bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution of DIMBOA-Glc O-Methyltransferases from Flavonoid O-Methyltransferases in the Grasses
Authors: Förster Christiane , Gershenzon Jonathan , Köllner Tobias G.
Published: February 2022

O-Methylated benzoxazinoids (BXs) and flavonoids are widespread defenses against herbivores and pathogens in the grasses (Poaceae). Recently, two flavonoid O-methyltransferases (FOMTs), ZmFOMT2 and ZmFOMT3, have been reported to produce phytoalexins in maize (Zea mays). ZmFOMT2 and ZmFOMT3 are closely related to the BX O-methyltransferases (OMTs) ZmBX10-12 and ZmBX14, suggesting a common evolutionary origin in the Poaceae. Here, we studied the evolution and enzymatic requirements of flavonoid and BX O-methylation activities in more detail. Using BLAST searches and phylogenetic analyses, we identified enzymes homologous to ZmFOMT2 and ZmFOMT3, ZmBX10-12, and ZmBX14 in several grasses, with the most closely related candidates found almost exclusively in species of the Panicoideae subfamily. Biochemical characterization of candidate enzymes from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), sugar cane (Saccharum spp.), and teosinte (Zea nicaraguensis) revealed either flavonoid 5-O-methylation activity or DIMBOA-Glc 4-O-methylation activity. However, DIMBOA-Glc 4-OMTs from maize and teosinte also accepted flavonols as substrates and converted them to 3-O-methylated derivatives, suggesting an evolutionary relationship between these two activities. Homology modeling, sequence comparisons, and site-directed mutagenesis led to the identification of active site residues crucial for FOMT and BX OMT activity. However, the full conversion of ZmFOMT2 activity into BX OMT activity by switching these residues was not successful. Only trace O-methylation of BXs was observed, indicating that amino acids outside the active site cavity are also involved in determining the different substrate specificities. Altogether, the results of our study suggest that BX OMTs have evolved from the ubiquitous FOMTs in the PACMAD clade of the grasses through a complex series of amino acid changes.
Influence of Fermentation Beetroot Juice Process on the Physico-Chemical Properties of Spray Dried Powder
Authors: Janiszewska-Turak Emilia , Walczak Maciej , Rybak Katarzyna , Pobiega Katarzyna , Gniewosz Małgorzata , Woźniak Łukasz , Witrowa-Rajchert Dorota
Published: February 2022

Picking vegetables is, along with salting and drying, one of the oldest ways to preserve food in the world. This is the process of decomposition of simple sugars into lactic acid with the participation of lactic bacteria. The aim of the study was to obtain powders from fermented red beet juice with the highest possible amount of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and active ingredients. For the analysis, juices were squeezed from the vegetables and two types of fermentation were used: a spontaneous fermentation and a dedicated one. After inoculation, samples were taken for analysis on a daily basis. Extract, pH, total acidity, pigments, and color were measured. In addition, microbiological tests were also carried out. The juices from the fifth day of fermentation was also spray dried, to obtain fermented beetroot powder. Juices from 3–5th day were characterized by a high content of LAB and betanin, had also a low pH, which proves that the lactic fermentation is working properly. The exception was the juice from spontaneous fermentation. According to the observations, the fermentation process did not run properly, and further analysis is needed. The powders were stable; however, results obtained from the pigment content and the LAB content are not satisfactory and require further analysis.
Design, Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of Thiazole-Based Stilbene Analogs as Novel DNA Topoisomerase IB Inhibitors
Authors: Liu Jin-Chuan , Chen Bo , Yang Jia-Lin , Weng Jian-Quan , Yu Qian , Hu De-Xuan
Published: February 2022

A series of new thiazole-based stilbene analogs were designed, synthesized and evaluated for DNA topoisomerase IB (Top1) inhibitory activity. Top1-mediated relaxation assays showed that the synthesized compounds possessed variable Top1 inhibitory activity. Among them, (E)-2-(3-methylstyryl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazole (8) acted as a potent Top1 inhibitor with high Top1 inhibition of ++++ which is comparable to that of CPT. A possible binding mode of compound 8 with Top1–DNA complex was further provided by molecular docking. An MTT assay against human breast cancer (MCF-7) and human colon cancer (HCT116) cell lines revealed that the majority of these compounds showed high cytotoxicity, with IC50 values at micromolar concentrations. Compounds 8 and (E)-2-(4-tert-butylstyryl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazole (11) exhibited the most potent cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 0.78 and 0.62 μM against MCF-7 and HCT116, respectively. Moreover, the preliminary structure–activity relationships of thiazole-based stilbene analogs was also discussed.
Assessing the Influence of Electrode Polarity on the Treatment of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater
Authors: Meiramkulova Kulyash , Bazarbayeva Tursynkul , Orynbassar Raigul , Tleukulov Almas , Madina Nabiollina , Mashan Togzhan , Dariya Akubayeva , Apendina Ainagul , Nurmukhanbetova Nurgul
Published: February 2022

Electrochemical methods have been increasingly gaining popularity in the field of wastewater treatment. However, the performance of these methods can be highly affected by the polarity direction as determined by the electrodes arrangement (anode to cathode or cathode to anode); as well as the characteristics of the wastewater to be treated as determined by the type of wastewater. The presented research work investigated the relationship between polarity direction and the removal of pollutants from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater using titanium and aluminium electrode materials. In the first case, the wastewater was exposed to the Ti (anode)-Al (cathode) combination, whereas in the second case the wastewater was subjected to the Al (anode)-Ti (cathode) arrangement. The two cases were designed to see if the polarity direction of the chosen electrode materials affected the removal of pollutants. The removal efficiencies were computed as a ratio of the remaining concentration in the treated effluent to the concentration before treatment. It was observed that the production processes generate highly fluctuating wastewater in terms of pollution loading; for instance, 422 to 5340 Pt-Co (minimum to maximum) were recorded from color, 126 to 2264 mg/L were recorded from total dissolved solids, and 358 to 5998 mg/L from chemical oxygen demand. Also, the research results after 40 min of retention time showed that both electrode arrangements achieved relatively high removal efficiencies; Whereby, the aluminium to titanium polarity achieved up to 100% removal efficiency from turbidity while the titanium to aluminium polarity achieved a maximum of 99.95% removal efficiency from turbidty. Also, a similar phenomenon was observed from total dissolved solids; whereby, on average 0 mg/L was achieved when the wastewater was purified using the aluminium to titanium arrangement, while on average 2 mg/L was achieved from the titanium to aluminium arrangement. A little higher removal efficiency discrepancy was observed from ammonia; whereby, the aluminium to titanium arrangement outperformed the titanium to aluminium arrangement with average removal efficiencies of 82.27% and 64.11%, respectively.
The Facile Deposition of Pt Nanoparticles on Reduced Graphite Oxide in Tunable Aryl Alkyl Ionic Liquids for ORR Catalysts
Authors: Woitassek Dennis , Lerch Swantje , Jiang Wulv , Shviro Meital , Roitsch Stefan , Strassner Thomas , Janiak Christoph
Published: February 2022

In this study, we present the facile formation of platinum nanoparticles (Pt-NPs) on reduced graphite oxide (rGO) (Pt-NP@rGO) by microwave-induced heating of the organometallic precursor ((MeCp)PtMe3 in different tunable aryl alkyl ionic liquids (TAAIL). In the absence of rGO, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals the formation of dense aggregates of Pt-NPs, with primary particle sizes of 2 to 6 nm. In contrast, in the Pt-NP@rGO samples, Pt-NPs are homogeneously distributed on the rGO, without any aggregation. Pt-NP@rGO samples are used as electrode materials for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which was assessed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The electrochemical surface area (ECSA) and mass-specific activity (MA) increase up to twofold, compared with standard Pt/C 60%, making Pt-NP@rGO a competitive material for ORR.
Effect of the Integrated Addition of a Red Tara Pods (Caesalpinia spinosa) Extract and NaCl over the Neo-Formed Contaminants Content and Sensory Properties of Crackers
Authors: Pedreschi Franco , Matus Joans , Bunger Andrea , Pedreschi Romina , Huamán-Castilla Nils Leander , Mariotti-Celis María Salomé
Published: February 2022

A 2k factorial design with three centrals points was considered to evaluate the effect of adding red Tara pods extract (Caesalpinia spinosa) (440–2560 µg/mL of dough water) and NaCl (0.3–1.7 g/100 g of flour) on the acrylamide (AA) and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content and sensory attributes of crackers. Additionally, the best formulation, defined as that with the lowest AA and HMF content, was compared with a commercial formulation cracker. Red Tara pods extracts were obtained through conventional extraction using pure water (60 °C, 35 min). AA and HMF content were quantified by GC-MS and HPLC-DAD, respectively. The sensory evaluation was carried out using a descriptive analysis on a 10 cm non-structured linear scale. Red Tara pods extract significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the AA and HMF content, while NaCl only influenced the HMF formation. However, the sensory attributes did not significantly change (p > 0.05), excepting the violet-gray color and salty flavor, but at acceptable levels compared with the control sample. The higher the red Tara pods extract concentration (2560 µg/mL of dough water), the lower the neo-formed contaminants (NFCs) content of crackers (AA: 53 µg/kg and HMF: 1236 µg/kg) when salt level was below 3 g/100 g of flour. The action of the proanthocyanidins present in the extracts which trapped the carbonyl groups of sugars probably avoided the formation of both NFCs. Contrarily, NaCl addition (from 0.3 to 1.7 g/100 g of flour) significantly increased (p < 0.05) the HMF formation (from 1236 µg/kg to 4239 µg/kg, respectively), probably through the dehydration of carbohydrates during the Maillard reaction. When explored treatments were compared with a commercial formulated cracker, the highest mitigation effect (reductions of 40% and 32% AA and HMF, respectively) was reached with the addition of 2560 µg/mL of dough water of red Tara pods extract and 0.3 g/100 g of flour of NaCl. The addition of red Tara pods extracts integrated with the control of NaCl levels mitigated the NFCs in crackers, preserving their sensory properties. Future research should be focused on scaling this mitigation technology, considering a better chemical characterization of red Tara pods extracts as well as the validation of its use as functional food ingredient.
Molecular Mechanisms of Amylin Turnover, Misfolding and Toxicity in the Pancreas
Authors: Bhowmick Diti Chatterjee , Kudaibergenova Zhanar , Burnett Lydia , Jeremic Aleksandar M.
Published: February 2022

Amyloidosis is a common pathological event in which proteins self-assemble into misfolded soluble and insoluble molecular forms, oligomers and fibrils that are often toxic to cells. Notably, aggregation-prone human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP), or amylin, is a pancreatic hormone linked to islet β-cells demise in diabetics. The unifying mechanism by which amyloid proteins, including hIAPP, aggregate and kill cells is still matter of debate. The pathology of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by extracellular and intracellular accumulation of toxic hIAPP species, soluble oligomers and insoluble fibrils in pancreatic human islets, eventually leading to loss of β-cell mass. This review focuses on molecular, biochemical and cell-biology studies exploring molecular mechanisms of hIAPP synthesis, trafficking and degradation in the pancreas. In addition to hIAPP turnover, the dynamics and the mechanisms of IAPP–membrane interactions; hIAPP aggregation and toxicity in vitro and in situ; and the regulatory role of diabetic factors, such as lipids and cholesterol, in these processes are also discussed.
Comparative Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Sporulated Oocysts and Tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii Reveals Stage-Specific Patterns
Authors: Wang Ze-Xiang , Che Liang , Hu Rui-Si , Sun Xiao-Lin
Published: February 2022

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan of severe threat to humans and livestock, whose life history harbors both gamic and apogamic stages. Chinese 1 (ToxoDB#9) was a preponderant genotype epidemic in food-derived animals and humans in China, with a different pathogenesis from the strains from the other nations of the world. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins were critical mediators of the biology, developmental transforms, and pathogenesis of protozoan parasites. The phosphoprotein profiling and the difference between the developmental phases of T. gondii, contributing to development and infectivity, remain unknown. A quantitative phosphoproteomic approach using IBT integrated with TiO2 affinity chromatography was applied to identify and analyze the difference in the phosphoproteomes between the sporulated oocysts and the tachyzoites of the virulent ToxoDB#9 (PYS) strain of T. gondii. A total of 4058 differential phosphopeptides, consisting of 2597 upregulated and 1461 downregulated phosphopeptides, were characterized between sporulated the oocysts and tachyzoites. Twenty-one motifs extracted from the upregulated phosphopeptides contained 19 serine motifs and 2 threonine motifs (GxxTP and TP), whereas 16 motifs identified from downregulated phosphopeptides included 13 serine motifs and 3 threonine motifs (KxxT, RxxT, and TP). Beyond the traditional kinases, some infrequent classes of kinases, including Ab1, EGFR, INSR, Jak, Src and Syk, were found to be corresponding to motifs from the upregulated and downregulated phosphopeptides. Remarkable functional properties of the differentially expressed phosphoproteins were discovered by GO analysis, KEGG pathway analysis, and STRING analysis. S8GFS8 (DNMT1-RFD domain-containing protein) and S8F5G5 (Histone kinase SNF1) were the two most connected peptides in the kinase-associated network. Out of these, phosphorylated modifications in histone kinase SNF1 have functioned in mitosis and interphase of T. gondii, as well as in the regulation of gene expression relevant to differentiation. Our study discovered a remarkable difference in the abundance of phosphopeptides between the sporulated oocysts and tachyzoites of the virulent ToxoDB#9 (PYS) strain of T. gondii, which may provide a new resource for understanding stage-specific differences in PTMs and may enhance the illustration of the regulatory mechanisms contributing to the development and infectivity of T. gondii.
Proteomic Analysis of Protective Effects of Epimedium Flavonoids against Ethanol-Induced Toxicity in Retinoic Acid-Treated SH-SY5Y Cells
Authors: Yang Xiaohua , Zhang Huafeng , Li Lu , Zhou Xuexue , Liu Yichao , Lai Jianghua
Published: February 2022

Alcohol (ethanol) is one of the most common addictive psychoactive substances in the world, and alcoholism may result in harmful effects on human health, especially on the nervous system. Flavonoids are regarded as the main active constituent in Epimedium, which has been used to cure some nervous system diseases such as amnesia for over 1000 years. Here, the protective effects of Epimedium flavonoids against ethanol-induced toxicity in retinoic acid (RA)-treated SH-SY5Y cells were investigated. Their mechanism was explored by a label-free proteomic approach combined with bioinformatic analysis for the first time. The results showed that ethanol treatment decreased cell viability by 18%, whereas the viability increased significantly after intervention with Epimedium flavonoids (p < 0.01). According to proteomic and bioinformatic analyses, hundreds of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified and classified as biological process (GO_BP), cellular component (GO_CC) and molecular function (GO_MF). Among them, GO_MF of DEPs, especially molecular function relevant to G proteins, greatly changed in SH-SY5Y cells pretreated by Epimedium flavonoids. In the alcoholism pathway, the expression of the Gi protein was up-regulated under the influence of ethanol, whereas Epimedium flavonoids could reverse the expression profile, both of which were validated by Western blot assay. In conclusion, Gi protein seemed to be an important factor in the alcoholism pathway to suppress the ethanol-induced toxicity of SH-SY5Y cells. These findings suggest a protective potential of Epimedium flavonoids against ethanol-induced toxicity to neurons via the regulation of Gi protein function.
Nanoparticles of Costus speciosus Ameliorate Diabetes-Induced Structural Changes in Rat Prostate through Mediating the Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines IL 6, IL1β and TNF-α
Authors: Bakhshwin Duaa , Faddladdeen Khadija Abdul Jalil , Ali Soad Shaker , Alsaggaf Samar Mohammed , Ayuob Nasra Naeim
Published: February 2022

Diabetes mellitus is a common global health problem. Among the complications that are frequently associated with DM are the alternation of sexual function and fertility, especially in young men. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of nanoparticles of Costus speciosus (C. speciosus) in preserving the prostatic structure of diabetic rats and to explore the mechanism behind this effect. A model of DM was induced in male albino rats by a single intraperitoneally injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg body weight). Five groups (n = 10 each) of rats were included in this study: the control, C. speciosus gold nanoparticles-treated (150 mg/kg body weight through gastric intubation for 30 days), untreated diabetic, metformin-treated diabetic (500 mg/kg/day gastric intubation for 30 days) and the C. speciosus-treated diabetic group. The blood glucose, insulin and testosterone levels as well as oxidants/antioxidants status were assessed in the serum. Gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL1β and IL-6 were assessed in the prostate homogenate. At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed and the prostate was dissected out and prepared for histopathological and immunohistochemistry study using Ki67 and Bcl-2. C. Speciosus nanoparticles significantly decreased (p = 0.03) the blood glucose level while significantly increasing insulin (p = 0.01) and testosterone (p = 0.04) levels compared to the untreated diabetic rats. Oxidants/antioxidants status was markedly improved after administration of C. speciosus. Prostatic expression of the mRNA of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL1β and TNF-α was down-regulated in metformin- and C. speciosus-treated rats. The histological structure of the ventral prostate was preserved in metformin- and C. speciosus-treated diabetic rats with a significantly thicker epithelial cell layer and significant increase immunoexpression in Bcl-2 and Ki67. In conclusion, the protective effect induced by C. speciosus nanoparticles on the prostate of diabetic rats might be directly mediated through the down-regulation of inflammatory cytokines and the up-regulation of antioxidant activity and indirectly mediated through the anti-hyperglycemic effect through enhancing insulin secretion.
Hybrid Polyethylene Glycol/Sodium Metaphosphate Composites Prepared via Coacervation
Authors: Rodrigues Bruno Poletto , de Macedo Guilherme Nunes Braga Maurício , Xia Yang , Balducci Andrea , Wondraczek Lothar
Published: February 2022

We report on the fabrication and characterization of homogeneous, monophasic sodium metaphosphate and polyethylene glycol hybrid composites achieved via coacervation in aqueous solution. After separation and drying, an amorphous plastic solid is formed, composed mostly of hydrated sodium phosphate moieties amalgamated with polyethylene glycol chains. These composites are largely X-ray amorphous and can contain up to 8 weight percent of polymer. Impedance spectroscopic measurements reveal DC conductivity values of 12 μS/m at room temperature, an enhancement of three orders of magnitude when compared to glassy sodium metaphosphate, and the presence of the polyethylene glycol is reflected in the equivalent circuit and ionic hopping analyses.
Pavojingi ryšiai? Nesusituokusių vyrų ir moterų santykiai Lietuvos katalikiškuose bažnytiniuose teismuose XVIII a.
Authors: Tumelis Karolis
Published: February 2022

Recent decades saw historical scholarship to pay more attention to the phenomena which were earlier considered unimportant or, in some cases, non-existent. Intimate relations between men and women who were not yet married, extramarital affairs, cohabitation, etc. were rediscovered and reassessed as indispensable to the more accurate understanding of the formation of marriages, families and
communities. Theoretically, physical and emotional intimacy could only take place in marriage, and as such all relationships that were extraneous to marital status were prosecuted by legal authorities – civil and ecclesiastical alike. This paper seeks to present how one group of these institutions – Lithuanian ecclesiastical courts – treated informal relations between unmarried laymen and women and what kind of penalties they imposed for such delinquencies. At the first glance it seems that neither canon law, nor the law of the Lithuanian Statutes or the Magdeburg law paid much attention to this kind of illicit sexual practices. The legal norms describe them rather vaguely and, as a result, the prescribed punishments seem to be unclear (except for the Third Lithuanian Statute, which, depending on the interpretation of the text, prescribed capital punishment for unmarried women). Analysis of the court material from three consistories (Vilnius, Samogitia and Trakai) has shown that Lithuanian Catholic consistories might not have been very concerned with such cases as there is only a handful of them mentioned and even less addressed. They seem to have been more common among the Catholic population of Samogitia, and men were likely to be condemned more often than women. The penalties for such crimes were mild – the delinquents mainly had to do public penance, pay fines, and observe fasting. The reasons behind such a low number of cases and even lower number of decisions are not clear, yet. It is possible, that while being mainly concerned with the marital litigation ecclesiastical courts left more initiative to the secular authorities, which could also act in the name of good Christian order and provide harsher punishments if necessary. Since most of the plaintiffs were parish clergymen, who generally initiated judicial processes against fornicators, it is plausible that they could take care of such delinquents themselves, without the help of the court. One must not forget that the Church had even more measures at its discretion – for example, missionary activities of the religious orders, during which the missionaries also attended to the illegal sexual practices of the population, and intervened with them.
La réparation des dommages à l'environnement causés par les catastrophes industrielles
Authors: Smets Henri
Published: February 2022

L'indemnisation des accidents majeurs dont le coût est compris entre 50 millions de francs et quelques milliards de francs nécessite la mise en place d'un système élaboré susceptible de fournir les moyens financiers élevés tout en répartissant les risques. Les activités les plus dangereuses des secteurs du pétrole et de la chimie devraient être soumises à des exigences particulières sous forme d’assurance ou de garantie financière sur le modèle des installations nucléaires.
La réforme agraire dans la Russie post-soviétique. Point de vue d'un historien
Authors: Danilov Viktor
Published: February 2022

Agrarian Reform in post-Soviet Russia : the Point of View of an Historian, Victor Danilov

Contrary to all expectations, Russian farmers did not receive favourably the agrarian reform which was supposed to free them at last. Far from taking advantage of the right given to them of leaving the Kolkhoz and Sovkhoz, they chose to adopt an attitude of open resistance to decollectivization. According to the author, the failure of the agrarian reform is explained in a large part by the «bureaucratic extremism» with which it was accomplished during the winter 1992-1993, and also by the extreme subdivision of the process of production and by the lack of support given to cooperative and individual formulas. The end of price controls and the deregulation of services increased the inequality between urban and rural areas. From Stolypin to Gorbachev, the transformation of the countryside has always been forced upon it from above. With no autonomy of management and no real freedom of choice, farmers remain victims of the Nomenklatura. The crisis in agriculture which is reflected in the general decrease of production opens a new era of uncertainty.
Le travail forcé au Guatemala sous la dictature libérale. Le département du Quiché (1873-1920)
Authors: Piel Jean
Published: February 2022

When a Liberal "dictatorship" was set up in Guatemala in 1873, this traditionalist country, with 80 % of its population of Indian descent, began to open itself up to long-range export trade and foreign investment in plantation agriculture (coffee, sugar cane, bananas) and extensive cattle-raising. How might this export sector be helped in its need to draw the workforce it needed from the ranks of the Indian population ? In the Quiche district, a compromise between the colonial tradition of forced labor and the contractualist ethic of Liberal economists was found with the system of habilitación : this compromise ended up perpetuating a system that the Society of Nations would denounce after 1920 as a form of debt slavery.
Les clôtures du bocage en Haut-Morvan
Authors: Paris André
Published: February 2022

Élément du bocage, la clôture retient peu l'attention. Mais la dépendance est complexe entre le paysage et le milieu. À côté de la haie sèche, la haie vive a envahi progressivement le paysage, dans le but de contrôler le bétail, dans une région formée de petits exploitants et manouvriers nombreux. L'exode rural a conduit à l'abandon de la «plessie», au moment où la haie commence à prendre une valeur touristique.
Une spécificité agraire de la Puisaye. Les manœuvreries, petites exploitations complémentaires des métairies (XVIIIe-XIXe siècle)
Authors: Rocher Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2022

An agrarian peculiarity in Puisaye : the manoeuvreries, smallholdings complementing

sharecropping.

In the Puisaye, which is a small bocage region between the Loire and the Yonne rivers, traditional farming takes the form of sharecropping, usually within the framework of large landholdings. But smaller farms, called manoeuvreries, coexist with sharecropping farms. These manoeuvreries can either be subordinated to share-cropping farms within domains and under the control of large landholders, who can eventually change the relative weight of these two types of farms ; or they are isolated and belong to small, independent landowners. Whatever the case, manoeuvreries are not autonomous units, since they don't include draft animals. The manoeuvres, therefore, must necessarily set up some kind of collaboration with surrounding sharecroppers.
L'introduction des résineux en Bourgogne et la transformation des paysages ruraux (XVIIIe-XIXe siècle)
Authors: Brosselin Arlette
Published: February 2022

La Bourgogne constitue un bon exemple pour une étude de l'introduction des résineux depuis le XVIIIe siècle. Dès cette époque, certains propriétaires fonciers, comme Buffon, tentent, avec succès, des expériences sur leurs terres. Au milieu du XIXe siècle, l'État à son tour et certaines communes font de même Nous verrons qui plante et pourquoi, quelles essences sont retenues dans le cadre d'un mouvement qui aboutit à des modifications du paysage rural à la veille de la Première guerre mondiale.
Fortune paysanne et cycle de vie. Le cas de la seigneurie de Saint-Hyacinthe (1795-1844)
Authors: Dessureault Christian
Published: February 2022

Le cycle de vie a été présenté comme l’un des principaux facteurs des inégalités de la richesse au sein de la paysannerie du Québec pré-capitaliste. Dans cette société paysanne, le processus d’accumulation de biens dans les premières phases du cycle de vie des ménages viserait d’abord à assurer la reproduction familiale. Succédant à la phase d’ac¬ cumulation, le processus de redistribution des avoirs familiaux en faveur des enfants favoriserait ensuite un certain équilibre dans la répartition sociale de la richesse. Cette recherche vise à vérifier, à l’aide des inventaires après-décès et des données sur la durée des unions conjugales, l’influence du cycle de vie sur l’accumulation et la distribution de la richesse dans la paysannerie de la seigneurie de Saint-Hyacinthe (Québec) de 1795 à 1844. Le cycle de vie représente effectivement l’un des éléments importants à évaluer pour mieux saisir le fonctionnement de cette société paysanne. Cependant, ce dernier facteur ne s’insère pas dans une dynamique globale tendant vers l’égalitarisme économique et social. La différenciation des fortunes paysannes n’est pas d’abord d’ordre démographique. Les processus d’accumulation et de redistribution des biens au cours du cycle de vie se vérifient davantage parmi la couche aisée de la paysannerie capable d’assurer sa reproduction élargie dans l’agriculture, voire de réussir une mobilité sociale ascendante, tandis qu’au bas de l’échelle économique et sociale, les familles ne possèdent pas suffisamment de biens pour veiller à l’établissement de la génération à venir.
L’enseignement agricole aux États-Unis. À propos du système «Land-grant »
Authors: Rogers Susan Carol
Published: February 2022

Cet article étudie analytiquement l’historiographie de la constitution du système Land-grant américain. Il s’agit d’un réseau national d’institutions financées sur fonds publics, et se consacrant à la recherche et à la formation agricoles. Ce réseau fut établi par une série de lois fédérales votées par le Congrès américain entre 1862 et 1914. Le système Land-grant , encore très solide de nos jours, combine étroitement la vulgarisation, la recherche et l’enseignement universitaire. On lui attribue en général un rôle majeur dans l’édification du secteur agricole, aussi productif que rationalisé, caractéristique des États-Unis aujourd’hui. Un tel système institutionnel, centralisé et imposé par l’État fédéral, est tout à fait exceptionnel dans le cadre américain, et l’auteur suggère que ce caractère exceptionnel a amené les historiens du système à se concentrer en priorité sur son degré de réussite dans l’atteinte des objectifs de démocratisation proclamés à l’origine. Replacer le système Land-grant dans une perspective comparatiste internationale permettrait de soulever une gamme plus large de questions, y compris celle du degré réel d’influence d’institutions de ce type sur le développement agricole.
Calendriers agricoles et systèmes de culture en Europe continentale au XVIe siècle
Authors: Beutler Corinne
Published: February 2022

Farming schedules and cultivation systems in continental Europe during the XVIth century

This paper tries to define the constraints governing farm improvement. Erudite cultivators were calling upon other farmers to follow the methods and examples they proposed, but in so doing, they never really envisioned the kind of yield which would have been adequate when the needs of the entire population were taken into account. As it appears in the monthly schedules included in these treatises, the model farm of the time would have been managed under particularly rigid guidelines. Crop diversification, accelerated crop rotation within each plot of land, and the corresponding rythms which had to be adopted to complete the tasks at hand, put under heavy stress timelines of agricultural activity already subject to the hazards of the weather. These calendars developed an ideal timetable which took into account all the possible delays ; since they tried to master all the possible parameters, they actually functioned as summarized management guidebooks.
La Politique Agricole Commune (PAC). Ruptures et continuités dans l’histoire de l’Europe rurale
Authors: Noël Gilbert
Published: February 2022

Un examen sur le long terme de l’agriculture européenne révèle que ses structures ont connu des modifications profondes. Depuis les débuts de la politique agricole commune (PAC), des exploitations modernisées et insérées dans un réseau dense de relations entre l’agriculture et le reste de l’économie ont pris une dimension nouvelle. Et l’agriculture est concernée par une nouvelle donne : aboutir à des pratiques agricoles compatibles avec la protection des zones rurales.

Les relations entre l’activité agricole et les sociétés rurales européennes doivent être prises en compte par les historiens pour comprendre l’évolution de «l’Europe verte ». Cet article vise à présenter une analyse de l’histoire de l’Europe rurale et agricole à travers des processus de désintégration/modernisation et de rupture/continuité. Il inclut les concepts de «révolution rurale » et de «développement durable » pour stimuler des études plus vastes sur l’intégration agricole européenne.
Paysage et économie rurale en Asie Mineure à l’époque hellénistique. À partir de quelques baux de Mylasa (IIe-Ier siècle avant J.-C.)
Authors: Chandezon Christophe
Published: February 2022

Cette étude porte sur une série d’inscriptions provenant de divers sanctuaires de la cité de Mylasa. Elles datent de la fin du IIe siècle et du début du Ier siècle avant Jésus-Christ. Ces sanctuaires avaient pris l’habitude d’acheter des biens fonciers mis en vente par des particuliers et de les relouer immédiatement à leurs anciens propriétaires. Ces baux, héréditaires et sans autres obligations pour le preneur que le versement ponctuel du fermage, s’apparentent donc à une forme de crédit hypothécaire. Ces textes décrivent rapidement les biens achetés par les sanctuaires et permettent donc de se faire une idée précise du paysage rural de cette cité. L’image qui en ressort est celle d’une plaine densément habitée et mise en valeur. Les bâtiments agricoles appartiennent au type général dans le monde grec, celui de la ferme à cour centrale (aulé). Ces documents permettent aussi d’appréhender certaines activités agricoles comme la viticulture ou l’élevage qui participent d’une polyculture méditerranéenne dont les résultats étaient loin d’être méprisables.
Le beurre dans la Grèce antique : une énigme pour l’histoire de la consommation
Authors: Auberger Janick
Published: February 2022

Le mot français «beurre » vient du grec «boutyron», qui signifie «fromage de vache ». Fiers de leur huile d’olive, les Grecs mirent longtemps à apprivoiser ce produit que les Orientaux, les Scythes ou les Hébreux, utilisaient depuis longtemps. Mal renseignés sur sa fabrication, rétifs à sa consommation, les Grecs laissèrent longtemps ce produit aux barbares et le jugèrent indigne de leur civilisation ; d’où la condescendance des histo¬ riens-géographes devant les mœurs alimentaires des peuples en marge ; d’où encore la difficulté des traducteurs alexandrins de la Septante , quand il s’agit d’évoquer le miel et le beurre des peuples pastoraux. Seuls les médecins reconnaissent son utilité, tout en le reléguant le plus souvent dans un rôle d’émollient, de corps gras comme un autre. Il faudra Aetius, un médecin oriental et tardif, pour oser affirmer que le beurre en lui-même est un bon remède, aux qualités spécifiques. Le «fromage de vache », si mal nommé puisque chèvres et brebis constituaient en fait l’essentiel des cheptels, prendra sa revanche bien plus tard, allant jusqu’à donner son nom à des beurres qui n’ont plus aucun lien avec le lait, comme le beurre d’érable ou d’arachide.
La place aux grains de Lourdes au XIXe siècle ou l’impossible transparence des petits marchés ruraux
Authors: Bonnain-Moerdijk Rolande
Published: February 2022

L’étude des mercuriales s’avère indispensable pour juger du rôle que tient la place aux grains dans l’approvisionnement de la ville-hôtesse et de son espace environnant. Dans le cas de Lourdes (Hautes-Pyrénées), elles nous ont donné la possibilité d’appréhender la position de ce marché dans le réseau des places marchandes des Pyrénées centrales. L’échelle choisie pour l’examen des phénomènes a permis de voir que les variations conjointes du prix du froment et du maïs étaient différentes de celles observées pour une grande ville voisine, Toulouse, en raison de la taille du marché et de la distance aux régions d’approvisionnement. En outre, nous y avons appris que, bien que présentes en même temps dans l’alimentation, les deux céréales ne pouvaient véritablement se substituer l’une à l’autre. Ce n’est pas la quantité de la récolte de maïs, toujours meilleur marché que le froment, qui détermine les variations de prix mais le contexte de rareté réelle ou amplifiée par les mouvements spéculatifs locaux, facilités par la taille du marché et l’interconnaissance des acteurs.
Hyperkalemia and Metabolic Acidosis Occur at a Higher eGFR in Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Saraf Santosh L. , Derebail Vimal K. , Zhang Xu , Machado Roberto F. , Gordeuk Victor R. , Lash James P. , Little Jane
Published: February 2022

Background

People with sickle cell disease (SCD) have an elevated estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) compared with the general population, and this may alter the usual creatinine-based eGFR cutoffs for which physiologic evidence of kidney dysfunction is apparent. This study aimed to identify eGFR thresholds for hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis in patients with SCD.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional analysis of 733 patients with severe (hemoglobin SS or Sβ
0-thalassemia) SCD genotype, 238 patients with moderate (hemoglobin SC or Sβ
+-thalassemia) SCD genotype, and 1333 age- and sex-matched African Americans from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The prevalence rates of hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis were compared by eGFR category. Cutoffs for hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis were determined using generalized additive models.

Results

Hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis were more common in those with severe SCD genotype (13% and 21%, respectively) compared with the NHANES (0.3% and 5%, respectively); the prevalence rates in the moderate SCD genotype were intermediate for hyperkalemia (3%) and metabolic acidosis (11%). The proportion of patients with hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis progressively increased with lower eGFR category in both SCD genotype groups. The eGFR thresholds for hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis were higher in the severe (85 and 91 ml/min per 1.73 m2, respectively) and moderate (52 and 102 ml/min per 1.73 m2, respectively) SCD genotypes compared with the NHANES (34 and 46 ml/min per 1.73 m2).

Conclusions

We demonstrate that hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis are more common and occur at higher eGFR values in patients with SCD compared with age- and sex-matched African Americans, including in eGFR ranges considered to be normal. Future studies using redefined creatinine-based eGFR thresholds for abnormal kidney function may identify high-risk patients for earlier intervention strategies and referral for specialized renal care in SCD.
Ocorrências e usos da Família Piperaceae, em especial no Estado do Ceará: Revisão e nova identificação geográfica / Occurrences and uses of the Piperaceae Family, especially in Ceará state: Review and new geographical identification
Authors: Do Nascimento Ednaldo Vieira , Bonilla Oriel Herrera , De Lucena Eliseu Marlônio Pereira , Do Nascimento Yandra Alzira Pereira , Vieira Maria Isabela Cavalcante , Farias Ivina Beatriz Menezes , Do Nascimento Sandro Ferreira , De Lima Francisca Renata Alves
Published: February 2022

O presente trabalho apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a Família Piperaceae, com foco na ocorrência e usos de suas espécies, bem como seus aspectos etnobotânicos, fitoquímicos, ecológicos, dialogando com as perspectivas futuras de exploração. A Família Piperaceae é parte do grupo maior Angiospermas, possui distribuição pantropical, pertencem a treze gêneros: Artanthe, Lindeniopiper, Macropiper, Manekia, Ottonia, Peperomia, Piper, Piperanthera, Pothomorphe, Sarcorhachis, Trianaeopiper, Verhuellia e Zippelia. No Brasil, ocorrem principalmente nas florestas amazônicas e Atlânticas, apresentando em torno de quinhentas espécies, de seis gêneros: Piper, Peperomia, Manekia, Ottonia, Pothomorphe e Sarcorhachis, sendo sessenta e três destas raras. O Estado do Ceará apresenta em estudos clássicos e registros atualizados do seu principal herbário e o presente estudo: 36 espécies, distribuídas em 5 gêneros: Ottonia, Peperomia, Piper, Pothomorphe e Sarcorhachis. Além do estudo de revisão e pesquisa em Herbário, foram realizadas três expedições de campo na floresta atlântica da Serra de Maranguape, quando foram realizadas coletas botânicas de dez diferentes espécies de Piperaceae, registrando nova identificação geográfica para quatro espécies para a Serra de Maranguape: Piper arboreum Aubl. var. arboreum.; Piper divaricatum G. Mey.; Piper hispidum S.W. e, Piper marginatum Jacq. var. marginatum.  Esta última com primeiro registro, também, para o Estado do Ceará.
Agrobiodiversidade em quintais agroflorestais no norte de Mato Grosso / Homegardens agrobiodiversity in northern of Mato Grosso state, Brazil
Authors: Dardengo Juliana de Freitas Encinas , Rossi Ana Aparecida Bandini , De Pedri Eliane Cristina Moreno , Pena Guilherme Ferreira , Santos Jacó de Souza , Tiago Auana Vicente , Dos Santos Celço Givanni , Hoogerheide Eulália Soler Sobreira
Published: February 2022

Há uma grande diversidade de comunidades nos municípios do norte de Mato Grosso, nestas, as famílias utilizam os recursos vegetais provenientes da região, contudo, muitas vezes todo o potencial apresentado pela planta não é devidamente aproveitado por esses agricultores. Assim, faz-se necessário o aprofundamento e divulgação para a comunidade do potencial de utilização que as plantas presentes em seus quintais agroflorestais apresentam, diante disto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar a caracterização socioeconômica e o levantamento das espécies vegetais que compõem a biodiversidade dos quintais agroflorestais rurais das comunidades rurais São Paulo (Carlinda-MT), São Pedro (Paranaíta-MT), Jacaminho (Alta Floresta – MT) e Santa Edwiges (Nova Canaã do Norte-MT). O estudo foi realizado durante os anos de 2018 e 2019 em 10 quintais agroflorestais de cada município, totalizando 40 quintais agroflorestais. A coleta de dados foi realizada através da técnica da lista livre. As plantas pertencentes ao grupo alimentício foram as mais citadas pelos entrevistados, seguido das plantas para uso medicinal e por fim as plantas que foram enquadradas em outros usos, como para sombra, artesanato, entre outros. Os resultados deste trabalho contribuem para a caracterização da agrobiodiversidade regional, uma vez que os quintais são sistemas que atuam como uma estratégia de uso mais sustentável dos recursos vegetais por conservarem as espécies nativas.
Educação Ambiental Crítica E A Educação Para O Desenvolvimento Sustentável (Eds): Encontros E Desencontros / Critical Environmental Education and Education for Sustainable Development (Eds): Encounters and Mismatches
Authors: Buczenko Gerson Luiz , Rosa Maria Arlete
Published: February 2022

O objetivo geral do presente trabalho é analisar proximidades entre a Educação Ambiental em sua perspectiva crítica e a Educação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Como objetivos específicos foram definidos: avaliar a Educação Ambiental em sua perspectiva crítica em relação à realidade social vivenciada no Brasil; rever a Educação para a Sustentabilidade em seus princípios e perspectivas; analisar os encontros e desencontros entre a Educação Ambiental e a Educação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável. A metodologia ocorre por meio de uma pesquisa crítico-dialética, com a coleta de dados por meio da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Entre os Autores consultados estão Gadotti (2009), Loureiro (2006, 2012a; 2012b), Maia (2015), entre outros. No processo de implementação da EDS verificou-se que há uma definição de que a mesma não deve ser equiparada à Educação Ambiental, posto que a EA, segundo o documento, é “uma disciplina bem estabelecida que enfatiza a relação dos homens com o ambiente natural, as formas de conservá-lo, preservá-lo e de administrar seus recursos adequadamente” (UNESCO, 2005). Assim, no contexto analisado, não se percebem encontros e, pelo contrário, estão cada vez mais salientes os desencontros entre EA e EDS. Ao final defende-se que a EA não se subordina à outra perspectiva voltada para o meio ambiente e a relação ser humano-natureza e, pelo contrário, segue como instrumento do desvelar da realidade social e ambiental que faz parte do cotidiano dos seres vivos imbricados na relação de sobrevivência, resistindo ao modelo de sociedade atual excludente, desigual e destruidora da vida em seu conceito maior.
Differentially expressed proteins in genetically edited human podocytes: contributing to the understanding of early molecular events in Fabry Disease / Proteínas diferencialmente expressas em podócitos humanos geneticamente editados: contribuições para elucidação dos eventos moleculares iniciais na doença de Fabry
Authors: Neto José Tibúrcio do Monte , Pereira Ester Miranda , Pereira Ester Miranda , Da Silva Adalberto Socorro , Da Silva Adalberto Socorro , Oliveira Ivana Helena Rocha , Oliveira Ivana Helena Rocha , Do Monte Semiramis Jamil Hadad , Do Monte Semiramis Jamil Hadad , Labilloy Anatalia , Labilloy Anatalia , Andrade Helida Monteiro , Andrade Helida Monteiro , Kirsztajn Gianna Mastroianni , Kirsztajn Gianna Mastroianni
Published: February 2022

Background: Podocyte damage and subsequent proteinuric chronic nephropathy are prominent features of Fabry Disease (FD), a multisystemic X-linked inherited lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficient activity of the alpha-galactosidase A (α-GAL A) enzyme following mutations in the GLA gene. Methods: A proteomic approach based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry was used to explore differentially expressed proteins in podocytes with α-GAL A deficiency. This deficiency was developed through GLA gene deletion using CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing technology in an immortalized human podocyte culture cell line. To further validate our proteomic findings, we compared the expression of autophagy-specific biomarkers (LC3B and p62) using western blotting, as well as evaluated apoptosis using propidium iodide fluorescence microscopy. Results:  Our results showed that protein levels of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1, alpha-enolase, and heat shock protein 60 were reduced FD podocytes. Functional analysis using gene ontology found these proteins were predominately involved in biological processes, including autophagy regulation and apoptosis. Additionally, we found that autophagy-specific biomarkers LC3B and p62 were overexpressed, confirming impaired autophagy regulation and greater apoptosis in FD podocytes. Conclusions Our findings suggest impaired proteostasis in FD podocytes due to concomitant dysfunction of the ubiquitin–proteasome system and the autophagy pathway; both of which are potentially implicated in the pathogenesis of FD nephropathy.