bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aetiology and Management of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma Cases in Hospital Sultanah Nora Ismail Batu Pahat
Authors: Ling Wong Pei , Khairollah A. Rozila , Balasundram Sathesh
Published: January 2025

Aim:

To report the aetiology and modalities of treatment of facial trauma cases in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Sultanah Nora Ismail Batu Pahat Hospital.

Method:

A cross sectional study involving all trauma cases attended to from April 2012 till March 2013 was carried out, the collected data analyzed.

Results:

Clinical information of 416 patients was retrieved and analyzed. The most frequently involved age group was 10-19 years (30.3%) with a male preponderance (73.3%). The main cause of injury was road traffic accidents (78.1%) followed by falls (11.1%), assaults (5.8%) and sports injuries (2.4%). 80.8% of the patients were Malays, while the remaining 12.0% were Chinese, 1.4% Indians and 5.8% foreigners respectively. A total of 612 facial injuries was noted. The injuries sustained include soft tissue injury (46.4%), dentoalveolar injury (24.0%), mid face fractures (18.0%), mandible fractures (10.1%) and upper face fractures (1.5%). The types of treatment rendered include soft tissue management (43.2%), conservative treatment (28.6%), dentoalveolar management (13.6%), closed reduction (8.1%) and internal fixation (6.5%).

Conclusion:

Our results may represent an important database in conducting further prospective longitudinal studies to explicate the prevalence and outcome of oral and maxillofacial trauma management in Malaysia. The increased incidence of maxillofacial trauma following road traffic accidents noted in this study reveals the need for formulating preventive measures and effectively implementing them to reduce the number of road traffic accidents in this district. Increasing facilities for the management of maxillofacial trauma at local district hospitals is of an overriding importance to address this concern.
Distraction Osteogenesis In The Craniomaxillofacial Region. Part 1
Authors: Adam KBC , Mahdah S , Azmi MN , Kadir K , Nabil S , Hariri F
Published: January 2025

Distraction osteogenesis offers superior skeletal advancement compared to conventional osteotomy. As the surgical outcomes can be technically-dependent, it is important to understand the principle, indications, assessment and preparation prior to its application. This review is the first part of two articles which will provide clinicians updates on the history, principles, clinical indications, types of devices and protocol for distraction osteogenesis in the craniomaxillofacial region. Important issues in these essential aspects of distraction osteogenesis are comprehensively discussed based on clinical cases and supported by literature. Understanding the principles of distraction osteogenesis is mandatory to ensure optimum surgical outcome. The technique offers many advantages to the field of craniomaxillofacial surgery and can be considered as an alternative bone augmentation and lengthening technique as it produces stable and reliable outcomes.
Mandibular distraction osteogenesis for obstructive sleep apnoea secondary to TMJ ankylosis
Authors: Nurliza AR , Hariri F , Rahman ZA Abdul , Jabar MN , Nordin R , Bustaman AFM , Nabil S
Published: January 2025

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis in a paediatric population is uncommon and a challenging problem to treat. From a technical perspective, ankylosis is difficult to treat as the surgeon should consider the potential effects of time and growth on the outcome. The cognitive and emotional development of the patient and the role of the parents are other factors that can affect the management and treatment results in children. Therefore, surgical planning, post-operative management and comprehensive multidisciplinary approach are needed to ensure an ideal outcome. We present a case of a four years old girl presented with mandible hypoplasia in anterior-posterior direction secondary to left TMJ ankylosis. Her condition is further complicated with presence of severe trismus, adenoid hyperplasia grade III and moderate obstructive sleep apnoea. She underwent two stages of surgical intervention which were bilateral mandibular distraction osteogenesis via submandibular approach followed with left condylectomy and gap arthroplasty with interpositional myofascial temporalis flap 4 months later. Mouth opening successfully improved from an initial interincisal opening of 2mm to 28mm post-surgery. Her obstructive sleep apnoea was also resolved. In this case report, we highlight the role of sterolithography model in surgical planning and a multidiscipline approach for optimum surgical correction of this maxillofacial deformity.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) treated with combined Orthodontics and Orthognathic surgery. A Case Report
Authors: Makhbul M.Z.M. , Lee C.W. , Ling X.F. , Wan Hassan W.N.
Published: January 2025

This is a case report of an obstructive sleep apnea case managed with combination of orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery. A 36-year-old overweight (BMI 27.6) male, known case of obstructive sleep apnea with apnea- hypopnea index (AHI) of 14.5 presented with a Class II division 1 malocclusion on a Class II skeletal base. The upper arch was well aligned but there was moderate crowding in the lower arch. The dentition was complicated by a 7.0mm overjet. The pre-surgical orthodontics aligned the upper and lower arches, decompensated the occlusion resulting in further increase in overjet. The orthognathic surgical procedure was performed to advance the mandible under general anaesthesia. Post-operative outcome showed significant improvement of the patient's condition and the AHI was reduced to 1.1. Cephalometric airway space measurement showed improvement in the hypopharyngeal airway space post-surgery, which maintained after 11/2 years follow up.
Early experience with vascularised fibula free flap in mandibular reconstruction
Authors: Mustafa Wan Mahadzir , Khan Shah Kamal , Hanim Nur Ikram , Basiron Normala , Ali Mohamad , Vittayakittipong Pichai , Zhang Chen Ping , Ji Tong , Qun Xu Li , Hardiyanto Andri
Published: January 2025

All free vascularised fibula grafts performed at our unit were assessed retrospectively with respect to success and complications. Between 2007 and 2014 there were 11 males and 9 females with a follow-up from 2 to 6 years. The mean bony defect length was 14 cm. Bony union was assessed radiographically and was seen in 18 cases. One flap failed and another was salvaged despite anastomotic failure. There was one post- operative death. Otherwise serious complications and donor site morbidity were acceptable. Vascularised fibula reconstructions should be considered a valuable treatment option for patients with hemimandibular or segmental mandibular defect reconstructions of more than 9.5 cm. Paying greater attention to detail will help minimize and prevent postoperative complications.
Surgery first approach in management of mandibular prognathism coexisting with maxillary fibrous dysplasia
Authors: Agarwal Sneha , Khan Zaid Ali
Published: January 2025

Dentofacial deformity describes skeletal abnormalities affecting the maxilla, mandible, or both jaws which ranges from a dental malocclusion to cleft lip and palate, including other disfiguring craniofacial syndromes such as tumors as well as trauma induced deformities. This case report elucidates single stage surgical correction of gnathic deformity caused by maxillofacial fibrous dysplasia and class III dentofacial deformity in a young adult female patient. Simultaneous treatment for both tumour and class III dentofacial deformity was done by surgery first approach with conservative contouring of dysplastic bone. A symmetrical, harmonious relationship of the facial soft tissue and a pleasant profile was obtained after treatment. This case demonstrated that orthognathic surgery can safely be performed simultaneously with surgical recontouring in fibrous dysplasia cases with excellent outcome.
A Case of multiple mandibular and maxillary cysts, could it be Gorlin-Goltz syndrome?
Authors: Supramaniam Uma , Kiong Shim Chen , Sagan Lisamarie
Published: January 2025

The odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is known for its high recurrence rate, aggressive behavior, and its occasional association with the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS). NBCCS, also referred to as Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, is associated with a gene level disturbance of chromosome 9 and is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait with high penetrance. Multiple odontogenic keratocysts are a well- recognized feature of NBCCS. Clinically, OKC occurs over a wide age range with a peak in the second and third decades. It has a marked male predilection. OKCs associated with the syndrome tend to be more aggressive and have higher recurrence rates compared with solitary keratocysts. This article presents a case of multiple OKCs in the maxilla and mandible and other cardinal features manifested in Gorlin Goltz syndrome patients. Early recognition and diagnosis of the disease with detailed family history is essential for the management of this syndrome.
When Nature Prevails Over Science amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic: Spontaneous Healing in an Infected Nonunion Femoral Shaft Following Stage 1 Masquelet Technique
Authors: Pawaskar Siddharth M. , Pai Shailesh , Kotekar Mohamed Faheem , Kumar Muthur Ajith
Published: January 2025

Managing femoral shaft fractures with infection and bone loss is challenging. The Masquelet technique, a two-stage approach, typically requires both stages for effective healing. Here, we report a rare case of spontaneous healing after only the first stage. A 54-year-old male presented with infected nonunion of the femoral shaft, 8 months post intramedullary nailing for a closed fracture at another institution. Radiographs showed nonunion with osteolysis and screw backout. Implant removal, debridement, and insertion of a PMMA cement spacer with vancomycin were performed, revealing an 8 cm bone gap. Due to noncompliance, the LRS was replaced with a functional brace. After 14 months, radiographs showed complete bridging with callus formation. The spacer, displaced submuscularly, was surgically removed. This rare case demonstrates spontaneous healing in an infected femoral shaft nonunion, highlighting the body’s regenerative potential.
Retinal detachments associated with choroidal colobomas
Authors: Inoue Makoto
Published: January 2025

To summarize the characteristics of the retinal detachments (RDs) that are associated with choroidal colobomas that occur in pediatric and adult patients. A choroidal coloboma is a rare disorder that results from an incomplete closure of the embryonic optic fissure, and their size can range from small colobomas with isolated chorioretinal involvement to large colobomas affecting the iris, choroid, retina, and optic nerve. A RD is occasionally associated with choroidal colobomas, and histological studies of the area of the choroidal coloboma show an absence of normal choroidal tissue, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and retina. Near the margin of the coloboma, the inner retinal layer has a central continuation of the marginal intercalary membrane (ICM) within the coloboma. The outer layer folds back, becomes disorganized, and fuses with the RPE. The inner retina gradually thins and merges with the marginal ICM with a high incidence of tears of the ICM developing along the edge of the coloboma or toward the center. Because of the high association of the causative retinal breaks being located within the colobomatous area, vitrectomy, endolaser photocoagulation around the margin of coloboma, and long-term tamponade with silicone oil or gas are recommended treatments. In addition, the presence of the macula within the area of the laser photocoagulation should be considered. However, the recurrence rate is high and multiple surgeries are required to reattach the detached retina.
Validation of the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-25 (SNOT-25) measure for patients with nasal septal perforation
Authors: Williams S P , Leong S C
Published: January 2025

Nasal septal perforations (NSPs) are a common referral to specialist rhinology practice. A wide range of management options have been described but to be able to offer the most effective treatment modalities to our patients we must be able to capture quantitative data on patient symptom burden accurately and robustly.
Aluminum Alloy, Rolled or Cold Finished Bars, Rods, and Wire, 5.6Zn - 2.5Mg - 1.6Cu - 0.23Cr (7075-T73, T7351), Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved by Stretching, and Overaged
Authors:   AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Published: January 2025

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of rolled or cold-finished bars, rods, and wire up to 6.000 inches (152.40 mm) in nominal diameter or least nominal dimension (see 8.6).
Powstanie narodowe czy bunt rekrutów? Rozkład wojsk austriackich w 1809 roku w Galicji
Authors: Baczkowski Michał
Published: January 2025

The Polish-Austrian War of 1809 is usually perceived as a regular military conflict between the Duchy of Warsaw, which was part of the Napoleonic Europe, and the Habsburg Monarchy. However, overthrowing the Austrian government in the lands of the Polish partition (Galicia) was largely related to the independence protests of the local Polish population. Among them, the Galician recruits played an important role. A significant number of conscripts from Galicia were involved in the rebellion against the Austrian army. It involved mass as well as individual desertions, surrender into captivity without a fight, and finally a group defection to the enemy’s side. This way, the Austrian army lost approximately 15,000 men in Galicia. This rebellion had social and anti-militaristic grounds, but also resulted from the sympathy of wider circles of Galician population towards the Napoleonic socio-political system. It was primarily perceived as “freedom” and the abolition of existing feudal relations. For Galician recruits, these were positive values, reinforced by the image of the Napoleonic army as a guarantor of modernization processes. The rebellion of Galician recruits in 1809 in the lands of the Austrian partition can therefore be assessed as a Polish independence movement, but also as a chaotic uprising against the feudal and absolutist Habsburg monarchy. The latter factor was probably more important, but it objectively contributed to Austria losing part of its territory to the Duchy of Warsaw.
Episodes of Student Vandalism in Higher Education Institutions in South Africa
Authors: Mzenzi Athiphila , Kang'ethe Simon Murote
Published: January 2025

The South African higher education sector is annually buffeted with student unrest, ensuing costly vandalism of institutional property and jeopardy of academic progress. This paper explores episodes of vandalism in higher education institutions in South Africa. The literature review is utilised as a qualitative sub-methodology. 47 journal articles and one book chapter were accessed using data engines such as EBSCOhost, the Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest and Google Scholar to analyse and synthesise thematic findings. The study established the following findings: Student indiscipline emanating from their social backgrounds, destruction of property, reputational deficits, and litigation consequences to students. The paper recommends that the next academic studies focus on determining the global, regional and South African statistical prevalence of student vandalism in higher education institutions.
The Impact of the Pandemic on Digital Literacy Skills for Online Teaching in Zimbabwean Schools: A Mixed-Methods Research Approach
Authors: Magocha Medicine , Munyaradzi Juliet , Babalola Sunday Samson
Published: January 2025

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced a rapid shift to online teaching and learning, presenting challenges for teachers in developing countries such as Zimbabwe. This study employed a sequential mixed-methods research approach to explore how rural Zimbabwean teachers relate to digital technologies and how their digital literacy skills impacted their online teaching during the pandemic. An online questionnaire was administered to a purposeful sample of 100 teachers, followed by telephone interviews with ten key informants selected through cluster sampling. The findings revealed that limited digital literacy skills and socioeconomic factors were major barriers for rural secondary school teachers in accessing, creating, evaluating, and sharing teaching information with their learners. This study highlights the need for increased support to enhance teachers' technological knowledge in the face of complex demands for digital literacy, exacerbated by unprecedented challenges such as worldwide pandemics. The mixed-methods research approach allowed for a comprehensive investigation of this complex educational problem, drawing on qualitative and quantitative perspectives to capture the historical context and multifaceted nature of teachers' challenges in integrating digital technologies into their teaching practices.
Examining the Relationship between Executive Function Skills and Grade Points of Pre-Service Preschool Teachers
Authors: Akay Dicle , Isikci Baskaya Gozdenur
Published: January 2025

With executive function skills, individuals become aware of their own structure and learning characteristics. As a result of studies conducted with university students, it is thought that executive function skills and grade points are related. However, there is no study conducted with pre-service preschool teachers who will work in close relationships with children throughout their professional lives. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the relationship between executive function skills and grade points of pre-service preschool teachers. The data obtained from 540 university students face-to-face with consent form were analysed with SPSS software. It was found that there was no significant relationship between executive function skills and grade points regardless of grade level and according to grade level. In addition, while there was no significant difference in students' executive function skills according to grade level, a significant difference was found in students' grade points.
Intergenerational Methods to Promote Digital Application Usage among Older Adults: A Scoping Review
Authors: Mohd Ali Muhammad Asri , Mohamed Ariff Mohamed Imran , Ahmad Nahdatul Akma , Alias Nursyahidah , Baharum Zirawani , Tengku Shahdan Tengku Shahrom
Published: January 2025

The increase in the aging population highlights the importance of digital literacy for improving the quality of life of older adults. Despite their interest in incorporating digital technology into their daily lives, numerous studies have shown that older adults often struggle with its use due to a lack of learning interest, poor memory retention, and improper instruction. To address these challenges, a scoping review was conducted, drawing from 14 eligible articles sourced from Web of Science and Scopus. The review aimed to identify recent intergenerational methods that effectively facilitate the adoption of digital applications among older adults. The findings were categorized into five intergenerational methods: collaborative, virtual meeting, co-activity, family intergenerational learning, and reverse mentoring. Within these categories, the study identified key elements crucial for the success of technology-based intergenerational programs, including creating clear objectives and goals, developing comprehensive planning and structure, demonstrating effective recruitment, providing training and support, offering facilitation, ensuring flexibility and adaptability in content, and conducting thorough evaluation and feedback. By exploring these elements, this paper provides valuable insights for researchers seeking to develop and understand how technology-based intergenerational programs are conducted.
Global Value Chain Envelopment: How Do Emerging Multinational Enterprises Innovate and Compete in Green Transitions?
Authors: Sun Sunny Li , Zhou William C.
Published: January 2025

How are emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs) able to innovate and compete with developed market multinational enterprises (DMNEs) in green global value chains (GVCs)? Focusing on the rapid growth of the electric vehicle (EV) industry in China, we introduce the novel concept of GVC envelopment. This concept explains how EMNEs strategically integrate into GVCs dominated by DMNEs, forming cooperative relationships with key suppliers and partners to create synergies and achieve economies of scale. Through a three-stage process, EMNEs not only contribute to the global green transition but also challenge traditional global players. The paper offers critical insights for both multinational enterprise managers and policymakers, highlighting the evolving dynamics of competition and collaboration in global green transitions.
How Can International Business-to-Business Partnerships in Africa Contribute to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals?
Authors: Züfle Simon , Adu-Gyamfi Richard
Published: January 2025

Following calls by international business scholars to pay attention to how multinational enterprises contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals, we make implementable recommendations for international B2B partnerships in Africa. We postulate that international businesses can alleviate extreme poverty and eradicate child labor by selecting ethical African suppliers. Furthermore, partners must exercise transparency in how they adopt clean and environmentally sound technologies. We also highlight that partners should demonstrate flexibility and open-mindedness to African indigenous know-how and sustainable practices to facilitate knowledge-sharing. International B2B partners may consider our recommendations to guide the building of ethical and responsible businesses in Africa.
HARNESSING MARINE INVERTEBRATES: THE EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES OF COLLAGEN
Authors: JUHARI NURUL IFFAH , MUSTAFA EMIENOUR MUZALINA , KARIM NURUL ULFAH
Published: January 2025

Marine resources offer a sustainable alternative to conventional protein and nutrient sources with marine collagen playing an important  role in functional foods and nutritional supplements. Collagen from marine invertebrates is widely used in the food industry, pharmaceutical products, and biomedical applications. The aim of this study is to study the techniques used to extract collagen from  various marine invertebrates. Marine collagen is a structural protein characterised by a helical structure composed of amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline. Collagen comprises of 28 different types but only four types: Type I, II, III, and IV have always been studied. Type I is obtained from skin, tendon, and bone, meanwhile Type II is obtained from tissues of vitreous body, cartilage, and  nucleus pulposus. Type III is obtained from the vessel walls and reticular fibres of lungs, spleen, and liver and Type IV is obtained from basement membranes. The extraction of marine collagen involves three stages: Pretreatment, extraction, and recovery. Several marine collagen extraction techniques are commonly used, including acid soluble collagen, pepsin soluble collagen, carbon dioxide acidified water, and alkaline denaturing procedures. Different extraction methods produce collagen yields with varying chemical compositions and characteristics. All of the extraction processes are ethical and environmentally friendly.
ODREĐIVANJE EKOLOŠKI PRIHVATLJIVOG PROTOKA NA PROFILU BRANE MODRAC
Authors: KOVČIĆ Omer , VEJZOVIĆ Armina , TOKIĆ Mufid , KAMBEROVIĆ Jasmina ,   University of Tuzla, The Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Bosnia and Herzegovina, ADROVIĆ Avdul ,   University of Tuzla, The Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Published: January 2025

Multi-purpose reservoir Modrac is the most important
water resource in Tuzla canton( northeastern Bosnia and
Herzegovina). Ecologically acceptable flow on dam
Modrac is not adjusted with the latest Rulebook about
methods of determining ecologically acceptable flow.
Modrac reservoir with upstream and downstream flow of
Spreca river is categorized as a protected water resource
due to its susceptibility to eutrophication and according
to current legislation, requires a second level of
ecologically acceptable flow assessment. This paper
shows the methods used to determine ecologically
acceptable flow on the Modrac dam, respecting the fact
that reservoir Modrac is declared as protected water
resource. The given calculation of ecologically
acceptable flow is made for II level of evaluation
UPOREDNI PRIKAZ METODA ZA PREDVIĐANJE PROMENE NAMENE ZEMLJIŠTA I ZEMLJIŠNOG POKRIVAČA NA PRIMERU SLIVA REKE TOPLICE DO 2100. GODINE
Authors:   University of Niš, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Serbia, PENDIĆ Jana , MILIĆEVIĆ Marija ,   University of Niš, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Serbia, ĐOKIĆ Nikola ,   University of Niš, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Serbia, BLAGOJEVIĆ Borislava ,   University of Niš, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Serbia, MIHAILOVIĆ Vladislava ,   University of Belgrade, Faculty of Forestry, Serbia
Published: January 2025

In addition to climate change, factors affecting the future
water regime at the basin level also include changes in
land use and land cover. This study aims to evaluate the
performance of three methods for predicting changes in
land use and land cover within the Toplica River basin,
up to the Doljevac hydrological station, until the year
2100. Predictions were made using the MOLUSCE
plugin in the QGIS v2.18 software package. Four
variants of input data were analyzed, combining the
digital elevation model and indicators such as road
distance, exposure, and terrain slope. The kappa
coefficient values and model accuracy percentage
demonstrate a significant agreement between observed
and simulated data for all analyzed models. Simulation
results for land use and land cover change until the year
2100 indicate a reduction in sparse forest areas in favor
of dense forests and a mosaic of forest and arable land,
as well as stagnation in urban area expansion, which
could impact runoff formation processes in the basin.
HIDRAULIČKI PRORAČUN MREŽA POD PRITISKOM PRIMENOM TRIBAL-ΔQ METODE U USLOVIMA POTROŠNJE KOJA ZAVISI OD PRITISKA
Authors:   University of Belgrade, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Serbia, VASILIĆ Željko , STANIĆ Miloš ,   University of Belgrade, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Serbia
Published: January 2025

Hydraulic analysis of pressurized water distribution
networks is usually done under the assumption of
demand driven approach (DDA), i.e. the nodal demands
are fixed and independent of nodal pressure. This is
justified if minimal design pressures are always satisfied
(e.g. network design procedure). In the case of pipe
bursts or excessive water usage, network pressures may
fall under the minimal design ones, consequently
resulting in system’s inability to satisfy the full nodal
demands. In such scenarios the use of DDA approach is
inadequate as the calculated representation of the
pressure and flow distribution in the network will not be
a realistic one. The introduction of pressure-demand
relation in mathematical model of the network is
mandatory to overcome this shortcoming of DDA
approach. This approach, known as Pressure Driven
Approach (PDA), accounts for the lowered nodal
demand as a function of available nodal pressure. In this
paper the original TRIBAL-ΔQ method, based on the
loop-flow formulation of governing equations is
improved to incorporate the PDA approach for
hydraulic analysis of the network. The method is
validated using comparison of results with EPANET 2.2
software, which uses the node based formulation of
governing equations and is globally considered as the
referent solver for network hydraulics. The improved
TRIBAL-ΔQ method is tested on several networks of
different complexities and preliminary results with
sensitivity analysis indicate that TRIBAL-ΔQ method is
equally accurate and numerically stable as the referent
solver of EPANET 2.2.
EFFECTS OF INSPIRATIONAL MOTIVATION ON CLERGY EFFECTIVENESS IN PENTECOSTAL ASSEMBLIES OF GOD IN UGANDA
Authors: Omara George Joel , Gathogo Nguchie , Chiroma Nathan
Published: January 2025

This study examined the effects of inspirational motivation on clergy effectiveness within the Pentecostal Assemblies of God (PAG) in Uganda. Despite the crucial role of clergy in providing effective leadership and administration, significant shortcomings in fundamental ministries have been reported, including declining church planting rates, poor record-keeping, and decreased offerings and tithes. Using a mixed-methods approach underpinned by pragmatic philosophy, the study collected data from 311 clergy members, including bishops, assembly pastors, and associate pastors, selected through cluster multistage random sampling. Quantitative data were analyzed using Stata Version 18, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically using NVivo Version 14. The findings revealed a moderately strong positive correlation between inspirational motivation and clergy effectiveness (r = 0.5037). Qualitative analysis identified key motivational factors, including continuous teaching and preaching, training and skill development, support and encouragement, resource mobilization, and community outreach. However, challenges such as inadequate motivation and unclear communication of vision were also noted. The study recommends that church leaders prioritize providing clear vision and purpose, emotional engagement with congregants, and role modeling, while emphasizing continuous teaching, training, and recognition of members' efforts to enhance clergy effectiveness within PAG Uganda.
 

 Article visualizations:
AN ANALYSIS OF THE POTENTIAL INTEGRATION'S OF SUSTAINABILITY INTO MARKETING STRATEGIES BY COMPANIES
Authors: Udeh Ernest , Dugba Alexander
Published: January 2025

For companies looking to solve environmental, social, and economic issues while preserving their competitive edge, sustainability has become a key priority. The goal of this study is to identify successful techniques, obstacles, and results by analyzing how businesses incorporate sustainability into their marketing plans. Providing a thorough grasp of how sustainability-driven marketing tactics may meet stakeholder expectations, promote positive societal effects, and align with business aims is the aim. The intricacies of sustainable marketing strategies were investigated using a qualitative study methodology. In addition to reviewing corporate sustainability reports and case studies, data was gathered through in-depth interviews with marketing professionals, sustainability officers, and industry experts from a variety of sectors. With an emphasis on the reasons, strategies, and difficulties involved in integrating sustainability into marketing initiatives, thematic analysis was employed to find significant trends and insights. A change from transactional to relationship-focused approaches, with an emphasis on transparency, authenticity, and long-term value creation, is necessary for the successful integration of sustainability into marketing strategies, according to key findings. Businesses that make sustainability a central component of their brand identity have a competitive edge, increase brand equity and cultivate client loyalty. However, obstacles like organizational inertia, economic limitations, and concerns about greenwashing frequently make implementation difficult. The report also emphasizes how creative practices like collaborations for sustainable development, technology-driven engagement, and circular economy initiatives are essential for successful sustainable marketing. There are two implications for this study. Theoretically, it advances the growing conversation about sustainable marketing by offering a framework for comprehending how it is incorporated into corporate plans. Practically speaking, the results provide firms with suggestions on how to overcome obstacles and seize chances in sustainable marketing. To dispel doubt and build credibility, companies are advised to embrace a stakeholder-centric approach, make investments in sustainable product innovation, and openly share their work. The present study adds to the existing body of literature on sustainability and marketing by clarifying the methods by which businesses can include sustainability in their marketing plans. It emphasizes how crucial it is to match sustainable practices with business missions, consumer values, and larger societal objectives. Further investigation of regional and industry-specific variances is necessary to enhance understanding of sustainable marketing strategies.
 

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EFFECT OF ADVERTISING EFFECTIVENESS VIA MOBILE SOCIAL NETWORKS (SNS) ON BRAND EQUITY AND THE BEHAVIORAL INTENTIONS OF ONLINE CONSUMERS
Authors: Mzid Nesrine
Published: January 2025

This research aims to determine the impact of advertising effectiveness via the mobile social network service (SNS) on brand equity, namely brand value, brand image and equity value. It also focuses on the treatment of the hypothetical relationship between advertising effectiveness and the behavioral intentions of online consumers. A quantitative study was conducted on 430 Tunisian online consumers in the North African context who frequently use their mobile phones. The method of structural equations based on the AMOS approach was deployed for data analysis. The results reveal that the effectiveness of mobile advertising via social network services (SNS) positively affects brand value, brand image and equity value. The results show that an effective advertising message transmitted via social networks has no effect on the purchase intentions of online consumers. This research fills the gap in the literature by examining the simultaneous impact of the effectiveness of advertising via social networks on brand equity and purchase intentions in a North African context that is still very rare.
 

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ANALISIS PENGARUH KETIDAKHOMOGENAN FANTOM TERHADAP DISTRIBUSI DOSIS ELEKTRON MENGGUNAKAN SIMULASI MONTE CARLO
Authors: Gaspersz Daniel Gibbor , Manik Josua Timotius
Published: January 2025

Penggunaan fantom homogen dalam mengkalibrasikan pesawat LINAC menjadi standar dalam radioterapi. Namun, fantom homogen tidak dapat secara akurat merepresentasikan kompleksitas tubuh manusia. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menjalankan simulasi Monte Carlo penyinaran berkas elektron terhadap sebuah fantom inhomogen untuk kemudian membandingkan nilai distribusi dosis berupa PDD yang terbentuk dengan nilai PDD yang terbentuk pada fantom homogen. Dilakukan penyinaran berkas elektron dengan energi 6.6 MeV pada sebuah fantom inhomogen yang menyerupai tubuh manusia. Ditemukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara nilai dan fantom inhomogen dengan fantom homogen air. Nilai fantom inhomogen dengan fantom homogen air memiliki perbedaan sebesar 53.33% sementara nilai fantom inhomogen dengan fantom homogen air memiliki perbedaan sebesar 41.07%. Hal ini menunjukkan adanya pengaruh interaksi berkas elektron dengan fantom inhomogen terhadap distribusi dosis yang dihasilkan. Pada kurva PDD, terlihat bahwa berkas elektron yang melalui medium inhomogen mengalami kehilangan energi kinetik lebih besar dibandingkan dengan berkas elektron yang melalui medium homogen. Ditemukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara nilai PDD yang terbentuk pada fantom inhomogen dengan fantom homogen.
Hubungan Kadar Kolesterol Total dengan Kadar Gula Darah Puasa pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di RSUD ODSK Provinsi Sulawesi Utara
Authors: Langitan Einelin J.F. , Tiho Murniati , Purwanto Diana S.
Published: January 2025

Diabetes melitus tipe 2 merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan utama di Indonesia, dengan prevalensi yang terus meningkat setiap tahunnya. Penyakit ini tidak hanya memengaruhi kualitas hidup, tetapi juga meningkatkan risiko komplikasi, termasuk gangguan kardiovaskular. Gangguan metabolisme lipid dapat menyebabkan peningkatan kolesterol total diikuti dengan disfungsi metabolisme glukosa. Pengukuran kadar kolesterol total dan gula darah puasa diperlukan untuk evaluasi risiko diabetes melitus tipe 2. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan kadar kolesterol total dengan kadar gula darah puasa pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di RSUD ODSK Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kuantitatif yang bersifat analitik observasional dengan menggunakan desain penelitian potong lintang (cross-sectional). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian retrospektif dengan menggunakan data sekunder (rekam medis) dari pasien rawat jalan dan rawat inap yang menderita penyakit diabetes melitus tipe 2 di RSUD ODSK Provinsi Sulawesi Utara pada periode April 2022 – Juni 2024. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode total sampling dan diperoleh 65 pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi sebagai sampel. Berdasarkan hasil analisis uji korelasi Spearman-Rank, didapatkan nilai signifikan 0,307 (ρ-value > 0,05).  Tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kadar kolesterol total dengan kadar gula darah puasa pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di RSUD ODSK Provinsi Sulawesi Utara.
COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMIC MODEL TO SIMULATE THE DISPERSION OF ATMOSPHERIC NH3 GENERATED BY A COWSTABLE IN LA LAGUNA, MEXICO
Authors: De la Torre-Gea Guillermo , Forstall-Cortés Carlos Oscar , Alvarado-Elías Arturo , Aguilar-Vázquez Guadalupe , Pérez-Pucheta Carlos Eleazar
Published: January 2025

Stalls are one of the main causes of ammonia (NH3) buildup. These harmful gases have increased their concentration in the air in recent years. However, there are few studies on their dispersion to the atmosphere, since they constitute a passive polluting system in livestock areas. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the distribution of NH3 pollutants concerning temperature, humidity, and airflow in a stable, through a computational fluid dynamics model and its analysis using the K2 algorithm. The model consisted of simulated 20 production units with similar environmental conditions and took the initial values​​from data obtained from a nearby weather station in a region characterized by semi-arid climatic conditions. The highest concentration of NH3 was obtained under a wind velocity of 0 ms-1 due to the stagnation of the pollutant. The results indicated that levels of only 0.48 ms-1 reduce the concentration of NH3 by 13 %. The results were analyzed using the K2 algorithm to obtain the relationship and inferences between NH3 emissions, air flow velocity, ambient temperature, and humidity. The analysis of the CFD approach using the K2 algorithm concluded that temperature (85 %) and humidity (98 %) are the main variables that influence the pollution produced by the distribution of NH3 to the environment derived from livestock activity.
Formação de Professores num Laboratório de Educação Matemática: Uma Análise das Produções de Professores
Authors: Gomes Alexandra , Palhares Pedro
Published: January 2025

O ensino da matemática no ensino primário enfrenta desafios específicos que exigem abordagens pedagógicas inovadoras para além do método tradicional. Neste contexto, os materiais manipuláveis, desempenham um papel crucial, transformando conceitos abstratos em experiências concretas e promovendo a aprendizagem significativa daí serem uma componente fundamental de qualquer Laboratório de Educação Matemática. Este artigo analisa como formandos de um curso de Mestrado em Metodologia do Ensino Primário, com especialização em Ensino da Matemática, integraram esses materiais nos manuais produzidos. A investigação categorizou a integração dos materiais em critérios de profundidade e transversalidade curricular. Os resultados apontam que a maioria dos manuais apresenta níveis variados de integração e exploração pedagógica, com destaque para dois que alcançam uma abordagem transversal e detalhada. A análise revela que, apesar dos benefícios comprovados, a eficácia dos materiais manipuláveis depende da formação docente e da clareza nos objetivos pedagógicos.
Legal Protection For Book Piracy Traded Through Marketplaces In Indonesia
Authors: Amalia Annisa Dinda , Badriyah Siti Malikhatun
Published: January 2025

Introduction: According to Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright, an act is considered a Copyright violation if it violates the exclusive rights of the creator, which includes the right to publish or reproduce his work and the right to give permission or prohibit other people from doing so. create, reproduce or broadcast it without their consent.Purposes of the Research: This research aims to analyze how the law accommodates the protection of book piracy cases in the marketplace which is easy to do.Methods of the Research: The research method used in this paper is a normative legal research method. A conceptual approach and a law-based approach were used in this research. Legal materials are identified through document study. The approach and analysis applied is qualitative.Results of the Research: The research method used in this paper is a normative legal research method. A conceptual approach and a law-based approach were used in this research. Legal materials are identified through document study. The approach and analysis applied is qualitative.
An analysis of directors’ liability for data protection breaches: insights from South Africa, Germany and the United States of America
Authors: Van der Walt CJ
Published: January 2025

Individue wêreldwyd het ’n reg op privaatheid, ongeag hul geografiese ligging. Die beskerming van hul persoonlike inligting help om hul fundamentele reg op privaatheid te handhaaf. In die afgelope tyd het die ongeoorloofde toegang tot en misbruik van individue se persoonlike inligting toegeneem. Daarom moet daar ’n balans gehandhaaf word in die huidige digitale era tussen die beskerming van persoonlike inligting en die manier waarop maatskappye persoonlike inligting insamel, stoor en gebruik. In die hoogs gereguleerde omgewing waarin besighede vandag besigheid bedryf, moet hulle die vertroue van individue wie se persoonlike inligting hulle hanteer, handhaaf. Hulle sal dit bereik deur die streng nakoming van relevante databeskermings- en kuberveiligheidsregulasies en wetgewing te verseker en sodoende die integriteit van hul besigheidsbedrywighede te handhaaf. Dit is noodsaaklik dat die beskerming van persoonlike inligting op direksievlak prioritiseer, aangesien ’n databreuk kan lei tot ’n verlies aan vertroue en ernstige skade aan ’n maatskappy se reputasie.

Die skrywer bespreek die huidige ingewikkelde landskap van die beskerming van persoonlike inligting in Suid-Afrika, Duitsland en die Verenigde State van Amerika en verduidelik wie verantwoordelik is vir die beskerming van persoonlike inligting. Die fokus van die artikel is om die vraag te beantwoord of direkteure, benewens maatskappye, persoonlik aanspreeklik gehou kan word vir die onregmatige toegang tot en gebruik van individue se persoonlike inligting. Die artikel gee ’n kort oorsig van ’n onlangse uitspraak in Duitsland waar ’n maatskappydirekteur persoonlik aanspreeklik bevind is vir die onregmatige toegang tot en gebruik van persoonlike inligting. Verder verskaf dit ’n oorsig van relevante uitsprake in die Verenigde State van Amerika waar die Federale Handelskommissie direkteure of senior bestuur van maatskappye aanspreeklik hou vir die onregmatige toegang tot persoonlike inligting as gevolg van ’n gebrek aan behoorlike kuberveiligheidsvereistes.

Dit bied ’n vergelyking van die korporatiewe wette van beide Suid-Afrika en Duitsland wat die pligte van direkteure en die plig van goeie trou gedeeltelik kodifiseer het. Benewens hierdie wette steun beide jurisdiksies ook op die gemenereg om die statutêre bepalings met betrekking tot direkteure se pligte aan te vul. Die Verenigde State van Amerika aan die ander kant het nie federale korporatiewe wetgewing nie, maar maak voorsiening vir die persoonlike aanspreeklikheid van direkteure vir die verbreking van hulle vertrouensverpligtinge in die korporatiewe wette van die verskeie deelstate.
Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction (LVOTO) Causing Syncope in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM): A Case Report
Authors:   Critical Care Nurse Practitioner, University of Southern California Verdugo Hills Hospital, Los Angeles, USA, Macido, DNP, ACNP-BC, CNS Antony
Published: January 2025

Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is one of the most common inherited cardiovascular diseases. HCM can sometimes result in dynamic
obstruction of the left ventricular outflow (LVOT) tract that can subsequently compromise adequate cardiac output. The symptoms of left ventricular outflow
tract obstruction (LVOTO) can range from mild symptoms of impaired cardiac output to sudden cardiac death (SCD) in extreme cases.
Case Description: A 68-year-old female with comorbidities including obesity, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and hyperlipidemia but no prior diagnosis of
HCM or known family history of HCM, presented after a witnessed syncope and subsequent head injury, who had an extensive evaluation of the etiology of
her syncope. Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) revealed presence of HCM with evidence of dynamic LVOTO. The patient underwent a transesophageal
echocardiogram (TEE) which showed hypertrophy of LVOT in the septal area causing moderate increase in LVOT mean gradient. The patient was started
on medical management with diltiazem that was not tolerated because of bradycardia. The patient had a stable clinical course without any hemodynamic
events and was discharged home with outpatient Cardiology follow-up. The patient was also advised to get a referral for a cardiac magnetic resonance
(CMR) for further evaluation of HCM and the potential for dynamic LVOTO.
Conclusions: HCM can cause dynamic LVOTO that can lead to symptoms including fatigue, chest pain, presyncope, and syncope. Extreme cases of LVOTO
can lead to SCD. Medical management is imperative in HCM with symptoms of LVOTO. In extreme cases risk stratification for implantable cardioverter
defibrillator (ICD) implantation is indicated to prevent SCD
An Animal Model for the Study of Compressive (Constrictive) Cervical Radiculopathy
Authors:   MD, FACS, Hand and Microsurgery Center of El Paso, Texas, J Monsivais Jose , Y Sun ,   Clinical Professor, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, New Mexico
Published: January 2025

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the basis for the clinical and anatomical findings associated with C7 cervical radiculopathy in an
animal model. In the diabetic population cervical radiculopathy is particularly more severe and symptomatic, especially C7.
Materials and Methods: A total of 60 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups of 10 each. In each group, the nerve roots of C4, C5,
C6, C7 and cervical plexus were exposed under the operating microscope with general anesthesia with pentobarbital and ketamine. Group 1 served as
the sham operation group. In groups II-VI, different cervical roots were exposed and ligated by using 9.0 nylon at the point where they emerged from the
foramina. In Group II C5, C6, and C7 were exposed and ligated, in Group III C4 was litigated, in Group IV C5 was ligated, in Group V C6 was ligated, and
in Group VI C7 was ligated.
Results: After six weeks of ligation Groups III, IV and V improved and the allodynia completely resolved. In Groups II and VI improvement was noted but
never recovered to the level of the other groups. Allodynia and hypoesthesia persisted throughout the study period.
Conclusion: Ligation of cervical roots independently or in combination can produce syndromes that resemble human CRPS I and II (International
Association for Study of Pain Criteria), but the changes are more pronounced and persistent with C7 involved primarily or in combination with other roots