bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Engineering COFs as smart triggers for rapid capture and controlled release of singlet oxygen
Authors: Yan Dong , Lin En , Jin Fazheng , Qiao Shan , Yang Yi , Wang Zhifang , Xiong Fanhao , Chen Yao , Cheng Peng , Zhang Zhenjie
Published: November 2021

A new 3-dimensional covalent organic framework (3D COF) with a 4-fold interpenetrated dia topology was fabricated, which exhibited outstanding 1O2 capture performance and demonstrated potential anti-fake applications.
Electrical transport properties of EuTe under high pressure
Authors: Li Yuqiang , Liu Jingxia , Zhang Peiguang , Jing Qiang , Liu Xiaofeng , Zhang Jianxin , Xiao Ningru , Yu Liyuan , Niu Pingjuan
Published: November 2021

Electrical transport properties of EuTe were investigated under high pressure, confirming a pressure-induced semiconductor–semimetal–metal transition.
Pollution morphology characteristics on a superhydrophobic surface and its pollution flashover voltage in DC electric field
Authors: Liu Yijie , Guo Yujun , Wang Bo , Zhang Xueqin , Huang Guizao , Zhang Guangquan , Liu Yicen , Deng Qin , Wu Guangning
Published: November 2021

To solve the pollution problem of insulators on ultra‐high voltage DC transmission lines, superhydrophobic coatings were presented and their pollution deposit morphology and pollution flashover voltage in electric field were studied by an artificial pollution deposit system. The experimental results show that the pollution on the surface of superhydrophobic coating is distributed in clusters, which inhibits the chain distribution on the surface of silicone rubber and improves the pollution flashover voltage. Secondly, the competition mechanism of the pollution flashover on the superhydrophobic coating surface was found. This competition mechanism can lead to the failure of the insulation performance of the superhydrophobic coating in severely polluted environments. Finally, a pollution flashover model of superhydrophobic coating is proposed to explain the competition mechanism, which is affected by pollution and the discrete droplets. The conclusions of this study can provide an experimental and theoretical basis for the application of the superhydrophobic coating in the field of UHV DC external insulation.
A multistage distribution network planning method considering distributed generation active management and demand response
Authors: Koutsoukis Nikolaos C. , Georgilakis Pavlos S.
Published: November 2021

This paper proposes a multistage distribution network planning (DNP) method that considers multiple planning alternatives, the active management of distributed generation (DG) units and demand response in the context of active distribution networks (ADNs). Representative days are selected for the consideration of uncertainties related with load demand and renewable power generation, during the planning period. The proposed DNP method aims at minimising the net present value of the total investment and operational cost. The proposed DNP considers multiple planning alternatives, such as the reinforcement of existing substations and existing distribution lines, the installation of new distribution lines, and the installation of capacitors. Furthermore, the proposed DNP method incorporates the control capabilities of DG active and reactive power output and demand response schemes. A 24‐bus distribution network and a 144‐bus real world distribution network are used to validate the performance of the proposed method.
Coordinated control to achieve stability and dynamic response enhancement of weak‐grid‐connected inverters based on sequence‐admittance models
Authors: Yu Yanxue , Zheng Xuemei , Li Haoyu , Guerrero Josep M. , Akhavan Ali
Published: November 2021

In grid‐connected inverters (GCIs), the phase‐locked loop (PLL) behaves as a negative admittance at the point of common coupling (PCC), composed of both the PLL controller and current controller terms. Therefore, not only the PLL dynamics, but also dynamical interactions between the PLL controller and current controller might trigger instabilities in weak grids, which complicates the controller parameters regulation. The smaller PLL bandwidth could help to mitigate the instabilities, but at the expense of sacrificing the system dynamic response. In view of this, a coordinated control composed of the q‐axis voltage and PCC‐voltage feedforward based on sequence‐admittance models is proposed here. The q‐axis voltage feedforward is designed with a simple proportional feedforward coefficient to make the PLL‐induced negative admittance insensitive to the PLL controller parameters. In other words, the PLL bandwidth would not be limited by the stability requirements and the dynamic response speed could be ensured. Furthermore, the PCC‐voltage feedforward is developed to coordinate the q‐axis voltage feedforward by phase compensation, thus to achieve stability improvement. Finally, simulations and hardware‐in‐the‐loop tests are carried out to verify the enhanced stability and dynamic response of the modified GCI with the proposed coordinated control in weak grid.
A cold accretion flow onto one component of a multiple protostellar system
Authors: Murillo N. M. , van Dishoeck E. F. , Hacar A. , Harsono D. , Jørgensen J. K.
Published: November 2021

Context. Gas accretion flows transport material from the cloud core onto the protostar. In multiple protostellar systems, it is not clear if the delivery mechanism is preferential or more evenly distributed among the components.

Aims. The distribution of gas accretion flows within the cloud core of the deeply embedded, chemically rich, low-mass multiple protostellar system IRAS 16293−2422 is explored out to 6000 AU.

Methods. Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Band 3 observations of low-J transitions of various molecules, such as HNC, cyanopolyynes (HC3N, HC5N), and N2H+, are used to probe the cloud core structure of IRAS 16293−2422 at ~100 AU resolution. Additional Band 3 archival data provide low-J HCN and SiO lines. These data are compared with the corresponding higher-J lines from the PILS Band 7 data for excitation analysis. The HNC/HCN ratio is used as a temperature tracer.

Results. The low-J transitions of HC3N, HC5N, HNC, and N2H+ trace extended and elongated structures from 6000 AU down to ~100 AU, without any accompanying dust continuum emission. Two structures are identified: one traces a flow that is likely accreting toward the most luminous component of the IRAS 16293−2422 A system. Temperatures inferred from the HCN/HNC ratio suggest that the gas in this flow is cold, between 10 and 30 K. The other structure is part of an uv-irradiated cavity wall entrained by one of the outflows driven by the source. The two outflows driven by IRAS 16293−2422 A present different molecular gas distributions.

Conclusions. Accretion of cold gas is seen from 6000 AU scales onto IRAS 16293−2422 A but not onto source B, indicating that cloud core material accretion is competitive due to feedback onto a dominant component in an embedded multiple protostellar system. The preferential delivery of material could explain the higher luminosity and multiplicity of source A compared to source B. The results of this work demonstrate that several different molecular species, and multiple transitions of each species, are needed to confirm and characterize accretion flows in protostellar cloud cores.
Reactions of Sulfoxides with Benzynes
Authors: Shi Jiarong , Li Yang , Wan Caiwen
Published: November 2021

Sulfoxides are important organic synthons that have been used in a variety of transformations. In this account, we focus on advances in the reaction of sulfoxides with benzynes, which can be divided into two types: benzyne ortho-difunctionalization and benzyne multifunctionalization.

1 Introduction

2 Benzyne ortho-Difunctionalization

3 Benzyne Multifunctionalization

4 Conclusion
Catalytic Deoxygenative Cyclopropanation of 1,2-Dicarbonyl or Monocarbonyl Compounds via Molybdenum Catalysis
Authors: Zhuo Chun-Xiang , Wang Jia-Le
Published: November 2021

The cyclopropanation of alkenes through the transition-metal-catalyzed decomposition of diazo compounds is a powerful and straightforward strategy to produce cyclopropanes. Nevertheless, the appeal of further application of this strategy is tempered by the potentially explosive nature of the diazo substrates. Therefore, it is highly desirable to develop sustainable and operationally safe surrogates for diazo compounds. In this Synpacts article, we discuss recent advances on the cyclopropane syntheses through the catalytic cyclopropanation of alkenes and metal carbenes generated in situ from nondiazo precursors as well as highlight our recent progress on the unprecedented molybdenum-catalyzed deoxygenative cyclopropanation reaction of 1,2-dicarbonyl or monocarbonyl compounds.
A Rare Presentation of Osteoid Osteoma in a 77-Year-Old Patient, Treated with Computer Tomography–Guided Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation
Authors: Patel Anish , Davies Mark , James Steven , Azzopardi Christine , Botchu Rajesh
Published: November 2021

Osteoid osteoma (OO) is a benign bone forming tumor characterized by small size and a disproportionate amount of pain. They are most commonly seen between the ages of 5 and 30 years; however, they can be seen in the older patient albeit infrequently. The hands and feet are the least common site of OO among the extremity bones. We present a case of an OO in the hand of a 77-year-old man who underwent successful treatment with computed tomography–guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. We believe this is the oldest recorded patient in the medical literature with a histologically confirmed OO. The condition should therefore be considered in the differential diagnosis of a painful sclerotic bone lesion in this age group to avoid a delay in diagnosis and subsequent treatment.
Scrotal Lipoblastoma with Radiological and Histological Correlation
Authors: Rousslang Lee K. , Burr Cole R. , Wood Jonathan R.
Published: November 2021

Lipoblastomas are rare benign mesenchymal tumors comprised primarily mature adipocytes, which are most commonly found in infants and children younger than 3 years. They are usually found in the extremities, trunk, head, neck, and retroperitoneum, although cases occurring in the scrotum have been reported. Due to its rarity, there is a relative paucity of literature describing its imaging and management. We present a rare case of a scrotal lipoblastoma, and discuss the current imaging strategies to differentiate this adipocytic tumor from other more common paratesticular masses, including aggressive neoplasms such as rhabdomyosarcomas. Knowledge of the radiological appearance of lipoblastoma can provide the correct diagnosis and prevent unnecessary orchiectomy.
Labrune Syndrome: A Very Rare Association of Leukoencephalopathy, Cerebral Calcifications, and Cysts
Authors: Joshi Anagha R. , Kulkarni Kiran , Shah Ankita U.
Published: November 2021

Leukoencephalopathy, cerebral calcifications, and cysts (LCC) form a very rare association which is named as “Labrune syndrome” after Labrune who reported the first case in 1996. To the best of our knowledge only eight to 10 cases have been reported in literature to date. We report a case of a 26-year-old male with onset of neurological symptoms in late adolescence (at 19 years of age) and presented with complains of continued seizures for 7 years, giddiness with imbalance, and slowly progressive motor symptoms. MRI brain revealed multiple calcifications in bilateral basal ganglia, cerebral white matter, multiple cystic lesions in the supratentorial white matter, and abnormal diffused bilateral white matter T2 hyperintensity suggesting leukoencephalopathy. Histopathological evaluation revealed prominent congested blood vessels suggestive of angiomatous changes and cystic areas suggestive of secondary gliosis.
Accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index in Differentiating Progressive Supranuclear Palsy from Parkinson's Disease among South Indian Population: A Retrospective Case Control Study
Authors: Janarthanan Vasanthapriya , Nadhamuni Kulasekaran , Rajakumar Sibhithran , Padmanaban Elamparidhi , Amirthalingam Umamageswari , Achantani Yashkumar
Published: November 2021

Context Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disorder which comes under Parkinsonism plus syndrome. As this spectrum of disease has many overlapping clinical as well as imaging findings, some quantitative parameters like magnetic resonance Parkinsonism index and midbrain/pons ratio are useful to differentiate PSP from other PD patients.

Aims The study aimed to detect sensitivity and specificity of magnetic resonance Parkinsonism index in differentiating PSP from PD.

Settings and Design It was a retrospective case–control study conducted in Sri Manankula Vinayagar Medical College, Puducherry, during the period of January 2018 to June 2019.

Materials and Methods The 87 subjects, who were diagnosed and grouped into three categories (PSP, PD, and control) after performing magnetic resonance imaging brain, were reviewed. The parameters like the area of Pons and midbrain, width of MCP and SCP, P/M, M/P, and MRPI were calculated.

Statistical Analysis One-way ANOVA and Chi-square test was used. The sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, and cut-off values obtained with receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were determined.

Results The mean age of presentation was approximately 75 years with male predominance. The cut-off value of MRPI obtained in this study was 13.4 with 100% sensitivity and specificity. Even though M/P ratio was found to be statistically significant among PSP patients; cut-off value was not obtained.

Conclusion MRPI was concluded as the better tool in diagnosing PSP compared with the M/P ratio. Hence the combined qualitative as well as quantitative measurement of MRPI will increase the diagnostic accuracy of PSP.
2021 Focused Update Consensus Guidelines of the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society on Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: Executive Summary
Authors: Chao Tze-Fan , Joung Boyoung , Takahashi Yoshihide , Lim Toon Wei , Choi Eue-Keun , Chan Yi-Hsin , Guo Yutao , Sriratanasathavorn Charn , Oh Seil , Okumura Ken , Lip Gregory Y. H.
Published: November 2021

The consensus of the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS) on stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF) has been published in 2017 which provided useful clinical guidance for cardiologists, neurologists, geriatricians, and general practitioners in the Asia-Pacific region. In these years, many important new data regarding stroke prevention in AF were reported. The practice guidelines subcommittee members comprehensively reviewed updated information on stroke prevention in AF, and summarized them in this 2021 focused update of the 2017 consensus guidelines of the APHRS on stroke prevention in AF. We highlighted and focused on several issues, including the importance of the AF Better Care pathway, the advantages of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) for Asians, the considerations of use of NOACs for Asian AF patients with single one stroke risk factor beyond gender, the role of lifestyle factors on stroke risk, the use of oral anticoagulants during the “coronavirus disease 2019” pandemic, etc. We fully realize that there are gaps, unaddressed questions, and many areas of uncertainty and debate in the current knowledge of AF, and the physician's decision remains the most important factor in the management of AF.
Modelling and simulation of soft robotic human tongue with improved motion
Authors: Rodriguez Selena , Galvan Ruri , Ganta Deepak
Published: November 2021

There is a huge demand for electronic tongues in the food and pharmaceutical industries for chemical detection and flavor analysis. The lack of availability of robots with electronic tongues has motivated us to investigate, design, and simulate a human tongue’s complex motions. Human anatomy was studied in detail to modify the standard design of the human tongue, with the addition of 32 embedded chambers at strategic locations, to replicate various 3D motions (rolling, groove, twist, and elongation) of the human tongue necessary for improving the biochemical sensing capabilities. The FEM (Finite element method) simulations showed the relation between pressure and deformation range for various kinds of motions in a human tongue, including the mechanical properties from the stress versus strain response.
Ambivalent: Photography and Visibility in African History
Authors: Tucker Jennifer , Fox-Amato Matthew , Gürsel Zeynep Devrim , Kothor Marius , Ramaswamy Sumathi , Shevchenko Olga
Published: November 2021

In this roundtable, five historians come together to review the collected essays in Ambivalent: Photography and Visibility in African History. Jennifer Tucker provides an overview of the content of the book and its significance in terms of scholarship on photography and African history. Matthew Fox-Amato studies how powerful photographs can be as evidence when combined with other kinds of sources such as oral narratives. Referring to the essays of Patricia Hayes and Isabelle de Rezende, Marius Kothor notes how the intersection between photography and oral tradition create new ways of conceptualizing the relation between photography and time. Olga Shevchenko marvels at the ability of photography to open up discussions regarding colonial and postcolonial relationships of power, knowledge production, ethnic and political pluralism, and subjectivity that transcend the frame. Writing about the essay of Phindi Mnyaka, Zeynep Devrim Gürsel observes how we forge different perspectives from the same photograph and, in the process, unravel new analytical spaces. Finally, Sumathi Ramaswamy references the essays of Ingrid Masondo and Gary Minkley to draw attention to the use of photography as a surveillance instrument by oppressive regimes.
Lula and His Politics of Cunning
Authors: Barrett James R. , Cowan Benjamin A. , Schmidt Benito , Seidman Gay , French John D.
Published: November 2021

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva is the focus of a roundtable review on John D. French’s Lula and His Politics of Cunning: From Metalworker to President of Brazil. The reviewers offer a reading of Lula and his legacies from perspectives that range from LGBTQ+ studies to racial politics, including an analysis centered on the story of a humble man that rose from below, “a most exceptional common man,” from his humble beginnings up to his election as president; a review that underscores how the book addresses Lula’s work with regards to human rights, including race and the LGBTI+ community; a deconstruction of the use of the word “cunning” as a positive term of appreciation, comparing Brazil’s journey under Lula with the promise of post-apartheid South Africa; and a reflective commentary that seeks to understand how a figure like Lula is not born but created, in this case through class struggle. Finally, John French responds to these observations and offers additional insight on his book and the living legacy of Lula’s Brazil.
Why cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) develop so slowly
Authors: Karban Richard
Published: November 2021

Cicadas have amongst the longest development times and are also amongst the largest insects. Cicadas feed exclusively on xylem fluid, which is nutritionally dilute and difficult to obtain. One possible explanation for their slow development is that poor nutrition limits their growth rate. An analysis of 30 cicada species with known development times is consistent with this hypothesis as species with more equatorial distributions grew more rapidly than those at higher latitudes. A second possible explanation is that prolonged development maximizes net reproductive rate because there is little risk of mortality once early instar cicada nymphs establish feeding sites. Extended development probably allows nymphs to store resources and produce more offspring. Spittlebugs also feed obligately on xylem fluid and grow at similarly slow rates although they attain small adult sizes. Unlike cicadas, spittlebugs do not have steep survivorship curves and have shorter development times. The life histories of cicadas and spittlebugs are therefore consistent with both hypotheses. Cicada development times may be limited if (1) the risk of nymphal mortality equals increased fecundity associated with prolonging development, (2) fluctuating conditions sometimes favour rapid development times, or (3) host plant quality changes over time and penalizes nymphs that cannot relocate feeding sites.
Significance testing for canonical correlation analysis in high dimensions
Authors: McKeague Ian W , Zhang Xin
Published: November 2021

We consider the problem of testing for the presence of linear relationships between large sets of random variables based on a postselection inference approach to canonical correlation analysis. The challenge is to adjust for the selection of subsets of variables having linear combinations with maximal sample correlation. To this end, we construct a stabilized one-step estimator of the Euclidean norm of the canonical correlations maximized over subsets of variables of prespecified cardinality. This estimator is shown to be consistent for its target parameter and asymptotically normal, provided the dimensions of the variables do not grow too quickly with sample size. We also develop a greedy search algorithm to accurately compute the estimator, leading to a computationally tractable omnibus test for the global null hypothesis that there are no linear relationships between any subsets of variables having the prespecified cardinality. We further develop a confidence interval that takes the variable selection into account.
Pelvic sentinel lymph nodes have minimal impact on survival in melanoma patients
Authors: Vuoristo Mikko , Muhonen Timo , Koljonen Virve , Juteau Susanna , Hernberg Micaela , Ilmonen Suvi , Jahkola Tiina
Published: November 2021

Background

Lower limb or trunk melanoma often presents with femoral and pelvic sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs). The benefits of harvesting pelvic lymph nodes remain controversial. In this retrospective study, the frequency and predictors of pelvic SLNs (PSLNs), and the impact of PSLNs on survival and staging was investigated.

Methods

Altogether 285 patients with cutaneous melanoma located in the lower limb or trunk underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy of the inguinal/iliac lymph node basin at Helsinki University Hospital from 2009–2013. Patient characteristics, detailed pathology reports and follow-up data were retrieved from hospital files. Subgroups of patients categorized by presence of PSLNs were compared for outcome parameters including progression-free survival, melanoma-specific survival and groin recurrence.

Results

Superficial femoral/inguinal SLNs were present in all patients and 199 (69.8 per cent) also had PSLNs removed. Median number of SLNs per patient was five and median number of PSLNs was two. Sixty-three patients (22.1 per cent) had metastases in their SLNs and seven (2.5 per cent) had metastases in PSLNs. A single patient had metastases solely in PSLNs, while superficial SLNs remained negative. Harvesting PSLNs or the number of PSLNs retrieved had no impact on progression-free survival or overall survival. The removal of PSLNs did not affect the risk of postoperative seroma or lymphoedema. The only predictor of positive PSLNs was radioactivity count equal to or more than that of the hottest superficial SLNs.

Conclusion

Pelvic SLNs have minimal clinical impact on the outcome of melanoma patients especially in cases with negative superficial femoral/inguinal SLNs. Removal of PSLNs should be considered when they are the most radioactive nodes or equal to the hottest superficial femoral/inguinal SLNs in lymphoscintigraphy or during surgery.

Preliminary results were presented in part at the International Sentinel Node Society Biennial Meeting, Tokyo, Japan, 11–13 October 2018.
Brain atrophy progression in Parkinson’s disease is shaped by connectivity and local vulnerability
Authors: Tremblay Christina , Rahayel Shady , Vo Andrew , Morys Filip , Shafiei Golia , Abbasi Nooshin , Markello Ross D , Gan-Or Ziv , Misic Bratislav , Dagher Alain
Published: November 2021

Brain atrophy has been reported in the early stages of Parkinson’s disease, but there have been few longitudinal studies. How intrinsic properties of the brain, such as anatomical connectivity, local cell-type distribution and gene expression combine to determine the pattern of disease progression also remains unknown. One hypothesis proposes that the disease stems from prion-like propagation of misfolded alpha-synuclein via the connectome that might cause varying degrees of tissue damage based on local properties. Here, we used MRI data from the Parkinson Progression Markers Initiative to map the progression of brain atrophy over 1, 2 and 4 years compared with baseline. We derived atrophy maps for four time points using deformation-based morphometry applied to T1-weighted MRI from 120 de novo Parkinson’s disease patients, 74 of whom had imaging at all four time points (50 Men: 24 Women) and 157 healthy control participants (115 Men: 42 Women). In order to determine factors that may influence neurodegeneration, we related atrophy progression to brain structural and functional connectivity, cell-type expression and gene ontology enrichment analyses. After regressing out the expected age and sex effects associated with normal ageing, we found that atrophy significantly progressed over 2 and 4 years in the caudate, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus and posterior cortical regions. This progression was shaped by both structural and functional brain connectivity. Also, the progression of atrophy was more pronounced in regions with a higher expression of genes related to synapses and was inversely related to the prevalence of oligodendrocytes and endothelial cells. In sum, we demonstrate that the progression of atrophy in Parkinson’s disease is in line with the prion-like propagation hypothesis of alpha-synuclein and provide evidence that synapses may be especially vulnerable to synucleinopathy. In addition to identifying vulnerable brain regions, this study reveals different factors that may be implicated in the neurotoxic mechanisms leading to progression in Parkinson’s disease. All brain maps generated here are available on request.
Reinfection With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Among Previously Infected Healthcare Personnel and First Responders
Authors: Akinbami Lara J , Biggerstaff Brad J , Chan Philip A , McGibbon Emily , Pathela Preeti , Petersen Lyle R
Published: November 2021

Background

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus testing among first responders and healthcare personnel who participated in a May 2020–August 2020 serosurvey that assessed spike protein antibodies provided an opportunity to assess reinfection.

Methods

Serology survey data were merged with virus testing results from Rhode Island (1 March 2020–17 February 2021) and New York City (10 March 2020–14 December 2020). Participants with a positive virus test ≥14 days before their serology test were included. Reinfection was defined as a second positive SARS-CoV-2 test ≥90 days after the first positive test. The association between serostatus and reinfection was assessed with a proportional hazards model.

Results

Among 1572 previously infected persons, 40 (2.5%) were reinfected. Reinfection differed by serostatus: 8.4% among seronegative vs 1.9% among seropositive participants (P < .0001). Most reinfections occurred among Rhode Island nursing home and corrections personnel (n = 30) who were most frequently tested (mean 30.3 tests vs 4.6 for other Rhode Island and 2.3 for New York City participants). The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for reinfection in seropositive vs seronegative persons was 0.41 (95% confidence interval [CI], .20–.81). Exposure to a household member with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) before the serosurvey was also protective (aHR, 0.34; 95% CI, .13–.89).

Conclusions

Reinfections were uncommon among previously infected persons over a 9-month period that preceded widespread variant circulation. Seropositivity decreased reinfection risk. Lower reinfection risk associated with exposure to a household member with COVID-19 may reflect subsequently reduced household transmission.
A Combined LD50 for Agrochemicals and Pathogens in Bumblebees (Bombus terrestris [Hymenoptera: Apidae])
Authors: Siviter Harry , Matthews Alexander J , Brown Mark J F
Published: November 2021

Neonicotinoid insecticides are the most commonly used insecticide in the world and can have significant sub-lethal impacts on beneficial insects, including bumblebees, which are important pollinators of agricultural crops and wild-flowers. This has led to bans on neonicotinoid use in the EU and has resulted in repeated calls for the agrochemical regulatory process to be modified. For example, there is increasing concern about 1) the underrepresentation of wild bees, such as bumblebees, in the regulatory process, and 2) the failure to determine how agrochemicals, such as neonicotinoids, interact with other commonly occurring environmental stressors, such as parasites. Here, we modify an OECD approved lethal dose (LD50) experimental design and coexpose bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) to the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam and the highly prevalent trypanosome parasite Crithidia bombi, in a fully crossed design. We found no difference in the LD50 of thiamethoxam on bumblebees that had or had not been inoculated with the parasite (Crithidia bombi). Furthermore, thiamethoxam dosage did not appear to influence the parasite intensity of surviving bumblebees, and there was no effect of either parasite or insecticide on sucrose consumption. The methodology used demonstrates how existing ring-tested experimental designs can be effectively modified to include other environmental stressors such as parasites. Moving forward, the regulatory process should implement methodologies that assess the interactions between agrochemicals and parasites on non-Apis bees and, in cases when this is not practical, should implement post-regulatory monitoring to better understand the real-world consequences of agrochemical use.
Using antibiotic-loaded bone cement for a patient with deep sternal wound infection after cardiac surgery
Authors: Jiang Xia , Jiao Guoqing , Li Mingqiu , Rong Xiaosong
Published: November 2021

A 67-year-old male presented with sternal dehiscence following open cardiac surgery. Extensive debridement and attempted closure failed, and the wound had since been managed with vacuum-assisted closure therapy, with little progress. We treated him with antibiotic-loaded bone cement to repair the wound defect. After 3 weeks, the wound healed with excellent result. To our knowledge, this is the first report of antibiotic-loaded bone cement for deep sternal wound infection.
Immunogenicity of Conjugated and Polysaccharide Pneumococcal Vaccines Administered During Pregnancy or Postpartum to Women With HIV
Authors: Duarte Geraldo , Muresan Petronella , Ward Shawn , Laimon Lauren , Pelton Stephen I , Canniff Jennifer , Golner Amanda , Bone Frederic , Newton Lassallete , Fenton Terence , Coutinho Conrado M , João Esau C , Santos Breno R , Pilotto Jose H , Oliveira Ricardo H , Pinto Jorge A , Machado Elizabeth S , Kreitchman Regis , Chakhtoura Nahida , Mussi-Pinhata Marisa M , Weinberg Adriana
Published: November 2021

Background

Pneumococcal vaccination is recommended in people with HIV, prioritizing PCV. We compared the immunogenicity of PCV-10 and PPV-23 administered antepartum or postpartum.

Methods

This double-blind study randomized 346 pregnant women with HIV on antiretrovirals to PCV-10, PPV-23, or placebo at 14–34 weeks gestational age. Women who received placebo antepartum were randomized at 24 weeks postpartum to PCV-10 or PPV-23. Antibodies against 7 serotypes common to both vaccines and 1 serotype only in PPV-23 were measured by ELISA/chemiluminescence; B- and T-cell responses to serotype 1 by FLUOROSPOT; and plasma cytokines/chemokines by chemiluminescence.

Results

Antibody responses were higher after postpartum versus antepartum vaccination. PCV-10 generated lower antibody levels than PPV-23 against 4 and higher against 1 of 7 common serotypes. Additional factors associated with high postvaccination antibody concentrations were high prevaccination antibody concentrations and CD4+ cells; low CD8+ cells and plasma HIV RNA; and several plasma cytokines/chemokines. Serotype 1 B- and T-cell memory did not increase after vaccination.

Conclusions

Antepartum immunization generated suboptimal antibody responses, suggesting that postpartum booster doses may be beneficial and warrant further studies. Considering that PCV-10 and PPV-23 had similar immunogenicity, but PPV-23 covered more serotypes, use of PPV-23 may be prioritized in women with HIV on antiretroviral therapy.

Clinical Trails Registration

NCT02717494.
Determination of Cross-Reactivity of Novel Psychoactive Substances with Drug Screen Immunoassays Kits in Whole Blood
Authors: Mastrovito Rebecca , Trail Cherie , Lino Marjola , Cervantes Abigail , Chan-Hosokawa Aya , Strathmann Fredrick , Logan Barry
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of 59 novel psychoactive compounds on common enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing kits. Concentrations above and below the individual kit reporting limits in each class were measured. Compounds that exhibited cross-reactivity were then spiked individually using a seven-point response curve to determine the level of cross-reactivity. Diclazepam, delorazepam, phenazepam, flualprazolam, bromazolam, adinazolam, 3-methoxy-PCP, 3-hydroxy-PCP (3-OH-PCP), phenylfentanyl, para-methylacetylfentanyl and para-fluorofuranylfentanyl were determined to cross-react in the respective kits below. Herein, we detail the cross-reactivity that was observed with the above novel psychoactive substances on Immunalysis Benzodiazepine (BEN), Phencyclidine (PCP), Fentanyl (FEN), Buprenorphine (BUP), Opiates (OPI) and Oxycodone (OXY) Direct ELISA kits.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices on the Use of Household Insecticide Products: Is the Awareness in Place?
Authors: Azratul-Hizayu Taib , Chen Chee Dhang , Azrizal-Wahid Noor , Sofian-Azirun Mohd , Chew Fong Peng , Low Van Lun
Published: November 2021

Insecticide application is one of the most important control measures for protection from mosquito bites. A descriptive, community-based cross-sectional survey involving 986 respondents was conducted to probe the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding household insecticide use in Selangor—the state that recorded the highest number of dengue cases in Malaysia. In this study, we classified the responses as either low (poor) or high (good) based on median cut-off points. Age, gender, ethnicity, and household income were found to be significantly associated factors relative to the respondents’ mosquito knowledge score, whereas no factors were significantly associated with attitudes toward the use of household insecticide. Practices, on the other hand, were associated with age and high attitude scores. Most respondents (71.4%) had good knowledge of mosquitoes. Conversely, 51.1% and 59.2% of respondents scored high on attitudes and practices, respectively, on the use of household insecticides. This study highlights the need to expand health promotion activities through social mobilization to raise awareness about vector-borne disease prevention and promoting positive attitudes and safe practices in the use of household insecticides.
Dissecting EPPIN protease inhibitor domains in sperm motility and fertilizing ability: repercussions for male contraceptive development
Authors: Silva Alan A S , Raimundo Tamiris R F , Mariani Noemia A P , Kushima Hélio , Avellar Maria Christina W , Buffone Mariano G , Paula-Lopes Fabíola F , Moura Marcelo T , Silva Erick J R
Published: November 2021

EPPIN (epididymal protease inhibitor) is a mammalian conserved sperm-binding protein displaying an N-terminal WFDC (whey-acidic protein four-disulfide core) and a C-terminal Kunitz protease inhibitor domains. EPPIN plays a key role in regulating sperm motility after ejaculation via interaction with the seminal plasma protein SEMG1 (semenogelin-1). EPPIN ligands targeting the SEMG1 binding site in the Kunitz domain are under development as male contraceptive drugs. Nevertheless, the relative contributions of EPPIN WFDC and Kunitz domains to sperm function remain obscure. Here, we evaluated the effects of antibodies targeting specific epitopes in EPPIN’s WFDC (Q20E antibody, Gln20-Glu39 epitope) and Kunitz (S21C and F21C antibodies, Ser103-Cys123 and Phe90-C110 epitopes, respectively) domains on mouse sperm motility and fertilizing ability. Computer-assisted sperm analysis showed that sperm co-incubation with S21C antibody (but not F21C antibody) lowered progressive and hyperactivated motilities and impaired kinematic parameters describing progressive (straight-line velocity; VSL, average path velocity; VAP and straightness; STR) and vigorous sperm movements (curvilinear velocity; VCL, amplitude of lateral head movement; ALH, and linearity; LIN) compared with control. Conversely, Q20E antibody-induced milder inhibition of progressive motility and kinematic parameters (VAP, VCL and ALH). Sperm co-incubation with S21C or Q20E antibodies affected in vitro fertilization as revealed by reduced cleavage rates, albeit without changes in capacitation-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. In conclusion, we show that targeting specific epitopes in EPPIN Kunitz and WFDC domains inhibits sperm motility and capacitation-associated events, which decrease their fertilizing ability; nevertheless, similar observations in vivo remain to be demonstrated. Simultaneously targeting residues in S21C and Q20E epitopes is a promising approach for the rational design of EPPIN-based ligands with spermostatic activity.
A Minimal yet Flexible Likelihood Framework to Assess Correlated Evolution
Authors: Behdenna Abdelkader , Godfroid Maxime , Petot Patrice , Pothier Joël , Lambert Amaury , Achaz Guillaume
Published: November 2021

An evolutionary process is reflected in the sequence of changes of any trait (e.g., morphological or molecular) through time. Yet, a better understanding of evolution would be procured by characterizing correlated evolution, or when two or more evolutionary processes interact. Previously developed parametric methods often require significant computing time as they rely on the estimation of many parameters. Here, we propose a minimal likelihood framework modeling the joint evolution of two traits on a known phylogenetic tree. The type and strength of correlated evolution are characterized by a few parameters tuning mutation rates of each trait and interdependencies between these rates. The framework can be applied to study any discrete trait or character ranging from nucleotide substitution to gain or loss of a biological function. More specifically, it can be used to 1) test for independence between two evolutionary processes, 2) identify the type of interaction between them, and 3) estimate parameter values of the most likely model of interaction. In the current implementation, the method takes as input a phylogenetic tree with discrete evolutionary events mapped on its branches. The method then maximizes the likelihood for one or several chosen scenarios. The strengths and limits of the method, as well as its relative power compared to a few other methods, are assessed using both simulations and data from 16S rRNA sequences in a sample of 54 $\gamma$-enterobacteria. We show that, even with data sets of fewer than 100 species, the method performs well in parameter estimation and in evolutionary model selection. [Correlated evolution; maximum likelihood; model.]
High-fat diet caused renal damage in ApoE−/− mice via the activation of RAGE-mediated inflammation
Authors: Hong Yin , Hu Yue , Sun Yong-an , Shi Jian-quan , Xu Jun
Published: November 2021

High-fat diet (HFD) is the primary cause of metabolic syndrome associated chronic kidney disease. This study aimed to investigate the pathogenesis of HFD-induced kidney injury. ApoE−/− mice were fed with HFD and kidney damage was examined. In addition, HK-2 human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells were treated with fructose and receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) siRNA. The results showed that HFD increased body weight, blood glucose and insulin resistance in ApoE−/− mice. The kidney damage was associated with increased oxidative stress and strong staining of RAGE and NF-κB in kidney tissues, as well as high serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Western-blot analysis showed that HFD increased the levels of RAGE, p-IκBα, p-NF-κB, bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9 but decreased the levels of Bcl-2 in kidney tissues. In HK-2 cells, fructose promoted the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and increased the levels of RAGE, p-IκBα, p-NF-κB, bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9, but decreased the levels of Bcl-2. Moreover, RAGE siRNA could attenuate increased levels of p-IκBα, p-NF-κB, bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9 while restore decreased levels of Bcl-2 in fructose-treated HK-2 cells. In conclusion, HFD causes kidney injury by promoting oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis possibly through the activation of RAGE/NF-κB pathway.
Retinal cytotoxicity of silica and titanium dioxide nanoparticles
Authors: Park Joo-Hee , Kim Dong Ju , Park Choul Yong
Published: November 2021

The retina plays a key role in human vision. It is composed of cells that are essential for vision signal generation. Thus far, conventional medications have been ineffective for treating retinal diseases because of the intrinsic blood–retinal barrier. Nanoparticles (NPs) are promising effective platforms for ocular drug delivery. However, nanotoxicity in the retinal tissue has not received much attention. This study used R28 cells (a retinal precursor cell line that originated from rats) to investigate the safety of two commonly used types of NPs: silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs, 100 nm) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs, 100 nm). Cellular viability and reactive oxygen species generation were measured after 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure to each NP. Cellular autophagy and the mTOR pathways were evaluated. The retinal toxicity of the NPs was investigated in vivo in rat models. Both types of NPs were found to induce significant dose-dependent toxicity on the R28 cells. A significant elevation of reactive oxygen species generation was also observed. Increased autophagy and decreased mTOR phosphorylation were observed after SiO2NPs and TiO2NPs exposure. The diffuse apoptosis of the retinal cellular layers was detected after intravitreal injection.
Evaluating the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor in managing asthma
Authors: Wu Ashley Y. , Cahill Katherine N. , Toki Shinji , Peebles R. Stokes
Published: November 2021

Purpose of review

The aim of this study was to discuss the role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor signalling in reducing lung inflammation and potential use for GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in management of asthma.

Recent findings

Although GLP-1RA are currently used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and weight loss in obesity, there is much interest in expanding the indications for use in other diseases, including inflammatory pulmonary disease. In animal models of both acute and chronic pulmonary disease, use of GLP-1RA reduces airway inflammation, obstruction and fibrosis. In particular, GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) signalling seems to inhibit allergen-induced type 2 inflammation, making it an attractive agent for asthma. Results are especially promising in disease processes with disturbed metabolic regulation, such as T2D or metabolic syndrome. Retrospective clinical studies demonstrate promising evidence for the use of GLP-1RAs in comorbid diabetes and asthma, although prospective human studies are limited.

Here, we discuss the biology of GLP-1 and GLP-1R signalling, review the preclinical and mechanistic evidence for how GLP-1R signalling may reduce pulmonary inflammation, and summarize recent and upcoming clinical studies. Ultimately, targeting GLP-1R signalling may represent a novel approach for asthma therapy that is glucocorticoid sparing and possibly disease modifying.
A Critique of the Theory of Planned Behavior in the Cancer Screening Domain
Authors: An Jinghua , Vincent Catherine
Published: November 2021

The theory of planned behavior (TPB) has been widely used to guide research in cancer screening–related behavior, but no critique of the TPB's application in this domain has been published. We used Fawcett and DeSanto-Madeya's 2013 framework to analyze and evaluate the theory. The theory was developed on the basis of antecedent knowledge regarding human behavior, and its concepts and propositions are comprehensively delineated. The TPB shows adequate internal consistency and impressive social and theoretical significance. Methodologically sound studies are called for to further test some theory propositions and to evaluate its pragmatic adequacy for promoting cancer screening in nursing practice.
Application of Postcolonial Feminist Theory, Chicana Feminist Thought, and Black Feminist Thought in Analyzing the Mental Health Needs of Latina Migrant Farmworkers
Authors: Graf Maria del Carmen , Ruiz Ashley , Luebke Jeneile , Olukotun Oluwatoyin , Kendrick Aisha , Shaw Leslie , Lopez Alexa A. , Snethen Julia , Silvestre Eva , Mkandawire-Valhmu Lucy
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this theoretical article is to analyze the utility of postcolonial, Black, and Chicana feminist frameworks to inform nursing research and practice specific to mental health needs of Latina women migrant farmworkers. Twentieth-century Western feminist narratives overlooked the intersecting systems of oppression experienced by women of color, including Latina women. Feminist epistemologies are useful in understanding the complex sociopolitical contexts that have impacted women's health outcomes and well-being. This analysis is critical to shaping nursing care that meets the unique health needs of migrant farmworker women while considering their sociopolitical realities.
Coaching for Childbearing Health
Authors: Ohlendorf Jennifer M. , Anders Lisa
Published: November 2021

This article describes development of a theory to guide nurses promoting perinatal weight self-management behaviors. The Coaching for Childbearing Health (CoaCH) Model was developed through synthesis of the Individual and Family Self-Management Theory with Transitions Theory, following Walker and Avant's process of theory synthesis. Qualitative data were integrated to provide perinatal context. The CoaCH Model is composed of context factors that shape a nurse coaching intervention, supporting patients' self-management efforts. Sustained engagement in weight self-management behaviors will impact the long-term health of both the birthing person and the child. This model is a testable framework for future perinatal health promotion efforts.