bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Migration of exsolved CO2 following depressurization of saturated brines
Authors: Falta Ronald W. , Zuo Lin , Benson Sally M.
Published: October 2013

Geologic disposal of supercritical CO2 in saline aquifers and depleted oil and gas fields will cause large volumes of brine to become saturated with dissolved CO2 at concentrations of 40 g/l or more. As CO2 dissolves in brine, the brine density increases slightly. This property favors the long‐term storage security of the CO2 because the denser brine is less likely to move upwards toward shallower depths. However, there are plausible mechanisms by which the CO2‐laden brine could be transported to a shallower depth, where the CO2 would come out of solution (exsolve), forming a mobile CO2 gas phase. Recent laboratory experiments of the exsolution process show that the CO2 phase relative permeability measured during exsolution is on the order of 1000 times lower than the relative permeability measured during a conventional CO2 core flood. Numerical simulations of upward brine migration through an open fault were performed using TOUGH2‐ECO2N with the two types of relative permeability functions. When traditional core flood relative permeabilities are used, upward flow of a CO2 saturated brine leads to exsolution and the development of a highly mobile CO2 gas phase. When relative permeabilities measured during exsolution are used, the tendency for the exsolved CO2 to migrate as a separate phase is greatly reduced, and the exsolved CO2 can partially block brine flow through the open fault. For the conditions considered, use of the exsolution relative permeability functions reduced the upward CO2 flux by about a factor of four compared to the case with core flood relative permeability functions. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Grouping of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia
Authors: van der Linde Rianne M. , Dening Tom , Matthews Fiona E. , Brayne Carol
Published: October 2013

Objective

A wide range of behavioural and psychological symptoms (BPSD) are common in dementia, and it has been suggested that groups of correlated symptoms should be studied together. Here, we describe the groups of BPSD that have been identified in the literature and how they have been used to study associations, burden, treatment and underlying biology.

Methods

The literature database PubMed was searched for articles that identified clusters or factors of BPSD or used previously defined symptom groups.

Results

Sixty‐two studies were included. Generally, the following symptom groups were suggested: affective symptoms, including depression and anxiety; psychosis, including delusions and hallucinations; hyperactivity, including irritability and aggression; and euphoria. Symptoms that did not show consistent results include apathy, eating disturbances, night‐time behaviour disturbances, disinhibition and aberrant motor behaviour. Symptom groups differed in their associations, treatment and biology.

Conclusions

Studies investigating symptom groups show relatively consistent results. Studying symptom groups allows similar symptoms to be studied together, which might strengthen results and may point to differences in their aetiology and treatment. However, a large amount of the individual variability of the symptoms could not be explained by the factors, and authors should carefully address their research question and hypotheses to decide if symptoms should be studied in groups or individually. Clinicians need to consider each symptom in its own right and also to be aware of the interrelations between them when assessing patients and developing strategies for treatment. © 2013 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sex, drugs, and adult neurogenesis: Sex‐dependent effects of escalating adolescent cannabinoid exposure on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, stress reactivity, and amphetamine sensitization
Authors: Lee Tiffany T.‐Y. , Wainwright Steven R. , Hill Matthew N. , Galea Liisa A.M. , Gorzalka Boris B.
Published: October 2013

Cannabinoid exposure during adolescence has adverse effects on neuroplasticity, emotional behavior, cognition, and reward sensitivity in adult rats. We investigated whether escalating doses of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) agonist, HU‐210, in adolescence would affect adult hippocampal neurogenesis and behavioral processes putatively modulated by hippocampal neurogenesis, in adult male and female Sprague‐Dawley rats. Escalating doses of HU‐210 (25, 50, and 100 µg/kg), or vehicle were administered from postnatal day (PND) 35 to 46. Animals were left undisturbed until PND 70, when they were treated with 5‐bromo‐2‐deoxyuridine (BrdU; 200 mg/kg) and perfused 21 days later to examine density of BrdU‐ir and BrdU/NeuN cells in the dentate gyrus. In another cohort, hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity to an acute restraint stress (30 min; PND 75) and behavioral sensitization to d‐amphetamine sulfate (1‐2 mg/kg; PND 105‐134) were assessed in adulthood. Adolescent HU‐210 administration suppressed the density of BrdU‐ir cells in the dentate gyrus in adult male, but not adult female rats. Adolescent HU‐210 administration also induced significantly higher peak corticosterone levels and reminiscent of the changes in neurogenesis, this effect was more pronounced in adult males than females. However, adolescent cannabinoid treatment resulted in significantly higher stereotypy scores in adult female, but not male, rats. Thus, adolescent CB1R activation suppressed hippocampal neurogenesis and increased stress responsivity in adult males, but not females, and enhanced amphetamine sensitization in adult female, but not male, rats. Taken together, increased CB1R activation during adolescence results in sex‐dependent, long‐term, changes to hippocampal structure and function, an effect that may shed light on differing vulnerabilities to developing disorders following adolescent cannabinoid exposure, based on sex. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regioselective Synthesis of Trichloromethyl‐Substituted Salicylates and Cyclohexenones by One‐Pot Cyclizations of 1,3‐Bis(trimethylsilyloxy)buta‐1,3‐dienes
Authors: Reimann Sebastian , Bunescu Alina , Petrosyan Andranik , Sharif Muhammad , Erfle Silke , Mamat Constantin , Ghochikyan Tariel V. , Saghyan Ashot S. , Spannenberg Anke , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter
Published: October 2013

A variety of 6‐(trichloromethyl)salicylates (=2‐hydroxy‐6‐(trichloromethyl)benzoates) were prepared by TiCl4‐mediated cyclization of 1,3‐bis(trimethylsilyloxy)buta‐1,3‐dienes with 1,1,1‐trichloro‐4,4‐dimethoxybut‐3‐en‐2‐one. The employment of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (Me3SiOTf) as Lewis acid resulted in the formation of trichloromethyl‐substituted cyclohexenones. The cyclizations proceeded with good‐to‐very‐good regioselectivities.
A Concise and Convergent Total Synthesis of Two Novel Cytotoxic Hydroquinones, Lanneaquinol and (R)‐2′‐Hydroxylanneaquinol
Authors: Subba Reddy Basireddy V. , Anusha Bheemreddy , Subba Reddy Ummareddy V. , Yadav Jhillu S. , Suresh Reddy Cirandur
Published: October 2013

A short and efficient approach for the total synthesis of two novel cytotoxic hydroquinones, lanneaquinol (1) and (R)‐2′‐hydroxylanneaquinol (2) isolated from the organic extract of the plant Lannea welwitschii, has been developed. Enantioselective organocatalytic McMillan hydroxylation has been successfully utilized for the creation of the stereogenic center bearing the OH group of (R)‐2′‐hydroxylanneaquinol (2). The hydroquinone core was constructed through the alkylation of cyclohexane‐1,4‐dione with a corresponding aldehyde. Both hydroquinone natural products can be synthesized by a mere change in the synthetic strategy.
Selective Transformations of a Diprotected 2‐Oxobutanedial
Authors: Leiren Marit K. , Valdersnes Stig , Sydnes Leiv K.
Published: October 2013

The reactivity of 1,1‐diethoxy‐3‐(1,3‐dithian‐2‐yl)propan‐2‐one, a diacetal of oxobutanedial, and some of its derivatives toward selected reagents has been studied. As expected, hydride and Grignard‐type additions take place at the oxo moiety only and give the corresponding alcohols in good‐to‐excellent yields. Standard reductive amination occurs at the oxo moiety as well, but the reaction was in most cases not selective and furnished the expected amine mixed with 3‐(1,3‐dithian‐2‐yl)‐1,1‐diethoxypropan‐2‐ol. The conversion of the diethyl acetal moiety to an aldehyde group is generally an efficient transformation, but some aldehydes are unstable, making the deprotection useless. If the acetal contains a tertiary alcohol or a benzyloxy moiety, however, stable products are formed in good yields. Attempts to convert the 1,3‐dithiane substituent into an aldehyde group without concomitant decomposition of the product were totally unsuccessful. The chemical potential of this moiety, therefore, has to be utilized at an earlier stage and under different conditions.
Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐5‐oxo‐4‐[2‐(phenylmethylidene)hydrazino]‐2,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrrole‐3‐carboxylates by the Reaction between Hydrazones, Acetylenedicarboxylates, and 1‐Aryl‐N,N′‐bis(arylmethylidene)methanediamines
Authors: Alizadeh Abdolali , Saberi Vahid , Mokhtari Javad
Published: October 2013

An efficient approach for the preparation of functionalized 2‐aryl‐2,5‐dihydro‐5‐oxo‐4‐[2‐(phenylmethylidene)hydrazino]‐1H‐pyrroles is described. The four‐component reaction between aldehydes, NH2NH2⋅H2O, dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates, and 1‐aryl‐N,N′‐bis(arylmethylidene)methanediamines proceeds in EtOH under reflux in good‐to‐excellent yields (Scheme 1). The structures of 4 were corroborated spectroscopically (IR, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, and EI‐MS, and, in the case of 4f, by X‐ray crystallography). A plausible mechanism for this type of reaction is proposed (Scheme 2).
Cytokine and chemokine responses in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with human herpesvirus 6B‐associated acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion
Authors: Kawamura Yoshiki , Yamazaki Yumie , Ohashi Masahiro , Ihira Masaru , Yoshikawa Tetsushi
Published: October 2013

Acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion has become increasingly common among various types of human herpesvirus 6B (HHV‐6B) encephalitis at the time of primary viral infection. The aim of the present study is to explore the pathophysiology of HHV‐6B‐associated acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion. Five cytokines and five chemokines were measured in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from 12 HHV‐6B‐associated acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion patients and 19 control exanthem subitum (without complications) patients. Serum interleukin (IL)‐10 (P = 0.007) and IL‐8 (P = 0.025) were significantly higher in the patients with the disease than controls. Serum IL‐1β (P = 0.034) and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1 (P = 0.002) were significantly higher in the controls than patients with the disease. In patients with the disease, IL‐10 (P = 0.012), regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES; P = 0.001), and monokine induced by interferon γ (MIG; P = 0.001) were significantly higher in serum than CSF, meanwhile IL‐6 (P = 0.034), IL‐8 (P = 0.034), and MCP‐1 (P = 0.001) were significantly higher in CSF than serum. Additionally, serum IL‐10 was significantly higher in the disease patients with sequelae than those without sequelae (P = 0.016). Several cytokines and chemokines may be associated with the pathogenesis of acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion. Moreover, the regulation of cytokine networks appears to be different between peripheral blood (systemic) and central nervous system. J. Med. Virol. 86:512–518, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Late Neanderthal occupation in North‐West Europe: rediscovery, investigation and dating of a last glacial sediment sequence at the site of La Cotte de Saint Brelade, Jersey
Authors: BATES MARTIN , POPE MATTHEW , SHAW ANDREW , SCOTT BECCY , SCHWENNINGER JEAN‐LUC
Published: October 2013

In 2011, a programme of field research was undertaken to effect the stabilization of an unstable section in the West Ravine at the key Neanderthal occupation site of La Cotte de St Brelade on the Channel Island of Jersey. As part of this essential remedial work the threatened section was analysed to characterize its archaeological and palaeoenvironmental potential as well provide optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dates. The work determined, through two concordant OSL dating programmes, that the section formed part of an extensive sequence of sedimentation spanning >105 to <48 ka. Furthermore, reanalysis of the archive determined that the sediment sequence examined contained the stratigraphic equivalent of deposits lying below those that have previously produced Neanderthal fossils. Through our work, we can now constrain these younger sediments to being younger than 48 ka. The combined results suggest that this sequence now represents the recovery of an extensive dataset, thought lost to science through complete excavation, which holds the potential to throw light on the disappearance of Neanderthal populations from the Atlantic‐edge outpost on the north‐west frontier of their world.
Outcomes in patients with mucosal melanomas
Authors: Keller Deborah S. , Thomay Alan A. , Gaughan John , Olszanski Anthony , Wu Hong , Berger Adam C. , Farma Jeffrey M.
Published: October 2013

Background and Objective

Our goal was to evaluate the different subtypes of mucosal melanoma and describe specific variables that predict outcomes.

Methods

Prospective review of two tertiary care center databases identified 76 mucosal melanoma patients; 73 with complete records were included. Demographic and clinical data were analyzed. Cox regression determined variables impacting recurrence and survival.

Results

In the 73 patients, the mean age was 64 years, and 74% were female. Sixty‐seven percent presented with lymph node involvement, and 73% had ulcerated tumors. Major sites affected were nasal/palate/oral (36%), vulvar/vaginal/cervical (48%), and anorectal (15%). Mean overall and disease‐free survival were 56.9 and 27.2 months. Variables associated with decreased survival included: lymphovascular invasion (HR17.70, P = 0.0093), Caucasian race (HR3.02, P = 0.0362), nasal/palate/oral sub‐group (HR1.85, P = 0.026), Breslow thickness (HR1.23, P = 0.00004), T stage (HR1.34, P = 0.0075), M stage (HR3.03, P = 0.0039), and chemotherapy (HR3.13, P = 0.0002). The worst prognosis was seen in the nasal/palate/oral sub‐group, with a median overall survival of 9.7 months and recurrence‐free time of 4.5 months. This subtype also demonstrated high lymph node positivity, ulceration, and larger tumor size.

Conclusion

The nasal, palate, oral subtype has the worst prognosis compared to other mucosal melanoma locations. Studies are ongoing to evaluate pathologic and genomic variables that may predict outcomes. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013; 108:516–520. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A matched case‐control study of IBD‐associated colorectal cancer: IBD portends worse outcome
Authors: Hrabe Jennifer E. , Byrn John C. , Button Anna M. , Zamba Gideon K. , Kapadia Muneera R. , Mezhir James J.
Published: October 2013

Background and Objectives

The effect of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on outcome in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. Our objective is to evaluate oncologic outcomes of patients with IBD‐associated CRC.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed a prospectively maintained database to identify patients with IBD‐associated CRC. Clinicopathologic variables and overall survival were compared to patients with sporadic CRC using a 2:1 matched‐controlled analysis.

Results

Fifty‐five patients with IBD and CRC were identified. On univariate analysis, CRC patients with IBD had a significantly shorter median overall survival (68.2 months vs. 204.3 months, P = 0.01) compared to patients with sporadic CRC. On multivariate analysis, after adjusting for N and M stage, IBD was associated with an increased risk of death compared to sporadic CRC (HR = 2.011, 95% CI 1.24–3.23, P = 0.004). Stage 3 CRC patients with IBD in particular showed significantly decreased survival (23.0 vs. 133.9 months, P = 0.008).

Conclusions

In this study, patients with node‐positive IBD‐associated CRC had a significant increased risk of death and a shorter overall survival than those with sporadic disease and may require tailored adjuvant therapy and surveillance protocols. Continued investigation to elucidate the mechanisms that contribute to these observations is justified. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:117–121. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Can patient reported outcomes help identify the optimal outcome in palliative surgery?
Authors: Badgwell Brian , Bruera Eduardo , Klimberg Suzanne V.
Published: October 2013

Background

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine whether an open‐ended questionnaire captures severe symptoms in cancer patients undergoing palliative surgical consultation that a structured, validated quality‐of‐life assessment does not capture.

Methods

We prospectively used the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–General (FACT‐G) and an open‐ended questionnaire to assess the symptoms of patients with incurable malignancies who underwent palliative surgical consultation at our institution between January 2011 and September 2012.

Results

Of the 69 patients enrolled, the most common indications for consultation were bowel obstruction (54%), jaundice (13%), wound problems (10%), and gastrointestinal bleeding (7%). Of the severe symptoms patients reported, 76% were identified with the FACT‐G alone, 22% were identified with the open‐ended questionnaire alone, and 2% were duplicate responses captured with both the FACT‐G and open‐ended questionnaire. The open‐ended questionnaire captured 68 instances of severe symptoms in 47 patients that the FACT‐G did not capture; of these symptoms, 52 were considered to be highly relevant to surgery and potential outcome measures.

Conclusions

An open‐ended questionnaire can identify severe symptoms that a global quality of life survey cannot capture and could be used in conjunction with a global survey to reassess symptoms after palliative surgical consultation. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:145–150. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neurophysiology of gait: From the spinal cord to the frontal lobe
Authors: Takakusaki Kaoru
Published: October 2013

Locomotion is a purposeful, goal‐directed behavior initiated by signals arising from either volitional processing in the cerebral cortex or emotional processing in the limbic system. Regardless of whether the locomotion initiation is volitional or emotional, locomotion is accompanied by automatic controlled movement processes, such as the adjustment of postural muscle tone and rhythmic limb movements. Sensori‐motor integration in the brainstem and the spinal cord plays crucial roles in this process. The basic locomotor motor pattern is generated by spinal interneuronal networks, termed central pattern generators (CPGs). Responding to signals in proprioceptive and skin afferents, the spinal interneuronal networks modify the locomotor pattern in cooperation with descending signals from the brainstem structures and the cerebral cortex. Information processing between the basal ganglia, the cerebellum, and the brainstem may enable automatic regulation of muscle tone and rhythmic limb movements in the absence of conscious awareness. However, when a locomoting subject encounters obstacles, the subject has to intentionally adjust bodily alignment to guide limb movements. Such an intentional gait modification requires motor programming in the premotor cortices. The motor programs utilize one's bodily information, such as the body schema, which is preserved and updated in the temporoparietal cortex. The motor programs are transmitted to the brainstem by the corticoreticulospinal system, so that one's posture is anticipatorily controlled. These processes enable the corticospinal system to generate limb trajectory and achieve accurate foot placement. Loops from the motor cortical areas to the basal ganglia and the cerebellum can serve this purpose. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Cognitive contributions to gait and falls: Evidence and implications
Authors: Amboni Marianna , Barone Paolo , Hausdorff Jeffrey M.
Published: October 2013

Dementia and gait impairments often coexist in older adults and patients with neurodegenerative disease. Both conditions represent independent risk factors for falls. The relationship between cognitive function and gait has recently received increasing attention. Gait is no longer considered merely automated motor activity but rather an activity that requires executive function and attention as well as judgment of external and internal cues. In this review, we intend to: (1) summarize and synthesize the experimental, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging evidence that supports the role played by cognition in the control of gait; and (2) briefly discuss the implications deriving from the interplay between cognition and gait.

In recent years, the dual task paradigm has been widely used as an experimental method to explore the interplay between gait and cognition. Several neuropsychological investigations have also demonstrated that walking relies on the use of several cognitive domains, including executive‐attentional function, visuospatial abilities, and even memory resources. A number of morphological and functional neuroimaging studies have offered additional evidence supporting the relationship between gait and cognitive resources. Based on the findings from 3 lines of studies, it appears that a growing body of evidence indicates a pivotal role of cognition in gait control and fall prevention. The interplay between higher‐order neural function and gait has a number of clinical implications, ranging from integrated assessment tools to possible innovative lines of interventions, including cognitive therapy for falls prevention on one hand and walking program for reducing dementia risk on the other. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Objective biomarkers of balance and gait for Parkinson's disease using body‐worn sensors
Authors: Horak Fay B. , Mancini Martina
Published: October 2013

Balance and gait impairments characterize the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD), predict the risk of falling, and are important contributors to reduced quality of life. Advances in technology of small, body‐worn, inertial sensors have made it possible to develop quick, objective measures of balance and gait impairments in the clinic for research trials and clinical practice. Objective balance and gait metrics may eventually provide useful biomarkers for PD. In fact, objective balance and gait measures are already being used as surrogate endpoints for demonstrating clinical efficacy of new treatments, in place of counting falls from diaries, using stop‐watch measures of gait speed, or clinical balance rating scales. This review summarizes the types of objective measures available from body‐worn sensors. The metrics are organized based on the neural control system for mobility affected by PD: postural stability in stance, postural responses, gait initiation, gait (temporal‐spatial lower and upper body coordination and dynamic equilibrium), postural transitions, and freezing of gait. However, the explosion of metrics derived by wearable sensors during prescribed balance and gait tasks, which are abnormal in individuals with PD, do not yet qualify as behavioral biomarkers, because many balance and gait impairments observed in PD are not specific to the disease, nor have they been related to specific pathophysiologic biomarkers. In the future, the most useful balance and gait biomarkers for PD will be those that are sensitive and specific for early PD and are related to the underlying disease process. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
LIDAR‐based F‐factor for wind shear alerting: different smoothing algorithms and application to departing flights
Authors: Lee Y. F. , Chan P. W.
Published: October 2013

Rapid fluctuations of wind shear hazard factor (or F‐factor) calculated from the headwind profile measured by Doppler Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) may make it difficult for use in wind shear alerting at an airport such as Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA). Preprocessing by flight simulator or post‐processing by averaging over a certain length are attempted in this study to smooth the F‐factor and enhance its skills on wind shear alerting. The F‐factor so obtained is used for alerting of wind shear (headwind change exceeding 15 knots) for departing flights. Through case studies and statistical studies, the LIDAR‐based F‐factors are found to have good correlation with the F‐factor determined from flight data (the Quick Access Recorder, or QAR, data from the commercial jets). Using the relative operating characteristics (ROC) curves, the LIDAR‐based F‐factor obtained by smoothing over a window size of 300–500 m is found to have good skills in wind shear alerting, and the performance is comparable with, or even better than, the LIDAR‐based F‐factor using the flight simulator approach. By choosing an optimal alerting threshold specific for each runway corridor, the F‐factor successfully alerts 86% of pilot wind shear reports with the percentage of time on alert of 12%, which is found to be satisfactory for real‐time use. The performance of the F‐factor on stronger wind shear (headwind change of 25 knots or more) is also studied.
Bridging the gap between human resource development and adult education: Part one, assumptions, definitions, and critiques
Authors: Hatcher Tim , Bowles Tuere
Published: October 2013

Human resource development (HRD) as a scholarly endeavor and as a practice is often criticized in the adult education (AE) literature and byAEscholars as manipulative and oppressive and, through training and other interventions, controlling workers for strictly economic ends (Baptiste, 2001; Cunningham, 2004; Schied, 2001; Welton, 1995). Similarly, although less vocal and antagonistic,HRDscholars have been critical ofAE’s ‘academic’ and ‘theoretical’ elitism vs. the pragmatic and socially responsive practice ofAE. To address the tension resulting from the lack of harmony between the disciplinary conceptual foundations that exists betweenHRDandAE, and assuming this tension results in a lack of understanding and possible beneficial cooperation, we propose that critical traditions (critical theory and criticality) may provide a bridge between the two disciplines. To fully define and provide support for this proposition, this paper is divided into and presented in two parts.
Interactive Learning Online at Public Universities: Evidence from a Six‐Campus Randomized Trial
Authors: Bowen William G. , Chingos Matthew M. , Lack Kelly A. , Nygren Thomas I.
Published: October 2013

Online instruction is quickly gaining in importance in U.S. higher education, but little rigorous evidence exists as to its effect on student learning. We measure the effect on learning outcomes of a prototypical interactive learning online statistics course by randomly assigning students on six public university campuses to take the course in a hybrid format (with machine‐guided instruction accompanied by one hour of face‐to‐face instruction each week) or a traditional format (as it is usually offered by their campus, typically with about three hours of face‐to‐face instruction each week). We find that learning outcomes are essentially the same—that students in the hybrid format are not harmed by this mode of instruction in terms of pass rates, final exam scores, and performance on a standardized assessment of statistical literacy. We also conduct speculative cost simulations and find that adopting hybrid models of instruction in large introductory courses has the potential to significantly reduce instructor compensation costs in the long run.
Inhibition of constitutively active Stat3 reverses enzalutamide resistance in LNCaP derivative prostate cancer cells
Authors: Liu Chengfei , Zhu Yezi , Lou Wei , Cui Yuanyuan , Evans Christopher P. , Gao Allen C.
Published: October 2013

PURPOSE

Use of enzalutamide has improved the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. However, resistance to enzalutamide can develop frequently in initial responders. This study aimed to test whether overexpression of IL‐6 and constitutive activation of Stat3 in prostate cancer cells increase resistance to enzalutamide.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to enzalutamide was tested using cell growth assays and clonogenic assays. Quantitative reverse transcription‐PCR, ELISA, and Western blotting were performed to detect expression levels of IL‐6, c‐Myc, survivin, and AR. Expression of Stat3 was downregulated using siRNA specific to Stat3. ChIP assay was performed to examine recruitment of AR to the PSA promoter.

RESULTS

Prostate cancer cells expressing autocrine IL‐6 are resistant to enzalutamide and autocrine IL‐6 leads to constitutive activation of Stat3 and its target genes. Down regulation of Stat3 led to an increase in sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to enzalutamide. Overexpression of constitutively active Stat3 in prostate cancer cells induced resistance to enzalutamide treatment. Constitutively active Stat3 also enhanced the recruitment of AR to PSA promoter which could not be disrupted by enzalutamide. The Stat3 inhibitor AG490 reversed enzalutamide resistance in prostate cancer cells, while combination treatment with enzalutamide and AG490 significantly inhibited cell growth and induced cell apoptosis.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates that the autocrine IL‐6 pathway induces enzalutamide resistance in prostate cancer cells via the constitutive activation of Stat3. Co‐targeting IL6‐Stat3 pathway with enzalutamide may be utilized for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Prostate 74:201–209, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Elevated insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐1 (IGFBP‐1) in men with metastatic prostate cancer starting androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is associated with shorter time to castration resistance and overall survival
Authors: Sharma Jaya , Gray Kathryn P. , Evan Carolyn , Nakabayashi Mari , Fichorova Raina , Rider Jennifer , Mucci Lorelei , Kantoff Philip W. , Sweeney Christopher J.
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

Insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) and adipokines have been implicated in prostate cancer carcinogenesis.

METHOD

Data from 122 men with serum samples drawn within 3 months of starting ADT for metastatic prostate cancer was accessed retrospectively. IGF‐1, IGF binding protein (BP)‐1, leptin, and adiponectin levels were measured by multiplex electrochemiluminescence assays. A multivariable Cox model assessed the association of time to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and overall survival by the protein levels, adjusted for clinical variables, age and prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels at start of ADT, race, ECOG status, extent of metastases and were reported as hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI).

RESULTS

Median follow‐up and overall survival were 44 and 42.2 months, respectively. ECOG performance status (≥1 vs. 0) was negatively associated with overall survival [HR = 2.8 (1.1–7.0),P = 0.03], and PSA nadir <0.2 was predictive of longer time to CRPC [HR = 0.3 (0.2–0.5),P < 0.0001]. The median time to CRPC by low, middle, and top IGFBP‐1 tertile distribution was 20.7, 18.1, and 12.4 months, respectively, with HR for middle versus low tertile levels 3.1 (1.7–5),P = 0.0003, and for top versus low tertile levels was 2.4 (1.3–4.2),P = 0.003. The median overall survival by low, middle and top tertile IGFBP‐1 level was 48.5, 46.4, and 32.8 months, respectively, with HR for top versus low tertile 2.5 (1.2–5.1),P = 0.01. There was no association with IGF‐1, adiponectin and leptin.

CONCLUSION

Elevated IGFBP‐1 appears to be associated with shorter time to CRPC and lower overall survival in men with metastatic prostate cancer.Prostate 74:225–234, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Au Dotted Magnetic Network Nanostructure and Its Application for On‐Site Monitoring Femtomolar Level Pesticide
Authors: Yang Tianxi , Guo Xiaoyu , Wang Hui , Fu Shuyue , Yu Jie , Wen Ying , Yang Haifeng
Published: October 2013

A novel magnetically responsive and surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) active nanocomposite is designed and prepared by direct grafting of Au nanoparticles onto the surface of magnetic network nanostructure (MNN) with the help of a nontoxic and environmentally friendly reagent of inositol hexakisphosphate shortly named as IP6. The presence of IP6 as a stabilizer and a bridging agent could weave Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) into magnetic network nanostructure, which is easily dotted with Au nanoparticles (Au NPs). It has been shown firstly that the huge Raman enhancement of Au‐MNN is reached by an external magnetic collection. Au‐MNN presenting the large surface and high detection sensitivity enables it to exhibit multifunctional applications involving sufficient adsorption of dissolved chemical species for enrichment, separation, as well as a Raman amplifier for the analysis of trace pesticide residues at femtomolar level by a portable Raman spectrometer. Therefore, such multifunctional nanocomposites can be developed as a smart and promising nanosystem that integrates SERS approach with an easy assay for concentration by an external magnet for the effective on‐site assessments of agricultural and environmental safety.
Bridging the Gap in the Micellar Transformation from Cylinders to Vesicles
Authors: Liu Cuicui , Yao Lin , Wang Hong , Phua Zai Rong , Song Xiaohui , Chen Hongyu
Published: October 2013

The micelles of polystyrene‐block‐poly(acrylic acid) (PS154‐b‐PAA49) are made to transform slowly in mixed solvent, allowing continual trapping of the various intermediates. During the transformation from cylindrical to vesicular micelles, it appears that a section of the cylinder first flattens to give a lamellar section, which then depresses to give a bowl‐like moiety, before finally converting to a fully enclosed vesicle. Most part of this transformation involves the “flow” of polymer domains without mingling of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains. On the bases of the literature and the observation in this work, it is proposed that the reduction of surface‐to‐volume ratio provides the thermodynamic driving force for the cylinder‐to‐vesicle transformation, whereas molecular reorganization within the polymer domains creates the kinetic barrier. From the point of view of molecular interactions, the “flow” of polymer domain involves a low barrier, whereas the merging of two micelles, the severing of cylindrical micelles, and the closing of partial vesicles encounter high barriers. Moreover, the kinetic barrier is reduced when PSPAA containing shorter PAA blocks is used, or when the PAA block are protonated. This mechanistic proposal explains the kinetically controlled transformation pathway and structural features of the observed intermediates.
Recording duration of ambient vibration monitoring for system identification of tall telecommunication towers
Authors: Yahyai Mahmood , Amiri Mohammad Mahdi
Published: October 2013

It is necessary to have reliable field measurement records for estimation of dynamic characteristics. Increasing duration of the record is one of the common methods for reduction of such errors in the results. Dynamic characteristics of telecommunication towers in higher modes are important for designers, but these parameters could be obtained from ambient vibration monitoring during typhoons in which duration of vibration is not long enough for reducing measurement errors.

This paper suggests a procedure for obtaining the duration of recording time for more reliable determination of structural characteristics of telecommunication towers. It is suggested to record the vibration of towers in the form of a set of long‐term and short‐term duration recordings for lower and higher modes, respectively. This procedure was verified with field measurement of Milad telecommunication tower. The results show that natural frequencies determined by this procedure are in good agreement with finite element model analysis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Renormalization group evolution of the standard model dimension six operators. I: formalism and λ dependence
Authors: Jenkins Elizabeth E. , Manohar Aneesh V. , Trott Michael
Published: October 2013

Abstract

We calculate the order λ, λ2 and λy
2 terms of the 59 × 59 one-loop anomalous dimension matrix of dimension-six operators, where λ and y are the Standard Model Higgs self-coupling and a generic Yukawa coupling, respectively. The dimension-six operators modify the running of the Standard Model parameters themselves, and we compute the complete one-loop result for this. We discuss how there is mixing between operators for which no direct one-particle-irreducible diagram exists, due to operator replacements by the equations of motion.
Long‐Term Survival and Quality of Life After Open Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair
Authors: Timmers Tim K. , van Herwaarden Joost A. , de Borst Gert‐Jan , Moll Frans L. , Leenen Luke P. H.
Published: October 2013

Background

Open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) generally involves postsurgery admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Few studies have evaluated the impact of surgery for either ruptured or nonruptured AAA (with postoperative ICU treatment) on long‐term survival and quality of life. The primary aim of this study was to quantify long‐term survival and health‐related quality of life (HrQpL) of a cohort of patients undergoing open AAA repair after hospital discharge.

Methods

Consecutive patients undergoing open elective or acute AAA reconstruction with postoperative admission to the ICU and discharged alive from the hospital during 2009 were identified. Primary outcome measures were 1‐year and long‐term mortality. The secondary outcome was the HrQoL using the EuroQol‐6D (EQ‐6D) questionnaire at the end of the follow‐up period.

Results

A total of 263 patients were treated and postoperatively discharged alive: 56 had a ruptured AAA (rAAA), 35 a symptomatic AAA, and 172 an asymptomatic AAA. The 1‐year mortality after open AAA repair was 8 %. Overall, 39 % of patients died within 10 postoperative years (mean 6.0 ± 2.8 years). Long‐term survival of patients with a ruptured or symptomatic aneurysm was similar to that of patients undergoing elective aneurysm repair. Long‐term HrQoL of the total study population was worse than that of an age‐matched general Dutch population on the EQ‐us (range 0–1, difference 0.12). This decrease in HrQoL was mainly seen in mobility, self‐care, usual activities, and cognition.

Conclusions

Ten years after open AAA repair, the overall survival rate was 59 %. Long‐term survival and HrQoL were similar for patients with a repaired ruptured or symptomatic aneurysm and those who underwent elective aneurysm repair. There were also no differences in patients with infrarenal versus juxtarenal/suprarenal aneurysms. Surviving patients had a lower HrQoL than the age‐matched general Dutch population, especially regarding mobility, self‐care, usual activities, and cognition.
Ultrasound‐Guided Methylene Blue Dye Injection for Parathyroid Localization in the Reoperative Neck
Authors: Candell Leah , Campbell Michael J. , Shen Wen T. , Gosnell Jessica E. , Clark Orlo H. , Duh Quan‐Yang
Published: October 2013

Background

The goal of this study was to review a single institution’s experience using intraoperative ultrasound‐guided (ioUSG) methylene blue dye injection for the localization and removal of enlarged parathyroid glands in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and a history of previous neck surgery.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of nine consecutive patients who underwent reoperative parathyroidectomy using ioUSG methylene blue dye injection.

Results

All patients had successful resolution of their hyperparathyroidism, with at least a 50 % decrease in intraoperative parathyroid hormone level after resection. One patient had transient recurrent laryngeal nerve paresis. There were no permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries or cases of permanent hypoparathyroidism.

Conclusions

Blue dye injection is a safe and effective method of localizing diseased parathyroid glands in the reoperative neck.
Mandatory Resection of Strangulation Marks in Small Bowel Obstruction?
Authors: Käser Samuel Andreas , Willi Niels , Maurer Christoph Andreas
Published: October 2013

Background

No evidence is available on how to treat intraoperatively detected band‐shaped strangulation marks of the bowel wall originating from an adhesive band or hernia ring. The authors prefer to resect these hazardous strangulation marks to avoid secondary small bowel perforation. This retrospective study investigated the prevalence of intraoperatively unrecognized ulceration and transmural necrosis at the site of the strangulation marks.

Methods

From July 2003 to July 2011, a total of 31 of 461 patients with acute bowel obstruction underwent small bowel resection due to strangulation marks, exclusively. Seven patients had two strangulation marks, resulting in 38 strangulation marks to be analyzed.

Results

From 38 examined strangulation marks, 14 (36.8 %) exhibited deep ulceration or transmural necrosis. Four (10.5 %) necrotic lesions had already been recognized intraoperatively, while 7 (18.4 %) unsuspicious strangulation marks showed deep ulceration and 3 (7.9 %) showed transmural necrosis exclusively at final histopathologic examination. The number of strangulation marks that needed to be resected for prevention of one missed deep ulceration and/or transmural necrosis of the small bowel was 3.4. The presence of deep ulceration or transmural necrosis is associated with an obvious decrease in bowel diameter caudad to the strangulation mark. No anastomotic leak occurred.

Conclusion

The severity of small bowel damage at the site of band‐shaped strangulation marks may be underestimated by surgeons. The present series showed favorable results with a resection‐per‐principle policy for these strangulation marks. If an obvious decrease of bowel diameter aborally to the strangulation mark is present, resection or seromuscular invagination of the later is particularly recommended.
Influence of Preoperative Chemotherapy on CT Volumetric Liver Regeneration Following Right Hemihepatectomy
Authors: Dello Simon A.W.G. , Kele Petra G. Serbanescu , Porte Robert J. , van Dam Ronald M. , Klaase Joost M. , Verhoef Cees , van Gulik Thomas , Molenaar Quintus , Bosscha Koop , van der Jagt Eric J. , Dejong Cornelis H.C. , de Boer Marieke T.
Published: October 2013

Background

An increasing number of patients undergo major liver resection following preoperative chemotherapy. Liver regeneration may be impaired in these patients, predisposing them to postoperative liver dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of preoperative chemotherapy on liver regeneration after partial liver resection.

Methods

Patients planned to receive right hepatectomy either with (group B) or without (group A) prior chemotherapy were identified retrospectively from a prospective multi‐institutional database created in the conduct of a national randomized controlled trial (RCT). Prior chemotherapy was neither an inclusion nor an exclusion criterion of the trial. Future remnant liver volume (FRLV) was calculated by measuring total functional liver volume and resection specimen on preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans. Remnant liver volume after 7 days (VRLV7days) was measured on scheduled postoperative CT scans. The early regeneration index 7 days after surgery (RIearly) was calculated as [(VRLV7days − FRLV) / FRLV] × 100 %. Data are expressed as median (interquartile range).

Results

A total of 72 patients were enrolled: 45 in group A and 27 in group B. For the whole group, the liver remnant showed a 58 % (39 %) increase in volume at day 7 (1) day. The RIearly was not significantly different between groups A and B, 60 % (36 %) and 50 % (43 %), respectively (p = 0.47). The RIearly was significantly lower in patients who had undergone more than six cycles of chemotherapy.

Conclusions

Preoperative chemotherapy does not seem to have a negative impact on early liver regeneration after partial liver resection.
The Past and Present of Liver Suture
Authors: Komorowski Andrzej L. , Lukashenko Andriy , Chang Yu‐Chung
Published: October 2013

Since the first attempts at resecting parts of diseased livers in the late nineteenth century, hemorrhage has been the main obstacle for surgeons. One of the first hemostasis techniques in liver resection was liver suture. The idea of suturing the liver in order to perform resection was proposed by a team of Russian and Polish surgeons from Kharkiv University in today’s Ukraine. The liver suture became widely popular and has been used in various forms throughout the surgical world. Further into the twentieth century, it has lost much of its popularity; however, over more than 100 years of existence it has seen several peaks in interest. Currently, it is still being used by some liver surgeons as it is one of the cheapest ways of obtaining a bloodless liver parenchyma transection.
Stroke Volume Response to Liver Graft Reperfusion Stress in Cirrhotic Patients
Authors: Escobar Bibiana , Taurá Pilar , Martínez‐Palli Graciela , Fondevila Constatino , Balust Jaume , Beltrán Joan , Fernández Javier , García‐Pagán Juan Carlos , García‐Valdecasas Juan Carlos
Published: October 2013

Introduction

In patients with advanced cirrhosis, stressful stimuli may reveal a silent reduced cardiac performance. During liver transplantation (LT), graft reperfusion strongly stresses the heart and may unmask latent myocardial dysfunction.

Aim

The objective of this study was to assess heart response to acutely increased preload after liver graft reperfusion and correlate this response with preoperative data and outcome.

Methods

Preoperative clinical, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic data, and patient outcome were retrospectively recorded for 235 liver recipients who had no known cardiac disease. Myocardial dysfunction was defined as less than 10 % increase of stroke volume after graft reperfusion (non‐responder).

Results

We found 84 (35.7 %) non‐responder patients. The non‐responders showed higher Model for end‐stage liver disease scores (p = 0.046), left atrial diameter (LAD) (p = 0.040), hepatic vein pressure gradient (p = 0.055), and hyperdynamic state than responders. The percentages of patients with hyponatremia (p = 0.048) and alcohol etiology (p = 0.025) were also higher among non‐responders. Independent predictors of inadequate cardiac response in the multivariate analysis were low preoperative systemic vascular resistance (SVRI) [odds ratio (OR) 3.09, 95 % CI 1.15–4.82; p = 0.027] and enlargement of LAD (OR 2.08, 95 % CI 1.49–2.74; p = 0.044). Non‐response was associated with higher rates of early cardiovascular events [hazard ratio (HR) 2.84, 95 % CI 1.09–4.22; p = 0.039] and higher length of intensive care unit stay (p = 0.038). No differences were found in 1‐year survival rates.

Conclusions

Latent cardiac dysfunction among LT recipients, considered to be abnormal stroke volume response to unclamping of portal vein, is very prevalent. SVRI and LAD were independent predictors of inadequate responses. This condition deserves special attention since it may aggravate the early postoperative course of LT.