bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Size-resolved CCN distributions and activation kinetics of aged continental and marine aerosol
Authors: Bougiatioti A. , Nenes A. , Fountoukis C. , Kalivitis N. , Pandis S. N. , Mihalopoulos N.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. We present size-segregated measurements of cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) activity of aged aerosol sampled at Finokalia, Crete, during the Finokalia Aerosol Measurement Experiment of summer 2007 (FAME07). From analysis of the data, hygroscopicity and activation kinetics distributions are derived. The CCN are found to be highly hygroscopic, (expressed by a size- and time- averaged hygroscopicity parameter κ ∼ 0.22), with the majority of particles activating at ~0.5–0.6 % supersaturation. Air masses originating from Central-Eastern Europe tend to be associated with higher CCN concentrations and slightly lower hygroscopicity (κ ∼ 0.18) than for other airmass types. The particles were always well mixed, as reflected by the high activation ratios and narrow hygroscopicity distribution widths. Smaller particles (~40 nm) were found to be more hygroscopic (~0.1κ units higher) than the larger ones (~100 nm). The particles with diameters less than 80 nm exhibited a diurnal hygroscopicity cycle (with κ peaking at ~14 h local time), consistent with photochemical aging and volatilization of less hygroscopic material from the aerosol. Use of bulk chemical composition and the aerosol number distribution results in excellent CCN closure when applying Köhler theory in its simplest form. Using asymptotic and threshold droplet growth analysis, the "aged" organics present in the aerosol were found not to suppress or delay the water uptake kinetics of particles in this environment.
On the quality of MIPAS kinetic temperature in the middle atmosphere
Authors: García-Comas M. , Funke B. , López-Puertas M. , Bermejo-Pantaleón D. , Glatthor N. , von Clarmann T. , Stiller G. , Grabowski U. , Boone C. D. , French W. J. R. , Leblanc T. , López-González M. J. , Schwartz M. J.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. The kinetic temperature and line of sight elevation information are retrieved from the MIPAS Middle Atmosphere (MA), Upper Atmosphere (UA) and NoctiLucent-Cloud (NLC) modes of high spectral resolution limb observations of the CO2 15 μm emission using the dedicated IMK/IAA retrieval algorithm, which considers non-local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. These variables are accurately derived from about 20 km (MA) and 40 km (UA and NLC) to 105 km globally and both at daytime and nighttime. Typical temperature random errors are smaller than 0.5 K below 50 km, 0.5–2 K at 50–70 km, and 2–8 K above. The systematic error is typically 1 K below 70 km, 1–3 K from 70 to 85 km and 3–11 K from 85 to 100 km. The average vertical resolution is typically 4 km below 35 km, 3 km at 35–50 km, 4–6 km at 50–90 km, and 6–10 km above. We compared our MIPAS temperature retrievals from 2005 to 2009 with co-located ground-based measurements from the lidars located at the Table Mountain Facility and Mauna Loa Observatory, the SATI spectrograph in Granada (Spain) and the Davis station spectrometer, and satellite observations from ACE-FTS, Aura-MLS and TIMED-SABER from 20 km to 100 km. We also compared MIPAS temperatures with the high latitudes climatology from falling sphere measurements. The comparisons show very good agreement, with differences smaller than 3 K below 85–90 km in mid-latitudes. Differences over the poles in this altitude range are larger but can be generally explained in terms of known biases of the other instruments. The comparisons above 90 km worsen and MIPAS retrieved temperatures are always larger than other instrument measurements.
Precipitation patterns and moisture fluxes in a sandy, tropical environment with a shallow water table
Authors: Minihane M. R. , Freyberg D. L.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. Identifying the dominant mechanisms controlling recharge in shallow sandy soils in tropical climates has received relatively little attention. Given the expansion of coastal fill using marine sands and the growth of coastal populations throughout the tropics, there is a need to better understand the nature of water balances in these settings. We use time series of field observations at a coastal landfill in Singapore coupled with numerical modeling using the Richards' equation to examine the impact of precipitation patterns on soil moisture dynamics, including percolation past the root zone and recharge, in such an environment. A threshold in total precipitation event depth, much more so than peak precipitation intensity, is the strongest event control on recharge. However, shallow antecedent moisture, and therefore the timing between events along with the seasonal depth to water table, also play significant roles in determining recharge amounts. For example, at our field site, precipitation events of less than 3 mm per event yield little to no direct recharge, but for larger events, moisture content changes below the root zone are linearly correlated to the product of the average antecedent moisture content and the total event precipitation. Therefore, water resources planners need to consider identifying threshold precipitation volumes, along with the multiple time scales that capture variability in event antecedent conditions and storm frequency in assessing the role of recharge in coastal water balances in tropical settings.
A Use-Based Measure of Accessibility to Linear Features to Predict Urban Trail Use
Authors: Ottensmann John R. , Lindsey Greg
Published: August 2011

The standard Hansen measure of accessibility is extended to provide a use-based measure of accessibility reflecting the elasticity of use with respect to the level of provision of facilities. This is further extended to provide a measure of accessibility to linear features, such as trails (as opposed to features at point locations such as parks and libraries). Results from a survey on the use of urban trails in Indianapolis, Indiana are used to test the ability of this accessibility measure to predict trail use. The use-based measure of accessibility to linear features provides better predictions of use and more consistent estimates of the effects of distance and level of facility provision on trail use.
Counterpoint: Accessibility and Sprawl
Authors: Crane Randall
Published: August 2011

This essay provides a counterpoint to Robert Bruegmann's perspective on accessibility and sprawl in this journal volume. Bruegmann's recent work on the history of urban form situates contemporary discussions of sprawl in a well-researched historical context; however, this essay takes a different perspective on several key points in Bruegmann's analysis, particularly in relation to cost-benefit analysis for transportation-disadvantaged populations.
Surgeon and Surgical Trainee Experiences After Adverse Patient Events
Authors: Ginzberg Sara P. , Gasior Julia A. , Passman Jesse E. , Stein Jacob , Keddem Shimrit , Soegaard Ballester Jacqueline M. , Finn Caitlin B. , Myers Jennifer S. , Kelz Rachel R. , Shea Judy A. , Wachtel Heather
Published: June 2024

Importance

Adverse patient events are inevitable in surgical practice.

Objectives

To characterize the impact of adverse patient events on surgeons and trainees, identify coping mechanisms, and assess whether current forms of support are sufficient.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this mixed-methods study, a validated survey instrument was adapted and distributed to surgical trainees from 7 programs, and qualitative interviews were conducted with faculty from 4 surgical departments in an urban academic health system.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The personal impact of adverse patient events, current coping mechanisms, and desired forms of support.

Results

Of 216 invited trainees, 93 (43.1%) completed the survey (49 [52.7%] male; 60 [64.5%] in third postgraduate year or higher; 23 [24.7%] Asian or Pacific Islander, 6 [6.5%] Black, 51 [54.8%] White, and 8 [8.6%] other race; 13 [14.0%] Hispanic or Latinx ethnicity). Twenty-three of 29 (79.3%) invited faculty completed interviews (13 [56.5%] male; median [IQR] years in practice, 11.0 [7.5-20.0]). Of the trainees, 77 (82.8%) endorsed involvement in at least 1 recent adverse event. Most reported embarrassment (67 of 79 trainees [84.8%]), rumination (64 of 78 trainees [82.1%]), and fear of attempting future procedures (51 of 78 trainees [65.4%]); 28 of 78 trainees (35.9%) had considered quitting. Female trainees and trainees who identified as having a race and/or ethnicity other than non-Hispanic White consistently reported more negative consequences compared with male and White trainees. The most desired form of support was the opportunity to discuss the incident with an attending physician (76 of 78 respondents [97.4%]). Similarly, faculty described feelings of guilt and shame, loss of confidence, and distraction after adverse events. Most described the utility of confiding in peers and senior colleagues, although some expressed unwillingness to reach out. Several suggested designating a departmental point person for event debriefing.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this mixed-methods study of the personal impact of adverse events on surgeons and trainees, these events were nearly universally experienced and caused significant distress. Providing formal support mechanisms for both surgical trainees and faculty may decrease stigma and restore confidence, particularly for underrepresented groups.
Type 1 Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Nolte Christian H. , von Rennenberg Regina , Litmeier Simon , Leistner David M. , Szabo Kristina , Baumann Stefan , Mengel Annerose , Michalski Dominik , Siepmann Timo , Blankenberg Stephan , Petzold Gabor C. , Dichgans Martin , Katus Hugo , Pieske Burkert , Regitz-Zagrosek Vera , Braemswig Tim Bastian , Rangus Ida , Pepic Amra , Vettorazzi Eik , Zeiher Andreas M. , Scheitz Jan F. , Wegscheider Karl , Landmesser Ulf , Endres Matthias
Published: June 2024

Importance

Elevated values of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) are common in patients with acute ischemic stroke and are associated with poor prognosis. However, diagnostic and therapeutic implications in patients with ischemic stroke remain unclear.

Objective

To identify factors indicative of myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with acute ischemic stroke and hs-cTn elevation. The primary hypothesis was that a dynamic change of hs-cTn values (>50% change) in patients with acute ischemic stroke indicates MI.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study was a prospective, observational study with blinded end-point assessment conducted across 26 sites in Germany. Patients were included if they had acute ischemic stroke within 72 hours and either (1) highly elevated hs-cTn values on admission (>52 ng/L) or (2) hs-cTn levels above the upper limit of normal and a greater than 20% change at repeated measurements. Patients were enrolled between August 2018 and October 2020 and had 1 year of follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed between April 2022 and August 2023.

Exposure

Standardized electrocardiography, echocardiography, and coronary angiography.

Main Outcome and Measures

Diagnosis of MI as adjudicated by an independent end-point committee based on the findings of electrocardiography, echocardiography, and coronary angiography.

Results

In total, 254 patients were included. End points were adjudicated in 247 patients (median [IQR] age, 75 [66-82] years; 117 were female [47%] and 130 male [53%]). MI was present in 126 of 247 patients (51%) and classified as type 1 MI in 50 patients (20%). Dynamic change in hs-cTn value was not associated with MI in univariable (32% vs 38%; χ2﻿ P = .30) or adjusted comparison (odds ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.31-3.33). The baseline absolute hs-cTn value was independently associated with type 1 MI. The best cutoffs for predicting type 1 MI were at hs-cTn values 5 to 10 times the upper limit normal.

Conclusions and Relevance

This study found that in patients with acute ischemic stroke, a dynamic change in hs-cTn values did not identify MI, underscoring that dynamic changes do not identify the underlying pathophysiological mechanism. In exploratory analyses, very high absolute hs-cTn values were associated with a diagnosis of type 1 MI. Further studies are needed how to best identify patients with stroke who should undergo coronary angiography.
Quasi‐Homoepitaxial Growth of Highly Strained Alkali‐Metal Ultrathin Films on Kagome Superconductors
Authors: Kato Takemi , Nakayama Kosuke , Li Yongkai , Wang Zhiwei , Sugawara Katsuaki , Tanaka Kiyohisa , Takahashi Takashi , Yao Yugui , Sato Takafumi
Published: June 2024

Applying lattice strain to thin films, a critical factor to tailor their properties such as stabilizing a structural phase unstable at ambient pressure, generally necessitates heteroepitaxial growth to control the lattice mismatch with substrate. Therefore, while homoepitaxy, the growth of thin film on a substrate made of the same material, is a useful method to fabricate high‐quality thin films, its application to studying strain‐induced structural phases is limited. Contrary to this general belief, here the quasi‐homoepitaxial growth of Cs and Rb thin films is reported with substantial in‐plane compressive strain. This is achieved by utilizing the alkali‐metal layer existing in bulk crystal of kagome metals AV3Sb5 (A = Cs and Rb) as a structural template. The angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements reveal the formation of metallic quantum well states and notable thickness‐dependent quasiparticle lifetime. Comparison with density functional theory calculations suggests that the obtained thin films crystalize in the face‐centered cubic structure, which is typically stable only under high pressure in bulk crystals. These findings provide a useful approach for synthesizing highly strained thin films by quasi‐homoepitaxy, and pave the way for investigating many‐body interactions in Fermi liquids with tunable dimensionality.
TRIM24 Cooperates with Ras Mutation to Drive Glioma Progression through snoRNA Recruitment of PHAX and DNA‐PKcs
Authors: Xu Chenxin , Chen Guoyu , Yu Bo , Sun Bowen , Zhang Yingwen , Zhang Mingda , Yang Yi , Xiao Yichuan , Cheng Shi‐Yuan , Li Yanxin , Feng Haizhong
Published: June 2024

The factors driving glioma progression remain poorly understood. Here, the epigenetic regulator TRIM24 is identified as a driver of glioma progression, where TRIM24 overexpression promotes HRasV12 anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) progression into epithelioid GBM (Ep‐GBM)‐like tumors. Co‐transfection of TRIM24 with HRasV12 also induces Ep‐GBM‐like transformation of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) with tumor protein p53 gene (TP53) knockdown. Furthermore, TRIM24 is highly expressed in clinical Ep‐GBM specimens. Using single‐cell RNA‐sequencing (scRNA‐Seq), the authors show that TRIM24 overexpression impacts both intratumoral heterogeneity and the tumor microenvironment. Mechanically, HRasV12 activates phosphorylated adaptor for RNA export (PHAX) and upregulates U3 small nucleolar RNAs (U3 snoRNAs) to recruit Ku‐dependent DNA‐dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA‐PKcs). Overexpressed TRIM24 is also recruited by PHAX to U3 snoRNAs, thereby facilitating DNA‐PKcs phosphorylation of TRIM24 at S767/768 residues. Phosphorylated TRIM24 induces epigenome and transcription factor network reprogramming and promotes Ep‐GBM‐like transformation. Targeting DNA‐PKcs with the small molecule inhibitor NU7441 synergizes with temozolomide to reduce Ep‐GBM tumorigenicity and prolong animal survival. These findings provide new insights into the epigenetic regulation of Ep‐GBM‐like transformation and suggest a potential therapeutic strategy for patients with Ep‐GBM.
Two‐Stage Mixed‐Dye‐Based Isothermal Amplification with Ribonuclease‐Cleavable Enhanced Probes for Dual‐Visualization Detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 Variants of Interest
Authors: Ding Xiong , Wang Yaru , Gui Yuxin , Yang Chuankun
Published: June 2024

Rapid and visual detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 variants is vital for timely assessment of variant transmission in resource‐limited settings. Here, a closed‐tube, two‐stage, mixed‐dye‐based isothermal amplification method with ribonuclease‐cleavable enhanced probes (REP), termed REP‐TMAP, for dual‐visualization detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 variants including JN.1, BA.2, BA.4/5, and Delta is introduced. The first stage of REP‐TMAP is reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification and the second stage is dual‐visualization detection synergistically mediated by the REP and the mixed dyes of cresol red and hydroxy naphthol blue. In REP‐TMAP reaction, the color change under ambient light indicates SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, while the fluorescence change under blue light excitation specifies variant type. On detecting transcribed RNA of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike gene, this assay is rapid (within 40 min), highly sensitive (10–200 copies per reaction), and highly specific (identification of single‐base mutations). Furthermore, the assay has been clinically validated to accurately detect JN.1, BA.2, and BA.4/5 variants from 102 human oropharyngeal swabs. The proposed assay therefore holds great potentials to provide a rapid, dual‐visualization, sensitive, specific, point‐of‐care detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 variants and beyond.
The link between ancient whole‐genome duplications and cold adaptations in the Caryophyllaceae
Authors: Feng Keyi , Walker Joseph F. , Marx Hannah E. , Yang Ya , Brockington Samuel F. , Moore Michael J. , Rabeler Richard K. , Smith Stephen A.
Published: June 2024

Premise

The Caryophyllaceae (the carnation family) have undergone multiple transitions into colder climates and convergence on cushion plant adaptation, indicating that they may provide a natural system for cold adaptation research. Previous research has suggested that putative ancient whole‐genome duplications (WGDs) are correlated with niche shifts into colder climates across the Caryophyllales. Here, we explored the genomic changes potentially involved in one of these discovered shifts in the Caryophyllaceae.

Methods

We constructed a data set combining 26 newly generated transcriptomes with 45 published transcriptomes, including 11 cushion plant species across seven genera. With this data set, we inferred a dated phylogeny for the Caryophyllaceae and mapped ancient WGDs and gene duplications onto the phylogeny. We also examined functional groups enriched for gene duplications related to the climatic shift.

Results

The ASTRAL topology was mostly congruent with the current consensus of relationships within the family. We inferred 15 putative ancient WGDs in the family, including eight that have not been previously published. The oldest ancient WGD (ca. 64.4–56.7 million years ago), WGD1, was found to be associated with a shift into colder climates by previous research. Gene regions associated with ubiquitination were overrepresented in gene duplications retained after WGD1 and those convergently retained by cushion plants in Colobanthus and Eremogone, along with other functional annotations.

Conclusions

Gene family expansions induced by ancient WGDs may have contributed to the shifts to cold climatic niches in the Caryophyllaceae. Transcriptomic data are crucial resources that help unravel heterogeneity in deep‐time evolutionary patterns in plants.
The role of induction chemotherapy for orbital invasion in sinonasal malignancies: A systematic review
Authors: Tang Anthony , Calcaterra Michael , Harris Micah , Gardner Paul A. , Zenonos Georgios A. , Stefko S. Tonya , Geltzeiler Mathew , Zandberg Dan P. , Snyderman Carl H. , Wang Eric W. , Choby Garret
Published: June 2024

Background

Sinonasal malignancies (SNMs) frequently present with orbital invasion. Orbital exenteration (OE) can lead to significant morbidity. Induction chemotherapy (IC) is a promising treatment alternative that may allow for orbit preserving (OP) treatments without compromising patient survival. This systematic review was conducted to synthesize the published data on SNM patients with orbital invasion who underwent IC, including tumor response, orbital outcomes, and survival.

Methods

The study protocol was designed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis guidelines. Databases Embase, Cochrane, Medline, and Scopus, from inception to July 17, 2023, were searched.

Results

Nineteen studies were included, encompassing 305 SNM patients with orbital invasion treated with IC. Fourteen studies reported an overall IC response rate (positive response defined as complete or partial tumor volume reduction) of 77.2%. Among included studies, OE rates after IC ranged from 0 to 40%. Three studies reported a high rate of posttreatment functional orbital preservation (89.8–96.0%). Five studies specifically reported that 62.5% (60 out of 96) of patients were downgraded from planned OE to OP treatment following IC. Three studies reported a significant overall survival (OS) improvement in IC responders versus IC nonresponders. Following IC, 5‐year OS ranged from 44.2 to 55.5%. Patients with olfactory neuroblastoma demonstrated the highest IC response rate and lowest OE rate (100 and 0%, respectively) versus those with sinonasal undifferentiated carcinomas (68.4 and 0%) or squamous cell carcinomas (76.7 and 16%).

Conclusions

For select patients, IC may allow for OP in locally advanced SNMs with orbital involvement.
Unusual Regio‐ and Chemoselectivity in Oxidation of Pyrroles and Indoles Enabled by a Thianthrenium Salt Intermediate
Authors: Hann Jodie L. , Lyall Catherine L. , Kociok‐Köhn Gabriele , Faverio Chiara , Pantoş G. Dan , Lewis Simon E.
Published: June 2024

A dearomative oxidation of pyrroles to Δ3‐pyrrol‐2‐ones is described, which employs a sulfoxide as oxidant, in conjunction with a carboxylic acid anhydride and a Brønsted acid additive. 3‐substituted pyrroles undergo regioselective oxidation to give the product isomer in which oxygen has been introduced at the more hindered position. Regioselectivity is rationalized by a proposed mechanism that proceeds by initial thianthrenium introduction at the less‐hindered pyrrole α‐position, followed by distal attack of an oxygen nucleophile and subsequent elimination of thianthrene. The same reaction conditions are also able to effect a chemoselective oxidation of indoles to indolin‐3‐ones and additionally of indolin‐3‐ones to 2‐hydroxyindolin‐3‐ones. Here again, the regio‐ and chemoselectivities are rationalized through the intermediacy of a thianthrenium salt.
Synergy of Photogenerated Electrons and Holes toward Efficient Photocatalytic Urea Synthesis from CO2 and N2
Authors: Zhang Yida , Sun Yingjie , Wang Qingyu , Zhuang Zechao , Ma Zhentao , Liu Limin , Wang Gongming , Wang Dingsheng , Zheng Xusheng
Published: June 2024

Directly coupling N2 and CO2 to synthesize urea by photocatalysis paves a sustainable route for urea synthesis, but its performance is limited by the competition of photogenerated electrons between N2 and CO2, as well as the underutilized photogenerated holes. Herein, we report an efficient urea synthesis process involving photogenerated electrons and holes in respectively converting CO2 and N2 over a redox heterojunction consisting of WO3 and Ni single‐atom‐decorated CdS (Ni1‐CdS/WO3). For the photocatalytic urea synthesis from N2 and CO2 in pure water, Ni1‐CdS/WO3 attained a urea yield rate of 78 μM h−1 and an apparent quantum yield of 0.15 % at 385 nm, which ranked among the best photocatalytic urea synthesis performance reported. Mechanistic studies reveal that the N2 was converted into NO species by ⋅OH radicals generated from photogenerated holes over the WO3 component, meanwhile, the CO2 was transformed into *CO species over the Ni site by photogenerated electrons. The generated NO and *CO species were further coupled to form *OCNO intermediate, then gradually transformed into urea. This work emphasizes the importance of reasonably utilizing photogenerated holes in photocatalytic reduction reactions.
Chiral Sulfoximine Mediated Cobalt‐Catalyzed Atropselective C−H Annulation of Ynamides
Authors: Sau Somratan , Kanikarapu Suresh , Gandon Vincent , Sahoo Akhila K.
Published: June 2024

An achiral Cp*Co(III)‐catalyzed enantioselective C−H activation/annulation of chiral sulfoximine‐enabled thioamides with ynamides is presented herein. This method successfully synthesizes axially chiral five‐membered 2‐amidoindenones with good enantiocontrol. Interestingly, the annulation with chiral oxazolidone‐containing ynamides could provide a separable mixture of diastereomers (up to ~10 : 1 dr). Moreover, enantiopure sulfoximines could be recovered with ~99 % purity, making this method practical. DFT studies show valuable insight into the mechanism and origin of asymmetric induction.
Temperature and soil moisture manipulation yields evidence of drought‐induced pollen limitation in bee‐pollinated squash
Authors: Gambel Jess , Holway David A.
Published: June 2024

Climate change alters environmental conditions in ways that directly and indirectly affect plants. Flowering plants, for example, modify reproductive allocation in response to heat and drought stress, and such changes can in turn affect pollinator visitation and, ultimately, plant reproduction. Although the individual effects of warming and drought on plant reproductive allocation are well known, these factors may interact to influence reproduction. Here, we conducted a fully crossed temperature by irrigation manipulation in squash (Cucurbita pepo) to test how temperature and soil moisture variation affect pollinator‐mediated reproduction. To tease apart the direct and indirect effects of temperature and soil moisture, we compared hand‐pollinated plants to bee‐pollinated plants and restricted bee foraging (i.e., pollen transfer) to one experimental group per day. Temperature and soil‐moisture limitation acted independently of one another: warming decreased flower size and increased pollen production, whereas the effects of soil‐moisture limitation were uniformly inhibitory. While treatments did not change squash bee (Xenoglossa spp.) behavior, floral visitation by the honey bee (Apis mellifera) increased with temperature in male flowers and decreased with soil moisture in female flowers. Pollen deposition by bees was independent of plant soil moisture, yet reducing soil moisture increased pollen limitation. This result stemmed at least in part from the effects of soil‐moisture limitation on pollen viability; seed set declined with increasing deposition of fluorescent pigment (a proxy for pollen) from plants experiencing decreased soil moisture. These findings suggest that the transfer of lower‐quality pollen from plants experiencing soil‐moisture limitation led to drought‐induced pollen limitation. Similar effects may occur in a wide variety of flowering plant species as climate warming and drought increasingly impact animal‐pollinated systems.
Estimation of electric field inside a neural spheroid by low‐frequency magnetic field exposure
Authors: Saito Atsushi , Shiina Takeo , Sekiba Yoichi
Published: June 2024

Exposure to time‐varying, low‐frequency and high‐intensity magnetic field (MF) induce electric field (EF) inside the human body, producing stimulus effects such as nerve fiber excitation or synaptic modulation. To measure such stimulus effects by low‐frequency MF exposure in real‐time, we developed a fluorescent recording system using optical fibers that is neither affected by the MF nor affects the MF distribution. In this study, a numerical calculation model composed of voxels with a 6.25 µm spatial resolution was developed. Using this numerical model, we evaluated the distribution of the EF generated inside three‐dimensional neuronal tissue called neural spheroid, under 50 Hz sinusoidal wave, 300 mT (root mean square) uniform MF exposure. We also investigated the influence of the optical fiber on the electric field distribution in neural spheroid. As a result, MF produced an induced EF in the neural spheroid of more than 4 V/m, well above the theoretical threshold of synaptic modulation. These results indicated that our experimental system was suitable for the evaluation of the threshold of stimulus effects using neural spheroid.
Serial cardiac biomarkers, pulmonary artery pressures and traditional parameters of fluid status in relation to prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure: Design and rationale of the BioMEMS study
Authors: Allach Youssra , Barry‐Loncq de Jong Mylene , Clephas Pascal R.D. , van Gent Marco W.F. , Brunner‐La Rocca Hans‐Peter , Szymanski Mariusz K. , van Halm Vokko P. , Handoko M. Louis , Kok Wouter E.M. , Asselbergs Folkert W. , van Kimmenade Roland R.J. , Manintveld Olivier C. , van Mieghem Nicolas M.D.A. , Beeres Saskia L.M.A. , Rienstra Michiel , Post Marco C. , van Heerebeek Loek , Borleffs C. Jan Willem , Tukkie Raymond , Mosterd Arend , Linssen Gerard C.M. , Spee Ruud F. , Emans Mireille E. , Smilde Tom D.J. , van Ramshorst Jan , Kirchhof Charles J.H.J. , Feenema‐Aardema Margriet W. , da Fonseca Carlos A. , van den Heuvel Mieke , Hazeleger Ronald , van Eck J.W. Martijn , Boersma Eric , Kardys Isabella , de Boer Rudolf A. , Brugts Jasper J.
Published: June 2024

Aims

Heart failure (HF), a global pandemic affecting millions of individuals, calls for adequate predictive guidance for improved therapy. Congestion, a key factor in HF‐related hospitalizations, further underscores the need for timely interventions. Proactive monitoring of intracardiac pressures, guided by pulmonary artery (PA) pressure, offers opportunities for efficient early‐stage intervention, since haemodynamic congestion precedes clinical symptoms.

Methods

The BioMEMS study, a substudy of the MONITOR‐HF trial, proposes a multifaceted approach integrating blood biobank data with traditional and novel HF parameters. Two additional blood samples from 340 active participants in the MONITOR‐HF trial were collected at baseline, 3‐, 6‐, and 12‐month visits and stored for the BioMEMS biobank. The main aims are to identify the relationship between temporal biomarker patterns and PA pressures derived from the CardioMEMS‐HF system, and to identify the biomarker profile(s) associated with the risk of HF events and cardiovascular death.

Conclusion

Since the prognostic value of single baseline measurements of biomarkers like N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide is limited, with the BioMEMS study we advocate a dynamic, serial approach to better capture HF progression. We will substantiate this by relating repeated biomarker measurements to PA pressures. This design rationale presents a comprehensive review on cardiac biomarkers in HF, and aims to contribute valuable insights into personalized HF therapy and patient risk assessment, advancing our ability to address the evolving nature of HF effectively.
Severity of effect considerations regarding the use of mutation as a toxicological endpoint for risk assessment: A report from the 8th International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT)
Authors: Parsons Barbara L. , Beal Marc A. , Dearfield Kerry L. , Douglas George R. , Gi Min , Gollapudi B. Bhaskar , Heflich Robert H. , Horibata Katsuyoshi , Kenyon Michelle , Long Alexandra S. , Lovell David P. , Lynch Anthony M. , Myers Meagan B. , Pfuhler Stefan , Vespa Alisa , Zeller Andreas , Johnson George E. , White Paul A.
Published: June 2024

Exposure levels without appreciable human health risk may be determined by dividing a point of departure on a dose–response curve (e.g., benchmark dose) by a composite adjustment factor (AF). An “effect severity” AF (ESAF) is employed in some regulatory contexts. An ESAF of 10 may be incorporated in the derivation of a health‐based guidance value (HBGV) when a “severe” toxicological endpoint, such as teratogenicity, irreversible reproductive effects, neurotoxicity, or cancer was observed in the reference study. Although mutation data have been used historically for hazard identification, this endpoint is suitable for quantitative dose–response modeling and risk assessment. As part of the 8th International Workshops on Genotoxicity Testing, a sub‐group of the Quantitative Analysis Work Group (WG) explored how the concept of effect severity could be applied to mutation. To approach this question, the WG reviewed the prevailing regulatory guidance on how an ESAF is incorporated into risk assessments, evaluated current knowledge of associations between germline or somatic mutation and severe disease risk, and mined available data on the fraction of human germline mutations expected to cause severe disease. Based on this review and given that mutations are irreversible and some cause severe human disease, in regulatory settings where an ESAF is used, a majority of the WG recommends applying an ESAF value between 2 and 10 when deriving a HBGV from mutation data. This recommendation may need to be revisited in the future if direct measurement of disease‐causing mutations by error‐corrected next generation sequencing clarifies selection of ESAF values.
A study on decompression wave propagation characteristics during CO2 pipeline leakage with consideration of gas‐liquid transition
Authors: Bin Liu , Kaixuan Li , Zhipeng Yu , Zaizhou Wang , Wenjun Chen
Published: June 2024

Pipelines stand as the most cost‐effective method for large‐scale transportation of CO2 from a source point to the storage site, especially over extensive distances. The potential for crack propagation following a pipeline rupture highlights the need for precise analysis of decompression wave propagation. To accurately model this, understanding the decompression wave's propagation laws becomes imperative. Although previous studies have predominantly focused on pipeline leaks within the dense phase or supercritical state, the transition from liquid to gas during leakage significantly affects the decompression wave propagation. When a gaseous CO2 pipeline ruptures, the high Joule‐–Thomson coefficient causes a swift temperature plunge, potentially leading to a gas–liquid transition. However, research on how this phase transition impacts the decompression wave characteristics is limited. To address this gap, this study proposes a transition computational fluid dynamics model to predict the decompression wave behavior. The model is validated with an industrial‐scale full‐bore rupture experiment. The results reveal that the gaseous CO2 leakage induces a pressure plateau at a certain distance from the leakage due to the gas‐liquid phase transition. The influences of initial conditions on this pressure plateau and decompression wave are also explored. This study provides valuable insights into understanding the decompression wave behaviors of gaseous CO2 pipelines, which are essential for ensuring the safety and reliability of CO2 transportation within the carbon capture and storage technology chain. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Empirical models for calculating soil wetting patterns under surface drip irrigation systems: A comprehensive analysis
Authors: Li Ge , Nie Weibo , Li Yuchen
Published: June 2024

Accurate estimation of the surface wetted radius (R) and vertical wetted depth (Z) of wetting patterns in drip irrigation systems is crucial for ensuring that the designs of such systems are effective. This study compared 14 empirical models for estimating drip irrigation wetting patterns by assessing their accuracy using published measurement data and HYDRUS‐2D/3D simulations. The technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) was employed to comprehensively rank the models. The results indicate that the empirical model proposed by Fan et al. (2023) (FY) exhibited the highest accuracy when the estimations of R and measured and simulated values were compared, with mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), Nash–Sutcliffe modelling efficiency (NSE), and percent bias (PB) values of 2.2 cm, 3.4 cm, 0.79, and −7.1% and 5.2 cm, 7.0 cm, 0.50, and −14.1%, respectively. The empirical model proposed by Amin and Ekhmaj (2006) (AE) demonstrated the highest accuracy when the estimations of Z were compared with measured and simulated values, with MAE, RMSE, NSE and PB values of 1.7 cm, 2.0 cm, 0.95 and 4.15% and 4.4 cm, 5.9 cm, 0.82 and 4.7%, respectively. The comprehensive rankings of available models in the present study indicate that the FY model is the most universally applicable, followed by the Li et al. (2022) (LY) model, with comprehensive indices of 0.960 and 0.936, respectively. This research can aid in the selection of universally applicable, reliable and straightforward empirical models for estimating wetting patterns in drip irrigation systems.
Rsad2 mediates Bisphenol A‐induced actin cytoskeletal disruption in mouse spermatocytes
Authors: Jiang Xiao , Sun Shengqi , Shi Chaofeng , Liu Kangle , Yang Yurui , Cao Jia , Gu Jing , Liu Jinyi
Published: June 2024

Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely exposed in populations worldwide and has negative effects on spermatogenesis both in animals and humans. The homeostasis of the actin cytoskeleton in the spermatogenic epithelium is crucial for spermatogenesis. Actin cytoskeleton destruction in the seminiferous epithelium is one of the important reasons for BPA‐induced spermatogenesis disorder. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Herein, we explored the role and mechanism of Rsad2, an interferon‐stimulated gene in BPA‐induced actin cytoskeleton disorder in mouse GC‐2 spermatocyte cell lines. After BPA exposure, the actin cytoskeleton was dramatically disrupted and the cell morphology was markedly altered accompanied by a significant increase in Rsad2 expression both in mRNA and protein levels in GC‐2 cells. Furthermore, the phalloidin intensities and cell morphology were restored obviously when interfering with the expression of Rsad2 in BPA‐treated GC‐2 cells. In addition, we observed a significant decrease in intracellular ATP levels after BPA treatment, while the ATP level was obviously upregulated when knocking down the expression of Rsad2 in BPA‐treated cells compared to cells treated with BPA alone. Moreover, Rsad2 relocated to mitochondria after BPA exposure in GC‐2 cells. BPA promoted Rsad2 expression by activating type I IFN‐signaling in GC‐2 cells. In summary, Rsad2 mediated BPA‐induced actin cytoskeletal disruption in GC‐2 cells, which provided data to reveal the mechanism of BPA‐induced male reproductive toxicity.
Evaluation of the potential role of glutamatergic, cholinergic, and nitrergic systems in the dopamine release induced by the pesticide glyphosate in rat striatum
Authors: Costas‐Ferreira Carmen , Durán Rafael , Faro Lilian R. F.
Published: June 2024

Glyphosate (GLY) is a pesticide that severely alters nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotransmission, inducing great increases in dopamine release from rat dorsal striatum. This GLY‐induced striatal dopamine overflow occurs through mechanisms not yet fully understood, hence the interest in evaluating the role of other neurotransmitter systems in such effects. So, the main objective of this mechanistic study was to evaluate the possible mediation of the glutamatergic, cholinergic, and nitrergic systems in the GLY‐induced in vivo dopamine release from rat dorsal striatum. The extracellular dopamine levels were measured by cerebral microdialysis and HPLC with electrochemical detection. Intrastriatal administration of GLY (5 mmol/L) significantly increased the dopamine release (1102%). Pretreatment with MK‐801 (50 or 400 μmol/L), a non‐competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors, significantly decreased the effect of GLY (by 70% and 74%, respectively), whereas AP‐5 (400 μmol/L), a competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors, or CNQX (500 μmol/L), an AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist, had no significant effect. Administration of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, L‐nitroarginine (L‐NAME, 100 μmol/L) or 7‐nitroindazole (7‐NI, 100 μmol/L), also did not alter the effect of GLY on dopamine release. Finally, pretreatment of the animals with mecamylamine, an antagonist of nicotinic receptors, decreased the effect of GLY on dopamine release by 49%, whereas atropine, a muscarinic antagonist, had no significant effect. These results indicate that GLY‐induced dopamine release largely depends on the activation of NMDA and nicotinic receptors in rat dorsal striatum. Future research is needed to determine the effects of this pesticide at environmentally relevant concentrations.
迅速βヒドロキシ酪酸測定により敗血症を契機とした飢餓性ケトアシドーシスを診断治療し得た1例(A case of starvation ketoacidosis caused by sepsis diagnosed and treated based on beta–hydroxybutyrate measurements)
Authors: 大河 辻 , 稔 吉田 , 淑男 内倉 , 英喜 本多 , 孝昌 岩澤 , 徹 吉田 , 茂樹 藤谷
Published: June 2024

敗血症性ショックを契機とした飢餓性ケトアシドーシスを血清βヒドロキシ酪酸の測定により診断治療した。ケトアシドーシスのなかでも飢餓性の症例報告は少なく，我々が調べる範囲で敗血症を契機とした報告はない。しかし，飢餓性ケトアシドーシスに至るリスクを持つ患者は多く，鑑別として重要である。症例は88歳の女性，5日間の経口摂取不能と体動困難を主訴に救急搬送された。来院後，血圧低下と炎症反応高値，膿尿，anion gap（AG）開大性代謝性アシドーシスを認めた。尿管狭窄に対してステント留置し，尿路感染症による敗血症性ショックの診断でICU入室となった。第2病日，カテコラミンは中止でき，乳酸も正常値であったが，代謝性アシドーシスの進行を認め持続的腎代替療法を施行した。βヒドロキシ酪酸は4.8mmol/Lと上昇しており，糖尿病や飲酒歴はなく，5日間の絶食期間から飢餓性ケトアシドーシスと診断し，ブドウ糖とインスリンの持続静注を開始した。第4病日にβヒドロキシ酪酸は低下し，改善を得た。本症例ではインスリン分泌や筋肉量低下に加えて，敗血症によるグルカゴン分泌促進により短期間で飢餓性ケトアシドーシスを発症したと考えられる。AG開大性代謝性アシドーシスの鑑別に血清βヒドロキシ酪酸は有用であった。また，高齢化によりリスクを持つ患者は増えており，飢餓性ケトアシドーシスも念頭におく必要がある。
PECARN頭部外傷ルールを用いた臨床的に重要な頭部外傷の中間リスク群におけるリスク層別化の検討(Risk stratification for clinically important traumatic brain injury in the intermediate–risk group factor of the PECARN head trauma prediction rule)
Authors: 駿佑 早野 , 淳司 神薗 , 健太郎 井手 , 悟子 植松 , 健一 鉄原 , 徹 小林
Published: June 2024

【目的】PECARN頭部外傷ルールは，clinically important traumatic brain injury（ciTBI）の低リスク群に頭部CT不要と判断するのに役立つ。しかし，中間リスク群に頭部CTを撮影するか，院内経過観察するかに関して臨床判断に迷うことがあり，ciTBIのリスク因子を探索した。【対象】国内6施設での多施設共同前方視的観察研究データベースの二次解析を行った。2016年6月から2017年9月に研究参加施設を受診した16歳未満の頭部外傷患者のうち，中間リスク群を対象とした。2歳未満と2歳以上に分けて，ciTBIとの関連を単変量ロジスティック回帰分析にて検討した。【結果】中間リスク群1,377例中，2歳未満の1.2%（7/607），2歳以上の0.65%（5/770）にciTBIを認めた。2歳未満での月齢［オッズ比（OR）0.74，95%信頼区間（CI）0.62–0.90］・2項目以上該当（OR 5.25，95% CI 1.15–23.9），2歳以上での前頭部以外の皮下血腫（OR 13.1，95% CI 1.3–640）がciTBIに関連した。【結語】PECARN中間リスク群において，2歳未満での低月齢・2項目以上該当，2歳以上での前頭部以外の皮下血腫のciTBI発生リスクが高い可能性が示唆された。
Renal impairment is prevalent in pediatric NAFLD/MASLD and associated with disease severity
Authors: Mouzaki Marialena , Yates Katherine P. , Arce‐Clachar Ana Catalina , Behling Cindy , Blondet Niviann M. , Fishbein Mark H. , Flores Francisco , Adams Kathryn Harlow , Hertel Paula , Jain Ajay K. , Molleston Jean P. , Schwimmer Jeffrey B. , Vos Miriam B. , Xanthakos Stavra A. ,   for the NASH Clinical Research Network
Published: June 2024

Objectives

Renal impairment is prevalent in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD/metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease [MASLD]) and is associated with increased mortality. Pediatric data are limited. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of hyperfiltration or chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children with NAFLD/MASLD and determine links with liver disease severity.

Methods

Data from children who had previously participated in prospective, multicenter, pediatric studies by the Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network (NASH‐CRN) were collected. Renal function was determined using the calculated glomerular filtration rate (cGFR). Hyperfiltration was defined as cGFR > 135 mL/min/1.73m2, while CKD stage 2 or higher as cGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m2. Renal dysfunction progression was defined as transition from normal to hyperfiltration or to CKD stage ≥ 2, or change in CKD by ≥1 stage. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to determine the prevalence of CKD and independent associations between CKD and liver disease severity.

Results

The study included 1164 children (age 13 ± 3 years, 72% male, 71% Hispanic). The median cGFR was 121 mL/min/1.73 m2; 12% had CKD stage 2−5, while 27% had hyperfiltration. Hyperfiltration was independently associated with significant liver fibrosis (odds ratio: 1.45). Baseline renal function was not associated with progression in liver disease over a 2‐year period (n = 145). Renal dysfunction worsened in 19% independently of other clinical risk factors. Progression of renal impairment was not associated with change in liver disease severity.

Conclusions

Renal impairment is prevalent in children with NAFLD/MASLD and hyperfiltration is independently associated with significant liver fibrosis. Almost 1/5 children have evidence of progression in renal dysfunction over 2 years, not associated with change in liver disease severity. Future assessments including additional renal impairment biomarkers are needed.
Performance of Baveno VII criteria for the screening of varices needing treatment in patients with biliary atresia
Authors: Ling Yu‐Chieh , Hsu Chien‐Ting , Chen Cheng‐Yu , Tai Chi‐San , Chang Kai‐Chi , Wu Jia‐Feng
Published: June 2024

Objective

Biliary atresia (BA) is the leading cause of liver cirrhosis and chronic liver insufficiency in children in the world. Gastroesophageal varices bleeding is an ominous complication of cirrhosis in BA patients and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In this study, we aimed to investigate the utility of noninvasive Baveno VI and Baveno VII criteria for the screening of varices need treatment (VNT) and the need for liver transplantation in BA patients.

Methods

This study enrolled 48 BA patients (23 females and 25 males) who underwent an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and transient elastography at a mean age of 11.18 ± 1.48 years; the clinical data were surveyed in a retrospective design.

Results

The sensitivity and negative predictive value of Baveno VI and Baveno VII criteria for the prediction of VNT in BA patients are both 100% and 100%, respectively. The VNT missing rate of Baveno VI and Baveno VII criteria are both 0% in our cohort. The Baveno VI, expanded Baveno VI, and Baveno VII criteria are also predictive of the need for liver transplantation in our cohort (OR = 10.33, 4.24, and 21.33; p = 0.009, 0.03, and 0.007, respectively).

Conclusion

The Baveno VI and Baveno VII criteria are useful for the screening of VNT and minimize non‐necessary invasive EGD in BA patients with low VNT missing rates. The Baveno VI, expanded Baveno VI, and Baveno VII criteria are associated with the need for liver transplantation.
Structure–spectrum relationship in the calculated Raman spectra of silicates
Authors: Bagheri Mohammad , Komsa Hannu‐Pekka
Published: June 2024

Silicate minerals have a rich structural variety consisting of silicon oxide clusters or networks of any dimensionality interdispersed with different types of elements, which is reflected in marked changes in the Raman spectra. Understanding how the changes in the Raman spectra are correlated with the atomic structure would be highly desirable for fast material identification and analysis. Extracting such trends from experimental spectra can be difficult owing to the uncertainties in the structural details of the samples and in ensuring consistency between measurements from different sources. Simulated spectra, however, avoid these problems, making them a good candidate for systematic studies. Here, we study the correlation between the structure and Raman spectral features of 179 silicates derived from a database of Raman spectra simulated using first‐principles calculations. We investigate the spectral similarities with a specific emphasis on materials containing isolated 0D clusters in nesosilicate (SiO4), sorosilicate (Si2O7), and cyclosilicate (Si3O9 and Si4O12) configurations. While trends identified in the previous reports can be confirmed, we find that the variations within each group of similar structural motifs tend to be larger than the changes across groups, and therefore, developing a reliable automated classification algorithm is likely to be challenging.