bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Ru‐Catalyzed Redox‐Neutral Cleavage of the N—O Bond in Isoxazolidines: Isatogens to Pseudoindoxyls via a One‐Pot [3 + 2]‐Cycloaddition/N—O Cleavage.
Authors: Suneel Kumar Chepuri V. , Ramana Chepuri V.
Published: October 2015

1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones (I) and (IV) with alkenes affords intermediary isoxazolidines which undergo direct one‐pot Ru‐catalyzed redox‐neutral N—O bond cleavage to yield 2,2‐disubstituted pseudoindoxyls.
ChemInform Abstract: A Michael Equilibration Model to Control Site Selectivity in the Condensation Toward Aminopyrazoles.
Authors: Fandrick Daniel R. , Sanyal Sanjit , Kaloko Joseph , Mulder Jason A. , Wang Yuwen , Wu Ling , Lee Heewon , Roschangar Frank , Hoffmann Matthias , Senanayake Chris H.
Published: October 2015

Conditions for the site‐selective condensation between hydrazines and alkoxy 2‐cyanoacrylates or their malononitrile counterparts are elaborated.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed ortho‐C—H Alkenylation of 2‐Benzyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles.
Authors: He Ping , Tian Qingshan , Kuang Chunxiang
Published: October 2015

The alkenylation of 2‐benzyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles bearing various substituents on the benzyl moiety with acrylates, acrylamides, and acrylonitrile is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Functionalization of a Pyridine Framework Through Intramolecular Reissert—Henze Reaction of N‐(Carbamoyloxy)pyridinium Salts and Unexpected Insertion of Ethereal Solvents.
Authors: Asahara Haruyasu , Kataoka Asuka , Hirao Shotaro , Nishiwaki Nagatoshi
Published: October 2015

2‐Pyridyl carbamates are synthesized involving a new intramolecular transformation of an acyloxy group from N‐carbamoyloxypyridinium salts as key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Fluoropicolinate Herbicides by Cascade Cyclization of Fluoroalkyl Alkynylimines.
Authors: Johnson Peter L. , Renga James M. , Galliford Christopher V. , Whiteker Gregory T. , Giampietro Natalie C.
Published: October 2015

Evaluation of the protecting groups leads to the identification of N‐trityl‐5,5‐diethoxy protected 1,1,1‐trifluoropent‐3‐yn‐2‐imine as suitable precursors for the cyclization with aryl and alkyl substituted methylamines and subsequent deprotection to 2‐substituted picolinaldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoxaline Derivatives via a Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Domino Reaction.
Authors: Liu Huanhuan , Duan Tiantian , Zhang Zeyuan , Xie Caixia , Ma Chen
Published: October 2015

The title reaction is achieved starting from 1‐(2‐halophenyl)‐1H‐pyrroles and α‐amino acids which may be endowed with various substituents.
ChemInform Abstract: [3 + 2] Route to Quaternary Oxaprolinol Derivatives as Masked Precursors of Disubstituted β3,β3‐Amino Aldehyde.
Authors: Shpak‐Kraievskyi Pavlo , Mankou Makaya Amelle , Beauchard Anne , Martel Arnaud , Laurent Mathieu Y. , Dujardin Gilles
Published: October 2015

A new approach to enantiopure disubstituted oxaprolinol derivatives through diastereoselective [3+2]‐cycloaddition of chiral cyclic ketonitrones to electron‐rich and electron‐poor dipolarophiles is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative C(sp3)—H Functionalization for Facile Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Triazoles and 1,3,5‐Triazines from Amidines.
Authors: Huang Huawen , Guo Wei , Wu Wanqing , Li Chao‐Jun , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: October 2015

A wide variety of substituted triazines and triazoles are prepared from amidines through catalytic oxidative functionalization with trialkylamines, DMSO or DMF.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of 3‐Aryl‐2‐aminoindoles, 3‐Allyl‐3‐amino‐2‐iminoindolines, and Tetrahydro‐[1,4]diazepino[2,3‐b]indoles from 3‐Diazoindolin‐2‐imines.
Authors: Sheng Guorong , Huang Kai , Ma Shicong , Qian Jing , Lu Ping , Wang Yanguang
Published: October 2015

The rhodium‐catalyzed decomposition of 3‐diazoindolin‐2‐imines to α‐imino rhodium carbene intermediates is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Guapsidial A and Guadials B and C: Three New Meroterpenoids with Unusual Skeletons from the Leaves of Psidium guajava.
Authors: Jian Yu‐Qing , Huang Xiao‐Jun , Zhang Dong‐Mei , Jiang Ren‐Wang , Chen Min‐Feng , Zhao Bing‐Xin , Wang Ying , Ye Wen‐Cai
Published: October 2015

structural elucidation, hypothetical pathway, and cytotoxic activity
ChemInform Abstract: Cu‐Mediated Oxidative Dimerization of Skatole to Tryptanthrin (IIa), an Indolo[2,1‐b]quinazolone Alkaloid.
Authors: Ishikura Minoru , Itoh Tomoki , Abe Takumi , Nakamura Shuhei
Published: October 2015

Cu(I)‐mediated dimerization of skatoles (I) provides indoloquinazolinones (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Stereochemical Assignment, and Bioactivity of the Penicillium Metabolites Penicillenols B1 and B2.
Authors: Kempf Karl , Schmitt Florian , Bilitewski Ursula , Schobert Rainer
Published: October 2015

A new synthetic route to both penicillenols B1 and B2 is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzyllithiums Bearing Aldehyde Carbonyl Groups. A Flash Chemistry Approach.
Authors: Nagaki Aiichiro , Tsuchihashi Yuta , Haraki Suguru , Yoshida Jun‐ichi
Published: October 2015

Application of a flow microreactor system allows for the generation of benzyllithium compounds endowed with carbonyl substituents which further react with various electrophiles such as aldehydes, ketones, isocyanates, trimethylsilyl derivatives, and methanol.
ChemInform Abstract: Tungsten Oxides for Photocatalysis, Electrochemistry, and Phototherapy
Authors: Huang Zhen‐Feng , Song Jiajia , Pan Lun , Zhang Xiangwen , Wang Li , Zou Ji‐Jun
Published: October 2015

Review: [syntheses, properties, and energy‐related applications; 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Selective Hydroxylation of Benzene to Phenol
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi , Ohkubo Kei
Published: October 2015

Review: recent developments; 105 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Non‐Alternant Non‐Benzenoid Kekulenes: The Birth of a New Kekulene Family
Authors: Miyoshi Hirokazu , Nobusue Shunpei , Shimizu Akihiro , Tobe Yoshito
Published: October 2015

Review: theoretical and experimental aspects of kekulene and its benzenoid, non‐benzenoid and non‐alternant type congeners; 84 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Copper‐Mediated Direct Biaryl Coupling
Authors: Hirano Koji , Miura Masahiro
Published: October 2015

Review: [28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances on the Synthesis of Hepatitis C Virus NS5B RNA‐Dependent RNA‐Polymerase Inhibitors.
Authors: Zhao Can , Wang Yinhu , Ma Shutao
Published: October 2015

Review: 109 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy: An Emerging Tool for Fundamental Catalysis Research
Authors: Altman Eric I. , Baykara Mehmet Z. , Schwarz Udo D.
Published: October 2015

Review: 53 refs.
Ecological genetics of range size variation in Boechera spp. (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Lovell John T. , McKay John K.
Published: October 2015

Many taxonomic groups contain both rare and widespread species, which indicates that range size can evolve quickly. Many studies have compared molecular genetic diversity, plasticity, or phenotypic traits between rare and widespread species; however, a suite of genetic attributes that unites rare species remains elusive. Here, using two rare and two widespread Boechera (Brassicaceae) species, we conduct a simultaneous comparison of quantitative trait diversity, genetic diversity, and population structure among species with highly divergent range sizes. Consistent with previous studies, we do not find strong associations between range size and within‐population genetic diversity. In contrast, we find that both the degree of phenotypic plasticity and quantitative trait structure (QST) were positively correlated with range size. We also found higher FST: QST ratios in rare species, indicative of either a greater response to stabilizing selection or a lack of additive genetic variation. While widespread species occupy more ecological and climactic space and have diverged at both traits and markers, rare species display constrained levels of population differentiation and phenotypic plasticity. Combined, our results provide evidence for a specialization–generalization trade‐off across three orders of magnitude of range size variation in the ecological model genus, Boechera.
Habitat connectivity as a metric for aquatic microhabitat quality: application to Chinook salmon spawning habitat
Authors: Carnie Ryan , Tonina Daniele , McKean James A. , Isaak Daniel
Published: October 2015

Quality of fish habitat at the scale of a single fish, at the metre resolution, which we defined here as microhabitat, has been primarily evaluated on short reaches, and their results have been extended through long river segments with methods that do not account for connectivity, a measure of the spatial distribution of habitat patches. However, recent investigations of quality of aquatic habitat at the stream segment scale, at hundredth of metre resolution macrohabitat, indicate that the spatial distribution of aquatic habitat quality and size is an important factor at the network scale. Here, we hypothesize that aquatic habitat connectivity, quality and patch size are also important at the microhabitat scale. We test this hypothesis by modelling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) spawning habitat in a 6‐km long reach of Bear Valley Creek (Idaho, USA) with microhabitat resolution of 1‐m square. We use two‐dimensional hydraulic numerical modelling coupled with suitability curves to predict the spatial distribution of spawning habitat quality. We quantify connectivity for each habitat patch with the ratio between the area of neighbouring patches and their squared hydrographic distances. Results from a logistic regression analysis comparing predicted with observed spawning locations indicate that habitat quality and patch size are important factors and connectivity among patches may have a secondary effect. Therefore, spatial distribution of aquatic habitat and size of habitat patches are important aspects of its quality, suggesting that composite metrics such as weighted usable area may not be sufficient in defining the condition of the river environment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The clinical course of health status and association with outcomes in patients hospitalized for heart failure: insights from ASCEND‐HF
Authors: Ambrosy Andrew P. , Hernandez Adrian F. , Armstrong Paul W. , Butler Javed , Dunning Allison , Ezekowitz Justin A. , Felker G. Michael , Greene Stephen J. , Kaul Padma , McMurray John J. , Metra Marco , O'Connor Christopher M. , Reed Shelby D. , Schulte Phillip J. , Starling Randall C. , Wilson Tang W.H. , Voors Adriaan A. , Mentz Robert J.
Published: October 2015

Aims

A longitudinal and comprehensive analysis of health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) was performed during hospitalization for heart failure (HF) or soon after discharge.

Methods and results

A post‐hoc analysis was performed of the ASCEND‐HF trial. The EuroQOL five dimensions questionnaire (EQ‐5D) was administered to study participants at baseline, 24 h, discharge/day 10, and day 30. EQ‐5D includes functional dimensions mapped to corresponding utility scores (i.e. 0 = death and 1 = perfect health), and a visual analogue scale (VAS) ranging from 0 (i.e. ‘worst imaginable health state’) to 100 (i.e. ‘best imaginable health state’). The association between baseline and discharge EQ‐5D measurements and subsequent clinical outcomes including death and rehospitalization were assessed using multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression. A total of 6943 patients (97%) had complete EQ‐5D data at baseline. Mapped utility and VAS scores (mean ± SD) increased over time, respectively, from 0.56 ± 0.23 and 45 ± 22 at baseline to 0.67 ± 0.26 and 58 ± 22 at 24 h and to 0.79 ± 0.20 and 68 ± 22 at discharge, and remained stable at day 30. Lower mapped utility scores at baseline [odds ratio (OR) per 0.1 decrease in utility score 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00–1.06] and discharge (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.05–1.15) and VAS scores at baseline (OR per 10 point decrease 1.05, 95% CI 1.01–1.09) were significantly associated with increased risk of 30‐day all‐cause death or HF rehospitalization.

Conclusions

Patients hospitalized for HF had severely impaired health status at baseline and, although this improved substantially during admission, health status remained abnormal at discharge.
KIR2DL3 and KIR2DL1 show similar impact on licensing of human NK cells
Authors: Sim Malcolm J. W. , Stowell Janet , Sergeant Ruhena , Altmann Daniel M. , Long Eric O. , Boyton Rosemary J.
Published: October 2015

Killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor/HLA class I (KIR/HLA‐I) combinations are associated with disease risk, implicating functional roles for NK cells (NKCs) or KIR+ T cells. KIR/HLA‐I interactions can act through inhibition of NKC activation by target cells and NKC licensing for greater intrinsic responsiveness. We compared licensing conferred by the weaker, HLA‐C group 1/KIR2DL3, and the stronger, HLA‐C group 2/KIR2DL1, inhibitory combinations. The “rheostat model” predicts weaker licensing by HLA‐C1/KIR2DL3 interactions than HLA‐C2/KIR2DL1. We analyzed degranulation in NKC subsets expressing single and multiple receptors for HLA‐I. NKG2A had the strongest licensing impact, while KIR2DL3, KIR2DL1, and KIR3DL1 were weaker, and not significantly different to each other. Presence of one or two matched HLA‐C allotypes did not alter licensing of KIR2DL3+ and KIR2DL1+ NKC. Coexpression of activating KIR2DS1 disarmed KIR2DL3+ and KIR2DL1+ NKC to a similar extent. KIR3DL1 and NKG2A combined for more enhanced licensing of double‐positive NKC than the combination of KIR2DL3 and KIR2DL1. Thus, KIR2DL3 and KIR2DL1 have similar capacity to license NKC, suggesting that inhibitory signal strength and amount of available HLA‐C ligands do not correlate with NKC licensing. Altogether, our results show that the basis for disease associations of HLA‐C and KIR2DL likely encompasses factors other than licensing.
Defining the HLA class I‐associated viral antigen repertoire from HIV‐1‐infected human cells
Authors: Ternette Nicola , Yang Hongbing , Partridge Thomas , Llano Anuska , Cedeño Samandhy , Fischer Roman , Charles Philip D. , Dudek Nadine L. , Mothe Beatriz , Crespo Manuel , Fischer William M. , Korber Bette T. M. , Nielsen Morten , Borrow Persephone , Purcell Anthony W. , Brander Christian , Dorrell Lucy , Kessler Benedikt M. , Hanke Tomáš
Published: October 2015

Recognition and eradication of infected cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes is a key defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens. High‐throughput definition of HLA class I‐associated immunopeptidomes by mass spectrometry is an increasingly important analytical tool to advance our understanding of the induction of T‐cell responses against pathogens such as HIV‐1. We utilized a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry workflow including de novo‐assisted database searching to define the HLA class I‐associated immunopeptidome of HIV‐1‐infected human cells. We here report for the first time the identification of 75 HIV‐1‐derived peptides bound to HLA class I complexes that were purified directly from HIV‐1‐infected human primary CD4+ T cells and the C8166 human T‐cell line. Importantly, one‐third of eluted HIV‐1 peptides had not been previously known to be presented by HLA class I. Over 82% of the identified sequences originated from viral protein regions for which T‐cell responses have previously been reported but for which the precise HLA class I‐binding sequences have not yet been defined. These results validate and expand the current knowledge of virus‐specific antigenic peptide presentation during HIV‐1 infection and provide novel targets for T‐cell vaccine development.
A combined method to estimate wind speed distribution based on integrating the support vector machine with firefly algorithm
Authors: Gani Abdullah , Mohammadi Kasra , Shamshirband Shahaboddin , Altameem Torki A. , Petković Dalibor , Ch Sudheer
Published: October 2015

A new hybrid approach by integrating the support vector machine (SVM) with firefly algorithm (FFA) is proposed to estimate shape (k) and scale (c) parameters of the Weibull distribution function according to previously established analytical methods. The extracted data of two widely successful methods utilized to compute parameters k and c were used as learning and testing information for the SVM‐FFA method. The simulations were performed on both daily and monthly scales to draw further conclusions. The performance of SVM‐FFA method was compared against other existing techniques to demonstrate its efficiency and viability. The results conclusively indicate that SVM‐FFA method provides further precision in the predictions. Nevertheless, for daily estimations, the applicability of proposed method could not be feasible owing to high day‐by‐day fluctuations of parameters k, whereas the results of monthly estimation are completely appealing and precise. In summary, the SVM‐FFA is a highly viable and efficient technique to estimate wind speed distribution on monthly scale. It is expected that the proposed method would be profitable for wind researchers and experts to be used in many practical applications, such as evaluating the wind energy potential and making a proper decision to nominate the optimal wind turbines. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 867–875, 2016
Pharmaceuticals and other anthropogenic tracers in surface water: A randomized survey of 50 Minnesota lakes
Authors: Ferrey Mark L. , Heiskary Steven , Grace Richard , Hamilton M. Coreen , Lueck April
Published: October 2015

Water from 50 randomly selected lakes across Minnesota, USA, was analyzed for pharmaceuticals, personal care products, hormones, and other commercial or industrial chemicals in conjunction with the US Environmental Protection Agency's 2012 National Lakes Assessment. Thirty-eight of the 125 chemicals analyzed were detected at least once, all at parts per trillion concentrations. The most widely detected was N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, present in 48% of the lakes sampled. Amitriptyline, a widely used antidepressant, was found in 28% of the lakes. The endocrine active chemicals bisphenol A, androstenedione, and nonylphenol were found in 42%, 30%, and 10% of the lakes, respectively. Cocaine was found in 32% of the lakes, and its degradation product, benzoylecgonine, was detected at 28% of the locations. Carbadox, an antibiotic used solely in the production of swine, was also present in 28% of the lakes sampled. The means by which these and other chemicals were transported to several of the remote lakes is unclear but may involve atmospheric transport. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2475–2488. © 2015 SETAC
Clothianidin in agricultural soils and uptake into corn pollen and canola nectar after multiyear seed treatment applications
Authors: Xu Tianbo , Dyer Dan G. , McConnell Laura L. , Bondarenko Svetlana , Allen Richard , Heinemann Oliver
Published: October 2015

Limited data are available on the fate of clothianidin under realistic agricultural production conditions. The present study is the first large-scale assessment of clothianidin residues in soil and bee-relevant matrices from corn and canola fields after multiple years of seed-treatment use. The average soil concentration from 50 Midwest US corn fields with 2 yr to 11 yr of planting clothianidin-treated seeds was 7.0 ng/g, similar to predicted concentrations from a single planting of Poncho 250-treated corn seeds (6.3 ng/g). The water-extractable (i.e., plant-bioavailable) clothianidin residues in soil were only 10% of total residues. Clothianidin concentrations in soil reached a plateau concentration (amount applied equals amount dissipated) in fields with 4 or more application years. Concentrations in corn pollen from these fields were low (mean: 1.8 ng/g) with no correlation to total years of use or soil concentrations. For canola, soil concentrations from 27 Canadian fields with 2 yr to 4 yr of seed treatment use (mean = 5.7 ng/g) were not correlated with use history, and plant bioavailability was 6% of clothianidin soil residues. Average canola nectar concentrations were 0.6 ng/g and not correlated to use history or soil concentrations. Under typical cropping practices, therefore, clothianidin residues are not accumulating significantly in soil, plant bioavailability of residues in soil is limited, and exposure to pollinators will not increase over time in fields receiving multiple applications of clothianidin. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:311–321. © 2015 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
Sequential activation of microglia and astrocyte cytokine expression precedes increased iba‐1 or GFAP immunoreactivity following systemic immune challenge
Authors: Norden Diana M. , Trojanowski Paige J. , Villanueva Emmanuel , Navarro Elisa , Godbout Jonathan P.
Published: October 2015

Activation of the peripheral immune system elicits a coordinated response from the central nervous system. Key to this immune to brain communication is that glia, microglia, and astrocytes, interpret and propagate inflammatory signals in the brain that influence physiological and behavioral responses. One issue in glial biology is that morphological analysis alone is used to report on glial activation state. Therefore, our objective was to compare behavioral responses after in vivo immune (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) challenge to glial specific mRNA and morphological profiles. Here, LPS challenge induced an immediate but transient sickness response with decreased locomotion and social interaction. Corresponding with active sickness behavior (2–12 h), inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression was elevated in enriched microglia and astrocytes. Although proinflammatory cytokine expression in microglia peaked 2‐4 h after LPS, astrocyte cytokine, and chemokine induction was delayed and peaked at 12 h. Morphological alterations in microglia (Iba‐1+) and astrocytes (GFAP+), however, were undetected during this 2–12 h timeframe. Increased Iba‐1 immunoreactivity and de‐ramified microglia were evident 24 and 48 h after LPS but corresponded to the resolution phase of activation. Morphological alterations in astrocytes were undetected after LPS. Additionally, glial cytokine expression did not correlate with morphology after four repeated LPS injections. In fact, repeated LPS challenge was associated with immune and behavioral tolerance and a less inflammatory microglial profile compared with acute LPS challenge. Overall, induction of glial cytokine expression was sequential, aligned with active sickness behavior, and preceded increased Iba‐1 or GFAP immunoreactivity after LPS challenge. GLIA 2016;64:300–316
Supplemental Health Insurance and Healthcare Consumption—A Dynamic Approach to Moral Hazard
Authors: Franc Carine , Perronnin Marc , Pierre Aurélie
Published: October 2015

We analyze the existence and persistence of moral hazard over time to test the assumption of pent‐up demand. We consider the effects of supplemental health insurance provided by a private insurer when added to compulsory public insurance that is already supplemented by private insurance. Using original panel data from a French mutuelle, we study the influence of insurance on all of the dimensions of healthcare expenditures: (1) the probability of using health care, (2) the number of uses conditional on use, and (3) the per unit cost of care. To conduct this study, we control, to the extent possible, for endogeneity because of adverse selection using the characteristics of our panel data. Our study allows us to confirm a positive and significant effect of the extra complementary health insurance on healthcare consumption, primarily in terms of the probability of using care. More interestingly, our results show that these effects are principally transitory mainly for the probability of using dental care and optical care and depend on income. Finally, we show that individuals did not postpone health care before enrollment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laboratory study of infiltration into two frozen engineered (sandy) soils recommended for bioretention
Authors: Moghadas S. , Gustafsson A‐M. , Viklander P. , Marsalek J. , Viklander M.
Published: October 2015

Infiltration of water into two frozen engineered soils of different gradation was studied in laboratory soil columns 1.2 m long and 0.1 m in diameter. Prior to testing, the soil moisture was adjusted to two levels, described by the gravimetric water content of 5% or 10%, and soils were compacted to about 80–90% of the maximum dry density and refrigerated to temperatures ranging from −8 to −2 °C. Water with temperatures 8–9 °C was thereafter fed on the top of columns at a constant head, and the times of water breakthrough in the column and reaching a steady percolation rate, as well as the percolation rate, were recorded. The soil water content was a critical factor affecting the thawing process; during freezing, soil moisture was converted into ice, which blocked pores, and its melting required high amounts of energy supplied by infiltrating water. Hence, the thawing of soils with higher initial water content was much slower than in lower moisture soils, and water breakthrough and the attainment of steady percolation required much longer times in higher moisture soils. Heat transfer between infiltrating water, soil ice, and frozen soil particles was well described by the energy budget equations, which constitute a parsimonious model of the observed processes. The finer grained soil and more compacted soil columns exhibited reduced porosity and required longer times for soil thawing. Practical implications of study results for design of bioretention facilities (BFs) in cold climate include the use of coarse engineered soils and fitting bioretention facilities with a drain facilitating soil drainage before the onset of freezing weather. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anti‐sarcopenic effects of diamino‐diphenyl sulfone observed in elderly female leprosy survivors: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Lee Sang Yoon , Kim Won , Park Hee‐Won , Park Sang Chul , Kim In Kwon , Chung Sun G.
Published: October 2015

Background

It has been reported that 4,4′‐diamino‐diphenyl sulfone (DDS), the longtime treatment of choice for leprosy, prolongs the lifespan and increases mobility in animal models by reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species and inhibiting muscle pyruvate kinase activity. This study aimed to investigate whether sarcopenic status in leprosy survivors was influenced by recent history of DDS medication.

Methods

Forty‐one elderly female leprosy survivors were recruited. The DDS group was defined as survivors who had been taking the drug for the past year or more. Body composition measured by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry, limb muscle strength, short physical performance battery, and International Physical Activity Questionnaire in Korean were compared.

Results

The DDS group tended to have higher skeletal muscle mass index (24.4 ± 2.7 vs. 22.6 ± 2.2%, P = 0.066) and regional skeletal muscle mass index in non‐dominant leg (8.9 ± 1.0 vs. 7.9 ± 0.9%, P = 0.018) than those of the control group although they had significantly worse leprosy disability than the control group (P = 0.027). The DDS group had greater strength than the control group in non‐dominant shoulder abductor, elbow flexor, hip flexor, and knee extensor (P = 0.005, P = 0.029, P = 0.021, and P = 0.002, respectively). Weekly walking amount was significantly longer (P = 0.020) in the DDS group than the control group. The total lifetime DDS exposure significantly correlated with skeletal muscle mass of the lower extremity in non‐dominant leg (r = 0.379, P = 0.015).

Conclusions

DDS‐taking leprosy survivors had larger skeletal muscle mass and greater muscle strength over non‐taking survivors. There was a dose–response relationship between total lifetime DDS exposure and skeletal muscle mass of lower extremity. These findings might suggest potential anti‐sarcopenic effects of DDS.
High prevalence of human papillomavirus type 58 in HIV infected men who have sex with men: A preliminary report in Central Italy
Authors: Sammarco Michela Lucia , Ucciferri Claudio , Tamburro Manuela , Falasca Katia , Ripabelli Giancarlo , Vecchiet Jacopo
Published: October 2015

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and type‐specific prevalence at anal, oral, coronal sulcus, and urethral mucosa in fifty HIV positive men having sex with men (MSM) were evaluated; patients were enrolled in a non‐metropolitan area of Central Italy. Clinical and socio‐demographic information, drug, and sexual behaviors were obtained for each participant. HPV was detected by PCR from an overall of 200 specimens, and genotyping was performed by both Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analysis and sequencing.

HPV DNA was found in 60.0% (n = 30) of HIV positive MSM, and prevalence was higher at anal canal (n = 28, 56.0%) compared to all the other anatomical sites (χ2 test P < 0.01) of coronal sulcus (n = 11, 22.0%), oral (n = 8, 16.0%), and urethral mucosa (n = 5, 10.0%). We found 63.3% (n = 19) of MSM with at least one high‐risk genotype, and HPV‐58 was more frequently detected (n = 9, 47.4%) respect to HPV‐16 (n = 6, 31.6%).

This is the first report on HPV detected at four anatomical sites involved in sexual practices in HIV positive MSM. We found an unusual distribution of oncogenic genotypes with an exceeding prevalence of HPV‐58 respect to HPV‐16. Hence, the recently licensed nonavalent vaccine should be suitable to prevent a larger number of infections caused by potentially emerging high‐risk genotypes. J. Med. Virol. 88:911–914, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Technology‐Enhanced Stepped Collaborative Care Targeting Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Comorbidity After Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Zatzick Douglas , O'Connor Stephen S. , Russo Joan , Wang Jin , Bush Nigel , Love Jeff , Peterson Roselyn , Ingraham Leah , Darnell Doyanne , Whiteside Lauren , Van Eaton Erik
Published: October 2015

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its comorbidities are endemic among injured trauma survivors. Previous collaborative care trials targeting PTSD after injury have been effective, but they have required intensive clinical resources. The present pragmatic clinical trial randomized acutely injured trauma survivors who screened positive on an automated electronic medical record PTSD assessment to collaborative care intervention (n = 60) and usual care control (n = 61) conditions. The stepped measurement‐based intervention included care management, psychopharmacology, and psychotherapy elements. Embedded within the intervention were a series of information technology (IT) components. PTSD symptoms were assessed with the PTSD Checklist at baseline prerandomization and again, 1‐, 3‐, and 6‐months postinjury. IT utilization was also assessed. The technology‐assisted intervention required a median of 2.25 hours (interquartile range = 1.57 hours) per patient. The intervention was associated with modest symptom reductions, but beyond the margin of statistical significance in the unadjusted model: F(2, 204) = 2.95, p = .055. The covariate adjusted regression was significant: F(2, 204) = 3.06, p = .049. The PTSD intervention effect was greatest at the 3‐month (Cohen's effect size d = 0.35, F(1, 204) = 4.11, p = .044) and 6‐month (d = 0.38, F(1, 204) = 4.10, p = .044) time points. IT‐enhanced collaborative care was associated with modest PTSD symptom reductions and reduced delivery times; the intervention model could potentially facilitate efficient PTSD treatment after injury.
The Cycle of Violence: Associations Between Exposure to Violence, Trauma‐Related Symptoms and Aggression—Findings from Congolese Refugees in Uganda
Authors: Hecker Tobias , Fetz Simon , Ainamani Herbert , Elbert Thomas
Published: October 2015

War‐related trauma exposure has been linked to aggression and enhanced levels of community and family violence, suggesting a cycle of violence. Reactive aggression—an aggressive reaction to a perceived threat—has been associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In contrast, appetitive aggression—a hedonic, intrinsically motivated form of aggression—seems to be negatively related to PTSD in offender and military populations. This study examined the associations between exposure to violence, trauma‐related symptoms and aggression in a civilian population. In semistructured interviews, 290 Congolese refugees were questioned about trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms, and aggression. War‐related trauma exposure correlated positively with exposure to family and community violence in the past month (r = .31, p < .001), and appetitive (r = .18, p = .002) and reactive aggression (r = .29, p < .001). The relationship between war‐related trauma exposure and reactive aggressive behavior was mediated by PTSD symptoms and appetitive aggression. In a multiple sequential regression analysis, trauma exposure (β = .43, p < .001) and reactive aggression (β = .36, p < .001) were positively associated with PTSD symptoms, whereas appetitive aggression was negatively associated (β = −.13, p = .007) with PTSD symptoms. Our findings were congruent with the cycle of violence hypothesis and indicate a differential relation between distinct subtypes of aggression and PTSD.
Sinus irrigations before and after surgery—Visualization through computational fluid dynamics simulations
Authors: Zhao Kai , Craig John R. , Cohen Noam A. , Adappa Nithin D. , Khalili Sammy , Palmer James N.
Published: October 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

Topical sinus irrigations play a critical role in the management of sinonasal disease, and the improvement in irrigant penetration into the sinuses postoperatively greatly contributes to the success of endoscopic sinus surgery. Prior investigations on postoperative sinus irrigations have been mostly limited to cadaver studies, which are labor intensive and do not capture the full dynamics of the flows. A pilot study was conducted to investigate the impact of surgery on sinus irrigation through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations.

Study Design

Retrospective computational study.

Methods

Pre‐ and postoperative computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained on a patient who underwent standard endoscopic surgeries for all sinuses, including a Draf III frontal sinusotomy. CT‐based pre‐ and postoperative CFD models then simulated irrigations of 120 mL saline per nostril at 12 mL/s (typical of Sinugator) and 60 mL/s (SinusRinse Bottle), in two head positions: face parallel and at a 45° angle to the ground.

Results

Overall, surgery most significantly improved frontal sinus irrigation, but surprisingly resulted in less maxillary and ethmoid sinuses penetration. This may due to the partial removal of the septum during the Draf III, causing most fluid to exit prematurely across the resected septum. Higher flow rate slightly improved ethmoid sinus irrigation, but resulted in less preoperative contralateral maxillary sinus penetration.

Conclusions

CFD modeling of sinonasal irrigations is a novel technique for evaluating irrigant penetration of individual sinus cavities. It may prove useful in determining the optimal degree of surgery or the ideal irrigation strategy to allow for maximal and targeted sinus irrigant penetration.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 126:E90–E96, 2016
Surgical management of lateral skull base defects
Authors: Patel Neil S. , Modest Mara C. , Brobst Tyler D. , Carlson Matthew L. , Price Daniel L. , Moore Eric J. , Janus Jeffrey R.
Published: October 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

We sought to analyze key factors that influence the management of lateral skull base defects and implement an algorithm to improve outcomes of reconstruction.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Setting

Single tertiary academic referral center.

Methods

Adults who underwent temporal bone resection were included. Variables included tumor characteristics, ablative procedure, reconstructive method, and wound complications.

Results

Seventy‐one patients were studied. Lateral temporal bone resection was performed in 55 patients (77%), subtotal temporal bone resection in 14 (20%), and total petrosectomy in two (3%). Primary closure was achieved in 46 patients (35%), with rotational muscle flaps in 21 (46%). The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMMF) was used in nine patients (13%) without major complications. Single‐stage free tissue transfer was undertaken in 10 patients (14%) with no flap failures. Primary closure was achieved in 16 of 32 of previously untreated cases (50%) compared to nine of 39 cases of previously treated disease (23%) (P = 0.03). Pedicled or free flaps were used in 18 of 39 cases of previously treated disease (46%) compared to three of 32 previously untreated cases (9%) (P < 0.001). Pedicled or free flaps were used in 13 of 22 cases (59%) in which partial or total auriculectomy was performed, whereas primary closure was achieved in 39 of 49 cases (80%) in which the pinna was preserved (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Advanced tumors that require adjuvant therapy, revision cases for recurrent disease, and cases involving auriculectomy warrant free flap or PMMF reconstruction, with the latter preferred in poor free flap candidates.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 126:1911–1917, 2016
Isothermal Fractionation by DSC: Stepwise Isothermal Segregation Technique Applied to Random C3C2 Copolymers
Authors: Malizia Federica , Ferrara Giuseppe , Ferrari Paolo , Marega Carla , Marigo Antonio
Published: October 2015

Stepwise isothermal Segregation Technique (SIST) has been applied to three random C3C2 copolymers to study its ability to distinguish among different microstructures. Notwithstanding the application of the same SIST procedure, the final obtained melting profiles are different reveling that sample microstructures are dissimilar and respond differently to the applied thermal treatments. WAXS analysis highlighted that the nature of crystallity is not influenced by SIST treatment. On the other hand, SAXS analysis revealed different lamellae morphologies in the samples induced by thermal treatments.
Students Speak/Resources
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: October 2015

Students Speak

Adult learner takes unconventional path to a career

Resources

Toolkit provides best practices to support veterans on campus

Provide students with resources for managing stress

Dartmouth offers guidelines on effective résumés
Cysteine and hydrogen sulphide in the regulation of metabolism: insights from genetics and pharmacology
Authors: Carter Roderick N , Morton Nicholas M
Published: October 2015

Obesity and diabetes represent a significant and escalating worldwide health burden. These conditions are characterized by abnormal nutrient homeostasis. One such perturbation is altered metabolism of the sulphur‐containing amino acid cysteine. Obesity is associated with elevated plasma cysteine, whereas diabetes is associated with reduced cysteine levels. One mechanism by which cysteine may act is through its enzymatic breakdown to produce hydrogen sulphide (H2S), a gasotransmitter that regulates glucose and lipid homeostasis. Here we review evidence from both pharmacological studies and transgenic models suggesting that cysteine and hydrogen sulphide play a role in the metabolic dysregulation underpinning obesity and diabetes. We then outline the growing evidence that regulation of hydrogen sulphide levels through its catabolism can impact metabolic health. By integrating hydrogen sulphide production and breakdown pathways, we re‐assess current hypothetical models of cysteine and hydrogen sulphide metabolism, offering new insight into their roles in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes. © 2015 The Authors. Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Neutrophil extracellular traps cause airway obstruction during respiratory syncytial virus disease
Authors: Cortjens Bart , de Boer Onno J , de Jong Rineke , Antonis Adriaan FG , Sabogal Piñeros Yanaika S , Lutter René , van Woensel Job BM , Bem Reinout A
Published: October 2015

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) in young children worldwide. Extensive neutrophil accumulation in the lungs and occlusion of small airways by DNA‐rich mucus plugs are characteristic features of severe RSV–LRTD. Activated neutrophils can release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), extracellular networks of DNA covered with antimicrobial proteins, as part of the first‐line defence against pathogens. NETs can trap and eliminate microbes; however, abundant NET formation may also contribute to airway occlusion. In this study, we investigated whether NETs are induced by RSV and explored their potential anti‐viral effect in vitro. Second, we studied NET formation in vivo during severe RSV–LRTD in infants and bovine RSV–LRTD in calves, by examining bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue sections, respectively. NETs were visualized in lung cytology and tissue samples by DNA and immunostaining, using antibodies against citrullinated histone H3, elastase and myeloperoxidase. RSV was able to induce NET formation by human neutrophils in vitro. Furthermore, NETs were able to capture RSV, thereby precluding binding of viral particles to target cells and preventing infection. Evidence for the formation of NETs in the airways and lungs was confirmed in children with severe RSV–LRTD. Detailed histopathological examination of calves with RSV–LRTD showed extensive NET formation in dense plugs occluding the airways, either with or without captured viral antigen. Together, these results suggest that, although NETs trap viral particles, their exaggerated formation during severe RSV–LRTD contributes to airway obstruction. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atomic mobility in the overheated amorphous GeTe compound for phase change memories
Authors: Sosso G. C. , Behler J. , Bernasconi M.
Published: October 2015

Abstractauthoren Phase change memories rest on the ability of some chalcogenide alloys to undergo a fast and reversible transition between the crystalline and amorphous phases upon Joule heating. The fast crystallization is due to a high nucleation rate and a large crystal growth velocity which are actually possible thanks to the fragility of the supercooled liquid that allows for the persistence of a high atomic mobility at high supercooling where the thermodynamical driving force for crystallization is also high. Since crystallization in the devices occurs by rapidly heating the amorphous phase, hysteretic effects might arise with a different diffusion coefficient and viscosity on heating than on cooling. In this work, we have quantified these hysteretic effects in the phase change compound GeTe by means of molecular dynamics simulations. The atomic mobility in the overheated amorphous phase is lower than in supercooled liquid at the same temperature and the viscosity is consequently higher. Still, the simulations of the overheated amorphous phase reveal a breakdown of the Stokes–Einstein relation between the diffusion coefficient and the viscosity, similarly to what we found previously in the supercooled liquid. Evidences are provided that the breakdown is due to the emergence of dynamical heterogeneities at high supercooling.
I–V hysteresis of methylammonium lead halide perovskite films on microstructured electrode arrays: Dependence on preparation route and voltage scale
Authors: Stumpp Martina , Ruess Raffael , Horn Jonas , Tinz Jan , Richter Christoph , Schlettwein Derck
Published: October 2015

Methyl ammonium lead halide materials CH3NH3PbI3 and CH3NH3Pb(I0.95Br0.05)3 were prepared as thin films via different established deposition techniques onto micro structured gold electrode arrays on Si/SiO2 wafers. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to analyze the morphology of the different films. Electrical measurements of the samples showed hysteresis in the I–V characteristics for all samples in the dark and under illumination. Persistent changes in the polarization of the perovskite films were observed following positive or negative poling leading to significant changes in the observed current density and residual current at zero applied bias. At higher bias voltages additional inverted hysteresis loops were measured pointing at a decrease in barrier width and/or height at the blocking perovskite/metal contact by migrating iodide ions. Correspondingly, the net I–V characteristics in this voltage range could be modeled by two diodes operated back‐to‐back. Time‐dependent studies were performed to analyze the decay of the different observed polarization phenomena in the films during either short‐circuit or continuous sweeping of the bias. Implications of such persistent polarization and barrier formation for use of the materials for next‐generation solar cell devices are discussed.
The impact of oxygen precipitation on dislocation generation at small angle grain boundaries during seed‐assisted directional solidification of silicon
Authors: Autruffe Antoine , Kivambe Maulid , Arnberg Lars , Di Sabatino Marisa
Published: October 2015

We have investigated the source of dislocations generated during growth and subsequent cooling of quasi‐monocrystalline silicon. Bi‐crystals of silicon separated by ∼5.2° tilt small angle grain boundary have been directionally solidified at two different pulling rates, i.e., 3 and 13 μm s−1. We observe higher density of grain boundary‐associated dislocations at the ingot pulled at a lower rate. This observation is explained by the impact of oxygen precipitation behavior at the grain boundary.
Molecular pathogenesis of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza: the role of the haemagglutinin cleavage site motif
Authors: Luczo Jasmina M. , Stambas John , Durr Peter A. , Michalski Wojtek P. , Bingham John
Published: October 2015

The emergence of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza has caused a heavy socio‐economic burden through culling of poultry to minimise human and livestock infection. Although human infections with H5N1 have to date been limited, concerns for the pandemic potential of this zoonotic virus have been greatly intensified following experimental evidence of aerosol transmission of H5N1 viruses in a mammalian infection model. In this review, we discuss the dominance of the haemagglutinin cleavage site motif as a pathogenicity determinant, the host‐pathogen molecular interactions driving cleavage activation, reverse genetics manipulations and identification of residues key to haemagglutinin cleavage site functionality and the mechanisms of cell and tissue damage during H5N1 infection. We specifically focus on the disease in chickens, as it is in this species that high pathogenicity frequently evolves and from which transmission to the human population occurs. With >75% of emerging infectious diseases being of zoonotic origin, it is necessary to understand pathogenesis in the primary host to explain spillover events into the human population. © 2015 The Authors. Reviews in Medical Virology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.