bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MIRABEGRON. CURRENT STATUS OF THE DRUG AND THE POSSIBILITIES
AS A POTENTIAL BETA3-ADRENERGIC AGONIST AGAINST OBESITY
Authors: Dmitrievskaya M. I. , Balitskiy S. E. , Balandina A. G. , Glazkov I. S.
Published: August 2020

Obesity is the most widespread chronic disease today; it occurs when the process of consumption exceeds energy expenditure processes. Since adequate drug treatment for obesity at the moment isn’t found, research and introduction of new substances that activate β3-AR, is a promising pharmacological objective. One such drug became mirabegron known as a drug for the treatment of OAB. It’s stimulating effect on the brown and beige adipose tissue contribute to enhancing fatty acid oxidation and the release of energy, with a decrease in fat mass. However, because of side effects on the cardiovascular system, and a long course of therapy to a clinically significant result, mirabegron is not currently used as a remedy for obesity, but others β3-adrenergic agonists will be designed in the future and they will smooth disadvantages of mirabegron.
SAFETY REVIEW OF ATORVASTATIN: RECENT WORLD DATA
Authors: Matveev A. V. , Krasheninnikov А. Е. , Egorova Е. А. , Dormidor A. G. , Il’jasova Z. R.
Published: August 2020

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, in 2016 about 17.9 million people died from CVD, and this accounted for 31% of all deaths in the world. Dyslipidemia is one of the main risk factors of atherosclerosis, asymptomatic and acute ischemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular accidents, and sudden cardiac death. The results of multicenter clinical trials (RCT) conducted in the Russian Federation and abroad have demonstrated that one of the effective methods of primary and secondary prevention of CVD, as well as reducing the risk of complications in the high and very high-risk patients, is the use of lipidlowering drugs belonging to HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins). The article presents the results of an analysis of publications describing the safety of Atorvastatin, recognized as one of the most effective drugs in the group. Particular attention is paid to the mechanisms of insulin resistance, hepatotoxicity and statin-induced myopathies.
Genesis1:11™
Authors: Mátyás Bence
Published: August 2020

Genesis1:11™ is a distant places plantation and forestation-supporting high-technology concept including but not limited to semi-capsuled ecosystems and various physical and precision software tools making it possible to inject microorganisms and to grow plant roots into extraterrestrial soils contributing to a sustainable future for the humankind in remote places (especially terraforming Mars) having extreme climatic and environmental conditions. In this paper main characteristics and utilization areas of Genesis1:11™ Rocket Capsule and technical specifications of Genesis1:11™ Rooting Pot are being discussed without claiming completeness, including a demonstration how a complex organism like a plant might provide a useful and simple host for large number of microbes.
Trying To Fit A Square Peg In A Round Hole: Is Community Interpreting Just Too Big For Public Policy? The Canadian Experience A Provocation
Authors: Sasso Angela , Malli Kiran
Published: August 2020

Abstract: A public policy that obliges the public sector to use the services of a properly trained community interpreter builds a framework for equity, and strengthens the interpreting industry.  Public policy does not prescribe a centralized national government budget; instead, each public sector service would define their own budget reinforcing a rigor applied in utilizing interpreters. The current absence of political commitment leaves Community Interpreting vulnerable to shifts, and in turn, jeopardizes access to proper training for interpreters and access to public services for minority language speakers. Lack of public policy on access to health, legal and civil services for the minority language speakers impedes equity, and inhibits the delivery of effective public services. But is Community Interpreting just too big for public policy? This paper will explore:1)      Brief evolution of community interpreting in the Canadian context2)      Models of public policy3)      The relationship between community interpreting and public policy4)      Whether public policy is a professional necessityResumen: Una política pública que obliga al sector público a utilizar los servicios de un intérprete social formado adecuadamente construye una estructura para la equidad y fortalece la industria de la interpretación.  La política pública no impone un presupuesto de gobierno centralizado. En su lugar, cada servicio del sector público define su propio presupuesto reforzando un rigor aplicado a la utilización de intérpretes. La ausencia actual de compromiso deja a la interpretación social indefensa ante los cambios y, a su vez, pone en peligro el acceso a una formación adecuada para los intérpretes y el acceso a los servicios públicos para los hablantes de lenguas minoritarias. La falta de política pública de acceso a servicios sanitarios, jurídicos y civiles para los hablantes de lenguas minoritarias impide la equidad e inhibe el desarrollo de servicios públicos efectivos. Pero, ¿es la interpretación social demasiado grande para la política pública? Este trabajo hablará de los siguientes temas1)      Breve evolución de la interpretación social en el contexto canadiense2)      Modelos de política pública3)      La relación entre interpretación social y política pública4)      Si la política pública constituye una necesidad profesional
La Traducción Funcionalista en los Servicios Públicos: Un Caso de Materiales de Apoyo del Ámbito Sanitario para la Población Inmigrante
Authors: Marnpae Maneerat
Published: August 2020

Resumen: La traducción es una de las formas más destacadas utilizadas para superar las barreras lingüísticas y culturales entre los profesionales sanitarios y la población inmigrante. Para cumplir los propósitos comunicativos en la traducción dirigida a otro receptor meta, parece imposible no enfrentarse a problemas de traducción. En consecuencia, podemos anticipar que es relevante la incorporación de las pautas ofrecidas de los enfoques funcionalistas en los Estudios de Traducción para la producción de textos metas efectivos como los que se utilizan en los servicios públicos, donde el enfoque está (o debería estar) en el receptor y en la cultura meta. En las páginas que siguen esta hipótesis será comprobada a través del análisis de materiales de apoyo relativos a la salud pública y a la orientación sociosanitaria en español para el público tailandés. En este proceso se describen problemas de traducción que pueden afectar al producto textual, así como posibles soluciones con vistas a cumplir la intención y función comunicativas pretendidas. El estudio nos lleva a la conclusión de la necesidad de incorporar el funcionalismo, la comunicación intercultural y la intervención del traductor en esta actividad traductora.Abstract: Translation is one of the most outstanding methods used to overcome language and cultural barriers. To fulfill the communicative purposes of translation which aim at another target audience, it seems impossible not to deal with translation problems. Consequently, I anticipate that incorporating the functionalist approaches in Translation Studies is relevant to produce effective target texts as those utilized in public services, where the focus is (or should be) on the target receiver and culture. In the following pages this hypothesis will be tested through an analysis of Spanish public health and social-health advice materials for Thai user. In this process, I will describe translation problems that affect the translated text, and suggest possible solutions in order to achieve the intended communicative intention and function. The study leads to the conclusion that we need to include functionalism, intercultural communication as well as translator’s intervention in this translation activity.
El Concepto de la Tortura en Relación con la Traducción y la Interpretación en los Servicios Públicos
Authors: Ivanova Ivona
Published: August 2020

Resumen: La tortura es una práctica que ha existido desde la antigüedad de los tiempos y se ha practicado en mayor o en menor medida dependiendo del lugar del que se trate. El concepto principal –la tortura- se analiza teniendo en cuenta varios aspectos contextuales importantes: su evolución a lo largo de los años, el tipos de prácticas que se utilizaban y cómo han evolucionado esas prácticas, los lugares en los que se ha practicado así como un análisis terminológico. La metodología que se ha utilizado en el trabajo sobre el que este artículo trata se basa en tres etapas principales: la primera etapa consistió en establecer una base teórica; la segunda etapa consistió en analizar el concepto de la tortura teniendo en cuenta su evolución histórica, sus prácticas y su percepción actual. Finalmente, hemos explicado la terminología desde el punto de vista de la creación de un glosario bilingüe de español-inglés de términos relacionados con el concepto de la tortura.Abstract: Torture is a practice that has existed since ancient times and has been practiced in varying levels depending on the location in question. The main concept -torture- is analysed taking into account several important contextual aspects: its evolution through the years, the types of practices that were used and how these practices have evolved, the places in which it was practiced as well as a terminological analysis. The methodology used in the paper that the article covers is based on three main stages: first stage consisted on establishing a theoretical basis; second stage consisted in analysing the concept of torture considering its historical evolution, its practices and its current perception. And finally we explained the terminology from the point of view of the creation of a Spanish-English bilingual glossary for terms related to the concept of torture.
Diseño de Nuevos Materiales para la Formación de Intérpretes en el Ámbito Sanitario (Especialidad: Español - Chino)
Authors: Wang Xi
Published: August 2020

Resumen: En los últimos años, han llegado abundantes extranjeros a España importando sus lenguas y culturas, de los cuales muchos son de origen chino. Teniendo en cuenta las grandes distancias lingüísticas y culturales que existen entre dicha población y la población mayoritaria en el país de acogida, surgen problemas específicos cuando acuden al servicio sanitario. Ante esta situación actual la formación de intérpretes profesionales en el ámbito sanitario es un tema urgente. Los materiales para la formación en interpretación en el ámbito sanitario se caracterizan, hoy en día, por su escasez en comparación con otros ámbitos profesionales y, más aún, en la combinación lingüística español-chino. El uso de materiales adecuados puede promover el desarrollo de la formación y, en consecuencia, la profesionalización de la interpretación en el ámbito sanitario. Para llevar a cabo el trabajo, se han analizado los materiales existentes y descrito las competencias requeridas por la profesión, con el fin de identificar los aspectos más relevantes de la formación en la interpretación en el ámbito sanitario, en general, como los de la combinación lingüística y cultural, en particular, proponiendo criterios que se pueden aplicar en el diseño de nuevos materiales.Abstract: In recent years, the number of immigrants in Spain has increased considerably, particularly those who come from China. Due to the differences and distance between Spanish and Chinese languages and cultures, serious access problems arise when Chinese migrants want to use the Spanish healthcare system. In this case, the importance of training professional medical interpreters is particularly important. Compared with other professions, materials available to medical interpreters are scarce, even more regarding the Spanish-Chinese language combination. Suitable materials contribute to promote the development of quality training, so as to achieve the purpose of advancing the process of professionalisation. An analysis about the existing materials has been performed and the competences students need to achieve have been described. The ultimate goal of this analysis is to provide criteria for the design of training materials for Spanish-Chinese medical interpreters.
The Professional Status of Public Service Interpreters. A Comparison with Nurses
Authors: Gentile Paola
Published: August 2020

Abstract: This paper aims to investigate the relationship between the professional status of public service interpreters and that which sociologists (Etzioni, 1969; Abbott and Meerabeau, 1998) have attributed to semi-professionals such as nurses. Drawing on the sociological theories of professionalization (Albrecht et al., 2003) and on certain hypotheses suggested by interpreting scholars (Sela-Sheffy and Shlesinger, 2011), the concept of semi-profession will be defined and discussed. Subsequently, the three sociological features shared by the two professions – the lack of specialised training, increasing feminisation and the caring nature of their tasks – will be analysed from a sociological perspective. To test these assumptions, the results of a global questionnaire on the status of public service interpreters – which gathered 888 responses – will be illustrated and commented. The data showed a close relationship between the two professions, which appears to confirm the hypothesis that nurses and public service interpreters are still following the path towards full professionalization.Resumen: Mediante este trabajo pretendemos analizar la relación entre el estatus profesional de los intérpretes de SSPP y el estatus que algunos sociólogos (Etzioni, 1969; Abbott and Meerabeau, 1998) han atribuido a semiprofesionales como las enfermeras. Basándonos en las teorías sobre el proceso de profesionalización (Albrecht et al., 2003) y en las hipótesis sugeridas por algunos estudiosos de interpretación (Sela-Sheffy y Shlesinger, 2011), vamos a definir y discutir el concepto de semiprofesión. Además, las tres principales características sociológicas comunes a las dos profesiones – la falta de educación especializada, la creciente feminización y la actitud solidaria de algunas de las tareas que desarrollan – se analizarán desde una perspectiva sociológica. Para probar estas afirmaciones, los resultados de una encuensta global sobre el estatus profesional de los intérpretes que trabajan en los SSPP – que obtuvo 888 respuestas – serán analizados y comentados. La evidencia ha mostrado una relación cercana entre las dos profesiones, que parece validar la hipótesis de que la interpretación de SSPP y la enfermería todavía están siguendo el camino hacia una mayor profesionalización.
Estudio de Casos sobre el Grado de Intervención de la Milics en el Ámbito de la Salud Sexual y Reproductiva: Usuarias de Origen Chino
Authors: Sánchez Pérez Marta Isabel
Published: August 2020

Resumen: El presente trabajo pretende acercar la deontología y las propuestas de los códigos deontológicos de interpretación en los Servicios Sanitarios (SS) y de mediación intercultural a la práctica profesional de las intérpretes y mediadoras a partir del análisis de mis propias actuaciones como MILICS[1] en el contexto de la Salud Sexual y Reproductiva (SSyR) con usuarias de origen chino. La principal hipótesis plantea que, atendiendo a la gran distancia cultural que se da entre la cultura china y la española, se espera que la MILICS deba relativizar la aplicación de ciertos principios generales de actuación establecidos en los códigos deontológicos en numerosas ocasiones y optar por un rol preferentemente activo en la interacción comunicativa cuando desempeñe su trabajo en el ámbito de la SSyR con mujeres de origen chino.Abstract: This article aims at approaching Public Service Interpreting deontology and professional practice by analysing my own performances as a PSI or cultural mediator in the context of reproductive health services with users of Chinese origin. The main hypotheses suggests that due to the wide cultural gap observed between the Chinese and the Spanish culture, the PSI/mediator will often have to consider the transgression of the ethical principles established in the Standards of Practice for Healthcare Interpreters and adopt a more active role.[1] Desde el Grupo CRIT abogamos por una figura integrada de la intérprete en los servicios sanitarios y la mediadora intercultural a la que denominamos MILICS.
Análisis de los Errores de Traducción de los Alumnos Tailandeses en la Traducción del Texto con Elementos Culturales (Español-Tailandés)
Authors: Sirinit Thanita
Published: August 2020

Resumen: En este artículo presentamos un análisis de los errores de traducción cometidos por los alumnos tailandeses en la traducción del texto con elementos culturales del español al tailandés. Los datos obtenidos han permitido identificar los problemas y dificultades persistentes de los alumnos a la hora de traducir, y han confirmado la necesidad de integrar objetivos de aprendizaje específicos para desarrollar la competencia traductora en los alumnos. Abstract: The aim this paper is to present an analysis of the translation errors committed by the Thai students in the translation of the text with cultural elements from Spanish to Thai. The data obtained have allowed us to identify the persistent problems and difficulties of the students when translating, and have confirmed the need to integrate specific learning objectives in order to develop the translator competence in the students.
Public Service Interpreting and Cultural Mediation in the Region of Valencia: Strengths, Weaknesses and Recommendations for Improvement in the Healthcare Setting
Authors: Sánchez Pérez Marta Isabel
Published: August 2020

Abstract: This article aims at approaching the state of the art of Cultural Mediation (CM) and Public Service Interpreting (PSI) in healthcare settings in the Valencian Region by analysing the strengths and weaknesses of the current issues regulating PSI and CM focusing on its legislation, accreditation criteria and implementation of services and suggesting measures that have proven effective in other territories with a larger tradition of PSI and CM services in order to advance towards a health system that ensures equal access and medical care to everyone regardless of the patient’s culture of origin or language.Resumen: Este artículo ofrece una panorámica del estado de la cuestión de la Mediación Intercultural (MI) y la Interpretación en los Servicios Públicos (ISP) en el ámbito sanitario de la Comunitat Valenciana analizando sus fortalezas y debilidades, y centrándose en la legislación, criterios de acreditación e implementación de servicios linguisticos y culturales. Asímismo ofrece una serie de recomendaciones de mejora para contribuir a avanzar hacia un sistema sanitario que garantice un acceso y una atención sanitaria igualitarios independientemente del origen cultural del paciente y su lengua.
Interpreters Banks as a Response To a Multilingual Europe's Needs
Authors: Burdeus-Domingo Noelia
Published: August 2020

Abstract: Globalisation urges governments to address equality in access to public services. Even though Public Service Interpreting (PSI) helps allophones to overcome the breach in communication, such services need a solid, organised structure to effectively respond to the current linguistic needs. This article presents the results of a comparative study of the healthcare interpreting services provided in Barcelona and Montreal which, by applying an indirect method of observation (interviews) to examine the aforementioned services, describes the existing PSI structures and organisations as narrated by their managers. Our conclusions draw attention to certain aspects of Barcelona’s interpreting services which, should they be modified, could be beneficial. Finally, the interpreters bank model settled in Montreal (and throughout Quebec) is suggested as a role model for Barcelona, that could contribute to structuring PSI services in Europe.Resumen: La globalización insta a los gobiernos a abordar el problema de la igualdad de acceso a los servicios públicos. Si bien los servicios de Interpretación en los Servicios Públicos (ISP) ayudan a los alófonos a vencer barreras comunicativas, estos necesitan una estructura sólida organizada para responder con eficacia a las necesidades lingüísticas actuales. Este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio comparativo de los servicios de interpretación médica de Barcelona y Montreal que, mediante la aplicación de un método de observación indirecto (entrevistas), examina los servicios mencionados, describiendo las estructuras y organizaciones existentes tal y como las definen sus propios gestores. Las conclusiones se centran en aspectos de los servicios de interpretación de Barcelona que convendría modificar y sugieren el modelo de banco de intérpretes instaurado en la provincia de Quebec como un ejemplo a seguir en Barcelona, que podría contribuir a la estructuración de servicios de ISP en Europa.
Dilemas Éticos en la Interpretación Sanitaria en Contextos de Violencia de Género
Authors: Rueda Rodríguez Manuel Jesús
Published: August 2020

Resumen: Actualmente se observa un creciente número de casos en los que la labor del intérprete se ve condicionada por la presencia de conflictos éticos. Para este estudio se ha creído conveniente crear una situación cuya contextualización se identifica con la violencia de género en la interpretación sanitaria. Los dilemas éticos que aparecen en la profesión del intérprete de los servicios públicos poseen una dificultad añadida, Sin duda, el atractivo de este estudio reside en el planteamiento realizado, ya que conjuga los principios bioéticos de la medicina con el código ético del intérprete. Para acometerlo, se han confeccionado tres cuestionarios diferentes, dirigidos a tres tipos de receptores, en primer lugar, al alumnado de interpretación y traducción, por otro lado, al alumnado de medicina, y, por último, al público general. El análisis de estas respuestas sirve como base para establecer un marco de actuación en contextos sociosanitarios de violencia de género.Abstract: Nowadays, an increasing number of cases in which interpreting might be affected by ethical dilemmas has arisen. For the present study, it was necessary to compose a situation related to gender-based violence during healthcare interpreting. Ethical dilemmas in public service interpreting are difficult to tackle. Undoubtedly, the appeal of this study relies on its approach since it allows to observe how bioethic principles and interpretation codes of ethics converge. In order to achieve this aim, three different surveys have been created and addressed to three target groups, first, to interpreting students, secondly medicine students and thirdly, general public. The analysis of the answers can help create some guidelines in gender-based violence public health contexts
Programas Formativos de Traducción Jurídica Español - Chino en Másteres Oficiales en España y en China
Authors: Qin Ma
Published: August 2020

Resumen: En vista de la falta de programas formativos de traducción jurídica impartida en la combinación español-chino en másteres de las universidades en China, nos proponemos realizar una investigación sobre los másteres de enseñanza de español en China y los másteres oficiales que ofrecen formación relacionada con la traducción jurídica español-chino en España. Exploraremos sus características considerando aspectos como lenguas ofertadas, método de enseñanza, duración del estudio, créditos y asignaturas. De los elementos analizados se extraerán conclusiones y reflexiones sobre la aplicabilidad de lo que consideraremos como referencia de utilidad para la elaboración de una futura propuesta de programa sobre traducción jurídica español-chino que pueda impartirse en universidades chinas.Abstract: In view of the lack of Spanish-Chinese legal translation training programs in masters of Chinese universities, we briefly introduce the master´s degree in Spanish teaching in China, would like to research on those that are related to Spanish-Chinese legal translation in Spain. The main objective is to explore their features taking into consideration elements such as the languages offered, teaching methodology, duration of studies, credits and subjects. Based on the elements analysed, conclusions and reflections will be drawn about the applicability of what we will consider as a reference that may be useful for the elaboration of a specific proposal of a Spanish-Chinese legal translation program applicable to Chinese universities
ALT, JTE, and Team Teaching: Aligning Collective Efficacy
Authors: Walter Brett , Sponseller Aaron
Published: August 2020

The Japan Exchange and Teaching Program has, for more than 30 years, brought the concept of team teaching to Japanese schools. However, research concerning precisely how these teachers perceive the roles of themselves and their teaching counterparts remains inconclusive and is focused primarily on what teaching methods are employed. In a team-teaching context, arriving at a mutual understanding of the respective roles and responsibilities of both teachers is vital for establishing and maintaining positive teacher efficacy. The current study analyzed perceptions held by ALTs and JTEs to see if there existed an alignment between the two that might benefit this collective efficacy. Data was taken from a national survey of Japanese teachers of English (n = 207) and assistant language teachers (n = 199) in which respondents focused upon their perceived roles in and expectations of team teaching.

「語学指導等を行う外国青年招致事業」（ＪＥＴプログラム）は、30年以上にわたり日本の学校にティームティーチング（以下、ＴＴ）を提供してきた。しかし研究では授業で運用する教授法に焦点が当たり、担当教諭が本人及びパートナーの役割をどう認識しているかについては、はっきりしていない。ＴＴでは、両者の教師効力感を生み出し維持するためには、互いの役割と責任についての相互理解が不可欠である。この研究では、集合的効力感に有益な協力体制の有無について、外国語指導助手（ＡＬＴ）と日本人英語教師（ＪＬＴ）それぞれの認識を分析した。データはＴＴにおける役割認識とＴＴに求めるものを焦点に全国調査し、ＪＬＴ207人、ＡＬＴ199人が回答したものだ。このデータから、ＴＴ関係者が受ける恩恵についても考察する。
Rekayasa Perangkat Lunak Pengenal Binatang Menggunakan Metode CART
Authors: Shandi Yusup Jauhari
Published: August 2020

Semakin berkembangnya teknologi informasi, menyebabkan kebutuhan akan informasi sudah tidak lagi membutuhkan alat peraga. Berbagai bentuk informasi terhadap objek atau benda yang ditemukan ingin langsung didapatkan, akan tetapi masalah seringkali muncul karena pengenalan suatu objek yang dikenali terbatas.

Artikel ini memaparkan desain sistem untuk menghasilkan informasi tanpa alat peraga secara fisik, dan secara khusus bertujuan mempermudah seseorang untuk mengenal suatu binatang yang ditemukan secara langsung atau tiba-tiba. Pemilihan binatang sebagai objek yang dikenal, karena memiliki bentuk objek yang tergolong konsisten sehingga dapat meningkatkan nilai keakuratan dalam melakukan penelitian.

Pemilihan Metode Classification And Regression Tree (CART) yang digunakan, karena memiliki performa yang akurat dalam pengambilan keputusan. Adapun pemilihan Clarifai API sebagai sistem pendukung perangkat lunak ini, karena memiliki kemampuan baik dalam computer vision untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis suatu objek melalui gambar atau video.
Penerapan Actionscript pada Adobe Photoshop
Authors: Felisa Jenisa
Published: August 2020

Fasilitas Actionscript dalam Adobe Photoshop adalah serangkaian perintah yang terekam dan dapat dijalankan kapanpun oleh penggunanya. Penggunaan atau manipulasi Actions akan memerintahkan Adobe Photoshop untuk mengerjakan suatu task secara otomatis sehingga pengguna tidak perlu mengerjakan task tersebut secara manual dan proses pengerjaannya akan dieksekusi dengan lebih cepat. Adobe Photoshop menyediakan fasilitas untuk merekam serangkaian actions tersebut dan dapat memanipulasinya sebagai sebuah set yang dapat dipakai beeulang kali setiap pengguna menjalankan event tertentu.
Ultrasensitive detection of cadmium ions using a microcantilever-based piezoresistive sensor for groundwater
Authors: Rotake Dinesh , Darji Anand , Kale Nitin
Published: August 2020

This paper proposes the selective and ultrasensitive detection of Cd(II) ions using a cysteamine-functionalized microcantilever-based sensor with cross-linked ᴅʟ-glyceraldehyde (DL-GC). The detection time for various laboratory-based techniques is generally 12–24 hours. The experiments were performed to create self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of cysteamine cross-linked with ᴅʟ-glyceraldehyde on the microcantilever surface to selectively capture the targeted Cd(II). The proposed portable microfluidic platform is able to achieve the detection in 20–23 min with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.56 ng (2.78 pM), which perfectly describes its excellent performance over other reported techniques. Many researchers used nanoparticle-based sensors for the detection of heavy metal ions, but daily increasing usage and commercialization of nanoparticles are rapidly expanding their deleterious effect on human health and the environment. The proposed technique uses a blend of thin-film and microcantilever (micro-electromechanical systems) technology, which mitigate the disadvantages of the nanoparticle approaches, for the selective detection of Cd(II) with a LOD below the WHO limit of 3 μg/L.
Impacto del diseño para cambios rápidos (DFC) en la manufactura moderna
Authors: Vega Yuridia , Romero López Roberto , Juárez Mendoza Marco Antonio
Published: August 2020

El avance de las tecnologías en la industria de la manufactura, así como la necesidad de contar con procesos más rápidos y eficientes que brinden un mejor desempeño en la calidad, mejores tiempos de respuesta, flexibilidad y rentabilidad, es un tema importante en la manufactura de clase mundial. Estos indicadores son claves para que una empresa pueda mantenerse en la competitividad de los mercados, que exige una alta diversidad en productos y de volúmenes de producción. En este sentido, uno de los factores claves que contribuye a que un proceso sea más rápido y eficiente, son los tiempos de preparación o de cambio que se dan entre un producto y otro en el proceso de fabricación; aunque existen herramientas de Lean Manufacturing enfocadas a acortar estos tiempos, se ha demostrado que, con el uso de la metodología “Design for Changeover” (DFC), la cual considera estos cambios desde el diseño del equipo, se pueden abatir en gran medida los tiempos de cambio e impactar de manera positiva la flexibilidad y fabricación de lotes pequeños. En este trabajo, se analiza la literatura existente del DFC y el impacto que ha tenido, así como los factores que han intervenido, al fin de aportar un marco de referencia a las industrias interesadas en acortar los tiempos de cambio en sus procesos productivos.
Antimicrobial Activity of Musa acuminata Peel Extract against Gram-Positive Bacteria
Authors: SUBRAMANİAM Yashini , MAZLAN Nurzafirah , HASSAN Halijah , JAAFAR Juju Nakasha , ANUA Siti Marwanis , YOUNG Thung Tze , AL-HUMAİRİ Safaa Najah Saud
Published: August 2020

Particular communities are discarding banana (Musa acuminata) peels as household and industrial food waste. It is high in nutritive value and a healthy source of food to consume. This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of M. acuminata peels against four types of Gram-positive bacteria, namely, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. The extract of M. acuminate peel was prepared using a soxhlet apparatus for ethanolic extract and rotary evaporator to concentrate the ethanolic extract. Antimicrobial activity was carried out on the extract using agar disc diffusion technique; the inhibitory zones were recorded in millimetres. Results showed that the disc diffusion method of ethanolic extract of M. acuminata peel was not effective against all the Gram-positive bacteria strains. This result indicated that M. acuminata peel did not pose any potential antimicrobial effect against Gram-positive bacteria. However, further study should be carried out using different extraction method and concentration in order to evaluate antimicrobial activity.
Protocol for Thematic Synthesis of Differential Attainment in the Medical Profession - ‘Bridging the Gap’ Series
Authors: Chakravorty Indranil , Daga Sunil , Chakravorty Subarna , Bamrah JS , Mehta Ramesh
Published: August 2020

Differential Attainment is a phenomenon, recognised globally, where certain cohorts of people tend to have poorer career outcomes based on factors other than capability, academic effort, or motivation. Although by no means unique to or exclusive to, it is indeed well described and monitored in the health education/ training, and affects professionals throughout their entire career journey from admission to retirement. It is a marker of an unfair system and affects individuals as well as organisations adversely. It is the responsibility of all organisations, policymakers and regulators to urgently understand the causes, find solutions, and support those that are disadvantaged as a result of this inequality. The British Association of Physicians of Indian Origin addressing its declared mission of achieving excellence through promoting equality and diversity, along with its collaborative partners and a panel of international experts has created an Alliance for Equality in Health Professions. This Alliance will spearhead a thematic analysis of the entire spectrum of differential attainment in medical professions. This paper describes the protocol for the thematic synthesis of evidence, the priority setting partnerships for undertaking a critical integrative analysis, and the process for combining evidence from experts with lived experiences of grassroots professionals to produce meaningful solutions, actions, and policy enablers. The output will be published as a series of papers in Sushruta and culminate in a seminal report in 2021 when BAPIO turns 25.
Photospheric Emission in Gamma-Ray Bursts. I. Variability
Authors: Wang Kai , Lin Da-Bin , Wang Yun , Jiang Lu-Yao , Du Shen-Shi , Li Xiao-Yan , Ren Jia , Wang Xiang-Gao , Liang En-Wei
Published: August 2020

It is generally believed that the variability of photospheric emission in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) traces that of the jet power. This work further investigates the variability of photospheric emission in a variable jet. By setting a constant η (dimensionless entropy of the jet), we find that the light curve of the photospheric emission shows a “tracking” pattern on the time profile of jet power. However, the relative variability is significantly low in the photospheric emission compared with that in the jet power. If the η is genetic variable, the variability of the photospheric emission is not only limited by the jet power but also affected by η strongly. It becomes complex and is generally different from that of the jet power. Moreover, the opposite phase may stand in the variabilities of the photospheric emission at different photon energies. We also find that the relative variability does not remain constant over the photon energies with an obvious reduction at a certain energy. This is consistent with the analysis of GRB 090902B in which an appreciable thermal component has been detected in a wide energy range. For several other GRBs coupling with the thermal component, we conservatively evaluate the variability of the thermal and nonthermal emission, respectively. Our results show that the relative variability of the thermal emission is likely comparable to that of the nonthermal emission for these bursts. In addition, the analysis of GRB 120323A reveals that the variability of the photospheric emission may be of the opposite phase from that of the nonthermal emission.
Differential Rotation of the Halo Traced by K-giant Stars
Authors: Tian Hao , Liu Chao , Wang Yougang , Xu Yan , Yang Chengqun , Zhang Bo , Xue Xiang-Xiang
Published: August 2020

We use K-giant stars selected from the LAMOST DR5 to study the variation of the rotational velocity of the Galactic halo at different space positions. Modeling the rotational velocity distribution with both the halo and disk components, we find that the rotational velocity of the halo population decreases almost linearly with increasing vertical distance to the Galactic disk plane, Z, at fixed galactocentric radius, R. The samples are separated into two parts with

and

. We derive that the decreasing rates along Z for the two subsamples are −3.07 ± 0.63 and −1.89 ± 0.37 km s−1 kpc−1, respectively. Comparing with the TNG simulations, we suggest that this trend is caused by the interaction between the disk and halo. The results from the simulations show that only an oblate halo can provide a decreasing rotational velocity with increasing Z. This indicates that the Galactic halo is oblate with galactocentric radius

. On the other hand, the flaring of the disk component (mainly the thick disk) is clearly traced by this study; with R between 12 and 20 kpc, the disk can vertically extend to

above the disk plane. What is more interesting is that we find the Gaia–Enceladus–Sausage component has a significant contribution only in the halo with

, i.e., a fraction of 23%–47%, while in the outer subsample, the contribution is too low to be well constrained.
On the Magnetospheric Origin of Repeating Fast Radio Bursts
Authors: Wang Wei-Yang , Xu Renxin , Chen Xuelei
Published: August 2020

A bright radio burst was newly discovered in SGR 1935+2154, which exhibits some fast radio burst (FRB)-like temporal and frequency properties, suggesting a neutron star (NS)/magnetar magnetospheric origin of FRBs. We propose an explanation of the temporal and frequency properties of sub-pulses of repeating FRBs based on the generic geometry within the framework of charged-bunching coherent curvature radiation in the magnetosphere. The sub-pulses in a radio burst come from bunches of charged particles moving along different magnetic field lines. Their radiation beams sweep across the line of sight at different times, and those radiating at the more curved part tend to be seen earlier and at higher frequency. However, by considering bunches generated at slightly different times, we find there is also a small probability that the emission from the less curved part can be seen earlier. We simulate the time–frequency structures by deriving various forms of the electric acceleration field in the magnetosphere. This structure of sub-pulses is a natural consequence of coherent curvature radiation from an NS/magnetar magnetosphere with suddenly and violently triggered sparks. We apply this model to explain the time–frequency structure within a specific dipolar configuration by invoking the transient pulsar-like sparking from the inner gap of a slowly rotating NS, and we have also applied it to more generic configurations.
Massive Galaxies Impede Massive Outflows
Authors: Tanner Ryan
Published: August 2020

A set of 66 3D hydrodynamical simulations explores how galactic stellar mass affects three-phase, starburst-driven outflows. Simulated velocities are compared to two basic analytic models: with and without a gravitational potential. For stellar mass <1010
M
⊙, simulated velocities match those of both analytical models and are unaffected by the potential; above they reduce significantly as expected from the analytic model with gravity. Gravity also affects total outflow mass and each of the three phases differently. Outflow masses in the hot, warm, and cold phases each scale with stellar mass as

−0.25, −0.97, and −1.70, respectively. Thus, the commonly used Chevalier & Clegg analytic model should be modified to include gravity when applied to higher-mass galaxies. In particular, using M82 as the canonical galaxy to interpret hydrodynamical simulations of starburst-driven outflows from higher-mass galaxies will underestimate the retarding effect of gravity. Using the analytic model of Johnson & Axford with realistic thermalization efficiency and mass loading, I find that only galaxy masses ≲1011.5
M
⊙ can outflow.
GRB 170817A as a Refreshed Shock Afterglow Viewed Off-axis
Authors: Lamb Gavin P. , Levan Andrew J. , Tanvir Nial R.
Published: August 2020

Energy injection into the external shock system that generates the afterglow to a gamma-ray burst (GRB) can result in a rebrightening of the emission. Here we investigate the off-axis view of a rebrightened refreshed shock afterglow. We find that the afterglow light curve, when viewed from outside of the jet opening angle, could be characterized by a slow rise, or long plateau, with a maximum flux determined by the total system energy. Using the broadband afterglow data for GRB 170817A, associated with the gravitational-wave-detected binary neutron star merger GW170817, we show that a refreshed shock model with a simple top-hat jet can reproduce the observed afterglow features. We consider two refreshed shock models: a single episode of energy injection, and an episode of continuous energy injection. The best-fit model parameters give a jet opening angle for our first and second models, respectively, of θ

j
 = 5.°

and 6.°

, an inclination to the line of sight ι = 16.°

and 17.°

, an initial on-axis isotropic equivalent kinetic energy

and

erg, and a total/final, on-axis isotropic equivalent refreshed shock energy

and

erg. The first model fitting prefers an initial bulk Lorentz factor Γ0,1 < 60, with a comparatively low central value of Γ0,1 = 19.5, indicating that, in this case, the on-axis jet could have been a “failed GRB.” Alternatively, our second model is consistent with a bright GRB for an on-axis observer, with

. Due to the low Lorentz factor and/or the jet opening angles at θ

j
 ∼ ι/3, both models are unable to reproduce the γ-ray emission observed in GRB 170817A, which would therefore require an alternative explanation such as cocoon shock breakout.
Pulsar Candidate Sifting Using Multi-input Convolution Neural Networks
Authors: Lin Haitao , Li Xiangru , Zeng Qingguo
Published: August 2020

Pulsar candidate sifting is an essential process for discovering new pulsars. It aims to search for the most promising pulsar candidates from an all-sky survey, such as the High Time Resolution Universe (HTRU), Green Bank Northern Celestial Cap (GBNCC), Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope, etc. Recently, machine learning (ML) has become a hot topic in investigations of pulsar candidate sifting. However, one typical challenge in ML for pulsar candidate sifting comes from the learning difficulty arising from the high class imbalance between the observed numbers of pulsars and non-pulsars. Therefore, this work proposes a novel framework for candidate sifting, named Multi-input Convolutional Neural Networks (MICNN). MICNN is an architecture of deep learning with four diagnostic plots of a pulsar candidate as its inputs. To train our MICNN on a highly class-imbalanced data set, a novel image augmentation technique is proposed, as well as a three-stage training strategy. Experiments on observations from HTRU and GBNCC show the effectiveness and robustness of these proposed techniques. In the experiments on HTRU, our MICNN model achieves a recall rate of 0.962 and a precision rate of 0.967 even in a highly class-imbalanced test data set.
The Case for an Early Solar Binary Companion
Authors: Siraj Amir , Loeb Abraham
Published: August 2020

We show that an equal-mass, temporary binary companion to the Sun in the solar birth cluster at a separation of ∼103 au would have increased the likelihood of forming the observed population of outer Oort Cloud objects and of capturing Planet Nine. In particular, the discovery of a captured origin for Planet Nine would favor our binary model by an order of magnitude relative to a lone stellar history. Our model predicts an overabundance of dwarf planets, discoverable by Legacy Survey of Space and Time, with similar orbits to Planet Nine, which would result from capture by the stellar binary.
Detection Capability of Flux Ropes during the Solar Orbiter Mission
Authors: Telloni Daniele , D’Amicis Raffaella , Bruno Roberto , Carbone Francesco , Perrone Denise , Zank Gary P. , Zhao Lingling , Nakanotani Masaru , Adhikari Laxman
Published: August 2020

Flux ropes are interplanetary magnetic helical structures that are receiving increasing attention because of their likely role in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) processes as well as their impact on space weather science. A very promising and powerful approach to address their investigation and characterization is based on wavelet spectrograms of the invariants of the ideal MHD equations. The accuracy of this method to infer flux rope properties depends on the proper evaluation of the direction of propagation of the flux rope itself, which is often difficult to assess. We present a numerical test of the reliability of this diagnostic technique, by simulating a synthetic flux rope of fixed size and propagation direction along the Solar Orbiter orbit, that is very elongated and inclined with respect to the orbital plane. We find that when the flux rope is crossed for less than 50% of its width, the procedure becomes unreliable. Quantitative information on how to properly recover the flux-rope intrinsic properties is provided.
Additions to the “Martian Flora”: new botanical records from the Mars Desert Research Station, Utah
Authors: Sokoloff Paul , Murray David , McBeth Samantha , Irvine Michael , Rupert Shannon
Published: August 2020

The Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS) is a Mars-simulation campus set in a Martian planetary analogue in southern Utah. Despite a long history of astrobiology research, collections-based taxonomic inventories of the macro-level biodiversity around the station are relatively new. This study serves to add to the initial vascular plant list published for the station in 2016, where 39 species were recorded for MDRS. Here we report 40 new species, two new taxa recorded only to genus and two species re-identified from our 2016 fieldwork, bringing the total number of taxa in the "Martian" flora to 79 species and two taxa recorded to genus.
Into the great wide open: do alien plants spread from rivers to dry savanna in the Kruger National Park?
Authors: Pyšek Petr , Hejda Martin , Čuda Jan , Zambatis Guin , Pyšková Klára , MacFadyen Sandra , Storch David , Tropek Robert , Foxcroft Llewellyn C.
Published: August 2020

Protected areas play an important role as refuges from invasive species impacts on biodiversity. Within the MOSAIK (Monitoring Savanna Biodiversity in the Kruger National Park) project, plant species were recorded in a representative set of 60 plots, 50 × 50 m in size, across the entire KNP, distributed so as to cover a range of savanna habitats, i.e. perennial rivers, seasonal rivers and dry crests, and two main bedrock types (granite and basalt). The data were used to assess the role of rivers in the dispersal of alien plants and study whether the alien plant species spread from rivers to open dry savanna. The resulting dataset provided the first thorough information on the spatial distribution of naturalised alien plants in KNP. In total, we recorded 20 plant species that are alien to the park, four of them considered invasive: Parthenium hysterophorus, Opuntia stricta, Xanthium strumarium and Zinnia peruviana. The most widespread species in KNP was Tridax procumbens, recorded in 11 plots (i.e. 18% of all sampled), four other species were found in > 10% of the plots. One species, Bidens bipinnata, was not previously reported from the park and represents a new record. The majority of aliens were concentrated along perennial rivers (60% of all occurrences), but some were repeatedly recorded at seasonal rivers as well and two of the most invasive species in KNP, Opuntia stricta and Parthenium hysterophorus, occurred also on dry crests away from water. The average number of alien species per plot was low (1.6), as was their mean percentage contribution to all species in a plot (2.2%), but some plots harboured as many as seven species and contributed up to 11.9%. Moreover, only 21 plots (35%) were alien-species free. In terms of the total species number per habitat, perennial rivers had significantly more aliens than crests and were marginally significantly richer than seasonal rivers. By recording all naturalised alien species occurring in the plots – many of them are not invasive but may become so in the future – and by using the GloNAF database of global distribution of naturalised species, we assessed the invasion potential of the recorded species.