bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transport in technicolor: Mapping ATP‐binding cassette transporters in sea urchin embryos
Authors: Gökirmak Tufan , Shipp Lauren E. , Campanale Joseph P. , Nicklisch Sascha C.T. , Hamdoun Amro
Published: August 2014

One quarter of eukaryotic genes encode membrane proteins. These include nearly 1,000 transporters that translocate nutrients, signaling molecules, and xenobiotics across membranes. While it is well appreciated that membrane transport is critical for development, the specific roles of many transporters have remained cryptic, in part because of their abundance and the diversity of their substrates. Multidrug resistance ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) efflux transporters are one example of cryptic membrane proteins. Although most organisms utilize these ABC transporters during embryonic development, many of these transporters have broad substrate specificity, and their developmental functions remain incompletely understood. Here, we review advances in our understanding of ABC transporters in sea urchin embryos, and methods developed to spatially and temporally map these proteins. These studies reveal that multifunctional transporters are required for signaling, homeostasis, and protection of the embryo, and shed light on how they are integrated into ancestral developmental pathways recapitulated in disease. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 778–793, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A 2DRF pulse sequence for bolus tracking in hyperpolarized 13C imaging
Authors: Tang Shuyu , Jiang Wenwen , Chen Hsin‐Yu , Bok Robert , Vigneron Daniel B. , Larson Peder E. Z.
Published: August 2014

Purpose

A novel application of two‐dimensional (2D) spatially selective radiofrequency (2DRF) excitation pulses in hyperpolarized
imaging is proposed for monitoring the bolus injection with highly efficient sampling of the initially polarized substrate, thus leaving more polarization available for detection of the subsequently generated metabolic products.

Methods

A 2DRF pulse was designed with a spiral trajectory and conventional clinical gradient performance. To demonstrate the ability of our 2DRF bolus tracking pulse sequence, hyperpolarized [1‐
]pyruvate in vivo imaging experiments were performed in normal rats, with a comparison to 1DRF excitation pulses.

Results

Our designed 2DRF pulse was able to rapidly and efficiently monitor the injected bolus dynamics in vivo, with an 8‐fold enhanced time resolution in comparison with 1DRF in our experimental settings. When applied at the pyruvate frequency for bolus tracking, our 2DRF pulse demonstrated reduced saturation of the hyperpolarization for the substrate and metabolic products compared to a 1DRF pulse, while being immune to ±0.5 ppm magnetic field inhomogeneity at 3T.

Conclusion

2DRF pulses in hyperpolarized
imaging can be used to efficiently monitor the bolus injection with reduced hyperpolarization saturation compared to 1DRF pulses. The parameters of our design are based on clinical scanner limits, which allows for rapid translation to human studies. Magn Reson Med 74:506–512, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nephron sparing surgery (NSS) for unilateral wilms tumor (UWT): The SIOP 2001 experience
Authors: Wilde Jim C.H. , Aronson Daniel C. , Sznajder Beata , Van Tinteren Harm , Powis Mark , Okoye Bruce , Cecchetto Giovanni , Audry Georges , Fuchs Jörg , Schweinitz Dietrich Von , Heij Hugo , Graf Norbert , Bergeron Christophe , Pritchard‐Jones Kathy , Van Den Heuvel‐Eibrink Marry , Carli Modesto , Oldenburger Foppe , Sandstedt Bengt , De Kraker Jan , Godzinski Jan
Published: August 2014

Background

Total nephrectomy (TN) remains the standard treatment of unilateral Wilms tumors (uWT). The SIOP WT‐2001 protocol allowed Nephron Sparing Surgery (NSS) for polar or peripherally non‐infiltrating tumors. Aim: Inventory of the current SIOP NSS‐experience.

Procedures

2,800 patients with a unilateral, localized or metastatic and an unequivocal surgical technique recorded were included. All had neo‐adjuvant chemotherapy and delayed surgery. In 91 (3%) NSS was performed and in 2709 TN. Data was retrieved from the SIOP WT 2001 database.

Results

NSS group contained 65% stage I tumours and the TN group 48%. Tumor volume (at diagnosis and surgery) was significantly smaller in the NSS group. Within stage III, after NSS, 7/12 (58%) had positive margins (M +), 5 with tumor negative lymph nodes (LN‐). After TN, 355/712 (55%) had M + , 182 were LN‐. Treatment of M+ in the NSS group resulted in two conversions to TN (one combined with radiotherapy), three patients had radiotherapy only and in two patients local therapy, if given, was not recorded. After NSS, four recurrences occurred. For localized disease the 5‐year overall (OS) and event free survival (EFS) in NSS group was 100 and 94.8 (95% CI:89.9‐99.9), respectively, while OS and EFS in the TN group were 94.4 (95% CI: 93.2‐95.5, log‐rank test P = 0.06) and 86.5 (95% CI:85.0‐88.1, log‐rank test P = 0.06), respectively.

Conclusions

NSS was only performed in 3% of patients with uWT. Despite excellent survival with few relapses, the gain of nephrons needs to be weighed against the risk to induce stage III with intensified therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:2175–2179. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanical properties of defective carbon nanotube/polyethylene nanocomposites: A molecular dynamics simulation study
Authors: Islam M. Zahabul , Mahboob Monon , Lowe Robert L.
Published: August 2014

Because of their remarkable performance properties and technological promise, polymer nanocomposites reinforced with single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have attracted considerable attention in the engineering, applied physics, and materials science communities. Recent experimental and computational investigations have shown that the presence of nanoscale defects in CNTs can significantly impact their electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. In this article, for the first time, we examine the effect of defective CNTs on the interfacial characteristics and mechanical properties of CNT/polyethylene (PE) nanocomposites. Our molecular dynamics simulations show that as few as five vacancy defects in each CNT in a high‐volume‐fraction CNT/PE nanocomposite can decrease the longitudinal Young's modulus of the nanocomposite by as much as 18%, and the shear stress at the CNT/polymer interface by as much as 38%. By accounting for nanoscale defects and their effect on the CNT/polymer interfacial mechanics, our findings provide a practical guide for designing nanocomposites that are capable of attaining a desired set of elastic performance properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 305–314, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Role of solvent interaction parameters in tailoring the properties of chlorobutyl rubber nanocomposites
Authors: Saritha Appukuttan , Joseph Kuruvilla
Published: August 2014

Chlorobutyl rubber, a special class of butyl rubber, which exhibits superior air impermeability, is the elastomer of choice for the inner tubes and liners of tires. Chlorobutyl rubber nanocomposites containing layered silicates were prepared using solvents with varying cohesive energy density and the effect of solvent–clay and solvent–rubber parameters in determining the properties of the nanocomposites were studied. The nanocomposites so prepared were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results were interpreted with the help of thermodynamic concepts and a correlation between the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites and the difference in the interaction parameters was done. The same correlation was then applied to gas barrier properties and trends identical to mechanical properties were observed. Thereby it was shown that a strong relationship exists between properties of a system and solubility parameters in solution mixing process. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:353–359, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Modified soybean oil as a reactive diluent: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Nalawade Priyanka P. , Mehta Brinda , Pugh Coleen , Soucek Mark D.
Published: August 2014

Soybean oil was modified in two steps: (1) conjugation of soybean oil and (2) Diels‐Alder addition with 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate, 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl methacrylate and triallyl ether acrylate. The structures were characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 13C‐1H gradient heteronuclear single quantum coherence (gHSQC) NMR spectroscopy, and MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. The 13C‐1H gHSQC NMR spectra helped confirm the formation of a cyclohexene ring in all reactions, indicating a Diels‐Alder addition. The diluent efficiency of modified soybean oil was evaluated in long oil alkyd formulation. Triallyl ether functionalized soybean oil resulted in the highest reduction in the viscosity of the alkyd formulations. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 3045–3059
Synthesis and characterization of a biodegradable ABC triblock terpolymer as co‐delivery carrier of doxorubicin and DNA
Authors: Bian Jiao , Hao Ying , He Jinlin , Zhang Wenling , Zhang Mingzu , Ni Peihong
Published: August 2014

This study is aimed to develop a well‐defined ABC triblock terpolymer, poly(ethylethylene phosphate)‐block‐poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐block‐poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PEEP‐b‐PCL‐b‐PDMAEMA), for co‐encapsulating anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) and DNA to form polyplexes. The terpolymer is first synthesized via a combination of ring‐opening polymerization and atom‐transfer radical polymerization techniques, and characterized by 1H NMR and gel permeation chromatography. Subsequently, the self‐assembly behavior of the terpolymer and the micelles loaded with DOX or DNA are investigated by dynamic light scattering, ζ potential, transmission electron microscopy, and gel retardation assay, respectively. In vitro release study reveals that much more DOX is released at pH 5.0 than that at pH 7.4 in the same period. The simultaneous delivery of DOX and green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐labeled DNA is studied by a fluorescence microscope and the results demonstrate that both drug and GFP–DNA can be efficiently delivered into HeLa cells. This system presents a practical and promising carrier for the co‐delivery of drugs and genes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 3005–3016
Tuning the LCST of poly(2‐cyclopropyl‐2‐oxazoline) via gradient copolymerization with 2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline
Authors: Glassner Mathias , Lava Kathleen , de la Rosa Victor R. , Hoogenboom Richard
Published: August 2014

Poly(2‐propyl‐oxazoline)s can be prepared by living cationic ring‐opening polymerization of 2‐oxazolines and represent an emerging class of biocompatible polymers exhibiting a lower critical solution temperature in aqueous solution close to body temperature. However, their usability is limited by the irreversibility of the transition due to isothermal crystallization in case of poly(2‐isopropyl‐2‐oxazoline) and the rather low glass transition temperatures (Tg < 45 °C) of poly(2‐n‐propyl‐2‐oxazoline)‐based polymers. The copolymerization of 2‐cyclopropyl‐2‐oxazoline and 2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline presented herein yields gradient copolymers whose cloud point temperatures can be accurately tuned over a broad temperature range by simple variation of the composition. Surprisingly, all copolymers reveal lower Tgs than the corresponding homopolymers ascribed to suppression of interchain interactions. However, it is noteworthy that the copolymers still have Tgs > 45 °C, enabling convenient storage in the fridge for future biomedical formulations. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 3118–3122
Single Step Plasma Deposition of Platinum‐Fluorocarbon Nanocomposite Films as Electrocatalysts of Interest for Micro Fuel Cells Technology
Authors: Milella Antonella , Palumbo Fabio , Dilonardo Elena , Barucca Gianni , Cosma Pinalysa , Fracassi Francesco
Published: August 2014

In this paper, we present a one step plasma based approach for the deposition of Pt‐fluorocarbon nanocomposite films as electrocatalysts in hydrogen‐based micro fuel cells. Results show that the chemical and morphological structure of the film can be tuned by controlling the power delivered to the plasma, and the gas feed composition. Platinum is included in the film in metallic form and its content can be continuously varied from a few atomic percent to 86%. The metal is embedded in the film as crystalline nanoclusters of size below 10 nm, uniformly distributed across the sample. Film catalytic activity, in terms of hydrogen oxidation reaction, has been tested by cyclovoltammetry and it increases with the Pt loading, with a maximum specific electrochemical surface area of 94 cm2 · mg−1, for film deposited on flat glassy carbon.
Cathodic Contact Glow Discharge Electrolysis for the Degradation of Liquid Ammonia Solutions
Authors: Allagui Anis , Brazeau Nicolas , Alawadhi Hussain , Al‐momani Fares , Baranova Elena A.
Published: August 2014

The application of 50 VDC cathodic contact glow discharge electrolysis for six hours in 1.0 mol/L KOH + 0.8, 0.4 and 0.08 g/L ammonia results in the removal of 66, 71 and 77% of ammonia, respectively, following pseudo first‐order kinetics at ca. 0.3 mol/kWh. The yields of dissolved NO2N and NO3N lie between 9 and 29% and are coupled with ammonia removal suggesting a nitrification process. Based on the near‐cathode UV–Vis emissions and ionization products of H2O and NH3 molecules, a mechanism is proposed along with the charge/energy transfer reactions between the plasma‐generated free radicals and ionic species. Joule heating and vaporization are also believed to physically remove ammonia.
Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition Using Ultra‐Short Square Pulse Dielectric Barrier Discharge
Authors: Boscher Nicolas D. , Hilt Florian , Duday David , Frache Gilles , Fouquet Thierry , Choquet Patrick
Published: August 2014

A simple, efficient and scalable method for the atmospheric pressure plasma initiated chemical vapor deposition of conventional polymer is demonstrated. Ultra‐short square pulse dielectric barrier discharge, which allows high deposition rates even for plasma duty cycle as low as 0.01%, is used to deposit a glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) polymer layer. The polymer structure of the thin films is evidenced by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization high‐resolution mass spectrometry. Polymer molecular weights up to 30 000 g mol−1 are found by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), highlighting the suitability of the plasma initiated CVD method for the deposition of polymer layers.
Identification of non‐agglomerated nanodiamonds inside metal matrix composites by synchrotron radiation
Authors: Popov Vladimir , Többens Daniel , Prosviryakov Alexey
Published: August 2014

Identification of non‐agglomerated nanodiamonds in an aluminum matrix at a content of 3–10 vol% was performed on compacted specimens using KMC‐2 beamline at the BESSY II synchrotron. Composites were produced by a mechanical alloying process that allowed a uniform distribution of individual non‐agglomerated primary nanodiamond particles in the metal matrix, as verified by scanning electron microscopy investigation of the composite granule's surface. The study demonstrated for the first time that the application of synchrotron radiation could effectively identify nanodiamond particles in the matrix at a volume fraction as low as 3%. The obtained results are in complete agreement with the theoretical predictions.
The effect of boron nitride nanotubes size on theHArFinteraction byNBOandAIManalysis
Authors: Gao Ying , Wu Heng‐Qing , Zhong Rong‐Lin , Xu Hong‐Liang , Sun Shi‐Ling , Zhao Liang , Su Zhong‐Min
Published: August 2014

Three molecules HArF@BNNT(5,0), HArF@BNNT(6,0), and HArF@BNNT(7,0) have been formed by HArF encapsulated in boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) with different sizes. Due to the interaction between the HArF and the BNNTs, the HAr bond lengths are in a decrease trend, while the ArF bond lengths are in an increase trend compared with those of HArF. To investigate the nature of the interaction between H and Ar and the interaction between Ar and F, the quantum theory of “atoms in molecules” was carried out. The Laplacian (▿2ρb) values of HAr suggest that the covalent interaction plays a key role in the H‐Ar interaction. For ArF, the results indicate that the Ar‐F interaction has a dominant noncovalent character. Moreover, the results obtained from the ratio of the kinetic‐energy density (Gb) and the potential‐energy density (Vb) (−Gb/Vb) and the total energy density (Hb) are in good agreement with that of ▿2ρbvalues. In addition, the results of natural bond orbital charge and electron density difference between the HArF and BNNTs show that less electrons transfer away from the HArF to BNNTs with the gradual increase in the diameters of the BNNTs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scanning electron microscopy of bacteria Tetrasphaera duodecadis
Authors: Arroyo E. , Enríquez L. , Sánchez A. , Ovalle M. , Olivas A.
Published: August 2014

This study reports the characterization of the Tetrasphaera duodecadis bacteria and the techniques used therein. In order to evaluate the morphological characteristics of the T. duodecadis bacteria scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used throughout its different growth stages. These microorganisms were grown in vitamin B12 broths with 1% tryptone, 0.2% yeast extract, and 0.1% glucose. The turbidimetric method was employed for the determination of bacterial concentration and growth curve. The SEM results show small agglomerates of 0.8 ± 0.05 µm during the lag phase, and rod‐like shapes during the exponential phase with similar shapes in the stationary phase. SCANNING 36:547–550, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Integrative analysis of gene–environment interactions under a multi‐response partially linear varying coefficient model
Authors: Wu Cen , Cui Yuehua , Ma Shuangge
Published: August 2014

Consider the integrative analysis of genetic data with multiple correlated response variables. The goal is to identify important gene–environment (G × E) interactions along with main gene and environment effects that are associated with the responses. The homogeneity and heterogeneity models can be adopted to describe the genetic basis of multiple responses. To accommodate possible nonlinear effects of some environment effects, a multi‐response partially linear varying coefficient model is assumed. Penalization is adopted for marker selection. The proposed penalization method can select genetic variants with G × E interactions, no G × E interactions, and no main effects simultaneously. It adopts different penalties to accommodate the homogeneity and heterogeneity models. The proposed method can be effectively computed using a coordinate descent algorithm. Simulation study and the analysis of Health Professionals Follow‐up Study, which has two correlated continuous traits, SNP measurements and multiple environment effects, show superior performance of the proposed method over its competitors. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concise Review: Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Acute Liver Failure and Cirrhosis
Authors: Volarevic Vladislav , Nurkovic Jasmin , Arsenijevic Nebojsa , Stojkovic Miodrag
Published: August 2014

Currently, the most effective therapy for acute liver failure and advanced cirrhosis is liver transplantation. However, this procedure has several limitations, including lack of donors, surgical complications, immunological suppression, and high medical costs. The alternative approaches that circumvent the use of a whole liver, such as stem cell transplantation, have been suggested as an effective alternate therapy for hepatic diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), also known as multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, are self-renewing cells that can be found in almost all postnatal organs and tissues, including liver. During the past decade, great progress has been made in the field of MSC-dependent liver regeneration and immunomodulation. Because of their potential for differentiation into hepatocytes as well as their immunomodulatory characteristics, MSCs are considered as promising therapeutic agents for the therapy of acute liver failure and cirrhosis. In this concise review, we have summarized therapeutic potential of MSCs in the treatment of acute liver failure and cirrhosis, emphasizing their regenerative and immunomodulatory characteristics after engraftment in the liver. We have also presented several outstanding problems including conflicting data regarding MSCs engraftment in the liver and unwanted mesenchymal lineage differentiation in vivo which limits MSC therapy as a mainstream treatment approach for liver regeneration. It can be concluded that efficient and safe MSC-based therapy for acute and chronic liver failure remains a challenging issue that requires more investigation and continuous cooperation between clinicians, researchers, and patients. Stem Cells  2014;32:2818–2823
English Language Learners at the Crossroads of Educational Reform
Authors: Fillmore Lily Wong
Published: August 2014

In this essay, the author argues that English language earners (ELLs) can meet and exceed the Common Core State Standards, and that more complex materials are in fact precisely what they need. Lack of access to such materials is what prevents ELLs from attaining full proficiency in English.
Complex Text and New Common Standards in the United States: Pedagogical Implications for English Learners
Authors: Bunch George C. , Walqui Aída , Pearson P. David
Published: August 2014

In the United States, new common state standards in English language arts and disciplinary literacy require K–12 students to “read and comprehend complex literary and informational texts independently and proficiently.” Issues of text complexity have spurred debates in the mainstream literacy, educational practice, and policy communities. Issues raised for English learners (ELs)—and their teachers—are even more vexing. This article considers first language (L1) and second language (L2) reading theory and research to articulate challenges facingELs as they engage with complex text and to evaluate instructional responses. Reviewing historical and contemporary perspectives on text complexity and reading comprehension, the authors argue that (a) the complexity involved in comprehending difficult text transcends textual features to include dimensions of the reader, task, and pedagogical support; and (b) the path to success forELs will not be paved solely by attempting to match readers with “appropriate” texts or by modifying existing texts to meet perceived student reading levels. If what is “complex” about reading certain kinds of texts is the relationship among the text, its reader, the task the reader is being asked to perform, and the context in its multiple dimensions, then pedagogical responses forELs must keep all of these in mind.
The Role of Language Learning Progressions in Improved Instruction and Assessment of English Language Learners
Authors: Bailey Alison L. , Heritage Margaret
Published: August 2014

This article addresses theoretical and empirical issues relevant for the development and evaluation of language learning progressions. The authors explore how learning progressions aligned with new content standards can form a central basis of efforts to describe the English language needed in school contexts for learning, instruction, and assessment. Learning progressions, in contrast with standards, can articulate incremental growth and are positioned to support teachers' formative assessment practices with K–12 students who are acquiring English as an additional language. Extending learning progressions that have taken hold in other areas of student learning to language learning and development requires conceptualizing (1) in what ways language progresses, and (2) how language growth can be supported by educators. The authors illustrate both considerations with the example of a new language learning progression and formative assessment initiative that are based on the characterization of explanations generated by students with a wide range of experiences with English.
Symposium: Language Assessment in Standards‐Based Education Reform
Authors: Menken Kate , Hudson Thom , Leung Constant
Published: August 2014

This symposium article, to which three authors contribute distinct parts, presents the rationale for standards‐based language assessment and examines both the uses and misuses of language assessments in English‐speaking countries that are engaged in standards‐based education reform. Specifically, they focus on the assessment of emergent bilinguals (also referred to as English language learners or English as an additional language students). The first part lays out the intentions and challenges of standards‐based language assessment for emergent bilinguals, focusing on validity concerns. The second part describes classroom‐based teacher‐led assessments of emergent bilinguals in England, which carry high stakes along with the national standardized tests. This contrasts with what is happening in the United States where, as the third part describes, the main focus is on high‐stakes standardized testing for purposes of accountability. In addition to the challenges inherent in attempts to measure language in meaningful ways, a thread cutting across the authors' accounts is the widespread practice of high‐stakes standardized testing. The U.S. and English cases show how issues of validity arise when emergent bilinguals are simply included into assessments intended for English monolinguals without appropriate differentiation, and when an assessment is used for purposes beyond what it was designed to do. As all of the authors of this symposium article contend, assessments—particularly when standardized—hold the potential to dominate standards‐based education reform efforts when they are ultimately summative and attached to severe consequences.
Docosahexaenoic acid and l‐Carnitine prevent ATP loss in SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells after exposure to silver nanoparticles
Authors: Tan Joey Wee‐Shan , Ho Christabel Fung‐Yih , Ng Yee‐Kong , Ong Wei‐Yi
Published: August 2014

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are among the most commonly used nanomaterials, but thus far, little is known about ways to mitigate against potential toxic effects of exposure. In this study, we examined the potential effects of AgNPs on mitochondrial function and cellular ATP levels, and whether these could be prevented by treatment with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and l‐carnitine (LC). Acute exposure of AgNPs for 1 h to SH‐SY5Y cells resulted in decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreased ATP and ADP levels, indicating mitochondrial damage and reduced production of ATP. Incubation of cells with DHA partially reduced, while treatment with LC and DHA completely abolished the AgNP induced decreases in ATP and ADP levels. This could be due to a LC‐facilitated entry of DHA to mitochondria, for repair of damaged phospholipids. It is postulated that DHA and LC may be useful for treatment of accidental environmental exposure to AgNPs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 224–232, 2016.
Multiple multicast for a half‐duplex butterfly network: a deterministic approach
Authors: Chen Zhengchuan , Fan Pingyi
Published: August 2014

We investigate the multicast throughput of a butterfly network, which may be a promising topology for network coding application in next‐generation wireless communication systems. The butterfly network consists of two sources, two destinations and a relay, where each destination requires decoding of data from two independent sources. It is assumed that all the nodes are operated in half‐duplex mode. Each end‐to‐end packet transmission should be completed in a two‐phase period. In order to reduce processing complexity and multiple interference, other nodes should keep silent when the relay transmits a signal. By using Avestimehr, Diggavi and Tse's deterministic model, we first introduce a deterministic butterfly network and demonstrate that its maximal multicast rate region can be achieved by employing a network coding policy. According to the results obtained in deterministic case, we then put forward a near‐optimal design on the transmitted signal and decoding scheme for Gaussian scenarios based on a nested lattice code. It is proved that the gap between the achievable rate region and an outer bound is less than 3bits/s/Hz, which is not related to the signal‐to‐noise ratio. That is, the proposed scheme can approach the maximal multicast throughput. Finally, numerical results demonstrate that the gap is robust to both channel gains and time division of the two phases. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of large‐scale energy storage under high shares of renewable energy
Authors: Inage Shin‐ichi
Published: August 2014

This paper discusses how a high share of renewable energy (referred to as renewables) will influence the power quality of the grid. The mix of power generation varies from country to country. Each power generator has an important role in minimizing total operating costs and maintaining power quality. Conventionally, middle‐scale thermal power plants play a role in mitigating demand and supply variations. Under a high share of renewables, the supply adjustability of thermal power to mitigate the output variations due to renewables will run short. Therefore, energy storage systems will be required as a countermeasure. The energy storage capacity required will depend on the net variation due to a smoothing effect. The magnitude of this net variation is the key for estimating the correct storage capacities. Under net variations of 15 and 30%, the respective global energy storage capacities needed have been predicted to be 189 and 305 GW in 2050 when aiming at 50% carbon dioxide emission reductions globally. In this working paper, several energy storage systems are reviewed. Specifications for each energy storage system will be identified. It is concluded that an optimum mix of different energy storage systems will be essential to realize decarbonized power grids. WIREs Energy Environ 2015, 4:115–132. doi: 10.1002/wene.114

This article is categorized under:

Energy Infrastructure > Systems and Infrastructure

Energy Systems Economics > Systems and Infrastructure
A Study of the Right Intersectional Plane (Right Portal Scissura) of the Liver Based on Virtual Left Hepatic Trisectionectomy
Authors: Sato Fumiya , Igami Tsuyoshi , Ebata Tomoki , Yokoyama Yukihiro , Sugawara Gen , Mizuno Takashi , Nagino Masato
Published: August 2014

Background

Left hepatic trisectionectomy is a challenging procedure. For an anatomically correct resection, it is necessary to have understanding of the right intersectional plane; however, little is known on this issue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the 3D anatomy of the right intersectional plane and to enable safe and precise left trisectionectomy.

Methods

A virtual left trisectionectomy was performed using 3D‐processing software, in patients who underwent computed tomography. The reconstructed images were reviewed, and attention was paid to the extent of the right hepatic vein (RHV) exposure on the transected plane and the type of the inferior right hepatic vein (IRHV).

Results

Of the 200 study patients, 109 (54.5 %) patients showed complete exposure of the RHV on the transected plane, whereas the remaining 91 exhibited partial exposure. In the 109 patients with complete exposure, 58 (53.2 %) patients had no IRHV and the remaining 51 had a small IRHV. None of the patients had a large IRHV. In contrast, of the 91 patients with partial exposure, only 10 (11.0 %) patients had no IRHV, 35 (38.5 %) had a small IRHV, and 46 (50.5 %) patients had a large IRHV. The incidence of IRHV types was significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The RHV does not always run along the right intersectional plane, i.e., the vein is not always fully exposed on the transected plane even after anatomically correct left trisectionectomy. The extent of the RHV exposure is closely related to the type of the IRHV.
The HLD Study of Surfactant Partitioning for Oilfield Corrosion Inhibitors
Authors: Kiran Sumit K. , Nace Vaughn M. , Silvestri Maximilian A. , Monk Keith A. , Moloney Jeremy , Schmidt Loreen , Acosta Edgar J.
Published: August 2014

The partitioning of corrosion inhibitor (CI) products is a measure of their potential to protect oilfield pipelines. In this paper the hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD) model is first used to quantify their partitioning in terms of the characteristic curvature (Cc,act) of a series of anionic (alkoxylated phosphate esters) and cationic (alkoxylated amines, aromatic amines, imidazoline acetates and quaternary amines) actives. This parameter is expressed over a range of pHs within which pipeline corrosion occurs. The HLD model is next used to predict the partitioning of each active from water into toluene at increased salinities. Linear mixing rules are lastly used to predict the characteristic curvature of Product A (Cc,mix) as a function of the Cc,act of a subset of actives.
Supportive relationships within ongoing families: Cross‐lagged effects between components of support and adjustment in parents and young adult children
Authors: Lanz M. , Tagliabue S.
Published: August 2014

Italy is the first country in which the phenomenon of cohabitation of parents and young adult children was examined. From the earliest studies, it seemed clear that the transition to adulthood occurs within the family of origin: indeed, the successful outcome of this transition depends on the quality of family relationships. Using the Social Relations Model, this study examines the importance of the components of support within family relationships during the transition of young adults from university to job contexts (Kenny & La Voie, 1984). The cross‐lagged influence among the components of perceived support and the adjustment of family members has also been investigated. Findings show that family components of support are significant for perception in both parents and young adults. Furthermore, cross‐lagged models reveal different results for parents than for young adults. Discussion of results regarding the transition to adulthood and family theory is provided.
The wave-induced added mass of walking droplets
Authors: Bush John W. M. , Oza Anand U. , Moláček Jan
Published: August 2014

It has recently been demonstrated that droplets walking on a vibrating fluid bath exhibit several features previously thought to be peculiar to the microscopic realm. The walker, consisting of a droplet plus its guiding wavefield, is a spatially extended object. We here examine the dependence of the walker mass and momentum on its velocity. Doing so indicates that, when the walker’s time scale of acceleration is long relative to the wave decay time, its dynamics may be described in terms of the mechanics of a particle with a speed-dependent mass and a nonlinear drag force that drives it towards a fixed speed. Drawing an analogy with relativistic mechanics, we define a hydrodynamic boost factor for the walkers. This perspective provides a new rationale for the anomalous orbital radii reported in recent studies.
The Politics of Precedent in International Law: A Social Network Application
Authors: PELC KRZYSZTOF J.
Published: August 2014

The concept of precedent is fundamental to domestic courts, especially in Anglo-American common law systems, where judges are bound to the court’s past decisions. By contrast, precedent has no formal authority in international law. Legal scholars point to Article 59 of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Statute in this respect, according to which international legal rulings are binding only on the parties in the dispute at hand, and have no bearing on matters outside of the case.
ON A DIAGONAL QUADRIC IN DENSE VARIABLES
Authors: KEIL EUGEN
Published: August 2014

We examine the solubility of a diagonal, translation invariant, quadratic equation system in arbitrary (dense) subsets$\mathcal{A}$⊂ ℤ and show quantitative bounds on the size of$\mathcal{A}$if there are no non-trivial solutions. We use the circle method and Roth's density increment argument. Due to a restriction theory approach we can deal with equations ins≥ 7 variables.
ON LENGTH DISTORTIONS WITH RESPECT TO QUADRATIC DIFFERENTIAL METRICS
Authors: SUN ZONGLIANG
Published: August 2014

In this paper, we consider the question about length distortions under quasiconformal mappings with respect to quadratic differential metrics. More precisely, letXandYbe closed Riemann surfaces with genus at least 2, andf: X → Ybeing aK-quasiconformal mapping. Given two quadratic differential metrics |q1| and |q2| with unit areas onXandYrespectively, whether there exists a constant$\mathcal C$depending only onKsuch that$\frac{1}{\mathcal C} l_{q_1} (\gamma) \leq l_{q_2} (f(\gamma)) \leq \mathcal C l_{q_1} (\gamma)$holds for any simple closed curve γ ⊂X. Herelqi(α) denotes the infimum of the lengths of curves in the homotopy class of α with respect to the metric |qi|,i= 1, 2. We give positive answers to this question, including the aspects that the desired constant${\mathcal C}$explicitly depends onq1,q2andK, and that the constant$\mathcal C$is universal for all the quantities involved.
To Concede or to Resist? The Restraining Effect of Military Alliances
Authors: Fang Songying , Johnson Jesse C. , Leeds Brett Ashley
Published: August 2014

Creating institutions that effectively manage interstate conflict is a priority for policy-makers. In this article we demonstrate that military allies are well positioned to influence the crisis-bargaining behavior of both challengers and targets in ways that often lead to peace. Through a three-player game-theoretic model, we demonstrate that a target's alliances not only have an effect on the demand that the challenger makes, but also on the behavior of the target. When a target values an alliance highly, an ally's recommendation for settlement can encourage the target to concede to demands without further escalation. Our statistical analysis provides evidence in support of the theoretical finding. Allies can both deter challengers and restrain partners, and as a result, can encourage peaceful behavior not only from adversaries, but from member states as well. Our study thus sheds new light on the role of military alliances as potential conflict management devices.
Co-extinct and critically co-endangered species of parasitic lice, and conservation-induced extinction: should lice be reintroduced to their hosts?
Authors: Rózsa Lajos , Vas Zoltán
Published: August 2014

The co-extinction of parasitic taxa and their host species is considered a common phenomenon in the current global extinction crisis. However, information about the conservation status of parasitic taxa is scarce. We present a global list of co-extinct and critically co-endangered parasitic lice (Phthiraptera), based on published data on their host-specificity and their hosts’ conservation status according to the IUCN Red List. We list six co-extinct and 40 (possibly 41) critically co-endangered species. Additionally, we recognize 2–4 species that went extinct as a result of conservation efforts to save their hosts. Conservationists should consider preserving host-specific lice as part of their efforts to save species.
Enhanced laser ion acceleration with a multi-layer foam target assembly
Authors: Yazdani E. , Sadighi-Bonabi R. , Afarideh H. , Yazdanpanah J. , Hora H.
Published: August 2014

Interaction of a linearly polarized Gaussian laser pulse (at relativistic intensity of 2.0 × 1020 Wcm−2) with a multi-layer foam (as a near critical density target) attached to a solid layer is investigated by using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation. It is found that electrons with longitudinal momentum exceeding the free electrons limit of meca02/2 so-called super-hot electrons can be produced when the direct laser acceleration regime is fulfilled and benefited from self-focusing inside of the subcritical plasma. These electrons penetrate easily through the target and can enhance greatly the sheath field at the rear, resulting in a significant increase in the maximum energy of protons in target normal sheath acceleration regime. The results indicate that the maximum proton energy is enhanced by 2.7 times via using an assembled target arrangement compared to a bare solid target. Furthermore, by demonstration of this assembly, the maximum proton energy is improved beyond the optimum amount achieved by a two-layer target proposed by Sgattoni et al. (2012).
Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and risk of diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Schwingshackl Lukas , Missbach Benjamin , König Jürgen , Hoffmann Georg
Published: August 2014

Objective

Adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with significant improvements in health status. However, to date no systematic review and meta-analysis has summarized the effects of Mediterranean diet adherence on the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Design

Electronic searches for randomized controlled trials and cohort studies were performed in MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE and the Cochrane Trial Register until 2 April 2014. Pooled effects were calculated by an inverse-variance random-effect meta-analysis using the statistical software Review Manager 5·2 by the Cochrane Collaboration.

Setting

Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and cohort studies.

Subjects

Eligibility criteria: 19+years of age.

Results

One randomized controlled trial and eight prospective cohort studies (122 810 subjects) published between 2007 and 2014 were included for meta-analysis. For highest v. lowest adherence to the Mediterranean diet score, the pooled risk ratio was 0·81 (95 % CI 0·73, 0·90, P<0·0001, I2=55 %). Sensitivity analysis including only long-term studies confirmed the results of the primary analysis (pooled risk ratio=0·75; 95 % CI 0·68, 0·83, P<0·00001, I2=0 %). The Egger regression test provided no evidence of substantial publication bias (P=0·254).

Conclusions

Greater adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with a significant reduction in the risk of diabetes (19 %; moderate quality evidence). These results seem to be clinically relevant for public health, in particular for encouraging a Mediterranean-like dietary pattern for primary prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
G-protein coupled receptor auto-antibodies in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buergers disease) and their removal by immunoadsorption
Authors: Klein-Weigel Peter F. , Bimmler Marion , Hempel Petra , Schöpp Sebastian , Dreusicke Siegrid , Valerius Jana , Bohlen Anne , Boehnlein Joana M. , Bestler Daniel , Funk Stephanie , Elitok Saban
Published: August 2014

Background: Immunhistopathological and serological data favors an immunopathogenesis of thromboangiitis onliterans(TAO, Buergers disease). Autoantbodies seem to play a major role. Immunoadsorption (IA) proved to be therapeutically effective. We focused on agonistic autoantibodies (agAAB) directed against G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) and proved the hypothesis, that these agAAB might be present in TAO and that a five day course of IA might be able to eliminate these agAAB effectively. Patients and methods: Between December 2012 and May 2014 11 TAO-patients were treated by IA in a five day course. AgAAB-analysis was performed using specific ELISA techniques. Results: AgAAB were detected in 9 out of 11 patients (81.8 %).Multiple agAAB were present in 7 patients (63.6 %). A clustering of agAAB directed against loop1 of the adrenergic α1-receptor and the endothelin-A-(ETA)receptor was identified, representing 72.7 % resp. 54.5 % of the patients. AgAAB directed against the angiotensin-1 (AT-1) epitope 1 or 2 were detected in 3 patients and agAAB directed against protease-activated receptor (PAR) loop1/2 were seen in 2 patients. AgAAB directed against ETA-receptor loop1 never appeared without agAAB directed against α1-receptor loop1. Immediately after a five day-course of IA agAAB were absent in 81.8 % of the total study group and in 77.8 % of all cases tested positive for agAAB before IA. Conclusions: AgAAB directed against GPCR were identified in TAO patients with a clustering of agAAB directed against α-1-adrenergic receptor loop1 and ETA-receptor loop1. AgAA were eliminated by IA in the majority of cases. We suggest that these agAA play an important role in the pathogenesis of TAO and that their elimination might be responsible for the positive therapeutic effects reported in patients treated with IA.
Neurologische Komplikationen bei onkologischen Patienten
Authors: Hundsberger Thomas , Roth Patrick , Roelcke Ulrich
Published: August 2014

Neurologische Symptome und Komplikationen bei Patienten mit einer onkologischen Erkrankung sind in vielerlei Hinsicht für die interdisziplinäre Betreuung von Bedeutung. Nicht selten führen sie zu einer erheblichen Behinderung in den Alltagsfähigkeiten (Gangstörungen, Schwindel), zu einem Verlust der Patientenautonomie (Blasen-Mastdarmstörungen, Rollstuhlpflichtigkeit) und zu einer Störung des Sozial- und Arbeitslebens (Verlust der Fahreignung bei Epilepsie). In diesem Artikel stellen wir drei klinisch relevante neurologische Komplikationen im Kontext onkologischer Erkrankungen vor. Dieses sind die Chemotherapie-induzierte Polyneuropathie, spinale Kompressionen und epileptische Anfälle. Der vorliegende Übersichtsartikel zielt darauf ab, das Wissen um neurologische Komplikationen bei Krebspatienten zu vertiefen, Komplikationen vorzubeugen, um die Patientenversorgung weiter zu verbessern.
Ein seltsamer subkutaner Knöcheltumor
Authors: Merlo Christoph , Merlo Pierina , Holzinger Fernando , Pranghofer Sigrid , Pfeiffer David , Nüesch Reto
Published: August 2014

Wir beschreiben den Fall einer äusserst ungewöhnlichen humanen Pilzerkrankung mit einem merkwürdigen chronischen Tumor im Knöchelbereich, der einem subkutanen Pilzabszess entsprach. Als Erreger wurde der seltene Schimmelpilz Phaeoacremonium inflatipes identifiziert, der zur Familie Dematiaceae (Schwärzepilze) gehört. Diese Schimmelpilze können ein seltenes Krankheitsbild mit chronischen kutanen und subkutanen Abszessen hervorrufen, die subkutane Phaeohyphomykose (PHM). Bei immunsupprimierten Patienten sind auch systemische Infektionen beschrieben. Die chirurgische Exzision der Pilzpseudozyste führte bei unserem Patienten zu einer prompten, komplikationslosen Abheilung, ohne dass eine fungizide Behandlung erforderlich gewesen wäre.
Biotic interactions and temporal dynamics of the human gastrointestinal microbiota
Authors: Trosvik Pål , de Muinck Eric Jacques , Stenseth Nils Christian
Published: August 2014

The human gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota is important to human health and imbalances or shifts in the gut microbial community have been linked to many diseases. Most studies of the GI microbiota only capture snapshots of this dynamic community at one or a few time points. Although this is valuable in terms of providing knowledge of community composition and variability between individuals, it does not provide the foundation for going beyond descriptive studies and toward truly predictive ecological models. In order to achieve this goal, we need longitudinal data of appropriate temporal and taxonomic resolution, so that established time series analysis tools for identifying and quantifying putative interactions among community members can be used. Here, we present new analyses of existing data to illustrate the potential usefulness of this approach. We discuss challenges related to sampling and data processing, as well as analytical approaches and considerations for future studies of the GI microbiota and other complex microbial systems.
Microfluidic passive samplers for in situ collection of live aquatic protists
Authors: Bouchillon Grant M. , Chau Jessica Furrer , McManus George B. , Shor Leslie M.
Published: August 2014

Examples of microfluidic passive samplers for collecting live protists from aquatic habitats. The samplers allow high-resolution, long-term observation of unstained protists by concentrating and isolating them in nanoliter-scale galleries.