bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Mechanism of the Effect of Iso‐ and Hyperosmolar Dextrose‐Saline Solutions on in Vivo Survival of Human Erythrocytes*
Authors: DeCesare William R. , Bove Joseph R. , Ebaugh Franklin G.
Published: October 2009

Red cells from mixtures of one part of whole ACD blood and 21 parts of 5 grains of dextrose and 0.225 grains of sodium chloride per 100 ml. (5% D/4S), or one part of ACD blood and two parts of 5 per cent D/4S show a marked decrease in the ten minute Cr51 in vivo survival after one hour and three hours of prior in vitro incubation respectively. After three hours exposure in vitro to 1:21 mixtures of whole blood and 5 per cent D/4S, red cells swelled to 170–180 per cent of their original volume and in 1:3 mixtures, 160–170 per cent of their original volume. Hemolysis of 1.3 per cent occurs in vitro during this period with these mixtures. Twenty‐three per cent in the 1:3 and 33 per cent of the red cell potassium in the 1:21 mixture is lost after three hours. The combined effect of potassium loss and dilution with water causes the intracellular potassium concentration to drop to less than half of that of the ACD cells after three hours in the glucose solution. Re‐equilibration of hyperosmotic red cells (322–337 milliosmolar) exposed for three hours in vitro to 5 per cent D/4S with normal plasma (290 milliosmolar) causes hemolysis of 13.6 per cent for 1:3 and 32.1 per cent for the 1:21 mixtures. Red cells which have reached a volume of 160–180 per cent of their original size in vitro in 5 per cent D/4S cannot survive normally in vivo. The poor survival in this system is not due to high glucose concentrations per se since red cells exposed to 5 grams of dextrose per 100 ml. of normal saline survive normally.
Characteristics of Recently Outdated ACD Blood and Some Determinants of these Characteristics
Authors: Kozek Wieslaw , Bishop Charles
Published: October 2009

Twenty samples of outdated ACD blood were characterized by the following determinations: nucleotide composition, osmotic fragility, pH, hematocrit, final glucose concentration, plasma hemoglobin, and plasma K+. In all tests, considerable variability existed among samples. In four samples, these determinations were made daily from day 21 to day 25. In this series there were no consistent daily trends, variability being greater from sample to sample than from day to day. In another study, six stored blood samples from apparently healthy young adults were followed weekly for ATP. Those samples that initially had higher ATP levels retained this differential throughout storage, the rate of ATP breakdown being nearly the same for all samples. Of these samples, those with higher blood ATP levels had faster glycolytic rates.
The Preservation and Storage of Red Cells for Subsequent Use in Antibody Detection Procedures
Authors: Roy Ronald B. , Wyatt Louise
Published: October 2009

A method for the preservation and storage of red cells is described. Cells were collected into a modified Alsever's solution to which the antibiotic cycloheximide had been added. The red cell preservative solution mixture was dispensed in small aliquots and the aliquots were stored undisturbed at +4C. Each sample tube of cells was used once only and any remaining cells were then discarded. Negligible deterioration of a few antigens was detectable after eight weeks' storage. Cells stored in the manner described are probably not suitable for use when it is necessary to titrate antibody in a serum. Such cells, however, are probably quite satisfactory as a source of antigen for use in antibody detection procedures.
Simple Rapid Osmotic Fragility Test Proposed as a Routine in Blood Banks
Authors: Danon David , Frei Yael F. , Rimon Abraham , Ben‐David Amnon
Published: October 2009

A rapid micromethod for recording red cell osmotic fragility by continuous decrease of salt concentration was used. It requires one drop of blood and it yields an automatically recorded curve and/or its derivative in less than ten minutes. The blood of 100 donors was tested on the day after donation. One case out of 100 showed an abnormal fragility curve. The deterioration of the blood during storage in ACD at 4 C. and the consequent modification of the fragility curve was followed. Marked individual variations were found in the rate of deterioration during storage. While some of the blood samples show a sizable os‐motically more fragile population after three weeks of storage, others remain within the range of normal osmotic fragility. The correlation between the estimated osmotically resistant population after storage and the per cent survival 24 hours after transfusion, as evidenced by transfusing Cr51 tagged erythrocytes, indicate that transfusion of some of the donated blood at the third week of storage may be relatively ineffective because of poor survival. The good conservation of some of the blood samples even after three weeks suggests that the routine discarding of blood after three weeks of storage is wasteful.
A Two‐Stage Antiglobulin Test for the Detection of ABO Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Authors: Cohen I. , Nelken D.
Published: October 2009

A two‐stage antiglobulin test using rabbit anti‐human serum and hen anti‐rabbit serum is described. This test gives positive results with cord blood cells in cases of ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Optimal dilutions of rabbit anti‐human serum and hen anti‐rabbit serum are of great importance for this test. The serum dilutions are prepared by coating human Rh positive erythrocytes with anti‐Rh antibodies and adding a diluted rabbit anti‐human globulin serum. The cells which are not agglutinated in this serum are then washed and added to different dilutions of a hen anti‐rabbit globulin serum. The serum dilution giving the strongest agglutination is used in the test. Cord bloods from eight babies with ABO hemolytic disease were examined in the two‐stage antiglobulin test. Forty‐two random cord bloods were also tested. Only the blood specimens from the babies with ABO hemolytic disease (increased plasma bilirubin and clinical jaundice treated by exchange transfusion) showed a strongly positive two‐stage antiglobulin test.
Blood Groups of Human Red Cells after Two Years' Storage in Liquid Nitrogen
Authors: Huntsman R. G. , Ikin Elizabeth W. , Hurn B. A. L. , Lehmann H. , Liddell J.
Published: October 2009

The recovery of red cells stored for two years in liquid nitrogen averages 92.8 per cent. The blood grouping properties of these cells are satisfactory but the thawed cell suspensions show an increased tendency to progressive hemolysis.
The Rho Variant‐Du
Authors: Pittenger Robert G. , McQuiston Dorothy , Sturgeon Phillip , Gunnink Cornelia , Agnew Jo Ann
Published: October 2009

A simplified test for the Du factor employing a reagent containing 25 per cent serum albumin, the “stick” technic to introduce cells and forceful cen‐trifugation has been given an extensive trial in a routine blood bank operation. A routine preliminary test with anti‐D gave 5,051 negative reactions among 26,753 bloods tested. The Du tube test was then performed on the former with an anti‐CDE reagent in parallel with the indirect antiglobulin test done with anti‐D. All bloods positive by one or both tests were tested further for D antigens by an anti‐D elution technic; they were also tested for Rh‐Hr factors.

Among the 126 bloods positive by elution for the Dufactor, 122 and 126 were positive respectively by the antiglobulin and the Du tube tests. The two tests were in agreement on all eight of the type ccDuee bloods found in the study. The Dutube test, as done with anti‐CDE, gave no false negative reactions. It is, thus, concluded that bloods which are negative with this test will be type ccddee and can be labeled “Rh negative tested for Du. Serological factors which might account for sensitivity of the Du tube test's being the equal of the antiglobulin test are considered, as are the probabilities of the existence of D variants so weak that they could not be detected by either test.
Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction Due to Appearance of Multiple Antibodies Following Transfusion of Apparently Compatible Blood
Authors: Joseph Julian I. , Awer Mrs. Erika , Laulicht Mrs. Martine , Scudder John
Published: October 2009

A delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction, appearing seven days after transfusions, characterized by jaundice, hemolysis and hemoglobinuria accompanied by the appearance of multiple antibodies in the patient's serum (anti‐hr″ (c) anti‐rh″ (E) and anti‐Jkb) is explained as an anamnestic phenomenon. The original sensitizing antigens and those which precipitated the recall mechanism may be traced to her 20‐year‐old son and to the single‐unit transfusion which she received five years previous to the last admission, and to the transfusions given with the operation from which she recovered.

The important fact is that these latent antibodies failed to be detected by standard crossmatching tests (saline, high protein and Coombs) and by a pool of cells containing most of the antigens. The triple enzyme method was the only test which detected the anti‐rh″ (E) antibody.

The direct Coombs test became positive at the height of the reaction and persisted for 48 hours. Blood tests after 31/2 and 41/2 months revealed that both the anti‐Jkb and anti‐rh″ (E) antibodies had vanished and only anti‐hr‘ (c) of low titer was still present.
A “New” Rh Antibody (Anti‐Rh 26) which Detects a Factor Usually Accompanying hr‘
Authors: Huestis Douglas W. , Catino Mary Lu , Busch Shirley
Published: October 2009

A serum (J.D.) obtained from a donor of type Rh1Rh1(CCDee) was determined by the usual studies to be anti‐hr‘(c). It was eventually found, however, to give no reaction with an occasional blood sample which was hr’‐positive with all other typing serums. Cells of the latter phenotype (J.D.‐negative, hr‘‐positive) show a weakened expression of both hr’ and hr(f). The characteristic is inherited, is expressed in the heterozygote, and has not yet been found in the homozygous form. The J.D. serum has been designated as anti‐Rh26, hence the Rh phenotype identified by it is Rh: w4, w6“, ‐26. Most hr‘‐positive red blood cells also possess Rh26. One donor possessing Rh26 but not hr’ has been detected.
Complement‐Fixing Platelet Iso‐Antibodies in Serum of Transfused Persons. Correlation of Antibodies with Platelet Survival in Thrombocytopenic Patients
Authors: Aster Richard H. , Levin Robert H. , Cooper Harvey , Freireich Emil J.
Published: October 2009

Sera from 172 patients who had received an average of 34 transfusions per patient were assayed for platelet antibodies using a complement fixation technic. Fifteen patients formed a total of 31 antibodies. Eighteen of these were identified as reacting with six specific platelet antigens which were present in from 3 to 49 per cent of the general population. The antigens are common to leukocytes, but not erythrocytes, and are genetically determined. No antibodies were found in serum from 55 non‐transfused persons. The probability of antibody formation increased with repeated antigen exposure. Stored whole blood was at least as effective as platelet concentrates in provoking antibodies. There was a significant relationship between the presence of complement fixing platelet antibodies and the occurrence of “fever‐chill” transfusion reactions. In three patients it was possible to correlate the efficacy of platelet transfusion therapy with the antigen content of infused platelets.
Agar‐Gel Electrophoretic and Analytic Agar‐Gel Electrophoretic Study of Bromelin
Authors: Cawley Leo P. , Eberhardt Lucile , Goodwin William L.
Published: October 2009

Six protein bands designated 1 through 6 from anode to cathode were demonstrated by agar‐gel electrophoresis of a concentrated solution of bromelin at pH 8.6 and pH 5.5. The proteolytic activity corresponded to the two most cathodal migrating bands, 5 and 6. This was the same area where sensitized erythrocyte agglutinating factor (SEAF) was located. SEAF was demonstrated only in electrophoretograms at pH 5.5 and proteolytic activity was most active at this pH. Acid phosphatase was found to be present in bands 1, 2, and 3, amylase at the point of application, peroxidase at bands 2 and 5, with an additional band lying between the point of origin and band 3. Esterase activity was present in bands 1 and 2, and PAS positive material was present in bands 4 and 5 and in a zone between the origin and band 3.

From these studies it appeared that the proteolytic activity and SEAF traveled in the same portion of the electrophoretogram. Esterase, amylase and acid phosphatase activity were apparently unrelated to SEAF. Peroxidase activity and PAS positive material each were present in one of three active zones which coincided with the serologically active portion of electrophoretically separated bromelin.
The Frequency and Nature of Blood Group A3
Authors: Reed T. Edward
Published: October 2009

A special survey of 20,826 random blood donor specimens collected in Ontario, Canada yielded one A3 blood while a review of blood grouping worksheets of 158,000 individuals in this area also yielded one A3 blood. These frequencies are much lower than the frequency found in Denmark around 1940 by Gammelgaard, 44 per 105, perhaps due to the present availability of high titer immune anti‐A. Elution studies on these two A3 bloods show that both the agglutination‐positive and the agglutination‐negative cells absorb anti‐A, indicating that A3 is not always an A2 + O mixture as has been suggested. Fluorescent antibody studies revealed a marked cell‐to‐cell variability in fluorescence and, therefore, presumably, cell A antigen content. This finding confirms Gammelgaard's earlier report. This variability, together with a threshold value of A antigen required for agglutination, could explain the characteristic appearance of A3: agglutinates and free cells.
Effect of pH on Preservation of Red Cell ATP*
Authors: Beutler Ernest , Duron Olga
Published: October 2009

Human blood has been stored in citrate‐dextrose anticoagulants resembling NIH formula‐B, but with varying hydrogen ion concentrations. At a storage temperature of 4 C, a preservative pH of 5.0 was found to be optimal for ATP preservation. At a temperature of 37 C in contrast, a preservative pH of 7.0 or 7.9 was most favorable for maintenance of ATP levels. If adenine was added to the preservative mixture, the optimum was found to be 5.5 rather than 5.0. It was found that a change in temperature resulted in a striking pH shift, so that optimal storage pH both at 37 C and at 4 C was approximately 7.5, provided the pH measurements were made at the storage temperature. The pH optimum of the ATPase system was not found to vary with temperature, and the rate of glycolysis was increased at higher pH levels at 4 C as well as at 37 C. These studies emphasize that as any component of the blood preservative mixture is changed, as when adenine is added, limiting factors in preservation may be altered, and the other conditions of storage must be re‐investigated.
Effect of Resuspension Medium on in Vivo Survival and Supernatant Hemoglobin of Erythrocytes Preserved with Glycerol
Authors: Valeri C. R.
Published: October 2009

The observations reported are for erythrocytes frozen at ‐80 C for one month. Deglycerolized red blood cells resuspended in autologous plasma and stored at 4 C for 21 days after reconstitution have acceptable 24 hour survival, that is 70 per cent or greater. Deglycerolized red blood cells resuspended in 5 per cent Hyland albumin medium and stored at 4C for up to 12 days after reconstitution have acceptable 24‐hour survival. Deglycerolyzed red blood cells resuspended in 5 per cent outdated albumin medium have acceptable 24‐hour chromium survival when stored at 4 C for up to six days. The mode of removal of the nonviable erythrocytes in nonsurgical patients is primarily through an extravascular mechanism. The clinical acceptability of a reconstituted unit of preserved blood is dependent not only on the survival of the preserved red blood cells but equally on the mode of removal of the nonviable erythrocytes and the total amount of free supernatant hemoglobin. It is recommended that the total amount of free supernatant hemoglobin in reconstituted, previously frozen units should be measured on the day of transfusion because of the variability and unpredictability of the levels observed in this study.
Response to Transfusion of Platelets Pooled from Multiple Donors and the Effects of Various Technics of Concentrating Platelets
Authors: Levin Robert H. , Pert James H. , Freireich Emil J.
Published: October 2009

In order to determine the effect of concentration and pooling of platelet rich plasma (PRP) from multiple donors on response to platelet transfusion, the results of investigations with various preparations of fresh platelets for transfusion were analyzed. Transfusions of multiple donor, pooled PRP and platelet concentrates (PC) were compared by study of response to 385 transfusions in 55 patients with thrombocytopenia. The mean platelet increment an hour after PRP transfusion was 55,000/5 units/sq. meter surface area of the recipient. The mean fraction of platelets surviving in the circulation on the second day was 36 per cent of the increment. The results of the multiple donor pools were similar to PRP transfused from single donors. On the other hand, concentration of platelets reduced the effectiveness of platelet transfusion by over 50 per cent. Several methods of preparation of platelet concentrates were compared. The effects of age of the concentrate, resuspending medium, anticoagulant, and centrifugation are enumerated. However, a controlled clinical transfusion study showed that the decreased response to PC transfusions was due mainly to the deleterious effects of high speed centrifugation (1,500 to 5,000 × g) employed in the process of concentrating platelets from PRP. No method of preparing platelet concentrates was shown to be superior. Although inferior to PRP in terms of response to transfusion, concentrates are valuable because of their ease of handling and clinical utility when large quantities of platelets in a small volume of fluid are indicated.
The V‐A‐B Blood Group System of Chimpanzees: A Paradox in the Application of the 2 × 2 Contingency Test
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Moor‐Jankowski J.
Published: October 2009

Using population genetics it was demonstrated that two newly discovered blood factors of chimpanzee blood, Ac and Bc, and the blood factor Nv detected by Vicia graminea lectin, belong to the same blood group system, designated the V‐A‐B blood group system. In a study of 60 chimpanzees, all eight of the theoretically possible phenotypes were encountered. By gene frequency analysis, it was demonstrated that five of the eight possible genes postulated by the genetic theory of multiple allelic genes occurred among these 60 animals. A suitable nomenclature has been formulated which incorporates the facts observed.

In the analysis of the findings, a paradox was encountered in the application of the 2 × 2 contingency test. This paradox has been resolved and explained.
Production of Chimpanzee Isohemagglutinins by Immunization with Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Zmijewski Chester M. , Metzgar Richard S. , Rogers Charles M.
Published: October 2009

Two young, adult, male chimpanzees received repeated injections of 100 ml. of packed erythrocytes from two individual human donors. Both the intravenous and intraperitoneal routes of administration were employed. Hemagglutinins directed against all human red cells were detected in the sera of these animals after the first injection and subsequently increased in titer. In addition, an antibody was detected which reacted with seven out of 17 chimpanzee cells tested, the remaining ten being completely negative. Absorption of these sera with a variety of human group O cells removed all activity against human erythrocytes as well as that against the red cells of the reactor chimpanzees. Absorption with the cells of the non‐reactor animals failed to remove any of the antibodies while similar absorption with the cells of reactors removed the agglutinin against the chimpanzee cells but not the one reacting with the human cells.
The Effect of Dextran on Platelet Factor 3 Activity: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
Authors: Ewald Roger A. , Eichelberger James W. , Young Allen A. , Weiss Harvey J. , Crosby William H.
Published: October 2009

Intravenous infusions of one liter of low molecular weight and standard clinical dextran in normal adult subjects resulted in a significant alteration of platelet function as characterized by marked depression of platelet factor 3 (PF 3) activity. Disruption of the abnormal platelets by sonic oscillation corrected the defect, indicating that dextran coating of the platelets inhibited the release of PF 3 activity. These findings were confirmed by in vitro studies.

Infusions of serum albumin failed to produce a significant alteration in PF 3 activity.

The PF 3 depression could not be related to hemodilution or the total platelet count. Clot retraction, platelet adhesiveness, and the platelet thromboplastin test were normal. Serum prothrombin time was abnormal in some subjects.

The platelet abnormality was related to the plasma dextran concentration and the retention of large dextran molecules in the circulation. Clinical dextran had a more deleterious effect on PF 3 activity than low molecular weight dextran.

Since the majority of subjects had normal bleeding times associated with their reduced levels of PF 3 activity, the clinical significance of these studies is not clear. Nevertheless, the results of these experiments indicate that dextran coating of platelets interferes with the release of PF 3 activity, and suggest that alteration of the platelet surface may modify other platelet functions involved in maintaining a normal bleeding time.
Simultaneous Determination of the Volume of Red Cells and Plasma for Survival Studies of Stored Blood
Authors: Button Lawrence N. , Gibson John G. , Walter Carl W.
Published: October 2009

A method is described for the determination of the in vivo survival of stored human red cells. Cr51 labeled red cells and I125 labeled human serum albumin are infused simultaneously to esti‐mate the whole blood volume and establish the 100 per cent retention value for subsequent red cell survival determination.

The whole body hematocrit correction factor, necessary for the determination of 100 per cent retention value, has been established by the simul‐ taneous measurement of the red cell and plasma volumes in a group of 71 patients.

Cr51 and I125 gamma emissions are separated for plasma and red cell volume determinations by measuring their values on a scaler equipped with a pulse height analyzer.

This method has proven to be a safe and suitable means for the accurate establishment of in vivo survival of stored red cells, red cell mass, and plasma volume.
Isoimmunization after Massive Transfusion for Open Heart Surgery
Authors: Wallace John M. , Henry John B.
Published: October 2009

One hundred consecutive patients subjected to open heart surgery received an average massive transfusion of 17 units. The group consisted of 43 males and 57 females; 75 were below 40 years of age. Routine testing for blood factors in the ABO, Rh and Kell systems were performed on all donors and recipients. The sera of all donors and recipients were screened for atypical antibodies. The number of recipients and their “average antigenic dose,” as well as the number of negative antibody screenings at postoperative visits, are tabulated. Nineteen rh‘ (C)‐negative patients received an average of 11.4 units of rh’ (C)‐positive blood. Thirty‐three rh“(E)‐negative patients, two hr’ (c)‐negative patients, three hr” (e)‐negative patients and 37 Kell‐negative patients received an average antigenic dose of 4.2, 8.5, 12.7 and 1.8 units, respectively. Two antibodies, anti‐rh'(E) and anti‐H, were attributed to isoimmunization. The authors conclude that the risk of detectable red cell isoimmunization by massive transfusion is probably no greater than that incurred by transfusion of a single unit.
A Study of the Forces Involved in the Second Stage of Hemagglutination
Authors: Pollack William , Hager Hans J. , Reckel Rudolph , Toren David A. , Singher Heron O.
Published: October 2009

Agglutination of antibody coated human erythrocytes has been found to depend on the zeta‐poten‐tial at the surface of shear and the dimensions of the antibody molecules. The critical zeta‐potential above which agglutination cannot occur has been shown to be —23 millivolts and —13 millivolts for saline and albumin antibodies respectively. A zeta‐potential below —18 millivolts for 19S molecules and below —8 millivolts for 7S molecules has been found to be necessary to give optimum agglutination and titer.

The value of the enzymes used in blood group serology has been shown to be related to their ability to reduce the net surface charge density with a consequent reduction in zeta. It is postulated that this effect is due to esterase rather than protease activity.

Bovine albumin and three synthetic polymers were found to bring about agglutination by reducing the zeta‐potential as a result of raising the dielectric constant. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that they reduce the surface charge of the erythrocytes.

A satisfactory equation for calculating zeta, that can be used to predict the course of a serological reaction, has been computed from a determined value of —3190 esu/cm2 for the net surface charge density of human erythrocytes in NaCl‐buffer at 25 C. This has been extended to include electrolytes of other valences by taking into account the mean activity coefficient of the electrolyte. Evidence is presented to show that the minimum zeta associated with erythrocyte stability is about —7 millivolts. This was considered to be the minimum potential required to overcome the cohesive forces of interfacial tension.

In reaction mixtures imparting a zeta‐potential of —7 millivolts, tests with ten anti‐K and ten anti‐Fya sera show them to react similarly to anti‐D. There was no evidence to support the claim that these antibodies are monovalent.
Simian Blood Groups Two “New” Blood Factors of Gibbon Blood, Ag and Bg
Authors: Moor‐Jankowski J. , Wiener Alexander S. , Gordon E. B.
Published: October 2009

By isoimmunization of gibbons with blood of other gibbons, isoantisera have been obtained for two previously unknown blood factors of gibbon red cells designated A8 and B8 respectively. The small number of gibbons available up to the present time has prevented satisfactory statistical analysis of the findings. The findings do indicate, however, that the blood factors A8 and B8 are not related to the human‐type A‐B‐O or M‐N‐S blood group systems of gibbons.
Blood Group Antibodies in Human Urine
Authors: Prager Morton D. , Bearden Jane
Published: October 2009

Anti‐A, anti‐B, and anti‐D were found in the urine of individuals undergoing active immunization, but no isoagglutinins were detected in urine of non‐immunized donors. Relative homogeneity of the antibodies is indicated by the close correspondence of titers by multiple technics. That γ1M‐globulins do not contribute to urinary antibody activity is indicated by the lack of effect of mercaptoethanol and by failure to obtain a precipitation line in agar with anti‐γ1M‐globulin. Although anti‐γ1A‐globulin precipitates urinary protein, it fails to agglutinate urinary anti‐D sensitized RBC as it does serum anti‐D sensitized cells. Urinary blood group antibody activity seems to be associated principally with ‐γ2‐globulins.
Relationship Between Osmotic Fragility and in Vivo Survival of Autologous Deglycerolized Resuspended Red Blood Cells
Authors: Valeri C. Robert , Mercado‐Lugo Roberto , Danon David
Published: October 2009

The relationship between the osmotic fragility as determined with a “fragiligraph,” and the 24 hour posttransfusion survival of autologous, deglycerolized chromium‐labeled erythrocytes was studied in 62 units of blood. Thirty‐two units of deglycerolized red cells were resuspended in autologous plasma, and thirty units were resuspended in a 5% albumin medium. Fourteen of the units resuspended in autologous plasma, and thirteen of those resuspended in the 5%‘ albumin medium were stored at 4C for varying periods (5–14 days), and then washed with isotonic saline to reduce the supernatant hemoglobin prior to transfusion. The in vivo survival of the erythrocytes could not be accurately predicted from the analysis of the osmotic fragility curve. However, approximately 65 per cent survival 24 hours after transfusion could be predicted if 6.25% and 12.5% hemolysis occurred at sodium chloride concentrations of 0.69% or less, and 0.52% or less respectively. These findings indicate that an osmotic fragility test may be helpful in the evaluation of the suitability for transfusion of deglycerolized, resuspended erythrocytes.
The In Vivo Survival, Mode of Removal of the Non‐Viable Cells, and the Total Amount of Supernatant Hemoglobin in Deglycerolized, Resuspended Erythrocytes
Authors: Valeri C. Robert , Fowler Kenneth , Sobucki John
Published: October 2009

The data presented indicate that with the use of the Cohn fractionator to add and remove the intracellular additive, glycerol, and using the slow freeze technic with storage in the frozen state at —80 C or —120 C, the viability of erythrocytes can be maintained for at least two months. The thawed, deglycerolized erythrocytes can then be resuspended in either autologous plasma or in an artificial 5% Hyland albumin resuspension medium, stored up to 8 days at 4C, and transfused to the original donor with acceptable red blood cell survival. ACD blood can be stored for up to seven days at 4 C prior to glycerolization with acceptable 24‐hour posttransfusion survival. The mode of removal of the non‐viable erythrocytes is primarily through an extravascular mechanism without detectable hemoglobinemia. A limiting factor in the clinical acceptability of deglycerolized, resuspended erythrocytes is the amount of free supernatant hemoglobin present in the unit on the day of transfusion. Washing units of deglycerolized erythrocytes resuspended in autologous plasma and stored for up to 12 days at 4 C is effective in reducing the total amount of supernatant hemoglobin, and the saline washed erythrocytes show acceptable posttransfusion survival. However, deglycerolized red blood cells resuspended initially in the 5% Hyland albumin medium and stored at 4 C for five days or longer do not tolerate saline washing; 24‐hour survival of less than 70 per cent was observed and intravascular liberation of hemoglobin was noted in this group only.

This paper reports the total in vitro loss of hemoglobin associated with preservation and with the saline wash used to remove the excessive supernatant hemoglobin which accumulates during the post‐thaw period at 4C.
A Simple Manifold Washing Process* for the Preparation of Erythrocytes for the Antiglobulin Test
Authors: Gibbs Mary B. , Camp Frank R.
Published: October 2009

A simple manifold washing process has been developed for preparing erythrocytes for use in direct and indirect anti‐human globulin tests. The entire process, consisting of 3 washes, is carried out in only 6 minutes without removing the tubes from the centrifuge head. A comparison of results obtained when sensitized red cells are washed three times, either by normal resuspension in tubes full of physiologic saline solution or by manifold washing, demonstrated that the indirect Coombs titration scores were consistently higher for the mechanically washed red blood cells. Sensitized red cells from 6 cord bloods of ABO incompatibilities, which gave negative reactions with manually washed cells, gave distinct positive reactions by the manifold process.
Evidence That Sutter Belongs to the Kell Blood Group System
Authors: Stroup Marjory , MacIlroy Mija , Walker Richard , Aydelotte Jane V.
Published: October 2009

While studying the original anti‐Jsb serum it was observed that the red cells of the two Ko individuals (Peltz and Kanto) were Js(a—b—). Two additional examples of anti‐Jsb are also reported as a result of this study.

More than 4,000 Negroes were tested and six were found who were K+, Js(a+). Five of these families are presented in which K and Jsa can be followed in the offspring of a parent who is K+, Js(a+). In six children of three matings in which one parent is K+Js(a+) and the other parent is K—, Js(a_) no recombinations were observed. One child from such a mating inherited neither K nor Jsa. In the other two families one parent was K+, Js(a+) but the other parent could not be tested or was Js(a+).

In the Memphis area the incidence of K+ among Negroes is 1.5% and of Js(a+) 14%. Among the K+ individuals the incidence of Js(a+) was found to be 8%. The population studied is not large enough to be statistically significant but the data suggest that K and Jss will rarely if ever occur on the same thromoscme.

The possible relationship of the two systems is discussed.
The Minus‐Minus Phenotype in the Kidd System
Authors: Day Dorothy , Perkins Herbert A. , Sams Bruce
Published: October 2009

A delayed hemolytic reaction following transfusion occurred in a 23‐year‐old Chinese mother of six. Her blood was Jk(a—b—), and her serum contained a cross‐reacting anti‐JkaJkb as well as a separable anti‐Jka. Her husband and children were all Jk(a—b+). Although genetic transmission of Jk(a—b—) blood has not been proven as yet, it appears most probably to be the homozygous expression of a third allele or of gene deletion. To date, all instances of this type of blood have been found in populations of Asian origin.
Another Example of Anti‐Jsa
Authors: Gerard Marian
Published: October 2009

Anti‐Jsa resulting from transfusions is reported. The antibody was not detectable six months later. Repeated antibody screening is advised in patients treated by frequent transfusions.
Two Populations of Erythrocytes Associated with XX/XY Mosaicism
Authors: Myhre Byron A. , Meyer Thomas , Opitz John M. , Race R. R. , Sanger Ruth , Greenwalt Tibor J.
Published: October 2009

A 12‐year‐old boy with a ventricular septal defect was found to have two populations of red cells: 85 per cent O, Jk(a—b+) and 15 per cent B, Jk(a+b+). All the other genetical blood characters were identical in both populations. Buccal smears showed an average of 30 per cent chromatin positive cells, while peripheral leukocyte cultures were composed of approximately 50 per cent XX and 50 per cent XY cells. The child had previously undergone repair of a hypospadias and un‐descended testicles.

Family studies suggest that the boy is the product of the fertilization of two identical egg nuclei by two spermatozoa.
Antibodies to Gamma Globulin in the Serum of Children and Adults
Authors: Wilson Janet A. , Steinberg Arthur G.
Published: October 2009

Sera from 200 infants (0 to 6 months of age), 1,282 children (6 months to 16 years), and 1,989 adults, who were outpatients or inpatients of the University Hospitals in Cleveland, Ohio, were tested for the presence of antibodies to gamma globulin as represented by five different anti‐D sera. The frequency of such antibodies (11.3%) was significantly higher in children between six months and five years of age than in older children (4.1%) or adults (6.3%). The frequency of “nonspecific” antibodies against gamma globulin was higher in adults (5.4%) than in children (0.8%). Eighty‐five of 1,282 (6.6%) samples from children had useable antibodies and 18 of 1,989 (0.9%) samples from adults had useable antibodies.

There was no correlation between the occurrence of the antibody and sex, diagnosis, or history of transfusion. The data indicate, however, that a correlation with race may exist.
Clinical Use of Cold Precipitated Antihemophilic Globulin (Factor VIII, CPAG)
Authors: Djerassi Isaac , Bhanchet Parttraporn , Hsieh Yehchiu , Wolman Irving J.
Published: October 2009

A fibrinogen fraction separated from fresh frozen plasma by slow thawing at 2 C contains Factor VIII activity. The administration of this material to six patients with hemophilia A resulted in partial to complete correction of their clotting defect. Clinical hemostasis was associated with these infusions. Normal or higher than normal levels of Factor VIII were observed in one patient given this material in connection with surgery. Side effects did not occur during or after the administration of the fraction. The preparation of this material is simple and can be carried out as a routine procedure in blood banks processing large amounts of fresh frozen plasma.
Survival of Factor XI in Vitro and in Vivo
Authors: Horowitz Herbert I. , Fujimoto Mitsu M.
Published: October 2009

The rate of loss of factor XI was followed in ten units of whole blood during 21 days of storage at 4C. A rapid loss of 80 per cent of the total factor XI occurred during the first week of storage and correlated with the appearance of activated factor XI in the blood units. The in vivo survival of transfused factor XI was followed in two patients with a congenital deficiency of this factor who were given single infusions of 10 cc of fresh frozen plasma per kilo. A circulating half life of ten hours was found. Fresh whole blood or fresh frozen plasma should be used for replacement therapy of factor XI.
A Further Control in the Use of Anti‐Human Globulin Reagents
Authors: Stapleton Ronald R. , Voak Douglas
Published: October 2009

When using anti‐human globulin reagents by a spin tube method, there is no immediately observable control on a negative test that anti‐human globulin serum has been added to the tube. A method is described of coloring anti‐human globulin serum with Crystal Violet one part in 50,000. Studies have shown that the dye at the stated concentration has no inhibiting effect on the activity of the reagent and also that the color provides a background which enables agglutination to be more easily observed.
The Motivations of Blood Donors*
Authors: London Perry , Hemphill Bernice M.
Published: October 2009

In an effort to determine a key to recruiting the voluntary donor and to ascertain the conditions which dispose towards or inhibit the donation of blood, a study was initiated by the Irwin Memorial Blood Bank of the San Francisco Medical Society, a nonprofit community blood bank supplying blood needs of patients in 58 hospitals in an area encompassing a population of 1,200,000. A survey was conducted primarily by means of confidential questionnaires which were completed by 5,581 consecutive blood donors. The sampling included a cross‐section of the population from metropolitan, suburban and rural areas, 92 per cent of which were unpaid volunteers.

This report discusses conclusions indicating differential motives and impedances applying to donors of different sexes, ages, income levels and educational achievements, and makes suggestions, based on these conclusions, of some practical steps toward motivating blood donations.

Donors are mostly male, are younger than the general population, and are of somewhat higher socioeconomic status than the population at large. Most have had some previous experience as blood donors, express both humanitarian and personal motives for donating, and are relatively unconcerned about any painful aspects of it. They are not always thoroughly knowledgeable about details of blood banking practices, but generally have favorable impressions of them. Women seem more responsive to humanitarian appeals for donations than do men, while young people seem more susceptible to romantic or dramatic appeals for blood donors, and it is suggested that these differential characteristics be considered by blood banks when engaging in donor recruitment appeals.
The Synthesis of Pyridine Nucleotides in Fresh and Stored Human Erythrocytes*
Authors: Jaffé Ernst R. , Neumann Gertrude
Published: October 2009

The concentrations of total oxidized pyridine nucleotides and of DPN did not decrease significantly in normal human erythrocytes during storage at 4C in acid‐citrate‐dextrose solution for periods up to 47 days. The capacity of washed erythrocytes which had survived storage to incorporate radioactive nicotinic acid and nico‐tinamide into DPN and TPN during a four‐hour period of incubation at 37 C declined progressively with aging in vitro. The net synthesis of total oxidized pyridine nucleotides and of DPN from nicotinic acid and of total oxidized pyridine nucleotides from nicotinamide also was decreased in these erythrocytes. Addition of inosine to the incubation medium inhibited both incorporation and synthesis by erythrocytes stored for less than three to four weeks. The purine nudeoside enhanced incorporation and synthesis by cells stored for more than about 30 days. It was suggested that the availability of substrates, such as ATP or phosphoribosylpyrophosphate, influenced the extent of pyridine nudeotide synthesis.
The Disposition of STS* Reactive Blood in a Transfusion Service
Authors: Walker Richard H.
Published: October 2009

Ninety‐eight units of Serological Test (or Syphilis (STS) reactive blood were quarantined for one week and transfused into 90 patients. Recipients transfused with donor blood having reagin titers less than eight dils by the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) quantitative tube test failed to have detectable reagin in their sera following transfusion. Four to ten days was the longest period observed for the disappearance of passively trans erred reagin in a patient who was transfused with donor blood having a titer of 64 dils. Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody (FTA) tests were performed on two patients 2 to 3 months after tranfusion and were negative. The fallibility of the conventional STS testing on donor blood is discussed and its failure to demonstrate infectivity is emphasized. Attention is called to the potential danger of fresh blood, especially platelet preparations.
Inv(a) Serum Factor in Venezuelan Indians
Authors: Gallango María L. , Arends Tulio
Published: October 2009

The Inv(a) serum factor was studied in 102 Waica, 112 Paraujano, and 68 Piaroa Indians of Venezuela, and an incidence of 65.7, 58.0, and 94.1 per cent, respectively, was found. It is the first time that this serum group has been studied in Indians from Venezuela. The frequency obtained in the Piaroa Indians is the highest hitherto found in any population.
Guides to Inventory Levels for a Hospital Blood Bank Determined by Electronic Computer Simulation
Authors: Elston R. C. , Pickrel Jerry C.
Published: October 2009

Results of a previous study, in which some operations of a particular blood bank were simulated on an electronic computer, are used to obtain values that permit the establishment of inventory levels appropriate for critical ranges of mean uses and inputs. Though the initial data were collected from a single institution the results should be helpful to similar hospital blood banks.

Tables are presented which give for various mean uses and inputs A) the number of days on which use is in excess of the amount of blood available, B) the number of units the bank cannot supply and C) the number of units expiring on the shelf when the bank is held at various inventory levels. An example shows how these tables may be used to determine an appropriate inventory level for a given blood type.
The Function of Platelets
Authors: Johnson Shirley A. , Van Horn Diane L. , Pederson Harlan J. , Marr Jane
Published: October 2009

The main function of platelets, the maintenance of hemostasis, depends on three of their properties, the endothelial supporting function of platelets, the ability to form hemostatic plugs and to release lipoprotein material (platelet factor 3). When the number of circulating platelets is reduced the capillary endothelium becomes weakened as platelets are not available to enter the endothelial cytoplasm to support it and the capillary wall ruptures when exposed to minor trauma. The bleeding through the ruptured vessel wall is arrested by formation of a clump of platelets forming a hemostatic plug. Damage to the vessel wall initiates both the coagulation mechanisms and degradation of adenosine triphosphate. The products of each of these reactions, namely, thrombin and adenosine diphosphate bring about aggregation of platelets to form the hemostatic plug. These are the platelet functions performed following a transfusion of platelets into a thrombocytopenic recipient. The platelets remaining in the circulation and which are counted in platelet survival studies are those in excess of the immediate need of the recipient.
Measurement of the Effectiveness of Platelet Transfusions*
Authors: Cronkite Eugene P.
Published: October 2009

In general purpuric bleeding appears at higher platelet levels when thrombocytopenia develops rapidly than when the process is chronic. Thrombocytopenic bleeding may be controlled by the transfusion of viable platelets but quantitative evaluation of effectiveness now is very difficult. Measurement of the life span of transfused platelets may be linear or exponential but the ideal method for performing such studies has not been described. In vitro measurement of platelet functions does not serve as a useful index of clinical effectiveness. Platelet transfusions are clinically useful and the criteria of effectiveness are platelet counts and cessation of external bleeding. In the last analysis judgment of the value of platelet transfusions is largely based on clinical experience.
Interaction of Basic Polyelectrolytes and Human Blood: The Effect of Antiheparin Agents
Authors: August Anne , Pirofsky Bernard
Published: October 2009

Two basic polyelectrolytes which function as antiheparin agents, protamine sulfate and Polybrene, were evaluated as to their effect on human blood. It was found that both drugs were potent agglutinins at concentrations as low as 0.01 mg/ml. The studies presented suggest that the erythrocyte functioning as a polyanion and serum components with negative groups interact with the basic polyelectrolytes. The drugs differ; Polybrene appears to have a greater affinity for the red cell while protamine sulfate appears more avid for serum components. Both agents induce severe erythrocyte alterations resulting in liver and splenic sequestration and a shortening of the red cell survival time.
Nucleotides in Frozen Glycerolized Erythrocytes
Authors: Lionetti Fabian J. , Valeri C. Robert , Bond James C. , Kivowitz Charles , Weinman Edward
Published: October 2009

The nucleotide content (ATP,* ADP, AMP) of deglycerolized and resuspended erythrocytes, previously frozen with glycerol and the slow freeze technic and processed by the centrifugation and agglomeration methods, was measured for a three‐week post‐thaw interval. Two series of studies were undertaken. In the first six units of blood (500 ml) rendered incoagulable with ACD (NIH‐A) were studied, three by each process, and the erythrocytes resuspended after deglycerolization in two media, autologous (ACD) plasma, and a 5% albumin resuspension medium. The erythrocyte suspensions were then stored at 4 C for three weeks and nucleotides assayed at three‐to‐four‐day intervals. In this group the nucleotide content of erythrocytes treated by the centrifugation technic was unchanged after processing, while the total nucleotides in erythrocytes processed by agglomeration were greatly reduced. The greatest loss was in ATP while the ADP and AMP were essentially unchanged. Agglomerated erythrocytes resuspended in autologous plasma resynthesized a small portion of their ATP when stored at 4 C for eight days. From eight to 21 days, both the ATP and total nucleotides were the same in erythrocytes from both processes. Small increases in ADP and AMP could not account for the decay of total nucleotides, which paralleled closely the loss of ATP.

In a second series the influence of agglomeration conditions was studied. The nucleotide content was found to be markedly affected by the time erythrocytes were allowed to remain in concentrated glucose solutions. The nucleotides of cells processed optimally, that is agglomerated within 20 minutes and disaggregated with 250 ml of 0.15 M NaCl centrifuged and resuspended in plasma or albumin, were substantially the same as those in unprocessed ACD blood stored for 21 days at 4 C.