bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combustion trials with two Coal Creek coals in a pilot-scale utility boiler
Authors: Wong J K , Whaley H , Banks G N
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of two Coal Creek coals from Westar Mining Ltd. was evaluated in the CCRL pilot-scale, pulverized-coal-fired research boiler. Chemical, physical, petrographic and thermogravimetric analyses were performed on samples of the coals. The
coals, which contained <2% total moisture, handled and flowed readily through the conveying system. The coals pulverized readily to produce a consistent size feed which ignited readily and produced stable flames with greater than 99% combustion efficiency. The resultant furnace
bottom ash consisted of a thin molten slag deposit over the extremely hot refractory surfaces and sintered deposits on the cooler refractory surfaces. The deposits on the water walls and superheater surfaces were light and powdery and did not constitute a fouling problem. Sulphur dioxide emissions
were slightly above the Canadian national emission guidelines and the potential of the coal for low temperature corrosion, due to sulphuric acid, was minimal. The nitrogen oxide emissions exceeded the Canadian guidelines, however they could probably be reduced through the use of modern low-NOx
burner technology that is currently available.
Pilotscale combustion trials with CBDC metallurgical grade coal
Authors: Banks G N , Wong J K , Whaley H
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of metallurgical grade coal from the Cape Breton Development Corporation (CBDC) was evaluated in the recently commissioned CCRL pilot-scale pulverized-coal-fired research boiler. Chemical, physical, petrographic and thermogravimetric
analyses were performed on samples of the coal. This coal, which contained 4% total moisture, handled and flowed readily through the pilot-scale conveying system. The coal, which ground readily to produce a consistent size product from the pulverizer, ignited readily and produced stable flames
at greater than 99% combustion efficiency. The resultant furnace bottom ash consisted of a thin molten slag deposit over the hot refractory surfaces, but ash deposits on the water walls and superheater surfaces were light and powdery and did not constitute a fouling problem. Sulphur dioxide
emissions were well above the current Canadian national emission guidelines but marginal with respect to the United States 1977 E.P.A. guidelines. The nitrogen oxide emissions also exceeded the Canadian guidelines, but in practice these NO x emissions could probably be reduced through the
utilization of the modern low-NOx burner technology that is currently available.
Pilot-scale combustion studies of coal-water fuels: the Canadian R & D program
Authors: Thambimuthu K V , Whaley H , Capes C E
Published: November 2018

Pilot- scale studies undertaken as part of the Canadian coal- water fuels program are described. These studies included a comparison of the combustion and heat transfer characteristics of a domestic coal - water fuel, pul verized coal and heavy fuel oil, and
combustion tests to evaluate the performance of a new wear resistant atomizer that was developed for coal - water fuels. Detailed results from these studies and their relevance to industrial and utility processes are described.
Combustion trials with telkwa-2 coal in a pilot-scale utility boiler
Authors: Wong J K , Banks G N , Whaley H
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of Telkwa-2 coal from west central British Columbia was evaluated in the CCRL pilot-scale, pulverized-coalfired research boiler. Chemical, physical, petrographic and thermogravimetric analyses were performed on samples of the coal. The
coal, which contained< 4% total moisture, handled and flowed readily through the pilot-scale conveying system. The coal pulverized readily to produce a consistent size feed which ignited readily and produced stable flames with greater than 99% combustion efficiency. The resultant
furnace bottom ash consisted of a thin molten slag deposit over the extremely hot refractory surfaces and sintered deposits on the cooler refractory surfaces. The deposits on the waterwalls and superheater surfaces were light and powdery and did not constitute a fouling problem. Sulphur dioxide
emissions were above the current Canadian national emission guidelines but the potential of the coal for low temperature corrosion in the combustion furnace, due to sulphuric acid, was minimal. The nitrogen oxide emissions exceeded the guidelines, however they could probably be reduced through the
use of available low- NOx burner technology.
Preliminary study of reverse osmosis fractionation of methanol in MTBE and TAME unit product streams
Authors: Alzetta P , Vanier M , Farnand B , Sawatzky H
Published: November 2018

The use of membranes in order to lower the methanol content in a 1% methanol in pentane solution and in a mixture of 9% tertiary amyl methyl ether or methyl tertiary butyl ether, 12% methanol, 16% 2-methy1-2-butene and 62% pentane has been
studied. Different commercial films were tested (Glad Wrap® , Saran Wrap®, Handi-Wrap® , Stretch'n Seal® , and No Name® brand) as well as inhouse fabricated cellulose acetate and cellulose acetate butyrate membranes. All the commercial films give a permeate depleted in methanol as opposed to the
in-house ones which enrich the permeate in methanol. This work has identified the most promising membranes, however, a study using continuous flow type cells would show the real capacity of these membranes.
Upgrading of IPPL vacuum bottoms by the CANMET hydrocracking process: an axial dispersion model for pitch conversion (runs 85-cg-8 to 32)
Authors: Liu D D S
Published: November 2018

Rate constants and degree of vaporization for the CANMET hydrocracking of IPPL 900°F+ vacuum bottoms were determined by an axial dispersion model based on experimental results of pilot plant runs 85-CG-8 to 32. The determined correlations predict pitch
conversions that are in good agreement with experimental results. Experiments were carried out from 408°C to 452°C, superficial gas velocities of -1.3 cm/s to -12 cm/s and LHSV -0.55. The predicted degree of vaporization is compatible with experimental observations for light Arabian vacuum
bottoms determined previously in CSTR experiments. Since correlations were determined from experimental data obtained over a wide range of operating conditions, they are believed to be adequate for application in systems operating within the limits of the conditions used in this work. These include
the demonstration plant operating conditions
Solid adsorbents for removal of hydrogen sulphide from hot gas
Authors: Furimsky E , Yumura M
Published: November 2018

A wide range of solids have been tested as potential adsorbents for H2S removal from hot gas. These solids can be divided into two main groups, i.e., the adsorbents containing alkaline earth metals and those containing transition metals. Among the former, calcium
oxide and naturally occurring materials such as limestone, dolomite and calcium silicate have attracted a great deal of attention. The adsorbents of the second group include iron oxide alone or in combination with some supports, zinc oxide, zinc ferrite and manganese oxide. The materials containing
bath the alkaline earth metals and transition metals, e .g., manganese nodules, fly ash and the r eject from the aluminium industry (red mud) have been evaluated as well.
Characterization of products from the upgrading of sorbitol using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared spectrometry
Authors: Coulombe S , Jean G , Chantal P , Kaliaguine S
Published: November 2018

Products from the upgrading of Sorbitol to hydrocarbons on zeolite ZSM-5 Were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Major individual compounds were identified and changes in the
composition of products were assessed in view of the experimental conditions. Results showed that only low space velocity would favour the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons and that temperature had no significant effect from 350 to 450 °C.
Briquetting investigations on upgraded lignites and subbituminous coals from Luscar ltd. Job no. 025406
Authors: Price J T , Gransden J F , Lloyd T A , Couturier P
Published: November 2018

CANMET undertook briquetting investigations to determine if upgraded lignite and subbituminous coals from Luscar Ltd. could be briquetted with or without binder. Two size fractions (-6 mm and -0.6 mm) were supplied for each coal. Bench-scale experiments were
conducted at pressures from 28 to 210 MPa (4000 to 30,000 psi) and temperatures from ambient to 350 °C to make 20-g cylindrical briquets with diameters of 25.4 mm. Three binders were investigated at 0, 3, 5 and 7% levels of addition. Results showed that relatively strong binderless briquets
could be made with the finer coals at temperatures and pressures above 260 °C and 140 MPa respectively. Fairly strong binderless briquets could be made from 80/20% coarse/fine lignite and 88/12% coarse/fine subbituminous coal above 300 °C and 210 MPa. Asphalt binder made much
stronger briquets with both coals than lignosulfonate or tall oil under the bench-scale conditions investigated. Briquets were sent to Luscar Ltd. for further evaluation. A pilot plant briquetting investigation of 88/12% coarse/fine subbituminous coal preheated to about 250 ° C showed that
weak binderless briquets could be formed at roll pressures of 140 MPa (the limit of the equipment). These studies would suggest that relatively strong binderless briquets could be made industrially at high temperatures and pressures.
Characterization of coals by oxygen chemisorption technique
Authors: Furimsky E , Henson D , Gransden J F , Price J T
Published: November 2018

The thermogravimetric technique (Cahn electrobalance) was used to measure oxygen chemisorption of two groups of coals taken from different locations in coal seams. The preliminary results indicate that the technique can distinguish between coals taken from
different locations in the seams when the measurements are carried out at about 200 ° C. Additional groups of coals should be tested to establish the reliability of the technique for determining the degree of oxidation.
Operability and initial results of the coprocessing of high-volatile bituminous coals
Authors: Fouda S A , Kelly J F , Ng S
Published: November 2018

Three high-volatile bituminous coals were tested for coprocessing with Cold Lake vacuum bottoms. Illinois #6 from the United States was processed using the same procedure adopted for low-rank coals. Prince mine and Lingan Mine coals from Eastern Canada exhibited
flow problems during coprocessing. Tests showed that the flow problems are due to the swelling and plastic behaviour of the two coals and to some extent due to coke formation. The problematic tendencies of the coals were related to their ranks. Bituminous coals resulted in higher asphaltenes and
preasphaltenes yields, lower residual oil yields and lower distillate yields compared with low-rank coals. The reactivity of bituminous coals in terms of liquefaction is equal to or more than that of low-rank coals. This reactivity is offset by their higher tendency to form insoluble anistropic
solids.
Contract R&D technically administered by the Energy Research Laboratories - FY 1985/86
Authors: Skubnik M
Published: November 2018

In 1985/86 the Energy Research Laboratories (ERL) developed and administered 161 contracts and 4 financial contributions towards R&D programs. The contract value including financial contributions was $19,030,600 at an average value of $115,300. Of the
1985/86 ERL contracts, 58 were initiated by ERL staff, 11 were awarded through unsolicited proposals received from Supply and Services Canada (SSC), and 12 were awarded under the CANMET 50/50 Energy Conversion Program. The other 80 contracts were continued from 1984/85. A large percentage, about
44%, were or will be awarded to private companies, 28% to para-public organizations and 28% to Canadian universities. In 1985/86 ERL technically administered $6,536,500 of the contract funds allotted to the Research Program Office (RPO). It is estimated that $8,698,300 will be carried
over to 1986/87. Sixty-six final reports, 34 journal publications, 30 conference presentations, 1 CANMET report and 8 patent applications were generated from these contract investigations.
An evaluation of the uses and morphology of atmospheric fluidized bed combustion wastes from CFB Summerside AFBC boilers
Authors: Berry E E , Anthony E J , Kalamanovitch D
P
Published: November 2018

The literature on FBC solid wastes has been critically evaluated and solid wastes from Canada's first atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC) boilers at the Canadian Forces Base Summerside, Prince Edward Island have been investigated in order to determine
possible uses for AFBC wastes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron microprobe and chemical and physical tests were employed to determine the suitability of the material for pollution control, construction and other uses. SEM and ancillary techniques have shown that the chemical and physical
properties of the bed material and the elutriated streams are significantly different. Agricultural use, pollution control, soil stabilization (where freezing and thawing are not significant problems), asphaltic concrete and specialized construction applications such as low strength backfill appear
to be potential uses for FBC solid wastes.
Final report on the comparative combustion properties of raw and washed Prince Mine coal
Authors: Banks G N , Wong J K L , Whaley H
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of raw Prince mine coal (run of mine) and five levels of cleaned (washed) Prince mine coal was compared with that of a commercially available thermal bituminous coal from Western Canada. Tests were conducted in a pilot-scale pulverized
coal-fired research boiler located at the Energy Research Laboratories in Ottawa. Two of the cleaned coal samples were obtained from the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Homer City coal cleaning facility in the USA and the other three were obtained from the CANMET Coal Research Laboratories
coal cleaning facility in Devon, Alberta. Chemical, physical, petrographic and thermogravimetric analyses were performed on samples of the coals. Each of the coals flowed readily through the Energy Research Laboratories pilot-scale conveying and coal-handling system. The coals, which ground readily
to produce a consistent size product from the pulverizer, all ignited easily to produce stable flames at greater than 96% combustion efficiency. The highest combustion efficiencies (>99%) were obtained with the more finely ground coal feeds. Although the two washed coals with the
lowest ash content gave the higher combustion efficiencies, the raw coal, which had the lowest fly ash combustible content, also gave a combustion efficiency greater than 99%. The ash from each of the Prince mine coals was quite fluid and slagged readily in the refractory-lined furnace bottom,
whereas the ash deposits on the water-walls and superheater surfaces were light and powdery and did not constitute a fouling problem. The sulphur content of the coal was not significantly lowered until the ash content of the coal was reduced to less than 7%. A reduction to 2.4% ash resulted
in a 56% reduction in the sulphur content of the coal. This coal sample (containing 1.8% sulphur) burned in the pilot-scale utility boiler to produce a flue gas containing 0.9 g S02 /MJ of fuel input compared with 3.0 g SO2 for the raw coal, both of which are much higher than the current
Canadian national emission guideline.
Estimation of superficial gas velocity in a pilot plant operation
Authors: Liu D D S
Published: November 2018

This report contains the calibration of four orifices and a method to estimate the superficial gas velocity for planning the pilot plant operation.
Combustion trials with syncrude coke in a pilotscale atmospheric bubbling fluidized bed
Authors: Anthony E J , Desai D L , Friedrich F D
Published: November 2018

Syncrude coke is a fluid coke produced in the upgrading of bitumen derived from oil sands. As a fuel it is high in sulphur, low in volatiles, and relatively unreactive, a combination which makes it intractable to conventional combustion technology, although good
performance has been demonstrated in circulating fluidized bed combustors. The present work demonstrates that due to the fine size consist of the coke, and the consequent elutriation, it is difficult to achieve good combustion efficiency in a bubbling fluidized bed combustor. Even under the
favourable conditions of a low fluidizing velocity (1 m/s) and a high inventory of "fines" in the bed material, carbon combustion efficiency ranged between 56 and 74%. Fort McMurray limestone appears to be a satisfactory sulphur sorbent, although the relationship between Ca/S ratio and sulphur
capture could not be accurately quantified because a large portion of the sulphur remained fixed with the unburned carbon. NO x emissions were generally within the national guidelines of 258 ng/J. Combustion efficiency could probably be improved by pretreating the fuel to obtain a coarser size
consist. However, it is concluded that a bubbling bed combustor, because of the higher limestone requirement and the large bed area required to achieve a low fluidizing velocity, would be uncompetitive with a circulating bed combustor.
Evaluation of potential uses for solid wastes from atmospheric pressure fluidized bed combustion of coal
Authors: Berry E E , Anthony E J
Published: November 2018

The uses of waste from atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC) systems with limestone addition has been examined. It is concluded that agricultural applications are the most promising subject, to environmental constraints. Typical uses are (a) as a lime
substitute for acidic waste neutralization (b) low-strength backfill; and (c) soil-cementing and stabilization. Another possible use is as an aggregate/filler in asphaltic mixtures
Evaluation of proposed ASTM D-32.03 standard test method for determination of base metals in fresh catalysts (96-1 to 96-4) by I.C.A.P. spectroscopy
Authors:   Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology
Published: November 2018

Four catalyst samples from Arthur W. Varnes, Chairman Task Group (D-32.03 No.2) 9 were sent to SSHCC. These specimens were analysed for Co, Mo, Si, Al, Cu, and Ni by Inductively Coupling Argon Plasma Spectroscopy. Proposed standard test method (Working Document
Draft #5 Dated 12/26/06) being developed through A.S.T.M. (American Standards Testing Materials) vas used The results using the proposed method show promise for the 4 catalysts provided but less applicability to other catalysts tested. An in-house procedure also showed similar results, however, the
element Co was not detected quantitatively. Further results are pending early 1900.
Investigations into methane accumulation in coal storage silos
Authors: Kolada R J
Published: November 2018

The ventilation systems of coal storage silos are normally capable of rapidly dispersing any accumulations of methane in the atmosphere above the coal pile surface. However, the results of an investigation which is presented in this report show that hazardous
concentrations of methane can accumulate within the coal pile. Methane trapped within the coal pile is released into the atmosphere of the loading gallery when coal is discharged from a silo. If the methane released is of a flammable concentration it is necessary to ventilate the gallery to reduce
the risk of an ignition. This report proposes a simple test, which, after further investigations may prove to be an effective method to calculate gallery ventilation requirements.
Underground mine fire control seminar participant comments
Authors: Stewart D B
Published: November 2018

In September 1984, CANMET sponsored a series of one day seminars on the subject of underground mine fire control. These seminars were held in Sydney, N.S., Sudbury, Ont., Vancouver, B.C., and Calgary, Alta. CANMET funding was provided by the START program.
Following the seminars, questionnaires were circulated to all participants. This report summarizes the responses received on or before January 24, 1985.
Strata mechanics instrumentation and monitoring package for the monolithic packing trial on 9e maingate, Lingan Colliery
Authors: Cain P
Published: November 2018

The implementation of a 300 m trial of 'Astrapack' monolithic cement packing at Lingan Colliery requires close monitoring to determine its efficiency. This report presents a complete strata mechanics investigation package comprising detailed monitoring of
gateroadway closure, determination of pack deformation characteristics and monitoring of pack quality, face and brushing advance, arch deformation and ambient temperatures. Details of the type, number and cost of the instrumentation required (total cost $8,598.30 per site, for a projected total of
four sites for each trial). The strata mechanics package is expected to form a part of a more general research investigation including ventilation efficiency, and cost factors.
Longwall gateside packs: part 1 a review of packing systems
Authors: Cain P
Published: November 2018

A review of the requirements of gateside packs followed by descriptions of traditional packing methods and cement based monolithic packing systems is presented. Laboratory and in situ properties of the various pack types are discussed and their implications in
pack design reviewed.
Review of CBDC respirable dust compliance measurements at Lingan and no. 26 collieries for the period 1975 to 1983
Authors: Hwang C Y , Stewart D B
Published: November 2018

This report reviews the longwall respirable dust concentrations measured by the Cape Breton Development Corporation (CBDC) for compliance purposes from January 1975 to September 1983 at Lingan and No. 26 Collieries. The purposes of analyzing the dust data were:
(a) to understand the past dust conditions in the two underground coal mines winning coal by the advancing longwall method, (b) to establish the relationships between the respirable dust measured and the recorded variables (coal production, gateroad activity, ventilation flow and the like), (c) to
identify dust trends and to evaluate the effectiveness of dust control measures undertaken at the two mines, and (d) to help direct future research on dust in Eastern Canadian underground coal mines.
Attendance at water jet short course at the University of Pittsburgh, May 20, 1985; attendance at the third U.S. water jet conference at the University of Pittsburgh, May 21 23, 1985 and a visit to 13's right longwall at the Bethlehem Energy Corp. Van Mine, W.
Virginia
Authors: Haslett G A
Published: November 2018

The report outlines the topics that were included as appropriate for a short course and conference held at the University of Pittsburgh on the subjects of water jet and water jet assisted technologies. The increasing diversity of application of these two
associated technologies was strongly demonstrated by the number of papers that were presented on the different means of their employment, in which the mining and quarrying industries were strongly represented. A' visit was also made to a highly productive longwall face in a mine at Van, W. Virginia
that had produced 127,000 tons saleable during the preceding month at a yield of 58%. This represents an average daily raw coal production for 22 operating days of 9953 tons.
Initial strength development of 'Astrapack' pump packing material
Authors: Cain P
Published: November 2018

Concern by officials of the Cape Breton Development Corporation (CBDC) over the apparently inadequate early strength development of the 'Astrapack' pump packing material on trial in the 9E Coal Road at Lingan Colliery resulted in a request to the CANMET Cape
Breton Coal Research Laboratory (CBCRL) to conduct compressive strength tests on the material. The subsequent testing, carried out in the Soils Mechanics Laboratory at the University College of Cape Breton (UCCB), Sydney, N.S., identified a possible problem in the low water and ambient temperatures
in the 9E Coal Road.
In situ gas permeability testing in the no. 2 and no. 3 tunnels, Donkin-Morien project, Nova Scotia
Authors: Gallant W D , Hamilton D M , Aston D R C
Published: November 2018

In situ nitrogen permeability testing was undertaken in a borehole drilled between the No. 2 and No. 3 Tunnels at the Donkin-Morien Project. The object of this work was to assess whether the 'technique of in situ gas permeability testing could be used to assess
changes in the sidewall rock integrity caused by the different excavation methods used to drive the two tunnels. After a description of the test site, equipment and procedures, the results are presented and discussed.
The effect of monolithic pumped packing on ventilation and strata control at Lingan Colliery, Nova Scotia
Authors: Stokes A W , Cain P
Published: November 2018

Gob leakage is a serious operational problem in the Cape Breton Development Corporation's longwall coal mines. Leakages in excess of 70 percent have been recorded in walls less than 1000 m long, causing production delays through excessively high methane levels at
the return face end. In an attempt to reduce air leakage a monolithic packing system was installed in the. 9E District at Lingan Colliery. The performance of the new packing method was monitored by the CANMET Coal Research Laboratories. Ventilation surveys using sulphur hexaflouride tracer gas to
quantify gob leakage and strata control investigations to monitor the effect of the packing methods on gateroad deformation were conducted before and after the packing change. This paper describes the investigation programme and the effects of the packing change on air leakage and gateroad
deformation in the 9E District.
Advanced technology discussion document
Authors: Singhal R K , Naidu G H
Published: November 2018

This report presents a programme of applied research to be carried out by the Advanced Technology Section of the Surface Mining Laboratory of the Coal Research Laboratories (CRL), CANMET. The thrust of the programme is on .nearterm (0-5 years) with emphasis on
cooperative research relating to evaluation, enhancement and application mining technologies which have a direct and tangible bearing on production costs.
Prediction of longitudinal and subsidence profiles with width/depth ratios in excess of 3.0 using National Coal Board methods
Authors: Aston T R C
Published: November 2018

Seul le calcul des profiles de la subsidence longitudinale et transversale, ayant des rapports largeur/profondeur s'élevant jusqu'à 3,0, peut être effectué à l'aide du manuel "Subsidence Engineers Handbook" (SEH) du National Coal Board
(NCB). Au Laboratoire de recherche sur le charbon du Cap-Breton (LRCCB), on a mis au point deux programmes qui permettent de calculer, à l'aide d'un ordinateur, les profiles de la subsidence suivant la méthode décrite dans le manuel du NCB. Toutefois, ces deux programmes permettent
à l'utilisateur d'effectuer le calcul des profiles théoriques de la subsidence des panneaux exploités par longue taille, ayant des rapports largeur/profondeur dans la gamme de 3,0 à 14,0. En outre, les profiles de la subsidence longitudinale sont calculés pour les panneaux
dont la profondeur varie entre 10 et 750 m. Le présent rapport a pour but d'indiquer les points suivants aux chercheurs qui utilisent les programmes de prédiction du LRCCB et du NCB: 1) comment on en est arrivé à dériver les rapports largeur/profondeur dans la gamme de 3,0
à 14,0 et 2) d'où proviennent les méthodes de prédiction pour calculer les profiles longitudinaux.
Carbon-13 solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of pitch
Authors: Axelson D E
Published: November 2018

The carbon-13 solid state cross polarization nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of eight pitch samples is reported. In order to elucidate the conditions for quantitative analysis, various relaxation parameters were measured , including : proton rotating frame
spin -lattice relaxation, cross polarization relaxation times, and the carbon:13 spin-lattice relaxation times. From a combination of chemical shift considerations and dipolar dephasing experiments, the ratio of substituted to unsubstituted aromatic carbons and average aromatic cluster size were
ascertained. Apparent aromaticity values were determined from both magic angle spinning experiments and static experiments. Unlike (the only) previously reported solid state nmr pitch study, there were no substantial differences in the aromaticity values derived from static spectra and magic angle
spinning spectra. The aliphatic region consists almost exclusively of methyl groups attached to aromatic rings and methylene groups (-CH - , -CH :CH bridging 2 2 2 aromatic groups. The aromatic region comprises about 92 - 99% of the commercial and experimental Domtar pitches and only about
86% of the competitive commercial product. Average aromatic cluster sizes (including possible hydroaromatic rings) are in the range of 2 - 6 for the samples studied. The most noteworthy effect of structure versus relaxation times measured occurs for the carbon-13 spin:lattice relaxation time
experiments. All three commercial samples exhibited longer relaxation times than the experimental samples, the differences being about a factor of two or more. This result indicates that there is a fundamental difference in either the molecular weight distribution, the nature of the bonding between
the aromatic clusters (eg, aryl-aryl versus condensed ring versus methylene bridges), or the nature of the three dimensional organization of the aromatic rings in the solid state that results in significant differences in overall aromatic molecular mobility of the experimental samples compared with
the commercial products. Part of the difference may be due to the nature and amount of the free radical species present, however.
Analysis of tracer gas data from a study of airflow movements through a leaching stope in a uranium mine
Authors: Stokes A W , Klinowski W G
Published: November 2018

The ventilation research group from CANMET's Elliot Lake Mining Research Laboratory undertook a tracer gas study to determine the airflow patterns through a stope undergoing leaching in one of Dennison's local uranium mines. The Cape Breton Coal Research
Laboratory was asked for their assistance in analysing the raw data from this study using their extensive suite of computer programs which have been developed for this purpose. This report gives the results of the analysis and draws some conclusions about the airflow patterns in the stope and the
efficiency of the system used to ventilate leaching stopes.
Problems associated with the storage of thermal coal and their potential solutions
Authors: Chakravorty R N , Sahay H
Published: November 2018

Recent incidences of fires and explosions in coal storage facilities in Alberta, Canada have resulted in renewed interest in the resolution of the problems relating to storage of coal. Field oriented research and investigation is being undertaken by the Calgary
Coal Research Laboratory of Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, Engineering and Mines Branch (Government of Alberta) and some of the operating coal mining companies. This paper discusses the progress made in Canda in combating this problem and the on-going and planned research
activities. Whilst research to develop substantive criteria continues, in the interim, it is imperative that early warning systems to detect the incipient heating be developed. Relatively new techniques of using inert gas to control heating in coal storage silos is also
discussed.
Digitizing programs to generate input data for a haulage simulation model by using fitting cubic curves
Authors: Neumiller C , Stuart N , Heximer M , Veldhuis W
Published: November 2018

In this report, a set of programs used to digitize and plot mine haulage roads, is described. The method employed in the running of these programs is detailed, as are calculations and subroutines that are used. The structure of input/output files, graphs, and
charts produced are also described. The developed digitizing program will be used to enter data to the "Haulage simulation" model, presently under development by Surface Mining Laboratory, Operations Research group in Devon and the National Research Council in Ottawa.
Digitize/plotter program software
Authors: Srajer V , Stuart N J , Neumiller C , Heximer M , Veldhuis W
Published: November 2018

In this report, the programs DIGITIZE and PLOTTER are presented and their functions are explained. The programs were written to help Surface Mining Laboratory staff to use the Calcomp digitizer and plotter. The programs' functions are to take an image on a piece
of paper, record it in a data file, read the data from the data file, then plot it using the Calcomp plotter.
The SPOC manual Chapter 2 sampling methodology
Authors: Smith H W , Laguitton D , Cameron W , Pilgrim R
Published: November 2018

yes
A study of a simplified theory of gravity concentration in coal jigs
Authors: Charbonnier R P
Published: November 2018

yes
Summary of work of high pressure chemistry section 1929-1958
Authors: Bowles K W
Published: November 2018

The work of tile High Pressure Chemistry Section of the Fuels Division is briefly summarized from its beginning in 1929 to the present time. For convenience the work is divided into three periods: pre-war war and post-war.
Development of a molar volume equation suitable for the structural analysis of hydrocarbons
Authors: Boyd M L , Montgomery D S
Published: November 2018

yes
Instruments to measure the stress conditions existing in the rocks surrounding underground openings
Authors: May A N
Published: November 2018

yes
Report of visit to coal mines in central and southern Alberta
Authors: Blanchflower C A
Published: November 2018

yes
Time-dependent deformation and failure of geologic materials
Authors: Hardy H R
Published: November 2018

yes
Briquetting in the Beneficiation of fine coals
Authors: Swartzman E
Published: November 2018

yes
Canadian coals in ferrous metallurgy
Authors: Ignatieff A , Botham J C , Walsh J H
Published: November 2018

yes
The application of measurement instrumentation to the determination of stresses encountered in rocks surrounding underground openings
Authors: May A N
Published: November 2018

yes
Froth sampling from extraction plants
Authors: Lam W W , Mikula R J , Payette C , Flint K , Munoz V
A
Published: November 2018

The cryogenic sampling device developed at CANMET's Western Research Centre was used successfully to collect frozen froth samples from the extraction plants at both Suncor and Syncrude in Fort McMurray. Samples from the froth separation cell, froth settler, froth
cleaner, and tertiary oil recovery vessel were obtained as a function of depth using this method. It was difficult to obtain samples from the rougher and scavenger cells due to the underlying turbulence in the vessel which hindered the freezing process
Microscopy of diluted bitumen from syncrude plant 6
Authors: Lam W W , Mikula R J
Published: November 2018

Two diluted bitumen (dilbit) products from Syncrude Plant 6 were studied by scanning electron microscopy under cryogenic conditions and optical microscopy using reflected and fluorescence modes. The purpose was to evaluate whether or not the microscopy techniques
used were appropriate for samples with high volatile contents, and to probe the factors stabilizing the water/oil interfaces in the dilbit product. Results obtained thus far suggest that the fine solids (< 1 pm) were dispersed in the organic (naphtha and bitumen) phase rather than at the
water/oil interface. The majority of the solids were clays and had a relatively high water content, suggesting that they were water-wet clays. A few coke or asphaltene particles were also found in one dilbit sample. On the other hand, the water droplets were mostly 3 pin in diameter and an
indication of solids at the water/oil interface was found. Recommendations for future studies include: 1) design a sample holder specific for handling volatile substances (to minimize naphtha evaporation); 2) study laboratory dilbit samples prepared with different naphtha contents; 3) use a cooled
stage for OM observation; and/or 4) reduce the naphtha content in dilbit plant samples
Froth handling technologies. part 2: froth structure
Authors: Lam W W , Payette C , Mikula R J
Published: November 2018

Froth quality is determined by the water and solids content in the extracted froth. Decreasing the water and solids in the froth minimizes the need for their removal in the downstream processes. The quality of froth is related to the formation mechanism and thus
the physical structure of air bubbles, bitumen, water, and solids in the froth layer. Understanding the interactions between these components in the froth layer will lead to improved froth handling technologies. A cryogenic sampling method was devised at CANMET's Western Research Centre and was
successfully tested at Syncrude's pilot plant. Samples for microscopic observations were collected from the primary separation vessel which was operated at 80°C (Clark and OSLO processes) and at 30°C and 10°C (OSLO process). The results were used to develop a froth structure
model.
Properties of sand-cast magnesium alloys part ii: metallography of magnesium-zinc alloys
Authors: Lagowski B
Published: November 2018

As an extension of Part I, Binary Magnesium- Zinc Alloys, issued as Researeh Report R 9 dated June 1958, the present report describes in more detail the latest developments in studies of the Mg-Zn phase diagram and reviews typical microstructures of cast alloys
containing up to 30% Zn. A discussion of the effect of various heat treatments and the resulting microstructures at various stages of phase changes is presented.
CANMET's enviromental and process research on uranium
Authors: Moffett D , Zahary G , Campbell M C , Ingles J C
Published: November 2018

Enviromental research related to uranium tailings is being carried out within the Mining Research Laboratories and Mineral Sciences Laboratories of CANMET, EMR. Field-related research on uranium tailings has been conducted at Elliot Lake for over five years. Much
of the work has been focused on a program to rehabilitate pyritic tailings. This has resulted in developing a practicable technology for growing vegetation on such wastes. Limitations have been samll size of the est-plots and the relatively short period during which experiments have been carried
out. A research program aimed at identifying and reducing acidic and radioactive effluents is also underway at Elliot Lake. These liquid effluents have been identified as the most serious threat to the enviroment. Research at the Mineral Scicence Laboratories and its predecessor divisions relating
to the processing of uranium and thorium ores is outlined. A process has been developed for recovering thorium which could reduce the overall radioactive load in the tailings. Much of the current work is related to developing new technology for recovering uranium from lower-grade ores which,
however, is unlikely to be implemented within the next ten years. A significant effort is also being made in removing pyrite, preconcentrating radioactive materials, and identifying and removing chemical compounds that carry radium in solid tailings. All of these investigations could have an impact
on near-term solutions to some enviromental problems. Mineral Sciences Laboratories has the analytic capacity to identify and characterize both mineralogical and most radiochemical constituents of the Elliot Lake ores.
Hazardous characteristics of Canadian coal dust
Authors: Feng K K
Published: November 2018

Two major characteristics of Canadian coals which contribute to the severity of coal dust explosions have been determined experimentally by CERL/CANMET. First, the ignition sensitivity was measured in terms of the minimum ignition energy, minimum explosion
severity was measured in terms of both the maximum explosion pressure and the maximum rate of pressure rise. The 'Bruceton up-and-down technique' was used to test the variation of minimum explosible concentration. The effect of low concentrations of methane (0 to 4%) in air on spark-initiated
coal dust explosions, was investigated. With the increase of methane concentration, the minimum dust concentration required for causing explosions decreases almost linearly. Small amounts of methane increase the maximum explosion pressure and the maximum rate of pressure
rise.
Psychological Safety and Support: Assessing Resident Perceptions of the Clinical Learning Environment
Authors: Appelbaum Nital P. , Santen Sally A. , Aboff Brian M. , Vega Ryan , Munoz Jose L. , Hemphill Robin R.
Published: November 2018

Background

Assessments of the clinical learning environment could allow early interventions to improve graduate medical education. To date, measurement tools for this have not been identified.

Objective

We established the concurrent validity of 2 instruments that assess cultural facets of the clinical learning environment by correlating them with external program evaluation data.

Methods

In 2017 we surveyed residents across 19 training programs on their perceptions of organizational support by using the Short Survey of Perceived Organizational Support (SPOS), and psychological safety by using the Psychological Safety Scale (PSS). Data were aggregated to the program level and correlated with results from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Resident Survey.

Results

Of 511 residents, 322 (63%) completed the survey, and 496 of 516 residents (96%) completed the ACGME Resident Survey. Perceived organizational support correlated positively with overall program evaluation score (r = 0.75, P < .001); faculty (r = 0.72, P < .001); evaluation (r = 0.73, P < .001); educational content (r = 0.52, P = .022); and resources domains (r = 0.55, P =  .014). Psychological safety had a positive correlation with overall program evaluation (r = 0.57, P = .011); faculty (r = 0.50, P = .028); and evaluation (r = 0.62, P < .005).

Conclusions

The SPOS and PSS correlated with key ACGME Resident Survey domains. Programs showing greater support of residents were likely to show more positive ratings on program evaluation metrics. Teaching institutions may benefit from actively monitoring and improving aspects of their learning environment through internal assessments.
THE MICROBIOLOGY OF SELF-SERVICE, PACKAGED, SQUARE SLICES OF COOKED HAM1
Authors: Miller W. A.
Published: November 2018

The microbial flora of 113 packages of sliced cooked ham was studied over a period of 11 months (samples purchased bi-weekly). When opened and analyzed, 49 packages from stores I and II revealed counts of 1,000 to 42 million per square inch of surface area. Samples from 17 of 49 packages were sour (buttermilk odor) after 3 to 7 days at 4 to 11°C. The dominant organism in the sour samples was a non-heat resistant Microbacterium.

Twenty-four samples from packages of vacuum-packed, sliced ham from store III showed counts of fewer than 248,000 per square inch; 3 samples were sour at 7 days (4 to 11°C.) Eighteen packages of sliced ham from stores I and II were stored at 4 to 11°C for 7 days before opening; counts ranged from 3.4 million to 650 million, and 8 packages were sour. Eleven of 20 packages of vacuum-packed ham stored 7 days at 4 to 11°C before opening (store III) showed counts of 1,000 to 60,000; no souring was observed in any of the 20 packages.
THE REDUCTION OF THE MICROFLORA OF MILKING MACHINE INFLATIONS BY TEAT DIPPING AND TEAT CUP PASTEURIZATION1
Authors: Newbould F. H. S. , Barnum D. A.
Published: November 2018

Teats were dipped immediately after milking in (a) an iodophor diluted to contain 1.0 per cent available iodine; (b) P.V.P.—Hibitane, containing 1.6 per cent Hibitane (Chlorhexidine); and (c) P.V.P.—Hibitane containing 0.5 per cent Hibitane. After each cow was milked the teat cups were rinsed briefly and “pasteurized” at 165–170°F for 15 seconds.

Teat-dipping alone reduced dramatically the number of micrococci on the inflations but was only partially effective in reducing the percentage of inflations carrying haemolytic staphylococci, except when the 1.6 per cent P.V.P.—Hibitane was used. This material was, however, somewhat irritating to the teats. Teat cup pasteurizing alone partially reduced the percentage of teat cups carrying haemolytic staphylococci, but had little effect on the number of micrococci initially present on the inflations. It appears that the combination of these simple practices will go far towards eliminating the teat-skin and milking machine inflations as reservoirs of haemolytic staphylococci.
A STUDY OF WELDED LINES FOR PROCESSING MILK1
Authors: Olson H. C. , Brown G. O. , Mickle J. B.
Published: November 2018

A study was made of the sanitary aspects of using welded lines in the processing of milk. The criteria used included visual examination, swab tests, rinse tests and standard plate and coliform counts on the milk at various stages of the processing.

The results indicate that the use of welded lines of the type used in this plant in conjunction with an automatic CIP system is satisfactory for processing Grade A milk.
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND ACID PRODUCTION AMONG STARTER CULTURES BELONGING TO THE GENUS STREPTOCOCCUS1
Authors: Richards R. J. , Kennedy H. E. , Gould I. A.
Published: November 2018

The susceptibility to penicillin of a wide range of single strain cultures of lactic streptococci was determined. Approximately 50% of the strains studied exhibited resistance to penicillin at the 0.1 unit/ml level. Eight of these cultures were adapted to grow in the presence of 0.5 unit penicillin/ml, but they were unable to produce acid at a rate or quantity equal to that of their sensitive parent strains. Cultures obtained from naturally resistant isolates produced more acid in the presence of low penicillin concentrations than their sensitive parent counterparts, but less than that produced by “trained” resistant strains from the same parent origin.
FREEZING POINT VALUES AND MILK SOLIDS-NOT-FAT CONTENT OF RETAIL MILK1
Authors: Henningson R. W.
Published: November 2018

Observed freezing point and milk solids-not-fat values were determined for approximately 400 retail samples. Most of these samples were systematically collected at monthly intervals over a calendar year from designated processing plants.

The average observed freezing point value found was −0.529°C. The average MSNF value found was 8.88%. No relationship was expected, or found, between the observed freezing point value and the MSNF value of milks. The MSNF value did not assist in explaining high freezing point values or in confirming the presence of added water. It did prevent suspicion which could not be easily confirmed.

A minimum freezing point depression standard, based on area data and administered in a manner similar to a minimum butterfat standard, appears to be the most feasible way of utilizing the cryoscopic method for the determination of added water in milk.
BACTERIAL COUNTS OF BULK MILK FOR INTERSTATE SHIPMENT
Authors: Brazis A. Richard , Black Luther A.
Published: November 2018

During this investigation single samples were collected from 773 milk cans, three samples from each of 416 farm bulk tanks, six samples from each of 158 farm pick-up trucks, single samples from 49 storage vats, twelve samples from each of 98 transport trucks, and single samples from 77 storage tanks. Of the samples collected, 96% had counts under 200,000; 1.9% had counts of 200,000 – 300,000; 0.7% had counts of 300,000 to 400,000 and 1.4% had counts in excess of 400,000 per ml.

The bacterial count finding on pumped milk indicated that milk passage through pumps did not appear to contribute to subsequent high counts through the break-up of bacterial clumps which may have been present. When bacterial counts were correlated with observations of the sanitary conditions of milk handling, the data reaffirmed that laxity in cleaning, bactericidal treatment or cooling will be reflected in the bacterial count and may result in the shipment of raw milk having counts in excess of 200,000 per ml.