bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Participation in Ethnic Associations: The Case of Immigrants in West Germany
Authors: Schoeneberg Ulrike
Published: June 2018

Ethnic organizations such as presently exist in large numbers in West Germany are often viewed as indicating a lack of social integration and participation by immigrants in the host society. It is here argued that whether these organizations segregate the immigrants and make their assimilation more difficult, as research on minority groups often claims, or whether they serve as mediating institutions to help integrate and assimilate the newcomers, as other theories would lead one to expect, will depend on the basic orientation of the ethnic organization itself toward the host country. The results of a study carried out in 1981–82 among Greek, Italian and Turkish immigrants indicate the distinctive characteristics of the organizations serving each of these three different groups, the extent to which persons of each nationality participate in these associations, the reasons they give for their participation, and the ways in which participation in organizations with different orientations affects the social integration and assimilation of the individual immigrants.
Are Immigrants and Natives Perfect Substitutes in Production?
Authors: Chiswick Barry R. , Chiswick Carmel U. , Miller Paul W.
Published: June 2018

It is hypothesized that immigrant and native labor are less than perfect substitutes in production. Natives are relatively more intensive in country-specific knowledge and skills. Immigrants are relatively more intensive in the characteristics that influence self-selection for migration, including innate ability, ambition, entrepreneurship, and aggressiveness. The hypothesis is tested by comparing, for five major immigrant receiving countries, the ratio of immigrant to native labor and the ratio of immigrant (and second-generation) to native earnings, other variables held constant. A significant negative relation emerges, although the implied elasticity is high. The data for each country are from household surveys and censuses.
Immigrant Economic Adjustment and Family Organization: The Cuban Success Story Reexamined
Authors: Perez Lisandro
Published: June 2018

The economic adjustment of Cuban-origin persons in the U.S. has been traditionally analyzed at two levels: the individual and the community (enclave). The analysis presented here represents a complementary approach at the household level. Data from the 1980 U.S. Census show that the relatively successful economic adjustment of Cubans is largely a family, rather than individual, phenomenon. The data also permit an identification of the structural features of the Cuban-origin family that facilitate economic adjustment. The results have special implications for the study of the labor-force experience of Cuban women and their role within the enclave economy.
Informal Agencies of Socialization and the Integration of Immigrant Youth into Society: An Example from Israel
Authors: Kahane Reuven
Published: June 2018

This article explains why informal voluntaristic agencies of socialization are considered the most adequate for facilitating the absorption of immigrants into society. The major argument is that the structural characteristics of informal agencies, such as moratorium, symmetry, expressiveness, voluntarism and multiplexity, have made them a setting for reciprocal encounters between veterans and newcomers. Such encounters generate a sense of dignity among immigrants and increase their capacity to struggle for economic and political absorption on their own terms.
American Indian Migration and Economic Opportunities
Authors: Sandefur Gary D.
Published: June 2018

This article examines interstate migration and labor force participation among White, American Indian and intermarried Indian/White couples. The results show that endogamous American Indian couples are much less likely to change states of residence than are the other two groups of couples. The effect of interstate migration on labor force participation does not vary across the three groups of couples. The implications of these results for the assimilation and internal colonial models of race relations and for federal Indian policy are discussed.
International Factors in the Formation of Refugee Movements
Authors: Zolberg Aristide R. , Suhrke Astri , Aguayo Sergio
Published: June 2018

On the basis of detailed case studies by the authors of the principal refugee flows generated in Asia, Africa, and Latin America from approximately 1960 to the present, it was found that international factors often intrude both directly and indirectly on the major types of social conflict that trigger refugee flows, and tend to exacerbate their effects. Refugees are also produced by conflicts that are manifestly international, but which are themselves often related to internal social conflict among the antagonists. Theoretical frameworks for the analysis of the causes of refugee movements must therefore reflect the transnational character of the processes involved. This paper sets forth such a framework and points to the policy implications of the proposed reconceptualization.
Early Warning of Disastrous Population Movement
Authors: Gordenker Leon
Published: June 2018

This article undertakes to analyze existing and potential early warning facilities in man-made disasters which induce forced movement of people. It sets out some possible forms of early warning and the organizational options connected with them. It concludes that a mixed form of organization, combining some existing facilities and some modest new organization, could provide early warning, although this function would operate in a difficult and delicate political atmosphere that cannot be avoided.
International Law and the Detention of Refugees and Asylum Seekers
Authors: Goodwin-Gill Guy S.
Published: June 2018

The detention of refugees and asylum-seekers throughout the world remained a most serious issue, currently affecting thousands of individuals. This article examines national concepts, powers and practices of detention and contrasts these with individual rights of refugees and asylum-seekers under international law.
Hidden Losers? The Impact of Rural Refugees and Refugee Programs on Poorer Hosts
Authors: Chambers Robert
Published: June 2018

Refugee relief organizations and refugee studies have refugees as their first concern and focus. Adverse impacts of refugees on hosts are relatively neglected. When impacts are considered, they are seen in terms of host country governments, economies and services rather than people or different groups among host populations. In rural refugee-affected areas, the better-off and more visible hosts usually gain from the presence of refugees and from refugee programs. In contrast, the poorer among the hosts can be hidden losers. This is more so now than in the past, especially where land is scarce and labor relatively abundant. The poorer hosts 2 can lose from competition for food, work, wages, services and common property resources. Vulnerable hosts also lack refugees’ option of sending their weaker dependents to camps and settlements. Development programs in refugee-affected areas and refugee studies will do a disservice if they neglect adverse effects of refugees on vulnerable hosts. These effects further strengthen the case for development to benefit the whole population in refugee-affected areas.

2 Here and elsewhere ‘the poorer hosts’ means ‘the poorer people among the host population'.

‘Once I accompanied one of our Ministers to the Eastern Region, and we all drove out of town to look at a new wave of refugees arriving from Eritrea. Before reaching the camp, the Minister — who was not familiar with the region — saw a cluster of shelters made of mats and under their shade were a number of families with children who were very thin and almost in rags. The Minister turned to the Governor of the Region and asked him whether these were refugees, and the Governor promptly replied, ‘No, Your Excellency, these are the hosts'.

(The Sudanese Ambassador to Britain, from the transcript of the Proceedings of the International Symposium ‘Assistance to Refugees: Alternative Viewpoints', Oxford, March 1984).
Durable Solutions for Developing Country Refugees
Authors: Stein Barry N.
Published: June 2018

“Refugee problems demand durable solutions” is the opening statement of the Principles for Action in Developing Countries adopted by the 1984 Executive Committee of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). In fact, in most refugee situations no such demand is made. Those same Principles weakened the demand for durable solutions 2 by labelling third country resettlement as “the least desirable and most costly solution” and by indicating that when “voluntary repatriation is not immediately feasible” it is sufficient to provide only “temporary settlement” for the refugees. This article seeks to provide some background to recent changes in refugee problems that have impeded the attainment of durable solutions and to explore some of the difficulties and possibilities for durable solutions in developing countries in the eighties.

2 In stating a belief that the Principles weakened the demand for durable solutions I do not mean to imply or suggest any flagging of commitment or effort by the High Commissioner or his staff. There is, however, a difference between the staff and administration of UNHCR and its Executive Committee comprised of sovereign governments. The Executive Committee by ranking durable solutions in priority order, particularly be labellingone solution as “the least desirable”, has provided ample excuses for those governments inclined to reject all durable solutions other than voluntary repatriation and to offer only temporary rather than durable solutions.
Beyond ICARA II: Implementing Refugee-Related Development Assistance
Authors: Gorman Robert F.
Published: June 2018

This article reviews the evolution of the Second International Conference on Assistance to Refugees in Africa, which advanced discussions on the connection between refugees and the development process and provided a forum to address refugee-related development burdens in Africa. A consensus now exists regarding how to address these burdens. But several challenges complicate realization of the ICARA II agenda, including: 1) the need for greater coordination between development and refugee agencies in the U.N. system and governments; 2) the need for provision of adequate resources by donors; 3) weakness of host country capacity to absorb and manage assistance in the context of overall development planning, and; 4) poor visibility of refugee-related development needs as compared to emergency ones.
Marginality and Migration: Cultural Dimensions of the Afghan Refugee Problem
Authors: Edwards David Busby
Published: June 2018

Given the duration of time that has passed since the Afghan refugee influx into Pakistan began and the absence of any immediate prospect for a political settlement which would allow the refugees to return home, it is necessary to consider what the long-term requirements of this population might be and the implications of permanent resettlement on both the refugees and the host country. For policy makers, these are urgent questions that must be confronted not only to help ensure the health, safety and productive future of the refugees, but also to minimize the risks of even greater political instability in this troubled region. This article will attempt to provide some basic insights into the society and culture of the Afghan refugees and will consider what impact dislocation and settlement have had specifically on tribally-organized Pakhtuns, who comprise approximately 50 percent of the Afghan population generally and perhaps 80 to 90 percent of the refugee population.
Innovations in the Struggle for Self-Reliance: The Hmong Experience in the United States
Authors: Fass Simon
Published: June 2018

Theory suggests that the process by which traditional societies become more self-reliant involves entrepreneurship in experimenting with different ways to move from known to unknown forms of economic activity. Innovative projects in the United States indicate that Hmong refugees are in the midst of such a movement. Progress to date has been slow and difficult, but the very fact that the projects exist and that participants in many of them are learning how to improve performance provides a basis for cautious optimism about self-reliance outcomes.
Fertility and Adaptation: Indochinese Refugees in the United States
Authors: Rumbaut Ruben G. , Weeks John R.
Published: June 2018

Levels of fertility among Indochinese refugees in the United States are explored in the context of a highly compressed demographic transition implicit in the move from high-fertility Southeast Asian societies to a low-fertility resettlement region. A theoretical model is developed to explain the effect on refugee fertility of social background characteristics, migration history and patterns of adaptation to a different economic and cultural environment controlling for marital history and length of residence in the U.S. Multiple regression techniques are used to test the model which was found to account for nearly half of the variation in refugee fertility levels in the United States. Fertility is much higher for all Indochinese ethnic groups than it is for American women; the number of children in refugee families is in turn a major determinant of welfare dependency. Adjustments for rates of natural increase indicate a total 1985 Indochinese population of over one million, making it one of the largest Asian-origin populations in the United States. This remarkable phenomenon has occurred in less than a decade. Implications of these findings for public policy are discussed, focusing on family planning, maternal and child health needs, and the attainment of refugee economic self-sufficiency.
Unintended Consequences in Refugee Resettlement: Post-War Ukrainian Refugee Immigration to Canada
Authors: Luciuk Lubomyr Y.
Published: June 2018

This article examines the resettlement of Ukrainian Displaced Persons (DPs) in Canada during the immediate post-World War II period (1945–1951). Allowed to emigrate from Western Europe to Canada, partially as a result of the lobbying efforts of various voluntary agencies established by Ukrainian Canadians, these DPs soon became embroiled in acrimonious debates with representatives of the previously established Ukrainian Canadian population. The DPs’ creation of a number of new organizations both alienated the receiving Ukrainian society and had deleterious effect on the latter's overseas refugee relief and resettlement operations, which lasted only until 1951.
The Guest-Worker in Western Europe — An Obituary
Authors: Castles Stephen
Published: June 2018

Most West European countries recruited guest-workers (temporary labor migrants) to fuel the postwar boom. The significance of this flexible and mobile labor source is examined for six countries. The dynamics of the migratory process led to family reunification and settlement, against the original intentions of the workers, employers and states concerned. The recruitment of guest-workers stopped after 1974, but many migrants stayed on, becoming permanent ethnic minorities, in a situation of economic and social crisis. It is argued that guest-worker systems inevitably lead to permanent migration in the long run, and that it is better to plan for orderly settlement through appropriate policies.
Overseas Workers’ Remittances in Asian Development
Authors: Stahl Charles W. , Arnold Fred
Published: June 2018

In recent years, overseas workers from Asia have been sending remittances of about $8 billion annually to their home countries. These remittances are an important source of precious foreign exchange for the major labor-exporting countries. The overall development impact of remittances, however, has not been well established. Remittances are spent primarily on day-to-day consumption expenditures, housing, land purchase, and debt repayment. Although only a small proportion of remittances are directed into productive investments, this does not warrant the conclusion that the developmental value of remittances is negligible. In fact, remittances spent on domestic goods and services in Asia 1 provide an important stimulus to indigenous industries and to the economies of the labor supplying countries.

1 Our working definition of Asia thus does not include the countries of that region called West Asia which contains Turkey, a major labor exporter.
Temporary Workers in Canada: A Multifaceted Program
Authors: Boyd Monica , Taylor Chris , Delaney Paul
Published: June 2018

This article highlights important developments in the character of temporary worker flows to Canada between 1973 and 1985 through the use of unpublished data and new measures for analyzing this data. The number of employment authorizations are converted to person years to indicate the overall labor market impact of temporary worker flows and this measure is employed in an analysis of unpublished data from Employment and Immigration Canada. The analysis reveals that a significant and growing proportion of employment authorizations are exempted from governmental procedures which link the admission of temporary workers to the Canadian labor market. In many cases, these exempt documents are being authorized for social and humanitarian programs (e.g., refugee claimants, in-Canada immigrant claimants). As a result, the actual “labor recruitment” component of these authorizations is considerably less than interpreted from published statistics of employment authorizations. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.
International Migration in Western Europe since 1973: Developments, Mechanisms and Controls
Authors: Penninx Rinus
Published: June 2018

This presentation describes the development of migration to and from Western Europe and seeks to determine to what extent such immigration and return migration movements are influenced by governmental action and regulation.
Occupational and Spatial Mobility of Temporary Mexican Migrants to the U.S.: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Jones Richard C. , Murray William Breen
Published: June 2018

U.S. job and spatial mobility are compared here for recent returnee migrants from two Mexican areas — Rio Grande, Zacatecas, in the interior; and Nueva Rosita-Muzquiz, Coahuila, near the U.S. border. Results suggest that the interior migrants fit a hierarchical migrant model: they move up the urban hierarchy from U.S. rural areas to towns and cities, experiencing substantial job mobility at first, but little after reaching the urban sector. Border migrants fit a shuttle migrant model: they return to the same job and place year after year, experiencing little or no spatial and occupational mobility, although they tend to hold somewhat higher status jobs.
Undocumented Central Americans in Houston: Diverse Populations
Authors: Rodriguez Nestor P.
Published: June 2018

Fleeing political conflict and/or economic decline, large numbers of undocumented Central Americans have been coming to the United States since the late 1970s. Many of these migrants have settled in urban areas of the country that have large Hispanic concentrations. It is estimated that about 100,000 have settled in Houston. Interviews and observations indicate that this Central American population, composed principally of Salvadorans, Guatemalans, and Hondurans, constitutes a new diverse Latino immigrant experience in the city.
Patterns of Household Immigration into South Texas
Authors: Briody Elizabeth K.
Published: June 2018

Relatively little is known about household immigration to the U.S. and in particular, the cultural and work-related aspects of the transition faced by households. Results from this article suggest that immigration often leads to downward social mobility with respect to legal status of household members, type of employment, and property ownership. Of particular note is the transformation of the household from a single to a multiple worker unit, in response to agricultural labor demands and growing employment opportunities in the non-agricultural sector. These factors are influential in the modification of the traditional ideology concerning the division of labor by sex and age. This article introduces a hypothesis for explaining the increase and permanency of household immigration.
Age at Immigration and Education: Further Explorations
Authors: Jones Frank E.
Published: June 2018

Although initial analyses of data, collected for the Canadian Mobility Study, reveal a weak relationship between age at immigration and educational attainment, inclusion of a measure of periodicity in educational attainment models reveals age at immigration to have an effect comparable to that of family size on educational attainment. Given the strong periodicity effect, when age at immigration is excluded from the analysis, it is argued that the status attainment model, which best accounts for the educational attainment of native-born Canadians, also accounts best for the educational attainment of the foreign-born.
Changing Flags: Naturalization and its Determinants among Mexican Immigrants
Authors: Portes Alejandro , Curtis John W.
Published: June 2018

This article presents a secondary analysis of citizenship acquisition among legal Mexican immigrants who arrived in the United States during the early 1970s. A large array of individual characteristics found to be significant in previous studies, such as age, occupation, income and length of residence in the United States, are found not to correlate with an interest in naturalization. Instead, positive correlations are found with three general themes combining several characteristics. These are: roots in the United States, such as home ownership and number of children; residential patterns, both in Mexico and the ethnicity of the neighborhood in the United States; and the barriers and attitudes faced during periods of legal residence, such as type of immigrant visa and discrimination faced in the United States.
The Political Integration of Mexican Immigrants: Examining Some Political Orientations
Authors: Garcia John A.
Published: June 2018

The significant influx of immigrants, historically and contemporarily, has had a major impact on all aspects of American society. One area that has received some attention, but warrants more, is the extent of political integration of immigrant populations. Political integration is defined as a process whereby a sense of cohesiveness, membership and attachment occurs for residents of the political community (political values, beliefs, citizen roles, etc.). Using the foreign-born segment of the National Chicano Survey, this article identifies three critical political orientations (i.e., individual/system blame, perceived discrimination, and support for collective activities) and relates them to sociocultural characteristics of the immigrants. Political integration for Mexican immigrants is a slow and uneven process. One implication of the uneveness of their political integration is the difficulty of mobilizing this segment of the Hispanic community to augment an already politically active group.
Migration and Mental Health: An Empirical Test of Depression Risk Factors among Immigrant Mexican Women
Authors: Vega William A. , Kolody Bohdan , Valle Juan Ramon
Published: June 2018

Empirical research in the field of migration and mental health is rare and its recent appearance follows decades of inconsistent reports in the research literature about the risks posed by numerous precipitating and predisposing factors. This article has two goals: to summarize critically selected issues and methodological problems regarding mental health implications of migration-adaptation, and, to test empirically hypotheses derived from the Fabrega Migration Adaptation Model to determine whether they have predictive value for depressive symptomatology in a cross sectional sample of immigrant Mexican women in San Diego County. Findings from bivariate analyses indicate most Model factors were significantly related to depressive symptoms. Multivariate analyses identified demographic factors (education-income), perceived economic opportunity, perceived distance between the two centers involved in the migration, and loss of interpersonal ties in Mexico as the most parsimonious subset of depression predictors within the Model. Implications are discussed.
Social Support, Assimilation, and Biological Effective Blood Pressure Levels
Authors: Walsh Anthony , Walsh Patricia Ann
Published: June 2018

This study explores the role of social support on blood pressure levels among a sample of immigrants. The measure of blood pressure used is biological effective blood pressure, a mathematically transformed single measure derived from systolic and diastolic readings. The twin processes of immigration and assimilation are highly stressful. Stress is a major precursor of elevated blood pressure. It is assumed here that assimilation is differentially stressful according to the amount of social support one receives. Protracted stress will be manifested in elevated blood pressure levels. We found that social support was second only to age in its ability to account independently for variance in blood pressure levels. Immigrants receiving high levels of social support had significantly lower blood pressure levels than those receiving less social support. Social support was also significantly related to assimilation.
Elderly Mexican Americans: Nativity and Health Access
Authors: Alston Letitia T. , Aguirre Benigno
Published: June 2018

Information from the 1976 Survey of Income and Education are used to explore nativity differences in the levels of functional impairment and access to some kinds of medical resources among elderly Mexican Americans. The data indicate that foreign-born status is weakly associated with greater functional disability. It is more strongly associated with some differences in access to medical resources. Some implications for policy and long-term care are discussed.
Migration Tradeoffs: Men's Experiences with Seasonal Lifestyles
Authors: Guendelman Sylvia , Perez-Itriago Auristela
Published: June 2018

This study examines changes in work, health and family patterns among men who migrate seasonally between Mexico and the United States. A representative sample of 219 Mexican seasonal migrants to California was obtained in Jalisco, Mexico. The data were generated through a household survey and in-depth follow-up interviews. The findings indicate that migrants experience marked changes and tradeoffs in roles and lifestyles which are reflected in the workplace and the family. In contrast, changes in physical health associated with seasonal migration seem far less apparent. Beyond the economic function of providing jobs and income, migration performs a significant social function which is described in the context of seasonal lifestyles.
The Determinants of Breastfeeding for Mexican Migrant Women
Authors: de la Torre Adela , Rush Lynda
Published: June 2018

This article develops an economic model for assessing Mexican agricultural migrants decision to breastfeed. The resulting hypotheses from our model are linked to health care and welfare program access, cultural factors, and employment. Using a probit analysis of our variables, a major finding is that non-traditional practices such as out of home childcare, birth control and alcohol use have a negative impact on the probability of breastfeeding. We also found that working women in our sample population are less likely to breastfeed.
Ethiopian Refugee Resettlement in the Western United States: Social Context and Psychological Well-Being
Authors: McSpadden Lucia Ann
Published: June 2018

The reported high level of depression and suicide among Ethiopian single male refugees is often related to their being culturally and ethnically distinct in the U.S. Research investigating the psychological well-being of these refugees in California, Washington and Nevada indicates that the level of stress among Ethiopian refugees resettled by agencies is higher than the stress of those resettled by volunteers. When English facility is held constant, the differential ability of these two resettlement methodologies to provide appropriate employment and access to higher education varies directly with the stress levels. Recommendations for improvement of resettlement are offered.
Tuberculosis Status and Social Adaptation of Indochinese Refugees
Authors: Peters David , Hershfield Earl S. , Fish David G. , Manfreda Jure
Published: June 2018

The relationship between tuberculosis and social adaptation of Indochinese refugees in Manitoba is examined in 43 randomly selected refugees treated for active and inactive tuberculosis (cases) and their matched controls. Tuberculosis status did not significantly affect adaptation as measured by selected scales and indicators. Significant predictors of better personal well-being included a low number of family members outside the household in Manitoba, non-use of traditional medicine, female gender, and high individual income. Tuberculosis status was not a significant predictor.
Hmong Health Care — Reflections on a Six-Year Experience
Authors: Deinard Amos S. , Dunnigan Timothy
Published: June 2018

In this article difficulties experienced over the past six years in providing health care to Southeast Asian refugees are described. The need to involve patients in the planning process, particularly when dealing with patients who come from markedly different cultures, is discussed. The role of the bilingual interpreter is emphasized, and potential conflicts that may be encountered by them are highlighted. Shortcomings of the health care program and alternative approaches that might have resulted in better acceptance of Western health care by the refugees are detailed.
Efforts to Improve International Migration Statistics: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Kraly Ellen Percy , Gnanasekaran K.S.
Published: June 2018

During the past decade the international statistical community has made several efforts to develop standards for the definition, collection and publication of statistics on international migration. This article surveys the history of official initiatives to standardize international migration statistics by reviewing the recommendations of the ISI, International Labor Organization and the United Nations and reports a recently proposed agenda for moving toward comparability among national statistical systems.
Improving the Comparability of International Migration Statistics: Contributions by the Conference of European Statisticians from 1971 to Date
Authors: Kelly John J.
Published: June 2018

During the past fifteen years the Conference of European Statisticians, a Principal Subsidiary Body of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and the United Nations Statistical Commission, has actively worked on improving the quality and international comparability of international migration statistics. This article summarizes the principal activities the Conference has pursued and the progress it has achieved in this field during this period through its contributions to the preparation and implementation of the United Nations recommendations on international migration statistics, its regular exchange of statistics on international migration flows among member countries and the bilateral studies on international migration member countries are conducting at its request.
The Measurement of International Migration in Belgium
Authors: Poulain Michel
Published: June 2018

This articles examines legislation affecting international migration in Belgium, from the perspective of two questions: 1) What types of migrants are definable by legislation? and 2) What kinds of documents may be utilized to compile statistics on international migration?
U.K. Statistics on Immigration: Development and Limitations
Authors: Coleman David A.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the data on international migration to the United Kingdom, their limitations and their origins. No one source gives a demographically satisfactory account of net migration, and different sources of data are not compatible with each other. Their present form can only be understood in the context of a reluctant acceptance, in the face of domestic political pressure, of the need to impose the same controls on the entry of Commonwealth citizens from 1962 through to 1971 as had been imposed on the entry of aliens since 1920. An attempt is made to relate these attitudes to a broader historical context.
Using National Recording Systems for the Measurement and Analysis of Immigration to the United States
Authors: Jasso Guillermina , Rosenzweig Mark R.
Published: June 2018

This article considers the kinds of data required to increase scientific knowledge about U.S. immigration and, in light of those requirements, assesses the principal currently available data sets (the U.S. decennial Censuses and the administrative records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service) and makes recommendations for improving the data environment.
The Role of Surveys in the Study of International Migration: An Appraisal
Authors: Fawcett James T. , Arnold Fred
Published: June 2018

Surveys provide an effective method for studies of the complex processes that underlie spatial mobility. This article identifies and discusses eight advantages of surveys that are related to research design and seven advantages that are related to research content. Deficiencies and disadvantages of surveys are also reviewed. Suggestions are made for improving surveys of international migration through better samples and attention to different points in a migration system.
Choosing to be a Citizen: The Time-Path of Citizenship in Australia
Authors: Evans M.D.R.
Published: June 2018

This article uses census data to examine the process of becoming a citizen in Australia, and examines differences in the process among major immigrant groups. Some immigrant groups, Mediterranean and Third World immigrants, have a much more rapid transition to citizenship than others. Northwestern Europeans begin more slowly, but catch up several decades later. Anglophone immigrants are altogether less likely to become citizens. The analysis further reveals that people who migrate as children and thus are educated in Australia decide to become citizens more quickly than adulthood immigrants. Indeed, some of them become citizens as children (if their parents did so then). Other measures of affiliation to Australia have ambiguous effects. Social class is unrelated to the decision to become a citizen.
Permanent Labor Certifications for Alien Professionals, 1975–1982
Authors: Yochum Gilbert , Agarwal Vinod
Published: June 2018

This article deals with the effect of the Eilberg Act and the Health Professions Educational Assistance Act on labor certification of alien professionals. They are found to have enhanced the importance, to alien professionals seeking labor certification, of residing inside the U.S. at the time of application. Further, the legislation has had a dramatic effect on labor certifications for medical professionals.
The Mental Health of Refugee Children and Their Cultural Development
Authors: Eisenbruch Maurice
Published: June 2018

A large proportion of Indochinese refugees are children. This article suggests that uprooted children may experience powerful grief, not only in response to personal loss of loved ones, but also to loss of their culture. It is further postulated that personal bereavement and cultural bereavement are complementary, which can be an important factor in a refugee child's adjustment. These children are vulnerable to “disrupted development time” and so earlier losses of family and culture can seed problems which can emerge after resettlement.
The Directionality and Age Selectivity of the Health-Migration Relation: Evidence from Sequences of Disability and Mobility in the United States
Authors: Findley Sally E.
Published: June 2018

Evidence regarding the effects of health status on migration are mixed, with some concluding that there is a positive relation while others conclude a negative relation. This study examines the analytical bases for conflicting findings and proposes a model of the health-migration relation which allows for age selectivity, nonlinearities, interactions, and dynamic effects.
Migration Transition in Small Northern and Eastern Caribbean States
Authors: Mcelroy Jerome L. , De Albuquerque Klaus
Published: June 2018

One area of intra-Caribbean migration that has been overlooked is the “migration transition”—the transformation of rapidly modernizing societies from net labor exporters to net labor importers. This article assembles eight case studies to: 1) briefly present a spectrum of migration experiences in the Caribbean; 2) uncover some transitions under way; 3) pinpoint the forces that underlie the migration transition and; 4) point out some of the more important policy implications of labor migration reversals.
Egyptian International Labor Migration and Social Processes: Toward Regional Integration
Authors: Sell Ralph R.
Published: June 2018

This article reviews evidence that contemporary Egyptian international labor migration to oil-rich Arab countries has followed a classic social process which starts with a homo economicus phase, advances into a goal reorientation phase, and ends with the establishment of diaspora communities in destination societies. The history of Egyptian migration, current estimates of migration, the role of Egyptians in selected Arab countries, and emergent processes all were found to support the predictions of the social process model. Particularly important support comes from the finding that all social classes participated in this migration. Conclusions suggest the likelihood that Egyptian migration processes will promote economic and perhaps social integration in the region.
Returning Migrant Characteristics and Labor Market Demand in Greece
Authors: Petras Elizabeth Mclean , Kousis Maria
Published: June 2018

Immigrants who repatriate bring with them modern work skills which many observers in labor exporting regions describe as a great contribution to the mother country. Using data from two samples of Greek repatriates as well as projections of industrial labor force demands in Greece for the 1980s, this article challenges this concept. We find that the uneven regional development and stunted industrial growth which pushed these workers abroad are also responsible for the narrowly limited employment options which they face once they repatriate. For the urban repatriate, the market is limited to unemployment, the urban informal sector and scattered jobs, while for the rural repatriate, small-scale agriculture, multiple job holdings and unemployment are the only viable options.
Mexican Immigration and the Port-of-Entry School
Authors: Baca Reynaldo , Bryan Dexter , McLean-Bardwell Clair , Gomez Francisco
Published: June 2018

The results of an immigrant student census in a port-of-entry school district are used to describe the educational backgrounds of Mexican immigrant students and to distinguish types of Mexican immigrant students by school entry patterns. Interviews with recently arrived Mexican immigrant parents reveal the educational and occupational expectations they hold for their children in the U.S. The study findings are used as a basis for raising policy questions and generating research issues.
Structural Opportunity or Ethnic Advantage? Immigrant Business Development in New York
Authors: Waldinger Roger
Published: June 2018

Research on ethnic enterprise emerged in the United States as part of an attempt to explain the historical differences in business activity between blacks and other ethnic groups. In Beyond the Melting Pot, Glazer and Moynihan argued that “the small shopkeeper, small manufacturer, or small entrepreneur of any kind played such an important role in the rise of immigrant groups in America that its absence from the Negro community warrants at least some discussion.”1 Glazer and Moynihan offered some brief, possible explanations, but the first extended treatment came with the publication of Ivan Light's now classic comparison of Blacks, not with Jews, Italians, or Irish, but with immigrants—Japanese, Chinese, West Indians—whose racial characteristics made them equally distinctive; the argument developed an imaginative variant of the Weber thesis, showing that it was ethnic solidarism, not individualism, that gave these immigrants an “elective affinity” with the requirements of small business.
Intra-group Differences in Business Participation: Three Asian Immigrant Groups
Authors: Kim Kwang Chung , Hurh Won Moo , Fernandez Marilyn
Published: June 2018

This investigates the ethnic and nativity differentials in self-employment based on small-business experiences of three Asian immigrant groups in the U.S. –Korean, Chinese, and Asian Indians. In light of the 1980 Census data, the intra- and the inter-group differences in the business participation rates of these Asian immigrant groups are examined. Findings reveal that each group has substantial intra-group differences in the business participation rate, and the differences can best be explained by the interactive approach proposed by this study. Moreover, a comparative study (inter-group comparison) of these intra-group differences opens a new avenue to understanding the various patterns of business participation among the recent immigrants from Asia.
Migration and Motivation: The Migrant's Perspective
Authors: Winchie Diana B. , Carment David W.
Published: June 2018

Migration is often viewed as economically motivated. However many of the studies on which this is based are a result of either aggregate data or retrospective questioning of migrants. The, present study indicates that such approaches may give a distorted view of migrants’ motives. Our data indicate that nonmonetary career reasons are important instigators of migration among well educated international migrants. In addition these factors tend to be major perceived gains from migration. However, choice of destination is strongly influenced by location of friends and/or relatives. Reasons for discrepancies between this and previous studies are noted.
The Missing Children: Mortality and Fertility in a Southeast Asian Refugee Population
Authors: Gordon Linda W.
Published: June 2018

This research presents the age-sex structures of the refugee populations that arrived in the United States from Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam from 1975 through 1986. All three populations are young, but their age-sex structures vary in ways that confirm what is known anecdotally about their experiences before and during flight and in the refugee camps awaiting resettlement. Over time, the age-sex composition of the arriving refugee cohorts has shifted in ways that may indicate changes in factors influencing their migration. In the United States, available data indicate very high fertility in the early years after arrival. Even if their fertility falls rapidly, the refugees’ age structure will lead to a generation of rapid growth.
Socioeconomic Dualism: The Case of Israeli-born Immigrants in the United States
Authors: Cohen Yinon
Published: June 2018

Relying on the 1980 U. S. Census of Foreign-Born Population and the 1979 INS Public Use File, this article compares Israeli-born Americans (including Arabs) to both the United States and Israeli populations with respect to age, marital status, unemployment, education, industry, occupation and income as of 1979–80. Some of the results, mainly those pertaining to the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of Israeli immigrants as compared to their society of origin, corroborate previous research. Thus, Israeli-born immigrants in the United States held top white-collar jobs and were less likely to be unemployed than the rest of the Israeli labor force. Once in America, however, it seems that not all Israeli-born Americans are as successful as portrayed by past research. In fact, the Census data reveal occupational and economic dualism among the population of Israeli-born Americans. The reasons for this dualism are discussed.
The Next Waves: Migration Theory for a Changing World
Authors: Zolberg Aristide R.
Published: June 2018

In the last quarter of a century, migration theory has undergone fundamental change, moving from the classic “individual relocation” genre initiated by Ravenstein a century ago, to a variety of new approaches which nevertheless share important elements: they tend to be historical, structural, globalist and critical. Historicization implies a constant modification of theoretical concerns and emphases in the light of changing social realities, and commitment to a critical approach entails a view of research as one element in a broader project concerned with the elucidation of social and political conditions. The article uses elements from two major theoretical traditions — a modified world-systems approach and state theory — to project current trends. Global inequality is considered as a structural given. The article then reviews major topics, including the persistence of restrictive immigration policies as barriers to movement, changing patterns of exploitation of foreign labor, liberalization of exit from the socialist world and the refugee crisis in the developing world. It concludes with a brief consideration of the normative implications of these trends.
Economic Theory and International Migration
Authors: Borjas George J.
Published: June 2018

The modern literature on the economics of immigration focuses on three related issues: 1) what determines the size and skill composition of immigrant flows to any particular host country; 2) how do the immigrants adapt to the host country's economy; and 3) what is the impact of immigrants on the host country's economy? This article reviews the theoretical framework and empirical evidence provided by the economics literature on these questions. It demonstrates that the economic approach, using the assumptions that individual migration behavior is guided by the search for better economic opportunities and that the exchanges among the various players are regulated by an immigration market, leads to substantive insights into these issues.
Asylum Seekers in Europe in the Context of South-North Movements
Authors: Widgren Jonas
Published: June 2018

This article will elucidate the threat towards the established system for asylum in Europe which originates from the increase of asylum seekers with very weak or no genuine claims at all. This increase might be the early sign of new intercontinental movements of migration.
Comparing European and North American International Migration
Authors: Hammar Tomas
Published: June 2018

International migration is a vast, complex and heterogeneous field of study. It requires not only knowledge about dynamic processes in the past and at present and in various regions of the world, but also interdisciplinary cooperation, not least in order to achieve a good theoretical development.
Family and Personal Networks in International Migration: Recent Developments and New Agendas
Authors: Boyd Monica
Published: June 2018

Family, friendship and community networks underlie much of the recent migration to industrial nations. Current interest in these networks accompany the development of a migration system perspective and the growing awareness of the macro and micro determinants of migration. This article presents an overview of research findings on the determinants and consequences of personal networks. In addition, it calls for greater specification of the role of networks in migration research and for the inclusion of women in future research.