bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Bacterial Flora in Semen from Males in Infertile Relations
Authors: Eneroth Peter , Ljungh‐Wadström Äsa , Moberg Peter J. , Nord Carl‐Erik
Published: May 2008

Microbiological analysis has been performed on semen from 101 men living in infertile relations. They had previous records of pathological sperm analysis.

The following experimental approach has permitted conclusions regarding the presence of different bacteria in the male urogenital tractus:
Effect of Intra‐Scrotal Implants of Prostaglandin E2 or F2α on Blood Steroids in the Adult Male Rats
Authors: Saksena S. K. , Lau I. F. , Chang M. C.
Published: May 2008

The effects of the insertion of Silastic‐PVP tubes containing either 3 mg PGF2α or 3 mg PGE2 per tube into each of the scrotal sacs on steroid concentration were studied in the mature male rat. Seven days after the insertion a more pronounced reduction in the weights of the testes, ventral prostate and seminal vesicles was recorded in the PGE2‐ than in the PGF2α‐treated males. Further, it was observed that 3 and 7 days after the initiation of treatment the serum testosterone concentration significantly decreased (P < 0.01). Likewise, serum 5α‐dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione and progesterone were also reduced significantly. This suggests that a decrease in progesterone synthesis impairs androgen production, which in turn leads to a reduction in the weights of testes, epididymides and accessory glands.
Early Effects of Efferent Duct Ligation on the Rat Rete Testis
Authors: Nykänen Matti , Kormano Martti
Published: May 2008

Early effects of efferent duct ligation (EDL) were studied in adult rats using histological serial sectioning and electron microscopy.

From 30 min to 3 h after EDL the rete cavities dilated and there was accumulation of sperm and cellular debris. The lumen of the transitional zone, the junction of the seminiferous tubules with the tubuli recti, opened and the Sertoli cell bodies straightened up. The direction of sperm tails in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules near the transitional zone changed suggesting a backflow from the rete towards the seminiferous tubules. These changes progressively increased until 12 h. The distensibility of various parts of the rete was unequal. Likewise, the susceptibility of the junctional zone to pressure effects was related on its structure and position. Early changes in the rete testis and the transitional zone epithelium were fully reversible and seemed to be caused by mechanical influence of flow direction only. No evidence of a valve function of the transitional zone was obtained.
Carnitine‐Acetyl‐Transferase in Human Spermatozoa and Seminal Plasma Determined by a Sensitive Radioisotope Method A Possible Extracellular Function?
Authors: Bøhmer Thomas , Johansen Liv , Kjekshus Elin
Published: May 2008

The activity of carnitine acetyl‐transferase (CAT) (E. C. 2. 3. 1. 7) has been determined in human seminal plasma and spermatozoa by a sensitive radioisotopic assay. 45 to 75 per cent of total CAT activity in the ejaculate is located in the seminal plasma, but the concentration of CAT (nmol [14C] acetylcarnitine formed per min per μl) is 30–120 fold higher in spermatozoa than in seminal plasma. Enzymes activating short‐chain fatty acids, e. g. acetate and propionate, are present in seminal plasma. Radiolabelled acetylcarnitine is not taken up by the human ejaculated spermatozoa.
Sites of Action of Cyproterone and Cyproterone Acetate in the Immature Male Rat
Authors: Purvis K. , Haug E. , Aakvaag A. , Hansson V.
Published: May 2008

Plasma testosterone (Leydig cell function), LH and FSH (pituitary function), the epididymal content of androgen binding protein (ABP) (Sertoli cell function) and plasma corticosterone (adrenal cortical function) were determined after 10 daily injections of varying doses of cyproterone and cyproterone acetate, beginning at 21 days of age. Daily doses of 0.5 mg or greater of either antiandrogen resulted in a marked depression in the levels of plasma testosterone and intra‐testicular testosterone (measured only in the cyproterone group) with a dose‐dependent decrease in testis and epididymal weights; both effects occurring with only minor changes in the levels of circulating gonadotrophins. In addition, these compounds caused a marked decrease in Sertoli cell secretion as reflected in a significant fall in the epididymal content of ABP.

A more detailed examination of the apparently direct effects of cyproterone on Leydig cell function revealed: 1) no major effects of in vivo treatment for 6 days (5 mg/day) on [I125]hLH binding to testis membrane particles or on the in vitro response of enriched Leydig cell suspensions to hCG, 2) a dose‐dependent inhibition of the hCG responsiveness of normal Leydig cells in the presence of the drug in vitro. The inhibitory effects on steroidogenesis in vivo can well be explained by a direct inhibition of the 3β‐steroid‐dehydrogenase‐isomerase exerted by both antiandrogens.
Inhibition of Canalization in Rat Seminiferous Cords by Medroxyprogesterone Acetate
Authors: Bressler Robert S. , Satyaswaroop P. G.
Published: May 2008

Due to interest in progestins as male contraceptives, Provera was used to study lumen formation in seminiferous cords. Seven day old rats received daily subcutaneous Depo Provera injections (500 μg/100 g b. w.). At 23 and 28 days of age testes from treated and control animals were prepared for 1 μ plastic sections. At least 100 cross sections of seminiferous cords and tubules were studied in each animal and the per cent of tubules with lumens was calculated. Lumen formation was significantly retarded in the experimental animals. At 23 days tubules in the treated and control animals comprise 7.5 ± 4.1 and 33.3 ± 13.6 % respectively, and at 28 days 15.8 ± 8.3 and 47.5 ± 16.0%. Another series of animals received daily doses of FSH (12.5 μg/100 g b. w.) and LH (50 μg/100 g b. w.) with Depo Provera. Lumen formation in this series was similar to that in animals receiving Depo Provera alone.
Spermine and Citric Acid in Human Prostatic Fluid
Authors: Barkan T. , Paz G. , Homonnai Z. T. , Chayn R. , Kraicer P. F.
Published: May 2008

Concentration of spermine (87 ± 13 μM) and citric acid (45 ± 4 mM) in prostatic fluids from 44 men were highly significantly correlated (r = 0.795). It was concluded that both probably arise from the same exocrine cell.
Human Seminal Fluid Gamma‐Glutamyl Transferase: A Prostatic Marker Enzyme
Authors: Beer R. , Weisselberg M. , Soffer Y. , Lewin L. M.
Published: May 2008

A high activity of the enzyme gamma‐glutamyl transferase was found in normal human seminal fluid and in fluid obtained by prostatic massage. Decreased values of seminal gamma‐glutamyl transferase activity were found in patients with prostatitis or decreased prostatic function of undetermined origin.
Hormonal Milieu of the Seminiferous Tubules in the Normal and Cryptorchid Rat
Authors: Hagenäs L. , Ritzén E. M. , Suginami H.
Published: May 2008

The intratesticular concentration of androgens seems to be of more importance for normal spermatogenesis than the concentration of androgens in the peripheral blood.

Therefore, the levels of testosterone, 5α ‐ dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androstenedione and FSH in the interstitial fluid of the rat testis were determined by radioimmunoassay. The following concentrations were obtained from the interstitial fluid of normal rats and from rats cryptorchid between 60 and 90 days of age: Testosterone 137 ± 25 (mean ± SEM) and 271 ± 34 ng/ml, DHT 11 ± 2 and 22 ± 5 ng/ml, androstenedione 8 ± 2 and 20 ± 4 ng/ml, respectively. The sum of testosterone and DHT in serum did not differ in the two groups. Serum FSH concentrations were significantly increased in the cryptorchid rats (942 ± 73 ng/ml) as compared to the control rats (600 ± 38 ng/ml). These elevated levels were also found in the testicular interstitial fluid (425 ± 33 ng/ml in controls, 641 ± 43 ng/ml in cryptorchid rats). It is thus evident that in the cryptorchid rat, both FSH and androgens are available to the seminiferouse tubules in significantly elevated amounts. Since these are the only hormones which are known to be of importance in spermatogenesis, the impaired Sertoli cell function and depletion of germinal cells in cryptorchidism is not due to an absolute shortage of stimulatory hormones.
Morphometric and Functional Investigation on the Leydig Cells in Experimental Unilateral Cryptorchism in the Rat
Authors: Bergh A. , Damber J.‐E.
Published: May 2008

By distal gubernaculotomy on one side in newborn rats testicular descent was prevented on that side, and unilateral cryptorchid rats were obtained. Leydig cell structure and function was studied at 20, 30 and 100 days of age, using both morphometric and biochemical techniques. Up to 30 days of age no differences in structure of the interstitium and Leydig cells, or testicular testosterone concentration were observed between the scrotal and the abdominal testicles. In contrast the tubular cells in the abdominal testicle were highly damaged already at 30 days of age. The abdominal testicles of the 100‐day‐old rats contained the same total number of Leydig cells as the scrotal testicles, but the size of these cells, and the testicular testosterone concentration were highly reduced. Thus Leydig cell function in the cryptorchid testicle was maintained at 30 days but highly impaired at 100 days of age. Tubular damage occurred prior to the Leydig cell malfunction.
Autoradiographic Study of the [3H] Carnitine Distribution in Rat Epididymis
Authors: Bøhmer T. , Sar M. , Stumpf W. E. , Hansson V.
Published: May 2008

The distribution of [3H] carnitine in the epididymis has been studied by autoradiography 93 hours after injection of [3H]deoxycarnitine into intact, hemicastrated or hypophysectomized rats. In the intact animals, radioactivity is concentrated in the lumen of the caput and corpus with only a small amount observed in the caudal portion of the epididymis. In the hemicastrated rat, devoid of spermatozoa, the amount of radioactivity in the lumen of the caput and the cauda portions are lower than in the intact rats but still greater compared to the epididymal cells. In hypophysectomized rats the luminal labelling is much reduced. In contrast to the epididymis, the amount of radioactivity is low and evenly distributed in the heart from intact, hemicastrated and hypophysectomized rats and in the pituitary from intact and hemicastrated animals. The great reduction in luminal labelling after hypophysectomy emphasizes the hormonal dependence of the carnitine concentrating mechanism. These findings indicate that carnitine initially is concentrated in the caput and corpus portion of the epididymis. This intraluminal carnitine is subsequently transported into the caudal segment.

The evidence strongly supports the existence of a hormonal dependent carnitine concentrating mechanism localized on the luminal side of the epithelium in epididymis.
Evaluation of Surface Markers on Lymphocytes after Culture with Human Spermatozoa
Authors: Kurpisz M. , Szymczyński G.
Published: May 2008

In some combined cultures of spermatozoa and lymphocytes where there were relatively high levels of lymphocyte proliferation, but not in cultures where there were low levels of proliferation, the percentages of cells carrying T or B lymphocyte markers were higher than in control cultures containing only lymphocytes. However, no differences were observed between the results obtained from cultures involving autologous or allogeneic spermatozoa.
Testosterone Regulation of Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in the Male Dog
Authors: Vincent Douglas L. , Kepic Theresa A. , Lathrop James C. , Falvo Richard E.
Published: May 2008

In the first experiment, plasma levels of testosterone (T) and LH were determined in male mongrel dogs following castration. Blood samples were collected every 4 h for 48 h and daily from days 3–12 post‐castration. Plasma T concentrations became undetectable by 8 h post‐castration, and remained undetectable until the end of the study. Plasma LH concentrations were undetectable for 16–20 h post‐castration, but increased to 4.5 ng/ml by 24 h. By 48 h, post‐castration, the LH reached 12.5 ng/ml, similar to levels reported previously in the castrated male dog.

In a second experiment, studies were carried out to determine the effect of various numbers of T‐filled polydimethylsiloxane (PDS) capsules on plasma concentrations of T and LH in castrated male dogs. Dogs were implanted with either 1 empty PDS capsule or 1, 3, or 5 T‐filled PDS capsules. Blood samples were collected daily prior to implantation, following implantation, following castration, with capsules left in situ and following capsule removal. Replacement of T, using one T‐filled capsule, did not prevent the post‐castration rise of LH. Replacement of T. using 3 and 5 T‐filled capsules, maintained intact concentrations of both LH and T in castrated dogs. Removal of capsules from castrated dogs resulted in hypersecretion of LH similar to that observed in the first experiment. These studies indicate that T replacement within physiological limits will maintain LH in the castrated male dog at concentrations similar to those observed in the intact, untreated animal.
Inhibition of Glucose Catabolism in Rat, Hamster, Rhesus Monkey and Human Spermatozoa by α‐Chlorohydrin
Authors: Ford W. C. L. , Harrison Anne , Takkar G. L. , Waites G. M. H.
Published: May 2008

Spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis of rats treated with RS‐α‐chlorohydrin (10 mg/kg/day p. o. × 7) had the same ATP content as control spermatozoa immediately after collection, but were unable to metabolize glucose in vitro and so their ATP content declined more rapidly than that of control spermatozoa.

The in vitro metabolism of glucose by spermatozoa from rat, hamster, rhesus monkey and human was inhibited by 80% or more after 15–30 min preincubation in the presence of RS‐α‐chlorohydrin concentrations of < 1, > 10, 5–10 and > 50 mM, respectively. Inhibition of glucose oxidation was correlated with a reduction in ATP concentration in the spermatozoa.

These data support the hypothesis that α‐chlorohydrin acts as an antifer‐tility agent by inhibition of sperm glycolysis but suggest that RS‐α‐chlorohydrin would not be an effective contraceptive in man. However, the glucose metabolism of human spermatozoa was significantly inhibited by < 10 mM of the S‐enantiomer of α‐chlorohydrin.
Emission of Spermatozoa Age of Onset
Authors: Hirsch M. , Shemesh J. , Modan M. , Lunenfeld B.
Published: May 2008

The determination of the age at which the first release of spermatoza takes place in boys – spermarche, has been hampered by social and ethical considerations. Based on observation by Baldwin (1928) that spermatozoa can be detected in urine specimen after emission of spermatozoa, we conducted a cross sectional study on 429 Israeli school boys aged 11–16, in order to estimate the age of spermarche.

Based on the collection of at least three consecutive urine samples from most of the boys, the median age of spermarche was estimated to be 14.5. These findings confirm previous assumption based on retrospective questionnaires and correlate well with histological findings at the age of onset spermatogenesis.

Among the boys with spermaturia the frequency of positive findings was one out of the two days in the age group of 12 years while it was one out of three days in the 15–16 year old older boys, with an intermediate frequency in the 13 years old.
Actions of Androgens on the Kidney of Female Mice: Strain Differences in the DNA and β‐Glucuronidase Responses
Authors: Mills Nathaniel C. , Mills Teresa M. , Yurkiewicz William J. , Bardin C. Wayne
Published: May 2008

The anabolic effects of testosterone on kidneys from two strains of female mice were studied over a course of 25 days. The A/J and C57BL/6J strains were selected because they carry regulatory alleles Gura and Gurb which determine rapid and slow induction of β‐glucuronidase, respectively. (A major goal of this study was to determine whether these mouse strains have other differences in their responses to testosterone). The wet weight, dry weight and total protein content of the kidneys of both strains increased about 70% in both strains. Total RNA increased 112% and 93% in a biphasic manner in the A/J and C57BL/6J mouse strains, respectively. The steep slope during the first 5 to 7 days was attributed to a selective stimulation of RNA accumulation while the latter, less rapid, RNA increase occurred in parallel with tissue growth. The total DNA content of kidneys from testosterone treated A/J mice never increased above that of controls, indicating that hypertrophy could account for renal enlargement in this strain. By contrast, testosterone treatment produced a 24% increase in total kidney DNA in C57BL/6J mice, signifying that both hypertrophy and hyperplasia are important factors in the anabolic response of this strain. These observations indicated another difference in the androgen induced response of A/J and C57BL/6J mice.

As a consequence of the testosterone stimulated increase in renal β‐glucu‐ronidase synthesis, the excretion of the lysosomal form of the enzyme into the urine increased 2200‐fold in A/J but only 57‐fold in C57BLIGJ. The total enzyme activity excretedidayimouse was only 4 times higher in A/J versus C57BLi6J with the differences reflecting the basal activity which was 10‐fold higher in C57BLIGJ mice. The basal excretion of another lysosomal enzyme, β‐galactosidase, was also several fold higher in C57BL/6J, suggesting that lysosomes in those animals are either larger or their contents are excreted at a faster rate.
Direct Effects of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate on Testes: Possible Mechanisms Examined by Testicular Perfusion
Authors: Worgul T. , Baker H. W. G. , Murray F. T. , Jefferson L. S. , Bardin C. W.
Published: May 2008

The uptake of 3H‐testosterone by the nuclear androgen receptor of rat testis was studied using a perfusion system which was adapted for the simultaneous perfusion of 8 testes. Following perfusion with 3H‐testosterone, the major nuclear steroid in the testis of hypophysectomized rats was testosterone rather than one of its 5α‐metabolites. The accumulation of 3H‐testosterone in testicular nuclei was saturable, inhibited by perfusion with excess testosterone or 4 progestins (including medroxyprogesterone acetate, MPA) which are known to bind to the androgen receptor. Saturation of testicular androgen receptors with 3H‐MPA could not be demonstrated due to the high non‐specific binding of this non‐polar steroid. However, specific binding of 3H‐MPA was demonstrated by fractionation of salt‐extractable testicular nuclear receptor on sucrose gradients.

Perfused rat testes were also used to examine the direct effects of MPA on testosterone secretion. When testes were perfused with MPA, 20 μg/ml (but not 1 μg/ml) both basal and hCG induced testosterone secretion were inhibited 30 % and 60 %, respectively. In conclusion, MPA could exert a direct effect on testis via the androgen receptor as it docs in other androgen responsive tissues. Another direct effect of this progestin on the testis could be by inhibiting testosterone secretion. 7his response requires high levels of MPA in the perfusion medium suggesting that this might be a pharmacological effect of this pregestin.
Studies on Regional Fine Structure and Function in the Rabbit Epididymis
Authors: Nicander Lennart , Plöen Leif
Published: May 2008

The regional fine structure of principal cells in the rabbit epididymal duct is described. Pinocytotic markers and enzyme cytochemistry were used to study pinocytotic mechanisms. Three main segments were defined. The initial segment showed selective micropinocytosis with transfer of surface membrane into large multivesicular bodies. The middle segment showed profuse pinocytosis of opaque material in the lumen and of the pinocytotic markers, and abundant lysosomes. The terminal segment showed some micropinocytosis only with small multivesicular bodies. Iron dextrin only was taken up.

There was some evidence of micro‐merocrine protein secretion in the initial segment, but most of the lumenal materials was taken up again in the proximal part of the middle segment. Small vacuoles appeared to form from the Golgi complex in the other segments, too. The possibility is suggested that these vacuoles may represent merocrine secretory vacuoles in all principal cells of the epididymis.

Morphological sperm maturation is completed in the proximal half of the middle segment, functional maturation in the proximal third of the terminal segment.
Survey of 185 Sperm Analyses of Fertile Men in an Infertility Service
Authors: Bahamondes Luis , Abdelmassih Roger , Dachs J. Norberto
Published: May 2008

This paper presents the results of the last spermiogram of 185 men who cousulted because of infertility and whose wives became pregnant by natural means. The mean lapse of time between the spermiogram and the last menstrual period was 4.5 months.

Volume, sperm count, motility at 2, 4 and 24 h, morphology, fructose, acid phosphatase and semen culture are described. The results are compared with those of other publications.
Similar Effects of Prolactin and dbcAMP upon Human Spermatozoa Metabolism
Authors: Velázquez‐Ramírez A. , Vilar‐Rojas C. , Hicks J. J.
Published: May 2008

Studies were carried out of the effects of prolactin (0.5‐1.0 mU) and 3'5' dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) (100–500 ng) on oxygen uptake and (U‐14C) glucose and (1‐14C) acetate utilization by human spermatozoa. Both molecules induce a significant increase (P<0.01) in oxygen uptake when acetate, glucose, pyruvate and lactate were used as substrates, although differences were noted in the induction effect depending on the substrate used (Tukey's multiple comparisons after ANOVA) (P<0.01). The production of 14CO2 from glucose and labelled acetate was also statistically increased (P<0.01) by prolactin (from 15.15 to 25.32 nmoles CO2/hour/108 sperm cells) as well as by dbcAMP (15.15 to 34.95 nmoles CO2/hour/108 sperm cells). From these results we conclude that the activator effects of prolactin and dbcAMP on human spermatozoa with respect to the studied parameters are similar and that prolactin may be an activator of spermatic adenylyl cyclase.
Bacterial Flora in Semen before and after Doxycycline Treatment of Infertile Couples
Authors: Moberg Peter J. , Eneroth Peter , Ljung Åsa , Nord Carl‐Erik
Published: May 2008

A group of men under investigation for infertility have been studied with regard to findings of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in their ejaculates before and after medication. The group consisted of 27 men who received doxycycline concomitantly with their partners according to a fixed treatment schedule. Prior to medication 23 men delivered ejaculates which demonstrated bacterial growth. A total of 53 isolates were obtained. Following doxycycline treatment a significant number of men had a reduction in the number of isolates. The reduction was mainly confined to peptococci and propionibacteria.

Of the 9 men whose partners subsequently conceived, 6 harboured peptococci and/or propionibacteria in their semen before but not after treatment. It is concluded that these results warrant more extensive studies of the possible part played by peptococci and propionibacteria in genital‐tract infections in the male partners of infertile unions.
Seasonality in Endocrine and Exocrine Testicular Function of the Adult Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta) Maintained in a Controlled Laboratory Environment
Authors: Wickings E. Jean , Nieschlag E.
Published: May 2008

Testicular exocrine and endocrine function was monitored in adult male rhesus monkeys maintained for up to 4 years in a controlled environment isolated from seasonal changes in light, humidity and temperature and from female animals.

Marked circannual variations were found in both functions. Spermatogenesis and exocrine function were maximal in the autumn and winter months as indicated by histological studies and the measurement of testicular volume, frequency of spontaneous and provoked ejaculations and in sperm output. The serum level and metabolic clearance rate and production rate of testosterone were also maximal during this period as were the serum concentrations of dihydrotestosterone, cortisol and biologically active luteinizing hormone. By contrast the serum prolactin and dehydroepiandrosterone levels showed an inverse pattern, achieving their highest levels in spring, during the period of reduced testicular function.

Since such marked circannual variations in testicular and pituitary functions persist in monkeys isolated from external environmental influences, the existence of an inherent regulatory mechanism can be postulated. Such distinct variations in testicular function must be taken into consideration when using the male rhesus monkey as an experimental model for human reproductive function.
Correlations between the Quantitative Morphology of the Human Testis and Sperm Production The Testis of Healthy Men with Normal Sperm Counts
Authors: van Dop P. A. , Kurver P. H. J. , Scholtmeijer R. J. , Baak J. P. A. , Oort J. , Stolte L. A. M.
Published: May 2008

Stereology was used as a morphometric method to study the testicular biopsies of 8 healthy volunteers with a proven fertility and normal sperm counts.

The geometrical mean of the sperm density and total sperm count of 2 semen samples were correlated with the measured and calculated stereological parameters. The volume density of the germinal cell nuclei (r= 0.72) and the intra‐tubular tissue volume density (r= 0.81) were significantly correlated with the sperm density. A significant correlation was demonstrated between the total sperm count and the volume density of the germinal cell nuclei (r= 0.71) and the volume density of the Leydig cells (r=–0.70).

Using stepwise multiple regression analysis the prediction of the observed variance of the log sperm density was feasible (r= 0.996; P= 0.0007) with 4 stereological parameters: the volume density of the germinal cell nuclei (positive correlation), the volume density of the tubular wall (negative correlation), the volume density of the Leydig cells (negative correlation) and the tubular surface density (positive correlation).

The observed variance of the log total sperm count was predicted (r= 0.96; P= 0.003) with 3 stereological parameters: the volume density of the germinal cell nuclei (positive correlation), the volume density of the Leydig cells (negative correlation) and the volume density of the blood vessels (negative correlation).
The Connection between the Seminiferous Tubules and the Rete Testis in the Domestic Fowl (Gallus Domesticus) Morphological Study
Authors: Osman D. I.
Published: May 2008

The tubules connecting the seminiferous tubules proper to the rete testis in the fowl were studied with the aid of light and electron microscopy. The material examined ultrastructurally was fixed by vascular perfusion through the thoracic aorta. The seminiferous tubules were joined to the rete testis in three different ways; they were either linked by a terminal segment and a tubulus rectus, by a terminal segment only, or opened directly into the rete cavities. The terminal segment of the seminiferous tubules was lined with columnar cells (modified Sertoli cells). These cells were characterized by having an indented nucleus with a prominent nucleolus, many mitochondria, a sizable Golgi apparatus, electron dense bodies and many cytoplasmic protrusions into the lumen. Intraepithelial lymphocytes as well as macrophages in the lumina of the terminal segment, the tubuli recti and the rete testis were also observed. Myoid cells were found in the boundary tissue of the terminal segment.
A New Optical Technique for Evaluating Collective Motility of Ram and Bull Ejaculated Spermatozoa
Authors: Bar‐Sagie Dafna , Mayevsky Avraham , Bartoov Benjamin
Published: May 2008

A new. non‐destructive, objective technique for measuring collective motility of highly‐concentrated ram and bull semen is described. The principle is based on changes in the reflected light scattered by motile spermatozoa. These changes can be recorded as a continuous analog wave pattern (Reflectospermiogram‐RSG) and are correlated to the intensity of the turbulent motility as evaluated subjectively with an ordinary light microscope. Ram spermatozoa have, after ejaculation, a typical motility pattern, i.e., high, stable activity for about 20 min, then a period during which the motility decreases at a constant rate, and finally, a period with a low but rather constant activity. The usefulness of the technique has been demonstrated in various types of experiments.
Seminal Plasma and Progressive Motility of Boar Spermatozoa
Authors: Tso Wung‐Wai , Lee Wai‐Ming
Published: May 2008

Boar seminal plasma can enhance the progressive motility for washed boar spermatozoa. This effect is dose dependent and the full effect is obtained at 10% of the original seminal plasma concentration. This motility restoration (enhancement) stems not from a change of viscosity in the suspending medium. The component(s) in the seminal plasma responsible for such a restoration is non‐nutrient in nature and was found to be heat labile but resistant to storage for two months at ‐20°C.
Regional Differences in Steroidogenesis and Hormone Levels in the Epididymis and Vas Deferens of Adult Rats
Authors: Kumari G. L. , Allag I. S. , Das R. P. , Datta J. K.
Published: May 2008

In vivo and in vitro studies with different parts of the epididymis and vas deferens were carried out to determine their inherent capacity to synthesize steroids and to correlate with the endogenous levels with or without the administration of hCG.

Incubation with 14C‐labelled pregnenolone and testosterone demonstrated that caput epididymidis was more active than other parts in synthesizing testosterone from 14C‐pregnenolone and in converting labelled testosterone to 5α‐dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The cauda epididymidis and vas deferens accumulated more radioactivity in progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) than the caput epididymidis.

The levels of DHT, testosterone and 4‐androstene‐3,17‐dione in the caput epididymidis were reduced after ligation of ipselateral efferent ductules indicating the testicular origin of these steroids. The cauda epididymidis and vas deferens had higher levels of progesterone as compared to the other regions of the epididymis, which were decreased after the ligation. Intravenous injection of hCG increased the levels of oestradiol‐17β in all tissues and markedly in the cauda epididymidis and vas deferens. The high levels of progesterone and oestradiol‐17β present in these organs may be of importance in maintaining fertilizing ability of spermatozoa stored in the cauda epididymidis and vas deferens and their transport.
Fine Structure of the Sertoli Cells of the Rat Testis in Experimental Unilateral Cryptorchidism
Authors: Aumüller G. , Hartmann K. , Giers U. , Schenck B.
Published: May 2008

Mature rats were made unilaterally cryptorchid for 28 days. ABP concentrations of the abdominal epididymis were significantly reduced, indicating impaired secretory activity of the Sertoli cells.

The FSH serum level was increased and testosterone levels both of the serum and of homogenates of the cryptorchid testis were slightly reduced. Sertoli cells of the cryptorchid testis showed signs of regression. Although Sertoli cell junctions were still impermeable to lanthanum, a reduction of membrane particles forming the Sertoli cell junctions was observed in freeze‐fracture replicas. In thin sections it was seen that the plasma membrane‐apposed cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum or the adjaacent microfilaments were partially lacking. No such changes were observed in the scrotal testis.
Effects of Aspirin on Blood Plasma Levels of Testosterone, LH and FSH in Maturing Male Rats
Authors: Didolkar A. K. , Gurjar A. , Joshi U. M. , Sheth A. R. , Roychowdhury D.
Published: May 2008

Effects of aspirin administration (5 mg/100 g body weight) for various days were observed on the hormonal levels of maturing male rats. Aspirin was given orally every day for 8, 15, 22 and 30 days. No change in the weights of testes, epididymis, prostate or seminal vesicles was observed after treatment. While aspirin administration for 8 days caused an increase in the plasma testosterone level with decrease in both LH and FSH levels, prolonged treatment for 15 days and more produced a reverse effect, viz. decrease in plasma testosterone and increase in plasma LH and FSH levels. Testicular ascorbic acid content was found to decrease on the 15th and the 22nd day of treatment. Testicular cholesterol was increased after 22nd and 30th days of treatment. Prostatic acid phosphatase activity decreased in all the treated groups. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.
Epithelial Structure of the Rat Cauda Epididymidis after Luminal Perfusion
Authors: Cooper T. G. , Yeung C. H.
Published: May 2008

When solutions containing high concentrations of sodium ions (c. 140 mM) were perfused for up to 6 h through the lumen of the cauda epididymidis of the anaesthetised rat, distended spaces were consistently seen between the epithelial cells, water resorption was measurable, and clear cells lacked large clear apical vacuoles. Lowering the sodium ion concentration decreased water resorption, and distended intercellular channels were absent. Under these conditions clear cells had abnormally large or numerous pale staining vacuoles. When physiological concentrations of sodium (20 mM) and potassium (50 mM) ions were perfused, a more normal epithelium was present; intercellular channels were absent, and water was either resorbed or secreted at low rates. Clear cells appeared normal initially, but had abnormal appearance after longer periods of perfusion.
Varicocelectomy and Male Fertility: Comparison of Semen Quality and Recurrence of Varicocele Following Varicocelectomy by Two Techniques
Authors: Homonnai Z. T. , Fainman N. , Engelhard Y. , Rudberg Z. , David M. P. , Paz G.
Published: May 2008

Two hundred thirty‐eight infertile men aged between 20 and 50 years suffering from left varicocele underwent high ligation of the internal spermatic vein. The patients were operated on using Ivanissevich technique IT (210 patients) or the Bernardi technique BT (28 patients). In the BT group recurrences were found in 7.1% as against 28% in the IT group. The low rate of recurrence found in the BT group might be due to the fact that the patients were under local anaesthesia and collaborated with the surgeon.

Varicocelectomy was followed by significant improvement in sperm quality 3 to 9 months after operation. Improvement among the fertile men was more rapid than among the infertile men. Sperm concentration improved significantly in 50% of the cases. Sperm motility improved in 37% of the cases, while morphology improved only in 29% of the cases. Sperm vitality was identical in response to that of motility. Varioocelectomy did not cause any change in the seminal plasma constituents (volume. pH, fructose). Improvement in sperm quality was identical in the IT and BT groups, as was the impregnation rate. 94 couples reported pregnancies 39.5%), which occurred within 2 years after operation (12 ± 1.5 months mean ± SEM). No correlation was found between size of varicocele and improvement in sperm quality and fertilizing capacity.
The Effect of Chronic Administration of a Synthetic LH‐RH Analogue Intranasally in Cryptorchid Boys
Authors: Frick J. , Danner Ch. , Kunit G. , Galvan G. , Bernroider G.
Published: May 2008

Eighteen boys with either unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism were treated with a synthetic LH‐RH analogue (“D‐Leu 6. Des‐Gly‐10 LH‐RH ethylamide”) intranasally. The peptide was dissolved in aqueous solution (25 μg in 0,2 ml) and administered in the form af nasal drops. The patients were divided in two groups: in group A, 50 μg of the synthetic LH‐RH analogue were administered intranasally every 48 h for 36 days; in group B same dose was given every 24 h. Additionally, in 4 cases a LH‐RH test prior the trial was performed with the same peptide. The nasal administration resulted in a fivefold increase of LH and of FSH plasma concentration in 30 min and in 60 min, respectively.

The endocrine profiles for T, LH and FSH were studied in each group over the treatment period and in group B (same dose was given every 24 h) a significant decrease of the LH and FSH plasma levels could be found. The clinical effect of treatment was same in the both groups. In the whole material 44% had either unilateral or bilateral descent of the testis after the therapy.
Short Term Metabolic Effects of the Anti‐Fertility Agent, Gossypol, on Various Reproductive Organs of Male Mice
Authors: Coulson P. B. , Snell R. L. , Parise C.
Published: May 2008

In order to evaluate the short term metabolic effects of gossypol on the testes as well as any possible effects on the secondary sex organs, Balb C mice were injected subcutaneously with various doses of gossypol (0.25‐25.0 mg/kg body weight) in corn oil for 10 days. Wet weights of several different secondary sex reproductive organs decreased during gossypol treatment. However, wet weights of the testes during treatment remained equal to or greater than control values. Following 10 days of gossypol treatment, incorporation of [3H]thymidine or [3H]amino acids into trichloroacetic acid precipitable macromolecules was inhibited in the seminal vesicles and ventral prostates normalized to either DNA or wet weight. Treatment with gossypol also had an inhibitory effect on epididymal sperm count at the two highest doses.

These results demonstrate that gossypol will decrease sperm count at high dose levels after treatment of male mice for as short as 10 days. However, its overall effects are not limited to the testes and spermatogenesis but, in addition, it has dramatic inhibitory effects on protein and nuclei acid metabolism in the secondary sex organs.
Specialized Cell Contacts and the Blood‐testis Barrier in the Seminiferous Tubules of the Domestic Fowl (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Osman D. I. , Ekwall H. , Plöen L.
Published: May 2008

The ultrastructure of Sertoli‐Sertoli and Sertoli‐germ cell surface specializations in the domestic fowl was studied in material fixed by vascular perfusion through the thoracic aorta. Three main types of surface specializations were found between adjacent Sertoli cells. These are focal tight junctions, desmosome‐like devices, and a specialization characterized by the presence of long and dilated subsurface cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Typical inter‐Sertoli cell junctions similar to those of mammals were absent. Germ cells were attached to Sertoli cells mainly by desmosome‐like devices of varying appearance. The junctions between Sertoli cells and elongating or elongated spermatids, “the mantle”, consisted of only slight condensations of filamentous material in the Sertoli cell. The tight junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells were efficient in preventing lanthanum from passing towards the lumen beyond the level of the spermatogonia.
Dose‐Dependent Inhibition of Spermatogenesis in Mature Rams with Exogenous Testosterone
Authors: Schanbacher B. D.
Published: May 2008

Testicular and accessory sex gland function was examined in 20 mature breeding rams that received graded dosages of testosterone (T) by subdermal Silastic implants or intramuscular injections. Treatments were imposed for 72 days during the normal breeding season. As compared with control rams, rams implanted with 20 T‐filled Silastic capsules had greatly reduced testes (24%) and epididymides (53%) weights as well as total daily sperm production (3.3%) and epididymal sperm reserves (3.9%). These effects were produced when scrum T concentrations were increased four‐fold over those of control rams, serum LH was non‐detectable and serum FSH was substantially decreased. Testicular weight and total daily sperm production were less dramatically reduced in rams given T (2 times 250 mg/day) by injection. In spite of the high serum T concentrations observed in injected rams, weights of the accessory sex glands were not significantly affected. Treatment with 5 or 20 T‐filled Silastic capsules or by injection of T not only suppressed gonadotropin secretion and spermatogenesis but also reduced T concentrations in rete testis fluid. A high correlation (r=0.94, P < 0.01) between daily sperm production and T concentrations in rete testis fluid was calculated in this study. Results presented herein indicate that 1) treatment of rams with exogenous T affects spermatogenesis in a dose‐dependent manner and 2) spermatogenic yield is related to T concentrations in fluid of the rete testis.
Binding of Spermatozoa to Positively Charged Beads as an Inexpensive Method to Isolate Sperm Heads and Tails
Authors: Eksittikul Thidarat , Chulavatnatol Montri
Published: May 2008

Rat epididymal spermatozoa were capable of rapid binding to various positively charged beads, but not to beads with negative or no charge. The binding appeared to involve the end‐piece and perhaps a portion of the tail. The binding was quite resistant to acid, heat, Triton X‐100, sodium dodecyl sulphate and trypsin. The bound spermatozoa could be slowly released from the beads in a concentrated solution of salts, the best among those tested was 1 M‐ammonium acetate. The bead‐binding property of the spermatozoa was employed to develop a new, simple and inexpensive method to isolate heads and tails without the use of an ultracentrifuge. The yield of the heads from spermatozoa of the cauda epididymis was 65 to 80% with 2 to 10% of tails contaminating while the yield of the tail was 30 to 40% with no cross contamination.
Carcinoma‐in‐situ of the testis and invasive growth of different types of germ cell tumours. A revised germ cell theory
Authors: Skakkebæk Niels E. , Berthelsen Jørgen G.
Published: May 2008

The hypothesis is proposed that seminomas and non‐seminomas are histogenetically closely related and both types of germ cell tumours may originate from a common precursor cell: namely the germ cell showing the carcinoma‐in‐situ pattern. However, it is suggested that the spermatocytic seminoma is an exception as it may originate from spermatocytes.
Extra embryonic elements in testicular tumours
Authors: Grigor Kenneth M.
Published: May 2008

Extra embryonic elements in germ cell tumours resemble the trophectoderm or yolk sac endoderm which are the extra embryonic membranes of the developing embryo. True chorionic (trophoblastic) differentiation with syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast, perhaps with a villous pattern, is rare and is associated with a very poor prognosis and with hCG production. Isolated syncytiotrophoblastic cells also produce hCG but are prognostically less sinister. Yolk sac elements occur in two thirds of non seminomatous germ cell tumours, and affect all age groups. Pure forms of yolk sac tumour (YST) occur but are not common except in infants. They are often associated with AFP production but AFP is not a specific marker for YST. Yolk sac tumours have a similar prognosis to malignant teratoma undifferentiated (MTU: embrvonal carcinoma).
The applications of xenografts in the study of human germ cell tumours
Authors: Raghavan Derek.
Published: May 2008

Human germ cell tumours have been established as transplantable xenografts in immune suppressed and congenitally athymic animals. This review summarises the current and potential uses of this animal model in the study of these tumours, including the generation of ‘human’ tumour material for histological, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural analysis, for radio‐ and chemosensitivity testing, and for the development of new techniques of tumour imaging.
Testis cancer incidence — suggestion of a world pattern
Authors: Clemmesen Johannes.
Published: May 2008

Testis carcinoma may be an indicator of damage to the genome, and the increase in morbidity found in various countries may therefore be of wider interest than immediately apparent.

Changes in morbidity from testis cancer, and international differences are largely determined by the incidence among younger men. The author has therefore compared rates for the three consecutive five‐year age groups 25 to 39 years from a number of countries with cancer registration.

The lowest rates are found for Africans and US negroes, with slightly higher rates found in Asia. Increasing rates are found in Norway, Hamburg, and Denmark where incidence is highest, while Finland shows apparently stable and low rates. It is suggested that rates are increasing in England. Morbidity rates vary in the United States. In Canada, Quebec shows lower rates than other provinces.

It is suggested to look for prenatal causative factors.
The effect of patient's delay and doctor's delay in patients with malignant germ cell tumours
Authors: Fossa Sophie Dorothea , Klepp Olbjørn , Elgjo Ragna Følling , Eliassen Gunnar. , Melsom Haakon. , Urnes Tomas. , Wang Mari.
Published: May 2008

In 103 patients with malignant germ cell tumours the initial clinical diagnosis was incorrect in 45 (44%). The correct diagnosis was established within 2 months in only 31% of the patients, and delayed by more than 6 months in 27%.

Stage, distribution and survival were correlated with the histology, but not with the duration of symptoms or the patient's/doctor's delay.

Rapidly growing tumours often belonged to the non‐seminornaious group where advanced tumour stages and low survival rates were more common than in the seminoma group.

The overall prognosis of patients with malignant germ cell tumours may be increased by an early diagnosis of testicular tumours in non‐symptomatic patients, especially in men with possible risk factors (cryptorchidism, atrophic testis, antecedent contralateral testicular cancer).
Atypical germ cells in testicular biopsy in male sterility
Authors: Sigg Chr. , Hedinger Chr.
Published: May 2008

Of 2178 patients who underwent testicular biopsy for the investigation of male sterility between 1950 and 1979 at Zürich University, 10 cases with atypical germ cells (AGC) could be demonstrated (corresponding to 0.46%). Based on the clinical course, the cases are subdivided in three groups: 1) subsequent development of a testicular germ cell tumour within the period of a few months (2 patients), 2) development of germ cell tumour following a tumour‐free interval of several years (2 patients) and 3) no tumour development up to the present (6 patients).

The presence of AGC, therefore, is of quite varied significance. The possibilities whether they represent a precancerous lesion, a reactive alteration, intratubular spread of frank tumour cells, or stem cells of all kinds of testicular neoplasms, are discussed.
The binding of sex steroids to human spermatozoa An autoradiographic study
Authors: Cheng C. Y. , Boettcher B. , Rose R. J. , Kay D. J. , Tinneberg H. R.
Published: May 2008

The locations of steroid binding sites with specificities for 17β‐oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone have been examined on human spermatozoa by autoradiography. The binding sites were not evenly distributed over the entire surface of human spermatozoa. They were more densely located on the midpiece of the tail, less on the head and neck, and least on the principal‐ and end pieces of the tail. The binding sites for 17β‐oestradiol were specific, with 3H‐17β‐oestradiol being displayed by unlabelled 17β‐oestradiol, but less readily displaced by either progesterone or testosterone. The binding sites for testosterone were less specific than those for 17β‐oestradiol or those for progesterone. Both 17β‐oestradiol and progesterone were good competitors for testosterone binding sites, while the binding of 3H‐progesterone was easily displaced by 17β‐oestradiol, but less readily displayed by testosterone. Since there was preferential binding of these steroids to the mid‐piece, and strong competition for binding between 17β‐oestradiol and progesterone, these studies appear to provide information on the sites of action for the reported effects of these and related steroids on spermatozoal motility, migration and metabolism.