bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gendered Facial Cues Influence Race Categorizations
Authors: Carpinella Colleen M. , Chen Jacqueline M. , Hamilton David L. , Johnson Kerri L.
Published: January 2015

Race and gender categories, although long presumed to be perceived independently, are inextricably tethered in social perception due in part to natural confounding of phenotypic cues. We predicted that target gender would affect race categorizations. Consistent with this hypothesis, feminine faces compelled White categorizations, and masculine faces compelled Asian or Black categorizations of racially ambiguous targets (Study 1), monoracial targets (Study 2), and real facial photographs (Study 3). The efficiency of judgments varied concomitantly. White categorizations were rendered more rapidly for feminine, relative to masculine faces, but the opposite was true for Asian and Black categorizations (Studies 1-3). Moreover, the effect of gender on categorization efficiency was compelled by racial phenotypicality for Black targets (Study 3). Finally, when targets’ race prototypicality was held constant, gender still influenced race categorizations (Study 4). These findings indicate that race categorizations are biased by presumably unrelated gender cues.
An Alternative Framework to Investigating and Understanding Intraindividual Processes in Substance Abuse Recovery
Authors: Zheng Yao , Cleveland H. Harrington , Molenaar Peter C. M. , Harris Kitty S.
Published: January 2015

Background:

Sustained recovery from substance abuse is a dynamic intraindividual-level process.

Objectives:

We argue that research on recovery process will benefit from a theoretical approach that captures both the dynamic and the idiographic nature of substance abuse recovery. In addition to setting out why we believe that research on recovery can benefit from such an approach, we provide a demonstration of idiographic within-individual analyses of between- and within-day associations among negative affect, substance use craving, and positive social experiences.

Design and Subjects:

The data used were drawn from 39 abstinent young adults in 12-step recovery from substance abuse (mean age = 22.9, females = 12). Participants provided an average of 26.7 days of daily diary data by end-of-day collections. Unified first-order structural equation models were fit individually to predict daily levels of craving and negative affect from the previous day’s same two variables as well as from both the previous day’s and the same day’s positive social experiences.

Results:

Model estimates demonstrated substantial interindividual heterogeneity in their day-to-day associations in both direction and magnitude, highlighting the importance of applying idiographic approach to understanding recovery. Cluster analyses were subsequently applied to individual model estimates to identify homogeneous subgroups that demonstrated similar day-to-day association patterns, revealing two distinct subgroups that appeared to manage daily abstinence through different mechanisms.

Conclusions:

The idiographic approach presented provides the potential value of framing recovery as an idiosyncratic dynamic process and provides targets for tailored and adaptive treatment and recovery supporting intervention in future design and evaluation.
Value of Genetic Testing for Hereditary Colorectal Cancer in a Probability-Based US Online Sample
Authors: Knight Sara J. , Mohamed Ateesha F. , Marshall Deborah A. , Ladabaum Uri , Phillips Kathryn A. , Walsh Judith M. E.
Published: January 2015

Background. While choices about genetic testing are increasingly common for patients and families, and public opinion surveys suggest public interest in genomics, it is not known how adults from the general population value genetic testing for heritable conditions. We sought to understand in a US sample the relative value of the characteristics of genetic tests to identify risk of hereditary colorectal cancer, among the first genomic applications with evidence to support its translation to clinical settings. Methods. A Web-enabled choice-format conjoint survey was conducted with adults age 50 years and older from a probability-based US panel. Participants were asked to make a series of choices between 2 hypothetical blood tests that differed in risk of false-negative test, privacy, and cost. Random parameters logit models were used to estimate preferences, the dollar value of genetic information, and intent to have genetic testing. Results. A total of 355 individuals completed choice-format questions. Cost and privacy were more highly valued than reducing the chance of a false-negative result. Most (97% [95% confidence interval (CI)], 95%−99%) would have genetic testing to reduce the risk of dying of colorectal cancer in the best scenario (no false negatives, results disclosed to primary care physician). Only 41% (95% CI, 25%−57%) would have genetic testing in the worst case (20% false negatives, results disclosed to insurance company). Conclusions. Given the characteristics and levels included in the choice, if false-negative test results are unlikely and results are shared with a primary care physician, the majority would have genetic testing. As genomic services become widely available, primary care professionals will need to be increasingly knowledgeable about genetic testing decisions.
Graphical Representation of Life Paths to Better Convey Results of Decision Models to Patients
Authors: Rubrichi Stefania , Rognoni Carla , Sacchi Lucia , Parimbelli Enea , Napolitano Carlo , Mazzanti Andrea , Quaglini Silvana
Published: January 2015

The inclusion of patients’ perspectives in clinical practice has become an important matter for health professionals, in view of the increasing attention to patient-centered care. In this regard, this report illustrates a method for developing a visual aid that supports the physician in the process of informing patients about a critical decisional problem. In particular, we focused on interpretation of the results of decision trees embedding Markov models implemented with the commercial tool TreeAge Pro. Starting from patient-level simulations and exploiting some advanced functionalities of TreeAge Pro, we combined results to produce a novel graphical output that represents the distributions of outcomes over the lifetime for the different decision options, thus becoming a more informative decision support in a context of shared decision making. The training example used to illustrate the method is a decision tree for thromboembolism risk prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.
Understanding Patients’ Preferences for Referrals to Specialists for an Asymptomatic Condition
Authors: Dunlea Robert , Lenert Leslie
Published: January 2015

Background: A specialty referral is a common but complex decision that often requires a primary care provider to balance his or her own interests with those of the patient. Objective: To examine the factors that influence a patient’s choice of a specialist for consultation for an asymptomatic condition and better understand the tradeoffs that patients are and are not willing to make in this decision. Design: Stratified cross-sectional convenience sample of subjects selected to parallel US population demographics. Participants: Members of an Internet survey panel who reported seeing a physician in the past year whose responses met objective quality metrics for attention. Main measures: Respondents completed an adaptive conjoint analysis survey comparing specialists regarding eight attributes. The reliability of assessments and the predictive validity of models were measured using holdout samples. The relative importance (RI) of different attributes was computed using paired t tests. The implications of utility values were studied using market simulation methods. Key results: Five hundred and thirty subjects completed the survey and had responses that met quality criteria. The reliability of responses was high (86% agreement), and models were predictive of patients’ preferences (82.6% agreement with holdout choices). The most important attribute for patients was out-of-pocket cost (RI of 19.5%, P < 0.0001 v. other factors). Among the nonfinancial factors, “collaboration and communication” with the primary care provider was the most important attribute (RI of 13.1% P < 0.001). Third in importance was whether the specialist practiced shared decision making (RI of 12.2% P < 0.001 v. other factors except delay in consultation). Cost did not dominate decision making. In market simulations, patients frequently preferred more expensive providers. For example, most patients (76.3%) were willing to pay more ($80) to see a specialist who both collaborated well with their primary care provider and practiced shared decision making. Most patients prefer to wait for a doctor who practices shared decision making: Only one-third (32.3%) of patients preferred a paternalistic doctor who was available in 2 weeks over a doctor who practiced decision making but was available in 4 weeks. Conclusions: In the setting of a referral for an asymptomatic but serious condition, out-of-pocket costs are important to patients; however, they also value specialists who collaborate and communicate well with their primary care providers and who practice shared decision making. Patients have wide variability in preferences for specialists, and referral decisions should be individualized.
Long-term effects of continuous theta-burst stimulation in visuospatial neglect
Authors: Fu Wei , Song Weiqun , Zhang Yanming , Yang Yuanbin , Huo Su , Zhang Ran , Wang Maobin
Published: January 2015

Objective

To investigate whether the efficacy of continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) for improving visuospatial neglect can be enhanced by providing more days of stimulation and more stimulation trains per day.

Methods

In a prospective study, right-handed patients with right hemisphere stroke and visuospatial neglect were randomized to cTBS or sham cTBS treatment for 2 weeks and were followed up for 4 weeks. The cTBS group received active cTBS over the posterior parietal cortex of the unaffected hemisphere, combined with conventional rehabilitation therapy. Changes in scores for two paper–pencil tests for visuospatial neglect (star cancellation and line bisection) were evaluated.

Results

In each group, 10 patients completed follow up. Compared with the sham group, star cancellation test scores in the cTBS group were improved by 37.03% at the end of treatment and by 47.21% after 4 weeks’ follow up, and the line bisection score improved by 21.37% at the end of treatment and by 35.99% after 4 weeks’ follow up.

Conclusions

These results suggest that the efficacy of cTBS in visuospatial neglect can be enhanced and prolonged by increasing the days of stimulation and the number of stimulation trains per day over the left posterior parietal cortex.
Are clients' performances on the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale associated with their functional performance? A preliminary investigation
Authors: Joliffe Laura , Brown Ted , Fielding Leesa
Published: January 2015

Introduction

The process of selecting the most appropriate cognitive assessments to use with clients presenting with symptoms of dementia is an important consideration. Are cognitive assessment results associated with the functional performance of clients presenting suspected cognitive decline? The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale was associated with the functional performance of clients with suspected dementia.

Method

A within-subjects quantitative research design was employed whereby a sample of 30 participants suspected of having dementia were recruited from three acute care hospital sites in the Melbourne metropolitan region. The Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale was used to assess participants' cognitive abilities, while the Functional Independence Measure was the functional scale used. Linear regression analyses were completed.

Results

The six Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale items were found to be significantly linked with the Functional Independence Measure total score (adjusted R2 = 0.298, p < 0.05), the Functional Independence Measure ‘cognition’ subscale score (adjusted R2 = 0.349, p < 0.05) and the Functional Independence Measure ‘physical’ subscale score (adjusted R2 = 0.244; p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale appears to be associated with the functional performance of clients with suspected dementia. The findings provide an insight into the link between cognition and everyday functional performance.
The lived experience of diabetes: Conceptualisation using a metaphor
Authors: Youngson Annabel , Cole Fiona , Wilby Helen , Cox Diane
Published: January 2015

Introduction

It is important for healthcare professionals to understand the reality of living with diabetes in order to better engage and enable people to self-manage. The purpose of this research was thus a preliminary exploration of the lived experience of diabetes.

Method

This qualitative study involved seven people with a diagnosis of type 1, type 2 or pre-diabetes. Data was collected via semi-structured interviews and analysed using a phenomenological approach including the use of metaphor. Findings were shared with participants using a felted metaphor of charting a course of health and wellbeing through a choppy sea. Findings: Themes explored within the elements of the metaphor included the boat (self-identity, control, balance, compliance and empowerment, emotions), the sea (physical and social environment, lifestyle, life events), the course (information gathering, change, self-action) and the boatyard (relationships with healthcare providers).

Conclusion

For those with type 1, type 2 and pre-diabetes, the elements of charting a course of health and wellbeing through a choppy sea are very much focused on the person in their own context, impacted by their environment, life stage, occupations and attitudes to diabetes self-management, all of which fall within the remit of occupational therapy.
Effect of process parameters on the surface quality of air cushion method
Authors: Chang Chih-Yuan , Li Shu-Yu
Published: January 2015

A new method of the vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding process, called air cushion method, has been developed to manufacture composite parts. The process utilizes additional air cushions bound into the bagging film beneath. After the preform is sealed by the bag and evacuated, distribution channels are created between air cushions to enhance resin flow during infusion. Once the resin infusion is completed, the binding interfaces between the air cushion and the bagging film are cut and distribution channels collapse. The vacuum bag entirely compacts the preform. The goal of this study is to utilize a 24 full factorial design to evaluate the effects of process variables, including the number of the air cushion (factor A), thickness of the air cushion (factor B), elasticity of the bagging film (factor C), and vacuum pressure in the cavity (factor D), on the surface quality of air cushion method components. Results show that the process parameters ranked in decreasing order of importance are B, D, A, and C for affecting the surface height difference. Compared with traditional vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding, air cushion method at the optimum settings reduces the infusion time by 68.4% but increases the surface height difference by 0.0312 mm.
Predictors of study success from a teacher’s perspective of the quality of the built environment
Authors: Kok Herman , Mobach Mark , Omta Onno
Published: January 2015

The article aims to find predictors of study success from a teacher’s perspective that relate to the built environment. The research is based on a national online survey among 1752 teachers at 18 Dutch Universities of Applied Sciences. Multivariate data analyses were used to test the hypothesis that the quality of spatial and functional aspects at educational institutions is positively related to study success. The results show there is a statistically significant positive relationship between the perceived quality of cleanliness, classrooms, classroom conditions, front office and ICT with study success. Closed environments like offices and meeting rooms, but foremost the size of the education institution, relate negatively to study success. Based on the research findings it is clear that a prime consideration in educational built environment design is to facilitate social interaction, and to create meaningful, clean, self-contained and small-scale physical settings for users within large institutions.
Developing Attitudes Toward an Entrepreneurial Career Through Mentoring
Authors: St-Jean Étienne , Mathieu Cynthia
Published: January 2015

Mentoring is reputed to support the career choices and development of individuals in various contexts. This study is one of the few that investigates the effect of mentoring on career satisfaction and retention of novice entrepreneurs. We surveyed 360 novice entrepreneurs who had been supported by a mentor. Our analyses demonstrate the direct effect of mentoring on entrepreneurial self-efficacy, which mediates the relationship between satisfaction of being an entrepreneur and the intention of staying in the profession. Moreover, mentoring not only has an indirect effect on satisfaction; it seems to have a negative direct effect on intention. This result could possibly be due to the awareness of novices regarding the limitations of their initial business project. Given that entrepreneurs are closely tied to their business project, mentoring should come earlier in the entrepreneurial process in order to influence career satisfaction and retention of novice entrepreneur.
Friction circle estimation-based torque distribution control of six-wheeled independent driving vehicles for terrain-driving performance
Authors: Nah Jaewon , Seo Jongsang , Yi Kyongsu , Kim Wongun , Lee Jongseok
Published: January 2015

This paper describes torque distribution control of six-wheeled in-wheel motor vehicles by considering the friction circle of each wheel for enhanced terrain-driving performance. Using control allocation, the proposed torque distribution algorithm determines the torque command to each wheel, by considering the size of the friction circle. The friction circle of each wheel is estimated using a linear parameterized tyre model with two threshold values. The parameters and the threshold values are computed from measurements of the wheel speed, the yaw rate, the acceleration and the torque command signals using a recursive least-squares method. Simulation studies were conducted using TruckSim and MATLAB/Simulink co-simulations. It was confirmed that the proposed friction circle estimation algorithm can be successfully used for torque distribution to enhance the terrain-driving and hill-climbing performance.
Experimental study on self-powered synchronized switch harvesting on inductor circuits for multiple piezoelectric plates in acoustic energy harvesting
Authors: Li Bin , You Jeong Ho
Published: January 2015

Self-powering mechanisms for synchronized switch harvesting on inductor circuits have been experimentally investigated to harvest low-frequency acoustic energy (∼200 Hz) using multiple lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric plates placed inside a quarter-wavelength straight-tube resonator. Unlike conventional synchronized switch harvesting on inductor circuits, the self-powered synchronized switch harvesting on inductor circuits can perform alternating current/direct current conversion without externally powered switch controllers, which is beneficial in real applications. In the acoustic energy harvester, the nonuniform driving force to piezoelectric plates generates the asynchronous charging effect in piezoelectric internal capacitances. Due to more energy dissipative components in the self-powered synchronized switch harvesting on inductor circuits, there exists a critical voltage above which the self-powered synchronized switch harvesting on inductor circuits outperform the standard circuit. With the incident sound pressure level of 112 dB at the frequency of 196 Hz, the output power of self-powered series-synchronized switch harvesting on inductor using three piezoelectric plates is measured as 0.796 mW. This is 13.2% higher than the standard circuit.
End cap profile optimization of a piezoelectric Cymbal actuator for quasi-static operation by using a genetic algorithm
Authors: Poikselkä Katja , Leinonen Mikko , Palosaari Jaakko , Vallivaara Ilari , Haverinen Janne , Röning Juha , Juuti Jari
Published: January 2015

This article describes how an extrinsically amplified Cymbal-type piezoelectric actuator is optimized for displacement generation by using genetic algorithms in combination with COMSOL Multiphysics finite element method modeling software. The research was focused on optimizing the shape of the end cap profile in a quasi-static operation scheme in order to keep the number of parameters and calculation times at a reasonable level. In contrast to conventional linear end cap profiles, a genetic algorithm tends to generate more complex shapes and especially a corrugated structure in the vicinity of the output point of force and displacement. Modeling showed that about 26.9% higher displacement could be produced with a complex shape derived by the algorithm compared with a linear end cap profile. Moreover, about the same level of displacement as achieved with a wagon wheel transducer was obtained simply by profile optimization without material removal, which could, however, improve performance even further. The developed genetic algorithm proved to be a feasible tool for complex multi-parameter optimization, utilizable in a wide range of shape and structure optimizations for future electromechanical components.
Engaging (in) Gameplay and (in) Debriefing
Authors: Crookall David
Published: January 2015

In this editorial, I thank the guest editors and authors for their excellent and pioneering work. I set the topic of engagement within a broader area of learning and debriefing, and of the transformation of simulation/game engagement into learning. I suggest some broad areas for research on engagement in simulation/games (in both gameplay and debriefing) and in other realms of life. I emphasize that, only with properly engaged debriefing can a simulation/game have or maximize the positive learning outcomes than we aim for. Also, running simulation/games without debriefing them fully is unethical. I suggest that engagement in debriefing is as (or more) important as (than) engagement in gameplay, and more worthy of attention and research, given that the learning happens in the debriefing, not (much) in the game. I end with some quotes from the articles in this symposium.
Influence of Context on Player Behavior
Authors: Farolfi Stefano , Désolé Mathieu , Rio Patrick
Published: January 2015

Background. This article explores the causal effect of context on players’ behavior by using a game based on Cooperative Game Theory (CGT) modified into a coordination experiment.

Aims. This article has two aims: first, to suggest an analytical framework focusing on four attributes (Repetition, Illustration, Communication, and Experience) representative of the game’s context; and, second, to use an experimental protocol based on this framework to test hypotheses on how context influences players’ choices.

Results. A focal point, different from the expected outcome, emerged in the baseline treatment. In non-repeated treatments, the combination of Illustration and Communication modified the players’ choices observed in the absence of these attributes. However, when tested separately, only Communication proved able to guide players’ choices toward theoretical predictions. When Repetition was introduced, the learning effect was clear in all treatments and both Communication and Illustration produced a dispersion of results. Moreover, Illustration proved to be complementary to Communication in facilitating players’ choices in line with theoretical predictions.

Conclusion. These results are preliminary outcomes of a pilot experimental assessment, but have a potential interest in terms of the priorities to be followed when choosing the contextual components constituting an experimental protocol or a game platform.
Building Relationships Through Integrated Online Media
Authors: Shin Wonsun , Pang Augustine , Kim Hyo Jung
Published: January 2015

Many studies have examined organizations’ use of specific types of online media, but few studies have examined how organizations generate dialogues and develop relationships by using multiple online communication platforms. This study takes an integrated approach by examining how top global organizations incorporate brand Web sites, Facebook, and Twitter to cultivate relationships with stakeholders. Its findings suggest that those particular online media are used similarly, that is, more for information dissemination than user engagement and more for one-way than two-way communication. The findings also suggest that the types of products promoted can affect the way that organizations use different online media to develop relationships.
Effect of Delay to Definitive Surgical Fixation on Wound Complications in the Treatment of Closed, Intra-articular Calcaneus Fractures
Authors: Kwon John Y. , Guss Daniel , Lin Darius E. , Abousayed Mostafa , Jeng Clifford , Kang Steve , Ellington J. Kent
Published: January 2015

Background:

There are conflicting data regarding the benefits of delaying operative fixation of calcaneus fractures to decrease wound complication rates. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of delaying fixation on wound complication rates as well as to identify other risk factors.

Methods:

A retrospective review at 4 institutions, including 24 surgeons, identified 405 closed, operatively treated, intra-articular calcaneus fractures. We compared fractures with and without wound complications with regards to patient demographics, medical risk factors, fracture severity, time to fixation, operative approach, primary subtalar arthrodesis, and surgeon experience.

Results:

Wound complications were observed in 21% (87/405) of fractures, of which 33% (29/87) required operative intervention. Male sex ( P = .032), smoking ( P = .028), and the extensile lateral approach ( P < .001) were associated with higher complication rates. Fractures treated with an extensile lateral approach had an overall wound complication rate of 32.1%, while those treated with a sinus tarsi or percutaneous approach had an overall wound complication rate of 8.3% (odds ratio [OR], 5.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.9-9.5; P < .001). Among patients treated with an extensile lateral approach, delayed operative fixation did not decrease wound complication rates despite comparable fracture severity across time points. In contrast, among fractures treated with less invasive approaches, delayed fixation beyond 2 weeks resulted in a significantly increased wound complication rate of 15.2% as compared to a wound complication rate of only 2.1% among fractures treated within a week of injury (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.3-9.5; P = .01). This was observed despite similar fracture severity across time points. Primary subtalar arthrodesis did not impact complication rates. A higher wound complication rate among senior surgeons was likely secondary to their predilection for the extensile lateral approach.

Conclusion:

Delaying definitive fixation of closed, intra-articular calcaneus fractures did not decrease wound complication rates when using the extensile lateral approach, and we found an increased wound complication rate when using less invasive approaches.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, observational study.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Infections in Turkey
Authors: Aydin Mesut , Yildiz Abdulkadir , Kaya Zeynettin , Kaya Zekeriya , Basarir Ahmet Ozgur , Cakmak Nazmiye , Donmez Ibrahim , Morrad Baktash , Avci Ahmet , Demir Kenan , Cagliyan Emre Caglar , Yuksel Murat , Elbey Mehmet Ali , Kayan Fethullah , Ozaydogdu Necdet , Islamoglu Yahya , Cayli Murat , Alan Said , Ulgen Mehmet Siddik , Ozhan Hakan
Published: January 2015

Infection is one of the most devastating outcomes of cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) implantation and is related to significant morbidity and mortality. In our country, there is no evaluation about CIED infection. Therefore, our aim was to investigate clinical characteristics and outcome of patients who had infection related to CIED implantation or replacement. The study included 144 consecutive patients with CIED infection treated at 11 major hospitals in Turkey from 2005 to 2014 retrospectively. We analyzed the medical files of all patients hospitalized with the diagnosis of CIED infection. Inclusion criteria were definite infection related to CIED implantation, replacement, or revision. Generator pocket infection, with or without bacteremia, was the most common clinical presentation, followed by CIED-related endocarditis. Coagulase-negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus were the leading causative agents of CIED infection. Multivariate analysis showed that infective endocarditis and ejection fraction were the strongest predictors of in-hospital mortality.
Dynamic characterization of thickness tapered laminated composite plates
Authors: Ananda Babu A , Edwin Sudhagar P , Rajamohan Vasudevan
Published: January 2015

This study investigates the dynamic properties of the thickness tapered laminated composite plate. The governing differential equations of motion of the various configurations of a thickness tapered composite plate are presented in the finite element formulation using classical laminated plate theory. The validity of the developed finite element formulation is demonstrated by comparing the natural frequencies evaluated using the present finite element method with those derived from the experimental measurements and presented in available literature. Various parametric studies are also performed to investigate the effect of taper configuration, aspect ratio, taper angle and ply orientation on free vibration responses of the structures. The comparison of the free vibration mode shapes of uniform and various tapered configurations of tapered laminated composite plates are also presented. Influences of taper angle on the free vibration fundamental mode shapes under various boundary conditions and various ply configurations are also presented. The forced vibration response of a composite plate is also investigated to study the dynamic response of tapered composite plate under the harmonic force excitation in various tapered configurations. It is concluded that the dynamic properties of a composite plate could be tailored by dropping of the plies to yield various tapered composite plate.
Axisymmetric free vibration of closed thin spherical nanoshells with bending effects
Authors: Vila Javier , Zaera Ramón , Fernández-Sáez José
Published: January 2015

Nanoscale spheres have led to a growing interest in their potential applications in a wide range of technological fields. Hollow nanospheres can be modelled as closed spherical shells in the analysis of their mechanical behaviour, the ratio of thickness to radius being used to ascertain the pertinence of considering only membrane forces, or both membrane forces and bending moments. Nonlocal elasticity theory has been widely used to analyze the mechanical behaviour of nanostructures. This paper investigates the free axisymmetric vibration of nanoscale spherical shells accounting for both types of internal force, by extending the Kirchhoff–Love plate theory to Eringen nonlocal elasticity theory. The influence of coupled size and bending effects on the frequencies and modal shapes is studied, revealing specific features that cannot be observed in an uncoupled analysis. This study could be useful in biomedical and bioengineering applications as well as in other fields related to nanotechnology.
The Relationship Between Maternal Postpartum Psychological State and Breast Milk Secretory Immunoglobulin A Level
Authors: Kawano Atsuko , Emori Yoko
Published: January 2015

BACKGROUND: Maternal psychological state may influence the passive transfer of immune factors (e.g., immunoglobulin) via the mother’s breast milk. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether a correlation exists between mothers’ postpartum psychological state and their breast milk secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) levels. STUDY DESIGN: Eighty-one mothers who delivered at an urban general hospital were included in our analysis. Two weeks after delivery, we measured their breast milk SIgA levels and simultaneously documented their psychological state using the Profile of Mood States (POMS), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scales. RESULTS: Breast milk SIgA levels were negatively correlated with negative POMS states (tension-anxiety, depression-dejection, anger-hostility, fatigue, and confusion). A negative correlation was also observed between SIgA levels and GHQ mental health ( r = −.625, P = .000), and a similar negative correlation was observed with STAI trait and state anxieties. However, no correlation existed between breast milk SIgA levels and the positive POMS state (vigor). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the maternal psychological state may affect the immune properties of breast milk.
Maternal Functioning Differences Based on ADHD Subtype
Authors: Weinberger Kelsey A. , Gardner Denise M. , Gerdes Alyson C.
Published: January 2015

Objective: Maternal functioning differences in parenting stress, parental efficacy, and parenting behaviors were examined for mothers of children with ADHD. Method: Participants included 29 mothers of children with ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Type (ADHD-I) and 38 mothers of children with ADHD, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive or Combined Type (ADHD-HI/C). Results: Findings suggest that mothers of children with ADHD-HI/C reported significantly greater parenting stress and engaged in more negative parenting behaviors than mothers of children with ADHD-I. Conclusion: This study suggests that tailoring behavioral parent training based on ADHD subtype may be particularly helpful for parents of children with ADHD-HI/C.
Perceptions That Influence the Maintenance of Scientific Integrity in Community-Based Participatory Research
Authors: Kraemer Diaz Anne E. , Spears Johnson Chaya R. , Arcury Thomas A.
Published: January 2015

Scientific integrity is necessary for strong science; yet many variables can influence scientific integrity. In traditional research, some common threats are the pressure to publish, competition for funds, and career advancement. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) provides a different context for scientific integrity with additional and unique concerns. Understanding the perceptions that promote or discourage scientific integrity in CBPR as identified by professional and community investigators is essential to promoting the value of CBPR. This analysis explores the perceptions that facilitate scientific integrity in CBPR as well as the barriers among a sample of 74 professional and community CBPR investigators from 25 CBPR projects in nine states in the southeastern United States in 2012. There were variations in perceptions associated with team member identity as professional or community investigators. Perceptions identified to promote and discourage scientific integrity in CBPR by professional and community investigators were external pressures, community participation, funding, quality control and supervision, communication, training, and character and trust. Some perceptions such as communication and training promoted scientific integrity whereas other perceptions, such as a lack of funds and lack of trust could discourage scientific integrity. These results demonstrate that one of the most important perceptions in maintaining scientific integrity in CBPR is active community participation, which enables a co-responsibility by scientists and community members to provide oversight for scientific integrity. Credible CBPR science is crucial to empower the vulnerable communities to be heard by those in positions of power and policy making.
HealthMpowerment.org
Authors: Hightow-Weidman Lisa B. , Muessig Kathryn E. , Pike Emily C. , LeGrand Sara , Baltierra Nina , Rucker Alvin Justin , Wilson Patrick
Published: January 2015

Background. Both young Black men who have sex with men as well as young Black transgender women (YBMSM/TW) continue to experience a significant increase in HIV incidence. HealthMpowerment.org (HMP) is a mobile phone-optimized, online intervention for both YBMSM/TW to build community and facilitate supportive relationships. Methods. To assess the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes, a 1-month pilot trial of HMP among 15 YBMSM/TW was conducted. Results. Retention was 100%. Mean age was 26 years, 60% were HIV-infected, 87% earned <$21,000, and 67% were uninsured. Despite the small sample size and limited intervention length, statistically significant improvements were seen in social support ( p = .012), social isolation ( p = .050), and depressive symptoms ( p = .045). Conclusion. The HMP pilot trial demonstrated feasibility and acceptability. Given the burden of the epidemic among YBMSM/TW, there is an imperative to develop, test, and scale up culturally appropriate interventions to both prevent HIV acquisition and limit onward transmission.
Early Success Is Vital in Minimal Worksite Wellness Interventions at Small Worksites
Authors: Ablah Elizabeth , Dong Frank , Konda Kurt , Konda Kelly , Armbruster Sonja , Tuttle Becky
Published: January 2015

Intervention. In an effort to increase physical activity, 15 workplaces participated in a minimal-contact 10,000-steps-a-day program sponsored by the Sedgwick County Health Department in 2007 and 2008. Pedometers were provided to measure participants’ weekly steps for the 10-week intervention. Method. Participants were defined as those who completed the preregistration survey and logged at least 1 week of results. Registrants were defined as those who completed a registration survey but did not log any weekly results. The primary dependent variable was whether or not participants achieved weekly success, as measured by achieving at least 70,000 steps in a week. A secondary dependent variable was participants’ number of steps each week during the weeks they logged results. Repeated measures logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with weekly success. Results. Of the 2,515 registrants, 1,292 (51%) were participants. The average number of weeks of participation for this 10-week intervention was 5.6 weeks ( SD = 3.4). Those from small employers ( n < 750) were more likely ( OR = 2.0) than those from large organizations ( n > 750) to become participants. Participants who achieved at least 70,000 steps in the first week of the intervention were 7.3 times more likely than participants who walked less than 70,000 steps in the first week to achieve 70,000 steps each week for all 10 weeks. Conclusions. Results from implementing a minimal-contact 10,000-step intervention can be maximized by targeting small worksites and supporting employees to achieve 70,000 steps in their first week.
Physical and Social-Motivational Contextual Correlates of Youth Physical Activity in Underresourced Afterschool Programs
Authors: Zarrett Nicole , Sorensen Carl , Cook Brittany Skiles
Published: January 2015

Afterschool programs (ASPs) have become increasingly recognized as a key context to support youth daily physical activity (PA) accrual. The purpose of the present study was to assess the physical and social-motivational climate characteristics of ASPs associated with youth PA, and variations in contextual correlates of PA by youth sex. Systematic observations of 7 ASPs serving underserved youth (minority, low income) was conducted using the System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity in Youth and a social-motivational climate observation tool founded on self-determination theory. For five program days at each site, teams of two coders conducted continuous observations of youth PA (sedentary, moderate, vigorous), five physical features (e.g., equipment availability), eight staff interactions (e.g., encourage PA), and seven motivational climate components (e.g., inclusive). Aligned with previous research, regressions controlling for variations by site indicated that organized PA, provision of portable equipment, and staff PA participation and supervision are key correlates of youth PA. Moreover, as the first study to systematically observe motivational-context characteristics of ASPs, we identified several key modifiable motivational features that are necessary to address in order to increase youth engagement in PA during the out-of-school hours. Among motivational features assessed, “relatedness” components (positive peer relations, inclusive/cooperative activities) were primary correlates of girls’ PA. In contrast, all three motivational features specified by self-determination theory (support for autonomy, mastery/competence, and inclusion/relatedness) were correlated with boys’ PA. Findings are discussed in terms of policy and practice for understanding strengths and needs of ASPs to effectively engage youth in PA.
The Efficacy of a Family-Based Intervention Program on Childhood Obesity
Authors: Chen Chia-Ying , Kao Chia-Chan , Hsu Hsiu-Yueh , Wang Ruey-Hsia , Hsu Shu-Hua
Published: January 2015

The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to assess the efficacy of a family-based (FB) weight-loss and behavior-modification intervention among overweight/obese children (age 9–11 years) and their parents in Taiwan. The intervention group (52 child–parent dyads) participated in an FB program for 7 weeks. The control group (55 child–parent dyads) received an educational pamphlet about obesity prevention. The children’s body mass index (BMI) z-scores were the primary outcome variable. The parents’ BMI, high-calorie (HC) food-intake behaviors, screen-related behaviors, and restrictions on children’s consumption of HC foods and screen-related behaviors and the availability of HC foods at home were the secondary outcome variables. Outcome variables were measured at baseline (T0), at the end of the intervention (T1), and 4 weeks after the end of the intervention (T2). A linear mixed model was used to assess the efficacy of the FB program. Results indicated that the children’s BMI z-scores decreased significantly more from T0 to T2 in the experimental group than in the control group. The decreases in parents’ HC food-intake behaviors and availability of HC foods at home and the increase in parental restrictions on children’s consumption of HC foods were significantly greater in the experimental than in the control group from T0 to T1 and T0 to T2. The FB program was effective in modifying parental behaviors and the weight of overweight/obese children in a Taiwanese population.
Under-representation of women on governing bodies: women general practitioners on Clinical Commissioning Groups in England
Authors: Segar Julia
Published: January 2015

Recently formed Clinical Commissioning Groups in the English National Health Service have important responsibility for commissioning local health and care services. Women are under-represented on the governing bodies of these significant primary care based organizations despite the fact that they constitute almost half of the general practitioner workforce in England. This essay examines some of the reasons for this under-representation including the predominance of women in the salaried and part-time sector of general practice and gendered management styles within the National Health Service. It is argued that the under-representation of women on Clinical Commissioning Group governing bodies matters in terms of social justice, representation of the broader community and role models.
Effect of real-time teledermatology on diagnosis, treatment and clinical improvement
Authors: Al Quran Hanadi A , Khader Yousef Saleh , Ellauzi Ziad Mohd , Shdaifat Amjad
Published: January 2015

We assessed the effect of real-time teledermatology consultations on diagnosis and disease management, patients’ quality of life and time- and cost-savings. All consecutive patients with skin diseases attending teledermatology clinics at two rural hospitals in Jordan were included in the study. Patients were interviewed at their initial visit and again after eight weeks. Various questionnaires and forms, including quality of life questionnaires, were used to collect the data. Ninety teledermatology consultations were performed for 88 patients between September 2013 and January 2014. A diagnosis was established as part of the teledermatology consultation in 43% of patients and changed from that of the referring provider in 19% of patients. The treatment plan was established for 67% of patients and changed for 9% patients. The mean SF-8 score increased significantly ( P < 0.005). The mean DLQI score decreased significantly ( P < 0.005) indicating that there had been an improvement in the patients' quality of life since baseline. Most patients perceived that the visit to the teledermatology clinic required less travel time (96%), shorter waiting time (83%) and less cost (96%) than a visit to the specialist clinic at the main hospital. The patients' mean satisfaction score was 90.5 (SD 8.5), indicating a high level of satisfaction. Teledermatology resulted in changes in the patients' diagnosis and treatment plan, and was associated with improved health state and quality of life.
Illness perception in Polish patients with chronic diseases: Psychometric properties of the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire
Authors: Nowicka-Sauer Katarzyna , Banaszkiewicz Dorota , Staśkiewicz Izabela , Kopczyński Piotr , Hajduk Adam , Czuszyńska Zenobia , Ejdys Mariola , Szostakiewicz Małgorzata , Sablińska Agnieszka , Kałużna Anna , Tomaszewska Magda , Siebert Janusz
Published: January 2015

The study evaluates the psychometric properties of a Polish translation of the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire. A total of 276 patients with chronic conditions (58.7% women) completed the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. The internal consistency of the Polish Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire measured with Cronbach’s alpha was satisfactory (α = 0.74). Structural validity was demonstrated by significant inter-correlations between the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire components. Discriminant validity was supported by the fact that the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire enables patients with various conditions to be differentiated. Significant correlations were found between Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire and depression and anxiety levels. The Polish Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire thus evaluated is a reliable and valid tool.
Technology, material culture and the well-being of Aboriginal peoples of Canada
Authors: Guindon François
Published: January 2015

Through the cultural perspective of the Mistissini Cree of northern Quebec, this article investigates how, between the 1940s and 2012, they transformed their technology and material culture to meet their needs for well-being, against the increasing reach of colonial forces affecting them. In a broader perspective, understanding the complex social roles of Aboriginal technology and material culture in recent history helps to redefine contemporary conceptions of Aboriginal healing and well-being as material, bodily and ideological phenomena, in which technology and material culture have become a cultural heritage essential for their well-being.