bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efecto de la luz y la humedad del suelo sobre variables fisiológicas en seis especies forestales mediterráneas plantadas bajo dosel de pinar
Authors: Granados García María E. , Chirino Miranda Esteban , Gandía Navalón Cristina , Vallejo Calzada Victoriano R. , Vilagrosa Carmona Alberto
Published: September 2019

Introducción: Las especies rebrotadoras, por la rapidez de su regeneración, pueden mantener el balance óptimo de carbono y mejorar la resiliencia de los ecosistemas perturbados o que tienen alto riesgo de incendios.
Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la disponibilidad de luz y la humedad del suelo sobre las variables ecofisiológicas de seis especies rebrotadoras plantadas bajo cubierta de Pinus halepensis Mill.
Materiales y métodos: Arbutus unedo L., Rhamnus alaternus L., Quercus ilex L., Quercus faginea Lam., Fraxinus ornus L. y Acer granatense Boiss. se plantaron en parcelas con tres densidades de pinos por hectárea: DA = 800 a 1 100, DM = 300 a 600 y DB = 100 a 250. En vivero, las especies también se cultivaron tratando de mantener las mismas condiciones de radiación solar. Se midieron la fotosíntesis (A), la conductancia estomática (Gs), la eficiencia máxima del fotosistema II (Fv/Fm) y la eficiencia en el uso del agua (IWUE). 
Resultados y discusión: Las especies esclerófilas perennifolias (A. unedo, R. alaternus y Q. ilex) mostraron tendencias de mayor capacidad fotosintética, menor fotoinhibición y menor IWUE que las caducifolias. En DA, las plantas mostraron menor capacidad fotosintética (P < 0.01) y mayor fotoprotección (P < 0.001). La IWUE fue similar bajo las tres densidades de pinar. En vivero, la A fue alta en condiciones de 100 % y 50 % de luz; Gs fue mayor en condiciones de 20 %; y la IWUE fue alta bajo 100 % de luz.
Conclusión: Las variables fisiológicas de las especies estuvieron condicionadas por el sombreo y cambios en la demanda hídrica producidos por la cubierta arbórea.
Especialización y competitividad de la producción de hule (Hevea brasiliensis [Willd. ex A. Juss.] Müll. Arg.) en México
Authors: Vargas-Canales Juan M. , Camacho-Vera Joaquín H. , Pineda-Pineda Joel , Mendoza-Castillo Víctor M. , Fresnedo-Ramírez Jonathan , López-García Santiago M. , Andrade-Saavedra Zeltzin X.
Published: September 2019

Introducción: La dinámica e interacción comercial entre países ha generado transformaciones en sus estructuras económicas, y un proceso de especialización productiva en el sector agropecuario. 
Objetivo: Analizar el comportamiento de la producción de hule (Hevea brasiliensis [Willd. ex A. Juss.] Müll. Arg.) e identificar las regiones especializadas y competitivas, mediante técnicas de análisis regional.
Materiales y métodos: Los estados y municipios de la república mexicana se consideraron unidades geográficas. Los métodos de análisis fueron el cociente de localización, Shift and Share (indicador de cambio y participación), especialización y competitividad. El valor de la producción del cultivo de hule, en el periodo (1980-2016), se utilizó como variable de análisis. La información se obtuvo del Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera. 
Resultados y discusión: Los resultados muestran expansión de la producción de hule y reconfiguración de su especialización. Tabasco es el estado más especializado y Veracruz, Chiapas y Tabasco presentan ventajas competitivas; sin embargo, los estados con mayores perspectivas de crecimiento y de ser altamente especializados y competitivos son Oaxaca y Tabasco. La especialización y competitividad de la producción de hule se relaciona con las condiciones naturales, la demanda del mercado y el desarrollo tecnológico.
Conclusiones: Oaxaca y Tabasco tienen perspectivas de especialización y competitividad, por lo que la producción de hule debe expandirse a estas regiones que en teoría deben ser las más productivas y con costos de producción más bajos. Para aprovechar estas ventajas es necesario impulsar un sistema regional de innovación para el diseño e implementación de estrategias de especialización inteligente.
Diversidad arbórea y carbono almacenado en sistemas agroforestales de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en el Soconusco Chiapas, México
Authors: Suárez-Venero Gicli M. , Avendaño-Arrazate Carlos H. , Ruíz-Cruz Pablo A. , Estrada-de los Santos Paulina
Published: September 2019

Introducción: Los rendimientos de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en Chiapas, México, aún son bajos, pero pueden ser mejorados con diseños agroforestales que consideren la composición arbórea para garantizar la diversidad y captura de carbono.
Objetivo: Determinar la diversidad arbórea y el carbono almacenado en tres niveles altitudinales de sistemas agroforestales con cacao en el Soconusco, Chiapas.
Materiales y métodos: Se establecieron parcelas representativas de 50 x 20 m en tres niveles altitudinales (0 a 50 m, 51 a 100 m y ≥101 m). Las especies se contabilizaron y clasificaron taxonómicamente. Se estimaron el diámetro a la altura del pecho, la altura de cada especie, la diversidad y similitud entre pares de alturas, así como el almacenamiento de carbono.
Resultados y discusión: La riqueza fue de 35 especies arbóreas seleccionadas por los productores para sombra del cultivo de cacao. Estas se agruparon en 32 géneros y 22 familias. La abundancia fue de 199 árboles; la abundancia por parcela y diversidad fueron mayores en la altura ≥101 m. La menor diversidad estuvo asociada a las alturas con menor equidad entre abundancia y riqueza. El carbono almacenado en la biomasa aérea varió de 224.9 a 362.1 Mg·ha-1; la cantidad fue superior a más baja altura (0 a 50 m).
Conclusiones: Los sistemas agroforestales presentaron diversidad media a alta. La distribución de las especies, por nivel altitudinal, responde a los intereses de los productores y a la composición del bosque natural.  La cantidad de carbono almacenado fue alta, debido a la abundancia, riqueza y dominancia de las especies.
Beneficios de la visualización de gradientes de factores ambientales: un caso de estudio en un área protegida en Rusia central
Authors: Khapugin Anatoliy A.
Published: September 2019

Introducción: Las escalas ecológicas incluyen especies vegetales que responden ante cambios en las condiciones del hábitat. Estas plantas actúan como fitoindicadores que integran factores ambientales.
Objetivo: Identificar hábitats adecuados para las especies vegetales a partir de datos de
fitoindicaciones.
Materiales y métodos: Se establecieron 47 parcelas (100 m2) en un área forestal de la Reserva Natural Estatal de Mordovia. En cada parcela se registró la composición de especies y se calcularon los valores medios de cuatro factores ambientales (sombreado, humedad, nitrógeno y pH del suelo), utilizando la escala ecológica de Tsyganov. Los cambios en los valores de los factores se visualizaron con mapas de contorno para cada factor. Las diferencias entre la composición por especies se determinaron a través del índice de similitud de Jaccard.
Resultados y discusión: Las parcelas se han dispuesto principalmente a lo largo de gradientes de pH, disponibilidad de nitrógeno y humedad del suelo, mientras que el sombreado del hábitat no ha sido tan influyente. Los mapas de gradiente demostraron similitud notable entre los factores ambientales y la distribución vegetativa, la cual se confirmó por la identificación de tres áreas superpuestas en estos mapas. Los métodos de fitoindicación permiten mostrar cambios en los valores de los factores ambientales en un área forestal, y en combinación con un índice de similitud de especies es posible predecir la idoneidad del hábitat para plantas amenazadas.
Conclusiones: Es posible indicar y encontrar un área adecuada para el establecimiento de plantas sobre la base del enfoque de la escala ecológica de fitoindicación. Dado que las plantas amenazadas tienen requerimientos ambientales más rigurosos, este método es especialmente adecuado para tales investigaciones.
Exploiting multi-wavelength aerosol absorption coefficients in a multi-time resolution source apportionment study to retrieve source-dependent absorption parameters
Authors: Forello Alice Corina , Bernardoni Vera , Calzolai Giulia , Lucarelli Franco , Massabò Dario , Nava Silvia , Pileci Rosaria Erika , Prati Paolo , Valentini Sara , Valli Gianluigi , Vecchi Roberta
Published: September 2019

Abstract. In this paper, a new methodology coupling aerosol optical and
chemical parameters in the same source apportionment study is reported. In
addition to results on source contributions, this approach provides
information such as estimates for the atmospheric absorption
Ångström exponent (α) of the sources and mass absorption
cross sections (MACs) for fossil fuel emissions at different wavelengths. A multi-time resolution source apportionment study using the Multilinear Engine
(ME-2) was performed on a PM10 dataset with different time resolutions (24, 12, and 1 h) collected during two different seasons in Milan
(Italy) in 2016. Samples were optically analysed by an in-house polar
photometer to retrieve the aerosol absorption coefficient bap (in
Mm−1) at four wavelengths (λ=405, 532, 635, and 780 nm) and were chemically characterized for elements, ions, levoglucosan, and
carbonaceous components. The dataset joining chemically speciated and
optical data was the input for the multi-time resolution receptor model;
this approach was proven to strengthen the identification of sources, thus
being particularly useful when important chemical markers (e.g.
levoglucosan, elemental carbon) are not available. The final solution
consisted of eight factors (nitrate, sulfate, resuspended dust, biomass
burning, construction works, traffic, industry, aged sea salt); the
implemented constraints led to a better physical description of factors and
the bootstrap analysis supported the goodness of the solution. As for
bap apportionment, consistent with what was expected, biomass burning and
traffic were the main contributors to aerosol absorption in the atmosphere.
A relevant feature of the approach proposed in this work is the possibility
of retrieving a lot of other information about optical parameters; for example,
in contrast to the more traditional approach used by optical source
apportionment models, here we obtained source-dependent α values
without any a priori assumption (α biomass burning =1.83 and
α fossil fuels =0.80). In addition, the MACs estimated for fossil fuel
emissions were consistent with literature values. It is worth noting that the approach presented here can also be applied
using more common receptor models (e.g. EPA PMF instead of multi-time
resolution ME-2) if the dataset comprises variables with the same time
resolution as well as optical data retrieved by widespread instrumentation
(e.g. an Aethalometer instead of in-house instrumentation).
Chamber-based insights into the factors controlling epoxydiol (IEPOX) secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yield, composition, and volatility
Authors: D'Ambro Emma L. , Schobesberger Siegfried , Gaston Cassandra J. , Lopez-Hilfiker Felipe D. , Lee Ben H. , Liu Jiumeng , Zelenyuk Alla , Bell David , Cappa Christopher D. , Helgestad Taylor , Li Ziyue , Guenther Alex , Wang Jian , Wise Matthew , Caylor Ryan , Surratt Jason D. , Riedel Theran , Hyttinen Noora , Salo Vili-Taneli , Hasan Galib , Kurtén Theo , Shilling John E. , Thornton Joel A.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. We present measurements utilizing the Filter Inlet for Gases and Aerosols
(FIGAERO) applied to chamber measurements of isoprene-derived epoxydiol
(IEPOX) reactive uptake to aqueous acidic particles and associated secondary organic aerosol (SOA)
formation. Similar to recent field observations with the same instrument, we
detect two molecular components desorbing from the IEPOX SOA in high
abundance: C5H12O4 and C5H10O3. The thermal
desorption signal of the former, presumably 2-methyltetrols, exhibits two
distinct maxima, suggesting it arises from at least two different SOA
components with significantly different effective volatilities. Isothermal
evaporation experiments illustrate that the most abundant component giving
rise to C5H12O4 is semi-volatile, undergoing nearly complete
evaporation within 1 h while the second, less volatile component
remains unperturbed and even increases in abundance. We thus confirm, using
controlled laboratory studies, recent analyses of ambient SOA measurements
showing that IEPOX SOA is of very low volatility and commonly measured IEPOX
SOA tracers such as C5H12O4 and C5H10O3,
presumably 2-methyltetrols and C5-alkene triols or 3-MeTHF-3,4-diols,
result predominantly from thermal decomposition in the FIGAERO-CIMS. We
infer that other measurement techniques using thermal desorption or
prolonged heating for analysis of SOA components may also lead to reported
2-methyltetrols and C5-alkene triols or 3-MeTHF-3,4-diol structures.
We further show that IEPOX SOA volatility continues to evolve via acidity-enhanced accretion chemistry on the timescale of hours, potentially
involving both 2-methyltetrols and organosulfates.
The Relationship between Low-Level Cloud Amount and Its Proxies over the Globe by Cloud Types
Authors: Shin Jihoon , Park Sungsu
Published: September 2019

Abstract. We extend upon previous work to examine the relationship between low-level cloud amount (LCA) and various proxies for LCA – estimated low-level cloud fraction (ELF), lower-tropospheric stability (LTS), estimated inversion strength (EIS), and estimated cloud-top entrainment index (ECTEI) – by low-level cloud types (CL) over the globe using individual surface and upper-air observations. Individual CL has its own distinct environmental structure, and therefore our extended analysis by CL can provide insights into the strength and weakness of various proxies and help to improve them. Overall, ELF performs better than LTS/EIS in diagnosing the variations in LCA among various CLs, indicating that a previously identified superior performance of ELF to LTS/EIS as a global proxy for LCA comes from its realistic correlations with various CLs rather than with a specific CL. However, ELF as well as LTS/EIS has a problem in diagnosing the decrease in LCA when CL0 (no low-level cloud) is reported and the increase of LCA when CL12 (cumulus) is reported over the deserts where background stratus does not exist. This incorrect diagnosis of CL0 as a cloudy condition is more clearly seen in the analysis of individual CL frequencies binned by proxy values. If CL0 is excluded, all ELF/LTS/EIS have good inter-CL correlations with the amount-when-present (AWP) of individual CLs. In future, an advanced ELF needs to be formulated to deal with the dissipation of LCA when the inversion base height is lower than the lifting condensation level, to diagnose cumulus updraft fraction as well as the amount of stratiform clouds and detrained cumulus, and to parameterize the scale height as a function of appropriate environmental variables.
Consumption of atmospheric O2 in an Urban Area of Tokyo, Japan derived from continuous observations of O2 and CO2 concentrations and CO2 flux
Authors: Ishidoya Shigeyuki , Sugawara Hirofumi , Terao Yukio , Kaneyasu Naoki , Aoki Nobuyuki , Tsuboi Kazuhiro , Kondo Hiroaki
Published: September 2019

Abstract. In order to estimate the atmospheric O2 consumption in a megacity, continuous observations of atmospheric O2 and CO2 concentrations and of CO2 flux have been carried out simultaneously at the Yoyogi (YYG) site in middle of Tokyo, Japan since March 2016. An average O2 : CO2 exchange ratio for net turbulent O2 and CO2 fluxes (ORF) between the urban area and the overlying atmosphere was obtained based on an aerodynamic method using the observed O2 and CO2 concentrations. The yearly mean ORF was found to be 1.62, falling within the range of the average OR values of liquid and gas fuels. Seasonally different diurnal ORF cycles at YYG indicated that the consumption of gas fuels was larger in the winter than that in the summer, especially in the morning and late in the evening. By using the ORF and CO2 flux values, the annual mean O2 consumption rate was estimated to be −16.3 μmol m−2 s−1, which is more than 350 times larger than the global mean atmospheric O2 consumption rate (about −4 μmol yr−1), implying that our life in a megacity is far from sustainable from a viewpoint of the conservation of atmospheric O2.
Different strategies to retrieve aerosol properties at night-time
with GRASP algorithm
Authors: Benavent-Oltra Jose Antonio , Román Roberto , Casquero-Vera Juan Andrés , Pérez-Ramírez Daniel , Lyamani Hassan , Ortiz-Amezcua Pablo , Bedoya-Velásquez Andrés Esteban , de Arruda Moreira Gregori , Barreto África , Lopatin Anton , Fuertes David , Herrera Milagros , Torres Benjamin , Dubovik Oleg , Guerrero-Rascado Juan Luis , Goloub Philippe , Olmo-Reyes Francisco Jose , Alados-Arboledas Lucas
Published: September 2019

Abstract. This study evaluates the potential of GRASP algorithm (Generalized Retrieval of Aerosol and Surface Properties) to retrieve continuous day-to-night aerosol properties, both column-integrated and vertically-resolved. The study is focused on the evaluation of GRASP retrievals during an intense Saharan dust event that occurred during the Sierra Nevada Lidar aerOsol Profiling Experiment I (SLOPE I) field campaign. For daytime aerosol retrievals, we combined the measurements of the lidar ground-based from EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network) station and sun/sky photometer from AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network), both instruments co-located in Granada (Spain). However, for night-time retrievals three different combinations of active and passive remote sensing measurements are proposed. The first scheme (N0) uses lidar night-time measurements in combination with the interpolation of sun/sky daytime measurements. The other two schemes combine lidar night-time measurements with night-time aerosol optical depth obtained by lunar photometry either using intensive properties of the aerosol retrieved during sun/sky daytime measurements (N1) or using the moon aureole radiance obtained by sky camera images (N2). Evaluations of the columnar aerosol properties retrieved by GRASP are done versus standard AERONET retrievals. The coherence of day-to-night evolutions of the different aerosol properties retrieved by GRASP is also studied. The extinction coefficient vertical profiles retrieved by GRASP are compared with the profiles calculated by Raman technique at night-time with differences below 30% for all schemes at 355, 532 and 1064 nm. Finally, the volume concentration and scattering coefficient retrieved by GRASP at 2500 m a.s.l. are evaluated by in-situ measurements at this height at Sierra Nevada Station. The differences between GRASP and in-situ measurements are similar for the different schemes, with differences below 30 % for both volume concentration and scattering coefficient. In general, for the scattering coefficient, the GRASP N0 and N1 show better results than the GRASP N2 schemes, while for volume concentration, GRASP N2 shows the lowest differences against in-situ measurements, around 10 %, for high the aerosol optical depth values.
A transition in atmospheric emissions of particles and gases from
on-road heavy-duty trucks
Authors: Zhou Liyuan , Hallquist Åsa M. , Hallquist Mattias , Salvador Christian M. , Gaita Samuel M. , Sjödin Åke , Jerksjö Martin , Salberg Håkan , Wängberg Ingvar , Mellqvist Johan , Liu Qianyun , Lee Berto P. , Chan Chak K.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The transition in extent and characteristics of atmospheric emissions caused by the modernisation of the heavy-duty on-road fleet were studied utilising roadside measurements. Emissions of particle number (PN), particle mass (PM), black carbon (BC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), particle size distributions and particle volatility were measured from 556 individual heavy-duty trucks (HDTs). Substantial reductions in PM, BC, NOx, CO and to a lesser extent PN were observed from Euro III to Euro VI HDTs by 99 %, 98 %, 93 % and 57 % for the average emissions factors of PM, BC, NOx, and CO respectively. Despite significant total reductions in NOx emissions, the fraction of NO2 in the NOx emissions increased continuously from Euro IV to Euro VI HDTs. Larger data scattering was evident for PN emissions in comparison to solid particle number (SPN) for Euro VI HDTs, indicating a highly variable fraction of volatile particle components. Particle size distributions of Euro III to EEV HDTs were bimodal, whereas those of Euro VI HDTs were nucleation mode dominated. High emitters disproportionately contributed to a large fraction of the total emissions with the highest-emitting 10 % of HDTs in each pollutant category being responsible for 65 % of total PM, 70 % of total PN and 44 % of total NOx emissions, respectively. Euro VI HDTs, which accounted for 53 % of total kilometres driven by Swedish HDTs, were estimated to only contribute to 2 %, 6 %, 12 % and 47 % of PM, BC, NOx, and PN emissions. A shift to a Euro VI HDTs dominant fleet would promote a transition of atmospheric emissions towards low PM, BC, NOx, and CO levels. Nonetheless, reducing PN, SPN, and NO2 emissions from Euro VI HDTs is still important to improve air quality in urban environments.
Biomass Burning Aerosol as a Modulator of Droplet Number in the Southeast Atlantic Region
Authors: Kacarab Mary , Thornhill K. Lee , Dobracki Amie , Howell Steven G. , O'Brien Joseph R. , Freitag Steffen , Poellot Michael R. , Wood Robert , Zuidema Paquita , Redemann Jens , Nenes Athanasios
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The southeastern Atlantic (SEA) and its associated cloud deck, off the west coast of central Africa, is an area where aerosol-cloud interactions can have a strong radiative impact. Seasonally, extensive biomass burning (BB) aerosol plumes from southern Africa reach this area. The NASA ObseRvations of Aerosols above Clouds and their intEractionS (ORACLES) study focused on quantitatively understanding these interactions and their importance. Here we present measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration, aerosol size distribution, and vertical updraft velocity in and around the marine boundary layer (MBL) collected by the NASA P-3B aircraft during the August 2017 ORACLES deployment. BB aerosol levels vary considerably but systematically with time; high aerosol concentrations were observed in the MBL (800–1000 cm−3) early on, decreasing mid-campaign to concentrations between 500–800 cm−3. By late August and early September, relatively clean MBL conditions were sampled (
Permeability of matrix-fracture systems under mechanical loading – constraints from laboratory experiments and 3-D numerical modelling
Authors: Blöcher Guido , Kluge Christian , Milsch Harald , Cacace Mauro , Jacquey Antoine B. , Schmittbuhl Jean
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The permeability of single fractures is commonly approximated by the cubic law assumption, which is however only valid under the condition of a single phase laminar flow between parallel plates. Departure from cubic law are related to many features like aperture fluctuations due to fracture surface roughness, relative shear displacement, the amount of flow exchange between the matrix and the fracture itself, etc. In order to quantify constitutive relationships among the aforementioned aspects, we have conducted a flow-through experiment with a porous rock sample (Flechtinger sandstone) containing a single macroscopic fracture. Based on this experiment, we obtained range of variations of intrinsic rock parameters, permeability and stress-strain relationships of the combined matrix-fracture system under hydrostatic loading. From the measured deformation of the matrix-fracture system, we derived the evolution in the mechanical aperture of the fracture. In order to quantify the processes behind the laboratory observations, we carried out coupled hydro-mechanical simulations of the matrix-fracture system. Navier–Stokes flow was solved in the 3-dimensional open rough fracture domain, and back-coupled to the Darcy flow and the poroelastic behaviour of the rock matrix. The results demonstrate that the elastic behaviour and the related permeability alteration of the fracture domain could be captured by the numerical simulation. Furthermore, the stress-strain values obtained in the vicinity of the fracture asperities suggest that inelastic deformation develops at low mechanical load. An attempt was made to quantify the inelastic deformation by using the failure envelope obtained by laboratory experiments (whether tensile, shear, compaction, or a combination of those). However, change in permeability observed in the experiments are significantly larger than that in the simulation showing the importance of plastic deformation during opening and closure of the fracture and its impact on the cubic law approximation.
Derivation of flow rate and calibration method for high-volume air samplers
Authors: Hann Richard , Hermanson Mark
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Sampling the atmosphere to analyze contaminants is
different from other environmental matrices because measuring the volume of
air collected requires a mechanical flow-through device to draw the air and
measure its flow rate. The device used must have the capability of
concentrating the analytes of interest onto a different substrate because
the volumes of air needed are often on the order of hundreds of cubic meters. The use
of high-volume air samplers has grown since 1967, when recommended limits of
a large number of organic contaminants in air were developed. Equations used
for calculating the air flow through the device over time have similarly
been developed. However, the complete derivation of those equations has
never appeared in the scientific literature. Here a thorough derivation of
those equations is provided with definitions of the mechanical systems that
are used in the process, along with the method of calibrating and
calculating air flow.
Versatile aerosol concentration enrichment system (VACES) operating as a cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrator: development and laboratory characterization
Authors: Dameto de España Carmen , Steiner Gerhard , Schuh Harald , Sioutas Constantinos , Hitzenberger Regina
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The ability of atmospheric aerosol particles to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) depends on many factors, including particle size, chemical composition and meteorological conditions. To expand our knowledge of CCN, it is essential to understand the factors leading to CCN activation. For this purpose, a versatile aerosol concentrator enrichment system (VACES) has been modified to select CCN at different supersaturations. The VACES enables sampling non-volatile CCN particles without altering their chemical and physical properties. The redesigned VACES enriches CCN particles by first passing the aerosol flow to a new saturator and then to a condenser. The activated particles are concentrated by an inertial virtual impactor and then can be returned to their original size by diffusion drying. For the calibration, the saturator temperature was fixed at 52 ∘C and the condenser temperature range was altered from 5 to 25 ∘C to obtain activation curves for NaCl particles of different sizes. Critical water vapour supersaturations can be calculated using the 50 % cut point of these curves. Calibration results have also shown that CCN concentrations can be enriched by a factor of approx. 17, which is in agreement with the experimentally determined enrichment factor of the original VACES.
The advantage of the redesigned VACES over conventional CCN counters (both static and continuous flow instruments) lies in the substantial enrichment of activated CCN, which facilitates further chemical analysis.
Ionosonde Total Electron Content Evaluation Using IGS Data
Authors: dos Santos Klipp Telmo , Petry Adriano , Sandim Falcão Gabriel , Rodrigues de Souza Jonas , Rodrigues de Paula Eurico , Fraga de Campos Velho Haroldo
Published: September 2019

Abstract. In this work, a period of two years (2016–2017) of vertical total electron content (VTEC) from ionosondes operating in Brazil is compared to the International GNSS Service (IGS) data. Sounding instruments from National Institute for Space Research (INPE) provided the ionograms used, which were filtered based on confidence score (CS) and C-level flags evaluation. Differences between TEC from IGS maps and ionograms were accumulated in terms of root mean square error (RMSE). It has been noticed the TEC values provided by ionograms are systematically underestimated, which is attributed to a limitation in the electron density modeled for the ionogram topside that considers maximum height only around 800–900 Km, while IGS takes in account electron density from GNSS stations up to the satellite network orbits. The ionogram topside profiles covering the plasmasphere were re-modeled using an adaptive alpha-Chapman exponential decay that includes a transition function between the F2 layer and plasmasphere, and electron density integration height was extended to compute TEC. Chapman parameters for the F2 layer were extracted from each ionogram, and plasmaspheric scale height was set to 10,000 Km. Our analysis has shown the plasmaspheric basis electron density, assumed to be proportional to the electron peak density, plays an important role to reduce the RMSE values. Depending on the proportionality coefficient choice, mean RMSE reached a minimum of 5.32 TECU, that is 23 % lower than initial ionograms TEC errors.
Detecting breakpoints in global temperature
Authors: Duan Junbo , Zhao Lanling , Wang Qing , Li Pei
Published: September 2019

Abstract. This paper aims to address the continuous debate of whether a hiatus occurred in the turn of this century. Several models have been employed to fit the global mean surface temperature data, and the results suggest that the allegation of an occurrence of hiatus lacks statistical evidence. However, these models had potential deficiencies in their capacity for detecting breakpoints, thereby weakening the arguments that deny the existence of a hiatus. To address this issue, we propose an improved sparse representation model, which can automatically segment and fit temperature records using piecewise polynomials. Simulations revealed improved detection performance; studies on five prominent global temperature records produced 2 to 6 breakpoints, none of which occurred after the year 1976, thus reinforcing arguments denying the existence of a 20th century hiatus.
Coastal complexity of the Antarctic continent
Authors: Porter-Smith Richard , McKinlay John , Fraser Alex , Massom Robert
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The Antarctic outer coastal margin (i.e., the coastline itself, or the terminus/front of ice shelves, whichever is adjacent to the ocean) is a key interface between the ice-sheet and terrestrial environments and the Southern Ocean. Its physical configuration (including both length scale of variation and orientation/aspect) has direct bearing on several closely associated cryospheric, biological, oceanographical and ecological processes, yet no study has quantified the coastal complexity or orientation of Antarctica’s coastal margin. This first-of-a-kind characterisation of Antarctic coastal complexity aims to address this knowledge gap. We quantify and investigate the physical configuration and complexity of Antarctica’s circumpolar outer coastal margin using a novel, technique based on ∼ 40,000 random points selected along a vector coastline derived from the MODIS Mosaic of Antarctica dataset. At each point, a complexity metric is calculated at length scales from 1 to 256 km, giving a multiscale estimate of the magnitude and direction of undulation or complexity at each point location along the entire coastline. Using a cluster analysis to determine characteristic complexity ‘signatures’ for random nodes, the coastline is found to comprise three basic groups or classes: (i) low complexity at all scales; (ii) most complexity at shorter scales; and (iii) most complexity at longer scales. These classes are somewhat heterogeneously distributed throughout the continent. We also consider bays and peninsulas separately and characterise their multi-scale orientation. This unique dataset and its summary analysis have numerous applications for both geophysical and biological studies and will contribute to Antarctic research requiring quantitative information on, and related to, coastal complexity and configuration. All these data are referenced by https://doi.org/10.26179/5d1af0ba45c03 and are available free of charge at https://data.antarctica.gov.au.
Global CO2 emissions from cement production, 1928–2018
Authors: Andrew Robbie M.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Global production of cement has grown very rapidly in recent years, and after fossil fuels and land-use change, it is the third-largest source of anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide. The availability of the required data for estimating emissions from global cement production is poor, and it has been recognised that some global estimates are significantly inflated. This article assembles a large variety of available datasets, prioritising official data and emission factors, including estimates submitted to the UNFCCC plus new estimates for China and India, to present a new analysis of global process emissions from cement production. Global process emissions in 2018 were 1.50 ± 0.12 Gt CO2, equivalent to about 4 % of emissions from fossil fuels. Cumulative emissions from 1928 to 2018 were 38.3 ± 2.4 Gt CO2, 71 % of which have occurred since 1990. The data associated with this article can be found at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.831454 (Andrew, 2019).
Quantifying the restoration success of wood introductions to increase coho salmon winter habitat
Authors: Bair Russell T. , Segura Catalina , Lorion Christopher M.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Large wood (LW) addition is often part of fish habitat
restoration projects. However, there is limited information about the
spatial–temporal variability in hydraulic changes after LW additions. We
investigated reach-scale hydraulic changes triggered after the addition of
LW that are relevant to juvenile coho salmon survival. We used Nays2DH, an
unsteady two-dimensional flow model, to quantify the patterns and magnitudes of
changes of stream velocity and shear stress in three alluvial gravel
reaches. The study sites are located in low-gradient reaches draining 5 to
16 km2 in the Oregon Coast Range. Survivable habitat was characterized
in terms of critical swim speed for juvenile coho and bed stability
considering the critical shear stress required to mobilize the median bed
particle size. Model predictions indicated that survivable habitat during
bankfull conditions, measured as the area with velocity below the critical
swim speed for juvenile coho, increased by 95 %–113 % after the LW
restoration. Bed stability also increased between 86 % and 128 % considering
the shear stress required to mobilize the median bed particle size. Model
predictions indicated more habitat created in the larger site; however,
considering that wood would move more frequently in this site there appears
to be a trade-off between the timing and the resilience of restoration
benefits. Overall, this study quantifies how the addition of LW potentially
changes stream hydraulics to provide a net benefit to juvenile salmonid
habitat. Our findings are applicable to stream restoration efforts
throughout the Pacific Northwest.
Dealing with discontinuous meteorological forcing in operational ocean modelling: a case study using ECMWF-IFS and GETM (v2.5)
Authors: Büchmann Bjarne
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Meteorological data providers release updated forecasts several times per day – at the forecast epochs.
The first time step (t=0) of each forecast, the so-called analysis step, is updated by a data-assimilation process
so that the meteorological fields at this time in general do not match the fields from the previous forecast.
Seen from the perspective of oceanographic modelling, the analysis step represents a possible discontinuity in the model forcing.
Unless care is taken, this “meteorological discontinuity” may generate spurious waves in the ocean model.
The problem is examined and quantified for a single meteorological model:
the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Integrated Forecasting System (IFS).
A simple straightforward solution is suggested to overcome the forcing discontinuity
and the effect on two particular ocean models is examined: the FCOO NA3 (North Atlantic 3 nm) storm-surge model
and the NS1C (North Sea–Baltic Sea 1 nm) circulation model.
An urban ecohydrological model to quantify the effect of vegetation on urban climate and hydrology (UT&C v1.0)
Authors: Meili Naika , Manoli Gabriele , Burlando Paolo , Bou-Zeid Elie , Chow Winston T. L. , Coutts Andrew M. , Daly Edoardo , Nice Kerry A. , Roth Matthias , Tapper Nigel J. , Velasco Erik , Vivoni Enrique R. , Fatichi Simone
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Increasing urbanization is likely to intensify the urban heat island effect, decrease outdoor thermal comfort and enhance runoff generation in cities. Urban green spaces are often proposed as a mitigation strategy to counteract these adverse effects and many recent developments of urban climate models focus on the inclusion of green and blue infrastructure to inform urban planning. However, many models still lack the ability to account for different plant types and oversimplify the interactions between the built environment, vegetation, and hydrology. In this study, we present an urban ecohydrological model, Urban Tethys-Chloris (UT&C), that combines principles of ecosystem modelling with an urban canopy scheme accounting for the biophysical and ecophysiological characteristics of roof vegetation, ground vegetation and urban trees. UT&C is a fully coupled energy and water balance model that calculates 2 m air temperature, 2 m humidity, and surface temperatures based on the infinite urban canyon approach. It further calculates all urban hydrological fluxes, including transpiration as a function of plant photosynthesis. Hence, UT&C accounts for the effects of different plant types on the urban climate and hydrology, as well as the effects of the urban environment on plant well-being and performance. UT&C performs well when compared against energy flux measurements of eddy covariance towers located in three cities in different climates (Singapore, Melbourne, Phoenix). A sensitivity analysis, performed as a proof of concept for the city of Singapore, shows a mean decrease in 2 m air temperature of 1.1 °C for fully grass covered ground, 0.2 °C for high values of leaf area index (LAI), and 0.3 °C for high values of Vc,max (an expression of photosynthetic activity). These reductions in temperature were combined with a simultaneous increase in relative humidity by 6.5 %, 2.1 %, and 1.6 %, for fully grass covered ground, high values of LAI, and high values of Vc,max, respectively. Furthermore, the increase of pervious vegetated ground is able to significantly reduce surface runoff. These results show that urban greening can lead to a decrease in urban air temperature and surface runoff, but this effect is limited in cities characterized by a hot, humid climate.
Insights from a new methodology to optimize rain gauge weighting
for rainfall-runoff models
Authors: Wright Ashley J. , Robertson David E. , Walker Jeffrey P. , Pauwels Valentijn R. N.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Floods continue to devastate societies and their economies. Resilient societies commonly incorporate flood forecasting into their strategy to mitigate the impact of floods. Hydrological models which simulate the rainfall-runoff process are at the core of flood forecasts. To date operational flood forecasting models use areal rainfall estimates that are based on geographical features. This paper introduces a new methodology to optimally blend the weighting of gauges for the purpose of obtaining superior flood forecasts. For a selection of 7 Australian catchments this methodology was able to yield improvements of 15.3 % and 7.1 % in optimization and evaluation periods respectively. Catchments with a low gauge density, or an overwhelming majority of gauges with a low proportion of observations available, are not well suited to this new methodology. Models which close the water balance and demonstrate internal model dynamics that are consistent with a conceptual understanding of the rainfall-runoff process yielded consistent improvement in streamflow simulation skill.
The effects of blade structural model fidelity on wind turbine load analysis and computation time
Authors: Gozcu Ozan , Verelst David Robert
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Aero-servo-elastic analyses are required to determine the wind turbine loading for a wide range of load cases as specified in certification standards. The floating reference frame (FRF) formulation can be used to model, with sufficient accuracy, the structural response of long and flexible wind turbine blades. Increasing the number of bodies in the FRF formulation of the blade increases both the fidelity of the structural model as well as the size of the problem. However, the turbine load analysis is a coupled aero-servo-elastic analysis, and computation cost does not only depend on the size of the structural model, but also the aerodynamic solver and the iterations between the solvers. This study presents an investigation of the performance of the different fidelity levels as measured by the computational cost and the turbine response (e.g. blade loads, tip clearance, tower top accelerations). The presented analysis is based on state of the art aeroelastic simulations for normal operation in turbulent inflow load cases as defined in a design standard, and is using two 10 MW reference turbines. The results show that the turbine response quickly approaches the results of the highest fidelity model as the number of bodies increases. The increase in computational costs to account for more bodies can almost entirely be compensated by changing the type of the matrix solver from dense to sparse.
Ducted wind turbines in yawed flow: A numerical study
Authors: Dighe Vinit , Suri Dhruv , Avallone Francesco , van Bussel Gerard
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Ducted Wind Turbines (DWTs) can be used for energy harvesting in urban areas where non-uniform flows are caused by the presence of buildings or other surface discontinuities. For this reason, the aerodynamic performance of DWTs in yawed flow conditions must be characterized. A numerical study to investigate the characteristics of flow around two DWT configurations using a simplified duct-actuator disc (AD) model is carried out. The analysis shows that the aerodynamic performance of a DWT in yawed flow is dependent on the mutual interaction between the duct and the rotor; an interaction that changes with duct geometry, AD loading and operating conditions. It is found that the duct cross-section camber not only offers insensitivity to yaw, but also a gain in performance up to a specific yaw angle; thereafter any further increase of yaw results in a performance drop.
The Ai-Novel: Ai no seikatsu and Its Challenge to the Japanese Literary Establishment
Authors: Osborne Hannah
Published: September 2019

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Cultural Assimilation in the kokugo (国語) Classroom: Colonial Korean Children’s tsuzurikata (綴り方) Compositions from the Early 1930s
Authors: Lee Helen J. S.
Published: September 2019

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Produção dos territórios turísticos no Ceará
Authors: Castro Tiago Da Silva , Pereira Alexandre Queiroz
Published: September 2019

Transformações socioespaciais marcaram a zona costeira do Ceará nas últimas duas décadas. Verifica-se planejamento voltado à constituição de base econômica pautada nas práticas marítimas modernas, notadamente o turismo e a vilegiatura. Tais atividades possibilitam a inserção de sistemas técnicos objetivando a ampliação dos fluxos turísticos e modernização nas zonas de praia cearenses. Este artigo compreende os desdobramentos das intervenções públicas e privadas no Litoral Oeste do Ceará, como processo multiescalar capaz de modificar as bases políticas, econômicas, sociais e culturais do território. Para tanto, recorreu-se a referencial teórico sobre o planejamento turístico, os vetores de expansão urbana e as práticas marítimas modernas. Ainda, documentos oficiais permitiram a análise das políticas de turismo, enquanto as entrevistas estruturadas, o acervo fotográfico e cartográfico, possibilitaram a compreensão das dinâmicas socioespaciais nos municípios. Constatou-se que o processo de turistificação da Costa do Sol Poente suscitou não somente o aumento dos fluxos e fixos ligados à atividade turística, mas também novas tipologias ligadas à vilegiatura marítima e a complementaridade entre as duas práticas abordadas.

Palavras-chaves: Turismo, Planejamento, Litoral Oeste do Ceará.
Simone de Beauvoir's Feminist Art of Living
Authors: Leboeuf Céline
Published: September 2019

This essay advances the idea that Simone de Beauvoir can be read as articulating a feminist art of living in her life and oeuvre. I survey influential interpretations of Beauvoir to show that this scholarship focuses on the conceptual work in her philosophy at the expense of discussing her art of living. To substantiate my interpretation of Beauvoir, I highlight a part of what I take to be her art of living—one that is connected to her reflections on the body—namely, what I refer to as her “sensualism.” By “sensualism,” I have in mind an appreciation of the body from an intimate, first-person perspective, one not derived from the body's appearance. I show how Beauvoir develops this feminist art of living by looking at The Second Sex and The Prime of Life. While The Second Sex depicts how women are often encouraged to identify with their bodies as sexual and aesthetic objects, Beauvoir's descriptions of hiking in The Prime of Life suggest a different way of living the body, one that is predicated on a sensual appreciation of the body.
An investigation of numeral quantifiers in English
Authors: Brendel Cole Ira
Published: September 2019

There exist a broad range of theories which model quantifier scope (Ruys & Winter 2011). The empirical coverage and predictions of three theories: Quantifier Raising (May 1985) with Scope Economy (Fox 2000), Feature Checking (Beghelli & Stowell 1997), and Choice Functions (Winter 1997) are tested using a sentence-picture verification task. Speakers rated the quality of sentences with bare and modified numeral quantifiers in surface and inverse scope conditions. In Experiment 1, it was discovered that bare numerals marginally resisted inverse scope, contra the predictions of (Beghelli & Stowell 1997). Experiment 2 revealed that the scope of numerals is clause-bound, in argument against the theory of Choice Functions which predict extra-clausal scope for existential quantifiers. The results suggest that a modified QR theory best accounts for the observed data.
The GeoNet building instrumentation programme
Authors: Uma S.R. , King Andrew , Cousins Jim , Gledhill Ken
Published: September 2019

In New Zealand, the performance of instrumented structures has rarely been tested by earthquake events with design-level motions to enable verification of the code design recommendations and related design assumptions. In the Darfield event, Rutherford building at the University of Canterbury was the only instrumented building that recorded its earthquake response. Lessons from overseas earthquakes, in particular the 1994 Northridge event, have demonstrated the invaluable use of information from instrumented buildings. In order to derive similar benefits from any future New Zealand events, steps were initiated to install modern digital accelerographs in structures. The new building instrumentation programme aims to install earthquake strong-motion instruments within up to 30 structures (mainly buildings and bridges) across New Zealand so as to measure their responses to future earthquake-induced ground motions. This article describes the objective of the instrumentation programme, highlighting the expected benefits to various end-users, the progress made so far and the future scope of the ongoing programme.