bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal Changes in a Red Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Colony Classification System Following an Insecticidal Treatment
Authors: Callcott Anne-Marie A. , Collins Homer L.
Published: September 2017

The decline of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (RIFA) following an application of fenoxycarb bait and the subsequent reinfestation from small, incipient colonies to large, mature colonies was studied in south Mississippi. Field colonies were rated using the numerical colony classification system of Lofgren and Williams (1982). The study site was considered RIFA free (98.9% decrease in pretreat population index) 3 months after a fenoxycarb bait treatment. Small incipient colonies categorized in class 7 (100–1,000 workers and worker brood present) appeared in the test site about 4 months after bait application. Mature colonies in classes 9 and 10 (10,000–50,000 workers present with worker brood and more than 50,000 workers with worker brood present, respectively) were detected after 12–15 months of development.
Longevity of Laboratory-Reared Boll Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Offered Honey Bee-Collected Pollen and Plants Unrelated to Cotton
Authors: Haynes J. W. , Smith J. W.
Published: September 2017

Understanding the ability of the boll weevil to survive on plants other than cotton is important in understanding how to control or eradicate this pest. Laboratory-reared adult boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, were given a variety of foods. When honey bee-collected pollen and water was offered, 78.9% survived for 10 days, 56.7% survived for 15 days, and 13.5% survived for 35 days. When weevils were fed a diet of 1.0% pollen + 1.0% sucrose, 76.7% survived for 10 days and 20% survived for 15 days. Due to high mortality this test was discontinued after 15 days. Decreasing the concentration of sugar and pollen in the diet to 1.0% or less resulted in significantly increased mortality. Boll weevils offered nine plant species common to northeast Mississippi lived as long as 8–16 days. Weevils survived longest on primrose, Oenothera speciosa Nuttall; sow thistle, Sonchus asper L.; and dandelion, Taraxacum officinale Weber because of pollen and seed heads present in the flowers which were not found in the other species tested. Weevils survived twice as long on unadulterated pollen plus water compared with the best plant species tested on low doses (1.0%) of pollen plus sucrose.
Competitiveness of Boll Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Sterilized with Low Doses of Fractionated Irradiation
Authors: Haynes Jack W. , Smith James W.
Published: September 2017

Male boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, sterilized with nine fractionated doses totaling 48 gray (Gy) of irradiation successfully competed with normal untreated males for virgin females. The ratios of Smale:Nmale:Nfemale tested were 1:1:1, 5:1:1, 10:1:1, 20:1:1, and 40:1:1. We determined that Smales, collectively, at a 20:1 or 40:1 ratio of Smale:Nmale were 90.8–95.1% as competitive as Nmales. A 40:1:1 ratio of Smale:Nmale:Nfemale resulted in no matings between Nmales and Nfemales alone. There were an average of 1.8 matings when both Nmale and Smales mated with the Nfemale resulting in 99.9% sterility (based on F1 adult emergence from eggs collected).
Cyfluthrin WP and EC Formulations to Control Malathion-Resistant Red Flour Beetles and Confused Flour Beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): Effects of Paint on Residual Efficacy2
Authors: Arthur Frank H.
Published: September 2017

Malathion-resistant red flour beetle and confused flour beetle field strains and a pesticide-susceptible laboratory strain of each species were exposed on unpainted and painted galvanized steel panels treated with cyfluthrin EC and WP formulations at label rates. Residues from both formulations applied to unpainted steel killed 99.8% of the insects after 1 h exposure for up to 235 d after treatment. Equivalent control on painted panels lasted approximately 3 wks and required 24 h exposure. Residual mortality on painted panels treated with cyfluthrin WP and EC quickly declined; tests with red flour beetles and confused flour beetles were discontinued after 116 and 123 d, respectively. All of the malathion-resistant strains were as susceptible as the laboratory strain to cyfluthrin, and there was no difference between the EC and WP formulations.
Utilization of Freeze-killed House Fly and Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Pupae by Three Pteromalid Wasps
Authors: Pawson B. M. , Petersen J. J. , Gold R. E.
Published: September 2017

Utilization of freeze-killed house fly, Musca domestica L., and stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L., pupae for development by the pteromalid parasitoids, Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan and Legner, Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani) and Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis was investigated. All three species of parasitoids used both fly species as hosts. Parasitoid emergence from house fly and stable fly puparia was not significantly different for M. zaraptor and P. vindemiae. However, emergence of S. nigroaenea was significantly higher from house fly puparia than from stable fly puparia. When given a choice, all three pteromalid species preferred ovipositing on house fly pupae, as indicated by parasitoid emergence. Parasitoid emergence from house fly puparia comprised ca. 75, 58 and 90% of the total combined emergence from house fly and stable fly puparia for M. zaraptor, P. vindemiae and S. nigroaenea, respectively. For M. zaraptor, the proportion of female progeny from house fly puparia (ca. 60%) was significantly higher than that from stable fly puparia (ca. 47%). The proportion of females from house fly and stable fly puparia for P. vindemiae and S. nigroaenea was not significantly different.
Incidence of Western Corn Rootworm Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Corn in Virginia from 1987 to 1992
Authors: Youngman Roger R. , Day Eric R.
Published: September 2017

The discovery of western corn rootworm beetles, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, in a southwest Virginia corn field in 1985 prompted annual surveys of corn fields in an average of 28 counties across the state from 1987 to 1992. All counties included in the annual surveys were representative of the major corn-growing regions of Virginia. Survey results indicated that western corn rootworm beetles spread rapidly throughout most of the western and central continuous corn-growing regions of the state. In the eastern and southeastern corn-growing regions of the state, where crop rotation is widely practiced, detections of western corn rootworm beetles were less common and typically involved only one to two counties per year from 1987 to 1992.
Monitoring Permethrin Resistance in Soybean Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Adults
Authors: Mink J. S. , Boethel D. J. , Leonard B. R.
Published: September 2017

A glass vial monitoring technique was developed to test for permethrin resistance in soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), adults. Male and female moths from laboratory permethrin-resistant and-susceptible soybean looper strains were exposed to permethrin residues in glass vials to estimate concentration-mortality lines. Probit analysis of results indicated that male and female LC50 values were not significantly different within each strain. The resistant male and female moths were 13.4 and 12.2-fold more tolerant of permethrin, respectively, when compared to the same sex from the susceptible strain. A discriminating concentration of 2.5 μg permethrin per vial was identified for detection of permethrin resistance in soybean looper adults. Male soybean looper moths were captured during the 1991 growing season at three locations in Louisiana using wire cone traps baited with pheromone. Results of discriminating concentration tests on these moths indicated that all strains were resistant to permethrin, but frequencies of resistance varied within locations over time.
Effect of Disk Harrowing on Subsequent Emergence of Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Adults from Wheat Stubble
Authors: Zeiss M. R. , Brandenburg R. L. , Van Duyn J. W.
Published: September 2017

Conical cloth traps were used to compare emergence of Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), adults from three land preparation regimes: 1) wheat stubble disked; 2) stubble not disked, but burned; 3) stubble neither disked nor burned (control). Burning had no effect on emergence in the one experiment in which it was tested. Mean emergence in disked plots was approx. 60% less than in control plots. However, this difference was significant in only one of four experiments. Implications for Hessian fly management within a wheat-soybean double-cropping system are discussed.
The Inheritance of Cuticular Coloration in the Tobacco Horn worm (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)
Authors: Franks D. L. , Lampert E. P.
Published: September 2017

Laboratory colonies of white and black color-strains of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.) were used to study the inheritance of cuticular coloration where color is under the control of genes located on separate chromosomes. The white and black color traits are inherited as autosomal recessive and sex-linked recessive traits, respectively. Because the genes for these traits are located on separate chromosomes, the tobacco hornworm system may serve as a model for investigating the interactions between genes. Coloration of progeny of crosses between individuals from the white and black laboratory colonies, F1 self crosses, F1 reciprocal crosses and F1 backcrosses was examined to determine the inheritance of these two traits and potential epistasis between them. Genetic analysis showed that the two color traits are inherited independently and result in a brown phenotype in the double homozygous, recessive condition.
Establishment of Rhinocyllus conicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Georgia for Control of Musk Thistle
Authors: Buntin G. D. , Hudson R. D. , Murphy T. R.
Published: September 2017

Rhinocyllus conicus Froelich was introduced and successfully established at 21 sites in northern Georgia for biological control of musk thistle, Carduus nutans L. A total of 9,310 adults were released from 1990 through 1992. Releases of reproductively mature adults in the spring were much more successful than summer releases of teneral adults. Progeny were observed in all spring-release sites, and population increases occurred at most sites one and two years after release. Consumption of infested capitula by cattle reduced R. conicus numbers at some sites. After two years, weevils had dispersed up to 0.6 km from the initial release point. Transfer of R. conicus to new sites in Georgia will begin in 1993.
Population Biology of Orangestriped Oakworm (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in Southeastern Virginia
Authors: Coffelt Mark A. , Schultz Peter B.
Published: September 2017

Population biology of orangestriped oakworm, Anisota senatoria (J. E. Smith), was studied in southeastern Virginia. Egg mass size was larger on Quercus palustris Muench., pin oak, compared with Q. phellos L., willow oak. Females produced a sex pheromone that attracted male moths. Blacklight traps were not effective for monitoring A. senatoria adults. Peak male emergence occurred on 2 July, 4 days earlier than female. The mean life span was 33.5 days in the laboratory. Pupal mortality was high and only 1.2% of the pupae produced moths in 1989 and 1990. Pupae were capable of overwintering for two years in the field. The first report of a second generation from September - November was documented. Second generation A. senatoria oviposited more egg masses, infested more trees and had a longer development time compared with first generation. Large egg mass size, pupae that were capable of overwintering for two years and the presence of a second generation may partially explain the consistent A. senatoria populations that have occurred in southeastern Virginia.
Distribution and Seasonal Phenology of Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Wheat in Tennessee
Authors: Grant Jerome F. , Patrick Charles R.
Published: September 2017

A three-year study was conducted to assess the distribution and seasonal incidence of cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), on wheat, Triticum aestivum L., in Tennessee. Cereal leaf beetle was distributed across the state with populations most frequently encountered in eastern and middle Tennessee. Cereal leaf beetle adults were active in wheat fields during late March to early April; eggs were found from late March to early May; and larvae were found from early April to early June, peaking during mid May. In our experimental plots, larval densities exceeded the suggested economic threshold during each year. F1 adults emerged from late May to late June and fed approximately 2 wks on corn and other available Graminae plants. Adult activity then ceased; adults, eggs, and larvae were not encountered again until the following March and April.
Furia virescens (Thaxter) Humber (Zygomycetes: Entomophthoraceae) Infections in the Armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Arkansas with Notes on Other Natural Enemies
Authors: Steinkraus D. C. , Mueller A. J. , Humber R. A.
Published: September 2017

An epizootic caused by Furia virescens (Thaxter) Humber (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) was studied in a population of armyworms, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth), in a tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreber (Poaceae), pasture in Arkansas. Prevalence rates in live larvae collected from the field were 21.6, 8.1 and 13.5% for F. virescens, the braconid parasitoid Glyptapanteles militaris (Walsh), and an unidentified mermithid nematode, respectively. In a laboratory trial one Heliothis virescens (F.) larva was infected by F. virescens. Previously unrecorded aspects of the morphology and life cycle of F. virescens are described. Pseudaletia unipuncta and H. virescens are new host records for F. virescens.
Effects of Straw and Leaf Mulches and Trickle Irrigation on the Abundance of Colorado Potato Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Potato in Connecticut
Authors: Stoner Kimberly A.
Published: September 2017

Straw mulch reduced the number of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), larvae on potato during the first generation, and reduced the proportion of stems that were more than 50% defoliated compared to unmulched and unirrigated control plots. Leaf mulch and trickle irrigation did not affect number of larvae or the proportion of heavily defoliated plants compared to the control. None of the treatments significantly affected the number of adults per stem until the end of the first generation and none affected the number of egg masses, so the straw mulch must affect mortality or development of eggs and larvae. Both types of mulch and trickle irrigation increased yield relative to the control, perhaps due to lower soil temperature in a hot, dry year.
Temperature, Photoperiod, and Aggregation Effects on Development, Diapause, Reproduction, and Survival in Corythucha cydoniae (Heteroptera: Tingidae)
Authors: Braman S. Kristine , Pendley Andrew F.
Published: September 2017

Corythucha cydoniae (Fitch), the hawthorn lace bug, required an average of 55.6 – 18.5 days to complete development at temperatures ranging from 21 – 33°C. Nymphs emerged from eggs at 18°C but failed to develop further. Nymphal survival at 21°C was poor. Developmental thresholds for egg, nymphal, and total development were 13.3, 14.9, and 14.3°C, respectively. Thermal unit requirements for those stages were 162.9, 157.3, and 318.2 centigrade degree-days. Nymphal development was slightly accelerated by increasing the size of a cluster from one to three individuals at 24 but not at 27°C. Ovipositional rate was higher at 33 than 27°C, but total egg production was similar at both temperatures. Critical photoperiod for reproductive diapause was between 13:11 and 12:12 (L:D) at 24°C. Nymphal development was accelerated at short daylengths.
Post-harvest Management of Tobacco Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Overwintering in Peanut Fields
Authors: Chamberlin J. R. , Todd J. W. , Culbreath A. K. , Johnson W. C. , Demski J. W.
Published: September 2017

A combination of fallow tillage and a March application of carbofuran were assessed as tactics for decreasing survival and reproduction of tobacco thrips overwintering in six harvested peanut fields. Large numbers of tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), developed in three fields on volunteer peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., and winter annual weeds. Adult tobacco thrips collected during the late winter were predominantly brachypterous, with percent brachyptery averaging 71–95% for females. Brachypterous adults tended to be more abundant in fields harvested in September than in those harvested in October. Disking during November and February greatly reduced the density of volunteer peanut and winter annual weeds but did not measurably decrease abundance of brachypterous tobacco thrips. Carbofuran application reduced abundance of brachypterous adults and thrips larvae on volunteer peanut by 85–100% during the early spring. Post-harvest tillage and carbofuran application did not measurably reduce incidence of tomato spotted wilt virus in the subsequent peanut crop. Implications for winter ecology and management of spotted wilt are discussed.
Grape Phylloxera (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae): Comparison of Leaf Damage to Grape Cultivars Grown in Arkansas
Authors: Johnson Donn T. , Lewis Barbara A.
Published: September 2017

Grape cultivars (Vitis) grown in northwestern Arkansas varied significantly in gall counts per leaf produced by the foliar grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch). ‘Saturn’, ‘Fredonia’, ‘Campbells Early’, ‘Verdelet’, ‘Concord’, ‘Venus’, ‘Mars’, and ‘Cimarron’ had significantly fewer galls per leaf than did ‘Villard Noir’, ‘Himrod’, ‘Reliance’, and ‘Lakemont’. Gall counts significantly increased linearly as leaf width and hair density on the lower leaf surface decreased. Only grape cultivars with significantly larger gall counts per leaf had significant reductions in leaf widths relative to leaf widths on gall-free leaves. The relationship between leaf width and leaf hair density to grape cultivar susceptibility to foliar grape phylloxera is yet to be explained. A review of the mechanisms and suggested studies of leaf gall formation and prevention are presented.
Relative Abundance of Insects on Bermudagrasses and Bahiagrasses
Authors: Lynch Robert E. , Burton Glenn W.
Published: September 2017

Populations of leafhoppers, planthoppers, Trigonotylus doddi (Distant) (Hemiptera: Miridae), and predators were monitored on bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) cultivars ‘Coastal’, ‘Tifton 44’, ‘Tifton 78’, and ‘Tifton 85’, and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) ‘Tifton 9’; bahiagrass varieties ‘Pensacola,’ ‘Argentine’, and ‘Sand Mountain’; and bahiagrass breeding lines ‘Tifton 4’, ‘Tifton 5’, ‘Tifton 7’, and ‘Tifton 14’ during 1991 and 1992. Insects were more abundant on bermudagrasses than on bahiagrasses. Significant differences in insect abundance also were noted among bermudagrasses, but not among bahiagrasses. Populations of certain leafhoppers and planthoppers were higher on ‘Tifton 44’ than on ‘Coastal’, while populations of leafhoppers, planthoppers, and T. doddi were lower on ‘Tifton 78’, and ‘Tifton 85’ than on ‘Coastal.’ In both years, the number of predators collected on the grasses was correlated with the number of planthoppers and with the total number of phytophagous insects.
Behavioral and Reproductive Response of Caged Empoasca fabae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) to Vegetation Density of a Host Legume and a Non-Host Grass
Authors: Smith Lane M. , Lamp William O. , Armbrust Edward J.
Published: September 2017

Behavior and reproduction of potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), were examined in the laboratory in response to varying densities of leafhoppers, a host legume (alfalfa, Medicago sativa L.), and a non-host grass (large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis L.). A series of caged treatments with increasing crabgrass density per cage resulted in a corresponding series of decreasing oviposition and decreasing number of primary oocytes per female. Oviposition and number of primary oocytes were reduced by approximately 30% at the highest grass density. However, adult activity as measured by percentage of leafhoppers observed on alfalfa, in flights per minute, and on sides of cage, remained unchanged with increasing crabgrass density. When responses given at crabgrass densities were compared with pure alfalfa of equivalent vegetation density (plant surface area), activity in the presence of crabgrass was two to four times larger than alfalfa alone of equivalent vegetation density, with the highest increases occurring after 1700 h and with greatest crabgrass density. Results suggest that greater relative activity induced by crabgrass volatiles may have been responsible for reduced oviposition and reduced tenure time on alfalfa nearest to crabgrass in two-choice tests.
Predaceous Neuropterans in Georgia and Kansas Pecan Trees
Authors: Dinkins R. L. , Tedders W. L. , Reid W.
Published: September 2017

Fourteen species, six genera, and three families of Neuroptera were found in Georgia and Kansas pecan tree canopies. Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister) was the most numerous green lacewing collected in both areas. Chrysoperla carnea Stephens was the second most abundant green lacewing collected. Micromus posticus (Walsh) and Hemerobius humulinus L. were the two most commonly collected brown lacewings in both regions. Green lacewing populations were 6 to 11-fold larger in Kansas than in Georgia. Brown lacewing populations were slightly larger in Georgia than in Kansas. Green lacewing seasonal incidence was similar in both areas, with the late season peak occurring 2 to 3 wks later in Georgia than in Kansas. Brown lacewing seasonal incidence varied considerably between regions and years. Coniopteryx westwoodi Melander was the primary microneuropteran species collected. In Kansas, pesticide applications had significant effect on lacewing populations in some years but not others. Carbaryl applications had greater effect on population levels than phosalone.
Evaluation of Diatomaceous Earth (Insecto) and Bacillus thuringiensis Formulations for Insect Control in Stored Peanuts2
Authors: Arthur Frank H. , Brown Steve L.
Published: September 2017

Runner variety peanuts treated with four rates of diatomaceous earth (28.4, 56.8, 85.2, and 113.6 g per 12.7 kg peanuts) and Virginia variety peanuts treated with four Bacillus thuringiensis formulations (Dipel, Foil, M-Trak and Trident) were held for 8 months at ambient conditions in south Georgia and infested with stored-product insect pests. No red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), adults were found in peanuts treated with diatomaceous earth until six months after treatment. After 8 months, red flour beetle populations in peanuts treated with diatomaceous earth ranged from 5.7 ± 1.9 to 32.8 ± 12.0 per kg, as compared to 221.2 red flour beetles per 12.7 kg peanuts in untreated controls. The effect of diatomaceous earth on red flour beetles was described by non-linear regression. Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), and almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker), populations were not abundant in untreated controls or the diatomaceous earth treatments. After 8 months, red flour beetle populations in peanuts treated with the four biological insecticides were not significantly different from the untreated controls. Low levels of Indianmeal moth and almond moth were present in all treatments.
Mortality Response of Green June Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to Four Species of Entomopathogenic Nematodes
Authors: Townsend Monica L. , Steinkraus Don C. , Johnson Donn T.
Published: September 2017

Four species of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (All strain), S. feltiae (Filipjev) (NC strain), S. glaseri (Steiner), and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, were tested in the laboratory for their effect on larvae of the green June beetle, Cotinus nitida L. When nematodes were injected into the foregut of larvae (ca. 1,000 nematodes per larva), S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. glaseri, and H. bacteriophora caused similar mortality (65, 45, 65, and 63%, respectively). At a concentration of 10 nematodes per larva, S. carpocapsae produced significantly higher mortality (51%) than the other three nematode species. Increasing nematode concentrations resulted in only a slight increase in mortality of larvae injected perorally with any of the four nematode species. Water filtrates from whole nematodes or ground nematode tissue supernatants from S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora injected perorally into the alimentary tract did not kill green June beetle larvae. Thus, live nematodes appeared to be necessary to cause mortality. Subcuticular or peroral injections of S. carpocapsae or H. bacteriophora (1,000 nematodes per larva) produced similar mortality of green June beetle larvae ranging from 60 to 70%. Nematode-killed larvae were dissected (n=277) but only two cadavers contained live nematodes and nematodes did not successfully reproduce in any nematode-killed green June beetle larvae. Possible explanations for the failure of cadavers to produce nematode progeny are discussed.
Relative Abundance of Frankliniella bispinosa and Other Species of Thysanoptera Emerging from Soil Beneath ‘Navel’ Orange Trees in Florida During Spring Flowering
Authors: Childers C. C. , Nakahara S. , Beshear R. J.
Published: September 2017

Sixteen species of thrips in three families were identified from slide-mounted specimens collected from emergence traps placed beneath and between citrus trees in southwest and central Florida between 1989 and 1992. Species in the family Thripidae included: Chirothrips spiniceps (Hood), Frankliniella bispinosa (Morgan), F. kelliae Sakimura, Microcephalothrips abdominalis (D. L. Crawford), Scirtothrips sp., and Scolothrips pallidus (Beach); in the family Aeolothripidae: Stomatothrips crawfordi Stannard; and the family Phlaeothripidae: Adraneothrips decorus Hood, Aleurodothrips fasciapennis (Franklin), Eurythrips sp., Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin), Hoplandrothrips raptor (Crawford), Hoplothrips marginalis (Hood), Leptothrips cassiae Hood, L. macroocellatus Watson, and Nesothrips lativentris (Karny). F. bispinosa was the most abundant species comprising 84 to 99% of the thrips collected from emergence traps. F. kelliae was the second most abundant species with frequencies ranging from 3 to 12% in Lee and Hendry counties. No propupal or pupal stages of Frankliniella spp. were recovered from ground traps placed beneath the dripline of navel orange trees during flowering cycles at either location in southwest Florida. Only first and second instars and adults of F. bispinosa were collected from the ground traps.
Persistence of Natural and Genetically Engineered Insecticides Based on Bacillus thuringiensis2
Authors: Nyouki Firmin F. R. , Fuxa James R.
Published: September 2017

The effects of environmental factors on the persistence of formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner were investigated in a greenhouse study. The persistence of Dipel™, a conventional formulation of B. thuringiensis, was compared with that of MVP™, a commercial formulation consisting of Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula genetically engineered to express a δ-endotoxin gene of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. Sprayed foliage bioassayed with third instars of Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) indicated that overall persistence of Dipel™ was significantly better (P < 0.05) than that of MVP™, though the 2.5% difference probably was not meaningful from a practical standpoint. The two formulations had significantly (P < 0.05) better persistence on cotton than on soybean or tomato, though there was still > 25% bioassay mortality on all three plant species after 14 d. Sunlight and a combination of precipitation and ultraviolet light were most detrimental to the B. thuringiensis formulations, followed by precipitation only and ultraviolet light only. The formulations were most stable in the dark with no precipitation.
Comparative Effects of Insect Growth Regulators on Longevity and Mortality of Beet Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae2
Authors: Chandler L. D.
Published: September 2017

Laboratory bioassays demonstrated the toxic effects of three distinct types of insect growth regulators, diflubenzuron, fenoxycarb, and RH-5992, against 1- and 6-d-old larvae of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner). Diflubenzuron and RH-5992 were somewhat more active and provided faster knockdown of beet armyworm larvae than did fenoxycarb. RH-5992 and diflubenzuron were 12–21 and 3–5 times more effective, respectively, against beet armyworm larvae than fenoxycarb. Larvae exposed to fenoxycarb lived up to 34 d following treatment and continued to feed. Therefore, fenoxycarb in field settings may not be as acceptable for controlling larvae of the beet armyworm as are diflubenzuron and RH-5992.
Laboratory Evaluation of Biologically-Based Compounds as Antifeedants for the Pales Weevil, Hylobius pales (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Salom S. M. , Carlson J. A. , Ang B. N. , Grosman D. M. , Day E. R.
Published: September 2017

Twenty plant-produced compounds or mixtures and one insect-produced semiochemical were evaluated as potential antifeedants for the pales weevil, Hylobius pales (Herbst). Initially, a choice laboratory feeding bioassay was conducted to screen the compounds and identify antifeedant activity. This was followed by a no-choice dose-response bioassay to further evaluate the most active compounds from the choice test. In the choice test, nine compounds inhibited feeding by H. pales on white pine, Pinus strobus L., twigs after 24 h: borneol, bornyl acetate, cucurbitacin, limonin, myrcene, neem extract, S (+) and R (−) carvone, and verbenone. Five of these compounds remained active after 48 h: borneol, limonin, neem extract, and both carvone isomers. In the no-choice test, 10% concentrations of S (+) carvone and limonin were the most active compounds for both males and females after 24 h. Borneol, verbenone, and R (−) carvone were active for males only. After 48 h, limonin and S (+) carvone remained most active compounds for males, with cucurbitacin and verbenone also showing activity. However, only limonin was active for females. Dose responses (0.1–10% concentrations) were strong for limonin and both carvone isomers. Cucurbitacin, diluted from a 0.3% concentrate, exhibited similar responses at all three doses, indicating that a more concentrated formulation may have potential as an antifeedant for H. pales. Limonin, both carvone isomers, and verbenone also show promise and will be further evaluated in future studies.
Esfenvalerate Residues on Pepper and Pumpkin Following Application for Control of Cucumber Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Antonious George F. , Byers Matthew E.
Published: September 2017

Esfenvalerate was sprayed on green pepper and pumpkin plants at 7.0 g (AI)/ha to control adult striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma vittatum (Fabricius), and spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (Barber). Following spraying, residues of esfenvalerate on the two crops were determined and adult insects were swept and counted. Esfenvalerate was extracted using n-hexane from representative plant samples collected at different time intervals following spaying for residue analysis. Determination of residues using gas chromatography (GC-ECD) indicated initial deposits of 3.34 and 1.18 ppm on pumpkin and pepper leaves, respectively. Only trace levels were detected on pepper fruits on day 21 (0.0001 ppm). Half-life values were 1.11 and 2.79 d on pumpkin and pepper fruits, respectively, whereas the values were 1.92 and 3.38 d on pumpkin and pepper leaves, respectively. Periodic sweep-net collections from treated and untreated plots revealed mean beetle reductions of nearly 100% 1 h post-treatment and > 60% 2 wk after treatment on both crops. Results obtained may be useful for developing IPM strategies to reduce pesticide residues on produce.
Examination of Midgut Proteinases of the Adult Southern Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Coppedge B. R. , Jones J. M. , Felton G. W. , Stephen F. M.
Published: September 2017

The midgut of adult southern pine beetles, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), contains digestive enzymes with optimal proteolytic activity in vitro near pH 7. General proteinase activity was significantly inhibited by serine and cysteine proteinase class inhibitors, while limited activation by cysteine proteinase class activators was apparent. These results indicate that both cysteine and serine proteinases are present in the adult midgut. The presence of both proteinase classes in adult southern pine beetles coincides with previous studies showing widespread occurrence of these two classes of proteinases as digestive enzymes in midguts of other coleopteran species, but represents one of few beetle species known to possess both proteinase classes simultaneously.
Reduced Susceptibility of Organophosphate-resistant Tobacco Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) to Aldicarb
Authors: Brierley R. M. , Lampert E. P. , Harlow C. D.
Published: September 2017

Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine if organophosphate (OP)-resistant (R) and OP-susceptible (S) tobacco aphids exhibited tolerance or resistance to aldicarb, a carbamate insecticide. In the greenhouse, OP-R and OP-S aphids were placed in leaf cages on greenhouse-grown, flue-cured tobacco plants treated with various doses (0.0 to 1.0 g per plant) of aldicarb in the potting soil. Mortality was recorded after 24 h, and a dose-mortality relationship was examined. OP-S aphids were more susceptible as compared with OP-R aphids, to all doses of aldicarb. Leaf disks were collected on several dates from field-grown, flue-cured tobacco plants treated with 0, 11.2 or 22.4 kg per ha of aldicarb before transplanting. The leaf disks were taken to the laboratory, transferred to Petri dishes, and infested with ten OP-R or ten OP-S aphids. After 36 h, significantly higher mortality was observed in the OP-S aphids as compared with the OP-R aphids. These are the first test results to demonstrate a reduced susceptibility of OP-R tobacco aphids to aldicarb, a carbamate insecticide. The hypothesis that tobacco aphids with a chromosomal translocation are less susceptible to other types of insecticides is supported.
A Characteristic Body Posture of the Potato Leafhopper is Correlated with Probing
Authors: Ecale Carol L. , Backus Elaine A.
Published: September 2017

Electronic monitoring was combined with video observation in order to determine whether a characteristic body posture of the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), indicated probing. Styet probing was strongly correlated with (r > 0.99) and could be accurately predicted by a characteristic body posture. We describe a technique whereby video observation, alone, can be used to apply standardized pulses of leafhopper probing injury to plants.
Survival of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) After Exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner Encapsulated in Flour Matrices2
Authors: McGuire Michael R. , Gillespie Robert L. , Shasha Baruch S.
Published: September 2017

Two types of pregelatinized corn flour were used to produce granules containing Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. kurstaki and various additives for control of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), in the whorl of corn plants. Laboratory-reared larvae were applied to corn whorls in the greenhouse and field, and a high natural infestation occurred at one field site (Champaign). In the greenhouse and at all three field sites, five of these formulations were just as effective as Dipel 10G, a commercially available B. thuringiensis product, for control of European corn borer larvae. In all greenhouse studies and at one of the three field sites (Champaign), the dose of B. thuringiensis could be reduced by as much as 75% when a phagostimulant was added to flour granules without significant loss of corn borer control. The phagostimulant dose response was not observed at the other two field sites in which larval infestations were relatively low. Flour type had no significant effect on European corn borer control under greenhouse and field conditions. Greenhouse evaluations provided results significantly similar to results from two of the field sites indicating the usefulness of the technique. The data presented highlight the versatility and potential for using novel formulation techniques for enhancing the efficacy of B. thuringiensis.
Adult Emergence Patterns, Population Trends and Activity Patterns of the Hickory Shuckworm, Cydia caryana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) in Pecan Orchards
Authors: McVay John R. , Eikenbary Raymond D. , Morrison Robert D. , Kouskolekas Costas A.
Published: September 2017

Emergence of hickory shuckworm, Cydia caryana (Fitch), adults from larval overwintering sites was bimodal. The major emergence peak occurred during the period of mid-March to mid-May and the smaller activity period during July and August. Pheromone trapping was effective for monitoring population trends during generations 1 and 5 of C. caryana but less so during generations 2, 3, and 4. Activity patterns suggest the species is crepuscular rather than truly nocturnal.
Variation in Size and Lipid Content of Adult Southern Pine Beetles, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Relation to Season
Authors: Coppedge B. R. , Stephen F. M. , Felton G. W.
Published: September 2017

Variations in size, weight, and lipid content of brood adult southern pine beetles, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, were investigated using a spectrophotometric technique to determine total lipid content of individual beetles. Large seasonal variations in these parameters were found with significant differences occurring between months and years. Patterns of variation, however, were not consistent with those reported in previous studies, leading to the conclusion that these variations do not have regular seasonal patterns. Variations in beetle measurements were not related to tree characteristics. Female beetles, on average, were heavier and contained more lipid than male beetles. The spectrophotometric technique used improves on a similar technique recently reported. The technique allowed more extensive measurements, including total lipid content, dry weight, and percent lipid content, to be taken on individual beetles.
Artificial Diets for Third Instar Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Klein M. G. , Allsopp P. G.
Published: September 2017

Of four diets tested, one based on lima beans and casein was selected as the best and easiest for rearing third instars of Japanse beetles, Popillia japonica Newman. The diet gave the best survival and heaviest pupae and was previously used for rearing larvae of the New Zealand grass grub, Costelytra zealandica (White).
Susceptibility of Populations of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Brazil and the United States to a Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus1
Authors: Abot A. R. , Moscardi F. , Fuxa J. R. , Sosa-Gómez D. R. , Richter A. R.
Published: September 2017

Populations of velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, were sampled in different regions of Brazil (Dourados, Londrina, Rancho Alegre, and Passo Fundo) and the United States (Texas and Louisiana). Laboratory colonies were established in each respective country, and larvae were bioassayed with a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), isolate LD-79, obtained in Londrina, PR, Brazil, in 1979. Log-dose-probit regression lines and associated parameters were used to compare susceptibility of the populations to the NPV. The Brazilian A. gemmatalis populations did not differ significantly from one another based on overlap of 95% confidence limits of median lethal concentrations (LC50). However, the LC50 was positively correlated with the number of years that field sites had been sprayed with NPV. Two A. gemmatalis populations from the United States did not differ significantly in their susceptibility to the virus.
Comparison of Colored Sticky Traps for Monitoring Thrips Populations (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Staked Tomato Fields
Authors: Cho Kijong , Eckel Craig S. , Walgenbach James F. , Kennedy George G.
Published: September 2017

The response of flower thrips, Frankliniella spp., to various colors and sticky trap designs was evaluated in staked tomato fields in western North Carolina. Yellow sticky traps caught significantly more thrips compared with blue or white traps. There were no differences in the relative proportion of thrips species caught on different colored traps. The size of the flower sampling unit (i.e., 10-flowers versus all flowers per plant) did not influence the correlation between sticky trap catches and thrips abundance in flowers. Only F. occidentalis (Pergande) exhibited a significant correlation between percent abundance on all colors of sticky traps and percent abundance in flowers. Colored sticky traps caught high numbers of F. tritici (Fitch), despite the fact that few F. tritici were collected from flowers. In tests to evaluate different trap designs, cylindrical and cup traps caught more F. tritici than glass slide traps. Cylindrical sticky traps were more economical and enabled easier identification of thrips than glass slide or cup traps.
Virulence of Four Fungal Pathogens to Coptotermes formosartus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)1
Authors: Wells J. D. , Fuxa J. R. , Henderson G.
Published: September 2017

Four species and 10 isolates of entomogenous fungi were tested for virulence against the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Five isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and three of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin were virulent to C. formosanus. The isolates of these two fungal species were chosen because they originated from different phylogenetic groups of host insects. The B. bassiana isolates originated from hosts in the Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, Homoptera, Dermaptera, and Isoptera; the M. anisopliae isolates came from hosts in the Coleoptera, Isoptera, and Homoptera. The B. bassiana isolate from an isopteran was most virulent to C. formosanus, when LD50 and mean time until death were both considered. There was no other pattern in virulence of isolates relative to the phylogeny of their original insect hosts. All five B. bassiana isolates and one of the three M. anisopliae isolates produced full growth of external mycelium and conidia on the dead termites. Termites exposed to fungal doses killing > 67% of the insects died more quickly than those exposed to doses killing < 67%. Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal was pathogenic to C. formosanus but had low virulence (1% infection in bioassays). Termites that walked across a hyphal mat of Conidiobolus coronatus (Constantin) Batko suffered 100% mortality within 2d, but this fungus did not produce conidia in culture on media.
The Effect of Alternative Southern Green Stink Bug (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) Insecticide Controls on Soybean Pest Management, Quality and Yield
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Boethel D. J. , Funderburk J. E. , Wier A. T.
Published: September 2017

Seven alternative insecticides to methyl parathion were assessed for stink bug control and yield and quality losses in soybean field trials in Georgia, Louisiana and Florida during 1988 and 1989. Several pyrethroid insecticides including lambda-cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, tralomethrin and cypermethrin controlled the southern green soybean stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.). These insecticides had greater residual control than methyl parathion, the standard for stink bug control, and acephate, another labeled soybean insecticide. The residual control of the pyrethroids also prevented the buildup of green cloverworm, Plathypena scabra (F.), velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, and bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster). Permethrin, another pyrethroid insecticide, did not provide adequate stink bug control at the rate tested. Yields and 100-seed weights in the alternative insecticide plots were equal to or exceeded those in the standard treatments. Soybean quality (lower percentage of stink bug damaged kernels) was higher in plots treated with pyrethroids. Several alternative insecticides for controlling stink bugs are available to replace methyl parathion in soybean, should this product become unavailable to producers due to its patent expiration or denial of re-registration.
Effects of an Entomopathogenic Nematode and a Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus on Emergence of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Bell M. R.
Published: September 2017

Cage tests were conducted during the 1993 growing season to determine the effect of incorporating an entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernema riobravis) in soil under cotton on subsequent emergence of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (L.). When soil under seedling cotton was treated with 240K nematodes per m2 on 13 May, the number of moths emerging in cages was reduced by an average of 66%, compared to the untreated control, for at least 21 days following application. When a similar rate was applied on soil under mature cotton on 12 July, the number of moths emerging in treated cages after developing as larvae on the plants was 57% less over a 39 d period compared to the untreated control. In another cage study, application of the nematodes on wild geranium, Geranium dissectum L., an early-season host of tobacco budworms and cotton bollworms, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), reduced adult emergence by 36% compared to untreated areas, whereas a single application of baculovirus from the celery looper (600 billion polyhedra per ha) reduced the emergence by 56%. In this latter test, adult emergence was further reduced (73% less than control) when a whitening agent was added to the virus application. These studies indicate than an entomopathogenic nematode, and the use of a whitening agent with baculovirus, might be useful in tobacco budworm management programs.
Efficacy of Predators Attacking Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Eggs on Grain Sorghum in the Field
Authors: Jacobson D. A. , Kring T. J.
Published: September 2017

Exclusion and insecticidal disruption studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of predators of corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), eggs on grain sorghum panicles in southwest and northeast Arkansas. Sets of three grain sorghum plants in a field were selected and one of three different treatments were applied to each plant in the trio. One panicle was fitted with an open cage with a large mesh that allowed colonization by most arthropod predators (particularly Orius insidiosus (Say)), but prevented feral H. zea moths from ovipositing on the panicles. The other two panicles in each trio were sprayed with mevinphos (Phosdrin) to erradicate predators, then one of these panicles was fitted with a cage of fine mesh that excluded all predators (total exclusion). The third panicle was covered with only a large mesh cage (insecticidal disruption). Ten H. zea eggs were placed on each of the panicles and the number that were shriveled or missing (indicative of predation) were recorded after 24 and 48 h. Predator densities also were evaluated on these and adjacent panicles. Tests were replicated in two locations over two years. When predator densities were highest, an average of 8.7 O. insidiosus (all stages) were found per panicle in open cages. Differences in the numbers of eggs shriveled or missing were significant in these treatments, with 62% missing from open cages, 27% from insecticidal checks, and only 15% from total exclusion cages. Because O. insidiosus represented 94% of the total predator population, the results indicated the importance of O. insidiosus as a predator of H. zea eggs on grain sorghum. The insecticidal disruption method appeared to be an effective technique for evaluating the efficacy of predators of H. zea eggs on grain sorghum panicles.