bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inflammatory Monocytes Are Rapidly Recruited to the Post-Ischaemic Liver in Patients Undergoing Liver Transplantation and Cytokines Associated with Their Activation Correlate with Graft Outcomes
Authors: Robertson Francis P. , Cuff Antonia O. , Male Victoria , Wright Graham P. , Pallett Laura J. , Fuller Barry J. , Davidson Brian R.
Published: January 2025

Liver ischaemia–reperfusion (IR) injury remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality following liver transplantation and resection. CD4+ T cells have been shown to play a key role in murine models; however, there is currently a lack of data that support their role in human patients. Methods: Data on clinical outcomes and complications were documented prospectively in 28 patients undergoing first elective liver transplant surgery. Peripheral blood samples were collected at baseline (pre-op), 2 h post graft reperfusion, immediately post-op, and 24 h post-op. A post-reperfusion biopsy was analysed in all patients, and in five patients, a donor liver biopsy was available pre-implantation. Circulating cytokines were measured, and T cells were analysed for activation markers and cytokine production. Results: Circulating levels of cytokines associated with innate immune cell recruitment and activation were significantly elevated in the peri-transplant period. High circulating IL-10 levels corresponded with the development of graft-specific complications. The proportion of CD4+ T cells in the peripheral circulation fell throughout the peri-operative period, suggesting CD4+ T cell recruitment to the graft. Although TNFα was the predominant cytokine produced by CD4+ T cells in the intrahepatic environment, the production of IFNγ was significantly upregulated by circulating CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated clear recruitment of inflammatory monocytes in the peri-operative period. In donor-and-recipient pairs with a mismatch at the HLA-A2 or A3 allele, we demonstrated that inflammatory monocytes in the liver are recipient-derived. Discussion: This is the first study to our knowledge that tracks early immune cell responses in humans undergoing liver transplantation. The recruitment of inflammatory monocytes from the recipient and their cytokine release is associated with liver-specific complications. Inflammatory monocytes would be an attractive target to ameliorate ischaemia–reperfusion injury.
Artificial Intelligence in Cardiac Surgery: Transforming Outcomes and Shaping the Future
Authors: Leivaditis Vasileios , Beltsios Eleftherios , Papatriantafyllou Athanasios , Grapatsas Konstantinos , Mulita Francesk , Kontodimopoulos Nikolaos , Baikoussis Nikolaos G. , Tchabashvili Levan , Tasios Konstantinos , Maroulis Ioannis , Dahm Manfred , Koletsis Efstratios
Published: January 2025

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology in healthcare, with its integration into cardiac surgery offering significant advancements in precision, efficiency, and patient outcomes. However, a comprehensive understanding of AI’s applications, benefits, challenges, and future directions in cardiac surgery is needed to inform its safe and effective implementation. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Literature searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, covering publications from January 2000 to November 2024. Studies focusing on AI applications in cardiac surgery, including risk stratification, surgical planning, intraoperative guidance, and postoperative management, were included. Data extraction and quality assessment were conducted using standardized tools, and findings were synthesized narratively. Results: A total of 121 studies were included in this review. AI demonstrated superior predictive capabilities in risk stratification, with machine learning models outperforming traditional scoring systems in mortality and complication prediction. Robotic-assisted systems enhanced surgical precision and minimized trauma, while computer vision and augmented cognition improved intraoperative guidance. Postoperative AI applications showed potential in predicting complications, supporting patient monitoring, and reducing healthcare costs. However, challenges such as data quality, validation, ethical considerations, and integration into clinical workflows remain significant barriers to widespread adoption. Conclusions: AI has the potential to revolutionize cardiac surgery by enhancing decision making, surgical accuracy, and patient outcomes. Addressing limitations related to data quality, bias, validation, and regulatory frameworks is essential for its safe and effective implementation. Future research should focus on interdisciplinary collaboration, robust testing, and the development of ethical and transparent AI systems to ensure equitable and sustainable advancements in cardiac surgery.
Effect of Laser Energy Density on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al2O3/Inconel 718 Nanocomposites Fabricated by SLM
Authors: Zhang Haozhe , Zhang Guixiang , Yu Wenhui , Jiang Linzhi , Xiang Jinli , Xia Yandan , Liu Kun
Published: January 2025

Metal-matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) with high performance have broad application prospects. Selective laser melting (SLM) was employed to fabricate Al2O3-reinforced Inconel 718 nanocomposites. The influence of laser energy density (E) on the microstructure and properties of the materials was thereafter investigated. The results show that the microstructure and mechanical properties of the composite can be significantly improved by optimizing E. When E increased from 219 J/mm3 to 288 J/mm3, the size of the Al2O3 reinforcement reduced, and the average grain diameter of the matrix was found to decrease from 1.09 μm to 0.22 μm. Additionally, the relative density improved from 89.82% to 97.04%. When the laser energy density is 288 J/mm3, the sample exhibits favorable hardness and wear resistance. The average microhardness of samples with 288 J/mm3 reaches 379.32 HV0.5 Compared with 219 J/mm3 sample, the increase is 15.01%. The average friction coefficient and wear rate decreased to 0.24 and 3.75 × 10−4 mm3/N·m, respectively. Notably, compared with the samples with E of 219 J/mm3, these values reduced significantly by 60.65% and 60.15%, respectively. The study results can provide technical support for the production of MMNCs with high performance by SLM in industry.
Protecting Dynamically Obfuscated Scan Chain Architecture from DOSCrack with Trivium Pseudo-Random Number Generation
Authors: Wu Jiaming , Dizon-Paradis Olivia , Rahman Sazadur , Woodard Damon L. , Forte Domenic
Published: January 2025

Design-for-test/debug (DfT/D) introduces scan chain testing to increase testability and fault coverage by inserting scan flip-flops. However, these scan chains are also known to be a liability for security primitives. In previous research, the dynamically obfuscated scan chain (DOSC) was introduced to protect logic-locking keys from scan-based attacks by obscuring test patterns and responses. In this paper, we present DOSCrack, an oracle-guided attack to de-obfuscate DOSC using symbolic execution and binary clustering, which significantly reduces the candidate seed space to a manageable quantity. Our symbolic execution engine employs scan mode simulation and satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solvers to reduce the possible seed space, while obfuscation key clustering allows us to effectively rule out a group of seeds that share similarities. An integral component of our approach is the use of sequential equivalence checking (SEC), which aids in identifying distinct simulation patterns to differentiate between potential obfuscation keys. We experimentally applied our DOSCrack framework on four different sizes of DOSC benchmarks and compared their runtime and complexity. Finally, we propose a low-cost countermeasure to DOSCrack which incorporates a nonlinear feedback shift register (NLFSR) to increase the effort of symbolic execution modeling and serves as an effective defense against our DOSCrack framework. Our research effectively addresses a critical vulnerability in scan-chain obfuscation methodologies, offering insights into DfT/D and logic locking for both academic research and industrial applications. Our framework highlights the need to craft robust and adaptable defense mechanisms to counter evolving scan-based attacks.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Imaging Advances in 2024 with a Focus on Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Renzulli Matteo , Giampalma Emanuela
Published: January 2025

The EASL diagnostic algorithm for hepatocellular carcinoma, currently in use, dates back to 2018. While awaiting its update, numerous advancements have emerged in the field of hepatocellular carcinoma imaging. These innovations impact every step of the diagnostic algorithm, from surveillance protocols to diagnostic processes, encompassing aspects preceding a patient’s inclusion in surveillance programs as well as the potential applications of imaging after the hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis. Notably, these diagnostic advancements are particularly evident in the domain of magnetic resonance imaging. For example, the sensitivity of ultrasound in diagnosing very early-stage and early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma during the surveillance phase is very low (less than 50%) and a potential improvement in this sensitivity value could be achieved by using abbreviated protocols in magnetic resonance imaging. The aim of this review is to explore the 2024 updates in magnetic resonance imaging for hepatocellular carcinoma, with a focus on its role in surveillance, nodular size assessment, post-diagnosis imaging applications, and its potential role before the initiation of surveillance.
A Journey into the Complexity of Temporo-Insular Gliomas: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Encarnacion Ramirez Manuel De Jesus , Reyes Soto Gervith , Castillo Rangel Carlos
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Temporo-insular gliomas, rare brain tumors originating from glial cells, comprise about 30% of brain tumors and vary in aggressiveness from grade I to IV. Despite advancements in neuroimaging and surgical techniques, their management remains complex due to their location near critical cognitive areas. Techniques like awake craniotomy have improved outcomes, but tumor heterogeneity and proximity to vital structures pose challenges. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy offer benefits post-surgery, though issues like resistance and side effects persist. This article discusses a case report and literature review to deepen understanding of temporo-insular gliomas, focusing on advanced diagnostic and treatment approaches. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar, covering studies from 2019 to July 2024. Keywords included ‘brain tumor’, ‘neurosurgery’, and ‘treatment’. Articles on glioma diagnosis, management, and outcomes were selected, excluding non-English studies, irrelevant reports, non-glioma research, and inaccessible texts. Results: From 156 studies, 11 met inclusion criteria, highlighting advanced diagnostics, surgical strategies, and adjunct therapies for temporo-insular gliomas (TIGs). Gross total resection (GTR) was achieved in 39% of cases. Awake craniotomy enhanced functional outcomes, while temozolomide and radiotherapy improved survival. Challenges included ischemic complications and treatment resistance. Two patient cases underscored the complexity of TIG management and the importance of individualized approaches, achieving satisfactory resection with minimal deficits. Conclusions: Temporo-insular gliomas (TIGs) necessitate a multidisciplinary strategy that integrates advanced imaging, meticulous surgical methods, and cutting-edge adjuvant therapies. Despite progress with techniques like awake craniotomy and the use of temozolomide improving patient outcomes, significant challenges persist in maintaining functional integrity and addressing treatment resistance. Ongoing research into targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and innovative technologies remains critical to advancing patient care and improving long-term prognosis.
Comparison of Resampling Methods and Radiomic Machine Learning Classifiers for Predicting Bone Quality Using Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
Authors: Gonzalez Mailen , Fuertes García José Manuel , Zanchetta María Belén , Abdala Rubén , Massa José María
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: This study presents a novel approach, based on a combination of radiomic feature extraction, data resampling techniques, and machine learning algorithms, for the detection of degraded bone structures in Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) images. This comprehensive approach, which addresses the critical aspects of the problem, distinguishes this work from previous studies, improving the performance achieved by the most similar studies. The primary aim is to provide clinicians with an accessible tool for quality bone assessment, which is currently limited. Methods: A dataset of 1531 spine DXA images was automatically segmented and labelled based on Trabecular Bone Score (TBS) values. Radiomic features were extracted using Pyradiomics, and various resampling techniques were employed to address class imbalance. Three machine learning classifiers (Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and XGBoost) were trained and evaluated using standard performance metrics. Results: The SVM classifier outperformed the other classifiers. The highest F-score of 97.5% was achieved using the Grey Level Dependence Matrix and Grey Level Run Length Matrix feature combination with SMOTEENN resampling, which proved to be the most effective resampling technique, while the undersampling method yielded the lowest performance. Conclusions: This research demonstrates the potential of radiomic texture features, resampling techniques, and machine learning methods for classifying DXA images into healthy or degraded bone structures, which potentially leads to improved clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Diagnostics and Cardiovascular Risk Assessment
Authors: Matusik Patrycja S. , Mikrut Katarzyna , Bryll Amira , Popiela Tadeusz J. , Matusik Paweł T.
Published: January 2025

Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) allows for analysis of cardiac function and myocardial tissue characterization. Increased left ventricular mass (LVM) is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events; however, the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy and its prognostic value strongly depend on the LVM indexation method. Evaluation of the quantity and distribution of late gadolinium enhancement assists in clinical decisions on diagnosis, cardiovascular assessment, and interventions, including the placement of cardiac implantable electronic devices and the choice of an optimal procedural approach. Novel CMR techniques, such as T1 and T2 mapping, may be used for the longitudinal follow-up of myocardial fibrosis and myocardial edema or inflammation in different groups of patients, including patients with systemic sclerosis, myocarditis, cardiac sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, and both ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, among others. Moreover, CMR tagging and feature tracking techniques might improve cardiovascular risk stratification in patients with different etiologies of left ventricular dysfunction. This review summarizes the knowledge about the current role of CMR in diagnostics and cardiovascular risk assessment to enable more personalized approach in clinical decision making.
The Impact of Weighting Factors on Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Image Quality in Non-Contrast Head Examinations: Phantom and Patient Study
Authors: Šegota Ritoša Doris , Dodig Doris , Kovačić Slavica , Bartolović Nina , Brumini Ivan , Valković Zujić Petra , Jurković Slaven , Miletić Damir
Published: January 2025

Background: This study aims to evaluate the impact of various weighting factors (WFs) on the quality of weighted average (WA) dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) non-contrast brain images and to determine the optimal WF value. Because they simulate standard CT images, 0.4-WA reconstructions are routinely used. Methods: In the initial phase of the research, quantitative and qualitative analyses of WA DECT images of an anthropomorphic head phantom, utilizing WFs ranging from 0 to 1 in 0.1 increments, were conducted. Based on the phantom study findings, WFs of 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 were chosen for patient analyses, which were identically carried out on 85 patients who underwent non-contrast head DECT. Three radiologists performed subjective phantom and patient analyses. Results: Quantitative phantom image analysis revealed the best gray-to-white matter contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) at the highest WFs and minimal noise artifacts at the lowest WF values. However, the WA reconstructions were deemed non-diagnostic by all three readers. Two readers found 0.6-WA patient reconstructions significantly superior to 0.4-WA images (p < 0.001), while reader 1 found them to be equally good (p = 0.871). All readers agreed that 0.8-WA images exhibited the lowest image quality. Conclusions: In conclusion, 0.6-WA reconstructions demonstrated superior image quality over 0.4-WA and are recommended for routine non-contrast brain DECT.
In Vivo Confocal Microscopy Findings in Corneal Stromal Dystrophies
Authors: Okudan Süleyman , Tınkır Kayıtmazbatır Emine , Bozkurt Oflaz Ayşe , Bozkurt Banu
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: In this study, we aim to evaluate in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) findings of corneal stromal dystrophies (CSDs) including granular, macular and lattice corneal dystrophy that can be used for differential diagnosis and monitoring recurrences after surgical interventions. Methods: Patients diagnosed with CSD who were followed-up in the cornea and ocular surface unit were included in this study. IVCM was performed using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph 3, Rostock Cornea Module (Heidelberg Engineering, Germany) and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) imaging was performed using the Spectralis OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Germany). The morphological structure, size and location of deposits, epithelial involvement and presence of inflammatory and dentritic cells were compared among the three stromal dystrophies. Results: A total of 72 eyes from 36 participants were included in this study. Twelve patients (33.33%) had granular corneal dystrophy (GCD), ten (27.77%) had macular corneal dystrophy (MCD) and fourteen (38.88%) had lattice corneal dystrophy (LCD). In GCD, highly reflective deposits varying in size (20 µm–300 µm) were observed. In MCD, diffuse hyperreflective stroma with dark striae, dentritic cells around deposits and abnormal keratocytes were observed. In LCD, there were branching, lattice-like and granular deposits with epithelial cell disruption in some of the eyes. In MCD, the central corneal thickness was thinner (449.44 ± 65.45 µm) compared to GCD and LCD (565.16 ± 49.62 µm and 569.91 ± 39.32 µm p < 0.001). Recurrence was observed in five patients following penetrating keratoplasty. Conclusions: IVCM is a valuable tool for distinguishing CSD subtypes and monitoring recurrence following surgical interventions.
The Impact of Restaurant Menu Calorie Information on People with Eating Disorders: A Scoping Review
Authors: Malhi Hardip , Fletcher Jane , Balhatchet Dorothy
Published: January 2025

Calorie information is often provided on food packaging and is a legal requirement in many countries. There is some evidence to suggest that attention to calorie counting can have a detrimental effect on those with eating disorders (EDs). The aim of this review is to summarise current research relating to the impact of restaurant menu calorie labelling on people with EDs. A search was carried out using the CINAHL Complete and Medline databases. Ten papers were included in the final review. Recent statistics show that the incidence of EDs is increasing. These studies assessed the impact of calorie information on people with EDs. Policies, such as calorie labelling on restaurant menus, could be a contributing factor. Studies exploring the effect the policy has had on obesity levels have not demonstrated a significant positive impact on reducing calorie intake. Qualitative studies conducted in England show the extent to which people with EDs are affected. Much of the data from the transcripts highlighted the negative thoughts that this policy has evoked. A review of the literature has demonstrated that this policy has had a negative impact on people with EDs and little benefit for those with obesity, who may also experience EDs.
Effectiveness of Space Maintainers in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Casaña-Ruiz MDolores , Aura-Tormos Juan Ignacio , Marques-Martinez Laura , Garcia-Miralles Esther , Perez-Bermejo Marcelino
Published: January 2025

Background: Evaluating the effectiveness and survival rates of space maintainers is crucial for optimal pediatric dental care. The present study’s goal is to evaluate the survival rate of different types of space maintainers—removable, fixed with a metal base, or fixed with a resin base—indicated for children as a consequence of premature loss of primary teeth. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA recommendations and was previously registered in PROSPERO under registration number: CRD42024534183. The search was performed in five different databases PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science. This was supplemented by a manual database search. From the initial electronic search of the five databases, 72 articles were identified after removing duplicates. After reading the titles and abstracts, 46 articles were excluded, leaving a total of 26 studies. Upon reading the full texts, 15 were excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria, resulting in a total of 11 articles included in the systematic review. Results: The total number of patients treated in the studies was 479, with four observational studies and seven randomized clinical trials. Fixed space maintainers, such as band and loop (BL) or lingual arch (LA), are preferred due to their long-term stability and lower risk of loss. In contrast, removable maintainers, such as Hawley plates, are suitable temporarily but require more patient cooperation and may be less tolerated. Conclusions: Space maintainers help prevent the migration of adjacent teeth and the need for more invasive orthodontic treatments in the future. Additionally, they contribute to adequate masticatory function and speech development.
Many-Objective Truss Structural Optimization Considering Dynamic and Stability Behaviors
Authors: Vieira João Marcos P. , Carvalho José Pedro G. , Vargas Dênis E. C. , Carvalho Érica C. R. , Hallak Patrícia H. , Lemonge Afonso C. C.
Published: January 2025

The most commonly used objective function in structural optimization is weight minimization. Nodal displacements, compliance, the first natural frequency of vibration, the critical load factor concerning global stability, and others can also be considered additional objective functions. This paper aims to propose seven innovative many-objective structural optimization problems (MOSOPs) applied to 25-, 56-, 72-, 120-, and 582-bar trusses, not yet presented in the literature, in which the main objectives, in addition to the structure’s weight, refer to the structures’ vibrational and stability aspects. These characteristics are essential in designing structural models, such as the natural frequencies of vibration and load factors concerning global stability. Such new MOSOPs have more than three objective functions and are called many-objective structural optimization problems. The chosen objective functions refer to the structure’s weight, the natural frequencies of vibration, the difference between some of the natural frequencies of vibration, the critical load factor concerning the structure’s global stability, and the difference between some of its load factors. The sizing design variables are the cross-sectional areas of the bars (continuous or discrete). The methodology involves the finite element method (FEM) to obtain the objective functions and constraints and multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) based on differential evolution to solve the MOSOPs analyzed in this study. In addition, multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) is adopted to extract the solutions from the Pareto fronts according to the artificial decision-maker’s (DM) preference scenarios, and the complete data for each chosen solution are provided. For the MOSOP with seven objective functions, it is possible to observe variations in the final weights of the optimum designs, considering the hypothetic scenarios, of 21.09% (25-bar truss), 289.73% (56-bar truss), 70.46% (72-bar truss), 45.35% (120-bar truss), and 74.92% (582-bar truss).
Building Resilience in Rural STEM Teachers Through a Noyce Professional Learning Community
Authors: Vestal Sharon S. , Burke Robert S. , Browning Larry M. , Hasselquist Laura , Hales Patrick D. , Miller Matthew L. , Nepal Madhav P. , White P. Troy
Published: January 2025

Addressing the critical STEM teachers’ shortage in the rural United States requires not only recruiting new teachers but also improving retention and teacher resiliency. This study explores contextual protective factors through the Early Career Teacher Resilience (ECTR) framework. The major objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of the NSF Noyce Professional Learning Community (PLC) on rural STEM teacher resilience. Key components of the Noyce PLC included scholarship support, pre-service mentoring, attendance at local and regional educational events, active engagement in the program’s annual summer conference, and participation in a closed Facebook group. We developed an ECTR framework-based online instrument with 28 questions and sent it to 311 university alumni, including 44 Noyce alumni. The results suggest that the Noyce PLC has excelled in fostering collaborative learning environments, providing resources that enhance teaching and learning, accommodating new and different ways of thinking, and supporting teachers’ professional growth beyond graduation. The findings underscore the importance of integrating theoretical and practical knowledge, supporting ongoing professional learning, and building strong professional relationships. Several aspects of the Noyce PLC could be replicated in other STEM teacher preparation programs to enhance teacher resilience, effectiveness, and career development.
The Relationship Between Education Funding and Student Performance in Unity Schools in Nigeria
Authors: Hassan Elizabeth , Groot Wim , Volante Louis
Published: January 2025

Developing countries need to significantly increase education funding in order to meet the Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4) targets. The question remains as to whether increased funding leads to improved learning outcomes and whether allocated scarce resources are used efficiently to maximize learning outcomes. Using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and stochastic frontier analysis (SFA), we investigate the relationship between education funding and student performance using a representative sample of secondary schools in Nigeria and analyze school efficiency in utilizing the funding (budget). The OLS analysis robustly indicates that an increase in the released budget—in real terms—is consistently associated with a higher pass rate, while the SFA shows that after controlling for past budgets the average inefficiency is approximately 47–60%. Our correlation findings support the argument for more funding to improve performance. However, the SFA shows that more can still be achieved with current levels of funding if schools become more efficient. We observe differences across school type and school geographical location, concluding that these factors also influence performance and efficiency. Future research should examine the performance and efficiency differences between all-girls schools and mixed schools, and the higher efficiency of schools in low socioeconomic status (SES) and conflict-affected states.
Coordinated Volt/VAR Control in Distribution Networks Considering Demand Response via Safe Deep Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Hua Dong , Peng Fei , Liu Suisheng , Lin Qinglin , Fan Jiahui , Li Qian
Published: January 2025

Volt–VAR control (VVC) is essential in maintaining voltage stability and operational efficiency in distribution networks, particularly with the increasing integration of distributed energy resources. Traditional methods often struggle to manage real-time fluctuations in demand and generation. First, various resources such as static VAR compensators, photovoltaic systems, and demand response strategies are incorporated into the VVC scheme to enhance voltage regulation. Then, the VVC scheme is formulated as a constrained Markov decision process. Next, a safe deep reinforcement learning (SDRL) algorithm is proposed, incorporating a novel Lagrange multiplier update mechanism to ensure that the control policies adhere to safety constraints during the learning process. Finally, extensive simulations with the IEEE-33 test feeder demonstrate that the proposed SDRL-based VVC approach effectively improves voltage regulation and reduces power losses.
Adaptive Energy Management Control for Efficiency Improvement of Supercapacitor-Based Energy Recovery System
Authors: Staņa Ģirts , Makar Martin , Kroičs Kaspars
Published: January 2025

The efficiency of the DC microgrid can be improved by adding additional energy storage to recover regenerative braking energy. Supercapacitors are well suited for such applications. To make such devices easily connectable to the existing grid, it is beneficial to measure the voltage of the DC bus. The paper proposes a method on how to estimate load current indirectly from this voltage measurement. Estimated current is used in the developed energy management algorithm that adapts current reference of an energy storage system to discharge stored energy in the most energy efficient way. The paper presents simulation and experimental results and shows in some cases efficiency improvement even by more than five percent.
Predictive Modeling for Electric Vehicle Battery State of Health: A Comprehensive Literature Review
Authors: Gong Jianqiang , Xu Bin , Chen Fanghua , Zhou Gang
Published: January 2025

The rising adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) utilizing lithium-ion batteries necessitates a robust understanding of state-of-health (SOH) estimation. The existing literature highlights various SOH estimation models, but a comprehensive comparative analysis is lacking. This paper addresses this gap by conducting an exhaustive review of diverse SOH estimation approaches for EV battery applications, including the direct measurement method, physical-based and data-driven approaches. Results highlight that data-driven methods, particularly those utilizing machine learning techniques, offer superior accuracy and adaptability but often require extensive datasets. In contrast, physical-based approaches provide interpretable insights but are computationally intensive, and direct measurement methods, though simple, lack generalizability. In addition, this paper also systematically reviews the indicators of battery SOH, influential factors affecting battery SOH, and various datasets used for SOH modeling. Future research should focus on integrating multiple modeling methodologies to leverage their combined strengths, enhancing the collection of comprehensive battery lifecycle datasets to support robust model development, and extending the scope of SOH estimation beyond individual cells to encompass entire battery packs.
Design Improvements and Best Practices in Small-Scale Biodigesters for Sustainable Biogas Production: A Case Study in the Chillon Valley, Perú
Authors: Alvarez Yoisdel Castillo , Borges Reinier Jiménez , Vidal Carlos Diego Patiño , Leon Fanny Mabel Carhuancho , Buendia José Santos Pinares , Nolasco Jose Alberto Samaniego
Published: January 2025

Agribusiness ranks second as the sector with the highest greenhouse gas emissions linked to methane, constituting a crucial challenge for global sustainability. Although its impact on climate change is considerable, small rural farmers do not have effective technologies to manage the organic waste derived from their daily activities. In this context, anaerobic digestion is an innovative solution that converts waste into biogas and biofertilizers, promoting a sustainable and circular approach. However, its implementation faces significant barriers due to inadequate designs and poor operational practices, which makes its adoption difficult in rural areas. This applied theoretical research seeks to overcome these barriers by improving the design and operation of small-scale biogas plants. The system studied operates at 70% of its capacity, with a hydraulic retention time of 20 days and a feed of 4 kg organic matter. The substrates considered were 30% organic waste and 70% bovine manure, achieving an average production of 63.75 L CH4/kg of organic matter, which exceeded the usual yields of small biodigesters. A mathematical model was created and applied to the case study with an R2 correlation of 98% and a pseudo-R2 of 89.5%, evidencing a remarkable predictive capacity. This biogas plant model is efficient and sustainable, and it is presented as a viable solution for small rural farmers.
A Modulation Strategy for Suppressing Current Ripple in H7 Current Source Inverters Through Coordinated Switching Operations
Authors: Wang Weiqi , Wei Longfei , Fang Xupeng , Liang Xi , Li Kun , Xia Xiaoting
Published: January 2025

The DC bus current ripple is a critical performance parameter affecting the operation of current source inverters (CSIs). In high-power applications, CSIs often operate at lower switching frequencies to minimize losses. However, maintaining low levels of DC bus current ripple necessitates the use of large inductors on the DC side, which increases the size, weight, and cost of the system. This paper first explores the inherent limitations of conventional CSI designs. Subsequently, it proposes a hierarchical coordinated switching modulation strategy based on the H7 current source inverter (H7-CSI) to address the issue of DC bus current ripple. By segmenting the zero-vector states, the proposed method fully utilizes the modulation freedom of the H7-CSI, achieving high-frequency chopping effects on the DC-side current. Experimental results show that the new modulation strategy reduces the amplitude of DC bus current ripple to 43% of that achieved by conventional CSIs under similar switching loss conditions. Furthermore, the dynamic performance of the proposed scheme remains consistent with conventional CSIs. Spectrally, this method exhibits improved performance in the low-frequency range and slightly degraded performance in the high-frequency range, although the latter remains within acceptable limits.
Design and Implementation of a Wireless Power Transfer System Using LCL Coupling Network with Inherent Constant-Current and Constant-Voltage Output for Battery Charging
Authors: Nie Pengqiang , Xu Song , Wang Zhenlin , Hashimoto Seiji , Sun Linfeng , Kawaguchi Takahiro
Published: January 2025

The constant current followed by constant voltage (CC-CV) charging method is commonly employed for battery charging, effectively extending battery life and reducing charging time. However, as charging progresses, the battery’s internal resistance increases, complicating the charging circuit. This paper designs a wireless power transfer system utilizing an LCL coupling network for battery charging. The system employs frequency modulation (FM) to manage its CC and CV output characteristics at two fixed frequency points. The influence of the LCL coupling network parameters on system output characteristics was investigated using MATLAB. A simulation model was developed in the PSIM environment to validate the CC and CV output characteristics. The simulation results show that the system has load-independent constant-current and constant-voltage characteristics at two different frequency points. In order to verify the theoretical analysis, an experimental platform was also established. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system operates effectively in CC mode, maintaining constant output current across various loads, while in CV mode, it effectively regulates output voltage for different loads. The designed frequency modulation controller ensures a rapid response to sudden changes in load resistance, regardless of operating in CC or CV modes.
Lithium Battery Degradation and Failure Mechanisms: A State-of-the-Art Review
Authors: Menye Joselyn Stephane , Camara Mamadou-Baïlo , Dakyo Brayima
Published: January 2025

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the lithium battery degradation mechanisms and failure modes. It discusses these issues in a general context and then focuses on various families or material types used in the batteries, particularly in anodes and cathodes. The paper begins with a general overview of lithium batteries and their operations. It explains the fundamental principles of the electrochemical reaction that occurs in a battery, as well as the key components such as the anode, cathode, and electrolyte. The paper explores also the degradation processes and failure modes of lithium batteries. It examines the main factors contributing to these issues, including the operating temperature and current. It highlights the specific degradation mechanisms associated with each type of material, whether it is graphite, silicon, metallic lithium, cobalt, nickel, or manganese oxides used in the electrodes. Some degradations are due to the temperature and the current waveforms. Then, the importance of thermal management and current management is emphasized throughout the paper. It highlights the negative effects of overheating, excessive current, or inappropriate voltage on the stability and lifespan of lithium batteries. It also underscores the significance of battery management systems (BMS) in monitoring and controlling these parameters to minimize the degradation and the risk of failure. This work provides a summary of valuable insight into the development of BMS. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the degradation mechanisms and failure modes specific to different families of lithium batteries, as well as the critical influence of temperature and current quality. Rational management or efficient controlling of these parameters can enhance the performance, reliability, and lifespan of lithium batteries.
A Scenario-Based Simulation Study for Economic Viability and Widespread Impact Analysis of Consumption-Side Energy Storage Systems
Authors: Kiray Vedat
Published: January 2025

This study investigates energy storage within the contexts of production-side and consumption-side energy storage concepts. The theoretical advantages of consumption-side energy storage over production-side systems are initially explored. The analysis is supported by a scenario-based simulation, with results presented to assess the feasibility and applicability of consumption-side energy storage under varying conditions. The simulation examines multiple scenarios, incorporating economic assessments to evaluate the viability of such systems. Additionally, the study explores the broader impact of consumption-side energy storage when adopted by 5 million, 10 million, 20 million, and 40 million residential consumers across separate scenarios. The analysis emphasizes the potential for shifting peak-period energy consumption to nighttime usage and assesses the corresponding reduction in energy generation requirements and transmission line loads, alongside the economic benefits derived from postponing energy infrastructure investments. The study focuses exclusively on residential consumers, with the energy storage systems referred to as residential energy storage systems (RESS). These systems are assumed to be organized and managed by energy provider companies rather than individual consumers. The research also considers the potential costs associated with implementing RESS. The simulation-based findings reveal significant benefits, including reduced reliance on new power plants, decreased risk of transmission line overload, increased utilization of renewable energy resources, financial advantages for both energy providers and consumers, and positive environmental impacts. These results provide valuable insights with implications for shaping future energy policies, particularly in the United States.
Moss Cover Modulates Soil Fungal Functional Communities and Nutrient Cycling in Alpine Forests
Authors: Wei Maolu , Sun Qian , Liu Dongyan
Published: January 2025

Moss–cyanobacteria associations serve as significant nitrogen fixers and represent the primary nitrogen sink in boreal forests. Fungi, which are essential for soil biogeochemical cycling, have community structures intrinsically linked to forest ecosystem health and productivity. Using high-throughput sequencing, we investigated differences between moss-covered and non-moss soils in two alpine forests (both plantation and natural forests) by examining soil nitrogen contents, fungal community structure, composition, and functional guilds. Results demonstrated that moss cover enhanced soil nutrient contents, including total carbon, total nitrogen, and inorganic nitrogen. It also altered fungal community characteristics, resulting in higher Chao1 and Shannon diversity indices, as well as a more complex fungal network. Notable changes in functional guilds included an increase in saprotrophic fungi abundance and a decrease in ectomycorrhizal fungi. Our findings support the concept that moss cover creates distinct soil environments: moss-covered soils attract decomposers and nutrient-mobilizing fungi (particularly saprotrophs and ectomycorrhiza), while non-moss soils favor ectomycorrhizal fungi that relieve nutrient limitation through extensional mycelial networks. These findings highlight the critical role of moss cover in sustaining forest soil health and resilience, positioning it as a cornerstone of carbon and nutrient cycling within forest ecosystems.
Carbon Footprint of Masson Pine (Pinus massoniana) Seedlings in Southern China: A Life Cycle Inventory and Sensitivities
Authors: Lu Feidong , Zhao Meifang , Liu Qianwen , Sun Mengde , Kang Peng , Zeng Chunyang , Tan Yibo , Huang Xianru , Xiao Kunmin , Zhu Xinliang , Liu Shaoyong
Published: January 2025

Masson pine is a crucial species for afforestation and timber production in China; it plays an important role in mitigating global climate warming and increasing carbon sinks. Previous studies have primarily focused on the carbon sequestration potential and carbon storage of mature Masson pine plantations, while studies on the carbon footprint have received little attention. China produces hundreds of millions of seedlings annually, and estimating the carbon footprint of seedling production is crucial for assessing the carbon sink of forestry. By surveying existing Masson pine nursery operations for primary data in Guangxi, southern China, a new process-based life cycle inventory (LCI) dataset per 4 × 8 cm seedling was created, covering all stages from seed collection to the transportation of seedlings to retailers. Incorporating the new LCI data into the life cycle assessment (LCA) method, the total global warming (GW) impact of Masson pine seedlings was estimated to be 0.0232 kg CO2eq, equivalent to 0.873 kg CO2eq per gallon seeding. In this case, the total environmental impact of the Masson pine seedling was dominated by energy consumption (25.76%), chemical fertilizer production and N₂O emissions generated from its application (34.84%), and woven bag use in seedling dispatch (10.77%). Our results indicated that optimizing energy structures and implementing efficient water and nutrient management strategies could significantly reduce carbon emissions during seedling cultivation. This study highlights the potential for optimizing Masson pine production as a model for low-carbon forestry practices globally.
Spring’s Signal: Can Bud Burst Timing Enhance Resistance to Ash Dieback in Europe?
Authors: Przybylski Paweł , Mohytych Vasyl , Sikora Katarzyna
Published: January 2025

Ash dieback (ADB), driven by the invasive fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, poses a significant environmental and financial risk throughout Europe. Fraxinus excelsior (European ash), an essential part of forest ecosystems, has seen death rates as high as 85% in impacted areas, threatening its ecological roles and economic importance. This study examines the relationship between the phenological traits of ash clones, particularly the timing of spring bud burst, and their susceptibility to H. fraxineus infection. The study was conducted in a clonal seed orchard located in Northeastern Poland, encompassing 31 ash clones from different bioclimatic regions. Phenological analyses of bud burst were carried out from early April to late May during the years 2018–2020, and crown damage and defoliation levels were assessed multiple times throughout the growing season. The results confirm that clones with earlier bud burst exhibit significantly higher survival rates and reduced crown damage. Observations revealed that clones with earlier bud burst showed a 30% higher survival rate and up to 40% less crown damage compared to clones with later phenology. The timing of bud burst was strongly correlated with susceptibility to ash dieback (R2 = 0.37, p < 0.001). Statistical analyses, including ANOVA and mixed models, revealed significant differences in susceptibility to infection among clones from different bioclimatic regions. These findings underscore the importance of biological timing as a key factor in selecting genotypes resilient to ash dieback. The study highlights the potential of breeding approaches that focus on early bud burst traits to enhance the survival and vitality of ash populations. The results provide essential insights for developing adaptive forest management practices aimed at conserving ash resources and maintaining biodiversity in the face of climate change and the ongoing spread of the pathogen.
Quantity and Quality of Narrow-Leaved Ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl) Wood Forest Products in Relation to Tree Crown Defoliation
Authors: Ursić Branko , Zečić Željko , Vusić Dinko
Published: January 2025

Forest stands are developing in changeable climate conditions that influence stand health and consequently assortment quality. Narrow-leaved ash is strongly affected by dieback because of new fungal diseases. The main aim of this study was to determine the quantity and quality of produced wood assortments in dieback-affected narrow-leaved ash stands. Based on the study results, the average tree value increased with tree diameter and partially decreased with tree crown defoliation degree. The healthy (crown defoliated up to 25%) and 3A (crown defoliated from 61 to 80%) trees had significantly higher average tree values (EUR/m3) compared to the significantly defoliated 3B trees (crown defoliated from 81 to 99%) and dead trees (100% defoliated crown). The influence of stand age and share of narrow-leaved ash in stand volume were confirmed as factors influencing the average tree value. Wood chips quality remained the same regardless of tree crown defoliation degree. Based on the significance influence of the tree crown defoliation degree on the average tree value, current assortment tables should be expanded in order to achieve more accurate expected values.