiotherapy department.

Patients: Thirty patients (24 women and 6 men) undergoing bilateral total knee arthroplasty were included for final analysis in the study.

Interventions: Both groups received a standard postoperative physiotherapy programme. Each patient was also given either 10 sessions of acupuncture or sham acupuncture within two weeks.

Main outcome measures: The primary outcome measures were the levels of pain at rest and at maximum after exercise measured by the numeric pain rating scale. Other outcome measures included active and passive ranges of knee motion measured by standard goniometer, and ambulation measured by the timed up-and-go test.

Results: Thirty-six patients were recruited at the start of the study with 18 patients allocated to the acupuncture group and another 18 patients to the sham acupuncture group. On postoperative day 15, there were 30 patients with complete data; three patients in each group dropped out from the study. The mean differences (95% confidence interval (CI)) in overall averages of postoperative mean pain levels were 0.4 (—0.6 to 1.3) and —0.8 (—2.0 to 0.4) at rest and at maximum respectively. There were no significant differences in the active and passive ranges of knee motion and the time for the timed up-and-go test between the two groups.

Conclusion: There is no difference between the acute effects of acupuncture and sham acupuncture in addition to standard postoperative physiotherapy programme in patients with knee osteoarthritis undergoing bilateral total knee arthroplasty.
A randomized, controlled trial of physician postures when breaking bad news to cancer patients
Authors: Bruera Eduardo , Palmer J Lynn , Pace Ellen , Zhang Karen , Willey Jie , Strasser Florian , Bennett Michael I
Published: September 2007

Medical training teaches physicians to sit when breaking bad news, though there have been no controlled studies to support this advice. We aimed to establish cancer patients' preference for physician posture when physicians break bad news using a randomized controlled crossover trial in a department of palliative care at a large US cancer center. Referred patients were blind to the hypothesis and watched video sequences of a sitting or standing physician breaking bad news to a cancer patient and 168 of 173 participants (88 female) completed the study. Sitting physicians were preferred and viewed as significantly more compassionate than standing physicians (P < 0.0001) but other physician attributes and behaviours were generally rated as of equal or more importance than posture. In summary, cancer patients, especially females, prefer physicians to sit when breaking bad news and rate physicians who adopt this posture as more compassionate. However, sitting posture alone is unlikely to compensate for poor communication skills and lack of other respectful gestures during a consultation. Palliative Medicine 2007;21 : 501—505
Cultural Seduction
Authors: Campbell Howard
Published: September 2007

■ Recent anthropological studies have emphasized power, domination and hegemony. The US—Mexico border is a key site for ethnographic research on such issues. This article uses an ethnographic approach to examine cross-border sexual encounters in the Ciudad Juárez/El Paso area. Through a study of Anglo/Mexican sexual interactions and the blurred boundaries between the cross-border marriage market and sex tourism, I explore the cultural dimensions of attraction and seduction within the contexts of unequal power relations. This approach moves beyond moralistic reductionism and one-dimensional views of power relations and inequality in order to provide a richer perspective on cross-cultural sexual encounters.
Food Values
Authors: Pratt Jeff
Published: September 2007

■ Concern about the agro-industrial food system has generated movements that reconnect producers and consumers, either through alternative distribution networks, or through providing histories of each quality foodstuff. Although these movements share a romantic discourse, they have a range of objectives and a more complex relationship to the mainstream than first appears. The article analyses particularly the concept of authenticity, first in representations of food, then more widely as a value that links production and consumption. The material illustrates a wider analysis (in Graeber, Harvey) of the coexistence of monetary and non-monetary value in an economy dominated by the commodity form. Following on from this, the article sets out the different judgements that have been made about the transformative political potential of these movements.
`Dinheiro Vivo'
Authors: Sansi Roca Roger
Published: September 2007

■ For decades, social scientists have seen money and religion in Brazil as two incompatible terms. In contrast, this article shows how money has always been present in Brazilian popular religion. This argument leads to a second point: a criticism of the interpretation of Brazilian Neo-Pentecostal churches as `money fetishists', religions of neoliberalism and globalization. Neo-Pentecostals in Brazil appropriate money not just for economic ends, but also with the political project of Christianizing the country. More generally, the article introduces a different perspective both from the classical discourse on money as an agent of globalization and modernity on the one hand, and a more recent literature on the personalization of money and alternative currencies, on the other. In both the discourses on modernity and personalization, nation-states are increasingly marginal. But the nation is still very much at the centre of the Brazilian Neo-Pentecostal project.
The U.S. Apparel Industry
Authors: Kim Eundeok , Johnson Kim K. P.
Published: September 2007

The purpose of the study was to identify what prospective professionals in the apparel industry believe the future holds for the industry in the next 10 to 20 years. Essays were collected from 30 apparel design and 48 retail merchandising majors. Participants predicted that technological developments would be the prominent force for changes across all levels of the future apparel industry. They forecasted the continued development of specialized fibers or fabrics for specific functions and apparel styles emphasizing function, practicality, comfort, and individuality. Total automation and a wide adoption of mass customization were predicted for production. Consumers were expected to use only the Internet or brick-and-mortar stores in conjunction with the Internet. Based on their predictions, the authors provide a glimpse into the possible future of the apparel industry and suggest directions for further research.
Surveying the Present and an Imagined Future
Authors: Jacob John
Published: September 2007

Toward the effort of planning for the future, this article begins by summarizing current national and global contexts in which the textiles/apparel/retail complex and related education professions exist. These current contexts affect us as consumers, citizens, and professionals and will frame our individual and collective futures. The author uses these conditions as the foundation from which a work of fiction, told from the perspective of an elderly retired textiles and apparel professor in the year 2050, unfolds. The author emphasizes that the endeavors of neither education nor industry in the textiles and apparel fields exist outside global political, economic, and environmental circumstances and that these are key considerations in planning for the future.
Negotiating Hegemonic Masculinity in a Batterer Intervention Program
Authors: Schrock Douglas P. , Padavic Irene
Published: September 2007

Domestic violence represents a crucial underpinning of women's continued subordination, which is why much scholarly and activist energy has been expended in designing, implementing, and evaluating programs to reduce it. On the basis of three years of fieldwork, the authors analyze the interactional processes through which masculinity was constructed in one such program. They find that facilitators had success in getting the men to agree to take responsibility, use egalitarian language, control anger, and choose nonviolence, but the men were successful in resisting taking victims' perspectives, deflecting facilitators' overtures to be emotionally vulnerable, and defining themselves as hardworking men entitled to a patriarchal dividend. The authors' analysis contributes to understandings of how hegemonic masculinity is interactionally constituted, and it adds evidence to the debate about such programs' effectiveness by raising the issue of how well the program met its goal of transforming masculinity.
Quotidian Disruption and Women's Activism in Times of Crisis, Argentina 2002-2003
Authors: Borland Elizabeth , Sutton Barbara
Published: September 2007

Argentina recently underwent a period of economic crisis that shook societal foundations. People turned to collective action for social and political change, and women were at the forefront of many protests. This crisis offers an opportunity to study a moment of “quotidian disruption”—when routine practices and ingrained assumptions are threatened—as an impetus for mobilization. The authors draw on ethnographic observations and analyze 44 in-depth interviews with activist women in Argentina to explore their responses to quotidian disruption. The authors show that the Argentine crisis challenged everyday practices and expectations that were often gendered, fostering activism that drew on previous social frameworks while also creating new ones. Activism became a new quotidian for many women and transformed their identities and experiences with politics and gender relations.
Breaking Loose
Authors: Gawlik Marytza A.
Published: September 2007

Because various aspects of the school organization matter, this study was designed to determine to what degree principals in both charter and traditional public schools experience autonomy. This quantitative study draws on the 1999-2000 School and Staffing Survey, and the analyses suggest that there are variations in the degree and amount of principal autonomy experienced across charter and traditional public schools. Principals, although clearly autonomous, are constrained by state influence but supported by district influence. Charter school principals enjoy greater degrees of autonomy across various internal school activities, and this contributes to the conceptual understanding of organizational autonomy.
Kraepelin's `lost biological psychiatry'? Autointoxication, organotherapy and surgery for dementia praecox
Authors: Noll Richard
Published: September 2007

Kraepelin believed that a chronic metabolic autointoxication, perhaps arising from the sex glands, eventually caused chemical damage to the brain and led to the symptoms of dementia praecox. The evolution of Kraepelin's autointoxication theory of dementia praecox is traced through the 5th to 8th (1895 to 1913) editions of his textbook, Psychiatrie. The historical context of autointoxication theory in medicine is explored in depth to enable the understanding of Kraepelin's aetiological assumption and his application of a rational treatment based on it — organotherapy. A brief account of the North American reception of Kraepelin's concept of dementia praecox, its autotoxic basis, and the preferred American style of rational treatment — surgery — concludes the discussion.
How Kraepelinian was Kraepelin? How Kraepelinian are the neo-Kraepelinians? — from Emil Kraepelin to DSM-III
Authors: Decker Hannah S.
Published: September 2007

The contents of the third edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) can only be understood by studying aspects of the last one hundred years of psychiatric history. This paper deals with: (1) three aspects of Kraepelinian psychiatry — descriptive psychiatry, Kraepelin's devotion to empirical research and his inability always to carry it through, and his anti-psychoanalytic stance; (2) the optimistic yet troubled state of American psychiatry in the period 1946 to 1974; (3) the work of the so-called `neo-Kraepelinians', especially that of Eli Robins, Samuel Guze and George Winokur; and (4) Robert Spitzer and the making of DSM-III.
The Kraepelinian dichotomy: the twin pillars crumbling?
Authors: Greene Talya
Published: September 2007

Emil Kraepelin's view that psychotic disorders are naturally-occurring disease entities, and that dementia praecox and manic-depressive psychosis represent two different diseases, has been hugely influential on classificatory systems for psychosis. Corresponding to the Kraepelinian dichotomy, those systems generally differentiated schizophrenia from affective psychosis. This paper examines the debate that took place between 1980 and 2000 regarding this differentiation. During the 1980s, the scientific reliability of the diagnostic criteria was challenged. In the 1990s there were significant critiques of the validity of the Kraepelinian dichotomy. Yet the dichotomy has not been formally abandoned, and the discussion continues to the present day. This paper suggests that before psychiatry can abandon the Kraepelinian dichotomy, a new model for conceptualizing and describing psychotic symptoms may be required.
Three Arab Women Authors in their Quest for a Share in the Conceptualization of the Divine
Authors: Brand Hanita
Published: September 2007

Women's attempts to grasp the divine and form accordingly their own place in a societal and cultural system reach various cultural documents, among them literature. I analyse-along understandings suggested in some of Luce Irigaray's writings with the help of additional psychoanalytical and feminist theoretical constructs - the place of the divine in women and the place of women in the divine, in three Arab women's stories that venture into the realm of myth and legend, employing both the imaginary and the symbolic.
The One: God's Unity and Genderless Divinity in Judaism
Authors: Lahav Hagar
Published: September 2007

This article examines the cultural ways in which traditional Judaism understands the relationship between an individual and Divinity. The article shows that this understanding has deep gendered dimensions. Grounded in feminist critiques of theology, as well as in Jewish studies and cultural studies, the article shows that the conceptualization of God-person relationship, in both Orthodox and Kaballic Jewish streams, is based on a hierarchical division to three different spaces. These spaces are: Mitzvah (Commandment, Duty, Law), Grace, and Desire or Will. The Mitzvah is perceived to be the highest space and is represented as 'manly'. The intermediate space-Grace-is represented as a 'good woman' or as 'mother'. This space is characterized by a sacred yearning, as well as by lack of stability and continuity, paralysis, and even death. The lowest space is the space of Desire and personal will, which is culturally represented by a child or a whore-woman. This space is characterized by an attitude of disregard, resistance and fear. The article demonstrates how this cultural division of Divinity in to three, contradicts the declared Jewish position that God/Divinity is 'One, Sole and Unique' (Echad, Yachid ve-Meuchad), and points at the inherent need of genderless conceptualization of Divinity in Judaism.