bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tomato black-ring: a new virus disease
Authors: Smith Kenneth M.
Published: June 2009

A new virus disease of tomatoes is described for which the name tomato black-ring is suggested. The host range of the virus is wide but no insect vector has yet been identified. The longevity in vitro of the virus is 7 days or longer, the thermal inactivation point is about 58° C. and the concentration of the virus in the host plant is low. Tomato black-ring is essentially a disease of young plants which rapidly lose their symptoms if they survive the severe initial infection. The virus is carried without symptoms by a large number of miscellaneous plants.

Note added in proof. In a private communication Kassanis has pointed out that the tomato black ring virus produces enations on the undersides of the leaves of cucumber. The writer has confirmed this but finds that the enations develop only in the greenhouse type of cucumber, never on the outdoor or ridge variety. The enations do not seem to develop under winter conditions.

The writer's best thanks are due to Miss Margaret Short for her assistance in this work and to Dr Roy Markham for taking the photographs.
Testing arecoline hydrobromide as an anthelminthic for hydatid worms in dogs
Authors: Batham E. J.
Published: June 2009

Arecoline hydrobromide was tested for its efficiency in causing dogs to purge and in removing hydatid worms by infecting, dosing and autopsying 157 dogs. Doses were given by mouth in water at various rates, by mouth in meat, and by subcutaneous injection.

The tabulated results indicate that the median efficiency of hydatid-worm removal, with doses of or above grain/10 lb. weight, are 95% or more. Dosing in meat is almost equally efficient but the action is slower, taking usually over 1 hr. instead of 15–30 min. Injections of arecoline caused purgation but not worm removal. Increasing the dosage rate above grain/10 lb. body weight increased the proportion of dogs that vomited and caused convulsions in some, but did not markedly increase efficiency in worm removal. The dose recommended for general use is grain/10 lb. body weight; though half or double this dose is about equally suitable. None of the dogs tested was killed by arecoline.

Repeated doses were given to see how many were required to ‘clear‘ a dog. Dogs usually gave negative results after three doses that caused purging.

Arecoline showed a similar high degree of efficiency against Taenia species and Dipylidium; usually removed about half the Toxocara specimens present, and had no significant effect against hookworms.

Solutions of arecoline were tested in vitro on isolated Taenia segments arranged to record. Solutions of 0.001% or more in Ringer's solution almost invariably caused extreme relaxation of the segment, its normal rhythmical contractions ceasing. The segments were not killed.

Arecoline hydrobromide appears to exert its anthelminthic action: first, by causing the muscles of cestodes to relax, so that the hold on the host's intestine is lost; secondly, by causing the host to purge, so that the detached worms are removed from the host's body.

The writer wishes to thank Sir Louis Barnett, Dr Hercus and other members of the Hydatid Committee for their interest and support. She especially thanks Miss D. Medley, Hydatid Assistant, who has carried out the heavy share of the infecting of dogs and handling of faeces. Thanks are also given to Mr L. K. Whitten, Agricultural Parasitologist, for technical advice; to Mr Grimmett, for analysing arecoline-content of pills; and to the various members of the Medical School staff who have given helpful advice.
A New Genus (Spinometra) of the Family Lepodermatidae Odhner (Trematoda) from a Tortoise, with a Systematic Discussion and Classification of the Family
Authors: Mehra H. R.
Published: June 2009

Little is known about the trematode fauna of India. Hitherto no species has been described from an Indian tortoise exceptPolystomum kachugaeStewart. In the present paper I describe a new genusSpinometrafrom a tortoise, and in the systematic account of the family Lepodermatidae I include new observations on other genera which I have studied and which I shall describe in subsequent papers.
Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates in the Philadelphia Zoological Garden and Vicinity
Authors: Canavan William P. N.
Published: June 2009

Emended descriptions of the female ofAscaridia hermaphrodita(Froelich 1789) and of the male ofWellcomia evoluta(Linstow 1899) are given. The female ofA. hermaphroditais described in full as a description of it does not appear in the literature. Several corrections are made of errors found in descriptions. Especially noticeable is the illustration of the male tail ofW. evolutaby Yorke and Maplestone (1926), p. 197, (fig. 131 E) which they wrongly label “Posterior extremity of female (After Hall).”

Further evidence is furnished upon the probable life-cycle of a species of the genus Eustrongylides in showing that pre-adult stages ofE. wenrichiCanavan 1929 have been found encysted in a fish, as well as in a frog and amphiuma (“Congo eel”); the adults of the worm were found in a Canadian goose. Thus confirming Jaegerskiöld in his opinion that fish are the intermediate host and fish-eating aquatic birds are the final hosts of the genus.

Superparasitism is shown to be of fairly common occurrence. Numerous records of new hosts are mentioned. Three worms that previously were found and described by the writer as new were found again. In each case they were encountered in new but closely related hosts to those in which they were previously found.

There are five new species and one new genus described and illustrated in this paper (II):Pharyngostrongylus brevissp. nov. from a Bernard's kangaroo,Phascolostrongylus turleyigen. et sp. nov. from a common wombat.Oesophagostomum vigintimembrumsp. nov. from an Arabian camel,Ascaris hippopotamisp. nov. from a hippopotamus andDiplotriaena bifidussp. nov. from both blue-bearded and pileated jays.

Finally, there are 209 determinations of 39 genera and 69 species, including new ones, from 181 hosts involving 94 different host species.
Mallophaga from South African Birds. Descriptions of a New Genus (Neomenopon) and Two New Species (Machaerilaemus plocei, Neomenopon pteroclubus)
Authors: Bedford G. A. H.
Published: June 2009

The species herein described both belong to the family Menoponidae. One of these species, collected by me from a Waxbill (a passerine bird) at Onderstepoort, Pretoria, belongs to the genus Machaerilaemus Harrison, the other, taken from a Sandgrouse in the Rustenburg District, Transvaal, by Mr Powell, together with specimens of a species of Degeeriella, I am placing in a new genus, for which I propose the name Neomenopon. These two new species are extremely interesting, in that they both possess a chitinous framework extending backwards from the anterior margin of the head for the support of the mandibles, a structure previously only known to occur in the genus Eomenopon Harrison, which was established partly on account of this structure. A similar structure, however, also occurs in a small unidentified species of Menopon taken from a Little Banded Goshawk (Astur polyzonoides) at Onderstepoort. This species may eventually prove to be sufficiently distinct in other details from the type of Menopon to warrant the founding of a new genus for its reception.
A Malaria Survey in the Malay Archipelago
Authors: Swellengrebel N. H. , Swellengrebel-de Graaf J. M. H.
Published: June 2009

The great discovery of Sir Ronald Ross has not led to the suppression of malaria in the Netherlands' East Indian Colonies, where the disease is still all too prevalent. The failure is partly, if not wholly, due to the mistake that has been made in considering the facts revealed by this discovery as an all sufficient basis for practical sanitary measures, whereas they can only serve as a foundation for further research in which special and local conditions are taken into account, with the object of acquiring information which is essential for the success of a sanitary campaign.
Sarcoptic Scabies in Man and Animals. A critical survey of our present knowledge regarding the Acari concerned
Authors: Warburton Cecil
Published: June 2009

Sarcoptic scabies in man and in domestic and wild mammals has engaged the attention of a large number of investigators since its true nature was finally established about the year 1835. The subject has been approached from the medical, the veterinary and the entomological side, and the literature concerning it has attained very large dimensions. Nevertheless it cannot be said that our knowledge of the matter is in a satisfactory condition, since no two writers agree entirely in their accounts of the morphology and bionomics of the human itch-mite, and the most diverse views are held as to the inter-relation of the forms which infest man and the lower animals.
The Capitulum of Psoroptes (Acarina)1
Authors: Buxton P. A.
Published: June 2009

This short account of the capitulum and mouth-parts of Psoroptes has been prepared as a preliminary to investigations which are being made upon the bionomics of the Itch Mites. None of the published figures or descriptions are complete. The best is that of Mégnin.
Endolimax kueneni n.sp., Parasitic in the Intestinal Tract of the Monkey Macacus cynomolgus
Authors: Brug S. L.
Published: June 2009

This amoeba was found in the large intestine of a Macacus cynomolgus, that was killed because it suffered from paralysis of the hind legs and emaciation. The autopsy showed these symptoms to be dependent on a general tuberculosis, in which, besides many other organs, the spinal matter was involved. Microscopic examination of the intestinal contents revealed the presence of motile amoebae and cysts. Except some small tubercular foci in the serosa no pathological lesions could be detected in the intestine. Close examination of the mucosa failed to reveal any ulceration; blood and mucus were totally absent.
On some Digenetic Trematodes in Japan
Authors: Kobayashi Harujiro
Published: June 2009

The present paper is the outcome of my examination of a collection of trematodes from various parts of Japan (including Formosa). The species of monostome came from a turtle caught in Singapore. Of the material certain species are left unidentified chiefly owing to the paucity of specimens. It may be mentioned that in the following description the parasites are arranged according to their hosts.
On the Cysts of a hitherto undescribed species of Eimeria in Human Stools
Authors: Snijders E. P.
Published: June 2009

Mr C., who has lived for ten years in the tropics, was under the care of Dr de Jong and myself for chronic amoebic dysentery. Some five years ago he suffered from an abscess of the liver, readily cured after operation. Before this abscess he had never noticed any dysenteric symptoms, but afterwards he often had mild, or sometimes more severe, attacks of recurring dysentery, most times without fever. During the attacks, the bloody slime contained a great number of amoebae, principally of Entamoeba histolytica and containing erythrocytes. With an “emetine cure” the attacks regularly subsided; but between two attacks the patient produced constantly a great quantity of so-called “minuta forms” and 4-nucleate (“tetragena”) cysts of this species in the faeculent parts of the stools. After an emetine treatment I often found a rather sudden increase in the number of cysts (always measuring from 11·5–13·5μ), sometimes to a tremendous amount. Several times we tried to get rid of the amoebae by a cure with emetine bismuthous iodide, but without success, so the patient stayed under observation and regularly sent us his stools for control.
A Nematode (Falcaustra chapini n. sp) Parasitic in a North American Tortoise
Authors: Boulenger C. L.
Published: June 2009

Among material recently sent for identification by the Molteno Institute of Parasitology were a number of small Nematode worms collected by Mr E. A. Chapin from the rectum of the North American Tortoise, Cistudo Carolina.
Note on Geoffrey Watkins Smith, whose Portrait Appears in Parasitology, XV, No. 2. Portrait-plate XXIV
Authors: Potts F. A.
Published: June 2009

Geoffrey Watkins Smith, M.C., M.A. (OxoN.) was born 9 Dec. 1881 at Ivy Bank, Beckenham, Kent and was killed on the Somme, in July, 1916, at the early age of 34. He was Fellow and Tutor of New College and Lecturer in the Department of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at Oxford. His published work covers a period of only eleven years but it is remarkable in quantity and quality alike and shows forth its author as one who would have achieved the foremost rank among English biologists.
A New Genus of Nematodes from the Domestic Rabbit
Authors: Graybill H. W.
Published: June 2009

In rabbits maintained for experimental purposes at this Department, there has been collected from the stomach on a number of occasions a nematode showing certain affinities with the genus Graphidium Railliet and Henry, 1909. The parasite in question, however, differs from the type species of that genus in characters which must be regarded of more than specific value and it has therefore been assigned to a new genus. It has only recently been noticed in our rabbits. I am indebted to Dr Smith for calling my attention to it. Whether the parasite had heretofore been overlooked in autopsy examinations or has been recently introduced cannot be said. It seems probable that it originated from a wild host and is indigenous to this continent. It was first noticed after our rabbits had been transferred to quarters where they had access to the ground.
Protozoa of the Human Mouth in Malaya:Entamoeba gingivalisandTrichomonassp
Authors: Jepps Margaret W.
Published: June 2009

Examination of scrapings from the gingival space at the base of the teeth of 50 coolies in the District Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States, revealed the presence of the following parasitic protozoa:Entamoeba gingivalis(Gros, 1849) Brumpt, 1913, and a species ofTrichomonas. Most of the coolies were patients in the malaria wards, and in no case was the patient in hospital for any kind of mouth affection. Since a fair body of evidence has already accumulated against the pathogenicity ofE. gingivalis, and none for it, no special consideration was given to this point (Goodrich and Moseley, 1916). A very cursory review of the dental condition of these patients produced nothing in conflict with such evidence. Some of these coolies keep their mouths very clean: most of them cleanse their teeth daily, but they use no disinfectant. The Indians make use of charcoal and the Chinese of powdered cuttle-bone. The habit of chewingsirih, very prevalent among the Indians, seems to be without effect on the mouth protozoa. Both species were found in mouths deeply stained with the betel juice, and on one occasion together with a wad of the chewing mixture.
A Redescription of Taenia tenuicollis Rudolphi, 1819, and its Larva, Cysticercus talpae Rudolphi, 1819
Authors: Skinker Mary Scott
Published: June 2009

This is the first report of Taenia tenuicollis Rudolphi, 1819, and its larva, Cysticercus talpae Rudolphi, 1819, from North America. In the process of identification of the specimens described below, it became evident that no adequate figures of this species had been published, that this specific name had been given by recent authors to more than one species of Cestode, and that several characters of value in specific differentiation had not been described. The description given here is based entirely upon specimens from Mustela vison collected by Dr R. G. Law of the Experimental Fur Farm, Kirkfield, Ontario. Details published by Thienemann (1906) and others on the European specimens of this species are given in the accompanying comparative table.
Some more Remarkable Cestodes from Amazon Siluroid Fish
Authors: Woodland W. N. F.
Published: June 2009

A second species of the genusEndorchisis described—E. mandubé;also new species of the rare generaMonticellia, AmphoteromorphusandNomimoscolex, viz.Monticellia piracatinga, M. rugosa, Amphoteromorphus parkarmoo, Nomimoscolex piracatingaandN. kaparari.

A new genusManaosiais created to contain the anomalous speciesM. braço de moça.Proteocephalus lenhabecomesNomimoscolex lenha.

The speciesSpatulifer surubim, originally described by me asPeltidocotyle rugosaand later referred to the Amphilaphorchidinae, is now regarded as a species of the Monticelliinae.

The eight known species of the Monticelliinae are all referred to the single genusMonticellia, since, differences in vitellaria distribution not corresponding to differences of scolex form, the only alternative is to create an unnecessary number of genera. The generaGoezeellaFuhrmann andSpatuliferWoodland are thus regarded as superfluous.

“Ephedrocephalus” lobosusis removed from the Ephedrocephalinae (which retains its single speciesE. microcephalus) and, with the two species of“Amphilaphorchis”recently described by me, is placed in Fuhrmann's genusRudolphiella, now re-established, in the subfamily Rudolphiellinae, thus replacing the Amphilaphorchidinae.

The complete list of known subfamilies, genera and species of the Proteocephalidae described from the Amazon, amended in accordance with the above conclusions, has been published in my last paper on the subject (Woodland, 1935).
The Perispiracular Glands of Mosquito Larvae
Authors: Keilin D. , Tate P. , Vincent M.
Published: June 2009

1. Perispiracular glands are present in the larvae ofAnophelesandCulex.

2. These glands secrete an oily substance which is responsible for the hydrofuge properties of the spiracular region of mosquito larvae.

3. The differential wetting of the spiracular region and the action of oil on mosquito larvae depend on the presence of this oily secretion.
The Structure and Taxonomic Position ofMegasolena estrixLinton 1910 (Trematoda) with Notes on Related Trematodes
Authors: Manter H. W.
Published: June 2009

1.Megasolena estrixLinton 1910 has been incorrectly classified in the Allocreadiidae.

2. The possession of two pairs of longitudinal lymph vessels, a remarkable hermaphroditic sac as well as other minor characters indicate relationship to the Paramphistomidae.

3.HapladenaLinton 1910 possesses these same characters and is considered related toMegasolena.

4. These characters are considered to be of more fundamental taxonomic value than the position of the acetabulum.

5. A new subfamily, Megasoleninae, of the family Opistholebetidae is named and described.
Two Strains of Streak: A Virus Affecting the Tomato Plant
Authors: Smith Kenneth M.
Published: June 2009

The symptoms produced by a green strain of tomato streak virus 1 upon a variety of Solanaceous plants are described. A yellow variant of the streak virus which appears to have arisen during the culturing of the green strain is also described. This variant produces local yellow spots upon all inoculated leaves of White Burley tobacco.

Healthy tobacco plants have been infected with the green strain of the streak virus by spraying them with a virus suspension from an atomiser.

The behaviour of the green and yellow virus strains when, co-existing in the tobacco plant is discussed.

Filtration through graded collodion membranes shows that the two strains have different filtration end-points and that therefore they can be separated by this means. The difference in filterability is considered to be a quantitative effect and cannot yet be assigned to difference in particle size.

Immunity tests have shown that a complete cross-immunity exists between the green and yellow strains of streak themselves, between them and two other strains of streak which produce local lesions and between the green and yellow strains and tobacco virus 1. No immunity was found between the streak viruses and those of tobacco necrosis, tobacco ringspot, tomato spotted wilt and potato virus X.

The yellow strain of streak produced local yellow spots on mature leaves of White Burley tobacco. This suggests that the chlorophyll is actually attacked by the virus, and that the formation of the chlorotic spots is not due merely to the inhibition of plastid formation by the virus.
Ixodes ricinus in Relation to its Physical Environment
Authors: Macleod John
Published: June 2009

That part of the physiological life history of the tick, Ixodes ricinus, which is dealt with in the present paper, falls into three distinct phases: maturation of the gonads, oviposition, and development of the egg; these three are collectively referred to as “reproduction”.
A new record of Plasmodium ovale (Stephens, 1922)
Authors: Lewis Webb J. , Hervel J. E.
Published: June 2009

1. Malaria parasites of the Plasmodium ovale type are recorded from Mauritius.

2. The chief differential characters between P. vivax and P. ovale are given.

3. Stress is laid on the difficulty of correctly diagnosing such an infection using the thick smear method.
Some more myxosporidia observed in Canadian fishes
Authors: Fantham H. B. , Porter Annie , Richardson L. R.
Published: June 2009

Seven species of marine fishes and three of fresh or brackish water Canadian fishes have yielded new or known Myxosporidia. The marine fishes were from St Andrews, New Brunswick and Halifax, Nova Scotia, places 250–275 miles apart by sea, and from the Labrador coast. The brackish and freshwater fishes were obtained in Montreal and the Salmon River, Nova Scotia.

Descriptions and illustrations are given of the morphology of five new species of Myxosporidia: Ceratomyxa urophysis, Myxoproteus myoxocephali, Myxidium myoxocephali, Myxosoma diaphana and Henneguya amiae.

Chloromyxum leydigi Mingazzini, C. granulosum Davis, Myxidium lieberkuhni Bütschli, Myxidium gadi Georgévitch and Zschokkella hildae Auerbach are recorded from new piscine hosts in Canada.

Some effects of the Myxosporidian infections, both macroscopic and microscopic, on their hosts are considered. Comparison of the effects of similar infections of Myxosporidia on allied fishes in Normandy and Eastern Canada has shown a general similarity between them.

The economic importance of some Myxosporidian infections of the edible fish examined is shown by parasitism of the cod, haddock and sculpin. Amia calva is also used for food in Montreal. The possibility of edible fishes acquiring Myxosporidian infections by way of their food is noted, with reference to the host-specificity of the Myxosporidia of Fundulus heteroclitus described by Bond.

The influence of environment on and powers of adaptation to different habitats exhibited by certain Myxosporidia is discussed.

Some remarks are made on the zoogeographical distribution of certain Myxosporidia and their piscine hosts.
Chemotherapy and avian malaria
Authors: Bishop Ann
Published: June 2009

Malaria is endemic over a wide area of the earth's surface. Although popularly associated with tropical or subtropical countries, it occurs as far north as the south of Sweden and Lake Ladoga in Russia and as far south as Bechuanaland, Swaziland and Natal in South Africa and the Argentine in South America. Though most frequent in low-lying districts it may be found at altitudes as great as 6000–9000 ft.
Morphological Variation inPlasmodium vivaxGrassi & Feletti, 1890
Authors: Field J. W.
Published: June 2009

Twovivax-like parasites, believed to be trueP. vivaxbut in abnormal form, are described. The deviation from normal appearances was probably due, it is suggested, to growth in an abnormal environment.
On the life history of Synthesiomyia nudiseta van der Wulp (Diptera, Muscidae), a myiasis-producing fly
Authors: Siddons L. B. , Roy D. N.
Published: June 2009

Townsend (1935) has described the egg of Synthesiomyia nudiseta and recorded the interesting fact that the larva forms a cocoon. The larval stages and the puparium do not appear to have been described. That this species was not among the larvae of some unknown muscids described by Banks (1912) is evident from the figures of the-posterior spiracles. The present communication provides an account of all the early stages.
The parasitology of human scabies
Authors: Johnson C. G. , Mellanby Kenneth
Published: June 2009

1. An analysis has been made of the numbers and location of adult female Sarcoptes scabiei found on 886 men suffering from scabies

2. The average number of mites per man was 11·3. 52% of the cases had under six mites and only 3·6% over fifty.

3. 63% of the mites were found on the hands and wrists, 10·9% on the elbows, 9·2% on the feet, 8·4% on the genitals and 4% on the buttocks.

4. So-called ‘severe’ cases of scabies, showing widespread clinical symptoms, may have very few parasites, whereas cases with few symptoms may have large mite populations.
The attraction of mosquitoes by human beings Statistical analysis of data
Authors: Mer G. , Birnbaum D. , Aioub A. , Bachi R.
Published: June 2009

Anopheles elutus females are attracted by human beings. The human body eliminates certain substances which exert an attraction. The expired air alone is sufficient to attract the mosquitoes. Mild air currents may play an important part in carrying and directing these attracting factors towards the mosquitoes.
The ecology of the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus L. The infestations of hill sheep
Authors: Milne A.
Published: June 2009

In general, female ticks infest the hairy areas of sheep: head and legs; the (comparatively) bare areas: axillary and inguinal; and certain woolled areas: chiefly the short-woolled margins of the hairy and bare areas; they do not attach in the long wool of withers, back, rump and flanks.

More female ticks attach on the head than on the axillary region, and more on the axillary than on the inguinal region, obviously on the principle: first come best served.

Different tick stages tend to attach in different zones of the same regions; two theories are put forward to account for this.

On a hill pasture where the main tick activity occurs in spring only, the average totals of female ticks carried per annum by ewe, hogg and lamb were in the proportions 8:6: 1. Host size is thought to be the chief governing factor.

Under existing British hill pastoral conditions, the upper limits to female tick infestation appear to be of the following order: average spring peak total count per ewe reaches 100–150, with extreme individual limit about 300; and about five times as many ticks are carried per ewe over the entire spring season.

On heavily infested hill pasture, stocked at one sheep to 1–5 acres, typical flocks feed from 100 to 600 female ticks per acre per annum. The densest sheep stocking results in the highest tick density.

For every one female tick, about eight nymphs were fed by sheep in one season.

The better the condition of a sheep, the less bare of wool and apparently (to touch and sight only) the more greasy, and the lower the tick infestation.

In any age group of sheep on one grazing, there is considerable range in weekly infestation weights but individuals tend to keep their relative positions consistently in this range. Sheep differing markedly in their infestation weights show a remarkable lack of difference in the majority of physical and physiological characteristics of body form and body surface. (Fleece humidity was omitted from study.) Notably, there is no indication of significant differences in fleece greasiness. Apparently only two characteristics go with the lighter infestations in Blackfaced sheep. These are coarser fleece hair and less clearance between fleece tips and ground, having doubtful and minor effects respectively.

The most important factor in individual differences of infestation within an age group is very probably individual activity, i.e. the more ground covered in unit time, the more ticks picked up.
A new genus of Nematodes, parasitic in the pika
Authors: Akhtar S. A.
Published: June 2009

Four specimens of the pika (Ochotona rufescens Gray) were captured, and on dissection three of them were found to be heavily infested with a Nematode worm in the large intestine.
Leptomonas capsularis n.sp. and other flagellates parasitic in Cletus ochraceus (Hemiptera)
Authors: Gibbs Alfred J.
Published: June 2009

It has recently been shown (Gibbs, 1950), in the case of Crithidia familiaris, parasitic in the digestive tract of Cenaeus carnifex (Hemiptera), that resistant, infective bodies are produced in the hind-gut by an unequal division leptomonads. One of the two daughter-cells fails to grow a flagellum but remains attachedm, by a thread, to the flagellum of the other. Laterm the non-flagellate body becomes more compact in form and finnaly becomes invested in a tough, protective periplast. It then becomes detached from the parent flagellate. Large numbers of these bodies are scattered in the faeces, and it has been shown that they are capable of infecting fresh insects when ingested. The purpose of the attachment of the non-motile, immature infective body to an active flagellate is apparently to prevent its being prematurely swept from the gut.
A new species of parasitic mite, Cnemidocoptes jamaicensis, a causative agent of scaly leg in Turdus aurantiacus
Authors: Turk F. A.
Published: June 2009

The specimens of this new species of mite were collected by Mr Gordon Thompson, formerly curator of the Science Museum of the Institute of Jamaica, from the legs of a specimen of the golden thrush, Turdus aurantiacus Gmelin, taken at Morant Bay Road, 14½ miles east of Kingston, 14 January 1947. The bird was a male, and in a letter dated 11 March 1947 he says the mites were ‘extracted from a “growth” after macerating it for a while in caustic potash. This is the only “growth” of its kind I have found among approximately two hundred birds examined in Jamaica. The bird seemed quite healthy.’ I have to thank Mr Thompson for his kindness in handing me this, together with other acarine material, for study and determination.
Some observations upon prolonged treatment of Plasmodium gallinaceum infection in chicks with antimalarial drugs
Authors: Bishop Ann , Birkett Betty
Published: June 2009

1. The development of exo-erythrocytic parasites of Plasmodium gallinaceum is more rapid and intense in chicks inoculated with blood from birds heavily infected with exo-erythrocytic parasites than in those inoculated with blood from birds in which no exo-erythrocytic parasites can be found.

2. If parasitized blood from a bird heavily infected with exo-erythrocytic parasites is inoculated intravenously into a normal bird and withdrawn 24 hr. later, it produces infections in normal birds characterized by a slow development of exo-erythrocytic parasites.

3. The proportion of birds which survived after inoculation with P. gallinaceum and daily treatment with suppressive doses of quinine, mepacrine or pamaquin, was greater when the inoculum was derived from donors in which no exo-erythrocytic parasites could be found (48%) than in those inoculated with blood from donors in which exo-erythrocytic parasites 'were numerous (15). No birds inoculated with parasitized blood from donors heavily infected with exo-erythrocytic parasites were sterilized of their infections by the action of the drugs, whereas in eleven out of sixty-six of the birds inoculated with parasitized blood from birds in which no exo-erythrocytic parasites could be found the infections were eradicated by the drugs.

4. Blood-inoculated infections of P. gallinaceum may in some cases be eradicated by short courses of treatment with mepacrine, quinine or pamaquin.

5. Whereas blood-inoculated infections of P. gallinaceum derived from donors in which no exo-erythrocytic parasites could be found were sometimes eradicated by prophylactic treatment with quinine, mepacrine or pamaquin, it was not possible to eradicate the infections by curative treatment with similar doses of these drugs.

6. The difference in type of infection produced by parasitized blood from birds in which no exo-erythrocytic parasites could be found at the time of withdrawal of the blood and those in which exo-erythrocytic parasites were plentiful appears to be due to the presence of exo-erythrocytic parasites in the circulating blood of the latter type of donor.

7. Sterilization by the action of quinine, mepa-crine or pamaquin of blood-inoculated infections from donors in which no exo-erythrocytic forms could be found, appears to depend upon whether the erythrocytic parasites are killed before they can become converted into exo-erythrocytic forms.

8. No evidence has been obtained of the intensification of development of exo-erythrocytic parasites by the suppression of erythrocytic parasites with drugs.
Cross-resistance between sulphanilamide and paludrine (proguanil) in a strain of Plasmodium gallinaceum resistant to sulphanilamide
Authors: Bishop Ann , McConnachie Elspeth W.
Published: June 2009

1. Resistance to sulphanilamide, of a low order, has been developed in a strain of Plasmodium gallinaceum by the treatment of patent infections with the drug.

2. The sulphanilamide-resistant strain was resistant to paludrine over the whole range of doses tolerated by the host; it also proved to be resistant to sulphathiazole, sulphapyridine and sulpha-diazine, though the degree of resistance shown was much slighter than to paludrine.

3. Resistance to paludrine developed in the sulphanilamide-resistant strain before any resistance to sulphadiazine could be detected.
The plerocercoid larva of Grillotia heptanchi (Vaullegeard)
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

The plerocercoid larvae of Grillotia heptanchi (Vaulle-geard) used in the present study were obtained from the right supra-orbital lateral line canal of a specimen of Merluccius merluccius (L.). Two larvae were located in the canal in the region of the frontal bone and two in the region of the nasal. All were alive and were found to expand and contract slowly on removal. Unfortunately, the exact locality from which the fish came is not known as it was obtained from a fishmonger at Cardiff, but it is fairly certain that it was caught off the west coast of the British Isles.
Notes on parasitic mites: I. Some remarks on the family Laelaptidae (sensu Vitzthum 1943) with descriptions of three new species from African rodents
Authors: Zumpt F.
Published: June 2009

The systematic position of the blood-sucking Gamasides Leach, 1815, is still very unsatisfactory. In his work on external parasites, Ewing (1929) recognizes the two families Parasitidae and Dermanyssidae, distinguishing them chiefly by the form of the chelicerae. The former family to which Laelaps and related genera belong is defined by Ewing as follows: ‘chelicerae of a generalized type having the tips incurved and being provided with teeth, and the fixed arm usually bearing a seta near its tip’. The Dermanyssidae have modified chelicerae, ‘usually without teeth and fixed arm always without setae’. In this family Ewing puts the genera Liponyssus, Dermanyssus and related ones.
Some parasitic worms from fishes off the coast of Iceland. I. Cestoda
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

In August 1948 a student from this department, Mr J. N. Upton, went on a commercial trawler to the fishing grounds off the coast of Iceland and brought back a collection of parasitic worms from some of the fishes caught in the trawl. Being unable to continue the investigation Mr Upton handed the specimens to the writer for identification and further study. The writer is most grateful for the gift of this collection.
Some parasitic worms from fishes off the coast of Iceland. II. Trematoda (Digenea)
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

1. Eight species of digenetic trematodes, including one new species, have been recorded from six species of host fishes caught in the trawl off the east coast of Iceland.

2. Seven species are recorded for the first time from this locality and there are two new host records among the seven known species.

3. Details of the exact locality and depth from which the fishes were taken are given, together with a brief account of each known trematode and a more extensive account of the new species,Steganoderma pycnorganum.
The chemotherapy of Eperythrozoon coccoides (Schilling, 1928)
Authors: Thurston June P.
Published: June 2009

In tests for chemotherapeutic activity, mice were infected with Eperythrozoon coccoides, treated with drugs for 2 days, splenectomized, and treated with drugs for a further 2 days. Blood films were examined from the second day after splenectomy, when control mice showed heavy blood infections.

Neoarsphenamine, aureomycin and terramycin were active.

Tryparsamide, Chloromycetin, alloxan and polyoxyethylene ether, D2, were slightly active.

Many drugs, listed in Table 3, were inactive.

Neoarsphenamine cleared E. coccoides from the blood very rapidly. This action was inhibited by dimercaprol (BAL).

E. coccoides closely resembles Haemobartonella muris in its sensitivity to drugs. Both micro-organisms probably have affinities with the Rickettsiae.
Parasitic Nematoda collected by the Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition: Heard Island and Macquarie Island, 1948–1951
Authors: Mawson Patricia M.
Published: June 2009

The nematodes described here were collected by biologists of the Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition based at the subantarctic stations at Macquarie Island and Heard Island, over the years 1948–51.
The effect of sulphadiazine, proguanil and 2:4-diamino-6:7-diisopropylpteridine upon gametocyte production inPlasmodium gallinaceum(Brumpt, 1935)
Authors: Bishop Ann
Published: June 2009

In strains ofPlasmodium gallinaceumpassaged by blood-inoculation, through young birds treated with small, but effective doses of proguanil, sulphadiazine or 2:4-diamino-6:7-diisopropylpteridine, the numbers of gametocytes produced were much greater than in the parent strain passaged by the same method.

The effect of the drugs upon gametocyte production appears to be a long term one, since no change in gametocyte numbers was observed in birds treated with proguanil or sulphadiazine for only a few days.

The relationship of these drugs to nuclear division and the synthesis of nucleic acids is discussed in the light of the observed increase in gametocyte-production in drug-treated strains ofP. gallinaceum.
Lichomolgides cuanensis n.g., n.sp., an ascidicolous copepod occurring in Trididemnum tenerum (Verrill)
Authors: Gotto R. V.
Published: June 2009

The copepod described in this paper has been found in Strangford Lough, Co. Down, an area which has already proved rich in ascidicolous copepods of the suborder Notodelphyoida (Gotto, 1952). The present species, however, belongs to the section Poecilostoma of the suborder Cyclopoida, many members of which are associated with marine animals of several different groups. The extremes of retrogressive specialization which characterize many of the notodelphyoids are not, on the whole, so apparent in these cyclopoids, their associative habits often being inferred from general structure rather than proved occurrence with any particular host. Thus a fair number of the types described have been found unattached in dredged material, the possible host being any one of several species taken in the same haul. Associations of an apparently loose nature are therefore sufficiently frequent to render the present form of particular interest since it has so far been found exclusively in the compound ascidian Trididemnum tenerum (Verrill), in which it is localized in the extensive cloacal cavities. Further search may of course reveal alternative hosts, since the family Lichomolgidae, to which it undoubtedly belongs, has a wide range of acceptable hosts. Indeed the genus Lichomolgus is known to occur in association with sponges, polychaets, nudibranchs, gasteropods, cephalopods, holothurians and ascidians—and one species, L. agilis (Leydig) has been recorded from a score of different nudibranchs.
Observations on the food and the gut pigment of the Polyopisthocotylea (Trematoda: Monogenea)
Authors: Llewellyn J.
Published: June 2009

1. It has been shown by spectroscopic and histochemical methods that eight representative species of Polyopisthocotylea feed mainly on the blood of their hosts.

2. The blood is probably haemolysed fairly rapidly and subsequently absorbed by amoeboid ingestion, the globin moiety of the haemoglobin forming the chief nutriment of the parasite and the unaltered haematin being eliminated either by its discharge from epithelial cells into the gut lumen or by the sloughing off of intact epithelial cells.

3. In a more limited sample of skin-and cloaca-inhabiting Monopisthocotylea there was no evidence of a blood-feeding habit.
A New Species of the Nematode Genus Uncinaria from a Sea-Lion, with some observations on Related Species
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

Through the kindness of Dr S. W. Kemp, F.R.S., and of the Discovery Committee, the writer has recently had the opportunity of examining examples of a species of Uncinaria from the intestine of a sea-lion. These were collected by Mr J. E. Hamilton, of the Discovery staff, at Cape Dolphin in the Falkland Islands, in April 1931. The host was a sea-lion pup, about three months old, which was found dead on the beach, and it was suspected that the worms were concerned in the causation of its death.
Theileriasis in Goats, Sheep and Cattle, with a Description of Theileria hirci n.sp. from Serbia
Authors: Dschunkovsky E. , Urodschevich V.
Published: June 2009

In the present state of our knowledge, it is difficult to establish the specific identity of the Piroplasmidae that occur in the blood of various animals and it is still more difficult to identify them when found in the same host in different localities. Therefore it is more practical in dealing with such parasites, encountered in different animals, to consider them as separate species, because, by so doing we are more likely to acquire accurate information about them and to avoid confusion.
A New Genus of Trichostrongylid Worms from the Kangaroo
Authors: Chandler Asa C.
Published: June 2009

In the upper part of the small intestine of a Bennett's kangaroo, Macropus bennetti, there was found many parasitic worms which, although closely related to Nematodirus, differ from members of this genus sufficiently to warrant separation into a distinct genus.
Some Parasitic Copepoda from Iceland. With an Account of Peniculus clavatus, the Conjunctive Tubes of Chondracanthus nodosus and the Males of Clavella dubia
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold , Perkins Michael G. L.
Published: June 2009

The following is a list of parasitic Copepoda collected by L. Harrison Matthews during a fortnight's visit to Iceland in the first half of July 1922, some thousands of fish being examined at the numbered stations (St.), viz.: (1) Veetmannaeyjav (Westmanna Isles) E. 10 m.; (2) Storknaes; (3) Portland (Iceland).
The Nasal Bot Fly, Cephenomyia auribarbis Meigen (Diptera, Tachinidae) of the Red Deer, Cervus elaphus L
Authors: Cameron A. E.
Published: June 2009

1. Cephenomyia auribarbis Mg., a tachino-oestrid parasite of the red deer (Cervus elaphus L.), is distributed throughout the deer forests of Scotland. The adult is found on the wing during June and July.

2. The larva normally occurs attached to the walls of the nasal passages and pharynx, where it remains for 10 or 11 months. At maturity it drops to the ground and pupates beneath the surface. The adult emerges in 3–4 weeks.

3. In January, 1931, a larva of the early third instar was recovered from a stag shot at Blair Atholl, Perthshire. It was found in fat in the pelvic region and not in the nostril or pharynx as might have been expected.

4. It is suggested that the larva may have been swallowed by the host and bored its way through the wall of the gut into the peritoneal cavity, whence it had wandered to the pelvic region; or else that a first-stage larva had been accidentally deposited by a female on the hide and had bored through the body wall to the peritoneal cavity.

5. The adult female and the early third-stage larva are described and illustrated.

6. A comparison is made between the cephalo-pharyngeal apparatus of Cephenomyia auribarbis, Cephalomyia ovis, and Gastrophilus intestinalis. It is noted that the basilar sclerite of the first two species is provided with an accessory lateral appendage on each side. A greater surface is thus furnished for the attachment of the large depressor muscles of the buccal hooks. The larva thus securely holds its ground in the nasal cavities and pharynx, where the risks of summary ejection are always present. In G. intestinalis the accessory appendage is absent. The chances of the larva of this species losing its hold on the gastric mucous membrane of the host are very slight.
On Some British Larval Trematodes from Terrestrial Hosts
Authors: Harper W. F.
Published: June 2009

Five larval trematodes have been obtained from a search of many terrestrial molluscs. All are distome cercariae developing in sporocysts. One species appears to be Cercariaeum helicis Braun the sporocyst and cercaria stages of which are described here in detail. The other four species are new. Cercaria politae lucidae n.sp. and C. lauriae cylindraceae n.sp. the two Xiphidiocercariae described are rare in this locality, each species being found only on two occasions. The larvae obtained are also less abundant and less representative of the larval Trematode groups than those met with during my search of the local fresh-water molluscs for similar parasites (Harper, 1929, 1931).

During the investigation two new records have been added to the molluscan fauna of Forfarshire (Vice county, No. 90), viz. Polita lucida Drap., and Succinea elegans Risso. No helminth parasites were found in the last-named mollusc.
Two New Parasitic Copepods from Ceylon
Authors: Kirtisinghe P.
Published: June 2009

Host and Record. A single female was found attached close to the left pelvic fin of a Histiophorus brevirostris Playfair caught off the south-west coast of Ceylon in January, 1932. One of the egg-strings was missing.
Nematode parasite populations in sheep on lowland farms IV. The effects of anthelmintic treatment
Authors: Crofton H. D.
Published: June 2009

In the last twenty-five years, since it was realized that the control of flock infections was more important than the treatment of individuals with patent infections, there has been an increasing interest in the use of anthelmintic drugs. As might be expected there has been a wide search for the most effective chemicals and considerable research into the best methods of administration, and as a consequence of this many workers have been engaged in devising methods of testing the efficiency of various compounds.
Nematode parasite populations in sheep on lowland farms VI. Sheep behaviour and nematode infections
Authors: Crofton H. D.
Published: June 2009

It is usual, when considering the trichostrongyle infections of sheep, to refer to parasitic stages in the host and free-living stages on pasture as two separate entities with ecological, structural and physiological differences emphasized by their temporal relationship. They are, however, interlinked phases in a continuous exchange process in which the host acts as a vehicle. The role of the host as a mediator in this exchange has received little attention until recently and has been mainly restricted to a more dynamic approach to problems of immunity. The behaviour of the host, as well as that of the parasite, is obviously of great importance, but there has been little work on the behaviour of sheep in relation to patterns of helminth infections, although Taylor (1954) discussed the problem in general terms.