bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Thrips Spp., 1979, 1980, and 1981
Authors: Hopkins Alfred R. , Moore Raymond F.
Published: March 2022

Coker 310 acid-del inted seed (80-90% germination) treated with Terracoat L-21 (12 oz per cwt) were drilled at the rate of 12 lb per acre in typic paleudults soils during the last week of Apr each year. Plots were 4 rows wide (38 inches) by 50 to 100 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete-block design replicated 4 times. The granular systemics were dispersed with a Gandy granular applicator. Moisture was adequate during germination and the maximum/minimum soil temperature at the 4 inch depth was 79/53°F. After the thrips evaluation period, seasonal control of cotton pests was maintained by spraying as needed with a high-clearance sprayer and recommended materials. All counts of insects and plant measurements were made at random. To determine the effect of the treatments on stand, the number of plants in five 10 ft rows per plot were counted. The effect of the treatments on square production was determined by counting the squares on plants in two 6.9 ft rows per plot (0.001 acre).
Chemical Control of Thrips in Cotton, 1981
Authors: Mullins Walton , Gallaher Martin L.
Published: March 2022

Stoneville 213 variety was planted on May 6 at the Lee Farm of the University of Misouri’s Delta Center in Portageville, MO. Plots were 4 rows x 50 ft replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The Temik and Disyston treatments were applied in a 4 inch band at planting. The Orthene 75S was applied to the seed by shaking 1.67 oz Orthene 75S with 10 lb seed in a plastic sack until the seed were uniformly covered, the number of thrips in each plot was recorded 2, 3, 4 and 5 weeks after planting by shaking 30 plants over a “thrips box” and counting.
Control of Rednecked Peanutworm in Oklahoma, 1981
Authors: Berberet Richard , Mussett Kevin , Sander Douglas
Published: March 2022

Peanuts were planted on Jun 10 with 0.9 m row spacing in light, sandy soil. Insecticides were applied on aug 20 utilizing 2 flat spray nozzles over each row and a total volume of 20 gpa. Treatments were replicated 4 times on 6 row x 15 m plots arranged in a randomized complete block design. For each sampling date after treatment, 25 plant terminals were collected at random from the center 4 rows of each plot and examined for S. bosqueella larvae. Percentages of infested terminals were computed, and counts were converted to larvae/m of row based on terminal counts made over the experimental area.
Apple, Test of Acaricides, 1981
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to runoff to single-tree plots in a randomized block design with 2 replicates of Golden Delicious and 2 Red Delicious, both spur-type trees. Experimental sprays were applied with a spraygun from a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gpm pump. Spray dates were as follows: Apr 20 (first UC-55248 treatment, no Kelthane); May 8 (second UC-55248 treatment); Jun 11 (all treatments except UC-55248); Jun 23 (all treatments, third UC-55248 treatment at high rate). General purpose sprays of Captan 50W, Guthion 50W and Sevin 50W were applied at ca intervals of 2 weeks throughout the summer. Average temperatures were: May 59.9 F, Jun 69.9°F, Jul 73.2 F and Aug 70.0°F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 3.17, Jun 4.11, Jul 2.79 and Aug 4.08. Effectiveness of the test materials on the European red mite was evaluated by making several counts of mites on random samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. Mite population pressure was heavy throughout the season. Russeting of Golden Delicious apples was determined by scoring a random sample of 30 apples/replicate, 60 apples, treatment. Fruits were rated as no russeting (1), light russeting (2), moderate russeting (3), and severe russeting (4). Possible ranges were: russeting, none to light 30-60, light to moderate 60-90, and moderate to severe 90-120.
Foliar Spray Efficacy Trials, 1981
Authors: Higgins Randall , Pedigo Larry , Buntin David
Published: March 2022

One hundred and twenty-four soybean plots (Var. Elf) were located 1 mile northwest of Ames, IA. Each plot measured 50 ft x 10 ft (4 rows) with 30 inch centers. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications and 31 treatments (Table 1). Treatments were applied Aug 17 with 4 row, CO2-changed bicycle-wheel sprayers (liquid output 20.25 gal/acre at 25 psi, hollow cone nozzles). Weather conditions during applications were slightly hazy, breeze below 3 mph, and 82°F. Soybeans were in maturity stage R5 (beginning seed). Plots were sampled with a 15 inch dia sweep net (20 sweeps/plot) on Aug 18 (24 hr), Aug 20 (3 days) and Aug 24 (7 days). Measurable rainfall during the experiment was 0.56 inch.
Insect Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Insecticides Applied in the Transplant Water, 1981
Authors: Semtner Paul J.
Published: March 2022

‘NC 82’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted in 4 ft rows with 20 inch row spacing on May 21. Treatment plots 20 ft (12 plants) x 4 ft (1 row), were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Hand-operated transplanters, delivering 200 gal water/acre (4 fl oz/plant), were used to apply the insecticides during transplanting. Flea beetle feeding holes were counted on the most damaged leaf on each of 5 plants/plot. Green peach aphid counts were made for 2 leaves on each of 5 plants/plot. Cured leaf yields were also determined.
Apple, Full Season Insecticide Evaluations, 1981
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. , David P. J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental insecticide treatments were applied in a comparative test to mature semi-dwarf Golden Delicious trees on May 13, May 27, Jun 11, Jun 25, Jul 9, Jul 23, Aug 11 and Sep 2-3. Treatments were applied with a Bean 35 gal/mln (132.49 litres/min) hydraulic sprayer operating at 300 psi (21.09 Kg/cm ). Single tree treatments were replicated four times in a randomized block design. Trees were sprayed to run-off. Mites were counted on 25 leaves from each tree using a modified Henderson-McBurnie leaf brushing technique. In the Aug 5 evaluation, twospotted spider mites were recorded separately. Counts of S. punctum adults and larva, Chrysopa spp. larva, O. insidiosus, L. mali and spiders were made on Aug 7 and Aug 14. Five limbs on each tree were tapped over a one square meter sheet of white cloth by striking each limb 5 times with a rod. Predators dislodged onto the sheet were recorded. Significant differences (P = .01) were observed between treatment means for all predators except L. mali and spiders. The Aug 7 count indicates the seasonal buildup of these predators after 6 pesticide applications. The Aug 14 evaluation more accurately represents the immediate effects of the Aug 11 application of the test materials. These data must be considered in conjunction with the mite data since in some cases (particularly the DPX-3792 treatment) mite populations were controlled and therefore predator populations never materialized. Rosey apple aphid damage was evaluated on Aug 13 by counting all damaged fruit clusters that could be found in a two minute search on the tree from the trunk to the outer perimeter of the canopy and to a height of 10 feet above the ground. A damaged fruit cluster consisted of 1 or more apples on a fruiting spur which had been damaged by rosy apple aphid feeding. Fruit was harvested (100 apples/rep; 400/treatment) and evaluated in mid-Oct for the leafroller complex (VL, TABM, RBLR), codling moth, curculion, scale and tarnished plant bug. Of these pests, only the leafroller complex was present in sufficient numbers to show significant differences (P = .01) between treatment means. Samples were evaluated for finish differences on a scale of 0 to 6 (0 = no russet, 6 = severe russet). Fruit size and weight measurements were recorded but no significant differences were found (P = .01) between treatment means or treatments and check.
Azalea Caterpillar Control on Azalea, 1981
Authors: Scnultz P. B. , Parnell L. A.
Published: March 2022

On Aug 12 established nursery-grown azaleas were used to test 6 insecticides for control of azalea caterpillars. Larval counts of the replicated treatments were made prior to treatment and 24 hr after treatment. Insecticides were applied using a 1-gal B & G compressed air sprayer at 30 psi. Plants were treated to run-off.
Bronze Birch Borer Control on European Whtie Birch Under Laboratory Conditions, Shreve, Ohio, 1980
Authors: Akers R. C. , Nielsen D. G.
Published: March 2022

Infested European white birches were selected for insecticide evaluation. Two B. pendula were felled Apr 18, and incubated for 8 days at ca 23°C. They were then cut into 30-40 cm bolts, dipped into water or selected insecticides at 1 lb ai/100 gal water, and placed in screen cages In a laboratory. Othene x-77 Spreader Sticker was added to all treatments at the rate of 7.6 ml/gal water. Ten bolt replicates were used for each treatment. Treatment effectiveness was measured by counting the number of emerged adults living at least 24 hr divided by total number of emerged adults times 100.
Japanese Beetle Grub Control on a Golf Course Fairway in Yardley, Pa, 1981
Authors: Heller P. R. , Guiser S. , Shetlar D. J.
Published: March 2022

Eleven insecticides were applied Sep 14 to a Japanese beetle infested golf course fairway, consisting of Kentucky bluegrass (80%) and annual bluegrass (20%). Treatment plots were 10 x 10 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied in 1.5 gal of water with a hand held sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker, followed by watering in with 1.5 gal of water. Environmental conditions were as follows: air temperature, 78°F; soil temperature, 78°F; soil type, silt-clay; soil pH, 7.0; percent organic matter, 3.2; soil condition occurred immediately after application of treatments. moist; and amount of thatch, 0.5 inch. Three ft sod Post treatment counts were made 28 days later (Oct 12). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of living Japanese beetle grubs was recorded for each ft sample.
Eastern Tent Caterpillar Control with Nuclear Polyhedrosis Viruses in Maryland, 1981
Authors: Tompkins George J. , Neal John W. , Young Janet , Adams Jean R.
Published: March 2022

Eastern tent caterpillar control was evaluated on wild cherry and on flowering crab apple trees along access roads on the Beltsville Research Center. Trees varied in size and age. Viruses tested were nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) of Autographacalifornica that had previously been passaged twice in M. americanum and M. americanum nuclear polyhedrosis virus. DIpel was included as a biological control standard. Egg development was closely monitored, and hatch was first observed on Apr 2. Test 1 was Initiated on Apr 8 and consisted of 10 randomly chosen tents on black cherry. Treatments applied were the higher concentration of each virus. Tents were monitored daily. Test 2 was conducted on Apr 17 to 10 individual randomized replicates per treatment. In both tests, 1 liter volumes were applied on tents and adjacent foliage on flowering crab apple trees with trombone sprayer; 0.1 ml of Triton X-100 was added to each liter of formulation. Tents were monitored daily. Fourteen days after treatment tents were removed and live larvae counted. Daily high temperatures ranged from 14°C to 30°C with nightly low temperatures ranging from -2°C to 6°C during the test period. Measurable rain was recorded on Apr 9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 19, 22, 23, and 26.
Control of Chrysanthemum Aphid on Chrysanthemum, 1981
Authors: Bodri Michael , Oetting Ronald D.
Published: March 2022

Eleven insecticides were tested for their effectiveness in control of aphids on chrysanthemums in 155 mm standard pots, 4 plants per pot, on raised benches in a greenhouse. Insecticides were applied as foliar sprays to the point of run-off utilizing a hand sprayer at 80 psi with a 8003 nozzle, temperature 26°C and 66% RH. Treatments consisted of 1 pot and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block. Efficacy was evaluated by marking a single terminal on each plant and recording the number of live aphids. A pre-treatment count on Jul 9 was followed by post-treatment counts on Jul 10, 13, 16 and then weekly until Aug 6. After the count on day 7, all treatments were reinfested with 10 aphids per marked terminal to test residual action of the insecticides. Similar reinfestation was repeated on days 14 and 21 with selected treatments.
Elm Bark Beetle Mortality on Lab-Sprayed Bark Chips, 1981
Authors: Brown Leland R. , Eads Clark O.
Published: March 2022

Suspended from the edge of a horizontally rotating 27 inch bicycle wheel, four 35 mm x 35 mm elm bark chips were sprayed with an insecticide during 1 pass before a compressed air paint spray gun beneath the wheel axle. The gun delivered 2.2 ml/sec and the wheel turned 4 rpm. This apparatus was in the opening of a laboratory evacuation hood. Bark chips, including some sapwood, had been cut with a band saw from 100 mm dia log disks from a recently felled tree. When each sprayed chip was nearly dry it was dropped into a 0.5 pt tapered Mason glass jar having a 100-mesh screen lid and the botton covered with a disk of paper towel. Beetles react abnormally on glass as compared with paper. The jar was placed in a randomized position on the first of 4 parallel lines on a laboratory table; the next jar was placed on the next line; etc. A draft of air from a household fan covered the table. The foregoing procedure was repeated for each insecticide. Sprays of all insecticides were agitated and buffered to pH 6. On each of the following 4 days a separate line of jars was infested with 25 beetles per jar from a laboratory culture of infested elm logs in 5 gal lard cans; each day represented 1 of 4 replicates. Moribund and dead beetles were counted after 24 hr. With poorer treatments this usually involved dissecting the chip to find the boring beetles. Results were subjected to a 2-way analysis of variance.
Euonymus Scale Control on Euonymus, Wooster, Ohio, 1980
Authors: Nielsen David G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Euonymus growing in greenhouse containers in the field were used for evaluating Supracide against scale crawlers. All plants were obtained from a nursery in Lake Co., OH and were heavily infested with scale. Plants were sprayed Jun 6, and again Jun 27, after samples were taken for evaluating effectiveness of the first application. A KWH mistblower was used to apply finished spray to run-off on 4 single-plant replicates. Containerized plants were isolated by separating pots during treatment. An untreated buffer row was established in the field planting. On Jun 6, ambient temperature was 16-18°C with clear skies and a 16-24 kph breeze. On Jun 27, temperature was 18-20°C with clear skies and breeze of 10-16 kph. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated by collecting 2 or 3 small, infested branches from each plant and counting the number of dead first stage nymphs of the first 100 encountered, using a dissecting microscope. Samples were first collected 3 weeks after treatment. Plants were sampled again 1 week after the second application.
Control of Citrus Whitefly on Gardenia, Alabama, 1981
Authors: Williams Michael L. , Ray Charles H.
Published: March 2022

Whitefly infested gardenias, 18-20 inches tall, growing in 1 gal plastic pots at the Auburn University Ornamental Horticultural Field Station, Mobile, AL were selected for treatment. Foliar applications of 5 candidate insecticides were applied to run-off Jul 14 and 21 using a hand-pumped, compressed air sprayer. The adjuvant Nu-Film 17 was added to each spray mixture at the rate of 0.5 pt/100 gal. Each treatment was replicated 3 times. Plants were sprayed and then arranged in a randomized complete block design. Efficacy was determined Jul 27 by examining 100 citrus whitefly pupae per plant and scoring them as living if normally-colored and full-bodied or dead if discolored and shriveled or dried.
Control of Hawthorn Lace Bugs on Pyracantha, 1981
Authors: Price Richard , Pinkston Ken , King Ed
Published: March 2022

Hawthorn lace bug control was evaluated on a pyracantha hedge in 2 separate tests between Jul 2 and Jul 16. In Test 1, 400 ft of hedge was utilized and treatments were randomized and replicated 4 times. Each treatment consisted of a 20 ft section, 4 to 5 ft high. In Test 2, a total of 75 ft of hedge was utilized. Each treatment consisted of a 5 ft section. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times. Treatments in Test 1 were made with a John Bean If 55 sprayer and a Spraying Systems Gun, Jet No. 43, which delivered 2.6 gal/min at 200 psi. Sprays were applied until run-off. In II Test 2, spray equipment was compared by using a John Bean 55 Sprayer at 200 psi and 2 gal B & G compressed air sprayer at 20 psi. Treatments with each sprayer were separately randomized and replicated 3 times. Temperature and wind velocity at the time of treatment were 86°F, 0-5 mph and 95°F, 5-10 mph respectively for Test 1 and 2. Infestations were determined by counting adults and nymphs on 6 inches of terminal branch at 20 locations in each treatment in Test 1 and at 5 locations in each treatment in Test 2.
Woody Plants, Phytotoxicity Test, Wayne Co., Ohio, 1980
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Three treatments were evaluated for phytotoxicity on 6 species of plants that are hosts for larvae of black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.). All plants were growing in 1 gal containers a greenhouse at the OARDC. Potting media included pine bark, peat, sand, soil, or a combination of 2 or more ingredients. Treatments were applied to 3 single plant replicates Sep 4 by sprinkling granular products on the media surface or irrigating or by drenching media with 1 pt (473 ml) of solution per container. All containers were watered every other day and inspected for phytotoxicity 6, 14, and 21 days post-treatment.
Bedding Plant Phytotoxicity Evaluations, California, 1981
Authors: Parrella M. P. , Morishita F. S. , Tachibana S. , Robb K. L.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were applied to selected bedding plants and phytotoxic effects were determined. The insecticides Monitor 4E, SD-52618 85W, Ammo 2.5E, Knox-Out 2FM were selected based on their potential ability to control the serpentine leafminer, Liriomyzatrifolii (Burgess) and due to a lack of information necessary for their labeling for the bedding plant nursery. Three weekly applications of these materials were made per species of bedding plant beginning on Jul 1 and another Aug 1. One flat of each bedding plant with 9 trays/flat and 6 plants/tray were sprayed until run-off with an Arimitsu sprayer delivering 2.25 gpm at 150 psi. All flats were located on the ground. The soil was a modified University of CA mix with a pH of 7.4. Data on phytotoxicity were recorded on a weekly basis for 4 weeks.
Candidate Pesticide Formulations for Quarantine Use, 1981
Authors: Fons J. , Wood S. , Cawley B. M. , Morgan N. O.
Published: March 2022

Two series of bioassay tests were conducted by exposing a total of 7; pest species in commercial transport trailers with volumes of 33 to 71 m . In the first series of tests, conducted in Miami, Florida, 5 species of colony-reared insects and 1 species of ticks were exposed. Approximately 100 resistant (Gainesville, multiple resistant) M. domestica, 50 resistant (Hazard) B. qermanica, 20 H. virescens, 50 A. grandis, and 50 R.sanquineus adults were, excepting A. taeniorhynchus (tested without replication), included in each of 3 test replications. In test series 2, conducted in Baltimore, Maryland, approximately 30 hazard strain B. germanica, 12 B. orientalis (males only) and 100 P. japonica were used in each test replication. Japanese beetles were field collected in methyl eugenol baited traps and caged in 83 mm diara x 60 mm deep, 3 mm mesh wire screen cages; all other species were caged in 0.24 L (1/2 pint - same dimensions as Japanese beetle cage) paper cans with tops replaced with tulle, nylon mesh screen (7 mesh/mm2). Candidate compounds were formulated as aerosols and dusts. Aerosols were formulated with technical grade material in a 1:1 mixture of Freons 11 and 12. The standard material for aerosol treatments, Sumithrin, was also formulated in an aqueous, CO^-propelled system by Enviro-Spray Systems, Inc. Dusts were formulated with HiSii 233 as the carrier. Sumithrin was also formulated with diatomaceous earth (Diabrite K-8, from international Diatoms Industries, Ltd). Cages were placed on the floor of the test trailer ca 10 cam from side walls. Dusts were applied with a “gun” employing compressed CO2 as the propellant, through the rear trailer door. Aerosols were applied from within by an operator walking the length of the trailer while releasing formulation for slightly less than the calculated time to obtain desired dosage and then weighing and adjusting with additional material. Following treatment, trailers were closed for 10 minutes. Then the right rear door was opened and test insects removed 20 min later. Japanese beetles were held for 72 hr before mortality counts were made; all others were counted at 24 hr after treatment. Average temperature during treatment and holding of the first test series was 21°C, and relative humidity was 81 ± 13%. In the second series temperatures averaged 23°C and relative humidity was 72%. Abbott’s formula was used to adjust for control mortality.
Efficacy of Insecticides for German Cockroach Control in Urban Apartments, 1981
Authors: Robinson William H. , Patricia A. Zungoli , Farmer Bob R.
Published: March 2022

Field trials were conducted to test the effectiveness of PP383 and Dursban for cockroach control. Testing was in low-Income apartments in Roanoke, VA. Pretreatment population levels were assessed by placing five 1-qt Mason jar traps (baited with boiled raisins) in each apartment overnight: 1 trap each under the kitchen sink, in pantry, by refrigerator, under bathroom sink, and in closet adjacent to bathrooml. Queous solutions were applied with a 1 gal B & G compressed air sprayer. Three replicates for each rate were treated and monitored from May through Jul. Evaluation of treatment was made using the pre-treatment assessment precedure on selected post-treatment dates, cockroaches captured were counted (except 1st-stage nymphs) and the number compared to the pre-treatment value to determine % reduction.
Ear Tags and High Pressure Sprays for Face Fly and Horn Fly Control on Beef Cattle, 1981
Authors: Doisy K. E. , Hall R. D. , English L. M. , Fischer F. J.
Published: March 2022

Cattle herds ranging from 6 to 195 head were treated in Boone Co., Mo., during 1981 with the following materials: Ectrin fenvalerate 8% ai plastic ear tags (1 tag/head and 1 tag/every other head), fenvalerate 5% ai ear tags (2/head), fenvalerate 6% ai ear tags (1/head), Permectrin permethrin 10% aig ear tags (2/head), Permectrin permethrin 8% plastic strips (1/head), Ectiban permethrin adhesive devices containing 0.9 g ai each (1/head on 12 of 34 animals), Deltamethrin decamethrin 5% ai ear tags (2/head animals), Ectiban permethrin 1% pour-on (14.8 ml/45.5 kg body weight) (retreated 2 months later), and Atroban permethrin 0.05% ai high pressure sprays from 10% and 42.5% EC. The latter materials were applied to run-off. A nearby, untreated herd served as control during the course of this experiment; this function was switched to a second untreated herd after Jun 1. In all cases, assessment of treatment efficacy was made on a weekly basis via inspection of 15 head selected at random from each herd. Face flies were counted on the entire face, and horn flies on a single side of each animal examined. Data thus obtained were converted to log10 (n+l) prior to analysis; however, true averages are reported.
Guinea Pig-

Amblyomma

Americanum

Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1981
Authors: Hunt L. M.
Published: March 2022

The procedure is as follows: Hair on guinea pigs is clipped around the midsection. Then 2 capsule cages containing 12 starved nymphal lone star ticks are attached with contact cement and tape to each animal. Those guinea pigs receiving the candidate compounds are treated 24 hr later. An untreated pig serves as the control and provides data for Abbott’s formula. Doses of the active ingredient depend on guinea pig weight, compound structure, LD50, and other considerations with a maximum of 20 mg/kg. This amount is formulated in diethyl succinate and administered subcutaneous Iy on 3 alternate days in a volume of less than 500 pI/injection. About 4-6 days after the 1st treatment, dead ticks in the cages are removed and counted, and/or replete ticks are removed from the capsules and held to observe mortality and nymphal molt. Effectiveness is determined by the percentage of ticks that fail to ecdyse (including dead nymphs that detach without engorging).
Laboratory Evaluation of Igr’s and Toxicants Against the Larvae of the Oriental Rat Flea, 1977-1980
Authors: Chamberlain W. F.
Published: March 2022

A 10-g sample of a mixture of fine sand and flea larval diet was placed in a 25-ml screwcapped vial. An appropriate concentration of technical IGR or toxicant in 500 μl of acetone was added to the mix, and after it was stirred, the acetone evaporated at room temperature. Next, 200 μl of water was added and stirred into the mix. Fifty laboratory-reared larvae of the oriental rat flea, Xenopsyllacheopis (Rothschild), in the middle of larval development (2nd instar), were added. Vials were then covered with 0.3 cm mesh marquisette cloth and held in separate chambers at the desired humidity, temperature, and light conditions. Each test was replicated 2-5 times. Control vials containing the sand-diet mix were treated with the acetone only and handled in the same manner as test vials. The vials were examined weekly for 2 or 3 weeks and any cocoons were removed and placed in 3.7 ml shell vials and covered with the marquisette cloth. Twenty-one days after removal of the cocoons, any emerged fleas were kilted with chloroform and counted. The highest concentration of IGR or toxicant tested was 500 ppm; dilutions to 0.2 ppb were tested, as needed, to obtain reduced mortality.
Imported Fire Ant Control - Individual Mound Treatment with Ambush, 1981
Authors: Bass J. A. , Scarborough T. A. , Stanley David , Hays S. B.
Published: March 2022

Preliminary dosage range tests were begun in Feb 1978. Subsequent replicated field tests were conducted under summer and winter conditions. During cold weather a tractor-mounted scrape blade was utilized to remove the above ground mound parts followed by an immediate application of finished spray at the rate of 1 qt/mound. The spray was directed at the mound and the immediate surrounding area. Scraping was omitted in the summer applications to avoid possible escape of the queen. Circular plots 170 ft dia were used for the replicated tests. Weekly observations were made post-treatment to evaluate the results on the inside 100 ft dia of the treated area.
Imported Fire Ant Control. - Mound Knockdown Plus Insecticide Treatment, 1981
Authors: Stanley David , Scarborough T. A. , Hays S. B.
Published: March 2022

Imported fire ants normally exit the mound through an underground tunnel network leaving the mound intact. The following treatments were designed to scrape away the above ground mound parts which would expose these parts plus the brood and ants to direct insecticide application. A tractor-mounted scrape blade was used to “level” the above ground mound parts. A drench treatment applied with a sprayer was immediately applied to an area of 1 m . Various rates of water and toxicant was tested on individual mounds to obtain the best combination. Subsequently, circular replicated plots 150 ft dia with the center 100 ft dia used for data collection were treated.
Control of Citrus Red Mite with Acaricides in Riverside, 1981
Authors: Brown R. D. , Jesser M. J.
Published: March 2022

Trees were sprayed on Apr 13-14 by hand-gun (ca 1200 gal per acre). There were 4 single-tree replicates. Naked-eye counts of mites on 32 leaves per tree (two 4-leaf terminals per quadrant) were made.
Performance of Pecan Insecticides: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Payne J. A. , Dutcher J. D. , Ellis H. C.
Published: March 2022

During the last 10 years many insecticides have been evaluated in field and laboratory trials by one or more of the various entomologists employed at the state and federal laboratories across the pecan belt. Many of these pesticide trials were not published, communicated, or made readily available to other interested individuals. In this report we have reviewed the literature and research files of pecan entomologists so a concise updated consensus would be available to serve as a guideline for comparison in future pecan pesticide trials.
Evaluation of Acaricides for Control of Citrus Red Mite on Lemons, 1981
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Mullis C. H.
Published: March 2022

This experiment involved efficacy of the citrus red mite on lemons at Yuman, AZ. Experimental compounds were compared to Kelthane, a current standard acaricide for control of citrus mites in AZ. A randomized block design was utilized with 1-tree plots and 4 replicates. Test materials were applied with a hand-gun from a John Bean Sprayer operating at 300 psi and a rate of 150 gpa (2.5 gal/tree) on Mar 30. Mite counts were made from 25 leaves/plot, selected at random. Leaves were brought into the laboratory and processed through a mite washer and separator appratus adapted from a Schriven and McMurty design.
Orange, Citrus Rust Mite Control (Crm), 1981
Authors: Childers C. C. , Knapp J. L. , Fasulo T. R. , Sorrell R. W.
Published: March 2022

Experimental miticides were evaluated for efficacy against citrus rust mite (CRM) in randomized complete block designs. Treatments were applied to single-tree plots replicated 5 times in 5 tests. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treated trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute with a hand-gun using a truck-mounted sprayer as follows: Test 1-435 psi, ca 9 gal/tree; Test 2--450 psi, ca 12 gal/tree; Test 3--500 psi, ca 3 gal/tree; Test 4--500 psi, ca 9 gal/tree; and Test 5--500 psi, ca 8 gal/tree. Water pH was 7.9 (Tests 1, 2, 4), 8.1 (Test 3), and 7.7 (Test 5). Twenty fruit were examined at random around the canopy of each sample tree at various times before and after spraying. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit. The combined 2 cm count per fruit of motile CRM was recorded as 1 observation.
Orange, Texas Citrus Mite Control (Tcm), 1981
Authors: Childers C. C. , Sorreli R. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to single-tree plots replicated 5 times. An unsprayed buffer tree separated trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute with a handgun at 200 psi, ca 2 gal/tree, using a John Bean sprayer on Jun 26-27. Water pH was 7.0. Twenty-five leaves from the spring flush were examined at random around the outer canopy of each sample tree. Each leaf was examined for motile spider mites and the count was recorded as one observation.
Pecan Stem Phylloxera Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1981
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted on mature Schley trees at Shreveport, LA. A randomized block design was used with 3 blocks and 1 tree per treatment per block. Insecticide applications were made on Mar 27 using an FMC Model 957 speed sprayer delivering ca 35 gal of spray per tree. Evaluation occurred on Jun 4 by examining 100 random terminals per tree and recording the number of phylloxera galls per terminal. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Fall Cutworm Control in Asparagus, 1980
Authors: Grafius E. , Morrow E. , Love A.P.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with 3 replications. Each plot was 6 rows wide (24 ft) by 25 ft long. Treatments were applied manually to the soil surface, Oct 15. Day 1 post-treatment, 3 randomly selected crowns were sampled for numbers of live and dead larvae. Dead cutworms were observed on the soil surface and soil was excavated to a depth of 1-2 inches around the plants to count live larvae and any remaining dead larvae. Three additional crowns were visually sampled for dead larvae. On Oct 23, 8 days post-treatment, 4 additional crowns per plot were sampled for numbers of live cutworms.
Apple, Tufted Apple Budmoth Control, 1981
Authors: Bode W. M.
Published: March 2022

Dilute sprays were applied to mature 18-20 ft high apple trees with a handgun operated at ca 400 psi pressure at the pump. Single-tree plots were arranged in a complete randomized block design with 5 replications. Three sprays were applied when 1st generation larvae were present (Jun 12, 23 and Jul 2) and 5 sprays were applied when 2nd generation larvae were present (Aug 17, 24, 31, Sep 8 and 18). Cover sprays of fungicides (Cyprex during the 1st half of the season and Captan plus Zineb during the 2nd half) were applied with an airblast sprayer. Treatments were evaluated by examining 100 apples/tree on Aug 9-11 and Sep 29-0ct 1 (harvest time). The sampled fruit were evenly divided between the top and bottom halves of the tree canopies. The numbers of fruit exhibiting larval feeding damage were recorded. The tufted apple budmoth population was moderately high in the test orchard.
Cabbage Looper Control, 1981
Authors: Sherrod D. W. , Francis J. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Round Dutch’ cabbage was transplanted Aug 3 in 3 ft rows (20 inch spacing between plants) at our research station near Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a single 25 ft long row with an untreated adjacent row. Treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Foliar applications were made with a propane compressed air backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles/row. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 50 gal water/acre (40 psi). Applications were made on Sep 6, 14, 21, 28, and Oct 7. Two Lannate treatments were applied on a weekly schedule and received sprays on Sep 6, 14, 21, 28, and Oct 5. A destructive sample was made on Oct 19; the number of loopers was recorded for 5 plants chosen from the center of each plot. Foliar injury ratings were made using a 0-5 scale as follows: 0) no damage; 1) slight feeding, less than 5% defoliation; 2) visible feeding with 5-10% defoliation; 3) moderate damage, 10-25% defoliation; 4) heavy damage, 25-50% defoliation; 5) severe damage, greater than 50% defoliation.
Cabbage Looper Control on Collards, 1981
Authors: Harper James D. , Hoiiingsworth M. H.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the North Alabama Horticulture Substation, Cullman, AL. Col lard transplants were planted on Jul 27, in plots consisting of 6 rows (44 inch centers and 18 inch spacing in the rows) x 25 ft separated by 5 ft alleys. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was utilized. Treatments were applied on Aug 13, 20, 27, Sep 2, 9, and 16, with the exception of the 4 treatments containing viruses (SAN-404 and SAN-405 contain nuclear polyhedrosis viruses of Autographacalifornica [Speyer] and Trichoplusiani [HubnerU respectively), which were omitted on Sep 9 because of unavailability. Applications were made with a Super Blue Boy 600 high clearance sprayer operating at 250 psi and delivering 90 gal/acre through 3 TX26 nozzles/row. Larval counts were made on Sep 2 and 23. On Sep 2, counts were made of small, medium, and large T. ni larvae on 3 plants from the center 2 rows of each plot; on Sep 23, similar counts were made on 3 leaves from each of 10 plants/plot using leaves from the 2nd whorl from the top of the plant. On Sep 2, 16, and 23, plant damage ratings were taken for 20 plants randomly selected from the center 4 rows of each plot. Plants were rated on a 1-6 leaf loss scale, where 1 = 0-1%, 2 = 2-5%, 3 = 6-10%, 4 = 11-20%, 5 = 21-50%, and 6 = t50% loss. For analysis, damage ratings were converted to mean % damage for each rating class. Insect counts and damage ratings were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared by Duncan’s multiple range test.
Control of Harlequin Bugs on Collards Interplanted with Other Vegetables, 1981
Authors: Latheef M. A. , Ortiz John H.
Published: March 2022

‘Morris Heading’ col lard was transplanted on May 4 at Virginia State University Randolph Farm, Chesterfield Co., VA. Soil type was a Goldsboro fine sandy loam. The field plots were assembled as a randomized complete block design with 4 rows, each 10 ft long. Col lards were planted in one of these rows while squash, pepper and eggplant were planted in the rmaining 3 rows, these plots were replicated 4 times with 5 ft alleys between plots. Col lards were treated 2 weeks after planting with a piston pump sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle. Spray solutions were prepared at the rate of 100 gallons/acre. Spraying was initiated on May 20 and was continued at biweekly intervals thereafter. Spraying was concluded on Sep 8 with a total of 9 sprayings. Adults were counted on 2 occasions in Jul and once in Sep. Three plants were sampled from each treatment during each sampling which preceded 1 or 2 days before spraying. The plants were stripped of older leaves in early Aug and a final count was taken on Sep 22.
Control of Lepidoptera Larvae on Collards with Nuclear Polyhedrosis Viruses and

Bacillus

thuringiensis

, 1981
Authors: Tompkins George J. , Linduska James J. , Dougherty Edward M. , Young Janet
Published: March 2022

‘Vates’ col lards were seeded in 4 row plots 20 ft long on Jul 2. Plants were spaced 6-8 inches apart in the row and 36 inches between rows. Each row was buffered by a guard row. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications, the soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1/2 liter of water and applied with a trombone type garden sprayer calibrated to deliver 30 gal/A. Treatments wee applied on Jul 28; Aug 4, 11, and 18; and Sep 2 and 9. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1-5 and were indexed as follows: 1) 0-3% damage = odd holes on leaves; 2) 4-10% damage = few leaves with holes; 3) 11-25% damage = moderate number of leaves with holes; 4) 26-50% damage = most leaves with holes; and 5) 51-100% damage = crown damage and/or all leaves with holes.
Apple, Effectiveness of Methomyl (Lannate 1.8 L) at 6X Concentration, Used as an Ovicide, in Controlling Aphids, 1981
Authors: David P. J. , Horsburgh R. L. , Ponton L. F.
Published: March 2022

On Apr 24, four rates of methornyl plus a water control were applied to seven year old apple trees bearing eggs of A. pomi and D. plantaginea. Application was with_a Swanson airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 233.55 litres/ha (25 pga) from each side, at 3.22 Km/hr (2 mph) and 7.02 Kg/cm2 (100 psi) pump pressure. Both sides of the trees were sprayed. Single tree treatments were used and replicated four times. Data were recorded on May 4 as the number of aphid infested terminals observed in two minutes per tree. A terminal was considered infested if it contained one or more apterous aphids.
Field Test of Piperonyl Butoxide and Synthetic Pyrethr0Ids for Colorado Potato Beetle Contro, 1981
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. , Silcox Charles A.
Published: March 2022

‘Florida #10’ eggplant were transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam field Jun 3. Single row plots were 15 ft long and 5 ft wide. A guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a split-plot experimental design. Sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted . boom sprayer, with a drop nozzle on each side of the row and one centered over the row, calibrated to deliver 85 gal/A at 250 psi. Plots were treated Jun 17, 24; Jul 3, 8, 15, 22, 24, 27; Aug 7, 14, 18, 25 and Sep 4. Sprays prior to Jul 24 were conducted using’ a preformuIated mixture of insecticide and piperonyl butoxide. due to the ineffectiveness of the preformulated sprays, tank mixtures of insecticide and piperonyl butoxide 90% EC were initiated Jul 24. Parameters examined included percent defoliation, Colorado potato beetle larval counts, and total yield.
Insect Control in Early Snap Beans, 1983
Authors: Klostermeyer L. E.
Published: March 2022

Experimental and registered insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against snap bean insects at the Tobacco Experiment Station, Greeneville, Tenn. Snap beans were planted in 38-in rows on 26 May. Plots were four rows by 20 ft with one untreated row between plots. Treatments were replicated five times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied 8 July using a 2-gal compressed-air handsprayer at 50-gal/acre spray. One treated row per plot was sampled by taking five sweeps along the row with a 15-in. diameter insect net. Pretreatment means were: leafhoppers (LH) 14.75, Mexican bean beetle larvae (MBBL) 2.5, and adults (MBB) 0.17. A different row was sampled on each date to reduce plant damage. Three row feet were hand harvested from the second treated row on 2 2 July.
European Corn Borer Control, 1983
Authors: Webb D. R. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

Each treatment consisted of five bean plants per plot, replicated four times. Plants were sprayed 21 days after planting at recommended rates using 60 gal water/acre. Twenty-five 1st stage larvae were placed on each group of five plants at various intervals after spraying. Mortality was recorded 24 h after placing the larvae on the plants. X1 and X2 are confidential materials.
Control of Worms and Aphids on Cabbage with Combinations of Pyrethroids and Dipel, 1983
Authors: Bowman James S.
Published: March 2022

A block of cabbage transplanted on 12 July 1983 on the Robert Wiggin Farm, Stratham, N. H., was utilized. Spray applications of various treatments were made on 21 and 28 July, 4, 11, 18, and 25 Aug. and 8 Sept. to plots consisting of 20-ft rows replicated four times and arranged in a randomized blgck design. Applications were made on both sides of the row using a B & G CO2 pressurized sprayer (40 lb/in2) at a rate of 29 gal/acre. Combination treatments applied at the same time were tank mixed. Other combination treatments were applied separately and on alternate weeks. Worm control evaluations were made on 1 Sept. by counting the number of each worm species on five plants per replicate and by foliage injury ratings. The categories used in rating the foliage injury were: 1, slight or trace holes; 2, less than 10% of leaves with feeding holes; 3, severe feeding on 25% of leaves; 4, severe feeding on 50% of leaves; and 5, severe feeding on 100% of leaves. Aphid control evaluations were also made on 1 Sept. by determining the percentage of plants per replicate with at least one established aphid colony. Percent marketability of heads was evaluated on 23 Sept. by counting the number of heads free of insect or disease injury.
Cabbage Insect Control, 1983
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Ferry’s Round Dutch’ cabbage was seeded on 29 July in Sassafras sandy loam soil in single rows, 25-ft long plots in a randomized complete block design replicated four times; a guard row buffered each treated row. Sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with one drop nozzle.on either side of the row and one nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 83 gal/acre at 200 lb/in2. Treatments were applied 15, 21, and 28 Sept. and 4 Oct. Evaluations for the various treatments included direct larval counts, foliage injury ratings, and percentage of marketable heads. Foliage injury ratings are expressed as percentage of defoliation. Yields (percentage of marketable heads) were taken on 11 Oct. and defined as cabbage heads with no visible feeding and at least two undamaged wrapper leaves.
Cabbage Worm Complex Control, Spring 1982
Authors: Sorensen K.A. , Johnson E.M.
Published: March 2022

‘Market Prize’ cabbage plants were transplanted 22 May, near Benson, N.C. Treatment plots were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Plots consisted of single rows 10 ft long on 42-in. centers. Terraclor 75W was added to the transplant water to prevent clubroot. Foliar treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle operated at 40 lb/in2 delivering 100 gal/acre. Treatments were applied on 10, 16, 23, and 30 June, and 7, and 14 July. At harvest, 26 July, plots were evaluated for worm damage.
Efficacy of Pounce on Chinese Cabbage for Control of Green Peach Aphid and Bertha Armyworm, 1981
Authors: Halfhill J. E.
Published: March 2022

‘Hiratsuka’ Chinese cabbage was seeded into 20-ft, 2-row beds, having 22-in row and 12-in interplant spacing on 10 July, 1981. The Ritzville silt loam (Calciorthidic Haploxerolls) soil had 1.6% organic matter and a pH of 6.2. Pounce was applied at 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 lbs (AI)/acre on 4, 12, 18, and 24 Aug., and 2, 8, 15, and 22 Sept, using a boom sprayer mounted on a tractor travelling at 2.75 mph. The treatments were applied in 40 gal/acre at 60 lb/in2 through D2-25 TEEJET nozzles spaced 11 in apart on the boom. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicates. Plots were sprinkler irrigated as needed but not less than 48 h after a treatment and at a rate of ca 0.375 acre-in/h. Efficacy was determined by examining 10 heads from each plot 3 days after the final treatment for the abundance and distribution of both aphids and worms. Phytotoxicity was determined at the same time.
Control of Late Season Worms on Silking Sweet Corn, 1983
Authors: Bowman James S.
Published: March 2022

The sweet corn used in this study was planted 17 June on the Robert Wiggin Farm, Stratham, N. H. Each plot consisted of a 30-foot row and each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized block design. Spray treatments were applied to the silk area of the ears beginning at approximately 10 to 15% silk state on 17 Aug. The applications were repeated on 22 and 25 Aug. The sprays were applied using a 1-gal B & G CO2 pressurized sprayer at a rate of 29 gal of spray per acre and directing the spray to both sides of the row. Evaluations were made on 2 Sept. by examining 20 ears from each replicate for the presence of worms and feeding damage.
Control on Sweet Corn, 1983
Authors: Ferro D.N.
Published: March 2022

Corn was planted on 16 June in Sunderland, Mass., using a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Rows were 3 ft apart, 25 ft long and plants were spaced 9 in. apart in the row with four rows per plot. Fertilizer (1,000 lb. 10:10:10/acre) was incorporated before planting; no additional fertilizer was needed. Atrazine at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre and alachlor at 1.5 lb (All/acre was applied on 20 June. Insecticides were applied using a tractor-drawn sprayer with drop nozzles, at 60 lb/in2 and 180 gal water/acre. Treatments were applied on 16 and 22 Aug. and 1 and 8 Sept. On 15 Sept., 25 ears were examined from the center two rows for each plot and the number of ears infested or not infested with larvae of each pest was recorded. Only ears with damage to kernels constituted ear damage.