bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of measures of crowding, group size, and diversity
Authors: Lang Zsolt , Rózsa Lajos , Reiczigel Jenő
Published: July 2017

In ecology, diversity is often measured as the mean rarity of species in a community. In behavioral sciences and parasitology, mean crowding is the size of the group to which a typical individual belongs. In this paper, focusing mostly on the mathematical aspect, we demonstrate that diversity and crowding are closely related notions. We show that mean crowding can be transformed into diversity and vice versa. Based on this general equivalence rule, notions, relationships, and methods developed in one field can be adapted to the other one. In relation to crowding, we introduce the notion “effective number of groups” that corresponds to the “effective number of species” used in diversity studies. We define new aggregation indices that mirror evenness indices known from diversity theory. We also construct aggregation profiles and orderings of populations based on aggregation indices. By uniting the mathematical interpretation of the ecological notion of diversity and the ethological notion of typical group size (or crowding, in parasitology), our insight opens a new avenue of both theoretical and methodological research. This is exemplified here using real‐life abundance data of avian parasites.
Recent stability of resident and migratory landbird populations in National Parks of the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Ray Chris , Saracco James F. , Holmgren Mandy L. , Wilkerson Robert L. , Siegel Rodney B. , Jenkins Kurt J. , Ransom Jason I. , Happe Patricia J. , Boetsch John R. , Huff Mark H.
Published: July 2017

Monitoring species in National Parks facilitates inference regarding effects of climate change on population dynamics because parks are relatively unaffected by other forms of anthropogenic disturbance. Even at early points in a monitoring program, identifying climate covariates of population density can suggest vulnerabilities to future change. Monitoring landbird populations in parks during the breeding season brings the added benefit of allowing a comparative approach to inference across a large suite of species with diverse requirements. For example, comparing resident and migratory species that vary in exposure to non‐park habitats can reveal the relative importance of park effects, such as those related to local climate. We monitored landbirds using breeding‐season point‐count data collected during 2005–2014 in three wilderness areas of the Pacific Northwest (Mount Rainier, North Cascades, and Olympic National Parks). For 39 species, we estimated recent trends in population density while accounting for individual detection probability using Bayesian hierarchicalN‐mixture models. Our analyses integrated several recent developments inN‐mixture modeling, incorporating interval and distance sampling to estimate distinct components of detection probability while also accommodating count intervals of varying duration, annual variation in the length and number of point‐count transects, spatial autocorrelation, random effects, and covariates of detection and density. As covariates of density, we considered metrics of precipitation and temperature hypothesized to affect breeding success. We also considered effects of park and elevational stratum on trend. Regardless of model structure, we estimated stable or increasing densities during 2005–2014 for most populations. Mean trends across species were positive for migrants in every park and for residents in one park. A recent snowfall deficit in this region might have contributed to the positive trend, because population density varied inversely with precipitation‐as‐snow for both migrants and residents. Densities varied directly but much more weakly with mean spring temperature. Our approach exemplifies an analytical framework for estimating trends from point‐count data, and for assessing the role of climatic and other spatiotemporal variables in driving those trends. Understanding population trends and the factors that drive them is critical for adaptive management and resource stewardship in the context of climate change.
Modulation of the Photophysical Properties of 1‐Azathioxanthones by Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+, and Yb3+ Ions in Methanol
Authors: Arppe Riikka , Kofod Nicolaj , Junker Anne Kathrine R. , Nielsen Lea G. , Dallerba Elena , Just Sørensen Thomas
Published: July 2017

The design of bright fluorescent probes based on lanthanide centered emission relies on efficient energy transfer from antenna chromophores to lanthanide centers. Here, we set out to explore the excited state energy migration pathways using collisional quenching of three 1‐azathioxanthones by four lanthanide(III) ions. The results show that each combination of lanthanide(III) ion and chromophore must be considered as a unique case, as the rate constants that determine the outcome of the excited state energy migration is modulated differently in each system. For the three dye systems investigated here, the effect of the lanthanide(III) ions is that two dye systems show a strong increase in inter‐system crossing leading to increased fluorescence yields and room temperature phosphorescence, while the fluorescence is quenched in the third dye system. Contrasting our results with literature data leads us to conclude that freely diffusing dyes and ions do not shed light on which properties will be found for linked systems.
The Role of N‐Substituents in Radiationless Deactivation of Aminated Derivatives of a Locked GFP Chromophore
Authors: Baleeva Nadezhda S. , Zaitseva Snezhana O. , Gorbachev Dmitriy A. , Smirnov Alexander Yu. , Zagudaylova Marina B. , Baranov Mikhail S.
Published: July 2017

We report the creation of a novel group of the ABDI‐BF2 fluorescent dyes based on the conformationally locked GFP chromophore. We studied the intramolecular mechanism of radiationless deactivation of the ABDI‐BF2 fluorophore by introducing the various substituents at the nitrogen atom. The results of this study and our previous work allowed us to claim that in case of ABDI‐BF2 this deactivation is determined by the formation of the nonfluorescent internal charge transfer exited state with a planar quinoidal structure. The electronic effects have a greater impact on the radiationless deactivation than the conformation. Thus, the introduction of an electron‐donating group is more effective than the creation of rigid derivatives. The presented dyes are characterized by high fluorescence quantum yields and pH‐independence in the physiological pH range, making them promising candidates for a wide spectrum of fluorescence labeling applications.
One‐step Solution‐Processed Formamidinium Lead Tribromide Formation for Better Reproducible Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Das Jaykrushna , Subbiah Anand S. , Mahuli Neha , Singh Roja , Sarkar Shaibal K.
Published: July 2017

Low‐cost solar cells based on solution‐processed organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites with high photovoltage are highly sought after, especially for their use in tandem cells or for driving electrochemical reactions. Towards this end, we herein present a single‐step method for the preparation of regular planar heterojunction solar cells based on formamidinium lead tribromide (FAPbBr3), which is fabricated through an antisolvent‐assisted crystallization process. This results in the formation of improved film quality of the perovskite layer in terms of uniformity, surface coverage, crystallinity, and light absorption. Devices fabricated using such films utilizing 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis‐(N,N‐p‐dimethoxyphenylamino)‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐OMeTAD) as the hole‐transport layer exhibits an open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.32 V with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) close to 6 %. The device performance is much higher than when using devices based on the conventional one‐step process (i.e., without using an antisolvent), where a Voc of 1.04 V and a PCE of 1.1 % are obtained. Moreover, the devices show better reproducibility with very little hysteresis.
Inferring ice thickness from a glacier dynamics model and multiple surface data sets
Authors: Guan Yawen , Haran Murali , Pollard David
Published: July 2017

The future behavior of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) may have a major impact on future climate. For instance, ice sheet melt may contribute significantly to global sea‐level rise. Understanding the current state of the WAIS is therefore of great interest. The WAIS is drained by fast‐flowing glaciers, which are major contributors to ice loss. Hence, understanding the stability and dynamics of glaciers is critical for predicting the future of the ice sheet. Glacier dynamics are driven by the interplay between the topography, temperature, and basal conditions beneath the ice. A glacier dynamics model describes the interactions between these processes. We develop a hierarchical Bayesian model that integrates multiple ice‐sheet surface data sets with a glacier dynamics model. Our approach allows us to (a) infer important parameters describing the glacier dynamics, (b) learn about ice sheet thickness, and (c) account for errors in the observations and the model. Because we have relatively dense and accurate ice thickness data from the Thwaites Glacier in West Antarctica, we use these data to validate the proposed approach. The long‐term goal of this work is to have a general model that may be used to study multiple glaciers in the Antarctic.
Hydrogen, alcohols, and ethers production from biomass in supercritical methanol–subcritical water medium with Cu–K nanocatalysts
Authors: Barati Mohammad , Kahid Baseri Gholamhossein
Published: July 2017

In this study, Iranian bagasse was gasified and liquefied in a supercritical methanol/subcritical water medium in presence of potassium promoted Cu/γ‐Al2O3‐MgO catalysts to generate H2, alcohols, and ethers. Iranian bagasse as a waste cellulosic biomass in sugarcane industry was selected for the process feedstock. The gaseous and liquid products were evaluated in presence of catalysts with different potassium contents. Decrease in liquid production was observed with increasre in promoter content up to 2.5% but further promoter content addition increased liquid production. So that the catalyst with 10% potassium content showed liquid production 1.7 times more than catalyst with no potassium content. However, it was demonstrated that catalyst with copper content of 20% and potassium content of 2.5% also could make process most selective for alcohols and ethers producing. The produced alcohols and ethers percentage and selectivity in liquid product for this catalyst were approximately 40% and 5%, respectively. Production of gaseous products also showed a minimum amount of total produced gas at potassium content of 5%. Hydrogen that was another target product was obtained up to 310 mmole. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 861–869, 2018
Design and full‐scale experimental evaluation of a seismically endurant steel buckling‐restrained brace system
Authors: Dehghani Morteza , Tremblay Robert
Published: July 2017

This paper presents the results of 12 full‐scale tests on buckling‐restrained brace (BRB) specimens. A simple‐to‐fabricate all‐steel encasing joined by high‐strength bolts was used as the buckling‐restrainer mechanism. Steel BRBs offer significant energy dissipation capability through nondeteriorating inelastic response of an internal ductile core. However, seismic performance of BRBs is characterized by interaction between several factors. In this experimental study, the effects of core‐restrainer interfacial condition, gap size, loading history, bolt spacing, and restraining capacity are evaluated. A simple hinge detail is introduced at the brace ends to reduce the flexural demand on the framing components. Tested specimens with bare steel contact surfaces exhibited satisfactory performance under the American Institute of Steel Construction qualification test protocol. The BRBs with friction‐control self‐adhesive polymer liners and a graphite‐based dry lubricant displayed larger cumulative inelastic ductility under large‐amplitude cyclic loading, exceeding current code minimum requirements. The BRB system is also examined under repeated fast‐rate seismic deformation history. This system showed significant ductility capacity and remarkable endurance under dynamic loading. Furthermore, performance is qualified under long‐duration loading history from subduction zone's megathrust type of earthquake. Predictable and stable performance of the proposed hinge detail was confirmed by the test results. Internally imposed normal thrust on the restrainer is measured using series of instrumented bolts. Weak‐ and strong‐axis buckling responses of the core are examined. Higher post‐yield stiffness was achieved when the latter governed, which could be advantageous to the overall seismic response of braced frames incorporating BRBs.
Prediction of time to ignition in multiple vehicle fire spread experiments
Authors: Tohir Mohd Zahirasri Mohd , Spearpoint Michael , Fleischmann Charles
Published: July 2017

This paper describes the application of the flux‐time product ignition criterion and the point source flame radiation model to predict the time to ignition in multiple vehicle spread scenarios. Ten experiments from the literature have been selected due to sufficiency of information required to apply the methods. The outcome of this work is to be applied to a risk‐based model for the design of car parking buildings to determine when and if a fire spreads between vehicles; therefore, the analysis suggests properties of a representative material that can reasonably account for those external vehicle components that are most likely to ignite first. The application of both methods to the complex problem of multiple vehicle ignition requires several assumptions and simplifications which are discussed in the paper.
Archaeological site formation processes in northwestern Patagonia, Mendoza Province, Argentina
Authors: Tripaldi Alfonsina , Zárate Marcelo A. , Neme Gustavo A. , Gil Adolfo F. , Giardina Miguel , Salgán M. Laura
Published: July 2017

The Cañadón Amarillo area in northwestern Patagonia (Mendoza Province, Argentina) presents a rich archaeological record contained within thick successions of fine‐grained deposits with well‐constrained chronological and stratigraphic resolution. Geomorphological, sedimentological, and archaeological analysis of three archaeological localities, constrained by radiocarbon ages, was conducted to reconstruct site formation processes and depositional variability in an exposed, dryland setting. The archaeological sites are located in the Cañadón Amarillo area between the southern margin of the volcanic Payunia Plateau and the Colorado River, in an area of ephemeral streams and eolian sand sheets. The archaeological remains are preferentially contained in fine to very fine sand to silty sand deposits associated with the ephemeral streams. Low‐energy fluvial deposition related to overbank flows, and eolian aggradation associated with coppice dunes, sand shadows, and unrippled and partially vegetated mantles have favored preservation of in situ archaeological materials. Our investigations provide insight into site formation processes in exposed settings within the semiarid parts of northwestern Patagonia and extend the local record of human occupation to ∼7300 14C yr B.P.
Debate article: Antipsychotic medications are clinically useful for the treatment of delirium
Authors: Meagher David , Agar Meera R. , Teodorczuk Andrew
Published: July 2017

Prescribing of antipsychotic medications for patients with delirium remains controversial. Concerns exist that these vulnerable and frail patients may be prescribed antipsychotics inappropriately as a substitute for non‐pharmacological approaches when identifiable causes are not found or they challenge ward processes. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that antipsychotics may cause more harm than good in the palliative care patient group with delirium. On the other hand, guidelines in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands support prescribing of antipsychotics in certain circumstances, and a large European survey has revealed that antipsychotics tend to be prescribed first line for hyperactive delirium. Never before, therefore, is there a greater need to examine whether indeed these medications are clinically useful for the treatment of delirium. With this in mind, evidence‐based arguments for and against prescribing antipsychotics for the treatment of delirium are presented in this debate article. The paper concludes with a moderation piece to help guide clinical practice.
Meta‐analysis of field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity recovery following wildland fire: Applications for hydrologic model parameterization and resilience assessment
Authors: Ebel Brian A. , Martin Deborah A.
Published: July 2017

Hydrologic recovery after wildfire is critical for restoring the ecosystem services of protecting of human lives and infrastructure from hazards and delivering water supply of sufficient quality and quantity. Recovery of soil‐hydraulic properties, such as field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs), is a key factor for assessing the duration of watershed‐scale flash flood and debris flow risks after wildfire. Despite the crucial role of Kfs in parameterizing numerical hydrologic models to predict the magnitude of postwildfire run‐off and erosion, existing quantitative relations to predict Kfs recovery with time since wildfire are lacking. Here, we conduct meta‐analyses of 5 datasets from the literature that measure or estimate Kfs with time since wildfire for longer than 3‐year duration. The meta‐analyses focus on fitting 2 quantitative relations (linear and non‐linear logistic) to explain trends in Kfs temporal recovery. The 2 relations adequately described temporal recovery except for 1 site where macropore flow dominated infiltration and Kfs recovery. This work also suggests that Kfs can have low hydrologic resistance (large postfire changes), and moderate to high hydrologic stability (recovery time relative to disturbance recurrence interval) and resilience (recovery of hydrologic function and provision of ecosystem services). Future Kfs relations could more explicitly incorporate processes such as soil‐water repellency, ground cover and soil structure regeneration, macropore recovery, and vegetation regrowth.
Endoscopic screening for synchronous esophageal neoplasia among patients with incident head and neck cancer: Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes
Authors: Wang Yao‐Kuang , Chuang Yun‐Shiuan , Wu Tzung‐Shiun , Lee Ka‐Wo , Wu Che‐Wei , Wang Hsiang‐Chen , Kuo Chie‐Tong , Lee Chien‐Hung , Kuo Wen‐Rei , Chen Chung‐Ho , Wu Deng‐Chyang , Wu I‐Chen
Published: July 2017

Esophageal squamous‐cell neoplasia (ESCN) is a common second primary neoplasia found in patients with head‐and‐neck squamous‐cell carcinoma (HNSCC). This study sought to identify the risk factors for synchronous ESCN and how they influence survival in HNSCC patient. Eight hundred and fifteen incident HNSCC patients were prospectively recruited for endoscopy screening for ESCN using white‐light imaging, narrow‐band imaging, Lugol chromoendoscopy, and pathological confirmation. Associated lifestyle and clinicopathological data were collected. The interquartile follow‐up period cutoffs were 11.3, 20.5 and 34.9 months. 124 patients (15.2%) were diagnosed as having synchronous ESCN (66 low‐grade dysplasia, 29 high‐grade dysplasia, and 29 esophageal squamous‐cell carcinoma). Consumption of alcohol, but not betel nut or cigarette, was significantly associated with the presence of synchronous ESCN (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 7.1 and 10.9 for former and current drinkers, respectively). There was an interaction between cumulative dose of alcohol consumption and alcohol flushing response on the development of ESCN. High‐dose drinkers with flush response were 16.9 times more likely to have esophageal high‐grade dysplasia/SCC than non‐drinkers. Compared with oral cavity cancer patients, those with hypopharyngeal, laryngeal and oropharyngeal cancer were 6.8, 4.6 and 2.8 times more likely to have esophageal high‐grade dysplasia/SCC. HNSCC patients with synchronous ESCN had lower overall survival than those without (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, surveillance of ESCN is strongly recommended for the high‐risk subpopulation of HNSCC patients, especially drinkers who have a flush response to alcohol, and those with distant metastasis of index cancer and cancers in hypopharynx, oropharynx and larynx.
TiF4 gel effects on tubular occlusion of eroded/abraded human dentin
Authors: Mantilla Taís Fonseca , Silva Camila Vieira da , Ramos‐Oliveira Thayanne Monteiro , Turssi Cecilia Pedroso , Ribeiro Martha Simões , Freitas Patricia Moreira de
Published: July 2017

This in situ study evaluated the tubular occlusion caused by 4% TiF4 gel on the surface of eroded/abraded dentin. Sixty human dentin samples were eroded in vitro and assigned into six groups (n = 10) according to the in situ surface treatment and number of cycling days: 4% TiF4 gel applied once (TiF41), twice (TiF42), or three times (TiF43) followed by 2, 4, and 6 days of erosive/abrasive in situ cycling, respectively. Control groups (no treatment) were subjected to 2 (C1), 4 (C2), and 6 (C3) days of erosive/abrasive in situ cycling only. A seventh group (n = 10) was comprised by in vitro uneroded samples (UN), subjected to 6 days of in situ erosive/abrasive cycling. Each cycling day consisted on six erosive (0.5% citric acid, pH 2.6) and one abrasive events. Environmental scanning electron microscopy micrographs were taken. For all groups, blinded examiners assessed dentin tubules occlusion using visual scores (0—unoccluded, 1—partially occluded by granular deposits, 2—partially occluded by reduction in tubular lumen into diamond shape, 3—completely occluded) on images captured prior and after the in situ phase. Scheirer‐Ray‐Hare test demonstrated that treatments significantly affected tubule occlusion (p < .001). Dunn's test showed that tubule occlusion in TiF43 was significantly higher than in C1. Tubule occlusion in remaining groups did not differ from that observed in groups TiF43 and C1. Tubule occlusion was significantly higher after in situ phase. It may be suggested that TiF4, when applied three times, was able to positively change tubule occlusion of dentin samples.
Administrations of thalidomide into the rostral ventromedial medulla produce antinociceptive effects in a rat model of postoperative pain
Authors: Song Tieying , Ma Xiaojing , Ma Pengyu , Gu Kunfeng , Zhao Jianhui , Yang Yunliang , Jiang Bo , Li Yuxia , Wang Chunping
Published: July 2017

The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) is highly involved in pain signal transmissions. Previous studies have shown that thalidomide is anti‐nociceptive. Thus, we evaluated the neurobiological mechanisms of thalidomide in the RVM in the regulation of postoperative pain. We used a rat model of postoperative pain to investigate the effects of intra‐RVM thalidomide treatments on postoperative pain, and evaluate the role of cannabinoid receptors in the effects of intra‐RVM thalidomide treatments on GABAergic neurotransmission in the RVM neurons. We found intra‐RVM thalidomide treatments reduced incisional surgery induced mechanical allodynia. This phenomenon was associated with attenuation of the frequency and amplitude of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) and spontaneous IPSCs (sIPSCs) in RVM neurons. Furthermore, applications of WIN 55,212‐3 mesylate, a non‐selective cannabinoid receptor antagonist reversed the effects of repeated thalidomide treatment on the frequency but not the amplitude of mIPSCs and sIPSCs. Finally, we found that repeated thalidomide treatment robustly enhanced CB2 receptor expression, but slightly reduced CB1 receptor expression, in the RVM. These results suggested that the antinociceptive effects of thalidomide in the RVM likely involve the attenuation of GABA release, which are critically regulated by cannabinoid receptors.
Neuromuscular adaptability of male and female rats to muscle unloading
Authors: Deschenes Michael R. , Adan Matthew A. , Kapral Maria C. , Kressin Kaitlin A. , Leathrum Colleen M. , Seo Anna , Li Shuhan , Schaffrey Ellen C.
Published: July 2017

Previously, it has been shown that following muscle unloading, males and females experience different maladaptations in neuromuscular function. As a follow‐up, the present investigation sought to determine if male and female neuromuscular systems demonstrated similar, or disparate morphological adaptations to muscle unloading. Twenty young adult male, and 20 young adult female rats were randomly assigned to one of two treatment protocols: muscle unloading, or control conditions. Following the 2‐week intervention period, immunofluorescent procedures were used to quantify pre‐ and post‐synaptic features of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), and to assess myofiber profiles (size and fiber type composition) of the soleus, plantaris, and EDL muscles. A 2‐way ANOVA with main effects for sex and treatment was then used to identify statistically significant (p ≤ .05) differences among structural parameters. Analysis of NMJs showed a consistent lack of differences between males and females. Overall, NMJs were also found to be resistant to the effects of unloading. When examining myofiber profiles, however, male myofibers were revealed to be significantly larger than female ones in each of the muscles examined. Unloading resulted in significant myofiber atrophy only in the primarily weight‐bearing soleus muscle. Only the EDL showed unloading‐induced differences in myofiber type distribution (Type II → I). These data indicate that different components of the neuromuscular system (NMJs, myofibers) respond uniquely to unloading, and that sex affects myofiber type profiles, but not NMJs. Moreover, it appears that only muscles that have their habitual activity patterns disturbed by unloading (i.e., the soleus, adapt to that intervention).
Effect of ozone on the microbiological status of five dried aromatic plants
Authors: Kazi Martha , Parlapani Foteini F , Boziaris Ioannis S , Vellios Evangelos K , Lykas Christos
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND

Aromatic plants may be contaminated with a wide range of microorganisms, making them a potential health hazard when infused or added to ready‐to‐eat meals. To ensure safety, the effect of gaseous ozone treatment on the population of aerobic plate counts (APC), hygienic indicators (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. and Enterobacteriaceae) and fungi was investigated for five dried aromatic plants: oregano, thyme, mountain tea, lemon verbena and chamomile. Selection, isolation and further fungi identification were based on the phenotypic and macro‐ and microscopic characteristics.

RESULTS

Prior to ozonation, APC on five dried aromatic plants was in the range 5–7 log colony‐forming units (CFU) g–1. The APC exhibited a 4 log reduction, from around 6.5 to 2.5 in the case of oregano, and only a 1–2 log reduction for other herbs after 30 or 60 min of 4 ppm gaseous ozone treatment. Enterococcus spp. and E. coli were not detected on any of the tested dried aromatic plants. The fungi counts were 2–4 log CFU g–1 before ozonation. Aspergillus spp, Penicillium spp, Cladosporium spp, Alternaria spp, Fusarium spp., Ulocladium spp. and some unknown fungi were detected on plants before ozone treatment. Aspergillus spp. and/or Penicillium spp. were only detected on mountain tea and thyme plant material after 60 min of ozonation.

CONCLUSION

The present study provides information about the efficiency of ozone on the microbial decontamination of dried aromatic plants. Treatment with gaseous ozone at 4 ppm for 30 min in the case of dried oregano and 60 min in the case of chamomile and lemon verbena could be used as alternative disinfection methods. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
A comparison of the proximate, fibre, mineral content, amino acid and the fatty acid profile of Marula (Sclerocarya birreacaffra) nut and soyabean (Glycine max) meals
Authors: Malebana Ingrid MM , Nkosi Bhutikini D , Erlwanger Kennedy H , Chivandi Eliton
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND

As a result of shortages and the cost of the currently utilized conventional dietary protein sources in the Sub‐Saharan Africa feed industry, the chemical evaluation of available non‐conventional sources for feed is imperative. One such source is Marula nut meal (a by‐product of Marula oil extraction). The present study chemically characterized the nutritional composition of two differently processed Marula nut meals (MNMs) and compared them with that of solvent extracted soyabean meal (SBM).

RESULTS

The MNMs had higher dry matter, ether extract and gross energy but lower crude protein and ash contents compared to SBM. The cold press produced Marula nut meal (MNM2) had higher arginine than the hydraulic filter press produced Marula nut meal (MNM1) and SBM. The meals had similar neutral and acid detergent fibre contents. The MNMs had higher phosphorus, magnesium and copper concentrations than SBM. Although the total saturated fatty acid proportion was similar across the meals, total monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid proportions were higher in MNMs and SBM, respectively. Oleic acid was higher in MNMs than in SBM.

CONCLUSION

The low crude protein content in MNMs compared to SBM is comparable with other conventional dietary protein sources. Thus, the MNMs could be used as protein and energy feed ingredients. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Enantioseparation of pheniramine enantiomers by high‐speed countercurrent chromatography using β‐cyclodextrin derivatives as a chiral selector
Authors: Xu Weifeng , Wang Shichuan , Xie Xiaojuan , Zhang Panliang , Tang Kewen
Published: July 2017

The enantioselective separation of pheniramine was studied by a high‐speed countercurrent chromatography method using β‐cyclodextrin derivatives as a chiral selector. Several key variables, for instance, type of organic solvent and chiral selector, concentration of chiral selector, pH value of aqueous phase, and temperature on the enantioselectivity, were investigated systematically by liquid–liquid extraction experiments. Combining the results of extraction experiments and high‐speed countercurrent chromatography, the most suitable conditions for separation of pheniramine enantiomers were obtained with the two‐phase system that consisted of isobutyl acetate/aqueous phase, containing 0.02 mol/L carboxymethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin, pH 8.50 at 278.15 K. Under the optimal conditions, pheniramine enantiomer was successfully resolved after four cycles of high‐speed countercurrent chromatography. By using high‐performance liquid chromatography to analyze the fractions, the purities of both (+)‐pheniramine and (–)‐pheniramine were over 99% and the recovery of this method was up to 85–90%.
Electrospun magnetic polybutylene terephthalate nanofibers for thin film microextraction
Authors: Bagheri Habib , Najafi Mobara Mahdieh , Roostaie Ali , Baktash Mohammad Yahya
Published: July 2017

A thin film microextraction method using elecrospun magnetic polybutylene terephthalate nanofibers is developed and implemented to isolate some selected triazines. Due to the high mechanical stability of these nanofibers, they are repeatedly used under harsh magnetic stirring and ultrasonic conditions without any damage and structure degradation. The presence of magnetic nanoparticles within the nanofiber structure increases the extraction efficiency while the fibers could be collected by an external magnet. The synthesized nanocomposite showed strong affinity toward the selected analytes. Apart from the concentration of magnetic nanoparticles within the nanocomposite network, the effect of different parameters on the extraction and desorption processes including the sample pH, extraction time, sample volume, type of desorption solvent, solvent volume, and desorption time were optimized. Eventually, the detection limits were in the range of 0.02–0.05 ng/mL, while the limits of quantification were between 0.1 and 0.2 ng/mL. The linear dynamic range was 0.1–100 ng/mL, and the relative standard deviations were 4–9% (n = 3). The developed method was extended to the real water samples, and the relative recoveries were in the range of 86–103%, indicating that the prepared sorbent is suitable for extraction of triazines from environmental samples.
Preparative isolation of flavonoid glycosides from Sphaerophysa salsula using hydrophilic interaction solid‐phase extraction coupled with two‐dimensional preparative liquid chromatography
Authors: Jiao Lijin , Tao Yanduo , Wang Weidong , Shao Yun , Mei Lijuan , Wang Qilan , Dang Jun
Published: July 2017

An offline preparative two‐dimensional reversed‐phase liquid chromatography/hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with hydrophilic interaction solid‐phase extraction method was developed for the preparative isolation of flavonoid glycosides from a crude sample of Sphaerophysa salsula. First, the non‐flavonoids were removed using an XAmide solid‐phase extraction cartridge. Based on the separation results of three different chromatographic stationary phases, the first‐dimensional preparation was performed on an XAqua C18 prep column, and 15 fractions were obtained from the 5.2 g target sample. Then, three representative fractions were selected for additional purification on an XAmide preparative column to further isolate the flavonoid glycosides. In all, eight flavonoid glycosides were isolated in purities over 97%. The results demonstrated that the two‐dimensional liquid chromatography method used in this study was effective for the preparative separation of flavonoid glycosides from Sphaerophysa salsula. Additionally, this method showed great potential for the separation of flavonoid glycosides from other plant materials.
PeptoSomes for Vaccination: Combining Antigen and Adjuvant in Polypept(o)ide‐Based Polymersomes
Authors: Weber Benjamin , Kappel Cinja , Scherer Martin , Helm Mark , Bros Matthias , Grabbe Stephan , Barz Matthias
Published: July 2017

In this work, the first vaccine is reported based on a PeptoSome, which contains a model antigen (SIINFEKL) and adjuvant (CpG). PeptoSomes are polypept(o)ide‐based polymersomes built of a block‐copolymer with polysarcosine (PSar) as the hydrophilic block (X
n = 111) and poly(benzyl‐glutamic acid) (PGlu(OBn)) as the hydrophobic one (X
n = 46). The polypept(o)ide is obtained with low dispersity index of 1.32 by controlled ring‐opening polymerization. Vesicle formation by dual centrifugation technique allows for loading of vesicles up to 40 mol%. PeptoSomes are characterized by multiangle dynamic light scattering, static light scattering, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryoTEM). The PeptoSomes have a hydrodynamic radius of 39.2 nm with a low dispersity (µ
2 = 0.1). The ρ‐ratio R
g/R
h of 0.95 already indicates that vesicles are formed, which can be confirmed by cryoTEM. Loaded PeptoSomes deliver the antigen (SIINFEKL) and an adjuvant (CpG) simultaneously into dendritic cells (DCs). Upon cellular uptake, dendritic cells are stimulated and activated, which leads to expression of cluster of differentiation CD80, CD86, and MHCII, but induces excretion of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNFα). Furthermore, DC‐mediated antigen‐specific T‐cell proliferation is achieved, thus underlining the enormous potential of PeptoSomes as a versatile platform for vaccination.
Convolution operators on spaces of entire functions
Authors: Fávaro V. V. , Mujica J.
Published: July 2017

We show that nontrivial convolution operators on certain spaces of entire functions on E are frequently hypercyclic when E is a normed space and when E is the strong dual of a Fréchet nuclear space. We also obtain results of existence and approximation for convolution equations on certain spaces of entire functions on arbitrary locally convex spaces.
The Square Root Problem and Aluthge transforms of weighted shifts
Authors: Lee Sang Hoon , Yoon Jasang
Published: July 2017

In this paper we consider the following question. When does there exist a square root of a probability measure supported on ? This question is naturally related to subnormality of weighted shifts. The main result of this paper is that if μ is a finitely atomic probability measure having at most 4 atoms, then μ has a square root, i.e., there exists a measure ν such that (* means the convolution) if and only if the Aluthge transform of a subnormal weighted shift with Berger measure μ is subnormal. As an application of them, we give non‐trivial, large classes of probability measures having a square root. We also prove that there are 6 and 7‐atomic probability measures which don't have any square root. Our results have a connection to the following long‐open problem in Operator Theory: characterize the subnormal operators having a square root.
4D Origami by Smart Embroidery
Authors: Stoychev Georgi , Razavi Mir Jalil , Wang Xianqiao , Ionov Leonid
Published: July 2017

There exist many methods for processing of materials: extrusion, injection molding, fibers spinning, 3D printing, to name a few. In most cases, materials with a static, fixed shape are produced. However, numerous advanced applications require customized elements with reconfigurable shape. The few available techniques capable of overcoming this problem are expensive and/or time‐consuming. Here, the use of one of the most ancient technologies for structuring, embroidering, is proposed to generate sophisticated patterns of active materials, and, in this way, to achieve complex actuation. By combining experiments and computational modeling, the fundamental rules that can predict the folding behavior of sheets with a variety of stitch‐patterns are elucidated. It is demonstrated that theoretical mechanics analysis is only suitable to predict the behavior of the simplest experimental setups, whereas computer modeling gives better predictions for more complex cases. Finally, the applicability of the rules by designing basic origami structures and wrinkling substrates with controlled thermal insulation properties is shown.
Anthocyanins from Purple Corn Ameliorated Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α‐Induced Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in 3T3‐L1 Adipocytes via Activation of Insulin Signaling and Enhanced GLUT4 Translocation
Authors: Luna‐Vital Diego , Weiss Matthew , Gonzalez de Mejia Elvira
Published: July 2017

Scope

The aim was to compare the effect of an anthocyanin‐rich extract from purple corn pericarp (PCW) and pure anthocyanins on adipogenesis, inflammation, and insulin resistance in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes on basal and inflammatory conditions.

Methods and results

Preadipocytes (3T3‐L1) were treated during differentiation with or without PCW. Differentiated adipocytes were treated either individually or in combination with tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) and PCW, or pure C3G, Pr3G, P3G. PCW reduced preadipocyte differentiation (IC50 = 0.4 mg/mL). PCW and pure anthocyanins including C3G reduced fatty acid synthase enzymatic activity. PCW reduced TNF‐α‐dependent inflammatory status increasing adiponectin (39%), and decreasing leptin (−79%). PCW and C3G increased glucose uptake and reduced reactive oxygen species generation in insulin resistant adipocytes. An increase in phosphorylation was observed in AKT, IKK, and MEK, and a decrease in IRS and mTOR activating the insulin receptor‐associated pathway. PCW (7.5‐fold) and C3G (6.3‐fold) enhanced GLUT4 membrane translocation compared to insulin resistant adipocytes.

Conclusion

Anthocyanins from colored corn prevented adipocyte differentiation, lipid accumulation, and reduced PPAR‐γ transcriptional activity on adipocytes in basal conditions. Ameliorated TNF‐α‐induced inflammation and insulin resistance in adipocytes via activation of insulin signaling and enhanced GLUT4 translocation suggesting a reduced hyperglycemia associated with the metabolic syndrome.
Using Dialogic Principles on Websites
Authors: Olinski Marian , Szamrowski Piotr
Published: July 2017

This research reports the results of the analysis of public benefit organization (PBO) websites as places for encouraging dialogic relationships with key members of the public. Using a modified Kent and Taylor's (1998) dialogic principle, we conducted a content analysis of 367 PBOs in Poland. The results suggest that analyzed organizations only marginally use the five principles of dialogic communication on their websites. The studies have identified only a few organizations, which have websites characterized as having a high level of dialogic potential. Websites usually contained only some elements, which gave them the appearance of a digital information brochure. In addition, the results indicate that website dialogic potential is significantly influenced by the amount of revenue and the extent of the organization. The higher the revenue and geographic service area, the greater the dialogic potential of websites is as well.
Early Life Factors, Obesity Risk, and the Metabolome of Young Adults
Authors: Rauschert Sebastian , Mori Trevor A. , Beilin Lawrence J. , Jacoby Peter , Uhl Olaf , Koletzko Berthold , Oddy Wendy H. , Hellmuth Christian
Published: July 2017

Objective

Noncommunicable diseases such as obesity have become a serious global public health epidemic. This study aimed to examine whether there was an association between early life factors (with a special focus on breastfeeding) BMI, waist circumference, and the metabolome in offspring at 20 years.

Methods

Data from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study were analyzed using 1,024 plasma samples from the 20‐year follow‐up. A liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry metabolomics approach was used to measure metabolites. Multiple linear regression models were performed and adjusted for relevant confounders. Inverse probability weighting was used to adjust the 20‐year data for differences in socioeconomic variables between participants and nonparticipants since the commencement of the study.

Results

An inverse association between breastfeeding and BMI or waist circumference at 20 years was lost after adjusting for parental prepregnancy BMI and maternal smoking during pregnancy. There was no significant effect of breastfeeding on metabolite concentrations at 20 years.

Conclusions

Although other studies have shown associations between breastfeeding, obesity, and metabolite concentrations at younger ages, this was not evident in our study in young adults. We found no association of metabolites previously associated with waist circumference at 20 years and breastfeeding in early life.
Metabolomic Determinants of Metabolic Risk in Mexican Adolescents
Authors: Perng Wei , Hector Emily C. , Song Peter X.K. , Tellez Rojo Martha Maria , Raskind Sasha , Kachman Maureen , Cantoral Alejandra , Burant Charles F. , Peterson Karen E.
Published: July 2017

Objective

The goal of this study was to identify metabolites associated with metabolic risk, separately by sex, in Mexican adolescents.

Methods

Untargeted metabolomic profiling was carried out on fasting serum of 238 youth aged 8 to 14 years, and metabolites associated with a metabolic syndrome risk z‐score (MetRisk z‐score) were identified separately for boys and girls, using the simulation and extrapolation algorithm. Associations of each metabolite with MetRisk z‐score were examined using linear regression models that accounted for maternal education, child's age, and pubertal status.

Results

Of the 938 features identified in metabolomics analysis, 7 named compounds (of 27 identified metabolites) were associated with MetRisk z‐score in girls, and 3 named compounds (of 14 identified) were associated with MetRisk z‐score in boys. In girls, diacylglycerol (DG) 16:0/16:0, 1,3‐dielaidin, myo‐inositol, and urate corresponded with higher MetRisk z‐score, whereas N‐acetylglycine, thymine, and dodecenedioic acid were associated with lower MetRisk z‐score. For example, each z‐score increment in DG 16:0/16:0 corresponded with 0.60 (95% CI: 0.47‐0.74) units higher MetRisk z‐score. In boys, positive associations of DG 16:0/16:0, tyrosine, and 5′‐methylthioadenosine with MetRisk z‐score were found.

Conclusions

Metabolites on lipid, amino acid, and carbohydrate metabolism pathways are associated with metabolic risk in girls. Compounds on lipid and DNA pathways correspond with metabolic risk in boys.
Crystal structure of master biofilm regulator CsgD regulatory domain reveals an atypical receiver domain
Authors: Wen Yurong , Ouyang Zhenlin , Devreese Bart , He Wangxiao , Shao Yongping , Lu Wuyuan , Zheng Fang
Published: July 2017

The master regulator CsgD switches planktonic growth to biofilm formation by activating synthesis of curli fimbriae and cellulose in Enterobacteriaceae. CsgD was classified to be the LuxR response regulatory family, while its cognate sensor histidine kinase has not been identified yet. CsgD consists of a C‐terminal DNA binding domain and an N‐terminal regulatory domain that provokes the upstream signal transduction to further modulate its function. We provide the crystal structure of Salmonella Typhimurium CsgD regulatory domain, which reveals an atypical β5α5 response regulatory receiver domain folding with the α2 helix representing as a disorder loop compared to the LuxR/FixJ canonical response regulator, and the structure indicated a noteworthy α5 helix similar to the non‐canonical master regulator VpsT receiver domain α6. CsgD regulatory domain assembles with two dimerization interfaces mainly through α1 and α5, which has shown similarity to the c‐di‐GMP independent and stabilized dimerization interface of VpsT from Vibrio cholerae respectively. The potential phosphorylation site D59 is directly involved in the interaction of interfaces I and mutagenesis studies indicated that both dimerization interfaces could be crucial for CsgD activity. The structure reveals important molecular details for the dimerization assembly of CsgD and will shed new insight into its regulation mechanism.
Structural and SAXS analysis of Tle5–Tli5 complex reveals a novel inhibition mechanism of H2‐T6SS in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Yang Xiao‐Yun , Li Zong‐Qiang , Gao Zeng‐Qiang , Wang Wen‐Jia , Geng Zhi , Xu Jian‐Hua , She Zhun , Dong Yu‐Hui
Published: July 2017

Widely spread in Gram‐negative bacteria, the type VI secretion system (T6SS) secretes many effector‐immunity protein pairs to help the bacteria compete against other prokaryotic rivals, and infect their eukaryotic hosts. Tle5 and Tle5B are two phospholipase effector protein secreted by T6SS of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. They can facilitate the bacterial internalization process into human epithelial cells by interacting with Akt protein of the PI3K‐Akt signal pathway. Tli5 and PA5086‐5088 are cognate immunity proteins of Tle5 and Tle5B, respectively. They can interact with their cognate effector proteins to suppress their virulence. Here, we report the crystal structure of Tli5 at 2.8Å resolution and successfully fit it into the Small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) model of the complete Tle5–Tli5 complex. We identified two important motifs in Tli5 through sequence and structural analysis. One is a conserved loop‐β‐hairpin motif that exists in the Tle5 immunity homologs, the other is a long and sharp α‐α motif that directly interacts with Tle5 according to SAXS data. We also distinguished the structural features of Tle5 and Tle5B family immunity proteins. Together, our work provided insights into a novel inhibition mechanism that may enhance our understanding of phospholipase D family proteins.
Assessment and management of Raynaud's phenomenon
Authors: Hughes Michael , Herrick Ariane L
Published: July 2017

Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is commonly encountered in primary care and can either be a primary condition or occur secondary to a wide range of underlying medical conditions and drug therapies. This article discusses the assessment and treatment of RP and the GP's role in management.
Fiasp: a new faster‐acting insulin aspart formulation for diabetes
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: July 2017

Fiasp is a new faster‐acting formulation of insulin aspart that is absorbed more quickly than conventional insulin aspart (NovoRapid) following mealtime administration. This article describes its properties, efficacy and adverse effects.