bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bovine leptospirosis: effects on reproduction and an approach to research in Colombia
Authors: Orjuela Agustín Góngora , Parra-Arango Jorge L. , Sarmiento-Rubiano Luz A.
Published: August 2022

Leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonosis worldwide, causing severe effects on beef and dairy cattle farming and other livestock. Colombia geographical location in the tropical zone, high biodiversity, and climatic conditions promote Leptospira growth and prevalence. This review article presents state-of-the-art knowledge about the effects of leptospirosis on bovine reproduction and a critical analysis of the research carried out in Colombia. The analysis of the information allows us to infer a sustained increase in prevalence over the last decade in the densest livestock production areas and a high serovar diversity of circulating pathogenic Leptospira. Given the zoonotic nature of leptospirosis, an inter-institutional effort is required to implement prevention, control, and monitoring programs under one-health concept.
„Sauber wie ein Hundezahn“
Authors: Szynka Peter
Published: August 2022

Im Gespräch mit Peter Szynka erläutert C.W. Müller, wie er die Entwicklung von Community Organizing in den Vereinigten Staaten erlebt hat und welche Bedeutung er ihr in Deutschland zum Zeitpunkt des Interviews (Oktober 2000) beimisst.
Heterogeneous Catalysis for CO2 Conversion into Chemicals and Fuels
Authors: Gao Dunfeng , Li Wanjun , Wang Hanyu , Wang Guoxiong , Cai Rui
Published: August 2022

Catalytic conversion of CO2into chemicals and fuels is a viable method to reduce carbon emissions and achieve carbon neutrality. Through thermal catalysis, electrocatalysis, and photo(electro)catalysis, CO2can be converted into a wide range of valuable products, including CO, formic acid, methanol, methane, ethanol, acetic acid, propanol, light olefins, aromatics, and gasoline, as well as fine chemicals. In this mini-review, we summarize the recent progress in heterogeneous catalysis for CO2conversion into chemicals and fuels and highlight some representative studies of different conversion routes. The structure–performance correlations of typical catalytic materials used for the CO2conversion reactions have been revealed by combining advanced in situ/operando spectroscopy and microscopy characterizations and density functional theory calculations. Catalytic selectivity toward a single CO2reduction product/fraction should be further improved at an industrially relevant CO2conversion rate with considerable stability in the future.

Graphical Abstract
How city traits affect taxonomic and functional diversity of urban wild bee communities: insights from a worldwide analysis
Authors: Ferrari Andrea , Polidori Carlo
Published: August 2022

Land-use change, including urbanization, is known to affect wild bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) diversity. However, while previous studies have focused on differences across local urbanization gradients, to the best of our knowledge, none focused on differences among cities at a wide geographical scale. We here used published data for wild bee communities in 55 cities across the globe, in order to explore how city traits (population density, city size, climate and land-use parameters) affect both taxonomic (diversity, distinctness, dominance) and functional (body size, nesting strategy, sociality, plant host specialization) profile of urban bee communities. By controlling for sample size and sampling effort, we found that bigger cities host few parasitic and oligolectic species, along with more above-ground-nesting bees. Cities with highly fragmented green areas present a lower proportion of oligolectic species and a higher proportion of both social species and large-bodied bees. Cities with more impervious surfaces seem to host a lower proportion of below-ground-nesting bees. Hotter cities present both a lower richness and diversity, with functional diversity highest at intermediate precipitation values. Overall, it seems that high levels of urbanization—through habitat modification and the “heat island” effect—lead to a strong simplification of the functional diversity of wild bee communities in cities. Our results may help explain the previously observed variable response of some bee community traits across local urbanization gradients.
Emergence and Development of Health Risk Communication Networks Among Street-Level Health Bureaucrats During the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis in Myanmar
Authors: Myomin Thein , Lim Seunghoo
Published: August 2022

Street-level health bureaucrats have actively contributed to implementing the COVID-19 prevention, control, and treatment policies of the Myanmar government. However, the need for bureaucrats on the frontlines of policy implementation to maintain a safe distance from others to prevent the spread of COVID-19 has posed challenges for the sharing and exchange of information related to health risks. In this context, this study examined what health risk communication patterns have emerged and developed among street-level health bureaucrats during the COVID-19 pandemic, and how this risk communication has been affected by street-level health bureaucrats’ perceptions of client meaningfulness and willingness to implement COVID-19 policies. The results reveal that street-level health bureaucrats in the health risk communication network are embedded in reciprocally or transitively connected discussion relationships that sustain their health risk communication over time. Moreover, when specific healthcare staff members perceive more benefits of COVID-19 policies for their patients and are more willing to care for patients, other healthcare staff avoid them to protect themselves from COVID-19 infection. Due to their higher level of understanding of the adopted measures, healthcare staff members who are highly willing to implement COVID-19 policies are frequently approached by other staff members to communicate about COVID-19 issues. This study empirically contributes to the literature on street-level bureaucrats in times of pandemic crisis by examining the formation of health risk communications in the context of street-level health bureaucrats’ responses to and participation in public healthcare policy implementation processes.
Taste perception in children with different caries activity
Authors: Hertel S. , Mühlig L. , Hannig C. , Hummel T.
Published: August 2022

Purpose

The aim of the study was to investigate whether caries-active and caries-free children differ in terms of their taste perception for sweet, sour, salty and bitter.

Methods

The study group consisted of 100 children aged 5–10 years: 50 caries-free children and 50 children with at least four untreated carious lesions. Taste perception was analysed using two test systems. First, filter paper strips impregnated with four taste qualities (sweet, sour, salty, and bitter) at four defined intensities were used (“taste strips”). Then a tasting spray in suprathreshold concentration of the respective taste was applied. The children were asked to name the perceived taste. The parents answered a questionnaire about the children’s dietary habits.

Results

The children with high caries activity scored lower on average on the taste strips than the caries-free participants. For the taste sprays, the perception of the taste quality “bitter” was significantly worse in the children with caries than in caries-free children (Mann–Whitney U test p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that taste preferences in children are associated with increased susceptibility to tooth decay.
COVID-19, Macroeconomic and Sustainability Shocks, Moral Hazard and Resolution of Systemic Banking Crises: Designing Appropriate Systems of Public Support
Authors: Arner Douglas W. , Avgouleas Emilios , Gibson Evan C.
Published: August 2022

Banks have so far weathered well the financial turbulence caused by COVID-19 while at the same time being central in the economic and financial response. As the crisis moves from its initial phase as a short-term liquidity shock, the financial sector is facing increasing volumes of non-performing loans, raising the spectre of a banking solvency crisis. In economies already burdened with low-quality assets, the COVID-19 fallout is intensifying existing problems with legacy loans heightening the risk of a banking crisis. These issues are now being worsened by the impact of inflation and the invasion of Ukraine. Thus, addressing increasing volumes of bad loans, while supporting the proper functioning of the financial system, is a major challenge with systemic repercussions for a range of economies. This paper identifies a great paradox: since the bank rescues of the 2008–9 Global Financial Crisis there has been a disproportionate focus on the liability side of bank balance sheets through resolution measures such as bail-in and the accumulation of bail-inable debt. Post-crisis bank resolution regimes have overlooked solutions lying within the asset side of bank balance sheets. This paper analyses historical evidence to argue that concentrating on a liability-focused approach to the exclusion of asset-side solutions is ill-conceived. An excessive accumulation of non-performing loans on the asset side of bank balance sheets inevitably renders resolution interventions on the liability/equity side ineffective or at the very least insufficient to maintain banking system viability and financial stability. Bank asset restructuring involving the use of asset management companies, asset protection schemes and even capital injections can play a critical role in achieving an expeditious restoration of banking systems’ health following a major macroeconomic, sustainability or financial crisis.
Impact of Pea necrotic yellow dwarf virus (PNYDV) on nodulation, N2 fixation and yield in faba bean (Vicia faba, L.)
Authors: Seeger Judith Nora , Ziebell Heiko , Saucke Helmut
Published: August 2022

Pea necrotic yellow dwarf virus (PNYDV) is a novel nanovirus in Europe, affecting various grain legumes. The impact of PNYDV on nodulation, symbiotic N2 fixation and yield parameters in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) was investigated at controlled conditions in the greenhouse (2017), on-farm in natural infection foci (2018, 2019) and in a small-scale field experiment (2020). In the latter, the standard variety ‘Fuego’ was compared with the variety ‘GL Sunrise’ in early and late infections. In addition, the analogous effects for Pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) were investigated under greenhouse conditions and the naturally occurring virus spectrum was recorded on-farm and in the field experiment. Results showed a much more severe impact of PNYDV than PEMV on nodulation, leghemoglobin status, N2 fixation and finally yield, especially in early infections. Although ‘GL Sunrise’ was rated for a less symptomatic field performance toward PNYDV than ‘Fuego’, it showed a similar susceptibility in our field experiment where PNYDV was artificially inoculated to individual plants. Further research on the effect of plant varieties on susceptibility toward PNYDV infection and its spread in single or co-infection mainly with PEMV as a function of climate change acting upon their common aphid vector is required.
Analysis of an Acoustic Monopole Source in a Closed Cavity via CUF Finite Elements
Authors: Moruzzi M. C. , Cinefra M. , Bagassi S.
Published: August 2022

The noise generated by aircraft is an important issue, which affects the external environment and the passenger’s comfort. The researches about new acoustic solutions often lead to the exploitation of innovative materials, as visco-elastic panels or acoustic metamaterials, in order to rather obtain better acoustic properties than conventional materials, in particular at low frequency. Although, there is a lack of reliable tools able to describe the complex kinematic behaviour of these new materials at low frequency. A new strong formulation, the Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF) based on the Finite Element Method (FEM), enables a wide class of refined shell models, which is able to reproduce the frequency dependent dynamic response of complex multi-layered plates. This formulation, fully developed inside the MUL2 software, is applied to vibro-acoustic analyses too, so the need to integrate new sources and boundary conditions in the software, that are essential to model the acoustic problem. A simple and powerful source is the monopole: a pulsating sphere. This source can be a first try to model the complex sources that affect the noise inside the aircraft, as the engine or the internal sources. Moreover, monopoles are widely used to estimate the transmission loss. Hence, the reason for this work: the creation inside MUL2 of a monopole boundary condition and its validation, comparing the results with those of a well-known FEM based commercial software for vibro-acoustic analyses, Actran.
A Strategy-Based Algorithm for Moving Targets in an Environment with Multiple Agents
Authors: Afzalov Azizkhon , Lotfi Ahmad , Inden Benjamin , Aydin Mehmet Emin
Published: August 2022

Most studies in the field of search algorithms have only focused on pursuing agents, while comparatively less attention has been paid to target algorithms that employ strategies to evade multiple pursuing agents. In this study, a state-of-the-art target algorithm, TrailMax, has been enhanced and implemented for multiple agent pathfinding problems. The presented algorithm aims to maximise the capture time if possible until timeout. Empirical analysis is performed on grid-based gaming benchmarks, measuring the capture cost, the success of escape and statistically analysing the results. The new algorithm, Multiple Pursuers TrailMax, doubles the escaping time steps until capture when compared with existing target algorithms and increases the target’s escaping success by 13% and in some individual cases by 37%.
Numerical investigation of the effect of surface viscosity on droplet breakup and relaxation under axisymmetric extensional flow
Authors: Singh Natasha , Narsimhan Vivek
Published: August 2022

In this study, we perform boundary-integral simulations to investigate the role of interfacial viscosity in the deformation and breakup of a single droplet suspended in an axisymmetric extensional flow under the Stokes flow regime. We model the insoluble surfactant monolayer using the Boussinesq–Scriven constitutive relationship for a Newtonian interface. We compare the deformation and breakup results from our boundary-element simulations with results from small deformation perturbation theories. We observe that the surface shear/dilational viscosity increases/decreases the critical capillary number beyond which the droplet becomes unstable and breaks apart by reducing/increasing the droplet deformation at a given capillary number compared with a clean droplet. We present the relative importance of surface shear and dilational viscosity on droplet stability based on their measured values reported in experimental studies on surfactants, lipid bilayers and proteins. In the second half of the paper, we incorporate the effect of surfactant transport by solving the time-dependent convection–diffusion equation and consider a nonlinear equation of state (Langmuir adsorption isotherm) to correlate the interfacial tension with the changes in surfactant concentration. We explore the coupled influence of pressure-dependent surface viscosity and Marangoni stresses on droplet deformation and breakup. In the case of a droplet with pressure-dependent surface shear viscosity, we find that a droplet with pressure-thinning/thickening surfactant is less/more deformed than a droplet with pressure-independent surfactant. We conclude by discussing the combined impact of surface viscosity and surfactant transport on the relaxation of an initially extended droplet in a quiescent external fluid.
Terrorist Attacks Against Performing Arts Venues: Global Trends and Characteristics Spanning 50 Years
Authors: Liang Stephen Y. , Tian LinLin , Cavaliere Garrett A. , Lawner Benjamin J. , Jasani Gregory N.
Published: August 2022

Introduction:

In fostering community and culture through entertainment in shared spaces, performing arts venues have also become targets of terrorism. A greater understanding of these attacks is needed to assess the risk posed to different types of venues, to inform medical disaster preparedness, to anticipate injury patterns, and to reduce preventable deaths.

Methods:

A search of the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) was conducted from the year 1970 through 2019. Using pre-coded variables for target/victim type and target subtype, attacks involving “business” and “entertainment/cultural/stadium/casino” were identified. Attacks targeting performing arts venues were selected using the search terms “theater,” “theatre,” “auditorium,” “center,” “hall,” “house,” “concert,” “music,” “opera,” “cinema,” and “movie.” Manual review by two authors was performed to confirm appropriateness for inclusion of entries involving venues where the primary focus of the audience was to view a performance. Descriptive statistics were performed using R (version 3.6.1).

Results:

A total of 312 terrorist attacks targeting performing arts venues were identified from January 1, 1970 through December 31, 2019. Two-hundred nine (67.0%) attacks involved cinemas or movie theaters, 80 (25.6%) involved unspecified theaters, and 23 (7.4%) specifically targeted live music performance venues. Two-hundred thirty-four (75.0%) attacks involved a bombing or explosion, 50 (16.0%) damaged a facility or infrastructure, and 17 (5.4%) included armed assault. Perpetrators used explosives in 234 (75.0%) attacks, incendiary weapons in 50 (16.0%) attacks, and firearms in 19 (6.1%) attacks. In total, attacks claimed the lives of 1,307 and wounded 4,201 persons. Though fewer in number, attacks against music venues were responsible for 29.4% of fatalities and 35.0% of those wounded, and more frequently involved the use of firearms. Among 95 attacks falling within the highest quartile for victims killed or wounded (>two killed and/or >ten wounded), 83 (87.4%) involved explosives, seven (7.4%) involved firearms, and three (3.2%) involved incendiary methods.

Conclusion:

While uncommon, terrorist attacks against performing arts venues carry the risk for mass casualties, particularly when explosives and firearms are used.
Critical Ethnography in National Security Institutions: Methodological and Ethical Reflections
Authors: Wright Hannah
Published: August 2022

Although ethnographic methods have yielded important insights into the inner workings of many political institutions, their use in the study of institutions engaged in national security policy making and practice has been more limited. Common features of security institutions raise methodological and ethical concerns for participant observers: they are hard to access, handle classified information, and their proximity to the use of violence creates challenges for researchers who adopt critical perspectives toward the framing and practice of national security. This article reflects on how critical ethnographers might respond to these challenges, drawing on experiences from a 14-month ethnographically influenced study of UK government departments involved in national security policy making. I argue that even though questions of informed consent and avoiding harm are complicated by the core functions of security institutions and their cultures of busyness and secrecy, navigating these tensions can itself generate useful ethnographic insights into institutional cultures.
The co-occurrence of water insecurity and food insecurity among Daasanach pastoralists in northern Kenya
Authors: Bethancourt Hilary J , Swanson Zane S , Nzunza Rosemary , Young Sera L , Lomeiku Luke , Douglass Matthew J , Braun David R , Ndiema Emmanuel K , Pontzer Herman , Rosinger Asher Yoel
Published: August 2022

Objective:

Water plays a critical role in the production of food and preparation of nutritious meals, yet few studies have examined the relationship between water and food insecurity. The primary objective of this study, therefore, was to examine how experiences of household water insecurity (HWI) relate to experiences of household food insecurity (HFI) among a pastoralist population living in an arid, water-stressed region of northern Kenya.

Design:

We implemented the twelve-item Household Water Insecurity Experiences (HWISE, range 0–36) Scale and the nine-item Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS, range 0–27) in a cross-sectional survey to measure HWI and HFI, respectively. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and intake of meat and dairy in the prior week were collected as covariates of interest.

Setting:

Northern Kenya, June–July 2019.

Participants:

Daasanach pastoralist households (n 136) from seven communities.

Results:

In the prior 4 weeks, 93·4 % and 98·5 % of households had experienced moderate-to-severe HWI and HFI, respectively. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated a strong association between HWI and HFI. Each point higher HWISE score was associated with a 0·44-point (95 % CI: 0·22, 0·66, P = 0·003) higher HFIAS score adjusting for socio-economic status and other covariates.

Conclusions:

These findings demonstrate high prevalence and co-occurrence of HWI and HFI among Daasanach pastoralists in northern Kenya. This study highlights the need to address HWI and HFI simultaneously when developing policies and interventions to improve the nutritional well-being of populations whose subsistence is closely tied to water availability and access.
THE OPTIMAL MALLIAVIN-TYPE REMAINDER FOR BEURLING GENERALIZED INTEGERS
Authors: Broucke Frederik , Debruyne Gregory , Vindas Jasson
Published: August 2022

We establish the optimal order of Malliavin-type remainders in the asymptotic density approximation formula for Beurling generalized integers. Given
$\alpha \in (0,1]$
and
$c>0$
(with
$c\leq 1$
if
$\alpha =1$
), a generalized number system is constructed with Riemann prime counting function
$ \Pi (x)= \operatorname {\mathrm {Li}}(x)+ O(x\exp (-c \log ^{\alpha } x ) +\log _{2}x), $
and whose integer counting function satisfies the extremal oscillation estimate
$N(x)=\rho x + \Omega _{\pm }(x\exp (- c'(\log x\log _{2} x)^{\frac {\alpha }{\alpha +1}})$
for any
$c'>(c(\alpha +1))^{\frac {1}{\alpha +1}}$
, where
$\rho>0$
is its asymptotic density. In particular, this improves and extends upon the earlier work [Adv. Math. 370 (2020), Article 107240].
How do trained palliative care providers experience open desire to die-conversations? An explorative thematic analysis
Authors: Boström Kathleen , Dojan Thomas , Rosendahl Carolin , Gehrke Leonie , Voltz Raymond , Kremeike Kerstin
Published: August 2022

Objectives

Despite the potential benefits of open communication about possible desires to die for patients receiving palliative care, health professionals tend to avoid such conversations and often interpret desires to die as requests for medical aid in dying. After implementing trainings to foster an open, proactive approach toward desire to die, we requested trained health professionals to lead and document desire to die-conversations with their patients. In this article, we explore how trained health professionals experience an open (proactive) approach to desire to die-conversations with their patients.

Methods

Between April 2018 and March 2020, health professionals recorded their conversation-experiences on documentation sheets by answering seven open questions. A subsample was invited to offer deeper insights through semi-structured qualitative interviews. Interviews and documentation sheets were transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically, then findings from both sources were compared and synthesized.

Results

Overall, N = 29 trained health professionals documented N = 81 open desire to die-conversations. A subsample of n = 13 health professionals participated in qualitative interviews. Desire to die-conversations after the training were reported as a complex but overall enriching experience, illustrated in seven themes: (1) beneficial (e.g., establishing good rapport) and (2) hindering aspects (e.g., patients’ emotional barriers) of desire to die-conversations, (3) follow-up measures, (4) ways of addressing desire to die, as well as (5) patient reactions to it. The interviews offered space for health professionals to talk about (6) content of desire to die-conversation and (7) (self-)reflection (e.g., on patients’ biographies or own performance).

Significance of results

As part of an open (proactive) approach, desire to die-conversations hold potential for health professionals’ (self-)reflection and a deeper understanding of patient background and needs. They may lead to a strengthened health professional–patient relationship and potentially prevent suicide.
Handlungsempfehlungen zur Evaluation des Glücksspielstaatsvertrags
Authors: Hayer Tobias , Füchtenschnieder Ilona , Hardeling Andrea , Landgraf Konrad , Rehbein Florian , Rumpf Hans-Jürgen , Wulf Rüdiger
Published: August 2022

Zusammenfassung: Hintergrund: Glücksspiele gelten als demeritorische Güter, die mit Suchtgefahren und sozialen Kosten für die Gesellschaft assoziiert sind. Als entsprechend groß erweist sich der Bedarf an regulatorischen Eingriffen, die in evidenzgestützter Weise vor allem den Jugend- und Spielerschutz fördern. Voraussetzung hierfür ist eine qualitativ hochwertige, umfassende und multidisziplinär ausgerichtete Evaluation der jeweiligen Regulationsansätze und ihrer einzelnen Versatzstücke. Ziel: Der Beitrag verfolgt in einem ersten Schritt das Ziel, den Status Quo in Sachen (bisheriger) Evaluationspraxis in Deutschland kritisch zu bewerten. Davon ausgehend werden in einem zweiten Schritt mit Bezugnahme auf den aktuellen Glücksspielstaatsvertrag 2021 (GlüStV 2021) Handlungsempfehlungen für seine sachgerechte wissenschaftliche Überprüfung vorgelegt. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei sowohl Aspekte der Maßnahmenwirksamkeit als auch Aspekte der Maßnahmenimplementation. In Ergänzung dazu finden sich einige generelle Überlegungen zu einem angemessenen Evaluationsvorgehen. Fazit: Dieses Positionspapier unterbreitet erstmals auf breiter inhaltlicher und struktureller Ebene Vorschläge für eine wissenschaftlich fundierte Evaluation des GlüStV 2021. Eine evidenzgestützte Suchtprävention kann nur dann erfolgen, wenn tatsächlich ein ernsthaftes politisches Interesse an einer derartigen Forschungsagenda besteht und diese entsprechend finanziert und unabhängig durchgeführt wird.
Zwischen Mensch und Maschine: Künstliche Intelligenz zur Förderung von Lernprozessen
Authors: Ninaus Manuel , Sailer Michael
Published: August 2022

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Die Rolle und der Einsatz von künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) und Machine Learning im Lernkontext wird seit der Digitalisierungsoffensive stark diskutiert. KI-basierte Werkzeuge bieten vielversprechende Möglichkeiten, um Lernprozesse besser zu verstehen und im weiteren Fortgang zu optimieren. Der Zuwachs an Daten und Metriken, die durch neue Sensoren und digitale Lernumgebungen zur Verfügung gestellt werden, ermöglicht den Einsatz von KI und Machine Learning. Solche Methoden bieten sich insbesondere an, wenn die menschliche Informationsverarbeitung nicht in der Lage ist, die komplexen und multimodalen Daten effizient und zeitnah zu verarbeiten sowie notwendige Schlüsse daraus zu ziehen. Methode: Für den aktuellen Artikel wurde eine selektive Literaturrecherche betrieben, um die unterschiedlichen Schritte bei KI-gestützten Lernsystemen genauer zu beleuchten. Diskussion: Es lassen sich drei zentrale Schritte im Prozess des KI-gestützten Lernens identifizieren: (i) Datenaufzeichnung, (ii) Mustererkennung und (iii) Adaptivität in digitalen Lernumgebungen. Der Mensch spielt in KI-gestützten Lernsystemen eine entscheidende und nicht durch die „Maschine“ zu ersetzende Rolle, die im aktuellen Artikel genauer erläutert wird. Zudem werden weitere wichtige Aspekte für die Umsetzung von KI-gestützten Lernsystemen wie die Notwendigkeit interdisziplinärer Zusammenarbeit, Theoriearbeit und der Schließung von Forschungslücken perspektivisch diskutiert und elaboriert.
Roman Warm Period and Late Antique Little Ice Age in an Earth System Model Large Ensemble
Authors: Shi Feng , Sun Cheng , Guion Antoine , Yin Qiuzhen , Zhao Sen , Liu Ting , Guo Zhengtang
Published: August 2022

Changes in climate during the Roman Warm Period (RWP, 1–250 CE) and Late Antique Little Ice Age (LALIA, 536–660 CE) play a critical role in early societal evolution, but the climate differences between these two periods and the possible causes of the changes remain poorly explored. Here we use the LOch–Vecode‐Ecbilt‐CLio‐agIsM model Large Common Era Ensemble with 70 members to examine the climate change over these two intervals and compare the results of this ensemble with the latest temperature reconstructions from the Past Global Changes 2k network and the transient simulation for the past 2,000 years from the Community Earth System Model. Results from both proxy reconstructions and climate model simulations show warming in mid‐to‐high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) during the RWP compared with the LALIA. This is likely linked with the increased radiative forcing associated with weaker volcanic eruptions in the RWP, which results in reduced sea ice area and pronounced high‐latitude warming through surface albedo and lapse‐rate feedbacks. This increases the upper ocean heat content over centennial time scales to maintain warming over the NH high‐latitude regions. Moreover, the RWP has drier (wetter) conditions in the eastern (western) equatorial Pacific than the LALIA, and this is related to the zonal sea surface temperature gradient in the equatorial Pacific through modification of the zonal circulation.
Behaviors of Ionospheric Topside Ion Density, Ion Temperature, and Electron Temperature During the 20 November 2003 Superstorm
Authors: Huang Chao‐Song , Zhang Yongliang , Wang Wenbin , Lin Dong , Wu Qian
Published: August 2022

We identified a few new storm‐time ionospheric phenomena by analyzing disturbances in topside ion density, electron temperature, and ion temperature at ∼840 km altitude measured by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellites during the 20 November 2003 magnetic storm. The storm‐time ion density enhancements showed different features at different local times. Longitudinal structures in the enhanced ion density occurred in the morning sector and extended from equatorial regions to middle latitudes. Ion density increase due to enhanced fountain effect was observed in the evening sector and lasted for ∼18 hr. A positive ionospheric storm occurred during the late recovery phase of the storm and was associated with increased atomic oxygen to molecular nitrogen column density ratio. Electron temperature at subauroral latitudes reached 8000 K during the storm, ∼4000 K higher than the quiet‐time temperature. The subauroral temperature enhancement lasted for 2–3 days. Simultaneous enhancements in the ion density, electron temperature, and ion temperature from subauroral to equatorial latitudes occurred in the night‐time ionosphere and lasted for ∼18 hr. A negative correlation between ion density and electron/ion temperature variations occurred in the dusk sector for ∼12 hr. An enhanced ion temperature crest in the winter hemisphere during the magnetic storm lasted for 2 days. A decrease in the ion temperature crest was also observed with an increase of the ion density. These new features in the ionospheric density and temperature, together with the results from previous studies, provide a more comprehensive scenario of the ionospheric response to the superstorm.
A Multicomponent Reactive Transport Model for Integrated Surface‐Subsurface Hydrology Problems
Authors: Molins Sergi , Svyatsky Daniil , Xu Zexuan , Coon Ethan T. , Moulton J. David
Published: August 2022

Despite the widespread use of integrated hydrology models in a variety of applications, consideration of multicomponent reactive transport is still not common. The implementation of these processes requires coupling transport at the surface‐subsurface interface and efficient solution of the non‐linear geochemical model that is consistent with the integrated hydrology solution. The Advanced Terrestrial Simulator provides a flexible multiphysics framework that facilitated this process. In this work, the integrated reactive transport process kernel (PK) was weakly coupled to the integrated hydrology PK. In turn, integrated transport and reactions were coupled using an operator splitting approach. This splitting enabled an explicit solution of the integrated transport problem, including a novel algorithm to calculate exchange fluxes across the surface‐subsurface interface and a point‐by‐point solution of the geochemical problem. Geochemical capabilities were added using well‐established external codes, but rather than using a custom interface to each, a generic interface was used that clearly specifies the variables and operations used by the chemistry PK. The implementation is demonstrated with two example simulations: transport of a tracer in a soil column as it saturates over time and water ponds on the surface and reactive transport in a hillslope driven by successive wet‐dry cycles that result in infiltration, runoff and exfiltration processes.
Forming cytoplasmic stress granules PURα suppresses mRNA translation initiation of IGFBP3 to promote esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression
Authors: Tian Lusong , Xie Xiufeng , Das Urmi , Chen Yuling , Sun Yulin , Liu Fang , Lu Haizhen , Nan Peng , Zhu Ying , Gu Xinglu , Deng Haiteng , Xie Jiuyong , Zhao Xiaohang
Published: August 2022

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most fatal malignancies worldwide. Recently, our group identified purine-rich element binding protein alpha (PURα), a single-stranded DNA/RNA-binding protein, to be significantly associated with the progression of ESCC. Additional immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that PURα forms cytoplasmic stress granules to suppress mRNA translation initiation. The expression level of cytoplasmic PURα in ESCC tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent epithelia and correlated with a worse patient survival rate by immunohistochemistry. Functionally, PURα strongly preferred to bind to UG-/U-rich motifs and mRNA 3´UTR by CLIP-seq analysis. Moreover, PURα knockout significantly increased the protein level of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3). In addition, it was further demonstrated that PURα-interacting proteins are remarkably associated with translation initiation factors and ribosome-related proteins and that PURα regulates protein expression by interacting with translation initiation factors, such as PABPC1, eIF3B and eIF3F, in an RNA-independent manner, while the interaction with ribosome-related proteins is significantly dependent on RNA. Specifically, PURα was shown to interact with the mRNA 3´UTR of IGFBP3 and inhibit its expression by suppressing mRNA translation initiation. Together, this study identifies cytoplasmic PURα as a modulator of IGFBP3, which could be a promising therapeutic target for ESCC treatment.
Down-regulated m6A reader FTO destabilizes PHF1 that triggers enhanced stemness capacity and tumor progression in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Ning Jinfeng , Wang Fengjiao , Bu Jianlong , Zhu Kaibin , Liu Wei
Published: August 2022

Aberrant epigenetic drivers or suppressors contribute to LUAD progression and drug resistance, including KRAS, PTEN, Keap1. Human Plant Homeodomain (PHD) finger protein 1 (PHF1) coordinates with H3K36me3 to increase nucleosomal DNA accessibility. Previous studies revealed that PHF1 is markedly upregulated in various tumors and enhances cell proliferation, migration and tumorigenesis. However, its roles in LUAD are still unknown. We aimed to depict the biological roles of PHF1 and identify useful targets for clinical treatment of LUAD. Based on the bioinformatic analysis, we found that PHF1 was down-regulated in LUAD samples and low PHF1 expressions correlated with unfavorable clinical characteristics. Patients with low PHF1 had poorer survival outcomes relative to those with high PHF1. Targeting PHF1 potentiated cell growth, migration and in vivo proliferation. Mechanistically, FTO mediated the stabilization of PHF1 mRNA by demethylating m6A, which particularly prevented YTHDF2 from degrading PHF1 transcripts. Of note, FTO also expressed lowly in LUAD that predicts poor prognosis of patients. FTO inhibition promoted LUAD progression, and PHF1 overexpression could reverse the effect. Lastly, down-regulated FTO/PHF1 axis could mainly elevate FOXM1 expression to potentiate the self-renewal capacity. Targeting FOXM1 was effective to suppress PHF1low/−LUAD growth. Collectively, our findings revealed that FTO positively regulates PHF1 expression and determined the tumor-suppressive role of FTO/PHF1 axis, thereby highlighting insights into its epigenetic remodeling mechanisms in LUAD progression and treatment.
The mechanism of RNA capping by SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Park Gina J. , Osinski Adam , Hernandez Genaro , Eitson Jennifer L. , Majumdar Abir , Tonelli Marco , Henzler-Wildman Katie , Pawłowski Krzysztof , Chen Zhe , Li Yang , Schoggins John W. , Tagliabracci Vincent S.
Published: August 2022

The RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2 contains a 5′ cap that facilitates the translation of viral proteins, protection from exonucleases and evasion of the host immune response1–4. How this cap is made in SARS-CoV-2 is not completely understood. Here we reconstitute the N7- and 2′-O-methylated SARS-CoV-2 RNA cap (7MeGpppA2′-O-Me) using virally encoded non-structural proteins (nsps). We show that the kinase-like nidovirus RdRp-associated nucleotidyltransferase (NiRAN) domain5 of nsp12 transfers the RNA to the amino terminus of nsp9, forming a covalent RNA–protein intermediate (a process termed RNAylation). Subsequently, the NiRAN domain transfers the RNA to GDP, forming the core cap structure GpppA-RNA. The nsp146 and nsp167 methyltransferases then add methyl groups to form functional cap structures. Structural analyses of the replication–transcription complex bound to nsp9 identified key interactions that mediate the capping reaction. Furthermore, we demonstrate in a reverse genetics system8 that the N terminus of nsp9 and the kinase-like active-site residues in the NiRAN domain are required for successful SARS-CoV-2 replication. Collectively, our results reveal an unconventional mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 caps its RNA genome, thus exposing a new target in the development of antivirals to treat COVID-19.
Comprehensive analysis of transglutaminase substrate preference by cDNA display coupled with next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics
Authors: Damnjanović Jasmina , Odake Nana , Fan Jicheng , Camagna Maurizio , Jia Beixi , Kojima Takaaki , Nemoto Naoto , Hitomi Kiyotaka , Nakano Hideo
Published: August 2022

cDNA display is an in vitro display technology based on a covalent linkage between a protein and its corresponding mRNA/cDNA, widely used for the selection of proteins and peptides from large libraries (1012) in a high throughput manner, based on their binding affinity. Here, we developed a platform using cDNA display and next-generation sequencing (NGS) for rapid and comprehensive substrate profiling of transglutaminase 2 (TG2), an enzyme crosslinking glutamine and lysine residues in proteins. After screening and selection of the control peptide library randomized at the reactive glutamine, a combinatorial library of displayed peptides randomized at positions − 1, + 1, + 2, and + 3 from the reactive glutamine was screened followed by NGS and bioinformatic analysis, which indicated a strong preference of TG2 towards peptides with glutamine at position − 1 (Gln-Gln motif), and isoleucine or valine at position + 3. The highly enriched peptides indeed contained the indicated sequence and showed a higher reactivity as TG2 substrates than the peptide previously selected by phage display, thus representing the novel candidate peptide probes for TG2 research. Furthermore, the obtained information on substrate profiling can be used to identify potential TG2 protein targets. This platform will be further used for the substrate profiling of other TG isozymes, as well as for the selection and evolution of larger biomolecules.
Analysis of illicit pills and drugs of abuse in urine samples using a 3D-printed open port probe hyphenated with differential mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry
Authors: Sosnowski Piotr , Marin Victor , Tian Xiaobo , Hopfgartner Gérard
Published: August 2022

The present work describes the application of an in-house developed 3D-printed open port probe (3DP-OPP) with differential ion mobility spectrometry (DMS) mass spectrometry.
Catalytic asymmetric addition to cyclic N-acyl-iminium: access to sulfone-bearing contiguous quaternary stereocenters
Authors: Bhosale Viraj A. , Císařová Ivana , Kamlar Martin , Veselý Jan
Published: August 2022

Herein, we report the first chiral phosphoric acid (CPA)-catalyzed asymmetric addition of α-fluoro(phenylsulfonyl)methane (FSM) derivatives to in situ generated cyclic N-acyliminium.
Radical annulation of a designed diene system: access to nitro-benzo[b]azepines
Authors: Sun Kai , Zhang Yan , Tian Miao , Wang Zhichuan , Zhao Dongyang , Wang Shilong , Tang Shi , Zhang Zhen
Published: August 2022

A O2N˙-triggered addition 7-endo cyclization to nitro-benzo[b]azepines is reported with good chemo- and regioselectivity. Large-scale operation and handy N-Ts and N-Cbz deprotection reveal the utility of this methodology.
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution of non-activated aryl fluorides with aliphatic amides
Authors: Matsuura Akihisa , Ano Yusuke , Chatani Naoto
Published: August 2022

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reactions of non-activated aryl fluorides with amide enolates are reported. DFT calculations suggest that the reaction proceeds through a concerted SNAr pathway.
Tandem synthesis of N-methylated tertiary amines via three-component coupling of carbonyl compounds, amines, and methanol
Authors: Borthakur Ishani , Srivastava Sameer , Kumari Saloni , Kundu Sabuj
Published: August 2022

Synthesis of N-methylated tertiary amines by three-component coupling of carbonyl compounds, amines, and methanol following a tandem reductive amination/N-methylation is reported.
Controlling enzyme reactions by supramolecular protection and deprotection of oligosaccharide substrates
Authors: Zangiabadi Milad , Zhao Yan
Published: August 2022

Protection/deprotection is a powerful strategy in the total synthesis of complex organic molecules but similar tools are nearly absent in enzymatic reactions.
Novel insights into lattice thermal transport in nanocrystalline Mg3Sb2 from first principles: the crucial role of higher-order phonon scattering
Authors: Chang Zheng , Zheng Jiongzhi , Jing Yuhang , Li Weiqi , Yuan Kunpeng , Ma Jing , Gao Yufei , Zhang Xiaoliang , Hu Ming , Yang Jianqun , Tang Dawei
Published: August 2022

Herein, we found that four-phonon interaction plays a crucial role in the ultra-low lattice thermal conductivity system, which goes beyond the conventional theory.
A computational tool to accurately and quickly predict19F NMR chemical shifts of molecules with fluorine–carbon and fluorine–boron bonds
Authors: Dumon Alexandre S. , Rzepa Henry S. , Alamillo-Ferrer Carla , Bures Jordi , Procter Richard , Sheppard Tom D. , Whiting Andrew
Published: August 2022

We report the evaluation of DFT-based procedures for predicting19F NMR chemical shifts for a range of molecules with fluorine bonds, to be used as a tool for the characterisation of reaction intermediates, products and mechanistic pathways.
Intrinsic ferromagnetism and the quantum anomalous Hall effect in two-dimensional MnOCl2 monolayers
Authors: Song Guang , Zhang Chengfeng , Xie Tengfei , Wu Qingkang , Zhang Bingwen , Huang Xiaokun , Li Zhongwen , Li Guannan , Gao Benling
Published: August 2022

The Pmmn-MnOCl2 monolayer is a ferromagnetic Dirac semimetal with a high Curie temperature and gapless edge state.
Enhanced elastic scattering of He2 and He3 from solids by multiple-edge diffraction
Authors: Kim Lee Yeong , Park Sanghwan , Lee Chang Young , Schöllkopf Wieland , Zhao Bum Suk
Published: August 2022

We report on a method of enhanced elastic and coherent reflection of 4He2 and 4He3 from a micro-structured solid surface under grazing incidence conditions.
How change in chirality prevents β-amyloid type interaction in a protonated cyclic dipeptide dimer
Authors: Le Barbu-Debus Katia , Pérez-Mellor Ariel , Lepère Valéria , Zehnacker Anne
Published: August 2022

The protonated dimer of cyclo (Phe-His) is studied in a ion trap by IR spectroscopy. A β-sheet interaction exists in cyclo (lPhe-lHis) and not in cyclo (lPhe-dHis). A change in chirality of one of the residues thus prevents amyloid-type clustering.
Stereodynamics of adiabatic and non-adiabatic energy transfer in a molecule surface encounter
Authors: Zhang Yaolong , Box Connor L. , Schäfer Tim , Kandratsenka Alexander , Wodtke Alec M. , Maurer Reinhard J. , Jiang Bin
Published: August 2022

Orientation dependent energy transfer in NO(v = 3) scattered from Au(111) reproduced by theory for the first time.
Photophysical comparison of Zn(ii) phthalocyanaine tetrasulfonate and Zn(ii) tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin encapsulated within the Zn-polyhedral metal organic framework, HKUST-1(Zn)
Authors: Larsen Randy W. , Wojtas Lukasz
Published: August 2022

Metal organic framework cavity modulation of peripheral group dynamics controls porphyrin excited state properties in the HKUST-1(Zn) polyhedral framework.
Electronic modulation of Co2P nanoneedle arrays by the doping of transition metal Cr atoms for a urea oxidation reaction
Authors: Li Xinyu , Du Xiaoqiang , Zhang Xiaoshuang
Published: August 2022

Cr0.4-Co2P/NF present superior performance of UOR with the cell voltage of 1.333 V at 50 mA cm−2 in 1 M KOH containing 0.5 M urea.
Unravelling stereoisomerism in acid catalysed lignin conversion: an integration of experimental trends and theoretical evaluations
Authors: Zhang Zhenlei , Monti Susanna , Barcaro Giovanni , Lahive Ciaran W. , Deuss Peter J.
Published: August 2022

Stereo preference of intermediates was observed during diol-stabilised lignin acidolysis, and the computational simulation revealed a role for the triflate catalyst.
Electrochemical oxidative regio- and stereo-selective thio(seleno)cyanation of enamides and mechanistic insights
Authors: Gu Qingyun , Cheng Zhenfeng , Xiong Xing , Xiong Biao , Zhao Yu , Xu Hua-Dong , Zhang Yanan , Qiu Xiaodong , Zeng Xiaobao
Published: August 2022

An electrochemical oxidative thio(seleno)cyanation of enamides to synthesize various (E)-β-thio(seleno)cyanated enamide compounds is reported herein.
On the robustness of machine learning algorithms toward microfluidic distortions for cell classification via on-chip fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Ahmad Ali , Sala Federico , Paiè Petra , Candeo Alessia , D'Annunzio Sarah , Zippo Alessio , Frindel Carole , Osellame Roberto , Bragheri Francesca , Bassi Andrea , Rousseau David
Published: August 2022

Machine learning algorithms for cell classification via on-chip fluorescence microscopy are shown to be robust to microfluidic distortions due to cell displacement during acquisition.
Room temperature self-healing epoxy waterborne polyurethane containing microcapsules with waterborne polyurethane shells and mercaptan cores
Authors: Zhang Mengyun , Cong Rimin , Luo Yunjun
Published: August 2022

Self-healing epoxy waterborne polyurethane (EWPU) was prepared by embedding mercaptan-contained microcapsules. Once microcracks expanded, microcapsules ruptured and mercaptan was released to the valley of the microcrack to realize the self-healing.
Magnetically recoverable Cu2O–Fe3O4@TNT catalytic system for click chemistry in water: multi-component synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles at room temperature
Authors: Velpula Venkata Ramana Kumar , Ketike Thirupathaiah , Rajajagdeesan Anusha , Bora Manisha Atul , Ganji Saidulu , Burri David Raju , Surapaneni Krishna Mohan
Published: August 2022

A novel magnetically recoverable and recyclable nanocatalyst, Cu2O-Fe3O4@TNT, has been developed for the synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles at room temperature in aqueous medium.