bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Screening and in Silico Validation of Anti-Microbial Peptides Derived from Lysostaphin, Entero and Endolysin
Authors: A. S Kirthick Kumaran , Priyadharsini J. Vijayashree , Girija A. S. Smiline , Ganesh P. Sankar
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small molecules which are known to exert destructive effects upon pathogenic microorganisms. AMPs are designed from proteins obtained from various sources and tested under in vitro conditions to deduce their antimicrobial activity.

Materials and Methods: A few of the peptidoglycan hydrolases such as lysostaphin (AAB53783.1), enterolysin (AGG79281.1), and endolysin (YP_009901016.1) were selected for the study based on an extensive text mining process. The protein sequences of the proteins were retrieved from the NCBI (National Centre for Biotechnology Information) database in the FASTA format (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/).

Results and Discussion :In the antimicrobial protein lysostaphin, three antimicrobial peptide are been found, in which two is active and other is inactive, and one has antifungal property with a score of -0.15, and one having cell penetrating property, in which all are non toxic.

Conclusion: The present study predicts AMPs from lysostaphin, entero and endolysins. These peptides were found to possess antifungal, anti-biofilm properties. Most of the peptides predicted were found to be non-cell penetrating and non-toxic.
Respiratory Responses to Short Term Sustained Isometric Muscle Contraction among Undergraduates
Authors: Safiya S. Nehal , Sridevi G. , Preetha S.
Published: December 2021

Aim: This study sets out to investigate whether a short-term isometric abdominal exercise can benefit adults with improvement in ventilatory functions.

Materials And Methods: The present study was performed in 20 adults from the student population of I-BDS students with no history of smoking and respiratory illness. The participants did a daily 20-minute static abdominal exercise over a period of three days. The lung function test was assessed using spirometry and the values of FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEFR, FEF 25-75. Paired dependent t test was done to evaluate the anthropometric variables and changes in lung functions pre-exercise on day 1 and post-isometric exercise on day 3. 

Results: The study demonstrated a significant increase in the mean values of forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second. The FEV1/FVC ratio, PEFR, FEF 25-75% did not reveal significant changes.

Conclusion: The study concluded an innovative finding that ventilatory functions improved after short term isometric training.
A Case Report of Steven Johnson Syndrome
Authors: Dhengare Archana , Sharma Ranjana , Waware Sonali , Wagh Pranali
Published: December 2021

Introduction: In 1922, two doctors, Albert Mason Stevens and Frank Johnson, examined purulent conjunctivitis.”

Background: Stevens-Johnson syndrome was named after them as a result of their study. The incidence rate is 7 cases per million populations per year.

Case Presentation: Master Yash Ghudam was brought to AVBRH by his parents with chief complaints of fever since 5 days and erythematous lesions all over body since 3 days.

History of present illness: Patient was apparently alright 5 days back, and then he started having fever which was of high grade and was not associated with chills and rigor. Patient was treated on OPD basis and the symptoms of an unexplained disease in two young boys, aged 7 and 8, who had "an unusual, generalised eruption of continued fever, inflamed buccal mucosa, and extreme some antibiotic was given, but there was no relief, after 2 days there was ulcers formation inside the mouth for which some ointment and syrup becosule was started. But lesions were increasing. 3 days back the lesions first appeared on chest then got spread to legs and hands. For which patient was admitted in Chandrapur hospital from were the patient was referred to AVBRH for further management.

Interventions: The patient was treated the patient was started on intravenous and orally Cortecosteroids, Omnacortil 10mg, Antibiotics- Inj. Ceftriaxone1gm IV 12 hourly [100mg/kg/day], inj. Amikacin 150mg IV 12 hourly [15mg/kg/day], Syp. Mucaine gel 2tsp BD – swish and swallow), Syp. Cital  2.5ml TDS, Tab. Chymoral Forte  TDS, Inj. Pantop 20mg IV 24 hourly (1mg/kg/dose).

Pandya’s Formula: Syp. Gelusil 5ml, Syp. Benadryl 5ml, Syp. Omnacortil 5ml.  Skin allograft: It has been planned.

Conclusion: In this study, we mainly focus on medical management and outstanding nursing care helped prevent farther complication. Overall, the patient's reaction was positive, though recovery time from Steven johnson syndrome varies from person to person, taking weeks, months, or even years. However, only a small number of people completely recover, while some have long-term consequences. She took a long time to get back on her feet.
Evaluation of Various Stress Management Strategies among Chennai People - A Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Mitthun A. N. K. , Sridevi G. , Preetha S.
Published: December 2021

Background: Feeling stressed is a part of everyone's life. A feeling of emotional or physical tension is known as stress. Relaxation strategies play an important role in overcoming stress.

Objective: To evaluate the different stress patterns, their perceived stress and effects of different stress management strategies.

Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted through a convenience sampling method. The participants were administered with a self developed questionnaire consisting of 11 questions. The responses were collected using google forms. Descriptive statistics, frequency analysis and chi square test was used to analyse the data.

Results: The present study reported that the majority of respondents were stressed due to academic and personal reasons and among the various stress relaxation methods, respondents felt that music and yoga relieved them from stress.

Conclusion: The study concluded an innovative finding that music and yogic exercises when adopted provided a decent stress management strategy that suits the respondents.
Knowledge and Awareness about Postpartum Distress among the Students of Saveetha Dental College
Authors: Daniel Jessly , Priya A. Jothi , Devi R. Gayatri
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Postpartum depression (PPD) is the most common psychiatric condition after childbirth.

PD has adverse long-term consequences for the mother, the infant’s development and the family environment symptoms-the core symptom of sadness or low mood, as well as fatigue/sleep disturbance and irritability. The aim of the study is to determine the Knowledge and awareness about postpartum distress among the students of saveetha dental college.

Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the study population with a sample size of 100. A self administered structured questionnaire was prepared and consisted of 15 questions. It was circulated to participants through an online platform (google form). The statistics were done using SPSS software, chi-square test was used to check the association and P value of 0.05 was said to be statistically significant.The pros of the survey is that the students of different lifestyles and cultures were surveyed . Children and adults were excluded from the survey.  Simple random sampling method was the sampling method used to minimise the sampling bias.

Results: Women during postpartum go through a lot of hormonal changes which lead to mood swings etc.They become very self conscious about their body .Mothers can also be depressed due to financial trouble, lactation etc.  Chi square test: p-value=2.98>  0.05 hence significant.

Conclusion: In summary, this study demonstrated an honest level of data and positive attitudes towards women with postpartum depression. However, negative beliefs, stigma, and misconceptions still prevailed among the relations.
Comparative Study on Pressure Reduction of Sprinkler Piping Systems with an Orifice
Authors: Kim Jaedong , Lee Seokjae , Yang Joonseo
Published: December 2021

The recent increase in the number of high-rise buildings has led to increased pressure on sprinkler piping systems. This overpressure results in the supply of large quantities of water to a small number of open sprinkler heads due to the aging of buildings or malfunctioning of sprinkler heads. This induces significant water damage during incidents such as fires, resulting in long-term restoration needs of electrical and infrastructure facilities. Therefore, this study intends to mitigate this damage by introducing an orifice in sprinkler piping systems to reduce the water pressure at sprinkler head openings. Various types of data values were calculated by increasing the pressure and simultaneously varying the orifice specifications for each type of pipe. Currently, there are no test data of this kind, rendering the obtained data useful in the design and construction of orifices for pressure reduction in sprinkler piping systems.
Comparative Analysis of Real Fires for Electric Vehicles and Gasoline Vehicles
Authors: Choi A-Young , Lee Soo-Ho , Park Tea-Hee , Kim Hyung-Sik
Published: December 2021

Recently, the demand for electric vehicles has increased rapidly as eco-friendly vehicles to regulate exhaust gas emissions. However, fire accidents related to electric vehicles are also occurring frequently. In the present work, to design a fire suppression plan for electric vehicles, a comparison of electric and gasoline vehicles has been demonstrated through real fire experiments. Temperature measurements have been performed using a heat flux sensor to understand the characteristics of each fire. At the peak of fire, the maximum temperature was measured to be about 1,390 ℃ or higher. Further, it was confirmed that gasoline vehicles exhibit higher temperature gains than electric vehicles.
Development of Early Warning and Evacuation System for Multi-Density Facilities in Case of Fire
Authors: Kang Hyun , Kweon Oh Sang
Published: December 2021

Multi-density facilities with relatively large number of resident occupants and visitors can face large-scale casualties in the event of disasters such as a fire. In addition, such disasters may cause additional damage by inducing social anxiety regarding various protection measures of the buildings, such as their safety management systems. This study was aimed at developing an early warning and evacuation system to minimize casualties in multi-density facilities in case of a fire. In particular, smoke and heat detectors, which are widely used, were utilized to establish an early warning system for old multi-density facilities with relatively poor safety management systems. For the purpose of evacuation following the early warning, an online platform-based ‘Fire Safety Management’ system was established to deliver appropriate action tips to all occupants according to the four risk stages of a fire.
Characteristics of Evacuation Guidance Sounds for the Visually-Impaired during Fire Alarms
Authors: Shin Hye-kyung , Seo Donggu , Kim Sangheon , Cho Kyungsuk
Published: December 2021

Recently, various intelligent evacuation guidance systems that can be applied in buildings were studied. Technology development for the evacuation of vulnerable people such as the visually-impaired is necessary. Voice guidance is a method used to lead the visually-impaired toward the evacuation route. However, it is necessary to review whether it is possible to hear and understand the voice guidance during the sounding of fire alarms. In this study, simulations were conducted to predict the sound power level of the voice guidance device that can secure an acceptable sound transmission index of the guide sound and the appropriate distance from the voice guidance device, when a fire alarm sound is generated in a hallway space. The study found that an acceptable sound transmission index was achieved when the sound power level was 100 dB and the appropriate type of sound device was found to be a necklace-type headset or a regular headphone.
Analysis of Chloride Deterioration and Structural Safety Evaluation of Bridge Barriers
Authors: Kim Koog Hun , Lee Joo Ha
Published: December 2021

Recently, there has been an increase in the chloride deterioration of bridges on urban highways owing to the excessive usage of deicing agents in winter, thus necessitating repair and maintenance measures to ensure the durability of concrete. In this study, the status of the damages occurring in the concrete barriers, such as walls and median partitions, of bridges on urban highways in Seoul was investigated. After collecting a total of 306 cores from various sites, a chloride analysis test was performed on a total of 918 samples obtained by dividing each core into three parts. The results were analyzed using the depth, upper and lower parts of the barrier, damage conditions, and route. In addition, the safety of the structure was evaluated in the case of repair by removing the corroded reinforcing bars (main reinforcing bars and spacers) directly exposed to chloride.
Development and Analysis of Long-Term Measurement Systems for Groundwater Level Using Electric Capacity
Authors: Kim Seok-Ju , Kim Do-Kyun
Published: December 2021

In soil dams and embankments made of soil, deterioration and stress release owing to internal and external influences occur, and the instability of the body increases as the shear strength decreases. In particular, understanding the location and flow of underground water is very important for securing the long-term stability of waterfront structures in contact with water. However, the physical limitations of measuring equipment cause many difficulties in understanding the existence and location of groundwater over a long period of time. In this study, measuring equipment using electric capacity was developed for the long-term measurement of groundwater, and contactless measuring sensors were manufactured to eliminate the possibility of corrosion by water. In addition, the precision of the measurement data was improved by applying waterproof and water-repellent coatings to the measurement sensor. Laboratory tests conducted using the developed equipment demonstrate the high precision of the measurement data according to the groundwater level change and enhanced durability of the sensor, which facilitate long-term measurements in the field.
Study of Ballast Track Dynamic Behavior Evaluation Comparative Analysis According to the On-Site Laying of Rectangular-Parallelepiped Fiber Reinforcement Sack
Authors: Cha Young-Man , Eum Ki-Young , Kim Ja-Yeon , Cho KookHwan
Published: December 2021

The roadbed reinforcement method using cuboidal fiber reinforcement is an eco-friendly method that compensates for the shortcomings of various existing roadbed reinforcement technologies. A rectangular parallelepiped fiber reinforcement was installed in section oo of the existing line where fine-grained gravel, floating sleepers, and sleeper cracks occurred. The basic physical property test of the upper subgrade was conducted, and the vertical displacement and acceleration of rails and sleepers were compared and analyzed according to the train operation of the reinforced and non-reinforced sections. A comparative analysis of the vertical displacement and acceleration according to train operation after laying the rectangular parallelepiped fiber reinforcement demonstrated that the vertical displacement and acceleration were reduced by up to 84% and 80%, respectively. The dynamic movement of the rail was reduced owing to the reinforcing effect of the rectangular parallelepiped reinforcement, thereby improving the roadbed bearing capacity and stability.
Shear Characteristic Changes in Blended Rubber of Elastomeric Bearings due to Aging
Authors: Sun Changho , Kim Ickhyun
Published: December 2021

Rubber bearings are widely used for seismic retrofit of bridges because they reduce the seismic force by making the vibration period of the bridge longer and distributing the seismic force to all the piers. However, they have the disadvantage of being easily aged compared to steel bearings as well as having variations in the shear stiffness. The shear characteristic changes in the blended rubber for the rubber bearings were analyzed, specifically, the aging accelerated by heat. The higher the aging temperature and longer the exposure time, the greater is the maximum stress and strain at that time, and the greater is the shear stiffness. This implies that the seismic performance gradually deteriorates due to aging as the service period becomes longer. This can provide the basis for the mechanical model of the aging bearing.
Development and Assessment of Methods for Predicting Rainfall in Unmeasured Watersheds Using the Relation Between Observed and Sensor-Measured Rainfall
Authors: Lee Chungdae , Kim Hayong
Published: December 2021

Recently, with the development of information and communication technology and the Internet of Things (IoT), observation technology using sensors is being applied in a variety of ways, such as using a sensor to observe rainfall in an unmeasured area. In this study, the relationship between the rainfall sensor signal (S) and the amount of rainfall (R) was developed through an experiment in an artificial rainfall generator, and the applicability was evaluated through outdoor observation. The coefficient of determination of the relational expression developed through the indoor experiment was 0.95, the mean absolute error was 2.66 mm/hr, the root mean square error was 3.87 mm/hr, the efficiency coefficient was 0.89, and the concordance index was 0.97, showing very high reliability. In the outdoor test results, the error rate was 7.96% when comparing the data from the rainfall sensors in vehicles and the precipitation station, which were not observed at the same location. Despite such errors, it is judged that accurate rainfall observation using a rainfall sensor is possible in an area where a precipitation station is not installed.
Assessment of Prevention Performance Target Rainfall in Coastal Cities with Sea Level Rise
Authors: Kim Dong Jun , Choi Kyung Min , Song Yang Ho , Lee Jung Ho
Published: December 2021

The rise in average sea level due to climate change aggravates the vulnerability of coastal areas, increasing the likelihood of flooding due to erosion of outfall to the coast and rivers. Therefore, the design standards of defense facilities should be strengthened to address such increased risk of flooding. Accordingly, in this study, a plan to adjust the disaster prevention performance target rainfall for two research areas was selected in consideration of the regional characteristics of the coastal area and the average sea level rise predicted for 2050, and the disaster prevention performance target rainfall increased from at least 89% to up to 169%. Based on these results, it is believed that this study can serve as a basis for improving data on rainfall targets for disaster prevention performance with consideration of future sea level rise in coastal cities.
Development of a Cloud-Based Real-Time Building Health Monitoring and Prediction System Using AI and IoT Sensors
Authors: Ha Chang-Wan , Ahn Byungtae , Shin Young-Sik , Park Jinseong , Lee Jai-Kyung , Kim Jungjip
Published: December 2021

In this study, a cloud-based real-time building health monitoring and prediction system using AI and IoT sensors was developed. To predict the building condition, which constitutes time-series data, statistical-based ARIMA and AI-based LSTM prediction models were designed, and the effectiveness of the proposed prediction models was experimentally verified using a 1/8-scaled miniaturized structure. The prediction accuracy in terms of MAPE (less than 1%) was experimentally confirmed to be satisfactory. Moreover, a method for analyzing dimensional structure deformation was developed by combining multiple sensor measurements, and its effectiveness was verified through the case study of a real earthquake-damaged building.
Analysis of the Factors Affecting Fine Dust Concentration Before and After COVID-19
Authors: Choi Woo-Chul , Cheong Kyu-Soo
Published: December 2021

This study conducted a comparative analysis of the factors affecting the concentration of fine dust before and after COVID-19. Of these, the dominant factor was CO, and the influence between variables increased even after COVID-19. In the case of PM10, the influence of wind direction and wind speed variables decreased, which is thought to be due to the reduction of westerly-based foreign air pollutants following China’s containment policy. Comparative analysis by season showed that the influence of temperature and humidity was higher in winter. In spring, the influence of wind direction and speed decreased with changes in the westerly wind and the influence of China’s containment policy. In summer and autumn, when the concentration of fine dust is relatively low, the influence of CO after COVID-19 was rather high, indicating that continuous CO management is necessary. Considering the relationship between these air pollutants and the meteorological environment, it is judged that fine dust reduction measures should be implemented.
The Analysis of Decision-making Items for Operation Management of Digital Twin Simulators for Sewage and Water Treatment Facilities
Authors: Park Kihak , Kim Seohyun , Kim Keugtae
Published: December 2021

This paper addresses the derivation of decision-making factors for the operation and management of the Cyber Physical systems (CPS)-linked wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) simulator. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method was applied to evaluate the importance of each influencing factor on the operational elements targeting experts. Here, the experts were 37 people working for WWTPs and 30 people working for DWTPs, respectively. The analysis factors for decision-making were influent load, reactor capacity, treatment process, occurrence of high turbidity influent, risk, urgency, response, and recovery, and their relative importance was analyzed. Among the operational elements of WWTPs, influent fluctuations have been shown as the most important factor. Conversely, the possibility of occurrence was found to be the most important influencing factor. In the case of DWTPs, the inflow of high turbidity was found to be the main operating factor, and the influencing factors were the probability of occurrence and the degree of risk. Based upon the results obtained, this study is expected to contribute to the establishment of a stable system of both WWTPs and DWTPS by identifying influent fluctuations, which are a major influencing factor, and by controlling operation factors connected with the establishment of a digital twin simulation.
Proposal for Improvements of the Police Manual Regarding Crisis Management
Authors: Lee Myoungjin , Choi Woojung , Lee Junghan
Published: December 2021

The current manual for crisis management in Korea includes military units and the police as related organizations. However, the duties of police units are very broad, such as traffic control and security maintenance in disaster areas, lifesaving, and the search for missing persons, and the main tasks of such disaster management actions as lifesaving and the search for missing persons are led by fire-fighting units or local governments. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly present the scope of police activities in the event of a disaster. In this study, police manuals in Korea and abroad were investigated to identify problems and implications of the current Korean manual. In addition, through an analysis of common unit tasks that the police should perform in the event of a disaster, domestic crisis management manuals, and overseas cases, additional police unit duties are proposed in detail. As a result, we suggest provisions in the manual that allow the police to immediately intervene in response to disasters.
Development of Evacuation Route Planning Algorithm for Responding to Urban Forest Fires
Authors: Kwak Jaehwan , Kim Namgyun , Kim Man-Il
Published: December 2021

The Gangwon region (Korea) is severely affected by forest fires, where approximately sixty-six wildfires have occurred over the last three years, which in turn have damaged 1,299 ha of this region. Hence, it is necessary to develop schemes for reducing the damage caused by forest fires in Gangwon. In this study, we developed an algorithm for planning evacuation routes. The developed algorithm was applied to a virtual scenario for determining evacuation start points within the spread range of wildfires, fifteen evacuation routes were then determined for each start point, and the associated distance information was displayed. Furthermore, by employing the Naver Maps software, the obtained evacuation routes was compared and analyzed with respect to the route distance. We believe that the results obtained from this study can be used as basic data for making decisions to identify various evacuation routes.
Study on the Applicability of the Exterior Condition Assessment to Evaluate The Physical Vulnerability of Check Dams
Authors: Lee Kihwan , Woo Choongsik
Published: December 2021

Check dams are a typical structural approach used in watershed disaster management systems. Currently, approximately 12,000 check dams have been estimated to be constructed on mountain streams in Korea. More than 90% of these have been constructed in the last 20 years. This rapid increase over a short period of time has attracted attention to the necessity of maintenance strategies for check dams. The purpose of this study is to examine the applicability of the exterior condition assessment to evaluate the degree of deterioration in check dams. We classify the typical damage types of check dams and describe its key characteristics. Moreover, we apply a modified version of the condition assessment for large dams to meet the characteristics of check dams.
Impact Analysis of Transition between Semi-Rigid and Rigid Barriers Using Simulations
Authors: Kim Kyoungju , Bae Hyunung , Kim Jongmin
Published: December 2021

Transition is a type of barrier that connects other barriers with different grades and shapes. Even if each barrier satisfies the performance, it may not be satisfied in transition. Therefore, collision safety requires a special design and examination. In this study, we investigated national and foreign standards and situations for the proper configuration of the transition and analyzed the impact behavior of the general transition using impact simulations. We developed a transition system that could ensure the stable performance of various grades by analyzing the behavior and confirmed based on the full-scale crash test (SB2 level).
A Study on the Durability of Fire Hoses of Fire Hydrants
Authors: Kim Hakjoong , Song Youngjoo
Published: December 2021

Although the number of fires has not changed considerably in recent times, property damage and casualties due to fires are increasing every year. Maintaining the performance of fire-fighting facilities installed in buildings has been emphasized for maximizing human safety and minimizing property damage caused by fires. As a result, since 2017, the maintenance of fire extinguishers throughout their service life, has been mandated. In case of a fire, initial fire extinguishing and fire spreading prevention are crucial. There have been no available measures for the maintenance and verification of indoor fire hydrants and outdoor fire hydrant hoses used for extinguishing fires and preventing combustion expansion. This study was therefore intended to present measures for ascertaining the service life of these fire extinguishers, by evaluating their firefighting abilities through sample analysis and case analysis of the fire hoses. Research shows that the degradation of performance of the fire hoses becomes evident between 9 and 10 years, so that 10 years of service life is considered appropriate for the fire hoses.
Pasargadae
Authors: Mohammadkhani Kourosh
Published: December 2021

Monumental building at Pasargadae in Fars in southwestern Iran began under Cyrus the Great around 550
bce
. Located on the Morghab Plain and surrounded by mountains, the monuments of Pasargadae are in a large park referred to as Paradise. Spread over an area of about 300 hectares is a series of monuments. These include structures such as Palace P, sometimes referred to as the Private Palace of Cyrus, Palace S (“Audience Palace”), and Gate R, as well as a royal garden, the tower of Zendan, the citadel of Tol‐e Takht, the sacred precinct, and the monumental Tomb of Cyrus. Even as Persepolis became the new capital of Persia under Darius I, celebrations regularly occurred in memory of Cyrus at Pasargadae, according to evidence from the Persepolis Fortification Tablets.
Persepolis
Authors: Mohammadkhani Kourosh
Published: December 2021

Persepolis, one of the capitals of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, was built during the reign of Darius I. A complex of buildings on and around a terrace with a substantial subterranean canalization system, the site was probably used mainly during Nowruz celebrations in the spring. During other seasons of the year, the Persian kings would use their palatial complexes in Susa, Babylon, and Ecbatana. Persepolis was built between 518 and 330
bce
on a slope of Mount Rahmat. The location benefited from the natural resources of the nearby Polvar River and the fertile Marvdasht Plain. The limestone for the buildings came from quarries in the Marvdasht Plain.
Cosmology, in Zoroastrianism
Authors: Rezania Kianoosh
Published: December 2021

This entry examines Zoroastrian theories of the structure of the universe, as represented in the Avestan and Middle Persian sources.
Cosmogony, in Zoroastrianism
Authors: Rezania Kianoosh
Published: December 2021

This entry examines Zoroastrian theories of the genesis of the universe, represented in Avestan as well as Zoroastrian Middle Persian and Christian sources.
Indika
of Megasthenes
Authors: Ghosh Suchandra
Published: December 2021

Indika
was written by Megasthenes, the Seleucid envoy to the Mauryan capital of Pāṭaliputra during Chandragupta Maurya's reign (fourth century
bce
). The original work did not survive but certain parts are quoted in other works, including those of Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, Arrian, and Pliny, and others are available in fragments. There are many factual inaccuracies, with fantastic descriptions of one‐horned horses with heads like those of deer and huge snakes. Nevertheless, it is an important Greek textual source for understanding Mauryan India.
Li Si
Authors: Sou Daniel Sungbin
Published: December 2021

Li Si is one of the most important historical figures in the Qin, and who supported the First Emperor of Qin in the process of unification. He also played a key role in arguing the benefits of the commandery‐county system that also strengthened the emperor's authority. His life fell into turmoil after he joined Zhao Gao's plot to make Prince Huhai the next emperor, which eventually led to his execution.
Active and Passive Tuning of Ultranarrow Resonances in Polaritonic Nanoantennas
Authors: Duan Jiahua , Alfaro‐Mozaz Francisco Javier , Taboada‐Gutiérrez Javier , Dolado Irene , Álvarez‐Pérez Gonzalo , Titova Elena , Bylinkin Andrei , Tresguerres‐Mata Ana Isabel F. , Martín‐Sánchez Javier , Liu Song , Edgar James H. , Bandurin Denis A. , Jarillo‐Herrero Pablo , Hillenbrand Rainer , Nikitin Alexey Y. , Alonso‐González Pablo
Published: December 2021

Optical nanoantennas are of great importance for photonic devices and spectroscopy due to their capability of squeezing light at the nanoscale and enhancing light–matter interactions. Among them, nanoantennas made of polar crystals supporting phonon polaritons (phononic nanoantennas) exhibit the highest quality factors. This is due to the low optical losses inherent in these materials, which, however, hinder the spectral tuning of the nanoantennas due to their dielectric nature. Here, active and passive tuning of ultranarrow resonances in phononic nanoantennas is realized over a wide spectral range (≈35 cm−1, being the resonance linewidth ≈9 cm−1), monitored by near‐field nanoscopy. To do that, the local environment of a single nanoantenna made of hexagonal boron nitride is modified by placing it on different polar substrates, such as quartz and 4H‐silicon carbide, or covering it with layers of a high‐refractive‐index van der Waals crystal (WSe2). Importantly, active tuning of the nanoantenna polaritonic resonances is demonstrated by placing it on top of a gated graphene monolayer in which the Fermi energy is varied. This work presents the realization of tunable polaritonic nanoantennas with ultranarrow resonances, which can find applications in active nanooptics and (bio)sensing.
Engineering Radiosensitizer‐Based Metal‐Phenolic Networks Potentiate STING Pathway Activation for Advanced Radiotherapy
Authors: Yan Jie , Wang Guohao , Xie Lisi , Tian Hao , Li Jie , Li Bei , Sang Wei , Li Wenxi , Zhang Zhan , Dai Yunlu
Published: December 2021

Radiotherapy, a mainstay of first‐line cancer treatment, suffers from its high‐dose radiation‐induced systemic toxicity and radioresistance caused by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. The synergy between radiosensitization and immunomodulation may overcome these obstacles for advanced radiotherapy. Here, the authors propose a radiosensitization cooperated with stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway activation strategy by fabricating a novel lanthanide‐doped radiosensitizer‐based metal‐phenolic network, NaGdF4:Nd@NaLuF4@PEG‐polyphenol/Mn (DSPM). The amphiphilic PEG‐polyphenol successfully coordinates with NaGdF4:Nd@NaLuF4 (radiosensitizer) and Mn2+ via robust metal‐phenolic coordination. After cell internalization, the pH‐responsive disassembly of DSPM triggers the release of their payloads, wherein radiosensitizer sensitizes cancer cells to X‐ray and Mn2+ promote STING pathway activation. This radiosensitizer‐based DSPM remarkably benefits dendritic cell maturation, anticancer therapeutics in primary tumors, accompanied by robust systemic immune therapeutic performance against metastatic tumors. Therefore, a powerful radiosensitization with STING pathway activation mediated immunostimulation strategy is highlighted here to optimize cancer radiotherapy.
Hierarchical Cobalt‐Nickel Double Hydroxide Arrays Assembled on Naturally Sedimented Ti3C2Tx for High‐Performance Flexible Supercapacitors
Authors: Bai Zuxue , Zhang Deyang , Guo Ying , Yang Ya , Yan Hailong , Wang Yangbo , Cheng Jinbing , Chu Paul K. , Pang Huan , Luo Yongsong
Published: December 2021

Flexible electrodes with excellent energy storage and conversion properties that can be produced by a simple process are highly desirable for supercapacitors. Herein, Cobalt‐Nickel double hydroxide (CoNi‐DH) micro‐nanosheet arrays are prepared uniformly on naturally sedimented Ti3C2Tx films by an etching‐deposition‐growth process to form a CoNi‐DH@Ti3C2Tx heterostructure. The naturally sedimented Ti3C2Tx film serves as the substrate to minimize aggregation of the CoNi‐DH nanoarrays to enhance the electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the hierarchical structure comprised of the CoNi‐DH interconnected nanoarrays promotes electrolyte access. By taking advantage of the excellent electrical conduction and high theoretical specific capacitance, the flexible CoNi‐DH@Ti3C2Tx electrode in the supercapacitor delivers a superior specific capacitance of 919.5 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, and remarkable capacitance retention of 89.6% after 5000 cycles at 20 A g−1. Density‐functional theory calculations are performed to investigate the charge density difference and partial density of states of CoNi‐DH@Ti3C2Tx and the theoretical assessment suggests that the chemical bonds between Ti3C2Tx and CoNi‐DH are critical to the charge transport, electrical conductivity, and structural stability.
Nonvolatile Resistive Switching in Layered InSe via Electrochemical Cation Diffusion
Authors: Mazumder Aishani , Ahmed Taimur , Mayes Edwin , Tawfik Sherif Abdulkader , Russo Salvy P. , Low Mei Xian , Ranjan Abhishek , Balendhran Sivacarendran , Walia Sumeet
Published: December 2021

2D materials are increasingly being investigated for their nonvolatile switching properties as a step toward downscaling of core electronic elements. Here, the interplay between electrochemically active silver (Ag) cations and layered indium selenide (InSe), a 2D metal monochalcogenide, is investigated to demonstrate a nonvolatile switching device. Detailed microscopic characterization supported with density functional theory calculations reveals cationic filamentary‐based nonvolatile switching mechanism of γ‐InSe in a crossplanar architecture. This is electrically driven by diffusion of Ag ions through the layered InSe stack. The InSe‐based memory cells exhibit a switching ratio of ≈103 and a memory retention of >105 s. This work opens new opportunities to enhance resistive switching performances of 2D materials for next‐generation information storage and brain inspired computation using active metal diffusion.
Revisiting Discharge Mechanism of CFx as a High Energy Density Cathode Material for Lithium Primary Battery
Authors: Sayahpour Baharak , Hirsh Hayley , Bai Shuang , Schorr Noah B. , Lambert Timothy N. , Mayer Matthew , Bao Wurigumula , Cheng Diyi , Zhang Minghao , Leung Kevin , Harrison Katharine L. , Li Weikang , Meng Ying Shirley
Published: December 2021

Lithium/fluorinated graphite (Li/CFx) primary batteries show great promise for applications in a wide range of energy storage systems due to their high energy density (>2100 Wh kg–1) and low self‐discharge rate (<0.5% per year at 25 °C). While the electrochemical performance of the CFx cathode is indeed promising, the discharge reaction mechanism is not thoroughly understood to date. In this article, a multiscale investigation of the CFx discharge mechanism is performed using a novel cathode structure to minimize the carbon and fluorine additives for precise cathode characterizations. Titration gas chromatography, X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, cross‐sectional focused ion beam, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy with electron energy loss spectroscopy are utilized to investigate this system. Results show no metallic lithium deposition or intercalation during the discharge reaction. Crystalline lithium fluoride particles uniformly distributed with <10 nm sizes into the CFx layers, and carbon with lower sp2 content similar to the hard‐carbon structure are the products during discharge. This work deepens the understanding of CFx as a high energy density cathode material and highlights the need for future investigations on primary battery materials to advance performance.
Induction of Human Motor Cortex Plasticity by Theta Burst Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation
Authors: Zeng Ke , Darmani Ghazaleh , Fomenko Anton , Xia Xue , Tran Stephanie , Nankoo Jean‐François , Shamli Oghli Yazan , Wang Yanqiu , Lozano Andres M. , Chen Robert
Published: December 2021

Objective

Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) is a promising noninvasive brain stimulation technique with advantages of high spatial precision and ability to target deep brain regions. This study aimed to develop a TUS protocol to effectively induce brain plasticity in human subjects.

Methods

An 80‐second train of theta burst patterned TUS (tbTUS), regularly patterned TUS (rTUS) with the same sonication duration, and sham tbTUS was delivered to the motor cortex in healthy subjects. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to examine changes in corticospinal excitability, intracortical inhibition and facilitation, and the site of plasticity induction. The effects of motor cortical tbTUS on a visuomotor task and the effects of occipital cortex tbTUS on motor cortical excitability were also tested.

Results

The tbTUS produced consistent increase in corticospinal excitability for at least 30 minutes, whereas rTUS and sham tbTUS produced no significant change. tbTUS decreased short‐interval intracortical inhibition and increased intracortical facilitation. The effects of TMS in different current directions suggested that the site of the plastic changes was within the motor cortex. tbTUS to the occipital cortex did not change motor cortical excitability. Motor cortical tbTUS shortened movement time in a visuomotor task.

Interpretation

tbTUS is a novel and efficient paradigm to induce cortical plasticity in humans. It has the potential to be developed for neuromodulation treatment for neurological and psychiatric disorders, and to advance neuroscience research. ANN NEUROL 2022;91:238–252
Discovery of an Ultra‐rapid and Sensitive Lysosomal Fluorescence Lipophagy Process
Authors: Zhang Hong , Shi Lei , Li Kun , Liu Xin , Won Miae , Liu Yan‐Zhao , Choe Youmi , Liu Xin‐Yao , Liu Yan‐Hong , Chen Shan‐Yong , Yu Kang‐Kang , Kim Jong Seung , Yu Xiao‐Qi
Published: December 2021

Non‐invasive dynamic tracking of lysosomes and their interactions with other organelles is important for the study of lysosomal function and related diseases. However, many fluorescent dyes developed so far to target lysosomes cannot be used to monitor these processes due to the high concentrations required for imaging, long cell penetration times, and non‐ideal photostability. In this regard, we synthesized three lysosomal targeting probes with large Stokes shifts, good stability, and high brightness. The Q‐P‐ARh dye, developed by us for the first time, can stain lysosomes at ultra‐low concentrations (1.0 nM) without affecting the physiological functions of the lysosomes. More importantly, its excellent anti‐interference ability and ultrafast lysosomal staining ability (within 1.0 min) clearly monitored the entire dynamic process of lipophagy. Ultimately, this method can greatly contribute to the study of autophagy pathways. This novel fluorescence platform shows great promise for the development of biological probes for application in pathological environments.
Simultaneous enhancement of mechanical performance and thermal conductivity for polyamide 10T by nanodiamond compositing
Authors: Ai Tianhao , Feng Wutong , Ren Zhonglai , Li Fei , Wang Pingli , Zou Guangji , Ji Junhui
Published: December 2021

In high‐frequency devices and thermal management areas, there is an urgent demand for polyamide with high‐mechanical strength and high‐thermal conductivity simultaneously. In this study, semiaromatic polyamide 10T/nanodiamond (ND) nanocomposites were prepared via predispersion and in situ polymerization, which was conducive to achieve the homogeneous distribution of ND in the PA10T matrix. The tensile strength and impact strength of the PA10T/1.0 wt% ND nanocomposite increased by 27% and 102%, respectively. With the content of only 1.0 wt% of ND, the thermal conductivity of the nanocomposite increased from 0.36 to 0.51 W/(m·K). In addition, the thermomechanical properties and thermal stability of nanocomposites were also been improved. We attributed the composite reinforcing effect to not only the uniform dispersion of ND in the matrix and strong interfacial interactions between ND and PA10T molecules, but also the formation of ND‐centered cross‐linking structures in the composites. Thus, ND compositing is a promising way to enhance both the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of polyamide.
Comparing centralized and point‐of‐use treatments of per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances
Authors: Bixler Taler S. , Song Cuihong , Mo Weiwei
Published: December 2021

Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) chemicals are a growing threat to public health and safety. This study seeks to compare the life cycle environmental, economic, and human health performances of centralized and point‐of‐use (POU) systems used to upgrade existing drinking water treatment facilities for enhanced PFAS removal, using Merrimack, NH as a testbed. Out of all studied system upgrade scenarios, a POU scenario that combines granular activated carbon and ion exchange filters has the lowest environmental and human health impacts and relatively low economic impact. Despite all drinking water taps in the house being protected, the centralized scenario does not perform the best in terms of the health impacts because of its relatively low perfluorooctane sulfonate removal efficiency. This suggests a potential tradeoff between protecting the highest number of taps and achieving the highest removal efficiency at limited taps as two water treatment objectives.
Performance evaluation of Nannochloropsis oculate–carbon nanoparticle blend as fuel in compression ignition engine
Authors: Oni Babalola Aisosa , Sanni Samuel Eshorame , Okoro Emeka Emmanuel
Published: December 2021

In this study, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used as a property improvers for fuel obtained from Nannochloropsis oculate for application in a compression ignition engine. The engine's performance was monitored in accordance with its newly induced characteristics. The fixed biodiesel ratio was blended with different proportions of MWCNTs. The nanotubes were ultrasonicated with the biodiesel in different doses of 50,75, 100 and 150 ppm, respectively, and the resulting fuels were subjected to performance tests as compared with conventional diesel‐fuel in a Yanmar Model‐TF120M diesel engine. It was observed that cylinder pressure and heat release rates were higher under full load condition as compared with those obtained for the diesel fuel. Furthermore, the results compared favorably for both fuels in terms of combustion, emissions and engine performance. The brake thermal efficiency of the blended fuel improved by 2.72, 2.81, 3.07 and 2.24% for BC‐50, BC‐75, BC‐100 and BC‐150 as compared with that of diesel fuel. The release of CO2, NO
x
, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide decreased in favor of the blends. From the analysis, a dosing level of 100 ppm MWCNTs in the biofuel is recommended for best engine performance and combustion, with optimal emission reduction. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Large‐scale biomass storage for electricity generation: a comprehensive field‐test campaign in southern Spain
Authors: Lara Chaves Pedro J. , Terrados Cepeda Julio , Gallego Álvarez Francisco J. , Hermoso Orzáez Manuel J.
Published: December 2021

Biomass is a renewable energy source that, due to its strong seasonality, needs to be stored, handled, and managed under suitable conditions for its optimal use. Storage is therefore a key process in which biomass can lose many of its qualities as a fuel, but which can also serve to improve the condition of the resource. This paper presents results from a study to assess the effect of large‐scale storage on a range of different biomass resources that was carried out at an electricity generation plant located in southern Spain. It included a series of field tests carried out with different types of biomass resources, to observe the behavior of these products during storage and the changes in their main characteristics. Based on these results, recommendations have been proposed for the optimal storage management of each of the products. The testing program confirms that the initial moisture content of the biomass, particle size, and the leafy content are critical aspects to consider to avoid self‐ignition and dry matter losses. Biomass with high moisture content should therefore be stored in small stockpiles and should be consumed immediately. This is especially important in the case of olive leaves and pine prunings when they have a high initial moisture content. Stockpiles of drier biomass, such as dried olive pomace, fruit tree pruning or dried olive pruning can reach up to 1200 t and be stored for up to 6 months, under adequately controlled conditions. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd