bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of prestress levels on flexural and debonding behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with prestressed carbon fiber reinforced polymer plates
Authors: Hong S , Park S-K
Published: July 2012

This study is focused on the effect of the prestress level of fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcement on the flexural and debonding behavior of strengthened beams. A total of seven reinforced concrete beams were used in the bending test. A carbon fiber reinforced polymer plate was used as the fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcement. Test variables included various prestress levels and the use of anchorage systems. The specimens were comprised of one control beam, one bonded non-prestressed carbon fiber reinforced polymer-strengthened beam, and five bonded prestressed carbon fiber reinforced polymer-strengthened beams. The deflection-controlled three-point bending test was conducted on all beams until failure. The failure of the beam with an externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer plate was attributed to the debonding of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer plate. The failure mode of beams with bonded prestressed carbon fiber reinforced polymer plates was a two-stage debonding, which was followed by the rupture of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer plates; thus, the behavior of the prestressed beams changed to the unbonded state because of the anchorage system. The cracking, yield, and debonding loads of prestressed beams increased as the prestress level of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer plate increased. However, the effect on the deflection corresponding to these loads was not significant. Also, the ultimate load was constant regardless of the prestress level, except for the case of the 70% prestressed beam, but the effect on ultimate deflection was significant. The recommended appropriate prestress level in securing the ductility of a strengthened beam was 40% or less of the tensile strength of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer plate.
Valuing the Benefits of Urban Regeneration
Authors: Tyler Peter , Warnock Colin , Provins Allan , Lanz Bruno
Published: July 2012

Although there have been many initiatives designed to regenerate relatively run-down and deprived parts of major urban areas, there have been surprisingly few attempts to value their benefits. This article presents the findings of research that has sought to value the benefits of urban regeneration policies. The focus has been on devising an approach that can build on the evidence provided from urban evaluations undertaken in many countries at the present time. It uses established techniques and statistical data sources that are fairly readily available. The evaluation of urban policy is subject to substantial conceptual and measurement problems and this should be recognised in interpreting valuation results and thus benefit–cost ratios. The article shows how the approach can be applied by drawing on recent UK evaluation evidence and data for England. It concludes by discussing where future research might be directed.
Children’s Gender Identity Development
Authors: Brinkman Britney G , Rabenstein Kelly L. , Rosén Lee A. , Zimmerman Toni S.
Published: July 2012

In the current study, 45 girls and 41 boys participated in focus groups following a program designed to teach them about social justice. The children articulated the discrepancy between their own gender identity and gender role stereotypes and discussed potential problems with conforming to gender role expectations as well as consequences of nonconformity. They articulated the ways in which gender identity is complex and they described the importance of choice and authenticity. Based on these findings, we present a model of how children’s gender identity develops in relationship to experiences of gender prejudice. In particular, we highlight how children act and react to gender role socialization as part of a dynamic negotiation process. Throughout the current article we strive to highlight the need for an alternative in the gender conformity process for children, with children in the position of power regarding their own gender identity development.
Fall and fracture rates following a change from carpet to vinyl floor coverings in a geriatric rehabilitation hospital. A longitudinal, observational study
Authors: Warren Christopher J , Hanger Hugh C
Published: July 2012

Objective:

To investigate whether changing from 5 mm thick carpet tiles to vinyl on a concrete subfloor would alter fall or fracture rates.

Design:

Longitudinal, observational study.

Setting:

Six wards (129 beds) of a geriatric rehabilitation hospital.

Subjects:

All inpatients during this time.

Interventions:

The floor covering was changed from 5 mm carpet tiles to vinyl on these wards when they were closed for other maintenance. This occurred in stages from November 2007 to December 2009.

Measures:

Falls are routinely reported using a quality improvement event reporting form. Fall and fracture rates were calculated in the 12 months prior to and following the change in floor covering on each ward.

Results:

There were 854 falls on the carpet tiles in the 12 months prior to the flooring change and 878 falls on the vinyl in the 12 months after (19.5 and 19.6 falls/1000 bed days, respectively, [ P = 0.95] NS. Fifteen fractures occurred on carpet and 11 fractures on vinyl, [ P = 0.39] NS. Using run charts there were no detectable trends in either the fall or fracture rates following the change in flooring surface.

Conclusion:

There may be no difference in fall rates or fractures on carpet or vinyl floor covering of similar thickness and subfloor type.
Envisioning and Developing Sustainable Enterprise
Authors: Peterson Mark
Published: July 2012

Sustainable Enterprise: A Macromarketing Approach explains how businesses can benefit by taking a more holistic approach to the marketplace. Macromarketing—taking a systems view of the interplay between marketing and society—has had a rich history of scholarship for more than three decades. Over this time, accomplished scholars have contributed meaningfully to understanding the role of marketing in society. Traditional macromarketing topics have included quality of life, ethics, the environment, marketing systems, marketing history, and poor countries. After presenting macromarketing concepts, Sustainable Enterprise: A Macromarketing Approach uses a macromarketing lens to explain market dynamism of contemporary markets, as well as how businesses are becoming more mindful of the environment, and more mindful of poor consumers around the world. Today, businesspersons are increasingly seeking answers for how to approach new complexities of the marketplace that macromarketers have studied over the years. Sustainable Enterprise: A Macromarketing Approach is intended to help practitioners develop marketing strategies for the marketplace by tapping into the wisdom accrued by macromarketing scholars. In this way, the book is about managerial macromarketing—macromarketing for sustainable enterprise.
Post-dural (post-lumbar) puncture headache: Risk factors and clinical features
Authors: Amorim Jane A , Gomes de Barros Mauro V , Valença Marcelo M
Published: July 2012

Objective: This is an analytic, interventional, cross sectional study to evaluate the risk factors of post-dural (post-lumbar) puncture headache (PDPH) and the validity of the diagnostic criteria for PDPH from the ICHD II.

Methods: Six-hundred-and-forty patients (332 non-pregnant women and 308 men) aged 8–65 years underwent spinal anesthesia with Quincke 25G or 27G needles in elective surgery.

Results: Forty-eight (7.5%) of the patients developed PDPH. The binary logistic regression analysis identified as risk factors: gender [11.1% female vs. 3.6% male, OR 2.25 (1.07–4.73); p  = 0.03], age [11.0% 31–50 years of age vs. 4.2% others, OR 2.21 (1.12–4.36); p  = 0.02], previous history of PDPH [26.4% positive vs. 6.2% negative, OR 4.30 (1.99–9.31); p  < 0.01] and bevel orientation [16.1% perpendicular vs. 5.7% parallel, OR 2.16 (1.07–4.35); p  = 0.03]. The period of latency between lumbar puncture and headache onset range from 6 to 72 hours and the duration from 3 to 15 days. In 34/48 (71%) patients with PDPH, at least one of the following was present: neck stiffness, tinnitus, hypoacusia, photophobia, or nausea.

Conclusion: In conclusion, 14/48 patients (29%) suffered none of the above-mentioned symptoms, indicating that a significant number of patients may suffer from PDPH in the absence of any symptoms apart from the headache itself. This suggests that a further analyses of existing studies should be made to determine if a criteria change may need consideration.
Strategies to enhance waste minimization and energy conservation within organizations: a case study from the UK construction sector
Authors: Jones Jo , Jackson Janet , Tudor Terry , Bates Margaret
Published: July 2012

Strategies for enhancing environmental management are a key focus for the government in the UK. Using a manufacturing company from the construction sector as a case study, this paper evaluates selected interventionist techniques, including environmental teams, awareness raising and staff training to improve environmental performance. The study employed a range of methods including questionnaire surveys and audits of energy consumption and generation of waste to examine the outcomes of the selected techniques. The results suggest that initially environmental management was not a focus for either the employees or the company. However, as a result of employing the techniques, the company was able to reduce energy consumption, increase recycling rates and achieve costs savings in excess of £132 000.
Developing an analytical tyre model that estimates tyre forces using a least squares method
Authors: Bayani Khaknejad Mohsen , Janbakhsh Amir Ali , Keshavarz Arash , Kazemi Reza
Published: July 2012

The use of control systems, especially vehicle dynamic control systems, is increasing at a remarkable rate. A key parameter that affects the performance of a vehicle dynamic control system is the interaction forces between the tyre and the road since these forces determine the acceleration, braking and steering properties of a car. Consequently, the accurate estimate of these forces is highly desired. Technical limitations and cost considerations mean that it is standard practice to estimate this data instead of performing measurements. Since available tyre models are generally an algebraic representation of the actual tyre and neglect variations in road conditions and uncertainties, an improved model for vehicle dynamic control applications is required. This paper proposes a tyre model which is formulated based on the least squares method and variable exponential forgetting estimation. The proposed estimator calculates tyre forces using information obtained from the sensors in a vehicle dynamic control system. The performance and robustness of the proposed tyre model is evaluated via virtual handling simulations in ADAMS software.
Moving mass control system in conjunction with brain emotional learning-based intelligent control for rate regulation of suborbital reentry payloads
Authors: Mohammadi Aidin , Tayefi Morteza
Published: July 2012

An adaptive intelligent control strategy based on a brain emotional learning model is investigated in the application of the rate regulation of suborbital reentry payloads. Because of nonlinear time-varying dynamics of these payloads, choosing an appropriate control mechanism and stability strategy can be an engineering challenge. Thus in a new approach, a moving mass control system in conjunction with brain emotional learning-based intelligent control is used to fulfill payload de-tumbling. The contribution of brain emotional learning-based intelligent control in handling the nonlinear time-varying dynamics is shown by comparison with results obtained from a linear proportional–integral controller. The results demonstrate excellent performance of brain emotional learning-based intelligent control in learning dynamic couplings and improvement of behavior without any considerable control system complexity.
Understanding the relationship between weight loss, emotional well-being and health-related quality of life in patients attending a specialist obesity weight management service
Authors: Wright Fiona , Boyle Susan , Baxter Karim , Gilchrist Leanne , Nellaney Julie , Greenlaw Nicola , Forde Lorna
Published: July 2012

This study explored predictors of clinically meaningful improvement in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among obese patients completing a specialist weight management programme. One hundred and ninety-nine adults aged from 20–88 with a BMI >30 with comorbidities or BMI>35 with/without comorbidities were sampled. The results suggested that both weight loss and changes in depression were significant predictors of HRQOL improvement. However, predictors differed between weight loss groups. Clinically meaningful improvement in HRQOL was found to be due to weight loss when participants had lost 5 kg or more in weight. In contrast, among individuals who lost 0.1–4.9 kg, improvement in HRQOL was accounted for by positive changes in depression scores.
Taking to the streets: the benefits of spontaneous methodological innovation in participant recruitment
Authors: McCormack Mark , Adams Adrian , Anderson Eric
Published: July 2012

In this article, we discuss the methodological implications of a qualitative research project that examined the experiences of bisexual men living in three metropolitan cities. A detailed research proposal was approved in advance by both the funder and our university ethics review board. Once in the field however, we found our methods inadequate for recruiting the sufficient number of participants. With only a week to collect data before leaving the city, it was necessary to substantially revise how we recruited participants. We took our research to the crowded streets, shouting for participants. In order to explore the benefits of changing methods in situ, we describe the genesis of the research project and its failings and the development of a new data collection plan. The significance of this article is in the argument that it is important to maintain flexibility when conducting research: that rigidly sticking to a predetermined methodological procedure approved by funding bodies and ethical review panels can hinder the quality of data collected, and stultify the innovation of methods.
The co-existence of globalism and tribalism: A review of the literature
Authors: Karim Sameena
Published: July 2012

This critical literature review argues that, in a world of increasing global interconnectedness, balancing the two diametrically opposite forces of globalism and tribalism is of critical importance. The article begins with a brief description of the world of the 21st century and goes on to discuss the terms ‘globalism’ and ‘tribalism’ within this context. The crux identified through the discussion is balance: the article argues that mild forms of globalism and tribalism are essential in maintaining global and local identities, but cautions that imbalance in favour of either impulse could have dire consequences. The article goes on to discuss the role of intercultural education in seeking to balance the two impulses, and concludes with a discussion on practicalities pertaining to various tools and strategies that may be used to promote intercultural education.
Control of the non-linear static deflection experienced by a fluid-carrying double-walled carbon nanotube using an external distributed load
Authors: Ghasemi Arman , Dardel Morteza , Ghasemi Mohamad Hassan
Published: July 2012

In this work, an external distributed line load is used to control the postbuckled static deflection of a double-walled carbon nanotube within which a continuous non-viscous fluid flows at a constant velocity. The non-linear equation of motion and boundary conditions are derived using the non-local Timoshenko beam model for the double-walled carbon nanotube, incorporating Von Karman-type geometric non-linear behavior and taking account of the Van der Waals interaction between adjacent layers. First, in the absence of the control force, an analytical approach is used to determine the buckling fluid flow velocities and steady state non-linear static deflection at velocities greater than the buckling velocity for both the cases of a simple-simple and a simple-clamped end support. Then, the control force participates as an indeterminate parameter in the equations. The control force is obtained by resolving equations in which the postbuckled configuration is considered to be an exponential function of time with a negative exponential gain and initial value of the time that is equal to a steady configuration before the control force is applied. The influences of the non-local parameter, aspect ratio and the end supports on the maximum value of control force are investigated.
Epigeneitc silencing of ribosomal RNA genes by Mybbp1a
Authors: Tan Bertrand Chin-Ming , Yang Chang-Ching , Hsieh Chia-Ling , Chou Yin-Hsiang , Zhong Chang-Zheng , Yung Benjamin Yat-Ming , Liu Hsuan
Published: July 2012

Background

Transcription of the ribosomal RNA gene repeats by Pol I occurs in the nucleolus and is a fundamental step in ribosome biogenesis and protein translation. Due to tight coordination between ribosome biogenesis and cell proliferation, transcription of rRNA and stable maintenance of rDNA clusters are thought to be under intricate control by intercalated mechanisms, particularly at the epigenetic level.

Methods and Results

Here we identify the nucleolar protein Myb-binding protein 1a (Mybbp1a) as a novel negative regulator of rRNA expression. Suppression of rDNA transcription by Mybbp1a was linked to promoter regulation as illustrated by its binding to the chromatin around the hypermethylated, inactive rDNA gene promoters. Our data further showed that downregulation of Mybbp1a abrogated the local DNA methylation levels and histone marks associated with gene silencing, and altered the promoter occupancy of various factors such UBF and HDACs, consequently leading to elevated rRNA expression. Mechanistically, we propose that Mybbp1a maintains rDNA repeats in a silenced state while in association with the negative epigenetic modifiers HDAC1/2.

Conclusions

Results from our present work reveal a previously unrecognized co-repressor role of Mybbp1a in rRNA expression. They are further consistent with the scenario that Mybbp1a is an integral constituent of the rDNA epigenetic regulation that underlies the balanced state of rDNA clusters.
Two cases of giant cell hepatitis in HIV-infected patients
Authors: Falasca L , Nonno F D , Palmieri F , Licordari R , Iannicelli G , Antonucci G , Baiocchini A
Published: July 2012

Giant cell hepatitis (GCH) has been rarely described in adult HIV patients, and its outcome remain unknown. We report two cases of GCH among 81 HIV patients co-infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Both patients had a sustained virological response, suppression of HCV viral load and HIV viral suppression after highly active antiretroviral therapy. Our findings would suggest that the presence of giant cells does not influence the clinical course of hepatitis.
Factors associated with late presentation of HIV infection in Catalonia, Spain
Authors: Vives N , Carnicer-Pont D , De Olalla P Garcia , Camps N , Esteve A , Casabona J ,   HIV and STI Surveillance Group
Published: July 2012

We sought to describe the prevalence, trends and factors associated with late diagnosis of HIV infection between 2001 and 2008 in Catalonia, Spain. Adults over 13 years of age with available CD4 cell counts, who were notified to the Catalonia Voluntary HIV Surveillance System between January 2001 and December 2008, were included in the study. Late presentation for HIV infection was defined as a CD4 cell count <350 cells/μL or with an AIDS-defining condition at presentation. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors independently associated with late diagnosis of HIV. Of the 4651 newly diagnosed HIV-infected individuals with available CD4 counts, 2598 (55.9%) were diagnosed late. The proportion of people with a late diagnosis decreased from 60.4% in 2001 to 50% in 2008, a significant trend ( P < 0.001). Older age, male gender, foreign birth, heterosexuality and injecting drug use were independent risk factors for late diagnosis. Strategies to actively promote HIV testing to populations at risk of late diagnosis of HIV or those never attending health systems should be implemented.
Immune response to hepatitis a vaccination in HIV-infected men in Greece
Authors: Kourkounti S , Mavrianou N , Paparizos Va , Kyriakis K , Hatzivassiliou M , Kordosis T , Katsambas A
Published: July 2012

HIV-infected patients are at increased risk for acquiring hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. We evaluated the seroconversion rate (anti-HAV antibodies ≥ 20 mIU/ml) and the geometric mean antibody titres (GMTs) in a group of 351 HIV infected men, who had received two doses of a hepatitis A vaccine. We analysed blood samples collected at one, six, 12 and 18 months following the administration of the second dose of the vaccine. The seroconversion rate one month after the second dose of the vaccine was 74.4% (260/351). At month 18 after the end of vaccination, 56.1 % of the subjects remained seropositive. GMTs were 315, 203,153 and 126 mIU/ml at months 1,6, 12, and 18, respectively. Logistic regression revealed that the CD4 count is the only factor affecting response to vaccination ( P = 0.019). A higher response rate and higher GMTs were observed in patients with CD4 counts ≥500 cells/mm3 (76.6%) than in patients with CD4 counts 200–499 cells/mm3. In conclusion, even in patients with near-normal CD4 counts, the response to the hepatitis A vaccine is impaired.
Dermatitis artefacta manifesting as genital scars: a result of an unusual behaviour pattern
Authors: Verma P , Pandhi D , Yadav P
Published: July 2012

A 25-year-old man, diagnosed previously with borderline personality disorder, presented with curvilinear genital scars. A meticulous history and examination led to a diagnosis of dermatitis artefacta with an atypical behaviour pattern.
Colposcopy referral rate can be reduced by high-risk human papillomavirus triage in the management of recurrent atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion cytology in Finland
Authors: Jakobsson M , Tarkkanen J , Auvinen E , Häkkinen R , Laurila P , Tapper A M
Published: July 2012

The aim of this study was to establish whether a combination of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing and cervical cytology could reduce colposcopy referral among women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion cytology. We randomized 598 women in the Helsinki area, Finland into three study groups. Different strategies of hrHPV testing, cytology and colposcopy with biopsy were used; subsequent hrHPV test results and cytological findings were compared with histology. The rates of hrHPV positivity and CIN2+ were compared. In total, 62.5% of all samples were hrHPV-positive. Altogether 45 (12.7%) CIN2 or worse (CIN2+) lesions were found in study groups A and B. Among hrHPV-positive women the rate of CIN2+ was 19.0% ( n = 43), in contrast with 1.6% ( n = 2) among hrHPV-negative women (relative risk = 12.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.6–81.1, P < 0.001). Among all hrHPV-negative women whose cytological findings were normal or ASCUS, dysplastic lesions were uncommon ( n = 4/119, 3.4%), and all were CIN1. If these women had not been referred to colposcopy, the number of colposcopies would have been reduced by 33.6%. We conclude that hrHPV testing combined with repeat cervical cytology had a high negative predictive value in patients with recurrent low-grade cervical cytology. This could reduce the referral rate to colposcopy without jeopardizing patient safety.
HIV prevalence and sexual behaviour at older ages in rural Malawi
Authors: Freeman E , Anglewicz P
Published: July 2012

Research on HIV infection and sexual behaviour in sub-Saharan Africa typically focuses on individuals aged 15–49 years under the assumption that both become less relevant for older individuals. We test this assumption using data from rural Malawi to compare sexual behaviour and HIV infection for individuals aged 15–49 with individuals aged 50–64 and 65 and over years. Although general declines with age were observed, levels of sexual activity and HIV remained considerable: 26.7% and 73.8% of women and men aged 65+ reported having sex in the last year, respectively; men's average number of sexual partners remained above one; and HIV prevalence is significantly higher for men aged 50–64 (8.9%) than men aged 15–49 (4.1 %). We conclude that older populations are relevant to studies of sexual behaviour and HIV risk. Their importance is likely to increase as access to antiretrovirals in Africa increases. We recommend inclusion of adults aged over 49 years in African HIV/AIDS research and prevention efforts.
Anogenital warts and human papillomavirus: knowledge, perceived nuisance and risk perception in Dutch soldiers
Authors: Van Der Snoek E M , Van Loon A M , Lammers A M , Couwenberg S M
Published: July 2012

Genital warts are one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections in the Netherlands and cause both frustration and misinterpretation in young adults. Poor knowledge may be associated with shame and depression. We used questionnaires to study knowledge, perceived nuisance and risk perception in 100 predominantly heterosexual men with clinically-confirmed condylomata acuminata. Our data show that the majority of patients considered having warts as (very) bothersome. Results confirmed the Internet as a widely used information source. Incorrect information on the relationship between warts and both anogenital cancers and infertility was widespread. Results from knowledge questionnaires showed that higher knowledge scores were associated with higher perceived nuisance. We hypothesize that high levels of nuisance related to genital warts may stimulate the need to seek information and therefore increase knowledge. It does not seem likely that an increase of human papillomavirus-related knowledge would increase experiences of nuisance.
The use of an electronic checklist in the electronic patient record to achieve annually recommended outcomes based on British HIV Association guidelines
Authors: Malhotra Y , Singh S , Brook M G
Published: July 2012

An electronic search was performed of the electronic patient record (EPR) system to identify whether each of 13 key interventions recommended by the British HIV Association (BHIVA) had been performed for all eligible patients attending in 2009 and 2010 at one of our HIV clinics: 345 and 358 eligible HIV-positive patients were identified in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The success rates for having completed each intervention in 2009 and 2010, respectively, were all better for 2010 and none was <94%. These improved results in 2010 over those of 2009 could be attributed to the clinicians’ improved experience in using the checklist and the facility of EPR to provide flagged reminders.
Injuries, envenomations and stings from exotic pets
Authors: Warwick Clifford , Steedman Catrina
Published: July 2012

A variety of exotic vertebrate and invertebrate species are kept as ‘pets’ including fishes, amphibians (for example, frogs and toads), reptiles (turtles, crocodiles, lizards and snakes), birds, mammals (for example, primates, civets, and lions), and invertebrates (for example spiders, scorpions, and centipedes), and ownership of some of these animals is rising. Data for 2009–2011 suggest that the number of homes with reptiles rose by approximately 12.5%. Recent surveys, including only some of these animals, indicated that they might be present in around 18.6% of homes (equal to approximately 42 million animals of which around 40 million are indoor or outdoor fish). Many exotic ‘pets’ are capable of causing injury or poisoning to their keepers and some contacts prove fatal. We examined NHS Health Episode Statistics for England using selected formal categories for hospital admissions and bed days for 2004–2010 using the following categories of injury, envenomation or sting; bitten or struck by crocodile or alligator; bitten or crushed by other reptiles: contact with venomous snakes and lizards; contact with scorpions. Between 2004 and 2010 these data conservatively show a total of 760 full consultation episodes, 709 admissions and 2,121 hospital bed days were associated with injuries probably from exotic pets. Injuries, envenomations and stings from exotic pets constitute a small but important component of emerging medical problems. Greater awareness of relevant injuries and medical sequelae from exotic pet keeping may help medics formulate their clinical assessment and advice to patients.
Use of home telehealth in palliative cancer care: a case study
Authors: Stern Anita , Valaitis Ruta , Weir Robin , Jadad Alejandro R
Published: July 2012

We conducted a mixed-methods case study to explore the perceptions of family caregivers and palliative cancer patients of home telehealth, and their experience with it. The intervention in the randomized controlled trial from which study participants were selected consisted of specialist nurses available 24 hours per day who communicated with patients and families using videophones, with optional remote monitoring. Qualitative data were collected from interviews with five patient/caregiver dyads and seven bereaved family caregivers, direct observation and nursing documentation. Quantitative data were collected from computerized nursing documentation and analyzed for patterns of use. During the study there were 255 contacts, including videophone, telephone or face-to-face visits, between tele-nurses and families. Overall the patients, family caregivers and tele-nurses felt that home telehealth enabled family caregiving, citing increased access to care, and patient and family caregiver reassurance. Pain management was the most common reason for initiating contact with the nurse, followed by emotional support. Concerns included lack of integration of services, inappropriate timing of the intervention and technical problems. The case study confirmed the importance of timely and accessible care for a group of clinically vulnerable, dying cancer patients and their family caregivers.
S-Nitrosothiols as Nitric Oxide-Donors: Chemistry, Biology and Possible Future Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Ferro A.
Published: July 2012

In recent years, the gaseous molecule nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to be involved in many important biological events. S-Nitrosothiols are biological substances derived endogenously from NO, and are found in a variety of tissues exhibiting NO-mimetic activity. Fundamental studies on the chemical aspects of S-nitrosothiols have become an integral part of NO research, with a view to further understanding the numerous biological functions both of NO and of S-nitrosothiols themselves. It has often been suggested that Snitrosothiols represent a means either for the storage or transport of NO, although the evidence for this is sparse. Many S-nitrosothiols have now been synthesized chemically, and at present they show the most promise as clinically useful NO-donor drugs. In this review, we examine in detail the biological functions of Snitrosothiols, as well as the chemical properties and biomedical applications of these compounds.
Response to “An Unexpected Mortality Increase in the United States Follows Arrival of the Radioactive Plume from Fukushima: Is There a Correlation?”
Authors: Wolf Alex
Published: July 2012

The author responds to an article published in the Journal by Joseph J. Mangano and Janette D. Sherman suggesting that an increase in U.S. deaths shortly after Japan's Fukushima nuclear plant accident could be attributed to radiation from this accident arriving in the United States. The author writes that the cause of these deaths has not been analyzed and that there is no known mechanism for low-dose radiation to cause acute death in infants or adults. The author also notes that the cities under study with the lowest radiation fallout have the highest increases of death rates in the 14 weeks following Fukushima, while the Californian cities that would have received larger doses saw a decrease in death rate growth. He concludes that innumerable factors other than radiation likely are responsible for the bulk of the measured effect.
Response to “An Unexpected Mortality Increase in the United States Follows Arrival of the Radioactive Plume from Fukushima: Is There a Correlation?”
Authors: Körblein Alfred
Published: July 2012

The author responds to an article published in the Journal by Joseph J. Mangano and Janette D. Sherman suggesting that a large increase in U.S. deaths soon after Japan's Fukushima nuclear plant accident could be caused by radiation released from this accident and arriving in the United States. This author attributes the increase to the authors' inclusion of a higher number of cities in their study before and after Fukushima (119 and 104 cities, respectively).
Response to “An Unexpected Mortality Increase in the United States Follows Arrival of the Radioactive Plume from Fukushima: Is There a Correlation?”
Authors: Gale Robert Peter
Published: July 2012

The author responds to an article published in the Journal by Joseph J. Mangano and Janette D. Sherman suggesting that a large increase in U.S. deaths within days after Japan's Fukushima nuclear plant accident could be attributed to radiation released from this accident and arriving in the United States. This response posits that exposure to such extremely low doses of ionizing radiations cannot cause immediate deaths. The author argues that it is extremely unlikely an increase in U.S. deaths immediately after the Fukushima and Chernobyl nuclear plant accidents is caused by radiation released from these sites.
Foodborne Pathogens Recovered from Ready-to-Eat Foods from Roadside Cafeterias and Retail Outlets in Alice, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa: Public Health Implications
Authors: Nyenje Mirriam E. , Odjadjare Collins E. , Tanih Nicoline F. , Green Ezekiel , Ndip Roland N.
Published: July 2012

This study assessed the microbiological quality of various ready-to-eat foods sold in Alice, South Africa. Microbiological analysis was conducted on 252 samples which included vegetables, potatoes, rice, pies, beef and chicken stew. The isolates were identified using biochemical tests and the API 20E, API 20NE and API Listeria kits; results were analyzed using the one-way-ANOVA test. Bacterial growth was present in all the food types tested; high levels of total aerobic count were observed in vegetables, 6.8 ± 0.07 followed by rice, 6.7 ± 1.7 while pies had the lowest count (2.58 ± 0.24). Organisms isolated included: Listeria spp. (22%), Enterobacter spp. (18%), Aeromonas hydrophila (12%), Klebsiella oxytoca (8%), Proteus mirabilis (6.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (3.2%) and Pseudomonas luteola (2.4%). Interestingly, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli were not isolated in any of the samples. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the prevalence of foodborne pathogens from hygienic and unhygienic cafeterias. The results indicated that most of the ready-to-eat food samples examined in this study did not meet bacteriological quality standards, therefore posing potential risks to consumers. This should draw the attention of the relevant authorities to ensure that hygienic standards are improved to curtain foodborne infections.
Penile Metastases of Recurrent Prostatic Adenocarcinoma without PSA Level Increase: A Case Report
Authors: Pierro Antonio , Cilla Savino , Digesù Cinzia , Morganti Alessio G.
Published: July 2012

We report a case of penile metastases from recurrent prostatic adenocarcinoma that was the first sign of a widespread metastatic disease in the absence of any increase in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level. In April 2011, an 80-year-old man presented to our Radiotherapy Unit with multiple palpable hard nodules in the penis, dysuria, and moderate perineal pain, 7 years after he had received radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Nodules in the penis had appeared in February 2011. The ultrasound and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging suggested the diagnosis of multiple penile metastases. A total body computed tomography scan revealed a systemic spread of the disease, with multiple metastases in the liver, bones, and lungs. PSA level was 0.126 ng/ml. A fine needle aspiration biopsy of the liver lesion was undertaken, and the histopathologic examination revealed the prostatic origin of the metastases, so androgen deprivation therapy was started. The diagnosis of metastases should be considered in a patient with prior history of prostate malignancies presenting with solid nodules in the penis, even if the PSA level is low.
Primary Sarcoid of the Breast with Incidental Malignancy
Authors: Isley Laura M. , Cluver Abbie R. , Leddy Rebecca J. , Baker Megan K.
Published: July 2012

Breast sarcoidosis is rare and usually presents in patients with known sarcoid involving other organ systems. In the breast, sarcoidosis may mimic malignancy which must be excluded by core biopsy. We report a very unusual case of primary breast sarcoidosis with incidentally discovered breast carcinoma. The roles of mammography, ultrasound, and MRI in the diagnosis as well as other potential differential diagnosis are discussed.
Quantidade de Células de Purkinje no Cerebelo de Camundongos Sob o Uso de Esteróides Anabolizantes
Authors: Silva Dauanda Kecia , Esteves Alessandra , Rossi Júnior Wagner Costa , Nogueira Denismar Alves
Published: July 2012

Objetivo. Verificar possíveis alterações quantitativas de corpos de neu­rônios, no córtex cerebelar, causadas pelo uso de esteróides anaboli­zantes. Método. Doze camundongos foram tratados com anabolizan­tes uma vez por semana e submetidos à natação três vezes na semana, tendo o tratamento a duração total de um mês. Após o sacrifício dos animais os cerebelos foram retirados, fixados, processados histologica­mente. Os cortes foram tirados com 5μm de espessura corados com violeta cresil modificada e analisados por um microscópio acoplado a uma câmera e um software de análise para contagem dos corpos de neurônios. Resultados. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que não hou­ve diferenças estatistísticas significativas (P<0,05) quando comparados os grupos tratados. Para os grupos Potenay (4,92) e Deca-Durabolin (5,14) os valores médios de corpos de neurônios de Purkinje foram iguais ao do grupo controle (4,92). Conclusão. Pode-se observar que não houve variações na densidade de corpos de neurônios no córtex cerebelar dos camundongos submetidos ao tratamento com esteróides anabolizantes comparados ao grupo controle.
Oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate and nitrite produced by nitrifying cocultures and natural marine assemblages
Authors: Buchwald Carolyn , Santoro Alyson E. , McIlvin Matthew R. , Casciotti Karen L.
Published: July 2012

The δ18O value of nitrate produced during nitrification (δ18ONO3,nit) was measured in experiments designed to mimic oceanic conditions, involving cocultures of ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria or ammonia‐oxidizing archaea and nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria, as well as natural marine assemblages. The estimates of ranged from −1.5‰ ± 0.1‰ to +1.3‰ ± 1.4‰ at δ18O values of water (H2O) and dissolved oxygen (O2) of 0‰ and 24.2‰ vs. Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, respectively. Additions of 18O‐enriched H2O allowed us to evaluate the effects of oxygen (O) isotope fractionation and exchange on . Kinetic isotope effects for the incorporation of O atoms were the most important factors for setting overall values relative to the substrates (O2 and H2O). These isotope effects ranged from +10‰ to +22‰ for ammonia oxidation (O2 plus H2O incorporation) and from +1‰ to +27‰ for incorporation of H2O during nitrite oxidation. values were also affected by the amount and duration of nitrite accumulation, which permitted abiotic O atom exchange between nitrite and H2O. Coculture incubations where ammonia oxidation and nitrite oxidation were tightly coupled showed low levels of nitrite accumulation and exchange (3% ± 4%). These experiments had values of −1.5‰ to +0.7‰. Field experiments had greater accumulation of nitrite and a higher amount of exchange (22% to 100%), yielding an average value of +1.9‰ ± 3.0‰. Low levels of biologically catalyzed exchange in coculture experiments may be representative of nitrification in much of the ocean where nitrite accumulation is low. Abiotic oxygen isotope exchange may be important where nitrite does accumulate, such as oceanic primary and secondary nitrite maxima.
Extreme 13C depletion of CCl2F2 in firn air samples from NEEM, Greenland
Authors: Zuiderweg A. , Holzinger R. , Martinerie P. , Schneider R. , Kaiser J. , Witrant E. , Etheridge D. , Rubino M. , Petrenko V. , Blunier T. , Röckmann T.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. A series of 12 high volume air samples collected from the S2 firn core during the North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) 2009 campaign have been measured for mixing ratio and stable carbon isotope composition of the chlorofluorocarbon CFC-12 (CCl2F2). While the mixing ratio measurements compare favorably to other firn air studies, the isotope results show extreme 13C depletion at the deepest measurable depth (65 m), to values lower than δ13C = −80‰ vs. VPDB (the international stable carbon isotope scale), compared to present day surface tropospheric measurements near −40‰. Firn air modeling was used to interpret these measurements. Reconstructed atmospheric time series indicate even larger depletions (to −120‰) near 1950 AD, with subsequent rapid enrichment of the atmospheric reservoir of the compound to the present day value. Mass-balance calculations show that this change must have been caused by a large change in the isotopic composition of anthropogenic CFC-12 emissions, probably due to technological changes in the CFC production process over the last 80 yr. Propagating the mass-balance calculations into the future demonstrates that as emissions decrease to zero, isotopic fractionation by the stratospheric sinks will lead to continued 13C enrichment in atmospheric CFC-12.
The 1% and 1 cm perspective in deriving and validating AOP data products
Authors: Hooker S. B. , Morrow J. H. , Matsuoka A.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. A next-generation in-water profiler designed to measure the apparent optical properties (AOPs) of seawater was developed and validated across a wide dynamic range of in-water properties. The new free-falling instrument, the Compact-Optical Profiling System (C-OPS), was based on a cluster of 19 state-of-the-art microradiometers spanning 320–780 nm and a new kite-shaped backplane design. The kite-shaped backplane includes tunable ballast, a hydrobaric buoyancy chamber, plus pitch and roll adjustments, to provide unprecedented stability and vertical resolution in near-surface waters. A unique data set was collected as part of the development activity and the first major field campaign that used the new instrument, the Malina expedition to the Beaufort Sea in the vicinity of the Mackenzie River outflow. The data were of sufficient resolution and quality to show that errors – more correctly, uncertainties – in the execution of data sampling protocols were measurable at the 1% and 1 cm level with C-OPS. A sensitivity analysis as a function of three water types established by the peak in the remote sensing reflectance spectrum, Rrs(λ), revealed which water types and which parts of the spectrum were the most sensitive to data acquisition uncertainties. Shallow riverine waters were the most sensitive water type, and the ultraviolet and near-infrared were the most sensitive parts of the spectrum. The sensitivity analysis also showed how the use of data products based on band ratios significantly mitigated the influence of data acquisition uncertainties. The unprecedented vertical resolution provided high quality data products at the spectral end members, which subsequently supported an alternative classification capability based on the spectral diffuse attenuation coefficient, Kd(λ). The Kd(320) and Kd(780) data showed how complex coastal systems can be distinguished two-dimensionally and how near-ice water masses are different from the open ocean. Finally, an algorithm for predicting the spectral absorption due to colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), denoted aCDOM(λ), was developed using the Kd(320)/Kd(780) ratio, which was based on a linear relationship with respect to aCDOM(440), with over 99% of the variance explained. The robustness of the approach was established by expanding the use of the algorithm to include a geographically different coastal environment, the Southern Mid-Atlantic Bight, with no significant change in accuracy (approximately 98% of the variance explained). Alternative spectral end members reminiscent of next-generation (340 and 710 nm) as well as legacy satellite missions (412 and 670 nm) were also used to accurately derive aCDOM(440) from Kd(λ) ratios (94% or more of the variance explained).
Coupling the modified SCS-CN and RUSLE models to simulate hydrological effects of restoring vegetation in the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Gao G. Y. , Fu B. J. , Lü Y. H. , Liu Y. , Wang S. , Zhou J.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Predicting event runoff and soil loss under different land covers is essential to quantitatively evaluate the hydrological responses of vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau of China. The Soil Conservation Service curve number (SCS-CN) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) models are widely used in this region to this end. This study incorporated antecedent moisture condition (AMC) in runoff production and initial abstraction of the SCS-CN model, and considered the direct effect of runoff on event soil loss by adopting a rainfall-runoff erosivity factor in the RUSLE model. The modified SCS-CN and RUSLE models were coupled to link rainfall-runoff-erosion modeling. The effects of AMC, slope gradient and initial abstraction ratio on curve number of SCS-CN, as well as those of vegetation cover on cover-management factor of RUSLE, were also considered. Three runoff plot groups covered by sparse young trees, native shrubs and dense tussock, respectively, were established in the Yangjuangou catchment of Loess Plateau. Rainfall, runoff and soil loss were monitored during the rainy season in 2008–2011 to test the applicability of the proposed approach. The original SCS-CN model significantly underestimated the event runoff, especially for the rainfall events that have large 5-day antecedent precipitation, whereas the modified SCS-CN model was accurate in predicting event runoff with Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency (EF) over 0.85. The original RUSLE model overestimated low values of measured soil loss and underpredicted the high values with EF values only about 0.30. In contrast, the prediction accuracy of the modified RUSLE model improved with EF values being over 0.70. Our results indicated that the AMC should be explicitly incorporated in runoff production, and direct consideration of runoff should be included when predicting event soil loss. Coupling the modified SCS-CN and RUSLE models appeared to be appropriate for evaluating hydrological effects of restoring vegetation in the Loess Plateau. The main advantages, limitations and future study scopes of the proposed models were also discussed.