bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coral reef restoration can reduce coastal contamination and pollution hazards
Authors: Rottmueller Marina E. , Storlazzi Curt D. , Frick Fabian
Published: January 2025

Coral reef restoration can reduce the wave-driven flooding for coastal communities. However, this protection has yet to be assessed in terms of the reduced risk of flood-driven environmental contamination. Here we provide the first high-resolution valuation of the reduction of flood-related land-based environmental pollution provided by potential coral reef restoration. Along Florida’s 460 km-long coral reef-fringed coastline, coral reef restoration could reduce the risk of sewage and petrochemical contamination by preventing the flooding of petroleum storage tank systems (-9%), onsite sewage treatment and disposal systems (-4%), and wastewater treatment plants (-10%). The present value of critical infrastructure protection and contamination prevention benefits provided by coral reef restoration is $3,413,503, with some areas exceeding $1,500,000/km. Annually, 48,403 U.S. gal of petrochemicals, 10,404 GPD of wastewater treatment capacity, equivalent to $281,435, could be protected from flooding, demonstrating that coral reef restoration can provide environmental risk reduction and previously undocumented additional socioeconomic benefits.
Inoculation reduces social media engagement with affectively polarized content in the UK and US
Authors: Smith Fintan , Simchon Almog , Holford Dawn , Lewandowsky Stephan
Published: January 2025

The generation and distribution of hyper-partisan content on social media has gained millions of exposure across platforms, often allowing malevolent actors to influence and disrupt democracies. The spread of this content is facilitated by real users’ engaging with it on platforms. The current study tests the efficacy of an ‘inoculation’ intervention via six online survey-based experiments in the UK and US. Experiments 1–3 (total N = 3276) found that the inoculation significantly reduced self-reported engagement with polarising stimuli. However, Experiments 4–6 (total N = 1878) found no effects on participants’ self-produced written text discussing the topic. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of the literature on polarisation and previous interventions to reduce engagement with disinformation.
The roles of various Fe–Cu bimetallic nanoclusters in controlling the C2 selectivity for the CO reduction reaction – a DFT study
Authors: Liao Chen-Cheng , Hsieh Meng-Chi , Huang Yung-Yi , Tu Cheng-Yu , Chang Chun-Chih
Published: January 2025

The Fe11Cu2/CNT not only suppresses the generation of C1 intermediates but also reduces the energy barrier for the CO⋯CHO coupling, thereby favoring multi-carbon product production.
N-Acetylcystein (NAC) bei Retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Pfau Kristina , Callizo Josep , Rossouw Petra , Gabrani Chrysoula , Holz Frank , Charbel Issa Peter , Kellner Ulrich , Strauss Rupert , Kühlewein Laura , Stingl Katarina , Feltgen Nicolas , Pfau Maximilian
Published: January 2025

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) ist eine genetisch bedingte degenerative Netzhauterkrankung, die zur fortschreitenden Degeneration der Photorezeptoren und letztlich zur Erblindung führen kann. Oxidativer Stress spielt eine zentrale Rolle in der Pathogenese der RP. In der vorliegenden narrativen Übersichtsarbeit wird die Wirkung von N-Acetylcystein (NAC), einem Antioxidans und Glutathion-Vorläufer, auf den Krankheitsverlauf bei RP-Patienten zusammengefasst. NAC kann oxidativen Stress in der Netzhaut reduzieren und zeigt in präklinischen Modellen potenziell neuroprotektive Effekte. Erste klinische Studien deuten auf eine Verbesserung der Sehschärfe und makulären Funktion unter NAC-Therapie hin. Die derzeit laufende, multizentrische Phase-III-Studie "NAC-Attack" zielt darauf ab, die langfristige Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit von NAC bei RP zu überprüfen.

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a genetically mediated degenerative retinal disease that leads to progressive photoreceptor degeneration and, ultimately, blindness. Oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathogenesis of RP. This study examines the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant and glutathione precursor, on the disease progression in RP patients. NAC can reduce oxidative stress in the retina and has shown potential neuroprotective effects in preclinical models. Initial clinical studies indicate improvements in visual acuity and macular function with NAC therapy, though no structural changes have yet been demonstrated. The ongoing multicenter Phase III trial "NAC Attack" aims to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of NAC in RP.
International Workshop on Cryocrystals and Quantum Crystals (CC’95)
Authors: Strzhemechny M. S.
Published: January 2025

The idea behind CRYOCRYSTALS’95 was to convene a scientific meeting not so broad in scope as typical multi-session congresses like LT’s but broader than the standard narrowly specialized conferences like, for example, workshops on quantum solids and fluids. Strictly speaking, this idea was not entirely new; in the former Soviet Union a national bi-annual symposium of approximately the same scope has proven to be viable. The all in all nine meetings with a wide attendance from 11 of the 15 Soviet Republics provided a good opportunity for every participant to exchange opinions and discuss all the new ideas on the agenda. Those meetings were also a good school for postgraduates and younger postdocs.
Optical and structure characteristics of vacuum-deposited layers
Authors: Drobyshev A. S.
Published: January 2025

We report results of a complex study of growth rates, refractive indices, and structure of real cryocrystals of nitrous oxide as well as light and heavy water. The corresponding experimental setup and the relevant experimental procedures are described. We demonstrate possibilities of the available experiment-and-computing complex for the purposes of studying growth kinetics, thermal properties, and structure-morphologic characteristics of real cryocrystal quench-condensed deposits. A structure transformation from the low-temperature highly amorphized state to the Pa3 structure has been observed at a temperature near 40 K in nitrogen monoxide. The spectrum of spontaneous luminescent bursts of freshly prepared N2O samples has been measured. It consists of two main bands in the red and blue domains of the visible spectral range. Existence of three structural modifications of vacuum condensed water deposits has been confirmed and their temperature boundaries of existence revised. Our results on heavy water cryocondensates allowed us to infer ultrapolymorphism in this solid.
Nuclear spin dynamics in nuclear-ordered solid 3He in the low field phase
Authors: Matsushita T. , Nomura R. , Hensley H. H. , Shiga H. , Mizusaki T.
Published: January 2025

Pulsed NMR experiments have been performed on U2D2 solid 3He with a single domain in high fields. The free induction signal decayed rapidly under certain conditions. The rapid decay was attributed to the onset of an instability of uniform precession. We propose a model for the instability due to the self-induced emission from the upper-mode to lower-mode magnon branch, which is similar to the Suhl instability in electronic ferromagnets. Under stable conditions of the spin motion, we observed the tipping-angle-dependent frequency shift and multiple spin echoes, which agrees well with Namaizawa’s theory.
Ions in superfluid helium: measurement of the roton limited mobility
Authors: Günther H. , Foerste M. , Putlitz G. zu , Schumacher Th.
Published: January 2025

Different ions are used as microscopic probes for superfluid helium at temperatures ranging from 1.3 to 2.2 K. The ionic mobilities may provide new insight into the so far not well understood microscopic ion–roton scattering process. An ion source, which allows implantation of a great variety of impurity ions into liquid helium, is presented. Low-field velocities of Na+, Ag+ and Au+ ions are reported as a function of the electrical drift field and the temperature. Moreover, a temporal series of images taken by an intensifying CCD camera is presented, showing a cloud of moving Ba+ ions.
Photochemistry of HCI in rare gas matrices
Authors: Gödderz K. , Schwentner N.
Published: January 2025

HCI is dissociated by excitation to the purely repulsive A 1II state and the dissociation fragments are probed via the fluorescence from charge transfer states with the rare gas atom using tunable synchrotron radiation from BESSY (Berlin). The quantum efficiency for the dissociation of HCI monomers in Xe matrices yields a matrix, induced barrier of 1.4 eV and a linear increase with excess energy of the H atoms, which agrees with MD simulations. Dissociation of HCI dimers leads to Cl2 and H2 formation by two different reaction mechanisms. In the low energy part (1.9 eV<Ekin<4.4 eV), MD simulations suggest a reaction via multidimensional energy surfaces with a quantum efficiency below 1%, which is confirmed by our experiments. In the higher energy part (Ekin>4.4 eV) an impact mechanism is dominant, where the H fragment kicks the H atom off a nearby HCI molecule. Photoinduced and thermal mobilities of H atoms in Xe and Ar matrices were measured. A pathlength for photomobilized H atoms of 19 Å at a kinetic energy of 1.8 eV was estimated from the recombination efficiency of H and Cl atoms by thermal activation. In Ar matrices a H atom pathlength of (21±2) A at Ekin = 2.5 eV was measured from the capture efficiency of codoped Xe traps. From the H loss at 44 K in Xe matrices a thermal diffusion constant of (7.2±1.5) · 10−13 cm2/s for H in Xe was determined.
Extraction of charges from beneath the surface of liquid hydrogen
Authors: Levchenko A. A. , Mezhov-Deglin L. P.
Published: January 2025

Experimental results are presented which confirm the existence of electron bubbles in liquid hydrogen. The effective values of the barrier preventing the electron to escape from the liquid into the gas and the electron bubble radius are estimated to be 350±70 K and 10 Å, respectively. The experiments show that β-radiation gives rise to both the electron bubbles and the negatively and positively charged clusters (snowballs) in liquid hydrogen. Quasi-periodic oscillations of the charged surface and extraction of ∼108 charges during a pulse have been observed at electric field higher than some critical value ∼103 V/cm.
Phase diagrams of Ar–Xe, Kr–Xe, and Kr–CO binary alloys
Authors: Yantsevich L. D. , Prokhvatilov A. I. , Barylnik A. S.
Published: January 2025

The phase diagrams of the binary systems Ar–Xe, Kr–Xe, and Kr–CO have been studied by using the powder x-ray diffraction method. The molar volumes of these solutions versus temperature and composition have been determined within the homogeneity regions. A considerable deviation of the solubility from the Hume–Rothery rules (which is valid for metal alloys) has been found.
Thermal conductivity due to two-component gas of thermal excitations
Authors: Adamenko I. N. , Nemchenko K. È.
Published: January 2025

The effective thermal conductivity of a continuous medium containing a two-component gas of thermal excitations and scattering centers is calculated. The result is valid for any relation between the times of interactions of various thermal excitations with one another and with scattering centers. It is shown that, in addition to partial and flow contributions, the effective thermal conductivity also contains a component associated with diffusion of thermal excitation gas. The obtained expressions, which are valid for any energy–momentum relation, are used for calculating effective thermal conductivities due to thermal excitations of solids and quantum liquids, such as longitudinal and transverse phonons, phonons and magnons, and phonons and rotons. Proceeding from universal relations, the limiting cases of rapid and slow stabilization of equilibrium between thermal excitations of different types in the systems under investigation are considered. This makes it possible to refine the results obtained by other authors and to determine the region of their applicability.
Generalization of the local field concept in the theory of Fermi liquids
Authors: Vavrukh M. V.
Published: January 2025

The universal nature and limitations of the local field concept in the modem theory of systems of interacting fermions is considered. A generalization of this concept based on the construction of a set of functions including the local field correction and its variational derivatives is proposed. Integral equations for these functions are obtained, and the existence of their solutions for a Fermi system with a positive Fourier transform of the two-particle interaction potential is proved. The results of calculation of the local field correction and residual Fermi surface at absolute zero temperature in the electron liquid model are presented.
On phase states appearing in layered copper oxides under doping (On the 90th anniversary of B. G. Lazarev)
Authors: Loktev V. M. , Pogorelov Yu. G.
Published: January 2025

A qualitative form proposed for the phase diagram of high-Tc superconductors suggests that a nonconducting, a superconducting, and a conducting (but not superconducting) phase can be formed in the initial cuprate compounds as a result of introduction of free charge carriers.
Spatial distribution of critical current density in Bi-2212 superconducting tapes
Authors: Pan A. V. , lonescu M. , Dou S. X.
Published: January 2025

The spatial distribution of the critical current density Jc is studied in the superconducting core of the high-temperature superconductor Bi-2212 tapes rolled in a silver sheath. The values of Jc at the edges of the cross sections are found to be 2.5–3 times larger than in the central region. The experimental distribution of the critical current density of the oxide in the core shows that the density has the lowest value in the same edge regions. In a region of thickness ∼ 10μm near the silver sheath surrounding the superconducting core, there are practically no secondary phase inclusions. Calculations show that the effect associated with increase in Jc by an order of magnitude in the core layer adjoining the sheath hampers a complete description of the spatial distribution of Jc. Indeed, at the edge of the core, Jc,layer ≈ 36 000 A/cm2, while the value in the central regions of the core is about half this quantity (∼ 18 000 A/cm2). Hence it is proposed that in the presence of the liquid phase, the geometry of the core edge region can stimulate the optical structure formation during thermal processing if the lower density of the oxide core at the edges is taken into consideration.
Analysis of superconducting transition in the Anderson–Hubbard two-orbital model
Authors: Kosov A. A. , Shilov V. E.
Published: January 2025

The two-orbital Hubbard model is used to obtain formulas for the fermion excitation spectrum in the energy bands hybridized by Anderson’s interaction. A transition to the Hubbard operators, which diagonalizes the one-site part of the Hamiltonian, allows us to use Green’s temperature function technique for taking into account the interstitial jump term while studying the superconducting properties of the model. An analysis of the lower part of the energy spectrum leads to a formula for the superconducting transition temperature Tc associated with the pairing of quasiparticles in one of the correlation bands. The dependence of Tc on electron concentration and energy parameters determining the intra-atomic correlation is studied. It is concluded that the model under consideration can be used for the description of organic superconductors.
Mesoscopic fluctuations of conductance in two-dimensional percolation gold films near the percolation threshold
Authors: Belevtsev B. I. , Belyaev E. Yu. , Kopeichenko E. Yu.
Published: January 2025

The conductivity of two-dimensional inhomogeneous Au films near the percolation threshold is investigated in the temperature interval 0.5–55 K. The percolation threshold was approached by irradiation of initially continuous films (of thickness ∼ 10 nm) by Ar ions. It is found that near the percolation threshold (on the insulating side of the metal–insulator transition), the film exhibits one-dimensional hopping conduction. The fluctuations of hopping conductivity were also observed. It is shown that the conductivity of a two-dimensional percolation film in the vicinity of the percolation threshold can be determined by a single conducting chain. The presence of narrow insulating bridges in this chain determines the one-dimensional behavior of hopping conduction of the entire system as well as the observed resistance fluctuations. These fluctuations can be treated as a peculiar manifestation of incoherent mesoscopic effects.
Electrical and thermal conductivity of conical thermal contacts used at ultralow temperatures
Authors: Rybalko A. S. , Sterin M. B.
Published: January 2025

The resistance of split conical thermal contacts is analyzed as a function of compression force at room and helium temperatures. It is found that the electrical conductivity of the contacts has a sharp peak at T = 4.2 K. The emergence of the peak is associated with the formation of a number of microbridges of sliding type, through which charges are transferred in the ballistic mode. It is shown that the resistance of the contacts can be as low as 0.04 Ω/cm2.
Ferroelastic phase transitions in crystals of finite size
Authors: Lavrinenko N. M.
Published: January 2025

The dependence of the correlation radius of the order parameter on plate thickness is studied for ferroelastic phase transitions. It is shown that, under certain conditions, the strictional relation between the order parameter and the lattice deformation leading to, instead of a homogeneous phase at the transition point, leads to the emergence of a spatially modulated structure in the plane of the plate, its wave vector depending on the constant of interaction between the order parameter and elastic deformation, as well as on plate thickness.
Peculiarities of electronic properties of δ⟨Sb⟩ layers in epitaxial silicon. I. General physical pattern
Authors: Kashirin V. Yu. , Komnik Yu. F. , Krasovitskii Vit. B. , Mironov O. A. , Makarovskii O. N. , Emeleus C. J. , Whall T. E.
Published: January 2025

Temperature variation of electron kinetic parameters (conductivity, magnetoresistance, and Hall emf) of epitaxial silicon crystals containing a δ⟨Sb⟩ layer and having different sheet concentration of Sb doping atoms is studied in the temperature range 1.6–300 K. It is established for the first time that the properties of the samples above 30 K reflect the behavior of electrons not only in the δ-layer, but also in neighboring regions exhibiting the properties of a doped semiconductor with a clearly manifested temperature region of exponential dependence of resistance on reciprocal temperature.
Peculiarities of electronic properties of δ⟨Sb⟩-layers in epitaxial silicon. II. Effects of weak localization and electron–electron interaction
Authors: Kashirin V. Yu. , Komnik Yu. F. , Mironov O. A. , Emeleus C. J. , Whall T. E.
Published: January 2025

The temperature and magnetic-field dependences of conductivity and Hall emf have been studied in δ⟨Sb⟩-layers in Si with different Hall concentrations of charge carriers in the temperature range from 1.6 to 20 K in magnetic fields up to 4.5 T. It is shown that these dependences can be described to a high degree of accuracy by quantum corrections to conductivity associated with the effects of weak localization of electrons and electron-electron interaction in a two-dimensional system. The temperature dependence of electron phase relaxation time, the spin-orbit interaction time, and the parameter λD of the electron-electron interaction are determined. It is found that a decrease in the electron concentration in the δ-layer is accompanied by a decrease in the parameter λD. This can be explained by peculiarities of screening in the two-dimensional electron system.
Impurity states and insulator-metal transition in 2D-systems with a hybridized spectrum
Authors: Ivanov M. A. , Skripnik Yu. V. , Loktev V. M.
Published: January 2025

The characteristic energies of localized and delocalized states, their density, and the insulator-metal transition in the two-band model of a 2D-crystal whose initial electronic spectrum consists of two (narrow and wide) hybridizing bands are considered. It is shown that hybridization significantly affects all the characteristics defining the spectral and transport properties of both insulating and metallic phases of the system. The critical concentration of the insulator-metal transition induced by doping is calculated and it is shown that the density of states near the Fermi level may be a nonmonotonic function of the carrier concentration. An attempt is made to connect the obtained results with the behavior of the density of states and the observed dependence of the critical temperature on the carrier concentration in high-temperature superconductors.
Pinning of charge density waves in NbSe3 single crystals
Authors: Chashka Kh. B. , Obolenskii M. A. , Bychko V. A. , Beletskii V. I.
Published: January 2025

The effect of axial compression along the crystallographic axis a on IVC of NbSe3 single crystals in the CDW state is studied experimentally in the temperature range corresponding to the second phase transition at 59 K. It is shown that an increase in pressure leads to an increase in threshold fields Eth of CDW breakdown and to an increase in the pinning energy εg . The results are compared with existing models of CDW tunneling.
Thermoluminescence of solid argon: Kinetic analysis of the glow curve
Authors: Ogurtsov A. N. , Savchenko E. V. , Grigorashchenko O. N. , Gubin S. A. , Fugol’ I. Ya.
Published: January 2025

Thermoluminescence of solid argon irradiated preliminarily by slow electrons is studied and the glow curve analyzed. The activation energy and frequency factors of traps are determined. It is suggested that the glow peak near 23 K is associated with the localization of electrons at the vacancies. The study of the variation of the glow curve with increasing radiation dose makes it possible to single out the peculiarities associated with radiation-induced defects.
Defect-formation induced by electron transitions in solid argon
Authors: Savchenko E. V. , Ogurtsov A. N. , Grigorashchenko O. N. , Gubin S. A.
Published: January 2025

Results on the first spectroscopic observations of defect formation induced by the excitation of the electronic subsystem are presented. Evidence of charged and neutral defect formation is obtained. A combination of luminescence and thermal activation spectroscopic techniques is used.
Temperature behavior of the librational mode of the NH4 tetrahedron in mixed K1–x(NH4)xH2PO4 crystals
Authors: Van’kevich A. V. , Popkov Yu. A. , Savchenko E. M. , Taranova I. A.
Published: January 2025

The results of analysis of the temperature dependences of Raman spectra in the region of librational vibration of the ammonium ion in mixed K1−x(NH4)xH2PO4 (KADP) crystals with various ammonium concentrations (x = 0.22,0.32,0.53,0.74,0.82, and 1.00) are considered. The behavior of intensity, frequency, and line half-width of this vibration suggests that ammonium ions at room temperature have a shape close to a regular tetrahedron due to high-frequency reorientation processes. As the temperature decreases, the frequency of such hopping processes decreases, and at temperatures of the order of 120–110 K ammonium ions are completely fixed in the lattice for all KADP crystals irrespective of the ammonium concentration. The fixation of ammonium ions occurs at 30–50 K higher than the temperature of proton subsystem ordering at the 0–H…O bonds. The activation energies of reorientation processes for ammonium ions are determined for KADP crystals with various ammonium concentrations.
Anomalies in magnetic and acoustic properties and structure parameters of ceramic HTS materials in the temperature range 100–300 K
Authors: Titova S. G. , Arbuzova T. I. , Balakirev V. F. , Fedorova O. M. , Pal’-Val’ P. P. , Pal’-Val’ L. N.
Published: January 2025

Temperature dependences of the unit cell parameters (UCP) and de magnetic susceptibility are investigated in the temperature range 80–300 K, as well as acoustic properties in the interval 5–300 K for HTS ceramic samples of the systems 2201-, 2212-, 2223-BSCCO and 123-, 124-YBCO. The observed singularities of the temperature dependences of UCP for superconducting samples in the form of inflections or peaks at T1 in the temperature range 190 K<T1<270 K and minima at T0 ≈ Tc+ 15 K correlate with internal friction peaks observed in the same temperature regions. The absence of such singularities on the temperature dependence of UCP in the samples without a superconducting transition suggests that these singularities are associated with the sample characteristics responsible for superconductivity in these compounds.
Rogue wave patterns in the nonlinear Schrödinger-Boussinesq system
Authors: Cheng Xiaoyu , Huang Qing
Published: January 2025

To the nonlinear Schr"{o}dinger--Boussinesq system, with the aid of Adler--Moser polynomials we predict the patterns of higher-order rogue wave solutions containing multiple large parameters. The new interesting rogue wave patterns of a number of true and predicted solutions are graphically illustrated, including fan-, heart-shaped structures and their skewed versions. The results are significant for both experimental and theoretical studies of rogue wave patterns of integrable systems.
Physics design of current drive and strategy of heating system for EHL-2 spherical torus
Authors: JIANG 姜 Xinchen 欣辰 , SHI 石 Yuejiang 跃江 , SONG 宋 Shaodong 绍栋 , LIU 刘 Wenjun 文军 , YANG 杨 Guang 光 , SONG 宋 Xianming 显明 , WANG 王 Xueyun 雪韵 , GU 顾 Xiang 翔 , YIN 尹 Gang 刚 , YANG 杨 Danke 丹可 , ZHAO 赵 Hanyue 寒月 , WANG 王 Yumin 嵎民 , XIE 谢 Huasheng 华生 , LI 李 Pengmin 鹏敏 , WANG 王 Hanqing 汉清 , ZHANG 张 Keqing 克卿 , HAN 韩 Lei 磊 , WU 邬 Xiaohe 潇河 , LIU 刘 Chengyue 成岳 , WU 吴 Bin 斌 , SONG 宋 Chengyi 城邑 , LI 李 Chunyan 春艳 , CHEN 陈 Jiakang 嘉康 , ZHENG 郑 Pingwei 平卫 , BANERJEE Debabrata , YANG 杨 Qingwei 青巍 , DONG 董 Jiaqi 家齐 , LIANG 梁 Yunfeng 云峰 , YUAN 袁 Baoshan 保山 , PENG 彭 Yueng-Kay Martin 元凯 , ZHANG 张 Xianmei 先梅 , Team the EHL-2
Published: January 2025

ENN He Long-2 (EHL-2) is the next-generation large mega-Ampere (MA) spherical torus (ST) proposed and funded by the ENN company. The design parameters are: T
i0 > 30 keV,

, I
p ~ 3 MA, B
t ~ 3 T. One of the biggest challenges of EHL-2 is how to achieve several MA current flat-tops with limited voltage-seconds (Vs) of the center solenoid (CS) coils. In order to minimize the consumption of Vs, a fully non-inductive start-up by electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) will be applied in EHL-2. The ramp-up phase will be accomplished with the synergetic mode between the CS and non-inductive methods. The strategy of non-inductive start-up and ramp-up with synergetic mode has been verified on EXL-50U’s experiments. Based on this strategy, numerical simulations indicate the feasibility of EHL-2 achieving 3 MA plasma current. A high-performance steady-state scenario with I
p ~ 1.5 MA is also designed. In this scenario, the bootstrap current fraction f
BS > 70%, the safety factor q at the magnetic axis q
0 > 2, the minimum safety factor q
min > 1, the poloidal beta β
p > 3 and normalized beta β
N > 2.3. Each design iteration integrates the validation of physical models with the constraints of engineering implementation, gradually optimizing the performance of the heating and current drive (H&CD) systems. Numerical simulation results for general auxiliary H&CD systems such as neutral beam injection (NBI), electron cyclotron (EC) wave, ion cyclotron wave (ICW), and lower hybrid wave (LHW) are presented. These simulation results ensure that the 31 MW H&CD systems comprehensively cover all scenarios while maintaining engineering feasibility.
Seven Challenges for the Science of Animal Minds
Authors: Dacey Mike
Published: January 2025

The scientific study of animal minds is difficult. This book examines the most significant reasons this is so: seven challenges for the science to overcome. Researchers are aware of these challenges, but few take any of them head-on, and none address them collectively as this book does. Despite this focus on challenges, the book’s orientation is optimistic; these are challenges for the science, not challenges to the science. Researchers have made substantial progress as things are. But taking the challenges head-on can help build an even stronger, more vibrant science. The seven challenges are: 1) underdetermination of theory by data, 2) anthropomorphic bias, 3) modeling cognitive processes, 4) integrating across disciplines, 5) ecological validity, 6) small sample sizes, and 7) measuring consciousness. For each, the book suggests rethinking the challenge and reorienting our attempts to address it. Each of the main chapters addresses one challenge and includes an empirical case study, from social reasoning in chimpanzees to consciousness in octopuses. Along the way, a big-picture framework emerges for drawing conclusions about animal minds from experimental evidence. In this framework, the role of any individual piece of the science is limited—any individual experiment, model, claim, or argument. We need to holistically consider all the evidence we can get.
Underdetermination
Authors: Dacey Mike
Published: January 2025

This chapter addresses the challenge of underdetermination of theory by data: typically, many candidate theories or models of animal minds are at least consistent with any given experimental result. This challenge has reached its purest form as “the logical problem” in the debate about chimpanzee mind-reading. The chapter suggests a shift towards modesty in evidential claims, including claims of parsimony and evidential interpretations of experiments. To draw conclusions, evidence must be collected from wherever it can be found, structured in some way, and considered holistically as an inference to the best explanation.
Anthropomorphic Bias
Authors: Dacey Mike
Published: January 2025

This chapter addresses the challenge of anthropomorphic bias: that humans, including researchers, have a bias towards anthropomorphic explanations. Researchers on topics related to animal minds have long worried such a bias might lead the science to error. This chapter argues that existing views and attempts to control anthropomorphism in the science miss the complexity of the problem. Anthropomorphism, of the sort the field should be worried about, is an unconscious cognitive bias. Its effects are likely unpredictable and multifarious. We need more research on human psychology before we can confidently design ameliorative interventions. The chapter presents some early attempts at developing the kind of implicit measure of anthropomorphism that might help. In this chapter, the psychology of human anthropomorphic bias is the main empirical example.
Sample Size and Generalizability
Authors: Dacey Mike
Published: January 2025

This chapter addresses the problem of sample size and its implications for the generalizability of experimental results. For several practical reasons, laboratory experiments involving animals are often severely limited in the number of individuals they can include. Given the recent replication crisis in other branches of psychology, this feature of the field has been gaining more attention. This chapter focuses on the related, but distinct, question of whether results from experiments using small samples can be generalized to claims about a species overall. It uses work on chimpanzee working memory as its primary example. The chapter suggests interpreting these studies in some ways as one would an experiment, and in other ways as one would a case study or anecdotal report.
Conclusion: Of a Different Mind
Authors: Dacey Mike
Published: January 2025

This Conclusion sums up the big-picture view of the science of animal minds which has emerged through the book and reiterates actionable suggestions from earlier chapters. The general approach suggested is a holistic inference to the best explanation, which considers all relevant evidence and may often require judgment calls about what counts as an instance of the capacity under question. This replaces features of current standard practice that have been difficult to dislodge despite recent criticism. There are also suggestions specific to model evaluation, statistical methods, experimental design, and model building.
Foundations of American Criminal Due Process at Trial
Authors: Herrmann Francis R , Speer Brownlow M
Published: January 2025

The workings of the American criminal justice system are familiar to virtually the entire citizenry. Through films, television, and popular print media, its hallmark principles of fairness and protection of the rights of the accused are widely understood. The popular culture has absorbed relatively sophisticated doctrines of the criminal law, such as the right to confront accusers face to face and to remain silent when charged with a crime. The average individual knows that these and other principles of criminal justice are rooted in the Bill of Rights of the American Constitution. This perception is true to the extent that trial by jury, the most cherished feature of the American criminal justice system, comes to us directly from early thirteenth-century England and is obliquely referenced in Magna Carta. But it fails to take into account the diverse origins of specific rights that make the jury system the byword for fair trial procedure. The rights to remain silent and to confront opposing witnesses, the presumption of innocence, the protection against double jeopardy, the requirement that conviction demands a high standard of proof, the rule that confessions be voluntary, and the guarantee of a trial conducted in accordance with standard rules of evidence—none of these integral parts of due process originated in the common law of England. This book joins an emerging body of work that seeks to place the American legal experience within a larger Western tradition.
Procedural Norms for Criminal Trials in Roman Antiquity
Authors: Herrmann Francis R
Published: January 2025

The imperial codifications of the emperors Theodosius and Justinian in the fifth and sixth centuries confirmed the norms of much earlier centuries for the conduct of trials in Rome and its provinces. Roman norms provided important procedural safeguards for defendants. These included requirements that an accused party be given notice of specific charges, which the accuser had the burden of proving according to a high standard. The accused was to receive the opportunity to make a defense before an impartial fact-finder. If needed, an advocate could be provided. The trial was to be conducted expeditiously, in the place where the alleged crime was committed, and in public with witnesses present in person. The application of these norms to persons of higher social status may have varied from that of persons of lower social ranking.
Formulating Fair Trial Procedures in the Roman and Canon Law of the Late Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries
Authors: Herrmann Francis R
Published: January 2025

An abundance of canons appeared in the eleventh century. Many were collected by individual bishops and dealt with trial procedures. In the mid-twelfth century, Gratian, about whom little is known, undertook to put order in the proliferation. He produced a Concordance of Discordant Canons. While not an official collection of church law, the Decretum, as his work was commonly called, quickly assumed preeminent authority, becoming the object of study in the universities. Overlapping with Gratian’s canonical supremacy, a revival of Roman law was taking place after the rediscovery of the emperor Justinian’s Digest. It, too, was studied at the universities. Orders of procedure (ordines) appeared as guides for trials. The confluence of canonical and secular authority led to the formation of an Ius commune (common law) for the European continent.
Principles of Criminal Procedure in Inquisitorial Proceedings
Authors: Herrmann Francis R
Published: January 2025

At the end of the twelfth century, Pope Innocent III adopted a new method of trial procedure which had been emerging in northern Italy. Inquisitorial procedure, as opposed to the traditional accusatorial procedure, did not require an accuser to initiate a proceeding. A judge could do so, provided that specific preconditions were fulfilled. In 1215, the Fourth Lateran Council officially adopted inquisitorial procedure as an alternative to accusatorial trial procedure for the church. In doing so, the Council emphasized the maintenance of due process protections. In secular courts, perhaps under the influence of the revived Roman law, torture became more common. Therewith, the ius commune system corrupted, but never formally abandoned, a principle of “voluntariness” of confessions. In the canon law, a maxim that “no one is held to betray himself” appeared in the mid-thirteenth century, but the principle was limited to secrets of the heart. As to public crimes, a person might be held to answer questions under oath from a legitimate authority under certain conditions. A form of confrontation of witnesses continued in inquisitorial procedure , although examination was conducted separately from the parties. Jurists articulated a presumption of innocence.
Weaknesses of Defensive Safeguards in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Herrmann Francis R
Published: January 2025

Our knowledge of how a jury trial was conducted in the mid-sixteenth century, and likely before then, depends principally on a general description of trial that Sir Thomas Smith offered in De republica anglorum. No trial narratives were kept officially. From the mid-sixteenth century forward, however, private individuals began to make unofficial records of particularly important trials. These accounts became known as the State Trials when they were collected and published in the eighteenth century. State trials were singular in that they typically dealt with persons and matters of public prominence. Nonetheless, because the trials were conducted according to common-law principles, the narratives offer illustrations of how accepted norms for common-law jury trial could impede a full defense. Defendants charged with felonies by indictment were typically denied the assistance of counsel, at least in the later Tudor and Stuart period. The accused complained of inadequate notice of charges against them, hindrances to preparing their defense and to confronting witnesses against them. They were unable to compel the presence of witnesses in their favor. In the latter part of the seventeenth century, the unreliability of verdicts in treason cases contributed to a perception that defensive safeguards needed to be increased, at least for treason defendants.
Colonial Esteem of Trial by Jury
Authors: Herrmann Francis R
Published: January 2025

Through colonial charters issued by the crown, British colonists brought with them the common law of England and the authority to adapt it to their local needs. Colonists particularly cherished the right to trial by jury and the due process elements they understood to be attached to it, including the unanimous verdict of an impartial jury of the vicinity whose conscience was fully satisfied by the proof produced. In advance of England, some colonies began to allow counsel for defendants in all felony cases. By the later eighteenth century, the quantum of proof required for fully satisfying a jury’s conscience had begun to be described in terms of proof beyond reasonable doubt.
Colonial Fears of the Erosion of Right to Trial by Jury
Authors: Herrmann Francis R
Published: January 2025

In the 1760s, tensions arose between the North American colonies and the crown largely centering over issues of taxation. Parliament passed or threatened to pass a series of statutes to control colonial recalcitrance. Among the acts were provisions for the transfer of treason cases arising in the colonies to trial in England. Colonists discerned that Parliament was undermining their jury-trial rights to which they believed themselves entitled under the common law. In the colonies, pamphlet literature protested vehemently against the British threats to remove trials to England. Franklin testified before parliament against the Stamp Act and its threat to jury trials. In the Britain, some parliamentarians argued that the colonial fears were justified. The threat to the jury added fuel to the colonial movement for independence.
Reinforcing Jury-Rights
Authors: Herrmann Francis R
Published: January 2025

Seeking independence from England, American colonists met in Congress in 1776. The Congress requested states to draw up for themselves individual constitutions of government. After independence from England and after experiencing the inadequacy of the Articles of Confederation, a federal convention of the states proposed a new federal constitution. George Mason and others opposed the new constitution because it contained no Bill of Rights. In order to secure state ratification of the new constitution, James Madison promised he would support adding a Bill of Rights. Drawn largely from state bills of rights, Madison’s proposals, including procedural protections for defendants at trial, were finally ratified in 1791.
Epilogue
Authors: Herrmann Francis R
Published: January 2025

When a particular society chooses, or an authority imposes on it, procedural norms for criminal trials, those norms are not purely the product of a reasoning process independent of the cultural milieus in which the norms arise. Historical events, political and religious controversies, conflicting evaluations of class strata, shifting convictions about the inviolability of personal integrity, and the need to suppress crime influence which procedures a society or its governing authority deems appropriate. for determining the guilt or innocence of members accused of crime. Despite the influences of cultural and historical contingenies, however, the transcultural and transtemporal experience of generations indicates agreement upon certain core trial norms. These norms, most often now characterized as rights, continually reassert themselves whenever a society violates them or does not provide for the .
Predictors of 15-year transitions across living and care settings in a population of Swedish older adults
Authors: Gentili Susanna , Calderón-Larrañaga Amaia , Rizzuto Debora , Lee Gordon Adam , Agerholm Janne , Lennartsson Carin , Hedberg Rundgren Åsa , Fratiglioni Laura , Liborio Vetrano Davide
Published: January 2025

Objective

We aimed to investigate the association of sociodemographic, clinical and functional characteristics with the volume of transitions and specific trajectories across living and care settings.

Methods

Using data from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen study, we identified transitions across home (with or without social care), nursing homes, hospitals and postacute care facilities among 3021 adults aged 60+. Poisson and multistate models were used to investigate the association between sociodemographic, clinical and functional characteristics and both the overall volume and hazard ratios (HRs) of specific transitions.

Results

Over 15 years, 720 (23.8%) participants experienced between 5 and 10 transitions, and 816 (26.7%) experienced >10 transitions across living and care settings. A higher number of transitions was observed in older participants with multimorbidity and slower walking speed. In contrast, cognitive impairment and disability were associated with a lower number of transitions. After hospital and postacute discharge, each additional year of age (HR range 1.06–1.08) and being a woman compared with being a man (HR range 1.35–4.38) increased the likelihood of discharge to home care. Multimorbidity (HR range 1.14–1.23) and slow gait speed (HR range 1.11–1.50) increased the risk of hospitalisation and home care after hospital discharge. Cognitive impairment raised the hazard of nursing home placement (HR range 1.99–2.15). Disability was associated with a higher hazard of nursing home placement after hospital discharge (HR range 2.57–3.07).

Conclusions

Accounting for older adults’ whole journey across living and care settings, we identified transition-specific predictors and potential triggers that could be timely leveraged to better tailor care to older adults’ needs.
Area Socioeconomic Inequality and Suicide Mortality: Contrasting Common Measures using National Violent Death Reporting System and Linked Administrative Data
Authors: Kalesnikava Viktoryia A , Kahsay Eskira , Zhong Chuwen , Spring Emma , Bagge Courtney , Burgard Sarah , Mezuk Briana , Clarke Philippa J
Published: January 2025

Area economic inequality may underlie social disparities in suicide mortality (SM). Differences in measuring inequality contribute to variability across empirical evidence. We contrasted common income measures – absolute poverty, Gini inequality index, Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) – and examined their associations with age- and sex-standardized SM across 1381 US counties. We used the 2006-2019 National Violent Death Reporting System linked to 2006-2010 administrative data on socioeconomic factors and a Bayesian spatial multilevel approach.

Compared to affluent areas, poorer areas had the highest relative risk (RR) of SM (ICE RR: 1.24, 95% Credible Interval (CI): 1.17 – 1.31 and absolute poverty RR: 1.33, CI: 1.25 – 1.41). Gini inequality was not linearly associated with SM. Cross-classifying Gini x ICE showed highest-risk areas had concentrated poverty (ICE) but varying Gini inequality. These high-risk poverty-segregated areas were more often medically underserved, had lower population density and high unemployment. African American or Indigenous suicide decedents often resided in high Gini inequality areas, while older, White decedents, with military backgrounds more often resided in lower Gini areas.

The choice of inequality measure can lead to varied conclusions about social disparities in SM. Comparative approach offers more nuanced understanding of underlying socioeconomic marginalization.
Implementation of a pharmacy technician–driven, technology-assisted final product verification program at a community teaching hospital
Authors: Dunston Bryanna M , Sohasky Steven A , Farwig Lindy M , Kulwicki Benjamin D
Published: January 2025

Purpose

Technology-assisted final product verification (TAFPV) is a process whereby a licensed pharmacy technician validates the work of another using a technology such as barcode scanning. While similar to tech-check-tech (TCT), TAFPV requires that technology is utilized in the final verification process. As of 2024, 28 states allowed this practice. In October 2021, the Michigan Board of Pharmacy passed allowances for TAFPV to be conducted in the state. This report describes the implementation of a TAFPV program and its impact on pharmacy operations.

Following technology and site readiness assessments, a TAFPV program was implemented at a community teaching hospital. Three months post implementation, 4,193 filled medication orders were verified by validated pharmacy technicians (VPTs) with 100% accuracy. Fifty-seven dispensing errors were identified by VPTs upon verification. The median time from medication procurement to final verification for VPTs was 138 seconds (interquartile range [IQR], 53-465) compared to 218 (IQR, 39-736) for pharmacists (P = 0.01). The mean (SD) amount of time spent verifying medication orders daily was 4.57 (0.12) hours for VPTs and 4.53 (0.14) hours for pharmacists (P = 0.97).

Conclusion

Implementation of a TAFPV program improved inpatient pharmacy operational efficiencies while preserving medication safety. A future area of study includes measuring the impact of clinical services provided by pharmacists utilizing the reallocated time from the TAFPV program.