bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A classification for partial subscapularis tendon tears
Authors: Martetschläger Frank , Zampeli Frantzeska , Tauber Mark , Habermeyer Peter , Leibe Markus
Published: April 2020

Purpose

The aim of the study was to analyze partial subscapularis tendon (SSC) tears and provide a descriptive classification.

Methods

The retrospective study included 50 patients with arthroscopically confirmed partial SSC tears. Internal rotation (IR) force measurements and IR ROM have been made and compared to the healthy contralateral side. Then the footprint of the SSC was routinely investigated by arthroscopy with standardized measurement of the bony footprint lesion. The partial tears were classified according to the mediolateral and craniocaudal extension of the rupture in the transverse and coronal plane, respectively.

Results

Partial SSC tears could be classified into split lesions (type 1,n = 11) and 3 further groups depending on the mediolateral peeled-off length of the bony footprint (type 2: < 10 mm,n = 20; type 3: 10–15 mm,n = 10; type 4: > 15 mm,n = 9). Type 2–4 could be further divided depending on the craniocaudal peeled-off length of the bony footprint (group A: < 10 mm, group B: 10–15 mm, group C: > 15 mm). Significantly decreased IR strength was shown for types 2–4 (p < 0.05) but not for split lesions as compared to healthy side. Types 1–4 showed significant decreased active IR ROM and all except type 3 (n.s.) which showed decreased passive IR ROM compared to the healthy side (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

We present a novel classification for partial SSC tears for a more detailed and reproducible description. This can help to improve the current knowledge about the appropriate treatment. It could be shown that partial tears of the subscapularis can have an impact on IR strength and motion.

Level of evidence

III
Suppression of Gq and PLC gene expression has a small effect on quantum bumps in vivo in Periplaneta americana
Authors: Ignatova Irina I. , French Andrew S. , Torkkeli Päivi H. , Liu Hongxia , Frolov Roman V.
Published: April 2020

Visual signal transmission byDrosophila melanogasterphotoreceptors is mediated by a Gq protein that activates a phospholipase C (PLC). Mutations and deficiencies in expression of either of these proteins cause severe defects in phototransduction. Here we investigated whether these proteins are also involved in the cockroach,Periplaneta americana, phototransduction by silencing Gq α-subunit (Gqα) and phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) by RNA interference and observing responses to single photons (quantum bumps, QB). We found (1) non-specific decreases in membrane resistance, membrane capacitance and absolute sensitivity in the photoreceptors of both Gqα and PLC knockdowns, and (2) small changes in QB statistics. Despite significant decreases in expressions of Gq and PLC mRNA, the changes in QB properties were surprisingly modest, with mean latencies increasing by ~ 10%, and without significant decrease in their amplitudes. To better understand our results, we used a mathematical model of the phototransduction cascade. By modifying the Gq and PLC abundances, and diffusion rates for Gq, we found that QB latencies and amplitudes deteriorated noticeably only after large decreases in the protein levels, especially when Gq diffusion was slow. Also, reduction in Gq but not PLC lowered quantum efficiency. These results suggest that expression of the proteins may be redundant.
Role of Fibronectin-1 polymorphism genes with the pathogenesis of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants
Authors: Szpecht Dawid , Al-Saad Salwan R. , Karbowski Lukasz M. , Kosik Katarzyna , Kurzawińska Grażyna , Szymankiewicz Marta , Drews Krzysztof , Seremak-Mrozikiewicz Agnieszka
Published: April 2020

Background/introduction

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a dangerous complication facing a significant proportion of preterm infants. It is multifactorial in nature, and an observed fibronectin deficiency in the germinal matrix basal lamina is among the most prominent factors that influence such rupture. Better understanding of the FN1 gene polymorphisms and their role in IVH may further clarify the presence of a genetic susceptibility of certain babies to this complication. The aim of this study was to assess if 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms of the fibronectin gene may be linked to an increased incidence of IVH.

Material and methods

The study included 108 infants born between 24 and 32 weeks of gestation. IVH was diagnosed using cranial ultrasound performed on the 1st,3rd, and 7th day after birth and classified according to Papile et al. IVH classification. The 5 FN1 gene polymorphisms assessed in the study were the following: rs3796123; rs1968510; rs10202709; rs6725958; and rs35343655.

Results

IVH developed in 51 (47.2%) out of the 108 preterm infants. This includes, 18 (35.3%) with stage I IVH, 19 (37.3%) with stage II, 11 (21.6%) with stage III, and 3 (5.9%) with stage IV IVH. Incidence of IVH was higher in infants with lower APGAR scores, low gestational age, and low birthweight. Analysis showed that IVH stage II to IV was approximately seven times more likely to occur in infants with the genotype TT FN1 rs10202709 (OR 7237 (1046–79.59; p = 0,044)). No other significant association was found with the rest of the polymorphisms.

Conclusion

The results of our study indicate a sevenfold increased genetic susceptibility to IVH in preterm infants with the TT FN1 rs10202709 gene polymorphism. The fibronectin gene polymorphism may therefore be of crucial importance as a genetic risk factor for IVH in preterm infants. Further studies are warranted.
The impact of maintenance therapy on sleep-wake rhythms and cancer-related fatigue in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Steur L. M. H. , Kaspers G. J. L. , van Someren E. J. W. , van Eijkelenburg N. K. A. , van der Sluis I. M. , Dors N. , van den Bos C. , Tissing W. J. E. , Grootenhuis M. A. , van Litsenburg R. R. L.
Published: April 2020

Purpose

To assess the impact of maintenance therapy and the additional impact of dexamethasone treatment on cancer-related fatigue and sleep-wake rhythms in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients and to determine the association between these outcomes.

Methods

A national cohort of pediatric ALL patients (≥ 2 years) was included (± 1 year post-diagnosis). Patients receiving dexamethasone were assessed twice (assessment with and without dexamethasone). Actigraphy assessments were used to calculate sleep-wake outcomes with nonparametric methods. Cancer-related fatigue was assessed with the PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale. Sleep-wake rhythms and cancer-related fatigue were compared between patients participating in the assessment without dexamethasone and healthy children (linear regression) and between assessments with and without dexamethasone (mixed models). Using linear regression, associations between sleep-wake outcomes and cancer-related fatigue were determined during assessments with and without dexamethasone.

Results

Responses were collected for 125 patients (113 assessments with and 81 without dexamethasone). The sleep-wake rhythm was less stable (p = 0.03) and less robust (p = 0.01), with lower physical activity levels (p < 0.001) and higher cancer-related fatigue levels (p < 0.001) in ALL patients compared to healthy children. Physical activity was lower (p = 0.001) and cancer-related fatigue more severe (p ≤ 0.001) during assessments with dexamethasone compared to without dexamethasone. Sleep-wake outcomes were significantly associated with cancer-related fatigue during periods without dexamethasone, but not during periods with dexamethasone.

Conclusion

Sleep-wake rhythms are disturbed, physical activity levels lower, and cancer-related fatigue levels higher during maintenance therapy. Interventions aimed to enhance sleep-wake rhythms during maintenance therapy could improve cancer-related fatigue. Families should be supported in coping with the additional burden of dexamethasone treatment to improve well-being of ALL patients.
9-Methyl-β-carboline inhibits monoamine oxidase activity and stimulates the expression of neurotrophic factors by astrocytes
Authors: Keller Sebastian , Polanski Witold Henryk , Enzensperger Christoph , Reichmann Heinz , Hermann Andreas , Gille Gabriele
Published: April 2020

β-Carbolines (BC) are pyridoindoles, which can be found in various exogenous and endogenous sources. Recent studies revealed neurostimulative, neuroprotective, neuroregenerative and anti-inflammatory effects of 9-methyl-BC (9-Me-BC). Additionally, 9-me-BC increased neurite outgrowth of dopaminergic neurons independent of dopamine uptake into these neurons. In this study, the role of astrocytes in neurostimulative, neuroregenerative and neuroprotective properties of 9-me-BC was further explored.

9-Me-BC exerted anti-proliferative effects without toxic properties in dopaminergic midbrain and cortical astrocyte cultures. The organic cation transporter (OCT) but not the dopamine transporter seem to mediate at least part the effect of 9-me-BC on astrocytes. Remarkably, 9-me-BC stimulated the gene expression of several important neurotrophic factors for dopaminergic neurons like Artn, Bdnf, Egln1, Tgfb2 and Ncam1. These factors are well known to stimulate neurite outgrowth and to show neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties to dopaminergic neurons against various toxins. Further, we show that effect of 9-me-BC is mediated through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Additionally, 9-me-BC showed inhibitory properties to monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity with an IC50 value of 1 µM for MAO-A and of 15.5 µM for MAO-B. The inhibition of MAO by 9-me-BC might contribute to the observed increased dopamine content and anti-apoptotic properties in cell culture after 9-me-BC treatment in recent studies. Thus, 9-me-BC have a plethora of beneficial effects on dopaminergic neurons warranting its exploration as a new multimodal anti-parkinsonian medication.
Sequence-based comparison of field and vaccine strains of infectious bursal disease virus in Ethiopia reveals an amino acid mismatch in the immunodominant VP2 protein
Authors: Shegu Dereje , Sori Teshale , Tesfaye Asaminew , Belay Alebachew , Mohammed Hawa , Degefa Teferi , Getachew Belayneh , Abayneh Takele , Gelaye Esayas
Published: April 2020

Sequencing of the VP2 region was carried out to identify amino acid mismatches between vaccine strains and field isolates of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Viruses were isolated in chicken embryo fibroblast (DF-1) cells using pooled samples of bursa collected from nine outbreaks, which affected 30,250 chickens in five localities, with an overall mortality of 47.87%. Virus strains were identified by comparing the deduced amino acid sequence between positions 232 and 446 of the immunodominant VP2 epitope. All of the pooled samples were positive for IBDV. RT-PCR yielded a 645-bp DNA fragment of the VP2 gene. Phylogenetic analysis of this fragment revealed clustering of these isolates with very virulent IBDV strains. The amino acid sequences of these isolates were identical to those of the European very virulent strains UK 661 and DV 86, except at position 222, but differed from the vaccine strains used in Ethiopia, suggesting the possible introduction of virulent virus strains to Ethiopia from Europe. Our study demonstrates the widespread presence of very virulent strains of IBDV on poultry farms in Ethiopia and demonstrates the need to evaluate the protective level of existing vaccines against circulating field viruses.
Challenges in physician-patient communication for optimal management of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease: a discourse analysis
Authors: Denton Christopher P. , Laird Bee , Moros Lizette , Flores Jose Luis Luna
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare, potentially life-threatening condition. The prognosis is difficult to predict, and treatment is complex. This can be difficult to understand or explain, posing challenges for effective physician-patient communication. Our study assessed communication between physicians and patients with systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) to identify information gaps and needs.

Methods

Twenty-three 20-min consultations between physicians (rheumatologists, pulmonologists) and patients (19 real, 4 actors) with diagnosed SSc-ILD across 6 countries were observed and recorded. Interactional sociolinguistic discourse analysis was used to understand the pattern and meaning of communication, whether the needs of both participants were met, and the level of understanding between participants.

Results

In most consultations, patients were given little opportunity to explain their concerns or ask questions. Physicians used plain language but would revert to medical terminology for complex issues. Patients would also use medical terminology, despite not fully understanding the terms, which led to some physicians mistakenly believing that patients had a better understanding than they did. Differences in cognitive models between physicians and patients were often responsible for misunderstandings. However, during effective consultations, patients were invited to tell their story, and physicians used techniques to check and demonstrate understanding, express empathy and build rapport.

Conclusions

Communication challenges between physicians and patients limit joint understanding of SSc-ILD and may result in both parties misunderstanding important information and patients being less aware of self-help management approaches. Strategies should be developed with physicians to facilitate effective communication and increase patient understanding and support.

Key Points• Physicians and patients have different explanatory models for SSc-ILD.• The differences between the physician-constructed model of SSc-ILD and the personal model patients construct often result in misunderstandings. • Many patients with SSc have learned the medical terminology for their condition, but their often limited understanding may lead to missed opportunities for physicians to provide clear explanations and correct misperceptions.• The style of consultation determines the information patients share and the degree to which they feel supported by, and confident in, their physicians’ care.
Fiddler crabs and their above-ground sedimentary structures: a review
Authors: Pardo Juan C. F. , Stefanelli-Silva Gabriel , Christy John H. , Costa Tânia M.
Published: April 2020

Fiddler crabs are abundant, semi-terrestrial crustaceans inhabiting tropical, subtropical and warm temperate coasts worldwide. Some species build above-ground sedimentary structures at or near the opening to their burrows. The functions and shapes of these constructions vary interspecifically and according to the sex of the builder. Here, we compile the dispersed reports on these structures, suggest uniform naming for different shapes, review explanations for their functions and explore associations between the attributes of builders and their structures. We found that 47 fiddler crab species build at least one type (or subtype) of structure, including chimneys, hoods, pillars, semidomes, mudballs, and rims. Sedimentary structures show a strong association with sediment type as well as builder front type, genus and sex, but not with fiddler crab clade. Experimental studies have revealed distinct, sometimes multiple functions for some of these structures (e.g., female attraction, reduction of aggressive behavior and/or landmark orientation); however, most studies have been observational leaving the proposed functions of these structures for many species untested. Both field and laboratory experiments as well as observational studies can help us to better understand these sedimentary structures and their role in fiddler crab behavior and ecology.
Atomically Layered Helium Films at Ultralow Temperatures: Model Systems for Realizing Quantum Materials
Authors: Saunders John , Cowan Brian , Nyéki Jan
Published: April 2020

This year is also the 50th anniversary of the discovery of exfoliated graphite as a particularly uniform substrate (Thomy and Duval in J Chim Phys 66:1966, 1969.10.1051/jcp/196966s21966, J Chim Phys 67:286, 1970.10.1051/jcp/1970670286, J Chim Phys 67:1101, 1970.10.1051/jcp/1970671101). In this article, we focus on the study of helium films on graphite-based substrates at ultralow temperatures. We provide a flavour of the historical development of this subject and a perspective on the current status. We discuss how atomically layered helium films provide model systems for the realization of a broad range of quantum materials of generic significance. Future prospects arising from new techniques and new substrates will also be discussed.
Metabolomic changes of the multi (-AGC-) kinase inhibitor AT13148 in cells, mice and patients are associated with NOS regulation
Authors: Pal Akos , Asad Yasmin , Ruddle Ruth , Henley Alan T. , Swales Karen , Decordova Shaun , Eccles Suzanne A . , Collins Ian , Garrett Michelle D. , De Bono Johann , Banerji Udai , Raynaud Florence I.
Published: April 2020

Introduction

To generate biomarkers of target engagement or predictive response for multi-target drugs is challenging. One such compound is the multi-AGC kinase inhibitor AT13148. Metabolic signatures of selective signal transduction inhibitors identified in preclinical models have previously been confirmed in early clinical studies. This study explores whether metabolic signatures could be used as biomarkers for the multi-AGC kinase inhibitor AT13148.

Objectives

To identify metabolomic changes of biomarkers of multi-AGC kinase inhibitor AT13148 in cells, xenograft / mouse models and in patients in a Phase I clinical study.

Methods

HILIC LC–MS/MS methods and Biocrates AbsoluteIDQ™ p180 kit were used for targeted metabolomics; followed by multivariate data analysis in SIMCA and statistical analysis in Graphpad. Metaboanalyst and String were used for network analysis.

Results

BT474 and PC3 cells treated with AT13148 affected metabolites which are in a gene protein metabolite network associated with Nitric oxide synthases (NOS). In mice bearing the human tumour xenografts BT474 and PC3, AT13148 treatment did not produce a common robust tumour specific metabolite change. However, AT13148 treatment of non-tumour bearing mice revealed 45 metabolites that were different from non-treated mice. These changes were also observed in patients at doses where biomarker modulation was observed. Further network analysis of these metabolites indicated enrichment for genes associated with the NOS pathway. The impact of AT13148 on the metabolite changes and the involvement of NOS-AT13148- Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) interaction were consistent with hypotension observed in patients in higher dose cohorts (160-300 mg).

Conclusion

AT13148 affects metabolites associated with NOS in cells, mice and patients which is consistent with the clinical dose-limiting hypotension.
Adapting to the Challenges of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases: Evidence from Russia
Authors: Gerry Christopher J , Kaneva Maria
Published: April 2020

As life expectancies increase and healthcare improves, increasing numbers of the population can expect to live with combinations of two or more chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Population studies suggest that more than half of older-aged adults report having multiple chronic NCDs (multimorbidities) and two-thirds of total health spending in high-income countries is accounted for by patients with multimorbidities. Beyond the need to obviate the growing burden on healthcare systems, the increasing incidence and prevalence of multimorbidity and its effects requires further investigation. Using nationally representative data from a Russian population survey, we examine the impact of chronic NCDs on self-assessed health, explore the prevalence of multimorbidity and, applying an iterative partial proportional odds estimator, examine how different combinations of chronic NCDs interact to influence self-assessed health. Confirming that there are high levels of chronic NCDs and associated multimorbidities, we find that the impact of these on self-assessed health is greater than previous estimates suggested but that, where there are dual morbidities, the effect of the additional disease is weaker than it would have been if experienced as a single condition. We conclude that individuals possess critical adaptive psychological mechanisms which attenuate the incremental health impact of additional chronic NCDs. These are important for understanding the relationship between illness and the quality of life.
Heterogeneity in relation to electrical and mineralogical properties of hematitic sandstone samples
Authors: Gomaa Mohamed Mahmoud
Published: April 2020

Electrical properties of mixtures of composite materials are sensitive to texture between grains. Electrical measurements of hematite and sandstone composite mixture were performed in the frequency range (5 × 10−4 Hz–105 Hz). This study is a trial to give more detailed information upon the effect of electrical properties and their relation to the ore composite mixture, its geochemical and spectrographic analyses. The composite mixture of the samples displays some similarity in the frequency-dependent response of the electrical properties that follow Jonscher’s universal law. The frequency dependence of electrical conductivity indicates that the sample behaves as a semiconductor material at relatively high frequencies. The spectra of the measured electrical properties vary strongly with the change of the concentration of the conductive elements and the texture of the specimens. The main change of the electrical properties is related to the conductor (saturation) concentration. This change does not increase monotonically with the increase in the conductor (saturation) concentration which may be attributed to the degree of heterogeneity between the grains (and texture). The interface between the grains controls the relatively low frequencies, whereas the bulk grain dominates the relatively high frequencies. The heterogeneity of the samples is an effective component in controlling the electrical properties of the composite mixtures.
Composite zeolite beta catalysts for catalytic hydrocracking of plastic waste to liquid fuels
Authors: Munir Dureem , Amer Hassaan , Aslam Rabya , Bououdina Mohamed , Usman Muhammad Rashid
Published: April 2020

The conversion of model waste plastic mixture into high-value liquid product was studied in the presence of hydrogen and composites of zeolite beta catalysts. For the sake of comparison, the conversion of actual waste plastic mixture and high-density polyethylene was also carried out. The composite zeolite beta catalysts were synthesized using a range of silica-to-alumina ratios, alkali concentrations, and hydrothermal treatment times. SEM, EDX, XRD, N2-BET, FTIR, and py-FTIR were used for the characterization of the catalysts. The catalytic experiments were conducted in a 500 ml stirred batch reactor at 20 bar initial cold H2 pressure and the temperature of the reaction was varied between 360 and 400 °C. The two composite catalysts, BC27 and BC48, prepared without alkali pretreatment were found to be the most suitable catalysts. With BC27 and BC48 at 400 °C, 93.0 wt% conversion was obtained with actual plastic mixture and the liquid yield exceeded 68.0 wt%. Experiments with the regenerated catalysts showed their performance comparable to the fresh catalysts.
Improved Photoresponse of UV Photodetectors by the Incorporation of Plasmonic Nanoparticles on GaN Through the Resonant Coupling of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance
Authors: Kunwar Sundar , Pandit Sanchaya , Jeong Jae-Hun , Lee Jihoon
Published: April 2020

Very small metallic nanostructures, i.e., plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs), can demonstrate the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect, a characteristic of the strong light absorption, scattering and localized electromagnetic field via the collective oscillation of surface electrons upon on the excitation by the incident photons. The LSPR of plasmonic NPs can significantly improve the photoresponse of the photodetectors. In this work, significantly enhanced photoresponse of UV photodetectors is demonstrated by the incorporation of various plasmonic NPs in the detector architecture. Various size and elemental composition of monometallic Ag and Au NPs, as well as bimetallic alloy AgAu NPs, are fabricated on GaN (0001) by the solid-state dewetting approach. The photoresponse of various NPs are tailored based on the geometric and elemental evolution of NPs, resulting in the highly enhanced photoresponsivity of 112 A W−1, detectivity of 2.4 × 1012 Jones and external quantum efficiency of 3.6 × 104% with the high Ag percentage of AgAu alloy NPs at a low bias of 0.1 V. The AgAu alloy NP detector also demonstrates a fast photoresponse with the relatively short rise and fall time of less than 160 and 630 ms, respectively. The improved photoresponse with the AgAu alloy NPs is correlated with the simultaneous effect of strong plasmon absorption and scattering, increased injection of hot electrons into the GaN conduction band and reduced barrier height at the alloy NPs/GaN interface.
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy: Time to Maximal Recovery in Patients Receiving Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy
Authors: Opala Adrian R. , Kennedy Kevin , Baker Steven K.
Published: April 2020

Background:

The response of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) to intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIgs) treatment is well established. However, it remains unclear whether patients not responding to two IVIg treatments or those whose condition stabilizes (ICE trial) may benefit from additional doses. We aim to identify the time period required to reach maximal strength gains from IVIg treatment.

Methods:

Retrospective chart review of 14 patients with CIDP was performed. Change in handgrip (HG), Knee extension (KE), elbow flexion, and dorsiflexion was analyzed with a dynamometer during IVIg therapy. Strength improvements in Nm or kg, cumulative grams (g) of IVIg, and time in days required for maximal strength recovery were determined per function (± standard error of the mean). Ancillary therapy was recorded for all patients.

Results:

Improvements in strength of each function were significant (p < 0.05). Earliest improvement was in HG (137.07 ± 21.23) and latest in KE (238.15 ± 38.9). Majority of patients improved by 200 days of therapy. HG required the lowest cumulative grams of IgG (561.71 ± 97.21) and KE the most (798 ± 120.7).

Conclusion:

Our study has demonstrated the effectiveness of multiple treatments with IVIg to reach significant improvement in strength. Different muscle groups manifested different time dependency, reflecting the requirement of variable amounts of IVIg. Improvement was identified on an ongoing basis, with therapy lasting between 20.2 and 37.3 weeks, requiring between 562 and 798 g of IVIg.
Récits de justice et office du juge en Chine
Authors: Piquet Hélène
Published: April 2020

Cet article traite du concours « Le bon juge que j’aime le plus » organisé par la Cour Populaire Suprême de Chine (CPS) en 2017. Nous expliquerons l’importance du concours et les fins véritables qu’il sert dans le contexte judiciaire chinois marqué entre autres par l’exode des juges de la profession et la campagne anti-corruption du Parti Communiste Chinois. Les dossiers des dix juges modèles lauréats seront analysés afin de dégager certaines des attentes qui pèsent sur les juges chinois et le regard de la CPS sur divers enjeux de la justice. Le concours s’inscrit dans une tradition chinoise qui a traversé les siècles, le recours aux personnages modèles.
Lessons Learned From the Higher Risk Perception and the Efficient Flood Mitigation in Haji-Abad, Golestan Province, Iran, 2019
Authors: Heidari Mohammad , Sayfouri Nasrin , Heidari Samaneh
Published: April 2020

Objective:

In the present study, the factors inducing the successful immediate mitigation measures and other activities at Haji-Abad village in Golestan Province, Iran, were scrutinized.

Methods:

To find authentic data, information was gathered from a variety of sources, including mass media documents and interviews with the related Health House attendant (Behvarz) at Haji-Abad and the disaster liaison at the Rural-Urban Healthcare Center, both of whom were among the residents. A thematic analysis was performed on the transcriptions.

Results:

The findings showed that apart from the favorable geographical location of the area, appropriate education as well as vast family kinship among the residents were the major causes that induced high-risk perception, adequate collaboration and coordination among the residents and between them and the local authorities, and the women's active participation; these major effects, in turn, helped provide all of the efficient mitigation measures leading to the flood control.

Conclusion:

It is recommended that opportunities for people's collaboration in preparedness, mitigation measures, and resilience during the occurrence of disasters be arranged by means of providing related inclusive operational education prior to the incidents. This can simultaneously generate risk perception and help people assume themselves as the owners of the disasters.
Interorganizational Coordination and Collaboration During the 2015 MERS-CoV Response in South Korea
Authors: Kim Yushim , Oh Seong Soo , Ku Minyoung , Byeon Jihyun
Published: April 2020

Objectives:

This study examined the way organizations were involved in the response to the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV, MERS) outbreak that occurred in Korea in 2015.

Data and Methods:

We collected organizational network data through a content analysis of online news articles and the government’s white paper. Social network analysis was used to analyze the key organizations and their connections in crucial response tasks.

Results:

Three national health authorities (Central MERS Management Headquarters [CMMH], Korea Centers for Disease Control [KCDC], Ministry of Health and Welfare [MOHW]) led the response. CMMH, which did not appear in the government’s response plans, played a significant role in all 3 networks. KCDC also was involved in all 3 networks, but was most prominent in the laboratory testing network. MOHW appeared only in the patient management network. Each health authority coordinated and collaborated with distinctive types of organizations in the networks, but unclear lines of responsibilities also were found.

Conclusions:

The study demonstrated that the roles and responsibilities of health authorities at the national level were fragmented and lacked clarity. Public health emergency preparedness must consider carefully the way to establish collaborative response systems.
Ethical Decision-Making in Humanitarian Medicine: How Best to Prepare?
Authors: Simm Kadri
Published: April 2020

Ethical decision-making during humanitarian medical response is a topic of great moral as well as practical importance. The context of humanitarian disasters, often characterized by acute time-pressure, lack of resources, the unfamiliarity of circumstances, is stressful for medical professionals. The overall aim of this article is pragmatic, to introduce briefly the importance and context for preparing medical disaster response personnel for ethical decision-making and then to provide a discussion case and explain the particular value-reflection methodology. The focus of methodology is on providing space for the emotional and stressful aspects of ethics training for disasters.
Globalizing Feminism: Taking Refuge in the Liberated Mind
Authors: Huntington Patricia
Published: April 2020

One of the most pressing and urgent academic tasks of the day is to dismantle the persistent Eurocentrism of philosophy. In the quest to remedy the white, middle-class, heteronormative, and European biases of philosophy's initial expressions, feminist theorizing has cultivated culturally and ethnically specific forms, intersectional analyses, and global articulations. Buddhism beyond Gender and Women and Buddhist Philosophy breathe new vitality into these pursuits. Both books underscore the immense potential of the core doctrines of Buddhist philosophy, such as the nonsubstantialist view of self, the nondualistic outlook, and the ontological premise of the interdependence of all beings (pratītyasamutpāda), for overcoming Western hierarchies, reified conceptions of identity, and pernicious dichotomies. The two women represented in these books—Rita Gross herself (1943–2015) and Kim Iryŏp, a Buddhist nun (1896–1971)—ground philosophy in a narrative, existential journey and in their personal practices as Buddhists. In contrast with Gross's second-wave methodology and revisionist aims, Park's contribution to comparative feminist scholarship underscores the originality of Iryŏp's attempt to rethink Buddhist ideas in a contemporary feminist context. Particularly compelling is that Park unequivocally defends existential narrative as a genre of philosophy largely through an analysis of the Buddhist nun's love letters.
Perceived values-congruence and employees' change beliefs
Authors: Rahn Oliver G. , Soutar Geoffrey N. , Lee Julie A.
Published: April 2020

This study investigates the effects of employees' perceived values-congruence within an organisation affect employees' beliefs about organisational change. Specifically, we investigated the effects employees' perceived values-congruence with their organisation, supervisor and colleagues had on beliefs about an organisational change implementation and tested whether these relationships were mediated by employees' felt trust and perceptions of the quality of their organisations' communication, as suggested by the literature. Data from 251 respondents who had undergone an organisational change within the last 6 months were analysed. Support was found for the influence all three types of perceived values-congruence (i.e. congruence with their organisation, supervisor and colleagues) had on change-related beliefs and strong support was found for the mediation role played by trust and the quality of communication.
Application of the radionuclide210Pb in glaciology – an overview
Authors: Gäggeler Heinz W. , Tobler Leonhard , Schwikowski Margit , Jenk Theo M.
Published: April 2020

210Pb is an environmental radionuclide with a half-life of 22.3 years, formed in the atmosphere via radioactive decay of radon (222Rn).222Rn itself is a noble gas with a half-life of 3.8 days and is formed via radioactive decay of uranium (238U) contained in the Earth crust from where it constantly emanates into the atmosphere.210Pb atoms attach to aerosol particles, which are then deposited on glaciers via scavenging with fresh snow. Due to its half-life, ice cores can be dated with this radionuclide over roughly one century, depending on the initial210Pb activity concentration. Optimum210Pb dating is achieved for cold glaciers with no – or little – influence by percolating meltwater. This paper presents an overview which not only includes dating of cold glaciers but also some special cases of210Pb applications in glaciology addressing temperate glaciers, glaciers with negative mass balance, sublimation processes on glaciers in arid regions, determination of annual net snow accumulation as well as glacier flow rates.
On the path of time: temporal motion in typological perspective
Authors: FEIST MICHELE I. , DUFFY SARAH E.
Published: April 2020

The Moving Ego and Moving Time metaphors have provided a fertile testing ground for the psychological reality of space–time metaphors. Despite this, little research has targeted the linguistic patterns used in these two mappings. To fill that gap, the current study uses corpus data to examine the use of motion verbs in two typologically different languages, English and Spanish. We first investigated the relative frequency of the two metaphors. Whereas we observed no difference in frequency in the Spanish data, our findings indicated that in English, Moving Time expressions are more prevalent than are Moving Ego expressions. Second, we focused on the patterns of use of the verbs themselves, asking whether well-known typological patterns in the expression of spatial motion would carry over to temporal motion. Specifically, we examined the frequencies of temporal uses of path and manner verbs in English and in Spanish. Contra the patterns observed in space, we observed a preference for path verbs in both languages, with this preference more strongly evident in English than in Spanish. In addition, our findings revealed greater use of motion verbs in temporal expressions in Spanish compared to English. These findings begin to outline constraints on the aspects of spatial conceptualization that are likely to be reused in the conceptualization of time.
The Strength of Two Hands: Conflicting Stakeholder Pressures and Corporate Philanthropic Giving
Authors: Zhang Liang , Zhang Zhe , Jia Ming , Ren Yeyao
Published: April 2020

We develop a stakeholder framework that examines how firms respond to the conflicting demands that arise from governments and investors in the context of corporate philanthropic giving. We argue that firms that experience such conflict exhibit a decoupling response in philanthropic giving. Furthermore, we identify the boundary conditions of the relationship between the conflicting pressures and the decoupling response. Drawing on stakeholder salience literature, we argue that this relationship will be weakened when CEOs perceive government demands as more salient (such as those with a communist ideology) and when CEOs are less sensitive to investor claims (such as those with fewer career concerns). We find empirical support for our arguments using a sample of 8,857 Chinese listed firms from 2006 to 2015. Our study contributes to the literature on stakeholder theory, decoupling, and corporate philanthropy.
Pain and sharing: A re-examination of the findings of Bastian, Jetten, and Ferris (2014)
Authors: Qi Fangzhu , Sun Qian , Yao Jin , Dai Rubing , Wang Xiuxin , Liu Yongfang
Published: April 2020

Bastian, Jetten, and Ferris ( 2014 ) reported that shared pain enhances people’s bonding and cooperative behavior, but that shared no-pain has no such effect. They concluded that shared pain is a type of social glue that can improve people’s cooperation. However, in real life, both painful and painless experiences are often nonshared. Logically, the most direct way to determine whether sharing is the important element or not is to compare shared conditions with nonshared conditions. We conducted two experiments to investigate the relative effects of pain and sharing on enhancing people’s bonding and cooperative behavior by adding conditions of unshared pain and unshared no-pain. In experiment 1, we replicated Bastian, Jetten, and Ferris’s ( 2014 ) findings, and found that the effect of pain on bonding was mediated by empathy. In experiment 2, we used a 2 (pain/no-pain) × 2 (shared/unshared) design and found that while shared pain still induced more cooperative behavior than shared no-pain, unshared pain did not induce more cooperative behavior than unshared no-pain. Moreover, we found that empathy significantly mediated the relationship between pain and bonding when participants shared the experience. These results suggest that sharing is a necessary component for pain to act as social glue.
Effects of photoperiod on development and demographic parameters of the predatory thripsScolothrips longicornisfed onTetranychus urticae
Authors: Pakyari Hajar , McNeill Mark R.
Published: April 2020

The effect of five photoperiods (0:24, 6:18; 12:12, 18:6, and 24:0 light:dark (L:D)) on the development, reproduction, and survival of the predatory thripsScolothrips longicornisPriesner fed on the two-spotted spider mite,Tetranychus urticaeKoch, was tested under laboratory conditions at 60% RH and 25°C. Development time of almost all immature stages inS. longicorniswas the shortest under long day lengths (18:6 and 24:0 L:D). The adult duration of both sexes decreased with increasing light length from 6 to 24 h. The longevity of male and female decreased with increasing light length. Under a 12:12 L:D photoperiod,S. longicornisfemales had the longest oviposition period and longevity, highest net reproductive rate (R0= 15.37), intrinsic rate of natural increase (r= 0.141), and finite rate of increase (λ= 1.151). Life table parameters showed a significant difference with various photoperiods. The consequences of the present research demonstrated that a 12:12 L:D photoperiod is the most favorable for the reproduction and development ofS. longicornisfed onT. urticae, and that for mas rearing for augmentative biological control programs, would be the ideal photoperiod to maximize production.
The Tumblagooda Sandstone revisited: exceptionally abundant trace fossils and geological outcrop provide a window onto Palaeozoic littoral habitats before invertebrate terrestrialization
Authors: Shillito Anthony P. , Davies Neil S.
Published: April 2020

The establishment of permanent animal communities on land was a defining event in the history of evolution, and one for which the ichnofauna and facies of the Tumblagooda Sandstone of Western Australia have been considered an archetypal case study. However, terrestrialization can only be understood from the rock record with conclusive sedimentological evidence for non-marine deposition, and original fieldwork on the formation shows that a marine influence was pervasive throughout all trace fossil-bearing strata. Four distinct facies associations are described, deposited in fluvial, tidal and estuarine settings. Here we explain the controversies surrounding the age and depositional environment of the Tumblagooda Sandstone, many of which have arisen due to the challenges in distinguishing marine from non-marine depositional settings in lower Palaeozoic successions. We clarify the terminological inconsistency that has hindered such determination, and demonstrate how palaeoenvironmental explanations can be expanded out from unambiguously indicative sedimentary structures. The Tumblagooda Sandstone provides a unique insight into an early Palaeozoic ichnofauna that was strongly partitioned by patchy resource distribution in a littoral setting. The influence of outcrop style and quality is accounted for to contextualize this ichnofauna, revealing six distinct low-disparity groups of trace fossil associations, each related to a different sub-environment within the high-ichnodisparity broad depositional setting. The formation is compared with contemporaneous ichnofaunas to examine its continued significance to understanding the terrestrialization process. Despite not recording permanent non-marine communities, the Tumblagooda Sandstone provides a detailed picture of the realm left behind by the first invertebrate pioneers of terrestrialization.
NEW HISTORIES OF AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS
Authors: ARNOLD-FORSTER TOM
Published: April 2020

Will Irwin worked as a reporter and muckraker for ten years before he wroteThe American newspaper(1911). Published byCollier'smagazine over fifteen issues, it was a pioneering study of ‘journalism in its relation to the public’, and it has been much cited by historians. Irwin argued that American newspapers in the early twentieth century had come to possess enormous power; indeed, ‘no other extrajudicial force, except religion, is half so powerful’. Newspapers had been significant influences on public opinion since the early nineteenth century and had become even more important and popular with the rise of ‘yellow journalism’ in the 1890s. But Irwin worried about conflicts between ‘the business attitude’, which insisted that newspapers were commercial products above all, and ‘the professional attitude’, which identified journalism with civic education and the public interest. He was especially anxious about ‘the advertising influence’, on which newspapers depended for economic survival, and which necessarily damaged their journalism. For when advertisers wanted stories spiked or editorials altered, they generally had their way. And when publishers courted businessmen over drinks and dinner, they grew fat and corrupt. So ‘the perplexity of free journalism’ was that ‘so long as our American capitalism retains its insolence and its ruthlessness of method, commercial publishers of million-dollar newspapers must recognize this [advertising] influence whether they like it or no. And many of them do like it.’ Irwin's sense that newspapers claimed to be the people's tribunes but often served their owner's interests made him think that ‘the system is dishonest to its marrow’. Thus his study raised some enduring questions for historians: why were newspapers so powerful? How important were their publishers? Is free journalism ever possible?
Do Analysts and Their Employers Value Access to Management? Evidence from Earnings Conference Call Participation
Authors: Cen Ling , Chen Jing , Dasgupta Sudipto , Ragunathan Vanitha
Published: April 2020

The literature examining analyst activity assumes that access to management is valued by analysts and their employers. We propose a readily observable measure of access: How often an analyst is invited to be among the first to ask questions in the Q&A session of an earnings conference call. These “early participants” are more successful in the labor market than peers from the same brokerage when their brokerages close. Our results show that access is valued by both sell-side and buy-side employers and reflects connectivity to management as well as analyst skill dimensions not captured in traditional measures of performance.
Dynamics of Arbitrage
Authors: Ederington Louis H. , Fernando Chitru S. , Holland Kateryna V. , Lee Thomas K. , Linn Scott C.
Published: April 2020

We study the dynamics of cash-and-carry arbitrage using the U.S. crude oil market. Sizable arbitrage-related inventory movements occur at the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) futures contract delivery point but not at other storage locations, where instead, operational factors explain most inventory changes. We add to the theory-of-storage literature by introducing two new features. First, due to arbitrageurs contracting ahead, inventories respond to not only contemporaneous but also lagged futures spreads. Second, storage-capacity limits can impede cash-and-carry arbitrage, leading to the persistence of unexploited arbitrage opportunities. Our findings suggest that arbitrage-induced inventory movements are, on average, price stabilizing.
Behind the recent acceleration of the Arctic oil and gas development in Russia: Potential, ongoing projects and challenges
Authors: Harada Daisuke
Published: April 2020

The Arctic is the last potential source of hydrocarbon left on Earth which makes it a quite attractive area for oil and gas company expansion and development. However, this development cannot proceed without the support from the Russian government. There are non-negligible risks which cannot be evaluated by pure economics as well as various challenges that must be overcome. This commentary will explore those risks and challenges and evaluate the recent acceleration of Arctic oil and gas development in Russia. It will also set the stage where the discussion on the sustainability of Russian Arctic resource development should be focused.
Practitioners respond to Suzanne Graham's ‘Research into practice: Listening strategies in an instructed classroom setting’. (2017)
Authors: Haslett Emily
Published: April 2020

With a certain tone of concern, Suzanne Graham's article presents readers with a series of perceived problems related to current methods of teaching listening skills in the second language classroom. The general explanation behind these observations is the author's perception that language teachers’ practices do not ‘reflect current thinking from the research strategy literature’ (p. 108). Graham argues that research findings on the benefits of explicit strategy instruction are not being utilized in the classroom and that the research-based pedagogical approaches that are being used are often over-applied.