bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating the effect of hygroscopicity of aerosols on optical profiles of PBL observed by dual-wavelength lidar
Authors: Chen Wei-Nai , Chen Yung-Chang , Hung Hui-Ming , Raman M. Roja
Published: April 2018

The light scattering and radiation properties of aerosols are mainly dominated by hygroscopicity. In this study, the relationship between the wavelength dependent ratio of lidar scattering signals (color ratio) and relative humidity and the application of the color ratio to identify the cloud base is examined.
Lidar study of wind turbulence, low level jet streams, and atmospheric internal waves in the boundary layer of atmosphere
Authors: Banakh Viktor , Smalikho Igor
Published: April 2018

The results of lidar study of wind turbulence, low level jet streams, and internal atmospheric waves in the stable boundary layer of atmosphere on the coast of Lake Baikal are presented. Few events of the atmospheric internal waves (AIWs) were registered during the experimental campaign. All the registered AIWs were observed in the
presence of low level jet streams. Two dimensional time–height patterns of the wind turbulence dissipation rate during AIW events were obtained as well.
Tracking atmospheric boundary layer in tehran using combined lidar remote sensing and ground base measurements
Authors: Panahifar Hossein , Khalesifard Hamid
Published: April 2018

The vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) has been studied by use of a depolarized LiDAR over Tehran, Iran. The boundary layer height (BLH) remains under 1km, and its retrieval from LiDAR have been compared with sonding measurements and meteorological model outputs. It is also shown that the wind speed and direction as well as topography lead to the persistence of air pollution in Tehran. The situation aggravate in fall and winter due to temperature inversion.
Investigation of feasibility of wind turbulence measurement by a pulsed coherent doppler lidar in the atmospheric boundary layer
Authors: Smalikho Igor , Banakh Viktor
Published: April 2018

Feasibilities of determination of the wind turbulence parameters from data measured by the Stream Line coherent Doppler lidar under different atmospheric conditions have been studied experimentally. It has been found that the spatial structure of the turbulence is described well by the von Karman model in the layer of intensive mixing. From the lidar measurements at night under stable conditions the estimation of the outer scale of turbulence with the use of the von Karman model is not possible.
Remote sensing of aerosols by synergy of caliop and modis
Authors: Kudo Rei , Nishizawa Tomoaki , Higurashi Akiko , Oikawa Eiji
Published: April 2018

For the monitoring of the global 3-D distribution of aerosol components, we developed the method to retrieve the vertical profiles of water-soluble, light absorbing carbonaceous, dust, and sea salt particles by the synergy of CALIOP and MODIS data. The aerosol product from the synergistic method is expected to be better than the individual products of CALIOP and MODIS. We applied the method to the biomass-burning event in Africa and the dust event in West Asia. The reasonable results were obtained; the much amount of the water-soluble and light absorbing carbonaceous particles were estimated in the biomass-burning event, and the dust particles were estimated in the dust event.
Aerosol characterization from active and passive ground measurements and satellite data
Authors: Alexandru Dandocsi , Georgiana Sapartoc , Liliana Preda , Cristina Stan , Cristian Radu
Published: April 2018

One year records of AErosolROboticNEtwork (AERONET) sun photometer measurements were analyzed to investigate the seasonal and daily variations of columnar aerosol optical depth. Some irregularities of this time series are associated with aerosol intrusions. The aerosol layers indicated by these irregularities are identified and characterized using the extensive optical data from coincident CALIPSO satellite observations and ground based LIDAR.
Lidar transmitter offers “non-diffracting” property through short distance in highly-dense random media
Authors: Alifu Xiafukaiti , Ziqi Peng , Shiina Tatsuo
Published: April 2018

Non-diffracting beam (NDB) is useful in lidar transmitter because of its high propagation efficiency and high resolution. We aimed to generate NDB in random media such as haze and cloud. The laboratory experiment was conducted with diluted processed milk (fat: 1.8%, 1.1μmφ). Narrow view angle detector of 5.5mrad was used to detect the forward scattering waveform. We obtained the central peak of NDB at the propagation distance of 5cm ~ 30cm in random media by adjusting the concentration of <10%.
Siberian lidar station: instruments and results
Authors: Matvienko Gennadii G. , Balin Yurii S. , Bobrovnikov Sergey M. , Romanovskii Oleg A. , Kokhanenko Grigirii P. , Samoilova Svetlana V. , Penner Ioganes E. , Gorlov Evgenii V. , Zharkov Victir I. , Sadovnikov Sergey A. , Yakovlev Semen V. , Bazhenov Oleg E. , Dolgii Sergey I. , Makeev Andrey P. , Nevzorov Alexey A. , Nevzorov Alexey V. , Kharchenko Olga V.
Published: April 2018

The Siberian Lidar Station created at V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics and operating in Tomsk (56.5° N, 85.0° E) is a unique atmospheric observatory. It combines up-to-date instruments for remote laser and passive sounding for the study of aerosol and cloud fields, air temperature and humidity, and ozone and gaseous components of the ozone cycles. In addition to controlling a wide range of atmospheric parameters, the observatory allows simultaneous monitoring of the atmosphere throughout the valuable altitude range 0–75 km. In this paper, the instruments and results received at the Station are described.
An automatic aerosol classification for earlinet: application and results
Authors: Papagiannopoulos Nikolaos , Mona Lucia , Amiridis Vassilis , Binietoglou Ioannis , D’Amico Giuseppe , Guma-Claramunt P. , Schwarz Anja , Alados-Arboledas Lucas , Amodeo Aldo , Apituley Arnoud , Baars Holger , Bortoli Daniele , Comeron Adolfo , Guerrero-Rascado Juan Luis , Kokkalis Panos , Nicolae Doina , Papayannis Alex , Pappalardo Gelsomina , Wandinger Ulla , Wiegner Matthias
Published: April 2018

Aerosol typing is essential for understanding the impact of the different aerosol sources on climate, weather system and air quality. An aerosol classification method for EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network) measurements is introduced which makes use the Mahalanobis distance classifier. The performance of the automatic classification is tested against manually classified EARLINET data. Results of the application of the method to an extensive aerosol dataset will be presented.
Earlinet single calculus chain: new products overview
Authors: D’Amico Giuseppe , Mattis Ina , Binietoglou Ioannis , Baars Holger , Mona Lucia , Amato Francesco , Kokkalis Panos , Rodríguez-Gómez Alejandro , Soupiona Ourania , Kalliopi-Artemis Voudouri
Published: April 2018

The Single Calculus Chain (SCC) is an automatic and flexible tool to analyze raw lidar data using EARLINET quality assured retrieval algorithms. It has been already demonstrated the SCC can retrieve reliable aerosol backscatter and extinction coefficient profiles for different lidar systems. In this paper we provide an overview of new SCC products like particle linear depolarization ratio, cloud masking, aerosol layering allowing relevant improvements in the atmospheric aerosol characterization.
Studies on mineral dust using airborne lidar, ground-based remote sensing, and in situ instrumentation
Authors: Marenco Franco , Ryder Claire , Estellés Victor , Segura Sara , Amiridis Vassilis , Proestakis Emmanouil , Marinou Eleni , Tsekeri Alexandra , Smith Helen , Ulanowski Zbigniew , O’Sullivan Debbie , Brooke Jennifer , Pradhan Yaswant , Buxmann Joelle
Published: April 2018

In August 2015, the AER-D campaign made use of the FAAM research aircraft based in Cape Verde, and targeted mineral dust. First results will be shown here. The campaign had multiple objectives: (1) lidar dust mapping for the validation of satellite and model products; (2) validation of sunphotometer remote sensing with airborne measurements; (3) coordinated measurements with the CATS lidar on the ISS; (4) radiative closure studies; and (5) the validation of a new model of dustsonde.
Aerosol profiling during the large scale field campaign CINDI-2
Authors: Apituley Arnoud , Roozendael Michel Van , Richter Andreas , Wagner Thomas , Friess Udo , Hendrick Francois , Kreher Karin , Tirpitz Jan-Lukas
Published: April 2018

For the validation of space borne observations of NO2 and other trace gases from hyperspectral imagers, ground based instruments based on the MAXDOAS technique are an excellent choice, since they rely on similar retrieval techniques as the observations from orbit. To ensure proper traceability of the MAXDOAS observations, a thorough validation and intercomparison is mandatory. Advanced MAXDOAS observation and retrieval techniques enable inferring vertical structure of trace gases and aerosols. These techniques and their results need validation by e.g. lidar techniques.

For the proper understanding of the results from passive remote sensing techniques, independent observations are needed that include parameters needed to understand the light paths, i.e. in-situ aerosol observations of optical and microphysical properties, and essential are in particular the vertical profiles of aerosol optical properties by (Raman) lidar.

The approach used in the CINDI-2 campaign held in Cabauw in 2016 is presented in this paper and the results will be discussed in the presentation at the conference.
Die Erfassung der Paarkommunikation bei Patienten mit einer fortgeschrittenen Krebserkrankung: Validierung einer deutschen Version der Couple Communication Scale (CCS)
Authors: Conrad Martina , Engelmann Dorit , Friedrich Michael , Scheffold Katharina , Philipp Rebecca , Schulz-Kindermann Frank , Härter Martin , Mehnert Anja , Koranyi Susan
Published: April 2018

Hintergrund Bisher liegen nur wenig valide Messinstrumente zur Erhebung der Paarkommunikation bei Krebspatienten für den deutschen Sprachraum vor. Die Couple Communication Scale (CCS) stellt ein etabliertes Instrument zur Erfassung der Paarkommunikation dar. Es liegen jedoch noch keine Untersuchungen zu den psychometrischen Eigenschaften der deutschen CCS-Version vor und die bislang angenommene 1-Faktorenlösung wurde bisher nicht an einer Stichprobe von Patienten mit einer fortgeschrittenen Tumorerkrankung überprüft.

Methode Die CCS wurde im Rahmen der Studie „Managing Cancer and Living Meaningfully“ (CALM) an N=136 Tumorpatienten (≥18 Jahre, UICC-Stadium III/ IV) validiert. Es wurden die psychometrischen Kennwerte der Skala berechnet (Faktorreliabilität, Itemreliabilitäten, durchschnittlich extrahierte Varianz [DEV]) sowie eine konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse (Maximum-Likelihood-Schätzung) durchgeführt. Die Analyse der Kriteriumsvalidität erfolgte mittels valider Messinstrumente bezüglich Angst (GAD-7), Depressivität (BDI-II) und selbstberichteter Bindungsunsicherheit (ECR-M16).

Ergebnisse Die 1-Faktorenlösung zeigte in der konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalyse einen grenzwertigen, aber noch akzeptablen Modellfit und erklärt 49% der Varianz der Items (DEV). Die CCS weist eine sehr gute Reliabilität auf (Cronbachs α=0,91) und steht im negativen Zusammenhang mit der selbstberichteten Bindungsunsicherheit (ECR-M16: Ängstlichkeit: r=− 0,55, p<0,01; Vermeidung: r=− 0,42, p<0,01) sowie Angstsymptomatik (GAD-7: r=− 0,20, p<0,05) und Depressivität (BDI-II: r=− 0,27, p<0,01).

Schlussfolgerung Die CCS stellt ein reliables und valides Erhebungsinstrument zur Erfassung der Paarkommunikation bei Patienten mit einer fortgeschrittenen Krebserkrankung dar.
Hesperidin Prevents High Glucose-Induced Damage of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells
Authors: Liu Wayne , Liou Shorong-Shii , Hong Tang-Yao , Liu I-Min
Published: April 2018

The present study aimed to determine whether hesperidin, a plant-based active flavanone found in citrus fruits, can prevent high glucose-induced retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell impairment. Cultured human RPE cells (ARPE-19) were exposed to a normal glucose concentration (5.5 mM) for 4 d and then soaked in either normal (5.5 mM) or high (33.3 mM) concentrations of D-glucose with or without different concentrations of hesperidin (10, 20, or 40 µM) for another 48 h. The survival rates of the cells were measured using a 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide reduction assay. With the help of a fluorescent probe, the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated. Colorimetric assay kits were used to assess the antioxidant enzyme activities, and western blotting was used to measure the expression of apoptosis-related protein. Hesperidin was effective in inhibiting high glucose-induced ROS production, preventing loss of cell viability, and promoting the endogenous antioxidant defense components, including glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione, in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, high glucose triggered cell apoptosis via the upregulation of caspase-9/3, enhancement of cytochrome c release into the cytosol, and subsequent interruption of the Bax/Bcl-2 balance. These detrimental effects were ameliorated by hesperidin in a concentration-dependent manner. We conclude that through the scavenging of ROS and modulation of the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway, hesperidin may protect RPE cells from high glucose-induced injury and thus may be a candidate in preventing the visual impairment caused by diabetic retinopathy.
Base-Promoted Direct Oxyphosphorylation of Alkynes with H-Phosphine Oxides in the Presence of Water
Authors: Shi Lei , Zeng Xue , Zhong Wenwu , Tan Tao
Published: April 2018

We have developed a simple method for the oxyphosphorylation of arylalkynes to give β-keto phosphine oxides without the assistance of any transition metal. An inorganic base promoted the oxyphosphorylation and water played a synergistic role in the formation of various β-keto phosphine oxides. The reaction showed a wide structural scope and broad functional-group tolerance, and it proceeded under mild reaction conditions. This method solved the problem of metal dependence in the oxyphosphorylation of alkynes, providing a potential application in organic chemistry. Control experiments revealed the mechanism of the oxyphosphorylation and the synergistic role played by water in the radical process.
Lumbar Puncture for the Injection of Intrathecal Fluorescein: Should It Be Avoided in a Subset of Patients Undergoing Endoscopic Endonasal Resection of Sellar and Parasellar Lesions?
Authors: Zhang Michael , Azad Tej , Singh Harminder , Salam Smeer , Jain Saurabh , Anand Vijay , Schwartz Theodore
Published: April 2018

Objectives The use of intrathecal fluorescein (ITF) has become an increasingly adopted practice for the identification of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks during endoscopic skull base surgery for pituitary adenomas. Administration through lumbar puncture can result in postoperative positional headaches, increasing morbidity, cost, and length of stay. We sought to identify the incidence of and variables associated with postoperative headaches to determine if there was a subgroup of patients in whom this procedure should be avoided.

Methods We conducted a retrospective single-institution review of 148 patients who underwent endoscopic resection with ITF for pituitary adenoma between December 2003 and February 2016. We excluded patients who had lumbar drains and with intraoperative CSF leak, as these patients may have other headache etiologies. Patient demographics, comorbidities, tumor features, surgical approach, surgical closure, and histology were recorded. Primary outcomes included the presence of postoperative and positional headaches.

Results We identified 62 patients with postoperative headaches (41.9%) and 10 with positional headaches (6.8%), of whom 6 underwent blood patch with complete resolution. Following univariate analysis, there was a significant positive association with prolactin-secreting tumors (p = 0.008). There was a negative association with a history of hypertension (p = 0.0001) and age (p = 0.01). Following multivariate modeling, the significance for hypertension (p = 0.01) was preserved.

Conclusions Positional headaches in patients who receive ITF are uncommon and should not limit its use in the preparations for endoscopic resection of pituitary adenomas. Avoiding ITF in younger patients without hypertension with prolactinomas might decrease the risk of post-ITF positional headaches.
Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Outcomes at a Minimum of 5-Year Follow-Up: A Systematic Review
Authors: Johnson Lea , Brophy Robert , Bogunovic Ljiljana , Matava Matthew , Smith Matthew , Wright Rick
Published: April 2018

Revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction typically has worse outcomes than primary reconstructions. Minimal long-term data exist regarding 5-year results. We chose to perform a systematic review to evaluate midterm (5-year) revision ACL reconstruction outcomes (patient-reported outcomes, reoperation, stability, arthritis) in comparison to primary ACL reconstructions at similar time points. Embase, Cochrane, and PubMed databases were queried, and four studies met the inclusion criteria. Two authors reviewed and performed data extraction. All were level 4 studies. Review of the studies demonstrated that results at 5 years are consistently worse than those noted in primary reconstructions for objective and patient-reported outcomes. Revision ACL reconstruction outcomes remain worse than primary reconstructions at midterm 5-year follow-up. The level of evidence is 4.
Neonatal Microbiome and the Gut–Brain Axis: Is It the Origin of Adult Diseases?
Authors: Soliman Yssra S. , Elkhateb Islam T. , Aly Hany Z.
Published: April 2018

The gut–brain axis may contribute to the pathophysiology of a variety of neuropsychiatric diseases and chronic illnesses of adulthood. A literature search was completed using PubMed and the following keywords: “gut microbiota,” “breast milk,” “schizophrenia,” “irritable bowel syndrome,” “obesity,” “anorexia and bulimia nervosa,” and “depression.” The search was limited to articles available in English and published in the past 20 years. The human microbiota is essential to normal structure and function. The relationship of microbiota and the central nervous system is called the gut–brain axis, which may be responsible for many pathologic conditions. Research is needed to confirm this association and unveil the pathogenesis of this phenomenon.
Long-Term Outcome after Dynamic Graciloplasty for Treatment of Persistent Fecal Incontinence in Patients with Anorectal Malformations
Authors: Danielson Johan , Karlbom Urban , Wester Tomas , Graf Wilhelm
Published: April 2018

Purpose Dynamic graciloplasty (DGP) has been used to treat severe fecal incontinence since the 1980s. Previous studies have shown an inferior outcome in patients with anorectal malformations (ARMs). Our experience has been that DGP has been appreciated by ARM -patients. The objective of the study was to evaluate the long-term outcome of DGP in our patients with ARM compared with patients with other underlying conditions.

Materials and Methods Twenty-three patients operated with DGP at our institution from 1996 to 2010 were sent validated bowel function and quality of life questionnaires. Eighteen of 23 responded. Seven had ARM and 11 had other etiologies of fecal incontinence. The mean follow-up time was 11.6 years (range, 5–17).

Results Four of 7 of the patients with ARM and 8 of 11 of patients with other etiologies used their implants at follow-up. The Miller incontinence score was slightly higher for patients with ARMs, but they had less constipation and higher Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life (FIQL)- and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) scores. None of the differences were statistically significant.

Conclusion This study cannot confirm earlier reports in which DGP has an inferior outcome in patients with ARM. We therefore believe that the procedure should remain a treatment option for selected patients.
How Does Autologous Breast Reconstruction Impact Downtime?
Authors: Rais Daniel , Farhadi Jian , Zoccali Giovanni
Published: April 2018

Background Although autologous breast reconstruction is technically quite demanding, it offers the best outcomes in terms of durable results, patient perceptions, and postoperative pain. Many studies have focused on clinical outcomes and technical aspects of such procedures, but few have addressed the impact of various flaps on patient recovery times. This particular investigation entailed an assessment of commonly used flaps, examining the periods of time required to resume daily activities.

Methods Multiple choice questionnaires were administered to 121 patients after recovery from autologous reconstruction to determine the times required in returning to specific physical activities. To analyze results, the analysis of variance F-test was applied, and odds ratios (ORs) were determined.

Results Among the activities surveyed, recovery time was not always a function of free-flap surgery. Additional treatments and psychological effects also contributed. Adjuvant chemotherapy increased average downtime by 2 weeks, and postoperative irradiation prolonged recovery as much as 4 weeks. Patient downtime was unrelated to flap type, ranging from 2.9 to 21.3 weeks for various activities in question. Deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps yielded the highest OR and transverse upper gracilis (TUG) flaps the lowest.

Conclusion Compared with superior gluteal artery perforator and TUG flaps, the DIEP flap was confirmed as the gold standard in autologous breast reconstruction, conferring the shortest recovery times. All adjuvant therapies served to prolong patient recovery as well. Surgical issues, patient lifestyles, and donor-site availability are other important aspects of flap selection.
Effect of the Distal Femoral Joint Line on Ligament Tensions in Flexion with Cruciate-Retaining Total Knee Prostheses
Authors: Lenz Nathaniel , Werner Jordan , Cross Michael , Hughes Dean , Laster Scott , Schwarzkopf Ran , Narayanan Rajkishen
Published: April 2018

Proper ligament tension in knee flexion within cruciate-retaining (CR) total knee arthroplasty has long been associated with clinical success; however, traditional balancing principles have assumed that the distal femoral joint line (DFJL) affects only extension. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect DFJL may have on ligament strains and tibiofemoral kinematics of CR knee designs in flexion. A computational analysis was performed using a musculoskeletal modeling system for two different knee implants, the high-flex CR (HFCR) and guided-motion CR (GMCR). Tibiofemoral kinematics and ligament strain were measured at 90-degree knee flexion while the implants' DFJL was incrementally shifted proximally. Femoral implant position and kinematics were used to determine the femur's anteroposterior position relative to the tibia. The change in the femoral medial condyle position relative to the tibia was 0.33 mm and 0.53 mm more anterior per each 1-mm elevation of the DFJL for HFCR and GMCR, respectively. The change in the lateral condyle position was 0.20 mm more anterior and 0.06 mm more posterior for HFCR and GMCR, respectively. The strain in the lateral and medial collateral ligaments changed minimally with elevation of the DFJL. In both implants, strain increased in the anterior lateral and posterior medial bundles of the posterior collateral ligament with elevation of the DFJL, whereas strain decreased in the iliotibial band and iliotibial patellar band. Our findings suggest that DFJL affects ligament tension at 90-degree knee flexion and therefore flexion balance for CR implants. Elevating the DFJL to address tight extension space in a CR knee while flexion space is well balanced could result in increased flexion tension especially when the flexion–extension mismatch is large. To achieve balanced flexion and extension, the amount of DFJL elevation may need to be reduced.
Intrakranielle EEG Netzwerkanalysen bei fokalen Epilepsien
Authors: Schindler Kaspar
Published: April 2018

Die Theorie der Netzwerke hat sich zu einem bedeutsamen Werkzeug bei der Analyse komplexer Systeme entwickelt und ihre Methoden werden erfolgreich angewendet, um die Dynamik epileptischer Anfälle zu verstehen. In diesem Artikel wird eine nicht-technische Einführung in die Konzepte der Netzwerktheorie gegeben. Ausgehend von intrakraniellen EEG Signalen wird demonstriert wie daraus funktionale Netzwerke hergeleitet werden können und wie sich diese Netzwerke visualisieren und analysieren lassen. Wichtige Begriffe wie „Knoten“, „Verbindung“ und „Knoten-Zentralität“ werden erklärt und ein experimentell prüfbares Modell der Netzwerkdynamik fokaler Anfälle wird vorgestellt. Dieses Modell impliziert, dass die hierarchische und modulare Netzwerkstruktur unseres Gehirns dazu prädestiniert, dass lokale neurogliale Aktivität unkontrollierbar wird. Die „Neuro-Netzwerkwissenschaft“ dürfte in naher Zukunft zu besserer Diagnostik und Therapie für Epilepsiepatienten führen.
Verhaltens- und Kommunikationsstrategien bei Menschen mit Demenz und herausforderndem Verhalten
Authors: Kummerfeld Marion
Published: April 2018

Herausforderung Ein Krankenhausaufenthalt verunsichert – nicht nur an Demenz erkrankte Personen. Doch diese sind dann schnell überfordert und zeigen
veränderte Verhaltensweisen, die alle Beteiligten fordern, Situationen können schnell eskalieren. Kernkompetenzen in der Gestaltung von Beziehungen und
deeskalierendes Verhalten sind hier von großer Bedeutung.
Kinetic study of twisted electron plasma waves in q-nonextensive plasmas
Authors: Aman-ur-Rehman  , Ali S. , Hamza M. Y.
Published: April 2018

Relying on the kinetic description, the electron-plasma (EP) waves carrying distinct orbital angular momentum (OAM) states are investigated in q-nonextensive plasma consisting of inertial electrons with static background of positive ions. Deriving an expression for the dielectric response function, the dispersion relation and Landau damping frequencies are analyzed both analytically and numerically. It is found that weakly damped regions of the EP waves strongly depend on the non-extensivity (q) and twist (η) parameters. The presence of finite OAM results in the longer range of the values in terms of normalized wavenumber for which the EP waves are weakly damped. However, maximum range of weakly damped wavenumbers is obtained when the longitudinal and azimuthal wavenumbers are equal, viz. twist parameter becomes unity. For very large twist parameter, the results of the twisted wave model coincide with the planer wave model.
Corrigendum to: Morphological phylogeny of the Australian genera of the bee fly subfamily Bombyliinae (Diptera : Bombyliidae) with description of four new genera
Authors: Li Xuankun , Yeates David K.
Published: April 2018

Bombyliinae, one of the largest subfamilies of Bombyliidae, including 78 genera assigned to four tribes, is distributed on all continents except Antarctica. Their larvae are parasitoids, and adults are important pollinators. The Australian Bombyliinae currently has 17 described genera and 87 described species. The purpose of this study is to establish the phylogeny of the Australian members of the subfamily Bombyliinae, including the boundaries and relationships of the genera, using morphological characters. One maximum parsimony tree was generated from 83 morphological characters scored for 50 species, representing all recognised genera and some unplaced species that we considered may represent new genera. Phylogenetic analysis recovered the relationships between the recognised Australian genera of Bombyliinae and clarified generic limits. The group comprises five main clades, with the genus Pilosia being sister to the remaining Bombyliinae. On the basis of this analysis, four new genera are described: Lambkinomyia Li & Yeates, gen. nov., Dissodesma Bowden & Li, gen. nov., Nigromyia Li & Yeates, gen. nov. and Robertsmyia Li & Yeates, gen. nov. Ten new species are described: Dissodesma immaculata Li & Yeates, sp. nov., Dissodesma flava Li & Yeates, sp. nov., Dissodesma smarti Li & Yeates, sp. nov., Nigromyia collessi Li & Yeates, sp. nov., Nigromyia crocea Li & Yeates, sp. nov., Nigromyia flavimana Li & Yeates, sp. nov., Nigromyia longistriata Li & Yeates, sp. nov., Nigromyia pantherina Li & Yeates, sp. nov., Nigromyia parva Li & Yeates, sp. nov. and Nigromyia tomentosa Li & Yeates, sp. nov. Two new junior synonyms are identified: Apiformyia is a junior synonym of Eristalopsis and Brychosoma is a junior synonym of Staurostichus. The following new combinations are proposed: from Apiformyia: Eristalopsis australis (Yeates), comb. nov.; from Bombylius: Dissodesma primogenita (Walker) comb. nov.; from Brychosoma: Staurostichus aureolatus (Walker), comb. nov., Staurostichus hilaris (Walker), comb. nov. and Staurostichus pictipennis (Macquart), comb. nov.; from Laurella: Robertsmyia pallidoventris (Roberts), comb. nov.; from Mandella: Lambkinomyia cinctiventris (Roberts), comb. nov., Lambkinomyia flavovillosa (Roberts), comb. nov., Lambkinomyia pallida (Roberts), comb. nov. and Lambkinomyia rubida (Roberts), comb. nov.; and from Meomyia: Mandella australis (Guérin-Méneville), comb. nov.
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Newly discovered mosquito viruses help control vector-borne viral diseases
Authors: Hall Roy A , Hobson-Peters Jody
Published: April 2018

Many well-known mosquito-borne viruses such as dengue, Zika, West Nile, chikungunya and Ross River viruses can be transmitted to vertebrates and are associated with disease in man or animals. However, the use of deep sequencing and other open-minded approaches to detect viruses in mosquitoes have uncovered many new RNA viruses, most of which do not infect vertebrates. The discovery of these ‘insect-specific' viruses (ISVs) has redefined the mosquito virome and prompted the lines of viral taxonomic classification to be redrawn1,2. Despite their benign phenotype, ISVs have become a hot topic of research, with recent studies indicating they have significant application for biotechnology.
Frisian genitives
Authors: Hoekstra Jarich
Published: April 2018

This article surveys the development of the genitive in Frisian. Starting from the situation in Old Frisian it discusses the fate of the genitival endings and the genitive constructions after the breakdown of the case system. Several cases of redistribution, reanalysis, refunctionalization and recultivation are presented, especially from West Frisian and Fering-Öömrang, the North Frisian dialect of Föhr and Amrum. The article tries to highlight those aspects of the development of the genitive in Frisian that might be interesting from a comparative and theoretical point of view.
The development of non-paradigmatic linking elements in Faroese and the decline of the genitive case
Authors: Petersen Hjalmar P. , Szczepaniak Renata
Published: April 2018

This paper focuses on the development of linking elements in Faroese. It aims to capture the whole dissociation process of the Faroese linking elements, which comprises the ongoing decline of the genitive case as well as the distributional, functional and formal changes within the linking system. The first part of the article deals with the development of the verbal, prepositional and attributive genitive in the history of Faroese. Based on existing corpus studies, we will present the strongly restricted use of the genitive in Contemporary Faroese: The genitive is not used as a verbal case at all. As a prepositional case it is limited to two prepositions (til ‘to’ and partly as a complement of (í)millum ‘between’). Genitive attributes expressing different semantic relations like possession or family relationship are no longer in use either – they are replaced by analytic constructions, e.g. hús-ini hjá gentu-n-i ‘house-def.nom./acc.pl by girl.nnom.sg-def-def.dat.sg’ ‘the girl’s house’. In the second part, the paper addresses the continuous development of linking elements, which originate from the genitive endings, e.g. dag-s verk ‘day-gen.sg work.nom.sg’ > dag+s+verk ‘day’s work’. Here, it will be shown that the contemporary linking system in Faroese comprises different stages of formal and functional development. The focus will then lie on the ongoing development of the non-paradigmatic linking elements, i.e. linkers which are no more homophonous with any inflectional ending of the noun. Of particular interest is the ongoing context-driven variation between the paradigmatic linker +ar+ and the non-paradigmatic +a+. An acceptability test with novel and nonsense compounds will show a preference for the non-paradigmatic variant +a+ instead of the paradigmatic +ar+ before obstruents, e.g. mjólk+a+pakki instead of mjólk+ar+pakki ‘milk carton’.
The Genitive Rule and its background
Authors: Gallmann Peter
Published: April 2018

In the German Language, there are two types of rules that determine whether a DP/NP may bear genitive case or not. The type I rules handle the case assignment as in other languages with morphological case, including a visibility condition for the genitive case. The type II rules refer to the DP/NP-internal feature distribution. The interaction of these rules can be formulated as a corollary, the Genitive Rule. Since the type II rules are merely descriptive generalizations, the question arises to what extent the Genitive Rule really covers the diverse constructions with genitive case. On the whole, the Genitive Rule seems to predict the distribution of the genitive constructions and their competitors with other cases correctly. Nonetheless, two deviations are to be expected (and can be observed): (i) A construction is grammatical in spite of violating the Genitive Rule; (ii) a construction is ungrammatical in spite of complying with the Genitive Rule. In both circumstances a second question arises: Which factors trigger the unexpected behavior?
Yiddish possessives as a case for genitive case
Authors: Hoge Kerstin
Published: April 2018

Yiddish is standardly characterised as a language with a three-case system, differentiating between nominative, accusative and dative. Possessor noun phrases that occur before the possessum appear to be marked by dative and an additional formative ‑s, which attaches to the head noun at the right edge of the possessor phrase. This article presents evidence for considering the possessive marker part of the exponence of genitive case, and thus, for revising the description of the Yiddish case system. The arguments given concern, on the one hand, the morphosyntactic status of the possessive marker and, on the other, the fact that, upon closer inspection, the nominal with which the possessive marker is combined is not identical with a noun phrase case-marked for dative.
On the role of cases and possession in Germanic
Authors: Braunmüller Kurt
Published: April 2018

The Germanic languages exhibit several interesting developments with respect to genitive and ‘possession’. The genitive cannot be considered a structural case in line with the nominative or accusative, the function of which can often be expressed by word order alone. It has a very complex semantic status in its own right and shows several intersections with the semantics of the dative, also a formerly complex case. The transfer of possessive datives from Low German into the Mainland Scandinavian languages led, however, to language-internal typological inconsistency, as far as the possessive pronouns (3rd person) are concerned. Moreover, ‘possession’ may also be rendered through periphrastic constructions which display various realisations in the Scandinavian languages. Special emphasis is paid to the word order within noun phrases and to distributional restrictions. Morphological transparency, the emergence of a new possessive clitic (-sa) in Faroese and the inter/independency of pre- and postposed possessive constructions are also investigated. The conclusion focuses on the issue of whether these developments may be seen as a “progress in language” (Jespersen 1894) or rather as a “helix in language history” (von der Gabelentz 1901).
“Am I blue?”
Authors: Hargreaves David
Published: April 2018

Traditionally described as a system of verb morphology (Bendix 1974, 1992; Hale 1980; Hale and Shrestha 2006; Hargreaves 1990, 1991a, 1991b, 2005), “conjunct/disjunct” egophoric encoding in Kathmandu Newar (Tibeto-Burman) is not, in fact, limited to inflectional morphology. Instead, accounting for egophoric distributions synchronically and diachronically in Kathmandu Newar requires positing an interrelated set of semantic and pragmatic principles linked to patterns in verbal morphology, temperature predicates, and the simple/causative alternation of the auxiliary dhun- ‘finish.’ The principles include a semantic feature assigned to arguments of internal state predicates (both agents of intentional action and experiencers), epistemic constraints on the attribution of intentional and internal states, and a discourse function, termed ‘epistemic source,’ which is constructed from the indexical properties of speaker/addressee and the pragmatic preconditions for declarative/interrogative illocutionary types.
Interactions of speaker knowledge and volitionality in Sherpa
Authors: Kelly Barbara F.
Published: April 2018

This chapter investigates evidentiality and egophoricity in Sherpa, spoken in eastern Nepal. It seeks to build on existing accounts of Sherpa evidentials through an investigation of what triggers evidential and egophoric markers. I show that in some instances the trigger appears to be grammatically and temporally-based, in others it is speaker knowledge or evidence-based and in others it is motivated by the volitionality of the agent. The relations between each of these factors is examined here as part of an overall investigation into the Sherpa verbal system.
Egophoricity and differential access to knowledge in Yongning Na (Mosuo)
Authors: Lidz Liberty
Published: April 2018

Yongning Na, a Tibeto-Burman language close to Lolo-Burmese, is spoken in southwestern China within the Sinitic, Himalayan, and mainland Southeast Asian linguistic areas. Na has a non-canonical egophoric system which differs from other systems in the area, such as those of Tibetan and Newar, with respect to the ways that person patterns within the system; the forms that marking takes; and the way that the system is leveled in the interrogative. Instead of a two-way distinction with respect to person, Na makes a three-way distinction: first person statements can be made unequivocally; second person ‘statements’ are formed as interrogatives; and third person statements are qualified, with the form of qualification dependent upon verbal semantic class: volitional, internal state, or observable state (Lidz 2007). These coding distinctions represent a grammaticalization of the differential access to knowledge in speech interactions among first, second, and third persons. Marking indicates whether the first, second, or third person subject has direct access to knowledge under assertion. In Na, the relevant forms include evidential particles, a future marker, and an interrogative construction, rather than copulas or verbal morphology. Differential access to knowledge and evidentiality are tightly entwined in Na, which is perhaps not surprising as the two encode closely related concepts: differential access to knowledge marks direct versus indirect access to knowledge, while evidentiality marks source of knowledge (Aikhenvald 2004). The Na system does not occur in the interrogative mood, in distinct contrast with attested egophoric systems.
Egophoricity in Wutun
Authors: Sandman Erika
Published: April 2018

This paper discusses the category of egophoricity in Wutun. Drawing from first-hand field material, I show how markers of egophoricity in Wutun interact with person. In the introductory section, I provide basic information on the Wutun language and on its areal context, typological profile and verb structure. I then introduce Wutun basic egophoric morphology and discuss manipulations of the basic system. It will be shown that pragmatic factors like volitionality, mirativity, the speaker’s degree of certainty concerning the truth value of the statement, and the speaker’s expectations of access to information by the addressee play significant roles in the interaction between egophoricity and person in Wutun. Finally, I discuss egophoricity in Wutun as an areal feature and suggest some possible diachronic sources for egophoricity markers.
Egophoricity and argument structure in Cha’palaa
Authors: Floyd Simeon
Published: April 2018

The Cha’palaa language of Ecuador (Barbacoan) features verbal morphology for marking knowledge-based categories that, in usage, show a variant of the cross-linguistically recurrent pattern of ‘egophoric distribution': specific forms associate with speakers in contrast to others in statements and with addressees in contrast to others in questions. These are not person markers, but rather are used by speakers to portray their involvement in states of affairs as active, agentive participants (ego) versus other types of involvement (non-ego). They interact with person and argument structure, but through pragmatic ‘person sensitivities’ rather than through grammatical agreement. Not only does this pattern appear in verbal morphology, it also can be observed in alternations of predicate construction types and case alignment, helping to show how egophoric marking is a pervasive element of Cha'palaa's linguistic system. This chapter gives a first account of egophoricity in Cha’palaa, beginning with a discussion of person sensitivity, egophoric distribution, and issues of flexibility of marking with respect to degree of volition or control. It then focuses on a set of intransitive experiencer (or ‘endopathic') predicates that refer to internal states which mark egophoric values for the undergoer role, not the actor role, showing ‘quirky’ accusative marking instead of nominative case. It concludes with a summary of how egophoricity in Cha'palaa interacts with issues of argument structure in comparison to a language with person agreement, here represented by examples from Cha’palaa’s neighbor Ecuadorian Highland Quechua.
Learning how to know
Authors: San Roque Lila , Schieffelin Bambi B.
Published: April 2018

Languages with egophoric systems require their users to pay special attention to who knows what in the speech situation, providing formal marking of whether the speaker or addressee has personal knowledge of the event being discussed. Such systems have only recently come to be studied in cross-linguistic perspective. This chapter has two aims in regard to contributing to our understanding of egophoric marking. Firstly, it presents relevant data from a relatively under-described and endangered language, Kaluli (aka Bosavi), spoken in Papua New Guinea. Unusually, Kaluli tense inflections appear to show a mix of both egophoric and first vs non-first person-marking features, as well as other contrasts that are broadly relevant to a typology of egophoricity, such as special constructions for the expression of involuntary experience. Secondly, the chapter makes a preliminary foray into issues concerning egophoric marking and child language, drawing on a naturalistic corpus of child-caregiver interactions. Questions for future investigation raised by the Kaluli data concern, for example, the potentially challenging nature of mastering inflections that are sensitive to both person and speech act type, the possible role of question-answer pairs in children’s acquisition of egophoric morphology, and whether there are special features of epistemic access and authority that relate particularly to child-adult interactions.
Chronic iliofemoral vein obstruction – an under‐recognized cause of exercise limitation‡
Authors: Segel Michael J. , Reuveny Ronen , Luboshitz Jacob , Shlomi Dekel , Ben‐Dov Issahar
Published: April 2018

Local symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency after deep vein thrombosis (DVT) are well described, but little is known about the effect of residual venous obstruction on exercise capacity. We tested our hypothesis that chronic residual iliofemoral vein occlusion (IFVO) after DVT may impair exercise capacity. Nine post‐DVT patients with residual IFVO and effort intolerance were studied; a comparison cohort consisted of 11 healthy volunteers. Exercise tolerance was assessed by bimodality incremental symptom‐limited cardiopulmonary testing, using leg and arm ergometers. In healthy subjects, leg vein obstruction was modelled by application to the thighs of cuff tourniquets inflated to 30–40 mmHg. Leg exercise tolerance as measured by oxygen uptake at peak exercise (peak ⩒’O2) was reduced in patients (median 50% predicted (range 36–83%) vs. 88% predicted (67–129%) in normal subjects, p < 0.001). Arm exercise tolerance was also reduced in patients, but less severely than in the legs – the median arm: leg ratio of peak ⩒’O2 was 0.95 (0.77–1.43) in patients vs. a normal ratio of 0.73 (0.6–1.0) in healthy subjects (p < 0.003). In healthy subjects, bilateral leg vein obstruction by tourniquets reduced peak ⩒’O2 in leg exercise to 76% predicted (range 55–108%; p < 0.001 vs. standard test). In conclusion, the comparison of arm vs. leg exercise capacity in post‐DVT patients with residual IFVO and the effect of experimental venous obstruction (thigh tourniquets) in healthy subjects suggest that reduced exercise capacity in patients was at least partially caused by reduced venous return. Chronic venous obstruction should be recognized as a cause of exercise limitation.
Yes, the “missing axiom” of matroid theory is lost forever
Authors: Mayhew Dillon , Newman Mike , Whittle Geoff
Published: April 2018

We prove there is no sentence in the monadic second-order language

M

S

0

MS_{0}

that characterises when a matroid is representable over at least one field, and no sentence that characterises when a matroid is

K

\mathbb {K}

-representable, for any infinite field

K

\mathbb {K}

. By way of contrast, because Rota’s Conjecture is true, there is a sentence that characterises

F

\mathbb {F}

-representable matroids, for any finite field

F

\mathbb {F}

.
Asymptotically optimal minimizers schemes
Authors: Marçais Guillaume , DeBlasio Dan , Kingsford Carl
Published: April 2018

Motivation

The minimizers technique is a method to sample k-mers that is used in many bioinformatics software to reduce computation, memory usage and run time. The number of applications using minimizers keeps on growing steadily. Despite its many uses, the theoretical understanding of minimizers is still very limited. In many applications, selecting as few k-mers as possible (i.e. having a low density) is beneficial. The density is highly dependent on the choice of the order on the k-mers. Different applications use different orders, but none of these orders are optimal. A better understanding of minimizers schemes, and the related local and forward schemes, will allow designing schemes with lower density and thereby making existing and future bioinformatics tools even more efficient.

Results

From the analysis of the asymptotic behavior of minimizers, forward and local schemes, we show that the previously believed lower bound on minimizers schemes does not hold, and that schemes with density lower than thought possible actually exist. The proof is constructive and leads to an efficient algorithm to compare k-mers. These orders are the first known orders that are asymptotically optimal. Additionally, we give improved bounds on the density achievable by the three type of schemes.