bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Trade Environment of Tunisia: A Feasibility Study for the Foothold in the Mediterranean Market
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Kim Joong-Kwan , Lee Sing-Young
Published: June 2018

Tunisia is in the process of economic reform and liberalization after decades of extensive involvement of the government in the economy. Prudent economic and fiscal planning has resulted in moderate sustained growth for over a decade. Historically, Tunisia's economic growth has depended on oil, phosphates, agriculture, and tourism. The government's initial economic policies limited success during the early years of independence.
The Tunisian economy is expected to grow at a relatively steady pace in the future, with the recovery of world economy. Tunisia needs to play its role in the Maghreb community by providing a helping hand to other underdeveloped countries. The government should continue to liberalize Tunisia's economy and to strengthen its significant achievements in trading and foreign direct investment. Tunisia's growth will enhance North Africa's economic cooperation with Europe and with other inner circle countries.
Institutional infrastructure for economic development is very week in Tunisia. There are no financial institutions catering exclusively for the financial needs of private companies. Since private sectors have great difficulties in getting loans from banking institutions due to the lack of collateral, it seems necessary to set up credit guarantee fund system to help financial needs
Tunisia's economic policies will focus on increasing the competitiveness of the economy to attract more investment thereby raising growth rates and creating jobs. The government recognizes the value of its Association Agreement with the EU, which has helped to modernize its investment environment and to foster international trade.
This paper discusses the major issues facing the Tunisia's economic policy on the trade and investment environment in detail. It should be emphasized that apart from various explicit policy measures as mentioned above, the implicit policy such as trade and competition policy can also play an important role in stimulating industrial development of Tunisia.
As pointed out repeatedly above, trade policy should be used as an important policy instrument for inducing positive activities of private firms. Competition policy in terms of deregulation and privatization could also make significant contributions to stimulating industrial progress.
A Study on the Local Management Strategy of Korean Firms in Russia: Focusing on the Factors of Political Environment
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Shin Geon-Cheol , Park Myung-Chan
Published: June 2018

It is nat strange that Korea has been doing International Management Strategies such as export, licensing and foreign direct investment. etc.. And It is recognised that Korean enterprises have developed their own technologies and management skills and the have some strong competitive advantages including ownership advantages that can compete any rivals. Nowadays, Koran small sized firms start to invest abroad, too. they eagerly try to find out foreign markets no matter where they are located.
This study has the focus to this economic conditions and investment trend of Korean firms since 2000s. Russia is selected as study area of this paper because Russia has been famous for one of the economic leader in future 21st century. More over, It has higher leveled advanced technologies and big sized emerging market, and better consumers with increasing purchasing powers, etc..
Generally, Local environment factors are classified by two: General Environment and Industrial Environment. This study focuses to the former. Because foreign forms in Local management might be influenced by the factors of general environment factors rather than industrial environment ones which is called ‘special environment' as another word, too.
Among various environment factors such as political, cultural, economic ones, this study makes a choice the political environment in local Russia for the empirical study. In detail speaking, this study has the following academic purpose which means the trying to analyze what the most significant factors are in Russia, where the Korean investing firms have to overcome and adapt to various difficulties, especially in terms of political environment. This main purpose of this research is to test empirically some relations of between the managing strategy of Korean firms and the environment factors of politics in Russia while this is conducted in two stages. First, the research model is designed by reviewing relevant theories, previous studies, and the current investment conditions in local Russia. Second, the survey of Korean firms engaged in investment activities in there is done by collecting questionnaires from them. with this survey, the strategic method of multiple regression is used to testing some hypotheses.
Based on the preceding studies including especially Lee's study, Documentary study has been done and Some hypotheses are made, and then the hypotheses tests are implemented by the statistical analysis program.
The Multi-regression Analysis is conducted for the empirical study in the paper after t도 analysis of reliability test using Chronbach's α and validity using Factor analysis. Finally the activated statistical program is SPSS for Win. 12.0. on this study.
A Comparative Study on Corporate Social Responsibility Activities in Korean and Chinese Mobile Communications: Case of the SK Telecom and China Mobile
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Shin Ji-Sook , Moon Yong-Ho
Published: June 2018

Currently the requirement for Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR) is continuously growing in China. Since Open Economy of China, it was rapidly grown economic and cultural exchange between Korea and China. In spite of that, Korea's image falls in the estimation of chinese due to Korea Companies's lack of CSR in China. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the features of CSR activities of SK Telecom and China Mobile, which represent of mobile communication industry in Korea and China. The Case Studies progressed from the viewpoint of strategies, contents, subjects, and assessment of CSR.
As a result of survey, CSR strategies of SK Telecom were reinforce existing business, hedge regulation risk, and discover new business opportunities through CSR. Like this, SK Telecom has been practicing a strategic CSR activities. China Mobile has been fulfilling triple-side responsibilities(the economic responsibility, social responsibility, environmental responsibility) and concentrating 5 programs(the rural program, life program, culture program, Green program, employee volunteering program).
Chnia Mobile fulfilled a strategic CSR. But its CSR contents were different from SK Telecom. SK Telecom have derived concrete action related to the environment, win-win partnership, customer protection, community involvement and ethics. The other side, China Mobile have concentrated action related to the rural, life, culture, environment, employee volunteering program. CSR activities of China Mobile in environment were much alike in character. But CSR activities of China Mobile in another areas were very different from SK Telecom in contents and weight. China Mobile placed a great deal of weight on the rural and environment program, but SK Telecom attached great importance to the environment, win-win partnership, and community involvement.
SK Telecom and China Mobile have fulfilled stakeholders-driven CSR activities. The Stakeholders are subjects of CSR activities and cooperators of CSR activities in SK Telecom and China Mobile. In assessment, SK Telecom and China Mobile were reflected most of GRI's guideline. However, SK Telecom reported results of assessment by 5 Part Materiality Test Framework by AA1000.
In consequence, CSR activities of SK Telecom and China Mobile were characteristic of the strategic CSR. However, It was distinguished from a weight of CSR activities and CSR contents. It was due to difference in rate of diffusion IT, a stage of economic growth, and a background of social and culture between the two countries.
An Study of Discriminant Analysis on ERP System Performance
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Han Dong-Hyup
Published: June 2018

The importance of ERP System is emphasized recently, because ERP System become the important way for organization to enhance our competitiveness and ERP System enables an organization to utilize management resources.
This importance of ERP System makes an enterprise to introduce ERP System. But introduction of an ERP System is expected to increase the performance of an enterprise as well as the problem of an enterprise. Therefore we need to analyse how implementation factors effect performance.
The purpose of this study is to identify the relation between the success implementation factors and performance on ERP Systems.
According to prior literature, CEO supports, the effective system implementation, environment of IT and S/W adoption are related to the success factors. And the productive improvement, the effective organization and satisfaction are related to the performance.
On the basis of prior literature, I develop a model that the success implementation factors affect the performance variables.
The success implementation factors are CEO supports, the effective system implementation, environment of IT, S/W adoption.
The performance variables are the productive improvement, the effective organization and satisfaction.
Therefore, I set three hypothesis.
First hypothesis is that CEO supports, the effective system implementation, environment of IT and S/W adoption are related to the productive improvement.
Second hypothesis is that CEO supports, the effective system implementation, environment of IT and S/W adoption are related to the effective organization.
Third hypothesis is that CEO supports, the effective system implementation, environment of IT and S/W adoption are related to the satisfaction.
In order to test three hypothesis, This kind of steps was as following.
The data for the empirical analysis were collected from 225 korean companies that used ERP System and the success factors and performance variables were chosen in form of questionnaire.
With these data, the discriminant tool was used as the statistical analysis.
The results of this study are that the success factors(CEO supports, the effective system implementation, environment of IT and S/W adoption) are significantly related to performance factors(the productive improvement, the effective organization and satisfaction),
Particularly the effective system implementation had strongest relation on the productive improvement, and CEO support had strongest relation on the effective organization and satisfaction.
This study show that CEO support is most important factor in terms of influential performance factors.
This result will contributes to implement ERP System in practical fields.
A Study on the Strategies and Sources of Industrial Growth in the Film and Visual Arts for Busan
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Yoo Yung-Myung , Kim Hyung-Bin
Published: June 2018

The year 2000 may prove to be a watershed year in the development of korea's fledgling film industry with several significant accomplishment and local films making inroads in the korean marketplace. With the success of Pusan International Film Festival, Busan has started organizing Busan film community. As part of its continuing efforts in film industry development, Busan organised the Film and the Visual Arts industry bringing in film productions from Seoul and other countries. The Film and the Visual Arts industry is a civilian and government joint organization offering administrative support and all kinds.
Based on success of the Pusan International Film Festival(PIFF), the Film and the Visual Arts industry in Busan has grown the major industry that will lead the Busan economy. Before fostering the Film and Visual Arts as a regional strategic industry and intensifying local industrial structure through Regional Industry Road Map, we should consider evaluating whether the regional industrial policies are effectively functioning in terms of Performance Maximization of Regional Strategic Industry. Until now, there have been few research efforts aimed at estimating policy effect of regional strategic industry.
The purpose of this research is to review the process of the Film and Visual Arts industry growth in Busan, suggest the Performance assessment system for the Regional Strategic Industry Project and present a alternatives focusing on promotion strategy. This performance analysis lays emphasis on location quotient analysis(LQ) and Shift-Share Analysis. Especially, we set quantitative analysis standard and qualitative analysis standard with professional survey to consider possibility to develop growth potentiality for the region in the future as well as objective innovation capacity that the region carries.
The result of this research will be contributed to settle a policy fostering the growth power industry for the local community development. we expect that this research will arrange the framework of various policies fostering regional strategic industry.
Township Government's Control and The Administrative Tendency of Villagers' Committee in the Operation Process of Villagers' Self-Government
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Lee Dong-Young
Published: June 2018

Nearly 30 years of practice for villagers’ self-government since 1987 has achieved substantial results. In particular, the establishment of the villagers’ committee, and the institutionalization of direct election and dismissal of cadres by villagers had changed power relations at the village level, from vertical to horizontal power relation.
But establishment of village self-government in Chian, far from terminating the party-states domination of rural villages, resulted in the development of the Xiangzhengcunzhi system that can be characterized by asymmetric possession of institutional resources between villagers’ committee and township government. Under this system, The villagers’ committee should carry out not only the task of ‘self-administration affairs,’ but also the task of ‘official affairs’ required by the higher government called township government.
Consequently, the cadres of villagers’ committee must play the dual role as a common agent for the township government and villagers. Therefore, the cadres of villagers’ committee face with a dilemma of the role choice caused by dual pressure from the township government and the villagers in the case of both sides having conflict. The conflict between township government and villager cause for peasant’s burden and farmland expropriation. When villagers’ committee cadres was faced this conflict, they do not want to intervene in dispute. This time, township government, through utilization of various means, can compel villagers’ committee to act as their agents. But Villagers do not have useful means that can compel villagers’ committee cadres than township government. Eventually, unequal institutional means between Township government and villager cause for the administrative tendency of Villagers’ Committee.
Policy Proposals for Activating Trade Remedy Measures on Korea's Agricultural Products under the Korea-China FTA Era
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Yoon Ki-Kwan , Li Zhuo
Published: June 2018

With the establishment of diplomatic relationship in 1992, Korea and China are actively promoting the economic development and China had become Korea’s premier agricultural trading partner and the largest source of imports by 2005. Recently, the discussion on the negotiations of Korea-China FTA is on the process again after a period of stagnation. The establishment of Korea-China FTA expects to allow Korea easy access to a huge market and expand export market to China, while at the same time, we can see some negative effects of the agreement such as shock to Korea's agricultural industry. In order to minimize its effects and protect the Korea's agriculture, some Agricultural Trade Remedy Measures need to be taken actively.
This paper first analyzes the economic effect in the Korea-China FTA. It implies that although the Korea-China FTA will bring huge economic benefits, more trade remedy measures should be taken in account to minimize risks and conflicts. As a result, the paper focuses on the major issues in the field of agriculture between two countries and provides some policy proposals for activating Trade Remedy Measures on Korea's Agricultural products under the Korea-China FTA.
In order to accomplish this purpose, some academical research paper and statistical data in both Korea and China are presented to analyze current status of Korea's agricultural trade structure. Under the establishment of Korea-China FTA, some agricultural conflicts between two countries are analyzed and the corresponding trade remedy measures should be taken positively under the WTO Agreements, such as the activation of ADD, Safeguard and the other measures. Overall, the result of this study is expected to provide some ideas for improving the Korea's Agricultural competitiveness in the future.
A Planned Formation of the Inter-Port Belts in Northeast Asia in Accordance with Environmental Changes in Port Logistics
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Kim Cheong-Yeoul
Published: June 2018

Recently, it is likely that we all can't avoid pursuing coexistence through mutual cooperation. In a similar vein, it's inevitable to cooperate with neighboring ports.
Today we are living in the era of global economy when coexistence through mutual cooperation is inevitable. This means that it is needed more than ever to work together with neighboring ports. If ports of neighboring countries in the Northeast Asian regions work together, it would create a great synergy effect since those countries are geographically proximal to each other, culturally common and economically interdependent.
Resentment of the Neoliberals in South Korea : Kim Jin-Sook and the Bus of Hope Movement
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, George Baca George Baca
Published: June 2018

In December of 2010workers at the Hanjin Heavy Industries and Construction shipyard in Yeongdo, Busan went on strike. They objected to management’s unilateral decision to cut 400 unionized jobs from an already diminished workforce. This conflict emerged amid widespread labor struggles throughout South Korea. However, the Hanjin strike was unique in the way it captured the attention of ordinary citizens; many of whom came to sympathize with the harrowing display of defiance of Kim Jin-Sook. Ms. Kim, a fifty-three year old leader of Korean Confederation of Trade Union (KCTU), protested the layoffs by occupying a high rise crane for 309 days. Her dissent ignited a large political movement called the “Bus of Hope” campaign. Thousands of people from across the country rode buses to Busan to support of Ms. Kim and the workers at the Hanjin shipyard. Moreover, the movement broadened its focus to bring attention to the way neoliberal policies of President Lee have created economic hardship and uncertainty. This paper describes and analyzes the Bus of Hope movement that flourished during the summer of 2011 in Korea. In contrast to theories that see neoliberalism as a new “epoch” that represents a restoration of class power, I will use this event to illustrate the short-sightedness of these types of policies. I will use this paper to discuss the ways in which neoliberal political philosophy has led to policies and economic behaviors that have increasingly destabilized democratic rule and capitalist economic development. Rather than coming at this from a “liberal” or “progressive” position this paper asserts that Keynesian policies and democratic reforms are the type of measures that would actually help maintain capitalism. Such labor conflicts -- or the austerity measures in places like the United States and Britain -- help develop the sense of a growing disparity between the rich and the poor. However, it is important to understand that the opposition that seeks to restore rights and privileges to workers should not be taken as radical or revolutionary.
The Effects of Web 2.0 on Political Participation: Evidence from a South Korean Government Wiki Website
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, An Pyeong-Eok
Published: June 2018

Electronic government (e-government) refers to the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), the Internet in particular, to deliver public services and to facilitate civic participation in policy-making process. Many governments around the world have been moving toward online actively for over a decade to enhance administrative efficiency and democratic decision-making (Homburg 2008; Edmiston 2003). In particular, Web 2.0 has been widely used due to its efficiency and as a way of two-way communication.
This paper seeks to clarify the relationship between Web 2.0 and political participation. Based on the contents of “DreamKorea,” which was an experimental government Web 2.0 wiki website operated separately from the official blog of the Presidential Council for Future and Vision in South Korea (the Republic of Korea), the paper finds probable evidences for both reinforcing and mobilizing effects of the Internet on civic participation in the policy-making process.
The paper proceeds with explaining the wide use of the Web 2.0 in such countries as Australia and United Kingdom. The two countries utilized it as a way to further civic participation in the decision-making process since 2008. Chapter three discussed the origin and operation of DreamKorea from October to December 2008.
During the period, the site posted 689 visitors and 29.512 page views a day. Yet only 15 contributions were made on the site. Registered users gave their opinions on low-carbon green growth strategy. The section on green growth prodded the registered users to write their comments. This seems to be the nature of contents, as the site addressed the mid-term and long-term policy visions rather than the immediate issues that concern the citizens.
A survey was conducted to find the political orientation of the registered users. But only 1.5% of the users responded to the survey. Based on the survey outcome, it was cautiously argued that the two factors, the reinforcement and mobilization effects, are not always mutually exclusive, but may often occur simultaneously. Specific content of the site and more accessible style also mattered in attracting more users to the site. Thus the wiki site extended opportunities for civic engagement in policy-making process.
The paper recommends that further detailed research need to be conducted to specifically explore the relationship between the reinforcement and mobilization effects of the web 2.0.
A Sudy on Mediation Effect Analysis of the Intercultural Competence Relating to the Cultural Orientation and the Multicultural Organization Performance in the Multicultural organization
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Chun Heui-Ju , Leem Byung-Hak
Published: June 2018

This study investigates (1) how the intercultural competence among organizational members has an effect on the multicultural organization performance and (2) how the cultural orientation of members has an effect on the intercultural competence. In other words, this study deals with the intercultural communication which not only considers relation between the intercultural competence and the multicultural organization performance but also considers the organizational cultural orientation which affects cultural orientation among organizational members. Specially, this study intends to illuminate how the organizational cultural orientation affects the intercultural communication competence and the multicultural organization performance in terms of practical analysis about the intercultural circumstance in which foreign employee work at Korean company.
The multicultural competence is measured by four dimensions of personal relation technology, organizational effectiveness, culture uncertainty and culture consensual. The multicultural orientation is measured by seven dimensions of uncertainty avoidance, future orientation, power distance, human orientation, performance orientation, masculinity/femininity, collectivism which are suggested by Hofstede and GLOBE project survey. Lastly, the multicultural organization performance is measured by five dimensions of (1) the cultural diversity, difference and relation conflict, (2) the organizational members’ geographical distance and dispersal distance, (3) control and mediation handing, (4) plentiful communication maintenance, (5) the organizational cohesiveness development and sustainment.
As the result of analysis, in order to affect the multicultural organization performance, we can directly improve to strengthen the organizational cultural orientation and the intercultural competence, but we can also improve intercultural competence in terms of indirect effect of mediation role between the organizational cultural orientation and the multicultural organization performance. But this paper has some limitations. First, we have limited a scope of analysis within individual level. Secondly, this study is including small number of samples.
An Analysis of Potential Maritime Conflict in the Asia Pacific
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Chun Kwangho
Published: June 2018

The economies of the Asia Pacific region are predominantly export based, and due to economic globalisation every country in the region shares the security concerns in the region. Most of the disputes in the region emanate from disputes over resources under the seas, illegal activities such as smuggling, piracy and terrorism. This paper assesses the likelihood of a major maritime conflict in the Asia-Pacific region. Similarly, this paper provides an overview of these threats relying on a literature review and adopting an ‘analytically eclectic’ approach.
The paper analyses seven key regional trends ranging from the geopolitical to inter-paradigmatic theoretical approaches while gauging the potential of these trends to cause a future maritime conflicts. Emerging complex multi-polarity, rise of new powers, presence of intense bilateral rivalries, increasing economic focus on the sea, presence of unresolved maritime disputes and the emergence of Asian Mahanism are assessed to be conflict-enhancers while the trend of regional naval build-up is classified as indeterminate.
Cooperative measures are considered as a potential initiative of reducing maritime conflicts as well as enhance domestic stability. Besides, relatively minor maritime issues such as fishery intrusions, oil spills and illegal immigration that exist particularly between North and South Korea are likely to be resolved through technological cooperation.
It is important to note that the Asia Pacific region is a maritime community. Therefore, avoidance of maritime conflicts and protection of SLOCs is of common value to every nation in the area. Strengthening Maritime cooperation and establishing regional technical cooperation efforts will help deter further conflicts. This cooperation will help reduce piracy, smuggling and pollution in the area. It is imperative to employ technology in reducing distrust and suspicion among states and establish a well monitored maritime code of conduct. Similarly, technology will help reduce conflict and war risks caused by miscalculations as well as enhance deterrent effects by increasing the risk and cost of breaking status quo in the region. Finally, it will help monitor and preserve the current situation as the basis of peaceful resolutions to any prevailing conflicts.
Korean Literature between East Asia and Europe
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, John M. Frankl John M. Frankl
Published: June 2018

This article explores the historical shifts in Korean conceptions of national identity, national language, and national literature. For much of Korea’s history, it did not possess a written language, and nearly all writings were composed in literary Chinese. Although the Korean writing system was invented in 1443 and promulgated in 1445, it enjoyed relatively little official usage until the close of the nineteenth century. In the early twentieth century, following the Japanese annexation of Korean in 1910, certain Korean intellectuals simultaneously attempted to preserve a Korean ethnic nation where no Korean political state existed, and to take stock of the immense changes the peninsula had undergone in nearly all spheres of life. Those involved in literature were faced with the task of forging a new definition of Korean literature in a world that now demanded a correspondence among territory, blood, and language. It was language, specifically written language, however, that proved the most recalcitrant to this new nationalist conception of “Korean-ness.” Following Korea’s liberation from Japan in 1945, a somewhat understandably xenophobic monolingualism briefly engulfed a nation in which bilingualism had been the norm for millenia. After little more than a single generation, however, Korea today has returned to where it had been for over a thousand years before: bilingualism is the norm for educated Koreans, and Korean literature is once again beginning to reflect that fact. Today young Korean writers are producing Korean literature in the English language. This is not a truly new development. Rather, when viewed in the context of Korean history as a whole, these writers are the heirs to a long and proud tradition of bilingualism and biculturalism in Korea.
A Study on “Private-Governmental Interaction” in Chinese Social Economy
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Lee Jangwon , Chun Kalim
Published: June 2018

Over the past few decades, the concern for civil society of China has emerged at home and outside. It has become theoretical and empirical interests in the backdrop of national and international turbulence, such as China’s reform and opening up, Tiananmen incident, the collapse of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in 1980s and early 1990s. It has also expanded to include applying the concept of western civil society to China, argument for the existence and possibility of Chinese civil society, and detailed activities and social function of civil society actors. By the way, there is something new in Chinese civil society. In the past, while Chinese civil society actors are referred to as NGOs, NPOs, Non-profit sector, or private organizations, etc., current Chinese regulations define them as ‘Social Organizations’, ‘People-Run Non-Enterprise Units’, or ‘Foundation’. In addition, the term ‘Social Economy’ and ‘Social Enterprise’ are added to the definitions lately. While the ‘Social Economy’ and ‘Social Enterprise’ have been around for several decades in some countries, it is a new concept in China. It has only just begun to emerge since the mid of 2000s. Nevertheless, the term ‘Social Economy’ and ‘Social Enterprise’ have spreaded rapidly over the academic communities, civil society, and governmental organizations in China over the past few years. What is the background of spread of the term ‘Social Economy’ and ‘Social Enterprise’ in China? For this, firstly, Chinese government’s new understanding on the civil society is noteworthy. The Chinese government seems to expand the social role of civil society as a governance by combining the government-led and private sector-participated. From the government’s standpoint, collaborative governance with the civil society is a very attractive alternative for the economic and social development because the government-private sector partnership may complement the lack of government and market to create public service. Therefore, the government may accept easily the concept of ‘Social Economy’ and ‘Social Enterprise’ as a governance by the collaboration between government and private sector. On the contrary, such changes from the top-bottom level will help the Chinese civil society enhance their social participating ability and survival capacity. That’s why many Chinese civil society actors are seeking for transformation toward ‘Social Economy’ and ‘Social Enterprise’. Indeed, ‘Social Economy’ and ‘Social Enterprise’ in China are being shaped by the strategic cooperative framing between private sector and the government. This paper interprets the concept of ‘Social Economy’ and ‘Social Enterprise’ in China, and examines private-governmental interaction toward the collaborative governance in Chinese Social Economy.
A Critical Review of the ‘Beijing Consensus’: Focusing on Ramo’s and Arrighi’s Arguments
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Yoon Sang-Woo
Published: June 2018

Since 1978 China’s economic miracle has produced various developmental issues, and it was recently conceptualized as the ‘Beijing Consensus’ which would replace the Washington Consensus and suggest an alternative development option for the developing countries. However, it is argued that the discourse on the Beijing Consensus might misinterpret and distort the realities of China’s development experiences, and also misguide false alternative model to the Third world. This study attempts to review critically the discourse on the Beijing Consensus focusing on Ramo(2004)’s and Arrighi(2007)’s arguments, and to re-identify the natures and features of China’s development model.
Ramo’s thesis has definitely so many limitations to explain the China’s experience, due to inadequate conceptualization of core factors enabling the Chinese miracle and to ad hoc interpretations disguising itself as scientific axioms just like quantum physics. And, Arrighi has argued that China’s renaissance in the reform era was associated with its historical traditions such as industrious revolution and Smithian natural path of development. However, Arrighi’s argument also did not make sense, because of false recognition on market-economy and capitalism, ‘orientalism in reverse’ toward China’s renaissance, and ad hoc explanations on transitions of world hegemony.
Alternatively, this study identify China’s development model as mixed capitalism including coexistence of neoliberal market and developmental-keynesian interventionism. Also, we can find out that the chinese model have exceptional characteristics rather than universal properties, and have problems of its sustainability concerning about unbalance of accumulation.
Analysis on One-Person-Household’s Financial Portfolio Property
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Cho Hong Chong , Lee Changmin , Son Jaehee
Published: June 2018

The population aging and increasing one-person-household are expected to influence on the change of conventional economic activities. Moreover, phenomena on increasing one-person-household are globally emerged, and specifically, increasing the number of single women from twenties to thirties causes for them to make majority for new cultures and consumption. Also, due to the impact on one-person-household, economic activities composed of multi-person household will change their consuming pattern. For instance, it shows changes in demand for new living space, relationship network in online, consumption pattern, and so on. Above all, consumption characteristics of one-person-household’s financial products will make an impact on financial markets.
In the view of this point, this paper shows the properties of one-person-households’ financial portfolio by comparing it with the portfolio of more than one-person-households. To analyze these properties, we will use KLIPS (Korean Labor & Income Panel Study, 2007~2010). The results of comparison about the characteristics of both one-person-household and multi-person-household are as follows. Foremost, there is no significant difference between free risk assets (deposit/installment savings, personal insurance, term insurance, saving insurance, Whole life insurance) and risk assets (installment Fund). Second, one-person-household is more(less) inclined to invest deposit/installment savings (term insurance, saving insurance). Third, the higher educated one-person-household tends to decrease ratio of investment in deposit/installment savings. In one-person-household, there is positive correlation between education and ratio of investment to whole life insurance and saving insurance, however, multi-person-household shows that there is no correlation. Finally, in saving insurance, there exist no time trends in one-person-household. Saving insurance of more than one-person-household has increasing trends.
The Effect of Generic Entry on the Demand for Pharmaceutical Products
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Lim Hyunwoo , Park Cheong Kyu
Published: June 2018

It is very common that after patent expirations of original pharmaceutical products (brand products), other pharmaceutical firms enter the market with generic drugs which has the same molecule as the original drugs. For example, in any pharmacies in North America, acetaminophen or ibuprofen, the generic version of Tylenol or Advil, respectively, can be easily found. The generic entry (introduction of chemically equivalent drug) of a brand product significantly lowers the average price of the drugs with the same molecule and thus, it is commonly believed that the total market size for the molecule increases significantly. However, after the generic entry, brand firms tend to stop spending on detailing, the most common marketing activity of pharmaceutical firms, which is sending their representatives to physicians and explaining the efficacy of drugs, and investments for clinical trials because generic products can free-ride on the marketing efforts of the brand firms. Also, firms producing the competing drugs with similar efficacy, e.g., me-too drugs, can adjust their detailing efforts after the generic entry. Therefore, it is unclear whether the generic entries actually expand the total market for the focal molecule after controlling for the detailing activities of focal firms and competing firms. In this research we try to answer this question by using the Canadian data on drugs in statin class, which is a very popular class of anti-cholesterol drugs.
Our estimation results provide policy makers with valuable implications as follows. When a drug is strong, the generic entry seems to increase social welfare so the policy maker should encourage the generic entry. However, when a drug is weak, the generic entry does not seem to have any significant impact on social welfare so the policy maker seems to have less incentive to encourage the generic entry.
In addition, by observing the generic drug market in Canada, where generic drug market is mature, the generic drug companies and policy makers in Asia, where generic drug market is still growing, can learn the dynamics of generic market development.
A note on the flat-top size effect in the partition of unity method
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Hong Won-Tak
Published: June 2018

There is a tight link between the size of flat-top region and the gradient of the partition of unity function. Recent studies show that the condition number of the system can grow arbitrarily large with linear finite element shape functions as a partition of unity even though local approximation functions are linearly independent. As a result, a flat-top partition of unity function is introduced to avoid linear independence. The wide flat-top region in the partition of unity function has been known to ensure the linear independence of mesh-free basis functions. The wider the flat-top is, the smaller so better in the condition number. However, the wider flat-top partition of unity function could result in a large gradient of the partition of unity function as well as large condition number while having a strongly linear independent local basis functions. We demonstrate this phenomenon in a simple Poisson model problem when the flat-top region expands and starts to fill up the support of the partition of unity functions. For the particular problems we have considered, we find that there is an optimal size for the flat-top region in the support of partition of unity function.
The HRM Case of the Social Enterprises in Korea
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Yi Eunae , Ahn Ji-Young
Published: June 2018

This study presents theoretical criteria and practical implications for human resource management (HRM) policy choice in social enterprises in Korea. Building on macro human resource management (HRM) literature, we observed variation in HRM systems in social enterprises in Korea. Specifically, following the framework proposed by Bae et al.,(2011), we examine HRM systems of social enterprises based on two different paradigms of theory of the firm: an economic view and an organizational capability view. The economic view argues a firm as an economic institution that pursues market competitiveness through utilization of market logic for the coordination of behaviors (Williamson, 1985). In contrast, organizational capability perspective posits a firm as a social institution that pursue organizational advantage by employing communal logic as a coordination mechanism. In this study, we explored four HRM policies (i.e. employment policy, job characteristics, control mechanism, and performance/compensation policy.
For our case analysis, we selected six social enterprises by the type of social objectives based on the Social Enterprise Promotion Act in Korea. In addition, number of criteria or dimensions is used to derive HRM configuration, including social influence, awareness, size, and the maturity of HRM system. To collect data, we conducted interviews with human resources/labor relations managers and CEOs of each organization, a minimum of two times per company. The interviews were supplemented by the secondary data such as performance reports, internal documents, personnel regulations and work rules.
Results suggest that various HRM configurations exist in social enterprises. Specifically, the majority of social enterprises surveyed were based on organizational capabilities perspective (commitment HRM configuration), consistent with “social” characteristics of social enterprises. However, one organization took an economic approach and two chose a balanced perspective of the two. Interestingly, one organization had a unique system positioned in the middle of both dimensions, reflecting the mixed nature of social enterprises. Furthermore, the CSR-linked social enterprise was highlighted in dealing with difficulties of corporate financing. They were largely influenced by the for profit parent company and took economic perspective.
The results can provide some practical guides for what goes to the criteria and the direction of managing social enterprises when designing a human resource management system. This is because different types of policy choices and the system of HRM system should be in accordance with the relative importance of two perspectives. It also indicates the consistency between social enterprise human resource management system and its dominant logic of two views is critical in determining the degree of sustainability of social enterprises in Korea.
Effects of Legal and Cultural Differences on Stock Markets in Eurasian Countries: Focusing on the Impact of the Financial Crisis
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Byun Jinho
Published: June 2018

The financial crisis of September 2008 that occurred in United States leads to the collapse of the world’s financial markets. Global stock market indices experience a decline of about 8% on the day and suffered a decline of more than 30% rate of return over a period of about one year. In this study, we analyze how the such sudden market shock affects the stock markets of the other countries, through the legal and cultural differences. Legal systems of the world is largely divided into the English common law and the European civil law, thus differs from the legal and regulatory protection for investors. In addition, every country has its own cultural characteristics, according to Hofstede (2001) cultural characteristics can be divided in five aspects.
This study analyzes how the market have responded to the financial crisis using 28 countries with legal and cultural differences. Short-term market reaction to the shock is measured by cumulative return of the market index for three days after the event. In addition, we analyze the long-term recovery response which means that the market index return to the average level before the event. In addition, we control macroeconomic variables such as GNP and market capitalization, and also include investor protection index of La Porta et al. (2000) in the regression analysis.
The results of the study can be summarized as follows. First, the decline of market index to the shock in common law nations appeared to be less than the decline in civil law nations. The result also shows fast recovery days in common law markets. Second, the larger power distance index (PDI), the smaller in the short-term decline of market index. In the long-term, large PDI nations show the quick return to normal levels. Investors in high dependence on the government seem to expect their nation to play a positive role to overcome the shock and believe that to overcome the crisis and quickly return to normal levels. Third, the greater long-term oriented index (LTO), the more decline against market shock in the short-term. In the long run, however, investors seem to believe that the impact on the market can be easily recovered. Fourth, when the uncertainty avoidance index (UAI) is big, the stock market index recovered slowly to the level before. Investors in strong UAI nations seem not to believe easily that the shock is completely disappeared. Conversely, the short-term market response appeared to be smaller in strong UAI country. Fifth, although statistically insignificant, the market shock is big where the individualism index (IDV) is strong. However, we cannot obtain the consistent result in the long run. Because, in the more highly individualistic society, individual oneself is more responsible than people in collectivism society, we presume that the market reaction against the shock is larger in strong IDV markets. Finally, masculinity index (MAS) has failed to show any significant results from market response.
A comparative study on analysis of operational performance in retail industries
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Kwak Jin Kyung
Published: June 2018

Most management studies pursue improvement of business performance. As a result, searching for an appropriate performance measure is an important research subject. Traditionally, operations management area has used the four competitive priorities (cost, quality, delivery, and flexibility) as a performance measure and defined the measures for each study. As these measures might be obtained by surveys and used differently by studies, we need an objective measure to evaluate the operational performance, especially for comparative study. In that matter, financial statements can provide objective figures. Gaur et al. (2005) developed a regression model with variables which can be obtained from financial statements and analyzed the data in retail industries. This study investigates whether their model applies to Korean retail industry and searches for an appropriate measure of operational performance. The recent 5 years’ (2011-2015) financial data for retail industry are collected via TS (Total Solution) 2000 from the KOCO info platform. As a regression result, the inventory turnover ratio of Korean retail businesses shows a negative correlation with the gross margin, a positive correlation with the capital intensity, and no correlation with the sales surprise. It is guessed that forecasting sales may not affect inventory decision in Korean retail industry significantly. The regression model without an explanatory variable, sales surprise, turns out to fit better to the data. The coefficients of the explanatory variables are larger than those of Gaur et al. (2005). This study aims for a comparative study by comparing the two studies, one with COMPUSTAT data and the other with TS2000 data. In addition, this study pursues interface between finance and operations management.