bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of SiN films for AlGaN/GaN MIS‐HEMTs on Si(111)
Authors: Cordier Y. , Lecotonnec A. , Chenot S. , Baron N. , Nacer F. , Goullet A. , Lhermite H. , Kazzi M. El , Regreny P. , Hollinger G. , Besland M. P.
Published: February 2009

In this work, AlGaN/GaN HEMT structures grown on Si(111) substrates were covered with SiNx dielectric films, in order to realize MIS‐HEMT devices. The dielectric films have been deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition using deposition conditions previously optimized for InP based devices. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to control the interface formation and characterize the deposited films. Capacitance‐voltage, Hall effect and current‐voltage measurements were carried out on the MIS‐HEMTs and HEMT reference devices and correlated with the dielectric layer quality. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fabricating gratings on nitrides grown by MOVPE for DFB lasers
Authors: Nakao Masashi , Kimura Takeshi , Liu Yuhuai , Ji Shi‐Yang , Matsuoka Takashi
Published: February 2009

In an achievement we believe marks a first, we succeeded in fabricating corrugation gratings in indium‐nitride (InN) films grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) for distributed feedback lasers. The resulting temperature‐independent devices are suitable for wavelength demultiplexing and modulation in optical communications systems. The grating periods are in the first‐order wavelength region of 1.55 μm. We also formed gratings in gallium nitride epitaxial layers, applying electron‐beam (EB) lithography to form grating patterns in nitride substrates and inductively‐coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP‐RIE) to transfer EB resist patterns to nitrides. The depth of the grating grooves can be controlled by adjusting ICP‐RIE etching times to attain suitable coupling coefficients for forward and backward propagating waves in DFB lasers. We also introduce UV imprinting, a new grating fabrication technique that offers significant promise. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of oxygen supply on MOVPE InN
Authors: Sugita K. , Hashimoto A. , Yamamoto A.
Published: February 2009

This paper reports the effect of oxygen supply on MOVPE InN growth at high temperature (∼650 °C). It is noted that the deterioration occurs near the interface, and InN film becomes porous layer during growth. When we supply oxygen in the reactor (O2/NH3 ratio is 0∼0.018%), atomic hydrogen is reduced by reacting oxygen and the porous layer is decreased. Our study reveals that the porous layer is produced by atomic hydrogen. It is important to reduce the atomic hydrogen in the reactor. The oxygen suppresses the deterioration of the film during growth. The carrier concentration increases with the increase of oxygen supply. However, not only oxygen but also defect density due to oxygen is responsible for a higher carrier concentration. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Combined Use of PCA and QSAR/QSPR to Predict the Drugs Mechanism of Action. An Application to the NCI ACAM Database
Authors: Lauria Antonino , Ippolito Mario , Almerico Anna Maria
Published: February 2009

During the years the National Cancer Institute (NCI) accumulated an enormous amount of information through the application of a complex protocol of drugs screening involving several tumor cell lines, grouped into panels according to the disease class. The Anti‐cancer Agent Mechanism (ACAM) database is a set of 122 compounds with anti‐cancer activity and a reasonably well known mechanism of action, for which are available drug screening data that measure their ability to inhibit growth of a panel of 60 human tumor lines, explicitly designed as a training set for neural network and multivariate analysis. The aim of this work is to adapt a methodology (previously developed for the analysis of DNA minor groove binders) for the analysis of NCI ACAM database, using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and QSAR/QSPR for the prediction of the mechanism of action of anti‐cancer drugs. The entire database was splitted in a training set of 60 structures and a test set of 48 ones, and each set was expressed in form of a matrix on which further procedures were performed. Three statistical parameters were calculated: First Attempt of Prediction (FAP) expresses the percentage of correct predictions at first attempt, Total Attempt of Prediction (TAP) expresses the total percentage of correct predictions across all the three attempts, Non‐Classified (NC) expresses the percentage of compounds whose mechanism of action has failed to be predicted. The predictive ability of this approach is variable, but the results obtained are generally good; using 50% Growth Inhibiting concentration (GI50) values as training data, we were able to assign a correct mechanism of action with a good degree of reliability (more than 79%).
Increased dopamine D receptors in rats reared in social isolation
Authors: King Madeleine V. , Seeman Philip , Marsden Charles A. , Fone Kevin C.F.
Published: February 2009

Postweaning social isolation in the rat induces lasting alterations that parallel several of the core symptoms seen in human schizophrenics, including hyperreactivity to novel environments, cognitive impairment, and deficits in sensorimotor gating. The current study determined whether these changes are accompanied by any elevation in the proportion of striatal dopamine receptors in the functional high affinity state (D), as observed in other preclinical models of psychosis. Male Lister hooded rats (20–24 days) were housed in groups of three or alone. On Day 36 postweaning locomotor activity was monitored for 60 min in a novel arena, and on Day 37 novel object discrimination was assessed using a 2 h intertrial interval. Three days later striata were collected, homogenized, washed three times to remove endogenous dopamine, and the proportion of D determined by competition between dopamine and 2.27 nM [3H]domperidone. Isolates were significantly more active than group housed controls for both ambulation and rears. Although both groups exhibited comparable levels of familiarization trial object exploration, group housed animals were able to discriminate between novel and familiar objects during the choice trial while isolates were not. Social isolation was associated with a highly significant elevation in the proportion of striatal D, equivalent to a 3.3‐fold increase (group 15.2% ± 1.4%, isolate 49.8% ± 4.8%; P < 0.0001, Student's unpaired t‐test). These findings support both the hypothesis that elevated D is a common feature of multiple animal models of psychosis, and the validity of isolation rearing as a neurodevelopmental model of a “schizophrenia‐like” state. Synapse 63:476–483, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The study of the changes in the biochemical and mineral contents of bones ofCatla catladue to lead intoxication
Authors: Palaniappan PL. RM. , Krishnakumar N. , Vadivelu M. , Vijayasundaram V.
Published: February 2009

In the present study, an attempt has been made to analyze the changes in the biochemical and mineral contents of lead‐intoxicated bones ofCatla catlaat subchronic (15.5 ppm) exposure, and also to determine whether the effects of Pb intoxication can be reversed with the chelating agent meso 2, 3‐dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) on the bones of freshwater fingerlingsCatla catlaby using Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic absorption spectrophotometer techniques. The FT‐IR spectra of the lead‐exposed bones show significant alteration in the biochemical constituents. The XRD analysis showed a decrease in crystallinity due to lead exposure. Further, the Ca, Mg, and P contents of the lead‐exposed bones were less than those of the control group, and there was an increase in the mineral contents of the bones after DMSA treatment. In conclusion, the present study suggests that the subchronic lead exposure results in severe loss of bone minerals. The overall decrease in the FT‐IR band intensity of Pb‐exposed bones relative to the control indicates a decrease in the biochemical constituents like proteins and lipids. The increase in the band intensity after treatment with chelating agent DMSA indicates increased biochemical constituents, showing that the subchronic effects of lead can be reversed by DMSA. The amide I bands observed at 1654 cm−1in the present study suggest that the protein is dominated by α‐helical structure. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2010.
Apoptotic‐related protein changes induced by hexavalent chromium in mice liver
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Feng , Lou Xiao‐Ming , Shen Ying , Xing Ming‐Luan , Xu Li‐Hong
Published: February 2009

Although it has been reported that hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) could induce apoptosis in a variety of cell types, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process is still largely unknown. This study was undertaken to determine effects of single oral 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight doses of potassium dichromate on the expression level of p53, Bcl‐2, Bax, cytochrome c, and caspase‐3, which are vital regulators of apoptosis, in mice liver. The results showed that Cr(VI) could upregulate the protein expression of p53, Bax, cytochrome c, and caspase‐3 and downregulate the expression of Bcl‐2 in mice liver. All these results suggested that p53, Bcl‐2, Bax, cytochrome c, and caspase‐3 may be involved in the regulation of Cr(VI) induced apoptosis in vivo. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2010.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Magnetic Properties of a New Coordination Polymer Framework [CoII(4,4′‐bpy)(N3)2]n
Authors: Liang Shengli , Liu Zhiliang , Liu Caiming , Di Xiaowei , Zhang Jun , Zhang Deqing
Published: February 2009

A new cobalt(II) coordination polymer containing 4,4′‐bipyridine and azide as bridging ligand, [CoII(4,4′‐bpy)(N3)2]n (1) was synthesized under mild hydrothermal conditions and was characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies and magnetic susceptibility measurements. It exhibits an acentric structure, in which cobalt(II) ions are linked through end‐to‐end (EE) azido groups. The 4,4′‐bpy ligands are coordinated on the axial positions of the octahedral environment reinforcing the intermetallic connections and resulting in a network. Circular dichroism spectra of the compound exhibit a maximum negative Cotton effect at 260 nm, which indicates the chiral nature of 1. Variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements in the temperature range 2–300 K reveal the existence of antiferromagnetic couplings in the framework.
A New Sodium Borate: Na[B6O8(OH)3]·6H2O·H3BO3
Authors: Köse Dursun Ali , Zümreoglu‐Karan Birgül , Hökelek Tuncer , Sahin Ertan
Published: February 2009

The structure of [B6H9NaO14, H3BO3, 6H2O] was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and further analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy and differential thermal/thermogravimetric analysis. The asymmetric unit contains Na–O polyhedra (distorted octahedron), [B6O8(OH)3]– fundamental building blocks, one free water molecule and one free H3BO3 molecule. In the hexaborate anion, three B3O3 rings are linked by a common oxygen atom with five trigonal and one tetrahedral boron atoms. The hexaborate group is also linked to the oxygenated environment of the sodium atom by three other six‐membered rings, each of which involve two boron atoms, three oxygen atoms, and sodium as the joint atom.
[Cd3Cu]CuP10, [Cd3Cu] Cluster Stabilized in an Adamantane‐Like Polyphosphide Substructure
Authors: Bawohl Melanie , Nilges Tom
Published: February 2009

[Cd3Cu]CuP10 is the first representative of the adamantane‐like polyphosphides featuring a metalloid, tetrahedral [M3X] heterocluster, containing only d10 ions. It was prepared by the mineralization concept for polyphosphides using CuI as the mineralizer species. The title compound crystallizes cubic in the space group F3m (No. 216), with a = 10.479(2) Å and V = 1150.9(4) Å3. It is isostructural to the tin containing coinage‐metal polyphosphides [M3Sn]CuP10 with M = Cu, Ag, Au. A perfect orientation disorder of the [Cd3Cu] heterocluster relative to the space diagonals of the cubic cell is present, which is characteristic for the metalloid substructure of this class of compounds. EDX measurements substantiated the refined composition within the standard deviation of the experiment. A slow decomposition of [Cd3Cu]CuP10 was proven by DSC measurements and annealing experiments. The DSC spectra of different samples showed a broad exothermic effect starting at 573 K, which could be identified as a decomposition to new phases. Preliminary results of a single crystal structure determination of the main phase after decomposition pointed towards realized structure units closely related to the title compound, the Cu2P20 and the [Ag3Sn]P7 structure type. A detailed examination of the structural features of this new compound is still in progress.
Vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells mediate carbachol‐induced hepatocyte proliferation via muscarinic receptors and IP3/PKC signaling cascades
Authors: Yoshimura Ryoichi , Arai Jun‐ichi , Endo Yasuhisa
Published: February 2009

An acetylcholine (ACh) agonist, carbachol (Cch), causes hepatocytes to proliferate in the presence of hepatic nonparenchymal cells (HNPCs). To identify the HNPCs and ACh receptor subtypes involved in carbachol‐induced hepatocyte proliferation (CIHP), we examined two types of vascular cells as candidates for HNPCs mediating CIHP in cocultures of hepatocytes using the Transwell filter insert. In the coculture with vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) or endothelial cells (VECs), but not in the monoculture, 72 h treatment with Cch significantly increased the numbers of hepatocytes. The results suggest that both VSMCs and VECs are involved in CIHP through soluble factors secreted from these cells. Interestingly, coculture with VECs, but not with VSMCs, markedly increased the number of hepatocytes, even in the absence of Cch. Cell proliferation assays using an analogue of thymidine, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), demonstrated that the hepatocytes in both cocultures transiently replicated their chromosomes 12 h after Cch administration. Blocking the muscarinic type 1 ACh receptor (M1), M3/5, intracellular inositol triphosphate (IP3) receptor, or protein kinase C (PKC) pathways inhibited VSMC‐mediated CIHP, whereas blocking the M3/5, IP3receptor, or PKC pathways inhibited VEC‐mediated CIHP. Co‐culturing hepatocytes with both types of vascular cells markedly increased their albumin content, but addition of Cch had no effect. In conclusion, VSMCs among vascular cells mediate CIHP through M1, M3/5, and IP3/PKC signal transduction pathways, whereas VECs do so through M3/5, and IP3/PKC pathways.
Berücksichtigung gesundheitlicher Belange im Rahmen der ökologischen Stadtentwicklung
Authors: Welteke Rudolf
Published: February 2009

Einleitung

Der (gesunde) Mensch im Mittelpunkt der Entwicklung urbaner Lebenswelten – Wunschtraum oder Wirklichkeit? Die urbane Realität stellt sich unter gesundheitlichen Gesichtspunkten vielerorts anders dar und lässt an der Wirksamkeit und Aktualität solcher Impulse zweifeln. „Berücksichtigung von Gesundheitsbelangen“ – schon diese passive Ausdrucksweise verweist auf die nach wie vor existente Posteriorität von Prävention und Gesundheitsschutz in urbanen Planungs- und Entwicklungsansätzen: weiterhin ist eine echte Emanzipationsaufgabe zu leisten – unter möglichst aktiver Beteiligung der wissenschaftlichen Public-Health-Community.
HOW INVOLVED ARE AMERICAN L2 LEARNERS OF SPANISH IN LEXICAL INPUT
PROCESSING TASKS DURING READING?
Authors: Pulido Diana
Published: February 2009

This study examines the nature of the involvement load (Laufer &
Hulstijn, 2001) in second
language (L2) lexical input processing through reading by considering the
effects of the reader-based factors of L2 reading proficiency and background
knowledge. The lexical input processing aspects investigated were lexical
inferencing (search), attentional allocation during target word (TW)
verification (evaluation), TW episodic memory after verification, TW retention,
and changes in lexical input processing. This study also addresses the
relationships between inferencing and retention as well as the relationships
among the various phases of lexical input processing. A questionnaire on
self-reported strategy use during the TW verification task was designed to
examine motivation and cognitive involvement. A repeated-measures design was
used with a cross-sectional sample of 35 adult L2 learners of Spanish.
Participants read narratives (one more and one less familiar) that contained
nonsense words. They guessed the meanings of the TWs. After reading all of the
stories, participants completed an online inference verification task whose goal
was to confirm or to correct guesses and to encourage deeper processing of TWs.
This was followed by a test of TW episodic memory (yes/no verification) and a
strategy questionnaire. Afterward, participants completed two tests
that measured receptive retention of meaning. Analyses reveal differential
effects of the reader-based variables across the different aspects of lexical
input processing and negative changes in lexical input processing due to an
interaction between reading proficiency and background knowledge. Results
illustrate how reader-based factors also affect learner involvement and lexical
input processing.
The lived experience of parenting a child with a life-limiting condition: A focus on the mental health realm
Authors: Rodriguez Alison , King Nigel
Published: February 2009

Objective:

As medical technology has improved, there has been a marked increase in the numbers of children with life-limiting conditions being managed in the community. Few studies have evaluated the life worlds of the parents of these children. However, there have been studies that have reported feelings of isolation and depression among mothers. This article reports a study that highlights the mental health implications of the lived experience of parenting a child with a life-limiting condition.

Method:

Semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 parents of children with life-limiting conditions and analyzed using a phenomenological method.

Results:

The essential meaning of the phenomenon “the lived experience of parenting a child with a life limiting condition” is understood as a full-time emotional struggle involving six continuous constituents: inner drive, feeling responsible, psychological effects, threatened self image, social withdrawal, and a fear of reaching the bottom line.

Significance of results:

Very little clinical attention is focused upon the wider issues that affect parents dealing with caring for a child with a life-limiting condition.
Can short hospice enrollment be long enough? Comparing the perspectives of hospice professionals and family caregivers
Authors: Waldrop Deborah P. , Rinfrette Elaine S.
Published: February 2009

Objective:

Hospice utilization lasting for 2 weeks or less before death is considered “short.” Short, late-stage hospice admissions have been viewed as inadequate for providing end-stage symptom management, maximal comfort, and a comprehensive focus on life closure and as an underutilization of the Medicare Hospice Benefit. The purpose of this study was to explore psychosocial dynamics during late-stage hospice admissions by comparing the perspectives of hospice professionals and family caregivers. Salutogenic principles and concepts from Antonovsky's Sense of Coherence Theory (SOC) guided the inquiry.

Methods:

This exploratory, descriptive study involved a developmental design. First, hospice professionals' perspectives about psychosocial dynamics commonly observed in late-stage admissions were gathered. Themes were distilled into a Psychosocial Factors Checklist (PFC). Second, interviews that incorporated open-ended questions and the PFC were conducted with 56 family caregivers of hospice patients who died from cancer within 2 weeks of admission. Participant responses were transcribed and entered into Atlas ti software for data management and coding. Responses to the PFC were clustered around the SOC constructs (manageability, comprehensibility, meaningfulness) to create corresponding subscales. Interitem correlations were conducted to explore the associations among items.

Results:

Late-stage admissions were a crisis (54%), chaotic (43%), emotional (80%), and a time of open communication (80%) and meaningful conversations (73%). Hospice utilization was “just long enough” (49%) and “too short” (49%). The Manageability subscale (M = 4.09) suggested that caregivers experienced moderate difficulty. Manageability included physical challenges, emotional responses, informational needs, and benefits/resources. Comprehensibility emerged from medical results, visual signs, and hospice guidance. Meaningfulness was personal-individual, family-shared, and spiritual-existential.

Significance of results:

Hospice professionals and caregivers view late-stage admissions differently; they are a crisis for some but not all families. The development of a quick assessment tool for late-stage admissions has the potential for meaningful and effective intervention when time is of the essence.
Recruitment and retention of palliative cancer patients and their partners participating in a longitudinal evaluation of a psychosocial retreat program
Authors: Garland Sheila N. , Carlson Linda E. , Marr Hubert , Simpson Steve
Published: February 2009

Objective:

The negative impact of a palliative cancer diagnosis on the quality of life of patients and their partners is well documented. Unfortunately, research on interventions to improve psychological and spiritual well-being of these couples has been considered impractical because of the deleterious influence of disease progression on participation. This study evaluated the feasibility of offering the Tapestry Retreat, an intensive psychosocial intervention for palliative care patients and their partners.

Methods:

Participants in the Tapestry Retreat included 15 patients with advanced breast, prostate, or colon cancer and their partners (n = 30). Also included was a natural history group consisting of 20 patients and their partners (n = 40). All couples completed questionnaires related to quality of life, distress, marital satisfaction, and existential concerns at baseline, after the retreat or 1 month after baseline, and then again at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months.

Results:

Patients in the Tapestry group were significantly more likely to be women who had received prior psychological support and were less comfortable with their finances. Partners attending the Tapestry retreat were also more likely to have received prior psychological support.

Significance of results:

Despite issues with recruitment and retention, retreat participation was considered feasible. Recommendations for future research are discussed.
Implementation of computerized technology in a palliative care unit
Authors: André Beate , Ringdal Gerd I. , Loge Jon H. , Rannestad Toril , Kaasa Stein
Published: February 2009

Objective:

Symptom assessment is important in palliative care. Computerized technology (CT) is now available for use in such assessments. Barriers against implementation of CT in health care in general are well known, but less is known about how such technology is perceived by palliative health care personnel. The aim of the present study was to investigate the experience with implementation of CT among personnel in symptom assessment at a palliative care unit.

Method:

Seventeen respondents from a hospital ward unit and an outpatient clinic unit participated in an in-depth interview. A qualitative approach was used in collecting and analyzing the data.

Results:

Respondents at the hospital ward unit were better motivated than respondents at an outpatient clinic unit. It was stated that the health condition of the patient is important in their perception of the tool as useful or not. Conflicts between “high tech” and “high touch” were reported in both units.

Significance of results:

When the implementation process is conducted in such a manner that the health care personnel are involved, benefits of the tool can be realized. Thus, effective implementation and use of high tech can lead to more time released for high touch.
The patient lived experience for surgical treatment of colorectal liver metastases: A phenomenological study
Authors: McCahill Laurence E. , Hamel-Bissell Brenda P.
Published: February 2009

Objective:

The treatment experience for patients undergoing surgical treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastasis is understudied. This study sought to identify common themes in this experience in order to identify factors of importance in treatment decision making.

Methods:

The study utilized the phenomenological qualitative research approach. In-depth patient interviews conducted by a nurse researcher were tape-recorded and analyzed using the Colaizzi procedural steps.

Results:

All participants were interviewed and included 7 men and 5 women, ages 43–75, each with treatment experience with both chemotherapy and major surgery. Participants did not recall their decision to undergo liver surgery as a single event, rather as another in a series of health care choices during the long continuum of their CRC cancer disease experience. Seven common themes that emerged from the analyses of interviews as having significant impact on their treatment experience were communication with the health care provider, support from others, the patient's own attitude, cure uncertainty, coping strategies, hospital care concerns, and Internet information.

Significance of results:

This study identified factors of importance to patients that may serve to enhance communication, education, treatment satisfaction, and access to surgery for patients with CRC liver metastases. Further validation of our findings with a broader patient population is necessary.
Individual brief art therapy can be helpful for women with breast cancer: A randomized controlled clinical study
Authors: Thyme Karin Egberg , Sundin Eva C. , Wiberg Britt , Öster Inger , Åström Sture , Lindh Jack
Published: February 2009

Objective:

Recent research shows that almost every second woman with breast cancer is depressed or has anxiety; the risk for younger women is even higher. Moreover, research shows that women are at risk for developing depression, also a threat for women with breast cancer. The aim of this randomized controlled clinical trial was to study the outcome of five sessions of art therapy given at a 5-week period of postoperative radiotherapy.

Methods:

The participants were between 37 and 69 years old; six participants in each group were below 50 years of age. Half of the participants (n = 20) received art therapy and the other half (n = 21) were assigned to a control group. At the first measurement, at least 17% (n = 7) of the participants medicated with antidepressants. Data were collected before and after art therapy and at a 4-month follow-up using self-rating scales that measure self-image (the Structural Analysis of Social Behaviour) and psychiatric symptoms (the Symptom Check List–90).

Results:

At follow-up, significant lower ratings of depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms and less general symptoms were reported for the art therapy group compared to the control group. The regression analysis showed that art therapy relates to lower ratings of depression, anxiety, and general symptoms; chemotherapeutic treatment predicts lower depressive symptoms; in contrast to axilliary surgery and hormonal treatment as well as being a parent predicts higher ratings of anxiety and general symptoms.

Significance of results:

The conclusion suggests that art therapy has a long-term effect on the crisis following the breast cancer and its consequences.
Erziehungsstil aus Elternsicht
Authors: Reichle Barbara , Franiek Sabine
Published: February 2009

Zusammenfassung. Eine deutschsprachige Übersetzung, Adaptation und Erweiterung des Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ; Frick, 1991 ) für Eltern von Kindern im Grundschulalter erfasst mit 40 Items die Dimensionen Positives Elternverhalten, Involviertheit, Geringes Monitoring, Inkonsistenz und Körperliches Strafen sowie die neu konstruierten Dimensionen „Machtvolle Durchsetzung” und „Verantwortungsbewusstes Elternverhalten”. Daten einer Stichprobe von 373 (319) Eltern von Kindern im Grundschulalter wurden zu zwei Messzeitpunkten im Abstand von 6 Monaten erhoben und mit konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalysen dimensionsanalytisch sowie auf Stabilität untersucht. Die psychometrischen Eigenschaften der ermittelten Skalen sind gut bis zufriedenstellend, die Stabilitätskoeffizienten liegen zwischen r = .57 bis r = .77. Es zeigen sich die erwarteten Validierungszusammenhänge mit Verhaltensauffälligkeiten sowie sozialen Kompetenzen: Inkonsistentes Erziehungsverhalten, Geringes Monitoring, Körperliches Strafen und Machtvolle Durchsetzung hängen reliabel mit Oppositionell-Aggressivem Verhalten, Hyperaktivität und Emotionalen Auffälligkeiten zusammen; Positives Elternverhalten, Verantwortungsbewusstes Elternverhalten und Involviertheit mit Sozial-Emotionalen Kompetenzen der Kinder. Unglücksempfinden in der Elternpartnerschaft geht im Sinne eines Spill-Over mit Inkonsistentem Erziehungsverhalten einher, Positives und Verantwortungsbewusstes Elternverhalten mit Glücksempfinden. Einflüssen einer Tendenz zur Sozialen Erwünschtheit unterliegen nur Skalen, die extrem negatives oder extrem positives Erziehungsverhalten messen (Inkonsistentes Elternverhalten bei Müttern und Vätern, Körperliches Strafen und Positives Elternverhalten bei Müttern).
Future water availability for global food production: The potential of green water for increasing resilience to global change
Authors: Rockström Johan , Falkenmark Malin , Karlberg Louise , Hoff Holger , Rost Stefanie , Gerten Dieter
Published: February 2009

While past strategies for agricultural water management have focused on irrigation (use of blue water), this paper demonstrates the dominance of green water in food production. A global, yet spatially disaggregated, green‐blue analysis of water availability and requirement, using the LPJmL dynamic vegetation and water balance model, indicates that many countries currently assessed as severely water short are able to produce enough food for their populations if green water is considered and is managed well. The need to integrate green and blue water management is highlighted in a future scenario of water availability under climate change and population growth (HadCM2 A2). For 2050, the scenario indicates that 59% of the world population will face blue water shortage, and 36% will face green and blue water shortage. Even under climate change, good options to build water resilience exist without further expansion of cropland, particularly through management of local green water resources that reduces risks for dry spells and agricultural droughts.
Transient deformation in southern Mexico in 2006 and 2007: Evidence for distinct deep‐slip patches beneath Guerrero and Oaxaca
Authors: Correa‐Mora F. , DeMets C. , Cabral‐Cano E. , Diaz‐Molina O. , Marquez‐Azua B.
Published: February 2009

We model three slow slip events in 2006 and 2007 recorded by continuous GPS stations in central and southern Mexico to test for overlap between their source regions along the Mexican subduction interface and whether they intrude upward into the rupture zones of previous large earthquakes. Inverse modeling yields source regions beneath central Oaxaca for two of the three slow slip events (SSE), where a previously described SSE occurred in 2004, and beneath Guerrero for the third, where slip events previously occurred in 2001–2002 and possibly 1998. Along with previously published results, our work suggests there are persistent differences between the depths and magnitudes of transient slip beneath Oaxaca and Guerrero. Transient slip beneath Oaxaca in 2004, 2006, and 2007 had a common source region downdip from the seismogenic zone and released elastic strain energy equivalent to Mw∼7.0 earthquakes, equaling most or all energy that accumulated below the seismogenic zone. Transient slip beneath Guerrero in 2006 had a larger moment magnitude (Mw∼7.3) and extended somewhat farther updip, possibly to seismogenic depths. Transient slip thus appears to relieve some elastic strain that accumulates at shallow levels in the Guerrero seismic gap. We find no evidence for spatial or temporal correlations of slow slip along these two widely separated source regions, although better data are needed to test more definitively for any interaction between them.
Impact of aerosol on sea surface temperature over the subtropical Atlantic Ocean: A potential trigger factor of the NAO phase conversion?
Authors: Luo Gan , Yu Fangqun , Wang Zifa
Published: February 2009

The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is one of the most prominent patterns of atmospheric circulation variability over the Northern hemisphere, yet little is known about its underlying mechanism of phase conversion. Our analysis reveals that the recent decline of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) over the Subtropical Atlantic Ocean (SAO) contributes significantly to the enhancement of SAO Sea Surface Temperature (SST). We further show that the aerosol variations over SAO appear to be a trigger factor of NAO phase conversion. A new conceptual model, which details for the first time the atmospheric thermodynamic and dynamic anomaly structures during positive and negative NAO phase, has been presented here to illustrate the impact of aerosol on the SST over the SAO and the atmospheric response of the NAO.
Increase in the rate and uniformity of coastline erosion in Arctic Alaska
Authors: Jones B. M. , Arp C. D. , Jorgenson M. T. , Hinkel K. M. , Schmutz J. A. , Flint P. L.
Published: February 2009

Analysis of a 60 km segment of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea coast using a time‐series of aerial photography revealed that mean annual erosion rates increased from 6.8 m a−1 (1955 to 1979), to 8.7 m a−1 (1979 to 2002), to 13.6 m a−1 (2002 to 2007). We also observed that spatial patterns of erosion have become more uniform across shoreline types with different degrees of ice‐richness. Further, during the remainder of the 2007 ice‐free season 25 m of erosion occurred locally, in the absence of a westerly storm event. Concurrent arctic changes potentially responsible for this shift in the rate and pattern of land loss include declining sea ice extent, increasing summertime sea surface temperature, rising sea‐level, and increases in storm power and corresponding wave action. Taken together, these factors may be leading to a new regime of ocean‐land interactions that are repositioning and reshaping the Arctic coastline.
Methyl chloride in a deep ice core from Siple Dome, Antarctica
Authors: Saltzman Eric S. , Aydin Murat , Williams Margaret B. , Verhulst Kristal R. , Gun Baris
Published: February 2009

Methyl chloride (CH3Cl) is a naturally occurring ozone‐depleting substance and a significant component of the atmospheric chlorine burden. In this study CH3Cl was analyzed in air bubbles from the West Antarctic Siple Dome deep ice core with gas ages ranging from about 65 kyr BP to the Late Holocene. CH3Cl levels were below the modern Antarctic atmospheric level of 530 ppt in glacial ice (456 ± 46 ppt, 33–65 kyr BP) and above it during the early Holocene (650–700 ppt, 10–11 kyr BP). For most of the Holocene, CH3Cl levels were 500–550 ppt, with good agreement between CH3Cl levels in this core and in the Dome Fuji ice core (Saito et al., 2007). Several late Holocene ice core samples (<2 kyr BP), show evidence of enrichment in CH3Cl relative to South Pole ice core samples of overlapping gas age. The Siple Dome record suggests that CH3Cl levels in the glacial Southern Hemisphere atmosphere were about 16% lower than those during the mid‐late Holocene.
System of quasi‐zonal jets off California revealed from satellite altimetry
Authors: Ivanov L. M. , Collins C. A. , Margolina T. M.
Published: February 2009

A discrete wavelet transform was applied to satellite altimetry data for the period 1992–2007 off California to decompose the SSH signal into inter‐annual, annual, semi‐annual and shorter period components. For the lowest frequency (inter‐annual) component, a system of alternating quasi‐zonal jets was detected. The jet system was delineated by a north‐south series of quasi‐zonal bands of co‐rotating eddies; that is, the eddies were embedded in a shearing zonal flow. The direction of eddy rotation alternated between adjacent bands. The temporal behavior of the jet system showed the existence of quasi‐stationary states and transitions between them. Observed non‐linear effects of the evolution of the jets included southward drift at about 0.2 cm sec−1, deviations of the jets from the zonal direction, and re‐forming of the jet system through decay and merging of eddy chains.
The interchange cycle: A fundamental mode of magnetic flux circulation for northward interplanetary magnetic field
Authors: Watanabe Masakazu , Sofko George J.
Published: February 2009

The interchange cycle is a mode of magnetic flux circulation that dominates when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) clock angle (θc ≡ atan2(BY, BZ)) lies in the range of ∣θc∣ 30°. It consists of IMF‐lobe reconnection in one hemisphere and lobe‐closed reconnection in the other hemisphere, producing in the ionosphere an interchange‐type merging cell in the former hemisphere and a reciprocal cell in the latter hemisphere. For a given IMF clock angle and a given dipole tilt angle, there usually exist two independent interchange cycles. Thus the two interchange cycles drive twin reverse cells in both hemispheres, but the category of each reverse cell (either an interchange‐type merging cell or a reciprocal cell) depends on the given conditions. In this paper, we demonstrate how the reverse cell pattern changes systematically depending on the IMF orientation and the dipole tilt.
Response of tropical cyclone potential intensity over the north Indian Ocean to global warming
Authors: Yu Jinhua , Wang Yuqing
Published: February 2009

The responses of tropical cyclone (TC) potential intensity (PI) and the associated environmental control parameters over the North Indian Ocean (NIO) to the doubled CO2 concentration are assessed based on the ensemble simulation from 15 coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) participated in the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) Forth Assessment Report (AR4). The results show that the annual mean sea surface temperature (SST) averaged over the NIO increases 1.71°C. The thermodynamic efficiency changes little because the outflow layer temperature increases accordingly. The monthly mean vertical shear decreases across the NIO with a maximum decrease of 8% in May–June except for a small increase in April. The dynamic efficiency decreases to the north of 10°N over Bay of Bengal while increases significantly in the southern NIO in response to the doubled CO2 concentration. The PI increases by 4.6% and 5.9% averaged over Arabian Sea and 2.0% and 4.86% averaged over Bay of Bengal during TC and summer monsoon seasons, respectively. An important finding is the significant increase in PI in May when the background PI is already high and the potentially longer TC season in response to global warming due to the decrease in vertical shear in June and September.
Global structure and seasonal and interannual variability of the migrating diurnal tide seen in the SABER/TIMED temperatures between 20 and 120 km
Authors: Mukhtarov P. , Pancheva D. , Andonov B.
Published: February 2009

The present paper is focused on the global spatial (altitude and latitude) structure and seasonal and interannual variability of the migrating diurnal tide derived from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry/Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere‐Energetics and Dynamics (SABER/TIMED) temperature measurements for 6 full years (January 2002 to December 2007). The tidal results are obtained by a new analysis method where the tides (migrating and nonmigrating) and the planetary waves (zonally traveling and stationary) are simultaneously extracted from the satellite data. It has been found that above 70 km height the SABER migrating diurnal tide reflects mainly the distinctive features of the first symmetric propagating (1,1) mode, while below this height it reflects the features of the first symmetric trapped (1,−2) mode. The trapped component amplifies near 50 km, and its phase is close to ∼1600 LT. The seasonal behavior of the diurnal tide over the equator is dominated by semiannual variation with a primary maximum in February–March (18 K, average amplitude for 6 years) and a secondary maximum in August–September (15 K). The tidal amplitude grows rapidly in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere; however, it undergoes some decay near ∼90 km, defining ubiquitous double‐peaked vertical structure. A very rapid reduction in amplitude is detected at heights near 115 km; however, above this level the diurnal tide amplifies again. The vertical wavelength of the propagating diurnal tide is ∼20 km over the equator; at middle latitudes it is not very different from that over the equator, but its magnitude depends on the season. In the winter it is longer than that in summer. The interannual variability of the diurnal tide indicates a clear correlation with the stratospheric quasi‐biennial oscillation.
Premonitory acoustic emissions and stick‐slip in natural and smooth‐faulted Westerly granite
Authors: Thompson B. D. , Young R. P. , Lockner D. A.
Published: February 2009

A stick‐slip event was induced in a cylindrical sample of Westerly granite containing a preexisting natural fault by loading at constant confining pressure of 150 MPa. Continuously recorded acoustic emission (AE) data and computer tomography (CT)‐generated images of the fault plane were combined to provide a detailed examination of microscale processes operating on the fault. The dynamic stick‐slip event, considered to be a laboratory analog of an earthquake, generated an ultrasonic signal that was recorded as a large‐amplitude AE event. First arrivals of this event were inverted to determine the nucleation site of slip, which is associated with a geometric asperity on the fault surface. CT images and AE locations suggest that a variety of asperities existed in the sample because of the intersection of branch or splay faults with the main fault. This experiment is compared with a stick‐slip experiment on a sample prepared with a smooth, artificial saw‐cut fault surface. Nearly a thousand times more AE were observed for the natural fault, which has a higher friction coefficient (0.78 compared to 0.53) and larger shear stress drop (140 compared to 68 MPa). However at the measured resolution, the ultrasonic signal emitted during slip initiation does not vary significantly between the two experiments, suggesting a similar dynamic rupture process. We propose that the natural faulted sample under triaxial compression provides a good laboratory analogue for a field‐scale fault system in terms of the presence of asperities, fault surface heterogeneity, and interaction of branching faults.
Crustal structure of the Hatton and the conjugate east Greenland rifted volcanic continental margins, NE Atlantic
Authors: White Robert S. , Smith Lindsey K.
Published: February 2009

We show new crustal models of the Hatton continental margin in the NE Atlantic using wide‐angle arrivals from 89 four‐component ocean bottom seismometers deployed along a 450 km dip and a 100 km strike profile. We interpret prominent asymmetry between the Hatton and the conjugate Greenland margins as caused by asymmetry in the initial continental stretching and thinning, as ubiquitously observed on “nonvolcanic” margins elsewhere. This stretched continental terrain was intruded and flooded by voluminous igneous activity which accompanied continental breakup. The velocity structure of the Hatton flank of the rift has a narrow continent‐ocean transition (COT) only ∼40 km wide, with high velocities (6.9–7.3 km/s) in the lower crust intermediate between those of the continental Hatton Bank on one side and the oldest oceanic crust on the other. The high velocities are interpreted as due to intrusion of igneous sills which accompanied the extrusion of flood basalts at the time of continental breakup. The variation of thickness (h) and P wave velocities (vp) of the igneous section of the COT and the adjacent oceanic crust are consistent with melt formation from a mantle plume with a temperature ∼120–130°C above normal at breakup, followed by a decrease of ∼70–80°C over the first 10 Ma of seafloor spreading. The h‐vp systematics are consistent with the dominant control on melt production being elevated mantle temperatures, with no requirement for either significant active small‐scale mantle convection under the rift or of the presence of significant volumes of volatiles or fertile mantle.
“Seed” electrons from muon decay for runaway mechanism in the terrestrial gamma ray flash production
Authors: Paiva Gerson S. , Pavão Antonio C. , Bastos Cristiano C.
Published: February 2009

We describe a mechanism of enhanced terrestrial gamma ray flash production seeding via muon decay in the presence of high electric fields associated with lightning. Our model predicts 107 relativistic seed electrons per millisecond at about 15 km altitude with mean energy of 35 MeV and an avalanche multiplication factor of about 1010, in good agreement with Monte Carlo simulations.
Aerosol optical properties observed during Campaign of Air Quality Research in Beijing 2006 (CAREBeijing‐2006): Characteristic differences between the inflow and outflow of Beijing city air
Authors: Garland R. M. , Schmid O. , Nowak A. , Achtert P. , Wiedensohler A. , Gunthe S. S. , Takegawa N. , Kita K. , Kondo Y. , Hu M. , Shao M. , Zeng L. M. , Zhu T. , Andreae M. O. , Pöschl U.
Published: February 2009

Ground‐based measurements of aerosol optical properties were conducted during Campaign of Air Quality Research in Beijing 2006 (CAREBeijing‐2006) (11 August to 9 September 2006) at a suburban site ∼30 km south of Beijing. Averaged over the measurement campaign (arithmetic mean ± standard deviation), the total scattering coefficients (σs) were 469 ± 374 Mm−1 (450 nm), 361 ± 295 Mm−1 (550 nm), and 249 ± 206 Mm−1 (700 nm) and the absorption coefficient (σa) was 51.8 ± 36.5 Mm−1 (532 nm). The average Ångström exponent was 1.42 ± 0.19 (450 nm/700 nm) and the average single scattering albedo (ω532) was 0.86 ± 0.07 (532 nm) with minimum values as low as 0.5. Pronounced diurnal cycles were observed in σs, σa, and ω532 and can be explained by boundary layer mixing effects. Additionally, an enhancement of absorbing particles in the early morning (0500–0800 local time) was observed; this may be attributed to soot emissions from traffic activity. When the measured air masses originated in the north and passed over Beijing, the single scattering albedo was generally low (ω532 < 0.8), which indicates that the local emissions of particulate matter in Beijing were dominated by primary particles from combustion sources (soot). The southerly inflow to Beijing had typically very high σs and higher than average ω532 values, suggesting a large amount of secondary aerosol (e.g., sulfate and oxidized organics). Overall, the results suggest that a majority of the particle pollution in Beijing is transported into the city from the south.