bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Semantic Clone Detection Based on Code Feature Fusion Learning
Authors: Zhang Qianjin , Jin Dahai , Wang Yawen , Gong Yunzhan
Published: May 2023

Code clones are duplicated code snippets that significantly threaten software maintenance and the public corpora of code representation learning. Traditionally, code context and its structure information abstract syntax tree (AST), control flow graph (CFG) are typical representations of source code, and context-based models and structure-based models contributed significantly to the development of code clone detection. In this paper, we present a hybrid embedding model for code clone detection (HEM-CCD), a fusion method of token sequential information and graph-based structure information. We insert tokens’ global context information encoded by a bi-directional recurrent neural network into the AST-based graph for comprehensive code semantic representation. Then, feeding the graph into a gated graph neural network we generate code semantic vectors for similarity evaluation. We have implemented our model on two public clone datasets (BigCloneBench and GoogleCodeJam), and the results indicate that HEM-CCD outperforms several state-of-the-art approaches.
A Case Study of Software Project Replacement: A Time Series Analysis
Authors: L’Erario Alexandre , Detoni Thiago Arahn , Duarte Alessandro Silveira
Published: May 2023

Enterprise software requires constant updates to keep it usable. These updates originate in correcting errors and mainly in new organizational demands. Over time, these demands generate a significant workload that becomes increasingly complex than the first requirements. For this reason, the organization providing the software may choose to continue updating the old product or make it obsolete and replace it with a new one. Identifying the ideal moment to carry out this migration involves, in addition to the costs of keeping the product obsolete for a while, the effort to develop a new one. This work addresses a case study that comprises fifteen years with two migrations of the software project. Due to the availability of the collection of activities performed by the development and support team, performed sequentially over time, the applicability of time series was possible. Furthermore, the historical base of the activities performed made it possible to use the time series decomposition to obtain its trend, seasonality and noise. Time series decomposition indicated many random events in the first migration, while in the second, the team self-regulated, but there were tension points. This study identified a preliminary model whose purpose is to determine when to develop a new software version.
Cross-Project Transfer Learning on Lightweight Code Semantic Graphs for Defect Prediction
Authors: Fang Dingbang , Liu Shaoying , Li Yang
Published: May 2023

A deep learning system (DLS) developed based on one software project for defect prediction may well be applied to the related code on the same project but is usually difficult to be applied to new or unknown software projects. To address this problem, we propose a Transferable Graph Convolutional Neural Network (TGCNN) that can learn defects from the lightweight semantic graphs of code and transfer the learned knowledge from the source project to the target project. We discuss how the semantic graph is constructed from code; how the TGCNN can learn from the graph; and how the learned knowledge can be transferred to a new or unknown project. We also conduct a controlled experiment to evaluate our method. The result shows that despite some limitations, our method performs considerably better than existing methods.
Understanding the Role of Stack Overflow in Supporting Software Development Tasks: A Research Perspective
Authors: Yang Wenhua , Shen Chaochao
Published: May 2023

Stack Overflow is a Q&A website that is popular among developers and extensively used in software engineering (SE) research. A significant body of research has examined how Stack Overflow can assist with software development tasks, such as recommending APIs. However, while researchers have recognized the importance of Stack Overflow in SE research related to software development tasks, the specific ways in which it is utilized and the reasons for its widespread usage in research have not been thoroughly explored. To address these knowledge gaps, we conducted the first study to understand the role of Stack Overflow in assisting with SE research regarding software development tasks by systematically examining relevant and high-quality research works. Meanwhile, we carried out a qualitative survey to gain insight into why researchers choose to utilize Stack Overflow in SE research and to solicit suggestions for the better use of Stack Overflow in research. The study identifies trends in the research area, prominent researchers and organizations, and the types of tasks that utilize Stack Overflow in research, with coding and debugging being the most common. Moreover, it examines how Stack Overflow data is utilized in SE research regarding software development tasks, including searching, training models, and mining associations. Our qualitative survey of researchers indicates that the popularity of Stack Overflow stems from its comprehensive explanations of technical topics that are often not found in documentation or manuals. The findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of Stack Overflow in SE research regarding software development tasks, and offer actionable implications for both researchers and stakeholders of Stack Overflow to facilitate future research and improvements.
Supervised Classification of UML Class Diagrams Based on F-KNB
Authors: Yuan Zhongchen , Ma Zongmin
Published: May 2023

Often most software development doesn’t start from scratch but applies previously developed artifacts. These reusable artifacts are involved in various phases of the software life cycle, ranging from requirements to maintenance. Software design as the high level of software development process has an important impact on the following stages, so its reuse is gaining more and more attention. Unified modeling language (UML) class diagram as a modeling tool has become a de facto standard of software design, and thus its reuse also becomes a concern accordingly. So far, the related research on the reuse of UML class diagrams has focused on matching and retrieval. As a large number of class diagrams enter the repository for reuse, classification has become an essential task. The classification is divided into unsupervised classification (also known as clustering) and supervised classification. In our previous work, we discussed the clustering of UML class diagrams. In this paper, we focus on only the supervised classification of UML class diagrams and propose a supervised classification method. A novel ensemble classifier F-KNB combining both dependent and independent construction ideas is built. The similarity of class diagrams is described, in which the semantic, structural and hybrid matching is defined, respectively. The extracted feature elements are used in base classifiers F-KNN and F-NBs that are constructed based on improved K-nearest neighbors (KNNs) and Naive Bayes (NB), respectively. A series of experimental results show that the proposed ensemble classifier F-KNB shows a good classification quality and efficiency under the condition of variable size and distribution of training samples.
SYNTHESIS OF NITROGEN-CONTAINING CARBON BY SOLUTION PLASMA PROCESS AT VARIOUS PULSE REPETITION RATES
Authors: HYUN KOANGYONG
Published: May 2023

The solution plasma process (SPP) has attracted considerable attention for the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials; the SPP uses electrical discharges generated directly by a bipolar pulsed power supply for various combinations of the solvents and solutes in the solution. However, the SPP requires high-temperature heat treatment for enhancing conductivity and exhibiting catalyst activity. Furthermore, the metal used as the electrode in the SPP is generally sputtered during discharge. This study presents the feasibility of reducing the heat-treatment step and solving the problem of sputtering of the metal electrodes by simply increasing the repetition frequency of the bipolar pulsed power. During synthesis, the pulse frequency acts as the graphitization catalyst. The enhancement of crystallinity was further confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The findings of this study are expected to contribute toward research on improving the properties of carbon for various applications of the SPP synthesis methods.
GENERALIZED UPPER BOUND FORMULATION OF SOME RIGID-TRIANGLE VELOCITY FIELDS FOR PLANE-STRAIN EXTRUSION AND TUBE DRAWING
Authors: DAS N. S. , JOARDAR H. , MAITY K. P.
Published: May 2023

In this paper, upper bound solutions for plane-strain extrusion and plug drawing are presented using rigid-triangle velocity fields, assuming both the shear friction ([Formula: see text]) and the Coulomb friction ([Formula: see text]) conditions at the interfaces. For shear friction condition, the solutions are obtained following the classical approach. For this case, the energy dissipation rates of individual triangles are shown to be equal. For Coulomb friction condition, the analysis is carried out by the generalized upper bound formulation proposed by Collins. The energy dissipation rates of the individual triangles, in the deformation zone, for this friction condition, are found to be in geometric progression. Formulae are provided for the calculation of the lengths of contact and the contact pressures at the die/metal and plug/metal interfaces. Results are presented for mean extrusion/drawing stresses, as a function of reduction, for specified friction conditions and die/plug geometry. Values of optimum die/plug angles are determined graphically for given reductions and friction conditions. Finally, results for an alternative velocity field are presented for which the contact pressures on the die and the plug are nearly equal. The theoretical values are compared with some numerical and experimental results available in the literature.
On the rigidity of self-shrinkers of the r-mean curvature flow
Authors: Batista Márcio , Xavier Wagner
Published: May 2023

In this paper, we consider self-similar solutions of the [Formula: see text]-mean curvature flow into the [Formula: see text]-dimensional Euclidean space. By employing some general maximum principles as the main tool, we characterize some self-similar solutions of the [Formula: see text]-mean curvature flow under some suitable geometric constraints.
A Blaschke–Lebesgue theorem for the Cheeger constant
Authors: Henrot Antoine , Lucardesi Ilaria
Published: May 2023

In this paper, we prove a new extremal property of the Reuleaux triangle: it maximizes the Cheeger constant among all bodies of (same) constant width. The proof relies on a fine analysis of the optimality conditions satisfied by an optimal Reuleaux polygon together with an explicit upper bound for the inradius of the optimal domain. As a possible perspective, we conjecture that this maximal property of the Reuleaux triangle holds for the first eigenvalue of the [Formula: see text]-Laplacian for any [Formula: see text] (this paper covers the case [Formula: see text] whereas the case [Formula: see text] was already known).
Quantitative quermassintegral inequalities for nearly spherical sets
Authors: VanBlargan Caroline , Wang Yi
Published: May 2023

In this paper, we establish quantitative Alexandrov–Fenchel inequalities for quermassintegrals on nearly spherical sets. In particular, we bound the [Formula: see text]-isoperimetric deficit from below by the Fraenkel asymmetry. We also find a lower bound on the [Formula: see text]-isoperimetric deficit using the spherical deviation.
The Anzellotti–Gauss–Green formula and least gradient functions in metric measure spaces
Authors: Górny Wojciech , Mazón J. M.
Published: May 2023

In the framework of the first-order differential structure introduced by Gigli, we obtain a Gauss–Green formula on regular bounded open sets in doubling metric measure spaces supporting a weak Poincaré inequality, valid for BV functions and vector fields with integrable divergence. Then, we study least gradient functions in metric measure spaces and provide an Euler–Lagrange-type formulation of the least gradient problem, using this formula as the main tool.
Degenerations of spherical subalgebras and spherical roots
Authors: Avdeev Roman
Published: May 2023

In this paper, we obtain several structure results for a class of spherical subgroups of connected reductive complex algebraic groups that extends the class of strongly solvable spherical subgroups. Based on these results, we construct certain one-parameter degenerations of the Lie algebras corresponding to such subgroups. As an application, we exhibit explicit algorithms for computing the set of spherical roots of such a spherical subgroup.
Special Sylvester equations, PI and EP elements in rings with involution
Authors: Zhao Ruju , Wei Junchao
Published: May 2023

In this paper, we study the general solution to certain special Sylvester equations, PI and EP elements in rings with involution. Especially, some practical necessary and sufficient solvability conditions for special Sylvester equations [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are presented, and expressions of the general solution to these two equations when they are solvable are provided.
Banach valued algebras defined by a family of Banach algebras
Authors: Ebadian Ali , Gordji Madjid Eshaghi , Jabbari Ali
Published: May 2023

Let [Formula: see text] be a direct set, [Formula: see text] be a family of Banach algebras with bounded approximate identity (or unital) and [Formula: see text] be a set. We consider the Banach algebra [Formula: see text]. We show that this algebra has a bounded approximate identity (or is unital) if and only if [Formula: see text] is finite. We also characterize the left multipliers of these algebras and investigate their amenability of them. Moreover, we characterize the character spaces (Gelfand spaces) of these algebras in a special case.
Infinite friezes and triangulations of annuli
Authors: Baur Karin , Çanakçı İlke , Jacobsen Karin M. , Kulkarni Maitreyee C. , Todorov Gordana
Published: May 2023

It is known that any infinite periodic frieze comes from a triangulation of an annulus by Theorem 4.6 of [K. Baur, M. J. Parsons and M. Tschabold, Infinite friezes, European J. Combin. 54 (2016) 220–237]. In this paper, we show that each infinite periodic frieze determines a triangulation of an annulus in essentially a unique way. Since each triangulation of an annulus determines a pair of friezes, we study such pairs and show how they determine each other. We study associated module categories and determine the growth coefficient of the pair of friezes in terms of modules as well as their quiddity sequences.
Charged wormholes in Hybrid metric-Palatini gravity
Authors: Godani Nisha
Published: May 2023

The theory of Hybrid metric-Palatini gravity was proposed by Harko et al. [Metric-Palatini gravity unifying local constraints and late-time cosmic acceleration, Phys. Rev. D 85 (2012) 084016.] in 2012 which could explain both local and cosmological observations. In this paper, this theory has been taken into account to obtain static, spherical, and symmetric charged traversable wormhole solutions. The shape of the wormhole is determined in two different cases with the simplest form of scalar field potential. It is obtained that asymptotically flat wormholes are possible in each case. The energy conditions, namely, null, weak, and strong energy conditions are tested in each case and the results are compared.
Study of bound states for diatomic molecules by resolution of Schrödinger equation with pseudo-harmonic and Mie potentials via Nikiforov–Uvarov (NU) method
Authors: Reggab Khalid , Hailouf Houssam Eddine
Published: May 2023

Atomic physicists have faced the challenge of solving the Schrödinger equation for a system composed of [Formula: see text] electrons that experience both the attractive Coulomb force from the nucleus and the repulsive Coulomb force between each pair of electrons. The resolution of the Schrödinger equation and finding the bound states and the eigenfunctions of the mentioned equation are resolved by using many different methods, both analytically and numerically, with generalized pseudo-harmonics and the Mie potential. The eigenvalues and corresponding eigenfunctions of the Schrödinger equation with pseudo-harmonics and the Mie potential are obtained with the Nikiforov–Uvarov method. The two potentials are a combination of at least two terms. In this work, the method of approximation that is used for solving secular equations is that of Nikiforov and Uvarov, which is mentioned above, and we applied it to the Schrödinger equation to obtain some of the first eigenvalues of the quantum mechanical system. After comparing the eigenvalues results with other earlier works, the method gave satisfactory solutions, as expected.
Singularity properties of timelike circular surfaces in Minkowski 3-space
Authors: Almoneef Areej A. , Abdel-Baky Rashad A.
Published: May 2023

The approach of the study is on singularity properties of timelike circular surfaces in Minkowski 3-space. A timelike circular surface is a one-parameter set of Lorentzian circles with stationary radius directing a non-null space curve, which acts as the spine curve, and it has symmetrical properties. In this study, we addressed timelike circular surfaces and gained their geometric and singularity properties such as Gaussian and mean curvatures, comparable with those of ruled surfaces. Consequently, we presented timelike roller coaster surfaces as a special class of timelike circular surfaces. Then, the conditions for timelike roller coaster surfaces to be flat or minimal surfaces are obtained. Meanwhile, we supported the results of the approach with some examples.
Noether symmetries for a class of static plane symmetric solutions in f(T) gravity
Authors: Ahmad Mushtaq , Ramzan Muhammad , Hussain Fiaz , Malik Shabeela
Published: May 2023

It is well known that the Noether symmetry approach is beneficial for searching physically realistic models that are solutions of the Einstein field equations (EFEs). Particularly, the generators obtained via Noether symmetry help to extract conservation laws of physics. The main goal of this study is to investigate the Noether symmetries for a class of static plane symmetric solutions in the [Formula: see text] gravity. The [Formula: see text] gravity, where [Formula: see text] being torsion is one of the potential candidates of modified theories of gravitation. The theory of [Formula: see text] gravity seems to provide a theoretical interpretation of the late-time universe acceleration as well as to explain inflationary senecio. With the help of Noether symmetry, we also classified the solutions in terms of conserved quantities that the associated spacetime can admit. The physical and geometrical interpretations of each of the symmetry generators are also presented. It turns out that a class of static plane symmetric solutions in the [Formula: see text] gravity admits 5, 6, 8, 9, 11 and 17 Noether symmetries.
Delay-dependent stability conditions for differential–difference equations with small commutators in a banach space
Authors: Gil’ Michael
Published: May 2023

Let [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] be bounded operators in a Banach space. For the equation [Formula: see text] we derive sharp explicit delay-dependent exponential stability conditions via the commutator [Formula: see text]. The stability conditions in terms of the commutator enable us to construct a feedback with delay, which stabilizes a system. Gives us a possibility construct Stabilization of Systems with Retarded Feedback in a Banach Space. Our results are new even in the finite-dimensional case.
The Antibacterial Effect of Jellyfish-Like pMAG-Au-MnO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Hengxiao , Lu Benben , Shen Xiang , Li Jiaying , He Xiaoli , Wang Huaguang , Wang Hongwei , Yuan Lin
Published: May 2023

Manganese (Mn) has been widely applied in drug resistant bacteria. Although it has advantages such as generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), holding multivalent phases, inducing photothermal effect and biocompatibility, it also brings the disadvantages of increased motility and decreased bacterial adhesion while exerting its advantages. Here, we propose an active antibacterial way by the jellyfish-like anisotropic nanocomposites (JAN), which measures both the advantages and disadvantages of MnO2 nanoparticles (MnNP) together. In this jellyfish-like construct, the spheric gold nanoparticles (AuNP) were covered by MnO2 nanosheets (MnNS), only leaving a bunch of glycopolymers (pMAG) stretching out from a small surface area of AuNP. In JAN, AuNP serves as the main body, possessing a photothermal property; glycopolymers play as the tentacles, binding specifically with Escherichia coli (E. coli); MnNS acts as the shell of jellyfish, initiating by the photo treatment to kill bacteria. The structure and surface properties of JAN were characterized by water contact angle (WCA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), transmission electron microscope (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and ellipsometry. The specific antibacterial effect of JAN was evaluated on the growth of both Gram-negative E. coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The results showed that JAN could bind efficiently with E. coli and kill almost all bacteria under near infrared (NIR irradiation, 808[Formula: see text]nm) irradiation for as short as 7 min. This antibacterial effect of JAN can be attributed to their excellent photothermal and photodynamic properties in increasing the temperature to higher than 53[Formula: see text]C and ROS more than 0.45 mmol/L, indicating that the JAN achieved specific and efficient bactericidal effect due to their unique nanostructure and surface properties. In this study, we report for the first time on the synthesis strategy of jellyfish-like anisotropic nanoparticles and their specific bactericidal effect. Our work provides new possibilities for the application of anisotropic nanoparticles to inhibit bacterial growth.
Artificial neural network-based determination of denoised optical properties in double integrating spheres measurement
Authors: Takai Yusaku , Nishimura Takahiro , Shimojo Yu , Awazu Kunio
Published: May 2023

Accurate determination of the optical properties of biological tissues enables quantitative understanding of light propagation in these tissues for optical diagnosis and treatment applications. The absorption ([Formula: see text]) and scattering ([Formula: see text]) coefficients of biological tissues are inversely analyzed from their diffuse reflectance (R) and total transmittance (T), which are measured using a double integrating spheres (DIS) system. The inversion algorithms, for example, inverse adding doubling method and inverse Monte Carlo method, are sensitive to noise signals during the DIS measurements, resulting in reduced accuracy during determination. In this study, we propose an artificial neural network (ANN) to estimate [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] at a target wavelength from the R and T spectra measured via the DIS to reduce noise in the optical properties. Approximate models of the optical properties and Monte Carlo calculations that simulated the DIS measurements were used to generate spectral datasets comprising [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], R and T. Measurement noise signals were added to R and T, and the ANN model was then trained using the noise-added datasets. Numerical results showed that the trained ANN model reduced the effects of noise in [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] estimation. Experimental verification indicated noise-reduced estimation from the R and T values measured by the DIS with a small number of scans on average, resulting in measurement time reduction. The results demonstrated the noise robustness of the proposed ANN-based method for optical properties determination and will contribute to shorter DIS measurement times, thus reducing changes in the optical properties due to desiccation of the samples.
Global solution and blow-up for a class of Δγ-biharmonic parabolic equations with logarithmic nonlinearity
Authors: Trong Luyen Duong
Published: May 2023

In this paper, we study a class of [Formula: see text]-biharmonic parabolic equations with logarithmic nonlinearity. Using potential well method, we first prove the invariance of some sets and vacuum isolating of solutions. Then, by the Galerkin approximation technique and the Sobolev inequality, we obtain the existence of the unique global weak solutions. In addition, we also provide sufficient conditions for the large time decay of global weak solutions and the finite time blow-up of weak solutions.
COSTS AND BENEFITS OF THE PARIS CLIMATE TARGETS
Authors: TOL RICHARD S. J.
Published: May 2023

The temperature targets in the Paris Agreement cannot be met without very rapid reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The latter requires large, perhaps prohibitively large subsidies. The central estimate of the costs of climate policy, unrealistically assuming least-cost implementation, is 3.8–5.6% of GDP in 2100. The central estimate of the benefits of climate policy, unrealistically assuming high no-policy emissions and constant vulnerability, is 2.8–3.2% of GDP. The uncertainty about the benefits is larger than the uncertainty about the costs. The Paris targets do not pass the cost-benefit test unless risk aversion is high and discount rate low.
Matrix deviation inequality for ℓp-norm
Authors: Sheu Yuan-Chung , Wang Te-Chun
Published: May 2023

Motivated by the general matrix deviation inequality for i.i.d. ensemble Gaussian matrix [R. Vershynin, High-Dimensional Probability: An Introduction with Applications in Data Science, Cambridge Series in Statistical and Probabilistic Mathematics (Cambridge University Press, 2018), doi:10.1017/9781108231596 of Theorem 11.1.5], we show that this property holds for the [Formula: see text]-norm with [Formula: see text] and i.i.d. ensemble sub-Gaussian matrices, i.e. random matrices with i.i.d. mean-zero, unit variance, sub-Gaussian entries. As a consequence of our result, we establish the Johnson–Lindenstrauss lemma from [Formula: see text]-space to [Formula: see text]-space for all i.i.d. ensemble sub-Gaussian matrices.
The HCVEFG method for 3D steady convection–diffusion–reaction problems
Authors: Fan Yanhong , Jiao Yujie , Cheng Heng , Li Xingli
Published: May 2023

In this paper, a hybrid complex variable element-free Galerkin (HCVEFG) method is proposed for solving three-dimensional (3D) steady convection–diffusion–reaction equations. By introducing the dimension splitting method (DSM), a 3D convection–diffusion–reaction problem is changed into a series of two-dimensional (2D) ones. For each 2D form, the improved complex variable moving least-squares (ICVMLS) method is applied to obtain the required approximation shape functions, and the penalty method is used to apply the essential boundary conditions, thus we can obtain the 2D discretized equations by using the improved complex variable element-free Galerkin (ICVEFG) method. The finite difference method (FDM) is used in one-dimensional splitting direction. Thus, the final solution formula about the numerical solution for 3D convection–diffusion–reaction problem can be obtained. Three numerical examples show that the HCVEFG algorithm can cut down the CPU cost of the improved element-free Galerkin (IEFG) method greatly for solving 3D steady convection–diffusion–reaction problems.
Systematic YouTube Review – Trigger Finger Release
Authors: OLSON Jarod T. , COVARRUBIAS Oscar , MO Kevin C. , SCHMERLER Jessica , KURIAN Shyam J. , LAPORTE Dawn
Published: May 2023

Background: With lack of regulation and incentivisation on YouTube for high-quality healthcare information, it is important to objectively evaluate the quality of information on trigger finger – a common condition for hand surgeon referral.

Methods: YouTube was queried (11/21/2021) for videos on trigger finger release surgery. Videos were excluded if they were about unrelated topics or not in English. The most viewed 59 videos were categorised by source as physician or non-physician. Two independent reviewers quantified the reliability, quality and content of each video, with inter-rater reliability assessed using Kohen’s Kappa test. Reliability was assessed using the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) score. Quality was assessed using the DISCERN score with high-quality videos defined as those with scores in the sample upper 25th percentile. Content was assessed using the informational content score (ICS) with scores in the sample upper 25th percentile indicating more complete information. Two-sample t-tests and logistic regression were used to assess variations between sources.

Results: Videos by physicians had higher DISCERN quality (42.6 ± 7.9, 36.4 ± 10.3; p = 0.02) and informational content (5.8 ± 2.6, 4.0 ± 1.7; p = 0.01) scores compared to those by non-physician sources. Videos by physicians were associated with increased odds of high-quality (Odds Ratio [OR] 5.7, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] 1.3–41.3) and provided more complete patient information (OR 6.3, 95% CI 1.4–48.9). The lowest DISCERN sub-scores for all videos were discussion of the uncertainties and risks associated with surgery. The lowest ICS for all videos were in the diagnosis of trigger finger (11.9%) and non-surgical prognosis (15.3%).

Conclusions: Physician videos have more complete and higher quality information on trigger finger release. Additionally, discussion of treatment risks, areas of uncertainty, the diagnostic process, non-surgical prognosis and transparency on references used were identified as lacking content.

Level of Evidence: Level III (Therapeutic)
Scalpel versus Electrocautery for Surgical Skin Incision in Open Carpal Tunnel Release
Authors: TANSKANEN Tuukka Jarmonpoika , RYHÄNEN Jorma Olavi , PÄÄKKÖNEN Markus Jarno Iikka
Published: May 2023

Background: Electrocautery is an option for skin incision for the neck, abdominal or inguinal surgery, but is not generally used for hand surgery. The aim of this study was to clarify whether electrocautery skin incision would be beneficial in open carpal tunnel release (OCTR).

Methods: A total of 16 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome underwent skin incision for OCTR using either a scalpel (n = 9) or a microdissection diathermy needle (n = 7). Postoperative pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS 0–100 mm) daily from postoperative days 1 till 7.

Results: The diathermy group reported higher VAS scores (mean 80 mm) on the first postoperative day versus the scalpel group mean of 35 mm (p < 0.001). We continued measuring pain for 7 days after the surgery and found higher VAS scores for the diathermy group in the first 6 days.

Conclusions: The use of electrocautery is associated with greater pain score in the first postoperative 6 days following OCTR.

Level of Evidence: Level III (Therapeutic)
What Is the Effect of Resident Involvement on Short-Term Outcomes after Distal Radius Fracture Surgery?
Authors: ZHANG Dafang , EARP Brandon E. , BLAZAR Philip , DYER George S. M.
Published: May 2023

Background: The objective of this study was to assess whether resident involvement in distal radius fracture open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) affect 30-day postoperative complication, hospital readmission, reoperation and operative time.

Methods: A retrospective study was performed using the American College of Surgeons (ACS) National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database by querying the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes for distal radius fracture ORIF from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2014. A final cohort of 5,693 adult patients who underwent distal radius fracture ORIF during the study period were included. Baseline patient demographics and comorbidities, intraoperative factors, including operative time and 30-day postoperative outcomes, including complications, readmission and reoperations, were collected. Bivariate statistical analyses were performed to identify variable associated with complication, readmission, reoperation and operative time. The significance level was adjusted using a Bonferroni correction as multiple comparisons were performed.

Results: In this study of 5,693 patients who underwent distal radius fracture ORIF, 66 patients had a complication, 85 patients were readmitted and 61 patients underwent reoperation within 30 days of surgery. Resident involvement in the surgery was not associated with 30-day postoperative complication, readmission or reoperation, but was associated with longer operative time. Moreover, 30-day postoperative complication was associated with older age, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), congestive heart failure (CHF), hypertension and bleeding disorder. Thirty-day readmission was associated with older age, ASA classification, diabetes mellitus, COPD, hypertension, bleeding disorder and functional status. Thirty-day reoperation was associated with higher body mass index (BMI). Longer operative time was associated with younger age, male sex and the absence of bleeding disorder.

Conclusions: Resident involvement in distal radius fracture ORIF is associated with longer operative time, but no difference in rates of episode-of-care adverse events. Patients may be reassured that resident involvement in distal radius fracture ORIF does not negatively impact short-term outcomes.

Level of Evidence: Level IV (Therapeutic)
Inter- and Intra-observer Agreement of Visual Estimation, Goniometric and Radiographic Measurement of Passive Thumb Metacarpophalangeal Joint Hyperextension
Authors: HINCKLEY Nathaniel B. , RENFREE Sean , TUMMALA Sailesh , IVY Cynthia C. , RENFREE Kevin J.
Published: May 2023

Background: Reliable methods for measuring range of motion is important for hand therapists. Currently, there is no gold standard for the measurement of thumb metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) hyperextension. We hypothesised that visual and goniometric measurements of thumb MCPJ hyperextension vary greater than 10° from radiographic measurements, and between observers.

Methods: Twenty-six fresh-frozen hands were measured by a senior orthopaedic resident and fellowship trained hand surgeon. Passive thumb MCPJ hyperextension was measured by visual estimation, goniometry and axis measurement on a lateral thumb radiograph. Raters were blinded to each other’s and their own prior measurements. Descriptive statistics were recorded for measurement type and inter-observer agreement using a two-way intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Intra-observer agreement was calculated using concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). Bland–Altman plots identified trends, systemic differences or potential outliers.

Results: Mean measurements for both raters were similar for visual estimation and radiographic measurements. Mean goniometric measurements were twice as high for Rater B, and closer to radiographic measurements. For both raters, mean radiographic measurements were 10° greater than the other two methods. For inter-rater agreement, measurements were within 10° most frequently with radiographic measurement, then visual estimates, and least by goniometer measurements. Rater B had better agreement comparing visual and goniometric to radiographic measurements.

Conclusions: Radiographic measurement has the best inter-observer agreement and precision for evaluating passive thumb MCPJ hyperextension, especially considering adjunct corrective procedures when performing a soft-tissue basal joint arthroplasty. Rater experience improves precision, but there is still poor agreement between visual estimates and goniometer measurements compared to radiographic measurements, as the former two underestimate hyperextension by 10°. Development of a standard method of clinical measurement is needed to improve reliability.
The Outcomes of Extensor Tendon Repair Based on Timing of Repair
Authors: DALTON Stewart S. , MAHARJAN Laura M. , YOUSUF Hayyan , PIENTKA William F.
Published: May 2023

Background: Little is known regarding the effect timing of repair has on extensor tendon repair results. The purpose of this study is to determine if a relationship exists between the time of extensor tendon injury to extensor tendon repair and patient outcomes.

Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on all patients that underwent extensor tendon repair at our institution. The minimum time to final follow-up was 8 weeks. Patients were then divided into two cohorts for analysis; those that underwent repair less than 14 days after injury and those that underwent extensor tendon repair at or greater than 14 days after injury. These cohorts were further sub-grouped by zone of injury. Data analysis was then completed using a two-sample t-test assuming unequal variance and ANOVA for categorical data.

Results: A total of 137 digits were included in final data analysis, with 110 digits repaired less than 14 days from injury and 27 digits in the greater than or equal to 14 days to surgery group. For zones 1–4 injuries, 38 digits were repaired in the acute surgery group and eight digits in the delayed surgery group. There was no significant difference in final total active motion (TAM) (142.3° vs. 137.4°). Final extension was also similar between the groups (2.37° vs. 2.13°). For zones 5–8 injuries, 73 digits were repaired acutely, and 13 digits were repaired in delayed fashion. There was no significant difference in final TAM (199.4° vs. 172.7°). Final extension was also similar between the groups (6.82° vs. 5.77°).

Conclusions: We found time from extensor tendon injury to surgical repair did not affect final range of motion when comparing acute repair within 2 weeks from injury or delayed repair greater than 14 days from injury. Additionally, there was no difference in secondary outcomes, such as return to activity or surgical complications.

Level of Evidence: Level IV (Therapeutic)
Cost Analysis of Intramedullary Screw versus Plate Osteosynthesis for Phalangeal and Metacarpal Fractures: An Observational Study
Authors: SIVAKUMAR Brahman S. , VAOTUUA Darren L. , MCCARRON Luke , GRAHAM David J.
Published: May 2023

Background: To compare the observed healthcare and societal costs of intramedullary screw (IMS) and plate fixation of extra-articular metacarpal and phalangeal fractures in a contemporary Australian context.

Methods: A retrospective analysis, based on previously published data, was performed utilising information from Australian public and private hospitals, the Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) and the Australian Bureau of Statistics.

Results: Plate fixation demonstrated longer surgical lengths (32 minutes, compared to 25 minutes), greater hardware costs (AUD 1,088 vs. AUD 355), more extended follow-up requirements (6.3 months, compared to 5 months) and higher rates of subsequent hardware removal (24% compared to 4.6%), resulting in an increased healthcare expenditure of AUD 1,519.41 in the public system, and AUD 1,698.59 in the private sector. Wage losses were estimated at AUD 15,515.78 when the fracture cohort is fixed by a plate, and AUD 13,542.43 when using an IMS – a differential of AUD 1,973.35.

Conclusions: There is a substantial saving to both the health system and the patient when using IMS fixation over dorsal plating for the fixation of extra-articular metacarpal and phalangeal fractures.

Level of Evidence: Level III (Cost Utility)
Wide Resection Preserving Conjoined Tendons of the Rotator Cuff Muscles for Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma at the Suprascapular Fossa – A Case Report
Authors: JIN Jin Woo , JUNG Sung Weon , PARK Jun Yong , JEON Jong Min
Published: May 2023

Surgical principles in sarcoma are a wide resection, including surrounding tissues and maximisation of the function of the affected limb. Rotator cuff muscles are biomechanically important structures acting as a force couple in movement of the shoulder joint. Thus, conjoined tendons are essential for motion capability in absence of the supraspinatus muscle.

This article reports a case of a large undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) at the suprascapular fossa in a 78-year-old man. After diagnosis of sarcoma, he underwent wide, en-bloc excision preserving conjoined tendons of rotator cuff muscles and low-dose radiation therapy for surveillance of local recurrence. All dissection was performed to avoid contaminating the tumour and involved the whole supraspinatus except the conjoined tendons. We report a case of UPS at the suprascapular fossa, which showed a good result after a wide resection preserving conjoined tendons of rotator cuff muscles.

Level of Evidence: Level V (Therapeutic)
From Softmax to Nucleusmax: A Novel Sparse Language Model for Chinese Radiology Report Summarization
Authors: Zhao Shuai , Li Qing , Yang Yuer , Wen Jinming , Luo Weiqi
Published: May 2023

The Chinese radiology report summarization is a crucial component in smart healthcare that employs language models to summarize key findings in radiology reports and communicate these findings to physicians. However, most language models for radiology report summarization utilize a softmax transformation in their output layer, leading to dense alignments and strictly positive output probabilities. This density is inefficient, reducing model interpretability and giving probability mass to many unrealistic outputs. To tackle this issue, we propose a novel approach named nucleusmax. Nucleusmax is able to mitigate dense outputs and improve model interpretability by truncating the unreliable tail of the probability distribution. In addition, we incorporate nucleusmax with a copy mechanism, a useful technique to avoid professional errors in the generated diagnostic opinions. To further promote the research of radiology report summarization, we also have created a Chinese radiology report summarization dataset, which is freely available. Experimental results showed via both automatic and human evaluation that the proposed approach substantially improves the sparsity and overall quality of outputs over competitive softmax models, producing radiology summaries that approach the quality of those authored by physicians. In general, our work demonstrates the feasibility and prospect of the language model to the domain of radiology and smart healthcare.
Fingerprinting-based Minimal Perfect Hashing Revisited
Authors: Beling Piotr
Published: May 2023

In this paper we study a

fingerprint-based minimal perfect hash function

(

FMPH

for short). While FMPH is not as space-efficient as some other minimal perfect hash functions (for example RecSplit, CHD, or PTHash), it has a number of practical advantages that make it worthy of consideration. FMPH is simple and quite fast to evaluate. Its construction requires very little auxiliary memory, takes a short time and, in addition, can be parallelized or carried out without holding keys in memory.

In this paper, we propose an effective method (called
FMPHGO
) that reduces the size of FMPH, as well as a number of implementation improvements. In addition, we experimentally study FMPHGO performance and find the best values for its parameters. Our benchmarks show that with our method and an efficient structure to support the rank queries on a bit vector, the FMPH size can be reduced to about 2.1 bits/key, which is close to the size achieved by state-of-the-art methods and noticeably larger only compared to RecSplit. FMPHGO preserves most of the FMPH advantages mentioned above, but significantly reduces its construction speed. However, FMPHGO’s construction speed is still competitive with methods of similar space efficiency (like CHD or PTHash), and seems to be good enough for practical applications.
Pre-implementation Method Name Prediction for Object-oriented Programming
Authors: Wang Shangwen , Wen Ming , Lin Bo , Liu Yepang , Bissyandé Tegawendé F. , Mao Xiaoguang
Published: May 2023

Method naming is a challenging development task in object-oriented programming. In recent years, several research efforts have been undertaken to provide automated tool support for assisting developers in this task. In general, literature approaches assume the availability of method implementation to infer its name. Methods, however, are usually named before their implementations. In this work, we fill the gap in the literature about method name prediction by developing an approach that predicts the names of all methods to be implemented within a class. Our work considers the class name as the input: The overall intuition is that classes with semantically similar names tend to provide similar functionalities, and hence similar method names. We first conduct a large-scale empirical analysis on 258K+ classes from real-world projects to validate our hypotheses. Then, we propose a hybrid big code-driven approach,
Mario
, to predict method names based on the class name: We combine a deep learning model with heuristics summarized from code analysis. Extensive experiments on 22K+ classes yielded promising results: compared to the state-of-the-art code2seq model (which leverages method implementation data), our approach achieves comparable results in terms of F-score at token-level prediction; our approach, additionally, outperforms code2seq in prediction at the name level. We further show that our approach significantly outperforms several other baselines.
Open Problems in Fuzzing RESTful APIs: A Comparison of Tools
Authors: Zhang Man , Arcuri Andrea
Published: May 2023

RESTful APIs are a type of web service that are widely used in industry. In the past few years, a lot of effort in the research community has been spent in designing novel techniques to automatically fuzz those APIs to find faults in them. Many real faults were automatically found in a large variety of RESTful APIs. However, usually the analyzed fuzzers treat the APIs as black-box, and no analysis of what is actually covered in these systems is done. Therefore, although these fuzzers are clearly useful for practitioners, we do not know their current limitations and actual effectiveness. Solving this is a necessary step to be able to design better, more efficient, and effective techniques. To address this issue, in this article we compare seven state-of-the-art fuzzers on 18 open source—1 industrial and 1 artificial—RESTful APIs. We then analyze the source code for which parts of these APIs the fuzzers fail to generate tests. This analysis points to clear limitations of these current fuzzers, listing concrete follow-up challenges for the research community.