bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impacts from a Major Ice Storm: Street-Tree Damage in Rochester, New York
Authors: Sisinni Susan M. , Zipperer Wayne C. , Pleninger Andrew G.
Published: April 2022

In March 1991, a major ice storm occurred in Rochester, New York. Data from a comprehensive public tree survey, designed to include information on storm damage, were used to identify responses of urban trees to severe glaze accumulation. Storm-damaged trees were classified as follows: Removal 1 (R1s), those that sustained 75% or greater live crown loss; and Removal 2 (R2s), those that sustained 50%-74% live crown loss. The inventory identified 58,536 trees and 129 species distributed throughout the city. Of the total population, 3,391 trees (5.8%) were listed as R1s and 8,606 (14.7%) were listed as R2s. Seventy species (54.2%) had at least one reported R1, and 87 species (67.4%) had at least one reported R2. Because Rochester’s street-tree population is comprised of so many species, each with varying degrees of storm damage, this study focused on those that represented greater than 1% of the total population. Seventeen species met this criterion. Damage to these species is reviewed, and management implications are discussed.
Tree Growth Regulators Reduce Line Clearance Trimming Time
Authors: Mann Mark , Holt Harvey , Chaney William , Mills Walter , McKenzie Rita
Published: April 2022

Untreated silver maples (Acer saccharinum) and trees that were trunk injected with the tree growth regulator (TGR) paclobutrazol in northern Indiana were matched according to crown size, trim type, and number of overhead conductors. Trim time and total job site time for TGR-treated and untreated trees within four trimming regimes (single phase side trim or V-trim and three phase side trim or V-trim) were recorded for each tree. Trim time for TGR-treated trees side trimmed was not significantly reduced for either single phase or three phase lines. Trim time for V-trimmed TGR-treated trees was reduced significantly for both single phase and three phase lines (36% and 48%, respectively). Total job site time was not reduced significantly for TGR-treated trees either side trimmed or V-trimmed around single phase lines. However, total job site time for side trims and V-trims of TGR-treated trees was reduced significantly (25% and 58%, respectively) for trees associated with three phase lines.
Effects of Planting Hole Configuration and Soil Type on Transplant Establishment of Container-Grown Live Oak
Authors: Arnold Michael , Welsh Douglas
Published: April 2022

Container-grown Quercus virginiana seedlings were transplanted to monoliths containing sandy or clay soil and to a field site employing five planting hole configurations of equal volume. Shoot growth and xylem water potentials were measured for 125 days following transplanting to monoliths. Roots of seedlings in the monoliths were excavated to determine root regeneration into the backfill and soil outside of the planting hole. Seedlings transplanted to the field were observed for an additional year. No planting hole configuration was markedly superior, but the sloped cylindrical holes might be advantageous in droughty sites. Root growth out of the rootball was not impeded by the media - backfill interface nor the backfill - planting hole interface regardless of soil type or planting hole configuration. Greater root growth occurred in clay soil. Sloped cylindrical planting holes slightly increased the caliper growth of seedlings in both monoliths and the field. Planting hole configurations did not affect xylem water potentials. Transplant establishment appeared to be completed by the autumn (125 days) following transplanting.
Water Use of Landscape Plants Grown in an Arid Environment
Authors: Devitt D.A. , Neuman D.S. , Bowman D.C. , Morris R.L.
Published: April 2022

An outdoor experiment was conducted in Las Vegas, NV, to quantify the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) of various landscape plants grown in an arid environment.Washingtonia robusta,Pinus eldaricaandCercidium floridumwere planted as #5 and #15 container size trees in 190 L lysimeters and subjected to leaching fractions (LF=volume of solution drained/volume of irrigation water applied) of 0.25, 0 and -0.25 (theoretical). Additional shrubs, groundcover and turfgrasses were also grown in lysimeters but irrigated only at the 0 LF for comparative purposes. Results indicated that ETa of the trees was significantly influenced by planting size and/ or LF (p< 0.05). Multiple regression equations accounted for 81 to 85% of the variability in measured ETa of the palm, pine and palo verde trees when shoot characteristics and monthly potential evapotranspiration (ETo) were included in the models. ETa of the shrubs, groundcovers and turfgrasses showed significant differences by species (p=0.05). Results indicated that consideration must be given to growth and water use relationships and changing ETo if accurate irrigation volumes are to be scheduled for each species.
Nursery Production Methods for Improving Tree Roots - An Update
Authors: Appleton Bonnie Lee
Published: April 2022

Tree roots are often heat-killed and/or grow in undesirable circling patterns during nursery production. New alternative nursery production methods that address these production problems are presented including the Geocell™, the CELLUGRO System™, the EFC™ container, and the AGS container. An update is also provided on pot-in-pot, low profile containers, the Soil Sock container, and the use of SpinOut™ to reduce root circling.
The Role and Training of Hispanic Field Workers in Chicago Area Tree Care
Authors: Mendoza Rachel
Published: April 2022

In Chicago and its many suburbs, the problem of technology transfer to field personnel is complicated by a large contingency of Spanish-speaking workers. At present, few programs exist to meet their training needs. As a result, trees may be receiving less than optimal treatment, possibly leading to early mortality and unnecessary economic loss to the landscape, nursery and tree care companies that grow and maintain much of the private urban forest. A pilot study conducted by the author and sponsored by the University of Illinois, Department of Forestry found that the number of immigrant Hispanic workers in the Chicago area green industry was larger and more stable than previously believed. The study also found that most workers received either no training or in-house developed training in tree and plant care. Alienation, economics, education and self-esteem were also explored as factors affecting the training needs of this population.
Tree Replacement Programs in Ohio
Authors: Struve Daniel , Kaster Gary , Smith Terry
Published: April 2022

Cooperative tree replacement programs between a public utility holding company and its subsidiary and Ohio State University are described. The goals of the cooperative program are to reduce energy demand, reduce line clearance cost, develop production methods for new species, document survival and establishment in urban planting sites and increase the species diversity of urban plantings. Over a five year period, 5000 trees will be grown and transplanted. Presently, over 40 species are in production. The first plantings, established with one and two year old (1.5 to 9 m tall, 1.5 to 2.5 cm caliper) stock, were planted in 1992. Two and three year survival (averaged over all species and years) was high, 80%, but regrowth was slow, averaging 15 cm increase in height and 2.0 cm increase in diameter. Within a species, there was significant site-to-site variation in survival and growth. Successful tree replacement programs are dependent on three factors: high quality planting stock, site quality and aftercare.
An Evaluation of Treeshelter Effects on Plant Survival and Growth in a Mediterranean Climate
Authors: Costello Laurence , Peters Amy , Giusti Gregory
Published: April 2022

A four-year study was conducted to evaluate the effects of treeshelters on the growth and survival of three oak species and Douglas fir growing in a Mediterranean climate. Trees were planted in irrigated and nonirrigated plots, enclosed in treeshelters or tree guards, and measured annually for height and diameter growth. In nonirrigated plots, both treeshelters and tree guards improved oak survival, but generally did not produce significant height or diameter growth increases over unprotected controls. In irrigated plots, plant growth and survival was substantially greater than that in nonirrigated plots. Irrigated trees with protection (shelters or guards) showed substantially greater survival levels than unprotected trees. Height growth was greatest in treeshelters and diameter growth was roughly equivalent for all irrigated treatments. Irrigated trees continued to grow when irrigation was discontinued after three years, and treeshelter trees exhibited little or no lean when shelters were removed. Trees without irrigation in Mediterranean climates should not be expected to exhibit growth enhancement effects from treeshelters equivalent to those found in temperate climates.
A Street Tree Inventory for Massachusetts Using a Geographic Information System
Authors: Goodwin David
Published: April 2022

The creation of a street tree inventory using Geographic Information System (GIS) software can greatly enhance municipal tree management. Many different techniques were explored in an effort to map tree locations efficiently and accurately, including aerial photo interpretation, Global Positioning Systems (GPS), surveying techniques, and tree placement on existing base maps. Additionally, several different types of basemaps were tested to optimize accurate cartographic transfer of tree locations. Detailed data about tree attributes were collected in the field using a portable, preprogrammed computersothatthese data would be compatible with a GIS. The spatial tree location data were joined with the tree attribute data to produce afully functional spatial database for street tree management purposes. Based upon two case studies, the advantages and disadvantages of each project phase are discussed and qualified.
Effect of Ectomycorrhizal Inoculation at Planting on Growth and Foliage Quality of Tilia tomentosa
Authors: Garbaye J. , Churin J. L.
Published: April 2022

By analogy with the techniques of controlled mycorrhization of forest plantations, an attempt was made to inoculate silver limes (Tilia tomentosa) with ectomycorrhizal fungi at planting on a street in Paris, France. In spite of poor colonization of the roots by the introduced symbionts (Laccaria laccata, Paxillus involutusandCenococcum geophilum), tree growth was stimulated and yellowing of leaves in autumn was delayed. These results are discussed in terms of biology of the symbioses and practical benefit of this technique applied to ornamental trees in urban plantations.
Wind and Trees: A Survey of Homeowners After Hurricane Andrew
Authors: Duryea Mary , Blakeslee George , Hubbard William , Vasquez Ricardo
Published: April 2022

The destructive winds of Hurricane Andrew dramatically changed the urban forest in Dade County, Florida on August 24,1992. Overnight, the tree canopy was replaced by a landscape of broken, uprooted, defoliated and severely damaged trees. To assist communities in reforestation efforts, scientists at the University of Florida conducted a homeowner survey to determine how different tree species responded to strong winds. Native tree species, such as box leaf stopper, sabal palm gumbo limbo, and live oak were the best survivors of the winds. Other palms such as areca, cabada, and Alexander were also highly wind resistant. In general, fruit trees such as navel orange, mango, avocado and grapefruit were severely damaged. Black olive, live oak, and gumbo limbo trees that were pruned survived the hurricane better than unpruned trees. Only 18% of all the trees that fell caused property damage. Hurricane-susceptible communities should consider wind resistance as one of their criteria in tree species selection.
Resistance to Dogwood Anthracnose among Cornus Species
Authors: Brown Daniel , Windham Mark , Trigiano Robert
Published: April 2022

Dogwood anthracnose caused by Discula destructiva poses a threat to flowering {Cornus florida) and Chinese (C. kousa) dogwood in the eastern United States and to Pacific or western dogwood (C. nutallii) in the Pacific Northwest. Differences exist in the impact the pathogen has on these hosts (subjectively in the order C. florida > C. kousa and C. nutallii). Ten Cornus species, including C. alternifolia, C. amomum, C. controversa, C. alba, C. augustata, C. florida, C. kousa, C. mas, C. sericea, and C. stolonifera, were evaluated for disease reaction in 1991 and 1992 at locations in eastern Tennessee infested with D. destructiva. Greatest disease severity in 1991 was observed on C. controversa, C. florida, C. kousa cv 'Chinensis', and C. sericea. In 1992, C. florida, C. sericea, C. kousa cv 'Chinensis', C. alba, and C. stolonifera cultivars appeared susceptible to anthracnose. Symptoms developing on each appeared similar to those observed on flowering dogwood, and D. destructiva was successfully isolated from lesions within the canopy of the trees. Other Cornus species tested, including an unnamed Chinese dogwood cultivar, appeared resistant. The results of this study indicate that concerns regarding the anthracnose susceptibility of native and ornamental Cornus species may be raised. Finally, the possibility should be considered that infected Cornus species (other than C. florida) might serve as a mechanism for the introduction of D. destructiva into anthracnosefree areas of the United States.
Effects of Ground-Based Applications of Soap,Bacillus thuringiensis, Cyfluthrin, and Trunk Barriers on Gypsy Moth Density and Defoliation
Authors: Thorpe Kevin W.
Published: April 2022

The combined effect of insecticide applications using hydraulic equipment and sticky trunk barriers was tested on individual white oak (Quercus alba) trees under heavy gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) pressure. The insecticides tested were insecticidal soap,Bacillus thuringiensis(B.t.), and cyfluthrin. One week after treatment, the B.t. and cyfluthrin treatments reduced larval density from 500 larvae per m2of ground surface beneath the canopy on unsprayed, unbanded trees to 180 and 30 larvae per m2, respectively. Defoliation exceeded 75% on unsprayed, unbanded trees and unbanded trees sprayed with soap, but remained below 25% on trees sprayed with B.t. or cyfluthrin. Trunk barriers reduced larval density and defoliation under all insecticide treatments and on unsprayed trees, but their effect was minimal on trees treated with B.t. or cyfluthrin. None of the treatments affected the total number of gypsy moth egg masses on treated trees. These results indicate that ground-based applications of both B.t. and cyfluthrin can provide good foliage protection, but that the use of trunk barriers with these treatments provides little or no added benefit. The soap, which is a contact insecticide, did not provide adequate foliage protection.
Blowing in the Wind: Storm-Resisting Features of the Design of Trees
Authors: Vogel Steven
Published: April 2022

Many of the features of trees represent arrangements that minimize the chance that they will uproot when exposed to high winds. At least four schemes, singly or in combination, keep the bases of trees from rotating in the face of the turning moment imposed by the drag of their leaves. Trunks and petioles are relatively more resistant to bending than to twisting, giving good support but permitting drag-reducing reconfiguration in high winds. Leaves curl and cluster in a variety of ways, all of which greatly reduce the drag they incur relative to the values for ordinary thin and flexible objects such as flags. However, information derived from measurement and experimentation about such mechanical matters is still quite limited.
Variation Among Green Ash of Differing Geographic Origins Outplanted in Kansas
Authors: Bresnan Damian , Geyer Wayne , Rink G.
Published: April 2022

Green ash trees from 18 provenances were planted in a seed-source test in 1971 near Manhattan, Kansas, in the central part of the Great Plains Region. Most seed sources were from north of the planting site. After 20 years, growth measurements revealed that the tallest trees were from more southerly sources and/or those near the plantation site. Trees from moderate distances north (150 miles) of the planting site also showed adequate growth. Height and dbh age-age correlations were highly significant and increased when compared to age measurements of earlier intervals.
Tree-Caused Electric Outages
Authors: Simpson Peter , Van Bossuyt Rufin
Published: April 2022

In 1995, Eastern Utilities was among 14 utilities in the United States and Canada participating in a study to collect and evaluate data about the phenomena of how trees cause outages. Results indicate that failure of trees accounted for 40% of the preventable tree-caused outages in the Brockton territory of Eastern Utilities. Even though line clearance tree trimming continues to be the primary strategy, programmatic changes were made in Eastern Utilities' Tree Management Program. A Danger Tree Project was initiated to identify and mitigate trees with structural weaknesses along the 3-phase portion of the electrical distribution circuits. Approximately 4% of the trees in the portion of the urban forest managed by Eastern Utilities will either be removed or stormproof pruned. Reliability has improved by 20% to 30% along the circuits where hazardous trees have been removed or storm-proof pruning has been done. Proactive communication within the community and participation in communitybased tree planting has accompanied this project.
Urban vs. Natural Sugar Maple Growth: I. Stress Symptoms and Phenology in Relation to Site Characteristics
Authors: Close Richard , Nguyen Phu , Kielbaso J. James
Published: April 2022

This study provides a profile comparison of several tree growth, phenology, and site characteristics. The comparisons are between sugar maple trees in a forest stand and those in tree lawns on urban streets, both sites within 2 km on the Michigan State University campus in East Lansing. Sampled trees are from a stratified random group of healthy sugar maples. The study reports on significant terminal growth differences and much earlier leaf drop from the urban street site. Site soil moisture, air temperature, leaf temperature, relative humidity, and vapor pressure deficit were all significantly less favorable along streets, as was soil bulk density. Soil pH and the foliar nutrients N, K, Ca, Mn, B and Na were significantly less favorable along streets. The net effect of these urban conditions is a slow growing, restricted, low-density root system. This, in combination with prolonged water stress and high atmospheric demand, producing chronic water deficits in the tree crown, results in low vitality and reduced growth rates in the street trees.
Replacing Soil in the Root Zone of Mature Trees for Better Growth
Authors: Watson Gary , Kelsey Patrick , Woodtli Klaus
Published: April 2022

Soils were replaced in various patterns within the root zone of mature landscape trees as an alternative to surface mulching. Care was taken to minimize the damage to the root systems, through careful positioning of the excavations, or use of hydraulic excavation procedures. Tree roots grew better in the new soil mixes than in the original site soil, exhibiting up to a 320% increase in fine root density and up to a 68% increase in rooting depth. Declining annual growth rate trends were reversed by the treatment in Tilia and Platanus. Soil replacement has potential as another useful tool for treating declining trees.
Street Tree Diversity and DBH in Southern California
Authors: Lesser Lawrance
Published: April 2022

An inventory of the most common street tree species in 21 southern California cities was created. The inventory included information on tree species and diameter at breast height. The inventory indicates differences in existing species as well as differences in planting trends between coastal and inland regions. Links between the data and the potential for determining the age of the urban forest are discussed.
Urban vs. Natural Sugar Maple Growth: II. Water Relations
Authors: Close Richard , Kielbaso J. James , Nguyen Phu , Schutzki Robert
Published: April 2022

Physiologic measurements of the internal water relations of sugar maple in a natural forest and along an urban street in Michigan were performed as a complement to a companion site characterization study. Investigations were carried out to determine how street trees are affected by the urban habitat, and to confirm through correlation analysis that siterelated water stress adversely influences tree growth and vitality. Significant water relations differences exist between the street site sugar maples and those in natural habitats. Predawn water potential, osmotic potential, and stomatal conductance were significantly lower in the street trees, and were significantly correlated with the low soil moisture levels and high atmospheric demands of the street site. Findings of this study, in conjunction with the site characterization data, can be of value in selecting appropriate remedial treatments for stressed urban trees, as well as to reiterate the need for further screening of drought-tolerant cultivars for urban sites.
The Influence of Defoliation on Flowering Dogwood
Authors: Sydnor T. Davis , McCartney Robert
Published: April 2022

Forty flowering dogwood trees were subjected to 1 of 5 defoliation levels (0% , 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% defoliation). Defoliation impact was assessed by measuring changes in diameter, twig extension growth, and electrical resistance of the cambium. Electrical resistance in the cambium increased for plants that were totally defoliated. Circumference growth of flowering dogwood was reduced 50% by total defoliation when compared to defoliated plants. Twig extension growth of defoliation stressed trees was reduced © 35% as defoliation levels reached 75% and 100%. Both increases in circumference and twig extension growth are affected by defoliation stress. Twig extension growth is the best measure of defoliation stress because it has the advantage of not requiring wounding when used to assess the impact of defoliation stress after the fact.
Factors Affecting Cytospora Canker Occurrence On Aspen
Authors: Mclntyre Gary , Jacobi William , Ramaley Annette
Published: April 2022

Experiments were designed to determine how moisture content of aspen trees is related to infection and expansion of Cytospora cankers, whether Cytospora chrysosperma propagules are found on or in aspen bark, and if there is variation in virulence among C. chrysosperma isolates. Cankers were significantly larger on drought-stressed trees than on nonstressed trees. In the spring, wounds on drought-stressed, potted aspen trees, Populus tremuloides, were susceptible to infection by C. chrysosperma for at least 10 days after wounding. Wounds on nonstressed trees were susceptible for about 4 days. Resistance to canker initiation, as measured by the number of expanding cankers, was expressed about 7 days after wounding on stressed trees. Resistance in nonstressed trees was observed within 2 days. Cytospora was not found on asymptomatic trees as an inner bark inhabitant but was found on bark surfaces. Virulence of C. chrysosperma isolates was significantly different among isolates from 8 different hosts and 5 isolates from aspen when inoculated on aspen.
Growth Regulation of Some Tropical Species
Authors: Hensley David , Yogi Julie
Published: April 2022

One-gram a.i. flurprimidol tablets (Cutless®Tree Implant) were inserted into the trunks of golden shower trees (Cassia fistula) on August 8,1993. Plants were topped in June 1994 and again in December 1994. Regrowth after each topping was measured. There was no consistent influence of flurprimidol on growth of C. fistula. Paclobutrazol (Profile®) applied as a basal drench reduced growth of Queen palm (Syagras romanzoffiana) and Manila palm (Veitchia memllii) 11 months after application.
Testing of Structural Urban Tree Soil Materials for use Under Pavement to Increase Street Tree Rooting Volumes
Authors: Grabosky Jason , Bassuk Nina , von Es Harold
Published: April 2022

Quercus robur seedlings were grown in compacted stone-soil mixes known to meet engineering standards for pavement base compaction and strength. Root penetration into these materials was greatly increased in comparison to an equally compacted clay loam, which was also a component of the test material. Oak root penetration in the clay loam decreased 50%, from 6 to 3 g dry root weight, as the bulk density increased from 1.24 to 1.55 Mg/m3. Severe root impedance was observed when clay loam bulk densities exceeded 1.5 Mg/m3 (90% standard AASHTO peak density),a situation produced after 20% of the standard compaction effort was imposed on the soil profile. At the standard AASHTO peak density for the clay loam (1.67 Mg/m3), which would be the norm in a sidewalk installation, root growth was entirely stopped. In contrast, structured stone-soil mixes compacted to 100% of their respective standard AASHTO peak densities (between 1.85 and 2.07 Mg/m3) did not restrict root penetration with mean root dry weights between 4 and 6 g and demonstrated satisfactory bearing strength (California bearing ratios between 40 and 80).
Pulcinella
Authors: Lauriello Giuseppe
Published: April 2022

La maschera di Pulcinella incarna l'uomo semplice, quello che nella scala sociale occupa l'ultimo posto, il personaggio che, cosciente dei problemi in cui si trova, riesce sempre ad uscirne con un sorriso, prendendosi gioco dei potenti pubblicamente, svelando tutti i retroscena. Per alcuni tratti è il napoletano che non si arrende alle difficoltà e trova una soluzione a tutto senza perdere mai il sorriso. “Pulcinella è vivo e morto, sciocco e intelligente, insidiosamente servile e senza limiti superbo, irriverente e cortigiano, a volte ottuso a volte furbo, ma sempre come se avesse una forma superiore di ragione” come scrive Bocca. Il volume di Lauriello è un viaggio nel tempo, filologico, ironico, festoso, nostalgico, filosofico, sociologico, antropologico: la maschera di Pulcinella, così come la conosciamo, nasce tra il Seicento e il Settecento ma le inclinazioni del popolo napoletano, da essa incarnate, trovano le loro origini nei popoli italici, che abitarono la penisola ben prima dell’arrivo dei romani. È una lunga, precisa narrazione storica, arricchita dai Pulcinella color caffè, di Fausto Lubelli, che richiamano alla memoria una macchia della bevanda tipica di Napoli.
A ordem VSO com verbos transitivos em dados jornalísticos diacrônicos do português europeu e do português brasileiro
Authors: Gravina Aline Peixoto
Published: April 2022

Este estudo possui dois objetivos: i) apresentar dados quantitativos/comparativos históricos da ordem VSO com verbos transitivos em sentenças finitas no português europeu (PE) e no português brasileiro (PB); e ii) descrever e identificar as possibilidades de interpretação do sujeito nessa ordem em cada uma dessas gramáticas. O corpus construído para esse estudo é composto por jornais portugueses e brasileiros que circularam em Évora/Portugal e Ouro Preto/MG/Brasil, respectivamente, no século 19 e no final da primeira metade do século 20. Quantitativamente, o trabalho demonstrou que a ordem VSO com verbos transitivos é um contexto restrito tanto em PE quanto em PB, no entanto, em PB, a frequência de ocorrência foi ainda menor quando comparado ao PE. Verificou-se que, tanto em PE, quanto em PB, nos períodos estudados, foi possível encontrar indícios de realização da ordem VSO por critérios de leituras de juízo tético, na sua maioria atrelados à noção de evidencialidade, e indícios de realização da ordem VSO por dupla focalização (foco informacional e foco contrastivo). Entretanto, no PB, nos dados do final da primeira metade do século 20, mesmo período em que houve uma maior diminuição da ordem VSO, observou-se também a diminuição dos contextos com indícios de leitura tética, apontando como preferencial os contextos com indícios de dupla focalização do sujeito.
Mudança sintática
Authors: Kroch Anthony , Cavalcante Silvia Regina de Oliveira
Published: April 2022

Ao longo da história, as línguas mudam em todos os níveis da sua estrutura: vocabulário, fonologia, morfologia e sintaxe. Como e porque tal mudança ocorre constituem as questões-chave levantadas pela disciplina de linguística histórica. Sob a perspectiva da gramática gerativa atual, a mudança linguística é estreitamente condicionada pelo requerimento de que todas as línguas se adaptam a especificações da faculdade humana da linguagem; mas o fato de que a língua muda, assim como o fato bruto da diversidade estrutural das línguas do mundo, marca um limite para a especificação biológica da linguagem. A maior questão aberta da linguística teórica talvez seja quão extenso é o leque de variação biológica; mas, seja esse leque de variação qual for, ele é o campo onde os desenvolvimentos históricos ocorrem. A necessidade de uma GU ricamente especificada segue do problema lógico da aquisição da linguagem, de modo que o linguista sincrônico considere como análises candidatas somente aquelas que são aprendíveis e formuladas em teorias que especifiquem claramente o que existe para ser aprendido e o que está construído internamente. O estudo contemporâneo da mudança sintática, o assunto deste artigo, é geralmente formulado em termos do processo de aquisição; entretanto, como poderá ser visto, o estudo da diacronia adiciona complexidades da sua própria natureza.
Recherche et développement dans les colonies portugaises d’Afrique
Authors: Castelo Claudia
Published: April 2022

Cet article analyse l’impact de la collaboration entre les puissances coloniales présentes en Afrique australe sur le champ scientifique portugais. Selon nous, depuis 1950, la participation portugaise à la Commission de coopération technique en Afrique au sud du Sahara (CCTA) et à son organe consultatif, le Conseil scientifique africain (CSA), a été décisive dans l’évolution de la politique scientifique pour les colonies portugaises. D’une part, cette participation a conduit à la création de plusieurs organismes de recherche et à la formation de spécialistes, d’autre part, elle accélère l’institutionnalisation des instituts de recherche scientifique en Angola et au Mozambique et, enfin, elle ouvre de nouvelles opportunités d’emploi aux scientifiques et techniciens de la métropole et des territoires coloniaux. La coopération transimpériale fut, dans le cas portugais, un mécanisme pour induire rapidement l’expansion et le renforcement de la communauté scientifique nationale, confrontée à ses propres faiblesses et contraintes, avec des effets au-delà du départ du Portugal de la CCTA en 1962
Comment on devient un “vieux maître” ivoirien (années 1930-1970)
Authors: Koné Jean-Lémon
Published: April 2022

Cet article fait une plongée dans le parcours d’un « vieux maître de brousse » ivoirien presque anonyme, depuis sa formation jusqu’à sa retraite, des années 1930 à 1970, à la charnière entre situations coloniale et postcoloniale. Koutia Lémon, formé à l’école normale rurale de Dabou, est initialement destiné à être un « instituteur-paysan ». D’affectations successives en formations continues, sa carrière l’amène à circuler au sein de l’espace colonial, puis du territoire national en construction, et même, fait rare, jusqu’en France pour un stage professionnel à la veille de l’indépendance. Il est affecté, dès son retour au pays, à des postes à responsabilités au sein de l’administration scolaire postcoloniale. En quoi les mobilités sont-elles inhérentes au parcours d’un « vieux maître » ivoirien ? Qu’est-ce qui, dans l’itinérance professionnelle et dans l’entrelacs des « communautés imaginées » (empire, colonie, État postcolonial, village), participe à construire l’éthos du fonctionnaire colonial et postcolonial ? Comment se passe le glissement de méthodes pédagogiques et de savoirfaire professionnels développés en situation coloniale puis réemployés au service de l’État indépendant ? Pour répondre à ces questions, l’enquête met en place une microhistoire connectée d’instituteur. L’article permet de dégager la catégorie conceptuelle de « vieux maître ivoirien », à partir d’une expression courante, mais aux contours flous. Il met également au jour des mobilités et des filières de formation professionnelle méconnues, car subalternes, spécifiquement rurales et moins prestigieuses que les écoles normales de William-Ponty et Rufisque, déjà connues de l’historiographie.
Authors: Kusumawati Ratna Dewi , Diyani Lucia Ari
Published: April 2022

Penelitian yang dilakukan memiliki tujuan untuk melihat peran mediasi kepercayaan, khususnya kepercayaan kepada penjual di e-commerce, dalam hubungan antara reputasi penjual dan niat beli di e-commerce. Data yang digunakan untuk melakukan penelitian ini dikumpulkan dengan bantuan kuesioner yang didistribusikan kepada responden. Data dalam penelitian ini diolah dan dianalisis menggunakan Analisis Jalur dan Uji Sobel. Temuan dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa trust to seller mampu memediasi hubungan antara reputasi dan niat beli dalam e-commerce. Temuan lain dalam penelitian ini adalah variabel reputasi mempengaruhi minat beli secara langsung dalam uji statistik, dan variabel reputasi mempengaruhi variabel trust to seller dan variabel trust to seller berpengaruh signifikan terhadap variabel niat beli. Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan diharapkan mampu memberikan wawasan baru dalam bidang penelitian sistem informasi akuntansi khususnya yang berkaitan dengan e-commerce di wilayah Indonesia serta mampu memberikan kontribusi referensi bagi penelitian selanjutnya di bidang yang sama.
Effect of 5Es with Teaching Aids on Academic Performance of Upper Primary School Pupils in Mathematics Non-Routine Problems
Authors: Owusu Frank , Adu Augustina , Kwakye Dennis Offei
Published: April 2022

The study aimed to determine the effect of 5Es with teaching aids on the academic performance of Junior High school students in mathematics non-routine problems. A sample of 48 students was randomly selected from Asawinso Methodist Upper primary school. Quasi-experimental non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group design research design was adopted for the study. A pre-test was employed to assess the academic ability equivalence and homogeneity of the two groups, while post-testing was used to examine the effect of the 5Es inquiry model with instructional aids on the performance of pupils in mathematics non-routine problems. An independent sample t-test was employed to compare the values between the experimental and control groups to evaluate the data at an alpha level of 0.05. In addition, the effects 5Es inquiry-based approach on students’ mathematics non-routine problems was assessed based on gender. The results indicated that pupils taught using 5Es with teaching aids outperformed their counterparts taught using lecture method with teaching aids. Also, the results indicated that female learners perform better than male learners in mathematics non-routine problems. It is therefore recommended that when teaching pupils mathematics non-routine problems, 5Es supported with teaching aids should be adopted. A Teacher Made Test (TMT) was used to assess pupils’ knowledge on non-routine problems in mathematics.
Theoretical foundations for determining the energy of movement of the annular layer in a hammer crusher
Authors:   Voronezh state agrarian University, Yarovoy Mikhail , Druzhinin Roman , Kornev Andrey
Published: April 2022

In the course of a comprehensive analysis of the theory of the working process of hammer crushers, the insufficiency of theoretical studies of the processes occurring in the crushing chamber was revealed. One of the areas of theoretical research considered in this article is the determination of the displacement energy of the annular layer in a hammer crusher. Keywords: HAMMER CRUSHERS, ANNULAR LAYER, PASSABLE PARTICLES, ENERGY, SPEED, HAMMER, ROTOR, WORK OF DEFORMATION, POWER
THE PROBLEM OF LANGUAGE TEACHERS IN ONLINE LEARNING DURING THE PANDEMIC AN ANALYSIS OF TEACHING DISCOURSE IN SCHOOLS
Authors: Ulinsa Ulinsa , Rinaldi Rinaldi , Oringo Vincent
Published: April 2022

The  problems  in  the  research  are  how  problematic  language  teachers  are  in  online  learning  during  the  pandemic,  and  how  to  solve  problems  for  Indonesian  language  teachers  in  online  learning  during  the  pandemic.  The  purpose  of  this  study  is  to  describe  the  problems  of  Indonesian  language  teachers  in  online  learning  during  the  pandemic  and  to  describe  problem  solving  solutions  for  Indonesian  language  teachers  in  online  learning  during  the  pandemic.  This  research  is  a  qualitative  descriptive  research.  This  type  of  research  does  not  have  a  comparison  group.  The  subjects  in  this  study  were  Indonesian  language  teachers  at  SMP  and  SMA  Negeri  1  Ampibabo  in  Ampibabo  village.  Data  collection  in  this  study  were  questionnaires,  interviews  and  documentation.  The  data  from  the  evaluation  were  analyzed  using  qualitative  data  analysis  methods.  The  results  of  this  study  are  (1)  Inadequate  internet  network  access  during  the  online  learning  process.  (2)  The  teacher  is  a  "debt  collector"  in  carrying  out  the  online  teaching  and  learning  process,  the  teacher  only  gives  assignments  continuously  and  collects  assignments  at  a  predetermined  time.  (3)  Teachers  still  stutter  in  mastering  technology  so  that  in  the  implementation  of  online  learning  it  is  still  difficult  to  choose  relevant  applications  and  teaching  methods  are  still  not  varied.  (4)  The  implementation  of  online  learning  greatly  affects  the  psychological  condition  of  students  where  in  online  learning  these  students  experience  boredom  and  are  lazy  to  participate  in  learning.  The  teacher's  practical  solution  in  implementing  online  learning  is  by  applying  offline  learning  by  visiting  from  home  to  home  where  in  the  offline  learning  process  students  are  very  active  in  the  learning  process  compared  to  online  learning  which  cannot  be  carried  out  effectively
PRAGMATIC CYBER ANALYSIS IN THE MIDDLE EAST CONFLICT NEWS TEXT VIEWS THEO VAN LEEUWEN
Authors: Faisol Yufni , Fitriyah Rifkah , Fakhrurrazy Rifky , Fauzy Ridho
Published: April 2022

The cause of this research discussed is the many problems of interest to readers of middle eastern news on several YouTube channels. His research aims to describe the text of the Middle East conflict news study Wacana Theo Van Leeuwen Discourse. Descriptive methods are used as a type of research. The data obtained is a sentence in the main news text of the Middle East conflict on YouTube. The researcher himself performs the instrument. In the data collection technique using the recording technique, one of them is orthographic sorting power.  The results of his research are the first, in writing the comments of the audience, writing words by bringing up parties who have the authority to be involved in the news. Second, not all of Leeuwen's theories are contained in news texts. Third, Leeuwen's approach is described in the news text of the Middle East conflict based on the speech conveyed.
THE IMPORTANCE OF GUIDANCE IN UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL DISCOURSE IN THINKING AND SPEAKING FOR FOREIGN STUDENTS IN BIPA PROGRAM
Authors: Tiawati Refa Lina , Rahmat Wahyudi , Kemal Edwar , Chen Wei
Published: April 2022

The lack of understanding of cultural discourse in speech is the key to international failure success in understanding language concepts, especially for BIPA  learners in Indonesia.  This research aims to reveal the importance of understanding the concepts of speech that must be considered in communicating. The method used is qualitative descriptive. The object of this study is an international student from Taiwan named Xing-Qian, who is participating in the Indonesian program for Foreign Speakers (BIPA) at PGRI University of West Sumatra. This research is naturalistic. The data in this study is in the form of video that is the result of recording in the field directly, then using the technique of seeing the record to transcribe the research results into writing form. The results showed that the international students used a form of guidance on the instructions for begging, asking, welcoming, advising, and inviting.
Direct measurements of ozone response to emissions perturbations in California
Authors: Wu Shenglun , Lee Hyung Joo , Anderson Andrea , Liu Shang , Kuwayama Toshihiro , Seinfeld John H. , Kleeman Michael J.
Published: April 2022

Abstract. A new technique was used to directly measure O3 response to changes in
precursor NOx and volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations in the atmosphere using three
identical Teflon smog chambers equipped with UV lights. One chamber
served as the baseline measurement for O3 formation, one chamber added
NOx, and one chamber added surrogate VOCs (ethylene, m-xylene,
n-hexane). Comparing the O3 formation between chambers over a
3-hour UV cycle provides a direct measurement of O3 sensitivity to
precursor concentrations. Measurements made with this system at Sacramento,
California, between April–December 2020 revealed that the
atmospheric chemical regime followed a seasonal cycle. O3 formation was
VOC-limited (NOx-rich) during the early spring, transitioned to
NOx-limited during the summer due to increased concentrations of
ambient VOCs with high O3 formation potential, and then returned to
VOC-limited (NOx-rich) during the fall season as the concentrations of
ambient VOCs decreased and NOx increased. This seasonal pattern of
O3 sensitivity is consistent with the cycle of biogenic emissions in
California. The direct chamber O3 sensitivity measurements matched
semi-direct measurements of HCHO/NO2 ratios from the TROPOspheric
Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) aboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P) satellite. Furthermore, the satellite observations showed that
the same seasonal cycle in O3 sensitivity occurred over most of the
entire state of California, with only the urban cores of the very large
cities remaining VOC-limited across all seasons. The O3-nonattainment
days (MDA8 O3>70 ppb) have O3 sensitivity in the
NOx-limited regime, suggesting that a NOx emissions control
strategy would be most effective at reducing these peak O3
concentrations. In contrast, a large portion of the days with MDA8 O3
concentrations below 55 ppb were in the VOC-limited regime, suggesting that
an emissions control strategy focusing on NOx reduction would increase
O3 concentrations. This challenging situation suggests that emissions
control programs that focus on NOx reductions will immediately lower
peak O3 concentrations but slightly increase intermediate O3
concentrations until NOx levels fall far enough to re-enter the
NOx-limited regime. The spatial pattern of increasing and decreasing
O3 concentrations in response to a NOx emissions control strategy
should be carefully mapped in order to fully understand the public health
implications.
Kinetics of OH + SO2 + M: temperature-dependent rate coefficients in the fall-off regime and the influence of water vapour
Authors: Sun Wenyu , Berasategui Matias , Pozzer Andrea , Lelieveld Jos , Crowley John N.
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The OH-initiated oxidation of SO2 is the dominant,
first step in the transformation of this atmospherically important trace gas
to particulate sulfate, and accurate rate coefficients for the title
reaction under all atmospheric conditions (pressures, temperatures, and
humidity) are required to assess its role in, for example, new particle formation.
Prior to this study, no temperature-dependent data were available in the
fall-off regime for atmospherically relevant bath gases. We thus address an
important omission in the kinetic database for this reaction and highlight
significant discrepancies in recommended parameterizations. In this work,
generation of OH via pulsed laser photolysis at 248 and 351 nm was coupled
to its detection by laser-induced fluorescence to obtain rate coefficients
(k1) for the title reaction at pressures of 14–742 Torr (1 Torr = 1.333 hPa) and
temperatures of 220–333 K in N2 bath gas. In situ SO2
concentrations, central to accurate kinetic measurements under
pseudo-first-order conditions, were measured by optical absorption. Under
the conditions of the present study, the termolecular reaction between OH
and SO2 is in the fall-off regime, and we parameterized the rate
coefficients in N2 in terms of low- (k1,0) and high-pressure
(k1,∞) limiting rate coefficients and a broadening factor
(FC) to obtain k1,0N2=3.03×10-31
(T/300 K)−4.10 cm6 molecule−2 s−1, k1,∞=2.00×10-12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, and
FC=0.58. The effects of water vapour on the title reaction were
explored through measurements in N2–H2O mixtures at 273, 298, and
333 K using the same experimental methods. The rate coefficients are
significantly enhanced by the presence of water vapour with
k1,0H2O=1.65×10-30 (T/300 K)−4.90 cm6 molecule−2 s−1, which indicates that H2O is a
factor >5 more efficient in quenching the HOSO2*
association complex than N2. A model-based comparison of our rate
coefficients and parameterization with previous literature measurements and
recommendations of evaluation panels are presented and discussed. The use of
the new parameterization instead of the IUPAC or NASA evaluations,
particularly after including H2O as a third-body quencher, leads to a
significant (10 %–30 %) reduction in the lifetime of SO2 in some parts
of the atmosphere and increases the H2SO4/SO2 ratio
concomitantly.
Measurement report: Characterization and source apportionment of coarse particulate matter in Hong Kong: insights into the constituents of unidentified mass and source origins in a coastal city in southern China
Authors: Wong Yee Ka , Liu Kin Man , Yeung Claisen , Leung Kenneth K. M. , Yu Jian Zhen
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Coarse particulate matter (i.e. PM with an aerodynamic
diameter between 2.5 and 10 µm – PM2.5 and PM10 – or PMcoarse) has been
increasingly recognized for its importance in PM10 regulation because
of its growing proportion in PM10 and the accumulative evidence for its
adverse health impact. In this work, we present comprehensive PMcoarse
speciation results obtained through a 1-year-long (January 2020–February
2021) joint PM10 and PM2.5 chemical speciation study in Hong Kong,
a coastal and highly urbanized city in southern China. The annual average
concentration of PMcoarse is 14.9 ± 8.6 µg m−3 (± standard deviation), accounting for 45 % of PM10 (32.9 ± 18.5 µg m−3). The measured chemical components explain ∼75 % of the PMcoarse mass. The unexplained part is contributed by
unmeasured geological components and residue liquid water content, supported
through analyses by positive matrix factorization (PMF) and the thermodynamic
equilibrium model ISORROPIA II. The PMcoarse mass is apportioned to
four sources resolved by PMF, namely soil dust/industrial and coal
combustion, construction dust/copper-rich emissions, fresh sea salt, and an
aged sea salt factor containing secondary inorganic aerosols (mostly
nitrate). The PMcoarse concentration and source composition exhibit a
distinct seasonal variation, a result mainly driven by the source areas the
air masses have travelled through as revealed by back-trajectory analysis. In summer
when the site is dominated by marine air mass, PMcoarse is the lowest
(average = 8.1 µg m−3) and sea salt the largest contributor
(47 %), followed by the two dust factors (36 % in total). In winter
when the site receives air mass mainly from the northern continental region,
PMcoarse concentration triples (24.8 µg m−3), with the two
dust factors contributing three quarters of the aerosol mass. The potential
dust source areas are mapped using the concentration-weighted trajectory
technique, showing either the Greater Bay Area or the greater part of
southern China as the origin of fugitive dust emissions leading to elevated
ambient PMcoarse loadings in Hong Kong. This study, the first of this kind
in our region, provides highly relevant guidance for other locations with
similar monitoring needs. Additionally, the study findings point to the
need for further research on the sources, transport, aerosol processes, and
health effects of PMcoarse.