bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some new and known species of the subfamily Lordellonematinae Siddiqi, 1969 (Qudsianematidae: Dorylaimida)
Authors: Ahmad Wasim , Baniyamuddin Md , Mushtaq Peerzada
Published: August 2009

Four new and four known species of the subfamily Lordellonematinae are described. Lordellonema paraporosum sp. n. has a 0.61-0.64 mm long body, cuticle distinctly striated, lateral body pores indistinct, 20-23 ventral body pores distributed throughout body length, 2-3 dorsal body pores located anterior to nerve ring, lip region distinctly offset, angular, odontostyle 14-15 μm long, cardia with three glands and short conoid tail. Lordellonema macrodorum sp. n. has a 1.1-1.2 mm long body, inner layer of cuticle with distinct striations and separated from outer layer, body pores indistinct, lip region broad, offset by deep constriction, odontostyle 22-23 μm long, short conoid cardia with a thin disc, transverse vulva, amphidelphic genital system and short conoid tail. Sicorinema bashirjanae sp. n. has a 1.21-1.38 mm long, slender, body, distinctly striated cuticle, 8-9 μm long odontostyle, pore-like vulva, mono-opisthodelphic female genital system with short anterior uterine sac, and short conoid, minutely rounded, tail. Moshajia ladakhiensis sp. n. has a 1.5-1.8 mm long body, lip region offset by depression, 12.5-13.5 μm long odontostyle, amphidelphic genital system and short, conoid, bluntly rounded, tail. Poronemella is considered a junior synonym of Lordellonema and P. porifer and P. amini are transferred as L. porifer comb. n. and L. amini comb. n. In the nature of its outer and inner layer of cuticle, odontostyle and pharynx, Latocephalus lunulatus fits better under the genus Sicorinema rather than Latocephalus and is transferred herein as S. lunulatum comb. n. Lordellonema amini comb. n., and M. cultristyla and M. idiophora are reported and redescribed for the first time since their original descriptions. Poronemella shamimi is transferred to Lordellonema as L. shamimi comb. n. and P. divulgata is transferred to Crassolabium as C. divulgata comb. n. Diagnoses of all three genera are given together with keys to species.
Characterisation and parasitic habits of a root-lesion nematode from chrysanthemum in Iran and its relationship to Pratylenchus pseudocoffeae
Authors: Deimi Abbas Mohammad , De Luca Francesca , Vovlas Nicola , Troccoli Alberto
Published: August 2009

A population of the amphimictic root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus pseudocoffeae is reported infecting chrysanthemum in glasshouses and open fields in Mahallat Town, Markazi province, central Iran. This population shares similar morphological features with P. pseudocoffeae from Japan and also has the same D3 sequences as a population from Florida (no molecular data are available for the type Japanese population). The Iranian population of P. pseudocoffeae is characterised by a labial region with two (60%) or three annuli (40%), stylet ca 16 μm long, presence of males, vulva at 80% of body, oval spermatheca and subhemispherical tail with smooth terminus. Morphologically, P. pseudocoffeae from Iran resembles P. coffeae, from which it differs in a divided face vs smooth and flat in P. coffeae. However, the morphological and biological characters of P. pseudocoffeae are more closely related to those of P. gutierrezi and the related undescribed species K1 and K2 from coffee in Costa Rica and Guatemala, respectively, from which it differs by the shorter stylet and shape of tail tip. In contrast, the comparison of molecular characteristics, including ITS-RFLP patterns and sequences of the D3 region between P. pseudocoffeae from Iran and other related species, indicates a close relationship between P. pseudocoffeae and P. hexincisus and P. agilis, in spite of the fact that the latter two species are not amphimictic and lack males and functional spermatheca. In Iran, P. pseudocoffeae causes root lesions, distinct necrosis and large cavities within the cortical parenchyma, resulting in stunting of chrysanthemum stands. The detection of P. pseudocoffeae in Iran is a new country record and also represents the second detection of this species outside Japan.
Variation in hatch among pathotypes of the potato cyst nematodes, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida, in response to potato root diffusate from Solanum spp. I. Preliminary assessments to establish optimal testing conditions
Authors: Turner Susan J. , Fleming Colin C. , Moreland Brendan P. , Martin Trevor J.G.
Published: August 2009

Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) hatch in response to the presence of root
diffusate produced by host plants. Potato root diffusate (PRD) contains
hatching factors that stimulate differential hatch between the two PCN
species (Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida) throughout the growing
season. In order to clarify the role of PRD in wild potato clones resistant
to PCN, a series of trials established optimal test conditions using a range
of PCN populations on a representation of Solanum species (Solanum
sanctae-rosae, S. sparsipilum, S. gourlayi, S. acaule, S. oplocense).
Dilution tests showed that half strength PRD consistently stimulated highest
levels of nematode hatch. PCN populations were treated with PRD collected
weekly throughout the trials, mimicking the natural release of chemical
stimulants from growing potato roots. Whilst the G. rostochiensis Ro1
population showed no variation in hatch, other populations displayed
differences in hatch in the presence of the different Solanum PRD. This may
reflect the different coevolutionary histories of nematodes and their
Solanum hosts in South America.
Family context for emotional recovery in internationally adopted children
Authors: Palacios Jesús , Román Maite , Moreno Carmen , León Esperanza
Published: August 2009

English

The context for emotional recovery was analysed in 30 Spanish parents adopting from Russia and a comparison group. The adopted children’s attachment disorders improved significantly after adoption. Adoptive parents showed a more sophisticated and optimistic reflective functioning about their children and their parenting experience.

French

Le contexte du rétablissement affectif a été analysé chez 30 couples de parents espagnols adoptant des enfants en provenance de Russie et comparé avec celui d’un groupe témoin. Les troubles de l’attachement chez les enfants adoptés se sont améliorés significativement après l’adoption. Les parents adoptifs ont montré un des capacités de réflexion plus sophistiquées et optimistes à propos de leurs enfants et de leur expérience d’éducation.

Spanish

El contexto de la recuperación emocional se analizó en 30 adoptantes en Rusia y en un grupo de comparación. Los trastornos de apego mejoraron de forma significativa tras la adopción. Los adoptantes mostraron una visión más sofisticada y optimista de sus hijos y de su propia experiencia como padres.
The rise and fall of intercountry adoption in the 21st century
Authors: Selman Peter
Published: August 2009

English

Recent developments in intercountry adoption worldwide, based on a demographic analysis of trends in 22 receiving states between 2001 and 2007, are reviewed. The analysis shows a marked decline in the global number of adoptions after a steady rise from the mid-1990s to over 45,000 in 2004.

French

Les récents développements de l’adoption internationale dans le monde entier, observés à partir de l’analyse des tendances démographiques dans 22 pays d’accueil entre 2001 et 2007, sont passés en revue. L’analyse montre une baisse sensible du nombre global d’adoptions après une hausse constante du milieu des années 1990 jusqu’à plus de 45,000 en 2004.

Spanish

Se revisaron los desarrollos recientes en la adopción entre países a nivel mundial, con base en análisis demográficos de tendencias en 22 estados receptores entre 2001 y 2007. El análisis muestra un marcado declive en el número global de adopciones después de un aumento sostenido desde la mitad de los años noventa, por encima de 45,000 en 2004.
Comparison of a Higher Order Theory for Sandwich Beams with Finite Element and Elasticity Analyses
Authors: Swanson Stephen R. , Kim Jongman
Published: August 2009

Sandwich construction is known to provide high stiffness with light weight. However the question of analysis methods for the deformation and stresses in sandwich construction is still not completely settled. A higher order theory for sandwich beams has recently been presented in the literature. This theory is compared with a two-dimensional finite element analysis and elasticity solution in the present work. The results show that both the higher order theory and the finite element analysis predict strain concentrations in the faces adjacent to support and concentrated load regions, and overall good agreement is obtained between these methods. Classical and first order shear deformation theories are not capable of predicting these strain concentrations. Stress and strain distributions in the core are not in as good agreement in these regions, due to the simplifying assumptions made by the higher order theory. The results show that the higher order theory is an effective tool in predicting the stresses in the faces and the interface between the face and core, although the shear stress distributions in the core are not as well predicted.
Analysis of Sandwich Composite Beams with a New Transverse Shear Stress Continuity Model
Authors: Mistou S. , Karama M. , Lorrain B. , Faye J. P.
Published: August 2009

This work presents a new composite beam model based on discrete layer theory. It enables the automatic verification of the continuity of transverse shear stresses by taking into account the Heaviside step function. The transverse shear is represented by a sine function which improves the accuracy of the results on the transverse shear stress. The membrane refinement cosine function improves the warping of the straight section in bending deformations. In order to validate the proposed model, several problems in bending and free vibration are presented. For sandwich composite beams, the proposed new model satisfies exactly and automatically the continuity conditions of displacements and stresses at the interfaces, as well as the boundary conditions.
Stochastic Delamination Simulations of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Composites During Cure
Authors: Hilton Harry H. , Yi Sung
Published: August 2009

Expressions for cure and residual stresses for nonlinear anisotropic viscoelastic composites are formulated. Probabilities of delamination during the manufacturing process are examined to determine survivability during manufacture. It is shown that the worst conditions occur during the cool down period after cure has been completed. Linear viscoelastic material maximum stresses exceed the corresponding nonlinear ones by as much as 35%. The corresponding largest probability of failure difference is only 1 1%. The effects of fiber orientation are demonstrated.
Analysis of Adhesively Joined Composite Beams
Authors: Gao J. , Selvarathinam Alex S. , Weitsman Y. Jack
Published: August 2009

Green's functions are generated for a simply supported, shear deformable, beam under concentrated loads and moments. These functions are subsequently employed to evaluate the stress transfer mechanisms within an adhesively joined composite beam, with particular attention to the stress field within the adhesive bond line. It is shown that the stacking order of the composite beam affects the sign of the peel stresses, switching from tensile to compressive. The results, which are obtained by solving a system of linear algebraic equations, are in good agreement with the more cumbersome finite element solutions.
Necrotizing Soft-Tissue Infections in the Feet of Patients With Diabetes: Outcome of Surgical Treatment and Factors Associated With Limb Loss and Mortality
Authors: Aragón-Sánchez Javier , Quintana-Marrero Yurena , Lázaro-Martínez Jose L. , Hernández-Herrero Maria J. , García-Morales Esther , Beneit-Montesinos Juan V. , Cabrera-Galván Juan J.
Published: August 2009

The aim of this study was to analyze the outcomes of treatment of necrotizing soft-tissue infections (NSTIs) in the feet of diabetic patients and to determine factors associated with limb salvage and mortality. A retrospective study of a consecutive series of 145 diabetic patients suffering from NSTIs treated in the Diabetic Foot Unit, La Paloma Hospital was done. NSTIs were classified as necrotizing cellulitis if it involved the subcutaneous tissue and the skin, as necrotizing fasciitis if it involved the deep fascia, and as myonecrosis in those cases where muscular necrosis was present. In the necrotizing cellulitis group (n = 109), 8 (7.3%) major amputations were performed. In the necrotizing fasciitis group (n = 25), 13 (52%) major amputations were undertaken. In the myonecrosis group (n = 11), 6 (54.5%) major amputations were performed. Predictive variables related to limb loss were fasciitis (OR = 20, 95% CI = 3.2-122.1) and myonecrosis (OR = 53.2, 95% CI = 5.1-552.4). Predictive variables of mortality were age >75 years (OR = 10.3, 95% CI = 1.9-53.6) and creatinine values >132.6 µmol/L (OR = 5.8, 95% CI = 1.1-30.2). NSTIs of the foot are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients.When fascia and/or muscle are involved, there are significant risks of major amputation.
Evaluation of the Healing Potential of Schrebera swietenioides in the Dexamethasone-Suppressed Wound Healing in Rodents
Authors: Rasal Amol S. , Nayak Pawan G. , Baburao K. , Shenoy Rekha R. , Mallikarjuna Rao C.
Published: August 2009

The wound healing potential of the aqueous, alcoholic extracts, and the butanolic fraction of the alcoholic extract obtained from the bark of Schrebera swietenioides were evaluated in the dexamethasone suppressed wound healing model. The work was conducted on rodents using incision, excision, and dead space wound models. The extracts of S swietenioides enhanced the breaking strength of incision wounds significantly ( P < .05). Faster epithelization and contraction of excision wounds were observed in the treated groups ( P < .05). Dead space wound model demonstrated an increase in breaking strength of granulation tissue and weight of dried granulation tissue after treatment with the extracts.The extracts attenuated the effect of dexamethasone on healing.The total RNA isolated from the granulation tissues of the extract-treated animals was significantly higher than in both dexamethasone and normal groups, ( P < 0.05). It was observed that the DNA was intact in all the groups. These findings suggest that dexamethasone suppresses wound healing, possibly through an inappropriate transcription rather than causing DNA damage.The S swietenioides extracts have the capacity to reverse this effect.
The Potential Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Hansen’s Neuropathy of the Feet: A Preliminary Communication
Authors: Slim Frederik J. , Illarramendi Ximena , Maas Mario , Sampaio Elizabeth P. , Nery José A. C. , Sarno Euzenir N. , Faber William R.
Published: August 2009

A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol was performed in leprosy patients with a neuropathic foot and superficial ulcers and/or localized cellulitis but no clinical suspicion of osteomyelitis. The aim of the study was to determine if unsuspected osteomyelitis was present in this defined group of leprosy patients. A total of 15 neuropathic feet from 9 patients were included. Clinically and on MRI, the forefoot was predominantly affected. MRI findings of osteomyelitis were found in 4 feet. In feet with osteomyelitis, 3 had a superficial ulcer and 3 had clinical signs of localized cellulitis. A clinical diagnosis of cellulitis was confirmed on MRI in 2 feet.A striking discrepancy between clinical and MRI findings was found.This study shows that, compared with clinical evaluation, MRI is a sensitive method for the detection of unsuspected osteomyelitis in neuropathic feet with superficial ulcers and/or cellulitis. MRI findings in this group of patients may influence clinical decision making and may prevent further complications, because osteomyelitis requires more aggressive medical treatment. This preliminary communication should pave the wave for designed controlled studies so that patients with Hansen’s neuropathy may get the best medical care.
Intuitions of Fittingness
Authors: Price A. W.
Published: August 2009

In one sense of the term current among analytical philosophers, the quietist_lacks skeptical doubts about the metaphysical or epistemological status of ethical judgments as a class of judgment. He may still have doubts about, say, the current state of morality.

There are criteria of courage by which, though they are open-ended, a man may count as acting bravely. It need not follow that he has adopted the best tactics. Yet he must have responded fittingly to danger. But how is that to be identified?

“Ought”-judgments are to be understood contextually, with an implicit relativity to certain ends or quasi-ends, and—when the “ought” is only pro tanto—to certain aspects of, or opportunities within, a situation. These judgments are often intuitive in that they do not derive from the application of a principle. Fittingness is an anthropocentric relation that holds within some human perspective; we should not think of it as a feature purportedly inherent in the very nature of things.

It is salutary to remember cases where the “ought” is so relativized, say to an undesirable end, that it identifies no reason for action. The nature of the relation does not change when it is relativized to an end that the agent has reason to achieve. “Ought”-judgments should not be interpreted in ambitious ways that make them generally problematic.
The Lack of Repose
Authors: Mao Douglas
Published: August 2009

In a dialogue whose precedents include Oscar Wilde's “Critic as Artist,” two fictional professors of English take up the relationship between aestheticism and quietism. Their conversation begins with a debate on the necessity of treating sociopolitical contexts when teaching literature then moves to connections among aesthetic experience, political disengagement, inactivity, and contemplation explored by Wilde, Miguel de Molinos, Aristotle, Hannah Arendt, Walter Pater, Arthur Schopenhauer, Johann Winckelmann, and others. Having described the influence of nineteenth-century science and determinism on Wilde's gospel of inaction, as well as Pater's adaptation of the Winckelmannian view that people and things express their nature most truly when still, one speaker wonders whether aesthetic experience gains some of its significance from its affiliation with leisure. The other resists the idea that repose might constitute one of life's key desiderata, but notes at the close how both his own view and his interlocutor's are adumbrated in the Wallace Stevens poem that furnishes the dialogue its title.
Misunderstanding
Authors: Garand Dominique
Published: August 2009

Taking as its point of departure a systematic presentation of the various types of misunderstandings, ranging from the most banal and benign to the most perverse and pernicious, this text principally examines the ways in which they can pave the way for disagreement. While it is possible that a rational examination of motives and sources pertaining to a misunderstanding may help to minimize its undesirable effects upon communication, a misunderstanding may also signal the incontrovertible and irresolvable nature of a disagreement. This paper, therefore—while basically Habermasian in its orientation—also questions the validity of Jürgen Habermas's premises regarding the ethics of communication: the scope given to speculative reason and the effectiveness of an explicative metadiscourse for clarifying misunderstanding or resolving conflicts; the possibility of authentic discourse in certain conflict situations; consensus as the ultimate goal of dialogue. Although Habermas stipulates that the expectation of validity is incumbent upon any authentic exchange, this paper underscores instead the expectation of satisfaction, which compels all individuals seeking to communicate. Through this comparison, the paper attempts to show that even the most tenacious disagreement originates in this affective nexus, and to show as well how we may construct ethical practices that are contingent upon disagreement.
EPISTEMOLOGY OF THE CLOISTER
Authors: O'Malley Patrick R.
Published: August 2009

The cultural construction of Roman Catholicism in England shifted in the middle decades of the nineteenth century from being constituted as a series of acts to being understood as a subjectivity experienced as authentic interiority. Even as various British Victorian figures, for example John Henry Newman, engaged in particular ways with both nonmajoritarian religious and sexual identities, Catholicism thus prefigures the admittedly uneven consolidations of sexuality that Michel Foucault has identified in the last third of the century. Thus an understanding of religious history is central to a history of sexuality.
Multi-step Synthesis of a Protected Monosaccharide Unit by Iterative Reactions in Microreactors and Fluorous Liquid-phase Extractions
Authors: Kawakami Hiroko , Goto Kohtaro , Mizuno Mamoru
Published: August 2009

We describe a process that simultaneously achieves microreaction synthesis and fluorous liquid-phase extraction in a single system. Use of this method in multi-step synthesis of a protected monosaccharide unit yielded the desired product. Moreover, the total synthesis time, including an only single column chromatography as the last step, was significantly shortened compared with general synthetic methods.
Reversible ArSE Aroylation of Naphthalene Derivatives
Authors: Okamoto Akiko , Yonezawa Noriyuki
Published: August 2009

Reversible ArSE aroylation has been observed in the reaction of 2,7-dimethoxynaphthalene (1) with 4-chlorobenzoic acid/acid chloride 2 with the aid of discrete acidic mediators. The reaction readily gives 1-aroylated-, 3-aroylated-, and 1,8-diaroylated products. The product distribution clearly shows dependence on the kind and strength of the acidic mediators and the time-course of the distribution manifests dearoylation of the productive aroylnaphthalenes. These reaction behaviors including acid-strength-dependent reversibility are well interpreted from the viewpoint of highly congested noncoplanar geometry of the polyaromatic ketone products.
Magnetic-field Sensitive Gels with Wide Modulation of Dynamic Modulus
Authors: Mitsumata Tetsu , Abe Noriyuki
Published: August 2009

A new class of magnetorheological gel that demonstrates drastic and reversible changes in dynamic modulus without using strong magnetic fields was obtained. The magnetic gel consists of carrageenan of polysaccharides and carbonyl iron particles. The magnetic gel with a volume fraction of 0.34 exhibited a reversible increase by factors of 500 of the storage modulus and 1200 of the loss modulus upon a magnetic field of 500 mT. We postulate that the particle structural change by magnetic fields leads to the drastic change in the dynamic modulus.
Robust stabilization of a chemical reactor
Authors: Bakošová Monika , Puna Dalibor , Dostál Petr , Závacká Jana
Published: August 2009

Robust static output feedback control was applied to a continuous stirred tank reactor with parametric uncertainty and multiple steady states in which exothermic reaction takes place. The problem of robust controller design was converted to a solution of linear matrix inequalities and a computationally simple non-iterative algorithm is presented. The possibility of using robust static output feedback for stabilization of reactors with uncertainty and comparison of robust P and PI controllers with an optimal controller is demonstrated by simulation results.
Key side products due to reactivity of dimethylmaleoyl moiety as amine protective group
Authors: Lee Mijoon , Hesek Dusan , Noll Bruce , Mobashery Shahriar
Published: August 2009

Dimethylmaleoyl (DMM) moiety has become an important amine protective group in sugar chemistry. We disclose herein that DMM-containing D-glucosamine analogues, because of their electrophilic nature, are prone to reactions with strong nucleophiles, such as hydrazine, resulting in a set of undesired side products that are difficult to detect, yet proved to be problematic for organic synthesis.
In vitro antifungal and antibacterial properties of thiodiamine transition metal complexes
Authors: Mishra Ajay , Mishra Shivani , Kaushik Narender
Published: August 2009

Synthesis, characterization and biological studies of some thiodiamine metal complexes are described. Cobalt(II) and copper(II) complexes of type [Cu(L)2Cl2] and [Co(L)2SO4], where L = (cyclohexyl-N-thio)-1,2-ethylenediamine (L1) and (cyclohexyl-N-thio)-1,3-propanediamine (L2), were synthesized. The synthesized copper and cobalt thiodiamine complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, mass, UV-VIS and 1H NMR spectroscopic studies. Thiodiamines coordinate as a bidentate N-S ligand. The binding sites are azomethine nitrogen and thioamide sulfur. Molar conductance values in dimethylsulfoxide indicate non-electrolyte nature of the complexes. In vitro-antimicrobial screening shows promising results against both bacterial and fungal strains.
Synthesis of 2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]furo[3,2-c]pyridine derivatives
Authors: Bradiaková Ivana , Ďurčeková Tatiana , Prónayová Naďa , Gatial Anton , Krutošíková Alžbeta
Published: August 2009

2-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4,5-dihydrofuro[3,2-c]pyridin-4-one (I) was prepared by a three-step synthesis. Its reaction with phosphorus sulfide rendered thione II which was methylated to 2-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-methylsulfanylfuro[3,2-c]pyridine (III). 5-Methyl-2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4,5-dihydrofuro[3,2-c]pyridin-4-one (IV) was obtained by the reaction of I with methyl iodide in PTC conditions. The chlorine atom in derivate V was replaced with heterocyclic secondary amines via nucleophilic substitution and 4-substituted furopyridines VIa and VIb were thus prepared. 2-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]furo[3,2-c]pyridine-4-carboxylic acid (VII) was obtained by hydrolysis of the corresponding carbonitrile Va.
Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of new benzoylthiourea ligands
Authors: Kurt Gülşah , Sevgi Fatih , Mercimek Bedrettin
Published: August 2009

In this study, new benzoylthiourea derivatives, (E)-N-[(2-benzamidomethyleneamino)ethylcarbamothioyl]benzamide H3L′, N-(1-(3-benzoylthioureido)propan-2-ylcarbamothioyl)-benzamide H4L″, (E)-N-[4-(benzamidomethyleneamino)phenylcarbamothioyl]benzamide H3L‴, were synthesized. Structures of the compounds were identified by spectroscopic techniques. In addition, all synthesized compounds were evaluated for in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity. Compound H3L‴ exhibited antibacterial activity.
Copper determination using ICP-MS with hexapole collision cell
Authors: Chrastný Vladislav , Komárek Michael
Published: August 2009

Determination of copper using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) suffers from polyatomic overlays originating from Na+ and Mg2+ matrix elements due to the formation of 40Ar23Na+ and 40Ar25Mg+ in the mass-to-charge ratios of 63 and 65, respectively. The collision/reaction cell technology belongs to the most modern methods used to overcome polyatomic interferences. Gas-filled collision/reaction cell can cause an additional mass bias effect influencing analytical precision of the method. In this study, the additional mass bias effect of the hexapole collision/reaction cell ICP-MS was studied on an example of n(65Cu)/n(63Cu) isotope ratio. As a result, a method for suppressing polyatomic interference on the mass-to-charge ratio of 63 and 65 was introduced and additional mass bias of the collision/reaction cell was lowered to an acceptable level.
Gas chromatography with surface ionization detection of nitro pesticides
Authors: Takahashi Seiji , Nagamura Futoshi , Sasaki Miki , Fujii Toshihiro
Published: August 2009

A surface ionization gas chromatographic detector, based upon positive surface ionization, was used in capillary gas chromatography to sensitively and selectively detect nitro pesticides: pendimethalin, trifluralin, flumetralin. Higher sensitivity (better detection limit), substance specificity, and advantageous applicability are reported. Sensitivity to pendimethalin, trifluralin, and flumetralin was 1.4 C g−1, 1.1 C g−1, and 1.0 C g−1, respectively, with the linear range of operation greater than 1 × 105 for these compounds. The minimum detectable level was in the range of 10−13 g s−1. Compared with an atomic emission detector, SID provided a 110 times better detection limit for trifluralin.
An assessment of tree species dynamics in rural farmland of Nepal
Authors: Kharal DK , Oli BN
Published: August 2009

Dynamics of species distribution, species composition and species number are very important areas to be understood for sustainable management of forest and tree resources. The paper endeavours to solicit information on dynamics of tree species in terms of their composition and number, and also assesses the relationship between socio-economic factors and tree species dynamics. The study was conducted through survey of 98 sampled households, focus group discussion and direct field observation. Species composition and species number of tree resources of the study area are identified for different time period. The study found out that proportion of tree species loss on farmland was higher than that of species introduction. Similarly, 20 species were found with very limited distribution in the study area while two of them are already under the threatened category at the national level. The reasons for species change in the farmland are also identified. Farmers are now attracted to grow fast growing, multipurpose and easily available tree species. Economic return is the major concern for them. Such a situation may lead to further loss of tree species from the farmland. Some species such as Shorea robusta and Phyllanthus emblica, which were among the widely distributed in the beginning, are now about to be lost because of easy availability in nearby forest, slow growth rate and limited uses. Key Words: Composition, Diversity, Dynamics, Farmland, Socioeconomic factors, Trees.   doi: 10.3126/banko.v17i2.2150 Banko Janakari, Vol. 17, No. 2, 3-10
Features and allometric relationships characterising trees on farmland – an example from Chainpur VDC, Chitwan
Authors: Meilby Henrik , Puri Lila
Published: August 2009

Trees on farmland are important sources of fodder, food and a range of wood products and improve local climate and the ecological quality of agricultural landscapes. In spite of this, little is known about the composition of farm tree populations, farmer's management and the resulting characteristics of the trees. In a case study in Chainpur VDC, Chitwan, all trees with diameter 3 2 cm 0.5 metres above ground were enumerated and mapped within 8.44 ha of farmland. The total number of trees was 898, corresponding to a density of 106 ha-1. The basal area 0.5 and 1.3 m above ground were 2.00 and 1.42 m2ha-1, respectively, and the total crown cover was 8.76%. The number of species recorded was 63, most of which were represented by only a few individuals. The most frequent species were Melia azedarach L. (Bakaino, 238 individuals), Bauhinia purpurea Wall. (Tanki, 111 individuals) and Ficus hispida L.f. (Khasreto, 87 individuals). Measurements of diameter and height of crown and stem were done for a sample comprising 81% of the trees. In addition, ocular assessment of the lopping intensity was carried out. Based on these observations, a set of allometric models relating stem diameter, tree height, crown width, crown length and lopping were developed and used for preparation of schematic tree silhouettes. Marked differences between tree species were observed with regard to crown shape and the effect of lopping on shape. Key words: allometric models, farmer's tree species preferences, fodder tree species, lopping assessment, tree silhouettes     doi: 10.3126/banko.v17i2.2152 Banko Janakari, Vol. 17, No. 2, 18-26
Ecology and management issues of Mikania micrantha in Chitwan Naitonal Park, Nepal
Authors: Sapkota Loknath
Published: August 2009

Mikania micrantha, one of the worst invasive weeds in the world, is a plant of Neotropical origin and threatening to the ecosystem of most countries within the moist tropical zones of south east Asia. Three habitat types were taken to study the ecology and management issues of the weed. The study was conducted from October, 2006 to February, 2007 taking random sampling intensity of 0.3%, 0.03% and 0.0012% of the invaded area for tree, shrub and herb, respectively and plot size were 20*25m, 5*5m and 1*1m, accordingly. The riparian, edge, grassland with sparse tree and shrub, low canopy area of natural and afforested forest were found to be highly invaded by the weed. A total of 102 plant species were affected in various degrees by the weed. The highest invasion was found in Dalbegia sissoo tree in afforested land and the prevalent effect was observed in Bombax ceiba of below 17 cm DBH. Most of the trees of above 30 cm DBH were found to be low invasion. All the shrub species in invaded area were highly smothered and only some herbs like Ageratum conizoides, Aquisetum debile, Eragrostis unioloides, Diplazium esculentum and Tectoria macrodonta were observed to be exposed. Co-evolved rust pathogen, Puccinia spegazzini has been reported to be able to control the weed. Managing grassland, the intensive and extensive production of NTFP in community forest, cutting of nutrients and moisture for climber and mulching on creeper of Mikania and introduction of parasite plant like Cuscuta reflexa have shown as appropriate measure to keep up the weed in acceptable level. Keywords: Invasive, Puccinia spegazzini, Mulching, Control, Threatening, Smothered. doi: 10.3126/banko.v17i2.2153 Banko Janakari, Vol. 17, No. 2, 27-39
Role of interpretation in management: a case study of the protected area system in Nepal
Authors: Thapa Barna Bahadur
Published: August 2009

Interpretation, as an educational activity along with enjoyment promised to increase awareness, appreciation and understanding of the protected areas. Though relatively new concept to Nepal it is widely used in western countries as a tool of park management. Closely related to environmental education or conservation education in our context it also helps to manage natural resources and human resources. This study describes the role of interpretation in park management examining the interpretation theory using Nepal as a case study. Questionnaire survey was used to obtain the data and the results indicate that there is strong relationship between interpretation and park management. All of the survey groups reported positive links with park management. This study identifies the problems existing and improvements to be made in the interpretive facilities, training and equipment in relation to protected area management in Nepal. Key words: Interpretation, Conservation education, parks and protected areas, park management, Nepal doi: 10.3126/banko.v17i2.2154 Banko Janakari, Vol. 17, No. 2, 40-44
Generation and utilization of community fund in small-scale community forest management in the Terai region of Nepal
Authors: Dhakal Maheshwar , Masuda Misa
Published: August 2009

It has been widely recognized that constantly increasing community fund is one of the indicators of successful implementation of community forestry program in Nepal. However, a very few people know how the fund is collected under the program and it has been utilized so far. The paper is based on the generation and utilization of community fund of two-community forests in the Terai region. The community forests of the region have collected large amount of community fund annually from the sale of forest products and non-forestry sources as well. The study revealed that along with community fund increasing, office operation cost has been constantly increasing while utilizing the fund, whereas promotion of forest management and community development costs are essential for long-term sustainability of the program. Therefore, the study concluded that only the minimization of office operation cost could increase the forest management and community development costs based on the principle of trade-off, which is crucial to keep the people intact in community forestry program and its long-term sustainability. Keywords: community forestry, community fund, Terai, Nepal   doi: 10.3126/banko.v17i2.2156 Banko Janakari, Vol. 17, No. 2, 55-61
Function of organic matter (green manure) and the effect on soil properties
Authors: Vaidya Geeta Shrestha , Shrestha K , Wallander H
Published: August 2009

Trees and shrubs on the lower hillsides in Nepal form symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and these fungi are important for the uptake of mineral nutrients from the soil and the mycelia formed by the fungi have an important function in stabilizing the soil (Wright and Upadhyaya 1998, Shrestha 1999 and Shrestha Vaidya et.al 2005a). The success of plantations of these eroded slopes is therefore highly dependent on the extent of mycorrhizal colonization of the plants. In this study we have investigated the role organic matter on growth of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in eroded slopes in Nepal such as Chalnakhel, Kathmandu District. Different types of organic matter (leaves of Thitonia diversifolia, Eupatorium adenophorum and Lantana camara) were collected and were shade dried and finally powedered. Nutrient analysis was done of these organic matter and soil of experimental site before plantation and after harvest. Lantana camara was taken for plantation on their nutrient content basis. 100 nursery plants Leuceania diversifolia plantation were done in Chalnakhel . Among these 50 plants with Lantana camara and 50 plants were for control. We investigated the influence of organic matter or P amendments on production of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in eroded slopes in Nepal. Organic matter addition enhanced the production of AM fungal biomass as well as number of AM spores. We suggest that the positive influence of such organic matter additions can make an important contribution to plant survival in plantations of eroded slopes in Nepal, and thus to restoration success. Key Words : Organic matters (Lantana camara), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Leuceania diversifolia and Chalnakhel. doi: 10.3126/banko.v17i2.2157 Banko Janakari, Vol. 17, No. 2, 62-69
Payment for Environmental Services: an emerging issue to be addressed
Authors: Editor The
Published: August 2009

doi: 10.3126/banko.v18i1.2159Banko Janakari, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1-2
An Estimation of Tree Species Diversity in Rural Farmland of Nepal
Authors: Kharal Deepak K , Oli Bishwa N
Published: August 2009

Biodiversity is an important consideration in maintaining natural environmental balance in a particular habitat. This becomes particularly important in areas, where due to the encroachment of natural forests, biodiversity is depleting causing a potential loss in the natural habitat. In such a situation, biodiversity in the farmland becomes an important consideration. Biodiversity is measured and analyzed using various indices. In this study, we present the result of our study through a field work in a rural village in Nepal. The study was conducted through direct field observation and survey of sampled households. The status of tree biodiversity using species biodiversity index and species richness index for the case study are presented. The study has also identified the relationship between the tree species diversity and major socioeconomic factors. Our analysis shows that tree species biodiversity in the rural farmland of study area are lower in comparison to the similar areas of countries like India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. The lower biodiversity status is mainly due to the wide distribution of two dominating tree species of Dalbergia sissoo and Melia azederach. Similarly, Tree species biodiversity in the farm land has been found affected by the socioeconomic situation of the area. Further study is suggested by involving more socioeconomic factors and covering a large sample size and time of study. Key words: Farmland, Forest, Homegarden, Nepal, Species Diversity, Species Richness, Trees. doi: 10.3126/banko.v18i1.2160 Banko Janakari, Vol. 18, No. 1, 3-10
Altitudinally coordinated pattern of plant community structure in the Shivapuri National Park, Nepal
Authors: Sigdel Shalik Ram
Published: August 2009

Study on plant community structure was undertaken in different altitudinal ranges of Shivapuri National Park. The general objective of this study is to analyse different plant community structure in Shivapuri National Park with regards to altitudinal variation. The forest was divided into three distinct altitudinal ranges on the basis of dominancy. In each altitudinal range standard quadrats method was applied for vegetation analysis. The highest number of species was found in site II. All the ecological parameters of the plant species were higher in site II except Basal Area of tree that was highest in site III. The pattern of distribution of plant species was not uniform according to altitude. At higher elevation, the forest was mature with almost closed canopy and trees were large; so the tree density was low. Species richness was highest in site II. Species diversity among tree and shrub species was higher in site I. But for herb species diversity was higher in site II for both seasons. Such type of variations may be due to nature of soil i.e. acidity, nutrient availability and other micro-climatic factors. The most noteworthy thing was that variation in flower colour of Rhododendron arboreum i.e. deep scarlet at low altitude, but it gradually changed into pinkish white as altitude increased. Key words: Altitude, Density, Plant community, Species diversity doi: 10.3126/banko.v18i1.2161 Banko Janakari, Vol. 18, No. 1, 11-17
Conflict management strategy adopted in community forestry of Nepal: a study of four community forests in midwestern region
Authors: Acharya GR , Yasmi Y
Published: August 2009

This study focuses on two types of conflicts in Community Forest User Group (CFUG): conflict between User Group Committee (UGC) and user, conflict among users. Users were found impaired from the UGC decisions and their pattern of benefit sharing. Conflict also existed among users. Major strategies adopted to manage conflict were found to be either avoiding or forcing; but avoiding is the most widely used strategy. Moreover compromising and accommodating were found less frequently compared to forcing and collaborating that were rarely used. This study challenges the common perception that community forestry of Nepal is successful in managing its conflict. The findings of this study do not support this claim because collaborating strategy has rarely been used in Community Forest (CF) conflict management. In contrast, this study shows that avoiding and forcing were more commonly used. The greater application of avoiding and forcing strategy in conflict management indicates that CF is still lagging in realizing the best possible option of collaborating. This finding also challenges the effectiveness of the existing conflict management mechanism in CF. This study also suggests collaborating strategy as a better option for managing conflict. On the other hand, this study also reveals that CF is not benefiting the poor of the community. Though, many scholars trumpet CF as a successful programme in Nepal, this study points out that CF has not yet been able to manage its conflicts in a more constructive way. The study also pinpoints short comings of existing conflict management strategies that could be addressed to improve its performance in the days to come. Key words: Benefit sharing, community forestry, conflict, strategy   doi: 10.3126/banko.v18i2.2172 Banko Janakari, Vol. 18, No. 2, 44-52
Epiphytic orchids of Nepal
Authors: Ghimire M
Published: August 2009

This paper includes a list of 207 species of epiphytic orchids from Nepal that belong to 49 genera including 5 endemic species (Bulbophyllum ambrosia, Eria baniai, E. nepalensis, Oberonia nepalensis and Pleione coronaria). Phytogeographical distribution along with altitudinal ranges of all of these epiphytic species, phenology of flowering of 199 species and host plant(s) of 148 species have been reported herewith. The aim of this paper is to assess the distribution patterns, host-epiphyte relationship and phenology of flowering of Nepalese epiphytic orchids. Key words: Epiphytic orchids, host range, phenology, Nepal   doi: 10.3126/banko.v18i2.2173 Banko Janakari, Vol. 18, No. 2, 53-63
Consumption Pattern of Timber and Fuelwood in Community Forests: a case study from Sindhupalchok District
Authors: Lamichhane D
Published: August 2009

The study was carried out in four community forest user groups (CFUGs) of Sindhupalchok district of Nepal with a view to find out the consumption pattern of forest products especially timber and fuelwood from the community forests (CFs). A set of structured questionnaires was used to collect data from the respondents of the selected CFUGs. Four CFUGs were randomly selected from among those meeting the predetermined criteria such as: more than 5 years old, regularly harvesting timber and fuelwood, and active in forest management. With a 20% sampling intensity, 103 respondents were identified from the groups for household visit and personal interview. Records of forest product distribution together with a checklist of secondary data were obtained from the District Forestry Office (DFO) and the CFUG records. This data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Results indicated that there was no significant difference in the use of timber and fuelwood among the users. Similarly, there was no correlation between the number of livestock and use of firewood. However, there was a strong relationship between the number of livestock and fodder trees on their farmland. There was a higher demand for fuelwood than timber but the pine-dominant community forests were found to be producing more timber, thereby creating a big gap between the demand and supply of firewood. However, the supply of timber was comparatively consistent with demand. Keywords: Community forest user group, demand and supply, farmland, fuelwood, timber   doi: 10.3126/banko.v19i1.2179 Banko Janakari, Vol. 19, No. 1, 23-28
Is There Any Correlation between Insulin Resistance and Nitrate Plasma Concentration in White Coat Hypertensive Patients?
Authors: Marchi-Alves Leila Maria , Carnio Evelin Capellari
Published: August 2009

We evaluated a relationship between nitric oxide plasma correlation and insulin resistance in white coat hypertensive patients. Patients were screened for white coat hypertension using an ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. The homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was used to assess insulin resistance, and plasma nitrate concentrations were determined by chemiluminescence. The HOMA-IR was significantly higher in hypertensive (3.84 0.62) when compared to white coat (2.11 0.36) and normotensive (1.40 0.21). We found no correlation between HOMA-IR and plasma nitrate levels in all three groups. We suggest that the more important issue for these patients is to focus on the metabolic abnormalities where lifestyle interventions such as weight control and exercise have proven effective.