bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bio control of water hyacinth with Cercospora piaropi and Myrothecium roridum corn oil formulations for enhanced water resources management and conservation
Authors: Chrispo Makheti Mutebi  , David Mutisya Musyimi  , George Timothy Opande
Published: September 2023

Water hyacinth hinders extraction and supply of clean water by clogging intake systems. Despite control efforts, it has remained resurgent and difficult to manage under current methods. Efficacious control for the weed is therefore necessary. This study’s goal was determination of effect of corn oil spore formulations of Cercospora piaropi Tharp and Myrothecium roridum Tode Fries on; disease intensity, relative shoot length and relative biomass of water hyacinth. It was conducted in Maseno University and in a greenhouse at Kibos in Kisumu situated at latitude 00 37’ S and longitude 370 20’ E. The conditions were 25 to 300 C and 22 to 270 C temperature averages during the day and night respectively and 60 to 69% relative humidity.  Isolations of C. piaropi and M. roridium were made, grown on PDA, harvested and formulated in corn oil at 1x105, 1x106, 1x107, 1x108 and 1x109 spores/ml. Healthy plants were misted with the corn oil formulations and placed in 90 cm diameter and 1.5 cm depth plastic basins filled with 20 liters of water that had been kept in a container for 24 hours for chlorine to be released. The experimental design was completely randomized design with three replications. Disease intensity, relative shoot length and relative biomass were determined biweekly for 6 weeks. Analysis of variance on the means was done using SAS Institute, Inc.1999 computer software and LSD (p?0.05) used for mean separation. Disease intensity, AUDPS, relative shoot length and relative biomass scores for both pathogens showed a significant (p ?. 05) increase as the concentration of spores in the formulations increased.  Cercospora piaropi and M. roridum in corn oil formulation at 1x108 and 1x109 spores/ml were found effective for lowering water hyacinth biomass and shoot growth respectively and with potential for use in open waters for water hyacinth control.
Capacity building influence on waste management among horticultural processing medium and small microenterprises in Kenya
Authors: Benson Ouma  , Michael Wandayi Okoth  , John Nzioka Muthama  , George Ooko Abong’  , Marion Villacampa
Published: September 2023

Waste management includes those activities and actions required to manage wastes from inception to its final disposal. These include collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation of waste management process. Inadequate and inappropriate knowledge of handling of horticultural wastes may have serious health implications and a significant impact on the environment as well. This is so because, if people possess good knowledge towards waste management, they can protect themselves from infectious diseases and keep the environment clean. This affects people’s attitude and most people due to lack of capacity or training on how to handle wastes, do not bother to dispose wastes appropriately. This study therefore, assesses the influence of capacity building on waste management amongst horticultural processing Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Kenya. Using descriptive research design, the data were collected using structured questionnaires from 31 Certified Horticultural processing MSMEs in Kenya derived from Nairobi, Central and Western regions after undergoing various trainings on waste management. The results indicated that the majority of those engaged in horticultural processing MSMEs business are married (90.3%), affirming the family-oriented business tier. Further, the results showed that, before conducting training to the MSMEs, their level of knowledge on reduction in quantity of waste, waste management was at 58% and 68%, respectively. After training the result showed a high level of improvement at 87% and 83.9% on the same variables. The results further showed changes on waste management before and after capacity building with a mean of 9.29 and 16.70 respectively. Therefore, the study established a significant relationship with a p-value of 0.000 between capacity building and waste management in horticultural processing MSMEs in Kenya.
Cost-effective banana (musa paradisiaca) waste management and the welfare of banana farmers in Kakamega county Kenya
Authors: Ben Musonye Akala
Published: September 2023

Horticultural waste management is global war that must be won particularly in Kenya. Utilisation of banana waste can mitigate the dwindling welfare of banana farmers in Kakamega County. Unlike India’s preferred processing approach, on-farm management of banana waste was a cost-effective strategy compatible to Kenya given the Climate change and Covid-19 pandemics. Unfortunately, knowledge on fitting 7Rs denoted by reducing, rethinking, refusing, recycling, reusing, repairing and refilling strategy onto the banana waste generated; banana waste utilisation technologies; and challenges of on-farm banana waste management was scanty in Kakamega County. Therefore, this paper examined the influence of cost-effective banana waste management on the welfare of banana farmers in Kakamega County, Kenya. It particularly established the: on-farm and off-farm weight of banana waste; appropriate innovative on-farm banana waste utilisation; and on-farm banana waste management challenges experienced in Kakamega County, Kenya. Across sectional design was adopted. A purposive sample of 150 from 600 banana farmers with at least 100 banana plants was studied. Frequency tables and plates were used to analyse data Kakamega County. Primary data was complemented by Key informants and secondary sources. The results revealed that out of the 7Rs, reuse, reduce and refill (3Rs) facilitated banana waste management. The weights of peeled banana fruit and waste were 10.1% and 89.9% of the entire banana plant respectively. Banana waste was the driver of integrated organic innovative crop farming, animal husbandry and agro-forestry. Dogmatic beliefs and low agricultural innovation adoption rate hindered banana waste utilization. It is concluded that 7Rs minimized the quantity; enhanced utilization; and mitigated challenges of banana waste, culminating to the improved welfare of banana farmers. Adoption of optimal innovative cleaner banana production technologies to streamline the 7Rs was recommended to achieve sustainable banana waste management and improve livelihoods in Kenya.
The Effects of packaging materials on keeping quality of cassava root - leaf flakes
Authors: Solomon Shibairo  , Okoth Michael Wandayi  , Abong’, George Oook
Published: September 2023

Processing and value addition is necessary for fresh agricultural commodities in order to reduce perishability and prolong shelf-life. Shelf life is enhanced with proper packaging because packaging materials influence storage period, preserve nutrients and sensory qualities. This paper objectively determined the effects of packaging materials on nutrients quality of cassava flakes. The methodology of the work involved the use of blends of cassava flakes packaged in Kraft, insulated polythene and plastic, and stored in an incubator at 550C and 75 % relative humidity for 5 days. Three blends of cassava flakes identified by panelists as the most preferred (20 % leaf, 100 % fresh root, 100 % fermented roots were developed and studied on accelerated shelf life trial. Storage period and packaging material were determined. The results showed moisture content to be significantly influenced by packaging material whereby it increased over the storage period, across the blends, with highest levels (10.75-%) registered in kraft material on day 3.  After day 3 all nutrients showed a drastic decreasing trend with the most affected being protein that dropped from; 22.94 mg / 100g to 8 mg / 100g in the blend containing 20 % leaf in and 6.65 mg / 100g to 2. 8 in the blend of 100 % fresh root packaged in kraft materials. There was Paper insulated polythene (gunny) was shown to contain highest nutrients’ levels by day 5 with; protein at 27.68 mg /100g vitamins A (576.85 mg/100 kg), Zinc (1.17 mg /100 g), iron 3.69 mg /100g), fibre 6.12 mg /100g. Fat was highest at 9.71 mg/100g in the plastic material. The study therefore concluded that insulated polythene is the best packaging material for cassava flakes and the product’s shelf life is up to 3 months.
Effect of washing, packaging material and storage period on the quality of sweetpotato roots
Authors: Victoria Makungu  , Abong' George Ooko  , Okoth Michael Wandayi  , Wanjekeche Elizabeth
Published: September 2023

Sweet potato storage hardly happens in Kenya since most farmers harvest the roots piecemeal on demand. Moreover, many traders have little knowledge on the appropriate conditions for storage. There exists very little information on stability of nutrients of these roots during storage. Kabode (orange fleshed) and Kenspot 2 (white fleshed) varieties of sweet potato were harvested and subjected to similar storage conditions for 21 days to monitor changes in moisture content, starch, reducing sugars, beta carotene and vitamin C. Half of the samples were washed while the similar half were unwashed before storage. Samples were stored both under room temperature 22-24oC, relative humidity 60-70% and at temperature of 12-13oC, relative humidity 80-90%. There was moisture loss of up to 82.9% (Kabode) and 53.2% (Kenspot-1); starch loss of up to 29.7% (Kabode) and 23.7% (Kenspot 2); reducing sugars increased up to 286% (Kenspot 2) and 148.4% (Kabode); beta carotene loss of up to 100% (Kenspot 2) and 79.6% (Kabode) as well as vitamin C loss of up to 56% (Kenspot 2) and 62% (Kabode) at the end of 21 days of storage. Significant (p?0.05) higher losses were recorded in samples stored at room temperature (22-24oC) with relative humidity 60-70% compared to samples stored at 12-13oC with relative humidity ranging 80-90%. Sweet potato storage shelf life can therefore be enhanced by storing the roots in temperatures 12-13oC at 80-90% relative humidity conditions which slow down metabolic reactions responsible for nutrient degradation. Relevant stakeholders in the sweet potato value chain should work together towards designing and establishing sweet potato roots storage chambers to increase the commercial viability of the enterprise.
Essence of Water Governance for SMEs for Sustainable Consumption in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Bessy Eva Kathambi  , John Nzioka Muthama  , Cohen Ang'u
Published: September 2023

Water governance is mostly faced with multifaceted uncertainties owing to rapid demographic changes, urbanization and climate change. Building on recent studies on water governance in urban areas, this study aims to shed light on the importance of water governance for sustainable consumption and posterity for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Nairobi County. The paper discusses current trends in water governance and proposes policy solutions based on the existing OECD framework. It also highlights the critical role water governance plays in enhancing business bottom lines through institutional arrangements and policy implementation. Inadequacies in water supply and water infrastructure are significant challenges affecting sustainable water utilization for SMEs in Nairobi. Despite concerted efforts for reforms in water governance provided by the Water Act 2016, there still exist multi-level governance gaps in this sector. Weak regulatory arrangements, over-institutionalization, overlapping roles, and lack of coordinated approaches are some of the challenges that need to be addressed.  Unseen players in the water sector in Nairobi also exist to determine the outcomes of the market forces that affect SMEs in this sector. Addressing some of the challenges facing this sector can be achieved by adopting the OECD Principles on Water Governance.  These principles may promote and design tangible and outcome-oriented public policies through the facets of effectiveness, efficiency, trust and engagement; and enable better design and implementation of water governance in Nairobi that will enhance sustainable water consumption among the SMEs.
Evaluation of policies as drivers of energy transition and modeling of a low carbon emission scenario for the energy generation sector in Kenya
Authors: Judy Mbeke Ngungi  , John. N. Muthama
Published: September 2023

Energy transition is considered integral in seeing countries reduce their emissions and thus reduce the effects of global warming. Understanding the energy, food, and climate change nexus is important for the achievement of a green economy. This paper examines how energy transition plays a key role in the shift to a low-carbon economy and address greenhouse emissions in the country. The research objectives that this paper seeks to answer are (1) how the existing energy- climate change policies and legal frameworks are influencing renewable energy technology adoption and (2) how the increase in renewable energy in the energy mix impacts carbon emission and achieving the national determined contribution goal.  Data were collected through interviews from identified key informants. The findings showed that government involvement through policies has significantly led to the increase in adoption of renewable energy technologies in the country. It was determined that clean energy technologies across the country have increased to 14% by 2016 after the implementation of various energy policies. Additionally, the increase of renewable energy sources in the national generating mix is modeled to have a significant reduction in greenhouse emissions in the country. The low-carbon scenario model estimates that emissions would be reduced to 0.1 metric tonnes by 2040 based on the government’s energy target plans. It was concluded that clean and affordable energy is vital but there is a need for public consultations and awareness of new infrastructure that come with energy transition as this plays a key role in the achievement of sustainable development goals in Kenya.
Knowledge, attitudes and practices synthesis of waste management among horticultural processing MSMES in Kenya
Authors: Benson Ouma  , Okoth Michael Wandayi  , John Nzioka Muthama  , Abong George  , Marion Villacampa
Published: September 2023

Horticultural processing Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Kenya utilize raw agricultural produce and generate large quantities of solid and liquid wastes. However, there is limited information on knowledge, attitude, and current waste management practices among horticultural processing MSMEs in Kenya. This study sought to establish the current knowledge, attitude, and practices on waste management among horticultural processing MSMEs in Kenya. The survey adopted quantitative and qualitative data collection methods, thirty-one (31) Certified MSMEs from Nairobi, Central, and Western regions were surveyed.  using a structured questionnaire. The MSMEs indicated that improper waste disposal has adverse effects on the environment, reuse/reduce/recycle were the core principles of waste management and wastes pollutes the environment. Segregation of wastes was considered good practice while improper waste disposal compromises the quality of the environment. Improper waste disposal is harmful to their environment, their workplace and neighborhoods ought to be clean (71%) each respectively while different waste management practices were used (6.8%).  About 83.9% segregated their waste while 93.5% were not ISO 14001 compliant thereby indicating the need for the MSMEs to work towards certification for productivity and external competitiveness. The respondent-s knowledge on wastes reduction showed that majority of the MSMEs employ the principles of reuse and waste minimization to manage wastes at 52% and 45% respectively. This was followed by recycling at 19% and energy recovery at 16%. The standardized beta coefficient on knowledge, attitude and practice on waste management indicated; values of 0.097(t=0.526), 0.628 (t=4.349) and 0.739 (t=5.913) respectively. Thus, no significant (p=0.603) relationship of knowledge on waste management. There was a significant relationship (p=0.000) between attitude and practices on waste management among Horticultural processing MSMEs.  There is a need to enhance knowledge through training towards sustainable consumption production and practices in MSMEs.
Physicochemical properties and flour pasting profiles of popular sweet potato varieties from Kenya and Uganda
Authors: Abong George  , Victoria Clare Makungu Ndanyi  , Okoth Michael Wandayi  , Archileo Kaaya  , Wanjekeche Elizabeth  , Joshua Ombaka Owade
Published: September 2023

Sweet potato varies in physicochemical properties as a result of inherent varietal makeup and agroecological zones where they are grown. Although pasting profiles of sweet potato flour can be used to determine their end-use in food processing, information on systematic evaluation of popular varieties in Kenya and Uganda is limited. Four orange-fleshed sweet potato varieties from Kenya and four common varieties from Uganda were evaluated for their physicochemical properties and for the pasting profiles of their flours. Results indicated significant variations (p< 0.01) in the attributes of the eight varieties. Orange fleshed varieties (OFV) had comparatively higher moisture, beta carotene, fat, and mineral contents but lower pasting profiles than the non-orange fleshed varieties (NOFV). The sodium/Potassium ratio of the eight varieties ranged from 0.16 to 0.5 and within <1 that is recommended. Calcium/magnesium ratios ranged from 1.11 to 2.09 and were above the required value of 1. OFV had calcium/phosphorous values above 2.00 while NOFV had values below 0.1 against the required >0.5. OFV had lower Peak viscosities (124-590cP) and cold paste viscosities (89.5-319cP) compared to 677-1060Cp (peak viscosities) and 438-800cP (cold paste viscosities) for NOFV. Positive correlations were recorded between flour pasting profiles and carbohydrates (r = 0.71 – 0.88), starch (r = 0.26 -0.52), phosphorous (r = 0.05 – 0.37), protein (r = 0.07 – 0.30) and fiber (r = 0.54 – 0.79). Sweet potato consumption can combat hidden hunger since it is rich in various minerals. The shelf life of sweet potato can be prolonged through processing into flour including blended flours for the production of high-quality food products.
Comparison of the efficiency of solar-powered prototype vapour compression cooler with evaporative charcoal cooler in maintaining quality of French beans
Authors: Erick. O. Ogumo  , Catherine N Kunyanga  , Michael W Okoth  , John W Kimenju
Published: September 2023

The quality and shelf life of French beans is affected by the time of harvesting and storage period. Cooling immediately after harvesting is important. The use of a solar evaporative cooling system is suitable for use in rural areas with no power grid connections. This study compared evaporative charcoal cooler and solar cooling systems on improving the quality and shelf life of French beans. The prototype was made using mathematical modeling equations and was powered by solar power while the evaporative charcoal cooler was made from iron sheets with charcoal walls. Freshly harvested French beans were stored under the two cooling systems. The weight and temperature of the stored produce were checked hourly. At the end of the day, produce was packed into modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) bags and stored for 7 days in a cold room.  After seven days, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels were measured using a Bridge gas analyzer. The results show significant differences in weight loss between produce stored in evaporative charcoal shed and solar cooler prototype with those stored in evaporative charcoal cooler having 5% weight reduction while those solar coolers having 3% weight loss. A higher accumulation of CO2 was realized in the evaporative charcoal cooler than in the solar-powered cooler. The solar-powered cooler maintained weight, reduced the temperature of products, and maintained the balance between carbon dioxide and oxygen thus reduction in metabolic activities. This enhanced the shelf life and quality of the produce.
Transitioning to green growth in Kenya: The Horticulture Productivity, Fuel Consumption and Short-Lived Climate Pollutants nexus
Authors: Nzioka J. Muthama
Published: September 2023

The need to transform Kenya’s horticultural sector to adopt low carbon, resource-efficient initiatives require a shift to sustainable consumption and production practices that underpin low carbon green economy regimes. Short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs), including black carbon, methane, tropospheric ozone, have harmful effects on agricultural productivity, ecosystems, and people, consequently impinging on green economic growth. This paper evaluates the influence of horticultural productivity in Kenya on National Fuel Consumption and SLCPs. National data from the Kenya Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) on horticultural commodity prices (HCPs), as a proxy to horticultural productivity, are compared with fuel consumption and satellite-borne national average black carbon measurements. The KNBS data were collected for the period 2002 to 2018. National monthly area average time-series of the SLCPs were obtained from satellite data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Giovanni website for the same period. Consumption of eight fuel types was correlated with HCPs. Correlation and regression analyses employed on the data revealed a statistically significant relationship between monthly black carbon and annual horticultural commodity prices, with dry months of February and June reporting inverse relationship, with a correlation of determination (r2) ranging from 0.36 to0.38. On the other hand, the wet month of October registered a positive correlation with black carbon (r2 = 0.54). The statistically significant inverse relationship between Annual horticultural commodity prices and annual surface black carbon concentrations is evident for fruits. The vehicular emissions connected to the horticulture value chain need to be mitigated as Kenya transitions to a green economy. Total monthly fuel consumption is positively and moderately correlated with horticultural commodity prices, with January recording the highest r2 (0.85). The months of October to December record the lowest variance explained. This alludes to the need to adopt green energy in the horticulture sector to be in tandem with the transition
Modelling the geographical distribution of plant species reported as anti-malaria and mosquito repellents in Burundi
Authors: Célestin NSABIMANA  , Célestin HAVYARIMANA  , Jean Marie Vianney MANIRAKIZA  , Gaëlle NDAYIZEYE  , Rosette IRAMPAGARIKIYE  , Tatien MASHARABU
Published: September 2023

The conservation and sustainable management of plant species require knowledge of their potential distribution areas and of the factors driving this distribution. A study modeling the distribution of ten flagship plant species reported as anti-malaria and mosquito repellents in Burundi was carried out, with a view to contributing to the establishment of conservation priorities in Burundi, which could also be a reference for other countries. The study was conducted in the four phytogeographic districts of Burundi. It was based on 98 samples from a field data collection on anti-malaria and mosquito repellent plants from Burundi and plant specimens kept at the University of Burundi Herbarium. Potential distribution areas were determined using the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) spatial interpolation tool in ArcGIS 10.5 software. The geographic distribution and the ecological factors likely to influence this distribution were determined. The spatial interpolation show that the ten plant species reported as antimalarial and/or mosquito repellent in Burundi can be predicted in all the phytogeographic districts of Burundi. According to the available literature, seven of the ten species belong to the category of widely distributed species. The study shows that there are some differences in terms of distribution especially in the Mosso-malagarazi district. This could be explained by ecological conditions, typical of the lowlands. The distribution models obtained in this study will guide the sustainable plants management in Burundi and elsewhere. In order to increase the production of essential oils and phytochemicals, we recommend the use of these models to identify potential growth sites of the ten anti-malaria and mosquito repellent plant species.
Optimisation of the eccentricity of the pyriform diagram for balancing electrical power systems loading
Authors: Godwin Asemota  , Nelson M. Ijumba
Published: September 2023

Electricity is a vital resource need in any modern society for an enhanced lifestyle. Furthermore, electricity load management covers optimal power generation, transmission, distribution, and utilisation. Also, demand-side management is electricity consumption beyond the meter, and the ever-increasing electricity demand because of rising population and higher standards of living place a limitation and a constraint on its accessibility to all the citizens in any community. The eccentricity of the pyriform scatter diagram data shape was used to characterise the statistical distribution of the electricity consumption data points around a common axis. The Markov process, the Jordan Canonical transformation, and the Martingales were used to generalise the independent electricity consumption to depend only on the outcome preceding it and not after it. The results show a balanced light loading of 50.0%. The pyriform was symmetrical, convex, and even about the midpoint, which served as the globally optimised solution of the electricity consumption balanced loading problem. A balanced electrical power systems loading enables utilities to supply more customers, increases operational efficiencies, and places less stress on electricity generators, transmission, and distribution networks. It is recommended that optimisation of electrical power systems loading will lead to energy efficiency, energy savings, lower-cost operations for reliable and sustainable supply, growth, and development. Balanced light loading of electrical power systems components facilitates optimal unit commitment at lower economic and social costs. Whenever service taxes are reduced because of cheaper electricity prices, utilities witness flatter load curves and avoided production costs across power systems operations. This further, lessens blackouts and extends life of utility facilities.
Ethnobotanical study of pesticidal plants against human harmful insects in Central Burundi
Authors: Ahishakiye Rose  , NKENGURUTSE Jacques  , IRAMPAGARIKIYE Rosette  , NDAYIZEYE Gaëlle  , BUKURU Anatole  , VYIZIGIRO Tite  , MASHARABU Tatien
Published: September 2023

Human harmful insects include mosquitoes, lice, fleas, flea-biters, bedbugs, flies and fire ants. Developing countries, such as Burundi; are challenged in the access of chemical products to control these insects. The present study aims to control human harmful insects with pesticidal plants based on ethnobotanical knowledge of Burundians. A survey on pesticidal plants was carried out using a questionnaire on 250 participants in Gitega province, Central Burundi. The consensus index (CIs) was used to analyse the credibility of the information collected. Seventy five percent of participants recognized at least one pesticidal plant. The present study reveals 69 plant species divided into 35 families. The Asteraceae (8 species) and Euphorbiaceae (6 species) families were the most represented. Of all the plant species recorded, the most exploited part is the leaf (47% of species) and 50% of species are used without prior preparation, while 22% are roasted before use or administration. The local application is most used (for 46% of species). The most cited species are Tetradenia urticifolia (ICs: 0.60), Euphorbia tirucalli L (ICs: 0.10) and Tagetes minuta L (ICs: 0.06) repelling fire ants, Solanum incanum (ICs: 0.60) and Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (ICs: 0.12) treating the flea-bites. The present study showed a large number of pesticidal plants, some of them having a considerable potential in the control and treatment of these insects and their bites. The preferred use of the leaves leads to a promising valorisation with less impact on sustainable conservation of the reported plant species. The present study revealed the importance of pesticidal plants knowledge with an emphasis on plants against flea-bites and fire ants (31 and 23 species respectively). The results suggest that there is need for phytochemical studies aimed at the production of effective and affordable plant-based pesticides.
Optimization of biofertilizers on potato blight, performance and farm returns using biochar and manure in combination with fertilizer
Authors: Kilonzi Mutuka Jackson
Published: September 2023

Bio-fertilizers form a valuable interaction tool with soil dynamics in improving crop yield despite their inferior yield compared to inorganic fertilizers. However, optimizing bio-fertilizers using carrier material and combination with inorganic fertilizer while minimizing detrimental effects associated with chemicals is not fully comprehended. Field experiment was conducted to study effects of Mycorrhizae and Trichoderma optimization using manure and biochar (carrier) in combination with Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) applied at 50 %, 75% and 100% (500 kg ha-1) the recommended rate on late blight, growth, yield and farm income. A survey was also conducted to establish fertilizer usage by potato farmers. The most widely used fertilizer was DAP. Plots without fertilizer recorded the highest late blight severity (RAUDPC of 0.45), lowest height (39.37 cm), stem count (2.81) and yield (0.29 t ha-1) followed by plots with 50% DAP. Yield observed from DAP rates differed significantly (P≤0.05). However, there was no significant difference among combinations of biofertilizer with 75% and 100% of DAP. Trichoderma and Mycorrhizae increased yield by 74%, 70% and 71% respectively relative to control. Manure on average improved Trichoderma and Mycorrhizae effects on late blight, stem count and yield by 55%, 56% and 76% respectively while biochar improved by 50%, 51% and 75% respectively. Combination of DAP (75% and 100% rates) and biofertilizer had significant increase in net farm returns. Conversely, higher marginal rate of return was observed in plots with mycorrhizae and manure as carrier. Improved yield and net income from biofertilizer plots could be attributed to their low costs and less bulky. Manure as carrier material provided additional nutrients support, stable environment and more micro-organism resulting in microbial consortium build up. The study concluded that bio-fertilizers combined with carrier material in combination with chemical fertilizers improved yield and farm net income, thereby could be an alternative to conventional
Analysis of E-Exams performance under COVID-19 Pandemic at Kabale University, Uganda
Authors: Businge Phelix Mbabazi  , Nkamwesiga Nicholas  , Benon Basheka
Published: September 2023

There has been a shift in the mode of conducting exams from the physical appearance of students to the electronic examinations due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper presents the experiences in the management of e-exams as part of the summative evaluation of students. This was achieved by establishing the readiness strategies for managing e-exams, determining the performance of e-exams management and ascertaining the challenges faced during the management of e-exams. Objectives one and three were achieved by reviewing secondary data gathered from various reports from the University and objective two was achieved by analysing the primary data from the e-learning system. The results of the study indicated that Kabale University was strategically positioned to conduct e-exams through university policies, management support, infrastructural acquisition, competent human resource, technical and awareness training of staff and students. The      performance rates of e-exams varied from one faculty to another with the least and most attendance rates being 88.62% and 96.85% respectively, and with an overall performance of 92.18% at the university level. Regardless of the success stories, the study identified challenges which the university is already resolving and others that need more attention. The study identified that the e-exam took the form of multiple-choice questions and take-home exams. The challenges were technical e.g., lack of equipment, unreliable Internet and electricity problems; economical e.g., lack of money to buy data; social e.g., lack of conducive environment to sit for examinations at homes and integrity e.g., difficult to confirm the authenticity of the examinees’ identity. The paper recommends the exploration of viable solutions that support      diverse forms of e-exams while regulating exam malpractices, like enabling software applications that limit the students’ ability to navigate and search through the computer and internet, live proctoring option to monitor candidates and having response teams to attend to examinees
Evaluation of plantain varieties on yield parameters in Murang’a County, Kenya
Authors: Joseph Kori Njuguna  , Charity Gathambiri  , Simon Wepukhulu  , Francis Muniu  , Peris Mugii  , Pauline Kinaga
Published: September 2023

Plantains are commonly grown in the coastal region of Kenya. However their demand in urban areas particularly in Nairobi has been increasing thus triggering demand for suitable varieties by farmers in medium altitude zone. A study was therefore initiated to determine the suitable varieties for this zone in order to meet the requirements and demand of the producers and consumers. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate the performance of various plantain varieties in a medium altitude zone of Murang’a, Kenya. Consequently, three plantain varieties locally known as “Mkono wa Tembo”, “Bokoboko” and “Kampala” sourced with others from Kilifi, Busia, Kisii, Nyeri and Tharaka Nithi Counties were evaluated at KALRO HRI (1450m a.s.l) which is located in Muranga County.  The design used was Randomised Complete Block (RCBD) with three replicates.  Data on bunch weight, fingers per bunch, finger length and finger thickness were collected at full maturity stage.  “Mkono wa Tembo” variety had significantly (P= 0.0006) higher mean bunch weight (43kg) than Kampala (24.5kg) and Bokoboko (16.6kg). Similarly, “Mkono wa Tembo” variety had significantly more fingers per bunch (119) than “Kampala” (85) and “Bokoboko” (59). For finger length, “Mkono wa Tembo” variety had significantly (P=0.0027) longer fingers (25.9 cm) compared to “Bokoboko” (20.1) but almost same size with “Kampala” (25.8 cm).  On the other hand “Bokoboko” variety had significantly thicker fingers (17.8cm) than “Mkono wa Tembo” (13.0cm) and Kampala (13.6cm). “Mkono wa Tembo” therefore outperformed other varieties in all parameters considered apart from finger thickness which indicates its superior adaptability in this zone. Consumers normally prefer varieties with long and thin fingers thus “Mkono wa Tembo” and “Kampala” would go very well with consumers.  In conclusion, “Mkono wa Tembo” variety was the most promising variety followed by “Kampala” variety for production in medium altitude zone of Murang’a.
Formulation, acceptability, and chemical characteristics of mango nectar enriched with moringa moringa oleifera, lam leaves extract
Authors: Sikwaya Mbusa , Abong George , Ambuko Jane , Gekonge Duke
Published: September 2023

Mango and Moringa are nutrient-dense foods. This study examined two mango varieties (apple and Tommy Atkin) for nectar production fortifying with Moringa leaf extract to reduce postharvest losses, food insecurity, and malnutrition. Post-harvest mango losses are high in Kenya (40-50%) and affects farmers' income and the environment and if processed into mango nectar, can address postharvest losses (PHL). Mango nectar is rich in vitamins and minerals but lacks adequate micronutrients (calcium, iron, and zinc). Moringa oliefera leaves are nutrient-rich and adding moringa leaf extract to mango nectar improves its nutrition. This study intended to blend mango nectar with moringa leaf extract. The developed product contained 25% mango pulp and aqueous solutions of moringa leaf extract (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, and F8): 0%, 10%, 12.5%, and 15%, respectively. The nectar was pasteurized at 70°C for 10 min and was analyzed for sensory evaluation, proximate composition, vitamin A, and mineral content (Fe, Ca, and Zn).  F1 (control) and F3 (apple manga nectar blended with 12.5% moringa leaf extract), and F5 and F6 (Tommy Atkin mango nectar blended with 10% moringa leaf extract) were accepted. The formulated nectar differed in protein, fiber, ash, carbohydrate, energy, vitamin A, iron, calcium, zinc, color, odor, taste, texture, mouthfeel, and overall acceptability (p<0.05). Moisture and fat in nectar were not significantly different (p>0.05). Apple blended mango nectar had more fat, vitamin A, calcium, iron, and zinc than Tommy Atkin blended nectar: 1.07 and 0.60%, 8.68 and 6.91mg/100g, 39.89 and 34.26 mg/100g, 3.14 and 2.01mg/100g, and 8.85 and 7.19mg/100g. However, Tommy Atkin blended nectar had more fiber, protein, and energy. Therefore, moringa leaf extract can be utilized to fortify ood and beverages.
Unlocking the potential for yellow maize production and utilization in Homa-bay County, Kenya
Authors: AGUK JOYCE , Richard Onwong’a , George Chemining’wa , Bright Jumbo M. , Ooko Abong' George
Published: September 2023

Yellow maize is popular in Western Kenya especially in Homa-Bay County. However, it’s faced with myriad of challenges that has greatly limited its production and utilization. This study investigated yellow maize production, post-harvest handling and utilization practices and constraints while exploring opportunities. The study was conducted from September-November 2020 in three wards of Ndhiwa Sub-County, Homa-Bay County by conducting a cross-sectional survey using a structured questionnaire administered to 385 farmers. Results showed that yellow maize production was an important food security crop and source of livelihood for farmers. Yellow maize was continuously cultivated as a sole crop or intercropped with legumes in less than 1ha land sizes using locally sourced seed with low levels of farm inputs resulting in low yields of less than 1 t/ha. Yellow maize was preferred due to its early maturity (3 months), taste, tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The main constraints included total lack of good quality seed, low soil fertility (71%), striga weed infestation (60%), low marketability (46%), pest/diseases prone (34%) and adverse weather (33%). About 68% sun dried their maize, with the dried grains stored in polypropylene bags (87%) kept mainly on raised platforms in their houses (90%) for approximately 3 months/year. Most of the respondents (95%) preferred to consume yellow maize compared to white maize mainly in form of ugali (stiff porridge) (97%) consumed twice daily (77%). The yellow maize potential is under-exploited and enhancing its productivity through research, improved seed system, soil amendments and awareness creation could lead to production increase and be among the pathways that can be used to develop the region and contribute to food and nutrition security in the country.
Quality characteristics and levels of acrylamide in commercial French fries consumed in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Abong George , Joy Miriti , Okoth Michael , Kabira Jackson
Published: September 2023

Studies in Kenya have shown that French fries are relied on as a convenient meal by many people across the ages, and recent reports indicate that fried potato products including French fries contain high levels of acrylamide (AA), a probable human carcinogen and neurotoxic substance. The current study was carried out to determine the quality characteristics including moisture content, oil content, color and levels of acrylamide, of French fries consumed in Nairobi. A total of 100 samples were purchased from high, middle and lower-end restaurants/fast-food outlets and each was assessed for these quality parameters. The oil content of French fries ranged from 12.14 % to 27.74 % while the moisture content of the samples ranged from 33.92 % to 63.67%. Acrylamide levels ranged from non-detectable (ND) to 2308.85 μg/kg, with a mean of 338.99 μg/kg. The average acrylamide levels of samples obtained from the high-end outlets (hotels) was 136.15μg/kg being significantly (p<0.05) lower than those obtained from the middle (cafeterias) and low (street) outlets which were 412.0μg/kg and 354.18μg/kg, respectively. There were weak correlations between acrylamide and moisture contents (r= 0.047), and between the compound and the lightness parameters (r=0.090) of the French fries. No relationship was found to exist between acrylamide and the other quality parameters of redness and yellowness. There is need to educate processors on measures which can be taken to reduce the acrylamide levels in the products, given the health risks associated with the compound. The oil contents of the products from some processors also need to be reduced to the current statutory maximum levels of 20%. Regular monitoring and exposure assessments by regulatory agencies would be instrumental in determining the efficacy of the measures put in place.
The potential contribution and challenges of edible grasshopper (Ruspolia differens) to food and nutrition security in Uganda- a literature review
Authors: Nabikolo Diane , Lucy Njue  , George Ooko Abong  , Tanga Mbi Chrysantu
Published: September 2023

Insects are being considered a sustainable protein food source for the future to forestall the impending world protein shortage, exacerbated by population growth and climate change. The edible grasshopper Ruspolia differens, a high protein insect traditionally consumed in East Africa- particularly in Central Uganda presents an opportunity for local solutions to food and nutritional security. This literature review consolidates research information, mainly derived from peer reviewed articles on online databases, on potential distribution, demand, importance, food safety hazards and, handling and research efforts that support safety of consumption. Key documented findings are that Ruspolia differens is highly nutritious and a source of livelihood. Their geographical distribution is expected to widen, increasing availability and access. Food safety hazards from their handling include high counts of bacterial species, yeasts and molds, heavy metals, and a potential for inherent allergens yet the demand and supply chains are expanding. Consequently, a strategy involving all stakeholders is required to support food safety along the value chain. Understanding the contribution of Ruspolia differens and minimising obstacles to its exploitation should be a research priority in order to promote the adoption, value addition, and development of insect-derived products aimed at nontraditional insect-eating communities and those who are severely food insecure.
Evaluation of community knowledge and awareness of Leptospirosis among households, farmers and livestock keepers in Unguja, Zanzibar
Authors: Mlowe Gerald , Kavulikirwa Olivier , Makundi Isaac , Katakweba Abdul , Machang'u Robert
Published: September 2023

Little is known of the leptospirosis in Zanzibar. This study aims to assess the level     of knowledge and awareness of leptospirosis among urban and peri-urban communities in Unguja. A cross-sectional study was conducted utilizing semi-structured questionnaires from January to April 2022. Two hundred respondents were randomly selected (130 males and 70 females) aged between 18 and 89 years). Descriptive analysis was performed to determine the main trends of the knowledge and awareness, while χ2 analysis was conducted to identify associations between demographic characteristics with respondents’ knowledge and awareness. The majority of the respondents (64%) were not aware of theetiology of leptospirosis. However, a high percentage of respondents had a favorable attitude (68.6%) towards leptospirosis   compared to knowledge and awareness (35%) and practices (29.3%). However, there was low level of knowledge and awareness among the livestockkeeper, farmers, fishermen and health care providers. The findings also demonstrated that males had a strong association with occupational physical activities, while educational level was associated with preventive practices. Living in urban or peri-urban appeared stronglyassociated with practice of the respondents. The results of this study showed a low level of community knowledge and awareness regardingthe etiology, mode of transmission and signs of leptospirosis among livestock        keeper, farmers, fishermen and health care providers. Although most respondents had a favorable attitude, their low level of knowledge and poor practices indicate that supplementing a positive attitude with enhanced knowledge and awareness is necessary to promote individual engagement in preventive measures.
Assessment of ICT services using the Information Technology Infrastructure Library Framework at Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania
Authors: Sukums Felix , Kisenge Rodrick , Wamala-Larsson Caroline
Published: September 2023

An increasing enrolment of students and demand for flexible delivery modalities in higher education calls for an urgent digital transformation in this sector. In addition, emerging global wicked challenges demand the appropriate use of information and communication technologies (ICT) to address them; for instance, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of digital teaching, learning and transformation of educational services in higher learning institutions (HLIs). This study assessed ICT infrastructure, systems and services at the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) in Tanzania using the Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) framework. This qualitative study used desk reviews of data obtained from interviews, system walkthroughs, document reviews and consultative meetings. The study used data from an assessment conducted between February 2017 and August 2021. The assessment found that MUHAS provides various ICT infrastructures and services, with a rapidly increasing demand for ICT services. A total of 84 ICT services at MUHAS were mapped and grouped as "Customer-facing" or "Supporting". The services were also categorised as "Core", "Enabling", or "Enhancing". The ICT services were at different maturity levels depending on the duration of their demands, requirements, capacity, usage, and availability of the required resources. Various educational technologies such as an eLearning platform, video conferencing systems, student management and assessment systems were used to enhance teaching, learning and progress tracking. This paper presents the experience of using the ITIL framework in assessing ICT infrastructure, systems and services at a university in Tanzania. It provides information on the services catalogue and its organisation as well as strengths, weaknesses, challenges and opportunities for using ICT in transforming university functions. In addition, this study informs other HLIs on similar assessments and strategic organisation of their ICT services in resource-constrained settings.