bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enteric Clostridium perfringens infection associated with parvoviral enteritis in dogs: 74 cases (1987-1990)
Authors: Turk James , Fales William , Miller Margaret , Pace Lanny , Fischer John , Johnson Gayle , Kreeger John , Turnquist Susan , Pittman Louis , Rottinghaus Audrey , Gosser Harvey
Published: December 2023

Parvovirus infection was confirmed by fluorescent antibody staining of or viral isolation from specimens of small intestine in 181 (17%) of 1,110 dogs necropsied between July 1, 1987 and Dec 31, 1990. Clostridium perfringens was isolated from 74 (69%) of 108 dogs with parvovirus infection from which specimens of jejunum also had been obtained for culture of anaerobic bacteria. Gram-positive bacilli in association with focal to diffuse necrosis of the superficial portions of the villi were observed in histologic sections of specimens of small intestine from 56 (98%) of 57 dogs from which parvovirus and C perfringens had been identified. These findings indicate that C perfringens frequently proliferates in dogs with parvovirus infection.
Diagnosis of luteal and follicular ovarian cysts by palpation per rectum and linear-array ultrasonography in dairy cows
Authors: Farin P. W. , Youngquist R. S. , Parfet J. R. , Garverick H. A.
Published: December 2023

The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the accuracy of palpation per rectum and linear-array ultrasonography for diagnosing follicular vs luteal ovarian cysts in cows. Forty-seven examinations of ovarian cysts from 28 cows were diagnosed by palpation per rectum as either a firm, thick-walled structure (luteal cyst) or a soft, thin-walled structure (follicular cyst) during weekly herd examinations. The ovaries of each cow were then examined by ultrasonography. Ultrasonograms of cysts >25 mm in diameter were diagnosed as luteal or follicular cysts and were recorded on videotape for evaluation by a second clinician. Serum progesterone concentrations at the time of examination were determined by radioimmunoassay and used to classify luteal (>0.5 ng/ml) or follicular (≤0.5 ng/ml) cysts. Selection of this discriminatory level was based on response of a proportion of cows with luteal cysts that were given 25 mg of prostaglandin F2α at the time of diagnosis by ultrasonography.

Sensitivity and specificity of palpation per rectum for diagnosis of type of ovarian cyst were low (43.3 and 64.7%, respectively). In contrast, sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography were considerably higher (86.7 and 82.3%, respectively). Agreement between the 2 methods of diagnosis was 57.4%. Overall agreement between the 2 clinicians’ diagnoses by ultrasonography was 85.1%. On the basis of our findings, we confirm that luteal and follicular cysts cannot be accurately differentiated by palpation per rectum alone. These data suggest that linear-array ultrasonography is more effective than palpation per rectum for diagnosing type of ovarian cyst in cows.
Hematologic effects and feeding performance in cattle fed cull domestic onions (Allium cepa)
Authors: Lincoln S. D. , Howell M. E. , Combs J. J. , Hinman D. D.
Published: December 2023

For 119 days, 36 cattle, allotted to 6 treatment groups, were fed a balanced growth diet containing 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25% cull onions on a dry-matter basis. Cattle performance was comparable to that associated with barley-base non-onion diet; statistical differences were not observed among treatments. During the first 28 days of the study, reduction in numbers of rbc hemoglobin concentration, and pcv was observed in all cattle fed onions, but clinical anemia was not seen in any individual animal. After onion feeding was discontinued at 119 days, rbc numbers, hemoglobin concentration, and pcv returned to baseline values within 30 days. Heinz bodies were detected in erythrocytes of all cattle fed onions, and the percentage was proportional to the amount of onions consumed. Addictive onion consumption was prevented by mixing chopped or crushed onions in a total balanced ration.
Evaluation of selected plants for their toxic effects in canaries
Authors: Arai Mariko , Stauber Erik , Shropshire Crystal M.
Published: December 2023

Leaves or fruit from 14 plants considered to be toxic to pet birds were administered by gavage to 15 pairs of canaries (Serinus canaria). Each bird was given 0.12 to 0.70 g of plant material. One pair served as a control and was given distilled water. The plant materials were flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen, pulverized, and resuspended in deionized water for administration. Of the plants tested, 5 (oleander, lupine, foxglove, yew leaves, and dieffenbachia) were considered highly toxic and were associated with acute death of birds. The remaining plant samples caused no, or only transient, clinical illness.
Relationship to growth performance of pneumonia and atrophic rhinitis lesions detected in pigs at slaughter among four seasons
Authors: Scheidt A. B. , Mayrose V. B. , Hill M. A. , Clark L. K. , Einstein M. E. , Frantz S. F. , Runnels L. J. , Knox K. E.
Published: December 2023

A commercial swine herd was selected for study, because pigs at slaughter repeatedly had lung lesions consistent with enzootic pneumonia and had snout lesions typical of atrophic rhinitis. Pigs born during various seasons of the year were allotted to 4 investigations and were evaluated from birth to slaughter. Individual lungs and snouts were identified and collected at the slaughter plant and later examined for gross lesions of bronchopneumonia and atrophic rhinitis, respectively. Each lesion was scored, and the following comparisons were made within investigations: prevalence and mean scores for lung lesions; prevalence and mean grades for snout lesions; correlations between lung lesion scores and growth indicators; correlations between snout lesion grades and growth indicators; and correlations between lung lesion scores and snout grade scores. Included in the growth indicators were average daily gain during the growing phase, average daily gain during the finishing phase, average daily gain during growing and finishing phases, and days to attain 104.5 kg of body weight. Prevalence of lung or snout lesions, mean values for lung lesion scores, mean values for snout lesion grades, and mean values for the various growth indicators were tested for statistical differences among the 4 investigations.

Prevalence of lung lesions was highest (96%) for winter-slaughtered and lowest (81%) for autumn-slaughtered pigs. Mean scores for lung lesions were 7% (summer), 5% (autumn), 9% (winter), and 16% (spring). Prevalence of snout lesions was highest (85%) for spring-slaughtered pigs and lowest (42%) for autumn-slaughtered pigs. Mean grades for snout lesions were 1.5 (summer), 0.9 (autumn), 1.3 (winter), and 1.9 (spring). Pigs slaughtered in autumn had the lowest mean days to attain 104.5 kg (176 days), whereas pigs slaughtered in winter had the highest mean days to attain 104.5 kg (184 days). None of the correlation coefficients for growth indicators and scores for lung lesions were significant during any investigation. Only 2 significant correlations between growth indicators and snout grades were detected during any of the 4 investigations and those were observed for the winter investigation. Significant correlations were observed between grades for snout lesions and average daily gain-total (−0.37, P < 0.001), and between grades for snout lesions and days to attain 104.5 kg (0.40, P < 0.001). Results do not justify use of scores for lung or snout lesions evaluated in pigs at slaughter during any season to estimate reduction in growth rate or economic impact of pneumonia or atrophic rhinitis.
Locations and types of neoplasms in immature dogs: 69 cases (1964-1989)
Authors: Keller Evan T. , Madewell Bruce R.
Published: December 2023

Sites, histologic types, and frequencies of neoplasms in immature dogs (≤6 months old) were evaluated from data collected over 25 years. The frequencies of neoplasms in immature dogs were compared with those of mature dogs (>6 months old).

Of 69 immature dogs with neoplasms, 5 had 2 primary neoplasms each, resulting in a total of 74 neoplasms. The 3 most common sites for neoplasia, in decreasing order, were the hematopoietic system, brain, and skin. Immature dogs were 10.9 times more likely to have a neoplasm located in the brain, compared with mature dogs. Immature dogs also were 3.3 times more likely to have a neoplasm associated with the hematopoietic system, compared with mature dogs.
Determination of the number of mast cells in lymph node, bone marrow, and buffy coat cytologic specimens from dogs
Authors: Bookbinder Paul F. , Butt Mark T. , Harvey H. J.
Published: December 2023

Cytologic samples of popliteal lymph node, proximal femoral bone marrow, and the buffy coat fraction of blood were obtained from 56 dogs. The number of mast cells on 1 slide of each sample was determined by microscopic examination. Eleven of 46 slides of lymph node aspirate contained mast cells (range, 1 to 16; mean, 6.4; median, 5 mast cells/slide). Fifty-one bone marrow aspirate slides were evaluated. Two of these contained a single mast cell. None of the 53 buffy coat smear slides examined contained any mast cells. These results indicated that in clinically normal dogs, a few to several mast cells may be encountered in smears of lymph node aspirate, mast cells are rare in smears of bone marrow aspirate, and mast cells are absent from smears of buffy coat.
Lymphocytic/plasmacytic gastroenteritis in cats: 14 cases (1985-1990)
Authors: Dennis Jeffrey S. , Kruger John M. , Mullaney Thomas P.
Published: December 2023

Over a 5-year period, lymphocytic/plasmacytic gastroenteritis was diagnosed in 14 cats. Purebred cats were affected significantly (P < 0.025) more often than nonpurebred cats. Mean age at onset of clinical signs was 6.8 years (range, 1 to 13 years); 11 cats were male. Vomiting and weight loss, each reported in 10 of 14 cats, were the most common clinical signs. Diarrhea was reported in 7 of 14 cats. Alopecia was found in 4 of 14 cats. High hepatic enzyme activities and low plasma protein concentrations were frequent biochemical findings. Hyperemia, hemorrhage, and a roughened or “cobblestone” mucosa were visualized by endoscopy in only 2 of 8 cats with duodenal disease and in 2 of 5 cats with gastric disease. Lymphocytic/plasmacytic inflammation was detected in biopsy specimens from the stomach or duodenum or both in all cats; the duodenum was affected most commonly. Degree of inflammation frequently varied among gastric, duodenal, and colonic specimens from the same cat. Glucocorticoid treatment and dietary management adequately controlled clinical signs in 7 cats, but treatment was ineffective in 6 cats, 5 of which were euthanatized because of severity of clinical signs.
Surgical treatment of dorsal cortical fractures of the third metacarpal bone in Thoroughbred racehorses: 53 cases (1985-1989)
Authors: Cervantes Carlos , Madison John B. , Ackerman Norman , Reed William O.
Published: December 2023

Between January 1985 and May 1989, 53 Thoroughbred horses (mean age 3.2 years) were surgically treated for dorsal cortical fractures of the third metacarpal bone (mc III). All horses were treated with cortical drilling through the fracture line (osteostixis). Diagnosis of the fractures was confirmed by xeroradiography. Lifetime racing records were obtained for all horses.

Forty-seven horses returned to racing after surgery (89%). The mean time between surgery and the first race was 6.8 months. Horses had a mean of 10.9 starts before surgery and 16.1 starts after surgery. The mean earnings per start before surgery was $6,459 and after surgery was $5,685. Of the 47 horses that raced after surgery, 70% raced at the same class or improved.

Complications related to surgery were seen in 10 horses. Two horses had a second fracture of mc 111 at the same site, and were again treated by osteostixis, after which both horses returned to competition. Fractured drill bits were left in the mc 111 of 4 horses. One of these horses had catastrophic failure of mc III. Two horses developed subcutaneous infections and 2 horses had catastrophic failure of mc 111 in the surgically treated limb. Osteostixis appears to be an effective treatment for returning horses affected with dorsal cortical fractures to racing.
Treatment of dogs with osteosarcoma by administration of cisplatin after amputation or limb-sparing surgery: 22 cases (1987-1990)
Authors: Berg John , Weinstein M. Joy , Schelling Scott H. , Rand William M.
Published: December 2023

Twenty-two dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma were treated by amputation (n = 17) or limb-sparing surgery (n = 5). All dogs were given cisplatin (60 mg/m2 of body surface, iv) at 3-week inervals, beginning 1 week after surgery. Number of cisplatin treatments ranged from 1 to 6. Survival data for the 22 dogs were compared with survival data from a historical control group consisting of 162 dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma treated by amputation alone.

Median survival time for the 22 dogs given cisplatin was estimated to be 46.4 weeks, and 1- and 2-year survival rates were estimated to be 45.5 and 20.9%, respectively. Survival time was significantly (P < 0.0001) longer for treated dogs than for control dogs. Statistically significant relation was not found between survival time and number of cisplatin treatments.

Three dogs were alive with no evidence of disease at the time of reporting. Of the remaining 19 dogs, 14 (73.4%) were euthanatized for problems documented to be related to metastases. Nine (47.4%) dogs were euthanatized because of bone metastases, and 5 (26.3%) were euthanatized because of pulmonary metastases. The proportion of dogs euthanatized because of bone metastases was significantly (P < 0.0001) higher for treated than for control dogs. Median survival times for dogs developing bone and lung metastases were estimated to be 51.2 weeks and 21.2 weeks, respectively; however, this difference was not statistically significant.

One local tumor recurrence was observed among dogs that had limb-sparing surgery. Significant difference in survival time was not observed between dogs that had limb-sparing surgery and dogs that underwent amputation.
Use of hepatobiliary scintigraphy in the diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary obstruction in dogs and cats: 25 cases (1982-1989)
Authors: Boothe Harry W. , Boothe Dawn M. , Komkov Andrea , Hightower Dan
Published: December 2023

Twenty-five animals (21 dogs and 4 cats) in which hepatobiliary scintigraphy (hbs) was performed between 1982 and 1989 were included in a retrospective study to determine the utility of hbs for diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Final diagnoses, which were based on liver biopsy results and surgical findings in all animals, were hepatocellular disease alone (n = 17), hepatocellular disease and extrahepatic biliary obstruction (n = 7), and normal liver (n = 1). Hepatobiliary scintigraphy was performed by use of 99mTc-diisopropyl iminodiacetic acid in all cases. All 7 cases of extrahepatic biliary obstruction were confirmed at surgery. In animals with biliary obstruction, hbs failed to demonstrate radiolabel within either the gallbladder or intestine at any time. Using nonvisualization of the intestine by 180 minutes as the scintigraphic criterion for diagnosis of biliary obstruction, sensitivity was 83% and specificity was 94% in this series. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy was concluded to be an accurate indicator of extrahepatic biliary obstruction in this group of animals. High serum bilirubin concentration at the time hbs was performed did not appear to reduce the diagnostic usefulness of the scintigraphic findings.
Variations of response of cattle to experimentally induced viral papillomatosis
Authors: Olson C. , Olson R.O. , Hubbard-Van Stelle S.
Published: December 2023

The common bovine papilloma virus type 1 has been widely used to stimulate basic research on papilloma viruses involved in some cancers of mankind. The usually benign neoplasms of cattle caused by bovine papilloma viruses are frequent clinical problems for veterinarians.

Approximately 240 experimentally induced cutaneous fibropapillomas on 8 susceptible calves had a uniform appearance of initial growth. Their size and duration ranged from about 2 months to nearly 3 years but were similar for the multiple papillomas of each calf. Sequential biopsies were done to examine the histologic changes and existence of viral antigen.

Veterinarians in practice may encounter the common fibropapillomas caused by bovine papilloma virus 1 and 2 as well as papillomas with no fibromatous element. These types may develop on teats of cows in some herds. Interdigital papillomas cause a problem in some dairy herds and a virus suspected but not yet found. Prophylactic vaccination with a formalin-killed vaccine will protect against infection with bovine papilloma virus 1 and 2.
Dorsomedial articular fracture of the proximal aspect of the third metacarpal bone in Standardbred racehorses: Seven cases (1978-1990)
Authors: Ross M. W. , Martin B. B.
Published: December 2023

Seven Standardbred horses, all pacers, with a mean age of 2.9 years (range, 2 to 4 years), had dorsomedial articular fracture of the proximal aspect of the third metacarpal bone. Fracture caused acute, unilateral, severe lameness after training or racing. Lameness was abolished by midcarpal joint anesthesia in 4 horses. Six horses had a palpable bony swelling, which caused signs of pain. Radiography revealed a nondisplaced, articular, oblique fracture extending distad toward the dorsomedial cortex for a mean distance of 28 mm (range, 15 to 40 mm). In all horses, chronic periosteal proliferative changes, seen near the distal aspect of the fracture, corresponded to palpable bony exostoses and were associated with the medial attachment of the extensor carpi radialis tendon.

In 1 horse, internal fixation followed by a 6-month rest resulted in a successful outcome. All other horses were given 3 months' rest without surgery and were not lame. Five horses raced successfully and lowered the lifetime race records, 1 horse was sound and trained successfully, but died of colic, and 1 horse was not lame in early training.
Examination of Koch's postulates for Borrelia burgdorferi as the causative agent of limb/joint dysfunction in dogs with borreliosis
Authors: Wasmoen Terri L. , Sebring Randal W. , Blumer Barbara M. , Chavez Lloyd G. , Chu Hsien-Jue , Acree William M.
Published: December 2023

Borrelia burgdorferi has been implicated as the causative agent of borreliosis in dogs, which is characteristically a limb/joint disorder, but can be associated with multiple-organ dysfunction. Attempts to reproduce this disease by inoculating dogs with B burgdorferi have not been successful. In the study of this report, B burgdorferi from Ixodes dammini ticks was used to induce signs of limb/joint dysfunction, fever, anorexia, depression, and systemic infection in dogs. A pure culture of this bacterium from the blood of an infected dog has been used to fulfill Koch's postulates for B burgdorferi as the causative agent of limb/joint dysfunction associated with borreliosis in dogs.
Effect of repeated collection of multiple endometrial biopsy specimens on subsequent pregnancy in mares
Authors: Watson E. D. , Sertich P. L.
Published: December 2023

Endometrial biopsy specimens (4 or 5 on each occasion) were collected from 7 mares 2, 3, or 4 times over a 50-day period prior to breeding. Four of the collection days were within 6 days of breeding. Six of the 7 mares were diagnosed as pregnant by use of ultrasonography at day 14 after ovulation. This pregnancy rate was the same as that achieved by these mares when they were bred at estrus before the start of the study. It appeared that repeated collection of multiple endometrial biopsy specimens from genitally normal mares did not adversely affect pregnancy rate.
Risk factors, clinical signs, and survival in cats with a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: 74 cases (1985-1989)
Authors: Atkins Clarke E. , Gallo Anna Marie , Kurzman Ilene D. , Cowen Peter
Published: December 2023

Population characteristics, risk factors, and survival characteristics were evaluated in 74 cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (hc) seen at North Carolina State University veterinary teaching hospital from 1985 to 1989, and compared with 82 clinically normal cats. The mean (± sd) age of cats with HC was 6.5 (4.0) years. Neutered males were at significantly greater risk (odds ratio 3.1) than neutered females. Breed, body weight, or coat color were not determined to be risk factors for hc. Tricolor cats were significantly underrepresented, probably reflecting the male predisposition for hc and not a true risk reduction associated with coat color. Forty-one cats were without clinical signs of heart disease (murmur and/or gallop sound only), 24 were in congestive heart failure, and 9 had systemic arterial embolism, 3 of which had concomitant congestive heart failure.

The median survival time for 61 cats with HC, for which survival information could be obtained and that were not euthanatized on day 1, was 732 days. Survival was not affected by age at diagnosis, breed, body weight, or sex. However, clinical signs were important in determining prognosis; cats with heart rates < 200 beats/min survived significantly longer (median survival > 1,830 days) than those with heart rates ≥ 200 beats/min (median survival = 152 days). Cats without clinical signs (median survival > 1,830 days) survived longer than those with clinical signs, and cats in heart failure survived a median of 92 days, compared with 61 days for those with systemic arterial embolism. Analysis of survival revealed no significant difference between the 2 groups of cats with clinical signs; however, all cats with embolism and only 60% of cats with heart failure were dead 6 months after diagnosis.
Characterizing biological variability in livestock blood cholinesterase activity for biomonitoring organophosphate nerve agent exposure
Authors: Halbrook Richard S. , Shugart Lee R. , Watson Annetta P. , Munro Nancy B. , Linnabary Robert D.
Published: December 2023

A biomonitoring protocol, using blood cholinesterase (ChE) activity in livestock as a monitor of potential organophosphate nerve agent exposure during the planned destruction of US unitary chemical warfare agent stockpiles, is described. The experimental design included analysis of blood ChE activity in individual healthy sheep, horses, and dairy and beef cattle during a 10- to 12-month period. Castrated and sexually intact males, pregnant and lactating females, and adult and immature animals were examined through at least one reproductive cycle. The same animals were used throughout the period of observation and were not exposed to ChE-inhibiting organo-phosphate or carbamate compounds. A framework for an effective biomonitoring protocol within a monitoring area includes establishing individual baseline blood ChE activity for a sentinel group of 6 animals on the bases of blood samples collected over a 6-month period, monthly collection of blood samples for ChE-activity determination during monitoring, and selection of adult animals as sentinels. Exposure to ChE-inhibiting compounds would be suspected when all blood ChE activity of all animals within the sentinel group are decreased > 20% from their own baseline value. Sentinel species selection is primarily a logistical and operational concern; however, sheep appear to be the species of choice because within-individual baseline ChE activity and among age and gender group ChE activity in sheep had the least variability, compared with data from other species. This protocol provides an effective and efficient means for detecting abnormal depressions in blood ChE activity in livestock and can serve as a valuable indicator of the extent of actual plume movement and/or deposition in the event of organophosphate nerve agent release.
Treatment by digital amputation of subungual squamous cell carcinoma in dogs: 21 cases (1987-1988)
Authors: O'Brien Maura G. , Berg John , Engler Stephen J.
Published: December 2023

Malignant digital tumors were diagnosed in 62 dogs during a 1-year period. Twenty-one (33.9%) of the dogs had subungual squamous cell carcinoma. Each of these dogs had involvement of single digits. Sixteen (76.2%) of the dogs with squamous cell carcinoma were large-breed dogs, and 15 (71.4%) had predominantly black coats. Labrador Retrievers (n = 5,23.8%) and Standard Poodles (n = 3,14.3%) were the most commonly represented purebreeds. None of the dogs had evidence of metastases prior to treatment. All 21 tumors were treated by amputation of the involved digit. Histologic evidence of neoplastic bone invasion was found in 15 of the 21 amputated digits (71.4%). Local tumor recurrences were not observed. Only 1 dog developed documented metastatic disease; this dog was euthanatized because of pulmonary metastases 5 months after surgery. At the time of this report, 9 dogs (42.9%) were alive with no evidence of disease (median, 26 months after surgery), and 11 dogs (52.4%) had died or were euthanatized (median, 20 months after surgery). The cause of death in 7 dogs was known to be unrelated to squamous cell carcinoma, and the cause of death in 4 dogs was unknown. The 1-year and 2-year survival rates were 76.2% and 42.9%, respectively.
Hypoplasia of the trachea in dogs: 103 cases (1974-1990)
Authors: Coyne Bonnie E. , Fingland Roger B.
Published: December 2023

A multi-institutional retrospective study of 103 dogs in which hypoplasia of the trachea was diagnosed was conducted. Bulldogs (55%) and Boston Terriers (15%) were most commonly affected. Age at diagnosis ranged from 2 days to 12 years, with a median of 5 months. Hypoplasia of the trachea was diagnosed more frequently in males (66%) than females (34%). Congenital anomalies in dogs with hypoplasia of the trachea included elongated soft palate (n = 44), stenotic nares (n = 23), cardiac defects (n = 12), and megaesophagus (n = 10). Ratios between tracheal lumen diameter and depth of the thoracic inlet or width of the third rib did not correlate with dyspnea. Of 42 dogs reexamined >6 months after diagnosis, 25 (60%) were clinically normal. The remaining 17 were dyspneic and 15 (88%) had concurrent respiratory or cardiovascular disease that could account for their clinical signs. Hypoplasia of the trachea appears to be tolerated well in the absence of concurrent respiratory or cardiovascular disease.
Treatment of mandibular squamous cell carcinoma in cats by use of mandibulectomy and radiotherapy: Seven cases (1987-1989)
Authors: Hutson Christina A. , Willauer Curtis C. , Walder Emily J. , Stone Jay L. , Klein Mary K.
Published: December 2023

Seven cats with squamous cell carcinoma involving the mandible were treated by surgery and radiotherapy. Surgery consisted of hemimandibulectomy or combined rostral and hemimandibulectomy, gastrostomy tube placement, and submandibular lymph node excisional biopsy. Radiotherapy (orthovoltage or 60Co) commenced 2 weeks after surgery. Histologically, the tumor invaded surgical margins in 6 of 7 cats. Nerve infiltration was histologically identified in 2 cats. All cats had stage-3 disease with radiographic evidence of mandibular bone involvement. Age ranged between 8 and 16 years (median, 10 years). Hypercalcemia (2), feline immunodeficiency virus (2), and hyperthyroidism (1), were detected in cats prior to treatment. Survival after surgery,) was a median of 14 months (range = 3 to 36 months, mean = 15 months). Six cats were euthanatized because of recurrence of disease at 3, 7, 9, 16, 21, and 36 months. One cat was euthanatized at 14 months because of an unrelated disease. Complications of tongue lagging, drooling after meals, mandibular drift, maxillary ulceration, and alopecia of the jaw developed in a few cats. Radiation at the primary site and regional lymph nodes after surgery of curative intent extended survival in cats with mandibular squamous cell carcinoma.
Lens-induced uveitis in dogs: 151 cases (1985-1990)
Authors: der Woerdt Alexandra van , Nasisse Mark P. , Davidson Michael G.
Published: December 2023

During a 5-year period, phacolytic uveitis was diagnosed in 202 eyes of 151 dogs admitted to the veterinary teaching hospital. The diagnosis of phacolytic uveitis was based on the finding of a cataractous lens and anterior uveitis, unassociated with other identifiable causes of uveal inflammation. The most commonly affected breeds were the Toy and Miniature Poodle (35%) and the American Cocker Spaniel (19%). The mean age was 7.0 years for all breeds, 5.1 years for the Cocker Spaniel, and 9.0 years for the Poodle breeds. Evidence of cataract resorption was visible in 72% of the eyes. Fifty-one dogs were affected bilaterally and 100 dogs unilaterally. The mean interval between recognition of the cataract and the onset of lens-induced uveitis (liu) was 17 months; mean times of 25 and 11 months were seen in the Poodle breeds and American Cocker Spaniel, respectively. The mean age of dogs requiring > 1 revisit before the inflammation had subsided was 5.5 years. Complications, referable to the uveitis, were seen in 14% of eyes, the most important of which were glaucoma (16 eyes) and phthisis bulbi (9 eyes). Lens extraction surgery was done on 50 liu-affected eyes, and on 35 normal eyes in liu-affected animals. The 2- and 6-month success rates for liu-affected eyes were 78 and 39%, respectively, and for normal eyes in liu-affected animals were 85 and 71%, respectively.

On the basis of findings, we suggest that liu develops sooner after the onset of cataract formation in young dogs, and implies that their response to medical treatment is worse when compared with that in older dogs. It is probable that higher concentrations of lenticular α-crystallin protein, along with faster cataract resorption in the lens of young dogs, account for this decreased responsiveness to anti-inflammatory treatment, because T-cell tolerance to α-crystallin is more easily terminated than to other lens proteins. The observation that normal eyes of liu-affected dogs retained a good prognosis following lens extraction surgery suggests that local, rather than systemic, immune factors are of primary importance in the pathogenesis of canine liu.
Nonhematopoietic hepatic neoplasms in cats: 21 cases (1983-1988)
Authors: Post Gerald , Patnaik Amiya K.
Published: December 2023

Nonhematopoietic hepatic neoplasms (n = 25) were diagnosed in 21 cats during a 5.5-year period. Thirteen of the neoplasms were benign bile duct adenomas and 12 were malignant, 6 of which were bile duct adenocarcinomas. All cats were ≥ 10 years old, and 14 were male. Main clinical signs were anorexia and lethargy, and 15 of 21 cats had hepatomegaly. All 21 cats were feline leukemia virustest negative. Although there was a trend toward high activities of serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase, neither clinical signs nor enzyme activity were specific for diagnosis of hepatic neoplasia in the cats of this study.
Orbital neoplasms in cats: 21 cases (1974-1990)
Authors: Gilger Brian C. , McLaughlin Susan A. , Whitley R. David , Wright James C.
Published: December 2023

Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common neoplasm found in a review of case records of 21 cats with histopathologically confirmed orbital neoplasms. Other neoplasms found were lymphosarcoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, malignant melanoma, adenocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma, chondroma, and hemangiosarcoma. Three (14%) neoplasms were primary, 15 (71%) were secondary, invading the orbit from adjacent tissues, and 3 (14%) were a manifestation of multicentric disease. The most common clinical sign was exophthalmia, followed by chronic epiphora, enophthalmia, and strabismus. Mean survival time after diagnosis was 1.9 months. Ten cats were euthanatized at the time of diagnosis because of extensive disease. Mean survival time of the other 11 cats was 4.3 months. Skull radiography was helpful in diagnosing orbital neoplasms in 8 of 11 cats that had invasion of the orbit by adjacent neoplasms.
Effects of environment and management on mortality in preweaned dairy calves
Authors: Lance Susan E. , Miller Gay Y. , Hancock Dale D. , Bartlett Paul C. , Heider Lawrence E. , Moeschberger Melvin L.
Published: December 2023

Forty-eight herds participating in the 1988/1989 Ohio National Animal Health Monitoring System dairy project were monitored for 1 year to determine the effects of environment and management on mortality in preweaned calves. Environmental factors were evaluated by veterinarians during monthly visits to the herds. Management procedures were measured through the use of a questionnaire administered near the end of the project. Mortality in preweaned calves was calculated for each herd by using data from project records on calf mortality and animal inventory, which were collected monthly by veterinarians. Relationships between the management/environment variables and calf mortality were examined by use of analysis of covariance. Herd size, days on a nipple feeder, navel disinfection, type of housing, and whether each calf observed with diarrhea was treated with antibiotics were the variables that had an impact on herd mortality. These variables explained approximately 39% of the variation in mortality among herds.
Ionized calcium concentration in horses with surgically managed gastrointestinal disease: 147 cases (1988-1990)
Authors: Dant Andrew J. , Snyder Jack R. , Spier Sharon J. , Sullivan Kent E.
Published: December 2023

Packed cell volume, total plasma protein, serum sodium, potassium, and ionized Ca2+ concentrations, and blood pH were determined at the time of admission and following surgery in 147 horses with acute abdominal crisis. Horses were allotted to 3 categories on the basis of the surgical lesion: (1) nonstrangulating obstruction of the ascending or descending colon (category A, n = 76), (2) strangulating and nonstrangulating infarction of the cecum or ascending colon (category B, n = 37), and (3) strangulating and nonstrangulating infarction of the small intestine (category C, n = 25). Horses with low serum ionized Ca2+ concentration following surgery were given 23% calcium gluconate (100 to 300 ml) IV to effect, and ionized Ca2+ concentration was determined following treatment.

The serum ionized Ca2+ concentrations of horses in categories A, B, and C before and after surgery were lower than our normal laboratory reference range. Prior to surgery, serum ionized Ca2+ concentration measured from horses in category B and C was lower than that in horses in category A. There was no difference in ionized Ca2+ concentration in serum samples obtained before surgery in horses from category B and C, and in serum samples obtained following surgery. There was a decrease in ionized Ca2+ concentration during surgery in horses in category A. There was no change between preoperative and postoperative ionized Ca2+ concentration in the samples obtained from horses in category B and C. After calcium gluconate administration, all horses with low serum ionized Ca2+ after surgery had concentrations within our normal range.

Measurement of serum ionized Ca2+ in horses with an acute abdominal crisis is recommended. If concentrations are low, calcium gluconate diluted in fluids and administered iv to effect appears to provide an effective method of treatment.
Evaluation of rhinoscopy and rhinoscopy-assisted mucosal biopsy in diagnosis of nasal disease in dogs: 119 cases (1985-1989)
Authors: Lent S. E. Forbes , Hawkins E. C.
Published: December 2023

The case records of 149 dogs examined from 1985 to 1989 with clinical signs of nasal disease were reviewed. Gross rhinoscopy was performed in 119 dogs, and rhinoscopy-assisted pinch biopsy was performed in 109. Rhinoscopy was performed by use of a 2.7-mm rigid fiberoptic endoscope. Mucosal biopsy specimens were obtained with rhinoscopic guidance by use of a 2 × 3-mm biopsy forcep. Gross, cytologic, and histologic findings are summarized. Ninety-four of 119 cases could be evaluated on the basis of diagnostic and follow-up criteria established by the authors. The diagnostic success rate of gross rhinoscopy with rhinoscopy-assisted biopsy was 83% (78 of 94 evaluated cases). Protracted hemorrhage was a complication in 2 of 109 cases in which rhinoscopy-assisted biopsy was performed. It was concluded that rhinoscopy with rhinoscopy-assisted biopsy contributes important diagnostic information in dogs with nasal disease without the relative invasiveness, expense, and risk of surgery.
Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in horses
Authors: Fischer A. T. , Vachon A. M.
Published: December 2023

Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy was successfully performed in 15 standing or recumbent horses. In 3 horses, owners believed that castrations had been performed, but the horses had retained stallion-like behavior. Successful removal of undescended testes in these horses stopped this behavior. Laparoscopy offered excellent visualization of the structures of the vaginal ring and facilitated removal of the abdominally located testis. The internal and external inguinal rings were not invaded, thus the chance of serious complications that may result during open cryptorchidectomy procedures was minimized.
Serum haptoglobin concentration in swine naturally or experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Authors: Hall William F. , Eurell Thomas E. , Hansen Richard D. , Herr Leslie G.
Published: December 2023

Serum haptoglobin (Hp) concentrations were measured in swine that were naturally or experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. In swine from a specific-pathogen-free herd, mean serum concentration of Hp (± SD) was 5.79 ± 1.06 mg of cyanmethemoglobin-binding capacity (CHBC/dl. Serum Hp concentrations in paired samples were measured at 7-day intervals in 40 swine randomly selected from a conventional herd that was experiencing an acute episode of pneumonia and deaths caused by A pleuropneumoniae serotype-5 infection. Day-0 and -7 serum Hp concentrations were 24.58 ± 1.38 and 23.10 ± 1.12 mg of CHBC/dl, respectively, with no significant difference between these measurements. In a second conventional herd with a history of chronic infection with A pleuropneumoniae serotype 5, serum concentrations of Hp measured in paired samples obtained 6 days apart were 12.36 ± 0.81 and 18.63 ± 0.76 mg of CHBC/dl, respectively, and were significantly (P < 0.05) different from each other. Twenty-nine 12-week-old conventional swine were challenged intranasally with A pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 (n = 19) and serotype 5 (n = 10). Serum Hp concentration increased from prechallenge concentrations of 7.49 ± 1.38 and 15.10 ± 1.22 mg of CHBC/dl, respectively, to 41.01 ± 1.35 and 22.37 ± 1.78 mg of CHBC/dl, respectively, 72 hours after challenge. For these 29 swine, serum Hp concentration was positively correlated with rectal temperature (r = 0.34; P < 0.001) during the immediate postchallenge period.
Results of surgical management of portosystemic shunts in dogs: 20 cases (1985-1990)
Authors: Lawrence Darien , Bellah Jamie R. , Diaz Ricardo
Published: December 2023

Serum bile acid (SBA) values were obtained in 20 dogs, 2.5 to 60 months (mean, 18.6 months) after surgery for occlusion of a congenital portosystemic shunt. The SBA values obtained after food was withheld were significantly (P < 0.005) reduced at follow-up, compared with preoperative values. In 85% of the dogs (17/20), response to surgery was graded by the owners as excellent or good, although most dogs had abnormal SBA values at follow-up. Significant difference in clinical results or follow-up SBA values was not found in dogs that had complete or partial occlusion of the shunting vessel. Correlation between clinical results and SBA values also was not detected. Dogs that were > 2 years old at the time of diagnosis and surgery had a significantly (P = 0.012) poorer clinical result than that of dogs < 1 year old.
Evaluation of risk factors for blastomycosis in dogs: 857 cases (1980-1990)
Authors: Rudmann Daniel G. , Coolman Bradley R. , Perez Cynthia M. , Glickman Lawrence T.
Published: December 2023

An epidemiologic study was conducted by use of the Veterinary Medical Data Base to investigate risk factors for blastomycosis in dogs. From January 1980 through June 1990, 971 cases of blastomycosis in dogs from 22 North American veterinary teaching hospitals were identified. Of these cases, 114 (11.7%) were excluded from the study because of incomplete information regarding age, body weight, sex, and neuter status. A control group of 417,079 dogs was selected that included all other dogs with medical conditions unrelated to blastomycosis for which records were submitted to the data base during the same period.

The prevalence of blastomycosis in dogs was 205/100,000 admissions during the study period. When veterinary teaching hospitals were grouped on the basis of their general geographic location, dogs in the East South central, East North central, West South central, and South Atlantic regions had a significantly (P < 0.05) increased risk of acquiring blastomycosis, compared with that of dogs in the Mountain/Pacific region. When teaching hospitals from all geographic regions were considered, dogs had a significantly (P < 0.05) increased risk of acquiring blastomycosis in autumn, compared with that in spring.

Sporting dogs and hounds, as defined by the American Kennel Club, were at increased risk for blastomycosis. At highest risk were Bluetick Coonhounds, Treeing-walker Coonhounds, Pointers, and Weimaraners, compared with mixed-breed dogs.

Ages of dogs with blastomycosis tended to be normally distributed. Generally, the highest-risk group was composed of sexually intact male dogs, 2 to 4 years old, weighing 22.7 to 34.1 kg. This same pattern was observed for sporting dogs and hounds.
Traumatic luxation of the cubital joint (elbow) in dogs: 44 cases (1978-1988)
Authors: O'Brien M. G. , Boudrieau R. J. , Clark G. N.
Published: December 2023

The medical records from 44 dogs with traumatic luxation of the cubital joint were reviewed. Closed reduction was performed in 35 dogs, and open reduction in 9 dogs. Excellent or good results were achieved in 31 of 35 dogs (88.6%) treated by closed reduction and in 5 of 9 dogs (55.6%) treated by open reduction. Collateral ligament repair, performed in 5 dogs, did not appear to affect the prognosis. Factors such as body weight and type and duration of external coaptation also did not appear to influence the outcome. Increased dysfunction associated with open reduction most likely was caused by the chronic nature of the dislocation, iatrogenic damage to the articular cartilage during reduction, or both. A good prognosis for return to normal function with minimal gait abnormality can be expected in most cases of traumatic luxation of the cubital joint treated by early closed reduction.
Benefits and costs of using an orally absorbed vaccine to control rabies in raccoons
Authors: Uhaa Iyorlumun J. , Dato Virginia M. , Sorhage Faye E. , Beckley John W. , Roscoe Douglas E. , Gorsky Robin D. , Fishbein Daniel B.
Published: December 2023

In November 1989, the epizootic of rabies affecting raccoons in the mid-Atlantic states reached New Jersey. An economic evaluation was conducted in 2 counties first affected by the epizootic to estimate the costs of the epizootic and to assess the costs and benefits of orally administering a newly developed recombinant rabies vaccine to prevent further spread of the disease. Data on expenditures associated with prevention of rabies in human beings and domestic animals and laboratory testing of suspect animals were collected and analyzed for 1988 (before the epizootic) and 1990 (first full year of the epizootic). Benefit-cost ratios were calculated and used to evaluate the economic advisability of the vaccine at various vaccination program alternatives. Two indices of capital investment analysis, payback period and net present value, were used to evaluate the economic benefits of the rabies vaccine. Expenditures were estimated to be $1,952,014 in 1990 (primarily for pet animal vaccinations), compared with $768,488 in 1988. Benefit-cost ratios ranged from 2.21 for the most expensive vaccination program alternative to 6.80 for the least expensive alternative. The payback period varied from 0.69 to 2.11 years, and the net present value ranged from $2,105,453 to $4,877,452. The high costs of this epizootic necessitated the reallocation of scarce public health resources to various rabies prevention activities, particularly the vaccination of dogs. This study also demonstrated the usefulness of benefit-cost analysis in developing public health strategies. Although the mass application of this recombinant vaccine was found to be economically beneficial, other qualitative considerations must be used to supplement these findings.
Vacuum phenomenon associated with osteochondrosis of the scapulohumeral joint in dogs: 100 cases (1985-1991)
Authors: van Bree Henri
Published: December 2023

The vacuum phenomenon was visualized in 20 of 100 scapulohumeral joints with osteochondritic lesions in 65 dogs. The phenomenon was associated with the finding of a cartilage flap, lack of joint effusion, and clinical signs of pain and lameness. The vacuum phenomenon was not observed on radiography of 30 clinically normal contralateral joints, and it could not be induced in 36 clinically normal scapulohumeral joints radiographed under stressed extension.
Surgical techniques for neutering 6- to 14-week-old kittens
Authors: Aronsohn Michael G. , Faggella Alicia M.
Published: December 2023

Ninety-six kittens (48 males and 48 females) between the ages of 6 and 14 weeks were neutered. There were no important anesthetic complications, or complications during or after surgery.

Pediatric neutering of kittens is a low-risk procedure when specific guidelines are followed. It is recommended that a complete preanesthetic evaluation be performed, a quiet and warm preoperative and postoperative environment be provided, handling of kittens be minimized, bleeding during surgery be meticulously controlled, fragile pediatric tissues be handled gently, kittens be offered food shortly after standing to prevent hypoglycemia, and dextrose be administered PO or IV if recovery is prolonged.
Comparison of adverse effects of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and ketoprofen in horses
Authors: MacAllister Charles G. , Morgan Sheryl J. , Borne Agatha T. , Pollet Robert A.
Published: December 2023

The relative toxicity of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and ketoprofen was studied in healthy adult horses. Sixteen horses were randomly assigned to receive 10 ml of physiologic saline solution, or ketoprofen (2.2 mg/kg of body weight), flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg), or phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg) IV, every 8 hours, for 12 days. Results of CBC, serum biochemical analyses, and fecal occult blood tests were monitored. On day 13, all horses were euthanatized and complete necropsy examinations were performed.

Mean CBC values remained within normal limits for all groups. Phenylbutazone-treated horses had a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in serum total protein and albumin concentrations. Mean values of all other serum biochemical assays were not different from those of the saline-treated group. Results of all fecal occult blood tests were negative. At necropsy, the glandular portion of the stomach was the area of the gastrointestinal tract most severely affected by phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and ketoprofen. In the phenylbutazone-treated group, but not in the other groups, edema of the small intestine and erosions and ulcers of the large colon were observed. None of the horses treated with saline solution had lesions in the glandular portion of the stomach or in the intestine. Four horses (1/5 and 3/3 in the flunixin- and phenylbutazone-treated groups, respectively) developed renal crest necrosis. Horses in the saline- and ketoprofen-treated groups did not develop renal lesions. Under the conditions of this study and with total daily doses that exceeded the manufacturers' recommended doses, the toxic potential of the 3 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was greatest for phenylbutazone, less for flunixin meglumine, and least for ketoprofen in clinically normal adult horses.