bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Five‐year risk of CIN3 after short‐term HPV‐DNA negativity in cytology‐negative women: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Del Mistro A , Giorgi Rossi P , Frayle H , Pasquale L , Campari C , Ronco G , Zorzi M
Published: July 2019

Objective

To assess the 5‐year risk of high‐grade lesions in women with a transient high‐risk HPV infection.

Design

Population‐based cohort study.

Setting

HPV primary testing within population‐based organised cervical cancer screening programmes.

Population

Italian women enrolled in seven pilot projects and attending the second round.

Methods

On the basis of the cytology triage performed on HPV‐positive women, immediate colposcopy or HPV repeat at 12 months was recommended. Data were collected at the subsequent round 3–4 years after HPV infection clearance.

Main outcome measures

Rates of HPV infection, CIN2+ and CIN3+ detection at subsequent round after HPV clearance, and relative risks (RR) in comparison with HPV‐negative women (with 95% confidence interval).

Results

Data on 1230 women (1027 aged 25–64 years and 203 aged 35–64 years) have been analysed. Overall compliance with repeat HPV testing was 84%. In comparison with HPV‐negative women, those with a transient HPV infection had higher proportions of HPV positivity (15% versus 3.7%) and of CIN2+ lesions (0.87% versus 0.23%) in round two; most of these (7/10) were CIN2; no cancers were detected, and CIN3 occurred in 3/1230 (0.24%).

Conclusions

HPV‐based protocols for cervical cancer screening allow long intervals for HPV‐negative women; it is important to monitor the clinical outcome in the women with transient high‐risk HPV infection. CIN3 detection is similar to that observed in routine European cytology‐based screening programmes (CIN3+: 2.7‰); 5‐year intervals may provide reasonable protection but longer intervals are not recommended.

Tweetable abstract

A screening interval of 5 years (but no longer) appears safe in women with transient HPV detection.
Assessing Retrospective National Water Model Streamflow with Respect to Droughts and Low Flows in the Colorado River Basin
Authors: Hansen Carly , Shafiei Shiva Javad , McDonald Spencer , Nabors April
Published: July 2019

Streamflow monitoring in the Colorado River Basin (CRB) is essential to ensure diverse needs are met, especially during periods of drought or low flow. Existing stream gage networks, however, provide a limited record of past and current streamflow. Modeled streamflow products with more complete spatial and temporal coverage (including the National Water Model [NWM]), have primarily focused on flooding, rather than sustained drought or low flow conditions. Objectives of this study are to (1) evaluate historical performance of the NWM streamflow estimates (particularly with respect to droughts and seasonal low flows) and (2) identify characteristics relevant to model inputs and suitability for future applications. Comparisons of retrospective flows from the NWM to observed flows from the United States Geological Survey stream gage network over 22 years in the CRB reveal a tendency for underestimating low flow frequency, locations with low flows, and the number of years with low flows. We found model performance to be more accurate for the Upper CRB and at sites with higher precipitation, snow percent, baseflow index, and elevations. Underestimation of low flows and variable model performance has important implications for future applications: inaccurate evaluations of historical low flows and droughts, and less reliable performance outside of specific watershed/stream conditions. This highlights characteristics on which to focus future model development efforts.
Using Steady‐State Backwater Analysis to Predict Inundated Area from National Water Model Streamflow Simulations
Authors: Shastry Apoorva , Egbert Ryan , Aristizabal Fernando , Luo Cehong , Yu Cheng‐Wei , Praskievicz Sarah
Published: July 2019

National Water Model (NWM) simulates the hydrologic cycle and produces streamflow forecasts for 2.7 million reaches in the National Hydrography Dataset for continental United States (U.S.). NWM uses Muskingum–Cunge channel routing, which is based on the continuity equation. However, the momentum equation also needs to be considered to obtain more accurate estimates of streamflow and stage in rivers, especially for applications such as flood‐inundation mapping. Here, we used a steady‐state backwater version of Simulation Program for River NeTworks (SPRNT) model. We evaluated SPRNT’s and NWM’s abilities to predict inundated area for the record flood of Hurricane Matthew in October 2016. The Neuse River experienced record‐breaking floods and was well‐documented by U.S. Geological Survey. Streamflow simulations from NWM retrospective analysis were used as input for the SPRNT simulation. Retrospective NWM discharge predictions were converted to stage. The stages (from both SPRNT and NWM) were utilized to produce flood‐inundation maps using the Height Above Nearest Drainage method which uses the local relative heights to find out the local draining potentials and provide spatial representation of inundated area. The inundated‐area accuracies for NWM and SPRNT (based on comparison to a remotely sensed dataset) were 65.1% and 67.6%, respectively. These results show using steady‐state SPRNT results in a modest improvement of inundation‐forecast accuracy compared to NWM.
The complementarity between ecological infrastructure types benefits natural enemies and pollinators in a Mediterranean vineyard agroecosystem
Authors: Rosas‐Ramos Natalia , Baños‐Picón Laura , Tormos José , Asís Josep D.
Published: July 2019

Under the current scenario of biodiversity loss across agroecosystems, the preservation of ecological infrastructures is crucial to maintain ecosystem functions and deliver ecosystem services such as pollination or biological control of pests, which largely determine agricultural productivity and food security. The role that ecological infrastructures such as hedges or strips have in enhancing functionally important groups, including predators, parasitoids and pollinators has been reasonably well investigated in temperate areas. However, it is much less documented in agroecosystems from the Mediterranean basin, even though this area has been identified as a biodiversity hotspot for conservation priorities. In a study developed during 2014 in a traditional vineyard agroecosystem in Northern Spain using a combination of different sampling methods, we analysed beneficial arthropod assemblages across four types of linear ecological infrastructures: woodland hedges, rosaceous hedges, grass strips and flower strips. We investigated the value of these elements as a source of predators, parasitoids and pollinators. We show that ecological infrastructures across this Mediterranean vineyard agroecosystem support functionally important groups and that the abundance, richness and distribution of families of each functional group is determined by features characterising the different types of those infrastructures. Ecological infrastructures with a suitable level of structural diversity constitute an important reservoir of predators. On the other hand, parasitoids and pollinators were limited by the availability of hosts, pollen and nectar resources. Flower strips, less complex infrastructures that offer a high amount of floral resources, benefited communities of both parasitoids and pollinators. Because of the variability in habitat preference found among the different functionally important taxa, we highlight the importance of preserving different types of ecological infrastructures across vineyard agroecosystems to maintain well‐structured assemblages of beneficial arthropods and maximise underlying services.
The changing patterns and correlates of population‐level polysubstance use in Australian youth: a multi‐group latent class analysis of nationally representative samples spanning 12 years
Authors: Chan Gary , Connor Jason , Hall Wayne , Leung Janni
Published: July 2019

Aims

To (1) identify population‐level classes of polysubstance use among young Australians between 2004 and 2016, (2) test if these classes changed over the same period, in terms of class prevalence and probabilities of substance use within each class, and (3) identify demographic and health‐related correlates of polysubstance use.

Design

Repeated cross‐sectional nationally representative household surveys.

Setting

All Australian states/territories.

Participants

Young adult samples (aged 18–30 years; 58% females) from the National Drug Strategy Household Surveys (n = 20 350)

Measurements

Outcomes were the extent of past‐year use of 10 licit (e.g. alcohol), and illicit substances (e.g. cannabis) were used to derive polysubstance use classes. The correlates were gender, age, psychological distress, general health, language background, personal income, education level, remoteness of residence and socio‐economic index for area of residence.

Findings

Three polysubstance use classes were consistently identified between 2004 and 2016 (SSABIC: 188349): minimal users (MU, ~60%), mainly tobacco, alcohol and cannabis users (TAC, ~30%) and extended range polysubstance users (POLY, ~10%). There were substantial changes in use of different substances within each class over the study period. For example, smoking decreased in all classes (P < 0.05), while harmful alcohol use only decreased in the first two classes (P < 0.05). Factors associated with TAC and POLY were similar over the study period. These included: being male and having an English‐speaking background, a high level of psychological distress, suboptimal health and high personal income. Living in an affluent area was associated with reduced likelihood of being TAC, but an increased likelihood of being POLY.

Conclusion

At the population‐level among young Australians between 2004 and 2016, six in 10 did not engage in polysubstance use; four in 10 used a limited range of substances (mainly alcohol, tobacco and cannabis) and one in 10 used an extended range of substances. Over time, the types of substance within the extended polysubstance use class changed substantially.
Large‐scale potential RNA editing profiling in different adult chicken tissues
Authors: Shafiei H. , Bakhtiarizadeh M. R. , Salehi A.
Published: July 2019

RNA editing is a post‐transcription maturation process that diversifies genomically encoded information and can lead to transcriptome diversity. Thanks to next‐generation sequencing technologies, a large number of editing sites have been identified in different species. Although this mechanism is well described in mammals, only a few studies have been performed in chicken. Here, candidate or potential RNA editing sites were identified in eight different tissues of chicken (brain, spleen, colon, lung, kidney, heart, testes and liver). We identified 68 A‐to‐G editing sites in 46 genes. Only two of these were previously reported in chicken. We found no C‐to‐T sites, attesting to the lack of this type of editing mechanism in chicken. Similar to mammals, the editing sites were enriched in non‐coding regions, rarely resulted in a change in amino acids, showed a critical role in the nervous system and had a low guanosine level upstream of the editing site and some enrichment downstream from the site. Moreover, in contrast to mammals, editing sites were weakly enriched in interspersed repeats and the number and editing ratio of non‐synonymous sites were higher than for those of synonymous sites. Interestingly, we found several tissue‐specific edited genes, including GABRA3, SORL1 and HTR1D in brain and RYR2 and FHOD3 in heart, that were associated with functional processes relevant to the corresponding tissue. This finding highlights the importance of RNA editing in several chicken tissues, especially the brain, and establishes a foundation for further exploration of this process.
Congenital microcephaly‐linked CDK5RAP2 affects eye development
Authors: Zaqout Sami , Ravindran Ethiraj , Stoltenburg‐Didinger Gisela , Kaindl Angela M.
Published: July 2019

Biallelic mutations in the cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit‐associated protein 2 gene CDK5RAP2 cause autosomal recessive primary microcephaly type 3 (MCPH3). MCPH is characterized by intellectual disability and microcephaly at birth, classically without further organ involvement. Only recently, congenital cataracts were reported in four patients of one pedigree with MCPH3. Given the lack of a further pedigree with this phenotype, it remained unclear whether this was a true causal relationship. Here we support the link between CDK5RAP2 and eye development by showing that most Cdk5rap2 mutant mice (an/an) exhibit eye malformations ranging from reduced size of one or both eyes (microphthalmia) to total absence of both eyes (anophthalmia). We also detected increased apoptosis in the an/an retinal progenitor cells associated with more mitotic cells. This indicates an important role of Cdk5rap2 in physiologic eye development.
Ovarian cancer stage, variation in transvaginal ultrasound examination rates and the impact of an urgent referral pathway: A national ecological cohort study
Authors: Ladegaard Baun Marie‐Louise , Falborg Alina Z. , Hjertholm Peter , Petersen Lone K. , Vedsted Peter
Published: July 2019

Introduction

The aim of this study was to determine whether variation in transvaginal ultrasound examination rates in Danish general practice populations is associated with ovarian cancer outcomes, and to explore the impact of the introduction of a cancer patient pathway for ovarian cancer.

Material and methods

We performed a national register‐based cohort study of gynecological cancer‐free women aged 40 years or above, living in Denmark and listed with a specific general practitioner in 2004‐2014. Practice populations were divided into quartiles according to the general practitioners’ transvaginal ultrasound propensity in the preceding year. Associations between transvaginal ultrasound rates and ovarian cancer outcomes were analyzed using Poisson and logistic regression.

Results

We included 2769 general practices with 1 739 422 listed women, of whom 5325 were diagnosed with ovarian cancer during the study period. Practices varied twofold in transvaginal ultrasound rates before and after the implementation of the cancer patient pathway. Before the cancer patient pathway was introduced, women listed with practices with the highest transvaginal ultrasound rates were diagnosed with earlier stages of ovarian cancer (odds ratio 1.38, 95% confidence interval 1.06 to 1.81) and had a higher proportion of borderline tumors (incidence rate ratio 1.38, 95% confidence interval 1.10 to 1.75) compared with women least exposed to transvaginal ultrasound. After the cancer patient pathway, no significant differences were identified between the groups.

Conclusions

Before the cancer patient pathway, women exposed most to transvaginal ultrasound were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with early stage ovarian cancer compared with those least exposed to transvaginal ultrasound. After the cancer patient pathway was implemented, the difference disappeared. This suggests that increased awareness and access to transvaginal ultrasound is useful for diagnosing early‐stage ovarian cancer.
Beyond silence or compliance: The complexities of reporting a friend for misconduct
Authors: Hess Megan F. , Treviño Linda K. , Chen Anjier , Cross Rob
Published: July 2019

Why do employees fail to report a friend's misconduct, and if they do not report, how else do they cope with this ethical dilemma? Through two field studies, we offer a more nuanced understanding of the range of alternative responses between the extremes of silence (ignoring misconduct) and compliance (reporting), and we illuminate the underlying reasons for these choices. Our results reveal that most employees are inclined to attempt to resolve a friend‐reporting situation themselves, and further, that many employees hesitate to report a friend's misconduct for ethical reasons. Specifically, we show how an ethic of care expressed through empathy for the transgressor may play an important and previously unexamined role in friend‐reporting decisions, drawing attention to the consideration of empathy as a key emotion that can reduce compliance with reporting programmes. In addition to these important contributions to the literature, practitioners should also find this study useful, as it suggests new approaches to help employees better align their choices with the compliance goals of the organisation without sacrificing their valued friendships.
Effects of an extracurricular science intervention on elementary school children's epistemic beliefs: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Schiefer Julia , Golle Jessika , Tibus Maike , Herbein Evelin , Gindele Verena , Trautwein Ulrich , Oschatz Kerstin
Published: July 2019

Background

Further developing students’ thinking about knowledge and knowing in science (epistemic beliefs) is considered a normative goal of science education in many countries around the world, even for elementary‐school‐aged children.

Aims

The goal of the present study was to introduce and evaluate a new intervention in science education aimed at developing children's epistemic beliefs, epistemic curiosity, and investigative interests. The intervention included an inquiry‐based learning approach as well as reflections on epistemic issues because these methods are currently seen as most promising for fostering students’ epistemic beliefs.

Sample

Data were collected from 65 elementary school children in Grades 3 and 4 (58.46% boys, age: M = 8.73, SD = 0.60) who participated in a voluntary extracurricular STEM enrichment programme in south‐west Germany.

Methods

We investigated the effectiveness of the intervention by applying a randomized block design with a treated control group and repeated measures. The effectiveness of the intervention was analysed via multiple linear regression analyses.

Results

The results indicated that the children assigned to the intervention developed more sophisticated epistemic beliefs and a higher level of epistemic curiosity than the children assigned to the control condition. No intervention effects were found on investigative interests.

Conclusions

The results provide initial evidence for the effectiveness of the intervention and demonstrate that it is possible to improve epistemic beliefs among elementary school children in Grades 3 and 4. The study provides a starting point for understanding how young children develop epistemic beliefs.
Inhaled corticosteroid use during pregnancy among women with asthma: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Robijn Annelies L. , Jensen Megan E. , McLaughlin Karen , Gibson Peter G. , Murphy Vanessa E.
Published: July 2019

Background

Studies demonstrate the prescription rate for inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) decreases in early pregnancy, possibly increasing exacerbation risk. This could be related to non‐adherence to prescribed asthma medication or medication cessation by the patient or doctor. ICS use during pregnancy has not previously been summarized in a systematic review.

Objective

The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to evaluate the use of ICS during pregnancy among asthmatic women, specifically: (1) the prevalence of use, (2) changes of use during pregnancy compared with pre‐pregnancy and (3) medication adherence among ICS users.

Methods

We systematically searched literature in Embase, MEDLINE, CINAL and Cochrane, using terms related to asthma, pregnancy and medication use. All English articles reporting ICS among pregnant women with asthma were included. Prevalence, changes in ICS use during pregnancy and ICS adherence were pooled using STATA (version 15.0, StataCorp USA).

Results

A total of 4237 references were retrieved in the initial search. Screening and review led to the inclusion of 52 articles for one or more aims (Aim 1: N = 45; Aim 2, N = 13; and Aim 3, N = 5). The pooled prevalence of ICS use during pregnancy was 41% (95%CI 36%‐45%); 49% (95%CI 44%‐55%) in Europe, 39% (95%CI 32%‐47%) in Australia and 34% (95%CI 27%‐41%) in North America. In eight prescription databases, ICS prescription rates lowered in the first trimester of pregnancy, compared with pre‐pregnancy, increased in the second trimester and decreased in the third trimester. Five studies reported ICS adherence among pregnant women, using four measures of self‐reported non‐adherence. In two comparable studies, pooled ICS non‐adherence was 40% (95%CI 36%‐44%).

Conclusions

The prevalence of ICS use among pregnant women with asthma is 41% and varies widely between countries and continents, and prescription rates for ICS change throughout pregnancy. More studies are needed to investigate ICS adherence during pregnancy in women with asthma.
What is new about the genetic background of Hirschsprung disease?
Authors: Luzón‐Toro Berta , Villalba‐Benito Leticia , Torroglosa Ana , Fernández Raquel M. , Antiñolo Guillermo , Borrego Salud
Published: July 2019

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a rare congenital disorder caused by an incorrect enteric nervous system development due to a failure in migration, proliferation, differentiation and/or survival of enteric neural crest cells. HSCR is a complex genetic disease, where alterations at different molecular levels are required for the manifestation of the disease. In addition, a wide spectrum of mutations affecting many different genes cause HSCR, although the occurrence and severity of HSCR from many cases still remain unexplained. This review summarizes the current knowledge about molecular genetic basis of HSCR.
First camera survey in Burkina Faso and Niger reveals human pressures on mammal communities within the largest protected area complex in West Africa
Authors: Harris Nyeema C. , Mills Kirby L. , Harissou Yahou , Hema Emmanuel M. , Gnoumou Isaac T. , VanZoeren Jenna , Abdel‐Nasser Yayé I. , Doamba Benoit
Published: July 2019

The dearth of ecological data from protected areas at relevant scales challenges conservation practice in West Africa. We conducted the first camera survey for Burkina Faso and Niger to elucidate interactions between resource users and mammals in the largest protected area complex in West Africa (W‐Arly‐Pendjari, WAP). We differentiated direct (e.g., poaching) and indirect (e.g., domestic animals) human activities to determine their effects on species richness, composition, and behavior. Livestock was the dominant human pressure while gathering was the most prevalent direct human activity. Human pressure did not influence species richness or composition, but reduced mammal activity with greater consequences from indirect activities. We also found distinct differences among guilds in their behavioral responses to human pressures as wild ungulates exhibited the greatest sensitivities to livestock presence. Our findings, that aggregated socioecological data, transition the WAP complex from the singular mandate of nature conservation to a dynamic coupled human‐natural ecosystem.
Beyond Borders
Authors: Philipsz Susan
Published: July 2019

The paper argues that museums have focused on the separation of the senses, with galleries dedicated primarily to visual learning modalities, while performance spaces are more likely to preference listening as a dedicated task for the stationary listener. The author/artist argues that gallery architecture and auditorium acoustics can be so well designed that they exclude possibility. Secondarily, she argues that the designs may as likely ignore the auditory to the degree that experience in one space can overwhelm the purpose of adjacent space. This reflection on history, acoustics, and atmosphere are manipulated in three installations to illustrate how creating art in public spaces and museum settings can transform experience. The artist highlights how to manipulate the characteristics of sound, how sound travels, echoes and reverberates, in ways that can extend perception.
Soundscape Case Study: A Tudor Soundscape in a Historic House Chapel – Origins, Challenges and Evaluation
Authors: Brooks Jeanice , Kaufman Lucy , Tyler‐Jones Matthew
Published: July 2019

During an extensive conservation project in 2017, the National Trust, working with academics from Oxford, Southampton and Bangor Universities and drawing on research in the re‐enactment of medieval liturgy, experimented with a soundscape installation at The Vyne, a manor house near Basingstoke. Dealing with the challenge of telling a Tudor story without a contemporaneous collection, the soundscape deployed specially commissioned new recordings of Tudor polyphony and plainsong, spoken and intoned prayers, and Foley effects to simulate the celebration of Mass in The Vyne's pre‐Reformation chapel. The soundscape imagines a moment in 1535 when Henry VIII attended a Lady Mass, surveying the service from his position of power in the lord's chambers above the chapel. It places visitors at the heart of a politically‐charged time for both his religious reforms and his marriage, standing where his officers of the church would have stood as the liturgy and Nicholas Ludford's elaborate polyphonic music unfolded around them. Although the soundscape provides a model for using sound in immersive storytelling in fragile historic house environments, evidence of impact on visitors is limited by current evaluation methods commonly employed in the sector. This case study describes the rationale and construction of the soundscape, evaluates existing evidence for impact on visitors, and proposes alternatives for better evaluating historic house soundscapes.
Sounding the Museum: A Shared Reflection on the Chou Hayda (What is this?) Intervention at the National Museum of Beirut
Authors: Abi Khalil Amanda , Daou Annabel , Mishlawi Nadim
Published: July 2019

In November of 2017, people from across Beirut came to the National Museum and gave their voices to a number of archaeological objects in the collection. The people spoke to, for and about these objects from the past, and, in doing so, they revealed fragments of the present. They did not attempt to disclose a cohesive historical narrative. Nor did they attempt to create a fiction. They did not lie and they did not try to tell the truth. Mathaf Mathaf/Chou Hayda is a project and artwork which takes the format of the museum audio‐guide. Grounded in the field of participatory social art practice, it reverses the traditional way an audience engages with a museum collection. Objects from the past were activated by a series of questions the participants responded to, referencing elements from their own lives and reflecting on Lebanon's current social and political reality. The objects took on a new role by being given a voice in the present, and the participants occupied an engaged and enduring position in the framework of the museum by virtue of having their responses recorded for an audio‐guide that will be used by other visitors to the museum. The final audio (visual) piece includes a myriad of voices: the artist's voice, the responses of the participants and two recurring voices of professional actors whose narrations weave through the piece, giving a hint of formality to the structure of the work. The contribution takes the form of a conversation in three voices between the artist (Annabel Daou), the curator (Amanda Abi Khalil) and the project's sound artist and composer (Nadim Mishlawi). It focuses on vocality's role in knowledge production within museum/institutional contexts and its power to shift received notions of authority and access within and outside of the institution.
Preserving Functionality: Keeping Artefacts ‘Alive’ In Museums
Authors: Rossi Rognoni Gabriele
Published: July 2019

According to a recent article, ‘Instrument museums are mausoleums, places for the display of the musically dead, with organologists acting as morticians, preparing dead instrument bodies for preservation and display’. This view, often repeated since the 1960s, reflects the frustration experienced by most museum visitors facing objects stripped of their function and presented as aestheticized icons. Curatorial debate has led to the development of several alternative proposals to deliver a culturally engaging presentation of musical objects. However, none has managed to efficiently replace the expectation of museums visitors to appreciate the object in its functional state. Moreover, debate over the role of museums in preserving intangible – as well as tangible – heritage stimulated further consideration of the importance of preserving/presenting functionality of music‐related objects. While some authors have developed specific music‐related perspectives (e.g. Barclay R. [2005]. The Preservation and Use of Historic Musical Instruments: Display Case and Concert Hall), little or no cross‐fertilisation has happened with the much broader world of functional objects in museums, which includes at least scientific, technologic and mechanical objects and those pertaining to daily lives. The article will offer an overview of current debate, approaches and policies for the preservation and display of functionality in a variety of non‐music related museums, with a parallel perspective on the current approach to musical instruments.
“The longer we heard, the more we looked” Music at the Victoria and Albert Museum
Authors: Bailey Kate , Broackes Victoria , de Visscher Eric
Published: July 2019

The Victoria and Albert Museum, as the world's leading museum of art, design and performance, has a long‐standing engagement with music, being among the first European museums to collect and exhibit musical instruments, and to integrate sound‐related artefacts into many of its collections. This is due to its particular history as well as the personality and interests of its forefathers. This involvement with music has been made particularly spectacular through ground‐breaking exhibitions devoted to rock music but also tackling a particular genre like classical opera. This article looks first at the V&A's relation to sound through an historical perspective, followed by an overview of the most innovative examples of sound‐related exhibitions and a specific exhibition case study.
Initial management and long‐term follow up after the rehabilitation of a patient with severe dentoalveolar trauma: A case report
Authors: Soo Suet Yeo , Satterthwaite Julian D. , Ashley Martin
Published: July 2019

Dental trauma is common and for patients who suffer significant oral injuries, rehabilitation can be challenging to the clinical team. This case report describes the successful prosthetic replacement of multiple missing teeth lost due to severe dentoalveolar trauma, using iliac crest bone grafting, an implant‐retained removable dental prosthesis and implant‐supported crowns. Good functionality and aesthetic outcome were achieved.
A mother’s legacy: the strength of maternal effects in animal populations
Authors: Moore Michael P. , Whiteman Howard H. , Martin Ryan A.
Published: July 2019

Although mothers influence the traits of their offspring in many ways beyond the transmission of genes, it remains unclear how important such ‘maternal effects’ are to phenotypic differences among individuals. Synthesizing estimates derived from detailed pedigrees, we evaluated the amount of phenotypic variation determined by maternal effects in animal populations. Maternal effects account for half as much phenotypic variation within populations as do additive genetic effects. Maternal effects most greatly affect morphology and phenology but, surprisingly, are not stronger in species with prolonged maternal care than in species without. While maternal effects influence juvenile traits more than adult traits on average, they do not decline across ontogeny for behaviour or physiology, and they do not weaken across the life cycle in species without maternal care. These findings underscore maternal effects as an important source of phenotypic variation and emphasise their potential to affect many ecological and evolutionary processes.
Alternating optimization to solve penalized regression‐based clustering model
Authors: Barati Mohammad , Jalali Mehrdad , Forghani Yahya
Published: July 2019

Two previously proposed heuristic algorithms for solving penalized regression‐based clustering model (PRClust) are (a) an algorithm that combines the difference‐of‐convex programming with a coordinate‐wise descent (DC‐CD) algorithm and (b) an algorithm that combines DC with the alternating direction method of multipliers (DC‐ADMM). In this paper, a faster method is proposed for solving PRClust. DC‐CD uses p × n × (n − 1)/2 slack variables to solve PRClust, where n is the number of data and p is the number of their features. In each iteration of DC‐CD, these slack variable and cluster centres are updated using a second‐order cone programming (SOCP). DC‐ADMM uses p × n × (n − 1) slack variables. In each iteration of DC‐ADMM, these slack variables and cluster centres are updated using ADMM. In this paper, PRClust is reformulated into an equivalent model to be solved using alternating optimization. Our proposed algorithm needs only n × (n − 1)/2 slack variables, which is much less than that of DC‐CD and DC‐ADMM and updates them analytically using a simple equation in each iteration of the algorithm. Our proposed algorithm updates only cluster centres using an SOCP. Therefore, our proposed SOCP is much smaller than that of DC‐CD, which is used to update both cluster centres and slack variables. Experimental results on real datasets confirm that our proposed method is faster and much faster than DC‐ADMM and DC‐CD, respectively.
Global marine redox changes drove the rise and fall of the Ediacara biota
Authors: Zhang Feifei , Xiao Shuhai , Romaniello Stephen J. , Hardisty Dalton , Li Chao , Melezhik Victor , Pokrovsky Boris , Cheng Meng , Shi Wei , Lenton Timothy M. , Anbar Ariel D.
Published: July 2019

The role of O2 in the evolution of early animals, as represented by some members of the Ediacara biota, has been heavily debated because current geochemical evidence paints a conflicting picture regarding global marine O2 levels during key intervals of the rise and fall of the Ediacara biota. Fossil evidence indicates that the diversification the Ediacara biota occurred during or shortly after the Ediacaran Shuram negative C‐isotope Excursion (SE), which is often interpreted to reflect ocean oxygenation. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding ocean oxygen levels during the SE and the middle Ediacaran Period. To help resolve this debate, we examined U isotope variations (δ238U) in three carbonate sections from South China, Siberia, and USA that record the SE. The δ238U data from all three sections are in excellent agreement and reveal the largest positive shift in δ238U ever reported in the geologic record (from ~ −0.74‰ to ~ −0.26‰). Quantitative modeling of these data suggests that the global ocean switched from a largely anoxic state (26%–100% of the seafloor overlain by anoxic waters) to near‐modern levels of ocean oxygenation during the SE. This episode of ocean oxygenation is broadly coincident with the rise of the Ediacara biota. Following this initial radiation, the Ediacara biota persisted until the terminal Ediacaran period, when recently published U isotope data indicate a return to more widespread ocean anoxia. Taken together, it appears that global marine redox changes drove the rise and fall of the Ediacara biota.
Development of an in vitro model to study tooth cystogenesis
Authors: Laureano N. K. , Bernardi L. , Bundrich L. , Brand L. M. , Visioli F. , Lamers M. L. , Rados P. V.
Published: July 2019

Aim

To describe an in vitro experimental model of cystic structure formation to conduct research on radicular cyst development.

Methodology

To form spheroid structures, various numbers (1 × 104, 5 × 104 or 1 × 105) of epithelial cells (HaCaT and Cal27) were seeded in 96‐well plates previously coated with 1.5% low‐melting agarose. After 24 h, the spheroids were collected, embedded in 3D collagen matrix and transferred to 24‐well plates previously coated with polymerized collagen and kept for up to 21 days. Images of spheroids were captured at each time‐point (1, 5, 9, 15 and 21 days), and samples underwent histological and confocal microscopy analyses. Spheroid area, perimeter and cell dispersion were measured. One‐way Anova was used for statistical analysis.

Results

Both epithelial cell lines were able to generate regular and circular spheroids after 24 h of incubation regardless of cell density. Spheroid structures in the collagen matrix were uniform in most samples until day 15, when several spots that appeared to be new cultures were seen. Spheroids from HaCaT were significantly more stable than those from Cal27 (P < 0.05). Starting on the third day, the examination of histological sections revealed a cavity with epithelial lining morphology, similar to a pathological radicular cyst.

Conclusions

This study describes an experimental model of cystogenesis in vitro that may be used to test theories and investigates the effects of different growth factors during cyst development and maintenance.
More than Money: The Importance of Social Exchanges for Temporary Low‐Skilled Migrant Workers’ Workplace Satisfaction
Authors: Chang Eunmi , Chin Hyun , Lee Jeongwon , Chung Ki‐Seon
Published: July 2019

Research has focused on the happiness of immigrants, but the workplace satisfaction of temporary low‐skilled migrant workers has rarely been explored. By utilizing survey data for two years, 2010 and 2013, along with interviews with migrant workers, we explored how economic or social factors could trigger diverse impacts on the satisfaction of temporary low‐skilled migrant workers in different work environments. Results showed that economic factors triggered more notable impacts in 2010, while the importance of social factors increased with improvements in work environments in 2013. The results indicated that moving motive premises and social exchange theory effectively explain attitudes of temporary low‐skilled migrant workers. Theoretical and practical contributions and suggestions of the results are also included.
An interactive algorithm for multiobjective ranking for underlying linear and quasiconcave value functions
Authors: Tezcaner Öztürk Diclehan , Köksalan Murat
Published: July 2019

We develop interactive algorithms to find a strict total order for a set of discrete alternatives for two different value functions: linear and quasiconcave. The algorithms first construct a preference matrix and then find a strict total order. Based on the ordering, they select a meaningful pair of alternatives to present the decision maker (DM) for comparison. We employ methods to find all implied preferences of the DM, after he or she makes a preference. Considering all the preferences of the DM, the preference matrix is updated and a new strict total order is obtained until the termination conditions are met. We test the algorithms on several instances. The algorithms show fast convergence to the exact total order for both value functions, and eliciting preference information progressively proves to be efficient.
Accounting for Rater Effects With the Hierarchical Rater Model Framework When Scoring Simple Structured Constructed Response Tests
Authors: Nieto Ricardo , Casabianca Jodi M.
Published: July 2019

Many large‐scale assessments are designed to yield two or more scores for an individual by administering multiple sections measuring different but related skills. Multidimensional tests, or more specifically, simple structured tests, such as these rely on multiple multiple‐choice and/or constructed responses sections of items to generate multiple scores. In the current article, we propose an extension of the hierarchical rater model (HRM) to be applied with simple structured tests with constructed response items. In addition to modeling the appropriate trait structure, the multidimensional HRM (M‐HRM) presented here also accounts for rater severity bias and rater variability or inconsistency. We introduce the model formulation, test parameter recovery with a focus on latent traits, and compare the M‐HRM to other scoring approaches (unidimensional HRMs and a traditional multidimensional item response theory model) using simulated and empirical data. Results show more precise scores under the M‐HRM, with a major improvement in scores when incorporating rater effects versus ignoring them in the traditional multidimensional item response theory model.
Species richness and functional structure of fish assemblages in three freshwater habitats: effects of environmental factors and management
Authors: Queiroz‐Sousa Jamile , Keith Sally A. , David Gianmarco S. , Brandão Heleno , Nobile André B. , Paes Jaciara V. K. , Souto Ana C. , Lima Felipe P. , Silva Reinaldo J. , Henry Raoul , Richardson Katherine
Published: July 2019

In this study, the inverted trophic hypothesis was tested in the freshwater fish communities of a reservoir. The distribution of fish species in three freshwater habitats in the Jurumirim Reservoir, Brazil, was examined using both species richness and the relative proportions of different trophic groups. These groups were used as a proxy for functional structure in an attempt to test the ability of these measures to assess fish diversity. Assemblage structures were first described using non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). The influence of environmental conditions for multiple fish assemblage response variables (richness, total abundance and abundance per trophic group) was tested using generalised linear mixed models (GLMM). The metric typically employed to describe diversity; that is, species richness, was not related to environmental conditions. However, absolute species abundance was relatively well explained with up to 54% of the variation in the observed data accounted for. Differences in the dominance of trophic groups were most apparent in response to the presence of introduced fish species: the iliophagous and piscivorous trophic groups were positively associated, while detritivores and herbivores were negatively associated, with the alien species. This suggests that monitoring functional diversity might be more valuable than species diversity for assessing effects of disturbances and managements policies on the fish community.
An evidence based approach to evaluating flood adaptation effectiveness including climate change considerations for coastal cities: City of Port Phillip, Victoria, Australia
Authors: Prakash Mahesh , Cohen Raymond , Hilton James , Khan Shariar H.
Published: July 2019

Coastal cities provide a modelling challenge as surface flow is strongly affected by urban drainage networks and there is interaction between coastal and inland flooding. We present a graphics processing unit (GPU)‐based hydrodynamic model coupled to a hydraulic network that integrates adaptation analysis in the context of current and future flooding. The hydrodynamic model is based on a finite volume implementation of the shallow water equations formulated for overland flow. The hydraulic network is based on a pressure relaxation method, and uses a GPU‐based sparse matrix solver for computational speed. The integrated model is used for modelling potential combined coastal and catchment inundation and climate adaptation analysis for the City of Port Phillip, Victoria, Australia. The key outcome from the adaptation study was that resources spent towards adaptation infrastructure should be investigated in the context of sea level rise (SLR) at least for the next 50 years. The adaptation analysis identified “a tipping point” beyond a SLR of around 0.4 m (expected in the next 30 years) where conventional adaptation approaches will fail. This outcome has resulted in the City realising that significant changes in infrastructure for the region will be necessary rather than just incremental adaptation approaches to deal with future flooding.
Establishing Safety in Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy: A Single‐Case Process Study
Authors: Welch Tim S. , Lachmar E. Megan , Leija Silvia G. , Easley Trisha , Blow Adrian J. , Wittenborn Andrea K.
Published: July 2019

Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy (EFT) is an effective approach to working with distressed couples. It is not only effective in reducing relationship distress, but also in successfully maintaining gains over time. In the current study, we sought to understand the therapy processes that result in the creation of safety during stage one of EFT. Safety is a key ingredient in stage one, setting the stage for deeper interpersonal and intrapsychic work in later stages of treatment. In order to achieve the study aim, we analyzed video recordings of the first six sessions of a single couple case from an EFT randomized controlled trial. Using a theory building case study approach, results reveal that all expected components related to the creation of safety were achieved. Additional findings from our analyses indicate that the therapist was highly active, especially in seizing key moments in the therapy provided by this particular case, which shifted the couple in the direction of safety and deescalated their interactional cycle. Implications of key findings are discussed.
Morphological profile of atypical femoral fractures: age‐related changes to the cross‐sectional geometry of the diaphysis
Authors: Imamura Takeshi , Tsurumoto Toshiyuki , Saiki Kazunobu , Nishi Keita , Okamoto Keishi , Manabe Yoshitaka , Oyamada Joichi , Ogami‐Takamura Keiko
Published: July 2019

The use of bisphosphonates for osteoporosis patients has markedly decreased the incidence of femoral neck or trochanteric fractures. However, anti‐osteoporosis drugs have been reported to increase the incidence of atypical femoral fractures, which involve stress fractures in the subtrochanteric region or the proximal diaphysis. In this study, the morphological characteristics of the cortical bone in human femoral diaphysis samples were analyzed from individuals who lived before bisphosphonate drugs were available in Japan. A total of 90 right femoral bones were arbitrarily selected (46 males and 44 females) from modern Japanese skeletal specimens. Full‐length images of these femurs were acquired using a computed tomography scanner. An image processing method for binarization was used to calculate the threshold values of individual bones for determining their contours. The range between the lower end of the lesser trochanter and the adductor tubercle of each femur was divided at regular intervals to obtain 10 planes. The mean value of cortical bone thickness, periosteal border length, and the cortical cross‐sectional area was evaluated for all planes. Moreover, the ratio of the area of the cortical bone to the total area of cross‐section at the mid‐diaphysis was calculated. A comparison between males and females demonstrated that most females had lower cortical bone area ratios at the mid‐diaphysis. The femoral outer shape did not differ markedly according to age or sex; however, substantial individual differences were observed in the shape of the inner surface of the cortical bone. The cortical bone thickness and the cross‐sectional area decreased with age in the femoral diaphysis; furthermore, in females, the decrease was higher for the former than for the latter. This may be due to a compensatory increase in the circumference of the femoral diaphysis. In addition, in about half of the subjects there was a discrepancy between the region with maximal value of the cortical bone thickness and that of the total cross‐sectional area. Biological responses to mechanical stresses to the femoral diaphysis are thought not to be uniform. Bisphosphonates inhibit bone resorption and may promote non‐physiological bone remodeling. Thus, a nonhomogeneous decrease in cortical thickness may be related to the fracture occurrence in the femoral diaphysis in some cases. Thus, long‐term administration of bisphosphonates in patients with morphological vulnerability in the femoral cortical bones may increase the occurrence of atypical femoral fractures.