bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Means of Expression in Animals
Authors: Darwin Charles
Published: November 2023

In this and the following chapter I will describe, but only in sufficient detail to illustrate my subject, the expressive movements, under different states of the mind, of some few well-known animals. But before considering them in due succession, it will save much useless repetition to discuss certain means of expression common to most of them.
Disdain – Contempt – Disgust – Guilt –Pride, Etc. — Helplessness -Patience Affirmation and Negation
Authors: Darwin Charles
Published: November 2023

Scorn and disdain can hardly be distinguished from contempt, excepting that they imply a rather more angry frame of mind. Nor can they be clearly distinguished from the feelings discussed in the last chapter under the terms of sneering and defiance. Disgust is a sensation rather more distinct in its nature, and refers to something revolting, primarily in relation to the sense of taste, as actually perceived or vividly imagined; and secondarily to anything which causes a similar feeling, through the sense of smell, touch, and even of eyesight. Nevertheless, extreme contempt, or, as it is often called, loathing contempt, hardly differs from disgust. These several conditions of the mind are, therefore, nearly related; and each of them may be exhibited in many different ways. Some writers have insisted chiefly on one mode of expression, and others on a different mode. From this circumstance M. Lemoine has argued that their descriptions are not trustworthy. But we shall immediately see that it is natural that the feelings which we have here to consider should be expressed in many different ways, inasmuch as various habitual actions serve equally well, through the principle of association, for their expression.
Self–attention – Shame – Shyness –Modesty: Blushing
Authors: Darwin Charles
Published: November 2023

Blushing is the most peculiar and the most human of all expressions. Monkeys redden from passion, but it would require an overwhelming amount of evidence to make us believe that any animal could blush. The reddening of the face from a blush is due to the relaxation of the muscular coats of the small arteries, by which the capillaries become filled with blood; and this depends on the proper vaso-motor centre being affected. No doubt if there be at the same time much mental agitation, the general circulation will be affected; but it is not due to the action of the heart that the network of minute vessels covering the face becomes under a sense of shame gorged with blood. We can cause laughing by tickling the skin, weeping or frowning by a blow, trembling from the fear of pain, and so forth; but we cannot cause a blush, as Dr Burgess remarks, by any physical means – that is by any action on the body. It is the mind which must be affected. Blushing is not only involuntary; but the wish to restrain it, by leading to self-attention, actually increases the tendency.
Child Care and The Work Place
Authors: Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I , Scharlach Andrew E
Published: November 2023

The availability of families to provide care for their children during working hours declined dramatically during the second half of the twentieth century, attributable primarily to the changes in women’s work patterns, in family composition, and in the nature of work and communal life. In this chapter, we examine the situation faced by today’s working parents. We will see how changes in employment patterns and family support structures, coupled with inadequate public and private responses, have combined to create unique challenges for employed parents. Adequate, affordable, dependable child care is difficult to find, and certain types of care are particularly hard to secure. We will also discuss the continued role that gender plays in the care of children, despite the increasingly similar work patterns of men and women.
Adult Care and the Work Place
Authors: Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I , Scharlach Andrew E
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we examine the situation faced by workers who are providing assistance to elderly and/or disabled adults, an expanding and sometimes hidden group, which comprises nearly one out of every four persons in the U.S. labor force. The term “caregiver” has been used to refer to individuals who provide direct or indirect physical assistance, financial aid, or emotional support to adult family members or friends who have physical, cognitive, or emotional disabilities. Existing research indicates that employed caregivers experience emotional and financial strain, as well as salutary consequences, as a result of their adult-care responsibilities. Working caregivers, like working parents, are faced with the challenge of combining potentially competing family-care and job responsibilities, frequently making substantial accommodations in one or both of these roles.
Introduction
Authors: Keita Maghan
Published: November 2023

James Davison Hunter’s conclusions support both Levine and Wolfe. The elite are the main actors here, but their actions have conse­quences for everyone. The questions of the culture wars center on what is to be known and how it will be known, particularly in the insti­tutional sense. The historiographic issues focus on the how and why of knowing it. For Hunter, these questions have historical and political economic implications.
Blackness in Ancient History: Criticism and Critique
Authors: Keita Maghan
Published: November 2023

The implications of blackness in historiography have been played out in the last three centuries in a manner that is both frustrating and confusing. There is the equation of “Africa” = “colored” = ‘Negro” =“black.” With some variation, it becomes a definition that has gained general acceptance. Then within the subtleties and nuances of the de bate there are some people who are “colored” and not “black”; and some who are ‘black” yet not “Negro.” In all this, some people may be defined as “all of the above” and yet not be “African.” Though, in fact, it is Africa that defines the geopolitical boundaries of their cultural, social, and political identities.
Historiography and Black Historians
Authors: Keita Maghan
Published: November 2023

In chapter IO of volume 1 of Black Athena, Martin Bernal writes of the “social, intellectual and academic forces” that when faced with works of ‘boldness and detailed scholarship” give those works little or no response. According to Bernal, “when reacting to a fundamental challenge, disciplines first of all ignore, then dismiss peremptorily, and only finally attack the challenge.” Bernal was speaking, at one point, of the reception the scholarly community gave to the 1969 publication of Siegfried Morenz’s work Europe’s Encounter with Africa.
William Leo Hansberry
Authors: Keita Maghan
Published: November 2023

In 1944, William Leo Hansberry wrote of the “necessity to alter pro­foundly many of the older and widely received concepts” concerning Africa and its relation to the world. Hansberry’s article in Phylon, one of the nation’s oldest and most prestigious black academic journals, was entitled “African Studies.” 1 Hansberry’s mission and his advocacy of African studies was the culmination of a cumulative process that had begun well before his first year at Atlanta University.
Feeding
Authors: Chase Ronald
Published: November 2023

As early gastropod forms dispersed geographically, natural selection favored adaptations that permitted exploitation of diverse habitats. The adaptive radiation of the Gastropoda is nowhere more evident than in the variety of feeding methods that have evolved in different species. In each of the diverse habitats in which gastropods reside, specializations of the feeding apparatus permit the animals to harvest whatever foods may be available, be it floating microorganisms, algal films growing on rock surfaces, large plant leaves, sedentary animals, or even live fish.
Defense
Authors: Chase Ronald
Published: November 2023

Apart from their shells, which are even absent or insignificant in some species, gastropods provide easily digestible meat for predators. Moreover, humans partake in the feast. Gastropods are defenseless against humans, and human consumption is significant, especially in regard to snails. In France, for instance, snails both collected and farmed constitute an industry with sales of 50 million Euros ($46 million US) per year. In central Africa, the very large snails of the family Achatinidae contribute a considerable fraction of protein to the local diet. Some gastropod populations have been eliminated, or nearly so, by overzealous collection.
Cancer Rates among Adventists and Others
Authors: Fraser Gary E
Published: November 2023

Cancer is fundamentally a disorder of the control mechanisms for cell multiplication and location. Normal cells have built-in mechanisms that limit their rate of multiplication, so that new cells appear only where others have died—at least after childhood growth has ceased. Organs maintain their shape and functional integrity by these means. Control mechanisms ensure that most normal cells of fixed organs do not move about and never enter the blood or lymphatic circulation and then settle and multiply in some distant organ (a metastasis).

Yet this is what happens in many cancers, which, after metastasis, are usually incurable with current therapies. Even those cancers that have not metastasized if untreated may grow rapidly to form tumors in their organ of origin. These may interfere with the organ’s function or may damage other surrounding structures.

The flaws that underlie a cell’s escape from control are largely located in the DNA of the cell nucleus. In other words, if certain critical genes become damaged or mutated, the cell will no longer behave normally (Ruoslahti, 1996; Weinberg, 1996). The body does have several back-up or emergency mechanisms, and evidence suggests that a cell must actually accumulate multiple mutations before cancer results.
Conceptions of Novelty
Authors: Leplin Jarrett
Published: November 2023

The idea that a prediction can claim some measure of independence from the theory that yields it is not new. It was connected in the nineteenth century with “the method of hypothesis,” a precursor of hypotheticodeductivism. These methodologies are alike in admitting into scientific theories explanatory hypotheses that cannot be induced from observations. Both methodologies depict scientific inference as the deductive explanation and prediction of empirical results from hypotheses. But unlike hypothetico-deductivism, the method of hypothesis is primarily a methodology of confirmation; it supposes that the ability to explain and predict bespeaks truth. The emphasis is not on testing at all. The point is not to confront hypotheses with empirical results that they should, if true, predict accurately, but to evaluate hypotheses on the basis of their explanatory and predictive resources. Hypotheses are to be valued in the measure that they provide explanations and predictions of important empirical phenomena. The failure to provide these in some instances can be offset by successes elsewhere, so that, on balance, the hypothesis excels. Explanatory success on balance, especially relative to alternatives, is reckoned a suitable basis for acceptance.
Applications
Authors: Leplin Jarrett
Published: November 2023

I will revisit two examples in further detail, and initiate consideration of two others, to display the analysis of novelty in action. The purpose is to illustrate how decisions about novelty, based on the analysis, are to be reached in practice.

Though anticipated by Robert Hooke, the wave theory of light may be said to have originated in Christian Huygens’s hypothesis of an ether through which light is propagated as a wave disturbance of constant, finite velocity. In the case of the transmission of light through a homogeneous material medium, such as water or glass, the ether is imagined to permeate the medium, and the velocity of light through it is related inversely to its refractive index. Young contributed the hypothesis that light travels in series or trains of waves that can interfere, producing the alternately light and dark bands that had been studied by Newton in connection with the colors produced by thin plates—a phenomenon known as “Newton’s rings.” Young was guided by an analogy of light to sound, and assumed a longitudinal wave vibration to account for the raylike behavior of light. He explained the bands or fringes produced in diffraction by supposing that light reflected from the diffracting body interferes with incident light. This theory was unable to provide detailed predictions for many known diffraction phenomena. By 1815, diffraction
Realism and Novelty
Authors: Leplin Jarrett
Published: November 2023

Having motivated, formulated, and applied an analysis of predictive novelty, I tum to the question of its epistemic significance. I wish to show that and how novel success supports theories. As observed in chapter 2, some philosophers deny that theory confirmation depends on novelty, and argue that the novelty of a result can make no difference to the warrant it bestows on the theory that predicts it. I attribute their conclusion to the presupposition of an inadequate conception of novelty. No amount of philosophical effort will defeat the intuition that novelty matters, so long as a better conception is available to sustain it. I have now provided one.
Counterarguments
Authors: Leplin Jarrett
Published: November 2023

As I said in chapter 5, I expect resistance to MER to come not primarily from objections specific to my argument, but from independent objections to scientific realism in general. To the extent that these objections are influential, my argument is liable to be dismissed as a special case of an error already diagnosed, and, as such, as unworthy of detailed consideration. In this chapter, I want to respond, on behalf of MER, to some of these challenges. To maximize scope of application, I will structure my response, so far as possible, as a defense of realism generically, deploying the special resources of my own position where realism in general proves vulnerable.
The Future of Realism
Authors: Leplin Jarrett
Published: November 2023

Realism, even of the modest kind that I hold defensible, is very demanding empirically. Results that ordinarily inform theory choice do not support it; they speak, rather, to pragmatic dimensions of appraisal. If realism requires what I require for it, how realistic is it to expect fundamental physics to warrant belief? If the answer to this question has so far, in this book, appeared mixed and indecisive, it becomes downright pessimistic when contemporary directions of theorizing are considered. For some of the latest physical theories are difficult, if not impossible, to test empirically.
Human Rights Impact Assessment
Authors: Lawrence O Gostin , Lazzarini Zita
Published: November 2023

Policymakers often rely upon public health necessity or benefit to justify policies or programs that limit human rights. Protection of the public health is a legitimate reason for restricting certain rights. The power to narrow rights, however, must be exercised judiciously and is subject to the requirements established in the primary human rights documents (UDHR, Art. 29; ICCPR, Art. 4; ICESCR, Art. 4) and statements that prescribe specific standards by which states may limit individual rights (Siracusa Principles, 1984; United Nations, 1989b, 1990).
Lower South
Authors: Egnal Marc
Published: November 2023

The Lower South grew at a pace that bore only a slight resemblance to the long swings of British expansion. Rice was the leading export, and most of the crop was consumed on the continent of Europe. So, more than any other single influence, the tug of markets in Holland, Germany, and Spain shaped the cycles of prosperity and depression in the Lower South. There were, to be sure, economic ties with Britain. Indigo, the second most valuable regional product, was directed to British cloth makers. That purple dye and the flow of credit linked the Carolinas and Georgia to the economy of the mother country. But these concerns were less important than fluctuations in the rice trade.
The French Connection
Authors: Egnal Marc
Published: November 2023

For Canada, as for the Thirteen Colonies, growth in the mother country was the all important determinant of the pace of colonial development. Hence a discussion of the economy of the St. Lawrence colony necessarily begins with an examination of fluctuations in France. On both sides of the Atlantic two broad cycles defined economic activity. The first swing, 1660 to 1713, was marked by slow growth. The second and far more vigorous wave of expansion lasted for the metropolitan power from 1713 to 1789, and for the colony from 1713 to the British Conquest in 1760.
A Cycle Of Slow Growth in Canada, 1665-1713
Authors: Egnal Marc
Published: November 2023

The French [i.e., Canadian] inhabitant ... ,” observed the Jesuit priest and historian, Fran<,ois-Xavier de Charlevoix, “leaves his offspring involved in the same necessities he was in himself at his first setting out, and to extricate themselves as they can.” Charlevoix, who visited Canada in the early eighteenth century, was struck by the lack of any noticeable rise in the standard ofliving. His comments provide an apt introduction to the long swing of slow growth stretching from 1665 to 1713.
A Long Swing Of Canadian Expansion, 1713-1760
Authors: Egnal Marc
Published: November 2023

Gilles Hocquart’s arrival in Canada in 1729 was hardly auspicious. The Elephant, the ship carrying him and his baggage, hit a rock in the St. Lawrence River and settled to the bottom. Hocquart had to proceed to the provincial capital in a small sloop. Landing in Quebec with little ceremony, the new intendant appeared unimpressive. He was overweight, with full jowls, and he made clear his love of fine food by bringing his personal chef. But Hocquart soon surprised his critics. During a term of service that lasted from 1729 to 1748, Hocquart proved singularly energetic and deeply concerned about the economic development of Canada. At least during the first dozen years of his administration he was successful in achieving his goal: the creation of a bustling economy based on a mix of private and public initiatives.
The Dating-Mating Market the Man Shortage and Marriage Squeeze
Authors: Townsend John Marshall
Published: November 2023

In their book Too Many Women? Marcia Guttentag and Paul Secord use sex ratios to explain the problems many many contemporary women face in securing commitments from suitable partners. Since World War II, women have outnumbered men in the United States. In 1970 for every 100 women over fourteen there were 92 men. The imbalance for single men and women is even greater: 81 men per 1 oo women. This surplus of women allows men to avoid making commitments to many women they date. In these conditions women are more likely than men to experience desertion, abandonment, and betrayal. Women therefore become wary of commitments themselves, but it is men’s unwillingness to make commitments that leads contemporary women to delay marriage, stay single, or remain divorced rather than remarrying.
Statistical Issues in Developing Guidelines and Policies
Authors: Hinman Alan R , Zell Elizabeth R , Snider Dixie E
Published: November 2023

Guidelines and policies are increasingly important in improving and standardizing both clinical and public health practice. The rationale for their use ranges from trying to ensure optimal care to trying to contain costs. A federal task force sorted through conflicting evidence on clinical preventive services (e.g., screening, immunization, counseling, and chemoprophylaxis) and developed recommendations for clinicians based on a standardized approach (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 1996). On the other hand, an expert panel that considered evidence for the use of mammography did not recommend regular mammograms for women under 50 years of age (NIH Consensus statement, 1997). One result of the increasing emphasis on guidelines has been the development of a scientific body of knowledge about the process of guideline development. Whereas guidelines previously were developed by a variety of means including consensus development, expert opinion, and formal rules of evidence, increasingly they are being developed by following explicit protocols. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has developed the document “CDC Guidelines: Improving the Quality,” which summarizes the important principles of guideline development and making recommendations (CDC, 1996a). The CDC document outlines 13 primary tasks in guideline development:
Metalinguistic Ritualization
Authors: Haiman John
Published: November 2023

The more intricate a modern science becomes, and the better it understands itself methodologically, the more resolutely it will turn its back on the ontological problems of its own sphere of influence and eliminate them from the realm where it has achieved some insight It will then find that the world lying beyond its confines, and in particular the material basis which it is its task to understand, its own concrete underlying reality, lies, methodologically and in principle, beyond its grasp. (Lukacs 1965:104) The drive to ritualize, I maintain, is a human universal, as much as the law of gravity is a physical universal. And just as the law of gravity dictates the fall of Newton’s apple, the motion of the tides, and the orbit of the comets and limits the expansion of the universe, so the principle of ritualization (emancipation, reification, routinization, decontextualization, grammaticalization) extends not only to culture and to language but also to activities which are parasitic on language, in particular to that class of discourses known as scientific theories. Most particularly, it extends to that class of scientific theories which are current in linguistics.
Introduction
Authors: Gopnik Myrna
Published: November 2023

One of the puzzles about language is the fact that children do not speak when they are born, but by the time they are two they are using language and by four they are fluent speakers. How do they accomplish this amazing feat? Charles Darwin suggested that humans had an ‘‘instinct’’ to learn language. This biological view was supplanted in the early part of this century by the view that language was a sociocultural phenomenon and that children learned language in the same way that they learned the other forms of their culture. In the early 1960s Noam Chomsky proposed a radically new explanation: a child learns language in the same way that he learns to walk upright, because it is part of his nature and not because it is part of his culture. The development of the ability to speak, or to walk upright for that matter, does not happen instantly. It follows a natural course of development. Though no two children are precisely alike in their development, they all exhibit the same general pattern of development within the same general time frame. On the basis of limited exposure to language and with the help of their natural instincts for language they can quickly and accurately build the correct grammar of their language. This grammar allows them to produce and to understand new sentences that they have never heard before.
Style is the Man
Authors: Schwartz Arthur
Published: November 2023

If the best American songs came out of Broadway musical theater and the movies, it was because the best young composers gravitated to these media, which promised performance of their work and, if they made it, enormous incomes. No slot machine pays off like Broadway when the lemons at last line up. But it was always a gamble in which only the rich could indulge. Countless Hollywood movies have applied the Horatio Alger rags-to-riches fantasy to musical theater-including My Gal Sal (1942), a putative biography of Paul Dresser starring Victor Mature that had little to do with Dresser’s reality. Irving Berlin seemed to embody it, but he was an exception.
The Osteoporosis Book
Authors: Lane Nancy E
Published: November 2023

Osteoporosis currently affects 25 million people in the United States, and as the baby boomers enter their fifties, this bone-weakening disease is poised to strike millions more. Because of this disease, many older people will suffer from a bone fracture at some point , and far too many of these fractures will result in permanent disability. The good news is that this devastating “silent epidemic” is entirely preventable, and in The Osteoporosis Book, readers of all ages will find everything they need to know to slow, stop, and even reverse the bone loss that causes this crippling disease. Written by Dr. Nancy E. Lane, a leading investigator and clinician in the field of osteoporosis, it is an indispensable guide to the exciting medical breakthroughs that have taken place in the past few years--in bone density measurement, in oestrogen therapy, and in our knowledge of the bone cycle--that now allow doctors to predict who is at risk and to monitor these individuals in their fifties, before a fracture occurs. Readers learn to evaluate--and whenever possible, eliminate--the risk factors in their own lives. “What vitamins should I take? Is hormone replacement therapy right for me? And what about exercise?” The answers are here. And for those already affected by osteoporosis, Dr. Lane provides the most effective and up-to-date medical and practical advice available anywhere for coping with its aches and pains and safeguarding against further deterioration. Impeccably researched and reassuringly accessible, The Osteoporosis Book empowers readers to make informed healthcare choices that will enhance the quality of their lives for decades to come. It has been endorsed by the National Osteoporosis Foundation.
Introduction
Authors: Lane Nancy E
Published: November 2023

Osteoporosis is a major health problem throughout the world. In people with this disease, the bones become thin and fragile and eventually break. While more women are affected, men suffer as well. This disease threatens 28 million Americans, 80 percent of whom are women. In fact, nearly 40 percent of white women and 13 percent of white men in the United States will have an osteoporotic fracture sometime in their lives. Worldwide, the disease causes nearly 2 million hip fractures each year. Osteoporotic fractures can become lifethreatening; nearly 24 percent of elderly people who suffer a hip fracture die within the first year of the fracture, and many others can never live independently again. Osteoporosis, like many chronic diseases such as heart disease and arthritis, has no early symptoms, and until recently it was not diagnosed until after the age of 70 or after a fracture had already occurred.
Understanding the Life Cycle of Bone
Authors: Lane Nancy E
Published: November 2023

There are two types of bone tissue. Cortical bone makes up 80 percent. It is solid and dense, giving the skeleton most of its strength. The other 20 percent is trabecular bone, which is made up of a fine lattice network that surrounds the bone marrow. Although this lattice network is very thin, it provides maximum support with a minimum amount of material. All of these fine surfaces create an enormous amount of exposed area, and because of its closeness to the bone marrow, rapid changes in bone mass can occur in the trabecular bone. For this reason, bones that have a large percentage of trabecular bone, such as the spine, are susceptible to disturbances in the bone life cycle.
How Do We Diagnose Osteoporosis?
Authors: Lane Nancy E
Published: November 2023

The question every woman needs to ask is, am I at risk of developing osteoporosis? How can I know ifl have already lost bone mass? No one should wait until a painful vertebral fracture occurs to find out that they are losing bone. The key questions are: How much bone do I have now? How rapidly am I losing it?
Bone Fractures and Osteoporosis
Authors: Lane Nancy E
Published: November 2023

Most nonspine fractures in the elderly result from some form of trauma, usually a fall. Almost all of these fractures in elderly white women fall into this category. The most common sites for fractures due to a fall include the wrist, proximal radius-the forearm, the hip, the kneecap, the ankle, foot and toes, pelvis, face, lower leg bones including the tibia and fibula, and the ribs. Osteoporotic fractures result from minimal trauma, yet the forces that occur when elderly osteoporotic women fall are great enough to break normal healthy bones, so the term minimal may not be correct. Vertebral fractures in osteoporosis usually do not result from a fall or from any other obvious trauma. Traumatic fractures in women with osteoporosis usually affect the foot, toe, hand, fingers, aµd ribs, and the trauma is usually not a fall.
Do Men Get Osteoporosis?
Authors: Lane Nancy E
Published: November 2023

Osteoporosis in men has received much less attention than osteoporosis in women. This is too bad because recent studies have found that osteoporotic vertebral fractures occur more often in men than was previously thought, even though only half as many men as women are affected. Men suffer only 25 percent of all hip fractures, but the overall cost, the suffering endured, and resulting deaths are actually greater in men than in women. Since the elderly male population is increasing rapidly, osteoporosis will soon become a major health problem for many men.
Exercise, Bone Health, and Osteoporosis
Authors: Lane Nancy E
Published: November 2023

Probably no area of medical research has received as much interest in recent years as exercise. Indeed, it has been well documented that 30 minutes of exercise three or four times a week will prevent heart disease. However, exercise also has many positive effects on our bones.
Bone-Building Agents: Are There Any “Magic Bullets”?
Authors: Lane Nancy E
Published: November 2023

When we describe osteoporosis, we describe a disease of low bone mass and low bone strength. This condition occurs most frequently in elderly women after many years of menopause and low estrogen levels. The hallmark of osteoporosis is fractures from very low trauma at the hip and the vertebrae of the spine. Hip fractures create the most immediate financial stress and physical suffering. Most persons who suffer a hip fracture need surgery; an estimated one-sixth of these patients die within 3 months, and nearly half of all of the others suffer some functional decline. Vertebral fractures, on the other hand, have few symptoms and contribute to an often silent decline in an individual’s quality of life.
The Meaning of a Tune: The Sabbath Hymn Lekhah dodi
Authors: Summit Jeffrey A
Published: November 2023

Many worshippers, especially during the High Holidays, do not feel they have been to services unless they hear their favorite tunes for certain prayers.1 The tune, separate from the words, serves as a portal to the past, a connection with ancestors, real and imagined. The “right” tune grounds one in history and becomes an assurance of authenticity. The tune is a vehicle for transcendence. For many Jews who do not understand much Hebrew, the tune is the prayer. Cantors, rabbis, and lay leaders who do not understand this point are forever at odds with their congregations. Every year, freshmen who come to services for the first time at our Hillel Foundation tentatively approach me and say, “Rabbi, I enjoyed services but you know, you sing all the wrong tunes here.” “What are the ‘right’ tunes?” I ask. “The ones we sing at home!”
The Meaning of Nusach: Worshippers’ Perspectives on Traditional Jewish Chant
Authors: Summit Jeffrey A
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the meaning and function of nusach, primarily from the perspective of the worshipper.1 The subject of nusach elicits strong responses from Jews young and old. One Conservative cantor remarked, “Nusach is a real ‘hot potato’ in the Jewish community right now.” In truth, it is hard to get a handle on the concept of nusach: it means many different things to Jews across denominational lines. It is seen by some to be the last holdout of traditional Jewish music. As such, it is viewed by some as a powerful talisman, a magic door to religious authenticity. While many Reform Jews were rediscovering Jewish chant, one Reform worshipper said nusach was unintelligible, calling it a “mumblefest.” A Bostoner Hasid insisted that nusach was “the first rap music.” I asked members of an Orthodox congregation, “When you lead a service, how do you know if you are in nusach?” One man laughed and answered, “You know you’re in nusach if they don’t yell at you to sit down!”
Mercury
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce
Published: November 2023

Mercury has been known to mankind for approximately 5000 years. It is one of the brightest planets in the sky, but it is difficult to observe from Earth because it is always within 27°45’ of the sun. Mercury can be observed before sunrise and at sunset and was known to the Greeks as Apollo (the morning star) and Hermes (the evening star).
The Earth and the Moon
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce
Published: November 2023

The Earth is composed of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, crust, mantle, and core. Each of these major regions is subdivided further. First, we discuss the solid Earth. The atmosphere and hydrosphere are discussed subsequently.
Fans in the audience
Authors: Cavicchi Daniel
Published: November 2023

In their becoming-a-fan stories, fans often begin by describing themselves as “ordinary” popular music listeners, casually using rock as a form of entertainment which accompanies, but does not necessarily shape, their everyday behavior. Springsteen is an indistinguishable part of the media background of their lives; even those who know of him do not give his identity or music much attention beyond seeing one of his albums in a friend’s collection or enjoying one of his songs briefly on the radio. But then, something happens. Either suddenly or gradually, fans talk about moving away from that casual stance and becoming people to whom Springsteen’s music deeply matters. As Jackie Gillis explained about her becoming a fan: “I had enjoyed Bruce up to this point, but now I was really transformed” (interview, May 14, 1993).
Fans in the audience
Authors: Cavicchi Daniel
Published: November 2023

In the song “No Surrender” (1984), Bruce Springsteen sings that “we learned more from a three-minute record than we ever learned in school.” While clearly an indictment of the irrelevance of American education to the lives of many teens growing up in the sixties, the lyric also affirms the power of rock’n’roll music to shape dreams and ideas, to serve as a place where people can find inspiration, knowledge, and guidance.
Birth of the Coffin Nail
Authors: Tate Cassandra
Published: November 2023

James Buchanan “Buck”‘ Duke, father of the modern cigarette indus detested cigarettes himself. He never smoked them, and he refused to permit any women in his family to smoke them. As a young man, he preferred chewing tobacco. Later in life. in concession to his position as one of the richest men in America. he took up cigars. The larger-than-life bronze statue that honors his memory at Duke University in his hometown of Durham, North Carolina. depicts him with a cigar in his hand, not a cigarette.”
Milady’s Cigarette
Authors: Tate Cassandra
Published: November 2023

The anti-cigarette movement appeared to be moribund at the end of World War I. It had lost important allies and was gaining new opposition. particularly from veterans’ groups. The movement might have sputtered out entirely {at least until 1964 and the first Surgeon Generars Report on Smoking and Health) but for two developments: the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment and the growth of the cigarette habit among women. The success of the campaign for national prohibition inspired the demoralized anti-smoking forces to new efforts: the female smoker provided a new target.
Islam 622-1300
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G
Published: November 2023

ABOUT A.D. 610 an angel appeared to the Prophet Muqammad (c. 570-632) and proclaimed him “the Messenger of God.” From that date on he had frequent revelations, and about 613 he began to preach publicly. His preaching contained implicit criticism of rich merchants, who by 615 had begun to generate the persecution, nonviolent but offensive, that would cause the Hegira-Muqammad’s secret migration in 622 (the first year of the Islamic era) to Medina, some 250 miles north of Mecca. To support themselves Muqammad and his Muslims followed the usual tribal tactic of raiding caravans to obtain booty. In one raid, in 624 at Badr, three hundred Muslims attacked a wealthy caravan guarded by a force of a thousand Meccans, achieving a victory so total that it is recorded in the Qur’an. In 630 Muqammad, leading ten thousand Muslims to Mecca, accomplished a nearly bloodless victory and began the conversion of that city into the holiest of Islamic shrines. At the end of the same year he led a month-long raid with thirty thousand men against borderland Syria to obtain booty. It was the first of a series of raids, the grandest ever, that did not end until 718, by which date Islam controlled the areas west of the Aral Sea and the Oxus River that are now Iran, Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and Spain.
Fine-Scale Flow Measurements in the Benthic Boundary Layer
Authors: Khalili Arzhang , Huettel Markus , Merzkirch Wolfgang
Published: November 2023

Among all the hydrodynamic variables associated with the benthic boundary layer (BBL), flow velocity is the most significant. A variety of techniques are available for velocity measurement, flow visualisation, and the generation of defined boundary layer flows. Here, we focus on measurement techniques used for fine-scale investigations of the boundary layer, close to the sediment-water interface. Methods for large-scale boundary layer studies are beyond the scope of this chapter (indeed, this book); however, we briefly address acoustic sensors as an example of the latter. Methods for fine-scale velocity measurements can be divided in intrusive and non­intrusive techniques. The most common intrusive technique is thermal anemometry, which though it interferes to some extent with the flow, has distinct advantages for turbid flows and in situ measurements. Among the noninvasive methods, laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) produces the most precise single-point velocity data, while particle image velocimetry (PIV) is an indispensable technique for the quantitative analysis of velocity fields. For the study of boundary layers that penetrate into highly permeable media (e.g., sandy sediment), positron emission tomography (PET) can prove to be useful. The most important tool for the generation of defined boundary flows and detailed investigations of boundary layer and related processes are laboratory and in situ flume systems.
Performance Practices in the Schumann Lieder
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Every Lied has its particular characteristics. Its re-creation calls for individual artistic imagination as each performer reacts to the composer’s intention. Yet certain practices are common to the performance of all Schumann Lieder. The first principle to be kept in mind is that the nature of music composition changes from one decade to another. Music is often inappropriately forced into historical periods of considerable length, sometimes as long as half a century or more. Designations such as Early Music, Early Baroque, Late Baroque, Classical, Romantic, Impressionist, Postromantic, Modern, and Postmodern, frequently are cited with beginning and terminating dates as though nothing changed until one style suddenly was surpassed or elevated to another level, like a boat progressing through a series of canal locks. In point of fact, the history of music is one not of static artistic strata but of flowing gradations of change. This is nowhere more apparent than in the literature of the nineteenth-century Lied.
Liederkreis (Heine), Opus 24
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Robert’s letters to Clara tell her that she is the inspiration for his setting of the Heine Liederkreis. Schumann explicitly mentioned to his publisher that he considered this opus to constitute a performance whole. Without doubt, the songs make greater impact in their entirety than when excerpted. Perhaps one reason for neglecting to program the whole cycle comes from publishers’ decisions to place the final Mit Myrten und Rosen, #9, in a volume apart from the rest of the opus. Because Mit Myrten und Rosen enjoys popularity, the Peters Max Friedlander edition includes it among the ausgewiihlte Lieder (selected songs) of volume 1. Little wonder that some singers, finding the first eight songs of the Heine Liederkreis in volume 2, hesitate to program the cycle, assuming it to conclude with simplistic #8, the chorale-like Anfangs wollt’ ich fast verzagen. The Sergius Kagen International Music Company edition also places Mit Myrten und Rosen among other selected songs in Volume I. The Hugo Riemann older edition, published by Steingraber of Leipzig, avoids this confusion, keeping the nine songs of the opus intact.
Myrten, Opus 25
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

It would be an unusual experience to hear all twenty-six Myrten Lieder performed as a cycle, yet there may be a good argument for an ambitious recitalist to perform them as a unit. A sequential pass through the collection shows convincingly that, despite the random choice of poet and the wide diversity of subject matter, the composer aimed at variety among the songs with an eye to their performance as a whole. They achieve a unity because they were intended to express many facets of love, specifically that of Robert Schumann for his prospective bride.
Riickert Lieder (Zwölf Gedichte aus “Liebesfriihling”), Opus 37
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

In letters to his publisher, Schumann states: ‘We have written a number of Riickert songs together;’ which he says he would like to have in print by Clara’s birthday. These are the songs of op. 37, eventually published as Zwolf Gedichte aus F Rilckert’s “Liebesfriihling,” fur Gesang und Pianoforte, von Robert und Clara Schumann. Critics repeatedly have tried to determine what might have been from the hand of Robert, what from Clara, and what from their collaboration. Lieder #2, #4, and#11aregenerally conceded to be by Clara. (Songs #7 and #12, which are duets, will be considered later.) Nancy B. Reich (p. 249) reports: Clara presented four songs to Robert on his thirty-first birthday, and they chose three for the joint publication.
Liederkreis (Eichendorff), Opus 39
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Composed in May of 1840, the Eichendorff Liederkreis was first published in Vienna in September 1842 by Tobias Haslinger Verlag. Schumann made revisions for the 1850 publication by F. Whistling Verlag of Leipzig. The cycle is remarkable for its stylistic unity. Integration comes through reliance on kindred thematic material between songs and on melodies based on familiar close-intervalled pitch nuclei and, further, by an overall adherence to closely related keys. In the 1850 version, Schumann tightened the key relationship of the cycle by replacing the original D major Der frohe Wandersmann (see op. 77, #1) with the F# minor In der Fremde. (The only extant manuscript copy of In der Fremde is in Clara Schumann’s handwriting, but there is no other substantiation for speculation that she may have written it.) In the revision, Liederkreis begins in F minor and concludes in F major; the key relationships within the cycle are significant.
Fünf Lieder (Andersen and Chamisso), Opus 40
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

The five Lieder of op. 40 include four on Adelbert von Chamisso’s translations of Hans Christian Andersen poems and an anonymous poem in modem Greek, also translated by Chamisso. Miirzveilchen, #1, is an amiable song that exudes charm. It is sweet Schumann, verging on the coy and the sentimental, and fits well into a group dealing with such topics as flowers and butterflies. A miniature, Miirzveilchen illustrates Schumann’s Romantic search for musical language to capture the small things of Nature. This is a genre in which Robert Schumann excels and by which he is frequently best remembered, albeit not always to his advantage, because it fails to represent the complete Schumann.
Frauenliebe und -leben (Chamisso), Opus 42
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Female singers probably give more performances of Frauenliebe unclleben than of all other Schumann Lieder. There is an enduring appeal about the progression from bride to mother to widow, because it speaks directly to the joys and sorrows of several aspects of womanhood. Schumann omitted (for which we are grateful) the final Chamisso poem, wherein the now-grandmotherly protagonist confides the joys and sorrows of her life to her betrothed granddaughter. The suggestion that the lengthy postlude was Schumann’s way of substituting music for the ninth poem is far-fetched; the postlude is there for musical and narrative summation.
Opus 45 and Opus 57
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Musicologic criticism customarily attributes good nineteenth-century ballad writing to Carl Loewe while lamenting that Schumann did not possess sufficient dramatic capability to compose equally successful ballads. The Loewe ballads are an excellent genre deserving of more performance than they get, but many Schumann ballads compare favorably with or even surpass those by Loewe. Some of these are found in op. 45: Der Schatzgriiber, #1, Friihlingsfahrt, #2, and Abends am Strand, #3. They represent first-class ballad writing, but because they are far removed from the Dichterliebe idiom, they are falsely accused by traditionalists of displaying lack of inspiration.
Opus 119, Opus 125, and Maria Stuart Lieder, Opus 135
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Die Hiitte, composed in September 1851 together with two other poems from Gustav Pfarrius’s Waldlieder, was published as op. 119. Schumann found the precise tone for this homey poetic expression of contentment that speaks of a cottage built in the woods. In spirit as well as in musical forthrightness, Die Hiitte is related to Haydn’s (perhaps better known in its Italian translation, Happy domesticity and a love of nature are conveyed through simple harmonic means. Says Fischer-Dieskau (p. 196): “Die Hiitte ... is lively and attractive; not suffering from mannerisms such as suspensions to express languishing sentiment:’ Sams’s evaluation (p. 269) is not in agreement: “It is sad to find the virile motif ... in this reduced state:’ Further, Sams finds “inept” accentuation of the text.
Provenzalisches Lied,#4, Ballade,#7, Opus 139, And Der Contrabandiste, Opus 74,App
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

The duet literature is scattered among various opuses. The Friedlander edition of the Schumann duets makes accessible under one mantle thirty-four duets. Duet opuses should be programmed in their entirety, when possible. Ideally, this is true of all the ensemble opuses, but it would be a pity to maintain a purist attitude that forbade selections being excerpted from any or all of them.