bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gladstone at 70: a Review and a Retrospect
Authors: Matthew H C G
Published: November 2023

Let me look a little backward, & around. My position [in December 1883] is a strange one. A strong man in me wrestles for retirement: a stronger one stands at the gate of exit, and forbids. Forbids, I hope only for a time. There is a bar to the continuance of my political life fixed as I hope by the life of the present Parliament, and there is good hope that it may not last so long. But for this, I do not know how my poor flesh & blood, or my poor soul and spirit, could face the prolongations of cares & burdens so much beyond my strength at any age, and at this age so cruelly exclusive of the great work of penitential recollection, and lifting of the heart which has lingered so long.
Behind the Scenes
Authors: Matthew H C G
Published: November 2023

Gladstone rather haphazardly protected himself from the consequences of old age and overstrain and was in his turn rather more systematically protected by the Gladstonian circle, by the 1880s a well-defined body. First, his relaxation. Gladstone read prolifically. Though he kept very well up to date with the questions of the day, as a glance at the diary will show, his reading is, taken as a whole, less policy-orientated in his second and third governments than in his first.
An Energetic Octogenarian
Authors: Matthew H C G
Published: November 2023

The seventh decade of Gladstone’s public life was dominated, as had been most of the others, by Ireland. In the age of industrialism, the British had expected that class—whether the middle or the working class—would disrupt the political system. But it was the national question, not the class question, which the British political establishment failed to solve. In 1886, Gladstone had offered a bold answer, an answer which recognized national distinctiveness and at the same time pacified it within the Union. His answer was rejected by the Commons in 1886—a decision on the whole confirmed by the electorate later that year—and by the Lords in 1893. None the less, it was an answer so compelling that it was eventually adopted by the Unionists—too little, too late—in 1920, and it provided the framework within which all subsequent legislative attempts at modification of the constitution of the United Kingdom at the parliamentary level have been made.
Epilogue
Authors: Matthew H C G
Published: November 2023

It is not difficult to see the latter part of Gladstone’s public life as a failure, and his sense of imperfectibility encouraged him to do so also: religion on the wane, the free-trade order of the mid-century giving way to militarism and protectionism which the Concert of Europe was powerless to prevent, Britain bloated by imperial expansions, Home Rule unachieved, the Liberal party divided. And in certain moods Gladstone certainly felt himself to be ‘a dead man, one fundamentally a Peel-Cobden man’ whose time had passed.
German History 1770-1866
Authors: Sheehan James J
Published: November 2023

Now available in paperback, this is a uniquely authoritative study of Germany from the mid-eighteenth century to the formation of the Bismarckian Reich. James J. Sheehan gives an extensive account of social and cultural, as well as political developments, and shows that the creation of a Prussian-led nation-state should not be seen as natural’ or inevitable. He shows how German history in this period was shaped by three separable yet closely linked developments: the rise of sovereign territorial states, the expansion of economic activity and social mobility, and the emergence of a literary culture.
Eighteenth-century Society
Authors: Sheehan James J
Published: November 2023

IN 1765, when Goethe went from Frankfurt to Leipzig to begin studying law, his clothes, speech, and manners marked him as a foreigner; some female companions told him, none too gently, that he looked as if he had ‘dropped down out of another world’. Karl Heinrich Lang had a similar experience when he and his family moved from one Swabian village to another in the 1770s; although their journey lasted no more than four hours, the Langs found themselves in an ‘island of different customs, dialects, and manners’. The same sort of thing struck Georg Forster when he travelled through the Rhineland in 1791. Even in neighbouring towns such as Boppard and Andernach, Forster discovered that people spoke and behaved quite differently. Nowhere else,-wrote Freiherr von Knigge, is it harder to know how to act than in Germany, since ‘nowhere else can one find such a great multiplicity of conversational tones, educational methods, opinions on religion and other matters, and such a great diversity of conditions which claim the attention of various social groups in the different provinces’.
The Transmission of the Texts
Authors: Rouse R H
Published: November 2023

The transmission of ancient pagan Latin texts, broadly construed, is the history of ancient Latin literature from the end of Antiquity to the present, with a focus on the circulation of ancient texts before the invention of printing.
Language
Authors: Posner Rebecca
Published: November 2023

To write of the legacy of Rome and of its language, Latin, bequeathed to the modern languages of Europe, appears both excessively parochial and yet wildly ambitious. Some European languages are spoken more outside Europe than within—English, Spanish, Portuguese, and French—while inside Europe there are languages that have fallen more within the sphere of influence of Greek than of Latin. It is in western Europe, and in the lands colonized therefrom, that the Latin language has left the greatest legacy and it is on these areas that I shall concentrate.
Gustav Stresemann
Authors: Wright Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Gustav Stresemann was the exceptional political figure of his time. His early death in 1929 has long been viewed as the beginning of the end for the Weimar Republic and the opening through which Hitler was able to come to power. His career was marked by many contradictions but also a pervading loyalty to the values of liberalism and nationalism. This enabled him in time both to adjust to defeat and revolution and to recognize in the Republic the only basis on which Germans could unite, and in European cooperation the only way to avoid a new war. His attempt to build a stable Germany as an equal power in a stable Europe throws an important light on German history in a critical time. Hitler was the beneficiary of his failure but, so long as he was alive, Stresemann offered Germans a clear alternative to the Nazis. Jonathan Wright's fascinating new study is the first modern biography of Stresemann to appear in English or German.
Introduction
Authors: Sheehan James J
Published: November 2023

JULES MICHELET began his lectures on British history by reminding his audience that ‘l’Angleterre est uneile’. We can begin this book on German history from 1770 to 1866 by stating the equally obvious and no less significant fact that ‘Germany’ did not exist. In the second half of the eighteenth century, as in the second half of the twentieth, there is no clear and readily acceptable answer to the question of Germany’s political, social, and cultural identity. To suppose otherwise is to miss the essential character of the German past and the German present: its diversity and discontinuity, richness and fragmentation, fecundity and fluidity. Our history, therefore, cannot be the single story of a fixed entity, a state or a clearly designated landscape. We must instead try to follow the many different histories that coexisted within German-speaking central Europe, histories that led Germans towards and away from one another, at once encouraging them to act together and making such common action virtually impossible. The problem of German identity begins with the land itself. Nowhere on the Continent is there greater variety than in German¬ speaking central Europe, which stretches from the sandy soil and pine forests of the northern coast to the hidden valleys and snow¬ capped peaks of the southern mountains, from the sheer gorges cut by the river through the Rhine massif to the seemingly endless flatlands of the east.
Eighteenth-century Society
Authors: Sheehan James J
Published: November 2023

N 1765, when Goethe went from Frankfurt to Leipzig to begin studying law, his clothes, speech, and manners marked him as a foreigner; some female companions told him, none too gently, that he looked as if he had ‘dropped down out of another world’. Karl Heinrich Lang had a similar experience when he and his family moved from one Swabian village to another in the 1770s; although their journey lasted no more than four hours, the Langs found themselves in an ‘island of different customs, dialects, and manners’. The same sort of thing struck Georg Forster when he travelled through the Rhineland in 1791. Even in neighbouring towns such as Boppard and Andernach, Forster discovered that people spoke and behaved quite differently. Nowhere else,-wrote Freiherr von Knigge, is it harder to know how to act than in Germany, since ‘nowhere else can one find such a great multiplicity of conversational tones, educational methods, opinions on religion and other matters, and such a great diversity of conditions which claim the attention of various social groups in the different provinces’. This fragmentation of social experience reflected and was reinforced by the backwardness of the communications system throughout central Europe. Goethe’s trip from Frankfurt to Leipzig, for instance, was filled with delays and discomforts; even so, he was more fortunate than Casanova, who once had to spend three long days trying to traverse eighteen short leagues. Under the best of circumstances, it took nine days to go from Berlin to Frankfurt, two from Augsburg to Munich.
Growth and Stagnation in German Society
Authors: Sheehan James J
Published: November 2023

FRIEDRICH ENGELS (1820-95) was born and reared in Barmen, a fast-growing industrial city on the Wupper River, a few miles east of Dilsseldorf. The Engels family had lived in the region since the sixteenth century, first as farmers, then as successful textile manufacturers. Like many of their neighbours, they were pious Calvinists, who combined commercial acuity with intense religiosity. But the Engels were also part of an economic network that extended far beyond the Wuppertal; their search for raw materials, markets, and capital led them to the Low Countries, Britain, and overseas. In 1837 Engels’s father opened a spinning mill in Manchester, the epicentre of the new industrial order. Here young Friedrich, after several false starts on a career closer to home, took a position in 1842. His observations of Manchester and its labour force were the basis for an influential book, The Condition of the Working Class in England, first published in 1845, and for his own life-long commitment to improving the conditions of working people. Viewed from the perspective of industrial Britain, Engels found German social and economic life depressingly backward. In an essay on the ‘German status quo’, which he wrote in the spring of 1847, he lamented the fact that in all the German states ‘the countryside dominates the towns, agriculture dominates trade and industry’. Every indicator that we have confirms Engels’s percep¬ tion of German backwardness.
Ireland In The Age Of Imperialism And Revolution 1760-1801
Authors: Mcdowell R B
Published: November 2023

The eighteenth century, so far as western Europe was concerned, possessed a distinctive flavour, preserved for posterity in its architecture and in its prose. It was a self-assured era, balanced, energetic and elegant, precise and restrained, confident that its standards of reference were soundly selected and consciously civilized. These qualities strike an observer with such force and clarity that for a moment other aspects of the age may be obscured. Outward assurance could mask uncertainties and doubts; and beneath the polished surface of a well-mannered and ordered life there was discontent and ugly violence. An Irish magazine could in the same issue print neatly turned verses about nymphs and swains and grim reports of assaults and affrays. During the last decade of the century revolution starkly revealed many of the tensions in European society and brought home to the established world how frail were the foundations on which its civilization rested.
The French revolution and Ireland
Authors: Mcdowell R B
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of May 1789 a few weeks before the Irish parliamentary session, which began with the regency crisis, closed, the States General met at Versailles. During the parliamentary recess the ancient regime in France collapsed and the National assembly set to work to manufacture a constitution and institutions adapted to a modern, liberal community. The French revolution was not only momentous in its immediate effects and implications, it was also highly spectacular. The stage was a great country, lying at the centre of European civilization: the participants spoke and acted as men and women conscious they were making history before the eyes of their contemporaries. Publicists and journalists strove hard to convey to the public what they thought was happening in France.
The radical revival
Authors: Mcdowell R B
Published: November 2023

The French revolution had a most invigorating effect on British and Irish radicalism. It may not have added significantly to the radicals’ stock of ideas. Advanced liberals in both Great Britain and Ireland were already committed to constitutional changes which were bound to change the whole social tone of the community, and they accepted that a progressing society must be ready to undertake a drastic reorganization of many of its institutions on rational lines. But events in France inspired the advocates of change in all parts of the British Isles with verve, with a sense of being participants in a great European drive against tyranny and anachronistic privilege and the assurance that their cause would soon triumph. From the beginning of the nineties, Irish radicals, convinced that in the near future they would be in a position to intervene decisively in Irish politics, were active in proclaiming their principles, systematizing their ideas and disseminating their opinions.
Insurrection
Authors: Mcdowell R B
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of 1798 politics in both Great Britain and Ireland were dominated by the war. France, with all its continental enemies forced to sue for peace, was now in a position to select the time and place for the decisive blow which would destroy British power. All over the British Isles extreme radicals could look forward to the speedy collapse of the established order. In Ireland the United Irishmen continued to extend their organization, secure arms and propagate their opinions. Though the Northern Star had been suppressed, the Irish radicals had two newspapers—in Dublin, the Press, started by Arthur O’Connor in September 1797 and in Cork, the Harp of Erin, which was managed by a group which included Roger O’Connor and Webb, a barrister who had been a member of the Dublin society of United Irishmen, and which began appearing about the beginning of February 1798.
History of Universities
Authors: Dunbabin Jean
Published: November 2023

Volume X of History of Universities contains the customary mix of learned articles, book reviews, conference reports, and bibliographical information, which makes this annual publication such an indispensable tool for the historian of higher education. The articles cover a wide chronological and geographical range. They include studies on the financing of university education in twelfth and thirteenth-century France; the early modern University of Prague; Newman and Tractarian Oxford's idea of a university; and universities and élites in modern Britain. Its combination of original scholarship and comprehensive bibliographical material ensures that History of the Universities, Volume X is both intellectually stimulating and a necessary work of reference.
The Medieval Students of the University of Salamanca*
Authors: y García Antonio García
Published: November 2023

The University of Salamanca has had a chequered history. The difficult early stage in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries (1218/ 1219-1380) gave way to a period of consolidation, beginning at the end of the fourteenth century and running until the end of the Middle Ages (1381-1500). This was followed by the golden age of the University in the sixteenth century when its numbers and reputation were at a height. The University later experienced gradual but irregular decline until the first half of the twentieth century, when it again grew in importance. These vicissitudes notwithstanding, it was the foremost of the Spanish universities until the end of the ancien regime. This article only discusses the University during the late middle ages, from its foundation until the latter part of the reign of the Catholic King and Queen, Ferdinand and Isabella.
A Socioscape of Irish America
Authors: Byron Reginald
Published: November 2023

Albany is a very Irish place in a very Irish part of the country, yet its qualities seem rather different from those which have been reported as characterizing the few remaining Irish ethnic enclaves in New York City, Philadelphia, or Boston. These big-city, traditional neighbourhoods have provided the setting for generations of scholarship on Irish America. There is a long tradition of immigration and ethnic studies which has focused on these initial places of urban settlement by the Irish, the Italians, the Jews, and others. And, studies such as Glazer and Moynihan’s Beyond the Melting Pot, which have emphasized the vibrant and enduring nature of ethnicity in these places, have had a deep influence on our views, both scholarly and popular, of the character of European ethnicity in contemporary America.
Identity and Ecology in Arctic Siberia
Authors: Anderson David G
Published: November 2023

This is a first-hand account of a reindeer-herding collective in the remote Taimyr peninsula of Siberia. The author gives an intimate description of the day-to-day lives of a little-known group of Evenkis as they face both economic and ecological challenges. His book therefore fills a gap in our understanding of the historical and political dynamics of northern Asia, and traces the changes caused in the region by the formation of, and the recent break-up of, the Soviet Union. It also addresses wider questions of ecological theory, nationalism, and the formation of identity. Professor Anderson’s idea of ‘nationality inflation’ provides a valuable new perspective on these topics. He shows how the Soviet state contributed to this ‘inflation’ through its creation of ‘authorized identities’ and suggests how identity policy and the discourse it generated became a powerful historical force integrating the social dynamics of economy, politics, and culture.
Separation and Immanence in Plato’s Theory of Forms
Authors: Devereux Daniel T
Published: November 2023

According to Aristotle’s terse report, Plato separated Forms from sensible particulars, and in doing so he departed from Socrates’ view of the relationship between universals and their participants. Until recently, most scholars accepted Aristotle’s statement as fundamentally accurate, and they understood separation to involve both the denial that Forms are immanent in sensible particulars as well as the positive claim that they are ‘ontologically independent’—that is, they do not depend for their existence on the things that participate in them. In the last few years this common and familiar view has come under attack on several fronts. As for immanence, the critics argue that the evidence is mixed; in some dialogues, e.g. the Symposium and Timaeus, there are passages in which Plato clearly rejects immanence, but in the Phaedo he seems to regard Forms as in their participants. It has also been claimed that Plato’s statements about Forms do not support a general commitment to ontological independence; the most that can be said is that in some dialogues he is committed to the independence of some Forms.
Something in Between
Authors: Sumner L W
Published: November 2023

In the first sentence of his excellent book Well-Being, Jim Griffin announces that he intends to offer answers to three questions: ‘What is the best way to understand “well-being”? Can it be measured? Where does it fit in moral and political philosophy?’ Although al1 three questions are of obvious importance, and although the answers he develops to all of them have been deservedly influential, I intend in this discussion to focus exclusively on the first. As Griffin comes to define this project more precisely, it takes the form of seeking the best formal account of well-being or (as the utilitarians would have it) ‘utility’. By calling such an account ‘formal’, Griffin means to distinguish it from the classical utilitarian view on which ‘utility’ was the supreme substantive prudential (and ethical) value. By contrast, on the account he defends’ “utilitf’... is not to be seen as the single over-arching value, in fact not as a substantive value at all, but instead as a formal analysis of what it is for something to be prudentially valuable to some person’ (WB 31-2).
Anna Karenina and Moral Philosophy
Authors: Glover Jonathan
Published: November 2023

It is obvious that Anna Karenina is not in the ordinary sense a work of phi losophy. It is a novel, a story about a group of particular people. Admittedly some of the characters ‘philosophize’ in a popular sense, expressing opinions on life, death, love, morality, and religion. But the book does not have the apparatus of a real piece of philosophy: arguments, analysis of concepts, rebuttals of opposing points of view. Yet virtually anyone who reads it must come away with the sense that it is not just a book about those particular people, and that its subject matter includes some of the central philosophical questions.
On Knowledge, Truth, and Value: Nietzsche’s Debt to Schopenhauer and the Development of his Empiricism
Authors: Clark Maudemarie
Published: November 2023

Nietzsche expresses his debt to Schopenhauer very clearly Schopenhauer is his ‘great teacher’, his ‘first and only educator’. He is less clear concerning what his philosophy owes to Schopenhauer. He counts ‘Schopenhauer as Educator’ in his essay of that title not because of any doctrine he accepted, but because Schopenhauer provided him with a model of the philosophical life; and the passage about his ‘great teacher’ tells us not what he learned from Schopenhauer, but only that he arrived at his own view of morality by engaging in a struggle with Schopenhauer’s values.
True Belief In The Meno
Authors: Dimas Panagiotis
Published: November 2023

Socrates also asserts that from having such true belief the boy can go on to acquire knowledge if he is asked the same questions many times and from many points of view (85 c 10—d 1). But he never offers a demonstration of him doing that. Nor does Socrates argue that he could do it; he merely asserts it over no more than two lines
Resailing socrates. Δ∊uτ∊ρos Πλous: a criticism of rowe’s. explanation In Phaedo 99c 6-102a 8‘.
Authors: Eck Job Van
Published: November 2023

One of the difficulties in Plato studies is that of providing a coherent and adequate interpretation of the exposition Socrates gives in Phaedo 99 D ff. of how he has engaged in his ’econd voyage in search of the al-rta. (99 c 9-0 I): an interpretation, that is, which accounts for the fact that all those present at Socrates. last discussionamong them Simmias and Cebes-as well as the two participants in the dialogue, Phaedo and Echecrates, agree on the dearness of Socrates. words up to 102 A I, .even for someone of small intelligence. (102A 4-5). This is what Professor Rowe intends to do in his paper .Explanation in Phaedo 99 c 6-102 A 8. [.Explanation.] in Volume XI of this journal, pp. 49-69. As I fundamentally disagree with this interpretation I would like to take the opportunity to comment here on Rowe’ article. My procedure will be as follows. First I shall set forth the main points of Rowe’ reading (Section I); then I shall offer my criticisms (Section II); and finally I shall present the outline of an alternative interpretation (Section III).
Aristotle’S Modal Syllogistic
Authors: Brennan Tad
Published: November 2023

abstract

This volume extends the work that Patterson introduced to the world in an article in Oxford Studies some years ago. As in that article, Patterson offers a new solution to the old and vexed question of how best to make sense of Aristotle’s modal syllogistic. He makes many novel proposals, which may be summed up under three heads. First, he creates a new logical symbolism, which he claims is requisite for an adequate representation of Aristotle’s modal syllogistic. Second, he detects two kinds of copular relations at work in the syllogistic, the copulae of ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ necessity, and argues that these are distinct from de re and de dicto necessity. Third, he argues that the modal syllogistic can only be understood on the supposition that its semantics is thoroughly essentialist; true premisses are true, and valid syllogisms valid, only in virtue of the structure of Aristotelian essences.
Method and Argument in the Study of Aristotle
Authors: Charles David
Published: November 2023

The Companion fully succeeds in its aim of giving ‘the most accessible and comprehensive guide to Aristotle currently available’. It is intended for philosophy students (graduate and undergraduate) new to Aristotle, who share ‘a legitimate interest in what Aristotle represents for us, as philosophers now’ working in the analytical tradition (Introduction, p. x). They will, it is hoped, read the Companion and ask themselves whether Aristotle’s views (as represented here) are true or (at least) defensible, whether they are capable of being modified or qualified, and (‘come to that’) whether Aristotle meant exactly what he is represented as saying (p. xii). The aim is to give an account of some areas of Aristotle’s philosophy in a form which makes them accessible to non-specialists so that they can then ask philosophical and exegetical questions about the account offered. The non-specialist and specialist alike will be helped in their further reading by an excellent and user-friendly bibliography.
The Mooring of Philosophy
Authors: Obbink Dirk
Published: November 2023

As an argument, it may not sound like much. But to some Epicureans of Cicero’s day this was all you needed to know: a medicine sufficiently powerful to be dubbed ή  Τϵαϕα&Τμακοс or fourfold, semi-metrical protective charm-recite it as protection against fear of god, death, and evil.
The Liar Paradox and the Stoics
Authors: Mignucci Mario
Published: November 2023

The external history of the ancient versions of the Liar paradox is easily traced. We know that it was probably invented by Eubulides,1 and a version of it may have been known by Aristotle.2 A development of Aristotle’s view can be found in the anonymous commentary on the Sophistical Refutations traditionally ascribed to Alexander of Aphrodisias.3 But it is surely Chrysippus the philosopher who dedicated more efforts in ancient times to solve the paradox. He devoted an astonishing number of works to the Liar, as the catalogue of his books preserved by Diogenes Laertius shows. At least seven titles mention the Liar paradox,4 and we may think that some of the others were dealing with the same problem.5 Besides, Chrysippus’ Logical Investigations contain a few lines dedicated to the Liar paradox.6
The Stoic Sage in the Cosmic City
Authors: Obbink Dirk
Published: November 2023

Much attention has been given to the Stoic concept of the universe as a city, its development as a political model, and its influence on subsequent thought, especially theories of natural law. The notion develops over time through a succession of thinkers, from Zeno’s exclusive city of the wise, and Chrysippus’ conception of the cosmos as a polity of gods and wise men, to Cicero and the later view that all men live (or ought to live) under the same canons of natural law. While this development is clear in outline, answers to other questions are less clear. Posing solutions to them offers some general inroads into Stoic political theory. Was the transition occasioned by changed political circumstances, or was it a reposting of doctrine in response to salvos from philosophical quarters? What does Chrysippus expect us to think that the Stoic sage will actually do in a community of gods and wise men that is not in any ordinary sense a polis, in fulfilment of his essentially political nature? How does the notion of universal law come to be reapplied within the framework of existing cities?
Chrysippus’ Theory of Causes
Authors: Bobzien Susanne
Published: November 2023

We know very little about Chrysippus’ theory of causation. Our textual evidence which names Chrysippus directly and can be straightforwardly considered as belonging to a theory of causes is this: a passage in Stobaeus (Eel. 1.138.23-139.4) that presents Chrysippus’ basic account of causation; a distinction of causes in Cicero’s On Fate (Fat. 41-5); and an indirect reference to a distinction of causes in Plutarch’s On Stoic Self-Contradictions (Stoic rep., ch. 47).various works by Galen, Sextus’ Outlines of Pyrrhonism book 3 and Against the Mathematicians book 9, and Clement’s Miscellanies book 8.9 we find excerpts and summaries of causal theories of medical, later Stoic, and Peripatetic origin. (A trace of a later Stoic theory of causes can be found in Alexander of Aphrodisias’ On Fate 192.18-19.) The reports are mainly eclectic in character, often uncritically juxtaposing and mixing together various theories. But they have one thing in common: they treat the theories they report as finished taxonomies of causes. They present sets of technical terms that are used as names for mutually exclusive classes of causes, so that it is possible to assign any cause to precisely one class (and naturally there are no empty classes). In most cases, causes of more than one type are described as cooperating in one instance of causation.
The Incoherence of Thrasymachus
Authors: Everson Stephen
Published: November 2023

The ability to find sound and interesting arguments in philosophical texts is perhaps the historian of philosophy’s central skill-and the greater is the appearance of inconsistency, invalidity, or simple silliness in a text, the greater is the skill demonstrated in showing that it in fact contains a compelling argument for an interesting conclusion. It is natural enough, then, that the confrontation between Socrates and Thrasymachus in the first book of the Republic should prove attractive to Plato’s commentators. At first sight, Thrasymachus comes across not only as bad-mannered but as confused, his complacency undercut by his inability seriously to pursue a philosophical argument. Starting off at 338 c by throwing out the proposition that justice is ‘nothing other than the advantage of the stronger’, he proceeds at 338 E to assert that justice is the advantage of the established government, at 339 A to repeat the claim that it is the advantage of the stronger, then at 339 c to assent to the claim that it is to obey the law, before, having apparently changed his mind about what it is to be a ruler of a state, finally maintaining at 343 c that it is the ‘good of another’. It is now perhaps scholarly orthodoxy to maintain that, despite all this, Thrasymachus is presented by Plato as having a coherent theory of justice, although unsurprisingly scholars have not found agreement as to what that theory actually is.
Alteration and Aristotle’S Activity-Change Distinction
Authors: Heinaman Robert
Published: November 2023

Aristotle believes that there are two broad categories of events—activities and changes. Despite the crucial importance of the idea of an activity for his philosophy, it is only on rare occasions that Aristotle attempts to explain what an activity is supposed to be. This he does by contrasting the properties of activities with the properties of changes. Thus, as is well known, Aristotle affirms that, while in the case of an activity such as seeing, a subject sees a colour and has seen the colour at the same time, in the case of a change such as walking from Thebes to Athens, it is not the case that a subject has walked from Thebes to Athens at the same time that it is walking from Thebes to Athens. Aristotle believes that there are four kinds of change-change of substance, or generation and destruction; change of place, or locomotion; change of size, or growth and diminution; and finally, change of quality, or alteration. All have their special characteristics and problems, but here I focus on the differences between alteration on the one hand and locomotion and change of quantity on the other. The fundamental difference is that, whereas locomotion and change of quantity occur over a ‘path’ that is a continuum, alteration, at least in many cases, has a path which is discontinuous. I shall argue that because of this and other peculiarities of alteration, several features which Aristotle attributes to changes in the course of distinguishing them from activities do not, in fact, apply to many alterations.
From Kant to Fichte: A Reply to Franks
Authors: Rosen Michael
Published: November 2023

In his paper Paul Franks uses philosophical material that will be unknown to many of us to answer some questions which we can all recognize. Briefly: how did they get there from here? How was it that in such a short space of time German philosophy moved from the transcendental idealism of Kant’s first Critique to the Absolute and Speculative Idealism of Schelling and Hegel? Bundled up in that question are some familiar further issues:
Causation and Subjectivity
Authors: Vogel Jonathan
Published: November 2023

It is part of our philosophical lore that Hume called the status of causation into question, and that Kant attempted to answer him. For Hume, there are no necessary connections in nature, so the reality of causal relations is attenuated or diluted, at best. Kant argued, in opposition, that human subjectivity would be impossible unless nature contains the very ‘synthetic’ connections Hume refused to countenance. Humean reductionism or anti-realism with respect to causal connections has remained compelling down to the present day. However, I will try to show that some current formulations of this view encounter a difficulty not unlike the one Kant himself tried to press. The line of thought I develop may be regarded as a transcendental argument, and I go on to consider it in that light.
Hun1e’s Theory of the Self Revisited
Authors: Penelhum Terence
Published: November 2023

THIS paper is in two parts. I begin the first part with a brief resume of a previous discussion of Hume’s Section ‘Of Personal Identity’, and follow it with a response to some criticisms of my interpretation of that Section. The authors of these criticisms consider that Hume’s account of personal identity is less sceptical and more defensible than I suggested. In responding to them I look again at some difficult but important problems in Humean exegesis. In the second part I turn to some criticisms that are commonly levelled against Hume, and which I have been inclined to subscribe to myself in the past. I do not think that a proper assessment of these criticisms depends upon accepting or rejecting the reading of Hume I try to defend in the first part, so the two parts of the essay are largely independent of each other.1 I now incline to believe, how ever, that the criticisms I shall deal with in the second part are criticisms to which Hume has, or could find, quite plausible answers.
Natural Belief and Religious Belief in Hume’S Philosophy
Authors: Penelhum Terence
Published: November 2023

THE most widely held view of Hume, in his own day and since, has been that he is a deliberate secularizer: that he seeks to persuade us that there are no good reasons to hold religious beliefs. With minor reservations that will become obvious, I think this is true. Probably the next most widely held view of Hume is that he is, at least in one key respect, a sceptic: namely that he considers our most obviously indispensable beliefs, such as that in the continued and independent existence of objects of perception, to be held by us not because we have good reasons for them, but because of the power of the ‘sensitive’ part of our natures. This view of him is also, I think, clearly true. There is an obvious tension, however, between these two opinions. One would expect someone who held that key human beliefs were not due to reasons, to be less persistently determined than Hume is to show the absence of such reasons in the case of religious beliefs. since such a determination suggests this absence is peculiar to them. Hume is quite aware of this tension, and is still engaged in dealing with it at the very end of his career.
Practical Inference
Authors: Anscombe G E M
Published: November 2023

I will write in appreciation of, but some dissent from, this paragraph of von Wright’s: Now we can see more clearly, I think, wherein the claim to logical validity of the practical inference consists. Given the premises X now intends to make it true that E He thinks that, unless he does A now, he will not achieve this and excluding, hypothetically or on the basis of investigations, that he is prevented, then his actual conduct, whatever it may “look like”, either is an act of doing A or aims, though unsuccessfully, at being this. Any description of behaviour which is logically inconsistent with this is also logically inconsistent with the premises. Accepting the premises thus forces on us this understanding of his conduct,-unless for some reason we think that a preventive interference occurred right at the beginning of his action.
Applying :Virtue Ethics
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind , Lawrence Gavin , Quinn Warren
Published: November 2023

A standard criticism made of virtue ethics is that it does not tell us what we ought and ought not to do, that it cannot be applied to real moral issues such as abortion or euthanasia; in contrast to monistic (e.g. utilitarianism) or pluralistic rule-based ethical systems, which do. In this paper I want to explore this criticism, to see how virtue ethics fares in comparison with an “ethics of rules” and to try to uncover what basic disagreements there are—if any—between virtue ethicists and deontic ethicists as such.
Craft and Fineness in Plato’s Ion
Authors: Janaway Christopher
Published: November 2023

Some have taken it that the aim of Plato’s Ion is to deny that there is a rhapsodic tekhnē at all—to establish ‘that the rhapsode is no expert and the rhapsode’s art no art’. Flashar goes further, saying that the concept of a rhapsodic tekhnē is contradictory. It has also been claimed, with the Ion as witness, that Plato ‘will not allow the poets a tekhnē, even of pure style’. Now clearly any interpretation of the Ion must acknowledge the point emphatically repeated throughout, that neither the rhapsode nor the poet succeeds in his or her activities ‘by tekhnē and knowledge’, but rather through an inspiration which can only be explained as coming from outside. And yet, as we shall see, in the course of the work Socrates apparently assumes that there is both a rhapsodic and a poetic tekhnē. The interpretation put forward by Flashar reconciles these points in the following way: Socrates assumes the craft-like nature of the rhapsode’s activity only to refute it. He traps Ion into an unsustainable claim to expert knowledge which will lead to absurdity. Part of the demonstration of that absurdity is the demonstration that not even poets, on whom rhapsodes depend for their supposed knowledge, have a genuine tekhnē at all.
White on Aristotelian Happiness
Authors: Crisp Roger
Published: November 2023

In his ingenious article ‘Is Aristotelian Happiness a Good Life or the Best Life?; Stephen A. White argues that Aristotle endorses a ‘modest’ conception of happiness, according to which less than the very best is sufficient for a happy life (pp. I06–7). Professor White also claims that Aristotelian happiness can be improved upon through the addition of other goods.
Matter and Form: Unity, Persistence, and Identity
Authors: Charles David
Published: November 2023

In this paper, I shall contrast two ways to interpret the relations between matter and form, potentiality and actuality in parts of Aristotle’s Metaphysics Z, H, and θ. I shall not argue that either of these approaches successfully resolves all the problems raised by Aristotle’s intricate discussion. Nor do I believe that together, at least in the formulations I shall consider, they exhaust all the relevant exegetical possibilities. My aim is simply to examine the distinctive ways in which they analyse some controversial texts and problematic issues in this complex and disputed area.
Explanation in Phaedo 99c 6-102A 8
Authors: Rowe Cristopher
Published: November 2023

Three preliminary points, (i) As will emerge, I do not think that Socrates offers us a complete theory or method of explanation in this passage. Almost the limit of what he does is to propose an answer to the question ‘Why is x FV or ‘Why does x become F?’ which does not get us into the sorts of problems that another kind of answer does; though the fact that it has this feature is some sort of evidence for its being a true answer, it is not clear how informative it is supposed to be. It may seem to some (wrongly) to be almost wholly uninformative; it is certainly, on Socrates’ own admission, incomplete. It is, however, sufficient as it stands for Plato’s immediate purposes in the Pardo, and it seems to me that he is content to leave it like that, so that any attempt to squeeze the text for tantalizing extra juice is somewhat hopeful.
The Philosopher in Flight
Authors: Rue Rachel
Published: November 2023

In the centre of the Theaetetusthere is a digression (1720177c). At least, it gives every appearance of being a digression, both in style and in substance. Most of the dialogue around it is governed by Socrates’ early question, ‘What is knowledge?’ During the course of the dialogue Theaetetus answers Socrates’ question with three definitions of knowledge. The main task of the dialogue is to examine and discuss each of his definitions. Each is interpreted, defended, attacked, and finally rejected.
Aristotle’s Account of the Socratic Elenchus
Authors: Bolton Robert
Published: November 2023

In his Topics and Sophistical Refutations Aristotle describes a method of enquiry and of proof which he calls ‘dialectic in the strict sense and peirastic’ (SE 34, i8339I). He claims not to be inventing this method but to be giving, for the first time, a descriptive codification of the rules for the proper practice of a method already widely in use (SE 34, i83is ff.). No close student of the Topics and Sophistical Refutations can doubt that the early Platonic dialogues, and thus the method practiced there by Socrates, served as one of Aristotle’s main sources of information about the method which he describes. Ample confirmation of this, if it be needed, will be provided in the course of the discussion here. If, however, Aristotle gives us a descriptive account of the rules of the method which Socrates uses, but hardly himself describes, then Aristotle’s account ought to be one of our main sources for understanding Socratic method. In particular, since Aristotle, in the Sophistical Refutations, describes at length the rules for the use of his method for the practice of elenchus this discussion ought to be one of our main aids for solving long-standing problems concerning the Socratic elenchus.
Socratic Moral Realism: An Alternative Justification
Authors: Scaltsas Theodore
Published: November 2023

in his arresting article The Socratic Elenchus’ [SE], described by Donald Davidson as ‘a brilliant and provocative paper’,1 Gregory Vlastos advanced our understanding of the Socratic elenctic method in its relation to moral truth. Vlastos showed that although before the Gorgias Socrates does not discuss the truth-status of the conclusions of the elenchus, in the Gorgias Socrates claims that the elenchus proves beliefs to be true. Furthermore, Vlastos established that Socrates is treating his own belief system as the true one.
The Unity of the Phaedrus: A Reply to Heath
Authors: Rowe Christopher
Published: November 2023

malcolm heath (hereafter Meath’) seems to make the following main claims, (i) What Socrates says both at 263-4 and elsewhere in the Phaedrus about the proper organization of a written work (a) lays down only the broadest of criteria (e.g. 'that every text should have the right parts in the right order’),1 and (b) is consistent with the view that different principles are applicable to different kinds of writing. (2) Systematic attention begins to be paid to the concept of thematic unity only with the advent of the later Neoplatonists. (3) The Phaedrus in fact lacks thematic unity.
Two Systems in Aristotle
Authors: Graham Daniel W
Published: November 2023

sooner or later every interpreter of Aristotle must face the question of how many Aristotles he is up against. For most of the history of Aristotle exegesis Aristotle was effectively divided up into two systems, the so-called Organon and everything else. The Organon was viewed as a pre-philosophical ‘instrument’ of philosophy which comprised Aristotle’s logic, and which could thus be detached from philosophy proper. On this view there were two systems but no development, for the systems existed side by side, dealing with different domains. In 1923 Werner Jaeger’s epoch-making hook Aristoteles divided Aristotle up into three stages, that of a young Platonist, a mature Aristotelian, and an old scientific researcher. Here were three consecutive systems joined by a biographical (but not a philosophical) development. Both these major theories have fallen on hard times because they do not seem to describe the facts accurately. Their demise has left our generation with a mixed interpretative heritage and no clear orientation. Most interpreters tend to subscribe to a Unitarian conception with occasional ad hoc references to doctrinal developments.
Hippolytus Retractatus: A Discussion of Catherine Osborne
Authors: Mueller Ian
Published: November 2023

the  Refutation of All Heresies [Refutatio] is composed from two texts. Its first book, edited by Diels in Doxographia Graeca (pp. 553-76) and probably best known to readers of Oxford Studies for its ‘Theophrastean’ accounts of the views of the ‘sons of Thales’ (Anaximander, Anaximenes, Anaxagoras, and Archelaus), exists in several manuscripts and was first printed in 1701 as a work of Origen. The extant remainder contains most of book 4 and all of the rest of the work, which originally contained ten books.2 It is probably best known to readers of Oxford Studies as the source of a number of important fragments of Heraclitus and Empedocles.
The More’ and ‘The Full’: on the Reconstruction of Parmenides’ Theory of Sensation in Theophrastus, De sensibus, 3-4
Authors: Laks André
Published: November 2023

It was above all the first part of Parmenides’ poem, the criticism of becoming in the name of the impossibility of non-being, which interested the ancients: thanks to Simplicius, we can follow virtually the whole argument retracing the conceptual constitution of the sphere of being, which the poem calls, in a celebrated phrase, ‘the unshakeable heart of persuasive truth’.
Aristotle’s Poetics in Avicenna’s Commentary
Authors: Kemal Salim
Published: November 2023

Present-Day Western scholarship on Aristotle’s Poetics does not usually concern itself with medieval Arabic commentaries on that work. Although knowledge of this text was transmitted to Europe through Arabic translations and commentaries, later European scholars not only gained access to the Greek originals, thus making translations from Arabic redundant in part, but, also, under the influence of Aquinas, medieval European thinkers later came to reject the influence of Averroism and of the Arabic philosophical tradition.