bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting the response of the Amazon rainforest to persistent drought conditions under current and future climates: a major challenge for global land surface models
Authors: Joetzjer E. , Delire C. , Douville H. , Ciais P. , Decharme B. , Fisher R. , Christoffersen B. , Calvet J. C. , da Costa A. C. L. , Ferreira L. V. , Meir P.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. While a majority of Global Climate Models project dryer and longer dry seasons over the Amazon under higher CO2 levels, large uncertainties surround the response of vegetation to persistent droughts in both present-day and future climates. We propose a detailed evaluation of the ability of the ISBACC Land Surface Model to capture drought effects on both water and carbon budgets, comparing fluxes and stocks at two recent ThroughFall Exclusion (TFE) experiments performed in the Amazon. We also explore the model sensitivity to different Water Stress Function (WSF) and to an idealized increase in CO2 concentration and/or temperature. In spite of a reasonable soil moisture simulation, ISBACC struggles to correctly simulate the vegetation response to TFE whose amplitude and timing is highly sensitive to the WSF. Under higher CO2 concentration, the increased Water Use Efficiency (WUE) mitigates the ISBACC's sensitivity to drought. While one of the proposed WSF formulation improves the response of most ISBACC fluxes, except respiration, a parameterization of drought-induced tree mortality is missing for an accurate estimate of the vegetation response. Also, a better mechanistic understanding of the forest responses to drought under a warmer climate and higher CO2 concentration is clearly needed.
Evolution of atmospheric connectivity in the 20th century
Authors: Arizmendi F. , Martí A. C. , Barreiro M.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. We aim to study the evolution of the upper atmosphere connectivity over the 20th century as well as to distinguish the oceanically forced component from the atmospheric internal variability. For this purpose we build networks from two different reanalysis data sets using both linear and nonlinear statistical similarity measures to determine the existence of links between different regions of the world in the two halves of the last century. We furthermore use symbolic analysis to emphasize intra-seasonal, intra-annual and inter-annual timescales. Both linear and nonlinear networks have similar structures and evolution, showing that the most connected regions are in the tropics over the Pacific Ocean. Also, the Southern Hemisphere extratropics have more connectivity in the first half of the 20th century, particularly on intra-annual and intra-seasonal timescales. Changes over the Pacific main connectivity regions are analyzed in more detail. Both linear and nonlinear networks show that the central and western Pacific regions have decreasing connectivity from early 1900 up to about 1940, when it starts increasing again until the present. The inter-annual network shows a similar behavior. However, this is not true of other timescales. On intra-annual timescales the minimum connectivity is around 1956, with a negative (positive) trend before (after) that date for both the central and western Pacific. While this is also true of the central Pacific on intra-seasonal timescales, the western Pacific shows a positive trend during the entire 20th century. In order to separate the internal and forced connectivity networks and to study their evolution through time, an ensemble of atmospheric general circulation model outputs is used. The results suggest that the main connectivity patterns captured in the reanalysis networks are due to the oceanically forced component, particularly on inter-annual timescales. Moreover, the atmospheric internal variability seems to play an important role in determining the intra-seasonal timescale networks.
Ice–ocean interaction and calving front morphology at two west Greenland tidewater outlet glaciers
Authors: Chauché N. , Hubbard A. , Gascard J.-C. , Box J. E. , Bates R. , Koppes M. , Sole A. , Christoffersen P. , Patton H.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Warm, subtropical-originating Atlantic water (AW) has been identified as a primary driver of mass loss across the marine sectors of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS), yet the specific processes by which this water mass interacts with and erodes the calving front of tidewater glaciers is frequently modelled and much speculated upon but remains largely unobserved. We present a suite of fjord salinity, temperature, turbidity versus depth casts along with glacial runoff estimation from Rink and Store glaciers, two major marine outlets draining the western sector of the GrIS during 2009 and 2010. We characterise the main water bodies present and interpret their interaction with their respective calving fronts. We identify two distinct processes of ice–ocean interaction which have distinct spatial and temporal footprints: (1) homogenous free convective melting which occurs across the calving front where AW is in direct contact with the ice mass, and (2) localised upwelling-driven melt by turbulent subglacial runoff mixing with fjord water which occurs at distinct injection points across the calving front. Throughout the study, AW at 2.8 ± 0.2 °C was consistently observed in contact with both glaciers below 450 m depth, yielding homogenous, free convective submarine melting up to ~200 m depth. Above this bottom layer, multiple interactions are identified, primarily controlled by the rate of subglacial fresh-water discharge which results in localised and discrete upwelling plumes. In the record melt year of 2010, the Store Glacier calving face was dominated by these runoff-driven plumes which led to a highly crenulated frontal geometry characterised by large embayments at the subglacial portals separated by headlands which are dominated by calving. Rink Glacier, which is significantly deeper than Store has a larger proportion of its submerged calving face exposed to AW, which results in a uniform, relatively flat overall frontal geometry.
A ESTÉTICA DO CONSUMO NA INTERTEXTUALIDADE ENTRE CINEMA E PUBLICIDADE FÍLMICA
Authors: Eduardo Ribaric Marcelo
Published: August 2014

Este ensaio analisa um efeito particular na relação dialógica entre o cinema e apublicidade audiovisual, o da estética do consumo, cuja presença se dá como representaçãoda sociedade contemporânea, onde a publicidade não cria nem desencadeia novos hábitosde consumo, apenas refletindo e refratando aqueles hábitos culturais já consagrados nestassociedades, pois ela nada mais é do que uma simples expressão destas culturas. Esteefeito particular da narrativa do filme publicitário endereça as suas mensagens,impregnando a sociedade de uma ordem simbólica e de um poder sedutor construídopelas propriedades da imagem audiovisual; por sua sensibilidade, que lhe permite invadira qualquer momento o espaço individual para constituir imagens intensamenteconvincentes e, sobretudo, por sua inquietante capacidade de “olhar nos olhos” de suaaudiência, quer seja pela televisão, cinema, internet ou mesmo pelo telefone celular,nenhuma das representações do filme publicitário escapa ao caráter sugestivo próprio dapublicidade. Sua imagem em alta definição não visa a nitidez, mas sim, o relevo, aprojeção de uma terceira dimensão, a da mensagem publicitária que procura conseguir,através dos olhares de seus espectadores, o seu sentido social. Por fim, o problema a serinvestigado por esta pesquisa é justamente saber como se dá a construção narrativa dapublicidade contemporânea, base da interação associativa de conteúdos com osprodutos publicizados, buscando impor determinada imagem/signo que não se referediretamente nem ao produto que anuncia, nem à realidade concreta de que se origina, massim, a um sistema de valores vigentes na sociedade a que se dirige a mensagem,reestetizando os signos e seus significados.
AS CIÊNCIAS DA COMUNICAÇÃO NA FRANÇA
Authors: Renato Busato Luiz
Published: August 2014

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AS CHEIAS DE 2010 NA REVISTA VEJA: A NARRAÇÃO JORNALÍSTICA DIANTE DO "INESPERADO"
Authors: MORAES Cláudia Herte de , GIRARDI Ilza Maria Tourinho
Published: August 2014

Este artigo aborda o jornalismo sobre meio ambiente a partir das teorias do jornalismo, discutindo alguns limites da própria institucionalização do campo. Sendo o jornalismo um discurso que organiza a representação social, analisa-se teoricamente o seu papel na construção de sentidos e cenários ofertados à sociedade, seu modo de enquadrar e construir a realidade. Observa-se que o valor-notícia do “inesperado” constitui-se um ponto fulcral do jornalismo que se volta, cada vez mais, ao acontecimento e não às problemáticas. Como exemplo deste percurso teórico, traz alguns aspectos de coberturas da revista Veja sobre as chuvas em São Paulo e no Rio de Janeiro, que argumentam acerca da inércia do Estado para tratar dos problemas ambientais e catástrofes de grandes cidades brasileiras.
HEURÍSTICA DO MESDO: MÍDIA E MEIO AMBIENTE NA SOCIEDADE DE RISCO
Authors: AGUIAR Leonel Azevedo de , SCHAUN Ângela
Published: August 2014

Esse ensaio discute como as notícias sobre as catástrofes ecológicas globais passaram a ter amplo destaque na mídia e demonstra de que modo esses discursos jornalísticos vinculam a crise do meio ambiente a uma heurística do medo, na qual o signo da negatividade esvazia a possibilidade da ação política. Essa pesquisa foi realizada a partir do mapeamento das formações discursivas sobre a crise ambiental enunciada nas primeiras páginas de dois jornais diários de circulação no Rio de Janeiro (O Globo e Jornal do Brasil). O trabalho conclui que as formações discursivas presentes nos jornais pesquisados são reforçadas pelo contexto social de fruição das mensagens, já que o público-receptor encontra-se imerso em uma sociedade marcada pelos riscos globais.
INFÂNCIA E JUVENTUDE NA AGENDA TEMÁTICA DA IMPRENSA DE CAMPO GRANDE- MATO GROSSO DO SUL NA PERSPECTIVA DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS FUNDAMENTAIS
Authors: SILVA Edson
Published: August 2014

Os estudos sobre a produção de dois periódicos impressos dá a dimensão do status que os direitos e a cidadania de crianças e adolescentes têm junto à imprensa de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul-Brasil. O texto busca compreender os mecanismos estabelecidos para construir a realidade social do segmento infanto-juvenil. Para isto observa a legislação nacional, os códigos deontológicos e os tratados internacionais dos quais emanam os compromissos com a cidadania, os direitos humanos fundamentais e as políticas públicas setoriais. Considera, também, contribuições da teoria do agendamento, dos processos editorias e das rotinas de produção da imprensa regional.
ENTRE O SOCIAL E A TÉCNICA: OS PROCESSOS MIDIATIZADOS DO FENÔMENO RELIGIOSO CONTEMPORÂNEO
Authors: SBARDELOTTO Moisés
Published: August 2014

Em um processo de midiatização do fenômeno religioso, passam a surgir novas modalidades de experienciação da fé, a partir do deslocamento de práticas religiosas para a ambiência comunicacional da internet. Este artigo visa a analisar o conceito de midiatização em suas processualidades na interface com o fenômeno religioso no âmbito das redes. Examina-se também o papel da técnica nas interações comunicacionais, como base para a relação e a interação especificamente midiatizada entre fiel e sagrado, a partir de inovações tecnológicas e invenções sociais. Por fim, apontam-se alguns elementos de conclusão para compreender a midiatização como processualidade sociotécnica que marca as sociedades contemporâneas, incluindo seus fluxos religiosos.
AS PROFUNDEZAS VAMPIROTÊUTICAS DO PÓS-HUMANISMO DE VILÉM FLUSSER
Authors: Da Silva Junior José Geraldo
Published: August 2014

Resumo A partir de um minucioso trabalho de pesquisa da obra do pensador tcheco Vilém Flusser que viveu por mais de 30 anos no Brasil e do pós-humanismo, tema ainda pouco estudado pela academia brasileira, os pesquisadores Erick Felinto e Lúcia Santaella sugerem a leitura da obra do autor do clássico "Filosofia da Caixa Preta – Ensaios para uma futura filosofia da caixa preta" em convergência com as questões do pós-humanismo e da teoria da mídia alemã. Palavras-chave: Pós-humanismo, Teoria da mídia alemã, Vilém Flusser.  Abstract The brazilians researchers Erick Felinto and Lucia Santaella after a detailed research on post-humanism, subject still little studied by the brazilian academia, and the complex work of philosopher Vilém Flusser, suggest a reading of his work on convergence with the issues of post-humanism and German Media Theory. Keywords: Posthumanism; German Media Theory; Vilém Flusser.
QUALIDADE DE MUDAS DE NIM INDIANO PRODUZIDAS EM DIFERENTES RECIPIENTES E SEU DESEMPENHO NO CAMPO
Authors: Novaes Adalberto Brito de , Silva Helane França , Sousa Glauce Taís de Oliveira , De Azevedo Gileno Brito
Published: August 2014

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade morfofisiológica de mudas de nim indiano (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) em diferentes recipientes, visando alcançar maior produtividade no campo. Estabeleceram-se quatro tratamentos: T1 - sacola plástica (382 cm³); T2 - sacola plástica (165 cm³); T3 - tubete (288 cm³); T4 - tubete (55 cm³). O experimento foi desenvolvido em três etapas distintas. A primeira consistiu na produção e avaliação morfológica das mudas, visando avaliar as variáveis altura da parte aérea (H), diâmetro de colo (D), relação H/D e pesos de matéria fresca e seca das partes aérea, radicial e total. A segunda etapa objetivou a avaliação do potencial de regeneração de raízes (PRR) das mudas e a terceira fase foi desenvolvida no campo com o intuito de avaliar a sobrevivência das mudas após o plantio e o seu desempenho inicial, por meio da medição da altura e do diâmetro ao nível do solo. As mudas de nim indiano produzidas em sacolas plásticas (382 cm³) apresentaram valores superiores em todas as características morfológicas avaliadas e melhor desempenho no campo aos 15 meses após o plantio. O PRR se mostrou uma característica confiável quanto ao desempenho no campo de mudas produzidas em tubetes de 288 cm³.Palavras-chave: Potencial de regeneração de raízes; sacolas plásticas; tubetes. AbstractQuality of Indian Lilac seedlings produced in different containers and their performance in field.  The present research aims to evaluate the quality of Indian Lilac (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seedlings in different containers in order to obtain higher productivity in the field. It was established four treatments: T1 - Plastic bags (382 cm³); T2 - Plastic bags (165 cm³); T3 - Tubes (288 cm³) and T4 - Tubes (55 cm³). The experiment was developed in three different stages. The first one consisted on the production and morphological evaluation of the seedlings, seeking to evaluate the variables: stem height (H), root-collar diameter (D), ratio H/D and weights of fresh and dry matter of the stem, root and total. The second stage aimed at evaluation of root regeneration potential (RRP) of seedlings, and the third phase was developed in the field in order to evaluate seedlings survival after planting and their performance by measurement of the height and diameter at the soil level. The seedlings of Indian Lilac produced in plastic bags (382 cm³) presented superior values in all evaluated morphological parameters and improved performance in the field, 15 months after the planting. The RRP has proved a reliable parameter on the field performance of seedlings produced in tubes of 288 cm³.Keywords: Root regeneration potential; plastic bags; tubes.
REGENERAÇÃO NATURAL DE FLORESTA ESTACIONAL SEMIDECIDUAL EM DIFERENTES ESTÁGIOS SUCESSIONAIS (ZONA DA MATA, MG, BRASIL)
Authors: Horn Kunz Sustanis , Martins Sebastião Venâncio
Published: August 2014

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a estrutura e a composição florística da regeneração natural de trechos de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual em diferentes estágios sucessionais. Para a estrutura fitossociológica, foram demarcadas sistematicamente 10 parcelas de 5 x 10 m em trecho de floresta em estágio médio de regeneração (FEM), floresta em estágio avançado de regeneração (FEA) e pastagem abandonada (PAS), sendo amostrados os indivíduos com altura ≥ 50 cme diâmetro à altura do solo ≤ 5 cm. Foi realizada análise de correspondência retificada e análise de espécies indicadoras de cada trecho. Na estrutura da regeneração natural da FEM e da pastagem, houve destaque de apenas uma espécie (Psychotria sessilis e Vernonia polyanthes, respectivamente) quanto ao Valor de Importância (VI), devido principalmente à alta densidade. Já na FEA não foi observada forte dominância por uma espécie. As três áreas apresentaram-se distintas quanto à abundância e composição de espécies, sugerindo que a matriz florestal é composta por um mosaico sucessional. Além disso, cada trecho ainda mantém espécies indicadoras características, de acordo com o estágio sucessional em que se encontram, razão pela qual ações de manejo e enriquecimento poderiam ser adotadas para acelerar o processo de sucessão.Palavras-chave: Composição florística; conservação; estrutura; sucessão secundária. AbstractNatural regeneration of seasonal semideciduous forest in different successional stages (Zona da Mata, MG, Brazil). The objective of this study was to evaluate the floristic structure and composition of the natural regeneration of stretches from Seasonal Semideciduous Forest in different successional stages. Ten plots, 5 x 10 meters in size, were systematically delimited for phytosociological structure in patches of forest which were in intermediate regeneration stage (FEM), advanced regeneration stage (FEA) and abandoned pasture (PAS).We sampled the individuals with ≥ 50 cm in height and diameter at ground height ≤ 5 cm. We performed Detrended Correspondence Analysis and analysis of indicative species of each forest section. In the natural regeneration structure of FEM and pasture it was featured only one species (Psychotria sessilis and Vernonia polyanthes, respectively) in the Importance Value (IV), mainly due to high density. In relation to the FEA there was no strong dominance by one species. The three sections showed distinct species abundance and composition, which suggests that the forest matrix comprises a successional mosaic. Furthermore, each stretch still maintains indicative characteristic species, according to the successional stage they are in. Because of this, management and enrichment actions could be performed to accelerate the succession process.Keywords: Floristic composition; conservation; structure; secondary succession.
INFLUENCE OF WHEELED TYPES OF A Skidder ON PRODUCTIVITY AND COST OF THE FOREST HARVESTING
Authors: Lopes Eduardo Silva , Oliveira Diego De , Sampietro Jean Alberto
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different wheel types of a skidder on productivity and cost of Pinus taeda L. wood extraction. The study was conducted in a forestry company located in the municipality of Mandirituba, Paraná state, Brazil. The technical and cost analyses included a time and motion study of the wood extraction activity. The productivity, operative efficiency, energy consumption and the production and operational costs were determined for the machines with different wheel types: SDP - skidder with rubber tires; SD2 – skidder with tracks on the two front tires; and SD4 – skidder with tracks on the four tires. Results showed that the activity that demanded most time in the operational cycle was the maneuvering of the machines to pick up more than one tree, resulting in lost of productivity and need of improvement in the operational planning. The skidder equipped only with rubber tires showed higher productivity and lower production cost in the longest extraction distances, caused by the higher operating speed of the machine.Keywords: Timber extraction; wheel types; operating efficiency. ResumoInfluência dos rodados de um skidder na produtividade e no custo da extração florestal. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência de diferentes tipos de rodados de um skidder na produtividade e no custo da extração de madeira de Pinus taeda L. O estudo foi conduzido em uma empresa florestal localizada no município de Mandirituba, estado do Paraná, Brasil. As análises técnica e de custo englobaram um estudo de tempos e movimentos da operação de extração florestal. Foi determinado a produtividade, eficiência operacional, rendimento energético e custos operacionais e de produção das máquinas equipadas com diferentes tipos de rodados: SDP – skidder com rodados de pneus; SD2 – skidder com pneus dianteiros recobertos com semiesteiras e SD4 – skidder com os quatro pneus recobertos com semiesteiras. Os resultados mostraram que a atividade que demandou o maior tempo do ciclo operacional foram as manobras realizadas pelas máquinas para apanhar mais de uma árvore, ocasionando perda de produtividade e necessidade de melhoria no planejamento operacional. O skidder equipado somente com rodados de pneus apresentou maior produtividade e menor custo de produção nas maiores distâncias de extração, ocasionado pela maior velocidade operacional da máquina.Palavras-chave: Extração florestal; tipos de rodados; eficiência operacional.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO MATERIAL COMBUSTÍVEL E SIMULAÇÃO DO COMPORTAMENTO DO FOGO EM EUCALIPTAIS NO LITORAL NORTE DA BAHIA, BRASIL
Authors: White Benjamin Leonardo Alves , Ribeiro Genésio Tâmara , Souza Rosemeri Melo e
Published: August 2014

Eucalyptus é o gênero florestal plantado em maior quantidade no Brasil, sendo sua madeira utilizada, principalmente, para a produção de celulose. Incêndios florestais dentro de plantações dessas espécies acabam por danificar ou consumir a matéria-prima, gerando prejuízos de ordem econômica. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar o material combustível superficial nos povoamentos de eucalipto pertencentes à empresa Copener Florestal Ltda., localizados no litoral norte da Bahia, e, por conseguinte, determinar o comportamento do fogo em diferentes cenários com base em simulações computacionais utilizando o BehavePlus Fire Modeling System. Para tal, foram realizadas 40 amostragens destrutivas de coleta de material combustível em 5 distintos povoamentos de 6 anos. A espessura do leito foi definida por meio de transectos linha, e a velocidade do vento, com base em dados da estação meteorológica Salgado. Demais dados foram obtidos através de consulta à literatura. Os povoamentos de eucalipto apresentaram em média 11,31 t/ha de material combustível, espessura do leito média de5,94 cm e velocidade do vento média de4,45 km/h. Com base nas simulações, foi definido que apenas no cenário de alto perigo é essencial a utilização de equipamentos de grande porte para combate ao fogo.Palavras-chave: Incêndios florestais; proteção florestal; silvicultura. AbstractCharacterization of the understory fuel load and fire behavior simulation in eucalyptus plantations in north coast of Bahia, Brazil. Currently, eucalyptus is the most planted forest genus in Brazil, being its wood used mainly for the production of cellulose. Forest fires in plantations of these species eventually damage or consume the raw material, generating economic losses. This work aims to characterize the surface fuel load in eucalypt plantation of the Copener Florestal Ltda. company, located on the northern coast of Bahia, and, therefore, determine the fire behavior in different scenarios based on computer simulations using the BehavePlus Fire Modeling System. In order to that, we conducted 40 destructive sampling in 05 different 06 years old stands. The fuel bed depth was determined through transect line methodology, and the wind speed was based on data from the Salgado weather station. Other data were obtained from the literature. The eucalyptus plantations had on average 11.31 t/ha fuel load,5.94 cm of fuel bed depth average, and average wind speed of4.45 km/h. Based on the simulations it was defined that only in the scenario of high risk it is essential to use large equipment for firefighting. In low and medium hazard scenarios fire can be extinguished by people using hand equipments.Keywords: Forest fire; forest protection; silviculture.
SINAIS CLIMÁTICOS EM ANÉIS DE CRESCIMENTO DE Cedrela fissilis EM DIFERENTES TIPOLOGIAS DE FLORESTAS OMBRÓFILAS DO SUL DO BRASIL
Authors: Andreacci Fernando , Botosso Paulo Cesar , Galvão Franklin
Published: August 2014

Os anéis de crescimento de Cedrela fissilis foram analisados em duas unidades fitogeográficas do estado do Paraná, em áreas de Florestas Ombrófilas Densa e Mista, litoral e planalto, no domínio da Floresta Atlântica, buscando encontrar sinais climáticos nas séries radiais temporais de anéis de crescimento. As áreas não apresentam estação seca bem definida, com precipitações bem distribuídas ao longo do ano. Na área do litoral, as temperaturas são altas e constantes durante todo o ano, enquanto que na área do planalto as temperaturas são mais amenas, ocorrendo considerável variação durante o ano. Nas duas áreas foram coletadas 3-4 amostras radiais dos indivíduos selecionados, sendo 15 no litoral e 21 no planalto. Os anéis de crescimento foram marcados, mensurados, submetidos ao controle de qualidade por meio do programa COFECHA® e as cronologias foram geradas utilizando o programa ARSTAN®. Sinais climáticos nas séries foram identificados utilizando-se Correlações de Pearson. As séries analisadas provenientes da área de planalto apresentaram melhores correlações com as variáveis temperatura e precipitação, sendo identificados sinais climáticos, enquanto que as séries do litoral não puderam ser datadas com total acurácia. É atribuída a hipótese da competição, principalmente por luz, para explicar a dificuldade na datação dos indivíduos do litoral.Palavras-chave: Anéis de crescimento; dendrocronologia; Floresta Atlântica. AbstractClimatic signals in growth rings of Cedrela fissilis in different types of South Brazil rainforests. Cedrela fissilis tree-rings were examined in two distinct phytogeographic units of the State of Paraná, Brazil. The analysis was carried out in areas of tropical rain forest, Atlantic Forest (cost), and Araucaria Forest (plateau) in order to seek for climatic signals in tree rings series. In the coast area, temperatures are high and constant throughout the year, while in the area of the plateau, temperatures are milder and considerable variations occur during the year. In both areas 3-4 radial samples of each selected individual were collected, 15 from the coast and 21 from the plateau. Growth rings were marked, measured, submitted to quality control using the COFECHA® software, and chronologies generated using the ARSTAN® software. Climatic signals in growth rings were identified using Pearson correlations. Tree rings series from plateau revealed better correlations with temperature and rainfall compared to the coast ones; they were accurately dated while the other from coast could not be dated with accuracy. Climatic signals were found in the well-dated chronology. The hypothesis of competition, mainly by light, is raised to explain the difficulty to establish a good chronology for coast area.Keywords: Growth rings; dendrochronology; Atlantic Forest.
PROGRAMAS DE SECAGEM PARA MARUPÁ (Simarouba amara), PARÁ-PARÁ (Jacaranda copaia) E VIROLA (Virola surinamensis)
Authors: Eleotério Jackson Roberto , Da Silva Cláudia Mariana Kirchheim
Published: August 2014

Um programa de secagem é uma indicação, para cada espécie e espessura, das condições ambientais necessárias dentro da câmara de secagem convencional, que equilibram as taxas de secagem com a formação de defeitos. Entre as metodologias para a elaboração de programas de secagem, destacam-se aquelas baseadas em equações empíricas cuja variável independente é a massa específica e aquelas baseadas na avaliação da secagem de pequenas amostras em condições drásticas, avaliando parâmetros como rachaduras, velocidades e taxas de secagem. O objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar e comparar duas metodologias na elaboração de programas de secagem para marupá (Simarouba amara), pará-pará (Jacaranda copaia) e virola (Virola surinamensis). Os parâmetros para a elaboração dos programas de secagem foram obtidos experimentalmente em 32, 32 e 29 peças de marupá, pará-pará e virola, respectivamente. Comparando-se, por espécie, as temperaturas de secagem, verificou-se que, para marupá e virola, há diferenças estatísticas até o teor de umidade de 30%, enquanto que para pará-pará o quadro foi inverso, apresentando valores significativamente similares até os 25% de umidade e diferentes no restante das fases. Com relação aos potenciais de secagem, os métodos resultaram em médias estatisticamente diferentes em todas as fases para todas as espécies analisadas.Palavras-chave: Secagem convencional; madeiras tropicais; massa específica. AbstractDrying kiln schedules for marupá (Simarouba amara), pará-pará (Jacaranda copaia) and virola (Virola surinamensis). A drying kiln schedules is a prescript, for every each species and thickness, of environmental conditions inside drying chamber, which equilibrate the drying rates and formation defects. Among the methodologies of drying kiln schedules elaboration, those based on application of empiric equations having the specific gravity as independent variable and those based on evaluation of small pieces during drastic drying are highlighted. The objective of this research was to apply and to compare these two methodologies for drying kiln schedules elaboration for marupá, pará-pará and virola. The parameters for drying schedules elaboration were experimentally obtained on 32, 32 and 29 pieces of marupá, pará-pará and virola, respectively. Comparing the drying potential obtained by different methods, it was different at all steps for all species, and the dry bulb temperature is different until the moisture content of 30% for marupá and virola and under this point for pará-pará.Keywords: Conventional drying; tropical woods; specific gravity.
FLORÍSTICA, DIVERSIDADE E DISTRIBUIÇÃO ESPACIAL DAS ESPÉCIES ÁRBOREAS DE UM TRECHO DE FLORESTA ESTACIONAL SEMIDECIDUAL DA SERRA DA CONCÓRDIA, RJ
Authors: Freitas Welington Kiffer , Sampaio Luís Mauro
Published: August 2014

ResumoO estudo foi realizado na borda de um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual na Serra da Concórdia, Vale do Paraíba do Sul (RJ). Foram instaladas amostras em dois sítios, cada uma com 10 subparcelas de 100m2, totalizando 0,2 ha. Foi coletado o material botânico das árvores com Diâmetro à Altura do Peito (DAP) maior ou igual a 5,0 cm. Foram amostrados 247 indivíduos, pertencentes a 43 espécies e 23 famílias. A síndrome de dispersão zoocórica, com 51,8% dos indivíduos e 48,8% das espécies e o grupo ecológico das pioneiras, com 33,3% dos indivíduos e 29,7% das espécies, foram os que apresentaram maior ocorrência. Foram analisados os índices de diversidade de Shannon (H’) e de Pielou (J), além do padrão de distribuição das espécies, através do índice de Morisita (Id). Os valores para os dois primeiros índices foram, respectivamente, 3,15 e 0,84. O padrão de distribuição espacial das espécies revelou que 34,1% das espécies apresentaram padrão de dispersão agregado, 29,5% uniforme e 6,8 % aleatório. A Serra da Concórdia é considerada um importante remanescente da Mata Atlântica do médio Paraíba do Sul, o que reforça a adoção de medidas de conservação desse grande repositório da biodiversidade regional.Palavras-chave: Ecologia florestal; floresta de encosta; índice de Morisita; Mata Atlântica. AbstractFloristic, diversity and spatial distributions of tree species in a Semideciduous Forest site in Sierra of Concórdia, RJ, Brazil. This research was conducted at the edge of a fragment of semideciduous forest in Serra da Concórdia, Valley of Paraíba do Sul ( RJ ). Samplings were installed in two sites, with 10 parcels of 100m2 each, totaling 0.2 ha. The botanical material was collected from trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) greater than or equal to 5.0 cm. The results revealed 247 trees belonging to 43 species and 23 families. The number of trees and of species were higher for dispersion syndrome of zoochory (51.8% of trees and 48.8 % of the species) and for ecological group of pioneers (33.3 % of subjects and 29.7 % of the species). The diversity index of Shannon (H'), of Pielou (J), and the distribution pattern of the species by the Morisita index (Id) were analyzed. The values for the first two indexes were respectively 3.15 and 0.84. The spatial distribution of the species revealed that 34.1 % had aggregated dispersion pattern, 29.5% uniform distribution, and 6.8 % presented random distribution. The forest of the Serra da Concórdia is considered an important remnant of the Atlantic Forest in the middle Paraíba do Sul, which reinforces the adoption of conservation measures for that great repository of regional biodiversity.Keywords: Forest ecology; slope forest; Morisita index; Atlantic Forest.
Mongolia’s Asia-Pacific Policy and Regional Security Strategy
Authors: Tuva Nyamosor
Published: August 2014

No abstract availableThe Mongolian Journal of International Affairs; Number 6, 1999, Pages 3-8
US-China Relations in the Northeast Asian Security Context
Authors: McVadon Eric A
Published: August 2014

No abstract available The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs; Number 6, 1999, Pages 35-41
MicroRNA-mediated repression of nonsense mRNAs
Authors: Zhao Ya , Lin Jimin , Xu Beiying , Hu Sida , Zhang Xue , Wu Ligang
Published: August 2014

Numerous studies have established important roles for microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating gene expression. Here, we report that miRNAs also serve as a surveillance system to repress the expression of nonsense mRNAs that may produce harmful truncated proteins. Upon recognition of the premature termination codon by the translating ribosome, the downstream portion of the coding region of an mRNA is redefined as part of the 3′ untranslated region; as a result, the miRNA-responsive elements embedded in this region can be detected by miRNAs, triggering accelerated mRNA deadenylation and translational inhibition. We demonstrate that naturally occurring cancer-causing APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) nonsense mutants which escape nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) are repressed by miRNA-mediated surveillance. In addition, we show that miRNA-mediated surveillance and exon–exon junction complex-mediated NMD are not mutually exclusive and act additively to enhance the repressive activity. Therefore, we have uncovered a new role for miRNAs in repressing nonsense mutant mRNAs.
Using Surgical Appropriateness Criteria to Examine Outcomes of Total Knee Arthroplasty in a United States Sample
Authors: Riddle Daniel L. , Perera Robert A. , Jiranek William A. , Dumenci Levent
Published: August 2014

Objective

We determined outcomes for patients classified as appropriate, inconclusive, or inappropriate for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) using a modified version of a validated appropriateness algorithm. Outcome measurement was conceptualized as short‐term postoperative change attributable primarily to surgery and rehabilitation (2 months) and as longer‐term postoperative change and recovery (1 and 2 years).

Methods

Preoperative and yearly postoperative Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) function, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) symptoms and KOOS pain scores were examined for persons undergoing primary TKA in the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Multigroup, 2‐piece latent growth curve modeling was used to determine differences in outcome variable changes for each group from presurgery to 2‐months postsurgery, as well as over a 2‐year postoperative period.

Results

Data from 167 persons with primary TKA were examined. Prevalence rates of appropriate, inconclusive, and inappropriate judgments were 47.9%, 20.8%, and 31.3%, respectively. The inappropriate group showed no change at 2 months following surgery, while appropriate and inconclusive groups had substantial improvement in all outcomes. One‐year and 2‐year postoperative recovery outcomes were not significantly different among the 3 groups.

Conclusion

The inappropriate group was unchanged 2 months after surgery and on average improved by 2.3 WOMAC function points from presurgery to 1 year following surgery based on our models. Appropriate and inconclusive groups improved by an average of 19.8 WOMAC function points at 1‐year postsurgery. These data provide a compelling case for consensus‐building efforts to define eligibility criteria for TKA with the goals of reducing variation in patient selection and optimizing both change over time and final outcomes.
Highly Efficient TADF OLEDs: How the Emitter–Host Interaction Controls Both the Excited State Species and Electrical Properties of the Devices to Achieve Near 100% Triplet Harvesting and High Efficiency
Authors: Jankus Vygintas , Data Przemyslaw , Graves David , McGuinness Callum , Santos Jose , Bryce Martin R. , Dias Fernando B. , Monkman Andrew P.
Published: August 2014

New emitters that can harvest both singlet and triplet excited states to give 100% internal conversion of charge into light, are required to replace Ir based phosphors in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Molecules that have a charge transfer (CT) excited state can potentially achieve this through the mechanism of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Here, it is shown that a D–A charge transfer molecule in the solid state, can emit not only via an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) excited state, but also from exciplex states, formed between the molecule and the host material. OLEDs based on a previously studied D–A–D molecule in a host TAPC achieves >14% external electroluminescence yield and shows nearly 100% efficient triplet harvesting. In these devices, it is unambiguously established that the triplet states are harvested via TADF, but more interestingly, these results are found to be independent of whether the emitter is the ICT state or the D–A–D/host exciplex.
Origin of Work Function Modification by Ionic and Amine‐Based Interface Layers
Authors: van Reenen Stephan , Kouijzer Sandra , Janssen René A. J. , Wienk Martijn M. , Kemerink Martijn
Published: August 2014

Work function modification by polyelectrolytes and tertiary aliphatic amines is found to be due to the formation of a net dipole at the electrode interface, induced by interaction with its own image dipole in the electrode. In polyelectrolytes differences in size and side groups between the moving ions lead to differences in approach distance towards the surface. These differences determine magnitude and direction of the resulting dipole. In tertiary aliphatic amines the lone pairs of electrons are anticipated to shift towards their image when close to the interface rather than the nitrogen nuclei, which are sterically hindered by the alkyl side chains. Data supporting this model is from scanning Kelvin probe microscopy, used to determine the work function modification by thin layers of such materials on different substrates. Both reductions and increases in work function by different materials are found to follow a general mechanism. Work function modification is found to only take place when the work function modification layer (WML) is deposited on conductors or semiconductors. On insulators no effect is observed. Additionally, the work function modification is independent of the WML thickness or the substrate work function in the range of 3 to 5 eV. Based on these results charge transfer, doping, and spontaneous dipole orientation are excluded as possible mechanisms. This understanding of the work function modification by polyelectrolytes and amines facilitates design of new air‐stable and solution‐processable WMLs for organic electronics.
Polariton‐Induced Enhanced Emission from an Organic Dye under the Strong Coupling Regime
Authors: Ballarini Dario , De Giorgi Milena , Gambino Salvatore , Lerario Giovanni , Mazzeo Marco , Genco Armando , Accorsi Gianluca , Giansante Carlo , Colella Silvia , D'Agostino Stefania , Cazzato Paolo , Sanvitto Daniele , Gigli Giuseppe
Published: August 2014

Exciton–polaritons in semiconductors are quasi‐particles which have recently shown the capability to undergo phase transition into a coherent hybrid state of light and matter. The observation of such quasi‐particles in organic microcavities has attracted increasing attention for their characteristic of reaching condensation at room temperature. In this work, the emission properties of organic polaritons are demonstrated not to depend on the overlap between the absorption and emission states of the molecule and that the emission dynamics are modified in the strong coupling regime, showing a significant enhancement of the photoluminescence intensity as compared to the bare dye. This paves the way to the investigation of molecules with large absorption coefficients but poor emission efficiencies for the realization of polariton condensates and organic electrically injected lasers by exploiting strong exciton‐photon coupling regimes.
The choice of second‐line therapy in steroid‐resistant immune thrombocytopenia: Role of platelet kinetics in a single‐centre long‐term study
Authors: Palandri Francesca , Polverelli Nicola , Catani Lucia , Sollazzo Daria , Romano Marco , Levorato Maurizio , Vianelli Nicola
Published: August 2014

Splenectomy is a time‐honoured well established approach for patients with steroid‐resistant immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). However, due to the more recent availability of therapeutic options alternative to splenectomy, such as rituximab and agonists of the thrombopoietin‐receptor, the choice of second‐line therapy is challenging. Platelet kinetics has been widely used to predict response to splenectomy. We describe the outcome of 70 chronic ITP patients who performed a platelet kinetic study after failure of front‐line corticosteroids and subsequently underwent open splenectomy. After a median follow‐up from surgery of 20 years, 62 (88.5%) patients responded to splenectomy and 9 patients (13%) relapsed. Achieving a complete response (CR) significantly predicted a higher probability long‐term stable response. The pattern of platelet sequestration was predominantly splenic in 52 patients (74%), predominantly hepatic in 12 patients (17%), and diffuse in 6 (9%). Patients with nonsplenic (diffuse and hepatic) sequestration showed significantly lower overall responses compared to patients with splenic captation (P = 0.002). A nonsplenic sequestration significantly correlated with lower CR rate and, among CR patients, predicted an increased risk of relapse. Also, the probability of stable responses in nonsplenic uptake patients was substantially lower than in patients with splenic uptake (85% vs. 50%, P = 0.0083). Platelet life span and platelet turnover did not correlate with response and relapse rate. Overall, splenic sequestration was able to predict not only a better quality, but also a higher durability of the responses. However, it should be enphasized that the response rate and duration of response even in patients with nonsplenic uptake were similar or even superior to those reported in patients treated with rituximab as first option. Am. J. Hematol. 89:1047–1050, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhanced dispersion of lignin in epoxy composites through hydration and mannich functionalization
Authors: Mendis Gamini P. , Hua Inez , Youngblood Jeffrey P. , Howarter John A.
Published: August 2014

Lignin was used as a biobased fill material to create epoxy composites. Lignin was incorporated into diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A–based epoxy using hydration and Mannich functionalization. The effects of chemical functionalization on the interfacial chemistry of lignin are examined, and the corresponding changes in materials properties are examined. Several types of lignin–epoxy composites were formed through dissolution of lignin in aliphatic amine. Lignin–amine solutions were modified through hydration and the Mannich reaction and were used to cure the epoxy. The resulting composites exhibited two‐phase microstructures containing lignin‐rich agglomerates. Thermomechanical properties were examined using dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and fracture testing. Morphological and chemical changes were examined using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The hydrated lignin samples showed similar glass transitions and mechanical properties to the neat epoxy samples. Interactions between water and the Mannich functionalized lignin decreased the glass transition temperature and mechanical properties of the highly hydrated Mannich reacted lignin samples because of a plasticization effect. Fracture testing was conducted on the samples and showed that the yield strength and elastic modulus were similar to the neat epoxy, but the fracture toughness decreased in the lignin‐containing specimen. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41263.
Heterozygous FGF8 mutations in patients presenting cryptorchidism and multiple VATER/VACTERL features without limb anomalies
Authors: Zeidler Claudia , Woelfle Joachim , Draaken Markus , Mughal Sadaf S. , Große Greta , Hilger Alina C. , Dworschak Gabriel C. , Boemers Thomas M. , Jenetzky Ekkehart , Zwink Nadine , Lacher Martin , Schmidt Dominik , Schmiedeke Eberhard , Grasshoff‐Derr Sabine , Märzheuser Stefanie , Holland‐Cunz Stefan , Schäfer Mattias , Bartels Enrika , Keppler Kathleen , Palta Markus , Leonhardt Johannes , Kujath Christina , Rißmann Anke , Nöthen Markus M. , Reutter Heiko , Ludwig Michael
Published: August 2014

Background

The acronym VATER/VACTERL association describes the combination of at least three of the following cardinal features: vertebral defects, anorectal malformations, cardiac defects, tracheoesophageal fistula with or without esophageal atresia, renal malformations, and limb defects. Although fibroblast growth factor‐8 (FGF8) mutations have mainly found in patients with Kallmann syndrome, mice with a hypomorphic Fgf8 allele or complete gene invalidation display, aside from gonadotropin‐releasing hormone deficiency, parts or even the entire spectrum of human VATER/VACTERL association.

Methods

We performed FGF8 gene analysis in 49 patients with VATER/VACTERL association and 27 patients presenting with a VATER/VACTERL‐like phenotype (two cardinal features).

Results

We identified two heterozygous FGF8 mutations in patients displaying either VATER/VACTERL association (p.Gly29_Arg34dup) or a VATER/VACTERL‐like phenotype (p.Pro26Leu) without limb anomalies. Whereas the duplication mutation has not been reported before, p.Pro26Leu was once observed in a Kallmann syndrome patient. Both our patients had additional bilateral cryptorchidism, a key phenotypic feature in males with FGF8 associated Kallmann syndrome. Each mutation was paternally inherited. Besides delayed puberty in both and additional unilateral cryptorchidism in one of the fathers, they were otherwise healthy. Serum hormone levels downstream the gonadotropin‐releasing hormone in both patients and their fathers were within normal range.

Conclusion

Our results suggest FGF8 mutations to contribute to the formation of the VATER/VACTERL association. Further studies are needed to support this observation. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:750–759, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In the name of interculturality: on colonial legacies in intercultural education
Authors: Aman Robert
Published: August 2014

This paper scrutinises the ways in which students who have completed a university course on interculturality distinguish between sameness and otherness in attempts to integrate, relate to and build a bridge to those deemed culturally different. It makes use of interviews to analyse the factors that shape the interpretation of otherness and difference in the students' definitions of interculturality, as well as their statements about the relationships between us and them, and descriptions of instances of learning and teaching that have taken place between parties in different parts of the world. Theoretically, the paper is based on a postcolonial framework, highlighting the continuing influence of colonialism and Eurocentric ways of reasoning inside as well as outside the classroom in today's society. One of the main conclusions of the paper is that in the process of transferring knowledge, there is a risk that the history of modern Europe will be sanctioned as the historical trajectory for the rest of the world to follow, with the accompanying supposition that this can only be made possible by extending a helping hand to the Other.