bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From participle to adjective in Germanic and Romance
Authors: Sleeman Petra
Published: February 2014

Being mixed categories, participles can be fully verbal, fully adjectival, but they can also have a mixed interpretation, viz. as resultatives, which are considered to be a second adjectival type, one that is the result of an event. Parallel to the two types of adjectival participles and the eventive one, a second type of eventive participle has been distinguished, one with an ‘eventive property’ reading. These four interpretations have been distinguished on the basis of Germanic languages, partly determined by the prenominal or postnominal position of the participle within the noun phrase. In this paper it is argued, based on the combination of the adverbs of degree très “very” and beaucoup “much” with passive/past participles in French, that participles can also have the four interpretations in Romance.
The structural organization of ordering and serving sushi
Authors: Kuroshima Satomi
Published: February 2014

This paper explores the overall structural organization of dining activity by analyzing conversations videotaped in sushi restaurants in Japan. It illustrates that a single dining activity at a sushi restaurant has a structural organization that is composed of three phases: (1) an opening, (2) a continuing state of incipient ordering/ talk, and (3) a closing, which has a reference to the single overall unit of dining. These phases are constructed and delimited by conversational practices with bodily orientation through which dining parties demonstrate their orientation to the overall organization. This paper contributes to our understanding of people’s fine-tuned coordination through body and talk by utilizing projection and recognition of the other’s actions as a resource.
Food and identity in Eegimaa and Wolof
Authors: Bassene Mamadou , Szatrowski Polly E.
Published: February 2014

This study examines loanwords, coined native words and code-switching in taster meal conversations and how their use relates to food identity and linguistic identity in Wolof and Eegimaa (two languages spoken in Senegal). The analysis reveals that the use of loanwords by Wolof and Eegimaa participants in food assessment is not always motivated by practical reasons. In many cases, foreign words are used to refer to foreign food as a demarcation/ evaluation strategy to distance the participants from the foreign food which is viewed as a symbol of foreign culture. Results clearly show that not only the food people eat, but also the kind of language they use to describe it constitute a means for expressing their sense of membership in a community.
Modality and evidentiality in Japanese and American English taster lunches
Authors: Szatrowski Polly E.
Published: February 2014

This study investigates how Japanese and American English speakers use modal/ evidential forms and body movments to identify and assess an unfamiliar drink at a taster lunch. Results show that the Japanese used more sensory evidential forms, truth approximation forms, and final particles to request agreement, while Americans used more forms to express their personal belief/ opinion directly. A comparison of the conversational development in which belief/ opinion forms were used showed that while Americans used I think in successive utterances, Japanese speakers used to omou ‘(I) think’ after a differing opinion(s) had been expressed to finalize their opinion and summarize the discussion. Results contribute to research on modality/ evidentiality in conversational interaction, cross-cultural understanding, and language and food.
Early experiences with food
Authors: Burdelski Matthew
Published: February 2014

This paper examines children’s early experiences with food in Japan. Focusing on meal and snack time in and around households and a preschool, it identifies three practices across these settings – talking about food, finishing all of one’s food, and behaving properly at the table – and examines the verbal (e.g. pragmatic particles, passive) and non-verbal resources (e.g. pointing), and strategies (e.g. assessment, reported speech) that caregivers and peers deploy in socializing children to these practices. The findings reveal how speakers deploy language resources and strategies within activities surrounding food to socialize children into how to feel towards and relate to others, food, and food-related objects.
Healthy beverages?
Authors: Karrebæk Martha Sif
Published: February 2014

This paper investigates the socialization into healthy food practices in a Danish multi-ethnic kindergarten classroom within the frameworks of Linguistic Ethnography (Creese, 2008; Rampton, Maybin & Tusting, 2007) and Language Socialization (Ochs, 1988; Schieffelin, 1990). I present micro-analyses of three situations where the health value of milk, water, and juice is topicalized. Health is a moral concept which is culturally embedded but linguistically constructed and negotiated. I discuss how learning outcomes in health educational activities depend on individuals’ understandings prior to interactions and on the process of co-ordinating understandings. Also, in children’s conversations nutritional value becomes an interactional resource. The paper contributes to prior research with a micro-analytic perspective on the role of health education in wider processes of social exclusion and intercultural (mis)understandings.
Referentiality, predicate patterns, and functions of we-utterances in American English interactions
Authors: Scheibman Joanne
Published: February 2014

This usage-based study of we examines formal and functional properties of English conversational utterances from the Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English, focusing on effects of the referentiality of the pronoun. Analyses suggest that different indexical uses of we have distinct formal distributions which reflect their discourse functions. Inclusiveness expressed with we utterances is shaped by the social understanding that when speakers include other speech act participants in their assertions, these utterances mediate inclusion through the use of modal elements or through presentation of inclusive opinions as commonly shared. In contrast, exclusive expressions frequently occur with past tense predicates, and in these utterances we indexes relationships and affiliations that are culturally conventional and central to participants’ routine experiences.
Referential and functional aspects  of the Norwegian first person plural vi
Authors: Borthen Kaja , Thomassen Gøril
Published: February 2014

This paper explores questions of reference and communicative functions of the Norwegian first-person plural pronoun vi, based on transcripts of video recorded conversations between patients and nursing students or medical students. While many authentic examples of vi seem to be at odds with the meaning of vi proposed in Borthen (2010), we argue that the discrepancy is only apparent and can be accounted for through a pragmatic, relevance-theoretic analysis (Sperber and Wilson 1995). We compare this analysis to a sense enumeration approach and claim that the former is preferred for cognitive reasons. We show how pragmatic processes and principles can explain the fluidity of vi, and how our analysis is compatible with various communicative functions of the pronoun.
Grammar, interaction, and context
Authors: Bazzanella Carla
Published: February 2014

The referential flexibility of the first person plural allows for a range of references, starting from the ‘canonical’ use (which usually includes speaker and addressee) to other, various uses, strictly depending on context and cotext. This multiple, potential reference produces indeterminacy, which on the one hand may cause interpretation problems, but on the other performs a range of functions, such as those related to the construction of a relevant collectivity or to the expression of emotions and/or ideology. In Italian, a partially pro-drop language (where the subject pronoun may be omitted, and word order is more or less free), pragmatic functions may also be triggered by explicit pronouns, dislocations, alternant uses of explicit and implicit pronouns, and repetitions.These functions will be exemplified in different contexts, mainly in If This is a Man by Primo Levi, and discussed from a pragmatic perspective, thus highlighting the different ways in which languages shape the close intertwining of grammar, interaction, and context.
Children’s use of English we in a primary school in Wales
Authors: Bateman Amanda
Published: February 2014

Children have their own culture (Corsaro 1985; Corsaro and Eder 1990) where they initiate rules and make these rules legal in the co-construction of their everyday lives (Bateman 2011; Cobb-Moore, Danby and Farrel 2008; Tholander and Cromdal 2011). Recent research demonstrates that children use the term we in their play in order to establish friendships (Bateman 2012). The children’s use of the term we is now further explored to reveal its referential flexibility and how young children gain intersubjectivity regarding who the collection of people are when we is asserted. This is accomplished through an investigation into the positioning of the collective proterm we and the tied action of an assertion of we with a category bound activity.
Bulgarian ‘we’ and audience involvement  in academic writing
Authors: Vassileva Irena G.
Published: February 2014

The present paper examines the functions of the audience-involving pronoun ‘we’ in Bulgarian academic writing, more specifically in reviews of linguistics books. The analysis is based on a modified version of speech-act theory combined with discourse production strategies. A comparison is also made with the use and functions of the academic ‘we’ in the genre of the research article. Special attention is paid to the various linguistic means of expressing reference to the first person plural which are available in Bulgarian as a pro-drop language. The conclusions deal with some issues of review authors’ motivation for writing (or not writing) reviews, as well as with the academic standards concerning the choice of evaluation – positive or negative.
Passion, a forgotten feeling
Authors: Vukoja Vida
Published: February 2014

When contemporary sciences and humanities use the term emotion while discussing human mental-sentient dynamics, they usually don’t question its supposed status of a conceptual universal. Yet, despite its frequent usage, the term is surprisingly ambiguous, and its universality status is highly dubious. For instance, it shows not to be particularly adequate for the analysis of the Croatian Church Slavonic (acr. CCS) lexis that expresses phenomena linked to the human mental-sentient dynamics. Instead, this lexis seems to be in concordance with the concepts pertaining to the medieval paradigm relying on the Latin terms passio (Eng. equivalent: passion) and affectus (Eng. equivalent affect). The paradigm is articulated in the most interesting way by Thomas Aquinas (Summa theologiae, acr. ST Ia.IIae.22–48) and unfortunately almost forgotten or unwarrantably confounded with the paradigm of emotions.The third option in conceptualizing human mental-sentient dynamics (besides those that rely on emotions on one hand, and passions and affect on the other) argues that the concept FEEL is the most convincing universal candidate. Namely, the researchers of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (acr. NSM) hypothesis present substantial theoretical evidence and ample amounts of corroborating data from typologically different languages of the world that back up such a proposal. This paper benefits from this finding, since the word FEEL, and NSM in general, proved to be an adequate tool for delineating similarities and differences between concepts of ‘emotion’, Lat. ‘passio’ and Lat. ‘affectus’.
On “Disgust”
Authors: Goddard Cliff
Published: February 2014

Using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach, this study explores conceptualisations of "disgust" in English via semantic analysis of descriptive adjectives (disgusted and disgusting) and interjections (Ugh! and Yuck!). As well as drawing out some subtle meaning differences between these expressions, this exercise establishes that there is no one-to-one mapping between the meanings of descriptive emotion lexemes, on the one hand, and expressive interjections, on the other. More broadly, this study seeks to advance the semantic study of “disgust-like” concepts in a cross-linguistic perspective, first, by highlighting aspects of meaning which differ between the English expressions and their near-equivalents in other languages, such as German, French and Polish, and second, by proposing a set of touchstone semantic components that can help facilitate cross-linguistic investigation.
A corpus-based construction  of emotion verb scales
Authors: Fellbaum Christiane D. , Mathieu Yvette Yannick
Published: February 2014

We examine subclasses of English verbs of emotion, in particular Experiencer verbs like surprise, fear and astonish, which express the causation of gradable emotions. The gradation is richly lexicalized by verbs that denote different degrees of intensity of the same emotion (e.g., surprise, strike, dumbfound, flabbergast). We examine manually constructed groups of verbs expressing different degrees of intensity of one underlying emotion in the light of corpus (Web) data. We employ lexical-semantic patterns that were previously identified as discriminating between the members of pairs of scalar adjectives and apply them to verbs that belong to three broad emotion verbs classes. The results show, first, that the chosen verbs indeed possess scalar qualities; second, they confirm the prior assignment of the verbs into broad classes based on a common underlying emotion; finally, the Web data allow us to construct consistent scales with verbs ordered according to the intensity of the emotion. Future extensions to additional verb classes will lead to a more subtle analysis of the semantics of emotion verbs and their improved representation in lexical resources with potential benefits for translation, language pedagogy and automatic inferencing.
Prosody and emotion in Greek
Authors: Kotsifas Dimitrios
Published: February 2014

Acoustic measurements were conducted in three small corpora conveying the following emotional states: neutral, sad and happy speech. The main objective was to investigate, to my knowledge for the first time for the Greek language, whether there are acoustic cues that facilitate the perception of emotions in real speech situations. The analysis of the acoustic material was mainly performed on the basis of syllable-sized units (using Prosogram and Praat). The acoustic parameters that were calculated were: total duration within and between these units, pitch change rate as well as the energy distribution in the spectrum. The findings confirm a slower speech rate and pitch change rate for sad speech in comparison to neutral speech as well as a high concentration of energy in lower frequencies. For happy speech the speech rate did not significantly differ from neutral speech but a faster speech change rate as well as a higher amount of energy in higher frequencies were observed.
I had lost sight of them then for a bit, but I went on pretty fast
Authors: Claridge Claudia , Kytö Merja
Published: February 2014

This article investigates the degree modifiers pretty and a bit in the subsection 1730s–1830s of the Old Bailey Corpus (OBC), containing speech-based/related data (ca. 50 million words). Pretty is shown to be already grammaticalized, with the degree modifier uses clearly dominating. Subjectification is evidenced both by the downtoning and upgrading degree meanings as well as by the ironic uses. While a bit is also semantically versatile and shows nuances of subjectification, it is far less grammaticalized than pretty, as the degree uses are in the clear minority. The change seems to be led by a bit of (a)-constructions rather than by simple a bit.
Analyzing polysemy in Estonian
Authors: Küngas Annika
Published: February 2014

In this article, one word in the Estonian literary language (täpselt ‘exactly, precisely’) is described over the past eighty years. Examples from written Estonian fiction and journalism reveal the emergence of parallel functions of täpselt, showing that it is mainly used as an adverb but can also function as a pragmatic marker. The study shows the use of this word and the frequency with which it has been used in its evolving functions. Quantitative analysis is performed to show how the function of täpselt in a specific clause is connected with predictors that determine the nature of the word. The methods used here may also be applied to study other polysemous items in Estonian, as well as other languages.
“Strong churlish purging Pills”
Authors: Tyrkkö Jukka
Published: February 2014

This article looks at the frequency and use of sequences of two or more attributive adjectives in early modern medical writing in English. Taking as a starting point the observation that long sequences of premodifiers are one of the many linguistic features that add complexity to present-day academic writing, I examine the situation diachronically and pragmatically during the period when the scholastic style of thought gave way to empiricism. The study will argue that while a modest increase in multi-adjectival premodifiers can be observed over the timeline, the observation can be largely attributed to pragmatic contexts which arose from the practice of early modern medicine and which, by and large, cannot be considered a predictor of present-day scientific style.
Front field negation in spoken Swedish
Authors: Lindström Jan
Published: February 2014

The Swedish negating adverb inte ‘not’ usually occurs in the middle of a clause but can also occur in the first constituent position, in the syntactic front field. Fronted negation is common in the spoken varieties of Swedish in Finland, but less typical in the spoken varieties in Sweden. The question is whether or not front field negation is an archaism in Finland Swedish. As there are no recordings of older spoken Swedish, a corpus of drama dialogue from 1725–2000 is consulted. The results show that front field negation is more frequent in the plays from the older periods and matches the pragmatic contexts that are typical of the construction in Present-day Finland Swedish. This historical material suggests that front field negation belongs to an older conversational style in Swedish that is still prevalent in Finland Swedish and it is also reinforced by a parallel usage in Finnish.
Exploring verbal aggression in English historical texts using USAS
Authors: Archer Dawn
Published: February 2014

This article investigates the ways in which we might use the UCREL Semantic Annotation System (USAS) to explore pragmatic phenomena relating to verbal aggression within Old Bailey trial texts dating from the late eighteenth century. Specifically, I demonstrate how this automated system can be used to identify potential leads into what I have called an aggression space, by way of the words, phrases and multi-word units captured by six USAS semantic-field tags: speech acts (Q2.2), im/politeness (S1.2.4+/-), (lack of) respect (S7.2+/-) and violence/anger (E3-). As these semtags, as they are known, have been designed with modern data in mind, I also discuss the problems which arise when using the tool to explore historical courtroom proceedings, and outline some potential solutions to these problems.
On the relationship between sentence focus category, subject-verb order, and genericity
Authors: Russi Cinzia
Published: February 2014

This paper examines the relationship among sentence focus, subject position (i.e., preverbal vs. postverbal) and genericity in Italian constructions involving two sub-classes of unaccusative verbs. It is shown that with unaccusatives denoting change of location (e.g., arrivare ‘arrive’), subject position depends on the number of arguments selected by the verb and the nature of the locative argument (i.e., overt vs. implicit); specifically, one-argument unaccusatives categorically disallow postverbal subjects, whereas two-argument unaccusatives require postverbal subjects only if the sentence refers to a specific situation and the locative is implicit. In contrast, two-argument unaccusatives selecting an experiencer/dative and a theme/subject argument (e.g., mancare ‘lack; be lacking’), always require postverbal subjects, independently of whether the sentence denotes a generic or a specific situation.
Interactional frames and grammatical constructions
Authors: Blyth Carl S. , Koike Dale
Published: February 2014

Construction grammarians analyze grammar in terms of conventional pairings of form and meaning (Fillmore et al. 1988; Goldberg 1995, 2006) that are largely limited to the sentence (Lambrecht 1994, 2004). Recently, construction grammarians have moved beyond sentential boundaries to consider grammatical structures in terms of interaction and discourse (Fried and Östman 2005; Fischer 2010; Fried 2010a, 2010b). Following Fleischman (1990), we argue that interactive frames are key to linking the concerns of grammarians with those of anthropological linguists, sociolinguists, and text linguists who call for richer analyses of the communicative context (Cook-Gumperz and Gumperz 2011; Park and Takanashi 2011). A frames-based approach to grammatical description situates language within a communicative context that includes factors such as the backgrounds of the speakers and hearers and the frames within which each participant places the interaction. Such contextualized descriptions demonstrate how interactive frames and grammatical constructions are implicated in the interpersonal function of language and the dynamics of meaning making.
Final compression in French as a phrasal phenomenon
Authors: Féry Caroline
Published: February 2014

Final compression in French is examined from a theoretical perspective and illustrated with experimental data. In French, only final prosodic domains that are at least the size of a prosodic phrase (Φ-phrase) may be subject to final compression. Prosodic units that are smaller than Φ-phrases, such as prosodic words (ω-words) or syllables, cannot be compressed. Therefore, final compression is a phrasal phenomenon. This conclusion is confirmed in a comparison between sequences consisting of a noun + adjective and verb + argument on one hand, and verb + adjunct on the other. Syntactic expressions of the first kind are integrated into single Φ-phrases, and final compression does not take place. Syntactic sequences of the verb + adjunct variety, however, form separate Φ-phrases, and final compression may occur.
Pourquoi in Spoken French
Authors: Myers Lindsy L. , Pellet Stéphanie
Published: February 2014

WH-Interrogatives in spoken French are exceptional due both to the diversity of syntactic forms available to express the same propositional content (Coveney 1996) as well as the parameters that influence their use. The causal interrogative adverb pourquoi ‘why’ has a notably deficient paradigm (Korzen 1985), as is seen in its incompatibility with stylistic inversion and in situ structures. In this chapter, all instantiations of pourquoi in a corpus of casual conversations, whether interrogative or not, are first categorized according to discourse function(s) and then mapped to structures. This usage-driven, discourse approach successfully narrows the number of observed forms per function and also further distinguishes them by integrating discourse markers and negation.
Processing constraints and information structure as moderating factors on first- and second-language use of the causal conjunction parce que
Authors: Reichle Robert V.
Published: February 2014

Causal conjunctions have been studied by linguists (e.g. Groupe Lambda-l 1975; Debaisieux 1994; Lambrecht, Bordeaux, and Reichle 2006) and by psycholinguists and cognitive psychologists interested in language processing (e.g. Millis and Just 1994; Millis, Golding, and Barker 1995). These approaches result in different descriptions of the French word parce que ‘because.’ It is predicted to be unmarked in its information structure, but marked in its processing due to the increased load it places on processing resources and working memory. This chapter compares these two possible moderating factors on the use of parce que by analyzing corpus data from native speakers and second language learners of French, and argues that the information structure of the conjunction plays a greater role than its processability in determining its use in spoken French.
The Press and Public Diplomacy in Iran, 1820–1940
Authors: Amin Camron Michael
Published: February 2014

The under-appreciated role of the press as a tool of public diplomacy was rooted in its origins as a Qajar state project in the nineteenth century, but also cultivated by a shared impulse of Iranian journalists and statesmen to represent Iran effectively in the court of world opinion. Moreover, foreign governments often reacted to the Iranian press generally, not just the official newspapers and not just newspapers produced in Iran, as a forum though which to advance or protect their interests in Iran. The Pahlavi state integrated the press as part of a larger state-run mass communication policy in the 1930s that would eventually include new technologies such as radio, and retained public diplomacy as an essential purpose of the media. This study draws upon archival material, press accounts, and memoirs.
Long α helices projecting from the membrane as the dimer interface in the voltage-gated H+ channel
Authors: Fujiwara Yuichiro , Kurokawa Tatsuki , Okamura Yasushi
Published: February 2014

The voltage-gated H+ channel (Hv) is a H+-permeable voltage-sensor domain (VSD) protein that consists of four transmembrane segments (S1–S4). Hv assembles as a dimeric channel and two transmembrane channel domains function cooperatively, which is mediated by the coiled-coil assembly domain in the cytoplasmic C terminus. However, the structural basis of the interdomain interactions remains unknown. Here, we provide a picture of the dimer configuration based on the analyses of interactions among two VSDs and a coiled-coil domain. Systematic mutations of the linker region between S4 of VSD and the coiled-coil showed that the channel gating was altered in the helical periodicity with the linker length, suggesting that two domains are linked by helices. Cross-linking analyses revealed that the two S4 helices were situated closely in the dimeric channel. The interaction interface between the two S4 and the assembly interface of the coiled-coil domain were aligned in the same direction based on the phase angle calculation along α helices. Collectively, we propose that continuous helices stretching from the transmembrane to the cytoplasmic region in the dimeric interface regulate the channel activation in the Hv dimer.
Divergence of Ca2+ selectivity and equilibrium Ca2+ blockade in a Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channel
Authors: Yamashita Megumi , Prakriya Murali
Published: February 2014

Prevailing models postulate that high Ca2+ selectivity of Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels arises from tight Ca2+ binding to a high affinity site within the pore, thereby blocking monovalent ion flux. Here, we examined the contribution of high affinity Ca2+ binding for Ca2+ selectivity in recombinant Orai3 channels, which function as highly Ca2+-selective channels when gated by the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ sensor STIM1 or as poorly Ca2+-selective channels when activated by the small molecule 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB). Extracellular Ca2+ blocked Na+ currents in both gating modes with a similar inhibition constant (Ki; ∼25 µM). Thus, equilibrium binding as set by the Ki of Ca2+ blockade cannot explain the differing Ca2+ selectivity of the two gating modes. Unlike STIM1-gated channels, Ca2+ blockade in 2-APB–gated channels depended on the extracellular Na+ concentration and exhibited an anomalously steep voltage dependence, consistent with enhanced Na+ pore occupancy. Moreover, the second-order rate constants of Ca2+ blockade were eightfold faster in 2-APB–gated channels than in STIM1-gated channels. A four-barrier, three–binding site Eyring model indicated that lowering the entry and exit energy barriers for Ca2+ and Na+ to simulate the faster rate constants of 2-APB–gated channels qualitatively reproduces their low Ca2+ selectivity, suggesting that ion entry and exit rates strongly affect Ca2+ selectivity. Noise analysis indicated that the unitary Na+ conductance of 2-APB–gated channels is fourfold larger than that of STIM1-gated channels, but both modes of gating show a high open probability (Po; ∼0.7). The increase in current noise during channel activation was consistent with stepwise recruitment of closed channels to a high Po state in both cases, suggesting that the underlying gating mechanisms are operationally similar in the two gating modes. These results suggest that both high affinity Ca2+ binding and kinetic factors contribute to high Ca2+ selectivity in CRAC channels.
Additive twists of Fourier coefficients of 𝐺𝐿(3) Maass forms
Authors: Li Xiannan
Published: February 2014

We prove cancellation in a sum of Fourier coefficents of aGL(3)GL(3)formFFtwisted by additive characters, uniformly in the formFF. Previously, this type of result was available only whenFFis a symmetric square lift.
A Response Surface Model Approach for Continuous Measures of Hypnotic and Analgesic Effect during Sevoflurane–Remifentanil Interaction
Authors: Heyse Bjorn , Proost Johannes H. , Hannivoort Laura N. , Eleveld Douglas J. , Luginbühl Martin , Struys Michel M. R. F. , Vereecke Hugo E. M.
Published: February 2014

Background:

The authors studied the interaction between sevoflurane and remifentanil on bispectral index (BIS), state entropy (SE), response entropy (RE), Composite Variability Index, and Surgical Pleth Index, by using a response surface methodology. The authors also studied the influence of stimulation on this interaction.

Methods:

Forty patients received combined concentrations of remifentanil (0 to 12 ng/ml) and sevoflurane (0.5 to 3.5 vol%) according to a crisscross design (160 concentration pairs). During pseudo–steady-state anesthesia, the pharmacodynamic measures were obtained before and after a series of noxious and nonnoxious stimulations. For the “prestimulation” and “poststimulation” BIS, SE, RE, Composite Variability Index, and Surgical Pleth Index, interaction models were applied to find the best fit, by using NONMEM 7.2.0. (Icon Development Solutions, Hanover, MD).

Results:

The authors found an additive interaction between sevoflurane and remifentanil on BIS, SE, and RE. For Composite Variability Index, a moderate synergism was found. The comparison of pre- and poststimulation data revealed a shift of C50SEVO for BIS, SE, and RE, with a consistent increase of 0.3 vol%. The Surgical Pleth Index data did not result in plausible parameter estimates, neither before nor after stimulation.

Conclusions:

By combining pre- and poststimulation data, interaction models for BIS, SE, and RE demonstrate a consistent influence of “stimulation” on the pharmacodynamic relationship between sevoflurane and remifentanil. Significant population variability exists for Composite Variability Index and Surgical Pleth Index. (Anesthesiology 2014; 120:1390-9)
Comparison of the Effects of 0.03 and 0.05 mg/kg Midazolam with Placebo on Prevention of Emergence Agitation in Children Having Strabismus Surgery
Authors: Cho Eun Jung , Yoon Seung Zhoo , Cho Jang Eun , Lee Hye Won
Published: February 2014

Background:

Midazolam has been widely studied for preventing emergence agitation. The authors previously reported that in children with sevoflurane anesthesia, intravenous administration of midazolam (0.05 mg/kg) before the end of surgery reduced the incidence of emergence agitation but prolonged the emergence time. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that a lower midazolam dose could suppress emergence agitation with minimal disturbance of the emergence time in children with sevoflurane anesthesia.

Methods:

In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 90 children (1 to 13 yr of age) having strabismus surgery were randomized to 1:1:1 to receive 0.03 mg/kg of midazolam, 0.05 mg/kg of midazolam, or saline just before the end of surgery. The primary outcome, the incidence of emergence agitation, was evaluated by using the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale and the four-point agitation scale. The secondary outcome was time to emergence, defined as the time from sevoflurane discontinuation to the time to extubation.

Results:

The incidence of emergence agitation was lower in patients given 0.03 mg/kg of midazolam (5 of 30, 16.7%) and patients given 0.05 mg/kg of midazolam (5 of 30, 16.7%) compared with that in patients given saline (13/of 30, 43.3%; P = 0.036 each). The emergence time was longer in patients given 0.05 mg/kg of midazolam (17.1 ± 3.4 min, mean ± SD) compared with that in patients given 0.03 mg/kg of midazolam (14.1 ± 3.6 min; P = 0.0009) or saline (12.8 ± 4.1 min; P = 0.0003).

Conclusion:

Intravenous administration of 0.03 mg/kg of midazolam just before the end of surgery reduces emergence agitation without delaying the emergence time in children having strabismus surgery with sevoflurane anesthesia. (Anesthesiology 2014; 120:1354-61)
Disseminated ulcerating lupus panniculitis emerging under interferon therapy of hairy cell leukemia: Treatment‐ or disease‐related?
Authors: Urosevic‐Maiwald Mirjana , Nobbe Stephan , Kerl Katrin , Benz Rudolf
Published: February 2014

We report a 43‐year‐old woman, who underwent therapy with interferon‐α for hairy cell leukemia. During interferon‐α therapy she developed multiple subcutaneous swellings, accompanied by fever and fatigue. A skin biopsy revealed lobular, T‐cell lymphocytic panniculitis. In conjunction with the clinical and immunological findings, the diagnosis of lupus panniculitis was made and interferon‐α therapy stopped. Initially, she responded well to oral prednisone and hydroxychloroquine, but after several months she became resistant to it. Her condition worsened, she developed skin ulcers in the inflamed regions. Only with the leukemia‐targeted therapy using cladribine and rituximab her skin condition could be controlled, suggesting hairy cell leukemia as an additional trigger of the lupus panniculitis. Our report is the first one to show induction of lupus panniculitis under interferon therapy of hairy cell leukemia and its presumable sustentation by the latter.
Maternal effects and warning signal honesty in eggs and offspring of an aposematic ladybird beetle
Authors: Winters Anne E. , Stevens Martin , Mitchell Chris , Blomberg Simon P. , Blount Jonathan D.
Published: February 2014

The eggs of oviparous species are often subject to intense predation pressure. One parental strategy to deter predators is to produce eggs that are laced with noxious chemicals and are conspicuously coloured (i.e. aposematism).

Ladybird eggs are conspicuously coloured and contain alkaloids; these traits are believed to function in concert as visual signal and chemical defence, respectively, to deter predators. However, it remains unclear whether such aposematic signals reveal the strength (rather than simply the existence) of chemical defences.

Furthermore, additional functions of egg pigments and toxins could apply; in particular, mothers might deposit such resources into eggs to aid the development of offspring or to provide resources that could contribute to aposematic traits in offspring.

We bred wild‐caught seven‐spot ladybird beetles (Coccinella septempunctata) in the laboratory and then measured relationships between egg coloration and toxin concentrations (i.e. the alkaloids precoccinelline and coccinelline). We also measured relationships between egg carotenoids and egg coloration, and between egg coloration and toxin levels, and the elytra coloration and toxin concentrations of offspring at eclosion for a subset of eggs that were allowed to develop.

Egg carotenoids predicted egg colour saturation. In turn, egg colour saturation and hue positively predicted egg concentrations of precoccinelline. However, there were no significant relationships between egg coccinelline concentration and any measure of egg coloration.

In recently eclosed adults of both sexes, elytra saturation was significantly explained by variation in egg saturation and hue. Finally, body concentrations of coccinelline were significantly explained by variation in elytra hue.

These results suggest that the coloration of C. septempunctata eggs is a reliable signal of the strength of chemical defences contained therein, but in addition, maternal investment of pigments and toxins into eggs may serve to influence the reliability of aposematic signalling in resultant offspring.
Tube wave to shear wave conversion at borehole plugs
Authors: Seher Tim , Rondenay Stephane , Djikpesse Hugues
Published: February 2014

In hydraulic fracturing experiments, perforation shots excite body and tube waves that sample, and thus can be used to characterize, the surrounding medium. While these waves are routinely employed in borehole operations, their resolving power is limited by the experiment geometry, the signal‐to‐noise ratio, and their frequency content. It is therefore useful to look for additional, complementary signals that could increase this resolving power. Tube‐to‐body‐wave conversions (scattering of tube to compressional or shear waves at borehole discontinuities) are one such signal. These waves are not frequently considered in hydraulic fracture settings, yet they possess geometrical and spectral attributes that greatly complement the resolution afforded by body and tube waves alone. Here, we analyze data from the Jonah gas field (Wyoming, USA) to demonstrate that tube‐to‐shear‐wave conversions can be clearly observed in the context of hydraulic fracturing experiments. These waves are identified primarily on the vertical and radial components of geophones installed in monitoring wells surrounding a treatment well. They exhibit a significantly lower frequency content (10–100 Hz) than the primary compressional waves (100–1000 Hz). Tapping into such lower frequencies could help to better constrain velocity in the formation, thus allowing better estimates of fracture density, porosity and permeability. Moreover, the signals of tube‐to‐shear‐wave conversion observed in this particular study provide independent estimates of the shear wave velocity in the formation and of the tube wave velocity in the treatment well.
Dimensionality‐reduced estimation of primaries by sparse inversion
Authors: Jumah Bander , Herrmann Felix J.
Published: February 2014

Wave‐equation based methods, such as the estimation of primaries by sparse inversion, have been successful in the mitigation of the adverse effects of surface‐related multiples on seismic imaging and migration‐velocity analysis. However, the reliance of these methods on multidimensional convolutions with fully sampled data exposes the ‘curse of dimensionality’, which leads to disproportional growth in computational and storage demands when moving to realistic 3D field data. To remove this fundamental impediment, we propose a dimensionality‐reduction technique where the ‘data matrix’ is approximated adaptively by a randomized low‐rank factorization. Compared to conventional methods, which need for each iteration passage through all data possibly requiring on‐the‐fly interpolation, our randomized approach has the advantage that the total number of passes is reduced to only one to three. In addition, the low‐rank matrix factorization leads to considerable reductions in storage and computational costs of the matrix multiplies required by the sparse inversion. Application of the proposed method to two‐dimensional synthetic and real data shows that significant performance improvements in speed and memory use are achievable at a low computational up‐front cost required by the low‐rank factorization.
Efficiently targeting resources to deter illegal activities in protected areas
Authors: Plumptre Andrew J. , Fuller Richard A. , Rwetsiba Aggrey , Wanyama Fredrick , Kujirakwinja Deo , Driciru Margaret , Nangendo Grace , Watson James E. M. , Possingham Hugh P.
Published: February 2014

In many countries, areas delineated for conservation purposes can only achieve their objectives if effective law enforcement occurs within them. However, there is no method currently available to allocate law enforcement effort in a way that protects species and habitats in a cost‐effective manner. Law enforcement is expensive and effort is usually concentrated near the locations of patrol stations where rangers are based. This hampers effective conservation, particularly in large protected areas, or regions with limited enforcement capacity.

Using the spatial planning tool Marxan, we demonstrate a method for prioritizing law enforcement in a globally important conservation landscape (the Greater Virunga Landscape,GVL, in central Africa) using data on the spatial distribution of illegal activities and conservation features within the landscape.

Our analysis of current patrol data shows that law enforcement activity is inadequate with only 22% of the landscape being effectively patrolled and most of this activity occurring within 3 km of a patrol post. We show that the current patrol effort does not deter illegal activities beyond this distance.

We discover that when we account for the costs of effective patrolling and set targets for covering key species populations and habitats, we can reduce the costs of meeting all conservation targets in the landscape by 63%, to $2·2–3·0 millionUSD, relative to the cost of patrolling the entire landscape. This cost is well within the current expenditure of approximately $5·9 millionUSDfor theGVLbut would better target effort from both patrol posts and mobile patrol units in the landscape.

Synthesis and applications. Our results demonstrate a method that can be used to plan enforcement patrolling, resulting in more cost‐efficient prevention of illegal activities in a way that is targeted at halting declines in species of conservation concern.
Experimental test of plant defence evolution in four species using long‐term rabbit exclosures
Authors: Didiano Teresa J. , Turley Nash E. , Everwand Georg , Schaefer Hanno , Crawley Michael J. , Johnson Marc T. J.
Published: February 2014

Plant defence traits have evolved over macro‐ and microevolutionary time‐scales in response to herbivores. Although a number of studies have investigated the evolutionary impacts of herbivores over short time‐scales, few studies have experimentally examined what defence traits most commonly evolve and whether multiple coexisting species exhibit similar evolutionary responses to herbivores.

We addressed these questions using a long‐term experiment at Silwood Park, England, United Kingdom, where we excluded rabbits from 38 grassland plots for <1–34 years. To assess the evolutionary impacts of rabbits on plant defence traits, we collected seeds from plots containing the following perennial species: Anthoxanthum odoratum (Poaceae), Festuca rubra ssp. rubra (Poaceae), Holcus lanatus (Poaceae) and Stellaria graminea (Caryophyllaceae). We then grew these plants in a common garden and measured defensive and morphological traits.

We found some evidence for evolutionary change of defence traits in three of the four species following the exclusion of rabbits. We observed the clearest changes in F. rubra, which showed a 9% decline in tolerance to herbivory and a 26% decline in leaf number. We also observed weak evidence for a change in all grass species towards a more erect growth form suggesting that grazing selects for plants that grow close to the ground.

Although our results are most consistent with evolution due to changes in the frequency of alleles and genotypes, we cannot rule out that epigenetic changes (e.g. methylation) or maternal environmental effects also contributed to or caused the observed long‐term phenotypic responses.

Synthesis. Our study provides an experimental test of the evolutionary effects of an ecologically important herbivore. We found evidence for plant defence evolution following >20 years of rabbit exclusion. However, the evidence was only strong in one species for multiple traits, weak in all three grass species for avoidance and absent in an herb species. This suggests that the evolutionary effects of an ecologically important herbivore on plants will be variable and difficult to predict in nature.
Ocean acidification outweighs nutrient effects in structuring seagrass epiphyte communities
Authors: Campbell Justin E. , Fourqurean James W.
Published: February 2014

Developing a framework for assessing interactions between multiple anthropogenic stressors remains an important goal in environmental research. In coastal ecosystems, the relative effects of aspects of global climate change (e.g. CO2 concentrations) and localized stressors (e.g. eutrophication), in combination, have received limited attention.

Using a long‐term (11 month) field experiment, we examine how epiphyte assemblages in a tropical seagrass meadow respond to factorial manipulations of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2(aq)) and nutrient enrichment. In situ CO2(aq) manipulations were conducted using clear, open‐top chambers, which replicated carbonate parameter forecasts for the year 2100. Nutrient enrichment consisted of monthly additions of slow‐release fertilizer, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), to the sediments at rates equivalent to theoretical maximum rates of anthropogenic loading within the region (1.54 g N m−2 d−1 and 0.24 g P m−2 d−1).

Epiphyte community structure was assessed on a seasonal basis and revealed declines in the abundance of coralline algae, along with increases in filamentous algae under elevated CO2(aq). Surprisingly, nutrient enrichment had no effect on epiphyte community structure or overall epiphyte loading. Interactions between CO2(aq) and nutrient enrichment were not detected. Furthermore, CO2(aq)‐mediated responses in the epiphyte community displayed strong seasonality, suggesting that climate change studies in variable environments should be conducted over extended time‐scales.

Synthesis. The observed responses indicate that for certain locations, global stressors such as ocean acidification may take precedence over local eutrophication in altering the community structure of seagrass epiphyte assemblages. Given that nutrient‐driven algal overgrowth is commonly cited as a widespread cause of seagrass decline, our findings highlight that alternate climate change forces may exert proximate control over epiphyte community structure.