bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in Older Adults: Predictors of 7-Day Mortality and Infection With a Methicillin-Resistant Strain
Authors: Bader Mazen S.
Published: October 2006

Objectives.

To determine the predictors of 7-day mortality in older adult patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia after controlling for comorbidity using the Charlson weighted index of comorbidity (WIC) and to identify the risk factors associated with bacteremia due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA).

Design.

Retrospective cohort study from January 2003 until December 2004.

Setting.

Two tertiary care, university-affiliated hospitals.

Methods.

One hundred thirty-five hospitalized patients with S. aureus bacteremia were included in the study. All patients who were 60 years or older and had 1 or more blood cultures positive for S. aureus were included in the study. The primary outcome was death 7 days after the onset of S. aureus bacteremia.

Results.

Twenty-one patients (15.6%) died within 7 days after the onset of S. aureus bacteremia. Seventy-four patients (56.1%) had MRSA bacteremia. Multivariate analysis identified 3 independent determinants of 7-day mortality: Charlson WIC score greater than 5 (odds ratio [OR], 3.6 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.1-11.2]; P = .03), previous hospitalization in the past 3 months (OR, 5.0 [95% CI, 1.1-25.1]; P = .04), and altered mental status at the onset of S. aureus bacteremia (OR, 13.6 [95% CI, 2.9-64.6]; P = .001). Multivariate analysis identified .previous hospitalization in the past 3 months (OR, 2.6 [95% CI, 1.1-5.9]; P = .02), residence in a long-term care facility (OR, 4.5 [95% CI, 1.7-12.3]; P = .003), and altered mental status at the onset of S. aureus bacteremia (OR, 2.5 [95% CI, 1.5-5.6]; P = .02) to be independently associated with the presence of MRSA.

Conclusions.

The Charlson WIC is significantly associated with increased mortality of S. aureus bacteremia in older adults. Previous hospitalization in the past 3 months, residence in a long-term care facility, and altered mental status should be used as a guidance for empirical vancomycin therapy and application of infection control measures in older adults with suspected S. aureus bacteremia.
Supersymmetry facing experiment: much ado (already) about nothing (yet)
Authors: Pape Luc , Treille Daniel
Published: October 2006

This report emphasizes the comparison between supersymmetric models and experiments. A minimal theoretical introduction is included as a guide to the interpretation of results. The existing constraints from low energy measurements, accelerator searches (LEP, Tevatron and HERA) and non-accelerator searches for neutralinos are presented. Prospects for upgrades of these facilities and for the LHC and linear collider are summarized. Most discussions are made in the framework of the minimal supersymmetric standard model inspired by supergravity (MSUGRA). But alternatives such as gauge mediated supersymmetry breaking (GMSB), anomaly mediated supersymmetry breaking (AMSB), models with R-parity violation and even alternatives to supersymmetry are also briefly considered.
Unitary ℐ-spherical representations for split 𝓅-adic 𝐄₆
Authors: Ciubotaru Dan
Published: October 2006

The determination of the Iwahori-spherical unitary representations for split

p
p

-adic groups can be reduced to the classification of unitary representations with real infinitesimal character for associated graded Hecke algebras. We determine the unitary modules with real infinitesimal character for the graded Hecke algebra of type

E
6

E_6

.
Does the Consumption of Green Tea Reduce the Risk of Lung Cancer among Smokers?
Authors: Liang Wenbin , Binns Colin W. , Jian Le , Lee Andy H.
Published: October 2006

Experimental and epidemiological studies were reviewed to assess whether the consumption of green tea could reduce the risk of lung cancer in smokers. Articles published since 1990 were located by searching electronic databases PubMed, Ovid and Science Direct, using keywords ‘lung cancer’, ‘tea’ and ‘smoking’ without any restriction on language. After relevant articles had been located, further papers were obtained from their reference lists. Evidence from experimental studies (in vitro animal and human trials) suggested that regular intake of green tea may be protective against tobacco carcinogens. However, the mechanism behind the protective effect is only partly understood. In most of the epidemiological studies reviewed, the green tea exposure was within 5 years of the interview or follow‐up, which would coincide with the induction period and latent period of lung cancer. Longer term studies are thus needed to further quantify the cancer risk. There is some evidence suggesting regular intake of green tea at high level (>3 cups per day) may reduce the risk of smokers developing lung cancer. Improvement in measuring green tea intake is required in order to confirm the evidence from epidemiological studies.
Reproduction of the angular angel shark (Squatina guggenheim): geographic differences, reproductive cycle, and sexual dimorphism
Authors: Colonello Jorge H. , Lucifora Luis O. , Massa Ana M.
Published: October 2006

Colonello, J. H., Lucifora, L. O., and Massa, A. M. 2007. Reproduction of the angular angel shark (Squatina guggenheim): geographic differences, reproductive cycle, and sexual dimorphism. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 131–140. The reproductive ecology of Squatina guggenheim from two coastal areas in South America is analysed. In both sexes, individuals from ER (El Rincón coastal system, the more southern area) attained a larger maximum total length (LT) and a heavier weight at a given length than those from LP (La Plata River estuary). Females from ER mature at a significantly larger LT than females from LP. These patterns could be explained by an advantage of larger body size at higher latitudes in providing more reserves for winter, because individuals from ER have a larger liver than those from LP. Spines in the outer part of the pectoral fins were observed only in adult males. Fecundity increased with female total length. Females have a 3-y reproductive cycle, consisting of 10–12 months of gestation and 2 y of oocyte maturation. The embryonic growth fits the Gompertz model. Birth is in November or December, as inferred from embryo size and the presence of neonates and young of the year. Densities of S. guggenheim in LP peaked in spring and summer along the Uruguayan coast, suggesting a seasonal movement perpendicular to the shore. The reproductive pattern found suggests a population with low productivity.
Potential pressure indicators for fishing, and their data requirements
Authors: Piet G. J. , Quirijns F. J. , Robinson L. , Greenstreet S. P. R.
Published: October 2006

Piet, G. J., Quirijns, F. J., Robinson, L., and Greenstreet, S. P. R. 2007. Potential pressure indicators for fishing, and their data requirements. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 110–121. Indicators of fishing pressure are necessary to support an ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM). We present a framework that distinguishes four levels of pressure indicators that move from being a simple description of anthropogenic activity to more precisely describing the actual pressure on the ecosystem and its components, but which require increasingly more information to be quantified. We use the example of the Dutch beam trawl fleet in the North Sea to compare these pressure indicators, as the level of information used is increased. The first level is that of fleet capacity (e.g. number of vessels), the second is fishing effort, usually expressed as the number of hours fishing or days at sea, the third incorporates fishing parameters such as the proportion of time actually spent fishing, fishing speed, or gear characteristics, e.g. the size of the beam trawl in order to determine the frequency with which an area is fished, and at the fourth level, the most informative measure of fishing pressure, annual fishing mortality, is available for a few commercial species from stock assessments. For other species, it can be calculated from the lower level pressure indicators through the incorporation of the chance of individuals of a species coming into contact with the fishing gear and the encounter mortality, which is the portion of mortality caused by the passing of the gear. Comparison of trends and absolute values shows that the pressure indicators at different levels differ considerably in their description of both present and historical fishing impact in the North Sea. Therefore, for an EAFM, we advise using the highest level pressure indicator that can be obtained with the data available.
Consumption impacts by marine mammals, fish, and seabirds on the Gulf of Maine–Georges Bank Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) complex during the years 1977–2002
Authors: Overholtz W. J. , Link J. S.
Published: October 2006

Overholtz, W. J. and Link, J. S. 2007. Consumption impacts by marine mammals, fish, and seabirds on the Gulf of Maine–Georges Bank Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) complex during the years 1977–2002. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 83–96. A comprehensive study of the impact of predation during the years 1977–2002 on the Gulf of Maine–Georges Bank herring complex is presented. An uncertainty approach was used to model input variables such as predator stock size, daily ration, and diet composition. Statistical distributions were constructed on the basis of available data, producing informative and uninformative inputs for estimating herring consumption within an uncertainty framework. Consumption of herring by predators tracked herring abundance closely during the study period, as this important prey species recovered following an almost complete collapse during the late 1960s and 1970s. Annual consumption of Atlantic herring by four groups of predators, demersal fish, marine mammals, large pelagic fish, and seabirds, averaged just 58 000 t in the late 1970s, increased to 123 000 t between 1986 and 1989, 290 000 t between 1990 and 1994, and 310 000 t during the years 1998–2002. Demersal fish consumed the largest proportion of this total, followed by marine mammals, large pelagic fish, and seabirds. Sensitivity analyses suggest that future emphasis should be placed on collecting time-series of diet composition data for marine mammals, large pelagic fish, and seabirds, with additional monitoring focused on the abundance of seabirds and daily rations of all groups.
Topology, braids and mixing in fluids
Authors: Thiffeault Jean-Luc , Finn Matthew D
Published: October 2006

Stirring of fluid with moving rods is necessary in many practical applications to achieve homogeneity. These rods are topological obstacles that force stretching of fluid elements. The resulting stretching and folding is commonly observed as filaments and striations, and is a precursor to mixing. In a space-time diagram, the trajectories of the rods form a braid, and the properties of this braid impose a minimal complexity in the flow. We review the topological viewpoint of fluid mixing, and discuss how braids can be used to diagnose mixing and construct efficient mixing devices. We introduce a new, realizable design for a mixing device, the
silver mixer
, based on these principles.
OBSTACLE IN CLEANING DRAWING COMPOUNDS FROM ENAMELING IRON*
Authors: Pfeiffer W. H. , Williamitis V. A.
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Under certain conditions of storage, some drawing compounds (die lubricants) form or deposit a material on the surface of sheet enameling‐iron parts which is insoluble in water and alkaline cleaners but is made soluble by organic solvents. Moisture and time seem to be necessary to the mechanism, and fatty acids, or the salts of fatty acids, may be the offending materials. A method of reproducing these conditions is described and some discussion of possible remedies is offered. The use of the test method described should aid in the development of improved drawing compounds and more effective cleaning methods.
Nickel, cobalt, chromium, palladium and gold induce a mixed Th1- and Th2-type cytokine responsein vitroin subjects with contact allergy to the respective metals
Authors: Minang J T , Areström I , Troye-Blomberg M , Lundeberg L , Ahlborg N
Published: October 2006

Nickel (Ni), the main cause of contact allergy to metals, induces in vitro production of both Th1- and Th2-type cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from allergic subjects. Because the knowledge of the cellular immune response to other metals involved in contact allergy has been limited, we investigated the cytokine profile induced by Ni, cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), palladium (Pd) and gold (Au) in PBMC from patients with patch test reactivity to the respective metals. PBMC from patients with patch test reactivity to Ni, Co, Cr, Au and/or Pd (n = 31) and non-allergic controls (n = 5) were stimulated in vitro with corresponding metal salts. Th1- [interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ] and Th2- (IL-4 and IL-13) type cytokine responses were measured by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) and/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All metals induced a mixed Th1- and Th2-type cytokine production in PBMC from individual patients with patch test reactivity to the corresponding metal, but not in control PBMC. Significantly higher responses in the patient versus controls were found for Cr (IL-2 and IL-13), Pd (IL-2 and IL-4), Au (IL-13 and IFN-γ) (all P < 0·05) and Ni (all four cytokines; P < 0·01) but not Co. Overall, 71% (37/52) and 89% (81/91) of the positive and negative patch test reactivities to metals, respectively, were matched by the in vitro reactivity. In conclusion, our data suggest that sensitization to Co, Cr, Pd and Au results in a cellular immune response of a character similar to the mixed Th1- and Th2-type cytokine profile shown previously to be induced by Ni.
Determinants of thyroid volume as measured by ultrasonography in healthy adults randomly selected
Authors: Gómez José Manuel , Maravall Francisco Javier , Gómez Núria , Gumà Anna , Soler Juan
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVES

The relationship between thyroid volume and anthropometric characteristics is a matter of controversy. The aim of this study was to investigate thyroid volume and its determinants in healthy adult subjects from a noniodine‐deficient area.

DESIGN AND PATIENTS

Of the 280 000 inhabitants of the city, served by L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, we randomly selected 880 subjects from the census of the city. The participation rate in the study was 44%; after application of several exclusion criteria, a further 28 subjects were excluded because of previously diagnosed thyroid disease. We finally studied 268 subjects representative of the census of the city: 134 male and 134 female, without thyroid disease. We determined the anthropometric characteristics, body mass index, waist‐hip ratio, body surface area; body composition by bioelectrical impedance analyser; thyroid volume by ultrasonography; basal TSH, antithyroid antibodies and urinary iodine excretion.

RESULTS

Thyroid volume in our population was higher in males (9.19 ml, CI 9.09–10.65) than in females (6.19 ml, CI 6.02–6.92), P = 0.001. Significant correlations were found among thyroid volume and body weight (r = 0.39, P = 0.0001), height (r = 0.44, P = 0.0001), body mass index (r = 0.13, P = 0.02), waist‐hip ratio (r = 0.38, P = 0.0001), body surface area (r = 0.48, P = 0.0001), total body water (r = 0.14, P = 0.02), free fat mass (r = 0.47, P = 0.0001), fat mass (r = 0.37, P = 0.001) and body fat (r = 0.32, P = 0.001). Negative correlation was found between thyroid volume and basal TSH (r = −0.26, P = 0.001). No correlations were found among thyroid volume and iodine excretion, previous pregnacies in women, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. In a multiple regression analysis with thyroid volume as the dependent variable, body surface area was demonstrated to account for the 44% of variation of thyroid volume (P = 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

It is important to know the reference values of the thyroid volume in a population free of iodine deficiency and its determinants. Body surface area accounts for much of the variation of thyroid volume. Age, gender, anthropometric variables, body composition variables and biological variables, do not significantly influence the thyroid volume when considered as possible additions to this baseline model.
Patterns of genetic structure in the endangered aquatic gastropodValvata utahensis(Mollusca: Valvatidae) at small and large spatial scales
Authors: MILLER MARK P. , WEIGEL DANA E. , MOCK KAREN E.
Published: October 2006

1. The aquatic snailValvata utahensis(Gastropoda: Valvatidae) is a federally endangered aquatic mollusk known only from the Snake River in southern Idaho, U.S.A. The Snake River, like many other large river systems in the western United States, has undergone substantial anthropogenic modifications in recent history that have altered water flows, changed physicochemical attributes of the water and produced an overall spatially fragmented aquatic system.

2. Because little is currently known about the basic biology and life history ofV. utahensis, we conducted a detailed genetic analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in this species from six locations along the Snake River. This study was designed to discern (i) levels of within‐location genetic diversity, (ii) patterns of genetic structure at small spatial scales (i.e. within sampling locations) and (iii) patterns of genetic structure at large spatial scales (among sampling locations).

3. We show that comparable levels of nuclear genetic variation exist within each of the six locations examined. However, reduced mitochondrial sequence diversity was observed at Thousand Springs compared with the other locations examined.

4. We further illustrate thatV. utahensisshows no genetic structure within locations over relatively small physical distances up to approximately 3 km. We suggest that active dispersal of individuals via crawling and passive dispersal because of downstream displacement or floating behaviours may have produced this pattern. However, at large spatial scales genetic structure generally followed an isolation‐by‐distance pattern. This pattern was not directly correlated with the connectivity of locations through the river corridor and suggested the possible role of episodic passive dispersal via avian waterfowl or the effects of historical floods throughout the Snake Riverc.14 000 years ago.
Genetic population structure and contemporary dispersal patterns of a recent European invader, the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis
Authors: HERBORG LEIF‐MATTHIAS , WEETMAN DAVID , VAN OOSTERHOUT COCK , HÄNFLING BERND
Published: October 2006

Genetic studies of recently established populations are challenging because the assumption of equilibrium underlying many analyses is likely to be violated. Using microsatellites, we investigated determinants of genetic structure and migration among invasive European‐Chinese mitten crab populations, applying a combination of traditional population genetic analyses and nonequilibrium Bayesian methods. Consistent with their recent history, invasive populations showed much lower levels of genetic diversity than a native Chinese population, indicative of recent bottlenecks. Population differentiation was generally low but significant and especially pronounced among recently established populations. Significant differentiation among cohorts from the same geographical location (River Thames) suggests the low effective population size and associated strong genetic drift that would be anticipated from a very recent colonization. An isolation‐by‐distance pattern appears to be driven by an underlying correlation between geographical distance and population age, suggesting that cumulative homogenizing gene flow reduces founder bottleneck‐associated genetic differentiation between longer‐established populations. This hypothesis was supported by a coalescent analysis, which supported a drift + gene flow model as more likely than a model excluding gene flow. Furthermore, admixture analysis identified several recent migrants between the UK and Continental European population clusters. Admixture proportions were significantly predicted by the volume of shipping between sites, indicating that human‐mediated transport remains a significant factor for dispersal of mitten crabs after the initial establishment of populations. Our study highlights the value of nonequilibrium methods for the study of invasive species, and also the importance of evaluating nonequilibrium explanations for isolation by distance patterns.
Practical prognostic index for patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer treated with gemcitabine
Authors: Sawaki Akira , Kanemitsu Yukihide , Mizuno Nobumasa , Takahashi Kuniyuki , Nakamura Tsuneya , Ioka Tatsuya , Tanaka Sachiko , Nakaizumi Akihiko , Salem Ahmed AS , Ueda Ryuzo , Yamao Kenji
Published: October 2006

Aim:  The aim of this study was to identify factors that predict treatment outcome in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer treated with gemcitabine, and then to use these factors to develop a practical prognostic index.

Methods:  A retrospective study was performed on 66 consecutive patients with histologically confirmed pancreatic adenocarcinoma who were treated with gemcitabine. Factors that predicted treatment outcome were identified by univariate and multivariate analyses using the Cox proportional hazards model.

Results:  Multivariate analysis identified Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, primary tumor location, and C‐reactive protein as important independent predictive factors. Prognostic score was calculated using the following formula: score = (1 if performance status is 0 or 1; 2 if performance status is 2; and 5 if performance status is 3) + (1 if primary site is body or tail, 3 if primary site is head) + (1 if C‐reactive protein is <1 mg/dL, 3 if C‐reactive protein is 1–3 mg/dL, 6 if C‐reactive protein is >3 mg/dL). Patients were accordingly divided into three groups: good (prognostic index = 3 or 4), fair (prognostic index = 5–7), and poor (prognostic index = 8). Median survival was 265, 155, and 65 days for each group, respectively (P < 0.0001). The internally validated c‐index (receiver operating characteristics area under the curve) of this model was 0.711. Applied to another data set, the externally validated c‐index was 0.692. Prognosis was favorable in the good prognosis group, patients in the fair prognosis group were likely to benefit from gemcitabine, and those in the poor prognosis group were unlikely to benefit.

Conclusion:  This index improved predictive ability in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer treated with gemcitabine, which may be helpful in counseling patients and making first treatment decisions.
The association of post‐stroke neurological improvement with risk of subsequent deterioration due to stroke events
Authors: Aslanyan S. , Weir C. J. , Johnston C. S. , Krams M. , Grieve A. P. , Lees K. R.
Published: October 2006

We sought to simultaneously confirm that substantial recovery at day 1 and day 7 after acute ischaemic stroke onset is associated with subsequent neurological deterioration in patients of the Acute Stroke Therapy by Inhibition of Neutrophils randomized clinical trial. Substantial recovery was assessed by improvement in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Score (NIHSS). Neurological deterioration was defined as any stroke event or NIHSS worsening from recovery assessment to day 90. After adjusting for age, t‐PA and day 1 NIHSS, there was a non‐significant tendency of substantial (pre‐specified as 75%) recovery at day 1 to be associated with later deterioration [odds ratio (OR) 2.47; 95% CI, 0.95–6.50]. The corresponding OR for substantial (pre‐defined as 65%) recovery at day 7 was 1.84 (0.85–3.96). Other thresholds for recovery were significantly associated with later deterioration: >50%, 80%, 90% and 100% for day 1 and >50%, 60%, 70%, 90% and 100% for day 7. The effect of recovery at day 1 was more important than that of later recovery. This study confirms the association between recovery and subsequent neurological deterioration and is the first to indicate the greater importance of acute recovery at day 1 in comparison with later recovery.
The seizure outcome after amygdalohippocampectomy and temporal lobectomy
Authors: Bate H. , Eldridge P. , Varma T. , Wieshmann U. C.
Published: October 2006

The aim of this study was to compare the seizure outcome of two different types of epilepsy surgery, selective amydalohippocampectomy (AHE) and anterior temporal lobectomy (ATLE) in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. We included 114 patients who had mesio‐temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis or gliosis on histology. Patients had ATLE if the non‐dominant hemisphere was affected or if the whole temporal lobe was atrophic. Patients had AHE if the dominant hemisphere was affected. Standardized seizure outcome at 1 year following surgery was used. Overall 40% of the 114 patients who had temporal lobe epilepsy surgery were seizure‐free at 1‐year (Engel's class Ia). A good outcome (Engel's classes I and II) was significantly more frequent in ATLE than in AHE. (66% and 44%, respectively, P = 0.03). ATLE had a better seizure outcome than AHE.
Transglutaminase 2 ablation leads to defective function of mitochondrial respiratory complex I affecting neuronal vulnerability in experimental models of extrapyramidal disorders
Authors: Battaglia Giuseppe , Farrace Maria Grazia , Mastroberardino Pier Giorgio , Viti Irene , Fimia Gian Maria , Van Beeumen Jozef , Devreese Bart , Melino Gennaro , Molinaro Gemma , Busceti Carla Letizia , Biagioni Francesca , Nicoletti Ferdinando , Piacentini Mauro
Published: October 2006

Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) represents the most ubiquitous isoform belonging to the TG family, and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of basal ganglia disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. We show that ablation of TG2 in knockout mice causes a reduced activity of mitochondrial complex I associated with an increased activity of complex II in the whole forebrain and striatum. Interestingly, TG2–/– mice were protected against nigrostriatal damage induced by 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine, which is convertedin vivointo the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐pyridinium ion. In contrast, TG2–/– mice were more vulnerable to nigrostriatal damage induced by methamphetamine or by the complex II inhibitor, 3‐nitropropionic acid. Proteomic analysis showed that proteins involved in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, such as prohibitin and the β‐chain of ATP synthase, are substrates for TG2. These data suggest that TG2 is involved in the regulation of the respiratory chain both in physiology and pathology, contributing to set the threshold for neuronal damage in extrapyramidal disorders.
Calcitonin gene‐related peptide enhances release of native brain‐derived neurotrophic factor from trigeminal ganglion neurons
Authors: Buldyrev Ilya , Tanner Nathan M. , Hsieh Hui‐ya , Dodd Emily G. , Nguyen Loi T. , Balkowiec Agnieszka
Published: October 2006

Activity‐dependent plasticity in nociceptive pathways has been implicated in pathomechanisms of chronic pain syndromes. Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), which is expressed by trigeminal nociceptors, has recently been identified as a key player in the mechanism of migraine headaches. Here we show that CGRP is coexpressed with brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in a large subset of adult rat trigeminal ganglion neurons in vivo. Using ELISA in situ, we show that CGRP (1–1000 nm) potently enhances BDNF release from cultured trigeminal neurons. The effect of CGRP is dose‐dependent and abolished by pretreatment with CGRP receptor antagonist, CGRP(8–37). Intriguingly, CGRP‐mediated BDNF release, unlike BDNF release evoked by physiological patterns of electrical stimulation, is independent of extracellular calcium. Depletion of intracellular calcium stores with thapsigargin blocks the CGRP‐mediated BDNF release. Using transmission electron microscopy, our study also shows that BDNF‐immunoreactivity is present in dense core vesicles of unmyelinated axons and axon terminals in the subnucleus caudalis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, the primary central target of trigeminal nociceptors. Together, these results reveal a previously unknown role for CGRP in regulating BDNF availability, and point to BDNF as a candidate mediator of trigeminal nociceptive plasticity.
Opposite effects of presynaptic 5‐HT3 receptor activation on spontaneous and action potential‐evoked GABA release at hippocampal synapses
Authors: Dorostkar Mario M. , Boehm Stefan
Published: October 2006

5‐HT3 (serotonin type 3) receptors are targets of antiemetics, antipsychotics, and antidepressants and are believed to play a role in cognition. Nevertheless, contrasting results have been obtained with respect to their functions in the CNS and in the control of transmitter release. We used rat hippocampal neurons in single‐neuron microcultures to identify the roles of presynaptic 5‐HT3 receptors at central synapses. 5‐HT (10 μm) caused a transient > 10‐fold increase in the frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents without affecting amplitudes or kinetics. This effect was abolished by tropisetron (30 nm) and when Ca2+ channels were blocked by 100 μm Cd2+ it was mimicked and occluded when neurons were depolarized by 20 mm, but not 10 mm, K+. Thus, activation of presynaptic 5‐HT3 receptors increased spontaneous GABA release by causing depolarization and opening of voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels. In microculture neurons, 5‐HT transiently reduced action potential‐evoked inhibitory autaptic currents by > 50%; this effect was blocked by tropisetron and mimicked by 20 mm, but not 10 mm, K+. Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents were not altered by 5‐HT. Excitatory autaptic currents were tonically reduced, an effect attenuated by 5‐HT1A antagonists. Thus, presynaptic 5‐HT3 receptors control GABA, but not glutamate, release and mediate opposite effects on spontaneous and action potential‐dependent release.
Development of microsatellites for the peat moss Sphagnum capillifolium using ISSR cloning
Authors: PROVAN JIM , WILSON PAMELA J.
Published: October 2006

Sphagnum mosses are major components of peat bogs but populations of many species are under threat due to habitat fragmentation resulting from the cutting of peat for fuel. We have used an intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR)‐based cloning method to develop nine polymorphic nuclear microsatellites for the peat moss species Sphagnum capillifolium. Between three and seven alleles per locus were detected in a sample of 48 haploid gametophytes and levels of gene diversity ranged from 0.5391 to 0.7960. These represent the first microsatellite markers developed for this important genus and most also exhibited cross‐species amplification across a range of common Sphagnum species.
Comparison of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in MDR1‐1Δ and MDR1 wildtype dogs
Authors: Mealey Katrina L. , Gay John M. , Martin Linda G. , Waiting Denise K.
Published: October 2006

Objective:To evaluate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in MDR1‐1Δ (dogs with the MDR1 mutation associated with ivermectin sensitivity) and MDR1 wildtype dogs.

Design:Prospective study.

Setting:Institutional vivarium.

Animals:Seven healthy Collie dogs.

Measurements:MDR1 genotyping was used for allocation of dogs to 1 of 2 groups: dogs homozygous for the wildtype MDR1 allele (MDR1 wildtype) and those homozygous for the MDR1‐1Δ mutation (MDR1 mutant). Blood samples were obtained for determination of cortisol and adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) concentrations under basal conditions, before and after ACTH administration, and before and after dexamethasone administration.

Main results:Significant differences were identified between the MDR1 mutant and MDR1 wildtype groups. Basal plasma cortisol concentrations and cortisol concentrations after ACTH administration were significantly lower in MDR1 mutant dogs as compared with MDR1 wildtype dogs. Plasma ACTH concentrations after dexamethasone administration were significantly lower in MDR1 mutant dogs as compared with MDR1 wildtype dogs.

Conclusions:Results suggest that P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) plays a role in regulation of the HPA axis. Furthermore, it appears that the HPA axis in MDR1 mutant dogs that lack P‐gp is suppressed compared with MDR1 wildtype dogs. This finding may explain some clinical observations in breeds known to harbor the MDR1 mutation including Collies, Shelties, Australian Shepherds, and others. There is a clinical impression that many of these dogs have worse outcomes in response to stress and, at times, respond poorly to appropriate therapy. HPA axis suppression, secondary to the MDR1 mutation, could result in a relative adrenal insufficiency (RAI) state during times of stress or illness. Further studies are required to determine the relationship between the MDR1 genotype and RAI.
Surgical repair of a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia in a pregnant dog
Authors: Statz Gretchen D. , Moore Kari E. , Murtaugh Robert J.
Published: October 2006

Objective:To describe the surgical repair and pre‐ and postoperative management of a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH) in a pregnant dog.

Case summary:A pregnant dog was presented for vomiting, lethargy, and pale mucous membranes. Pulsus paradoxus was noted on physical examination. The dog was diagnosed with a PPDH via thoracic radiographs, abdominal ultrasound, and an echocardiogram. The hernia was surgically repaired and the dog received supportive medical care until the puppies were old enough to be delivered via cesarean section. The mother and all puppies survived.

New or unique information provided:This is the first report that describes the surgical repair and postoperative management of a PPDH in a pregnant dog.
Constraint Stress, Microstructural Characteristics, and Enhanced Mechanical Properties of a Special Fibroblast‐embedded Collagen Construct
Authors: Feng Zhonggang , Ishibashi Makiko , Nomura Yasutomo , Kitajima Tastuo , Nakamura Takao
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  Cell‐contracted collagen gels could provide rejection‐free biomaterials for tissue engineering, but their application is limited by relatively low mechanical strength. We developed a special type I collagen construct (based on embedded fibroblasts) that was formed into a gel thread by using two anchors to constrain gel contraction in one direction. Each gel thread contained 2 mg of type I collagen and 1.0 × 106 fibroblasts, and had an initial volume of 3 mL. After 9 days in culture, this preparation was transformed into a thread‐like construct measuring 26 × 2.3 × 0.21 mm. Investigation of the microstructure showed that the collagen fibrils longitudinally between two cells had most aligned with the direction of the constraint stress and had assumed higher density than those in the freely contracted controls. During culturing, the constraint stress first increased then decreased, with implications for the nature of the interaction between the embedded cells and collagen matrix. Under uniaxial tensile testing, the ultimate stress and material modulus increased by factors of 6 and 16, respectively, compared with controls, while the maximal strain decreased by 590%. Compared with the similar constructs in the literature, the thread gel was fabricated by means of a novel mold configuration so that it contracted to thread shape much faster, and more importantly, the constraint force was firstly reported in this article. The improved mechanical properties show that the gel thread could be an effective biomaterial for such tissue engineering applications as the fabrication of blood vessels, ligaments, and tendon grafts.
Hemodynamic Support With the Pulsatile Catheter Pump in a Sheep Model of Acute Heart Failure
Authors: Li Zhicheng , Gu Y. John , Ye Qing , Cheng Shaofei , Wang Weijun , Tang Min , Zhao Xiaogang , Rakhorst Gerhard , Chen Changzhi
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  This study was aimed to mimic clinical heart failure (HF) conditions and to assess the effect of pulsatilecatheter (PUCA) pump support on hemodynamics and tissue perfusion in a sheep model of acute HF. In 14 sheep, HF was induced by partial occluding the middle left circumflex coronary artery combined with pacemaker‐induced tachycardia. PUCA pump was then activated to support the HF for 3 h. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded at baseline, HF, and then every 30 min during experiments. Blood samples were taken in carotid artery (CA), pulmonary artery (PA), and coronary sinus (CS) for the determination of oxygen saturation (SO2) and lactate concentration as markers of tissue perfusion. Results showed that HF model was induced successfully in 10 sheep and failed in four sheep due to refractory ventricular fibrillation. PUCA pump support was successful in seven out of 10 sheep for 3 h. Three cases failed due to technical problems. After HF (n = 10), cardiac output (CO) was decreased from 3.7 ± 0.5 to 2.0 ± 0.5 L/min (P < 0.001). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was lowered from 116.1 ±  14.2 to 68.1 ± 14.7 mm Hg (P < 0.001). In seven sheep supported with PUCA pump, MAP rose from 68.9 ± 15.2 to 94.7 ± 14.7 mm Hg (P = 0.005), systolic blood pressure increased from 86.6 ± 17.0 to 112.6 ± 17.1 mm Hg (P =  0.009), and diastolic blood pressure increased from 57.7 ± 12.6 to 79.9 ± 13.9 mm Hg (P = 0.011). CO remained at about 2.0 L/min. SO2 in CA, PA, and CS decreased significantly after HF (P < 0.001), with an increase after support (compared with HF, P < 0.001, 0.066 and 0.114, respectively). Lactate concentrations increased gradually in CA, PA, and CS toward the end of experiments without difference among different sampling sites. This HF model in sheep is simple, easy to manipulate, reproducible and reflecting clinical HF conditions. PUCA pump can maintain the hemodynamic status for 3 h in this acute HF model.
A Flow Sensor Suitable for Use With Split‐flow Ventilation—First Preclinical Data
Authors: Wald Martin , Jeitler Valerie , Lawrenz Karin , Weninger Manfred , Pollak Arnold , Kirchner Lieselotte
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  Volutrauma caused by artificial ventilation represents a major morbidity risk for premature infants. Our working group has recently developed an innovative “split‐flow ventilation” system aiming at the reduction of tidal volumes (TVs). The main problem for the practical use of this system is the fact that conventional measurements of commercially available flow sensors are distorted by the split flow. In this study, we present the first preclinical data from testing an adapted flow sensor combination recognizing the split flow. A preterm infant test lung was conventionally ventilated, modified by insertion of a split‐flow line. In addition to the customary flow sensor (FS‐1), a second flow sensor (FS‐2) was integrated into the split‐flow line, and a third (FS‐3) was placed at the exit of the test lung for reference measurements. The signals of all three flow sensors were read and processed by a computer. The program was set to graphically add up flow curves 1, 2, and 3 during one ventilation loop. After 10 runs, a mean curve of FS‐1+2 was calculated and compared to the mean curve of FS‐3. Furthermore, the mean TV of 10 runs measured by FS‐1+2 was calculated and compared with the mean TV calculated by FS‐3. The summation curve FS‐1+2 proved identical to the reference curve FS‐3. FS‐1+2 yielded a TV of 6.6 ± 0.01 mL (inspiratory) and 6.7 ± 0.02 mL (expiratory). The corresponding values of FS‐3 were 6.5 ± 0.20 mL and 6.6 ± 0.09 mL, respectively. According to our results, the presented flow sensor constellation allows exact flow measurements in the experimental setting and appears suitable for usage in a split‐flow ventilation circuit under clinical conditions.
I. Genotype‐Environment Interaction in the Schizophrenia Spectrum: Genetic Liability and Global Family Ratings in the Finnish Adoption Study
Authors: WYNNE LYMAN C. , TIENARI PEKKA , NIEMINEN P. , SORRI ANNELI , LAHTI ILPO , MORING JUHA , NAARALA MIKKO , LÄKSY KRISTIAN , WAHLBERG KARL‐ERIK , MIETTUNEN J.
Published: October 2006

In the Finnish Adoption Study, a national sample of adoptees with high versus low genetic liability for schizophrenia spectrum disorders was indexed by DSM‐III‐R diagnoses of their biological, adopting‐away mothers. The rearing‐family environments of the adoptees were independently evaluated from global ratings of directly observed adoptive family relationships. The interaction of high genetic liability and dysfunction of the rearing families predicted highly significantly to schizophrenia spectrum disorder of the adoptees at 21‐year follow‐up. Either low genetic liability or healthy rearing protected against a spectrum outcomes for the adoptees. Initial adoptive parent diagnosis, as a proxy for rearing family dysfunction, predicted to adoptee outcome only as a trend.
Play With Me at My Speed: Describing Differences in the Tempo of Parent‐Infant Interactions in the Lausanne Triadic Play Paradigm in Two Cultures
Authors: HEDENBRO MONICA , SHAPIRO ALYSON F. , GOTTMAN JOHN M.
Published: October 2006

The goal of the present study was to examine the tempo of triadic play in Swedish and American families through a comparison of 20 families from each culture. When infants were approximately 3 months old, families in both cultures participated in the Lausanne Triadic Play (LTP), a paradigm that facilitates the examination of the triad as a whole and an organization of its parts. All family play sessions were coded separately in Sweden and America using coding systems that had been developed in each country. Dynamics within the triadic play were compared across cultures, and also across coding systems. Results indicated that both coding systems described a distinct difference in the tempo of play between American and Swedish Families. Overall, although there were many similarities between countries, American families were found to have a faster pace in triadic play than Swedish families. This difference in tempo is explored in the data analyses and the discussion of this article.
Double depression: its morbidity and management in a community setting
Authors: Goldney Robert D. , Bain Marcus A.
Published: October 2006

Background:

Double depression, the combination of major depression and dysthymia, is associated with poor health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and increased health service utilization.

Objective:

To determine the prevalence of double depression, its associated morbidity and use of health services and antidepressants.

Methods:

A random and representative sample of the South Australian general population was interviewed. The mood module of the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD), the Short-Form Health Status Questionnaire (SF-36) and Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL) instruments were administered, and data relating to health service utilization, antidepressant use and role functioning were collected.

Results:

Double depression was present in 3.3% of the population. The use of health services was significantly higher in this group than those with no depression, or dysthymia or major depression alone. Only 15.2% had attended a community health service, 18.2% had seen a psychiatrist, 10.1% a psychologist, 16.2% a social worker and 9.1% any other counsellor in the last month. While 41.4% were currently taking an antidepressant, the average doses of the two most commonly prescribed antidepressants were below the maximum recommended doses, and the use of antidepressant augmentation strategies was also minimal.

Conclusions:

While double depression is associated with increased morbidity and use of health services, the optimum use of both pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments is clearly lacking in this community sample.
Structural brain correlates of alcohol and cannabis use in recreational users
Authors: Yücel Murat , Lubman Dan I. , Velakoulis Dennis , Wong Michael T. H. , Wood Stephen J. , Condello Anita , Brewer Warrick J. , Pantelis Christos
Published: October 2006

Background:

Previous studies on substance-dependent populations have shown that age of first use and duration of use are associated with alterations in regional brain volumes. However, it is not clear whether such alterations are factors that predispose young people to use, and so are also present in recreational users, or are a consequence of chronic exposure to substances and/or comorbid psychopathology.

Objective:

To investigate relationships between key brain structures and parameters of alcohol and cannabis use, in otherwise healthy male recreational users.

Method:

High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure hippocampal, amygdala, whole-brain and intracranial cavity (ICC) volumes in 22 young men with a history of both alcohol and cannabis use.

Results:

Linear regression analyses with hippocampal, amygdala and whole-brain volumes as the dependent variables and age and ICC as covariates were performed. Findings showed that use of cannabis and alcohol at an earlier age were independently predictive of larger amygdala volumes, whereas longer duration of cannabis use was predictive of smaller hippocampal volumes.

Conclusions:

Our findings offer preliminary support for a relationship between patterns of substance use and regional brain volumes in recreational users. It is speculative, but possible that this relationship is an evidence of a neurobiological vulnerability to drug-taking behaviour.
Magnetic resonance imaging findings in a case of stroke-related peduncular hallucinosis
Authors: Spengos Konstantinos , Tsivgoulis Georgios , Papadimitriou George N. , Spengos Michail
Published: October 2006

Background:

Peduncular hallucinosis is a rare stroke-related phenomenon that may occur in cases of ischemic lesions localized in the cerebral peduncles, the pons, the upper midbrain or the thalamus and is mostly characterized by transient visual hallucinations.

Case presentation:

We report the case of an insufficiently treated hypertensive patient who presented with constantly elevated blood pressure values and persistent visual hallucinations, which ceased a few hours later after medically achieved blood pressure normalization. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a symmetric paramedian ischemic lesion of the upper pons, which seems to be the cause of this case of peduncular hallucinosis.

Conclusion:

Although uncommon, this entity needs to be differential diagnostically considered in cases of transient visual hallucinations in persons with known vascular risk profile. MRI can be a useful diagnostic tool.