bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linking the Quality and Productivity Movements
Authors: Mohanty R.P. , Yadav O.P.
Published: May 2004

The twin subjects of quality and productivity have, in recent times,
become a major concern of those responsible for the management of our
national economy and of industry. The reasons for this stem from the
observation of practice and results in Japan and (more recently) other
developed nations. Now it is generally accepted that quality and
productivity are the strategic elements on which our economic future
depends. Rapid changes in the global economic environment lead to a
requirement that we must establish an initiative which allows us to
address simultaneously these two important issues of quality and
productivity. There is a growing realization in every sphere, be it
government, industry or commerce, that we must move fast and move
successfully. This article is an attempt to explain some of the issues
involved in linking quality and productivity in such a way that the
interaction of the two is established in the eyes and minds of all those
who have influence within the different sectors of the economy,
different academic disciplines, and most importantly, those who are the
planners, practising managers and administrators.
TAPIng your potential
Authors: Lynch John
Published: May 2004

The worlds of computing and telecommunications are full of buzzwords
and acronyms. A few of these are self‐explanatory; most of them are
useful shorthand for the “insider”, but incomprehensible and
unnerving for the rest of us. TAPI is such a term. Any idea what it
stands for? If you do have, you are almost certainly “one of
them”. If you do not, read on!
Set them free
Authors: Dawson Andy
Published: May 2004

The creativity and productivity of architects, engineers and many others in the world of computer aided design are being severely hampered because too many designers are without an efficient document management system. Explains the impact that this omission can have and how, once in place, a document management system will leave designers free to concentrate on their core activity – designing.
Desktop video conferencing
Authors: Lynch John
Published: May 2004

Desktop video conferencing offers the potential for improvements in communication and in team‐based working. It also offers the potential to reduce the time and cost involved in meetings. Aims to provide an overview of the current status of desktop video and data conferencing technologies and standards and the way they can be integrated into local and wide area networking plans.
Profibus: the German fieldbus standard
Authors: Leach Alleyne
Published: May 2004

Outlines the development of the German fieldbus standard, Profibus,
which has become internationally accepted. Describes its technical
specification and the international standards on which it has been based.
Looks at the availability of conformant products and PLC interfaces. Examines
the use of Profibus for communication between drives, sensors and actuators
and its various applications. Concludes with a discussion of the possibility
of Profibus becoming more widely used in the UK and the future development of
the Profibus standard as the market for Fieldbus applications begins to
grow.
Jaguar—just‐in‐time production line
Authors: Ltd Jaguar
Published: May 2004

A look at Jaguar’s new state‐of‐the‐art
assembly line at its Browns Lane Plant. Describes the installation of the new
production line which took only three weeks and the advantages of single
track assembly. Also describes the doors‐off build facility and the
drive conveyor system which allows the engine, gearbox and suspension to be
sub assembled away from the vehicle.
Welding: friction takes the plunge
Authors: Thomas Wayne
Published: May 2004

Examines the development of friction plunge welding, a new technique for
joining dissimilar material combinations. Describes the principles of this
welding method and gives its advantages over traditional rotary friction
welding. Concludes that it provides an alternative method of manufacture for
products such as engine valve seats, end connections and cappings and tube to
plate transition joints. The new technique also has potential for joining
thermoset to thermoplastic materials.
Autos carry the can controller area network [CAN] for
industrial applications
Authors: Khoh S B , McLaughlin R T
Published: May 2004

Describes the CAN [Controller Area Network] standard for
linking microcontrollers and shows how it could be used for industrial
applications. Outlines how CAN was developed for the automotive industry and
gives advantages over traditional point‐to point wiring harness
systems. Describes the CAN protocol and the three main CAN chip
configurations. Concludes that CAN has many industrial applications and that
a technology resources club has been set up at the Advanced Technology Centre
at the University of Warwick to promote the use of CAN in
products/systems with multiple controllers.
French fast food takeaway
Authors: Kochan Anna
Published: May 2004

Takes a look at the French Army’s new F60 million meals packaging
facility at Angers. The roboticised assembly line is intended to produce
military rations at a rate of 24 per minute, to be sent out to troops in
trouble spots all round the world. Describes the composition and packaging of
each meal pack and the different types of robots employed for the various
tasks. The assembled packs are taken to a computerized store where six PCs
linked by an Ethernet LAN and supervised by a Nobel computer, manage the
stocks.
Hart (R) Opens up “smart” options
Authors: Howarth Mark
Published: May 2004

Outlines the development of the HART communications protocol for
“smart” instruments. Describes how the performance of the
standard analogue 4‐20mA current loop can be enhanced and that
two‐way digital communications can be implemented. Examines digital
integration and the HART Expressway system. Finishes by looking at a windows
based product called PROLINK designed for the Micro Motion mass flow
marketplace. Concludes that standardisation in the world of
“smart” plant instrumentation has widened the instrumentation
choice for engineers and opened the door to new network management options
for plant operators.
Lonworks—solutions in silicon
Authors: Hollingum Jack
Published: May 2004

Examines the development of the LonWorks [short for Local Operating
Networks] fieldbus system which has been designed to be suitable for a
wide variety of applications including machine control systems. The basis of
a LonWorks application is a control network linking together intelligent
devices such as sensors, actuators, controllers and operator interface
equipment such as PCs, displays etc. Describes how LonWorks functions and its
advantages over point‐to‐point connections. Looks at the use of
neuron chips and their development. Concludes with an outline of the
off‐the‐shelf software tools available to support the
configuration, installation and maintenance of a network.
Management of a catering facility
Authors: Hitec Ricardo
Published: May 2004

Outlines how an airline is introducing robot technology to its tray
setting area and a general management and scheduling software suite to
control its catering operations. Describes how the supply of meals to flights
is operated on a just‐in‐time basis. Using a computer database
created from aircraft schedules of all flights requiring a catering service,
information on the meals to be provided is sent to the automated tray
assembly line, with passenger requirements being continually updated until
the food trolleys are delivered to the tarmac. Concludes that using JIT
techniques for ordering food from the kitchens ensures freshness of supply,
quality of service and efficiency of operation.
Rapid prototyping—the ultimate in automation?
Authors: Dickens P M
Published: May 2004

Examines the coming together of the three technologies of 3D
Computer‐aided design, laser technology and additive techniques which
has made rapid prototyping a reality for designers. Describes the various
rapid prototyping techniques, giving their advantages and disadvantages,
covering stereolithography, selective laser sintering [SLS], fused
deposition modelling [FDM], solid ground curing and laminated
object manufacturing [LOM]. Looks at the increasing accuracy of the
models. Discusses the next generation of RP machines and how they will affect
the design process. Concludes that the new techniques of rapid prototyping
have become established in the design and product development worlds and are
now making in‐roads into manufacturing.
Surfing hopper—new method to transfer parts
Authors: Yoshida Ryoichi , Tajima Mikihisa
Published: May 2004

Outlines development work on the surfing hopper, a new parts feeding
system where chain conveyors with free rollers are driven by a
variable‐speed motor and a flexible belt is pushed up partly by the
free rollers to generate a wave in the belt. Describes how the wave effect
keeps the stacked parts level and how experiments were carried out using
different parts materials such as small water‐filled bottles and nuts
made of steel. Looks at studies carried out on feeding correctly orientated
parts to the assembly station and experiments on surfing feeding system with
regard to part separation on the belt. Concludes that the surfing hopper can
supply heavy parts intermittently at a rough definite supply ratio, without
jamming and entangling the parts and without damage to the belt.
Cubital rapid prototyping shortens time‐to‐market
Authors: Smith Richard
Published: May 2004

Looks at the Cubital solider rapid prototyping machine which uses the
solid ground curing technique to produce prototype models and is particular
apt for models with overhangs, internal cavities and other complex features.
Describes how the process employs photo‐imaging technology and
photopolymerization to convert CAD data into a solid model on a
layer‐by‐layer basis. Gives advantages of this system with
it’s main benefit being the ability to drastically reduce the time to
produce a model.
Parangon uses LOM technology to cut product development times
Authors: Kochan Anna
Published: May 2004

Examines the benefits that a small French engineering design company is
experiencing after investing in a Laminated Object Manufacturing
[LOM] rapid prototyping machine. It constructs models from layers
of paper which are cut to shape by a CO2 laser and glued together by a heated
roller. The LOM machines works directly from design data developed by a
CAD/CAM system. Gives advantages and disadvantages of the system and
looks at possible future developments for the LOM machine, including the
handling of new materials such as plastic films.
Concurrent engineering and enterprise modelling
Authors: Ranky Paul G
Published: May 2004

Summarizes the most important principles of concurrent engineering
[CE] and computer integrated manufacturing [CIM].
Discusses system data flow and IDEFo diagrams used as graphical descriptions
of the engineering process. Introduces a software package called CIMpgr.
Concludes that CIM addresses the total information requirements and
management of a company from the development of a business plan through to
the shipment of a product and the follow‐up support.
Blind people’s access to windows
Authors: Gill J.M.
Published: May 2004

Looks at the problems that visually disabled people are experiencing
with the increasing use of computer software with graphical user interfaces
[GUIs] and the move away from text based interfaces. The GUIB
project, funded by the European Commission, has been looking at ways of
solving this problem and has developed a terminal which integrates vertical
and horizontal braille displays, a multi lingual speech synthesizer, other
acoustic signals and a pressure sensitive touch pad. The guide display makes
it possible for a blind person to look at the screen in a spatial way. The
project has also identified ten principles to assist in the training of blind
people in the use of GUIs. Concludes that in the future it will be necessary
to anticipate new technological advances and ensure that they are developed
with the needs of disabled people in mind.
VR—the user interface of the future?
Authors: Rivers Rod
Published: May 2004

Examines the potential of virtual reality as a user interface for
computer systems for mass‐market applications. Describes
Desk‐top Virtual Environments [DVE] and how it differs from
full immersion visual reality. Analyses the response times and image
qualities of the various systems and compares the pros and cons of DVE and
VR. Concludes that DVE might well find its way onto the mass market in the
form of computer games in the first instance with another possibility being
through developments in the interactive television market.
Speech technology lets machines do the talking
Authors: Evans Nick
Published: May 2004

Examines the development of DSP [digital signal processing]
technology which has led to the increasing use of speech synthesis
applications in the home, office and factory. Describes how the latest speech
synthesizer chip works and outlines the product development cycle from the
initial idea through the recording and encoding of the message to the end
product: a speech synthesis device which can be used in a wide variety
of man‐machine interface applications to warn, inform, instruct or to
entertain.
Using adhesives
Authors: Golding David
Published: May 2004

Discusses the use of adhesives for structural bonding. Explores the
range of adhesives available and how to make the correct application choice.
Outlines the advantages and limitations of bonded joints, looking at the
importance of joint design, surface preparation and application methods.
Notes the need for a good quality control programme and gives examples of NDT
apparatus that can be used to test the integrity of a joint. Concludes that
new adhesive products are continually being developed for specific
combinations of materials and application methods, enabling the designer to
produce cheaper, better and environmentally friendlier products.
Knowledgebase manufacturing The leading edge in manufacturing business
systems
Authors: Repath Kathleen M , Foxlow Tim
Published: May 2004

Investigates KnowledgeBase manufacturing, a complete system solution
that integrates MRPII with knowledgeBase systems design to meet the
requirements of individual manufacturers and their customers. Compares
KnowledgeBase with conventional manufacturing systems, outlining its
flexibility and user‐friendly operation. Describes how a system was
designed for a mixed‐mode manufacturing organisation, from the initial
design task through to its implementation and integration with existing
systems such as electronic data interchange and computer‐aided design.
Concludes with some of the advantages that KnowledgeBase manufacturing system
can bring to companies, including increased productivity, shorter business
cycles and improved communications within the company.
Cockerill stick to steel
Authors: Kochan Anna
Published: May 2004

Focuses on the work of Chantal Bretton, a specialist in adhesive bonding
research at Belgian’s steel producer Cockerill Sambre. Explains the
benefits of using adhesives in the automotive industry, with modern adhesives
being able to stick to metals, even with dirty and greasy surfaces which have
not been prepared in any way. Also looks at pioneering uses of adhesive
bonding in the building industry. Concludes that adhesive bonding will never
replace all the spot‐welding in a car but with the increased use of
galvanized steel in car bodywork manufacturers are being forced to look at
new assembly methods because it introduces complications into the welding
process.
A supplier’s approach to project management
Authors: Wittenberg G.
Published: May 2004

Studies the work of Concentric Production Research Ltd, a company which
combines several activities by factoring equipment from overseas,
manufacturing its own metal cutting equipment and undertaking assembly
automation projects from inception via design through to installation and
training. Gives a brief history of the company and examines some of its
current projects including a gearbox assembly line and a cassette sealing
machine.
Surface preparation: power beams clean up
Authors: Tavakoli S M
Published: May 2004

Examines the use of power beams to prepare surfaces prior to adhesive
bonding. Describes the current surface treatments available and discusses
their limitations. Outlines how power beam techniques for surface
modification of polymeric and metallic adherends has the potential to
overcome many of these problems. Also looks at the emerging technology of
using radiation‐curable adhesives based on ultraviolet, visible light
and electron beams, which have the advantages of fast rates of cure, improved
quality of finished products and the absence of any volatile organic
compounds.
Company re‐engineering a prerequisite for growth
Authors: Self Andrew
Published: May 2004

Focuses on the need for companies to re‐engineer themselves in
order to compete successfully in today’s competitive markets. Explains
that in order to get the maximum benefit from automation and IT is essential
that company in‐house procedures and practises are changed. Defines
the factors that often prevent companies from re‐engineering and the
qualities that are needed for it to be applied successfully. Concludes that
the philosophy of re‐engineering is very simple: the company that is
better than others at its business, with the sole purpose of pleasing its
customers—will beat others in the marketplace.
Concurrent design of product, process and robotic assembly system
Authors: Rampersad Hubert K
Published: May 2004

Examines the conceptual design of robotic assembly systems in
conjunction with the analysis and optimization of the product and process
design. Explains how an integral assembly model is utilised to study the
relationships between assembly variables which play a role in each stage of
the design process. Outlines the characteristics and benefits of the
concentric design process and explains the total productivity concept.
Concludes that the integral assembly model, which underlies the concentric
design process, provides the opportunity to store product, process and system
data and can therefore be considered as a reference model for product
development and process planning as well as for the design and analysis of
assembly systems.
Chain of ideas
Authors: Wittenberg G
Published: May 2004

Looks at a new environmentally‐friendly roller chain. Describes
the make‐up and qualities of the three models EFC1, EFC2 and EFC3 and
examines some of their common features. The chains do not need lubrication in
use and they are relatively small and light. The absence of lubrication means
dirt and debris are not attracted to the chain. Concludes that the
development of these chains is part of a larger project to develop an
environmentally‐friendly transmission system primarily for bicycles
but their eventual application could be much wider including use in the food
and pharmaceutical industries, office equipment and washing
machines.
Concurrent engineering for bespoke products
Authors: Bradley David
Published: May 2004

Focuses on how concurrent engineering [CE] deign and build
principles can be applied to bespoke products. Discusses the disadvantages of
traditional design techniques and the benefits that CE can bring to a project
with the emphasis on the design and build teams working together from the
initial phase and in close communication with the customer. Discusses the
benefits that developments in computer modelling technology have brought to
CE and looks at future developments including the use of virtual
reality.
Green automation
Authors: Pellerin Cheryl
Published: May 2004

Examines the increasing trend in the United States for environmentally
friendlier manufacturing processes and ways of making environmental
clean‐up more affordable. Looks at the work of the Environmentally
Conscious Manufacturing [ECM] programme to identify and solve major
environmental problems through collaboration among manufacturers, government
agencies and universities. Outlines some of the ECM programme goals and some
of the on‐going projects such as finding alternatives to
ozone‐depleting chemicals [ODCs].
The broad field of parts presentation
Authors: Wittenberg Gunter
Published: May 2004

Studies parts presentation in manufacturing processes, most of which is
now mechanized. Looks at various materials such as metals, paper, springs and
food products and how their characteristics affect the way they are
presented. Examines the various operations that have to be carried out during
presentation including the use of hopperfeeds and vibratory bowl feeders. It
is during presentation that parts are often inspected, using types devices
including mechanical probes, cameras and optical systems. Looks at parts
presentation processes in several industries such as the high speed packaging
of pharmaceutical pills, packaging of cigarettes and the manufacture of
shirts.
Enhancing reality to make the ideal instrument
Authors: Simmonds Bill
Published: May 2004

Explores the use of “enhanced reality” to achieve the ideal of
instruments coupling humans into tasks which defy direct human interactions.
Looks at the use of intelligent imaging systems [IIS] in sensing the real
world and creating a model of the complete task in a form that humans can use
to perform the task easily and effectively. Discusses the importance of
improved human computer interfacing and data visualization and concludes by
outlining future developments in intelligent imaging systems.
Reducing the number of tests for attribute inspection systems
Authors: Yaccino Michael , Maynard James
Published: May 2004

Examines a way to dramatically reduce the number of tests it takes to
qualify a vision inspection system [VIS] which carries out attribute
inspections by applying a statistical operation called a binomial
distribution. Describes a binomial distribution and looks at its employment
in manufacturing terms. Outlines how a conventional inspection system works
and compares the two techniques. Concludes that the advantages of using a
binomial distribution include a reduced number of tests, a reduction in
equipment cost and the technique is simple to understand and
perform.
Workplace ergonomics and simulation
Authors: Nayer Narinder
Published: May 2004

Notes the tendency to ignore ergonomics during the process of workplace design. Features Deneb/ERGO, a 3D graphic simulation and ergonomic analysis tool to meet this need. Focuses on the various uses of Deneb/ERGO in areas such as man/machine interaction and safe lifting techniques. Notes that Deneb/ERGO can be used to aid in the design of workplaces for a range of workers.
The surveying of structural damage
Authors: Grew Richard
Published: May 2004

Describes methods used by the author for both preliminary and detailed surveys to detect and record building structure movement. Gives four case studies with diagrams.
Heinrich von Stackelberg’s Marktform und Gleichgewicht
Authors: Scherer F.M.
Published: May 2004

Discusses Heinrich von Stackelberg as a mathematical economist, referring to his book Marktform und Gleichgewicht. Presents the main theories of rivalrous interaction among business firms and the problems of oligopoly and monopoly. Notes how Stackelberg used indifference curves to map the intersecting interests of rival sellers or buyers. Discusses Stackelberg’s isoprofit diagrams and the pattern of market interactions now called Stackelberg leadership.
Supplier selection in an advanced manufacturing technology environment: an optimization model
Authors: Youssef Mohamed A. , Zairi Mohammed , Mohanty Bidhu
Published: May 2004

Examines the vendor evaluation and selection models developed by many researchers during the past ten years. Some of these models are very simple and intuitive but some of them are more sophisticated and mathematically oriented. These models show supplier selection decision making processes based on a set of supplier performance criteria. Examines these models to find out if there is a need for a more representative model and develops a simple model for supplier evaluation and selection in an advanced manufacturing technologies’ environment. The model offers decision makers a variety of scenarios on which they can select the best criterion or set of criteria for vendor evaluation and selection. Additionally, presents a numerical example to illustrate the model and to prove its practical utility.
Commentaries: Are accounting researchers under the tyranny of single theory perspectives?
Authors: Young Joni , Preston Alistair
Published: May 2004

Raises several points of contention with Humphrey and Scapens’ paper. Questions their chronology of the accounting research scene in the 1980s, points out the possible dangers of pursuing the eclecticism advocated by the authors, and finds a proper definition of accounting theory to be lacking. However, commends the authors for raising interesting questions which will benefit from further debate and lead to a greater understanding of accounting research and practice.
Quality system auditors’ attitudes and methods: a survey
Authors: Williamson A. , Rogerson J.H. , Vella A.D.
Published: May 2004

Presents the results of a survey of the auditors of a number of large certification bodies carried out to investigate the opinions, methods and problems of auditors responsible for registering companies to ISO 9000. Finds that auditors consider certain quality system activities, such as internal audits and corrective and preventive actions, are strong indicators of a compliant quality system. Other activities, such as monitoring purchaser supplied product, appear to provide less insight to auditors. Auditor opinion varies about the main function and “customer” of the registration process, which may reflect a wider discussion in the quality community. In general, auditors have had considerable previous relevant experience before joining a certification body and believe they have few major problems with the current auditing process.
The virtual survey?
Authors: Hoxley Mike
Published: May 2004

In this commentary academic editor Mike Hoxley offers one vision of the future. Questions whether virtual reality will be used for the training of surveyors in the future.
Quality in a Multinational IT Services Company:
Authors: Koenigsberger John G.
Published: May 2004

The information technology industry is gradually coming to realize that
it is not immune from the commercial pressures which, traditionally,
have been the major drivers towards quality products and services. But
the pressures differ from one type of operation to another, from one
part of an organization to another and, certainly, from one country to
another. Describes how these issues have been addressed, consolidated
and internally marketed in order to maintain the momentum towards a
quality culture.
New Developments in Employee Training
Authors: Derouen Christianne , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: May 2004

In order to accommodate the rapid technological changes, employees must
master increasingly complex technical skills. Five major forces behind
training becoming so important and central to any firm′s operations are
as follows: global and domestic competition; changes in technology; mergers, acquisitions and divestitures causing realignment of structures and functions of companies; better educated workforce;.
New perspectives on skill, learning and training: a viewpoint
Authors: O’Donnell David , Garavan Thomas N.
Published: May 2004

Proposes an integrated germ cell model of development based firmly on a cognitive, as distinct from behaviourist, view of learning and on the psychological theory of activity. Uses this to explore how an umbrella concept of skill allied to a learning process suited to modern flexible high‐skill organizations, links to the emerging strategic role of the training and development specialist. Emphasizes the workplace as the context of learning and argues that the move from the reductionist task idea of the Fordist productive system towards the more intellective skills required in modern knowledge and service organizations necessitates a meaning transformation in the concepts of skill acquisition, learning and training. As the fundamental role of the trainer is to ensure that effective learning occurs, argues that modern trainers must adopt this broader, more expansive and integrated perspective.
Twenty‐five years of social and environmental accounting research
Authors: Mathews M.R.
Published: May 2004

Reviews 25 years of social and environmental accounting literature in an attempt to evaluate the position and answer the question posed in the title, as well as to provide a structure or classification for others to use. In order to structure the task, uses three time periods: 1971‐1980; 1981‐1990; and 1991‐1995, and classifies the literature into several sub‐groups including empirical studies, normative statements, philosophical discussion, non‐accounting literature, teaching programmes and textbooks, regulatory frameworks, and other reviews. Attempts, after the classification, to synthesize an overall chronological position. Concludes that there is something to celebrate after 25 years. However, the continued success of this field is dependent on a relatively small number of researchers, writers, and specialized journals without which there would be the danger of a collapse of interest and a loss of what has been gained so far. Consequently, the provision of a place in the advanced undergraduate and graduate curriculum is a major task for the next decade. Argues that appropriately qualified and motivated professionals are needed to contribute to environmental policy and management in both the public and private sectors. However, appropriate educational programmes have not been evident to date.
Oils ain’t oils!
Authors: Steane Peter D.
Published: May 2004

Argues that strategy formulation across sectors is different. Often the use of normative approaches to strategic management that have sprung from research and experience within the private sector do not pay sufficient cognizance to the subtle differences that drive non‐profit and human‐service‐oriented public sector organizations. Analyses the interplay of variables such as environment, values and leadership to ascertain their significance in strategy formulation. Includes four case organizations from these two sectors in order to develop theoretical insights. Uses Ellen Chaffee’s models of linear, adaptive and interpretive strategy to analyse these variables across the sectors. Unlike other theories of strategy, Chaffee’s models are hierarchical and accommodate distinctive characteristics that motivate human service organizations. Identifies patterns of proactivity in strategy formulation, and concludes that transformational leadership enjoys a necessary relationship with value consensus, and together these form a sufficient condition to describe two case organizations from different sectors as interpretive in their strategy formulation.
Rand’s Egoism and Marx’s Collectivism: An Ethical Perspective
Authors: Riha Tomas J.F.
Published: May 2004

Identifies certain commonalities in the bases of the moral philosophies of Rand (individualist/capitalist/egoist) and Marx (collectivist/socialist/altruist), such as a man’s natural rights and materialism. Examines their philosophies from an ethical viewpoint, looking at the origins and content of morality, moral laws, the principles of ethics and realistically reflects the nature of man, as man can be neither wholly altruistic nor wholly individualistic but is rather a combination of both, with man’s self‐development depending on interaction with other haman beings. Concludes that neither doctrine presents a viable model of social organization.
Does 360‐degree feedback work in different industries?
Authors: Brutus Stéphane , Fleenor John W. , London Manuel
Published: May 2004

In order to determine the usefulness of multi‐source rating in different types of organizations, this study explored differences among organization types in four areas: leniency, interrater agreement, relationships between these ratings and effectiveness, and the relationship between agreement and effectiveness. Used self, subordinate, peer, and supervisor ratings for 1,080 target managers in six types of organizations: education, military, government, manufacturing, finance, and health. Interrater agreement was measured in three ways: an index of variance, a point‐difference categorization method, and categories of self‐other agreement. Results indicated that a leniency bias was present in educational institutions, after controlling for demographic characteristics. Interrater agreement was lowest in government agencies and highest in education and manufacturing organizations. In private sector organizations, more poor‐performing managers tended to over‐estimate their performance relative to the perceptions of others. Interrater agreement was positively related to effectiveness especially in education and finance organizations. Results suggest that multi‐source feedback may work differently in different types of organizations, and such differences may need to be taken into account by researchers, practitioners, and feedback recipients.
Benchmarking and credit risk management in financial services
Authors: Whymark John
Published: May 2004

Notes the continued popularity of benchmarking despite the falling interest in other major management “revolutions”. Further points out that benchmarking is more prevalent in the manufacturing than in the service sector. Suggests that this may be due to an attitudinal difference between the two sectors. Considers the various types of benchmarking and discusses whether some are more suitable to given industry sectors than others. Notes the problems of information sensitivity and the creation of a consortium approach to overcome this. Looks at the credit risk management benchmarking consortium and the role of benchmarking in credit risk management.
Two concepts of equilibrium, the equation of unified knowledge and two concepts of stability
Authors: Rugina Anghel N.
Published: May 2004

The economic science is again in a crisis and a new solution prolegomena to any future study in economics, finance and other social sciences has just been published by the International Institute of Social Economics in care of the MCB University Press in England. The roots of the major financial and economic problems of our time lie in an open conflict between theory and practice. In the 1930s and before the conflict was between classical theory and given realities. In the 1990s the conflict appears between the now prevailing modern, Keynesian theory and the actual realities. In addition during the twentieth century a great argument developed between the two schools of thought, argument which is not yet settled. In one sentence, the prolegomena tried and was successful to solve the conflict between theory and practice and the big doctrinal dispute of the twentieth century. It was a struggle of research and observation over half a century between 1947 and 1997.
Prolegomena to any future study of a great free, just and stable economy and society
Authors: Rugina Anghel N.
Published: May 2004

The economic science is again in a crisis and a new solution prolegomena to any future study in economics, finance and other social sciences has just been published by the International Institute of Social Economics in care of the MCB University Press in England. The roots of the major financial and economic problems of our time lie in an open conflict between theory and practice. In the 1930s and before the conflict was between classical theory and given realities. In the 1990s the conflict appears between the now prevailing modern, Keynesian theory and the actual realities. In addition during the twentieth century a great argument developed between the two schools of thought, argument which is not yet settled. In one sentence, the prolegomena tried and was successful to solve the conflict between theory and practice and the big doctrinal dispute of the twentieth century. It was a struggle of research and observation over half a century between 1947 and 1997.
Dehumanization of modern civilization and a new, Schumpeterian explanation of poverty
Authors: Rugina Anghel N.
Published: May 2004

The economic science is again in a crisis and a new solution prolegomena to any future study in economics, finance and other social sciences has just been published by the International Institute of Social Economics in care of the MCB University Press in England. The roots of the major financial and economic problems of our time lie in an open conflict between theory and practice. In the 1930s and before the conflict was between classical theory and given realities. In the 1990s the conflict appears between the now prevailing modern, Keynesian theory and the actual realities. In addition during the twentieth century a great argument developed between the two schools of thought, argument which is not yet settled. In one sentence, the prolegomena tried and was successful to solve the conflict between theory and practice and the big doctrinal dispute of the twentieth century. It was a struggle of research and observation over half a century between 1947 and 1997.
Toward a new principia ethica: the third revolution in ethics
Authors: Rugina Anghel N.
Published: May 2004

The economic science is again in a crisis and a new solution prolegomena to any future study in economics, finance and other social sciences has just been published by the International Institute of Social Economics in care of the MCB University Press in England. The roots of the major financial and economic problems of our time lie in an open conflict between theory and practice. In the 1930s and before the conflict was between classical theory and given realities. In the 1990s the conflict appears between the now prevailing modern, Keynesian theory and the actual realities. In addition during the twentieth century a great argument developed between the two schools of thought, argument which is not yet settled. In one sentence, the prolegomena tried and was successful to solve the conflict between theory and practice and the big doctrinal dispute of the twentieth century. It was a struggle of research and observation over half a century between 1947 and 1997.
Quality assurance and traceability ‐ the Scottish agri‐food industry’s quest for competitve advantage
Authors: Leat Philip , Marr Pamela , Ritchie Ceri
Published: May 2004

This paper summarises how the Scottish agri‐food industry has been developing farm and quality assurance activities since the early 1990s as it seeks to strengthen its competitive position. It also outlines the European system of third party certification for quality assurance schemes. The paper is an introduction to a number of “insights from industry” presented to a conference on “Food Traceability ‐ What? Why? How?” which was held in Edinburgh in February 1998.
Gallium‐based interconnects for flip‐chip assembly
Authors: Stanfield Adam A.
Published: May 2004

A feasibility study into alternative methods of producing interconnection between a PCB and flip‐chip has been undertaken. A number of initial ideas were investigated, the least promising being discarded at an early stage, while the ideas showing the greatest chance of success were subject to a more rigorous examination. Of the initial ideas the most promising were amalgam materials and magnetic alignment of ferromagnetic particles. These two ideas were combined to produce a new type of anisotropic conducting adhesive (ACA), which may have the potential to overcome problems owing to co‐planarity issues and have the ability to form fine pitch metallurgical bonds. In order to promote bonding, amalgam compositions that enhance surface wetting, while retaining good mechanical properties have been investigated. The possibility of incorporating liquid/semi‐solid metallic interconnects, within the ACA, which will retain contact during the thermal expansion of the polymeric materials was also explored. During the course of the study, various techniques such as DSC and SEM have been used to characterise thermal stability of Ga‐based alloys and discrepancies with current phase diagrams have been found.
Client‐based management qualifications
Authors: Brown Paul
Published: May 2004

Client‐based management qualifications have been a big growth area in the 1990s. However, doubts have been raised about their academic and pedagogic validity. This paper explores the issues, and reports on a survey of large employers in the UK. Evidence of further growth potential is reported. A consideration of the design and delivery issues leads to guidelines for quality assurance for these programmes. These guidelines help overcome the objections raised about client‐based management qualifications. A typology of course‐based management education and development programmes is also created.
Gridlock at the gates
Authors: Nolan B.C. , Nolan C.R.
Published: May 2004

In managing an organisation, the modern executive has a bewildering number of philosophies and theories from which to choose and a seemingly limitless selection of buzzwords and fads. Upon what basis should the manager make decisions?
Three‐dimensional flows over backward facing s.tif
Authors: Nonino C. , Comini G. , Croce G.
Published: May 2004

Three‐dimensional flows over backward facing s.tif are analysed by means of a finite element procedure, which shares many features with the SIMPLER method. In fact, given an initial or guessed velocity field, the pseudovelocities, i.e. the velocities that would prevail in the absence of the pressure field, are found first. Then, by enforcing continuity on the pseudovelocity field, the tentative pressure is estimated, and the momentum equations are solved in sequence for velocity components. Afterwards, continuity is enforced again to find corrections that are used to modify the velocity field and the estimated pressure field. Finally, whenever necessary, the energy equation is solved before moving to the next step.
Human resource development literature: current issues, priorities and dilemmas
Authors: Garavan Thomas N. , Heraty Noreen , Barnicle Bridie
Published: May 2004

Reviews the state of current HRD literature in terms of definitional issues, alternative models, dominant justifications and biases. Articulates the view that the literature is fragmented, multifaceted, and reflects a diverse range of perspectives and models.
Opinion:Management of demand in the NHS, including the effects of queues and pensioners
Authors: Groocock John
Published: May 2004

Discusses the methods used in the NHS to bring demand into balance with supply. People with minor illnesses try self‐treatments and alternative medicine. Systematic programs to identify ill people are applied to only a few illnesses. Waiting lists for elective surgery cause some richer people to take their demand to private hospitals. An analysis of such waiting lists shows that, other than this, queues are not a method of rationing but are just the effect of bad management of the actual methods, which are then discussed. The same methods are used to ration access to specialist physicians. Providing extra resources would eliminate queues only if another condition was satisfied. It is argued that providing fully adequate medical care for patients of working age, although expensive, might produce a net economic gain, whereas all care for pensioners, including medical care, gives a net economic loss. Therefore it may not be sensible for people to have inadequate medical care for the first 65 years of their lives just because it is economically impracticable for them to have fully adequate medical care when they are pensioners.
Integrating Learning and Knowledge Infrastructure
Authors: Finerty Terry
Published: May 2004

The establishment of a learning culture supported by powerful knowledge systems can transform the rate and quality of learning. Those factors key to the learning culture not only help accelerate the rate of learning and knowledge creation, they also provide a solid foundation for building meaning and motivation in the workplace. A case study is presented describing how Action Learning, supported by an intranet knowledge system (Open Learning Centre), provides the means to capture and leverage knowledge as well as contributing to skills development.
Aqua Universitas
Authors: Matthews Peter
Published: May 2004

Aqua Universitas, the unique Anglian Water learning organization, is based on the federal concept which encourages a number of learning initiatives to co‐exist within a common vision. It allows a variety of needs to be represented. Aqua Universitas is linked to the operating company of Anglian Water through each individual. It exists both in the tangible and physical form of the learning assets which are provided by the company and in the virtual concept by the intellectual, behavioural and cultural attitudes of each individual.
Knowledge Management: Linking People to Knowledge for Bottom Line Results
Authors: Offsey Steve
Published: May 2004

Executives in large organizations know that they must develop better techniques to manage their greatest asset: knowledge. Organizations currently create and maintain knowledge in isolated systems targeted at specific workgroups. For users outside the workgroup, that knowledge is virtually invisible. Vendors of all manner of tools, from intranet development tools to document management systems to search engines, are calling their products Knowledge Management systems, without regard to what that means. Without new technologies to create revolutionary change in the way knowledge workers create, communicate and manage information, a Knowledge Management system has little chance of improving enterprise knowledge sharing. This paper explores the concepts and technologies associated with an effective Knowledge Management system.
Redefining Knowledge Management to Deliver Competitive Advantage
Authors: Newman Victor
Published: May 2004

Knowledge as a concept requires definition or reinvention in terms of delivering New Market Values of expectations. The ability to create knowledge about the future and learning to implement it quickly in the form of a technology will become a core organizational competence. A fundamental step towards future process‐thinking is to demonstrate purpose by introducing purpose‐correct language into the organization. This can be accomplished by applying the Data‐Information‐Knowledge‐Technology (DIKT) learning process and the consistent use of DIKT terms.
Towards a Research Agenda for Knowledge Policies and Management
Authors: Conceição P. , Gibson D. , Heitor M.V. , Shariq S.
Published: May 2004

The need to advance in the understanding of the processes associated with knowledge creation and diffusion is becoming critical for policy‐making and for management. This understanding was emphasized during the First International Conference on Technology, Policy and Innovation, based on which a research agenda is developed to inform policy‐making and management decisions in the emerging knowledge‐based economy. Three main directions for research are proposed: the development of a better conceptual understanding of the mechanisms that make knowledge so relevant nowadays; the construction of indicators associated with the immaterial aspects of the knowledge‐based economy; and the study of the opportunities and threats faced by developing nations.
Capitalizing Collective Knowledge for Winning, Execution and Teamwork
Authors: Huang Kuan‐Tsae
Published: May 2004

Since 1994, the IBM Consulting Group has employed Intellectual Capital Management (ICM) as part of the company’s re‐engineering project. The idea of ICM has been to institutionalize and make Knowledge Management more formal throughout IBM Global Services and Global Industries. It has involved taking practical steps to acquire, create, share and transfer knowledge; use knowledge to continually develop and grow; and anticipate and adapt to changing conditions. IBM;s approach includes: linking intellectual capital with strategy; building an infrastructure and processes for creating and sharing knowledge; creating a knowledge‐based enterprise and culture; leveraging technology for global collaboration and knowledge‐sharing‐ and measuring the effectiveness and value of intellectual assets sharing.