bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of an event occurring over time and confounded by health status: estimation and interpretation. A study based on survival data simulations with application on breast cancer
Authors: Savignoni Alexia , Hajage David , Tubert‐Bitter Pascale , Rycke Yann De
Published: September 2012

Estimating the prognostic effect of a time‐dependent covariate could be tricky using a classical Cox model, despite adjustment on other known prognostic factors. This study evaluated and compared the performance of a Cox model including the covariate occurring over time as a time‐dependent covariate and the so‐called ‘illness‐death’ multistate model, which is usually used to describe event‐history data. We assess breast cancer prognosis related to a subsequent pregnancy occurring over time after cancer treatment in young women. We generated simulations. We considered constant and time‐varying prognostic hazard ratios ( HR(t)) between patients undergoing the intermediate event and those who did not. We used both the classical Cox model and the multistate model to estimate the prognostic effect of the intermediate event HR(t). We also used the latter to estimate the covariate effect on each transition (exp(βij)), thus helping to interpret HR(t) by taking into account the disease history. We applied these approaches to a female cohort treated and followed up in eight French Hospitals since 1990. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
UK Prostate charities merge
Authors: Kirby Roger
Published: September 2012

Prostate Action is merging with the Prostate Cancer Charity to become Prostate Cancer UK. Its creation seems likely to become a ‘game‐changer’ in terms of funding for research and education into prostate disease. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons
Type 2 diabetes in men: facing the challenges
Authors: Karet Brian
Published: September 2012

The challenges posed by men with type 2 diabetes differ from those of women with the condition. Men are more prone to being overweight, leading to a higher incidence of diabetes, which in turn is associated with lower testosterone levels. Brian Karet discusses the implications for commissioners of primary care diabetes services. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons
Changing expectations: factors influencing paternal involvement in pregnancy and childbirth
Authors: Bond Jermane
Published: September 2012

While studies have demonstrated that men are important to maternal and child health, expectant fathers lack specific roles in pregnancy and childbirth. In this article, the author examines pathways to improve paternal involvement in childbirth and family health. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons
Informed consent in medical practice
Authors: Bolsin Stephen , Saunders Kym
Published: September 2012

How much information does a patient need in order to give full informed consent? The authors explain the ethical reasoning behind the introduction of public reporting of clinician performance data. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons
Effects of temporal heterogeneity of water supply and nutrient levels on plant biomass growth depend on the plant's relative size within its population
Authors: Hagiwara Yousuke , Kachi Naoki , Suzuki Jun‐Ichirou
Published: September 2012

Temporal heterogeneity of water supply can alter the biomass growth of plants, even when the same total amount of water is provided. Most studies of heterogeneous watering have focused on responses of whole populations rather than individuals in a population. The effects of water supply heterogeneity may also depend on nutrient levels. Thus, we investigated the integrated effects of water supply heterogeneity and nutrient levels on plants within a population. Six plants of Perilla frutescens per pot were grown under different combinations of frequency of water supply and nutrient level. The effects on yield per pot, individual biomass, and allocation to roots were analyzed after a 44‐day watering regime. A homogeneous water supply resulted in a greater yield per pot and greater biomass of individual plants than a heterogeneous supply. However, the interaction between water supply heterogeneity and nutrient level was significant only in larger individuals, not in smaller plants or at the p. Water supply heterogeneity affected the growth of all plants, but the effects differed among individuals depending on their relative size within their population. It is therefore important to focus not only on whole‐population characteristics such as yield but also on individuals in a population in order to reveal the detailed effects of water supply heterogeneity.
Vacuum Refining of Molten Silicon
Authors: Safarian Jafar , Tangstad Merete
Published: September 2012

Metallurgical fundamentals for vacuum refining of molten silicon and the behavior of different impurities in this process are studied. A novel mass transfer model for the removal of volatile impurities from silicon in vacuum induction refining is developed. The boundary conditions for vacuum refining system—the equilibrium partial pressures of the dissolved elements and their actual partial pressures under vacuum—are determined through thermodynamic and kinetic approaches. It is indicated that the vacuum removal kinetics of the impurities is different, and it is controlled by one, two, or all the three subsequent reaction mechanisms—mass transfer in a melt boundary layer, chemical evaporation on the melt surface, and mass transfer in the gas phase. Vacuum refining experimental results of this study and literature data are used to study the model validation. The model provides reliable results and shows correlation with the experimental data for many volatile elements. Kinetics of phosphorus removal, which is an important impurity in the production of solar grade silicon, is properly predicted by the model, and it is observed that phosphorus elimination from silicon is significantly increased with increasing process temperature.
The Case Management Workbook: Defining the Role of Physicians, Nurses, and Case Managers
Authors: Fawcett Phyllis J.
Published: September 2012

The Case Management Workbook: Defining the Role of Physicians, Nurses, and Case Managers, Charilyn G. Murer, Michale A. Murer, Lyndean L. Brick, 2011, CRC Press, 112 pages, paperback
SAP97 promotes the stability of Nax channels at the plasma membrane
Authors: Matsumoto Masahito , Fujikawa Akihiro , Suzuki Ryoko , Shimizu Hidetada , Kuboyama Kazuya , Hiyama Takeshi Y. , Hall Randy A. , Noda Masaharu
Published: September 2012

Nax
physically interacts with
SAP97
by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (View interaction)
CNRasGEF
binds to
Nax
by protein array (View interaction)
Nax
and
SAP97
colocalize by fluorescence microscopy (View interaction)
GIPC1
binds to
Nax
by protein array (View interaction)
ZO‐1
binds to
Nax
by protein array (View interaction)
SAP97
binds to
Nax
by protein array (View interaction)
Densin‐180
binds to
Nax
by protein array (View interaction)
Beta‐1‐syntrophin
binds to
Nax
by protein array (View interaction)
ERBIN
binds to
Nax
by protein array (View interaction)
Nax
physically interacts with
SAP97
by pull down (View interaction)
Lnx1
binds to
Nax
by protein array (View interaction)
nNOS
binds to
Nax
by protein array (View interaction)
Glutathione‐ and glutaredoxin‐dependent reduction of methionine sulfoxide reductase A
Authors: Couturier Jérémy , Vignols Florence , Jacquot Jean-Pierre , Rouhier Nicolas
Published: September 2012

A natural fusion occurring between two tandemly repeated glutaredoxin (Grx) modules and a methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) has been detected in Gracilaria gracilis. Using an in vivo yeast complementation assay and in vitro activity measurements, we demonstrated that this fusion enzyme was able to reduce methionine sulfoxide into methionine using glutathione as a reductant. Consistently, a poplar cytosolic MsrA can be regenerated in vitro by glutaredoxins with an efficiency comparable to that of thioredoxins, but using a different mechanism. We hypothesize that the glutathione/glutaredoxin system could constitute an evolutionary conserved alternative regeneration system for MsrA.
White matter imaging changes in subjective and mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Selnes Per , Fjell Anders M. , Gjerstad Leif , Bjørnerud Atle , Wallin Anders , Due-Tønnessen Paulina , Grambaite Ramune , Stenset Vidar , Fladby Tormod
Published: September 2012

Background

To determine whether white matter (WM) memory network changes accompany early cognitive impairment and whether these changes represent early, pathologically independent axonal affection, we combined WM diffusion tensor imaging and cortical morphometric measurements of normal control subjects, patients with only subjective cognitive impairment (SCI), or mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Methods

We included 66 patients with SCI or MCI and 21 control subjects from a university‐hospital‐based memory clinic in a cross‐sectional study. Morphometric analysis was performed in FreeSurfer, and Tract‐Based Spatial Statistics was used for analysis of diffusion tensor imaging‐derived WM fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity (DR), and mean diffusivity (MD). Relationships between WM measures and stage were assessed with whole‐brain voxelwise statistics and on a region‐of‐interest basis, with subsequent correction for cortical atrophy.

Results

In SCI patients, as compared with control subjects, there were widespread changes in DR and MD. No significant differences in thickness could be demonstrated. In MCI patients, as compared with control subjects, there were widespread changes in DR, MD, and fractional anisotropy; the precuneal and inferior parietal cortices were thinner; and the hippocampus was smaller. Multiple logistic regression analysis eliminated morphometry as an explanatory variable in favor of DR/MD for all regions of interest, except in the precuneus, where both thickness and DR/MD were significant explanatory variables.

Conclusions

WM tract degeneration is prominent in SCI and MCI patients, and is at least in part independent of overlying gray matter atrophy.
White matter atrophy in Alzheimer's disease variants
Authors: Migliaccio Raffaella , Agosta Federica , Possin Katherine L. , Rabinovici Gil D. , Miller Bruce L. , Gorno-Tempini Maria Luisa
Published: September 2012

Background

In comparison with late‐onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD, onset, >65 years), early‐age‐of‐onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD, onset, <65 years) more often presents with language, visuospatial, and/or executive impairment, often occurring earlier than a progressive memory deficit. The logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia (lv‐PPA) and posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) have recently been described as possible atypical variants of EOAD. Lv‐PPA is characterized by isolated language deficit, whereas PCA is characterized by predominant visuospatial deficits. Severe hemispheric gray matter (GM) atrophy associated with EOAD, lv‐PPA, and PCA has been described, but regional patterns of white matter (WM) damage are still poorly understood.

Methods

Using structural magnetic resonance imaging and voxel‐based morphometry, we investigated WM damage in patients with EOAD (n = 16), PCA (n = 13), lv‐PPA (n = 10), and LOAD (n = 14) at presentation and 72 age‐matched control subjects.

Results

In patients with EOAD, PCA, and lv‐PPA, WM atrophy was centered on the lateral temporal and parietal regions, including the cingulum and posterior corpus callosum. Compared with control subjects, patients with lv‐PPA showed more severe left parietal damage, and patients with PCA showed more severe occipital atrophy. Moreover, patients with EOAD had greater cingulum atrophy compared with those with LOAD. LOAD showed WM damage in the medial temporal regions and less extensive hemispheric involvement.

Conclusion

Patterns of WM damage in EOAD, lv‐PPA, and PCA are consistent with the clinical syndromes and GM atrophy patterns. WM injury in AD atypical variants may contribute to symptoms and disease pathogenesis.
Predictors of prognosis in IgA nephropathy
Authors: Tomino Yasuhiko
Published: September 2012

IgA nephropathy (nephropathy with mesangial IgA and IgG deposits, so‐called Berger's disease) is the most common primary chronic glomerulonephritis worldwide, and was first described in 1968. Histopathologically, IgA nephropathy is characterized by expansion of the glomerular mesangial matrix with mesangial cell proliferation and/or mononuclear cell infiltration. Glomeruli typically contain generalized‐diffuse granular mesangial deposits of IgA (mainly IgA1), IgG and C3. This disease, therefore, is considered to be an immune‐complex‐mediated glomerulonephritis although the antigenic agents are still obscure. Clinically, patients with IgA nephropathy show microscopic and macroscopic hematuria and/or proteinuria. Although the clinical course is generally gradual in patients with IgA nephropathy, progression to renal hypertension, renal anemia, and end‐stage kidney disease is not as rare as originally thought. Since pathogenesis and radical treatment for IgA nephropathy are still not established, it is necessary to study them using various clinical findings.
Cambrian section in the east of the West Siberian geosyneclise (based on data from Vostok 4 well)
Authors: Kontorovich A.E. , Kontorovich V.A. , Korovnikov I.V. , Saraev S.V. , Sennikov N.V. , Filippov Yu.F. , Varlamov A.I. , Efimov A.S. , Filiptsov Yu.A. , Postnikov A.A. , Terleev A.A. , Karlova G.A. , Nagovitsin K.E. , Tokarev D.A. , Baturina T.P. , Gubin I.A. , Kochnev B.B. , Novozhilova N.V. , Luchinina V.A.
Published: September 2012

The study presents a description of a new type of Cambrian section penetrated in Vostok 4 well in the southeastern part of the West Siberian geosyneclise (Krasnoyarsk Territory). The drilled succession is well characterized by the fossil evidence and can be considered a key section for the east of the WSG. The section comprises all three divisions of the Cambrian and is subdivided into the Oksym, Tyya, Averin, Kolchum, and Evenki Formations, based on the composite log data for an interval of 2262–5105 m. The Oksym Formation (the age equivalent of the Usol’e Formation) and Kolchum Formation are first identified and described in this study. The section is mostly carbonate, argillaceous–carbonate, sulfate–carbonate, and terrigenous sediments deposited in a back-reef setting of the Yenisei salt-bearing basin.
Middle–Late Devonian island-arc volcanosedimentary complexes in northwestern Rudny Altai
Authors: Saraev S.V. , Baturina T.P. , Bakharev N.K. , Izokh N.G. , Sennikov N.V.
Published: September 2012

A volcanosedimentary complex of Middle–Late Devonian deposits in northwestern Rudny Altai is described. Analysis of sedimentologic processes, the kind of manifestation and specific composition of volcanism, and petrographic and chemical compositions of sedimentary rocks permitted reconstruction of paleogeographic and geodynamic settings, which confirmed the hypothesis of the island-arc nature of the Rudny Altai zone in the Middle–Late Devonian. Also, an alternative variant of its rift nature is considered. The rift buildings are referred to as local isolated complexes confined to positive paleovolcanic structures rising above the bottom in the fore-arc basin. The denudated part of the rift system is formed mainly by slope facies. Clastics of rift buildings, together with fragments of silicite and felsic-volcanics layers, compose widespread olistostrome breccias. We have established the humid type of lithogenesis, which, together with minor sea level fluctuations, favors karst processes and the formation of red-colored and bauxite-like rocks. The coeval volcanics composing lava flows and tuff layers are mainly rhyolites and are often of ultrafelsic composition.
Diamondiferous Archean rocks of the Olondo greenstone belt (western Aldan–Stanovoy shield)
Authors: Smelov A.P. , Shatsky V.S. , Ragozin A.L. , Reutskii V.N. , Molotkov A.E.
Published: September 2012

Diamond from metaultramafic rocks of the Mesoarchean (2.96–3.0 Ga) Olondo greenstone belt, located in the western Aldan–Stanovoy shield, has been studied. Diamonds occur in lenses of olivine–serpentine–talc rocks within metaultramafic rocks of intrusive habit, whose composition corresponds to peridotite komatiites. All diamonds from the metaultramafic rocks are crystal fragments 0.3 to 0.5 mm in size. Morphological examination has revealed laminar octahedra, their transitional forms to dodecahedroids, crystals with polycentric faces, and spinel twins. The crystals vary in photoluminescence color: dark blue, green, yellow, red, or albescent. Characteristic absorption bands in crystals point to nitrogen impurities in the form of A and B1 defects and tabular B2 defects. The crystals studied belong to the IaA/B type, common among natural diamonds. The overall nitrogen content varies from <100 to 3800 ppm. The relative content of nitrogen in B1 centers varies from 0 to 94%, pointing to long stay in the mantle. The carbon isotope ratio in the diamonds, 13C = −26‰, is indicative of involvement of subducted crust matter in diamond formation in the Archean.
The behavior of noble-metal admixtures during fractional crystallization of As- and Co-containing Cu–Fe–Ni sulfide melts
Authors: Sinyakova E.F. , Kosyakov V.I.
Published: September 2012

To study the behavior of macrocomponents and admixtures during the fractional crystallization of sulfide melts and the influence of As on noble metals in this process, we performed a quasi-equilibrium directional crystallization of melt of composition (at.%): Fe—35.5, Ni—4.9, Cu—10.4, and S—48.3, with admixtures of Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Au, Ag, As, and Co (each 0.1 at.%), which imitates the average (by Cu contents) compositions of massive ores at the Noril’sk Cu-Ni deposits. The following sequence of phase formation from melt has been established: mss (zone I) / mss + iss (zone II) / iss (zone III) (mss is (FezNi1–z)S1+δ, iss is (FexCuyNi1–x–y)zS1–z); it corresponds to the distribution of main elements along the sample (primary zoning). Distribution curves for macrocomponents in zones I and II of the sample were constructed, as well as the dependencies of their partition coefficients (k) between solid solutions and sulfide melt on the fraction of crystallized melt. The secondary (mineral) zoning resulted from subsolidus phase transformations has been revealed. Five subzones have been recognized: mss + cp (Ia) / mss + cp + pn (Ib) / mss + pc + pn (IIa) / mss + pc + pn + bn (IIb) / pc + bn + pn + unidentified microphases (III). Admixture species in the sample were studied: (1) admixtures dissolved in primary solid solutions and in main minerals resulted from solid-phase transformations and (2) admixtures forming their own mineral phases. The partition coefficients of Co, Rh, and Ru (mss/L), Ru, Ir, and Rh (mss/cp), and Co, Rh, and Pd (mss/pn) were determined. Minerals of noble metals have been recognized: Pt3Fe, PtFe, Au, (Ag,Pd), (Au,Pt), Ag, Ag3Cu, Au3(Cu,Ag,Pd,Pt), etc., and the regularities of their distribution in the sample have been established. It is shown that some noble-metal admixtures are prone to interact with As. Mineral arsenides and sulfoarsenides of noble metals produced during fractional crystallization have been recognized: PtAs2, Pd3As, (RhAsS), (IrAsS), and (Ir,Rh)AsS. The discovered drop-like inclusions of noble-metal arsenides suggest the separation of the initial sulfide-arsenide melt into two immiscible liquids. By indirect features, the micromineral inclusions are divided into primary, crystallized from melt, and secondary, produced in solid-phase reactions. The results of study are compared with literature experimental data obtained by the isothermal-annealing method and with the behavior of noble metals and As during the formation of zonal massive orebodies at the Noril’sk- and Sudbury-type deposits.
The Ms = 7.0 Uureg Nuur earthquake of 15.05.1970 (Mongolian Altai): the aftershock process and current seismicity in the epicentral area
Authors: Emanov A.F. , Emanov A.A. , Leskova E.V. , Kolesnikov Yu.I. , Yankaitis V.V. , Filina A.G.
Published: September 2012

The aftershock process induced by the Ms = 7.0 Uureg Nuur earthquake, one of the largest events in the Altai, has been studied comprehensively. As an additional experiment, a temporary local network of seismic stations was deployed in 2006 in the epicentral area of the earthquake to gain more insights into the current tectonic activity. The aftershocks of the Uureg Nuur event were restricted to small faults in the interior of fault blocks rather than those being localized along border faults. Seismic activity across the directions of large faults has apparently been generated by a fault (in the Tsagaan Shuvuut Range) reactivated during the Uureg Nuur earthquake. The aftershock process, at its final phase, involved an adjacent crust block.
The late Pleistocene glaciation in the Bogchigir Valleys (Pamir, Tajikistan) based on 10Be surface exposure dating
Authors: Röhringer Ines , Zech Roland , Abramowski Uwe , Sosin Pjotr , Aldahan Ala , Kubik Peter W. , Zöller Ludwig , Zech Wolfgang
Published: September 2012

Glacial chronologies from the Pamir may not only provide insights into past changes in temperature, but also into past changes in precipitation related to the northern-hemispheric westerlies and the monsoonal circulation. We present 18 new exposure ages from the Bogchigir Valleys that complement and refine our previous studies in these valleys. The most extensive dated glaciation in the area occurred ~ 100 ka, during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 5, and indicates increased precipitation likely from both the westerlies and the monsoonal circulation. A subsequent glacier advance, which deposited characteristic ‘chukur’ moraine lobes, occurred at ~ 80–75 ka. Circumstantial evidence points to glacial advances at ~ 65 and 40 ka, the latter likely also documenting increased monsoonal moisture supply during MIS 3. Less extensive glacial advances occurred during MIS 2 at ~ 28 and 24 ka and reflect the aridization trend during the course of the last glacial cycle. Deglaciation started ~ 21 ka, interrupted by minor stillstands or readvances at ~ 16 and 12 ka. Local calibration sites and glacier-climate modeling would be very helpful to reduce the systematic methodological uncertainties (still at least 10%) and to draw more detailed paleoclimatic conclusions.
Seasonal trends and spatial differences in marine mammal occurrence in Broadhaven Bay, north-west Ireland
Authors: Anderwald Pia , Haberlin Michael Damien , Coleman Mary , Ó Cadhla Oliver , Englund Anneli , Visser Fleur , Cronin Michelle
Published: September 2012

Long-term monitoring programmes of a comparatively small area complement larger scale, but temporally limited surveys and can provide extensive datasets on seasonal occurrence and fine-scale habitat use of multiple species. A marine mammal monitoring programme, involving year-round, land-based observations, has been conducted in Broadhaven Bay candidate Special Area of Conservation, north-west Ireland, during 2002, 2005 and 2008–2011. Nine cetacean and two seal species have been recorded, with grey seal, harbour porpoise, common and bottlenose dolphins, and minke whale present throughout the year. Generalized additive models, taking into account observer effort, sighting conditions (sea state) and interannual variation, did not reveal any significant seasonal patterns in the occurrence of grey seals, bottlenose dolphins and minke whales. On the other hand, common dolphin presence in Broadhaven Bay was highest during autumn and winter. Bottlenose dolphins could be separated spatially from both common dolphins and minke whales in a classification tree by their preferential use of the shallower inshore areas of the bay (<30 m depth). However, common dolphins and minke whales, which occurred mainly in the deeper outer section of Broadhaven Bay, could not be spatially distinguished from each other, and grey seals were distributed over the entire bay. Broadhaven Bay represents an important marine mammal habitat with respect to overall species diversity and the regular occurrence of bottlenose dolphin, harbour porpoise, grey and harbour seals (all listed under Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive).
Congenital and oral transmission of American trypanosomiasis: an overview of physiopathogenic aspects
Authors: SÁNCHEZ LAURA VIVIANA , RAMÍREZ JUAN DAVID
Published: September 2012

Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis is a pathology affecting about 8–11 million people in Mexico, Central America, and South America, more than 300 000 persons in the United States as well as an indeterminate number of people in other non-endemic countries such as USA, Spain, Canada and Switzerland. The aetiological agent isTrypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan transmitted by multiple routes; among them, congenital route emerges as one of the most important mechanisms of spreading Chagas disease worldwide even in non-endemic countries and the oral route as the responsible of multiple outbreaks of acute Chagas disease in regions where the vectorial route has been interrupted. The aim of this review is to illustrate the recent research and advances in host-pathogen interaction making a model of how the virulence factors of the parasite would interact with the physiology and immune system components of the placental barrier and gastrointestinal tract in order to establish a response againstT. cruziinfection. This review also presents the epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic features of congenital and oral Chagas disease in order to update the reader about the emerging scenarios of Chagas disease transmission.
Theoretical aspect of enhancement and saturation in emission from laser produced plasma
Authors: Rai V.N.
Published: September 2012

This paper presents a simplified theoretical model for the study of emission from laser produced plasma to better understand the processes and the factors involved in the onset of saturation in plasma emission as well as in increasing emission due to plasma confinement. This model considers that plasma emission is directly proportional to the square of plasma density, its volume, and the fraction of laser pulse absorbed through inverse Bremsstrahlung in the pre-formed plasma plume produced by the initial part of the laser. This shows that plasma density and temperature (that means the electron-ion collision frequency νei) decide the threshold for saturation in emission, which occurs for νei ≥ 1013 s−1, beyond which plasma shielding effects become dominant. Any decrease in plasma sound (expansion) velocity shows drastic enhancement in emission supporting the results obtained by magnetic as well as spatial confinement of laser produced plasma. The temporal evolution of plasma emission in the absence and presence of plasma confinement along with the effect of laser pulse duration are also discussed in the light of this model.
Molybdenum thin films via pulsed laser deposition technique for first mirror application
Authors: Mostako A.T.T. , Khare Alika
Published: September 2012

Mirror like Molybdenum thin films on SS substrate in vacuum (10−3Pa) and in Helium environment has been achieved by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) Technique. The PLD thin films of Molybdenum have been characterized by using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). The specular reflectivity was recorded with Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectrometer and UV-Visible spectrometer. The optical quality of the thin films was tested via interferometric technique. At the optimum deposition parameters, the crystal orientation was in Mo(110) phase. The FIR-UV-Visible reflectivity of the mirror was found to be closed to that of the polished bulk Molybdenum and Stainless Substrate (SS) substrate.
A large-signal theory of bunching in the triaxial klystron amplifier
Authors: Qi Zumin , Zhang Jun , Zhong Huihuang , Zhang Zehai
Published: September 2012

A large-signal theory of bunching of an intense relativistic electron beam with both velocity and density modulation in the triaxial klystron has been derived in this paper. The theory presents both the harmonic current and the transient velocity in the bunching process, and expresses the velocity modulation directly by the modulation voltage that is easier to be attained and controlled in practice. A few checks are performed on the large-signal theory by particle-in-cell simulation that suggested the large-signal theory of bunching can successfully predict the first-order harmonic current and the velocity on a beam, with both velocity and density modulation, after interacting with a modulation voltage on the order of magnitude with the beam voltage. The theory described in this paper can accommodate general situations such as the bunching of a modulated beam after interacting with a buncher cavity of the Triaxial klystron amplifier.
On the interaction of focused electromagnetic beams and space-charge fields in laser-plasma systems
Authors: Bonatto Alexandre , Pakter Renato , Rizzato Felipe Barbedo , Bonatto Cristian
Published: September 2012

In the present analysis we study the weakly nonlinear coupled dynamics involving focused radiation beams and space-charge fields in laser-plasmas systems. We direct the analysis to regimes evolving with the co-moving coordinate of the beam frame, but do not make any assumptions on paraxial or underdense conditions. The model thus constructed allows us to investigate equilibrium and nonequilibrium regimes alike. Dependence of equilibrium profiles on control parameters is examined, and beam stability and evolution is investigated as one adds small mismatches to the ideally matched equilibrium. Details of beam evolution depend on initial conditions. However, independently of the precise form of initial conditions, mismatched beams evolve to incoherent space-time patterns.
A MIXTURE OF EXPONENTIAL AND IFR GAMMA DISTRIBUTIONS HAVING AN UPSIDEDOWN BATHTUB-SHAPED FAILURE RATE
Authors: Block Henry W. , Langberg Naftali A. , Savits Thomas H.
Published: September 2012

We consider a mixture of one exponential distribution and one gamma distribution with increasing failure rate. For the right choice of parameters, it is shown that its failure rate has an upsidedown bathtub shape failure rate. We also consider a mixture of a family of exponentials and a family of gamma distributions and obtain a similar result.
Epidemiological features and risk factors ofSalmonellagastroenteritis in children resident in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Authors: THOMPSON C. N. , PHAN V. T. M. , LE T. P. T. , PHAM T. N. T. , HOANG L. P. , HA V. , NGUYEN V. M. H. , PHAM V. M. , NGUYEN T. V. , CAO T. T. , TRAN T. T. N. , NGUYEN T. T. H. , DAO M. T. , CAMPBELL J. I. , NGUYEN T. C. , TANG C. T. , HA M. T. , FARRAR J. , BAKER S.
Published: September 2012

Non-typhoidalSalmonellaare an important but poorly characterized cause of paediatric diarrhoea in developing countries. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study in children aged <5 years in Ho Chi Minh City to define the epidemiology and examine risk factors associated withSalmonelladiarrhoeal infections. From 1419 diarrhoea cases and 571 controls enrolled between 2009 and 2010, 77 (5·4%) diarrhoea cases were stool culture-positive for non-typhoidalSalmonella.Salmonellapatients were more likely to be younger than controls (median age 10 and 12 months, respectively) [odds ratio (OR) 0·97; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·94–0·99], to report a recent diarrhoeal contact (8·1% cases, 1·8% controls; OR 5·98, 95% CI 1·8–20·4) and to live in a household with >2 children (cases 20·8%, controls 10·2%; OR 2·32, 95% CI 1·2–4·7). Our findings indicate thatSalmonellaare an important cause of paediatric gastroenteritis in this setting and we suggest that transmission may occur through direct human contact in the home.
Prevalence and distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater and the surface, drinking and ground waters in the Lower Rhine, Germany
Authors: GALLAS-LINDEMANN C. , SOTIRIADOU I. , PLUTZER J. , KARANIS P.
Published: September 2012

Samples from different water sources (n = 396) were collected during 2009 and 2011. Wastewater (2–5 l) was purified by aluminium sulphate flocculation. Surface, ground and drinking waters (400–6400 l) were collected by filtration. Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were further concentrated by sucrose centrifugation. (Oo)cysts were identified by IFT (immunofluorescence test), DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining and DICM (difference interference contrast microscopy). Out of 206 wastewater samples, 134 (65·0%) were found to be positive for Giardia cysts and 64 (31·1%) for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Parasite numbers ranged from 0 to 2436 cysts/l and 0 to 1745 oocysts/l. Eight (4·2%) surface and drinking water samples (n = 190) were found to be positive for Giardia cysts (0–56000/100 l), and 18 (9·5%) for Cryptosporidium oocysts (2400/100 l). The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence and concentrations of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp. by detecting (oo)cysts from water samples. This study provides substantial evidence that G. lamblia cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts are able to enter and circulate in the aquatic environment with negative implications for public health.
Trimethoprim use in early pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: a register-based nationwide cohort study
Authors: ANDERSEN J. T. , PETERSEN M. , JIMENEZ-SOLEM E. , BROEDBAEK K. , ANDERSEN E. W. , ANDERSEN N. L. , AFZAL S. , TORP-PEDERSEN C. , KEIDING N. , POULSEN H. E.
Published: September 2012

The antibiotic trimethoprim acts as a folate antagonist. Since trophoblasts are very sensitive to drugs that interfere with the folic acid cycle and thereby inhibit DNA synthesis, use of trimethoprim during the first trimester could be associated with miscarriage. A nationwide cohort study including all women in Denmark with a registered pregnancy between 1997 and 2005 was conducted. We used nationwide registers to identify all women giving birth, having a record of miscarriage or induced abortion. Data on exposure to trimethoprim were obtained from the National Prescription Register. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis with exposure to trimethoprim as a time-dependent variable was used to estimate the risk of miscarriage. The adjusted hazard ratio of having a miscarriage after exposure to trimethoprim in the first trimester compared to non-exposure was 2·04 (95% confidence interval 1·43–2·91). Our results indicate that trimethoprim exposure in the first trimester is associated with a doubling of the hazard of miscarriage.
Laboratory surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease in New South Wales, Australia, before and after introduction of 7-valent conjugate vaccine: reduced disease, but not antibiotic resistance rates
Authors: OFTADEH S. , GIDDING H. F. , GILBERT G. L.
Published: September 2012

We compared serotype distributions ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeisolates from patients aged <5 and ⩾5 years with invasive pneumococcal disease in New South Wales, Australia, and antibiotic susceptibilities of isolates from the <5 years age group only, before (2002–2004) and after (2005–2009) introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). Overall, there were significant decreases in the mean annual number of referred isolates (770vs. 515) and the proportion belonging to PCV7 serotypes (74%vs. 38%), but non-PCV7 serotypes, particularly 19A, increased (5%vs. 18%). All changes were more marked in the <5 years age group. Susceptibility testing of isolates from the <5 years age group showed variation in resistance between serotypes, but significant overall increases in penicillin non-susceptibility (23%vs. 31%), ceftriaxone resistance (2%vs. 12%) and multidrug resistance (4%vs. 7%) rates; erythromycin resistance fell (32%vs. 25%). Continued surveillance is needed to monitor changes following the introduction of 13-valent PCV in 2012.
Topology of two-dimensional flow associated with degenerate dividing streamline on a free surface
Authors: DELİCEOĞLU A.
Published: September 2012

Topology of two-dimensional flow associated with degenerate dividing streamline on a free surface is analysed from a topological point of view by considering the critical point concept. Streamline patterns and their bifurcations in the vicinity of a free surface were investigated by Brøns (Brøns, M. (1994) Topological fluid dynamics of interfacial flows. Phys. Fluids6, 2730–2736). Brøns's work is extended to the case of a stream function, including the fourth-order normal form approach. From this, a complete description of bifurcations which can occur in two-dimensional incompressible flow is obtained up to codimension three. The theory is applied to the patterns found numerically in a roll coater.
Imitation, Artificiality and Creation: the Colour and Perception of the Earliest Glass in New Kingdom Egypt
Authors: Duckworth Chloë N.
Published: September 2012

The introduction and use of glass in Late Bronze Age Egypt (18th to 19th Dynasties) is discussed from a materiality-based approach. It is suggested that the artificiality of this new material was deliberately proclaimed, highlighting the ability of those behind its production to access the processes of creation and transformation. Colour is central to the arguments presented, and it is suggested that glass was valued for its ability to fully assume particular colours, rather than displaying these on the surface only in the manner of painted, glazed or gilded artefacts.
Pyramidologies of Egypt: a Typological Review
Authors: Derricourt Robin
Published: September 2012

The pyramids of Egypt, and especially the Great Pyramid at Giza, have long been the subject of speculation. Notably from the mid-nineteenth century to today Western writers have proselytized numerous interpretations at odds with those of specialist scholars, and such alternative ideas have attracted wide if disparate followings. In surveys of Egypt written for a general audience from a traditional Egyptological framework these ideas are often ignored, or are lumped together as ‘pyramidiocy’. Here we emphasize the great diversity of models in pyramidologies and suggest two typological frameworks to help understand them. One applies a matrix of their ideological origins and their use of metrical applications. An alternate typology classifies pyramidologies by supposed creators and intended users of the pyramid(s). Most such theories are created by male outsiders to Egypt; they set the subject outside of the broader context of pharaonic architecture and society; they often cite scholarly sources selectively; and can incorporate mutually contradictory arguments. The internet has broadened access to alternative archaeologies, and has served to democratize fantasy.
Civic and Household Community Relationships at Teotihuacan, Mexico: a Space Syntax Approach
Authors: Morton Shawn G. , Peuramaki-Brown Meaghan M. , Dawson Peter C. , Seibert Jeffrey D.
Published: September 2012

It is held that the study of complex societies can effectively focus on the human interactions that define communities. Given the operational primacy of architectural survey in archaeological investigations, with some prominent exceptions, it is surprising how little attention has been paid to how communities of varying scales can actually be identified using these data sets. This article weds a modified version of Yaeger and Canuto's (2000) ‘interactional approach’ to community identity with a materialist (empirical) body of method-theory known as space syntax in a discussion of community structure and systems of authority represented in the architectural structures and spaces of epicentral Teotihuacan, Mexico.
Rate of Prescription of Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Drugs after Cyclone Yasi in North Queensland
Authors: Usher Kim , Brown Lawrence H. , Buettner Petra , Glass Beverley , Boon Helen , West Caryn , Grasso Joseph , Chamberlain-Salaun Jennifer , Woods Cindy
Published: September 2012

Introduction

The need to manage psychological symptoms after disasters can result in an increase in the prescription of psychotropic drugs, including antidepressants and anxiolytics. Therefore, an increase in the prescription of antidepressants and anxiolytics could be an indicator of general psychological distress in the community.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a change in the rate of prescription of antidepressant and anxiolytic drugs following Cyclone Yasi.

Methods

A quantitative evaluation of new prescriptions of antidepressants and anxiolytics was conducted. The total number of new prescriptions for these drugs was calculated for the period six months after the cyclone and compared with the same six month period in the preceding year. Two control drugs were also included to rule out changes in the general rate of drug prescription in the affected communities.

Results

After Cyclone Yasi, there was an increase in the prescription of antidepressant drugs across all age and gender groups in the affected communities except for males 14-54 years of age. The prescription of anxiolytic drugs decreased immediately after the cyclone, but increased by the end of the six-month post-cyclone period. Control drug prescription did not change.

Conclusion

There was a quantifiable increase in the prescription of antidepressant drugs following Cyclone Yasi that may indicate an increase in psychosocial distress in the community.

UsherK, BrownLH, BuettnerP, GlassB, BoonH, WestC, GrassoJ, Chamberlain-SalaunJ, WoodsC. Rate of prescription of antidepressant and anxiolytic drugs after Cyclone Yasi in North Queensland. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(6):1-5.
Seed supply in local markets: supporting sustainable use of crop genetic resources
Authors: Lipper Leslie , Cavatassi Romina , Winters Paul
Published: September 2012

This introductory paper summarizes the policy context, methodological approach, and key results from the set of papers contained in this special edition derived from a FAO-led project on seed sourcing in local markets and its farm-level impacts. The introduction provides the conceptual framework used in the papers for considering the relationship between sourcing seed from market and rural household decision-making as well as the effects this has on two key farm outcomes: on-farm diversity and household welfare. Approaches for data collection and study site selection are described, with a focus on how methodological issues were addressed in the different studies. Lastly, the paper summarizes the results of the individual papers and draws broad conclusions and policy implications for promoting the sustainable utilization of crop genetic resources through increasing market access and in a manner that supports agricultural production.
Designing the eatwell week: the application of eatwell plate advice to weekly food intake
Authors: Leslie Wilma S , Comrie Fiona , Lean Michael EJ , Hankey Catherine R
Published: September 2012

Objective

To develop a menu and resource to illustrate to consumers and health professionals what a healthy balanced diet looks like over the course of a week.

Design

Development and analysis of an illustrative 7 d ‘eatwell week’ menu to meet current UK recommendations for nutrients with a Dietary Reference Value, with a daily energy base of 8368 kJ (2000 kcal). Foods were selected using market research data on meals and snacks commonly consumed by UK adults. Analysis used the food composition data set from year 1 (2008) of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey rolling programme. The eatwell week menu was developed using an iterative process of nutritional analysis with adjustments made to portion sizes and the inclusion/exclusion of foods in order to achieve the target macronutrient composition.

Results

Three main meals and two snacks were presented as interchangeable within the weekdays and two weekend days to achieve adult food and nutrient recommendations. Main meals were based on potatoes, rice or pasta with fish (two meals; one oily), red meat (two meals), poultry or vegetarian accompaniments. The 5-a-day target for fruit and vegetables (range 5–6·7 portions) was achieved daily. Mean salt content was below recommended maximum levels (<6 g/d). All key macro- and micronutrient values were achieved.

Conclusions

Affordable foods, and those widely consumed by British adults, can be incorporated within a 7 d healthy balanced menu. Future research should investigate the effect of using the eatwell week on adults’ dietary habits and health-related outcomes.
School food cost–benefits: England
Authors: Nelson Michael
Published: September 2012

Objective

To estimate the costs per relevant unit (pupils and meals) associated with improvements to school food and the potential economic and health gains that may result.

Design

Calculation of costs per relevant unit (pupils and meals) based on (i) Department for Education expenditure to support improvements in school food, 2005–2011 and (ii) measures of the changes in the number of pupils taking school lunch and the number of meals served over the same time period; plus examples of the use of linked data to predict longer-term economic and health outcomes of healthier eating at school.

Setting

England.

Subjects

Local authorities, government departments and non-departmental public bodies.

Results

Analysis of investment over a 6-year period indicates that costs of setting up and maintaining a change organization such as the School Food Trust were low in relation to short-term benefits in nutrition and behaviour. Models that predict long-terms gains to the exchequer and to quality-adjusted life years need further elaboration.

Conclusions

Modest levels of government investment in the delivery and promotion of healthier school food is likely to yield both short-term and long-term benefits in relation to nutrition, learning, economics and health.
Use of point-of-sale data to assess food and nutrient quality in remote stores
Authors: Brimblecombe Julie , Liddle Robyn , O'Dea Kerin
Published: September 2012

Objective

To examine the feasibility of using point-of-sale data to assess dietary quality of food sales in remote stores.

Design

A multi-site cross-sectional assessment of food and nutrient composition of food sales. Point-of-sale data were linked to Australian Food and Nutrient Data and compared across study sites and with nutrient requirements.

Setting

Remote Aboriginal Australia.

Subject

Six stores.

Results

Point-of-sale data were readily available and provided a low-cost, efficient and objective assessment of food and nutrient sales. Similar patterns in macronutrient distribution, food expenditure and key food sources of nutrients were observed across stores. In all stores, beverages, cereal and cereal products, and meat and meat products comprised approximately half of food sales (range 49–57 %). Fruit and vegetable sales comprised 10·4 (sd1·9) % on average. Carbohydrate contributed 54·4 (sd3·0) % to energy; protein 13·5 (sd1·1) %; total sugars 28·9 (sd4·3) %; and the contribution of total saturated fat to energy ranged from 11·0 to 14·4 % across stores. Mg, Ca, K and fibre were limiting nutrients, and Na was four to five times higher than the midpoint of the average intake range. Relatively few foods were major sources of nutrients.

Conclusions

Point-of-sale data enabled an assessment of dietary quality within stores and across stores with no burden on communities and at no cost, other than time required for analysis and reporting. Similar food spending patterns and nutrient profiles were observed across the six stores. This suggests potential in using point-of-sale data to monitor and evaluate dietary quality in remote Australian communities.