bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Faisabilité du protocole MBCT pour des patients phobiques sociaux. Une étude pilote : évolution et perspectives à venir
Authors: Sala L. , Rambaud D. , Aubriot B.
Published: November 2013

Nous avons mis en place dans notre CMP de secteur adulte, des protocoles de Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) spécifiquement adaptés à des patients souffrant de phobie sociale. L’objectif de cette étude pilote était d’examiner l’efficacité du développement de MBCT à des patients souffrant de phobie sociale. Trente patients ont participé à ce jour à cette étude. Vingt-quatre personnes ont terminé le cycle en huit semaines, six n’ont pas pu être re-testés. Nous allons décrire et justifier les motivations qui nous ont amené à adapter le protocole MBCT spécialement conçu par Segal et al. [3] pour la prévention des récidives dépressives à des phobiques sociaux. Très peu d’études existent actuellement dans la littérature à ce sujet [1,2], aucune en population française. Nous allons décrire les modalités de ces groupes ainsi que le profil de ces patients et de ceux qui n’ont pas terminé le protocole. Nous discuterons les résultats ainsi que l’évolution des instruments d’évaluation utilisés tout au long de l’étude. Commentaires des résultats ainsi que les limites et les pistes à venir afin de finaliser au mieux l’évolution et les changements.
Évaluations des traitements de la schizophrénie à travers une enquête auprès des psychiatres de l’Est Algérien…
Authors: Benabbas M. , Benelmouloud O.
Published: November 2013

Évaluer l’adéquation entre les pratiques de prescription en conditions réelles et les recommandations internationales pour des sujets schizophrènes. Bien qu’il n’existe pas de définition consensuelle du traitement de la schizophrénie. Nous avons mesuré au moyen d’une enquête d’opinion le consensus des psychiatres algériens sur leur pratique quotidienne du traitement de la schizophrénie et leurs habitudes de traitements et enfin les résultats obtenus. Il était demandé aux psychiatres de remplir une fiche sur laquelle sont mentionnés les différents tableaux cliniques de la schizophrénie qu’ils reçoivent ; les traitements prescris en première intention, pourquoi la préférence pour tel produit et non pas l’autre, à partir de quel moment ils jugent de la résistance au traitement, changent-ils de traitements ou orientent-ils vers les hôpitaux psychiatriques, quantifier la compliance et l’observance du malade pour tel ou tel produit (résultats sous forme de pourcentage). L’enquête touche au premier lieu les psychiatres exerçant dans le privé et ceux des centres intermédiaires en santé mentale. Dans un deuxième temps, elle s’élargira à ceux exerçant dans le secteur public, les établissements hospitaliers spécialisés et les services de psychiatrie hospitalo-universitaire.
Idées suicidaires égo-dystoniques sous escitalopram : cas-clinique et discussion
Authors: Van Wijnendaele R.
Published: November 2013

La question de l’apparition d’idées suicidaires sous traitement antidépresseur est débattue dans la littérature [2], principalement chez les jeunes.

Cas clinique

Il s’agit dune femme de 30 ans, hospitalisée pour un trouble des conduites alimentaires de type mixte (avec restriction, et crises de boulimie), et un état dépressif majeur secondaire. Elle bénéficie alors d’un traitement à base de 10 mg d’escitalopram et quitte la clinique améliorée. Quatre mois après sa sortie, elle garde des moments très dépressifs, et, suspectant une réponse partielle à l’escitalopram, je décide de l’augmenter à 15 mg. Après une brève amélioration, son état devient alors plus instable, avec des fluctuations thymiques marquées (alternance de moments euphoriques et plus dépressifs), et l’apparition d’image de suicide (elle se voit se jeter par la fenêtre). Elle décrit que ces images lui sont comme étrangères, et l’envahissent, et qu’elle ne s’y reconnaît pas mais a cependant peur de passer à l’acte. Elle diminue son escitalopram à 10 mg, ce qui permet la disparition des idées suicidaires. Elle reste cependant instable, et nous décidons d’arrêter progressivement le traitement médicamenteux. Pendant plusieurs mois, elle ira alors mieux, et retrouvera une certaine stabilité thymique. Une difficulté de vie causera une rechute boulimique six mois après cet épisode. La patiente reprendra d’elle-même de l’escitalopram et présentera rapidement un état anxieux, avec agitation et insomnie. Nous arrêterons à nouveau l’antidépresseur, et l’hospitaliserons quelques jours, avec une couverture de lormétazépam, ce qui permettra une amélioration de son état.

Conclusion

Ce cas clinique illustre le risque d’apparition d’idées suicidaires sous antidépresseur, mêlé à d’autres éléments suggérant une intolérance psychique à ce produit (labilité thymique, insomnie, agitation), ainsi que le risque à le reprendre chez un patient ayant déjà vécu ce type d’intolérance. Il illustre également le caractère égo-dystonique que peut prendre ce type d’idées suicidaires [1].
Prise en charge de l’anxiété et l’insomnie chez la personne âgée dans un établissement psychiatrique
Authors: Genevee T. , Egron A. , Malet D. , Debruyne A.-L. , Queuille E.
Published: November 2013

Introduction

La prise en charge des troubles anxieux et de l’insomnie chez la personne âgée a fait l’objet d’une évaluation des pratiques professionnelles (EPP), réalisée prospectivement sur une semaine. Cette étude a révélé que 40 à 66 % des prescriptions chez la personne de plus de 65 ans comportaient des médicaments dits « inappropriés » au regard du rapport bénéfice/risque (liste de Laroche).

Objectif

Élaborer des recommandations portant sur les moyens thérapeutiques permettant d’appréhender l’anxiété et l’insomnie chez la personne âgée dans un établissement psychiatrique.

Matériel/méthode

Une recherche bibliographique associée à l’expérience de différents cliniciens du groupe EPP, ont permis l’élaboration de stratégies thérapeutiques (médicamenteuses ou non) à privilégier, compte tenu de l’arsenal thérapeutique à disposition. Une validation institutionnelle a été réalisée.

Résultats

Deux arbres décisionnels synthétisent les différentes étapes de prise en charge de l’insomnie et de l’anxiété chez la personne âgée. Dans un premier temps, la correction des facteurs étiologiques et l’application des règles hygiéno-diététiques sont mises en avant. L’abord psychothérapeutique (thérapie cognitive et comportementale) est également privilégié en amont de la prescription de psychotropes. L’approche pharmacologique n’est envisagée qu’ultérieurement en utilisant les molécules à demi-vie courte, à faible dose sur une courte durée, limitant ainsi le risque d’effets indésirables. Le positionnement des molécules ou classes médicamenteuses les unes par rapport aux autres dans l’insomnie (antihistaminiques, benzodiazépines et apparentés, neuroleptiques), dans l’anxiété (antidépresseurs, benzodiazépines, buspirone, prégabaline, neuroleptiques anxiolytiques) est précisé.

Discussion

Les données retrouvées dans la littérature relatives à la prise en charge de l’insomnie et l’anxiété chez la personne âgée s’adressent majoritairement à une population de gérontologie sans comorbidités psychiatriques. Ainsi, les recommandations, notamment de la Haute Autorité de santé (HAS) ne sont pas toujours applicables en l’état aux patients présents dans les services de psychogérontologie.
Analyse du rapport bénéfice/risque d’un traitement antidépresseur par IRSNa dans un contexte d’AVC : étude d’un cas
Authors: Benarous X. , Smadja J. , Lemogne C. , Consoli S.-M.
Published: November 2013

La stratégie à adopter face à un EDM au décours d’un AVC est délicate. Bien qu’ayant un effet positif sur la récupération fonctionnelle après un AVC, les antidépresseurs IRS risquent d’induire des effets indésirables hémorragiques, notamment cutanéomuqueux et digestifs. Ils pourraient donc majorer le risque d’AVC hémorragique chez les patients les plus fragiles. Les antidépresseurs IRSNa pourraient intervenir à différents niveaux pour majorer ce risque. Cette problématique sera illustrée à travers un cas clinique. Puis, nous détaillerons les mécanismes biologiques impliqués, particulièrement l’inhibition des voies concourant à la formation du caillot. La venlafaxine, par son activité dopaminergique, concourt de façon plus importante à ce risque en majorant la tension artérielle. Dans ce contexte, il paraît nécessaire d’être particulièrement vigilant dans la prescription d’IRS et d’IRSNa chez les populations à risque de saignements et en cas d’interactions potentielles avec un traitement intervenant sur l’hémostase (AINS, antiagrégants plaquettaires, anticoagulants…). L’usage d’autres classes thérapeutiques d’antidépresseur constitue une alternative intéressante.
Efficacité de la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne (TMS) dans le traitement de la dépression en conditions naturalistiques : à partir d’une étude de cohorte
Authors: Le Mouton C.H. , Sauvage A. , Bulteau S. , Valrivière P. , Pichot A. , Vanelle J.-M.
Published: November 2013

Introduction

La TMS est utilisée comme traitement des états dépressifs majeurs (EDM) depuis plusieurs années, le taux de répondeurs variant entre 20 et 60 %. Nous avons voulu confronter ces données avec des patients en conditions naturalistiques. L’objectif principal de ce travail est de déterminer le pourcentage de répondeurs à une première cure de TMS chez des patients présentant un épisode dépressif majeur (EDM). L’objectif secondaire est de déterminer le profil des patients répondeurs.

Méthode

Il s’agit d’une étude de cohorte rétrospective dont les critères d’inclusion sont : EDM isolé (MADRS  >  20), ou intégré dans un trouble dépressif récurrent (TDR) ou bipolaire (TB), avec mauvaise réponse ou intolérance aux antidépresseurs. Les critères d’exclusion sont : cure de TMS antérieure, contre-indication. Le protocole de TMS était : 15 séances de stimulation sur le cortex dorso-latéral gauche, fréquence 10 Hz, dix trains de 40 chocs et durée inter-trains de 28 s. L’efficacité et la tolérance du traitement ont été évaluées par comparaison de la variation des scores des échelles MADRS, CGI, et MOCA à j1, puis à j31 après la cure. Une diminution de 25 % à 50 % du score MADRS est une réponse partielle, de 50 % minimum une réponse, un score MADRS inférieure à 10 est une rémission.

Résultats

De 2011 à 2013, 54 patients ont été inclus. L’analyse a porté sur 37 patients. La moyenne d’âge était de 57 ans et 60 % étaient des femmes. Vingt-sept pour cent sont en rémission, 16 % en réponse, 30 % en réponse partielle. Cinquante pour cent présentaient un TDR, 26 % un TB, et 14 % un 1er EDM. Le profil des répondeurs sera détaillé.

Conclusion

Les résultats sont conformes aux données de la littérature. De nouvelles études sont nécessaires pour mieux définir le profil de répondeurs.
‘KNOWLEDGE’ ASCRIPTIONS, SOCIAL ROLES AND SEMANTICS
Authors: McKenna Robin
Published: November 2013

The idea that the concept ‘knowledge’ has a distinctive function or social role is increasingly influential within contemporary epistemology. Perhaps the best-known account of the function of ‘knowledge’ is that developed in Edward Craig's Knowledge and the State of Nature (1990, Oxford University Press), on which (roughly) ‘knowledge’ has the function of identifying good informants. Craig's account of the function of ‘knowledge’ has been appealed to in support of a variety of views, and in this paper I'm concerned with the claim that it supports a sort of epistemic contextualism, which is (roughly) the view that the semantic contents and truth-conditions of ‘knowledge’ ascriptions – instances of ‘S knows that p’ – depend on and vary with the context of ascription (see, for instance, John Greco's ‘What's wrong with contextualism’, Philosophical Quarterly [2008]). Prima facie, this claim should strike us as surprising. A number of concepts and linguistic items (words, sentences) serve functions that have little or nothing to do with semantics. However, I argue that, on the best interpretation of talk of the function of a concept such as ‘knowledge’, the function of ‘knowledge’ is relevant to semantics. Along the way I also suggest how to improve on what I call the ‘usual argument’ that Craig's account of the function of ‘knowledge’ supports epistemic contextualism.
RETHINKING EPISTEMIC INCENTIVES: HOW PATIENT-CENTERED, OPEN SOURCE DRUG DISCOVERY GENERATES MORE VALUABLE KNOWLEDGE SOONER
Authors: Bradner Alexandra
Published: November 2013

Drug discovery traditionally has occurred behind closed doors in for-profit corporations hoping to develop best-selling medicines that recoup initial research investment, sustain marketing infrastructures, and pass on healthy returns to shareholders. Only corporate Pharma has the man- and purchasing-power to synthesize the thousands of molecules needed to find a new drug and to conduct the clinical trials that will make the drug legal. Against this view, individual physician-scientists have suggested that the promise of applied genomics work calls for a new form of social organization – the open source sharing of molecular probes – in order to speed the generation and understanding of new therapeutics. Recent successes in open source drug discovery show it is possible to produce valuable, empirically adequate, and sustainable collective beliefs without secrecy, proprietary attitudes, initial cooperation from Pharma, or outsized monetary incentives. After reviewing and differentiating these successes, I diagnose the source of this healthy new epistemic strategy.
Instability of plumes driven by localized heating
Authors: Lopez Juan M. , Marques Francisco
Published: November 2013

Plumes due to localized buoyancy sources are of wide interest owing to their prevalence in many situations. This study investigates the transition from laminar to turbulent dynamics. Several experiments have reported that this transition is sensitive to external perturbations. As such, a well-controlled set-up has been chosen for our numerical study, consisting of a localized heat source at the bottom of an enclosed cylinder whose walls are all maintained at a fixed uniform temperature, except for the localized heat source. At moderate Rayleigh numbers $\mathit{Ra}$, the flow consists of a steady, axisymmetric purely poloidal plume. On increasing $\mathit{Ra}$, the flow undergoes a supercritical Hopf bifurcation to an axisymmetric ‘puffing’ plume, where a vortex ring is periodically emitted from the localized heater. At higher $\mathit{Ra}$, this state becomes unstable to a sequence of symmetry-breaking bifurcations, going through a quasi-periodic ‘fluttering’ stage where the axisymmetric rings are tilted, and other states in which the sequence of tilted rings interact with each other. The sequence of symmetry-breaking bifurcations in the transition to turbulence culminates in a torus breakup event in which all the spatial and spatio-temporal symmetries of the system are broken.
High Trait Anger Mexican Youth: Characteristics, Parental Anger, and Counseling Needs
Authors: Alcázar-Olán Raúl J. , Deffenbacher Jerry L.
Published: November 2013

This study compared three groups of Mexican youth: (1) high trait anger adolescents recognizing anger problems (HR); (2) high trait anger youth not reporting anger problems (HNR); and (3) low trait anger adolescents not reporting anger problems (LNR). The HR group was sizable, representing 21% of all students and 72% of high anger youth. Compared to LNR, high anger groups (HR and HNR) experienced more angry feelings, engaged in anger suppression (e.g., holding anger in and harboring grudges) and aggressive anger expression (e.g., urges to aggression, physical aggressive anger expression toward others and toward self and objects), and reported lower internal and external anger control (e.g., relaxing and controlling one’s behavior when angry). High anger groups also reported greater trait anger in both parents than LNR, suggesting parent’s anger is a risk factor for anger in adolescents. HR and HNR groups, however, did not differ on any variable. Findings for high anger groups supported the intensity, aggression, and reduced positive coping hypotheses of State-Trait Anger Theory. Findings were also discussed in terms of the counseling needs of high anger Mexican youth and State-Trait Theory.
Die gemeinsamen und spezifischen Komponenten von Depression und Angst
Authors: Baumann Christian , Klauke Benedikt , Domschke Katharina , Fassbinder Frauke , Gartmann Nina , Kalisch Raffael , Reif Andreas , Deckert Jürgen , Pauli Paul
Published: November 2013

Theoretischer Hintergrund: Mit Fragebögen erfasste Depressions- und Angstwerte sind häufig hoch korreliert. Nach dem Tripartite Modell von Clark und Watson (1991) ist diese Kovariation auf die gemeinsame Komponente negativer Affekt zurückzuführen. Eine bessere Differenzierung depressiver und ängstlicher Symptome sei über den depressionsspezifischen geringen positiven Affekt und das angstspezifische physiologische Hyperarousal möglich. Fragestellung: Ziel dieser Studie ist die Überprüfung dieses Modells und die Bestimmung übergeordneter angst- und depressionsspezifischer Faktoren. Methode: Die Evaluation des Modells erfolgte anhand von Fragebögen zu Depression, Angst und Affekt an einer Stichprobe von 1 110 gesunden Erwachsenen (48 % weiblich; Alter: M = 25.43; SD = 6.07). Ergebnisse: Eine Hauptachsenanalyse erbrachte eine zweifaktorielle Lösung, welche sich ebenfalls in den Strukturgleichungsmodellen abbildete und die Konstrukte Depression und Angst repräsentiert. Beide Faktoren waren mit negativem Affekt assoziiert, nur die Komponente Depression war durch das Fehlen von positivem Affekt gekennzeichnet. Die angstspezifische Komponente Hyperarousal konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Implikationen für weiterführende Studien, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Weiterentwicklung des Modells, werden diskutiert.
Relation between charge carrier mobility and lifetime in organic photovoltaics
Authors: Vijila Chellappan , Singh Samarendra P. , Williams Evan , Sonar Prashant , Pivrikas Almantas , Philippa Bronson , White Ronald , Naveen Kumar Elumalai , Gomathy Sandhya S. , Gorelik Sergey , Hobley Jonathan , Furube Akihiro , Matsuzaki Hiroyuki , Katoh Ryuzi
Published: November 2013

The relationship between charge carrier lifetime and mobility in a bulk heterojunction based organic solar cell, utilizing diketopyrrolopyrole-naphthalene co-polymer and PC71BM in the photoactive blend layer, is investigated using the photoinduced charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage technique. Light intensity, delay time, and temperature dependent experiments are used to quantify the charge carrier mobility and density as well as the temperature dependence of both. From the saturation of photoinduced current at high laser intensities, it is shown that Langevin-type bimolecular recombination is present in the studied system. The charge carrier lifetime, especially in Langevin systems, is discussed to be an ambiguous and unreliable parameter to determine the performance of organic solar cells, because of the dependence of charge carrier lifetime on charge carrier density, mobility, and type of recombination. It is revealed that the relation between charge mobility (μ) and lifetime (τ) is inversely proportional, where the μτ product is independent of temperature. The results indicate that in photovoltaic systems with Langevin type bimolecular recombination, the strategies to increase the charge lifetime might not be beneficial because of an accompanying reduction in charge carrier mobility. Instead, the focus on non-Langevin mechanisms of recombination is crucial, because this allows an increase in the charge extraction rate by improving the carrier lifetime, density, and mobility simultaneously.
GaInN light-emitting diodes using separate epitaxial growth for the p-type region to attain polarization-inverted electron-blocking layer, reduced electron leakage, and improved hole injection
Authors: Meyaard David S. , Lin Guan-Bo , Ma Ming , Cho Jaehee , Fred Schubert E. , Han Sang-Heon , Kim Min-Ho , Shim HyunWook , Sun Kim Young
Published: November 2013

A GaInN light-emitting diode (LED) structure is analyzed that employs a separate epitaxial growth for the p-type region, i.e., the AlGaN electron-blocking layer (EBL) and p-type GaN cladding layer, followed by wafer or chip bonding. Such LED structure has a polarization-inverted EBL and allows for uncompromised epitaxial-growth optimization of the p-type region, i.e., without the need to consider degradation of the quantum-well active region during p-type region growth. Simulations show that such an LED structure reduces electron leakage, reduces the efficiency droop, improves hole injection, and has the potential to extend high efficiencies into the green spectral region.
Nucleation of single GaN nanorods with diameters smaller than 35 nm by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Chen Yen-Ting , Araki Tsutomu , Palisaitis Justinas , Persson Per O. Å. , Chen Li-Chyong , Chen Kuei-Hsien , Olof Holtz Per , Birch Jens , Nanishi Yasushi
Published: November 2013

Nucleation mechanism of catalyst-free GaN nanorod grown on Si(111) is investigated by the fabrication of uniform and narrow (<35 nm) nanorods without a pre-defined mask by molecular beam epitaxy. Direct evidences show that the nucleation of GaN nanorods stems from the sidewall of the underlying islands down to the Si(111) substrate, different from commonly reported ones on top of the island directly. Accordingly, the growth and density control of the nanorods is exploited by a “narrow-pass” approach that only narrow nanorod can be grown. The optimal size of surrounding non-nucleation area around single nanorod is estimated as 88 nm.
Zinc-oxide charge trapping memory cell with ultra-thin chromium-oxide trapping layer
Authors: El-Atab Nazek , Rizk Ayman , Okyay Ali K. , Nayfeh Ammar
Published: November 2013

A functional zinc-oxide based SONOS memory cell with ultra-thin chromium oxide trapping layer was fabricated. A 5 nm CrO2 layer is deposited between Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) steps. A threshold voltage (Vt) shift of 2.6V was achieved with a 10V programming voltage. Also for a 2V Vt shift, the memory with CrO2 layer has a low programming voltage of 7.2V. Moreover, the deep trapping levels in CrO2 layer allows for additional scaling of the tunnel oxide due to an increase in the retention time. In addition, the structure was simulated using Physics Based TCAD. The results of the simulation fit very well with the experimental results providing an understanding of the charge trapping and tunneling physics.
The Neumann problem for the equation Δ𝑢-𝑘²𝑢=0 in the exterior of non-closed Lipschitz surfaces
Authors: Krutitskii P.
Published: November 2013

We study the Neumann problem for the equation

Δ
u
−

k
2

u
=
0

\Delta u - k^2u=0

in the exterior of non-closed Lipschitz surfaces in

R
3

R^3

. Theorems on existence and uniqueness of a weak solution of the problem are proved. The integral representation for a solution is obtained in the form of a double layer potential. The density in the potential is defined as a solution of the operator (integral) equation, which is uniquely solvable.
Compactification of a Drinfeld period domain over a finite field
Authors: Pink Richard , Schieder Simon
Published: November 2013

We study a certain compactification of the Drinfeld period domain over a finite field which arises naturally in the context of Drinfeld moduli spaces. Its boundary is a disjoint union of period domains of smaller rank, but these are glued together in a way that is dual to how they are glued in the compactification by projective space. This compactification is normal and singular along all boundary strata of codimension 

⩾
2

\geqslant 2

. We study its geometry from various angles including the projective coordinate ring with its Hilbert function, the cohomology of twisting sheaves, the dualizing sheaf, and give a modular interpretation for it. We construct a natural desingularization which is smooth projective and whose boundary is a divisor with normal crossings. We also study its quotients by certain finite groups.
Pyocyanin, a Virulence Factor Produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Alters Root Development Through Reactive Oxygen Species and Ethylene Signaling in Arabidopsis
Authors: Ortiz-Castro Randy , Pelagio-Flores Ramón , Méndez-Bravo Alfonso , Ruiz-Herrera León Francisco , Campos-García Jesús , López-Bucio José
Published: November 2013

Pyocyanin acts as a virulence factor in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a plant and animal pathogen. In this study, we evaluated the effect of pyocyanin on growth and development of Arabidopsis seedlings. Root inoculation with P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain inhibited primary root growth in wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis seedlings. In contrast, single lasI– and double rhlI–/lasI– mutants of P. aeruginosa defective in pyocyanin production showed decreased root growth inhibition concomitant with an increased phytostimulation. Treatment with pyocyanin modulates root system architecture, inhibiting primary root growth and promoting lateral root and root hair formation without affecting meristem viability or causing cell death. These effects correlated with altered proportions of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide in root tips and with an inhibition of cell division and elongation. Mutant analyses showed that pyocyanin modulation of root growth was likely independent of auxin, cytokinin, and abscisic acid but required ethylene signaling because the Arabidopsis etr1-1, ein2-1, and ein3-1 ethylene-related mutants were less sensitive to pyocyanin-induced root stoppage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) distribution. Our findings suggest that pyocyanin is an important factor modulating the interplay between ROS production and root system architecture by an ethylene-dependent signaling.
Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats
Authors: Tseng Z. Jack , Wang Xiaoming , Slater Graham J. , Takeuchi Gary T. , Li Qiang , Liu Juan , Xie Guangpu
Published: November 2013

Pantherine felids (‘big cats’) include the largest living cats, apex predators in their respective ecosystems. They are also the earliest diverging living cat lineage, and thus are important for understanding the evolution of all subsequent felid groups. Although the oldest pantherine fossils occur in Africa, molecular phylogenies point to Asia as their region of origin. This paradox cannot be reconciled using current knowledge, mainly because early big cat fossils are exceedingly rare and fragmentary. Here, we report the discovery of a fossil pantherine from the Tibetan Himalaya, with an age of Late Miocene–Early Pliocene, replacing African records as the oldest pantherine. A ‘total evidence’ phylogenetic analysis of pantherines indicates that the new cat is closely related to the snow leopard and exhibits intermediate characteristics on the evolutionary line to the largest cats. Historical biogeographic models provide robust support for the Asian origin of pantherines. The combined analyses indicate that 75% of the divergence events in the pantherine lineage extended back to the Miocene, up to 7 Myr earlier than previously estimated. The deeper evolutionary origin of big cats revealed by the new fossils and analyses indicate a close association between Tibetan Plateau uplift and diversification of the earliest living cats.
The Demise of the Being to V Construction
Authors: Hundt Marianne
Published: November 2013

This paper revisits a construction that is rare in historical data, namely the combination of being with an infinitive, as in They being to arrive early that afternoon, all necessary preparations had been made. In early and late Modern English, the be to construction had a fuller paradigm than it does in Present Day English, where it is (almost) exclusively used in tensed forms. The focus in this paper is on part of the paradigm of the be to construction, i.e., instances with a present participle form of be. Relevant neighbouring constructions are being Ving and having to V, but the construction also needs to be discussed against the background of developments in the system of auxiliaries and future time expressions. On the basis of evidence from historical text databases and corpora, this paper provides the first detailed description of the syntactic contexts, functions and distribution of the being to V construction. In a next step, corpus data are used to discuss possible reasons (i.e., system dependency, paradigmatic attrition, competition and distributional fragmentation) for its apparent demise. The study thus contributes to the still somewhat underexplored area of syntactic loss.
Accidental spinal potassium chloride injection successfully treated with spinal lavage
Authors: Dias J. , Lages N. , Marinho A. , Maria L. , Tinoco J. , Vieira D. , Correia C.
Published: November 2013

We describe the management of a 62‐year‐old man who developed severe pain, cramps, paraplegia and pulmonary oedema after the accidental administration of potassium chloride into the subarachnoid space. In addition to supportive treatment, we performed cerebrospinal fluid lavage with saline 0.9%. The patient recovered well without any permanent injury.
Intention, Emotion, and Action: A Neural Theory Based on Semantic Pointers
Authors: Schröder Tobias , Stewart Terrence C. , Thagard Paul
Published: November 2013

We propose a unified theory of intentions as neural processes that integrate representations of states of affairs, actions, and emotional evaluation. We show how this theory provides answers to philosophical questions about the concept of intention, psychological questions about human behavior, computational questions about the relations between belief and action, and neuroscientific questions about how the brain produces actions. Our theory of intention ties together biologically plausible mechanisms for belief, planning, and motor control. The computational feasibility of these mechanisms is shown by a model that simulates psychologically important cases of intention.
The history of the concept of epileptic encephalopathy
Authors: Capovilla Giuseppe , Wolf Peter , Beccaria Francesca , Avanzini Giuliano
Published: November 2013

The first description of epileptic encephalopathies dates back to Dr. West who, in 1857, described the syndrome that took his name. In addition to West syndrome, in the last century other epileptic syndromes entered into the chapter of epileptic encephalopathies. Henry Gastaut has the virtue of having created the modern concept of epileptic encephalopathy and entering it into the official terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). After the first proposal, it was further defined and refined over time.
Butterfly species differing in mobility show different structures of dispersal‐related syndromes in the same fragmented landscape
Authors: Ducatez S. , Humeau A. , Congretel M. , Fréville H. , Baguette M.
Published: November 2013

Mobility varies strongly between and within species, reflecting different dispersal strategies. Within species, such differences can imply suites of traits associated in syndromes. Different syndrome structures have been found within species among populations differing in the selective pressures they are exposed to. Similarly, we expect species differing in mobility to show different syndrome structures in response to similar selective pressures such as landscape fragmentation. Using butterflies originating from the same fragmented landscape, we investigated the differences in mobility syndrome between four common butterflies (Pyronia tithonus, Pararge aegeria Maniola jurtina, Pieris rapae) known to differ in their mobility. We expected individuals from the less mobile species to display a resident strategy because of high dispersal cost in this fragmented landscape, and individuals from the more mobile species to display a larger range of movement strategies. Moreover, as syndromes can only be detected whenever individuals differ in their dispersal strategies, we expected mobility syndromes to be observable only in populations where dispersal polymorphism is maintained. We thus expected stronger correlations between mobility‐related traits in more mobile species. Using three mobility tests in controlled conditions designed to measure different components of mobility, we showed that mobility‐related traits were indeed correlated only in the most mobile species. The absence of correlation in the less mobile species may be explained by a low variation in movement strategies, dispersal being counter‐selected.
Depressive Symptoms and Suicide Risk in Older Adults: Value Placed on Autonomy as a Moderator for Men but Not Women
Authors: Bamonti Patricia M. , Price Elizabeth C. , Fiske Amy
Published: November 2013

Risk for suicide is elevated among older men. We examined whether value placed on autonomy amplifies the relation between depressive symptoms and suicide risk differently for older men and women. Participants were 98 community‐dwelling older adults, M age 73.6 (SD = 8.6), 65.1% female, 93.1% White. Questionnaires measured suicide risk (SBQ‐R), depressive symptoms (CESD), and value placed on autonomy (PSI‐II autonomy). Among men, depressive symptoms were associated with suicide risk only when PSI‐II autonomy was elevated. Among women, greater depressive symptoms were associated with suicide risk at all levels of PSI‐II autonomy. Further research on attitudes toward autonomy is warranted.
The Effects of Trailing Edge Thickness on the Losses of Ultra-High Lift LP Turbine Blades
Authors: Zhou Chao , Hodson Howard , Himmel Christoph
Published: November 2013

Experimental, numerical and analytical methods were used to investigate the effects of the blade trailing edge thickness on the profile loss of ultra-high lift low pressure turbine blades.

Two cascades, the T106C and the T2, were studied. The loss obtained based on the data at the blade trailing edge plane and the plane 0.3 Chord downstream of the trailing edge agree with each other for T106C blade with and without upstream wakes at different Reynolds numbers. The blade profile losses were broken down as the suction surface boundary loss, the pressure side boundary loss and the mixing loss downstream of the trailing edge for six Reynolds numbers.

Trailing edge thicknesses varying from 1.4% to 4.7% Pitch were investigated at a Reynolds number of 210000. It was found that the flow distributions across the passage at the trailing edge planes were highly non-uniform. In particular, and as a result, the trailing edge base pressure was higher than the mixed-out static pressure, so the contribution of the base pressure to the mixing loss downstream of the trailing edge plane was to reduce the loss. When the trailing edge thickness increases, there are three main effects: 1) The area with high base pressure region increase, which tends to reduce the downstream mixing loss; 2) The base pressure reduces, which tends to increase the loss; 3) The flow diffusion downstream of the trailing edge, which tends to increase the loss. The overall result is the combined effect.

For the T106C cascade, increasing the trailing edge thickness from 1.9% Pitch to 2.8% Pitch has a small effect on the loss. Further increasing the trailing edge thickness increases the loss. The T2 blade has a higher lift than the T106C blade, so the effects of the base pressure in reducing the mixing loss downstream of the trailing edge is more evident. The experimental results show that the profile loss first decreases and then increases as the trailing edge thickness increases. CFD, using the transition k-ω SST model and the k-ω SST model, provides good predictions of the aerodynamic performance. It was used to study the cases with trailing edge thicknesses of 1.4% Pitch and 2.9% Pitch. The profile loss is almost the same for these two trailing edge thickness. The results show that it is possible to use thicker blade trailing edges in low pressure turbines without aerodynamic penalty. This can lead to benefits in terms of mechanical integrity and manufacturing cost reductions.
Measured Comparison of Leakage and Rotordynamic Characteristics for a Slanted-Tooth and a Straight-Tooth Labyrinth Seal
Authors: Mehta Naitik J. , Childs Dara W.
Published: November 2013

Measured results are presented to compare rotordynamic coefficients and leakage of a slanted-tooth labyrinth seal and a straight-tooth labyrinth seal. Both seals had identical pitch, depth, and number of teeth. The teeth inclination angle of the teeth on the slanted-tooth labyrinth was 65° from the normal axis. Experiments were carried out at an inlet pressure of 70 bar-a (1015 psi-a), pressure ratios of 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6, rotor speeds of 10.2, 15.35, and 20.2 krpm, and a radial clearance of 0.2 mm (8 mils). One zero and two positive inlet preswirl ratios were used.

The results show only minute difference in the rotordynamic coefficients between the two seals. The slanted-tooth labyrinth seal consistently leaked approximately 10% less at all conditions. Predictions were made using a one control volume bulk-flow model (1CVM) which was developed for a straight-tooth labyrinth seal design. 1CVM under-predicted the rotordynamic coefficients and the leakage.
Full Three-Dimensional Optimization Platform of Turbine Blades Considering the Film Cooling
Authors: Lu Shaopeng , Chi Zhongran , Wang Songtao , Wen Fengbo , Feng Guotai
Published: November 2013

In this paper, an optimization platform was established with Isight, cfx and the self-programming program which is used to generate the mesh. Film cooling effect can be taken into account. 15 parameters are selected as optimization variables. During the optimization process, the baseline blade and cooling holes are given by parameterized method. There are two objective functions during the optimization process. The first one is aerodynamic efficiency and the second one is film cooling efficiency. As there are two objective functions, NSGA-II is chosen as the multi-objective optimization algorithm. Then the Pareto-optimal front can be got. The results show that aerodynamic efficiency and film cooling efficiency restrict each other. It’s impossible to get the best solutions in one example, so the Pareto optimal set can provide a lot of choices. Different shapes make different effects on the aerodynamic efficiency and film cooling efficiency. From the above, it can be seen that the platform is helpful especially in the case that aerodynamic efficiency and film cooling efficiency restrict each other. This paper also discusses the prospects for platform applications.
A Zonal Calculation Method for Axial Gas Turbine Diffusers
Authors: Hirschmann A. , Casey M. , Montgomery M.
Published: November 2013

The axial exhaust downstream of a gas turbine in a combined cycle plant includes an annular diffuser with struts and a closed hub carrying the turbine rotor bearing. Flow separation occurs at the blunt end of the hub and can also occur on the casing wall and on the struts. A zonal method for the computation of the flow in such diffusers is described. A throughflow code is used for the axisymmetric core flow, a lag-entrainment-integral-method for the blockage of the boundary layers and the wake of the hub. For cases with separated flow a semi-inverse procedure for the coupling is needed. Additional empirical information is required such as a term related to the closing of the hub separation, correlations for the skin friction and the form factor and an estimate of the losses based on a dissipation coefficient.

Experimental data from annular diffuser test cases from the literature and from a typical turbine diffuser are used to validate the method. The location of the separation in the diffuser is calculated correctly and the prediction of the pressure recovery is promising, suggesting that this is a useful tool for the preliminary design of highly loaded annular configurations.
Automated Design Optimization and Experimental Validation for Intermediate Casing Duct of Aeroengine
Authors: Wu Yadong , Li Bin , Teng Jinfang , Chen Yunyong , Li You , Wang Hongtao
Published: November 2013

In aeroengine, an s-shaped annular duct is used to connect the high pressure compressor spool to the upstream low pressure compressor. The intermediate casing duct is required because the compressors are designed with different mean radii. Shortening the length of intermediate casing duct is of important significance for improving the performance of aeroengines. Meanwhile, the struts guiding the flow are installed in the intermediate duct, the inlet flow of the duct is not even, and outlet flow requires sufficient uniformity to ensure good working conditions for the high pressure compressor. So the design and optimization of flow path of intermediate casing duct including struts have very important practical significance.

This study builds up a system of numerical optimization 3D model based on genetic algorithm and Kriging agent model on the Matlab platform, which automatically couples pre-processing, solver and post-processing of Numeca CFD software. This tool optimizes the intermediate casing duct including struts and a best flow path profile is obtained under the given constrained conditions.

The optimization method is validated through experimental investigation. Four kinds of intermediate casing ducts are test, including the original model, optimization model, as well as two models based on optimization model, respectively. The chord of the struts and the length of flow path are changed for the last two models. The internal flow characteristics and aerodynamic performance of four cases above are measured, and the effects of the geometry structure of flow paths and struts to the aerodynamic performance of the ducts are evaluated, and the results may bring some modifications to the optimization method to make it more perfect. Through the experimental and numerical study, two key factors affecting the design of intermediate duct are brought about, which is the midway offset ratio and the maximum to the minimum area ratio of flow path along streamwise including struts. For the given intermediate casing duct in this study, the midway offset ratio is about 0.41, and the maximum to the minimum area ratio of flow path along streamwise including struts should be small.
Application of the Surge Model to Radial Compressor System Cycle Optimization
Authors: Kilchyk Viktor , Abdelwahab Ahmed , Rosinski Andrew
Published: November 2013

Surge avoidance and minimization of power consumption in the design of a radial compressor cycle requires a solution to the complex, time-dependent problem of implicit variable coupling. To solve this problem, a modified lumped parameter surge model was developed and tested using experimental data. The model was expanded to include open-loop, time-dependent (periodic) boundary conditions with added equations representing the effects of heat transfer and flow compressibility. Comparison with experimental data showed good agreement with model-predicted behavior. The developed model of the compressor system was analyzed with respect to the main compressor design parameters. Sensitivity of the compressor system to the valve timing and resistance, wheel diameter, and inertia was also examined. It was demonstrated that the mass flow rate-averaged, or power-averaged compressor efficiency was improved by over 3 percent using the optimum impeller diameter.
The Role of Density Gradient in Species Migration and Secondary Flow Structures in Axial Flow Turbines
Authors: Zou Xin , Yuan Xin , Dawes W. N.
Published: November 2013

Physical quantities at combustor exit, hence turbine inlet, are highly non-uniform not just due to spatially varying combustion but also due to the dilution air and film-cooling air used in the combustor design. The effects of inlet total pressure and temperature (“hot streak”) non-uniformity on the unsteady flow and heat transfer of turbine stages have been widely studied. However, few studies have considered the effects of inlet density non-uniformity derived from spatially varying species concentration (“species streak”). This “species streak” results in density gradients which, if not aligned with pressure gradients, will lead to the generation of baroclinic torque which will influence the generation, migration and evolution of vorticity within the turbine passages and hence the secondary flow structure and mixing within the blade row.

This paper examines the “species streak” effects on the unsteady flow and heat transfer within a high-pressure axial flow turbine stage focusing on the flow through the rotor. First, a validation study was carried out to check the capability of the selected CFD in modeling unsteady turbine stage flows. Time-accurate solutions were achieved and the results agreed well with the available experimental measurements. Based on the validation, two expanded case studies were carried out to investigate the “species streak” effects on the secondary flow and heat transfer in turbine rotor passages. It was found that the “species streak” could generate “hot streak enhancement structure” as well as “baroclinic torque structure” in rotor passages, which would work with the inherent secondary flow structures in rotor to determine its heat transfer. It was also found that the contributions of the baroclinic torque source term could have magnitudes comparable to other effects, such as vortex stretching, in creating secondary flows. In some circumstances, however, the overall effects of the baroclinic torque could be partially reduced by opposite vortex stretching effects generated by the same density gradients.
Application of Design of Experiment to a Gas Turbine Cascade Test Cell
Authors: Evans R. O. , Dawes W. N. , Zhang Q.
Published: November 2013

Testing of gas turbine blades within a specialized, well-understood, test cell environment remains a key part of the overall design process. This paper describes the simulation of a cascade of transonic turbine blades within the full test cell environment. The objective of this simulation is to bring CFD to bear to understand various installation issues which go into the design of the test cell. The focus here is on the role of the tailboards in managing periodic test conditions in a cascade with relatively few blades and transonic exit.

Using a Design of Experiment methodology a series of simulations was performed with a systematic variation in both the location of solid tailboards and the open area ratio of a slotted tailboard. The flow relative to the target test blade was successfully optimized with respect to a reference periodic condition.
Suction and Pressure Side Film Cooling Influence on Vane Aero Performance in a Transonic Annular Cascade
Authors: Saha Ranjan , Fridh Jens , Fransson Torsten , Mamaev Boris I. , Annerfeldt Mats
Published: November 2013

An experimental study on a film cooled nozzle guide vane has been conducted in a transonic annular sector to observe the influence of suction and pressure side film cooling on aerodynamic performance. The investigated vane is a typical high pressure gas turbine vane, geometrically similar to a real engine component, operated at an exit reference Mach number of 0.89. The aerodynamic results using a five hole miniature probe are quantified and compared with the baseline case which is uncooled. Results lead to a conclusion that the aerodynamic loss is influenced substantially with the change of the cooling flow rate regardless the positions of the cooling rows. The aerodynamic loss is very sensitive to the blowing ratio and a value of blowing ratio higher than one leads to a considerable higher loss penalty. The suction side film cooling has larger influence on the aerodynamic loss compared to the pressure side film cooling. Pitch-averaged exit flow angles around midspan remain unaffected at moderate blowing ratio. The secondary loss decreases (greater decrease in the tip region compared to the hub region) with inserting cooling air for all cases compared to the uncooled case.