bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Substance Use and Insulin Misuse in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Snyder Lydia L. , Truong Young Kinh-Nhue , Law Jennifer R.
Published: August 2016

Purpose

Substance use behaviors often emerge during adolescence, and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) may be at risk for engaging in traditional substance use (eg, alcohol, tobacco, and illicit substances) as well as a unique form of substance use: insulin misuse. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine substance use and insulin misuse in adolescents with T1D.

Methods

Sixty adolescents aged 12 to 20 years with T1D (n = 60) completed surveys on substance use, insulin misuse, and diabetes self-management during a routine diabetes appointment. Demographic measures were summarized by mean (SD) or percentage. Prevalence of substance use and insulin misuse was calculated and stratified by demographic and clinical characteristics. Two-sample t test (continuous variables) and chi-square analysis (categorical variables) determined statistically significant differences.

Results

The prevalence of ever using substances was 36.7%, and that for ever misusing insulin was 19%. Older participants (17.1 ± 1.8 vs 15.6 ± 1.9 years; P < .01) and those with depression (31.8% vs 7.9%; P = .02) were more likely to use substances. Disordered eating behaviors were the most frequently reported reason for insulin misuse. Self-harm intent was reported by one-third of insulin misusers. Substance use and insulin misuse were not related to glycemic control or diabetes self-management behaviors.

Conclusions

The diabetes care team should be aware that substance use and insulin misuse are common in adolescents with T1D. Screening for these risky behaviors is critical in those who are older or have mental health disorders. Effective education, prevention, and treatment strategies targeted at these behaviors are needed to improve the overall health of this population.
The Effect of Compensation Disclosure on Compensation Benchmarking: Evidence From China
Authors: Jiang Wei , Liao Xinxin , Lin Bingxuan , Liu Yunguo
Published: August 2016

Improved compensation disclosure should increase the efficiency of executive compensation contracts through better benchmarking with peer groups even though managers might try to influence this process through a selective choice of peers. Using a sample of Chinese companies, we find that industry benchmarking is prevalent in China. Moreover, as the regulation for executive compensation disclosure was amended in 2005, executives whose compensation is above the industry average have experienced much smaller pay rises, and executives whose compensation is below the industry average have had much higher pay raises. The results of our study are robust after controlling for various firm and industry characteristics. The results also show that companies controlled by different entities (i.e., central government, local government, or nongovernment) behave very differently in response to enhanced compensation disclosure. These findings highlight the importance of policymakers understanding how different firms react to improved disclosure.
Collaborative Patient-Centered Quality Improvement
Authors: Fradgley Elizabeth A. , Paul Christine L. , Bryant Jamie , Collins Nicolas , Ackland Stephen P. , Bellamy Douglas , Levi Christopher R.
Published: August 2016

Identification of patients’ and health professionals’ quality improvement preferences is an essential first step in collaborative improvement models. This includes experience-based codesign (EBCD), where service change is strategically introduced following stakeholder consultation. This study compared the number and types of improvement initiatives selected by outpatients and health professionals. Using electronic surveys designed to inform EBCD studies, 541 outpatients (71.1% consent) and 124 professionals (47.1% response) selected up to 23 general initiatives. On average, outpatients selected 2.4 (median = 1, interquartile range = 1–3) initiatives and professionals selected 10.7 (median = 10; interquartile range = 6–15) initiatives. Outpatients demonstrated a strong preference for improvements to clinic organization, such as appointment scheduling and clinic contact. Outpatients selected relatively fewer initiatives potentially reducing the complexity of service change and resources required to address preferences. Comparatively, professionals indicated a greater degree of change is needed and selected initiatives related to communication with patients and other professionals, including coordinating multidisciplinary care. Improvements to information provision were commonly selected by both groups and offered a strategic opportunity to address patients’ and professionals’ preferences. By quantifying the ways in which preferences differed, this study emphasizes the need for collaborative approaches to health service change and may be used to initiate an informed discussion on patients’ and professionals’ quality improvement preferences in tertiary care.
Personal, editable, and always accessible
Authors: Abeele Mariek Vanden , Schouten Alexander P. , Antheunis Marjolijn L.
Published: August 2016

This study takes a perceived affordance approach to explain how differences in teenagers’ mobile messaging behavior associate with indicators of friendship maintenance behavior. Based on a survey among 1943 teenagers, a structural equation model was tested in which their appreciation of three main affordances of mobile messaging predicted the companionship and support that they derive from their friends through their instrumental and expressive mobile messaging behavior. The model fitted the data well: teenagers’ appreciation for anytime–anyplace connectivity, private communication, and control over message content explained to what extent they use mobile messaging to micro-coordinate, to chitchat with friends, and to intimately self-disclose, thereby indirectly explaining the companionship and support that teens derive from friends. This finding supports the notion that inherent characteristics of technology play a role in contemporary relationship management by driving social uses of the technology.
Glymphatic clearance controls state-dependent changes in brain lactate concentration
Authors: Lundgaard Iben , Lu Minh Lon , Yang Ezra , Peng Weiguo , Mestre Humberto , Hitomi Emi , Deane Rashid , Nedergaard Maiken
Published: August 2016

Brain lactate concentration is higher during wakefulness than in sleep. However, it is unknown why arousal is linked to an increase in brain lactate and why lactate declines within minutes of sleep. Here, we show that the glymphatic system is responsible for state-dependent changes in brain lactate concentration. Suppression of glymphatic function via acetazolamide treatment, cisterna magna puncture, aquaporin 4 deletion, or changes in body position reduced the decline in brain lactate normally observed when awake mice transition into sleep or anesthesia. Concurrently, the same manipulations diminished accumulation of lactate in cervical, but not in inguinal lymph nodes when mice were anesthetized. Thus, our study suggests that brain lactate is an excellent biomarker of the sleep–wake cycle and increases further during sleep deprivation, because brain lactate is inversely correlated with glymphatic-lymphatic clearance. This analysis provides fundamental new insight into brain energy metabolism by demonstrating that glucose that is not fully oxidized can be exported as lactate via glymphatic-lymphatic fluid transport.
Forensic Entomology in Animal Cruelty Cases
Authors: Brundage A. , Byrd J. H.
Published: August 2016

Forensic entomology can be useful to the veterinary professional in cases of animal cruelty. A main application of forensic entomology is to determine the minimum postmortem interval by estimating the time of insect colonization, based on knowledge of the rate of development of pioneer colonizers and on insect species succession during decomposition of animal remains. Since insect development is temperature dependent, these estimates require documentation of the environmental conditions, including ambient temperature. It can also aid in the detection and recognition of wounds, as well as estimate the timing of periods of neglect. Knowledge of the geographic distribution of insects that colonize animal remains may suggest that there has been movement or concealment of the carcass or can create associations between a suspect, a victim, and a crime scene. In some instances, it can aid in the detection of drugs or toxins within decomposed or skeletonized remains. During animal cruelty investigations, it may become the responsibility of the veterinary professional to document and collect entomological evidence from live animals or during the necropsy. The applications of forensic entomology are discussed. A protocol is described for documenting and collecting entomological evidence at the scene and during the necropsy, with additional emphasis on recording geographic location, meteorological data, and collection and preservation of insect specimens.
Generalized Ligamentous Laxity Is an Independent Predictor of Poor Outcomes After the Modified Broström Procedure for Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability
Authors: Park Kwang Hwan , Lee Jin Woo , Suh Jae Wan , Shin Myung Ho , Choi Woo Jin
Published: August 2016

Background:

The modified Broström procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI) has presented outstanding clinical results. However, after the procedure, some patients with generalized ligamentous laxity have experienced a recurrence of ankle instability.

Purpose:

To understand the effect of generalized ligamentous laxity on prognosis and risk of recurrence in a cohort of patients with CLAI after the modified Broström procedure.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A total of 199 ankles from 188 patients underwent the modified Broström procedure for CLAI with a mean follow-up of 60.1 months (range, 48-108 months). Generalized ligamentous laxity was assessed in all patients. The Karlsson-Peterson ankle score (Karlsson score), talar tilt angle, and anterior displacement of the talus were used to evaluate clinical and radiological outcomes. Risk factors associated with clinical outcomes were evaluated using bivariate analysis and logistic regression analysis. Survival outcomes were compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis.

Results:

Generalized ligamentous laxity was evident in 42 cases (21.1%). The average Karlsson score improved from 54.6 ± 7.1 preoperatively to 87.9 ± 7.2 at last follow-up ( P < .001). The presence of generalized ligamentous laxity was significantly associated with poor clinical and radiological outcomes. The rates of clinical failure were 10.8% and 45.2% in the nonlaxity group and the laxity group, respectively ( P < .001). According to bivariate analysis, generalized ligamentous laxity, syndesmosis widening, osteochondral lesion of the talus, high preoperative talar tilt angle (>15°), and high preoperative anterior displacement of the talus (>10 mm) were significantly associated with clinical failure. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that generalized ligamentous laxity was the most important independent predictor of clinical failure after the modified Broström procedure. The cumulative success rates for the nonlaxity group were significantly superior to those for the laxity group in Kaplan-Meier curves ( P < .001).

Conclusion:

Generalized ligamentous laxity is an independent predictor of poor outcomes and a risk factor of recurrent instability following the modified Broström procedure for CLAI.
Use of Health Services by Maltreated Children in Two Different Sociocultural Contexts: Where Can Doors for Interventions Be Opened?
Authors: Suglia Shakira F. , Shen Sa , Cohall Alwyn , Bird Hector , Canino Glorisa , Brown Jocelyn , Duarte Cristiane S.
Published: August 2016

Among maltreated children, elevated use of non-routine (for illness or injury) services may coexist with underutilization of preventive services. Besides physical health problems, lack of contact with primary care may preclude the identification and delivery of appropriate interventions. We examined health service utilization in the longitudinal Boricua Youth Study of Puerto Rican children residing in the South Bronx (SBx), New York City ( n = 901), and San Juan metropolitan area, Puerto Rico ( n = 1,163). Parents and children ( Mage = 9 years) reported on child physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect. Parents reported if their child had been to illness, injury, and well-child visits in the past year. In the SBx site, caretakers were more likely to report the children seeing a doctor for a well-child visit (90%) compared with children in Puerto Rico (71%). Children in Puerto Rico were more likely to visit a doctor for an injury in the past year compared with children in the SBx (39% vs. 24%). Twenty-one percent of children in the SBx reported maltreatment versus 16% in Puerto Rico. Adjusting for sociodemographic factors, compared with non-maltreated children, those who experienced two or more types of maltreatment were more likely to have an illness visit in Puerto Rico (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.1, 2.2]) and the SBx (PR = 1.8, 95% CI = [1.1, 3.0]), or an injury visit (PR = 4.1, 95% CI = [1.9, 8.9]) in Puerto Rico only. Children in the SBx who reported only one type of maltreatment were less likely to use services for injuries than non-maltreated children (PR = 0.42, 95% CI = [0.2, 0.9]). No relation between maltreatment and well-child visits was noted. Children who experience maltreatment may frequently come in contact with health care providers, presenting opportunities for intervention and the prevention of further maltreatment.
Complementarities Between Stakeholder Management and Participative Management: Evidence From the Youth Care Sector
Authors: Fassin Yves , Deprez Jolien , Van den Abeele Annelien , Heene Aimé
Published: August 2016

This article analyzes how stakeholder management is applied in the case of special youth guidance homes in Belgium. It describes a specific situation in which a major stakeholder—adolescents in the homes—is part of the process. Our research illustrates the different organizational roles and the complementarities between stakeholder management and participative management. Although stakeholder management is important for strategic decision making, participation is more important on an operational management level. Our cases illustrate that important stakeholders, for example, the customers—the adolescents and their parents—as well as employees in the homes evaluate participation on an operational level as being more important than participation in the board or in strategic management decision making in the organization. By disentangling the distinction between the operational level and the policy level of stakeholder management, our research links participative management and stakeholder management while clarifying the application of stakeholder management in the nonprofit sector.
The Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale of Florence: Tradition and Innovation in Support of the Information Society
Authors: Aschero Antonia Ida Fontana
Published: August 2016

The Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale of Florence (BNCF) is the older, larger and richer of Italy's two national central libraries, the other being in Rome (that there are two is due to Italy's history). Its holdings include S.36 million printed books, 25,000 manuscripts, and 3,800 incunabula. Its origins date back to 1714, when Antonio Magliabechi donated his magnificent collection to Florence in his will. It was opened to the public in 1747. Over the years it accreted other fine collections of manuscripts and printed books, most notably the Medici-Palatine-Lothingarian library, which was united with it in 1861, the year of Italy's unification, when the BNCF was also designated ‘Nazionale’. In 1736 it was granted legal deposit of all works printed in Tuscany, and in 1885 of all works publications produced in Italy. It began to produce the forerunner of the national bibliography in the 1880s; this is a task it still fulfils as the national bibliographic agency. The present purpose-designed building was opened, after long delays, in 1935. Storage of many early books in underground stacks proved disastrous when the Arno flooded in 1966, causing enormous damage to books, catalogues and the building itself, and leading to a huge international rescue effort, as well as to the development of expertise within the library on conservation. The BNCF strives to maintain its status as the collector of documents of national interest and importance and also as a universal library. It has pioneered bibliographic services and automation in Italy, is continuing to carry out major retrospective conversion projects, and has an advanced OP AC. In 1999 a new Reference Room was inaugurated, offering a range of bibliographic searching facilities. It has an intensive programme of cultural activities, and takes part in various EC and other international projects and activities. It is currently involved, together with the other BNC in Rome, in the Quality System project, aimed at developing staff skills and improving management. Future challenges include organizing the information available in the library to serve the Information Society and realizing the Digital Library.
Changing Perspectives on National Libraries: A Personal View
Authors: Line Maurice B.
Published: August 2016

The author's views of national libraries have, like national libraries and himself, changed since his first involvement with them in 1970 and his part in planning the British Library, which he joined on its establishment in 1973. National libraries exhibit enormous variety. He was concerned from the start with two main issues: what national libraries were actually for, and how they could render better service. Most used to be very inward-looking, but the advent of computers and information technology changed that, starting with bibliographic services. The future of national libraries now seems secure, if only as cultural institutions; and they can now link with other cultural institutions like national galleries and museums. Further advances in technology, notably digitization, are enabling them to make their collections more widely available. We can for the first time plan for a virtual global library. The fundamental questions however remain, and need to be repeatedly asked and answered.
Strategic Development of the National Library of China, 2001–2005
Authors: Keli Yuan , Weiming Jiang
Published: August 2016

The years 2001–2005 are of critical importance for China and its National Library as the country continues to open out to the rest of the world and pursue economic progress. To meet prescribed targets, strategies will be pursued in the areas of collection building, networking, the development of a digital library, the introduction of standards, access to services, research and development, and national and international cooperation. Human resources will undergo a major reorganization to improve efficiency; steps will be taken to attract and encourage the best staff and build a corps of elite professionals. Immediate tasks include a revision of collection policy, preservation, installation of an integrated library system for foreign publications, improvement of services to the legislature and government, cooperation with other Chinese libraries, and digitization of some important collections.
Latvijas Nacionālā Bibliotēka: The National Library of Latvia
Authors: Smith Inese A. , Vilks Andris
Published: August 2016

The National Library of Latvia (NLL) was established as the State Library of Latvia in 1919, and its history mirrors that of the country in the 20th century. During the period of independence prior to World War II, it was the official agency of the national bibliography, and created and maintained a union catalogue, both of which functions it continues today through its Bibliographic Institute of Latvia and participation in the Library Information Network Consortium. The development of the NLL and its collections was defined from 1945 until 1991 by its status as a Communist ideological institution of the Soviet Union. Since Latvia regained independence in 1991, the NLL has once more taken on the functions of a modern national library, also developing its collections and rebuilding those that were destroyed or forbidden during the Soviet occupation. While maintaining a compilation of the national literature in its Letonica Collection and having interesting collections of rare books and manuscripts, maps, prints and graphic materials, the NLL has developed special collections and services (e.g. the Children's Literature Centre) that are unusual in a national library. Through its Library Advisory Service, it aids the development of the public library network in Latvia. Conscious of the importance of ICT developments, the NLL has Internet access for its staff and users, and is also a participant in a number of initiatives, particularly digitization projects, that help it play a part in Latvia's National Programme of Informatics. A priority for the future is the construction of a new library building. Plans for this in the context of a digital library are well advanced.
Globalization and Challenges in Scholarly Communication
Authors: Steele Colin
Published: August 2016

Globalization is breaking down national barriers in a number of ways, not least by the activities of multinational economic giants. The global domination of multinational publishers is growing in the print and digital environment, where profits outweigh in importance the dissemination of scholarly information. However, five of the world's principal research library groupings have agreed on joint actions aimed at securing open and affordable access to research publications. An International Scholarly Communications Forum will enable them to share information and expertise on scholarly communications issues. Developing countries need to establish focal points to provide physical spaces for access to information on the Internet at affordable prices.
The Convergence of Museums and Libraries?
Authors: Lester Ray
Published: August 2016

There is currently a drive in many countries towards bringing museums and libraries closer together. There are a number of barriers in the shorter term which could inhibit this process. However, staff within the two types of institution could work profitably together to develop taxonomies that could be applied in the wider world, to the extent that these tools will have a future role in the networked economy. In the longer term, it seems likely that museums, as collections of physical artefacts, will continue to exist. Most libraries, however, could disappear, their physical artefacts, where these need to be preserved, coming to be looked after by the museums: museums will take over libraries, rather than converge with them.
Library Consortia in the Electronic Age
Authors: Friend Frederick J.
Published: August 2016

The organization of libraries into consortia is a very recent development. Instead of cooperation affecting services such as interlending and document supply, consortia are concerned with such activities as the acquisition of journals, mainly in electronic form, in order to secure lower prices and/or more favourable licensing terms. Other benefits are that they can solve problems as they arise, and also help to raise the profile of libraries. Consortia come in various sizes and organizational structures. A multinational consortium is the eIFL, funded by the Open Society Institute. Relationships with publishers have had problems of discounts and licensing terms, some of which remain to be resolved. In the UK, the National Electronic Site Licence Initiative (NESLI), which is managed by the JISC Journals Working Group, has negotiated some good deals; it is self-financing, and institutions can opt in or out of any particular deal. Expectations have not always been realized, and there is much more that can still be done to increase journal use and make savings, but undoubtedly much has been achieved. Consortia offer libraries and users a better future.
The National Library of Portugal
Authors: Campos Fernanda Maria , Cabral Rosa Maria Galvão Maria Luísa , Borbinha José Luis
Published: August 2016

The National Library if Portugal (BN) dates from 1796. Legal deposit began in the 19th century, at the end of which the first librarianship course was established, operating within the national library. At much the same time a union catalogue was started which, in its current online form, is the national bibliographic database, PORBASE; by 2001 150 libraries were contributing to it. The present library building dates from 1969. The General Collection has about 2.5 million works, mostly Portuguese, from the 16th to the 21th century; one of its features is the collection of 12,000 theses, the deposit of which has been compulsory since 1986. Work on a new legal deposit act is in progress, at present enforcement is poor. A proposal to include electronic material has been put forward. A new preservation and conservation policy was initiated in 1997 with preventive conservation as its main element. A microfilming programme was launched in 1998, since when nearly 2 million frames have been filmed. The BN has acquired an Integrated Library Management System, able to perform online almost all library functions. The library is moving gradually towards a ‘virtual library’, conceiving it as a smooth process in the direction of a future where digital contents and services will coexist with the traditional ones. It is addressing the various associated problems in a set of interesting international and national projects and initiatives.
Distributed National Collections: Concept and Reality in Two Countries
Authors: Genoni Paul
Published: August 2016

The ‘distributed national collection’ is a scheme whereby the British Library envisages completing agreements with other libraries to facilitate the development of specialized subject-based research collections in order to make the most of total national resources. The implementation in Australia of a similar scheme, the Distributed National Collection (DNC), was proposed during the late 1980s and 1990s, with the National Library (NLA) as a main advocate, and a great deal of enthusiasm was generated. The use of Conspectus was envisaged, and a DNC Office was set up at the NLA. It failed for various reasons: Conspectus proved unusable, the NLA had to cut back its own acquisitions, and financial restraints forced other libraries to look after their own interests. In the UK, the initiative for collaborative collection development has been driven by the British Library and the Higher Education Funding Councils. The UK has some features which give it a better chance of success - for instance, the responsible office should be independent of all the main players, whereas in Australia this responsibility could be carried only by the National Library; the UK has a more established network of research libraries, including a number outside the higher education/national library nexus; and the existence of BLDSC is highly beneficial. However, key challenges lie ahead, notably the complexities of managing the scheme, the time needed to put it into operation, the commitment demanded from participants (notably some sacrifice of local interests required for ‘deep resource sharing’), and obtaining the initial acceptance needed from users.
Automation of Processes in the National Library of China: Historical Review and Future Perspective
Authors: Gu Ben
Published: August 2016

As the largest library in China, the National Library of China (NLC) has spent more than 20 years in automating its processes, and has not yet had an integrated library management system, lagging behind libraries of developed countries and also other major libraries in China. In the 1980s and 1990s the NLC made slow progress; reasons for lack of success in the past include the inadequacy of budgets, the extent of the collections, the pursuit of processing of materials in all languages in a single system, and some management problems. In 2001, the NLC signed a contract with Ex Libris to implement its Aleph 500 system and aimed at comprehensive solutions. Aleph 500 meets most of the library's requirements, supports Unicode and is flexible, scalable and cost-effective. The new system is expected to help the library to fully automate all of its processes, provide services better than other Chinese libraries and process all languages in a single system.
The National Library and Information System (NALIS) of Trinidad and Tobago: A Public Library System Performing National Library Functions
Authors: Peltier-Davis Cheryl Ann
Published: August 2016

In an environment where the continued survival of national libraries is being questioned, this article looks at an example of a public library system providing national library functions. The recent creation of the National Library and Information System (NALIS) in Trinidad and Tobago is evidence that Caribbean public libraries through a process of integration and centralization of existing library services can provide a nationwide national library service while maintaining essential national library functions. The organizational structure of NALIS is presented along with an outline of the functions of the various library divisions. A brief review of the literature on the current status of national libraries precedes the discussion on NALIS.
Digital Library, Open Library: Developments in the National Library of Wales
Authors: Green Andrew
Published: August 2016

The National Library of Wales is passing through a period of major strategic change, prompted partly by its new political context, following the establishment of the National Assembly for Wales in 1999, and partly by the need to respond to professional and public pressure to extend its range of users and uses. While retaining its strength as Wales's leading research resource, the library aims to reach new audiences by attracting many more people to its Aberystwyth building through the new visitor centre, and by building a range of digital, Internet-based services, including digitized material from the collections. Another strategic priority has been working in partnership, especially with other Welsh bodies, on objectives that would be difficult to achieve independently in a small country. The strategy has been underpinned by efforts to improve the library's infrastructure: its organizational structure and staffing, its ICT provision, and promotion and marketing.
National Planning for Library and Information Services in the US: The Role of the US Institute of Museum and Library Services
Authors: Martin Robert S.
Published: August 2016

Planning for library services in the United States is extremely decentralized. The article examines three federal agencies in the United States with a potential role in planning and coordinating library services: the Library of Congress, the National Commission on Library and Information Science (NCLIS), and the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS). The principal function of the Library of Congress is to serve as the primary source of library resources and services to the Congress of the United States. Over the years, however, the mission of the Library of Congress has expanded to serve the nation as a whole. NCLIS was created in 1970 with the charge to advise Congress and the President on matters related to library and information services, however it does not undertake planning of library services at the national level. IMLS is an independent federal agency that now serves as the primary source of federal grants for the nation's libraries and museums. Since the vast majority of all funding for libraries of all types is local, the federal role in the United States has therefore been limited to leveraging state and local support, and to fostering the development of standards and best practices and supporting leadership and education for the profession of librarianship. State Five-Year Plans submitted to IMLS in order to qualify for funding under the state grant program constitute, in aggregate, a de facto national plan for library services.
What Prospects for National Libraries in Africa? A South African Perspective
Authors: Lor Peter
Published: August 2016

In many developing countries national libraries are caught in a vicious circle of inadequate resources, failure to perform, and lack of recognition. This article attempts to answer the question whether the national library has a future in Africa by considering four aspects: (1) the roles and functions of national libraries generally, (2) what roles national libraries can and should play in Africa, (3) factors affecting national library performance in Africa, and (4) what can be done to improve the prospects of national libraries in Africa. Reference is made to the South African situation and recent thinking at the National Library of South Africa, which is reconceptualizing itself as a ‘knowletage’ institution where ‘knowletage’ refers to the intersection of knowledge and heritage.
The National Libraries of the United Kingdom
Authors: Feather John
Published: August 2016

The development of the national libraries of the United Kingdom is briefly discussed and placed in a broader European and international context. The history of legal deposit is examined. This is argued to represent the development of a de facto distributed national collection which has grown organically over more than 400 years. The present configuration of the national library system is described and discussed. Finally, there is a discussion of current issues, and especially of the legal deposit of electronic publications and documents. It is argued that the national libraries play a key role in this process, which is about to be recognized by the law, but that there are also other important players involved in both the public and the private sectors.
National Libraries: Their Position with regard to Cultural and Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Fuentes-Romero Juan José
Published: August 2016

Beginning with the idea of the national library as a symbol of the cultural identity of each country, and from an analysis of the concepts of cultural minority and multiculturalism, the paper presents the situation and activities in the field of multiculturalism and the attention paid to diverse ethnic groups by national libraries in New Zealand, Australia and Canada. The conclusions show that national libraries, if they are really to play the role of the first library in each country, must pay more attention to ethnic and cultural minorities.
The IFLA UAP and UBC Programmes: A Lasting Impact on Information Services in the Global Society
Authors: Parent Ingrid
Published: August 2016

The paper describes the development and impact of two of IFLA's core programmes, Universal Bibliographic Control (UBC) and Universal Availability of Publications (UAP). Initiated in the 1970s, both programmes were brought to a close in 2003. UBC was built on the principle that each country was responsible for the identification and description of publications in its own territory, following an international standard for bibliographic description. The programme also played a key role in the development of a universal machine-readable format for the exchange of bibliographic information. UAP articulated the ideal that a publication should be available to anyone, at any time and in any place. To this end it initiated a series of practical activities to enhance access to publications, including the International Interlending Voucher Scheme. The paper considers the administrative and financial structures of the programmes, identifying their strengths and weaknesses. It concludes that both programmes have left a legacy of standards, programmes and publications that will stand the test of time.
Securing Digital Legal Deposit in the UK: The Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003
Authors: Field Clive
Published: August 2016

The Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003 extended the principle of legal deposit in the United Kingdom to the non-print world. This paper considers the Act particularly from the perspective of the British Library, which, since its formation in 1973, has led the campaign to reform legal deposit legislation. After a brief review of the history of legal deposit since 1610, the build-up to legislation during the years 1974–2002 is considered. There follows a detailed account of the passage of the Legal Deposit Libraries Bill through Parliament in 2002–3, and a summary of the provisions of the measure, as finally amended, as it has entered the statute books. Early progress towards implementation is described, following both statutory and voluntary routes. Finally, an assessment is offered of some of the key issues which surfaced during the Parliamentary debates, and a number of critical success factors identified. The Act itself is reproduced in the Appendix.
De l'utilité des plans d'urgence
Authors: Varlamoff Marie-Therese
Published: August 2016

A 1996 UNESCO study has revealed the number of libraries and archives destroyed during the twentieth century, contributing to the loss of our memory. Wars and disasters have always threatened our documentary heritage. Although many disasters are unavoidable, in most cases they can be mitigated through assessment of risks, preventive measures and a good disaster plan. Disaster planning has been a prominent issue in the preservation literature and hundreds of books or guidelines have already been published, mainly in English. Confronted with this wealth of information most librarians, with reduced financial and staff resources, feel helpless and do not know where to start. Key issues and indispensable preventive measures are described as well as the necessary steps and decisions to be taken when the disaster strikes and after. The role of directors of institutions, designation of a staff member responsible for the disaster plan, creation of lists of emergency teams, provisions for buying emergency equipment, training of staff, survey of the building, establishment of priorities, copying of most important documents and insurance are the main points that have to be taken into consideration. Following its survey on disaster planning in national libraries, IFLA/PAC has decided to write a trilingual – English, French, Spanish – basic manual to meet the needs of libraries in developing countries, especially those where English is not the working language. Seminars organized by IFLA/PAC within the framework of the Blue Shield, should help to raise awareness of the threats to documentary heritage and mitigate the consequences of disasters.
Recent Developments in the National Library of Ireland
Authors: Fahy Catherine
Published: August 2016

The provisions of the National Cultural Institutions Act 1997, which will establish the National Library of Ireland as an independent statutory body under a new Board, are due to be implemented in 2005. The years since the Act was passed have seen substantial increases in funding and staff numbers, albeit from a very low base. A phased building programme has delivered improved visitor and administration facilities, but crucial storage and reading room elements have been delayed. Collection development has benefited from government measures including legislation for tax credit for the donation of important material and for a Heritage Fund. A new Genealogical Service has been an outstanding success, but other substantial improvements in service are contingent on the building programme. Retrospective catalogue conversion projects have been completed for the core Irish printed collections and these catalogues are available online. A substantial amount of retrospective conversion of catalogues of other collections remains to be done. Digital projects are underway which will lead to an increased amount of material from the graphic collections coming online. A major new state of the art exhibition facility opened in 2004 with the inaugural exhibition James Joyce and Ulysses at the National Library of Ireland. Progress has been made in securing conservation resources, and in preservation microfilming and reformatting programmes. The major challenges facing the Board will be to push through the building programme, to carry through digital and retrospective conversion programmes, and to secure adequate staffing and financial resources.
National Libraries and Their Websites
Authors: Pisanski Jan , Žumer Maja
Published: August 2016

After long years of relatively passive behaviour, national libraries have reinvented themselves as user- friendly institutions, whose websites should play an important role in reaching a whole new audience. This article is based on the authors' findings of an evaluation of several European national library websites. While the survey showed that these websites are relatively good, there are still some minor points that need to be addressed. Several concepts and problems regarding national libraries and websites are discussed, in the light of usability and efficiency of library services. Particular emphasis is given to the problem of mission statements being reflected in a library's website. The marketing potential of websites is discussed in the light of the increasing accountability of national libraries and library performance evaluation. A variety of guidelines concerning websites in general and national library websites in particular is presented and the reasoning behind the inclusion of several key content-related elements of websites is also offered.
Umbrella for Multifaceted Activities: The New IFLA-CDNL Alliance for Bibliographic Standards
Authors: Gömpel Renate
Published: August 2016

In the light of the decision to close IFLA's Universal Bibliographic Control and International MARC (UBCIM) programme. Die Deutsche Bibliothek conducted a survey of national libraries which showed an ongoing need for a programme of activity in the field of bibliographic control. The paper describes the creation of the new IFLA-CDNL Alliance for Bibliographic Standards (ICABS) which aims to ensure coordination of, and support for, key activities in this area. It defines the Alliance's main goals and describes the responsibilities of the project's partner institutions. The importance of avoiding duplication with the work of other agencies is noted, and the mechanism for achieving this is outlined, together with the arrangements for the governance of the Alliance.
A Call for a National Digitization Strategy in the United Kingdom
Authors: Bültmann Barbara
Published: August 2016

This article calls for the creation of a national digitization strategy in the United Kingdom. It summarizes the author's research into the current state of digitization in the UK with reference to present strategy, direction and funding. The application of a defined strategy is contentious and the author considers arguments on both sides of the debate. The author argues however that digitization has ‘come of age’ and that it is essential that integration and harmonization of methods are considered by UK stakeholders in order to maximize future potential. The author proceeds to suggest what future steps are necessary to achieve this goal.
The Norwegian National Library: Poised on the Threshold of the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Bing Jon
Published: August 2016

The article celebrates the reopening of the National Library of Norway in its refurbished Oslo building in the centenary year of Norway's independence. It describes the evolution of the Library and its separation from Oslo University Library. The deposit function of the Library is centred on its Mo i Rana branch, which now stores material in digital form as well as in traditional formats. The author considers the place of the Library in the wider Norwegian library scene, where the National Library can play a coordinating role. The Norwegian Digital Library, for example, involves other libraries, information providers and system vendors, as well as the National Library. In the digital age, what the National Librarian of Norway describes as the ‘extended notion of texts’ means that society is documented not only by conventional texts, but by sound and images, broadcasts and performances. Preserving these ‘texts’ and making them available to a wide range of users is a challenge of the twenty-first century that the National Library is happy to accept.
Libraries without Walls: Linking Libraries in South Africa
Authors: Tsebe John , Drijfhout Douwe
Published: August 2016

The article places library collaboration in a South African context with some reference to the role of the National Library of South Africa, noting that one of the themes of the IFLA World Library and Information Congress 2007, to be hosted by South Africa, will be the building of partnerships. The information gap between rich and poor reflects the deep division in the South African library and information profession at the end of the previous regime, but cooperation among libraries offers one way to build bridges among the ‘island communities’ that make up South African society. The history of library cooperation in South Africa is surveyed from its beginnings in the 1930s, through the development of inter-library lending, to the creation of a bibliographic network and regional consortia in the 1980s. More recently, the unified Library and Information Association of South Africa has as one of its key objectives the development of collaborative relationships, and the National Library of South Africa, launched in 1999, sees the building of partnerships as integral to its outreach ideals. A number of obstacles to cooperation are described, but the article concludes that the changing technology landscape will continue to make it easier for libraries to do things together in new ways.
Cultural Policy and Information Matters in Switzerland
Authors: Jauslin Jean-Frédéric
Published: August 2016

The article describes the position of the Swiss Federal Office of Culture (FOC) in ensuring the promotion, diffusion and safeguarding of culture in Switzerland. While playing a supporting role to the country's cantons and municipalities, the FOC is responsible for organizing and implementing Switzerland's global cultural policy. It does this by operating on two main fronts: encouraging culture (for example by promoting films, arranging prizes and organizing exhibitions), and preserving the nation's cultural heritage (for example through the Swiss National Library and the Swiss National Museum). Although the country lacks legislation on national cooperation, the National Library has a tradition of working with other libraries and information centres; a recent example is its involvement in the BibliOpass network and the E-Helvetica project to collect and archive e-publications. FOC is currently developing a coordinated national storage policy to ensure the long-term preservation of the documentary evidence of Switzerland's past.
Education as a New Goal for National Libraries
Authors: Fuentes-Romero Juan José
Published: August 2016

Education has not been, per se, an objective for national libraries. This is not the situation in the national libraries in the less developed countries, where learning is an essential tool for development. However, there has been a great change with regard to this question in national libraries in developed countries, essentially due to the pressure to have new kinds of users, not only scholars and intellectuals. Learning is now of great importance for national libraries, although with great differences depending on the level of development in the particular country. The article presents a brief portrait of the situation in countries as diverse as Benin, Trinidad and Tobago, Indonesia, Malaysia, the United Kingdom and Canada.