bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Virtual double-well potential for an underdamped oscillator created by a feedback loop
Authors: Dago Salambô , Pereda Jorge , Ciliberto Sergio , Bellon Ludovic
Published: May 2022

Virtual potentials are a very elegant, precise and flexible tool to manipulate small systems and explore fundamental questions in stochastic thermodynamics. In particular double-well potentials have applications in information processing, such as the demonstration of Landauer’s principle. Nevertheless, virtual double-well potentials had never been implemented in underdamped systems. In this article, we detail how to face the experimental challenge of creating a feedback loop for an underdamped system (exploring its potential energy landscape much faster than its over-damped counterpart), in order to build a tunable virtual double-well potential. To properly describe the system behavior in the feedback trap, we express the switching time in the double-well for all barrier heights, combining for the first time Kramer’s description, valid at high barriers, with an adjusted model for lower ones. We show that a small hysteresis or delay of the feedback loop in the switches between the two wells results in a modified velocity distribution, interpreted as a cooling of the kinetic temperature of the system. We successfully address all issues to create experimentally a virtual potential that is statistically indistinguishable from a physical one, with a tunable barrier height and energy step between the two wells.
Enhancement of transmission line model to analyze the matching section of a dielectric-loaded accelerator with sharp discontinuities
Authors: Joozdani M.Z.
Published: May 2022

In this paper, a compact and single-mode X-band
dielectric-loaded matching section with constant tilt angle, blended
edges, and two discontinuities at both ends is analyzed by the
transmission line model. This matching section is designed as a
high-power injection coupler to a dielectric-loaded accelerating
structure (DLA). Although the transmission line model is a powerful
tool for single-mode structures, because of radial inhomogeneity and
lack of single value for characteristic impedance in
dielectric-loaded structures, this method is not applicable in
non-uniform dielectric-loaded structures. To solve this problem, it
is shown that a dielectric-loaded waveguide (DLW) can be modeled by
a dielectric-filled waveguide (DFW) with the same parameters of the
phase constant, power flow, and dielectric loss. The characteristic
impedance of a dielectric-filled waveguide can be determined by
three structural parameters of the real and imaginary parts of the
dielectric material and inner radius. These structural parameters
can be found by solving a non-linear equation system made by
equality of the parameters of the dielectric-loaded and
dielectric-filled waveguides. To analyze the matching section, it is
stratified to low thickness and uniform DLWs in the propagation
direction and every segment is substituted by its equal DFW
model. However, because of sharp variation in dielectric region at
two ends of the flared section, solving the non-linear equation
system is difficult at these points due to the lack of a proper
initial point for the answer. Therefore, two virtual sections are
added at the discontinuities to smoothen the variation of the
dielectric region. Then, the total transmission matrix and
scattering matrix parameters can be obtained without considering the
added virtual sections. Moreover, the matching section is simulated
by a full-wave electromagnetic software and the results of the
scattering matrix parameters are compared with the ones of the
proposed method. It is shown that there is a good agreement between
the total behavior of the simulation and analytical results and the
proposed method has acceptable accuracy.
Feasibility study of imaging with tissue-scattered triple-γ coincidence events in Compton-PET
Authors: Ghosh S. , Das P.
Published: May 2022

The objective of the present work is to study Compton-PET
imaging with single scattered (in tissue) data using a non-pure beta
emitter (44Sc). Such radioisotopes are advantageous because of
the extra gamma radiation to be used in triple-γ 
coincidences. Utilizing the single scattered events in conjunction
with an additional gamma (1157 keV) emitted from 44Sc,
provided us with an opportunity to obtain the direct images of the
source activity distribution. The idea presented here is unique
because there is hardly any imaging research with tissue-scattered
data in the literature, especially for a Compton-PET system using a
non-pure beta emitter. Initially, we described the locus of
tissue-scattered point as a prolate spheroid surface or spindle
toroid, which became two intersection points after using Compton
cones from both ends of 511 keV photon detections. We considered a
human-sized Compton-PET system of two types — (i) ideal and
(ii) state-of-art scanner — depending on the energy and timing
resolutions of detectors. The list-mode data were generated via GATE
simulations. The appropriate trigger logic was applied using the
two-window method to separate the events corresponding to single
tissue-scattered and true (unscattered) coincidences. The imaging
involves estimating the annihilation point for each
triple-coincidence event using Compton cone of 1157 keV gamma and
time-of-flight information for the 511 keV. Thus, we directly
obtained images of the activity distribution without using any
reconstruction algorithm. They turned out indeed meaningful,
establishing our feasibility study. For quality assessment, we
compared the full-width-half-maximum (FWHM) of the intensity
profiles of various images. For ideal scanner, for instance, the
FWHM for the tissue-scattered image was almost double of that for
the unscattered one. Although the image quality was not all that
good, but we expected it because of physics-based uncertainties
involved in the tissue-scattered imaging. Nonetheless, separate
assessments of the underlying activity from two independent data
sets — one from single tissue-scattered, another from the usual
true coincidences — could certainly improve image interpretation
in medical diagnosis.
A drug-responsive multicellular human spheroid model to recapitulate drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Saygili Ecem , Devamoglu Utku , Goker-Bagca Bakiye , Goksel Ozlem , Biray-Avci Cigir , Goksel Tuncay , Yesil-Celiktas Ozlem
Published: May 2022

Associated with a high mortality rate, pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is the end stage of several interstitial lung diseases. Although many factors are linked to PF progression, initiation of the fibrotic process remains to be studied. Current research focused on generating new strategies to gain a better understanding of the underlying disease mechanism as the animal models remain insufficient to reflect human physiology. Herein, to account complex cellular interactions within the fibrotic tissue, a multicellular spheroid model where human bronchial epithelial cells incorporated with human lung fibroblasts was generated and treated with bleomycin (BLM) to emulate drug-induced PF. Recapitulating the epithelial-interstitial microenvironment, the findings successfully reflected the PF disease, where excessive alpha smooth muscle actin and collagen type I secretion were noted along with the morphological changes in response to BLM. Moreover, increased levels of fibrotic linked COL13A1, MMP2, WNT3 and decreased expression level of CDH1 provide evidence for the model reliability on fibrosis modelling. Subsequent administration of the Food and Drug Administration approved nintedanib and pirfenidone anti-fibrotic drugs proved the drug-responsiveness of the model.
How are cities planning for heat? Analysis of United States municipal plans
Authors: Turner V Kelly , French Emma M , Dialesandro John , Middel Ariane , M Hondula David , Weiss George Ban , Abdellati Hana
Published: May 2022

Heat has become a central concern for cities everywhere, but heat governance has historically lagged behind other climate change hazards. This study examines 175 municipal plans from the 50 most populous cities in the United States to understand which aspects of urban heat are included or not in city plans and what factors explain inclusion. We find that a majority of plans mention heat, but few include strategies to address it and even fewer cite sources of information. The term ‘extreme heat event’ (EHE) is significantly more likely to be paired with institutional actions as a part of hazard planning, while ‘urban heat island’ (UHI) is more likely to be paired with green and grey infrastructure interventions as a part of general planning. Disparity and thermal comfort framings are not significantly related to any solutions and are used least. Plan type, followed by environmental networks (e.g. C40, Urban Sustainability Directors Network, Rockefeller 100 Resilient Cities), explain variation in plan content; social and environmental context do not. Findings point to the emergence of two independent heat governance systems, EHE and UHI, and several gaps in heat planning: integration, specificity, solutions, disparity, economy, and thermal comfort.
Assessment of livelihood risks due to climate change and ecological resources in Can Gio mangrove biosphere reserve, Vietnam
Authors: Hoa L T , Dinh P T , Chau N T P , Thuy N T T
Published: May 2022

Can Gio Mangrove Biosphere Reserve was recognized as a global biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 2000 with a typical diverse flora and fauna of the mangroves of Vietnam and Southeast Asia. People’s livelihoods in Can Gio depend largely on natural resources. Thus, any negative changes due to climate change will directly affect their livelihoods. These changes are potential risks affecting the livelihoods of local residents.

The study was conducted based on the interview results of 537 local residents using a structured questionnaire and 45 in-depth interviews using data of open-ended questions designed based on the 5-point Likert scale. A set of criteria was developed according to the sustainable livelihood framework of DFID (1999) and climate change framework of IPCC (2014) to assess the impacts of environment and climate change on livelihood risks in the study area.

This study used weighting methodology for qualitative data and GIS methodology to identify the risks of 13 livelihood genres affected by changes in climate and ecological resources of Can Gio mangrove forest. The results show that there is a difference in the levels of livelihood risk caused by climate change. Almost thirteen types of livelihoods have high risks caused by climate change. As a result, there should be a risk management strategy which focuses on solutions to control hazards, exposures and vulnerabilities, along with measures to protect and support livelihood resources for Can Gio local residents.
Livelihood of salt farmers in the context of environmental changes in Can Gio district, Vietnam
Authors: Tran P G , Hoa L T , Hien N T T , Oanh N T
Published: May 2022

Agricultural production is highly dependent on the environment and sensitive to environmental changes. During the past time, the changes in natural and socio-economic factors have strongly affected salt production. Thus, salt farmers in Can Gio, Ho Chi Minh City have put great effort into implementing various solutions to overcome the difficulties to maintain production, secure income, stabilize life and preserve traditional occupation. To have a full and systematic view on this issue, a study on the livelihoods of salt farmers in the context of environmental changes was carried out. The study used the social survey method with a sample size of 106 salt-producing households in Can Gio district. Data collection tool is a structured questionnaire and data analysis methods are descriptive and inferential statistics. Results show that salt production is a livelihood that is easily vulnerable to changes in natural and socio-economic factors. As for the natural factors, early and erratic rains are the main risk for salt production. Regarding the socio-economic factors, unstable markets, falling selling prices and increasing production costs bring many risks to salt farmers. They perceive environmental changes and their impacts on their livelihoods. The current livelihood capacities of farmers including financial, technical and institutional capacities for salt production are not high. Solutions implemented locally to deal with negative environmental impacts include adjusting production inputs, diversifying livelihoods and connecting salt production areas with consumption markets.
Eco-agritourism as an Ecosystem-based adaptation (EBA) against climate change impacts for the Vietnamese Mekong Delta: a viewpoint
Authors: Trang N T T , Loc H H
Published: May 2022

The sustainable development of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) is constantly challenged by many natural disasters, especially the recent intensification of sea-level rise and salinity intrusion. Instead of trying to train the environment, the VMD farmers have adopted new adaptive livelihood models that promote more harmonious strategies to live with nature, seeking the compromising point between generating income and restoring the environmental benefits. The focus of this paper is one such approach, the ecological shrimp farming model of Ben Tre province. Presented herewith is the authors’ viewpoint regarding the barriers and opportunities to develop the eco-agritourism model based on the ecological shrimp farming model in the VMD. We took note of the standing challenges for the farmers in sustaining their farms, both technically and financially. From the follow-up PRA, we contributed the evaluation of the potentials in incorporating ecotourism into the existing ecological shrimp farms. The findings are non-exhaustive, however, are significant to both decision-makers and scientific communities. As for the former, tourism development lies within the socio-economic development plan of Ben Tre province; this paper will be useful to communicate with policy planners of a note-worthy emerging ecotourism model. We also remarked on the community needs and expectations for the government. We also discussed the possibility of upscaling the eco-agritourism model via the channel of EBA research and development schemes while contributing to multiple SDGs. In addition, we also contributed a novel interpretation of eco-agritourism that are relevant to the community-based adaption strategies against climate change impacts.
Sustainable development of marine economy in Da Nang city - from perception to reality
Authors: Hoa L N
Published: May 2022

Da Nang is a city located in the central key economic region of Vietnam, which has an important geo-political-economic position. In addition, this area is also the center of road, rail, sea, and air traffic in Vietnam. With a favorable geographical position and natural conditions, Da Nang has many potentials and advantages for sustainable development of the marine economy in association with the protection of sovereignty and national interests at sea. Using analytical, synthesis, and logical methods, the article clarifies the potential and advantages of Da Nang city in marine economic development, thereby assessing the status of marine economic development and raising a number of issues posed by the sustainable development of the marine economy in Da Nang.
Web Mapping For Forest Environmental Services of Protected Areas
Authors: Phuong V N T
Published: May 2022

Forest environmental services (FES) is a key solution to balance conservation and local development. For in-situ conservation, only a small number of Vietnam’s protected areas that have FES activities and revenue from their PFES has been low. Increasing awareness and sharing information and knowledge of protected areas’ PFES to promote PFES policy is needed. Among sharing information media, web map has recently been paid attention to. This study aims to develop a multi-scale web map of protected areas’ FES. Study areas include CatTien National Park (NP) (detailed scale), NPs of Southeast Vietnam, and social-economic zones (generalized scales). Input data include provincial reports on PFES projects, provincial PFES plans, and GIS data on provincial/NP’s forest resources and management and protection of the forest. Based on Law on Forestry 2017, Decree 156/NĐ-CP, and related regulations, GIS analysis was carried out to calculate K-Coefficient; supplied and paid FES areas; the amount of payment; and socio-economic and environmental impacts of PFES. The web map, which is developed and published via ArcGIS Platform, is a series of 53/79 expected multi-scale maps with interactive tools. The result shows that web mapping of protected areas’ FES is feasible. Although there is a limitation of data collection, the web map result is acceptable for the purpose of sharing information and raising people’s awareness.
Land use change effects to soil erosion in the Coastal Thailand and a lesson for Vietnam
Authors: Huan V D , Chaikaew P
Published: May 2022

Remotely sensed data that is a free download from the internet as Landsat 7 images and rainfall data was obtained in 1989, 2005, and 2020. These data were integrated with maps and field surveys to produce 30-year historic land use and land cover (LULC) changes. Multi-Criteria Modeling (MCM) was constructed for mapping soil erosion risk areas in the provincial scale in the coastal of Thailand. To identify possible soil erosion risk regions, classified satellite images were combined with soil properties, slope, and rainfall data. Ground truth data with Global Positioning System (GPS) was applied for accuracy assessment of satellite image classification that achieved over 81% land use mapping accuracy level. The study finds that urban and orchards increased by 4.58% and 4.96%, respectively, while evergreen forest decreased by 10.18%. GIS analysis and modeling presented the estimation of areas of very high risk of soil erosion as 337,483.90 ha (0.53%) in the study area. A lesson for Coastal Vietnam as Thua Thien Hue province where soil erosion is caused by its high terrain and heavy rain.
Dual-core coaxial bioprinting of double-channel constructs with a potential for perfusion and interaction of cells
Authors: Yu Yanrong , Xie Renjian , He Yueteng , Zhao Furong , Zhang Quan , Wang Wei , Zhang Yong , Hu Jiawei , Luo Dan , Peng Weijie
Published: May 2022

Coaxial bioprinting of hydrogel tubes has tremendous potential in the fabrication of highly complex large-scale vascularized structures, however, constructs with bioinks of simultaneous weak printability and perfusable networks have not been reported. Here, we report a coaxial printing method in which double-channel filaments are three-dimensional (3D) extrusion-bioprinted using a customized dual-core coaxial nozzle. The filament in one channel can perform core/shell role and the other channel can play a role in perfusion. These parallel channels within filaments are separated by an interval wall of alginate, whose thickness (∼50 μm) is beneficial to supplement nutrients via perfusion. Different cell-laden hydrogels of weak mechanics were used to test the adaptability and perfusability of our method, and the results showed that dynamic perfusion maintained higher viability and functions than static culture. By combining with a bioprinter, 8-layer perfusable double-channel constructs were fabricated, and the cell viabilities gradually decreased with the reduction in nutrients and oxygen in the downstream medium. Furthermore, the double-channel filaments were tested as a platform to mimic dynamic functions between cells through sequential perfusion by using Mouse insulinoma 6 (Min6) and Hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) as the model cells. These results demonstrated the insulin secreted by Min6 upstream simulated and increased the uptake of glucose by the downstream HepG2 cells. In conclusion, our study provided evidence for the probability of all-in-one fabrication of 3D double-channel perfusable constructs with high simplicity, expansibility, and versability. Our strategy has significant potential for building large-scale tissue constructs for applications in tissue engineering, possibly even in drug screening and regenerative medicine.
Research on selective uptake of photosensitizer C3N4@RP by different cancer cells
Authors: Liu Jiaxiu , Chen Jingying , Lin Xitong , Zhang Shuchao
Published: May 2022

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), as a clinical treatment, can remove malignant cells upon laser irradiation by selective uptake of photosensitizer (PS). The relative contribution of these antitumor effects depends largely on the dose and uptake of PS. In this study, C3N4@RP was chosen as a candidate for selective uptake studies of different cancer cells. C3N4@RP has been proved to possess excellent properties, including absorption edges extending up to 700 nm, efficient cellular uptake, low cytotoxicity, and favorable intracellular fluorescence localization. Considering the optimal therapeutic effect, we first incubated different concentrations of PS with A549 cells and HeLa cells in vitro to observe the uptake efficiency at different times. At a concentration of 20 μg ml−1, the cellular uptake by A549 and HeLa showed a time-dependent accumulation. The increasing accumulation for cancer cells at the most effective cellular uptake for 24 h follows an order of HeLa > A549. These results suggest that different types of cancer cells have different uptake saturation times for the same PS. All of the presented results support the idea that a properly designed PS is suitable for specific cancer at a specific time to achieve the best therapeutic effect.
Two stream instabilities in unmagnetized nonrelativistic quantum plasma
Authors: Singh Shiva Shakti , Jyoti  , Misra Kamakhya Prakash
Published: May 2022

The objective of this study is to analyse instabilities and growth rate in unmagnetized dense non-relativistic collisionless quantum plasma under the impact of dynamics of ions. Model of quantum hydrodynamics is used to observe the streaming instabilities in highly dense inhomogeneous unmagnetized quantum plasma at low temperature. The model includes continuity and momentum equations for degenerate electrons and nondegenerate ions which interact with each other due to electrostatic field. Using normal mode analysis and linearization, perturbed potential is obtained in terms of unperturbed parameters with the help of first order perturbation in densities and velocities of electrons and ions while neglecting higher order perturbations. Variation in growth rates for detected instabilities is observed by using appropriate quantum plasma parameters.
On the correspondence between domination and the spectrum of Jacobi operators
Authors: Alkorn Kateryna , Zhang Zhenghe
Published: May 2022

In this paper, we first develop a notion of dominated splitting for

M

(
2
,

C

)

\mathbb {M}(2,\mathbb {C})

-sequences and show it is a stable property under

‖
⋅

‖
∞

\|\cdot \|_\infty

-perturbation. Then we show an energy parameter belongs to the spectrum of a Jacobi operator, possibly singular, if and only if the associated Jacobi cocycle does not admit dominated splitting. This generalizes the results obtained by the second author [J. Spectr. Theory 10 (2020), pp. 1471–1517] in the scenario of Schrödinger operators. Finally, we consider dynamically defined Jacobi operators whose base dynamics is only assumed to be topologically transitive. We show an energy parameter belongs to the spectrum of the operator defined by the base point with a dense orbit if and only if the dynamically defined Jacobi cocycle does not admit dominated splitting. This includes the original Johnson’s theorem obtained by R. Johnson [J. Differential Equations 61 (1986), pp. 54–78] for Schrödinger operators and the main theorem obtained by C. Marx [Nonlinearity 27 (2014), pp. 3059–3072] for Jacobi operators as special cases.
What plasma biomarkers tell us about hippocampal microstructural changes in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Toniolo Sofia
Published: May 2022

This scientific commentary refers to ‘Hippocampal-subfield microstructures and their relation to plasma biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease’ by Shahid et al. (https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac138).
Generation of Novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Variants on the B.1.1.7 Lineage in 3 Patients With Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Disease
Authors: Riddell Anna C , Kele Beatrix , Harris Kathryn , Bible Jon , Murphy Maurice , Dakshina Subathira , Storey Nathaniel , Owoyemi Dola , Pade Corinna , Gibbons Joseph M , Harrington David , Alexander Eliza , McKnight Áine , Cutino-Moguel Teresa
Published: May 2022

The emergence of new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants is of public health concern in case of vaccine escape. Described are 3 patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and chronic SARS-CoV-2 infection in whom there is evidence of selection and persistence of novel mutations that are associated with increased transmissibility and immune escape.
Doravirine Concentrations and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA in the Genital Fluids of Virologically Suppressed Adults Switching to Doravirine Plus Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide
Authors: Scévola Sofía , Imaz Arkaitz , Cottrell Mackenzie L , Niubo Jordi , Van Horne Brian , Tiraboschi Juan , Saumoy Maria , Morenilla Sandra , Soriano Irene , Kashuba Angela D M , Podzamczer Daniel
Published: May 2022

Doravirine (DOR) concentrations and HIV-1 RNA were evaluated in genital fluids from adults with HIV on stable therapy who switched to DOR + FTC/TAF. High protein-unbound DOR concentrations were observed in both seminal plasma and cervicovaginal fluid. DOR + FTC/TAF maintained viral suppression in genital fluids in all but 1 participant.
Structural Plastome Evolution in Holoparasitic Hydnoraceae with Special Focus on Inverted and Direct Repeats
Authors: Jost Matthias , Naumann Julia , Bolin Jay F. , Martel Carlos , Rocamundi Nicolás , Cocucci Andrea A. , Lupton Darach , Neinhuis Christoph , Wanke Stefan
Published: May 2022

Plastome condensation during adaptation to a heterotrophic lifestyle is generally well understood and lineage-independent models have been derived. However, understanding the evolutionary trajectories of comparatively old heterotrophic lineages that are on the cusp of a minimal plastome, is essential to complement and expand current knowledge. We study Hydnoraceae, one of the oldest and least investigated parasitic angiosperm lineages. Plastome comparative genomics, using seven out of eight known species of the genus Hydnora and three species of Prosopanche, reveal a high degree of structural similarity and shared gene content; contrasted by striking dissimilarities with respect to repeat content [inverted and direct repeats (DRs)]. We identified varying inverted repeat contents and positions, likely resulting from multiple, independent evolutionary events, and a DR gain in Prosopanche. Considering different evolutionary trajectories and based on a fully resolved and supported species-level phylogenetic hypothesis, we describe three possible, distinct models to explain the Hydnoraceae plastome states. For comparative purposes, we also report the first plastid genomes for the closely related autotrophic genera Lactoris (Lactoridaceae) and Thottea (Aristolochiaceae).
The Association Between Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Frailty in Older Adults: A Systematic Review
Authors: Shakya Shamatree , Bajracharya Rashmita , Ledbetter Leila , Cary Michael P
Published: May 2022

Background and Objectives

Enhanced management and prevention of frailty depend on our understanding of the association between potentially modifiable risk factors and frailty. However, the associations between potentially modifiable cardiometabolic risk factors and frailty are not clear. The purpose of this review was to appraise and synthesize the current evidence examining the associations between the cardiometabolic risk factors and frailty.

Research Design and Methods

Multiple databases, including MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase (via Elsevier), and Web of Science (via Clarivate), were searched extensively. Studies that examined cardiometabolic risk factors and frailty as main predictors and outcome of interest, respectively, among older adults (≥60 years) were included. The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools were used to evaluate the quality of studies. PRISMA (2020) guided this review, and findings were synthesized without meta-analysis. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021252565).

Results

Twelve studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, and multiple co-occurring cardiometabolic risk factors were associated with the increased likelihood of frailty in older adults. There was inconsistency across the studies regarding the associations between dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, and frailty.

Discussion and Implications

Understanding the association between cardiometabolic risk factors and frailty can have translational benefits in developing tailored interventions for the prevention and management of frailty. More studies are needed to validate predictive and clinically significant associations between single and specific combinations of co-occurring cardiometabolic risk factors and frailty.
Anisotropic cosmic ray diffusion in isotropic Kolmogorov turbulence
Authors: Reichherzer P , Becker Tjus J , Zweibel E G , Merten L , Pueschel M J
Published: May 2022

Understanding the time-scales for diffusive processes and their degree of anisotropy is essential for modelling cosmic ray transport in turbulent magnetic fields. We show that the diffusion time-scales are isotropic over a large range of energy and turbulence levels, notwithstanding the high degree of anisotropy exhibited by the components of the diffusion tensor for cases with an ordered magnetic field component. The predictive power of the classical scattering relation as a description for the relation between the parallel and perpendicular diffusion coefficients is discussed and compared to numerical simulations. Very good agreement for a large parameter space is found, transforming classical scattering relation predictions into a computational prescription for the perpendicular component. We discuss and compare these findings, in particular, the time-scales to become diffusive with the time-scales that particles reside in astronomical environments, the so-called escape time-scales. The results show that, especially at high energies, the escape times obtained from diffusion coefficients may exceed the time-scales required for diffusion. In these cases, the escape time cannot be determined by the diffusion coefficients.
Formation of mass-gap black holes from neutron star X-ray binaries with super-Eddington accretion
Authors: Gao Shi-Jie , Li Xiang-Dong , Shao Yong
Published: May 2022

Electromagnetic and gravitational wave observations indicate that there is dearth of compact objects with mass ∼2.5–5 M⊙. This so-called ‘mass gap’ may be linked to the supernova explosion mechanisms that produce neutron stars (NSs) and black holes (BHs). However, the existence of a few mass-gap compact objects, some of which have been confirmed to be BHs, poses a challenge to the traditional theory of black hole formation. In this work, we investigate the possible formation channel of BHs from accretion-induced collapse (AIC) of NSs in X-ray binaries. In particular, we consider the influence of super-Eddington accretion of NSs. Recent observations of ultraluminous X-ray pulsars suggest that their apparent luminosities may reflect the true accretion luminosities of the accreting NSs, even exceeding the Eddington limit by a factor of ≳100. Thus, NSs accreting at a super-Eddington accretion rate may rapidly grow into BHs in intermediate/low-mass X-ray binaries. Based on the super-Eddington accretion disc models, we have investigated the evolution of NSs in intermediate/low-mass X-ray binaries by combining binary population synthesis and detailed stellar evolutionary calculations. We show that super-Eddington accretion plays a critical role in mass growth of NSs, and the final masses of the descendant BHs are heavily dependent on the NS magnetic fields, the metallicity of the donor star, and the bifurcation period of the binaries. AIC of NSs may account for some of the observed mass-gap BHs like GRO J0422+32. We also present the parameter distributions of the potential mass-gap BHs in a Milky Way-like galaxy, and point out that future space-based gravitational wave observations may provide important test of or constraints on the formation of mass-gap BHs from the AIC channel.
Catalytically active atomically thin cuprate with periodic Cu single sites
Authors: Yang Huimin , Xi Shibo , Guo Na , Wang Mu , Liu Lingmei , Lyu Pin , Yu Xiaolong , Li Jing , Xu Haomin , Hai Xiao , Li Zejun , Li Xinzhe , Sun Tao , Zhao Xiaoxu , Han Yu , Yu Wei , Wu Jie , Zhang Chun , Fei Honghan , Koh Ming Joo , Lu Jiong
Published: May 2022

Rational design and synthesis of catalytically active two-dimensional (2D) materials with an abundance of atomically precise active sites in their basal planes remains a great challenge. Here, we report a ligand exchange strategy to exfoliate bulk [Cu4(OH)6][O3S(CH2)4SO3] cuprate crystals into atomically thin 2D cuprate layers ([Cu2(OH)3]+). The basal plane of 2D cuprate layers contains periodic arrays of accessible unsaturated Cu(II) single sites (2D-CuSSs), which are found to promote efficient oxidative Chan-Lam coupling. Our mechanistic studies reveal that the reactions proceed via coordinatively unsaturated CuO4(II) single sites with the formation of Cu(I) species in the rate-limiting step, as corroborated by both operando experimental and theoretical studies. The robust stability of 2D-CuSSs in both batch and continuous flow reactions, coupled with their recyclability and good performance in complex molecule derivatization, render 2D-CuSSs attractive catalyst candidates for broad utility in fine chemical synthesis.
A Phakopsora pachyrhizi Effector Suppresses PAMP-Triggered Immunity and Interacts with a Soybean Glucan Endo-1,3-β-Glucosidase to Promote Virulence
Authors: Bueno Thays V. , Fontes Patrícia P. , Abe Valeria Y. , Utiyama Alice Satiko , Senra Renato L. , Oliveira Liliane S. , Brombini dos Santos Adriana , Ferreira Everton G. Capote , Darben Luana M. , de Oliveira Aluízio Borém , Abdelnoor Ricardo V. , Whitham Steven A. , Fietto Luciano G. , Marcelino-Guimarães Francismar C.
Published: May 2022

Asian soybean rust, caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is one of the most important diseases affecting soybean production in tropical areas. During infection, P. pachyrhizi secretes proteins from haustoria that are transferred into plant cells to promote virulence. To date, only one candidate P. pachyrhizi effector protein has been characterized in detail to understand the mechanism by which it suppresses plant defenses to enhance infection. Here, we aimed to extend understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of P. pachyrhizi based on the discovery of host proteins that interact with the effector candidate Phapa-7431740. We demonstrated that Phapa-7431740 suppresses pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and that it interacts with a soybean glucan endo-1,3-β-glucosidase (GmβGLU), a pathogenesis-related (PR) protein belonging to the PR-2 family. Structural and phylogenetic characterization of the PR-2 protein family predicted in the soybean genome and comparison to PR-2 family members in Arabidopsis thaliana and cotton, demonstrated that GmβGLU is a type IV β-1,3-glucanase. Transcriptional profiling during an infection time course showed that the GmβGLU mRNA is highly induced during the initial hours after infection, coinciding with peak of expression of Phapa-7431740. The effector was able to interfere with the activity of GmβGLU in vitro, with a dose-dependent inhibition. Our results suggest that Phapa-7431740 may suppress PTI by interfering with glucan endo-1,3-β-glucosidase activity.

[Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 “No Rights Reserved” license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2022.
Shining a Light on Alzheimer Disease and Other Dementias
Authors: Collins Amy M.
Published: May 2022

Bringing awareness to this major public health issue.
Finding Clinical Placements for NP Students
Authors: Fauteux Nicole
Published: May 2022

Academic–practice partnerships may offer the best hope.
First Generic Cyclosporine Drops for Dry Eye
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S.
Published: May 2022

The Food and Drug Administration has approved the first generic version of Restasis, the cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion eye drops used to treat dry eye.

The generic version is expected to provide cost savings for patients, especially those whose insurance does not cover Restasis.
Diagnostic Studies: Measures of Accuracy in Nursing Research
Authors: Curtis Alexa Colgrove , Keeler Courtney
Published: May 2022

Editor's note: This is the 10th article in a series on clinical research by nurses. The series is designed to give nurses the knowledge and skills they need to participate in research, step by step. Each column will present the concepts that underpin evidence-based practice—from research design to data interpretation. The articles will be accompanied by a podcast offering more insight and context from the authors. To see all the articles in the series, go to https://links.lww.com/AJN/A204.
Nursing the Patient With an Artificial Pacemaker
Authors: Todd Betsy
Published: May 2022

Editor's note: From its first issue in 1900 through to the present day, AJN has unparalleled archives detailing nurses' work and lives over more than a century. These articles not only chronicle nursing's growth as a profession within the context of the events of the day, but also reveal prevailing societal attitudes about women, health care, and human rights. Today's nursing school curricula rarely include nursing's history, but it's a history worth knowing. To this end, From the AJN Archives highlights articles selected to fit today's topics and times.

In this article from AJN's April 1964 issue, author Anne F. Heller discusses the science of “transistorized” artificial cardiac pacemakers and the care of patients who received these implants. Standard care included a pre-op soap-and-water enema and 10 days of post-op antibiotics. Readers were cautioned about the breakability of the large glass bottle attached to post-op chest tubes. The pacemaker itself cost $400. (To read the full article, go to https://links.lww.com/AJN/A229.)

In this month's issue, Mary Ann Leavitt offers an update on the use of today's implantable cardioverter–defibrillators, cardiac resynchronization therapy, and ventricular assist devices. Newer “pacemakers” can now be used in primary prevention therapy for patients who are at greater risk for arrhythmias, and patient data can be transmitted wirelessly to the clinician's office. The latest devices can cost upward of $30,000.—Betsy Todd, MPH, RN
Therapy Dogs Help Ease Pain, Anxiety in ED Patients
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: May 2022

According to this study:

A visit by a therapy dog team has positive effects on pain, anxiety, depression, and well-being in ED patients.
Antibiotics Not Needed in Many Children with Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: May 2022

According to this study:

Many previously healthy children younger than age three who have uncomplicated community-acquired pneumonia will do well without antibiotics.
Second Nature
Authors: Busfield Britni
Published: May 2022

A nursing student's wonder at the patterns that pervade our bodies and their world.
Results of a Nationwide Practice Survey of Orthopaedic Traumatologists
Authors: Flanagan Christopher D. , Cannada Lisa K.
Published: May 2022

Objective:

To describe the current practice setting, clinical metrics, and reimbursements for orthopaedic traumatologists in the United States.

Design and Setting:

Nationwide survey of orthopaedic traumatologists.

Participants:

Orthopaedic traumatologists with an active clinical practice.

Results:

Five-hundred three orthopaedic traumatologists responded to the survey request. A plurality of respondents practiced in an academic setting (48%), with a majority in practice 10 years or less (54%), and having achieved the untenured (89%) rank of assistant professor (37%). For those within private groups, 62% had achieved “partner” status, generally within 1–3 years (53%) of employment. Most surgeons (85%) reported access to a dedicated orthopaedic trauma room, providing nearly all surgeons (97%) with a first start case on weekdays, but only 55% with a first start on weekends. The greatest degree of ancillary support came from physician assistants (80%). Orthopaedic traumatologists most often reported working between 51 and 70 hours per week (66%), with 4–6 nights of call/month (43%), 1 clinic day/week (42%), and with the majority of clinical volume (>75%) related to managing traumatic injury. More than half (53%) of respondents received compensation for call. Annual case volumes and wRVU varied widely. Commonly, respondents had 100% of their salary guaranteed (48%), and most reported eligibility for additional revenue through production bonuses (70%). Three subgroup analyses by years in practice, practice setting, and physician sex provider further insight into clinical characteristics.

Conclusions:

The results of this nationwide survey provide insight into the current clinical status of orthopaedic traumatology. Providers may find this information useful in job searches and contract negotiations.
Acute Cardiac Emergencies
Authors: Bucklew Eric , Noory Ali , Okumus Nazli , Radhakrishnan Srikanth , Mahabir Sunita , Samra Gursharan , Dysert Karen , Cheema Tariq , Ivanova Valentyna
Published: May 2022

Acute cardiac emergencies are life threatening. The initial responses to acute cardiac emergencies must be rapid, efficient, skillful, and well-planned. The goal of this article is to provide information that can be used to facilitate the prompt recognition and treatment of the most common acute cardiac emergencies.
Intracardiac Thrombus in Transit Detected by Point-of-Care Ultrasound
Authors: Chen Leon L. , Salah Zuhair , Halpern Neil A.
Published: May 2022

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a condition with a high rate of morbidity and mortality if it is not recognized and treated in a timely fashion. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is a useful tool that can help clinicians make prompt diagnosis. We present a case where we diagnosed massive PE through visualizing an intracardiac thrombus in transit, and we highlight some important ultrasonographic features.
Evidence-Based Critical Care Education for Oncology Nurses
Authors: Leake Jennifer , Powers Kelly , Rutledge Sarah
Published: May 2022

Background

Advances in medical care for oncology patients have heightened the complexity of this patient population, leading to an increased need for lifesaving, critical care. Yet, there is a lack of literature on education to prepare nurses to provide care to critically ill oncology patients.

Objectives

The purpose of this quality improvement project was to evaluate oncology nurses' mastery of basic and oncology-specific critical care knowledge after an evidence-based supplemental training intervention.

Methods

An 8-hour supplemental training intervention was developed to increase oncology nurses' knowledge about basic and oncology critical care by addressing score deficiencies noted on the Basic Knowledge Assessment Tool (9r version). Seventeen oncology nurses completed the supplemental training intervention. The Basic Knowledge Assessment Tool and an Oncology Knowledge Survey were administered pre and post supplemental training, and significant changes were detected with Wilcoxon signed rank tests.

Results

Mean total Basic Knowledge Assessment Tool scores significantly improved from 65.7 before initial course to 73.7 post supplemental training (P = .002). Oncology Knowledge Survey total scores increased from 75.3% to 80.9%, which was a statistically significant improvement (P = .039).

Conclusions

Critical care training is imperative for oncology nurses preparing to care for high-acuity oncology patients. Adequate knowledge of basic and oncology-specific critical care is important to prevent adverse events and improve outcomes for this complex patient population.
Review of Tuberous Breast Deformity: Developments over the Last 20 Years
Authors: Lozito Alessia , Vinci Valeriano , Talerico Eleonora , Asselta Rosanna , Di Tommaso Luca , Agnelli Benedetta , Klinger Marco , Klinger Francesco
Published: May 2022

Background:

Tuberous breast (TB) deformity is a condition characterized by alterations in breast morphology and tissue structure with high prevalence in the general population. The literature provides sparse descriptions of TB, as not many investigations on the condition have been conducted. The aim of this review was to analyze and provide a holistic overview on the morphological characteristics of the TB.

Methods:

A review of current literature was performed using the PubMed database from 2001 to 2021. The key words used for the review included “tuberous breast,” “constricted breast,” and “stenotic breast.” We included articles that analyzed the anatomic and histologic characteristics of TB.

Results:

From 213 articles, only 42 met the inclusion criteria. A total of 171 articles were excluded, as they were letters, not related to the condition, or were written in a foreign language. The studies in this review drew on hypothesis on the embryological origin of TB and analyzed the composition of TB tissues, consisting in a constricting fibrous ring, made of longitudinally arranged collagen and elastic fibers. Furthermore, the review reports the different anatomical and surgical classifications, as well as the various surgical corrective procedures developed throughout history up to 2021.

Conclusion:

The review describes all etiological, epidemiologic, anatomical, histological, and surgical characteristics of tuberous breast.
The Promise of Single-cell Technology in Providing New Insights Into the Molecular Heterogeneity and Management of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Pearson Holly C.L. , Hunt Kooper V. , Trahair Toby N. , Lock Richard B. , Lee Heather J. , de Bock Charles E.
Published: May 2022

Drug resistance and treatment failure in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are in part driven by tumor heterogeneity and clonal evolution. Although bulk tumor genomic analyses have provided some insight into these processes, single-cell sequencing has emerged as a powerful technique to profile individual cells in unprecedented detail. Since the introduction of single-cell RNA sequencing, we now have the capability to capture not only transcriptomic, but also genomic, epigenetic, and proteomic variation between single cells separately and in combination. This rapidly evolving field has the potential to transform our understanding of the fundamental biology of pediatric ALL and guide the management of ALL patients to improve their clinical outcome. Here, we discuss the impact single-cell sequencing has had on our understanding of tumor heterogeneity and clonal evolution in ALL and provide examples of how single-cell technology can be integrated into the clinic to inform treatment decisions for children with high-risk disease.