bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Holocene vegetation and biomass changes on the Tibetan Plateau – a model-pollen data comparison
Authors: Dallmeyer A. , Claussen M. , Herzschuh U. , Fischer N.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Results of a transient numerical experiment, performed in a coupled atmosphere-ocean-vegetation model with orbital forcing alone, are compared to pollen-based vegetation reconstructions from four representative sites on the Tibetan Plateau, covering the last 6000 years. Causes of the vegetation change and consequences for the biomass storage are analysed. In general, simulated and reconstructed vegetation trends at each site are in good agreement. Both methods reveal a general retreat of the biomass-rich vegetation that is particularly manifested in a strong decrease of forests. However, model and reconstructions differ with regard to the climatic factors causing this vegetation change. The reconstructions primarily identify decreasing summer monsoon precipitation as the responsible mechanism for the vegetation shift. In the model, the land cover change originates from differences in near-surface air temperature arising out of orbitally-induced insolation changes. According to the model results, the averaged forest fraction on the Plateau is shrinking by almost one-third from mid-Holocene (41.4%) to present-day (28.3%). Shrubs, whose fraction is quadrupled at present-day (12.3%), replace most of this forest. Gras fraction increases from 38.9% during the mid-Holocene to 42.3% at present-day. This land cover change results in a decrease of living biomass by 0.62 kgC m−2. Total biomass on the Tibetan Plateau decreases by 1.9 kgC m−2, i.e. approx. 6.64 PgC are released due to the natural land cover change.
Birmingham Hip Resurfacing in Patients who are Seventy Years of Age or Older
Authors: Carrothers Andrew D. , Gilbert Robin E. , Richardson James B.
Published: March 2011

There is no published literature to support mid to long term results of hip resurfacing (HR) arthroplasty in patients over the age of 70 years. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the function HR in this age group (70 or older at the time of surgery) at medium to long term follow-up.

Between July 1997 and November 2002, the Oswestry Outcome Centre independently and prospectively collected data on 5000 Birmingham Hip Resurfacings (BHRs). 106 had been implanted in elderly patients who were 70 years of age or older. The post-operative Harris and Merle D'Aubigné and Postel (MDP) hip scores and causes for revision were used to ascertain function and implant survival. Hip scores for the older BHR patients were compared with those from younger patients.

The average age at surgery of the elderly BHR cohort was 73.2 years (range, 70.0 to 87.9 years) with a mean follow-up of 7.1 years (range, 0.5 to 10.9 years). Four patients had a femoral neck fracture and required conversion to a conventional total hip replacement. There were no patients lost to follow-up and no dislocations in this series.

The median Harris hip score (HHS) was significantly better in the younger BHR group compared with the elderly BHR group, (96 vs. 94 p=0.008). There was no significant difference in recovery rates after surgery. There was a significantly higher rate of revision in women than men among the elderly patients (male= 1 of 65 (1.5%); women = 3 of 19 (15.8%), p=0.03). At latest follow-up the elderly patients continued to function well when compared with the younger BHR patients.

There was a high mid to long term success rate after HR in patients who were 70 years of age or older, without the failure burden possibly anticipated. Elderly patients had a poorer functional outcome, but a difference in HHS of two points may be of only minor clinical significance.
Prevention Better than Cure. Avoiding Steal Syndrome with Proximal Radial or Ulnar Arteriovenous Fistulae
Authors: Whittaker Laura , Bakran Ali
Published: March 2011

Background

Steal syndrome is a significant complication of arteriovenous fistulae (AVF). We wanted to assess an alternative technique to reduce the incidence of steal syndrome and add an extra option for vascular access for long-term hemodialysis patients.

Methods

All patients who underwent proximal radial or ulnar artery AVF between 2003 and 2007 were evaluated retrospectively.

Results

There were 58 patients, 35 men and 23 women, and the median age was 60 years (range 19–85 years). The proximal radial artery was used in 50 (89%) of cases and the ulnar artery in 8. Three fistulae (5%) failed in the first week, 3 others failed later, prior to use leading to a 90% successful patency rate. One diabetic patient developed steal syndrome and re-presented to the surgeons at a late stage when they had finger ulceration and it was decided to ligate the fistula in this case. Thus, the overall incidence of steal syndrome was low at 2%.

Conclusions

It is suggested that arterio-venous fistulae using proximal radial or ulnar arteries can be performed before brachio-cephalic fistulae since they offer long-term patency and reduced incidence of steal syndrome. Brachio-cephalic AVF can be performed subsequently if necessary.
Unusual Presentation of a Rare Tumor of the Dorsal Surface of the Foot
Authors: Hocar O. , Yacoubi H. , Akhdari N. , Amal S. , Ait Essi F. , Latifi M. , Rais H. , Belaabidia B.
Published: March 2011

Calcifying aponeurotic fibroma (CAF) was originally described by Keasbey in 1953 as juvenile aponeurotic fibroma, most commonly occurring in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet in children and adolescents. It usually presents as a firm, painless mass without preceding trauma. We report a case of this rare condition with an unusual presentation in a 60-year-old woman affecting the dorsal surface of the foot. It is a relatively benign condition with a good prognosis following complete surgical excision. It may have a slightly increased incidence in males. The accurate diagnosis is based only on histology but it is essential to differentiate it from other sinister lesions such as fibrosarcoma that may lead to amputation.
Found But Not Lost: A Skeptical Note on the Document
Discovered in the Temple under Josiah
Authors: Henige David
Published: March 2011

In this paper I look at the famous story of the finding of
the “book of the law” in the temple during the reign of Josiah. Adopting a
pragmatic/plausible approach and keeping in mind the biblical testimony about
earlier circumstances in Judah, I argue that the story as we have it lacks
inherent plausibility and should be rejected as an etiological invention,
whether or not of the time. None of the various scenarios that could explain its
disappearance can also serve to explain why it remained hidden for so long, only
to be discovered at just the right moment to provide a willing Josiah with the
justification to begin a cultic reform program.
Revisiting the Composition of Ezra-Nehemiah: In Conversation
with Jacob Wright’s Rebuilding Identity: The Nehemiah Memoir and its Earliest
Readers (BZAW, 348; Berlin: de Gruyter, 2004)
Authors: Knoppers Gary N. , Knoppers Gary N. , Fulton Deirdre N. , Carr David M. , Klein Ralph W. , Wright Jacob L.
Published: March 2011

This conversation with Jacob L. Wright, Rebuilding
Identity: The Nehemiah Memoir and its Earliest Readers (BZAW, 348; Berlin: de
Gruyter, 2004) began in a special session of the Chronicles-Ezra-Nehemiah
section that was held at the national meeting of the Society of Biblical
Literature in November 2006 (Washington, DC). It includes an introduction by the
editor and contributions by Deirdre N. Fulton, David M. Carr, Ralph W. Klein and
a response by Jacob L. Wright.
Crime Scene Investigation: A Text-Critical Mystery and the
Strange Death of Ishbosheth
Authors: Bodner Keith
Published: March 2011

The troublesome reign of Ishbosheth comes to a graphic
conclusion when he is assassinated – audaciously, at midday while reclining on a
couch in his own house – by two of his own captains, the brothers Rechab and
Baanah. That Ishbosheth is assassinated (while sleeping in his house at high
noon) there is no doubt: the guilty confess, are charged, and duly executed. But
the puzzle is how exactly the murder takes place – and this is subject of my
analysis – as there are significant discrepancies between the Hebrew and Greek
texts. This article surveys a number of “solutions” posited by scholars and
evaluate various attempts that have been made to resolve this text-critical
mystery. I then move toward a conclusion by summarizing the key differences
between the MT and LXX in this passage and discussing some of the literary
implications that emerge when these textual trajectories are compared. As a
witness to the murder, the LXX provides an exciting and compelling testimony,
but the MT account features several important details that cannot be ignored in
light of the larger storyline.
Rereading Oracles of God: Twenty Years After John Barton,
Oracles of God: Perceptions of Prophecy in Israel after the Exile (London:
Darton, Longman and Todd, 1986)
Authors: Ben Zvi Ehud , Ben Zvi Ehud , Davies Philip R. , Kugel James , Najmann Hindy , Barton John
Published: March 2011

This conversation with John Barton, Oracles of God:
Perceptions of Prophecy in Israel after the Exile (London: Darton, Longman and
Todd, 1986) began in a special session of the research program "Israel and the
Production and Reception of Authoritative Books in the Persian and Hellenistic
Periods" that was held at the annual meeting of the European Association of
Biblical Studies (Vienna, 2007). It includes an introduction by the editor and
contributions by Philip R. Davies, James Kugel, Hindy Najman and a response by
John Barton.
The Unlikely Malachi-Jonah Sequence (4QXIIa)
Authors: Guillaume Philippe
Published: March 2011

Many studies on the formation of the collection of the
Twelve Minor Prophets take for granted that the 4QXIIa manuscript provides
evidence that the Book of Jonah stood at the end of a scroll of the Twelve and
that this sequence could have been the original one. Examination of the
reconstruction of the scroll published in the DJD XV volume reveals that the
Malachi-Jonah sequence is highly hypothetical and should not be considered as
firm evidence.
Keeping It Literal: The Economy of the Song of Songs
Authors: Boer Roland
Published: March 2011

This essay seeks the underlying worldview of the Song of
Songs. It does so in three steps. Firstly, over against the widespread
assumption that the metaphors of the Song of Songs refer to human erotic love,
or indeed the older assumption that they are allegories for the relations
between God and Israel, or God and the Church, this article asks what happens
when we break such metaphoric connections. In other words, what happens if we
take the metaphors at face value? Secondly, once the metaphors are freed from
their links with human erotic love, they take on a life of their own, one of
fecund and fertile nature. The third step involves an exploration of what the
worldview of such a fecund nature might be. My suggestion is that it may be
understood as a utopian element – nature producing freely and of its own accord
– of what I call the sacred economy.
Expatriates, Repatriates, and the Question of Zion’s Status –
In Conversation with Melody D. Knowles, Centrality Practiced: Jerusalem in the
Religious Practices of Yehud and the Diaspora in the Persian Period
Authors: Knoppers Gary N. , Fulton Deirdre N. , Janzen David , Klein Ralph W. , Knowles Melody D.
Published: March 2011

This conversation with Melody D. Knowles, Centrality
Practiced: Jerusalem in the Religious Practices of Yehud and the Diaspora in the
Persian Period (Atlanta, SBL, 2006) began in a special session of the
Chronicles-Ezra-Nehemiah section that was held at the national meeting of the
Society of Biblical Literature in November 2006 (Washington, DC). It includes an
introduction by the editor and contributions by Deirdre N. Fulton, David Janzen,
Ralph W. Klein and a response by Melody D. Knowles.
Wilms tumor in a patient with 22q11.2 microdeletion
Authors: Finch Paul T. , Pivnick Eniko K. , Furman Wayne , Odom Christine C.
Published: March 2011

22q11.2 deletion syndrome is the most common microdeletion syndrome. Wilms tumor is one of the most common solid tumors in childhood yet 22q11.2 deletion and Wilms tumor only once have been reported in the same patient. Here we describe a young patient with subtle clinical findings suggestive of 22q11.2 at the time of diagnosis who subsequently developed Wilms tumor. We assert the importance of a low threshold for screening for 22q11.2 deletion and the associated phenotypes and maintaining vigilance in screening for common primary malignancies in patients with known 22q11.2 deletion. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular systematics and phylogeography ofCebus capucinus(Cebidae, Primates) in Colombia and Costa Rica by means of the mitochondrial COII gene
Authors: Ruiz‐Garcia Manuel , Castillo Maria Ignacia , Ledezma Andrea , Leguizamon Norberto , Sánchez Ronald , Chinchilla Misael , Gutierrez‐Espeleta Gustavo A.
Published: March 2011

We propose the first molecular systematic hypothesis for the origin and evolution ofCebus capucinusbased on an analysis of 710 base pairs (bp) of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII) mitochondrial gene in 121C. capucinusspecimens sampled in the wild. The animals came from the borders of Guatemala and Belize, Costa Rica, and eight different departments of Colombia (Antioquia, Chocó, Sucre, Bolivar, Córdoba, Magdalena, Cauca, and Valle del Cauca). Three different and significant haplotype lineages were found in Colombia living sympatrically in the same departments. They all presented high levels of gene diversity but the third Colombian gene pool was determined likely to be the most ancestral lineage. The second Colombian mitochondrial (mt) haplogroup is likely the source of origin of the unique Central America mt haplogroup that was detected. Our molecular population genetics data do not agree with the existence of two well‐defined subspecies in Central America (limitaneusandimitator). This Central America mt haplogroup showed significantly less genetic diversity than the Colombian mt haplogroups. All theC. capucinusanalyzed showed evidence of historical population expansions. The temporal splits among these fourC. capucinuslineages were related to the completion of the Panamanian land bridge as well as to climatic changes during the Quaternary Period. Am. J. Primatol. 74:366–380, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predation risk and the interspecific association of two Brazilian Atlantic forest primates inCabrucaagroforest
Authors: Oliveira Leonardo C. , Dietz James M.
Published: March 2011

Forming interspecific associations is one of many strategies adopted by primates in order to avoid predation. In addition to improved predator detection and avoidance, benefits of interspecific associations relate to improved foraging efficiency. In this study we tested these two hypotheses explaining associations between the endangered golden‐headed lion tamarin,Leontopithecus chrysomelasand the sympatric Wied's marmoset,Callithrix kuhlii. We estimated predation risk by recording the number of encounters between lion tamarins and potential predators incabrucaagroforest (shaded cacao plantation) and in mosaic forest (a mix ofcabruca, primary and secondary forest). To evaluate if the association between the two species was related to foraging benefits we recorded the number of associations between the two species when the lion tamarins were eating and when they were not eating. To test if the association occurred to improve predator detection and avoidance, we evaluated if associations between the species were more frequent in areas with higher predation risk and during the part of the day when predation risk is higher. We also compared the number of associations 3 months before birth events and 3 months after, when the lion tamarins are more susceptible to predation. Predation risk, mainly by raptors, was significantly higher incabrucathan in mosaic forest (0.17 and 0.05 encounters with predators per hour of observation, respectively). Associations were significantly more frequent after birth events and during the part of the day when predation risk was also higher (5–6 am until noon). We did not observe any direct evidence of foraging‐related advantages of interspecific associations for the lion tamarins. The tamarins did not associate more when they were foraging. Our findings suggest that lion tamarins are more exposed to predation incabrucathan in mosaic forest and associations between lion tamarins and Wied's marmosets are related to predation avoidance. Am. J. Primatol. 73:852–860, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zintl‐Ionen, Käfigverbindungen und intermetalloide Cluster der Elemente der 14. und 15. Gruppe
Authors: Scharfe Sandra , Kraus Florian , Stegmaier Saskia , Schier Annette , Fässler Thomas F.
Published: March 2011

Lange Zeit betrachtete man die Zintl‐Ionen der Elemente der 14. und 15. Gruppe für bemerkenswerte, in der Festkörperchemie angesiedelte Spezies, die einerseits durch ihre unerwarteten Zusammensetzungen und faszinierenden Strukturen auffielen, andererseits aber von nur eingeschränkter Bedeutung waren. Neue Aufmerksamkeit erfuhren die Zintl‐Ionen, als man feststellte, dass diese in festen Zintl‐Phasen vorgeformten Spezies aus ihrem Kristallverband extrahiert, in geeigneten Solventien gelöst und damit als Reaktanten und Bausteine in der Lösungschemie verfügbar gemacht werden können. Der steile Anstieg von Forschungsaktivitäten in diesem Gebiet führte zu einer Fülle neuer Verbindungen, beispielsweise durch Funktionalisierung dieser Zintl‐Ionen mit organischen Gruppen und metallorganischen Fragmenten, durch oxidative Kupplungsreaktionen unter Bildung von Dimeren, Oligomeren und Polymeren oder durch Einlagerung von Metallatomen, wobei endohedrale Cluster und intermetallische Verbindungen gebildet werden, von denen einige vielversprechende Perspektiven für Anwendungen in den Materialwissenschaften zeigen. Dieser Aufsatz berichtet über die enormen Fortschritte in der Chemie der Zintl‐Ionen mit Hauptaugenmerk auf deren Herstellung, Eigenschaften, Strukturen und theoretischer Beschreibung.
Zintl Ions, Cage Compounds, and Intermetalloid Clusters of Group 14 and Group 15 Elements
Authors: Scharfe Sandra , Kraus Florian , Stegmaier Saskia , Schier Annette , Fässler Thomas F.
Published: March 2011

For a long time, Zintl ions of Group 14 and 15 elements were considered to be remarkable species domiciled in solid‐state chemistry that have unexpected stoichiometries and fascinating structures, but were of limited relevance. The revival of Zintl ions was heralded by the observation that these species, preformed in solid‐state Zintl phases, can be extracted from the lattice of the solids and dissolved in appropriate solvents, and thus become available as reactants and building blocks in solution chemistry. The recent upsurge of research activity in this fast‐growing field has now provided a rich plethora of new compounds, for example by substitution of these Zintl ions with organic groups and organometallic fragments, by oxidative coupling reactions leading to dimers, oligomers, or polymers, or by the inclusion of metal atoms under formation of endohedral cluster species and intermetalloid compounds; some of these species have good prospects in applications in materials science. This Review presents the enormous progress that has been made in Zintl ion chemistry with an emphasis on syntheses, properties, structures, and theoretical treatments.
Ethylene/α‐olefin copolymerization by nonbridged (cyclopentadienyl)(aryloxy)titanium(IV) dichloride/AliBu3/Ph3CB(C6F5)4 catalyst systems
Authors: Li Hongchun , Niu Yongsheng
Published: March 2011

A series of nonbridged (cyclopentadienyl) (aryloxy)titanium(IV) complexes of the type, (η5‐Cp′)(OAr)TiCl2 [OAr = O‐2,4,6‐tBu3C6H2 and Cp′ = Me5C5 (1), Me4PhC5 (2), and 1,2‐Ph2‐4‐MeC5H2 (3)], were prepared and used for the copolymerization of ethylene with α‐olefins (e.g., 1‐hexene, 1‐octene, and 1‐octadecene) in presence of AliBu3 and Ph3CB(C6F5)4 (TIBA/B). The effect of the catalyst structure, comonomer, and reaction conditions on the catalytic activity, comonomer incorporation, and molecular weight of the produced copolymers was examined. The substituents on the cyclopentadienyl group of the ligand in 1–3 play an important role in the catalytic activity and comonomer incorporation. The 1/TIBA/B catalyst system exhibits the highest catalytic activity, while the 3/TIBA/B catalyst system yields copolymers with the highest comonomer incorporation under the same conditions. The reactivity ratio product values are smaller than those by ordinary metallocene type, which indicates that the copolymerization of ethylene with 1‐hexene, 1‐octene, and 1‐octadecene by the 1–3/TIBA/B catalyst systems does not proceed in a random manner. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effect of thermal aging on the mechanical and barrier properties of an e‐PTFE/Nomex® moisture membrane used in firefighters' protective suits
Authors: El Aidani Rachid , Dolez Patricia I. , Vu‐Khanh Toan
Published: March 2011

Moisture membranes play a key role in high performance protective clothing by preventing outside water to get in while allowing the human body to perspire properly. However, these membranes are confronted to high environmental constraints, in particular within firefighters' protective clothing. The resulting aging effect may lead to modifications of their performances, for example their mechanical or barrier properties. In this study, the thermal aging of an e‐PTFE/Nomex® moisture membrane was carried out at five temperatures between 190 and 320°C. The effect of aging on the mechanical performance was assessed by tensile tests and trapezoid tear strength measurements. Variation in the moisture membrane water vapor permeability due to aging was also studied. Large modifications in the membrane mechanical properties as a result of thermal aging were recorded. It was associated in part with a degradation of the Nomex® fibers. The membrane water vapor permeability was observed to decrease with aging time below 220°C while values larger than those corresponding to the unaged material were measured above that temperature. This was possibly related to the occurrence of two competing phenomena relative to water vapor permeability: closure of pores in the e‐PTFE laminate and creation of cracks and holes. These results show that the aging of the moisture membrane must be considered carefully while estimating the service life of protective clothing. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Microfluidic formation of monodispersed spherical microgels composed of triple‐network crosslinking
Authors: Zhang Hanwei , Betz Amy , Qadeer Aisha , Attinger Daniel , Chen Weiliam
Published: March 2011

A microfluidic emulsification method for producing monodispersed microgels from a triple interpenetrating network (3XN) hydrogel was reported. This 3XN system is comprised of minimally modified natural GRAS materials, partially oxidized dextran (Odex), Teleostean, and N‐carboxyethyl chitosan (CEC), without the need of utilizing extraneous crosslinkers or photo‐initiators, which has been proved to be a novel biodegradable and mechanically strong in‐situ gelable hydrogel systems. A microfluidic chip was specifically designed to produce microgels from the 3XN hydrogel system. The study shows that microfluidic emulsification method could yield microgels with better size and morphology than the conventional in‐emulsion‐crosslinking method, and the size of microgels could be modulated by simply adjusting the flow rates of the oil and/or the individual precursor fluids. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis, characterization, and mechanical property of poly(urethane‐glycidyl methacrylate‐methyl methacrylate) hybrid polymers
Authors: Lee Jung Min , Kim Joon‐Seop , Cheong In Woo , Kim Jung Hyun
Published: March 2011

Hybrid particles of polyurethane (PU) containing a number of small poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanoparticles inside were prepared using glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) monomer as a linker between PU and PMMA; the resulting polymers were poly (urethane‐glycidyl methacrylate‐methyl methacrylate) (PUGM). It was found that the average particle size (Dp) of the PU particles decreased by the inclusion of PMMA particles possibly owing to the low‐solution viscosity of PU. However, Dp of the PUGM hybrid particles increased with increasing the number of covalent bonds between PMMA and PU, which might be due to decreasing the amount of ionic groups per PU chain. Subsequently, the tensile properties of the films made of the PUGM hybrid particles were investigated. It was observed that the modulus of the PU films increased upon the addition of PMMA particle because of a filler effect. In addition, it was seen that the modulus of PUGM hybrid films increased further with increasing the number of covalent bonds. This was attributed to “restricted mobility” of PU chains anchored to the PMMA particles. It was also observed that the tensile strength changed only slightly for PUGM particles, suggesting that the PU matrix was probably responsible for the necking behavior of the films. The elongation of the samples was found to depend on both the presence of covalent bonds between the PMMA particles and PU matrix and the reduced mobility of the PU chains anchored to PMMA particles. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effect of Sympathetic Nerves on Proliferation of Splenic Lymphocytes and Antioxidant Function of Maternal Spleen in Early Pregnant Mice
Authors: Bai Yongping , Wang Tie , Wang Zixu , Cao Jing , Dong Yulan , Chen Yaoxing
Published: March 2011

Sympathetic regulation plays an important role in fetal survival and development during early pregnancy. Maternal adaptations to pregnancy may involve changes of the spleen in its structure, size, and function. This study was therefore designed to investigate the effects of sympathetic nerves on these adaptations in the maternal spleen of mice during early pregnancy. The adult female mice were intraperitoneally injected with neurotoxin 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) for 5 consecutive days to selectively destroy the sympathetic nerves. The results were as follows: (1) the splenic weight was reduced in the 6‐OHDA group by 10.9%–13.0% at E5–E9 (P < 0.05) when compared with the control group. (2) The splenic nodule and periarterial lymphatic sheath of the 6‐OHDA‐treated mice were smaller than those of control mice. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen positive cells of 6‐OHDA‐treated group were decreased by 10.9%–16.2% (P < 0.05) at E1–E9. (3) Lymphocyte proliferation indices in response to concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the 6‐OHDA group. (4) When compared with control mice, the superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities of 6‐OHDA‐treated mice were decreased by 14.3%–21.9% (P < 0.05) at E1–E9 and 17.4%–25.0% (P < 0.05) at E3–E9, respectively. In contrast, the malondialdehyde content of 6‐OHDA group was increased by 10.6%–38.6% (P < 0.05) at E3–E9. The results demonstrated the regulation of pregnancy‐dependent adaptations in the spleen through the sympathetic nerve activity. Anat Rec,, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oviductal Structure and Ultrastructure of the Oviparous Gecko, Hemidactylus mabouia (Moreau De Jonnès, 1818)
Authors: Nogueira Katiane de Oliveira Pinto Coelho , Rodrigues Sirlene Souza , Araújo Vinícius Albano , Neves Clóvis Andrade
Published: March 2011

Lizards of the family Gekkonidae display a variety of reproductive patterns, as evidenced by the presence of viviparous and oviparous species. The species Hemidactylus mabouia is oviparous. We examined, in vitellogenic females, oviductal structure by light microscopy after routine histological and histochemical techniques, as well as by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The oviduct is composed of four different regions: the infundibulum, which opens into the coelomic cavity and receives the oocyte released at the time of ovulation; the uterine tube, where sperm storage takes place; the uterus, which is responsible for the eggshell production; and the vagina, the final portion of the oviduct that leads to the cloaca. The oviductal structure of H. mabouia is similar to that of other oviparous lizard species and can be useful for morphological comparative analysis among reptile species. Anat Rec,, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Potential For Intracranial Movements in Pterosaurs
Authors: Prondvai Edina , Ősi Attila
Published: March 2011

Based on comparative anatomical, morphological, and phylogenetic considerations the potential of pterosaurs for cranial kinesis is assessed. Our investigation shows that whereas skeletally mature derived pterodactyloids have completely fused, rigid and doubtlessly akinetic skulls, skeletally immature derived pterodactyloids and more basal pterosaurs possess key features in the morphology of their otic and basal joints that are suggestive of cranial kinesis, namely streptostyly. In addition, pterosaurs exhibit an evolutionarily informative trend in the degree of cranial ossification, where it is low in most nonpterodactyloids (here named bifenestratans), intermediate in Rhamphorhynchus and Archaeopterodactyloidea, and high in derived pterodactyloids. Incomplete fusion could also indicate loose connections between skull elements. However, another crucial anatomical requirement of a kinetic skull, the permissive kinematic linkage is absent in all pterosaurian taxa. The fact, that the presence of permissive kinematic linkages in the skull is also a prerequisite of all types of cranial kinesis, provides hard evidence that all members of Pterosauria had akinetic skulls. Thus, the presence of the morphological attributes indicative of intracranial movements in some pterosaurs must be explained on grounds other than real potential for cranial kinesis. It could either be of mechanical or ontogenetic importance, or both. Alternatively, it might be considered as the morphological remnant of a real, kinetic skull possessed by the diapsid ancestors of pterosaurs. Anat Rec, , 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The simplex algorithm for the rapid identification of operating conditions during early bioprocess development: Case studies in FAb' precipitation and multimodal chromatography
Authors: Chhatre Sunil , Konstantinidis Spyridon , Ji Yu , Edwards‐Parton Simon , Zhou Yuhong , Titchener‐Hooker Nigel J.
Published: March 2011

This study describes a data‐driven algorithm as a rapid alternative to conventional Design of Experiments (DoE) approaches for identifying feasible operating conditions during early bioprocess development. In general, DoE methods involve fitting regression models to experimental data, but if model fitness is inadequate then further experimentation is required to gain more confidence in the location of an optimum. This can be undesirable during very early process development when feedstock is in limited supply and especially if a significant percentage of the tested conditions are ultimately found to be sub‐optimal. An alternative approach involves focusing solely upon the feasible regions by using the knowledge gained from each condition to direct the choice of subsequent test locations that lead towards an optimum. To illustrate the principle, this study describes the application of the Simplex algorithm which uses accumulated knowledge from previous test points to direct the choice of successive conditions towards better regions. The method is illustrated by two case studies; a two variable precipitation example investigating how salt concentration and pH affect FAb' recovery from E. coli homogenate and a three‐variable chromatography example identifying the optimal pH and concentrations of two salts in an elution buffer used to recover ovine antibody bound to a multimodal cation exchange matrix. Two‐level and face‐centered central composite regression models were constructed for each study and statistical analysis showed that they provided a poor fit to the data, necessitating additional experimentation to confirm the robust regions of the search space. By comparison, the Simplex algorithm identified a good operating point using 50% and 70% fewer conditions for the precipitation and chromatography studies, respectively. Hence, data‐driven approaches have significant potential for early process development when material supply is at a premium. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108:2162–2170. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detoxification of a lignocellulosic biomass slurry by soluble polyelectrolyte adsorption for improved fermentation efficiency
Authors: Carter Brian , Squillace Phillip , Gilcrease Patrick C. , Menkhaus Todd J.
Published: March 2011

This study investigated the detoxification of a dilute acid pretreated Ponderosa pine slurry using the polyelectrolyte polyethyleneimine (PEI). The addition of polyelectrolyte to remove enzymatic and/or fermentation inhibitory compounds, that is, acetic acid, furfural, and 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), was performed either before or after enzymatic hydrolysis to determine the optimal process sequence. Negligible acetic acid, glucose, and xylose were removed regardless of where in the process the polymer addition was made. Maximum furfural and HMF separation was achieved with the addition of PEI to a clarified pre‐enzymatic hydrolysis liquor, which showed that 88.3% of furfural and 66.4% of HMF could be removed. On the other hand, only 23.1% and 13.4% of furfural and HMF, respectively, were removed from a post‐enzymatic hydrolysis sample; thus, the effects of enzymes, glucose, and wood solids on inhibitor removal were also investigated. The presence of solid particles >0.2 µm and unknown soluble components <10 kDa reduced inhibitory compound removal, but the presence of elevated glucose levels and enzymes (cellulases) did not affect the separation. The fermentability of detoxified versus undetoxified hydrolysate was also investigated. An ethanol yield of 92.6% of theoretical was achieved with Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermenting the detoxified hydrolyzate, while no significant ethanol was produced in the undetoxified hydrolyzate. These results indicate that PEI may provide a practical alternative for furan removal and detoxification of lignocellolosic hydrolysates, and that application before enzymatic hydrolysis minimizes separation interferences. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108:2053–2060. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Process considerations for the asymmetric synthesis of chiral amines using transaminases
Authors: Tufvesson Pär , Lima‐Ramos Joana , Jensen Jacob S. , Al‐Haque Naweed , Neto Watson , Woodley John M.
Published: March 2011

Biocatalytic transamination is being established as key tool for the production of chiral amine pharmaceuticals and precursors due to its excellent enantioselectivity as well as green credentials. Recent examples demonstrate the potential for developing economically competitive processes using a combination of modern biotechnological tools for improving the biocatalyst alongside using process engineering and integrated separation techniques for improving productivities. However, many challenges remain in order for the technology to be more widely applicable, such as technologies for obtaining high yields and productivities when the equilibrium of the desired reaction is unfavorable. This review summarizes both the process challenges and the strategies used to overcome them, and endeavors to describe these and explain their applicability based on physiochemical principles. This article also points to the interaction between the solutions and the need for a process development strategy based on fundamental principles. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1479–1493. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reduced activity and cytoplasmic localization of Runx2 is observed in C3h10t1/2 cells overexpressing Tbx3
Authors: Deepak Vishwa , Zhang Zhongli , Meng Lingyi , Zeng Xianlu , Liu Wenguang
Published: March 2011

Tbox3, a T‐box containing transcription factor, has been reported to negatively regulate osteoblastogenesis. Here, we studied the effects mediated by Tbx3 on the master osteogenic transcription factor Runx2 in C3h10t1/2 cells. Dual‐luciferase assay results showed that Tbx3 interferes in the Runx2‐mediated activation of osteopontin promoter by abrogating Runx2 activity. Immunofluorescence study demonstrated that Runx2 was simultaneously localized in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of Tbx3‐overexpressing cells. The results obtained in this study indicate that Tbx3 abrogates Runx2 activity and elevated expression levels of Tbx3 in the cells can result in mislocalization of Runx2. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Child pornography offenders detected by surveillance of the Internet and by other methods
Authors: Nielssen Olav , O'Dea Jeremy , Sullivan Danny , Rodriguez Marcelo , Bourget Dominique , Large Matthew
Published: March 2011

Background

Availability of child pornography on the Internet has created new opportunities for offending. It has been noted that many people charged with offences relating to this had not previously been identified as sexual offenders against children.

Aim

Our aim was to compare the characteristics of people charged with child pornography offences as a result of police monitoring of the Internet with those detected by other means. We hypothesised that those apprehended via the Internet would be more likely to be older and less likely to have severe psychiatric disorder or to have been previously charged with a sexual offence involving contact with a child than those identified by other means.

Methods

Data were extracted from the findings of clinical examinations by the authors either in the course of preparing reports for court, or in the course of providing treatment.

Results

There were 52 men detected by police Internet surveillance and 53 men detected by other means, the latter including 16 men who had not been charged with an offence at the time of referral. Those detected via the Internet were more likely to be in possession of very large quantities of child pornography. Those detected by other means were more likely to have major psychiatric and substance abuse disorders and to report childhood sexual abuse. A subgroup analysis of the 89 people who were facing charges at the time of the assessment found that the only significant differences were in the amount of material and the history of sexual abuse.

Conclusions

The men recruited to this study, conducted over a period of nearly 10 years, reflect the changing nature of the technology used to commit this type of offence in that time. The characteristics of the subjects did not confirm the stereotype of an Internet child pornography offender who was high functioning and otherwise well adjusted and carried a low risk of other types of offences. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of offending trajectories on health: disability, hospitalisation and death in middle‐aged men in the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development
Authors: Piquero Alex R. , Shepherd Iona , Shepherd Jonathan P. , Farrington David P.
Published: March 2011

Background

An anti‐social lifestyle has been found to be associated with a higher likelihood of injury but a lower likelihood of organic illness up to the age of 32 years. It is not known if these associations persist into the fifth decade nor whether adverse health conditions are differently distributed across distinct offending trajectories.

Hypotheses

Hypotheses were that adverse health outcomes by the age of 48 years would vary across distinct trajectories and specifically that poor health would be most pronounced amongst the highest‐rate chronic offenders, even after controlling for childhood individual and environmental risk factors.

Methods

Injury and illness data were collected prospectively from boys of age 8 years in the course of the longitudinal Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development.

Results

By the age of 48 years, offending trajectories differed significantly from one another on two specific health outcomes: being registered disabled and hospitalisation. High‐rate chronic offenders had the highest risk for both of these outcomes. Logistic regression modelling ruled out individual or environmental childhood risk factors for offending as a likely common cause of the health problems.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that high‐rate chronic offending may in itself create the substrate for hospitalisation and registered disability. We express some caution about the limitations imposed on the research by the small size of this specific group of interest, but suggest that the findings may indicate a case for the various agencies likely to be involved with such men – health, social services and the criminal justice system – working together in a public health model to focus on improving the chances of limiting offending to adolescence within the sub‐group of persons at high risk for life‐course persistent offending. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties of In‐Doped Cd2SnO4 Thin Films by Spray Pyrolysis Method.
Authors: Kumaravel R. , Ramamurthi K.
Published: March 2011

Highly conducting, transparent In‐doped Cd2SnO4 (1—5 wt.% In) films are prepared by spray pyrolysis of aqueous solutions containing Ca(OAc)2, SnCl2, and InCl3 on glass substrates at 525 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of Ferroelectric Properties in Diammonium Hypodiphosphate (NH4)2H2P2O6 (ADhP).
Authors: Szklarz Przemyslaw , Chanski Michal , Slepokura Katarzyna , Lis Tadeusz
Published: March 2011

The title compound is prepared by addition of stoichiometric amounts of (NH4)2CO3 to an aqueous solution of H4P2O6.
ChemInform Abstract: Influence of Chromium Substitution on Structural and Magnetic Properties of BaFe12O19 Powder Prepared by Sol—Gel Auto Combustion Method.
Authors: Dhage Vinod N. , Mane M. L. , Babrekar M. K. , Kale C. M. , Jadhav K. M.
Published: March 2011

BaFe12‐xCrxO19 (x = 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00) compounds are synthesized from aqueous solutions of Ba(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3, Cr(NO3)3, and citric acid by a sol—gel auto combustion technique, followed by sintering at 900 °C for 8 h.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Active and Sintering‐Resistant Au/FeOx—Hydroxyapatite Catalyst for CO Oxidation.
Authors: Zhao Kunfeng , Qiao Botao , Wang Junhu , Zhang Yanjie , Zhang Tao
Published: March 2011

A FeOx modified hydroxyapatite supported Au catalyst, Au/FeOx—Ca10(PO4)6 (OH)2, is prepared by a simple deposition—precipitation method.
ChemInform Abstract: Nine‐Coordinated Ag+ Ion in a Diamondoid 3D All‐Inorganic Framework Constructed from α‐Metatungstate Anions and Ag+ Ions: Synthesis and Structure of [{Ag(H2O)3 (BuiNH2) 4}2Na2H2 (H2W12O40)]·4H2O.
Authors: Yang Xiao‐Dan , Chen Ya‐Guang , Zhang Chun‐Jing , Kong Qing‐Jiao , Yao Feng
Published: March 2011

The title compound is synthesized from an aqueous solution of AgNO3, (NH4)6[H2W12O40], NaOH, and nicotinic acid (pH 3.1, 80 °C, 1 h, 34% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Catalyzed Intramolecular C—N and C—O Cross‐Coupling Reactions: Synthesis of Benzimidazoles and Benzoxazoles.
Authors: Saha Prasenjit , Ali Md Ashif , Ghosh Pokhraj , Punniyamurthy Tharmalingam
Published: March 2011

The protocol is general, air stable and affords the products selectively in moderate to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Rh2(S‐DOSP)4‐Catalyzed Cyclopropenation of Alkynes with Styryldiazoacetates.
Authors: Briones John F. , Hansen Joern , Hardcastle Kenneth I. , Autschbach Jochen , Davies Huw M. L.
Published: March 2011

Arylvinyldiazoacetates smoothly undergo highly enantioselective Rh‐catalyzed cyclopropenation reaction with terminal alkynes to give stable enantioenriched vinylcyclopropenes with quaternary stereocenter, e.g. (III) and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Microwave Assisted Synthesis under Green Chemistry Conditions, Antioxidant Screening, and Cytotoxicity Assessments of Benzimidazole Schiff Bases and Pyrimido[1,2‐a]benzimidazol‐3(4H)‐ones.
Authors: Neochoritis Constantinos G. , Zarganes‐Tzitzikas Tryfon , Tsoleridis Constantinos A. , Stephanidou‐Stephanatou Julia , Kontogiorgis Christos A. , Hadjipavlou‐Litina Dimitra J. , Choli‐Papadopoulou Theodora
Published: March 2011

A direct method for the synthesis of title compounds (III), (V), and (VI) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid and Efficient Protection of Alcohols and Phenols, and Deprotection of Trimethylsilyl Ethers Catalyzed by a Cerium‐Containing Polyoxometalate.
Authors: Yadollahi Bahram , Mirkhani Valiollah , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Karimian Davud
Published: March 2011

An efficient protocol for the protection of aromatic and aliphatic alcohols as Tms ethers is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed Hydroiodination of Functionalized Alkynes.
Authors: Ez‐Zoubir Mehdi , Brown Jack A. , Ratovelomanana‐Vidal Virginie , Michelet Veronique
Published: March 2011

The Ir2Cl2(cod)2‐catalyzed treatment of functionalized alkynes with HI allows an efficient access to vinyl iodides.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium as a General Catalyst for the Decarbonylative Addition of Aldehydes to Alkynes.
Authors: Wang Jun , Guo Xiangyu , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: March 2011

The catalyst system efficiently promotes the formation of various alkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1‐Stannylated and 1‐Iodinated 1‐Chloroalkenes as Versatile Synthetic Intermediates.
Authors: Pratap Ramendra , Kazmaier Uli
Published: March 2011

Mo(CO)3(CN‐tBu)3‐catalyzed hydrostannation of chloroalkynes give 1‐stannylated 1‐chloroalkenes (III) and (VI) as sole or major products.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Introduction of a Tetrafluoroethylene (‐CF2CF2‐) Unit into Organic Molecules.
Authors: Konno Tsutomu , Takano Shinya , Takahashi Yoshikazu , Konishi Hideaki , Tanaka Yusuke , Ishihara Takashi
Published: March 2011

Reductive coupling of bromide (I) with aldehydes, ketones or imines in the presence of MeLi yields the corresponding tetrafluorobutene derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Tropos Biphenol Derived Chiral Thiophosphoramide Catalyzed Highly Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Michael Addition of Cyclic Ketones to Nitro Olefins.
Authors: Lu Aidang , Wu Ronghua , Wang Youming , Zhou Zhenghong , Wu Guiping , Fang Jianxin , Tang Chuchi
Published: March 2011

The new thiophosphoramide (I) is used as efficient bifunctional organocatalyst for the asymmetric Michael addition of cyclic ketones to nitro olefins.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Method for Aryl Nitro Reduction and Cleavage of Azo Compounds Using Iron Powder/Calcium Chloride.
Authors: Chandrappa S. , Vinaya K. , Ramakrishnappa T. , Rangappa K. S.
Published: March 2011

Both processes are promoted using a novel Fe/CaCl2 system.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel 1‐Glycosyl‐1H‐triazole‐Based P,N Ligand for Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrosilylation of Ketones.
Authors: Shen Chao , Zhang Peng‐Fei , Chen Xin‐Zhi
Published: March 2011

Several aromatic ketones are converted into the corresponding alcohols, albeit with moderate enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of Amines by Carbon Nitride Photocatalysis with Visible Light.
Authors: Su Fangzheng , Mathew Smitha C. , Moehlmann Lennart , Antonietti Markus , Wang Xinchen , Blechert Siegfied
Published: March 2011

Benzylic amines are efficiently oxidized to the corresponding imines under photolytic, metal‐free aerobic conditions using carbon nitride as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides to Aldehydes: Synthesis of anti α‐Amino‐β‐hydroxy Esters.
Authors: Danielsson Jakob , Toom Lauri , Somfai Peter
Published: March 2011

Azomethine ylides are generated by thermolysis of aziridines and adds to aldehydes.The obtained oxazolines are readily hydrolyzed to the corresponding anti‐α‐amino‐β‐alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Zinc‐Mediated Facile Synthesis of α,β‐Unsaturated Primary Amides.
Authors: Feng Sunlin , Zhang Zhiying , Jiang Shilei , Yu Xiaochun
Published: March 2011

An economic, convenient, and environmentally friendly one‐pot method for the title synthesis is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of Ferrocenyl Chelated Palladacycles as Catalysts for the Heck Reaction.
Authors: Sokolov V. I. , Bulygina L. A. , Khrushcheva N. S. , Ikonnikov N. S.
Published: March 2011

One, cf.