bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies in Tropisms of the Bed Bug Cimex lectularius L.
Authors: Rivnay Ezekiel
Published: June 2009

1. Heat is an important factor in stimulating bed bugs to obtain food. Light and atmospheric humidity do not influence the reactions to heat to any great extent, but the state of nutrition and moulting do interfere with them.

2. The bug detects heat very slowly. At a room temperature of 23° C., from a distance of 4 cm., about 1½ min. were required before a bug reacted to the heat of the hand. At a lower temperature a longer period was required.

3. At ordinary room temperature a differential temperature of about 2° C. was necessary to cause a reaction to heat.

4. Bed bugs, although attracted to heat, will be repelled when the temperature is too high. Bugs were repelled by objects at 43° C. at a distance of about 3 cm.

5. Bed bugs have a sense of smell, but only react when very close to the odoriferous substance.

6. The odours of blood, muscle, subcutaneous tissue and clean, washed skin seemed to have no influence upon the bug; the odour of bile repels them; while liver at first attracted and then repelled them.

7. The odour of perspiration, depending upon its state of decomposition, sometimes repels and at others attracts bed bugs. Of the substances tested the odours of sebum and cerumen had the greatest attracting power.

8. The bed bug apparently discriminates between foods by taste.

9. Negative reactions to water counterbalance positive reactions to heat and odour.

10. The tendency to be in contact with an object, rather than the negative reaction to light, underlies the gregarious habit of the bed bugs as well as their search for places of retreat.
Pennella Zeylanica n.sp. A Parasitic Copepod of Histiophorus gladius Day
Authors: Kirtisinghe P.
Published: June 2009

Host and Record. At least four specimens of the parasite were found attached to the sides and belly of a sail-fish Histiophorus gladius Day caught off the south coast of Ceylon. I was fortunate enough to obtain two of these, both females, complete except for the egg strings. They measured 135 mm. and 157 mm. in their total lengths. One of them, the smaller, is illustrated in Fig. 1.
A Note upon Trichomonas sanguisugae Alexeieff 1911
Authors: Bishop Ann
Published: June 2009

Alexeieff (1911) described two trichomonads from the horse-leech Haemopis sanguisuga:Tetratrichomonas prowazeki and Trichomonas sanguisugae. T. prowazeki is characterised by its four anterior flagella of unequal length and its poorly developed axostyle. The feature which he considered to be of specific value in T. sanguisugae is the “chapelet de grains” in place of the basal fibre.
On Protozoal Blood Parasites Collected in Uganda
Authors: Hoare Cecil A.
Published: June 2009

This paper contains a report on a collection of parasitic protozoa from the blood of some vertebrate animals of Uganda.

Seven new species and a number of parasites recorded for new hosts are described. New observations on some known parasites are also recorded.

An account is given of the life history of the crocodile haemogregarine. It is shown that the schizogony of Hepatozoon pettiti (nomen novum for Haemogregarina pettiti) occurs in the liver of the crocodile, while the sporogony takes place in Glossina palpalis, its intermediate host.

A list of all the blood parasites found, together with their hosts, is given.
Entamoeba aulastomiNöller
Authors: Bishop Ann
Published: June 2009

1.Entamoeba aulastomiandHexamitasp. fromHaemopis sanguisugahave been cultivated in inactivated horse-serum diluted 1 : 10 in 0·5 NaCl solution + solid sterile rice-starch, and upon an inspissated horse-serum slope covered with the liquid medium + sterile rice-starch. Cysts ofE. aulastomiappeared on or after the 9th day from subcultivation, but cysts ofHexamitahave not appeared in the cultures.

2. The amoeboid phase ofE. aulastomidivides by a simple direct method, without the formation of a spindle. There is no equatorial plate. It was not possible to count the number of chromatin granules.

3. The mature cyst is quadrinucleate, though occasional octonucleate cysts are found. Chromatoids are present but are absorbed before hatching. A. large glycogen vacuole is present in the uninucleate cyst. The nucleus divides by the formation of a delicate spindle but no chromosomes were found.

4.E. aulastomiare not harmed by being kept at 2° C. but they die out in the 2nd subculture if kept at 30° C. and within 24 hours if kept at 37° C. The cysts also are killed at 37° C.

5. If treated withN/20 HCl all amoebae are killed in less than 10 min. but the cysts are unharmed.
A Note upon Retortamonas rotunda n.sp, an Intestinal Flagellate in Bufo vulgaris
Authors: Bishop Ann
Published: June 2009

In Bufo vulgaris there is a small flagellate similar to species described from insects and the Brazilian cavy. Such flagellates were formerly placed in the genus Monocercomonas but the generic name has been amended to Retortamonas Grassi 1879 by Wenyon (1926). The toad flagellate which I name R. rotunda n.sp. differs in structure from Monocercomonas bufonis Dobell 1909, which Grassé (1926) has removed to the genus Tetramastix Alexeieff 1916.
A New Nematode, Tylenchus aptini n.sp Parasite of Thysanoptera (Insecta: Aptinothrips rufus Gmelin)
Authors: Sharga U. S.
Published: June 2009

The study of Aptinothrips rufus made in 1930, in the vicinity of Edinburgh, revealed the presence of a nematode parasite in the insect which seemed worthy of investigation. Little is known of the parasites of Thysanoptera in general, and I can find no record of any parasite of Aptinothrips.
Some Larval Trematodes from the Coast in the Region of Roscoff, Finistère
Authors: Stunkard Horace W.
Published: June 2009

Seven species of cercariae and four of metacercariae collected at Roscoff, Finistère, during August, 1931, are described. They have been referred to appropriate systematic groups and wherever possible, probabilities concerning life histories are suggested. Four of the cercariae and two of the metacercariae are recorded as new to science.
Note on a Microcotylid from Sciaena antarctica
Authors: Murray Florence V.
Published: June 2009

In a recent paper (Parasitology, 23, No. 4, 492) I described under the name Microcotyle sciaenae a new species of Microcotyle from the gills of Sciaena antarctica. Dr M. C. Hall, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D.C., has kindly pointed out to me that this name is preoccupied by M. sciaenae Goto (1894). I now propose the name M. sciaenicola in place of this homonym.
Studies on Avian Cestodes From China
Authors: Tseng Shen
Published: June 2009

In conclusion, the following comments may prove suggestive:

Out of fifty-five vials of the Chinese cestodes from Charadriiform birds, fifteen have not been determined definitely, owing to the poorly preserved condition and to insufficient material for detailed study, such as Pe 510, Pe 517, Pe 526, Pe 529, Pe 552 b, Pe 588, Pe 593, Pe 1466, Pe 735 c, Pe 1431 d, Pe 760, Pe 144 b, Pe 151, Pe 848 and Pe 841 d.

In this paper, seven species are described as new, namely, Amoebotaenia fuhrmanni, A. pekinensis, Monopylidium guiarti, Choanotaenia joyeuxi, Haplo-paraxis sinenis, Fuhrmanniella clerci, and Gyrocoelia fausti.

The present study indicates, to a certain extent, that the Chinese fauna of the avian cestodes is more or less related to that of the Ural, Australia, Egypt and Europe.

Pe 848 is an interesting tapeworm recorded from the liver of Totanus calidris. Owing to the poor preservation, the strobilae can not be examined, but its incomplete rostellar hooks, larger 0·0234 mm., and smaller 0·0216 mm. shown in Fig. 54, are characteristic.
External features and life cycle of Cucumaricola notabilis nov.gen. et sp., a copepod parasite of the holothurian, Cucumaria
Authors: Paterson Nellie F.
Published: June 2009

1. Cucumaricola notabilis, a new genus and species of Copepoda, occurs in cysts in the coelom of Cucumaria frauenfeldi Ludwig collected at Sea Point, Blaauwberg Strand and Dalebrook in the Cape Peninsula.

2. An account is given of the features of the sexually dimorphic males and females.

3. Fertilized eggs and nauplius larvae are also contained in the cysts and, from observations on living material, it has been established that, after escaping from the cysts, the larvae metamorphose within a short period into the copepodid stage. There are two copepodid stages, the first an active swimming form and the second a quiescent phase from which the juvenile parasite develops.

4. Although of uncertain systematic position, this parasite seems to be nearly related to the Chondracanthidae. This conclusion is based on the similarity of the trunk appendages of the adult female to those of Acanthochondria as described by Oakley (1930), and also on the general agreement of the ontogeny with that of Acanthochondria cornuta investigated by Heegaard in 1947. It is further suggested that it may be assigned to the key devised by Delamare Deboutteville & Nunes-Ruivo (1955) for certain copepod parasites having some affinity with the Chondracanthidae.
A new schizogregarine, Mattesia orchopiae n.sp., in a flea of squirrels in England
Authors: Dasgupta Biswapati
Published: June 2009

A new schizogregarine Mattesia orchopiae, n.sp., parasitic in the flea Orchopeas wickhami, is described. The schizogony takes place in the fat-cells, while the gametogony and the sporogony occur in the Malpighian tubules. The micronuclear schizonts measured 13·7 × 11 μ. The trophozoites of the second schizogony measured 14·2 × 3·5 μ. The spores measured 10·5 × 7 μ.

After staining with toluidene blue metachromatic granules were found in the cytoplasm of the macronuclear schizonts and in the merozoites and the trophozoites resulting therefrom. Some of this metachromatic material could be removed by digestion with ribonuclease, while the rest of it persisted. Material stained with alcian blue was detected in the cytoplasm of the macronuclear schizonts.

I wish to thank Professor P. C. C. Garnham for encouragement and advice received during the conduct of this investigation, Mrs M. Vizoso and Miss K. Meedeniya for the supply of the fleas, the authorities of the British Museum for the identification of the fleas, and Sir W. P. MacArthur for his advice regarding the problem of nomenclature.
The bird fleas of Fair Isle
Authors: Rothschild Miriam
Published: June 2009

Approximately 5000 birds (78 species) were trapped on Fair Isle and examined for fleas. Six species of flea were recorded: D. g. gallinulae (430 records), C. gallinae (205 records), C. borealis (126 records), C. garei (4 records), C. fringillae and C. vagabundus (1 record each).

The infestation rate among spring-passage migrants was 52·2% and among autumn-passage migrants only 2·7%. Spring migrants released and retrapped after ‘de-fleaing’ in the Fair Isle apparatus showed a 55% re-infestation rate. On spring migrants D. g. gallinulae was the dominant flea, but on autumn migrants C. gallinae was dominant. The most heavily infested group of birds were the Turdidae (61% spring, 3% autumn infestation rate) and Sylviidae (53% spring, 1% autumn infestation rate).

A number of double and triple infestations with 2 or 3 species of flea is recorded. Double infestations involving D. g. gallinulae and C. borealis occur more frequently than would be expected for purely chance associations. More male birds (90) than female birds (70) were infested.

The sex ratio of the fleas (on the bodies of birds) was: D. g. gallinulae 294 males, 325 females; C. gallinae 115 males, 214 females; C. borealis 77 males, 77 females. On the spring migrants there was an excess of male D. g. gallinulae and on the autumn migrants an excess of females.

On the resident birds there was definite evidence of host preference. The starling was the chief host of C. gallinae, the pipits of D. g. gallinulae and the wheatear of C. borealis. The re-infestation rate of ‘de-fleaed’ retraps showed a higher rate than original trappings in all cases, but the lack of D. g. gallinulae on retrapped starlings suggested some host selection on the part of the flea.

The proportions of the three principal species of flea found in (i) the nest of the wheatear, and (ii) on the body of the bird were strikingly different.
New parasitic mites (Acarina) from rodents
Authors: Radford Charles D.
Published: June 2009

The genusAndrolaelapswas raised by Antonio Berlese in 1903 for those Laelaptidae in which leg ii of the male and female is furnished with spurs on the femur, genu and tibia. Amongst the mites taken on a Uganda unstriped grass-rat (Arvi-canthis abyssinicus rubescensWroughton), numbers of two new species of this genus were found and are here described under the namesAndrolaelaps oudemansiandA. arvicanthis.
Electron microscopic observations of Toxoplasma ‘Nicolle et Manceaux’ in thin sections of tissue cultures
Authors: Meyer H. , Mendonça I. De Andrade
Published: June 2009

Toxoplasma ‘Nicolle et Manceaux’ has been examined in the electron microscope in thin sections of infected tissue cultures. The intracellular forms, single or in rosette formations, show that the parasite has no flagella, cilia or other organelles for locomotion. It is covered by a double membrane which is especially well denned at the two poles. A ring-like formation, often slightly protruding, can be seen at one end of the parasite, and in connexion with this, long, homogeneous, dark-stained inclusions of still unknown nature. At the opposite pole a distinct opening has been found.

Mitochondria and strands of an endoplasmic reticulum are also present in the cytoplasm and a fine striation in the region of the periplast. No dividing forms have been observed. Near the nucleus, in the region of what may correspond to the centrosome and the Golgi apparatus, a few extremely fine granules and a spiral-like formation of fine striae or tubules have been observed.

This work has been partly supported by the National Research Council of Brazil. The cost of reproduction of figures was defrayed by the Institute de Biofísica da Universidade do Brasil.
The study of the transmission of the cattle lungworm (Dictyocaulus viviparus) in relation to pasture conditions
Authors: Spedding C. R. W. , Michel J. F.
Published: June 2009

1. A series of experiments is described in which the transmission of cattle lung-worm infection has been investigated in relation to four different pasture conditions—long grass, short grass produced by gangmowing, grazing by sheep and grazing by resistant cattle.

2. The methods of study of value in this type of field investigation are discussed. It is suggested that the results can be usefully expressed as a series of coefficients which summarize the factors involved in the process of transmission. The methods of calculation of these coefficients are described.
Mehracula sinha, 1954, a synonym of Leptotrombidium Nagayo et al., with corrigenda
Authors: Sinha T. B.
Published: June 2009

In a previous paper (Sinha, 1954), dealing with a collection of larval trombiculids from Manipur, India, four new species, a new subgenus (Plumosicola), and a new genus (Mehracula) were described. The larvae concerned had been mounted in batches, each slide containing considerable numbers. At the request of Dr J. R. Audy, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, the type material was lent to him in 1956 through the kind co-operation of Dr A. P. Kapur, in charge of the Entomology Section, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, in whose care the types had been deposited, and who gave permission for the specimens to be remounted individually in PVA-mountant.
Immunity in trypanosomiasis. II. Agglutination reaction with African trypanosomes
Authors: Soltys M. A.
Published: June 2009

Agglutination reactions between living trypanosomes and sera of experimentally infected rabbits is described.

Agglutinins in infected rabbits and in hyperimmunized rabbits with dead trypanosomes appeared between 5 and 8 days and reached their maximum within 14 days. They persisted in infected untreated rabbits until death, but in infected rabbits treated with Suramin they persisted for only 3 months. In hyperimmunized rabbits the titre of agglutinins gradually fell and disappeared 4 weeks after the last inoculation.

Agglutinins appear to be species specific; sera of rabbits infected with T. brucei agglutinated homologous and heterologous strains of the T. brucei, but failed to agglutinate heterologous species of trypanosomes. Similar results were obtained with sera of other species of trypanosomes.

Four sera from naturally occurring cases of T. rhodesiense infection in man produced agglutination reactions with titre varying from 1:80 to 1:1280 with T. rhodesiense, but did not agglutinate T. brucei.
The Process of Encystment of a Cercaria Parasitic inLymnaea tenera euphratica
Authors: Rothschild Miriam
Published: June 2009

In 1933 Mr C. Machattie, F.R.C.V.S., D.V.S.M., very kindly sent me a small portion of a specimen ofLymnaea tenera euphraticaMusson, collected in Iraq, infected with a cercaria belonging to the heterogeneous Gymnocephalic group. Sections were cut and it was found that most of the cercariae had been fixed during various stages of encystment. An excellent opportunity was thus afforded for observing this process, particularly the initial stages.
Studies on Populations of Headlice (Pediculus humanus capitis: Anoplura). I
Authors: Buxton P. A.
Published: June 2009

Many biologists are at present interested in populations of animals, which are studied experimentally and also by more abstract mathematical methods, but it is frequently difficult to obtain facts about actual populations living under natural conditions unless they are studied by sampling, the accuracy of which cannot always be precisely defined. The method described in this paper tells us of the actual numbers of headlice in crops of hair on individual people. From it we may learn the proportion of people who are infested at different times or places, and the number of lice on different people: also the proportion of males, females and young in the louse population. The results with material from Woolwich and from Lagos are set out in this paper. Further work is now in progress on material received from several parts of the world: this material will be studied and the results published at a later date.
Morphological and Taxonomic Studies on Mammalian Trypanosomes
Authors: Hoare Cecil A.
Published: June 2009

This paper is devoted to a critical analysis and revision of the systematics of the mammalian trypanosomes. It is shown that there is no justification for the recognition of more than one genus, Trypanosoma.

The trypanosomes are subdivided into two sections, each with distinct morphological and biological characteristics.

In the section corresponding to the lewisi group the method of reproduction is used as a criterion for the specific differentiation of the trypanosomes.
Coccidiosis of the Grey and Stone Partridge
Authors: Yakimoff W. L. , Matikaschwili I. L.
Published: June 2009

Through the kindness of H. H. Woken, the veterinary surgeon of the Zoological Garden in Leningrad, we were able to examine the faeces of two species of birds—the grey partridge (Perdix perdix) and the stone partridge (Caccabis chucar). It is very probable that the coccidian found by us is common to both species of birds, but as they were kept in the same cage it was not possible to determine the origin of the faeces examined.
Observations on the Flagellates of the Genera Trichomonas and Eutrichomastix
Authors: Das Gupta B. M.
Published: June 2009

Three pure-line strains started from single individuals, 2 of Trichomonas and 1 of Eutrichomastix, all from snakes, were isolated from mixed cultures. These strains, and another of Eutrichomastix from a chamaeleon, were under observation for periods of from 3 to 10 weeks.

The Eutrichomastix of snakes does not differ from that of the chamaeleon in any essential point, and neither developed an undulating membrane at any time during this prolonged period of observation.

The Trichomonas of the grass-snake is morphologically distinct from that of the boa. Trichomonas of the boa has an ill-developed undulating membrane with only a few shallow waves, and may simulate a Eutrichomastix owing to the accidental detachment of the bordering flagellum.

Trichomonas from snakes, as from most other hosts, readily feeds upon starch granules, whereas none of the Eutrichomastix were found to ingest unaltered starch.

Eutrichomastix from snakes and the chamaeleon never develops an undulating membrane and does not assume a Trichomonas form.

From these observations it can be definitely concluded that Trichomonas and Eutrichomastix are generically distinct.
Studies in Tick-borne Fever of Sheep
Authors: Macleod John
Published: June 2009

(1) Female Ixodes ricinus ticks which feed on a sheep infected with tick-borne fever are not capable of transmitting the infective agent to their progeny. Only the nymphs and females, therefore, can be infective to sheep. In the case of an infective female, the infection may have been acquired, (a) in the immediately preceding stage, or (b) in the larval stage, the infective agent remaining in the tissues of the tick during the nymphal engorgement and subsequent moult. This appears to occur irrespective of whether the host on which the nymph feeds is a susceptible or an insusceptible. animal.

(2) Ticks which have acquired infection are infective as soon after moulting to the next stage as they are able to attach to hosts. Unfed ticks were not found to be infective after a period of about 14 months.

(3) Infection is transmitted to the sheep in the course of the 2nd day after attachment of infective nymphs.

(4) The disease may be transmitted to sheep by inoculation of emulsions of infective ticks, if these have been allowed to commence engorgement. The use of saline for such emulsions appears to be inadvisable.
On the Enzymes of certain Dermatophytes, or Ringworm Fungi
Authors: Tate P.
Published: June 2009

1. The enzymic activity was studied in the following Dermatophyte fungi: Sabouraudites radiolatus; S. lanosus; S. audouini; Trichophyton tonsurans; Grubyella schoenleinii. Both the normal and pleomorphic forms of S. radiolatus were studied comparatively.

2. An active proteolytic enzyme is present in all the species. This enzyme is active in an alkaline medium and can hydrolyse intact proteins (casein) with the production of free amino-acids (tryptophane), and is very similar to trypsin in its behaviour.

3. Pepsin is not present in any of these fungi.

4. The amount of the proteolytic enzyme present varies in the different species, and it is particularly abundant in S. radiolatus.

5. A keratolytic enzyme was not found in any of these fungi.

6. A lipolytic enzyme, lipase, which readily splits tributyrin into fatty acids, is present in all the species. It is about equally strong in all of them.

7. Urease is present in all, with the exception of T. tonsurans.

8. None of them contains invertase, inulase, lactase or zymase.

9. Maltase and diastase are present in all. They are strongest in S. lanosus and T. tonsurans and are weakest in S. radiolatus.

10. The species with most proteolytic activity have least carbohydrases, and conversely.

11. Amygdalase is present in all the species.

12. The normal form of S. radiolatus has greater proteolytic activity than the pleomorphic form. The pleomorphic form has strong urease and amygdalase, both of which are very weak in the normal form. Otherwise the enzymic activity of the two forms is similar.
The Life-history of a Marine Trematode, Hamacreadium Mutabile Linton, 1910
Authors: McCoy Oliver R.
Published: June 2009

A cotylocercous cercaria occurring in the marine snail, Astraea americana, at Tortugas, Florida, was found to encyst in small fish as second intermediate hosts.

Fish experimentally infested with the cysts were fed to the gray snapper, Neomaenis griseus, and adult worms developed in the intestine and pyloric caeca which were identified as Hamacreadium mutabile Linton, 1910, a member of the sub-family Allocreadiinae.

A general relationship of the cotylocercous cercariae to the family Allocreadiidae is discussed.
Physiological and histochemical observations on the adult liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica L. III. Egg-shell formation
Authors: Stephenson William
Published: June 2009

1. The egg shells of Fasciola are derived from globules or granules contained in the, vitelline cells. These globules contain an orthodihydroxyphenol and protein.

2. The anatomy and histology of the Mehlis's gland region have been described, and the site of liberation of the above granules has been isolated.

3. Mechanical forces, due to the churning action of the uterus, are believed to be responsible for freeing most of the granules. This liberation can be correlated with the presence of spermatozoa in the uterus. The spermatozoa can penetrate the vitelline cells, but this does not free the globules.

4. Active spermatozoa, in alkaline solutions, tend to form aggregates, and incorporate into these aggregates any solid material in the vicinity. This is apparently responsible for the arrangement of cells within the egg, and for the formation of a shell round it from fused vitelline cell globules.

5. The polyphenol of the newly formed egg shell is oxidized into a quinone in the anterior uterine coils. Polyphenol oxidases have not been conclusively demonstrated. The relative uterine coils are surrounded by an especial concentration of a generally distributed tissue haemoglobin.

6. The final egg shell is composed of a quinone tanned protein, similar to the sclerotin of the cockroach ootheca.

7. Suggestions are advanced as to the possible functions of Mehlis's gland and Laurer's canal.
A Fungus Disease in Fishes of the Gulf of Maine
Authors: Fish Frederic F.
Published: June 2009

1. A fungus disease of epidemic proportions was found in the common sea herring (Clupea harengus) throughout the Gulf of Maine.

2. The fungus was also found to infect the common winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) and the alewife (Pomobolus pseudoharengus).

3. The causative agent was found to be a species of fungus belonging to the genus Ichthyosporidium Caullery and Mesnil (1905). The specific name is tentatively accepted as hoferi Plehn and Muslow (1911).

4. The organism is believed to be a normal parasite to the herring and reaches epidemic proportions only when certain unknown factors are operative.

5. The causative organism was found in herring preserved in 1926, and it is believed that the epidemic has been increasing in severity since that time.

6. It is believed that such an epidermic, once initiated, increases in severity, reaches a peak, and subsides to a subpatent level. The peak is believed to have been reached in 1931.

7. The life history and effects of the organism in the herring and flounder are described.

8. The herring is believed to acquire the infection by the ingestion of parasites liberated from fish in the same school.

9. The flounder is believed to acquire the infection by the consumption of infected herring.

10. The alewife is beleived to acquire the infection by ingestion of the parasite during its infrequent association with the herring.

11. Infection is believed to be established by way of the alimentary canal and, once established, to spread throughout the host by way of the blood stream or the lymphatics.

12. Direct cross infection from the herring to the flounder establishes the theory that the parasites in these two hosts are one and the same organism.

13. Direct cross infection experiments from the herring to the flounder eliminate the necessity of an intermediate host.

14. There is no reason to believe that this parasite is capable of infecting warm-blooded animals.
Quinanil as a Bactericidal Agent in the Isolation of an Insect Flagellate
Authors: Boxhall G. N. , Happold F. C. , Lloyd Ll.
Published: June 2009

A flagellate from Polietes lardaria, closely allied to Herpetomonas muscarum, has been repeatedly isolated in bacteria-free culture by the use of quinanil after numerous attempts to isolate it by other methods with one exception had failed. The flagellates were exposed to 1/10,000 or 1/100,000 quinanil for 2–4 or more hours and cultivated in Locke serum agar, the medium for the first subculture containing quinanil in concentrations of 1/10,000 or 1/50,000. The proofs of the purity of the cultures were exhaustive.

We are greatly indebted to Dr St John-Brooks and the National Collection of Type Cultures for certain of the flagellates isolated by Noguchi and Tilden. One of us (F. C. H.) has also been in receipt of grants from the Medical Research Council, and he would like to take this opportunity of expressing his thanks to that body.
A Revision of the Genus Nycteribosca Speiser (Diptera Pupipara, Streblidae)
Authors: Jobling B.
Published: June 2009

The Genus Nycteribosca was established by Speiser in 1900 for the species which were formerly placed in the genus Raymondia, Strebla or Brachystarsina. This author described one new species and redescribed four others which were already known. Quite recently the number of the species of this genus has been increased to nine by Falcoz. In this paper I have added seven new species, and also give a redescription and figures of all the known species. I have not included N. diversa Frauenfeld in my key, but at the end of this paper there is a description of this fly based on that of Frauenfeld (1856), and a copy of his drawing of the wing. The drawing shows very clearly the branch of the second longitudinal vein. N. diversa appears to be a very doubtful species; it has never been recorded since its original description was written. Moreover, according to Kessel (1925), there is no branching of the second longitudinal vein (R 2+3.) in the family Streblidae.
A New Species of the Genus Nycteribosca (Diptera Pupipara, Streblidae)
Authors: Jobling B.
Published: June 2009

Three specimens were examined, the type, female, and two paratypes, male, collected by Mr B. A. Lever, from a small bat in the Russell Islands, Solomon Islands. They were sent to me by Sir Guy A. K. Marshall, whom I wish to thank for allowing me to describe them.
On the Amphilaphorchidinae, A New Subfamily of Proteocephalid Cestodes, andMyzophorus admonticellia, gen. et sp.n., Parasitic inPirinampusspp. from the Amazon
Authors: Woodland W. N. F.
Published: June 2009

“Piranabú,” “Piranampú” or “Piranampú” (the last according to Goeldi, 1898) are local names on the Amazon applied to the siluroid fish which, so far as it is possible to determine from memory and from the rough sketches and notes which I made at the time, is the modernPirinampus pirinampus(Spix). This fish, of which I examined eight examples, attains a length of at least 60 cm., has an elongated adipose fin more than one-third the length of the entire body, microscopic scales, possesses maxillary barbels about half the length of the body, and in general appearance closely resembles the figure (Tab. VIII,a) of “Pimelodus ctenodus” provided by Spix (1829). I am much indebted to Mr J. R. Norman, of the British Museum, for his kind assistance in identification.
Further Studies on the Biology of the Pigeon Fly, Pseudolynchia maura Bigot (Diptera Hippoboscidae)
Authors: Prouty Margaret Jo , Coatney G. Robert
Published: June 2009

1. Observations indicate that the female uses the third pair of legs during deposition as an aid in forcing the larva through the vaginal orifice.

2. The young imago is able to free itself from the pupal case by dragging the case across a rough surface with the forelegs.

3. The act of copulation has been observed and described, including mounting, position and duration.

4. Evidence is presented to show that the insects are positively thermotropic and thigmotropic; negatively phototropic and hydrotropic.

5. The flies react positively to the odours of oil of cloves, camphor and ox gall; negatively to oil of wintergreen and amyl alcohol, and are indifferent to blood, fresh pigeon skin, pigeon scales, feathers, ammonia, oil of thyme, oil origanum, xylol and bergamot.

6. The length of life without food is found to be in direct proportion to the energy expended in motion, ranging from 77 to 109 hours.

7. The flies refuse to take unwarmed food.

8. The insect will not penetrate a perfectly smooth membrane, or one that is rancid.

9. According to data presented. Pseudolynchia maura will not live longer than 117 hours when artificially fed.
On some Remarkable New Cestodes from the Amazon Siluroid Fish,Brachyplatystoma filamentosum(Lichtenstein)
Authors: Woodland W. N. F.
Published: June 2009

ThePiraeeba, or Pirá-aïba (Piraïba) as Goeldi spells it, is a large Siluroid (my largest specimen measured 135 cm. in length) which is locally plentiful in the Amazon and has been described by Goeldi (1902). Goeldi named this speciesPiratinga pirá-aïbaand it is the modernBrachyplatystoma filamentosum(Lichtenstein). I am indebted top Mr J. R. Norman of the British Museum (Natural History) for the modern name.
A New Blood Trematode, Paradeontacylix sanguinicoloides n.g., n.sp., from Seriola lalandi with a Key to the Species of the Family Aporocotylidae
Authors: McIntosh Allen
Published: June 2009

A single specimen of a blood fluke was obtained from the gills of an amberjack or coronado, Seriola lalandi Cuv. and Val., taken by the writer on November 30th, 1929, from the Atlantic Ocean off Miami, Florida. This fluke belongs to the family Aporocotylidae Odhner 1912, and is regarded as the type of a new genus.
The Intestinal Protozoa of a Muskrat, Fiber (= Ondatra) zibethica, with a Note upon Retortamonas sp. from the Guinea-pig
Authors: Bishop Ann
Published: June 2009

Flagellates belonging to four genera, Trichomonas, Giardia, Chilomastix, and Retortamonas, have been found in the caecum and colic loops of the muskrat, Fiber (= Ondatra) zibethica.

A Retortamonas is described from the caecum of two laboratory guinea-pigs.
Field studies on the behaviour of bird fleas
Authors: Bates John Keith , Rothschild Miriam
Published: June 2009

1. Factors controlling the distribution of the bird fleas Ceratophyllus styx, the sand-martin flea, C. gallinae, the hen flea, and Dasypsylla gallinulae, the blackbird flea, were investigated in the field.

2. Sand-martin fleas (C. styx) pass the winter as adults within cocoons in the old nests of their host. Observations indicate that the fleas are stimulated to emerge from the cocoons by the rise in temperature in the spring, and some of the adult fleas emigrate in the spring and invade new nest burrows. Observations and experiments showed that sand-martin fleas disperse from old burrows both laterally and vertically and that emigrating fleas could reach areas as far as 33·8 m. from the old nests. The detection of the new burrow entrances is not due to vision, or to the recognition of difference of humidity between the burrow and the cliff face, or to the reaction to air current differences between the burrow and the cliff face, but to recognition of the horizontal floor of the burrows and a tendency to congregate upon horizontal surfaces. How the fleas distinguish the horizontal burrow surface from the cliff top is still unknown. The colonization of new burrows by the fleas does not occur at night. It is suggested that, in addition to finding their hosts in the spring by invading new burrows, sand-martin fleas may jump on to the birds when they are hovering near the cliff face. Many adult fleas leave the burrows within 3 days of the fledging time of the young sand-martins but a small number remain within the nest. The fate of these specimens is not known.

3. C. gallinae, the hen flea, and D. gallinulae, the blackbird flea, pass the winter principally as adults enclosed in the cocoons in the old nest material. In the spring they emerge from the cocoons, emigrate away from the old nest and are free-living on the ground. Probably the adult C. gallinae and D. gallinulae jump on to birds when they are feeding on the ground in the spring.* Therefore the absence of hen fleas in nests situated on the ground or in open nests built in low vegetation, is not due to lack of opportunity of contact between the adult flea and the birds which construct such nests.

4. It is concluded that in host-seeking, adults of C. gallinae and D. gallinulae emigrate away from old nests in the spring and come in contact with the host birds on the ground in the birds' feeding area, whereas C. styx adults emigrate into the hosts' breeding area and come in contact with the birds in the new nesting burrows.
The development in culture of Trypanosoma striati from an Indian fish
Authors: Qadri Syed Shamsuddin
Published: June 2009

Among the earlier investigators, attempts to cultivate trypanosomes in NNN medium were made by Petrie (1905) and Brumpt (1906a), who isolated Trypanosoma denilewskyi and T. granulosum, respectively, but failed to estabilsh them in subculture.
The influence of nutrition on egg-production and longevity in unmated female body-lice (Pediculus humanus corporis: Anoplura)
Authors: Haddow A. J.
Published: June 2009

1. Isolated unmated female body-lice were worn in pillboxes between the skin and the clothes. They were kept constantly on the body but, by a simple device, groups of ten were permitted feeding periods of different length. These groups were fed for 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 hr. per day respectively. Another group of ten were never allowed to feed after the last moult.

2. Some of the figures for egg yield were high. Lice in the 24 hr. group were able to maintain a rate of ten eggs per day for 4−5 days at a time.

3. No significant difference in longevity or rate of egg-laying was found to exist between the 12, 16, 20 and 24 hr. groups nor between the 4 and 8 hr. groups but a pronounced and significant difference exists between the 8 and 12 hr. groups. Below 12 hr. there is a sharp fall in longevity and rate of egg production. The unfed group all died, without laying, on the third day.

4. The rate of laying as shown by the mode increases progressively with increase in time allowed daily for feeding.

5. With regard to the mean eggs per louse the position is less clear. It is felt that the 24 hr. group may differ significantly from the 12, 16 and 20 hr. groups but this is uncertain.
On the occurrence of the crab-louse (Phthirus pubis: Anoplura) in the hair of the head
Authors: Buxton P. A.
Published: June 2009

Over 3000 samples of hair from the scalp have been examined from four places in Africa and three in Asia. In every sample (except one small one) infestations of crab-lice (Phthirus pubis) were found; in each place they were found in less than 1% of heads.

The view is emphasized that the crab-louse has several ways of spreading through the human community.
Structure of Hemimerus deceptus Rehn. var. ovatus; an external parasite of Cricetomys gambiense
Authors: Deoras P. J.
Published: June 2009

The present work, fills in some of the gaps in the morphological descriptions of Hemimerus, as given by Hansen (1894) and Jordan (1909), and deals with the details of the anatomical modifications associated with the semiparasitic mode of life.

It seems that this semiparasitic mode of life is of mutual assistance or “symbiosis”.

The modifications are seen in the mouthparts (especially the ligula and the superlingua), pleural sclerites and the thoracic limbs.
Casual beds as a source of louse infestation
Authors: MacLeod J. , Craufurd-Benson H. J.
Published: June 2009

In a paper at present in the Press, we have endeavoured to show that where moderate or high infestations of men with Pediculus humanus corporis are present, the maintenance of these, and the level at which they tend to remain, are not dependent on the environment of the infested subject. The degree of infestation is a reflexion of the subject's recent standards of personal hygiene, and his habits at a given moment mould the structure of his infestation in the future.
Notes on some new species of parasitic mites. Part 4
Authors: Radford Charles D.
Published: June 2009

Prof. P. A. Buxton sent me a number of tubes of mite material to examine, and in one bearing the label ‘Gerbille, Madras, India, 3. v. 37, C. S. Swaminath’, I found a number of mites of the genusLaelaps, which were obviously new, in so far as the shape of the anal scutum was decidedly wider than any known species of this genus. This species I have herein described under the nameLaelaps buxtoni
The taxonomy of the monogenetic trematode Plectanocotyle gurnardi (v. Ben. & Hesse)
Authors: Llewellyn J.
Published: June 2009

Specimens of Plectanocotyle gurnardi were obtained by the writer from the gills of Trigla cuculus L. and T. gurnardus L. during trawling operations at the Irish Atlantic Slope fishing grounds in August 1938 and July 1939. One specimen of Plectanocotyle gurnardi was collected from a Trigla gurnardus and seven specimens of the same parasite from eight specimens of T. cuculus, the greatest degree of infestation encountered being 3 parasites per host fish. Plectanocotyle gurnardi has been recorded previously, under one or other of the synonyms listed above, from Trigla gurnardus by van Beneden & Hesse (1863), T. Scott (1901, 1905), A. Scott (1904), Lebour (1908), and Little (1929); from T. lucerna L. by A. Scott & Little; and from Trigla ‘sp.’ by Monticelli (1899). It will be noted that the present records of the parasite are from its usual host T. gurnardus and from a new host T. cuculus.
A new species of acanthocephala, Neoechino-rhynchus topseyi n.sp., from a Calcutta fish, Polynemus heptadactylus (Cuv. & Val.)
Authors: Podder T. N.
Published: June 2009

During the course of my investigation of the parasitic infection of various fishes of the Calcutta markets, I came across a new acanthocephalan parasite, Neoechinorhynchus topseyi, from the intestine of Polynemus heptadactylus, commonly known in Bengal as Topsey or mango-fish. The host was available in the local market during the months of February-August, and infection with this parasite marked during May-July. A single case was, however, noticed in August 1935 when after the intestine was taken out a portion of the threadlike parasite was seen hanging from its anal region. The intestine was slit open and it was found that one gravid female measuring 69 × 1· mm. was the only occupant of the entire lumen of the gut. The parasite was attached by means of its proboscis to the anterior part of the intestine near the duodenum.
The life cycle ofAdelina cryptocercisp.nov., a coccidian parasite of the roachCryptocercus punctulatus
Authors: Yarwood Evangeline Alderman
Published: June 2009

1. The occurrence ofAdelina cryptocerciin the host,Cryptocercus punctulatus, and its probable means of natural transmission are discussed.

2. Artificial infection experiments were carried out and furnished material for determination of succession of stages in the life cycle of the organism. The cycle is briefly as follows:

(a) Mature cysts are ingested by the hosts with tissues of infected roaches. Sporozoites enter the host's tissues by passing through the midgut wall.

(b) The first schizogony, in which merozoites are produced, ocurs in the fat-bodies between the sixteenth and twenty-fifth days after ingestion of cysts.

(c) In the second schizogonial generation two types of schizogony produce merozoites and gametoblasts, respectively, between the twenty-fifth and twenty-ninth days following infection. There is evidence that both male and female gametoblasts are formed from a single schizont.

(d) Male and female gametoblasts become associated during the growth period of the latter. When fully grown, they are surrounded by a membrane, the gametocyst. The male gametoblast undergoes 2 divisions, forming 4 microgametes, of which 1 fertilizes the macrogamete and the other 3 lie unused between the gametocyst and the first oocyst, which is formed shortly after fertilization. A second oocyst is formed before the first division of the synkaryon.

(e) By repeated divisions of the synkaryon a multinucleate sporont is formed. This divides into uninucleate sporoblasts. Each sporoblast divides once, forming a sporocyst containing 2 sporozoites. Mature cysts occurred in experimentally infected roaches from 40 days onwards.

3. The stages in the life cycle are described in detail.

4. Evidence for zygotic meiosis inAdelina cryptocerciis presented.

5. The effect of the parasite on the host is discussed.

This investigation has been made at the suggestion of Dr Harold Kirby, Jr., and under his direction and that of Dr C. A. Kofoid. I wish to express here my grateful appreciation to both for their interest and many valuable suggestions and criticisms.
A note on Capillaria aërophila (Nematoda)
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

In a previous paper (1931) the writer described the presence of a spicule in the male of Capillaria [Hepaticola] hepatica, and gave reasons for believing that the apparent presence or absence of a spicule in the males of forms closely related to it is not a reliable taxonomic character. It was suggested that the genus Eucoleus Dujardin, which, like Hepaticola Hall, was based mainly on the supposed absence of a spicule, should likewise be suppressed as a synonym of Capillaria. Teixeira de Freitas & Lent (1935, 1936), in accepting this view, have drawn attention to an observation recorded by Creplin (1849), which had been generally overlooked, to the effect that a spicule is present in the genotype of Eucoleus (Trichosomum aërophilum Crepl., in Ersch & Gruber, 1839). Up to the present Creplin's observation has not, so far as the writer is aware, been confirmed. Some specimens of Capillaria aërophila from the lungs of silver foxes were recently received from Mr C. V. Watkins, M.R.C.V.S., who had noticed in a living male specimen what appeared to be a spicule projecting from the everted spicule-sheath, and enclosed a sketch of it in his letter. On examining the preserved material, the writer was able to confirm this interesting observation. In the specimen referred to by Mr Watkins, and in another individual, a very delicate structure, apparently a spicule, was seen projecting for a short distance beyond the end of the partly everted sheath.
Further observations on Artyfechinostomum mehrai (Faruqui) (Echinostomatidae: Trematoda)
Authors: Jain G. P.
Published: June 2009

While working on the life cycle of Cercaria mehrai Faruqui, 1930, the author obtained the adults from the intestine of experimentally infected white rats. The trematodes thus obtained were reported as belonging to the genus Paryphostomum Dietz, 1909. In view of the facts that the collar spines are 43 in number, the vitellaria are confluent in the post-testicular region and the cirrus-sac extends far behind the acetabulum, P. mehrai is transferred to the genus Artyfechinostomum Lane, 1915, which is, in author's opinion, a valid genus (Jain, 1959).
Ecological studies on the development of the pasture stages of Nematodirus battus and N. filicollis, Nematode parasites of sheep
Authors: Thomas R. J. , Stevens A. J.
Published: June 2009

1. The availability of Nematodirus infection to sheep was followed by grazing successive pairs of worm-free lambs on a contaminated plot. It was shown that lambs did not become infected during the summer following pasture contamination in the spring, but became infected when they were grazed on the plot the following spring.

2. The development and hatching of the eggs and larval stages of N. battus and N. filicollis were followed by the periodical examination of infected faeces set out during May-November. The results showed that development to the infective larval stage occurred during the summer, taking normally about 3 months, but that the larvae then remained dormant within the egg membranes until the following spring.

3. Laboratory studies confirmed the hypothesis that the hatching of the infective larvae was a response to a rise in temperature in the spring, following sensitization by exposure to low temperature during the winter. A rise in temperature to 50° F. was necessary before a high percentage hatch occurred.

4. The epidemiology of Nematodirus infection is discussed in relation to these observations.