bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Grenoble Valley
Authors: Valeria Aniello
Published: February 2006

This chapter examines the high-tech industry in Grenoble. The Grenoble case confirms the heterogeneity of governance models. Both local and global actors participate in the production of a simple, collective good, indicating diverse adjustment mechanisms. However, the situation of governance and collective competition goods in the sector has several weak points that undermine its future and create grounds for deterioration, such as the large-scale dependence on public funding.
The Governance of High-Tech Districts
Authors: Trigilia Carlo
Published: February 2006

This chapter synthesizes the results of the four case studies discussed in chapters fifteen to eighteen. It identifies the similarities in the conditions that explain territorial concentrations in high-tech local systems. These involve the role of external economies and the provision of local collective competition goods (LCCGs). The production of LCCGs and governance of high-tech industrial districts are discussed.
Conclusions
Authors: Le Galés Patrick , Trigilia Carlo
Published: February 2006

This chapter synthesizes the findings of the case studies in this volume. These include the convergence of old local productive systems and weak national models towards models of networked firms, new high-tech activities, and the rise of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) despite new governance patterns in steel cities. Governance modes, local collective competition goods production, and policy implications are discussed.
Nondescriptive Meaning and Reference
Authors: Davis Wayne A.
Published: February 2006

Part I of this book is a concise exposition of the expression theory of meaning, according to which meaning consists in the expression of thoughts, their component ideas, or other mental states. The theory is founded on the fact that thoughts are event types with a constituent structure, and that thinking is a fundamental propositional attitude distinct from belief. It can account for interjections, syncategorematic terms, pejorative terms, conventional implicatures, and other cases of nondescriptive meaning that have long been seen as difficult for both ideational and referential theories of meaning. Part II defends the analysis of speaker and word reference in terms of the expression of ideas by exploring the vague connection of reference with predication, and reviewing the difficulties of alternative approaches, both descriptivist and causal. Part III shows how the expression theory can account for the meaning of names, and the distinctive way in which their meaning determines their reference. The problems with Millian theories show that the meaning of a name consists in the expression of an idea. The problems with Fregean theories show that the ideas expressed by names are atomic or basic. A name is directly and rigidly referential because the extension of the idea it expresses is not determined by the extensions of component ideas. This account of names does not preclude the use of a possible worlds or situation semantics to systematize their formal referential properties. The referential properties of ideas can also be set out recursively by providing a generative theory of ideas, assigning extensions to atomic ideas, and formulating rules whereby the semantic value of a complex idea is determined by the semantic values of its contents. Arguments for the logical necessity of identity statements expressed using non-synonymous names are shown to be unsound, along with various twin earth arguments.
3 Ideas
Authors: Davis Wayne A.
Published: February 2006

This chapter defines ideas (concepts) as thoughts or cognitive parts of thoughts, and sets out their basic properties. It distinguishes concepts from images and conceptions (belief systems), and briefly defines concept possession, acquisition, and association. It also distinguishes between atomic and complex concepts, and introduces the ideo-reflexive method of referring to ideas.
Word Meaning
Authors: Davis Wayne A.
Published: February 2006

This chapter defines word meaning in terms of speaker meaning and expression. The definition is recursive: in the basic case, individual words and idioms have meaning because of what they are conventionally used to mean; the recursion clause (the basis of compositionality) is provided by the fact that word structures are conventionally used to express certain idea structures. Different kinds of language are distinguished. What words mean today in living languages is dependent on the conventions that evolve from those of prior users of the language.
6 Nondescriptive Meaning
Authors: Davis Wayne A.
Published: February 2006

This chapter shows how the expression theory can account for four cases of nondescriptive meaning: interjections, syncategorematic terms, words with conventional implicatures, and non-declarative sentences. The meaning of interrogative and imperative sentences is explained in terms of non-propositional thoughts. Syncategorematic terms express thought-parts that are no more incomplete or dependent than those expressed by other terms. Interjections provide an exception to the rule that meaning consists in the expression of ideas; they express mental event types that are not thought parts (nor emotions). Conventional implicatures are explained in terms of appositional thoughts, complexes with a main thought and a subordinate thought.
Reference and Expression
Authors: Davis Wayne A.
Published: February 2006

This chapter examines what it is for a speaker to refer to something. It defines speaker reference as the verbal expression of ideas, and relates referring to meaning, mentioning, and the inclusive sense of cogitative speaker meaning. A number of ambiguities are identified, including the opaque, transparent, and referential-attributive distinctions.
11 Defenses of Millianism
Authors: Davis Wayne A.
Published: February 2006

This chapter reviews efforts to explain away the problems with Millian theories, and shows that they are unsuccessful. Soames’s solution to Russell’s problem (existence failures) either adopts a radical modal realism or uses an intentional sense of reference. Some attempts to rebut Frege’s problem (substitutivity failures) ignore opaque interpretations. Kripke took the argument against substitutivity to depend on strong disquotation principles, and presented a puzzle to show that they are problematic. But weaker disquotation principles are available, and substitutivity arguments can be presented without relying on disquotation principles. Gricean attempts to explain away substitutivity failures in terms of metalinguistic or mode implicatures do not help with Russell’s problem or Fine terms, and are unsatisfactory even for Frege’s problem.
13 Standard Name Meaning
Authors: Davis Wayne A.
Published: February 2006

This chapter shows that the alternative to the Frege-Mill dichotomy follows directly from the refutation of Millian and Fregean theories: standard names have nondescriptive senses, which differ from the senses of descriptive terms like common nouns, adjectives, verbs, or definite descriptions. The evidence against Frege’s way shows that standard names have undefinable senses. This implies that they express basic concepts, which are either atomic or contain an unlexicalized atomic component. Evidence is also presented that proper names have non-indexical senses. Standard proper names can therefore be characterized as the primitive singular non-indexical words in a language. The subject concepts they express are typically acquired by abstraction or through communication. The concepts represent their objects directly and rigidly. While concepts expressed by standard names could be atomic, there is evidence that they consist of a general sortal concept combined with a nondescriptive, non-indexical individuating concept.
Deeper than Reason
Authors: Robinson Jenefer
Published: February 2006

This book takes the insights of modern psychological and neuroscientific research on the emotions and brings them to bear on questions about our emotional involvement with the arts. It begins by laying out a theory of emotion, one that is supported by the best evidence from current empirical work on emotions, and then in the light of this theory examines some of the ways in which the emotions function in the arts. Written in a clear and engaging style, the book will make fascinating reading for anyone who is interested in the emotions and how they work, as well as anyone engaged with the arts and aesthetics, especially with questions about emotional expression in the arts, emotional experience of art forms, and, more generally, artistic interpretation. Part One develops a theory of emotions as processes, having at their core non-cognitive ‘instinctive’ appraisals, ‘deeper than reason’, which automatically induce physiological changes and action tendencies, and which then give way to cognitive monitoring of the situation. Part Two examines the role of the emotions in understanding literature, especially the great realistic novels of the 19th century. It is argued that such works need to be experienced emotionally if they are to be properly understood. A detailed reading of Edith Wharton's novel The Reef demonstrates how a great novel can educate us emotionally by first evoking instinctive emotional responses, and then getting us to cognitively monitor and reflect upon them. Part Three puts forward a new Romantic theory of emotional expression in the arts. Part Four deals with music, both the emotional expression of emotion in music, whether vocal or instrumental, and the arousal of emotion by music. The way music arouses emotion lends indirect support to the theory of emotion outlined in Part One.
3 Emotion as Process
Authors: Robinson Jenefer
Published: February 2006

How do we reconcile the insights of the judgement theorists into emotion with the empirical data from the psychologists? Following the neuroscientist Joseph LeDoux, it is suggested that there are two different processing systems in emotion, a very rapid instinctive appraisal system that occurs too fast for cognitive mediation and a slower cognitive system that monitors the results of the fast affective non-cognitive system. An emotional response is a process in which a physiological response caused by an affective appraisal fastens attention on events in the (inner or outer) environment that are very significant to a person's (or animal's) survival and/or well-being, and prepares the person (animal) to deal with this situation. The affective appraisal is a coarse-grained appraisal that is in turn monitored by a more-fined cognitive appraisal.
10 Emotional Expression in Music
Authors: Robinson Jenefer
Published: February 2006

Peter Kivy and Stephen Davies have defended a ‘doggy theory’ of musical expressiveness, according to which we hear music as expressive of sadness, for example, because we ‘animate’ or anthropomorphize the music, just as we animate or anthropomorphize the face of a St. Bernard or basset-hound when we see sadness in it. In neither case is anyone sad nor is anyone expressing any sadness they might actually be feeling. But in Romantic lieder, the protagonist is typically expressing or articulating emotion in just the way explained in Chapter 9: the words articulate the protagonist's thoughts and desires; the music mimics the vocal expressions, action tendencies, even the physiological responses of a person in a particular emotional state. This idea is illustrated by a detailed reading of Brahms's lied opus 105 no. 2, Immer leiser wird mein Schlummer.
11 The Expression of Emotion in Instrumental Music
Authors: Robinson Jenefer
Published: February 2006

The real challenge to the doggy theorists comes with instrumental music. In Immer leiser, there is a dramatic protagonist who really does seem to be expressing her emotions, but in a ‘pure’ instrumental piece of music such as Brahms's Intermezzo opus 117 no. 2, there does not seem to be anyone expressing anything. It is argued that some pieces of instrumental music, of which the Intermezzo is one, should be heard as expressions of emotion in a persona in the music. This Intermezzo can appropriately be interpreted as embodying a psychological drama, a conflict between two aspects of a person's character or two viewpoints on a situation. Interpreting it as an expression of emotion in this way helps explain why the piece strikes listeners as so profound and moving. The case is made by means of a fairly detailed analysis of the piece.
Trends in Decentralization
Authors: Ansell Christopher , Gingrich Jane
Published: February 2006

Demands for state decentralization are sometimes justified as bringing government closer to the people, thereby enhancing opportunities for political participation. This chapter examines decentralization reforms across the 18 OECD countries in this study. It finds that there has been a general trend toward decentralization, though with considerable variation in the degree and kind of decentralization across countries. Majoritarian democracies and unitary states have undergone the greatest and most systemic decentralization, whereas decentralization in consensual democracies and federal states has occurred more at the margins. Reforms also differ in whether they are aimed primarily at achieving neo-liberal goals, such as greater competition and efficiency, or increasing citizen involvement and participation in local government.
Tour of the book
Authors: Lee Myoung-Jae
Published: February 2006

This introductory chapter provides a quick overview of the following six chapters.
Controlling for covariates
Authors: Lee Myoung-Jae
Published: February 2006

In finding a treatment (d) effect on a response variable (y) with observational data, the control group with d = 0 (or C group) may be different from the treatment group with d = 1 (or T group) in observed variables x. This can cause an ‘overt bias’, because the difference between the two groups’ responses may be due to the difference in x, and not due to the difference in d. Also, if the T group differs from the C group in unobserved variables e, then this can cause a ‘hidden (or covert) bias’. This and the following chapter deal with controlling for x to avoid overt bias. The basic way to control for x is ‘matching’ (examined in the next chapter). All the other issues for overt bias is discussed here; no hidden bias will be assumed throughout. Controlling for x involves comparing treated and control subjects sharing the same value of x. This raises a number of issues: (i) which variables to control for, (ii) what is identified with x controlled for, (iii) what if the C and T groups do not overlap in x. In general, (i) pre-treatment variables should be controlled for; (ii) with x controlled for, the conditional effect E(y1 - y0¦x) is identified where yj is the potential response when d = j; (iii) ‘regression discontinuity design’ may be useful if the values of x do not overlap. Instead of getting E(y1 - y0) via E(y1 - 0¦x), there is a ‘weighting’ approach to find E(y1 - y0).
Other approaches for hidden bias*
Authors: Lee Myoung-Jae
Published: February 2006

This chapter continues the discussion of the preceding chapter on how to deal with hidden bias caused by unobserved differences between the treatment (T) and control (C) groups. The preceding chapter presented practical and basic approaches; this chapter shows other approaches for hidden bias. Sensitivity analysis examines how a finding obtained under no hidden bias assumption changes as hidden bias is allowed; sensitivity analysis is informative but stops short of giving a definite answer to hidden bias. The more conventional approach would be parametric ‘selection-correction’ or ‘control-function’ methods; these are relatively straightforward to implement, but may be too restrictive. Nonparametric ‘bounding’ approaches would perhaps be too unrestrictive, providing bounds on the treatment effect of interest which are typically too wide to be useful. An approach to avoid hidden bias by controlling for post-treatment covariates is available in some special circumstances.
Of Liberty and Necessity
Authors: Harris James A.
Published: February 2006

This book presents the first detailed account of the discussion of the free will problem in British philosophy in the ‘long’ eighteenth century, beginning with Locke and ending with Dugald Stewart. In this period, the question of the nature of human freedom is posed principally in terms of the influence of motives upon the will. On the libertarian side of the debate are those who believe we are free in our choices. A motive, these philosophers hold, is a reason to act in a particular way, but it is up to the agent which motive he acts upon. On the necessitarian side of the debate are those who believe that there is and can be no such thing as freedom of choice. According to these philosophers, there will usually be one motive that is stronger than any other and that determines choice and action. Among the issues raised in eighteenth-century discussion of this issue are the nature of motives, the place of ‘indifference’ in an analysis of free will, the tenability of a distinction between ‘moral’ and ‘physical’ necessity, the relation between the understanding and the will, and internal coherence of the concept of freedom of will. James Harris places this debate in the context of the eighteenth-century concern by introducing the methods of ‘experimental’ inquiry into the philosophy of mind, and shows that at no point in this period is it uncontroversial that necessitarianism is the natural concomitant of a ‘scientific’ approach to human choice and action.
3 Hume's Reconciling Project
Authors: Harris James A.
Published: February 2006

Hume attempts a novel reconciliation between necessitarianism and libertarianism. He dispenses with a Hobbesian understanding of necessity, and exploits the Clarkean libertarian’s admission of ‘moral’ necessity in order to argue that such a libertarian already admits necessity in the only intelligible sense of the word. Hume seeks to focus debate about freedom on purely empirical matters, and especially on the question of whether human behaviour is any less uniform and predictable than the operations of material things.
Jonathan Edwards against Arminianism
Authors: Harris James A.
Published: February 2006

Jonathan Edwards presents the eighteenth-century’s most sophisticated case against libertarian freedom. He seeks to show, not merely that there is no experience of such freedom, but that the very notion of such freedom is internally incoherent. It is argued that there are reasons to regard Edwards as a philosopher in the British tradition, but that there significant differences between his necessitarianism and that of Hobbes.
8 Science and Freedom in Thomas Reid
Authors: Harris James A.
Published: February 2006

The belief that we are free in our choices and actions is one of Reid’s ‘first principles’, or ‘principles of common sense’. As such, it cannot directly be proven to be true. Reid’s strategy is to establish the naturalness and universality of the belief, and to refute all arguments which purport to show the belief to be false. He is particularly concerned to answer Priestley’s claim that necessitarianism is the conclusion reached by the application of Newtonian method to human action.
The Society of the Person with Eating Disorders
Authors: Giordano Simona
Published: February 2006

Eating disorders are found nearly exclusively in Western countries, and mainly affect women. This chapter explores the social issues around eating disorders. It attempts to explain why the majority of sufferers is represented by women, and explores the social changes that seem to have contributed to the appearance of the syndrome. It reviews clinical literature, which shows that the unrealistic aesthetic expectations of women, combined with the change in the role of the woman in contemporary society, have contributed to the genesis of eating disorders.
Victims or Persecutors? The Moral Logic at the Heart of Eating Disorders
Authors: Giordano Simona
Published: February 2006

This chapter offers a critical analysis of family studies of eating disorders. These studies leave important questions unanswered: why do people suffer when significant others have inappropriate expectations of them? And if it is true that people use eating disorders to gain control over the family environment, what leads them to believe that eating behaviour may be an instrument of power? This chapter answers these questions. It shows that what explains eating disorders is not inappropriate expectations, but a moral logic, a way of thinking of interpersonal relations in moral terms. The power of suffering is rooted in culture. It was in ancient times expressed in the macabre tale according to which God, in order to redeem humanity, kills His only Son Jesus Christ. In contemporary culture, one example of the power of suffering and martyrdom of the body is hunger strike. Another example is eating disorders.
Logic
Authors: Misak C. J.
Published: February 2006

This chapter shows that the thin characterizations of inquiry and scientific method articulated in Chapter two are accompanied by a powerful system of norms that can transform ‘learning from experience’ into the most sophisticated form of investigation. It argues that the interpretation of Peirce’s view — that science is self-correcting and must eventually converge upon the truth — is incorrect. When the correct account is provided, a coherent picture of Peirce’s conception of inquiry, progress, and truth can be obtained.
Objectivity, Bivalence, and Truth
Authors: Misak C. J.
Published: February 2006

This chapter explores the I-T conditional, and shows how it preserves four other well-understood senses of objectivity. Peirce believes that both T-I and the principle of bivalence have an unusual status, arguing that these are regulative assumptions of inquiry. If one hopes or assumes that H is true, then one would arrive at H, if inquiry were to be prolonged as far as it could go. It is shown that the contemplation of the possibility that some hypotheses may escape this hope does not endanger what is worth preserving in Peirce’s account; it does not endanger the relationship he has seen between truth and inquiry.
Ethics
Authors: Misak C. J.
Published: February 2006

This chapter argues that Peirce presents a coherent and sophisticated cognitivist account of ethics — an account on which moral judgement is brought under the scope of truth, knowledge, and inquiry. He did not distinguish science and ethics on the grounds that science aims at truth and ethics at quick belief. Both science and ethics aim at the same thing: true belief or belief which would stand up to experience and argument.
Reforming European Welfare States
Authors: Clasen Jochen
Published: February 2006

The book investigates the processes of welfare state reform in the UK and Germany between the late 1970s and 2003. Adopting a programme-level perspective, it systematically compares processes of retrenchment, expansion and restructuring in three core social policy domains. The book suggests that unemployment support and public pension programmes have been subjected to retrenchment and restructuring, while family policies have been extended in both countries. However, patterns of retrenchment and restructuring differ across countries and programmes. Arguing in favour of multi-causal explanations of reform processes and outcomes, the book stresses the relevance of three sets of explanatory factors: shifts in party policy preferences and power relations, three institutional variables and contingent factors impinging on policy direction and profiles. Within pension policy, the relevance of different institutional characteristics and the respective balance between private and public forms of retirement suggest that the concept of ‘path dependence’ is particularly instructive. By contrast, differences in programme structures and their role within national political economies prove to be most relevant for the understanding of changes in unemployment support policy. Less institutionally embedded and expanding, the trajectories of family policies have to be seen in the context of dynamic party policy preferences.
1 Introduction
Authors: Clasen Jochen
Published: February 2006

This introductory chapter reflects on the need for in-depth historically sensitive research on the development of advanced welfare states. Contrasting the diverging trends and social and economic fortunes in the UK and Germany since the late 1970s, it argues that the two countries have all but undergone a role reversal in terms of their efficiency and sustainability as models of modern social capitalism. The chapter introduces the aims of the book, i.e. empirical investigation into, and causes for, the development of three major social policy domains in the two countries over the past 25 years or so. In order to comprehend similarities and diverging trends, multi-causal accounts at programme level are required.
2 Welfare state reform and restructuring
Authors: Clasen Jochen
Published: February 2006

The chapter puts the book into the context of the contemporary discussion on welfare state reform, and reflects on major concepts and guiding notions, such as retrenchment, re-calibration, and restructuring. It argues in favour of a robust conceptualisation and operationalisation of the ‘dependent variable’, combining both quantitative parameters, such as social spending, with qualitative ‘social rights’ indicators. Furthermore, the chapter underlines the interest both in capturing changes in policy direction (expansion or retrenchment) as well as in assessing policy profiles or patterns of change.
3 Motives, means, and opportunities: analytical perspectives
Authors: Clasen Jochen
Published: February 2006

The chapter introduces the book conceptualisation of s framework for the causal analysis of welfare state reform. It introduces relevant actors and their interests in the two welfare states, institutional structures, as well as changing socio-economic contexts within which actors have operated since the late 1970s. Three sets of different institutional contexts are discussed: formal policy making structures, programme-specific features of unemployment and pension and family policy, and institutional complementarities linking social protection programmes to national political economy structures. The chapter concludes with a historical account of socio-economic trends in the two countries, covering about 25 years.
Conclusion
Authors: Clasen Jochen
Published: February 2006

This chapter reviews the results of the empirical chapters in the light of conceptual and theoretical discussions in earlier chapters. It argues that historically sensitive diachronic comparisons of policy programmes are particularly suited for a systematic empirical welfare state analyses. Reviewing factors which impinged on policy change, it argues for a multi-causal accounts of change taking account of institutional variation and diverse actor constellation across welfare state programmes. It concludes with an assessment of the EU on national policy making which has been fairly modest in the three domains covered, but it likely to gain relevance in all of them.
How the Body Shapes the Mind
Authors: Gallagher Shaun
Published: February 2006

This book contributes to the idea that to have an understanding of the mind, consciousness, or cognition, a detailed scientific and phenomenological understanding of the body is essential. There is still a need to develop a common vocabulary that is capable of integrating discussions of brain mechanisms in neuroscience, behavioral expressions in psychology, design concerns in artificial intelligence and robotics, and debates about embodied experience in the phenomenology and philosophy of mind. This book helps to formulate this common vocabulary by developing a conceptual framework that avoids both the overly reductionistic approaches that explain everything in terms of bottom-up neuronal mechanisms, and the inflationistic approaches that explain everything in terms of Cartesian, top-down cognitive states. Through discussions of neonate imitation, the Molyneux problem, gesture, self-awareness, free will, social cognition and intersubjectivity, as well as pathologies such as deafferentation, unilateral neglect, phantom limb, autism and schizophrenia, the book proposes to remap the conceptual landscape by revitalizing the concepts of body image and body schema, proprioception, ecological experience, intermodal perception, and enactive concepts of ownership and agency for action. Informed by both philosophical theory and scientific evidence, it addresses two basic sets of questions that concern the structure of embodied experience. First, questions about the phenomenal aspects of that structure, specifically the relatively regular and constant phenomenal features found in the content of experience. Second, questions about aspects of the structure of consciousness that are more hidden, those that may be more difficult to get at because they happen before one knows it, and do not normally enter into the phenomenal content of experience in an explicit way.
Dilemmas of European Integration
Authors: Majone Giandomenico
Published: February 2006

The Community method is the traditional approach to European integration. However, the method is becoming obsolete, being too rigid to permit institutional and policy innovations, or to apply to politically sensitive areas. For these reasons, the member states of the EU are increasingly willing to commit themselves to common tasks, but wish to act outside the traditional framework. In a Union where national institutions and priorities are much more varied than in the past, it is impossible to force the integration process into a single pattern. The Community method was inspired by a federalist vision, but a federal superstate would be unable to provide the public goods which Europeans take for granted. Lacking legitimacy, the federation would be unable to act decisively even in areas where close cooperation is needed. A confederation built on the solid foundation of market integration offers the only viable model for a EU capable of playing a significant role on the international scene.
2 Integration and Democracy: the Big Trade‐off
Authors: Majone Giandomenico
Published: February 2006

Democracy is an essential condition of membership in the EU, yet the EU itself is said to suffer from a serious democratic deficit. The paradox is more apparent than real — one cannot safely extrapolate democratic norms from the national to the supranational level. The members of the EU are not individuals but corporate bodies, and democratic principles do not directly apply to such a polity. Arguments about Europe’s democratic deficit implicitly assume that the EU must eventually become a full-fledged federal state, but this is not what the majority of European voters apparently want. At best, federation is only one of several possible outcomes of the integration process. In reality, the democratic deficit is the price we pay for attempting to pursue political objectives by non-political means.
3 The Community Method
Authors: Majone Giandomenico
Published: February 2006

The Community system is not based on separation of powers but on representation of interests. Each European institution is the bearer of a particular, national or supranational interest, which it strives to protect and promote. This makes the European Community a latter-day version of mixed government. The principle of institutional balance, typical of mixed government, entails the preservation of the relative position of each interest, and of the institution which represents it. This key principle, combined with the Commission’s monopoly of agenda setting, has become a serious obstacle to institutional innovation and policy learning in the EU.
4 Delegation of Powers and the Fiduciary Principle
Authors: Majone Giandomenico
Published: February 2006

Broad delegation of powers to supranational institutions is a distinctive feature of the Community method. Broad delegation presupposes a fiduciary relation, hence, the progressive erosion of the Community method indicates a loss of confidence in the capacity for self-restraint of the supranational institutions. Since the Single European Act, member states have been willing to follow the politically riskier procedure of formal treaty amendment, rather than delegating to the Commission and Court of Justice the task of deciding which Community action in a given area is needed, and in which form. The frequency of formal treaty amendment in recent years is a measure of the loss of confidence in the supranational institutions.
1 Tracking: At Home on the Range
Authors: Roush Sherrilyn
Published: February 2006

This chapter motivates the search for a viable tracking account of knowledge by discussing the value of knowledge and the many domains in which tracking appears to be the key part of knowledge. It is argued that the function of knowledge is the maintenance of true belief through time and changing circumstances. This explains why knowledge is power, and that justification for this is not necessary.
2 Tracking with Closure
Authors: Roush Sherrilyn
Published: February 2006

This chapter formulates the new tracking account of knowledge, in terms of conditional probability rather than counterfactuals. The new view dispenses with relativization to the method of belief formation, and gives knowledge closure via a recursion clause that incorporates a new account of knowledge of implication. This view is defended against charges that the tracking view is too strong.
5 What is Evidence? Discrimination, Indication, and Leverage
Authors: Roush Sherrilyn
Published: February 2006

This chapter explains the motivations behind a tracking view of what evidence is, and formulates such a view in terms of conditional probability. This view is a likelihood ratio confirmation theory, which is considered superior to approaches using other measures of confirmation. Beyond confirmational support, a new constraint is formulated to put a lower bound on the posterior probability of the hypothesis. It is shown that knowledge, on the new tracking view, has a sufficiently strong transitivity property to explain why better evidence makes one more likely to know when to conjoin the tracking view of evidence with the tracking view of knowledge.
5 Russian Corruption and State Weakness in Comparative Post‐Communist Perspective
Authors: Holmes Leslie
Published: February 2006

This chapter examines recent developments in Russian leadership politics within the context of post-Communist leadership and state-building. It argues that those who hoped Putin would turn Russia into a strong state underestimated the scale of the task, while those who believed that Putin was inherently authoritarian underestimated the need for strong leadership in Russia. A customized, relativistic, and dynamic approach to Russia’s transition is needed, rather than one based on Western ideals, expectations, and conditions.
6 Putin and the Attenuation of Russian Democracy
Authors: Colton Timothy F.
Published: February 2006

This chapter argues that Russia is further removed from democratisation than it was at the beginning of the 1990s. De-democratisation has been attributed to encroachments on electoral competition, as evidenced by the decline in electoral contestation. Short-term prospects are dim for the reversal of the decline in democratic contestation. The symbiosis of the upper echelons of the governing elite with United Russia will continue to grow during Putin’s tenure, as will their efforts to continue the Naderization of the opposition.
9 Putin as Patron: Cadres Policy in the Russian Transition Eugene Huskey
Authors: Huskey Eugene
Published: February 2006

This chapter discusses the emergence of a new form of patronage politics under the Putin presidency. Patronage politics is not limited to the political appointees who serve at the pleasure of elected leaders, often as senior staff members or management cadres in the core executive. Elected officials, permanent civil servants, and leaders of business and non-government organizations are also subject to a spoils system that allows federal and regional leaders to influence personnel decisions in ways that endanger political pluralism.
12 Vladimir Putin's Political Choice: Towards Bureaucratic Authoritarianism Lilia Shevtsova
Authors: Shevtsova Lilia
Published: February 2006

This chapter examines Putin’s efforts to strengthen the state, which subjects society and individuals to its will. It argues that by cancelling out the democratic achievements of the Gorbachev and Yeltsin years, Putin’s new rules have taken Russia back to the point from which it tried to move forward in the 1980s. In short, Putin’s leadership has traditionalist elements that negate the transformational paradigm.
13 Putin's Foreign Policy Choices Andrei Grachev
Authors: Grachev Andrei
Published: February 2006

This chapter examines the foreign policies of Vladimir Putin. A ‘Putin Doctrine’ has emerged in at least two main spheres: in Moscow’s behaviour towards former Soviet republics — the new states that make up Russia’s ‘near abroad’; and the changing tone of Russia’s relations with the West, with important nuances distinguishing its Moscow’s policy towards the US and its dealing with Europe. Its policies towards China, Japan, and the revival of any kind of global strategy remained underdeveloped.
An Annotated Bibliography of Published Work by Archie Brown
Authors: Newton Julie
Published: February 2006

A bibliography of the complete works of Archie Brown is presented from the mid-1960s to the present. These provide valuable insights on the nature of the Soviet Union, its transition from Communism, and on post-Soviet Russia’s ambiguous process of democratisation. Annotations are divided into nine thematic categories: links between Scottish and Russian enlightenments; Czechoslovakia, 1963-1968, and Eastern Europe under Soviet power; Soviet politics pre-1985; the Gorbachev Era; Russian politics and transition, 1992-2004; works spanning the Soviet and post-Soviet eras, 1917-2004; British Politics; other writings; and examples of substantial reviews and review articles.
Introduction: Science in ‘Dissenting’ Religious Communities
Authors: Cantor Geoffrey
Published: February 2006

A number of historiographical problems are addressed concerning ‘Science and Religion’ to provide a grounding for present study. This study focuses on two religious communities — the Quakers and Anglo-Jewry — both of which stood outside the Established Church, with its close alliance with state power. It aims to ascertain how these two religious communities responded to various aspects of science, from their foundation in the mid-17th century to the end of the 19th century. Having framed this leading question, the scope of the present study is specified.
Trajectories in Science
Authors: Cantor Geoffrey
Published: February 2006

This chapter looks at nine different modes of scientific activity pursued by Quakers and Jews. These range from the wealthy amateur — including several Jews who pursued science in an upper-class, gentlemanly fashion — to the Jews and Quakers who traded in scientific specimens. Members of both communities used science in their professional engineering careers. Likewise, both communities produced educationalists who taught science through their lectures and textbooks. Another way in which science was deployed was in the scientific study of their own religious communities through the use of statistics. But there are also some interesting differences. For example, several 18th century Jews were attracted to Newton’s ideas, which were generally ignored by Quakers.
Quaker Attitudes and Practices
Authors: Cantor Geoffrey
Published: February 2006

The early Quakers often saw their scientific endeavours pitted against those of the Anglican establishment. However, the doctrine of the ‘Inner Light’ also emphasised the importance of appreciating God’s creation, and a number of Quakers were drawn to observational sciences such as botany and astronomy, and often deployed design arguments. While accepting the need to frame hypotheses, they were suspicious of unbridled speculation and critical of theories that had hardened into dogmas. Indeed, Quaker views on scientific method parallel the Quaker emphasis on seeking in the realm of religion. Running through Quaker history, there is also a concern that enthusiasm for science can be detrimental to a person’s religious life.
Jewish Responses to Evolution
Authors: Cantor Geoffrey
Published: February 2006

Drawing mainly on the Anglo-Jewish periodical press, it appears that Jewish writers were generally supportive of Darwin’s theory of evolution. Having been chastised on many occassions as anti-intellectual, Jews could portray themselves as traditionally siding with science and rationality at a time when many Christians strenuously opposed evolution. Yet Alfred Henriques was alone in perceiving that Darwin’s theory was as damaging to traditional Judaism as it was to mainstream Christianity. Following Henriques, Claude Goldsmid Montefiore and others pressed for the development of a modern form of Judaism — what became Liberal Judaism — that could encompass an evolutionary account of the physical world. Among the scientific community, Raphael Meldola — who looked to Darwin as his mentor — was the leading Jewish evolutionist.
Historical Comparisons and Historiographical Reflections
Authors: Cantor Geoffrey
Published: February 2006

The scientific practices and attitudes to science of the Quaker and Jewish communities are compared and contrasted. Quakers tended to be more involved in science — especially the observational sciences like botany — but they were somewhat reserved when it came to scientific theorizing. In contrast, Jews, although generally less involved in science, were philosophically more adventurous. Two important conclusions from this study relating to the late Victorian period are: first, in both communities, modernizers drew on contemporary science — including the theory of evolution — in opposing traditionalists; second (although for different reasons), Quakers and Jews were generally sympathetic to Darwin’s theory of evolution.
The IMF Structural Reforms: Inconsistencies in the Program
Authors: Park Yung Chul
Published: February 2006

The IMF programs failed to take into account possible conflicts between different reform measures and objectives such as the conflicts between stabilization policies and structural reforms, and between operational restructuring and institutional reform. Corporate restructuring was not treated as an integral part of financial restructuring, resulting in moral hazard problems.
Corporate Sector Reform: Governance
Authors: Park Yung Chul
Published: February 2006

Corporate sector reform in crisis-countries focused on rescuing ailing and bankrupt firms, strengthening the legal system for bankruptcies, restructuring large family-owned corporations, and improving overall corporate governance. These reforms have received mixed reviews, and there is a risk that the reform process will lose steam.
Progress in and Prospects for the Financial Sector Reform
Authors: Park Yung Chul
Published: February 2006

Although financial reform agendas differ among countries in East Asia, these are loosely categorized between more advanced and less developed economies. The overall agenda for such reforms includes the strict separation of banking and commerce, privatization of state-owned institutions, opening of the domestic financial services industry, legal reform, and strong accounting and auditing rules.
Exchange Rate Regimes: Fear of Floating
Authors: Park Yung Chul
Published: February 2006

A free floating exchange rate regime conflicts with an export-led development strategy because of high exchange rate volatility and lack of market supporting infrastructure. The following proposals are discussed: free floating regimes with inflation targeting, and less flexible regimes such as the BBC regime, floating with reserve intervention, and managed floating plus.
Capital Account Liberalization
Authors: Park Yung Chul
Published: February 2006

The degree of capital account liberalization in Malaysia and South Korea before and after the crisis were compared. It is difficult to determine whether capital controls or the implementation of an explicit IMF program led to improved economic performance. The factors explaining the reluctance of East Asian economies to liberalize capital account transactions are discussed, including appropriate sequencing conditions.
Trade Integration
Authors: Park Yung Chul
Published: February 2006

The push towards a regional free trade arrangement has been replaced by a push for a series of bilateral agreements, notably by Japan and China. Their merits will be based on their contributions to regional and global trade liberalization.
Financial Integration
Authors: Park Yung Chul
Published: February 2006

The Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI) is an important first step in creating a regional cooperative system that can be activated immediately to provide liquidity support to any member country. The structure and elements of the CMI, and those of the Asian Bond Market Initiative — a comprehensive plan for the development of regional bond markets — are discussed.
In Search of a New East Asian Paradigm for Development
Authors: Park Yung Chul
Published: February 2006

Reforming the old system, rather than adopting an Anglo-American model, is essential to make it better suited and more flexible in adjusting to the new realities of the region and the rest of the world. Although the Asian crisis provided a strong impetus for structural transformation, the internal and external developments that have slowed or impeded the reform process are examined.
New Paradigm for Development: A Mixed Economy Model
Authors: Park Yung Chul
Published: February 2006

The reform priorities for a new development paradigm involve a new governance system, the role of government, social protection, industrial relations, financial reform, the reform of industrial organizations and exchange rate systems, and capital account liberalization. The new paradigm for East Asia can be distinguished from its predecessor in that it will be more democratic, market oriented, more open, and built on foundations comprising a set of democratic political institutions.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Park Yung Chul
Published: February 2006

China’s growing influence has become a concern in terms of its role and potential dominance in East Asian integration. The key to a successful new paradigm for East Asia involves taking elements from both the pre-crisis and Anglo-American models resulting in better policy coordination, more efficient regional cooperative agreements, and deeper integration.