bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review of Hair Follicle Dermal Papilla cells asin vitroscreening model for hair growth
Authors: Madaan Alka , Verma Ritu , Singh Anu T. , Jaggi Manu
Published: August 2018

Hair disorders such as hair loss (alopecia) and androgen dependent, excessive hair growth (hirsutism, hypertrichosis) may impact the social and psychological well‐being of an individual. Recent advances in understanding the biology of hair have accelerated the research and development of novel therapeutic and cosmetic hair growth agents. Preclinical models aid in dermocosmetic efficacy testing and claim substantiation of hair growth modulators. Thein vitromodels to investigate hair growth utilize the hair follicle Dermal Papilla cells (DPCs), specialized mesenchymal cells located at the base of hair follicle that play essential roles in hair follicular morphogenesis and postnatal hair growth cycles. In this review, we have compiled and discussed the extensively reported literature citingDPCs asin vitromodel to study hair growth promoting and inhibitory effects. A variety of agents such as herbal and natural extracts, growth factors and cytokines, platelet‐rich plasma, placental extract, stem cells and conditioned medium, peptides, hormones, lipid‐nanocarrier, light, electrical and electromagnetic field stimulation, androgens and their analogs, stress‐serum and chemotherapeutic agents etc. have been examined for their hair growth modulating effects inDPCs. Effects onDPCs’ activity were determined from untreated (basal) or stress induced levels. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and secretion of growth factors were included as primary end‐point markers. Effects on a wide range of biomolecules and mechanistic pathways that play key role in the biology of hair growth were also investigated. This consolidated and comprehensive review summarizes the up‐to‐date information and understanding regardingDPCs based screening models for hair growth and may be helpful for researchers to select the appropriate assay system and biomarkers. This review highlights the pivotal role ofDPCs in the forefront of hair research as screening platforms by providing insights into mechanistic action at cellular level, which may further direct the development of novel hair growth modulators.
Proof‐of‐concept study to establish an in situ method to determine the nature and depth of collagen changes in dentine using Fourier Transform Infra‐Red spectroscopy after sodium hypochlorite irrigation
Authors: Morgan A. D. , Ng Y.‐L. , Odlyha M. , Gulabivala K. , Bozec L.
Published: August 2018

Aim

To establish a method using Fourier Transform Infra‐Red spectroscopy (FTIR) to characterize the nature and depth of changes in dentinal collagen following exposure to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) during root canal irrigation in an ex vivo model.

Methodology

Fourier Transform Infra‐Red spectroscopy was used to assess the changes in dentinal collagen when the root canal was exposed to NaOCl. The changes in dentinal collagen caused by NaOCl irrigation of root canals in transverse sections of roots, at 0.5 mm from the canal wall and 0.5 mm from the external root surface, were assessed by FTIR. The data were analysed using paired t‐test with 5% significance level.

Results

Fourier Transform Infra‐Red spectroscopy confirmed that NaOCl exposure caused alterations in the chemistry and structure of collagen in dentine. FTIR spectra obtained from dentine surfaces and dentine adjacent to root canals exposed to NaOCl, all consistently showed degradation and conformational change of the collagen structure. FTIR data from the ex vivo model showed that the depth of effect of NaOCl extended to at least 0.5 mm from the canal wall.

Conclusion

In extracted human teeth, NaOCl caused changes in dentinal collagen that were measurable by FTIR. In an ex vivo model, the depth of effect into dentine extended at least 0.5 mm from the canal wall.
ST‐elevation myocardial infarction in a migrant population: a registry‐based study of patient treatment and outcomes
Authors: Rye Eleanor , Lee Andrea , Mukhtar Hadia , Narayan Arun , Robert Denniss A. , Chow Clara , Kovoor Pramesh , Sivagangabalan Gopal
Published: August 2018

Background

Internationally, a growing number of studies has identified race‐related disparities in the presentation, treatment and outcomes of patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). With a large migrant population, Australia presents a unique microcosm in which to study the impact of migrant status and ethnicity in STEMI patients.

Aim

To investigate if first‐generation migrants differed in presentation, treatment or outcomes following STEMI compared with the Australian‐born population.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective observational study using data from a clinician‐initiated registry. The study involved 2154 patients who presented to 12 hospitals between 2004 and 2012. Our main outcome measures included time to reperfusion, 30‐day mortality and complications.

Results

Migrants (n = 1035, 48.8%) were more likely to be older (61 vs 58 years, P < 0.001), diabetic (29.3 vs 21.5%, P < 0.001) and have a prolonged symptom to door time (102 vs 91 min, P = 0.04). Despite lower rates of previous known ischaemic heart disease (22.5 vs 26.6%, P = 0.03), migrants had more diffuse disease (triple vessel or left main (3VD/LM): 29.8 vs 22.0%, P < 0.001) and higher troponin values (3.77 vs 3.22 μg/L, P = 0.01). We found no significant differences in hospital treatment times, intervention types or rates. Multivariate regression identified age, diabetes, female gender and multi‐vessel disease as predictors of complications and death at 30 days.

Conclusions

Migrants had longer pre‐hospital delays and exhibited different cardiovascular risk profiles than Australian‐born patients but received comparable treatment in the acute hospital setting. Higher rates of diabetes and multi‐vessel coronary artery disease were seen among migrant patients, indicating a relatively higher risk population.
Hypothyroidism associated with therapy for multi‐drug‐resistant tuberculosis in Australia
Authors: Cheung Yee‐Ming M. , Van Karen , Lan Lan , Barmanray Rahul , Qian Sarah Y. , Shi William Y. , Wong Jennifer L. A. , Hamblin Peter S. , Colman Peter G. , Topliss Duncan J. , Denholm Justin T. , Grossmann Mathis
Published: August 2018

Background

Reports from resource‐poor countries have associated thionamide‐ and para‐aminosalicylate sodium (PAS)‐based treatment of multi‐drug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) with the development of hypothyroidism.

Aim

To identify predictors and assess the cumulative proportions of hypothyroidism in patients treated for MDR‐TB with these agents in Australia.

Methods

Retrospective multicentre study of MDR‐TB patients from five academic centres covering tuberculosis (TB) services in Victoria, Australia. Patients were identified using each centre's pharmacy department and cross checked with the Victorian Tuberculosis Program. Hypothyroidism was categorised as subclinical if the thyroid‐stimulating hormone was elevated and as overt if free thyroxine (fT4) was additionally reduced on two separate occasions. Our main outcome measured was the cumulative proportion of hypothyroidism (at 5 years from treatment initiation).

Results

Of the 29 cases available for analysis, the cumulative proportion of hypothyroidism at 5 years was 37% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0–57.8%). Eight of the nine affected cases developed hypothyroidism within the first 12 months of treatment. Hypothyroidism was marginally (P = 0.06) associated with higher prothionamide/PAS dosing and was reversible with cessation of the anti‐tuberculosis medication.

Conclusions

Prothionamide/PAS treatment‐associated hypothyroidism is common in MDR‐TB patients in Australia, emphasising the importance of regular thyroid function monitoring during this treatment. Thyroid hormone replacement, if initiated, may not need to be continued after MDR‐TB treatment is completed.
Providing physical health care for people accessing mental health services: Clinicians’ perceptions of their role
Authors: Clancy Richard , Lewin Terry J. , Bowman Jenny A. , Kelly Brian J. , Mullen Antony D. , Flanagan Karen , Hazelton Michael J.
Published: August 2018

The prevalence of health risk behaviours and associated poor physical health is high in people with severe mental illness. Mental health service guidelines and policies stipulate that mental health services should address physical health of people who access services. This study reports results from a large, interdisciplinary, cross‐sectional study exploring mental health clinicians’ (n = 385) views of role legitimacy in physical health service provision. All disciplines reported that mental health clinicians have a role to play in addressing the physical health of consumers. Among mental health clinicians, psychiatrists and mental health nurses received higher endorsement than allied health clinicians in relation to the provision of physical health care, with primary care providers including general practitioners also ranking highly. As community mental health services routinely appoint allied health staff to case management roles, a challenge for services and a challenge for clinicians are to ensure that physical health and the effects of medication are monitored appropriately and systematically. Online and telephone support services received relatively lower endorsement. As the availability of nonface to face services increases, there is a need to explore their utility in this population and where appropriate promote their uptake.
‘The right thing to do’: Fostering social inclusion for mental health service users through acts of citizenship
Authors: Hamer Helen Paris , Rowe Michael , Seymour Carol Ann
Published: August 2018

The theoretical framework of citizenship is increasingly being used in mental health settings to inform practice. This exploratory qualitative study describes in more detail the acts of citizenship embedded in the everyday practices of mental health workers that promote the social inclusion of people in their care. Acts make a claim for justice when one's rights and responsibilities of citizenship are denied. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 12 participants, seven mental health clinicians and five peer support workers, recruited from a mental health facility in Connecticut, USA. Two themes are presented, breaking the rules and the right thing to do, a rights‐based practice that fosters inclusion for service users. Results suggest that staff undertake hidden acts of citizenship to promote inclusion and rights of service users by responsibly subverting the rules and norms of the organization. Changes to organizational practices to make visible such inclusionary acts are required. Implications for practice and considerations of organizational change through the development of a citizenship framework to underpin practice are recommended.
Influence of Cr doping on the phase composition of Cr,Ca:YAG ceramics by solid state reaction sintering
Authors: Chaika Mykhailo , Paszkowicz Wojciech , Strek Wiesław , Hreniak Dariusz , Tomala Robert , Safronova Nadiya , Doroshenko Andriy , Parkhomenko Sergiy , Dluzewski Piotr , Kozłowski Mirosław , Vovk Oleh
Published: August 2018

In the present work, the influence of Cr and Ca co‐additives on the phase formation under conditions emulated the real sintering process of Cr4+:YAG ceramics is studied. The XRD analysis of the treated samples revealed the difference in formation rates of intermediate phases between the samples with and without the Cr2O3 additive. The formation of intermediate phases in the solid‐state reaction between Y2O3 and Al2O3 is observed to shift toward higher temperatures (ie, toward the stage of fast shrinkage) if the mixture of Cr2O3 and CaO is added. The reason for such shift is the appearance of new intermediate, which contains Cr4+ ions in perovskite structure, as has been established by optical absorption and luminescent investigations. It is found that the Cr,Ca:YAG ceramics prepared by vacuum solid state reaction sintering at 1750°C, 10 hours possesses better optical transparency than Ca:YAG ceramics prepared under the same conditions.
Optical, electrical, and photoelectric properties of nitrogen‐doped perovskite ferroelectric BaTiO3 ceramics
Authors: Long Peiqing , Chen Chen , Pang Dongfang , Liu Xitao , Yi Zhiguo
Published: August 2018

Nitrogen‐doped BaTiO3 (BT) ceramics were produced by the solid‐state reaction method in conjunction with ammonia gas treatment. The optical absorption spectra results show that the bandgap of BT ceramic is narrowed after N‐doping, suggesting that the N‐doping is an effective route to increase light absorption. Polar properties measurements indicate that the ferroelectricity of BT ceramic is well maintained after the N‐doping. In addition, the electric‐field–induced strain is prominently improved to ~0.8% after N‐doping, a value superior to that of PZT. Furthermore, the influence of N‐doping on photoelectric properties of BT ceramics was also investigated. Large increase in photoconductivity and fast response to light illumination conditions were observed in N‐doped BT ceramics. This work provides a novel route to enhance the (photo)electric properties of ferroelectric materials.
Experimental investigation of contact heat transfer coefficients in nonisothermal glass molding by infrared thermography
Authors: Vu Anh Tuan , Vu Anh Ngoc , Liu Gang , Grunwald Tim , Dambon Olaf , Klocke Fritz , Bergs Thomas
Published: August 2018

Nonisothermal glass molding has recently become a promising technology solution for the cost‐efficient production of complex precision glass optical components. During the molding process, the glass temperature and its temperature distribution have crucial effects on the accuracy of molded optics. In nonisothermal molding, the glass temperature is greatly influenced by thermal contact conductance because there is a large temperature difference between the glass and mold parts. Though widely agreed to be varied during the molding process, the contact conductance was usually assumed as constant coefficients in most early works without sufficient experimental justifications. This paper presents an experiment approach to determine the thermal contact coefficient derived from transient temperature measurements by using infrared thermographic camera. The transient method demonstrates a beneficially short processing time and the adequate measurement at desirable molding temperature without glass sticking. Particularly, this method promises the avoidance of the overestimated contact coefficients derived from steady‐state approach due to the viscoelastic deformation of glass during the inevitably long period of holding force. Based on this method, the dependency of thermal contact conductance on mold surface roughness, contact pressure, and interfacial temperature ranging from slightly below‐to‐above glass transition temperature was investigated. The results reveal the dominance of interfacial temperature on the contact conductance while the linear pressure‐dependent conductance with an identical slope observed for all roughness and mold temperatures. The accurate determination of the contact heat transfer coefficients will eventually improve the predictions of the form accuracy, the optical properties, and possible defects such as chill ripples or glass breakage of molded lenses by the nonisothermal glass molding process.
Annual Research Review: The state of implementation science in child psychology and psychiatry: a review and suggestions to advance the field
Authors: Williams Nathaniel J. , Beidas Rinad S.
Published: August 2018

Background

Scientists have developed evidence‐based interventions that improve the symptoms and functioning of youth with psychiatric disorders; however, these interventions are rarely used in community settings. Eliminating this research‐to‐practice gap is the purview of implementation science, the discipline devoted to the study of methods to promote the use of evidence‐based practices in routine care.

Methods

We review studies that have tested factors associated with implementation in child psychology and psychiatry, explore applications of social science theories to implementation, and conclude with recommendations to advance implementation science through the development and testing of novel, multilevel, causal theories.

Results

During its brief history, implementation science in child psychology and psychiatry has documented the implementation gap in routine care, tested training approaches and found them to be insufficient for behavior change, explored the relationships between variables and implementation outcomes, and initiated randomized controlled trials to test implementation strategies. This research has identified targets related to implementation (e.g., clinician motivation, organizational culture) and demonstrated the feasibility of activating these targets through implementation strategies. However, the dominant methodological approach has been atheoretical and predictive, relying heavily on a set of variables from heuristic frameworks.

Conclusions

Optimizing the implementation of effective treatments in community care for youth with psychiatric disorders is a defining challenge of our time. This review proposes a new direction focused on developing and testing integrated causal theories. We recommend implementation scientists: (a) move from observational studies of implementation barriers and facilitators to trials that include causal theory; (b) identify a core set of implementation determinants; (c) conduct trials of implementation strategies with clear targets, mechanisms, and outcomes; (d) ensure that behaviors that are core to EBPs are clearly defined; and (e) agree upon standard measures. This agenda will help fulfill the promise of evidence‐based practice for improving youth behavioral health.
A comparison of intraoral spectrophotometers—Are there user‐specific differences?
Authors: Blum Sam Lennert , Horn Matthias , Olms Constanze
Published: August 2018

Objective

The objective of this study was to determine the potential impact of a positioning splint on the determination of the correct tooth color using VITA Easyshade 4 (VE4) or VITA Easyshade 5 (VE5) (VITA Zahnfabrik, Germany).

Materials and Methods

Dental students (n = 50) in their third year and one expert determined the tooth shade of an extracted human tooth using VE4 and VE5, in presence or absence of a positioning splint. The determined shade values (L*a*b*) were collected and the delta E was calculated. A statistical evaluation was performed with the program SPSS® (P < .05).

Results

There was no significant difference in the determination of the correct tooth color (VITA 3D‐Master shade), independent from either the expert or the students positioning splint, and independent of using VE4 (P = 1; P = .092) or VE5 (P = .125; P = .25).

Conclusion

Using VE4 or VE5, a positioning splint has no effect on the determination of the correct tooth color (VITA 3D‐Master shade). For an exact measurement of the L*a*b values in clinical studies, a positioning splint should be used. A person untrained in working with the devices can determine the correct tooth shade more frequently with VE5 than with VE4.© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Clinical Significance

Correctly determining the tooth shade is an essential treatment step in esthetic reconstructive dentistry. Color is probably one of the most important determinants of esthetics in dentistry. Factors such as lighting conditions, gender, age, experience, and color vision impairment affect the process of shade matching. These deficits brought about the desire for an objective and reproducible shade determination method with digital devices for shade determination. One of the most proven and frequently used digital shade determination devices is the “VITA Easyshade” (VITA Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany). At this point in time, there are no (published) reports on the measurement accuracy of the new VE 5. In addition, there are, as of yet, no investigations comparing the VE 4 and VE 5.
Randomized trial of vonoprazan‐based versus proton‐pump inhibitor‐based third‐line triple therapy with sitafloxacin for Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Sue Soichiro , Shibata Wataru , Sasaki Tomohiko , Kaneko Hiroaki , Irie Kuniyasu , Kondo Masaaki , Maeda Shin
Published: August 2018

Background and Aim

This was a prospective, randomized trial of the efficacy of vonoprazan‐based and proton‐pump inhibitor‐based 7‐day triple regimens with amoxicillin and sitafloxacin as a third‐line therapy for eradicating Helicobacter pylori after failure of clarithromycin‐based and metronidazole‐based first‐line and second‐line therapy.

Methods

We enrolled 63 patients positive for H. pylori in whom first‐line and second‐line regimens for eradicating failed. Patients were randomized to the V‐AS group (vonoprazan 20‐mg bid, amoxicillin 750‐mg bid, and sitafloxacin 100‐mg bid for 7 days) or PPI‐AS group (esomeprazole 20‐mg bid, rabeprazole 10‐mg bid, or lansoprazole 30‐mg bid; amoxicillin 750‐mg bid; and sitafloxacin 100‐mg bid for 7 days). We assessed the outcome of eradication therapy using the 13C‐urea breath test. We evaluated safety using patient questionnaires. This study was registered in the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000016336).

Results

The intention‐to‐treat and per‐protocol eradication rates of V‐AS were 75.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 57.7–88.9%) and 83.3% (95% CI: 65.3–94.4%), respectively. The respective eradication rates of PPI‐AS were 53.3% (95% CI: 34.3–71.7%) and 57.1% (95% CI: 37.2–75.5%). In per‐protocol analyses, the eradication rate of the V‐AS group was significantly higher than that of the PPI‐AS group (P = 0.043); however, no significant differences were observed in intention‐to‐treat analyses (P = 0.071). Questionnaire scores did not differ significantly between the groups.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that 7‐day triple therapy with vonoprazan, amoxicillin, and sitafloxacin is more effective than proton‐pump inhibitor, amoxicillin, and sitafloxacin as a third‐line regimen for eradicating H. pylori.
Functional Decline and Resilience in Older Women Receiving Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer
Authors: Hurria Arti , Soto‐Perez‐de‐Celis Enrique , Allred Jacob B. , Cohen Harvey Jay , Arsenyan Anait , Ballman Karla , Le‐Rademacher Jennifer , Jatoi Aminah , Filo Julie , Mandelblatt Jeanne , Lafky Jacqueline M. , Kimmick Gretchen , Klepin Heidi D. , Freedman Rachel A. , Burstein Harold , Gralow Julie , Wolff Antonio C. , Magrinat Gustav , Barginear Myra , Muss Hyman
Published: August 2018

Objectives

To analyze self‐reported changes in physical function in older women with breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy.

Design

Secondary analysis of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 49907 prospective randomized clinical trial.

Setting

CALGB institutions in the United States.

Participants

Women aged 65 and older with Stage I to III breast cancer enrolled in CALGB 49907 who had physical function data from before and after receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy (N=256; mean age 71.5, range 65–85).

Measurements

Participants were administered the physical function subscale of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire before chemotherapy, at the end of chemotherapy, and 12 months after chemotherapy initiation. Functional decline was defined as a more than 10‐point decrease from baseline at each time point. Resilience was defined as return to within 10 points of baseline. Multivariable regression was used to examine pretreatment characteristics associated with physical function changes.

Results

Of 42% of participants who had physical function decline from before to the end of chemotherapy, 47% recovered by 12 months (were resilient). Almost one‐third experienced functional decline from before chemotherapy to 12 months later. Pretreatment fatigue was a risk factor for functional decline from before to the end of chemotherapy (P=.02). Risk factors for functional decline at 12 months included pretreatment dyspnea (P=.007) and being unmarried (P=.01).

Conclusion

Functional decline was common in older women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer in a clinical trial. Although half recovered their physical function, one‐third had a clinically meaningful decline at 12 months. Strategies are needed to prevent functional decline in older adults receiving chemotherapy. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:920–927, 2019.
Fundamentals of CNS energy metabolism and alterations in lysosomal storage diseases
Authors: McKenna Mary C. , Schuck Patricia F. , Ferreira Gustavo C.
Published: August 2018

The brain has a very high requirement for energy. Adult brain relies on glucose as an energy substrate, whereas developing brain can utilize alternative substrates as well as glucose for energy and for the biosynthesis of lipids and proteins required for brain development. Metabolism provides the energy required to support all cellular functions and brain development and building blocks for macromolecules. Lysosomes are organelles involved in breakdown of biological compounds including proteins and complex lipids in the body and brain. Recent studies suggest that lysosomal dysfunction can damage neurons and/or alter neurotransmitter homeostasis. Several studies also implicate mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of brain damage in lysosomal storage diseases. This manuscript provides a brief review of energy metabolism and the key pathways involved in metabolism in brain. Roles of lysosomes related to metabolism and neurotransmission are discussed, and evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in several lysosomal storage diseases is presented.

image

This article is part of the Special Issue “Lysosomal Storage Disorders”.
Ultrasound evaluation of arterial anastomosis of the forehead
Authors: Tansatit Tanvaa , Phumyoo Thirawass , Jitaree Benrita , Sawatwong Worapat , Rungsawang Chalermquan , Jiirasutat Nuttapatch , Sahraoui Yasmina M. E. , Lee Joo Heon
Published: August 2018

Background

Color Doppler ultrasound has a potential role as an imaging guide in aiding filler injections which are blinded procedures.

Objective

This study investigated the forehead arteries and provided insight into their anastomoses. This was performed by challenging their function to provide blood through these anastomoses when the main artery was temporary occluded by compression.

Methods

Three arteries were identified on each side of the forehead, the supratrochlear, the supraorbital and the superficial temporal arteries. Under ultrasound monitoring, each target artery and corresponding anastomosis was studied separately by compressions performed in a sequential and accumulative manner.

Results

Data from the current study imply that accidental cannulation of either the supratrochlear artery or the supraorbital artery can cause ophthalmic artery embolization in every case recorded. If the frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery is cannulated, the chance of blindness as a complication occurs in one fifth of volunteers. Anastomosis between both sides of the terminal branches of ophthalmic arteries creates the possibility of bilateral ocular complications when accidental cannulation occurs at one of these branches, especially the supratrochlear artery. Thus, injury to the supratrochlear artery carries a greater risk of complication than the supraorbital artery.

Conclusion

These findings emphasize that the chance of ocular complication is less when accidental cannulation occurs at the superficial temporal artery compared with injury to the supratrochlear or the supraorbital arteries as the terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery. Ultrasound can assist in the identification and evaluation of all the arteries at risk, thus avoiding the occurrence of vascular complications.
Trends in weight‐related attitudes and behaviours among New Zealand adolescents, between 2007 and 2012
Authors: Utter Jennifer , Haines Jess , Denny Simon , Teevale Tasileta
Published: August 2018

Aim

To explore secular trends of adolescent weight control concerns and behaviours, between 2007 and 2012, and determine if these vary by body size.

Methods

Data were drawn from two nationally representative youth health surveys, Youth’07 and Youth’12. Multiple logistic regression models were used to determine differences in the prevalence of weight control behaviours and concerns between the two time points, controlling for socio‐demographic variables.

Results

Between 2007 and 2012, both boys and girls were significantly more likely to report concerns about their weight, though the prevalence of trying to lose weight increased for boys, but not girls. Trends in weight control behaviours varied by body size for boys and girls. Perhaps the most striking findings were the increases in proportions of underweight girls and healthy weight boys who were trying to lose weight.

Conclusions

The current study highlights the growing concerns that young people are experiencing in relation to weight control. Given the persistently high rates of adolescent obesity in New Zealand and globally, greater support for young people with regards to healthy eating and weight management is warranted.
On dynamics in a Keynesian model of monetary and fiscal stabilization policy mix with twin debt accumulation
Authors: Asada Toichiro , Demetrian Michal , Zimka Rudolf
Published: August 2018

In this paper, a six‐dimensional model of flexible prices with the monetary and fiscal policy mix, describing the development of the firms’ private debt, the output, the expected rate of inflation, the rate of interest, government expenditure, and government bonds are analyzed. The stress put on the “twin debt accumulation” means that in our model both private debt accumulation and the public debt (government bond) accumulation are explicitly introduced. Questions concerning the existence of limit cycles around its normal equilibrium point are investigated. The bifurcation equation is found. The formulae for the calculation of its coefficients are gained. Numerical example illustrating the results attained is presented by means of numerical simulations.
Association of long interspersed nucleotide element‐1 and interferon regulatory factor 6 methylation changes with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate
Authors: Li Yanhua , Deng Ying , Deng Changfei , Xie Liang , Yu Li , Liu Lijun , Yuan Yumei , Liu Hanmin , Dai Li
Published: August 2018

Objective

To examine the possible associations between methylation changes in the promoter regions of long interspersed nucleotide element‐1 (LINE‐1) and interferon regulatory factor 6 gene (IRF6) and nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P).

Methods

A case–control investigation was performed to compare 37 infants affected by NSCL/Ps with 60 babies without cleft malformations. Their genomic DNA samples were obtained, and the LINE‐1 and IRF6 methylation levels were measured by using Sequenom MassArray. Unconditional logistic regression was adopted to estimate the odds ratio.

Results

Infants with NSCL/Ps had a higher methylation level at LINE‐1 and IRF6 promoter regions than controls. High levels of LINE‐1 (≥64.07%) and IRF6 (≥6.46%) methylation were associated with an increased risk of NSCL/P (LINE‐1, OR = 2.63, 95% CI: 1.07–6.57; IRF6, OR = 4.73, 95% CI: 2.10–13.07), and the associations remained to be significant after adjusting for potential confounders. Similar associations were also found for cleft lip only, cleft lip, and palate.

Conclusion

Our study suggested that aberrant methylation of LINE‐1 and IRF6 might contribute to the development of NSCL/Ps. Further studies are needed to replicate the findings.
Snails prefer it sweet: A multifactorial test of the metal defence hypothesis
Authors: Llugany Mercè , Tolrà Roser , Barceló Juan , Poschenrieder Charlotte
Published: August 2018

Metal defence against insect herbivory in hyperaccumulator plants is well documented. However, there are contradictory results regarding protection against snails. According to the joint effects hypothesis, inorganic and organic defences cooperate in plant protection. To test this hypothesis, we explored the relationships between snail (Cantareus aspersus) feeding and multiple inorganic and organic leaf components in the Cd hyperaccumulator plant Noccaea praecox. Plants grouped by rosette size growing in nutrient solution supplemented or not with 50 μM Cd were offered to the snails. After 3 days of snail feeding, the plants and snails were analysed. In addition to Cd concentrations, we analysed leaves for nutritional factors (sugar and protein), defence‐related compounds (glucosinolates, phenolics, tannins, salicylic acid and jasmonate) and essential mineral nutrients. Cadmium concentrations in the snails and in snail excrements were also analysed. Snails preferentially fed on plants grown without Cd. Medium‐sized plants exposed to Cd were the least consumed. Snail excrements from this trial weighed less and had higher Cd concentrations than those from other treatments. Cadmium increased salicylate and jasmonate production. A positive relationship between jasmonate levels and the number of attacked leaves was found. Principal component analysis revealed that leaf sugar concentration was the main factor positively affecting snails' leaf consumption, while leaf Cd had a negative but weaker influence. In conclusion, leaf sugar concentration mainly governs snails' feeding preferences. High leaf Cd concentrations do not deter herbivores from attacking leaves, but they do reduce leaf consumption. Our results clearly support the joint effects hypothesis.
Does virtual bronchoscopic navigation improve the diagnostic yield of transbronchial biopsy?
Authors: Asano Fumihiro
Published: August 2018

See related Article
Development of tuberculosis vaccines in clinical trials: Current status
Authors: Méndez‐Samperio Patricia
Published: August 2018

Tuberculosis (TB) is an important infectious disease worldwide. Currently, Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) remains the only TB vaccine licensed for human use. This TB vaccine is effective in protecting children against severe military TB but offers variable protective efficacy in adults. Therefore, new vaccines against TB are needed to overcome this serious disease. At present, around 14 TB vaccine candidates are in different phases of clinical trials. These TB vaccines in clinical evaluation can be classified into two groups including preventive pre‐ and post‐exposure vaccines: subunit vaccines (attenuated viral vectors or adjuvanted fusion proteins), and whole‐cell vaccines (genetically attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), recombinant BCG, killed M. tb or M. vaccae). Although, over the last two decades a great progress in the search for a more effective TB vaccine has been demonstrated there is still no replacement for the licensed BCG vaccine. This article summarizes the current status of TB vaccine development and identifies crucial gaps of research for the development of an effective TB vaccine in all age groups.
Acacetin regulated the reciprocal differentiation of Th17 cells and Treg cells and mitigated the symptoms of collagen‐induced arthritis in mice
Authors: Liu Lin , Yang Junxia , Zu Beibei , Wang Jingya , Sheng Kang , Zhao Lin , Xu Weiwei
Published: August 2018

Background and aim

The immune‐regulative effect of acacetin on the development of autoimmune arthritis remains unexplored. This study aims to investigate the potential effect of acacetin on the treatment of collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) in mice and clarify its underlying mechanism.

Methods and results

In a type II collagen (CII)‐induced autoimmune arthritis model, acacetin significantly repressed the incidence of CIA, prevented the pathological alteration, and reduced CII‐specific IgG and IgG1 levels. Flow cytometry assay suggested that the recipients of acacetin showed the expansion of Treg cells and the decreasing Th17 cells in spleen and inguinal lymph nodes after the initiation of CIA. In vitro experiment suggested that in addition to altering the pro‐inflammatory production in dendritic cells, engagement of acacetin relieved the generation of Th17 cells and maintained the ratio of Treg cells under Th17‐polarized condition. The addition of acacetin inhibited the T cell proliferation, as well as the expression of the transcriptional coactivator TAZ, which regulated the balance of Treg/Th17 immunity, in a dose‐dependent manner.

Conclusion

Our data demonstrated that acacetin mitigated the development of CIA and might be a potential agent for the treatment of autoimmune arthritis.
Students Cheat More: Comparing the Dishonesty of a Student Sample and a Representative Sample in the Laboratory*
Authors: Fosgaard Toke Reinholt
Published: August 2018

Unethical behavior has been found in numerous experiments, yet mainly among university students. The use of student participants is potentially problematic for generalizability and the resulting policy recommendations. In this paper, I report on an experiment with potential dishonesty. The experiment was completed by a representative non‐student sample and a student sample. The results show that cheating does exist, but also that students cheat systematically more. This suggests that focusing on students as participants tends to overestimate the magnitude of cheating. I further find that age is an important explanation for this difference in dishonesty. The older the participants are, the less they cheat.
Early‐Life Circumstances Predict Measures of Trust among Adults: Evidence from Hunger Episodes in Post‐War Germany
Authors: Kesternich Iris , Smith James P. , Winter Joachim K. , Hörl Maximiliane
Published: August 2018

Can a major shock in childhood permanently shape trust? We consider a hunger episode in Germany after World War II, and we construct a measure of hunger exposure from official data on caloric rations set monthly by the occupying forces, providing regional and temporal variations. We correlate hunger exposure with measures of trust using data from a nationally representative sample of the German population. We show that individuals exposed to low caloric rations in childhood have significantly lower levels of trust as adults. This finding highlights that early‐life experiences can have long‐term effects in domains other than health, where such effects are well documented.
Real‐time inverse distance weighting interpolation for streaming sensor data
Authors: Liang Qinghan , Nittel Silvia , Whittier John C. , de Bruin Sytze
Published: August 2018

With advances in technology and an increasing variety of inexpensive geosensors, environmental monitoring has become increasingly sensor dense and real time. Using sensor data streams enables real‐time applications such as environmental hazard detection, or earthquake, wildfire, or radiation monitoring. In‐depth analysis of such spatial fields is often based on a continuous representation. With very large numbers of concurrent observation streams, novel algorithms are necessary that integrate streams into rasters, or other continuous representations, continuously in real time. In this article, we present an approach leveraging data stream engines (DSEs) to achieve scalable, high‐throughput inverse distance weighting (IDW). In detail, we designed and implemented a novel stream query operator framework that extends general‐purpose DSEs. The proposed framework includes a two‐panel, spatio‐temporal grid‐based index and several algorithms, namely the Shell and k‐Shell algorithms, to estimate individual grid cells efficiently and adaptively for different sampling scenarios. For our performance experiments, we generated several different spatio‐temporal stream data sets based on the radiation deposits in the Fukushima region after the nuclear accident of 2011 in Japan. Our results showed that the k‐Shell algorithm of the proposed framework produces a raster based on 250k observation streams in under 0.5 s using a state‐of‐the‐art workstation.
Dynamic regulation of PIF5 by COP1–SPA complex to optimize photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Pham Vinh Ngoc , Kathare Praveen Kumar , Huq Enamul
Published: August 2018

Light signal provides the spatial and temporal information for plants to adapt to the prevailing environmental conditions. Alterations in light quality and quantity can trigger robust changes in global gene expression. In Arabidopsis thaliana, two groups of key factors regulating those changes in gene expression are CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS/DEETIOLATED/FUSCA (COP/DET/FUS) and a subset of basic helix‐loop‐helix transcription factors called PHYTOCHROME‐INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs). Recently, rapid progress has been made in characterizing the E3 ubiquitin ligases for the light‐induced degradation of PIF1, PIF3 and PIF4; however, the E3 ligase(s) for PIF5 remains unknown. Here, we show that the CUL4COP1–SPA complex is necessary for the red light‐induced degradation of PIF5. Furthermore, COP1 and SPA proteins stabilize PIF5 in the dark, but promote the ubiquitination and degradation of PIF5 in response to red light through the 26S proteasome pathway. Genetic analysis illustrates that overexpression of PIF5 can partially suppress both cop1‐4 and spaQ seedling de‐etiolation phenotypes under dark and red‐light conditions. In addition, the PIF5 protein level cycles under both diurnal and constant light conditions, which is also defective in the cop1‐4 and spaQ backgrounds. Both cop1‐4 and spaQ show defects in diurnal growth pattern. Overexpression of PIF5 partially restores growth defects in cop1‐4 and spaQ under diurnal conditions, suggesting that the COP1–SPA complex plays an essential role in photoperiodic hypocotyl growth, partly through regulating the PIF5 level. Taken together, our data illustrate how the CUL4COP1–SPA E3 ligase dynamically controls the PIF5 level to regulate plant development.
Investigation of a community cluster of cutaneous Mycobacterium marinum infection, an emerging zoonotic pathogen in aquaculture industry, Haliburton, Kawartha, Pine Ridge District Health Unit, Ontario, Canada, July–August 2015
Authors: Sunil Vidya , Harris Andrew W. , Sine Bob , Holt Anne Marie , Noseworthy A. Lynn , Sider Doug , Jamieson Frances B , White Shelley , Johnston Cassandra , Spohn Olivia
Published: August 2018

In July 2015, a cluster of five suspect cases of clinically diagnosed Mycobacterium marinum (M. marinum) skin infections were reported to the Haliburton, Kawartha, Pine Ridge District Health Unit (HKPRDHU), Ontario, Canada, with two additional cases subsequently identified through case finding. All seven cases presented with cutaneous lesions located on the finger, hand and/or elbow regions typical of M. marinum infection. Specimens were collected by skin biopsy for two of the seven cases; both cases tested positive for M. marinum by molecular detection (hsp65 gene amplification and sequencing), and one was confirmed positive for M. marinum by culture. All seven cases reported handling raw shrimp from an aquaculture facility in the Health Unit's jurisdiction. M. marinum is not a reportable disease in Ontario, and there are no known previous reports of a cluster of M. marinum reported in Ontario, Canada. A cluster investigation working group was struck that included representation from various agencies including Public Health Ontario (PHO), Public Health Ontario Laboratories (PHOL), Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA) and the two health units involved in case investigations. Several public health and aquaculture farming recommendations were made to mitigate further risks associated with handling of raw shrimp from the facility. Several challenges were faced during the investigation process. The paper discusses these challenges and public health recommendations made in order to mitigate occupational and public health risks related to the hazard identified.
RORγt limits the amount of the cytokine receptor γc through the prosurvival factor Bcl-x
L
in developing thymocytes
Authors: Ligons Davinna L. , Hwang SuJin , Waickman Adam T. , Park Joo-Young , Luckey Megan A. , Park Jung-Hyun
Published: August 2018

The prosurvival factor Bcl-x
L
prevents excessive γc cytokine signaling in developing T cells.
Evidence for Multidrug Resistance in Nonpathogenic Mycoplasma Species Isolated from South African Poultry
Authors: Beylefeld Amanda , Wambulawaye Pamela , Bwala Dauda Garba , Gouws Johannes Jacobus , Lukhele Obed Mooki , Wandrag Daniel Barend Rudolph , Abolnik Celia
Published: August 2018

Nonpathogenic poultry
Mycoplasma
species are often overlooked due to their lesser impact on poultry health and production compared to the OIE-listed pathogenic strains
M. gallisepticum
and
M. synoviae
. The use of antimicrobials as in-feed growth promoters and for the control of mycoplasmosis is common in poultry production across the world. Here, we provide evidence that certain nonpathogenic
Mycoplasma
species are acquiring multidrug resistance traits. This would have significant implications if these species, for which no vaccines are applied, are able to transfer their antibiotic resistance genes to other mycoplasmas and bacteria that may enter the human food chain.
High-Resolution Identification of Multiple Salmonella Serovars in a Single Sample by Using CRISPR-SeroSeq
Authors: Thompson Cameron P. , Doak Alexandra N. , Amirani Naufa , Schroeder Erin A. , Wright Justin , Kariyawasam Subhashinie , Lamendella Regina , Shariat Nikki W.
Published: August 2018

Salmonella entericais the leading bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the United States and is represented by over 2,600 distinct serovars. Some of these serovars are pathogenic in humans, while others are not. Current surveillance for this pathogen is limited by the detection of only the most abundant serovars, due to the culture-based approaches that are used. Thus, pathogenic serovars that are present in a minority remain undetected. By exploiting serovar-specific differences in the CRISPR arrays ofSalmonellaspp., we have developed a high-throughput sequencing tool to be able to identify multiple serovars in a single sample and tested this in multiple poultry samples. This novel approach allows differences in the dynamics of individualSalmonellaserovars to be measured and can have a significant impact on understanding the ecology of this pathogen with respect to zoonotic risk and public health.
Human Pathogenic Entomophthorales
Authors: Vilela Raquel , Mendoza Leonel
Published: August 2018

The pathogenic entomophthoralean fungi cause infection in insects and mammalian hosts.
Basidiobolus
and
Conidiobolus
species can be found in soil and insect, reptile, and amphibian droppings in tropical and subtropical areas.
Potential Coverage of the 4CMenB Vaccine against Invasive Serogroup BNeisseria meningitidisIsolated from 2009 to 2013 in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Mulhall Robert M. , Bennett Desiree , Cunney Robert , Borrow Ray , Lucidarme Jay , Findlow Jamie , Jolley Keith A. , Bray James , Maiden Martin C. J. , Moschioni Monica , Serino Laura , Stella Maria , Medini Duccio
Published: August 2018

The meningococcal antigen typing system (MATS) is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that measures both the levels of expression and the immune reactivity of the three recombinant 4CMenB antigens. Together with PorA variable-region sequence data, this system provides an estimation of how susceptible MenB isolates are to killing by 4CMenB vaccine-induced antibodies. Assays based on subcapsular antigen phenotype analyses, such as MATS, are important in situations where conventional vaccine coverage estimations are not possible. Subcapsular antigens are typically highly diverse across strains, and vaccine coverage estimations would require unfeasibly large efficacy trials and screening of an exhaustive strain panel for antibody functional activity. Here, MATS was applied to all invasive meningococcal serogroup B (MenB) strains isolated over four consecutive epidemiological years (n= 105) and predicted reasonably high 4CMenB vaccine coverage in the Republic of Ireland.