bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of dilithium potassium citrate, Li2KC6H5O7 determined from powder diffraction data and DFT calculations
Authors: Cigler Andrew J. , Kaduk James A.
Published: February 2019

The crystal structure of poly[μ-citrato-dilithium(I)potassium(I)], [Li2K(C6H5O7)]
n
, has been solved and refined using laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques. The citrate anion triply chelates to the K+ cation through the hydroxyl group, the central carboxylate, and the terminal carboxylate. The KO7 coordination polyhedra share edges, forming chains parallel to the a axis. These chains share edges with one tetrahedral Li ion, and are bridged by edge-sharing pairs of the second tetrahedral Li ion, forming layers parallel to the ac plane.
Teaching innovations in Asian higher education: perspectives of educators
Authors: Wong T.M.
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify the teaching innovations that have been implemented in higher education institutions in Asia and the perspectives of educators on them.

Design/methodology/approach

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 educators who were affiliated with 23 higher education institutions in ten Asian countries/regions. The interviews covered information about the teaching innovations of the participants’ institutions, the characteristics of the innovative practices and the participants’ views on them. The relationships between the characteristics of institutions and their teaching innovations were also examined.

Findings

The results showed that the teaching innovations included two main categories, namely, those which involved the use of advanced technologies and those which did not. The innovations that involved the use of advanced technologies were mainly from larger institutions, while the other category was mainly from smaller ones and had been practised for less than 1.5 years. Differences were also identified between the two categories in terms of the aims and importance of innovations, innovative features, the evaluation of innovations and improvements needed for them.

Originality/value

The results highlighted that technology is only one of the many aspects of teaching innovations, which is different from the view prevailing in the literature. They also suggested that differences in the scale of institutions (in terms of number of students) possibly influences the kind of teaching innovations adopted.
Drivers for construction productivity
Authors: Seadon Jeff , Tookey John E.
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The New Zealand construction sector is similar to many other countries with a few large companies and many small and micro enterprises. It seeks to achieve a 20 per cent increase in productivity by 2020 which requires a step change in how the sector operates and buy-in from key stakeholders. The purpose of this paper is to provide a set of levers to improve productivity in the construction sector and develop an implementation schedule.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper adopts a systems approach taking account of the nature of the building sector and the whole life cycle of a building from design to end-of-life. Information gained from the post-construction phases informs the pre-construction and construction phases.

Findings

Productivity is an integrated model whereby increases in process efficiency are executed with quality materials and workmanship, in a manner that is affordable for both the client and contractor and sustainable over time. A series of interviews and workshops produced 10 nodal points and 19 crucial levers which were prioritised for implementation. Additionally, indicators were developed to monitor progress over time and provide information for further corrective action to the system.

Practical implications

The effect of using a few targeted levers in unison provided significantly more gains than individual applications. Modelling real world responses to process stimuli outlined in this paper is extremely valuable. This provided the opportunity for key construction stakeholders to estimate the effects of decision making during a project.

Originality/value

Previous studies identified factors affecting productivity. Piecemeal approaches to improve productivity have resulted in systemic failure. A whole of life approach provides valuable insights to improve productivity in the construction and pre-construction phases which have a flow-on effect through the life cycle. Importantly, this research proposes drivers, an implementation scheme and indicators that provide leverage on nodal points to improve productivity.
Paternalistic leadership and innovation: the moderating effect of environmental dynamism
Authors: Hou Bojun , Hong Jin , Zhu Kejia , Zhou Yu
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to focus on how the three elements of paternalistic leadership – authoritarianism, benevolence and moral leadership – affect organizational innovation – both explorative and exploitative innovation – in Chinese enterprises. It also examines the moderating effect of environmental dynamism on the relationship between paternalistic leadership and organizational innovation.

Design/methodology/approach

Data on 190 superior–subordinate dyads are collected using questionnaire surveys. The supervisors are recruited from the MBA program in a famous university in the city of Hefei, China, who are also asked to distribute subordinate questionnaires to their subordinates. The hierarchical regression analysis is conducted to test the hypotheses by using SPSS 22.0.

Findings

The analysis of 190 superior–subordinate dyads shows that benevolent and authoritarian leadership is positively related to exploratory innovation, while moral leadership has no significant impact on exploratory innovation. The results also reveal that all three elements of paternalistic leadership is, in general, positively correlated with exploitative innovation. Furthermore, environmental dynamism moderates the relationship between paternalistic leadership and innovation. In a dynamic environment, moral leadership has a stronger positive effect on innovation, but only on exploratory innovation; whereas authoritarian leadership exerts more detrimental effects on both exploratory and exploitative innovation.

Originality/value

The current work contributes to understanding the relationship between paternalistic leadership and innovation in the Chinese cultural context by examining the effects of the three elements of paternalistic leadership separately and by showing how these effects can be moderated by environmental dynamism.
Assessing the relevance of digital competences on business graduates’ suitability for a job
Authors: Periáñez-Cañadillas Iñaki , Charterina Jon , Pando-García Julián
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of digital competences in relation to the general competences demanded by the job market in the case of Business graduates’ future.

Design/methodology/approach

A telephone survey was conducted with 992 team and HR managers from November 15 to December 15, 2016. The selected respondents were chosen from a sampling frame of 4,880 registered members of a professional association of Business and Economics graduates. Only those admitting to have or having had employees under their command were accountable. Thus, the final sample of the analysis comprised a total of 231 respondents. We used partial least square modeling in order to test the hypotheses.

Findings

The study carried out in the professional field of graduates in Business studies shows us that of the five dimensions analyzed as digital competences, four of them show an influence on the candidate’s suitability for the post. These are communication, content creation, safety and problem solving. In the variables related to information, this relationship is not observed.

Originality/value

In this research, the authors analyze the digital competences from the perspective of the possible employer. The concept of digital competence is of increasing importance in recent research. There is a need to relate the competences demanded by the companies and those developed by the training centers. Also, prior literature is limited in the number of works analyzing digital competences specifically in the professional activities concerning graduates in Economics of Business studies.
Networked library access and services delivery for the blind and visually impaired university students: evidence from the UAE
Authors: Al-Harrasi Alia , Taha Ahmed
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The study aims to discuss the special needs-centric information delivery as a new genre of the academic library services. It also sheds light on the assistive technology used to help blind or visually impaired (BVI) students to access the available digital contents and use online services conveniently. A particular emphasis placed on gaining some insights into BVIs’ perceptions towards the orientation and assistance offered by the access service librarians, as well as any experience in using assistive educational technology for reading and information access.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors used semi-structured interview survey to gather the necessary data from 35 BVI university students drawn from the Special Needs Services (SNS) Unit at the UAE University. The interview was concerned with use of library e-resources and online services for doing their assignments, easy-to-use facilities to access the e-resources and main challenges facing them in communicating with the librarians.

Findings

The findings revealed that the BVI students considered that the university library does not answer their needs for getting access to digital content and using online services adequately.

Practical implications

The Main Library should cooperate closely with the SNS Unit to get the most benefits from their experience in the BVI-devoted services to develop an efficient library information discovery and delivery to this student group.

Originality/value

There is scarcity of scholarly studies on the pedagogical and information acquisition challenges facing the BVI university students in the UAE higher education. This is the first research study that tackles the experience of the BVI students in using the academic library.
Factors influencing consumer loyalty: evidence from the Ghanaian retail banking industry
Authors: Omoregie Osaretin Kayode , Addae John Agyekum , Coffie Stanley , Ampong George Oppong Appiagyei , Ofori Kwame Simpe
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The increasing number of banks in the Ghanaian banking industry has brought about intense competition in the industry. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to examine the factors that influence retail banking customers’ loyalty intentions.

Design/methodology/approach

In order to validate the proposed research model, the study adopts a survey design. Data were collected from 565 customers of the top performing banks in terms of customer deposits. Data analysis employed the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS–SEM) using SmartPLS version 3.

Findings

Results from the PLS–SEM analysis indicated that satisfaction, service quality and trust had significant effect on loyalty, with satisfaction having the most significant effect. Interestingly corporate image was found to have a significant effect on both satisfaction and trust but not on loyalty. In all, the proposed model accounted for 63.3 percent of the variation in loyalty.

Research limitations/implications

The current study samples customers from only the top performing banks in Ghana. The use of cross-sectional data makes it impossible to study how customers’ perceptions change over time. Results from this study could, however, help managers of banks in designing strategies aimed at improving customer loyalty in order to consolidate their market share.

Originality/value

This paper adds to existing works that focus on loyalty in the retail banking sector, especially from the context of a developing economy. The study draws attention to the interrelationship among service quality, perceived value, satisfaction, image, trust and loyalty.
Denying homeless persons access to municipal support
Authors: Boesveldt Nienke Fredrika
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to focus on the denial of social support to homeless persons and related societal effects of new local governance arrangements.

Design/methodology/approach

Analysis of new data and secondary evaluative and comparative data on the policies, administrative structures and management styles of Copenhagen, Glasgow and Amsterdam have brought better understanding of the elements of local governance arrangements that influence the number of homeless persons who are denied access to services and the number of persons sleeping rough who are not eligible for social support. Theoretical explanations for the impact of governance arrangements on these processes and societal effects are considered.

Findings

It appears that while the body of research, reports and policy documents on non-eligibility for homelessness services is growing, legal responses at best remain vague, and policies are still in the process of being developed. Modest progress on policy goals, and even more so on policy instruments, leading to less detrimental outcomes, can be explained by centralising and decentralising trends and the relationships between state and society. The latter may also be indicative of how the increased focus on the legal problems of some EU migrants can be explained.

Research limitations/implications

The two points in time documented for the case studies are relevant in understanding processes underlying the current circumstances of homeless persons and homeless migrants and offer an interdisciplinary insight into governance and politics, law, and public and health service perspectives.

Social implications

Good policy practice, as this paper shows, can lead to a difference in individual lives.

Originality/value

Much is unknown about considerations inside government. This paper contributes by combining theoretical and insider perspectives.
The influence of a board’s ethical commitment on corporate governance in enhancing a company’s corporate performance
Authors: Salin Ahmad Saiful Azlin Puteh , Ismail Zubaidah , Smith Malcolm , Nawawi Anuar
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between corporate governance and company performance and how a board’s ethical commitment can influence this relationship. Prior studies documented mixed evidence on the corporate governance and corporate performance relationship, which can be due to the influence of a board’s ethical commitment and will shape the corporate governance mechanism in the company and, in turn, influence performance.

Design/methodology/approach

This study collected data for two years, i.e. 2013 and 2014, from the biggest 500 Malaysian companies listed in the stock exchange. Corporate governance is measured based on the requirements of the Malaysian Code of Corporate Governance (MCCG), while a board’s ethical commitment is measured based on the MCCG and various international best practices. Corporate performance is measured based on return on equity, return on assets, net profit margin, market-to-book value and TobinQ.

Findings

A board’s ethical commitment was found to be significant in increasing the strength of the relationship between corporate governance and corporate performance. The findings are robust to the alternative performance measurements and lagged one-year corporate performance.

Research limitations/implications

This paper provides further evidence on the importance of ethical practices to improve corporate environment and, hence, sustain a company’s performance. This study, however, was conducted on only large companies with a limited data collection period.

Practical implications

This study provides an indicator that the policymaker and regulatory authorities need to double their efforts in promoting and encouraging a board of directors to take a bold step in improving its ethical culture. Shareholders and investors need to use their power and rights to demand the company to improve their governance and ethical practices.

Originality/value

This study is original, as it measures a board’s ethical commitment from various sources of local and international best practices such as Malaysia, Australia, Canada, Norway, South Korea, Singapore, Sweden, Turkey, the UK and the USA. It also contributes to the literature and theoretical understanding of the interaction between a board’s ethical commitment and corporate governance on corporate performance, particularly in developing countries like Malaysia, which is scarce in the literature.
Cause-related marketing strategy types: assessing their relative effectiveness
Authors: Lee Ji Young , Johnson Kim K.P.
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of four types of cause-related marketing (CRM) strategies on consumer responses to a fashion brand and to assess the relative effectiveness of each.

Design/methodology/approach

An experiment was conducted with young adult consumers (n=344) and undergraduates (n=415). Using a between-subject design, each participant was randomly assigned to one of four CRM scenarios and completed a questionnaire.

Findings

Across all CRM conditions, the effect of CRM strategy on consumer responses (e.g. perceived brand distinctiveness/credibility/attractiveness, customer–brand identification, brand attitude, customer loyalty) was significant. The effect of corporate social responsibility image on perceived brand distinctiveness was strongest for cause-related event marketing, followed by cause-related experiential marketing, transaction-based CRM and sponsorship-linked marketing.

Practical implications

By providing information about the relative effectiveness of four types of CRM strategies, this research aids fashion marketers in their selection of the CRM strategy that generates the best performance. Adding an event component to their CRM activity would increase the effect of CRM strategies on consumer responses.

Originality/value

This research contributes to the extant literature on CRM by identifying types of CRM strategies, their relative effectiveness, and key variables (e.g., C–B identification) that explain the impact of CRM strategies on consumer responses.
Project management in higher education: a grounded theory case study
Authors: Porter Seth
Published: February 2019

Purpose

This paper analyzes project and portfolio management within a major research library, while it was undergoing a complete physical renovation and reinvention of programs and services. This is a complex, almost 100-million-dollar undertaking that implemented a project management (PM) methodology known as portfolio management. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the implementation and management of this process and provide a brief overview on project and portfolio management as a discipline. Additionally, it provides strengths and weaknesses as well as recommendations when implementing PM.

Design/methodology/approach

The analysis uses a qualitative research methodology case study with a theoretical foundation of inductive grounded theory. The case study is based primarily on seven interviews of project managers who are involved with the project. It also uses document analysis to assist in triangulating the findings and provide a contextual overview of a complex process. A number of themes emerged into overall categories and findings.

Findings

The key takeaways were the perceived strengths and weaknesses of the process. The strengths were improved communication and transparency, improved organization and documentation and formal decision-making process and resource allocation. The weaknesses were the hammer and the nail problem, the tools and paperwork, rigidity and the lack of agility within the process. This study also describes the process in detail and gives recommendations for improving the methods implemented in similar circumstances.

Originality/value

This paper analyzes strategic management concepts from an empirical grounded theory approach and real-world perspective with key recommendations.
Who listens to podcasts, and why?: the Israeli case
Authors: Samuel-Azran Tal , Laor Tal , Tal Dana
Published: February 2019

Purpose

Podcasts have become a main content delivery platform in the last decade. Since not enough studies examined the wider population adoption patterns of podcasts in general and outside the USA in particular, the purpose of this paper is to examine the socio-demographics of podcast listeners and the uses and gratifications fulfilled by listening to podcasts using Israel’s most popular podcast as our case study.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors uploaded a survey on the podcast platforms aiming to identify their socio-demographic profiles of listeners (n=960) and where they listen to the podcast. Next, the authors conducted follow-up interviews with 100 respondents to understand their main uses and gratifications fulfilled while listening to the podcast.

Findings

The findings of this survey indicate podcast listeners in Israel as mostly male, with self-reported high income, under the age of 45, highly educated and nearly half work in the high-tech sector. Follow-up interviews identified that the main uses and gratifications from listening to podcasts were cognitive – acquiring new knowledge, social – a desire to share new data with friends, entertainment, hobby and a way to assist falling asleep.

Research limitations/implications

The findings of this study indicate that access to podcasts in Israel is utilized mostly by members of already advantaged and technology-oriented groups, thus potentially widening existing societal gaps.

Originality/value

The study examines the podcast adoption in a country whose podcast adoption patterns were not yet explored, thus contributes toward mapping of the global usage of podcasts. It portrays podcasts in Israel as a platform used mostly by members of privileged and technology-oriented groups, which is similar to findings regarding the demographics of podcast listeners in the USA. Some of the uses and gratifications are similar to that in the USA while others, such as the desire to share knowledge and efficient time management, are unique and reflect the impact of the local culture and conditions on podcast adoption.
Sound, listening and the moving image
Authors: Stanton Polly
Published: February 2019

Purpose

As an artist working with sound and the moving image, an in-between space is revealed, a flux between two distinct mediums that intersect as temporal experience and sensory synchronisation. The audio–visual relationship is a pattern of constantly shifting moments of connection and discordance, an ephemeral dance of timing and rhythm that binds together to create a cinematic expression of time and event. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, the author will consider the audio-visual event and the space that exists between the visual and the sonic via the frame of my own art practice. Through this context, the author will examine audio–visual relations from practice through to presentation, challenging the belief that sound is merely a support for the moving image and propose that it is an equal if not driving force in the audio-visual contract. The author will also investigate sound-based disciplines that the author utilize in my own work, all of which highlight the materiality of sound and how it can be engaged to directly affect the production and installation of moving image works in a gallery context.

Findings

Utilizing listening in this way has revealed surprising or overlooked connections that visually the author would otherwise have not acknowledged. It has helped link together interests across geography and cartography by expanding on what is not seen and can only be heard, and therefore revealing a new space of information. And it has emboldened the author to investigate the geographies of sound by supplying a way to follow associative connections across a range of environments.

Originality/value

This paper is an original work that is related to the author’s current doctoral research that considers how listening expands visual comprehension.
An entrepreneurial career impacts on job and family satisfaction
Authors: Padovez-Cualheta Luciana , Borges Candido , Camargo Altair , Tavares Lucas
Published: February 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to identify if entrepreneurship as a career option is related to job satisfaction and family satisfaction by comparing entrepreneurs with non-entrepreneurs. To do so, a tool was used to measure job satisfaction, family satisfaction and the existence of interrole conflicts.

Design/methodology/approach

Cluster analysis and linear regression models were used to test the hypotheses.

Findings

Results indicate that there is a positive relationship and that entrepreneurs have higher rates of job satisfaction than non-entrepreneurs. Contrary to what the literature suggests, this study found that entrepreneurs have a higher rate of family satisfaction than non-entrepreneurs, and that there is no difference between men’s and women’s levels of satisfaction.

Research limitations/implications

Among the limitations of the research, the authors cite the fact that there was no randomness in the designation of the respondents and the fact that the answers were obtained by self-report. Also, the research was cross-sectional, making it impossible to compare answers between the same individuals at different points of time.

Practical implications

Results can help individuals decide whether to start a business and to assist development agencies in the creation of incentive policies.

Originality/value

As an academic implication, results contribute to the literature on this topic by relating entrepreneurship with the quality of life and not only with financial variables. Yet, it is one of the first studies on this topic in Brazil.
Post-bureaucratic management goes global
Authors: Denning Stephen
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The article reports on anti-hierarchical approaches to managing work outside the U.S. and independent of software development as evidenced in presentations at the November Drucker Forum by the French group, Vinci and the Chinese group, Haier.

Design/methodology/approach

The article looks at how radical innovations in organization structure, management processes and mindsets are being adopted by companies seeking the rapid-paced, customer-focused continuous innovation needed to survive in today’s dynamic marketplaces. These approaches are spreading throughout many established organizations. For traditionally managed hierarchical organizations, the transformation often involves radical shifts in power, attitudes, values, mindsets, ways of thinking and ways of interacting with stakeholders—customers, employee talent, shareholders and partners.

Findings

The Vinci Group is organized with 3,500 business units, so that there are in effect 3,500 entrepreneurs, all intent on developing good ideas. The Haier Groups has transformed its organization into a flat platform with thousands of micro-enterprises. There are no more than eight people in each one.

Practical implications

The Haier platform enables the microenterprises to interact closely and intensively with users, allowing them to participate in the development and production process. The goal is to align Haier’s people and the value they can create for customer users. The need is to unleash people’s potential so as to maximize value to users.

Originality/value

The article reveals that when companies disrupt the traditional “efficiency-based” organizational structure the do so in unique ways. Typical of the homegrown approach to post-bureaucratic organizations, Zhang Ruimin, CEO of Haier, pioneered a management model called “Rendanheyl,” which entails three disruptions: disrupting employees, disrupting organizational structures and disrupting compensation structures.
Molecular and phenotypic characterization of Leptospira johnsonii sp. nov., Leptospira ellinghausenii sp. nov. and Leptospira ryugenii sp. nov. isolated from soil and water in Japan
Authors: Masuzawa Toshiyuki , Saito Mitsumasa , Nakao Ryo , Nikaido Yasuhiko , Matsumoto Masahiro , Ogawa Midori , Yokoyama Mitsuru , Hidaka Yusuke , Tomita Junko , Sakakibara Keiko , Suzuki Kazushi , Yasuda Shima , Sato Hiroki , Yamaguchi Masaya , Yoshida Shin‐ichi , Koizumi Nobuo , Kawamura Yoshiaki
Published: February 2019

In a previous study, 50 of 132 soil samples collected throughout Japan were found to be Leptospira‐positive. In the present study, three strains identified in the collected specimens, three, E8, E18 and YH101, were found to be divergent from previously described
Leptospira species according to 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis. These three strains have a helical shape similar to that of typical
Leptospira and were not re‐isolated from experimental mice inoculated with the cultured strains. Upon 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis, E8 was found to belong to the intermediate
Leptospira species clade and E18 and YH101 to belong to the saprophytic
Leptospira species clade. Based on analyses of genome‐to‐genome distances and average nucleotide identity
in silico using whole genome sequences and DNA–DNA hybridization
in vitro, these isolates were found to be distinct from previously described
Leptospira species. Therefore, these three isolates represent novel species of the genus
Leptospira for which the names
Leptospira johnsonii sp. nov., (type strain E8
T, = JCM 32515
T = CIP111620
T),
Leptospira ellinghausenii sp. nov., (type strain E18
T, = JCM 32516
T = CIP111618
T) and
Leptospira ryugenii sp. nov., (type strain YH101
T, = JCM 32518
T = CIP111617
T) are proposed.
Spodiobacter cordis gen. nov. sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from patients with infective endocarditis
Authors: Tomida Junko , Fujiwara Nagatoshi , Naka Takashi , Morita Yuji , Sawabe Etsuko , Tojo Naoko , Kikuchi Ken , Kawamura Yoshiaki
Published: February 2019

Two gram‐negative, catalase‐negative, oxidase‐positive strains (PAGU 1467T and PAGU 1468) isolated from patients with infective endocarditis were investigated to determine their taxonomic status. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the two strains were members of the Bergeyella‐Chryseobacterium‐Riemerella branch of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Strains PAGU 1467T and PAGU 1468 were highly related to each other (98.8% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Phylogenetically closely‐related species to PAGU 1467T comprised Bergeyella zoohelcum (95.0% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Riemerella anatipestifer (94.3%) and Cloacibacterium normanense (94.3%). The major fatty acids of the two isolates were iso‐C15:0, iso‐C17:0 3‐OH and iso‐C15:0 3‐OH. The presence of C16:0 3‐OH and iso‐C15:0 2‐OH allowed these isolates to be distinguished from B. zoohelcum. Menaquinone MK‐6 was the only respiratory quinone in these organisms; this is a consistent characteristic of the family Flavobacteriaceae. The guanine‐plus‐cytosine content of the genomic DNA was 42.0%, which is higher than that of other close phylogenetic relatives. On the basis of their phenotypic properties and genetic distinctiveness, isolates PAGU 1467T and PAGU 1468 were classified within the novel genus Spodiobacter, as Spodiobacter cordis gen. nov., sp. nov., which is also the type species. The type strain of S. cordis is PAGU 1467T ( = CCUG 65564T = NBRC 109998T).
Britain, Australia and the Secret Ballot Act of 1872
Authors: JAGGARD EDWIN
Published: February 2019

Voting by secret ballot was successfully introduced into Britain in 1872, copying several key features of the ballot that had been developed earlier in the Australian colonies, and replacing open (public) voting in parliamentary elections. How this occurred, how the ballot was transplanted to Britain, has generally attracted no more than passing comment, even in the most recent comparative studies of the ballot's appearance in several countries including Britain. This article focuses upon the ways in which the colonial examples had a singular impact in Britain: during annual parliamentary debates on the topic from 1857 to 1867 and thereafter; in evidence given to the 1868–9 Select Committee on Parliamentary and Municipal Elections; and through the colonial governors’ reports on the success or failure of the ballot after it was employed at elections. It therefore is a case study of a transnational process, one in which borrowing from abroad was paramount wherever the secret ballot was adopted.
Cerebrovascular β‐dystroglycan immunoreactivity in vertebrates: not detected in anurans and in the teleosts Ostariophysi and Euteleostei
Authors: KÁLMÁN Mihály , LŐRINCZ David L. , SEBŐK Olivér M. , ARI Csilla , OSZWALD Erzsébet , SOMIYA Hiroaki , JANCSIK Veronika
Published: February 2019

The aim of the present paper was to check for the presence of cerebrovascular dystroglycan in vertebrates, because dystroglycan, which is localized in the vascular astroglial end‐feet, has a pivotal function in glio‐vascular connections. In mammalian brains, the immunoreactivity of β‐dystroglycan subunit delineates the vessels. The results of the present study demonstrate similar patterns in other vertebrates, except for anurans and the teleost groups Ostariophysi and Euteleostei. In this study, we investigated 1 or 2 representative species of the main groups of Chondrichthyes, teleost and non‐teleost ray‐finned fishes, urodeles, anurans, and reptiles. We also investigated 5 mammalian and 3 bird species. Animals were obtained from breeders or fishermen. The presence of β‐dystroglycan was investigated immunohistochemically in free‐floating sections. Pre‐embedding electron microscopical immunohistochemistry on Heterodontus japonicus shark brains demonstrated that in Elasmobranchii, β‐dystroglycan is also localized in the perivascular glial end‐feet despite the different construction of their blood–brain barrier. The results indicated that the cerebrovascular β‐dystroglycan immunoreactivity disappeared separately in anurans, and in teleosts, in the latter group before its division to Ostariophysi and Euteleostei. Immunohistochemistry in muscles and western blots from brain homogenates, however, detected the presence of β‐dystroglycan, even in anurans and all teleosts. A possible explanation is that in the glial end‐feet, β‐dystroglycan is masked in these animals, or disappeared during adaptation to the freshwater habitat.
Pseudotachylyte‐Induced Weakness of Plate‐Boundary Fault: Insight from the Indus‐Tsangpo Suture between India and Asia
Authors: XU Zhiqin , JI Shaocheng , ZHOU Xin
Published: February 2019

Although the Indus‐Tsangpo Suture (ITS) is the most spectacular thrust system of continent‐continent collision in the world, fundamental questions about its strength evolution and deformation behavior transition remain unanswered. Here we reported, for the first time, frictional melting‐induced pseudotachylytes in the intensively deformed felsic rocks along the ITS zone in southern Tibet. This study reveals that pseudotachylytes induced profound weakness of the boundary fault between Indian and Asian plates. The intrinsically low strength of the foliated microlites crystallized from frictional melt or glass (i.e., pseudotachylyte) at seismogenic depths compared with the surrounding coarse‐grained quartzofeldspathic rocks in the brittle and semi‐brittle regime is sufficient to explain the localization of shear strain, the development of ductile shear zones embedded in strong wall rocks, and the transition from the strong to weak fault behaviors without invoking the presence of high fluid pressure or low friction coefficient metasomatic materials (e.g., smectite or lizardite) within the faults.
Ordovician Granitoids and Silurian Mafic Dikes in the Western Kunlun Orogen, Northwest China: Implications for Evolution of the Proto‐Tethys
Authors: ZHANG Qichao , WU Zhenhan , LI Shan , LI Kan , LIU Zhiwei , ZHOU Qing
Published: February 2019

The western Kunlun orogen in the northwest Tibet Plateau is related to subduction and collision of Proto‐ and Paleo‐Tethys from early Paleozoic to early Mesozoic. This paper presents new LA‐ICPMS zircon U‐Pb ages and Lu‐Hf isotopes, whole‐rock major and trace elements, and Sr–Nd isotopes of two Ordovician granitoid plutons (466–455 Ma) and their Silurian mafic dikes (∼436 Ma) in the western Kunlun orogen. These granitoids show peraluminous high‐K calc‐alkaline characteristics, with (87Sr/86Sr)i value of 0.7129–0.7224, εNd(t) values of –9.3 to –7.0 and zircon εHf(t) values of –17.3 to –0.2, indicating that they were formed by partial melting of ancient lower‐crust (metaigneous rocks mixed with metasedimentary rocks) with some mantle materials in response to subduction of the Proto‐Tethyan Ocean and following collision. The Silurian mafic dikes were considered to have been derived from a low degree of partial melting of primary mafic magma. These mafic dikes show initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.7101–0.7152 and εNd(t) values of –3.8 to –3.4 and zircon εHf(t) values of –8.8 to –4.9, indicating that they were derived from enriched mantle in response to post‐collisional slab break‐off. Combined with regional geology, our new data provide valuable insight into late evolution of the Proto‐Tethys.
Geochemical Constraints of the Ediacaran Volcano‐Sedimentary Succession of the Sa'al Metamorphic Complex at Wadi Zaghra, South Sinai, Egypt
Authors: SAMUEL D. Michael , MOUSSA E. Hilmy , AZER K. Mokhles , SADEK GHABRIAL Doris
Published: February 2019

The volcano‐sedimentary succession around Wadi Zaghra in Sinai, at the northernmost segment of the Arabian Nubian Shield, comprises volcanic rocks interbedded with rather immature sediments. The succession is dominated by intermediate to silicic volcanics of medium‐ to high‐K calc‐alkaline affinity. It is divided into two units, the lower unit includes intermediate rocks and dacites interbedded with graywackes, semi‐pelites and pelites and topped by polymict conglomerates. This unit is subjected to folding and regional metamorphism (up to garnet zone) and is intruded by quartz diorite‐granodiorite inducing, locally, low‐pressure contact thermal metamorphism. The unmetamorphosed upper unit encompasses acid volcanics intercalated with litharenite, sublitharenite and minor arenite. The rhyolites of this unit pertain to the highly fractionated granites and are characterized by an agpaitic index (NK/A) ranging from 0.87 to 0.96. They may reflect either extensive interaction of subduction‐related magmas with the continental crust or a change in the tectonic regime. The present lithological and geochemical characteristics of the studied sediments together with available zircon ages indicate rather distal provenance of their detritus. This detritus comprises fluvial‐alluvial sediments accumulated in the intermontane basins, which are half‐grabens or tilted fault blocks. The tectonic setting of the depositional basins is active continental margin and continental island arcs. Geochemical patterns of the Zaghra volcano‐sedimentary succession indicate their correlation with the Dokhan Volcanics‐Hammamat Clastics sequence of the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Also, the Zaghra volcanics display geochemical similarities with those exposed in Sinai, at the Rutig, Ferani and Iqna Shar'a areas. The Zaghra succession is dated as Ediacaran but is not related either to the ensimatic island arc assemblage or to the rift‐related assemblage formed during the early stages of the break‐up of Rodinia as previously thought.
The Hizeh‐Jan Kaolin Deposit of NW Iran: the Tetrad Effect in REE Distribution Patterns
Authors: ABEDINI Ali , REZAEI AZIZI Mansour
Published: February 2019

The Hizeh‐Jan kaolin deposit (northwest of Varzeghan, East‐Azarbaidjan Province, NW Iran) is a product of the alteration of Eocene andesitic rocks. Based on mineralogical examinations, kaolinite, quartz, smectite, pyrophyllite, muscovite‐illite, alunite, calcite, diaspore, goethite and hematite are the most abundant mineral phases in this deposit. The geochemical indicators, such as Y/Ho and Zr/Hf, indicate the non‐CHARAC (non‐Charge‐radius control) behavior of these pairs, which are likely to be due to the occurrence of the tetrad effect phenomenon in this deposit. Simultaneous concave and convex shapes in the chondrite‐normalized REE distribution patterns are a remarkable feature of the kaolin samples. Bivariate diagrams of the size of the third tetrad effect (T3) versus geochemical parameters such as Y/Ho, Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios display two distinct populations for the kaolin samples. The first population is characterized by high T3 values (>0.13), which are near or on the fault zone. The second population is characterized by low T3 values (<0.13), and are farther from the fault zone. The obtained results from the geochemical data have furnished compelling evidence that fluid‐rock interaction, overprint of hypogene processes by supergene ones, and structural control, are key controlling factors for the occurrence of tetrad effects in REE distribution patterns in the Hizeh‐Jan kaolin deposit.
A Model of Hydrothermal Dolomite Reservoir Facies in Precambrian Dolomite, Central Sichuan Basin, SW China and its Geochemical Characteristics
Authors: GU Yifan , ZHOU Lu , JIANG Yuqiang , JIANG Chan , LUO Mingsheng , ZHU Xun
Published: February 2019

Hydrothermal mineral assemblages and related hydrothermally enhanced fracturing are common in the Precambrian Dengying Formation of Central Sichuan Basin. Petrographic and geochemical analyses of core samples show that the hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs of Dengying Formation consist of four main types of pores in the reservoir facies. These include: 1) hydrothermal dissolution vug (or pore), 2) intercrystalline pore, 3) residual inter‐breccia vug (or pore), and 4) enlarged dissolved‐fracture. There are three different fabrics dolomite in hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs, namely, saddle dolomite, fine‐medium dolomite and micritic dolomite. Micritic dolomite is the original lithology of host rock. Saddle dolomite with curved or irregular crystal faces was directly crystallized from hydrothermal fluids (average temperature 192°C). Fine‐medium dolomites are the products of recrystallization of micritic dolomite, resulting in abnormal geochemical characteristics, such as slight depletion of δ18O, significant enrichment of Mn‐Fe and 87Sr/86Sr, and positive Eu anomaly. A model for the distribution of various hydrothermal dolomite reservoir facies is proposed here, which incorporates three fundamental geological controls: 1) extensional tectonics and tectono‐hydrothermal events (i.e., the Xingkai Taphrogenesis of Late Sinian‐Early Cambrian, and Emei Taphrogenesis of Late Permian), 2) hydrothermal fluid storage in clastic rocks with large thickness (e.g., Nanhua System of Chengjiang Formation and part of Doushantuo Formation), and 3) confining bed for hydrothermal fluids (such as, the shale in Qiongzhusi Formation). The supply of hydrothermal fluid is critical. Large basement‐rooted faults and associated grid‐like fracture system may function as the channels for upward migration of hydrothermal fluid flow. The intersection of the above‐mentioned faults (including the conversion fault), especially transtensional sags above negative flower structures on wrench faults can serve as a key target for future hydrocarbon exploration.
Adult outcome of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A nationwide population‐based retrospective cohort study in Taiwan
Authors: Yong Su‐Boon , Huang Jing‐Yang , Chiou Jeng‐Yuan , Wei James Cheng‐Chung
Published: February 2019

Objective

To clarify the development of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) to adult‐onset autoimmune diseases in a population‐based study in Taiwan.

Methods

We analyzed data of 107 433 children born between 1990 and 1997 from the National Taiwan Health Insurance Database. There were 262 JIA patients and 107 171 individuals without JIA who were selected and followed up until December 2013 to investigate their outcomes of adult‐onset autoimmune diseases after reaching 16 years of age. The adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) including 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of adult‐onset autoimmune diseases were calculated using the Cox proportional regression model among different age groups.

Results

The incidence rate for patients with a history of JIA was 83.56 per 105 person‐months for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 16.61 for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 58.39 for ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and 33.26 for psoriatic diseases. The aHRs were 29.60 for any autoimmune disease, 129.52 for RA, 10.01 for SLE, 49.62 for AS, and 8.20 for psoriatic diseases. Compared with non‐JIA individuals, the aHRs of adult‐onset autoimmune diseases were 34.87 (95% CI: 4.85‐250.62) at the onset age of 3‐5 years, 12.01 (95% CI: 2.99‐48.26) at the age of 6‐10 years, and 45.80 (95% CI: 29.69‐70.64) at the age of 11‐15 years.

Conclusion

Children with JIA were at an increased risk of developing RA, AS, psoriatic disease, and SLE in adulthood.
The Future Development of Schools of Public Policy: Five Major Trends
Authors: Knott Jack H.
Published: February 2019

I argue that five major trends have affected the development of public policy schools. These trends include the rational bureaucracy approach of Max Weber and Woodrow Wilson, the application of behavioral and social science to administration with Herbert Simon and James March, as well as the more recent trends of the new public management's inter‐sector governance approach and anti‐government populism. As a result of these trends, schools in the United States typically fall into three categories: policy analysis schools, smaller public administration programs, and larger comprehensive and interdisciplinary schools. In my view, the most promising future for schools of public policy lies in the further development and expansion of these comprehensive schools, and this expansion is, in fact, necessary if we want to effectively and collaboratively address societal needs.
Right On, Helmut!
Authors: Moore Mark H.
Published: February 2019

There is much that is important for us to do that runs up against established academic traditions.