bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Posteruptive development of isolated and confluent pits in fluorosed enamel in a 6‐year‐old girl
Authors: THYLSTRUP ANDERS
Published: October 2007

Abstract – A 6‐yr‐old Danish girl born and reared in a high fluoride area in Kenya was examined for a period of 11/2 yr during which a permanent maxillary central incisor erupted. Present primary and permanent teeth showed obvious dental fluorosis with isolated pits on primary molars. At the time of eruption the crown of the permanent central incisor had its normal anatomical shape. Isolated and confluent pits began to develop about the time of complete eruption. The observations thus confirm previous theories suggesting that pits in fluorosed enamel are secondarily produced defects of traumatic orign.
Localization of carious lesions in occlusal pits and fissures of human premolars
Authors: JUHL MARIANNE
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The position of carious lesions in fissures of 50 maxillary premolars was studied in serial ground sections in polarized light using air and various aqueous media for imbibition. The particular section in which the greatest pore volume was demonstrated, was selected for morphometric measurements of the fissure, i.e. depth, width, and angle. The localization of the carious lesion was registered in relation to four areas around the fissures, i.e. above the entrance, the top and bottom part of the wall, and below the base of the fissure. Most frequently the carious lesion was localized in the lower part of fissures (61%). Multiple foci both in the upper and lower part were found in 36% of the fissures. Only 13% had carious lesions positioned above the entrance. No relationship was found between fissure morphology and site of the carious lesions. However, this study has confirmed that fissured areas are highly susceptible to caries in premolars.
Effect of xylitol on dental plaque in vivo during carbohydrate challenge
Authors: WALER SONNI METTE , RÖLLA GUNNAR
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Xylitol has previously been shown to inhibit acid production in vitro when glucose is used as energy source, and the present studies were carried out to investigate whether this effect was valid in vivo. A solution containing both xylitol and glucose was applied on sucrose—induced 4‐day‐old plaque in vivo. The xylitol added to the glucose solution inhibited the acid production in the plaque, measured as a drop in pH, compared to using glucose alone. A further reduction in acidogenicity was obtained when xylitol was used as a rinse for 1 hr continuously prior to the glucose challenge.
Effect of chlorhexidine and lanthanum on plaque formation
Authors: WÅLER SONNI METTE , RÖLLA UNNAR
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The present study included rinses with aqueous solutions of lanthanum prior to and after traditional chlorhexidine mouthrinses. Lanthanum has an extremely high affinity for phosphate, and the experiments were designed to examine the role of this anion as a receptor site for chlorhexidine in the oral cavity. The result indicate that from 1/3 to 1/2 of the chlorhexidine retained in the oral cavity may be bound to phosphate groups.
Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii agglutinins in human saliva
Authors: ELLEN RICHARD P. , BRATTHALL DOUGLAS , BORGSTRÖM MARGARETA , HOWLEY THOMAS P.
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The objectives were to determine the degree of Actinomyces agglutinating activity in human saliva and to begin characterizing the agglutination mechanism. Agglutination titres of whole saliva collected from adults and 6‐yr‐old children were compared. Titres for A. naeslundii were always higher than for A. viscosus. The mean A. naeslundii titre for the adults’ and children's samples were equivalent. The children had a slightly lower mean titre than the adults for A. viscosus. No correlation was found between IgA concentration and agglutination titre. Agglutinating activity was partially impaired by incubation with anti‐IgA serum. Activity in submandibular/sublingual saliva was resistant to heat at 56°C but sensitive to boiling. Boiling the bacteria had no effect. In sugar inhibition tests, only galactosides (β‐Gal) and glucosamine (for A. viscosus) affected Actinomyces agglutination but impairment was only temporary. Agglutinating activity was diminished by incubating saliva with hydroxyapatite. Thus, Actinomyces agglutinins 1) are probably distinct from IgA but may complex with it; 2) may include both β‐Gal and higher affinity sites; and 3) may contribute to salivary pellicle.
Lysis of Streptococcus mutans BHT by salivary lysozyme
Authors: TWETMAN SVANTE , UNDER LARS , MODÉER THOMAS
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The aim of this work was to study the bacteriolytic ability of human salivary lysozyme (HSL) on Streptococcus mutans BHT. The cells were grown in a synthetic medium containing 3H‐thymidine to monitor DNA release after incubation with either HSL, purified by ion exchange chromatography, or hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL). The experiments demonstrated that HSL as well as HEWL could liberate DNA from cells. The lysis was dependent on enzyme concentration as well as incubation‐time. Approximately 80% of the 3H‐thymidine was released at final concentrattons of 4.5μg/mland incubation‐times exceeding 16hr. Additional treatment of the suspensions with DNase increased the levels of released radioisotopes. The lytic ability of HSL and HEWL was similar at low concentrations. HSL inactivated with goat antiserum to human lysozyme decreased the liberation of DNA by about 70%. This study suggests that HSL can lyse S. mutans BHT without presence of inorganic ions.
An epidemiologic study of malignant oral tumors in Sweden 1958–77
Authors: ANNEROTH GÖRAN , HOLMBERG ANN , LILJA EVA
Published: October 2007

Abstract –The paper presents epidemiologic data of malignant oral tumors in Sweden 1958–77 including the total number of cases, the number and relative frequency of cases in different sublocations of the oral region and the mean annual age standardized incidence rate, all ages, per one million population, by site and sex. An analysis of different histopathologic types of oral tumors is also presented. A comparison is made between the two 10‐yr periods 1958–67 and 1968–77. Errors involved in epidemiologic studies are discussed.
Normal variation in skin surface temperature over the temporomandibular joint and masseter muscle
Authors: KOPP SIGVARD , HARALDSON TORGNY
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The range of the temperature at the skin surface overlying the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the origin of the superficial belly of the masseter muscle was investigated in 35 individuals with normal TM joints and 29 individuals with normal masseter muscles. The temperature was measured by a thermistor in contact with the skin. The temperature over the TMJ varied between 32.1°C and 35.5°C (average 34.3°C). The difference in temperature between right and left sides was to an average 0.3°C. The temperature over the masseter muscle ranged from 30.9°C to 35.7°C (average 33.2°C). The difference in temperature between right and left sides was an average 0.4°C. It was concluded that there is a fairly wide range of skin temperature over the normal TMJ and origin of the masseter muscle under the experimental conditions prevailing in this study but that the differences between right and left sides are fairly small. It therefore seems possible to use this thermometric method to assess inflammatory processes and/or changed metabolic activity in the TMJ and masticatory muscles.
Corrosion of zinc‐containing dental amalgam
Authors: JENSEN STIG JORGO
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The γ1 lattice constant of amalgams with and without zinc kept under corrosive and non‐corrosive conditions was determined at different times after trituration. Zinc disappeared during 1 d from the γ1 phase of an amalgam made from 0.9% Zn alloy and during 30 d from an amalgam made from 4% Zn alloy, when powdered amalgam was in contact with a 1% NaCl solution.
Proliferation and migration of rat incisor mesenchymal cells
Authors: DAHL JON EINAR
Published: October 2007

Abstract– Sixty female Wistar rats were injected with tritiated thymidine and killed at intervals between 1 hr and 72 hr after injection. Autoradiographs of paraffin and Vestopal W embedded sagittal sections of the maxillary incisors were prepared. The distribution of labeled cells after 1 hr revealed the basal pulp cells and the preodontoblasts as proliferative cells. The growth rate of the incisor and the migration of the basal pulp cells were established from the position of labeled cells at 72 hr observation time. The number and localization of labeled and unlabeled mitoses were registered in order to determine the duration of the generation cycle of the proliferative cells. The identical cell generation time of preodontoblasts and basal pulp cells and the migration pattern of the latter indicate that the preodontoblasts are renewed by preodontoblast multiplication and not by migration of basal pulp cells.
Surface properties of fluoride treated hydroxyapatite as judged by interactions with albumin and lysozyme
Authors: EGGEN KIRSTEN HANNESSON , RÖLLA GUNNAR
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Hydroxyapatite treated with fluoride containing both alkali soluble fluoride (CaF2) and alkali stable fluoride (FAp) was shown to take up less albumin than hydroxyapatite but more lysozyme. The affinity of the adsorption of albumin to fluoride treated apatite was increased, whereas no difference was demonstrated in the affinity of lysozyme. Tooth surfaces in vivo contain both calcium fluoride and fluoroapatite. Protein adsorption to mixed phases may thus have clinical significance.
Immunoglobulins in human dental calculus demonstratad with the peroxidase‐antiperoxidase (PAP) method
Authors: LINDSKOG SVEN , FRISKOPP JOHAN
Published: October 2007

Abstract – IgG and IgA were demonstrated in both sub‐ and supragingival dental calculus. Their distribution followed mainly incremental lines in the calculus. Most likely they originated from saliva and gingival fluid. Immunoglobulins which are adsorbed to crystals in biologic tissues may slow down the growth rate of the crystals. It was thus suggested that the incremental lines may be caused by the accumulation of IgG and IgA on the surface of dental calculus with a subsequent arrest in growth.
α‐amylase activity in supragingival dental plaque in humans
Authors: FIEHN N.‐E. , MOE D.
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Supragingival plaque samples were examined for α‐amylase activity before and after cultivation. Amylase activity was determined by disappearance of 14C‐labeled starch in a phosphate buffer, pH 6.9. In all plaque samples α‐amylase activity was observed. On an average 75% of this activity was soluble, while the rest was bound to various plaque components. Known inhibitors of human α‐amylase inhibited the enzyme activity in the plaque samples almost totally. The electrophoretic patterns of α‐amylases in the plaque and human saliva samples were identical. Bacteria cultivated from the plaque samples showed no or low α‐amylase activity. The results indicated that most of α‐amylase activity in supragingival plaque samples are of salivary origin. The greater part of the enzyme activity is extracellular in the plaque, may be located at the plaque surface, and only a minor part is bound to the cells or to the insoluble components in the plaque.
Effect of Zendium toothpaste on recurrent aphthous stomatitis
Authors: DONATSKY OLE , WORSAAE NILS , SCHIÖDT MORTEN , JOHNSEN TORSTEN
Published: October 2007

Abstract – A Double‐blind clinical trial with cross‐over was conducted for a period of 12 months in 25 patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). The effect of the amyloglucosidase and glucoseoxidase containing Zendium toothpaste on the discomfort, number of exacerbations, duration of exacerbation, number of ulcers and number of days with pain caused by RAS was studied. The use of Zendium significantly reduced the sensation of discomfort from RAS as compared to the use of placebo toothpaste (0.025>p>0.01). However, the patients were unable to discriminate significantly between Zendium and placebo when asked to choose one of the toothpastes (0.10>p>0.05) and no significant differences were demonstrated as far as the above mentioned parameters of disease serverity were concerned. Therefore, it is concluded that the reducing effect of Zendium containing amyloglucosidase and glucoseoxidase on RAS is weak as compared to a similar toothpaste without these enzymes.
After‐polymerization of visible light activated resins: surface hardness vs. light source
Authors: HANSEN ERIK KEITH
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The Wallace hardness of four visible light activated resins (Durafill, Heliosit, Silux and Visio‐Dispers) was investigated at different times from 1 min and 35 s up to 60 min after start of irradiation. The prevailing part of the increase in surface hardness was found within the first few min after irradiation and this pattern was similar in all resins independent of light source.
In vitro study by fluorescence microscopy and microradiography of tetracycline‐tooth interaction
Authors: BJORVATN KJELL
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The administration of tetracycline to the growing child may cause discoloration and hypoplasia in developing teeth. Whether tetracycline may also cause changes in fully mineralized enamel and dentin, is still a matter of discussion. The present investigation examines the in vitro reaction between tetracycline chloride and enamel and dentin of extracted human teeth. Specimens were immersed in 0.5 mg/ml to 20 mg/ml aqueous tetracycline solutions. After 24 hr the specimens were sectioned and studied by fluorescence microscopy and microradiography. The tetracycline solutions, which were all very acidic, were found to cause 1) demineralization of enamel and dentin, 2) incorporation of fluorescent material in enamel and, notably, dentin; and 3) formation of yellow, rhombohedral crystals on dental surfaces, especially in the more concentrated solutions. No fluorescence was seen in totally demineralized dentin. The findings indicate that the incorporation of tetracycline into enamel and dentin is caused by physicochemical processes that may take place regardless of the developmental stage of the mineralized tissues.
Effects of salmon calcitonin on growth of teeth and on extraction socket healing in young rats
Authors: GÜRKAN LEYLÂ , EKELAND ARNE , LANGELAND NORVALD , RÖNNINGEN HELGE , SOLHEIM LUDVIG F.
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The influence of salmon calcitonin on the growth of teeth and alveolar bone, and on the healing of alveolar sockets has been studied in young male rats. The experimental animals received daily injections of salmon calcitonin 0.5 MRC‐U/kg body weight, whereas the control group received the vehicle. The rats were sacrificed at 14 and 28 days after the tooth extractions. Salmon calcitonin had no effect on the dry weight, calcium concentration and mineralization of the maxillary molars and the alveolar bone. Neither were there any significant effects of the hormone on the healing alveolar sockets. All sockets were healed after 4 weeks. The mineralization rate of molar teeth was only a quarter of that of tibiae, which was used as a reference.
Longitudinal study of body height, radius length and skeletal maturity in Danish boys with cleft lip and palate
Authors: JENSEN BIRGIT LETH , DAHL ERIK , KREIBORG SVEN
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Body height, radius length and skeletal maturity were registered longitudinally in 48 boys with combined cleft lip and palate (CLP) and compared with measurements in a non‐cleft control group. Age range was from 6 to 20 yr. Skeletal maturity was evaluated according to the TW2 method. Distance and velocity curves for radius length and body height were determined by means of a computer program which for each month calculated the median and percentiles of the distribution. Compared to the control group the CLP boys were slightly shorter from 6 to 18 yr of age. The velocity curves revealed that pubertal growth maximum occurred on an average 6 months later in the CLP boys and that the pubertal growth spurt was less marked. However, the total growth period was prolonged thus enabling the CLP group to catch up with the control group. Skeletal maturity was retarded during the whole period when compared to normal children. It is suggested that the early feeding problems and recurrent infections of the upper airways combined with the surgical procedures account for an essential part of the delay in the present CLP group.
Study of the oral mucosa in 200 consecutive patients with psoriasis
Authors: HIETANEN JARKKO , SALO OSMO P. , KANERVA LASSE , JUVAKOSKI TIMO
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The oral cavities of 200 consecutive psoriasis patients, most of them with widespread disease on the skin, were examined (man/woman ratio 1.63:1, mean age of the patients 43.7 yr). The average duration of the disease at time of examination was 15.8 yr. When questioned, 16% of the patients reported changes in the joints, which, according to them, had been verified by radiography. 72.5% of the patients reported on nail involvement at some time during their disease. Fissured tongue was present in 9.5% of the patients, and geographic tongue and smooth tongue each in 1 % of the patients. Angular cheilitis was found in 3.5% of the patients. In 20 out of 200 cases, the oral mucosa showed changes and biopsy was taken. Four out of 20 patients showed histologic features typical of psoriasis, including accumulations of leukocytes in the upper layers of the epithelium, all with widespread psoriasis skin involvement. Areas of oral mucosa were most often deep red in color, the buccal mucosa and tongue being the two most common sites. Two out of these four patients had a fissured tongue and one had a geographic tongue.
Antibacterial properties of human lysozyme toward Fusobacterium nucleatum Fevl
Authors: VASSTRAND ENDRE N. , JENSEN HARALD B.
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Human lysozyme in physiologic concentrations (17–50 μg/ml) had apparently no effects on growth rate and viability of exponentially growing Fusobacterium nucleatum Fevl cells, but cells in the stationary phase were affected. When grown in the presence of active lysozyme about 70% of the cells in late exponential phase (24‐h culture) were able to form colonies, compared to about 100% in the control culture. About 24 h later the colony forming abilities were about 5% and 20%, respectively. Addition of lysozyme to suspensions of cells taken from any growth phase did not lead to any significant decrease in turbidity, that is, no more than 10% decrease at 650 nm. Control cells treated with acridine orange fluoresced with a uniform bright orange color, while the lysozyme treated stationary phase cells fluoresced more faintly. Intracellular granules were more preponderant in the latter cells. When incubated with the hydrophobic probe 8‐anilinonaphthalene‐l‐sulfonic acid (ANS), lysozyme exposed cells gave approximately 20% higher fluorescence intensity than the control cells. Changes in the ultrastructure of the lysozyme treated cells were best studied in the transmission electron microscope using ultrathin sectioned preparations. The peptidoglycan layer became disorganized and apparently dissolved and the ordered structure of the cell wall had disappeared in zones. The cells, however, still retained their form, and only a few per cent had lost their cellular content. This explains why the turbidity of the solution did not change significantly.
Effect of Scotchbond dependent on cavity cleaning, cavity diameter and cavosurface angle
Authors: HANSEN ERIK KEITH
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The effect of Scotchbond on the wall‐to‐wall polymerization contraction of a visible light activated microfilled resin was investigated in cavities prepared in extracted human teeth. The cavities were cleaned either with water spray or a saturated acidic solution of EDTA, the latter giving significantly better results. The cavities were prepared with cavosurface angles between 90° and 160°. A highly significant improvement of marginal adaptation was found with increasing cavosurface angle.
Microradiographic and polarized light study of red deer root dentin with special reference to occurrence of giant tubules
Authors: HALS EINAR
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Radiolucent bands following the course of the dentinal tubules were observed in sections of undemineralized roots of permanent red deer incisors. Some of these bands, previously unreported in mammalian root dentin, contained giant tubules similar to those described earlier by the author in the coronal dentin of this animal. The root giant tubules initiated with funnelshaped orifices at the border of the pulpal cavity and, generally, terminated in the peripheral dentin, whereas a few penetrated into the cementum. Whether the giant tubules should be considered to be anomalous dentinal tubules or a different type of structure could not be determined. The distinction between root giant tubules and accessory canals being part of the apical ramification did not represent any problem.
Increased luminol enhanced chemi‐luminescence from peripheral granulocytes in juvenile periodontitis
Authors: ÅSMAN BJÖRN , ENGSTRÖM PER‐ERIK , OLSSON THOMAS , BERGSTRÖM KURT
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The granulocyte function in patients with juvenile periodontitis (JP) (eight men and six women, aged 13–33 yr) and sex and age matched controls was determined by the luminol enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) induced by opsonized and unopsonized bacteria or latex beads. Maximal CL induced by latex beads with or without autologus serum did not differ between the two groups. However, bacteria with or without autologous serum seemed to induce a higher maximal CL in the JP group. The difference was statistically significant for the results obtained with opsonized bacteria. Serum opsonized bacteria induced a much higher maximal CL than the unopsonized. The opsonin dependent reaction indicates a close association with the process of phagocytosis. The increased CL of granulocytes in JP could indicate the formation of extracellularly free oxygen radicals with the potential to damage tissue. These observations support a possible involvement of the granulocytes in the pathogenesis of JP.
In vivo abrasion of Profile and Adaptic composite resins
Authors: HÖRSTED PREBEN , BORUP JÖRN
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Thirty‐six Class I cavities in mandibular molars from 18 schoolchildren were filled with Profile or Adaptic using the acid etch technique. Impressions were taken at 6‐month intervals and abrasion was recorded by measuring the increasing height of the exposed cavity walls on cast models. The mean abrasion for Adaptic was 61.4 μm per yr and for Profile 28.7 μm per yr.
Softening of BISGMA‐based polymers by ethanol and by organic acids of plaque
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERIK
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The Wallace indentation hardness is a determinant for the abrasion resistance of smooth surface resins. It was the aim of the present study to investigate the softening effect of ethanol and of organic acids of plaque on BISGMA‐based polymers. The hardness was measured before and after soaking for 1 day in ethanol, acetic acid, propionic acid, or lactic acid. The last three liquids were found to induce a softening of the polymers. The softening effect was more pronounced when the polymer originated from monomer mixtures with low content of diluting monomer. This finding reflects the extent of polymerization of the polymers.
Corrosion resistance of a passivated and non‐passivated cobalt‐chromium alloy
Authors: BRUNE DAG , HULTQUIST GUNNAR , LEYGRAF CHRISTOFFER
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The release of cobalt and chromium from a passivated and non‐passivated cobalt‐chromium alloy in artificial saliva has been measured using nuclear tracer technique. The corrosion resistance of the passivated specimens was improved by a factor of about four compared to the non‐passivated specimens with regard to the initial cobalt release. The specimens were exposed to the saline solutions for periods up to about 8 wk. The cobalt release is associated mainly with electrochemical corrosion processes, since particulate matter retained on a filter was only registered to a minor extent. It is suggested that the decrease in release of cobalt and chromium after passivation is connected to the formation of Cr‐O and/or Cr‐OH bonds in the protective film which impede the movement of cobalt and chromium from the alloy into the saliva.
Rate of viscosity changes in five salivary protein fractions following pH alterations
Authors: NORDBÖ HÅKON , DARWISH SAMIA , BHATNAGAR RAJENDRA SAHAI
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The change of viscosity with time following alteration of pH was studied in five protein fractions isolated from human parotid saliva. The results indicate that sudden pH changes may cause rapid charge alterations leading to shock‐like expansion or compression of the molecules. This quick reaction seems to be followed by more slowly proceeding conformational alterations probably involving folding, intermingling, and other types of chain interactions. The content of proline residues may influence the rate and extent of such conformational changes.
Human papilloma virus (HPV) antigens and local immunologic reactivity in oral squamous cell tumors and hyperplasias
Authors: SYRJÄNEN KARI , HAPPONEN RISTO‐PEKKA , SYRJANEN STINA , CALONIUS BORIS
Published: October 2007

Abstract – A series of 191 oral mucosal tumors including those with suspected HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) etiology; squamous cell papilloma (SQP), condyloma acuminatum (CA), focal epithelial hyperplasia (FEH), as well as those regarded as unrelated to HPV; fibrous hyperplasia (FH), papillary hyperplasia (PH), and true fibroma (TF), were analyzed for HPV structural proteins (by indirect immunoperoxidase IP‐PAP technique), for the presence of epithelial dysplasia, and for the cellular composition (B and T lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, (MPS cells)) of their local inflammatory cell infiltrates using ANAE‐(acid α‐naphthyl acetate esterase) stain. HPV structural proteins were disclosed in 85% of FEH, in 75% of CA, and in 41 % of SQP. These three lesions significantly differed from PH and FH with regard to the intensity and cellular composition of the local infiltrates, being most intense and B cell predominated in the latter two. Mild dysplasia was found in 20% of both CA and SQP lesions, the former also showing moderate dysplasia in 12% of cases. The HPV antigen positivity was negatively correlated with dysplasia in CA and SQP, the intensity of the infiltrate showing positive association with dysplasia. The results are discussed in terms of HPV etiology of CA, SQP and FEH, of the host immunologic reactivity against these lesions, as well as of the possible role of HPV in human squamous cell carcinogenesis.
Bond between subsequently added light activated composite resin and hardened material
Authors: FORSTEN LENNART
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Because of the limited depth of cure, subsequent layers frequently have to be cured separately in connection with large fillings of light activated composite resins. This method is successful only provided that the different layers adhere to each other. Rectangular rodlike specimens of four light activated composites, two macro‐ and two microfilled brands, were made in three pieces cured separately (test specimens). The transverse strength of these specimens was compared with that of specimens made in one piece (controls). The strength of both test and control specimens of the macrofilled brands was the same even when water contamination was included when preparing the test specimens. In connection with the microfilled brands there was an indication of lower strength, at least after water contamination.
Inhibitory effect of NH4Cl on secretion of collagen in human gingival fibroblasts
Authors: HELGELAND KRISTEN
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The general protein synthesis in human gingival fibroblasts as measured by 14C‐proline incorporation was only moderately inhibited by 10 mM NH4Cl during incubation for 36 h. The proportion secreted as noncollagen protein and recovered from the cellular fraction as collagen was not significantly affected, whereas a pronounced inhibitory effect on the secretion of collagen was evident after 24 h. This effect was dose dependent, with a significant inhibition of collagen secretion even at 2 mM ammonia. The applied concentrations of NH4Cl had no significant effect on the hydroxylation of prolyl residues in collagen. Ammonia had no inhibitory effect on the secretion of fibronectin, another major secretory protein from fibroblasts. When comparing different lysosomotropic agents; NH4Cl, chloroquine and methylamine, the most prominent effect was consistently found to be an inhibition of the secretion of collagen.
Binding of four lectins to normal human oral mucosa
Authors: HIETANEN JARKKO , SALO OSMO P.
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The binding affinity of four lectins to normal human buccal mucosa was studied. Biopsies (diameter 2 mm) were obtained from eight healthy volunteers. Cryostat cut sections (4 μm thick) were stained with the following FITC‐Conjugated lectins: Ulex europaeus I (UEA I) soybean (SBA), peanut (PNA) and Lens culinarius (LCA). The specificity of the staining was controlled using the respective sugars. UEA I stained the epithelial intercellular spaces from the upper stratum (str.) spinosum to str. superficiale. Vascular endothelium in the connective tissue was also stained by UEA I. SBA stained the intercellular spaces of str. spinosum, whereas PNA stained both str. spinosum and str. superficiale. LCA stained the basement membrane and the intercellular areas of str. basale and str. spinosum. The elastic fibers of connective tissue were probably also stained by LCA. The lack of suprabasal staining by SBA and PNA indicates accelerated cell turnover as compared to normal human epidermis.
A methodologic study of histologic classification and grading of malignancy in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: ANNEROTH GÖRAN , HANSEN LOUIS S.
Published: October 2007

Abstract – A multifactorial grading system was devised for the histologic classification and grading of malignancy in carcinoma of tongue and floor of mouth. The system is presented with all morphologic variables defined and illustrated. Statistical analysis of the classification of 52 cases of squamous cell carcinoma revealed that the reproducibility of the system by two independent observers was good for all morphologic variables. Mean total malignancy, tumor cell population, and tumor‐host relationship scores showed statistically significant correlations with mean ratings for all the different morphologic parameters, with certain specified exceptions. Reasons for the exceptions and lack of correlation of the histotechnical and theoretical errors of previous grading systems are explored.
Clinical study of patients referred for investigation regarding so‐called oral galvanism
Authors: JOHANSSON BERIT , STENMAN EVERT , BERGMAN MAUD
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Fifty‐four patients referred to the Faculty of Odontology, University of Umeå, for investigation regarding “oral galvanism” were subjected to a general oral investigation. In addition the following parameters were studied: the highest calculated current between two metallic restorations in contact and the electrogustometrically determined threshold value for each person. No differences were found regarding these two parameters between the patients and a control group consisting of 15 persons. However, the general oral investigation had revealed that a relatively large number of patients had periodontal conditions which, together with mucous membrane affections and hypersensitivity reactions could explain some of the unpleasant sensations which bothered them. Furthermore, the results of a stomatognathic investigation which will be presented separately revealed that about three fourths of the patients needed treatment for their stomatognathic and/or temporomandibular joint conditions.
Direct and indirect registration of currents between dental metallic restorations in the oral cavity
Authors: JOHANSSON BERIT , LUNDMARK LARS
Published: October 2007

Abstract – An instrument for direct clinical measurement of currents between oral metallic restorations has been developed and tested on 175 contact pairs. The results are related to those obtained with an indirect method. The main advantage with the instrument is that it permits a continuous registration of the currents flowing between the metallic restorations. These currents decrease as a function of time.
Formaldehyde as bonding agent between dentin and restorative resins
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERIK , MUNKSGAARD ERIK CHRISTIAN
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The bonding of restorative resins to dentin by means of formaldehyde used in conjunction with an OH‐containing monomer as intermediary was investigated. In this way a bonding to the organic constituent of dentin is conceivable. Mean bond strengths of 0.6 kg/mm2 were obtained. Bond strengths of this order of size may be of clinical interest.
Associations of some variables to tooth formation in children with isolated cleft palate
Authors: RANTA REIJO
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

The timing of tooth formation in 251 children, affected with isolated cleft palate without syndromes or other concomitant visceral anomalies (CP), was evaluated from orthopantomograms. The age range was 6–12 yr. The formation of the permanent teeth was delayed approximately 0.7 yr in CP children compared with the data on the non‐cleft reference group. There were no differences in sex distribution between the CP group and the non‐cleft reference group and between the CP subgroups. No significant differences in tooth formation could be detected between the subgroups; with and without positive family history of clefts, with and without conical elevation of the lower lip, and between the subgroups of submucous, partial and complete cleft of the palate. The presence of hypodontia promoted the delay significantly and the delay increased with increasing number of missing teeth per child. In the older age group of 9–12 yr, the delay was significantly longer (1.1 yr) than in the younger age group of 6–9 yr (0.6 yr). The present findings of tooth formation support the hypothesis that the genetic component in the multifactorial situation does not act directly in producing the malformation itself, but indirectly, through a reduction in buffering. Furthermore, at least some of the sporadic cases have a partly genetic etiology.
Inhibition of bacterial growth by tetracycline‐impregnated enamel and dentin
Authors: BJORVATN KJELL , SKAUG NILS , SELVIG KNUT A.
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

Tetracyclines can react with enamel and dentin to form relatively insoluble fluorescent compounds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible antimicrobial effect of these reaction products on various microorganisms associated with human dental plaque and periodontal disease. Slabs of native dentin and enamel as well as demineralized dentin were immersed in aqueous solutions of tetracycline HC1, oxytetracycline HC1 and doxycycline HC1 for periods of 1 h or 24 h. Unimpregnated enamel and dentin slabs sterilized by gamma irradiation and specimens impregnated with phenoxymethylpenicillin calcium were used as controls. Test and control specimens were placed on agar plates seeded with B. cereus, C. ochraceus, S. sanguis, F. nucleatum, B. melaninogenicus or A. viscosus and were subsequently incubated aerobically or anaerobically at 37°C. With the exception of enamel impregnated for 1 h in a 0.01 mg/ml tetracycline solution, all test specimens caused growth inhibition zones, varying in size according to concentration of the drug, immersion period and bacterial species. The results indicate that tetracyclines react with enamel and dentin to form slightly soluble compounds with a pronounced antibacterial effect. In comparison, the antimicrobial effect of dentin treated with penicillin was small.
Effect of five adhesives on adaptation of resin in dentin cavities
Authors: MUNKSGAARD ERIK CHRISTIAN , HANSEN ERIK KEITH , ASMUSSEN ERIK
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

Cylindric dentin cavities ranging from 2 to 6 mm in diameter were treated with different dentin adhesives: Clearfil, Gluma, NPG‐GMA + PMDM, Scotchbond or Superbond before filling with Silux. The maximal contraction gap was measured 10 min after curing and compared with result from cavities where an adhesive was omitted. The effectiveness in reducing contraction gaps increased in the following order: Clearfil, Scotchbond, NPG‐GMA+PMDM, Superbond and Gluma.
Light microscopic study of experimental cell‐mediated immunity in rat oral mucosa
Authors: AHLFORS E. E. , LARSSON P. A.
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

A model for hapten‐induced cell‐mediated immunity (CMI) in the oral mucosa of the Spraque‐Dawley rat is presented. Sensitization was performed with 0.1 ml of a hapten (DNCB 2%, in acetone solution) administered five times on shaved dorsal skin. Ten days after completed sensitization, eliciting doses of 0.1–0.02% of the hapten were applied in the buccal mucosa one or several times giving rise to an inflammation dominated by lymphocytes. The development of the reaction was studied in a time sequence study. Also sensitization through the buccal mucosa was attempted, with three or more of the eliciting doses applied directly in the buccal mucosa. Light microscopically, the reaction was identical to the one seen in previously sensitized rats. The effects of DNCB and DNFB on sensitized animals with eliciting doses of 25 μl 2% or 0.02% in acetone/olive oil were compared. No differences were seen in the low concentration range, but in the high concentration range, DNFB showed a more potent effect giving rise to ulcers, not observed with DNCB.
Electron probe study of human and red deer cementum and root dentin
Authors: TÖTDAL B. , HALS E.
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

A topographical description of the concentration profiles of Ca, P, Mg, Zn, F, S, and K in human and red deer cementum and root dentin is given. The concentrations reported should be regarded as semiquantitative values. A downward slope of the Ca, P and Mg profiles toward the pulpal cavity seemed largely to correspond with the secondary dentin. Marked elevations of (he Zn profiles, modest elevations of the F profiles, and in a few instances of the S profiles, toward root surface and pulpal cavity were registered. In a couple of scans a slight elevation of the K profile toward the root surface was observed. A high degree of concordance in human and red deer teeth was ascertained.
Effect of antibody preparations on glucose uptake by a cariogenic streptococcus
Authors: RÖLLA GUNNAR , LITTLE WAYNE A. , CIARDI JOSEPH E.
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

The effect of antisera to whole cells or cell wall components on glucose uptake by S. mutans 6715 was examined. Early stationary phase 6715 cells were treated with test scrum and incubated at 37°C in the presence of 14C‐glucose. Samples were removed at timed intervals and measured in a liquid scintillation counter for radioactive uptake. Antisera to both whole cells and components known to be present on the surface of the cells reduced glucose uptake relative to normal serum. It is suggested that inhibition of glucose uptake may be one mechanism by which a caries vaccine may operate.
Presence of Lactobacillus casei in saliva from children and adults using a new medium
Authors: CLAESSON ROLF , CROSSNER CLAES‐GÖRAN
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

The aim of this study was to devise a medium for cultivation of L. casei and to compare the presence of L. casei in saliva from children and adults. The new medium was produced by omitting the sugars from Rogosa SL agar medium and supplementing this medium with melezitose. Although all tested strains of lactobacilli grew on the new medium, the facultatively homofermentative lactobacilli, L. casei and L. plantarum, could be identified by a typical colonial morphology. L. casei was the most common species of oral lactobacilli in saliva from children and made up a significantly higher proportion of the salivary lactobacillus flora in children than in adults.
Scanning electron microscopic study of Streptococcus mutans BHT lysed by lysozyme
Authors: TWETMAN SVANTE , OTTESKOG PER , MODÉER THOMAS
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

The effects of purified salivary lysozyme (HSL) and hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) on the surface structure of Streptococcus mutans BHT were studied with the aid of scanning electron microscopy. In parallel experiments bacteriolysis was monitored by liberation of 3H‐thymidine incorporated into the bacteria. Control cells maintained their shape and had intact cell walls during the experimental period. Exposure of the cells to HSL (5.0 U/ml) or HEWL (5.0 μg/ml) for 3 and 18 h resulted in progressive destruction of cell structure. Some cells exhibited ruptures of the cell walls on top of spherical swellings, predominantly located at the ends of the bacteria. After 18 h the majority were disrupted in the septal area leaving numerous empty cup‐shaped cell walls in the preparations. The findings of the electron microscopic examination were confirmed in the biochemical assay.
pH and the effect of NH4Cl on human gingival fibroblasts
Authors: HELGELAND KRISTEN
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

pH variations in the range from 6.9 to 7.9 modified the growth rate of human gingival fibroblasts in culture, a pH optimum being found at 7.6‐7.8. A pH dependent growth inhibition by ammonia was evident, being particularly prominent in the presence of 2 mM NH4Cl. At this concentration an effect ranging from a complete cessation of growth at pH 8.0 to an indication of a slight stimulatory effect at pH 7.2 was found. Concomitant with this amplification of the growth inhibitory effect, a state of unbalanced growth in the sense of an increased cellular protein content was induced by ammonia upon increasing the pH of the medium. The incorporation of 14C‐proline into the total protein fraction decreased rapidly, particularly in the control cultures, with pH; an inhibition by ammonia being found at pH 7.9 and 7.5 with no effect at pH 7.1. Except for part of the inhibition by ammonia, changes in specific activity of 14C‐proline in the cellular amino acid pool could account for these pH effects. Ammonia reduced the proportion of radiolabeled protein recovered as collagen both from the cells and medium at the lower pHs, whereas the only significant effect on noncollagen protein was an increased fraction being secreted at pH 7.1 in the presence of 10 mM NH4Cl.
Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid with linear IgA deposits in oral mucosa
Authors: HIETANEN JARKKO , RANTALA IMMO , REUNALA TIMO
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

Two patients with severe oral ulcerations and concomitant lesions in the nose, eyes and genitals were examined. The immunofluorescence (IFL) studies of buccal and genital mucosa revealed that the only deposited immunoglobulin was IgA. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the linear pattern of IgA deposition and localized IgA in lamina lucida in both patients. Dapsone 50 mg daily was effective in controlling the disease activity partially in the first and completely in the second patient. The results suggest that our patients had benign mucous membrane pemphigoid (BMMP) with linear IgA deposition but do not exclude a mucosal form of a newly recognized bullous skin disease termed linear IgA disease.
Evaluation of a simplified diagnostic aid (Oricult‐N) for detection of oral candidoses
Authors: AXÉLL TONY , SIMONSSON THOMAS , BIRKHED DOWEN , ROSENBORG JOHAN , EDWARDSSON STIG
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

The validity of a simplified diagnostic aid, Oricult‐N, for detection of oral candidoses was compared with smears stained according to the periodic acid‐SchilFs method. Samples were taken from 80 locations in 36 patients with lesions suspected for candidal infection. There was a statistically significant correlation between the two methods (P < 0.001).
Dose reduction by field size trimming in rotational panoramic radiography
Authors: SVANAES DAGFINN B. , LARHEIM TORE A. , BACKE STEINAR
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

A substantial dose reduction may be obtained for patients in need of frequent retakes with rotational panoramic radiography by reducing the width and height of the film area irradiated. An electronic timer was connected to the circuit of an Orthopantomograph 5 (Siemens) whereby exposure limes could easily be selected in the range 5‐15 s. Vertical extracollimation was provided. With the field size reduced to encompass the developing dentition only, about 60% reduction in integral absorbed dose was obtained using standard (Siemens special) screens. With rare earth (Titan HS) screens a reduction of 85% was obtained in integral absorbed dose and absorbed doses to the thyroid gland and eye lens were reduced by 70‐79% and 80‐89%, respectively. The doses thus obtained were equal to or less than those reported with a single dental film in speed Group D.
Marginal adaptation of composite restorations performed in vivo with different acid‐etch restorative procedures
Authors: QVIST VIBEKE
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

243 experimental Class V restorations using a chemically cured composite resin were inserted in human third molars with the conventional acid‐etch restorative procedure and with eight modifications of this technique. The teeth were extracted following an observation period of 4 months. Sections from each cavity were stained and examined for bacteria on the cavity floor. Bacteria in more than 10% of the sections was used as the criterion for marginal leakage along a restoration. Results showed that non‐composite resin applied as an intermediary layer in etched cavities or as a surface coating of immediately finished and re‐etched restorations, beveling of the margins of preparations, and treatment of the etched cavities with the surface‐active comonomer NPG‐GMA before filling all significantly decrease the leakage occurrence in the oral environment. The observed differences between the modifications varied considerably but none of them was significant, and no additive effects were found.
Cytotoxicity of corroded and non‐corroded dental silver amalgams
Authors: MILLEDING PERCY , WENNBERG ALF , HASSELGREN GUNNAR
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

The cytotoxicity of one conventional and four non‐γ2‐amalgams was studied in a cell culture system, using the Millipore filter method. Before testing set amalgam specimens were kept in distilled water or in artificial saliva at pH 4, 5 or 7 for up to 28 wk to produce a corrosion layer on the test surface. Non‐corroded set amalgam specimens were also tested. None of the non‐corroded, set amalgams showed any sign of surface accumulation of cytotoxic products whereas the corroded amalgams showed varying degrees of cytotoxicity. Generally, the non‐γ2‐amalgams gave a more pronounced cytotoxic effect than the conventional amalgam. When the corrosion procedure was carried out at pH 7, the various non‐γ2‐amalgams showed different degrees of cytotoxicity. It appears that the difference in cytotoxic effect between the non‐γ2‐amalgams and the conventional amalgam as well as the differences among the various non‐γ2‐amalgams could be related to variation in the retention of corrosion products deposited on the amalgam surface.
Maximum contents of mercury in dental silver amalgams
Authors: JENSEN STIG JORGO
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

The maximum content of mercury forming intermetallic compounds has been determined in dental amalgams prepared from alloys with different copper contents. In amalgams made from alloys with silver contents less than about 42% there is a risk of occurrence of free mercury if an effective condensation technique has not been used.