bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interactive effects of global change factors on soil respiration and its components: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhou Lingyan , Zhou Xuhui , Shao Junjiong , Nie Yuanyuan , He Yanghui , Jiang Liling , Wu Zhuoting , Hosseini Bai Shahla
Published: February 2016

As the second largest carbon (C) flux between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, soil respiration (Rs) plays vital roles in regulating atmosphericCO2concentration ([CO2]) and climatic dynamics in the earth system. Although numerous manipulative studies and a few meta‐analyses have been conducted to determine the responses of Rs and its two components [i.e., autotrophic (Ra) and heterotrophic (Rh) respiration] to single global change factors, the interactive effects of the multiple factors are still unclear. In this study, we performed a meta‐analysis of 150 multiple‐factor (≥2) studies to examine the main and interactive effects of global change factors on Rs and its two components. Our results showed that elevated [CO2] (E), nitrogen addition (N), irrigation (I), and warming (W) induced significant increases in Rs by 28.6%, 8.8%, 9.7%, and 7.1%, respectively. The combined effects of the multiple factors,EN,EW,DE,IE,IN,IW,IEW, andDEW, were also significantly positive on Rs to a greater extent than those of the single‐factor ones. For all the individual studies, the additive interactions were predominant on Rs (90.6%) and its components (≈70.0%) relative to synergistic and antagonistic ones. However, the different combinations of global change factors (e.g.,EN,NW,EW,IW) indicated that the three types of interactions were all important, with two combinations for synergistic effects, two for antagonistic, and five for additive when at least eight independent experiments were considered. In addition, the interactions of elevated [CO2] and warming had opposite effects on Ra and Rh, suggesting that different processes may influence their responses to the multifactor interactions. Our study highlights the crucial importance of the interactive effects among the multiple factors on Rs and its components, which could inform regional and global models to assess the climate–biosphere feedbacks and improve predictions of the future states of the ecological and climate systems.
Community Changes and Growth in Small Cities: Resident Perceptions of Growth in Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
Authors: Ramsey Doug , Michalos Alex , Eberts Derrek
Published: February 2016

While research on rural depopulation and urbanization to large cities has dominated the literature for decades, small city growth has been largely ignored. Yet, small cities are important to the regional systems in which they are located, including serving as centres to their rural surround. This paper is concerned about growth and change in small cities. Using Brandon, Manitoba as an example, citizen perceptions of a range of specific aspects of city growth are analyzed. The study is based on a household postal survey conducted in May and June 2010 in which 2,500 randomly selected households in Brandon, Manitoba received questionnaires. The results are based on the 518 useable, completed questionnaires that were returned. Differences in perceptions of the pace of change in a range of aspects of development were found based on income, age, educational attainment, employment status, and home ownership. No differences were found based on gender. The paper concludes with comments about how city governments need to be aware of citizen perceptions when pursuing and managing development. The paper also illustrated the importance of citizen perceptions in understanding the pace and direction of change in small cities.
Calcium modulation of doxorubicin cytotoxicity in yeast and human cells
Authors: Nguyen Thi Thuy Trang , Lim Ying Jun , Fan Melanie Hui Min , Jackson Rebecca A. , Lim Kim Kiat , Ang Wee Han , Ban Kenneth Hon Kim , Chen Ee Sin
Published: February 2016

Doxorubicin is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent, but its utility is limited by cellular resistance and off‐target effects. To understand the molecular mechanisms regulating chemotherapeutic responses to doxorubicin, we previously carried out a genomewide search of doxorubicin‐resistance genes in Schizosaccharomyces pombe fission yeast and showed that these genes are organized into networks that counteract doxorubicin cytotoxicity. Here, we describe the identification of a subgroup of doxorubicin‐resistance genes that, when disrupted, leads to reduced tolerance to exogenous calcium. Unexpectedly, we observed a suppressive effect of calcium on doxorubicin cytotoxicity, where concurrent calcium and doxorubicin treatment resulted in significantly higher cell survival compared with cells treated with doxorubicin alone. Conversely, inhibitors of voltage‐gated calcium channels enhanced doxorubicin cytotoxicity in the mutants. Consistent with these observations in fission yeast, calcium also suppressed doxorubicin cytotoxicity in human breast cancer cells. Further epistasis analyses in yeast showed that this suppression of doxorubicin toxicity by calcium was synergistically dependent on Rav1 and Vph2, two regulators of vacuolar‐ATPase assembly; this suggests potential modulation of the calcium–doxorubicin interaction by fluctuating proton concentrations within the cellular environment. Thus, the modulatory effects of drugs or diet on calcium concentrations should be considered in doxorubicin treatment regimes.
Migraineurs Initially Visiting the Gastroenterology Department
Authors: Kim Byung‐Su , Chung Chin‐Sang , Lee Chung‐Bin , Rhee Poong‐Lyul
Published: February 2016

Background and Objectives

Migraine‐related nausea and vomiting are usually associated with severe and debilitating headache. However, there are unique headache patients with a chief complaint of prominent gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort, instead of headache. We sought to investigate distinctive characteristics and clinical outcomes of such patients, compared to migraine patients initially visiting headache clinic.

Methods

This was a retrospective case‐control study using a headache registry from April 2012 to December 2013. Case subjects were defined as patients who had first visited the gastroenterology clinic with chief complaint of nausea and/or vomiting, but then referred to the headache clinic for evaluation and management of concurrent headache. They were 1:2 matched to control subjects who met the migraine criteria based on propensity scores adjusted for age, sex, aura, headache frequency, and headache intensity.

Results

We identified 51 case subjects, of which 80.4% were compatible with the migraine criteria. In multivariate testing, the case subjects were inversely associated with family history of headache (odds ratios [OR]: 0.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.13–0.99), alcohol drinking (OR: 0.18, 95% CI: 0.05–0.69), and aggravation by physical activity (OR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.08–0.43). The proportions of subjects with a favorable clinical outcome in migraine management did not differ between the case and control groups (82.2% vs 79.1%, P = .670).

Conclusions

Primary symptoms of the case subjects had been GI; however, migraine management was most effective in relieving both prominent GI discomfort and headache. Our findings suggest that physicians should consider and investigate for the presence of migraine in patients with prominent GI symptoms and concurrent headache.
Relationship between hepatic progenitor cell‐mediated liver regeneration and non‐parenchymal cells
Authors: Kitade Mitsuteru , Kaji Kosuke , Yoshiji Hitoshi
Published: February 2016

Hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) are thought to reside in the canals of Hering and can be activated and contribute to liver regeneration in response to liver injury by proliferating and differentiating towards both hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells. In this setting, several cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors related to liver inflammation and other liver cells comprising the HPC niche, namely hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), play crucial roles in HPC activation and differentiation. In response to several types of liver injury, tumor necrosis factor‐like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is secreted by several inflammatory cells, including monocytes, T lymphocytes, and macrophages, and acts as an initiator of the HPC niche and HSC activation. Following TWEAK‐induced activation of the HPC niche, fibroblast growth factor 7 and hepatocyte growth factor released from activated HSC play central roles in maintaining HPC proliferation. In contrast, HGF‐MET and Wnt3a‐β‐catenin signals are the predominant mediators of the hepatocyte differentiation of HPC, whereas epidermal growth factor receptor–NOTCH signaling controls HPC differentiation towards biliary epithelial cells. These signals are maintained exclusively by activated HSC and inflammatory cells surrounding HPC. Together, HSC and inflammatory cells surrounding HPC are responsible for the precise control of HPC proliferation and differentiation fate. In this review, we discuss recent progress in understanding of interactions between HPC and other liver cells in HPC‐mediated liver regeneration in the setting of liver inflammation.
Saltiness enhancement of oil roasted peanuts induced by foam‐mat salt and soy sauce odour
Authors: Chokumnoyporn Napapan , Sriwattana Sujinda , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon
Published: February 2016

Odour‐induced saltiness enhancement (OISE) method can be used to reduce salt in food. This study was performed to examine the effect of OISE on saltiness perception of oil roasted peanuts seasoned with foam‐mat salt. First, 410 consumers rated saltiness intensity elicited by odour names of fifty‐seven food/ingredient items. Soy sauce odour name was among from the top five items with higher saltiness intensities, hence it was selected to further investigate the effect of saltiness enhancement in conjunction with foam‐mat salt. The control (commercial salt, 100%), CS50 (commercial salt:soy sauce odour; 50:50) or FS50 (foam‐mat salt:soy sauce odour; 50:50) was mixed with roasted peanuts, which were subsequently evaluated by a descriptive panel for saltiness intensity and by consumers for sensory acceptance. OISE in conjunction with foam‐mat salt produced FS50 roasted peanuts, having 10 mg of sodium per 100 g sample less than CS50 but being as acceptable as the control.
Effect of roasting conditions on the antioxidant compounds of quinoa seeds
Authors: Carciochi Ramiro Ariel , Galván D′Alessandro Leandro , Manrique Guillermo Daniel
Published: February 2016

The effect of different roasting conditions on the antioxidant properties and the phenolic content of quinoa seeds was studied. Advanced and final products of the Maillard reaction were also quantified in order to evaluate the contribution to DPPH radical scavenging capacity and reducing power of samples. In general, response surface analysis showed significant increases in the phenolic content, the antioxidant activity and the level of Maillard reaction products (MRPs), mainly as processing temperature increased, while roasting time had a minor impact on these response variables. The highest antioxidant activity was achieved in extracts of quinoa seeds roasted at 190 °C for 30 min. Principal component analysis applied to the data suggested that MRPs had a greater contribution to antioxidant properties than phenolic compounds in the processed samples. These results demonstrated that roasted quinoa seeds/flour may be considered as a nontraditional ingredient with enhanced antioxidant capacity for the production of functional foods.
Development of a long‐life vacuum‐packaged ready‐to‐eat meat product based on a traditional Portuguese seasoned meat
Authors: Laranjo Marta , Gomes Ana , Potes Maria Eduarda , Fernandes Maria José , Fraqueza Maria João , Elias Miguel
Published: February 2016

Carne do alguidar is a Portuguese traditional pork fried meat, usually manufactured for self‐consumption purposes. This study developed a ready‐to‐eat (RTE) meat product, to meet today's consumers’ convenience, manufactured at the industrial scale evaluating its quality and shelf life, assessing the effect of vacuum packaging and the use of an antioxidant (50 ppm BHT) to enhance oxidative stability. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters were assessed, and a sensory analysis was performed. Interestingly, no significant differences were recorded between control (non‐BHT) and antioxidant (BHT) samples. Microbiological counts remained at low levels throughout the storage period, ensuring the product's required microbiological quality. At later storage stages, higher values of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances arose and off flavours and aromas were perceived. Still, overall appreciation was not affected until 12 months of storage and a significant depreciation was perceived only after 15 months. Fibrousness and rising of off flavours were negatively correlated with overall appreciation.
Effects of pineapple pomace fibre on physicochemical properties of composite flour and dough, and consumer acceptance of fibre‐enriched wheat bread
Authors: Chareonthaikij Phantipha , Uan‐On Tanat , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon
Published: February 2016

Pineapple pomace fibre (PF, containing 70.2% total dietary fibre) can be added to increase dietary fibre of wheat bread. This study was performed to evaluate effects of PF added at 0, 5 or 10% (wheat flour‐basis) on physicochemical properties of the composite flour (wheat flour as the control, CPF‐5 and CPF‐10, respectively) and its dough, to evaluate consumer acceptance of CPF breads and to identify factors affecting willingness to purchase of CPF breads. Incorporating PF affected rheological and pasting properties of CPF. Water‐ and oil‐holding capacity of CPF increased (P < 0.05) as PF levels increased. Bread made with CPF‐5 was more acceptable than that with CPF‐10; however, it was not significantly different from the control, having similar specific volume and texture, but having about three times higher total dietary fibre than the control (4.4% vs. 1.5%). Product label and health benefit information potentially affected consumers' willingness to purchase of fibre‐enriched bread.
Development of rice as potential carriers for probiotic Lactobacillus amylovorus
Authors: Chumphon Thapakorn , Sriprasertsak Permpong , Promsai Saran
Published: February 2016

An experiment using a standard strain of Lactobacillus amylovorus TISTR1110 to test for the capability of carbohydrate utilisation of nine cultivars of rice found that L. amylovorus TISTR1110 could utilise carbohydrate from all cultivars and also exhibit nonhaemolytic properties. After testing the viability of the strain under simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions by enumeration after 5 h, the results showed that the amount of L. amylovorus TISTR1110 present was 4.0 × 105 CFU/mL or a 73.78% survival rate. From the evaluation of Thai rice cultivars as carriers in probiotic products, the highest amount of probiotic bacteria was found in baked and encapsulated glutinous Luem Pua Thai sticky rice up to 4.9 × 106 CFU/g or a survival rate of 69.39 ± 0.06%. The second highest rate (4.8 × 105 CFU/g) was found in heat–moisture steamed rice of Riceberry rice cultivar or a survival rate of 59.74 ± 0.11%. After testing the capability of adherence using SEM, the results showed that glutinous Luem Pua sticky rice resulted in considerably high survival rate of probiotic bacteria compared with other rice. Additionally, the microbiological safety test reported that the amounts of contaminants were acceptable.
Development of indicators to assess the quality of medicines reconciliation at hospital admission: an e-Delphi study
Authors: Aljamal Mohammed Sulaiman , Ashcroft Darren , Tully Mary P
Published: February 2016

Objective

The aim of this Delphi study was to examine consensus on the appropriateness of the medicines reconciliation (MR) indicators.

Methods

Practising hospital pharmacists in UK hospitals conducting MR in hospital wards were invited to participate in the study. Appropriateness was defined using four criteria: clarity, importance, relevance and usefulness. The modified Delphi technique was selected as a structured method to develop consensus. RAND definition for consensus was used. In the second round, feedback on the first round was provided. The study did not require Research Ethics approval.

Key findings

Sixty-five hospital pharmacists completed the first round Delphi, and 59 of them completed the second round. Their experience ranged from three to 33 years with an average of 16.6 years. Fifty-five indicators were sent to the panel after the pilot study. Each of the two rounds took approximately 8 weeks to be completed. Forty-one indicators reached consensus to be appropriate. Fourteen indicators did not reach consensus.

Conclusions

The Delphi technique was very effective for enhancing the panel participation as noticed in their responses both in the first and second rounds. Forty-one indicators achieved consensus as being appropriate to evaluate the MR process. These indicators could be used to assess the process and hence improve the quality of the patient care on hospital admission. The indicators need to be used in practice.
Unintended Consequences of Transparency During Personnel Selection: Benefitting some candidates, but harming others?
Authors: Jacksch Vanessa , Klehe Ute‐Christine
Published: February 2016

Past research suggests that transparency during personnel selection procedures, that is, revealing to candidates the dimensions on which their performance is being assessed, increases both fairness and candidates’ performance. Two experiments challenge this assumption and propose that this effect only holds for nonthreatening performance dimensions. Yet, when the dimension revealed targets candidates with a negative stereotype, their performance may suffer. In Study 1, both men and women performed better when they learned that a selection simulation targeted planning skills. Yet, when women learned that the simulation targeted leadership skills, they performed worse. Study 2 revealed a marginally significant interaction between transparency condition, gender, and stigma consciousness. In summary, transparency during personnel selection may, thus, benefit only some groups of candidates while hurting others.
Ethnic Differences in Perceptions of Cognitive Ability Tests: The explanatory role of self‐serving attributions
Authors: Oostrom Janneke K. , De Soete Britt
Published: February 2016

This study examined the role of self‐serving attributions in the formation of pretest and posttest fairness perceptions of cognitive ability tests among ethnic majority and ethnic minority applicants. In total, 180 unemployed (52.8% Dutch majority) job seekers participated in an application training program consisting of a cognitive ability test and several pretest and posttest questionnaires. Results showed that both pretest and posttest fairness perceptions are prone to self‐serving attributions. Ethnic minority applicants have a stronger tendency than ethnic majority applicants to attribute their previous test experiences and their perceived test performance to the fairness of cognitive ability testing. Self‐serving attributions were partly explained by (ethnic differences in) attribution style.
Tests of Integrity, HEXACO Personality, and General Mental Ability, as Predictors of Integrity Ratings in the Royal Dutch Military Police
Authors: Marcus Bernd , Jan te Nijenhuis  , Cremers Myckel , Heijden‐Lek Kitty van der
Published: February 2016

In a Dutch military trainee sample, we investigated the validity of overt and personality‐based integrity tests, HEXACO personality dimensions, and general mental ability, for predicting self (N = 336) and supervisor (N = 175) ratings of behavioral integrity. Both self and supervisor ratings were predicted by integrity and personality tests, but not by general mental ability. Incremental validity was partially observed for specific tests of integrity and personality. Findings contribute to various underresearched areas in the domain of integrity testing, as they show evidence of validity (1) for predicting a rarely observed criterion (ratings of behavioral integrity), (2) beyond two alternative types of predictors in personnel selection, (3) in a military setting, and (4) outside North America.
When Will Interviewers Be Willing to Use High‐structured Job Interviews? The role of personality
Authors: Tsai Wei‐Chi , HsinHung Chen Forrence , Chen Hao‐Yi , Tseng Ko‐Yao
Published: February 2016

This study investigates the effects that three types of interviewer personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) can have on interviewer intention to use a high‐structured interview (HSI). This study also investigates both the degree to which interviewers felt that their accountability to the interview regarding the process and the final employment decision influenced their intention to use HSI, and see if the accountability moderated the relationship between interviewer personality traits and interviewer HSI‐use intension. Results from 327 interviewers show that the interviewers with high conscientiousness, agreeableness, and felt accountability were more inclined to use HSI. Moreover, highly conscientious interviewers who felt high outcome accountability would exhibit a relatively pronounced willingness to conduct HSI.
Do asylum seekers and refugees choose destination countries? Evidence from large‐scale surveys in Australia, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka
Authors: McAuliffe Marie , Jayasuriya Dinuk
Published: February 2016

Some literature depicts refugees as more passive than active when selecting a destination country. We draw on surveys of over 35,000 people in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Australia, to show that most potential asylum seekers and refugees of Hazara, Rohingya, Muslim and Tamil backgrounds prefer some destination countries over others and that many refugees from these groups surveyed in Australia specifically had Australia in mind as a destination country. We show how Australia's asylum seeker policy was a key reason why many refugees chose Australia in 2011 and 2012 and that subsequent restrictive asylum seeker policy changes appear to be reflected in potential asylum seeker considerations in 2014. We find that despite the restrictive asylum seeker policy changes, perceptions of Australia as a highly functioning civil society, relative to other potential destination countries, may explain why Australia remains a country of choice for asylum seekers from west and south Asia.
Point prevalence of general ward patients fulfilling criteria for systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Authors: Douglas L. , Casamento A. , Jones D.
Published: February 2016

The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is defined by abnormal temperature, heart rate, minute ventilation or white cell count and can be due to infectious or non‐infectious causes. In a single day, 23% of hospital ward patients fulfilled SIRS criteria. Patients with SIRS were more likely to be under medical than surgical units. One‐third of the patients had evidence of infection. There was no association between SIRS criteria and increased mortality or hospital length of stay.
Radiation dose difference between state of the art myocardial perfusion scintigraphy and computed tomography coronary angiography in patients undergoing evaluation for suspected coronary artery disease
Authors: Tsay I. M. , Subiakto I. , Asrar ul Haq M. , Castles A. V. , Allman K. , Hayat U. , Rudd N. , Barlis P. , van Gaal W.
Published: February 2016

Minimisation of radiation exposure with cardiac imaging reduces the potential of secondary side effects. Radiation exposure from myocardial perfusion scintigraphy and computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) was compared. Overall doses were low with both modalities. Doses were lower in the CTCA group, but by only a small difference of 1.1 mSv. Radiation exposure should not be the primary consideration when choosing between these two modalities.
Prosody and the Acquisition of Hierarchical Structure in Toddlers and Adults
Authors: Hawthorne Kara , Rudat Lauren , Gerken LouAnn
Published: February 2016

Though language manifests linearly, one word at a time, children must learn that words are embedded in constituents, which are in turn embedded in larger constituents. That is, they must learn that syntax is hierarchically structured. Prosody—speech melody and rhythm—is likewise hierarchically organized, with smaller prosodic constituents embedded in larger ones. This paper presents results showing that 20‐month‐olds (N = 40) can use modifier + clause prosody to learn constituents at multiple levels in a hierarchically structured artificial grammar, but that they fail to learn from clause + modifier prosody. We consider several explanations for this asymmetry, and suggest that it may be due to the frequency of the two constructions in the input. Two parallel experiments with adults suggest that older learners may not be able to learn the prosodically marked constituents. Instead, adult responses are likely based on perceptually prominent boundary words.
Influence of depression in a sample of people with hallux valgus
Authors: López Daniel López , Fernández Juan Manuel Vilar , Iglesias Marta Elena Losa , Castro Carlos Álvarez , Lobo César Calvo , Galván José Ramos , de Bengoa Vallejo Ricardo Becerro
Published: February 2016

Hallux valgus (HV) is a highly‐prevalent forefoot deformity associated with progressive subluxation and osteoarthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint; it is believed to be associated with depression. The aim of the present study was to determine the association of patients with varying degrees of HV involvement to depression using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The sample consisted of 102 participants (mean age: 45.1 ± 1.6), who attended an outpatient centre where self‐report data were recorded. The degree of HV deformity was determined in both feet, and the scores on the BDI were compared. A total of 38.24% of the sample had depression, with an average BDI score of 10.55 ± 12.36 points. There was a statistically‐significant association between the degree and presence of HV in both feet (P = 0.0001). People with a greater degree of HV deformity in any foot also have a significant increase in depression based on BDI scores, regardless of sex.
Intracanal irrigants for pulpectomy in primary teeth: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Pozos‐Guillen Amaury , Garcia‐Flores Adrian , Esparza‐Villalpando Vicente , Garrocho‐Rangel Arturo
Published: February 2016

Objective

To conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis to assess the findings on the clinical efficacy of intracanal irrigants employed during pulpectomy of primary teeth.

Methods

A systematic search was performed in electronic databases and peer‐reviewed paediatric dentistry journals to find relevant studies. Titles, abstracts, and full‐text papers were located, screened, and assessed independently by two reviewers, and a meta‐analysis was performed.

Results

The search identified a total of 775 records; 46 were selected and reviewed in full text. After screening, seven studies met the eligibility criteria for inclusion. Three studies compared the 2% chlorhexidine and saline solutions, but no analysis could be performed because of the heterogeneity between these; two of the studies reported non‐comparative methodologies and results when compared, and were not analysed. Finally, two studies compared a mixture of tetracycline isomer, an acid, and a detergent (MTDA) or oxidative potential water (OPW) to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), without showing significant heterogeneity; therefore, their combined outcomes were included. Both fixed and random mixed models resulted in a non‐significant weighted mean difference between treatments, according to a forest plot.

Conclusions

More studies are required with adequate quality, as well as a full‐result report, including summary measurements of both response variables and effect size, to determine the most effective irrigant agents for use in pulpectomies.
Adaptation of Saccadic Eye Movements: Transfer and Specificity
Authors: ALAHYANE NADIA , PÉLISSON DENIS
Published: February 2016

The present study was designed to test whether the adaptation of saccadic eye movements depends only on the eye displacement vector of the trained saccade or also on eye position information. Using the double‐step target paradigm in eight human subjects, we first induced in a single session two “opposite directions adaptations” (ODA) of horizontal saccades of the same vector. Each ODA (backward or forward) was linked to one vertical eye position (12.5° up or 25° down) and alternated from trial to trial. The results showed that opposite changes of saccade amplitude can develop simultaneously, indicating that saccadic adaptation depends on orbital eye position. This finding has important functional implications because in everyday life our eyes saccade from constantly changing orbital positions. A comparison of these data to two control conditions in which training trials of a single type (backward or forward) were presented at both 12.5° and −25° eye elevations further indicated that eye position specificity is complete for backward, but not for forward, adaptation. Finally, the control conditions also indicated that the adaptation of a single saccade fully transferred to untrained saccades of the same vector, but initiated from different vertical eye positions. In conclusion, our study indicates that saccadic adaptation mechanisms use vectorial eye displacement signals, but can also take eye position signals into account as a contextual cue when the training involves conflicting saccade amplitude changes.
Association between amount of sleep, daytime sleepiness and health‐related quality of life in schoolchildren
Authors: Gustafsson Marja‐Liisa , Laaksonen Camilla , Aromaa Minna , Asanti Riitta , Heinonen Olli J. , Koski Pasi , Koivusilta Leena , Löyttyniemi Eliisa , Suominen Sakari , Salanterä Sanna
Published: February 2016

Aims

To analyse the association between amount of sleep and daytime sleepiness and health‐related quality of life in schoolchildren during adolescence and to study the effect of age on this association.

Background

Sufficient sleep is essential for the health of children and adolescents. Sleep influences almost all dimensions of life.

Design

A 5‐year prospective follow‐up study (2004–2010) following 568 Finnish schoolchildren aged between 10‐15.

Methods

The amount of sleep and perceived daytime sleepiness were assessed by a special questionnaire added to The Health Behaviour in School‐aged Children questionnaire. The Finnish version of the Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory was used to assess health‐related quality of life. The data were collected in 2004, 2006 and 2009/2010. Data were analysed with hierarchical linear mixed models.

Results/findings

The more daytime sleepiness occurred, the lower the health‐related quality of life was and similar linear association was seen in every age group. The amount of sleep was significantly positively linearly associated with health‐related quality of life but not persistent across age groups. Positive association was significant at 15 years of age but not at other age groups. Similar linear association between daytime sleepiness and school‐related sub scores was also found.

Conclusion

Sufficient sleep is essential for health‐related quality of life and should be protected and measured in the school health service.
Exploring the information needs of people living with a long‐term indwelling urinary catheter: a qualitative study
Authors: Prinjha Suman , Chapple Alison , Feneley Roger , Mangnall Joanne
Published: February 2016

Aims

To explore the information needs of long‐term indwelling urinary catheter users, the consequences for patients of inadequate information and how these needs could be met.

Background

Previous studies have drawn attention to the lack of information given to indwelling catheter users and how users would benefit from more. Little is known about the varied and detailed information needs of long‐term indwelling catheter users.

Design

A qualitative interpretative approach was used, combining thematic analysis with constant comparison. A diverse sample of people living in the community with a catheter for 3 months or longer was recruited.

Methods

Interviews were conducted using a narrative approach. Thirty‐six interviews were conducted in England, Wales and Scotland between 2011–2013.

Results

Participants ranged in age from 22‐96 years. After having a catheter fitted they wanted more technical information about it and information to help prevent catheter‐related physical problems (infection, blockage, leaking), on sexual activity and the siting of catheters and about managing a social life with a catheter. In its absence, patients sometimes experimented with the catheter, learning to live with it through trial and error, used the Internet to find out more, or contacted other patients or organizations.

Conclusion

Research has consistently shown that indwelling catheter users need to be given more information but some patients still feel poorly informed. Nurses are in a good position to find out what people know, what they need, and to ensure that patients have contact phone numbers for further information and details of reliable websites and support organizations.
Primary caregivers of in‐home oxygen‐dependent children: predictors of stress based on characteristics, needs and social support
Authors: Wang Kai‐Wei K. , Lin Hung‐Ching , Lee Chin‐Ting , Lee Kuo‐Sheng
Published: February 2016

Aim

To identify the predictors of primary caregivers' stress in caring for in‐home oxygen‐dependent children by examining the association between their levels of stress, caregiver needs and social support.

Background

Increasing numbers of primary caregivers of oxygen‐dependent children experience caregiving stress that warrants investigation.

Design

The study used a cross‐sectional design with three psychometric scales – Modified‐Parenting Stress Index, Caregiver Needs Scale and Social Support Index.

Methods

The data collected during 2010–2011 were from participants who were responsible for their child's care that included oxygen therapy for ≧6 hours/day; the children's ages ranged from 3 months‐16 years. Descriptive statistics and multivariable linear regression were used.

Results

A total of 104 participants (M = 34, F = 70) were recruited, with an average age of 39·7 years. The average age of the oxygen‐dependent children was 6·68 years and their daily use of oxygen averaged 11·39 hours. The caregivers' overall levels of stress were scored as high and information needs were scored as the highest. The most available support from family and friends was emotional support. Informational support was mostly received from health professionals, but both instrumental and emotional support were important. Levels of stress and caregiver needs were significantly correlated. Multivariable linear regression analyses identified three risk factors predicting stress, namely, the caregiver's poor health status, the child's male gender and the caregiver's greater financial need.

Conclusion

To support these caregivers, health professionals can maintain their health status and provide instrumental, emotional, informational and financial support.
A random graph model of density thresholds in swarming cells
Authors: Jena Siddhartha G.
Published: February 2016

Swarming behaviour is a type of bacterial motility that has been found to be dependent on reaching a local density threshold of cells. With this in mind, the process through which cell‐to‐cell interactions develop and how an assembly of cells reaches collective motility becomes increasingly important to understand. Additionally, populations of cells and organisms have been modelled through graphs to draw insightful conclusions about population dynamics on a spatial level. In the present study, we make use of analogous random graph structures to model the formation of large chain subgraphs, representing interactions between multiple cells, as a random graph Markov process. Using numerical simulations and analytical results on how quickly paths of certain lengths are reached in a random graph process, metrics for intercellular interaction dynamics at the swarm layer that may be experimentally evaluated are proposed.
Behavioral outcomes of picky eating in childhood: a prospective study in the general population
Authors: Cardona Cano Sebastian , Hoek Hans W. , van Hoeken Daphne , de Barse Lisanne M. , Jaddoe Vincent W.V. , Verhulst Frank C. , Tiemeier Henning
Published: February 2016

Background

Picky eaters in the general population form a heterogeneous group. It is important to differentiate between children with transient picky eating (PE) and persistent PE behavior when adverse outcomes are studied. We analyzed four PE trajectories to determine the associations with child mental health prospectively.

Methods

From a population‐based cohort, 3,748 participants were assessed for PE at 1.5, 3, and 6 years of age using maternal reports. Four trajectories were defined: persistent (PE at all ages); remitting (PE before 6 years only); late‐onset (PE at 6 years only); and never (no PE at any assessment). Child's problem behaviors were assessed with the Teacher's Report Form at 7 years of age. We examined associations between picky eating trajectories and emotional problems, behavioral problems and pervasive developmental problems using logistic regressions. Analyses were adjusted for child, parental, and socioeconomic confounders. We also adjusted for maternal‐reported baseline problem behavior at age 1.5 years; the never picky eating group was used as reference.

Results

Persisting PE predicted pervasive developmental problems at age 7 years (OR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.10–3.63). The association remained when adjusted for baseline pervasive developmental problems at 1.5 years (OR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.10–3.51). Persistent PE was not associated with behavioral (OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.53–1.60) or emotional problems (OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 0.74–2.07). Other PE trajectories were not related to child behavioral or emotional problems.

Conclusions

Persistent PE may be a symptom or sign of pervasive developmental problems, but is not predictive of other behavioral problems. Remitting PE was not associated with adverse mental health outcomes, which further indicates that it may be part of normal development.
Commentary: Leveraging discovery science to advance child and adolescent psychiatric research – a commentary on Zhao and Castellanos 2016
Authors: Mennes Maarten
Published: February 2016

‘Big Data’ and ‘Population Imaging’ are becoming integral parts of inspiring research aimed at delineating the biological underpinnings of psychiatric disorders. The scientific strategies currently associated with big data and population imaging are typically embedded in so‐called discovery science, thereby pointing to the hypothesis‐generating rather than hypothesis‐testing nature of discovery science. In this issue, Yihong Zhao and F. Xavier Castellanos provide a compelling overview of strategies for discovery science aimed at progressing our understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders. In particular, they focus on efforts in genetic and neuroimaging research, which, together with extended behavioural testing, form the main pillars of psychopathology research.
Commentary: Risk taking, impulsivity, and externalizing problems in adolescent development – commentary on Crone et al. 2016
Authors: Nigg Joel T. , Nagel Bonnie J.
Published: February 2016

This commentary supports several important themes. These include the value in seeing risk taking as multicomponential (affective vs. deliberative risk taking), the importance of evaluating risk taking in relation to outcome, the necessity of expanding the brain networks studied in relation to risk taking, and the crucial interactions of risk taking with psychosocial context. We argue that more careful distinctions are needed between risk taking and different forms of impulsivity. Clearer differentiation of these constructs and their study together in brain imaging studies will clarify components of adolescent development and risk for externalizing behavior problems.
Commentary: Surveying normal science for children's mental health – expanding reconnaissance to strong inference, trans‐syndromal risk and social transactions. A response to Rutter & Pickles (2016)
Authors: Reiss David
Published: February 2016

Eratosthenes came close to a precise estimate of the circumference of the earth around the year 240 BC. His accomplishment depended on a verifiable tenet among his contemporaries: the earth was a sphere. At Syrene, the sun cast no shadow at the summer solstice. On that day, Eratosthenes measured the angle of the sun's shadow in Alexandria over 700 kilometers to north, at 7°12′ or 1/50th of the circumference of a perfect sphere.
Editorial: Looking beyond the horizon – innovation in child psychology and psychiatry
Authors: Pasco Fearon R.M.
Published: February 2016

As readers will no doubt be well aware, the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry dedicates an entire issue, once a year, to state‐of‐the‐art authoritative reviews of research on some of the central issues in our field.1 I like to think that in doing so we have been quietly undertaking a giant Pavlovian conditioning experiment: every year, as the spring flowers start to blossom (in the northern hemisphere at least), the nucleus accumbens of child psychologists and psychiatrists around the world begin to glow in anticipation of intellectual reward.
Cuspal Deflection of Premolars Restored with Bulk‐Fill Composite Resins
Authors: Behery Haytham , El‐Mowafy Omar , El‐Badrawy Wafa , Saleh Belal , Nabih Sameh
Published: February 2016

Objective

 This in vitro study compared cuspal deflection of premolars restored with three bulk‐fill composite resins to that of incrementally‐restored ones with a low‐shrinkage silorane‐based restorative material.

Materials and Methods

 Forty freshly‐extracted intact human upper premolars were used. Reference points at buccal and palatal cusp tips were acid‐etched and composite rods were horizontally bonded to them (TPH‐Spectra‐HV, Dentsply). Two acrylic resin guiding paths were made for each premolar to guide beaks of a digital micrometer used for cuspal deflection measurements. Standardized MOD cavities, 3 mm wide bucco‐lingually and 3.5 mm deep, were prepared on each premolar. Prepared teeth were then equally divided into four groups (n = 10) and each group was assigned to one of four composite resin (QuiXX, Dentsply; X‐tra fil, Voco; Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill, Ivoclar Vivadent; low‐shrinkage Filtek LS, 3M/ESPE). Adper Single Bond‐Plus, 3M/ESPE was used with all bulk‐fill restoratives. LS‐System Adhesive, 3M/ESPE was used with Filtek LS. For each prepared premolar, cuspal deflection was measured in microns as the difference between two readings between reference points before and after restoration completion. Means and SDs were calculated and data statistically‐analyzed using One‐way ANOVA and Tukey's test.

Results

 Filtek LS showed the lowest mean cuspal deflection value 6.4(0.84)μm followed by Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill 10.1(1.2) μm and X‐tra fil 12.4(1.35)μm, while QuiXX showed the highest mean 13(1.05)μm. ANOVA indicated significant difference among mean values of groups (p < 0.001). Tukey's test indicated no significant difference in mean values between QuiXX and X‐tra fil (p = 0.637).

Conclusions

 Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill had significantly lower mean cuspal deflection compared with the two other bulk‐fill composite resins tested. Filtek LS had the lowest significant mean cuspal deflection in comparison to all tested bulk‐fill restoratives.

Clinical Significance

The use of Tetric EvoCeram Bulk fill composite resin restorative for class II MOD cavities resulted in reduced cuspal deflection in comparison to the two other bulk‐fill composite resins tested. The silorane‐based Filtek LS restorative resulted in the least cuspal deflection in comparison to all tested bulk‐fill composite restoratives.
Anticholinergic Medication Use and Risk of Pneumonia in Elderly Adults: A Nested Case–Control Study
Authors: Chatterjee Satabdi , Carnahan Ryan M. , Chen Hua , Holmes Holly M. , Johnson Michael L. , Aparasu Rajender R.
Published: February 2016

Objectives

To examine the risk of community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) associated with the use of anticholinergic medications in elderly adults.

Design

Nested case–control study.

Setting

A regional Medicare Advantage healthcare plan (2009–2010).

Participants

Participants were Medicare Advantage Plan enrollees aged 65 and older with at least one inpatient and one outpatient claim with no history of CAP between January 1 and June 30, 2009. Cases were identified as enrollees with an incident diagnosis of CAP, between July 1, 2009, and December 31, 2010 (n = 291). Four age‐ and sex‐matched controls (n = 1,164) were identified per case using incidence density sampling.

Measurements

Anticholinergic prescription 30 days preceding the event date was the primary exposure. Anticholinergic exposure was defined based on the Anticholinergic Drug Scale (ADS). A conditional logistic regression model stratified on matched case–control sets was used, with exposure to a Level 1, 2, or 3 anticholinergic on the ADS as the main independent variable; CAP as the main outcome variable; and risk factors for CAP as additional explanatory variables.

Results

After controlling for risk factors, overall use of anticholinergic medications was significantly associated with risk of pneumonia (odds ratio (OR) = 1.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.20–2.28). The risk of pneumonia remained significant across the different exposure periods, although use of higher‐level (ADS Level 2 or 3) anticholinergics was not associated with pneumonia risk (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 0.70–1.96).

Conclusion

Overall use of anticholinergic medications, but not higher‐level drugs, was associated with greater risk of CAP compared to no use after controlling for other factors. More research is needed to better understand the role of potent anticholinergic medications on pneumonia risk in elderly adults.