bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Canadian Consensus: Inhibition of Alk-Positive Tumours in Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Melosky B. , Agulnik J. , Albadine R. , Banerji S. , Bebb D.G. , Bethune D. , Blais N. , Butts C. , Cheema P. , Cheung P. , Cohen V. , Deschenes J. , Ionescu D.N. , Juergens R. , Kamel-Reid S. , Laurie S.A. , Liu G. , Morzycki W. , Tsao M.S. , Xu Z. , Hirsh V.
Published: June 2016

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (alk) is an oncogenic driver in non-small-cell lung cancer (nsclc). Chromosomal rearrangements involving the ALK gene occur in up to 4% of nonsquamous nsclc patients and lead to constitutive activation of the alk signalling pathway. ALK-positive nsclc is found in relatively young patients, with a median age of 50 years. Patients frequently have brain metastasis. Targeted inhibition of the alk pathway prolongs progression-free survival in patients with ALK-positive advanced nsclc. The results of several recent clinical trials confirm the efficacy and safety benefit of crizotinib and ceritinib in this population. Canadian oncologists support the following consensus statement: All patients with advanced nonsquamous nsclc (excluding pure neuroendocrine carcinoma) should be tested for the presence of an ALK rearrangement. If an ALK rearrangement is present, treatment with a targeted alk inhibitor in the first-line setting is recommended. As patients become resistant to first-generation alk inhibitors, other treatments, including second-generation alk inhibitors can be considered.
The Politicization of Oncology Drug Funding Reviews in Canada
Authors: Skedgel C. , Younis T.
Published: June 2016

An article in this issue by Srikanthan, [...]
The Mammography Debate: The Senior Years
Authors: Kaniklidis C.
Published: June 2016

Facts do not go away while scientists debate rival theories for explaining them. [...]
IMPACT OF LINEAR THERMAL BRIDGES ON THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE OF RENOVATED APARTMENT BUILDINGS
Authors: ILOMETS Simo , KUUSK Kalle , PAAP Leena , ARUMÄGI Endrik , KALAMEES Targo
Published: June 2016

Renovation of old apartment buildings is a topic of current research interest throughout the Eastern Europe region where similar typology is derived from the period of 1960–1990. Thermal bridges, essential components of the transmission heat loss of a building, have to be properly evaluated in the energy audit during current state-of-the-art situation as well as in the comparison of renovation solutions. Resulting from field measurements and calculations, we propose linear thermal transmittances Ψ of thermal bridges for four types of apartment buildings: prefabricated concrete large panel element, brick, wood (log), and autoclaved aerated concrete. Our results show that thermal bridges contribute 23% of the total transmission heat loss of a building envelope before renovation. After renovation thermal bridges ac­count for only 10% if windows are repositioned into additional external thermal insulation and balconies are rebuilt as best practice. Inversely, impact of the thermal bridges might be up to 34%, depending on the wall insulation thickness. We have also found that the relative percentage of thermal bridges after renovation increases and the negative impact of the thermal bridges of certain junctions cannot be compensated with thicker wall insulation. Results obtained in this paper are useful for energy audits.
PRICE DISCOVERY AND VOLATILITY TRANSMISSION IN AUSTRALIAN REIT CASH AND FUTURES MARKETS
Authors: LEE Ming-Te , KUO Shew-Huei , LEE Ming-Long , LEE Chyi Lin
Published: June 2016

This study examines the price discovery function and volatility spillovers in australian real estate investment trust (A-REIT) index futures and also investigates the effects of the global fi- nancial crisis (gfc) on these two features. as opposed to the general understanding of the relationship between the cash and the futures markets, the current study finds that the A-REIT cash market led the a-reIt futures market in price discovery and volatility transmission processes before the gfc. However, during the GFC, the two markets interacted bilaterally in terms of information flow, i.e., in- formation flowed in both directions. Furthermore, after the GFC, the futures market followed the cash market again, but less closely. These findings have broad implications for investors in property assets.
ASSESSING THE DISABILITY INCLUSIVENESS OF UNIVERSITY BUILDINGS IN HONG KONG
Authors: LAU Wai Kin , HO Daniel Chi Wing , YAU Yung
Published: June 2016

Tended to view disability inclusion as merely another mandate, building and construction practitioners have yet to recognize its value in social sustainability. In academia, similarly, it has received less attention than other building performance attributes such as environmental friendliness and indoor air quality. With rights to access now acknowledged as basic human rights, there is demand for a tool to assess building disability inclusiveness, indicating the extent to which building considerations include persons with disabilities (PWDs). This paper proposes a Building Inclusiveness Assessment Score (BIAS) to fill the existing gap. The BIAS framework comprises two hierarchies of inclusion attributes identified from literature, guides, and standards of barrier-free access and universal design. The final product consists of two building disability inclusiveness assessment tools: the Physical Disability Inclusion Sub-score (PDIS) and the Visual Impairment Inclusion Sub-score (VIIS). These are simple, quantitative, objective tools for assessing buildings. We performed a Monte Carlo simulation to validate the assessment protocols. Following the validation, we assessed 48 university buildings at four universities in Hong Kong to illustrate the real-life application of the tools.
REAL ESTATE MARKET RISK IN BANK STOCK RETURNS: EVIDENCE FOR 15 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Authors: MARTINS António Miguel , SERRA Ana Paula , MARTINS Francisco Vitorino
Published: June 2016

In countries with highly-developed financial systems bank portfolios have high exposure, directly or indirectly, to the real estate sector. Changes in the value of real estate can have a potentially significant impact on the default risk of banks and on their profitability as a result of high exposure to the real estate sector. This is especially critical during real estate crises, when bank losses tend to increase dramatically, placing the entire financial system at risk of collapse, as it was the case of the recent international subprime crisis. This article studies the sensitivity of bank stock returns to real estate returns in 15 European countries. The results indicate that bank stocks are sensitive to real estate market conditions. There is a positive relation between bank stock returns and real estate returns after controlling for general market conditions and interest rates changes.
EVALUATION OF LIGHT SUPPLY IN THE PUBLIC UNDERGROUND SAFE SPACES BY USING OF COPRAS-SWARA METHODS
Authors: NAKHAEI Jalal , AREFI Shahin LALE , BITARAFAN Mahdi , KILDIENĖ Simona
Published: June 2016

One of the most significant issues in the safe underground spaces is the supply of light during the conditions in which there is no possibility to use national electricity network in crisis. Hence, attention to the source management of light supply possesses worthy importance. Light is one of the important issues in underground safe spaces which must be noticed with particular obligations. In the research, in order to evaluate variety of light supply methods in underground safe spaces, a questionnaire was set in order to weigh affective indexes up and score each method. To determine the best index among different indexes, SWARA method was applied; then COPRAS method was used in order to analyze data of the questionnaire that the best choice among various strategies could be chosen. Results represented that the choice of light supply by the lamp with battery source to provide light for city shelters is the best. According to results gotten from this method, choices of light supply by the fossil fuel light, light supply by the urban power source lamp, light supply by the mirror and light supply by fiber optics have been ranked in second, third, fourth and fifth positions, respectively.
M STARS IN THE TW HYA ASSOCIATION: STELLAR X-RAYS AND DISK DISSIPATION
Authors: Kastner Joel H. , Principe David A. , Punzi Kristina , Stelzer Beate , Gorti Uma , Pascucci Ilaria , Argiroffi Costanza
Published: June 2016

To investigate the potential connection between the intense X-ray emission from young low-mass stars and the lifetimes of their circumstellar planet-forming disks, we have compiled the X-ray luminosities (L

X
) of M stars in the ∼8 Myr old TW Hya Association (TWA) for which X-ray data are presently available. Our investigation includes analysis of archival Chandra data for the TWA binary systems TWA 8, 9, and 13. Although our study suffers from poor statistics for stars later than M3, we find a trend of decreasing

with decreasing T
eff for TWA M stars, wherein the earliest-type (M0–M2) stars cluster near

and then

decreases, and its distribution broadens, for types M4 and later. The fraction of TWA stars that display evidence for residual primordial disk material also sharply increases in this same (mid-M) spectral type regime. This apparent anticorrelation between the relative X-ray luminosities of low-mass TWA stars and the longevities of their circumstellar disks suggests that primordial disks orbiting early-type M stars in the TWA have dispersed rapidly as a consequence of their persistent large X-ray fluxes. Conversely, the disks orbiting the very lowest-mass pre-MS stars and pre-MS brown dwarfs in the Association may have survived because their X-ray luminosities and, hence, disk photoevaporation rates are very low to begin with, and then further decline relatively early in their pre-MS evolution.
TRANSITION REGION ABUNDANCE MEASUREMENTS DURING IMPULSIVE HEATING EVENTS
Authors: Warren Harry P. , Brooks David H. , Doschek George A. , Feldman Uri
Published: June 2016

It is well established that elemental abundances vary in the solar atmosphere and that this variation is organized by first ionization potential (FIP). Previous studies have shown that in the solar corona, low-FIP elements such as Fe, Si, Mg, and Ca, are generally enriched relative to high-FIP elements such as C, N, O, Ar, and Ne. In this paper we report on measurements of plasma composition made during impulsive heating events observed at transition region temperatures with the Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) on Hinode. During these events the intensities of O iv, v, and vi emission lines are enhanced relative to emission lines from Mg v, vi, and vii and Si vi and vii, and indicate a composition close to that of the photosphere. Long-lived coronal fan structures, in contrast, show an enrichment of low-FIP elements. We conjecture that the plasma composition is an important signature of the coronal heating process, with impulsive heating leading to the evaporation of unfractionated material from the lower layers of the solar atmosphere and higher-frequency heating leading to long-lived structures and the accumulation of low-FIP elements in the corona.
IN-N-OUT: THE GAS CYCLE FROM DWARFS TO SPIRAL GALAXIES
Authors: Christensen Charlotte R. , Davé Romeel , Governato Fabio , Pontzen Andrew , Brooks Alyson , Munshi Ferah , Quinn Thomas , Wadsley James
Published: June 2016

We examine the scalings of galactic outflows with halo mass across a suite of 20 high-resolution cosmological zoom galaxy simulations covering halo masses in the range

. These simulations self-consistently generate outflows from the available supernova energy in a manner that successfully reproduces key galaxy observables, including the stellar mass–halo mass, Tully–Fisher, and mass–metallicity relations. We quantify the importance of ejective feedback to setting the stellar mass relative to the efficiency of gas accretion and star formation. Ejective feedback is increasingly important as galaxy mass decreases; we find an effective mass loading factor that scales as

, with an amplitude and shape that are invariant with redshift. These scalings are consistent with analytic models for energy-driven wind, based solely on the halo potential. Recycling is common: about half of the outflow mass across all galaxy masses is later reaccreted. The recycling timescale is typically ∼1 Gyr, virtually independent of halo mass. Recycled material is reaccreted farther out in the disk and with typically ∼2–3 times more angular momentum. These results elucidate and quantify how the baryon cycle plausibly regulates star formation and alters the angular momentum distribution of disk material across the halo mass range where most cosmic star formation occurs.
HIGH CONTRAST IMAGING WITH SPITZER: CONSTRAINING THE FREQUENCY OF GIANT PLANETS OUT TO 1000 au SEPARATIONS
Authors: Durkan Stephen , Janson Markus , Carson Joseph C.
Published: June 2016

We report results of a re-analysis of archival Spitzer IRAC direct imaging surveys encompassing a variety of nearby stars. Our sample is generated from the combined observations of 73 young stars (median age, distance, spectral type = 85 Myr, 23.3 pc, G5) and 48 known exoplanet host stars with unconstrained ages (median distance, spectral type = 22.6 pc, G5). While the small size of Spitzer provides a lower resolution than 8 m class AO-assisted ground-based telescopes, which have been used for constraining the frequency of 0.5–13 M

J
planets at separations of 10–102 au, its exquisite infrared sensitivity provides the ability to place unmatched constraints on the planetary populations at wider separations. Here we apply sophisticated high-contrast techniques to our sample in order to remove the stellar point-spread function and to open up sensitivity to planetary mass companions down to 5″ separations. This enables sensitivity to 0.5–13 M

J
planets at physical separations on the order of 102–103 au, allowing us to probe a parameter space that has not previously been systematically explored to any similar degree of sensitivity. Based on a color and proper motion analysis, we do not record any planetary detections. Exploiting this enhanced survey sensitivity, employing Monte Carlo simulations with a Bayesian approach, and assuming a mass distribution of

, we constrain (at 95% confidence) a population of 0.5–13 M

J
planets at separations of 100–1000 au with an upper frequency limit of 9%.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF KELVIN–HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITY: A TWO-DIMENSIONAL PARAMETRIC STUDY
Authors: Tian (田春林) Chunlin , Chen (陈耀) Yao
Published: June 2016

Using two-dimensional simulations, we numerically explore the dependences of Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability upon various physical parameters, including viscosity, the width of the sheared layer, flow speed, and magnetic field strength. In most cases, a multi-vortex phase exists between the initial growth phase and the final single-vortex phase. The parametric study shows that the evolutionary properties, such as phase duration and vortex dynamics, are generally sensitive to these parameters, except in certain regimes. An interesting result is that for supersonic flows, the phase durations and saturation of velocity growth approach constant values asymptotically as the sonic Mach number increases. We confirm that the linear coupling between magnetic field and KH modes is negligible if the magnetic field is weak enough. The morphological behavior suggests that the multi-vortex coalescence might be driven by the underlying wave–wave interaction. Based on these results, we present a preliminary discussion of several events observed in the solar corona. The numerical models need to be further improved to perform a practical diagnostic of the coronal plasma properties.
ON THE HOST GALAXY OF GRB 150101B AND THE ASSOCIATED ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS
Authors: Xie Chen , Fang Taotao , Wang Junfeng , Liu Tong , Jiang Xiaochuan
Published: June 2016

We present a multi-wavelength analysis of the host galaxy of short-duration gamma-ray burst (GRB) 150101B. Follow-up optical and X-ray observations suggested that the host galaxy, 2MASX J12320498-1056010, likely harbors low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Our modeling of the spectral energy distribution has confirmed the nature of the AGN, making it the first reported GRB host that contains an AGN. We have also found the host galaxy is a massive elliptical galaxy with stellar population of ∼5.7 Gyr, one of the oldest among the short-duration GRB hosts. Our analysis suggests that the host galaxy can be classified as an X-ray bright, optically normal galaxy, and the central AGN is likely dominated by a radiatively inefficient accretion flow. Our work explores an interesting connection that may exist between GRB and AGN activities of the host galaxy, which can help in understanding the host environment of the GRB events and the roles of AGN feedback.
HOW ELSE CAN WE DETECT FAST RADIO BURSTS?
Authors: Lyutikov Maxim , Lorimer Duncan R.
Published: June 2016

We discuss possible electromagnetic signals accompanying Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) that are expected in the scenario where FRBs originate in neutron star magnetospheres. For models involving Crab-like giant pulses, no appreciable contemporaneous emission is expected at other wavelengths. However, magnetar giant flares, driven by the reconfiguration of the magnetosphere, can produce both contemporaneous bursts at other wavelengths as well as afterglow-like emission. We conclude that the best chances are: (i) prompt short GRB-like emission, (ii) a contemporaneous optical flash that can reach naked eye peak luminosity (but only for a few milliseconds), and (iii) a high-energy afterglow emission. Case (i) could be tested by coordinated radio and high-energy experiments. Case (ii) could be seen in a coordinated radio-optical surveys, e.g., by the Palomar Transient Factory in a 60 s frame as a transient object of m = 15–20 mag with an expected optical detection rate of about 0.1 hr−1, an order of magnitude higher than in radio. Shallow, but large-area sky surveys such as ASAS-SN and EVRYSCOPE could also detect prompt optical flashes from the more powerful Lorimer-burst clones. The best constraints on the optical to radio power for this kind of emission could be provided by future observations with facilities like Large Synoptic Survey Telescope. Case (iii) might be seen in relatively rare cases that the relativistically ejected magnetic blob is moving along the line of sight.
DETECTION OF PHOSPHORUS, SULPHUR, AND ZINC IN THE CARBON-ENHANCED METAL-POOR STAR BD+44 493*
Authors: Roederer Ian U. , Placco Vinicius M. , Beers Timothy C.
Published: June 2016

The carbon-enhanced metal-poor star BD+44°493 ([Fe/H] = −3.9) has been proposed as a candidate second-generation star enriched by metals from a single Pop III star. We report the first detections of P and S and the second detection of Zn in any extremely metal-poor carbon-enhanced star, using new spectra of BD+44°493 collected by the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope. We derive [P/Fe] = −0.34 ± 0.21, [S/Fe] = +0.07 ± 0.41, and [Zn/Fe] = −0.10 ± 0.24. We increase by 10-fold the number of Si i lines detected in BD+44°493, yielding [Si/Fe] = +0.15 ± 0.22. The [S/Fe] and [Zn/Fe] ratios exclude the hypothesis that the abundance pattern in BD+44°493 results from depletion of refractory elements onto dust grains. Comparison with zero-metallicity supernova (SN) models suggests that the stellar progenitor that enriched BD+44°493 was massive and ejected much less than 0.07 M
⊙ of 56Ni, characteristic of a faint SN.
Selected Lactobacillus strains isolated from sugary and milk kefir reduce Salmonella infection of epithelial cells in vitro
Authors: Zavala L. , Golowczyc M.A. , van Hoorde K. , Medrano M. , Huys G. , Vandamme P. , Abraham A.G.
Published: June 2016

The isolation of potentially probiotic strains and the subsequent study of their properties are very important steps to gain insight in the health benefits ascribed to sugary and milk kefir. The aim of the present study was to characterise fifteen Lactobacillus strains isolated from these beverages by determining some surface properties and their ability to antagonise enterocyte cell damage after Salmonella infection in vitro. Lactobacillus surface properties were determined by hydrophobicity, autoaggregation, and coaggregation assays with Salmonella. In addition, lactobacilli adhesion to Caco-2/TC-7 cells and the effect on Salmonella invasion were evaluated. Finally, the disassembly of F-actin cytoskeleton on intestinal epithelial cells was assayed in vitro when Salmonella infection was performed in the presence of selected Lactobacillus strains. Ten out of the 15 strains showed a high adhesion capacity to Caco-2/TC-7 cells. Most of the strains were hydrophilic and non-autoaggregating. Strains isolated from sugary kefir were non-coaggregating with Salmonella, while strains Lactobacillus paracasei CIDCA 83120, 83121, 83123, 83124, 8339, 83102 isolated from milk kefir were able to coaggregate after 1 h. L. paracasei CIDCA 8339 and Lactobacillus kefiri CIDCA 83102 were able to diminish Salmonella invasion to the enterocytes. An antagonistic effect on cytoskeleton disruption elicited by the pathogen was also demonstrated. Our results suggest that both strains isolated from milk kefir could be considered as appropriate probiotic candidates.
Akkermansia muciniphila: a novel functional microbe with probiotic properties
Authors: Gómez-Gallego C. , Pohl S. , Salminen S. , De Vos W.M. , Kneifel W.
Published: June 2016

Akkermansia muciniphila is an intestinal anaerobe which has been proposed as a new functional microbe with probiotic properties. However, the species is not included in the European Union qualified presumption of safety (QPS) list and has not yet been assessed. Moreover, products containing A. muciniphila are not on the market and are thus controlled by the Novel Foods Regulation, which requires extensive safety assessment. This review addresses the safety aspects of the use of A. muciniphila based on published information on its functions in humans and predictions based on its activity in model animals. Further, comprehensive studies related to A. muciniphila and its safety properties have gradually appeared and are summarised here. Many of the criteria required for novel food safety assessment in Europe can thus be fulfilled. However, studies focusing on the toxicological properties of A. muciniphila, including long-term and reproduction studies, have not so far been reported and are discussed in the light of the observation that most, if not all, healthy subjects are known to carry this intestinal anaerobe. As this also applies to other beneficial bacteria found in the human intestinal tract, the A. muciniphila case can be seen as a model for the comprehensive safety evaluations required by the European authorities.
Bacillus megaterium SF185 induces stress pathways and affects the cell cycle distribution of human intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Di Luccia B. , D’Apuzzo E. , Varriale F. , Baccigalupi L. , Ricca E. , Pollice A.
Published: June 2016

The interaction between the enteric microbiota and intestinal cells often involves signal molecules that affect both microbial behaviour and host responses. Examples of such signal molecules are the molecules secreted by bacteria that induce quorum sensing mechanisms in the producing microorganism and signal transduction pathways in the host cells. The pentapeptide competence and sporulation factor (CSF) of Bacillus subtilis is a well characterized quorum sensing factor that controls competence and spore formation in the producing bacterium and induces cytoprotective heat shock proteins in intestinal epithelial cells. We analysed several Bacillus strains isolated from human ileal biopsies of healthy volunteers and observed that some of them were unable to produce CSF but still able to act in a CSF-like fashion on model intestinal epithelial cells. One of those strains belonging to the Bacillus megaterium species secreted at least two factors with effects on intestinal HT29 cells: a peptide smaller than 3 kDa able to induce heat shock protein 27 (hsp27) and p38-MAPK, and a larger molecule able to induce protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) with a pro-proliferative effect.
A Diagnostic Approach to Autoimmune Disorders: Clinical Manifestations: Part 1
Authors: Sahai Shashi , Adams Matthew , Kamat Deepak
Published: June 2016

Autoimmune disorders are not commonly encountered in a general pediatric practice, but they may mimic many other disorders. Although they occur infrequently, it is always important to pause and consider an autoimmune disorder in the differential diagnosis. A detailed history and careful physical examination play an important role in guiding laboratory evaluation for these disorders. Many autoimmune disorders present with symptoms that involve multiple organ systems. The common symptoms that may make one consider a rheumatic disorder in the differential diagnosis are fever, fatigue, joint pain, rash, ulcers, and muscle weakness. The most common reason for referral to a pediatric rheumatologist is joint pain. A good joint examination may be performed by the use of the pediatric Gait, Arms, Legs, Spine screen, which is a validated screening tool. A small portion of children with fever of unknown origin may have an autoimmune disorder, with a majority of them having an infectious disease. Some patients with undiagnosed rheumatic disorders may present to the emergency. department. The characteristics of historic and clinical examination features of various autoimmune disorders are discussed in this article.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2016;45(6):e223–e229.]
Evaluating the Cavus Foot
Authors: Eleswarapu Ananth S. , Yamini Bakhtiar , Bielski Robert J.
Published: June 2016

The cavus foot is a deformity characterized by abnormal elevation of the medial arch of the foot. Unique among foot deformities, cavus typically occurs secondary to a spinal cord or neuromuscular pathology, with two-thirds of patients having an underlying neurologic diagnosis. Thus, recognition of cavus foot and appropriate evaluation are essential in the primary care setting. Patients may present with unstable gait, frequent ankle sprains, or pain along the metatarsal heads or the lateral border of the foot. The diagnosis can be confirmed with a lateral weight-bearing radiograph, with several key measurements defining a pes cavus alignment. A thorough history and physical examination should be performed to look for possible secondary causes. The first step in the treatment of cavus deformity is to address the underlying cause. After that, a variety of treatment options are available to alleviate the pain and dysfunction caused by this deformity.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2016;45(6):e218–e222.]
Differentiating Transient Synovitis of the Hip from More Urgent Conditions
Authors: Ryan Deirdre D.
Published: June 2016

A variety of traumatic and infectious processes can cause acute onset of hip pain and difficulty walking. Without a history of trauma, a common cause is transient (or “toxic”) synovitis, but serious infectious causes, such as septic arthritis of the hip or osteomyelitis, must be ruled out. Differentiating between septic arthritis of the hip (a true emergency) and transient synovitis of the hip (a much more benign inflammatory process) can be difficult. The Kocher criteria have proven to be helpful in making the distinction between these two conditions, and they are reviewed in this article. In addition, imaging studies, especially hip ultrasound, are extremely helpful in the evaluation of the painful hip.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2016;45(6):e209–e213.]
Elbow Pain After a Fall: Nursemaid's Elbow or Fracture?
Authors: Cohen-Rosenblum Anna , Bielski Robert J.
Published: June 2016

Nursemaid's elbow and elbow fractures are both common causes of acute elbow pain, but the mechanism of injury is quite different. In children, falls frequently go unwitnessed and children are often inaccurate when recounting the sequences of a fall, making the mechanism difficult to ascertain. A common clinical mistake is to treat all elbow injuries as a nursemaid's elbow. When the mechanism of injury is unknown, radiographs should be used to help make the diagnosis. Occult fractures, also known as “hairline” elbow fractures, may not be visible on initial X-rays, but clues to the diagnosis, especially the posterior fat pad, can be helpful in evaluation. When an occult fracture is suspected based on history and radiographic findings, the patient's elbow should be immobilized, not manipulated. This article also reviews successful reduction maneuvers for nursemaid's elbow.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2016;45(6):e214–e217.]
Predicting segmental substitution errors in aphasic patients with phonological and phonetic encoding impairments
Authors: Marczyk Anna , Baqué Lorraine
Published: June 2016

This paper analyses the factors that predict substitution errors produced by four Broca’s and four conduction aphasic subjects, all native speakers of Spanish, in reading and repetition tasks. Errors were elicited using a list of words where type of consonant, lexical stress and phonetic context were controlled for and where variables related to frequency of occurrence (word and syllable) and phonological neighbourhood characteristics were assigned using available online corpora.

675 substitution errors were obtained and preferential tendencies to devoice, occlusivise or spirantise were identified. Logistic regression mixed-effect models were performed on these three types of substitution errors to identify the predictors depending on the aphasic profile.

While our results lent support to the hypothesis of a concomitant phonetic deficit in fluent aphasia, contrary to the classical claim, it also revealed differential patterns in the phonic behaviour of patients regarding the access to mental syllabary or syllabic position effects.

Our results are discussed in relation to the phonetic vs. phonological impairments dimension in aphasia and the seriality/ interactivity axis in speech architectures.
Tinnitus: mechanisms, measures and sound treatments
Authors: Cobo Parra Pedro
Published: June 2016

Tinnitus is the auditory perception of sounds in the absence of any external source. Tinnitus that occurs every day for more than five minutes is reported by 10–15% of the population, and for 1 to 2% it is a handicap that interferes significantly with their quality of life (severe tinnitus). Despite the intensive research into therapeutic options, including surgery, pharmacotherapy, and electrical and acoustical stimulation, there is no approved treatment for tinnitus at present. Although the exact origin of tinnitus is still unknown, it seems to be the correlate of maladaptive attempts of the brain at reorganization due to distorted sensory input (brain plasticity). This theory is consistent with the fact that most tinnitus is associated with hearing loss. Acoustical therapies try to take advantage of this plasticity, stimulating properly the auditory system to produce tinnitus relief.

Several sound therapies are reviewed in this paper, concluding that the so-called Enriched Acoustic Environment (namely a sequence of gammatones, each one with random frequency and amplitude matched to the hearing loss at this frequency) provides the most refined and selective stimulus for the tinnitus patient. Therefore, the hearing loss curve of the patient is needed to design this sound stimulus.
¿De dónde vienen? Aprovisionamiento de rocas sedimentarias silíceas en el yacimiento magdaleniense al aire libre de Montlleó (Prats i Sansor, Lleida)
Authors: Sánchez de la Torre Marta , Mangado Llach Xavier
Published: June 2016

En este artículo se presentan los resultados obtenidos tras la caracterización arqueopetrológica de los materiales líticos del yacimiento al aire libre de Montlleó (Prats i Sansor, Lleida). El estudio desarrolla una observación macroscópica, microscópica y geoquímica para conocer las características texturales, petrográficas y micropaleontológicas, así como la composición mineralógica de los tipos de sílex explotados. Los resultados de este trabajo confirman que el yacimiento de Montlleó fue una encrucijada de caminos transitados reiteradamente al fin del Paleolítico superior, evidenciando la inexistencia de barreras geográficas que imposibilitaran la movilidad entre ambas vertientes del área pirenaica centro-oriental.
Revisión radiocarbónica y cronocultural del Neolítico antiguo de la Balma Margineda (Aixovall, Andorra)
Authors: Oms F. Xavier , Gibaja Juan F. , Mazzucco Niccolò , Guilaine Jean
Published: June 2016

En este trabajo se presentan y evalúan las 10 dataciones disponibles para los niveles neolíticos de la Balma Margineda (Andorra). Después de analizar la naturaleza de las muestras y sus contextos arqueoestratigráficos de procedencia, consideramos que únicamente tres de ellas, realizadas recientemente, son aceptables. Éstas confieren una horquilla mucho más rejuvenecida de la ocupación de la que se proponía en base a las dataciones antiguas. En este nuevo escenario se analiza el material cerámico y lítico de los niveles in situ, para situar adecuadamente el yacimiento en el marco actual del conocimiento del Neolítico antiguo en esta región pirenaica.
Microhistorias de la Prehistoria Reciente en el interior de la Península Ibérica
Authors: Blanco-González Antonio
Published: June 2016

Se presentan los presupuestos y resultados de un proyecto de investigación orientado a caracterizar los ciclos formativos del registro arqueológico en la Prehistoria Reciente mesete.a. Frente a las lecturas generalistas predominantes se propone una aproximación inductiva y particularista, de microescala. El análisis, dise.ado como un estudio de caso múltiple, se aplicó a las colecciones cerámicas de ocho sitios (asentamientos, campos de hoyos, monumentos) cubriendo del Neolítico Antiguo al Bronce Final (c. 5500-1100 AC). 10.800 fragmentos de variados contextos (pozos, foso, tumba, túmulos, caba.a) fueron evaluados conforme a variables tafonómicas (tama.o, erosión, vasijas representadas) informativas de sus dinámicas de descarte y abandono. Una lectura diacrónica y comparativa permite apreciar prácticas sociales transculturales (rotura, circulación y ocultación de sustancias). Se reconocen dos tipos de ciclos antropogénicos: a) una mayoría de efectos resultantes de procesos muy heterogéneos, implicando la manipulación despreocupada de desechos; y b) una minoría de productos planeados, más fácilmente reconocibles.
La colonización fenicia inicial en el Mediterráneo Central: nuevas excavaciones arqueológicas en Utica (Túnez)
Authors: López Castro José Luis , Ferjaoui Ahmed , Mederos Martín Alfredo , Martínez Hahnmüller Víctor , Ben Jerbania Imed
Published: June 2016

Se presentan los primeros resultados del proyecto de investigación tunecino-espa.ol en Utica (Túnez). En concreto se estudia un complejo formado por un pozo de agua vinculado a un edificio excavado en parte. El pozo posiblemente fue clausurado y cegado de forma ritual. El contenido de su interior ha aportado, además de abundantes restos faunísticos, un depósito de cerámicas fenicias, griegas geométricas, sardas, libias, villanovianas y tartesias, principalmente formado por vajilla de mesa y ánforas, que testimonian tempranas redes de intercambio fenicias en el Mediterráneo Central y Occidental así como un temprano asentamiento fenicio. Las dataciones de C14 obtenidas con semillas del interior del pozo aportan una cronología hacia 925-900 cal AC al conjunto material, idéntica a las de tempranos asentamientos fenicios en la Península Ibérica como Huelva, El Carambolo y La Rebanadilla. En conjunto definen el horizonte más antiguo de la colonización fenicia en el Mediterráneo Central y Occidental.
Las cerámicas aborígenes de Gran Canaria (Islas Canarias) a través del yacimiento de La Cerera: materias primas, tecnología y función
Authors: Del Pino Curbelo Miguel , Rodríguez Rodríguez Amelia , Buxeda i Garrigós Jaume , Mangas Viñuela José , Day Peter M. , González Quintero Pedro , Moreno Benítez Marco A.
Published: June 2016

Se analizan los materiales cerámicos prehispánicos del yacimiento de La Cerera en Gran Canaria (siglos VII-XIII D.C.). Se integra la clasificación morfotécnica y funcional, y la caracterización instrumental mediante fluorescencia de rayos X (FRX), difracción de rayos X (DRX), petrografía óptica (PO) y microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB) relacionando cada nivel de estudio aplicado. Como resultado se detectaron diferentes cadenas operativas, conectadas con la función de los vasos y su cronología. Además se observaron importantes cambios diacrónicos en las características del material. Estos parecen coincidir con otros identificados en el registro del propio yacimiento y en otros sitios de la isla. También se discuten los posibles efectos de la intensificación de la producción sobre la homogeneidad de las fábricas cerámicas.
El papel del fuego en los enterramientos neolíticos finales/ calcolíticos iniciales de los abrigos de la Sierra de Cantabria y sus estribaciones (valle medio-alto del Ebro)
Authors: Fernández-Crespo Teresa
Published: June 2016

Se analizan las evidencias de fuego en los restos humanos de cinco abrigos bajo roca de la Sierra de Cantabria y sus estribaciones utilizados durante el Neolítico final/Calcolítico inicial como lugares de enterramiento (Las Yurdinas II, Los Husos I, Los Husos II, Peña Larga y La Peña de Marañón) a través de parámetros definidos a partir de la experimentación forense. Los resultados muestran una cercanía temporal entre el depósito y la cremación de los cuerpos o restos en las sepulturas de Los Husos II y La Peña de Marañón, observándose características propias de una quema “en fresco” en los huesos. En los demás sitios las evidencias se relacionan con una quema “en seco”. Se propone, al menos para los primeros casos, relacionar el uso del fuego con procesos de clausura de la trayectoria funeraria del lugar. No se descarta en cambio una posible naturaleza accidental del fuego en los demás depósitos.
El artesano de La Canal dels Avellaners (Edad de Bronce, Barcelona): análisis de huellas dactilares
Authors: Míguez Virginia , Ibáñez-Gimeno Pere , Carreras Josep , Liria Josep , Malgosa Assumpció
Published: June 2016

Trabajos recientes han descrito la existencia de diferencias sexuales y de edad en la anchura de las crestas epidérmicas en huellas dactilares humanas. El potencial forense de esta característica es muy amplio y se ha empezado a utilizar para obtener información a partir de las huellas encontradas tanto en el lugar del crimen como en objetos cerámicos antiguos. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar el sexo y la edad aproximada del autor de los dermatoglifos encontrados en un fragmento cerámico de La Canal dels Avellaners, Berga, Catalu.a. Las huellas fueron comparadas con una muestra de población espa.ola contemporánea que incluía individuos de entre 6 y 58 a.os. Los resultados indican que el artesano fue un hombre adulto y demuestran que este tipo de investigaciones informan sobre la persona que las dejó y, por tanto, presenta un gran potencial en estudios sobre aspectos sociales de la elaboración de cerámicas en culturas antiguas.
Can Mur (Barcelona). Crisoles con sistema de prensión y la metalurgia de la Edad del Bronce en el nordeste de la Península Ibérica
Authors: Soriano Ignacio , Escanilla Nicolau
Published: June 2016

Este artículo da a conocer un crisol con pie macizo inédito procedente del asentamiento de la Edad del Bronce de Can Mur (Valldoreix, Barcelona). Se describen sus características tipológicas y se aportan datos composicionales de las adherencias de base cobre (FRXp). Se exponen los crisoles sincrónicos con sistema de prensión existentes en la Península Ibérica y, tras detallar los paralelos en el Próximo Oriente y Europa, se propone su llegada a través del Mediterráneo Occidental vinculados a otras innovaciones metalúrgicas. Finalmente se detallan las características principales de la metalurgia de la Edad del Bronce en el nordeste de la Península Ibérica. Se hace especial hincapié en la innovación tecnológica, estructuración de la producción y circulación de materiales entre regiones
Assessment of Occupational Noise Exposure among Groundskeepers in North Carolina Public Universities
Authors: Balanay Jo Anne G. , Kearney Gregory D. , Mannarino Adam J.
Published: June 2016

Groundskeepers may have increased risk to noise-induced hearing loss due to the performance of excessively noisy tasks. This study assessed the exposure of groundskeepers to noise in multiple universities and determined the association between noise exposure and variables (ie, university, month, tool used). Personal noise exposures were monitored during the work shift using noise dosimetry. A sound level meter was used to measure the maximum sound pressure levels from groundskeeping equipment. The mean Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) time-weighted average (TWA) noise exposures were 83.0 ± 9.6 and 88.0 ± 6.7 dBA, respectively. About 52% of the OSHA TWAs and 77% of the NIOSH TWAs exceeded 85 dBA. Riding mower use was associated with high TWA noise exposures and with having OSHA TWAs exceeding 85 and 90 dBA. The maximum sound pressure levels of equipment and tools measured ranged from 76 to 109 dBA, 82% of which were >85 dBA. These findings support that groundskeepers have excessive noise exposures, which may be effectively reduced through careful scheduling of the use of noisy equipment/tools.
Dirichlet's Theorem in Function Fields
Authors: Ganguly Arijit , Ghosh Anish
Published: June 2016

We studymetric Diophantine approximation for function fields, specifically, the problem of improving Dirichlet's theorem in Diophantine approximation.
Zero-divisor Graphs of Ore Extensions Over Reversible Rings
Authors: Hashemi E. , Amirjan R.
Published: June 2016

LetRbe an associative ring with identity. First we prove some results about zero-divisor graphs of reversible rings. Then we study the zero-divisors of the skew power series ringR[[x;α]], wheneverRis reversibleα-compatible. Moreover, we compare the diameter and girth of the zero-divisor graphs of Γ(R), Γ(R[x;α,δ]), and Γ(R[[x;α]]), whenRis reversible and (α,δ)-compatible.
Source apportionment of atmospheric ammonia before, during, and after the 2014 APEC summit in Beijing using stable nitrogen isotope signatures
Authors: Chang Yunhua , Liu Xuejun , Deng Congrui , Dore Anthony J. , Zhuang Guoshun
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Stable nitrogen isotope composition (δ15N) offers new opportunities to address the long-standing and ongoing controversy regarding the origins of ambient ammonia (NH3), a vital precursor of PM2.5 inorganic components, in the urban atmosphere. In this study, the δ15N values of NH3 samples collected from various sources were constrained using a novel and robust chemical method coupled with standard elemental analysis procedures. Independent of the wide variation in mass concentrations (ranging from 33 (vehicle) to over 6000 (human excreta) μg m−3), different NH3 sources have generally different δ15N values (ranging from −52.0 to −9.6 ‰). Significantly high δ15N values are seen as a characteristic feature of all vehicle-derived NH3 samples (−14.2 ± 2.8 ‰), which can be distinguished from other sources emitted at environmental temperature (−29.1 ± 1.7, −37.8 ± 3.6, and −50.0 ± 1.8 ‰ for livestock, waste, and fertilizer, respectively). The isotope δ15N signatures for a range of NH3 emission sources were used to evaluate the contributions of the different sources within measured ambient NH3 in Beijing, using an isotope mixing model (IsoSource). The method was used to quantify the sources of ambient NH3 before, during and after the 2014 APEC summit, when a set of stringent air quality control measures were implemented. Results show that the average NH3 concentrations (the overall contributions of traffic, waste, livestock, and fertilizer) during the three periods were 9.1 (15.1, 31.2, 23.7, and 30.0 %), 7.3 (8.8, 24.9, 14.3, and 52.0 %), and 12.7 (29.4, 23.6, 31.7, and 15.4 %) μg m−3, respectively, representing a 20.0 % decrease first and then a 74.5 % increase in overall NH3 mass concentrations. During (after) the summit, the contributions of traffic, waste, livestock, and fertilizer decreased (increased) by 58.7 (234.2), 0.9 (−5.0), 41.0 (120.8), and −87.6 % (−70.5 %) when compared with periods before (during) the summit, respectively, signifying that future NH3 control efforts in megacities like Beijing should prioritize traffic sector as well as livestock breeding. The results show that isotope ratio measurements of NH3 to be a valuable tool to quantify the atmospheric sources of NH3 in urban atmospheres.
Atmospheric CO2 retrieval from ground based FTIR spectrometer over Shadnagar, India
Authors: Mahesh Pathakoti , Sreenivas Gaddamidi , Rao Pamaraju Venkata Narasimha , Dadhwal Vinay Kumar
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The column-averaged volume mixing ratio (vmr) of carbon dioxide (XCO2) has been retrieved over Shadnagar (Latitude = 17.03° N, Longitude = 78.21° E), India at Near Infrared (NIR) spectra using ground based high resolution (∆ν = 0.01 cm−1) Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR; model IFS125M) spectrometer. It is first of its kind in India for measuring columnar and vertical mixing ratios of atmospheric trace gases and other greenhouse gases (GHGs). In the present study, retrieval of XCO2 could be performed for a week at near Sun's nadir view (solar zenith angle-SZA, ±75.0°) using line-by-line radiative transfer algorithm (LBLRTA). Vertical profiles of CO2 have been retrieved at NIR and middle IR (MIR) spectra using a version of the Fast Atmospheric Signature Code 3 (FASCODE3) model which is for the retrieval of atmospheric trace gas profiles. Error residuals between measured and fitted atmospheric transmission lie with in ±1.0 % for CO2 (6180–6380 cm−1) and O2 (7800–7940 cm−1) respectively. During analysis period mean (standard deviation, 1σ) XCO2 was observed to be 385.24 ppm (4.22 ppm) with 1.0 % of daily variation. Minimum and maximum averaged molecular column densities of CO2 (O2) are 6.15 × 1021 (3.3 × 1024) molecules/cm2 and 8.06 × 1021 (4.72 × 1024) molecules/cm2 respectively. Obtained an average high signal to noise ratio (SNR) of 833 and 625 for NIR and MIR spectra, respectively.
Calculating ultra-low-frequency wave power of the compressional magnetic field vs. L and time: multi-spacecraft analysis using the Van Allen probes, THEMIS and GOES
Authors: Sarris Theodore E. , Li Xinlin
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Ultra-low-frequency (ULF) pulsations are critical in radial diffusion processes of energetic particles, and the power spectral density (PSD) of these fluctuations is an integral part of the radial diffusion coefficients and of assimilative models of the radiation belts. Using simultaneous measurements from two Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) geosynchronous satellites, three satellites of the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) spacecraft constellation and the two Van Allen probes during a 10-day period of intense geomagnetic activity and ULF pulsations of October 2012, we calculate the PSDs of ULF pulsations at different L shells. By following the time history of measurements at different L it is shown that, during this time, ULF wave power is not enhanced uniformly throughout the magnetosphere but instead is mostly enhanced in the outer L shells, close to the magnetopause, and to a lesser extent in the inner magnetosphere, closer to the plasmapause. Furthermore, by using phase differences between two GOES geosynchronous satellite pairs, we estimate the daily-averaged distribution of power at different azimuthal wave numbers. These results can have significant implications in better defining the effect of radial diffusion in the phase space density of energetic particles for different wave numbers or L shell distributions of ULF power.