bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY OF TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN PROMINENT CROPS OF CALIFORNIA'S SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY
Authors: Grattan S.R. , Miller R.O. , Mitchell J.P.
Published: February 2019

Since the discovery of elevated concentrations of selenium in the water, sediments, and biota at the Kesterson Wildlife Refuge, several studies regarding trace element distribution in the San Joaquin Valley and their potential environmental impacts have been initialed. We conducted a reconnaissance investigation to assess the concentration of boron, selenium, arsenic, molybdenum, uranium and vanadium using inductively coupled mass spectroscopy in prominent vegetation in the San Joaquin Valley. Five regions representing a range of geochemical environments with known differences in trace element concentrations in their soils or shallow ground water were selected for plant and soil sampling. Concentrations of boron, selenium arsenic, molybdenum, uranium, and vanadium in soil and tissue will be presented for these geographic areas for alfalfa, almonds, cotton, garlic, grapes, onions, tomatoes, and wheat. Interpretations of the wide range of trace element tissue concentrations that have been found will be discussed.
ALTERNATIVE N FERTILIZATION STRATEGIES FOR PEARS
Authors: Khemira Habib , Righetti T. L. , Sugar David , Azarenko A. N.
Published: February 2019

Current N fertilization practices, where high spring applications are utilized, may lead to excessive vegetative growth. However, high rates may not be required to maximize fruit yield and quality. Therefore, alternative strategies to minimize shoot growth while still providing the N needs of the tree were investigated. Mature `Comice' and `Bosc' pear trees were given one of the following treatments: a spring soil (SS) application of NH4NO3 nitrate at 112.5 kg/ha rate, a similar application in the fall after harvest (FS), a fall foliar (FF) spray of a 7.5% urea solution after harvest (FF), or no N (Control). Trees that received a FF application had the same leaf and fruit N content as control trees, but they yielded more fruit The SS application gave more vigorous trees than FF application. Yield, however, was not different.

A 15N enriched urea solution was applied at harvest as either a foliar spray, soil application, or combination of both treatments to mature `Comice' trees. Flower buds from trees that previously received a foliar treatment had 37% of their N derived from the foliar N application. No labeled N was detected in buds from the soil treatment These results indicate that vegetative and reproductive N requirements of fruit trees may be managed separately.
FRUIT GROWTH AND DESWEETING AMONG LONGAN (Euphoria longana Lam.) VARIETIES
Authors: Yen Chung-Ruey , Chang Jer-Way
Published: February 2019

Fruit growth curves of three longan varieties showed single sigmoid. Seed was the major sink in longan at early fruit development. Aril grew only after seed had approached full development. Early `Yangtaoyeh' grew more rapidly than two later varieties. Desweeting, levels of aril total soluble solids (TSS) increased to maximum and then declined gradually at later fruit development, occurs often in longan. Variation of desweeting rate among varieties was significant. Increases of fruit weight during desweeting (from dates of maximum TSS to end of experiment) were 55.4%, 50.9%, and 7.3% for `Yangtaoyeh', `Fenko', and `Shihyueh', respectively. Periods of water contents increase in aril coincided with the changes of fruit weight of three varieties. Dilution of TSS by water inflow was one of major factor of desweeting in longan fruit. Girdling did not slow down decline of aril total soluble solids.
SUCCESSFUL ESTABLISHMENT OF A FOUR-YEAR CURRICULUM IN LANDSCAPE CONTRACTING
Authors: Stearns Dan T. , Morgan Perry M. , Wallner Stephen J.
Published: February 2019

As the landscape design/build industry continues to develop, opportunities for providing baccalaureate degree programs in landscape contracting increase. Employers seek individuals with competencies that are not adequately addressed by traditional horticulture or landscape architecture curricula. The Department of Horticulture at Penn State has developed a Bachelor of Science in Landscape Contracting degree. The program, now entering its fourth year of resident instruction, has experienced rapid growth and a high degree of success. Annual increases in student interest and demand have necessitated caps on the number of students entering the major. An emphasis on design process and on construction technology, and a requirement for successful completion of courses in Horticulture and allied departments contribute to an education which instructs students in the art, science, and management of a professional design/build business. Integration of computer-aided design into Landscape Contracting courses positions graduates to carry current technology to the industry. Students obtain skills on the use of AutoCAD, LandCADD, and New Image software.
EFFECT OF THE GULF CRISIS ON THE GREENERY OF KUWAIT AND PLANS FOR ITS FURTHER ENHANCEMENT
Authors: Abdal Dr. Mahdi , Kater Mr. Dave
Published: February 2019

The August 1990 invasion and subsequent occupation of Kuwait brought about approximately nine (9) months of “forced neglect”, resulting in losses of entire areas of greenery. In this study, random sites representative of 550 hectares of existing greenery were monitored to gather information on species susceptibility to “forced neglect” under harsh conditions. While the environment, water availability and sand movement have always been formidable obstacles to ornamental plant production here, they have greatly exaggerated the broad adverse impacts under these conditions of “forced neglect”. Nevertheless, certain genotypes from many of the ornamental species were found to exhibit substantial tolerance to drought and fluctuating temperatures.

At the time of the invasion, efforts had been under-way to develop an over-all Master Plan for beautifying the entire country. The impact of the crisis on the greening strategy, the plant pallette and the unique cultivars that will be needed will be discussed.
1993 INTERNATIONAL TURFGRASS RESEARCH CONFERENCE
Authors: Cisar John L. , Snyder George H. , Williams Karen E.
Published: February 2019

For only the second time, the United States will host The International Turfgrass Society's (ITS) International Turfgrass Research Conference (ITRC). The VII ITRC will be held July 18-24, 1993 at The Breakers in Palm Beach, FL. Since its inception, the ITS has been devoted to addressing problems that effect turfgrass and improving the standards of turfgrass science through international communication. The Conference will offer two symposia entitled “Pesticide and Nutrient Fate in Turfgrass Systems” and “Quantification of Surface Characteristics of Sports Fields”. Additionally plenary and volunteered oral and poster presentations on all topics of turfgrass science and related horticultural landscape management tours of the local horticultural industries will be offered. Volunteered papers will be published in a proceedings as either original research papers or as technical papers. Papers submitted as original research will undergo refereed peer review prior to acceptance. See poster for further details or contact authors at above address (phone: 305-475-8990).
A FIELD RESEARCH METHOD FOR SOIL-WATER SAMPLING UNDER TURF
Authors: Williams Karen E. , Cisar John L. , Snyder George H.
Published: February 2019

Current interest in the fate of agrochemicals applied to turf is encouraging many turf scientists to contemplate renovation of existing field plots for soil-water monitoring studies. Ceramic cup samplers are used for these studies and result in little soil profile disturbance. However, a limitation to using this tool is frequent sampler failure caused by frequent system air leaks. Also, conventional installation and sampling require that samplers be accessible from above the soil line. This imposes a constraint on turf maintenance and increases traffic and wear to turf plots. Herein, an inexpensive offsite soil-water sampling method using permanently installed ceramic cup samplers that allows for routine turf maintenance without system failure is described. Thirty-six separately irrigated 4 m2 plots each with an installed sampler provided daily data over 1988-1989, from which the effects of a range of irrigation, N, K, and propoxur treatments on soil-water concentrations were evaluated. These data, plus calculated percolation provided an estimate of groundwater loading.
PREEMERGENCE HERBICIDE EFFECTS ON ST. AUGUSTINEGRASS SOD TENSILE STRENGTH AND ROOTING
Authors: McCarty L.B.
Published: February 2019

The effects of single and sequential applications of currently available herbicides at 0.5X and lX rates on St. Augustinegrass sod production were investigated. single applications were made immediantely after the field was harvested, and remaining ribbons tilled and rolled, while sequential applications were applied approximately six months later. Sod was harvested one year after the initial application with tensile strengths and root core weight recorded. Data will be presented on the herbicide treatment rates and number of application effects on sod tensile strength and root mass.
EFFECTS OF VAPOR HEAT TREATMENT ON MANGO FRUIT QUALITY
Authors: Mitcham Elizabeth J. , McDonald Roy E.
Published: February 2019

Mature green mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit were heated (100% RH) at 50C for 120, 180 or 240 min or 46C for 160, 220 or 280 min. The rate of mesocarp color (CIE a*) development was reduced in treated fruit, particularly in inner tissue. Rate of softening of mesocarp tissue was reduced after heat treatment; inner more than outer. Fruit treated at 50C remained more firm than control fruit 9 days after treatment, whereas fruit treated at 46C were more firm than controls 3 days after treatment, but were similar by 9 days. Electrolyte leakage from inner mesocarp tissue disks increased with increasing time at 50C, but was unchanged in fruit treated at 46C. However, after 3 days, electrolyte leakage returned to control levels. Ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE) activity of inner meso-carp tissue was greatly reduced in fruit treated at 50C (all times), and at 46C (220 and 280 min). After 3 days, EFE activity of fruit from most treatments had recovered to levels higher than controls. These data indicate that fruit may be able to recover from heat stress. Mild heat stress may increase postharvest shelf life by reducing the rate of softening.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH WATER STRESS IN SWEETPOTATOES
Authors: Garner James Q. , Thongket Thammasak
Published: February 2019

Proline content, leaf water potential (LWP), and leaf diffusive resistance (LDR) were determined for eight sweetpotato genotypes underwater stress conditions. Changes in fatty acid compositions of leaf polar lipids were determined in two sweetpotato genotypes during declining soil moisture. Proline did not accumulate and LWP did not decrease until soil moisture dropped below 10%, but LDR increased as soil moisture decreased. Genotypic differences in proline accumulation and LWP were found. Changes in fatty acid compositions occurred more in glycolipids than in phospholipids. Fatty acid changes were more pronouned in genotype MS20-2 than in “Vardaman”
GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF COWPEA AND PIGEONPEAS AT CONTROLLED LOW TEMPERATURES
Authors: Marsh Lurline E. , Dkhili Mohsen
Published: February 2019

Twenty cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and 10 early maturing pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) genotypes were grown at 20/10 C, and 17/10 C day/night and 16 hr. photoperiod to assess their germination and growth. At 20/10 C eighteen cowpea genotypes including the line MN13, and the cultivar, Pinkeye Purple Hull commenced germination at 6 days after planting and showed at least 80% germination 21 days later. Generally, genotypes did not differ significantly in germination and seedling growth up to 45 days later. At 17/10 C two of the cowpea genotypes IT 82E-16 and IT 84E-124 attained at least 90% germination within 21 days after planting. Seedling, growth of these genotypes did not differ and plants began to die 70 days after planting. The pigeonpeas at 17/10 C commenced germination at 9-10 days like many of the cowpeas. Most had at least 50% germination and did not differ in shoot elongation and leaf production. All pigeonpeas flowered between 109 and 136 days after planting and produced pods with immature seeds.
EFFECT OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN NaCl LEVELS AND ROOT-ZONE TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH AND SEED PRODUCTION OF CUCUMBER.
Authors: Abou-Hadid Ayman F. , Abd-Alla Abo-Elfotouh M. , Jones Richard A.
Published: February 2019

Cucumber plants )Cucumis sativa cv. Beta-al-pha) were grown in a glasshouse in pots of sand with 3 NaCl levels in the nutrient solution (0.40 and 60 mM) and placed in four large water baths controlled at different temperatures (13, 18,23, and 28°C). The increase of NaCl levels decreased the vegetative growth, seed yield, and seed quality, while the increase of root zone temperature up to 23C° increased the vegetative growth, seed yield and quality. Whereas, 28°C showed lower effect than 23°C. Ethylene production and the content of proline and free amino acids were increased with increasing NaCl levels. The increase of root zone temperature till 23°C decreased ethylene production, proline, and free amino acids contents. Zero NaCl (as control) obtained with 23°C root zone temperature appeared to be the best for the over-all growth, seed yield and seed quality of cucumber plants.
COMPOSTED AND FRESH EUCALYPTUS CHIP MULCHES PROMOTE EARLY ESTABLISHMENT OF CALIFORNIA SYCAMORE.
Authors: Downer A.J. , Faber B. , Schuch U. , Pittenger D. , White R.
Published: February 2019

Forty eight California sycamores (Platanus racemosa) were planted (5/91) from one gallon containers and mulched (8/91) with, pine bark, composted sewage sludge and wood products, fresh Eucalyptus cladocalyx chips (large 2-6cm), fresh eucalyptus chips (small <1cm), composted large eucalyptus and untreated. Mulches were applied to a depth of 10cm in a 6m2 area around each tree. Irrigations were based on soil moisture depletion and water content was measured by time domain reflectometry. Mulched trees developed more caliper, lower stomatal resistances and lower trunk temperatures. Soil moisture (top 15cm) was greater under mulched trees. Rooting was evident in the sludge, and composted eucalyptus mulches but absent in the pine bark and fresh eucalyptus mulches.
GA3—INDUCED FRUIT SET OF RABBITEYE BLUEBERRY
Authors: Cano—M Raguel , Darnell Rebecca L.
Published: February 2019

The effects of different GA3 concentrations and application times on fruit set, fruit development period, and fruit quality in rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) were studied. Flower clusters were sprayed with 100 or 250 ppm GA3 at 90% full bloom and again 7 days later, or with 125 ppm GA3 at 90% full bloom and again 7, 21, and 42 days later, under greenhouse conditions. Fruit set was monitored every 10 days and fruit weight, fruit development period, soluble solids, and titratable acidity were measured at harvest.

Fruit set in GA3 treatments averaged 69 to 76% compared to an average of 43% for the pollinated control. Weight of GA3 treated berries averaged 1.2, g while that of pollinated berries averaged 2.0 g. However, calculated total yield was greater for the GA3 treatments compared to the pollinated control, averaging 244 and 206 g/treatment, respectively. GA3 increased the fruit development period by 2 to 11 days, depending on the treatment. Soluble solids and titratable acidity were not affected by any treatment.
PROPAGATION OF PECAN BY STEM AND ROOT CUTTINGS
Authors: Fouad M.M. , Abou-Taleb S. , Wood B.W. , Yates I.E.
Published: February 2019

Certain key experiments on the clonal propagation of pecan by stem and root cuttings are described. Juvenile cuttings of pecan cv. `Stuart' produced more roots and a larger percentage of rooted cuttings than adult cuttings when treated with 1% solution of (IBA) in Feb. and Aug. Successful propagation from `Stuart' stem cuttings was high from July to September. This study also fails to support the hypothesis that auxins are necessary to increase the level of rooting by pecan hardwood cuttings. Pecans were propagated using root cutting techniques and successfully transplanted to containers. Root cutting sections collected in either March or August from two-year-old `Curtis' seedling, responded yielding high rooting success and survival. The data also provides evidence that IBA could enhance the production of roots of root cuttings but BA (Benzyl Adenrine) offers no benefit. Girdling the sprout shoots from root cuttings with the use of IBA doubled the percentage of shoots producing roots and increasing root length.
MONOTERPENOID CONSTITUENTS OF ROSEMARY SHOOT TIPS CULTURED IN VITRO
Authors: Tawfik Azza A. , Cuppett Susan L. , Read Paul E.
Published: February 2019

Shoot tips (7 to 10 mm long) of rosemary plant (Rosmarinus officinalis L. 'Lockwood de forest') were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ) (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2 mg/l) alone or with 3-indole acetic acid (IAA) at 0.5 mg/l. The effect of TDZ and IAA on the proliferation of rosemary shoot tips has been reported in a previous meeting. Here, we report on the effect of TDZ and IAA on the monoterpene constituents identified in the oil of rosemary plants propagated in vitro. The proliferated explants were soaked in hexane as a solvent, then the extractions were used for monoterpene analysis using GC/MS. A significant interaction of TDZ by IAA was found on most of the oil components identified. The highest levels of 1,8-cineole and borneol were obtained at 0.5 mg TDZ/l alone, while the highest level of camphor was obtained at 0.5 mg TDZ/l plus 0.5 mg IAA/l. The highest level of bornyl acetate was at 2 mg TDZ/l.
EFFECT OF BAP SHOCK, EXPLANT TYPE, AND EXPLANT ORIENTATION ON REGENERATION OF SWINGLE CITRUMELO
Authors: Dias Kalyani M. , Rogers Suzanne M.D.
Published: February 2019

This study reports some factors effecting rapid regeneration of Swingle Citrumelo (Citrus paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata).

Inter-nodal stem and root sections from in vitro grown seedlings were shocked with 10, 6, 2 or 0 mg/l BAP for 48 h and then transferred to hormone-free Murashige and Tucker (1961) medium gelled with 2 g/l Gelrite. Explants were cultured horizontally or vertically to study the effect of orientation on shoot initiation.

BAP shock had a pronounced effect on shoot regeneration by root, but not by stem explants. Root explants shocked with 10 mg/l BAP had the highest regeneration frequency. Only vertically placed root and stem explants produced shoots. Shoot buds were first observed in root explants about 10 days after BAP shock. Stem cuttings were slow in producing shoot buds which were first seen after 25 days. A total of 53 shoots were regenerated from 48 root explants while the same number of stem cuttings produced only 11 shoots. When subcultured onto the same medium, more than 85% of the shoots rooted, and were recovered as plants. Explant type, explant orientation and cytokinin shock all influenced regeneration.
ISOLATION OF CUCUMIS MELO L. MESOPHYLL AND SUSPENSION CELLS FOR HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTION STUDIES.
Authors: Healey P. , Ng T.J , Hammerschlag F.A.
Published: February 2019

Mesophyll cells are desirable targets for studying responses to pathogens or pathogen-induced toxins. Based on host-pathogen or host-toxin interaction studies at the cellular level it can be determined whether a toxin can be used as a selective agent. Suspension cells are suitable selection units for in vitro selection of potentially useful somaclonal variants. Protocols for the isolation of muskmelon mesophyll and suspension cells were developed in order to study the effects of roridin E, a toxin produced by Myrothecium roridum, on leaf spot tolerant and sensitive muskmelon cultivars. Viable mesophyll cells were obtained by exposing leaf tissue to 1% cellulysin and 5% macerase in B5 medium with 0.4M sucrose for one hour. Viable suspension cells were maintained a medium consisting of MS salts, 3% sucrose, 3 (μM thiamine·HCl, 555 μM myo-Inositol, 28 μM kinetin and 9 μM IAA. Fluorescein diacetate was used to determine viability over time. Membrane stability was monitored by measuring changes in the fluorescence of cells stained with Merocyanine 540 (MC 540), an optical probe for changes in transmembrane electrical potential (PD).
CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES TO CITRUS CULTIVAR IMPROVEMENT
Authors: Gmitter Frederick G.
Published: February 2019

Traditional methods of genetic manipulation have proven ineffective or irrelevant for many citrus breeding objectives. Alternative approaches to genetic improvement of citrus are now available as a result of technological developments in genetics and tissue culture. Mapping DNA markers on the Citrus genome should lead to identification of markers closely linked to important loci, thereby facilitating early selection and minimizing costs associated with plant size and juvenility. Genetic transformation methods provide opportunities for trait-specific modification of commercial cultivars. The selection of beneficial variants from sectored fruit chimeras, and the recovery of plants via somatic embryogenesis, can overcome the problems of nucellar embryony and the hybrid nature of commercial cultivar groups. Induced mutagenesis, using mature vegetative buds, may overcome size and juvenility, as well as nucellar embryony and hybridity. Ploidy level manipulation in vitro provides methods to overcome sterility, incompatibility, and nucellar embryony, and it can increase the number and diversity of tetraploid breeding parents available for development of seedless citrus triploids.
Correlation of pH and Light Intensity on Flower Color in Potted Eustoma grandiflorum Grise.
Authors: Griesbach R.J.
Published: February 2019

The environment can affect the intensity of flower color in Eustoma grandiflorum. Low light and alkaline pH within the growing cell can lead to reduced color intensity. Two independent causes are responsible for the decrease in the intensity of flower color. 1) Older flowers were more alkaline than freshly opened flowers. A 7% increase in pH was related with a 10% reduction in color intensity. 2) Flowers that open under low light were paler than those opening under high light intensity. A 25% decrease in light intensity was related to a 30% reduction in the concentration of anthocyanin and a 40% reduction in color intensity.
Developmental Stage, Light, and Foliage Removal Affect Flowering and Bulb Weight of Easter Lily
Authors: Wang Yin-Tung , Gregg Lori L.
Published: February 2019

Lilium longiflorum Thunb. `Nellie White' plants grown under 1300 μmol·m-2·s-1 maximum photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) in a greenhouse deliberately were completely defoliated when the oldest flower bud was 2, 4, or 7 cm long. Plants were then placed in growth chambers in darkness or in the light (250 μmol·m -2·s-1 PPF, 10 hours) with 25C air, along with intact plants as controls; all were harvested at the completion of flowering. Defoliation at the 2- and 4-cm bud stages resulted in complete flower abortion, with or without light. Plants defoliated at the 7-cm stage and kept in light had 60% of the flower buds develop to anthesis but depleted more scale reserves. Those defoliated at the 7-cm stage and kept in darkness had complete flower abortion; however, bulb weights remained similar to those of the intact plants kept in the light.
Enhanced Celery Germination at Stress Temperature via Solid Matrix Priming
Authors: Parera Carlos A. , Qiao Ping , Cantliffe Daniel J.
Published: February 2019

To alleviate high-temperature-induced reductions in seed germination, emergence, and seedling uniformity in celery (Apium graveolens L.), seeds were primed via solid matrix priming (SMP); 0.5 g celery seeds was incubated at 15C with 10 g calcined clay and 2 ml water. After 2 days, 1, 2, 3, or 4 ml water or 1% NaOCl solution was added and seeds were kept for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 additional days. The germination percentage and coefficient of germination velocity (COV) were calculated for each treatment at 15 and 30C. The seeds primed with NaOCl gained significantly less moisture after 8 days of priming than those treated with water, regardless of the volume added. Germination of nonprimed seeds was 83% and 2% at 15 and 30C, respectively. Final germination at 30C increased to >80% when seeds were primed with 3 or 4 ml NaOCl solution or 3 ml water for >10 days. SMP treatment significantly reduced the negative effect of high temperature on celery seed germination.
Commercial Snap Bean Response to Fertilization with Broiler Litter
Authors: Brown James E. , Gilliam Charles H. , Shumack Ronald L. , Porch Daniel W.
Published: February 2019

Commercial snap bean (Phaseolus vulguris L.) yields in spring were similar when comparing a commercial fertilizer standard based on soil test recommendations to three application rates of broiler litter. Snap bean yields in the fall were higher on plots that received spring-applied broiler litter than on those receiving the commercial fertilizer standard in the fall. Increasing the application rate of broiler litter generally resulted in a linear yield response during both seasons.
Retaining the Benefits of Matriconditioning by Controlled Drying of Snap Bean Seeds
Authors: Ptasznik Wlodzimierz , Khan Anwar A.
Published: February 2019

The effects of various drying conditions on seed quality and performance of matriconditioned `Bush Blue Lake 47' snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds were studied. An exponential model based on the Page equation provided a good fit (R2 = 0.9) to changes in moisture content during drying. Drying matriconditioned seeds with high initial moisture content (47.2%) for 5 to 6 hours at 35C, 30% to 35% relative humidity, and 0.7 to 1.4 m·s-1 air velocity (v) retained, and in some cases augmented, the benefits derived from conditioning. Matriconditioning greatly reduced electrolyte leakage (34.3 vs. 94.7 μS·cm-1·g-1 for nontreated seeds); drying to 15% moisture content at 0.7 or 1.4 m·s-1 v moderately increased the leakage rate (59.1 to 60.9 vs. 34.3 μS·cm-1·g-1), while drying at 0.02 m·s-1 v (ambient) increased the rate to that of nontreated seeds. The leakage rate remained low (43.6 to 50.8 μS·cm-1·g-1) in matriconditioned seeds dried to 22% moisture content at all air velocities. In growth-chamber studies, rapidly drying matriconditioned seeds to 15% moisture content at 1.4 m·s-1 v improved the emergence percentage over that of nontreated seeds, increased the shoot fresh and dry weight over that of nontreated and nondried matriconditioned seeds, and increased the shoot fresh weight over that of seeds dried at 0.02 or 0.7 m·s-1 v. Drying matriconditioned seeds to 15% moisture content at 0.7 m·s-1 v improved plant fresh weight over that produced by nontreated seeds. Rapid drying to 22% moisture content at 1.4 or 0.7 m·s-1 v improved only shoot fresh weight over that of nontreated seeds. In a 1992 field planting, percent emergence of matriconditioned seeds dried at 0.7 or 1.4 m·s-1 v was similar to that of nondried matriconditioned seeds and higher than that of nontreated seeds. No significant differences were noted in plant yield among the treatments.
AOA and BA Influence on Floral Development and Longevity of Potted `Victory Parade' Miniature Rose
Authors: Serek Margrethe , Andersen Arne Skytt
Published: February 2019

Miniature rose (Rosa hybrida L. cv. Victory Parade) plants were treated with AOA, BA, or STS before simulated shipment and display in an interior environment. Although AOA-treated plants lasted slightly longer than nontreated plants, their postproduction quality, evaluated as floral longevity, bud drying, and bud abscission, was not as satisfactory as that of STS- or BA-treated plants. In this ethylene-sensitive cultivar, BA treatment was almost as satisfactory as STS treatment. Flowers that opened in the greenhouse before shipping lasted longer than those that opened in the interior environment room. STS and BA treatments increased the longevity of both flower types. However, these treatments did not eliminate the difference between flowers that opened before or after transport simulation. Chemical names used: aminooxyacetic acid (AOA); benzyladenine (BA); silver thiosulfate (STS).
Early Detection of Chilling Injury with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Buta J. George , Wang Chien Y.
Published: February 2019

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detected early large increases in fluid leakage from zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) subjected to a chilling temperature (5C). The increase in fluid leakage (principally water) was found after 1 day at 5C, while surface pitting was detected only after 3 days of storage at 5C. Prestorage temperature conditioning at 15C for 2 days greatly diminished the fluid leakage measured by FTIR spectroscopy after 1 day of storage at 5C. Measuring fluid leakage using FTIR spectroscopy seems to be a promising technique to detect the early onset of chilling injury.
Canopy Position Influences CIELAB Coordinates of Peach Color
Authors: Bible Bernard B. , Singha Suman
Published: February 2019

Differences in color development between exposed and shaded fruit during the growing season were determined for `Loring' and `Raritan Rose' peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch). The surface color of fruit exposed to sunlight in the upper canopy, and in the shade in the lower canopy, was measured with a tristimulus calorimeter, and L* a* b* values were recorded for each fruit from 17 July through harvest. Color changes (ΔE* ab) during maturation for both cultivars at either canopy position were characterized by large changes in hue (Δ H*ab) and lesser changes in lightness (Δ L*ab) and chroma (Δ C*ab). Upper canopy fruit of both cultivars were redder and darker than the lower canopy fruit initially and at harvest. Flesh firmness for `Loring' and `Raritan Rose' tended to correlate with color change from initial sampling to harvest.
Garlic Flowering in Response to Clone, Photoperiod, Growth Temperature, and Cold Storage
Authors: Pooler M.R. , Simon P.W.
Published: February 2019

The effects of cold storage, photoperiod, and growth temperature on flowering incidence in four clones of garlic (Allium sativum L.) were studied. While flowering percentage was influenced most by clone, interactions with photoperiod, growth temperature, and storage occurred. Clone R81 flowered equally well in all conditions, whereas flowering percentage of clones D129, D130, and PI485592 was reduced by cold (4C) storage of either bulbs or plants, long (16-h) photoperiod, and at 18C relative to 10C. The highest flowering percentage in all garlic clones was achieved by growing plants at 10C under short (9- to 10-h) photoperiod with no cold storage of bulbs before planting.
Quality of Two Florida Blueberry Cultivars after Packaging and Storage
Authors: Miller W.R. , McDonald R.E. , Cracker T.E.
Published: February 2019

Blueberry cultivars Sharpblue (mainly Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and Climax (V. ashei L.) were band-harvested on three occasions and manually packaged into 0.275 liter fiber-pulp cups or automatically packaged in vented polystyrene cups. Berries were evaluated after 1,2, or 3 weeks of storage at 1C and after 2 additional days of storage at 16C, a time frame that simulated a merchandising period. Weight loss of fruit packaged in polystyrene cups was <1% during 3 weeks of storage at 1C, whereas weight loss of berries packaged in fiber-pulp cups was ≈5.0% after similar storage. `Sharpblue' berries were softer at harvest and after each storage duration than `Climax' berries. Decay increased to ≈7% for `Climax' and 28% for `Sharpblue' after 3 weeks of storage at 1C. Package type did not affect decay incidence after 3 weeks of storage; but after 2 additional days at 16C, decay incidence was slightly higher for berries packaged in polystyrene compared with those packaged in fiber-pulp cups. `Sharpblue' should be packaged only in fiber-pulp cups and marketed quickly after harvest to avoid excessive decay.
Producing Trellised Cucumbers Double-cropped with Tomatoes
Authors: Hanna H.Y.
Published: February 2019

Several studies were conducted from 1988 to 1990 to determine the effect of using tomato plant skeletons as a support for trellised cucumbers double-cropped with tomatoes. In addition, the method by which tomato plants were killed before cucumbers were planted and the in-row spacing and row arrangement of cucumber plants on subsequent cucumber yield were also examined. Yields of trellised `Dasher II' cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants planted in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plots fumigated with metam-sodium were not significantly higher than yields from plants grown in plots where tomato plants were killed with glyphosate or paraquat. The presence of tomato skeletons significantly reduced the average total yield, but not the average premium yield, of three cucumber cultivars in 2 years of the study. Cultivar effect on yield was significant, and there was a significant cultivar × tomato skeleton interaction for yield during 1988. Spacing cucumber plants in the row in the presence of tomato skeletons significantly influenced yields. Planting cucumbers in double rows per tomato bed with tomato skeletons in between significantly increased yield in 1988, had a mixed effect in 1989, and had no effect in 1990 when compared with planting cucumbers in a single row per bed. Chemical names used: l,l' -dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium salts (paraquat); N -(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate); sodium N- methyldithiocarbamate (metam-sodium).
Overcoming Iron Chlorosis in Olive and Peach Trees Using a Low-pressure Trunk-injection Method
Authors: Fernández-Escobar R. , Barranco D. , Benlloch M.
Published: February 2019

Chlorotic `Manzanillo' olive (Olea europaea L.) trees and `Maycrest' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees were injected with Fe solutions using an apparatus that consisted of a plastic injector and a pressurized latex tube containing the solution to be injected. Injections were made on various dates from Sept. 1987 to July 1988. All treatments increased chlorophyll content compared to that of the control. Ferrous sulfate was the most effective Fe compound in alleviating chlorosis; its effect lasted for two seasons in peach and for at least three seasons in olive. Also, ferrous sulfate increased vegetative growth and affected cropping the year following injections. Ferrous sulfate at 0.5% to 1% is recommended to reduce the risk of foliar burning. The injection method effectively introduced Fe compounds into olive and peach trees.
Peroxidase Overproduction in Tomato: Wound-induced Polyphenol Deposition and Disease Resistance
Authors: Lagrimini L. Mark , Vaughn Jill , Erb W. Alan , Miller Sally A.
Published: February 2019

Lignin composition in leaf, fruit, and fruit outer epidermis of transgenic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants that overproduce the enzyme tobacco anionic peroxidase (TobAnPOD) was analyzed. This enzyme may catalyze the polymerization of cinnamyl alcohols into lignin in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.); therefore, we predicted that its presence in the transformed tissue would increase lignin levels in healthy and wounded tissue. Lignin levels in healthy plants increased by 20% in leaf, 49% in fruit, and 106% in fruit outer epidermal tissue. Mature-green fruit were aseptically wounded and incubated in darkness for up to 7 days. Soluble phenols in wounded transgenic fruit increased by more than 300% hut changed little in control fruit. As with soluble phenols, lignin content in wounded transformed fruit increased by more than 20-fold hut increased less than two-fold in control fruit. Transgenic seedlings overproducing TobAnPOD were screened for susceptibility to several pathogens, but resistance did not increase. Possible TobAnPOD roles in lignin biosynthesis, phenol metabolism, stress response, and disease resistance are discussed.
EFFECT OF INOCULATION OF NURSERY ROOT MEDIA WITH ENDOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ON GROWTH OF VIBURNUM, JAPANESE MAPLE AND BOXWOOD.
Authors: Russell Todd A. , Morton Joseph B. , Bearce Bradford
Published: February 2019

Nursery liners of Viburnum carlesii, Hemsl; Acer palmatum, Thunb., cv. 'Bloodgood'; and Buxus sempervirens L., cv. 'Vardar Valley' were planted in several root media at three P levels which had been inoculated or not inoculated with species of endomycorrhizal fungi. Analysis of extent of root infection (Trypan Blue staining procedure) revealed no root infection or colonization of any of the three species in any root medium. However, maples grown in an inoculated peat:sand (1:1, v/v) medium at .024 g P/liter grew taller than maples in the same non-inoculated medium at .24, .024, or .0024 g P/liter of medium. Mean height of maples in inoculated media were greater than heights of maples in non-inoculated media when height data from all three P levels in each medium were combined. Infection of Sorghum Sudanese, (Piper) Stapf, root: was inhibited when media was amended with composted or noncomposted pine bark but was not inhibited by pine bark leachates.
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE COMPOST AS A MEDIUM FOR SOD-GROWN CROPS
Authors: Barker Allen V.
Published: February 2019

Major compostable materials in municipal solid wastes (MSW) are sewage sludge, paper, garbage, and autumn leaves. Five composts made from these wastes separately or in mixtures and one compost made from agricultural wastes (chicken manure and cranberry pomace) were evaluated for production of grass sods. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. 'Pennfine') was seeded in 3.5-cm-deep layers of compost in plastic trays and grown in a greenhouse. Seed germination was inhibited in immature sludge-based and mixed MSW composts relative to germination in the other composts. High ammonium levels in the immature sludge-based and mixed MSW composts appeared to limit germination, as these composts had ammonium-N levels ranging from 1,000 to 2,000 mg/kg. Ammonium-N in the agricultural compost was 200 mg/kg, whereas that in the leaf-based composts was 10 mg/kg. In general, germination in all media was sufficient to establish a stand. Thereafter, growth of sods in the sewage-based, mixed MSW, and agricultural composts benefitted from the rich supply of N and exceeded that in the leaf-based composts. Mixing of composts with soil gave no advantage other than slightly increased seed germination but diluted total N supply and increased weediness of the sods.
MICROPROPAGATION OF PACHYSANDRA PROCUMBENS
Authors: Kitto Sherry , McMillian Traci
Published: February 2019

Pachysandra procumbens, the Allegheny pachysandra, is very rare to rare throughout most of its native range. Winter color, growth habit and ease of maintenance all recommend this perennial as an alternative ground cover for shady habitats. Development of micropropagation protocols may allow for its mass distribution. Non-wild collected shoots were disinfested using conventional procedures and were cultured and maintained in an MS based stock medium. Shoots proliferated equally well on an MS, a modified MS or a DKW based medium. Shoots had significantly more swelled buds when cultured in medium gelled with Gelrite or in liquid medium on membrane rafts compared to vermiculite. Microcuttings with or without a basal node rooted equally well. Microcuttings with or without an apical bud rooted equally well; however, microcuttings with an apical bud produced significantly longer roots.
ORGANIC FERTILIZERS IN SUSTAINABLE CRANBERRY PRODUCTION
Authors: DeMoranville Carolyn , Averill Anne , Davenport Joan
Published: February 2019

The two major determinants in sustainable cranberry production are productivity and preservation of water quality. Productivity and water quality were studied using composted chicken manure (CM) and fish hydrolysate fertilizer (FH). In whole bog field trials, soluble granular fertilizer (SG) was replaced with organic fertilizer. At all locations receiving FH, cranberry yields were maintained or improved. The yield results from bogs receiving the CM were mixed, partially due to the quality of the experimental sites. Based on water samples taken from bogs receiving FH, there was no P output and less NH output than from bogs receiving SG. Leaching properties of CM, FH, and SG in cranberry soils were investigated in the laboratory. Concentrations of N03-, P04-, and K+ were greatest in the leachate from columns receiving SG, indicating that organic fertilizers are less likely to lead to the leaching of nutrients into cranberry bog water.
ROWCOVERS AFFECT INSECT INJURY TO STRAWBERRIES
Authors: McCue John J. , Handley David T. , Pollard James E.
Published: February 2019

Rowcovers applied to strawberries have documented value for increased earliness and yield. The effect of rowcovers on insect damage to strawberries was investigated in this study. Nonwoven rowcovers were applied over strawberries in the fall with and without malathion to determine their effect on tarnished plant bug (Lygus lineolaris) and strawberry bud weevil (Anthomonus signatus) injury over two harvest seasons. Rowcovers increased the “umber and weight of marketable fruit. Tarnished plant bug injury was reduced by the use of rowcovers in 1990, regardless of insecticide application. I” 1991, rowcovers reduced tarnished plant bug injury only when a fall insecticide was applied. Rowcovers increased the number of flower buds killed by the strawberry bud weevil where no insecticide was used in 1990, but had no significant effect on the number of buds killed in 1991. The effect of rowcovers on insect injury to strawberries appears to depend upon the overwintering habits of the insects, and the prevailing weather patterns during a given season.
ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES FOR SMALL FRUIT PRODUCTION
Authors: Pritts Marvin P.
Published: February 2019

This LISA project involves four state universities and the USDA, and has the objective of developing and evaluating non-conventional production and pest management strategies for raspberries and strawberries. Production goals are divided between cropping systems and pest management. The evaluation of trellising systems for cropping efficiency, ease of harvest, and spray distribution is an example of a production related objective. Groundcover management systems for strawberries are being evaluated for their effects on both the pest complex and production system. Biological control strategies for root diseases are also being studied. Evaluations involve field performance, economics, and impacts on pesticide use. In addition, grower attitudes towards adoption of non-traditional production practices have been assessed. The project supports the publication of a newsletter that is distributed to 450 growers. The major goal of our work has been to improve production efficiency and provide growers with economical, dependable tools that can be used to prevent pest problems before chemical intervention is required.
EFFECT OF HERBICIDES AND WEEDS ON YIELD OF `EXCEL' SWEETPOTATO.
Authors: McGraw Dean , Bostian Bruce
Published: February 2019

Effects of herbicides and weeds were demonstrated by exposing `Excel' sweetpotatoes to a randomized complete block design of 3 replications of various treatments ranging from phytotoxity to no weed control in 1991 & 1992. Plots were either left unweeded, hoed clean or treated with herbicides (sethoxydim, clomazone, metolachlor, imazethapyr) or selective hand weeded to remove broadleaf weeds. Hand weeded treatments were hoed twice. After 120 days weeds remaining in each plot were cut at ground level, dried and weighed. At 125 days the plots were harvested. The roots were cured, graded and weighed. Weed dry weight ranged from zero to nearly 6.5 cwt/A. Weed dry weight as a % of total marketable sweetpotatoes ranged from zero to 34.5% in 1991 and zero to 19.8% in 1992. Competition from grasses reduced sweetpotato yield more than broadleaf weeds. Total marketable sweetpotato yields ranged from zero to 426 cwt/A in 1991 and from 210 cwt/A to 289 cwt/A in 1992.
EFFECT OF SALINITY ON IMBIBITION AND GERMINATION RATES OF LUPINE SEEDS.
Authors: Strachan Rochele C. , Rhoden E.G. , Carver G. W.
Published: February 2019

Growing crops using poor quality Later can result in poor germination and seedling survival. Low germination rates of various crops in the Bahamas result from the high salinity of the irrigation water. This study investigated the effects of using varying levels of sea water on germination and imbibition rates of lupine (Lupinus albus) seeds. In separate completely randomized design experiments, 100 lupine seeds were placed in conical flasks and either de ionized distilled water (DDW). 100%, 75%, 50% or 25% sea water added to each flask. Seeds ware removed from each flask every hour for the first 8 hours and every six hours thereafter for 48 hours. lmbibition rate is expressed as mg/ghr using the formula: (original weight - weight at y hr) × 1000)/(original weight x y hrs). Germination of seeds was measured beginning 3 days after imbibition began and the experiments were terminated after 10 days. The highest rate of imbibition (178.8 mg/g/hr) was recorded for lupine seeds placed in 25% sea water and the lowest of 152.8 mg/g/hr for seeds placed in 100% sea water after two hours. Germination ranged between 49% (100% sea water) to 94.7% for seeds placed in DDW. It would appear that if lupine seeds were primed with 25% sea water (approximately 150 ppm, NaCI) there would be no significant reduction in either the imbibition or the germination rates.
PERFORMANCE OF SELECT RED MAPLE CULTIVARS IN THE SOUTHEAST
Authors: Sibley Jeff L. , Eakes D. Joseph , Gilliam Charles H. , Oozier William A.
Published: February 2019

Performance evaluation of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) selections in the southeastern U.S. was initiated in November 1988. Seven cultivars, `Autumn Blaze', `Autumn Flame', `Morgan', `Northwood', `October Glory', `Franksred' (Red Sunset TM) and `Schlesingeri', from tissue culture and a group of seedlings obtained from a single source were container grown for 18 months prior to field planting in March 1990. All plants have received drip irrigation in the field. Since field planting, 'Autumn Flame', and 'Autumn Blaze' exhibit the greatest growth rate based on annual height and caliper data. 'Schlesingeri' and 'Northwood' had the least growth. Gas-exchange measurements taken in June 1992, showed 'Schlesingeri' and 'Northwood' to have the greatest photosynthetic activity and transpirational water loss while 'October Glory' and 'Frankred' had the least.
BLOOM APPLICATIONS OF GIBBERELLIC ACID INCREASE FRUIT SET AND YIELD OF RABBITEYE BLUEBERRIES IN FLORIDA
Authors: Williamson J.G. , Darnell R.L.
Published: February 2019

Six-year-old, field-grown `Beckyblue' and `Bonita' rabbiteye blueberries were sprayed to drip with Pro-Gibb (250 ppm GA3, 0.1% surfactant, pH 3.1). Two spray applications were made. The first spray was applied at 80-90% full bloom followed by a second spray 10 days later. Fruit were harvested at five dates, from 21 May until 1 July, 1992. GA3 increased fruit set and doubled total fruit yield for both cultivars compared to the control. Fruit yield was greater for the GA3 treatment than for the control at harvest dates 3 through 5 for 'Beckyblue', and dates 4 and 5 for 'Bonita'. Average berry weight for both cultivars and for both treatments declined as the season progressed. For `Beckyblue', average berry weight did not differ between treatments at most harvest dates. For 'Bonita', average berryweight was less for the GA3 treatment than for the control at harvest dates 3 through 5. GA3 increased yield of rabbiteye blueberry with little detrimental effect on fruit size. However, results from Georgia suggest that greater positive effects on fruit set should be possible.