bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automatic Watershed Segmentation of Cancerous Lesions in Unsupervised Breast Histology Images
Authors: Majanga Vincent , Mnkandla Ernest
Published: November 2024

Segmentation of nuclei in histology images is key in analyzing and quantifying morphology changes of nuclei features and tissue structures. Conventional diagnosis, segmenting, and detection methods have relied heavily on the manual-visual inspection of histology images. These methods are only effective on clearly visible cancerous lesions on histology images thus limited in their performance due to the complexity of tissue structures in histology images. Hence, early detection of breast cancer is key for treatment and profits from Computer-Aided-Diagnostic (CAD) systems introduced to efficiently and automatically segment and detect nuclei cells in pathology. This paper proposes, an automatic watershed segmentation method of cancerous lesions in unsupervised human breast histology images. Firstly, this approach pre-processes data through various augmentation methods to increase the size of dataset images, then a stain normalization technique is applied to these augmented images to isolate nuclei features from tissue structures. Secondly, data enhancement techniques namely; erosion, dilation, and distance transform are used to highlight foreground and background pixels while removing unwanted regions from the highlighted nuclei objects on the image. Consequently, the connected components method groups these highlighted pixel components with similar intensity values and, assigns them to their relevant labeled component binary mask. Once all binary masked groups have been determined, a deep-learning recurrent neural network from the Keras architecture uses this information to automatically segment nuclei objects with cancerous lesions and their edges on the image via watershed filling. This segmentation method is evaluated on an unsupervised, augmented human breast cancer histology dataset of 11,151 images. This proposed method produced a significant evaluation result of 98% F1-accuracy score.
Influence of Thermomechanical Treatments and Chemical Composition on the Phase Transformation of Cu-Al-Mn Shape Memory Alloy Thin Sheets
Authors: Milosavljevic Dusan , Lecis Nora , Cinquemani Simone
Published: November 2024

This paper investigates the interrelated effects of thermomechanical treatments and chemical composition on the phase transformation capabilities of thin sheets made from Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloys. The transformation capacity and transition temperatures were determined using DSC and DMA testing, while composition measurements were performed using SEM/EDX analysis. The results demonstrate that applying hot-rolling treatments to alloys of reduced thickness leads to manganese oxidation and modifications in chemical composition, adversely impacting the phase transformation performance. This effect can be mitigated by the use of cold rolling. Additionally, the presence of phosphorus impurities can create inclusions that bind manganese, preventing it from remaining in the solid solution and further affecting phase transformation capabilities.
Effect of Dielectric Properties of Cochlea on Electrode Insertion Guidance Based on Impedance Variation
Authors: Salkim Enver
Published: November 2024

The cochlear neuromodulator provides substantial auditory perception to those with impaired hearing. The accurate insertion of electrodes into the cochlea is an important factor, as misplaced may lead to further damage. The impedance measurement may be used as a marker of the electrode insertion guidance. It is feasible to investigate the impact of the dielectric properties of the cochlea tissue layers on the electrode insertion guidance using sophisticated bio-computational methods that are impractical or impossible to perform in cochlear implant (CI) patients. Although previous modeling approaches of the cochlea argued that the capacitive impact of the tissue layer can be neglected using the quasi-static (QS) approximation method, it is widely accepted that tissue acts as a frequency filter. Thus, the QS method may not always be appropriate due to short-duration pulses. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the frequency-dependent dielectric properties of the cochlea tissue layers on the impedance variation by following a systematic approach. The volume conductor model of the cochlea layers was developed, the dielectric properties of each tissue layer were attained, and the cochlea neuromodulator settings were applied to obtain the results based on both QS and transient solution (TS) methods. The results based on the QS and TS methods were compared to define to what extent these parameters affect the outcome. It was suggested that the capacitive impact of the cochlea layers should be considered after a certain frequency level.
Evaluation of the Effects of Electrical and Carbon Dioxide Stunning Methods on Quality Attributes of Pork Meat
Authors: Jónás Gábor , Visy Anna , Dalmadi István , Majzinger Koppány , Krzyzewsky Nóra , Barkó Annamária , Surányi József , Friedrich László
Published: November 2024

In our experiment, the effect of electrical and CO2 stunning on pork meat quality attributes was studied. A total of thirty PIC337 female pigs were allocated to two equal groups which were stunned electrically (50 Hz, 210 V, 2.6 A, 15 s) or by CO2 (85 V% CO2, 15 V% O2, 90 s) and slaughtered at a commercial slaughterhouse. For 24 h post mortem, the carcass m. gluteus medius (GM) was used to evaluate meat quality attributes such as pH, color, hardness, water holding capacity (WHC), and total pigment content, and meat classification was also carried out. The CO2 stunning resulted in muscle with significantly lower pH (p < 0.01) and poorer water holding capacity (p < 0.05) compared to electrical stunning. The GM of pigs stunned electrically showed significantly increased lightness (L*) and redness (a*) (p < 0.05) compared to CO2-stunned. The time course of development of rigor mortis was similar for both stunning methods. Pale, soft, exudative (PSE) or dark, firm, dry (DFD) meat defects were not observed. Based on total pigment content, stunning methods did not significantly affect the amount of removable blood.
The Relationship Between Training Load and Injury in Competitive Swimming: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Barry Lorna , Lyons Mark , McCreesh Karen , Myers Tony , Powell Cormac , Comyns Tom
Published: November 2024

Training load monitoring is employed to quantify training demands, to determine individual physiological adaptions and to examine the dose–response relationship, ultimately reducing the likelihood of injury and making a meaningful impact on performance. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between training load and injury in competitive swimmers, using the session rate of perceived exertion (sRPE) method. Data were collected using a prospective, longitudinal study design across 104 weeks. Data were collected from 34 athletes centralised in two of Swim Ireland’s National Centres. Bayesian mixed effects logistic regression models were used to analyse the relationship between sRPE-TL and medical attention injuries. The average weekly swim volume was 33.5 ± 12.9 km. The weekly total training load (AU) averaged 3838 ± 1616.1. A total of 58 medical attention injury events were recorded. The probability of an association between training load and injury ranged from 70% to 98%; however, evidence for these relationships was deemed weak or highly uncertain. The findings suggest that using a single training load metric in isolation cannot decisively inform when an injury will occur. Instead, coaches should utilise monitoring tools to ensure that the athletes are exposed to an appropriate training load to optimise physiological adaptation. Future research should strive to investigate the relationship between additional risk factors (e.g., wellbeing, lifestyle factors or previous injury history), in combination with training load and injury, in competitive swimmers.
Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals Encapsulating Cannabigerol: A Step Forward in Controlling Intestinal Inflammatory Disorders
Authors: Casanova Francisca , Pereira Carla F. , Ribeiro Alessandra B. , Castro Pedro M. , Martins Eva , Freixo Ricardo , Tavares-Valente Diana , Pimentel Lígia L. , Fontes Ana L. , Rodríguez-Alcalá Luís M. , Fernandes João C. , Pintado Manuela E. , Ramos Óscar L.
Published: November 2024

Cannabigerol (CBG) from Cannabis sativa L. is known for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties, showing potential against intestinal inflammation. However, its lipophilic nature limits its absorption and stability. Researchers have explored cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) to deliver lipophilic compounds and enhance their biological outcomes. This study investigated the capability of modified CNC with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to effectively deliver CBG. The encapsulation process’s impact on cytotoxicity, biological activity, and controlled release during digestion was assessed. Results indicated that CNC-CTAB encapsulation significantly reduced CBG’s cytotoxicity on intestinal cells, allowing safer administration of higher doses. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the encapsulated CBG were retained, resulting in a decrease in reactive oxygen species and cytokine levels in intestinal cells. Additionally, the system inhibited the growth of the intestinal pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. The study supports using CNC-CTAB as an efficient delivery system to enhance CBG’s potential against intestinal inflammation. Incorporating this system into food matrices could lead to novel functional foods for managing intestinal inflammation.
A Lightweight Barcode Detection Algorithm Based on Deep Learning
Authors: Chen Jingchao , Dai Ning , Hu Xudong , Yuan Yanhong
Published: November 2024

For existing situations of missed detections, false detections, and repeated detections in barcode detection algorithms in real-world scenarios, a barcode detection algorithm based on improved YOLOv8 is proposed. The EfficientViT block based on a linear self-attention mechanism is introduced into the backbone of the original model to enhance the model’s attention to barcode features. In the model’s neck, linear mapping and grouped convolution are used to improve the C2f module, and the ADown convolution block is utilized to modify the model’s downsampling, which reduces the model’s parameters and computational cost while improving the efficiency of model feature fusion. Finally, the reconstruction of the model’s detection head and the modification of the loss function are implemented to enhance the model’s training quality and reduce the model’s error in barcode detection. Experimental results indicate that the improved model exhibits an increase of 1.8% in recall rate and 1.9% in mAP50:95 for barcode localization and classification. The FPS is improved by 40 frames per second. The model’s parameter count is reduced by 74.2%, and FLOPs are decreased by 79.6%. Furthermore, the proposed model outperforms other models in terms of model size and barcode detection accuracy.
Comparison of Different Additives and Ages on Mechanical and Acoustic Behavior of Coal Gangue Cemented Composite
Authors: Xiao Meng
Published: November 2024

Cemented backfill represents a significant trend in mine filling methods; however, it often exhibits high brittleness and limited resistance to failure, which can restrict its practical application. This study investigates the mechanical properties and damage evolution of fiber-reinforced coal gangue cemented materials (CGCMs) at various curing times using uniaxial compressive tests, acoustic emission (AE) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Specimens were created with different fillers, including carbon fibers (CFs), steel fibers (SFs), and carbon black (CB), and subjected to uniaxial compression until failure. Control specimens without fillers were also tested for comparison. The microstructure of the specimens was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The findings indicate that (1) the compressive strength of filler-reinforced CGCMs increases between 7 and 14 days of curing but decreases thereafter, with CB significantly improving early-age strength; (2) specimens reinforced with CFs and SFs exhibit significantly enhanced toughness in their post-cracking response; (3) AE events during specific stages can effectively identify the reinforcing effects of CFs and SFs; (4) the presence of fillers improves resistance to shear cracks, with CFs and SFs being more effective than CB; and (5) adding CB results in a denser and more stable hydration product structure, while CFs and SFs lead to a more porous structure with increased cracking.
Youth Engagement in Water Quality Monitoring: Uncovering Ecosystem Benefits and Challenges
Authors: Cho Sangyong , Hollstein Leah , Aguilar Luis , Dwyer Johnny , Auffrey Christopher
Published: November 2024

A youth-centric participatory mapping approach was employed to monitor the lower Mill Creek, an urban waterway located in Cincinnati, Ohio, by collecting geospatial data points on surface water quality and ecological assets. Utilizing the ArcGIS Field Maps application, a digital survey-based tool was developed to identify key areas related to ecological assets and urban water management challenges. The purpose of this citizen science approach was to allow researchers to capture and understand community perspectives and insights while engaging in scientific research that focuses on identifying geographic vulnerability areas and ecological assets. The primary objective was to empower local community groups and residents in an environmental justice neighborhood to understand the current opportunities and constraints of the adjacent waterbody, enabling informed decision-making for future planning initiatives that benefit both conservation and remediation efforts aligned with local values and needs. A youth-centric participatory mapping approach was employed to monitor the lower Mill Creek, an urban waterway in Cincinnati, Ohio, through the collection of geospatial data on surface water quality and ecological assets. The findings, based on hotspot analysis, revealed significant spatial clustering of heavy debris near the barrier dam and the lower portion of Mill Creek, where it converges with the Ohio River. This accumulation is attributed to the structural features of the barrier dam’s inner flood catchment area, which traps debris during rainfall events. Although no areas showed spatial significance for perceived ecological services, students identified specific areas with esthetic and biodiversity value, particularly at Mill Creek’s confluence with the Ohio River and along the northern stretch of the stream corridor. These findings provide valuable insights for guiding future conservation and remediation efforts that reflect both community values and environmental priorities.
Building Home in Exile: The Role of Intangible Cultural Heritage, Crafts, and Material Culture Among Resettled Syrians in Liverpool, UK
Authors: Alsalloum Ataa
Published: November 2024

Since the onset of the Syrian conflict in 2011, millions of Syrians have sought refuge globally, with thousands resettling in the UK. Despite their displacement, Syrians have brought with them a rich array of inherited knowledge and traditions, collectively known as intangible cultural heritage (ICH). The construction of domestic spaces by these settlers and their struggle to feel at home have emerged as important topics in migration studies, particularly when housing issues are considered as a critical aspect of their transcultural social engagement and the evolving boundaries of their identity and belonging. However, the role of ICH, along with the related crafts and movable objects, in the home-making practices of forced migrants remains under-researched. This gap is especially significant given that the UK recently ratified the 2003 UNESCO Convention on the safeguarding of ICH after a decade-long delay. Through in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted in the interviewees’ native Arabic within their home environments and supported by an observational study, this research explores how resettled Syrians in Liverpool integrate traditional ICH practices into their new homes, focusing on the dynamic relationship between the intangible and built heritage. By examining how intangible knowledge and movable objects interplay in creating a ‘Syrian home’, this study contributes to discussions on community engagement and the role of memory in conservation. The findings underscore the importance of ICH in maintaining cultural continuity and identity in the diaspora, providing insights into the inclusive heritage conservation practices in migrant contexts. This research highlights two key insights: first, the essential role that ICH, along with the associated crafts and movable objects, plays in constructing new homes in the diaspora, particularly in how these items serve as the carriers of cultural identity and continuity; and second, the symbolic significance of Syrian homes, especially their interior designs and decorations, as reflections of a blend of sociocultural practices that Syrians are committed to preserving.
Daily PM2.5 and Seasonal-Trend Decomposition to Identify Extreme Air Pollution Events from 2001 to 2020 for Continental Australia Using a Random Forest Model
Authors: Borchers-Arriagada Nicolas , Morgan Geoffrey G. , Van Buskirk Joseph , Gopi Karthik , Yuen Cassandra , Johnston Fay H. , Guo Yuming , Cope Martin , Hanigan Ivan C.
Published: November 2024

Robust high spatiotemporal resolution daily PM2.5 exposure estimates are limited in Australia. Estimates of daily PM2.5 and the PM2.5 component from extreme pollution events (e.g., bushfires and dust storms) are needed for epidemiological studies and health burden assessments attributable to these events. We sought to: (1) estimate daily PM2.5 at a 5 km × 5 km spatial resolution across the Australian continent between 1 January 2001 and 30 June 2020 using a Random Forest (RF) algorithm, and (2) implement a seasonal-trend decomposition using loess (STL) methodology combined with selected statistical flags to identify extreme events and estimate the extreme pollution PM2.5 component. We developed an RF model that achieved an out-of-bag R-squared of 71.5% and a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 4.5 µg/m3. We predicted daily PM2.5 across Australia, adequately capturing spatial and temporal variations. We showed how the STL method in combination with statistical flags can identify and quantify PM2.5 attributable to extreme pollution events in different locations across the country.
Effect of Seedling Rates on Crop Yield and Methane Emissions from Rice Paddies
Authors: Chen Qiping , Li Hao , Huang Hexian , Wang Wei
Published: November 2024

Agricultural strategies are urgently needed to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions without reducing crop yield. Seedling rate per hill will affect the quantity and quality of tillers, which may affect rice yield and CH4 emissions. Therefore, it is hypothesized that high yields with low yield-scaled CH4 emissions could be achieved with optimal seedling rate per hill. A field experiment was conducted with three densities (low seedling rate, LSR; moderate seedling rate, MSR; and high seedling rate, HSR) for two consecutive rice seasons. The CH4 fluxes were determined by the static chamber–GC method. The results showed no significant differences in rice yields, seasonal CH4 emissions, or yield-scaled CH4 emissions between the three treatments. For early rice, the HSR tended to achieve high yield without increasing yield-scaled CH4 emissions. As for late rice, the MSR showed similar rice yield, and tended to have lower yield-scaled CH4 emissions in comparison with the HSR. The results suggest that choosing an appropriate seedling rate per hill to increase grain yield while maintaining lower or comparable yield-scaled CH4 emissions can be a promising option to reduce CH4 emissions from rice paddies.
Enhancing Fine Aerosol Simulations in the Remote Atmosphere with Machine Learning
Authors: Lu Mingxinyu , Gao Chloe Yuchao
Published: November 2024

Global aerosol models often underestimate the mass concentration of aerosols in the remote troposphere, as evidenced by aircraft measurements. This study leveraged data from the NASA Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom), which provides remote aerosol concentrations, to refine algorithms for simulating these concentrations. Using the GEOS-Chem model, we simulate five fine aerosol types and enhance the simulation results using five machine-learning algorithms: Random Forest, XGBoost, SVM, KNN, and LightGBM, and compare the performance of these algorithms. Additionally, we evaluate the refinement effect of algorithms based on decision trees on a validation dataset. The results demonstrate that GEOS-Chem generally underestimated aerosol mass concentration. Among the tested algorithms, algorithms based on decision trees, particularly the Random Forest algorithm and the LightGBM algorithm, exhibited a superior performance, significantly improving prediction accuracy and computational efficiency in both the training and testing phases, as well as on the validation dataset.
Greenland Wind-Wave Bivariate Dynamics by Gaidai Natural Hazard Spatiotemporal Evaluation Approach
Authors: Gaidai Oleg , He Shicheng , Ashraf Alia , Sheng Jinlu , Zhu Yan
Published: November 2024

The current work presents a case study for the state-of-the-art multimodal risk assessment approach, which is especially appropriate for environmental wind-wave dynamic systems that are either directly physically observed or numerically modeled. High dimensionality of the wind-wave environmental system and cross-correlations between its primary dimensions or components make it quite challenging for existing reliability methods. The primary goal of this investigation has been the application of a novel multivariate hazard assessment methodology to a combined windspeed and correlated wave-height unfiltered/raw dataset, which was recorded in 2024 by in situ NOAA buoy located southeast offshore of Greenland. Existing hazard/risk assessment methods are mostly limited to univariate or at most bivariate dynamic systems. It is well known that the interaction of windspeeds and corresponding wave heights results in a multimodal, nonstationary, and nonlinear dynamic environmental system with cross-correlated components. Alleged global warming may represent additional factor/covariate, affecting ocean windspeeds and related wave heights dynamics. Accurate hazard/risk assessment of in situ environmental systems is necessary for naval, marine, and offshore structures that operate within particular offshore/ocean zones of interest, susceptible to nonstationary ocean weather conditions. Benchmarking of the novel spatiotemporal multivariate reliability approach, which may efficiently extract relevant information from the underlying in situ field dataset, has been the primary objective of the current work. The proposed multimodal hazard/risk evaluation methodology presented in this study may assist designers and engineers to effectively assess in situ environmental and structural risks for multimodal, nonstationary, nonlinear ocean-driven wind-wave-related environmental/structural systems. The key result of the presented case study lies within the demonstration of the methodological superiority, compared to a popular bivariate copula reliability approach.
Indoor Radon Monitoring and Associated Diffuse Radon Emissions in the Flanks of Mt. Etna (Italy)
Authors: Voltattorni Nunzia , Giammanco Salvatore , Galli Gianfranco , Gasparini Andrea , Neri Marco
Published: November 2024

Between October 2021 and July 2024, radon measurements in air and soil were carried out in the South and East flanks of Etna volcano to check the possible correlation between radon emissions and active faults/eruptive fissures and to obtain preliminary data on any negative impacts on human health. Fifteen continuous indoor radon monitors were installed in homes, some of which are inhabited by patients suffering from Multiple Sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. In all sites, the limit of 300 Bq/m3 indicated by the Euratom Directive 2013/59 was exceeded, even if slightly and for short periods. The highest values were recorded closest to active fault zones and during winters. Furthermore, 27 discrete indoor radon measurements were carried out using a passive method by means of activated charcoal canisters that were exposed for 48 h. Most of the values (>70%) were <100 Bq/m3; six canisters gave values >100 Bq/m3 and one >200 Bq/m3. Measurements of radon in soils were carried out using a Durridge RAD7 in the gardens of the homes in which the indoor radon measurements were made. The background radon values in soils were <5000 Bq/m3; the highest values (12,500 Bq/m3) were measured near the Aci Catena fault. The role of Etna’s faults in draining the deeper radon towards the surface and, therefore, into nearby homes is evident, with a consequent increase in the health risk caused by indoor radon pollution.
Group Forward–Backward Orthogonal Matching Pursuit for General Convex Smooth Functions
Authors: Peng Zhongxing , Zheng Gengzhong , Huang Wei
Published: November 2024

This paper introduces the Group Forward–Backward Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (Group-FoBa-OMP) algorithm, a novel approach for sparse feature selection. The core innovations of this algorithm include (1) an integrated backward elimination process to correct earlier misidentified groups; (2) a versatile convex smooth model that generalizes previous research; (3) the strategic use of gradient information to expedite the group selection phase; and (4) a theoretical validation of its performance in terms of support set recovery, variable estimation accuracy, and objective function optimization. These advancements are supported by experimental evidence from both synthetic and real-world data, demonstrating the algorithm’s effectiveness.
New Fuzzy Implication Model Consisting Only of Basic Logical Fuzzy Connectives
Authors: Makariadis Stefanos , Makariadis Eleftherios , Konguetsof Avrilia , Papadopoulos Basil
Published: November 2024

Fuzzy implication models play a crucial role in the field of fuzzy logic. The reason behind this reality is the fact that fuzzy implications are influenced by the properties of the model used for their creation. The importance of the mentioned models increases due to the fact that there is a need for new fuzzy implications for use in artificial intelligence and other applications. So, this paper aims to resolve this problem by creating a new model. This model, named (S,T,N) by the authors, is an evolution from previous models as it utilizes all of the basic logical fuzzy connectives in a new composition that emphasizes the use of as many connectives as practically possible. Moreover, a computer program has been developed to display various interpretations of the proposed model and allow the readers to form a deeper understanding of the paper’s research. The results provided by the research conducted are mainly due to the development of the new fuzzy implication model and, secondarily, the new tool for displaying the capabilities of the implication model. Finally, the conclusions drawn from the paper proved that the search for new fuzzy implications should not only be targeted at new research directions but also at more established ones. Furthermore, the program displayed the strong capabilities of computer-assisted computations since it allowed for rapid checking of multiple implications, thus easing the researcher’s task of practically verifying the new model’s validity.
Application of Triple- and Quadruple-Generalized Laplace Transform to (2+1)- and (3+1)-Dimensional Time-Fractional Navier–Stokes Equation
Authors: Gadain Hassan Eltayeb , Mesloub Said
Published: November 2024

In this study, the solution of the (2+1)- and (3+1)-dimensional system of the time-fractional Navier–Stokes equations is gained by utilizing the triple-generalized Laplace transform decomposition method (TGLTDM) and quadruple-generalized Laplace transform decomposition method (FGLTDM). In addition, the results of the offered methods match with the exact solutions of the problems, which proves that, as the terms of the series increase, the approximate solutions are closer to the exact solutions of each problem. To verify the appropriateness of these methods, some examples are offered. The TGLTDM and FGLTDM results indicate that the suggested methods have higher evaluation convergence as compared to the ADM and HPM.
Smad4 Heterozygous Knockout Effect on Pancreatic and Body Weight in F1 Population Using Collaborative Cross Lines
Authors: Zohud Osayd , Lone Iqbal M. , Midlej Kareem , Nashef Aysar , Iraqi Fuad A.
Published: November 2024

Smad4, a critical tumor suppressor gene, plays a significant role in pancreatic biology and tumorigenesis. Genetic background and sex are known to influence phenotypic outcomes, but their impact on pancreatic weight in Smad4-deficient mice remains unclear. This study investigates the impact of Smad4 deficiency on pancreatic weight in first-generation (F1) mice from diverse collaborative cross (CC) lines, focusing on the influence of genetic background and sex. F1 mice were generated by crossbreeding female CC mice with C57BL/6J-Smad4tm1Mak males. Genotyping confirmed the presence of Smad4 knockout alleles. Mice were housed under standard conditions, euthanized at 80 weeks, and their pancreatic weights were measured, adjusted for body weight, and analyzed for effects of Smad4 deficiency, sex, and genetic background. The overall population of F1 mice showed a slight but non-significant increase in adjusted pancreatic weights in heterozygous knockout mice compared to wild-type mice. Sex-specific analysis revealed no significant difference in males but a significant increase in adjusted pancreatic weights in heterozygous knockout females. Genetic background analysis showed that lines CC018 and CC025 substantially increased adjusted pancreatic weights in heterozygous knockout mice. In contrast, other lines showed no significant difference or varied non-significant changes. The interplay between genetic background and sex further influenced these outcomes. Smad4 deficiency affects pancreatic weight in a manner significantly modulated by genetic background and sex. This study highlights the necessity of considering these factors in genetic research and therapeutic development, demonstrating the value of the collaborative cross mouse population in dissecting complex genetic interactions.
Fasting as an Adjuvant Therapy for Cancer: Mechanism of Action and Clinical Practice
Authors: Xie Yichun , Ye Huabin , Liu Zhongjun , Liang Zhiqing , Zhu Jinrong , Zhang Rongxin , Li Yan
Published: November 2024

The fundamental biological characteristics of tumor cells are characterized by irregularities in signaling and metabolic pathways, which are evident through increased glucose uptake, altered mitochondrial function, and the ability to evade growth signals. Interventions such as fasting or fasting-mimicking diets represent a promising strategy that can elicit distinct responses in normal cells compared to tumor cells. These dietary strategies can alter the circulating levels of various hormones and metabolites, including blood glucose, insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor, glucocorticoids, and epinephrine, thereby potentially exerting an anticancer effect. Additionally, elevated levels of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins and ketone bodies may increase tumor cells’ dependence on their own metabolites, ultimately leading to their apoptosis. The combination of fasting or fasting-mimicking diets with radiotherapy or chemotherapeutic agents has demonstrated enhanced anticancer efficacy. This paper aims to classify fasting, elucidate the mechanisms that underlie its effects, assess its impact on various cancer types, and discuss its clinical applications. We will underscore the differential effects of fasting on normal and cancer cells, the mechanisms responsible for these effects, and the imperative for clinical implementation.
Decreased Knee Extensor Torque During Single-Limb Stance: A Computer Simulation Study of Compensations and Consequences
Authors: Flanagan Sean P.
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: For over 50 years, it has been suggested that the plantar flexors and hip extensors can compensate for weak knee extensors and prevent collapse of the leg during a single-limb stance. However, the effects of these compensations have not been studied thoroughly. The purpose of this computer simulation study was to determine, for a given posture, the hip and ankle net joint torque (NJT) required to prevent leg collapse due to systematic decreases in knee NJT and to determine the effect of these compensations on the horizontal ground reaction force. Methods: Single-limb stance was simulated using a static, multisegmented model in eight different postures. For each posture, the knee NJT was systematically decreased. The ankle and knee NJT necessary to prevent lower extremity collapse, along with any net horizontal ground reaction forces, were then calculated. Results: Decreases in knee NJT required linear increases in ankle and hip NJT to prevent the limb from collapsing. There were greater increases in ankle NJT compared to hip NJT, resulting in posteriorly-directed horizontal ground reaction forces. While the magnitudes were different, these findings applied to all postures simulated. Conclusions: For a given posture, ankle and hip NJTs can compensate for a decrease in knee NJT. However, this resulted in a horizontal ground reaction force, which was in the posterior direction for all the postures examined. This horizontal ground reaction force would induce an acceleration on the body’s center of mass that, if not accounted for, could have deleterious effects on achieving a task objective.
Urinary Tract Infection in Children: An Up-To-Date Study
Authors: Maringhini Silvio , Alaygut Demet , Corrado Ciro
Published: November 2024

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common bacterial infections in children. UTIs may be limited to the bladder or involve the kidneys with possible irreversible damage. Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are often associated with UTIs; kidney scars have been considered a consequence of untreated UTIs but may be congenital. The mechanism by which bacteria produce inflammation in the urinary system has been intensively investigated. Diagnostic tools, including invasive imaging procedures, have been advocated in infants and small children with UTIs but are not necessary in most cases. Effective antibiotic drugs are available, and prophylactic treatment has been questioned. Several guidelines on UTIs are available, but a simple one for general practitioners is needed.
The Critical Role of Host and Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Endometriosis
Authors: Wagner Michaela , Hicks Chloe , El-Omar Emad , Combes Valery , El-Assaad Fatima
Published: November 2024

Endometriosis is a chronic, inflammatory, oestrogen-dependent disorder that is defined by the presence of endometrium-like tissue in the extra-uterine environment. It is estimated to affect approximately 10% of women of reproductive age, and the cause is still largely unknown. The heterogenous nature and complex pathophysiology of the disease results in diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This review examines the emerging role of host extracellular vesicles (EVs) in endometriosis development and progression, with a particular focus on bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs). EVs are nano-sized membrane-bound particles that can transport bioactive molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, and therefore play an essential role in intercellular communication. Due to their unique cargo composition, EVs can play a dual role, both in the disease pathogenesis and as biomarkers. Both host and bacterial EVs (HEVs and BEVs) have been implicated in endometriosis, by modulating inflammatory responses, angiogenesis, tissue remodelling, and cellular proliferation within the peritoneal microenvironment. Understanding the intricate mechanisms underlying EVs in endometriosis pathophysiology and modulation of the lesion microenvironment may lead to novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets. Future research should focus on uncovering the specific cargo, the inter-kingdom cell-to-cell interactions, and the anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial mechanisms of both HEVs and BEVs in endometriosis in the hope of discovering translational findings that could improve the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
Mechanical Properties of Inflamed Appendix Tissues
Authors: Deptuła Piotr , Łysik Dawid , Wolak Przemysław , Król Grzegorz , Paprocka Paulina , Bijak Piotr , Ziembicka Dominika , Mystkowska Joanna , Bucki Robert
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Histopathological examination enables visualization of morphological changes in cells and tissues. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in assessing the mechanical properties of tissues that cannot be determined by standard histopathological examinations. Mechanobiology is crucial in human physiology and holds promise for uncovering new diagnostic markers for disease processes such as carcinogenesis and inflammation. In this study, we concentrated on measuring the mechanical properties of appendix biopsy specimens to identify potential mechanomarkers of inflammation. Appendix tissues provided the opportunity to measure mechanical properties both with an atomic force microscope and a shear rheometer. Methods: The atomic force microscope AFM—NanoWizard 4 BioScience JPK/Bruker was used for the evaluation of the elastic modulus (i.e., Young’s modulus) of appendix tissues. Young’s modulus was derived from the Hertz-Sneddon model applied to force-indentation curves. The rheological properties of macroscopic samples were measured on a parallel-plate, strain-controlled shear rheometer Anton Paar MCR302. Results: The data collected suggest that elasticity, expressed as Young’s modulus and the storage modulus, could be considered a marker indicating appendix tissue inflammation. Young’s modulus of inflamed appendix tissues was found to be significantly lower than that of healthy ones, with an average reduction of 67%. Furthermore, it was observed that inflamed appendix tissues, in comparison to healthy ones, respond differently under varying axial and shear stresses, enabling their identification. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the specific mechanical properties of inflamed vermiform appendices could serve as novel mechanomarkers for the early detection and monitoring of appendicitis.
Association Between Social Determinants of Health and Patient Portal Utilization in the United States
Authors: Ayangunna Elizabeth , Shah Gulzar H. , Samawi Hani , Waterfield Kristie C. , Palacios Ana M.
Published: November 2024

(1) Background: Differences in health outcomes across populations are due to disparities in access to the social determinants of health (SDoH), such as educational level, household income, and internet access. With several positive outcomes reported with patient portal use, examining the associated social determinants of health is imperative. Objective: This study analyzed the association between social determinants of health—education, health insurance, household income, rurality, and internet access—and patient portal use among adults in the United States before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. (2) Methods: The research used a quantitative, retrospective study design and secondary data from the combined cycles 1 to 4 of the Health Information National Trends Survey 5 (N = 14,103) and 6 (N = 5958). Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were conducted to examine the association between the variables operationalizing SDoH and the use of patient portals. (3) Results: Forty-percent (40%) of respondents reported using a patient portal before the pandemic, and this increased to 61% in 2022. The multivariable logistic regression showed higher odds of patient portal utilization by women compared to men (AOR = 1.56; CI, 1.32–1.83), those with at least a college degree compared to less than high school education (AOR = 2.23; CI, 1.29–3.83), and annual family income of USD 75,000 and above compared to those <USD 20,000 (AOR = 1.59; CI, 1.18–2.15). Those with access to the internet and health insurance also had significantly higher odds of using their patient portals. However, those who identified as Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black and residing in a rural area rather than urban (AOR = 0.72; CI, 0.54–0.95) had significantly lower odds of using their patient portals even after the pandemic. (4) Conclusions: The social determinants of health included in this study showed significant influence on patient portal utilization, which has implications for policymakers and public health stakeholders tasked with promoting patient portal utilization and its benefits.
Study on the Effect of Soft–Hard Material Interface Differences on Crack Deflection in Nacre-Inspired Brick-and-Mortar Structures
Authors: Wang Yifan , Yang Xiao , Niu Shichao , Tang Biao , Shao Chun
Published: November 2024

Nacre has excellent balanced strength and toughness. In this paper, the mechanical performance of the typical “brick-and-mortar” structure, including the stress–strain and strain at the interface as well as the stress in the bricks, was calculated by a simplified analytical model of the nacre. This paper proposes a new method to control the crack deflection based on the toughening mechanism of the nacre. The crack extension of the “brick-and-mortar” structure was simulated using cohesive elements based on the traction–separation law with elastic and softening stiffness as variables, and it was found that both stiffness could effectively control the crack extension. The strength and toughness of the models with different stiffness combinations were calculated and plotted as a function of elastic stiffness and softening stiffness, showing that elastic stiffness significantly affects strength and softening stiffness is a determinant of toughness.
Research Trends in the Development of Block Copolymer-Based Biosensing Platforms
Authors: Chung Yong-Ho , Oh Jung Kwon
Published: November 2024

Biosensing technology, which aims to measure and control the signals of biological substances, has recently been developed rapidly due to increasing concerns about health and the environment. Top–down technologies have been used mainly with a focus on reducing the size of biomaterials to the nano-level. However, bottom–up technologies such as self-assembly can provide more opportunities to molecular-level arrangements such as directionality and the shape of biomaterials. In particular, block copolymers (BCPs) and their self-assembly have been significantly explored as an effective means of bottom–up technologies to achieve recent advances in molecular-level fine control and imaging technology. BCPs have been widely used in various biosensing research fields because they can artificially control highly complex nano-scale structures in a directionally controlled manner, and future application research based on interactions with biomolecules according to the development and synthesis of new BCP structures is greatly anticipated. Here, we comprehensively discuss the basic principles of BCPs technology, the current status of their applications in biosensing technology, and their limitations and future prospects. Rather than discussing a specific field in depth, this study comprehensively covers the overall content of BCPs as a biosensing platform, and through this, we hope to increase researchers’ understanding of adjacent research fields and provide research inspiration, thereby bringing about great advances in the relevant research fields.
Screening and Characterization of Sialic Acid-Binding Variable Lymphocyte Receptors from Hagfish
Authors: Angelia Mark Rickard N. , Rodelas-Angelia Abigail Joy D. , Yang Cheolung , Park Sojeong , Jeong Seung pyo , Jang Hyeok , Bela-ong Dennis Berbulla , Jang Hobin , Thompson Kim D. , Jung Taesung
Published: November 2024

Sialic acid is a diverse group of monosaccharides often found on the termini of N- and O-linked glycans as well as being components of glycoconjugates. Hypersialylation has been associated with the progression of chronic inflammation-mediated diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Given its role in infection and disease-related processes, sialic acid is a promising target for therapeutic approaches that utilize carbohydrate-binding molecules. In this study, we screened for sialic acid-recognizing variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRBs) or ccombodies from inshore hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri) using a synthetic Neu5Ac-glycoconjugate as an antigen in immunoassay. Resulting ccombodies, 2D8, 5G11, 4A1, and 5F8 were further characterized in terms of their binding activity and specificity. A competitive ELISA using free haptens showed strong inhibition using either N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for Neu5Ac ranged from 7.02 to 17.06 mM, with candidates 4A1 and 5G11 requiring the least and highest amounts, respectively. IC50 values for Neu5Gc ranged from 8.12 to 13.91 mM, for 4A1 and 5G11, respectively. Candidate ccombodies also detected naturally occurring sialic acid from known sialoglycoproteins using a dot blot assay. Neu5Gc-5G11 and Neu5Ac-2D8 yielded the strongest and weakest docking interactions with affinity values of −5.9 kcal/mol and −4.9 kcal/mol, respectively. Hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions were predicted to be the predominant noncovalent forces observed between the ccombodies and sialic acid. This study demonstrates that glycan-binding VLRBs from hagfish hold promise in augmenting the glycobiologists’ toolkit in investigating the roles of glycans in human and animal health and disease.
Behavioral Inhibition and Social Competence Through the Eyes of Parent and Teacher Informants
Authors: Fleece Hailey , Teglasi Hedwig
Published: November 2024

The centrality of social competence to children’s well-being has sparked interest in documenting its correlates and precursors. Behavioral Inhibition (BI) is studied extensively as an early appearing, biologically based, temperamental disposition that places children at increased risk for maladaptive social functioning. Children with BI are characterized by the tendency to react to unfamiliarity or uncertainty with fear and to respond with avoidance or withdrawal, eventuating in missed opportunities to gain social competence (SC). Early interventions that aim to interrupt this negative cycle often rely on parents or teachers to observe BI, but they often disagree in their ratings, raising understudied but basic questions about how to translate the research findings into effective interventions. In this study, parents and teachers rated kindergarteners’ (N = 174) disposition toward fear and shyness, underpinnings of BI and SC. As expected, we found modest overlap in the classification of children into relatively High, Average, and Low BI groups based on parent and teacher ratings. Whereas about 40 percent were classified similarly, about 33 percent were discrepant in their classification by more than one category. Yet, the High BI group was at a social disadvantage (lower SC) compared to the Low BI group, even when the comparison groups only included children whose classification was discrepant. In line with the Realistic Accuracy Model of person perception, we describe a context/informant-specific conceptualization of the BI–SC connection with implications for intervention.