bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INTERFACE QUALIDADE DE VIDA E FUTEVÔLEI NA CIDADE DE BELÉM/PA
Authors: MARQUES DE VASCONCELOS ALEX , BEATRIZ PINHEIRO AMANDA , SOUZA NOGUEIRA RENATO , ARAÚJO CARDOSO DIAS BIATRIZ , KELY RODRIGUES MOREIRA DA SILVA JOSIANA , CUNHA BRITO ANA JÚLIA
Published: March 2022

Introdução: A prática de atividades físicas desencadeia alterações fisiológicas no corpo humano, contribuindo para o bem-estar e a qualidade de vida de seus praticantes, visto que estimulam a aderência, a motivação e o compromisso com a saúde. Apesar de apresentar uma ampla variedade de estudos sobre os benefícios da atividade física para a saúde, o comportamento sedentário ainda é preocupante entre boa parcela da população, ocasionando consequências sobre a qualidade de vida e reforçar as evidências científicas em esportes coletivos de grande adesão destacam a relevância da manutenção de um estado de saúde desejável por meio da realização de atividade física. Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade de vida de praticantes de futevôlei na cidade de Belém/PA. Metodologia: A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa da Faculdade Metropolitana da Amazônia com CAAE nº18579019.0.0000.5701. O estudo foi do tipo descritivo e observacional transversal, realizado na Arena Copacabana Beach Sport em Belém-PA, como 37 praticantes de futevôlei, que responderam a um questionário aberto contendo nome, idade, sexo, tempo de pratica no esporte e ao instrumento World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOLabreviado, versão em português) no período de agosto a setembro de 2019. Resultado: A média de idade foi de 30,7 anos, de ambos os sexos e média de 5,21 anos de prática do esporte. Quanto aos domínios avaliados pelo instrumento WHOQOL, constatou-se que 75,68% responderam ter boa qualidade de vida. Na avaliação Satisfação com sua Saúde, 43,24% informaram estarem satisfeitos. Na avaliação da energia suficiente para seu dia a dia, 43,24% responderam ter energia completamente suficiente para arcar com as atividades rotineiras do seu dia a dia. E na avaliação da satisfação com a capacidade de desempenhar atividades no dia a dia, 54,05% informaram estarem satisfeitos. Conclusão: Observa-se que a prática do futevôlei repercute positivamente na qualidade de vida de seus praticantes, trazendo benefícios físicos e de saúde mental no contexto individual e coletivo. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Esporte, Lazer, Qualidade de Vida
Observations on current regional issues (steps to counter the Azerbaijani-Turkish tandem)
Authors: Melkonyan Ashot
Published: March 2022

После армяно-азербайджанской 44-дневной войны (27 сентября – 9 ноября 2020 г.) азербайджанская сторона стремится получить на переговорах больше, чем было предусмотрено трехсторонним (Азербайджан, Армения, Россия) заявлением от 9 ноября 2020 г. В частности, пункт о разблокировке дорог интерпретируется как коридор, предоставляемый Азербайджану через территорию Армении.
Асинхронность вращения массивной звезды в тесных двойных системах
Authors: Чернов С. В.
Published: March 2022

В работе исследуется проблема асинхронности вращения массивных звезд в тесных двойных системах. Рассматривается массивная звезда с массой две массы Солнца, которая имеет конвективное ядро и внешнюю зону лучистого переноса (оболочку). Моделирование выполняется с учетом влияния компаньона на звезду. Предполагается, что диссипация приливного потока происходит за счет радиационной вязкости. Асинхронность массивных звезд объясняется псевдосинхронизацией и дифференциальным вращением звезды.
Законы сохранения в зависящих от времени задачах переноса излучения
Authors: Никогосян А. Г.
Published: March 2022

Рассмотренная автором классическая задача переноса излучения о выходе кванта из полубесконечной рассеивающей и поглощающей атмосферы обобщается на случай, когда принимается в расчет время, расходуемое квантами на многократное рассеяние в ней. Ставится вопрос о возможности вариационной формулировки задачи и обобщении квадратичных и билинейных законов сохранения, полученных в стационарной задаче. Показывается, что при общей постановке задача не допускает указанную формулировку ввиду непотенциальности появляющегося дифференциального оператора, однако она представляется возможной в частном случае консервативного рассеяния. Полученные два закона сохранения отражают факт однородности среды и изотропности времени.
CULTURE CLASH IN LANGUAGE LEARNING
Authors: NODIRABEGIM SOBIROVA
Published: March 2022

By looking at the present and history, it is no secret that the need to learn languages has never diminished, but even increased. It is important to note that in modern world, language has become a bridge for the study and dissemination of knowledge. And word by word translation or just learning words cannot help understanding fully any language and use it as native speakers. In this article, we will look at the importance of taking a comprehensive look at the history, culture and traditions of language while providing specific examples. Over the course of my career as a language teacher, I have witnessed that in every lesson, the interpretation of cultures and history led to a significant rapid acquisition of knowledge.
A WORK OF ART WRITTEN IN RANO GULI’S WATER
Authors:   Kokand University, Eshchanova Gulnara
Published: March 2022

Beauty is one of the aesthetic categories that ensures that works that are examples of artistic and cultural heritage are pleasing to the reader. The article examines the fact that in the work “Scorpion from the altar” by A. Kadyri, who saw beauty with the mind and heart, it was interpreted correctly and completely in a unique way through the interpretation of images.
SOME EFFECTIVE METHODS OF TEACHING CHILDREN IN PRESCHOOL PERIOD
Authors: Khujamatova Khusnidakhon
Published: March 2022

Teaching is one of the most important parts of people’s life as everybody begins learning at their early age. The educational system of the republic of Uzbekistan is getting also advanced at a high speed as other spheres of life. The need for good communication skills in English has created a huge request for English teaching around the country. Not only the Uzbekistan or Central Asia but also the whole world. Millions of people today want to develop their command of English or to ensure that their children achieve a good command of English as well as opportunities to learn English are provided in many different ways such as through formal instruction, travel, and study abroad, as well as through the media and the Internet.
MAKTABGACHA YOSHDAGI BOLALARNI KOMMUNIKATIV IJODKORLIGINI RIVOJLANTIRISH YO‘LLARI
Authors: Maxmutazimova Yulduz
Published: March 2022

Ushbu maqolada maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalarni kommunikativ ijodkorligini rivojlantirishning samarali yo‘llari va maktabgacha ta’lim tashkilotlarida har bir yosh guruhlarida bolalarning kommunikativ kompetensiyalarini shakllantirish haqida ma’lumotlar yoritilgan.
MATEMATIKA TA’LIMI TEXNOLOGIYASI: O‘QITUVCHILARNI KELAJAKKA TAYYORLASH
Authors: Sultonova Yulduzxon
Published: March 2022

Boshlang‘ich o‘qituvchilarni texnologiyadan foydalanishga tayyorlash o‘qituvchilarni o‘qitish dasturlari oldida turgan eng muhim masalalardan biridir. Matematika ta’limi texnologiyasi; maqsadlari quyidagilardan iborat: a) o‘quvchilarga matematik kontekstlarda ma’lum texnologik resurslarni o‘rganish imkoniyatini berish, b) o‘quvchilarning e’tiborini matematika darslarida texnologiyani qanday va qachon to‘g‘ri ishlatish kerakligiga qaratish, c) o‘quvchilarga matematika o‘qitish va o‘qitishda texnologiya va undan foydalanish haqidagi bilimlarini qo‘llash.
К ВОПРОСУ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ КОМПЛЕКСНЫХ ИНФОРМАЦОННЫХ СИСТЕМ РЕШЕНИЯ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ЗАДАЧ СТАТИСТИКИ
Authors: Ахмедов Умид
Published: March 2022

Аннотация: Статья раскрывает некоторые аспекты модернизации работы статистической отрасли Республики Узбекистан на основе применения альтернативных источников данных в условиях цифровизации экономики. Многие развивающиеся страны имеют слабые статистические системы и механизмы измерения результатов. Для измерения прогресса в достижении целей развития необходимы надежные статистические данные. Они помогают правительствам улучшать свою политику и быть прозрачными и подотчетными в отношении достижения результатов в области и эффективности политики и программ развития. Автором показано, что наиболее трудоемким в статистическом производстве процессе является сбор первичных данных, где при помощи искусственного интеллекта можно значительно сэкономить. На примере процесса сбора данных для расчета индекса потребительских цен предложен алгоритм и инновационное технологическое решение, которое значительно увеличивает эффективность сбора, обработки и проведения расчетов для более своевременной публикации Индекса потребительских цен.
INTERNATIONAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL RELATIONS OF UZBEKISTAN DEEPENING UZBEKISTAN-JAPAN RELATIONS
Authors: Inoyatova Rushana
Published: March 2022

This article illustrates the international socio-economic and cultural relations of Uzbekistan with “The Land of the Rising Sun” with the support of different samples of mutually beneficial affiliations between the two countries. It is a well-known fact that international relations are correlated to explorations and exchanging viewpoints. The first part discusses the place of economic and social cooperation with Japan to help you gain insight into the economy of New Uzbekistan. Some noticeable strategic operations that have been carried out in terms of future plans and goals for the improvement of both countries are presented. The second part deals with cultural perspectives as an indication of mutual interest in each other’s cultures. The paper concludes with remarks on the significance of the deepening of Uzbekistan-Japan relations from the point of educators and learners.
PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE BANKING SERVICES IN NEW UZBEKISTAN
Authors: Abdug‘aniev Ilyosbek
Published: March 2022

This article discusses the current problems of the organization of remote banking services in a pandemic. The analysis of the current state and prospects of development of remote banking services in the banks of Uzbekistan, as well as practical proposals for the expansion of remote banking services are presented
ECONOMIC ISSUES IN PHILOSOPHICAL HERITAGE OF ALISHER NAVOI
Authors: Norov Toji , Aliev Bekdavlat
Published: March 2022

This article is devoted to the views of the great thinker Alisher Navoi on economics in the system of philosophical views. His economic relations were analyzed on the example of tax, customs, market, cobblers, trade, commerce, charitable activities. The article is based on his wisdom, practical work and correspondence in such works as “Mahbubul-qulub”, “Munshaot”, “Waqfiya”, “Hayratul-abror”, “Saddi Iskandariy”.
O‘ZBEKISTONDA FOL’KLOR SAN’ATINING SHAKLLANISHI VA RIVOJI
Authors: Jamoliddinov M. , Najmiddinov G‘.
Published: March 2022

Fol’klor xalq ommasining maishiy hayoti, ijtimoiy-siyosiy turmushi, kundalik faoliyati bilan mahkam bog‘langan, o‘ziga xos g‘oyaviy estetik sistemaga ega bo‘lgan ijod sifatida shakllandi va rivojlandi. “Fol’klor” termini inglizcha (folk)- halq va (lore)- donolik so‘zlaridan yasalgan bo‘lib, “halq donoligi”, “halq donishmandligi” ma’nolarini anglatadi. U birinchi marta 1846-yil Vil’yam Toms tomonidan ilgari surilgan. Shundan boshlab bu termin xalqaro miqyosda ilmiy tushuncha, atama sifatida fanda o‘zlashib ketdi. Bugungi kunda Angliya, Amerika va boshqa Yevropa mamlakatlarida “fol’klor” atamasi keng ma’noda xalq ijodiyotining barcha soxalarida xalq poeziyasi, nasri, musiqasi, raqs, rassomlik, o‘ymakorlik, diniy e’tiqod va urf-odatlarni ifodalaydi.
OPPORTUNITIES AND ORGANIZATIONAL BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL TOURISM IN UZBEKISTAN
Authors: Muzaffarov Asror
Published: March 2022

Tourism is an analysis of the situation in Uzbekistan in the field of medical tourism in the country without the type of activity on which promising areas of science are based. The reasons for the lack of institutionalization of medical tourism in the country as an independent type of tourism and a unified system with effective mechanisms are also identified. At the same time, special attention is paid to a comparative conceptual analysis of the concepts of recreation tourism, medical tourism, as well as a change in the factor of the paradigm of philosophical thinking in the process of dividing medical tourism from religious and esoteric visits as an independent tourist activity.
CHANGES IN HANDICRAFTS AND FAMILY BUSINESS IN UZBEKISTAN DURING THE PANDEMIC
Authors: Ostonov Oybek
Published: March 2022

This article examines some features of the development of family business and crafts in Uzbekistan in the context of the pandemic, the factors of its development and socio-economic significance. The article discusses the effective socio-economic mechanisms for increasing employment in the development of family businesses and crafts in the context of the coronavirus pandemic studied, practical advice and recommendations on increasing employment, the occurrence of pandemics in today’s conditions the impact of the impending economic crisis and the problems in the implementation of tasks aimed at the development of small business and private entrepreneurship, and ideas for their solution.
STRUCTURE AND THEORETICAL BASIS OF MULTILINGUAL DICTIONARY
Authors:   Kokand University, Najmiddinov Muhammadjon
Published: March 2022

This article is devoted to the description and classification of terminological dictionaries, and includes the principles and methods of compiling terminological dictionaries. In addition, the opinions of many lexicographers have been studied. Also, the current issues in the field of lexicography and their role in the field of lexicography are discussed.
DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF ENTERPRISES ON THE BASIS OF DIGITIZATION
Authors: Yuldashev Axrorjon
Published: March 2022

The article discusses the ways and methods of developing economics activities of enterprises based on digitalization. The article summarizes the experience of using information systems in foreign logistics companies, their typology and functionality. The definition of the concept of “intelligent logistics” is formulated, which contains a description of the essence of the term, describing its specific features and effects achieved as a result of the processes of the same name.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRECTION OF BEHAVIORAL BEHAVIOR OF CHILDREN SPECIFICITY
Authors: Saliyeva D.
Published: March 2022

The article analyzes the impact of crisis-related problems in children during adolescence on the child’s personal behavior, the occurrence of behavioral disorders and the content of psychological correctional work with them.
ЦЕНТРЫ РАЗВИТИЯ В ДОО В МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОМ ОБРАЗОВАНИИ И ОБУЧЕНИИ ДОШКОЛЬНИКОВ
Authors: Джанпеисова Г.
Published: March 2022

Для реализации образовательной области «Познавательное развитие» через процесс формирования элементарных математических представлений в группах ДОО организуются центры занимательной математики. Центр занимательной математики должен быть оснащён материалами и атрибутами, позволяющими детям в самостоятельной деятельности отрабатывать навыки, компетенции закреплять уже имеющиеся знания, открывать для себя новое в области математики через своеобразные детские виды деятельности: игровую, поисково-исследовательскую, конструктивную, речевую.
MATABGACHA TA’LIM TASVIRIY FAOLIYAT MASHG‘ULOTLAR JARAYONIDA NOA’NANAVIY USULLARDAN FOYDALANISH YO‘LLARI
Authors: Maxmudova Oybarchin
Published: March 2022

Ushbu maqolada maktabgacha ta’lim tizimida tasviriy faoliyat texnologiyalarini egallashdagi ko‘nikmalar, qo‘llanadigan  o‘qitish usullariga yaxlit yondashuvlarni mazmuniga to‘g‘ri tanlashdagi o‘ziga xos xususiyatlar, tasviriyfaoliyat  mashg‘ulotlarini o‘tkazish samarali yo‘llari yoritilgan.
Electronic Signatures – A Scottish Perspective
Authors: Howat Erin
Published: March 2022

The advantages of electronic signatures have now been recognised at the national and European level, with various legislative measures being taken to ensure their legal recognition. This aim of this article is to provide an overview of these provisions and the general issues surrounding electronic signatures and their use.
Directors’ Business Review Report: The Transparency Controversy
Authors: Yeoh Peter
Published: March 2022

The Business Review (BR) replaced the Operating Financial Report (OFR) in mid-December 2005 on the grounds that it would lighten the regulatory compliance burden of listed corporations. After providing some background this article examines the OFR aims; provides a comparative analysis of OFR and BR; looks at the purpose of narrative reporting (including corporate social responsibility and key performance indicators); and provides some concluding remarks on narrative reporting functioning as a disclosure device addressing the information needs of shareholders.
Regional Stock Exchange: The Case for Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Yeoh Peter
Published: March 2022

This article investigates the theoretical and practical considerations for the integration of a regional stock market for the Member States of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE).The analysis appears to support the case for the integration of the existing individual markets in the CEE into a regional market and that it can be implemented through the guidance of an existing model in the EU. The paper also offers a practical suggestion for the formation of a regional stock market in the CEE for the overall economic benefit of the Member States in the region.
Reinsurance Contracts and the Myth of “Automatically” Guaranteed Coverage
Authors: Noussia Kyriaki
Published: March 2022

This case note consists of critical comments on the ruling in Wasa International Insurance Co Ltd v Lexington Insurance Co, AGF Insurance Ltd v Lexington Insurance Co [2007] EWHC 896 (Comm); [2008]EWCA Civ 150 both in the Commercial Court (Queen’s Bench) and in the Court of Appeal and especially on issues such as “back to back” coverage, deductible and defence costs and suggests ways in which insurers can better secure reinsurance recovery.
Likely Paths of a More Active Regulator
Authors: Mayhew David
Published: March 2022

The Legal Services Act 2007 introduces a new regulatory regime for lawyers. Since January 2007 solicitor regulation has been in the hands of the Solicitors Regulation Authority. On 1 July the much awaited Solicitors’ Code of Conduct came into force.

The SRA talks of a risk based approach to regulation and has emphasised the need for transparency over, for example, its enforcement actions, concepts familiar to lawyers in financial services regulation. This paper sketches out the new regime and explores the parallels with financial services regulation and practice to identify where the SRA is heading, drawing on experience with not only financial services, but also solicitors disciplinary matters.
Restraint of Trade: A Singapore Perspective
Authors: Chandran Ravi
Published: March 2022

The position in Singapore with regards to restraint of trade clauses in employment contracts is largely similar to the position in the United Kingdom. Nonetheless, while the authorities in the United Kingdom are divided on the validity of “non–poaching of employees” type of restraint of trade clauses, the very recent Singapore Court of Appeal decision of Man Financial (S) Pte Ltd v Wong Bark Chuan, David has endorsed the validity of such clauses whole heartedly after an extensive review of authorities from the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and Australia. In addition the court in Man Financial (S) Pte Ltd v Wong Bark Chuan had the opportunity to consider several other related issues such as the significance of the fact that the employee was specifically paid for entering into the restrictive covenant, the significance of the fact that the employee had expressly agreed to the restrictive covenant and the significance of fact that the employee received legal advice in relation to the restrictive covenant.
Retirement under the Age Equality Legislation: The Heyday Challenge
Authors: Keldusild Linnea
Published: March 2022

This article examines the age discrimination issues raised by the Heyday Group and their subsequent referral to the European Court of Justice. It looks at the employment law surrounding the UK’s mandatory retirement age under the Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 (SI 2006/1031) and the background to Heyday’s legal challenge before outlining the Opinion of the Advocate General and the implications for employers if the challenge succeeds.
Recent Developments in Labour Laws in Singapore
Authors: Swee Kian Catherine Tay
Published: March 2022

Singapore’s Employment Act has been updated for the first time since 1995. The significant changes that have been introduced are to keep pace with a changing labour market, a growing number of white–collar workers and rising salaries. The new labour laws, which came into effect on 1 January 2009, offer basic benefits and standards such as salary protection, minimum employment terms and a dispute mechanism.

The Employment Act’s scope of coverage has been expanded in many ways, such as to include all workers with a monthly salary ceiling of USD 2,000, up from USD 1,600. The revision on the coverage was made to keep pace with changes in the workforce profile. The Employment Act removed the exclusion of ‘confidential staff’, such as accounts assistants, human resource clerks and secretaries, so that these are now entitled to basic employment benefits. For the first time, junior executives and managers earning up to a maximum of $2,500 a month have access to the Labour Court for salary claims. Besides offering greater protection to workers, such new rules balance the interests of employers and employees.
Are the English Courts Ready for Service through Facebook?
Authors: Drane Joanne
Published: March 2022

On 16 December 2008, in the case of MKM Capital Property Limited v. Corbo and Poyser, Master Harper of the Australian Capital Territory Supreme Court permitted service of a default judgment via the social networking website Facebook. The first part of this article considers the MKM Capital decision and an earlier decision of the Queensland District Court, in which permission to serve via Facebook was refused.

In the second part, after providing an outline of the recent amendments to the rules for service of documents contained in Part 6 of the Civil Procedure Rules (CPR), which came into force on 1 October 2008, this article then goes on to consider whether, on the basis of existing case law and in light of those amendments, the English courts would be likely to permit service of documents through Facebook or another social networking website.
The Legal Liability of e-commerce Platforms: The Case of eBay
Authors: Cousin Anne , Sordet Emmanuel
Published: March 2022

The issue of the online brokers’ liability in the event of the sale of counterfeit products via their platforms highlights the difficulty to find effective means to fight against counterfeiting on the net. The variety of solutions offered by the various European and American jurisdictions reflects this situation. Although the latest developments, albeit more pragmatic, still appear to be fragile, it seems that we may be moving towards a favourable compromise between the divergent interests of online brokers and trademark owners. This article first looks at the legal classification for eBay’s business activities by the courts in Continental Europe before analysing the absence of eBay’s liability due to the sale of products on its website and finally commenting on the current state of the law.
Construction Industry Database Prosecuted by Information Commissioner
Authors: Crowley Sean , Graham Nick
Published: March 2022

The use of a database service to allow employers to vet potential employees should be checked for Data Protection Act compliance as the use of data in an incompatible manner may expose your organisation to enforcement action from the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) and damaging public relations. If an organization wishes to carry out ‘vetting’ of potential employees, it is key that the whole process is open and transparent and is only carried out where it is justified.

This article explains why and sets out steps which any data controller wishing to vet potential employees should consider.
Dark Pools
Authors: Yeoh Peter
Published: March 2022

Dark liquidity pools are one alternative trading system which do not display quotations to the public, using computerisation to seek out complementary trading interests. There is no regulatory requirement for alternative trading systems to indicate how they run and manage their orders, more so on how their dark pool operates. This article looks at the development and categories of dark pools; the associated risks; and regulatory proposals.
The Freezing Injunction Today
Authors: Andoh Benjamin
Published: March 2022

Since its inception in 1975 the freezing injunction has developed quite significantly. Apart from its change of name (from Mareva injunction), there has been an expansion of its jurisdictional basis as well as the safeguards provided for defendants. This paper looks at that expansion and considers three issues relating to the injunction (the extent of the applicant’s duty to make full and frank disclosure of all material facts, contempt of court and the privilege against self-incrimination) before recommending a measure to enhance the injunction’s efficacy.
The Exempt Companies in Jordan: A Study of their Main Characteristics
Authors: Madi Ramzi
Published: March 2022

Jordan offers several opportunities for investors; one of them is the formation of the exempt companies. The political stability and the geographical location of Jordan are playing an obvious role for attracting investors. This paper concentrates on the legislative features only; political and geographical considerations will not be discussed in my article. It examines the characteristics of the exempt companies, and the legal forms of the exempt companies. The article focuses in particular on whether the Jordanian legislature did the right thing for presenting multiple legal forms of the exempt companies.
Cancellation of the Trademark that Constitutes a Geographical Indication: A Study of Jordanian Law
Authors: Madi Ramzi
Published: March 2022

A trademark may constitute a geographical indication and this will result in a conflict between the protection of trademarks and geographical indications. In this article, I will discuss the cancellation of a trademark that constitutes a geographical indication. Trademarks in Jordan can be cancelled through Trademark Law or the Geographical Indications Law. However, there are several differences between the cases of cancellation under the Trademark Law and the Geographical Indications Law. These will be discussed in this article, especially as both Laws have special requirements regarding the persons who are entitled to file the application of cancellation, its grounds, submission period and the application process.
The Section 2 Notice  Comply or Die?
Authors: Cheriyan Ron
Published: March 2022

The SFO conducts searches using its statutory powers under the Criminal Justice Act 1987, s. 2. This provision gives it significant powers requiring a party potentially facing allegations of fraud to produce documents within its control. This article examines what are the legal obligations of an organisation under investigation to data subjects before responding to a Section 2 Notice.
Others Claims against Limited Liability Companies in Jordan
Authors: Al-Sofani Abdullah Khaled
Published: March 2022

Since the liability of a partner in a limited liability company is limited to his shares in the capital, and since the manager, in such a company, is not liable to be questioned, unless he acts ultra vires, the Jordanian legislator has adopted effective measures, in the Companies Law No. 22 of 1997 and its amendments. These measures protect the interests of third parties by enabling them to file a claim of nullity whenever a breach occurs in one the subjective conditions and/or in the formal basis, i.e., initiation contract and registration in the commercial register, and to file a claim of responsibility, after establishing a basis for its existence, against the company founders and the board members or against the company itself as a legal entity. Actually, these procedures, in addition to protecting the interests of others dealing with this type of company, would make the company a trusted enterprise, which would encourage investors and the businesspeople, especially foreign ones, to enter into business with it. This paper examines these actions in light of the Jordanian Companies Law.
Reform of Financial Regulations in the UK: Contents and Implications
Authors: Yeoh Peter
Published: March 2022

This article examines the key implications of the UK's new approach to financial regulation and includes commentaries on the April 2011 Interim Report of the Independent Commission on Banking.
Half the Bank, Half the Risk, Part 2: The United Kingdom
Authors: Hillman Henry
Published: March 2022

This two-part article assesses the 2007/08 financial crisis: explaining how a speculative bubble began, grew and eventually burst; comparing it to the Great Crash of 1929; and assessing the possibility and practicality of a split between commercial and investment banking activities being enacted either in the US or the UK, with consideration for the global nature of modern banking. This second part of the article examines the development of the bubble and responses to the crisis in the UK.
National Legislation Safeguarding Bank Secrecy and the Steps Needed to Comply with the Effective Exchange of Information Standards: A Comparative Study
Authors: Almahameed Mwaffaq
Published: March 2022

The exchange of tax-related information, as one of the major aspect of international tax cooperation in combating tax evasion and harmful tax practices by means of Double Taxation Agreements (DTAs), was an effective means of preserving bank secrecy. This fact was true until 2002, since the increase and expantion in crossborder transactions, through globalisation and governmental harmful competition to attract foreign direct investment, have led to reform in the international exchange of information policy and require more effective transparency. In April 2009, the G20 leaders. at their London Summit, declared that: ''The era of banking secrecy is over'' and that all countries must conform with the effective exchange of information standards (formally called: the key principles of transparency and information exchange for tax purposes). One element of these standards is that no restriction to information exchange could be caused by application of a domestic tax interest requirement or bank secrecy. In this article the author will not try to investigate the legality or legitimacy nor the logic behind effective exchange of information standards, since the main purpose of this article is to examine Jordanian and Egyptian legislation defects and the steps needed by legislators and policy makers to follow these standards.
The Legal Case for PDF/A
Authors: Hodkinson Gary
Published: March 2022

This article explains how the US is leading the way in enforcing new document archiving legislation and why the UK needs to be prepared.
Facebook and the Privacy Frontier
Authors: Simmons Natasha
Published: March 2022

This article explores the growing privacy concerns in relation to the social media giant Facebook. The issues examined include the fact that many users share information with third parties unknowingly through their postings; the introduction of facial recognition software which runs on every photograph uploaded to the site and detects the identity of the user as well as their ''friends'' in the images posted; the management of how tags operate on Facebook; that information released about individuals online such as their personal interests could be used by social network operators for behavioural advertising purposes or communicated to third parties. The author looks at developments in the US and EU as well as Facebook's reaction before providing concluding comments.
Who'd be a Director?
Authors: Yeoh Peter
Published: March 2022

This article highlights the power and influence of directors in the UK while also alerting attention to the expanding responsibilities that come with them. It argues that while the legal risks associated with directorships are substantially increasing, directors may not fall foul of the law with care, diligence, and common sense, together with sound commercially-based legal advice.
Damages for Non-pecuniary Loss Re-visited
Authors: Andoh Benjamin
Published: March 2022

Is a blanket refusal of damages for non-pecuniary loss of reputation unjustified? In this paper non-pecuniary loss, occurring as a consequence of personal injuries or death, will be examined; this will be followed by, where it occurs other than as a result of personal injuries or death, a consideration of that situation in the light of the Supreme Court decision in Rabone v Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, which is the authority for the proposition that damages are also awardable under the Human Rights Act 1998.
The Right to Strike: A Perspective from International, EU and Jordanian Law
Authors: Bydoon Maysa , Dahiyat Emad Abdel Rahim
Published: March 2022

The right to strike plays a substantial role in protecting the legitimate rights and interests of workers and enhancing justice in the workplace and society. It is then essential for the law in any democratic society to guarantee this right and make sure that adequate protection is given to the individual worker against sanctions for participation in a lawful strike. This paper thus considers the current legislation in Jordan on the right to strike, and explores the question of whether or not such right actually exists, and if so to what degree it complies with the standards that have been followed at European and international levels. This paper, however, is not intended to provide the final answer to all questions and challenges in this regard, but rather to identify the main components and provide some perspectives on how the law should deal with such right.
Business and Human Rights: The Anthropomorphic Errors
Authors: Soto-Miranda Diego F.
Published: March 2022

A jurisprudence-based analysis of the judiciary's seemingly erroneous anthropomorphizing of commercial entities through self-misconceived perceptions of their statutory obligations under ss 2 and 3, HRA 1998, which might in fact be a clever, mechanically-convenient subterfuge, designed to both: (a) appease and appear to conform to the 'elective dictatorship' of the parliamentary masters; and (b) implement the personal prejudgment of what the individual judge, in good conscience', perceives as being the best interest outcome for the social majority. Irrespective of the reader's philosophical perspective, a more transparent alternative is offered, safeguarding the fundamentally important principle of justice through certainty.

This first part of a two-part article examines all the human rights cases reported in the Lloyd's Law Reports and the All England Law Reports (Commercial) from October 2000 to December 2010, analysing their significance within the evolving modus operandi of the judiciary.

The second part of the article will contain the author's conclusions.
Making Credit Rating Agencies Accountable: Is Estoppel a Possible Solution?
Authors: Miglionico Andrea
Published: March 2022

Credit rating agencies (CRAs) have become the arbiters of financial markets. There is a strong argument to the effect that they have become too powerful, particularly in the context of the ongoing financial crisis where they seem to have power without responsibility. This paper sets out tentative suggestions for reforming the present regulatory framework by making CRAs liable for issuing inaccurate ratings. The analysis starts out by mapping the contours of the legal aspects of the ratings market before going on to address the major questions regarding CRAs' modus operandi. The fact is that credit ratings affect market confidence and influence both investment decisions and expectations. For this reason, CRAs are capable of bringing about potential distortions in the financial sector. There has been much scholarly debate about the need for a civil liability regime for CRAs and whether such a scheme would be feasible. A civil liability regime for CRAs could constitute a system of investor protection over and above classic regulation. In this context, this paper considers whether the doctrine of estoppel might not be a feasible way of making CRAs accountable. Although a conclusive finding cannot be made, it is possible that the implementation of an effective liability regime through estoppel, could be a valid option for holding CRAs responsible.
Harassment at Work: Isnt It Really a Matter for Health, Safety and Well-Being Law?
Authors: Leighton Patricia
Published: March 2022

It is arguable that, despite complexities, harassment and bullying in the work[place should be seen holistically: redress should not depend on a causal link between characteristics of the victim as a driver of the conduct and that notions of dignity, respect and well-being should underpin the law. Equality law is too personalized, too complex, too susceptible to changing political agendas to provide adequate protection for people at work. The growing awareness of the costs in human and economic terms of failing to deal with bullies and bullying should put pressure on the legal system to explore more adequately what areas of law are best suited for this role.

After explaining what harassment and bullying are this article looks at current controversies, equality law; the EU's role; recent case law; and other areas of relevance before making recommendations.
Post-merger Consolidations in Nigeria: Some Legal Considerations
Authors: Kuye Goke
Published: March 2022

This article focuses on legal issues arising from post-merger and acquisition (M&A) transactions in Nigeria with attention concentrated on the legal considerations and interactions within the regulatory environment. It further makes proposals to ease the 'hard knock' that a not-so-successful post-M&A may throw up.
Legal Consequences of a Minors Agreement in India
Authors: Upadhyay Saman Narayan
Published: March 2022

Our daily life is surrounded by agreements, whether we realize it or not. From breakfast to supper we make a number of agreements, irrespective of our ability to do so. For example, the transfer of property through sale, mortgage, lease, exchange, or gift, the formation of partnerships and companies, performing arbitration, mediation, negotiation and conciliation, registering patents, copyrights, intellectual properties, the execution of negotiable instruments, insurances and various services. When the agreement is made by a competent person then it is recognized and protected by law; while in the case of an incompetent party (particularly a minor) it lacks such recognition and protection by law (vide sections 10 and 11 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872). A minor's agreement stands void ab initio (Mohiri Bibee, 1903 PC), hence a minor is discharged from the contractual obligations. But under several laws, such as the TPA, the Sales of Goods Act, the Partnership Act, the Companies Act and the Insurance Laws etc. a minor is allowed to be a beneficiary through the contract created thereunder. Though the Indian Contract Act, 1872, does not allow a minor directly to be a beneficiary, even through judicial pronouncements, this gap has been filled. On the contrary the situation is not clear where this minor is fraudulent. Accordingly the consequence of a minor's agreement in terms of nature and effects is not clear under the Indian Contract Act, 1872, or under the Specific Relief Act, 1963. This legislative gap under the Act of 1872was what attracted to the author to do the analytical research deploying doctrinal research methodology applying null hypothesis. This article has been divided into sections. Under section 2 the formal introduction of agreement and contract is discussed with its essentials, section 3 concerns the legislative gap pertaining to the consequences of a minor's agreement, section 4 examines the fulfilment of the legislative gap through judicial pronouncement and section 5 contains the conclusion with suggestions.
Stabilizing Fundraising of Chinese Domestic Venture Capital: Law and Private Ordering
Authors: Zhang Lin
Published: March 2022

Inspired by the shiny American venture capital industry, China has been on the way to engineer its own vibrant venture capital market since the middle of the 1980s. The development of the Chinese venture capital market has been rapid but accompanied by the fact that Chinese domestic venture capital has been marginalized by their American competitors during the developmental process. The lack of Chinese pension funds in financially supporting Chinese domestic venture capital partially explains the imbalance and distance between American venture capital and Chinese domestic venture capital. In order for Chinese domestic venture capital to level the playground in the aspect of fundraising, a double-faceted approach including the revision of law and the delicate design of private ordering ought to be respectively relied on by the Chinese authorities and Chinese pension funds.
The Control of Community Concentrations Under Regulation No. 139/2004  Part III
Authors: Laskowska Magdalena
Published: March 2022

The first section of this three-part article looked at concentrations of Community dimension, beginning with an outline of the evolution of the Community’s merger legislation and its objectives before providing general remarks on concentrations of Community dimension followed by description and definition of: the concept of concentrations; types of acquistions of control; the notion of Community dimension; turnover; and ancillary restraints.

The second section dealt with the procedure of control.

This third section will deal with the assessment of the compatibility of concentrations with the common market.

‘( . . .) what matters for economic development most is the quality of institutions in different countries. The biggest explanatory factor of income differences between countries, of productivity differences between countries, is the way people interact with each other, is the way they trust each other, is the way competition works.’
A Good Offence Is Not Always the Best Defence: Critiquing the Standards of Protection under the 2015 Indian Model BIT
Authors: Sharma Ajay Kr.
Published: March 2022

This article indulges in a laconic critique of the newly introduced 2015 Indian Model BIT, focussing on certain standards of protection offered to the investors. Comparisons are drawn with its predecessor viz., the 2004 Model BIPA. This paper emphatically argues, that in the present atypical form the Model BIT is pragmatically inefficacious, and lopsided, as it only inaptly and parochially expresses India’s current apprehensions as a host contracting state. It needs to be even-keeled, protecting Indian investors as well, in order to be acceptable in the future to other countries. Otherwise, the author suggests, that it is better to discontinue India’s BIT Program, rather than have a hypocritical approach to it.
Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements Enters
Authors: Rodgers Konrad , Moore Christopher P. , Jedrey Nathaniel E.
Published: March 2022

On 1 October 2015, the Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements (the ‘Convention’) entered into force, following the European Union’s approval of the Convention on 11 June 2015. The Convention is now in force between all EU Member States (except Denmark) and Mexico, which acceded to the Convention in 2007.This marks the culmination of more than twenty years of research, drafting and negotiation conducted under the auspices of the Hague Conference on Private International Law.
Economic Sanctions against Russia: Implications for International Business
Authors: Gadelshina Elvira R.
Published: March 2022

Recent history has seen a significant number of occasions when states and non-state actors purported to influence other states’ internal policy and geopolitical strategy by imposing economic sanctions. The most notable examples include the infamous US trade embargo on Cuba (condemned by the UN General Assembly for the 24th consecutive year), the recently lifted UN and partially struck down US sanctions against Iran and the near-total financial and trade embargo against Iraq (lifted by the UN Security Council in 2003 after Saddam Hussein had been forced from power). Comprehensive sanctions programs, which block all trade, are currently administered by the US Office of Foreign Assets Control against Burma (Myanmar), Sudan and Syria.
Alleviating Jurisdictional Uncertainty: An Arbitration Clause or a Jurisdiction Clause?
Authors: Alqudah Mutasim Ahmad
Published: March 2022

Disputes arising from commercial contracts involving foreign elements can be subject to litigation in many forums. Jurisdictional uncertainty has a very negative impact on engagement in international commerce. This uncertainty can be mitigated by the incorporation of either an arbitration clause or a jurisdiction clause. This article undertakes a comparative analysis of arbitration and jurisdiction clauses to show that reliance on an arbitration clause will provide parties to an international contract of commerce with a higher level of certainty. As this article clarifies, courts’ discretionary power to refuse the enforcement of arbitration clauses is less than their discretionary power to refuse enforcement of jurisdiction clauses. Courts grant a favourable treatment to arbitration clauses when enforced, whereas jurisdiction clauses are not treated as preferentially as arbitration clauses. This article concludes that if jurisdiction clauses are going to be of an equal function to arbitration clauses in terms of reducing jurisdictional uncertainty, a unified international legal framework for the enforcement of jurisdiction clauses must be in operation.
What Does Chinas Sole Proprietorship Law Mean to Foreign Business People?
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyang
Published: March 2022

This article attempts to explore the feasibility of foreign business people establishing their operational base in China in the form of a sole proprietorship. Though a sort of business vehicle hardly utilized by foreign investors and entrepreneurs in the past, with China’s more liberalized and prudently architected legal framework governing foreign capital in the offing, some suitable foreign sole proprietors may expect to legitimately find their niche in the sizable Chinese market, despite the necessity of having to overcome certain hindrances along the way.
Exit of Chinese Domestic Venture Capital: Legal Impediments and Reform Measures
Authors: Zhang Lin
Published: March 2022

The American experience tells us that a fair and efficient stock market is vital for the exit of venture capital from their successful portfolio companies. Unfortunately, the current multi-tier stock market in China, including the Main Boards, the Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Board (SME Board) and the Growth Enterprise Markets (GEM), cannot offer smooth exit channels for Chinese domestic venture capital either because of their demanding listing rules or because of their problematic listing approval systems. Confronted with this unsatisfactory situation, legal reforms must be carried out as quickly as possible.
Antitrust Law: Economics and Legal Implications for Company Directors
Authors: Yeoh Peter
Published: March 2022

This article analyses the legal and economic implications of competition law for company directors in the US and the UK. It relies on the applicable legislations, common law, and industry practices.
Competition Law Update: Rebates and Online Sales Restrictions
Authors: Ferguson Rebecca
Published: March 2022

The interpretation of global competition law continues to shift, to take account of new sales media, new technologies and new actions that have the effect of restricting or distorting competition. This means that the courts and competition authorities must constantly evolve and adapt practice to ensure the goals of competition law are upheld.

There have been three recent cases in European and UK competition law that have shed light on two specific areas of competition law: rebates and online sales restrictions which I will summarize and provide comment on.