bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Smoking patterns, stances and awareness regarding anti-smoking legislation of medical students in Dhaka city, Bangladesh
Authors: Farah Shayela , Karim Mohoshina
Published: May 2023

Globally every year cigarette smoking is known as universal and preventable cause of mortalities and morbidities among young people and students. In developing countries like Bangladesh the use of cigarette is increasing day by day. As students are very important segment of the society they should be educated with the consequences of smoking cigarette. A descriptive cross-sectional survey on 280 medical students of a selected medical college was carried out to determine their smoking patterns, stances and awareness regarding anti-smoking legislation in Dhaka city. The study was commenced from July to December, 2014. The frequency of smoking in the study was 63.2% and it was highest among final year students. More than fifty percent students smoked 1 to 5 sticks per day. Comprehensive plan with proper instructions and measures should be developed to educate healthcare providers regarding smoking hazards and provide counseling to large number of general public. Specific training and counseling should be a part of the required curriculum at medical schools to address these issues.
Clinical presentation of Dengue in a general hospital in Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmed Nashir Uddin , Talha Khandaker Abu , Hj Ibrahim Mohd Yusof , Selina Farhana , Myint Than , Ohn @ Arif Khin Maung
Published: May 2023

Dengue is one of the commonest viral diseases of Africa and tropical Asia. This disease is characterized by headache, fever, generalized body pain, severe malaise and back pain. The uncomplicated Dengue which is also named the classical dengue fever usually begins 3-8 days after biting of an infected mosquito. This is a cross sectional study on clinical presentation of Dengue in a general hospital in Bangladesh. The total number of patients was 198. The study period was 6 months (July 2004 to December 2004). All the patients who were admitted in the â€˜Dengue wardâ€™ and diagnosed as Dengue by serological test were included in this study. The aim of this study was to evaluate the common clinical presentations of Dengue in a General hospital in Bangladesh. The aim and objective was to compare the clinical presentations of Dengue in Bangladesh patients with those of other international studies. Most of the patients were male (3.7 :1) in sex and young adult(s) in age (80.3%). Fever and severe backache were the commonest clinical features. Nearly two-third (74%) patients presented with hemorrhagic features. Gum bleeding (20.2%) was the commonest bleeding feature. The result of this study showed a similarity with that of other international studies.
Evaluation of performance in different types of Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) stations among Undergraduate Medical Students
Authors: Abu Talha Khandaker , Mra Aung , Selina Farhana , Aung Tun , Venkata Rao Challa , Maung Hla
Published: May 2023

An Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is now a well-recognized modern type of examination often used in faculties of medicine and health sciences all over the world. Though the assessment tool has been designed to assess different types of clinical skill but this is evident that student performance are not the same in different types of stations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performances in different types of OSCE stations among undergraduate medical students. Three types of stations were set in this cross-sectional study. They were clinical reasoning, history taking and procedure performing. On the examination day all the students had attended 3 stations for procedure, 4 stations for clinical reasoning and 3 stations for history taking. The scores were collected and transferred to excel spreadsheet. Mean score of each types of modules were calculated. Statistical difference between all three means were measured by one-way ANOVA F-test. F was 7.2 and p-value was 0.001304. The result was significant at p<0.05 in two-tailed hypothesis. There was a significant difference in the scores of different types of stations in OSCE. Strongest performance was observed in procedural skill and weakest in clinical reasoning. Performance was moderate in history taking skills.
Premature idiopathic costochondral calcification: A Case Report
Authors: Kabir Shaila , Hossain A B M Tofazzal , Kiang Khor Foo
Published: May 2023

Calcification of costal cartilage increases with age and it is rare before the age of thirty years. Early onset of costochondral calcification can be associated several endocrine and metabolic diseases, following a trauma, infections, malignancies or due to genetic factors and very rarely idiopathic. Our case exemplifies premature calcification of costal cartilages. The patient was a 20-year-old lady, referred to endocrine clinic in UMS polyclinic, Kingfisher, University Malaysia Sabah for evaluation of metabolic and endocrine causes of premature costochondral calcification. Physical examination findings were normal except mild tenderness over the left lower lateral part of the chest. Investigation results were inconclusive to detect any underlying endocrine, metabolic or inflammatory conditions. Chest X-Ray revealed bilateral calcification of the 10th, 11th and 12th costal cartilages and was diagnosed as idiopathic calcification of costal cartilage. Only analgesics were given as treatment and the pain subsided after few days.
The Risk Factors and Associated Co-morbidities of Obesity among Adults in Northern Borneo
Authors: Kwong Hui Wong , Bt Mohd Siddiq Hanisah , Bt Abu Seman Nur Fadzlina , Padmanathan Krisnaah A/L , Bin Mohd Kassim Mohd Amiruddin , Yukin Geveney , Bt Mohd Shuib Farah Nur Zulaiqha , Bt Mohamad Ridza Nor Nadia , Bt Jumaah Liyana Syazwani , Bt Mohamad Fuzi Noor Shahira , Bin Abdul Razak Ahmad Afiq , Lim Mui Kim Sharon , Bin Nik Robidin Nik Nazminuruddin , Hamil Ruzaima , John Sharlinna , Saw Naing Daw Khin
Published: May 2023

Obesity is a prevailing health issue and has been recognized as a threat in public health worldwide. Rural setting is no longer a barrier to the epidemic of obesity as previously thought. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the risk factors and associated co-morbidities of obesity among adults aged 18 and above in rural community of Kudat, Sabah. 28.2% of respondents were found to be obese with female predominance (54.9%). Older age, formally educated, ever-drinkers and high systolic blood pressure were associated with obesity. Various forms of interventions should also involve the rural area to close the disparity of health.
Zika virus: Alarming!!!
Authors: Choudhury Shimmi Sadia , Arnold D'Souza Urban John , Lin Zaw
Published: May 2023

Zika, a mosquito-borne flavivirus was identified in Uganda in 1947 in monkeys. From 1960s to 1980s, the zika viral diseases have been recorded in different parts of the world like Asia, Americas, Africa and the Pacific. Spreading of this viral disease has been observed in more than 60 countries and territories. Brazil has reported the relationship between ZIKV (zika virus) infection with Guillain-BarrÃ© syndrome and microcephaly in 2015. ZIKV has been confirmed in Malaysia and affected areas are Sabah, Johor, Selangor, Sarawak, and the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. Up to December, 2016, 8 cases in Malaysia and 458 cases in Singapore have been reported.
A Rare Life threatening Side Effect of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole: A Case Report
Authors: Ng Han Sim Benjamin , Jian Low Qin
Published: May 2023

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole is associated with rare life threatening side effect of hyperkalemia. We described a case of life threatening hyperkalemia in a patient treated with Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole as part of the eradication therapy for Meliodosis.
General Practitioners Involvement in Public Health Infectious Disease Surveillance, District of Kota Kinabalu: A Brief Descriptive Study
Authors: Musiun Aldrin Alexander
Published: May 2023

Background: Infectious disease remains a public health concern in Malaysia. Efficient public health infectious disease surveillance is needed in order to address the issues posed by infectious disease. The main goal of public health infectious disease surveillance is to facilitate the control and prevention of the infectious diseases. For that, infectious disease surveillance needs involvement of multidiscipline either in government or non-government/private to ensure its success. General practitioners (GPs) have an important role in public health infectious disease surveillance considering their role and position as one of the main front liner medical personnel.

Keywords: general practitioners, public health, infectious disease, surveillance
Analysis of Solar and Lunar Motions in the Seonmyeong Calendar
Authors: Lee Ki-Won
Published: May 2023

We investigate solar and lunar motions in the Seonmyeong (SM) calendar that was compiled by Xu, Ang of the Tang dynasty (A.D. 618-907) in China and used for 71 years from 822 to 892. This calendar was also used in Korea during the Goryeo dynasty (A.D. 918-1392) and in Japan for 823 years from 862 to 1684, the longest time among the three countries. Referring to historical documents of China, Korea, and Japan, we analyze the calendrical methods of calculating the daily apparent movements of the Sun and Moon in the SM calendar, which were considered their unequal motions, and compare the movements with the results of modern calculations for three periods in the Goryeo dynasty: 919, 1155, and 1392 years (i.e., the beginning, middle, and ending of the dynasty, respectively). We find that a quadratic equation was employed to obtain the daily movement of the Sun using physical quantities on the instant of each solar term, which was tabulated in its calendar book such as the Goryeosa (History of the Goryeo Dynasty). For quantitative analysis, we compute the mean absolute difference (MAD) of the daily apparent movement between the SM calendar and modern calculations and obtain 0.33, 0.30, and 0.31 arcmin for the periods of 919, 1155, and 1392 years, respectively. Meanwhile, we find relatively large MAD values in the daily movement of the Moon: 0.217, 0.284, and 0.240 degrees for each corresponding year. An interesting point is that the MAD value in the lunar motion shows the maximum in 1155 years, and is the minimum in the solar motion. In conclusion, we believe that this study will facilitate in the understanding of the SM calendar further, particularly in the calendrical methods of calculating sunrise, sunset, and eclipse times.
Determination of Geostationary Orbits (GEO) Satellite Orbits Using Optical
Wide-Field Patrol Network (OWL-Net) Data
Authors: Shin Bumjoon , Lee Eunji , Park Sang-Young
Published: May 2023

In this study, a batch least square estimator that utilizes optical observation
data is developed and utilized to determine geostationary orbits (GEO). Through
numerical simulations, the effects of error sources, such as clock errors, measurement
noise, and the a priori state error, are analyzed. The actual optical tracking data of a
GEO satellite, the Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite (COMS), provided by
the optical wide-field patrol network (OWL-Net) is used with the developed batch filter
for orbit determination. The accuracy of the determined orbit is evaluated by comparison
with two-line elements (TLE) and confirmed as proper for the continuous monitoring of
GEO objects. Also, the measurement residuals are converged to several arcseconds,
corresponding to the OWL-Net performance. Based on these analyses, it is verified that
the independent operation of electro-optic space surveillance systems is possible, and
the ephemerides of space objects can be obtained.
Analysis on Delta-Vs to Maintain Extremely Low Altitude on the Moon and Its Application to CubeSat Mission
Authors: Song Young-Joo , Lee Donghun , Kim Young-Rok , Jin Ho , Choi Young-Jun
Published: May 2023

This paper analyzes delta-Vs to maintain an extremely low altitude on the Moon and investigates the possibilities of performing a CubeSat mission. To formulate the station-keeping (SK) problem at an extremely low altitude, current work has utilized real-flight performance proven software, the Systems Tool Kit Astrogator by Analytical Graphics Inc. With a high-fidelity force model, properties of SK maneuver delta-Vs to maintain an extremely low altitude are successfully derived with respect to different sets of reference orbits; of different altitudes as well as deadband limits. The effect of the degree and order selection of lunar gravitational harmonics on the overall SK maneuver strategy is also analyzed. Based on the derived SK maneuver delta-V costs, the possibilities of performing a CubeSat mission are analyzed with the expected mission lifetime by applying the current flight-proven miniaturized propulsion system performances. Moreover, the lunar surface coverage as well as the orbital characteristics of a candidate reference orbit are discussed. As a result, it is concluded that an approximately 15-kg class CubeSat could maintain an orbit (30–50 km reference altitude having ±10 km deadband limits) around the Moon for 1–6 months and provide almost full coverage of the lunar surface.
Normalized Cross-Correlations of Solar Cycle and Physical Characteristics of
Cloud
Authors: Chang Heon-Young
Published: May 2023

We explore the associations between the total sunspot area, solar north-south
asymmetry, and Southern Oscillation Index and the physical characteristics of clouds by
calculating normalized cross-correlations, motivated by the idea that the galactic
cosmic ray influx modulated by solar activity may cause changes in cloud coverage, and
in turn the Earth’s climate. Unlike previous studies based on the relative difference,
we have employed cloud data as a whole time-series without detrending. We found that the
coverage of high-level and low-level cloud is at a maximum when the solar north-south
asymmetry is close to the minimum, and one or two years after the solar north-south
asymmetry is at a maximum, respectively. The global surface air temperature is at a
maximum five years after the solar north-south asymmetry is at a maximum, and the
optical depth is at a minimum when the solar north-south asymmetry is at a maximum. We
also found that during the descending period of solar activity, the coverage of
low-level cloud is at a maximum, and global surface air temperature and cloud optical
depth are at a minimum, and that the total column water vapor is at a maximum one or two
years after the solar maximum.
Numerical Analysis of Relative Orbit Control Strategy for CANYVAL-X Mission
Authors: Lee Youngro , Park Sang-Young , Park Jae-Pil , Song Youngbum
Published: May 2023

This paper suggests a relative orbit control strategy for the CubeSat Astronomy by NASA and Yonsei using Virtual Telescope Alignment eXperiment (CANYVAL-X) mission whose main goal is to demonstrate an essential technique, which is an arrangement among two satellites and a specific celestial object, referred to as inertial alignment, for a next-generation virtual space telescope. The inertial alignment system is a relative orbit control system and has requirements for the relative state. Through the proposed orbit control strategy, consisting of separation, proximity keeping, and reconfiguration, the requirements will be satisfied. The separation direction of the two CubeSats with respect to the orbital plane is decided to provide advantageous initial condition to the orbit controller. Proximity keeping is accomplished by differential atmospheric drag control (DADC), which generates acceleration by changing the spacecraft’s effective cross section via attitude control rather than consuming propellant. Reconfiguration is performed to meet the requirements after proximity keeping. Numerical simulations show that the requirements can be satisfied by the relative orbit control strategy. Furthermore, through numerical simulations, it is demonstrated that the inertial alignment can be achieved. A beacon signal had been received for several months after the launch; however, we have lost the signal at present.
Development of a Period Analysis Algorithm for Detecting Variable Stars in
Time-Series Observational Data
Authors: Kim Dong-Heun , Kim Yonggi , Yoon Joh-Na , Im Hong-Seo
Published: May 2023

The purpose of this study was to develop a period analysis algorithm for
detecting new variable stars in the time-series data observed by charge coupled device
(CCD). We used the data from a variable star monitoring program of the CBNUO. The R
filter data of some magnetic cataclysmic variables observed for more than 20 days were
chosen to achieve good statistical results. World Coordinate System (WCS) Tools was used
to correct the rotation of the observed images and assign the same IDs to the stars
included in the analyzed areas. The developed algorithm was applied to the data of DO
Dra, TT Ari, RXSJ1803, and MU Cam. In these fields, we found 13 variable stars, five of
which were new variable stars not previously reported. Our period analysis algorithm
were tested in the case of observation data mixed with various fields of view because
the observations were carried with 2K CCD as well as 4K CCD at the CBNUO. Our results
show that variable stars can be detected using our algorithm even with observational
data for which the field of view has changed. Our algorithm is useful to detect new
variable stars and analyze them based on existing time-series data. The developed
algorithm can play an important role as a recycling technique for used data
A Development of Satellite Communication Link Analysis Tool
Authors: Ayana Selewondim Eshetu , Lim SeongMin , Cho Dong-Hyun , Kim Hae-Dong
Published: May 2023

In a Satellite communication system, a link budget analysis is the detailed
investigation of signal gains and losses moving through a channel from a sender to
receiver. It inspects the fading of passed on data signal waves due to the process of
spreading or propagation, including transmitter and receiver antenna gains, feeder
cables, and related losses. The extent of the proposed tool is to make an effective,
efficient, and user-friendly approach to calculate link budget analysis. It is also
related to the satellite communication correlation framework by building up a graphical
interface link analysis tool utilizing STK® software with the interface of C#
programming. It provides better kinds of graphical display techniques, exporting and
importing data files, printing link information, access data, azimuth-elevation-range
(AER), and simulation is also possible at once. The components of the link budget
analysis tool include transmitter gain, effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP), free
space loss, propagation loss, frequency Doppler shift, flux density, link margin,
elevation plot, etc. This tool can be useful for amateur users (e.g., CubeSat developers
in the universities) or nanosat developers who may not know about the RF communication
system of the satellite and the orbital mechanics (e.g., orbit propagators) principle
used in the satellite link analysis.
Global MHD Simulation of a Prolonged Steady Weak Southward Interplanetary Magnetic
Field Condition
Authors: Park Kyung Sun , Lee Dae-Young , Kim Khan-Hyuk
Published: May 2023

We performed high-resolution three-dimensional global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)
simulations to study the interaction between the Earth’s magnetosphere and a prolonged
steady southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) (Bz = –2nT) and slow solar wind.
The simulation results show that dayside magnetic reconnection continuously occurs at
the subsolar region where the magnetosheath magnetic field is antiparallel to the
geomagnetic field. The plasmoid developed on closed plasma sheet field lines. We found
that the vortex was generated at the magnetic equator such as (X, Y) = (7.6, 8.9) RE due
to the viscous-like interaction, which was strengthened by dayside reconnection. The
magnetic field and plasma properties clearly showed quasiperiodic variations with a
period of 8–10 min across the vortex. Additionally, double twin parallel vorticity in
the polar region was clearly seen. The peak value of the cross-polar cap potential
fluctuated between 17 and 20 kV during the tail reconnection.
Observation of Transition Boundary between Cold, Dense and Hot, Tenuous Plasmas in
the Near-Earth Magnetotail
Authors: Kim Hee-Eun , Lee Ensang
Published: May 2023

Properties of plasmas that constitute the plasma sheet in the near-Earth
magnetotail vary according to the solar wind conditions and location in the tail. In
this case study, we present multi-spacecraft observations by Cluster that show a
transition of plasma sheet from cold, dense to hot, tenuous state. The transition was
associated with the passage of a spatial boundary that separates the plasma sheet into
two regions with cold, dense and hot, tenuous plasmas. Ion phase space distributions
show that the cold, dense ions have a Kappa distribution while the hot, tenuous ions
have a Maxwellian distribution, implying that they have different origins or are
produced by different thermalization processes. The transition boundary separated the
plasma sheet in the dawn-dusk direction, and slowly moved toward the dawn flank. The
hot, tenuous plasmas filled the central region while the cold, dense plasmas filled the
outer region. The hot, tenuous plasmas were moving toward the Earth, pushing the cold,
dense plasmas toward the flank. Different types of dynamical processes can be generated
in each region, which can affect the development of geomagnetic activities.
Seasonal Variation of Cosmic Ray Intensity Observed by the Oulu Neutron
Monitor
Authors: Jeong Jaesik , Oh Suyeon
Published: May 2023

Muons and neutrons are representative secondary particles that are generated by
interactions between primary cosmic ray particles (mostly protons) and the nuclei of
atmospheric gas compounds. Previous studies reported that muons experience seasonal
variations because of the meteorological effects of temperature. The intensity of
neutrons has a typical modulation with various periods and reasons, such as diurnal and
solar variation or transient events. This paper reports that cosmic ray particles, which
were observed by neutron monitors, have seasonal variations using the daily data at the
Oulu neutron monitor. To eliminate the effects of solar activity across time, the daily
data were normalized by two different transformations: transformations with respect to
the grand mean and yearly mean. The data after transformation with respect to the yearly
mean showed more statistical stability and clear seasonal variations. On the other hand,
it is difficult to determine if the seasonal variation results from terrestrial effects,
such as meteorological factors, or extraterrestrial effects, such as the position of the
Earth in its orbit of revolution.
Preliminary Results of Tissue-Equivalent Proportional Counter (TEPC) Dosimeter for
Measuring In-Situ Aviation Radiation
Authors: Nam Uk-won , Park Won-kee , Hwang Junga , Sohn Jongdae , Moon Bongkon , Kim Sunghwan
Published: May 2023

We develop the tissue-equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) type’s space
radiation dosimeter to measure in-situ aviation radiation. That was originally developed
as a payload of small satellite in the low-earth orbit. This dosimeter is based on a
TEPC. It is made of an A-150 tissue-equivalent plastic shell of an internal diameter of
6 cm and a thickness of 0.3 cm. TEPC is filled with pure propane at 13.9 torrs to
simulate a cell diameter of 2 μm. And the associated portable and low power electronics
are also implemented. The verification experiments have been performed by the
calibration experiments at ground level and compared with Liulin observation at aircraft
altitude during the flight between Incheon airport (ICN) and John F. Kennedy airport
(JFK). We found that the TEPC dosimeter can be used as a monitor for space radiation
dosimeter at aviation altitude based on the verification with Liulin observation.
Active Days around Solar Minimum and Solar Cycle Parameter
Authors: Chang Heon-Young
Published: May 2023

Utilizing a new version of the sunspot number and group sunspot number dataset
available since 2015, we have statistically studied the relationship between solar
activity parameters describing solar cycles and the slope of the linear relationship
between the monthly sunspot numbers and the monthly number of active days in percentage
(AD). As an effort of evaluating possibilities in use of the number of active days to
predict solar activity, it is worthwhile to revisit and extend the analysis performed
earlier. In calculating the Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient r, the Spearman’s
rank-order correlation coefficient rs, and the Kendall’s τ coefficient with the
rejection probability, we have calculated the slope for a given solar cycle in three
different ways, namely, by counting the spotless day that occurred during the ascending
phase and the descending phase of the solar cycle separately, and during the period
corresponding to solar minimum ± 2 years as well. We have found that the maximum solar
sunspot number of a given solar cycle and the duration of the ascending phase are hardly
correlated with the slope of a linear function of the monthly sunspot numbers and AD. On
the other hand, the duration of a solar cycle is found to be marginally correlated with
the slope with the rejection probabilities less than a couple of percent. We have also
attempted to compare the relation of the monthly sunspot numbers with AD for the even
and odd solar cycles. It is inconclusive, however, that the slopes of the linear
relationship between the monthly group numbers and AD are subject to the even and odd
solar cycles.
Spin Axis Determination of Defunct GLONASS Satellites Using Photometry
Observation
Authors: Lee Jeeho , Park Eunseo , Choi Man-Soo , Kucharski Daniel , Yi Yu , Park Jong-Uk
Published: May 2023

GLONASS, a satellite navigation system developed in Russia since 1976, is defunct
and orbits in an unstable attitude. The satellites in these problems are not managed and
there is no precise information, which can increase the risk of collisions with other
space objects. In this study, detailed attitude dynamic have to be analyzed through
photometry data, which requires spin period and spin axis. The light curve data is
obtained by observing through the photometer at the Graz station and the power spectrum
is calculated to obtain the cycle of the satellite. The geometric relationship between
observer and sun is analyzed for GLONASS-50 satellite. The box-wing model is applied to
obtain the phase reflection of the satellite and obtain the Irradiation of the satellite
through this information. In Light Curve and Irradiation, the spin axis is calculated
for each peak points with the distance square minimum technique. The spin axis of the
GLONASS-50 satellite is RA = 116°, Dec = 92°.
A Study of Dark Photon at the Electron-Positron Collider Experiments Using KISTI-5
Supercomputer
Authors: Park Kihong , Cho Kihyeon
Published: May 2023

The universe is well known to be consists of dark energy, dark matter and the
standard model (SM) particles. The dark matter dominates the density of matter in the
universe. The dark matter is thought to be linked with dark photon which are
hypothetical hidden sector particles similar to photons in electromagnetism but
potentially proposed as force carriers. Due to the extremely small cross-section of dark
matter, a large amount of data is needed to be processed. Therefore, we need to optimize
the central processing unit (CPU) time. In this work, using MadGraph5 as a simulation
tool kit, we examined the CPU time, and cross-section of dark matter at the
electron-positron collider considering three parameters including the center of mass
energy, dark photon mass, and coupling constant. The signal process pertained to a dark
photon, which couples only to heavy leptons. We only dealt with the case of dark photon
decaying into two muons. We used the simplified model which covers dark matter particles
and dark photon particles as well as the SM particles. To compare the CPU time of
simulation, one or more cores of the KISTI-5 supercomputer of Nurion Knights Landing and
Skylake and a local Linux machine were used. Our results can help optimize high-energy
physics software through high-performance computing and enable the users to incorporate
parallel processing.
Evaluation of a Laser Altimeter using the Pseudo-Random Noise Modulation Technique
for Apophis Mission
Authors: Lim Hyung-Chul , Sung Ki-Pyoung , Choi Mansoo , Park Jong Uk , Choi Chul-Sung , Bang Seong-Cheol , Choi Young-Jun , Moon Hong-Kyu
Published: May 2023

Apophis is a near-Earth object with a diameter of approximately 340 m, which will
come closer to the Earth than a geostationary orbit in 2029, offering a unique
opportunity for characterizing the object during the upcoming encounter. Therefore,
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute has a plan to propose a space mission to
explore the Apophis asteroid using scientific instruments such as a laser altimeter. In
this study, we evaluate the performance metrics of a laser altimeter using a
pseudorandom noise modulation technique for the Apophis mission, in terms of detection
probability and ranging accuracy. The closed-form expression of detection probability is
provided using the cross correlation between the received pulse trains and pseudo-random
binary sequence. And the new ranging accuracy model using Gaussian error propagation is
also derived by considering the sampling rate. The operation range is significantly
limited by thermal noise rather than background noise, owing to not only the low power
laser but also the avalanche photodiode in the analog mode operation. However, it is
demonstrated from the numerical simulation that the laser altimeter can achieve the
ranging performance required for a proximity operation mode, which employs commercially
available components onboard CubeSat-scale satellites for optical communications.
Practical Algorithms on Lunar Reference Frame Transformations for Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter Flight Operation
Authors: Song Young-Joo , Lee Donghun , Kim Young-Rok , Bae Jonghee , Park Jae-ik , Hong SeungBum , Kim Dae-Kwan , Lee Sang-Ryool
Published: May 2023

This technical paper deals the practical transformation algorithms between several lunar reference frames which will be used for Korea pathfinder lunar orbiter (KPLO) flight operation. Despite of various lunar reference frame definitions already exist, use of a common transformation algorithm while establishing lunar reference frame is very important for all members related to KPLO mission. This is because use of slight different parameters during frame transformation may result significant misleading while reprocessing data based on KPLO flight dynamics. Therefore, details of practical transformation algorithms for the KPLO mission specific lunar reference frames is presented with step by step implementation procedures. Examples of transformation results are also presented to support KPLO flight dynamics data user community which is expected to give practical guidelines while post processing the data as their needs. With this technical paper, common understandings of reference frames that will be used throughout not only the KPLO flight operation but also science data reprocessing can be established. It is expected to eliminate, or at least minimize, unnecessary confusion among all of the KPLO mission members including: Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as well as other organizations participating in KPLO payload development and operation, or further lunar science community world-wide who are interested in KPLO science data post processing.
The Occurrence Climatology of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles: A Review
Authors: Kil Hyosub
Published: May 2023

Electron density irregularities in the equatorial ionosphere at night are
understood in terms of plasma bubbles, which are produced by the transport of
low-density plasma from the bottomside of the F region to the topside. Equatorial plasma
bubbles (EPBs) have been detected by various techniques on the ground and from space.
One of the distinguishing characteristics of EPBs identified from long-term observations
is the systematic seasonal and longitudinal variation of the EPB activity. Several
hypotheses have been developed to explain the systematic EPB behavior, and now we have
good knowledge about the key factors that determine the behavior. However, gaps in our
understanding of the EPB climatology still remain primarily because we do not yet have
the capability to observe seed perturbations and their growth simultaneously and
globally. This paper reviews the occurrence climatology of EPBs identified from
observations and the current understanding of its driving mechanisms.
Thermospheric Wind Observation and Simulation during the Nov 4, 2021 Geomagnetic
Storm Event
Authors: Wu Qian , Lin Dong , Wang Wenbin , Ward William
Published: May 2023

Thermospheric wind observations from high to mid latitudes are compared with the
newly developed Multiscale Atmosphere Geospace Environment (MAGE) model for the Nov 3–4
geomagnetic storm. The observation and simulation comparison shows a very good agreement
and is better at high latitudes in general. We were able to identify a thermospheric
poleward wind reduction possibly linked to a northward turning of the Interplanetary
Magnetic Field (IMF) at ~22 UT on Nov 3 and an enhancement of the poleward wind to a
southward turning near 10 UT on Nov 4 at high latitudes. An IMF southward turning may
have led to an enhancement of equatorward winds at Boulder, Colorado near midnight.
Simultaneous occurrence of aurora may be associated with an IMF By turning negative. The
MAGE model wind simulations are consistent with observations in these cases. The results
show the model can be a very useful tool to further study the magnetosphere and
ionosphere coupling on short time scales.
The Chemical Composition of HD47536: A Planetary Host Halo Giant with Possible λ
Bootis Features and Signs of Interstellar Matter Accretion
Authors: Yushchenko Alexander , Doikov Dmytry , Andrievsky Sergei , Jeong Yeuncheol , Yushchenko Volodymyr , Rittipruk Pakakaew , Kovtyukh Valery , Demessinova Aizat , Gopka Vira , Raikov Alexander , Jeong Kyung Sook
Published: May 2023

We investigated the chemical composition of the planetary host halo star HD47536
via high-resolution spectral observations recorded using a 1.5 meter Cerro Tololo
Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) telescope (Chile). Furthermore, we determined the
abundances of 38 chemical elements. Both light and heavy elements were overabundant
compared to the iron group elements. The abundance pattern of HD47536 was similar to
that of halo-type stars, with an enrichment of heavy elements. We analyzed the
relationships between the relative abundances of chemical elements and their second
ionization potentials and condensation temperatures. We demonstrated that the interplay
of charge-exchange reactions owing to the accretion of interstellar matter and the
gas-dust separation mechanism can influence the initial abundances and can be used to
qualitatively explain the abundance patterns in the atmosphere of HD47536.
Observation of Three Variable Stars and an Asteroid Using Small Telescopes in the
United Arab Emirates (UAE)
Authors: Odeh Mohammad Sh. , Al-Wardat Mashhoor
Published: May 2023

We present the results of using small telescopes in the United Arab Emirates
(UAE) for observing variable stars and asteroids. Two telescopes, namely, 5”
apochromatic refractor and 14” Schmidt-Cassegrain, at Al-Khatim Observatory (M44) were
used for the observations. The targets were the three variable stars RR GEM, AG LMi, and
DL CMi and the asteroid 22 Kalliope. We found a good consistency between our light
curves and published ones for the calibration targets, i.e., the asteroid 22 Kalliope
and the variable star RR GEM. According to previous studies, AG LMi has two suggested
periods, 16.3 hours and 32.62 hours. Our results clearly confirm the second one, with a
period of 32.6175 hours. The star DL CMi has several suggested periods as per previous
studies, such as 4.0173 days, 1.9606 days, and 2.0086 days. Our observations confirm the
first one, with a period of 4.0159 days. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of
using small telescopes for observing variable stars and asteroids. This work provides
some recommendations on using small telescopes for such observations.
Early Stages of Global Neurosurgery
Authors: Johnson Walter D , Rubiano Andres , Osorio Enrique
Published: May 2023

The year 2015 was pivotal for the growth of global neurosurgery. In January, the United Nations (UN) adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), replacing the expiring Millennial Development Goals. The SDGs were more comprehensive, having 17 Goals with 169 associated targets; a significant number of these included the necessity for surgical care to achieve the targets. 1

In early Spring 2015, publication of Global Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development - The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery created a paradigm shift in the understanding of surgical needs worldwide, particularly in access to safe, timely and affordable surgical care for billions of individuals and large gaps in global surgical health workforce.2  At around the same time, Disease Control Priorities 3rd Edition, Volume 1, Essential Surgery laid out the economic case for surgical care, particularly in low resource settings.3 In May, the 68th World Health Assembly unanimously approved WHA resolution 68.15 on strengthening emergency and essential surgical care as a component of universal health coverage.4  

The adoption of SDGs and WHA 68.15 provided the political impetus toward making surgical care a global priority, DCP3 created the health economic basis for global surgical care, and the Lancet Commission developed the factual needs basis for greatly enlarging global surgical service delivery.

The World Health Organization (WHO) is the health technical arm of the UN. The WHA is composed of the health ministers of all UN Member States (countries) and is the governing body of WHO, setting the global health agenda and steering WHO’s work. The WHO Emergency and Essential Surgical Care (EESC) Programme5 was given the mandate to implement WHA resolution 68.15; a task that could only be achieved through extensive worldwide partnerships, such as the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS), which has official working relations as a non-state actor with WHO.6

September 9-12, 2015, the 15th Interim Meeting of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) met in Rome, Italy.7 For the first time, a neurosurgeon was Lead of WHO EESC, creating a unique opportunity for optimally augmenting this WHO/WFNS partnership going forward. The Foundation for International Education in Neurosurgery (FIENS) held a session during this meeting, further highlighting future prospects.
The Role of Medical Students in Global Neurosurgery Committee 1.0
Authors: Shlobin Nathan A , Sadler Samantha , Ooi Setthasorn ZY , Veerappan Vigneshwar Raj , Dada Olaoluwa Ezekiel , Zolo Yvan , Boyke Andre , Ham Edward
Published: May 2023

In 2019, the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) established an ad hoc Global Neurosurgery Committee (GNC) to coordinate its global efforts to promote equitable neurosurgical care. Medical students have been essential to the GNC since its first generation (“GNC 1.0”). We describe the integration of medical students in GNC 1.0 and provide suggestions on the incorporation of medical students into the second-generation GNC (“GNC 2.0”).
Virtual Learning in Global Neurosurgery: A Necessary Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Shlobin Nathan A , Thango Nqobile , Baticulon Ronnie E. , Johnston James M. , Esene Ignatius , Dewan Michael C.
Published: May 2023

Objective: The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic dramatically reduced access to in-person educational activities in neurosurgery, necessitating different educational paradigms. Virtual learning, both live and on-demand, has become an essential educational paradigm in global neurosurgery in response to the pandemic. We discuss the different virtual learning modalities that have been developed or grown within global neurosurgery due to the pandemic.

Methods: A narrative and anecdotal review was conducted.

Results: We discuss webinars, virtual interactive presence technologies, digital simulation, social media, and web-based connectors and their role in global neurosurgery.

Conclusion: As a community of neurosurgeons and future neurosurgeons, if we are to meet the global growing demand for neurosurgical care, we must embrace virtual learning in surgical training. The irreplaceable role of hands-on demonstration and teaching in the operating theatre will always remain paramount. However, development and utilization of progressive connectivity technologies will bring us closer to an achievable and sustainable future for neurosurgical training worldwide.
FREQUENCY OF EFFICACY OF METFORMIN IN PREGNANT FEMALE WITH PCOS WITH REGARDS TO DEVELOPMENT OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Faiqa Saleem Baig  , Sara Hafeez  , Muhammad Shahid
Published: May 2023

Background

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a significant gynecological problem manifested by raised androgen level, menstrual irregularities, and/or one or both ovaries having small cysts. Metformin has shown to have promising effects on PCOS and its several metabolic aspects. The metformin used as therapy in these patients during pregnancy have beneficial effects regarding development of GDM.

Objective

To determine the frequency of efficacy of metformin in pregnant female with PCOS with regards to development of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Material and methods

Setting: The study was conducted in Jinnah Hospital, Lahore

Study design: Descriptive cross sectional study

Study duration: Six months from: 04-06-2018 to 04-12-2018

Data collection procedure: A total of 220 cases fulfilled the inclusion/exclusion criteria were enrolled. All cases were followed up till delivery for presence/absence of GDM. The frequency of efficacy in patients with PCOS was noted; all this information was recorded on a pre-designed proforma. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS version for 16.0.

Results

The mean age of patients was 30.50±6.08years. About 36 (16.4%) females had parity 0, 51 (23.2%) had parity 1, 59 (26.8%) had parity 2, 42 (19.1%) had parity 3 and 32 (14.6%) had parity 4. The mean BMI of patients was 26.81±4.55kg/m2. Efficacy of metformin was achieved in 190 (86.4%) cases while in 30 (13.6%) cases efficacy could not be achieved.

Conclusion

It has been inferenced that metformin is effective in 86.4% cases in controlling blood sugar level among pregnant females.
The FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH MENTAL HEALTH OUTCOMES AMONG HEALTH CARE WORKERS EXPOSED TO CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 WORKING AT MAYO HOSPITAL, LAHORE.
Authors: Ch Nasir Ahmad  , Muhammad Shaheer  , Salman Hamza  , Irfan Muslim  , Huma Ali Mirza  , Muhammad Awais Asghar
Published: May 2023

Background:

Facing the deadly COVID-19 pandemic, health care providers especially those on the frontline and directly involved in the management of COVID patients faced severe mental health problems as compared to general population.

Objective:

To evaluate the factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care providers working in Mayo Hospital, Lahore.

Methods:

Out of 200, 100 participants working in different departments of Mayo Hospital completed the survey by filling an online questionnaire comprising 23 questions during period of one month June 01, 2020 to July 01, 2020. Participants were assessed for symptoms of anxiety, depression, hopelessness, poor concentration on work and indecisiveness. Particular COVID-19 related risk factors were also studied.

Results:

Among the respondents, 68.5% were females and 31.5% were males. 87.6% were doctors and remaining 12.4% belonged to other departments of health care system. 65.2% participants reported symptoms of anxiety, 41.6% reported deterioration in performance, 50% hopelessness, 61.8% symptoms of depression, 41.6% lack of concentration at work and 30.3% reported studying COVID related information in free time. Severe symptoms were reported in frontline workers, female gender, young age and having a close friend or relative infected.

Conclusions:

This study analyses the impact of COVID-19 on mental health of health care providers either directly or indirectly involved in managing patients categorizing the health care providers as high risk population. It also highlights the measures which need to be taken to reduce these psychological effects.
SMOG AND HEALTH
Authors: Irfan Malik
Published: May 2023

Smog is a declared threatening Public Health Emergency in South Asia recently. The most affected areas are Pakistan, India, and China.1 Pakistan is today the world's fourth most polluted country due to industrial and vehicular emissions, crop burning, and recent projects of coal as a source of energy. The air pollution level in our region is getting alarming and is considered to be among the unhealthiest worldwide.2

Most of the smog we see is "Photochemical Smog" containing volatile organic compounds, hydrocarbons, nitrogen, and sulfur dioxide. When the sunlight reacts with the nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere, there is the production of airborne particles and smog. The problem is becoming serious over the last decade due to high levels of pollution due to vehicular smoke and industrial activities.3 Even now during the months of summer, there is now photochemical smog which is washed away by rain. Prolonged heavy exposure to hazardous air causes various health problems including asthma, bronchitis, lung cancer, skin cancer etc. 4

A study reporting the long-term effects of smog in the great London concluded that exposure to smog during the first year of life increased the risk of childhood asthma by 19.87%. 5

Pollution and winter weather conditions both shroud the cities in smog. Excessive population, shortage of funds for development especially municipal services, illiteracy, poverty, vehicular emissions, industrial pollution, fossil fuel powered plants, burning of trees for industrial development, burning of waste materials and coal being burned by thousands of brick kilns all contribute to the formation of smog.6

Certain Measures should be taken to control this alarming health hazard. Effective legislation, effective public awareness programs are needed via print and electronic media. Use of face masks particularly outdoors, avoidance of outdoor activities as much as possible, regular use of air purifiers at home and offices, minimize air pollution from cars and use public transport, and tree plantation are some of the measures to reduce smog effects.