bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Four very basic ways to think about policy in implementation science
Authors: Purtle Jonathan , Moucheraud Corrina , Yang Lawrence H. , Shelley Donna
Published: September 2023

Background

Policy is receiving increasing attention in the field of implementation science. However, there remains a lack of clear, concise guidance about how policy can be conceptualized in implementation science research. Building on Curran’s article “Implementation science made too simple”—which defines “the thing” as the intervention, practice, or innovation in need of implementation support—we offer a typology of four very basic ways to conceptualize policy in implementation science research. We provide examples of studies that have conceptualized policy in these different ways and connect aspects of the typology to established frameworks in the field. The typology simplifies and refines related typologies in the field.

Four very basic ways to think about policy in implementation science research.

1) Policy as something to adopt: an evidence-supported policy proposal is conceptualized as “the thing” and the goal of research is to understand how policymaking processes can be modified to increase adoption, and thus reach, of the evidence-supported policy. Policy-focused dissemination research is well-suited to achieve this goal.

2) Policy as something to implement: a policy, evidence-supported or not, is conceptualized as “the thing” and the goal of research is to generate knowledge about how policy rollout (or policy de-implementation) can be optimized to maximize benefits for population health and health equity. Policy-focused implementation research is well-suited to achieve this goal.

3) Policy as context to understand: an evidence-supported intervention is “the thing” and policies are conceptualized as a fixed determinant of implementation outcomes. The goal of research is to understand the mechanisms through which policies affect implementation of the evidence-supported intervention.

4) Policy as strategy to use: an evidence-supported intervention is “the thing” and policy is conceptualized as a strategy to affect implementation outcomes. The goal of research is to understand, and ideally test, how policy strategies affect implementation outcomes related to the evidence-supported intervention.

Conclusion

Policy can be conceptualized in multiple, non-mutually exclusive ways in implementation science. Clear conceptualizations of these distinctions are important to advancing the field of policy-focused implementation science and promoting the integration of policy into the field more broadly.
State of climate smart agriculture (CSA) practices in the North Central and Northwest zones Nigeria
Authors: Gabriel Isaiah , Olajuwon Frank , Klauser Dominik , Michael Blessing , Renn Mara
Published: September 2023

Agriculture is exposed to climate change. This is particularly the case for developing countries like Nigeria, which suffer from persistent food insecurity today while also facing substantial population growth and a high exposure to the adverse consequences of global warming. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices seek to mitigate agriculture’s contribution to climate change while building resilience and adaptation to the impacts of climate change and increasing the production of food crops. CSA is an approach to identify production systems that can best respond to the impacts of climate change and to adjust these systems to suit local conditions. In this study, we use descriptive statistics to characterize socio-economic characteristics of smallholder farmers in four states in Nigeria and identify the major needs, practices and constrains to CSA. Our results reveal that the mean farmer is an adult (40 years) male that has 10 members in their household and 12 years of farming experience, cultivating an area of 3 ha. The majority (87.2%) of farmers has adopted at least one climate resilient trait in crops. Farmers greatest needs on climate smart adaptation, mitigation and profitability were solutions to reduce in-season crop loss (56%), increase water use efficiency (42%) and increase productivity (54%), respectively. Our study intends to provide to a better understanding of the needs and motivations of local farming communities and a better understanding of their motivation to engage in CSA to develop and deploy more tailored initiatives for improving the resilience and productivity of smallholder farming systems.
Predict the compressive strength of ultra high-performance concrete by a hybrid method of machine learning
Authors: Gong Nana , Zhang Naimin
Published: September 2023

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) benefits the construction industry due to its improved flexibility, high workability, durability, and performance compared to normal concrete. Some investigators have conducted observed papers on the UHPC’s mechanical properties for establishing a reliable analytical approach for calculating the compressive strength, tensile strength, slump, etc. However, most of these studies were performed with limited samples because of the UHPC’s high cost. This study aims to predict the compressive strength (CS) of UHPC through hybrid machine-learning approaches. The model is included Adaptive-Network Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). Moreover, three meta-heuristic algorithms were employed to improve the developed model's accuracy, including the Generalized Normal Distribution Optimization, the COOT optimization algorithm, and the Honey Badger Algorithm. Several metrics were used to compare and assess the performance of the hybrid models in the framework of ANGN, ANCO, and ANHB. A comparison of the predicted and measured results generally shows that the proposed developed models can reasonably estimate the mechanical properties of UHPC. The results indicated that the ANHB model could estimate the CS of UHPC with the most suitable accuracy.
Using Martial Arts Training as Exercise Therapy Can Benefit All Ages
Authors: Sun Yao , Tabeshian Roza , Mustafa Hajer , Zehr E. Paul
Published: September 2023

Martial arts training focus on whole-body movement patterning, philosophy, interpersonal interactions, and functional self-defense. Such training has positive impacts on physical, psychological, and cognitive well-being in older adults and children with and without clinical conditions. We hypothesize that martial arts training can be delivered as a form of exercise therapy for people at all ages to enhance overall health.
Το έπος και η σχέση του με την τραγωδία στην Ποιητική του Αριστοτέλη
Authors: Αντωνοπούλου Πολυξένη
Published: September 2023

Η διδακτορική διατριβή παρουσιάζει τη θεωρητική συζήτηση του Αριστοτέλη στην Ποιητική σχετικά με το ποιητικό είδος του έπους. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο διασαφηνίζονται όροι κομβικοί για την επική θεωρία, όπως εἶδος, ἁρμονία, ἄλογον, μέρος και μόριον. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο, στο οποίο εξετάζονται τα κατὰ ποιὸν μέρη των ομηρικών επών (μῦθος, ἦθος, διάνοια, λέξις), συζητούνται οι ιδιότητες του μύθου, το μῆκος, το μέγεθος και η συνοχή του, ενώ το ἦθος των ομηρικών πρωταγωνιστών εξετάζεται σε σχέση με τη μεταβολή της τύχης τους. Στα επόμενα κεφάλαια, ο Όμηρος συγκρίνεται με τους άλλους επικούς ποιητές και τους τραγῳδοποιοὺς και αναδεικνύεται ως ο κατ’ εξοχήν ποιητής τόσο αναφορικά προς έπος όσο και προς το ποιητικό μέρος της τραγωδίας. Στο καταληκτικό κεφάλαιο επισημαίνεται ότι τα δύο ποιητικά είδη, παρόλο που μοιράζονται την ίδια οἰκείαν ἡδονήν, διαφέρουν ως προς το βαθμό ἐναργείας της ηδονής. Στα συμπεράσματα, με βάση τις απόψεις του Αριστοτέλη και μέσα από τη σύγκριση με την τραγωδία, προσφέρεται μια σαφής εικόνα της μορφής, του περιεχομένου και της λειτουργίας του ποιητικού είδους του έπους.
Reasoning skills and reading
Authors: Παναγιωτίδου Ελπίδα
Published: September 2023

Πολλές έρευνες έχουν αναπτυχθεί παράλληλα σχετικά με τη λογική και την ανάγνωση (και τις δυσκολίες ανάγνωσης). Ωστόσο, τόσο η ικανότητα ανάγνωσης όσο και η ικανότητα συλλογισμού συνδέονται, ειδικά αν σκεφτεί κανείς ότι η αναγνωστική κατανόηση, που συνεπάγεται συμπεράσματα, μπορεί να χρειάζεται άλλες συλλογιστικές ικανότητες. Επιπλέον, οι έρευνες υποδεικνύουν ότι τα άτομα με δυσκολίες ανάγνωσης χρησιμοποιούν διαφορετικές στρατηγικές από άτομα χωρίς δυσκολίες ανάγνωσης όταν πρέπει να βγάλουν συμπεράσματα (Bacon & Handley, 2010; Bacon, Parmentier, &Barr, 2013, Bacon & Handley, 2014). Σύμφωνα με μια από τις κύριες θεωρίες του συλλογισμού, τη Θεωρία των Νοητικών Μοντέλων (Johnson-Laird, 1983; Johnson-Laird, 2006), όταν οι άνθρωποι κάνουν συλλογισμούς, φτιάχνουν νοητικά μοντέλα προκειμένου να διατηρήσουν τις πληροφορίες που παρουσιάζονται στις προτάσεις που περιλαμβάνει ο συλογισμός. Αυτά τα νοητικά μοντέλα μπορούν να προκαλέσουν οπτικές εικόνες και μπορούν επίσης να αναπαραστήσουν συνθήκες που δεν μπορούν να οπτικοποιηθούν (Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 2002). Αντίστοιχα, οι Knauff & Johnson-Laird (2002) διατύπωσαν ότι «οι σχέσεις που προκαλούν οπτικές εικόνες που περιέχουν λεπτομέρειες άσχετες με ένα συμπέρασμα θα μπορούσαν να εμποδίσουν τη συλλογιστική» (σ.364), και αποκάλεσαν αυτό το φαινόμενο ως «Υπόθεση της οπτικής αντίστασης». Τα αποτελέσματα της Bacon και των συναδέλφων της (Bacon & Handley, 2010) από φοιτητές με δυσλεξία, υποδηλώνουν ότι αυτοί, σε αντίθεση με τους συμμετέχοντες χωρίς δυσλεξία, δεν θα έδειχναν το αποτέλεσμα της οπτικής αντίστασης. Αυτά τα αποτελέσματα θα μπορούσαν να υποδεικνύουν ότι τα άτομα με αναγνωστικές δυσκολίες χρησιμοποιούν διαφορετικές επαγωγικές διαδικασίες, και μια εναλλακτική πηγή για αυτές τις διαφορές θα μπορούσε να βασιστεί τις δεξιότητες/δυσκολίες ανάγνωσης και γραφής κατά τη διάρκεια εργασιών συλλογισμού. Το πρόβλημα είναι ότι οι περισσότερες από τις διαθέσιμα test για τον έλεγχο των συλλογισμών είναι αρκετά απαιτητικά στην ανάγνωση και στις δεξιότητες γραφής, γεγονός που εγείρει ένα σημαντικό ζήτημα σε αυτό το ερευνητικό πλαίσιο. Για όλα αυτά, ο κύριος στόχος της έρευνας που αναπτύχθηκε στην παρούσα Διδακτορική Διατριβή, ήταν η δημιουργία ενός τεστ ισοδύναμου με την παραδοσιακή μεταβατική εργασία εξαγωγής συμπερασμάτων.
Hybrid recommender system model for digital library from multiple online publishers
Authors: Jomsri Pijitra , Prangchumpol Dulyawit , Poonsilp Kittiya , Panityakul Thammarat
Published: September 2023

Background: The demand for online education promotion platforms has increased. In addition, the digital library system is one of the many systems that support teaching and learning. However, most digital library systems store books in the form of libraries that were developed or purchased exclusively by the library, without connecting data with different agencies in the same system.

Methods: A hybrid recommender system model for digital libraries, developed from multiple online publishers, has created a prototype digital library system that connects various important knowledge sources from multiple digital libraries and online publishers to create an index and recommend e-books. The developed system utilizes an API-based linking process to connect various important sources of knowledge from multiple data sources such as e-books on education from educational institutions, e-books from government agencies, and e-books from religious organizations are stored separately. Then, a hybrid recommender system suitable for users was developed using Collaborative Filtering (CF) model together with Content-Based Filtering. This research purposed the hybrid recommender system model, which took into account the factors of book category, reading habits of users, and sources of information. The evaluation of the experiments involved soliciting feedback from system users and comparing the results with conventional recommendation methods.

Results: A comparison of NDCG scores was conducted for Hybrid Score 50:50, Hybrid Score 20:80, Hybrid Score 80:20, CF-score and CB-score. The experimental result was found that the Hybrid Score 80:20 method had the highest average NDCG score.

Conclusions: Using a hybrid recommender system model that combines 80% Collaborative Filtering and 20% Content-Based Filtering can improve the recommender method, leading to better referral efficiency and greater overall efficiency compared to traditional approaches.
A Community-based cross-sectional study for assessment of the e-waste disposal practices amongst people living in Wardha district, India
Authors: Hasan Fatima , Ingole Abhishek
Published: September 2023

Introduction: The disposal of e-waste, often known as waste from obsolete electrical and electronic equipment, is a serious issue that receives little attention. Electronic products are becoming more and more affordable, allowing consumers to use and discard them as they see fit. This has an immediate and long-term impact on our health and our environment. Bulks of e-waste are typically recycled in the informal sector (which are often unregulated), placing the recyclers—often women and children—at risk for dangerous exposure. The study’s objectives are to document the extent of knowledge consumers have related to their e-waste disposal; assessing their awareness and general practices associated with e-waste management.

Methods: The study will focus on young adults who are electronics buyers aged 18 years old or above and electronic shopkeepers. To evaluate and obtain insight into their e-waste disposal processes, a pre-tested questionnaire will be used.

Study implications: The goal of the study is to address any knowledge gaps regarding how important it is for people to recycle or correctly dispose their-waste. It is unhealthy, and the consequences will have a downward impact on both our health and our surroundings in a significant way.
Dodatki tematyczne w prasie toruńskiej okresu międzywojennego (1920–1939) – przyczynek do badań nad ich rolą w rozwoju czasopiśmiennictwa i zasięgiem oddziaływania
Authors: Rudera Piotr
Published: September 2023

Dodatki tematyczne do prasy mają długą tradycję wydawniczą. Początkowo były traktowane jako rodzaj premii dla prenumeratorów, a w późniejszym czasie miały za zadanie zachęcać czytelników do lektury dodatkową zawartością lub bogatszą szatą graficzną oraz treściami nieopublikowanymi w wydaniu głównym gazety lub czasopisma. W dotychczasowym dorobku naukowym brakuje zarówno badań przyczynkarskich, jak i kompleksowych opracowań dotyczących znaczenia powoływania dodatków do gazet i czasopism dla procesu rozwoju rynku prasowego. W niniejszym artykule szczególną uwagę zwraca się na zjawisko koncentracji suplementów wokół najważniejszych tytułów dzienników i czasopism toruńskich, obejmujących 49 tytułów dodatków prasowych, ale także na rzeczywiste powody ich wydawania. Celem prezentowanego opracowania jest zatem usystematyzowanie podstawowej wiedzy na temat toruńskich dodatków prasowych z okresu II RP, w wyniku którego możliwe będzie uzyskanie odpowiedzi na pytanie o rolę tematycznych dodatków prasowych w rozwoju toruńskich inicjatyw czasopiśmienniczych z tego okresu.
Działania Interdyscyplinarnego Centrum Modelowania Matematycznego i Komputerowego Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego w obszarze otwartej nauki
Authors: Gruenpeter Natalia
Published: September 2023

Artykuł prezentuje zakres i kierunki działań Interdyscyplinarnego Centrum Modelowania Matematycznego i Komputerowego Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego w obszarze otwartej nauki. Ujęto w nim rozwój infrastruktury służącej do otwartego udostępniania rezultatów badań, rozwój otwartych zasobów naukowych (publikacji i danych badawczych), a także działania szkoleniowe, informacyjno-promocyjne, międzynarodową współpracę oraz prace eksperckie i doradcze.
Enhancing Branch-and-Bound for Multiobjective 0-1 Programming
Authors: Forget Nicolas , Parragh Sophie N.
Published: September 2023

In the biobjective branch-and-bound literature, a key ingredient is objective branching, that is, to create smaller and disjoint subproblems in the objective space, obtained from the partial dominance of the lower bound set by the upper bound set. When considering three or more objective functions, however, applying objective branching becomes more complex, and its benefit has so far been unclear. In this paper, we investigate several ingredients that allow us to better exploit objective branching in a multiobjective setting. We extend the idea of probing to multiple objectives for the 0-1 case, enhance it in several ways, and show that, when coupled with objective branching, it results in significant speedups in terms of CPU times. We also show how to adapt it to the general integer case. Furthermore, we investigate cut generation based on the objective branching constraints. Besides, we generalize the best bound idea for node selection to multiple objectives, and we show that the proposed rules outperform, in the multiobjective literature, the commonly employed depth-first and breadth-first strategies. We also analyze problem-specific branching rules. We test the proposed ideas on available benchmark instances for three problem classes with three and four objectives, namely, the capacitated facility location problem, the uncapacitated facility location problem, and the knapsack problem. Our enhanced multiobjective branch-and-bound algorithm outperforms the best existing branch-and-bound–based approach and is the first to obtain competitive and even slightly better results than a state-of-the-art objective space search method on a subset of the problem classes.

History: Accepted by Andrea Lodi, Area Editor for Design & Analysis of Algorithms – Discrete.

Funding: This work was supported in whole, or in part, by the Austrian Science Fund [Grant P 31366].

Supplemental Material: The online supplement is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/ijoc.2022.0299 .
A Longitudinal Examination of the Relationship Between National-Level Per Capita Advertising Expenditure and National-Level Life Satisfaction Across 76 Countries
Authors: Wiles Michael A. , Janani Saeed , Fotheringham Darima , Miller Chadwick J.
Published: September 2023

Advertising theory offers competing perspectives on how advertising might affect life satisfaction. For instance, advertising may have some negative effects by increasing materialism, or it may have some positive effects by reducing marketplace uncertainty. Yet research investigating these connections remains limited. We compile a data set of per capita advertising expenditure to investigate advertising’s relationship with life satisfaction within 76 countries from 2006 to 2019. We deal with several sources of endogeneity and account for other determinants of life satisfaction (e.g., gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, social support) in our analysis. Results from a within-country fixed-effect model indicate that per capita advertising expenditure is positively related to national average life satisfaction. Moderation analyses of this aggregate secondary data and two individual-level experiments provide mechanistic evidence that this occurs because of advertising’s ability to reduce marketplace uncertainty. However, supplemental analyses and an additional experiment indicate that this positive relationship is attenuated through a materialism pathway in certain situations (e.g., related to cultural, income, and subjective inequality factors) and can become negative. As such, we provide the first nuanced and multifaceted view of advertising’s complex relationship with life satisfaction in the marketing literature.

History: Puneet Manchanda served as the senior editor for this article.

Supplemental Material: The e-companion and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2021.0136 .
The Effects of Online Social Identity Signals on Retailer Demand
Authors: Babar Yash , Mahdavi Adeli Ali , Burtch Gordon
Published: September 2023

Recent shifts in societal discourse have led digital platforms to support equity, inclusivity, and diversity by introducing identity-signaling features, for example, indicators of owner race or gender. In this work, we explore whether, when, and how using those features may impact retailer demand. We tackle this question via a multimethod study. We begin by conducting a controlled experiment on Prolific.co , presenting subjects with actual Google Places business profiles for a set of Black-owned restaurants in Chicago. We randomly vary the presence of Black- and women-owned labels in these profiles and assess subjects’ expectations of popularity and quality along various restaurant dimensions. Our results demonstrate that the Black-owned label, in particular, drives significant increases in all outcomes with the effects arising primarily from Black and democratically liberal subjects. Next, we conduct an archival analysis of the effect label adoption has on the physical foot traffic that retailers receive based on SafeGraph’s mobile patterns database. Our difference-in-differences estimations yield consistent results; we find evidence of a positive average effect on foot traffic volumes. Further, we show that a rise in visitors from liberal-leaning geographies drives these effects. We discuss implications for digital platform operators and retailers.

This paper was accepted by Duncan Simester, marketing.

Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.01168 .
Long-term Assessment of Precipitation Behaviour in Bihar (1901-2021): Patterns, Trends and Observed Variability
Authors: Sharma Manu Raj , Priya Sukeshi
Published: September 2023

Rainfall is an important variable that governs the climate and hydrological conditions of any region. During the past century, an increase in global emissions of greenhouse gases has caused changes in the patterns of hydro-meteorological conditions across the world. It has resulted in changed patterns and trends of rainfall, causing episodic occurrences of droughts and floods. This increasing variability of rainfall has triggered and intensified extreme events that pose potential future risks under different climate change scenarios. This projected variability may induce drastic changes in the flood affected states like Bihar where even a slightest change in rainfall variability may affect hydrological cycle and agriculture conditions.
Pesticide Soil Pollution: An Overview about Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Remediation Technologies
Authors: Shit Puspendu , Bhattacharjee Indranil , Chakravorty Partha Pratim , Jana Harekrishna , Sakai Yuji
Published: September 2023

The use of pesticides presents a looming danger to the living elements of our ecological system, crops, and the well-being of our species. As an outcome, various organic contaminants pollute the soil. Different physical, chemical, and biological remediation techniques have been employed for the decontamination of pesticide-polluted soils. Remediation technology should always be affordable, on-site or in-situ, and capable of restoring the soil's natural functionality. The presence of multiple pesticides can pose challenges in effectively remediating them from the soil. The present work examines the scientific literature on the benefits and drawbacks of various existing and emerging soil remediation techniques. Customized technology choices and designs for specific site conditions enhance the effective cleanup of polluted areas. The present study, which evaluates and contrasts various technological approaches, shall serve as an invaluable tool for determining the optimal soil remediation method for a given contamination dilemma.
Assessment of Spatial Variability Mapping of Soil Properties and its Impacts on Agricultural Productivity using GIS Approach in Siliguri Sub-Division, West Bengal, India
Authors: Sarkar Abhisek , Roy Dipesh , Mandal Deepak Kumar
Published: September 2023

Soil surveying and mapping are extremely important in order to comprehend the characteristics of soil and what applications there are in agriculture, irrigation, urbanisation, and other land uses purposes. A major hindrance to the maximum production of the land is soil degradation brought on by inappropriate land management techniques. Geographical variability mapping of soil parameters is necessary for the agricultural productivity, food safety and environmental modelling. This research was done to identify some of the soil characteristics in the Siliguri Sub-Division. The present study had been conducted in the four blocks of Siliguri Sub-Division, located at the foot hill of the Darjeeling Himalayas in the Terai region of West Bengal, India. To comprehend the geographic variability of soil characteristics using a geospatial technique Soil pH, Phosphorus (P), Organic Carbon (OC), Nitrogen (N), Sulphur (S) and Potassium (K)were measured. To evaluate the current soil status of the area, some important chemical characteristics of the soil were identified. Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques were used to create surface maps of soil attributes, and sampling-broad analysis utilizing GPS was found to be a potentially effective tool. The goal of the study is to use an innovative method to carry out a soil analysis in a newly developed area. The production of digital maps for soil attributes allowed GIS to be used in the study to portray the laboratory results of the soil analysis. Utilizing variable technology, such digital mapping can be utilised in the research on agricultural applications. The result obtained from the research portray that the soil is acidic in nature and the pH value ranges between pH 6.1 to pH 4.5. Moreover, the presence of Nitrogen is between 0.13 to 1.90 %. Organic Carbon ranges between 2.22 to 1.47 %. The range of Potassium is between 32 ppm to 58 ppm, Phosphorus ranges between 09 to 27 ppm and sulphur content ranges between 10.4 to 32.3 ppm. The investigations will assist the development of a sustainable ecological status and proper agricultural system. Subsequently, it will also help to local government, environmentalists, LULC planners to promote any developmental plan related to agriculture and soil in the Siliguri Sub-division.
Unstable Expansion: The Development of the Military Medical Evacuation Chain in Korea, 1948–1953
Authors: KANG Jaegoo , PARK Yunjae
Published: September 2023

This research examines the expansion and characteristics of the Korean Army’s chain of medical evacuation in 1948–1953. The most important goal of the chain of medical evacuation was to conserve fighting strength, which cannot be achieved only by sending the sick and wounded to the rear for treatment. It was more important to maintain as many mission-capable wounded soldiers on the frontline. Therefore, triage for conserving strength was the priority in the evacuation process, and military doctors conducting triage played a significant role. Focusing on military doctors, this article studies the instability of the Korean Army’s medical evacuation chain.
Although Korea was liberated from Japanese colonial rule in August 1945, Korea had no army or army medical services. With the support of KMAG, the Korean Army was able to build a nationwide evacuation chain during the Korean War. However, the expansion of the medical evacuation chain resulted in instability. At the heart of the instability was manpower, rather than organization and transportation. Koreans had almost no experience with the military medical services before 1948, and during the Korean War, most doctors, who had been conscripted after the outbreak of the war, were not trained as military doctors. Therefore, the Korean Army had no other choice but to conduct medical evacuations using mobilized civilian doctors who were not sufficiently trained as military doctors. The escalating war revealed the problems of civilian doctors in military uniforms. Unlike the goal of the chain of medical evacuation, they easily evacuated patients and were reluctant to release patients to return to their duties. Korean Army doctors who were not sufficiently trained as military doctors struggled between the goals of military medical services and those of medical care. Consequently, the military doctors and the instability of the medical evacuation chain during the Korean War reflect the fundamental tension between war and medicine.
ITINERÁRIOS ANTICARTESIANOS
Authors: Rocha Jorge Alberto
Published: September 2023

O autor passa em revista algumas das principais correntes e autores da filosofia contemporânea: Marxismo, Psicanálise, Deleuze, Merleau-Ponty e à epistemologia de Bacheltard, tentando sugerir, dada à limitação do espaço, como eles se afastam, cada um a seu modo, dos paradigmas cartesianos. O trabalho é uma breve tentativa de compreensão da contemporaneidade, enquanto recusa deuma razão absoluta.
MESTIÇOS NO PAÍS DOS ESPELHOS E O QUE ELES VIRAM LÁ
Authors: Barreto de Santana José Carlos
Published: September 2023

Vivendo num contexto fortemente marcado pelos princípios deterministas, positivistas e evolucionistas, baseando-se em teorias antropológicas e em autores iguais ou muito próximos, partilhando os mesmos pressupostos das desigualdades raciais e consequente inferioridade das raças não-brancas e dos prejuízos da mestiçagem e combatendo as teses sobre a uniformidade étnica presente ou futura da população brasileira, Nina Rodrigues e Euclides da Cunha interpretaram as doutrinas importadas, modificando-as e adaptando-as às suas necessidades explicativas e chegaram a diferentes conclusões sobre as populações mestiças do litoral e do interior, chegando mesmo, no caso de Euclides da Cunha, através da sua análise do sertanejo, a desnudar a fragilidade da fantasia teórica do triunfo inevitável da raça branca.
RESUMO DE TESE
Authors: Araújo Assis Marluce Maria
Published: September 2023

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar as transformações ocorridas nas políticas e na organização dos serviços de saúde em Feira de Santana, no processo de Municipalização da Saúde, de 1983 a 1993. Toma por referência teórica a concepção histórico-estrutural permeada pelas categorias analíticas políticas sociais e de saúde. Os dados empíricos foram as falas dos formuladores de políticas de saúde do município, os documentos básicos e o contexto social. A análise constituiu-se do confronto dos dados entre si. A pesquisa demonstrou que o poder local não possibilitou integração das instituições de saúde nos seus vários níveis. Predominam o ideário neoliberal e a prática biomédica, com inúmeras unidades de saúde - públicas e privadas, diferentes comandos e modos de se organizarem. O estudo revelou que a Municipalização vem sendo construída com incipiente participação da sociedade civil organizada, com avanços e recuos, na dependência de governantes que ocupam o poder em determinados momentos da conjuntura. Do ponto de vista burocrático, o município não assinou o convênio de Municipalização e o repasse de recursos financeiros limita-se a convênios de cooperação técnica por serviços presta- dos. Ainda não existe um bloco de forças e sujeitos sociais que sustentem as suas posições de forma coerente e articulada com a proposta.
EDIÇÃO CRÍTICA DE UM SONETO DE ARTHUR DE SALLES: VENEZA
Authors: Ribeiro de Queiroz Rita de Cássia
Published: September 2023

Este trabalho é uma tentativa de Edição Crítica do soneto Veneza, de Arthur de Salles, poeta baiano pertencente à fase pré-modernista, cujo período de intensa produção literária está compreendido entre 1901 e 1948. O soneto editado apresenta-se em três versões: uma manuscrita e duas impressas. Para o estabelecimento crítico do texto, obedeceu-se, naturalmente, às etapas primordiais da Crítica Textual: recensio; collatio; eliminatio; stemma codicum; emendatio. Tendo em vista a utilização, por parte do poeta, de um vocabulário rico, esmerado e, sobretudo, erudito, fez-se mister a elaboração de um pequeno glossário, que visa esclarecer o conceito de algumas lexias de maior dificuldade para a leitura do soneto.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA MIRMECOFAUNA (HYMENOPTERA - FORMICIDAE) ASSOCIADA À VEGETAÇÃO PERIFÉRICA DE INSELBERGS (CAATINGA - ARBÓREA - ESTACIONAL - SEMI-DECÍDUA) EM ITATIM - BAHIA - BRASIL
Authors: De Mendonça Santos Gilberto Marcos , Delabie Jacques H. C. , Resende Janete Jane
Published: September 2023

O município de Itatim, no Estado da Bahia, tem sua paisa- gem marcada pela presença maciça de inselbergs e pela vegetação a esses associada, uma caatinga com características ecológicas diferentes dos demais tipos de caatingas existentes na região. Nesse ambiente co- letamos 50 espécies de formigas. A mirmecofauna encontrada é caracte- rizada por uma grande quantidade de espécies arbóreas/epigéias e pou- cas espécies terrícolas/crípticas, podendo ser considerada típica de ambientes abertos como a caatinga. A existência, ainda que em pequeno número, de espécies exclusivamente terrícolas/crípticas deve-se às características especiais da caatinga estudada, mais densa, escura, com maior umidade e com presença permanente de serapilheira, microambiente favorável à existência de nichos realizáveis, pouco comuns em outras formações de Caatinga.
ANÁLISE AMBIENTAL NO RECÔNCAVO SUL DA BAHIA E SUBSÍDIOS AO PLANEJAMENTO TERRITORIAL NA MICROBACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO RIO PEDRA BRANCA
Authors: Marques da Silva Neto Brás , Dantas Estevam André Luiz
Published: September 2023

Este trabalho investigou o estado atual de degradação dos solos e do relevo na MBH do Rio Pedra Branca, localizada no Recôncavo Sul da Bahia. Os resultados gerados podem atuar como subsídios relevantes ao planejamento territorial e o uso sustentável dos seus recursos naturais. Aplicou-se o paradigma dos Meios Morfodinâmicos, conforme Tricart (1977). Gerou-se um SIG com o uso do Aplicativo Spring 5.2.3. Foram criadas Cartas Temáticas da Cobertura Vegetal, do Uso dos Solos, da Clinografia, Modelados e dos Meios Morfodinâmicos. Os documentos cartográficos indicados foram idealizados a partir da análise de imagens ETM-Landsat 7 e Cartas Topográficas da SUDENE na escala de 1.100.000. Esta metodologia associada a análise In lócus permitiu identificar na MBH a acentuada degradação dos solos no seu alto curso, no qual ocorrem zonas influenciadas pelos Meios Fortemente Instáveis. Nos setores de médio e baixo curso predominaram zonas influenciadas pelos Meios Intermediários e Meios Estáveis.
AS POLÍTICAS HABITACIONAIS NO BRASIL E O CRESCIMENTO DE CIDADES PEQUENAS E MÉDIAS COMO VITÓRIA DA CONQUISTA - BA
Authors: Monteiro Veiga Daniela Andrade , Pires Veiga Artur José , Buuda da Matta Jana Maruska
Published: September 2023

No contexto da problemática habitacional brasileira, que em 2009 iniciou um programa em escala nacional, o Minha Casa Minha Vida, este artigo analisa o modelo de programa habitacional adotado no Brasil, ao longo do tempo, e discute algumas questões relevantes sobre os programas habitacionais realizados em escala nacional, destacando as consequências do mesmo na construção do espaço urbano das cidades médias e pequenas. A cidade de Vitória da Conquista foi escolhida como estudo de caso, por possuir um histórico de planejamento urbano anterior à elaboração do seu primeiro Plano Diretor em 1976. Os procedimentos metodológicos baseiam-se nos métodos estatístico, comparativo e observacional, realizando uma análise do que foi planejado e descrito no plano Diretor de 1976 e 2007, bem como observando e acompanhando através dos decretos a política habitacional adotada nos governos municipais neste período da pesquisa, com o que foi realizado coletivamente na construção do ambiente urbano, levando em conta o impulso nos últimos cinco anos pelo Programa MCMV. No discurso e propagandas o objetivo era priorizar as famílias de menor poder aquisitivo, todavia a influência que as ações do programa MCMV privilegiaram os municípios com menos de 50 mil habitantes recaindo na oferta insatisfatória de infraestrutura ao tecido urbano existente e expansão desordenada. Por conseguinte, os especuladores imobiliários atendem à demanda do mercado e a política habitacional no Brasil se concentra nos números que têm produzido, sem contabilizar neste cálculo os investimentos necessários para corrigir os efeitos negativos gerados e o ônus que isso trará no futuro para toda a cidade.
REORGANIZAÇÃO ESPACIAL: AÇÃO DO ESTADO E DA ASSOCIAÇÃO DA COMUNIDADE DA SAPUCAIA A PARTIR DO PNAE NO MUNICÍPIO DE SANTO ANTÔNIO DE JESUS-BA
Authors: Silva dos Santos Joelia
Published: September 2023

É com a Constituição de 1988 que o então denominado, desde 1979, Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) torna-se um programa suplementar à educação sob a responsabilidade do Estado. A partir desse marco jurídico o programa ganhou amplitude e importância com a universalização do atendimento em todo território nacional. Em 2009 a lei nº 11.947 obrigou as entidades executoras do PNAE a destinarem, no mínimo, 30% dos recursos à compra de produtos do pequeno produtor rural para serem inseridos na alimentação escolar. No município de Santo Antônio de Jesus, a Associação de Pequenos Agricultores da Sapucaia buscou meios de inserção no PNAE visando garantir uma renda fixa para os associados, ação que tem provocado mudanças no espaço geográfico. Esse texto busca discutir o processo de reorganização da comunidade da Sapucaia a partir dainserção no PNAE e os rebatimentos para o espaço rural.
Integrating sphere port error in diffuse reflectance measurements
Authors: Sandilands Luke J. , Cameron Thomas
Published: September 2023

The impact of a finite thickness integrating sphere port on the measurement of diffuse reflectance is addressed in a combined numerical and experimental study. It is shown that for a finite thickness port, additional light losses occur due to scattering between the sphere port wall and the test sample, causing the sample reflectance to be underestimated. Monte Carlo ray tracing is applied to obtain quantitative estimates of the resulting measurement error for the case of a diffusely reflecting sample. The effects of sample reflectance, port geometry, and illumination beam size on the measurement error are explored. Experimental data collected with a pair of integrating sphere reflectometers with different port geometries support the validity of the numerical results. It is argued that finite port thickness may be an important source of measurement error, even for a well-designed integrating sphere port, and a strategy for minimizing this error is discussed.
Conical diffractions of multilayered gratings modeled by Cartesian rigorous coupled-wave analysis
Authors: Zhao Jiexin , Tian Xiaoqing , Wang Jiyong
Published: September 2023

Rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) has become one of the most efficient electromagnetic solvers to cope with the diffractions of large-scale periodic nanostructures. Conventional RCWAs focus on planar diffractions and their iterative stabilities. Conical diffractions, as more general incidence cases, are paid little attention in developing their universal and stable implementations for multilayered gratings. Here, we reformulate RCWA algorithms step by step for conical diffractions in a global Cartesian coordinate system. By applying some mathematics tricks, it is found that boundary conditions in conical diffractions can be reduced to the same forms as that of planar diffractions. Conventional stable algorithms including enhanced transmittance matrices and scattering matrices can be directly implemented to attain robust diffraction efficiencies as well as electromagnetic fields for multilayered gratings. An exemplary application in diffractive-waveguide-based augmented reality verified our algorithms.
Broadband wavelength-swept Cr4+:YAG crystal fiber laser
Authors: Li Yi-Hsun , Lee Yin-Wen , Huang Sheng-Lung
Published: September 2023

We present a broadband wavelength-swept laser using a 16-µm-core-diameter Cr4+:YAG crystal fiber as the gain medium. The laser-diode-pumped crystal fiber laser has a threshold of only 102 mW due to the low propagation loss and high heat dissipation efficiency. The laser achieves a sweeping wavelength range of 134 nm, centered around 1425 nm, with a scanning speed of 163 k nm/s. Notably, the cross-polarization-coupled excited state absorption of the signal wavelength constrained the long-wavelength lasing limit. This laser has the potential for swept source optical coherence tomography applications, providing an axial resolution of 11.4 µm.
Simultaneous spectral differentiation of multiple fluorophores in super-resolution imaging using a glass phase plate
Authors: Fernando Sanduni I. , Martineau Jason T. , Hobson Robert J. , Vu Thien N. , Baker Brian , Mueller Brian D. , Menon Rajesh , Jorgensen Erik M. , Gerton Jordan M.
Published: September 2023

By engineering the point-spread function (PSF) of single molecules, different fluorophore species can be imaged simultaneously and distinguished by their unique PSF patterns. Here, we insert a silicon-dioxide phase plate at the Fourier plane of the detection path of a wide-field fluorescence microscope to produce distinguishable PSFs (X-PSFs) at different wavelengths. We demonstrate that the resulting PSFs can be localized spatially and spectrally using a maximum-likelihood estimation algorithm and can be utilized for hyper-spectral super-resolution microscopy of biological samples. We produced superresolution images of fixed U2OS cells using X-PSFs for dSTORM imaging with simultaneous illumination of up to three fluorophore species. The species were distinguished only by the PSF pattern. We achieved ∼21-nm lateral localization precision (FWHM) and ∼17-nm axial precision (FWHM) with an average of 1,800 - 3,500 photons per PSF and a background as high as 130 - 400 photons per pixel. The modified PSF distinguished fluorescent probes with ∼80 nm separation between spectral peaks.
Sidewall grating slot waveguide microring resonator biochemical sensor
Authors: Cheng Weiqing , Sun Xiao , Ye Shengwei , Yuan Bocheng , Sun Yiming , Marsh John H. , Hou Lianping
Published: September 2023

Integrated microring resonator structures based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platforms are promising candidates for high-performance on-chip sensing. In this work, a novel sidewall grating slot microring resonator (SG-SMRR) with a compact size (5 µm center radius) based on the SOI platform is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. The experiment results show that the refractive index (RI) sensitivity and the limit of detection value are 620 nm/RIU and 1.4 × 10–4 RIU, respectively. The concentration sensitivity and minimum concentration detection limit are 1120 pm/% and 0.05%, respectively. Moreover, the sidewall grating structure makes this sensor free of free spectral range (FSR) limitation. The detection range is significantly enlarged to 84.5 nm in lab measurement, four times that of the FSR of conventional SMRRs. The measured Q-factor is 3.1 × 103, and the straight slot waveguide transmission loss is 24.2 dB/cm under sensing conditions. These results combined with the small form factor associated with a silicon photonics sensor open up applications where high sensitivity and large measurement range are essential.
Electron spin resonance study of an annealed Cr,Mg:YAG epitaxial saturable absorber
Authors: Sarnecki J. , Malinowski M. , Podniesiński D.
Published: September 2023

We have demonstrated the use of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy to observe the influence of high-temperature annealing in an oxidizing atmosphere on Cr3+ ion concentration changes in an epitaxial Cr,Mg:YAG saturable absorber. For this purpose, a set of samples of epitaxial Cr,Mg:YAG/YAG structures differing in both the concentration of Cr and Mg ions and the concentrations ratio of these ions have been synthesized using liquid phase epitaxy. The X-ray diffraction analysis and optical transmission spectra measurements were performed to characterize the obtained layers. The usefulness of the ESR technique for monitoring certain high-temperature induced changes in epitaxial Cr,Mg:YAG absorber has been verified.
Evaluating the use of social contact data to produce age-specific short-term forecasts of SARS-CoV-2 incidence in England
Authors: Munday James D. , Abbott Sam , Meakin Sophie , Funk Sebastian
Published: September 2023

Mathematical and statistical models can be used to make predictions of how epidemics may progress in the near future and form a central part of outbreak mitigation and control. Renewal equation based models allow inference of epidemiological parameters from historical data and forecast future epidemic dynamics without requiring complex mechanistic assumptions. However, these models typically ignore interaction between age groups, partly due to challenges in parameterising a time varying interaction matrix. Social contact data collected regularly during the COVID-19 epidemic provide a means to inform interaction between age groups in real-time. We developed an age-specific forecasting framework and applied it to two age-stratified time-series: incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, estimated from a national infection and antibody prevalence survey; and, reported cases according to the UK national COVID-19 dashboard. Jointly fitting our model to social contact data from the CoMix study, we inferred a time-varying next generation matrix which we used to project infections and cases in the four weeks following each of 29 forecast dates between October 2020 and November 2021. We evaluated the forecasts using proper scoring rules and compared performance with three other models with alternative data and specifications alongside two naive baseline models. Overall, incorporating age interaction improved forecasts of infections and the CoMix-data-informed model was the best performing model at time horizons between two and four weeks. However, this was not true when forecasting cases. We found that age group interaction was most important for predicting cases in children and older adults. The contact-data-informed models performed best during the winter months of 2020–2021, but performed comparatively poorly in other periods. We highlight challenges regarding the incorporation of contact data in forecasting and offer proposals as to how to extend and adapt our approach, which may lead to more successful forecasts in future.
Beyond ℓ1 sparse coding in V1
Authors: Rentzeperis Ilias , Calatroni Luca , Perrinet Laurent U. , Prandi Dario
Published: September 2023

Growing evidence indicates that only a sparse subset from a pool of sensory neurons is active for the encoding of visual stimuli at any instant in time. Traditionally, to replicate such biological sparsity, generative models have been using theℓ1norm as a penalty due to its convexity, which makes it amenable to fast and simple algorithmic solvers. In this work, we use biological vision as a test-bed and show that the soft thresholding operation associated to the use of theℓ1norm is highly suboptimal compared to other functions suited to approximatingℓpwith 0 ≤p< 1 (including recently proposed continuous exact relaxations), in terms of performance. We show thatℓ1sparsity employs a pool with more neurons, i.e. has a higher degree of overcompleteness, in order to maintain the same reconstruction error as the other methods considered. More specifically, at the same sparsity level, the thresholding algorithm using theℓ1norm as a penalty requires a dictionary of ten times more units compared to the proposed approach, where a non-convex continuous relaxation of theℓ0pseudo-norm is used, to reconstruct the external stimulus equally well. At a fixed sparsity level, bothℓ0- andℓ1-based regularization develop units with receptive field (RF) shapes similar to biological neurons in V1 (and a subset of neurons in V2), butℓ0-based regularization shows approximately five times better reconstruction of the stimulus. Our results in conjunction with recent metabolic findings indicate that for V1 to operate efficiently it should follow a coding regime which uses a regularization that is closer to theℓ0pseudo-norm rather than theℓ1one, and suggests a similar mode of operation for the sensory cortex in general.