bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lei natural, Direitos Humanos e dignidade da pessoa humana
Authors: Ferraz Carlos Adriano
Published: July 2016

Nesse artigo eu pretendo demonstrar a conexão entre a assim chamada nova teoria do direito natural (representada por autores tais quais Germain Grisez, John Finnis e Robert P. George, et al) e a ideia mesma de dignidade da pessoa humana. Em meu argumento mostrarei como a ideia de lei natural é aquela que melhor expressa o que direitos humanos significam. Ao longo do meu argumento irei me referir aos exemplos do aborto e da escravidão para esclarecer meu ponto.
Direitos Humanos e Política Social: instrumentos sóciojurídicos não punitivos e mecanismos democráticos
Authors: Bueno de Lima Cezar , Silveira Jucimeri Isolda
Published: July 2016

Este artigo aborda, a partir da teoria crítica, os fundamentos históricos dos Direitos Humanos e da Política Social, considerando os traços da formação social brasileira e latino-americana, e o contexto de crise do capital, de sociedades globalizadas e estruturalmente desiguais. A análise do modelo de proteção social meritocrático e do paradigma criminal punitivo, tem o objetivo de compreender o processo histórico de incidência de instrumentos e práticas reprodutoras da desigualdade. Como contra tendência, são consideradas novas possibilidades de solução de conflitos, pela aplicação da justiça restaurativa, e da participação social como diretriz, no processo de afirmação de políticas universais e intersetoriais para o enfrentamento de fenômenos sociais produzidos socialmente.
Direitos humanos fundamentais e a (re)conciliação entre direito e moral em uma perspectiva pós-positivista
Authors: Violin Jordão , Sampaio Rossi Amélia
Published: July 2016

No constitucionalismo contemporâneo ou neoconstitucionalismo os princípios constitucionais acolhem, normativamente, os principais valores e opções morais e políticas da comunidade. Os direitos fundamentais, muitas vezes são erigidos sob a forma de princípios normativos, que por sua vez encontram abrigo nos Textos Constitucionais atuais. A compreensão mais extensa de Dworkin sobre o que é o Direito, em uma perspectiva interpretativa, não se explica e nem se compreende sob a visão do positivismo jurídico. Não é despiciendo lembrar que um dos pressupostos metodológicos que acode a toda a doutrina positivista (e são os mais variados tipos de positivismo existente) é a separação entre Direito e Moral. Assim, a compreensão dos princípios normativos, com a sua potencial recorrência a valores e opções políticas fundamentais, quebra esta suposta separação, ainda mais quando se encontram estes princípios em uma Constituição que se estabelece no centro de importância e significado de toda a ordem jurídica, irradiando os seus princípios constitucionais na compreensão e interpretação do sistema jurídico e consequentemente, rematerializando e ressubstancializando todo o Direito. Portanto, na perspectiva mais extensa do Direito, ressignificada pelo neoconstitucionalismo, uma Constituição que não abrigue direitos humanos fundamentais, sob a forma de princípios normativos e em caráter emancipatório, não pode ser reconhecida como uma verdadeira Constituição. É o que se pretende refletir e demonstrar no presente artigo, com o emprego de pesquisa bibliográfica em autores autorizados sobre o tema.
Filosofia com direitos humanos: elementos para a educação filosófica com direitos humanos
Authors: Carbonari Paulo César
Published: July 2016

O artigo aborda a relação entre ensino da filosofia e educação em direitos humanos com a finalidade de propor uma aproximação programática que tome em conta os desdobramentos das Diretrizes Nacionais para a Educação em Direitos Humanos de modo particular para o ensino da filosofia. Ensaia um conjunto de reflexões e aponta desafios concretos. Todos abertos ao diálogo e à construção, visto que esta é uma agenda que ainda precisa caminhar muito para que se constitua efetivamente no cotidiano da ação educativa.
Ética e política em Hans Jonas e Hannah Arendt
Authors: Pommier Éric
Published: July 2016

Para além do fato de comungarem as suspeitas contra os desenvolvimentos modernos da técnica e os riscos que eles representam para o mundo humano, Hans Jonas e Hannah Arendt se distanciam quanto às condições que permitiriam preservar um tal mundo. O primeiro nos convida a desenvolver uma ética da responsabilidade para com a vida enquanto a segunda desenha uma política da ação humana que escapa do ciclo vital. A constatação dessa divergência serve, no entanto, de pretexto para pensarmos uma complementaridade: a natalidade arendtiana pode receber uma justificação bioontológica e a ética jonasiana pode encontrar um modo de encarnação política na filosofia de Hannah Arendt.
Nietzsche e o “relativismo linguístico” no século XIX
Authors: Prezotto Joseane Mara , Barbosa Rodrigo Francisco
Published: July 2016

No presente trabalho analisamos a possibilidade de assumir a hipótese segundo a qual haveria indícios da noção geral do “relativismo linguístico” no pensamento de Nietzsche. Essa atribuição do pensamento de Nietzsche ao “relativismo linguístico” implica discutir de maneira específica o conhecimento e os embates do filósofo no quadro de discussão dessa tradição alemã de estudos sobre a linguagem do qual Humboldt é um dos autores centrais. Num exercício de rastreamento de ocorrências de nomes dessa tradição e simplicidade interpretativa, mobilizamos dois argumentos específicos para tentar legitimar essas intuições: primeiro analisamos uma possível concepção de tradução de Nietzsche que parece ser um enquadramento às teses de Schleimacher e Humboldt e, segundo, analisamos algumas passagens de obras publicadas de Nietzsche nas quais a tese do “relativismo linguístico” é esboçada quase que categoricamente. Portanto, mais do que realizar uma análise comparativa entre o pensamento de Nietzsche e Humboldt e alguma demarcada influência, o esforço argumentativo que se segue é uma tentativa de colocar em pauta determinados aspectos mais pontuais no tratamento que Nietzsche confere ao tema da linguagem.
Sobre autoencenação e autogenealogia no Crepúsculo dos ídolos de Nietzsche
Authors: Viesenteiner Jorge Luiz
Published: July 2016

O artigo tem por objetivo analisar o sentido da autoencenação filosófica e da práxis autogenealógica no Crepúsculo dos ídolos de Nietzsche. Trata-se do procedimento filosófico – e simultaneamente autogenealógico – que consiste na mostração (autodeixis) de si mesmo, por meio de uma estratégia em que o filósofo transforma a si mesmo na figura de pensamento ‘Nietzsche’. À base desse procedimento está o conceito de distância entendido em dois horizontes: 1) como hierarquia conquistada por meio da abundância de vida, e que consiste em uma visão geral oriunda dessa abundância e que dá a possibilidade de se distanciar do seu próprio tempo e, a partir dessa posição distanciada, poder “auscultar ídolos”; 2) como diferenciação da diferenciação, um procedimento crítico consiste em reconhecer em sua própria diferença conceitos, filósofos, tradições filosóficas e culturas, para depois tomar distância e diferenciar a si mesmo em relação àquilo que foi diferenciado pelo próprio Nietzsche. Esses horizontes de distanciamento exercem a função de lente de aumento por meio da qual Nietzsche converte a si mesmo em instância argumentativa (autoencenação), quanto também compreende melhor a si mesmo (autogenealogia).
Relação entre práticas parentais e habilidades sociais de crianças do Ensino Fundamental de escola pública
Authors: Torquato Paes de Sousa Hellysana , Löhr-Tacla Thaise
Published: July 2016

A família tem importância significativa na educação e no desenvolvimento da criança, agindo no aprendizado de novos repertórios sociais. Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a relação entre práticas parentais e habilidades sociais de crianças do 6º ao 7º ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública. Participaram do estudo 28 crianças de 10 a 13 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se os instrumentos: Inventário de Estilos Parentais (IEP) e Inventário Multimídia de Habilidades Sociais para Crianças (IMHSC). Primeiramente, foi aplicado o IEP, em que a criança deveria responder sobre a frequência com que a figura paterna agiria na situação apresentada. Em seguida, foi aplicado o IMHSC, em que o participante deveria indicar a sua reação diante das situações interpessoais apresentadas. Para a análise de dados, foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado para verificar a correlação estatística entre as variáveis estudadas, considerando a diferença significativa de valor maior ou igual a 0,05. Como resultado, nas habilidades sociais verificou-se que 100% dos participantes apresentaram comportamento socialmente habilidoso. Nas práticas parentais, 57% apresentaram práticas positivas e 43% práticas negativas. Na correlação entre as variáveis, verificou-se que independentemente de ser prática positiva ou negativa todos apontaram comportamento social habilidoso. Conclui-se, portanto, que as práticas educativas positivas são as mais utilizadas. No entanto, as duas variáveis devem ser analisadas isoladamente, pois não houve correlação estatisticamente significativa (valor 0,04496) entre habilidades sociais e práticas parentais, ou seja, não se pode afirmar que uma variável pode interferir na outra.
Síndrome de Burnout em professores: estudo comparativo entre o ensino público e privado
Authors: Mainardi Rosso Borba Bruna , Diehl Liciane , Schaurich dos Santos Anelise , Kieling Monteiro Janine , Helena Marin Angela
Published: July 2016

Este estudo objetivou comparar a prevalência da Síndrome de Burnout entre professores de ensino fundamental de escolas públicas e privadas. Participaram 117 professores de ensino fundamental provenientes de escolas privadas (54,7%) e públicas (45,3%) das cidades de Porto Alegre e Região Metropolitana do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil. Os participantes responderam a dois instrumentos autoaplicáveis: Questionário de Dados Sociodemográficos e Laboraise Cuestionario para laEvaluacióndel Síndrome de Quemarse por elTrabajo(CESQT). Realizaram-se análises estatísticas descritivas e o teste do qui-quadrado, que revelaram que a prevalência da síndrome é de 41,5% entre os professores das escolas públicas e 26,6% entre os da rede privada. Contudo, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos (p = 0,08). Concluiu-se que tanto o contexto público de ensino quanto o privado apresentam estressores que podem levar os professores ao adoecimento, dado que permite refletir que a prevalência da Síndrome de Burnout pode estar mais relacionada à categoria profissional em si do que ao setor de trabalho (público ou privado).
Religiões, cristianismo e a busca de uma terra habitável
Authors: Soares Afonso Maria Ligorio
Published: July 2016

Este artigo visa refletir, do ponto de vista da teologia cristã, sobre a contribuição das religiões na busca de uma terra habitável. O autor parte das recentes discussões sobre sustentabilidade para, em seguida, ampliar a discussão para a questão das identidades e relações interpessoais no nosso lar planetário. O apuro hermenêutico que conduz a análise tem por referencial teórico de fundo as categorias teológicas de J. L. Segundo.
­A practical application of reduced-copper antifouling paint in marine biological research
Authors: Jerabek Andrea S. , Wall Kara R. , Stallings Christopher D.
Published: July 2016

Biofouling of experimental cages and other field apparatuses can be problematic for scientists and has traditionally been addressed using frequent manual removal (e.g., scraping, scrubbing). Recent environmental restrictions and legislative changes have driven the development of less hazardous antifouling products, making antifouling paint a potential alternative option to manual removal. Consequently, the viability of using these newly developed products as a replacement for the manual cleaning of exclusion cages was experimentally investigated. There were six treatments tested, comprising three with settlement tiles in experimental cages coated with antifouling paint, two with settlement tiles in unpainted experimental cages, and one cage-free suspended tile. The three antifouling treatments comprised two reduced-copper paints (21% Cu2O and 40% Cu2O) and one copper-free, Econea™-based paint (labeled “ecofriendly”). Antifouling paints were assessed for performance of preventing fouling of the cages and whether they elicited local effects on settlement tiles contained within them. All three paints performed well to reduce fouling of the cages during the initial six weeks of the experiment, but the efficacy of “ecofriendly” paint began to decrease during an extended deployment that lasted 14 weeks. The macro-community composition, biomass, and percent cover of settled organism on tiles within cages treated with copper-based paints (21% and 40% concentrations) were indistinguishable from tiles within the manually scrubbed cages. In contrast, settlement to tiles from the “ecofriendly” treatment was different in composition of macro-community and lower in biomass, suggesting the presence of local effects and therefore rendering it unsuitable for use in settlement experiments. The results of this study suggest that reduced-copper paints have the potential to serve as an alternative to manual maintenance, which may be useful for deployments in locations that are difficult to access on a frequent schedule.
A simple, sufficient, and consistent method to score the status of threats and demography of imperiled species
Authors: Malcom Jacob W. , Webber Whitney M. , Li Ya-Wei
Published: July 2016

Managers of large, complex wildlife conservation programs need information on the conservation status of each of many species to help strategically allocate limited resources. Oversimplifying status data, however, runs the risk of missing information essential to strategic allocation. Conservation status consists of two components, the status of threats a species facesandthe species’ demographic status. Neither component alone is sufficient to characterize conservation status. Here we present a simple key for scoring threat and demographic changes for species using detailed information provided in free-form textual descriptions of conservation status. This key is easy to use (simple), captures the two components of conservation status without the cost of more detailed measures (sufficient), and can be applied by different personnel to any taxon (consistent). To evaluate the key’s utility, we performed two analyses. First, we scored the threat and demographic status of 37 species recently recommended for reclassification under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and 15 control species, then compared our scores to two metrics used for decision-making and reports to Congress. Second, we scored the threat and demographic status of all non-plant ESA-listed species from Florida (54 spp.), and evaluated scoring repeatability for a subset of those. While the metrics reported by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) are often consistent with our scores in the first analysis, the results highlight two problems with the oversimplified metrics. First, we show that both metrics can mask underlying demographic declines or threat increases; for example, ∼40% of species not recommended for reclassification had changes in threats or demography. Second, we show that neither metric is consistent with either threats or demography alone, but conflates the two. The second analysis illustrates how the scoring key can be applied to a substantial set of species to understand overall patterns of ESA implementation. The scoring repeatability analysis shows promise, but indicates thorough training will be needed to ensure consistency. We propose that large conservation programs adopt our simple scoring system for threats and demography. By doing so, program administrators will have better information to monitor program effectiveness and guide their decisions.
México : el desafío estético de la desaparición forzada
Authors: Deotté Jean-Louis
Published: July 2016

Este ensayo constituye una reflexión sobre la estética de la desaparición forzada a partir del caso mexicano relativo a la desaparición de 43 jóvenes normalistas de Ayotzinapa, hechos acaecidos en octubre de 2014, en el estado de Guerrero (México). Se analiza el soporte fotográfico de estos crudos acontecimientos y se pone en relación con la función de la imagen en otros casos de grandes crímenes contra la humanidad estableciendo una genealogía de la estética de la desaparición. Se exponen quince afirmaciones sobre la estética de la desaparición que permiten debatir sobre nuevas y viejas formas de violencia organizada, particularmente en el escenario latinoamericano.
La construcción de la pertenencia Sufi en el contexto cultural argentino y los hilos de la trama transnacional
Authors: Salinas Lucía
Published: July 2016

En el presente trabajo se aborda la construcción de la pertenencia de los grupos sufíes Naqshbandi Haqqani en el entramado cultural de Argentina. Dicho análisis se realiza a la luz de los procesos de transcionalización religiosa, ya se trate del resultado de la circulación de objetos y símbolos de significancia sufi por promotores individuales, a la red de (re)localizaciones de espacios sufies en territorios locales. Para la realización de este análisis nos hemos valido de las líneas de relato histórico de las distintas turuq argentinas pertenecientes a esta orden, como de las circunstancias en las que se teje la pertenencia en la actualidad. Dicho trabajo se sustenta a partir de entrevistas a miembros y observaciones en distintas comunidades. Para pensar la manera en que se constituye la pertenencia de estos grupos, retomamos discusiones sobre la relación entre la cultura y la identidad, o más bien sobre la dislocación de esa relación.
A variabilidade pluviométrica na Mesorregião do Triângulo Mineiro/Alto Paranaíba-MG
Authors: Santos Juliana Gonçalves , Ferreira Vanderlei Oliveira
Published: July 2016

Grande parte das atividades produtivas da Mesorregião do Triângulo Mineiro/Alto Paranaíba-MG é vinculada ao setor primário, cuja produtividade é muito dependente do ritmo pluviométrico. O presente artigo relata resultados de pesquisa destinada à verificação da variabilidade das chuvas nas escalas anual, sazonal, mensal e diária, com destaque para a determinação do início e do fim da estação chuvosa e a análise da frequência de veranicos ocorrentes naquela unidade territorial. Para isso, foram utilizados dados disponibilizados pela Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA) de 19 postos pluviométricos, compreendendo séries históricas de 34 anos (1980-2013). Após a aplicação de ferramentas estatísticas específicas para cada uma das escalas temporais, observou-se que o início da estação chuvosa ocorre predominantemente no mês de outubro (27% dos anos analisados) e o fim ocorre especialmente no mês de abril (76% dos anos analisados). No interior da estação chuvosa é comum a ocorrência de veranicos de intensidade predominantemente fraca a média (7 a 12 dias), especialmente nos meses de fevereiro e março. A maioria das chuvas diárias é fraca, ocorrendo abaixo de 10 mm, e são pouco significativas para o total das alturas pluviométricas. As precipitações classificadas como fortes, acima de 30 mm, apresentam pouca frequência (13% do total dos eventos chuvosos), porém são responsáveis por quase metade do volume pluviométrico anual.
Effects of model physics on hypoxia simulations for the northern Gulf of Mexico: A model intercomparison
Authors: Fennel Katja , Laurent Arnaud , Hetland Robert , Justić Dubravko , Ko Dong S. , Lehrter John , Murrell Michael , Wang Lixia , Yu Liuqian , Zhang Wenxia
Published: July 2016

A large hypoxic zone forms every summer on the Texas‐Louisiana Shelf in the northern Gulf of Mexico due to nutrient and freshwater inputs from the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River System. Efforts are underway to reduce the extent of hypoxic conditions through reductions in river nutrient inputs, but the response of hypoxia to such nutrient load reductions is difficult to predict because biological responses are confounded by variability in physical processes. The objective of this study is to identify the major physical model aspects that matter for hypoxia simulation and prediction. In order to do so, we compare three different circulation models (ROMS, FVCOM, and NCOM) implemented for the northern Gulf of Mexico, all coupled to the same simple oxygen model, with observations and against each other. By using a highly simplified oxygen model, we eliminate the potentially confounding effects of a full biogeochemical model and can isolate the effects of physical features. In a systematic assessment, we found that (1) model‐to‐model differences in bottom water temperatures result in differences in simulated hypoxia because temperature influences the uptake rate of oxygen by the sediments (an important oxygen sink in this system), (2) vertical stratification does not explain model‐to‐model differences in hypoxic conditions in a straightforward way, and (3) the thickness of the bottom boundary layer, which sets the thickness of the hypoxic layer in all three models, is key to determining the likelihood of a model to generate hypoxic conditions. These results imply that hypoxic area, the commonly used metric in the northern Gulf which ignores hypoxic layer thickness, is insufficient for assessing a model's ability to accurately simulate hypoxia, and that hypoxic volume needs to be considered as well.
Groundwater depletion in Central Mexico: Use of GRACE and InSAR to support water resources management
Authors: Castellazzi Pascal , Martel Richard , Rivera Alfonso , Huang Jianliang , Pavlic Goran , Calderhead Angus I. , Chaussard Estelle , Garfias Jaime , Salas Javier
Published: July 2016

Groundwater deficits occur in several areas of Central Mexico, where water resource assessment is limited by the availability and reliability of field data. In this context, GRACE and InSAR are used to remotely assess groundwater storage loss in one of Mexico's most important watersheds in terms of size and economic activity: the Lerma‐Santiago‐Pacifico (LSP). In situ data and Land Surface Models are used to subtract soil moisture and surface water storage changes from the total water storage change measured by GRACE satellites. As a result, groundwater mass change time‐series are obtained for a 12 years period. ALOS‐PALSAR images acquired from 2007 to 2011 were processed using the SBAS‐InSAR algorithm to reveal areas subject to ground motion related to groundwater over‐exploitation. In the perspective of providing guidance for groundwater management, GRACE and InSAR observations are compared with official water budgets and field observations. InSAR‐derived subsidence mapping generally agrees well with official water budgets, and shows that deficits occur mainly in cities and irrigated agricultural areas. GRACE does not entirely detect the significant groundwater losses largely reported by official water budgets, literature and InSAR observations. The difference is interpreted as returns of wastewater to the groundwater flow systems, which limits the watershed scale groundwater depletion but suggests major impacts on groundwater quality. This phenomenon is enhanced by ground fracturing as noticed in the field. Studying the fate of the extracted groundwater is essential when comparing GRACE data with higher resolution observations, and particularly in the perspective of further InSAR/GRACE combination in hydrogeology.
Contemporary tectonic stress pattern of the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand
Authors: Rajabi Mojtaba , Ziegler Moritz , Tingay Mark , Heidbach Oliver , Reynolds Scott
Published: July 2016

The present‐day stress state is a key parameter in numerous geoscientific research fields including geodynamics, seismic hazard assessment, and geomechanics of georeservoirs. The Taranaki Basin of New Zealand is located on the Australian Plate and forms the western boundary of tectonic deformation due to Pacific Plate subduction along the Hikurangi margin. This paper presents the first comprehensive wellbore‐derived basin‐scale in situ stress analysis in New Zealand. We analyze borehole image and oriented caliper data from 129 petroleum wells in the Taranaki Basin to interpret the shape of boreholes and determine the orientation of maximum horizontal stress (SHmax). We combine these data (151 SHmax data records) with 40 stress data records derived from individual earthquake focal mechanism solutions, 6 from stress inversions of focal mechanisms, and 1 data record using the average of several focal mechanism solutions. The resulting data set has 198 data records for the Taranaki Basin and suggests a regional SHmax orientation of N068°E (±22°), which is in agreement with NW‐SE extension suggested by geological data. Furthermore, this ENE‐WSW average SHmax orientation is subparallel to the subduction trench and strike of the subducting slab (N50°E) beneath the central western North Island. Hence, we suggest that the slab geometry and the associated forces due to slab rollback are the key control of crustal stress in the Taranaki Basin. In addition, we find stress perturbations with depth in the vicinity of faults in some of the studied wells, which highlight the impact of local stress sources on the present‐day stress rotation.
Decreasing spatial dependence in extreme snowfall in the French Alps since 1958 under climate change
Authors: Nicolet G. , Eckert N. , Morin S. , Blanchet J.
Published: July 2016

Whereas changes in magnitude of geophysical extremes under climate change have received significant attention, potential concomitant changes in spatial dependence structures have remained unexplored so far. Here we provide first evidence of such an effect, highlighting a significant trend in the spatial dependence structure of snowfall extremes in the French Alps at decadal time scale. Specifically, we process a comprehensive data set of winter maximum snowfall from all over the French Alps collected in 90 stations from 1958 to 2012. We estimate extremal dependence over 20 year moving estimation windows taking into account possible anisotropy potentially related to orographic effects and/or patterns in atmospheric flows. For each window, we derive a range representing the distance above which extremes are almost independent. We show that snowfall extremes tended to become less spatially dependent over time, with the dependence range reduced roughly by half during the study period. We demonstrate the connection between this trend and local and synoptic climatic variables associated with the current climate change context. In details, the decreasing pattern in extremal dependence is concomitant with a trend toward less harsh winter conditions. It is attributable at first to the increase in temperature and its major control on the snow/rain partitioning. Yet a magnitude effect, with less dependent extremes due to a decrease in intensity of precipitation, also exists. Finally, we show that our results are largely insensitive to the minimal modeling assumptions necessary to our data‐based approach. This robustness makes it potentially suitable for various other studies in the field of geophysical extremes.
The role of sediment structure in gas bubble storage and release
Authors: Liu L. , Wilkinson J. , Koca K. , Buchmann C. , Lorke A.
Published: July 2016

Ebullition is an important pathway for methane emission from inland waters. However, the mechanisms controlling methane bubble formation and release in aquatic sediments remain unclear. A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the dynamics of methane bubble formation, storage, and release in response to hydrostatic head drops in three different types of natural sediment. Homogenized clayey, silty, and sandy sediments (initially quasi‐uniform through the depth of the columns) were incubated in chambers for 3 weeks. We observed three distinct stages of methane bubble formation and release: stage I—microbubble formation‐displacing mobile water from sediment pores with negligible ebullition; stage II—formation of large bubbles, displacing the surrounding sediment with concurrent increase in ebullition; and stage III—formation of conduits with relatively steady ebullition. The maximum depth‐averaged volumetric gas content at steady state varied from 18.8% in clayey to 12.0% in silty and 13.2% in sandy sediment. Gas storage in the sediment columns showed strong vertical stratification: most of the free gas was stored in an upper layer, whose thickness varied with sediment grain size. The magnitude of individual ebullition episodes was linearly correlated to hydrostatic head drop and decreased from clayey to sandy to silty sediment and was in excess of that estimated from gas expansion alone, indicating the release of pore water methane. These findings combined with a hydrodynamic model capable of determining dominant sediment type and depositional zones could help resolve spatial heterogeneities in methane ebullition at medium to larger scales in inland waters.
Kinetics of Intermetallic Phases and Mechanical Behavior of ZnSn3% Hot‐Dip Galvanization Coatings
Authors: Carpinteri Andrea , Di Cocco Vittorio , Fortese Giovanni , Iacoviello Francesco , Natali Stefano , Ronchei Camilla , Scorza Daniela , Vantadori Sabrina
Published: July 2016

Hot‐dip galvanizing process is one of most used techniques to generate coatings for metallic material protection in aggressive environments. In last decades, such a process has been developed in order to obtain coatings with chemical and mechanical properties for specific utilizations. In this work, the influence of high contents of Sn (3% by weight) on the performance of the traditional Zn coatings is experimentally analysed in terms of both microstructure kinetics formation and mechanical properties. Further, a Finite Element model simulates the tested coated specimens under bending. The agreement between experimental and numerical results is satisfactory, especially under plastic regime.
Bio‐Derived Polymers for Sustainable Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Schon Tyler B. , Tilley Andrew J. , Bridges Colin R. , Miltenburg Mark B. , Seferos Dwight S.
Published: July 2016

Biologically derived organic molecules are a cost‐effective and environmentally benign alternative to the widely used metal‐based electrodes employed in current energy storage technologies. Here, the first bio‐derived pendant polymer cathode for lithium‐ion batteries is reported. The redox moiety is flavin and is derived from riboflavin (vitamin B2). A semi‐synthetic methodology is used to prepare the pendant polymer, which is composed of a poly(norbornene) backbone and pendant flavin units. This semi‐synthetic approach reduces the number of chemical transformations required to form this new functional material. Lithium‐ion batteries incorporating this polymer have a 125 mAh g−1 capacity and an ≈2.5 V operating potential. It is found that charge transport is greatly improved by forming hierarchical structures of the polymer with carbon black, and new insight into electrode degradation mechanisms is provided which should be applicable to polymer electrodes in general. This work provides a foundation for the use of bio‐derived pendant polymers in sustainable, high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries.
Modeling of Electrical Characteristics of Degraded Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Niu Quan , Wetzelaer Gert‐Jan A. H. , Blom Paul W. M. , Crăciun Nicoleta I.
Published: July 2016

Degradation of a polymer light‐emitting diode (PLED) driven under constant current is characterized by an increase of driving voltage and a decrease of luminance and efficiency. Possible causes for degradation can be a decrease of charge‐carrier mobility, a reduced charge injection by the electrodes, or the formation of charge traps. In order to disentangle these processes, numerical simulations are performed on the device characteristics of pristine and degraded PLEDs. The observed reduction in transport and luminous efficiency under current stress is simultaneously explained by the formation of hole traps. A reduction of the hole transport upon degradation is verified by transient electroluminescence measurements.
Adsorption of iodine on hydrogen‐reduced silver‐exchanged mordenite: Experiments and modeling
Authors: Nan Yue , Tavlarides Lawrence L. , DePaoli David W.
Published: July 2016

The adsorption process of iodine, a major volatile radionuclide in the off‐gas streams of spent nuclear fuel reprocessing, on hydrogen‐reduced silver‐exchanged mordenite (Ag0Z) was studied at the micro‐scale. The gas‐solid mass transfer and reaction involved in the adsorption process were investigated and evaluated with appropriate models. Optimal conditions for reducing the silver‐exchanged mordenite (AgZ) in a hydrogen stream were determined. Kinetic and equilibrium data of iodine adsorption on Ag0Z were obtained by performing single‐layer adsorption experiments with experimental systems of high precision at 373–473 K over various iodine concentrations. Results indicate approximately 91% to 97% of the iodine adsorption was through the silver‐iodine reaction. The effect of temperature on the iodine loading capacity of Ag0Z was discussed. The Shrinking Core model describes the data well, and the primary rate controlling mechanisms were macro‐pore diffusion and silver‐iodine reaction. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 1024–1035, 2017
Histologic transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma
Authors: Agbay Rose Lou Marie C. , Jain Nitin , Loghavi Sanam , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Khoury Joseph D.
Published: July 2016

Although generally considered a clinically indolent neoplasm, CLL/SLL may undergo transformation to a clinically aggressive lymphoma. The most common form of transformation, to DLBCL, is also known as Richter syndrome. Transformation determines the course of the disease and is associated with unfavorable patient outcome. Precise detection of transformation and identification of predictive biomarkers and specific molecular pathways implicated in the pathobiology of transformation in CLL/SLL will enable personalized therapeutic approach and provide potential avenues for improving the clinical outcome of patients. In this review, we present an overview of the pathologic features, risk factors, and pathogenic mechanisms of CLL/SLL transformation. Am. J. Hematol. 91:1036–1043, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hospital workers bypass traditional occupational injury reporting systems when reporting patient and visitor perpetrated (type II) violence
Authors: Pompeii Lisa A. , Schoenfisch Ashley , Lipscomb Hester J. , Dement John M. , Smith Claudia D. , Conway Sadie H.
Published: July 2016

Background

Under‐reporting of type II (patient/visitor‐on‐worker) violence by workers has been attributed to a lack of essential event details needed to inform prevention strategies.

Methods

Mixed methods including surveys and focus groups were used to examine patterns of reporting type II violent events among ∼11,000 workers at six U.S. hospitals.

Results

Of the 2,098 workers who experienced a type II violent event, 75% indicated they reported. Reporting patterns were disparate including reports to managers, co‐workers, security, and patients’ medical records—with only 9% reporting into occupational injury/safety reporting systems. Workers were unclear about when and where to report, and relied on their own “threshold” of when to report based on event circumstances.

Conclusions

Our findings contradict prior findings that workers significantly under‐report violent events. Coordinated surveillance efforts across departments are needed to capture workers’ reports, including the use of a designated violence reporting system that is supported by reporting policies. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:853–865, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A methodology for fabrication of thermomechanically activated switchable surface wettability
Authors: Laursen Christopher M. , Brant Jonathan A. , Frick Carl P.
Published: July 2016

In this study a platform is laid out for the creation of a multitiered surface exhibiting switchable wettability. This is done through a combination of both an acrylate‐based polymer understructure photopolymerized into a pillared array, and selectively placed surface treatments on these pillars. The acrylate‐based polymer is created through a systematic study and is shown to exhibit drastic alterations in material stiffness over a 19 °C temperature transition under aqueous conditions, allowing for stiff, erect pillars in the low temperature state, and pliable pillars that can easily be bent in the high temperature state. The glass transition temperature and onset temperature for the polymer system is found to be 49 and 30 °C, respectively. Three different surface treatments, including trichloro(1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorooctyl)silane, polydimethylsiloxane, and polydopamine, are investigated using static contact angle studies, and are selectively deposited onto the pillared surface such that a hydrophobic surface is exposed with the pillars erect, and a hydrophilic surface is exposed with the pillars in the bent state. The surface is shown to transition between first a hydrophobic, then hydrophilic state and return to a hydrophobic state when the investigations are coupled together forming a hierarchical surface structure. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 44122.
Metallogels from Coordination Complexes, Organometallic, and Coordination Polymers
Authors: Dastidar Parthasarathi , Ganguly Sumi , Sarkar Koushik
Published: July 2016

A supramolecular gel results from the immobilization of solvent molecules on a 3D network of gelator molecules stabilized by various supramolecular interactions that include hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking, van der Waals interactions, and halogen bonding. In a metallogel, a metal is a part of the gel network as a coordinated metal ion (in a discrete coordination complex), as a cross‐linking metal node with a multitopic ligand (in coordination polymer), and as metal nanoparticles adhered to the gel network. Although the field is relatively new, research into metallogels has experienced a considerable upsurge owing to its fundamental importance in supramolecular chemistry and various potential applications. This focus review aims to provide an insight into the development of designing metallogelators. Because of the limited scope, discussions are confined to examples pertaining to metallogelators derived from discrete coordination complexes, organometallic gelators, and coordination polymers. This review is expected to enlighten readers on the current development of designing metallogelators of the abovementioned class of molecules.
Impacts of early cardiac catheterization for children with congenital heart disease supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Kato Atsuko , Lo Rito Mauro , Lee Kyong‐Jin , Haller Christoph , Guerguerian Anne Marie , Sivarajan Venkatesan Ben , Honjo Osami
Published: July 2016

Background

Cardiac catheterization is often required for patients on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation (ECMO) support, though its efficacy remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the impact of catheterization on successful ECMO weaning.

Methods

This is a single‐center retrospective study from 2000 to 2014. Patients with congenital heart disease who underwent cardiac catheterization while on cardiac ECMO support were included. Logistic regression analysis and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis with log‐rank test were performed to determine predictors for successful weaning and patient outcome.

Results

Forty‐nine catheterizations in 47 patients with the median age of 65 days (range: 1 day–12 years) and the median body weight of 4.2 kg (range: 1.9–32.7 kg) were included. Median duration between ECMO cannulation and catheterization was 1 day (range: 0–11 days). Thirty‐three patients (70%) succeeded in decannulation and 24 patients (51%) survived to hospital discharge. Absence of renal (P = 0.045) and respiratory complications (P = 0.031) were significant prognostic factors for successful weaning in multivariate analysis. Patients who received catheterization within 48 hr after ECMO cannulation demonstrated less respiratory complications (P = 0.006) and better survival at 30 days after ECMO initiation (P = 0.039) than those who underwent later catheterization. There was no mortality; however, nine major catheterization‐related complications (18%) were detected.

Conclusion

Catheterization for pediatric patients on ECMO support can be performed, although this group contained high risk of serious adverse events. The absence of ECMO complications is a predictor for successful weaning. An earlier catheterization appears to be associated with better short‐term survival in this cohort. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Deposition of Gold Nanoparticles on Niobium Pentoxide with Different Crystal Structures for Room‐Temperature Carbon Monoxide Oxidation
Authors: Murayama Toru , Ueda Wataru , Haruta Masatake
Published: July 2016

Nanoparticulate gold catalysts (NPGCs) supported on niobium oxides (Nb2O5) were prepared by different deposition methods. Au nanoparticles (NPs) with a mean diameter of approximately 5 nm were deposited by conventional deposition methods, which include the deposition‐precipitation (DP) and deposition‐reduction (DR) methods, on layered‐type Nb2O5 that possesses a deformed orthorhombic structure. Moreover, Au NPs with a mean diameter of approximately 2.7 nm could be deposited by the sol immobilization method on several crystalline forms of Nb2O5 (deformed orthorhombic, pseudohexagonal, and orthorhombic). NPGCs deposited on deformed orthorhombic Nb2O5 had a higher catalytic activity for CO oxidation. The temperature for 50 % CO conversion was 11 °C for 1 wt % Au/Nb2O5 (deformed orthorhombic) prepared by the sol immobilization method, and the CO conversion was 91 % at 28 °C. As far as we know, this is the first report of highly active Au NPGCs (smaller than 3 nm in diameter) supported on Nb2O5. NPGCs supported on acidic metal oxides will expand the utilization of gold catalysts for new applications.
Ammonium Bicarbonate as Nutrient Substitute for Improving Biomass Productivity of Chlorella variabilis
Authors: Bhattacharya Sourish , Soundarya Ramya , Mishra Sandhya
Published: July 2016

Sodium bicarbonate was replaced with ammonium bicarbonate, recovered from effluent of the pigment industry, for cultivation of CSMCRI's Chlorella variabilis (ATCC PTA 12198) with enhanced biomass and lipid productivity. Compared to Zarrouk's medium, utilizing ammonium bicarbonate in the medium instead of sodium bicarbonate yielded better biomass and lipid productivity in a shorter production time of 9 d in a 5‐L flask. The modified medium containing ammonium bicarbonate also yielded a higher total content of reducing sugar, which can be used for bioethanol production or as carbon source for further mixotrophic growth of C. variabilis.
Interfacial Architectures Derived by Lithium Difluoro(bisoxalato) Phosphate for Lithium‐Rich Cathodes with Superior Cycling Stability and Rate Capability
Authors: Han Jung‐Gu , Park Inbok , Cha Jiho , Park Suhyeon , Park Sewon , Myeong Seungjun , Cho Woograe , Kim Sung‐Soo , Hong Sung You , Cho Jaephil , Choi Nam‐Soon
Published: July 2016

Lithium difluoro(bisoxalato)phosphate (LiDFBP) is introduced as a novel lithium‐salt‐type electrolyte additive for lithium‐rich cathodes in lithium‐ion batteries. The investigation reveals that LiDFBP is oxidized to form a uniform and electrochemically stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the lithium‐rich cathode. The LiDFBP‐derived SEI layer effectively suppresses severe electrolyte decomposition at high voltages and mitigates the voltage decay of the lithium‐rich cathodes caused by undesirable phase transformation to spinel‐like phases during cycling. Furthermore, the cell with electrolyte containing LiDFBP achieves substantially improved cycling performance and delivers a high discharge capacity of 116 mA h g−1 at a high C rate (20 C). The unique function of the LiDFBP additive on the surface chemistry of lithium‐rich cathodes is confirmed through X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, SEM, and TEM analyses.
Modular Construction of Fluoroarenes from a New Difluorinated Building Block by Cross‐Coupling/Electrocyclisation/Dehydrofluorination Reactions
Authors: Percy Jonathan M. , Emerson Helena , Fyfe James W. B. , Kennedy Alan R. , Maciuk Sergej , Orr David , Rathouská Lucie , Redmond Joanna M. , Wilson Peter G.
Published: July 2016

Palladium‐catalysed coupling reactions based on a novel and easy‐to‐synthesise difluorinated organotrifluoroborate were used to assemble precursors to 6π‐electrocyclisations of three different types. Electrocyclisations took place at temperatures between 90 and 240 °C, depending on the central component of the π‐system; nonaromatic trienes were most reactive, but even systems that required the temporary dearomatisation of two arenyl subunits underwent electrocyclisation, albeit at elevated temperatures. Photochemical conditions were effective for these more demanding reactions. The package of methods delivered a structurally diverse set of fluorinated arenes, spanning a 20 kcal mol−1 range of reactivity, by a flexible route.
Tuning of Supramolecular Architectures of l‐Valine‐Containing Dicyanoplatinum(II) 2,2′‐Bipyridine Complexes by Metal–Metal, π–π Stacking, and Hydrogen‐Bonding Interactions
Authors: Fu Heidi Li‐Ki , Po Charlotte , He Hexiang , Leung Sammual Yu‐Lut , Wong Kam Sing , Yam Vivian Wing‐Wah
Published: July 2016

A series of newly synthesized dicyanoplatinum(II) 2,2′‐bipyridine complexes exhibits self‐assembly properties in solution after the incorporation of the l‐valine amino units appended with various hydrophobic motifs. These l‐valine‐derived substituents were found to have critical control over the aggregation behaviors of the complexes in the solution state. On one hand, one of the complexes was found to exhibit interesting circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) signals at low temperature due to the formation of chiral spherical aggregates in the temperature‐dependent studies. On the other hand, systematic transformation from less uniform aggregates to well‐defined fibrous and rod‐like structures via Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt and π–π stacking interactions has also been observed in the mixed‐solvent studies. These changes were monitored by UV/Vis absorption, emission, circular dichroism (CD), and CPL spectroscopies, and morphologies were studied by electron microscopy.
Macroscopic Responsive Liquid Quantum Dots Constructed via Pillar[5]arene‐Based Host‐Guest Interactions
Authors: Ma Junkai , Shi Fangdan , Tian Demei , Li Haibing
Published: July 2016

Liquid quantum dots (QDs) have been used as a fluorescent films sensor. Constructing a macroscopic, responsive, liquid QD system for lysine (Lys) is a challenging task. To achieve a selective macroscopic response towards Lys, herein we present a new strategy for integrating host–guest chemistry into a liquid QD system. Water‐soluble pillar[5]arene WP5 was designed and synthesized as a host. WP5 was introduced onto the surface of PEG1810‐modified QDs by host–guest interactions to obtain liquid WP5‐1810‐QDs. The interaction between WP5 and Lys is stronger than that between WP5 and PEG‐1810, causing WP5 to be released from the 1810‐QDs surface in the presence of Lys, resulting in macroscopic fluorescence quenching. This smart material shows promise in amino acid sensing and separation.
ChemInform Abstract: Aromatic‐Like Behavior of Germanium Nanocrystals.
Authors: Behzadi Hadi , khalilnia Zahra
Published: July 2016

Aromatic Ge18H12 and Ge19H12 nanocrystals composed of three parallel, planar hexagons with one additional Ge atom close to the cluster center in the latter are predicted by DFT calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Rietveld Refinement, Electronic Structure and Ionic Conductivity of Sr4La6(SiO4)6F2 and Sr4La6(SiO4)6O Ceramics.
Authors: Boughzala Khaled , Debbichi Mourad , Njema Hela , Bouzouita Khaled
Published: July 2016

The title compounds are prepared by solid state reaction of SrCO3, La2O3, and SiO2 and SrF2 in the case of the fluoroapatite (1173 K for 12 h and 1723 K for 6 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Co3O4 Porous Polyhedrons Derived from Metal—Organic Framework Toward High Performance for Electrochemical Energy Devices.
Authors: Chen Youcun , Hu Lin
Published: July 2016

The title material is prepared by annealing Co3[Co(CN)6]2 at 400 °C in air for 1 h.