bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synchronization, Non-linear Dynamics and Control
Authors: Bianconi Ginestra
Published: July 2018

This chapter is entirely devoted to characterizing non-linear dynamics on multilayer networks. Special attention is given to recent results on the stability of synchronization that extend the Master Stability Function approach to the multilayer networks scenario. Discontinous synchronization transitions on multiplex networks recently reported in the literature are also discussed, and their application discussed in the context of brain networks. This chapter also presents an overview of the major results regarding pattern formation in multilayer networks, and the proposed characterization of multivariate time series using multiplex visibility graphs. Finally, the chapter discusses several approaches for multiplex network control where the dynamical state of a multiplex network needs to be controlled by eternal signals placed on replica nodes satisfying some structural constraints.
From Truth to Being
Authors: Edwards Douglas
Published: July 2018

This chapter explores the connections between truth pluralism and ontological pluralism, and develops the features of a global pluralism, which includes pluralism about truth and existence. It begins by noting that some motivations for truth pluralism can also be applied to ontological pluralism, before demonstrating how a method similar to the argument in Chapter 5 for truth pluralism can also be used to give an argument for ontological pluralism. It then discusses how the views complement each other, and how ontological pluralism can add to our understanding of domains by highlighting differences between the ways things exist. Once the pluralist metaphysical picture is up and running, its explanatory power is demonstrated by comparing it to global deflationism. In doing so, further problems for global deflationism are exposed.
Introduction
Authors: Seligmann Matthew S.
Published: July 2018

There is an old story about Winston Churchill and the Royal Navy that runs thus: during his time as First Lord of the Admiralty from 1911 to 1915, Churchill made a proposal for reform that was strenuously opposed by the naval officers on the Board of Admiralty, whose role it was to advise politicians on the administration of the service. The reason given for their objection was that Churchill’s measure was not in accord with what they referred to as ‘naval tradition’. Upon encountering such opposition, Churchill immediately and thunderously retorted, ‘Naval tradition? Naval tradition? Monstrous. Nothing but rum, sodomy, prayers and the lash.’...
From Magic to Deity, Matter to Persona
Authors: Sarkar Bihani
Published: July 2018

The first chapter of the Devīmāhātmya, a collection of myths about the warrior goddess Durgā, mentions a mysterious figure of magic and causal power, the goddess Mahāmāyā who is the personified sleep of Viṣṇu. Though tightly enmeshed with Durgā, Mahāmāyā is charged with a complex symbolism distinguishing her from Durgā. Focusing on Mahāmāyā, this chapter turns from myth to classical Indian philosophy to probe her origin and to trace her further development and exaltation from a metaphysical concept into a deity of worship. It assesses the notion of māyā as magic, illusion and the principle of active material causation in metaphysics preceding the Devīmāhātmya, from which Mahāmāyā as a religious icon drew her varied signification It is particularly within the cosmogonic speculations of Sadyojyotiḥ and Bhaṭṭa Rāmakaṇṭha, early writers of the Śaiva Siddhānta, that Māyā is turned into a central figure in the understanding of how reality is formed.
Rādhā
Authors: Coleman Tracy
Published: July 2018

Although Sītā and Rādhā might seem to represent the ideal woman as pativratā and her adulterous antithesis respectively, this essay initially argues that both paradigmatic figures reflect the same underlying androcentric ideology that values women who selflessly sacrifice their lives for men and thus represent idealized models of feminine devotion (bhakti), submission, and suffering, especially in situations of viraha, separation from their beloveds. Privileging the twelfth-century Gītagovinda, however, and its vision of Kṛṣṇa’s passionate love for Rādhā, this chapter argues that the poet Jayadeva glorifies a radically subversive secret that threatens hegemonic masculinity: an erotic image of divinity both masculine and feminine, an image of dual divinity that sanctifies sexuality and values women as independent and powerful in sharp contrast to traditional structures of patriarchal power.
‘A Double Delight’
Authors: Newton Hannah
Published: July 2018

Recovery from disease was an event of profound religious significance in early modern England, because it was thought to be ordained by God. This chapter investigates the perceived impact of bodily recovery on spiritual well-being, and asks how patients and their loved ones reacted to the belief that ultimately it was the Lord who had raised them from the sickbed. It shows that across the Protestant spectrum, experiences of recovery were shaped by what can be called the ‘art of recovery’, a set of moral duties and devotional practices derived from Scripture, which were supposed to be performed in the wake of illness. These included resisting sin, cultivating ‘holy affections’, and joining together in collective praise. When patients succeeded in these duties, the joy of recovery was greatly multiplied, since it signified that their souls as well as their bodies were better; but when they failed, the happiness was undermined.
Waddington’s Processual Epigenetics and the Debate over Cryptic Variability
Authors: Fabris Flavia
Published: July 2018

This chapter reappraises Waddington’s processual theory of epigenetics and examines its implications for contemporary evolutionary biology. It focuses in particular on the ontological difference between two conflicting assumptions that have been conflated in the recent debate over the nature of cryptic variability: a substance view that is consistent with the modern synthesis and construes variability as a preexisting pool of random genetic variation; and a processual view, which derives from Waddington’s conception of developmental canalization and understands variability as an epigenetic process. The chapter also discusses how these opposing interpretations fare in their capacity to explain the genetic assimilation of acquired characters.
Baumgarten’s Rationalism
Authors: Look Brandon C.
Published: July 2018

This chapter reconsiders the character of Baumgarten’s supposed place in the rationalist tradition by pointing out that the strict opposition usually thought to hold between rationalism, empiricism, and theologically based philosophies in the eighteenth century tends to obscure the complexity of much of the thought of this period. In particular, Look examines the historical context and substance of Baumgarten’s thought, focusing on the principle of sufficient reason and Baumgarten’s definition of philosophy, and shows how in various ways the Metaphysics seeks to unify strands from all three traditions.
Baumgarten’s Theory of Freedom
Authors: Schwaiger Clemens
Published: July 2018

This chapter explains the key elements in the dispute between the Pietists and Wolff, and defends the thesis that as a figure situated at the boundary between these two parties, Baumgarten played a historically decisive role in the debate. To demonstrate this, Schwaiger shows in detail how, in attempting to build a middle path, Baumgarten is led to offer an original and fundamental modification of the theory of freedom. This includes reworking the Wolffian conception of a rule of willing, further developing the theory of motivational indifference, and recasting the distinctions between “spontaneity,” “choice,” and “freedom.”
What Structure Lurks in the Minds of Men?
Authors: Travis Charles
Published: July 2018

An idea of Wittgenstein’s: Given the questions (e.g.) belief ascriptions speak to, there is no reason to expect what they ascribe to correspond in any interesting or significant way with any identifiable intracranial states or happenings. There is a viewpoint from which this seems at best perverse. It is incarnated in something known as the Representational Theory of Mind. After setting out that theory, this chapter works to make Wittgenstein’s idea plausible, or at least reasonable; correspondingly, RTM becomes less plausible, or at least less reasonable. It works in this direction by borrowing, and working out, some ideas of Frege’s—very broadly speaking, ideas on what is, what not, a psychological question; in large part ideas on the generality of thought and the particularity of what thought is about. Later Wittgenstein is generally much indebted to Frege. Here is one area where the debt shows.
Perceiving Language
Authors: Collins John
Published: July 2018

Charles Travis seeks to forge a concord between Frege, McDowell, and Chomsky. The three thinkers all profoundly reject empiricism in the guise of rejecting of what Travis calls the Martian Principle. The essence of this principle is that thinking (or a cognitive competence) must be universal in not being due to a ‘special design’ a creature might have such that it exercises its competence in the way it does, as opposed to some other conceivable way. Although uncovering the Martian Principle is a genuine insight, Chomsky’s rejection of it is somewhat different from how Travis presents the case. Travis conceives of linguistic competence as if it were a form of seeing, the structure of an externally orientated sensibility. Once this misconception is rectified, a problem emerges for Travis’s way of putting the rejection of empiricism (on McDowell’s behalf).
Introduction
Authors: Yli-Vakkuri Juhani , Hawthorne John
Published: July 2018

The Introduction outlines the history of the narrow content debate. It introduces the famous thought experiments by Hilary Putnam and Tyler Burge, discusses why the debate only came to prominence in the 1970s, and outlines what is to come.
What is narrow content?
Authors: Yli-Vakkuri Juhani , Hawthorne John
Published: July 2018

In Chapter 1 we clarify and make precise a number of the key notions that will be used in the rest of the book—most notably those of content and narrowness. There is also a substantial critical discussion of the thesis that ‘character’, in something like David Kaplan’s sense, is narrow, instead of content. This discussion is the chapter’s main original contribution.
Relational narrowness
Authors: Yli-Vakkuri Juhani , Hawthorne John
Published: July 2018

Chapter 6 explores a more promising but even more radical departure from standard internalist theorizing. It not only introduces a new notion of narrowness but more strikingly gives explanatory pride of place not to content but to semantic relations between thought constituents. While more promising than the others, this approach also faces very serious obstacles, and we conclude this book by outlining a range of them.
Setting the Scene
Authors: Lawson Anna , Waddington Lisa
Published: July 2018

This chapter introduces the book and provides important context for all the subsequent chapters. In particular, it explains the aim of the research presented in the book and situates it within the emerging literature on comparative international (human rights) law, as well as the literature on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). It also sets out the methodology used and explains how the book is structured, with jurisdiction-specific chapters, and chapters providing comparative analysis across jurisdictions illuminating the differences and similarities in the interpretation and use of the CRPD by domestic courts and judges.
Australia
Authors: Waddington Lisa
Published: July 2018

Given the dualist nature of the Australian legal system, the potential for the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) to impact on case law is seemingly limited. Nevertheless, a wide range of Australian courts have referenced the Convention in their judgments, and the Convention has certainly been used to bolster or support the reasoning of courts in a number of cases, with at least one court going as far as interpreting Convention provisions and using this interpretation to further the development of domestic law on disability rights. On the other hand, Australian courts have also on occasions explicitly stated that they found the Convention to be inapplicable or irrelevant and have given a variety of reasons for reaching this finding. The Australian cases explored in this chapter therefore represent a wide diversity of judicial responses to the CRPD, and provide the basis for a fruitful discussion and analysis.
Introduction
Authors: Meijer Hugo , Wyss Marco
Published: July 2018

The introduction, which sets the stage for The Handbook, contends that, when it comes to European security and defence, analytical precedence should be given back to Europe’s national defence policies and armed forces. Therefore, it first addresses the different historical stages in the rise and decline of the CSDP and the transformation of national armed forces in Europe since the end of the cold war. Then, it questions the seemingly unjustified predominance of the CSDP vis-à-vis the comparative study of national defence policies in the literature on European defence. With the case made for the ‘analytical resurgence’ of national armed forces in Europe, the third section demonstrates the fruitfulness of such a demarche by summarizing the central findings of The Handbook. What emerges from the rich and diverse range of contributions in this volume is that national armed forces have regained their central importance.
Italy
Authors: Coticchia Fabrizio
Published: July 2018

Since the end of the bipolar era, Italy has regularly undertaken military interventions around the world, with an average of 8,000 units employed abroad in the twenty-first century. Moreover, Italy is one of the principal contributors to the UN operations. The end of the cold war represented a turning point for Italian defence, allowing for greater military dynamism. Several reforms have been approved, while public opinion changed its view regarding the armed forces. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive perspective of the process of transformation that occurred in post-cold-war Italian defence, looking at the evolution of national strategies, military doctrines, and the structure of forces. After a brief literature review, the study highlights the process of transformation of Italian defeshnce policy since 1989. Through primary and secondary sources, the chapter illustrates the main changes that occurred, the never-ending cold-war legacies, and key challenges.
Bulgaria and Romania
Authors: Baev Jordan
Published: July 2018

The evolution of the security and defence reforms in Bulgaria and Romania after the cold-war era includes the elaboration of leading strategic and doctrinal acts, a change from conscript to professional national armies, the implementation of the principles of civil–military relations with the establishment of integrated defence ministries and strong democratic oversight, and the achievement of interoperability in the accession process to NATO and EU membership. Bulgaria and Romania have had a similar process of military transformation and geopolitical reorientation from the East to the West in their common transition to a pluralist democracy. A significant requirement in the process of transformation was the establishment and training of specially qualified mobile forces capable of participating in NATO- or EU-led peace missions. Bulgaria and Romania have also actively contributed to the development of regional defence cooperation in south-eastern Europe by launching various multinational initiatives.
Land Warfare
Authors: Tuck Christopher
Published: July 2018

This chapter charts the key developments in European land warfare since 1900. On the one hand, it is possible to identify overarching explanatory ideas, metanarratives, that can be used to identify continuities in development over time across Europe’s armies. These include the concept of ‘modern system’ land warfare and the ‘transformation paradigm’. However, as this chapter also shows, these two points of continuity do not mean either that European armies are homogenous, or that their conceptual assumptions are uncontested. European land warfare remains a heterogeneous phenomenon, shaped by the variety in national contexts and by contending debates on how appropriate Europe’s armies are to the actual challenges of contemporary and future armed conflict.
Cyber Capabilities
Authors: Boulanin Vincent
Published: July 2018

This chapter investigates the development of industrial and technological capabilities for cyber defence in Europe up to 2016. It assesses (a) the relevant policies, as well as (b) the institutional and (c) the industrial and technologies resources of Western Europe’s major powers (France, Germany, and the United Kingdom), and then of a selection of representative examples of medium and lesser powers (Italy, Spain, and Sweden).’ It establishes that since the mid-2000s developing cyber-security and cyber-defence capabilities emerged as a top priority for all the European powers examined. The most important efforts were from Europe’s largest military powers, France and the UK, which both showcase a firm intention to belong to the circle of leading powers in cyberspace. The efficacy of these efforts is hard to judge, given the absence of greater transparency and the nature of the cyber risks and threats.
Space Capabilities
Authors: Hayward Keith
Published: July 2018

This chapter assesses the current state of European military space capabilities as of 2017. Cooperative programmes have become more prominent, but national concerns are still predominant. While European institutions have acquired some military space interests, intergovernmental policymaking is still critical. Europe has a wide range of technological capabilities, but there are gaps in some security critical areas. The European space industrial base is partially integrated but with some tensions stemming from residual national industrial interests. The chapter examines the leading European national military space capabilities as well as a representative sample of other medium and lesser European powers. Europe is compared with other mid-range space powers such as India and Japan, as well as benchmarking against the United States, Russia, and China. While European military space has made significant progress, it is still impeded by political divisions that reflect wider weaknesses in European security policy.
French Military Operations
Authors: Zajec Olivier
Published: July 2018

Since the end of the Algerian decolonization war in 1962, French forces have been involved in many overseas operations, mostly in Africa, Afghanistan and the Middle East. From1991, French forces adjusted to a wide range of new operational challenges, while still applying the basic principles of combat and practising a reinforced interoperability at multinational, inter-agency, and joint levels. Heavily committed overseas, and infused with a specific expeditionary institutional culture, French military forces are positioned at the forefront of European and NATO forces. However, as the majority of the long-term plans for stability in Africa and in the Middle East are likely to require sustained military and security efforts, the cost of French actions is having a major impact on the national defence budget. In addition, the huge involvement of military forces on national soil (Operation ‘Sentinelle’) as a result of terrorist strikes in Paris could possibly limit the foreign interventions in the near future.
UK Military Operations
Authors: Lindley-French Julian
Published: July 2018

The world that the United Kingdom must face in the late 2010s and into the 2020s seems to make its small armed force look ever smaller, and the gap between the force and intended effect ever wider. This chapter examines the key drivers of UK military operations since the end of the cold war by assessing how the UK has put strategy and doctrine into practice. The Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010 established seven military tasks for the UK armed forces ranging from the defence of the United Kingdom, deterrence of threats, and support for partners through defence engagement, to defence of the overseas territories. However, the review revealed a fundamental tension between ends, ways, and means, a tension also evident in SDSR 2015. The UK’s armed forces are also in transition, shifting away from the land-centric operations of the wars of Yugoslav succession of the mid-1990s to a greater focus on maritime–amphibious operations with an emphasis on deep ‘jointness’ (cross-service cooperation).
Singularities
Authors: Simmons Keith
Published: July 2018

Chapter 3 turns to the second main claim of the proposed solution: our semantic predicates are significant everywhere except for certain singularities, where their application breaks down. A particular use of ‘denotes’, for example, is minimally restricted, applying to all denoting expressions except its singularities. Similarly with ‘extension’ and ‘true’. The singularity solution is contrasted with hierarchical solutions: the singularity solution does not stratify the semantic predicates into levels. The chapter identifies two kinds of semantic networks associated with the paradoxes-loops and chains-and prepares the ground for a representation of these semantic networks via certain kinds of trees. The upshot of the chapter is that the extensions of our semantic predicates shift with certain changes of context, but these shifts are kept to a minimum.
Revenge, I
Authors: Simmons Keith
Published: July 2018

Chapter 8 is the first of two chapters on the phenomenon of revenge paradoxes, paradoxes which, roughly speaking, are constructed out of the very terms of a purported solution. The chapter begins by exploring the difficulties that revenge presents for Kripke’s theory of truth, in either of two versions: a version that admits truth value gaps, and a paracomplete version which rejects the law of excluded middle. The chapter goes on to critically examine Field’s paracomplete theory of truth and its treatment of revenge, arguing that Field’s theory is couched in terms that are artificial and too far removed from natural language. The chapter concludes with a critical discussion of Priest’s dialetheist approach to the Liar paradox, according to which there are true contradictions. It is argued that Priest’s theory is itself subject to revenge paradoxes.
Great Transformations
Authors: Sumner Andy
Published: July 2018

In this chapter we revisit this first era of classical developmentalism and industrialization in South East Asia from the late 1960s to the early to mid 1980s. The chapter argues that in keeping with the discussion of Lewis and Kuznets, the outcomes were impressive, and the end of classical developmentalism in South East Asia was due to global forces and the mode of global incorporation. The state was important in managing distributional tensions to address the Kuznetsian upswing of inequality that structural transformation unleashes. Specifically, the focus on agriculture and rural development ensured a social basis—improvements in welfare for the rural masses—that compensated for democracy. Agricultural development also supported industrialization. It is important to note, though, that absence of elite conflict, which facilitated structural transformation and inclusive growth in the region, had a high price in terms of the curtailing of political opposition, and political freedoms.
Moral Requirements and Permissions, and the Requirements and Permissions of Reason
Authors: Buss Sarah
Published: July 2018

This chapter offers an account of personal ideals that sheds light on the relationship between the imperatives of morality and the imperatives of rationality. Many people endorse the ideal of treating others “with concern and respect” in such a way as to accommodate one’s other ideals. Living up to this accommodationist ideal closely approximates doing what one takes oneself to have sufficient reason to do, all things considered. In contrast, the requirements one must satisfy in order to live up to one’s nonaccommodationist ideals do not have a claim to be the requirements of rationality because they do not take the normative significance of other ideals into account. Accommodationist and nonaccommodationist ideals give rise to different forms of incoherence. To appreciate the ways in which our ideals fail to form a perfect unity is to appreciate the extent to which coherence is also a substantive ideal.
Stupid Goodness
Authors: Cullity Garrett
Published: July 2018

In Paradise Lost, Satan’s first sight of Eve in Eden renders him “Stupidly good”: his state is one of admirable yet inarticulate responsiveness to reasons. Turning from fiction to real life, this chapter argues that stupid goodness is an important moral phenomenon, but one that has limits. The chapter examines three questions about the relation between having a reason and saying what it is—between normativity and articulacy. Is it possible to have and respond to morally relevant reasons without being able to articulate them? Can moral inarticulacy be good, and if so, what is the value of moral articulacy? And, thirdly, can moral philosophy help us to be good? The chapter argues that morality has an inarticulacy-accepting part, an articulacy-encouraging part, an articulacy-surpassing part, and an articulacy-discouraging part. Along the way, an account is proposed of what it is to respond to the reasons that make up the substance of morality.
Many, Other, Place, Frame
Authors: Oklopcic Zoran
Published: July 2018

Focusing on the scenic dimension of the visual register of constituent imagination, Chapter 3 focuses on how select early modern, modern, and contemporary theorists stage the scenes in which a sovereign (people) appears either as the author or as the outcome of the act of constitution. Building on Kenneth Burke’s theory of dramatism, the chapter shows how choreographed interplay among four abstract stage ‘props’ allows constitutional thinkers to stage one of the most important attributes of sovereignty—its capacity for creatio ex nihilo. Through a series of engagements with Hobbes, Rousseau, Schmitt, Sieyès, Lefort, and others, Chapter 3 reveals how they conformed to the unwritten laws of constituent dramatism, as well as the tricks they resorted to in order to bring a sovereign people into imaginative existence.
Exploring the Solar System
Authors: Schrijver Karel
Published: July 2018

In this chapter, the author summarizes the properties of the Solar System, and how these were uncovered. Over centuries, the arrangement and properties of the Solar System were determined. The distinctions between the terrestrial planets, the gas and ice giants, and their various moons are discussed. Whereas humans have walked only on the Moon, probes have visited all the planets and several moons, asteroids, and comets; samples have been returned to Earth only from our moon, a comet, and from interplanetary dust. For Earth and Moon, seismographs probed their interior, whereas for other planets insights come from spacecraft and meteorites. We learned that elements separated between planet cores and mantels because larger bodies in the Solar System were once liquid, and many still are. How water ended up where it is presents a complex puzzle. Will the characteristics of our Solar System hold true for planetary systems in general?
Lone Rovers
Authors: Schrijver Karel
Published: July 2018

How do stars and planets break the bonds of gravity, and how do we know they do? Most stars form with hundreds, if not thousands, of nearby neighbors, and yet the Sun is all alone; we learn about its crowded birthplace from decayed radioactive products and by the examples of stellar clusters all around in which supernova explosions can either trigger starbirth or terminate the growth of planetary systems. Planets form as the entourage of stars, and yet many have been found floating freely in interstellar space; such dark bodies, thrown free from their original planetary systems by migrating sibling planets and now drifting far from stars, are found by their bending of starlight, working as gravitational lenses—as predicted by Albert Einstein—when they pass in front of distant stars.
Introduction
Authors: Apeldoorn Laurens van , Douglass Robin
Published: July 2018

This volume investigates the complex and rich intersections between Thomas Hobbes’s political and religious thought. Hobbes is often credited with being one of the first great theorists of the modern state,1 but the state he theorized, as the title of his most famous work announces, was a commonwealth ecclesiastical and civil. One of the main goals of ...
Natural Sovereignty and Omnipotence in Hobbes’s Leviathan
Authors: Martinich A. P.
Published: July 2018

According to Thomas Hobbes, God is a natural sovereign because he is omnipotent. This claim is part of the general political philosophy he presents in Part Two of Leviathan. The assertion of God’s sovereignty complements Hobbes’s earlier claim that the laws of nature are commanded by God, speaking through reason. For Hobbes as for some of his other contemporaries, understanding the properties of God as absolute sovereign helps to illuminate the properties of an absolute, human sovereign. When a king was thought of as God’s vicegerent or representative, the king’s attributes were thought to be reflections of or approximations to God’s sovereign attributes. Hobbes’s civil sovereign is modelled on the divine sovereign as represented in the Old Testament. Hobbes favoured some of the psalms; but he probably had other familiar biblical texts in mind as well.
The Politics of Hobbes’s Historia Ecclesiastica
Authors: Springborg Patricia
Published: July 2018

Hobbes’s Historia Ecclesiastica takes the name of the great Byzantine ecclesiastical histories from the fourth century on by Eusebius, Rufinus, Socrates of Constantinople, by Sozomen and Evagrius, by the Arian Philostorgius and the Nestorian Theodoret. Hobbes’s choice of title could not have been accidental, even if the poem represents a major genre problem. His preoccupation with heresy was a principal motivation for the burst of creative activity on that subject in the 1660s, which includes his Ecclesiastical History, and it is true that from Eusebius on, Christian historiographers were obsessed with heresy. But there is an alternative and not unrelated hypothesis, and that is that Hobbes, who condoned Cromwellian Independency and was an Erastian at heart, was hoping to establish the credentials of a more latitudinarian Anglicanism as a civil religion, thus appealing to the relative tolerance of the humanist historiographers against the rabid sectarianism of heresiographers of the 1640s.
Introduction
Authors: Carrol Alison
Published: July 2018

The introduction offers a brief overview of Alsace’s return to France, situates the study within the literature on nations, nationalisms, and borders, and introduces the major arguments and the approach of the book. It outlines the multiple dimensions of the return of Alsace to France (laws, administration, society, politics, economics, culture, and the landscape), and suggests that these discrete aspects of daily life were shaped by the border. Indeed, the remarkable element in the story of Alsace’s return to France, the introduction suggests, is that in spite of the change of national regime and the shifts in Franco–German relations, the border was always a point of contact. This contact was not always positive, but it nonetheless played a crucial role in Alsace’s return to France, and as a result contributed to the formation of the French nation.
Protecting Long-term Commitment
Authors: Levillain Kevin , Parker Simon , Ridley-Duff Rory , Segrestin Blanche , Veldman Jeroen , Willmott Hugh
Published: July 2018

Growing attention is being paid to the benefits of considering the long-term interests of multiple constituencies in corporate governance. A theory of the corporation where fiduciary duties of directors point to the legal entity and not to its shareholders goes beyond a pure prioritization of shareholders’ interests. However, the notion that board members mediate the interests of all constituencies fails to account for a ‘positive’ conception of corporate purpose and underlying asymmetries in allocations of rights between stakeholders. Addressing corporate governance as a fundamentally ‘open’ model for organizational structuring, we engage with a variety of legal mechanisms that can be used to implement and protect a positive purpose for the modern corporation and to protect the conditions of credible commitment to manage the company for the interest of corporate constituencies, to commit the corporation to a social or environmental purpose and to take into account multiple time-horizons.
The Evolution of Corporate Species
Authors: Landini Fabio , Pagano Ugo
Published: July 2018

The evolution of biological species is influenced by two types of complementarities. One is related to the synergies among and within organisms, while the other is the outcome of conflicts among different species and among members of the same species. In both conflictual and synergic complementarities, the traits selected in one domain affect the traits selected in the other domain. However, synergies and conflicts involve different mechanisms and interact with each other to generate complex co-evolutionary dynamics. Socio-economic systems are characterized by similar complementarities. Whereas technology and property rights exhibit synergic complementarities, workers’ and capitalists’ organizations display conflictual complementarities. The evolution of different species of capitalism can be better understood in terms of both types of complementarities and by their interactions. The comparative history of the American and the European economies is used to illustrate how models of capitalism can diverge, building different types of institutional complementarities over time.
Left Behind? Inequality and Inclusive Growth—Assessing the Australian Experience
Authors: Whiteford Peter
Published: July 2018

This chapter sets out the key trends in inequality and in household incomes and its components across the distribution in the case of Australia, and brings out the distinctive features at work. These relate both to the nature of the economy and to the institutional structures in the labour market and the tax–transfer system. It brings out that much of the growth in real incomes for ordinary households since the 1980s was concentrated in the resources boom of the 2000s. Inequality has increased despite wage-setting institutions that are distinctive among Anglo-Saxon/liberal welfare states and a tax–transfer system that is particularly effective in directing support to lower-income households. Prospects for future growth are of particular concern given the macroeconomic context.
Belgium, a Poster Child for Inclusive Growth?
Authors: Marx Ive , Verbist Gerlinde
Published: July 2018

This chapter sets out the key trends in inequality and in household incomes for Belgium. It teases out why Belgium has been relatively successful, compared with other rich countries, in maintaining reasonable if not dramatic growth in real incomes for the middle, while limiting increases in inequality. The key features which underpin these outcomes are examined in depth. These relate in particular to the wage-setting institutions for individual earnings, the evolution of labour-force participation and employment and what underpins this, and the redistributive structures of the tax and transfer systems and policies implemented in that respect. This analysis brings out the extent to which institutions and policies have been framed to serve the interests of the broadly defined middle class, while a substantial low-income group face particular challenges.
America’s Great Decoupling
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: July 2018

This chapter sets out the significant extent to which the fruits of economic growth since the late 1970s have gone to the very top of the income distribution in the case of the United States. There has been little growth in real wages and incomes for most households, with dual earning being the main source of any such increase. The chapter identifies the growth in incomes at the very top as the main factor accounting for stagnation across the rest of the distribution, and discussed the range of channels through which this relationship operates, more and less directly. It also discusses broader debates about the extent to which real incomes are likely to reflect changes in living standards, and concludes that, while not telling the whole story, they remain central.
Theoretical Underpinnings of Sovereign Debt
Authors: Kupelyants Hayk
Published: July 2018

Chapter 1 sets out the theoretical underpinnings of sovereign borrowing and litigation. It first examines the dual nature of sovereign debt that may be characterised as either private or public, and as either bilateral or multilateral. The chapter then analyses to what extent broader public policy arguments may successfully be adduced in sovereign debt litigation. The chapter also considers the extent to which the concept of insolvency can meaningfully be extrapolated to sovereign bankruptcies and whether the considerations of international comity may be adduced in sovereign debt litigation. Lastly, the chapter considers the role of financial markets as the regulators of sovereign debt disputes.
Political Personalization
Authors: Rahat Gideon , Kenig Ofer
Published: July 2018

The chapter lays down the conceptual and theoretical basis for the analysis of political personalization from a cross-national perspective. It proposes a definition of political personalization and a typology of its types—institutional, media, and behavioral—and its subtypes—personalization of governmental and nongovernmental institutions; of controlled and uncontrolled media; and of the behavior of politicians and voters. It looks closely at the core meaning of the proposed definition, at its broadness, and at the implications of perceiving personalization as a process. The chapter also examines, on the basis of the research literature, the general causes of political personalization—party change, mediatization, individualization—and the relationships between its different types.
A Cross-National Analysis of Political Personalization
Authors: Rahat Gideon , Kenig Ofer
Published: July 2018

The chapter presents an integrated cross-national analysis of political personalization in all our twenty-six countries. The two indicators of personalization online stand apart in terms of the incidents of depersonalization. An examination of the relationship between the three dimensions finds personalization especially in the institutional realm. In the other two dimensions, media and behavior, most cases are of personalization, but many indicate no trend or depersonalization. A comparison by country illustrates that, except for the cases of extreme personalization in Italy and Israel and a few cases of depersonalization, especially in Switzerland, most countries experience moderate–low or low levels of personalization. Most explanations for variance are ruled out. A moderately negative correlation is found between national levels of self-expression and national levels of political personalization. The chapter ends with a review of the claims raised in the literature about the consequences of political personalization.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Rahat Gideon , Kenig Ofer
Published: July 2018

The concluding chapter presents a summary of the main findings concerning party change, personalization, and the relationship between them. It then proposes directions for future research on these phenomena and their interaction. It also suggests that it makes sense to see the combination of party decline and personalization as a potential threat to the quality of modern representative democracy, and maybe even to democracy per se. Finally, it makes preliminary suggestions as to how personalized energies could be rechanneled into the party. The chapter ends by claiming that there is no reason why parties should not revitalize their abilities to reorient personal energies toward collective action. After all, that is what parties were—and still are—about.
Empiricism and Normative Constraint
Authors: Ginsborg Hannah
Published: July 2018

McDowell holds that our thinking, in order to have intentional content, must stand in a normative relation to empirical reality. He thinks that this condition can be satisfied only if we adopt “minimal empiricism”: the view that beliefs and judgements stand in rational relations to perceptual experiences, conceived as passive. I raise two complementary difficulties for minimal empiricism, one challenging McDowell’s view that experiences, conceived as passive, can be reasons for belief, the other challenging his view of experience as presupposing conceptual capacities. I go on to argue that minimal empiricism is not necessary for satisfying the condition that thinking be normatively related to the empirical world. There is another way of understanding the relation between thought and reality which construes it as normative without being rational: we can understand it as the world’s normative constraint on the activity through which empirical concepts, and hence empirical thinking, become possible.
Fallibility for Infallibilists
Authors: Leddington Jason
Published: July 2018

Infallibilism is the view that knowledge requires conclusive grounds. Despite its intuitive appeal, most contemporary epistemology rejects Infallibilism; however, there is a strong minority tradition that embraces it. Showing that Infallibilism is viable requires showing that it is compatible with the undeniable fact that we can go wrong in pursuit of perceptual knowledge. In other words, we need an account of fallibility for Infallibilists. By critically examining John McDowell’s recent attempt at such an account, this paper articulates a very important general lesson for Infallibilists. The paper concludes by briefly discussing two ways to do justice to this lesson, and so, two possible approaches to fallibility for Infallibilists: first, at the level of experience; and second, at the level of judgment.
The Epistemological Promise of Externalism
Authors: Stroud Barry
Published: July 2018

This chapter discusses the promise of an ‘externalist’ or ‘anti-individualist’ account of the contents of the thoughts and beliefs that one must have even to be faced with the challenging problem associated with ‘externalist’ definitions of the concept of knowledge. It first considers the central problem for philosophy since the time of Socrates: to understand the role of sense-experience in human knowledge, and to see whether or how we can know what we do about the world on the basis of what we perceive to be so. It suggests that threatening reflections about sense perception start from the undeniable fact of perceptual illusions or mistakes. It also examines efforts that have been made to define the concept of knowledge and concludes by explaining how externalism can be helpful in the diagnosis and dissolution of the traditional epistemological problem.
Ways of Meaning and Knowing Moral Realities
Authors: Stroud Barry
Published: July 2018

This chapter examines some of the important and distinctive features of Mark Platts’ views on morality and on the kind of knowledge and understanding human beings have of it. In his Ways of Meaning, Platts sought ‘to present and discuss…the most important recent contributions to the philosophy of language’. The most important recent contributions to that subject through the 1970s were Donald Davidson’s elaborations of the idea of a theory of meaning for a particular language. This chapter considers Platts’ defence of the theory that he calls a form of ‘realism’, It considers specifically his ‘realist’ or ‘objectivist’ account of evaluative thought that stresses its direct connection with the non-‘epistemic’ conception of meaning and understanding from which it is derived.
Meaning and Understanding
Authors: Stroud Barry
Published: July 2018

This chapter examines an important source of the distinctive character of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s philosophy. This is the idea that there is no understanding language, or the thoughts and attitudes we hold about the world, as he puts it, ‘from outside’. It explains what Wittgenstein’s apparently uncontroversial remark means and what it implies about the kind of understanding we can expect to achieve of ourselves. It considers Wittgenstein’s concern not only with the relation of sentences or propositions to reality but also with the idea of someone’s thinking or meaning or understanding something in a particular way, along with his idea of ‘the limit of language’. It also looks at developments of arithmetical series as examples of the fundamental point Wittgenstein wishes to emphasize in discussing meaning and understanding.
Neutrality, Sunk Costs, and Commitment
Authors: Sullivan Meghan
Published: July 2018

This chapter applies the theory of temporal neutrality to past commitments. How do we distinguish irrational sunk cost reasoning from rationally permissible honoring of past plans? The chapter provides a parallel principle to Weak Forecasting called Weak Honoring that explains the difference. Roughly, given full information, it is permissible to choose any option you have not foresworn and will never regret over any option you have foresworn or will regret. The chapter considers alternative solutions to the sunk cost puzzle drawn from Nozick (rational irrationality), Bratman and Holton (commitment), Hurka and Kelly (structuralism), and Korsgaard (integrity). It raises objections for each of these alternative accounts.
Neutrality and Life Extension
Authors: Sullivan Meghan
Published: July 2018

This chapter applies the theory of temporal neutrality to the Lazarus problem: the problem of explaining when (if ever) it is prudentially rational to prefer an afterlife (any period of extended conscious existence after some irreversible radical change) over annihilation. The chapter considers three questions we might ask when determining the value of our afterlife. Would it be worthwhile to live in the new state? How different is it from our current life? What would it be like? Call these the satisfaction, difference, and phenomenological questions respectively. The chapter argues that we only need to answer the first question if we want to determine whether to prefer an afterlife and proposes the Weak Forecasting for Life Extension principle as a solution to the Lazarus problem. The chapter addresses worries raised by several cases (e.g., Still Alice, Parfit’s Russian Nobleman, Paul’s Vampire) that involve cognitive difference or failures in phenomenological projection.
Neutrality and Meaning
Authors: Sullivan Meghan
Published: July 2018

This chapter considers and rejects the Temporal Argument for Nihilism: (1)The meaningfulness of an activity, at a time, depends upon it making a permanent difference in the world. (2) Nothing we can do will make a permanent difference in the world. (C) Nothing we can do has meaning now. Thechapter rejects (1) and proposes a way of finding meaning in life by appealing to temporal neutrality. First the chapter considers cases from Scheffler and Shiffrin which motivate (1). Next, the chapter considers two strategies for blocking this result: subjectivism about meaning and heavenly optimism. Both strategies are found wanting. However, if we embrace temporal neutrality then events can have meaning through connections with events either in the future or in the past. The chapter concludes with a temporally neutral response to nihilism.