bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Luminescent Extended One‐Dimensional Heterobimetallic Chain Compounds with Relativistic Metal‐Metal Bonds. Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Spectroscopic Studies of AuTl(MTP)2 and Au2Pb(MTP)4 (MTP: (CH2P(S)Ph2)‐).
Authors: WANG S. , GARZON G. , KING C. , WANG J.‐C. , FACKLER J. P. JUN.
Published: May 2016

The title complexes (III) and (V) form linear chain polymers with short metal‐metal separations in the solid state.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation Chemistry of Ruthenium‐Salen Complexes.
Authors: LEUNG W.‐H. , CHE C.‐M.
Published: May 2016

Syntheses of a series of new title complexes are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure of Dirhodium Compounds Featuring an End‐On‐Bridging Ditellurium.
Authors: DI VAIRA M. , PERUZZINI M. , STOPPIONI P.
Published: May 2016

Polytellurides, prepared easily by reduction of Te in aprotic solvents, react with a solution of a Rh complex with the ligand (II), generated in situ, to give (IV) as its THF monosolvate, crystallizing in P21/n with Z=2.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Properties of the Nitrido‐Bridged Osmium(IV) Binuclear Complexes (OsIV 2N(NH3)10‐nCln)Cl5‐n (n = 2, 3).
Authors: KIM S.‐H. , MOYER B. A. , AZAN S. , BROWN G. M. , OLINS A. L. , ALLISON D. P.
Published: May 2016

The title complexes are obtained by ammonolysis of hexachloroosmate(IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Coupling of a 2‐Oxacyclopentylidene and a Phosphonium Ylide Ligand at Platinum. Migratory Insertion of a Fischer Carbene into a Metal Alkyl Bond.
Authors: HOOVER J. F. , STRYKER J. M.
Published: May 2016

The reactivity of the phosphonium ylide ligand in the Pt(II) complex (III) is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Steroids. Part 348. Synthesis of Brassino Steroids with a Five Carbon Atom Ester Functionality in Position 17.
Authors: KOHOUT L.
Published: May 2016

Androstane analogues (V)‐(VIII) of the hormone brassinolide are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Insecticidal Cyclodepsipeptides from Metarhizium anisopliae.
Authors: GUPTA S. , ROBERTS D. W. , RENWICK J. A. A.
Published: May 2016

Bioassay‐guided fractionation of the culture broth of Metarhizium anisopliae results in the isolation of 10 insecticidal cyclodepsipeptides, the destruxins.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis and Structural Analysis of 5‐O‐Benzoyl‐2,3‐dideoxy‐3‐fluoro‐α,β‐D‐ribofuranose and ‐xylofuranose from Homochiral 1‐Fluoro‐3‐sulfinylacetone.
Authors: BRAVO P. , PIOVOSI E. , RESNATI G. , FRONZA G.
Published: May 2016

Alkylation of the homochiral 1‐fluoro‐3‐sulfinylacetone (I) with allyl bromide (II) yields the epimeric products (III) which are reduced with di(isobutyl)aluminum hydride to produce the diastereomeric alcohols (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Methyl 2,6‐Dideoxy‐4‐thio‐α‐D‐ribo‐hexopyranoside, a New Thio Sugar Found in Calichemicins.
Authors: VAN LAAK K. , SCHARF H.‐D.
Published: May 2016

The thionocarbonate (III), prepared from the dideoxypyranose (I), is treated with tributylstannane and AIBN to form the isomeric thiolocarbonates (IV) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Photooxygenation of Polyhydroxyalkyl‐ and Glycosylfurans: 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of the Products.
Authors: ROBLES DIAZ R. , GARCIA CALVO‐FLORES F. , ALVAREZ GUARDIA L. , LOPEZ APARICIO F. J.
Published: May 2016

The furan derivatives (I) are transformed into the unsaturated tricarbonyl compounds (III) and (IV) via the endoperoxides (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Reactivity of D‐Ribofuranosylpyrimidine Homo‐C‐Nucleosides Halogenated on the Bridge C‐Atom.
Authors: LOPEZ HERRERA F. J. , PINO GONZALEZ M. S. , PABON AGUAS R.
Published: May 2016

The known reaction of the ribofuranose (I) with the ylide (II) to give the products (III) and (IV) is repeated in order to reinvestigate the structures of the homo‐C‐nucleoside (III) and some of its analogues, which are of interest as intermediates in the synthesis of C‐nucleosides.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselectivities in the Coupling Reactions Between 2‐Deoxyribose Derivative and Silylated Adenine.
Authors: KAWAKAMI H. , MATSUSHITA H. , SHIBAGAKI M. , NAOI Y. , ITOH K. , YOSHIKOSHI H.
Published: May 2016

The coupling of the chloro sugar (I) with the disilylated adenine (II) is performed in various solvents and in some cases in the presence of additives.
ChemInform Abstract: Total and Stereospecific Synthesis of Cadeguomycin, 2′‐Deoxycadeguomycin, ara‐Cadeguomycin, and Certain Related Nucleosides.
Authors: RAMASAMY K. , JOSHI R. V. , ROBINS R. K. , REVANKAR G. R.
Published: May 2016

The novel aglycones (VII) and (XIV) are used for the preparation of cadeguomycin (IX), ara‐cadeguomycin (XI) and 2‐deoxycadeguomycin (XIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Benzimidazolyl Derivatives of Penicillin and Cephalosporin.
Authors: KOTOVSKAYA S. K. , MOKRUSHINA G. A. , SUETINA T. A. , CHUPAKHIN O. N. , ZINCHENKO E. YA. , LESOVAYA Z. I. , MEZENTSEV A. S. , CHERNYSHOV A. I. , SAMOILOVA L. N.
Published: May 2016

The amino(phenyl)acetylaminocephalosporanic acid (I) is coupled with the benzimidazolecarboxylic chlorides (II), obtained in situ from the corresponding acids, to give the cephalosporins (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Chemistry of cyclo‐Hexaphosphates. Part 5. Structure of Cadmium Sodium cyclo‐Hexaphosphate Tetradecahydrate.
Authors: AVERBUCH‐POUCHOT M. T.
Published: May 2016

Cd2Na2P6O18·14 H2O, the second example of a hydrated monovalent divalent cyclo‐hexaphosphate, is prepared by room‐temp.
ChemInform Abstract: Room‐Temperature Structure of Diaquaoctafluorocopper(II)diiron(III).
Authors: LEBLANC M. , FEREY G.
Published: May 2016

CuFe2F8(H2O)2, grown hydrothermally from CuF2 and FeF3 in 40% HF, 5 M NaF solution at 743 K and 185 MPa (NaF:CuF2:FeF3 = 1:1:2), belongs to the monoclinic space group C2/c, Z=4.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Range Viscosity of Quenched Bi‐Ca‐Sr‐Cu‐O Glasses with Several Additives.
Authors: TATSUMISAGO M. , ANGELL C. A. , TOHGE N. , MINAMI T.
Published: May 2016

Bi‐Ca‐Sr‐Cu‐O glasses containing Li2O, Na2O, or PbO as additives are prepared by using Bi(NO3)3·5 H2O, Ca(NO3)2·4 H2O, Sr(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2·3 H2O, LiNO3, NaNO3, and Pb(NO3)2 as the starting materials and glass‐transition and crystallization temp. as well as transition‐range viscosities are measured.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochromic and Electrochromic Properties of MoO3 Thin Films.
Authors: YAO J. N. , LOO B. H. , FUJISHIMA A.
Published: May 2016

It is demonstrated that the photochromic response of vacuum‐evaporated MoO3 thin films subjected to UV irradiation strongly depends on the chemical environment.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Growth and Photoelectrochemical Characterization of Cd4MSe6 (M: Si or Ge).
Authors: MANIVANNAN A. , FUJISHIMA A. , ARAVAMUDAN G. , RAO G. V. S.
Published: May 2016

Single crystals of the title compounds are prepared from the elements by chemical vapor transport using I2 as transportation agent.
ChemInform Abstract: Estimation of Heats of Formation of Boron Hydrides from ab initio Energies.
Authors: MCKEE M. L.
Published: May 2016

From the calculated relative energies (MP2/6‐31G*//3‐21G) and the experimental heats of formation for H2 in the thermochemical reaction BH3 → boron hydrides + H2 and the adjusted heat of formation of BH3, the heats of formation are predicted for several boron hydrides up to B10H14.
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of Heating on the Surface Acidity and Particle Distribution of Silicon Nitride Powder.
Authors: ZHANG‐BOQUET Y. , BERNACHE‐ASSOLANT D. , PIEKARSKI S.
Published: May 2016

Heating of Si3N4 powders between 20 and 1200 °C under vacuum, nitrogen, and ambient air causes changes in size and cohesion of the agglomerates, whereas the specific surface area remains unchanged.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation of Sulfur(IV) by Dodecatungstocobaltate(III) in Aqueous Acid Solution.
Authors: ALI M. , SAHA S. K. , BANERJEE P.
Published: May 2016

The reaction between (CoW12O40)5‐ and sulfite is studied in the pH range 1.5‐3.5 at 25 °C and a ionic strength of 0.5 M (NaClO4).
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation of CoO Studied with the Perturbed Angular Correlation Method (PCA).
Authors: WEGNER D. , INGLOT Z. , LIEB K. P.
Published: May 2016

The oxidation of CoO to Co3O4 is studied at low oxygen activity (10‐9 atm) with emphasis on the initial steps.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetics and Products of the BrO + ClO Reaction.
Authors: POULET G. , LANCAR I. T. , LAVERDET G. , LE BRAS G.
Published: May 2016

An overall rate constant of k1 = 1.13·10‐11 cm3 molecule‐1 s‐1is measured for the title reaction at 298 K by using discharge flow mass spectrometry.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies of the Gas‐Phase Reactive Intermediates Formed by Heterogeneous Processes in Chlorosilane Chemical Vapor Deposition Using Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry.
Authors: KRUPPA G. H. , SHIN S. K. , BEAUCHAMP J. L.
Published: May 2016

It is found that SiCl2 and HCl are the major gas‐phase products in the heterogeneous decomposition (flash vacuum pyrolysis) of SiH2Cl2 and SiHCl3 on several surfaces above 600 and 800 °C, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Influence of Ni Deposits on the Catalytic CO Oxidation on Pt(110)
Authors: LADAS S. , IMBIHL R.
Published: May 2016

is studied for CO pressures in the range 10‐4‐10‐5 torr by LEED, AES, reaction rate and work function measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Ultrafine Molybdenum Powder by Vapor Phase Reaction of the MoO3‐H2 System
Authors: SHIBATA K. , TSUCHIDA K. , KATO A.
Published: May 2016

is studied with emphasis on the relation between the particle size and the preparation conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Thermal Decomposition, and Powder Diffraction Data of Ammonium Decafluorouranate(VI), (NH4)4UF10.
Authors: MILICEV S. , DRUZINA B. , VOLAVSEK B.
Published: May 2016

The powder data of the title compound (prepared by a known procedure starting from (NH4)4UF8 and XeF2 at 55 °C) are indexed on the basis of a monoclinic cell.
ChemInform Abstract: Ba6La2Fe4O15: An Oxometallate with New Structure Type.
Authors: MEVS H. , MUELLER‐BUSCHBAUM HK. +
Published: May 2016

Single crystals of the title compound are prepared by a high temp. technique using Ba(OH)2·8 H2O, La2O3, and FeC2O4·2 H2O as starting materials (thermal pretreatment followed by CO2‐laser melting of the thermal decomposition products).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of U3NiAs4.
Authors: TROC R. , KACZOROWSKI D. , NOEL H. , GUERIN R.
Published: May 2016

Single crystals of the new title compound are obtained besides crystals of UNi1.6As2 from the reaction of the elements (initial composition corresponding to UNi2As2) at 1500 °C (sealed Mo crucible, slow cooling rate).
ChemInform Abstract: Structure‐Magnetism Relationship in (Ti(III)‐O‐Ti(III))4+ Complexes.
Authors: BODNER A. , DRUEEKE S. + , WIEGHARDT K. , NUBER B. , WEISS J.
Published: May 2016

The complex (V) (space group P21/n, Z=4) is diamagnetic, whereas the temp.‐independent magnetic moment in complex (VI) corresponds almost exactly to the spin‐only value of one unpaired electron per Ti(III) center.
ChemInform Abstract: About the Li+ Gegenion Effect on α‐Sulfonyl Carbanions.
Authors: GAIS H.‐J. , HELLMANN G. , LINDNER H. J.
Published: May 2016

The gegenion effects on the α‐sulfonyl carbanions (Ph‐CPh‐SO2‐R)‐ in (I) and (II) are examined by a) X‐ray analyses and b) determination of the rotation barriers.
ChemInform Abstract: New Chiral Auxiliaries for Thermal Cycloadditions.
Authors: CURRAN D. P. , JEONG K.‐S. , HEFFNER T. A. , REBEK J. JUN.
Published: May 2016

A new generation of chiral acrylimide derivatives such as (I) or (V) with improved face‐shielding capabilities providing heretofore unattainable levels of asym.
ChemInform Abstract: Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Oxime Ethers with Aliphatic Primary and Secondary Amines in Benzene.
Authors: JAIN A. K. , GUPTA V. K. , KUMAR A.
Published: May 2016

Kinetic studies indicate that the base‐catalyzed formation of the colored substitution product (V) proceeds mainly via the cyclic intermediate (IV) and to a smaller extent via (III) (inverse temp. effect).
ChemInform Abstract: Influence of Pyridine on the Ring Transformations of 4‐Alkyl‐5‐arylimino‐δ2‐1,2,3,4‐thiatriazolines with Aryl Isothiocyanates.
Authors: L'ABBE G. , BUELENS K. , FRANEK W. , DELBEKE P.
Published: May 2016

As already reported, thiatriazolines such as (I) react with isothiocyanates such as (II) to give thiadiazolidines and/or dithiazolidines, which are susceptible to isomerizations.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of N‐Acyloxy‐2‐nitrobenzenamines. Part 1. Thermolysis in Benzene or Bromobenzene.
Authors: BRYANT I. R. , DYALL L. K.
Published: May 2016

The product ratio, which is observed in the thermolysis of (I) and (VI), indicates the generation of a singlet nitrene via an internal proton transfer.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis: Catalysis of the Aldol Reaction by Neutral Gold(I)‐Chiral Ferrocenylphosphine Complexes. Crystal Structure of the Complex (((η5‐C5H4PPh2)(η5‐C5H3(PPh2)CH(Me)N(Me)CH2CH2NMe2)Fe)2(AuCl)3)·E# t2O.
Authors: TOGNI A. , PASTOR S. D. , RIHS G.
Published: May 2016

The chiral aminoferrocenylphosphine (R,S)‐N‐methyl‐N‐((2‐N,N‐dimethylamino)ethyl)‐1‐(1',2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl)ethylamine reacts with AuCl(SMe2) to give neutral Au(I) complexes that are active catalysts for the enantioselective coupling of isocyanoacetate esters e.g. (II) with benzaldehyde (I), furfuraldehydes, and pyridinecarbaldehydes e.g. (V) forming dihydrooxazoles as demonstrated in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Gem‐Acceptor, Donor‐Disubstituted Dienes. (1,3)Rearrangement of Bicycloheptenones.
Authors: BOURHIS M. , GOURSOLLE M. , LEGER J. M. , DUBOUDIN J. G. , DUBOUDIN F. , PICARD P.
Published: May 2016

Cycloaddition reaction of the aminobutadiene (I) with acrylonitrile (II) gives the cyclohexene (III) which undergoes ring closure, yielding the bicyclo(2.2.1)heptenone (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinduced Radical Chain Reactions Between Alkylcobalt(III) Complexes and Iodine.
Authors: ISHIKAWA K. , FUKUZUMI S. , GOTO T. , TANAKA T.
Published: May 2016

Co‐C bonds of various alkylcobalt(III) complexes, used as coenzyme B12 models, are cleaved by iodine in CCl4 to yield alkyl iodides via photoinduced radical chain reactions with large quantum yields under low energy irradiation (kinetics and mechanisms).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Phenalenyl Cations, Radicals, and Anions Having Donor and Acceptor Substituents: Three Redox States of Modified Odd Alternant Systems.
Authors: NAKASUJI K. , YAMAGUCHI M. , MURATA I. , YAMAGUCHI K. , FUENO T. , OHYA‐NISHIGUCHI H. , SUGANO T. , KINOSHITA M.
Published: May 2016

The phenalenes (V) are prepared following a known route.
ChemInform Abstract: Concurrent One‐ and Two‐Electron Processes in Electrophile/Nucleophile Interactions of Organometallic Ion Pairs.
Authors: LEHMANN R. E. , BOCKMAN T. M. , KOCHI J. K.
Published: May 2016

Electrophile/nucleophile combination leading to the formation of covalent bonds are classic 2‐electron processes, but their rates correlate strongly with E° inherent to 1‐electron transfer.
ChemInform Abstract: Nitrosation by Alkyl Nitrites. Part 6. Thiolate Nitrosation.
Authors: PATEL H. M. S. , WILLIAMS D. L. H.
Published: May 2016

The correlation between the second‐order rate constants for the nitrosation of (I), glutathione and thioglycolic acid with a series of alkyl nitrites and the concentration of the reactive thiolate species is discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal Promoted Reactions. Part 30. Cyclopropyl Anion as an Allyl Anion Synthon. Novel Synthesis of Butadienes by Nickel‐Catalyzed Coupling of Cyclopropyl Grignard Reagents with Dithioacetals.
Authors: NG D. K. P. , LUH T.‐Y.
Published: May 2016

The use of a cyclopropyl anion as allyl anion synthon is found to render possible a convenient synthesis of butadienes under conditions A).
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of Perfluoro(N,N‐dialkylcarbamoyl Fluorides) by the Reaction of Perfluoro(N,N‐dialkylmethylamines) with Oleum.
Authors: ABE T. , HAYASHI E.
Published: May 2016

Treatment of the perfluoro(N,N‐dialkylmethylamines) (I) with oleum under MoCl5 catalysis yields the title compounds (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Densely Functionalized Cyclopentenones.
Authors: TIUS M. A. , ZHOU X.‐M.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of the cyclopentenone (I) with methyllithium (II) gives the alcohol (III) which is oxidized with activated MnO2 to form the methylene(hydroxy)cyclopentenone (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Construction of Optically Active 3‐Hydroxyalkyne Functionalities.
Authors: TAKANO S. , SAMIZU K. , SUGIHARA T. , OGASAWARA K.
Published: May 2016

Chiral epoxidation of the allylic alcohols (I) produces the hydroxymethyl epoxides (II) which are converted into the chloromethyl epoxides (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Hydroxylamine with Benzenesulfonyl Chloride. X‐Ray Crystal Structure of Piloty′s Acid and Other Benzenesulfonylhydroxylamines.
Authors: SCHOLZ J. N. , ENGEL P. S. , GLIDEWELL C. , WHITMIRE K. H.
Published: May 2016

Piloty's acid (III) is reported to have m.p.'s ranging from 120 to 129 °C but is found to have 109‐110 °C. A hitherto unreported by‐product (IV) is isolated as well.
ChemInform Abstract: Practical Optical Resolution of (Arylsulfinyl)acetones and Its Application to the Synthesis of 2‐(Arylsulfinyl)cycloalkanones.
Authors: OGURA K. , ISHIDA M. , TOMORI H. , FUJITA M.
Published: May 2016

Racemic title compounds such as (I) are efficiently resolved by chromatography on Florisil‐MgO of their derived oxazolidine derivatives, e.g. (III), followed by hydrolysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Generation of Sulfenate Salts via ipso‐Substitution of Azaheterocyclic Sulfoxides. First Preparation and Characterization of Sodium 2‐Pyridinesulfenate.
Authors: FURUKAWA N. , KONNO Y. , TSURUOKA M. , FUJIHARA H. , OGAWA S.
Published: May 2016

The activated sulfoxides (I) react with sodium ethoxide (II) to give the sulfinates (III) and 2‐ethoxypyridine N‐oxide (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild Procedure for the Selective Formation of Aryl Ethers and Triaryl Diethers Using Arene‐M‐Cp Cations (M = Fe, Ru, Cp = η5‐Cyclopentadienyl).
Authors: PEARSON A. J. , PARK J. G. , YANG S. H. , CHUANG Y.‐H.
Published: May 2016

The iron complex (I) is coupled with the sodium phenoxide (II) to give the diaryl ether (III) which reacts with dimethyl sodiomalonate (IV) or the phenoxide (II) to produce the cationic iron complexes (V) or (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Thiocyanatoarylation of Acrylic and Methacrylic Acid Esters.
Authors: GRISHCHUK B. D. , GORBOVOI P. M. , GANUSHCHAK N. I.
Published: May 2016

The acrylic acid esters (II) react with the arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates (I) and potassium rhodanide (III) in the presence of copper(II) acetate to give the α‐thiocyanato β‐arylacetic acid esters (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Unusual N‐Acylation of Glycine Schiff Bases. A Simple Approach to 3,3‐Diphenylaziridine‐2‐carboxylates.
Authors: RAO M. N. , HOLKAR A. G. , AYYANGAR N. R.
Published: May 2016

The imine (I), derived from ethyl glycinate and benzophenone, is deprotected with sodium hydride (II) to generate the salt (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Ethers of 4‐Hydroxymethyl‐1,3‐dioxolane.
Authors: RACKMANKULOV D. L. , ZLOTSKII S. S. , ROL'NIK L. S. , TEREGULOVA G. T. , TIMPE H.‐J.
Published: May 2016

The title compounds (III), (V), (VII), (VIII) are synthesized by alkylation of (I) under various conditions as shown in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Dications of the 1,2‐Dithiole Series and a Stable Thiete.
Authors: GOMPPER R. , POLBORN K. , STRASSBERGER W.
Published: May 2016

Treatment of the methylenedithiomalonamides (I) and (IV) with nitrosyl tetrafluoroborate (II) results in oxidative cyclization, forming the 1,2‐dithiolium tetrafluoroborates (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloaddition Reactions of 1‐tert.‐Butyl‐4‐vinylpyrazole.
Authors: SEPULVEDA‐ARQUES J. , MEDIO‐SIMON M. , PIQUERES‐VIDAL L.
Published: May 2016

Cycloaddition reactions of the title compound (III) with a series of dienophiles gives the products shown in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Spectroscopic Studies of New N‐(Fluoro‐2‐alkyl)pyrazoles.
Authors: BAKLOUTI A. , HEDHLI A.
Published: May 2016

Condensation of the 2‐fluoro(cyclo)alkyl hydrazines (I) with acetylacetone (IIa) or benzoylacetone (IIb) yields the pyrazoles (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of α‐Keto Esters with Isocyanoacetate and Isocyanoacetamide Catalyzed by a Chiral Ferrocenylphosphine/Gold(I) Complex.
Authors: ITO Y. , SAWAMURA M. , HAMASHIMA H. , EMURA T. , HAYASHI T.
Published: May 2016

Biacetyl (Ia) and the α‐keto esters (Ib) ‐ (Id) react with N,N‐dimethylisocyanoacetamide or methyl isocyanoacetate (II) in the presence of a diphenylphosphinoferrocene/gold(I) catalyst system to form the oxazolidines (III) as the main products, together with the diastereomers (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Obtention of Anthranil Derivatives by a Modified Bischler‐Napieralski Reaction.
Authors: ROBLOT F. , HOCQUEMILLER R. , CAVE A.
Published: May 2016

The dihydroisoquinoline (II) is a known precursor of the aporphine (V), which belongs to a class of meta‐disubstituted aporphines isolated from the Annonaceae plant family.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of 6‐(p‐Ethylphenyl)‐5H‐pyrrolo‐(3,4‐b)pyridine‐5,7‐dione.
Authors: RASHAN L. J. , AHMED B. A. , HUSSEIN S. H. , AL‐KHAYAT R. , AL‐OMAR L.
Published: May 2016

The pyridinedicarboxylic anhydride (I) is coupled with p‐ethylaniline (II) to produce the title compound (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloaddition of β‐Substituted Enones to a Bicyclic Sydnone: Observation of an Unexpectedly Facile Hydrocarbon Elimination.
Authors: LARSEN S. D. , MARTINBOROUGH E.
Published: May 2016

The bicyclic sydnone (I) reacts with the α,β‐unsaturated ketones (II) to give the tetrahydropyrazolopyridines (III) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Bis(pyridodipyrimidines) as Autorecycling Redox Catalysts and Their Remarkable Turnover in the Oxidation of Alcohols.
Authors: YONEDA F. , TANAKA K. , YAMATO H. , MORIYAMA K. , NAGAMATSU T.
Published: May 2016

A variety of title compounds is prepared as shown for (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Azides in Heterocyclic Synthesis. Part 10. Benzimidazole Condensed Ring Systems. Part 6. Synthesis of Some Substituted Pyrimido(1,6‐a)benzimidazoles as Potential Antimicrobial Agents.
Authors: BADAWEY E.‐S. A. M. , RIDA S. M. , SOLIMAN F. S. G. , KAPPE T.
Published: May 2016

A series of derivatives of the diones (I) are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: A New, Simple Method for the Preparation of Substituted 2H‐1,2‐Thiazine 1,1‐Dioxides from Aminoazabutadienes.
Authors: BARLUENGA J. , TOMAS M. , SUAREZ‐SOBRINO A.
Published: May 2016

The imino enamines (I) are N‐sulfonated with mesyl chloride (II) to give the N‐(iminopropenyl)sulfonamides (III) which undergo base‐induced cyclization, forming the δ‐sultams (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Aspects of the Protonation of Small Cages. Preparation of the New Aza‐cage 12,17‐Dimethyl‐1,9,12,17‐tetra‐azabicyclo(7.5.5)nonadecane (L). Thermodynamic Studies on Solution Equilibria. Crystal Structures of (H2L)(CoCl4) and (H2L1)(CoCl4) Salts.
Authors: BENCINI A. , BIANCHI A. , BORSELLI A. , CIAMPOLINI M. , MICHELONI M. , PAOLI P. , VALTANCOLI B. , DAPPORTO P. , GARCIA‐ESPANA E. , RAMIREZ J. A.
Published: May 2016

The basicity behavior of (IIIa) = (L) solutions (H2O and H2O‐DMSO) is investigated (log K1 = 12.0; log K2 = 7.86).
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of Novel Substituted 1‐Benzoxepin‐3,5(2H,4H)‐diones.
Authors: GABRIEL G. , PICKLES R. , TYMAN J. H. P.
Published: May 2016

Title compounds such as (IV) are prepared starting from the ortho‐hydroxyacetophenones (I), obtained by Fries rearrangement of the corresponding phenyl acetates (some yields in g or not given).
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Water Quenching of the 1:2 Michael Adducts of Grignard Reagents with Methyl 2‐(Trimethylsilyl)acrylate.
Authors: TANAKA J. , KANEMASA S. , KOBAYASHI H. , TSUGE O.
Published: May 2016

Methyl 2‐trimethylsilylacrylate (I) reacts with the aliphatic Grignard compounds (II) in the presence of CuCl to yield in most cases the 2:1 adducts (IV) as the main products.
ChemInform Abstract: A Cyclodimeric Silaketenimine.
Authors: WEIDENBRUCH M. , BRAND‐ROTH B. , POHL S. , SAAK W.
Published: May 2016

Photolytically generated di‐tert.‐butylsilylene reacts with phenyl isocyanide (II) to give the 2,4‐diimino‐1,3‐disilacyclobutane (IV) (space group Pbca, Z = 8) by dimerization of the intermediary silaketenimine (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Secondary Phosphines with Trialkyl Orthoacetates.
Authors: PRISHCHENKO A. A. , LIVANTSOV M. V. , BOGANOVA N. V. , LUTSENKO I. F.
Published: May 2016

The trialkyl orthoacetates (I) are coupled with the dialkylphosphines (II) to give the ethylidenebisphosphines (IV) via the monophosphines (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1‐Ethoxyphosphindole Oxide and Examination of Its Dipolarophilic Reactivity.
Authors: SEDQUI A. , LAKHLIFI T. , LAUDE B. , AMAUDRUT J.
Published: May 2016

An improved synthesis of (V) is reported (30% from (I) compared to only 0.4% starting from CH2=CH‐CH=CH2 + PCl3).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some Substituted 1,3,4,2‐Oxadiazaphospholines.
Authors: YUSUPOV M. M. , RAZHABOV A.
Published: May 2016

The oxadiazaphospholine (I) reacts with benzaldehyde (II) in the presence of water to give the carbinol (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Dimethyl Alkinylphosphonites with Trifluoromethyl Carbonyl Compounds, Chloral, and Bromal.
Authors: KONOVALOVA I. V. , DOKUCHAEVA I. S. , TRISHIN YU. G. , BURNAEVA L. A. , CHISTOKLETOV V. N. , PUDOVIK A. N.
Published: May 2016

Hexafluoroacetone (IIa) or methyl trifluoropyruvate (IIb) react with the alkinylphosphonites (I) to give the dioxaphosphabicycloheptene (III).
ChemInform Abstract: The Preparation, Characterization in Solution of the 7π‐Radical 1,2,4‐ Triseleno‐3,5‐diazolylium and the 6π‐(1,2,4‐Triseleno‐3,5‐diazolium)2+ Cations, and the X‐Ray Crystal Structures of Cyclic (SeNSeNSe)2(AsF6)2 and Cyclic SeNSeNSe(AsF6)2 Containing the First Stable Binary Selenium‐Nitrogen Species.
Authors: AWERE E. G. , PASSMORE J. , WHITE P. S. , KLAPOETKE T. +
Published: May 2016

Tetraselenium tetrimide (I) reacts with the As fluorides (II) and (IV) to produce the dimeric radical cation salt (III) or the dication derivative (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Four‐Membered Gallium‐Arsenic Ring Compounds Containing a Bridging As(SiMe3)2 Group: Crystal Structures of Cyclic Ph2GaAs(SiMe3)2Ga(Ph)2Cl and Cyclic Ph2GaAs(SiMe3)2Ga(Ph)2Br.
Authors: HOLLEY W. K. , WELLS R. L. , SHAFIEEZAD S. , MCPHAIL A. T. , PITT C. G.
Published: May 2016

The isostructural halide‐bridged title compounds (III) (for both space group P21/c, Z=4) are characterized by X‐ray structure analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: New Aspects in the Chemistry of Transition‐Metal Polysulfide Complexes: Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Cp′3Nb3S12 and Cp′3Nb3S10O (Cp′: tBuC5H4).
Authors: BRUNNER H. , MEIER W. , WACHTER J. , NUBER B. , ZIEGLER M. L.
Published: May 2016

Thermolysis of Nb polysulfide (I) results in the formation of the new Nb polysulfide complexes (II) (space group P1, Z=2), (II) (P1, Z=2), and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Coordination Chemistry of Polyoxomolybdates: Structure of a Dodecanuclear Molybdate Cage Incorporating Hydrogen Squarate Ligands, (Bu4N)4(Mo12O36(C4O4H)4)·10 Et2O.
Authors: CHEN Q. , LIU S. , ZUBIETA J.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of (NBu4)2(Mo2O7) with squaric acid in 2‐chloroethanol/CH2Cl2 and recrystallization from 2‐chloroethanol/Et2O yield the diamagnetic title compound (I)·10 Et2O (space group Cmc2, Z=4) with 70% yield which is characterized by IR spectral data and X‐ray structure analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Electroreduction of Coordinated Cyanide to the Aminocarbyne Ligand (CNH2) and a Pathway for Isomerization of Ligating Methyleneamide (NCH2): Reactions at Molybdenum of Relevance of Cyanide Reduction by Nitrogenase.
Authors: HUGHES D. L. , MOHAMMED M. Y. , PICKETT C. J.
Published: May 2016

Treatment of the methyl imide Mo complex (I) with potassium tert‐butoxide gives the methylenamide (II) which is oxidized with iodine to form the nitrile complex (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Dichloro(hydrotris(1‐pyrazolyl)borato)sulfidotechnetium(V): The First Technetium Complex Containing a Tc=S Bond.
Authors: DUATTI A. , TISATO F. , REFOSCO F. , MAZZI U. , NICOLINI M.
Published: May 2016

By the use of B2S3 (II) as a source of S2‐ ligand in strictly anhydrous conditions the dark green title complex (IIIa) is prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Stereocontrolled Functionalization of a Seven‐Membered Ring via (Cycloheptatriene)iron Tricarbonyl.
Authors: WILLIAMS G. M. , RUDISILL D. E. , BARNUM B. A. , HARDCASTLE K. , HEYN R. H. , KOZAK C. J. , MCMILLAN J. W.
Published: May 2016

The anion (II) reacts with acid chlorides such as (III) to give 7‐exo‐acyl complexes (IV) in high yield, characterized spectroscopically and by an X‐ray diffraction study of (IVb) (P21/c, Z=4).
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Properties of 1′,1′′′‐Diphenylbiferrocene and Its Mixed‐Valence Salt.
Authors: KAI M. , KATADA M. , SANO H.
Published: May 2016

Phenylferrocene (III), prepared by a known procedure, is converted to the organomercuric chloride (V) which is brominated and then subjected to copper‐induced C coupling, yielding the dimer (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Reactions of Methoxycarbonyl‐Substituted Cycloheptadienyliron Tricarbonyl Cations: Unusual Regiochemistry During the Addition of Stabilized Enolate Nucleophiles.
Authors: PEARSON A. J. , BURELLO M. P.
Published: May 2016

The cycloheptadienecarboxylate (I) reacts with the carbonyl iron compounds (II) or (III) to give the complexes (IV) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: A Mixed‐Ligand Homodinuclear Copper(II) Complex with Weak Disulfide‐Metal Interactions: Synthesis, Properties and Molecular and Crystal Structure of μ‐(N,N,N′,N′‐Tetrakis(carboxymethyl)cystaminato(4‐))‐bis(imidazole)diaquodic# opper(II) Dihydrate, (Cu2(TTC)(ImH)2(H2O)2)·2 H2O.
Authors: GONZALEZ PEREZ J. M. , NGUYEN‐HUY DUNG NGUYEN‐HUY DUNG , NICLOS GUTIERREZ J. , VIOSSAT B. , BUSNOT A. , VICENTE GELABERT M. L.
Published: May 2016

The title compound (IV)·2 H2O (space group P21/n, Z=4) can be obtained in > 60% yield by reaction of Cu2L(OH2)2·4 H2O (H4L: I) with an excess of imidazole in water or from the free acid (I) as shown in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Evaluation of Some Tetraalkylammonium Gold(I) and Gold(III) Aurate Salts for Oral Antiinflammatory and Antiarthritic Activity.
Authors: GIRARD G. R. , HILL D. T. , DIMARTINO M. J.
Published: May 2016

The Au(III) aurates (I), their reduction products, the Au(I) aurates (II) as well as the Au(I) aurates (IV) and (VII) are evaluated for their oral antiinflammatory (Au(III)) and antiarthritic activity (Au(I)) in comparison with the Au compounds auranofin (VIII) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Stabilization of Biochemically Interesting Intermediates by Metal Coordination. Part 6. Charge Transfer in Complexes of 1,3‐Dimethyllumazine with Low‐Valent Metals.
Authors: BESSENBACHER C. , VOGLER C. , KAIM W.
Published: May 2016

Lumazines are biochemically important molecules which can function as coenzymes by undergoing 1e‐ or 2e‐transfer reactions coupled with deprotonation.
ChemInform Abstract: Linkage Isomerism in Rhodium(I) Complexes of Mixed Anhydrides of Diphenylphosphinous and Acrylic Acids: Crystal and Molecular Structure of (RhCl(PPh3)(Ph2PO2CCH=CHMe)).
Authors: BOROWSKI A. F. , IRAQI A. , CUPERTINO D. C. , IRVINE D. J. , COLE‐HAMILTON D. J. , HARMON M. H. , HURSTHOUSE M. B.
Published: May 2016

Reactions of RhCl(PPh3)3 (I) with mixed anhydrides of the type (II) result in the formation of 1:1 adducts of the type (III), (IV), and (V) depending on the substituents of the acrylic acid unit.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a 13‐Membered Macrocyclic Tetrathiadioxime and Its Monoand Trinuclear Complexes with Tetrahedrally Coordinated Palladium(II).
Authors: AHSEN V. , GUEREK A. + , GUEL A. + , BEKAROGLU OE.
Published: May 2016

Only mononuclear complexes (VII) with a metal‐ligand ratio of 1:2 are isolated with Ni and Co. Cu and Pd form only trinuclear complexes (IXa).
ChemInform Abstract: Coupling of an Iridium Vinylidene Complex with Aluminum Alkyls. Carbon‐Carbon Bond Formation via Intramolecular Insertion of a Vinylidene Unit.
Authors: FRYZUK M. D. , MCMANUS N. T. , RETTIG S. J. , WHITE G. S.
Published: May 2016

A conversion of the vinylidene ligand into a 1‐alkylvinyl ligand is possible by addition of the trialkyl‐Al compounds (V) to the synthesized vinylidene‐Ir(III) complex (IV) which leads to the AlR2‐bridged complexes (VI) ((VIa): space group P21/c, Z=4).
ChemInform Abstract: Neutral Mixed‐Ligand Complexes of Platinum(II) and Palladium(II) with α‐Diimine and Dioxolenes.
Authors: KAMATH S. S. , UMA V. , SRIVASTAVA T. S.
Published: May 2016

The new mixed‐ligand complexes (I) and (II) are prepared in 50‐70% yield from the corresponding dichlorodiamine complexes and diols or their dianions and characterized by physical methods.
ChemInform Abstract: Lefevreiosides: Four Novel Triterpenoid Glycosides from the Sea Cucumber Cucumaria lefevrei.
Authors: RODRIGUEZ J. , RIGUERA R.
Published: May 2016

The isolation of lefevreioside A1 (I) and three of its analogues modified at the steroidal side chain is described.
ChemInform Abstract: New Acids in the East Indian Sandalwood Oil.
Authors: NIKIFOROV A. , JIROVETZ L. , MACHATSCHEK S. , STANEK W. , BUCHBAUER G.
Published: May 2016

The three new acids (I)‐(III) are identified.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Nitroalkenes with Iodotrimethylsilane: A New Method for the Conversion of Vinyl Nitro Steroids to Keto Steroids.
Authors: SINGHAL G. M. , DAS N. B. , SHARMA R. P.
Published: May 2016

Treatment of the nitrocholestane derivatives (I) with sodium iodide and trimethylsilyl chloride results in predominant formation of the keto steroids (II).
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Synthetic Route to Statine and Statine Analogues.
Authors: REETZ M. T. , DREWES M. W. , MATTHEWS B. R. , LENNICK K.
Published: May 2016

N‐Protection of the L‐amino acids (I) yields the dibenzylated derivatives (III) which are converted into the β‐keto γ‐amino acid esters (V) by consecutive reaction with N,N‐carbonyldiimidazole and malonic acid monoethyl ester (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Aldose Sugars from Half‐Protected Dialdehydes Using Rabbit Muscle Aldolase.
Authors: BORYSENKO C. W. , SPALTENSTEIN A. , STRAUB J. A. , WHITESIDES G. M.
Published: May 2016

The use of the title aldolase RAMA in a new "inverted" strategy of sugar synthesis is demonstrated.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Method for Replacement of the Anomeric Hydroxy Group in Carbohydrates by Difluoromethyl Functionality.
Authors: MOTHERWELL W. B. , TOZER M. J. , ROSS B. C.
Published: May 2016

The D‐ribose lactone (I) is coupled with dibromodifluoromethane (II) in the presence of hexamethylphosphorous triamide and zinc to produce the difluoromethylene derivatives (III) which forms the difluoromethyl compound (IV) upon hydrogenation.
ChemInform Abstract: Facial‐Selective Carbohydrate‐Based Aldol Additions.
Authors: YU K.‐L. , FRASER‐REID B.
Published: May 2016

The 2‐deoxy 3‐oxo pyranoside (I) is converted into an enolate which reacts with the aldehydes (II) to give exclusively or predominantly the alcohols (IVa) or (IIIb).
ChemInform Abstract: A Concise Enantioselective Synthesis of (+)‐Muscarine from (R)‐O‐Benzylglycidol ((R)‐Benzyloxymethyloxirane).
Authors: TAKANO S. , IWABUCHI Y. , OGASAWARA K.
Published: May 2016

The oxirane (I) is coupled with the lithium acetylide‐ethylenediamine complex (II), forming the hydroxy alkyne (III) which is converted to the acid‐sensitive 2,3‐dihydrofuran (VI) by methylation with methyl iodide (IV) and subsequent treatment with a base.
ChemInform Abstract: Research on Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents. Part 11. New Antibacterial Quinolones Related to Pirfloxacin.
Authors: MASSA S. , CORELLI F. , MAI A. , ARTICO M. , PANICO S. , SIMONETTI N.
Published: May 2016

The hydroxyquinolinecarboxylate (I) is coupled with the alkyl or alkenyl halides (II) to give the 1‐substituted quinolones (III) which are hydrolyzed to produce the corresponding quinolonecarboxylic acids (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Stereochemical Characterization of Some N‐Acyl‐(1)benzopyrano(3,4‐c)pyrazole Derivatives from Rotenoids.
Authors: KOSTOVA I. , SIMOVA S.
Published: May 2016

The known reactions of the natural rotenoids rotenone and amorphigenin with hydrazine in alkaline medium leads to the isohydrazones (I), which are not very convenient for biological tests because of their instability.
Don't Do Different Things – Do Things Differently! Drug Development in Rare Diseases: The Patient's Perspective
Authors: Speid L
Published: May 2016

The pharmaceutical industry and regulatory authorities have traditionally made risk–benefit decisions without consulting patients. Today there is a movement to engage the patient in these decisions. This is particularly pertinent for the rare‐disease patient population, who have limited access to effective diagnostics and treatments. We argue that their involvement at the earliest point of drug development will lead to more appropriate decision making, and potentially reduce the attrition rate.
Spaces for Dialogue in a Segregated Landscape: A Study on the Current Joint Efforts for Peace in the Israeli‐Palestinian Conflict
Authors: Hassouna Silvia
Published: May 2016

The construction of the fence barrier between Israel and the West Bank has progressively eroded spaces for dialogue between Palestinians and Israelis. Mobility restrictions are a crucial aspect of the conflict as well as a serious constraint to peace initiatives in the region. Therefore, the research investigates the impact of the wall and consequent mobility restrictions on the creation and maintenance of spaces for dialogue by local civil society organizations (CSOs), specifically focusing on the work of Israeli‐Palestinian joint organizations. The research is grounded on qualitative interviews with members of local NGOs collected during a two‐month fieldwork in Jerusalem.
Understand the do's and don'ts of interviewing for professional jobs
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: May 2016

Over the span of my career, I have conducted literally thousands of interviews. I continue to be amazed by what people who are professed professionals still do not know about interviewing for professional‐level jobs. I interview most often for faculty, deans, department chairs, directors of academic units, and other vice president–level positions. Needless to say, the people I interview ought to know how to conduct themselves in an interview. I have found, often enough, that is an assumption on my part. So I hope you won't take offense to my do's and don'ts of interviewing for a professional job in higher education. It appears to be needed by more than a few.
Urine proteome analysis in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction complicated by chronic kidney disease: feasibility, and clinical and pathogenetic correlates
Authors: Farmakis Dimitrios , Koeck Thomas , Mullen William , Parissis John , Gogas Bill D. , Nikolaou Maria , Lekakis John , Mischak Harald , Filippatos Gerasimos
Published: May 2016

Aims

Urine proteome analysis (UPA) has already provided accurate discriminatory patterns of urinary peptides for renal disease, coronary artery disease, and asymptomatic LV diastolic dysfunction. UPA has now been used to characterize a discriminatory peptide biomarker pattern and establish a diagnostic classifier for heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in the presence of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods and results

We analysed the urine proteome profiles obtained by capillary electrophoresis online coupled to micro‐TOF (time of flight) mass spectrometry of 126 individuals, 59 HFrEF patients and 67 controls matched for age, sex, and renal function. In total, 107 significant discriminatory peptides were identified and used to establish a support vector machine‐based classifier that was successfully applied to a test set of 25 HFrEF patients and 33 controls, achieving 84% sensitivity and 91% specificity. The majority of sequenced peptides were fragments of collagen type I and III.

Conclusion

UPA was able to identify a set of HFrEF‐specific urinary peptide biomarkers on a background of CKD that were successfully utilized to establish a syndrome's classifier.
Discussion of ‘Modelling viscous damping in nonlinear response history analysis of buildings for earthquake excitation’ by Anil K. Chopra and Frank McKenna
Authors: Hall John F.
Published: May 2016

This discussion deals with recommendations in the paper on appropriate damping formulations for use in nonlinear response history analysis of buildings. Concern over potentially excessive damping forces and moments should extend beyond the damping moments produced by the stiffness proportional part of Rayleigh damping that corresponds to rotational springs used to explicitly model plastic hinges. The key to an appropriate damping formulation for nonlinear analysis is a realistic mechanism that allows all damping forces and moments to be meaningfully assessed. Then features can be added to keep these forces and moments within reasonable bounds. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Setting Language Proficiency Score Requirements for English‐as‐a‐Second‐Language Placement Decisions in Secondary Education
Authors: Baron Patricia A. , Papageorgiou Spiros
Published: May 2016

The purpose of this study was to collect recommendations for minimum score requirements (cut scores) on the TOEFL Junior® English‐language proficiency test in order to guide decisions on the placement of learners into English as a second language (ESL) support classes. The TOEFL Junior test, intended primarily for students ages 11 and above, measures the academic and social English‐language skills representative of English‐medium instructional environments in secondary education. The study focused on three ESL placement decisions that affect international students applying for admission to English‐medium independent or private secondary schools: (a) deny admission due to insufficient English‐language skills, (b) admit conditionally with placement into ESL support, and (c) admit unconditionally (for students who have sufficient language skills at the time of admission to attend mainstream classes without ESL support). A combination of a modified Angoff standard‐setting approach and a modified Performance Profile standard‐setting approach was followed to identify the TOEFL Junior scores for schools to include in their decision‐making process. A total of 16 language experts from private schools in 12 U.S. states served on the standard‐setting panel. The results of this study provide policymakers with the minimum cut scores recommended by the panel for each section of the two testing modes: the TOEFL Junior Standard and the TOEFL Junior Comprehensive. Recommendations for the use of these scores and limitations of the results are discussed.
In vivo correlates of thermoregulatory defense in humans: Temporal course of sub‐cortical and cortical responses assessed with fMRI
Authors: Muzik Otto , Diwadkar Vaibhav A.
Published: May 2016

Extensive studies in rodents have established the role of neural pathways that are activated during thermoregulation. However, few studies have been conducted in humans to assess the complex, hierarchically organized thermoregulatory network in the CNS that maintains thermal homeostasis, especially as it pertains to cold exposure. To study the human thermoregulatory network during whole body cold exposure, we have used functional MRI to characterize changes in the BOLD signal within the constituents of the thermoregulatory network in 20 young adult controls during non‐noxious cooling and rewarming of the skin by a water‐perfused body suit. Our results indicate significant decreases of BOLD signal during innocuous whole body cooling stimuli in the midbrain, the right anterior insula, the right anterior cingulate, and the right inferior parietal lobe. Whereas brain activation in these areas decreased during cold exposure, brain activation increased significantly in the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex during this period. The BOLD signal time series derived from significant activation sites in the orbitofrontal cortex showed opposed phase to those observed in the other brain regions, suggesting complementary processing mechanisms during mild hypothermia. The significance of our findings lies in the recognition that whole body cooling evokes a response in a hierarchically organized thermoregulatory network that distinguishes between cold and warm stimuli. This network seems to generate a highly resolved interoceptive representation of the body's condition that provides input to the orbitofrontal cortex, where higher‐order integration takes place and invests internal states with emotional significance that motivate behavior. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3188–3202, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Seasonal changes in hepatocytic lipid droplets, glycogen deposits, and rough endoplasmic reticulum along the natural breeding cycle of female ohrid trout (Salmo letnica Kar.)—A semiquantitative ultrastructural study
Authors: Jordanova Maja , Rebok Katerina , Malhão Fernanda , Rocha Maria J. , Rocha Eduardo
Published: May 2016

This study on wild female Ohrid trout was primarily designed to provide a general overview of the breeding cycle influence upon selected aspects of hepatocytes. According with a semiquantitatively evaluation, some of these cell's structural compartments change during the breeding cycle. Structural modifications were disclosed in the relative occurrence of lipid, glycogen, and RER content during breeding cycle. The relative amount of lipid deposits in the hepatocytes was much greater in previtellogenesis, and decreased postspawning. So, while the seasonal changes in RER were positively related with the ovary maturation status, those of the lipid droplets followed an opposite trend. The hepatocytic glycogen occurred rarely, mainly in late‐vitellogenesis and spawning, suggesting that in this species such kind of energy storage is comparatively unimportant. Lipid accumulation and later usage is, probably, the relevant biochemical pathway for Ohrid trout in the wild. While glycogen and RER contents were positively correlated with the gonadosomatic index, lipids were negatively correlated. Additionally, glycogen inclusions were positively correlated with the plasma estradiol levels. When comparing seasonal patterns from wild Ohrid trout with those from well‐studied rainbow and brown trout (specimens studied were from aquaculture), there are contradicting results as to lipid and glycogen reserves, and also as to RER loads. The differences among the mentioned trout can result from intrinsic interspecies differences or may be associated with natural feeding conditions versus feeding with commercially prepared diets, or other factors. This study offers new data useful as standard to access liver pathology in wild and aquacultured Ohrid trout. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:700–706, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chelation‐Induced Polymer Structural Hierarchy/Complexity in Water
Authors: Han Jie , Zhou Kaiyi , Zhu Xuechao , Yu Qiuping , Ding Yi , Lu Xinhua , Cai Yuanli
Published: May 2016

Understanding nanoscale structural hierarchy/complexity of hydrophilic flexible polymers is imperative because it can be viewed as an analogue to protein‐alike superstructures. However, current understanding is still in infancy. Herein the first demonstration of nanoscale structural hierarchy/complexity via copper chelation–induced self‐assembly (CCISA) is presented. Hierarchically‐ordered colloidal networks and disks can be achieved by deliberate control of spacer length and solution pH. Dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy demonstrate that CCISA underwent supramolecular‐to‐supracolloidal stepwise‐growth mechanism, and underline amazing prospects to the hierarchically‐ordered superstructures of hydrophilic flexible polymers in water.

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