bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frequency of germline BRCA1/2 mutations and association with clinicopathological characteristics in Turkish women with epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Sunar Veli , Korkmaz Vakkas , Topcu Vehap , Cavdarli Büşranur , Arik Zafer , Ozdal Bülent , Ustun Yaprak Engin
Published: February 2021

Aim

This study aims to determine the frequency of germline BRCA 1/2 mutations in Turkish women with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and evaluate its relationship with clinicopathological characteristics.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, all women with recently diagnosed EOC presenting to Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Training and Research Hospital Medical Oncology Clinic between 2016 and 2019 were referred for BRCA testing. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 76 patients applying to Medical Genetics and BRCA1/2 genes were sequenced using next‐generation sequencing. The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics 2015 criteria were followed for classification of genetic variants.

Results

Twenty‐four women (31.6%) had pathogenic germline BRCA1/2 mutations. Of these, 17 patients (22.4%) harbored germline BRCA1 mutations and 7 (9.2%) had BRCA2 mutations. When we compared the patients with and without BRCA mutations, there was significant difference in terms of family history (41.7% vs 9.6%, respectively, P = .001). Among all patients, 15 (19.7%) had history of breast or ovarian cancer in first‐ or second‐degree relatives. Germline BRCA1/2 mutations were detected in 66.7% of patients with family history, while these mutations were found in 22.9% of patients without family history (P = .001).

Conclusion

In this sample 31.6% of Turkish women with EOC harbored germline BRCA1/2 mutations, which seems higher compared to other ethnic groups except for the Ashkenazi Jews population. All women with EOC should be referred for BRCA testing regardless of family history, age at diagnosis, and histological subtype.
Clinical features and long‐term outcomes of aggressive fibromatosis of the abdominal wall after surgical resection: A retrospective study and literature review
Authors: Wang Kewei , Zhang Jiaqi , Dong Ming
Published: February 2021

Aim

Aggressive fibromatosis of the abdominal wall is easily misdiagnosed prior to surgery as abdominal wall endometriosis or other tumors. The authors intend to evaluate the clinical features and outcomes of aggressive fibromatosis of the abdominal wall after surgical resection.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the data from 24 patients treated in the First Hospital of China Medical University from January 2011 to June 2019 and discussed the characteristic of this disease after a review of literature worldwide.

Results

Most patients were female (91.7%) with a mean age of 33 years (range 26–56 years). The most common symptom was progressive abdominal wall discomfort (ie, abdominal pain) in 16 patients (66.7%). Twelve patients (50%) had a history of cesarean section. All 24 patients underwent surgical R0 resection due to progression of disease or pain, including 12 patients treated with simple tumor resection and 12 patients treated with tumor resection followed by abdominal wall tension‐free repair using synthetic mesh. Postoperative complications included incisional infection in three patients (12.5%), incisional hernia and postoperative bleeding in one patient each (4.2%). The local recurrence rate was 12.5%.

Conclusions

Aggressive fibromatosis of the abdominal wall mainly occurs in young women after cesarean section or other surgeries, with a high recurrence rate. Radical resection is an optimal treatment for the patients with progressive cases, and the restoration of extensive defects of the abdominal wall can be achieved with synthetic mesh, which leads to a good restoration of abdominal wall integrity.
Australia and New Zealand's responsibilities in improving oncology services in the Asia‐Pacific: A call to action
Authors: Wilson Brooke E. , Pokorny Adrian M. J. , Perera Sathira , Barton Michael B. , Yip Desmond , Karapetis Christos S. , Ward Iain G. , Downes Simon , Yap Mei Ling
Published: February 2021

Aim

To review the expected increasing demand for cancer services among low and middle‐income countries (LMICs) in the Asia‐Pacific (APAC), and to describe ways in which Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) can provide support to improve cancer outcomes in our region.

Methods

We first review the current and projected incidence of cancer within the APAC between 2018 and 2040, and the estimated demand for chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery. We then explore potential ways in which ANZ can increase regional collaborations to improve cancer outcomes.

Results

We identify 6 ways that ANZ can collaborate with LMICs to improve cancer care in the APAC through the ANZ Regional Oncology Collaboration Strategy:

Increasing education and institutional collaborations in the APAC region through in‐country training, twinning partnerships, observerships and formalised training programs in order to increase cancer care quality and capacity.

Promoting and assisting in the establishment and maintenance of population‐based cancer registries in LMICs.

Increasing research capacity in LMICs through collaboration and promoting high quality global oncology research within ANZ.

Engaging and training Australian and New Zealand clinicians in global oncology, increasing awareness of this important career path, and increasing health policy engagement.

Increasing web‐based endeavours through virtual tumour boards, web‐based advocacy platforms and web‐based teaching programs.

Continuing to leverage for funding through professional bodies, government, industry, not‐for‐profit organisations and local hospital funds.

Conclusion

We propose the creation of an Australian and New Zealand Interest Group to provide formalised and sustained collaboration between researchers, clinicians and stakeholders.
José Morón was the first to introduce the retinal light photocoagulation
Authors: Ascaso Francisco J. , Grzybowski Andrzej
Published: February 2021

Regarding the early history of laser, it is generally accepted that the technique of retinal light photocoagulation was first pioneered by Gerd Meyer‐Schwickerath in 1949. The renowned German ophthalmologist developed the technique to obtain clinically useful results and is worldwide considered the father of retinal photocoagulation. Nevertheless, we believe that the Spanish ophthalmologist José Morón (Seville, 1918‐2000) was really the author of the first known experience of therapeutic photocoagulation of the retina, because he had previously used a similar technique in rabbit and human eyes in 1945 and 1946, respectively. These experiences already appeared in his doctoral dissertation, which was defended in Madrid in 1946, almost three years before the pioneering presentation of Meyer‐Schwickerath. Despite this, Morón was permanently forgotten in the history of retinal photocoagulation. We would like to highlight his earlier experimental studies and reclaim the figure of this Spanish ophthalmologist, which deserves international recognition. This case is an example of a common phenomenon that inventors of new ideas are often not cited appropriately.
Risk of ocular hypertension in children treated with systemic glucocorticoid
Authors: Krag Susanne , Larsen Dorte , Albertsen Birgitte Klug , Glerup Mia
Published: February 2021

Purpose

To investigate the risk of steroid‐induced ocular hypertension in children treated with systemic glucocorticoid.

Methods

Prospective cohort study of children treated with high‐dose systemic glucocorticoid (prednisolone‐equivalent >0.5 mg/kg/day) for more than 2 weeks. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by an Icare tonometer. An intraocular hypertensive response was defined as a net increase in IOP ≥6 mmHg from baseline or a peak IOP ≥21 mmHg in either eye. Patients with a peak IOP ≥31 mmHg or a net increase in IOP ≥15 mmHg were considered as high responders.

Results

Sixteen children with median age 12 years (range 5–17) were included in the study. Nine children (56%) developed a steroid‐induced ocular hypertensive response. Two children (12%) were high responders with peak IOP between 32 and 44 mmHg and a net increase in IOP between 15 and 23 mmHg. All children were asymptomatic and IOP was normalized in all after withdrawal of steroid. Steroid responders were significantly younger than nonresponders (p = 0.03). No associations were found between net IOP increase and time to peak pressure, steroid dose at peak pressure or accumulated prednisolone dose at peak IOP.

Conclusion

Systemic treatment of children with glucocorticoid can cause a significant increase in IOP which indicates the need for IOP screening of these children. The risk of steroid‐induced ocular hypertension may depend on age and ethnicity. In this perspective, further studies on Caucasian children are needed.
Reproductive performance of Macrobrachium acanthurus (Crustacea, Palaemonidae) females subjected to unilateral eyestalk ablation
Authors: Maschio Rodrigues Maria , López Greco Laura S. , Almeida Luis Carlos Ferreira de , Bertini Giovana
Published: February 2021

The present study investigated the effects of eyestalk ablation on the reproductive performance of females from the native caridean shrimp Macrobrachium acanthurus. The reproduction parameters fertility, fecundity, egg volume, larvae size, loss of embryos and number of females with viable eggs/larvae were evaluated. Females presenting carapace length of 12–15 mm and spent stage of gonadal development were divided into two groups, one undergoing unilateral eyestalk ablation and the other remaining intact. The specimens were kept in aquarium until ovarian maturation, then brought together with males for mating (proportion of two females for each male). Fecundity and fertility were greater in intact females (1,741 eggs and 1,045 larvae) than in ablated ones (1,373 eggs and 741 larvae). Ablation also reduced the percentage of females with viable eggs (68% intact versus 49% ablated) and larvae (82% intact versus 64% ablated), besides increasing the loss of embryos. Egg volume and shape (ellipsoid) and larvae size were similar, as was the duration of embryonic development. The results of this study suggest that, although ablated females exhibit a high rate of survival, their reproductive performance is reduced; therefore, the ablation technique is not recommended in M. acanthurus farming, so as to protect the animals from physiological stress.
Emotional intelligence and servant leadership: A meta‐analytic review
Authors: Miao Chao , Humphrey Ronald H. , Qian Shanshan
Published: February 2021

Servant leadership is an effective leadership style that focuses on ethics and morality. Emotional intelligence (EI) is also associated with effective leadership and ethical behavior; thus, there has been a surge in studies that assessed the link between EI and servant leadership. Nevertheless, the empirical landscape of this relationship is mixed and fragmented. We undertook a meta‐analysis to clarify this literature and found that (a) EI has a significant positive relationship with servant leadership (ρ̅̂ = .57); (b) the relationship between EI and servant leadership is stronger in studies having a lower percentage of well‐educated subjects, in low power distance cultures, and in high institutional collectivism cultures; and (c) We were unable to find sufficient evidence to support moderating effects of the relationship between EI and servant leadership for gender (male‐dominated and female‐dominated studies), age (between young and old subjects), for self‐report versus follower‐report of servant leadership, and across different scales of servant leadership.
Study of the physicochemical properties of drugs suitable for administration using a lymphatic drug delivery system
Authors: Fukumura Ryoichi , Sukhbaatar Ariunbuyan , Mishra Radhika , Sakamoto Maya , Mori Shiro , Kodama Tetsuya
Published: February 2021

Lymph node (LN) metastasis is thought to account for 20‐30% of deaths from head and neck cancer. The lymphatic drug delivery system (LDDS) is a new technology that enables the injection of drugs into a sentinel LN (SLN) during the early stage of tumor metastasis to treat the SLN and secondary metastatic LNs. However, the optimal physicochemical properties of the solvent used to carry the drug have not been determined. Here, we show that the osmotic pressure and viscosity of the solvent influenced the antitumor effect of cisplatin (CDDP) in a mouse model of LN metastasis. Tumor cells were inoculated into the proper axillary LN (PALN), and the LDDS was used to inject CDDP solution into the subiliac LN (SiLN) to treat the tumor cells in the downstream PALN. CDDP dissolved in saline had no therapeutic effects in the PALN after it was injected into the SiLN using the LDDS or into the tail vein (as a control). However, CDDP solution with an osmotic pressure of ~ 1,900 kPa and a viscosity of ~ 12 mPa⋅s suppressed tumor growth in the PALN after it was injected into the SiLN using the LDDS. The high osmotic pressure dilated the lymphatic vessels and sinuses to enhance drug flow in the PALN, and the high viscosity increased the retention of CDDP in the PALN. Our results demonstrate that optimizing the osmotic pressure and viscosity of the solvent can enhance the effects of CDDP, and possibly other anticancer drugs, after administration using the LDDS.
A cumulative risk index for use in the medical home
Authors: Cunningham Maureen , Bonnell Levi N. , Mehner Lauren , Berman Stephen , Camp Bonnie
Published: February 2021

Background and Objective

Previous studies have described the effect of sociodemographic factors on early development. We describe development of a simple cumulative risk index (CRI) based on four sociodemographic factors and explore the concurrent and predictive relationship of this index to a measure of the cognitive home environment in early childhood and to later school functioning.

Methods

This was a secondary data analysis of children from an urban pediatrics clinic. Baseline data were collected at 10–23 months (n = 324) with primary follow‐up 6 months later at 18–35 months (n = 179) and secondary follow‐up at 8–10 years (n = 68). A CRI score was derived at baseline using maternal education, marital status, race/ethnicity and child insurance. Baseline and primary follow‐up included three subscales of the STIMQ, a measure of the cognitive home environment. Effectiveness of CRI was examined using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with linear contrasts. Chi‐square examined differences in school function between children from CRI high‐risk (CRI 3–4) and low‐risk (CRI 0–2) families.

Results

CRI had a negative impact in early childhood on STIMQ subscale scores (p < 0.007–0.05) that increased as the number of risk factors increased (p < 0.05). Significantly more children from high‐risk families (CRI 3–4) were rated as having poor school performance than children from low‐risk families (CRI 0–2) (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

We showed that a practice‐friendly CRI, based on characteristics typically available in the medical record, could help identify families less likely to support development concurrently at 1 year of age and predictively at 2–3 years. School functioning at 8 to 10 years was also significantly better in children with a low CRI at 1 year. The CRI could be a useful tool for both clinicians and researchers needing a simple tool for risk assessment.
The association between parent–child technology interference and cognitive and social–emotional development in preschool‐aged children
Authors: Carson Valerie , Kuzik Nicholas
Published: February 2021

Background

The increased adoption and dependence of electronic devices have potential implications on parent–child relationships, including parental responsiveness. Few studies have examined the association between parent–child technology interference and developmental outcomes. The objective of this study was to examine the associations between parent–child technology interference and cognitive and social–emotional development in preschool‐aged children (3–5 years).

Methods

Participants were 100 parents and their preschool‐aged child from Edmonton, Canada. Parent–child technology interference across six different devices (i.e., cell phone/smartphone, tablet, iPod, television, computer and video game console) was parental reported using an adapted version of the Technology Device Interference Scale, and a total score was calculated. Cognitive development was objectively measured using three iPad‐based tasks from the Early Years Toolbox to capture executive functions (i.e., working memory and response inhibition) and language development (i.e., expressive vocabulary). Social–emotional development was parental reported using the Child Self‐Regulation and Social Behaviour Questionnaire, and seven subscales (i.e., sociability, externalizing, internalizing, prosocial and behavioural, cognitive, and emotional self‐regulation) were calculated. Multiple linear regression models that adjusted for several potential confounders were conducted.

Results

The mean total parent–child technology interference score was 4.2 units, which equates to approximately 12–16 interruptions per day due to an electronic device. Approximately 60% of the score was due to interference by a cell phone/smartphone. After removing influential cases based on Cook's distance values, higher parent–child technology interference was significantly associated with lower response inhibition (B = −0.015, 95% CI: −0.028, −0.002) and emotional self‐regulation (B = −0.095, 95% CI: −0.163, −0.028) scores and higher log externalizing (B = 0.033, 95% CI: 0.002, 0.063) and log internalizing (B = 0.034, 95% CI: 0.013, 0.056) scores.

Conclusions

Electronic devices, in particular the cell phone/smartphone, appear to interrupt parents' conversations and activities with their preschool‐aged child multiple times per day. Higher parent–child technology interference may be adversely associated with several subdomains of early childhood development. Future longitudinal and experimental research is needed to confirm these findings.
Occult lymph node metastasis in radiologic stage I non‐small cell lung cancer: The role of endobronchial ultrasound
Authors: Kukhon Faeq R. , Lan Xinyue , Helgeson Scott A. , Arunthari Vichaya , Fernandez‐Bussy Sebastian , Patel Neal M.
Published: February 2021

Rationale

The use of endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) is currently recommended for staging non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in centrally located tumors, tumors >3 cm, or with radiologic evidence of lymph node (LN) metastasis. Current guidelines do not recommend staging EBUS‐TBNA in patients with stage I NSCLC who do not have any of the aforementioned conditions.

Objective

We hypothesize that using EBUS‐TBNA is useful for detecting occult metastasis in radiologic stage I NSCLC.

Methods

In this single‐center, retrospective study, charts of patients ≥18 years old who underwent staging EBUS‐TBNA from January 2005 to May 2019 were reviewed. Only patients with combined positron‐emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) scans consistent with radiologic stage I NSCLC were included. Identified variables included: age, gender, personal history of any cancer, smoking history, tumor location, tumor centrality, tumor size, tumor PET activity, histopathologic type of NSCLC, and LN biopsy results. Patients whose LN samples showed a diagnosis other than NSCLC were excluded. The association between LN positivity, and each of the variables was assessed using Pearson's correlation for categorical variables, and logistic regression analysis for continuous variables.

Results

From the 2,892 initially screened patients, 188 were included. Of those, 13 (6.9%; 95% CI, 4%–11%) had a malignancy‐positive LN biopsy. The number needed to test (NNT) in order to detect one case of any occult metastasis was 15. Among the included variables, a significant association was found between LN positivity and tumor centrality, with central tumors found in 61.5% of patients with positive LN (n = 8) (p < 0.01). This association stayed significant after adjusting for age, gender, smoking history, tumor size, tumor location, and PET activity (p = 0.015). Among patients with malignancy‐positive LN biopsies, five (38.5%; 95% CI, 17.6%–64.6%) were upstaged to N1, and eight (61.5%; 95% CI, 35.4%–82.4%) were upstaged to N2, with NNT of 23 to detect one case of occult N2 metastasis. Subgroup analysis comparing LN‐positive patients based on their N stage did not show statistically significant association with any of the variables.

Conclusion

Based on our results and along with the existing evidence, EBUS‐TBNA should be recommended as part of the routine staging in all patients with radiologic stage I NSCLC.
Jurisdictional sourcing: Leveraging commodity supply chains to reduce tropical deforestation at scale. A generic theory of change for a conservation strategy, v 1.0
Authors: Boshoven Judy , Fleck Leonardo C. , Miltner Sabine , Salafsky Nick , Adams Justin , Dahl‐Jørgensen Andreas , Fonseca Gustavo , Nepsted Dan , Rabinovitch Kevin , Seymour Frances
Published: February 2021

Expansion of agricultural commodity production is driving rapid deforestation in tropical countries. Several strategies including jurisdictional planning and producer or sectoral‐level sourcing/certification have been used to counter this threat, each with its own limitations. There is growing interest in using jurisdictional sourcing (JS) as a hybrid that combines the best elements of each of these strategies. Specifically, JS involves bringing together key stakeholders in a given national or sub‐national political jurisdiction to agree on a land‐use plan that maintains forest ecosystems while promoting enhanced commodity production on degraded lands. Under JS, a key incentive for this agreement is the prospect of preferential sourcing from supply chain actors who want conversion‐free commodities. As with any conservation strategy, the key questions are what defines JS and under what conditions is it likely to work? To help address these questions, we convened a group of practitioners/experts to develop a theory of change that explicitly defines what JS entails from both the perspective of a given jurisdiction as well as a global markets point of view. We also developed generic objectives and indicators that can be used to measure performance. We then vetted our initial drafts with a wider circle of JS practitioners/experts as well as through a review of relevant literature and against seven case studies. It is our hope that this framework can be used to inform the collection of more standardized data across JS strategies being implemented in different locations and conditions. This data could, in turn, inform more systematic assessments of JS strategies and ultimately, revisions to this theory of change as our collective knowledge improves.
The spatial scaling of food web structure across European biogeographical regions
Authors: Galiana Núria , Barros Ceres , Braga João , Ficetola Gentile Francesco , Maiorano Luigi , Thuiller Wilfried , Montoya José M. , Lurgi Miguel
Published: February 2021

The species–area relationship (SAR) is one of the most well‐established scaling patterns in ecology. Its implications for understanding how communities change across spatial gradients are numerous, including the effects of habitat loss on biodiversity. However, ecological communities are not mere collections of species. They are the result of interactions between these species forming complex networks that tie them together. Should we aim to grasp the spatial scaling of biodiversity as a whole, it is fundamental to understand the changes in the structure of interaction networks with area. In spite of a few empirical and theoretical studies that address this challenge, we still do not know much about how network structure changes with area, or what are the main environmental drivers of these changes. Here, using the meta‐network of potential interactions between all terrestrial vertebrates in Europe (1140 species and 67 201 feeding interactions), we analysed network–area relationships (NARs) that summarize how network properties scale with area. We do this across ten biogeographical regions, which differ in environmental characteristics. We found that the spatial scaling of network complexity strongly varied across biogeographical regions. However, once the variation in SARs was accounted for, differences in the shape of NARs vanished. On the other hand, the proportion of species across trophic levels remained remarkably constant across biogeographical regions and spatial scales, despite the great variation in species richness. Spatial variation in mean annual temperature and habitat clustering were the main environmental determinants of the shape of both SARs and NARs across Europe. Our results suggest new avenues in the exploration of the effects of environmental factors on the spatial scaling of biodiversity. We argue that NARs can provide new insights to analyse and understand ecological communities.
Effects of constant light exposure on allergic and irritant contact dermatitis in mice reared under constant light conditions
Authors: Mizutani Hiromi , Tamagawa‐Mineoka Risa , Yasuike Risa , Minami Yoichi , Yagita Kazuhiro , Katoh Norito
Published: February 2021

Environmental light levels can affect physiological functions, such as general activity, body temperature and metabolism. Irregular lifestyles, such as those involving exposure to light during the night, can exacerbate the clinical symptoms of several inflammatory skin diseases. However, the effects of constant light exposure on immune responses are not fully understood. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of constant light exposure on two major types of skin reactions, allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and irritant contact dermatitis (ICD). BALB/c mice were kept under constant light conditions or a normal light and dark cycle, and their ACD and ICD responses were assessed after the topical application of 2,4,6‐trinitro‐1‐chlorobenzene and croton oil, respectively, to the ear skin. Interestingly, in both ACD and ICD, the ear‐swelling response and local leukocyte infiltration were aggravated by constant exposure to light, which has previously been shown to severely disturb the behavioural rhythms of mice. In ACD, these findings were accompanied by increases in the numbers of degranulated mast cells and eosinophils. These results suggest that constant light exposure intensifies allergic and non‐allergic skin inflammation.
“What If You Die?”: Skipped‐Generation Caregivers' Reported Conversations With Their Grandchildren About Death
Authors: Freeman Jessica D. , Elton Jessica
Published: February 2021

Objective

This study focused on grandparent caregivers' communication about death with their grandchildren.

Background

Skipped‐generation grandfamilies have become more common in the United States. However, much research on death communication focuses on traditional parent–child(ren) nuclear families, making it necessary to understand how families with other structures, such as skipped‐generation grandfamilies, address this topic.

Method

This qualitative study applied communication privacy management as a guiding theory and used progressive focusing to collect 30 in‐depth interviews with grandparent caregivers. Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results

Three themes and eight subthemes emerged. The first theme centered on grandparent caregivers' motivations for disclosing about death to grandchildren and comprised three subthemes: Exposure to Death and Lifecycle Concepts, Grandchild Curiosity, and Unique Grandparent Caregiver Concerns. The second theme reflected grandparent caregivers' motivations to conceal information about death, which included Age Inappropriateness, Trauma Aversion, and Lack of Utility. The third theme captured grandparent caregivers' perceptions of whether their grandchildren were concerned about caregiver death.

Conclusion

Like traditional parent–child(ren) nuclear families, grandfamilies identify death as an important but challenging topic to discuss. However, the unique characteristics of grandfamilies magnify challenges and complexities of discussing death.

Implications

The findings contribute to communication specialists', social workers', and psychologists' understanding of how grandfamilies manage privacy surrounding death.
Comprehensive N‐glycosylation analysis of the influenza A virus proteins HA and NA from adherent and suspension MDCK cells
Authors: Pralow Alexander , Hoffmann Marcus , Nguyen‐Khuong Terry , Pioch Markus , Hennig René , Genzel Yvonne , Rapp Erdmann , Reichl Udo
Published: February 2021

Glycosylation is considered as a critical quality attribute for the production of recombinant biopharmaceuticals such as hormones, blood clotting factors, or monoclonal antibodies. In contrast, glycan patterns of immunogenic viral proteins, which differ significantly between the various expression systems, are hardly analyzed yet. The influenza A virus (IAV) proteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) have multiple N‐glycosylation sites, and alteration of N‐glycan micro‐ and macroheterogeneity can have strong effects on virulence and immunogenicity. Here, we present a versatile and powerful glycoanalytical workflow that enables a comprehensive N‐glycosylation analysis of IAV glycoproteins. We challenged our workflow with IAV (A/PR/8/34 H1N1) propagated in two closely related Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell lines, namely an adherent MDCK cell line and its corresponding suspension cell line. As expected, N‐glycan patterns of HA and NA from virus particles produced in both MDCK cell lines were similar. Detailed analysis of the HA N‐glycan microheterogeneity showed an increasing variability and a higher complexity for N‐glycosylation sites located closer to the head region of the molecule. In contrast, NA was found to be exclusively N‐glycosylated at site N73. Almost all N‐glycan structures were fucosylated. Furthermore, HA and NA N‐glycan structures were exclusively hybrid‐ and complex‐type structures, to some extent terminated with alpha‐linked galactose(s) but also with blood group H type 2 and blood group A epitopes. In contrast to the similarity of the overall glycan pattern, differences in the relative abundance of individual structures were identified. This concerned, in particular, oligomannose‐type, alpha‐linked galactose, and multiantennary complex‐type N‐glycans.
Crystal structure of the sugar acid‐binding protein CxaP from a TRAP transporter in Advenella mimigardefordensis strain DPN7T
Authors: Schäfer Lukas , Meinert‐Berning Christina , Kobus Stefanie , Höppner Astrid , Smits Sander H. J. , Steinbüchel Alexander
Published: February 2021

Recently, CxaP, a sugar acid substrate binding protein (SBP) from Advenella mimigardefordensis strain DPN7T, was identified as part of a novel sugar uptake strategy. In the present study, the protein was successfully crystallized. Although several SBP structures of tripartite ATP‐independent periplasmic transporters have already been solved, this is the first structure of an SBP accepting multiple sugar acid ligands. Protein crystals were obtained with bound d‐xylonic acid, d‐fuconic acid d‐galactonic and d‐gluconic acid, respectively. The protein shows the typical structure of an SBP of a tripartite ATP‐independent periplasmic transporter consisting of two domains linked by a hinge and spanned by a long α‐helix. By analysis of the structure, the substrate binding site of the protein was identified. The carboxylic group of the sugar acids interacts with Arg175, whereas the coordination of the hydroxylic groups at positions C2 and C3 is most probably realized by Arg154 and Asn151. Furthermore, it was observed that 2‐keto‐3‐deoxy‐d‐gluconic acid is bound in protein crystals that were crystallized without the addition of any ligand, indicating that this molecule is prebound to the protein and is displaced by the other ligands if they are available.

Database

Structural data of CxaP complexes are available in the worldwide Protein Data Bank (https://www.rcsb.org) under the accession codes 7BBR (2‐keto‐3‐deoxy‐d‐gluconic acid), 7BCR (d‐galactonic acid), 7BCN (d‐xylonic acid), 7BCO (d‐fuconic acid) and 7BCP (d‐gluconic acid).
Hunger‐driven adaptive prioritization of behavior
Authors: Smith Nicholas K. , Grueter Brad A.
Published: February 2021

In order to survive, an animal must adapt its behavioral priorities to accommodate changing internal and external conditions. Hunger, a universally recognized interoceptive signal, promotes food intake though increasingly well‐understood neural circuits. Less understood, is how hunger is integrated into the neural computations that guide nonfeeding behaviors. Within the brain, agouti‐related peptide neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus have been found to powerfully stimulate feeding in addition to mediating other hunger‐driven behavioral phenotypes. In this review, we compile the behavioral plasticity downstream of hunger and present identified or potential molecular and neural circuit mechanisms. We catalogue hunger's ability to increase exploration, decrease anxiety, and alter social behavior, among other phenotypes. Finally, we suggest paths forward for understanding hunger‐driven behavioral adaptation and discuss the benefits of understanding state‐dependent modulation of neural circuits controlling behavior.
Identifying coping strategies used by patients at a transgender health clinic through analysis of free‐text autobiographical narratives
Authors: Zottola Angela , Jones Lucy , Pilnick Alison , Mullany Louise , Pierre Bouman Walter , Arcelus Jon
Published: February 2021

Background

This paper presents an analysis of 32 narratives written by patients waiting for assessment at a transgender health clinic (THC) in England. Narratives are autobiographical free texts, designed to allow patients to describe in their own words their experiences of their gender identity and/or transition prior to a clinic appointment, as part of the assessment process.

Objective

Narratives were analysed to identify actions prospective patients had taken to manage their (usually lengthy) waiting times, so that these ‘coping strategies’ could be shared with future patients.

Design

Corpus linguistic methodology was utilized to identify common patterns across the whole corpus of text‐based data, augmented with more detailed sociolinguistic analysis of individual narratives.

Results

There are broad commonalities in the way the transition experience is described across the corpus in terms of presentation of key experiences and feelings. There are specific descriptions of a number of recurring coping strategies, both positive and negative.

Conclusion

The empowerment value of writing these narratives may be limited; the existence of recurring key features suggests that patients may feel they have to present their experiences in certain ways to be accepted for treatment. However, dissemination of some positive coping strategies may help future clients of THCs to better cope with waiting times, as well as assisting practitioners in THCs in supporting their patients during this wait.

Patient/Public Contribution

The clinic's Service Users’ Research Advisory Group contributed to formulating the objective and design of the study. Results were presented at the clinic's annual PPI conference.
Benign tumours of the bronchopulmonary system
Authors: Syred Katherine , Morrison Iain , Weissferdt Annikka
Published: February 2021

The vast majority of tumours arising in the bronchopulmonary system are malignant in nature. Benign tumours of the lung are relatively rare and are often incidental findings during clinical investigations for unrelated conditions. These lesions can arise in the bronchial tree or the pulmonary parenchyma and may be of epithelial, mesenchymal, salivary gland‐type or unknown differentiation. Although the spectrum of these lesions is wide, the clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of the most relevant will be the subject of this review. In addition, the most important features allowing differentiation from malignant pulmonary neoplasms will be discussed.
Estimating nest‐switching in free‐ranging wild birds: an assessment of the most common methodologies, illustrated in the White Stork (Ciconia ciconia)
Authors: Turjeman Sondra , Eggers Ute , Rotics Shay , Fiedler Wolfgang , Centeno‐Cuadros Alejandro , Kaatz Michael , Zurell Damaris , Jeltsch Florian , Wikelski Martin , Nathan Ran
Published: February 2021

Reliable estimates of nest‐switching are required to study avian mating systems and manage wild populations, yet different estimation methods have rarely been integrated or assessed. Through a literature review and case study, we reveal that three common methods for assessing nest‐switching blend different components, producing a wide range of estimates. Careful component definition and reporting are essential to properly estimate this behaviour.
The effect of substitution of Al2O3 and B2O3 for SiO2 on the properties of cover glass for liquid crystal display: Structure, thermal, visco‐elastic, and physical properties
Authors: Cui Jiedong , Cao Xin , Shi Lifen , Zhong Zhaojin , Wang Pingping , Ma Liyun
Published: February 2021

By the substitution of Al2O3 and B2O3 for SiO2 of the glass network former, the structural and thermal, visco‐elastic and physical properties of aluminosilicate glass were investigated. 27Al NMR results showed that in the glass structure of the system, Al3+ basically existed in the form of 4‐coordinated [AlO4] tetrahedron as the network former. Judged by Raman spectra, the bridging vibration Si‐Ob increased with the Al2O3/SiO2 substitute. And the total non‐bridging vibration Si‐Onb decreased, indicating the enhancement of the structure compactness. While for B2O3/SiO2 substitute, the vibration at around 1010 cm−1 and the bridging vibration Si‐Ob in Q4 unit both decreased and the structure got loosened. Based on the study of the structure of glass, the thermal, visco‐elastic, and physical properties such as viscosity, coefficient of the linear thermal expansion, high‐temperature resistance, strain point, annealing point, and softening point, as well as density and elastic modulus were investigated. The evaluation of the melting and fining process was also investigated by high‐temperature observation test. Furthermore, the chemical strengthening properties of glass samples were also investigated. The introduction of B2O3 benefited for the ion‐exchange. In this study, the glass composition of sample 4 was suitable for the floating process under comprehensive consideration.
The engine of evaluative inquiry: Social learning processes
Authors: Paydon Marie E. , Ensminger David C.
Published: February 2021

Although originated in the 1990s, few empirical studies exist that examine the Evaluative Inquiry model, particularly, the social learning processes within the model. This study examined the social learning processes that represent the forms of communication that drive learning within the Evaluative Inquiry model: dialog, reflection, asking questions and identifying and challenging values, beliefs, assumptions and knowledge. Results indicated that social learning processes promoted individual and team learning, as well as provided the beginnings of organizational learning. In addition, results confirmed that dialog served as the central process through which all other social learning processes occur. Our findings present a new conceptualization of the social learning processes at the center of the Evaluative Inquiry model.
Respiratory failure, clinical course and community management of COVID‐19 patients in a large Australian cohort
Authors: Louie Teresa , Kwan Ben , Susanto Clarissa , Ng Andrew
Published: February 2021

Background

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has wreaked health and economic damage globally. A thorough understanding of the characteristics of COVID‐19 patients in Australia plus the strategies that successfully ‘flatten the curve’ are vitally important to contain this pandemic.

Aim

To describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID‐19 patients in the Sutherland Shire, and the management model adopted to manage these patients.

Methods

A retrospective case series of COVID‐19 patients monitored in the Sutherland Shire between 19 March and 15 May 2020 was performed. Demographic, clinical and outcome data of COVID‐19 inpatients at the Sutherland Hospital and demographic data of COVID‐19 patients in the Sutherland Shire community were obtained. The Sutherland Hospital COVID‐19 Management Model involved close collaboration among the Sutherland Fever Clinic, Sutherland COVID‐19 community telemonitoring team (CTAC) and Sutherland COVID‐19 inpatient team.

Results

Ninety‐nine COVID‐19 cases (median age, 49 years, 50 (51%) male) were monitored in Sutherland Shire, with 19 cases (median age, 54 years, 10 (53%) male) requiring inpatient management. Common comorbidities included obesity, asthma, hypertension and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Six (32%) patients required supplemental oxygen and three (16%) patients required intensive care admission. There was one mortality. The CTAC team identified five (5%) patients requiring admission, and three (3%) patients requiring re‐admission. The majority of COVID‐19 source was from overseas travel (67%), with nine (9%) cases having unknown source.

Conclusion

A comprehensive COVID‐19 management model is needed to successfully manage COVID‐19 patients in both outpatient and inpatient settings in order to ‘squash the curve’.
The psychiatric decision unit as an emerging model in mental health crisis care: a national survey in England
Authors: Goldsmith Lucy P. , Anderson Katie , Clarke Geraldine , Crowe Chloe , Jarman Heather , Johnson Sonia , Lloyd‐Evans Brynmor , Lomani Jo , McDaid David , Park A‐La , Smith Jared A. , Turner Kati , Gillard Steve
Published: February 2021

Psychiatric decision units have been developed in many countries internationally to address the pressure on inpatient services and dissatisfactory, long waits people in mental health crisis can experience in emergency departments. Research into these units lags behind their development, as they are implemented by healthcare providers to address these problems. This is the first‐ever national survey to identify their prevalence, structure, activities, and contextual setting within health services, in order to provide a robust basis for future research. The response rate was high (94%), and six PDUs in England were identified. The results indicated that PDUs open 24/7, accept only voluntary patients, provide recliner chairs for sleeping rather than beds, and limit stays to 12–72 hours. PDUs are predominantly staffed by senior, qualified mental health nurses and healthcare assistants, with psychiatry input. Staff:patient ratios are high (1:2.1 during the day shift). Differences in PDU structure and activities (including referral pathway, length of stay, and staff:patient ratios) were identified, suggesting the optimal configuration for PDUs has not yet been established. Further research into the efficacy of this innovation is needed; PDUs potentially have a role in an integrated crisis care pathway which provides a variety of care options to service users.
Does molar‐incisor hypomineralization (MIH) affect only permanent first molars and incisors? New observations on permanent second molars
Authors: de Farias Aline Leite , Rojas‐Gualdrón Diego Fernando , Girotto Bussaneli Diego , Santos‐Pinto Lourdes , Mejía Juan Diego , Restrepo Manuel
Published: February 2021

Background

The second permanent molar plays an important role when considering extraction of first permanent molars severely affected by molar‐incisor hypomineralization (MIH).

Aim

To assess the association between MIH and enamel hypomineralization of the second permanent molars in terms of presence and severity.

Design

In this retrospective cross‐sectional study, permanent teeth were evaluated in 453 patients between the ages of 13 and 16 at a dental clinic, using intraoral photographs. A calibrated examiner classified enamel hypomineralization using the MIH index and dental caries experience using the DMFT and DMFS indices. Statistical analyses were performed using a linear generalized model and ordinal logistic regression.

Results

The most commonly affected teeth by enamel hypomineralization were permanent molars, whereas incisors, premolars, and canines were less affected. The presence of severe defects in the first permanent molars was associated with mild defects in the second permanent molars (OR = 4.01; 95% CI: 2.50‐7.77). Enamel hypomineralization was associated with increased caries experience (PR = 5.54; 95% CI: 3.81‐9.06).

Conclusion

Enamel hypomineralization mainly affects the first and second permanent molars. Mild defects in the second permanent molars tend to be more frequent in patients with severe MIH in the first permanent molars. The presence of enamel hypomineralization was associated with higher dental caries experience.
Theoretical study on composition‐dependent properties of ZnO·nAl2O3 spinels. Part I: Optical and dielectric
Authors: Xu Pengyu , Wang Hao , Ren Lu , Tu Bingtian , Wang Weimin , Fu Zhengyi
Published: February 2021

Due to the transparency for both light and radio waves, Zn‐Al spinels (ZnO·nAl2O3) may be applied as multi‐mode windows. The rules of cation distribution in ZnO·nAl2O3 were determined with in‐depth analysis of the local structure and then restricted by these rules, reasonable Zn16–6xAl32+4xO64 (x = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) supercells were constructed to explore the composition‐dependence of properties via the first‐principles calculations. Based on the insights into the crystal, bond, electronic, and phonon structures, the effect of the cation substitution on the light absorption in ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, refractive index, and dispersion in the visible region as well as the dielectric constant and dielectric loss in the microwave band was disclosed. The d−p hybridization of Zn and O results in a lower refractive index and a higher Abbé number of ZnO·nAl2O3 at larger n. Since AlIV ions are lighter and form stronger bonds with O2− than ZnIV ions, the ultraviolet and infrared cut‐off of the transmission window are red‐shifted and blue‐shifted with rising n, respectively. AlIV ions are insignificant contributors to the low‐frequency vibration modes, therefore the dielectric loss weakens as n increases. The understandings are significant for not only customizing the composition of ZnO·nAl2O3 but also designing novel oxide spinels with desired optical and dielectric properties.
Development of the nurse's communication ability with angry patients scale and evaluation of its psychometric properties
Authors: Chen Xi , Luo Liumei , Jiang Ling , Shi Liumin , Yang Li , Zeng Yuting , Li Fang , Li Li
Published: February 2021

Aims

To develop the Nurse's Communication Ability with Angry Patients Scale (NCAAPS) and evaluate its psychometric properties.

Design

An instrument development and validation study.

Methods

The survey was administered to 501 nurses from different emergency departments in China between 2 August 2019 and 3 October 2019. Data from 456 completed questionnaires were analysed to identify the factor structure of the NCAAPS.

Results

The content validity index was satisfactory. Four factors were included and 71.25% of the total variance was explained by 19 items in NCAAPS. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the four‐factor structure. Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.96 for the overall scale and 0.81–0.92 for its subscales. Test–retest reliability was 0.740.

Conclusion

We consider the NCAAPS to be a useful tool for measuring the ability of nurses to communicate with angry patients.

Impact

It is anticipated that this new scale will help educators to identify specific areas of deficiency that could be targeted with training to improve the ability of nursing staff to communicate with angry patients.