bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transitional Justice in Brazil, 1970s–2010s
Authors: Weinberg Eyal
Published: August 2022

The struggle for transitional justice in Brazil has faced various roadblocks since the country’s return to democracy in the mid-1980s. The military dictatorship that ruled the country from 1964 to 1985 employed brutal political repression against civilians deemed “subversives.” For years, however, the state had persistently disregarded claims to hold perpetrators accountable. This was mostly the result of an extremely negotiated and military-controlled transition to democracy, marked by political continuities and legal impunity to human rights violators. Effective campaigns by civil society organizations and families of the dictatorship’s victims finally led the Brazilian state to implement constrained policies of transitional justice. Between 1995 and 2010, the state officially recognized the dictatorship’s practices of torture and forced disappearance, as well as offered reparations to the victims. A national truth commission was ultimately established in 2012, culminating in an extensive final report that illuminated the dictatorship’s systemic repression and recommended holding its key perpetrators accountable. Yet the Brazilian armed forces strongly repudiated the commission’s work and actively curbed attempts to prosecute human rights violators. Frustrated by the state’s protracted implementation of transitional justice, human rights advocates sought alternative routes to accountability and truth-seeking. Some pressured professional organizations to discipline members complicit in the dictatorship’s repression. Others formed local truth commissions in municipalities, universities, unions, and corporations across the country to broaden and enhance the work of the national commission. Brazil thus experienced a particularly gradual and decentralized trajectory of transitional justice.
Critical Discourse Analysis in China: History and New Developments
Authors: Wang Jiayu , Jin Guangyu
Published: August 2022

Since critical discourse analysis (CDA) was introduced to China, it has developed into an influential field. Studies in CDA in China from the 1990s to 2020 can be delineated through four stages of development. The first stage focused on introducing the theories and concepts in CDA to China’s academia. During the second stage, CDA in China was no longer confined to reviewing theories abroad but was extended to deeper and more extensive theoretical, methodological, and empirical investigations. During the third stage, Chinese scholars in CDA became more concerned with domestic issues than in the previous stages and started to conduct interdisciplinary studies. The fourth stage marked the flourishing of CDA studies in terms of the numbers of studies published and scholars engaged in the field, and in terms of the breadth and the variety of research methods, topics, and disciplines involved. Chinese scholars tend to gear CDA to China’s social, political, and cultural contexts.
A-2 Modifiable Physical Fitness Is Associated with Executive Function in Black Older Adults
Authors: Hayes Scott M , Stark Jessica , Hiersche Kelly , Hayes Jasmeet
Published: August 2022

Objective: Research examining the role of modifiable fitness variables in cognitive aging have been implemented in predominately White study samples. The present study aims to enhance the diversity of the literature by examining the relationship between modifiable physical fitness and cognition in Black older adults.

Method: Metrics of modifiable fitness and cognition were assessed in 75 healthy Black older adults from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; ages 65–93 years, X- = 73.4, SD = 6.8). Hierarchical linear regressions were implemented to examine the relationship between a composite measure of modifiable physical fitness (gait speed, grip strength, maximum forced expiratory flow) and composite measures of executive function, episodic memory, and processing speed.

Results: Modifiable physical fitness explained a significant amount of additional variance in executive function (p < 0.05) after controlling for age, sex, and education. Modifiable physical fitness was not associated with episodic memory or processing speed after controlling for demographic variables.

Conclusions: Results suggest that these course metrics of physical fitness are associated specifically with executive function in Black older adults. These findings extend the current literature by exploring the relationship between modifiable physical fitness variables and cognition in Black older adults.
A-3 Examining The Sociodemographic Factors Associated with Performance on The Community Screening Instrument for Dementia in Congolese Older Adults
Authors: Reyes Anny , De Wit Liselotte , Winston Molly R , Hammers Dustin B , Alonso Alvaro , Ikanga Jean N
Published: August 2022

Objective: Given the lack of comprehensive neuropsychological tools in Sub-Saharan Africa, there is a need to examine the clinical utility of dementia cognitive screeners in this setting. We examined the contribution of sociodemographic factors to performance on the Community Screening Instrument for Dementia (CSID) in Congolese older adults.

Methods: 354 participants (mean age = 73.6 ± 6.7, mean education (years) =7.3 ± 4.7; 50% female) were randomly recruited. All participants completed the CSID (mean = 25.23 ± 4.19). Multiple linear regressions were conducted to examine the contribution of age, education, sex, and the interactions between education, school type, and participant income to CSID raw scores. Raw scores were demographically adjusted for education and sex by adding 1 point for ≤12 years of education and 1 point for female.

Results: Older age (β = −0.362, p < 0.001), fewer years of education (β = −0.335, p = 0.022), female sex (β = −0.223, p = 0.035), and public schools (β = −0.185, p = 0.008) were associated with lower CSID scores. There was a trend for lower-income associated with lower CSID scores (β = −0.185, p = 0.062). The interaction between education and school was significant (p = 0.007), with education having a stronger effect on CSID scores for private (β = 0.25) relative to public schools (β = 0.16). The effect of education and sex decreased in the education- and sex-adjusted CSID scores (education β = 0.121; sex β = −0.0.056).

Conclusion: We demonstrate that the effects of education on CSID varied based on sociodemographic characteristics in Congolese older adults, with private school associated with better performance. Given the effects of education and sex on performance, future studies should examine if demographically adjusted scores improve the sensitivity and specificity of the CSID in Congolese populations.
A-14 Exploring Interactions between Traumatic Brain Injury History and Gender on Medical Comorbidities in Military Veterans: An Epidemiological Analysis in the Million Veteran Program
Authors: Merritt Victoria C , Gasperi Marianna , Deka Rishi , Chanfreau-Coffinier Catherine
Published: August 2022

Objective: Epidemiological studies of gender differences in clinical outcomes following traumatic brain injury (TBI) are limited, especially among service members and Veterans. This study aimed to examine associations between TBI history and medical comorbidities and explore interactions with self-reported gender using a diverse sample of military Veterans.

Method: Participants included 491,604 Veterans (48,646 TBI cases, 442,958 controls; 450,625 men, 40,979 women) who enrolled in the VA’s Million Veteran Program. Outcomes of interest included the following medical condition comorbidities from the MVP Baseline Survey: (1) psychiatric, (2) neurological, (3) cardiovascular, (4) skeletomuscular, and (5) other conditions. We explored the interaction of TBI history and gender on medical comorbidities using adjusted logistic regression models.

Results: Veterans with a history of TBI had significantly higher rates of medical comorbidities compared to controls, with the strongest associations observed across psychiatric (adjusted OR’s = 2.10–3.61) and neurological (adjusted OR’s = 1.57–6.08) conditions. Significant interactions of TBI history and gender were observed across the majority of psychiatric and neurological comorbidities. Specifically, female Veterans with TBI history had significantly higher rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, personality disorder, headache/migraine, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis, while male Veterans with TBI history had significantly higher rates of schizophrenia, memory loss or impairment, and spinal cord injury.

Conclusions: Results indicate that females and males experience differential clinical outcomes following TBI, particularly for rates of psychiatric and neurological comorbidities. Findings highlight the need for more research on gender differences in the context of TBI to better improve the clinical care offered to this population.
A-102 How Valuable Are Clinical Neuropsychological Assessments? A Meta-Analysis of Neuropsychological Tests Compared to Neuroimaging
Authors: Harrell Murphy , Ikonomou Vasilios , Osorio Carolina Pereira , Hawley Nanako , Pizer Jasmin , Asencio-Ortiz Paola , Hill Benjamin
Published: August 2022

Objective: This meta-analysis summarized and compared the effect sizes of neuroimaging to diagnose Alzheimer’s Disease (ad) to neuropsychological tests to diagnose ad and traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Data Selection: EBSCO network was searched for original research examining the efficacy of neuroimaging for ad and common neuropsychological tests for ad and TBI within the last 5 years. Other inclusion/exclusion criteria were: clinical and control group, efficacy statistics, and sufficient descriptive statistical information (e.g., mean, SD) for each group.

Data Synthesis: Of 3488 studies identified, 56 were retained for meta-analyses (502 effect sizes extracted; 3856 clinical and 4112 control participants represented). Using comprehensive meta-analysis software and random-effects modeling, results indicated the neuroimaging effect size [Hedges g = −1.670] was not significantly different than the neuropsychological test efficacy [Hedges g = −1.548; Q(1) = 0.213, p = 0.644]. Within neuropsychological tests, the ad neuropsychological test effect size [Hedges g = −2.213] was significantly different than the TBI neuropsychological test efficacy [Hedges g = −0.649; Q(1) = 42.821, p = 0.000]. There was a significant degree of between-study heterogeneity for both neuroimaging [Q(21) = 298.655, p < 0.001, I2 = 93.303] and neuropsychological [Q(39) = 860.715, p < 0.001, I2 = 95.469] studies.

Conclusions: The diagnostic efficacy of neuroimaging and neuropsychological tests were both substantial and non-significantly different from one another. These findings are consistent with prior research suggesting neuropsychological tests are as effective as neuroimaging and provides clinicians and consumers convincing evidence that neuropsychological tests are a reliable diagnostic tool among people with acquired and neurodegenerative brain disorders.
A-107 Evaluating the Quality of Real-World Compensatory Strategy Use in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Beech Brooke F , Schmitter-Edgecombe Maureen
Published: August 2022

Objective: Older adults often spontaneously engage in compensatory strategies (CS) to support completion of everyday tasks. However, factors that influence the success of chosen strategies remain unclear. The present study aimed to examine if evaluation of the overall quality of compensatory strategies, as compared to a count of strategies, better predicts completion of real-world prospective memory (PM) tasks.

Method: Seventy community-dwelling older adults (M = 70.80, SD = 7.87) completed two testing sessions remotely from their own homes through video conferencing. Participants were presented four novel real-world PM tasks designed to be carried out independently in the future. Upon task presentation, participants were given time to plan and encouraged to use their typical CS. The examiner captured detailed information about CS planned at task presentation and strategies utilized at follow-up testing, as well as PM task accuracy. In addition to a count of CS, participants’ CS were assigned a quality score upon video review.

Results: Hierarchical regression revealed that Compensatory Strategy Quality (CSQ) score provides incremental validity in predicting PM task accuracy over and above CS count, global cognition, and age (ΔR2 = 0.24, ΔF = 29.36, p < 0.001). CSQ uniquely accounted for 24.01% of the variance in PM task accuracy (sr = 0.49, p < 0.001).

Conclusions: Evaluating quality of cognitive CS provides enhanced precision in predicting PM. Findings of this study may provide researchers with tools to study compensation in a more nuanced manner. Furthermore, findings have the potential to be translated into clinical interventions, such as targeted compensatory strategy trainings.
A-110 The Virtual Environment Grocery Store Explains Variance in Older Adults’ Adaptive Functioning Beyond Age
Authors: Hardesty Danielle R , Chek Carmen , Avendano Jacob , Coldiron Allyson , Dube Jeanne M , Griffin Rebekah , Nabulsi Eman , Wurm Annika , Barnett Michael D , Parsons Thomas D
Published: August 2022

Objective: The Virtual Environment Grocery Store (VEGS; Parsons & McMahan, 2017) has demonstrated relationships with older adults’ adaptive functioning as measured both by self-report and with a performance-based test (Hardesty et al., 2021). However, age is an important predictor of adaptive functioning among older adults (Weber et al., 2019). The purpose of this study was to investigate the incremental validity of the VEGS. We hypothesized that the VEGS long delay free recall would explain variance in adaptive functioning beyond that which is accounted for by age.

Method: Older adults (n = 98; age 65–90, M = 75.82, SD = 6.27) were administered the Virtual Environment Grocery Store (VEGS) and the Texas Functional Living Scale (TFLS) and completed the Instruments of Daily Activities Scale (IADLS) Questionnaire.

Results: Age explained 30.8% of the variance in TFLS. Inclusion of the VEGS long delay free recall meant that the model was able to explain 48.0% of the variance (R2 change F = 1.28, p < 0.001). Age explained 17.2% of the variance in IADLS scores; the inclusion of the VEGS long delay free recall brought this to 21.5% (R2 change F = 7.03, p = 0.03).

Conclusion: Among older adults, age is an important predictor of adaptive functioning as measured by self-report and performance-based test. The VEGS was able to explain substantial variance in older adults’ adaptive functioning beyond age, particularly when measured with a performance-based test. These results are consistent with the notion that the VEGS measures abilities relevant to older adult’s daily functioning.
A-124 Racial Disparities in Health Literacy and Numeracy: The Role of Sociodemographic and Psychological Risk Factors
Authors: Stocks Jane , Bing-Canar Hanaan , Khan Humza , Lapitan-Moore Franchezka , Wisinger Amanda M , Tse Phoebe K Y , Cerny Brian M , Durkin Nicole M , Jennette Kyle J , Soble Jason R , Resch Zachary J
Published: August 2022

Objective: Health literacy and numeracy are commonly associated with health disparities and may disproportionately affect minoritized groups. This study assessed racial disparities in health literacy and numeracy and their association to sociodemographic and psychological risk factors among a mixed clinical outpatient sample.

Method: Cross-sectional data from 198 patients who were administered the General Health Numeracy Test-Short Form (GHNT), Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine-Revised (REALM-R), Adverse Childhood Experiences Checklist (ACE), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Test of Premorbid Functioning-Predicted FSIQ (TOPF-FSIQ) were examined. Participant characteristics were compared by ethnoracial group status via chi-square and ANOVA tests. Multivariate regression models evaluated associations between health literacy and numeracy with sociodemographic and psychological risk factors across ethnoracial groups.

Results: Subjects were 45% female/55% male, 48% White, 38% Black and 14% Hispanic, with a Mage of 44.7 (SD = 17.3) and Meducation of 13.5 years (SD = 2.8). Black subjects were older, less educated, and had lower TOPF-FSIQ than White subjects, whereas Hispanic subjects were younger with lower TOPF-FSIQ than White subjects. Black subjects had lower GHNT-6 and REALM-R scores than White subjects. No group differences in ACE or PSS were observed. In multivariate analyses, only lower TOPF-FSIQ was significantly associated with lower REALM-R, whereas lower TOPF-FSIQ, older age, and higher ACEs were significantly associated with lower GHNT. No significant interactions with ethnoracial group status were observed.

Conclusion(s): Although health literacy and numeracy differed across ethnoracial groups, this effect was driven by lower TOPF-FSIQ for health literacy, in addition to lower age and higher number of adverse childhood experiences for health numeracy.
A-130 Measuring Baseline Regional Cerebral Blood Flow with Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) in ADHD
Authors: Stafford Claire , Jaramillo Cristina , Golden Charles , Amen Daniel , Willeumier Kristen
Published: August 2022

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine whether differences exist between children with ADHD and a healthy control group in cerebral blood flow (CBF) t-scores at baseline with no external stimuli.

Methods: The data for this study was derived from a large de-identified single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) database. Inclusion criteria required all individuals to be under the age of 18 and assessed for CBF. Participants in the ADHD group (n = 1853, Mage = 12.01) included individuals with a formal ADHD diagnosis. Participants with co-morbid diagnoses were included. Participants in the control group (n = 38, Mage = 11.70) were healthy individuals with no prior mental health diagnoses. Race, gender, and age were considered covariates. An ANCOVA analysis was performed using t-scores of CBF levels.

Results: The results of an univariate ANCOVA revealed no statistically significant differences between a healthy control group and an ADHD group in t-scores of CBF levels in the cerebellum, cingulum, frontal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, vermis, or subcortical regions at baseline (all p-values<0.05).

Conclusion(s): These findings contradict current literature, which has found decreased perfusion in adults with ADHD on the left side of the amygdala when compared to healthy controls and in children with ADHD in the orbitofrontal cortex and middle temporal gyrus. This disparity in findings may be due to gaps in current literature, which fail to control for gender, age, and/or race. Future studies should look at whether these results differ based on the specific subtype of ADHD are measured.
A-131 Measuring the Effect of CPT-3 Administration on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow with Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) in ADHD
Authors: Stafford Claire , Amen Daniel , Geller Rachel , Golden Charles , Willeumier Kristen
Published: August 2022

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the administration of the Conners Continuous Performance Test (CPT-3) on cerebral blood flow (CBF) in children with ADHD.

Methods: The data for this study was derived from a large - database. Participants in the ADHD group (n = 1853, Mage = 12.01) were similar to those in the healthy control group (n = 38, Mage = 11.70). All participants were assessed for cerebral blood flow levels before and after CPT-3 administration.

Results: Multiple 2-by-2 ANOVAs with repeated measures were conducted with sphericity assumed. The overall effect of CPT-3 administration on CBF levels was significant in the right cingulate left and right sides of the frontal lobe left and right sides of the occipital, left and right sides of the parietal lobe, left and right sides of the subcortical region. Post hoc analysis with a Bonferroni adjustment revealed that there was a statistically significant increase in CBF levels from baseline to following CPT-3 administration in both the ADHD and control groups. The interaction between CPT-3 administration and ADHD diagnosis was not significant. The overall effect of ADHD diagnosis on CBF levels was not significant.

Conclusions: All individuals had higher levels of CBF following the administration of CPT-3. Without an interaction, we can infer that ADHD diagnosis does not change the effect of CPT-3 administration on CBF levels. This is counterintuitive considering that CPT-3 is a test of sustained attention, a common challenge for children with ADHD. These findings need to be replicated.
A-148 The Association of Neighborhood Trust and Violence with White Matter Integrity in a Diverse Sample
Authors: Longoria Anthony J , Brinson Zabecca A , Carlew Anne R , Cullum Munro , DeLemos James A , Goette William , Lacritz Laura H , Yu Frank F , Rossetti Heidi C
Published: August 2022

Objective: Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black older adults are at increased risk of dementia compared with non-Hispanic Whites. Cerebral white matter disease may contribute to this disparity, though little is known about how factors such as neighborhood disadvantage and perceived economic status may relate to white matter integrity in diverse groups.

Method: Participants from a population-based, multiethnic cohort (N=2766; Female=58%; Black=48%; Hispanic=14%) completed a measure of neighborhood perceptions (“resources,” “trust,” “violence”) and perceived SES (“access to food,” “access to healthcare”) and underwent 3T brain MRI with 2D FLAIR and 3D T1-weighted sequences to assess white matter hyperintensity (WMH) burden and white matter volume (WMV), respectively. Linear regression models examined associations among these variables controlling for demographic and traditional SES variables (income, education), followed by post-hoc analyses by race/ethnicity and sex.

Results: Reported income, education, ethnoracial group, and sex were associated with WMH in the overall sample (ps<.05), and “trust,” “access to healthcare,” income, education, race/ethnicity, and sex were significantly associated with cerebral WMV. Post-hoc analyses revealed “violence” was associated with more WMH in Black women (p<.05,β=-0.12), lower “trust” was associated with lower WMV in Hispanic men (p<.05,β=0.22), and lower “access to medical care” was associated with lower WMV in White women (p<.05,β=-0.18).

Conclusions: Neighborhood disadvantage and perceived SES were significantly associated with indicators of white matter pathology, with differential relationships across race and sex. Findings may reflect disproportionate environmental and social stressors encountered by some groups. Future analyses will examine whether these sociocultural factors relate to white matter burden and cognitive function later in life.
A-155 Depression’s Effect on the Processing Speed Index of the WAIS-IV in a Sample of Individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Authors: Van Winkle Baylee , Bailey-Bila Maggie , Balloun Bailey , Frick Lauren , Kern Jennie , Wenzel Benjamin , Pyykkonen Benjamin
Published: August 2022

Objective: The neurocognitive profile for individuals with ADHD reveals impaired processing speed scores (Kramer et al., 2020; Onandia-Hinchado, et al., 2021). Depression has been associated with impairment across cognitive domains, including processing speed, even after remission of depressive episodes (Ahern & Semkovska, 2017; Semkovska, et al., 2019). In addition, the co-occurrence of ADHD and Depression may result in impaired processing speed beyond the deficits typical for those with only one of these disorders (Larochette, et al., 2011). This study will further investigate the cumulative effects of comorbid ADHD and Depression by exploring if those with comorbid depression perform more poorly on processing speed measures than individuals with ADHD and no comorbid depression when controlling for intellectual ability.

Method: This study used archival data from a private practice neuropsychology clinic in the Midwest. This study included 233 adult participants diagnosed with ADHD, including 92 with a diagnosed comorbid depressive disorder. Processing Speed was examined using the Processing Speed Index (PSI) from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV). Participant intellectual functioning was controlled for using the VCI of the WAIS-IV.

Results: An ANCOVA was used to examine the differences in PSI. The covariate VCI accounted for 19.9% of the variability in processing speed (ηp2 = .199; p = .000). Comorbid depression was non-significant and accounted for 0.1% of variability after controlling for VCI (ηp2 = 0.001; p = .640).

Conclusion: There is a minimal relationship between co-morbid ADHD and depression and processing speed. Impaired processing speed in clients is likely attributable to effects of ADHD.
A-160 Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC)
Authors: Greenfield Melissa J , Robinson Jamie Hansel , Wheeler Pariya Fazeli , Shah Udit Vipul , Vance David E , Agnihotri Shruti P , Kennedy Richard , Lokken Kristine , Gerstenecker Kristen Triebel , Gerstenecker Adam , Martin Roy C , Lazar Ronald M
Published: August 2022

Objective: To describe psychiatric symptoms in a sample of patients seeking treatment for “brain fog” due to Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC).

Method: Patients were referred for a neuropsychological evaluation from the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Post-COVID Treatment Program. Ninety-two patients completed a battery of self-report questionnaires to measure mood symptoms and behavior. Patients were on average 49 years of age (range: 18 to 74), female (77%), and White/Caucasian (73%)/Black/African American (25%), with 15.49 years of education (SD = 2.43).

Results: On average, patients who sought treatment for PASC reported mild to moderate anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment [GAD-7]; M = 9.83, SD = 6.07), moderate depression (Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-8]; M = 13.23, SD = 5.81), moderate stress levels (Perceived Stress Scale [PSS]; M = 22.97, SD = 7.99). They also reported overall functional impairment in activities of daily living (Functional Assessment Questionnaire [FAQ]; M = 9.57, SD = 8.29) and perceived cognitive impairment (Cognitive Failures Questionnaire [CFQ]; M = 55.22, SD = 18.66). Additionally, patients endorsed several somatic symptoms (PHQ-15; M = 13.90, SD = 5.16), mild insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index [ISI]; M = 14.80, SD = 6.85), and severe fatigue (Chalder’s Fatigue Scale [CFS]; M = 25.53, SD = 5.72).

Conclusion: Patients seeking treatment for “long-COVID” report a variety of clinically significant psychiatric symptoms, suggesting the need for incorporating behavioral, lifestyle, and psychological interventions in the treatment of this population.
A-164 Processing Speed Differences between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Groups with and without Co-Morbid Anxiety Diagnoses
Authors: Frick Lauren A , Van Winkle Baylee , Balloun Bailey A , Bailey-Bila Maggie C , Fawcett Madelyn K , Kern Jennie R , Wenzel Benjamin G , Pyykkonen Benjamin A
Published: August 2022

Objective: Existing literature has identified deficits in processing speed abilities in those diagnosed with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) relative to normative data (Kramer et al., 2020; Woods et al., 2002). Furthermore, research has explored the relationship between severe anxiety symptoms and processing speed in numerous populations (Petkus et al., 2005; Vissicchio et al., 2019). As such, anxiety has been demonstrated to further negatively impact processing speed in conditions in which processing speed deficits are classically observed, such as multiple sclerosis (Vissicchio et al., 2019). The current study looks to examine whether there are significant differences in PSI between a group with both ADHD and an anxiety disorder and a group with no co-morbid anxiety disorders.

Method: This study uses archival data from a neuropsychology service in a private practice clinic in the Midwest. 112 adult participants were examined in this study. Processing speed was examined using the Processing Speed composite score (PSI) from the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV). Co-morbid anxiety disorders were assessed based on the presence of a diagnosed anxiety disorder according to patient records.

Results: An independent samples t-test was employed to examine differences in PSI between the group with co-morbid anxiety disorders and ADHD and the group without an anxiety disorder diagnosis. There was no significant difference in PSI between the groups (t = -1.655, p = .10).

Conclusion: Overall, there was no significant difference in PSI between groups with co-morbid ADHD and anxiety and one with ADHD alone. Implications and limitations of the current study will be discussed.
A-167 The Role of Epilepsy Knowledge and Treatment Beliefs in Medication Self-Management Among Diverse People with Epilepsy
Authors: Crook Cara , Margolis Seth A , Davis Jennifer , Gonzalez Jeffrey S , Grant Arthur C , Nakhutina Luba
Published: August 2022

Objective: Research into medication adherence remains limited among ethnically diverse people with epilepsy (PWE). We characterized self-reported reasons for suboptimal adherence in this population. Next, we sought to replicate a previously established link between negative medication beliefs and worse adherence. Finally, we explored whether epilepsy knowledge moderates the beliefs-adherence relationship.

Method: Sixty-three PWE (Age=42.1±13.2; Education=12.6±2.4 years; 60% female; 79% Black; 19% Hispanic/Latinx; 5% Mixed Race) completed the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ), Epilepsy Knowledge Profile (EKP), and Epilepsy Self-Management Scale’s (ESMS) Medication Management subscale with nonadherent practices endorsed “sometimes, most of the time, or always” considered “suboptimal.”

Results: The four most prevalent suboptimal adherence practices were endorsed by 20-34% of participants and included not taking anti-seizure medications the same time every day, forgetting doses, not requesting refills before running out, and spreading out doses when running out. A considerable number of participants agreed/strongly agreed that medications were overused by prescribers (45.2%), that their medications concerned them (24.2%) or were harmful (19.4%). Epilepsy knowledge was fair (EKP=70.4%±9.5% correct). Harm and overuse beliefs were negatively correlated with adherence (r’s=-0.27 and -0.32 with p’s=.035 and .013, respectively). Epilepsy knowledge was unrelated to beliefs or adherence and did not moderate their relationship. Harm/overuse beliefs were combined (α=0.78) and their significant relationship with adherence (r=-0.34, p=.008) was unchanged after controlling for epilepsy knowledge (pr=-0.31, p=.017).

Conclusions: In these diverse PWE, the most prevalent reasons for suboptimal medication adherence are behaviorally-mediated and may be modifiable. However, interventions addressing negative medication beliefs may be necessary to effect change over knowledge-based psychoeducation alone.
A-178 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Findings Are Not Related to Cognitive Functioning in Service Members with Remote History of Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Lippa Sara M , Song Chihwa , Bonavia Grant H , Oakes Terrence R , Ollinger John
Published: August 2022

Objective: Determine whether glucose uptake as measured by 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging is associated with cognitive performance and mild neurocognitive disorder (MNCD) in active-duty service members with a history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI).

Method: 287 patients with a history of mTBI underwent FDG-PET scans at rest and neuropsychological testing at the National Intrepid Center of Excellence at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center. Glucose uptake in bilateral frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, and 58 cortical/cerebellar regions were correlated with seven neuropsychological composite scores, with and without relevant covariates.

Results: Prior to correction for multiple comparisons, perceptual reasoning correlated with bilateral hippocampi glucose uptake (rs:.141-.165, ps<.03), processing speed was inversely related to glucose uptake in the left temporal lobe (r=-.134, p=.034), working memory was related to glucose uptake in the left parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes (rs:.128-.140, ps<.05). Partial correlations between cognition and the 56 cortical/cerebellar regions of interest (ROIs) were not significant after correction for multiple comparisons. Increased glucose uptake in the bilateral pericalcarine, left superior temporal, and right occipital, superior parietal, transverse temporal, precuneus, and lingual cortices was related to increased likelihood of MNCD (ORs:41.02-2263.7, ps<.05); however, did not survive correction for multiple comparisons.

Conclusions: After correction for multiple comparisons, there was no significant relationship between regional glucose uptake and neurocognitive performance or MNCD. Glucose uptake as measured by FDG-PET is not related to cognitive performance in active-duty service members with a remote history of mTBI and may have limited clinical utility for these individuals.
A-179 Association of Race and Cognitive Impairment in Retired NFL Athletes
Authors: Schenck Lauren , Baughman Brandon , Cao Xueyen , Stanfill Ansley
Published: August 2022

Objective: The Baseline Assessment Program (BAP) provided neuropsychological assessment to determine cognitive and psychological impairment in retired National Football League (NFL) athletes. The objective of the current study was to examine if an association exists between race and cognitive impairment using traditional race-based norms.

Method: This is a retrospective analysis of 56 retired NFL athletes with repetitive head trauma secondary to contact sports. Participants identified as Black (n = 45) and White (n = 11) with a mean age of 52.52 years and 16.04 years of education. Five domains of cognition were assessed: Complex Attention and Processing Speed, Learning and Memory, Visual-Perceptual Processing, Language, and Executive Functioning. We estimated level of premorbid functioning accounting for race, education, region, and highest occupation held. We calculated levels of impairment for each domain and overall cognitive functioning by comparing t-scores with expected level of premorbid functioning (0.0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 standard deviations [SDs] below expected level).

Results: Our trend test revealed no significant association between race and levels of impairment for any of the domains assessed.

Conclusion(s): Race was not associated with level of cognitive impairment. Null results may be due to unbalanced groups and positively skewed data. Level of cognitive impairment as outlined by the NFL is restrictive and resulted in few individuals with one or more SDs below estimated level of premorbid functioning. Future work may examine if these criteria or race-based norms result in false negative estimates of impairment, as this has clinical implications for access to resources and compensation for injury.
A-182 Depression Symptoms Predict Neurocognitive Functioning Following Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury in the Acute Recovery Phase
Authors: Demers Lauren A , Williams Cydni N , Larson Kera , Smith-Russell Dierdre , Hall Trevor A
Published: August 2022

Objective: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) survivors are at elevated risk for developing neurocognitive concerns. Lower premorbid abilities, pediatric traumatic brain injury (pTBI) severity, and post-injury depression symptoms have been shown to predict greater neurocognitive deficits. However, limited extant research has focused on the acute recovery phase or used objective neuropsychological assessment measures. We examined the impact of pTBI severity and post-injury depression symptoms on neurocognitive functioning in the acute recovery phase.

Method: Seventy-four trauma patients (8 to 19 years) were assessed 1-3 months after PICU discharge. Demographic and clinical data were extracted from the electronic medical record. Caregivers completed questionnaires about their children’s physical, cognitive and emotional functioning. The direct assessment included measures of WRAT5 word-reading; CMS/WISC-V/WAIS-IV digit span; WISC-V/WAIS-IV coding and symbol search; and DKEFS Trails-4, verbal phonemic and semantic fluencies. Given the high intercorrelations between aspects of executive function, principal components analysis (PCA) was conducted to create a cumulative neurocognitive index (NCI). A simple linear regression was used to test if moderate-severe Glasgow Coma scores and clinically elevated Promis Depression scores predicted NCI, controlling for reading ability.

Results: Combining all participant data in the PCA yielded a single component solution accounting for 52.79% of total explained variance. The overall regression was significant (R2=.40), F(df=3,70) =15.23, p<.001. Elevated depression predicted NCI (p=.03) whereas greater pTBI severity was not predictive above the impact of premorbid factors.

Conclusions: Neurocognitive functioning in PICU survivors within the acute recovery phase may be more related to concurrent depression symptoms than injury severity markers when premorbid factors are considered.
A-184 Increased Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Amyloid Following Traumatic Brain Injury are Associated with Confrontation Naming Performance
Authors: Howard Erica , Moody Jena N , Prieto Sarah , Hayes Jasmeet P
Published: August 2022

Objective: To explore whether beta-amyloid (AB) overproduction is implicated in the relationship between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we compared cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of AB in individuals with a TBI history versus controls (CTRLs) and related CSF AB levels to confrontation naming performance, a pseudo-marker for preclinical AD.

Method: We selected 113 non-impaired Veterans (TBI=57, CTRL=56) from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative-Department of Defense database with available Boston Naming Test (BNT) data and CSF measures for three AB peptides (AB-42, AB-40, AB-38). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) compared CSF AB levels between groups adjusting for age. Spearman’s correlations related CSF AB levels to BNT performance. Three separate mediation models explored the relationship between TBI and BNT performance with each AB peptide as a mediator.

Results: The TBI group had higher CSF AB-40 (F=5.20, p=0.02) and AB-38 (F=3.78, p=0.05) levels than the CTRL group, but groups did not significantly differ in CSF AB-42 levels (p>0.1). BNT was negatively correlated with all three AB peptides (AB-42: rho=-0.28, p=0.003; AB-40: rho=-0.20, p=0.03; AB-38: rho=-0.19, p=0.05). Mediation models showed a significant indirect effect of TBI on BNT performance through AB-40 (B=-0.16, 95% CI [-0.391, -0.007], PM = 0.54). TBI positively affected AB-40 levels (B=0.45, p=0.02), and AB-40 levels, in turn, negatively affected BNT performance (B=-0.14, p=0.04). Indirect effects of TBI on BNT performance with AB-42 or AB-38 as mediators were not significant.

Conclusions: TBI may increase risk of AD-related cognitive decline through AB overabundance in the brain, as evidenced by elevated CSF AB levels, particularly AB-40.
A-189 Multicomponent-Multidomain Cognitive Intervention with Care-partners
Authors: Ashish Dev
Published: August 2022

Objective: The main objective of this presentation is to present a case study assessing the feasibility of a cognitive intervention for individuals with mild cognitive impairment or early stages of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease. The secondary objective is to assess the efficacy of the intervention.

Method: A multicomponent-multidomain intervention was conducted with patients diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment and their care-partners. Due to the pandemic the intervention was conducted in individual dyads, rather than in groups. The intervention consisted of three components - psychoeducation about brain health and cognition, compensatory strategies, and cognitive skills training in four domains – attention, processing speed, executive functioning, and memory. The training was completed in twenty to twenty five sessions. Pre and post cognition, self-reported mood and cognition measures, and measures of cognition, daily functioning and caregiver burden completed by care partners were utilized to assess the efficacy of the intervention.

Results: Results suggested stable or improved cognition over a year, with improved daily functioning, mood, and reduced or stable caregiver burden.

Conclusion(s): The multicomponent-multidomain intervention with care patterner is a feasible and efficacious treatment for mild cognitive impairment. In future, implementation in a group format will be assessed.
A-200 “It’s on the Tip of My Tongue!” – Base Rates and Neuroanatomical Correlates of Confrontation Naming Deficits in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Grezmak Tiffany , Lace John , Galioto Rachel
Published: August 2022

Objective: Word-finding difficulty is a commonly reported complaint in patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS), though it is often under evaluated in clinical care. This study sought to identify base rates of confrontation naming impairments relative to other language tasks and examine its neuroanatomical correlates in pwMS.

Method: Of 372 pwMS referred for neuropsychological assessment, 185 (MAge=48.8±11.23; MEd=14.5±2.4; 83% White; 73% women) met inclusion criteria for the final sample (i.e., estimated premorbid IQ ≥70, English-speaking, valid data on performance validity indices). Norm-based T scores for the following tests were of interest: Boston Naming Test (BNT); Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT); and Animal Fluency (AF). A subset of 50 patients underwent recent quantitative MRI variables for whole brain fraction (WBF) and white matter lesion burden (T2LV).

Results: PwMS showed greater impairment (≤1.5 SD) on the BNT (27.6%) as compared to AF (18.4%; p=.002), but not COWAT (24.3%; p=.304) based on binomial tests. Controlling for age and sex, significant partial correlations (ps<.05) were identified between BNT and both WBF (r=.32) and T2LV (r=-.30) and between AF and T2LV (r = -.30). COWAT did not correlate significantly with WBF (r=.08) or T2LV (r=-.09).

Conclusions: Confrontation naming is relatively frequently impaired in pwMS, and correlates with both cerebral volume and lesion burden. Semantic fluency correlated only with lesion burden, and phonemic fluency did not correlate with neuroimaging. Future research should continue to investigate the clinical presentation and neuroanatomical underpinnings of language dysfunction, particularly naming/word-finding difficulties, in pwMS.
A-203 Evaluation of WMS-IV Logical Memory Performance (Storage vs. Retrieval) in a Memory Disorders Clinic
Authors: Gass Carlton , Patten Brooke , O’Maille Alanna
Published: August 2022

Objective: To determine whether poor free recall on WMS-IV Logical Delay (LM-II) results from limitations in encoding/storage and/or retrieval operations. We examined performance using the recently published 20-item 5-option multiple choice recognition measure (LM-REC).

Participants and Method: 664 outpatient neuropsychological referrals, 60% women, 84% white non-Hispanic, average age 60.4±15.7 and education 14.9±2.9 years. Participants were administered a comprehensive battery (HRNES-R). Protocols were screened for performance invalidity. LM-REC was administered following the LM-II. Differences between scaled scores on LM-REC and LM-II were examined to differentiate between storage and retrieval difficulties.

Results: LM-REC scores exceeded LM-II scores by 10 or more points (one standard deviation) in 44.7% of the sample, 15 or more points in 26.8%, and 20 or more in 16.8% of sample. Sample was divided into two groups based on degree of recognition benefit. Group 1 (n=297) had less than 10-point benefit, and Group 2 (n=226) had a benefit 315. Average scaled score on LM-II was 97.7±12.5, LM-REC was 101.5±12.2, normal range. Group 2 free recall on LM-II was 73±12.4, moderate impairment range, but its mean LM-REC score was 95.3±11.4, Borderline Range.

Conclusions: LM-REC reduced error variance and measurement bias associated with guessing using the True-False WMS-IV recognition measure. A substantial subset of neuropsychological referrals performed poorly on free recall (LM-II) due to a retrieval problem. Free recall underestimated their storage efficiency in 44.7% of cases. Precise delineation of this information has important implications regarding the underlying neural substrate, pathology, and recommendations for intervention.
A-205 Impact of Depressive Symptoms on Memory Scores in Older Adults
Authors: Morgan Kait , Kessler Robert W , Larson Kera , Marvin Lydia , Carlson Katherine , Lange Marissa , Chakara Freeman
Published: August 2022

Objective: Geriatric adults’ neuropsychological scores were analyzed to clarify the impact of depressive symptoms on immediate and delayed memory.

Methods: Geriatric adults (n=16) showing no or minimal signs of cognitive decline were recruited to participate in a telehealth neuropsychological evaluation (NPE). The participants (age range 65-89; M=74.25) included 10 females and 6 males. The participants completed a 30-minute intake interview, 60 minutes of NPE, and a post-assessment feedback survey. The subjects participated via remote administration using video telecommunication technology (VTCT).

Results: A mixed methods experimental design was employed. A Pearson’s correlation coefficient was computed to assess the linear relationship between scores on a self-report measure of depressive symptoms [Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)] and objective immediate and delayed memory measures [Wechsler Memory Scale Logical Memory-I & II (WMS LM), California Verbal Learning Test-3rd Edition, Brief Form (CVLT-3), Rey Complex Figure Task (RCFT)]. There was significant negative correlations found between scores on the GDS and CVLT Long Delay Free Recall Trial r(14) = -.62, p < 0.05, the CVLT Long Delay Cued Recall Trail r(14)= -.60, p < 0.05, and WMS Logical Memory II r(14)= -.75, p < 0.01.

Conclusion: The significant findings for the Pearson’s correlation suggest a strong negative relationship between depressive symptoms and scores on delayed trials of auditorily presented memory measures in older adults. This provides support for depressive symptoms negatively impacting delayed memory abilities among older adults. Due to the limited sample size, further research is needed to support these findings.