bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of the Na2O—MoO3 System. Na6Mo11O36 — a New Oxide with Anatase‐related Structure, and the Crystal Structures of Na2MoO4
Authors: Bramnik K. G. , Ehrenberg H.
Published: July 2004

A new sodium molybdate, Na6Mo11O36, has been synthesized, and its crystal structure was determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction (space group P‐1; a = 7.2722(6)Å, b = 22.376(1)Å, c = 9.6686(8)Å, α = 89.98(1)°, β = 112.12(1)°, γ = 90.29(1)°; Z = 2). The compound can be considered as a new structure type related to the anatase structure. Na2MoO4 exists in four different modifications between room temperature and the melting point. The α‐phase is isostructural with spinel‐type Na2WO4, the γ‐phase with thenardite, Na2SO4 (V), and the δ‐phase with Na2SO4 (I). The diffraction patterns of β‐Na2MoO4 are similar to those of the γ‐phase, but could not be indexed.
Octaethyl‐triphosphadiazenium‐dimethyltrifluorosilicat, [Et3PNPEt2NPEt3]+[SiF3Me2]—
Authors: Ackermann Hartmut , Leo Roland , Massa Werner , Dehnicke Kurt
Published: July 2004

Xenondifluorid reagiert mit der äquivalenten Menge des silylierten Phosphanimins Me3SiNPEt3 in Acetonitrillösung bei —30 °C unter Bildung von [Et3PNPEt2NPEt3]+[SiF3Me2]— (1), das IR‐spektroskopisch und durch eine Einkristall‐Röntgenstrukturanalyse charakterisiert wird. Raumgruppe P21/n, Z = 4, Gitterkonstanten bei 220 K: a = 1129, 21(8); b = 1729, 06(11); c = 1426, 05(10) pm; β = 99, 628(8)°; R1 = 0, 0450. Das Kation von 1 enthält ein S‐förmiges PNPNP‐Gerüst mit PN‐Abständen von im Mittel 158, 0 pm. Das [SiF3Me2]—‐Anion von 1 ist isostrukturell mit dem bekannten PF3Me2‐Molekül mit den Methylgruppen und einem Fluoroliganden in den λquatorialpositionen des trigonal‐bipyramidal koordinierten Siliziumatoms (lokale Symmetrie C2v).
Syntheses and Structures of the First Examples of Lanthanide Complexes with 6‐Hydroxypicolinic Acid
Authors: Sun Chang‐Yan , Zheng Xiang‐Jun , Jin Lin‐Pei
Published: July 2004

Three new complexes [La(HpicO)3(H2O)]n·0.5nH2O (1), [Eu(HpicO)3(H2O)3]n·3nH2O (2), and [Yb(HpicO)3(H2O)5]·4H2O (3) (H2picO = 6‐hydroxypicolinic acid) have been synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal x‐ray diffraction. Complexes 1 and 2 consist of 1D infinite chains, which are further assembled into 3D microporous coordination polymers by hydrogen bonds. Crystal water molecules stay in the channels. The complex 3 is of 3D supramolecular architecture self‐assembled via coordination bonds and hydrogen bonds. In these complexes, the carboxylate groups of HpicO— ligands act as tridentate, bidentate, and monodentate modes to coordinate to lanthanide ions. The thermogravimetric analyses of these complexes show that all coordinated and crystal water molecules are lost at the first weight loss. And final residues are lanthanide oxides.
Homologous Silver Bismuth Chalcogenide Halides (N, x)P. I. Syntheses and Crystal Structures of the (0, 1)P Compound AgBi2S2Cl3 and of Three Members of the (1, x)P Solid Solution Series Ag2xBi4—2xS6—4xBr4x
Authors: Poudeu Poudeu Pierre Ferdinand , Söhnel Tilo , Ruck Michael
Published: July 2004

AgBi2S2Cl3 and three members of the Ag2xBi4—2xS6—4xBr4x solid solution (x = 0.50 (I), x = 0.64 (II), and x = 0.73 (III)) were synthesized from Bi2S3, AgX and BiSX (X = Cl, Br) at 720 K. X‐ray diffraction on single crystals revealed that the compounds crystallize in the monoclinic space groups C2/m (No. 12) with a = 1257.3(3), b = 400.0(1), c = 804.1(2) pm, β = 111.0(1)° for AgBi2S2Cl3, a = 1331.3(5), b = 408.0(2), c = 972.0(3) pm, β = 90.8(1)° for (I), a = 1328.9(4), b = 408.5(1), c = 973.4(4) pm, β = 90.9(1)° for (II), and a = 1332.4(3), b = 409.3(1), c = 974.3(2) pm, β = 90.4(1)° for (III). AgBi2S2Cl3 adopts a variant of the InBi2S4Cl structure type, the isostructural compounds (I), (II) and (III) are related to the orthorhombic FeUS3 type. All four compounds belong to homologous series with general formula [BiSX]2·[AgxBi1—xS2—2xX2x—1]N+1 (X = Cl, Br), which resemble minerals of the pavonite series. They are characterized by the parameters N and x and are denoted (N, x)P. In the crystal structures, two kinds of layered modules, A and B, alternate. Modules of type B are composed of chains of edge‐sharing [MBr4Z2] octahedra (M = Ag/Bi; X = Cl, Br; Z = S/X) and vary in thickness N. Modules of type A uniformly consist of rows of paired monocapped trigonal prisms around Bi atoms with [MS4Z2] octahedra around mixed‐occupied metal positions (M = Ag/Bi) between them. AgBi2S2Cl3 comprises modules of type A only (N = 0) and is the silver‐rich end‐member (x = 1) in the series (0, x)P. (I) to (III) belong to the (1, x)P series with B modules of thickness N = 1. Calculations of the electronic band structures indicate that the compounds should act as indirect semiconductors with band gaps between 1.5 and 0.6 eV.
TTK kinase is essential for the centrosomal localization of TACC2
Authors: Dou Zhen , Ding Xia , Zereshki Arzhang , Zhang Ying , Zhang Jie , Wang Feng , Sun Jie , Huang He , Yao Xuebiao
Published: July 2004

Chromosome segregation in mitosis is orchestrated by dynamic interaction between spindle microtubule and the kinetochore. Our recent ultrastructural studies demonstrated a dynamic distribution of TTK, from the kinetochore to the centrosome, as cell enters into anaphase. Here, we show that a centrosomal protein TACC2 is phosphorylated in mitosis by TTK signaling pathway. TACC2 was pulled down by wild type TTK but not kinase death mutant, suggesting the potential phosphorylation‐mediated interaction between these two proteins. Our immunofluorescence studies revealed that both TTK and TACC2 are located to the centrosome. Interestingly, expression of kinase death mutant of TTK eliminated the centrosomal localization of TACC2 but not other centrosomal proteins such as γ‐tubulin and NuMA, a phenotype seen in TTK‐depleted cells. In these centrosomal TACC2‐liberated cells, chromosomes were lagging and mis‐aligned. In addition, the distance between two centrosomes was markedly reduced, suggesting that centrosomal TACC2 is required for mitotic spindle maintenance. The inter‐relationship between TTK and TACC2 established here provides new avenue to study centrosome and spindle dynamics underlying cell divisional control.
MCAK, a Kin I kinesin, increases the catastrophe frequency of steady‐state HeLa cell microtubules in an ATP‐dependent manner in vitro
Authors: Newton Cori N , Wagenbach Michael , Ovechkina Yulia , Wordeman Linda , Wilson Leslie
Published: July 2004

Mitotic‐centromere‐associated kinesin (MCAK) is a member of the KIN I (internal motor domain) subfamily of kinesin related proteins. MCAK and its homologues destabilize microtubules both in cells and in vitro. Here, we analyzed the effects of MCAK in the presence and absence of ATP on the dynamic instability behavior of steady state microtubules assembled from purified HeLa cell tubulin. In the presence of ATP, substoichiometric levels of full length MCAK and a segment (A182) consisting of the motor and neck domains strongly increased the catastrophe frequency of the microtubules. These data demonstrate that MCAK is a microtubule‐catastrophe promoting factor in vitro, and support the hypothesis that MCAK may serve as a catastrophe‐promoting factor in cells.
Isolation and characterisation of DOCK8, a member of the DOCK180‐related regulators of cell morphology
Authors: Ruusala Aino , Aspenström Pontus
Published: July 2004

In a yeast two‐hybrid system screen for Cdc42‐interacting proteins, we identified a protein with similarity to the CrkII‐binding protein DOCK180. A cDNA clone of this protein, designated DOCK8, encoded a gene‐product of 1701 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 190 kDa. Immunofluorescence staining showed that transiently transfected HA‐tagged DOCK8, as well as endogenous DOCK8, was present at the cell edges in areas undergoing lamellipodia formation. Transient transfection of a C‐terminal fragment of DOCK8 resulted in the formation of vesicular structures. Interestingly, these vesicles also contained filamentous actin. These data suggest an involvement of DOCK8 in processes that affect the organisation of filamentous actin.
P‐Rex2, a new guanine‐nucleotide exchange factor for Rac
Authors: Donald Sarah , Hill Kirsti , Lecureuil Charlotte , Barnouin Romain , Krugmann Sonja , John Coadwell W. , Andrews Simon R. , Walker Simon A. , Hawkins Phillip T. , Stephens Len R. , Welch Heidi C.E.
Published: July 2004

We have identified a new guanine‐nucleotide exchange factor, P‐Rex2, and cloned it from human skeletal muscle and brain libraries. It has widespread tissue distribution but is not expressed in neutrophils. P‐Rex2 is a 183 kDa protein that activates the small GTPase Rac and is regulated by phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)‐trisphosphate and the βγ subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins in vitro and in vivo. P‐Rex2 has structure, activity and regulatory properties similar to P‐Rex1 but has divergent tissue distribution, as P‐Rex1 is mainly expressed in neutrophils. Together, they form an enzyme family capable of mediating Rac signalling downstream of G protein‐coupled receptors and phosphoinositide 3‐kinase.
P‐REX2, a novel PI‐3‐kinase sensitive Rac exchange factor
Authors: Rosenfeldt Hans , Vázquez-Prado José , Gutkind J.Silvio
Published: July 2004

We have identified an activator of Rac, P‐REX2, that is structurally related to the exchange factor PtdIns(3,4,5)‐dependent Rac exchanger (P‐REX1), but exhibits distinct tissue‐specific expression. P‐REX2 is spliced into two RNA species, ∼3.5 and ∼10 kb in size. The cDNA corresponding to the smaller transcript encodes a protein that exhibits strong similarity with P‐REX1 within its N‐terminal domains, but differs in the C‐terminal region. P‐REX2 promoted increased levels of GTP‐bound Rac that could be further stimulated by enhancing PI‐3K activity. Thus, P‐REX2 may serve as a novel link between Rac activation and the PI‐3 kinase pathway.
Evidence against requirement of Ser41 and Ser45 for function of PU.1 – Molecular cloning of rat PU.1
Authors: Nishiyama Chiharu , Masuoka Nobutaka , Nishiyama Makoto , Ito Tomonobu , Yamane Hisakazu , Okumura Ko , Ogawa Hideoki
Published: July 2004

The transcription factor PU.1 plays an important role in the development of the myeloid and lymphoid lineages and regulates the transcription of several genes expressed in these cells. Ser41 is conserved in the acidic region (33–47) of PU.1 from a variety of eukaryocytes and has been reported to be one of the two important Ser residues (S41 and S45) for the function of PU.1. In the present study, however, we found that rat PU.1 has Gly at position 41. To elucidate the role of amino acid residues at 41 and 45 in functions of PU.1, we generated mutants of rat PU.1, G41S, G41A, and S45A, and analyzed their transcription‐enhancing activities by using two different systems, transient reporter assay system and retroviral transfection system. The amino acid substitution at 41 of PU.1 causes no effect on both transcription‐enhancing activity for M‐CSF receptor promoter and the cooperative transcription‐enhancing activity with GATA‐1 for FcεRI α‐chain promoter. Furthermore, the substitution at 41 also had no effect on the activity to induce monocyte‐specific gene expression in the bone marrow‐derived hematopoietic cells. From these results, we conclude that Ser41 as well as Ser45 are not essential for the promoter‐upregulating function of PU.1.
Pannexin membrane channels are mechanosensitive conduits for ATP
Authors: Bao Li , Locovei Silviu , Dahl Gerhard
Published: July 2004

Intercellular calcium wave propagation initiated by mechanical stress is a phenomenon found in nearly all cell types. The waves utilize two pathways: transfer of InsP3 directly from cell to cell through gap junction channels and release of ATP onto extracellular purinergic receptors. The conduit for ATP has remained elusive and both a vesicular and a channel mediated release have been considered. Here, we describe the properties of single pannexin 1 channels. They have a wide expression spectrum, they are of large conductance and permeant for ATP, and they are mechanosensitive. Hence, pannexins are candidates for the release of ATP to the extracellular space upon mechanical stress.
Survival motor neuron protein facilitates assembly of stress granules
Authors: Hua Yimin , Zhou Jianhua
Published: July 2004

The survival motor neuron (SMN) protein forms cytoplasmic granules when overexpressed. We report here that SMN co‐localizes with TIA‐1/R and G3BP, protein assemblers of stress granules (SGs), and that SMN is co‐immunoprecipitated with TIA‐1/R, suggesting that SMN granules are SGs. Formation of SMN granules precedes accumulation of TIA‐1/R, indicating that SMN serves as a facilitator of SG formation. However, the exon 7 skipping product, SMNΔ7, is largely retained in the nucleus and forms nuclear granules, indicating that exon 7 is critical for SG formation. Our findings reveal a novel SMN function and possible SG involvement in the pathogenesis of spinal muscular atrophy.
Downregulation of peroxiredoxin V stimulates formation of etoposide‐induced double‐strand DNA breaks
Authors: Kropotov Andrei V. , Grudinkin Pavel S. , Pleskach Nadezha M. , Gavrilov Boris A. , Tomilin Nikolai V. , Zhivotovsky Boris
Published: July 2004

Antioxidant protein Peroxiredoxin V (PrxV) is located in mitochondria and peroxisomes but is also present in the nucleus. Here, we show that nuclear PrxV associates with coilin‐containing bodies suggesting possible interaction of this protein with transcription complexes. We also studied etoposide‐induced phosphorylation of histone H2AX (γ‐H2AX) in human cells in which PrxV activity was downregulated (knockdown, KD‐clones) or compromised by overexpression of redox‐negative (RD) protein. In KD clones, but not in RD‐clones, formation of etoposide‐induced γ‐H2AX was increased, indicating that PrxV inhibits conversion of topoisomerase II cleavage complexes into double‐strand DNA breaks but this inhibition is not caused by its antioxidant activity.
Hepatopoietin interacts directly with COP9 signalosome and regulates AP‐1 activity
Authors: Wang Yan , Lu Chengrong , Wei Handong , Wang Na , Chen Xiaoxiao , Zhang Lingqiang , Zhai Yun , Zhu Yunping , Lu Yinglin , He Fuchu
Published: July 2004

Hepatopoietin (HPO)/augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) is a specific hepatotrophic growth factor, which plays a key role in liver regeneration. Our previous study indicated that HPO executes its function by an inter‐reactive network of the autocrine, paracrine and endocrine pathways. Recently, we have demonstrated that intracellular HPO interacts with Jun activation domain‐binding protein 1 (JAB1) and leads to potentiation of activating protein‐1 (AP‐1) activity in a MAPK independent fashion. JAB1 is the fifth subunit of the COP9 signalosome (CSN), which is first identified as a suppressor of plant morphogenesis. A protein complex kinase activity associated with the CSN has been reported but not identified yet. In this report, we investigated further the association of HPO with the whole CSN. HPO exists in a complex with the eight‐component CSN, both when purified from glycerol gradient centrifugation and when reciprocal immunoprecipitated from the lysates of transfected COS‐7 cells. Intracellular HPO colocalizes with endogenous CSN in nucleus of hepatic cells. In addition, intracellular function of HPO that increases the phosphorylation of c‐Jun leading to potentiate the AP‐1 activity is inhibited by curcumin, a potent inhibitor of CSN‐associated kinase. Taken together, these results elucidate a novel relationship of intracellular growth factor, HPO with large protein complex, CSN, which suggests a possible linkage between CSN and liver regeneration.
Specific inhibition of AGC protein kinases by antibodies against C‐terminal epitopes
Authors: Traincard François , Giacomoni Véronique , Veron Michel
Published: July 2004

The sequences contributing to the catalytic site of protein kinases are not all comprised within the highly conserved catalytic core. Thus, in mammalian cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA), the C‐terminal sequence participates in substrate binding. Using synthetic peptides mimicking the FxxF motif present at most C‐termini of AGC kinases, we have raised highly specific antibodies which are potent and specific inhibitors of the catalytic activity of the cognate protein kinase. Taking into account the structure of PKA, these results point to the potential of the C‐terminal region of protein kinases as a target for designing specific protein kinase inhibitors.
Cells synchronized in S phase show increased rate of repair of UV damaged plasmids
Authors: Gospodinov Anastas , Anachkova Boyka
Published: July 2004

The capacity for nucleotide excision repair of cells synchronized in S phase and unsynchronized cells was compared by the host cell reactivation assay and the cell‐free repair system. HeLa cells were transfected with in vitro damaged by UV irradiation pEGFP and the repair capacity was determined by the number of fluorescent cells. In the cell‐free repair system, the repair capacity of protein extracts isolated from K562 cells was determined by measuring the transformation efficiency of UV irradiated pBlueScript incubated in the extracts. In both cases, the repair capacity of the cells synchronized in S phase cells was 30–50% higher than the repair capacity of unsynchronized cells.
Prp8 intein in fungal pathogens: target for potential antifungal drugs
Authors: Liu Xiang-Qin , Yang Jing
Published: July 2004

Inteins are self‐splicing intervening sequences in proteins, and inteins of pathogenic organisms can be attractive drug targets. Here, we report an intein in important fungal pathogens including Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus nidulans, Histoplasma capsulatum, and different serotypes of Cryptococcus neoformans. This intein is inside the extremely conserved and functionally essential Prp8 protein, and it varies in size from 170 aa in C. neoformans to 819 aa in A. fumigatus, which is caused by the presence or absence of an endonuclease domain and a putative tongs subdomain in the intein. Prp8 inteins of these organisms were demonstrated to do protein splicing in a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. These findings revealed Prp8 inteins as attractive targets for potential antifungal drugs to be identified using existing selection and screening methods.
Upregulation of the transcript level of GTPase activating protein KIAA0603 in T cells from patients with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Matsumoto Yoshiko , Imai Yukiho , Lu Yoshida Ning , Sugita Yuji , Tanaka Toshio , Tsujimoto Gozoh , Saito Hirohisa , Oshida Tadahilo
Published: July 2004

We have analyzed transcription profiles in peripheral blood CD3+ cells from patients with allergic diseases to better understand the genes that are involved. Transcription levels of the gene KIAA0603/AS160 in CD3+ cells from patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) were significantly higher than in normal individuals. The KIAA0603 gene encodes a 1299 amino acid protein with two phosphotyrosine interaction domains at the N‐terminal region and a TBC domain at the C‐terminal region. The region containing the TBC domain has a 31% homology to human rab6 GTPase activating protein (GAP). When human primary CD3+ cells were stimulated with anti‐CD3 or calcium ionophore, the KIAA0603 transcript level was upregulated. The marked upregulation of KIAA0607 was accompanied by activation induced cell death of primary CD3+ cells. KIAA0603 is likely to be a Rab GAP that participates in the regulation of activated T cells, especially helper memory T cells. Expression of KIAA0603 in T cells may be involved in pathogenesis of AD.
The myeloid expressed EF‐hand proteins display a diverse pattern of lipid raft association
Authors: Nacken Wolfgang , Sorg Clemens , Kerkhoff Claus
Published: July 2004

EF‐hand proteins are known to translocate to membranes, suggesting that they are involved in signaling events located in the cell membrane. Many proteins involved in signaling events associate cholesterol rich membrane domains, so called lipid rafts, which serve as platforms for controlled protein–protein interaction. Here, we demonstrate that the myeloid expressed EF‐hand proteins can be distinguished into three classes with respect to their membrane association. Grancalcin, a myeloid expressed penta EF‐hand protein, is constitutively located in lipid rafts. S100A9 (MRP14) and S100A8 (MRP8) are translocated into detergent resistant lipid structures only after calcium activation of the neutrophils. However, the S100A9/A8 membrane association is cholesterol and sphingolipid independent. On the other hand, the association of S100A12 (EN‐RAGE) and S100A6 (calcyclin) with membranes is detergent sensitive. These diverse affinities to lipid structures of the myeloid expressed EF‐hand proteins most likely reflect their different functions in neutrophils.
Germ‐line specific variants of components of the mitochondrial outer membrane import machinery in Drosophila
Authors: Hwa Jennifer J , Zhu Alan J , Hiller Mark A , Kon Charlene Y , Fuller Margaret T , Santel Ansgar
Published: July 2004

A search of the Drosophila genome for genes encoding components of the mitochondrial translocase of outer membrane (TOM) complex revealed duplication of genes encoding homologues of Tom20 and Tom40. Tom20 and Tom40 were represented by two differentially expressed homologues in the Drosophila genome. While dtom20 and dtom40 appeared to be expressed ubiquitously, the second variants, called tomboy20 and tomboy40, were expressed only in the male germ‐line. Transcripts for tomboy20 and tomboy40 were detected in primary spermatocytes as well as post‐meiotic stages. Transcription of tomboy20 and tomboy40 in spermatocytes was not dependent on the transcription factor Cannonball, which is responsible for controlling expression of gene products exclusively required for post‐meiotic germ cell differentiation. Epitope‐tagging and transient expression of dTom20 and Tomboy40 in mammalian cell culture showed proper targeting to mitochondria.
Close head‐to‐head juxtaposition of genes favors their coordinate regulation in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Herr Deron R. , Harris Greg L.
Published: July 2004

This report identifies a large number of gene‐pairs in Drosophila melanogaster that share a common upstream region. 877 gene‐pairs (∼12% of the genome) are separated by less than 350 bp in a head‐to‐head orientation. This positional relationship is more highly favored in flies than in other organisms. These gene pairs have a higher correlation of expression than similarly spaced genes that have head‐to‐tail or tail‐to‐tail orientations. Thus, the positional arrangement of genes appears to play a significant role in coordinating relative expression patterns and may provide clues for identifying the functions of unknown genes.
A short autonomous repression motif is located within the N‐terminal domain of CTCF
Authors: Drueppel Lars , Pfleiderer Klaus , Schmidt Andreas , Hillen Wolfgang , Berens Christian
Published: July 2004

The vertebrate transcription factor CTCF is not only involved in transcriptional activation, insulation and genomic imprinting, but also in transcriptional repression. Sequence motifs mediating these activities have not been identified so far. We have mapped a short repression motif to residues 150–170 within the N‐terminal domain of CTCF. This motif is active in HeLa, HEK293 and COS‐7 cell lines where it is both sufficient and necessary for silencing either an SV40‐, or a CMV‐enhancer. It also represses the basal activity of an SV40 core promoter. Since this autonomous repression motif displays no sequence similarity to any other regulatory protein, it represents a yet unknown co‐repressor recruiting motif.
The systemic inflammatory response is involved in the regulation of K+ channel expression in brain via TNF‐α‐dependent and ‐independent pathways
Authors: Vicente Rubén , Coma Mireia , Busquets Silvia , Moore-Carrasco Rodrigo , López-Soriano Francisco J , Argilés Josep M , Felipe Antonio
Published: July 2004

TNF‐α, generated during the systemic inflammatory response, triggers a wide range of biological activities that mediate the neurologic manifestations associated with cancer and infection. Since this cytokine regulates ion channels in vitro (especially Kv1.3 and Kir2.1), we aimed to study Kv1.3 and Kir2.1 expression in brain in response to in vivo systemic inflammation. Cancer‐induced cachexia and LPS administration increased plasma TNF‐α. Kv1.3 and Kir2.1 expression was impaired in brain during cancer cachexia. However, LPS treatment induced Kv1.3 and downregulated Kir2.1 expression, and TNF‐α administration mimicked these results. Experiments using TNF‐α double receptor knockout mice demonstrated that the systemic inflammatory response mediates K+ channel regulation in brain via TNF‐α‐dependent and ‐independent redundant pathways. In summary, distinct neurological alterations associated with systemic inflammation may result from the interaction of various cytokine pathways tuning ion channel expression in response to neurophysiological and neuroimmunological processes.
Signalling pathways involved in multisite phosphorylation of the transcription factor ATF‐2
Authors: Morton Simon , Davis Roger J , Cohen Philip
Published: July 2004

The multisite phosphorylation of the transcription factor ATF‐2 was investigated using transformed embryonic fibroblasts from wild‐type mice and mice deficient in c‐Jun N‐terminal kinases (JNK)1 and 2, and in the presence and absence of inhibitors of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and the classical MAP kinase cascade. In wild‐type cells, p38 MAPK and extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase (ERK)1/2 were not rate limiting for the phosphorylation of Thr69, Thr71 or Ser90. In JNK‐deficient cells, p38 MAPK substituted for JNK partially in the phosphorylation of Thr69 and p38 MAPK or ERK1/2 in the phosphorylation of Thr71. JNK was the only MAP kinase that phosphorylated Ser90 under the conditions examined.
Controlled production of Camembert-type cheeses. Part I: Microbiological and physicochemical evolutions
Authors: Leclercq-Perlat Marie-Noëlle , Buono Frédéric , Lambert Denis , Latrille Eric , Spinnler Henry-Eric , Corrieu Georges
Published: July 2004

A holistic approach of a mould cheese ripening is presented. The objective was to establish relationships between the different microbiological and biochemical changes during cheese ripening. Model cheeses were prepared from pasteurized milk inoculated with Kluyveromyces lactis, Geotrichum candidum, Penicillium camemberti and Brevibacterium linens under aseptic conditions. Two cheese-making trials with efficient control of environmental parameters were carried out and showed similar ripening characteristics. K. lactis grew rapidly between days 1 and 6 (generation time around 48 h). G. candidum grew exponentially between days 4 and 10 (generation time around 4·6 d). Brevi. linens also grew exponentially but after day 6 when Pen. camemberti mycelium began developing and the pH of the rind was close to 7. Its exponential growth presented 3 phases in relation to carbon and nitrogen substrate availability. Concentrations of Pen. camemberti mycelium were not followed by viable cell count but they were evaluated visually. The viable microorganism concentrations were well correlated with the carbon substrate concentrations in the core and in the rind. The lactose concentrations were negligible after 10 d ripening, and changes in lactate quantities were correlated with fungi flora. The pH of the inner part depended on NH3. Surface pH was significantly related to NH3 concentration and to fungi growth. The acid-soluble nitrogen (ASN) and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) indexes and NH3 concentrations of the rind were low until day 6, and then increased rapidly to follow the fungi concentrations until day 45. The ASN and NPN indexes and NH3 concentrations in the core were lower than in the rind and they showed the same evolution. G. candidum and Pen. camemberti populations have a major effect on proteolysis; nevertheless, K. lactis and Brevi. linens cell lysis also had an impact on proteolysis. Viable cell counts of K. lactis, G. candidum, Pen. camemberti and Brevi. linens were correlated with the environmental conditions, with proteolytic products and with carbon substrate assimilation. NH3 diffusion from surface to the cheese core during ripening was highly suspected. Interaction phenomena between microorganisms are discussed.
Influence of manufacturing conditions on the conjugated linoleic acid content and the isomer composition in ripened French Emmental cheese
Authors: Gnädig Silke , Chamba Jean-François , Perreard Eric , Chappaz Stéphane , Chardigny Jean-Michel , Rickert Reinart , Steinhart Hans , Sébédio Jean-Louis
Published: July 2004

In a study of the evolution of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) during cheese production, the influence of Emmental cheese processing on the CLA content and the CLA isomer composition was evaluated. The use of raw and thermised milk, changes of processing temperature and the effect of propionic acid bacteria (PAB) were investigated. The content of CLA in raw milk was 8·6±1·9 mg/g fat and in the ripened cheese at 70 d was 8·6±1·6 mg/g fat, under normal processing conditions. No changes in the CLA content and CLA isomer composition were observed during Emmental cheese manufacturing process. Changes in cooking and moulding temperatures did not influence the CLA content. CLA content of cheese made from microfiltered milk with two different Propionibacterium freudenreichii strains was very close to cheeses made without PAB. CLA levels seem to be stable in this type of dairy product under the conditions examined.
Effect of subclinical intramammary infection on somatic cell counts, NAGase activity and gross composition of goats' milk
Authors: Leitner Gabriel , Merin Uzi , Silanikove Nissim , Ezra Efraim , Chaffer Marcelo , Gollop Natan , Winkler Marta , Glickman Anita , Saran Arthur
Published: July 2004

The study was aimed at identifying the pathogens causing subclinical udder infections in representative Israeli dairy goat herds and determining their effect on milk quality. Five hundred goats in ten flocks of various breeds and crossbreeds were surveyed. Of the 500 goats, 13·4% were in their first lactation, 36·4% were in their second lactation and 50·2% were in their third or higher lactation. Percentages of udder halves with subclinical intramammary infection in the flocks ranged from 35 to 71%. The effect of the bacteriological infection on somatic cells count (SCC) was significant (P<0·001). Various species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), mainly Staphylococcus caprae and Staphylococcus epidermidis, were the main pathogens in infected udder halves. Lactation number did not significantly influence either infection rate of udder halves or SCC, although the percentage of udder halves with no bacteriological findings was higher at the first lactation than at the third lactation. Milk composition (fat, protein and lactose) varied among flocks, with lower mean total protein in uninfected halves than in infected ones and higher lactose in uninfected than infected halves.
Effect of different milking intervals on the composition of cisternal and alveolar milk in dairy cows
Authors: Ayadi Moez , Caja Gerardo , Such Xavier , Rovai Maristela , Albanell Elena
Published: July 2004

Effects of six different milking intervals on the distribution of milk between cistern and alveoli were studied in a randomized, incomplete Latin Square experiment with four lactating Holstein cows. Cisternal and alveolar milk was measured by udder quarter at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24-h intervals with a 3-d interperiod of regular milking. Cisternal milk was evacuated using a cannula after injection of an oxytocin-receptor blocking agent, followed by an injection of oxytocin to remove the alveolar fraction. Milk samples from each fraction and quarter were collected for analysis. Cisternal and alveolar milk increased with milking interval and represented on average 30 and 70% of the milk stored in the udder, respectively. Fat content in alveolar milk remained constant during the first 16 h, increasing rapidly thereafter, reaching its maximum at 24 h (6·95%). Fat content in cisternal milk decreased with milking interval and reached its minimum at 24 h (0·96%). Total fat yield tended to increase for cisternal milk with longer milking intervals, but it increased markedly for alveolar milk, showing that fat globules did not pass freely from alveoli to cistern between milkings. Milk protein content was greater in rear quarters than in front quarters for both milk fractions. Milk protein content increased in the cisternal milk fraction and tended to increase in the alveolar milk fraction with longer milking intervals, but values did not differ between cisternal and alveolar fractions or between front and rear quarters. Total protein yield increased with milking interval in both fractions, indicating that casein micelles passed more freely than fat globules from the alveolar to the cisternal compartment. In conclusion, the short-term effects of milking intervals in milk composition were explained by the changes observed in alveolar and cisternal milk ratio.
The structure of low-frequency standing Alfvén waves in the box model of the magnetosphere with magnetic field shear
Authors: KLIMUSHKIN DMITRI Yu. , MAGER PAVEL N.
Published: July 2004

The paper is concerned with the influence of magnetic field shear on the structure of Alfvén waves standing along field lines in the one-dimensionally inhomogeneous box model of the magnetosphere, enclosed between two parallel, infinitely conducting planes (ionospheres). We consider the transverse small-scale Alfvén waves whose azimuthal component of the wave vector $k_y$ satisfies the condition $k_y l\,{\gg}\,1$, where $l$ is the distance between the ionospheres. For this model, the Alfvén resonance condition has been established. It is shown that resonance can also occur at a constant Alfvén velocity if the field-line inclination to the ionosphere is changed. On resonant magnetic shells there occurs a singularity of the wave field of the same kind as in the absence of shear. Moreover, there are found many resemblances between Alfvén-wave behavior in our one-dimensionally inhomogeneous model and in two-dimensional inhomogeneous models with plasma and magnetic field parallel inhomogeneity taken into account. Thus, the presence of shear leads to a difference of the frequencies of poloidal and toroidal oscillations of field lines, and to the dependence of the wave's frequency on the transversal components of wave vector. Then, in the sheared magnetic field with highly conductive boundaries the source excites multiple standing Alfvén harmonics at different locations. In general, the localization regions of different longitudinal harmonics overlap. However, in the small but finite shear limit, a total wave field represents a set of mutually isolated transparent regions corresponding to different harmonic numbers. In each of these regions the waves are found to be travelling across the magnetic shells, and the transparent region is limited in the coordinate $x$ by two turning points, at one of which the mode is poloidally polarized, and the other point it is toroidally polarized (it is at this latter point where Alfvén resonance occurs). Furthermore, the phase velocity of the wave is directed toward the poloidal point, and the group velocity is directed at the toroidal point.
Multi-dimensional transient process for a pulse ablating capillary discharge: modeling and experiment
Authors: LI BAOMING , KWOK DANIEL Y.
Published: July 2004

In recent years, ablative plasma generated by capillary discharge attracted considerable attention because of its possible applications in electrothermal launchers, laser-driven particle accelerators, thin-film deposition and soft X-ray lasers, etc. An electrical discharge through a capillary insulator heats the capillary plasma that provides further evaporation of the capillary wall and electrode. The created plasma is confined by the capillary wall, electrode material and flow in a specified chamber through a hollow electrode. The mass flux leaving the capillary in axial motion is replenished by a radial inward flow of matter. Thus the radial component of the mass flux plays a principal role in the mass and energy balance. In this paper, we present a theoretical model for a time-dependent magneto-hydrodynamical simulation to calculate the dynamic evolution of plasma flow and transportation in two-dimensional configurations combined with turbulent effect. The thermodynamic and transport properties are characterized by a model that describes the plasma composition, equation of state, internal energy, viscosity and thermal and electrical conductivity for a partially ionized multi-component plasma in the weakly non-ideal region, similar to that which exists in the ablation-controlled arcs. Our model results show that some of the well-known experimental features of this kind of discharge are confirmed, particularly the radial mass and energy transportation.
Dust-acoustic solitary waves in a finite temperature dusty plasma with variable dust charge and two temperature ions
Authors: GILL TARSEM SINGH , KAUR HARVINDER , SAINI NARESHPAL SINGH
Published: July 2004

In this paper, the characteristics of dust-acoustic solitary waves in dusty plasma are studied. Dust charge and temperature are treated as variables. The authors have used the pseudopotential method to investigate the possibility of compressive as well as rarefactive solitons. An expression for the pseudopotential has been derived. The pseudopotential is a function of the Mach number, the relative temperature of low and high ion components, the relative ion concentration of dust charge and the temperature. Numerical computation shows that for the chosen set of parameters, only compressive solitons exist and their amplitudes increase with increasing Mach number. An increase in the dust temperature results in the disappearance of the compressive soliton. It is the only small parameter regime where compressive as well rarefactive solitons coexist. The effect of the relative ion temperature on solitons is also investigated. In the small amplitude limit, an increase in the dust temperature leads to a transition from compressive to rarefactive solitons.
Pertusaria grassiae (Pertusariaceae), a new lichen species from Argentina
Authors: MESSUTI María Inés , ARCHER Alan W.
Published: July 2004

A new corticolous species belonging to the lichen family Pertusariaceae, Pertusaria grassiae Messuti & A.W. Archer, is described from Tucumán Province, Argentina. It is characterized by disciform apothecia covered by a white to greyish white pruina, single-spored asci, ellipsoid and double-walled ascospores and the presence of atranorin.
A new species of Lichenostigma (Lichenotheliaceae, Arthoniales) from Scandinavia
Authors: IHLEN Per G.
Published: July 2004

The new lichenicolous species Lichenostigma supertegentis is described from Sweden and Norway where it grows on thalli and apothecia of Aspicilia supertegens. The ecology and distribution of the new species are discussed and a distribution map is provided. The concept of Lichenostigma is enlarged to accommodate fungi producing macroconidia.
The Verrucaria fuscella group in Great Britain and Ireland
Authors: ORANGE Alan
Published: July 2004

Verrucaria canella, V. fuscella and V. polysticta occur in Great Britain and Ireland; these species have been widely confused, and have often incorrectly been called V. glaucina. Similar specimens parasitic on Aspicilia caesiocinerea may belong to an additional, undescribed species. A lectotype is selected for V. fuscella.
More, new Asian species in the lichen genus Fuscopannaria
Authors: JØRGENSEN Per M.
Published: July 2004

In newly collected material from high altitudes in China and India three new species in the genus Fuscopannaria have been discovered: F. albomaculata, F. granulifera and F. hirsuta, all with unusual characters for the genus. The first one has remarkable tube-like structures exposing the white medulla above, the thallus thus appearing to be white-dotted. The second contains green algae, and the last one is the first regularly hairy species to be discovered in the genus.
Der zwölfjährige Jesus im Tempel (Lk 2.40–52) und die biografische Literatur der hellenistischen Antike
Authors: KRÜCKEMEIER NILS
Published: July 2004

Die Perikope vom zwölfjährigen Jesus im Tempel (Lk 2.40–52) weist eine Reihe von Parallelen zu Jugendepisoden der hellenistischen biografischen Literatur auf. Mit diesen motivischen Übereinstimmungen verfolgt der Evangelist den Zweck, die außerordentliche σοϕια des jugendlichen Jesus zu illustrieren und ihn so als anbetungswürdigen Gottessohn darzustellen. Die Verwandtschaft des Abschnitts zur hellenistischen Literatur will in gleichem Maße wie seine Verwurzelung im alttestamentlichen Denken gewürdigt werden. Die Endgestalt des Textes besitzt zweierlei geistesgeschichtliche Wurzeln: nämlich einerseits hellenistische und andererseits auch jüdische.
From Faith to Faith: Romans 1.17 in the Light of Greek Idiom
Authors: TAYLOR JOHN W.
Published: July 2004

Despite widespread agreement on the significance of Rom 1.16–17, agreement on its meaning has been elusive. This study focuses on one disputed phrase, εκ πιστεως εις πιστιν, suggesting that it should be read, in the light of Greek idiom, as indicating growth. In the context of Rom 1 the growth Paul is celebrating is not individual faith. Rather, in the gospel – the prophetic announcement of the arrival of eschatological salvation in Christ – the righteousness of God is revealed, resulting in the growing faith of the Gentiles. Paul does not cite Hab 2.4 in Rom 1.17 as a messianic prophecy but as scriptural confirmation that faith is the appropriate response to the gospel.
The ‘Letter’ to the Hebrews and Its Thirteenth Chapter
Authors: WEDDERBURN A. J. M.
Published: July 2004

In addition to the stylistic break at Heb 13.1 which many have noted, the vocabulary and to some extent the content of ch. 13 differ from those of 1–12 and may be more plausibly explained if 13 was written in the knowledge of 1–12 but by a different author and for a different situation.
Points and Lines: Thematic Parallelism in the Letter of James and the Testament of Job
Authors: GRAY PATRICK
Published: July 2004

This study re-examines the proverbial ‘patience of Job’, its function in the letter of James, and the hypothesis that the author derives the motif from the pseudepigraphical Testament of Job. Particular attention is paid to the use and abuse of the category of parallelism in the study of the NT and the literature of antiquity. While there is not sufficient evidence to settle the source-critical question, the recontextualization of the Job tradition in James sheds light on the relationship between eschatology and ethics in early Christianity and Hellenistic Judaism.
Die Historisierung der johanneischen Theologie im Ersten Johannesbrief
Authors: HECKEL THEO K.
Published: July 2004

1 Joh verankert die johanneische Überlieferung in der vergangenen Geschichte. Dies zeigt eine Exegese von 1 Joh 1.1–4. Dieser Prolog setzt Leser voraus, die Joh 1–20 kennen. Wie der Prolog bindet auch der restliche Brief seine Christologie ausdrücklich an den irdischen Jesus und verankert auch die Pneumatologie geschichtlich. Die Sammlung der johanneischen Schriften entspricht diesem historisierenden Programm. Die johanneische Überlieferung findet nach dem 1 Joh in Joh 21 ihren Abschluss.
(Re)voicing tradition: improvising aesthetics and identity on local jazz scenes
Authors: HOLLERBACH PETER
Published: July 2004

Historically, the field of ethnomusicology has tended to neglect the lives and work of individual musicians in favour of a view of music as culture, a disciplinary perspective that has assumed the homogeneity of the world's cultures. Contesting this erasure of the musical subject, biographical micro-histories situate the individual at the centre of music studies. Accordingly, the subject of this article is a self-identified ‘local’ jazz musician, whose narrative elucidates the exigencies of his musical and social life. One of the music's ‘lesser lives’, ‘LC’ is typical of those players who negotiate the contested terrain of jazz scenes peripheral to the jazz world's centre, New York City. The explication of his musical aesthetic and its influence upon his self-image as a jazz musician is directed toward a more representative view of jazz than that of institutionalised histories, which promulgate a ‘Great Man’ narrative. Incorporating contemporary discourse and critical race theories as alternatives to traditional modes of aesthetic inquiry, this study unpacks issues related to musical and social dialogism and signification, ‘voice’ and identity, and race and masculinity as a means of illuminating those criteria deemed crucial by a particular musician in his search for existential meaning and a jazz truth.
Living troubadours and other recent uses for medieval music
Authors: HAINES JOHN
Published: July 2004

This essay aims to expand on existing narratives of medieval music performance by exploring recent interpretations of the troubadours. Recent advances in the field of ethnomusicology, popular music and medieval music reception suggest the need to view medieval music performance in ways other than the conventional narrative of early music performance. This article focuses on the troubadours, originally song-makers in the late medieval Midi, or South of France. Based on my interviews with recent ‘living troubadours’ in the United States and France, I present evidence for multifarious musical interpretations of the art de trobar, or medieval troubadour art. Living troubadours under consideration here include Eco-Troubadour Stan Slaughter from Missouri and Occitan rap group Massilia Sound System from Marseille. The latter claim a special distinction as living descendants of the original troubadours; the former views himself as more remotely related to medieval music. And while all the different musicians considered here offer widely contrasting interpretations of the medieval art de trobar, they do have in common certain recent musical influences, along with a view of folk music as an open-ended, and musically flexible category. All of these artists are also united in their belief that the essence of folk song is an urgent message which, though it may range from recycling to anti-centralist politics, consistently controls the musical medium. What the groups considered here have in common with traditional early music groups is their creative use of contemporary influences to evoke for their audience the Middle Ages.