bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jacques et le jeu avec la mort
Authors: Hulot Thérèse
Published: October 2009

Résumé L’histoire de Jacques le montre aux prises avec un signifiant problématique la mort, qui n’ayant pas été symbolisé est à l’origine du phénomène délirant. Grâce au transfert que Jacques établit avec son thérapeute, ce patient parvient à entrer dans la vie professionnelle.
Ces enfants qui ne jouent pas le jeu de l'école
Authors: Masschelier Sylvain
Published: October 2009

Résumé En plaçant l’Élève à la place du Savoir au nom d’une nouvelle loi d’orientation, l’École crée un malaise qui provient de l’instrumentation même de l’enfant : devenir la victime d’une clinique de l’idéal républicain et l’objet d’une Éducation qui emprunte ses techniques au management des entreprises.
L'enfant et la mort
Authors: Kaltenbeck Franz
Published: October 2009

Résumé Dès la naissance, un enfant peut faire l’expérience de la mort comme un danger. Il ne s’agit pas seulement de la mort « que porte la vie (et) de celle qui la porte » (Lacan) mais aussi d’un danger contingent que le sujet doit supporter, par exemple sous la forme d’un traumatisme, de la perte d’un proche, d’une menace, de la maltraitance ou d’un vœu de mort, émanant de l’autre ou de lui-même. On étudie dans cet article les situations de cinq sujets qui ont éprouvé un tel danger à un âge précoce. Ces situations ont été recueillies auprès de sujets en analyse, à partir d’entretiens avec des détenus ou encore lors d’une présentation clinique dans un hôpital psychiatrique. On prétend que tout le monde est égal devant la mort. La clinique montre cependant comment, dans la solitude, chaque sujet répond de manière différente à l’angoisse que suscite cette rencontre.
« Je veux mon âme sœur »
Authors: Vidaillet Bénédicte
Published: October 2009

Résumé M. X est hospitalisé pour la première fois en service psychiatrique. Malgré un ensemble de symptômes orientant vers un diagnostic de paranoïa, il a pu s’insérer plus ou moins normalement jusqu’à sa mise en invalidité pour un problème de santé il y a quelques années. Il semble que l’arrêt de son travail ait marqué le début d’un épisode dépressif l’ayant conduit à cette hospitalisation.
Voices of Faculty of Second-Degree Baccalaureate Nursing Students
Authors: Cangelosi Pamela R. , Moss Margaret M.
Published: October 2009

The limited research related to accelerated second-degree baccalaureate nursing programs primarily focuses on curricular issues or student experiences. The purpose of this study was to focus on the experiences of faculty teaching these students. Using a hermeneutic phenom-enological approach, 14 second-degree faculty from the East Coast region of the United States were interviewed to understand their experiences teaching accelerated second-degree baccalaureate nursing students and how these experiences helped or hindered their teaching and learning practices with these students. The challenges associated with teaching these students were identified in the themes At the Top of My Game and Teaching to Think Like a Nurse. This article describes this study and the implications for teaching accelerated second-degree baccalaureate students.
Graduate Student Seminars as a Faculty Development Activity
Authors: Zsohar Helen , Smith Jackie A.
Published: October 2009

Because most new nurse academicians are prepared as expert clinicians, rather than as educators, they lack the skills and knowledge of effective teachers when they accept a position in an educational institution. In this article, the authors discuss a program in which graduate students being prepared as entry-level nurse educators have the opportunity to practice the art and science of teaching in a supervised environment in which seminar participants are their peers, novice faculty, and seasoned faculty. Teaching seminars conducted by graduate students are a successful component of faculty development in teaching. Graduate students, known as
faculty interns
, are able to share their newly acquired skills and lived experiences with novice faculty not prepared as nurse educators and seasoned faculty who need updates on current educational practices and strategies.
Career Clue: An Interactive Teaching Strategy to Introduce Beginning Students to the Nursing Profession
Authors: Lever Kathryn Ann
Published: October 2009

An assignment incorporating active learning, computerized technology, and contact with RNs or Real Nurses was created to educate, enthuse, and heighten the awareness of nursing students about the world of nursing that exists beyond the classroom walls. Students gather information about an assigned field of nursing and share findings with classmates by giving clues about their mystery careers related to educational background, practice location, clientele, responsibilities, rewards, and challenges associated with the area of practice. Access to Web sites, RN e-mails, and guidelines are provided via an online Blackboard
®
learning system. Students benefit by gaining experience in the use of different types of computerized technology while being educated about the extensive career options available in nursing. The Career Clue assignment is a creative teaching strategy that has been used since 2003 and has consistently received positive feedback from students.
Mise en évidence de téphrites à néphéline syntectoniques dans le bassin cambrien de Sidi Saïd Maâchou (Meseta côtière, Maroc); signification géodynamique
Authors: Remmal T. , Mohsine A. , El Hatimi N.
Published: October 2009

Basée sur des critères structuraux, pétrographiques et géochimiques, une réinterprétation du magmatisme basique de Sidi Saîd Maâchou (meseta côtière) en deux stades de mise en place est proposée. Le premier stade est caractérisé par des coulées pyroclastiques transitionnelles accompagnant l’ouverture du bassin ouest mésétien au Cambrien. Le second stade, de nature fissural, comprend des basaltes, dolérites et téphrites à néphéline spécifiques d’un magmatisme alcalin sous-saturé. La mise en place de ce dernier est associée à un couloir de cisaillement senestre subméridien activé à la fin de l’orogenèse calédonienne, engendrant un flux géothermique élevé.
Free and Total Digoxin in Serum During Treatment of Acute Digoxin Poisoning With Fab Fragments: Case Study
Authors: Eyer Florian , Steimer Werner , Müller Christine , Zilker Thomas
Published: October 2009

A woman ingested 10 mg of methyldigoxin in a suicide attempt and presented 19 hours after ingestion with clinical signs of glycoside intoxication. Her serum level of digoxin was 7.4 ng/mL, and antidotal therapy with Fab antibody fragments was started. The manufacturer’s recommended dosing scheme was modified, with 80 mg Fab administered intravenously within 15 minutes followed by a continuous infusion at 30 mg/h. Total serum concentration of digoxin increased markedly within minutes after Fab therapy was started, while the level of free digoxin immediately decreased into the nontoxic range without recrudescent toxic effects of digoxin. The cumulative amounts of free and bound digoxin that were excreted in urine within 30 hours after ingestion were 900 μg and 1600 μg, respectively. Half-life of bound digoxin in urine was 9.9 hours; mean rate of clearance of bound digoxin in the urine was 7.0 mL/min. On the basis of these kinetic data, a smaller initial bolus dose of Fab followed by a continuous infusion may be a more tailored, cost-effective, and relatively safe therapy for patients who have overdosed on cardiac glycosides.
Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Buchanan Bruce G. , Leake David B.
Published: October 2009

Brief History of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence: Artificial Life
Authors: Wagner Kyle
Published: October 2009

Methodology

Two Examples

Principles of Alife

Applications

Future of Alife

Societies, Journals and Conferences

Acknowledgments
Artificial Intelligence: Machine Learning
Authors: Jardins Marie des
Published: October 2009

ML
Approaches

Classification of
ML
Approaches
Manufacturing Message Specification (
MMS
)
Authors: Mackiewicz Ralph E.
Published: October 2009

History of
MMS

The
VMD
Model

Real and Virtual Devices and Objects

MMS
Device and Object Modeling

Objects

MMS
Services

ICCP
‐
TASE
.2 Objects

UCA
Objects

Object Attributes and Scope

VMD
Object

Self Describing Devices

The
VMD
Execution Model

Domains

Program Invocations

Variable Access Model

MMS
Variables

Variable Type

Variable Access Features

Event Management Model

Event Condition Object

Event Actions

Event Enrollments

Semaphore Management Model

Token Semaphores

Pool Semaphores

Semaphore Entry

Other
MMS
Objects

Operator Station Object

Files

Context Management

Associations vs. Connections
Microdisplays
Authors:   Stanford Resources Inc.
Published: October 2009

Transmissive Microdisplays

Reflective Microdisplays

Emissive Microdisplays

Thin‐Film Electroluminescent Microdisplays

Vacuum Fluorescent on Silicon (
VFOS
) Microdisplay

Organic Light‐Emitting Microdisplays

Scanning Microdisplays
P
athfinder Mission to
M
ars
Authors: Anderson R.C.
Published: October 2009

Mission and Spacecraft Overview

Science Instruments and Objectives

Lander Site Location
Photochemistry and Photolysis
Authors: Vickery R.C.
Published: October 2009

Laser Chemistry

Laser Femtochemistry

Time‐Resolved Photoacoustic Calorimetry
Plasma Display Panels
Authors:   Stanford Resources, Inc.
Published: October 2009

PDP
Characteristics

D.C. Operation

A.C. Operation

Color
A
.
C
. Plasma Display Panels
Programmable Controller
Authors: Mackiewicz Ralph E.
Published: October 2009

Characteristic Functions of a Programmable Controller

Information/Output Systems

Programmable Controller Communications
Satellites (Communications and Navigation)
Authors: Hofacker Richard Q.
Published: October 2009

Satellite Orbits

Satellite Transmission Frequencies

Geostationary Earth Orbit (
GEO
) Satellites

Medium Earth Orbit (
MEO
) Satellites

Low Earth Orbit (
LEO
) Satellites

Navigation Satellites
Software Engineering
Authors: Hankley William
Published: October 2009

The Status of Software Engineering

Foundation Knowledge
Spacecraft Power Systems
Authors:   Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Published: October 2009

Battery Power

Radioisotope Power

Solar Power
Space Infrared Telescope Facility (
SIRTF
)
Authors:   Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Published: October 2009

Mission Overview

SIRTF
's Telescope and Spacecraft Overview

Science Overview
Vacuum Fluorescent Displays
Authors:   Stanford Resources, Inc.
Published: October 2009

Color Vacuum Fluorescent Displays

Chip‐Lighting Vacuum Fluorescent Display (
CLVFD
)

Chip‐in‐Glass (
CIG
) Vacuum Fluorescent Display
Synthesis, Cytotoxicity by Bioluminescence Inhibition, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of ([1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5‐c]quinazolin‐2‐ylthio)carboxylic Acid Amides
Authors: Antipenko Lyudmila N. , Karpenko Alexander V. , Kovalenko Sergey I. , Katsev Andrew M. , Komarovska‐Porokhnyavets Elena Z. , Novikov Vladimir P.
Published: October 2009

We report in this work the synthesis, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity of ([1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐c]quinazolin‐2‐ylthio)carboxylic acid amides 4–7 in connection with our previous research in the preparation of triazoloquinazoline derivatives. Due to simplicity, general availability of starting materials, and high yields, the most reliable method of synthesis appeared to be the one with N,N‐carbonyldiimidazole activation stage. The chemical structures of all obtained substances were deduced from FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, EI‐MS, and LC‐MS spectral data. The results of cytotoxicity evaluated by bioluminescence inhibition of bacterium Photobacterium leiognathi, strain Sh1 showed that compounds 4.1, 4.6, and 6.1 were the most cytotoxic. Investigation of the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of amides 4–7 (concentration 5 mg/mL) was carried out by the stiff‐plate agar‐diffusion method. We found that the compounds possessed low (4.1, 4.7) antifungal activity against Candida tenuis and strong (4.21, 5.1, 5.9) or inefficient (4.7, 4.12, 4.16) activity against Aspergillus niger. Substances 5.1 and 5.9 slightly affected Mycobacterium luteum. Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to all obtained substances, and only the n‐butyramide derivatives 7.1 and 7.5 inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli. Hence, there was no strong correlation between bioluminescence inhibition and antimicrobial activity of the investigated substances.
Quantification of acetylcholine, an essential neurotransmitter, in brain microdialysis samples by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
Authors: Nirogi Ramakrishna , Mudigonda Koteshwara , Kandikere Vishwottam , Ponnamaneni Ranjithkumar
Published: October 2009

Chemical neurotransmission has been the subject of intensive investigations in recent years. Acetylcholine is an essential neurotransmitter in the central nervous system as it has an effect on alertness, memory and learning. Enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is fast and quickly metabolizes to choline and acetate by acetylcholinesterase. Hence the concentration in the extracellular fluid of the brain is low (0.1–6 nm). Techniques such as microdialysis are routinely employed to measure acetylcholine levels in living brain systems and the microdialysis sample volumes are usually less than 50 µL. In order to develop medicine for the diseases associated with cognitive dysfunction like mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease, or to study the mechanism of the illness, it is important to measure the concentration of acetylcholine in the extracellular fluid of the brain. Recently considerable attention has been focused on the development of chromatographic–mass spectrometric techniques to provide more sensitive and accurate quantification of acetylcholine collected fromin‐vivobrain microdialysis experiments. This review will provide a brief overview of acetylcholine biosynthesis, microdialysis technique and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, which is being used to quantitate extracellular levels of acetylcholine. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of outcome knowledge, role, and quality of information on the perceived legitimacy of lethal force decisions in counter‐terrorism operations
Authors: Goodwill Alasdair M. , Alison Laurence , Lehmann Robert , Francis Ashley , Eyre Marie
Published: October 2009

According to the phenomenon of hindsight bias, once people know the outcome of an event, they tend to have biased estimates of the probability that the event would have occurred. In this study, we investigated whether hindsight bias affected judgements about the legitimacy of lethal force decisions in police shooting incidents for counter‐terrorism operations. We also assessed to what extent this hindsight bias was mediated by factors such as role and information quality. Four hundred and eighty participants completed a short questionnaire that manipulated role (as senior police officer, Independent Police Complaints Commissioner, or family member, plus a “no role” control group), information quality (detailed/good or vague/ambiguous), and outcome knowledge (knowledge of outcome/hindsight versus no knowledge of outcome/foresight) in a 4 × 2 × 2 design. Results indicated that outcome knowledge affected the perception of threat and decision quality but not the blameworthiness of the senior police officer. Quality of information had a significant effect on all three dependent variables and role had a significant impact on judgements as to whether the decision to shoot was correct and also the perceived threat, though not on perceived blameworthiness. These findings indicate that people who have to judge the liability of lethal force decisions are not able to ignore outcome information, and are strongly influenced by the quality of information and by the role in which they are receiving the information. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gold Sols as Catalysts for Glycerol Oxidation: The Role of Stabilizer
Authors: Villa Alberto , Wang Di , Su Dang Sheng , Prati Laura
Published: October 2009

Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), stabilized by polyvinylalcohol (PVA), tetrakishydroxypropylphosphonium chloride (THPC), and citrate, have been synthesized and tested in the liquid‐phase oxidation of glycerol. THPC‐stabilized Au NPs have been found to exhibit remarkable catalytic activity (TOF=2478 h−1) in comparison to PVA‐ and citrate‐stabilized nanoparticles (TOF=715 and 160 h−1, respectively). The catalytic results can be explained in terms of particle size but aging treatment also revealed the influence of the protective agent. PVA as stabilizer produced small and quite stable gold nanoparticles differently from the THPC system. However PVA also limits the accessibility of reactant to the active site.
One‐Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Azaindoles and Pyrroles from One Molecule of a Silicon‐Tethered Diyne and Three or Two Molecules of Organonitriles Mediated by Zirconocene
Authors: Zhang Shaoguang , Sun Xiaohua , Zhang Wen‐Xiong , Xi Zhenfeng
Published: October 2009

A zirconocene‐mediated one‐pot multicomponent synthesis process leading to the synthesis of pyrrolo[3,2‐c]pyridine (5‐azaindoles) and pyrrole derivatives has been developed starting from a silicon‐tethered diyne and three or two different or identical organonitriles. Pyrrolo[3,2‐c]pyridine and pyrrole derivatives with diverse structures and substitution patterns have been highly selectively prepared by this protocol. A wide variety of organonitriles and silicon‐tethered diynes, either aliphatic or aromatic with both electron‐withdrawing and ‐donating groups, have been used to afford 5‐azaindoles and/or pyrroles in good‐to‐excellent isolated yields. A key intermediate formed in the Cp2ZrII‐mediated reaction of one (PhC≡C)2SiMe2, two molecules of iPrCN and one p‐tolylCN was characterised by X‐ray single‐crystal structural analysis, which has allowed us to gain a good understanding of the reaction process.
Thermal Behavior of 2‐(Dinitromethylene)‐1,3‐diazacyclopentane
Authors: Xu Kangzhen , Ren Xiaolei , Song Jirong , Zhao Fengqi , Ding Li , Yi Jianhua , Wang Yaoyu
Published: October 2009

A new compound, 2‐(dinitromethylene)‐1,3‐diazacyclopentane (DNDZ), was prepared by the reaction of 1,1‐diamino‐2,2‐dinitroethylene (FOX‐7) with 1,2‐diaminoethane in N‐methylpyrrolidone (NMP). Thermal decomposition of DNDZ was studied under non‐isothermal conditions by DSC, TG/DTG methods, and the enthalpy, apparent activation energy and pre‐exponential factor of the exothermic decomposition reaction were obtained as 317.13 kJ·mol−1, 269.7 kJ·mol−1 and 1024.51 s−1, respectively. The critical temperature of thermal explosion was 261.04°C. Specific heat capacity of DNDZ was determined with a micro‐DSC method and a theoretical calculation method, and the molar heat capacity was 205.41 J·mol−1·K−1 at 298.15 K. Adiabatic time‐to‐explosion was calculated to be a certain value between 263–289 s. DNDZ has higher thermal stability than FOX‐7.
Synthesis of p‐Nitro‐stilbene Derivatives with Different Linking Bonds: An Attempt to Tune Spectroscopy of Dyes with Molecular Engineering
Authors: Gao Fang , Yang Liufeng , Wang Jianchao , Xu Xiaofang , Li Hongru , Zhang Shengtao
Published: October 2009

The synthesis, characterization and spectroscopy of a range of novel substituted p‐nitro‐stilbene derivatives with different bridging bonds were presented. The molecular structure characterization was carried out with 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analysis. The ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence of the compounds were investigated in various solvents. The maximal absorption wavelength of the nitro‐stilbene derivatives with an ether bond exhibited approximate 30 to 40 nm bathochromic shift compared to that of nitro‐stilbene dyes with an ester bond. Furthermore, the nitro‐stilbene derivatives with an ether bond displayed obvious photoluminescence, while the nitro‐stilbene derivatives with an ester bond showed weak fluorescence emission. The detection of the cyclic voltammograms of the nitro‐stilbene derivatives showed that the nitro‐stilbene compounds with different linking bonds exhibited different redox proceses at various scan rates. The theroretical calculations of HOMO and LUMO energy of nitro‐stilbene derivatives showed that the energy gaps between HOMO and LUMO of 3 and 4 were lower than those of 1 and 2. The electron density of the frontier orbitals of nitro‐stilbene derivatives was observed to be affacted by the linking bonds, which thus made it possible to tune the spectroscopy of these dyes with chemical strategy. The differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry showed that the thermal stabilities of these dyes were not much affected by the linking bond. The results presented in this paper would be great interest in development of ideal nitro‐stilbene derivatives for special purposes.
Zinc Hydrogensulfate as an Efficient Catalyst for Preparation of β‐Amido Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Shaterian Hamid Reza , Hosseinian Asghar
Published: October 2009

A one‐pot and efficient three‐component condensation of benzaldehyde derivatives, enolizable ketones or ketoesters, acetyl chloride, and acetonitrile or benzonitrile under ambient conditions in the presence of zinc hydrogensulfate for the synthesis of β‐amido carbonyl compounds is described. The simple experimental procedure, high to excellent yields of products and preparation of diastereoselective β‐acetamido ketoesters are strong features of the presented method.
An Efficient Synthesis of 4H‐Benzo[g]chromene‐5,10‐dione De‐ rivatives through Triethylbenzylammonium Chloride Catalyzed Multicomponent Reaction under Solvent‐free Conditions
Authors: Yao Changsheng , Yu Chenxia , Li Tuanjie , Tu Shujiang
Published: October 2009

A series of 4‐aryl‐5,10‐dihydro‐4H‐benzo[g]chromene‐5,10‐dione derivatives were synthesized by a three‐component reaction with aromatic aldehyde, 2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐dihydronaphthalene‐1,4‐dione, and malononitrile catalyzed by triethylbenzylammonium chloride under solvent‐free conditions. The novel efficient method has the advantages of environmental friendliness, high yield, simple work‐up and ease of operation.
Synthesis of 5′‐Functionalized Indolinospiropyrans with Vinylene Unit as Linker
Authors: Niu Chengshan , Song Yanlin , Yang Lianming
Published: October 2009

A protocol for the synthesis of a new family of spiropyran derivatives is described. A 5‐formylated indoline intermediate (5) was achieved for the first time, which was the key intermediate for constructing the spiropyran derivatives with vinylene linker. Five 5′‐functionalized indolinospiropyrans (11–15) were obtained by utilizing vinylene unit as a linkage between the photochromic spiropyran fragment and the ferrocene or triphenylamine donor.
Highly Soluble Porphyrin (TPP)‐Perylene Diimide (PDI) Dyad and Triad: Synthesis and Spectroscopic Studies
Authors: Wang Chengyun , Tang Wei , Zhong Hanbin , Zhang Xuechao , Shen Yongjia
Published: October 2009

Novel porphyrin‐perylene diimide dyad (TPP‐PDI) and porphyrin‐perylene diimide‐porphyrin triad (TPP‐PDI‐TPP) were synthesized and characterized. Their structure and properties were studied by UV, FL, 1H NMR, MS, elemental analysis, etc. The variation of fluorescence feature and UV spectra of TPP‐PDI‐TPP triad were investigated at different concentration of CF3COOH in THF. The incorporation of CF3COOH leads to the closure of the efficient charge transfer decay. After protonation of porphyrin units, the fluorescence intensity of TPP‐PDI‐TPP triad increased greatly. The fluorescence intensity of TPP‐PDI‐TPP triad restored after addition of triethylamine into the solution. Thus, TPP‐PDI‐TPP triad was a proton‐type fluorescence switch based on acid‐base control. Moreover, different from porphyrin‐perylene type molecular switches reported before, this TPP‐PDI‐TPP triad has wonderful solubility in organic solvents.
Electrochemical Sensor Prepared from Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Recognition of 1,3‐Dinitrobenzene (DNB)
Authors: Qu Yunhe , Liu Ye , Zhou Tianshu , Shi Guoyue , Jin Litong
Published: October 2009

An electrochemical sensor was modified with multi‐wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) material synthesized with acrylamide and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) in the presence of 1,3‐dinitrobenzene (DNB) as the template molecule. The MWCNT and MIP layers were successively modified on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), of which the MIP film works as an artificial receptor due to its specific molecular recognition sites. The MIP material was characterized by FT‐IR and electrochemical methods of square wave voltammetry (SWV). The interferences of other nitroaromatic compounds (NAC) such as 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5‐trinitrobenzene (TNB) and 2,4‐dinitrotoluene (DNT) to DNB were also investigated by the prepared MIP/MWCNT electrode. Compared with other traditional sensors, the MIP/MWCNT modified electrode shows good selectivity and sensitivity. In addition, the current responses to DNB are linear with the concentration ranging from 4.5×10−8 to 8.5×10−6 mol/L with the detection limits of 2.5×10−8 (−0.58 V) and 1.5×10−8 mol/L (−0.69 V) (S/N=3). The construction process of MIP/MWCNT modified electrode was also studied as well. All results indicate that the MIP/MWCNT modified electrode established an improving way for simple, fast and selective analysis of DNB.
The Tertiary Amine Nitrogen Atom of Piperazine Sulfonamides as a Novel Determinant of Potent and Selective β3‐Adrenoceptor Agonists
Authors: Perrone Maria Grazia , Bleve Laura , Santandrea Ernesto , Vitale Paola , Niso Mauro , Scilimati Antonio
Published: October 2009

Novel compounds were prepared in fair to good yields as human β3‐adrenoceptor (β3‐AR) agonists. In particular, aryloxypropanolamines 7 a–d (EC50=0.57–2.1 nM) and arylethanolamines 12 a,b,e (EC50=6.38–19.4 nM) were designed to explore the effects of modifications at the right‐hand side of these molecules on their activity as β3‐AR agonists. Piperidine sulfonamides 15 a–c, e–g (EC50=6.1–36.2 nM) and piperazine sulfonamide derivatives 20–29 (EC50=1.79–49.3 nM) were examined as compounds bearing a non‐aromatic linker on the right‐ and left‐hand sides of the molecules. Some piperazine sulfonamides were found to be potent and selective β3‐AR agonists, even if the amine nitrogen atom is tertiary and not secondary, as is the case for all β3‐AR agonists reported so far. (S)‐3‐{4‐{N‐{4‐{2‐[2‐Hydroxy‐3‐(4‐hydroxyphenoxy)propylamino]ethyl}phenyl}sulfamoyl}phenoxy}propanoic acid (7 d; EC50=0.57 nM), (R)‐N‐{4‐[2‐(2‐hydroxy‐2‐phenylethylamino)ethyl]phenyl}‐4‐(3‐octylureido)benzenesulfonamide (12 e; EC50=6.38 nM), (R)‐2‐[1‐(4‐methoxyphenylsulfonyl)piperidin‐4‐ylamino]‐1‐phenylethanol (15 f; EC50=6.1 nM), and (S)‐4‐{2‐hydroxy‐3‐[4‐(4‐methoxyphenylsulfonyl)piperazin‐1‐yl]propoxy}phenol (25; EC50=1.79 nM) were found to be the most potent β3‐AR agonists of the aryloxypropanolamine, arylethanolamine, piperidine sulfonamide, and piperazine sulfonamide classes, respectively. The two most potent compounds were identified as possible candidates for further development of β3‐AR agonists useful in the treatment of β3‐AR‐mediated pathological conditions.
A Method to Explore Protein Side Chain Conformational Variability Using Experimental Data
Authors: Allison Jane R. , van Gunsteren Wilfred F.
Published: October 2009

Experimentally measured values of molecular properties or observables of biomolecules such as proteins are generally averages over time and space, which do not contain suﬃcient information to determine the underlying conformational distribution of the molecules in solution. The relationship between experimentally measured NMR 3J‐coupling values and the corresponding dihedral angle values is a particularly complicated case due to its nonlinear, multiple‐valued nature. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at constant temperature can generate Boltzmann ensembles of molecular structures that are free from a priori assumptions about the nature of the underlying conformational distribution. They suffer, however, from limited sampling with respect to time and conformational space. Moreover, the quality of the obtained structures is dependent on the choice of force ﬁeld and solvation model. A recently proposed method that uses time‐averaging with local‐elevation (LE) biasing of the conformational search provides an elegant means of overcoming these three problems. Using a set of side chain 3J‐coupling values for the FK506 binding protein (FKBP), we ﬁrst investigate the uncertainty in the angle values predicted theoretically. We then propose a simple MD‐based technique to detect inconsistencies within an experimental data set and identify degrees of freedom for which conformational averaging takes place or for which force ﬁeld parameters may be deﬁcient. Finally, we show that LE MD is the best method for producing ensembles of structures that, on average, ﬁt the experimental data.
A performance study for IPv4–IPv6 translation in IP multimedia core network subsystem
Authors: Chen Whai‐En , Lin Pin‐Jen
Published: October 2009

A Next Generation Network (NGN) is an advanced, packet‐based network that exploits broadband and QoS‐enabled transport technologies for enabling multimedia services. In NGNs, the principles and requirements of IP Multimedia Sub‐system (IMS), which are used to deliver the desired benefits, should be carefully examined and studied. Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is adopted by Third‐generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to solve address storage problem and provide new features (e.g. plug‐and‐play and mobility) for IMS. However, in the early stage of IPv6 deployment, the existing Voice‐over‐IP (VoIP) networks support Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) only. For IPv4–IPv6 interworking between IMS and the existing VoIP networks, the IMS‐Application Level Gateway (IMS‐ALG) and the Transition Gateway (TrGW) are proposed to translate Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and Real‐time Transport Protocol (RTP) packets, respectively. In this paper, we focus on the IPv4–IPv6 translation for RTP packets, which is the bottleneck of VoIP performance. Specifically, we developed a TrGW called National Information and Communications Initiative (NICI)‐TrGW. In NICI‐TrGW, we perform IPv4–IPv6 translation at the Linux kernel and adjust the header room of kernel‐level packet buffer for each packet to reduce memory‐copy operations. We evaluate the performance of NICI‐TrGW and the existing solutions by using the SmartBits. Our study indicates that NICI‐TrGW outperforms the existing solutions in terms of three different output measures including packet loss rate, maximum throughput, and average latency. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probing events with single molecule sensitivity in zebrafish and Drosophila embryos by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Authors: Shi Xianke , Shin Teo Lin , Pan Xiaotao , Chong Shang‐Wei , Kraut Rachel , Korzh Vladimir , Wohland Thorsten
Published: October 2009

Zebrafish and Drosophila are animal models widely used in developmental biology. High‐resolution microscopy and live imaging techniques have allowed the investigation of biological processes down to the cellular level in these models. Here, using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), we show that even processes on a molecular level can be studied in these embryos. The two animal models provide different advantages and challenges. We first characterize their autofluorescence pattern and determine usable penetration depth for FCS especially in the case of zebrafish, where tissue thickness is an issue. Next, the applicability of FCS to study molecular processes is shown by the determination of blood flow velocities with high spatial resolution and the determination of diffusion coefficients of cytosolic and membrane‐bound enhanced green fluorescent protein–labeled proteins in different cell types. This work provides an approach to study molecular processes in vivo and opens up the possibility to relate these molecular processes to developmental biology questions. Developmental Dynamics 238:3156–3167, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
BhSGAMP‐1, a gene that encodes an antimicrobial peptide, is developmentally regulated by the direct action of 20‐OH ecdysone in the salivary gland ofBradysia hygida(Diptera, Sciaridae)
Authors: Zanarotti Gabriela Morilha , Cândido‐Silva Juliana A. , de Almeida Jorge Cury
Published: October 2009

Recently we have shown thatBhSGAMP‐1is a developmentally regulated reiterated gene that encodes an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) and is expressed exclusively in the salivary glands, at the end of the larval stage. We show, for the first time, that a gene for an AMP is directly activated by 20‐OH ecdysone. This control probably involves the participation of short‐lived repressor(s). We also found that the promoter ofBhSGAMP‐1is not equipped with elements that respond to infection, provoked by the injection of microorganisms, in the salivary glands or in the fat body. We produced polyclonal antibodies against the synthetic peptide and found that the BhSGAMP‐1 peptide is secreted in the saliva. TheBhSGAMP‐1gene was also activated during the third larval molt. These facts confirm our hypothesis that this preventive system of defense was selected to produce an environment free of harmful microorganisms in the insect's immediate vicinity, during molts. genesis 47:847–857, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CD4+CD25+ Treg induction by an HSP60‐derived peptide SJMHE1 from Schistosoma japonicum is TLR2 dependent
Authors: Wang Xuefeng , Zhou Sha , Chi Ying , Wen Xiaoyun , Hoellwarth Jason , He Lei , Liu Feng , Wu Calvin , Dhesi Shawn , Zhao Jiaqing , Hu Wei , Su Chuan
Published: October 2009

Chronic schistosome infection results in the suppression of host immune responses, allowing long‐term schistosome survival and restricting pathology. Current theories suggest that Treg play an important role in this regulation. However, the mechanism of Treg induction during schistosome infection is still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism behind the induction of CD4+CD25+ T cells by Schistosoma japonicum HSP60 (SjHSP60)‐derived peptide SJMHE1 as well as to elucidate the cellular and molecular basis for the induction of CD4+CD25+ T cells during S. japonicum infection. Mice immunized with SJMHE1 or spleen and LN cells from naïve mice pretreated with SJMHE1 in vitro all displayed an increase in CD4+CD25+ T‐cell populations. Release of IL‐10 and TGF‐β by SJMHE1 stimulation may contribute to suppression. Adoptively transferred SJMHE1‐induced CD4+CD25+ T cells inhibited delayed‐type hypersensitivity in BALB/c mice. Additionally, SJMHE1‐treated APC were tolerogenic and induced CD4+ cells to differentiate into suppressive CD4+CD25+ Treg. Furthermore, our data support a role for TLR2 in SJMHE1‐mediated CD4+CD25+ Treg induction. These findings provide the basis for a more complete understanding of the S. japonicum–host interactions that contribute to host homeostatic mechanisms, preventing an excessive immune response.
Further analysis of the speed of response to large trades in interest rate futures
Authors: Cummings James Richard , Frino Alex
Published: October 2009

This study examines the adjustment process in the interest rate futures market following large block trades, by analyzing changes in the levels of quoted prices, bid‐ask spreads, and trading activity. Most of the adjustment in prices and spreads is complete within 12 quote revisions (approximately 70 seconds). Results suggest that block trades stimulate subsequent trading activity, as traders rush to express differences of opinion about the price implication of the block. The market response to block trades exhibits several features in common with the two‐phase response of the US treasury market to macroeconomic announcements described by Fleming, M. J. and Remolona, E. M. (1999). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 30:705–724, 2010
Open tubular CEC with novel block copolymer coatings for separation of aromatic amines
Authors: Qiao Juan , Qi Li , Ma Huimin
Published: October 2009

A new type of block copolymer, which was synthesized by styrene and maleic anhydride, P(MAn‐alt‐St)119‐b‐PSt558, was successfully developed as the capillary coatings in open tubular CEC. It is interesting that the covalently bonded coatings are porous and the coatings can play the role of surfactants in the separation of aromatic amines when the buffer solution was composed of 30.0 mM ammonium acetate at pH 7.7 with 20% THF. Thus, successful baseline separation of five kinds of aromatic amines has been achieved. As validated by both artificially prepared solutions of aromatic amines and four real samples of commercially available permanent hair dyes, this proposed method was successfully applicable to the quantitative analysis of p‐phenylenediamine (PPD) and o‐phenylenediamine (OPD) ingredients in these commercial products, with a linear range between 8.3 μM and 6.0 mM, correlation coefficient above 0.990 and recovery between 83.5 and 110.9%. The detection limit obtained from calculations based on signal‐to‐noise ratio (S/N=3) was 4.2 μM for PPD and 6.0 μM for OPD, respectively. Furthermore, the role of the surfactants played by the block copolymer coatings has been primarily explored.
Approximation by rational operators in Lp spaces
Authors: Yu Dansheng , Zhou Songping
Published: October 2009

The present paper introduces a kind of Kantorovich type Shepard operators. Complete results including direct and converse results, equivalence results are established. As Della Vecchia and Mastroianni ([4], [7]) did, our results involve a weighted modulus of smoothness related to step‐functions φ (x) vanishing algebraically at the endpoints ±1 (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bushell's equations and polar decompositions
Authors: Lim Yongdo
Published: October 2009

We show that for any real number t with t ≠ ±1, every invertible operator M on a Hilbert space admits a new polar decomposition M = PUP–t where P is positive definite and U is unitary, and that the corresponding polar map is homeomorphism. The positive definite factor P of M appears as the negative square root of the unique positive definite solution of the nonlinear operator equation Xt = M * XM. This extends the classical matrix and operator polar decomposition when t = 0. For t = ± 1, it is shown that the positive definite solution sets of X±1 = M * XM form geodesic submanifolds of the Banach–Finsler manifold of positive definite operators and coincide with fixed point sets of certain non‐expansive mappings, respectively (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analysis of extreme rainfall in Barcelona using a microscale rain gauge network
Authors: Casas M. Carmen , Rodríguez Raül , Redaño Ángel
Published: October 2009

Extreme storms registered by the urban rain gauge network installed and supported by CLABSA (Clavegueram de Barcelona S. A.) in Barcelona in the period 1994–2001 have been investigated. Eleven rain events presenting intensities for durations between 5 min and 24 h with return periods equal to or larger than 5 years for any of the network gauges have been found. A cluster analysis has yielded four main classes of extreme rainfall events in this area, related to the meteorological scales involved: local (18%), mesoscale (37%) and synoptic storms (27%), as well as more complex rain events originated by multiscale mechanisms acting together (18%). An intensity index to classify extreme rainfall events in order to their complexity and severity, taking into account the contribution of the different scales implied in the rainfall processes, has been calculated. The frequency distribution of the intensity index values obtained for the urban network has resulted very similar to that calculated for rain data recorded by the Jardí gauge of the Observatory Fabra of Barcelona during 1927–1992 inclusive. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Muscle imaging analogies in a cohort of patients with different clinical phenotypes caused by LMNA gene mutations
Authors: Carboni Nicola , Mura Marco , Marrosu Giovanni , Cocco Eleonora , Marini Stefano , Solla Elisabetta , Mateddu Anna , Maioli Maria Antonietta , Piras Rachele , Mallarini Giorgio , Mercuro Giuseppe , Porcu Maurizio , Marrosu Maria Giovanna
Published: October 2009

Laminopathies are a heterogeneous group of LMNA‐gene‐mutation–related clinical disorders associated with alterations of cardiac and skeletal muscle and peripheral nerves, metabolic defects, and premature aging. Leg muscle imaging investigations were performed in a cohort of patients with LMNA gene alterations who were suffering from Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy type 1B, isolated cardiac disorders or a phenotype of cardiac disorders, and lipodystrophy, including one individual with peripheral neuropathy. Leg muscle imaging revealed varying degrees of alteration in the soleus and medial head of gastrocnemius in each subject. This study demonstrates that LMNA‐gene‐mutated patients devoid of any clinically detectable skeletal muscle involvement have the same pattern of leg muscle involvement as patients with overt skeletal muscle compromise. This finding suggests the presence of a continuum of skeletal muscle involvement among phenotypes of LMNA‐gene‐mutation–related skeletalmyopathy and cardiomyopathy. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Tibialis anterior branch involvement in fibular intraneural ganglia
Authors: Hébert‐Blouin Marie‐Noëlle , Amrami Kimberly K. , Wang Huan , Skinner John A. , Spinner Robert J.
Published: October 2009

Fibular (peroneal) intraneural ganglia classically present with predominant tibialis anterior weakness, for which there is no clear anatomical explanation. We identified a new imaging pattern, which consisted of involvement of a proximal tibialis anterior branch, in patients with fibular intraneural ganglia. This study characterizes the cystic involvement of this tibialis anterior branch and evaluates its significance. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical data of 23 patients with fibular intraneural ganglia were retrospectively reviewed. The tibialis anterior branch was consistently involved with the cyst, and this involvement, although variable, was more prominent than the cystic involvement of other terminal branches of the fibular nerve. The finding of cyst extension within a muscle end‐organ branch seems likely to explain, in part, the characteristic clinical finding of preferential foot drop in patients with fibular intraneural ganglia. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Data management for intervention effectiveness research: Comparing deductive and inductive approaches
Authors: Monsen Karen A. , Westra Bonnie L. , Yu Fang , Ramadoss Vijay Kumar , Kerr Madeleine J.
Published: October 2009

Management approaches are needed to prepare intervention data sets for research. We identified four management approaches and applied them to Omaha System intervention data from 15 home care agencies (621,385 interventions provided to 2,862 patients). Classifying intervention data created differing numbers of distinct groups for deductive approaches labeled as action category (four groups), theoretical (5), and clinical expert consensus (23). One inductive, data‐driven approach generated 150 groups of interventions, of which 24 were meaningful and unique. Interventions in deductive groups were mutually exclusive, and approaches mapped readily according to intervention action terms. The novel, overlapping, inductive groups consisted of diverse actions for multiple problems. The four management approaches created meaningful intervention groups to be employed in future outcomes evaluation studies. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 32:647–656, 2009
Early activation of the fatty acid metabolism pathway by chronic high glucose exposure in rat insulin secretory β‐cells
Authors: Couté Yohann , Brunner Yannick , Schvartz Domitille , Hernandez Céline , Masselot Alexandre , Lisacek Frédérique , Wollheim Claes B. , Sanchez Jean‐Charles
Published: October 2009

Pancreatic β‐cells are responsible for insulin secretion that regulates blood glucose homeostasis. In the development of type II diabetes, a progressive impairment of insulin secretion by the pancreatic β‐cells occurs called β‐cell dysfunction or β‐cell failure. Chronic hyperglycemia has been shown being involved in β‐cell dysfunction, a phenomenon known as glucotoxicity. The molecular mechanisms underlying the impairment of insulin secretion by β‐cells induced by glucotoxicity are still not fully understood. In this work, quantitative proteomics was employed to identify early key players involved in β‐cell dysfunction induced by glucotoxicity. For this, the stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture strategy was used on the slowly‐growing rat β‐cell line INS‐1E. We showed that the stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture approach did not induce any detectable biological effects on these β‐cells, as measured at both the transcriptomic and proteomic levels. Proteins differentially expressed between control cells and cells submitted to chronic high glucose concentrations were identified and verified. The results obtained reinforce the link between glucotoxicity and lipogenesis and suggest that the fatty acid metabolism pathway may rapidly be stimulated in β‐cells submitted to chronic high glucose concentrations.
Remodeling of the SCF complex‐mediated ubiquitination system by compositional alteration of incorporated F‐box proteins
Authors: Kato Mitsunori , Kito Keiji , Ota Kazuhisa , Ito Takashi
Published: October 2009

Ubiquitination regulates not only the stability but the localization and activity of substrate proteins involved in a plethora of cellular processes. The Skp1–Cullin–F‐box protein (SCF) complexes constitute a major family of ubiquitin protein ligases, in each member of which an F‐box protein serves as the variable component responsible for substrate recognition, thereby defining the function of each complex. Here we studied whether the composition of F‐box proteins in the SCF complexes is remodeled under different conditions. We exploited stable isotope labeling and MS for relative quantification of F‐box proteins in the SCF complexes affinity‐purified en masse from budding yeast cells at log and post‐diauxic phases, and revealed an increment of Saf1, an F‐box protein involved in entry into quiescence, during the diauxic shift. Similarly, we found that Met4 overexpression induces a specific increment of Met30, the F‐box protein responsible for ubiquitination of Met4. These results illustrate a cellular response to environmental and genetic perturbations through remodeling of the SCF complex‐mediated ubiquitination system. Compositional alteration of incorporated F‐box proteins may redirect the activity of this system toward appropriate substrates to be ubiquitinated under individual conditions for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis.
Design of flare systems using safety instrumented functions
Authors: Kent Steven
Published: October 2009

In the design of a flare header system, it is common practice to design the system for the total load from all the relief valves discharging into the system for a given scenario such as power failure or cooling water failure. The total load can be reduced by the application to the process of one or more safety instrumented functions (SIFs) which are designed to eliminate specific loads. However, full credit for all the SIFs cannot be taken because some of them may fail when called on to operate. Thus, to design the flare system, the designer must assume some of the SIFs fail and the question to be decided is how many SIFs should be assumed to have failed. The purpose of this article is to show how to determine the number of SIFs likely to fail on a given demand. It is shown that the probability of failure is governed by the binomial probability distribution. This probability is independent of system geometry and individual loads. The ideas of the binomial probability distribution are then expanded to show how, by explicit consideration of system geometry and individual loads, the size of the system may be further reduced. Copyright © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2010