bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DERIVING TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS FROM EVIDENCE WITHIN RANDOMIZED TRIALS The Role and Limitation of Meta-Analysis
Authors: Freemantle Nick , Mason James , Eccles Martin
Published: September 2019

Meta-analysis is commonly used in reviews of the effectiveness of medical
technologies, but this approach has not been used in direct support of
guidelines development groups. This paper describes the approach of the North
of England Guidelines Development Project in describing the evidence using
meta-analyses that were conducted explicitly to address questions on the
choice of therapy raised by the guidelines development groups. Particular
emphasis is placed on the context within which the contributing trials were
conducted and the extent to which systematic differences between trials
(heterogeneity) was observed, described, and explained. There is a trade-off
between internal and external validity for different metrics when presenting
the results of trials. More interpretable metrics, such as risk differences or
weighted mean differences, are confounded by study design issues and strong
assumptions. More robust measures such as odds ratios or standardized weighted
mean differences are difficult to interpret physically. Individual patient
data may prove particularly helpful in addressing pivotal questions on the
magnitude of effects of interventions, though accessing and reanalyzing these
data requires a substantial investment in time and other resources.
METHODS TO ESTIMATE AND ANALYZE MEDICAL CARE RESOURCE USE
Authors: Katz Patricia P. , Showstack Jonathan A. , Lake John R. , Brown, Jr. Robert S. , Dudley R. Adams , Colwell M. Esther , Wiesner Russell H. , Zetterman Rowen K. , Everhart James
Published: September 2019

This paper describes a method to construct a standardized health care
resource use database. Billing and clinical data were analyzed for 916
patients who received liver transplantations at three medical centers over a
4-year period. Data were checked for completeness by assessing whether each
patient's bill included charges covering specified dates and for specific
services, and for accuracy by comparing a sample of bills to medical records.
Detailed services were matched to a standardized service list from one of the
centers, and a single price list was applied. For certain services, clinical
data were used to estimate service use or, if a match was not possible,
adjusted charges for the services were used. Twenty-three patients were
eliminated from the database because of incomplete resource use data. There
was very good correspondence between bills and medical records, except for
blood products. Direct matches to the standardized service list accounted for
69.3% of services overall; 9.4% of services could not be matched to the
standardized service list and were thus adjusted for center and/or time
period. Clinical data were used to estimate resource use for blood products,
operating room time, and medications; these estimations accounted for 21.3% of
services overall.

A database can be constructed that allows comparison of standardized
resource use and avoids biases due to accounting, geographic, or temporal
factors. Clinical data are essential for the creation of such a database. The
methods described are particularly useful in studies of the cost-effectiveness
of medical technologies.
WHICH FACTORS DETERMINE THE USE OF DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR
GASTROINTESTINAL COMPLAINTS IN GENERAL MEDICAL PRACTICE?
Authors: Busse Reinhard , Hoopmann Michael , Schwartz Friedrich Wilhelm
Published: September 2019

Objective: Even though gastrointestinal complaints are among the
most frequent reasons to contact general medical practioners, little is known
about the actual care of these patients, especially the use of diagnostic
imaging technologies.

Methods: In a network of 57 family practitioners and 29 general
internists in Lower Saxony, Germany, 1,217 contacts with patients with
gastrointestinal diseases (16%, gastritis; 12%, gastroenteritis; 6%,
cholelithiasis; 5% each, ulcus ventriculi and duodeni, and 14%, no final
diagnosis) were documented. The effects of patient and physician/practice
side factors on the use of ultrasonography and radiography were modeled using
multivariate logistic regression.

Results: For ultrasonography, diagnosis and ownership of an
ultrasound unit (odds ratio [OR] = 3.33) were highly significant
predictors (p < .0001), followed by unknown diagnosis at beginning
of contact (OR = 1.92; p = .0019), physician specialty (OR for
internists = 1.89; p = .0025), and severity (p = .0085). For
radiography, ownership of an ultrasound unit was the most significant factor
(OR = 0.34; p < .0001), followed by severity (p <
.0009), ownership of x-ray apparatus (OR = 2.56; p = .0025),
physician specialty (OR for internists = 1.98; p = .0358), and
unknown diagnosis at beginning of contact (OR = 1.79; p = .0451). Not
significant were age and sex of patient and diagnosis for radiography.

Conclusions: Physicians use diagnostic imaging technologies for
patients with gastrointestinal complaints according to severity and knowledge
about the diagnosis, but ownership of technology is the most predictive
factor.
POPULATION-BASED AND OPPORTUNISTIC SCREENING AND ERADICATION OF
HELICOBACTER PYLORI
Authors: Mason James M. , Moayyedi Paul , Young Philip J. , Duffett Sara , Crocombe Will , Drummond Michael F. , Axon Anthony T. R. ,   For the Leeds H. pylori Study Group
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To examine whether screening and eradication of
Helicobacter pylori by population-based invitation or opportunistic
screening by general practitioners reduces costs to the National Health
Service (NHS) of treating dyspepsia.

Methods: A limited dependent, variable, two-step regression
analysis was used to explore the baseline annual health care costs of
dyspepsia for men and women aged 40–49 enrolled in the Leeds H.
pylori screening and eradication trial.

Results: Epidemiological and clinical questionnaires, general
practitioner notes, and 13C urea breath test results were available
for 4,754 individuals. After adjusting for covariates, H. pylori was
associated with a 6.7% increased probability of incurring
gastrointestinal-related NHS costs (p < .0001) in the population
aged 40-49. Additionally, H pylori increased average costs in those
who seek medical care (p = .001). In consequence, H. pylori
is associated with an average increased cost to the NHS of £0.30 per
year (95% CI: £0.17 to £0.45) per adult aged 40–49. In those
consulting for dyspepsia, the increased cost to the NHS was £1.04 per
year (95% CI: £0.42 to £1.75) per patient. The cost of population
screening and treatment would not be recovered in reduced dyspepsia costs in
the lifetime of those screened. Assuming laboratory-based serology screening
is used opportunistically in patients presenting with dyspepsia, it is
estimated that costs would be recouped in 18 years.

Conclusions: This observational data set suggests that the costs
of screening and treatment in all individuals aged 40–49 or in those
presenting in primary care with dyspeptic symptoms are unlikely to be
attractive on the basis of cost savings alone.
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND POLICY DECISIONS ON HYPERBARIC OXYGEN
TREATMENT
Authors: Mitton Craig , Hailey David
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To provide information to health authorities and
others on the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) and the
impact on health services should an additional HBOT facility be established in
the provincial health care system.

Methods: A literature review on the clinical use of HBOT was
conducted, drawing on MEDLINE, EMBASE, and HealthSTAR. For each of 13
conditions, the effectiveness of HBOT was assessed, with reference to a widely
used classification of level of evidence. Cost implications were considered
for each condition for which there was sufficient evidence of effectiveness.
The perspective was that of the payer.

Results: Good evidence of effectiveness exists for HBOT for four
conditions and HBOT is established as the clinical standard of care for two
others. Available evidence did not support the routine use of HBOT for a
further seven indications. An additional 59–87 patients per year would
be eligible for HBOT if a second facility were established in the province.
Improvement in quality of life could be expected for 30–60 persons per
year. A new facility would result in identified additional annual expenditure
of $108,000. Capital costs could exceed $600,000.

Conclusions: On the basis of the available evidence on benefits
and costs to routine health care, there did not seem to be a particularly
strong case for establishing a second HBOT center in the province. Following
the assessment, the health authority made a decision not to provide funding
for this additional service.
WOUND INFECTION IN OPEN VERSUS LAPAROSCOPIC APPENDECTOMY
Authors: Meynaud-Kraemer Laure , Colin Cyrille , Vergnon Patrick , Barth Xavier
Published: September 2019

The authors performed a meta-analysis to determine whether open or
laparoscopic appendectomy would reduce wound infection incidence in adult
patients with acute appendicitis. The meta-analysis included nine of seven
patients from eight randomized controlled trials. Data were analyzed using the
fixed effect-model method of Mantel-Haenszel. Wound infection incidence was
lower in the laparoscopic group.
PROBABILISTIC SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS IN COST-EFFECTIVENESS
Authors: Whang William , Sisk Jane E. , Heitjan Daniel F. , Moskowitz Alan J.
Published: September 2019

Objectives: We explore the policy implications of probabilistic
sensitivity analysis in cost-effectiveness analysis by applying simulation
methods to a decision model.

Methods: We present the multiway sensitivity analysis results of a
study of the cost-effectiveness of vaccination against pneumococcal bacteremia
in the elderly. We then execute a probabilistic sensitivity analysis of the
cost-effectiveness ratio by specifying posterior distributions for the
uncertain parameters in our decision analysis model. In order to estimate
probability intervals, we rank the numerical values of the simulated
incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) to take into account preferences
along the cost-effectiveness plane.

Results: The 95% probability intervals for the ICER were generally
much narrower than the difference between the best case and worst case results
from a multiway sensitivity analysis. Although the multiway sensitivity
analysis had indicated that, in the worst case, vaccination in the 85 and
older age group was not acceptable from a policy standpoint, probabilistic
methods indicated that the cost-effectiveness of vaccination was below $50,000
per quality-adjusted life-year in greater than 92% of the simulations and
below $100,000 in greater than 95% of the simulations.

Conclusions: Probabilistic methods can supplement multiway
sensitivity analyses to provide a more comprehensive picture of the
uncertainty associated with cost-effectiveness ratios and thereby inform
policy decisions.
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND CLINICAL DECISION MAKING:
Authors: Granados Alicia
Published: September 2019

This paper examines the rationality of the concepts underlying evidence—based medicineand health technology assessment (HTA), which are part of a new current aimed at promoting the use of the results of scientific studies for decision making in health care. It describes the different approaches and purposes of this worldwide movement, in relation to clinical decision making, through a summarized set of specific HTA case studies from Catalonia, Spain. The examples illustrate how the systematic process of HTA can help in several types of uncertainties related to clinical decision making.
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND THE REGULATION OF MEDICAL DEVICES AND
PROCEDURES IN QUEBEC
Authors: Battista Renaldo N. , Lance Jean-Marie , Lehoux Pascale , Régnier Guy
Published: September 2019

In this paper, we discuss the complex relationship between health
technology assessment (HTA) and the regulation of medical devices and
procedures. The relationship is first examined through a conceptual framework
describing the itinerary from research to three levels of policy making: micro
(standards of medical practice), meso (institutional rules), and macro (health
policies). Four reports from the Quebec Health Technology Assessment Council
(CÉTS) are used to illustrate how HTA activities can influence the
regulatory mechanisms operating at each decision-making level. We then discuss
the skillful balancing act required from HTA agencies to constantly negotiate
the right distance from the regulatory process at which to operate. We propose
that HTA agencies should not be incorporated into any regulatory, auditing, or
monitoring process. Finally, the relationship between health technology
assessment and health care reform is discussed. It is suggested that HTA
activities will contribute most during the data-driven preparation and
consolidation phases of a reform process. The fast pace of events and the
political turmoil characteristic of the implementation phase provide a less
receptive environment for HTA contributions.
UNCERTAINTY OF INCREMENTAL COST-EFFECTIVENESS RATIOS
Authors: Severens Johan L. , De Boo Theo M. , Konst Emmy M.
Published: September 2019

Objective: To compare different methods to estimate the confidence
interval of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER).

Methods: The adequacy of Fieller intervals and three methods for
calculating bootstrap intervals are compared based on a simulation of 10,000
trials, using data from one trial.

Results: Both Fieller and bootstrap methods lead to unsatisfactory
results when the difference in effectiveness is approximately zero. Where this
difference is significant, the four methods for calculating confidence
intervals for ICER do not give very different results, but Fieller's
interval performs best.

Conclusions: Since Fieller's confidence limits are relatively
easy to compute compared with bootstrap simulations, we recommend using this
method.
LIKELIHOOD-BASED INFERENCE IN TRENDING TIME SERIES WITH A
ROOT NEAR UNITY
Authors: Xiao Zhijie
Published: September 2019

This paper studies likelihood-based estimation and tests for
autoregressive time series models with deterministic trends and
general disturbance distributions. In particular, a joint estimation
of the trend coefficients and the autoregressive parameter is
considered. Asymptotic analysis on the M-estimators is
provided. It is shown that the limiting distributions of these
estimators involve nonlinear equation systems of Brownian motions
even for the simple case of least squares regression. Unit root
tests based on M-estimation are also considered, and
extensions of the Neyman–Pearson test are studied. The finite
sample performance of these estimators and testing procedures is
examined by Monte Carlo experiments.
ECONOMETRIC SOCIETY INTENSIVE WORKSHOP FOR YOUNG SCHOLARS
Authors: Oxley Les , Phillips Peter C. B.
Published: September 2019

This inaugural Workshop for Young Scholars was arranged
under the auspices of and with financial support from the
Econometric Society and the Econometric Society Australasian
Standing Committee (ESASC). Twenty-five scholars met for two
days in Hamilton, New Zealand immediately following the Econometric
Society Australasian Meeting which was held in Auckland over
July 6–8. (A report by Les Oxley on these Econometric
Society Meetings, entitled “2001 Econometric Society
Australasian Meeting: Auckland,” will appear in the
Journal of Economic Surveys (2001), vol. 15.) The Waikato
Young Scholars Workshop represented the culmination of 18 months
of planning and organization following an initiative from the
Executive of the Econometric Society to encourage special projects
by regional committees.
WAITING TIMES AT PERIODICALLY SWITCHED ONE-WAY TRAFFIC LANES
Authors: van der Heijden Matthieu , van Harten Aart , Ebben Mark
Published: September 2019

We study vehicle waiting times at a traffic lane that is shared
by traffic from two directions. In contrast to crossovers, we
focus on instances where the vehicle passing time of the shared
infrastructure can be large. The motivation for this model arises
from our research on underground transportation systems. We
examine vehicle waiting times under periodic control
rules (i.e., the driving direction on the infrastructure is
switched between two directions according to a fixed time
schedule). We analyze both symmetric and asymmetric systems
(i.e., vehicle arrival rates as well as effective green and
red periods may be different for both directions). In fact,
we are dealing with a single server, two-queue polling system
with random setup times and periodic (nonexhaustive) service
discipline. We develop approximations for the mean waiting time
and we show by comparison to simulation results that the accuracy
is usually in the range of 1–2% for Poisson arrivals.
Also, we indicate how our approximations can be generalized
to compound Poisson arrivals.
PATHS IN THE SIMPLE RANDOM GRAPH AND THE WAXMAN GRAPH
Authors: Van Mieghem Piet
Published: September 2019

The Waxman graphs are frequently chosen in simulations as
topologies resembling communications networks. For the Waxman
graphs, we present analytic, exact expressions for the link density
(average number of links) and the average number of paths between two
nodes. These results show the similarity of Waxman graphs to the simpler
class G>p(N). The first result
enables one to compare simulations performed on the Waxman graph with
those on other graphs with same link density. The average number of paths
in Waxman graphs can be useful to dimension (or estimate) routing paths
in networks. Although higher-order moments of the number of paths in
Gp(N) are difficult to compute
analytically, the probability distribution of the hopcount of a path
between two arbitrary nodes seems well approximated by a Poisson law.
THE ROLE OF THE FIRST LANGUAGE IN SECOND LANGUAGE READING
Authors: Upton Thomas A. , Lee-Thompson Li-Chun
Published: September 2019

Reading in a second language (L2) is not a monolingual event; L2 readers have access to their
first language (L1) as they read, and many use it as a strategy to help comprehend an L2 text.
Owing to difficulties in observing the comprehension process, little research has been conducted
to determine what role the L1 plays in the reading strategies of L2 readers. Using think-aloud
protocols and retrospective interviews with 20 native speakers of Chinese and Japanese at three
levels of language proficiency studying in the United States, this study explores further the
question of when L2 readers use their L1 cognitive resources and how this cognitive use of the L1
helps them comprehend an L2 text. We conclude by suggesting that the results support a
sociocultural view of the L2 reading process.
STORYTELLING AND CONVERSATION: DISCOURSE IN DEAF
COMMUNITIES.Elizabeth Winston (Ed.). Washington, DC: Gallaudet
University Press, 1999. Pp. x + 240. $55.00 cloth.
Authors: Monikowski Christine
Published: September 2019

In this latest volume of the Sociolinguistics in Deaf Communities Series, Winston has included
not only discourse analysis of American Sign Language (ASL) but also of sign languages native to
Bali, Italy, and England. She offers a fascinating look at the “intricate discourse patterns
that have evolved in different languages” (p. ix). Her work should be required reading for
all teachers of sign language as well as teachers of interpreters. This book will also appeal to
sociolinguists; language use in the community is clearly the overriding theme.
Crystal structure of cloxacillin sodium monohydrate, C19H17ClN3O5SNa(H2O)
Authors: Kaduk James A. , Gindhart Amy M. , Blanton Thomas N.
Published: September 2019

The crystal structure of cloxacillin sodium monohydrate has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data and optimized using density functional techniques. Cloxacillin sodium monohydrate crystallizes in space group P212121 (#19) with a = 7.989 36(12), b = 10.918 09(10), c = 25.559 3(6) Å, V = 2229.50(5) Å3, and Z = 4. The crystal structure is characterized by corner-sharing chains of irregular NaO5 polyhedra along the a-axis. The carboxylate group chelates to the Na and bridges two Na cations. The coordination sphere is completed by the water molecule and a carbonyl group. The Na–O bonds are mostly ionic but have some covalent character. The bond valence sum of the Na is 1.14. The water molecule acts as a donor to the carboxylate group and a carbonyl oxygen. It is an acceptor in C–H⋯O hydrogen bonds from a methyl group and a ring carbon. The crystal structure of cloxacillin sodium monohydrate is very similar to that of the fluorinated derivative (CSD Refcode BEBCAM), reflecting the similarity of the lattice parameters. The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™.
Process configuration: Combining the principles of product
configuration and process planning
Authors: SCHIERHOLT KARSTEN
Published: September 2019

Product configuration is the process of generating a product
variant from a previously defined product family model and
additional product specifications for this variant. The process
of finding and sequencing the relevant operations for manufacturing
this product is called process planning. This article combines
the two principles in a new concept of process configuration
that solves the process planning task using product configuration
methods. The second section develops characteristics for two
process configuration concepts, the interactive process
configuration and the automation-based process configuration.
Following an overview of the implementation of a process
configuration system, the results of a case study in the aluminum
rolling industry are presented. The main benefits of the process
configuration concept are observed in a reduced
knowledge-maintenance effort and in increased problem-solving
speed.
Experimental design of supervisory control functions based
on multilayer perceptrons
Authors: KUKOLJ DRAGAN D. , BERKO-PUSIC MIROSLAVA T. , ATLAGIC BRANISLAV
Published: September 2019

This article presents the results of research concerning
possibilities of applying multilayer perceptron type of neural
network for fault diagnosis, state estimation, and prediction
in the gas pipeline transmission network. The influence of several
factors on accuracy of the multilayer perceptron was considered.
The emphasis was put on the multilayer perceptrons' function
as a state estimator. The choice of the most informative features,
the amount and sampling period of training data sets, as well
as different configurations of multilayer perceptrons were analyzed.
Looting and Smuggling of Artifacts as a Strategy to Finance Terrorism Global Sanctions as a Disruptive and Preventive Tool
Authors: Schindler Hans-Jakob , Gautier Frederique
Published: September 2019

In recent years, the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)1 as well as several Al-Qaida affiliates have used the systematic and large-scale looting of antiquities as one of their income streams. Due to the large-scale and organized looting activities of these groups, in particular, in Iraq and the Syrian Arab Republic, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), following various reports and recommendations by the ISIL, Al-Qaida and Taliban Monitoring Team has adopted a range of measures, chiefly among them the landmark UNSC Resolution 2347 (2017) to counter this threat. These measures demand that both member states’ regulators as well as private sector stakeholders take specific action to ensure that the art and antiquity trading industry is capable of defending itself against the misuse of their services to finance terrorism. This article outlines the various challenges member states and private industry are facing in this regard and explains how the various new UNSC provisions, including the measures outlined in UNSC Resolution 2347 (2017), could be employed effectively to counter this threat.
Analysis of Japanese encephalitis epidemic in western Nepal in 1997
Authors: AKIBA T. , OSAKA K. , TANG S. , NAKAYAMA M. , YAMAMOTO A. , KURANE I. , OKABE N. , UMENAI T.
Published: September 2019

We conducted an epidemiological study of a Japanese encephalitis (JE) outbreak in the
southwestern part of Nepal in 1997. A high density of JE infections was found and it was
estimated that 27·9% the total population were infected with JE virus in the study area. The
fatality rate was 13·2% and there was no difference in the fatality rate between males and
females over 5 years old. However, the case fatality rate was 2·1 times higher in females than
in males (14·6% vs. 6·9%) among children under 5 years of age. Fifty-three blood samples
were collected from suspected JE cases during the epidemic period in 1998. Findings for JE
specific IgM revealed that clinical diagnoses of JE were serologically confirmed in an average
78% (70–93%) of patients in three collaborating hospitals. These studies demonstrated that JE
was highly prevalent in the area and clinical diagnoses were reliable. Effective preventive
measures should be taken against this vaccine-preventable disease.
Child maltreatment and the early onset of problem behaviors: Can a program of nurse home
visitation break the link?
Authors: ECKENRODE JOHN , ZIELINSKI DAVID , SMITH ELLIOTT , MARCYNYSZYN LYSCHA A. , HENDERSON, JR. CHARLES R. , KITZMAN HARRIET , COLE ROBERT , POWERS JANE , OLDS DAVID L.
Published: September 2019

This study investigated the relationship between child maltreatment and the early onset of
problem behaviors in the Elmira Nurse Home Visitation Program. Participants were
predominantly low-income and unmarried mothers and their first-born children who were
randomized either to receive over 2 years of home-visitation services by nurses or to be placed in
a comparison group. Data were drawn from a follow-up study that took place when the children
were 15 years of age. Results demonstrated that, in the comparison group, child maltreatment was
associated with significant increases in the number of early onset problem behaviors reported by
the youth. For the youth in the nurse-visited group there was no relationship between
maltreatment and early onset problem behaviors. We suggest that this finding was due to the
effects of the intervention in reducing the number as well as the developmental timing of the
maltreatment incidents. Results suggest that prenatal and infancy home visiting by nurses can
moderate the risk of child maltreatment as a predictor of conduct problems and antisocial
behavior among children and youth born into at-risk families.
Pathways from child maltreatment to internalizing problems: Perceptions of control as
mediators and moderators
Authors: BOLGER KERRY E. , PATTERSON CHARLOTTE J.
Published: September 2019

Using a prospective longitudinal design, we examined internalizing problems and perceptions
of control in a community sample of 785 children, 59 of whom had been maltreated.
Children's internalizing problems and perceptions of control were measured via self-report
at annual assessments in third grade through seventh grade (modal ages 9–13 years).
Children's experiences of multiple types of maltreatment were rated based on social service
records, using a standard coding system. Results of longitudinal analyses examining the roles of
specific types of maltreatment (neglect, harsh parenting, and sexual abuse) revealed that neglect
and sexual abuse were each associated with more internalizing problems, especially among
children who experienced both these maltreatment types. Neglected children reported higher
levels of perceived external control than other children did. Sexual abuse was associated with
higher levels of perceived external control, but only among children who had also been neglected.
Results of mediation analyses showed that higher levels of perceived external control accounted
substantially for associations between specific maltreatment types and children's
internalizing problems. Results of moderator analyses revealed that, among maltreated children,
greater perceived internal control predicted fewer internalizing problems, suggesting that
perceived internal control functioned as a protective factor. Children maltreated early in life were
less likely to have this protective characteristic. Results are discussed in terms of their implications
for understanding the developmental consequences of specific and co-occurring types of
maltreatment.
Establishment: Some Theological Considerations
Authors: Brown Malcolm
Published: September 2019

Liberal modernity and its associated individualism have created conditions in which a case for an established Church appears to contradict all the principles of social diversity. But the characteristic mechanisms of liberal modernity for managing difference – the ballot and the market – have proved inadequate to prevent social divisions from deepening, as the national argument about Brexit demonstrates. Despite the Church of England's lack of a confident narrative of establishment and the tendency to evaluate establishment on pragmatic grounds, this article proposes that a robust theological defence of establishment can be made in terms of both Anglican ecclesiology and a theology of power and authority in which the highest sources of authority are those with the least power. Whether the Church of England is able to regain confidence in such a theology of establishment and rise to the challenge of generating a unifying national narrative of identity post-Brexit, is left as an open question.
A similarity solution for viscous source flow on a

vertical plane
Authors: DUFFY B. R. , MOFFATT H. K.
Published: September 2019

A thin-film approximation is used in an analysis

of the flow of a thin trickle of viscous fluid

down a near-vertical plane. An approximate similarity

solution is obtained, representing

essentially a source (or sink) flow. Several interpretations

of the solution are discussed.
A three-dimensional Boltzmann-like model of outgassing
and contamination
Authors: BELLENI-MORANTE A. , BUSONI G.
Published: September 2019

We consider a Boltzmann-like model of outgassing and contamination
in a three-dimensional region V=
V1∪V2∪V3.
V1 is the region where the contaminant particles are
produced, and V2
is the region where such particles migrate and interact with some inert gas.
V3 is where
contamination takes place because of the particles emanating from
V2. In each of the three
regions, the behaviour of the contaminant particles is represented by means
of a Boltzmann-like equation. We show that such a problem has a unique positive
strict solution, belonging to a suitable L1
Banach space X. Finally, a system of ordinary differential equations
is derived which gives the evolution of the total number of contaminant
particles in each of the three regions.
On the Lawrence–Doniach model for layered superconductors
Authors: CHEN ZHIMING , HOFFMANN K.-H. , JIANG LISHANG
Published: September 2019

The Lawrence–Doniach model for superconducting

layered compounds in which the

Ginzburg–Landau order parameters in adjacent layers are coupled

by Josephson tunneling is

considered. The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the time-dependent

Ginzburg–Landau model is the limit of the Lawrence–Doniach

model as the layer spacing goes to zero.
Fibre-streamline flows of fibre-reinforced viscous fluids
Authors: SPENCER A. J. M.
Published: September 2019

An ideal fibre-reinforced fluid is incompressible and

inextensible along a family of material

curves that are convected with the fluid. It is a model for continuous
fibre-resin

systems in the

fluid state in which forming processes take place. Like liquid crystals,

these fluids have strong

directional properties. The kinematic and constitutive theory of ideal

fibre-reinforced fluids is

described, with particular reference to plane flows. The class of flows
in which

the fibres are

aligned along the streamlines is considered, and an explanation is given

for the observed prevalence of this class of flows.
On the minimizers of the Ginzburg–Landau energy for

high kappa: the one-dimensional case
Authors: AFTALION AMANDINE
Published: September 2019

The Ginzburg–Landau model for superconductivity is

examined in the one-dimensional case.

First, putting the Ginzburg–Landau parameter κ formally

equal to infinity, the existence of a

minimizer of this reduced Ginzburg–Landau energy is proved. Then

asymptotic behaviour for

large κ of minimizers of the full Ginzburg–Landau energy is

analysed and different convergence

results are obtained, according to the exterior magnetic field.

Numerical computations illustrate the various behaviours.
Switching and induced flow effects in chiral
smectic C liquid crystals
Authors: BLAKE GEORGE I. , LESLIE FRANK M. , TOWLER MIKE J.
Published: September 2019

We consider a chiral smectic C liquid crystal confined
between parallel plates in the bookshelf
geometry. Using a recently proposed continuum theory for such materials
the behaviour of the
cell is discussed when an electric field is applied and subsequently
removed from the cell. We
examine both symmetric and asymmetric boundary conditions for the director.
A continuum theory for smectic liquid crystals

allowing layer dilation and compression
Authors: McKAY G. , LESLIE F. M.
Published: September 2019

We present a continuum theory for smectic liquid crystals

which allows variable molecular tilt

and layer spacing by relating the two. This compressible theory is employed

to predict the effect

of ‘homeotropic’ type ordering at the plates on a planar Sm
C sample.

Such a boundary

condition induces dilation of individual Sm C layers near the bounding
plates.
On nematic surface energies
Authors: FAETTI SANDRO , VIRGA EPIFANIO G.
Published: September 2019

We review the main outcomes of a continuum theory for the

equilibrium of the interface

between a nematic liquid crystal and an isotropic environment, in which

the surface free energy

density bears terms linear in the principal curvatures of the interface.

Such geometric

contributions to the energy occur together with more conventional elastic

contribution, leading

to an effective azimuthal anchoring of the optic axis, which breaks
the

isotropic symmetry of the

interface. The theory assumes the interface to be fixed, as for
a

rigid cavity filled with liquid

crystal, and so it does not apply to drops. It should be appropriate when

the curvatures of the

interface are small compared to that of the molecular interaction sphere.

Also, interfaces

bearing a sharp edge are encompassed within the theory; a line integral

expresses the energy

condensed along the edge: we see how it affects the equilibrium equations.
Dissipation, surface energy and defects
Authors: CALDERER M. CARME
Published: September 2019

A model for Poiseuille flow of nematic liquid crystals is

examined where a layered structure of

defects parallel to the flow is present. Constant gradient flows are

discussed, together with

symmetric and chevron configurations for such flow problems.
Forms/3: A first-order visual language to explore the boundaries of the spreadsheet paradigm
Authors: BURNETT MARGARET , ATWOOD JOHN , WALPOLE DJANG REBECCA , REICHWEIN JAMES , GOTTFRIED HERKIMER , YANG SHERRY
Published: September 2019

Although detractors of functional programming sometimes claim that functional programming
is too difficult or counter-intuitive for most programmers to understand and use, evidence
to the contrary can be found by looking at the popularity of spreadsheets. The spreadsheet
paradigm, a first-order subset of the functional programming paradigm, has found wide
acceptance among both programmers and end users. Still, there are many limitations with
most spreadsheet systems. In this paper, we discuss language features that eliminate several
of these limitations without deviating from the first-order, declarative evaluation model.
The language used to illustrate these features is a research language called Forms/3. Using
Forms/3, we show that procedural abstraction, data abstraction and graphics output can be
supported in the spreadsheet paradigm. We show that, with the addition of a simple model of
time, animated output and GUI I/O also become viable. To demonstrate generality, we also
present an animated Turing machine simulator programmed using these features. Throughout
the paper, we combine our discussion of the programming language characteristics with
how the language features prototyped in Forms/3 relate to what is known about human
effectiveness in programming.
From Moscow to Vichy: Three Working-Class Militants and the French Communist Party, 1920–1940
Authors: McMeekin Sean
Published: September 2019

‘From Moscow to Vichy’ chronicles the political trajectory of Jules Teulade, Albert Vassart and Henri Barbé, three French labour militants of modest origins who were rapidly whisked into the top ranks of the French Communist Party (PCF) in the early 1920s, but later fell out of favour with Moscow just as the PCF entered its halycon years in the mid-to-late 1930s. Each of them, though for different reasons, turned against their former Russian patrons so violently that political participation in the ‘anti-Communist’ Vichy regime became thinkable. An examination of their unpublished memoirs – long ignored by Gaullist and communist historians, to whom the recollections of ex-Communist Vichy ‘collaborators’ gave little comfort – reveals both the powerful allure the Russian Revolution had for its earliest devotees, and the profound disillusionment that could result for working-class Communists who saw their faith in Moscow betrayed. In their stories, and those of others like them, we can discern something of the devastating fallout of Moscow's invasion of French politics between the two world wars.
Recent Literature on the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941–1945
Authors: Hill Alexander
Published: September 2019

Anthony Beevor, Stalingrad (London: Viking, 1998), 512 pp., £25.00, ISBN 0-670-87095-1. David Glanz, ed., The Initial Period of the War on the Eastern Front 22 June–August 1941 (London: Frank Cass, 1993, reprinted 1997), 511 pp., £22.50, ISBN 0-714-64298-3. David Glanz and Jonathan House, When Titans Clashed – How the Red Army Stopped Hitler (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1995), 414 pp., £14.50, ISBN 0-700-60899-0. Leonid Grenkevich, The Soviet Partisan Movement 1941–1944 (London: Frank Cass, 1999), 368 pp., £17.50, ISBN 0-714-64428-5. Mark Harrison, Accounting for war – Soviet production, employment and the defence burden, 1940-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 338 pp., £40.00, ISBN 0-521-48265-8. Richard Overy, Russia's War (London: Penguin, 1997), 394 pp., £20.00, ISBN 0-713-99223-9. V. A. Zolotarev et al., Velikaia Otechestvennaia voina 1941–1945. Kniga 1 – Surovie ispitaniia (Moscow: Nauka, 1998), 542 pp., ISBN 5-020-10136-2. V. A. Zolotarev et al., Velikaia Otechestvennaia voina 1941–1945. Kniga 2 – Perelom (Moscow: Nauka, 1998), 499 pp., ISBN 5-020-09736-5.
Neuroprosthetic Speech: The Ethical Significance of Accuracy, Control and Pragmatics
Authors: RAINEY STEPHEN , MASLEN HANNAH , MÉGEVAND PIERRE , ARNAL LUC H. , FOURNERET ERIC , YVERT BLAISE
Published: September 2019

Neuroprosthetic speech devices are an emerging technology that can offer the possibility of communication to those who are unable to speak. Patients with ‘locked in syndrome,’ aphasia, or other such pathologies can use covert speech—vividly imagining saying something without actual vocalization—to trigger neural controlled systems capable of synthesizing the speech they would have spoken, but for their impairment.

We provide an analysis of the mechanisms and outputs involved in speech mediated by neuroprosthetic devices. This analysis provides a framework for accounting for the ethical significance of accuracy, control, and pragmatic dimensions of prosthesis-mediated speech. We first examine what it means for the output of the device to be accurate, drawing a distinction between technical accuracy on the one hand and semantic accuracy on the other. These are conceptual notions of accuracy.

Both technical and semantic accuracy of the device will be necessary (but not yet sufficient) for the user to have sufficient control over the device. Sufficient control is an ethical consideration: we place high value on being able to express ourselves when we want and how we want. Sufficient control of a neural speech prosthesis requires that a speaker can reliably use their speech apparatus as they want to, and can expect their speech to authentically represent them. We draw a distinction between two relevant features which bear on the question of whether the user has sufficient control: voluntariness of the speech and the authenticity of the speech. These can come apart: the user might involuntarily produce an authentic output (perhaps revealing private thoughts) or might voluntarily produce an inauthentic output (e.g., when the output is not semantically accurate). Finally, we consider the role of the interlocutor in interpreting the content and purpose of the communication.

These three ethical dimensions raise philosophical questions about the nature of speech, the level of control required for communicative accuracy, and the nature of ‘accuracy’ with respect to both natural and prosthesis-mediated speech.
Evaluation of cardiac function in fetuses of mothers with gestational diabetes
Authors: Mohsin Muhammad , Sadqani Saleem , Younus Kamran , Hoodbhoy Zahra , Ashiqali Salima , Atiq Mehnaz
Published: September 2019

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to assess fetal cardiac function in normal fetuses (control group) compared to those who are exposed to gestational diabetes mellitus using different echocardiographic measurements, and to explore the application of left atrial shortening fraction in determination of fetal diastolic function with gestational diabetes mellitus.

Methods:

A total of 50 women with gestational diabetes and 50 women with a healthy pregnancy were included in the study. Fetal echocardiography was performed and structural as well as functional fetal cardiac parameters were measured. Data were compared between with or without fetal myocardial hypertrophy and the control group.

Results:

In the study group, out of 50 fetuses of gestational diabetic mothers, 18 had myocardial hypertrophy and 32 had normal septal thickness. Gestational age at time of examination did not differ significantly between the control and gestational diabetes group (p = 0.55). Mitral E/A ratio was lower in gestational diabetes group as compared to the control (p < 0.001). Isovolumetric relaxation and contraction times and myocardial performance index were greater in fetuses of gestational diabetic mothers (p < 0.001). In fetuses of gestational diabetic mothers with myocardial hypertrophy, left atrial shortening fraction was lower as compared to those without myocardial hypertrophy and those of the control group (p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

The results of this study suggest that fetuses of gestational diabetic mothers have altered cardiac function even in the absence of septal hypertrophy, and that left atrial shortening fraction can be used as a reliable alternate parameter in the assessment of fetal diastolic function.
Late effects of radiofrequency ablation lesions resulting in a progressive mitral valve perforation in a 2-month-old infant
Authors: Wang Feng , Chen Gang , Wu Lin
Published: September 2019

There has been great concern with the use of radiofrequency ablation in infants since radiofrequency ablation lesions were shown to have a progressing nature in immature myocardium of animals. In this report, we present a 2-month-old infant with life-threatening medically refractory supraventricular tachycardia. Radiofrequency ablation successfully cured arrhythmia; however, late effects of radiofrequency ablation lesions resulted in a progressive mitral valve perforation requiring surgical repair.
Percutaneous closure of ostium secundum atrial septal defect using left internal jugular vein access in a child with situs inversus and absence of inferior caval vein
Authors: Oliveira Edmundo C. , Moura Marco A. G. , Almeida José A. , Ribeiro Antonio L. P. , Nascimento Bruno R.
Published: September 2019

Femoral vein access is the first choice for percutaneous atrial septal defect closure, and when it cannot be used due to anatomic reasons, the alternative sites should be considered, frequently increasing the complexity of the procedure. Here we report the case of a 3-year-old boy, with situs inversus and dextrocardia, electively referred for percutaneous closure of an ostium secundum atrial septal defect. During the procedure, agenesis of the infra-hepatic segment of the inferior caval vein was diagnosed, and no double inferior caval vein or right superior caval vein were identified by ultrasound or angiography. Therefore, we opted to perform the procedure through the left internal jugular vein, with fluoroscopy and transesophageal echocardiographic guidance. Catheters were navigated through a hydrophilic guidewire, and a Stiff guidewire was positioned in the left ventricle for better support. An Amplatzer septa occluder 19 was successfully deployed without major difficulties and the patient was discharged after 24 hours in good clinical condition. Percutaneous atrial septal defect closure through alternative access sites, especially in the presence of situs inversus, may pose significant challenges to the interventional team. In this case, the left internal jugular vein has shown to be a feasible option, allowing the navigation and manipulation of devices without complications. Provided the expertise of the interventional team, and awareness of the risks involved, alternative access sites can be successfully used for paediatric structural interventions.
THE CONFLICT IN THE LOCKEAN STATE OF NATURE
Authors: Bouillot Celine
Published: September 2019

Through his philosophical treatises, John Locke is perceived as the founder of political liberalism. However, from a different perspective, he can also be seen as a mercantilist. To show that there is no complete incompatibility between Locke’s philosophical treatises and his economic essay, I stress the central role of money. Money leads to a conflict, which is usually described as a conflict between “haves” and “have nots” (Macpherson 1962; Vaughn 1980; Caffentzis 1989). I complete this analysis showing that the introduction of money in the state of nature also leads to an uncommon conflict within the owners’ class between “landed men” and “moneyed men.” I also argue that this transition from a state of peace to a state of unrest leads to the establishment of a government whose role is to avoid the escalation of the conflict into a state of war.
A PRACTICAL INSTRUMENT TO DOCUMENT THE PROCESS OF MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING
Authors: Tappin David M. , McKay Caroline , McIntyre Doreen , Gilmour W. Harper , Cowan Stephanie , Crawford Fiona , Currie Fionnulagh , Lumsden Mary Ann
Published: September 2019

Motivational interviewing is a client centred behavioural therapy for
addictive behaviours. It is an intervention designed to help all addicts,
not just those ready to change. It is therefore suitable for use as an
opportunistic intervention for clients whose main reason for contact may
not be their addiction. A pilot randomized controlled trial of home-based
motivational interviewing by a specially trained midwife to help pregnant
smokers reduce their habit was performed in Glasgow from February 1997 to
January 1998. Did motivational interviewing take place? All 171 counselling
interviews from 48 intervention clients were audio-taped. Forty-nine
interviews from 13 randomly selected clients were transcribed for content
analysis. A rating scale established for feedback to trainee psychologists
was used by three experienced analysts. Thirty-two interviews were scored
independently to validate the rating scale in this setting. More than 75% of
interviews showed satisfactory motivational interviewing. Therapist
utterances were motivational, and client responses included many
self-motivational statements. Few episodes of client resistance were
recorded. Rating took 160 mins per half hour interview. This instrument
provided a valid measure of intervention quality for a randomized
controlled trial. It would not be practical to document process outside
a research environment.