bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HAL HAL YANG HARUS DIHINDARI DALAM PENGAJUAN HAK PATEN
Authors: fernandes tio
Published: December 2018

Paten adalah hak khusus yang diberikan Negara kepada penemu atas hasil penemuannya di bidang teknologi, untuk jangka waktu tertentu melaksanakan sendiri penemuannya tersebut atau memberikan persetujuannya kepada orang lain untuk melaksanakannya (Pasal 1 ayat 1 UU tentang Paten).Yang harus dihindari sebelum permintaan Paten diajukan adalah pengungkapan atau mempublikasikan secara umum hasil penelitian atau penemuan dalam jangka waktu lebih dari 6 (enam) bulan sebelum permintaan paten diajukan. Pengungkapan suatu hasil penemuan dan atau penelitian dapat terjadi dalam 3 (tiga) cara yaitu; Melalui penguraian teknik dengan tulisan yang dipublikasikan, Melalui penguraian produk dan atau cara penggunaannya di depan umum, Melalui pameran produk, dapat berupa suatu pameran internasional di Indonesia atau di luar negeri yang resmi atau diakui sebagai resmi atau berupa suatu pameran nasional di Indonesia yang resmi atau diakui sebagai resmi.Ada 2 macam sistem pendaftaran paten dalam rangka perlindungan hukum, yaitu; Sistem First to File adalah suatu sistem yang memberikan hak paten bagi mereka yang mendaftar pertama atas invensi baru sesuai dengan persyaratan. Sistem First to Invent adalah suatu system yang memberikan hak paten bagi mereka yang menemukan inovasi pertama kali sesuai dengan persyaratan yang telah ditentukan.Kata Kunci : Paten dan Sistem
DEFINISI INVENTOR DAN INVENSI SERTA TATACARA PENGAJUAN HAK PATEN PADA SUATU NEGARA
Authors: alfiani Reni
Published: December 2018

Istilah paten dapat dikatakan sebagai suatu hak khusus yang diberikan kepada seorang penemu atau si pencipta berdasarkan undang-undang yang berlaku atas permintaan yang diajukan kepada pihak penguasa bagi temuan yang diperolehnya khususnya dalam bidang teknologi, yang dapat diterapkan dalam bidang industri, baik berupa temuan baru, cara memperbaiki sistem kerja lama, atau menambahkan sebuah perbaikan-perbaikan baru dalam cara kerjanya untuk jangka waktu tertentu.Pemilik karya intelektual disebut dengan istilah inventor. Inventor bisa dilakukan secara individu maupun kelompok. Inventor lebih mudah mendapatkan hak paten atas hasil penemuan karya intelektual mereka. Sedangkan untuk diluar inventor terlebih dahulu memperoleh pengalihan hak secara tertulis dari sang inventor.Pengertian Inventor adalah seseorang yang melakukan pekerjaan untuk mengkreasikan suatu hal yang baruuntuk yang pertama kali, Inventor termotivasi dengan ide dan pekerjaan yang dilakukannya. Inventor biasanya mempunyai pendidikan serta motivasi berprestasi yang tinggi. Baginya, standard kesuksesan bukan dari moneter semata melainkan hak paten yang diperolehnya.Invensi (Invention) adalah penemuan berupa ide yang dituangkan ke dalam suatu kegiatan pemecahan masalah yang spesifik di bidang teknologi, yang dapat berupa proses atau hasil produksi atau penyempurnaan dan pengembangan proses atau hasil produksi. Invensi dapat dipatenkan, sedangkan discovery tidak.
FAKTOR AKIBAT PENGGUNAAN GIGI TIRUAN OLEH TUKANG GIGI
Authors: Putri Nindy Azurah
Published: December 2018

Kehilangan beberapa gigi menyebabkan ketidaknyamanan. Kehilangan gigi juga memiliki dampak pada kehidupan pasien, seperti mengunyah, berbicara, dan dalam berpenampilan. Mencari perawatan gigi dan penggantian gigi yang hilang bisa saja menjadi pengalaman yang menegangkan oleh pasien. Perawatan gigi dan mulut yang dilakukan bukan oleh seorang profesional berisiko kesehatan pada pasien. Sayangnya, tak semua masyarakat memperhatikan persoalan ini. Permintaan jasa perawatan gigi dengan harga murah masih menjadi pilihan masyarakat.Tukang gigi berbeda dengan dokter gigi, tukang gigi umumnya hanya mempelajari gigi seperti membuat gigi tiruan tanpa mempertimbangkan hal seperti membuat gigi tiruan yang seharusnya diindikasikan lepasan menjadi cekat yang dipasang pada sisa akar gigi yang asli. Tindakan ini dapat menyebabkan penumpukan plak sehingga dapat terjadi iritasi pada jaringan lunak, halitosis, inflamasi pada gingiva.
Analisis Problematika Profesi Guru dalam Upaya Peningkatan Kualitas Pendidikan di SMK Kesehatan Cikarang Utara Kabupaten Bekasi
Authors: yunengsih Euis
Published: December 2018

ANALYSIS OF TEACHER PROFESSIONAL PROBLEMATIC IN THE QUALITY EDUCATION IMPROVEMENT EFFORTS IN IN SMK KESEHATAN CIKARANG UTARA, BEKASI REGENCYEuis YunengsihABSTRACTThis research was conducted with regard to the phenomenon of lack of competence of teachers. This research focused on internal and external problems of teachers in the learning process (PBM). The purpose of this research to determine: 1) the pedagogic quality of teachers, 2) the professionalism level of teachers, 3) the feasibility of the competence of teachers and 4) how to improve the quality of Health Vocational Education. This research used descriptive qualitative research approach. Location of research: SMK Kesehatan Sentra Medika, Bekasi Regency. Research subjects were teachers and students. Informant: principal, vice principal for curriculum affairs, administrative staff, chairman of the committee and students. Data collection technique used models: observation, interviews, and documentation. The validity test of the data used triangulation of sources and methods. Data were analyzed using an interactive model consisting of data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusion. The research results showed that: 1) the problem of teachers consists of internal problems, including: (a) the pedagogical competence, namely the lack of mastering classes, poor innovation and creativity, low interest in reading, the lack of mastering the good assessment technique and the teacher is lack of mastering even does not master the information technology-based learning media, (b) professional competence, i.e. lack of mastering the material, (c) the feasibility of competence, namely lack of love in the profession. While the external problems include: class size, learning atmosphere, limited learning facilities and resources, the availability of discipline and library. 2) how to improve the quality of education is to empower human resources and facilities owned in order to support the quality of education, among others: for internal problems (a) pedagogic competence is performed with a workshop/upgrading, education and functional training (on-service education), In House training, supervision/monitoring, journalistic activities and utilization of instructional media based on information technology and comparative studies, (b) professional competence and competency appropriateness is done by action research/collaboration action research (CAR), KKG/MGMPs (in-service Education), problem solving, self-evaluation, and for teachers or staff they are given the opportunity to continue their studies of learning to a higher level (pre- service education). As for the external problems is done by applying PAIKEM learning and IT-based media, optimizing props/practices, utilizing teaching own materials/modules, exemplary principals,Keywords: Problematic, the teaching profession, the improvement effort of education quality.
Keterlibatan semangat gotong royong orang muda katolik dalam mengamalkan Pancasila
Authors: Prasetyo Theo Dorus Damaian
Published: December 2018

Dalam paper ini penulis menjelaskan tentang semangat orang muda katolik dalam keterlibatan gotong royong dan mengamalkan Pancasila. Perkembangan zaman sekarang ini orang muda lebih mementingkan dirinya sendiri, mereka lebih asik dengan teknologi yang sudah berkembang. Bahkan orang muda sekarang ini mulai menghilangkan keterlibatan gotong royong dan mengamalkan Pancasila. Sebenarnya bangsa Indonesia sangat membutuhkan generasi-generasi penerus dalam mengalkan Pancasila dan keterlibatan gotong royong. Maka dari itu dalam paper ini penulis mengajak orang muda agar mau terlibat dalam hidup menggereja dan bermasyarakat. Dengan cara mengadakan organisasi-organisasi orang muda dapat berpikir secara kreatif dan bekerja sama dalam membangun Gereja maupun bangsa Indonesia.
KASUS PENISTAAN AGAMA MEILIANA DI TANJUNG BALAI DITINJAU DARI LEGITIMASI NEGARA
Authors: Sari Laras Novita
Published: December 2018

Sering kali masyarakat di Indonesia berdebat tentang kebenaran sebuah agama, namun Masyarakat Indonesia terhasut dengan omongan seseorang yang belum tentu kebenaranya. Dalam kasus penistaan agama yang menimpa Meiliana, proses pengadilannya berjalan secara tidak karuan dan mengutamakan kepentingan kerumunan massa yang merasa agamanya dinodai. Ada juga ketidakmampuan presiden untuk “melakukan intervensi atas proses hukum.” Walaupun terdapat dukungan melimpah berupa petisi online, ada juga keuntungan politik yang menghalangi tindakan intervensi dari para politisi. Kasus ini membutuhkan waktu yang cukup lama untuk menyelesaikan kasus ini. Hukuman untuk kasus penistaan agama pun sebenarnya juga sudah diatur dalam Undang – undang, walaupun sudah ada peraturan di Undang – undang masih saja yang melakukan penistaan agama.
YOGYAKARTA CONTOH MULTIKULTURAL DITINJAU DARI MAKNA DAN RELEVANSI NEGARA GOTONG ROYONG DEWASA INI
Authors: anantasya
Published: December 2018

Kota Yogyakarta memiliki sejarah yang sangat panjang. Diawali dengan Perjanjian Giyanti yang ditandatangani oleh Sunan Paku Buwana III dan Pangeran Mangkubumi pada tanggal 12 Februari 1755, sebagai bentuk pengakuan keberadaan Keraton Yogyakarta. Keesokan harinya diresmikan kedudukan Mangkubumi sebagai Sultan Yogyakarta dengan gelar Hamengku Buwana. Apa yang dilakukan oleh Pangeran Mangkubumi setelah diangkat sebagai Sultan? Sultan membuat berbagai kebijakan, salah satunya yakni membangun keraton dengan berbagai macam sarana dan prasarana, untuk mewadahi aktivitas pemerintahan. Kemudian Sultan Hamengku Buwana I dan penerusnya mengembangkan wilayah keraton untuk memenuhi berbagai macam kebutuhan hidup, mewadahi berbagai aktivitas seperti kegiatan politik, sosial, ekonomi, agama dan budaya, serta pemukiman penduduk. Sehingga kota Yogyakarta dikatakan sebagai Kota multikulturalisme, lalu bagaimana hubungan semangat multikulturalisme dalam semangat gotong royong. Dengan adanya pemahaman akan kesadaran bahwa Negara kita merupakan Negara Multikulturalisme dan Bhineka Tunggal Ika. Tidak hanya itu saja, pemahaman akan pentingnya pendidikan multicultural haruslah dibangun sejak sekarang bahwa membangun relasi satu sama lain, minoritas dan mayoritas harusnya dijaga akan tali persaudaraan sehingga terbentuklah Negara yang berlandaskan Pancasila
BUDAYA GOTONG ROYONG BERUBAH MENJADI INDIVIDUALISME DITINJAU DARI BEBERAPA KASUS DI INDONESIA
Authors: Sulistiyowati Novita Karina
Published: December 2018

Bangsa Indonesia ini dari awal sudah dikenal dengan nilai gotong royongnya dan nilai tersebut menjadi inti dari dasar Bangsa Indonesia. Sebenarnya nilai gotong royong bukan hanya dilihat dari sikap saling tolong menolong saja. Nlai gotong royong juga dapat dilihat dari sikap saling toleransi setiap orang, baik toleransi beda agama, suku, dan ras. Keprihatinan mengenai lunturnya nilai gotong royong juga diakibatkan oleh generasi muda sekarang yang sering berfikir dan bertindak secara global dibanding memikirkan dan berperilaku lokal, seakan - akan mengabaikan masyarakat lokal atau sekitar. Dari sekian banyaknya permbahasan diatas sebenarnya kita dapat mengambil banyak makna dan relevansi dari Negara gotong royong ini.
tugas akhir Filsafat moral
Authors: wijaya kevin
Published: December 2018

ABSTRAKMakalah ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana pengaruh antara kasus usulan peraturan daerah tentang agama yang syariah yang akan diterapkan diIndonesia dengan teori Filsafat Moral tentang Tatanan Moral yang Objektif yang juga berpengaruh pada tatanan nilai (moral) pribadi seseorang dan dalam makalah ini akan membahasa sejauh mana pengaruh hukum dengan agama.Kata kunci : Perda Syariah, Tatanan Moral Objektif, Nilai (moral)
Gotong Royong bagi Pemuda di Era Globalisasi
Authors: Shenty Dyan Prasasti Matias
Published: December 2018

Negara Indonesia adalah Negara yang berbentuk kepulauan dan dibentuk dari berbagai suku bangsa, etnis yang memiliki berbagai bahasa, agama dan kebudayaan. Negara Indonesia juga memiliki berbagai suku asli yang sudah ada sejak dulu. Suku-suku tersebut adalah suku Jawa, Madura, Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Kepulauan Sunda Kecil, Maluku, dan Papua. Dan seiring dengan waktu terdapat suku bangsa pendatang di Indonesia seperti Tionghoa, Arab, Pakistan, India dan lain sebagainya. Dengan perbedaan yang beraneka macam itu menjadikan Indonesia sebagai Negara yang multikultur dan disebut Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Negara Indonesia juga merupakan negara gotong royong. Tentu saja sebutan negara gotong royong tidak muncul begitu saja, namun karena melihat dari peristiwa sejarah bangsa Indonesia. Melalui peristiwa sejarah dimana pada masa penjajahan yang tidak dapat dilupakan oleh seluruh bangsa Indonesia. Pada masa penjajahan tersebut bangsa Indonesia bersatu untuk melawan para penjajah, bekerja sama untuk gotong royong. Kemajuan teknologi sekarang ini yang biasa disebut dengan era globalisasi membuat budaya gotong royong mulai menghilang, luntur bersama dengan perkembangan jaman. Memang sepenuhnya hilang namun secara perlahan budaya gotong royong mulai surut, memang di sebagian daerah masih dapat di jumpai masyarakat bergotong royong namun semangat mereka tidak seperti dahulu. Menurut bahasa globalisasi itu terdiri dari dua kata, yaitu global dan sasi. Global yang berarti mendunia, sedangkan sasi yaitu proses. Dapat dipahami pengertian globalisasi merupakan suatu proses yang mendunia. Globalisasi adalah suatu proses yang menjadikan sesuatu benda atau perilaku sebagai bagian dari ciri dari setiap individu di dunia tanpa dibatasi oleh wilayah atau negara. Gotong royong merupakan perilaku yang patut dicontoh bagi kalangan generasi muda agar sikap kepedulian terhadap sesama bangkit kembali dan tidak menjadi pribadi yang individualistis. Gotong royong sendiri menjadi masalah untuk generasi muda di era globalisasi karena pada masa ini sangat sulit mengajak pemuda untuk melakukan hal-hal positif seperti gotong royong.
ANALISIS PENGENDALIAN INTERN PIUTANG USAHA PADA KOPERASI PEMBANGUNAN USAHA SUMBAR
Authors: Zulvia Dewi
Published: December 2018

The purpose of this study was to determine the internal control accounts receivable at West Sumatra Business Development Cooperative (KOPUS) have been effective or not .. This study is a survey, because this study only make observations and then analyze the data. This type of data is the questionnaire. The data analysis technique is descriptive qualitative and quantitative undertaken to draw conclusions. This questionnaire is used to determine the internal control accounts receivable at West Sumatra Business Development Cooperative (KOPUS). From the results of the questionnaire, it can be of value, which is divided into categories strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree and strongly disagree. The results of this study indicate that, overall, internal control of accounts receivable at West Sumatra Business Development Cooperative (KOPUS) is effective, where the management company has to apply the basic concepts and principles of internal control.
IDEOLOGI PANCASILA UNTUK KESTABILAN RUPIAH
Authors: 32318018 Siti Nur Fatimah
Published: December 2018

Dewasa ini banyak hal yang dapat mempengaruhi rupiah melemah, adanya perang dangang China-AS menjadi penyebab yang gencar menyebabkan lemahnya rupiah. Nilai tukar rupiah yang semakin tertekan ini menyebabkan banyak dampak negatif bagi masyarakat maupun pemerintah. Pemerintah melakukan segala cara jitu untuk mengembalikan kestabilan rupiah untuk memperbaiki perekonomian Negara. Dengan mengadopsi ideologi pancasila dalam sistem ekonomi di Indonesia dinilai dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang semakin merata dan tidak hanya dikuasai oleh segelintir orang konglomerat. stabilnya perekonomian dapat menopang nilai tukar rupiah untuk kembali stabil. Ideologi pancasila diadopsi guna meningkatkan kepada sebagian warga Indonesia yang telah lupa terhadap nilai yang terkandung pancasila.
Marine Habitat Recovery of Five Derelict Gear Removal Sites in Puget Sound
Authors: June Jeffrey , Antonelis Kyle
Published: December 2018

Reports on the findings of a post-derelict net removal habitat monitoring project in Puget Sound. This study had three objectives. First was to document impacts ofderelict fishing gear on marine habitats. Second was to monitor the recovery of thesehabitats after derelict fishing gear was removed. Third was to monitor sites for newlylost fishing gear to determine re-accumulation rates at these sites. This study showed that marine habitat service functions are negatively affected by derelict fishing gear. It showed that natural ocean processes succeed in restoring these service functions within a single growing season after derelict fishing gear removal for areas dominated by kelp. Eelgrass beds take longer to recover, but can improve by 30% in less than a year.
EARSHOT: A minimal neural network model of incremental human speech recognition
Authors: Magnuson James , You Heejo , Nam Hosung , Allopenna Paul , Brown Kevin , Escabi Monty , Theodore Rachel M. , Luthra Sahil , Li Monica Yin Chen , Rueckl Jay
Published: December 2018

Despite the “lack of invariance problem” (multiple acoustic patterns map to the same phoneme, and one acoustic pattern can map to different phonemes), humans experience phonetic constancy: we typically perceive what the speaker intended despite this variability. Computational models of human speech recognition have deferred the problem, working with idealized inputs rather than speech. Deep learning models have allowed automatic speech recognition to become robust, but are too complex to relate directly to theories of human speech recognition. We report results from a simple network using long short-term memory nodes, which allow it to learn to recognize real speech with high accuracy, with minimal complexity. Representations emerge in the model that resemble those observed in human cortical responses to speech.
The brown rot fungi of fruit crops (Monilinia spp.): II. Important features of their epidemiology (Review paper)
Authors: Holb I. J.
Published: December 2018

Plant disease epidemiology provides the key to both a better understanding of the nature of a disease and the most effective approach to disease control. Brown rot fungi (Monilinia spp.) cause mainly fruit rot, blossom blight and stem canker which results in considerable yield losses both in the field and in the storage place. In order to provide a better disease control strategy, all aspects of brown rot fungi epidemiology are discribed and discussed in the second part of this review. The general disease cycle of Monilinia fructigena„M. laxa, M. fructicola and Monilia polystroma is described. After such environmental and biological factors are presented which influence the development of hyphae, mycelium, conidia, stroma and apothecial formation. Factors affecting the ability of brown rot fungi to survive are also demonstrated. Then spatio-temporal dynamics of brown rot fungi are discussed. In the last two parts, the epidemiology of brown rot fungi was related to disease warning models and some aspects of disease management.
Utilisation of data raised in blooming phenology of fruit trees for the choice of pollinisers of plum and apricot varieties
Authors: Szabó Z. , Nyéki J. , Soltész M.
Published: December 2018

Information concerning the blooming time of stone fruit varieties is, first of all, an important condition of finding suitable pollinisers securing adequate fruit set. For that purpose, varieties are assigned to blooming-time-groups. Depending on the number (3 or 5) of the groups, i.e. the length of intervals separating the groups established, pollenisers are to be chosen for self-incompatible and partially self-fertile varieties belonging to the same blooming-time-group. The mutually most overlapping blooming periods of the respective varieties should be found by raising data of their blooming phenology, i.e. dynamics, which is compared by drawing their phenograms and calculating blooming (V) indices. Variety combinations have to be checked, however, concerning mutual fertility relations of the respective pairs of varieties. That is most important in the case of Japanese plums because of the abundant incompatible combinations. Synchronous blooming has been determined by assigning the varieties to blooming-time-groups, or comparing overlaps of blooming phenograms, or by blooming (V) indices. Synchronous blooming phenology has been studied in European plum varieties (111 varietiy combinations) Japanese plums (156 variety combinations) and apricots (153 variety combinations) under Hungarian conditions, over several seasons. In determining overlaps, the less favourable season has been considered as decisive. Polliniser combinations have been chosen with at least 70% synchronous blooming. Blooming time of varieties is an important part of the variety descriptions. Blooming dates may serve also for the estimations of frost risk or security of yield.
Effects of different cytokinins on the shoot regeneration from apple leaves of 'Royal Gala' and 'M.26'
Authors: Dobránszky J. , Hudák I. , Magyar-Tábori K. , Jámbor-Benczúr E. , Galli Zs. , Kiss E.
Published: December 2018

The effects of different types of cytokinins on the shoot regeneration from leaf explants of apple scion 'Royal Gala' and apple rootstock 'M.26' were evaluated. Regeneration media contained either thidiazuron, or 6-benzylaminopurine, or meta-topolin, or zeatin, or kinetin, or their N9-ribosides, respectively, in the concentration range 0.5 to 8.0 mg 1-1. Effects of 'these cytokinins were evaluated on the percentage of regeneration (R%) and that of vitrification (V%) and on the number of regenerated shoots per explant (SN). Organogenetic index (0I) calculated from these data was used for the evaluation of efficacy of cytokinins. The course of shoot organogenesis also was followed using stereomicroscope. Types and concentrations of cytokinins applied in the regeneration media influenced each parameter significantly and the regeneration answer was strongly genotype-dependent. The best regeneration (SN: 11.08, 01: 7.5) was achieved in `Royal Gala' by using TDZ in concentration of 0.5 mg 1-1 (2.271,1M). There was a clear relationship between the effect on the regeneration efficacy and the chemical structure of cytokinins considering classical cytokinins, namely N9-ribosides applied in less concentration than non­ribosides have the same or best regeneration effects except for 6-benzylaminopurine riboside. However, similar relationship could not be detected in the case of 'M.26'. SN was the highest (3.22) using 6.5 mg 1-1 (18.2011M) 6-benzylaminopurine riboside or 8.0 mg 1-1 (21.44 µM) meta-topolin riboside (3.18). SN was not significantly lower (3.12) by using 2.0 mg 1-1 (9.08 1M) TDZ, however, OI was about half as big (0.63 compared to 1.29 or 1.74 with 6-benzylaminopurine riboside or meta-topolin riboside, respectively). 'Royal Gala' had higher organogenetic ability, than `M.26': 3.5-fold higher shoot number per explant and more than 4-fold higher organogenetic index was reached with this cultivar than with 'M.26'. Moreover, the similar developmental stage of shoots could be observed 3-5 days earlier than in 'M.26' and if explants of 'Royal Gala' were further cultured with 3 weeks, SN increased from 11.08 to 24.42 on TDZ-containing regeneration medium, which might suggest higher organogenetic ability, too.
Path coefficient analysis of environmental factors influencing flight activity of Apis florea F. and seed yield in carrot (Daucus carota L.)
Authors: Abrol D. P.
Published: December 2018

Foraging ecology of insect pollinators visiting carrot flowers (Daucus carota L.) was studied in relation to five environmental variables. The dwarf honeybee, Apis florea L., was the most abundant flower visitors and comprised more than 94% of the total flower visiting insects. Commencement of flight activity occurred when a minimum threshold of environmental variables was surpassed while the cessation was governed mainly by decline in values of light intensity and radiation. In between the commencement and cessation, the foraging population correlated significantly and positively with air temperature, light intensity, solar radiation and nectar-sugar concentration and negatively with relative humidity. Path coefficient analysis, however, revealed that direct effect of temperature was high and positive followed by light intensity and solar radiation while the direct effect of relative humidity was high and negative. The direct effect of nectar-sugar concentration was negative and negligible. Evidently, path coefficient analysis gave a more clear picture of effects than did the simple correlation analysis. Apis florea on an average visited 1.14+0.23 and 22.78+2.57 umbels and flowers/min, respectively during different hours of the day. Furthermore, the insect pollinated plots produced significantly more seeds with heavier weights than those isolated from insect visits.
Effect of life cycle on the production of mullein (Verbascum phlomoides L.)
Authors: Bodor Zs. , Németh E.
Published: December 2018

Aim of the present investigations was the optimalization of the production of the annual cultivar `Napfény' of Verlxiscum phlomoides L. Quantitative data on morphology (growth, leaf and flower size, branching) yield and content of active materials (mucilages, flavonoids) were studied at six sowing times.

We established, that sowing time may be one basic factor in the production of the annual variety. The major yield was obtained by sowing either late autumn (end of October) or early spring (middle March). At these plots the fresh mass of the flowers was 257-288 g/plant, the drug mass 28-29 g/plant, by 45-70% more than that of the mean of other treatments.

It was established, that under optimal cultivation conditions the annual form of mullein may reach higher individual yields than the plants of the indigenous wild growing population.
Eicosapentaenoic acid production by Phaeodactylum tricornutum under different culture condition
Authors: Kutasi J. , Szederkényi F. , Ott I. , László M.
Published: December 2018

Phaeodactylum tricornutum UTEX 640 strain of microalgae was screened under different culture conditions for their capacity to produce eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). In our experiments, the effect of sodium chlorid, nitrogen source, phosphate, initial pH, as well as the CO2 content of the medium on production of the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) by P. tricornutum were investigated. The EPA content of biomass was enhanced by the low pH of the medium, with increased concentrations of B17 vitamin and nitrate, and also with decreasing concentrations of sodium chlorid. The EPA is most likely associated with polar (membran) lipids and the role of EPA appears to be involved with membran permeability in microalge. The synthesis of phospholipids, enhances the EPA content of the cells, as expected. The maximum EPA yields were observed under optimum culture condition 43 — 48 mg/g of dry cell weight.
Some structural characteristics of the flowers of apple cultivars with different susceptibilty to fire blight
Authors: Radvánszky A. , Mihalik E. , Dorgai L. , Bubán T.
Published: December 2018

Several morphological characters of the hypanthium (size and form of the surface, the shape of the hypanthium) and anatomical traits (number and pattern of stomata) of apple cultivars (Malus domestica L.) with different susceptibility to fire blight were studied. The size of hypantium surface was calculated by modelling the hypanthium with a truncated cone. Three types of hypanthium surface form have been revealed: straight, convex and a complex "shouldered" one. The angle between the style and the wall of the hypanthium was narrow or wide. The stomata on the hypanthium surface can be arranged in a zone in the middle third of the hypanthium or dispersed more or less evenly. The number of stomata/flower substantially differed among the cultivars examined. The highest stomata number was detected in the flowers of the tolerant cultivar (Freedom)

No single characteristics of the hypanthium could convincingly be correlated with susceptibility to fire blight. We suggest, however, that combination of morphological properties that sustain moist environment in the hypanthium contribute to susceptibility.
Carbohydrate utilization of Erwinia amylovora in vitro
Authors: Hevesi M. , Farkas A. , Kása A. , Orosz-Kovács Zs.
Published: December 2018

Nectar is a multi-component aqueous solution that promotes bacterial multiplication. The concentration of nectar in plant flowers is not stable since it is under the influence of environmental conditions, especially free moisture and relative humidity. Experiments were conducted with "artificial nectar" and directed along two lines: (1) determination of the optimal concentrations of carbohydrates for the growth of E. amylovora development (2) consumption of different carbohydrates besides basic sugars.

Solutions of "artificial nectar" were prepared in different compositions by changing the dominance of basic sugars (fructose — glucose —sucrose) in proportions of 2:1:1, 1:2:1, 1:1:2 and between concentrations of 10-0.6% (diluted with Basal minimum broth) in order to determine optimal conditions for the development of E. amylovora.

At a basic sugar concentration of 10% bacterial multiplication started and continued until I log degree (from 106 to 107 cfu/ml). At concentrations of 5% and 2,5 % cells developed with nearly the same kinetics (from 106 to 8x107 cfu/ml and from 106 to 9x107 cfu/ml, respectively). Multiplication was more pronounced and nearly the same at concentrations of 1.2 % and 0.6 % (from106 to 2x108 cfu/ml). At a basic sugar concentration 30% total sugars bacterial multiplication did not occur, while at 20 % it was negligible, not measurable photometrically.

At minimal concentrations of F, G, S (between 1-0.1 %) bacterial cells were still able to multiply, producing organic acids from sugars.

Our study showed that E. amylovora requires only a small amount of sugars (0.1%) for multiplication (acid production) while high concentrations inhibit multiplication. There was a negative correlation between sugar content and cell density. The optimal range of sugar concentration was at about 1%.

Effect of "less frequent carbohydrates" to E. amylovora multiplication was also determined using the API 50 CH strip. We could provide information on utilization of 39 carbohydrates by the bacterium at different categories as follows: Not utilized-, Slowly and weakly utilized-, Slowly and completely utilized-, Quickly and completely utilized carbohydrates. We suppose that carbohydrates that belong to the latter two groups could play an important role as nectar components in promoting E. amylovora multiplication in the blossoms of pome fruit trees.
Flavonoids, chalcones and phenyl-propanoids in apple and pear flowers
Authors: Horváth Gy. , Farkas A. , Szabó Gy. L.
Published: December 2018

The presence of phloretin-glycosides in the hypanthium and pistil of apple and pear flowers can be verified. Thin layer chromatography is a reliable method for detecting phloretin, gained by acidic hydrolysis. The dominance of phloretin was equally characteristic for flowers in apple (`Sampion', 'Freedom') and pear (Tem-re Bosc', 'Conference') cultivars treated with various bioregulators (Biomit, Bion 50WG, Regalis), no significant difference could be found visually as compared to control samples. Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid was detected in all apple and pear samples, rutin was present only in pear, and hyperoside was found only in a few apple samples.
Evaluation of foreign apricot cultivars in Hungary
Authors: L. Szalay , G. Balázs , P. Nagy
Published: December 2018

The extension and renewal of cultivar assortment is one of the key elements in the improvement of apricot production. Competitiveness can only be achieved by planting cultivars which meet all market requirements and yield reliably under the environmental conditions of the given production site. Beside breeding programmes, the range of cultivars can also be extended by the domestication of foreign cultivars. Most apricot cultivars have low ecological tolerance, therefore, cultivars improved or developed in other countries should only be involved in production after due consideration. The suitability of such cultivars has to be examined for several years. Foreign apricot cultivars have been tested in our cultivar collection for over 10 years. Hereby, the most important aspects of market value and the adaptability to the environmental conditions of the production site are demonstrated. According to the results of our examinations the production of early ripening 'Orange Red' and `Goldrich' can be promising in Hungary. From cultivars ripening in the peak season only those are expected to be widely produced which differ from Hungarian cultivars or surplus them in some respects. From the cultivars examined 'Harogem' which ripens at the same time as `Gönci magyar kajszi' has remarkably aesthetic fruits with glossy surface, while the large fruits of `Hargrand' has firm pulp. Late ripening cultivars have significant importance in the northern border of production. According to our examinations the cultivars 'Callatis', `Comandor and `Sirena' are applicable in Hungary to extend the harvesting season.
Rootstocks for Cherries from the Department of Fruit Science Budapest
Authors: Hrotkó K. , Magyar L.
Published: December 2018

Cherry rootstock breeding started at the Department of Fruit Science, SSU Budapest by the late 50-s and the activity can be divided into three main groups. In the first stage the activity was focused on collection of native mahaleb cherry (Prunus mahaleb L.) varieties lead by L. Sebők. After evaluation in the nursery and orchard tests there are four promising rootstock cultivars selected from this material: 'Korponay' used as self fertile seed tree, its seedlings are recommended for sour cherries. The mahaleb varieties 'Bogdány' (vigorous), 'Egervár' and 'Magyar' (medium vigour) are propagated by cuttings. The next project has started in 1979 with the aim to select self fertile mahaleb seed trees producing homogeneous seedling populations with reduced vigour. Inbred populations from isolated flowering self fertile trees were produced and planted out in 1980. The inbreeding of 'Korponay' self fertile P. mahaleb variety resulted in specimens with different fruit colour (yellow, red, black), fruit shape and size. From among them self fertile trees were selected with various growth characteristics. Seedlings of that self fertile mother trees (S2 population) were tested in seedbed, they showed homogeneous phenotype characteristics as liners in the nursery. As rootstock of 'Érdi bőtermő' sour cherry in the orchard most of the S2 lines proved to be less vigorous in comparison to SI popuplations. 'Érdi bőtermő' trees budded on certain S2 lines in the orchard are more productive than those on S1 ('Korponay' seedling). Characteristics of the S2 generation as seed tree were studied as well. We expect to get morphologically homogeneous seedling populations with different growth vigour and good productivity in the later inbred generations. In the last couple of decades the research activity concerning ground-cherry and its hybrids resulted in dwarfing rootstocks. Prunus fruticosa Pall. hybrids from the natural flora of Hungary were collected and artificial hybrids were created between P. fruticosa and mahaleb cherry. Most of them are in the initial tests, only one of them is before registration, named 'Prob', which is a dwarf rootstock for sweet cherry. By the screening of new hybrids medium vigorous or semi dwarfing and precocious rootstocks seem to be promising for the cherry industry.
Antioxidant capacity, C-vitamin and anthocyanils content in the fruits of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) types
Authors: Szabó N. , Sipos B. Z. , Stefanovits-Bányai É.
Published: December 2018

: Elderberry used to be a common medicinal plant since long. Its ripe fruit and inflorescence has been collected. Cultivation however, started in Hungary recently, with the early 90-es. Initially, has been planted, the 'Haschberg' cultivar. Our Department started first with the selection of favourable genotypes in the Hungarian spontaneous populations of the species, we aimed to find clones, which are earlier ripening than 'Haschberg', moreover, superior in any of the agronomical or quality traits. Present study deals with 19 new selected clones by their content of vitamin-C, anthocyanins and their antioxidant capacity. Environmental stresses are inducing, increased, accumulation of free radicals in living organisms. To evoid the harmful effects of the free radicals, we need to consume antioxidant compounds (flavonoids, anthocyanins, vitamins, etc.) In the literature there are quite a few references related to the anthocyanins and antioxidants of the elderberry. Measurements prove that substantial differences exist among the population of the species as for the content and quality of those compounds. In anthocyanin content, the difference between the highest and lowest values was 3000 mg/I, whereas in antioxidant content this value was 6001.1M. Those types, which contained less anthocyanin (<5000 mg/I), produced lower antioxidant capacity, whereas the highest anthocyanin content was associated with the strongest antioxidant activity. C-vitamin content varied between 36.5 and 96.4 mg/100g. These values provide daily human requirements by their consumption. Summing up all parameters, examined the best type was Cinkota 1.
Self-fertility studies of some sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars and selections
Authors: Békefi Zs.
Published: December 2018

Fruit set of two sweet cherry cultivars (Alex' and 'Stella' ) and four Hungarian selections have been studied over two years following open pollination, unassisted self-pollination (autogamy) and artificial self-pollination (geitonogamy). Among accessions 'IV-6/240' proved to be self-sterile, while the other five revealed to be self-fertile. Significant differences have been found in fruit set among years and among pollination treatments but not among self-fertile accessions. Fruit set following unassisted self-pollination was significantly lower than of other pollination treatments. Thus pollen transfer is essential for profitable yield in sweet cherry growing.

There was no significant relationship in the fruit set of open- and self-pollination.
Dynamic analysis of a simple fruit tree structure model
Authors: Láng Z.
Published: December 2018

The effect of shaker harvest on root damage was studied on a simple tree structure model. Equations were set up to be able to calculate the relation between shaking height and stress in the roots. To get the strain at break data field experiments were carried out. The acceleration versus time curves were recorded on different heights of the stem. Evaluating measured and calculated data it can be concluded, that the risk of root damage increases when

the height of shaking is decreased,

the stern diameter is smaller, and if

the unbalanced mass of the shaker is increased.
Grapevine and apple replant disease in Hungary
Authors: Molnár P. , Véghelyi K. , Balogh I.
Published: December 2018

Field experiment was conducted to study the replant problems of grapevine and apple. Plantings were in three different fields: on virgin soil, on apple replant soil and on vine replant soil. Each field was planted with 60 pieces of grafted vine (variety Bianca on rootstock Berl. X Rip. T.K. 5BB) and 60 pieces of grafted apple (variety Gloster on rootstock MM. 106). Fungicide (BUVICID K with 50 % captan agent, 0.5 g/1 1 soil) and nematocide (VYDATE 10 G with 10 % oxamil agent, 0.03 g/1 I soil) treatments were used in the soil in order to identify the causal factor of the problem.

Biological soil test was conducted to test 17 soil samples of II wine districts and vine growing fields in plastic pots, under shading net. No root pieces were left in the soil. Two bud-cuttings of the Bed. X Rip. T 5C rootstock varieties were used as test plants. In each case, samples were taken from the vineyard and from the virgin soil. One fourth of the soil from the vineyard was left untreated and the other three part was treated with nematocide, fungicide or heat.

The results of the field experiment suggest that there was no problem growing grapevine after apple and apple after grapevine, but both species had been inhibited growing after itself. The fungicide and nematocide treatments did not succeed in determining the casual factor of the problem. Heat treatment of replant soil (in pot test) was useful in AS and VNS soils.

Results of biological soil test suggest, that grapevine replant problem do not occur in every vineyard. In fifty percent of soils, no significant differences between the treatments for shoot length, weight of cane, length, diameter and wood:ratio of the fourth internode were observed. In one case, difference was not found in any of the measured characters. However, fruiting bodies of Roesleria pallida (Pers.)Sacc. and the mycelium of Rosellinia necatrix Prill. were observed in this sample. In other samples, there was no significant difference between the treatments, but nematode and fungus infection appeared to be involved in increased shoot growth in nematocide and fungicide treated plants (mycelium of Rosellinia necatrix was detected). In other samples, the fungus infection caused significant difference between the virgin, untreated and fungicide treated soils and infection of Rosellinia necatrix was observed.
Improving the postproduction quality of Rose cut flowers
Authors: Hassan F. , Schmidt G. , Dorogi Zs.
Published: December 2018

In order to improve the post production quality of cut flowers of Rosa hybrida L. cv. Baroness, the effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (8-HQS), silver thiosulfate (STS) and 1-methylcyclopropene ( I-MCP) were investigated. 8-HQS was used at 200 and 400 ppm with or without sucrose at 50 g LI. STS was used at 0.2, and 0.4 mM with or without sucrose at 50 g 1-I. l-MCP was used at 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 g in-3 for 6h.

The postproduction quality was improved as a result of using any chemical treatment comparing with untreated control. All the treatments of 8-HQS increased the vase life and minimized the percentage of weight loss of rose cut flowers compared to the control. The vase life was lorger when 8-HQS was combined with sucrose. The best treatment of 8-HQS was 400 ppm 8-HQS + 50 g 1-1 sucrose. STS treatment led to prolong the vase life and minimized the percentage of weight loss compared to the control. In addition, the effect was better when sucrose was added to STS. The treatment of STS at 0.4 mM + 50 g 1-1 sucrose was the best one. l -MCP treatment prolonged the vase life and lowered the percentage of weight loss at any level compared with untreated control. The best treatment in this concern was l -MCP at 0.5 g m-3 for 6h. The chlorophyll content (chl.a and chid)) of the leaves for the best treatment of each chemical was higher than the control. The treatment of STS at 0.4 mM + 50 g 1-1 sucrose gave the best results in this respect.
The effect of nitrogen supply on specific yield and fruit quality of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)
Authors: Racskó J. , Nagy J. , Soltész Z. , Soltész M. , Nagy P. T. , Nyéki J. , Holb I. J.
Published: December 2018

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of nitrogen supply on yield and fruit quality of apple cultivars and to explore the relationships between canopy density and the different fruit quality parameters.

The experiments were carried out at Kálmánháza, in Eastern Hungary in a private orchard in 2003-2004. The response of four apple cultivars ('Elstar', 'Gala Prince', 'Granny Smith', 'Idared') to different nitrogen dosages was studied. The assessed and calculated indices were: yield, fruit diameter, fruit height, shape index, fruit mass, firmness, dry matter content and colouration. The results indicated that nitrogen fertilization has a significant effect on the yield and fruit quality of apple cultivars. The calculated specific yield values were reduced by the application of nitrogen via the increase in the volume of the canopy. An opposit trend was observed for fruit diameter, fruit height and fruit weight, which increased with increasing nitrogen supply. The reduced shape index caused flattening of fruits.

However, the improvement of fruit quality via increasing nitrogen dosage is only virtual, since these dosages increase the fruit size, but firmness, dry matter content and colouration are diminished, which decreases the value of the fruits on the market.

The authors also studied the relationships between canopy density responsible for assimilation and light supply of the fruits and the different fruit quality parameters. The closest linear inversely proportional relationship was found in the case of colouration. There was a negative linear relationship between canopy density and firmness or dry matter content. The relationship between canopy density and fruit mass could be described by a quadratic polinomial function.
Dynamic economic analysis of greenhouse pepper production on rockwool on a family farm
Authors: Tompos D. , Bálint J.
Published: December 2018

The major part of the pepper growing farms in Hungary operate as family enterprises with areas varying between 1,000 and 3,000 m2. As a result of the small size, their profitability is greatly dependant on the technological level and market circumstances. Most of these farms are characteristically affected by the lack of capital, therefore, they are unable to implement any further developments with their own forces. Greenhouse pepper production on rockwool had already been subjected to analysis earlier in our research, however, those calculations were directed solely at the profitability and efficiency of production. Based on the data from 2004 in 2005 yet another and more profound analysis was set as the objective. Besides the methods already applied before, several dynamic indicators have been introduced which could also be useful for practical applications. The graphs can permit growers to monitor the temporal distribution of the costs incurred and revenues earned during production. Thereby it is easier to plan the costs and more simple to distribute them more rationally over the production period. Our experiences suggest that this sort of analytical method is applicable only in cases where a very careful and precise collection of data is ensured and the results obtained can not be generalised as being valid only for the single farm analysed. Experiences and results, however, make us consider the dynamic economic analysis as being very useful both for beginners and practicing horticulturists.
Possibility of modernization of Ganoderma lucidum strains substrate
Authors: Maszlavér P. , Kovácsné D. , Ferenc K. , Fehérvári-Póczik E.
Published: December 2018

Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom), the object of our experiments, is also known to contain medicinal compounds. This fungus has been used for many centuries as medicine in China. The fruiting body of the fungus contains carbohydrates, amino acids, little protein, fat, alkaloids, vitamins and minerals. Two groups of its substances are reported to be effective particularly. One of them is constituted by the polysaccharides, whose antitumor and immunostimulating effects are well demonstrated, and the other is constituted by the triterpenes. The latter include ganoderic acids, ganolucidic acids and lucideric acids. These acids have been reported to suppress liver hyperactivity (Lelley 1999). The experiment was carried out with 8 Reishi mushroom strains in 3 repetitions. Experiments were performed on 3 different substrates The spawn run period took approximately 2 weeks, the first fruiting bodies appeared on the 33rd day from inoculation, but the formation of the fruiting bodies took almost 70 days on the different substrates. Spawn run presented a diversified picture as influenced by the specific substrates. No spawn run was seen with any of the strains on the substrate composed of 100% wheat straw. Among the strains the fastest spawn run was produced by GA02 and GA06. The earliest start of spawn run was registered for substrate 1 after 1 week.