bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal variations in international air travel: implications for modelling the spread of infectious diseases
Authors: Wardle Jack , Bhatia Sangeeta , Cori Anne , Nouvellet Pierre
Published: February 2024

Background

The international flight network creates multiple routes by which pathogens can quickly spread across the globe. In the early stages of infectious disease outbreaks, analyses using flight passenger data to identify countries at risk of importing the pathogen are common and can help inform disease control efforts. A challenge faced in this modelling is that the latest aviation statistics (referred to as contemporary data) are typically not immediately available. Therefore, flight patterns from a previous year are often used (referred to as historical data). We explored the suitability of historical data for predicting the spatial spread of emerging epidemics.

Methods

We analysed monthly flight passenger data from the International Air Transport Association to assess how baseline air travel patterns were affected in outbreaks of MERS, Zika, and SARS-CoV-2 over the past decade. We then used a stochastic discrete time SEIR metapopulation model to simulate global spread of different pathogens, comparing how epidemic dynamics differed in simulations based on historical and contemporary data.

Results

We observed local, short-term disruptions to air travel from South Korea and Brazil for the MERS and Zika outbreaks we studied, whereas global and longer-term flight disruption occurred during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

For outbreak events that were accompanied by local, small, and short-term changes in air travel, epidemic models using historical flight data gave similar projections of timing and locations of disease spread as when using contemporary flight data. However, historical data were less reliable to model the spread of an atypical outbreak such as SARS-CoV-2 in which there were durable and extensive levels of global travel disruption.

Conclusions

The use of historical flight data as a proxy in epidemic models is an acceptable practice except in rare, large epidemics that lead to substantial disruptions to international travel.
A scoping review of online food retail: Who’s using it, what they are buying, and what tactics are used to promote healthy or unhealthy purchases
Authors: Reimold Alexandria E. , Hall Marissa G. , Rummo Pasquale E. , Duffy Emily W. , Gonzalez David , Smith Taillie Lindsey
Published: February 2024

Online grocery shopping is an increasingly common part of the retail food environment. However, existing reviews have yet to synthesize the large swath of online grocery shopping research. We searched seven databases for studies reporting empirical data on online grocery retailing and shopping. Two reviewers screened search results and extracted information from 117 manuscripts containing 122 studies. Most studies were conducted in North America, Europe, and Asia. Younger, highly educated, and higher-income individuals were most likely to use online grocery and time savings, convenience, and website usability were the most common motivators for use. Common deterrents included the inability to pick perishable items and a lack of trust in the in-store shopper. Barriers included delivery and service fees, difficulty navigating online ordering, and limited availability. Individuals were more likely to purchase bulky/heavy items and less likely to purchase impulse items and perishables like fresh produce. The most common online retail promotion was price discounting. However, shoppers reported that marketing tactics seemed less noticeable online compared to brick-and-mortar stores. Online grocery has gained popularity; nevertheless, barriers may reflect inequities in access. Research is needed to further understand how shopping online influences overall food purchases and how to ensure equitable access.
Insights from Single-Cell RNA-seq: Identifying the Actin Gene Family as Novel Drivers in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Sayad Saed , Hiatt Mark , Mustafa Hazem
Published: February 2024

Background

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. The complex etiology of PD involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The Actin family encompasses a group of highly conserved cytoskeletal proteins that play a crucial role in maintaining cellular structure and function. Actin proteins are involved in various cellular processes, including cell motility, vesicle trafficking, and synaptic transmission. This paper delves into the exploration of the Actin family of genes, revealing their potential as key contributors to Parkinson’s Disease through the application of single-cell RNA-seq.

Method

We obtained single-cell transcriptomes (GSE237133) from the NIH portal website. We conducted an extensive comparative analysis of single-cell transcriptomes derived from Parkinson’s disease organoids and two control organoids to identify differentially expressed genes, pathways, and gene ontology terms.

Results

We conducted a comparative analysis of single-cell transcriptomes from Parkinson’s disease organoid and two control organoids, aiming to identify differentially expressed genes, pathways, and gene ontology items. In comparing the PD organoid with the control organoid, we observed that the ACTB and ACTG1 genes were common among 18 of the top 20 upregulated KEGG pathways and among 15 of the top 20 upregulated Reactome pathways. Additionally, when comparing the PD organoid with the isogenic control organoid, we found the ACTB and ACTG1 genes shared among 19 out of the top 20 pathways and among 19 out of the top 20 upregulated Reactome pathways. An additional noteworthy finding includes the overexpression of several “Mitochondrially Encoded NADH” family genes in the PD organoid cells compare to the control organoids cells.

Conclusion

The Actin family of genes in general and ACTB and ACTG1 genes in particular emerges as a potential new player in the convoluted landscape of Parkinson’s disease. Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms through which Actin dysregulation contributes to PD pathology and to develop targeted therapeutic approaches. Unraveling the connections between Actin and PD may pave the way for innovative strategies to intervene in the disease process, ultimately improving the lives of individuals affected by Parkinson’s disease.
Nanoscale dynamics of hydrogen in
VO2
studied by
μSR
Authors: Okabe H. , Hiraishi M. , Koda A. , Matsushita Y. , Ohsawa T. , Ohashi N. , Kadono R.
Published: February 2024

Hydrogen dynamics in the nanoscale region of VO2 was investigated by muon spin rotation/relaxation (μSR) technique. Positively charged muon acts as a light radioisotope of protons and can be used as a probe to explore the inside of materials from an atomic perspective. By analyzing the muon hopping rate and the spatial distribution of the V51 nuclear magnetic moments, we have identified two types of diffusion paths in VO2 (via oxygen-muon bonds or defects) and the potential of a high diffusion coefficient in the 10−10cm2/s range at ambient temperature. Our results provide valuable information for developing hydrogen-driven VO2-related electronic devices.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Plasmonic vortices host magnetoelectric interactions
Authors: Ghosh Atreyie , Yang Sena , Dai Yanan , Liu W. Vincent , Petek Hrvoje
Published: February 2024

The vector E×H and pseudoscalar E·H products of electric and magnetic fields are separately finite in vacuum transverse electric and magnetic (TEM) plane waves, and angular momentum structured light. Current theories of interactions beyond the standard model of particle physics invoke E·H≠0 as the source term in the axion law that describes interactions with the cosmological dark matter axion particles outside of the quartet of Maxwell's equations. E·H≠0 also drives relativistic spin-charge magnetoelectric excitations of axion quasiparticles at a distinctively higher condensed matter scale in magnetic and topological materials. Yet, how to drive coherent E·H response is unknown, and provides motivation to examine the field polarizations in structured light on a deep subdiffraction limited spatial scale and suboptical cycle temporal scale by ultrafast nonlinear photoemission electron microscopy. By analytical theory and ultrafast coherent photoemission electron microscopy, we image E·H fields in surface plasmon polariton vortex cores at subwavelength scales, where we find that the magnetoelectric relative to the dipole density is intensified on an ∼10-nm-diameter scale as a universal property of plasmonic vortex fields. The generation and nanoscale localization of E·H fields introduces the magnetoelectric symmetry class, having the parity P and time reversal T broken, but the joint PT symmetry preserved. The ability to image the optical fields of plasmonic vortex cores opens the research of ultrafast microscopy of magnetoelectric responses and interactions with axion quasiparticles in solid state materials.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Dynamic Allometry of Nuclei in Early Embryos of
Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Fickentscher Rolf , Ozawa Tomoko , Kimura Akatsuki , Weiss Matthias
Published: February 2024

Allometric relations between two observables are a widespread phenomenon in biology. The volume of nuclei, for example, has frequently been reported to scale linearly with cell volume, VN∼VC, but conflicting, sublinear power-law correlations have also been found. Given that nuclei are vital organelles that harbor and maintain the DNA of cells, an understanding of allometric nuclear volumes that ultimately define the concentration and accessibility of chromatin is of great interest. Using the model organism , we show here that the allometry of nuclei is a dynamically adapting phenomenon; i.e., we find VN∼VCα with a time-dependent scaling exponent α (“dynamic allometry”). This finding is due to relaxation growth of nuclear volumes at a rate that scales with cell size. If cell division stops the relaxation of nuclei in a premature stage, α<1 is observed, whereas completion of relaxation yields α=1 (“isometry”). Our experimental data are well captured by a simple and supposedly generic model in which nuclear size is determined by the available membrane area that can be integrated into the nuclear envelope to relax the expansion pressure from decondensed chromatin. Extrapolation of our results to growing and proliferating cells suggests that isometric scaling of cell and nuclear volumes is the generic case.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Development of a smart home suitability indicator and indicative self-assessment platform for the disabled facilities grants (DFGs)
Authors: Oyegoke Adekunle Sabitu , Ajayi Saheed , Abbas Muhammad Azeem , Ogunlana Stephen
Published: February 2024

Purpose

Delay in housing adaptation is a major problem, especially in assessing if homes are suitable for the occupants and in determining if the occupants are qualified for the Disabled Facilities Grant (DFG). This paper describes the development of two self-administered intelligent integrated assessment tools from the DFG Adapt-ABLE system: (1) The Home Suitability Assessment Platform, which is a preventive mechanism that allows assessment of the suitability of homes based on occupants’ mobility status and (2) an indicative assessment platform that determines if the applicants are qualified for the DFG to prevent lengthy delays.

Design/methodology/approach

The adopted method aligned with a development study approach: a grounded literature review, a severity measurement approach, two stakeholder engagement workshops, four brainstorming sessions and four focus group exercises. The system development relied on Entity–Relationship Diagram (ERD) technique for data structures and database systems design. It uses DFG context sensitivity with alignment with DFG guidance, interlinkages and interoperability between the assessment tools and other platforms of the integrated Adapt-ABLE system.

Findings

The assessment tools are client-level outcomes related to accessibility, usability and activity based on the assessment process. The home suitability platform shows the percentage of the suitability of a home with assessment results that suggest appropriate action plans based on individual mobility status. The indicative assessment combines the function of referral, allocation, assessment and test of resources into an integrated platform. This enables timely assessment, decision-making and case-escalation by Occupational Therapists based on needs criteria and the eligibility threshold.

Originality/value

These assessment tools are useful for understanding occupants’ perception of their physical housing environment in terms of accessibility, suitability and usability based on basic activities of daily living and their mobility status. The indicative self-assessment tool will substantially cut down the application journey. The developed tools have been recommended for use in the CSJ Disability Commission report and the UK government Guidance on DFGs for local authorities in England.
Strategies and approaches for delivering sustainable training and professional development of graduate teaching assistants, teaching assistants, and tutors: a scoping review
Authors: Sadera Emma , Suonio Elina E.K. , Chen Joseph Chih-Chien , Herbert Rowan , Hsu Dennis , Bogdan Branka , Kool Bridget
Published: February 2024

Purpose

The aim of this scoping review was to identify key characteristics related to strategies and approaches for delivering sustainable training and professional development (PD) of graduate teaching assistants (GTAs), teaching assistants (TAs), and tutors. While the continuous, coherent and responsive programmes for such training and PD may address needs that are congruent with the needs of other sessional teachers, the literature has not focussed on GTA training and PD that support the longer-term retention of GTAs as sessional teachers.

Design/methodology/approach

In this scoping review, we devised a search strategy to identify literature relating to the key characteristics of strategies and approaches for delivering sustainable GTA training and professional development in higher education settings. We were guided by the frameworks for such reviews developed by Arksey and O’Malley (2005), Levac et al. (2010) and Westphaln et al. (2021). We used PRISMA guidelines to guide our reporting processes, and used thematic analysis practice (Braun and Clarke, 2022) as our analytical approach in order to identify and discuss the key themes.

Findings

We identified that strategies and approaches for delivering sustainable GTA training and PD frame GTAs as future academics and leaders in teaching; provide institutional support and investment in teaching; deliver departmental training; facilitate peer support; provide pedagogical training; implement training strategies; and support the teacher identity of GTAs.

Originality/value

These findings add to the body of research that explores how strategies and approaches for delivering sustainable GTA training and PD address and meet the needs common to all sessional teachers constrained by the precarity of the part-time faculty/academia. While our findings indicate such training and PD enhance the quality of teaching available to university students, this effect is dependent on institutional support and facilitation of peer and faculty networks.
Influence of water physico‐chemical parameters on the spatio‐temporal activity variations of west African waterbirds (fam. Ardeidae)
Authors: Sossou Donald Sèwanou , Adjakpa Jacques Boco , Fiogbé Emile Didier
Published: February 2024

Variations in physico‐chemical parameters of water as abiotic factors affect the spatio‐temporal distributions of the organisms that live in it. The present study aims to determine the influence of physico‐chemical properties on Ardeidae spatio‐temporal variations in the wetland of Ramsar site 1018 in Benin. To reach this goal, transect enumeration techniques and stationary counts lasting 15–30 min were used to count Ardeidae species once a month at different sites such as Nokoué Lake, Sô River, Porto‐Novo Lagoon, Ouémé River and ancient Lagoons from January 2015 to December 2016. Water physico‐chemical parameters were measured at three stations per site during the bird counts. Five of the 12 species recorded monthly were significantly influenced (p < 0.05) by water physico‐chemical parameters. It was then revealed that pH influenced Ardeidae spatial variation. Such information is relevant to the management of Ramsar Site 1018, which hosts migratory waterbird species from Palearctic (Eurasia) every year.
Testing for priority effects of tree plantings on natural regeneration in restoration sites in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: Restrepo‐Carvajal Isabel Cristina , Manhães Adriana Pellegrini , Pantaleão Laura Cristina , de Moraes Luiz Fernando Duarte , Mantuano Dulce Gilson , Sansevero Jerônimo Boelsums Barreto
Published: February 2024

Questions

Our study aims to understand whether priority effects or environmental filters drive community assembly in 20‐year‐old restoration areas in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. For this, we investigated the following questions: (i) does the initial composition of planted communities (distinct combination of ecological groups) affect the natural regeneration regarding functional composition (mean trait values), diversity (functional and taxonomic), and vegetation structure? (ii) Which functional traits of the planted community have the potential to promote or constrain natural regeneration?

Location

The study was carried out in the Poço das Antas Biological Reserve, located in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, in a stand of 2.16 hectares with an experimental restoration design established in the year 2000 to test tree species performance of different ecological groups.

Methods

In 2020, we sampled trees with a diameter at breast height greater than 2.5 cm in 20 m × 20 m plots with four replicates per treatment and measured leaf, wood, and seed functional traits. Then, we estimated the diversity (functional and taxonomic richness), functional composition, and vegetation structure of natural regeneration, compared them between treatments, and tested which traits of the planted community influenced them.

Results

Natural regeneration exhibited significant differences between treatments, particularly regarding the diversity dimension (functional and taxonomic) and vegetation structure (basal area and abundance). Wood density, leaf phosphorus content, and leaf C:N ratio of the planted species were associated with natural regeneration (functional composition, diversity, and vegetation structure).

Conclusions

Priority effects in conservative tree planting communities affect natural regeneration, while functional convergence observed in acquisitive planting communities suggests the role of environmental filtering. Communities with low wood density, low C:N ratio, and high specific leaf area, which characterize an acquisitive resource‐use strategy, exhibited higher functional and taxonomic diversity of natural regeneration, leading to the desired trajectory in ecological restoration.
Copper interaction with cystatin C: effects on protein structure and oligomerization
Authors: Żygowska Justyna , Orlikowska Marta , Zhukov Igor , Bal Wojciech , Szymańska Aneta
Published: February 2024

Human cystatin C (hCC), a small secretory protein, has gained attention beyond its classical role as a cysteine protease inhibitor owing to its potential involvement in neurodegenerative disorders. This study investigates the interaction between copper(II) ions [Cu(II)] and hCC, specifically targeting histidine residues known to participate in metal binding. Through various analytical techniques, including mutagenesis, circular dichroism, fluorescence assays, gel filtration chromatography, and electron microscopy, we evaluated the impact of Cu(II) ions on the structure and oligomerization of hCC. The results show that Cu(II) does not influence the secondary and tertiary structure of the studied hCC variants but affects their stability. To explore the Cu(II)‐binding site, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X‐ray studies were conducted. NMR experiments revealed notable changes in signal intensities and linewidths within the region 86His‐Asp‐Gln‐Pro‐His90, suggesting its involvement in Cu(II) coordination. Both histidine residues from this fragment were found to serve as a primary anchor of Cu(II) in solution, depending on the structural context and the presence of other Cu(II)‐binding agents. The presence of Cu(II) led to significant destabilization and altered thermal stability of the wild‐type and H90A variant, confirming differentiation between His residues in Cu(II) binding. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the interaction between Cu(II) and hCC, elucidating the impact of copper ions on protein stability and identifying potential Cu(II)‐binding residues. Understanding these interactions enhances our knowledge of the role of copper in neurodegenerative disorders and may facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies targeting copper‐mediated processes in protein aggregation and associated pathologies.
Survival rates of wild and released White‐rumped Vultures (Gyps bengalensis), and their implications for conservation of vultures in Nepal
Authors: Mallord John W. , Bhusal Krishna P. , Joshi Ankit B. , Karki Bikalpa , Chaudhary Ishwari P. , Chapagain Devendra , Thakuri Deelip C. , Rana Deu B. , Galligan Toby H. , Requena Susana , Bowden Christopher G. R. , Green Rhys E.
Published: February 2024

Beginning in the mid‐1990s, populations of three species of Gyps vultures declined by more than 97% in South Asia in little more than a decade, caused by unintentional poisoning by the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac. This led to a ban on the veterinary use of the drug, and establishment of conservation breeding programmes, throughout the region. Once much of Nepal had been confirmed as being free from diclofenac, beginning in 2017 White‐rumped Vultures Gyps bengalensis were released from the captive breeding population. A total of 99 birds (n = 50 wild and n = 49 released) were fitted with GPS transmitters between 2017 and 2022 and monitored daily. Tag fixes suggesting death or ill‐health were followed up and dead vultures were retrieved for post‐mortem analysis. The estimated annual survival of wild adult vultures was 0.974 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.910–0.997), while that of wild subadults was 0.880 (95% CI 0.721–0.966). Survival rates of released birds were lower than those of wild birds, being 0.644 (95% CI 0.490–0.778) for adults and 0.758 (95% CI 0.579–0.887) for subadults. Post‐mortem analysis of dead vultures indicated several possible causes of death, including predation, infection and electrocution. There was no evidence that any birds died of NSAID poisoning. The high survival rates of wild birds, especially adults, and the lack of evidence for NSAID‐caused mortality, suggest that vulture habitat in the Nepal Vulture Safe Zone is free from diclofenac and that other hazards are sufficiently infrequent to allow the vulture population to recover. The lower survival of released birds compared with their wild counterparts suggests a need to improve the conservation breeding programme and release protocol.
Benefits of the combination of digital and analogic tools as a strategy to control possible awake bruxism: A randomised clinical trial
Authors: Poluha Rodrigo Lorenzi , Macário Heloiza Silva , Câmara‐Souza Mariana Barbosa , De la Torre Canales Giancarlo , Ernberg Malin , Stuginski‐Barbosa Juliana
Published: February 2024

Background

Awake Bruxism (AB) management includes cognitive and behavioural changes. Digital and analogic tools can be used to remind the individual to control/avoid AB behaviours. However, no study addressed both tools together.

Objective

To compare the efficacy of the combination of digital (smartphone application) and analogic (adhesive reminders) tools versus digital tool alone for AB management.

Methods

Seventy‐two individuals diagnosed with probable AB were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 (n = 24), used both digital and analogic tools during 30 days; Group 2 (n = 24), used only a digital tool during 30 days and Group 3 (n = 24), used only a digital tool for the first 15 days and then added the analogic tool for 15 days. The AB frequency was measured in real‐time with a smartphone app, which sent alerts asking the individuals if they were doing any AB behaviours (bracing, teeth contact, clenching or grinding). Groups were compared using one‐way ANOVA and before‐after adding an analogic tool (group 3) by paired t‐test, considering α = 0.05.

Results

All groups showed a decrease in AB behaviours at the end of the evaluation period. Group 1 (digital and analogic tools) showed the lowest average of AB behaviours among all groups; however, statistically significant differences were found only for the comparison between groups 1 and 2. In group 3, a significantly greater reduction in AB behaviours was found after combining both approaches.

Conclusion

The combination of digital and analogic tools showed the greatest reduction of AB frequency and can be recommended for AB control.
Consistency of averaged impulse response estimators in vector autoregressive models
Authors: Lohmeyer Jan , Palm Franz , Urbain Jean‐Pierre
Published: February 2024

We show root‐T consistency of the smoothed AIC and smoothed BIC model averaging estimators (sAIC, sBIC) of impulse response coefficients in stationary vector autoregressive models of finite lag order. We also show that there is not one unique way to define the sAIC and sBIC estimators, but that instead there is a whole class of each of these defined by a weight scaling factor that allows the averaging estimator to become more similar to either its model selection counterpart or the equal weights averaging estimator. We also show asymptotic validity of a bootstrap method for estimating the averaging estimators' distributions. Simulations illustrate the benefits of using sAIC instead of AIC estimators.
Use of online food retail platforms throughout the COVID‐19 pandemic and associated diet‐related chronic disease risk factors: A systematic review of emerging evidence
Authors: Jia Si Si , Raeside Rebecca , Sainsbury Emma , Wardak Sara , Phongsavan Philayrath , Redfern Julie , Allman‐Farinelli Margaret , Fernandez Melissa A. , Partridge Stephanie R. , Gibson Alice A.
Published: February 2024

Food accessibility was considerably impacted by restrictions during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, leading to growth in the online food retail sector, which offered contact‐free delivery. This systematic review aimed to assess the change in use of online food retail platforms during COVID‐19. The secondary aim was to identify diet‐related chronic disease risk factors including dietary intake, eating behaviors, and/or weight status associated with the use of online food retail platforms during the pandemic. The review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD42022320498) and adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Nine electronic databases were searched between January 2020 and October 2023. Studies that reported the frequency or change in use of online groceries, meal delivery applications, and/or meal‐kit delivery services before and during the pandemic were included. A total of 53 studies were identified, including 46 cross‐sectional studies, 4 qualitative studies, 2 longitudinal cohort studies, and 1 mixed‐methods study. Overall, 96% (43/45) of outcomes showed an increase in the use of online groceries during COVID‐19, while 55% (22/40) of outcomes showed a decrease in meal delivery applications. Eight of nine outcomes associated the use of online food retail with weight gain and emotional eating. Further research is needed to investigate the links between online food retail and obesity.
Observing the clinical efficacy of combined serum microneedle therapy for moderate to severe androgenetic alopecia in scalp repair
Authors: Zhang Fan , Jia Shutong , Ye Bo , Li Fenfen , Zhang Jiayu , Jin Qiuzi , Li Man
Published: February 2024

Objective

In this study, the safety and efficacy of scalp repair serum microneedles combined with oral drug administration and topical medication were investigated for the treatment of moderate to severe androgenetic alopecia.

Methods

Twenty patients, consisting of 4 males and 16 females, who sought treatment for moderate to severe androgenetic alopecia at our hair medicine research center alopecia specialty clinic between August and December 2022 were randomly selected for the study. Male patients underwent oral administration of finasteride topical application of 5% minoxidil, and biweekly scalp repair serum microneedle therapy. Female patients were administered spironolactone or Diane‐35 orally and applied 2% minoxidil topically, paired with biweekly scalp repair serum microneedle therapy sessions. After seven treatments, the scalp repair serum microneedle was discontinued, but oral administration and topical applications were continued, followed by a 1‐month follow‐up. Using a hair dermoscopy, hair follicles in a fixed region on the top of the head were manually counted per unit area to evaluate the hair restoration status of the patients quantitatively.

Results

All 20 patients completed 3 months of combined therapy and a 1‐month follow‐up. On average, the patients experienced an increase of 42.6 hairs, with an efficiency rate of 100%. Significant differences were observed in hair count between any two of the first seven treatments (p < 0.001). A significant negative correlation was discovered between the initial pre‐treatment hair count and the total improvement of hair (p < 0.001), indicating that the greater the degree of hair loss before treatment, the more pronounced the improvement.

Conclusion

Scalp repair serum microneedle combined therapy in moderate to severe androgenetic alopecia significantly reduces the number of microneedle treatments required, enhances treatment efficacy, and improves therapeutic outcomes.
Challenges and supports for secondary science and mathematics teacher retention
Authors: Lotter Christine , Crooks‐Monastra Jennifer , Irdam Greysi , Yow Jan A.
Published: February 2024

More research related to effective ways to support and retain teachers in the teaching profession is necessary as the need for science and mathematics teachers continues to grow. Understanding how teachers perceive challenges and experience support early in their career can contribute to building environments which foster teacher retention. This mixed‐method study explored the influences on the self‐efficacy and career satisfaction of a group of 21 early‐career (2–6 years of classroom experience) secondary science and mathematics teachers who participated in a traditional university preparation program and scholarship program to prepare them for teaching in high‐need school districts. Using data from an efficacy survey and semistructured interviews, this study measured changes in teacher efficacy and described teacher leadership experiences, perceived teaching challenges, and valued supports. Results found no change in teachers' self‐efficacy scores although mean outcome expectancy scores decreased. Teachers' identification as a teacher leader was correlated with science or mathematics teaching self‐efficacy. Qualitative coding of the interviews revealed ways in which assessments, workload, school structures and polices, administration, students, and teacher community either contributed to teachers reported difficulties or supported them as early‐career teachers. The discussion offers suggestions for ways to increase secondary science and mathematics teachers' job satisfaction.
Approach to febrile neutropenia in patients undergoing treatments for hematologic malignancies
Authors: Stohs Erica J. , Abbas Anum , Freifeld Alison
Published: February 2024

Febrile neutropenia (FN) is common among hematologic malignancy patients, including recipients of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and cellular therapies such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐T‐cell therapy. Prompt empiric antibiotic use has been the mainstay for decades but a “one‐size‐fits‐all” approach is no longer broadly accepted, as treatment‐related infectious risk are more understood. Growing antimicrobial resistance is an increasing clinical challenge. Evolving strategies on de‐escalation of broad‐spectrum antibiotics in FN without identified infection are areas of particular interest.
Optogenetic confirmation of transverse‐tubular membrane excitability in intact cardiac myocytes
Authors: Scardigli Marina , Pásek Michal , Santini Lorenzo , Palandri Chiara , Conti Emilia , Crocini Claudia , Campione Marina , Loew Leslie M. , de Vries Antoine A. F. , Pijnappels Daniël A. , Pavone Francesco S. , Poggesi Corrado , Cerbai Elisabetta , Coppini Raffaele , Kohl Peter , Ferrantini Cecilia , Sacconi Leonardo
Published: February 2024

T‐tubules (TT) form a complex network of sarcolemmal membrane invaginations, essential for well‐co‐ordinated excitation–contraction coupling (ECC) and thus homogeneous mechanical activation of cardiomyocytes. ECC is initiated by rapid depolarization of the sarcolemmal membrane. Whether TT membrane depolarization is active (local generation of action potentials; AP) or passive (following depolarization of the outer cell surface sarcolemma; SS) has not been experimentally validated in cardiomyocytes. Based on the assessment of ion flux pathways needed for AP generation, we hypothesize that TT are excitable. We therefore explored TT excitability experimentally, using an all‐optical approach to stimulate and record trans‐membrane potential changes in TT that were structurally disconnected, and hence electrically insulated, from the SS membrane by transient osmotic shock. Our results establish that cardiomyocyte TT can generate AP. These AP show electrical features that differ substantially from those observed in SS, consistent with differences in the density of ion channels and transporters in the two different membrane domains. We propose that TT‐generated AP represent a safety mechanism for TT AP propagation and ECC, which may be particularly relevant in pathophysiological settings where morpho‐functional changes reduce the electrical connectivity between SS and TT membranes.

image

Key points

Cardiomyocytes are characterized by a complex network of membrane invaginations (the T‐tubular system) that propagate action potentials to the core of the cell, causing uniform excitation–contraction coupling across the cell.

In the present study, we investigated whether the T‐tubular system is able to generate action potentials autonomously, rather than following depolarization of the outer cell surface sarcolemma.

For this purpose, we developed a fully optical platform to probe and manipulate the electrical dynamics of subcellular membrane domains.

Our findings demonstrate that T‐tubules are intrinsically excitable, revealing distinct characteristics of self‐generated T‐tubular action potentials.

This active electrical capability would protect cells from voltage drops potentially occurring within the T‐tubular network.
Buoyancy and Velocity Field Synergy Principle in Convective Heat Transfer and Its Role in Thermo-Hydraulic Performance Improvement
Authors: Yang Dong , Hu Xinyue , Chen Feilong , Liu Yingli
Published: February 2024

This study proposes the buoyancy and velocity field synergy principle and aims to enhance thermo-hydraulic performance in convective heat transfer. A mechanical energy conservation equation concerning synergy between buoyancy and velocity was derived, which describes the mechanical energy transport and dissipation in convective heat transfer. Two new field synergy numbers, FsU,g and FsU,∇p, were proposed to characterize the degree of synergy between velocity and buoyancy, and the degree of synergy between velocity and pressure gradient over the fluid domain, respectively. The pressure drop of a channel subjected to convective heat transfer is related to not only Gr/Re2 but also FsU,g. Under a same Gr/Re2, a larger |FsU,g| leads to a smaller |FsU,∇p|, and thus the pressure drop is decreased. Furthermore, the multifield synergetic relationships among buoyancy, velocity, temperature gradient and pressure gradient were analyzed for convective heat transfer in channels. The correlation between FsU,∇p and (Gr/Re2)FsU,g, and the correlation between FsU,g and a traditional field synergy number characterizing convective heat transfer capability, Fc, were derived, which reveals the coupled mechanisms of mechanical energy dissipation and thermal energy transport in convective heat transfer. The proposed principle was applied in typical channel flows subjected to convective heat transfer, and its benefits were demonstrated. It is noted that both pressure drop reduction and convective heat transfer enhancement can be achieved in convective heat transfer using the proposed principle. This paper provides a new insight for improving thermo-hydraulic performance of heat exchangers.
Comparative Studies of Microstructural, Mechanical, and Tribological Behavior of A319 Alloy Cast in Solid Waste Mold and Conventional Sand Mold
Authors: Sinha Nitesh Kumar , Choudhary Ishwari Narain , Prasad Rabindra , Mahali Manik , Kumar Mukesh Raushan , Singh Jayant Kumar
Published: February 2024

This study investigates the potential of utilizing industrial solid waste (blast furnace slag, ferrochrome slag, and red mud) as mold materials to improve the solidification rate and wear resistance of A319 alloy. Unlike conventional molds such as silica sand and olivine sand, industrial solid waste poses an eco-friendly alternative, contributing to waste valorization. The motivation for this research drives the need for sustainable and efficient waste management practices in the industrial sector. By exploring the utilization of industrial solid waste as a mold material, the study aims to address the current challenges in disposal, reduce environmental impact, and enhance the overall performance of A319 alloy through improved solidification and wear resistance. The experimental phase involved multi-factor reciprocating sliding wear tests conducted on a sample using a linear reciprocating tribometer, employing a steel ball as a counter face. The investigation of reciprocating wear characteristics aimed to assess the correlations between solidification rate and wear properties of a specimen cast in an industrial solid waste mold as well as a sand mold. Notably, tribological test results revealed a low wear-rate of 3.3 mg/km for the blast furnace slag mold. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the wear surface showed adhesive wear mechanisms. This study contributes valuable insights into the potential environmental and performance advantages of repurposing industrial solid waste for foundry applications.
High sensitivity saliva-based biosensor in detection of breast cancer biomarkers: HER2 and CA15-3
Authors: Wan Hsiao-Hsuan , Zhu Haochen , Chiang Chao-Ching , Li Jian-Sian , Ren Fan , Tsai Cheng-Tse , Liao Yu-Te , Neal Dan , Esquivel-Upshaw Josephine F. , Pearton Stephen J.
Published: February 2024

The prevalence of breast cancer in women underscores the urgent need for innovative and efficient detection methods. This study addresses this imperative by harnessing salivary biomarkers, offering a noninvasive and accessible means of identifying breast cancer. In this study, commercially available disposable based strips similar to the commonly used glucose detection strips were utilized and functionalized to detect breast cancer with biomarkers of HER2 and CA15-3. The results demonstrated limits of detection for these two biomarkers reached as low as 1 fg/ml much lower than those of conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the range of 1∼4 ng/ml. By employing a synchronized double-pulse method to apply 10 of 1.2 ms voltage pulses to the electrode of sensing strip and drain electrode of the transistor for amplifying the detected signal, and the detected signal was the average of 10 digital output readings corresponding to those 10 voltage pulses. The sensor sensitivities were achieved approximately 70/dec and 30/dec for HER2 and CA15-3, respectively. Moreover, the efficiency of this novel technique is underscored by its swift testing time of less than 15 ms and its minimal sample requirement of only 3 μl of saliva. The simplicity of operation and the potential for widespread public use in the future position this approach as a transformative tool in the early detection of breast cancer. This research not only provides a crucial advancement in diagnostic methodologies but also holds the promise of revolutionizing public health practices.
Decadal Trends in Physical Activity Adherence Among Korean Older Adults: An Analysis of National Survey of Older Korean Data, 2011–2020
Authors: Lee Joonyoung , Kim Eun Seong , Lee Hyunyoung , Huh Jung Hoon
Published: February 2024

Background/Objectives: This study investigated adherence to physical activity (PA) guidelines and associated sociodemographic factors among older Koreans from 2011 to 2020. Methods: Utilizing four public data sets from the National Survey of Older Koreans, the study included the data on 40,993 older adults 65 years and older in South Korea, collected between 2011 and 2020. Adherence to PA guidelines and sociodemographic factors were assessed through self-reported questionnaires. The data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance and post hoc tests. Results: Overall adherence increased from 39.1% in 2011 to 48.2% in 2017, then decreased to 37.6% in 2020 (p < .001). Men had higher adherence than women (p < .001). Age-related adherence peaked in the young-older group (65–74 years old) and was lowest in the oldest-old group (85+ years old) (p < .001). Marital status, education, and income were also significantly related to PA adherence (p < .001) across the years. Conclusion: Although continuous increase in adherence to PA among Koreans 65 years and older was observed, the decline in PA levels during the COVID era underscored the need for targeted interventions and well-informed health care policies to address demographic challenges. Still, considering that data were collected during the recommended social distancing period, a cautions interpretation of these findings is warranted. Significance/Implications: Health policies aiming to improve adherence to PA guidelines should prioritize Korean older adults who are female, belong to the oldest-old group, are single, and have low education and income levels, with the goal of enhancing health equity.
Sp1 facilitates continued HSV-1 gene expression in the absence of key viral transactivators
Authors: Sodroski Catherine N. , Oh Hyung Suk , Chou Shu-Fan , Knipe David M.
Published: February 2024

Productive replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV) relies upon a well-ordered transcriptional cascade flowing from immediate-early (IE) to early (E) to late (L) gene products. While several virus-encoded transcriptional activators are involved in this process, IE and E gene promoters also contain multiple binding sites for the ubiquitously expressed cellular transcription factor Sp1. Sp1 has been previously implicated in activating HSV-1 gene transcription downstream of these sites, but why Sp1-binding sites are maintained in the promoters of genes activated by virus-encoded activators remains unclear. We hypothesized that Sp1 enables continued HSV-1 transcription and replication when viral transactivators are limited. We used a depletion-based approach in human foreskin fibroblasts to investigate the specific contribution of Sp1 to the initiation and progression of the HSV-1 lytic gene cascade. We found that Sp1 increased viral transcript levels, protein expression, and replication following infection with VP16- or ICP0-deficient viruses but had little to no effect on rescued viruses or during wild-type (WT) HSV-1 infection. Moreover, Sp1 promoted WT virus transcription and replication following interferon treatment of fibroblasts and thus may contribute to viral immune evasion. Interestingly, we observed reduced expression of Sp1 and Sp1-family transcription factors in differentiated sensory neurons compared to undifferentiated cells, suggesting that reduced Sp1 levels may also contribute to HSV-1 latent infection. Overall, these findings indicate that Sp1 can promote HSV-1 gene expression in the absence of key viral transactivators; thus, HSV-1 may use Sp1 to maintain its gene expression and replication under adverse conditions.

IMPORTANCE

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common human pathogen that actively replicates in the epithelia but can persist for the lifetime of the infected host via a stable, latent infection in neurons. A key feature of the HSV replication cycle is a complex transcriptional program in which virus and host-cell factors coordinate to regulate expression of the viral gene products necessary for continued viral replication. Multiple binding sites for the cellular transcription factor Sp1 are located in the promoters of HSV-1 genes, but how Sp1 binding contributes to transcription and replication of wild-type virus is not fully understood. In this study, we identified a specific role for Sp1 in maintaining HSV-1 gene transcription under adverse conditions, as when virus-encoded transcriptional activators were absent or limited. Preservation of Sp1-binding sites in HSV-1 gene promoters may thus benefit the virus as it navigates diverse cell types and host-cell conditions during infection.