bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Oxygen-Containing Groups on Pd/C in the Catalytic Hydrogenation of Acetophenone and Phenylacetylene
Authors: You Pengyao , Wu Liming , Zhou Lu , Xu Yong , Qin Ruixuan
Published: August 2024

Pd/C catalysts play a pivotal role in contemporary chemical industries due to their exceptional performance in diverse hydrogenation processes and organic reactions. Over the past century, researchers have extensively explored the factors influencing Pd/C catalyst performance, particularly emphasizing the impact of oxygen-containing groups through oxidation or reduction modifications. However, most studies use respective Pd/C catalysts to analyze the catalytic reactions of one or a class of chemical bonds (polar or non-polar). This study investigates alterations in Pd/C catalysts during temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and evaluates the hydrogenation activity of unsaturated polar bonds (C=O, acetophenone) and non-polar bonds (C≡C, phenylacetylene) in Pd/C catalysts. The experimental results indicate that the reduction of Pd/C decreases the content of oxygen-containing groups, reducing hydrogenation activity for acetophenone but increasing it for phenylacetylene. This research highlights the preference of regular Pd surfaces for non-polar bond reactions and the role of Pd/oxide sites in facilitating polar bond hydrogenation. These discoveries offer essential insights into how oxygen-containing groups influence catalytic performance and allow us to propose potential avenues for enhancing the design and production of Pd/C catalysis.
Efficient and Robust Photodegradation of Dichlorvos Pesticide by BiOBr/WO2.72 Nanocomposites with Type-I Heterojunction under Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Meng Aoyun , Li Wen , Li Zhen , Zhang Jinfeng
Published: August 2024

In this study, we developed novel BiOBr/WO2.72 nanocomposites (abbreviated as BO/WO) and systematically investigated their photocatalytic degradation performance against the pesticide dichlorvos under visible light irradiation. The experimental results demonstrated that the BO/WO nanocomposites achieved an 85.4% degradation of dichlorvos within 80 min. In comparison, the BO alone achieved a degradation degree of 66.8%, and the WO achieved a degradation degree of 64.7%. Furthermore, the BO/WO nanocomposites retained 96% of their initial activity over five consecutive cycles, demonstrating exceptional stability. Advanced characterization techniques, such as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) confirmed the composition and catalytic mechanism of the composite material. The findings indicated that the BO/WO nanocomposites, through their optimized Type-I heterojunction structure, achieved efficient separation and transport of photogenerated electron–hole pairs, significantly enhancing the degree of degradation of organophosphate pesticides. This research not only propels the development of high-performance photocatalytic materials, but also provides innovative strategies and a robust scientific foundation for mitigating global organophosphate pesticide pollution, underscoring its substantial potential for environmental remediation.
Biodiesel Synthesis from Coconut Oil Using the Ash of Citrus limetta Peels as a Renewable Heterogeneous Catalyst
Authors: Kaushik Priyal , Kaur Gurmeet , Hasan Imran
Published: August 2024

The synthesis of biodiesel can be achieved using either homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts. Given the non-renewable nature of homogeneous catalysts, heterogeneous catalysts are increasingly preferred for biodiesel production. Agricultural wastes serve as a viable source for these heterogeneous catalysts, contributing to environmental sustainability. This study introduces a novel, eco-friendly, cost-effective, and efficient heterogeneous catalyst that was developed and derived from Citrus limetta peels for biodiesel production. The catalyst was thoroughly characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractograms (XRD), Field Emission Scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). Coconut oil, a rich and renewable resource, was used as the feedstock for the biodiesel synthesis. The conversion process was confirmed by 1H NMR, IR spectra, mass spectra, and 13C NMR of the biodiesel. The developed method using the Citrus limetta peel-derived catalyst demonstrated a 100% yield. The results show the optimum conditions for biodiesel synthesis are 1 w/v (for the catalytical dose), with a 6:1 methanol/oil ratio at 60 °C for 3 h. The synthesized biodiesel exhibited a high cetane value of 54, contributing to improved ignition and reduced engine noise. Its sulfur-free composition, boiling point of 294 °C, high viscosity of 2.5 mm2/s, acid value of 0.09 mgKOH/g, and flash point of 142 °C enhance its environmental profile. The catalyst can be used for up to five cycles, underscoring its potential as a cost-effective and sustainable approach for biodiesel production.
Design and Performance of CuNi-rGO and Ag-CuNi-rGO Composite Electrodes for Use in Fuel Cells
Authors: Shaban Mohamed , Mohamed Aya , Kordy Mohamed G. M. , AlMohamadi Hamad , Eissa M. F. , Hamdy Hany
Published: August 2024

This work developed new electrocatalysts for direct alcohol oxidation fuel cells (DAFCs) by using graphene and reduced graphene oxides (GO and rGO) as supporting nanomaterials for copper–nickel (CuNi) nanocomposites. The manufacture of CuNi, CuNi-GO, and CuNi-rGO nanocomposites was realized through the adaptation of Hummer’s method and hydrothermal techniques, with subsequent analysis using a range of analytical tools. The electrocatalytic behavior of these materials in DAFCs, with methanol and ethanol as the fuels, was scrutinized through various methods, including cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. This investigation also assessed the stability and charge transfer dynamics. The rGO-based CuNi nanocomposite demonstrated a remarkable performance boost, showing increases of approximately 319.6% for methanol and 252.6% for ethanol oxidation compared to bare CuNi. The integration of silver nanoparticles into the Ag-CuNi-rGO electrode led to a current density surge to 679.3 mA/g, which signifies enhancements of 254.2% and 812.6% relative to the CuNi-rGO and CuNi electrodes, respectively. These enhancements are ascribed to the augmented densities of hot sites and the synergistic interactions within the nanocatalysts. The findings underscore the potential of Ag and rGO as effective supports for CuNi nanocomposites, amplifying their catalytic efficiency in DAFC applications.
Biodiesel Production from Waste Frying Oil (WFO) Using a Biomass Ash-Based Catalyst
Authors: Nahuelcura Benjamín , González María Eugenia , Gutierrez Nicolas , Ñanculeo Jaime , Romero-García Juan Miguel
Published: August 2024

Biodiesel, an eco-friendly alternative to conventional fossil fuels, offers reduced emissions like carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, and soot. This study explores biodiesel production from a blend of waste oils using a novel biomass-based catalyst derived from the bottom ash of a biomass boiler. Catalyst synthesis involved wet impregnation, a unique approach using previously unreported bottom ash. Characterization via SEM-EDS, BET, FTIR, and XRD revealed its composition and structure. Optimization of biodiesel production involved assessing alcohol molar ratio, catalyst concentration, and reaction time, achieving a maximum FAME concentration of 95% under specific conditions. Blending residual palm oil with waste frying oil enhanced biodiesel properties, demonstrating a maximum FAME concentration at specific catalyst concentration (8%), molar ratio (1:10), and reaction time (2 h). Catalyst reusability, up to three cycles without significant yield variation, showcased its sustainability. The catalyst, primarily composed of calcium, a characteristic biomass bottom ash component, exhibited mesoporous features. Impregnation with eggshells not only altered composition but also ensured a uniform particle size distribution. FTIR and XRD analyses indicated calcium in hydroxide and crystallized forms. Effective catalyst separation methods included decanting or water washing, with optimal biodiesel purity achieved through 3% phosphoric acid washing at 60 °C. Various recovery methods were assessed, highlighting hexane washing as the most efficient, enabling up to three catalyst reuse cycles without substantial efficiency loss.
The Importance of Suppressing Pathological Periostin Splicing Variants with Exon 17 in Both Stroma and Cancer
Authors: Shibata Kana , Koibuchi Nobutaka , Sanada Fumihiro , Katsuragi Naruto , Kanemoto Yuko , Tsunetoshi Yasuo , Ikebe Shoji , Yamamoto Koichi , Morishita Ryuichi , Shimazu Kenzo , Taniyama Yoshiaki
Published: August 2024

Background: Periostin (POSTN) is a type of matrix protein that functions by binding to other matrix proteins, cell surface receptors, or other molecules, such as cytokines and proteases. POSTN has four major splicing variants (PN1–4), which are primarily expressed in fibroblasts and cancer. We have reported that we should inhibit pathological POSTN (PN1–3), but not physiological POSTN (PN4). In particular, pathological POSTN with exon 17 is present in both stroma and cancer, but it is unclear whether the stroma or cancer pathological POSTN should be suppressed. Methods and Results: We transplanted 4T1 cells (breast cancer) secreting POSTN with exon 17 into 17KO mice lacking POSTN exon 17 to suppress stromal POSTN with exon 17. The results show that 17KO mice had smaller primary tumors and fewer metastases. Furthermore, to suppress cancer POSTN with exon 17, 4T1 cells transfected with POSTN exon 17 skipping oligo or control oligo were transplanted from the tail vein into the lungs. The results show that POSTN exon 17 skipping oligo significantly suppressed lung metastasis. Conclusions: These findings suggest that it is important to suppress POSTN exon 17 in both stroma and cancer. Antibody targeting POSTN exon 17 may be a therapeutic candidate for breast cancer.
The Combination of Decellularized Cartilage and Amniotic Membrane Matrix Enhances the Production of Extracellular Matrix Elements in Human Chondrocytes
Authors: Rojas-Murillo Antonio , Lara-Arias Jorge , Leija-Gutiérrez Héctor , Franco-Márquez Rodolfo , Moncada-Saucedo Nidia Karina , Guzmán-López Abel , Vilchez-Cavazos Félix , Garza-Treviño Elsa Nancy , Simental-Mendía Mario
Published: August 2024

Articular cartilage lesions are challenging to regenerate, prompting the investigation of novel biomaterial-based therapeutic approaches. Extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived biomaterials are a promising option for this purpose; however, to date, the combination of amniotic membrane (AMM) and articular cartilage (ACM) has not been tested. This study evaluated different concentrations of soluble extracts from the decellularized ECM of amniotic membrane (dAMM) and articular cartilage (dACM), both individually and in combination, to determine their ability to maintain the chondrogenic phenotype in human chondrocytes. After the decellularization process 90–99% of the cellular components were removed, it retains nearly 100% of type 2 collagen and 70% of aggrecan (ACAN) for dACM, and approximately 90% of type IV collagen and 75% of ACAN for dAMM. The biological activity of soluble extracts from dACM and dAMM were evaluated on human chondrocytes. After 72 h, 1.5 mg/mL of dACM and 6 mg/mL of dAMM significantly increased (p < 0.05) the proliferation and expression of SOX9 and ACAN. Also, the combination of both (1.5 mg/mL dACM and 6 mg/mL dAMM) showed synergistic effects, enhancing chondrocyte proliferation, maintaining chondrogenic lineage, and increasing the production of cartilage ECM components, such as COLII (1.5-fold), SOX9 (2-fold), and ACAN (2-fold). These results suggest that the combined use of dACM and dAMM has potential for cartilage regeneration.
Comparative Analysis of Cutting Forces in CNC Milling of MDF: The Role of Tool Coatings, Cutting Speed, and Feed Per Tooth
Authors: Hanincová Luďka , Procházka Jiří , Novák Vít
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the influence of various tool coatings, cutting speeds, and feed per tooth values on cutting forces during the CNC milling of Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF). The coatings tested include reference, TripleSi, Hyperlox, DLC, and lapped coatings. Experiments were conducted using an SCM Morbidelli m100 CNC milling machine under controlled conditions. Cutting speeds were set at 8, 10, and 12 m/s, while feed per tooth values were varied at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mm. Cutting forces were measured using a three-axis piezoelectric dynamometer Kistler, and the data were analyzed to determine the impact of these variables on cutting performance. The results revealed that while cutting speed had a minimal effect on cutting forces, feed per tooth significantly influenced them, with higher values of feed per tooth leading to increased forces. Among the coatings, lapped and TripleSi exhibited the lowest cutting forces, whereas DLC showed the highest. Statistical analysis, including ANOVA and Scheffé tests, confirmed the significant differences between the coatings and highlighted the superior performance of the lapped and TripleSi coatings in reducing cutting forces.
Middle Miocene (Langhian and Lower Serravallian/Badenian) Scallops (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) from the Precious Collections of the Croatian Natural History Museum
Authors: Bošnjak Marija , Mandic Oleg , Sremac Jasenka
Published: August 2024

The Croatian Natural History Museum (CNHM) houses rich fossil collections from the Neogene deposits of Northern Croatia, comprising numerous scallops (Bivalvia: Pectinidae). During the Middle Miocene (Badenian = Langhian and early Serravallian), this region was located at the southwestern margin of the Central Paratethys. The value of the CNHM’s historical collections has been presented through taxonomic revisions and biostratigraphic, paleoenvironmental and paleogeographic study. Methods included the cross-checking of specimens from museum boxes with all available published data, systematic revision of scallops, recording the abundance of each taxon, defining the preservation state of the specimens, measuring the morphometric elements and taking photographs of each specimen. After the conducted revision of 624 specimens, the number of registered taxa in the collections was reduced from 52 to 33, and their stratigraphic distribution has been updated. The species Lissochlamys excisa (Bronn, 1831) has been recorded for the first time at the southwestern part of the Central Paratethys. The southernmost Badenian record of Delectopecten vitreus (Gmelin, 1791) known so far has been described. Six types of pectinid habitats have been distinguished, based on the provided paleontological and lithological data, also estimating the scallops’ abundance in each of them. Bioerosion and encrustation traces on scallops’ shells represent an additional contribution to paleoecological studies.
Microclimatic Growth Rates of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans under Current and Future Climates: A Very High Spatial Resolution SDM for Bsal and Salamandra salamandra (Linnaeus, 1758) within Forest Habitats of the European Hotspot Area
Authors: Deiß Felix , Ginal Philipp , Rödder Dennis
Published: August 2024

Chytridiomycosis is one of the greatest threats to the diversity of amphibians worldwide. Caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), it plays a decisive role in species declines. Bsal is particularly harmful to the European fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra), causing ulcerations, anorexia and ataxia, which ultimately lead to death. While most studies have focused on the geographic expansion of the pathogen, there is little high-resolution information available. Therefore, we chose a three-step approach in this study: We (I) used a mechanistic distribution model to project the microclimatic growth rate of Bsal within its invasive range on a spatially very high resolution (25 m). We (II) used a correlative distribution model to predict the potential distribution of S. salamandra and (III) applied n-dimensional hypervolumes to quantify the realized microclimatic niches of both species and examine their overlaps. We estimated future trends based on comparisons among three climate scenarios, the current microclimatic conditions and a +2 °C and +4 °C global mean temperature scenario. We demonstrated that Bsal finds suitable growth conditions everywhere within our study area, thus putting S. salamandra at high risk. However, climate change could lead to less suitable thermal conditions for Bsal, possibly providing a loophole for S. salamandra.
AI-Enhanced ECG Applications in Cardiology: Comprehensive Insights from the Current Literature with a Focus on COVID-19 and Multiple Cardiovascular Conditions
Authors: Nechita Luiza Camelia , Nechita Aurel , Voipan Andreea Elena , Voipan Daniel , Debita Mihaela , Fulga Ana , Fulga Iuliu , Musat Carmina Liana
Published: August 2024

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in electrocardiography is revolutionizing cardiology and providing essential insights into the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. This comprehensive review explores AI-enhanced ECG (AI-ECG) applications in risk prediction and diagnosis of heart diseases, with a dedicated chapter on COVID-19-related complications. Introductory concepts on AI and machine learning (ML) are explained to provide a foundational understanding for those seeking knowledge, supported by examples from the literature and current practices. We analyze AI and ML methods for arrhythmias, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, mortality prediction, cardiomyopathy, mitral regurgitation, hypertension, pulmonary embolism, and myocardial infarction, comparing their effectiveness from both medical and AI perspectives. Special emphasis is placed on AI applications in COVID-19 and cardiology, including detailed comparisons of different methods, identifying the most suitable AI approaches for specific medical applications and analyzing their strengths, weaknesses, accuracy, clinical relevance, and key findings. Additionally, we explore AI’s role in the emerging field of cardio-oncology, particularly in managing chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity and detecting cardiac masses. This comprehensive review serves as both an insightful guide and a call to action for further research and collaboration in the integration of AI in cardiology, aiming to enhance precision medicine and optimize clinical decision-making.
YOLOv8-Based System for Nail Capillary Detection on a Single-Board Computer
Authors: Tuncer Seda Arslan , Yildirim Muhammed , Tuncer Taner , Mülayim Mehmet Kamil
Published: August 2024

Nail capillaroscopic examination is an inexpensive and easily applicable method to identify capillary morphological changes in patients with conditions such as systemic sclerosis and Raynaud’s. The detection of changes in capillaries makes an important contribution to diagnosing these diseases. Capillary morphology is important in the symptoms of these diseases, and capillary diameter, visibility, distribution, length, microbleeds, blood flow, and density are important indicators in capillaroscopic evaluation. Manual examination to determine these parameters is subjective, causes inconsistent results, and is labor-intensive and time-consuming. To overcome these problems, a YOLOv8s-based system was proposed in this paper to detect the number, thickness, and density of capillaries in the nail bed. The system’s components include database systems that store the analysis results, artificial intelligence-based software that runs on the SBC (Single-Board Computer), and recorded microscope images. mAP and F1_score parameters were used to evaluate the system’s performance, and values of 0.882 and 0.83 were obtained. The proposed system is promising in improving the diagnosis process of diseases such as systemic sclerosis and Raynaud’s by providing objective measurements and the early diagnosis and monitoring of diseases.
The Diagnosis of Wilkie’s Syndrome Associated with Nutcracker Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Abenavoli Ludovico , Imoletti Felice , Quero Giuseppe , Bottino Valentina , Facciolo Viviana , Scarlata Giuseppe Guido Maria , Luzza Francesco , Laganà Domenico
Published: August 2024

Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome or Wilkie’s syndrome is a vascular compression disorder that causes the abnormal compression of the third portion of the duodenum by the SMA. It has a low incidence rate, which is higher in young women, and is rarely associated with the Nutcracker phenomenon: a condition of the compression of the left renal vein between the SMA and the aorta, which manifests as pain in the left flank and pelvis. Here, we report on the case of a 54-year-old woman with a history of repeated episodes of abdominal pain caused by the Nutcracker syndrome and Wilkie’s syndrome.
Ceramides—Emerging Biomarkers of Lipotoxicity in Obesity, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Inflammation
Authors: Delcheva Ginka , Stefanova Katya , Stankova Teodora
Published: August 2024

Abnormalities in lipid homeostasis have been associated with many human diseases, and the interrelation between lipotoxicity and cellular dysfunction has received significant attention in the past two decades. Ceramides (Cers) are bioactive lipid molecules that serve as precursors of all complex sphingolipids. Besides their function as structural components in cell and mitochondrial membranes, Cers play a significant role as key mediators in cell metabolism and are involved in numerous cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, and induction of apoptosis. The accumulation of various ceramides in tissues causes metabolic and cellular disturbances. Recent studies suggest that Cer lipotoxicity has an important role in obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In humans, elevated plasma ceramide levels are associated with insulin resistance and impaired cardiovascular and metabolic health. In this review, we summarize the role of ceramides as key mediators of lipotoxicity in obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammation and their potential as a promising diagnostic tool.
The Vulnerability Relationship Prediction Research for Network Risk Assessment
Authors: Jiao Jian , Li Wenhao , Guo Dongchao
Published: August 2024

Network risk assessment should include the impact of the relationship between vulnerabilities, in order to conduct a more in-depth and comprehensive assessment of vulnerabilities and network-related risks. However, the impact of extracting the relationship between vulnerabilities mainly relies on manual processes, which are subjective and inefficient. To address these issues, this paper proposes a dual-layer knowledge representation model that combines various attributes and structural information of entities. This article first constructs a vulnerability knowledge graph and proposes a two-layer knowledge representation learning model based on it. Secondly, in order to more accurately assess the actual risk of vulnerabilities in specific networks, this paper proposes a vulnerability risk calculation model based on impact relationships, which realizes the risk assessment and ranking of vulnerabilities in specific network scenarios. Finally, based on the research on automatic prediction of the impact relationship between vulnerabilities, this paper proposes a new Bayesian attack graph network risk assessment model for inferring the possibility of device intrusion in the network. The experimental results show that the model proposed in this study outperforms traditional evaluation methods in relationship prediction tasks, demonstrating its efficiency and accuracy in complex network environments. This model achieves efficient resource utilization by simplifying training parameters and reducing the demand for computing resources. In addition, this method can quantitatively evaluate the success probability of attacking specific devices in the network topology, providing risk assessment and defense strategy support for network security managers.
Leveraging Off-the-Shelf WiFi for Contactless Activity Monitoring
Authors: Zhu Zixuan , Liu Wei , Zhang Hao , Lu Jinhu
Published: August 2024

Monitoring human activities, such as walking, falling, and jumping, provides valuable information for personalized health assistants. Existing solutions require the user to carry/wear certain smart devices to capture motion/audio data, use a high-definition camera to record video data, or deploy dedicated devices to collect wireless data. However, none of these solutions are widely adopted for reasons such as discomfort, privacy, and overheads. Therefore, an effective solution to provide non-intrusive, secure, and low-cost human activity monitoring is needed. In this study, we developed a contactless human activity monitoring system that utilizes channel state information (CSI) of the existing ubiquitous WiFi signals. Specifically, we deployed a low-cost commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) router as a transmitter and reused a desktop equipped with an Intel WiFi Link 5300 NIC as a receiver, allowing us to obtain CSI data that recorded human activities. To remove the outliers and ambient noise existing in raw CSI signals, an integrated filter consisting of Hampel, wavelet, and moving average filters was designed. Then, a new metric based on kurtosis and standard deviation was designed to obtain an optimal set of subcarriers that is sensitive to all target activities from the candidate 30 subcarriers. Finally, we selected a group of features, including time- and frequency-domain features, and trained a classification model to recognize different indoor human activities. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system can achieve a mean accuracy of above 93%, even in the face of a long sensing distance.
Utility Maximization for the IRS-Assisted Wireless Powered Communication Network with Multiple Service Providers
Authors: Sun Xinge , Li Kangbai , Cui Miao , Zhang Guangchi
Published: August 2024

We consider a multi-device wireless-powered communication network, where an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is deployed to assist the wireless energy transfer (WET) from the power station (PS) to the information transmitter (IT) and the wireless information transfer (WIT) from the IT to the devices. The IRS, IT, and PS belong to different service providers, where the PS receives revenue from the IT for WET and pays fees to its energy source and the IRS, and the IT receives revenue from the devices for WIT and pays fees to the PS and the IRS. We model the interactions between the IT and the PS through a Stackelberg game and aim to achieve a win-win situation between them in terms of utility. Specifically, we solve a follower problem that maximizes the utility of the PS by jointly optimizing the IRS reflection coefficients and the transmit power of the PS, and a leader problem that maximizes the utility of the IT by jointly optimizing the energy price, the transmit power allocation of the IT, and the time allocation as well as the IRS reflection coefficients in the WET and WIT phases. The results show that, by deploying IRS, it is possible to effectively enhance the signal strength and thus increase the revenue of the system, and by using Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), the performance of the system is greatly improved by coordinating the timing of the reception of the signal by each device.
Applications of Deep Learning Techniques
Authors: Ding Junhua , Chen Haihua , Feng Yunhe , Hossain Tozammel
Published: August 2024

Since the emergence of “deep neural networks (DNNs)”, several deep learning [...]
Attack-Aware Security Function Chaining
Authors: Iffländer Lukas , Beierlieb Lukas , Kounev Samuel
Published: August 2024

Cyberattacks have become more frequent and more violent in recent years. To date, defensive infrastructure has been relatively static, and security functions are usually placed in a common order that does not depend on the current situation. We propose the concept of attack-aware Security Service Function Chain reordering. The idea is to change the order of security functions depending on the malicious traffic observed. We present the basic idea, evaluate the impact of the function chain order, and introduce a framework for function chain reordering. Our evaluation shows that the order often has a significant impact on the performance of the security function chain and that there is no single order that outperforms all other orders in every situation. The proposed proof-of-concept framework successfully validates the feasibility of attack-aware security function chain reordering, and we propose additional extensions to eliminate the remaining deficiencies.
Designing a Scalable and Area-Efficient Hardware Accelerator Supporting Multiple PQC Schemes
Authors: Jung Heonhui , Oh Hyunyoung
Published: August 2024

This study introduces a hardware accelerator to support various Post-Quantum Cryptosystem (PQC) schemes, addressing the quantum computing threat to cryptographic security. PQCs, while more secure, also bring significant computational demands, which are especially problematic for lightweight devices. Previous hardware accelerators are typically scheme-specific, which is inefficient given the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)’s multiple finalists. Our approach focuses on the shared operations among these schemes, allowing a single design to accelerate multiple candidate PQCs at the same time. This is further enhanced by allocating resources according to performance profiling results. Our compact, scalable hardware accelerator supports four of NIST PQC finalists, achieving an area efficiency of up to 81.85% compared to the current state-of-the-art multi-scheme accelerator while supporting twice as many schemes. The design demonstrates average throughput improvements ranging from 0.97× to 35.97× across the four schemes and their main operations, offering an efficient solution for implementing multiple PQC schemes within constrained hardware environments.
Feasibility of Food Organics and Garden Organics as a Promising Source of Biomethane: A Review on Process Optimisation and Impact of Nanomaterials
Authors: Mitra Shweta , Kaparaju Prasad
Published: August 2024

Anaerobic digestion (AD) of food waste (FW) is considered an environmentally sustainable process that can divert the disposal of FW to landfill and prevent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in managing the FW. Although several studies have attempted to demonstrate the AD of FW, low methane yields and a high incidence of process instability have been reported due to the rapid generation and accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). This paper reviews the recent research and development with high variation in FW composition, such as the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio and, consequently, the effect of its physicochemical composition on process performance and methane yields. The paper highlights the significance of optimizing the anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) of FW with carbon-rich substrates such as garden waste (GW) and/or the addition of trace elements as strategies that can improve the process performance and methane yields from FW. This review focuses on the factors effecting the feasibility of food organics and garden organics (FOGO) as a substrate for methane production. The review also critically analyses the prospects of enhancement of biomethane yield by optimizations of the impactful parameters. The progress in research related to these methods and identifying existing limitations to efficient AD of FOGO are the key findings of this review. This review also assesses the impact of nanotechnology on the process performance of the digester. The integration of FO and GO in AD processes has demonstrated enhanced biogas yields, improved process stability, and better waste management outcomes compared to the digestion of either substrate alone. Despite these advantages, challenges such as feedstock variability, process optimization, and the need for advanced pretreatment methods remain. Addressing these issues through continued research and technological innovations will be crucial for maximizing the efficiency and scalability of AD systems. Moreover, the economic feasibility and policy frameworks supporting AD need further development to promote broader adoption.
Progress of Gas Injection EOR Surveillance in the Bakken Unconventional Play—Technical Review and Machine Learning Study
Authors: Zhao Jin , Jin Lu , Yu Xue , Azzolina Nicholas A. , Wan Xincheng , Smith Steven A. , Bosshart Nicholas W. , Sorensen James A. , Ling Kegang
Published: August 2024

Although considerable laboratory and modeling activities were performed to investigate the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) mechanisms and potential in unconventional reservoirs, only limited research has been reported to investigate actual EOR implementations and their surveillance in fields. Eleven EOR pilot tests that used CO2, rich gas, surfactant, water, etc., have been conducted in the Bakken unconventional play since 2008. Gas injection was involved in eight of these pilots with huff ‘n’ puff, flooding, and injectivity operations. Surveillance data, including daily production/injection rates, bottomhole injection pressure, gas composition, well logs, and tracer testing, were collected from these tests to generate time-series plots or analytics that can inform operators of downhole conditions. A technical review showed that pressure buildup, conformance issues, and timely gas breakthrough detection were some of the main challenges because of the interconnected fractures between injection and offset wells. The latest operation of co-injecting gas, water, and surfactant through the same injection well showed that these challenges could be mitigated by careful EOR design and continuous reservoir monitoring. Reservoir simulation and machine learning were then conducted for operators to rapidly predict EOR performance and take control actions to improve EOR outcomes in unconventional reservoirs.
Multi-Scenario-Based Strategic Deployment of Electric Vehicle Ultra-Fast Charging Stations in a Radial Distribution Network
Authors: Nandi Sharmistha , Ghatak Sriparna Roy , Acharjee Parimal , Lopes Fernando
Published: August 2024

In the present work, a strategic multi-scenario EV ultra-fast charging station (CS) planning framework is designed to provide advantages to charging station owners, Distribution Network Operators, and EV owners. Locations of CSs are identified using zonal division and the Voltage Stability Index strategy. The number of chargers is determined using the Harris Hawk Optimization (HHO) technique while minimizing the installation, operational costs of CS, and energy loss costs considering all the power system security constraints. To ensure a realistic planning model, uncertainties in EV charging behavior and electricity prices are managed through the 2m-Point Estimate Method. This method produces multiple scenarios of uncertain parameters, which effectively represent the actual dataset, thereby facilitating comprehensive multi-scenario planning. This study incorporates annual EV and system load growth in a long-term planning model of ten years, ensuring the distribution network meets future demand for sustainable transportation infrastructure. The proposed research work is tested on a 33-bus distribution network and a 51-bus real Indian distribution network. To evaluate the financial and environmental benefits of the planning, a cost-benefit analysis in terms of the Return-on-Investment index and a carbon emission analysis are performed, respectively. Furthermore, to prove the efficacy of the HHO technique, the results are compared with several existing algorithms.
Electrical Transients in Industrial Facilities
Authors: Kovács Attila , Somogyiné Molnár Judit , Jármai Károly
Published: August 2024

It is essential to protect control, regulation and data storage units used in automated robotic manufacturing from the consequences of harmful electrical grid harmonics. In this paper, the effectiveness of active/passive harmonic filters built into LED lamps, test benches, and industrial robots was investigated (in the latter two cases, light and heavy load states were applied). Based on network analysis, it was found that the built-in passive harmonic filters of the luminaries were ineffective because the THD of the current was approximately two or three times the permissible value according to the IEEE 519-2022 standard. It was proved that the built-in active harmonic filter of the test bench at a heavy load worked properly, but at a light load it was not effective, while the magnitude of harmonic distortion of the industrial robot exceeded the allowed level (three times the limit at a light load, seven times the limit at a heavy load). Further measurements were also performed at three locations: an engineering room, a gearbox house machine tool, and an office room (where there were no built-in filters). The results proved that in each case, there was a significant exceedance of the limit value. Therefore, protection against harmonics needs to be installed, and then the measurements must be repeated.
Impacts and Countermeasures of Present-Day Stress State and Geological Conditions on Coal Reservoir Development in Shizhuang South Block, Qinshui Basin
Authors: Men Xinyang , Tao Shu , Chen Shida , Wu Heng , Zhang Bin
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the reservoir physical properties, present-day stress, hydraulic fracturing, and production capacity of No. 3 coal in the Shizhuang south block, Qinshui Basin. It analyzes the control of in situ stress on permeability and hydraulic fracturing, as well as the influence of geo-engineering parameters on coalbed methane (CBM) production capacity. Presently, the direction of maximum horizontal stress is northeast–southwest, with local variations. The stress magnitude increases with burial depth, while the stress gradient decreases. The stress field of strike-slip faults is dominant and vertically continuous. The stress field of normal faults is mostly found at depths greater than 800 m, whereas the stress field of reverse faults is typically found at depths shallower than 700 m. Permeability, ranging from 0.003 to 1.08 mD, is controlled by in situ stress and coal texture, both of which vary significantly with tectonics. Hydraulic fracturing design should consider variations in stress conditions, pre-existing fractures, depth, structural trends, and coal texture, rather than employing generic schemes. At greater depths, higher pumping rates and treatment pressures are required to reduce fracture complexity and enhance proppant filling efficiency. The Shizhuang south block is divided into five zones based on in situ stress characteristics. Zones III and IV exhibit favorable geological conditions, including high porosity, permeability, and gas content. These zones also benefit from shorter gas breakthrough times, relatively higher gas breakthrough pressures, lower daily water production, and a higher ratio of critical desorption pressure to initial reservoir pressure. Tailored fracturing fluid and proppant programs are proposed for different zones to optimize subsequent CBM development.
SVC Control Strategy for Transient Stability Improvement of Multimachine Power System
Authors: Šešok Anica , Pavić Ivica
Published: August 2024

The increase in renewable energy sources (RESs) in power systems is causing significant changes in their dynamic behavior. To ensure the safe operation of these systems, it is necessary to develop new methods for preserving transient stability that follow the new system dynamics. Fast-response devices such as flexible AC transmission systems (FACTSs) can improve the dynamic response of power systems. One of the most frequently used FACTS devices is the Static Var Compensator (SVC), which can improve a system’s transient stability with a proper control strategy. This paper presents a reactive power control strategy for an SVC using synchronized voltage phasor measurements and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to improve the transient stability of a multimachine power system. The PSO algorithm is based on the sensitivity analysis of bus voltage amplitudes and angles to the reactive power of the SVC. It determines the SVC reactive power required for damping active power oscillations of synchronous generators in fault conditions. The sensitivity coefficients can be determined in advance for the characteristic switching conditions of the influential part of the transmission network, and with the application of the PSO algorithm, enable quick and efficient finding of a satisfactory solution. This relatively simple and fast algorithm can be applied in real time. The proposed control strategy is tested on the IEEE 14-bus system using DIgSILENT PowerFactory. The simulation results show that an SVC with the proposed control strategy effectively minimizes the rotor angle oscillations of generators after large disturbances.
Soil Erosion Risk Analysis in the Ría de Arosa (Pontevedra, Spain) Using the RUSLE and GIS Techniques
Authors: Nieto Carlos E. , Martínez-Graña Antonio Miguel , Merchán Leticia
Published: August 2024

Soil erosion in coastal areas, driven by global change and human activity, poses a significant threat to ecological and economic stability. This research investigates water erosion in the southeast of the Ría de Arosa (Pontevedra, Spain), utilizing the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation model and Geographic Information System technologies. Key factors analyzed include rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, topography, land cover, and conservation practices. High-resolution maps (1 × 1 m pixels) identified areas at high risk of erosion. Vulnerable zones, such as coastal cliffs and vineyards, show severe erosion rates exceeding 50 t/ha/year (>5 mm/year), with the most extreme zones reaching up to 200 t/ha/year (>200 mm/year). These results emphasize that intervention could be required or recommended. Suggested measures include reforestation, effective agricultural land management, or the implementation of vegetative barriers to reduce erosion. These areas, characterized by steep slopes and sparse vegetation, are particularly susceptible to soil loss, necessitating specific conservation efforts. The results underscore the need for sustainable coastal management practices and preventive strategies to protect this vulnerable coastal zone. Implementing these measures is crucial to mitigating the impacts of soil erosion, preserving natural resources, and ensuring long-term ecological and economic resilience in the region.
Microbial Degradation of (Micro)plastics: Mechanisms, Enhancements, and Future Directions
Authors: Gao Wei , Xu Mingxuan , Zhao Wanqi , Yang Xiaorui , Xin Fengxue , Dong Weiliang , Jia Honghua , Wu Xiayuan
Published: August 2024

Plastic wastes, widely distributed in the environment, can be transformed into microplastics, posing a huge threat to ecosystems and human health due to their stability and adsorbability to other toxic pollutants (e.g., heavy metals and antibiotics). Recently, microbial degradation of (micro)plastics has gained widespread attention because of its green and sustainable properties. Microbial degradation of (micro)plastics is based on the cascade effects of various enzymes secreted by microorganisms, which can convert (micro)plastics into oligomers and monomers, or even mineralize them into CO2 and H2O. The microbial degradation of (micro)plastics is affected by multiple factors, such as microbial species, plastic properties, and environmental conditions. Currently, limited efficient plastic-degrading microorganisms have been discovered, and their degradation mechanisms are still unclear. Furthermore, the efficiency of microbial degradation needs to be improved for future application. Therefore, this review systematically summarizes the sources and properties of existing plastics, identifies pure cultures and mixed cultures for plastic degradation, and examines their influencing factors. In particular, the microbial degradation behaviors of (micro)plastics, including relevant enzymes, degradation efficiency, and degradation mechanisms, were thoroughly discussed. Additionally, the augmentation technologies coupling with microbial degradation, such as advanced oxidation, electrochemical, and genetic engineering technologies, were introduced and highlighted for their potential prospects. This review provides a reference for future research and development of (micro)plastic biodegradation technology.
Feeding and Nutritional Key Features of Crisponi/Cold-Induced Sweating Syndrome
Authors: Onesimo Roberta , Sforza Elisabetta , Palermo Federica , Giorgio Valentina , Leoni Chiara , Rigante Donato , Trevisan Valentina , Agazzi Cristiana , Limongelli Domenico , Proli Francesco , Kuczynska Eliza Maria , Crisponi Laura , Crisponi Giangiorgio , Zampino Giuseppe
Published: August 2024

Feeding difficulties are constantly present in patients with Crisponi/cold-induced sweating syndrome type 1 (CS/CISS1). The aim of our study was to describe their prevalence and evolution from birth to adult age. We performed an observational study at the Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Rome. Fourteen patients were included in this study (six M; mean age: 18 years; SD: 10.62 years; median age: 15 years; age range: 6–44 years); six were adults (43%). Data on oral motor abilities from birth were collected. Meal duration, presence of swallowing reflex, dysphagia symptoms, difficulty chewing, and drooling management were assessed. At birth, all patients needed enteral feeding. Introduction of solid food was postponed beyond the age of 18 months in 43% of patients. During childhood and adolescence, mealtime was characterized by increased duration (43%) accompanied by fatigue during chewing (43%), food spillage from the nasal cavities (21%), sialorrhea (86%), and poor/reduced appetite (57%). A mature rotatory chewing skill was never achieved. This report expands the phenotype description of CS/CISS1 and also improves the overall management and prevention of complications in this ultra-rare disease.
Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of RopGEF Gene Family in C4 Crops
Authors: Jing Xiuqing , Deng Ning , Cai Yongduo
Published: August 2024

In plants, RopGEF-mediated ROP signaling is pivotal in cellular signaling pathways, including apical growth, pollen germination and perception, intercellular recognition, as well as in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we retrieved a total of 37 RopGEF members from three C4 Crops, of which 11 are from millet, 11 from sorghum, and 15 from maize. Based on their phylogenetic relationships and structural characteristics, all RopGEF members are classified into four subfamilies. The qRT-PCR technique was utilized to evaluate the expression profiles of 11 SiRopGEFs across different tissues in foxtail millet. The findings indicated that the majority of the SiRopGEFs exhibited higher expression levels in leaves as opposed to roots and stems. The levels of expression of SiRopGEF genes were examined in response to abiotic stress and plant hormones. SiRopGEF1, SiRopGEF5, SiRopGEF6, and SiRopGEF8 showed significant induction under abiotic stresses such as salt, cold, and heat. On the other hand, SiRopGEF1, SiRopGEF2, and SiRopGEF7 were consistently upregulated, while SiRopGEF3, SiRopGEF4, SiRopGEF6, SiRopGEF9, and SiRopGEF10 were downregulated upon exposure to abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA), and gibberellic acid (GA3) hormones. The alterations in the expression patterns of RopGEF members imply their potential functions in plant growth and development, abiotic stress response, and hormone signal transduction. These discoveries suggest that the RopGEF genes may function as a potential genetic marker to facilitate future studies in elucidating the functional characteristics of RopGEFs.