bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Modern Formation of Early Mohism: Sun Yirang’s Exposing and Correcting the Mozi
Authors: Defoort Carine
Published: September 2015

This essay shows the historical contingency of the currently dominant portrayal of early Mohism in the field of Chinese philosophy. It documents the emergence of this portrayal in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by reconstructing, first, Mozi’s supposed promotion of ten core ideas and, second, the increasingly positive appreciation of his thought after centuries of rejection. The essay focuses on the book Exposing and Correcting the Mozi (Mozi jiangu) by the Qing scholar Sun Yirang, which was a milestone in the renaissance of Mozi studies. This book not only contributed to these two changes but also documents the major steps taken by Sun’s predecessors toward the formation of the current portrayal. 

Cet article met en évidence la contingence historique de la représentation du moïsme ancien actuellement dominante dans le champ de la philosophie chinoise. Il décrit l’émergence de cette représentation aux xviiie et xixe siècles en reconstituant, d’abord, la prétendue promotion de dix idées essentielles par Mozi, et ensuite, l’évaluation de plus en plus positive de sa pensée après des siècles de rejet. L’auteur se concentre sur l’ouvrage Exposition et rectification du Mozi (Mozi jiangu) de Sun Yirang, un érudit de l’époque des Qing, qui a marqué un jalon dans la renaissance des études sur le Mozi. Outre qu’il a lui-même contribué à ces deux évolutions, Sun décrit les principales étapes suivies par ses prédécesseurs, débouchant sur la représentation actuelle.
Turkey’s Forgotten Political Opposition: The Demise of Kadirbeyoğlu Zeki Bey, 1919–1927
Authors: Balistreri Alexander E.
Published: September 2015

This article encourages a reevaluation of the role of Anatolian Muslim merchants and notability in the Turkish nationalist movement after World War I. It offers the political career of Gümüşhane merchant Kadirbeyoğlu Zeki Bey (1884–1952) as one step toward such a reevaluation. Zeki is known to historians of Turkey for his seemingly unusual opposition: For a time, he was the only independent member of parliament under the Turkish single-party regime. Zeki was also one of the few outspoken opponents in parliament of abolishing the caliphate. But an examination of the reasons for Zeki’s persistent opposition shows that his background and platform were far from unique. This article first pinpoints the origins of Zeki’s political mobilization in the polarized environment of post-World-War-I Anatolia and explains his initial success in the Turkish nationalist movement. It then charts Zeki’s step-by-step alienation from this movement, from the Erzurum Congress to the last Ottoman parliament. Finally, it details Zeki’s “last hurrah”, the second Turkish parliament, where he championed causes dear to Anatolian Muslim merchants and notability: economic liberalism, social conservatism, civilian rule, and anti-authoritarianism. Zeki owed his initial success to his partisan neutrality and ties to the Ottoman social system, but the quickly changing dynamics of the Turkish nationalist movement soon made his opposition, and that of nationalists with a similar background, untenable.
What Do We Mean By “Salafī”? Connecting Muḥammad ʿAbduh with Egypt’s Nūr Party in Islam’s Contemporary Intellectual History
Authors: Griffel Frank
Published: September 2015

In contemporary academic literature, the word “Salafī” has a variety of meanings. Most importantly, Western academic literature of the 20th and 21st centuries applies the word to (1) an Islamic reform movement founded by Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī (d. 1897) and Muḥammad ʿAbduh (1849–1905) in the last decades of the 19th century and (2) to contemporary Sunni reform movements that criticize manifestations of Sunni Islam which are based on Sufism, Ashʿarism, and traditional madhhab-affiliations to the Shāfiʿī, Ḥanafī, and Mālikī schools. In a 2010-article Henri Lauzière argued that the use of the word “Salafī” to describe these two movements is an equivocation based on a mistake. While the movement of contemporary Salafīs may be rightfully called by that name, al-Afghānī and ʿAbduh never used the term. Only Western scholars of the 1920s and 30s, most importantly Louis Massignon (1883–1962), called this latter movement “salafī”. This paper reevaluates the evidence presented by Lauzière and argues that Massignon did not make a mistake. The paper describes analytically both reform movements and draws the conclusion that there is a historic continuity that justifies calling them both “salafī”. The paper draws an analogy from the use of the word “socialist” in European political history, which first applied to a wider movement of the late 19th century before its use was contested and narrowed down in the course of the 20th.
Дискуссия историков (в 1950–1970-ые годы) о роли абсолютизма в процессе развития европейского общества
Authors: Ágoston Magdolna
Published: September 2015

This article analyzes the debate about the nature of absolutism and the genesis of capitalism that took place at numerous symposiums and conferences during the 1950s and 1960s and on the pages of many specialist journals. The author believes that it is time to return to many of those unresolved issues with new perspectives.
Origine, caratteri e principali correnti del pensiero palestinese di resistenza, 1967-73
Authors: Bartolomei Enrico
Published: September 2015

The 1967 defeat thoroughly discredited Arab nationalist regimes and movements that proved incapable of liberating Palestine and achieving Arab unity. This contributed to the rise of several Palestinian guerrilla groups who took up popular armed struggle as a primary means of achieving their goals. The takeover of the Palestine Liberation Organization by Fatḥ and other armed organizations in 1969 was a watershed in the history of the Palestinian struggle and marked the emergence of an independent national liberation movement. This paper focuses on the origins, the ideological developments, and the main currents of Palestinian resistance thought in the years 1967-1973, when the fundamental documents and principles that were to constitute the basis of Palestinian resistance movement were elaborated. While doing that, it also shows what influence Palestinian resistance thought had on the shaping of contemporary Middle East.
Students and Dissent in Egypt
Authors: Manduchi Patrizia
Published: September 2015

This essay aims to describe the Egyptian university movement from the birth of University in Egypt (1908) until the end of Nasser period (1970). A particular focus is provided on the political and social role that students’ opposition movements assumed during all the national events, both in the liberal-monarchic age and under the Nasser presidency. A special attention has been payed to the evolution of Islamic student organizations inside Egyptian universities.

The ultimate goal is to stress, with an historical perspective, the relations between the history of universities and students movements as a part of the past and recent history of Egypt. The analysis of the history of thought, the progressive evolution of civil society, the complex articulation of political discourse, the authoritarian and repressive regimes, the censorship, is relevant to better understand the actual political Egyptian context.
Beitrag zur Moosflora der Insel Bioko (= Fernando Poo), Äquatorial-Guinea

Authors: Müller Frank
Published: September 2015

Interesting records of bryophytes from the island Bioko (formerly Fernando Poo), belonging to Equatorial Guinea, are listed. 75 taxa are reported for the first time for Equatorial Guinea. Especially interesting newly reported taxa are e.g. Bazzania praerupta, Iwatsukia jishibae, Syrrhopodon crenulatus, Leiomela africana and Calyptothecium hoehnelii. A phytogeographical analysis of the bryoflora of Bioko and a checklist of the bryophytes of Bioko is presented. At the end of the paper, a few additional new records of bryophytes from different tropical African countries (Kenya, Cameroon, Zaire) are listed.
Taxonomic studies of mosses of Seram and Ambon (Moluccas, East Malesia) collected by Indonesian-Japanese Botanical Expeditions, IX. Pottiaceae

Authors: Akiyama Hiroyuki
Published: September 2015

Mosses of Seram and Ambon Islands are reported based on our collections of the botanical expeditions to the islands. This paper is the ninth part of our report and includes the Pottiaceae (total 8 genera and 14 species). One new species, Barbula seramensis H.Akiyama is described.
Estado actual de las investigaciones sobre líquenes foliícolas en la región Neotrópica, con un análisis biogeográfico preliminar

Authors: Lücking Robert
Published: September 2015

An overview over the present state of investigations on foliicolous lichens in the Neotropics is provided. Historically, a division can be made into (1) the initial period, dominated by the work of J. Müller Argoviensis, (2) the monography of R. Santesson, (3) the Brazilian phase, characterized by the Brazilian mycologist A. C. Batista and his working group, and (4) the modern period, with detailed monographical and floristical studies and an increasing interest in the ecology of foliicolous lichens and their use as bioindicators. We now have rather good knowledge of the taxonomy and systematics of most groups, although new species are continuously described and some families and genera are in need of revision. Detailed floristical information is available from a few regions only, and biogeographical data are therefore incomplete and controversial. Modern ecological studies have been made to some extent, yet the results and their implications have to be verified by extended studies inside and outside the Neotropics. Preliminary data indicate that foliicolous lichens are useful as bioindicators in various respects. Biogeographically, the Neotropics are characterized by a high number of exclusive species and by their affinity with tropical Africa. Within the Neotropics, biogeographical subdivisions, as established by higher plant distribution patterns, are only in a few instances supported by the distribution of foliicolous lichens. In general, subtile biogeographical conclusions with respect to foliicolous lichens are difficult, because of the wide distribution of many species and the insufficient floristic knowledge of particular regions.
A revision of Acanthorrhynchium (Sematophyllaceae) in Africa

Authors: O’Shea Brian J.
Published: September 2015

Of the three species of Acanthorrhynchium reported for Africa in a recent checklist, all prove to be the same as the widespread Asian species, Acanthorrhynchium papillatum (Harvey) Fleisch.: this is the first report of this taxon for Africa. Acanthorrhynchium decolor (Besch.) Fleisch. and A. loucoubense (Besch.) Fleisch. are made new synonyms of A. papillatum. Acanthorrhynchium serratum (Ren. & Card.) Fleisch. had already been made a synonym of A. loucoubense (as Taxithelium loucoubense) before Fleischer moved it into the genus Acanthorrhynchium.
Mosses from the Mascarenes - 6.
Authors: Een Gillis
Published: September 2015

Sixty taxa of mosses, mainly pleurocarps, are reported from the Mascarenes. Two are new to Afr.3 sensu Index Muscorum, i.e., Brachythecium plumosum (Hedwig) Schimper in BSG and Palamocladium sericeum (Jaeger) C.Müller. Nine are new to the Mascarenes, i.e., Brachythecium decurrens Cardot, Callicostella parvocellulata Demaret & P.Varde, Helicodontium lanceolatum (Hampe & C.Müller) Jaeger, Lepidopilum carrougeauanum Thér. & P.Varde, Mittenothamnium microthamnioides (Geh.) Wijk & Marg., Orthostichopsis longinervis (Ren. & Cardot) Broth., Plagiothecium nitens Dixon, Rhynchostegium comorae (C.Müller) Jaeger and Trachypus bicolor var. hispidulus (C.Müller) Cardot. One is new to Mauritius and Réunion, but known from Rodrigues, i.e., Meiothecium madagascariense (Bridel) Broth. Five taxa are new to Mauritius, i.e., Callicostella salaziae (Besch.) Broth., Lopidium struthiopteris (Bridel) Fleischer, Macrohymenium acidodon (Mont.) Dozy & Molk., Orthostichella pentasticha (Bridel) Buck and Vesicularia lepervanchei (Besch.) Broth.
Muelleritermes: A new termite genus with two species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae)
Authors: OLIVEIRA DANILO E. , ROCHA MAURICIO R. , CANCELLO ELIANA M.
Published: September 2015

We present the description of Muelleritermes, new genus, and two new species: M. fritzi, sp. n. and M. globiceps, sp. n. Both species were found only in the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil. All castes are described and illustrated, and a distribution map is provided. These species seem to be closely related to the genera Velocitermes and Diversitermes, sharing traits such as the presence of three types of soldiers and workers and a short mixed segment. This genus differs from Velocitermes and Diversitermes in the presence of a few ommatids on soldier's head, behind the antennae. It also differs from Velocitermes in the lack of a constriction on the head of major soldiers, and from Diversitermes in the presence of short hairs on top of the soldier's head, instead of microscopic ones.
New species of the genus Oligoneuriella Ulmer, 1924 (Ephemeroptera: Oligoneuriidae) from Turkey
Authors: SROKA PAVEL , BOJKOVÁ JINDŘIŠKA , SOLDÁN TOMÁŠ , GODUNKO ROMAN J.
Published: September 2015

Three new species of the genus Oligoneuriella Ulmer, 1924 from Turkey are described, namely Oligoneuriella magna sp. nov., Oligoneuriella paulopilosa sp. nov. and Oligoneuriella pectinata sp. nov. Differential diagnostic characters are given with regard to the previously known Oligoneuriella species. Data on the affinities, biology, and distribution of the new species are also provided. New morphological characters (setation of mouthparts and gill plates) potentially useful for the taxonomy of the genus are introduced.
First record of Microscapha LeConte from Baltic amber with description of a new species and list of fossil Melandryidae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea)
Authors: BUKEJS ANDRIS , ALEKSEEV VITALII I.
Published: September 2015

Microscapha andrzeji sp. nov., the first fossil representative of the genus is described from Eocene Baltic amber. An updated list of fossil Melandryidae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea) is provided. The presence of Microscapha within Baltic amber suggests some potential for palaeoenvironmental inferences based on the melandryid assemblage within the deposit.
Advertisement call of Rhinella major (Anura: Bufonidae) from the lower Amazonas River basin with comments on intraspecific variation
Authors: BERNARDES CYRO DE SOUSA , CARVALHO THIAGO RIBEIRO DE , GIARETTA ARIOVALDO ANTONIO
Published: September 2015

The Rhinella granulosa group currently comprises 13 species that are distributed throughout South America, and Panama (Sanabria et al. 2010; Pereyra et al. 2015). Rhinella major (Müller & Hellmich) is a widely distributed species that occurs in the Chaco of Argentina e Paraguay, Brazilian and Bolivian Cerrado, as well as open environments along the Madeira, Tapajós, and Xingú rivers, reaching the mouth of the Amazon River (Narvaes & Rodrigues 2009).
О информативном потенцијалу просте реченице
Authors: Ивић [Ivić] Милка [Milka]
Published: September 2015

On the informational capacity of a non‑complex sentence structureThis study aims to complement the theoretical and descriptive literature on the problem concerning the amount of information that can be packeged within a single non‑complex sentence structure. The author points to various circumstances which provoque the rising of its informational capacity.
Albańskie odczasownikowe derywaty przymiotnikowe
Authors: Karasiński Artur
Published: September 2015

Albanian adjective derivatives derived from verbsThe aim of this article is the analysis of the Albanian adjective derivatives which are derived from verbs. The main assumption made by the author is the existence of structural isomorphism (parallelism in language elements system in which structuring of one level parallels or is made to parallel that of another) between the structure of the derivative and the structure of the sentence. The proposed model of the analysis is directed from content to form. All examined adjective derivatives derived from verbs are being analyzed with their noun context which displays their semantic structure. Nominal phrases containing adjective derivatives are interpreted as the representation of predicate–argument structures. The kind of relation between defined noun and derivational base of the adjective is a criterion of the division of Albanian adjective derivatives derived from verbs. These main types of relations are:relation in which the base of an adjective represents basic predicate;relation in which the base of an adjective represents additional predicate.Classes which are the results of the main division are the subject to detailed description.
Synonim – pojęcie zapomniane. O dżokeryzacji współczesnego języka
Authors: Kryżan-Stanojević Barbara
Published: September 2015

Forgetting synonyms: on the “jokerization” of everyday languageThe democratization of social relations can bring about linguistic liberalization, where the effectiveness and speed of transmitting information are of utmost importance. Wherever possible, information is presented in a condensed form, as an icon or a gesture. When speaking, we increasingly rely on a limited vocabulary, using very polysemous and broad terms. Such terms undergo jokerization – they begin functioning as wild cards in a card game, being able to represent any other cards depending on the current needs.In addition to internationalisms, which appear as jokers as a matter of course (e.g. Polish super ‘great’ and ekstra ‘great’), native words may also be used as jokers. In this case, in addition to their core meaning, they develop a new joker meaning signaled by new formal features, such as loss of inflections (cf. Croatian mrak lit. ‘dark’, joker ‘great’; guba lit. ‘leprosy’, joker ‘great’). When used in this way, they may form new derivational chains, becoming, in a way, less universal and resisting analytic tendencies. By the same token, derivational morphemes may also acquire joker meanings (e.g. the Croatian naj-).Jokerization, which is based on replacing a synonym chain with a single all-encompassing word, does not prevent communication, but does impoverish it. It is an intermediate stage between verbal and non-verbal communication. This process, common in spoken language, is examined, and illustrations are drawn from computer blogs and forums.
Заменките во словенски и балкански контекст
Authors: Панчевска [Pančevska] Ангелина [Angelina]
Published: September 2015

Pronouns in Slavic and Balkan contextThis paper will present the approach of elaboration of the pronouns as a word class. The method of collecting the corpus of examples will also be taken into consideration because the subject of interest are the pronouns in different language situations. The method of elaboration of that material will be examined, too. The pronominal system in the Macedonian language is put in correlation with the other Slavic as well as Balkan languages for better understanding of its contemporary situation.
Jezikovno in nejezikovno izražanje v pedagoškem pristopu Reggio Emilia
Authors: Skubic Darija
Published: September 2015

Language and non-language expression in Reggio Emilia pedagogical approachIn the first part of the article the author describes the importance of language awareness and non-language expression in the pre-school period. The author points out the importance of the usage of all the senses (visual, aural, kinethestic etc.), space and time, and picture images in all 100 languages which are not current only in Reggio Emilia pedagogical approach but also successfully implemented in the Slovenian Preschool Curriculum.All these elements are part of communicative skills (i.e. speaking, listening, writing and reading) and are prerequisites for developing themes (describing, narrating, explaining, argumenting).In addition, the author mentions questioning strategies as one of the most important factors in developing children’s thaughts. She continues with the Slovene language as a second/foreign language which has become an unavoidable and valuable constant in our globally influenced life. The above mentioned elements have been included in the research study which are discussed in the second part of the article.In the conclusion the author discusses the research findings and some other considerations which may lead to the further research and are derived from the existing knowledge and the current cognition.
Konfrontacja vs typologia
Authors: Topolińska Zuzanna
Published: September 2015

Linguistic Confrontation vs Linguistic TypologyLinguistic confrontation – it seems – belongs to the larger field of linguistic typology. Linguistic confrontation supplies to linguistic typology richer and better documented data than those found in the descriptive grammars of particular languages. Linguistic confrontation requires from the researcher thorough knowledge of the confronted linguistic codes, while in case of typology these requirements are – unfortunately – not so thorough... In my paper I have formulated some remarks on the contribution of the confrontative analyses to the process of updating and deepening our knowledge on typological differentiation of Slavic languages.
„Chorwaci islamskiej wiary” – byt rzeczywisty czy twór propagandy?
Authors: Gucka Agnieszka
Published: September 2015

The “Croats of Islamic faith” – reality or a creation of propaganda? According to the latest census, in 2001, 56, 777 Muslims live in the Republic of Croatia. The present article is an attempt to answer the following questions about these “Croats of Islamic faith” (Hrvati islamske vjeroispovjesti): Who are they? Where do they come from? And how are they socially perceived?The notion that the Bosnian Muslims are “Croats of the purest blood” was first formulated in the first half of the XIX century by Dr. Ante Starčević, the founder of the Law Party and the originator of a modern Croatian national doctrine. His views were fully adopted and accepted by the Ustasha propaganda, which claims that Bosnia and Herzegovina is the historical cradle of the Croatian state. As a result of this, local Muslims enjoyed a status which was equal to that of the Catholic community. Some propaganda gestures of the time, such as a celebration of the opening of a big mosque in downtown Zagreb, were meant to make the Bosnian Muslims accept the idea of the NDH state and induce them to enroll in the Ustasha Army. After World War II numerous Muslims, who uncritically became advocates of the Ustasha propaganda also shared the fate of Pavelic and his followers. The other Muslims who left their country before the war cultivated the infamous traditions of the NDH state, as well as the myth of an apparent Catholic-Muslim brotherhood.Following the civil war (1991–1995) thousands of Muslim refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina returned to Croatia, and the issue of their ethnic identity caused some problems. The level of social acceptance of the Muslim community in this traditionally Catholic community, however, is insufficient given the history, and displays of religious activity such as the establishment of Islamic schools and the building of mosques, raise anxiety and a fear of Islamicization amongst many Catholic Croatians. One can observe ongoing and endless Internet debates on the issue as to whether or not the Muslims living in Croatia are true Croatians, while politicians struggle to make use of the Muslim issue for their own purposes. In reality the “Croats of Islamic faith” are simply trying to adapt themselves to the global community and are too busy with everyday matters that they seem not to notice these debates that are largely theoretical.
Wasale, trybutariusze, sojusznicy. ­Charakter relacji państw bałkańskich z Turcją osmańską w XIV wieku
Authors: Czamańska Ilona
Published: September 2015

Vassals, tributaries, allies. The nature of the relations of the Balkan states with the Ottoman Turkey in the 14th centuryIn the second half of the fourteenth century, more than twenty political bodies functioned in Balkans, which were more or less independent, often in conflicts with each other, joining into leagues and alliances.The Ottomans were a valuable ally, with which the Balkan rulers came in close political and military relationships. The study of evolution and the nature of these relations meets serious difficulties due to lack of surviving documents, defining the nature of bilateral relations of the Ottomans with particular Balkan states, while other sources, usually from a later period, are not very precise. The difficulties of interpretation concern such fundamental matters as the chronology of Turkish conquests, conflicts and peace agreements. However, the analysis of preserved source material leads to the following conclusions:1. Subordination of the Balkan countries by the Ottomans was a long-term process, and their relationships with the Balkan states were diverse in nature.2. Payment of the tribute for the benefit of the Turks could, but did not have to mean the entry into vassal relations, however gave an evidence about the entry into peaceful relations.3. Orhan, Murad I and Bajezid I were satisfied on the territory of Europe with the establishment of the allied, tributary relationships and over the time with the strengthening of own vassal position. However, at the end of the fourteenth century, all the Balkan states were at some stage of such relations, mostly on the last of them.4. Entry into close, family relations with the ruling sultan meant usually a close political and military cooperation. Greek, Bulgarian and Serbian wives of the sultans had the right to remain in the Christian faith and often exerted a strong political influence. The support and protection of the closest relatives of the wife was fulfilled by the Turkish rulers. Thanks to it, for example Serbia of Stefan Lazarević was essentially strengthened, becoming at the same time the most serious support of Bajezid I in the Balkans.
Rola Alii Izetbegovicia w kształtowaniu muzułmańskiej wspólnoty narodowej Bośni i Hercegowiny
Authors: Bujwid-Kurek Ewa
Published: September 2015

The role of Aliya Izetbegović in shaping the national community of Muslim in Bosnia and HerzegovinaThe main problem of the research was to prove that ethnical background has the influence over the people who bear important political functions. For the subject of the research we chose the president of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Alija Izetbegović, who has Muslim roots. During the considerations of the research it was proved that provenience of him in this case seriously determined his attitude and political behavior. It is wondrous that with no trouble he could stay faithful to his beliefs and was officially expressing his religious doctrines, still holding civil functions. Unfortunately, it was all connected with traumatic experiences for hundreds of thousands of Serbian and Croatian people. It is deeply surprising that all his cruel actions as well as his contacts with dangerous separatist Muslims movements have been forgotten.
Turki v slovenski zgodovinski povesti
Authors: Hladnik Miran
Published: September 2015

The Turks in the Slovene historical novelDue to the Ottoman incursions in the 15th and 16th Century Turks play a role of national enemy in the Slovene cultural memory. The Turkish story consists of about 40 narratives of substantial length and is a prominent genre type of the Slovene historical novel. Josip Jurčič’s Jurij Kozjak, slovenski janičar (1864) is an archetype. Among three possible models of confronting the Other it chooses the most popular strategy for national survival, i. e. ignoring the Other: sooner or later dangerous Turks prove themselve as disguised Slovenes, hence abolishing the need to face the Other. The authors of the Slovene Turkish story include Jakob Sket (Miklova Zala, 1884), Franc Valentin Slemenik, Miroslav Malovrh, Lea Fatur, France Bevk, Ivan Lah, Ivan Sivec, etc.Turcy w słoweńskiej prozie historycznej W kulturowej pamięci Słoweńców Turcy jako najeźdźcy ziem słoweńskich w XV i XVI wieku zajmują miejsce wrogów narodu. Opowiadanie o tematyce tureckiej (ich liczba wynosi niemal 40) jest ważnym gatunkiem w słoweńskiej prozie historycznej. Jego pierwowzór, Jurij Kozjak, slovenski janičar (1864) Josipa Jurčiča, stworzył taki model zbiorowego doświadczenia, który podtrzymuje iluzję, że wrogi Inny właściwie nie istnieje: wcześniej czy później okazuje się bowiem, że niebezpieczni Turcy są jedynie przebranymi miejscowymi wieśniakami. Opowiadania o tematyce tureckiej pisali m.in. Jakob Sket (Miklova Zala, 1884), Franc Valentin Slemenik, Miroslav Malovrh, Lea Fatur, France Bevk, Ivan Lah, Ivan Sivec.
Między agape a krwawą ofiarą. Kurban w życiu religijnym wyznawców prawosławia (Rodopy Zachodnie, Bułgaria)
Authors: Lubańska Magdalena
Published: September 2015

Between agape and blood sacrifice. Kurban in the religious life of Orthodox Christian (Western Rhodopes, Bulgaria)The article is an excerpt of the dissertation „Religious syncretism and anti-syncretism in the light of the coexistence between Muslims (Pomaks) and Orthodox Christians in the Western Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria”. Dissertation is based on field research I did in 2005–2009 in the area of Gotse Delchev, a town in Blagoevgrad Province. I have interviewed community members invested with considerable symbolic potential, such as the mayor and the mufti, Orthodox clerics, hodjas, teachers and quack doctors. I conducted a total of 63 in-depth interviews with 76 people.My findings show that the local Orthodox population is more susceptible to the influence of Islam than vice versa. What is quite striking in this context is that examples of deep syncretism can actually be found among the Christians. This includes the practice of kurban or blood sacrifice, which they regard as a replication of Abraham’s sacrifice and invest with a level of importance that makes it a central aspect of their religious life (possibly more important than the Eucharist). Although Balkan Slavs had practiced blood sacrifice even before the arrival of Islam in the region, the Christian interpretations of the practice evince deep parallels with the Muslim practice of kurban. Both religious groups identify Abraham’s sacrifice as the origin of the practice, and treat the sacrificial lamb as a substitute for a specific human life.Although the scholar Florentina Badalanova has interestingly suggested that the narrative of Abraham’s sacrifice, which is popular in Bulgarian folklore, may have persisted in an unchanged form ever since it originally emerged in ancient Ur and became transmitted orally to the Balkans, her thesis must remain purely conjectural. Where it comes to the Western Rhodopes, I suppose that the motif of Abraham’s sacrifice filtered into Christian religious symbols and narratives via the traditions of adat Islam, many of which had retained close links with Judaism. By adopting the Ottoman Turkish term (kurban) rather than its Semitic variant (qorban), the Christians also adopted the related set of ideas about the sacrifice and its sacred aetiology. The precise ramifications of this example of deep syncretism for the religious experience of Orthodox Christians, though interesting, would require additional in-depth research.
Europa jako znak w nowomowie jugosłowiańskich komunistów na przykładzie wystąpień Josipa Broza Tity
Authors: Czerwiński Maciej
Published: September 2015

Europe as a sign in the Yugoslav Communist newspeak basing on the Tito’s addresses Although the Yugoslav Communist newspeak resembled the Polish one on the formal level, it significantly different conceptualized and evaluated the extra‑linguistic reality, includ­ing primarily notions referring to main subjects of the international politics. It resulted from a diverse place the Communist Yugoslavia had in the Cold War order and its role within the non‑allied countries. As a result semantic relations were different in this discourse. The aim of this article is a reconstruction of the content of one of the most important signs in this lan­guage – the sign of Europe basing on the Yugoslav dictator’s (Josip Broz Tito) addresses. The research demonstrates that the cultural and social‑political context imposed other connota­tive features on the notion of Europe. As the result it has completely different functions that its Polish equivalent. This in turn leads to different types semiosis of this sign in both cultures and other signs coming from the same semantic field.
White Christmas? An Application of NOAA’s 1981–2010 Daily Normals
Authors: Durre Imke , Squires Michael F.
Published: September 2015

Are we going to have a white Christmas? That is a question that scientists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) receive each autumn from members of the media and general public. NOAA personnel typically respond by way of a press release and map depicting the climatological probability of observing snow on the ground on 25 December at stations across the contiguous United States. This map has become one of the most popular applications of NOAA’s 1981–2010 U.S. Climate Normals.

The purpose of this paper is to expand upon the annual press release in two ways. First, the methodology for empirically calculating the probabilities of snow on the ground is documented. Second, additional maps describing the median snow depth on 25 December as well as the probability and amount of snowfall are presented.

The results are consistent with a climatologist’s intuitive expectations. In the Sierras, Cascades, the leeward side of the Great Lakes, and northern New England, snow cover is a near certainty. In these regions, most precipitation falls as snow, and the probability of snowfall can exceed 25%. At higher elevations of the Rocky Mountains and at many locations between the northern Rockies and New England, snowfall is considerably less frequent on Christmas Day, yet the probability of snow on the ground exceeds 50%. For those who would like to escape the snow, the best places to be in late December are in Southern California, the lower elevations of the Southwest, and Florida.
A Statistical Method for Correlating Paired Wave Spectra
Authors: Collins Clarence O. , Vincent C. Linwood , Graber Hans C.
Published: September 2015

Ocean wave spectra are complex. Because of this complexity, no widely accepted method has been developed for the comparison between two sets of paired wave spectra. A method for intercomparing wave spectra is developed based on an example paradigm of the comparison of model spectra to observed spectra. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is used to investigate the correlation structure of the matrix of spectral correlations. The set of N ranked canonical correlations developed through CCA (here termed the r-sequence) is shown to be an effective method for understanding the degree of correlation between sets of paired spectral observation. A standard method for intercomparing sets of wave spectra based on CCA is then described. The method is elucidated through analyses of synthetic and real spectra that span a range of correlation from random to almost equal.
Coffee and caffeine consumption and depression: A meta-analysis of observational studies
Authors: Wang Longfei , Shen Xiaoli , Wu Yili , Zhang Dongfeng
Published: September 2015

Objective:

The results from observation studies on the relationship between coffee intake and risk of depression and the relationship between caffeine consumption and depression remain controversial. We conducted a meta-analysis with a dose–response analysis to quantitatively summarize the evidence about the association between coffee and caffeine intakes and risk of depression.

Method:

Relevant articles were identified by researching PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and WANFANG DATA in English or Chinese from 1 January 1980 to 1 May 2015. Case-control, cohort or cross-sectional studies evaluating coffee or caffeine consumption and depression were included. A random-effects model was used to combine study-specific relative risk and 95% confidence interval. Dose–response relationship was assessed by restricted cubic spline functions.

Results:

Data were obtained from 11 observation articles; 330,677 participants from seven studies in seven articles were included in the coffee-depression analysis, while 38,223 participants from eight studies in seven articles were involved in the caffeine-depression analysis. Compared with the lowest level consumption, the pooled relative risk (95% confidence interval) for coffee-depression and caffeine-depression was 0.757 [0.624, 0.917] and 0.721 [0.522, 0.997], respectively. For dose–response analysis, evidence of a linear association was found between coffee consumption and depression, and the risk of depression decreased by 8% (relative risk = 0.92, 95% confidence interval = [0.87, 0.97], p = 0.002) for each cup/day increment in coffee intake; a nonlinear association was found between caffeine consumption and depression, the risk of depression decreased faster and the association became significant when the caffeine consumption was above 68 mg/day and below 509 mg/day.

Conclusions:

Coffee and caffeine consumption were significantly associated with decreased risk of depression.
Social Pressure and Unfulfilled Dreams Among Chinese and Belgian Parents
Authors: Wuyts Dorien , Chen Beiwen , Vansteenkiste Maarten , Soenens Bart
Published: September 2015

Chinese parents have been found to use more psychological control toward their children than Western parents. The present study examined whether Chinese, relative to Belgian, parents’ experiences of social pressure to be an achievement-promoting parent and their own unfulfilled dreams could account for this country-level difference in psychologically controlling parenting. In turn, the association of social pressure and unfulfilled dreams with parental psychological control was expected to be accounted for (i.e., mediated) by child-invested contingent self-esteem. In a cross-cultural sample consisting of 412 Chinese (209 mothers and 203 fathers) and 418 Belgian (209 mothers and 209 fathers) parents of 14-year-old adolescents, we found that social pressure and unfulfilled dreams were related positively to child-invested contingent self-esteem which, in turn, was related to psychologically controlling parenting. Moreover, the hypothesized between-country differences in psychologically controlling parenting and child-invested contingent self-esteem were largely explained by between-country differences in parents’ experiences of social pressure and unfulfilled dreams. Findings are discussed in light of the influence of the broader society on parents’ self-worth and parenting practices.
Barriers, Resources, Frustrations, and Empathy: Teachers’ Expectations for Family Involvement for Latino/a ELL Students in Urban STEM Classrooms
Authors: Wassell Beth A. , Hawrylak Maria Fernandez , Scantlebury Kathryn
Published: September 2015

The importance of family involvement in education is well documented, yet no studies have explored teachers’ conceptualization of family involvement for urban English Language Learner (ELL) students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) classrooms. We used an ethnographic approach to investigate middle school STEM educators’ perspectives on family involvement for Spanish-speaking ELL students. The analysis revealed that the participants recognized barriers to involvement for families of ELL students, yet maintained that families should communicate more and help with homework. One participant’s practices and expectations served as a contradiction to these patterns. Implications and recommendations for P-12 school policy and teacher education are emphasized.
Student Accountability in Team-based Learning Classes
Authors: Stein Rachel E. , Colyer Corey J. , Manning Jason
Published: September 2015

Team-based learning (TBL) is a form of small-group learning that assumes stable teams promote accountability. Teamwork promotes communication among members; application exercises promote active learning. Students must prepare for each class; failure to do so harms their team’s performance. Therefore, TBL promotes accountability. As part of the course grade, students assess the performance of their teammates. The evaluation forces students to rank their teammates and to provide rationale for the highest and lowest rankings. These evaluations provide rich data on small-group dynamics. In this paper, we analyze 211 student teammate assessments. We find evidence that teams consistently give the lowest evaluations to their least involved members, suggesting that the team component increases accountability, which can promote learning. From these findings we draw implications about small-group dynamics in general and the pedagogy of TBL in particular.
Integrating Muslim Immigrant Minorities: The Effects of Narrative and Statistical Messages
Authors: Wojcieszak Magdalena , Azrout Rachid , Boomgaarden Hajo , Alencar Amanda Paz , Sheets Penelope
Published: September 2015

We build on studies on integration and message effectiveness to test whether narrative versus statistical evidence is more effective in promoting openness to Western European norms among different subgroups of Muslim immigrants. We draw on an experiment in which Muslim immigrants living in the Netherlands ( N = 454) saw narrative or statistical messages about gender equality, sexual minority rights, and secularism in public life. We find that the Dutch-born were more receptive to a narrative, while statistical messages generated greater openness to the tested norms among those born in Muslim countries. We interpret these findings in light of different cultural orientations. The study offers a first step toward a framework for understanding evidence effectiveness in multiethnic societies.
Incivility in Controversies: The Influence of Presumed Media Influence and Perceived Media Hostility on the Antagonists in the German Conflict Over Aircraft Noise
Authors: Post Senja
Published: September 2015

Previous research suggests that the antagonists in conflicts are influenced by their perceptions of hostile media coverage and presumptions of media effects. Research so far has concentrated on presumed media influences on the general public. This study concentrates on presumed media influences on the conflicting parties. It tests how hostile media perceptions and presumptions of media effects on the conflicting parties affect the antagonists’ acceptance of an uncivil and uncompromising style of public communication. In the context of the German controversy over aircraft noise, online surveys of 82 (47%) opponents of aircraft noise and 48 (33%) proponents of air traffic were conducted. Hostile media perceptions have no direct but an indirect effect on antagonists’ intentions to communicate. They strengthen both parties’ beliefs that the media make the protesters against aircraft noise more extreme. This, in turn, increases both parties’ acceptance of incivility in the public dispute.
Incentivizing Multiple Revisions Improves Student Writing Without Increasing Instructor Workload
Authors: Stellmack Mark A. , Sandidge Rita R. , Sippl Amy L. , Miller Danneka J.
Published: September 2015

Previous research has shown that when students are required to submit a draft and a revision of their writing, large proportions of students do not improve across drafts. We implemented a writing assignment in which students were permitted to submit up to four optional drafts. To encourage substantive revisions, students were awarded additional points if they received all points on the grading rubric. Based on the grades of the instructors, 31% of students eventually earned perfect scores in this assignment, compared to 13% in a typical single revision assignment. Permitting students to submit up to four optional drafts resulted in nearly the same amount of grading for the instructor as requiring students to submit two drafts.
“But I Thought I Knew That!” Student Confidence Judgments on Course Examinations in Introductory Psychology
Authors: Nevid Jeffrey S. , Cheney Brianna , Thompson Clarissa
Published: September 2015

Students in an introductory psychology class rated their level of confidence in their answers to exam questions on four multiple-choice exams through the course of a semester. Correlations between confidence judgments and accuracy (correct vs. incorrect) at the individual item level showed modest but significant relationships for item sets scaled to levels in Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives. We also found stronger relationships between confidence judgments and accuracy for items scaled to lower levels in Bloom’s taxonomy. Overconfident judgments occurred significantly more often among the lowest performing students. These results underscore the need for students to become more accurate appraisers of their knowledge, which may help them correct gaps in their knowledge by taking steps to prepare more effectively for examinations.
Teaching Group Dynamics Through an Application-Based Learning Approach
Authors: Harper Melinda S. , Allegretti Christine L.
Published: September 2015

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate how a structured experiential course can be used to teach students to lead group discussions. Group dynamics and leadership skills were taught through two teaching strategies in the course: the first method required junior- and senior-level undergraduate students to participate in a process-oriented group led by the faculty instructor, and the second method required these students to participate in a practicum by serving as facilitators leading their own process-oriented groups comprised of first-year university students. Results indicated that the student leaders’ confidence and satisfaction with their leadership skills increased significantly over the course of the semester. In addition, first-year group members’ evaluations of these student leaders indicated high levels of satisfaction and group connectedness with their leaders. Implications of the benefits of teaching group dynamics and leadership skills, including the generalizability of this course for a variety of students such as teaching assistants and new instructors, are discussed.
Emotional intelligence moderates perfectionism and test anxiety among Iranian students
Authors: Abdollahi Abbas , Abu Talib Mansor
Published: September 2015

Test anxiety is one of the common forms of anxiety for students. Thus, it is necessary to improve our knowledge regarding the etiology of test anxiety. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between perfectionism, emotional intelligence, and test anxiety among Iranian students. This study also was conducted to test emotional intelligence as a possible moderator between perfectionism and test anxiety. The participants were 520 students from eight high schools in Tehran, Iran. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) revealed that adaptive perfectionism and emotional intelligence were negatively associated with test anxiety, while maladaptive perfectionism was positively associated with test anxiety. Emotional intelligence moderated the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and test anxiety. These findings highlight the importance of studying moderating processes that explain how perfectionism effects test anxiety.