bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multimodal treatment in difficult sialolithiasis: Role of extracorporeal shock‐wave lithotripsy and intraductal pneumatic lithotripsy
Authors: Koch Michael , Schapher Mirco , Mantsopoulos Konstantinos , von Scotti Felix , Goncalves Miguel , Iro Heinrich
Published: December 2017

Objectives

To assess results after treatment of difficult/complex sialolithiasis with extracorporeal shock‐wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and intraductal pneumatic lithotripsy (IPL).

Study Design

Retrospective study in a tertiary referral center.

Methods

Altogether, 63 stones were diagnosed in 38 patients with difficult/complex sialolithiasis. Forty‐nine stones were treated with fragmentation using both ESWL and IPL. Stones accessible with the sialendoscope were treated primarily with IPL in multiple sialolithiasis.

Results

Seventy‐one ESWL procedures and 57 IPL were performed in our patients. Forty‐nine stones were treated by 67 ESWL procedures and 52 IPL. ESWL converted sialoliths from sialendoscopically untreatable into sialendoscopically treatable cases in 94.7%; the treatment then was completed by a total of 52 IPL procedures. ESWL was performed before IPL (81.6%), in combination with IPL (7.9%) and after (10.5%). Complete fragmentation was achieved in 97.9%. Four stones each were treated with ESWL and IPL alone in multiple sialolithiasis. Altogether, 53 stones were treated by 57 IPL procedures. Complete fragmentation was achieved in 98.1% of the 53 stones. ESWL and IPL were the dominant treatment modalities in 84.1% of all 63 stones treated. Of all 38 patients, 92.1% became stone‐free and all became symptom‐free. All the glands were preserved. Multiple stones were treated in 34.2% of the patients; of these, 92.3% became stone‐free.

Conclusion

These results show that patients with difficult and complex sialolithiasis can be treated with high success rates of > 90% using a multimodal, minimally invasive, and gland‐preserving treatment approach. ESWL and IPL played a key role in this multimodal treatment regime in > 80% of stones.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 128:E332–E338, 2018
Assessment and improvement of the sea ice processing for dissolved inorganic carbon analysis
Authors: Hu Yu‐Bin , Wang Feiyue , Boone Wieter , Barber David , Rysgaard Søren
Published: December 2017

Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is an important parameter to characterize the biogeochemical processes in sea ice and across the ocean‐sea ice‐atmosphere interface. The main challenge in bulk sea ice processing for DIC analysis is to melt the ice core without exposure to the air, which otherwise might contaminate the sample. A common practice is to seal the ice core in a gas‐tight plastic bag and remove the air gently using a syringe or a hand pump. However, this procedure is time‐consuming and the uncertainty in DIC concentration processed in this way has not been fully accessed. In this study, we modified the method by using a vacuum sealer and evaluated this procedure by examining the impact of ice sample processing, biological activity, gaseous CO2 initially present in sea ice, and the presence of ikaite (CaCO3·6H2O) crystals. The results show that no loss or gain in DIC occurs during the evacuation and ice melting process and that it might not be necessary to pre‐poison the ice samples during the ice melting process. In addition, gaseous CO2 initially present in sea ice has a negligible impact on DIC analysis. If detectable ikaite crystals are present in sea ice, the measurement results should be referred to total inorganic carbon instead of DIC. The field test at Station Nord in Greenland demonstrates that the modified method is simple and quick to use even under the most remote and extreme environments.
Ghost Imaging Using Optical Correlations
Authors: Moreau Paul‐Antoine , Toninelli Ermes , Gregory Thomas , Padgett Miles J.
Published: December 2017

Ghost imaging uses optical correlations to enable an alternative and intriguing image acquisition technique: even though information from either one of the detectors used for the acquisition does not yield an image, an image can be obtained by harnessing the optical correlations. This Review describes a variety of both quantum and classical ghost imaging techniques, and seeks to point out where these techniques may have practical applications.
The follow‐up of progressive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using magnetic resonance rotating frame relaxation times
Authors: Khan Muhammad Arsalan , Laakso Hanne , Laidinen Svetlana , Kettunen Sanna , Heikura Tommi , Ylä‐Herttuala Seppo , Liimatainen Timo
Published: December 2017

Magnetic resonance rotating frame relaxation times are an alternative non‐contrast agent choice for the diagnosis of chronic myocardial infarct. Fibrosis typically occurs in progressive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Fibrosis has been imaged in myocardial infarcted tissue using rotating frame relaxation times, which provides the possibility to follow up progressive cardiomyopathy without contrast agents. Mild and severe left ventricular hypertrophy were induced in mice by transverse aortic constriction, and the longitudinal rotating frame relaxation times (T1ρ) and relaxation along the fictitious field (TRAFF2, TRAFF3) were measured at 5, 10, 24, 62 and 89 days after transverse aortic constriction in vivo. Myocardial fibrosis was verified using Masson's trichrome staining. Increases in the relative relaxation time differences of T1ρ, together with TRAFF2 and TRAFF3, between fibrotic and remote tissues over time were observed. Furthermore, TRAFF2 and TRAFF3 showed higher relaxation times overall in fibrotic tissue than T1ρ. Relaxation time differences were highly correlated with an excess of histologically verified fibrosis. We found that TRAFF2 and TRAFF3 are more sensitive than T1ρ to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy‐related tissue changes and can serve as non‐invasive diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging markers to follow up the mouse model of progressive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Supported silk fibroin/poly(vinyl alcohol) membrane blends: Structure, properties, and ethanol dehydration by pervaporation
Authors: Karp Joel R. , Hamerski Fabiane , Silva Vitor R.
Published: December 2017

Supported hydrophilic silk fibroin/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films were produced and applied in ethanol dehydration by pervaporation. Silicone treated filter paper acted as a porous layer and dimethylurea was used as crosslinking agent. The morphological and physical characterization indicated that PVA was necessary to obtain an adequate morphology, while the mechanical properties were mainly influenced by the support. In pervaporation tests conducted at 666.6 Pa and 20°C, for a feed content of 14.3 mol%, a permeate water concentration of 74.6 mol% was achieved, corresponding to a separation factor of 23.7, showing a preference for the permeation of water in the blend. The feed composition was found to have a major influence in the pervaporation, swelling, and sorption experiments. The pervaporation experiments showed that the selectivity of the fibroin/PVA blends was higher than that of the pure PVA membranes, suggesting that the selectivity for water was due to the presence of fibroin, the PVA acting mainly as a plasticizer. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:1879–1887, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of added ionic liquids on the solubility and viscosity of dilute ionomer solutions in tetrahydrofuran
Authors: Taylor Elliot , Hara Masanori
Published: December 2017

Solubility and viscosity behaviors of three ionomers with comparable ion contents of ca 6 mol%, i.e. poly(methyl methacrylate) sodium salt, sulfonated polystyrene calcium salt and sulfonated polystyrene sodium salt, were studied in a low‐polarity solvent, i.e. tetrahydrofuran (THF), containing an ionic liquid (IL). Upon addition to THF, the IL disrupts ionic aggregates to form a homogeneous solution and increases viscosity, because the IL disrupts intramolecular ionic aggregates at dilute concentration. Among eight ILs of the imidazolium family studied, 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate performs best. The effectiveness of ILs for disrupting ionic aggregates is discussed in terms of the structures of ionomers and ILs. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Conformational dynamics of human protein kinase CK2α and its effect on function and inhibition
Authors: Srivastava Ashutosh , Hirota Tsuyoshi , Irle Stephan , Tama Florence
Published: December 2017

Protein kinase, casein kinase II (CK2), is ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved protein kinase that shows constitutive activity. It phosphorylates a diverse set of proteins and plays crucial role in several cellular processes. The catalytic subunit of this enzyme (CK2α) shows remarkable flexibility as evidenced in numerous crystal structures determined till now. Here, using analysis of multiple crystal structures and long timescale molecular dynamics simulations, we explore the conformational flexibility of CK2α. The enzyme shows considerably higher flexibility in the solution as compared to that observed in crystal structure ensemble. Multiple conformations of hinge region, located near the active site, were observed during the dynamics. We further observed that among these multiple conformations, the most populated conformational state was inadequately represented in the crystal structure ensemble. The catalytic spine, was found to be less dismantled in this state as compared to the “open” hinge/αD state crystal structures. The comparison of dynamics in unbound (Apo) state and inhibitor (CX4945) bound state exhibits inhibitor induced suppression in the overall dynamics of the enzyme. This is especially true for functionally important glycine‐rich loop above the active site. Together, this work gives novel insights into the dynamics of CK2α in solution and relates it to the function. This work also explains the effect of inhibitor on the dynamics of CK2α and paves way for development of better inhibitors.
Finite‐time stability and stabilization of semi‐Markovian jump systems with time delay
Authors: Li Zhicheng , Li Ming , Xu Yinliang , Huang Hong , Misra Satyajayant
Published: December 2017

Semi‐Markovian jump systems are more general than Markovian jump systems in modeling practical systems. On the other hand, the finite‐time stochastic stability is also more effective than stochastic stability in practical systems. This paper focuses on the finite‐time stochastic stability, exponential stochastic stability, and stabilization of semi‐Markovian jump systems with time‐varying delay. First, a new stability condition is presented to guarantee the finite‐time stochastic stability of the system by using a new Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional combined with Wirtinger‐based integral inequality. Second, the stability criterion is further proved to guarantee the exponential stochastic stability of the system. Moreover, a controller design method is also presented according to the stability criterion. Finally, an example is provided to illustrate that the proposed stability condition is less conservative than other existing results. Additionally, we use the proposed method to design a controller for a load frequency control system to illustrate the effectiveness of the method in a practical system of the proposed method.
Error identities for variational problems with obstacles
Authors: Repin S. , Valdman J.
Published: December 2017

The paper is devoted to analysis of a class of nonlinear free boundary problems that are usually solved by variational methods based on primal, dual or primal‐dual variational settings. We deduce and investigate special relations (error identities). They show that a certain nonlinear measure of the distance to the exact solution (specific for each problem) is equivalent to the respective duality gap, whose minimization is the keystone of all variational numerical methods. Therefore, the identity actually sets the measure that contains maximal quantitative information on the quality of a numerical solution available through these methods. The measure has quadratic terms generated by the linear part of the differential operator and nonlinear terms associated with the free boundary. We obtain fully computable two sided bounds of this measure and show that they provide efficient estimates of the distance between the minimizer and any function (approximation) from the corresponding energy space. Several computational examples show that for different minimization sequences the balance between the quadratic and the nonlinear terms of the overall error measure may be different and essential contribution of nonlinear terms may serve as an indicator that the free boundaries are approximated very roughly.
Factoring economic costs into conservation planning may not improve agreement over priorities for protection
Authors: Armsworth Paul R. , Jackson Heather B. , Cho Seong-Hoon , Clark Melissa , Fargione Joseph E. , Iacona Gwenllian D. , Kim Taeyoung , Larson Eric R. , Minney Thomas , Sutton Nathan A.
Published: December 2017

Conservation organizations must redouble efforts to protect habitat given continuing biodiversity declines. Prioritization of future areas for protection is hampered by disagreements over what the ecological targets of conservation should be. Here we test the claim that such disagreements will become less important as conservation moves away from prioritizing areas for protection based only on ecological considerations and accounts for varying costs of protection using return-on-investment (ROI) methods. We combine a simulation approach with a case study of forests in the eastern United States, paying particular attention to how covariation between ecological benefits and economic costs influences agreement levels. For many conservation goals, agreement over spatial priorities improves with ROI methods. However, we also show that a reliance on ROI-based prioritization can sometimes exacerbate disagreements over priorities. As such, accounting for costs in conservation planning does not enable society to sidestep careful consideration of the ecological goals of conservation.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes, 1993
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , McShane Nancy
Published: December 2017

‘Kennebec’ potatoes were planted in 20 foot rows on 8 Apr, ’93. Plots consisted of 5 treatment rows. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 10 inches. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “ A ” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.5 gallons of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 28 psi. Treatments of Admire, Novodor and Vydate were applied 21 May; 2, 9, 16 Jun. Plots receiving Trigard 75WP were treated 21 May at .250 lb Al/acre and 2, 14 Jun at .125 lb Al/acre. Plots receiving Trigard, Novodor, and Vydate were treated with Vydate 2L at 0.75 lb Al/acre on 22 Jun to control Colorado potato beetle adults. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults, larvae and egg mass/ 10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hill 1978). Yields were taken on 28 Jul from 20 feet of row.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes, 1993
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , McShane Nancy
Published: December 2017

‘Kennebec’ potatoes were planted in 20 foot rows on 8 Apr, ’93. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 10 inches. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “ A ” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.5 gallons of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/ acre at 28 psi. Treatments were applied 21, 27 May; 2, 9, 14, 16, and 22 Jun. Trigard treatments were applied 21 May; 2 and 14 Jun. Novodor was applied 21 and 27 May. These same plots were treated with Kryocide thereafter on 2, 9, 14 and 16 Jun. Plots were treated with Vydate 2L 0.75 lb AI/ acre on 22 Jun to control Colorado potato beetle adults. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults, larvae and egg mass/10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hill 1978). Yields were taken on 28 Jul from 20 feet of row.
Effects of Butacide on Control of Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm with Ammo, 1993
Authors: Martin S. H. , Graves J. B. , White C. A. , Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A.
Published: December 2017

Butacide 8 EC was evaluated for its effect on the control of BW and TBW in combination with Ammo 2.5 EC at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA in irrigated cotton planted 1 Jul. The test consisted of a RBD with 4 replications of 3 row (1.02 m centers) × 9.1 m plots. The test was treated on 2, 6 and 10 Sep. All treatments were applied with a tractor mounted boom and compressed air delivery system. Treatments in the test were applied with the spray boom calibrated to deliver 56.1 liters/ha at 2.1 kg/cm2 through 2, TX-8 nozzles equally spaced per row. The test was evaluated on 6, 10 and 16 Sep. Treatments were evaluated by visually examining 50 randomly picked squares per plot for damage and live BW and TBW larvae. The plots received 0.4 cm rainfall on 12 Sep and 1.3 cm rainfall on 13 Sep.
Evaluation of Spray Termination Date Relative to Node Above White Flower, Verona, Ms, 1993
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Jackson C. S.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted 24 May. Plots were 8 rows wide × 40 ft long with 38 inch row spacing. Six rows plus the middles of the outside rows were sprayed at 5 gpa with a high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed air system with TX4 nozzles spaced at 19 inches. A RCBD with 4 replications was used. Treatments were untreated (treatment 1), or sprayed only 1, 2, 3, or 4 times (treatments 2-5 respectively) on a weekly basis beginning on 16 Aug so that the effect of terminating spraying at weekly intervals could be evaluated. Applications were applied to all plots except the untreated plots or the plots terminated after the previous treatment date. Application dates were 16, 20 and 26 Aug and 1 Sep. Insecticides used were Asana XL at 0.04 lb (AI)/acre (16 and 20 Aug applications) and Karate IE (26 Aug and 1 Sep applications). All plots were oversprayed with Guthion 2L on 20 and 26 Aug for control of boll weevils. Yield was determined by picking the center 2 rows in each plot with a mechanical picker on 19 Oct (first picking) and 12 Nov (second picking). The cotton was drought stressed and at the time the node counts were begun with the cotton already below 5 nodes above white flower (NAWF). Heavy rains were received between 1 and 8 Aug which improved conditions and increased NAWF. Insect counts and damage were recorded on 20 and 26 Aug and 1 Sep by examining 25 terminals and 25 squares per plot.
Tobacco Hornworm and Tobacco Budworm Control on Tobacco with Bacillus Thuringiensis, 1993
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson III William B.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted at the VPI and SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA, to evaluate THW and TBW control on flue-cured tobacco with Orthene, Lannate and various formulations and rates of Bacillus thuringiensis. Tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots, 8 × 40 ft (2 rows × 24 plants) on 12 May. Ten treatments were established in a RCBD with 4 replications. Foliar treatments were applied on 9 Jul using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 27 gpa at 60 psi through 3 TX-10 nozzles/row. TBW and THW were reared on artificial diet in the laboratory for 7 d and released in the 1st and 2nd rows of each plot, respectively. One larva was released on each of 20 plants/plot on 6 Jul. THW and TBW were counted on 3, 7, and 14 DAT. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by DMRT. TBW and THW data were transformed to square root (x + 1) before ANOVA.
Control of Black Cutworm on Creeping Bentgrass at the Valentine Turfgrass Research Center. University Park, Pa, 1993
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

Treatment plots were 10 × 8 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Dursban formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on an 8 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 1.146 gal/1,000 ft2 (347 ml/80 ft2) Insecticidal soap and combination insecticidal soap plus Dursban treatments were applied by using a compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJei nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 1.145 gal/1,000 ft2. At treatment time (16 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 69°F; soil temperature at I inch depth, 72°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 64°F; RH, 62%; amount of thatch. 0.125 inches; soil type, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 72.0% sand, 20.0% silt, 8.0% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 14.2%; organic mattei. 2.8%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.4; and clear skies. The area was irrigated with 0.08 inches of water 7.5 h after treatment. The total number of fresh active cutworm feeding holes observed on the surface of each replicate (80 ft2) were recorded on 20 Jul and 22 Jul.
Control of Japanese Beetle Larvae on a Golf Course Fairway in Medina County, Ohio, 1993
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M. G.
Published: December 2017

The study was located on a golf course fairway at Seville, Ohio. Insecticides were applied 1 Sep to plots 8 × 10 ft (2.4 × 3.1 m) arranged in a randomized complete block, replicated 4 times. Liquids were applied using a CO2 sprayer with Teejet XR8006VS nozzles at 35 psi (2.46 kg/cm2) pressure that delivered a volume of 1 gal/1000 ft2 (407 liter/ha). The experimental area was irrigated approximately V> in (6 mm) after all treatments were applied but before sprays had dried on the grass blades. Environmental conditions at time of treatment were as follows. JB: ca. 215/m2, 60% 2nd and 40% 3rd instars. Turf: slight slope <5° dew, 1 in (2.5 cm) height, 65% Bentgrass, 30% annual bluegrass, 5% other grasses. Thatch: dense, moist, 5/s in (1.6 cm) Soil: moist, 73°F at 1 in (2.5 cm) and 72°F at 3 in (7.6 cm). Weather: cloudy and light rain, 74°F, 0 mph. Water: pH 5.1. Efficacy data taken 5 Oct (35 DAT) were based on the number of live JB larvae in six 7 × 7 in (17.8 × 17.8 cm) square samples from each plot.
Evaluation to Manage Annual Bluegrass Weevil on a Golf Course Fairway with Conventional and Experimental Formulations in Bedford County, Pennsylvania, 1993
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (70%) and Kentucky bluegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with four 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (13 May), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 64°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 68°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 64°F; RH, 55%; amount of thatch, 0.0625-0.125 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 33.0% sand, 55.0% silt, 12.0% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 31.2%; organic matter, 5.0%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.8; and skies were overcast. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was irrigated with 0.06 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 32 DAT (14 Jun). Annual bluegrass weevil control was evaluated by removing four 0.087 ft2 sod samples from each replicate, and the total number of annual bluegrass larvae were recorded and converted to a ft2 count. Sod samples were removed with a 4 inch diam cup cutter.
Full Season Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Ntn, 1992
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Weaver John S.
Published: December 2017

An experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of two formulations of NTN for full season control of JB grubs. The experimental site was a golf course fairway rough in Amherst, NH. The trial consisted of 10 × 10 ft plots, in an RCB design, replicated 4 times. The liquid formulation was applied in a watering can at a rate of 5 gal/1000 ft2. The granular formulation was applied with a homemade salt shaker type applicator. Plots received 0.5 inch of irrigation after application. Conditions at the time of application were: soil temperature, 1 inch, 81.1°F; 2 inches, 77.9°F; thatch, 0.75 inch; pH 5.6; texture, silt loam, sand 46%, silt 50%, clay 4%; soil moisture; 15%; OM, 10.1%. Treatments were applied 20 May and rated 28 Sep. Plots were rated by counting the number of live JB grubs per 2.25 ft2.
Evaluation of Steinernema Glaseri for Control of White Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway in West Virginia, 1993
Authors: Weaver Joseph E.
Published: December 2017

Two tests were conducted. One test consisted of small plots 8 × 8 ft with a 3 ft buffer zone between plots, replicated 4 times in an RCB design. The other test was a larger plot (V4 acre) unreplicated trial applied by the superintendent with a Cushman sprayer (total volume of spray applied was 45 gal). Both tests were applied to the same fairway with the small and large plot areas separated by a 30 ft buffer zone. Treatments were applied 15 Sep. Environmental conditions were: air temperature, 20.5°C; RH, 81%; clear and calm; soil temperature, 24°C (1 inch), 22°C (2 inch), 21°C (surface); pH, 5.15; organic matter, 7.84%; soil dry to slightly moist; soil type, silt loam; thatch layer, Vt to % inches (compressed). Total precipitation during the trial period was 6.10 inches. Treatments on small plots were applied between 0825 and 0850 h; the large plot was sprayed at 0935 h. In the small plot trial, plots were pre-irrigated with 3 liters of water, nematodes were then applied with a sprinkler can in 2 liters of water then irrigated with 3 liters immediately after application. The large plot area was not pre-irrigated. Both the small and large plot areas were irrigated post-treatment beginning about 1000 h with about % inch of water by the course irrigation system. Pretreatment population counts (15 Sep) averaged 23.1 larvae/ft2 (89.5% Japanese beetle and 10.5% northern masked chafer). Plots were sampled with a cup changer (4.25 inches diam.) to a depth of 2-3 inches (4 samples per plot on small plots; 10 samples in treated area and 5 samples in untreated buffer zone for the large plot area).
Preventive Control of Annual White Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway, 1993
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Kalisch J. A. , Gaussoin R. E.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted in Lincoln, NE on a perennial rye golf course fairway. The turf (100% perennial rye) was maintained at a mowing height of 5/s inches and thatch accumulation in the plot area was 0.5 inches finger compressed, 0.25 inches). Field conditions at the time of application were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6-7; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, near field capacity. Plots were 8 × 8 ft, and the experimental design was a RCB with 5 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied 19 Apr. Liquid insecticides were applied using a CO2 sprayer with an LF-4 tip at 24 psi and delivering 5 gal finished spray/1000 ft2. The granular formulation of Merit was applied with a pre-calibrated Gandy 24H12 spreader. Immediately following applications, the test area was irrigated with approximately 0.5 inches of water. A total of 20.68 inches of rain fell during the post-treatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 3 Sep (137 days after treatment) by removing from each plot six, 8-inch diameter turf-soil cores (2.1 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Hot-Water Immersion of Chrysanthemum Cuttings, Hawaii, 1992
Authors: Hara A. H. , Hata T. Y. , Hu B. K. S.
Published: December 2017

Phytotoxicity trials were conducted from 29 Oct through 4 Dec 1992. Chrysanthemum tip cuttings (2.5 inch) were immersed in 49°C water from 0 to 10 min at 1-min intervals. Each treatment time consisted of 24 cuttings except 0 and 5-min exposure times which consisted of 22 cuttings. Immediately following treatment, all cuttings including the control were cooled in a water bath at ambient temperature (26.1°C) for five minutes. Cuttings were subsequently basal treated with 0.1% indole-3- butyric acid rooting powder (IBA), planted in vermiculite in plastic trays, and kept under mist (13 s mist every 2.5 min) in a fiberglass greenhouse. Eleven days after treatment, data were taken on the percentage of cuttings with roots, mean length of the three longest roots, mean number of roots and mean dry weight of the root mass from 12 cuttings (4 reps of 3 cuttings per rep) selected at random from each time interval. The remaining cuttings were transplanted in 3 inch plastic pots containing a 3:1:1 mixture of peat, vermiculite and perlite; and placed randomly on a bench in a fiberglass greenhouse. Data on plant height, and percent survival were taken 36 days after treatment.
Postharvest Insecticidal Dips for Control of Insect Pests on Red Ginger, 1993
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy trials were conducted in Sep on infested flowers harvested from a commercial ginger farm in Hilo, HI. Flowers were randomly divided into replicates with 5 flowers each. Each treatment consisted of 4 replicates. Flowers were immersed for 5 min into 5 gal buckets containing 4 gal of insecticide solution (26°C) and gently agitated 10 times, at immersion, at 1.5 min, and again before removal for a total of 30 times. Control flowers for the insecticidal dip were immersed in water following the same procedure as described. After dipping, flowers were held in buckets and allowed to air dry. Treatment efficacy was determined 24 h after treatment by dissecting the terminal leaf sheath and flower bracts. Data were taken on the total number of aphids, mealybugs, ants and scales recovered from the 5 flowers. The criterion for insect mortality was no movement. Due to low populations, the three species of mealybugs were pooled for analysis. The number of aphids, ants, mealybugs, and scales were transformed to Iogl0(x+1) and subjected to ANOVA.
California Citrus Thrips Pesticide Efficacy Trial, 1993
Authors: Morse J. G. , Urena A. A.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides for the control of citrus thrips were evaluated spring, 1993 in Field 12 (23-yr old Atwood ‘Navel’ oranges) located at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, California. Pesticides were applied with a Bean hand-sprayer at 500 psi, outside coverage, approximately 200 gal/acre. The field was divided into 4 blocks with one replicate of each treatment allocated randomly within each block; each replicate consisted of four trees (except one replicate in treatment 7 consisted of three trees). Citrus thrips fruit scarring evaluations were taken in August, 1993 on all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level. Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars.
Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly in Bush Bean, 1992
Authors: Seal Dakshina R.
Published: December 2017

Bush bean was planted in a Rockdale soil on 7 May and spaced 2.5 cm in the row and 0.9 m between rows. Plants were fertilized with 1908.6 kg/ha of granular fertilizer on two dates, at planting and four weeks after planting. Bean was irrigated, 1.3 cm per irrigation, once a week and mechanically weeded whenever necessary. The experimental design consisted of a randomized block replicated four times. Plots were four rows, 12.2 m long. Four treatments of two insecticides were compared with nontreated check. Treatments were EXP 60598A at the rates of 0.03, 0.04, and 0.06 kg Al/ha, and EXP 60145A at the rate of 0.04 kg Al/ha. Treatments were applied weekly for five weeks, beginning on 6 June 1992 with a tractor mounted hypro-pump and delivered 247 gal water/ha. Whitefly numbers were estimated by counting adults on 20 leaves in each treatment plot.
Control of Cabbage Looper and Diamondback Moth on Cabbage, Spring, 1993
Authors: Rowland S. , Cartwright B.
Published: December 2017

Six week old cabbage plants were transplanted into a Bernow series sandy loam soil on 29 Mar at the Wes Watkins AREC Lane, OK. Plots one row wide by 4.6 m long were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. One unplanted row between rows and 3 m within rows served as spray buffers. Doublerow beds were spaced 0.9 m apart with 30 cm between plants within rows. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. All treatments were applied on 4, 14, 19 and 25 May and 2, 10 Jun using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated on 3 May @ 205.2 liters per acre. The sprayer was equipped with two TX-26 (hollow cone) spray nozzles spaced 46 cm apart and directed inward towards the base of the plants. On each sample date, five randomly selected plants per plot were sampled for CL, DBM and other lepidopterous larvae. Larvae were categorized as small (CL: instar 1 or 2; DBM—instar 1, 2 or 3) or large (CL—instar 3 or 4; DBM—instar 4, 5 or 6). All heads were harvested on 2 Jul and evaluated for insect feeding damage according to the following scale: 1 = no wrapper leaf damage, no head damage, 2 = wrapper leaf damage, no head damage, 3 = light head damage (3 or less feeding holes), 4 = moderate/severe head damage (>3 feeding holes). Heads rated 1 or 2 were considered marketable in accordance with USDA market standards.
Insecticide Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly on Spring Cantaloupe, 1992
Authors: Chu C. C. , Henneberry T. J. , Akey D. H.
Published: December 2017

Seeds of cantaloupe were planted at 5 seeds/hill and irrigated for germination on 25 Feb 1992. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Each plot was two rows wide and 20 ft long. Rows were 40 inches apart. There were two unplanted buffer rows between plots and 20 ft alleys that separated blocks. A total of 15 chemicals or mixtures of chemicals was evaluated. An untreated control was included for comparison. Chemicals were foliar applied biweekly with a John Deere 700 High Cycle Sprayer from 17 Mar when plants were at the cotyledon stage to 5 Jun when melons were matured for harvest (6 applications). The sprayer was operated at 90 psi with three nozzles per row to deliver 20 gal of water/acre. One nozzle was positioned above the tops of plants and one on each side of the plants. Except at the cotyledon stage, the fourth expanded leaf from the terminal of main stem or branched vines was picked 1 day before and 2 days after each application. Sweetpotato whitefly (SPWF) immatures were counted from both sides of ten 12 cm: leaf disks sampled from leaves from each plot, before and after each chemical application. All melons were harvested from all plots. Marketable melons were sized as jumbo, 27 and 36 and totaled.
Cabbage Looper Control, Johnston Co., 1993
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Wade Holloway C.
Published: December 2017

‘Old Fashion Cabbage’ collards were transplanted for Test 1 in late Jun and for Test 2 in early Aug, near Benson, NC Single row plots, 14 ft long were used in Test 1, and 10 ft plots were used in Test 2. Both tests had a 42 inch row spacing and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates. Treatments in Test 1 and Test 2 were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single, hollow cone nozzle (18X) operated at 60 psi to deliver 54.5 gal/acre. Applications with Triton AG-98 (spreader) were made with all treatments to Test 1 on 12, 19, and 25 Aug and 1 Sep and to Test 2 on 30 Aug and 8, 13 and 20 Sep, with additional AT1720F (Neem) applications on 3, 10, 17 and 24 Sep to some plots.
Thrips Control on Onions, 1994
Authors: Webb D. R. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was located in Potter, New York, on Franjo Farms where treatments were applied to onions previously left unsprayed to allow for population increases. Plots consisted of two double rows 25 ft long replicated four times. There were two double-buffer rows between each treatment with a 5 ft buffer between replications. A single spray was applied on 17 Aug using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with 4 nozzles and delivering 100 gal water/acre. A sticker (Bond) and a wetter (Silwet) were applied to all treatments at the rate of 8 fl oz in 100 gal water. Thrips counts on 25 plants/treatment/replication were made by direct observation in the field using a 10X head visor.
Control of Melon Thrips on Pepper, Spring, 1994
Authors: Seal Dakshina R.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted in a 0.4 ha field of rockdale soil located in Homestead, FL. ‘Jalapeno’ pepper transplants were set in the field onto raised black polyethylene mulch covered beds following recommended cultural practices on 20 Mar 1994. Beds were 71.1 cm wide and spaced 139.5 cm apart from center to center. The field was cultivated weekly to clean weeds between the rows. Fertilizer was applied in kg/ha at 366 N, 732 P, 732 K on two dates; at planting and 4 wk after planting. The field was irrigated by drip system at weekly intervals delivering approximately 5 cm depth. Plots were 4 rows each 7.6 m long. Eight treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks with 4 replications. Chemicals were applied on 15, 23, 30 May, and 5 Jun 1994 with a backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles/row delivering 124 gal/ha at 40 psi. Treatments were evaluated by randomly collecting a sample of 25 leaves from the center of two middle rows of each treatment 24 h after each insecticide application. Leaf samples were placed separately in one-liter plastic cups and transported to the laboratory. Thrips were separated from the leaves by washing with 70% ethanol, and the number of adults and larvae in each sample were recorded.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes with ATI-720, 1994
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Mulford Karen , Nottingham John
Published: December 2017

‘Kennebec’ potatoes were planted in 20 foot rows on 11 Apr, ‘94. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 10 inches. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “ A ” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.5 gallons of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 30 psi. Treatments were applied 31 May; 8, 15 and 23 Jun. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of CPB adults, larvae and egg masses/10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Yields were taken on 8 Jul from 20 feet of row.
Control of Lepidopterans in Canola, 1994
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Murray Todd A.
Published: December 2017

Plots were planted 9 May on the Washington State University campus, Pullman, WA, with a small plot drill at a seeding rate of 6 lb/acre in 7 rows 6 inches apart. Plots were 20 × 20 ft, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Six treatments of Biobit were applied on 22 Jul to water stressed plants in the pod-fill stage, with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer. It was equipped with a 6.75 ft boom and 6 XR Teejet 8002 flat fan nozzles with 100 mesh screen on 19 inch spacing and calibrated to deliver 21.3 gpa at 30 psi. Applications were applied at 7 am and the maximum temperatures during the sampling interval were 88-90°F. Efficacy was evaluated at 3 and 10 DAT with 2 (180°) sweeps with a standard 15 inch diam sweep net. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and means separated by Fisher’s LSD.
Efficacy of two Pyrethroids Against Bollworms Under a Traditional and an Extended Spray Interval Approach in Southern North Carolina, 1994
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 25 Apr in a Marlboro sandy loam soil near Johns, NC, in Scotland County. Recommended practices for fertility and weed control were followed and 0.75 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15G was used at planting for thrips. A RCBD with 5 replicates and 6-row (38 inch centers) × 50 ft plots with 8 ft alleys were utilized. Treatments were applied with a backpack CO2- pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.0 gpa at 50 psi. Initial application for all treatments, based upon exceeding a threshold of 10 eggs per 100 terminals, was made on 17 Jul. The second application for the Baythroid 0.028 lb (AI)/acre, ‘start only’ treatment was made on 22 Jul, while the Baythroid at 0.045 lb (AI)/acre regular start treatment received only the initial application. The Baythroid at 0.028 lb (AI)/acre, scouting-based plot was treated on 17, 22 Jul, 4 and 24 Aug. The Baythroid at 0.045 lb (ALVacre, extended, 14-d interval plot was treated on 17, 31 Jul, 14 and 24 Aug. A final Baythroid 0.028 lb (AI)/acre, extended, 14-d interval treatment was likewise treated on 17, 31 Jul, 14 and 24 Aug. Karate at 0.025 lb (AI)/acre was treated at the scouting-based schedule of 17, 22 Jul, 4 and 24 Aug, and the same material at 0.04 lb (AI)/acre on the extended 14-d interval was applied on 17, 31 Jul, 14 and 24 Aug. Twenty five bolls in all plots were evaluated for BW damage and live larvae on 28 Jul and 11 Aug and for both BW and ECB-damaged bolls and live larvae on 7 Sep. Data were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticide Mixtures for Control of the Bollworm/Tobacco Budworm Complex, 1994
Authors: Micinski S. , Fitzpatrick B. J. , Forrester F. D. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Fourteen insecticide treatments were evaluated at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine their efficacy in controlling the bollworm/tobacco budworm complex on cotton. Cotton was planted 28 Apr and plots were 4 rows × 30.5 m on 102 cm centers. All plots had Temik 15G (0.56 kg (ALVha) and Terraclor Super-X 10-2.5G (1.12 + 0.28 kg (AI)/ha) applied infurrow at planting. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. All plots were oversprayed with Vydate C-LV (0.28 kg (AI)/ha) for plant bugs and weevils on 17 Jun. Plots were oversprayed for the bollworm/tobacco budworm complex before and after the trial with Karate 1EC (0.034 kg (AI)/ha) and Baythroid 2EC + Orthene 90SP (0.031 + 1.12 kg (AI)/ha) on 30 Jun and 26 Aug, respectively. During the trial, plots were oversprayed with Methyl Parathion 4EC at 0.28 and 0.37 kg (AI)/ha on 5 and 10 Aug, respectively. Insecticide treatments were applied in 52.4 liters of finished spray solution/ha at 4.22 kg/cm2 with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart (2 nozzles/row). Treatments were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Treatments were applied on 20, 26 Jul, 2, 12, and 19 Aug. The 10-day interval between sprays in early Aug resulted from a 5.54-cm rainfall on 8 Aug. Infestations of larvae and square damage were monitored on 25, 28 Jul, 4, and 16 Aug. During the trial, the bollworm was the predominant species. Yields were determined by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot on 21 Oct.
Foliar Rescue Insecticide Applications for Management of Russian Wheat Aphids in South Dakota Winter Wheat, 1994
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Brinkman M. A. , Catangui M. A. , Kahler E. M. , Jenson J. M. , Thompson D. J. , Nelson D. J. , Kieckhefer R. W. , Beck D. A.
Published: December 2017

An upland site on the South Dakota State University Agronomy Farm, Brookings, SD, was chosen to evaluate the efficacy of several foliar-applied rescue insecticide treatments for control of RWA. Soil on the site was classified as a Barnes clay loam (mixed Udic Haploboroll).
Surface Application and Subsurface Placement of Synthetic Insecticides and a Bacillus Thureng1Ensis Formulation for Control of Northern Masked Chafer and Japanese Beetle Larvae on A Golf Course Fairway, 1994
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M. G.
Published: December 2017

The study was located on a golf course fairway and rough at Akron, OH. Insecticides were applied 17 Aug to plots 8 × 10 ft (2.4 × 3.1 m) arranged in a RCB, replicated 4 times. Liquid treatments were surface applied with a CO2 sprayer with Teejet XR8010VS nozzles at 30 psi (2.11 kg/cm2) pressure that delivered a volume of 3.1 gal/1000 ft2 (1262 liter/ha). BT treatments received VA inch (6 mm) irrigation immediately after each plot was treated. Subsurface treatments were placed using a Cushman Ryan prototype applicator which cut 11 slits into the turf on 2 inch (5.1 cm) centers and deposited granules Vi to 3A inch (ca 2 cm) deep. Surface granular materials were applied using a drop spreader. The entire experimental area was irrigated approximately lA inch (6 mm) of water after all treatments were applied using the golf course system. Environmental conditions at the time of treatment were as follows. Population: ca 20/ft2; 50% NMC, 20% 1st and 80% 2nd instars; 50% JB, eggs present, 40% 1st and 60% 2nd instars, 60 larvae/ft2. Turf: level, dry, 1.25 to 2 inches (3 to 5 cm) height, 40% bentgrass, 30% Kentucky bluegrass, and 30% annual bluegrass. Thatch: none. Soil: moist, 82°F at 1 inch (2.5 cm) and 77°F at 3 inches (7.6 cm). Weather: cloudy, 81°F, 0 mph. Efficacy data taken 27 Sep (41 DAT) were based on the number of live larvae in four 7 × 7 inch (17.8 × 17.8 cm) from each plot. Analysis was done on plot totals and means separated by LSD test.
Mole Cricket Control on Golf Course Fairways in North Carolina, 1994
Authors: Hertl P. T. , Brandenburg R. L.
Published: December 2017

A bermudagrass fairway at Fox Squirrel Country Club in Brunswick Co., NC was used to evaluate rates and methods of application of four granular insecticides for control of the newly hatched nymphs of the tawny mole cricket. Plots 12 ft × 80 ft were established in an area showing damage from a moderate infestation and the treatments were randomly assigned with four replicates. Broadcast treatments were applied using a standard push type Lesco fertilizer spreader to deliver the appropriate amount of insecticide to the plots. All other treatments were applied using a tractor drawn Candy® slit-seeder modified for granular formulation application and operating at 1.9 mph to place the materials one inch deep in the soil. Treatment took place on 21 Jul. The soil was 68°F (4 inch) and moist at the time of application. Soil type was mineral with 0.5% humic matter and a pH of 5.2. The entire test was irrigated with 0.5 inch of water after the chemicals were applied. Pretreatment sampling showed the presence of young nymphs. Plots were evaluated on 9, 18, 25 Aug and 8 Sep (19, 28, 35, and 49 DAT, respectively). Damage evaluations were conducted using a damage rating grid (Dr. Pate Cobb, Auburn University) divided into 9 squares. Plots were evaluated by randomly placing the grid in each plot and examining each subsection of the grid for fresh damage. A damage rating is given from 0 to 9 depending on the number of squares that contain fresh damage. This was done twice in each plot and the damage averaged. All data were transformed Vx + 0.5 prior to analysis. Actual means are presented in the table.