bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estado nutricional de crianças e adolescentes sobreviventes de leucemia linfoide aguda tratados em um Centro de Referência da Região Nordeste do Brasil
Authors: Oliveira Bianca Araújo de , Lins Mecneide Mendes , Pedrosa Francisco , Cabral Poliana Coelho , Barbosa Janine Maciel
Published: July 2013

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o estado nutricional e os fatores clínicos, laboratoriais e comportamentais associados ao excesso de peso em crianças e adolescentes sobreviventes de leucemia linfoide aguda, tratados em um centro de referência da Região Nordeste do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo de série de casos com 30 sobreviventes de leucemia linfoide aguda. Entre os meses de março e setembro de 2011, foram coletados dados clínicos, comportamentais e laboratoriais. O diagnóstico antropométrico foi realizado em três ocasiões distintas: no momento do diagnóstico, no término do tratamento, e no período pós-tratamento, a partir dos índices altura/idade e índice de massa corporal/idade, segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde. RESULTADOS: A amostra tinha idade média de 10,2 anos (DP=3,2). Observou-se que 33,3% dos sobreviventes tinham excesso de peso no início e no término do tratamento. No período pós-tratamento, encontrou-se aumento significante do escore-Z de índice de massa corporal/idade, e uma frequência de 43,3% de excesso de peso, além de 16,6% e 35,5% de obesidade abdominal por meio da circunferência da cintura e razão cintura/estatura respectivamente. O crescimento linear foi significativamente diminuído quando comparado os escores-Z de altura/idade no início e no término do tratamento. Na análise dos dados laboratoriais, obtiveram-se 52,1% com colesterol total acima do recomendado. Entretanto, 58,3%, 66,7% e 79,2% evidenciaram, respectivamente, Lipoproteína de Alta Densidade e Lipoproteína de Baixa Densidade-colesterol e triglicerídeo na faixa considerada desejável. CONCLUSÃO: Os sobreviventes de leucemia linfoide aguda analisados apresentaram maior risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis uma vez que apresentam frequência importante de excesso de peso, obesidade abdominal e colesterol total elevado.
Calcium and caffeine interaction in increased calcium balance in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Silva Sandra Tavares da , Costa Neuza Maria Brunoro , Franco Frederico Souzalima Caldoncelli , Natali Antônio José
Published: July 2013

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effects of caffeine intake associated with inadequate or adequate calcium intake in laparotomized or ovariectomized rats by means of the calcium balance. Forty adults Wistar rats were ovariectomized or laparotomized. METHODS: The animals (n=40) were randomly placed in eight groups receiving the AIN-93 diet with 100% or 50% of the recommended calcium intake with or without added caffeine (6mg/kg/day). The animals were kept in individuals metabolic cages at a temperature of 24°±2ºC, light/dark cycles of 12/12 hours, and deionized water available ad libitum. On the 8th week of the experiment, food consumption was measured and 24-hour urine and 4-day feces were collected to determine calcium balance [Balance=Ca intake-(Urinary Ca+Fecal Ca)]. RESULTS: Animals with adequate calcium intake presented higher balances and rates of calcium absorption and retention (p<0.05) than those with inadequate calcium intake, regardless of caffeine intake (p<0.05). Caffeine intake did not affect urinary calcium excretion but increased balance (p<0.05) in the groups with adequate calcium intake. CONCLUSION: Adequate calcium intake attenuated the negative effects of estrogen deficiency and improved calcium balance even in the presence of caffeine.
Análise dos pareceres conclusivos dos Conselhos de Alimentação Escolar sobre a execução do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar
Authors: Bandeira Luisete Moraes , Chagas Carolina Martins dos Santos , Gubert Muriel Bauermann , Toral Natacha , Monteiro Renata Alves
Published: July 2013

OB JETIVO: Analisar as informações contidas nos pareceres dos Conselhos de Alimentação Escolar de todo o Brasil sobre a execução do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar. MÉTODOS: Estudo quantiqualitativo que analisa 4.256 pareceres na fase quantitativa e 2.299 na qualitativa, referentes ao ano de 2009. Também foram analisados 4.135 Demonstrativos Sintéticos Anuais, que tratam da execução físico-financeira do Programa. Na fase qualitativa, investigou-se o conteúdo dos pareceres por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo. RESULTADOS: A análise quantitativa mostrou que, em 24,4% (n=1.009) das localidades, não houve contrapartida da entidade executora na compra de gêneros alimentícios, e a maioria dos pareceres (78,7%, n=3.348) apresentou assinatura de apenas um conselheiro. A análise qualitativa dos pareceres apontou que 64,5% (n=1.483) das localidades brasileiras adotavam a gestão centralizada e que 23,9% (n=549) das entidades executoras investiam recursos próprios na compra de gêneros alimentícios. A modalidade de licitação mais frequente foi o pregão (32,7%, n=751), e apenas 4,9% (n=112) dos pareceres afirmaram realizar a compra de alimentos oriundos da agricultura familiar. Entre as atribuições dos conselhos, ressaltaram-se a análise da prestação de contas (59,1%, n=1.359) e o acompanhamento da elaboração dos cardápios (36,5%, n=838) como sendo as mais frequentes. CONCLUSÃO: A execução do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar em suas diferentes vertentes foi evidenciada pela análise dos pareceres dos Conselhos de Alimentação Escolar e dos Demonstrativos Sintéticos Anuais, caracterizando-os como instrumentos de monitoramento do Programa. Os achados servem de subsídio para estratégias de melhoria da qualidade da alimentação escolar e fortalecimento do Conselho de Alimentação Escolar.
Redes de Integração Conceptual em narrativas sociolinguísticas
Authors: Leite Jan Edson Rodrigues , Toscano Mábia Nunes , Martins Andréa de Oliveira Gomes
Published: July 2013

Este artigo pretende descrever a emergência de Redes de Integração Conceptual em dados da fala de usuários da variedade sociodialetal pessoense, a fim de mapear o uso de estratégias cognitivas de conceptualização na construção de narrativas orais. Para isso, utilizamos o corpus do Projeto Variação Linguística do Estado da Paraíba (VALPB) que se propõe, a partir dos dados coletados, apresentar o perfil linguístico do falante da Paraíba. A partir desse corpus, fizemos a classificação e a análise das ocorrências de redes de integração identificadas; observamos e descrevemos as relações vitais estabelecidas durante a integração conceitual; e procuramos descrever o funcionamento da tipologia de redes a partir da mesclagem conceitual resultante das conceptualizações presentes nas narrativas orais produzidas pelos indivíduos nos contextos de uso da língua. Orientamo-nos sob a perspectiva da Linguística Cognitiva, especialmente dos trabalhos de Fauconnier e Turner (2002). Por fim, organizamos os resultados da análise, discutindo diversas ocorrências nas diferentes variáveis encontradas no corpus.
Integração conceptual na descrição de fenômenos gramaticais do português
Authors: Abreu Antônio Suárez
Published: July 2013

A Gramática funcional tem atualmente grande aceitação nos meios linguísticos, principalmente por ser capaz de esclarecer a motivação de fatos gramaticais na construção de um texto. A partir dela, deixa-se a tradição de estudar a gramática pela gramática. Pronomes demonstrativos, por exemplo, passam a ser vistos como ferramentas eficazes de coesão textual, retomando anaforicamente termos de orações anteriores. Essa tarefa, contudo, acaba deixando pelo caminho um rastro infindável de "caixas pretas". Como explicar a origem do funcionamento anafórico dos demonstrativos, se eles servem originalmente, na língua falada, para apontar coisas ou pessoas em relação à posição espacial dos interlocutores? O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar que a Linguística Cognitiva surge justamente como uma opção de abertura dessas caixas pretas. No presente artigo, escolhi um de seus tópicos, a teoria da integração conceptual (blending) para defender essa possibilidade. Nessa tarefa, achei necessário, em primeiro lugar, integrar o modelo cognitivista dentro da Teoria da Complexidade, de acordo com Bybee (2010) e Castilho (2009), que defendem a linguagem humana como um sistema adaptativo complexo. Depois disso, faço uma breve descrição atualizada da teoria da integração conceptual e proponho sua aplicação a alguns fatos gramaticais da língua portuguesa, no nível morfológico e sintático.
A língua portuguesa no ensino médio: conteúdos de ensino e o desenvolvimento da aula
Authors: Silva Célia Maria Medeiros Barbosa da , Silva Neto João Gomes da
Published: July 2013

Neste artigo, apresentamos algumas reflexões sobre o lugar da língua como conteúdo de ensino na aula de língua portuguesa, conforme pode ser observada em situações concretas. A investigação segue uma vertente de pesquisas que, na confluência dos estudos da linguagem e da educação, busca respostas para uma problemática envolvendo as atuais políticas públicas brasileiras para a educação, a formação docente e os estudos sobre o ensino da língua materna, em face da imperativa necessidade de melhoria dos atuais níveis de alfabetização e letramento de crianças, jovens e adultos. Nesse contexto, pretendemos identificar o tratamento dado às questões de língua, analisar como o professor utiliza o livro didático e verificar as relações entre a abordagem oficial e a prática pedagógica. A pesquisa é situada na Linguística Aplicada e adota procedimentos qualitativos e etnográficos. O corpus, ora restrito à fase de desenvolvimento da aula, constitui-se de informações colhidas numa escola pública estadual do ensino médio. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de intervenções na formação docente, com aprofundamento dos componentes curriculares sobre língua e sua didatização. Conclui-se que há necessidade de pesquisas e ações efetivas sobre a formação docente, no sentido de que se estabeleçam relações funcionais entre conteúdos teóricos e práticos.
Do sistema à ação, do homogêneo ao heterogêneo: movimentos fundantes dos conceitos de dialogismo, polifonia e interdiscurso
Authors: Dominguez Michelle
Published: July 2013

Apesar de inicialmente fundamentados em uma perspectiva homogênea da linguagem - e, consequentemente, da enunciação e dos sujeitos - os estudos discursivos evoluíram no sentido de reconhecer uma heterogeneidade fundadora do discurso, capaz de sustentar conceitos como dialogismo, polifonia e interdiscursividade. Este artigo pretende apresentar essa evolução através de uma breve retrospectiva teórica, que vai dos atos de fala austinianos à heterogeneidade constitutiva de Authier-Revuz, passando pelo dialogismo bakhtiniano e pela polifonia de Oswald Ducrot. Derivados dessa virada paradigmática nos estudos discursivos, esses conceitos são considerados através de uma reflexão mais ampla, que compreende a instituição da heterogeneidade discursiva como seu fundamento.
O romance: uma forma ético-política na perspectiva baktiniana
Authors: Fanini Angela Maria Rubel
Published: July 2013

Este artigo discute alguns conceitos presentes na obra de Mikhail Bakhtin, tais como dialogismo, carnavalização e polifonia, sobretudo, a partir do gênero romanesco, objeto de estudo exaustivo do pensador russo. A discussão dos conceitos visa melhor entendê-los a fim de construir uma perspectiva teórica, metodológica e política para análise discursiva dos romances brasileiros. Ao longo do texto, ocorre exemplificação de possíveis análises de obras nacionais sob a perspectiva bakhtiniana. Destaca-se que, para o pensador russo, a linguagem é central na ontologia do ser social e que a reflexão sobre a linguagem enquanto realidade plural é a medida para se alcançar uma sociedade democrática.
O discurso citado na construção do ethos: análise discursivo-argumentativa de O país do carnaval, de Jorge Amado
Authors: Piris Eduardo Lopes , Nascimento Darling Moreira do
Published: July 2013

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma análise discursivo-argumentativa do romance O país do carnaval, de Jorge Amado, focalizando as categorias do discurso citado e do ethos discursivo. Parte do pressuposto de que o ethos do romancista é construído com base no diálogo entre o "seu" discurso e as posições e valores ideológicos do discurso alheio. E assim articula o conceito de discurso citado postulado pelo Círculo de Bakhtin e o conceito de heterogeneidade enunciativa formulado por Authier-Revuz, para compreender os mecanismos de construção do ethos discursivo: um modo de dizer e de ser sócio-historicamente reconhecido, que legitima a inscrição do discurso numa determinada formação discursiva. Desse modo, pretende-se depreender o posicionamento ideológico do autor Jorge Amado na polêmica entre os vários discursos que tentam explicar o sentido da vida em O país do carnaval.
Aspectos do sistema estomatognático pré e pós-adenotonsilectomia
Authors: Andrade-Balieiro Fernanda Bastos de , Azevedo Renata , Chiari Brasília Maria
Published: July 2013

OBJETIVO: Verificar os aspectos fonoaudiológicos do sistema estomatognático, incluindo as estruturas fonoarticulatórias (lábios, língua e palato mole) e as funções de deglutição, respiração, fala e fonação (qualidade vocal e ressonância), pré e pós adenotonsilectomia. MÉTODOS: Participaram 22 crianças, 17 do gênero masculino e cinco do gênero feminino, na faixa etária entre 5 e 10 anos. Todas apresentavam hipertrofia de tonsilas palatina e faríngea com indicação cirúrgica de adenotonsilectomia e nenhuma delas havia passado por fonoterapia prévia. A avaliação fonoaudiológica foi realizada no período pré-operatório e entre um e seis meses após a adenotonsilectomia e constou de avaliação das estruturas (lábios, língua e palato mole), das funções de deglutição (líquido), respiração (modo), fala e fonação (qualidade vocal e ressonância). Para avaliar a qualidade vocal e a ressonância, participaram 15 sujeitos com avaliação pós-operatória realizada no período de um a dois meses. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença quanto ao modo respiratório nasal, postura de lábios ocluídos em repouso, tônus de língua alterado, mobilidade adequada de palato mole, postura de língua alterada na deglutição de líquido, e ausência do mecanismo compensatório de interposição de lábios na deglutição. Houve redução na frequência dos processos de distorção. Em relação à fonação, foi observada discreta melhora na qualidade vocal e ressonância. CONCLUSÃO: Após a adenotonsilectomia algumas estruturas e funções podem se readaptar ou apresentar melhora espontaneamente. No entanto, foi necessário encaminhar a maioria das crianças para o atendimento fonoaudiológico na busca da readaptação das estruturas estomatognáticas e funções avaliadas.
Utilização de substantivos e verbos por crianças com síndrome de Down em duas situações diferentes
Authors: Limongi Suelly Cecilia Olivan , Oliveira Emilia de Faria , Ienne Livia Maria , Andrade Rosangela Viana , Carvalho Angela Maria de Amorim
Published: July 2013

OBJETIVO: Verificar a utilização de substantivos e verbos por crianças com síndrome de Down e comparar esse uso em situações de interação com o terapeuta e com a mãe. MÉTODOS: Participaram 21 crianças com idades entre 5 e 11 anos, divididas em 3 grupos igualitários com base nas idades cronológica e mental, a partir da aplicação do Primary Test of Nonverbal Intelligence. A coleta de fala foi feita a partir de situações de interação livre, gravadas em vídeo por período de 30 minutos e transcritas em protocolo específico, sendo utilizados os primeiros 100 enunciados, a partir dos 5 minutos iniciais. O tempo de intervalo entre cada situação foi de 7 a 15 dias. A análise estatística utilizou o teste-t pareado e a análise de variância (ANOVA). Foi adotado o valor de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Foram produzidos mais verbos do que substantivos nas duas situações de interação, sendo mais verbos e substantivos com o terapeuta do que com a mãe. A comparação entre os grupos na interação com o terapeuta mostrou diferença tanto para substantivos quanto para verbos e, com a mãe, apenas tendência à diferença para os verbos. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados apontam para crescente desenvolvimento no uso de substantivos e de verbos de acordo com o aumento da idade. Houve maior utilização de verbos que de substantivos, principalmente na situação de interação com o terapeuta.
Integrated assessment of the direct and indirect effects of resource gradients on tree species recruitment
Authors: Ibáñez Inés , McCarthy-Neumann Sarah
Published: July 2013

Understanding the dynamics of tree establishment is critical to assess forests' composition, management practices, and current responses to global change. We carried out a field seedling transplant experiment to assess not only the direct effects of resources influencing recruitment of four tree species, but also their indirect and combined effects. Our analysis integrated first growing season demographic data together with estimates of mycorrhizal fungal colonization and resource availability (light, soil moisture, and soil nitrogen). Only by considering both the direct and indirect effects of resources we were able to account for most of the variability observed during seedling recruitment. Contrary to expectations, increasing light levels were not always beneficial for recruitment even in low light habitats, and soil moisture availability benefited seedling growth but not survival. In addition, mycorrhizal fungal colonization was not always favored by high light levels or by increasing soil moisture. Seedling survival for all species was lower in plots with higher arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, while the association with ectomycorrhizal fungi varied from beneficial to detrimental. When integrating the direct, indirect, and interactive effects of resource availability and mycorrhizal fungal colonization on tree recruitment dynamics we found that species responded in a nonlinear fashion to increasing resource levels, and we also identified thresholds, i.e., shifts in the direction of the response, along the resource gradient. Our integrated assessment considerably outperformed a null model where only direct effects of resources were accounted for. These results illustrate how the combination of direct, indirect, and combined effects of driving variables better represents the complexity of the processes determining tree species recruitment than simple resource availability mechanisms.
Combinatory Chemical and Biological Approaches to Investigate Metal Elements in Agricultural Runoff Water
Authors: Quilbé Renaud , Pieri Isabelle , Wicherek Stanislas , Dugas Nathalie , Tasteyre Albert , Thomas Yolène , Oudinet Jean‐Paul
Published: July 2013

As part of a project studying the interactions between farming practices, soil erosion processes, and fate of agricultural pollutants into runoff waters, we conducted a pilot study to investigate the relationship between metal contents and metallothionein‐2A (MT‐2A) as a bioindicator of metal exposure. Runoff water samples were collected between May and November 1999 at the point of outlet of an elementary watershed located in the Paris basin. Selected metals (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, and Zn) were analyzed using conventional techniques. In parallel, human T cells were exposed to water samples for 6 and 18 h and then cell viability and MT‐2A gene expression were measured. Results show that among the 10 water samples tested, Al and Zn predominate (highest values = 4.9 and 2.6 μM, respectively), while other metals were below the μM level. Five out of 10 samples induced MT‐2A gene expression (30–80% increase at 18 h) as compared with the control. When comparing MT‐2A induction profile with metals contents, no obvious correlation was found, suggesting that additional components or parameters are involved. Finally, there was an apparent inverse relationship between Ca concentration and MT‐2A gene induction. Although still preliminary, in the absence of longer monitoring, this study shows that MT‐2A gene expression is a useful tool to complement chemical analysis in assessing metal elements in water. These combinatory approaches will be pursued and integrated in an ongoing watershed field research project.
Sorption and Biodegradability of Sludge Bacterial Extracellular Polymers in Soil and Their Influence on Soil Copper Behavior
Authors: Zhou L. X. , Zhou S. G. , Zhan X. H.
Published: July 2013

Bacterial extracellular polymers (BEP) affect the translocation and fate of organic and inorganic pollutants in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In this study, BEP from activated sludge was compared with sludge dissolved organic matter (DOM) in terms of behavior and effects on the mobilization and bioavailability of Cu in a well‐aged Cu‐contaminated orchard sandy loam. Addition of sludge BEP (10–200 mg dissolved organic carbon [DOC] L−1) to the soil resulted in 1.6‐ to 12.8‐fold‐higher soil soluble Cu concentration over the control and 1.3‐ to 2.2‐fold over sludge DOM of the same concentration. Consequently, the Cu uptake by the ryegrass (Lolium perenne L., cv. Target) grown in the soil was increased by 31% due to interval watering of 100 mg DOC L−1 of sludge BEP solution in a 35‐d period. The influence of sludge BEP on mobilizing soil Cu could be maintained as long as 60 d or more, depending on BEP biodegradation status. The findings that sludge BEP promoted Cu mobilization and bioavailability could be attributed to less adsorption of BEP by soil, slow degradation, and higher affinity with Cu. For example, after 3 wk of aerobic incubation, the soluble Cu present in the sludge DOM‐treated soil was reduced to about the level of the control, while the concentration of soluble Cu in BEP‐treated soil was 6.2 times higher than that in the control. Therefore, sludge BEP could act as a facilitated‐transport carrier of Cu. The environmental risk of Cu should receive much attention if BEP is incorporated into soils.
Modeling Organic Carbon Dynamics and Cadmium Fate in Long‐Term Sludge‐Amended Soil
Authors: Bergkvist Petra , Jarvis Nicholas
Published: July 2013

A model is described that may help to resolve uncertainty and controversy over the long‐term consequences of sludge applications to arable land, especially with regard to the effects of sludge adsorption characteristics on trace metal solubility and bioavailability (e.g., the sludge “time bomb” or sludge “protection” hypotheses). Mass balances of organic and inorganic material derived from sludge and crop residues are simulated. Each pool has a potentially different adsorption affinity for trace metals, and this leads to changes in the adsorption capacity of sludge‐amended soil that influence leaching and crop uptake. Model simulations were compared with measured changes in organic carbon and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)‐extractable cadmium contents in a clay loam soil following 41 years of sludge applications. The model adequately reproduced the data, although discrepancies in the vertical distribution of Cd were attributed to the effects of macropore transport and root‐uptake driven recirculation. A Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the most important parameters affecting leaching and crop uptake were the Cd loading and parameters controlling adsorption, especially the partition coefficient for sludge‐derived inorganic material and the exponent regulating the effect of pH on sorption. Scenario simulations show that no general conclusions can be drawn with respect to the validity of the sludge “time bomb” and sludge “protection” hypotheses. Either may occur, or neither, depending on three key system parameters: the ratio of sludge adsorption capacity to the initial adsorption capacity of the soil, the proportion of the sludge adsorption capacity contributed by the inorganic fraction, and the sludge Cd loading.
Adsorption and Clay‐Catalyzed Degradation of Erythromycin A on Homoionic Clays
Authors: Kim Yong‐Hak , Heinze Thomas M. , Kim Seong‐Jae , Cerniglia Carl E.
Published: July 2013

Erythromycin has been widely used in food‐producing animals and in humans, and is frequently detected as an organic pollutant in U.S. streams. In batch experiments with homoionic clays, the Freundlich isotherms were determined at 10 and 25°C. The adsorption of erythromycin A was strongly influenced by clay type, exchanged cations, the pH of the bulk solutions, and the acidity of clay surfaces. The formation of clay–erythromycin A complexes was thermodynamically favorable except for K+– and Fe3+–exchanged montmorillonites, since the reactions were exothermic (ΔH° > 0) and the systems became stable (ΔS° > 0). Clays catalyzed the erythromycin A degradation by the hydrolysis of the neutral sugar and the multiple dehydrations. The surface acidity of clay surface enhanced the rate of clay‐catalyzed degradation of erythromycin A. In addition, the Fe3+–exchanged clay minerals seemed to have an electrostatic interaction with the erythromycin A molecule, by which the hydrolysis of the neutral sugar was influenced.
Thermal Analysis of Whole Soils and Sediment
Authors: DeLapp Rossane C. , LeBoeuf Eugene J.
Published: July 2013

Thermal analysis techniques were utilized to investigate the thermal properties of two soils and a lignite coal obtained from the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS), and sediment obtained from the Netherlands. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed glass transition behavior of each sample at temperatures ranging from 52°C for Pahokee peat (euic, hyperthermic Lithic Medisaprists), 55°C for a Netherlands (B8) sediment, 64°C for Elliott loam (fine, illitic, mesic Aquic Arguidolls), to 70°C for Gascoyne leonardite. Temperature‐modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) revealed glass transition behavior at similar temperatures, and quantified constant‐pressure specific heat capacity (Cp) at 0°C from 0.6 J g−1 °C−1 for Elliott loam and 0.8 J g−1 °C−1 for the leonardite, to 1.0 J g−1 °C−1 for the peat and the sediment. Glass transition behavior showed no distinct correlation to elemental composition, although Gascoyne Leonardite and Pahokee peat each demonstrated glass transition behavior similar to that reported for humic acids derived from these materials. Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) revealed a large thermal expansion followed by a matrix collapse for each sample between 20 and 30°C, suggesting the occurrence of transition behavior of unknown origin. Thermal transitions occurring at higher temperatures more representative of glass transition behavior were revealed for the sediment and the peat.
Runoff Losses of Phosphorus and Nitrogen Imported in Sod or Composted Manure for Turf Establishment
Authors: Vietor D. M. , Provin T. L. , White R. H. , Munster C. L.
Published: July 2013

Nutrient loading on impaired watersheds can be reduced through export of sod grown with manure and export of composted manure for turf production on other watersheds. Effects of the sod and manure exports on receiving watersheds were evaluated through monitoring of total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) and N concentrations and losses in runoff from establishing turf. Three replications of seven treatments were established on an 8.5% slope of a Booneville soil (loamy‐skeletal, mixed, superactive Pachic Argicryolls). Three treatments comprised imported 'Tifway' bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt‐Davy) sod grown with composted dairy manure (382 or 191 kg P ha−1) or fertilizer (50 kg P ha−1). Three treatments were sprigged with Tifway and top‐dressed with either composted manure (92 or 184 kg P ha−1) or fertilizer (100 kg P ha−1). The control was established bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. Guymon]. During eight fall rain events, mean TDP concentration in runoff (7.8 mg L−1) from sprigged Tifway top‐dressed with manure (84 kg P ha−1) was 1.6 times greater than sod imported with 129 kg manure P ha−1 During the first fall event, mass losses of TDP (232 mg m−2) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) (317 mg m−2) from sprigged treatments top‐dressed with manure or fertilizer were nearly three times greater than manure‐grown sod. Percentages of manure P lost as TDP in runoff from imported sod were 33% of percentages lost from sprigged treatments top‐dressed with manure. Sod grown with manure P rates of 190 kg P ha−1 can be imported without increasing runoff losses of TDP compared with conventional fertilization of establishing turfgrass.
Mobility of Sulfate in Forest Soils: Kinetic Modeling
Authors: Selim H. M. , Gobran G. R. , Guan X. , Clarke N.
Published: July 2013

Understanding sulfate transport and retention dynamics in forest soils is a prerequisite in predicting SO4 concentration in the soil solution and in lake and stream waters. In this study forest soil samples from the Gårdsjön catchments, Sweden, were used to study SO4 transport in soil columns from the upper three soil horizons (E, Bs, and BC). The columns were leached using a sequential leaching technique. The input solutions were CaSO4 equilibrated with forest floor material. Leaching behavior of SO4 and concentration in the effluent were measured from columns from individual horizons. Sulfate was always retained in the Bs and BC horizons, while the pattern for the E horizon varied. Attempts were also made to model SO4 breakthrough results based on miscible displacement approaches and solute convection–dispersion equation (CDE) in porous media. Several retention mechanisms were incorporated into the CDE to account for possible reversible and irreversible SO4 reactions in individual soil layers. Our modeling efforts were inadequate in describing the mobility of SO4 in the top (E) horizon. Moreover, a linear equilibrium approach was generally inadequate for describing SO4 sorption during transport in the Bs and BC horizons. In contrast, we found that the model provided good descriptions of all breakthrough results when SO4 reactivity was accounted for based on nonlinear equilibrium or first‐order kinetic processes. Moreover, based on model parameter estimates, the reactivity or retention of SO4 during transport is concentration dependent. We conclude that sulfate retention during transport in this forest soil is most likely controlled by kinetic reactivity of SO4 of the reversible and irreversible mechanisms.
Plant‐Available Zinc and Lead in Mine Spoils and Soils at the Mines of Spain, Iowa
Authors: Mbila Monday O. , Thompson Michael L.
Published: July 2013

To investigate the forms of Zn and Pb and their plant availability in mine spoil long after its abandonment, we studied seven sites in the Mines of Spain, near Dubuque, IA. Ores of Zn and Pb were mined from dolomitic limestone primarily during the 19th century, and there had been no subsequent remediation of metals‐contaminated spoil. From both mine spoil and undisturbed areas, we collected root‐zone soil samples as well as samples of the dominant ground‐level, native plants, aniseroot [Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC.] and black snakeroot (Sanicular marilandica L.). We determined Zn and Pb concentrations in both the plant tissue and in the soil samples after strong‐acid digestion, and we fractionated the solid‐phase forms of Zn, Pb, and P in the soil samples by using sequential extraction. Concentrations of total Zn and Pb were 10‐ to 20‐fold greater in the spoil than in the undisturbed soils. Plants growing in the mine spoil had Zn concentrations two to four times greater and Pb concentrations more than 26 times greater than did plants growing in the undisturbed soils. The highest concentrations of Zn and Pb were in the CBD‐extractable and the residual fractions in both undisturbed and mine spoil samples. Although the mine spoil contained large amounts of P, Zn, and Pb were available for uptake by the two plant species in amounts proportional to Zn and Pb concentrations in the rooting zone.
Trophic Transition in a Lake on the Virginia Coastal Plain
Authors: Pensa Mellisa A. , Chambers Randolph M.
Published: July 2013

To examine possible connections between lake trophic status and runoff from surrounding subwatersheds, we determined patterns of sediment and nutrient deposition in a hypereutrophic, 16‐ha impoundment on the Virginia coastal plain. Spatial survey of nutrients in surface sediments documented a strong correlation between total P and extractable Fe (r2 = 0.53). Elevated biogenic silica concentrations up to 0.25% by weight were measured in sections of the lake receiving perennial stream discharge. Sediment C to N ratios were >20 in those same sections, suggesting a large allochthonous contribution to organic matter deposition. Sediment cores 0.9 to 2.3 m in length, representing 70 years of deposition, were analyzed to develop vertical profiles of changes in sediment and nutrient deposition in deltas downstream from two more‐developed and three less‐developed subwatersheds (with 49 and 9% commercial and residential development, respectively). The average sediment weight percent ± standard deviation of biogenic silica (0.027 ± 0.037 vs. 0.009 ± 0.006%) and total P (0.040 ± 0.025 vs. 0.024 ± 0.019%) was significantly higher downstream of more‐developed subwatersheds. Using elevated P loadings and biogenic silica deposition as proxies for algal production, transition of the lake to its current hypereutrophic state appears to have occurred in the last 70 yr. Changes in trophic status as revealed by sediment analysis of this small lake on the Virginia coastal plain reflect a common pattern of eutrophication observed for the entire Chesapeake Bay drainage basin. Analysis of sediments from stream deltas appears to be a reasonable strategy for identifying and targeting subwatershed areas needing better management of nutrient runoff that otherwise would lead to eutrophication of downstream waters.
Phosphorus Leaching in Relation to Soil Type and Soil Phosphorus Content
Authors: Djodjic Faruk , Börling Katarina , Bergström Lars
Published: July 2013

Phosphorus losses from arable soils contribute to eutrophication of freshwater systems. In addition to losses through surface runoff, leaching has lately gained increased attention as an important P transport pathway. Increased P levels in arable soils have highlighted the necessity of establishing a relationship between actual P leaching and soil P levels. In this study, we measured leaching of total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) during three years in undisturbed soil columns of five soils. The soils were collected at sites, established between 1957 and 1966, included in a long‐term Swedish fertility experiment with four P fertilization levels at each site. Total P losses varied between 0.03 and 1.09 kg ha−1yr−1, but no general correlation could be found between P concentrations and soil test P (Olsen P and phosphorus content in ammonium lactate extract [P‐AL]) or P sorption indices (single‐point phosphorus sorption index [PSI] and P sorption saturation) of the topsoil. Instead, water transport mechanism through the soil and subsoil properties seemed to be more important for P leaching than soil test P value in the topsoil. In one soil, where preferential flow was the dominant water transport pathway, water and P bypassed the high sorption capacity of the subsoil, resulting in high losses. On the other hand, P leaching from some soils was low in spite of high P applications due to high P sorption capacity in the subsoil. Therefore, site‐specific factors may serve as indicators for P leaching losses, but a single, general indicator for all soil types was not found in this study.
Comparison of Estimates of First‐Year Dairy Manure Nitrogen Availability or Recovery Using Nitrogen‐15 and Other Techniques
Authors: Muñoz G. R. , Kelling K. A. , Powell J. M. , Speth P. E.
Published: July 2013

Measurements of dairy manure nutrient availability to crops typically show great variability. Approaches that are more accurate are needed to improve manure management and reduce nutrient loss to the environment. In this study, we compared direct (15N recovery) and indirect (difference method [Diff Meth] and fertilizer equivalence [FE] approach) methods of determining first‐year dairy manure N availability or recovery during three cropping seasons. A field experiment was conducted on a Plano silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiudolls) planted to corn (Zea maysL.). Plots received either manure, fertilizer N, or no N. Microplots receiving15N‐labeled manure were also established each study year. Manure was applied to a new plot each cropping season. Whole‐plant N uptake was the best crop parameter to use for FE estimates. Estimates of N availability by relative effectiveness (Rel Eff), which are derived from the Diff Meth, and FE were similar (32 and 41%, respectively) and higher than unlabeled N or15N recovery measurements because these indices factor in N use efficiency. Measures of the Rel Eff of manure N use were highly affected by control plot N uptake. The FE approach is less influenced by control plots, but it requires the inclusion of several more treatments and use of mathematical functions to describe crop response to N. These limitations are reflected in the wide ranges obtained for N availability estimates (−60 to 148%). Although apparent N recovery by the Diff Meth (14%) or direct measurements of15N recovery (16%) were close on average, variability tended to be much lower for the15N method. In addition, the Diff Meth was highly dependent on initial soil conditions. Use of15N‐labeled manure, although more costly and time‐consuming, provided more consistent and reliable results.
Fate of Phosphorus in Dairy Wastewater and Poultry Litter Applied on Grassland
Authors: Johnson A. F. , Vietor D. M. , Rouquette F. M. , Haby V. A.
Published: July 2013

Large and repeated manure applications can exceed the P sorption capacity of soil and increase P leaching and losses through subsurface drainage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the fate of P applied with increasing N rates in dairy wastewater or poultry litter on grassland during a 4‐yr period. In addition to P recovery in forage, soil‐test phosphorus (STP) was monitored at depths to 180 cm in a Darco loamy sand (loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Grossarenic Paleudults) twice annually. A split‐plot arrangement of a randomized complete block design comprised four annual N rates (0, 250, 500, and 1000 kg ha−1) for each nutrient source on coastal bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] over‐seeded with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L. cv. TAM90). Increasing annual rates of N and P in wastewater and poultry litter increased P removal in forage (P = 0.001). At the highest N rate of each nutrient source, less than 13% of applied P was recovered in forage. The highest N rates delivered 8 times more P in wastewater or 15 times more P in poultry litter than was removed in forage harvests during an average year. Compared with controls, annual P rates up to 188 kg ha−1 in dairy wastewater did not increase STP concentrations at depths below 30 cm. In contrast, the highest annual P rate (590 kg ha−1) in poultry litter increased STP above that of controls at depth intervals to 120 cm during the first year of sampling. Increases in STP at depths below 30 cm in the Darco soil were indicative of excessive P rates that could contribute to nonpoint‐source pollution in outflows from subsoil through subsurface drainage.
Bermudagrass Management in the Southern Piedmont, USA
Authors: Franzluebbers A. J. , Wilkinson S. R. , Stuedemann J. A.
Published: July 2013

An understanding of the long‐term cycling of trace elements in soil with broiler litter fertilization under various forage utilization strategies is needed to develop sustainable agricultural production systems. We evaluated differences in Cu, Mn, Zn, and six other trace elements in response to 5 yr of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] management varying in fertilization and harvest strategies on a Typic Kanhapludult in Georgia. Chicken (Gallus gallus) broiler litter was a significant source of trace elements that led to 3.4 ± 0.5 times higher Cu, 2.0 ± 0.3 times higher Mn, and 2.1 ± 0.2 times higher Zn in the surface 3 cm of soil than when forage was fertilized inorganically. There were variable effects of broiler litter fertilization on other trace elements, depending upon element, depth of sampling, and forage utilization strategy. Concentrations of all trace elements in soil were below levels considered toxic to plants. Soil at a depth of 0 to 3 cm under grazed paddocks had 33 ± 5% greater Cd, 18 ± 1% greater Cr, 53 ± 24% greater Cu, and 24 ± 7% greater Zn compared with unharvested and hayed management. Trace elements in soil were unaffected whether forage was unharvested or removed as hay. These results suggest that broiler litter is a significant source of several trace elements and that ruminant processing of forage and subsequent deposition of excreta on the paddock allow these trace elements to accumulate more at the soil surface where they might interact with the high concentration of organic matter.
Magnitude of Psychological Stress Reported by Soccer Referees
Authors: Gencay Selcuk
Published: July 2013

The purpose of this investigation was to identify the magnitude of psychological stress reported by soccer referees and assistant referees (linesmen). One hundred and fifty-six soccer referees who were members of the Turkish Soccer Referees' Committee responded to a survey that assessed
perceived stress related to refereeing. Results showed that mean ratings of psychological stress scores of referees ranged between "a very little" and "moderate amount". Results also showed that there was no significant difference between referees' and assistant referees' magnitude of psychological
stress. These results were consistent with those of previous studies, suggesting that most sport referees do not experience much stress while refereeing.
Psychological Violence in Learning Organizations: a Case Study in Sanliurfa, Turkey
Authors: Kilic Elife Dogan
Published: July 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine psychological violence in learning organizations. The researchers investigated whether teachers in primary schools have been exposed to violence based on gender, marital status, or experience. The sample included 310 teachers randomly selected
from among teachers who work in Sanliurfa, Turkey, in the 2007-2008 academic year. Data were collected by means of a 23-item questionnaire measuring how often teachers had been exposed to psychological violence in schools. Results revealed that female teachers were more likely to be exposed
to psychological violence than were males, and unmarried teachers were more likely to experience psychological violence than were married individuals. Moreover, it was found that there was a greater incidence of junior and senior teachers being exposed to psychological violence compared to
mid-career teachers.
Trait Emotional Intelligence, the Big Five Personality Dimensions and Academic Success in Physical Education Teacher Candidates
Authors: Tok Serdar , Morali Suleyman
Published: July 2013

The predictive ability of the Big Five personality traits and trait emotional intelligence (EI) of physical education (PE) teacher candidates' academic success was examined. A total of 295 PE teacher candidates aged 23 to 32 completed the Short Form Five Factor Personality Inventory
(Tatar, 2005) and the revised and adapted Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale (Schutte et al., 1998) at the beginning of the 2007-2008 academic year. At the year's end, participants' grade point averages (GPAs) were matched to their trait EI and personality scores. Pearson product-moment
correlations and hierarchical regression were used to analyze data. Academic success as GPA was found to be positively related with Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness and negatively related with Neuroticism. Additionally, a regression model consisting of the Big Five personality
traits could predict a significant amount of variance in GPA. However, no association was identified between trait EI as measured by the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale and GPA. Trait EI also did not make any significant contribution to the predictive ability of the Big Five personality
traits.
The Role of Service Elements in Performing Arts Experience Delivery
Authors: Huang Yueh -Chuen
Published: July 2013

A value delivery model of the performing arts was proposed. It was supposed that the audience's artistic experience is delivered through the participants (performers, servicepersons, and audience), process design, and physical evidence in live-art performances. Second-order confirmatory
factor analysis and measurement invariance analysis provided preliminary evidence on the generalization of the proposed model. Results suggested that, in general, participants had the largest influence on the audience's artistic experience, followed by process design and physical evidence.
However, their influence changed when considering the audience's consumption frequency. Physical evidence was the most important element in delivering the artistic experience to infrequent viewers, but it was the least important element as rated by frequent viewers.
Victims of Crime in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Alomosh Ahmad Falah
Published: July 2013

In this study crime victimization in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was examined through the dimensions of the experience of victims and perceived potential for being a victim of crimes in the UAE. A questionnaire was designed and data were collected from a sample of 1,520 respondents.
Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. It was found that the main crimes suffered by victims in the UAE are: disturbance and harassment by beggars, simple assaults, property damage, susceptibility to deception and fraud, stealing from trade centers, theft of car contents, stealing
on public roads and transport services, and pickpocketing.
Study of effective atomic numbers and electron densities, kerma of alcohols, phantom and human organs, and tissues substitutes
Authors: Singh Vishwanath , Badiger Nagappa
Published: July 2013

Effective atomic numbers (ZPIeff) and electron densities of eighteen alcohols
such as wood alcohol, CH3OH; grain alcohol, C2H5OH; rubbing alcohol, C3H7OH;
butanol, C4H9OH; amyl alcohol, C5H11OH; cetyl alcohol, C16H33OH; ethylene
glycol, C2H4(OH)2; glycerin, C3H5(OH)3; PVA, C2H4O; erythritol, C4H6(OH)4;
xylitol, C5H7(OH)5; sorbitol, C6H8(OH)6; volemitol, C7H9(OH)7; allyl alcohol,
C3H5OH; geraniol, C10H17OH; propargyl alcohol, C3H3OH; inositol, C6H6(OH)6,
and menthol, C10H19OH have been calculated in the photon energy region of 1
keV-100 GeV. The estimated values have been compared with experimental values
wherever possible. The comparison of ZPIeff of the alcohols with water
phantom and PMMA phantom indicate that the ethylene glycol, glycerin, and PVA
are substitute for PMMA phantom and PVA is substitute of water phantom.
ZPIeff of alcohols have also been compared with human organs and tissues.
Ethylene glycol, glycerin and PVA, allyl alcohol, and wood alcohols are found
tissue substitutes for most of human organs. Kerma which is the product of
the energy fluence and mass energy-absorption coefficient, have been
calculated in the energy region from 1 keV to 20 MeV for the alcohols. The
results show the kerma is more or less independent of energy above 100 keV.