bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Behaviorism on Emotions: Mead and Modern Behaviorism Compared*
Authors: Baldwin John D.
Published: January 2008

This paper presents George Herbert Mead's work on emotions from the perspective of social behaviorism and compares it with the modem behavioral analysis of emotions. The two positions are strikingly similar. The main difference between modern behaviorism and Mead's social behaviorism is that contemporary behaviorists have access to a larger empirical data base and more refined theoretical models than Mead had. The modern behavioral analysis of emotions confirms most of Mead's basic observations and expands upon them.

Empirically oriented symbolic interactionists who identify with Mead's social behaviorism can benefit by drawing upon the extensive behavioral research and theories developed in the decades since Mead worked. In fact, there is an enormous potential for developing productive research and theory at the interface between Mead's social behaviorism and modem behaviorism in the study of emotions and most other social psychological topics.
THE MEANING OF UNCERTAINTY AND THE UNCERTAINTY OF MEANING
Authors: Perinbanayagam R.S.
Published: January 2008

The interrelation between “processes” and “structures” is addressed in this article with a discussion of quantum theory and classical physics, on the one hand and pragmatic theories of meaning and structuralist ones, on the other. It is concluded that just as quantum theory needs the apparatus of classical physics to establish its own phenomena, pragmatic theories need structuralist apparatus to establish their own. It is argued that both in the case of quanta as in that of meaning, measurement procedures create similar relations of uncertainty: Heisenberg relations in physics and Meadian relations in sociopsychology.
SIGN, SYMBOL, AND METALANGUAGE: AGAINST THE INTEGRATION OF SEMIOTICS AND SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
Authors: Harman Lesley D.
Published: January 2008

Dean MacCannell's proposal for a “rapprochement” between symbolic interaction‐ism and semiotics, in which the “generality” of symbolic interactionism's conception the sign is “raised” to that of semiotics, is examined. By turning exclusively to Saussurian semiotics, MacCannell does not adequately reflect the distinction between “natural” and “arbitrary” representation in Peirce's semiosis that is the most fruitful link with Mead's symbolic interactionism. Consequently, MacCannell's argument at the level of terminology is flawed. Rather than merging, the perspectives might benefit from a radical rethinking of representation. This would involve preserving the distinction between the “natural” and “arbitrary,” while at the same time recognizing that in mass society “arbitrary” representation has become a kind of “second‐order” (Barthes) indexical metalanguage of membership within which symbolic interaction may occur. As Baudrillard claims, “commutation of signs” has replaced “interaction of symbols,” yet strains against an unfulfilled symbolic demand. Efforts should be directed at generating a theory of representation capable of addressing the tension that produces this symbolic demand.
KEEPING SYMBOLIC INTERACTION SAFE FROM SEMIOTICS: A RESPONSE TO HARMAN
Authors: MacCannell Dean
Published: January 2008

This article provides a critique of the particular way in which Lesley D. Harman has proposed to accommodate Symbolic Interaction to semiotic theory and method. Harman's argument rests on a belief in the reality of the nature/culture dimension as prior to semiotic or sociological theory. According to Harman's view, nature is the realm of determinism, culture is the realm of freedom, and social theory ought to align itself with freedom and culture. A semiotic alternative based on Peirce's concept of the sign is suggested. The alternative socio‐semiotic approach opens the possibility of studying both cultural determinism and creative processes in nature.
THE SOCIAL PRESERVATION OF MIND: THE ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE EXPERIENCE
Authors: Gubrium Jaber F.
Published: January 2008

Data from the Alzheimer's disease (senile dementia) experience are interpreted to extend and refine George Mead's theory of mind. While Mead conceived of mind as an internal conversation, the disease experience shows that the reality‐status of mind is more practical and radically dialogical in organization. Taken as collectively preserved, mind is circumscribed through agents by means of rule‐guided articulations and closures. Suggestions are offered for a more fully dialogical appreciation of Mead's view.
COMMODORE PERRY AND THE JAPANESE: A STUDY IN THE DRAMATURGY OF POWER
Authors: Kitahara Michio
Published: January 2008

A study of face‐to‐face interactions between Commodore Perry and his subordinates on the one hand, and Japanese on the other, reveals that Perry consistently displayed power in a well‐calculated manner in order to make the Japanese open the country. The Japanese were completely manipulated by him, and they yielded to his demand and opened the country. The American and Japanese documents of the time are analyzed in terms of Goffman's dramaturgical approach. Symbolic interactionism can be a useful approach in understanding international relations or social change.
Legitimation of Oppression: Response and Reflexivity
Authors: Wolf Charlotte
Published: January 2008

The basic question addressed in this article is why people in inferior and devalued strata submit to oppression. It is my thesis that the legitimation of oppression is one of the key issues for subordinate people and that the study of the creation and processes of legitimation among such groups will shed light on the phenomenon of human obedience or of resistance to oppressive rule. The core of the study consists of (1) the development of a model of the legitimation process and (2) the use of examples from the experiences of oppressed groups to illustrate dimensions of this process.
Actors in Search of a Character: Student Social Workers' Quest for Professional Identity
Authors: Loseke Donileen R. , Cahill Spencer E.
Published: January 2008

This article presents a case study of the professional socialization of neophyte social workers. Drawing primarily upon interviews of the 14 members of a senior class in an accredited social work program, the article presents an analysis of student interns' attempts to dramatically realize the occupational identity of social worker. Contrasts between their experiences and the experiences of student doctors are stressed in order to illustrate the reflexive relationship between the historical and the biographical processes of professionalization.
FROM PRINTS TO POSTERS: THE PRODUCTION OF ARTISTIC VALUE IN A POPULAR ART WORLD
Authors: Gibbon Heather M. Fitz
Published: January 2008

The activity of a gallery in an art world is centered not only on the distribution of works, but also on the development of a clientele. This involves convincing potential customers that works have both artistic and economic value. The traditional path of valuation of works is through the gatekeepers of the high art world. There are, however, art worlds whose works have not passed through these high art gatekeepers, but which are nevertheless successful in maintaining a clientele. This article examines the process by which this popular art world establishes a positive value for its art when it has no access to the legitimating institutions of the high art world.

Data were gathered primarily through interviews with gallery directors, employees, and artists, both from the popular and high‐art worlds. The sample includes 18 popular galleries and 10 high art galleries in the Chicago area. “Popular galleries” are defined as those galleries located in the shopping districts of cities or in suburban shopping malls. Many are part of larger chains, and all carry prints by well‐known artists, works of lesser known artists, and some posters.
CONVICTED MURDERERS' ACCOUNTS OF THEIR CRIMES: A STUDY OF HOMICIDE IN SMALL COMMUNITIES
Authors: Ray Melvin C. , Simons Ronald L.
Published: January 2008

In‐depth interviews were conducted with a sample of 25 persons recently convicted of homicide in a largely rural, midwestern state. The primary focus of the study was the definition of the situation, particularly the vocabulary of motives, employed by the respondents at the time of their crime. The results showed that the vast majority of the respondents cited motives involving excuses (e.g., it was an accident, judgment impaired by alcohol/drugs, not oneself because of severe stress). These excuses assumed, or appealed to, conventional moral views of violence. Six of the individuals provided motives that they felt justified their actions. However, these justifications tended to be based upon a plea of self‐defense and demonstrated a commitment to conventional morality rather than to the norms of a violent subculture. There was no evidence that the respondents viewed their behavior as part of a character contest. In most instances, they were unemployed or underemployed persons, living rather dead‐end lives, who in the course of mounting life stress struck out at someone, usually while intoxicated. Frequently they were depressed, and in some cases suicidal, at the time of the act, and the victim was usually a relative or friend. In half of the cases it appeared that the homicide would not have taken place if a handgun has not been present.
Interaction Theory in the Federal Republic of Germany: Development, Current Position, Themes, and Problems
Authors: Haferkamp Hans
Published: January 2008

After the end of World War II in West Germany, action and interaction theories and phenomenological sociology occupied only fringe positions. At the end of the 1960s, criticism of the prevalent neopositivistic research methodology, systems theory, and the rapidly spreading critical theory increased. This, coupled with the positive reception given symbolic interactionism and ethnomethodology from the United States, caused interaction theories to flourish. Today they are among the four or five main schools of thought in West German sociology. In methodological work, the “interpretative” or “communicative” social research of the time developed the narrative interview and life history method. Group discussion and participant observation were also used for interactionist social research. A survey of the subjects interactionists have covered in their research shows how widely interaction theory has been applied. The main themes of current interaction theory are: (1) conceptualizing the difference between unpremeditated behavior and meaningful action, (2) formulating a theory that covers both “structure” and “action”, and (3) developing an interactionist macro theory. The future of interaction theory is analyzed and assessed optimistically.
Recent Improvements in Portraying Acts in Symbolic Interaction Behavioral Specimens
Authors: Honeycutt James M.
Published: January 2008

Behavioral specimens are slices of ongoing interaction that take particular behavioral observations from beginning to end and report the temporal sequence of the behaviors under investigation. This article takes the position that behavioral specimens as a symbolic interaction tool preserve the context of natural interaction in interpersonal relationships. Whereas this technique of data collection was first used by Barker and Wright in 1954, over 30 years ago, the format of the specimen presented here is new, because nonverbal behaviors are now recorded in a fashion that reflects the timing of the behaviors in relation to verbalizations. The intent of the new specimen format is to enhance the ecological validity of recordings through a more accurate representation of the contemporaneous nature of nonverbal behaviors and to convey a working knowledge of the actors under analysis.
LE CONTE, ROYCE, TEGGART, BLUMER: A BERKELEY DIALOGUE ON SOCIOLOGY, SOCIAL CHANGE, AND SYMBOLIC INTERACTION
Authors: Lyman Stanford M.
Published: January 2008

The tradition of sociological discourse at the University of California at Berkeley antedates departmentalization by‐more than seven decades. Berkeley's sociology is treated in this article as a dialogue with the ghost of Comte, embracing the works of Joseph Le Conte, Josiah Royce, Frederick Teggart, and Herbert Blumer. That dialogue ultimately produced a prolegomena to a phenomenological theory of social change that has yet to be fully developed. The central concepts of this incipient theory of social change are “release and reverie.” The dimensions and potentiality for this theory are elaborated, and the contribution of Berkeley's sociology to macrosociological issues is indicated.
Negotiating Labor Market Effects: Descriptive Practice in a Work Incentive Program
Authors: Miller Gale
Published: January 2008

By analyzing labor market description and theorizing in everyday life, the author focuses on the ways in which staff and others associated with a Work Incentive Program (WIN) use labor market descriptions to produce quasi‐theories intended to justify their positions on matters of practical concern. The major issue in dispute involved the practical effects on the recessionary area economy for WIN staff and clients. Specifically, should they be held accountable to typical organizational expectations and standards in such an economic environment? This issue is developed by considering the (1) organizational context within which labor market description and negotiations occurred, (2) images of labor markets used by WIN staff and others in justifying their positions, (3) social organization of the negotiations, and (4) ways in which such negotiations sometimes resulted in the reformulation of the “real” issues at stake in staff member interactions with others. The analysis concludes by considering some of the implications of the findings for analyzing labor market description in contemporary organizations.
Mothers and Divorce: Legal, Economic and Social Dilemmas, by Terry Arendell
Authors: Daniels Arlene
Published: January 2008

Becoming an Ex: The Process of Role Exit, by Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988, 247 pages.
THE RISE OF SIBLING JEALOUSY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Authors: Stearns Peter N.
Published: January 2008

Until the 1920s adults demonstrated little awareness of jealousy among young children. Neither experts, nor prescriptive advice‐givers, nor parents evinced explicit concern. A rising tide of attention developed from about 1925 onward, as childrearing manuals routinely delivered dire and lengthy warnings about sibling rivalry and parents began to note the issue as one of their most pressing worries. The problem was defined both as a challenge in families with young children, where physical injury as well as lasting unpleasantness might result from uncurbed jealousy, and as a problem for the adult personality if jealousy were allowed to fester. Various strategies were recommended to minimize tension and to reassure of love; jealousy of a sibling was to be accepted but talked out, subtly labeled as childish. The reasons for this substantial shift in the rules about jealousy include changing family size, which heightened actual sibling rivalry over previous levels; expert reassessments of early childhood; and a growing desire to produce smooth, conflict‐free personalities as part of a more managerial, service‐oriented economy. While the intensity of concern about sibling rivalry abated slightly by the 1960s, the basic rules remained in place; the new tone constituted an internalization of the earlier rules and tactics. Finally, the impact of the new structures on sibling jealousy can be traced in several areas: a real change in emotional relations among siblings, as children bonded together less; new emotional tensions in family life that could alter wider parental perceptions of children; a growing desire among adults to shun jealousy as a childish emotion though often an inability fully to do so. The change in the 20th‐century pattern of jealousy deserves serious attention as part of the new complexities and repressive requirements of American emotional life.
VISUAL ONOMATOPOEIA
Authors: Dubin Steven C.
Published: January 2008

Social solidarity and group identity are not givens; at particular times they must be intentionally cultivated and concretely enacted. What I have termed visual onomatopoeia assembles large numbers of individuals into group insignias, emblems, or other significant symbols. The subsequent artistic or photographic record of such displays is tangible evidence of a group's existence—who comprises it and how it sees itself. It thereby operates as both act and artifact. Like its verbal counterpart, visual onomatopoeia communicates through a close equivalence between a subject and its representation. It frames experience in a distinctive manner by objectifying the group, which ordinarily is only vaguely conceptualized. “Living photographs” of religious and patriotic subjects (e.g., 18,000 men configured as the Statue of Liberty) were executed by the team of Mole and Thomas and E. O. Goldbeck between 1913 and 1971. From a Durkheimian perspective, such images could be an important device for mobilizing allegiance. But by adopting a Goffmanian perspective, we additionally learn that there is affective deviance from affirmative social rituals: participants were not as fully engaged as their organizers might have desired. Additional examples from the mass media (e.g., advertising, news reports) demonstrate the metaphoric use of this device and attest to the subtle pervasiveness of this way of representing social life.
“BUT YOU DON'T LIVE HERE, MAN”: NEGOTIATING SOCIAL REALITY AT THE ROSEBUSH HOTEL
Authors: Wallace Jennifer J.
Published: January 2008

Rules of social order are negotiated: actors' theories of negotiations in any particular setting affect what gets negotiated and how. This research looks at the negotiation process between two groups who had asymmetrical desires for the negotiations: one focusing on process, one on outcomes. Factors such as the balance of power, structural constraints, negotiation contexts and intergroup relationships help explain what gets negotiated and what gets changed. Actors' theories as a measure of reality become important in analyzing the “success” and importance of the negotiating process. Actors' theories affect not only what gets negotiated but the scope, durability, and volatility of negotiation.
Herbert Blumer and the Study of Fashion: A Reminiscence and A Critique
Authors: Davis Fred
Published: January 2008

Recounting my late 1940s graduate student contacts with Herbert Blumer on the topic of fashion, 1 go on to assess his important contribution to the sociological study of fashion. Conceptually rich, the corpus of Blumer's writing on fashion is yet surprisingly small. His major opus on fashion, anticipated only in part by several of his earlier, less exhaustive writings on the subject, did not see print until 1969 with the publication of the justly famous Sociological Quarterly piece “Fashion: From Class Differentiation to Collective Selection.” There Blumer pursues two aims: (1) to challenge the then prevalent functionalist view of fashion as a “trickle down” symbolic mechanism for effecting social class differentiation, a view associated with such sociological eminences as Simmel and Veblen, and (2) to offer in its place his own quite original approach to fashion as a massive “collective selection” process wherein choices are guided more by the elusive lure of modernity than by invidious class tinctions as such. Prominent among the strengths of Blumer's position is the demonstrably greater empirical validity of “collective selection” as compared to “class differentiation.” Among its shortcomings are Blumer's slighting of a salient social psychological theme in Simmers dialectical approach to fashion and, more important, his failure to address in any sustained way the role of the fashion industry in the fashion process. The recently emerging, symbolic interactionist concept of social world offers a means for redressing this omission and for advancing further upon the ground opened by Herbert Blumer's still exciting breakthrough in the sociology of fashion.
Postmodern Sociology/Postmodern Review
Authors: Frank Arthur W.
Published: January 2008

Interpretive Interactionism, by Norman K. Denzin

Interpretive Biography, by Norman K. Denzin
A Refracted Reality of Everyday Life: The Constructed Culture of a Therapeutic Community
Authors: Wiley Juniper
Published: January 2008

Focusing on the charismatic authority of its Founder/ Director, the ideology, and formal social structure of a holistic therapeutic community for schizophrenics, this paper examines the process of reality construction in an alternative therapeutic milieu. Data was provided from a field work study involving Intensive participant observation over a two year period and open‐ended interviews. Within a phenomenological perspective, therapeutic work is viewed as a cognitive activity that not only redefines and transforms the meanings of everyday life but also one that in the process of redefining produces a peculiar cognitive style—a specific tension of consciousness—through a specific epochs. By virtue of this sustained bracket and a self‐consciously created culture the therapeutic community is seen as constructing its own version of reality and a peculiar social world.
History, The City and The Interactionist: Anselm Strauss, City Imagery, and Urban Sociology
Authors: Lofland Lyn H.
Published: January 2008

My goal in what follows is to explore some of the questions, analyses and insights that a scholar, equipped with a sense of history and the sensitivity of an interactionist, might bring to the study of the city. But before I begin that task, I want to spend a little time laying some ground‐ work. I want to introduce my readers to (or remind them of) two snippets of sociological history: the first snippet has to do with the place‐more accurately, the lack of place‐of the interactionist perspective within the field of urban sociology; the second deals with the unique contributions of one of the few interactionists to work urban sociology: Anselm Strauss.
Clear and Weil‐Balanced
Authors: Killian Lewis M.
Published: January 2008

Interactionism: Exposition and Critique, Second edition, by Larry T. Reynolds
Strikes, Frames, And Touchdowns: The Institutional Struggle For Meaning In The 1987 National Football League Season
Authors: Schmitt Raymond L.
Published: January 2008

The introduction of “replacement” teams for the first time in the NFL provided an opportunity to investigate how controversial social definitions and the meaning of such frames emerge within a modern social world. Seven processes were identified: disrupting social worlds, experiencing social ambiguity, interpreting disruption institutionally, socially constructing laminations, disattending problematics of laminations, culturally adapting to anomaly, and negating collective protest. Conclusions are based on an emergent content analysis of extensive newspaper, sport and newsmagazine, and live television and radio accounts. The value of Goffman's framing ideas for symbolic interactionism is discussed.
Autonomy and Conformity in Cooley's Self‐Theory: The Looking‐Glass Self and Beyond
Authors: Franks David D. , Gecas Viktor
Published: January 2008

The totality of Cooley's contribution to self‐theory, as reported in most sociology texts and much of the contemporary self literature, is erroneously equated with his concept of the “looking‐glass self”, in its passive, dependent, and chameleon form. In this paper, we highlight Cooley's own qualifications to the looking‐glass self, which properly place this popular concept in the context of Cooley's broader and more assertive view of self‐concept formation. These qualifications include Cooley's emphasis on selectivity and interpretation in the process of reflected appraisals, his writings on core values and the continuity of character, and his discussion of efficacious action and appropriative activity in the early formation of the self.
Gonzo Justice
Authors: Altheide David L.
Published: January 2008

The role of public discourse, social control, punishment and claims about justice are joined in this essay through the concept of gonzo justice. Gonzo justice refers to the use of extraordinary means to demonstrate social control and moral compliance through rule enforcement and punishment designed to stigmatize publicly, often through the mass media, and to demonstrate the moral resolve of those mandating the punishment. The collapsing of distinctions between the news media as chroniclers of public life and formal agents of control is illustrated with materials from an ongoing study of new forms of social control. The implications of making extraordinary sanctioning practices ordinary and routine are noted.
An Underestimated Alternative: America and the Limits of “Critical Theory”
Authors: Joas Hans
Published: January 2008

The main goal of this paper is to examine the intellectual and biographical reasons why the theorists of the Frankfurt school did not embrace pragmatism. This goal is pursued in four areas: (1) the epistemological area of the debate about subjective and objective “reason”—here the misleading character of Horkheimer's and Mar‐cuse's writings on pragmatism is demonstrated; (2) the area of political theory—here the tension between the American democratic tradition and a quasi‐Marxist functionalism is exposed; (3) the area of social psychology—here the inability of the Frankfurt school to incorporate symbolic interactionism becomes evident; (4) the elitist relationship to American mass culture. The paper ends with brief remarks on Habermas' ambivalent position between pragmatism and “Critical Theory” and with a perspective of transcending this ambivalence.
The Social Psychology of Robert E. Park: Human Nature, Self, Personality and Social Structure
Authors: Reitzes Donald C. , Reitzes Dietrich C.
Published: January 2008

Robert E. Park is widely recognized today for his contributions to urban sociology, race relations and collective behavior but his social psychology has been largely neglected. Park's inclusive and loose framework covered his interest in: (1) human nature and the bio‐physiological instincts which for him were raw materials of personality; (2) formulation of self concept as an organization of roles; and (3) micro‐macro linkages between individual and social structure. Each one of Park's three themes is still important for symbolic interaction theory and offers insights into contemporary investigations of emotions, role acquisition and identity.
A Collage of Subjectivities
Authors: Gottschalk Simon
Published: January 2008

Investigating Subjectivity, edited by Carolyn Ellis and Michael G. Flaherty.
A Collage of Ethnographies
Authors: Johnson John M.
Published: January 2008

Ethnography Unbound: Power and Resistance in the Modern Metropolis, by Michael Burawoy, Alice Burton, Ann Arnett Ferguson, Kathryn J. Fox, Joshua Gamson, Nadine Gartrell, Leslie Hurst, Charles Kurzman, Leslie Salzinger, Josepha Shiffman, and Shiori Ui.
A Burkean Hermeneutics for Understanding the Social Character of Schizophrenic Language
Authors: Doubt Keith
Published: January 2008

Drawing upon Kenneth Burke's distinction between semantic and poetic meaning in all language used by human actors, this study develops a hermeneutics for understanding the language of people afflicted with schizophrenia in social interaction. Documentary evidence from first person accounts, TV and video portrayals, and clinical reports is used for purposes of explication. A review of previous literature on schizophrenic language is provided to identify the particular contribution of this study for the development of more inclusive interactions with people afflicted with schizophrenia.
Naturalistic Observation in the Laboratory
Authors: Molseed Mari J.
Published: January 2008

Symbolic interactionists generally eschew laboratory research in favor of naturalistic observation in field settings. This is consistent with the recommendations of Blumer, who argued that social processes and relationships, which are the appropriate subject matter for sociology, cannot be studied adequately within the laboratory. In this statement, I argue that when the laboratory is used as a “provocative stage,” the integrity of social action and social relationships as they are manifest in social process can be as adequately studied in the laboratory as they can be in the field. I further argue that when the laboratory is used in the manner specified here, Blumer's recommendations are more adequately met than they are in field studies.
Jazz in Social Interaction: Personal Creativity, Collective Constraint, and Motivational Explanation in the Social Thought of Howard S. Becker
Authors: Katz Jack
Published: January 2008

Although symbolic interactionist studies are often thought to abandon motivational explanation in favor of a focus on social process, the interactionist tradition has usefully employed two deterministic themes. One is inherent in the appreciation of the actor's inescapable sense of interactional significance for behavior that will be socially witnessed. A second deterministic theme appreciates external constraints on the individual's perception and generation of social acts. The former shapes all work in symbolic interactionism. The latter has been developed most consistently in the work of Howard S. Becker. Without addressing the matter as such, Becker has worked with a series of ideas about constraint on individual motivation, ideas that are harmonious with the interactionist's understanding of personal creativity in social action. His writings invite a reconsideration of the supposed antagonism between the appreciation of interactive process and the understanding of motivational constraint. Becker's work on motivation is also notable for outlining a theory of increasing constraints through the life cycle, constraints which, if appreciated by the actor, carry paradoxically liberating implications. The distinctive interplay of personal creativity and collective constraint in his thought is succinctly captured by the metaphor of jazz in social interaction.
Whither Ethnography?
Authors: Dickens David R.
Published: January 2008

What's Wrong With Ethnography?, by Martyn Hammersley.

The End(s) of Ethnography, by Patricia Ticineto Clough.
The Couch Project
Authors: Saxton Stanley L.
Published: January 2008

Carl Couch had a distinctive project. He was a man of distinctive character. In this commentary, I first describe the Couch project and then discuss how the project was interwoven with the character of its author. I then discuss “Oh, What Webs Those Phantoms Spin” in the context of Carl's larger project and close with a brief discussion of New Iowa School research after Carl Couch.
Narrative Mapping of Social Worlds: The Voice of Experience in Alcoholics Anonymous
Authors: Pollner Melvin , Stein Jill
Published: January 2008

At the threshold of an unfamiliar social world, newcomers may seek knowledgeable or experienced others for orientation, information, and advice. Oldtimers, “pros,” and veterans, in turn, may draw upon their personal experience to offer “narrative maps” of the new psychosocial geography. The prepresentations of reality contained in narrative maps may shape newcomers' decisions, actions, and discourse. Despite their ubiquity and significance, however, narrative maps have received scant attention as a topic of sociological inquiry. The personal narratives in meetings of Alcoholics Anonymous provide a rich opportunity to explore how experienced members articulate a version of the past, population, practices, and problems of a new world. The contexts, uses, and consequences of narrative mapping are considered.
Interaction ism and the Child: Cahill, Corsaro, and Denzin on Childhood Socialization
Authors: Musolf Gil Richard
Published: January 2008

Socialization is one of the defining concepts of symbolic interactionism. This essay redirects attention to that area by reviewing the works of Spencer E, Cahill, William A. Corsaro, and Norman K. Denzin, three scholars who have had little attention paid to their work on childhood socialization. Under the rubrics of (a) stages: automatic or contingent?, (b) play and games, (c) peer groups and cultures, (d) gender identity, and (e) public behavior, it is argued that these scholars have advanced symbolic interaction theory on childhood socialization by featuring the constructive, communal, and collective aspects of socialization. A summary of similarities and differences among these authors is made, especially noting Corsaro's conceptualization of “interpretive reproduction.” A critique focuses on some inadequacies in their work along with suggestions for future research.
Status Inequality and Close Relationships: An Integrative Typology of Bond‐Saving Strategies
Authors: Harris Scott R.
Published: January 2008

Equality is described in the literature as a prerequisite to satisfying close relations, but research has not seriously grappled with how a sense of equality is created or how inequalities might be overcome. This paper uses an interactionist perspective to explore how individuals maintain or repair a close social bond when a perceived difference in status is defined to be problematic. In 7 76 essays, respondents described a situation where a status inequality disrupted a close relationship, the strategies one or both of the participants used to maintain the bond, and how effective the strategies were. Analytic induction yielded four basic strategy types: (a) accept the status inequality; (b) avoid the situation which fosters feelings of inequality; (c) alter the inequality by redefining or concretely mitigating it; and (d) acknowledge and discuss the problematic situation. Findings from previous research on facework, embarrassment, and shame are integrated into this typology, and implications are drawn for symbolic interactionist theory and research.
Gender and Temporality in Interpersonal Systems
Authors: Nadesan Majia Holmer
Published: January 2008

This essay provides a nonessentializing account of how gender affects the social construction of time in communicative interactions. Niklas Luhmann's systems theory serves as the theoretical framework for explaining how time is constructed through communication codes. Using Luhmann's model, the essay argues that gender is a communication code that operates to align social participants' perspectives towards a socially constructed “present.” However, the essay notes that participants' experience of that present will be contingent upon the specific cultural and historical criteria that constitute their use of the gender code. The criteria specific to Anglo‐American culture are used to illustrate how this instanciation of the gender code might affect temporal experience.
A Grounded Theory Model of the Ideal Business Image for Women
Authors: Kimle Patricia A. , Damhorst Mary Lynn
Published: January 2008

Recent changes in women's business identities present an opportunity to explore the social meanings conveyed by dress in a specific and changing context. Using a grounded theory approach, interview data from twenty‐four business women were analyzed for recurrent themes. These women felt they could choose from a variety of dress images in order to express appropriate or socially acceptable meanings, including credibility and competence in business. A dynamic, multi‐dimensional model of the meanings comprising an “ideal” image for business women is proposed. These meanings include conservatism, fashion, masculinity, femininity/sexuality, creativity, and conformity. The meanings are conceptualized as approximately opposing forces causing tensions, thus requiring conscious balancing by business women. Each meaning has an extreme which can endanger the credibility of the wearer. The balance of meanings is mediated by several contextual factors.
The Discourse of Dress and Appearance: Identity Talk and a Rhetoric of Review
Authors: Hunt Scott A. , Miller Kimberly A.
Published: January 2008

This article examines how identities are constructed and maintained via talk about personal dress and appearance. In this article, we introduce the concept of rhetoric of review, which is defined as the taken‐for‐granted rules that guide the evaluations of the appearances of self and others. Three basic components of a rhetoric of review are identified: moral precepts, program neutralizations, and review neutralizations. Data were derived from eight in‐depth interviews with eighteen sorority members from a single university in the Southeastern United States. These data were used to expand Stone's (1962) conceptual framework of program and review by including Sykes and Matza's (1957) neutralization techniques. The purpose of this article is to bridge the interactionist perspectives on appearance and identity talk so as to augment our understanding of the discourse of appearance.
Monastic Blessings: Deconstructing and Reconstructing the Self
Authors: Bruder Kurt A.
Published: January 2008

This paper explores the development and maintenance of the self among members of an Orthodox Christian monastery. The principal communicative resource by which members effect their unique social order, the blessing sequence, is interpreted as a spiritual technology for altering processes of reality construction, especially those associated with agency and selfhood. The deconstruction and reconstruction of the monastic self is essential to their membership in the community and a necessary preparation for the achievement of their shared objective: immediate experience of Ultimate Reality. This study demonstrates the interdependence of communicative practice and psychological experience and suggests that specific interactive routines may be identified and enacted in order to secure desirable psycho‐social outcomes.
Meaning and Identity in “Cyberspace”: The Performance of Gender, Class, and Race Online
Authors: Kendall Lori
Published: January 2008

This article explores issues of gendered, classed and raced identities using examples drawn from my research on a type of online forum known as a mud. I critique previous accounts of research regarding identity online which have suggested that online interactions encourage greater identity fluidity and multiplicity. Drawing on examples from face‐to‐face interviews and online interaction, I discuss several aspects of identity. I first examine participants' efforts to meet face‐to‐face and discuss their privileging of offline information regarding identity. Using two examples of “gender‐switchers,” I then show how some participants distance themselves from experiences of gendered identities which might otherwise disrupt previously held beliefs about gender. Next I discuss classed and raced identities, which participants express in conversations about income and ethnicity. These discussions point to the interconnections between online and offline interpretations of class and race. Thus, in discussing these examples, I emphasize the need to examine not just online performances, but also the participants' interpretations of such performances. Despite the potentially disruptive effects of online ambiguity, many participants continue to believe in essence and continuity of identity.
Emotional Simultaneity and the Construction of Victim Unity
Authors: Heeren John W.
Published: January 2008

One of the concerns in recent work on the sociology of emotions is the link between emotions and social bonding. A version of this issue has also been discussed in research on disasters, with the focus being on how the crisis leads to the cohesion essential to recovery and rebuilding. This paper provides an analysis of a fire and its aftermath and shows how central emotions are to understanding the social psychology of the event. Most important here is the fact that, when identifying themselves as fire victims, those affected by the disaster assumed that they experienced the same profound emotions at the same time. This emotional simultaneity led fire victims to emphasize their bonds to one another and heighten their boundaries with nonvictims. In turn, this led to their providing social support, comparative experiences, and practical assistance to each other.
Rock Creek History1
Authors: Denzin Norman K.
Published: January 2008

This is an experimental, mixed‐genre narrative, combining autoethnography with other evocative writing forms, including narratives of the self. Using the techniques of fiction, I tell a story about myself and my experiences with nature, the sacred, and a small Montana river named Rock Creek. Kittridge asks for narratives that embed the self in storied histories of sacred spaces. These stories chart the outlines of an epistemology that stresses the sacredness of human life and its relationship to nature. Accordingly, this performance‐based project attempts to enact a sacred epistemology and a form of writing that honors our relationship to nature and the natural world.
Believing and Implicit Religion beyond the Churches
Authors: Francis Leslie , Robbins Mandy , Williams Emyr
Published: January 2008

A sample of 1,133 year-nine and year-ten pupils (13–15 year-olds), attending six state-maintained secondary schools in South Wales, completed a survey concerned with beliefs in the afterlife, beliefs in supernatural forces, beliefs about good luck, beliefs about bad luck, beliefs about protection from harm, and fear of the supernatural. The analysis distinguishes between the belief patterns of females who belong to and attend a Christian group (the churched) and females who neither belong to nor attend any religious group (the unchurched). The data demonstrate significantly greater belief in (but no significantly greater fear of) some aspects of the supernatural among the unchurched.
Pastoral Work
Authors: Borgman Erik , Van Drongelen Hans , Meijknecht Ton
Published: January 2008

Expanding on the concept of implicit religion, when explicit religion is becoming ever more marginal, this article explores rather than investigates an intuition of two campus chaplains. It is their first attempt to reveal in a non-proclaiming way the spirituality of many members of their generation. It tells the experience of young people who discover they have a thing like a self or even a soul. It tells the pastoral experience of these chaplains who have to redefine their job after this discovery. Often this discovery is a shocking experience to all concerned. Currently, methods are lacking to describe it in an appropriate way. This article can also be considered a first attempt to look for an acceptable method of description: a search for a common language.
Experimental bond behaviour of welded mesh reinforcement at elevated temperatures
Authors: Giroldo F. , Bailey C. G.
Published: January 2008

The bond characteristics between steel reinforcement and concrete are important when modelling global behaviour and predicting reinforcement fracture at ultimate failure. The current paper presents the measured bond stress–slip relationship for welded ribbed and smooth mesh reinforcement at ambient and elevated temperatures, which is commonly used in composite floor slabs. The tests incorporated the bond stress of the mesh resulting from the longitudinal and transverse bar together with the strength of the connecting weld. It was found that the 6, 7 and 8 mm diameter ribbed mesh fractured at all temperatures and the 10 mm diameter ribbed mesh failed by splitting owing to the low cover/bar diameter ratio. All mesh reinforcement with plain bars (6, 7, 8 and 10 mm diameter) failed by fracture of the weld followed by pull-out of the longitudinal bar. The results presented in this paper can be used in current structural models and will aid in defining the ultimate failure criteria of slabs with welded mesh reinforcement.
Treatment Modifications Based on Childhood Anxiety Diagnosis: Demonstrating the Flexibility in Manualized Treatment
Authors: Grover Rachel L. , Hughes Alicia A. , Bergman R. Lindsey , Kingery Julie Newman
Published: January 2008

The current article presents suggestions for modifications to common manualized treatments to tailor the interventions to specific anxiety diagnoses and common comorbid diagnoses. The authors utilize one cognitive-behavioral treatment manual (Coping Cat; Kendall, 2000) to demonstrate appropriate clinical accommodations. As the majority of cognitive-behavioral treatment manuals contain both skill (e.g., relaxation training, cognitive restructuring, problem solving) and exposure components, suggestions for accommodations are grouped into relevant skill or exposure sections. Recommended modifications include a focus on imaginal exposure for generalized anxiety disorder, involvement of parents in the treatment of separation anxiety disorder, completion of a variety of in vivo exposures for social phobia, and involvement of school personnel in the treatment of selective mutism. Brief recommendations are also included for common comorbid symptoms of depression and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Mindfulness: A Primrose Path for Therapists Using Manualized Treatments?
Authors: Stanley Sheila , Reitzel Lorraine R. , Wingate Laricka R. , Cukrowicz Kelly C. , Lima Elizabeth N. , Joiner Thomas E.
Published: January 2008

During the past 2 decades, the popularity of mindfulness as a desirable patient characteristic has increased considerably. Described as the tendency to be attentive to and aware of what is occurring in the moment, mindfulness is incorporated into several established therapeutic techniques, with some impressive outcome data. To our knowledge, there have been no treatment studies investigating the effect of therapist mindfulness on therapy outcome. The current study examined the relation between therapist mindfulness and client treatment outcome in a university-affiliated clinic utilizing manualized, empirically supported treatments. Twenty-three doctoral-level trainees provided services to 144 adult clients. Results suggested that higher levels of therapist mindfulness predicted less reduction in client symptom severity at termination. Current findings suggest consideration of possible limitations regarding mindfulness in therapists utilizing manualized therapies.
Rapid Pressure Support for Champion SE Reservoirs by Multilayer Fractured Water Injection
Authors: Sommerauer Gerald , Zerbst Christoph
Published: January 2008

The Champion field is a large oil field offshore Negara Brunei Darussalam. This paper discusses the (for us) novel application of water injection-induced multilayer fractured injection into three shallow reservoirs in the Champion Southeast (CPSE) field. Fractured water injection means that the bottomhole injection pressure is allowed to exceed the formation's fracture pressure. Thereby an unpropped fracture is created, which propagates depending on the injection water's leakoff rate into the formation. The project is part of a larger secondary recovery implementation scheme and future efforts to increase economic oil production and ultimate recovery in the whole Champion field.

The main boundary condition for the rapid water injection project is the use of existing infrastructure with the exception of three new water pipelines and nine new wells. This paper describes the following:

Reservoir setting and production history. Water injection philosophy. Design considerations for fractured water injection including: Pressure requirement to design for fractured water injection. Simulation of fracture growth and containment and resulting conclusions.

Design considerations for the multilayer fractured water injector wells including: Selected drilling aspects (well trajectory, drill-in fluid, formation evaluation, casing scheme). Completion design considerations (cleanout, perforating, sand control, selectivity, "smartness", other). Material selection.

One of the main conclusions is that fracture growth and containment is not a major issue in soft, high-permeable formations. The main challenge is in drilling the—in some cases—demanding well trajectories and running the "smart" completions in these wells with small tolerances.