bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding and responding to the climate change issue: Towards a whole-of-science research agenda
Authors: Härtel Charmine EJ , Pearman Graeme I
Published: May 2010

Much of human behavior and the very fabric of our economies and culture relate to the nature of our climate, its regularity/variability and severity. Climate change should therefore be a central field of inquiry in the social, behavioral and organizational sciences generally. This is especially so given that much of the observed and current climate change is attributed with a high degree of confidence to human activities and further change is anticipated. Whilst historically biophysical research has tended to dominate attention to the climate-change issue, there is an emerging literature examining laypeople's environment-related knowledge structures and the changes in attitudes, beliefs and behaviors required to effectively implement responses to the issues raised by the physical sciences. However, there are limitations in this literature, particularly regarding how scientists themselves engage with and capture emerging knowledge related to the issue. Although there is a broad consensus that the environmental problems we are experiencing are essentially social, organizational and behavioral problems, insufficient attention has been given to the issue of how to cultivate a cross disciplinary approach to address what is a complex and systemic problem (Cash et al., 2006). This article seeks to bring that issue into focus and offers a whole-of-science agenda for climate-change related research. It is essential that social, behavioral and organizational scientists accept greater responsibility for helping to address and facilitate the social, attitudinal, behavioral and management changes required to ameliorate and respond to the environmental deterioration identified by research in the physical sciences. The need for further and ongoing multi-disciplinary and international research is both necessary and pressing. Moreover, it is an ethical and practical responsibility that individuals of all scientific persuasions cannot afford to shirk.
Air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympics: secondary pollutants and regional impact
Authors: Wang T. , Nie W. , Gao J. , Xue L. K. , Gao X. M. , Wang X. F. , Qiu J. , Poon C. N. , Meinardi S. , Blake D. , Ding A. J. , Chai F. H. , Zhang Q. Z. , Wang W. X.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. This paper presents the first results of the atmospheric measurements of trace gases and aerosols at three surface sites in and around Beijing before and during the 2008 Olympics. We focus on secondary pollutants including ozone, fine sulfate and nitrate, and the contribution of regional sources in summer 2008. The results reveal different responses of secondary pollutants to the control measures from primary pollutants. Ambient concentrations of vehicle-related nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at an urban site dropped by 25% and 20–45% in the first two weeks after full control was put in place, but the levels of ozone, sulfate and nitrate in PM2.5 increased by 16%, 64%, 37%, respectively, compared to the period prior to the full control; wind data and back trajectories indicated the contribution of regional pollution from the North China Plain. Air quality (for both primary and secondary pollutants) improved significantly during the Games, which were also associated with the changes in weather conditions (prolonged rainfall, decreased temperature, and more frequent air masses from clean regions). A comparison of the ozone data at three sites on eight ozone-pollution days, when the air masses were from the southeast-south-southwest sector, showed that regional pollution sources contributed 34%–88% to the peak ozone concentrations in urban Beijing. Ozone production efficiencies at two sites were low (~3 ppbv/ppbv), indicating that ozone formation was being controlled by VOCs. Compared with data collected in 2005 at a downwind site, the concentrations of ozone, sulfur dioxide (SO2), total sulfur (SO2+PM2.5 sulfate), carbon monoxide (CO), reactive aromatics (toluene and xylenes) sharply decreased (by 8–64%) in 2008, but no significant changes were observed for the concentrations of PM2.5, fine sulfate, total odd reactive nitrogen (NOy), and longer lived alkanes and benzene. We suggest that these results indicate the success of the government's efforts in reducing emissions of SO2, CO, and VOCs in Beijing. However, further control of regional emissions is needed for significant reductions of ozone and fine particulate pollution in Beijing.
Retrieval of spectral aerosol optical thickness over land using ocean color sensors MERIS and SeaWiFS
Authors: von Hoyningen-Huene W. , Yoon J. , Vountas M. , Istomina L. G. , Rohen G. , Dinter T. , Kokhanovsky A. A. , Burrows J. P.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. For the determination of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) Bremen AErosol Retrieval (BAER) has been developed. Method and main influences on the aerosol retrieval are described together with validation and results. The retrieval separates the spectral aerosol reflectance from surface and Rayleigh path reflectance for the shortwave range of the measured spectrum of top-of-atmosphere reflectance less than 0.670 μm. The advantage of MERIS (Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer on ENVISAT) and SeaWiFS (Sea viewing Wide Fiels Sensor on OrbView-2) observations are the existence of several spectral channels in the blue and visible range enabling the spectral determination of AOT in 7 (or 6) channels (0.412–0.670 μm) and additionally channels in the NIR, which can be used to characterize the surface properties. A dynamical spectral surface reflectance model for different surface types is used to obtain the spectral surface reflectance for this separation. Normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI), taken from the satellite observations, is the model input. Further surface BRDF is considered by the Raman-Pinty-Verstraete (RPV) model. Spectral AOT is obtained from aerosol reflectance using look-up-tables, obtained from radiative transfer calculations with given aerosol phase functions and single scattering albedos either from aerosol models, given by OPAC or from experimental campaigns. Validations of the obtained AOT retrieval results with AERONET data over Europe gave a preference for experimental phase functions derived from almucantar measurements. Finally long-term observations of SeaWiFS have been investigated for trends in AOT.
Seasonality in onshore normalized wind profiles above the surface layer
Authors: Nissen J. N. , Gryning S.-E.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. This work aims to study the seasonal difference in normalized wind speed above the surface layer as it is observed at the 160 m high mast at the coastal site Høvsøre at winds from the sea (westerly). Normalized and stability averaged wind speeds above the surface layer are observed to be 20 to 50% larger in the winter/spring seasons compared to the summer/autumn seasons at winds from west within the same atmospheric stability class. A method combining the mesoscale model, COAMPS, and observations of the surface stability of the marine boundary layer is presented. The objective of the method is to reconstruct the seasonal signal in normalized wind speed and identify the physical process behind. The method proved reasonably successful in capturing the relative difference in wind speed between seasons, indicating that the simulated physical processes are likely candidates to the observed seasonal signal in normalized wind speed.
Climate change and the demise of Minoan civilization
Authors: Tsonis A. A. , Swanson K. L. , Sugihara G. , Tsonis P. A.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Climate change has been implicated in the success and downfall of several ancient civilizations. Here we present a synthesis of historical, climatic, and geological evidence that supports the hypothesis that climate change may have been responsible for the slow demise of Minoan civilization. Using proxy ENSO and precipitation reconstruction data in the period 1650–1980 we present empirical and quantitative evidence that El Niño causes drier conditions in the area of Crete. This result is supported by modern data analysis as well as by model simulations. Though not very strong, the ENSO-Mediterranean drying signal appears to be robust, and its overall effect was accentuated by a series of unusually strong and long-lasting El Niños during the time of the Minoan decline. We show that a change in the dynamics of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) system occurred around 3000 BC, which culminated in a series of strong and frequent El Niños starting at about 1450 BC and lasting for several centuries. This stressful climatic tend, associated with the gradual demise of the Minoans, is argued to be an important force acting in the downfall of this classic and long-lived civilization.
Tsunami hazard assessment in the Ionian Sea due to potential tsunamogenic sources – results from numerical simulations
Authors: Tselentis G-A. , Stavrakakis G. , Sokos E. , Gkika F. , Serpetsidaki A.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. In spite of the fact that the great majority of seismic tsunami is generated in ocean domains, smaller basins like the Ionian Sea sometimes experience this phenomenon. In this investigation, we study the tsunami hazard associated with the Ionian Sea fault system. A scenario-based method is used to provide an estimation of the tsunami hazard in this region for the first time. Realistic faulting parameters related to four probable seismic sources, with tsunami potential, are used to model expected coseismic deformation, which is translated directly to the water surface and used as an initial condition for the tsunami propagation. We calculate tsunami propagation snapshots and mareograms for the four seismic sources in order to estimate the expected values of tsunami maximum amplitudes and arrival times at eleven tourist resorts along the Ionian shorelines. The results indicate that, from the four examined sources, only one possesses a seismic threat causing wave amplitudes up to 4 m at some tourist resorts along the Ionian shoreline.
The trend of mean BMI values of US adults, birth cohorts 1882–1986 indicates that the obesity epidemic began earlier than hitherto thought
Authors: Komlos John , Brabec Marek
Published: May 2010

Background:

The trend in the body mass index (BMI) values of the US population has not been estimated accurately because the time series data are unavailable and the focus has been on calculating period effects.

Objectives:

To estimate the trend and rate of change of BMI values by birth cohorts stratified by gender and ethnicity born 1882–1986.

Methods:

We use loess additive regression models to estimate age and trend effects of BMI values of US‐born black and white adults measured between 1959 and 2006. We use all the National Health Examination Survey and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data.

Results:

The increase in BMI was already underway among the birth cohorts of the early 20th century. The rate of increase was fastest among black females; for the three other groups under consideration, the rates of increase were similar. The generally persistent upward trend was punctuated by upsurges, particularly after each of the two world wars. The estimated rate of change of BMI values increased by 71% among black females between the birth cohorts 1955 and those of 1965 is indicative of the rapid increases in their weight.

Conclusions:

We infer that transition to postindustrial weights was a gradual process and began considerably earlier than hitherto supposed. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 22:631–638, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, structure and biological activity of diorganotin derivatives with pyridyl functionalized bis(pyrazol‐1‐yl)methanes
Authors: Li Fang‐Lin , Song Hai‐Bin , Dai Bin , Tang Liang‐Fu
Published: May 2010

Three pyridyl functionalized bis(pyrazol‐1‐yl)methanes, namely 2‐[(4‐pyridyl)methoxyphenyl] bis(pyrazol‐1‐yl)methane (L1), 2‐[(4‐pyridyl)methoxyphenyl]bis(3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐yl)methane (L2) and 2‐[(3‐pyridyl)methoxyphenyl]bis(pyrazol‐1‐yl)methane (L3) have been synthesized by the reactions of (2‐hydroxyphenyl)bis(pyrazol‐1‐yl)methanes with chloromethylpyridine. Treatment of these three ligands with R2SnCl2 (R = Et, n‐Bu or Ph) yields a series of symmetric 2:1 adducts of (L)2SnR2Cl2 (L = L1, L2 or L3), which have been confirmed by elemental analysis and NMR spectroscopy. The crystal structures of (L2)2Sn(n‐Bu)2Cl2·0.5C6H14 and (L3)2SnEt2Cl2 determined by X‐ray crystallography show that the functionalized bis(pyrazol‐1‐yl)methane acts as a monodentate ligand through the pyridyl nitrogen atom, and the pyrazolyl nitrogen atoms do not coordinate to the tin atom. The cytotoxic activity of these complexes for Hela cells in vitro was tested. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and cytotoxicity studies of novel anion‐exchanged Titanocene Y derivatives
Authors: Claffey James , Deally Anthony , Gleeson Brendan , Patil Siddappa , Tacke Matthias
Published: May 2010

Starting from the potential anticancer drug candidate Titanocene Y {bis‐[(4‐methoxybenzyl)cyclopentadienyl]titanium(IV) dichloride}, anion exchange experiments were performed using silver malonate (1a) or silver cyclobutane‐1,1‐malonate (1b) in order to yield bis‐[(4‐methoxy‐benzyl)cyclopentadienyl] titanium(IV) malonate (2a) and bis‐[(4‐methoxy‐benzyl)cyclopentadienyl] titanium(IV) cyclobutane‐1,1‐malonate (2b). In addition, Titanocene Y was reacted with salicylic acid (3a) or 3,5‐dinitro‐salicylic acid (3b) in the presence of diethylamine to synthesize bis‐[(4‐methoxy‐benzyl)cyclopentadienyl] titanium(IV) salicylate (4a) or bis‐[(4‐methoxy‐benzyl)cyclopentadienyl] titanium(IV) 3,5‐dinitro‐salicylate (4b). These titanocenes had their cytotoxicity investigated through preliminary in vitro testing on the LLC‐PK (pig kidney epithelial) cell line in an MTT‐based assay in order to determine their IC50 values. Titanocenes 2a–b and 4a were found to have IC50 values of 74 ( ± 13) µM, 18 ( ± 5) µM and 49 ( ± 11) µM on the LLC‐PK cell line, while compound 4b was found to have lost all its cytotoxic activity on this cell line. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of gamma irradiation on the thermal and dyeing properties of blends based on waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends
Authors: Razek Taha M. A. , Said Hossam M. , Khafaga Mervat R. , M. El‐Naggar Abdel Wahab
Published: May 2010

The effect of gamma irradiation on the properties of virgin, waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), and their blends was characterized by IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The dye affinity for disperse dyes of the different PET polymers, before and after gamma irradiation was also studied. The results showed that the thermal stability of virgin, waste PET, and their blends was improved after gamma irradiation. The dye affinity for the disperse dye in terms of color intensity was improved after the exposure to gamma irradiation. The dye ability with disperse dye, in terms of color intensity (ΔE*), for virgin/waste PET (80/20%) blend, as an example, was improved by ∼ 53 and 98% after the exposure to doses 30 and 50 kGy of gamma irradiation, respectively. In conclusion, the modification of waste PET or its blends with virgin PET by gamma irradiation may provide a practical method for the recycling to obtain useful products. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Surface functionalization of wool using 172 nm UV excimer lamp
Authors: Gupta Deepti , Basak Shantanu
Published: May 2010

Wool is an important natural fiber having a complex surface structure which makes it difficult to dye and process it. It has a hydrophobic surface due to the presence of disulphide cystine crosslinks and a layer of fatty acids on the fiber surface. Conventional chemical treatments used to improve the hydrophilicity of wool often have an adverse effect on the feel and handle of this fiber. In this study, effect of monochromatic UV excimer radiation of 172 nm on the performance properties such as wetting, surface chemistry and surface morphology of wool has been studied. Irradiation reduces the wetting time of wool nearly by a factor of 10, even after a short exposure time of 1 minute, irrespective of the atmosphere used. Wetting time continues to decrease with increasing time of exposure and at 15 min of exposure, the absorption becomes instant. However, no significant change was observed in the ATR spectra of treated and untreated samples. SEM images show ablation and etching of the surface. The well defined scaly contour is not seen and there are deep striations on the surface of samples treated in nitrogen atmosphere. In case of samples exposed in O2 atmosphere, micropores can be seen on the surface. Samples treated in nitrogen atmosphere for 15 min show nearly 100% exhaustion of acid dye as compared to 73% for untreated samples after 20 min of dyeing. Treated wool shows increased saturation dye uptake as well as improved rate of dyeing. Since these changes are restricted to surface and do not affect the bulk properties, these findings can have a significant effect on the commercial dyeing and finishing procedures used for wool and can be used to design cleaner and more efficient processes in future. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation and properties of the single‐walled carbon nanotube/cellulose nanocomposites using N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide monohydrate
Authors: Kim Dong‐Hun , Park Soo‐Young , Kim Junkyung , Park Min
Published: May 2010

Single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)/cellulose nanocomposite films were prepared using N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide (NMMO) monohydrate as a dispersing agent for the acid‐treated SWNTs (A‐SWNTs) as well as a cellulose solvent. The A‐SWNTs were dispersed in both NMMO monohydrate and the nanocomposite film (as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy) because of the strong hydrogen bonds of the A‐SWNTs with NMMO and cellulose. The mechanical properties, thermal properties, and electric conductivity of the nanocomposite films were improved by adding a small amount of the A‐SWNTs to the cellulose. For example, by adding 1 wt % of the A‐SWNTs to the cellulose, tensile strain at break point, Young's modulus, and toughness increased ∼ 5.4, ∼ 2.2, and ∼ 6 times, respectively, the degradation temperature increased to 9°C as compared with those of the pure cellulose film, and the electric conductivities at ϕ (the wt % of A‐SWNTs in the composite) = 1 and 9 were 4.97 × 10−4 and 3.74 × 10−2 S/cm, respectively. Thus, the A‐SWNT/cellulose nanocomposites are a promising material and can be used for many applications, such as toughened Lyocell fibers, transparent electrodes, and soforth. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Thermo‐mechanical analysis of lead monoxide filled unsaturated polyester based polymer composite radiation shields
Authors: Harish V. , Nagaiah N. , Prabhu T. Niranjana , Varughese K. T.
Published: May 2010

Particulate polymer composites of Isophthalate based unsaturated polyester resin filled with different concentrations of lead monoxide were prepared and investigated for physical, thermal, mechanical, and gamma radiation shielding characteristics. The results of thermo‐mechanical studies have been discussed in this article. The composites were investigated to understand the effect of filler on glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal expansion coefficients (α) at various temperatures under cyclic heating and cooling conditions. The results show thatTgvalues of composites appear to decrease slightly with increasing filler content. The composites were observed to exhibit three phases of thermal expansion during first heating and cooling cycles where as they exhibit only two phases during second heating cycle. An anomalous expansion of the composites was observed in the temperature range from 60°C to 110°C only during first heating and it disappears in subsequent heating cycles. Further, all the composites were observed to exhibit a dimensional contraction only during first heating and cooling cycles. The cyclic heating and cooling technique using thermo‐mechanical analyzer was observed to be very efficient in determining actual values ofTgand also in determining the post curing temperatures of the polymer and its composites. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation and properties of the phenolic foams with controllable nanometer pore structure
Authors: Lei Shiwen , Guo Quangui , Zhang Dongqing , Shi Jingli , Liu Lang , Wei Xinghai
Published: May 2010

Phenolic foam with nanometer pore structure and high strength was prepared by using a novel foaming method of phenol–formaldehyde novolac resin solution under pressure. Pore structure and the effects of pressure and resin concentration on it were investigated. Results showed that the mean pore size decreases from 800 to 30 nm with the increase of resin concentration from 0.08 to 0.36 g/mL. The pressure has a great effect on the pore structure and an optimal range (2.0–4.0 MPa) at which the pore size is small in level of nanometer and has a good distribution. The nanometer pore structure resulted in significant improvement of compressive strength and thermal insulation properties of phenolic foam. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis of poly‐N‐(thiazol‐2‐yl)methacrylamide: Characterization, complexation, and bioactivity
Authors: Elassar Abdel‐Zaher A. , Sughayer Abdul Hakeem Al , Sagheer Fakhreia Al
Published: May 2010

Cu(II) complexes with N‐(thiazol‐2‐yl)methacrylamide (NTM) and its polymer PNTM have been synthesized. The ligands (NTM and PNTM) and their Cu(II) complexes have been characterized by FTIR and 1H‐NMR. EDX was performed to know the elemental composition and X‐ray powder diffractometry (XRD) analysis was applied to detect the crystallinity of the complexes. The morphology of these complexes was investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and proves that the monomer complexes have a strongly crystalline structure compared with the polymer complexes, which show that it is only weakly crystalline. These results from SEM are in agreement with results obtained from XRD. Thermal properties of the ligands and their complexes have been studied by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The activity of the ligands and their complexes has been screened against S. aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas, and Candida albicans. The synthesized compounds have shown good affinity as antibacterial and antifungal agents, which increased on complexation with Cu(II) ion. The results of these studies show the Cu(II) complexes to be more thermal stable as compared with NTM and PNTM. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Thermal and mechanical properties of poly(urethane‐imide)/epoxy/silica hybrids
Authors: Liu Pinggui , Zhang Qingfang , He Lihua , Xie Qingji , Ding Heyan
Published: May 2010

Improving properties of polyurethane (PU) elastomers have drawn much attention. To extend the properties of the modified PU composite, here a new method via the reaction of poly(urethane‐imide) diacid (PUI) and silane‐modified epoxy resin (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A) was developed to prepare crosslinked poly (urethane‐ imide)/epoxy/silica (PUI/epoxy/SiO2) hybrids with enhanced thermal stability. PUI was synthesized from the reaction of trimellitic anhydride with isocyanate‐terminated PU prepolymer, which was prepared from reaction of polytetramethylene ether glycol and 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate. Thermal and mechanical properties of the PUI/epoxy/SiO2 hybrids were investigated to study the effect of incorporating in situ SiO2 from silane‐modified epoxy resin. All experimental data indicated that the properties of PUI/epoxy/SiO2 hybrids, such as thermal stability, mechanical properties, were improved due to the existence of epoxy resin and SiO2. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Randomized clinical trial of VNUS® ClosureFAST™ radiofrequency ablation versus laser for varicose veins
Authors: Shepherd A C , Gohel M S , Brown L C , Metcalfe M J , Hamish M , Davies A H
Published: May 2010

Background

Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) are both associated with excellent technical, clinical and patient-reported outcomes for the treatment of varicose veins. The aim of this study was to compare the techniques in a randomized clinical trial.

Methods

Consecutive patients with primary great saphenous vein reflux were randomized to EVLA (980 nm) or RFA (VNUS® ClosureFAST™) at a single centre. The primary outcome measure was postprocedural pain after 3 days. Secondary outcome measures were quality of life at 6 weeks, determined by the Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire (AVVQ) and Short Form 12 (SF-12®), and clinical improvement assessed by the Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS). Analyses were performed on the basis of intention to treat using multivariable linear regression.

Results

Some 131 patients were randomized to EVLA (64 patients) or RFA (67). Mean(s.d.) pain scores over 3 days were 26·4(22·1) mm for RFA and 36·8(22·5) mm for EVLA (P = 0·010). Over 10 days, mean(s.d.) pain scores were 22·0(19·8) mm versus 34·3(21·1) mm for RFA and EVLA respectively (P = 0·001). The mean(s.d.) number of analgesic tablets used was lower for RFA than for EVLA over 3 days (8·8(9·5) versus 14·2(10·7); P = 0·003) and 10 days (20·4(22·6) versus 35·9(29·4) respectively; P = 0·001). Changes in AVVQ, SF-12® and VCSS scores at 6 weeks were similar in the two groups: AVVQ (P = 0·887), VCSS (P = 0·993), SF-12® physical component score (P = 0·276) and mental component score (P = 0·449).

Conclusion

RFA using VNUS® ClosureFAST™ was associated with less postprocedural pain than EVLA. However, clinical and quality-of-life improvements were similar after 6 weeks for the two treatments. Registration number: ISRCTN66818013 (http://www.controlled-trials.com).
Impact of portal vein embolization on long-term survival of patients with primarily unresectable colorectal liver metastases (Br J Surg 2010; 97: 240–250)
Authors: Jamdar S , Jegatheeswaran S , Bandara A , Sheen A J , Siriwardena A K
Published: May 2010

The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
Nanostructured Praseodymium Oxide: Correlation Between Phase Transitions and Catalytic Activity
Authors: Sonström Patrick , Birkenstock Johannes , Borchert Yulia , Schilinsky Laura , Behrend Peter , Gries Katharina , Müller Knut , Rosenauer Andreas , Bäumer Marcus
Published: May 2010

Praseodymia gives rise to a rich phase diagram with a large number of phases between the limiting stoichiometries Pr2O3and PrO2that differ only slightly in oxygen content (PrnO2n−2). This chemical and crystallographic variability allows the system to release or incorporate lattice oxygen easily at sufficiently high temperatures and thus renders the material interesting as a catalyst for redox reactions according to a Mars–van Krevelen mechanism. Nanostructured praseodymia samples are investigated in this study with respect to their catalytic properties, focusing on methane oxidation and selective NO reduction by CO and CH4. To correlate catalytic activity and crystallographic changes, complementary high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction measurements have been carried out. The determined temperatures of transitions between different oxide phases agree well with peaks in the temperature‐programmed reduction measurements, confirming the direct connection between the availability of lattice oxygen and crystallographic transformations. The catalytic activity for methane oxidation and NO reduction sets in at 450–500 °C, at which temperature the starting material—mainly Pr6O11—transforms into the next oxygen‐depleted phase Pr7O12. With respect to NO reduction, the results show that it is possible to employ both methane and carbon monoxide as reducing agents in the absence of oxygen, in agreement with a Mars–van Krevelen mechanism. Nevertheless, the use of CO instead of CH4offers considerable advantages, as no deactivation due to carbon residues takes place in this case. Whereas, in an excess of oxygen, NO reduction is inhibited independently of the reducing agent, it is shown that NO reduction can proceed if the O2concentration remains below a critical concentration.
Compression of Self‐Assembled Nano‐Objects: 2D/3D Transitions in Films of (Perfluoroalkyl)Alkanes—Persistence of an Organized Array of Surface Micelles
Authors: de Gracia Lux Caroline , Gallani Jean‐Louis , Waton Gilles , Krafft Marie Pierre
Published: May 2010

Understanding and controlling the molecular organization of amphiphilic molecules at interfaces is essential for materials and biological sciences. When spread on water, the model amphiphiles constituted by CnF2n+1CmH2m+1 (FnHm) diblocks spontaneously self‐assemble into surface hemimicelles. Therefore, compression of monolayers of FnHm diblocks is actually a compression of nanometric objects. Langmuir films of F8H16, F8H18, F8H20, and F10H16 can actually be compressed far beyond the “collapse” of their monolayers at ∼30 Å2. For molecular areas A between 30 and 10 Å2, a partially reversible, 2D/3D transition occurs between a monolayer of surface micelles and a multilayer that coexist on a large plateau. For A<10 Å2, surface pressure increases again, reaching up to ∼48 mN m−1 before the film eventually collapses. Brewster angle microscopy and AFM indicate a several‐fold increase in film thickness when scanning through the 2D/3D coexistence plateau. Compression beyond the plateau leads to a further increase in film thickness and, eventually, to film disruption. Reversibility was assessed by using compression–expansion cycles. AFM of F8H20 films shows that the initial monolayer of micelles is progressively covered by one (and eventually two) bilayers, which leads to a hitherto unknown organized composite arrangement. Compression of films of the more rigid F10H16 results in crystalline‐like inflorescences. For both diblocks, a hexagonal array of surface micelles is consistently seen, even when the 3D structures eventually disrupt, which means that this monolayer persists throughout the compression experiments. Two examples of pressure‐driven transformations of films of self‐assembled objects are thus provided. These observations further illustrate the powerful self‐assembling capacity of perfluoroalkyl chains.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Bipolar Transporting Behavior of a New Twisted Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon: 1′,4′‐Diphenyl‐naphtho‐(2′.3′:1.2)‐pyrene‐6′‐nitro‐7′‐methyl Carboxylate
Authors: Zhang Qichun , Divayana Yoga , Xiao Jinchong , Wang Zhijuan , Tiekink Edward R. T. , Doung Hieu M. , Zhang Hua , Boey Freddy , Sun Xiao Wei , Wudl Fred
Published: May 2010

An asymmetric twistacene, 1′,4′‐diphenyl‐naphtho‐(2′.3′:1.2)‐pyrene‐6′‐nitro‐7′‐methyl carboxylate (tetracene 2), was synthesized by using benzyne‐trapping chemistry. Its structure, determined by X‐ray crystallography, confirmed that this material has a twisted topology with torsion angles as high as 23.8(3)°. Organic light‐emitting devices using tetracene 2 as either charge‐transporting materials or emitters have been fabricated. The results indicate that this material has bipolar transporting behavior in these devices.
Cationic Iridium(III) Complex Containing both Triarylboron and Carbazole Moieties as a Ratiometric Fluoride Probe That Utilizes a Switchable Triplet–Singlet Emission
Authors: Xu Wen‐Juan , Liu Shu‐Juan , Zhao Xin‐Yan , Sun Shi , Cheng Shan , Ma Ting‐Chun , Sun Hui‐Bin , Zhao Qiang , Huang Wei
Published: May 2010

A novel cationic IrIII complex [Ir(Bpq)2(CzbpyCz)]PF6 (Bpq=2‐[4‐(dimesitylboryl)phenyl]quinoline, CzbpyCz = 5,5′‐bis(9‐hexyl‐9H‐carbazol‐3‐yl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine) containing both triarylboron and carbazole moieties was synthesized. The excited‐state properties of [Ir(Bpq)2(CzbpyCz)]PF6 were investigated through UV/Vis absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy and molecular‐orbital calculations. This complex displayed highly efficient orange‐red phosphorescent emission with an emission peak of 583 nm and quantum efficiency of Φ=0.30 in dichloromethane at room temperature. The binding of fluoride ions to [Ir(Bpq)2(CzbpyCz)]PF6 can quench the phosphorescent emission from the IrIII complex and enhance the fluorescent emission from the N^N ligand, which corresponds to a visual change in the emission from orange‐red to blue. Thus, both colorimetric and ratiometric fluoride sensing can be realized. Interestingly, an unusual intense absorption band in the visible region was observed. And the detection of F− ions can also be carried out with visible light as the excitation wavelength. More importantly, the linear response of the probe absorbance change at λ=351 nm versus the concentration of F− ions allows efficient and accurate quantification of F− ions in the range 0–50 μM.
High‐Density DNA Functionalization by a Combination of Cu‐Catalyzed and Cu‐Free Click Chemistry
Authors: Gutsmiedl Katrin , Fazio Danila , Carell Thomas
Published: May 2010

We report the regioselective Cu‐free click modification of styrene functionalized DNA with nitrile oxides. A series of modified oligodeoxynucleotides (nine base pairs) was prepared with increasing styrene density. 1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition with nitrile oxides allows the high density functionalization of the styrene modified DNA directly on the DNA solid support and in solution. This click reaction proceeds smoothly even directly in the DNA synthesizer and gives exclusively 3,5‐disubstituted isoxazolines. Additionally, PCR products (300 and 900 base pairs) were synthesized with a styrene triphosphate and KOD XL polymerase. The click reaction on the highly modified PCR fragments allows functionalization of hundreds of styrene units on these large DNA fragments simultaneously. Even sequential Cu‐free and Cu‐catalyzed click reaction of PCR amplicons containing styrene and alkyne carrying nucleobases was achieved. This new approach towards high‐density functionalization of DNA is simple, modular, and efficient.
Diastereodifferentiating the [2+2] Photocycloaddition of Ethylene to Arylmenthyl Cyclohexenonecarboxylates: Stacking‐Driven Enhancement of the Product Diastereoselectivity That Is Correlated with the Reactant Ellipticity
Authors: Tsutsumi Ken , Yanagisawa Yuuki , Furutani Akinori , Morimoto Tsumoru , Kakiuchi Kiyomi , Wada Takehiko , Mori Tadashi , Inoue Yoshihisa
Published: May 2010

Upon diastereodifferentiating the [2+2] photocycloaddition of ethylene to a series of p‐substituted (−)‐8‐phenylmenthyl cyclohexenonecarboxylates, the diastereoselectivity was critically controlled by the nature of the substituent introduced to the chiral auxiliary, and the p‐nitro‐substituted substrate afforded the cycloadducts in 90 % diastereomeric excess (de) and with 97 % isolated yield. Detailed experimental and theoretical conformation analyses revealed that the stacking interaction of the aromatic auxiliary with the cyclohexenone moiety plays the decisive role in determining the substrate conformation and is, therefore, responsible for the dramatic enhancement of the de. Of particular interest, the product de was directly related to the ellipticity of the substrate, enabling us to “predict” the de prior to photoirradiation.
ChemInform Abstract: Playing the Quantum Chemical Slot Machine: An Exploration of ABX2 Compounds.
Authors: Wen Xiao‐Dong , Cahill Thomas J. , Gerovac Nicholas M. , Bucknum Michael J. , Hoffmann Roald
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Phase Transitions in EuC2.
Authors: Wandner Derk , Link Pascal , Heyer Oliver , Mydosh John , Ahmida Mahmoud A. , Abd‐Elmeguid Mohsen M. , Speldrich Manfred , Lueken Heiko , Ruschewitz Uwe
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structures, and Properties of New Chalcogenide‐Capped Octahedral Hexatechnetium(III) Complexes [Tc6S8X6]4‐ (X: Br, I), [Tc6Se8I2], and [Tc6Te15].
Authors: Yoshimura Takashi , et al. et al.
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Concurrent α‐Iodination and N‐Arylation of Cyclic β‐Enaminones.
Authors: Chen Yan , Ju Tong , Wang Junwei , Yu Wenquan , Du Yunfei , Zhao Kang
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Boronic Acid Catalyzed Friedel—Crafts Reactions of Allylic Alcohols with Electron‐Rich Arenes and Heteroarenes.
Authors: McCubbin J. Adam , Hosseini Hamidreza , Krokhin Oleg V.
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorous 4‐N,N‐Dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) Salts as Simple Recyclable Acylation Catalysts.
Authors: Vuluga Daniela , Legros Julien , Crousse Benoit , Bonnet‐Delpon Daniele
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Insights into the Copper‐Catalyzed Alkylation of Grignard and Organolithium Reagents.
Authors: Cahiez Gerard , Gager Olivier , Buendia Julien
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Allylic Substitution of 4‐Cyclopentene‐1,3‐diol Monoacetate with Copper Reagents Derived from Functionalized Aryl Grignard Reagents.
Authors: Kobayashi Yuichi , Tani Yukio , Nakata Kenya , Kaneko Yuki
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Regiodivergent Carbometalation Reactions of Ynol Ether Derivatives.
Authors: Levin Anat , Basheer Ahmad , Marek Ilan
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chelation Control in the [3 + 3] Annulation Reaction of Alkoxy‐Substituted 1,1‐Diacylcyclopropanes with 1,3‐Bis(trimethylsilyloxy)‐1,3‐butadienes. Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis of Isochromanes.
Authors: Karapetyan Vahuni , Mkrtchyan Satenik , Hefner Jennifer , Fischer Christine , Langer Peter
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Indium‐Mediated Asymmetric Barbier‐Type Allylations: Additions to Aldehydes and Ketones and Mechanistic Investigation of the Organoindium Reagents.
Authors: Haddad Terra D. , Hirayama Lacie C. , Singaram Bakthan
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Hydrocyanation of Hydrazones Catalyzed by in situ Formed O‐Silylated BINOL‐Phosphate: A Convenenient Access to Versatile α‐Hydrazino Acids.
Authors: Zamfir Alexandru , Tsogoeva Svetlana B.
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bis(imino)pyridine Palladium(II) Complexes as Efficient Catalysts for the Suzuki—Miyaura Reaction in Water.
Authors: Liu Ping , Yan Mei , He Ren
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Approach to Polysubstituted Furans: An Efficient Addition/Oxidative Cyclization of Alkynoates and 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Liu Weibing , Jiang Huanfeng , Zhang Min , Qi Chaorong
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Unique Diastereoselectivity Trends in Aminyl Radical Cyclizations onto Silyl Enol Ethers.
Authors: Zlotorzynska Maria , Zhai Huimin , Sammis Glenn M.
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Cascade Carbopalladation‐Annulation Reaction of 3‐(2‐Iodobenzyl)‐indoles into Fused 6/5/7/6‐ and 6/5/5/6‐Heterocyclic Systems.
Authors: Chernyak Natalia , Tilly David , Li Zhou , Gevorgyan Vladimir
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl Group Substituted Pyrazole Derivatives from 1‐Aryl‐3,4,4,4‐tetrafluoro‐2‐buten‐1‐ones.
Authors: Sano Keisuke , Hara Shoji
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron Trichloride Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of Substituted Oxazoles from Propargylic Acetates and Amides under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Xu Wen‐Wen , Lin Min , Huang Yang , Chen Li , Zhan Zhuang‐Ping
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Cyclization of (Z)‐Oximes into 3‐Methyl‐1,2‐benzisoxazoles.
Authors: Udd Sandra , Jokela Reija , Franzen Robert , Tois Jan
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cascade Synthesis of Functionalized 2H‐Imidazo[5,1‐a]isoquinolinium Chlorides from Isoquinoline, Chloroformamidines (= Carbamimidoyl Chlorides), and Isocyanides.
Authors: Yavari Issa , Khalili Gholamhossein , Mirzaei Anvar
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel and Expedient Synthesis of 7‐Pyrimidinylpyrimido[4,5‐d]pyrimidinones.
Authors: Mohammadizadeh Mohammad R. , Bahramzadeh Mojtaba , Mohammadi Ali A. , Karimi Ali R.
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Annulated Hymenialdisine Analogues via Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions with Aryl Boronic Acids.
Authors: Mangu Naveenkumar , Spannenberg Anke , Beller Matthias , Tse Man‐Kin
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Towards the Stereochemical Assignment of Natural Lydiamycin A.
Authors: Chen Bo , Dai Lu , Zhang Hui , Tan Wenfei , Xu Zhengshuang , Ye Tao
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Largamide H.
Authors: Liang Shuo , Xu Zhengshuang , Ye Tao
Published: May 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.