bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gene and Protein Profiling of the Response of MA‐10 Leydig Tumor Cells to Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Authors: Li Wenping , Amri Hakima , Huang Hongzhan , Wu Cathy , Papadopoulos Vassilios
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: Activation of the steroidogenic machinery by peptide hormones involves a number of steps for transmitting signals from the plasma membrane to mitochondria in a spatially and temporally coordinated manner. Although key proteins mediating the hormonal signal have been identified, recent data suggest that the pathway might involve more complex protein‐protein and protein‐lipid interactions. Genomic and proteomic methods of analysis, namely the Affymetrix Murine Genome U74A v2 GeneChip and the BD PowerBlot Western Array, were used to identify human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)‐induced changes in mRNA and protein of MA‐10 Leydig tumor cells that parallel the increase seen in progesterone synthesis. To analyze the massive amount of data that was generated, a comprehensive protein information matrix summarizing the features of each gene or protein, including its known properties, as well as annotations derived by homology‐based functional inference, was developed. Of the genes examined by Affymetrix array, approximately 79 were differentially expressed and of gene products examined by PowerBlot, 9 were differentially expressed (above twofold). Changes in the expression of selected transcripts of interest were confirmed using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analyses. Collectively, these results indicate that hormonal regulation of steroidogenesis is a complex phenomenon, involving proteins that participate in various known and novel pathways, which are implicated in transmitting signals from the plasma membrane to mitochondria and nucleus.
Ram Sperm Selection by a Dextran/Swim‐Up Procedure Increases Fertilization Rates Following Intrauterine Insemination in Superovulated Ewes
Authors: Grasa P. , Pérez‐Pé R. , Báguena O. , Forcada F. , Abecia A. , Cebrián‐Pérez J. A. , Muiño‐Blanco T.
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of 2 dextran/swim‐up media to increase the sperm quality parameters and the maintenance of these parameters at 15°C and 30°C over 6 hours. Additionally, this study examined whether differences in sperm quality reflect different reproductive efficiencies following intrauterine insemination in superovulated ewes. The study involved 2 selected samples (SS) obtained by dextran/swim‐up, performed either with (SS+) or without (SS‐) capacitating compounds, and a control sample consisting of raw semen diluted in the same medium. The efficacies of the swim‐up sperm selection procedures were similar in both media, and no significant differences were found among the evaluated parameters. Conversely, we found important differences between selected and control samples. Sperm motility, viability (as assessed by carboxifluorescein diacetate/propidium iodide [PI] staining), and mitochondrial activity (as assessed by rhodamine 123/PI) were significantly higher in the selected samples than in the control. Additionally, following incubation at 15°C, the preservation of sperm quality was significantly better in the selected samples than in the control samples. After 6 hours of incubation at 15°C, selected samples had a motility value of 46%, which was significantly (P < .001) higher than the value observed in control samples (27%). The percentage of viable cells observed after 6 hours of incubation at 15°C was significantly (P < .0001) higher in selected samples than in the control samples. Furthermore, after 2 hours of incubation at 30°C, swim‐up samples had viability values that were significantly (P < .0001) higher than those of the control samples. SS+ and SS‐ samples did not differ significantly in spermatozoa yield, sperm quality, or survival. Differences between selected samples and controls were reflected in the fertilization rate obtained following intrauterine insemination in superovulated ewes that experienced a 52‐hour interval between progestagen removal and artificial insemination. A restricted criterion for fertilization rate evaluation was established, and only the percentage of embryos recovered from the uterine horns 6 days after insemination was considered with respect to the total number of corpora lutea counted in the ovaries. The fertilization rate of SS‐ samples (50%) was significantly higher (P > .001) than those of the SS+ (2%) and control samples (5%).
Recapitulation of Germ Cell‐ and Pituitary‐Specific Expression With 1.6 kb of the Cystatin‐Related Epididymal Spermatogenic (Cres) Gene Promoter in Transgenic Mice
Authors: Hsia Nelson , Brousal Jeffrey P. , Hann Stephen R. , Cornwall Gail A.
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: The Cres (cystatin‐related epididymal spermatogenic) gene encodes the defining member of a new subgroup within the family 2 cystatins of cysteine protease inhibitors. Cres expression is highly tissue‐ and cell‐specific, with messenger RNA (mRNA) present in the testicular round/elongating spermatids, proximal caput epididymal epithelium, gonadotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland, and corpus luteum of the ovary. To begin to elucidate the molecular mechanisms controlling the tissue‐ and cell‐specific expression of the Cres gene, transgenic mice were generated containing 1.6 kilobases (kb) of the mouse Cres promoter linked to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. A CAT enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay detected CAT protein in the testis, epididymis, isolated cauda epididymal spermatozoa, and anterior pituitary gland from mice heterozygous and homozygous for the transgene. However, reverse transcription (RT)‐PCR did not detect CAT mRNA in any regions of the epididymis, suggesting that the CAT protein detected in the epididymis was from spermatozoa. RT‐PCR also did not detect CAT mRNA in the ovary. RT‐PCR analysis of the testes from mice of different postnatal ages showed CAT mRNA first detected at day 22, which correlated with the first appearance of Cres mRNA and with the presence of round spermatids. These studies demonstrate that 1.6 kb of Cres promoter contains the DNA elements necessary for germ cell and pituitary gland‐specific expression but lacks critical sequences necessary for expression in the epididymis and ovary.
Overexpression of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Transgenic Mice Accelerates Testicular Germ Cell Apoptosis Induced by Experimental Cryptorchidism
Authors: Ishikawa Tomomoto , Kondo Yutaka , Goda Kazumasa , Fujisawa Masato
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT: Surgical induction of cryptorchidism in experimental animals causes testicular germ cell apoptosis and infertility. The mechanisms of germ cell apoptosis have been associated with oxidative stress or testicular exposure to elevated temperature. Nitric oxide (NO) has been associated with apoptosis in a number of cell types. The objective of this study was to investigate whether overexpression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) could accelerate apoptosis of germ cells in the testes of transgenic mice. There are 3 NOS isoforms, and we restricted the analysis to eNOS at this time. For the colocalization of eNOS, staining in degenerating germ cells that were apoptotic cells suggested that eNOS may be related to germ cell apoptosis. eNOS overexpression in the testes of eNOS transgenic (eNOS‐Tg) mice was examined using Western blot analysis. Unilateral cryptorchidism was surgically induced in both eNOS‐Tg and wild‐type (WT) adult mice. The testes were evaluated 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after the operation by weighing the testes and examining histopathologic features and cell apoptosis using in situ microscopic analysis of DNA fragmentation. Immunoblotting for eNOS protein demonstrated increases in eNOS protein expression in testes, as well as the lung and aorta. In eNOS‐Tg mice, weight reduction of cryptorchid testis was significantly increased on days 3, 5, and 7 (P = .02, .02, and .04, respectively). The numbers of spermatocytes and spermatids of eNOS‐Tg cryptorchid testis significantly decreased compared with those of WT cryptorchid testis from day 3 (spermatocytes: P = .04; spermatids: P = .02). Moreover, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP‐biotin nick end labeling demonstrated that eNOS‐Tg mice significantly accelerate germ cell apoptotic changes induced by experimental cryptorchidism compared with WT mice from day 3 (P = .03). We have provided evidence that eNOS plays a functional role in mouse spermatogenesis in cryptorchidism‐induced apoptosis.
Interview With Dr. Judith Miranti: A Servant Leader and Advocate for the Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling
Authors: Limberg Dodie , Shokouhi Angela
Published: December 2015

Dr. Judith Miranti has contributed over 40 years of service to the Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling (ASERVIC). The purpose of this article is to highlight and recognize a pioneer and influential leader of ASERVIC. The interview discusses Dr. Miranti's (a) historical knowledge and memories of the development of ASERVIC, (b) involvement in ASERVIC in various leadership roles and with others who influenced her, and (c) hope for the future of ASERVIC.
BRIEF REVIEWS OF SOME RECENT BOOKS
Authors: BREWER JOHN M.
Published: December 2015

Book reviews in this article:

Our Boys. By Howard G. Burdge.

Labor's Challenge to the Social Order. By John Graham Brooks.

Teaching Home Economics. By Anna M. Cooley and others.

Vocational Home‐making Education. Edited by David Snedden.

Women Professional Workers. By Elizabeth Kemper Adams.

Success Through Vocational Guidance. By James McKinney and A. M. Simons.

Preparing for the World's Work. By Isaac Doughton.
Spontaneous uterine cornual rupture at 26 weeks' gestation in an interstitial heterotopic pregnancy following in vitro fertilization
Authors: Paradise Courtney , Carlan S.J. , Holloman Conisha
Published: December 2015

Interstitial implantation in a heterotopic pregnancy is extremely rare, and despite currently available diagnostic modalities, early identification of an interstitial ectopic pregnancy remains difficult. This report describes a case of spontaneous cornual rupture at 26 weeks' gestation in a woman with diamniotic dichorionic twins that resulted in live births. The patient had previously undergone laparoscopic bilateral salpingectomy, and the pregnancy was conceived with in vitro fertilization. Interstitial implantation in a heterotopic pregnancy can go unrecognized, resulting in increased maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:322–325, 2016
TERRA mimicking ssRNAs prevail over the DNA substrate for telomerase in vitro due to interactions with the alternative binding site
Authors: Azhibek Dulat , Skvortsov Dmitry , Andreeva Anna , Zatsepin Timofei , Arutyunyan Alexandr , Zvereva Maria , Dontsova Olga
Published: December 2015

Telomerase is a key component of the telomere length maintenance system in the majority of eukaryotes. Telomerase displays maximal activity in stem and cancer cells with high proliferative potential. In humans, telomerase activity is regulated by various mechanisms, including the interaction with telomere ssDNA overhangs that contain a repetitive G‐rich sequence, and with noncoding RNA, Telomeric repeat‐containing RNA (TERRA), that contains the same sequence. So these nucleic acids can compete for telomerase RNA templates in the cell. In this study, we have investigated the ability of different model substrates mimicking telomere DNA overhangs and TERRA RNA to compete for telomerase in vitro through a previously developed telomerase inhibitor assay. We have shown in this study that RNA oligonucleotides are better competitors for telomerase that DNA ones as RNA also use an alternative binding site on telomerase, and the presence of 2′‐OH groups is significant in these interactions. In contrast to DNA, the possibility of forming intramolecular G‐quadruplex structures has a minor effect for RNA binding to telomerase. Taking together our data, we propose that TERRA RNA binds better to telomerase compared with its native substrate – the 3′‐end of telomere DNA overhang. As a result, some specific factor may exist that participates in switching telomerase from TERRA to the 3′‐end of DNA for telomere elongation at the distinct period of a cell cycle in vivo. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uncertainties in the simulation of precipitation in selected regions of humid and dry climate
Authors: Ring C. , Mannig B. , Pollinger F. , Paeth H.
Published: December 2015

Choices of adaption strategies to climate change are often based on the knowledge summarized in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Reports. For climate impact research, precipitation is of high relevance and often used as a criterion for climate model evaluation. Therefore, we assess simulated precipitation of 24 models of Phase 3 and 26 models of Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) of the latest Assessment Reports of the IPCC, altogether 149 individual simulations. These model simulations and the two multi‐model means are evaluated against five observational datasets from different sources over the late 20th century. Monthly, seasonal and annual means are analysed based on five selected study areas, leading to a comparative regional assessment of model quality. For the more recent CMIP ensemble mean, the overall bias has been reduced. Aside from some underestimation in summer and overestimation in winter in wet regions, there is still a considerable model bias (40–150% compared to observational data) especially in the arid areas of our study. None of the single models is superior in all five regions, although for all regions models can be identified that show excellent results. Additionally, the relationship between horizontal and vertical model resolution and the model bias is evaluated. Despite some tendencies, the results show no significant dependency of model performance on the range of resolution in CMIP3 and CMIP5. Thus, more sophisticated metrics have to be applied to construct subensembles which have higher skill and lower spread of simulated precipitation.
The Corporate Campaign: The Challenge Continues
Authors: DeMaria Alfred T.
Published: December 2015

A corporate campaign is the most aggressive initiative carried out by the labor movement. It is a comprehensive strategy targeting an employer or entire industry through legal action, economic tactics, public relations attacks, community organizing, and political warfare. These campaigns have often succeeded in compelling targeted employers to recognize unions without benefit of a traditional National Labor Relations Board election.
Thermal conductive composites based on silver‐plating graphite nanosheet and epoxy polymer
Authors: Xie Fan , Qi Shu‐Hua , Wu Dong
Published: December 2015

Silver plating graphite nanosheet (Ag‐NanoG) prepared by electroless plating method with expanded graphite as starting material is an effective approach to increase thermal conductivity of the filler. Herein, a novel thermal conductive composite was prepared by using Ag‐NanoG as thermal conductive filler and epoxy resin as the polymer matrix. The microstructures of NanoG and Ag‐NanoG were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction and then the thermal conductivity, impact strength, and thermal stability of the composite were investigated. The results showed that the Ag‐NanoG was successfully obtained and it can be homogeneously dispersed in the epoxy resin. The thermal conductivity of composite increased from 0.328 to 1.847 W/m K with 4 wt% Ag‐NanoG filler content. Moreover, the composite exhibited excellent thermal stability and mechanical property. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:2822–2828, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation of polypropylene‐based nanocomposites using nanosized MCM‐41 as support and in situ polymerization
Authors: González Darío M , Quijada Raúl , Yazdani‐Pedram Mehrdad , Lourenço Joao Paulo , Ribeiro M Rosario
Published: December 2015

MCM‐41 nanoparticles were used for preparing nanocomposites through the in situ polymerization of propylene. The performance of the catalytic system and the final properties of the materials obtained are highly dependent on the methodology used for impregnation of the catalyst onto the support particles, and therefore an optimization study for the impregnation methodology of the catalyst (Me2Si(Ind)2ZrCl2) was carried out. Two different methodologies were used; the results in terms of catalytic activity and polymer molecular masses indicated that the most promising one involved the pre‐activation of the catalyst with the cocatalyst, methylaluminoxane, followed by impregnation onto the MCM‐41 nanoparticles. Thus, an optimized route for the preparation of polypropylene nanocomposites achieving significant improvements in catalyst activity was developed. The nanocomposite materials were characterized by GPC, TGA and DSC. The dispersion state and the size of the nanoparticles incorporated in the polypropylene matrix were investigated by transmission electron microcopy. Additionally, this methodology allows simultaneous control of the desired amount of support and the concentration of catalyst to be used in the in situ polymerization. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
The Raman spectra of α‐ and β‐trithioacetaldehyde and of monothioparaldehyde
Authors: Gerding H. , Karsten J. G. A.
Published: December 2015

The Raman spectra of solutions of α‐trithioacetaldehyde (m.p. 101°), β‐trithioacetaldehyde (m.p. 126°) and monothioparaldehyde (m.p. 54°) in carbon tetrachloride have been determined.

The results in the case of the two trithioacetaldehydes make it probable, that the β‐form possesses the cis‐configuration, in agreement with the conclusion of Chattaway and Kellett, derived from chemical evidence.
The infra‐red absorption spectra of acetaldehyde, paraldehyde, α‐ and β‐trithioacetaldehyde
Authors: Gerding H. , Lecomte J.
Published: December 2015

The infra‐red absorption spectra of gaseous and liquid acetaldehyde (region 7‐14 μ); liquid paraldehyde (7‐20 μ); solid α‐ and β‐trithioacetaldehyde (7‐14 μ) and solutions of these compounds in CS2 (7‐20 μ) have been determined.

A discussion of the vibrations belonging to the frequencies found for acetaldehyde is given.

It follows by comparison of the Raman spectrum with the infra‐red absorption spectrum, that the molecule of paraldehyde in the liquid state is not plane. The number of vibrations active in infra‐red absorption and in the Raman effect has been derived for a cis‐configuration (with the three methyl‐groups on the same side of the ring, probable symmetry C3v) and a trans‐configuration (one of the methyl‐groups is on the opposite side of the ring, probable symmetry Ca), separating the modes of vibration of the molecule into those characteristic of the C3O3‐ring, the methyl groups etc.

The supposition, that in liquid paraldehyde an inner equilibrium between cis‐ and trans‐molecules exists, with the cis‐form preponderating, seems the more probable one. In absence of a complete set of polarization measurements for the Raman lines of paraldehyde, no definite choice can be made.

The molecules, of α‐ and β‐trithioacetaldehyde also possess “staggered” rings. The evidence from the Raman effect and from infra‐red absorption is in favour of ascribing to the β‐form the cis‐configuration, in agreement with the conclusion drawn by Chattaway and Kellett from their experiments on the oxidation of these compounds.

The correspondence of the spectra of paraldehyde and the two forms of trithioacetaldehyde in the region from 2600‐3100 cm−1 is good, proving the reliability of the separation ‐ to a first approximation ‐ of the vibrations of these molecules as a whole, into those of the ring, the methyl‐groups etc.
Melanin and its precursors I
Authors: Veer W. L. C.
Published: December 2015

According to Raper's hypothesis, the quinone of 5:6‐dihydroxy‐2:3‐dihydroindole‐2‐carboxylic acid is the red coloured precursor of melanin, obtained by the oxidation of tyrosine with tyrosinase. This paper deals with some derivatives of this “red substance”, the structure of which is still unknown, with phenylhydrazine and substituted phenylhydrazines. No reaction products could be isolated, however, with hydroxylamine, or with semicarbazide. In connection with observations of Jacobs and of Breijer attention is drawn to the fact, that the “red substance” may be of importance as an anti‐pernicious principle and that premelanin of the skin‐epidermis possibly plays a rôle in blood formation.
Die Mikrogasschnellanalyse von Edelgas‐Stickstoffmischungen
Authors: van Liempt J. A. M. , van Wijk W.
Published: December 2015

Beschreibung einer Apparatur, mit welcher in 10 Minuten die Mikro‐Analyse von Edelgas‐Stickstoffmischungen durchgeführt werden kann.

Beschreibung einer Apparatur, mit der die Mikrogasanalyse von Edelgas‐Stickstoffmischungen in 10 Minuten durchführbar ist. Die Absorption des Stickstoffs wird mit Hilfe flüssigen Lithiums durchgeführt. Genauigkeit ± 0.2% N2. Minimalgasmenge etwa 1 cm3 (1 at).
De la Préparation de Quelques 2‐Sulfanilamido‐Thiazoles et ‐Sélénazoles
Authors: Backer H. J. , de Jonge J.
Published: December 2015

Le présent mémoire décrit la préparation des sulfanilamides qui dérivent de plusieurs 2‐aminothiazoles ayant des groupes alkyle et carboxyle en positions 4 ou 4 et 5.

Désireux d'avoir des représentants des dérivés du sélénazole, les auteurs ont étudié deux 2‐sulfanilamido‐4‐alkylsélénazoles.

Finalement a été préparé l'acide p‐sulfanilamidobenzène‐arsonique. Une partie des nouveaux composés a été examinée du point de vue chimiothérapeutique.
The Raman spectrum and the molecular structure of phosphorus oxybromide
Authors: Gerding H. , van Driel M.
Published: December 2015

The compound phosphorus oxybromide was prepared by the reaction of phosphorus pentabromide with phosphorus pentoxide at a high temperature. The Raman spectrum of liquid phosphorus oxybromide was determined and the polarization of the Raman lines measured. The symmetry of the molecule is that of the point group C3v. An estimate of the force constants of the molecule is given.
The UV absorption and He1and He11photoelectron spectra of some (E)‐ and (Z)‐α‐oxo oximeO‐methyl ethers and related compounds
Authors: Buys Theo. S. V. , Cerfontain Hans , Stunnenberg Frank , Louwen Jaap N.
Published: December 2015

The He1and He11photoelectron spectra, as well as the UV absorption spectra, of a series of α‐oxo oximeO‐methyl ethers have been measured and assigned with the help a qualitative molecular orbital model, including through‐bond and through‐space interaction between lone‐pair‐type orbitals on the separate chromophore moieties. The observed dependence of the UV absorption frequency of both then→ π* and π → π* transitions on the intercarbonyl‐iminyl dihedral angle Φ is explained in terms of the angular dependence of occupied and unoccupied molecular orbitals.
Contrasting behaviour of (E)‐3‐(trimethylsilyl)‐ and (E)‐3‐phenylpropenoic acids towards n ‐butyl‐ and tert‐butyllithium
Authors: Kruithof K. J. H. , Mateboer A. , Schakel M. , Klumpp G. W.
Published: December 2015

The title compounds 2 and 9 react with tert‐butyllithium to give considerable amounts of ‘anti‐Michael’ adducts 3 and 10, respectively, in which the tert‐butyl group is bonded to C‐2.

A single‐electron‐transfer (SET) mechanism is proposed for these reactions. Both compounds behave as Michael acceptors towards n‐butyllithium.
Vapour‐phase chemistry of arenes. Part XII. Reaction of chlorobenzene and derivatives with hydroxyl radicals at approx. 290°C. Hydroxy‐dechlorination
Authors: Mulder Peter , Louw Robert
Published: December 2015

Hydroxy‐dechlorination, \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm ZC}_6 {\rm H}_4 {\rm Cl} + ^ \bullet{\rm OH}\xrightarrow{{(9)}}{\rm ZC}_6 {\rm H}_4 {\rm OH} + {\rm Cl}^ \bullet $\end{document} is advanced as a straightforward process enabling measurement of structural effects on rates of addition of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ ^ \bullet {\rm OH} $\end{document} to substituted benzenes. Hydroxyl radicals were generated from tert‐butyl hydroperoxide. Under the conditions employed (gas phase, 290°C), reaction (9) with chlorobenzene is 0.3 times as fast as H abstraction to give o/m/p‐\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm ClC}_6 {\rm H}_4 ^ \bullet $\end{document} radicals. Analogous ipso substitution of methyl was not observed; with p‐chlorotoluene, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ ^ \bullet {\rm OH} $\end{document} forms \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm ClC}_6 {\rm H}_4 {\rm CH}_2 ^ \bullet $\end{document} at least 30 times faster than it gives reaction (9); with o‐ and p‐ClC6H4CF3 (2c), both reaction 9 and displacement of CF3 to give ClC6H4OH (reaction 12) occur, the latter ipso substitution being ca. 19 times faster with o‐ than with p‐2c. A thermokinetic rationale is given, for what is apparently a steric effect. Site selectivities for reaction (9), expressed as isomer distribution o/m/p, are: 55/25/20 for Z = Cl and 54/31/15 for Z = Me at 290°C.
Crystal Structure Determination of 8‐(16‐hydroxy‐16‐methylpropyl)‐7,8,14,14a ‐tetrahydro‐pyrrolidino‐[1,2‐c]piperazino‐[1′, 6′‐2,3]‐β‐carboline ‐(5aHα, 8Hβ,14aHα)‐1,6‐dione, C21H25N3O3
Authors: Behm Helmut , Beurskens Paul T. , Plate Ralf , Ottenheijm Harry C. J.
Published: December 2015

The structure of the title compound, C21H25N3O3, was determined by X‐ray analysis. Mr=367.45; orthorhombic; Space group: P21212121; Z=4; a=10.3727 (7), b=11.7659(20), c=15.4711(17) Å, V=1888.16 Å3, D =1.29 Mg/m3. CuKα radiation, graphite crystal monochromator, γ;=1.5418, μ(CuKα)=6.70 cm−1, F(000)=784.00, T=290°K. Final conventional R‐factor=0.0364, RW=0.0396 for 3435 unique reflections and 345 variables. The structure was solved with MULTAN. The absolute configuration was determined.
Reaction of pivaloyl chloride with internucleosidic h‐phosphonate diesters
Authors: Kuyl‐Yeheskiely E. , Spierenburg M. , Tromp M. , van der Marel G. A. , van Boom J. H. , van den Elst H.
Published: December 2015

The coupling reagent pivaloyl chloride reacts slowly with an internucleosidic H‐phosphonate function to afford the corresponding acylphosphonate derivative.
An approach to the preparation of glycosyl phosphates using salicylchlorophosphite as the phosphitylating reagent
Authors: Hermans J. P. G. , de Vroom E. , Elie C. J. J. , van der Marel G. A. , van Boom J. H.
Published: December 2015

The reagent 2‐chloro‐5,6‐benzo‐1,3,2‐dioxaphosphin‐4‐one proved to be suitable for the preparation of an anomerically (α) pure hydrogenphosphonate as well as a phosphite‐triester. The former could be applied for the formation of an interglycosidic hydrogenphosphonate linkage.
Consider creative approaches to balancing family with career
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: December 2015

ORLANDO, FLA. — Finding the right balance between family and work certainly has its challenges for any parent. But that juggle becomes even more challenging when you have a career in higher education, with its long hours and events that often overlap into nights and weekends. It's further complicated if you're a single parent or if your career takes you far from the support of extended family.
Beiträge zur analytischen Chemie des Rheniums. V. Die Abtrennung des Rheniums durch Destillation mit Chlorwasserstoff
Authors: Geilmann W. , Weibke F.
Published: December 2015

Rhenium läßt sich durch Destillation mit Chlorwasserstoff aus schwefelsaurer Lösung verflüchtigen und im Destillat quantitativ bestimmen.
Über das System HgCl2PbCl2
Authors: Driel M.
Published: December 2015

Das System HgCl2‐PbCl2 wurde untersucht. Zwischen 6 und 44 Mol‐% PbCl2 findet in der flüssigen Phase Entmischung statt.
Zur Kenntnis der Alkalisalze der Kobalticyanwasserstoffsäure
Authors: Meyer Julius , Chao Pieying
Published: December 2015

Es wurden die bisher unbekannten kobalticyanwasserstoffsauren Salze Li3Co(CN), ·6 H2O, Rb3Co( CN)6 und Cs3Co(CN), dargestellt und untersucht.
Röntgenuntersuchung von Kobalt–Wolframlegierungen
Authors: Magneli Arne , Westgren A.
Published: December 2015

In CoW‐Legierungen treten die Phasen Co3 W und Co7 W6 auf.
The Roy Adaptation Model in Action
Authors: Akinsanya Justus , Cox Greg , Crouch Carol , Fletcher Lucy
Published: December 2015

This book is part of the Nursing Models in Action Series, which provides in-depth theory and practical applications of the major nursing models. Roys Model allows nurses to examine both physiological and psychosocial issues related to the patients and their care. By confronting the way that individuals react to stress, nurses using Roys Model can achieve a holistic assessment and resulting quality of care. This book will provide the reader with a clear, easily understood review of the adaptation model and its application in practice. The authors of this book are all experienced teachers, who provide invaluable information on how to overcome conceptual and practical problems in the use of the model, using examples from their clinical experiences.
Treatment of resectable intrathoracic sarcomas: a single institution experience over twenty years
Authors: Rainey David , Berriochoa Jacob , Korpak Anna , Zeng Jing , Loggers Elizabeth T. , Jones Robin L. , Patel Shilpen
Published: December 2015

Background

There are very few published data on the management of primary intrathoracic sarcoma, defined as sarcomas arising from the lung, pleura, and mediastinum, excluding the chest wall. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of patients with intrathoracic sarcoma treated at an academic referral center over a 21-year period.

Methods

A retrospective search was performed to identify patients with intrathoracic sarcomas treated with surgical resection from January 1990 to November 2011 at the University of Washington Medical Center. Local control and overall survival were analyzed in relation to the treatment received.

Results

Thirty-five patients were identified. Hazard ratios for local control, adjusted for tumor margin status, at 5 years were 0.74 (95 % CI [0.21, 2.58]) for the addition of chemotherapy (CT) to surgery, 0.57 (95 % CI [0.15, 2.23]) with the addition of (radiation therapy) RT, and 0.50 (95 % CI [0.06, 4.03]) with the addition of both CT and RT. At 7 years, the ratios for local control were 0.69 (95 % CI [0.20, 2.36]) for CT added to surgery, 0.58 (95 % CI [0.15, 2.27]) for RT, and 0.41 (95 % CI [0.05, 3.33]) with the addition of both CT and RT. Hazard ratios for overall survival, adjusted for sarcoma stage, at 5 years were 0.61 (95 % CI [0.16, 2.39]) for the addition of CT to surgery, 1.03 (95 % CI [0.26, 4.08]) for the addition of RT, and 0.54 (95 % CI [0.11, 2.69]) for the addition of both CT and RT. The 7-year hazard ratios for overall survival were 0.77 (95 % CI [0.23, 2.60]) for CT added to surgery, 0.99 (95 % CI [0.25, 3.84]) for the addition of RT, and 0.42 (95 % CI [0.09, 2.05]) for both CT and RT with surgery. At 10 years, hazard ratios for overall survival were 0.71 (95 % CI [0.21, 2.38]) for added CT, 0.81 (95 % CI [0.21, 3.08]) for added RT, and 0.33 (95 % CI [0.07, 1.65]) for the addition of both CT and RT to surgery.

Conclusions

Our series is the largest published study of intrathoracic sarcoma which focuses on the survival benefit of adding RT, chemotherapy or both to surgery in resectable intrathoracic sarcoma. Our data suggest a potential benefit in local control and survival from adjuvant therapy, with the greatest benefit likely to come from combined CT and RT, though none of the results achieved statistical significance. As intrathoracic sarcomas are rare and histologically heterogeneous, larger collaborative studies are necessary to determine treatment efficacy and elucidate which histologic subtypes are likely to benefit most from adjuvant therapy.
Shopping to and fro: Ideomotor compatibility of arm posture and product choice
Authors: Streicher Mathias C. , Estes Zachary
Published: December 2015

Consumption often requires flexing arms toward the body and merely inducing such activities has been shown to influence consumption. In three studies we show that the consumption effects from lateral arm movements arise from the fit between cognitions and motor activity. When a shopping situation conceptualizes product acquisition as movement away from the body the effects from priming arm flexion and extension are reversed. The findings prefer an ideomotor compatibility account rather than suggesting hardwired and unmalleable association between arm posture and consumption. The implications of these results for ideomotor research and management practice are discussed.
The Current State of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Education in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Residency Programs
Authors: Siddiqui Imran J. , Luz Jennifer , Borg‐Stein Joanne , O'Connor Kevin , Bockbrader Marcia , Rainey Heather , Way David , Colachis Sam , Bahner David P. , Kohler Minna J.
Published: December 2015

Background

Exposure to musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) is now a mandatory component of physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) residency training. However, reports on the extent of the implementation and efficacy of MSUS education are lacking in the literature.

Objective

To determine the extent to which PM&R residencies are implementing MSUS education.

Design

Cross‐sectional.

Setting

Institutional.

Participants

Thirty‐six of the 78 United States PM&R residency programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education.

Methods

All 78 programs were solicited with an online survey via the residency program director and coordinator in July 2014. The 25 questions on the survey were aimed at determining program MSUS educational characteristics and their effectiveness.

Main Outcome Measures

Description of teaching methods used for MSUS, residency demographics, characteristics of MSUS faculty expertise, and faculty‐perceived competency in MSUS examinations and procedures among residents. Data were analyzed using both descriptive statistics and tests for independence to identify correlations between program characteristics and resident MSUS competency.

Results

A response was received from 36 of the 78 residency programs (46.2%). Of the 36 residency programs that responded, 97.2% provide exposure to MSUS (a figure that drops to 44.9% when nonrespondents are included); 61% had mandatory MSUS training (28.2% when including nonrespondents); and 44.4% had a formal curriculum (20.5% when including nonrespondents). The most common MSUS educational tools used were lecture (88.9%), outpatient clinic (86.1%), and hands‐on workshops (86.1%). Sixty‐one percent of responding programs evaluate residents with formal assessment tools. Overall, faculty at 38.8% and 44.4% of programs believed that at least 50% of residents who graduate are competent in diagnostic and interventional MSUS, respectively. These rates were significantly associated with the use of formal assessment.

Conclusion

MSUS education is growing in PM&R, but many programs still have not adopted a formal educational curriculum. Formal assessment to evaluate resident MSUS skills significantly improves faculty‐perceived MSUS competency.
Isotropic polarization of compressible flows
Authors: Zhu Jian-Zhou
Published: December 2015

The helical absolute equilibrium of a compressible adiabatic flow presents not only polarization between two purely helical modes of opposite chiralities but also that between vortical and acoustic modes, deviating from the equipartition predicted by Kraichnan (J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 27, 1955, pp. 438–441). Owing to the existence of the acoustic mode, even if all the Fourier modes of one chiral sector in the sharpened Helmholtz decomposition (Moses, SIAM J. Appl. Maths, vol. 21, 1971, pp. 114–130) are thoroughly truncated, leaving the system with positive-definite helicity and energy, negative temperature and the corresponding large-scale concentration of vortical modes are not allowed, unlike in the incompressible case.
Mixed-membership of experts stochastic blockmodel
Authors: WHITE ARTHUR , MURPHY THOMAS BRENDAN
Published: December 2015

Social network analysis is the study of how links between a set of actors are formed. Typically, it is believed that links are formed in a structured manner, which may be due to, for example, political or material incentives, and which often may not be directly observable. The stochastic blockmodel represents this structure using latent groups which exhibit different connective properties, so that conditional on the group membership of two actors, the probability of a link being formed between them is represented by a connectivity matrix. The mixed membership stochastic blockmodel extends this model to allow actors membership to different groups, depending on the interaction in question, providing further flexibility.

Attribute information can also play an important role in explaining network formation. Network models which do not explicitly incorporate covariate information require the analyst to compare fitted network models to additional attributes in a post-hoc manner. We introduce the mixed membership of experts stochastic blockmodel, an extension to the mixed membership stochastic blockmodel which incorporates covariate actor information into the existing model. The method is illustrated with application to the Lazega Lawyers dataset. Model and variable selection methods are also discussed.
The royal New Wave
Authors: Hands Karen
Published: December 2015

When Aubrey Mellor returned to Brisbane in 1988 to become the second artistic director of Queensland Theatre Company (QTC), the company had been under the direction of a British-born and trained director since its formation in 1969. QTC was part of the national state theatre company network established as a result of postwar cultural planning. The network was charged with promoting national drama and producing theatre to a high artistic standard, but this objective imposed very specific constraints around the companies’ programming. This was particularly observable at QTC: the company had been culturally and geographically distant from the New Wave movement that emerged in Sydney and Melbourne between 1968 and 1981. Mellor brought his experience of working in key institutions during this movement to QTC where he pursued a personal mission to develop Australian playwriting. During his five-year leadership he transitioned the artistic identity of the company to a more contemporary artistic framework.
Exhibition: 'Distant lines: Queensland voices of the First World War', State Library of Queensland, April to November 2015
Authors: Hogg Robert
Published: December 2015

Distant lines: Queensland voices of the First World War, State Library of Queensland, April to November 2015
The city as archive
Authors: Osborne Roger
Published: December 2015

In this article, I reflect on my creation of a digital map that plots locations from David Malouf’s fiction and non-fiction. I consider the vestiges of David Malouf’s past — particularly his grandparents’ fruit shop and its relationship to his spiritual home at 12 Edmondstone Street — and I demonstrate how Malouf’s words leave traces of his experience at these locations. Recognition of these traces requires alertness to the ways in which the past is communicated through historical registers, maps and literature. Our recognition is enhanced through a deliberate evocation of the past in our own experience of the city. My map, ‘David Malouf’s Brisbane’, helps this to occur.
Framing Immigration in the Canadian and British News Media
Authors: Lawlor Andrea
Published: December 2015

Despite an extensive dialogue on the subject of immigration, there has been little systematic cross-national investigation into the framing of immigration in the news media. Understanding the evolution of frames is an important piece of how we conceive of the link between the public's political priorities and policy makers’ responses. While the multi-directional relationships that exist between media, public policy and public opinion often pose challenges to precisely extracting media effects, there is still much that can be said about how the content and tone of immigration frames change over time in response to major policy changes or focusing events. Using automated content analysis (ACA) of print news data from Canada and Britain, I examine immigration framing from 1999 to 2013, identifying immigration-related frames in print news coverage and identifying trends in the volume and tone of frames over time. Results offer insight into striking commonalities in the frames used by each country's print media, and the divergent evolution in the emphasis on certain frames over others, largely predicated on coverage of focusing events.
Between Heimat and Schubsystem: Walking the Homeless to Death in Early Modern Austria
Authors: Rebel Hermann
Published: December 2015

Beginning with Ferdinand I's Polizeyordnung of 1552, the Habsburgs’ state inserted itself into the regulation of welfare for the poor. To manage the homeless, there emerged after the 1720s a state-driven but locally administered system (Schubsystem) of police surveillance to discover, arrest, and physically remove those without a provable birth place (or a ten-year residence in one place) to a to-be-determined Heimat, a “home” community declared responsible for their welfare. In practice, the system's specific self-contradictions and conflicted agendas, its brutalization of those who served it, its several social-relational and language figures that emerged as the actualizations of the state's vision, together placed a significant number of the homeless on forced marches toward indeterminate destinations until they collapsed and could be removed from the road to die “in the straw.” The essay suggests that the interplay between Heimat and Schubsystem serves as a foreshadowing dimension in modern Austro-German history.
From the Field to the Classroom: The Boll Weevil's Impact on Education in Rural Georgia
Authors: Baker Richard B.
Published: December 2015

I examine how production of a child labor–intensive crop (cotton) affected schooling in the early twentieth-century American South. Because cotton production may be endogenous, presence of an agricultural pest (the boll weevil) is employed as an instrument. Using newly collected county-level data for Georgia, I find a 10 percent reduction in cotton caused a 2 percent increase in black enrollment rate, but had little effect on white enrollment. The shift away from cotton following the boll weevil's arrival explains 30 percent of the narrowing of the racial differential in enrollment rates between 1914 and 1929.
What Do We Really Know about Protection before the Great Depression: Evidence from Italy
Authors: Federico Giovanni , Vasta Michelangelo
Published: December 2015

The impact of protection on economic growth has enjoyed a revival in recent times, with the publication of a number of comparative quantitative papers. They all share a common weakness: they measure protection as the ratio of custom revenues to import value, which biases results if demand for imports is not perfectly inelastic. In this article, we show that the measure of protection matters. We estimate the James Anderson and Peter Neary (2005) Trade Restrictiveness Index for Italy from unification to the Great Depression. We suggest a different interpretation of some key moments of Italian trade policy and we show that the aggregate welfare losses were small in the long run and mostly related to protection on sugar in the 1880s and 1890s. We document that using different measures of protection affects results of the causal relation between trade policy on economic growth in Italy and in the United States. Accordingly, we argue that a systematic re-estimating of protection in the economic history of trade policy is needed.
Comparing generativist and constructivist accounts of the use of the past tense form in early child Japanese
Authors: TATSUMI TOMOKO , PINE JULIAN M.
Published: December 2015

The present study investigated children's early use of verb inflection in Japanese by comparing a generativist account, which predicts that the past tense will have a special default-like status for the child during the early stages, with a constructivist input-driven account, which assumes that children's acquisition and use of inflectional forms reflects verb-specific distributional patterns in their input. Analysis of naturalistic data from four Japanese children aged 1;5 to 2;10 showed that there was substantial by-verb variation in the use of inflectional forms from the earliest stages of verb use, and no general preference for past tense forms. Correlational and partial correlational analyses showed that it was possible to predict the proportional frequency with which the child produced verbs in past tense versus other inflectional forms on the basis of differences in the proportional frequency with which the verb occurred in past tense form in the child's input, even after controlling for differences in the rate at which verbs occurred in past tense form in input averaged across the caregivers of the other children in the sample. When taken together, these results count against the idea that the past tense has a special default-like status in early child Japanese, and in favour of a constructivist input-driven account of children's early use of verb inflection.
Stress echocardiography in paediatrics: implications for the evaluation of anomalous aortic origin of the coronary arteries
Authors: Thompson W. Reid
Published: December 2015

Stress echocardiography in paediatrics is used to evaluate pre- and post-operative coronary artery conditions, as well as to gain haemodynamic information for a variety of diagnoses, although evidence regarding sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value is lacking. This review will consider the available literature with a focus on anomalous aortic origin of the coronary arteries and discuss a practical approach to test selection and use.
Pulmonary vasodilator therapy in the failing Fontan circulation: rationale and efficacy
Authors: Snarr Brian S. , Paridon Stephen M. , Rychik Jack , Goldberg David J.
Published: December 2015

The Fontan operation is the final step of palliation for patients with a functionally single ventricle. Since its introduction in the 1970s, the Fontan surgery has become part of a successful surgical strategy that has improved single ventricle mortality. In recent years, we have become more aware of the limitations and long-term consequences of the Fontan physiology. Pulmonary vascular resistance plays an important role in total cavopulmonary circulation, and has been identified as a potential therapeutic target to mitigate Fontan sequelae. In this review, we will discuss the results of different pulmonary vasodilator trials and the use of pulmonary vasodilators as a treatment strategy for Fontan patients.