bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of charging effects on highly resistive materials under electron irradiation by using transient-absorbed-current method
Authors: Tsuno Natsuki , Ominami Yusuke , Ohta Hiroya , Shinada Hiroyuki , Makino Hiroshi , Kimura Yoshinobu
Published: May 2011

Accumulation and relaxation properties of charge in highly resistive materials under electron irradiation were investigated by using an absorption current stimulated by sequential two-pulse electron beams. The amount of absorbed charge corresponding to induced surface charge was obtained from the time integration of the absorption component of the substrate current. The absorbed charge of both highly resistive poly-Si (109–1010 Ω cm) and SiO2 substrates increases to 35 nC/cm2 with increasing injected charge and saturates; in contrast, there is a significant difference in absorbed charges for the two substrates at low injected charge (i.e., less than 1 μC/cm2). The time constant of absorbed-charge relaxation is obtained from the analysis of sequential absorbed current, namely, 0.4 ms for poly-Si and 12.5 ms for SiO2. A distinct voltage-contrast image of poly-Si plugs buried in a SiO2 film was successfully obtained by scanning electron microscopy with charging control in accordance with the difference in the charging characteristics of poly-Si and SiO2.
Tyrosine-Phosphorylated Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia canis Tandem Repeat Orthologs Contain a Major Continuous Cross-Reactive Antibody Epitope in Lysine-Rich Repeats
Authors: McBride Jere W. , Zhang Xiaofeng , Wakeel Abdul , Kuriakose Jeeba A.
Published: May 2011

A small subset of major immunoreactive proteins have been identified in
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
and
Ehrlichia canis
, including three molecularly and immunologically characterized pairs of immunoreactive tandem repeat protein (TRP) orthologs with major continuous species-specific epitopes within acidic tandem repeats (TR) that stimulate strong antibody responses during infection. In this study, we identified a fourth major immunoreactive TR-containing ortholog pair and defined a major cross-reactive epitope in homologous nonidentical 24-amino-acid lysine-rich TRs. Antibodies from patients and dogs with ehrlichiosis reacted strongly with recombinant TR regions, and epitopes were mapped to the N-terminal TR region (18 amino acids) in
E. chaffeensis
and the complete TR (24 amino acids) in
E. canis
. Two less-dominant epitopes were mapped to adjacent glutamate/aspartate-rich and aspartate/tyrosine-rich regions in the acidic C terminus of
E. canis
TRP95 but not in
E. chaffeensis
TRP75. Major immunoreactive proteins in
E. chaffeensis
(75-kDa) and
E. canis
(95-kD) whole-cell lysates and supernatants were identified with TR-specific antibodies. Consistent with other ehrlichial TRPs, the TRPs identified in ehrlichial whole-cell lysates and the recombinant proteins migrated abnormally slow electrophoretically a characteristic that was demonstrated with the positively charged TR and negatively charged C-terminal domains.
E. chaffeensis
TRP75 and
E. canis
TRP95 were immunoprecipitated with anti-pTyr antibody, demonstrating that they are tyrosine phosphorylated during infection of the host cell.
Getting More from Flashcards: Examples from Medical Microbiology
Authors: Senchina David S.
Published: May 2011

Four flashcard techniques, developed to stimulate in-depth studying, are discussed in this activity. For each, a medical microbiology course-based example is given. Each activity assumes that students have already familiarized themselves with the names and/or definitions on the flashcards. Smaller sets of terms should be used when first introducing the strategies; once students gain proficiency, larger numbers of flashcards may be included. Technique variations and other applications are discussed.
Will the Scientists Please Step Forward?Review of:	The Lure of Bacterial Genetics: A Tribute to John Roth; edited by	MaloyStanleyHughesKelly TCasadesúsJosep; (	2010).	ASM Press,	Washington, DC.	376 pages.
Authors: Liao Min-Ken
Published: May 2011

Review of:
The Lure of Bacterial Genetics: A Tribute to John Roth;
edited by Stanley Maloy, Kelly T. Hughes, and Josep Casadesús; (2010). ASM Press, Washington, DC. 376 pages.
A Review of
The Microbial Challenge
The Microbial Challenge;	2nd ed.;	KrasnerRobert I; (	2010).	Jones and Bartlett Publishers,	Sudbury, MA.	476 pages.
Authors: Leonardo Michael R.
Published: May 2011

Review of:
The Microbial Challenge;
2nd ed.; Robert I. Krasner; (2010). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, MA. 476 pages.
From the Reviews Editor
Authors: Gyure Ruth A.
Published: May 2011

A note from the Reviews Editor, Ruth Gyure, to highlight the changes in the Reviews section since the initial publication, including the addition of a bi-annual "Journal Watch" article.
INTEGRATING LOCAL DYNAMIC AND GLOBAL STATIC INFORMATION FOR ROUTING TRAFFIC ON NETWORKS
Authors: ZHUANG YONG , SHI DONG-MEI , DU WEN-BO , ZHANG HAI-FENG , WANG BING-HONG
Published: May 2011

Congestion in communication networks is a topic of theoretical interest and practical importance. In this work, we propose a mixed routing strategy by considering the global static information (topology of the network) and local dynamic information (queue length of neighbor nodes). Under this routing strategy, the traffic capacity can be remarkably promoted compared with that by former efficient routing strategy [G. Yan et al., Phys. Rev. E73, 046108 (2006)]. Besides, the traffic capacity, the average packet number as well as the travel time are almost independent of a time delay in updating the local dynamic information.
NONAUTONOMOUS SADDLE-NODE BIFURCATIONS IN THE QUASIPERIODICALLY FORCED LOGISTIC MAP
Authors: YET NGUYEN TIEN , SON DOAN THAI , JÄGER TOBIAS , SIEGMUND STEFAN
Published: May 2011

We provide a local saddle-node bifurcation result for quasiperiodically forced interval maps. As an application, we give a rigorous description of saddle-node bifurcations of 3-periodic graphs in the quasiperiodically forced logistic map with small forcing amplitude.
ON THE STRUCTURE OF REAL-VALUED ONE-DIMENSIONAL CELLULAR AUTOMATA
Authors: XU XU , BANKS STEPHEN P. , MAHFOUF MAHDI
Published: May 2011

It is well-known that binary-valued cellular automata, which are defined by simple local rules, have the amazing feature of generating very complex patterns and having complicated dynamical behaviors. In this paper, we present a new type of cellular automaton based on real-valued states which produce an even greater amount of interesting structures such as fractal, chaotic and hypercyclic. We also give proofs to real-valued cellular systems which have fixed points and periodic solutions.
INNOVATION AND BUSINESS PERFORMANCE IN SMALL ENTERPRISES: AN ENTERPRISE-LEVEL ANALYSIS
Authors: FORSMAN HELENA , TEMEL SERDAL
Published: May 2011

This paper explores links between developed innovations and business performance in small enterprises with fewer than 50 employees. It also examines how performance has changed over time during a period of five years. The empirical evidence is based on two quantitative datasets describing innovation and business performance in 145 small enterprises in 2005–2009. The study makes a contribution to academic literature by providing a detailed view of the differences in performance across innovation types. The results suggest that during the period of five years, non-innovators have been the best performing enterprises in terms of operating earnings and return on investments while radical innovations can be connected with sales growth. During the recession, the less vulnerable enterprises have been non-innovators and innovators characterised by the high diversity of developed innovations. Applying these results helps small business owners to consider what is the nature and timescale for getting return on innovations.
DO SMEs BENEFIT FROM HRM-RELATED KNOWLEDGE PROTECTION IN INNOVATION MANAGEMENT?
Authors: OLANDER HEIDI , HURMELINNA-LAUKKANEN PIA , HEILMANN PIA
Published: May 2011

In terms of innovation generation and management, creative employees are the most valuable resources in small firms. Thus, knowledge leaking and leaving are the major staff-related risks. Protecting HRM-related knowledge is one effective way of dealing with these challenges, although this is not always acknowledged by academics or by managers. It is particularly valuable in safeguarding the existing background knowledge of the firm, and thus the prerequisites for future innovation. The aim in this study is to shed light on what is a somewhat neglected protection and appropriability mechanism, and thus to enhance understanding of the role of HRM in protecting core company knowledge—especially in SMEs. These issues are explored in a review of the latest literature and a case study of 15 SMEs representing three industries. The theoretical contribution of the study is to introduce and empirically test a typology of five HRM-related knowledge-protection mechanisms: recruitment, education and training on matters of confidentiality, retaining employees, capturing and diffusing knowledge in-house, and monitoring.
Cost-Aware Strategies for Query Result Caching in Web Search Engines
Authors: Ozcan Rifat , Altingovde Ismail Sengor , Ulusoy Özgür
Published: May 2011

Search engines and large-scale IR systems need to cache query results for efficiency and scalability purposes. Static and dynamic caching techniques (as well as their combinations) are employed to effectively cache query results. In this study, we propose cost-aware strategies for static and dynamic caching setups. Our research is motivated by two key observations: (i) query processing costs may significantly vary among different queries, and (ii) the processing cost of a query is not proportional to its popularity (i.e., frequency in the previous logs). The first observation implies that cache misses have different, that is, nonuniform, costs in this context. The latter observation implies that typical caching policies, solely based on query popularity, can not always minimize the total cost. Therefore, we propose to explicitly incorporate the query costs into the caching policies. Simulation results using two large Web crawl datasets and a real query log reveal that the proposed approach improves overall system performance in terms of the average query execution time.
Designing and Implementing the OP and OP2 Web Browsers
Authors: Grier Chris , Tang Shuo , King Samuel T.
Published: May 2011

Current web browsers are plagued with vulnerabilities, providing hackers with easy access to computer systems via browser-based attacks. Browser security efforts that retrofit existing browsers have had limited success because the design of modern browsers is fundamentally flawed. To enable more secure web browsing, we design and implement a new browser, called the OP web browser, that attempts to improve the state-of-the-art in browser security. We combine operating system design principles with formal methods to design a more secure web browser by drawing on the expertise of both communities. Our design philosophy is to partition the browser into smaller subsystems and make all communication between subsystems simple and explicit. At the core of our design is a small
browser kernel
that manages the browser subsystems and interposes on all communications between them to enforce our new browser security features.

To show the utility of our browser architecture, we design and implement three novel security features. First, we develop flexible security policies that allow us to include browser plugins within our security framework. Second, we use formal methods to prove useful security properties including user interface invariants and browser security policy. Third, we design and implement a browser-level information-flow tracking system to enable post-mortem analysis of browser-based attacks.

In addition to presenting the OP browser architecture, we discuss the design and implementation of a second version of OP, OP2, that includes features from other secure web browser designs to improve on the overall security and performance of OP. To evaluate our design, we implemented OP2 and tested both performance, memory, and filesystem impact while browsing popular pages. We show that the additional security features in OP and OP2 introduce minimal overhead.
Global registration of dynamic range scans for articulated model reconstruction
Authors: Chang Will , Zwicker Matthias
Published: May 2011

We present the articulated global registration algorithm to reconstruct articulated 3D models from dynamic range scan sequences. This new algorithm aligns multiple range scans simultaneously to reconstruct a full 3D model from the geometry of these scans. Unlike other methods, we express the surface motion in terms of a reduced deformable model and solve for joints and skinning weights. This allows a user to interactively manipulate the reconstructed 3D model to create new animations.

We express the global registration as an optimization of both the alignment of the range scans and the articulated structure of the model. We employ a graph-based representation for the skinning weights that successfully handles difficult topological cases well. Joints between parts are estimated automatically and are used in the optimization to preserve the connectivity between parts. The algorithm also robustly handles difficult cases where parts suddenly disappear or reappear in the range scans. The global registration produces a more accurate registration compared to a sequential registration approach, because it estimates the articulated structure based on the motion observed in all input frames. We show that we can automatically reconstruct a variety of articulated models without the use of markers, user-placed correspondences, segmentation, or template model.
Molecular Imaging, Pharmacokinetics, and Dosimetry of 111In‐AMBA in Human Prostate Tumor‐Bearing Mice
Authors: Ho Chung-Li , Liu I-Hsiang , Wu Yu-Hsien , Chen Liang-Cheng , Chen Chun-Lin , Lee Wan-Chi , Chuang Cheng-Hui , Lee Te-Wei , Lin Wuu-Jyh , Shen Lie-Hang , Chang Chih-Hsien
Published: May 2011

Molecular imaging with promise of personalized medicine can provide patient‐specific information noninvasively, thus enabling treatment to be tailored to the specific biological attributes of both the disease and the patient. This study was to investigate the characterization of DO3A‐CH2CO‐G‐4‐aminobenzoyl‐Q‐W‐A‐V‐G‐H‐L‐M‐NH2 (AMBA) in vitro, MicroSPECT/CT imaging, and biological activities of 111In‐AMBA in PC‐3 prostate tumor‐bearing SCID mice. The uptake of 111In‐AMBA reached highest with 3.87 ± 0.65% ID/g at 8 h. MicroSPECT/CT imaging studies suggested that the uptake of 111In‐AMBA was clearly visualized between 8 and 48 h postinjection. The distribution half‐life (t1/2α) and the elimination half‐life (t1/2β) of 111In‐AMBA in mice were 1.53 h and 30.7 h, respectively. The Cmax  and AUC of 111In‐AMBA were 7.57% ID/g and 66.39 h∗% ID/g, respectively. The effective dose appeared to be 0.11 mSv/MBq-1. We demonstrated a good uptake of 111In‐AMBA in the GRPR‐overexpressed PC‐3 tumor‐bearing SCID mice. 111In‐AMBA is a safe, potential molecular image‐guided diagnostic agent for human GRPR‐positive tumors, ranging from simple and straightforward biodistribution studies to improve the efficacy of combined modality anticancer therapy.
AC Dielectrophoresis Using Elliptic Electrode Geometry
Authors: Hasan S. M. Rezaul , Khurma Aanan
Published: May 2011

This paper presents negative AC dielectrophoretic investigations using elliptic electrode geometry. Simulations of the electric field gradient variation using various ratios of the semimajor and the semiminor axis were carried out to determine the optimum elliptic geometry for the dielectrophoretic electrokinetics of specimen in an assay with laminar (low Reynolds number) fluid flow. Experimental setup of the elliptic electrode assembly using PCB fabrication and electrokinetic accumulation of specimen in a dielectrophoretic cage is also being reported. Using an actuating signal between 1 kHz and 1 MHz, successful trapping of 45 μm polystyrene beads suspended in distilled water was demonstrated due to negative dielectrophoresis near 100 kHz using the novel elliptic electrode.
Vapor‐Liquid Equilibrium of Carbon Dioxide + Ethanol: Experimental Measurements with Acoustic Method and Thermodynamic Modeling
Authors: Mehl Ana , Nascimento Fabio P. , Falcão Pedro W. , Pessoa Fernando L. P. , Cardozo-Filho Lucio
Published: May 2011

Phase behavior of systems composed by supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol is of great interest, especially in the processes involving supercritical extraction in which ethanol is used as a cosolvent. The development of an apparatus, which is able to perform the measurements of vapor‐liquid equilibrium (VLE) at high pressure using a combination of the visual and the acoustic methods, was successful and was proven to be suited for determining the isothermal VLE data of this system. The acoustic method, based on the variation of the amplitude of an ultra‐sound signal passing through a mixture during a phase transition, was applied to investigate the phase equilibria of the system carbon dioxide + ethanol at temperatures ranging from 298.2 K to 323.2 K and pressures
from 3.0 MPa to 9.0 MPa. The VLE data were correlated with Peng‐Robinson equation of state combined with two different mixing rules and the SAFT equations of state as well. The compositions calculated with the models are in good agreement with the experimental data for the isotherms evaluated.
Effects of Ischemic Acute Kidney Injury on Lung Water Balance: Nephrogenic Pulmonary Edema?
Authors: Basu Rajit K. , Wheeler Derek
Published: May 2011

Pulmonary edema worsens the morbidity and increases the mortality of critically ill patients. Mechanistically, edema formation in the lung is a result of net flow across the alveolar capillary membrane, dependent on the relationship of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures. Traditionally, the contribution of acute kidney injury (AKI) to the formation of pulmonary edema has been attributed to bulk fluid accumulation, increasing capillary hydrostatic pressure and the gradient favoring net flow into the alveolar spaces. Recent research has revealed more subtle, and distant, effects of AKI. In this review we discuss the concept of nephrogenic pulmonary edema. Pro-inflammatory gene upregulation, chemokine over-expression, altered biochemical channel function, and apoptotic dysregulation manifest in the lung are now understood as “extra-renal” and pulmonary effects of AKI. AKI should be counted as a disease process that alters the endothelial integrity of the alveolar capillary barrier and has the potential to overpower the ability of the lung to regulate fluid balance. Nephrogenic pulmonary edema, therefore, is the net effect of fluid accumulation in the lung as a result of both the macroscopic and microscopic effects of AKI.
Orange Juice and Its Component, Hesperidin, Decrease the Expression of Multidrug Resistance‐Associated Protein 2 in Rat Small Intestine and Liver
Authors: Watanabe Minoru , Matsumoto Naoki , Takeba Yuko , Kumai Toshio , Tanaka Masami , Tatsunami Shinobu , Takenoshita-Nakaya Sachiko , Harimoto Yoshie , Kinoshita Yuichi , Kobayashi Shinichi
Published: May 2011

We investigated the effects of orange juice (OJ) or hesperidin, a component of OJ, on the pharmacokinetics of pravastatin (PRV) and the expression of both protein and mRNA of multidrug resistance‐associated protein 2 (Mrp2) in the rat small intestine and liver. Eight‐week‐old male Sprague‐Dawley rats were used in this study. OJ or a 0.079% hesperidin suspension was administered orally for 2 days. Tap water was given as a control. A single dose of PRV at 100 mg/kg p.o. was administered after 2 days of OJ, hesperidin, or tap water ingestion. The AUC, Cmax, and t1/2 values of PRV were significantly increased in OJ group. Mrp2 protein and mRNA levels in the small intestine and liver, respectively, were significantly decreased after the ingestion of OJ. The same results were obtained with hesperidin. These results suggest that the changes in PRV pharmacokinetic parameters and the decrease in Mrp2 expression caused by OJ are due to hesperidin in the juice.
Corollary from the Exact Expression for Enthalpy of Vaporization
Authors: Sobko A. A.
Published: May 2011

A problem on determining effective volumes for atoms and molecules becomes actual due to rapidly developing nanotechnologies. In the present study an exact expression for enthalpy of vaporization is obtained, from which an exact expression is derived for effective volumes of atoms and molecules, and under certain assumptions on the form of an atom (molecule) it is possible to find their linear dimensions. The accuracy is only determined by the accuracy of measurements of thermodynamic parameters at the critical point.
DEMON Acoustic Ship Signature Measurements in an Urban Harbor
Authors: Chung Kil Woo , Sutin Alexander , Sedunov Alexander , Bruno Michael
Published: May 2011

Detection, classification, and tracking of small vessels are important tasks for improving port security and the security of coastal and offshore operations. Hydroacoustic sensors can be applied for the detection of noise generated by vessels, and this noise can be used for vessel detection, classification, and tracking. This paper presents recent improvements aimed at the measurement and separation of ship DEMON (Detection of Envelope Modulation on Noise) DEMON acoustic signatures in busy harbor conditions. Ship signature measurements were conducted in the Hudson River and NY Harbor. The DEMON spectra demonstrated much better temporal stability compared with the full ship spectra and were measured at distances up to 7 km. The combination of cross‐correlation and methods allowed separation of the acoustic signatures of ships in busy urban environments.
Vascular Homeostasis and Angiogenesis Determine Therapeutic Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Futrakul Narisa , Futrakul Prasit
Published: May 2011

Under common practice, recognition and treatment of type 2 diabetic nephropathy (DN) are usually revealed at a rather late stage (CKD stages 3–5) due to the insensitiveness of available diagnostic markers. Accumulating data obtained from vascular homeostasis in late stage DN demonstrated (1) a defective angiogenesis and impaired NO production which explains the therapeutic resistance to vasodilators and the inability to correct chronic renal ischemia and (2) an abnormally elevated antiangiogenesis and a progressive vascular disease which correlates with the altered renal hemodynamics characterized by a progressive reduction in renal perfusion as the disease severity progressed. In contract, the vascular homeostasis is adequately functional in early stage DN. Thus, vasodilator treatment at early stage DN (CKD stages 1-2) can enhance renal perfusion, correct the renal ischemia, and restore renal function.
Evaluation of IPCC Models’ Performance in Simulating Late-Twentieth-Century Climatologies and Weather Patterns over North America
Authors: Radić Valentina , Clarke Garry K. C.
Published: May 2011

The authors analyze the performance of 22 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) global climate models (GCMs) over all of North America and its western subregion using several different evaluation metrics. They assess the model skill in simulating climatologies of several climate variables and the skill in simulating the daily synoptic patterns. The evaluation is performed by comparing the model output with the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) over the period 1980–99. One set of metrics, based on root-mean-square errors and variance ratios, compares modeled versus the NARR mean annual cycle and interannual variability. Based on these measures the three top performing models are the ECHAM5–Max Planck Institute Ocean Model (MPI-OM), the third climate configuration of the Met Office Unified Model (HadCM3), and the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) Coupled General Circulation Model, version 3.1 [CGCM3.1(T47)]. Models that perform well over all North America also perform well over its western subregion. However, the model ranking is sensitive to the choice of climate variable. For another evaluation measure the method of self-organizing maps was applied to classify the characteristic daily patterns of sea level pressure over the region. The evaluation consists of correlating the frequencies of these patterns, as generated in GCMs, with the frequencies in the NARR over the baseline period. Most of the models are successful in simulating the frequencies of daily anomaly patterns from the 20-yr-average daily pattern. However, very few GCMs are able to reproduce the occurrences of characteristic daily weather patterns in the NARR on seasonal basis over the baseline period. In terms of relative performance, the three top performing models are the Meteorological Research Institute (MRI) CGCM2.3.2, ECHAM5–MPI-OM, and the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate 3.2, high-resolution version [MIROC3.2(hires)]. The model skill in simulating daily synoptic patterns is not strongly linked to the skill in simulating the climatologies of selected variables. Despite the large scatter of model performance across all the metrics, some models consistently rank high [e.g., ECHAM5–MPI-OM and MIROC3.2(medres)]. Likewise, some models consistently rank low [e.g., the Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3) and the Goddard Institute for Space Studies Model E-R (GISS-ER)] independently of the evaluation measures, domain size, and climate variable of interest.
The Response of Quasigeostrophic Oceanic Vortices to Tropical Cyclone Forcing
Authors: Jaimes Benjamin , Shay Lynn K. , Halliwell George R.
Published: May 2011

The response of quasigeostrophic (QG) oceanic vortices to tropical cyclone (TC) forcing is investigated using an isopycnic ocean model. Idealized oceanic currents and wind fields derived from observational data acquired during Hurricane Katrina are used to initialize this model. It is found that the upwelling response is a function of the curl of wind-driven acceleration of oceanic mixed layer (OML) currents rather than a function of the wind stress curl. Upwelling (downwelling) regimes prevail under the TC’s eye as it translates over cyclonic (anticyclonic) QG vortices. OML cooling of ~1°C occurs over anticyclones because of the combined effects of downwelling, instantaneous turbulent entrainment over the deep warm water column (weak stratification), and vertical dispersion of near-inertial energy. By contrast, OML cooling of ~4°C occurs over cyclones due to the combined effects of upwelling, instantaneous turbulent entrainment over regions of tight vertical thermal gradients (strong stratification), and trapping of near-inertial energy that enhances vertical shear and mixing at the OML base. The rotational rate of the QG vortex affects the dispersion of near-inertial waves. As rotation is increased in both cyclones and anticyclones, the near-inertial response is shifted toward more energetic frequencies that enhance vertical shear and mixing. TC-induced temperature anomalies in QG vortices propagate westward with time, deforming the cold wake. Therefore, to accurately simulate the impact of TC-induced OML cooling and feedback mechanisms on storm intensity, coupled ocean–atmosphere TC models must resolve geostrophic ocean eddy location as well as thermal, density, and velocity structures.
Chestnut Lodge and the Psychoanalytic Approach to Psychosis
Authors: Kafka John S.
Published: May 2011

The study of psychosis has a long history in psychoanalysis, as does the debate over the suitability of psychoanalysis for treating schizophrenia. For decades, Chestnut Lodge was not only a hospital but also a clinical research and educational institution. A unique patient-staff ratio—about twenty analytic therapists for a hundred patients—made possible prolonged and intense clinical work with schizophrenic and other severely disturbed patients. Interstaff discussions were encouraged and facilitated. This quasi-academic approach to in-depth individual case studies led to clinical findings and theoretical formulations that had a significant impact on developments in psychoanalysis, both here and abroad. Many of these findings and theoretical formulations are relevant to current studies and treatments of psychotic and nonpsychotic patients.
The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM): Rationale, Conception, and Structure
Authors: Wallerstein Robert S.
Published: May 2011

The declaredly atheoretical DSM-III (and its successors), the diagnostic manual of the American Psychiatric Association, was created to enhance diagnostic reliability for research, epidemiological survey, and governmental and insurance categorization and reimbursement purposes. It has, however, exhibited many inadequacies for psychodynamic diagnosis and case for- mulation for treatment planning and outcome assessment, and its claimed diagnostic reliability has turned out to be less than originally projected. The psychoanalytically sponsored Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM) marks a return to a theoretically (psychoanalytically) based diagnostic frame and was created as a supplement to, or replacement for, DSM (depending on the precise clinical need), for use in psychodynamic diagnosis and treatment planning.
Productivity and Prestige in Business Ethics Research
Authors: Albrecht Chad , Thompson Jeffery A. , Hoopes Jeffrey L.
Published: May 2011

This article provides a report and commentary on productivity and prestige in business ethics research. Based on a survey that was administered to 320 business ethics scholars worldwide, the authors report a ranking of 15 business schools that are perceived to be leaders in the field of business ethics. Based on these same survey results, the authors investigate which factors may have the strongest relationship to individual publication productivity and perceptions of institutional prestige within business ethics research. The results provide several surprising findings that suggest the business ethics field may be anomalous in academe in terms of the emergence of productivity and prestige.
Reclaiming Positive Psychology
Authors: Wong Paul T. P.
Published: May 2011

The future of humanistic psychology lies in reclaiming themes of personal growth, self-actualization, authentic happiness, optimal functioning, and human flourishing. This article proposes that a meaning-centered holistic approach within the larger context of existential givens complements the molecular approach of research on specific components of positive psychology.
The ‘Black Metropolis’ Revisited
Authors: Boyd Robert L.
Published: May 2011

The conventional wisdom on the Black metropolis of the early 20th century holds that urban Black communities in the South lagged far behind their counterparts in the North in terms of providing opportunities for Blacks to enter occupations that were associated with Blacks’ socioeconomic progress. Yet, analyses of census data in the present study offer mixed support for this wisdom. The odds of Black participation in art, show business, public service and professions were, as expected, lower in the urban South. Yet surprisingly, the odds of Black participation in most entrepreneurial ventures were approximately similar in the urban South and urban North. The results imply that the conventional wisdom should be modified to indicate that, at the beginning of the Great Migration, the benefits to Blacks of the large Black communities of northern cities were more cultural and political than economic.
Housebuilder Networks and Residential Land Markets
Authors: Adams David , Leishman Chris , Watkins Craig
Published: May 2011

The commercial prospects of speculative housebuilders depend crucially on successful land acquisitions. This paper presents new evidence revealing the importance housebuilders attach to networks with other important actors in securing future land supplies. Since networks depend on trust, reputation and voluntary collaboration, they indicate the importance of social relations within the industry. The paper argues that UK speculative housebuilders rely more on networks than markets to source land and that they structure those networks to enhance their own competitive positions. Reflecting Granovetter’s belief in the strength of weak ties, the paper emphasises the breadth not depth of housebuilder networks and contends that social relations within the industry are primarily dependent on pragmatic considerations of mutual self-interest.
The Demand for Land Regularisation: Theory and Evidence from Tijuana, Mexico
Authors: Monkkonen Paavo
Published: May 2011

International organisations increasingly encourage land regularisation programmes as a component of urban policy in developing countries, yet research on the mechanisms of these programmes is limited. This paper examines the land regularisation system in Tijuana, Mexico, which has had limited success after several decades of operation. A theoretical model of the demand for land regularisation in urban areas is developed based on models of demand for registration of agricultural land. A unique combination of census and administrative data on informally developed neighbourhoods in Tijuana is used to test the model empirically. Results are mostly consistent with theory. One of the central predictions, however—that more valuable land will have a higher rate of regularisation—is rejected. When considered alongside the incentives to regularise land, this result suggests that the land regularisation system is not well structured to encourage land market efficiency or the upgrading of low-income neighbourhoods.
Non-union worker representation and the closure of establishments: German evidence on the role of moderating factors
Authors: Jirjahn Uwe
Published: May 2011

This article examines the relationship between works councils and the closure of manufacturing establishments in Germany. The relationship varies according to circumstances and type of establishment. For the subsample of single-establishment firms, the estimates show that works council presence interacts with the coverage by a collective bargaining agreement. The presence of a works council is associated with a higher probability of closure within the non-covered industrial relations regime but not within the covered regime. For establishments being parts of multi-establishment firms, works council presence is associated with a lower probability of closure. This specifically holds true if establishments face adverse economic conditions.
Bereaved relatives’ views about participating in cancer research
Authors: Koffman Jonathan , Higginson Irene J , Hall Sue , Riley Julia , McCrone Paul , Gomes Barbara
Published: May 2011

Background: Bereaved relatives are considered to be a vulnerable group and there is debate as to whether it is ethical to engage them in research at a time that can be difficult for them.

Aim: We conducted a cross-sectional study using cognitive interviewing with the aim of exploring the acceptability of a mortality follow-back survey among bereaved relatives of recently deceased cancer patients to inform the development of a large-scale survey about end-of-life care.

Results: Thirty-three next-of-kin of recently deceased cancer patients were invited to participate in a face-to-face interview, or to complete a postal questionnaire. At the end, they were asked about their views of engaging in the study. Nine bereaved relatives participated in a face-to-face interview and 11 completed the postal questionnaire. Eleven relatives reported it was helpful to take part in the study; of these, six did not consider it distressing, and five stated whilst it had been distressing it had been helpful. Thoughts about bringing back memories, altruism and therapeutic value emerged.

Conclusions: We have new evidence that although engaging in follow-back surveys can evoke distress, many participants report it to be a positive experience. We therefore believe that this approach is acceptable when conducted sensitively.
An observational study to determine the prevalence of alcohol use disorders in advanced cancer patients
Authors: Webber Katherine , Davies Andrew N
Published: May 2011

Context: observational studies in North America suggest alcohol dependence is a common problem in advanced cancer patients and is associated with a high burden of physical and psychological symptoms. The prevalence of all types of alcohol use disorders, and the relationship between alcohol use disorders and symptoms, has not been studied.

Objectives: this observational, cross-sectional study was designed to determine the prevalence of alcohol use disorders in patients with advanced cancer and establish if such patients have a higher symptom burden.

Methods: sequential patients referred to the palliative medicine team at a United Kingdom cancer centre completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale-Short Form (MSAS-SF).

Results: 120 patients participated in the study. Twenty-two (18%) patients screened positively for the presence of an alcohol use disorder. This study found no significant association between alcohol use disorders and the presence of anxiety ( P = 0.38) or depression ( P = 0.81) on the HADS or the global distress index subscale ( P = 0.142), physical symptom distress index subscale ( P = 0.734), or the psychological distress index subscale ( P = 0.154) on the MSAS-SF. Current smoking status was the only independent predictor for the presence of an alcohol use disorder ( P < 0.001). Seven (6%) patients screened positively for high-risk alcohol use disorders. Current smoking status ( P < 0.001) and male gender ( p < 0.001) were independent predictors of this problem.

Conclusions: alcohol use disorders in this cohort of patients were not associated with a higher symptom burden, and the prevalence was lower than the general United Kingdom population.
Do Transparent Business Practices Pay? Exploration of Transparency and Consumer Purchase Intention
Authors: Bhaduri Gargi , Ha-Brookshire Jung E.
Published: May 2011

Information transparency has mostly been associated with financial institutions, and little is known about its application in the apparel supply chain. The aim of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of the factors that may influence consumer attitude and purchase intention with respect to apparel products from businesses that are transparent about their supply chain. An interpretive analysis, through interviews with consumers, revealed that attitude and intention seemed to be affected by prior knowledge about the apparel industry, distrust on the business’ efforts, values (hedonic and social responsibility value) gained by consumers by consuming transparent products, as well as price and quality of the product. The study uses the theory of reasoned action to explain the relation between attitude and intention and combines with the concepts of consumer value and price and quality. Implications, limitations and scope of further research are also discussed.
How ya Gonna Keep ’em Down on the Farm
Authors: Artz Georgeanne , Yu Li
Published: May 2011

This article analyzes factors related to the rural/urban residence choice of college-educated adults using a unique data set resulting from a 2007 stratified random sample survey of Iowa State University alumni graduating between 1982 and 2006. Rural origin is the most significant predictor of rural residence choice. An important finding is that nonpecuniary goals and values such as family tradition, being respected by friends, and building a business for one’s children to inherit have more weight with Iowa State University alumni who reside in rural areas after college than do monetary returns. This implies that incentives such as tax breaks will not work, or will be too expensive, to attract or retain college graduates in rural areas. Second, entrepreneurship rates are higher among Iowa State University alumni in rural areas and rural entrepreneurs tend to have local or, at least, rural roots. This finding lends support to the increasingly popular “grow your strategies” for rural business development.
Independent Politics: Why Seek to Serve and Survive as an Independent Councillor?
Authors: Bottom Karin , Copus Colin
Published: May 2011

While Labour, Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats continue to dominate local and national politics, recent decades have also seen non-mainstream politics make inroads into votes and seats in English local government. The paper explores Independent politics and politicians and examines the motivations that encourage those that are not members of the three main national political parties to stand for local elected office. Findings suggest that while this group shows a distinct local and representative ethos that is — one might argue — weaker in their party-affiliated counterparts, the world of Independent politics is diverse and situation-specific.1
Vibration analysis of oil-injected twin-screw compressors using simple simulated waveforms
Authors: Fujiwara A , Matsuo K , Yamashita H
Published: May 2011

There are few published references on the practical diagnosis of oil-injected twin-screw compressors. In most cases of diagnosis on this type of compressors, usual methods that deal with machine elements, gears, rotational parts, rolling element bearings, couplings, and so on, are employed. These methods are certainly effective but not specified for diagnosis of oil-injected twin-screw compressors.

The purpose of this study is to develop an effective tool for diagnosis of vibrations in oil-injected twin-screw compressors. Vibrations in this type of compressors vary with the quality of machining and operating conditions. Therefore, it is difficult to establish a systematic method of analysing vibration data in all practical conditions. This paper reports on a method developed to diagnose lobe meshing vibrations on this type of compressors using synthesized waveform models. Typical vibration waveforms are synthesized from basic waves with measured data and simple assumptions. These synthesized waveforms are then used to diagnose lobe mesh and resonance vibration problems in the compressors, after being modulated into modified waveform models.

Waveforms synthesized by this method were fairly in good agreement with measured waveforms, indicating that this method is an effective tool in diagnosing lobe mesh vibration problems. There is no verified method or information on the diagnosis of lobe mesh vibrations in oil-injected screw compressors; this method, therefore, offers a effective analysis.
Analysis of gas—solid coupling flow field in a vertical roller mill under different gas fluxes
Authors: Ze X B , Sun Y W , Wang W , Nie J L , Mao K
Published: May 2011

To understand the powder transportation in HRM4800 vertical roller mill, the mixture multi-phase flow model and the Reynolds stress equation vortex viscosity model were employed to simulate the internal special multi-phase flow of the chamber. The gas flux effect on the gas—solid coupling flow field is also considered in this study. The results show that there is a strong three-dimensional rotation flow field in the powder transportation due to the rotation of the table and rollers. Significant turbulent vortexes in the table—roller flow field have been observed and that field is the main gas—solid coupling flow field of the vertical roller mill. With the increase of gas flux, there is a visible increase of velocity and pressure drop in the multi-phase flow field resulting in improved powder transportation. The phenomena of turbulent pulsation and vortexes under different gas fluxes show that there are restriction problems in the approach of enhancing the efficiency of the vertical roller mill through the increase of gas flux. The studies of gas—solid flow velocity and pressure indicate that there are random characters in the process of turbulent parameters' change and transfer. The results indicate that the structure of the chamber flow model has great influence on the gas—powder flow field, and the optimization design of the vertical roller mill could be achieved with further research work.
A Memory Systems Model of Implicit Social Cognition
Authors: Amodio David M. , Ratner Kyle G.
Published: May 2011

Implicit social cognition refers to the mental processes that influence social perception and behavior independently of conscious awareness. To date, implicit social processes have been explained by single-system models of associations among concepts that, while addressing questions of information processing, are generally silent regarding the interface of implicit social processes with behavior. In this article, we present a multisystem model of implicit social cognition based on emerging cognitive neuroscience research on systems of learning and memory. This model describes how different underlying memory systems, characterized by different patterns of learning, unlearning, and behavioral expression, may contribute to implicit social processes. We describe how the memory systems model differs from previous theories of implicit social cognition and how it makes new and increasingly refined predictions regarding implicit sociocognitive processes and their influences on behavior.
Us and Them: Intergroup Failures of Empathy
Authors: Cikara Mina , Bruneau Emile G. , Saxe Rebecca R.
Published: May 2011

People are often motivated to increase others' positive experiences and to alleviate others' suffering. These tendencies to care about and help one another form the foundation of human society. When the target is an outgroup member, however, people may have powerful motivations not to care about or help that “other.” In such cases, empathic responses are rare and fragile; it is easy to disrupt the chain from perception of suffering to motivation to alleviate the suffering to actual helping. We highlight recent interdisciplinary research demonstrating that outgroup members' suffering elicits dampened empathic responses as compared to ingroup members' suffering. We consider an alternative to empathy in the context of intergroup competition: schadenfreude—pleasure at others' pain. Finally, we review recent investigations of intergroup-conflict interventions that attempt to increase empathy for outgroups. We propose that researchers across the range of psychological sciences stand to gain a better understanding of the foundations of empathy by studying its limitations.
Action’s Effect on Perception
Authors: Witt Jessica K.
Published: May 2011

According to the action-specific perception account, people perceive the environment in terms of their ability to act in it. For example, softball players who are hitting better see the ball as bigger. Factors that affect ability and thus influence perception include body size, body control and coordination, energetic potential, and the challenges of the task. Acknowledging the influence of ability on perception challenges the traditional view that perception provides an objective, behaviorally independent representation of the environment. Instead, perception captures the mutual relationship between the environment and the perceiver’s abilities. Consequently, these effects are potentially adaptive for helping perceivers plan future actions based on their abilities.
Noise generation and suppression in twin-screw compressors
Authors: Mujic E , Kovacevic A , Stosic N , Smith I K
Published: May 2011

Screw compressors generate a substantial level of noise during operation. The first stage in reducing it is to identify and minimize its causes. To this end, sources of noise within these machines have been reviewed, the most significant of which are identified, and methods of minimizing their effect are evaluated.