bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Practice at the Crossroads: When practice meets theory, a rumination
Authors: CEFKIN MELISSA
Published: November 2010

Consumer practices, work practices, not to mention management, design and research practices. The notion of “practice” remains core to much of what ethnographers in industry examine, expose and aim to inform. This paper questions: while we study practice(s), while we may frame our research and analysis with sensitivity towards rendering visible the richness or particularity of peoples' practice, what have we really learned about practice? In part aimed at considering whether and how the work performed by ethnographers in industry advances or critiques theories of practice as explored by Bourdieu and others, the paper aims to reconcile the fact that we are “there” at the behest of our business counterparts to have an impact and affect change. So the question shifts from not only how we use and understand concepts of practice to how it frames the expectations of our business partners and stakeholders. What I have found is that there is both productive overlap and significant slippage between our (theoretically buttressed and anthropologically‐resonant) notions of practice and the (action‐oriented, practical ones) of our business counterparts. This piece is intended as a reflective rumination on the notion of “practice” at the cusp of theory and business to appraise its value, present and future, to both theoretical and business interests.
Acknowledging Differences for Design: Tracing values and beliefs in photo use
Authors: GRAHAM CONNOR , ROUNCEFIELD MARK
Published: November 2010

This paper explores links between ethnographic approaches, technology design and use and values and beliefs. We document recent empirical work on the use of photographs amongst Chinese families; pointing to some differences with previous empirical studies from predominantly Western cultures and tentatively linking Chinese photo work to rather broader cultural values that may develop some ‘sensitivities’ for design. For some time ethnography has been interested in ‘values’ in methodological approaches and concerns. The notion of ‘values’ is also repeatedly called upon in ethnographic studies of (technology for) the home. In this appeal these studies tellingly echo Peter Winch's sentiments regarding how, in general, social life can be understood only through a understanding of beliefs. This paper documents and explicates photo work amongst Chinese families, linking the families' own explanations and comments about these practices to much wider, if particular, sets of social and cultural values and reflects on the potential influence of these values on technology design.
“Ethnography of Ethnographers” and Qualitative Meta‐Analysis for Business
Authors: KAPLAN JOSH , MACK ALEXANDRA
Published: November 2010

The use of meta‐analytic studies has grown steadily in recent decades as a means of establishing greater confidence and robustness of social science findings, but such approaches remain rare in the business world. This paper offers two inter‐linked qualitative meta‐analytic approaches for business: one that both draws on pre‐existing data to gain insight into new strategic questions and reaches across multiple studies to achieve greater generalizability and robustness, and a second that studies researchers and research practice as a means of reflecting on and improving methodology in particular organizations or research groups. Drawing on an in‐house study the authors conducted for a Fortune 500 corporation, this paper articulates these two approaches and points to potential dangers and opportunities in applying them in other settings. In a moment in which researchers are increasingly called upon to do more with less, our approach provides flexibility and adaptability to environments inhospitable to marshalling resources to new original research.
Session 3: Obstacles and opportunities along “The Way”: MAKIKO TANIGUCHI, Curator: Heroic Complexity in Strategic Innovation
Authors: SALVADOR TONY
Published: November 2010

I posit that strategic innovation – the act of carrying an idea through to execution – is an act of destruction as much, or perhaps more so, then it is an act of creation. Specifically, innovation is a violent act against an extant complex adaptive system, a system whose purpose is not only to survive, but also to improve its relative position vis‐à‐vis others in its milieu. Moreover, innovation that happens within institutions such as corporations is an act of violence against a system animated by extant social structures who also seek to survive and improve their relative positions. The result is a system whose emergent properties actively resist innovation, a point well covered in literature. Strategic innovations, already a low probability event, can occur with greater likelihood, therefore, if one leaves the system and returns in a structured manner, a structure I propose is remarkably similar to the Joseph Campbell's “Hero's Journey”. Implications for the structure of strategic innovation, innovations very often at the heart of ethnographic work are discussed.
Session 4: The Way of the Way: ROGERIO DEPAULA, Curator: The Ethnographic Arts
Authors: THOMAS SUZANNE L.
Published: November 2010

There is longevity to the ethnographic arts: a report referred back to over years, an image that captures a resiliently fresh insight. In crude words, ethnographic analysis has a longer shelf life than traditional market research. The latter requires tending to keep its categories replete with a fresh cast of characters. The former is distinguished by a methodological practice that keeps it fresh and truthful without the necessity of being, for the moment, a truth. There is a mastery of the ethnographic arts. For twenty years, I have practiced as an academic ethnographer, private sector consultant and now corporate practitioner. I now hire ethnographers. (I have become an armchair anthropologist.) To do so, I must discern what makes some ethnographic practitioners better than others. I compare along three practices: documentary finesse, journeying and discipline (the latter more yogic than Foucaultian). I hire for the longevity and truthfulness of their work.
The Way to Design Ethnography for Public Service: Barriers and Approaches in Japanese Local Government
Authors: AMAGASA KUNIKAZU
Published: November 2010

This paper introduces various barriers hindering the introduction of ethnography in support of public service design improvement in Japan, and discusses ways to overcome these barriers. Service design approaches using ethnography are gaining popularity in the public sector, especially in Europe. In Japan, however, local governments have adopted few or no ethnographic methods in order to improve public services. One of the most difficult barriers to the establishment of ethnographic approaches in Japan is the long‐lasting relationships between citizens and local governments. Ethnographers engage in competition with citizens and are accused of bias, making it difficult for local governments to conduct ethnographic research freely and understand their citizens in depth. In order to overcome these barriers, this paper proposes three approaches about introducing areas, research protocols and organizations.
Closing Keynote: Tradition and Innovation in Design – An archaeologist offers an anthropological view
Authors: SHANKS MICHAEL
Published: November 2010

Ethnography promises a deeper understanding of our relationship with things, with making and consuming, the distribution and exchange of goods, their eventual discard. Ethnography offers significant enhancement of human‐centered design. Archaeology, Anthropology's time dimension, has developed a set of ethnographic practices of close documentation of the materiality (and indeed immateriality) of human experience, as well as an understanding of cultural change and innovation over the long term. Archaeology offers unique insights into the pattern and logic of human making, as well as into the genealogy of human being. All these are crucial to truly human‐centered design practice. The theme of EPIC2010 – Dô and Do – offers a great opportunity to explore some of these archaeological insights. In particular I will explore intimate associations of tradition and innovation through the archaeological concept of “assemblage”– a shorthand term for the distributed, ontologically heterogeneous character of human making. I will show how lasting innovation is often built on a profound reception and engagement with tradition. Examples will be drawn from my expertise in European prehistory and Graeco‐Roman antiquity, chosen to compliment the contributions to the conference.
Prospective sampling based on model ensembles improves the detection of rare species
Authors: Le Lay Gwenaëlle , Engler Robin , Franc Erika , Guisan Antoine
Published: November 2010

Identifying the geographic distribution of populations is a basic, yet crucial step in many fundamental and applied ecological projects, as it provides key information on which many subsequent analyses depend. However, this task is often costly and time consuming, especially where rare species are concerned and where most sampling designs generally prove inefficient. At the same time, rare species are those for which distribution data are most needed for their conservation to be effective. To enhance fieldwork sampling, model‐based sampling (MBS) uses predictions from species distribution models: when looking for the species in areas of high habitat suitability, chances should be higher to find them. We thoroughly tested the efficiency of MBS by conducting an important survey in the Swiss Alps, assessing the detection rate of three rare and five common plant species. For each species, habitat suitability maps were produced following an ensemble modeling framework combining two spatial resolutions and two modeling techniques. We tested the efficiency of MBS and the accuracy of our models by sampling 240 sites in the field (30 sites×8 species). Across all species, the MBS approach proved to be effective. In particular, the MBS design strictly led to the discovery of six sites of presence of one rare plant, increasing chances to find this species from 0 to 50%. For common species, MBS doubled the new population discovery rates as compared to random sampling. Habitat suitability maps coming from the combination of four individual modeling methods predicted well the species' distribution and more accurately than the individual models. As a conclusion, using MBS for fieldwork could efficiently help in increasing our knowledge of rare species distribution. More generally, we recommend using habitat suitability models to support conservation plans.
The Landscape Similarity Toolbox: new tools for optimizing the location of control sites in experimental studies
Authors: Dilts Thomas E. , Yang Jian , Weisberg Peter J.
Published: November 2010

Large‐scale manipulative experiments are critically important for linking ecological theory with land management at a relevant spatial scale. Statistically powerful inferential approaches such as the before‐after‐control‐impact design involve pairing a small number of treatment sites with control sites of analogous ecological structure and landscape context. Pairing treatment and control sites that are as analogous as possible is an important step to ensuring that differences are due to a treatment effect. The Landscape Similarity Toolbox provides tools for optimizing the location of potential control sites based upon the spatial characteristics of the treatment site.
Density‐dependent diet composition of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Martinussen Pål A. , Robertsen Grethe , Einum Sigurd
Published: November 2010

Abstract –  Decreases in body growth with increasing population density may be caused by reduced prey delivery rate. However, changes in food quality because of an increasing inclusion of suboptimal prey in the diet may also contribute to such effects. Here, we test for density‐dependent diet composition by creating spatial variation in Atlantic salmon young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) density in three replicate streams and obtain detailed information on individual positions (±1 m) and diet. Diet breadth with respect to prey size increased with increasing local density for the two most common prey types (Chironomidae and Ephemeroptera). For the largest prey type (Ephemeroptera), there was also an increase in mean prey size with increasing density, suggesting that YOY salmon preferentially utilise the smaller prey among those available. According to optimal foraging theory, changes in diet with increasing local density are likely to come at an energetic cost and hence may contribute to the commonly observed density‐dependent growth of juvenile salmonids.
Developmental dental alterations in permanent teeth after intrusion of the predecessors: clinical and microscopic evaluation
Authors: Küchler Erika Calvano , Da Silva Fidalgo Tatiana Kelly , Farinhas João Alfredo , De Castro Costa Marcelo
Published: November 2010

Abstract –  This case report describes the management of developmental dental alterations in permanent dentition as a consequence of severe intrusive luxation in its predecessors in a child of 2 years. At 10 years of age, this patient was referred for consultation due to lack of permanent maxillary right central and lateral incisors. Radiographic examination revealed impaction of hypoplasic permanent maxillary central incisor, absence of the lateral incisor and compound odontoma in region of the permanent maxillary lateral incisor. The odontoma was surgically removed and unerupted central incisor was placed in orthodontic traction over a period of 8 months. The central incisor presented with abnormal shape and was restored with composite resin. Odontoma histologic analysis was carried out through Hematoxylin and Eosin coloration and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Cement and osteocement formations were found in soft tissue, as well as some irregularly distributed dentine islands of tooth‐like structures, indicative of compound odontoma. We followed up this patient for 5 years and orthodontic management was successfully performed for correct alignment of the maxillary right central incisor impacted by compound odontoma.
Management of trauma‐induced inflammatory root resorption using mineral trioxide aggregate obturation: two‐year follow up
Authors: Güzeler Irem , Uysal Serdar , Cehreli Zafer C.
Published: November 2010

Abstract –  Inflammatory root resorption is a serious complication of dental trauma, which leads to progressive loss of the root structure. This report describes the treatment a previously traumatized young maxillary lateral incisor, severely affected by inflammatory root resorption. An 11‐year‐old boy presented with pain and mobility in his maxillary incisors which experienced fall trauma 2 years earlier. Radiographic examination revealed incomplete root development of the right central incisor, associated with advanced inflammatory root resorption and a periapical lesion. Following removal of a prior long‐term calcium hydroxide dressing, the root canal was submitted to a 2‐week irrigation regimen involving 1.25% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate. Thereafter, the entire root was filled with mineral trioxide aggregate. The radiographic follow up at 6 months showed arrest of root resorption and initiation of periapical healing in the absence of clinical symptoms and mobility. This was followed by advanced osseous regeneration and re‐establishment of the periodontal space at 12 and 24 months. From the present case, it can be concluded that mineral trioxide aggregate obturation can be a viable option that can improve the healing outcomes in cases of severe inflammatory root resorption in young permanent teeth.
The consequences of orofacial trauma resulting from violence: a study in Porto
Authors: Caldas Inês Morais , Magalhães Teresa , Afonso Américo , Matos Eduarda
Published: November 2010

Abstract –  Orofacial injuries resulting from violence are a fairly common event. In Portugal, however, the impact of these injuries remains to be elucidated. This study aims to analyze the injuries and permanent consequences of orofacial trauma (in a three‐dimensional perspective: organic, functional and situational), resulting from violence. To do so, a retrospective analysis of all violence‐related forensic reports performed in the North Branch of the National Institute of Legal Medicine, during 2007, was carried out (n = 513). It was found that most victims were men with a mean age of 35.4 (SD = 15.1). Most aggressions were due to punches and/or kicks. The most frequent orofacial injuries were lip injuries (57.7%), followed by extra‐oral soft tissue injuries (35.9%), gingival and oral mucosa injuries (29.2%), and teeth and/or periodontal injuries (17.5%). The most frequent long‐term consequences concerned the teeth and periodontal area (14.0%), followed by the lip area (7.4%), and gingival and oral mucosa tissues (3.9%). In terms of the effect on functions and life situations, it was found that chewing and embarrassment in social life events were the most prevalent (43.6% and 83.6%, respectively). These results showed that orofacial trauma from violence‐related events can damage a person’s quality of life, especially those concerning the teeth area, as a result of their implications in normal function and in life situations.
Management of root dilaceration of an impacted maxillary central incisor following orthodontic treatment: an unusual therapeutic outcome
Authors: Topouzelis Nikolaos , Tsaousoglou Phoebus , Gofa Anastasia
Published: November 2010

Abstract –  There are rare cases of impacted permanent central incisors with dilaceration, a dental deformity characterized by pronounced angulation of the longitudinal tooth axis. This paper presents the orthodontic alignment of a permanent maxillary left central incisor in a 7.5‐year‐old boy, which appeared impacted radiologically and displayed root dilaceration. Following surgical exposure with the closed‐eruption technique and appropriate orthodontic traction, the tooth was successfully aligned into the dental arch and the root was radiologically shown to be straightened and relatively well developed.
Removal of the retained suture needle under C‐arm fluoroscopy: a technical note
Authors: Sencimen Metin , Bayar Gurkan Rasit , Gulses Aydin
Published: November 2010

Abstract –  Removal of foreign bodies or broken surgical armamentrium in the maxillofacial region may be quite challenging depending on the location and adjacent anatomical structures. Preoperative and intraoperative imagings are very important for successful removal. We report a case of a suture needle, accidentally retained in the pterygomandibular space during the extraction of upper wisdom third molar that was removed via intraoral route using C‐arm fluoroscope.
Analysis of maxillofacial fracture victims in the Wenchuan earthquake and Yushu earthquake
Authors: Li Rui , Wang Hang , Guo Lijuan , Tang Wei , Long Jie , Liu Lei , Tian Weidong
Published: November 2010

Abstract – 

Objective: To analyze retrospectively 419 patients after the Wenchuan earthquake and 46 after Yushu earthquake with maxillofacial fractures so as to provide reference on patients’ treatment after an earthquake. Method: We investigated 419 patients after Wenchuan earthquake and 46 after Yushu earthquake with maxillofacial fractures who were admitted to the West China Hospital of Stomatology and other 46 hospitals in 10 provinces. Result: A total of 58 patients had maxillofacial fractures (13.8%) including 33 (56.9%) men and 25 (43.1%) women after the Wenchuan earthquake and 6 (13%) had maxillofacial fractures after Yushu earthquake. Most patients were injured by pressing or burying. The nasal‐orbital‐ethmoidal region was the most frequent site of the maxillofacial fracture (58.6% in the Wenchuan earthquake and 66.7% in the Yushu earthquake). The most prevalent pattern of maxillofacial fracture was multiple and/or comminuted fractures (87.9% in the Wenchuan earthquake and 100% in the Yushu earthquake). There were 48 (82.8%) patients with associated injuries, and the most common site was extremity injuries (58.6%) after Wenchuan earthquake. Few patients received adequate prehospital treatment, with bandages predominantly. Most patients (65.5% in the Wenchuan earthquake and 100% in the Yushu earthquake) underwent open reduction and rigid internal fixation. We failed to find any patients with generalized infection. However, all patients in our study presented the symptoms of post‐traumatic stress disorder. Conclusion: We analyze the characteristics of maxillofacial fractures after the two earthquakes, so as to improve our medical emergency system when such disasters happen again.
Tuberous sclerosis‐2 (TSC2) regulates the stability of death‐associated protein kinase‐1 (DAPK) through a lysosome‐dependent degradation pathway
Authors: Lin Yao , Henderson Paul , Pettersson Susanne , Satsangi Jack , Hupp Ted , Stevens Craig
Published: November 2010

We previously identified a novel interaction between tuberous sclerosis‐2 (TSC2) and death‐associated protein kinase‐1 (DAPK), the consequence being that DAPK catalyses the inactivating phosphorylation of TSC2 to stimulate mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity. We now report that TSC2 binding to DAPK promotes the degradation of DAPK. We show that DAPK protein levels, but not gene expression, inversely correlate with TSC2 expression. Furthermore, altering mTORC1 activity does not affect DAPK levels, excluding indirect effects of TSC2 on DAPK protein levels through changes in mTORC1 translational control. We provide evidence that the C‐terminus regulates TSC2 stability and is required for TSC2 to reduce DAPK protein levels. Importantly, using a GTPase‐activating protein–dead missense mutation of TSC2, we demonstrate that the effect of TSC2 on DAPK is independent of GTPase‐activating protein activity. TSC2 binds to the death domain of DAPK and we show that this interaction is required for TSC2 to reduce DAPK protein levels and half‐life. Finally, we show that DAPK is regulated by the lysosome pathway and that lysosome inhibition blocks TSC2‐mediated degradation of DAPK. Our study therefore establishes important functions of TSC2 and the lysosomal‐degradation pathway in the control of DAPK stability, which taken together with our previous findings, reveal a regulatory loop between DAPK and TSC2 whose balance can either promote: (a) TSC2 inactivation resulting in mTORC1 stimulation, or (b) DAPK degradation via TSC2 signalling under steady‐state conditions. The fine balance between DAPK and TSC2 in this regulatory loop may have subtle but important effects on mTORC1 steady‐state function.

Structured digital abstract

MINT‐8057232: DAPK (uniprotkb:P53355) physically interacts (MI:0915) with TSC2 (uniprotkb:P49815) by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0007)

MINT‐8057213: TSC1 (uniprotkb:Q92574) physically interacts (MI:0914) with DAPK (uniprotkb:P53355) and TSC2 (uniprotkb:P49815) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006)

MINT‐8057200: TSC1 (uniprotkb:Q92574) physically interacts (MI:0915) with TSC2 (uniprotkb:P49815) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006)
Ablation of Sax2 gene expression prevents diet‐induced obesity
Authors: Simon Ruth , Britsch Stefan , Bergemann Andrew
Published: November 2010

Regulation of energy homeostasis is mainly mediated by factors in the hypothalamus and the brainstem. Understanding these regulatory mechanisms is of great clinical relevance in the treatment of obesity and related diseases. The homeobox gene Sax2 is expressed predominantly in the brainstem, in the vicinity of serotonergic neurons, and in the ventral neural tube starting during early development. Previously, we have shown that the loss of function of the Sax2 gene in mouse causes growth retardation starting at birth and a high rate of postnatal lethality, as well as a dramatic metabolic phenotype. To further define the role of Sax2 in energy homeostasis, age‐matched adult wild‐type, Sax2 heterozygous and null mutant animals were exposed to a high‐fat diet. Although food uptake among the different groups was comparable, Sax2 null mutants fed a high‐fat diet exhibited a significantly lower weight gain compared to control animals. Unlike their counterparts, Sax2 null mutants did not develop insulin resistance and exhibited significantly lower leptin levels under both standard chow and high‐fat diet conditions. Furthermore, neuropeptide Y, an important regulator of energy homeostasis, was significantly decreased in the forebrain of Sax2 null mutants on a high‐fat diet. These data strongly suggest a critical role for Sax2 gene expression in diet‐induced obesity. Sax2 gene expression may be required to allow the coordinated crosstalk of factors involved in the maintenance of energy homeostasis, possibly regulating the transcription of specific factors involved in energy balance.
Predicting the substrate specificity of a glycosyltransferase implicated in the production of phenolic volatiles in tomato fruit
Authors: Louveau Thomas , Leitao Celine , Green Sol , Hamiaux Cyril , van der Rest Benoît , Dechy‐Cabaret Odile , Atkinson Ross G. , Chervin Christian
Published: November 2010

The volatile compounds that constitute the fruit aroma of ripe tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) are often sequestered in glycosylated form. A homology‐based screen was used to identify the gene SlUGT5, which is a member of UDP‐glycosyltransferase 72 family and shows specificity towards a range of substrates, including flavonoid, flavanols, hydroquinone, xenobiotics and chlorinated pollutants. SlUGT5 was shown to be expressed primarily in ripening fruit and flowers, and mapped to chromosome I in a region containing a QTL that affected the content of guaiacol and eugenol in tomato crosses. Recombinant SlUGT5 protein demonstrated significant activity towards guaiacol and eugenol, as well as benzyl alcohol and methyl salicylate; however, the highest in vitro activity and affinity was shown for hydroquinone and salicyl alcohol. NMR analysis identified isosalicin as the only product of salicyl alcohol glycosylation. Protein modelling and substrate docking analysis were used to assess the basis for the substrate specificity of SlUGT5. The analysis correctly predicted the interactions with SlUGT5 substrates, and also indicated that increased hydrogen bonding, due to the presence of a second hydrophilic group in methyl salicylate, guaiacol and hydroquinone, appeared to more favourably anchor these acceptors within the glycosylation site, leading to increased stability, higher activities and higher substrate affinities.
Transformations of the state variable and learning dynamics
Authors: Chatterji Shurojit , Lobato Ignacio N.
Published: November 2010

This article examines dynamics in a model where agents forecast a one dimensional state variable through ordinary least squares regressions on the lagged values of the state variable. We study the stability properties of alternative transformations of the state variable, such as taking logarithms, which the agent can endogenously set forth. Surprisingly, for the considered class of economies, we found that the transformations that an econometrician would attempt are destabilizing, whereas alternative transformations, which an econometrician would never consider, such as convex transformations, are stabilizing. Therefore, we ironically find that in our set‐up, an active agent who is concerned about learning the economy’s dynamics and who in an attempt to improve forecasting transforms the state variable using standard transformations, is more likely to deviate from the steady state than a passive agent.
Strategic profit sharing between firms
Authors: Ferreira José Luis , Waddle Roberts
Published: November 2010

We introduce the possibility of unilaterally giving profits away to the rival in different oligopolistic contexts. We find that this strategy may be profitable in some circumstances, thus providing a context for partial tacit collusion in one‐shot oligopolistic interactions. Although the strategy in itself may look unrealistic, we argue that it may be hidden behind a more complicated relation of the firms.
From Public Sociology to Public Philosophy: Lessons for Law and Society
Authors: van Seters Paul
Published: November 2010

The late Philip Selznick's final book, A Humanist Science, examines the role of values and ideals in the social sciences, including the study of law and society. Throughout his academic career, Selznick was committed to what he called “legal naturalism,” a sociological version of the natural‐law perspective, while his critics continue to adhere to various forms of positivism. But the age‐old opposition between natural law and legal positivism today may be giving way to the quest for public sociology—a sociology that promotes public reflection on significant social issues and thus functions as a moral and political force. A Humanist Science ends with a strong plea for public philosophy. Public philosophy overlaps with public sociology but is a much stronger concept. Selznick's message of public philosophy may be another of his enduring contributions to the field of law and society.
In humans IL‐6 is released from the brain during and after exercise and paralleled by enhanced IL‐6 mRNA expression in the hippocampus of mice
Authors: Rasmussen P. , Vedel J.‐C. , Olesen J. , Adser H. , Pedersen M. V. , Hart E. , Secher N. H. , Pilegaard H.
Published: November 2010

Aim:  Plasma interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) increases during exercise by release from active muscles and during prolonged exercise also from the brain. The IL‐6 release from muscles continues into recovery and we tested whether the brain also releases IL‐6 in recovery from prolonged exercise in humans. Additionally, it was evaluated in mice whether brain release of IL‐6 reflected enhanced IL‐6 mRNA expression in the brain as modulated by brain glycogen levels.

Methods:  Nine healthy male subjects completed 4 h of ergometer rowing while the arterio‐jugular venous difference (a‐v diff) for IL‐6 was determined. The IL‐6 mRNA and the glycogen content were determined in mouse hippocampus, cerebellum and cortex before and after 2 h treadmill running (N = 8).

Results:  At rest, the IL‐6 a‐v diff was negligible but decreased to −2.2 ± 1.9 pg ml−1 at the end of exercise and remained low (−2.1 ± 2.1 pg ml−1) 1 h into the recovery (P < 0.05 vs. rest). IL‐6 mRNA was expressed in the three parts of the brain with the lowest content in the hippocampus (P < 0.05) coupled to the highest glycogen content (3.2 ± 0.8 mmol kg−1). Treadmill running increased the hippocampal IL‐6 mRNA content 2–3‐fold (P < 0.05), while the hippocampal glycogen content decreased to 2.6 ± 0.6 mmol kg−1 (P < 0.05) with no significant changes in the two other parts of the brain.

Conclusion:  Human brain releases IL‐6 both during and in recovery from prolonged exercise and mouse data suggest that concurrent changes in IL‐6 mRNA and glycogen levels make the hippocampus a likely source of the IL‐6 release from the brain.
Declining Labor Share: Is China's Case Different?
Authors: Luo Changyuan , Zhang Jun
Published: November 2010

This paper explores why labor share in China has declined since the middle of the 1990s. Existing literature usually ascribes the labor share decline in developed countries to biased technological progress. However, our investigation shows that China's case is different. Using a simultaneous equation model estimated with three‐stage least squares, we find that FDI, levels of economic development and privatization have negative effects on the labor share. The negative influence of FDI on labor share results from regional competition for FDI, which weakens labor forces' bargaining power. A U‐shaped relationship exists between labor share and the level of economic development, and China is now on the declining part of the curve. The negative effects of privatization on the labor share stem from the elimination of the so‐called “wage costs eroding profit” situation and the positive supply shock on the labor market.
Inequality and the Urban–rural Divide in China: Effects of Regressive Taxation
Authors: Wang Xiaobing , Piesse Jenifer
Published: November 2010

Using three comparable national representative household surveys for China in 1988, 1995 and 2002, the present paper reveals the regressivity and urban bias of China's direct tax and welfare system in this period. It shows that a regressive taxation system and skewed allocation of subsidies increases the urban–rural income gap and enhances overall inequality. Modeling these relationships indicates that the relatively poorer rural population has a net tax liability, whereas those in the richer urban areas receive net subsidies. This pattern is common in China, although the extent of the bias varies. This skewed system of tax and welfare payments is a major cause of the persisting urban–rural income gap and contributes to the overall income inequality in China. The abolishment of the agriculture tax in 2006 has had a positive impact on rural people's livelihoods.
R&D Activities of Manufacturing Multinationals in China: Structure, Motivations and Regional Differences
Authors: Motohashi Kazuyuki
Published: November 2010

This paper investigates the R&D motivations of various multinationals operating in China, drawing on a large‐scale, firm‐level dataset of official Chinese statistics on science and technology activities. The present study shows that R&D efforts in China have intensified for both foreign‐owned and domestic firms, but less so for foreign‐owned firms, perhaps because foreign‐owned firms tend to operate on a foundation of technological capabilities developed within their home countries.

Statistical analysis confirms that the major motivations for foreign R&D in China are production‐driven, not market‐driven or technology‐driven. Nevertheless, one sees significant variations in foreign R&D strategies from region to region. Guangdong is characterized by production‐driven R&D. In Beijing, R&D strategies tend to take a technology‐driven approach, drawing on the clusters of scientific institutions. In Shanghai, the R&D efforts of multinationals tend to focus on support for market‐driven R&D.
Cooperation Satisfaction and Performance: Empirical Evidence from Chinese Banks and Their Foreign Strategic Investors
Authors: Lu Chin‐Hwa , Shen Chung‐Hua , Wu Meng‐Wen , Wu Zhi‐Wen
Published: November 2010

In this paper, we investigate whether the mutual satisfaction of Chinese banks and foreign strategic investors (FSI) in terms of their cooperation with each other affects the performance of Chinese banks. Since 2004, China's banking authority has conducted an annual survey on Chinese banks and their FSI, assessing levels of mutual satisfaction in terms of their cooperation. We use these survey results to examine the effects of satisfaction levels on the profitability of Chinese banks. Our results reveal that satisfaction affects profitability; that is, satisfied foreign investors and Chinese banks yield better performance. Satisfaction determinants for each party are also examined. Although the profitability of Chinese banks does not show a significant effect on the satisfaction of either party, bank loan to deposit ratios, regions of FSI home countries, and the type of Chinese banks are important factors that might affect satisfaction.
Global Production Network and the Upgrading of China's Integrated Circuit Industry
Authors: Chen Ling , Xue Lan
Published: November 2010

Using an analytical framework of the global production network (GPN), the present paper examines the external environment and the internal dynamics of China s integrated circuit (IC) industry. We analyze the transition of China s IC industry from a state‐led integrated device manufacturers' model to deeper integration into the GPN. We also explore the technological sources, the upgrading dynamics as well as the positioning of different nodes of China s IC industry in the GPN. We conclude that the “East Asia model” of gradual industrial upgrading might not apply anymore in the new era of GPN. High‐technology industries can now be upgraded based on a parallel evolution model. Policy implications for China's high‐technology industrial upgrading strategies are drawn from our analysis.
Temperament and Personality Prospects for Developmental Psychopathology Research: Introduction
Authors: De Fruyt Filip
Published: November 2010

Abstract— The 3 articles in this Special Section of Child Development Perspectives describe prospects of temperament and personality research for advancing understanding of developmental psychopathology and the internalizing and externalizing spectra of psychopathology in particular. Different conceptual and theoretical models are outlined and discussed, including a research agenda and an overview of research methodologies beyond inventory‐based research.
Modeling Temperamental Risk for Depression Using Developmentally Sensitive Laboratory Paradigms
Authors: Durbin C. Emily
Published: November 2010

Abstract— A growing literature indicates that temperamental emotionality traits may represent diatheses for mood disorders. This article describes the advantages of laboratory methods for assessing these traits, reviews issues regarding their use, and argues that these techniques provide unique opportunities for advancing understanding of temperamental risk.
Stress and the Development of Self‐Regulation in Context
Authors: Blair Clancy
Published: November 2010

Abstract— This article considers the effects of psychosocial stress on child development and describes mechanisms through which early stress in the context of poverty affects the functioning of neural networks that underlie executive functions and self‐regulation. It examines the effects of early experience on glucocorticoid and catecholamine levels that influence neural activity in areas of the brain associated with executive functions, primarily as studied in animal models. Finally, it considers the strengths and limitations of this research, its relevance to understanding stress reactivity from the perspective of biological sensitivity to context, and the implications for the study of risk and resilience processes and early intervention to prevent developmental delays.
Transnational Infancy: A New Context for Attachment and the Need for Better Models
Authors: Bohr Yvonne
Published: November 2010

Abstract— Researchers have paid little attention to the effects of a rapidly globalizing world on infants and toddlers, even though some features of globalization may have a significant impact on their development and well‐being. For example, fragmentation occurs in many North American and European transnational families when infants are separated from parents and cared for by geographically distant relatives, as is the case when new immigrants temporarily leave their infants in their country of origin or send them back to be cared for by relatives. There is much reason to believe that such separations can have an adverse effect on attachment, the emotional development of children, and the adjustment of parents. Yet Western mental‐health models may not accurately capture the full complexity of these new realities, nor adequately address risk and resiliency factors in clinical contexts. This article argues that it is the time to devote attention to the experience of infants and toddlers who exist in transnational environments, as these very young children may well be the most overlooked participants in globalization. This article proposes a model to support an emergent field of research, policy making, and practice.
Childrearing and Developmental Trajectories: Positive Pathways, Off‐Ramps, and Dynamic Processes
Authors: Holden George W.
Published: November 2010

Abstract— Although the developmental literature often mentions children’s trajectories, it has largely ignored the parent–child processes involved. This article presents a conceptual framework for investigating both parent and child roles. It theorizes that parents have 4 fundamental tasks: initiating trajectories, supporting development along trajectories, mediating children’s understanding of experiences, and reacting to child‐initiated trajectories. Children’s roles include accepting or rejecting the pathways, engaging in them with varying degrees of enthusiasm, and initiating trajectories. The article discusses examples of cultural, familial, and relationship variables that influence trajectories. Effective parents initially guide their children’s trajectories in positive directions, although with development, guidance decreases in favor of the child’s increasing autonomy. This model helps to reveal some of the dynamic interactional processes that contribute to certain developmental outcomes.
Expression of cytokines in aqueous humor of patients with uveal melanoma (UM)
Authors: LEE CS , BAE JH , LEE KS , LEE SC
Published: November 2010

Purpose To evaluate the simultaneous expression and implication of various cytokines in the aqueous humor of patients with UM.

Methods Aqueous humor samples were obtained from UM patients at the time of enucleation, brachytherapy using ruthenium‐106, or surgery. Using a commercial cytokine biochip array, concentration of 12 cytokines including Interleukin (IL)‐1a, IL‐1b, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor(TNF)‐a, interferon(IFN)‐g, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1 were simultaneously analyzed and compared to those of senile cataract patients undergoing surgery. Aqueous humor samples were re‐collected from patients who received brachytherapy at the time of radioactive plaque removal.

Results Of 20 treatment naïve UM patients with no other systemic medical condition, 14 were men (70%) and the mean age was 49 years (range 25‐76). The mean tumor height was 8.0mm and the mean largest basal diameter was 12.8mm. In UM patients, levels of IL‐6 (P=0.016), IL‐8 (P=0.027), IFN‐g (P=0.004), and MCP‐1(P<0.001) were increased, whereas those of IL‐2 (P=0.018), IL‐10 (P=0.019), TNF‐a (P=0.003) were decreased. The level of IFN‐g correlated with tumor diameter (P=0.017). In 12 UM patients who underwent brachytherapy and transpupillary thermotherapy, levels of IL‐6 (P=0.010), IL‐8 (P=0.002), and IL‐1b (P=0.008) were increased at the time of plaque removal, after median time of 101 hours of brachytherapy.

Conclusion In UM, IL‐8 appears to be a more significant proangiogenic factor than VEGF. Further studies are warranted to investigate the role of various cytokines, especially IL‐6, IL‐8, IFN‐g, and MCP‐1 in UM progression.
Effect of cations on the microstructure and in-vitro drug release of κ- and ι-carrageenan liquid and semi-solid aqueous dispersions
Authors: Thrimawithana Thilini Rasika , Young Simon , Alany Raid G
Published: November 2010

Objectives

The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of potassium and calcium ions on the microstructure and release dynamics of kappa (κ) and iota (ι) carrageenan.

Methods

The microstructure of the dispersions was imaged using a cryogenic scanning electron microscope. Franz-cell diffusion apparatus was used to determine the release kinetics of a model hydrophilic drug, sodium fluorescein, incorporated in selected polymer dispersions. Release profiles were analysed using Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas and dual first-order models.

Key Findings

Cryogenic scanning electron microscope images showed that κ-carrageenan forms hexagonal structures, whereas ι-carrageenan forms rectangular pores at low cation concentrations. In-vitro release studies showed sustained release profiles for all carrageenan systems; however the model drug, fluorescein, diffusion from ι-carrageenan with 0.06% w/v calcium was significantly higher than other ι-carrageenan systems. This may be attributed to improved tortuosity of this system. However further increase in cation concentration led to a reduction in fluorescein release from the matrices. The dual first-order release model illustrated two distinct release rates, an initial rapid release followed by a slow diffusion of fluorescein from the carrageenan matrices.

Conclusions

The observed microstructural differences may account for the well known variation in mechanical properties of κ- and ι-carrageenan gels. The dual first order release model adds a new tool in the elucidation of release mechanisms from polymer matrices, where parallel processes contribute to drug release.
Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction of midazolam with ursodeoxycholic acid, ketoconazole and dexamethasone by brain benzodiazepine receptor occupancy
Authors: Misaka Shingen , Kurosawa Souhei , Uchida Shinya , Yoshida Akira , Kato Yoshihisa , Kagawa Yoshiyuki , Yamada Shizuo
Published: November 2010

Objectives

To clarify whether alterations in midazolam pharmacokinetics resulting from changes in cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) activity lead to changes in its pharmacodynamic effects, benzodiazepine receptor occupancy was measured in the brain of rats after oral administration of midazolam.

Methods

Receptor occupancy was measured by radioligand binding assay in rats pretreated with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), ketoconazole and dexamethasone, and the plasma concentration of midazolam was simultaneously determined.

Key findings

There was a significant increase in the apparent dissociation constant and decrease in the maximum number of binding sites for specific [3H]flunitrazepam binding after oral administration of midazolam at pharmacologically relevant doses, suggesting that midazolam binds significantly to brain benzodiazepine receptors. Pretreatment with UDCA significantly enhanced the binding. This correlated well with significant enhancement by UDCA of the plasma midazolam concentration. The brain benzodiazepine receptor binding of oral midazolam was significantly enhanced by pretreatment with ketoconazole, a potent inhibitor of CYP3A, whereas it was significantly reduced by treatment with dexamethasone, an inducer of this enzyme. These effects paralleled changes in the plasma concentration of midazolam.

Conclusions

The results indicate that pharmacokinetic changes such as altered CYP3A activity significantly influence the pharmacodynamic effect of midazolam by affecting occupancy of benzodiazepine receptors in the brain. They also suggest in-vivo or ex-vivo time-dependent measurements of receptor occupancy by radioligand binding assay to be a tool for elucidating the pharmacokinetic interaction of benzodiazepines with other agents in pre-clinical and clinical evaluations.