bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Christus’ in the Pseudo-Isidorian ‘Liber de Ortu et Obitu Patriarcharum’
Authors: McNally Robert E.
Published: June 2019

In what is perhaps one of the most provocative essays ever written on a single point of liturgical history, Josef Jungmann, S.J., has traced the roots of the outstanding abuses in medieval piety to an exaggerated, disproportionate emphasis on the divinity of Christ at the expense of his humanity. This way of thinking and speaking of the Incarnation was the inevitable result of the Church's vigorous reaction to ‘the perfidious Arianism’ of the Frankish and Gothic peoples, who poured into Europe in the course of the late fifth and sixth centuries. For these new nations the Christ, the Logos of the Gospel, was subordinate to the Father from whom according to the Scriptures he had been born. Less than God, he was, therefore, only a creature, even though of the most noble proportions. This theological subordinationism was essential to the Arian faith which these nations professed.
Römisches und kanonisches Recht bei der Verfolgung des Fälschungsdelikts im Mittelalter
Authors: Herde Peter
Published: June 2019

Es ist eine bekannte Tatsache, dass das Mittelalter zahlreiche, oft weitreichende und den Gang der Geschichte beeinflussende Fälschungen hervorgebracht hat. Die lange Reihe der Falsifikate reicht von den spätantiken Symmachianischen Fälschungen über die Konstantinische Schenkung, die Pseudo-Isidorischen Dekretalen, bis zu den zahllosen gefälschten Urkunden bekannter und unbekannter Verfasser des hohen Mittelalters und den gefälschten Viten zur Erhöhung des Ruhmes einer Kirche oder eines Klosters, Fälschungen, die aus betrügerischen Absichten, aus politischen Erwägungen, aus genealogischen Bestrebungen, aus Nachahmungssucht und dem Wunsche, echte oder falsche Reliquien zu deuten, aber auch aus edleren Motiven erwachsen sind. Dasdiscrimen veri ac falsiist deshalb zu einer der vornehmsten Aufgaben der kritischen Geschichtswissenschaft geworden und wurde vor allem in der Urkundenlehre zu höchster Feinheit entwickelt.
Valla, Juvenal, and Probus
Authors: Anderson William S.
Published: June 2019

Ever since Giorgio Valla printed his edition and commentary of the Satires of Juvenal, for nearly five hundred years now, scholars have realized the importance of large portions of the commentary. Before putting together his notes and publishing them in 1486, Valla combined them with the material he had gleaned from a mutilated MS, which he for some reason believed the work of Probus. After Valla, nobody ever saw his ‘Probus,’ and it is to be assumed that, having taken what he wanted from the MS, Valla saw no objection to destroying it. A hundred years later, Pithou's discovery of his excellent MS, containing both a superior text of the Satires and a full set of scholia, confirmed the value of Valla's ‘Probus,’ but also revealed the fragmentary manner of its preservation, whether because of its condition when found or because of Valla's omissions. Still another witness on behalf of theses good scholia, also full, appeared at St. Gall and was published by Cramer (Hamburg 1823). During the next century, much work was done to establish an edition of the older and more reliable scholia, first of all by study of Pithou's MS (known as P and so referred to hereafter), the MS of St. Gall (S in most editions and so referred to hereafter), and of ’Probus’ (to which I shall hereafter refer without quotation marks) as elicited from the comments of Valla; then by research into the later, contaminated ‘secondary scholia.’ In the excellent edition by Paul Wessner, the labors of many scholars bore fruit.
Étude sur les manuscrits des lettres de Jean Chrysostome a Olympias
Authors: Malingrey A.-M.
Published: June 2019

Toutes les lettres de Jean Chrysostome qui nous sont parvenues datent de la fin de sa vie; elles s’échelonnent entre l'année 404 où il fut exilé et l'année 407 où il mourut. On en compte deux cent trente-six, parmi lesquelles dix-sept sont adressées à Olympias, diaconesse de Constantinople. C'est sur le texte de ces lettres, exclusivement, que portera notre étude.
Lawrence of Amalfi's Mathematical Teaching
Authors: Newton Francis
Published: June 2019

A Venice manuscript of the eleventh century (Marcianus Z. L. 497), containing a handbook of the liberal arts, deserves the attention of students of medieval education, for it is connected with a man who was considered one of the most learned scholars of his day. The man is Lawrence of Amalfi. Information on the life of this scholar is meager, but we have glimpses of his literary activity as a monk of Monte Cassino, through writings of his which were preserved in the abbey; much later, after his elevation to the archbishopric of Amalfi and his subsequent exile, we find him taking refuge in Florence, where he wrote a life of a local saint; still later, we hear of him in Rome, teaching the boy Hildebrand, who was to become pope as Gregory VII; and we see him at the close of his life in affectionate friendship with Odilo of Cluny. Yet the renown of the archbishop suffered an eclipse within a century of his death. At Monte Cassino, almost all knowledge of Lawrence's subsequent history (after his leaving the monastery) was lost, and those elsewhere who recorded the few facts known about the archbishop of Amalfi did not connect him with the ancient monastery from which he came. In modern scholarship, Lawrence the monk and Lawrence the archbishop appeared as two distinct figures. Therefore, until Professor Walther Holtzmann brought together the scattered references and, through stylistic analysis, identified the monk of Monte Cassino with the archbishop of Amalfi, even the main outline of the scholarly churchman's career was obscure.
Two Catalogues of Manuscripts
Authors: Prete Sesto
Published: June 2019

Until comparatively recently, inventories which confined themselves to a mere listing of titles of works, were the only source available to characterize library holdings. With the advance of scientific research, however, the need for detailed manuscript catalogues has become ever more widely recognized. A multitude of facts, such as date, provenance (if it is at all possible to establish it), copyist, possessors, and so forth, are required for each manuscript.
Los manuscritos jurídicos medievales de la Catedral de Toledo
Authors: Y García Antonio García
Published: June 2019

La Biblioteca de la Catedral de Toledo posee la más rica colección de códices jurídicos medievales entre todas las catedrales españolas. La cifra exacta de estos manuscritos ascienda a 258. La casi totalidad de estos códices contienen obras de derecho canónico, derecho romano y derecho español posteriores a las Decretales de Gregorio IX. Sin embargo hay unos cuantos con obras canónicas anteriores a 1234. Una descripción de los códices jurídicos medievales de esta Biblioteca aparecerá próximamente en un volumen, preparado por D. Ramón Gonzálvez y por el infrascrito, en la serieCuadernosdel Instituto Jurídico Español del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas de Madrid. Haciendo un despojo del mencionado catálogo, quisiera ofrecer aquí una breve nota de los códices que contienen obras canónicas anteriores a 1234.
Compression in the California Vowel Shift: Tracking generational sound change in California's Central Valley
Authors: D'Onofrio Annette , Pratt Teresa , Van Hofwegen Janneke
Published: June 2019

This paper investigates the California Vowel Shift, previously characterized as a chain shift, in communities across California's Central Valley. An incremental apparent time analysis of 72 Californians’ vowel spaces provides no clear evidence of a gradual chain shift; that is, changes have not unfolded in an order that reflects an implicational chain in chronological time. Instead, we see contemporaneous movements of vowels that work against the phonological tendency of maximal dispersion typically invoked in describing chain shifts. By analyzing change in the size and dispersion of the entire vowel space, we find that ongoing sound change is instead characterized by a holistic compression of the vowel space. This suggests that, in these California communities, the shift's unfolding was driven by articulatory and social, rather than purely phonological, factors. We propose that the analysis of the size and spread of holistic vowel space can help characterize the nature and motivations for vocalic changes.
Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation
Authors: Chapman Alexander L.
Published: June 2019

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe and complex disorder characterized by instability across many life domains, including interpersonal relations, behavior, and emotions. A core feature and contributor to BPD, emotion dysegulation (ED), consists of deficits in the ability to regulate emotions in a manner that allows the individual to pursue important goals or behave effectively in various contexts. Biosocial developmental models of BPD have emphasized a transaction of environmental conditions (e.g., invalidating environments and adverse childhood experiences) with key genetically linked vulnerabilities (e.g., impulsivity and emotional vulnerability) in the development of ED and BPD. Emerging evidence has begun to highlight the complex, heterotypic pathways to the development of BPD, with key heritable vulnerability factors possibly interacting with aspects of the rearing environment to produce worsening ED and an adolescent trajectory consisting of self-damaging behaviors and eventual BPD. Adults with BPD have shown evidence of a variety of cognitive, physiological, and behavioral characteristics of ED. As the precursors to the development of ED and BPD have become clearer, prevention and treatment efforts hold great promise for reducing the long-term suffering, functional impairment, and considerable societal costs associated with BPD.
A rare association: first degree AV block and long QT syndrome
Authors: Kasar Taner , Kafali H. Candas , Ergul Yakup
Published: June 2019

The coexistence of long QT syndrome with 2:1 or complete atrioventricular blocks has been reported in the literature, but, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first pediatric case of long QT syndrome coexisting with first-degree atrioventricular blocks(1–3).
The effect of congenital diaphragmatic hernia on the development of left-sided heart structures
Authors: Coffman Zachary J. , McGahren Eugene D. , Vergales Brooke D. , Saunders Christine H. , Vergales Jeffrey E.
Published: June 2019

Introduction:

Patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernias often have concomitant congenital heart disease (CHD), with small left-sided cardiac structures as a frequent finding. The goal of this study is to evaluate which left-sided heart structures are affected in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernias.

Methods:

Retrospective review of neonates between May 2007 and April 2015 with a diagnosis of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia was performed. Clinical and echocardiographic data were extracted from the electronic medical record and indexed to body surface area and compared to normative values. Univariable regression models assessed for associations between different variables and length of stay.

Results:

Data of 52 patients showed decreased mean z scores for the LVIDd (–3.16), LVIDs (–3.05), aortic annulus (–1.68), aortic sinuses (–2.11), transverse arch (–3.11), and sinotubular junction (–1.47) with preservation of the aorta at the diaphragm compared to age-matched normative data with similar body surface areas. Regression analysis showed a percent reduction in length of stay per 1 mm size increase for LVIDd (8%), aortic annulus (27%), aortic sinuses (18%), sinotubular junctions (20%), and transverse arches (25%).

Conclusions:

Patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernias have significantly smaller left-sided heart structures compared to age-matched normative data. Aortic preservation at the diaphragm provides evidence for a mass effect aetiology with increased right-to-left shunting at the fetal ductus resulting in decreased size. Additionally, length of stay appears to be prolonged with decreasing size of several of these structures. These data provide quantitative evidence of smaller left-sided heart structures in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernias.
The echinoderm classes Stylophora and Homoiostelea: non Calcichordata
Authors: Parsley R. L.
Published: June 2019

Stylophora and Homoiostelea are the largest classes of the subphylum Homalozoa. They have also been placed in the Calcichordata but that position is herein rejected. Stylophorans are divided into two orders the Cornuta and Ankyroida: cornutes have asymmetrical thecae, aulacophores with stylocones and cover plates over the food groove that open widely; ankyroids have essentially bilaterally symmetrical thecae, aulacophores with styloids and in most the cover plates do not open widely. Epispires, cothurnopores, and lamellipores in cornutes are respiratory structures not atypical of early echinoderms and are only superficially similar to chordate gill slits. The superior and inferior faces of cornute and ankyroid thecae and the aulacophores are homologous. There is no evidence that ‘mitrates’ (most ankyroids) are inverted or their aulacophores(calcichordate tail) have been lost and re-evolved.

Homoiosteles are superficially similar to stylophorans: the column or stele resembles the aulacophore and the theca in younger genera develope distinct marginal and somatic plate patterns. The earliest homoiosteles are attached by a holdfast, at least in juvenile stages, and this fixation may have imprinted some morphological features on steles of vagile genera. Earliest homoiosteles share significant characters with coeval species of the eocrinoidGogiaand it serves as outgroup.

Cladograms for Stylophora and Homoiostelea were generated by NONA, a phylogenetic program for personal computers.
Skeletal homologies of echinoderms
Authors: Mooi Rich , David Bruno
Published: June 2019

The impressive array of disparity within the Echinodermata can be explained by the interplay of components (particularly skeletal elements) making up two major body wall regions: axial and extraxial. Axial skeleton comprises paired plate columns of the ambulacra, formed according to the Ocular Plate Rule (OPR) and in association with the water vascular system. Extraxial skeleton (subdivided into two subtypes: perforate and imperforate) is not formed according to the OPR, and new elements can be added anywhere and at any time within extraxial body wall. Recent work on early development of echinoderms reveals that axial skeleton is formed as an integral part of the rudiment, but that extraxial skeleton is derived from the non-rudiment part of the larval body. In addition to displaying such fundamental embryological and ontogenetic differences, the body wall regions have distinctive distributions and topologies that can be used to formulate criteria for their identification in any echinoderm regardless of how esoteric their morphology might be. Like the system of homologies that has long been established for vertebrates, the model of axial and extraxial skeletal types can be used to explore relationships among Recent and fossil taxa alike. Application of the model also leads to reassessment of previously published morphological characters and phylogenies.
Isotope Paleobiology and Paleoecology: So Why Should Paleontologists Care About Geochemistry?
Authors: Corfield Richard M. , Norris Richard D.
Published: June 2019

Stable isotopic techniques in geology illuminate not only variations in past climates and oceans, but also the life-histories of extinct animals, plants and protistans. This volume focuses on the ways that stable isotopes can be used as tracers of the fossil biology and ecology of long-dead organisms and ecosystems. Here, we introduce relevant aspects of stable isotope systematics and provide a summary of the papers collected in this volume. The nine contributions collected here, from some of the most eminent workers in their respective fields, explore aspects of the ecology, evolution and biology of organisms from planktonic foraminifera to dinosaurs.
Diatoms in Saline Lakes Paleoclimate and Paleoecology Interpretations
Authors: Ekdahl Erik J.
Published: June 2019

Average global temperatures are predicted to rise over the next century and changes in precipitation, humidity, and drought frequency will likely accompany this global warming. Understanding associated changes in continental precipitation and temperature patterns in response to global change is an important component of long-range environmental planning. For example, agricultural management plans that account for decreased precipitation over time will be less susceptible to the effects of drought through implementation of water conservation techniques.

A detailed understanding of environmental response to past climate change is key to understanding environmental changes associated with global climate change. To this end, diatoms are sensitive to a variety of limnologic parameters, including nutrient concentration, light availability, and the ionic concentration and composition of the waters that they live in (e.g. salinity). Diatoms from numerous environments have been used to reconstruct paleosalinity levels, which in turn have been used as a proxy records for regional and local paleoprecipitation. Long-term records of salinity or paleoprecipitation are valuable in reconstructing Quaternary paleoclimate, and are important in terms of developing mitigation strategies for future global climate change. High-resolution paleoclimate records are also important in groundtruthing global climate simulations, especially in regions where the consequences of global warming may be severe.
Principles of Statistical Inference: Likelihood and the Bayesian Paradigm
Authors: Wang Steve C.
Published: June 2019

We review two foundations of statistical inference, the theory of likelihood and the Bayesian paradigm. We begin by applying principles of likelihood to generate point estimators (maximum likelihood estimators) and hypothesis tests (likelihood ratio tests). We then describe the Bayesian approach, focusing on two controversial aspects: the use of prior information and subjective probability. We illustrate these analyses using simple examples.
Models and Methods for Analyzing Phenotypic Evolution in Lineages and Clades
Authors: Hunt Gene , Carrano Matthew T.
Published: June 2019

In this chapter we discuss methods for analyzing continuous traits, with an emphasis on those approaches that rely on explicit statistical models of evolution and incorporate genealogical information (ancestor–descendant or phylogenetic relationships). After discussing the roles of models and genealogy in evolutionary inference, we summarize the properties of commonly used models including random walks (Brownian motion), directional evolution, and stasis. These models can be used to devise null-hypothesis tests about evolutionary patterns, but it is often better to fit and compare models equally using information criteria and related approaches. We apply these methods to a published data set of dental measurements in a sequence of ancestor–descendant populations in the early primateCantius, with the particular goal of determining the best-supported mode of evolutionary change in this lineage. We also assess a series of questions about the evolution of femoral dimensions in several clades of dinosaurs, including testing for a trend of increasing body size (Cope's Rule), testing for correlations among characters, and reconstructing ancestral states. Finally, we list briefly some additional models, approaches, and issues that arise in genealogically informed analyses of phenotypic evolution.
Phylogenetic Reconstructions of Ostracodes – A Molecular Approach
Authors: Schön Isa , Martens Koen
Published: June 2019

Molecular work on ostracodes has thus far either used allozyme-based or DNA-based techniques. The application of allozyme-based methods has provided numerous data on population genetics and reproductive modes in ostracodes. With this technique, it has also been possible to construct phylogenies, although these have been restricted to distance-based methods. With the usage of DNA-based methods, a new era in ostracode research has begun. It is now possible to obtain accurate estimates for genetic diversities at very fine scales, even within individuals. The DNA-based approach is also very useful for reconstructing evolutionary histories at different taxonomic levels. Within species, for example, phylogenies reveal past episodes of dispersal and genetic exchange. Together with morphological data, DNA sequence data can test for congruence of molecular and morphological evolution and variability. At high taxonomic levels, DNA sequence data provide information on mechanisms of evolution and speciation. This allows for testing whether a certain, morphological feature has evolved once or several times independently. By applying the principle of the molecular clock, DNA sequence data provide relative age estimates that can be calibrated against fossil data and be linked to past climatic or geological events.
A Biomechanical Theory of Ostracode Carapace Morphology
Authors: Benson Richard H.
Published: June 2019

Of the 50 thousand or more species descriptions that exist in my reference library, there is very little change over 130 years in the basic vocabulary used to describe the shape or the ornament of the ostracode valves. Although there have been some modifications (Sylvester-Bradley and Benson, 1971) following the availability of the SEM, arguably the most important change in ostracodology will come when we are able to describe the outside form of the carapace in functional terms, as we do the inside. It is here where the future of learning about their adaptive history lies (Benson, 1974, 1975, 1981, 1983).
Linking Ostracodes to Climate and Landscape
Authors: Curry B. Brandon
Published: June 2019

Climatic effects on aquatic environments are an important factor in the ecology of ostracodes judging from their biogeography especially with respect to moisture balance and ecoregions (vegetation zones). The importance of climate in controlling ostracode distribution is underscored by major ecological changes indicated by co-stratigraphic changes in ostracode and pollen biozones throughout the Quaternary. Climatic interpretation of ostracode records are complicated, however, by several non-climatic factors, including basin shoaling, changes in water chemistry due to abrupt changes in the flux of groundwater, rivers, and streams to lakes and wetlands, and increasingly shortened water residence time in areas where precipitation exceeds evaporation due to erosion by basin overflow.
Modern Coral Reefs Under Global Change: New Opportunities to Understand Carbonate Depositional Hiatuses
Authors: Hallock Pamela
Published: June 2019

As shallow-water reefs decline worldwide, opportunities abound for researchers to expand understanding of carbonate depositional systems. Recognizing the myriad of paradoxes associated with reefs and carbonate research hopefully can stimulate new questions that will assist researchers in understanding paleoenvironmental changes and mass extinction events. Two often counter-intuitive concepts are discussed, first that coral reefs thrive in clear, nutrient-poor waters, except when they don't; and second, that aragonite is energetically efficient for reef-builders to precipitate in tropical waters, except when it isn't. Coordinated studies of carbonate geochemistry with photozoan physiology and calcification will contribute to understanding carbonate sedimentation under environmental change, both in the future and in the geologic record.
GDGT Thermometry: Lipid Tools for Reconstructing Paleotemperatures
Authors: Tierney Jessica E.
Published: June 2019

Microbial communities adjust the chemical structure of their cell membranes in response to environmental temperature. This enables the development of lipid-based paleothermometers such as the glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) proxies described here. Surface-sediment calibrations establish a strong empirical relationship between the relative distribution of GDGTs and temperature. GDGT proxies can be used in marine, lacustrine, and paleosol sequences as long as the organic material is not thermally mature. Thus far, GDGT proxies have been applied to sediments dating back to the middle Jurassic. Many of the key uncertainties of these proxies are related to our emerging understanding of archaeal (and for the branched GDGTs, bacterial) ecology.
Al-Bustānī's Approach to the Arabic Language: From Theory to Practice
Authors: ZACHS FRUMA , DROR YEHUDIT
Published: June 2019

Buṭrus al-Bustānī (1819–1883) was one of the leading figures of theNahḍaperiod. In most studies on theNahḍa, his activities, work and projects are seen as having made an important contribution to the revival of the Arabic language by transforming it to meet the needs of modern times. Although his lexical contribution has been researched there is no comprehensive research on his grammatical contribution to the Arabic language. This article shows that al-Bustānī's Encyclopedia reflects a conservative approach toward grammar in that he confined himself to abridging the grammatical rules enshrined by traditional grammarians. However, he took a liberal and reformist approach to the lexicon that drew on both classical and Western sources.
Souls, Minds, Bodies and Planets
Authors: Midgley Mary
Published: June 2019

What does it mean to say that we have got a mind-body problem? Do we need to think of our inner and outer lives as two separate items between which business must somehow be transacted, rather than as aspects of a whole person?
Livestock and the poor: issues in poverty-focused livestock development
Authors: Heffernan C.
Published: June 2019

Over the course of the last decade, the fight against global poverty has galvanised the world community. Development projects and programmes are increasingly justified and funded solely on their potential to aid the poor. Equally, the lessons learned from previous drives to eradicate poverty appear to have been taken on board. It has been recognised that to lower poverty levels, it is first imperative to understand the lives and livelihoods of the poor. Therefore, current approaches generally focus upon the multitude of activities that poor households pursue. Animal husbandry is one such activity. Indeed, it has been estimated that at least one third of the poor rear livestock (LID, 1999). Therefore, livestock keepers are one of the largest subsets of the global community of the poor.
Diet determination of cattle grazing in the Sanyati communal areas in Zimbabwe
Authors: Hansen Hanne H. , Madsen Jørgen
Published: June 2019

The diet of cattle grazing in the Sanyati communal area, Zimbabwe was determined using plant particle identification from faeces from intact animals, and faeces and oesophageal extrusa from fistulated animals. A total of 130 plant genus, species and types were identified. The twenty most frequently occurring species in the samples comprised between 76 and 90% of the identifiable diet. The most frequent grass species were more than half of the identified diet in the dry season while they were half or less of the identified diet in the wet season. There were more plant species identified in the wet season than in the dry season. Significant differences were found when comparing the plant species identified in faeces to those in oesophageal extrusa from fistulated animals. This may be due to incomplete recovery of ingesta in the bags, or to the loss of identifiable particles in the faeces when compared to oesophageal extrusa because of digestibility. More research is needed to validate the use of oesophageal extrusa for diet botanical determination.
Limitations in assessment of forage intake and diet composition of steers grazing tropical pastures with short-term intake rate and oesophageal fistulated steers
Authors: Hess H. D. , Lascano C.E. , Kreuzer M.
Published: June 2019

Two grazing trials were carried out to compare the grazing selectivity of oesophageal fistulated and intact steers, and to measure short term grazing behaviour and daily intake of steers in pastures (six pasture types) based on Brachiaria humidicola and Arachis pintoi. During the rainy season, the composition of the pasture affected the proportion of legume in the diet selected by the two groups of steers. The property of the pasture best related to legume selected by the intact steers was the legume mass in the forage available. The proportion selected by the fistulated steers was best related to the proportion of legumes in the pasture. The legume proportion selected by the two groups of steers was related to the bulk density of legumes in the forage, but the type of relationship varied between the groups. The relationship for the fistulated steers was linear, and that for the intact steers was exponential with an asymptote. During the dry season the relationships for the fistulated animals were similar to those observed during the rainy season, but the proportion of legume in the diet of the intact animals was not affected by attributes of the pasture. The pattern of intake in the short term was not affected by the height or amount of forage available during the rainy season, but during the dry season the weight per bite, and short-term intake was related to the height and amount of forage available. Daily herbage intake was not related to short-term intake.

The results of the first experiment confirmed that the selection of legumes by grazing steers can vary considerably between intact and fistulated steers. Furthermore it was suggested that the difference resulted partially from the different reactions of the two groups of experimental animals to changes in the attributes of the pasture. The second experiment showed that the daily intake of forage is not necessarily related to intake behaviour in the short term.
In vitro fermentation of four tropical browse legumes: estimation of the effect of tannins by gas production
Authors: Rodríguez Rafael , Mota Mariano , Fondevila Manuel , Fuente Gabriel de la
Published: June 2019

The microbial fermentation of the tropical leguminous browses Acacia cornigera (ACA), Albisia lebbekoides (ALB), Enterolobium cyclocarpum (ENT) and Leucaena leucocephala (LEU) was estimated in vitro as the final production of gas. ACA gave the greatest final (asymptotic) gas volume (D; 179 ml/g DM) and fractional rate constant (0.070). Although ENT showed the greatest rate constant (0.87), reaching half its maximum gas production in 7.8 h, it produced less gas than ACA by 9 h incubation, and did not differ from LEU by 24 h ALB gave the lowest gas production. In another trial the negative effect of tannins was estimated over 48 h as ameliorated by the addition of PEG. The effect was variable between species, the greatest being with ALB (Restriction of 0.60-0.68 of the potential gas volume due to the presence of tannins) and increasing slowly, reaching its’ maximum at 12 or 24 h with ACA (0.33) or LEU (0.16). There was no response to the addition of PEG with ENT indicating that other secondary compounds distinct from the condensed tannins were affecting microbial utilisation.
Evaluation of a fat protection method (Ca-soap) with an in vitro gas production system
Authors: Magaña-Sevilla H , Sandoval-Castro CA , Capetillo-Leal C.
Published: June 2019

An in vitro gas production technique was used to evaluate a fat protection method (Ca-soap). The Ca-soaps were prepared by incorporation of oil into a slaked lime solution which had been prepared immediately before. The proportions employed were 10:1 (oil:slaked lime). A feed sample of 0.5g was incubated in a N-rich medium, using 6 ml ruminal liquor and 54 ml medium. A factorial design 2x3 (2 inoculum sources from cows fed with and without Ca-soap x 3 diets) was employed. Diets were A) Control: 70% grass (Pennisetum purpureum var. Taiwan), 30% sorghum grain; B) Soybean lecithin: 70% grass, 20% sorghum, 10% Lecithin; and, C) Ca-soap: 70% grass, 20% sorghum 10% Ca-soap (made from lecithin). Total gas production, DM and OM in vitro digestibility were measured. A 10% reduction (approximately) (P<0.05) on IVDMD and IVOMD with the oil diet was found, but no differences were found (P>0.05) between Control and Ca-soap diets. No effect was found due to inoculum source (P>0.05). Compared with the Control diet, the total gas production was reduced (P<0.05) in the oil diet and was intermediate in Ca-soap diet (P>0.05). It was concluded that Ca-soap diets are a source of rumen inert fat for both the in vitro incubation and the animals fed with this supplement. Ca-soap had no effect on IVDMD and IVOMD. In vitro gas production techniques can be useful tools to evaluate dietary fats at ruminal level.
The effect of supplementary feeding in browsing Criollo kids and hair sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes
Authors: Torres-Acosta Juan Felipe de Jesús
Published: June 2019

The objective was to highlight the role of supplementary feeding on resilience and resistance of browsing small ruminants against natural gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections. GIN infections have a negative impact on productivity of browsing Criollo kids especially during the wet season of Yucátan. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated the threat of GIN infectivity in the native vegetation available for browsing goats. Control of GIN in browsing ruminants is threatened by the emergence of anthelmintic resistant nematodes strains in the local flocks. Browsing trials with kids and lambs have shown that supplementary feeding (100–108g/day) improved resilience and resistance of Criollo kids against GIN. Supplements used successfully include sorghum:soybean meal (74:26 respectively), maize:soybean meal (74:26) and maize only (108g/day). The later result showed that animals might benefit from supplementation with rumen fermentable energy that could improve utilization of available browsing legumes by the goats. Wet season trials showed that, in spite of supplementation, infected animals have lower productivity compared to non-infected animals. However, the combined use of supplementation and copper oxide wire particles or tactic anthelmintic treatment, can improve growth rate of infected kids to maximum production levels. Short-term supplementation strategies have shown to be less effective than long-term strategies in achieving better resilience against GIN in kids. Lambs are more resistant but less resilient against GIN infections than kids. Improved resistance of lambs seemed to require more nutrients than in goats. In conclusion, supplementary feeding can play an important role in improving both resilience and resistance of growing small ruminants in the tropics but it can be further improved through the complementary use of other strategies leading to a more sustainable integrated parasite control strategy.
Women's Rights in International Law: Critical Actors, Structuration, and the Institutionalization of Norms
Authors: Englehart Neil A. , Miller Melissa K.
Published: June 2019

Widespread adoption of the Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) represents a puzzle. It cannot be described as serving the interests of any state as understood in conventional theories of international relations because it commits countries to radical social change. Yet all but six UN member states have ratified it. We argue that the case can only be explained by reference to Waltz’ first image, the individual level. We invoke Giddens' notion of structuration to explain how a small group of like-minded women, many of them diplomats, were able to work within existing structures of international diplomacy to create institutions that embedded their ideals in international law. These women were critical actors, positioned simultaneously in activist organizations and government and diplomatic institutions, giving them leverage to institutionalize new norms. The case shows the importance of analysis at the individual level to explain normative change in the international system.
Consequences of adding condensed tannins to low and high protein foods for parasitised sheep
Authors: Athanasiadou S. , Kyriazakis I. , Jackson F. , Coop R.L.
Published: June 2019

The consumption of condensed tannins has been associated with reduced faecal egg counts (FEC) and total worm burdens (TWB) in parasitised sheep. This can result from either a direct anthelmintic effect (Athanasiadou et al., 2000) and/or an indirect nutritional effect. Condensed tannins can protect dietary protein from rumen degradation and increase protein availability in the small intestine of the host; this could improve the expression of immunity towards parasites (Coop and Kyriazakis, 1999). The objective of the present study was to investigate the consequences of including a condensed tannin extract in foods of different protein content on the performance and development of immunity in parasitised sheep, during the phases of acquisition and expression of immunity.
The influence of the pattern of peptide supply on microbial activity in the rumen simulating fermentor Rusitec
Authors: Russi J.P. , Wallace R.J. , Newbold C.J.
Published: June 2019

Peptides and to a lesser extent amino acids accumulate in rumen fluid in the early post feeding period and rapidly decline thereafter (Broderick & Wallace, 1988). Numerous studies have demonstrated benefits to feeding peptides, in terms of increased microbial growth in the rumen (Newbold, 1999). However, given that peptides will only be available in the rumen for a short time after feeding it may be necessary to match supply of peptides and energy in the rumen to maximise the stimulation in microbial activity. The objective of this study was thus to investigate if microbial protein synthesis in rumen fluid would be enhanced by a synchronous provision of peptides and energy.
On the diet selection of sheep: sodium bicarbonate modifies the effect of urea on diet selection
Authors: James S. M. , Kyriazakis I. , Emmans G.C. , Tolkamp B.
Published: June 2019

It was hypothesised that both inadequate and abundant levels of effective rumen degradable protein (eRDP) would be avoided by ruminants given a choice of foods (Tolkamp et al, 1998). However, we have found that sheep do not appear to avoid the excess consumption of eRDP expected when they were offered a choice of foods that differed in eRDP content through the addition of urea to one of the foods (James et al., 2001). A possible reason could be due to the fact that the foods offered had low fibre contents. The sheep may have selected for the urea supplemented food in an attempt to buffer the rumen. The buffering ability of the urea could help to minimise the disruption of the rumen such as a fall in pH caused by the low fibre foods. The objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that the preference for the urea supplemented food would be reduced by the addition of sodium bicarbonate (buffer).
The ability of the horse to associate orosensory characteristics of foods to their post-ingestive consequences in a choice test
Authors: Cairns M.C. , Cooper J.J. , Davidson H.P.B. , Mills D.S.
Published: June 2019

The ability of animals to select appropriate levels of nutrients for growth or maintenance has been demonstrated in pigs ((Kyriazakis et al. 1990) and lambs (Glimp, 1971; Early and Provenza, 1998). However, there has been little research on the diet selection abilities of the horse, and it is often assumed, due to their many feeding related illnesses, that horses may not be well adapted to control intake or select their best diet. The aim of this study was to investigate the horse’s preference for cue flavours when associated with different energy concentrations and hence investigate the horse’s ability to associate flavours with post-ingestive consequences.
Plasma and meat hormones and metabolites of lambs grazing high-formononetin red clover
Authors: Moorby J. M. , Fraser M. D. , Theobald V. J. , Jones R. , Beck N. F. G. , Haresign W. , Wood J. D.
Published: June 2019

There is increasing interest in the use of red clover (Trifolium pratense) as a high protein forage crop to finish growing lambs. Red clover contains the isoflavanoid compound formononetin which is converted to the non-steroidal oestrogen analogue equol by rumen micro-organisms. Equol is absorbed by the animal, and can have significant effects, such as suppressing reproductive cycling in ewes. Very few commercial red clover varieties have been bred with a low formononetin content to prevent this problem. Although human health benefits have been linked to the consumption of oestrogenically active compounds in foods such as soya (Kurzer and Xu, 1997), there is a need to investigate the presence of oestrogenically active compounds in animal products. The objective of this study was to investigate plasma metabolite and hormone concentrations, and the residual levels of equol in meat, of lambs grazing two varieties of red clover differing in their formononetin contents, compared to control animals grazing grass.
Altering carcass composition during a winter store period does not affect the final carcass composition following zero-grazing at the end of an 18-month finishing system
Authors: Prathalingam N.S. , Heasman L. , Scaife J.R. , Struthers J. , Parker J. , Chapple D.G. , Lomax M.A.
Published: June 2019

The ability to produce high quality beef carcasses cost-effectively in an 18-month finishing system is partly determined by the feeding regime during winter and the subsequent response to grass during the finishing period. Animals fed on grass silage throughout winter have been shown to develop fatter carcasses (Baker et al., 1985). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of altered carcass composition at the end of a winter store period on composition at the end of a summer grazing period.
The prediction of digestible and metabolisable energy concentrations in grass-based diets of producing cattle using data tested with sheep trials at maintenance feeding level
Authors: Yan T. , Agnew R. E. , Gordon F. J.
Published: June 2019

In the UK metabolisable energy (ME) system (AFRC, 1993) it is recommended that dietary ME concentration is reduced by proportionately 0.018 per unit increase in feeding level (FL) above maintenance. This factor was reported by Van Es (1975) two decades ago. At this Institute a total of 33 silages have been offered to sheep as a sole diet at maintenance for measurements of energy intake and outputs in faeces and urine. These silages were also fed to cattle, together with concentrates, at production level for determination of energy metabolism data in calorimetric chambers. The objective of the present study was to use these data to evaluate the combined effects of animal species and level of feeding on ME and digestible energy (DE) concentrations in diets.
Prediction of silage dry matter digestibility from digestible organic matter digestibility
Authors: Keady T.W.J. , Mayne C.S. , Kilpatrick D J
Published: June 2019

Grass silage forms the basal forage for the majority of dairy and beef cattle during the winter indoor feeding period. However its feeding value, as determined by intake potential and digestibility can differ dramatically at farm level as indicated by the Hillsborough Feeding Information System (HFIS). For example, for 7000 silages which were offered to dairy and beef cattle during the 1999/2000 indoor feeding period in Ireland and analysed through the HFIS, dry matter digestibility (DMD) varied from 540 to 830 g/kg DM (Keady, 2000). Many models used to predict feed intake by dairy cattle include a digestibility component (Keady and Mayne, 2000). However some models use DMD whereas others use digestible organic matter digestibility (DOMD). Furthermore commercial laboratories in Ireland measure silage digestibility as DMD while in the UK it is measured as DOMD. To facilitate the use of different models to predict food intake by dairy cattle, often it is necessary to be able to predict DMD from DOMD or vice versa. The present study was undertaken to develop a relationship between DMD and DOMD to facilitate the use of different models for the prediction of food intake when digestibility is available only either as DMD or as DOMD.
Total Enterobacteriaceae counts as an indicator of animal feedingstuffs hygiene
Authors: Wood A. D. , Howard K. , Mills A. L. , Williams P. E. V.
Published: June 2019

Bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae enter the animal feed chain as normal contaminants of raw materials used in the manufacture of animal feeds. The family Enterobacteriaceae encompasses 30 established genera, including Salmonella spp, Escherichia spp, Shigella spp and Yersinia spp. Many of the genera exhibit pathogenicity towards man, animals, insects and plants and many of the pathogenic forms produce toxins. A number of the genera in this family occur regularly in association with animals; they are found as indigenous members of the gut microflora where they may either produce no harmful effects, or are capable of causing disease in both endothermic and ectothermic animals. There is a recognised association between the risk of isolation of salmonella and degree of Enterobacteriaceae contamination (Veldman et al. 1995). This has led to the consideration of recording Enterobacteriaceae contamination levels in feed stuffs as an indicator of feed hygiene and potential limits to the degree of contamination being set by the major retailers. This paper sets out data gathered from the routine analysis of feed raw materials examined for Enterobacteriaceae contamination.
Comparison of pressed sugar beet pulp ensiled with dried maize distillers grains against a ration based on barley and soya bean meal for fast finishing suckled beef bulls
Authors: Marsh S.P , Edmond S.L , Witt M.
Published: June 2019

Intensively finished beef cattle have traditionally been fed rations based on rolled mineralised barley with a protein supplement such as soya bean or rapeseed meal. Since feed accounts for 75-85% of the variable costs of intensive beef production systems (MLC 1999) the use of alternative feeds that have a lower cost per unit of energy are worthy of investigation. The objective of this trial was to evaluate feeding pressed sugar beet pulp ensiled with dried maize distillers grains (Praize, Trident Feeds) on the performance of fast finishing continental cross weaned suckled bulls.
Towards a continuous culture (Rusitec) model of rumen acidosis: effects of buffer concentration, non-protein nitrogen and concentrate level on pH and feed degradation
Authors: Haubi C.U. , Mould F.L. , Reynolds C. K. , Owen E.
Published: June 2019

Rumen acidosis is a problem in many production systems where readily fermentable concentrates are fed. Although acidosis is more common as a subclinical condition that can impair fibre digestion, numerous factors can precipitate the clinical disorder. The objective of the present study was to begin development of a model of acidosis using a rumen simulation technique (Rusitec) and continuous pH monitoring for subsequent evaluation of contributing factors. In the present report the effect of reduced buffer concentration, non-protein nitrogen (NPN) addition and method of NPN provision on pH and feed dry matter disappearance were examined.
Comparison of sheep rumen liquor and Rusitec fluid as inoculum for determining the in vitro digestibility of hays
Authors: Tejido M.L. , Ranilla M.J. , Carro M.D.
Published: June 2019

One practical disadvantage of some in vitro methods used to estimate the in vivo digestibility of forages is the need for fistulated donor ruminants to provide the rumen liquor. These are subject to restrictive legislation in many countries and are costly to prepare and maintain. The aim of this study was to investigate whether rumen liquor in the in vitro digestibility technique of Van Soest et al. (1966) could be replaced by microorganisms derived from Rusitec. This technique involves the incubation of samples with buffered rumen fluid for 48 h followed by an extraction with a neutral-detergent solution.