bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UVB irradiation does not directly induce detectable changes of DNA methylation in human keratinocytes
Authors: Lahtz Christoph , Kim Sang-In , Bates Steven E , Li Arthur X , Wu Xiwei , Pfeifer Gerd P
Published: May 2013

Unprotected exposure to UVB radiation from the sun and the resulting DNA damage are thought to be responsible for physiological changes in the skin and for a variety of skin cancers, including basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. Although the mutagenic effects of UVB have been well documented and studied mechanistically, there is only limited information as to whether UV light may also be responsible for inducing epigenetic changes in the genome of exposed cells. DNA methylation is a stable epigenetic modification involved in gene control. To study the effects of UVB radiation on DNA methylation, we repeatedly exposed normal human keratinocytes to a UVB light source. After a recovery period, we analyzed global DNA methylation patterns in the irradiated and control cells using the methylated-CpG island recovery assay (MIRA) method in combination with high-resolution microarrays. Bioinformatics analysis revealed only a limited number of possible differences between UVB-exposed and control cells. However, these minor apparent changes could not be independently confirmed by bisulfite sequencing-based approaches. This study reveals that UVB irradiation of keratinocytes has no recognizable global effect on DNA methylation patterns and suggests that changes in DNA methylation, as observed in skin cancers, are not immediate consequences of human exposure to solar UVB irradiation.
The stretcher spontaneous neurodegenerative mutation models Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4D
Authors: Chandler David , Lopaticki Sash , Huang Dexing , Hunter Michael , Angelicheva Dora , Kilpatrick Trevor , King Rosalind HM , Kalaydjieva Luba , Morahan Grant
Published: May 2013

Mice affected by a spontaneous mutation which arose within our colony exhibited a neuromuscular phenotype involving tremor and characteristic stretching of the rear limbs. The mutant, namedstretcher, was used to breed a backcross cohort for genetic mapping studies. The gene responsible for the mutant phenotype was mapped to a small region on mouse chromosome 15, with a LOD score above 20. Candidate genes within the region included theNdrg1gene. Examination of this gene in the mutant mouse strain revealed that exons 10 to 14 had been deleted. Mutations in the human orthologue are known to result in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4D (CMT4D) a severe early-onset disorder involving Schwann cell dysfunction and extensive demyelination. Thestretchermutant mouse is more severely affected than mice in which theNdrg1gene had been knocked out by homologous recombination. Our results demonstrate that theNdrg1strmutation provides a new model for CMT4D, and demonstrate that exons 10 to 14 ofNdrg1encode amino acids crucial to the appropriate function of Ndrg1 in the central nervous system.
Can primary care nurse administered pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) be implemented for the prevention and treatment of urinary incontinence? A study protocol
Authors: Child Sue , Bateman Alice , Shuttleworth Joanna , Gericke Christian , Freeman Robert
Published: May 2013

Background: We aim to evaluate if Pelvic Floor Muscle Training (PFMT) delivered in primary care results in fewer referrals to secondary care for urinary incontinence (UI), thereby reducing the number and associated costs of surgical procedures for UI.

Methods / design: The study will consist of two populations – a prevention group and a treatment group who will both be offered PFMT in primary care. The prevention group will consist of parous women aged 25-64 attending for a routine cervical smear. Their pelvic floor will be assessed using the Modified Oxford Scale (MOS) and a baseline data form will be completed that asks about the frequency and associated bother of urine leakage. From the answers given, the group will be subdivided into two groups. The first (prevention) group will be subdivided into a primary prevention arm (no symptoms of urinary incontinence and pelvic floor strength ≤2 on MOS) and a secondary prevention arm (women reporting symptoms of urine leakage irrespective of MOS). The second (treatment) group will be women of any age who may or may not have had a vaginal birth presenting to their GP with UI. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews will be conducted with a subset of patients and staff with the aim of identifying barriers and facilitators in delivering PFMT in primary care.

Discussion: A recently completed community study showed good outcomes with practice nurse delivery of PFMT. We suggest if this were to be implemented more widely it would reduce the need for referral to secondary care. We believe that this study will show whether implementing a package of PFMT delivered in primary care can treat as well as prevent UI and will also be helpful in exploring the benefits / drawbacks of such implementation, thus providing lessons for implementation in other Primary Care Trusts (PCTs).
Inpatients’ opinions on a hospital in Portugal
Authors: Silva Carina C , Oliveira Agripino
Published: May 2013

Background: Little is known about the relationship between the opinions of inpatients and the degree to which hospitals are improving in performance over time. The aim of this study was to determine the personal assessment level of inpatients or their representatives regarding aspects of health care in an internal medicine ward.

Methods: We carried out a questionnaire in September 2011 with 284 discharged patients and patient representatives, focusing on their opinions about the department, health professionals and amenities, with response options ranging from 1 (very bad) to 5 (very good). The relationships between domains from the questionnaire and socio-demographic factors were examined using a t-test and one-way ANOVA.

Results: The response rate was 78%. The patients showed a slightly higher mean score (m) for factors in the medical care domain than did the patient representatives (m = 4.51 vs. m = 4.27; p = 0.014). The mean score of all the items in all domains was 4.24; this allowed us to determine the difference from the overall mean (DIFM) for medical care (DIFM = 0.18; p = 0.000), foods (DIFM = –0.31; p = 0.000), diagnostic tests (DIFM = –0.15; p = 0.036) and transport (DIFM = –0.41; p = 0.000). Respondents with a medium or higher educational level gave lower scores to the domains food (m = 3.74; p = 0.004), diagnostic tests (m = 3.72; p = 0.04) and transport (m = 3.62; p = 0.025) than those with lower educational levels. The domains facilities (m = 2.4; p = 0.04) and diagnostic tests (m = 3.63; p = 0.009) were given lower scores by those aged <50 years compared with older respondents.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the evaluation of the responders will allow the hospital management to make improvements in the quality of care.
Case Report: Tuberculosis IRIS : a mediastinal problem
Authors: Valentin Leonardo , DiNardo Andrew , Chiao Elizabeth , Woc-Colburn Laila , Nachiappan Arun
Published: May 2013

We present a case of a 39-year-old male patient with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) who developed Mycobacterium tuberculosis related Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) after initiation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) treatment. The inflammatory response resulted in mediastinal necrotic lymphadenopathy and subsequent perforation of the esophageal wall.
Is gastroenterology research in decline? A comparison of abstract publication rates from The British Society of Gastroenterology meetings between 1995 and 2005
Authors: Prendergast Sarah , Mattishent Katharina , Broughton Tom , Beales Ian
Published: May 2013

Background: Reports have suggested that academic medicine may be in decline within the UK. Further evidence suggests that rates of subsequent full publication of abstracts presented at major scientific meetings are low and may be declining. We have compared the publication rates of abstracts presented at meetings of the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) between 1995 and 2005 and examined factors associated with full paper publication. 

Methods: Abstracts presented at BSG meetings in 1995 and 2005 were assessed by cross-referencing with multiple databases. Abstract characteristics associated with publication were analysed.

Results: There were no differences in overall publication rates, impact factors or time to publication between 1995 and 2005. Overall, basic-science abstracts were twice as likely to achieve full publication than non-basic science. There was a significant fall in the publication rates for case series and audits, and significantly increased rates for fundamental/basic-science abstracts over the study period. There were non-significant increases in publication rates for controlled trials and systematic reviews. In general, publication rates for all predominantly clinically orientated abstracts reduced between the two periods with the most notable fall occurring in nutrition. 

Conclusions: There was no evidence of a decline in overall abstract publication rates between 1995 and 2005. There seemed to be trend for increased publication rates of abstracts using perceived high-quality study methodologies with a corresponding decrease in those with lower quality methods. The proportion of basic-science abstracts is likely to be a determinant of overall full publication rates following scientific meetings.
The novel Arabidopsis thaliana svt2 suppressor of the ascorbic acid-deficient mutant vtc1-1 exhibits phenotypic and genotypic instability
Authors: Kempinski Chase F , Crowell Samuel V , Smeeth Caleb , Barth Carina
Published: May 2013

Ascorbic acid is a potent antioxidant that detoxifies reactive oxygen species when plants are exposed to unfavorable environmental conditions. In addition to its antioxidant properties, ascorbic acid and its biosynthetic precursors fulfill a variety of other physiological and molecular functions. A mutation in the ascorbic acid biosynthesis geneVTC1, which encodes GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase, results in conditional root growth inhibition in the presence of ammonium. To isolate suppressors ofvtc1-1, which is in theArabidopsisColumbia-0 background, seeds of the mutant were subjected to ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis. A suppressor mutant ofvtc1-12,svt2, with wild-type levels of ascorbic acid and root growth similar to the wild type in the presence of ammonium was isolated. Interestingly,svt2hasArabidopsisLandsbergerectafeatures, althoughsvt2is delayed in flowering and has an enlarged morphology. Moreover, thesvt2genotype shares similarities with Lerpolymorphism markers and sequences, despite the fact that the mutant derived from mutagenesis of Col-0vtc1-1seed. We provide evidence thatsvt2is not an artifact of the experiment, a contamination of Lerseed, or a result of outcrossing of thesvt2mutant with Lerpollen. Instead, our results show thatsvt2exhibits transgenerational genotypic and phenotypic instability, which is manifested in a fraction ofsvt2progeny, producing revertants that have Col-like phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Some of those Col-like revertants then revert back tosvt2-like plants in the subsequent generation. Our findings have important implications for undiscovered phenomena in transmitting genetic information in addition to the Mendelian laws of inheritance. Our results suggest that stress can trigger a genome restoration mechanism that could be advantageous for plants to survive environmental changes for which the ancestral genes were better adapted.
Effect of postoperative anemia on functional outcome and quality of life after hip and knee arthroplasties: a long term follow-up
Authors: Cormier-Lavoie Alex , Ruel Monique , Sylvestre Marie-Pierre , Hardy Jean-François
Published: May 2013

Background: Postoperative anemia is frequent in patients undergoing hip and knee arthroplasty. While it is legitimate to think that anemia could decrease postoperative vigor and, consequently, limit the patient’s rehabilitation, our previous study showed that anemia does not impair functional recovery in patients during the immediate postoperative period (10 days). Here we investigate the possible relationship between the postoperative hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and long-term (6 months or more) functional recovery and quality of life (QoL) in patients.

Study design and methods: A follow-up, observational study was conducted in the 305 patients 60 years and older who underwent major hip or knee arthroplasty and participated in the Transfusion Requirements in Orthopedic Surgery (TRIOS) study (phase 2). The relationship between postoperative Hb concentration (or variation thereof) and primary outcomes (Functional Status Index (FSI) score, scores in the two categories of the Short Form 36 (SF-36) test and adverse events) was established by linear regression.

Results: 160 patients responded to long-term follow-up. There were no significant correlations between the postoperative Hb concentration (or the variation in perioperative Hb) and either the FSI or SF-36 scores or adverse events. Consequently, moderate postoperative anemia does not appear to affect long-term (6 months or more after surgery) functional recovery or QoL in patients undergoing a major arthroplasty.

Conclusion: Our results confirm the lack of longer-term effects of anemia on functional recovery observed in the immediate postoperative period in the TRIOS phase 2 study.
Trading green backs for green crabs: evaluating the commercial shellfish harvest at risk to European green crab invasion
Authors: Mach Megan E , Chan Kai MA
Published: May 2013

Nonnative species pose a threat to native biodiversity and can have immense impacts on biological communities, altering the function of ecosystems. How much value is at risk from high-impact invasive species, and which parameters determine variation in that value, constitutes critical knowledge for directing both management and research, but it is rarely available. We evaluated the value of the commercial shellfish harvest that is at risk in nearshore ecosystems of Puget Sound, Washington State, USA, from the invasive European green crab,Carcinus maenas. We assessed this value using a simple static ecological model combined with an economic model using data from Puget Sound’s shellfish harvest and revenue and the relationship betweenC. maenasabundance and the consumption rate of shellfish. The model incorporates a range inC. maenasdiet preference, calories consumed per year, and crab densities.C. maenasis likely to prey on commercially harvested hardshell clams, oysters, and mussels, which would likely reduce additional revenue from processing and distribution, and the number of jobs associated with these fisheries.

The model results suggest possible revenue losses of these shellfish ranging from $1.03-23.8 million USD (2.8-64% losses), with harvesting and processing losses up to $44 million USD (40%) and 303 job positions each year associated with a range of plausible parameter values. The broad range of values reflects the uncertainty in key factors underlying impacts, factors that are highly variable across invaded regions and so not knowablea priori. However, future research evaluating species invasions can reduce the uncertainty of impacts by characterizing several key parameters: density of individuals, number of arrivals, predation and competition interactions, and economic impacts. This study therefore provides direction for research to inform more accurate estimates of value-at-risk, and suggests substantial motivation for strong measures to prevent, monitor, and manage the possible invasion ofC. maenas.
Using Akaike’s information theoretic criterion in population analysis: a simulation study
Authors: Olofsen Erik , Dahan Albert
Published: May 2013

Akaike’s information-theoretic criterion for model discrimination (AIC) is often stated to “overfit”, i.e., it selects models with a higher dimension than the dimension of the model that generated the data. However, when no fixed-dimensional correct model exists, for example for pharmacokinetic data, AIC, or its bias-corrected version (AICc) might be the selection criterion of choice if the objective is to minimize prediction error. The present simulation study was designed to assess the behavior of AICc when applying it to the analysis of population data, for various degrees of interindividual variability. The simulation study showed that, at least in a relatively simple mixed effects modeling context, minimal mean AICc corresponded to best predictive performance even in the presence of large interindividual variability.
An Advantage of Newness: Vicarious Learning Despite Limited Absorptive Capacity
Authors: Posen Hart E. , Chen John S.
Published: May 2013

Entrants are often viewed as suffering from a “liability of newness”—at founding, they rarely possess the knowledge and capabilities necessary to compete and survive. They can overcome this liability by learning vicariously from the knowledge of incumbent firms. But how can entrants learn from external knowledge when they lack the prior related knowledge that forms the basis of absorptive capacity? We theorize that the process of internal experiential learning facilitates learning from external knowledge, particularly for entrants. To test this theory, we examine learning using a comprehensive set of U.S. commercial banking firms, including a full census of entrants. Our estimates suggest that the share of vicarious learning realized in the process of experiential learning is twice as large for entrants as for incumbents. In this sense, entrants enjoy an “advantage of newness” in learning.
Efficacy, Safety, and Medication Errors Associated with the Use of Inhaled Epoprostenol for Adults with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Pilot Study
Authors: Dunkley Kisha A , Louzon Patricia R , Lee Jinjoo , Vu Steve
Published: May 2013

BACKGROUND:

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a type of hypoxic respiratory failure that results from ventilation and perfusion mismatching. Inhaled epoprostenol induces relaxation of smooth muscle in pulmonary vasculature, leading to improved oxygenation.

OBJECTIVE:

To determine if the use of inhaled epoprostenol produced a 10% or greater increase in the ratio of arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) to fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) in ARDS patients and to review adverse events and medication errors.

METHODS:

An observational chart review was performed based on a report generated from the electronic medical record system. Patients who received at least 1 dose of inhaled epoprostenol from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2010, at any hospital within the Florida Hospital Health System were considered for inclusion. Demographics, dose, duration of therapy, adverse effects, medication errors, and outcomes data were collected.

RESULTS:

Sixteen patients were included in the study. Oxygenation improved by 10% or more in 62.5% (10/16) of the patients, with an initial (within the first 4 hours) median increase of 44.5% in PaO2/FiO2. The mean (SD) starting dose was 30 (10) ng/kg/min. Medication errors were observed in 25% (4/16) of patients. Hypotension was the most frequently observed adverse event, with a rate of 18.8% (3/16).

CONCLUSIONS:

Based on study findings, inhaled epoprostenol may improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, with findings suggesting a 62.5% response to therapy. The significance of these effects on improving survival remains unknown. The frequency of medication errors observed in this study poses a significant concern regarding the administration of epoprostenol. Further controlled prospective studies are needed to determine the role of inhaled epoprostenol in improving survival in patients with ARDS.
Mujeres Públicas
Authors: Christensen Catherine
Published: May 2013

This article explores the circuits of migration among American prostitutes in Mexican border towns between the years 1910 and 1930. After California’s Progressive movement shut down the state’s red light districts, American prostitutes found that the vice districts of Mexicali and Tijuana offered opportunities for economic and social advancement not available to them in the United States. As transnational subjects, these U.S. women exploited the ethno-cultural complexities of the border to claim “whiteness” as “Americans” and yet also relied on the Mexican state to guarantee their rights and liberties. Their story contributes to scholarly debates about prostitution and speaks to the absence of research on American women in the historiography of the twentieth-century U.S.-Mexican border.
FOLFIRINOX in Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: The Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center Experience
Authors: Faris Jason E. , Blaszkowsky Lawrence S. , McDermott Shaunagh , Guimaraes Alexander R. , Szymonifka Jackie , Huynh Mai Anh , Ferrone Cristina R. , Wargo Jennifer A. , Allen Jill N. , Dias Lauren E. , Kwak Eunice L. , Lillemoe Keith D. , Thayer Sarah P. , Murphy Janet E. , Zhu Andrew X. , Sahani Dushyant V. , Wo Jennifer Y. , Clark Jeffrey W. , Fernandez-del Castillo Carlos , Ryan David P. , Hong Theodore S.
Published: May 2013

The objective of our retrospective institutional experience is to report the overall response rate, R0 resection rate, progression-free survival, and safety/toxicity of neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX (5-fluorouracil [5-FU], oxaliplatin, irinotecan, and leucovorin) and chemoradiation in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). Patients with LAPC treated with FOLFIRINOX were identified via the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center pharmacy database. Demographic information, clinical characteristics, and safety/tolerability data were compiled. Formal radiographic review was performed to determine overall response rates (ORRs). Twenty-two patients with LAPC began treatment with FOLFIRINOX between July 2010 and February 2012. The ORR was 27.3%, and the median progression-free survival was 11.7 months. Five of 22 patients were able to undergo R0 resections following neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX and chemoradiation. Three of the five patients have experienced distant recurrence within 5 months. Thirty-two percent of patients required at least one emergency department visit or hospitalization while being treated with FOLFIRINOX. FOLFIRINOX possesses substantial activity in patients with LAPC. The use of FOLFIRINOX was associated with conversion to resectability in >20% of patients. However, the recurrences following R0 resection in three of five patients and the toxicities observed with the use of this regimen raise important questions about how to best treat patients with LAPC.
Adaptive paternal effects? Experimental evidence that the paternal environment affects offspring performance
Authors: Crean Angela J. , Dwyer John M. , Marshall Dustin J.
Published: May 2013

The ability of females to adaptively influence offspring phenotype via maternal effects is widely acknowledged, but corresponding nongenetic paternal effects remain unexplored. Males can adjust sperm phenotype in response to local conditions, but the transgenerational consequences of this plasticity are unknown. We manipulated paternal density of a broadcast spawner (Styela plicata, a solitary ascidean) using methods shown previously to alter sperm phenotype in the field, then conducted in vitro fertilizations that excluded maternal effects and estimated offspring performance under natural conditions. Offspring sired by males from low‐density experimental populations developed faster and had a higher hatching success than offspring sired by males living in high densities. In the field, offspring survived relatively better when their environment matched their father's, raising the possibility that fathers can adaptively influence the phenotype of their offspring according to local conditions. As the only difference between offspring is whether they were artificially fertilized by sperm from males kept in high‐ vs. low‐density cages, we can unequivocally attribute any differences in offspring performance to an environmentally induced paternal effect. Males of many species manipulate the phenotype of their sperm in response to sperm competition: our results show this plasticity can influence offspring fitness, potentially in adaptive ways, raising the possibility that adaptive nongenetic paternal effects may be more common than previously thought.
Effect of Glycemic Control on Self‐Perceived Oral Health, Periodontal Parameters, and Alveolar Bone Loss Among Patients With Prediabetes
Authors: Javed Fawad , Thafeed AlGhamdi Ali Saad , Mikami Toshinari , Mehmood Abid , Ahmed Hameeda Bashir , Samaranayake Lakshman P. , Tenenbaum Howard C.
Published: May 2013

Background: The effect of glycemic control on severity of periodontal inflammatory parameters in patients with prediabetes is unknown. The aim of the present study is to assess the effects of glycemic control on self‐perceived oral health, periodontal parameters, and marginal bone loss (MBL) in patients with prediabetes.

Methods: A total of 303 individuals were included. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and fasting blood glucose levels (FBGLs) were recorded. Participants were divided into three groups: 1) group A: 75 patients with prediabetes (FBGLs = 100 to 125 mg/dL [HbA1c ≥5%]); 2) group B: 78 individuals previously considered prediabetic but having FBGLs <100 mg/dL (HbA1c <5%) resulting from dietary control; and 3) control group: 150 medically healthy individuals. Self‐perceived oral health, socioeconomic status, and education status were determined using a questionnaire. Plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment loss (AL) were recorded. Premolar and molar MBLs were measured on panoramic radiographs.

Results: Periodontal parameters (PI, BOP, PD, and AL) (P <0.01) and MBL (P <0.01) were worse among individuals in group A than those in group B. Self‐perceived gingival bleeding (P <0.001), pain on chewing (P <0.001), dry mouth (P <0.001), and oral burning sensations (P <0.05) were worse among patients in group A than those in group B. There was no difference in periodontal parameters, MBL, and self‐perceived oral symptoms among patients with prediabetes in group B and healthy controls.

Conclusions: Self‐perceived oral health, severity of periodontal parameters, and MBL are worse in patients with prediabetes than controls. Glycemic control significantly reduces the severity of these parameters as well as the state of prediabetes in affected individuals.
Gingival Crevicular Fluid Matrix Metalloproteinase‐8 Levels Predict Treatment Outcome Among Smokers With Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Leppilahti Jussi M. , Kallio Mikko A. , Tervahartiala Taina , Sorsa Timo , Mäntylä Päivi
Published: May 2013

Background: Molecular biomarkers are needed for diagnostic use in periodontal diseases. The aim of this study is to explore different gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (MMP‐8) patterns in smokers and non‐smokers with chronic periodontitis (CP) and test the utility of baseline GCF MMP‐8 levels in predicting categorically assessed treatment outcomes.

Methods: The study population comprised 15 patients with CP (five non‐smokers and 10 smokers). GCF sampling of five to seven periodontal sites per patient was done at baseline, post‐treatment, and bimonthly during the maintenance period from 8 to 12 months. GCF MMP‐8 levels were measured with an immunofluorometric assay. MMP‐8 response patterns were explored by cluster analysis. The ability of baseline MMP‐8 levels to predict categorical treatment outcomes was analyzed with receiver operating characteristic curves.

Results: GCF MMP‐8 response patterns could be clustered into two different site profiles among both smokers and non‐smokers. Smoker site profiles 1 and 2 had significantly different clinical attachment level and gingival recession changes by the end of the maintenance period. In smoker sites, baseline MMP‐8 levels significantly predicted the categorical treatment outcome.

Conclusions: Baseline GCF MMP‐8 levels strongly predict how MMP‐8 levels behave during the maintenance period. In smoker sites, high baseline MMP‐8 levels indicate weak treatment response.
Distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in surface sediments from a subtropical bay affected by the Special Economic Zone, China
Authors: Qiao Yongmin , Pan Hong , Yang Yang , Gu Jiguang , Zhao Jiangang
Published: May 2013

The concentrations of nine metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Mn, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Al) in surface sediments from 14 sampling sites in Shantou Bay were determined in order to understand current metal levels and spatial distribution due to the rapid development of the Shantou Special Economic Zone. Results showed that metal concentrations in surface sediments varied from 0.31 to 1.74 mg kg–1 for Cd, 35.98 to 74.19 mg kg–1 for Cr, 24.43 to 79.24 mg kg–1 for Cu, 428.45 to 809.87 mg kg−1 for Mn, 16.91 to 31.51 mg kg−1 for Ni, 35.59 to 64.84 mg kg−1 for Pb, 84.91 to 246.51 mg kg−1 for Zn, 2.93 to 3.93% for Fe, and 5.25 to 9.28% for Al. Although all metal concentrations in sediments meet Chinese National Standard Criteria for Marine Sediment Quality, both enrichment factor (EF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) show Pb and Cd pollution existed in the upper and middle bay, and pollution of other metals is also recorded in some sites depending on the sources; river input, sewage discharge, and port activities are the main sources of pollutant to the bay.
A concept for planning and management of on-site and centralised municipal wastewater treatment systems, a case study in Bangkok, Thailand. I: Pollutant discharge indicators and pollutant removal efficiency functions
Authors: Tsuzuki Yoshiaki , Koottatep Thammarat , Sinsupan Thitiphon , Jiawkok Supattra , Wongburana Chira , Wattanachira Suraphong , Sarathai Yuttachai
Published: May 2013

The concept of pollution load indicators for planning and management of the mixture conditions of centralised and on-site wastewater treatment systems has not been discussed in detail so far. In this paper, pollutant discharge (load) indicators and pollutant removal efficiencies were quantitatively analysed to develop a part of a strategy for planning and management of municipal wastewater treatment systems (WWTSs) under the mixture conditions in Bangkok, Thailand, as a case study. Pollutant discharge indicators of on-site WWTSs were estimated based on the relevant literature. Three kinds of pollutant removal efficiency function at centralised wastewater treatment plants (CWWTPs) were empirically developed for biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total coliforms and faecal coliforms based on the existing CWWTP management data. These results will be integrated into the scenario-based analysis in the second paper in the series. The results will be base datasets, and the concept and estimation methods can be applied for wastewater treatment planning and management in other areas.
N2O emission from full-scale urban wastewater treatment plants: a comparison between A2O and SBR
Authors: Sun Shichang , Cheng Xiang , Li Sha , Qi Fei , Liu Yan , Sun Dezhi
Published: May 2013

The emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) from full-scale anoxic/anaerobic/oxic (A2O) and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) processes was measured to evaluate N2O emission from urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The results showed that N2O flux in the A2O WWTP followed an order of A2O-oxic zone > aerated grit tank >> A2O-anaerobic zone > A2O-anoxic zone > final clarifier > primary clarifier, while in the SBR WWTP the order was SBR tank >> swirl grit tank > wastewater distribution tank and within the SBR tank in an order of SBR-feeding period > SBR-aeration period > SBR-settling period > SBR-decanting period. N2O emission from the A2O WWTP was approximately 486.61 kg d−1, 96.9% of which was from the A2O-oxic zone. In the SBR WWTP, the emission of N2O was 339.24 kg d−1 with 99.9% of the total emission coming from the periods of feeding and aeration. There was 6.52% of nitrogen-load in the influent being transformed to the emitted N2O in the SBR WWTP; the percentage was 3.35 times higher than that in the A2O WWTP.
Effects of pH on chromate(VI) adsorption by Spirulina platensis biomass: batch tests and FT-IR studies
Authors: Solisio Carlo , Lodi Alessandra , Finocchio Elisabetta
Published: May 2013

Raw and methylated biomass of Spirulina platensis was employed in chromate batch adsorption tests at pH range 1–7. The acid conditions seemed to favour the removal of chromium (Cr) with a yield of 87.0 and 97.6% by using raw and methylated biomass, respectively. However, the chromate and total chromium determination, carried out in the same sample, evidenced that a fraction of the initial chromate present in solution was reduced to Cr(III). This was ascribed to the presence of reducing groups on the biomass surface, active in the acid medium. The data showed that the methylated biomass was able to operate an effective Cr(VI) removal only. In fact, the biomass treatment allowed a lowering of the amount of negative functional groups, making the biomass surface available to bind the anions. The real best efficiency of Cr(VI) removal (83.5%) was obtained by methylated biomass of S. platensis at pH about 7.0. The nature of the biomass/chromate interactions was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. The bands ascribing to the adsorbed Cr(VI) species were well evident in the spectra of the biomass after adsorption, confirming this experimental finding.
Water sensitive urban design retrofits in Copenhagen – 40% to the sewer, 60% to the city
Authors: Fryd O. , Backhaus A. , Birch H. , Fratini C. F. , Ingvertsen S. T. , Jeppesen J. , Panduro T. E. , Roldin M. , Jensen M. B.
Published: May 2013

Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) is emerging in Denmark. This interdisciplinary desk study investigated the options for WSUD retrofitting in a 15 km2 combined sewer catchment area in Copenhagen. The study was developed in collaboration with the City of Copenhagen and its water utility, and involved researchers representing hydrogeology, sewer hydraulics, environmental chemistry/economics/engineering, landscape architecture and urban planning. The resulting catchment strategy suggests the implementation of five sub-strategies. First, disconnection is focused within sites that are relatively easy to disconnect, due to stormwater quality, soil conditions, stakeholder issues, and the provision of unbuilt sites. Second, stormwater runoff is infiltrated in areas with relatively deep groundwater levels at a ratio that doesn't create a critical rise in the groundwater table to the surface. Third, neighbourhoods located near low-lying streams and public parks are disconnected from the sewer system and the sloping terrain is utilised to convey runoff. Fourth, the promotion of coherent blue and green wedges in the city is linked with WSUD retrofits and urban climate-proofing. Fifth, WSUD is implemented with delayed and regulated overflows to the sewer system. The results are partially adopted by the City of Copenhagen and currently under pilot testing.
Assessing transmissivity from specific capacity in an alluvial aquifer in the middle Venetian plain (NE Italy)
Authors: Fabbri Paolo , Piccinini Leonardo
Published: May 2013

Defining aquifer permeability distribution accurately over large areas is often debated in hydrogeology. The operational efforts to calculate hydraulic conductivity with classical aquifer tests are significant; however, accurate knowledge of permeability areal distribution is fundamental both from a hydrogeological and a modeling standpoint. This paper presents an empirical relationship between the transmissivity (T) and the specific capacity (SC) values obtained from experimental aquifer and well tests. All experimental values were obtained from 50 mm wells in middle Venetian plain artesian gravel aquifers. Many other authors have presented empirical relationships between T and SC, but most are related to fissured/karst aquifers, and only a few concern alluvial porous aquifers. Analysis of the T vs. SC relationship standardized residuals shows that a linear relationship produces statistically significant normal residuals compared with an exponential relationship.
Assessment of the state of the art of technologies for the processing of digestate residue from anaerobic digesters
Authors: Fuchs W. , Drosg B.
Published: May 2013

Anaerobic digestion is widely used as an important source of renewable energy. With the increasing number and capacity of biogas plants also, adequate treatment technologies for whole digestate – the residue from anaerobic digestion – are gaining attention. In this study the state of the art of digestate processing is analysed, and currently used treatment schemes and the various technological processes involved are evaluated. The study combines data and experiences from existing large-scale digestate processing facilities in Austria, Germany, Switzerland and Italy, as well as know-how from technology providers and relevant research projects. However, the field of digestate processing is still quite new and little detailed information about the performance of different technologies at industrial scale is available. Digestate processing is gaining importance since digestate utilisation can become an important bottleneck when increasing biogas production. In addition, the production of renewable fertiliser from digestate is increasingly of interest to replace fossil fertilisers. This study is the first profound attempt to establish an assessment of the state-of-the-art technologies in use.
Fouling mitigation in humic acid ultrafiltration using polysulfone/SAPO-34 mixed matrix membrane
Authors: Junaidi M. U. M. , Leo C. P. , Kamal S. N. M. , Ahmad A. L.
Published: May 2013

Although ultrafiltration (UF) membranes are applicable in wastewater and water treatment, most UF membranes are hydrophobic and susceptible to severe fouling by natural organic matter. In this work, polysulfone (PSf) membrane was blended with silicaluminophosphate (SAPO) nanoparticles, SAPO-34, to study the effect of SAPO-34 incorporation in humic acid (HA) fouling mitigation. The casting solution was prepared by blending 5–20 wt% of SAPO-34 nanoparticles into the mixture of PSf, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and polyvinyl alcohol at 75 °C. All membrane samples were then prepared using the phase inversion method. Blending SAPO-34 zeolite into PSf membranes caused augmentation in surface hydrophilicity and pore size, leading to higher water permeation. In the HA filtration test, mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) with SAPO-34 zeolite showed reduced HA fouling initiated from pore blocking. The MMM with 20 wt% SAPO-34 loading exhibited the highest increment of water permeation (83%) and maintained about 75% of permeate flux after 2.5 h. However, the SAPO-34 fillers agglomerated in the PSf matrix and induced macrovoid formation on the membrane surface when excessive zeolite was added.
Application of the SWAT model to the Xiangjiang river watershed in subtropical central China
Authors: Luo Qiao , Li Yong , Wang Kelin , Wu Jinshui
Published: May 2013

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was applied to simulate the water balance in the Xiangjiang river watershed for current and planning scenarios of land uses. The model was first calibrated for the period from 1998 to 2002 and then validated for the period from 2003 to 2007 using the observed stream flow data from four monitoring gages within the watershed. The determination coefficient of linear regression of the observed and simulated monthly stream flows (R2) and their Nash–Sutcliffe Index (NSI) was used to evaluate model performance. All values of R2 and NSI were above 0.8 and ranged from 0.82 to 0.92, which indicates that the SWAT model was capable of simulating the stream flow in the Xiangjiang river watershed. The calibrated and validated SWAT model was then applied to study the hydrological response of three land use change scenarios. Runoff was reduced by increasing the areas of forest and grassland while simultaneously decreasing the areas of agricultural and urban land. In the recent and future land use planning for the Xiangjiang river watershed, the hydrological effect should be considered in regional water management and erosion control.
Leptin Administration Enhances Islet Transplant Performance in Diabetic Mice
Authors: Denroche Heather C. , Quong Whitney L. , Bruin Jennifer E. , Tudurí Eva , Asadi Ali , Glavas Maria M. , Fox Jessica K. , Kieffer Timothy J.
Published: May 2013

Islet transplantation is an effective method to obtain long-term glycemic control for patients with type 1 diabetes, yet its widespread use is limited by an inadequate supply of donor islets. The hormone leptin has profound glucose-lowering and insulin-sensitizing action in type 1 diabetic rodent models. We hypothesized that leptin administration could reduce the dose of transplanted islets required to achieve metabolic control in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. We first performed a leptin dose-response study in C57Bl/6 mice with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes to determine a leptin dose insufficient to reverse hyperglycemia. Subsequently, we compared the ability of suboptimal islet transplants of 50 or 125 syngeneic islets to achieve glycemic control in STZ-induced diabetic C57Bl/6 mice treated with or without this dose of leptin. The dose-response study revealed that leptin reverses STZ-induced diabetes in a dose-dependent manner. Supraphysiological leptin levels were necessary to restore euglycemia but simultaneously increased risk of hypoglycemia, and also lost efficacy after 12 days of administration. In contrast, 1 µg/day leptin only modestly reduced blood glucose but maintained efficacy throughout the study duration. We then administered 1 µg/day leptin to diabetic mice that underwent transplantation of 50 or 125 islets. Although these islet doses were insufficient to ameliorate hyperglycemia alone, coadministration of leptin with islet transplantation robustly improved control of glucose and lipid metabolism, without increasing circulating insulin levels. This study reveals that low-dose leptin administration can reduce the number of transplanted islets required to achieve metabolic control in STZ-induced diabetic mice.
Stress balances of ice streams in a vertically integrated, higher-order formulation
Authors: Kyrke-Smith T.M. , Katz R.F. , Fowler A.C.
Published: May 2013

One challenge in improving our understanding of ice-stream dynamics is to develop models of the spatial and temporal transition from ice-sheet to ice-stream flow. We address this with a new, vertically integrated, higher-order formulation for ice-sheet dynamics that captures the leading-order physics of low aspect ratio, viscous fluid flow, regardless of the amount of slip at the bed. The theory introduces a parameter,λ, which approximates the ratio of the basal stress to the shear stress scale, providing a measure of the relative importance of sliding and internal deformation. Our model is able to simultaneously describe the dynamics of both a slow-moving sheet and rapidly flowing ice streams. To test the formulation, we apply a triple-valued sliding law as the basal boundary condition and obtain numerical solutions that can be compared with previous work. We investigate the sensitivity of flow regimes and shear margin width to parameter variation, deriving a scaling for the latter. We also consider a double-valued sliding law, which enforces a constant, low basal stress beneath the ice stream. Comparisons of the resultant stress fields illustrate the different stress balances that can maintain ice-stream flow.
Observed and modelled ice temperature and velocity along the main flowline of East Rongbuk Glacier, Qomolangma (Mount Everest), Himalaya
Authors: Zhang Tong , Xiao Cunde , Colgan William , Qin Xiang , Du Wentao , Sun Weijun , Liu Yushuo , Ding Minghu
Published: May 2013

Knowledge of present-day ice temperature and velocity is important in order to determine how fast a glacier will respond to present and future climate change. We apply a two-dimensional higher-order thermomechanical flowband model to simulate present-day ice temperature and velocity along the main flowline of East Rongbuk Glacier, Qomolangma (Mount Everest), Himalaya. We use recent (2005–11) observational data to validate the numerical model. Modelled and observed ice surface velocities exhibit good agreement. Modelled ice temperatures agree well with observed values in two shallow boreholes that are ∼18 m deep. The model suggests that the ablation zone of East Rongbuk Glacier, km 4 to km 10 from the glacier head, is underlain by temperate ice.
Randomized Double Blind Trial to Compare the Efficacy of Granisetron And Ondansetron in Controlling Emesis in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Siddique Rasel , Hafiz Md Golam , Jamal Chowdhury Yakub , Karim Md Anwarul , Islam Afiqul , Alia Reema Afroza
Published: May 2013

Introduction: Nausea and vomiting are the most important side effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy and it is reported by the patients who receive chemotherapy for malignancies. Ondansetron and granisetron (5 HT3 receptor antagonists) are effective compounds with relatively less toxicity to prevent nausea and vomiting induced by high and moderate emitogenic chemotherapy. Objective: This study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of granisetron and ondansetron preventing chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). Methods: In this randomized double blind trial 60 children (4-11 years) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who received high dose methotrexate (HDMTX-2.5gm/ m2). Each patients received either ondansetron 4 mg or granisetron 1mg (n=30) orally half an hour before HDMTX. Nausea and vomiting were assessed based on modified Morrow Assessment of Nausea and Emesis (MANE) scale for application to the children. Results: Complete response of granisetron significantly differed from ondansetron from day 2-4 (delayed emesis) (p=0.028).Complete response to acute CINV were 90% in granisetron and 70% in ondansetron treated children (p=0.053), which was not statistically significant. No Child of granisetron group required additional dose but 16.7% children of ondanseton group required additional dose on the first day (p=0.05). Episodes of nausea found in ondansetron treated children 36.7% and in granisetron group 3.3% on day four (p=0.001). Maximum episodes of vomiting found in ondansetron treated children 33.3% and minimum episodes in granisetron group 3.3% on day 2 (p=0.003). In few cases adverse effects (headache, constipation, abdominal pain, loose motion and decreased appetite) were observed in both group of patients (p=0.999). Only in 3.3% cases anticipatory nausea and vomiting had observed. Conclusion: In conclusion, single dose oral granisetron (1mg) is superior to oral ondansetron (4mg) preventing chemotherapy induced emesis in children with ALL receiving HDMTX therapy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v36i3.14272 BANGLADESH J CHILD HEALTH 2012; VOL 36 (3) : 115-121
Haemophilic Arthropathy Presenting as JIA: A Case Report
Authors: Begum Suraiya , Islam Md Mofizul , Hafiz-Al-Mamun Md , Rahman Shahana A
Published: May 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v36i3.14290 BANGLADESH J CHILD HEALTH 2012; VOL 36 (3) : 156-158
Neonatal Intensive care unit; Bangladesh perspective
Authors: Khan Mahbub Ul Karim
Published: May 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cbmj.v1i1.13816Community Based Medical Journal Vol.1(1) 2012 1-2