bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Music, Language, and Cognition: Which Doesn’t Belong?
Authors: Kivy Peter
Published: November 2023

When the topic of “Music, Language, and Cognition” was first proposed to me by the organizers of this Colloquium, I was at once reminded of the game in which a child is shown, for example, pictures of an apple, a banana, and a trumpet and asked “Which one doesn’t belong?” I assume you all know the answer.
The initial consultation: what is covered in your first clinic visit?
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline
Published: November 2023

The aim of your first visit to the fertility clinic is a medical assessment of you and your partner in order to plan your initial investigation and treatment. Most clinics prefer both partners to attend at least one visit together, and if this is difficult, it is probably most useful if it can be this first one. Don’t be put off if your appointments are only addressed to one of you; most clinics traditionally keep fertility records under the name of the woman. Rest assured that your partner will be most welcome at all times! It is important that the clinic can contact you, and the clinic receptionist will check your personal details (address, telephone numbers, and GP details) at each visit. It is in your best interests to keep the clinic informed of any changes to these details.
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline
Published: November 2023

Traditional medicine examines the disease process and treats disease. Practitioners of CAM view the body and mind as a whole and believe that stress plays a major role in contributing to health problems, including difficulty in getting pregnant. Patients may seek out CAM clinicians to provide explanations for the cause of symptoms, often when conventional medicine has been unable to do so.
Gynaecological problems and fertility
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline
Published: November 2023

Endometriosis is commonly found at laparoscopy in women who have had children as well as in women who are infertile. It is not a cancer and rarely changes into a cancer. It can cause pain: painful periods, pain for several days before a period, and pain on intercourse. It can also be found without symptoms.
Coping with infertility
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline
Published: November 2023

You have been told that there are fertility problems, although you have probably suspected that already. You now realize that you are going to need assisted reproductive technology if you are going to have a child and your world is suddenly changed; your relationships with your partner and family may be altered, your sense of yourself can feel damaged, your competent working self might feel like a failure, your future might not be what you had thought it would be, and you are looking at a life that feels completely different from anything you had hoped for or wanted. You are dealing with one of the hardest things anyone has to face.
Cognitivism, Expressivism, and Agreement in Response
Authors: Gert Joshua
Published: November 2023

Hume believed that value claims were distinct from claims about, for example, the sizes and shapes of objects, in that the latter were the deliverances of reason, while the former had their source in the passions. Considering this, Hume held what might appear to be surprisingly dogmatic views as to which traits count as virtues and which as vices, and he often used quite vehement language against those who denied the existence of the moral distinctions that he was trying to explain. The reconciliation of these two aspects of Hume can be found in his belief, which many would now reject, that the constitution of human nature is so uniform that the appropriate sentiments are guaranteed to be present in virtually any representative of the species. But if human nature really guaranteed the same affective responses to the same actions, objects, and characters, then a case could be made that the terms that seem, on the basis of surface grammar, to refer to properties of those actions, objects, and characters, really do refer to them.
Treatment and recovery after head injury
Authors: Daisley Audrey , Tams Rachel , Kischka Udo
Published: November 2023

Every head injury is different and so each family’s experience after the head injury occurs will also be unique. As a result there are many possible outcomes and pathways that an individual (and their family) may take following a head injury (Figure 3.1). Despite this variation, there are national guidelines in the UK on the type and standards of hospital care that people with head injuries should receive (at the time of writing the most recent of these are the NICE guidelines 2007). In this chapter we outline the most common routes through head injury treatment and recovery, detailing what to expect and the key issues that occur at each stage. However, it is important to acknowledge that as the services available to assess, treat, and support people after head injury in the UK vary enormously, your relative may not be able to access (or need) everything that is described here.
Changes in thinking skills
Authors: Daisley Audrey , Tams Rachel , Kischka Udo
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will look at the most common cognitive (thinking) problems that can occur after head injury, the causes of these, and what can be done about them. The key to coping with your relative’s cognitive difficulties is to become knowledgeable about the problems that can occur, use simple strategies and aids, alter your relative’s home and work environment, and learn to look after yourself and know what forms of emotional and practical support are available to you. Cognition (or cognitive functioning) refers to the whole range of thinking processes that we all engage in.
Changes in sexual functioning
Authors: Daisley Audrey , Tams Rachel , Kischka Udo
Published: November 2023

Sexual activity is complex. It involves physical, psychological, emotional, and social factors and head injury can affect it at each of these levels. Sexual problems are common in the general population with one in 10 men reporting erectile problems. In a recent UK national survey, 15 per cent of women reported at least one ‘persistent’ sexual problem. In both sexes problems become more common with increasing age. Sexual problems are also very common after a head injury, with approximately 50 per cent of people reporting some difficulty.
Worlds, Pluriverses, and Minds
Authors: Heller Mark
Published: November 2023

Over the last few years I have been developing an ontology of ersatz possible worlds based on some suggestions made by W. V. O. Quine. The proposed account identifies worlds with complicated sets that represent distributions of fundamental properties across a manifold. I will henceforth call this view ‘‘Representationalism’’. The purpose of the present chapter is twofold. First, I want to consider how this picture of worlds must be developed in order to accommodate the possibility of manifolds that are not connected with one another or only partially connected with one another. Secondly, I want to consider how this picture of worlds must be developed in order to accommodate the possibility of non-physical minds. The relation between these two projects is that I will propose that non-physical minds can be treated as collections of mental properties distributed in separate manifolds each of which is partially connected to the manifold within which the physical properties are distributed.
Class features as probes
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis , Müller Gereon
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we address (i) the form and (ii) the function of inflection class features in a minimalist grammar. The empirical evidence comes from noun inflection systems involving fusional markers in German, Greek, and Russian. As for (i), we argue (based on instances of transparadigmatic syncretism) that class features are not privative; rather, class information must be decomposed into more abstract, binary features. Concerning (ii), we propose that class features qualify as the very device that brings about fusional inflection: They are uninterpretable in syntax and act as probes on stems, with matching inflection markers as goals, and thus trigger morphological Agree operations that merge stem and inflection marker before syntax is reached.
Design of Animals and Robots
Authors: McFarland David
Published: November 2023

Suppose that we are going to design a robot, not a toy robot, but an ‘intelligent’ robot that stands a chance of surviving in the real world. Toy robots include those developed by scientists for research purposes, and those sold on the open market for entertainment. To survive in the real world in the long term, a robot would have to do something useful, so that people would want to buy it. In this chapter we will explore principles of design that apply to both animals and robots, and demonstrate that fairly complex, animal-like, behaviour can be achieved by a robot that has no mental capabilities whatsoever. In other words we are looking for a design that is the most basic design capable of doing the job. Our design is an imaginative fantasy that will help us to understand the parallels between robot design and animal evolution.
Beyond Automata
Authors: McFarland David
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter ended with a realist supposition. The supposition is this. My dog Border comes into the kitchen because she is hungry and believes that there will be food available. What would be necessary for this supposition to be true? For most philosophers, it would be necessary for Border to have a desire for food, to believe that food is available in the kitchen, and to be able to connect these two mental states to form the intention to go into the kitchen. (e.g. I am hungry, I believe that there will be food in the kitchen, therefore I should go to the kitchen). Traditionally, philosophers regard a belief as a mental state, representational in character, taking a proposition (either true or false) as its content. So the content of Border’s belief would be ‘there is food in the kitchen.’
Mental Possibilities
Authors: McFarland David
Published: November 2023

Is it possible for a non-human alien, an animal, or robot, to have a mind? Some scientists and philosophers think that some animals have some mental abilities, others disagree. Some scientists and philosophers think that, one day, some robots will have minds of their own, other disagree. Why do we want to know anyway? We want to know about animal minds because animals are important in our lives. We hunt them, we husband them, and we eat them. Some people think that animals are given to us by nature (or by god) to treat as we like and do with as we will. Other people worry about animal welfare to the extent that their opinions dictate their diet, their lifestyle, and sometimes their hostilities. There is no question that our prejudices about animal minds influence the lives we lead, our laws, and our politics.
Nominal Restriction
Authors: Stanley Jason
Published: November 2023

Extra-linguistic context appears to have aprofound effect on the determination of what is expressed by the use of linguistic expressions. For a bewildering range of very different linguistic constructions, adhering to relatively straightforward linguistic intuition about what is expressed leads us to the conclusion that facts about the non-linguistic context play many different roles in determining what is said. Furthermore, that so many different constructions betray this sort of sensitivity to extra-linguistic context understandably leads to pessimism about rescuing the straightforward intuitions while preserving any sort of systematicity in the theory of meaning.
Aristotle On The Necessity Of Opposites In Posterior Analytics 1.4
Authors: Tierney Richard
Published: November 2023

I am grateful for helpful suggestions from David Sedley, and for earlier guidance from Wolfgang Mann. A version of the paper was presented at the Marquette Summer Seminar in Ancient and Medieval Philosophy, and I have benefited from comments from the seminar participants, especially those of Robert Bolton and Owen Goldin. Work on the paper in its later stages was supported, in part, by a Graduate School Research Committee Award from the University of WisconsinMilwaukee.
Enquiry And Discovery
Authors: Fine Gail
Published: November 2023

1. Plato’s Meno is a beautifully written, sensitive, and elegant book that at the same time manages to be clear, analytical, and sensible: a rare combination. Dominic Scott pays careful attention not only to the dramatic setting and the nature of the interlocutors but also to the details of arguments, and he manages to illuminate both: another rare combination. This will surely be the standard book on the Meno for years to come, one that will be read with pleasure and profit by a variety of people ranging from undergraduates to professional philosophers. It serves as an excellent introduction to the dialogue; but it will also challenge and interest those who have worked intensively on it. Like the Meno itself, the book is a gem.
The Reality of Qualia
Authors: Hatfield Gary
Published: November 2023

I am a qualia realist. I believe that specifically phenomenal qualia are present in perception. Thus, when we see a yellow lemon in good light, we typically see that it is yellow by experiencing a yellow quale. We can experience (an instance of) the same yellow quale in the absence of the lemon, or of any yellow object. In my view, not only is the experience of the lemon’s quality real — something many will grant — but the experienced quale is real, in the sense that it exists as perceiver-dependent phenomenal content.
The cognitive basis of mathematical knowledge
Authors: Cappelletti Marinella , Giardino Valeria
Published: November 2023

In 1988 Nicolas Slonimsky, aged 94, the world-renowned lexicographer of music and a conductor, created a new composition by identifying each note in Beethoven’s 5th Symphony with a number and then playing the square root of each note. (Slonimsky and Bonotto 2002) What is involved in our understanding of numbers such as those contained in the above sentences? Are we born with this ability or do we learn it in life? Can we lose our capacity to understand and use numbers following a brain injury?
Scientific Platonism
Authors: Paseau Alexander
Published: November 2023

Ask a typical mathematician whether the truth of mathematical statements and the metaphysics of mathematics are settled by natural science, and the answer is likely to be that they are not. He or she might add that many questions of mathematical interest are connected to or originally arose from applications in science, but that the applications of mathematics to science are derivative and that they do not settle its truth or metaphysics.
Before you start
Authors: Tulloh Bruce , Lee David
Published: November 2023

Informed consent is required before any operation and the operating surgeon should be the one to obtain this, for several reasons. First, it ensures that the surgeon and patient have met and have established some form of relationship. While this is important in its own right, it also makes things easier in the post-operative period when the outcome of the operation is being discussed. Secondly, the discussion between surgeon and patient ensures that both parties have realistic expectations about what can be achieved during the operation and may make the surgeon tailor the procedure to some extent. By informing the patient about what to expect, the post-operative course may be smoother. Finally, it allows the patient to vent any anxieties about their operation by asking questions. It is therefore vital that the person obtaining consent be familiar with all aspects of the operation and the recovery process.
Manoeuvres in laparoscopic surgery
Authors: Tulloh Bruce , Lee David
Published: November 2023

Laparoscopy is no more than an alternative approach to an operation that could otherwise be done open. A decision should be made for each case as to which approach is better, as both have their pros and cons. If laparoscopy is chosen, the possibility of conversion to open must be discussed as part of the consent process. Furthermore, since conversion to open is the ultimate way to get out of trouble, you should be capable of performing the operation open before you attempt it laparoscopically—or at least have rapid access to someone who can help you if necessary.
Phrasal Categories
Authors: Culicover Peter W
Published: November 2023

As we saw in our discussion of the structure of the simple S, phrases such as VP are built around heads. In such case, we say that the phrase is a projection of the head. In the case of the VP, the head is V. Examination of other phrasal categories suggests that they too are projections of heads. For example, an NP typically contains an N as its head, an AP contains an A as its head, an AdvP contains an Adv as its head, and a PP contains a P as its head. A phrase that contains a head of the same type is called endocentric. A phrase that does not contain a head of the same type is called exocentric. An open question in syntactic theory is whether all phrases are endocentric.
Predication
Authors: Culicover Peter W
Published: November 2023

Predication is the relation that holds between the subject NP of a sentence and the main VP – the VP is called the predicate and is said to “predicate” a property of the subject. A predication relation may also involve other constituents of a sentence besides the subject and the VP. In these cases, the question arises as to the syntactic relationship between the predicate and the NP. We look at some of the main phenomena bearing on this question in this chapter.
Narratives of Change
Authors: Machan Tim William
Published: November 2023

In his discussion of the formal content and moralizing impulses of historical narrative, Hayden White observes that the events of daily life, whether intimate social interaction or epic international struggle, do not transpire in the well-motivated, balanced, and thematized plot of a story. These kinds of coherence are imposed by the historian, who selects events, arranges them in a linear order, and necessarily provides cause-and-effect explanations. As the matter of narrative, such coherence is also the product of imagination. For White, in fact, it is historical narration that renders the phenomena of the world real and desirable by positing in these phenomena the form and coherence characteristic of imaginative acts: ‘These events are real not because they occurred but because, first, they were remembered and, second, they are capable of finding a place in a chronologically ordered sequence.’1 As an act of imagination, historical narration must also posit its own closure, and the need for such closure—for comprehensible completion, purpose, and meaning in historical events—is ultimately moralizing: ‘The demand for closure in the historical story is a demand, I suggest, for moral meaning, a demand that sequences of real events be assessed as to their significance as elements of a moral drama.’2 But the moralizing and authenticating powers of the historian can be evoked only when the imaginative narrative form assigned to human experience is contested, only when the reality to be made desirable is contested.
Policy and Politics
Authors: Machan Tim William
Published: November 2023

In the first chapter, when discussing theories of language change, I quoted Roger Lass’s characteristically witty and insightful observation that linguistic change ‘occurs over ‘‘geological’’ time, beyond the capacity of humans to act, since no actor can see the consequences of his actions. A speaker engaged in a change is not an agent, but a victim.’1 Lass’s perspective is that of a historical linguist interested in structural changes like consonant shifts and syntactic elaboration, and from this perspective ‘geological time’ is indeed an apt metaphor. Including the exceptions accounted for in Verner’s Law, for example, the consonantal changes designated as the First Consonant Shift probably required at least half a millennium for completion, while the expansion of English periphrastic verb phrases, whereby modals like should came to create progressive structures like should have been going, took place over several centuries. Any one speaker at any one moment in either change might well be aware of the existence of variation, with certain eighteenth-century speakers already saying something like the house is being built, even as others retained the historical the house is building or the house is on building. Speakers might associate variants with particular social groups, or know that they are socially stigmatized, or suspect, like H. G. Wells and many of the verbal hygienists described by Deborah Cameron, that they can extrapolate the linguistic future, whether utopian or dystopian, from what they hear around them.
Aletheic Vengeance
Authors: Scharp Kevin
Published: November 2023

Thinking about truth can be more dangerous than it looks. Of course, our concept of truth is the source of one of the most frustrating and impenetrable paradoxes humans have ever contemplated, the liar paradox, but that is just the beginning of its treachery. In an effort to understand why one of the most beloved and revered members of our conceptual repertoire could cause us so much trouble, philosophers have for centuries proposed ‘solutions’ to the liar paradox. However, it seems that our concept of truth takes offense to our efforts to understand it because it appears to retaliate against those who propose ‘solutions’ to the liar. It takes its revenge on us by creating new paradoxes from our own attempts to find resolution. That is, most proposed solutions to the liar paradox give rise to new, more insidious paradoxes— often called revenge paradoxes. For our attempts at understanding, truth rewards us with inconsistent theories, untenable logics, and a deep feeling of bewilderment.
A Note on Gibbard’s “Rational Credence and the Value of Truth”
Authors: Swanson Eric
Published: November 2023

Gibbard observes that “With an epistemically rational person, it is as if, by her own lights, she were aiming at truth,” and argues that although aiming at guidance value is sufficient for this kind of “epistemic immodesty,” aiming at truth alone is not. His arguments trade on an analogy between a certain kind of idealized believer and ordinary believers like us: if it is (in certain respects) “as if” we are such idealized believers, then there is good reason to think that we have (certain of) their features. Here I try to undermine Gibbard’s case by showing that for another kind of idealized believer—a kind that is more like us than Gibbard’s believers are—in many cases having the aim of truth alone does suffice for epistemic immodesty. In particular, a believer who ‘aims at truth’ in part by being sensitive to new evidence in the way that is most conducive to the eventual accuracy of her beliefs most prefers her actual credences.
The Roots of Reason
Authors: Papineau David
Published: November 2023

David Papineau presents a controversial view of human reason, portraying it as a normal part of the natural world, and drawing on the empirical sciences to illuminate its workings. In these six interconnected essays he offers a fresh approach to some long-standing problems. Papineau rejects the contemporary orthodoxy that genuine thought hinges on some species of non-natural normativity. He explores the evolutionary histories of theoretical and practical rationality, indicating ways in which capacities underlying human reasoning have been selected for their biological advantages. He then looks at the connection between decision and probability, explaining how good decisions need to be informed by causal as well as probabilistic facts. Finally he defends the radical view that a satisfactory understanding of decision-making is only possible within a specific interpretation of quantum mechanics. By placing the subject in its scientific context, Papineau shows how human rationality plays an explicable role in the functioning of the natural world.
Plato on Naming
Authors: Fine Gail
Published: November 2023

Plato is sometimes criticized for having failed to distinguish names and sentences, and naming and stating, until the Sophist, and this failure is thought to underlie both his supposed perplexity about false belief in the Cratylus, Theaetetus, and elsewhere, and his claim, in the Cratylus, that names can be true and false. Interestingly enough, the charge has been pressed from two quite different directions.
Conflicting Appearances: Theaetetus 153 d-154 b
Authors: Fine Gail
Published: November 2023

Ancient and modern philosophers alike have been fascinated by the socalled problem of conflicting appearances. The problem is simply this. There are, or at least seem to be, conflicting appearances: the wind seems cold to me, but not to you; the honey seems sweet to me, but not to you; abortion seems right to me, but not to you. What should we infer? Numerous answers have been proposed. In this essay, I consider the answer Plato attributes to Protagoras in Theaetetus 153 d–154 b. The passage has been analysed in detail by Myles Burnyeat, in his fascinating and stimulating paper ‘Conflicting Appearances’1 and I shall accordingly spend some time exploring his account, as well as proposing my own.
Darwin and Human Nature
Authors: Dupré John
Published: November 2023

This paper is not about Darwin but about recent Darwinism. Though Darwin himself certainly had some ideas about my topic, human nature, here I shall be concerned not with these but with contemporary ideas deriving from Darwin, and the relevance of these for our understanding of human nature. I shall begin with some more recent history of science. The evolutionary basis of human nature, or anyhow human behaviour, is a currently topical issue. Although, as is well known, attempts to apply Darwinian ideas to the better understanding of our own species have been made since soon after the publication of Darwin’s theory, there has been a particularly active movement of this sort in the last three decades. The landmark event for this recent movement is, no doubt, the publication of E. 0. Wilson’s Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. in 1975.
Conversations with Apes: Reflections on the Scientific Study of Language
Authors: Dupré John
Published: November 2023

Contemporary attempts to teach a form of language to great apes date from the work of Beatrice and Allen Gardner. While a number of earlier attempts were made to teach spoken languages to domestically raised chimpanzees,1 these were uniformly unsuccessful. The insight pursued by the Gardners was that the failures might be due as much to the apes’ lack of suitable vocal mechanisms as to their lack of linguistic aptitude (Gardner and Gardner 1971). They therefore attempted instead to teach their charges-notably the chimpanzee Washoe, undoubtedly the best-known of the talking apes-American Sign Language, or Ameslan. The Gardners claimed considerable success for this project, Washoe acquiring a vocabulary of well over a hundred signs2 and significant conversational skills. Since then a number of other chimpanzees have been instructed in sign language (Fouts 1973: 978-80; Terrace 1987) as well as a pair of gorillas (Patterson and Linden 1981) and an orang-utan (Miles 1983).
Herbert Read
Authors: Harding Jason
Published: November 2023

The contents of a literary magazine are heterogeneous and not every contribution has the same level of editorial approval. The chapters in this section concentrate on the individual biographies of leading contributors to the Criterion in an attempt to explore the internal dynamics that shaped the character of the periodical. The case of Herbert Read’s changing role on the Criterion is highly illustrative in this regard. Eliot chose his metaphor carefully when he described Read as a ‘rock’: the most frequent book reviewer in the files of the Criterion, a contributor of numerous essays, poems, published correspondence, and up to 1929 regular reviews of American periodicals.
Bonamy Dobrée
Authors: Harding Jason
Published: November 2023

Bonamy Dobrée was a close friend of Eliot and a frequent and prolific contributor to the Criterion. His style of reviewing was colloquial and familiar, notable for its geniality and touches of flippancy, balanced with the urbane tones of the cultivated dilettante. In some respects, he exemplifies the Criterion’s links to the world of the gentlemanly Edwardian ‘man of letters’; a figure at some remove from the academic professionalism and specialization that increasingly came to influence literary journalism in the 1930s.
A Religio-Political Organ
Authors: Harding Jason
Published: November 2023

Recent critical commentary has too often assumed that the political ideas formulated and debated in the Criterion can be dismissed as predictably conservative, even proto-fascist. On the contrary, a sympathetic consideration of the journal’s treatment of political affairs unearths Eliot’s editorial determination not to oversimplify difficult and complex areas of politico-cultural exchange. It is true that the early volumes of the Criterion exhibited a somewhat dandyish reluctance to enter the political arena. In ‘The Idea of a Literary Review’ (January 1926), Eliot observed that a literary review ‘must protect its disinterestedness, must avoid the temptation ever to appeal to any social, political or theological prejudices’.
Indeterminacy and Entanglement: The Challenge of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Bub Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

I explore the nature of the problem generated by the transition from classical to quantum mechanics, and I survey some of the different responses to this problem. I show briefly how recent work on quantum information over the past ten years has led to a shift of focus, in which the puzzling features of quantum mechanics are seen as a resource to be developed rather than a problem to be solved.

What is so puzzling about quantum mechanics? Remarkably, there is no general consensus among physicists as to the nature of the problem, or even whether there is a genuine problem. As Feynman ([1982], p. 467) put it: ‘I cannot define the real problem, therefore I suspect there’s no real problem, but I’m not sure there’s no real problem.’
Introduction
Authors: Inwood Brad
Published: November 2023

Lucius Annaeus Seneca, known as Seneca the Younger because of the fame of his father, was a Roman senator, a man of letters, an influential political adviser to the last emperor of the Julio- Claudian dynasty, and a philosopher. His importance in literature, politics, and philosophy makes him an unusually interesting intellectual, but in this book only his work as a philosopher will be addressed. In philosophy Seneca adhered to Stoicism and it is as a Stoic philosopher that he has had the most powerful impact on later centuries. I was at first attracted by the problem of his relationship to earlier Stoic philosophy, but before long I found myself fascinated by his philosophical achievement for its own sake. The twelve essays collected here represent fifteen years of work on Seneca. The earliest, ‘Seneca and Psychological Dual- ism’, was first written in 1989, and the most recent, ‘Seneca and Self Assertion’, was revised for a seminar at the University of Paris in May 2004. With the exception of ‘Rules and Reasoning in Stoic Ethics’, all were composed originally for presentation at one conference or another and I have not made a concerted effort to erase the evidence of oral delivery; similarly, I have not updated various references to the currency of various pieces of secondary literature which are embedded in many of the essays.
Natural Law in Seneca
Authors: Inwood Brad
Published: November 2023

The theme of natural law has often been controversial in the study of ancient philosophy, in part because its later history is intricately entangled with Christian theology and with seven- tenth-century notions of natural law, but also because of an occasional failure to define with sufficient clarity what is meant by the term. It was Plato who first juxtaposed ‘ law’ and ‘nature’ in the famous speech of Callicles in the Gorgias; since then the coupling of terms which had previously and almost inevitably been seen as polar opposites has raised a wide range of problems and puzzles. Many of these involve the fragmentary remains of early Stoicism, and I have made some effort to sort out a few of these issues in a discussion of moral rules and practical reasoning in Stoic thought. Cicero’s philosophical works have also provoked interest, especially the De Re Publicaand the De Legibus. But no matter how much sympathy Cicero had for Stoicism and despite his use of characters whose persona is Stoic, he is himself an Academic by inclination as well as by choice, and the synthesizing tendencies of Antiochus of Ascalon left their mark on him.
Cognitive Ethology at the End of Neuroscience
Authors: Jamieson Dale
Published: November 2023

In the beginning, humans were animals. Accounts of the belief systems of aboriginal peoples often emphasize the fact that these peoples viewed themselves as continuous with the rest of nature. Animals were worshipped, hunted, and respected. They were also agents with whom one made agreements, and in some cases even entered into conjugal relationships. Of course aboriginal peoples distinguished between those who were members of their own group and those who were outsiders. But, in many cases, some animals were considered insiders and other humans were treated as outsiders. Thus, for many aboriginal peoples, life was fully lived in inter-species communities.
Pain and the Evolution of Behaviour
Authors: Jamieson Dale
Published: November 2023

While almost everyone would initially claim to subscribe to this truism, it appears to have sweeping implications that are quite at odds with most people’s behaviour or beliefs. We live in a world that is characterized by vast amounts of preventable human suffering caused by war, poverty, and persecution. The resources devoted to one night’s up-market dining in any major European or American city could reduce the suffering of vast numbers of people in Africa, Asia, or Latin America. Moreover, the production of food for one night’s upmarket dining directly entails vast amounts of animal suffering. Foie gras is expensive for the geese as well as for the humans. If we really subscribed to the truism, it appears that we would refrain from such excesses.
Impossible Words?
Authors: Fodor Jerry , Lepore Ernest
Published: November 2023

THE idea that quotidian, middle-level concepts typically have internal structure-definitional, statistical, or whatever-plays a central role in practically every current approach to cognition. Correspondingly, the idea that words that express quotidian, middle-level concepts have complex representations ‘at the semantic level’ is recurrent in linguistics; it is the defining thesis of what is often called ‘lexical semantics ‘, and it unites the generative and interpretive traditions of grammatical analysis. Hale and Keyser (1993) (HK) have endorsed a version of lexical decomposition according to which ‘denominal’ verbs are typically derived from phrases containing the corresponding nouns: ‘singvtr,; is supposed to come from something like DO A SONG; ‘saddlev1/ is supposed to come from something like PUT A SADDLE ON; ‘shelvev1/ is supposed to come from something like PUT ON A SHELF; and so forth. Their case for these claims revives a form of argument, the ‘impossible-word’ argument, which has for some time been in eclipse. In this article we will claim that, whatever the right account of lexical decomposition eventually turns out to be, impossible-word arguments are infirm and should be discounted. We will use HK ‘s paper as a text for this critique.
A Priori Concepts
Authors: Cassam Quassim
Published: November 2023

Are there any a priori concepts? On one reading, a concept is a priori if and only if it cannot be derived or acquired from experience. In Kant ‘s terminology, a priori concepts ‘must be in a position to show a certificate of birth quite other than that of descent from experiences ‘ (A 86-7/B II9 ). The contrast is with empirical concepts, which can be derived from experience. The concepts whose apriority Kant is most concerned to emphasize in the first Critique are the categories, but he also applies the label a priori ‘ to many other concepts, including those of space and time, mathematical concepts, moral concepts, and the transcendental ideas. When a concept is deemed to be a priori in virtue of the fact that it cannot be derived from experience I will say that it is derivationally a priori.
Functionalism and Broad Content
Authors: Jackson Frank , Pettiti Philip
Published: November 2023

The contents of certain intentional states are broad or context00ADbound. The contents of some beliefs (and desires and hopes ... ) depend on how things are outside the subject in addition to depending on how things are inside the subject.’ What implications does this have for the functionalist theory of mind? In this essay we defend the simplest reply to this question.
Human Rationality and the Unique Origin Constraint
Authors: Matthen Mohan
Published: November 2023

More than one philosopher has hypothesized that the function of rationality is to lead us to true beliefs. In the context of evolution, this means that human rationality was selected for this capacity. If so, human rationality ought to approximate to the best systems of deductive and inductive logic, a consequence that many philosophers have accepted on independent grounds. However, there are two problems with the above hypothesis concerning function. First, empirical research indicates that human reasoning systematically falls short of ‘logic’. But, the hypothesis about function implies that all systems of rationality would converge upon logic.
The Diffusion of Verbal Categories
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y
Published: November 2023

Verbal categories in Tariana show strong evidence of indirect diffusion from East Tucanoan languages. Verbal categories across Arawak languages are much less uniform than nominal categories, and often reflect the structural influence of neigh-bouring languages—see Aikhenvald (2001b). This lack of uniformity in verbal morphology may have originated from the basic principles of syntactic organiza-tion of the clause. In most Arawak languages the verb is a minimal clause and arguments expressed with a full noun phrase are optional. Clausal categories appear to be more likely to diffuse than categories expressed at the word level. Diffusion at the clause level results primarily in the diffusion of categories of the verb.
Diffusional Phenomena in Syntax and in Discourse
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y
Published: November 2023

Intensive contact with East Tucanoan languages affected Tariana clause types, clause-linking techniques, constituent order, and discourse organization. Most— though not all—of these changes are completed. The diffusion in syntax and in discourse is exclusively indirect—there are no borrowed discourse markers or connectors (see §7.2, for two borrowings from Portuguese). East Tucanoan-like clause types in Tariana are considered in §6.1. Clause linking techniques—including switch-reference—alongside relativization and complementation strategies are looked at in §6.2. In §6.3, I discuss the East Tucanoan impact on Tariana word order and constituent order, and in §6.4 I discuss how East Tucanoan languages influenced the way Tariana discourse is organized; e.g. classifiers as a reference maintenance device, alongside other ways in which participants are introduced and referred to throughout the discourse, and other discourse devices—such as a ‘summarizing’ phrase ‘so he/she/they did’, at the beginning of a new paragraph. The final section, §6.5, contains a brief summary.
How to Keep Languages Apart: Code-Switching and Code-Mixing
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I look at the use of different languages in varied circumstances among the Tariana. The main way of maintaining multilingualism in the Vaup,es is via the existence of a strong inhibition against ‘language-mixing’, mostly viewed in terms of foreign morphemes and unlawful ‘insertion’ of words from a differ-ent language into one’s speech (‘code-mixing’). Those who violate the principle of ‘keeping languages strictly apart’ and commit the ‘crime’ of mixing their lan-guages by introducing lexical and grammatical loans (Tariana na-ñamura na-sape ‘they mix they speak’) are ridiculed as incompetent and sloppy. This is only partly in agreement with Silverstein’s (1979) idea of cognitive ‘limits of awareness’, whereby ‘relatively presupposing’ (more referential and ‘continuously segmentable’) linguistic items are more likely to be the object of close scrutiny and conscious monitoring than, for instance, syntactic patterns or prosodic phenomena. Lexical, phonological, and other mechanisms employed to control the possible influx of loans into Tariana are discussed in Chapter 9.
Language Obsolescence and Language Change in Tariana
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y
Published: November 2023

The Tariana dialect of Santa Rosa is not being learnt by children, and many younger and even some older people have little opportunity to use the language in everyday interaction. They are using mainly Tucano; some also use other East Tucanoan languages (Piratapuya and Wanano). Portuguese is the predominant language of education. As a result, there are unmistakable signs of language attrition, especially among younger people.
Tocharian B past and its Vocalism
Authors: Penney J H W
Published: November 2023

In Tocharian B, there is an adverb päst , functioning also as a quasi-preverb in combination with certain verbs, with a basic meaning ‘away’. There are various contextual nuances, so that, for instance, in combination with the verb ‘give’ päst can also mean ‘back’. There is no attested cognate in Tocharian A, where the corresponding adverb is lo, clearly unrelated.The meaning of pästpresents no major problems, but the form of the adverb is troublesome since there is a variant pest, and some explanation is required for the different vocalisms, which will then have implications for the etymology of the word. A third variant päs, with a simplification of the final cluster that is characteristic of texts that seem to show features of everyday language (see Stumpf 1990), will not be treated separately from päst in what follows here, where vocalism is the main concern.
Denominative Verbs in Avestan: Derivatives from Thematic Stems
Authors: Tucker Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Denominative verbs are not plentifully attested in Avestan, but there is a small amount of evidence from all periods of the corpus. The accounts found in the standard reference works, such as Bartholomae (1895) and Kellens (1984), describe all the formations from a diachronic viewpoint, establishing comparisons with Vedic wherever possible. However, this has obscured some features that are peculiar to Avestan, and may reflect significant di•erences even from early Vedic.
Sagehood And The Stoics
Authors: Brouwer Rene
Published: November 2023

Dr D the Stoics profess themselves to be sages? In the literature two main answers have been given, usually in the form of a simple assertion. The first is that they did not.1 But it was the second answer, formulated by Rudolf Hirzel, that generated the only elaborate treatment of the question to date. Hirzel claimed that the earliest Stoics, such as Zeno and his immediate pupils Persaeus and Sphaerus, did consider themselves to be sages, but that Chrysippus came to the conclusion that neither Zeno nor his immediate followers could have lived up to the requirements needed to be a sage,
Vegetti’s Callipolis: A Discussion of Mario Vegetti et al., Platone: La Repubblica
Authors: Ferrari G R F
Published: November 2023

The multi-volume Italian translation and commentary on Plato’s Republic being produced by Mario Vegetti and his team-no, his community of scholars-has reached its fourth instalment, bringing us to the end of book 5. It is now possible to give an interim assessment of the direction of the whole enterprise, the more so since the fourth volume draws on material from books 6 and 7 in its overview of the philosopher-kings.
The Presence of Socrates and Aristotle in the Stoic Account of Akrasia
Authors: Boeri Marcelo D
Published: November 2023

The issue of incontinence has become a favourite theme of scholarly discussion in recent decades. Certainly it has been one of the philosophical topics that have contributed greatly to reintroduce ancient philosophers into contemporary philosophical discussion. While papers and books devoted to the issue of akrasia are, for the most part, focused on Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, those dedicated to the Stoics are much scantier.
Raz on the Intelligibility of Bad Acts
Authors: Stocker Michael
Published: November 2023

One of the central unifying themes of Joseph Raz’s Engaging Reason: On the Theory of Value and Action is a presentation and defence of what he calls the classical as opposed to the rationalist conception of human agency.1 Raz likens the classical view to the views held by Plato and Aristotle, crediting Eliza-beth Anscombe’s Intention with its modern formulation and interest.2 A central issue of the debate between classical and rationalist accounts is whether desire in itself, mere desire, provides a reason for action, or whether reasons have to do with what is good (independently, that is, of desire).
On an argument for dualism
Authors: Shoemaker Sydney
Published: November 2023

It is a striking fact about contemporary philosophy of mind that, while scarcely anyone thinks that it is a live possibility that a mind-body dualism anything like Descartes’s is true, considerable effort continues to be spent on the construction, consideration, analysis, and refutation of arguments in favor of such dualistic positions. While much of this activity takes the form of Descartes scholarship, the amount of it cannot be explained as simply a manifestation of a widespread historical interest in Descartes’s philosophy; on the contrary, it seems plausible to suppose that the interest in Descartes’s philosophy is due in part to the continued fascination of philosophers with the dualistic outlook of which Descartes is the classical proponent. Nor can it be supposed that the interest in dualism among philosophers is to be explained by the prevalence of dualistic convictions among non philosophers.
Liars and Heaps
Authors: Beall JC
Published: November 2023

Logic is fundamental to thought and language. But which logical principles are correct? The paradoxes play a crucial role in answering that question. The socalled Liar and Heap paradoxes challenge our basic ideas about logic; at the very least, they teach us that the correct logical principles are not as obvious as common sense would have it. The essays in this volume, written by leading figures in the field, discuss novel thoughts about the paradoxes.
Vagueness and Conversation
Authors: Shapiro Stewart
Published: November 2023

This paper is a pilot for a longer work, which includes a modeltheoretic semantics and a treatment of socalled higherorder vagueness. My biggest debt is to my colleague and friend Diana Raffman, whose work inspired the present account, and who continues to give me valuable advice. Thanks also to the members of a graduate seminar on vagueness that we gave together in the spring of 2002: Julian Cole, Sven Walters, Steven James, Jack Arnold, and Michael Jaworski. I am also indebted to the audiences at the ‘Liars and Heaps’ conference held at the University of Connecticut in the autumn of2002, an Arche workshop and subsequent seminar at the University of St Andrews, the Hebrew University Logic Colloquium, and the Philosophy Colloquium at the University of Maryland. I have received valuable feedback from Carl Posy, Mark Sainsbury, Crispin Wright, Agustin Rayo, Patrick Greenough, Delia Graff, Barbara Scholz, Tim Williamson, Neil Cooper, Roy Cook, Rosanna Keefe, Brian Weatherson, Graham Priest, Michael Morreau, and Georges Rey.