bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
\Iultistereo Synchrotron X-ray Topography
Authors: Tuomi T. , Kelhä V. , Naukkarinen K. , Blomberg M.
Published: February 2015

Any two of several reflection or transmission x-ray topographs taken simultaneously with polychromatic synchrotron radiation form a stereo pair. Multistereoscopic transmission and reflection patterns of topographs taken from a silicon and iron-silicon crystal are presented. The directions and depths of defects are calculated from the measurements on the images in two symmetric topographs.
Model Calculation for the Fe80B20 Alloy Glass
Authors: Fujiwara T. , Chen H. S. , Waseda Y.
Published: February 2015

Three partial radial distribution functions [RDF’s] are calculated by means of relaxed dense-random packing models for a Fe80B20 glass. The model structures reproduce fairly well recently reported experimental partial RDF's derived from x-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction using isotopic substitutional methods. Most significantly, both the model calculated by means of relaxed dense-random packing models GBB (r), the appearance of a subpeak on the short distance side of the first peak.
On the Anderson Transition in Electronic Color Centers Systems in Alkali Halide Crystals
Authors: Berezin A. A.
Published: February 2015

An alkali halide crystal with a high concentration of F-centers is considered. If some of these F-centers are ionized into anion vacancies (a-centers) released electrons can be trapped by other F-centers to form F′-centers. It is shown that for each original concentration of F-centers there is a certain concentration of F′-centers for which the random potential fluctuations due to negatively charged F′-centers and positively charged a-centers have enough amplitude to create Anderson localization condition in the system of F-, F′- and a-centers.
On the Possibility of Stress Determination by Consideration of Pendellösung Effect
Authors: Maciaszek M.
Published: February 2015

In this paper a simplified method of stress estimation is proposed. The calculation is based on the Pendellösung effect (i.e. beat of two Bloch waves). It is assumed that lattice distortion causes a local change of fringe spacing. The results of the calculations appear to be consistent with results based on the consideration of separated curved trajectories of two Bloch waves related to both branches of the dispersion surface.
MINDO/3 Study of the Protonation of Phenol and Methylphenols
Authors: Eckert-Maksić M.
Published: February 2015

The electronic and molecular structures of phenol and its ortho-meta-, and para-methyl derivates as well as their conjugate acids were studied by the semiempirical MINDO/3 method. The calculations predict substantial structural changes upon protonation. Theoretically predict-ed protonation sites are in very good agreement with experimentally observed modes of protonation under superacidic conditions.
Effect of Frit Material on External Transport Numbers in Molten Salts
Authors: Sjöblom Carl-Axel , Laity Richard W.
Published: February 2015

Molten salt external transport numbers have been examined with respect to the possible in-fluence of the frit material. Improved measuring techniques revealed a slight temperature dependence for the transference of PbCl2 in Pyrex frits over the range 529 to 610°C, but generally con-firmed the values obtained by most of the earlier workers who used porous glass or related mate-rials. Within experimental error the figures were found to be identical in Pyrex frits of two different pore sizes. On the other hand, significant deviations were detected when a boron nitride frit was used. These experiments confirm that the transport properties of the interfacial layer between the melt and the solid depend on the nature of the solid.
Das passive Problem der anomalen Plasma-Diffusion / The Passive Problem of Anomalous Plasma Diffusion
Authors: Elsässer Klaus
Published: February 2015

The diffusion of magnetic lines of force in a toroidal plasma is equivalent within a perturbative treatment, to the problem of turbulent convection in two space dimensions. Neglecting a triplecorrelation the diffusion coefficient D is, therefore, given as a spectral and ensemble mean of the Green’s function, and the following order of magnitude is obtained:

Dxx ≈ Min(L0 |B̃x|2/B0
2, l0\B̃x\/B0),

where L0 and l0 are the (Eulerian) correlation lengths of the magnetic fluctuations B̃ parallel and perpendicular to the unperturbed field B0, respectively
A Green’s Function Method for the Vacuum Contribution to the MHD Stability of Helically Symmetric Equilibria
Authors: Merkel Peter
Published: February 2015

The HERA MHD as been supplemented by a code for computing the perturbation energy of a vacuum field surrounding the plasma and bounded by a conducting wall. By means of a Green’s function technique the problem is reduced to the numerical solution of an integral equation. Extensive tests and convergence studies have been done to verify the code
Miscibility Gaps in Fused Salts. Note XI. Systems Formed with Silver Halides and Lithium or Sodium Halides
Authors: Flor Giorgio , Margheritis Chiara , Vigano’ Campari , Sinistri Cesare
Published: February 2015

The salt families formed with silver halides and lithium or sodium halides were studied in order to investigate demixing in the liquid state. In particular, measurements were carried out on the stable diagonals of the 12 pertinent reciprocal ternaries. Liquid-liquid equilibria were found to occur in the 10 mixtures containing LiF, NaF, LiCl, LiBr and NaCl (the last one only in the presence of Agl).

The miscibility gap, however, could be fully measured only on the four mixtures AgBr+LiCl, Agl + LiCl, AgI+LiBr and Agl+NaCl: for these and for the mixture AgI+ NaBr an “a priori” prediction of the gap was possible on the basis of current thermodynamic theories.
Thermoelectric Power of the Liquid Sn—Te Alloy
Authors: Kurlat D. H. , Rosen M.
Published: February 2015

The Seebeck coefficient (S) of Sni1-x- Tex liquid alloys was measured as a function of concentration and temperature. For 0 ≦ x <0.45 the behaviour is metallic; S values are small and negative, rising linearly with temperature. The predicted values of Ziman's theory when using the hard sphere approximation disagree with the experimental ones. The change in sign occurs for 0.45. For x = 0.5 (stoichiometric composition) the thermoelectric power decreases linearly with temperature. This fact is explained assuming a two-band model. For x ≧ 0.6 the liquid alloy becomes more semiconducting and presents a maximum in the isotherms of S for x = 0.65. For the excess tellurium concentration range we have calculated the difference EF - EV and γ/kB, assuming a S(1/T) law. The experimental values are compared with those of Dancy and Glazov.
Streuung langsamer Neutronen an Lanthan und Cer
Authors: Knopf K. , Waschkowski W.
Published: February 2015

The coherent scattering lengths b for the bound atom were measured by the Christiansen filter technique for natural Lanthanum and Cerium and the Cerium isotopes. In addition the free scattering cross sections at zero neutron energy could be determined. We obtained the following data:

By comparison with the resonance parameters the potential radii could be derived and discussed.
On the Investigation of the Structure of Amorphous Substances by Means of Electron Diffraction
Authors: Paasdie Frieder , Olbrich Herbert , Schestag Ute , Lamparter Peter , Steeb Siegfried
Published: February 2015

A “Scanning High Energy Electron Diffraction”-(SHEED-)apparatus is described with which the intensity curves of elastically scattered electrons are obtained within a few minutes. The elimination of the inelastic background is done by means of an electrostatic filter with an energy resolution of 104, which is only limited by the line width of the beam producing system. The intensity curves obtained experimentally are corrected for multiple scattering.

The pair correlation functions of amorphous Germanium as obtained by electron and X-ray diffraction are compared. The electron diffraction curves agree well with the corresponding curves of other authors. The same stands for the curves obtained with X-rays. The differences between the curves obtained with electrons and X-rays are discussed.
Chemisorption of Ordered Overlayer on a Tight-Binding Metal Surface Two-Level Adsorbate
Authors: Masuda K.
Published: February 2015

The chemisorption of a two-level (at E1 and E2) adsorbate on the (001) surface of a tightbinding metal is investigated using the Green's function formalism and the phase shift technique. The adorbital density of states (DOS)ϱa(E) as well as the change in the electronic DOS Δϱ(E; E1, E2) due to chemisorption are calculated for the ordered overlayers with c(2 x 2), p(2 x 1), p(2 X 2), p(4 X 1) and c(4 X 2) structures. It is assumed that the chemisorbed species sit over the twofold bridge site of the (001) surface of the model transition metal and have a π-bonding interaction with the two substrate atoms. It is shown that the electronic states of the overlayers are very sensitive to the adsorbate coverage (0), adsorbate structure and adsorbate species (one level or two level adsorbates). Furthermore, it is shown that there are marked differences in the Δϱ(E) curves between the chemisorption of two level adsorbates Δϱ(E; E1, E2) and that of single level adsorbates Δϱ(E; E1) + Δϱ(E; E2) (simulating the changes in the electronic DOS during the dissociation of diatomic molecules).
Molecular Twisting Power chiraler Azobenzole
Authors: Heppke G. , Oestreicher F. , Scherowsky G.
Published: February 2015

The Molecular Twisting Power (MTP) of the trans- and cis-azocompounds 1 - 4, each substituted either with para- or orthostanding chiral side chains, of the azoxyanalogues 5, 6 and of the chiral nitrobenzenes 7, 8 dissolved in the nematic liquid crystal NP 1132 are investigated. For all various series, althoug there is a distinct change in the geometry of the aromatic part and the substitution pattern, the helical screw sense of the induced cholesteric phase alternates with the number of bonds between the chiral center and the aromatic ring system. For the orthosubstituted azobenzenes 3, 4 a reversible inversion of the helix during the cis-trans-isomerisation is observed. Most of the compounds with the chiral center in the a-position to the aromatic ring system show anomalous behaviour of the MTP.
EPR-Untersuchungen an Radikalen und Triplettzuständen von Fluorenderivaten
Authors: Stösser Reinhard , Thurner Jörn-Uwe , Tomaschewski Georg , Ewert Uwe , Heblik Peter , Schneider Wilfried , Hanke Thomas
Published: February 2015

The photolysis of 9-diazofluorene-derivatives yields various paramagnetic species. By EPR-spectroscopy at continuous and modulated optical excitation these species have been identified as radicals as well as triplets in ground- and excited states. In the simulation and interpretation of the spectra comparison with structure analogous compounds and products was helpfull. On the basis of the results the possible role of the paramagnetic intermediates in the reaction-scheme is discussed.
Light-induced Electron Transfer from Tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II)2+ to a Nickeldithiolene in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Systems
Authors: Frank Rudolf , Rau Hermann
Published: February 2015

We have investigated the reduction of Nickel-tetraphenyldithiolene by 2-aminonaphthalene with Ru(bipy)3
2+ as a photocatalyst and found a quantum yield of approximately 1 % for the conditions of our homogeneous system. The lifetime of Ru(bipy)3
2+ is increased from 600 to 800 ns when micelle formation in aqueous solutions of anionic surfactants takes place. No such change.in lifetime is found in nonionic micelles. In a three compartment system the light driven electron transport from one aqueous compartment containing the Ru(bipy)3
2+/EDTA system through a membrane containing Ni-dithiolene in an organic solvent to tbe second aqueous compartment containing Na3[Fe(CN)6] is investigated. It is shown that direct electron transfer from the excited ruthenium complex to Ni-dithiolene across the phase boundary can be effected by the action of an anionic surfactant.
Refractive Index of Molten PrCl3-NaCl and PrCl3-KCl Mixtures
Authors: Iwadate Y. , Kikuchi K. , Igarashi K. , Mochinaga J.
Published: February 2015

The refractive indices of molten PrCl3-NaCl and PrCl3-KCl mixtures are measured by goniometry at seven wavelengths and expressed as functions of temperature and wavelength by a least squares method. With these data and published density data the molar refractivities and electronic polarizabilities are evaluated. The isotherms of these properties show little deviation from additivity.
Correlations of the 0—0 Transitions, the Absorption and Fluorescence Maxima with the σ-Hammett Constants
Authors: Fratev F. , Nikolov P. , Polansky O. E.
Published: February 2015

The correlations of the 0-0 transitions, the absorption and the fluorescence maxima with the (σ-Hammett constants are established for series of substituted compounds of various structures. The experimental results are analyzed in terms of the changes of the energy gaps between ground and excited states and their force constants upon substitution. On this basis, both the equally and oppositely directed shifts of the maxima of absorption and fluorescence, respectively, are understood.
Struktur und Lumineszenz verhalten von Ag+/ π-Donor-Komplexen
Authors: Zander M.
Published: February 2015

Photoluminescence (ethanol, 77 K) of 2-naphthylamine (I), its N,N-dimethyl derivative (II), 1-methyl-naphthalene (III) and 1-naphthyl-9-carbazyl-methane (IV) in the presence of AgNO3 has been studied. The results obtained can be explained assuming different types of Ag+-compIexing with the π-donor: (i) Covalent linkage between Ag and N in the case of I, (ii) Charge-transfer complexation with the aromatic units of II and III , respectively, and (iii) Charge-transfer complexation with the carbazole in IV as the stronger π-donor compared to 1-methyl-naphthalene. Most of the photophysical properties of the systems AgNO3/π-donor can be understood as resulting from heavy atom spin-orbit coupling effects. However, a strong effect of AgNO3 on the structure of the phosphorescence spectra of II and III is shown not to result from heavy atom spin-orbit coupling interaction.
The Determination of Molecular Quantities from Measurements on Macroscopic SystemsIV. Phases with Chemical Reactions
Authors: Liptay Wolfgang , Wehning Detlev , Becker Jürgen , Rehm Torsten
Published: February 2015

A general method for the determination of molecular quantities from measurements in dense phases without chemical reactions has been presented in a previous paper [1], The method is extended to phases where chemical reactions may occur. The intimate relationship between the investigation of chemical equilibria and the determination of model molar quantities is shown. Some particular reactions have to be assumed as hypothesis. A scheme is developed, by which in favorable cases it is possible to falsify the assumed hypothesis or to estimate corresponding equilibrium constants and model molar quantities. Some special chemical reactions are treated, where observable quantities are insensitive to any variation of the concentrations of solutions and therefore such methods cannot contribute to the investigation of the systems.
Second Moment Simulations for Different Models of Rotations and Oscillations in Polycrystalline Thiourea Pyridinium Nitrate Inclusion Compound and its Two Perdeuterated Analogues
Authors: Goc Roman , Pajzderska Aleksandra , Wᶏsicki Jan
Published: February 2015

The second moment of 1H NMR absorption spectra was calculated for three samples of [(NH2)2CS]2(C5H5NH)+NO3
−, two of which were deuterated at different positions. The calculations were performed for different rotations and oscillations, and for a wide range of frequencies of these motions. These frequencies were then transformed into temperatures resulting in the temperature dependence of the second moment. The calculations were undertaken in order to analyze the experimental results obtained in our laboratory. Special attention was paid to molecular reorientations through unequal potential barriers. Comparison of the second moment values calculated for different models of rotation with the experimental ones enabled a deeper insight into the internal motion in this material as a function of temperature.
Exact Periodic Wave Solutions To The Melnikov Equation
Authors: Peng Yan-ze
Published: February 2015

Exact periodic wave solutions in terms of the Jacobi elliptic functions are obtained to the Melnikov equation by means of the extended mapping method with symbolic computation. The stability of these periodic waves is numerically studied. The results show that the linearly combined waves of cn− and dn− functions can propagate stably. For the blow up solutions, the linearly combined periodic solutions of nd− and sd− functions and of dc− and sc− functions can also propagate stably and others can not do. Under the limit conditions, some new solitary wave solutions and trigonometric periodic wave solutions are got. The method is applicable to a large variety of nonlinear partial differential equations. - PACS: 05.45.Yv, 02.30.Ik, 02.30.Jr
Spectral Properties Of Weakly Inhomogeneous Bcs-Models In Different Representations
Authors: Benner Michael , Rieckers Alfred
Published: February 2015

For a class of Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS)-models, with complex, weakly momentum dependent interaction coefficients, the representation dependent effective Hamiltonians and their spectra are reconsidered in order to obtain a consistent physical picture by means of operator algebraic methods. The starting point is the limiting dynamics, the existence of which had been proved in a previous work, in terms of a C*-dynamical system acting in a classically extended, electronic Canonical Anticommutation Relations (CAR)-algebra. The C*-algebraic KMS-theory, including the low temperature limit, specifies the order parameters. These appear as classical observables, which commute with all other observables, constituting elements of the center of the algebra. The algebraic spectral theory, in the sense of Arveson, is first applied to the dynamics in general pure energy state representations. The spectra of the finite temperature representations are analyzed, identifying the gap as the lowest of those energy values, which are stable under local perturbations. Further insights are obtained by decomposing the thermal dynamical systems into the pure energy state Heisenberg dynamics, after having first extended them to more comprehensive W*-dynamical systems. The decomposing orthogonal measure is transferred to the infinite product space of quasi-particle occupation numbers and its support is characterized in terms of 0-1-laws leading to an asymptotic ratio of quasi-particles and holes, which depends on the temperature. This ratio is connected with an algebraic invariant of the representation dependent observable algebra. Energy renormalization aspects and pair occupation probabilities are discussed. The latter reveal, beside other things, the difference between macroscopic term occupation and coherent macroscopic term occupation for a condensate.
Non-polynomial Fourth Order Equations which Pass the Painlevé Test
Authors: Jrad Fahd , Muğan Uğurhan
Published: February 2015

The singular point analysis of fourth order ordinary differential equations in the non-polynomial class are presented. Some new fourth order ordinary differential equations which pass the Painlevé test as well as the known ones are found. -PACS: 02.30.Hq, 02.30.Ik, 02.30.Gp
Flow Velocity and Effective Viscosity of a Fluid Containing Rigid Cylindrical Inclusions
Authors: Hess Siegfried
Published: February 2015

The determination of the flow properties of a fluid containing a cylindrical inclusion with its long axis oriented parallel to the vorticity direction is a 2-dimensional problem which is treated as a special case in a calculation of the corresponding D-dimensional problem. The velocity and pressure are obtained from the solution of the equations of hydrodynamics where D-dimensional multipole potential tensors are used. The effective viscosity of a dilute suspension is evaluted via the entropy production, as suggested by Einstein, and via an effective stress tensor. The relative change of the viscosity is proportional to the volume fraction. For D = 2 the proportionality factor Z is found to be 2 and 3 when the inclusion rotates with an angular velocity equal to the vorticity and when the inclusion does not rotate, repectively. The corresponding results for D=3 are the well known number Z = 2.5 and Z = 4.
Effect Of Dust Particles On Thermal Convection In A Ferromagnetic Fluid
Authors: Sunil  , Sharma Anupama , Sharma Divya , Sharma R. C.
Published: February 2015

This paper deals with the theoretical investigation of the effect of dust particles on the thermal convection in a ferromagnetic fluid subjected to a transverse uniform magnetic field. For a flat ferromagnetic fluid layer contained between two free boundaries, the exact solution is obtained, using a linear stability analysis. For the case of stationary convection, dust particles and non-buoyancy magnetization have always a destabilizing effect. The critical wavenumber and critical magnetic thermal Rayleigh number for the onset of instability are also determined numerically for sufficiently large values of the buoyancy magnetization parameter M1. The results are depicted graphically. It is observed that the critical magnetic thermal Rayleigh number is reduced because the heat capacity of the clean fluid is supplemented by that of the dust particles. The principle of exchange of stabilities is found to hold true for the ferromagnetic fluid heated from below in the absence of dust particles. The oscillatory modes are introduced by the dust particles. A sufficient condition for the non-existence of overstability is also obtained.
Possibility Of A New Ferroelectric Relaxor In The Layered Magnetic Insulator [(Ch2)3(Nh3)2Cu1 – Xcdxcl4], X = 0, 0.3, 0.6, And 1
Authors: Mostafa Mohga F. , Youssef Ahmed A. , Khaimy Shaima S.
Published: February 2015

The dielectric permittivity of the layered magnetic insulators [(CH2)3(NH3)2Cu1−xCdxCl4] with x=0, 0.3, 0.6, and 1 has been studied in the temperature range 300 K- 470 K at different frequencies. Single crystal- and powder-measurements for x = 0 revealed a ferroelectric phase transition at (434± 2) K. The ferroelectric Cu crystal and the antiferroelectric Cd salt were found to form solid solutions in the range 0.3 < x < 0.6. The permittivity results of samples with x = 0.3 and 0.6 showed the broad permittivity-temperature plateau typical of dielectric relaxors. The two samples follow the relationship 1/ε −1/εm =(T −Tm)γ /C, with γ =1.75 and 1.71 and C =4.13·105 K and 1.19·105 K for x = 0.3 and x = 0.6 samples, respectively. Anomalous change in the temperature variation of the permittivity (δε' /δ T) for the x = 1 sample at T ~ 374 K is ascribed to a structural phase transition. Thermal analysis for the x = 0 sample reveals two phase changes at T1 = 434.4 K and T2 = 334.5 K. The T1 transition confirms the ferroelectric transformation, and the transition at T2 is related to an order-disorder phase change. -PACS #:81.05.-t, 77.22.-d
Structure of Zinc Phosphate Glasses of 75 and 80 mole% ZnO Content Studied by X-Ray Diffraction and Reverse Monte Carlo Simulations
Authors: Hoppe Uwe , Dimitriev Yanko , Jóvári Pal
Published: February 2015

X-Ray diffraction, using high-energy photons from a synchrotron, was used to extend the investigation of (ZnO)x(P2O5)1−x glasses to samples of ZnO content close to x = 0.8 which were obtained by roller-quenching. The isolated PO4 tetrahedra are surrounded by ZnOn polyhedra, where Zn−O coordination numbers of ∼ 4.5 are determined. The small increase of NZnO from ∼ 4 at metaphosphate composition (x = 0.5) to ∼ 4.5 is not sufficient to explain the strong increase of the packing density beyond the minimum at x = 0.5. The medium-range order was analyzed on the basis of partial SPP(Q) and SZnZn(Q) factors obtained from Reverse Monte Carlo simulations of glasses with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8. The positions of the first peaks in these factors, the number densities of P and Zn atoms and knowledge of definite P-P and Zn-Zn distances were used to check the applicability of simple models such as the dense packing of uniform P- and Zn-centered spherical environments for glasses with x=0.8 and 0.5, the packing of corrugated sheets for vitreous P2O5 and the packing of phosphate chains for Zn metaphosphate glass.
Profiles of Pressure Broadened Spectral Lines in an Arc Plasma
Authors: El-Koramy Reda A. , Turky Abd El-Halim A.
Published: February 2015

Spectral analysis of the alkali metals is characterized by pressure profiles. In the present work an electric arc has been used to calibrate the half-width of the intensity used in the construction of the ArI natural line at 4300 Å with a trace of evaporated rubidium at pressures of 1, 2 and 3 atmospheres. The results agree well with those obtained by Kusch’s line absorption equation in an electric furnace in the point of view of impact approximation, showing that the widths of the lines have Lorentz shapes. It is found that a simple treatment can be given using the quasi-static approximation of pressure broadening developed by Unsöld. The agreement of the results is good only if the shifts are large. The study shows that the pressure line profile is made up of a sum of dispersion profiles and asymmetric terms which arise from interactions of quadratic Stark effect, commonly assumed to be the force in causing foreign gas broadening
Temperature Dependence of the Reorientational Potential and NMR Second Moment in (PyH)AuBr4
Authors: Fujimori Hiroki , Asaji Tetsuo
Published: February 2015

In the analysis of the temperature dependence of the 1H NMR second moment of (PyH)AuBr4, it is shown to be important to take the variation of the potential of molecular motions with temperature into account
The Structure of Molten Rare-earth Iodide-Alkali Iodide Mixtures
Authors: Chrissanthopoulos Athanassios , Zissi Georgia D. , Papatheodorou George N.
Published: February 2015

The composition and temperature dependence of the Raman spectra of molten LnI3-CsI (Ln = Ce, Dy, Ho) mixtures have been measured. Raman spectra of the polycrystalline compounds CeI3, DyI3, Cs3CeI6, Cs3DyI6 and Cs3Dy2I9 have also been measured from room temperature up to ∼ 750 ◦C, where melting occurs for most of these salts. The data are correlated to previous studies involving rare-earth chlorides and bromides and are discussed in terms of the melt structure and the structural systematics of the rare-earth iodide-alkali iodide molten mixtures
Pentacoordinated Nitrogen Atoms in the Structure of Hexalithium Bis[methylsilyl-tris(methylimide)] Hexakis(tetrahydrofuran)
Authors: Huber Gerald , Jockisch Alexander , Schmidbaur Hubert
Published: February 2015

Lithiation of tris(methylamino)methylsilane using an excess of n -butyllithium affords the corresponding trifunctional lithium amide in high yield. The compound crystallizes from tetrahydrofuran as a dimer with six donor molecules: {[MeSi(NMeLi)3]2(thf)6}. The cluster is a cage structure grouped around a crystallographic center of inversion. The silicon and lithium atoms are tetrahedrally tetracoordinated, but the nitrogen atoms are pentacoordinated and have a square pyramidal environment of one carbon, one silicon, and three lithium atoms. Parallels can be drawn to other species with polymetallated nitrogen functions. An analogous compound was prepared from tris(methylamino)vinylsilane.
Synthesis and Molecular Structures of 2-Trimethylsilyl-, 2-Trimethylgermyl-, and 2-Trimethylstannyl-pyridines
Authors: Riedmiller Frank , Jockisch Alexander , Schmidbaur Hubert
Published: February 2015

5-Methyl-2-trimethylsilyl-pyridine (1) has recently been prepared via the “in situ” Grignard reaction of 1-bromo-5-methyl-pyridine with magnesium and trimethylchlorosilane in refluxing tetrahydrofuran (thf) and structurally characterized. 2-Trimethylgermyl- (2) and 2- trimethylstannyl-pyridine (3) were now obtained from 2-bromo-pyridine through metallation (with n-BuLi) and treatment of the intermediates with Me3GeBr and Me3SnCl, respectively, in diethylether/ thf at -70°C. The crystal and molecular structure of compound 2 has been determined by low temperature (in situ) single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. There is a significant bending of the Me3Ge substituent towards the nitrogen heteroatom [Ge-C-N = 114.7(2)°]. This phenomenon is known from previous studies of the silicon analogue 1 to be not due to intramolecular (peripheral) Si/Ge←N coordination, but to be rather an intrinsic property of the heteroarene skeleton, as also confirmed by quantum-chemical calculations. Furthermore, there is no evidence for intermolecular coordination in the crystals. Such interactions could also be ruled out for the solution state of 2 and 3 through variable temperature multinuclear NMR investigations.
Kristallstrukturen von Octacyanomolybdaten(IV). V. Quadratisch-antiprismatische [Mo(CN)8]-Koordination in den cyanoverbrückten Kupfer- und Cadmium-Amminkomplexen Cu2(NH3)8[Mo(CN)8] und Cd2(NH3)6[Mo(CN)8]·H2O/Crystal Structures of Octacyanomolybdates(IV). V. Square Antiprismatic [Mo(CN)8]-Coordination of the Cyano-Bridged Copper and Cadmium Ammine Complexes Cu2(NH3)8[Mo(CN)8] and Cd2(NH3)6[Mo(CN)8]·H2O
Authors: Meske Wilmar , Babel Dietrich
Published: February 2015

At single crystals of the cyano complexes Cu2(NH3)8[Mo(CN)8] (a = 934.1(4), b = 1595.9(3), c = 1391.9(4) pm, β = 90.57(2)°, monoclinic space group Cc, Z = 4) and Cd2(NH3)6[Mo(CN)8]·H2O (a = 1708.7(12), b = 1307.8(4), c = 942.9(3) pm, orthorhombic space group Pna21, Z = 4) X-ray structure determinations were performed at temperatures of about 175 K. Both compounds, prepared at about 275 K in aqueous ammonia solutions and easily decomposing, exhibit distorted square antiprismatic [Mo(CN)8]4- coordination of closely resembling dimensions (mean distances Mo-C: 215.7 and 215.3 pm, resp.). The anions are bridged by ammine cations to form chains in the copper and a three-dimensional framework in the cadmium compound. Some of the cyano bridges are strongly bent (C-N-MII as small as 124° and 130°, resp.). The distorted M coordination is square pyramidal and elongated octahedral in the case of the two copper atoms (Cu-N ranging from 197 to 257 pm, three and five ligands, respectively, being NH3). In the case of cadmium both metal atoms are octahedrally coordinated, one exhibiting mer-, the other fac-arrangement of three NH3 and three NC-ligands (Cd-N ranging from 229 to 247 pm, mean 235 pm for either cadmium atom). The findings are compared with related compounds and further details are discussed.
A Dinuclear Copper(II) Complex Based On the Bisoxime Ligand 5,5´-Dimethoxy-2,2´-[(ethylene)dioxybis(nitrilomethylidyne)]diphenol: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Spectral Properties
Authors: Dong Wen-Kui , Liu Guo-Hua , Sun Yin-Xia , Dong Xiu-Yan , Gao Xiong-Hou
Published: February 2015

A dinuclear Cu(II) complex, [Cu2(L2)2] (H2L2 = 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde O-(2-hydroxyethyl)- oxime), has been synthesized through the complexation of Cu(II) acetate monohydrate with the ligand H2L1 (H2L1 = 5,5´ -dimethoxy-2,2´-[(ethylene)dioxybis(nitrilomethylidyne)]diphenol), and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, UV/Vis and emission spectra. The crystal structure of the Cu(II) complex has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The catalysis by Cu(II) ions results in the unexpected cleavage of the N-O bonds in the ligand H2L1, giving a novel dialkoxo-bridged dinuclear Cu(II) complex possessing a Cu-O-Cu-O four-membered ring core instead of the expected salen-type bisoxime Cu-N2O2 complex
Biblische Familien als Herausforderung für die Erziehung heute
Authors: Gerjolj Stanko
Published: February 2015

The Bible tells us not only about God, but about human beings and anthropological relationships. By reflecting on relationships of some biblical families, we can gain the potentials of overcoming different kinds of deep relational conflicts. In this way we might learn how to approach Jeremiah’s prophetic oracle: No longer will anyone go around saying, “Sour grapes eaten by parents leave a sour taste in the mouths of their children” (Jer. 31:29). According to the stories about Abraham and his family, Isaac and his family, Jacob and his family, and Josef and his reconciliation with his brothers in Egypt, we see that the “taste of the grapes” from the previous generations undoubtedly affects the next generation. To overcome the negative consequences and to prevail over the compulsive repetitions of the past generations, the biblical stories have lessons that cannot be ignored, lessons that are didactic even to contemporary men and women, especially in the context of the crisis which family life is experiencing today. By accepting the history and in learning from it, which includes at least some levels of forgiveness and reconciliation with the past, the next generation can potentiality cultivate the ability to “live different” and to “do better”. In that context God is giving the chance for a “new life” to each new generation.
Judaism and Economics: The Link between Judaism and Economic Life
Authors: Fel Stanisław , Zdun Magdalena
Published: February 2015

This article deals with the relationship of Judaism to economic activity. The subject is the typical approach of Jewish ethical thought, concerning the understanding of money, wealth, jobs and economic initiatives. Issues related to fundamental economic life are shown to be covered in the books that the Jewish community considers sacred. Particularly important are the Old Testament and the Talmud. Also important are references to the cultural interpretation of Judaism, including the classical works on the subject – Jacques Attali and Werner Sombart. The key concept is the subject of “wealth,” the meaning of which is derived from the Bible’s Book of Exodus and the Talmud. Finally, the foundations for Jewish economic thought can be expressed as the product of an embedded culture, which is founded on religion, in which property acquires ethical legitimacy. The argument is crowned with historical examples of the noble economic activity of the Jewish people, which also give evidence of the interrelatedness of religion and the proper use of wealth.
Topicality and Relevance of Janusz Korczak’s Pedagogical Approach to Children and Their Upbringing
Authors: Janiak Alicja , Rynio Alina
Published: February 2015

anusz Korczak’s ideas and practical pedagogical achievements permanently went down in the history of Polish and world pedagogy. They have become a unique source of knowledge, ideas and inspiration in the quest for new educational solutions. His rich literary works, especially the pedagogical trilogy entitled How to Love a Child, is both a source of knowledge and inspiration for further reflection and research in the field of pedagogic sciences and an encyclopaedia of practical knowledge in the area of care, upbringing and education. The purpose of this article is to depict Korczak as a person, tutor, guardian, researcher-clinician and show his moral credibility confirmed with testimony to love. Not only does it present the topicality and importance of his pedagogical message but it also indicates the possibility of being a role model for many of today’s tutors and teachers.
Remote Operations in der Prozessautomatisierung
Authors: Birk Joachim , Krauss Michael
Published: February 2015

Der aus der Production IT kommende Technology Push sowie der durch den anstehenden demografischen Wandel verursachte Market Pull generieren eine hohe Innovationsrate in der Automatisierungstechnik verfahrenstechnischer Prozesse. Der Beitrag befasst sich mit Remote Operations, also der Hochautomatisierung und Fernsteuerung von Anlagen. Das ist ein Kernthema unter den Aktivitäten im Rahmen von Operational Excellence. Durch diese Entwicklungen und Industrie 4.0 entsteht ein verstärktes Spannungsfeld zwischen Automatisierung und IT.
In Memoriam: Hannes Haas
Authors: Klaus Elisabeth , Greenberg Bradley S. , Vieira António
Published: February 2015

Regrettably, we announce the sudden death of Prof. Dr. Hannes Haas (aged 57), after a brief illness on March 20th, 2014. Hannes Haas, Editor-in-Chief of Media and Communication, was a Professor at the Institute of Communication Research at the University of Vienna and, alongside a throng of other roles, he served as head of the Institute from 2006–2010.
Impact of Social Media on Power Relations of Korean Health Activism
Authors: Shim KyuJin
Published: February 2015

This case study explores how the Korea Leukemia Patient Group (KLPG) uses social media in its internal communication strategy and how that empowers its relationship with external counterparts. This study’s findings indicate that the communication strategy of the local health Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) is changing in response to the increased effectiveness and impact of social media. Using social media (e.g., Twitter) the KLPG can quickly and effectively construct an issue-based advocacy group. Consequently, more legitimacy and representativeness through collected support from the general public have further empowered the KLPG. Yet, the sustainability component in the relationships built through social media use was not evidenced in the current findings. The effects of social media use were analyzed based on data from interviews with top-level KLPG executive members and general members, and from documentation and archival materials. Limitations and suggestions for future research are included.
Inaugural Editorial: Politics and Governance
Authors: Hadfield Amelia , Zwitter Andrej J.
Published: February 2015

We are proud to welcome our readers, contributors and reviewers to this inaugural issue of Politics and Governance, published by Librello Publishing House—a peer reviewed, open-source journal dedicated to the study of politics in the national, regional and global realm, and the modes and methods of governance in all its manifestations.
Open Access Publishing
Authors: Hadfield Amelia , Zwitter Andrej J.
Published: February 2015

The rise of open source online journals, free online courses, and other changes in the research and education environment, coined the "academic spring" by some commentators, represents an increasing trend in opening up the rules of access for research. Universities, libraries, publishers and even govern­ments are paying attention to this new movement often referred to with the acronym A2K (access to knowledge).
The Problem of Mismatch in Successful Cross-Sectoral Collaboration
Authors: Soininen Maritta
Published: February 2015

When facing the challenge of new global employment dynamics and the demand for the creation of economic growth and new jobs, joint cross-sectoral efforts to pool market and public sector resources promise to make the most of the complementary strengths, competencies and perspectives of different actors. The topic addressed here is the impact that management rationale—bureaucratic and entrepreneurial—has on cross-sectoral collaboration, and in particular how a mismatch in goals and norms between sectoral actors and the overall management rationale may affect joint efforts in terms of the capacity to recruit relevant actors and establish sustainable collaboration. The empirical findings, which are based on two cases of cross-sectoral co-operation—the EU programme EQUAL and the Swedish VINNVÄXT programme—suggest that management rationale is an important factor in accounting for success of cross-sectoral initiatives and that a mismatch risks undermining smooth co-operation and thereby policy delivery.
Identifying the Barriers to Women's Agency in Domestic Violence: The Tensions between Women's Personal Experiences and Systemic Responses
Authors: Aldridge Jo
Published: February 2015

Despite advances in knowledge and understanding about the impacts of domestic violence on women's lives, global research on violence against women shows there is a need for research that not only places women centre stage in research praxis, but also that involves them more collaboratively in genuine dialogue about their experiences, including their agentic stances. This is especially the case for marginalised and socially excluded women victims of domestic violence, such as those who are not known or do not present to services and who survive abusive relationships alone or with little outside support. Evidence from two studies reported here—secondary analysis of women with severe and enduring mental health problems and a collaborative narrative project with unsupported women victims of domestic violence—suggest that women's capacity for agency are compromised by a number of critical factors, and that these are also reflected in the tensions between micro–macro analyses and understanding of the impact of domestic violence on women. This article considers the barriers to women's agency from the women's perspective and in the context of broader, systemic dynamics, including the denial or obscuring of abuse by governments and states and the consequences of stringent fiscal retrenchment that put women at increased risk of domestic violence.
Social Inclusion and Integrative Practices
Authors: Cappo David , Verity Fiona
Published: February 2015

With the passage of time valuable lessons have been learnt about both effective practices for program and system integration and the sizable barriers, including the challenges in sustaining constructive integration. This paper is a reflection on sustainable integrative practices and is grounded in the direct experience of one of the authors, who held the post of the South Australian Social Inclusion Commissioner. We reflect upon the structure and mechanism of the South Australian Social Inclusion Initiative (2002–2011) as well as using a case study of a successful integrative program of the Social Inclusion Initiative, a program in South Australia’s School Retention Action Plan 2004 Making the Connections (South Australian Social Inclusion Board, 2004) that was implemented to improve school retention. The case study draws out salient factors of clear rationale, coordination, collaboration, communication, team work and trust as skills and ingredients to bring about integration in policy and programs. While the integration literature affirms that these ingredients are primary skills for the development of an integrative framework, we also assert that they are not enough for successful and sustained integration. Absent from much of the literature is a discussion about the use of power and the manner in which horizontal integrative work occurs. We take up this theme to draw out some implications for analysis of sustainable integrative practices.
Crossing Boundaries: Acts of Citizenship among Migrant Youth in Melbourne
Authors: Mansouri Fethi , Mikola Maša
Published: February 2015

This paper focuses on how migrant youth in Melbourne with experience of direct or indirect migration negotiate cross-cultural engagements and tensions between family, community and the greater society in which they are supposed to participate as political subjects. It examines whether the meaning and interpretation of citizenship in Australia allows migrant youth to act as full and active citizens with all the contradictions and difficulties inherent in acting as “a bridge between two worlds”. By voicing the personalised journeys of young people dealing with uneasy questions of displacement, identity and belonging, this paper examines the complex ways through which migrant youth negotiate and in some cases bridge intercultural tensions within a multicultural society.
Muslim Young People Online: “Acts of Citizenship” in Socially Networked Spaces
Authors: Johns Amelia
Published: February 2015

This paper reviews the current literature regarding Muslim young people’s online social networking and participatory practices with the aim of examining whether these practices open up new spaces of civic engagement and political participation. The paper focuses on the experiences of young Muslims living in western societies, where, since September 11, the ability to assert claims as citizens in the public arena has diminished. The paper draws upon Isin & Nielsen’s (2008) “acts of citizenship” to define the online practices of many Muslim youth, for whom the internet provides a space where new performances of citizenship are enacted outside of formal citizenship rights and spaces of participation. These “acts" are evaluated in light of theories which articulate the changing nature of publics and the public sphere in a digital era. The paper will use this conceptual framework in conjunction with the literature review to explore whether virtual, online spaces offer young Muslims an opportunity to create a more inclusive discursive space to interact with co-citizens, engage with social and political issues and assert their citizen rights than is otherwise afforded by formal political structures; a need highlighted by policies which target minority Muslim young people for greater civic participation but which do not reflect the interests and values of Muslim young people.
Diversity Policing–Policing Diversity: Performing Ethnicity in Police and Private-Security Work in Sweden
Authors: Hansen Löfstrand Cecilia , Uhnoo Sara
Published: February 2015

This article draws upon two separate studies on policing in Sweden, both investigating “ethnic diversity” as a discourse and a practice in the performance of policing functions: one interview study with minority police officers from a county police authority and one ethnographic study of private security officers. To examine how “diversity policing” and the “policing of diversity” are performed by policing actors, their strategic reliance on an ethnically diverse workforce is examined. The official discourse in both contexts stressed “diversity policing” as a valuable resource for the effective execution of policing tasks and the legitimation of policing functions. There was, however, also another, more unofficial discourse on ethnicity that heavily influenced the policing agents’ day-to-day work. The resulting practice of “policing diversity” involved situated activities on the ground through which “foreign elements” in the population were policed using ethnicized stereotypes. Diversity in the policing workforce promoted the practice of ethnic matching, which, ironically, in turn perpetuated stereotypical thinking about Swedish “others”. A conceptual framework is developed for understanding the policing strategies involved and the disjuncture found between the widely accepted rationalities for recruiting an ethnically diverse workforce and the realities for that workforce’s effective deployment at the street level.
Outsiders Within: Framing and Regulation of Headscarves in France, Germany and The Netherlands
Authors: Lettinga Doutje , Saharso Sawitri
Published: February 2015

While women in Europe who wear the Islamic headscarf are generally seen as outsiders who do not belong to the nation, some countries are more tolerant towards the wearing of headscarves than others. France, Germany and the Netherlands have developed different policies regarding veiling. In this paper we describe how headscarves became regulated in each of these countries and discuss the ways in which French, Dutch and German politicians have deliberated the issue. The paper is based on a content analysis of parliamentary debates on veiling in France (1989–2007), Germany (1997–2007) and the Netherlands (1985–2007). Our aim is to discuss what these national political debates reveal about the way in which the social inclusion of Islamic women in (or rather exclusion from) the nation is perceived in these three countries. Our claim is that veiling arouses opposition because it challenges national self-understandings. Yet, because nations have different histories of nation building, these self-understandings are challenged in various ways and hence, governments have responded to headscarves with diverse regulation. While we did find national differences, we also discovered that the political debates in the three countries are converging over time. The trend is towards increasingly gendered debates and more restrictive headscarf policies. This, we hypothesize, is explained by international polarization around Islam and the strength of the populist anti-immigrant parties across Europe.