bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A review on multi-view learning
Authors: Yu Zhiwen , Dong Ziyang , Yu Chenchen , Yang Kaixiang , Fan Ziwei , Chen C. L. Philip
Published: December 2024

Multi-view learning is an emerging field that aims to enhance learning performance by leveraging multiple views or sources of data across various domains. By integrating information from diverse perspectives, multi-view learning methods effectively enhance accuracy, robustness, and generalization capabilities. The existing research on multi-view learning can be broadly categorized into four groups in the survey based on the tasks it encompasses, namely multi-view classification approaches, multi-view semi-supervised classification approaches, multi-view clustering approaches, and multi-view semi-supervised clustering approaches. Despite its potential advantages, multi-view learning poses several challenges, including view inconsistency, view complementarity, optimal view fusion, the curse of dimensionality, scalability, limited labels, and generalization across domains. Nevertheless, these challenges have not discouraged researchers from exploring the potential of multiview learning. It continues to be an active and promising research area, capable of effectively addressing complex real-world problems.
A survey on LoRA of large language models
Authors: Mao Yuren , Ge Yuhang , Fan Yijiang , Xu Wenyi , Mi Yu , Hu Zhonghao , Gao Yunjun
Published: December 2024

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), which updates the dense neural network layers with pluggable low-rank matrices, is one of the best performed parameter efficient fine-tuning paradigms. Furthermore, it has significant advantages in cross-task generalization and privacy-preserving. Hence, LoRA has gained much attention recently, and the number of related literature demonstrates exponential growth. It is necessary to conduct a comprehensive overview of the current progress on LoRA. This survey categorizes and reviews the progress from the perspectives of (1) downstream adaptation improving variants that improve LoRA’s performance on downstream tasks; (2) cross-task generalization methods that mix multiple LoRA plugins to achieve cross-task generalization; (3) efficiency-improving methods that boost the computation-efficiency of LoRA; (4) data privacy-preserving methods that use LoRA in federated learning; (5) application. Besides, this survey also discusses the future directions in this field.
Effects of NaV1.5 and Rac1 on the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer
Authors: Zha Zhuocen , Ge Fei , Li Na , Zhang Shijun , Wang Chenxi , Gong Fuhong , Miao Jingge , Chen Wenlin
Published: December 2024

Breast cancer is a disease that seriously endangers the health of women. However, it is difficult to treat due to the emergence of metastasis and drug resistance. Exploring the metastasis mechanism of breast cancer is helpful to aim for the appropriate target. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important mechanism of breast cancer metastasis. Sodium channel 1.5(NaV1.5) and the GTPase Rac1 are factors related to the degree of malignancy of breast tumors. The expression of NaV1.5 and the activation of Rac1 are both involved in EMT. In addition, NaV1.5 can change the plasma membrane potential (Vm) by promoting the inflow of Na+ to depolarize the cell membrane, induce the activation of Rac1 and produce a cascade of reactions that lead to EMT in breast cancer cells; this sequence of events further induces the movement, migration and invasion of tumor cells and affects the prognosis of breast cancer patients. In this paper, the roles of NaV1.5 and Rac1 in EMT-mediated breast cancer progression were reviewed.
Exploring Everyday Slutshaming: The Role of Family and the Male Gaze in Reproducing Women’s Sexual Shame
Authors: Mercier Elisabeth
Published: December 2024

This article explores everyday forms of slutshaming in the lives of women and girls living primarily in Quebec (Canada) and France. Through a series of semi-directed interviews with 18 participants and a review of public testimonials (n = 12) and academic literature (n = 67) about slutshaming, this analysis shows how sexual shame is first instilled within the family, particularly by mothers seeking to protect daughters against potential future sexual violence. The male gaze is also a key element in the daily reproduction of slutshaming, specifically as it internalizes feelings of body shame and “hypervisibility” in public spaces. This analysis also highlights the fact that although they may appear ordinary or even inoffensive, even the most subtle and internalized forms of slutshaming have many consequences in the lives of women and girls: reduced autonomy, low self-esteem, humiliation, discomfort, and hypervigilance. Ultimately, women’s sexual shame and efforts deployed to reproduce, teach, or instill it at the micro level reinforce a gendered social order in which cisgender, heterosexual men enjoy greater sexual liberty.
Call for papers for the Special Issue: “British and Eire Biophysics”
Authors: Harding Stephen , Watts Anthony
Published: December 2024

This is a call for papers for a special issue of Biophysical Reviews devoted to British and Eire Biophysics, and follows a successful special issue dedicated to Japanese Biophysics published in 2020. Our objective is to have under one volume a selection of articles that can give the wider scientific community a firm insight into current developments in biophysical science in Britain and Eire.
Computational and experimental advances in liver-on-a-chip technology for cancer research: a systematic review
Authors: Carvalho Violeta , Ferreira Mariana , Rodrigues Raquel O. , Teixeira Senhorinha F. C. F. , Lima Rui A.
Published: December 2024

The integration of numerical simulations with Liver-on-a-Chip (LoC) technology offers an innovative approach for studying liver physiology and pathology, especially in the context of liver cancer. Numerical simulations facilitate the optimization of microfluidic devices’ design and deepen the understanding of fluid flow and mass transfer. However, despite significant advancements, challenges such as replicating the full complexity of the liver microenvironment and scaling up for high-throughput screening persist. This systematic review explores the current advancements in LoC devices, with a particular emphasis on their combined use of numerical simulations and experimental studies in liver cancer research. A comprehensive search across multiple databases, including ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, Scopus, Springer Link, Web of Science, and PubMed, was conducted to gather relevant literature. Our findings indicate that the combination of both techniques in this field is still rare, resulting in a final selection of 13 original research papers. This review underscores the importance of continued interdisciplinary research to refine these technologies and enhance their application in personalized medicine and cancer therapy. By consolidating existing studies, this review aims to highlight key advancements, identify current challenges, and propose future directions for this rapidly evolving field.
Bipath persistence
Authors: Aoki Toshitaka , Escolar Emerson G. , Tada Shunsuke
Published: December 2024

In persistent homology analysis, interval modules play a central role in describing the birth and death of topological features across a filtration. In this work, we extend this setting, and propose the use of bipath persistent homology, which can be used to study the persistence of topological features across a pair of filtrations connected at their ends, to compare the two filtrations. In this setting, interval-decomposability is guaranteed, and we provide an algorithm for computing persistence diagrams for bipath persistent homology and discuss the interpretation of bipath persistence diagrams.
Using Community-Based Participatory Research Approaches to Inform Development of Culturally Appropriate Cancer Informational Materials for the Pueblo of Zuni
Authors: Sheche Judith , Leekity Samantha , Lalio Kassie , Jim Cheyenne , Cartwright Kate , Mishra Shiraz I.
Published: December 2024

American Indians (AIs) experience continued disparities in incidence, mortality, and survival on cancers responsive to early screening in the USA. In New Mexico, AIs compared with other racial/ethnic populations are substantially less likely to adhere to recommended screening guidelines. Our study focuses on increasing cancer awareness using culturally, linguistically, and health literacy appropriate informational materials. We conducted 10 focus groups between June and December 2021 using non-probability purposive sampling methods in the Zuni Pueblo in rural New Mexico. We established a nine-member Tribal Advisory Panel (TAP) that included representation from tribal organizations, healthcare providers, and Zuni Pueblo leadership. We recruited TAP and other tribal members for the focus groups. The focus group questions inquired about cultural and traditional tailoring of the informational materials, specifically in terms of conveying traditional health beliefs, graphic layout, and native artwork. Focus group participants recommended designing Zuni-specific informational materials incorporating vignettes by Zuni Tribal leaders, using Zuni terms, photographs, artwork, and resources. Perspectives elicited during the focus groups informed the adaptation and development of the informational materials designed to raise awareness about cancers of the breast, colon-rectum, and cervix. These materials convey information about the cancers, their risk factors, screening options, and informational resources. The new informational materials form integral components of multi-level, multi-component interventions designed to enhance cancer screening uptake through heightened awareness about the benefits of guideline-concordant cancer screening. Designing informational materials with Zuni-specific cultural, linguistic, and tribal representation should enhance participation of Zuni Tribal members in cancer control educational interventions.
The Water Framework Directive’s protection of groundwater-dependent terrestrial ecosystems
Authors: Baaner Lasse , Anker Helle Tegner , Ejrnæs Rasmus
Published: December 2024

The Water Framework Directive protects groundwater-dependent terrestrial ecosystems, but its concepts and definitions remain unclear. This paper aims to clarify the margin of discretion for the Member States, by applying a cross-disciplinary legal and biological analysis. We conclude that description of the protected ecosystems must include at least key components and processes and be based on a number of well-known groundwater-dependent habitats, but not restricted to habitats fed entirely by groundwater. We argue that the potential harm to terrestrial ecosystems by lowering the groundwater table should include the impact of both water abstraction and drainage, and, despite the discretion regarding scale, we recommend basing assessments and protection at a landscape-scale that aligns with the scale of bodies of groundwater, which typically includes a range of habitats in various ecological conditions.
Application of Hybrid Nanofluids in MQL Assisted Machining Operations: Exploring Synergies and Establishing Guidelines
Authors: Abellán-Nebot José V. , Ameen Kudama Habib , Khan Aqib Mashood , Mondragón Rosa
Published: December 2024

Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) is considered a promising lubricating technique for machining processes that can reduce the environmental impact of conventional flooding lubrication systems and improve operators’ safety. The addition of nanoparticles has been proved to increase the lubricating performance of MQL systems, and recently, the use of hybrid nanofluids is getting the attention of many researchers. The combination of different nanoparticles can provide a synergic effect leading to MQL systems with a high improvement in terms of friction and wear reduction, cooling, good stability, wettability, etc. However, the benefits of nanoparticles combination and the potential synergies that can be obtained have not been studied in detail. Current hybrid nanofluids formulation is proposed by a trial an error procedure, without a clear methodology to follow. In this review, recent research on hybrid nanofluids in MQL for machining operations is examined, and five main effects/benefits and three synergies of applying hybrid nanofluids are identified. A comparison between the main nanoparticles used in MQL is provided, showing the nanoparticles performance in terms of friction and wear reduction, cooling, mending, polishing and potential toxicity. This research work can be of interest to practitioners that want to use hybrid nanofluids in MQL systems, and they are looking for a comprehensive review in the field with practical guidelines about optimal formulation and preparation.
The Relationship Between Humor Styles, Optimism and Quality of life, and the Role of the Gender, Age and Socio-Economic Status: A Typological Approach
Authors: Čekrlija Đorđe , Kulakow Stefan , Aluja Anton , Garca Luis F.
Published: December 2024

The present study aims to extend knowledge on the relationship between humor styles, optimism and quality of life by employing the typological approach. Therefore, humor profiles were examined as patterns of humor styles and compared within profiles. The sample of 725 respondents from Spanish community was tested using Humor Styles Questionnaire, Life Orientation Test – Revised and the 12-Item Short Form Survey. Initial insight into the relations between humor styles, optimism and quality of life was provided using correlations controlling for gender, age, and socio-economic status, showing that optimism and quality of life measures correlated positively with affiliative and self-enhancing humor, and negatively with self-defeating humor styles. Four humor profiles (humor enhancers, endorsers, deniers and detrimenters) were identified using latent profile analysis, with the pairwise comparisons between the profiles in the analysis of differences in optimism and quality of life. Results revealed higher optimism and quality of life at humor profiles whose members use positive humor styles compared to profiles whose members use only negative humor styles, or do not use any kind of humor. In addition, significant role of gender, age and socio-economic position on observed relationship were confirmed. Advantages of typological approach in research of humor styles were discussed.
Journeying with the Dying—Lessons from Palliative Care Physicians
Authors: Radha Krishna Lalit Kumar , Binte Abdul Hamid Nur Amira , Lim Nicole-Ann , Ho Chong Yao , Ibrahim Halah
Published: December 2024

Witnessing suffering and death in palliative care can cause moral distress, emotional exhaustion and maladaptive coping strategies. How sense and meaning is made from these experiences influences how physicians think, feel and act as professionals (professional identity formation or PIF). It also determines how they cope with their roles, care for patients and interact with other professionals. Timely, personalised and appropriate support is key as shaping how these physicians develop and contend with sometimes competing beliefs and roles. The Ring Theory of Personhood (RToP) and the Krishna-Pisupati Model (KPM) offer a means of mapping PIF and thus moulding, coping and meaning making. This study uses the RToP and KPM to explore how caring for end-of-life patients impacts the personhood of palliative care physicians. Semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of 13 palliative care physicians—eleven females and two males aged between 35 and 50 years—at a cancer specialist centre were conducted. Transcripts of the audio-recorded interviews underwent content and thematic analysis where complementary themes and categories identified were combined to form domains that highlighted the physicians’ key experience of providing end-of-life care. The domains identified were (1) identity formation, (2) conflicts, (3) KPM elements and (4) support systems. Together, results revealed that palliative care physicians are driven by Innate, Individual, Relational and Societal belief systems that create an intertwined professional and personal identity, enabling them to find meaning in their experiences and adapt to present contexts within cultural norms and professional expectations. However, their failure to recognise their need for support when hampered by evolving personal, existential and clinical factors underlines the exigency for ongoing surveillance and a potential role for a RToP-based tool and portfolio system that can detect and direct timely, appropriate support to in-need physicians.
The Hierarchy of Victimhood: Prisons and States’ Responsibility to Protect Every Victim of Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking
Authors: Jovanović Marija , Topp Vanessa , Fluhr Franziska
Published: December 2024

In 2022, the prison service in England and Wales developed state-of-the-art guidance for prisons to enable them to better identify and support modern slavery survivors. This positive development in the UK’s anti-slavery regime is overshadowed by its increasingly restrictive immigration legislation, which leaves those without lawful residence and victims involved in criminal offences excluded from the support and assistance otherwise guaranteed by domestic and international law. This article presents an overview of the UK’s legal obligations towards survivors of modern slavery and human trafficking, explains how the prison service in England and Wales has sought to implement them, and discusses key challenges facing prisons in doing so. These efforts are contrasted with an increasingly hostile environment for certain categories of survivors, which effectively creates a “hierarchy of victimhood”, expressly prohibited by international law. In an environment where being a victim of a crime and human rights violation both matter less than the State’s interest in immigration and crime control, prisons will struggle to deliver on their commitment and international obligation to protect those inmates who have been or are at risk of being exploited.
A meta-synthesis of qualitative studies on citizenship and mental health
Authors: Ball Cassidy M. , Eiroa-Orosa Francisco José
Published: December 2024

Background:

Citizenship, as conceptualized by Rowe and colleagues, emphasizes the significance of relationships and community membership, encapsulated by the ‘5 Rs’ – rights, responsibilities, roles, resources, and relationships.

Methods:

A meta-synthesis of 20 qualitative studies on citizenship and mental health was conducted.

Results:

We identified four central themes: Autonomy and Empowerment, Social Inclusion and Relationships, Social Exclusion, and Non-Relational Resources and Supports. Service users’ experiences illuminate the challenges of achieving full citizenship, negotiating societal norms, and accessing non-relational resources.

Conclusions:

This synthesis contributes to our understanding of Citizenship and its relationship with mental health, highlighting its role in fostering social inclusion and empowerment as well as informing potential implications for mental health interventions and policies.
Characterizing the Modulation and Activation‐Triggering Mechanisms of Main‐Belt Comets via 3D Thermophysical Modeling of an Ellipsoidal Body
Authors: Zhang Yun , Hartzell Christine M.
Published: December 2024

Main‐belt objects (MBOs) with volatile components provide important insights into the solar system's evolution and the origin of Earth's water. In this study, we employ a 3D thermophysical model to simulate the evolution of a representative ellipsoidal main‐belt comet (MBC) and investigate the factors influencing its gas and dust activity. Our results highlight the important role of large obliquities in amplifying the detectability of sublimation‐driven dust emission in MBCs. For the modeled ellipsoidal 133P/Elst‐Pizarro, we found an obliquity of at least is likely required to sustain a dust production rate of 0.01 kg/s (this required obliquity increases to for a dust production rate of 0.1 kg/s). By exploring the influence of locations and sizes of ice‐exposed surface regions, we find that both the impact‐triggered and landslide‐triggered ice‐exposure mechanisms can lead to detectable dust and gas activities for the modeled MBC. With probable distributions of ice‐exposed surface regions, our results show that MBCs' sublimation‐driven activity should be predominantly detectable near perihelion, independent of the true anomaly at solstice and the activation‐triggering mechanism. Moreover, we find that the landslide‐triggered mechanism results in dual peaks in dust and gas emission curves. This enables potential differentiation between the two mechanisms, suggesting that monitoring of MBCs' activity at various orbital positions is important to discern the underlying activation‐triggering mechanism. Our analyses provide quantitative constraints on producing the observable cometary activity in ice‐containing MBOs and highlight the importance of studying the rotational evolution and structural dynamics of ice‐containing MBOs in characterizing their overall population.
Transport and Distribution of Sodium Ions in Mercury's Magnetosphere: Results From Multi‐Fluid MHD Simulations
Authors: Chen Yuxi , Dong Chuanfei , Sun Weijie
Published: December 2024

Mercury is surrounded by a tenuous neutral exosphere composed primarily of sodium atoms, which can be continuously ionized. The production of sodium ions is concentrated on the dayside, and these ions can subsequently be transported to the magnetotail and flanks. MESSENGER spacecraft observations revealed dawn‐dusk asymmetric distributions of sodium ions . In this study, we investigate the circulation, distribution, and its influence on global magnetospheric convection with a two‐fluid MHD model, which is coupled with an empirical sodium exosphere profile as the source of . In particular, we aim to investigate if the dawn‐dusk asymmetries in distributions near the equator can be driven by internal mechanisms within the magnetosphere. Our findings indicate that (a) the observed dawn‐dusk asymmetric distributions can be driven by the separation of and flows, and (b) the Hall‐driven global convection preferentially transporting ions to the morning sector.
Nutrient Vertical Flux in the Indonesian Seas as Constrained by Non‐Atmospheric Helium‐3
Authors: Xie Tengxiang , Cao Zhimian , Hamzah Faisal , Schlosser Peter , Dai Minhan
Published: December 2024

The Indonesian seas are a renowned global biodiversity hotspot, yet nutrient sources and fluxes (especially the vertical flux) sustaining this richness remain unclear. Here, we used non‐atmospheric helium‐3 (3He) to constrain the vertical diffusion coefficient (Kd) in the Indonesian seas, which ranges from 5.2 × 10−5 to 2.3 × 10−3 m2 s−1 and averages 6.6 × 10−4 m2 s−1, a value notably higher than those found in the open ocean and in most marginal seas. We estimated that 6.9 ± 7.9 mmol m−2 d−1 of nitrate (NO3−) is vertically transported into the surface mixed layer, that is, >90% of the total NO3− required to support a net community production (NCP) of 470 ± 467 mg‐C m−2 d−1. Regions with narrow straits, steep topography and dynamic circulation with strong vertical mixing display high NCP and chlorophyll‐a, suggesting that vertical nutrient transport dominates biological productivity. Findings highlight the importance of vertical mixing in supplying nutrients and maintaining the extraordinary biological productivity and diversity in the Indonesian seas.
Total Electron Content Variations During an HSS/SIR‐Driven Geomagnetic Storm at High and Mid Latitudes
Authors: Geethakumari G. P. , Aikio A. T. , Cai L. , Vanhamäki H. , Virtanen I. I. , Coster A. , Marchaudon A. , Blelly P.‐L. , Maute A. , Norberg J. , Oyama S. , Zhang Y. , Kunduri B. S. R.
Published: December 2024

Two interacting high‐speed solar wind streams (HSSs) and associated stream interaction regions (SIR) caused a moderate geomagnetic storm during 14–20 March 2016. The spatio‐temporal evolution of the total electron content (TEC) during the storm is studied by using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data. The moderate storm caused significant and long‐lasting changes on TEC within the polar cap (70–90 MLAT), at auroral and sub‐auroral latitudes (60–70 MLAT), and at mid‐latitudes (40–60 MLAT). A 25%–50% depletion in TEC was observed for six days in the day, dusk and dawn sectors in the polar cap region and in the day and dusk sectors at the auroral and sub‐auroral latitudes. Sub‐auroral polarization streams observed by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellite contributed to the sub‐auroral dusk TEC decreases. At mid‐latitudes, TEC depletion was observed in all local time sectors 21 hr after the storm onset. It is suggested that ion‐neutral frictional heating causes the TEC depletions, which is further supported by the observed spatial correlation between TEC depletions and O/N2 decreases at mid‐latitudes observed by TIMED/GUVI. The storm induced a prolonged positive phase at mid‐latitudes lasting 9 hr. In the polar cap, enhancements of TEC up to 200% were caused by polar cap patches. TEC increases were the dominant feature in the night and morning sectors within the auroral oval because of particle precipitation and resulted up to regionally averaged 6 TECU (200%) increases.
Complex Crater Collapse: A Comparison of the Block and Melosh Acoustic Fluidization Models of Transient Target Weakening
Authors: Hay Hamish C. F. C. , Collins Gareth S. , Davison Thomas M. , Rajšić Andrea , Johnson Brandon C.
Published: December 2024

The collapse of large impact craters requires a temporary reduction in the resistance to shear deformation of the target rocks. One explanation for such weakening is acoustic fluidization, where impact‐generated pressure fluctuations temporarily and locally relieve overburden pressure facilitating slip. A model of acoustic fluidization widely used in numerical impact simulations is the Block model. Simulations employing the Block model have successfully reproduced large‐scale crater morphometry and structural deformation but fail to predict localized weakening in the rim area and require unrealistically long pressure fluctuation decay times. Here, we modify the iSALE shock physics code to implement an alternative model of acoustic fluidization, which we call the Melosh model, that accounts for regeneration and scattering of acoustic vibrations not considered by the Block model. The Melosh model of acoustic fluidization is shown to be an effective model of dynamic weakening, differing from the Block model in the style of crater collapse and peak ring formation that it promotes. While the Block model facilitates complex crater collapse by weakening rocks deep beneath the crater, the Melosh model results in shallower and more localized weakening. Inclusion of acoustic energy regeneration in the Melosh model reconciles required acoustic energy dissipation rates with those typically derived from crustal seismic wave propagation analysis.
Using the Melosh Model of Acoustic Fluidization to Simulate Impact Crater Collapse on the Earth and Moon
Authors: Rajšić A. , Johnson B. C. , Collins G. S. , Hay H. C. F. C.
Published: December 2024

The formation of complex craters requires some form of transient weakening of target rocks. Acoustic fluidization is one proposed mechanism applied in many numerical simulations of large crater formation. In a companion paper, we describe implementing the Melosh model of acoustic fluidization in the iSALE shock physics code. Here, we explore the effect of Melosh model parameters on crater collapse and determine the range of parameters that reproduce observed crater depth‐to‐diameter trends on the Earth and Moon. Target viscosity in the Melosh model is proportional to the vibrational wavelength, , and the longevity of acoustic vibrations is (—quality factor). Our simulations show that affects the size of the fluidized region, its fluidity, and the magnitude of the vibrations, producing a variety of crater collapse styles. The size of the fluidized region is strongly affected by the . The regeneration factor, , controls the amount of (re)generated acoustic energy and its localization. We find that a decrease in leads to less crater collapse and that there are trade‐offs between and . This trade‐off contributes to the more realistic values than those used in the Block model. The diffusion of vibrations in regions with high stress and strain is controlled by the scattering term, . Compared to the Block model, the Melosh model results in a shallower zone of weakening in complex craters and enhanced strain localization around the crater rim. The parameter set that produces best depth‐diameter trends is  = 0.2impactor radius,  = 10–50,  = 0.025–0.1, and  = 10– .
Patterns of Carbon and Nitrogen Accumulation in Seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) Meadows of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Apostolaki Eugenia T. , Lavery Paul S. , Litsi‐Mizan Victoria , Serrano Eduard , Inostroza Karina , Gerakaris Vasilis , Dailianis Thanos , Glampedakis Julius , Holitzki Tara , Johnson Erik , Mateo Miguel A. , Serrano Oscar
Published: December 2024

The variability in stocks and accumulation rates of organic carbon (Corg), nitrogen (N), and carbonate (CaCO3) was studied in fifteen Posidonia oceanica meadows spread throughout the South Aegean Sea (Greece). In addition, the abiotic and biotic drivers determining the pattern of variability in the accumulation rates were assessed by exploring the influence of sediment characteristics, seagrass traits, and environmental settings. The meadows supported on average (±STDEV) 14.6 ± 5.0 kg Corg m−2, 0.47 ± 0.17 kg N m−2, and 249 ± 210 kg CaCO3 m−2 in the top meter of their sediments, with mean accumulation rates over the last 500 years of 33.6 ± 23.6 g Corg m−2 yr−1, 1.00 ± 0.62 g N m−2 yr−1, and 405 ± 336 g CaCO3 m−2 yr−1 across sites. A redundancy analysis (RDA) explained 70% of the variation in Corg, N, and CaCO3 accumulation rates, with three sediment characteristics (i.e., sediment Corg:N and Corg:Cinorg ratios and P. oceanica contribution to the sediment Corg pool) emerging as the primary set of factors shaping the accumulation of matter, followed by seagrass traits (i.e., leaf biomass and rhizome elongation) and environmental variables (i.e., suspended organic matter). The high degree of variability within the region emphasizes the need for fine‐scale assessments to understand the local conditions influencing sequestration. Our findings underscored the critical role of seagrass meadows in carbon and nitrogen sequestration in the region, urging conservation efforts to protect these ecosystems and prevent potential losses of stored carbon and nitrogen following seagrass degradation.
The Averaged Hydrostatic Boussinesq Ocean Equations in Generalized Vertical Coordinates
Authors: Jansen Malte F. , Adcroft Alistair , Griffies Stephen M. , Grooms Ian
Published: December 2024

Due to their limited resolution, numerical ocean models need to be interpreted as representing filtered or averaged equations. How to interpret models in terms of formally averaged equations, however, is not always clear, particularly in the case of hybrid or generalized vertical coordinate models, which limits our ability to interpret the model results and to develop parameterizations for the unresolved eddy contributions. We here derive the averaged hydrostatic Boussinesq equations in generalized vertical coordinates for an arbitrary thickness‐weighted average. We then consider various special cases and discuss the extent to which the averaged equations are consistent with existing ocean model formulations. As previously discussed, the momentum equations in existing depth‐coordinate models are best interpreted as representing Eulerian averages (i.e., averages taken at fixed depth), while the tracer equations can be interpreted as either Eulerian or thickness‐weighted isopycnal averages. Instead we find that no averaging is fully consistent with existing formulations of the parameterizations in semi‐Lagrangian discretizations of generalized vertical coordinate ocean models such as MOM6. A coordinate‐following average would require “coordinate‐aware” parameterizations that can account for the changing nature of the eddy terms as the coordinate changes. Alternatively, the model variables can be interpreted as representing either Eulerian or (thickness‐weighted) isopycnal averages, independent of the model coordinate that is being used for the numerical discretization. Existing parameterizations in generalized vertical coordinate models, however, are not always consistent with either of these interpretations, which, respectively, would require a three‐dimensional divergence‐free eddy tracer advection or a form‐stress parameterization in the momentum equations.
Physical Drivers and Biogeochemical Effects of the Projected Decline of the Shelfbreak Jet in the Northwest North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Garcia‐Suarez Lina , Fennel Katja
Published: December 2024

A solid understanding of the mechanisms behind the presently observed, rapid warming of the northwest North Atlantic Continental Shelf and their biogeochemical impacts is lacking. We hypothesize that a weakening of the Labrador Current System (LCS), especially the shelfbreak jet along the Scotian Shelf, is contributing to these changes and that the future evolution of the LCS will be key to accurate projections. Here we analyze the response of a transient simulation of the high‐resolution GFDL Climate Model 2.6 (CM2.6) which realistically simulates the regional circulation but includes only a highly simplified representation of ocean biogeochemistry. Then, we use the CM2.6 to force a medium‐complexity regional biogeochemical ocean model, the Atlantic Canada Model, to obtain projections of nutrient availability on the shelf. In the simulation, the shelfbreak jet weakens because of a reduction of the along‐shelf pressure gradient caused by a buoyancy gain of the upper water column along the shelf edge. This buoyancy gain is the result of warmer waters along the continental slope. Importantly, we find that the temperature‐based criterion used commonly to pinpoint the location of the Gulf Stream is misleading, causing an overestimation of the northward migration of the Gulf Stream. A fixed isotherm may indicate northward movement as a result of basin‐wide warming and not necessarily reflect changes in dynamics. The combination of the weakened shelfbreak jet and a lowering of nutrient concentrations in its source water reduce nutrient availability on the northwest North Atlantic shelf by one third by 2100 in the projection analyzed.
The long-lasting impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on population-based cancer survival: what are the implications for data analysis?
Authors: Stannard Rachael , Lambert Paul C. , Lyratzopoulos Georgios , Andersson Therese M.-L. , Khan Sam , Rutherford Mark J.
Published: December 2024

Monitoring trends of cancer incidence, mortality and survival is vital for the planning and delivery of health services, and the evaluation of diagnostics and treatment at the population level. Furthermore, comparisons are often made between population subgroups to explore inequalities in outcomes. During the COVID-19 pandemic routine delivery of health services were severely disrupted. Resources were redeployed to COVID-19 services and patient risk of COVID-19 infection required serious consideration. Cancer screening services were paused, the availability of healthcare providers was reduced and, in some cases, patients faced difficulty in accessing optimal treatment in a timely manner. Given these major disruptions, much care should be taken when interpreting changes in cancer survival estimates during this period. The impact on cancer incidence and mortality statistics that have already been reported in some jurisdictions should drive further thought on the corresponding impact on cancer survival, and whether any differences observed are real, artificial or a combination of the two. We discuss the likely impact on key cancer metrics, the likely implications for the analysis of cancer registration data impacted by the pandemic and the implications for comparative analyses between population groups and other risk factor groups when using data spanning the pandemic period.
Imaging NRF2 activation in non-small cell lung cancer with positron emission tomography
Authors: Greenwood Hannah E. , Barber Abigail R. , Edwards Richard S. , Tyrrell Will E. , George Madeleine E. , dos Santos Sofia N. , Baark Friedrich , Tanc Muhammet , Khalil Eman , Falzone Aimee , Ward Nathan P. , DeBlasi Janine M. , Torrente Laura , Soni Pritin N. , Pearce David R. , Firth George , Smith Lydia M. , Vilhelmsson Timmermand Oskar , Huebner Ariana , Swanton Charles , Hynds Robert E. , DeNicola Gina M. , Witney Timothy H.
Published: December 2024

Mutations in the NRF2-KEAP1 pathway are common in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and confer broad-spectrum therapeutic resistance, leading to poor outcomes. Currently, there is no means to non-invasively identify NRF2 activation in living subjects. Here, we show that positron emission tomography imaging with the system xc− radiotracer, [18F]FSPG, provides a sensitive and specific marker of NRF2 activation in orthotopic, patient-derived, and genetically engineered mouse models of NSCLC. We found a NRF2-related gene expression signature in a large cohort of NSCLC patients, suggesting an opportunity to preselect patients prior to [18F]FSPG imaging. Furthermore, we reveal that system xc− is a metabolic vulnerability that can be therapeutically targeted with an antibody-drug conjugate for sustained tumour growth suppression. Overall, our results establish [18F]FSPG as a predictive marker of therapy resistance in NSCLC and provide the basis for the clinical evaluation of both imaging and therapeutic agents that target this important antioxidant pathway.
Hydrogen production from seawater electrolysis
Authors: Wang Tianjiao , Yuan Yuliang , Shi Wenjuan , Li Gai , Rao Peng , Li Jing , Kang Zhenye , Tian Xinlong
Published: December 2024

The article highlights the potential of seawater electrolysis as a viable option for hydrogen production, while also addressing the ongoing research and development efforts to overcome the current challenges.
[Cu(NHC)(OR)] (R = C(CF3)3) complexes for N–H and S–H bond activation and as pre-catalysts in the Chan–Evans–Lam reaction
Authors: Ruggiero Tommaso , Van Hecke Kristof , Cazin Catherine S. J. , Nolan Steven P.
Published: December 2024

The synthesis, isolation, and full characterization of a series of NHC–copper perfluoro–alkoxide complexes are reported.
Advances in photocatalytic carboxylation of C(sp3)–H bonds with CO2: a sustainable strategy for CO2 fixation
Authors: David A. John , Das Anjan
Published: December 2024

Photocatalytic carboxylation with carbondioxide is a sustainable and greener strategy for carbon dioxide utilization. This review article highlights the various strategies for photocatalytic carboxylation of C(sp3)–H bond.
Twin screw extrusion mechanochemical preparation of BiVO4 hybrid pigments for coloring and reinforcing of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
Authors: Wu Lei , Mu Bin , Yang Hao , Wang Zhaoli , Zhu Yongfeng , Dou Hui , Wang Aiqin
Published: December 2024

A cleaner twin screw extrusion mechanochemical method was developed for the continuous preparation of low-cost BiVO4 hybrid pigments for coloring and reinforcing of ABS.
Similar structure but different thermodynamic, dielectric, and frictional properties of confined water in twisted 2D materials: MoS2vs. graphene
Authors: Majumdar Jeet , Mandal Soham , Govind Rajan Ananth , Maiti Prabal K.
Published: December 2024

Nanoconfined water in twisted 2D materials, such as molybdenum disulfide and graphene, could have a similar structure, yet exhibit different thermodynamic, dielectric, and frictional properties.
Capsaicin-induced Ca2+ overload and ablation of TRPV1-expressing axonal terminals for comfortable tumor immunotherapy
Authors: Sun Jian , Wang Deqiang , Wei Yiying , Wang Danyang , Ji Zhengkun , Sun Wanru , Wang Xin , Wang Pingyu , Basmadji Nicola Paccione , Larrarte Eider , Pedraz José Luis , Ramalingam Murugan , Xie Shuyang , Wang Ranran
Published: December 2024

Manganese dioxide/Bovine serum albumin/polydopamine composite nanoplatform internally loaded with capsaicin for cancer pain suppression and immunotherapy.
Mechanochemical decarbonylative transformation of the amide group into OCF3 and CF3 functionalities under ruthenium catalysis
Authors: Mkrtchyan Satenik , Purohit Vishal B. , Shalimov Oleksandr , Jakubczyk Michał , Prajapati Vaibhav D. , Prajapati Ronak V. , Zapletal Jiří , Karpun Yevhen , Yepishev Vitaliy , Addová Gabriela , Filo Juraj , Kupcová Elena , Benická Barbora , Kmeťová Jarmila , Iaroshenko Viktor O.
Published: December 2024

A novel strategy has been developed for the selective transformation of amide groups to CF3 or OCF3 functionalities.
Modular synthesis of β-oxygen-containing sulfones from alkenes through hexatungstate-catalyzed cascade hydroxysulfenylation/selective oxidation
Authors: Li Jiaoxiong , Zhou Zhibin , Zeng Xianghua , Wei Yongge
Published: December 2024

We herein report a sustainable multifunctional hexatungstate-catalyzed synthesis of diverse β-hydroxy sulfones and β-keto sulfones from alkenes, thiols and hydrogen peroxides.
Controllable synthesis of Co/NC catalysts with high-density Co–Nx active sites derived from Co/Zn-ZIF for cyclopropanation
Authors: Yue Xin , Li Jiangwei , Li Chunying , Wang Zhixuan , Du Yongmei , Sun Daoan , Ma Hui , Lu Jian
Published: December 2024

Novel Co/NC heterogeneous catalysts were prepared by simply employing self-made Co/Zn-ZIF (zeolitic imidazolate framework) through pyrolysis.
Accurate, affordable, and easy electrochemical detection of ascorbic acid in fresh fruit juices and pharmaceutical samples using an electroactive gelatin sulfonamide
Authors: Magar Hend S. , Fahim Asmaa M. , Hashem M. S.
Published: December 2024

Synthesis of electroactive gelatin grafted with poly sulfonamide derivative (Gel-g-PS) via a free radical-mediated grafting polymerization for a highly selective and sensitive electrochemical sensor for detecting ascorbic acid (AA) in real samples.
Enhancing the corrosion resistance of waterborne epoxy coatings with functionalized biochar
Authors: Zhu Weiyue , Li Xin , Liu Xiaoyan , Bai Liang , Wang Xiaohu , Li Ao , Han Yujie , Wei Chunguang , Dong Junhui , Guo Zeyu , Liu Jun , Nan Ding
Published: December 2024

This study uses discarded tree leaves to produce biomass porous carbon nanosheets (PCNS) via carbonization and pore-forming processes, then modifies them with carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ).
Unravelling complex mechanisms in materials processes with cryogenic electron microscopy
Authors: Lee Minyoung , Jeon Yonggoon , Kim Sungin , Jung Ihnkyung , Kang Sungsu , Jeong Seol-Ha , Park Jungwon
Published: December 2024

Cryo-electron microscopy plays a pivotal role in materials science by revealing nanoscale structures. This Perspective discusses innovations in experimental design that link structural insights to mechanistic understanding in materials science.
Intrinsically chiral thermoresponsive assemblies from achiral clusters: enhanced luminescence and optical activity through tailor-made chiral additives
Authors: Dutta Camelia , Nataraajan Ragul Vivaz , Kumar Jatish
Published: December 2024

Inherently chiral cluster aggregates were synthesized employing the chiral surfactant (+/−)-N-dodecyl-N-methylephedrinium bromide as a chiral dopant, yielding the mirror-image Cotton effect and thermoresponsive chiroptical properties.
Operando monitoring the redox activity of sodium vanadium titanium phosphate electrodes in organic and aqueous electrolytes by magnetometry
Authors: Huemer Benedikt , Jodlbauer Anna , Wilkening Martin , Krenn Heinz , Knoll Peter , Würschum Roland , Hanzu Ilie , Topolovec Stefan
Published: December 2024

The bulk oxidation states of the transition metals in Na2VTi(PO4)3 are monitored continuously based on magnetic susceptibility variations. It is shown that the same charge compensation processes occur in organic and aqueous electrolytes.
Recent progress in multilayer solid electrolytes for sodium-ion batteries
Authors: Shao Binhang , Li Shijie , Yang Chen , Fan Jiancheng , Ge JianBang , Yu Zhijing , Wang Wei , Jiao Shuqiang
Published: December 2024

The construction of multilayer electrolytes can improve the electrode interface and enhance the performance of solid-state batteries.
Rational design of nitrogen-doped porous carbon support on single atom catalysts for efficient CO2 electroreduction
Authors: Choi Yejung , Kim Keon-Woo , Park Byoung Joon , Kim Tae Yong , Lee Yechan , Park Bomi , Kim Jin Kon , Han Jeong Woo
Published: December 2024

The relationship between support properties and CO2 electroreduction performance was elucidated. A series of N-doped porous carbons with varying porous structures and degrees of graphitization were prepared to support single atomic Ni–N4 sites.
In situ growth of Te-doped Cs2SnCl6 scintillator composite films for X-ray imaging
Authors: Wang Junnan , Wang Zeyu , Gaponenko Nikolai V. , Shi Jindou , Da Zheyuan , Zhang Chen , Ji Yongqiang , Yao Qing , Xu Youlong , Wang Minqiang
Published: December 2024

Cs2SnCl6:Te/PMMA CFs were obtained by in situ self-assembly with high dispersion and crystallinity. It exhibited high PLQY and were able to easily capture high-resolution images of an internal structure in X-ray imaging.
Investigating the demineralisation of hydroxyapatite by kombucha and hard seltzer using atomic force microscopy
Authors: Erickson Andy , Rond Emily , Cravens Shannen L.
Published: December 2024

While the erosive potential of acidic beverages has been known for decades, many new and increasingly popular beverages and food fads have not been evaluated quantitatively for their dental associated risks. In this study, the authors utilise atomic force microscopy to monitor changes in the surface morphology of an enamel mimic, hydroxyapatite (HA), induced by hard seltzer and kombucha. The primary causes of enamel degradation were assessed through a combinatorial investigation probing the impact of carbonation, acid type, acid concentration, and saliva. The average surface roughness of HA discs was determined after successive demineralisation steps. The heterogeneity of the decay process was assessed using multiple spatial replicates per sample. To aid in the interpretation of the HA decay profiles, pH and titratable acidity of each beverage were also measured. The authors find that, in comparison to a reference sample of Coca‐Cola®, kombucha is equally erosive after prolonged exposure while hard seltzer results in relatively minor surface damage. In addition, the presence of saliva was found to eliminate any measurable amounts of decay. Results from this study demonstrate the potential damage more recently popularised beverages can have on dental enamel and the significant dependence of oral health on the presence of saliva.