bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Simple and Effective Principle for a Rational Design of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Dehydrogenation of Formic Acid
Authors: Li Si‐Jia , Zhou Yi‐Tong , Kang Xia , Liu Dong‐Xue , Gu Lin , Zhang Qing‐Hua , Yan Jun‐Min , Jiang Qing
Published: February 2019

Efficient and selective dehydrogenation of formic acid is a key challenge for a fuel‐cell‐based hydrogen economy. Though the development of heterogeneous catalysts has received much progress, their catalytic activity remains insufficient. Moreover, the design principle of such catalysts are still unclear. Here, experimental and theoretical studies on a series of mono‐/bi‐metallic nanoparticles supported on a NH2‐N‐rGO substrate are combined for formic acid dehydrogenation where the surface energy of a metal is taken as a relevant indicator for the adsorption ability of the catalyst for guiding catalyst design. The AuPd/NH2‐N‐rGO catalyst shows record catalytic activity by reducing the energy barrier of rate controlling steps of formate adsorption and hydrogen desorption. The obtained excellent results both in experiments and simulations could be extended to other important systems, providing a general guideline to design more efficient catalysts.
Advances in Polyimide‐Based Materials for Space Applications
Authors: Gouzman Irina , Grossman Eitan , Verker Ronen , Atar Nurit , Bolker Asaf , Eliaz Noam
Published: February 2019

The space environment raises many challenges for new materials development and ground characterization. These environmental hazards in space include solar radiation, energetic particles, vacuum, micrometeoroids and debris, and space plasma. In low Earth orbits, there is also a significant concentration of highly reactive atomic oxygen (AO). This Progress Report focuses on the development of space‐durable polyimide (PI)‐based materials and nanocomposites and their testing under simulated space environment. Commercial PIs suffer from AO‐induced erosion and surface electric charging. Modified PIs and PI‐based nanocomposites are developed and tested to resist degradation in space. The durability of PIs in AO is successfully increased by addition of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane. Conductive materials are prepared based on composites of PI and either carbon nanotube (CNT) sheets or 3D‐graphene structures. 3D PI structures, which can expand PI space applications, made by either additive manufacturing (AM) or thermoforming, are presented. The selection of AM‐processable engineering polymers in general, and PIs in particular, is relatively limited. Here, innovative preliminary results of a PI‐based material processed by the PolyJet technology are presented.
Entropy‐Maximized Synthesis of Multimetallic Nanoparticle Catalysts via a Ultrasonication‐Assisted Wet Chemistry Method under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Liu Miaomiao , Zhang Zihao , Okejiri Francis , Yang Shize , Zhou Shenghu , Dai Sheng
Published: February 2019

A facile ultrasonication‐assisted wet chemistry method for preparing multicomponent alloy nanoparticles (NPs) including high‐entropy alloys (HEAs) is reported. PtAuPdRhRu alloy (HEA), quaternary PtAuPdRh alloy, and ternary PtAuPd alloy NPs are produced with ≈3 nm in diameter. Taking advantage of the acoustic cavitation phenomenon in ultrasonication process, noble metal precursors could be co‐reduced by chemical reductants and transform to alloy structures under operation at room conditions. The instantaneous massive energy (≈5000 °C, 2000 atm) occurring in momentary timespans (≤10−9 s) contributes to the formation of multimetallic mixed nanomaterials driven by entropy maximization. Owing to strong synergistic effects, the catalysts with the HEA NPs supported on carbons exhibit prominent electrocatalytic activities for hydrogen evolution reaction.
2D New Nonmetal Photocatalyst of Sulfur‐Doped h‐BN Nanosheeets with High Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Zhao Gang , Wang Aizhu , He Weidong , Xing Yupeng , Xu Xijin
Published: February 2019

2D nonmetal hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (h‐BNNS) are attracting more attention in the field of catalysis due to their excellent adsorption and photooxidation resistance performances. Here, for the first time, the possible adjustment of the bandgap of h‐BNNS (4.13 eV) by doping sulfur atoms is theoretically demonstrated and experimentally realized, which causes h‐BNNS (no photocatalytic property) to possess impressive visible light photocatalytic properties. The photodegradation efficiency (η) of S‐BNNS for rhodamine B reaches 97.2% for 3 h, and the photocatalytic hydrogen production efficiency is 1348.5 µmol h−1 g−1, which are higher than those of the common visible light photocatalysts (S and g‐C3N4). This approach is of guiding significance for the application of h‐BNNS in the field of photocatalysis.
Stretchable Piezoelectric Sensing Systems for Self‐Powered and Wireless Health Monitoring
Authors: Sun Rujie , Carreira Sara Correia , Chen Yan , Xiang Chaoqun , Xu Lulu , Zhang Bing , Chen Mudan , Farrow Ian , Scarpa Fabrizio , Rossiter Jonathan
Published: February 2019

Continuous monitoring of human physiological signals is critical to managing personal healthcare by early detection of health disorders. Wearable and implantable devices are attracting growing attention as they show great potential for real‐time recording of physiological conditions and body motions. Conventional piezoelectric sensors have the advantage of potentially being self‐powered, but have limitations due to their intrinsic lack of stretchability. Herein, a kirigami approach to realize a novel stretchable strain sensor is introduced through a network of cut patterns in a piezoelectric thin film, exploiting the anisotropic and local bending that the patterns induce. The resulting pattern simultaneously enhances the electrical performance of the film and its stretchability while retaining the mechanical integrity of the underlying materials. The power output is enhanced from the mechano‐electric piezoelectric sensing effect by introducing an intersegment, through‐plane, electrode pattern. By additionally integrating wireless electronics, this sensing network could work in an entirely battery‐free mode. The kirigami stretchable piezoelectric sensor is demonstrated in cardiac monitoring and wearable body tracking applications. The integrated soft, stretchable, and biocompatible sensor demonstrates excellent in vitro and ex vivo performances and provides insights for the potential use in myriad biomedical and wearable health monitoring applications.
2‐Propargyl Alcohols in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Qian Hongwei , Huang Dayun , Bi Yicheng , Yan Guobing
Published: February 2019

2‐Propargyl alcohols are widely used in organic reactions. Their great success is rooted in the presence of multiple functional groups. This review will focus on six types of mechanisms: (i) 2‐propargyl alcohols as carbocation precursors, (ii) alkynes as electrophiles, (iii) alcohols as nucleophiles, (iv) fracture via ketones or elimination into alkene intermediates, (v) oxidation into alkynyl‐ortho‐quinone methides or carbonyl intermediates, and (vi) ring expansions. Reactions involving alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, arenes, alcohols, amines, amides, ketones, CO2, hydrazine, iodobenzene, azides, carbenes, arylboronic acids, etc. will be discussed. We hope that this review will help to promote future research in this area.

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Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of gem‐Bisarylthio Enamines under Redox‐Neutral Conditions
Authors: Ni Jiabin , Mao Xiaokang , Zhang Ao
Published: February 2019

An efficient approach for the construction of gem‐bisarylthio enamines via coupling of oxime acetates with diaryl disulfides is developed. This process involved copper‐catalyzed N−O/S−S bond cleavages and formation of two new C−S bonds. A broad range of substrates with diverse functional groups were tolerated.

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A New P2‐Type Layered Oxide Cathode with Extremely High Energy Density for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Hwang Jang‐Yeon , Kim Jongsoon , Yu Tae‐Yeon , Sun Yang‐Kook
Published: February 2019

Herein, a new P2‐type layered oxide is proposed as an outstanding intercalation cathode material for high energy density sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). On the basis of the stoichiometry of sodium and transition metals, the P2‐type Na0.55[Ni0.1Fe0.1Mn0.8]O2 cathode is synthesized without impurities phase by partially substituting Ni and Fe into the Mn sites. The partial substitution results in a smoothing of the electrochemical charge/discharge profiles and thus greatly improves the battery performance. The P2‐type Na0.55[Ni0.1Fe0.1Mn0.8]O2 cathode delivers an extremely high discharge capacity of 221.5 mAh g−1 with a high average potential of ≈2.9 V (vs Na/Na+) for SIBs. In addition, the fast Na‐ion transport in the P2‐type Na0.55[Ni0.1Fe0.1Mn0.8]O2 cathode structure enables good power capability with an extremely high current density of 2400 mA g−1 (full charge/discharge in 12 min) and long‐term cycling stability with ≈80% capacity retention after 500 cycles at 600 mA g−1. A combination of electrochemical profiles, in operando synchrotron X‐ray diffraction analysis, and first‐principles calculations are used to understand the overall Na storage mechanism of P2‐type Na0.55[Ni0.1Fe0.1Mn0.8]O2.
Consensus Core Point‐of‐care Ultrasound Applications for Pediatric Emergency Medicine Training
Authors: Shefrin Allan Evan , Warkentine Fred , Constantine Erika , Toney Amanda , Uya Atim , Doniger Stephanie J. , Sivitz Adam Brand , Horowitz Russ , Kessler David
Published: February 2019

Background

Pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) physicians have variably incorporated point‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS) into their practice. Prior guidelines describe the scope of POCUS practice for PEM physicians; however, consensus does not yet exist about which applications should be prioritized and taught as fundamental skills for PEM trainees. Members of the PEM POCUS Network (P2Network) conducted a consensus‐building process to determine which applications to incorporate into PEM fellowship training.

Methods

A multinational group of experts in PEM POCUS was recruited from the P2Network and greater PEM POCUS community if they met the following criteria: performed over 1,000 POCUS scans and had at least 3 years of experience teaching POCUS to PEM fellows, were a local academic POCUS leader, or completed a formal PEM POCUS fellowship. Experts rated 60 possible PEM POCUS applications for their importance to include as part of a PEM fellowship curriculum using a modified Delphi consensus‐building technique.

Results

In round 1, 66 of 92 (72%) participants responded to an e‐mail survey of which 48 met expert criteria and completed the survey. Consensus was reached to include 18 items in a PEM fellowship curriculum and to exclude two items. The 40 remaining items and seven additional items were considered in round 2. Thirty‐seven of 48 (77%) experts completed round 2 reaching consensus to include three more items and exclude five. The remaining 39 items did not reach consensus for inclusion or exclusion.

Conclusion

Experts reached consensus on 21 core POCUS applications to include in PEM fellowship curricula.
Role of nutrition in gastroenterological surgery
Authors: Fukatsu Kazuhiko
Published: February 2019

Nutrition plays important roles in recovery after gastroenterological surgery. Severe surgical stress increases muscle breakdown and lipolysis, thereby accelerating wound healing and enhancing host defense against microbes. Malnourished patients have insufficient amounts of muscle and body fat. Therefore, they may not appropriately respond to surgical stress. Perioperative nutritional therapy maintaining nutritional status reduces postoperative complications and accelerates recovery after surgery, particularly for malnourished patients. In addition, perioperative oral or enteral nutrition is now recommended for preserving host defense mechanisms against microbes. Lack of enteral nutrition impairs gut and hepatic immunity, systemic mucosal defense and peritoneal host defense, even when nutrient amounts supplied by parenteral nutrition are adequate. Thus, surgeons should avoid no oral or enteral nutrition periods. Supplemental administration of specific nutrients such as glutamine, arginine and ω‐3 fatty acids is termed “immunonutrition”, and is expected to reduce the morbidity of infectious complications and length of hospital stay. Nutritional therapy is important even after discharge to maintain body weight and compensate for abnormalities in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Understanding the significance of nutrition in gastroenterological patients leads to better outcomes.
A mixed‐integer programming approach for clustering demand data for multiscale mathematical programming applications
Authors: Alhameli Falah , Elkamel Ali , Betancourt‐Torcat Alberto , Almansoori Ali
Published: February 2019

Across all sectors within the energy and process industry, tremendous efforts have been devoted toward the development and operation of agile manufacturing techniques to respond to customer needs and volatile markets while at the same time control costs, improve efficiency, and reduce pollution. This has created a demand for systems to solve complex integrated planning and scheduling problems that bridge the gap between the different functional and strategic decision‐making levels. Integration across supply chain decision levels is key to improving investment returns. Different approaches have been proposed to tackle this problem. However, most of them are problem‐specific or applicable only to short time horizons. Clustering has the potential to handle such problems by grouping similar input parameters together and considerably reduce the model size while not compromising solution accuracy. This work presents a new class of clustering algorithms to support the integration of planning applications of different time scales. The clustering algorithms were formulated using integer programming with integral absolute error as similarity measure. The algorithms were successfully applied to clustering electricity demand data and applied to the unit commitment problem. The computational performances of the proposed normal and sequence clustering algorithms were compared against a full planning model that does not employ clustering. The results show a clear advantage in terms of solution time compared to the full‐scale case while maintaining solution accuracy.
A machine learning approach for electrical capacitance tomography measurement of gas–solid fluidized beds
Authors: Guo Qiang , Ye Mao , Yang Wuqiang , Liu Zhongmin
Published: February 2019

Electrical capacitance tomography has been widely used to obtain key hydrodynamic parameters of gas–solid fluidized beds, which is normally realized by first reconstructing images and then by analyzing these images. This indirect approach is time‐consuming and hence difficult for on‐line monitoring. Meanwhile, considering recurrence of similar flow patterns in fluidized beds, most of these calculations are repetitive and should be avoided. Here, we develop a machine learning approach to address these problems. First, superficial gas velocity linear‐increasing strategy is used to perform high‐throughput experiments to collect a large amount of training samples. These samples are used to train the map from normalized capacitance measurements to key parameters that obtained by an iterative image reconstruction algorithm off‐line. The trained model can then be used for on‐line monitoring. Preliminary tests revealed that the trained models show good prediction and generality for the estimation of the overall solid concentration and the equivalent bubble diameter.
A simultaneous approach for singular optimal control based on partial moving grid
Authors: Chen Weifeng , Ren Yinyin , Zhang Guijun , Biegler Lorenz T.
Published: February 2019

Singular optimal control plays an important role in process engineering, including optimal operation of batch and semi‐batch reactions. However, for many practical applications, accurate solution of singular optimal control profiles is still an open issue. In particular, numerical optimization must deal with an ill‐conditioned problem that often leads to very slow convergence or failure. Starting from the nested approach in our previous work in 2016, this study develops a more efficient strategy for singular control through a heuristic approach for the outer problem. The approach includes three stages. Starting from a coarse distribution of finite elements, sufficiently many finite elements are inserted where control profiles are steep and fixed gridpoints are inserted on the basis of error estimation of state profiles. Then, moving gridpoints are inserted where the modified switching function is violated. Initial junctions are obtained by moving the latest inserted gridpoints. Moreover, further mesh refinements are considered based on switching point detection and a moving grid point update strategy, until modified switching conditions are satisfied over the whole‐time span. A key feature of this approach is that only a subset of finite elements needs to move during optimization. Complexity of the optimization formulation is considerably decreased compared to our previous work. This approach is demonstrated on eight classical singular control problems with known solutions, as well as six complex singular control problems drawn from the chemical engineering literature.
Kinetic study of cellulose hydrolysis with tungsten‐based acid catalysts
Authors: Li Zhenlei , Zhang Junying , Hou Baolin , Wang Aiqin
Published: February 2019

Tungsten plays an important role in transforming cellulose to C2C3 polyols. In previous reports, the research focus was mainly on the CC cleavage reactions of cellulose catalyzed by various tungsten‐containing catalysts, but less on its catalytic role in cellulose hydrolysis although it is usually considered as the rate‐determining step in cellulose conversion. In this article, the method of determining kinetics parameters for hydrolyzing cellulose into glucose was developed. The effects of reaction temperature, different tungsten‐based acid catalysts, and H+ concentration on reaction rate of hydrolyzing cellulose into glucose were quantitatively addressed. The relevant reaction rate equations with using H3O40PW12, H4O40SiW12, and H2WO4 as tungsten acid catalysts were obtained in developed batch continuous stirred tank reactors and validated by experimental data. The simulating analysis indicates that the reaction mechanism of cellulose hydrolysis can change with the temperature. H3O40PW12 is the best candidate catalyst for obtaining the maximum glucose concentration.
Revisiting the Chichibabin Reaction: C2 Amination of Pyridines with a NaH−Iodide Composite
Authors: Pang Jia Hao , Kaga Atsushi , Roediger Sven , Lin Min Htoo , Chiba Shunsuke
Published: February 2019

A NaH‐iodide composite was found capable of mediating the Chichibabin amination under mild reaction conditions, allowing efficient access to a range of 2‐aminopyridines and their derivatives.
Life cycle comparison of carpet dyeing processes
Authors: Ponder Celia , Gregory Bill , Griffing Evan , Li Yong , Overcash Michael
Published: February 2019

Carpet manufacturing continues to adopt advanced technologies and new processes. One important process is central to the carpet product, dyeing for the color and beauty of patterns derived for modern carpets. Carpets and fibers are dyed by a variety of different processes at different stages of production, from the fiber, the yarn, or the carpet, depending on the product use, economy of the process, and market demand for the color. Dyeing technology for carpets has evolved to advanced processes and is discussed in this paper. Fiber can be dyed as it is extruded, as in the case of solution dyeing; yarn can be dyed as in skein, or space dyeing; or whole carpet pieces can be dyed as in beck or continuous dyeing. This paper is the first direct comparison of these five carpet dyeing processes with the goal to understand the technology changes to more advanced manufacturing. Using a life cycle approach, gate‐to‐gate (within the factory) inventories are created to assess resource and energy consumption associated with each of the processes. The life cycle inventories are created based on process flow models of product manufacturing to provide transparency. A single color agent (beta‐copper phthalocyanine) and a single face fiber (nylon 6) are used for the comparison. The older batch processes, such as beck and skein, consume the most water and energy, while the most recent advanced process of solution dyeing uses the least amount of energy and water.
α‐Synuclein real‐time quaking‐induced conversion in the cerebrospinal fluid of uncertain cases of parkinsonism
Authors: van Rumund Anouke , Green Alison J. E. , Fairfoul Graham , Esselink Rianne A. J. , Bloem Bastiaan R. , Verbeek Marcel M.
Published: February 2019

A reliable biomarker is needed for accurate and early differentiation between Parkinson disease and the various forms of atypical parkinsonism. We used a novel real‐time quaking‐induced conversion (RT‐QuIC) assay to detect α‐synuclein (α‐syn) aggregates in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 118 patients with parkinsonism of uncertain clinical etiology and 52 controls. Diagnostic accuracy to distinguish α‐synucleinopathies from non–α‐synucleinopathies and controls was 84% (sensitivity = 75%, specificity = 94%, area under the curve = 0.84, 95% confidence interval = 0.78–0.91, p < 0.0001, positive predictive value = 93%). CSF α‐syn RT‐QuIC could be a useful diagnostic tool to help clinicians differentiate α‐synucleinopathies from other forms of parkinsonism when the clinical picture is uncertain. Ann Neurol 2019;85:777–781
Versatile Synthetic Route to Cycloheximide and Analogues That Potently Inhibit Translation Elongation
Authors: Park Yongho , Koga Yumi , Su Cindy , Waterbury Amanda L. , Johnny Christopher L. , Liau Brian B.
Published: February 2019

Cycloheximide (CHX) is an inhibitor of eukaryotic translation elongation that has played an essential role in the study of protein synthesis. Despite its ubiquity, few studies have been directed towards accessing synthetic CHX derivatives, even though such efforts may lead to protein synthesis inhibitors with improved or alternate properties. Described here is the total synthesis of CHX and analogues, and the establishment of structure–activity relationships (SAR) responsible for translation inhibition. The SAR studies aided the design of more potent compounds, one of which irreversibly blocks ribosomal elongation, preserves polysome profiles, and may be a broadly useful tool for investigating protein synthesis.
Total Syntheses of Echitamine, Akuammiline, Rhazicine, and Pseudoakuammigine
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Kakde Badrinath N. , Guo Rui , Yadav Sonyabapu , Gu Yucheng , Li Ang
Published: February 2019

Echitamine (1) and akuammiline (2) are representative members of a fascinating class of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids. We report the syntheses of 2 and its congener deacetylakuammiline (3). The azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane motif was assembled through silver‐catalyzed internal alkyne cyclization, and one‐pot C−O bond cleavage/C−N bond formation furnished the pentacyclic scaffold. Compound 3 then served as a common intermediate for preparing a series of structurally diverse and synthetically challenging congeners including 1. A position‐selective Polonovski–Potier reaction followed by formal N‐4 migration built the core of N‐demethylechitamine (4) and 1. An alternative route featuring Meisenheimer rearrangement gave 4 as well. Oxidation of the alcohol within 3 gave rhazimal (5), which underwent tandem indolenine hydrolysis, hemiaminalization, and hemiketalization to form rhazicine (6). A sequence of N,O‐ketalization and reductive amination secured the chemoselectivity of N‐methylation, leading to pseudoakuammigine (7).
Tubular bimetal oxysulfide CuMgOS catalyst for rapid reduction of heavy metals and organic dyes
Authors: Chen Xiaoyun , Kuo Dong‐Hau , Zhang Jubin , Lu Qingxin , Lin Jinguo , Liao Yiqiang
Published: February 2019

Tubular bimetal oxysulfide CuMgOS catalyst was prepared using a feasible method at a low process temperature of 95°C. X‐ray diffractometry, X‐ray photoelectron spectrometry, field emission‐scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoluminescence emission spectrum, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms were used for CuMgOS characterizations. The CuMgOS reduction activities were investigated through the reduction of heavy metals of Cr (VI), Pb (II) and Hg (II) solutions, and the organic dyes of rhodamine‐B (RhB), methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) solutions under dark. The results showed that the CuMgOS prepared with an appropriate N2H4 amount for a suitable Cu (I)/Cu (II) ratio exhibited fast reduction activity without adding any reagents, with which the 100 mL Cr (VI), Pb (II) and Hg (II) solutions of 50 ppm were 100% reduced by 20 mg CuMgOS within 4 min, 6 min and 4 min, respectively. The 100 mL RhB, MO and MB solutions of 50 ppm were 100% reduced by 10 mg CuMgOS within 4 min, 5 min and 1 min, respectively, under the existence of NaBH4. CuMgOS displayed excellent chemical stability for the re‐use tests on heavy metal ions and organic dyes. The excellent performance is attributed to CuMgOS bimetal oxysulfide catalyst with active surface reaction centers to interact with reactants, and the carrier hopping between Cu (I) and Cu (II).
Synthesis of peroxidase‐encapsulated sodium cellulose sulphate/poly‐dimethyl‐diallyl‐ammonium chloride biopolymer via polyelectrolyte complexation for enhanced removal of phenol
Authors: Chiong Tung , Lau Sie Yon , Zeng Xianhai , Danquah Michael Kobina
Published: February 2019

Peroxidases have attracted significant interests in enzymatic wastewater treatment strategies. In this work, jicama peroxidase (JP) was extracted from jicama skin peels and used for the degradation of phenol under free and immobilized conditions. The crude enzyme extract demonstrated enzymatic activity of 1.6 ± 0.1 U mL−1. Sodium cellulose sulphate/poly‐dimethyl‐diallyl‐ammonium chloride (NaCS‐PDMDAAC) spherical capsules were synthesized and immobilized with crude JP to generate JP beaded capsules with an average diameter of 5.05 mm ± 0.16 mm. Phenol biodegradation analysis showed that the free and immobilized JP capsules demonstrated optimum working pH values of 7 and 6, respectively, and both systems maintained JP catalytic functionalities over a broad range of H2O2 concentration before H2O2 inhibition. The optimal temperature range for phenol removal was from 25°C to 40°C for both free and immobilized JP with lower removal efficiency above 45°C due to thermal denaturation. Due to diffusive mass transfer limitation, immobilized JP capsules required a longer reaction time of 15 hr for optimal phenol removal efficiency of >95%, whereas free JP achieved the same efficiency in 13 hr. The first order kinetic rate constants for free and immobilized JP capsules were determined to be 1.21 hr−1 and 1.02 hr−1, respectively. JP capsules maintained reusability up to 4 cycles at the highest removal efficiency of >95% with no regeneration.
Synthesis and study of a new biopolymer‐based chitosan/hematoxylin grafted to cotton wound dressings
Authors: Alminderej Fahad M. , El‐Ghoul Yassine
Published: February 2019

The present paper describes the development of wound dressing with high‐enhanced biological characteristics. Firstly, we have synthesized a new polymer‐based chitosan/hematoxylin (poly‐PAA‐CZ‐HX), a bioactive blend for combined antibacterial and tissue regeneration properties. The main aim was to functionalize the wound dressing biomaterial with this bioactive medical polymer via a chemical grafting process. This functionalization must offer a permanent graft and preserve the medical properties of the added polymer of chitosan/hematoxylin. We have then studied the influence of different parameters involved in this particular grafting processing. Main parameters included thermofixation conditions (time and temperature) in addition to the concentration of different reactants. The last mentioned consist of a crosslinking agent the polyacrylic acid (PAA), a selected catalyst the sodium dihydrogen hypophosphite (NaH2PO2), and thepoly‐PAA‐CZ‐HX. Sorption capacity of modified dressings was then evaluated via the technique of the contact angle at various grafting rates. These wettability measurements have revealed a significant decrease of the contact angle of samples after functionalization, a desired characteristic of wound dressings, which means the clear improvement of the hydrophilicity. After the untreated and grafted cotton dressings were characterized by ATR‐IR spectroscopy and TGA/DTA analysis, the results showed a chemical permanent grafting that resisted to standardized washings. Then an evaluation of mechanical properties of cotton dressings grafted with various proportions of poly‐PAA‐CZ‐HX polymer was accomplished. Results revealed that the grafting reaction with selected conditions did not damage the mechanical characteristics of our native wound dressings. Finally, a SEM morphological study confirmed the permanent graft of the crosslinked CZ/HX biopolymer grafted to the cotton fibers and allowed us to evaluate its chemical grafting mode onto functionalized surfaces. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47625.
PANI‐chitosan‐TiO2ternary nanocomposite and its effectiveness on antibacterial and antistatic behavior of epoxy coating
Authors: Mirmohseni Abdolreza , Rastgar Mortaza , Olad Ali
Published: February 2019

A straightforward approach has been developed for fabricating antibacterial and antistatic epoxy coatings by using polyaniline‐chitosan modified TiO2ternary nanocomposite. This nanocomposite was synthesized through the following steps. First, chitosan was grafted onto the TiO2nanoparticles and then final nanocomposite was prepared via solution polymerization of aniline. Electrical conductivity measurement revealed that nanocomposite with 7.5 wt % of the modified TiO2nanoparticles has noticeably higher conductivity compared to polyaniline. Evaluating the coatings' antibacterial property indicated epoxy coatings with the content of ternary nanocomposite show significant bactericidal activity against Gram‐positive bacteria and have acceptable antibacterial action against Gram‐negative ones. Also, obtained results showed that the ternary nanocomposite would greatly decrease coatings' surface resistivity and when nanocomposite content is about 2 wt % surface resistivity is about 3 × 107 Ω sq−1. On the contrary, the coating with nanocomposite loading exhibits improved thermal and mechanical performance compared to the coating made of neat epoxy. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47629.
Time and thermal stability improvement of polyethylene ferroelectrets
Authors: Hamdi Ouassim , Mighri Frej , Rodrigue Denis
Published: February 2019

Ferroelectrets with good piezoelectric coefficients have been produced based on cellular polyethylene (PE) via extrusion film blowing. The quasi‐static piezoelectric coefficient (d33) value obtained (935 pC/N) was well above typical values for cellular polypropylene (PP) considered as the workhorse of piezoelectric polymers. Here, a focus was made on increasing the time and thermal stability of cellular PE piezoelectric activity. To do so, specific thermal treatments were applied on the films to improve their microstructure. First, films crystallinity was increased via thermal annealing at 80 °C for 5 min leading to a 32% increase of the initial d33 value as well as its time stability. However, thermal treatment did not give a significant thermal stability improvement because the treated films almost completely lost their piezoelectric activity (96%) at 80 °C. Therefore, the films were treated with orthophosphoric acid resulting in substantial charge stability improvements, especially at higher temperature. Overall, it was possible to increase the continuous service temperature (CST) of PE ferroelectrets from 40 to 80 °C, which is similar to the typical CST of PP. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47646.
Mortality and cause of death of Australians on the autism spectrum
Authors: Hwang Ye In (Jane) , Srasuebkul Preeyaporn , Foley Kitty‐Rose , Arnold Samuel , Trollor Julian N.
Published: February 2019

Focused investigations regarding mortality rates, risk factors, and cause of death in autistic populations remain scarce. The present study used large linked datasets spanning 2001–2015 to report the rates and risk factors for mortality and cause of death in individuals on the autism spectrum (n = 35,929 age range 5–64) with and without concurrent intellectual disability (ID) in New South Wales, Australia. Mortality rates for those on the autism spectrum were 2.06 times that of the general population. Concurrent ID, epilepsy, mental health conditions, and chronic physical health conditions were associated with a higher risk of death for those on the spectrum, whereas demographic variables such as gender and socioeconomic status were not. A differing profile of top causes of death was found for autistic individuals relative to the general population, with “nervous system and sense disorders” and “injury and poisoning” being the top‐ranked causes for those on the spectrum. The findings alert the need for health promotion and management of concurrent physical and mental health conditions for those on the autism spectrum. There is also a need for better identification, diagnosis, and documentation of older adults on the autism spectrum. Autism Research 2019, 12: 806–815. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Rates of death are higher for autistic individuals compared to the general population. There is higher risk of death for autistic individuals who have additional mental and physical health conditions. The leading causes of death for autistic individuals with and without ID are “nervous system and sense disorders”, which includes epilepsy and “injury and poisoning”, respectively. To minimize risk of death, it is important to manage the mental and physical health individuals on the autism spectrum and to better understand the circumstances surrounding preventable deaths for this population.
Ponicidin as a promising anticancer agent: Its biological and biopharmaceutical profile along with a molecular docking study
Authors: Islam Muhammad Torequl , Biswas Sajal , Bagchi Rajat , Khan Md. Roich , Khalipha Abul Bashar Ripon , Rouf Razina , Uddin Shaikh Jamal , Shilpi Jamil A. , Bardaweel Sanaa K. , Sabbah Dima A. , Mubarak Mohammad S.
Published: February 2019

Ponicidin, an ent‐kaurane diterpenoid derived from Rabdosia rubescens, exhibits antitumor activities against several types of cancers. This review summarizes the botanical sources, biological activities, and biopharmaceutical profile of ponicidin. Additionally, a molecular docking study has been undertaken to correlate the interaction of this diterpenoid with biomacromolecules found in the literature. For this purpose, an up‐to‐date (till December 2018) literature survey was conducted using a number of databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus, the American Chemical Society, Clinicaltrials.gov, and Google Scholar. Findings suggest that ponicidin exerts antioxidant and anticancer activity in various test systems, including experimental animals and cultured cancer cells. Research findings revealed that anticancer mechanisms of ponicidin include antioxidant/oxidative stress induction, cytotoxic, apoptotic inductive, chemosensitizer, antiangiogenic, and antiproliferative effects. In silico study suggests that 5ITD (PI3K) was the best protein with which ponicidin interacts to exert its anticancer effect. In conclusion, ponicidin might be a promising plant‐derived cancer chemotherapeutic agent.
The Indium−Lithium Electrode in Solid‐State Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Phase Formation, Redox Potentials, and Interface Stability
Authors: Santhosha A. L. , Medenbach Lukas , Buchheim Johannes R. , Adelhelm Philipp
Published: February 2019

Lithium solid‐state batteries (Li‐SSBs) require electrodes that provide a sufficiently stable interface with the solid electrolyte. Due to the often limited stability window of solid electrolytes, researchers frequently favor an In−Li alloy instead of lithium metal as counter electrode for two‐electrode measurements. Maintaining a stable potential at the counter electrode is especially important because three‐electrode measurements are hard to realize in solid‐state cells. Although a constant potential of about 0.6 V vs. Li+/Li is commonly accepted for the In−Li electrode, only little is known about the behavior of this electrode. Moreover, the In−Li phase diagram is complex containing several intermetallic phases/compounds such as the InLi phase, or line compounds such as In4Li5 or In2Li3. This means that the redox potential of the In−Li electrode depends on the alloy composition, i. e. the In/Li ratio. Here, we study the behavior of In−Li electrodes in cells with liquid electrolyte to determine their phase evolution and several equilibrium potentials vs. Li+/Li. The room temperature equilibrium redox potential of the In−Li electrode with the favored composition (or more precisely the Li+/(In−InLi) electrode) is 0.62 V vs. Li+/Li. We then discuss the use of In−Li electrodes in solid state cells using Li3PS4 as solid electrolyte and give examples on the importance of the right In/Li ratio of the electrode. While the right In/Li ratio enables stable lithium insertion/deinsertion in symmetrical cells for at least 100 cycles, too much lithium in the electrode leads to a drop in redox potential combined with a rapid build‐up of interface resistance.
Consistency of the lateral canthus as an anatomic landmark and its clinical implications
Authors: Shin Hyun Jin , Song Wu‐Chul , Lee Shin‐Hyo , Ha Hae‐Jun , Koh Ki‐Seok
Published: February 2019

Successful oculofacial procedures require the availability of a reliable surgical and anatomic landmark. This study aimed to determine the usefulness of the lateral canthus as a surface landmark. Seventy‐seven from 42 Korean cadavers were dissected. The horizontal distance from the lateral canthus to the lateral orbital margin and the vertical distances from the zygomaticofrontal suture and the inferior orbital margin to the lateral canthus were measured. The mean horizontal distance from the lateral canthus to the lateral orbital margin was 7.8 mm. Although the horizontal position of the lateral canthus appears to alter with age, the variation was only 2–3 mm. The mean vertical distances from the zygomaticofrontal suture and inferior orbital margin to the lateral canthus were 8.1 and 17.2 mm. The vertical position of the lateral canthus did not vary with age, being located inferiorly within a fingernail width from the zygomaticofrontal suture. The lateral canthus, which is easily accessible and supported by muscular and fibrous lateral orbital attachments, exhibits small anatomic variations. Thus, the lateral canthus could act as a reliable surface landmark for identifying the location of underlying structures and describing a lesion on the face. Clin. Anat. 32:630–634, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chlorotoxin targets ERα/VASP signaling pathway to combat breast cancer
Authors: Wang Ying , Li Kai , Han Song , Tian Yi‐hao , Hu Peng‐chao , Xu Xiao‐long , He Yan‐qi , Pan Wen‐ting , Gao Yang , Zhang Zun , Zhang Jing‐wei , Wei Lei
Published: February 2019

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors among women worldwide. About 70‐75% of primary breast cancers belong to estrogen receptor (ER)‐positive breast cancer. In the development of ER‐positive breast cancer, abnormal activation of the ERα pathway plays an important role and is also a key point leading to the failure of clinical endocrine therapy. In this study, we found that the small molecule peptide chlorotoxin (CTX) can significantly inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. In in vitro study, CTX inhibits the expression of ERα in breast cancer cells. Further studies showed that CTX can directly bind to ERα and change the protein secondary structure of its LBD domain, thereby inhibiting the ERα signaling pathway. In addition, we also found that vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) is a target gene of ERα signaling pathway, and CTX can inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through ERα/VASP signaling pathway. In in vivo study, CTX significantly inhibits growth of ER overexpressing breast tumor and, more importantly, based on the mechanism of CTX interacting with ERα, we found that CTX can target ER overexpressing breast tumors in vivo. Our study reveals a new mechanism of CTX anti‐ER‐positive breast cancer, which also provides an important reference for the study of CTX anti‐ER‐related tumors.
Comprehensive clinical profiling of the Gauting locoregional lung adenocarcinoma donors
Authors: Klotz Laura V. , Courty Yves , Lindner Michael , Petit‐Courty Agnès , Stowasser Anja , Koch Ina , Eichhorn Martin E. , Lilis Ioannis , Morresi‐Hauf Alicia , Arendt Kristina A. M. , Pepe Mario , Giopanou Ioanna , Ntaliarda Giannoula , Behrend Sabine J. , Oplopoiou Maria , Gissot Valérie , Guyetant Serge , Marchand‐Adam Sylvain , Behr Jürgen , Kaiser Jan‐Christian , Hatz Rudolf A. , Lamort Anne‐Sophie , Stathopoulos Georgios T.
Published: February 2019

A comprehensive characterization of lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) clinical features is currently missing. We prospectively evaluated Caucasian patients with early‐stage LADC. Patients with LADC diagnosed between 2011 and 2015 were prospectively assessed for lung resection with curative intent. Fifty clinical, pathologic, radiologic, and molecular variables were recorded. Patients were followed till death/study conclusion. The main findings were compared to a separate cohort from France. Of 1943 patients evaluated, 366 were enrolled (18.8%; 181 female; 75 never‐smokers; 28% of registered Bavarian cases over the study period). Smoking and obstruction were significantly more prevalent in GLAD compared with adult Bavarians (P < 0.0001). Ever‐smoker tumors were preferentially localized to the upper lobes. We observed 120 relapses and 74 deaths over 704 cumulative follow‐up years. Median overall and disease‐free survival were >7.5 and 3.6 years, respectively. Patients aged <45 or >65 years, resected >60 days postdiagnosis, with abnormal FVC/DLCOVA, N2/N3 stage, or solid histology had significantly decreased survival estimates. These were fit into a weighted locoregional LADC death risk score that outperformed pTNM7 in predicting survival in the GLAD and in our second cohort. We define the clinical gestalt of locoregional LADC and provide a new clinical tool to predict survival, findings that may aid future management and research design.
Context‐induced placebo effects—An investigation of contrast effects in response expectations and actual product efficacy
Authors: Köcher Sören , Holzmüller Hartmut H.
Published: February 2019

Recent research on the placebo effect of marketing actions has demonstrated that characteristics that are not inherent to a product's physical properties per se, such as its price, brand, or packaging can considerably shape consumers' expectations about and actual efficacy of a marketed product. However, potential contextual effects that other products may have on the construction of consumers' efficacy beliefs and objective consumption outcomes remain unexplored. Across two experimental studies, we show that people's response expectations regarding a focal product are inversely related to the alleged superiority of context options and that such context‐induced expectations can carry over to behavioural performance metrics; a phenomenon we refer to as context‐induced placebo effects.
Flow Regimes of Viscous Immiscible Liquids in T‐Type Microchannels
Authors: Minakov Andrey V. , Shebeleva Anna A. , Yagodnitsyna Anna A. , Kovalev Alexander V. , Bilsky Artur V.
Published: February 2019

A computational and experimental study of the flow regimes of a mixture of castor and paraffin oils in a T‐type microchannel with 200 × 400 µm cross section was carried out. The ranges of parallel, slug, droplet, and rivulet flow regimes of the tested mixture were defined. According to the experimental results, a flow regime map was constructed for this mixture depending on the Weber number multiplied by the Ohnesorge number. A correlation of the length of paraffin oil slugs to the fluid flow ratio was established. The experimental data were compared with results of numerical simulation. A good agreement between calculation and experimental data was achieved in terms of reproduction of flow regimes, phase boundaries, and slug length.
Tuning the Intercage Distance in Charge‐Regulated Blackberry‐Type Assemblies through Host–Guest Chemistry
Authors: Li Hui , Wang Ruifu , Hong You‐lee , Liang Zihao , Shen Yidan , Nishiyama Yusuke , Miyoshi Toshikazu , Liu Tianbo
Published: February 2019

Charged or neutral adamantane guests can be encapsulated into the cavity of cationic metal–organic M6L4 (bpy‐cage, M=PdII(2,2′‐bipyridine), L=2,4,6‐tri(4‐pyridyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine) cages through hydrophobic interaction. These encapsulations can provide an approach to control the net charge on the resulting cage–guest complexes and regulate their charge‐dominated assembly into hollow spherical blackberry‐type assemblies in dilute solutions: encapsulation of neutral guests will hardly influence their self‐assembly process, including the blackberry structure size, which is directly related to the intercage distance in the assembly; whereas encapsulating negatively (positively) charged guests resulted in a shorter (longer) intercage distance with larger (smaller) assemblies formed. Therefore, the host–guest chemistry approach can be used to tune the intercage distance accurately.
Selective Partial Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide by the BrOx Cycle
Authors: Wiesehahn Maximilian , Buzilowski Lisa , Kembügler Thomas , Moghaddam Mahsa , Agar David W.
Published: February 2019

Neutralization of the toxic gas hydrogen sulfide is an important step in almost every natural gas processing plant. A novel method for the conversion of hydrogen sulfide is a combination of bromination and oxidation reactions (BrOx). The first of those, the bromination of hydrogen sulfide, is investigated experimentally. An analysis of the potential by‐products reveals that their formation during the reaction can be excluded. Furthermore, a parameter study showed that reaction yields of up to 94 % are achievable by suitable reaction conditions.
Nickel Catalyzed Functionalization of Allenes
Authors: Liu Yang , Bandini Marco
Published: February 2019

Over the past few years, nickel catalysis “encountered” allenes in organic transformations, opening direct access to a plethora of chemical scaffolds in straightforward manner. The activation of allenes or their reaction partners by means of [Ni(0)] as well as [Ni(II)] species enabled chemical diversity and complexity to be achieved simultaneously through desirable concepts like selectivity, functional group tolerance and mildness. An overview of the most recent findings in the area is presented herein.
Mural painting with silicate paints – a topic for chemistry and arts
Authors: Hoßfeld Viviane , Lühken Arnim , Bader Hans‐Joachim
Published: February 2019

Mineralische Wandmalereien lassen sich bis in die frühste Menschheitsgeschichte zurückverfolgen. Die Zusammensetzung der Farben und ihr Auftrag auf einen geeigneten Untergrund wurden fortlaufend weiterentwickelt. Silikatfarben sind eine bedeutungsvolle Entwicklung aus der neueren Zeit. In diesem Beitrag werden die chemischen Grundlagen der Silikatfarben und einfache Experimente zur Einbindung in einen fächerübergreifenden Chemieunterricht vorgestellt.