bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testing of Power Plant Steel Deterioration by Adaptive Nonlinear Harmonics Method (ANLH)
Authors: Mészáros István
Published: February 2015

Nowadays, there is increasing importance of the remaining life time estimation of engineering structures. In this work the thermal fatigue process induced deterioration of the three different power plant steels was investigated. The tested steels are widely used as steam pipeline base material of power plants. The applied thermal fatigue test can model the material degradation due to long term service in high temperature environment. In this paper a new high sensitivity magnetic measuring technique is presented called Adaptive Nonlinear Harmonic (ANLH) method. The sensitivity of this measurement is optimized for controlling the thermal fatigue deterioration. The presented novel measurement was developed for non-destructive testing of pipelines and pressure vessels of power plants.
Investigation of Intermetallic Phases Formed in Lead-Free Solders
Authors: Nagy Erzsébet , Gyenes Anett , Molnár Alíz , Gácsi Zoltán
Published: February 2015

Industry should gradually replace the tin-lead solder alloys used traditionally in the soft soldering technology by lead-free soldering alloys, which raises a lot of new technological and scientific problems to be solved. The introduction and application of lead-free alloys caused a number of soldering defects not observed earlier; mechanisms of their formation are still unclear. One of such defects is whisker formation, another one is intensified formation of intermetallic phases. The appearance of undesired intermetallic phases in the soldering material spoils its mechanical properties; therefore it is particularly important that these phases do not form in electronic components. Besides, the formation of intermetallic compounds may occur in the soldering bath, thus making the soldering process difficult or even impossible.Tin-copper-nickel and tin-silver-copper alloys are suitable for the replacement of tin-lead alloys. The components of these alloys were studied. After metallographic examination of the specimens the occurrence of intermetallic phases was determined by the XRD method. The identification of intermetallic phases was carried out by using literature data and phase diagrams.
Investigation of the Common Modification Effect of Strontium and Antimony on the Structure in Case of Al-Si Alloy
Authors: Tokár Monika , Fegyverneki György , Mertinger Valeria
Published: February 2015

In the course of our investigations, AlSi8Cu3 foundry alloy was alloyed in different strontium and antimony concentrations. The mechanical properties of structure developed during the given cooling conditions as well as the effect of strontium and antimony on the modification of eutectic Si were investigated by a computer image analysis and by using a scanning electron microscope. Samples with a wall-thickness of 8 mm cast in the course of the experiment-series were used for our investigations. A part of our long-term research work is described in our present paper.
Determing the Viscosity of Rarely Examined Glasses
Authors: Zsoldos Gabriella , Kocserha István , Szegedi András
Published: February 2015

High energy explosions and irradiation may cause that the minerals and mineraloids form glassy phase on the earth surface. We would like to determine the mechanical properties of these glassy materials. To achieve this and manufacture samples we need to measure the main technological property, the viscosity.
Mechanical Modeling of Gradient Materials
Authors: Béda Gyula , Béda Peter B.
Published: February 2015

Gradient materials get more and more importance in both material science and numerical studies of technological processes. Their mathematical model is called the constitutive equation. The theoretical background of such model is presented on the basis of thermodynamics and continuum mechanics. The results show which is the quantity to measure to get constitutive equation for gradient dependent materials.
Investigation of the Data-Requirement of ESTPHAD Phase Diagram Calculation Method
Authors: Mende Tamás , Roósz András
Published: February 2015

The so-called phase diagram is one of the oldest but at the same time one of the most useful method for the material science. The role of algorithms and software calculating the phase diagram have an extraordinary importance in the industrial and research-development applications because remarkable advantages can be obtained by installing these software or the detailed and exact data base developed by them into either the simulation programs or into the everyday production (process-control, checking). In our present paper, the investigation of data-requirement of calculation method of ESTPHAD phase diagram is described by processing binary-and ternary systems.
Determination of Dislocation Density in Cubic Systems
Authors: Szabó Péter János , Csóré András
Published: February 2015

From the lattice orientation of a sample, elements of the Nye-tensor can be determined. With the help of Nye’s tensor, dislocation density can be calculated for the certain sample. Since the measures were carried out with scanning electronmicroscope (SEM), just superficial orientations can be measured. Hence the Nye-tensor is an incomplete matrix, with five elements. Because of the absence of the other four elements just a quasi-dislocation density can be obtained. The algorithm of the calculation was programmed on the language C#.
The Effect of Thermomechanical Treatment on the Microstructure and the Mechanical Behavior of a Supersaturated Cu-Ag Alloy
Authors: Gubicza Jenő , Sitarama Raju K. , Subramanya Sarma Vadlamani , Kauffmann A. , Hegedűs Zoltán , Peterlechner M. , Freudenberger Jens , Wilde Gerhard
Published: February 2015

Supersaturated Cu-3at.% Ag alloy was processed by cold rolling and short-time annealing in order to achieve a combination of high strength and good tensile ductility. After annealing of the rolled samples a heterogeneous solute atom distribution was developed due to the dissolution of nanosized Ag particles in some volumes of the matrix. In regions with higher solute content, the high dislocation density formed due to rolling was stabilized, while in other volumes the dislocation density decreased. The heterogeneous microstructure obtained after annealing exhibited a much higher ductility and only a slightly lower strength than in the as-rolled state.
Development of Cellulose-Reinforced Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) for Engineering Applications
Authors: Hajba Sándor , Czigány Tibor , Tábi Tamás
Published: February 2015

The renewable resource based polymers and composites, especially the Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA) and natural, plant fiber reinforced composites are one of the most important research fields of biocomposites. Due to the mechanical properties of PLA, it stands out of the other biodegradable polymers, but in order to be able to use PLA in engineering application, reinforcing of PLA is needed. PLA can be reinforced with natural plant fibers, however their high moisture content can degrade PLA through hydrolysis during processing of PLA and the fibers into biocomposites. In this paper the effect of pre-process drying was analyzed on the mechanical properties of 30 weight% flax, cotton, and jute fabric reinforced PLA biocomposites. The results of pre-process drying tests showed that the optimum drying temperature was 100°C for the PLA and 120°C for the plant fabrics. It was demonstrated that the drying temperature of PLA and the fabrics has significant effect on the mechanical properties of the biocomposites.
Posterior fossa arachnoid cysts in adults: Surgical strategy: Case series
Authors: Srinivasan Uddanapalli , Lawrence Radhi
Published: February 2015

Introduction and Aim: The management of posterior fossa arachnoid cyst (PFAC) in adults is controversial. To review our cases and literature, propose a practically useful surgical strategy, which gives excellent long-term outcome in management of PFAC. Materials and Methods: We analyzed our case records of 26 large intracranial arachnoid cysts in adults treated over 12 years. Of them, we had 7 patients with symptomatic PFAC. Reviewed the literature of 174 PFAC cases (1973-2012) and added 7 of our new cases with a follow-up ranging from 3 to 12 years. Results: In 6 cases the PFAC was located in the midline. In the 7 th case, it was located laterally in the cerebello-pontine (CP) angle. All patients were treated surgically. Excision of the cyst was performed in 5 of these cases. Among the two intra-fourth ventricular cysts, in both the cases cysto-peritoneal shunt was performed. Postoperative computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging showed variable decrease in size of the cyst even though clinically all patients improved. We propose a surgical strategy for the management of these cases which would aid the surgeon in decision making. Discussion: We observed that these PFACs can occur either in the midline within the fourth ventricle or retroclival region or extra-fourth ventricular region. It can also develop laterally in the CP angle or behind the cerebellum or as intracerebellar cyst. Importance of this is except for Midline Intra-fourth ventricular cyst/retroclival cyst, the rest all can be safely excised with excellent long term outcome. The treatment strategy for Midline Intra-fourth ventricular cyst/retroclival cyst can be either cysto-peritoneal shunt or endoscopic fenestration of the cyst.
Microsurgical management of aneurysms of the superior cerebellar artery - lessons learnt: An experience of 14 consecutive cases and review of the literature
Authors: Nair Prakash , Panikar Dilip , Nair Anup , Sundar Shyam , Ayiramuthu Parasuraman , Thomas Anoop
Published: February 2015

Objective: This is a retrospective study from January 2002 to December 2012 analyzing the results of microsurgical clipping for aneurysms arising from the superior cerebellar artery (SCA). Materials and Methods: All patients with SCA were evaluated with computerized tomography angiography and/or digital subtraction angiography (DSA) prior to surgery. All patients in our series underwent microsurgical clipping and postoperative DSA to assess the extent of aneurysm occlusion. The Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) and the modified Rankin's scale (mRS) were used to grade their postoperative neurological status at discharge and 6 months, respectively. Results: Fourteen patients had SCA aneurysms (ruptured-9, unruptured-5). There were 10 females and 4 males with the mean age of 47.2 years (median - 46 years, range = 24-66 years). Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was seen in 11 patients. The mean duration of symptoms was 2.5 days (range = 1-7 days). The WFNS score at presentation was as follows: Grade 1 in 10 cases, II in 2 cases, III in 1 case and IV in 1 case. In the 9 cases with ruptured SCA aneurysm, average size of the ruptured aneurysms was 7.3 mm (range = 2.5-27 mm, median = 4.9 mm). The subtemporal approach was used in the first 7 cases. The extradural temporopolar (EDTP) approach was used in the last 5 cases. Complications include vasospasm (n = 6), third nerve palsy (n = 5) and hydrocephalus (n = 3). Two patients died following surgery. At mean follow-up 33.8 months (median - 25 months, range = 19-96 months), no patient had a rebleed. At discharge 9 (64%), had a GOS of 4 or 5 and 3 (21%) had a GOS of 3. At 6 months follow-up, 10/14 (71%) patients had mRS of 0-2, and 2 (14%) had mRS of 5. Conclusions: Aneurysms of the SCA are uncommon and tend to rupture even when the aneurysm size is small (<7 mm). They commonly present with SAH. The EDTP approach avoids complication caused by temporal lobe retraction and injury to the vein of Labbe.
Medulloblastoma: A common pediatric tumor: Prognostic factors and predictors of outcome
Authors: Kumar Lachi , Deepa Syed Fayaz Ahmed , Moinca I , Suresh P , Naidu K. V. J. R
Published: February 2015

Background: Medulloblastoma is a common malignancy in the pediatric population, accounting for 25% of all childhood brain tumors and relatively uncommon in adults. This review was to investigate treatment outcome and prognostic factors after treatment of medulloblastoma. Materials and Methods: A total of 53 patients with histological confirmed medulloblastoma cases treated at our institute between 2006 and 2012 were included in the study. Demographic variables, clinical variables, radiological findings and treatment details with respect to age, sex, signs and symptoms, location of tumor, extent of surgical resection, histopathology type, radiotherapy dose, follow-up period and outcomes were recorded. Survival was analyzed by using these parameters. Results: Thirty-one (58.5%) patients were pediatric (<14 years), and 22 (41.5%) patients were adults (≥14 years). Duration of symptoms were <3 months in 19 (36%) and more than 3 months in 34 (64%) patients. Tumor resection was performed in all patients with gross total resection in 8 (15%) patients, near total resection in 34 (64%) patients and subtotal resection in 11 (21%) patients. All patients underwent postoperative craniospinal irradiation (CSI) delivering a median craniospinal dose of 36 Gy with additional boosts to the posterior fossa up to 54 Gy. Median overall survival was 50 months for the total group whereas 36 months for pediatric age group and 70 months for adult group. Desmoplastic histology showed an improved outcome compared with other histologies with a median survival of 71 months compared with that of classical medulloblastoma histology being 36 months and other histologies shown a median survival of 34 only. Conclusions: Treatment of medulloblastoma with surgery and CSI yields long survival rates in both children and adults. Adult age group and desmoplastic histology were associated with a favorable outcome.
Role of endoscopy in multi-modality monitoring during aneurysm surgery: A single center experience with 175 consecutive unruptured aneurysms
Authors: Yamada Yasuhiro , Kato Yoko , Ishihara Kohei , Ito Keisuke , Kaito Takafumi , Nouri Mohsen , Oheda Motoki , Inamasu Joji , Hirose Yuichi
Published: February 2015

Objective and Background: Unruptured aneurysm surgery is a challenge to all vascular neurosurgeons as the patient is asymptomatic and no even slight neurological deficits should be expected postoperatively. To this aim, multi-modality checking of the vessels during the surgery is highly recommended to assure of the patency of the parent and perforator arteries next to an aneurysm. In this paper, we present our experience in the last 1.5 years with emphasis on the role of endoscope assisted microsurgery. Methods: One hundred and seventy-five patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms were operated in our institute in the last 1½ years. All patients underwent endoscope assisted microsurgery with pre- and post-clipping indocyanine green angiography. In selected cases, motor evoked potential monitoring was implemented. Results: No mortality was observed in this period, and only 6 patients (3.4%) suffered new permanent neurological deficits postoperatively. Our illustrative cases show how endoscopy may help the surgeon to visualize hidden vessels behind and medial to an aneurysm. Conclusions: Our results indicated that multi-modality monitoring during unruptured aneurysm surgeries is associated with excellent outcome. Endoscope is able to show blind corners during aneurysm surgery which cannot be routinely observed with microscope and its application in aneurysm surgery assists the surgeon to make certain of complete neck clipping and preservation of perforating arteries around the aneurysm.
Cervical spine fracture in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis causing a C2-T9 spinal epidural hematoma- Treatment resulted in a rapid and complete recovery from tetraplegia: Case report and literature review
Authors: Wong Albert , Yu Denis
Published: February 2015

Full recovery from tetraplegia is uncommon in cervical spine injury. This has not being reported for cervical spine fracture in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis causing spinal epidural hematoma. We report on a case of cervical spine fracture in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis who came with tetraplegia. He underwent a two stage fixation and fusion. He had a complete recovery. Two hours after the operation he regained full strength in all the limbs while in the Intensive Care Unit. He went back to full employment. There are only two other reports in the literature where patients with ankylosing spondylitis and extradural hematoma who underwent treatment within 12 h and recovered completely from tetraparesis and paraplegia respectively. Patient with ankylosing spondylitis has a higher incidence of spinal fracture and extradural hematoma. Good outcome can be achieved by early diagnosis and treatment. This can ensure not only a stable spine, but also a rapid and complete recovery in a tetraplegic patient.
Clear cell meningioma in a child: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Kumar Rajan , Das Kuntal , Jaiswal Awadhesh , Mehrotra Anant , Sahu Rabi , Srivastava Arun , Jaiswal Sushila , Behari Sanjay
Published: February 2015

An 11-year-old boy presented with holocranial headache associated with vomiting and heaviness in right paranasal region. On examination, he had left sided upper motor neuron type facial palsy along with a subtle ipsilateral hemiparesis (grade 4/5 Medical Research Council). Magnetic resonance imaging brain revealed a contrast enhancing large well-defined extra-axial mass lesion in right middle cranial fossa with extension into the infratemporal fossa. The mass was excised in two stages. Histopathology was suggestive of clear cell meningioma (CCM). Supratentorial pediatric CCM is a rare entity. The case is discussed along with review of literature on this rare clinico-pathological entity.
Contralateral transvenous approach and embolization with 360° guglielmi detachable coils for the treatment of cavernous sinus dural fistula
Authors: Zenteno Marco , Jorge Santos-Franco , Rafael Moscote-Salazar , Raphael AlvisMiranda , Gabriel Alcala-Cerra , Angel Lee
Published: February 2015

carotid-cavernous fistulas are spontaneous or acquired connections between the carotid artery and the cavernous sinus, being classified as direct or indirect; being usually diagnosed in postmenopausal women, but are also associated with other pathologies such as pregnancy, sinusitis and cavernous sinus thrombosis. They are clinically characterized by ophthalmological symptoms and pulsatile tinnitus. A 51-year-old woman who started her current condition about 4 years ago with pulsatile tinnitus, to which were added progressively: Pain, conjunctival erythema, right eye proptosis and the occasional headache of moderate intensity. Carotid-cavernous fistula was diagnosed, for the technical difficulty inherent in the case was made a contralateral transvenous approach and embolization with 360 ° GDG coils, with successful evolution of the patient. The endovascular management of these lesions is currently possible with excellent results.
Solitary juvenile xanthogranuloma of the cervical spine in a child: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Bhaisora Kamlesh , Jaiswal Awadhesh , Mehrotra Anant , Sahu Rabi , Srivastava Arun , Jaiswal Sushila , Behari Sanjay
Published: February 2015

The authors present a case of 15 years male child who presented with neck pain and progressive ascending quadriparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging showed lytic mass involving C5 and C6 vertebra with soft tissue extension. Surgical excision of mass done using anterior cervical approach. Postoperatively, patient showed improvement in spasticity and power. Histopathological examination of mass was suggestive of juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG). At 6 months follow-up, patient was improving without any evidence of recurrence. Only 12 cases of JXG of spine have been reported till date including only four cases involving the cervical spine and among these four cases only two were of pediatric age group.
Surgical removal of the solitary metastasis of renal cell carcinoma in the third ventricle using an interhemispheric transcallosal trans-choroidal approach
Authors: Otani Naoki , Wada Kojiro , Kumagai Kohsuke , Takeuchi Satoru , Nagatani Kimihiro , Tomura Satoshi , Osada Hideo , Asakuma Junichi , Mori Kentaro
Published: February 2015

We herein describe a case of a solitary metastasis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the third ventricle, which was totally removed via an interhemispheric trans-callosal trans-choroidal approach. The histological examination revealed a solitary metastasis of RCC. The postoperative course was uneventful. A stereotactic cyber knife was additionally used for the tumor cavity. As of 2 years after surgery, the patient has been doing well without recurrence. This case highlights the urgent need for an early diagnosis and surgical treatment for solitary metastasis of RCC to the third ventricle due to its critical course.
Pan ventricular neurocytoma
Authors: Jhawar Sukhdeep , Nadkarni Trimurti
Published: February 2015

Central neurocytomas are intraventricular benign neoplasms located within the lateral ventricle adjacent to foramen of Monro. A rare case of a central neurocytoma extending throughout the entire ventricular system at the time of presentation is reported. The clinical course of this tumor in a 25-year-old male and its management are presented with relevant review of the literature.
Production, Purification, and Identification of Cholest-4-en-3-one Produced by Cholesterol Oxidase from Rhodococcus sp. in Aqueous/Organic Biphasic System
Authors: Wu Ke , Li Wei , Song Jianrui , Li Tao
Published: February 2015

Cholest-4-en-3-one has positive uses against obesity, liver disease, and keratinization. It can be applied in the synthesis of steroid drugs as well. Most related studies are focused on preparation of cholest-4-en-3-one by using whole cells as catalysts, but production of high-quality cholest-4-en-3-one directly from cholesterol oxidase (COD) using an aqueous/organic two-phase system has been rarely explored. This study set up an enzymatic reaction system to produce cholest-4-en-3-one. We developed and optimized the enzymatic reaction system using COD from COX5-6 (a strain of Rhodococcus) instead of whole-cell biocatalyst. This not only simplifies and accelerates the production but also benefits the subsequent separation and purification process. Through extraction, washing, evaporation, column chromatography, and recrystallization, we got cholest-4-en-3-one with purity of 99.78%, which was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. In addition, this optimized process of cholest-4-en-3-one production and purification can be easily scaled up for industrial production, which can largely decrease the cost and guarantee the purity of the product.
Biliary Stent Migration to Hepatic Duct–Case Report of a Late Complication
Authors: Alizadeh Amir Houshang Mohammad , Donboli Kianoush , Khodakarami Mehran , Baghbani Salar , Zali Mohammad Reza
Published: February 2015

Endoscopic retrieval of proximally migrated biliary plastic stents may be technically challenging and sometimes unsuccessful. Here we report the case of a 59-year-old woman with a migrated biliary stent in the right hepatic duct, which was diagnosed after the patient presented with cholangitis. The patient presented with constant abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant lasting for two days, along with nausea and bilious vomiting. The stent was retrieved by a polypectomy snare after failure of biliary basket and forceps. We performed a novel procedure for extraction of a migrated plastic stent, by using a polypectomy snare.
Aged boreal biomass-burning aerosol size distributions from BORTAS 2011
Authors: Sakamoto K. M. , Allan J. D. , Coe H. , Taylor J. W. , Duck T. J. , Pierce J. R.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Biomass-burning aerosols contribute to aerosol radiative forcing on the climate system. The magnitude of this effect is partially determined by aerosol size distributions, which are functions of source fire characteristics (e.g. fuel type, MCE) and in-plume microphysical processing. The uncertainties in biomass-burning emission number–size distributions in climate model inventories lead to uncertainties in the CCN (cloud condensation nuclei) concentrations and forcing estimates derived from these models. The BORTAS-B (Quantifying the impact of BOReal forest fires on Tropospheric oxidants over the Atlantic using Aircraft and Satellite) measurement campaign was designed to sample boreal biomass-burning outflow over eastern Canada in the summer of 2011. Using these BORTAS-B data, we implement plume criteria to isolate the characteristic size distribution of aged biomass-burning emissions (aged ~ 1–2 days) from boreal wildfires in northwestern Ontario. The composite median size distribution yields a single dominant accumulation mode with Dpm = 230 nm (number-median diameter) and σ = 1.5, which are comparable to literature values of other aged plumes of a similar type. The organic aerosol enhancement ratios (ΔOA / ΔCO) along the path of Flight b622 show values of 0.09–0.17 μg m−3 ppbv−1 (parts per billion by volume) with no significant trend with distance from the source. This lack of enhancement ratio increase/decrease with distance suggests no detectable net OA (organic aerosol) production/evaporation within the aged plume over the sampling period (plume age: 1–2 days), though it does not preclude OA production/loss at earlier stages. A Lagrangian microphysical model was used to determine an estimate of the freshly emitted size distribution corresponding to the BORTAS-B aged size distributions. The model was restricted to coagulation and dilution processes based on the insignificant net OA production/evaporation derived from the ΔOA / ΔCO enhancement ratios. We estimate that the young-plume median diameter was in the range of 59–94 nm with modal widths in the range of 1.7–2.8 (the ranges are due to uncertainty in the entrainment rate). Thus, the size of the freshly emitted particles is relatively unconstrained due to the uncertainties in the plume dilution rates.
Joint retrievals of cloud and drizzle in marine boundary layer clouds using ground-based radar, lidar and zenith radiances
Authors: Fielding M. D. , Chiu J. C. , Hogan R. J. , Feingold G. , Eloranta E. , O'Connor E. J. , Cadeddu M. P.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Active remote sensing of marine boundary-layer clouds is challenging as drizzle drops often dominate the observed radar reflectivity. We present a new method to simultaneously retrieve cloud and drizzle vertical profiles in drizzling boundary-layer cloud using surface-based observations of radar reflectivity, lidar attenuated backscatter, and zenith radiances. Specifically, the vertical structure of droplet size and water content of both cloud and drizzle is characterised throughout the cloud. An ensemble optimal estimation approach provides full error statistics given the uncertainty in the observations. To evaluate the new method, we first perform retrievals using synthetic measurements from large-eddy simulation snapshots of cumulus under stratocumulus, where cloud water path is retrieved with an error of 31 g m−2. The method also performs well in non-drizzling clouds where no assumption of the cloud profile is required. We then apply the method to observations of marine stratocumulus obtained during the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement MAGIC deployment in the northeast Pacific. Here, retrieved cloud water path agrees well with independent 3-channel microwave radiometer retrievals, with a root mean square difference of 10–20 g m−2.
Ideas and Perspectives: On the emission of amines from terrestrial vegetation in the context of atmospheric new particle formation
Authors: Sintermann J. , Neftel A.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. In this article we summarise recent science, which shows how airborne amines, specifically methylamines (MAs), play a key role in atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) by stabilising small molecule clusters. Agricultural emissions are assumed to constitute the most important MA source, but given the short atmospheric residence time of MAs, they can hardly have a direct impact on NFP events observed in remote regions. This leads us to the presentation of existing knowledge focussing on natural vegetation-related MA sources. High MA contents as well as emissions by plants have already been described in the 19th century. Strong MA emissions predominantly occur during flowering as part of a pollination strategy. The behaviour is species specific, but examples of such species are common and widespread. In addition, vegetative plant tissue exhibiting high amounts of MAs might potentially lead to significant emissions, and the decomposition of organic material could constitute another source for airborne MAs. These mechanisms would provide sources, which could be crucial for the amine's role in NPF, especially in remote regions. Knowledge about vegetation-related amine emissions is, however, very limited and thus it is also an open question how Global Change and the intensified cycling of reactive nitrogen over the last 200 years have altered amine emissions from vegetation with a corresponding effect on NPF.
South-western Africa vegetation responses to atmospheric and oceanic changes during the last climatic cycle
Authors: Urrego D. H. , Sánchez Goñi M. F. , Daniau A. L. , Lechevrel S. , Hanquiez V.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Terrestrial and marine climatic tracers from marine core MD96-2098 collected in the southwestern African margin and spanning from 194 to 24 (thousand years before present) documented three pronounced expansions of Nama-Karoo and fine-leaved savanna during the last interglacial (Marine Isotopic Stage 5 – MIS 5). Nama-Karoo and fine-leaved savanna expansions were linked to increased aridity during the three warmest substadials of MIS 5. Enhanced aridity potentially resulted from a combination of reduced Benguela Upwelling System (BUS), expanded subtropical high-pressure cells, and reduced austral-summer precipitation due to a northward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Decreased austral-winter precipitation was likely linked to a southern displacement of the westerlies. In contrast, during glacial isotopic stages MIS 6, 4 and 3, Fynbos expanded at the expense of Nama-Karoo and fine-leaved savanna indicating a relative increase in precipitation probably concentrated during the austral winter months. Our record also suggested that warm-cold or cold-warm transitions between isotopic stages and substages were punctuated by short increases in humidity. Increased aridity during MIS 5e, 5c and 5a warm substages coincided with minima in both precessional index and global ice volume. On the other hand, austral-winter precipitation increases were associated with precession maxima at the time of well-developed northern-hemisphere ice caps.
Ancient pre-glacial erosion surfaces preserved beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet
Authors: Rose K. C. , Ross N. , Jordan T. A. , Bingham R. G. , Corr H. F. J. , Ferraccioli F. , Le Brocq A. M. , Rippin D. M. , Siegert M. J.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. We present ice-penetrating radar evidence for ancient (pre-glacial) and extensive erosion surfaces preserved beneath the upstream Institute and Möller ice streams, West Antarctica. Radar data reveal a smooth, laterally continuous, gently sloping topographic block, comprising two surfaces separated by a distinct break in slope. The erosion surfaces are preserved in this location due to the collective action of the Pirrit and Martin–Nash hills on ice sheet flow, resulting in a region of slow flowing, cold-based ice downstream of these major topographic barriers. Our analysis reveals that smooth, flat subglacial topography does not always correspond to regions of either present or former fast ice flow, as has previously been assumed. We discuss the potential origins of the erosion surfaces. Erosion rates across the surfaces are currently low, precluding formation via present-day glacial erosion. We suggest that fluvial or marine processes are most likely to have resulted in the formation of these surfaces, but we acknowledge that distinguishing between these processes with certainty requires further data.
EwE-F 1.0: an implementation of Ecopath with Ecosim in Fortran 95/2003 for coupling
Authors: Akoglu E. , Libralato S. , Salihoglu B. , Oguz T. , Solidoro C.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Societal and scientific challenges foster the implementation of the ecosystem approach to marine ecosystem analysis and management, which is a comprehensive means of integrating the direct and indirect effects of multiple stressors on the different components of ecosystems, from physical to chemical and biological and from viruses to fishes and marine mammals. Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) is a widely used software package, which offers great capability for a dynamic description of the multiple interactions occurring within a food web, and potentially, a crucial component of an integrated platform supporting the ecosystem approach. However, being written for the Microsoft .NET framework, seamless integration of this code with Fortran-based physical oceanographic and/or biogeochemical models is technically not straightforward. In this work we release a re-coding of EwE in Fortran (EwE-F). We believe that the availability of a Fortran version of EwE is an important step towards setting-up integrated end-to-end (E2E) modelling schemes utilising this widely adopted software because it (i) increases portability of the EwE models, (ii) provides greater flexibility towards integrating EwE with Fortran-based modelling schemes. Furthermore, EwE-F might help modellers using Fortran programming language to get close to the EwE approach. In the present work, first the fundamentals of EwE-F are introduced, followed by validation of EwE-F against standard EwE utilising sample models. Afterwards, an E2E ecological representation of the Trieste Gulf (Northern Adriatic Sea) ecosystem is presented as an example of online two-way coupling between an EwE-F food web model and a biogeochemical model. Finally, the possibilities that having EwE-F opens up for are discussed.
Enfoques archivísticos en la obra de Paul Otlet
Authors: Montilla Peña Leomar José
Published: February 2015

Se presenta un estudio bibliométrico de El Tratado de Documentación de Paul Otlet donde el objetivo fue analizar los enfoques del área archivística registrados en él. Para la realización de este estudio, se utilizaron el método descriptivo y el método de palabras asociadas. Se aplicó un muestreo estadístico longitudinal para los periodos1898 a 1933, porque en él se publicaron los tres primeros manuales científicos de la Archivística clásica. Los resultados revelaron que existe un total de 10 referencias relacionadas con la archivística, siendo Otlet el autor más mencionado, que posee más citaciones y referencias sobre esta área. Las temáticas más utilizadas por Otlet sobre la ciencia archivística para su fundamentación discursiva fueron: métodos de organización y documentos administrativos. Del análisis se concluye que los enfoques archivísticos registrados en El Tratado de Documentación poseen centralidad y baja densidad.
Conservación de medallas en las bibliotecas
Authors: Figueredo Figueredo Ana Luisa , Borrego Zaldívar Dianelis Lázara
Published: February 2015

La conservación de medallas tanto en museos como en bibliotecas nacionales, universitarias y otros sistemas de información que atesoran este tipo de objetos, ha sido ampliamente discutida entre los especialistas y conocedores del tema durante muchos años. En este trabajo se abordan elementos de las medallas que las identifican como documentos y se esbozarán elementos mínimo-indispensables para asegurar la adecuada conservación de este tipo de colección en aquellos lugares donde no es muy frecuente encontrarlas como las bibliotecas.
Midiendo la calidad de la información gestionada: algunas reflexiones conceptuales-metodológicas
Authors: González-Valiente Carlos Luis
Published: February 2015

El estudio, basado en un análisis documental clásico, reflexiona sobre algunas directrices conceptuales-metodológicas relativas a la medición de la calidad de la información (CI) en el marco de la gestión de información (GI) en las organizaciones. Es descrito el proceso de GI y la importancia de la aplicación de principios de calidad en éste. Se exponen las cuatro dimensiones de la CI según una integración de los indicadores esenciales que caracterizan a los contenidos informacionales. Son definidas cada una de las fases que componen el diseño de una metodología para evaluar la información. Se indican las implicaciones que tiene este ejercicio para los profesionales del campo informacional.
Políticas de información y biblioteca, comenzando por el principio
Authors: Cardenas Zardoni Horacio
Published: February 2015

Las políticas de la información no ocurren en abstracto, como parte de una teoría o de las ciencias de la información, tampoco se dan aisladamente, desvinculadas de la acción organizada de la sociedad. Si bien el sector productivo puede tener una perspectiva clara de a dónde quiere llegar, el ámbito de las políticas de la información corresponde a los gobiernos nacionales. Las políticas de información para alcanzar los objetivos que se ha planteado la sociedad de la información, necesariamente tienen que inscribirse como parte de las políticas públicas, especialmente las relacionadas con las estrategias para el desarrollo social, y articularse con el esfuerzo educativo de cada país. Siendo la biblioteca la entidad que siempre ha fungido como repositorio, y que tiene la función de hacer accesible aquel material que satisfaga las necesidades de información de la población, debe ser contemplada como parte integral de las políticas públicas y de información.
Prevalence of Blindness and Diabetic Retinopathy in Northern Jordan
Authors: Rabiu Mansur M. , Al Bdour Muawyah D. , Abu Ameerh Mohammed A. , Jadoon Muhammed Z.
Published: February 2015

Purpose

To estimate the prevalence of blindness, visual impairment, diabetes, and diabetic retinopathy in north Jordan (Irbid) using the rapid assessment of avoidable blindness and diabetic retinopathy methodology.

Methods

A multistage cluster random sampling technique was used to select participants for this survey. A total of 108 clusters were selected using probability proportional to size method while subjects within the clusters were selected using compact segment method. Survey teams moved from house to house in selected segments examining residents 50 years and older until 35 participants were recruited. All eligible people underwent a standardized examination protocol, which included ophthalmic examination and random blood sugar test using digital glucometers (Accu-Chek) in their homes. Diabetic retinopathy among diabetic patients was assessed through dilated fundus examination.

Results

A total of 3638 out of the 3780 eligible participants were examined. Age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of blindness, severe visual impairment, and visual impairment with available correction were 1.33% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.87-1.73), 1.82% (95% CI 1.35-2.25), and 9.49% (95% CI 8.26-10.74), respectively, all higher in women. Untreated cataract and diabetic retinopathy were the major causes of blindness, accounting for 46.7% and 33.2% of total blindness cases, respectively. Glaucoma was the third major cause, accounting for 8.9% of cases. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 28.6% (95% CI 26.9-30.3) among the study population and higher in women. The prevalence of any retinopathy among diabetic patients was 48.4%.

Conclusions

Cataract and diabetic retinopathy are the 2 major causes of blindness and visual impairment in northern Jordan. For both conditions, women are primarily affected, suggesting possible limitations to access to services. A diabetic retinopathy screening program needs to proactively create sex-sensitive awareness and provide easily accessible screening services with prompt treatment.
Evaluation of Sex Differences in Corneal Hysteresis
Authors: Allam Riham S.H.M. , Khalil Noha M.M.M.
Published: February 2015

Purpose

To study sex differences in corneal biomechanical parameters in Egypt as regards to corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF), Goldmann-correlated intraocular pressure (IOPg), and corneal-compensated intraocular pressure (IOPcc).

Methods

This is a cross-sectional observational study that includes 350 eyes of 350 normal subjects (175 men and 175 women) who were evaluated using the Reichert ocular response analyzer (ORA) to measure CH, CRF, IOPg, and IOPcc.

Results

The mean CH in men was 9.69 ± 2.05 mm Hg (range 5.7–14.6 mm Hg) and in women 10.41 ± 1.65 mm Hg (range 7–14.4 mm Hg) with a p value of 0.00038. The mean CRF in men was 9.54 ± 2.16 mm Hg (range 4.9–14.4 mm Hg) and in women was 10.37 ± 1.71 mm Hg (range 7.3–15.5 mm Hg) with a p value of 0.00008. The mean IOPg in men was 14.78 ± 4.15 mm Hg (range 7.2–26.5 mm Hg) and in women was 15.44 ± 3.3 mm Hg (range 8.6–23.7 mm Hg) with a p value of 0.09. The mean IOPcc in men was 16.2 ± 4.08 mm Hg (range 10.9–28.9 mm Hg) and in women was 15.86 ± 3.41 (range 9.7–24.2 mm Hg) with a p value of 0.4. There was a statistically significant difference between men and women in CH and CRF while IOPg and IOPcc showed no statistically significant difference (p>0.05).

Conclusions

There is a statistically significant difference between men and women in CH and CRF, where women show higher values, while no statistically significant difference exists between the groups in IOPg or IOPcc.
Efficacy of Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant for the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema
Authors: Bonnin Sophie , Dupas Bénédicte , Sanharawi Mohamed El , Perol Julien , Erginay Ali , Tadayoni Ramin , Massin Pascale
Published: February 2015

Purpose

To assess the efficacy of a single dexamethasone intravitreal implant (Dex-I) injection for the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME).

Methods

This was a retrospective chart review of 39 eyes (34 consecutive patients). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), and increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) (>24 mm Hg) were analyzed before treatment and 2 and 4 months after injection.

Results

Preoperative mean CMT was 559 ± 111 μm and decreased to 338 ± 84 and 477 ± 140 μm 2 and 4 months after injection, respectively. Although all eyes showed a significant decrease in CMT 2 months after injection (p<0.0001), a recurrence of the macular edema was observed 4 months after injection in 79% of eyes. Mean BCVA improvement (logMAR) was 0.13 ± 0.18 (p<0.0001) and 0.07 ± 0.21 (p = 0.049) 2 and 4 months after injection, respectively, without significant difference between vitrectomized and nonvitrectomized eyes. Eight eyes (21%) developed reversible increase in IOP 2 months after injection.

Conclusions

Thirty percent of DME eyes had gained more than 2 logMAR lines 2 months after Dex-I injection and safety was good. Visual acuity gain was maintained 4 months after injection despite a recurrence of edema in most cases.
Modified Anterolateral Approach in Minimally Invasive Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Tsai Shang-Wen , Chen Cheng-Fong , Wu Po-Kuei , Chen Tain-Hsiung , Liu Chien-Lin , Chen Wei-Ming
Published: February 2015

Purpose of the study

Minimally invasive procedures for total hip arthroplasty (THA) provide less surgery related trauma, and perhaps a fast recovery and satisfaction. Using modified instruments, we reported clinical follow-up data for a modified anterolateral approach.

Basic procedures

Using specialised retractors to expose the acetabulum and femur, this single-incision technique preserved more gluteus medius tendon and provided access for soft tissue repair. The demographic data for 1003 patients undergoing THA with this technique are presented, including operative variables, complications, Harris Hip Score for clinical evaluation and cup inclination angle for radiographic evaluation. Average follow-up was 59 months (range 24-121).

Main findings

In 1077 primary THAs performed in 1003 patients, the median wound length was 6 cm (range 4.8-9.2), median operation time was 68 minutes (range 45-112). The mean perioperative blood loss was 422 mls (range 56-990). The median cup inclination angle was 44 degrees (range 33-54), median acetabular version angle was 17° (range 12-24) median length of hospitalisation was 4 days (range 3-8). A total of 22 (2.0%) complications were noted including 5 cases of stem subsidence, 4 cup loosening, 5 greater trochanter fractures, 4 infections, 2 intraoperative proximal femur fractures and 2 iliopsoas impingement. In total, 13 (1.2%) received additional surgery. No neurovascular injury or dislocation was noted. For the clinical results, Harris Hip Score improved from 53 (range 33-67) preoperatively to 94 postoperatively (range 87-100).

Principal conclusions

Minimally invasive surgery via this modified anterolateral approach is a safe and reliable method.
First Experiences with the Direct Anterior Approach in Lateral Decubitus Position: Learning Curve and 1 Year Complication Rate
Authors: Melman Wietse P.R. , Mollen Bas P. , Kollen Boudewijn J. , Verheyen Cees C.P.M.
Published: February 2015

The direct anterior approach (DAA) in supine position for hip arthroplasty has been reported to suffer from high complication rates initially. The DAA with the patient in lateral decubitus position is believed to provide better visibility and especially femoral accessibility with potential fewer complications.

The first cohort of total hip prostheses, which were implanted by a single surgeon using DAA in lateral decubitus position more than 1 year ago, was analysed retrospectively.

In total 182 hip prostheses (172 patients) were analysed. Three consecutive time periods based on equal number of surgical procedures were compared. The technical complication rate and operating time improved significantly between the 3 consecutive groups. The 1 year infection rate was 0.5% and survival rate of 98.9%.

This is the first series of patients that were subjected to a hip replacement based on the direct anterior approach in a lateral decubitus position in which decreasing complication rates suggest the presence of a learning curve in surgeons conducting this type of surgery. Initial complication rate was high but decreased significantly in time and was acceptable certainly in the third group of our cohort. An unacceptable complication rate with the straight uncemented stem forced us to discontinue this configuration after only 7 surgical procedures. Complication, infection and revision rates were acceptable for the all cemented hip replacements using a curved anatomical stem.
Common Factors Associated with Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head in Young Patients Requiring Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Swarup Ishaan , Lee Yuo-yu , Movilla Peter , Figgie Mark P.
Published: February 2015

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is a pathologic condition that commonly affects young patients and requires treatment with total hip arthroplasty (THA). The most common factors associated with osteonecrosis in young patients have not been previously described in the literature. A retrospective study was conducted to describe the most common factors associated with osteonecrosis in patients aged 35 or younger requiring a primary THA. This study included 235 patients and found that the most common factor associated with osteonecrosis was corticosteroid use (61%), followed by idiopathic causes (11%), trauma (9%), other causes (8%), haemoglobinopathies (7%), and alcoholism (3%). There was no significant difference in age between risk groups (p-value = 0.35), however there were significant differences in sex (p-value = 0.02) and unilateral versus bilateral surgery (p-value<0.01). Several factors are associated with the development of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in young patients, and these factors should be given consideration in determining disease aetiology and counselling patients.