bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epithelial ovarian cancer in pregnancy: a review of the literature
Authors: Palmer J , Vatish M , Tidy J
Published: February 2009

Maternal epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is rare, and consequently, management strategies remain unclear due to the low incidence and paucity of reported data. Management depends on gestation, disease stage, future fertility desires, and the mother’s wishes to continue pregnancy. Forty‐one cases of maternal EOC were identified in the literature. Reporting of clinicopathological variables, treatment regimens, and follow up varied markedly. There are currently no definitive guidelines regarding the management of maternal EOC. Case reporting should contain detailed information on clinicopathological variables, treatment regimens, and maternal and neonatal outcomes. Data centralisation may be beneficial in identifying optimal management strategies in these rare tumours.
Applying findings from a systematic review of workplace‐based e‐learning: implications for health information professionals
Authors: Booth Andrew , Carroll Christopher , Papaioannou Diana , Sutton Anthea , Wong Ruth
Published: February 2009

Objectives:  To systematically review the UK published literature on e‐learning in the health workplace and to apply the findings to one of the most prolific UK e‐learning initiatives in the health sector—the National Library for Health Facilitated Online Learning Interactive Opportunity (FOLIO) Programme.

Methods:  Sensitive searches were conducted across assia, Australian Education Index, British Education Index, cinahl, CSA Abstracts, Dissertation Abstracts, Emerald, eric, ibss, Index to Theses, lisa, medline, PsycInfo and Social Science Citation Index. Additional citations were identified from reference lists of included studies and of relevant reviews; citation tracking and contact with experts. Twenty‐nine studies met the inclusion criteria and were coded and analysed using thematic analysis as described by Miles & Huberman (Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1984).

Results:  Five broad themes were identified from the 29 included studies: (i) peer communication; (ii) flexibility; (iii) support; (iv) knowledge validation; and (v) course presentation and design. These broad themes were supported by a total of eleven sub‐themes. Components from the FOLIO Programme were analysed and existing and proposed developments were mapped against each sub‐theme. This provides a valuable framework for ongoing course development.

Conclusion:  Librarians involved in delivering and supporting e‐learning can benefit from applying the findings from the systematic review to existing programmes, exemplified by the FOLIO Programme. The resultant framework can also be used in developing new e‐learning programmes.
REACH: impact on the US cosmetics industry?
Authors: Pouillot Anne , Polla Barbara , Polla Ada
Published: February 2009

The Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and restriction of Chemicals (REACH) is a recent European regulation on chemical substances meant to protect human health and the environment. REACH imposes the “precautionary principle” where additional data and definitive action are required when uncertainty is identified. The cosmetics industry is only partially concerned by REACH: while the stages of registration and evaluation apply to cosmetics, those of authorization and restriction most likely will not, as cosmetic ingredients are already subject to regulation by various agencies and directives. REACH has potential benefits to the industry including the possibility of reassuring consumers and improving their image of chemicals and cosmetics. However, REACH also has potential disadvantages, mainly with regard to impeding innovation. The American cosmetics industry will be affected by REACH, because all US manufacturers who export substances to Europe will have to fully comply with REACH.
Bioactive peptides: signaling the future
Authors: Fields K , Falla T J , Rodan K , Bush L
Published: February 2009

Natural processes within the body are modulated almost exclusively by the interaction of specific amino acid sequences, either as peptides or as subsections of proteins. With respect to skin, proteins and peptides are involved in the modulation of cell proliferation, cell migration, inflammation, angiogenesis, melanogenesis, and protein synthesis and regulation. The creation of therapeutic or bioactive peptide analogs of specific interactive sequences has opened the door to a diverse new field of pharmaceutical and active cosmetic ingredients for the skincare industry. Here, we describe the origin of such sequences, their role in nature, their application to dermatology, as well as the advantages and challenges posed by this new technology.
Hydrating effects of moisturizer active compounds incorporated into hydrogels: in vivo assessment and comparison between devices
Authors: Leite e Silva Vânia Rodrigues , Schulman Marcelo Ariel , Ferelli Cibeli , Gimenis Janine Mailho , Ruas Gabriele Wander , Baby André Rolim , Velasco Maria Valéria Robles , Taqueda Maria Elena , Kaneko Telma Mary
Published: February 2009

Background  Water is an important factor on the appearance and function of the skin and, when dehydrated, it becomes rough and flaky. The measurement of stratum corneum hydration is widely employed to verify the moisture effect of topical products.

Aims  This study has evaluated in vivo the stratum corneum hydration, by the electrical measurements of skin, after treatment with different moisturizers presented in gel base. MoistureMeter® and Corneometer were used as bio‐instruments. Urea, the herbal extract (Imperata cylindrical), the NMF™ components and the carbohydrate derivate compound (xylityglucoside, anhydroxylitol, and xylitol) were used as the active substances.

Methods  The study protocol was carried out according to the three‐factor factorial design. The gels were applied on both forearms of eight female volunteers. However, each volunteer had one untreated skin area as the skin moisture control. The electrical capacitance of the skin was measured by both instruments in different times: after application (0 time), 30, 60, 120, 240 and 360 min.

Results  Gel base, gel containing herbal extract, and gel containing NMF™ components statistically have equal moisture effect measurements, according to both bio‐instruments. However, the values obtained for urea, carbohydrate derivate compound, and untreated skin (control) have statically different results in both devices.

Conclusion  The gel containing urea and the carbohydrate derivate compound gel have promoted the most intense moisture effect compared with the other formulations. The measurements of hydration between the devices generated different absolute values; however, the statistical analysis has shown similar precision among the measurements.
An evaluation of prescription device moisturizers
Authors: Draelos Zoe Diana
Published: February 2009

Moisturization of the skin is important for both medical and cosmetic purposes. The development of prescription device moisturizers, receiving 510K approval on the basis of the physical reduction in transepidermal water loss, provided a new dermatologic category. This investigator‐blinded research utilized a split body model in 60 subjects to examine the effect of a traditional moisturizer as compared to a prescription device moisturizer in the treatment of mild to moderate symmetrical eczema of the arms or legs. This study demonstrated parity between the two moisturizers based on subject and investigator assessments.
Hand recontouring with calcium hydroxylapatite (Radiesse)®
Authors: Edelson Kenneth L
Published: February 2009

The aging hand is a common area of concern for many patients. Until recently, adequate treatment options have been hampered by pain of injecting into the dorsum and, post‐injection, by the absence of longevity of treatment. In this article, we describe the off‐label use of the soft tissue filler calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA; Radiesse) for hand rejuvenation. The product is inherently biocompatible and, when placed in soft tissue, induces neocollagenesis.

An alternative injection mixture of CaHA combined with lidocaine is described, as well as the novel “bolus” injection technique. The CaHA‐lidocaine emulsion reduces the pain of injection to nearly none at all, improves the rheology of the procedure, and allows for deposition of the product into the correct plane of tissue. The volume of CaHA injected as well as the amount of lidocaine used for the mixture vary according to physician preference. In our practice, 1.3 mL of CaHA combined with 0.5 mL lidocaine per hand usually appears to be sufficient to improve the appearance of the atrophic dorsum of the hand.

Side‐effects of CaHA (Radiesse), particularly in this off‐label application, are minimal and of short duration. The aesthetic result is immediate and generally persists for longer than 6 months. As a treatment option, hand rejuvenation with CaHA (Radiesse) is a very gratifying procedure both to the patient and to the physician.
Is Helicobacter pylori infection associated with alopecia areata?
Authors: Abdel‐Hafez Hisham Zayan , Mahran Ayman Mohamed , Hofny Eman RM , Attallah Dalia Abdel Aziz , Sayed Doaa Sameer , Rashed Hebat‐Allah G
Published: February 2009

Background  Alopecia areata (AA) is an immune‐mediated form of hair loss that occurs in all ethnic groups, ages, and both sexes. Helicobacter pylori has been associated with certain extra‐digestive dermatological conditions, including chronic urticaria, rosacea, Schönlein‐Henoch purpura, Sweet syndrome, systemic sclerosis, and atopic dermatitis.

Objective  The causal relation between alopecia areata and H. pylori is discussed. We have screened for the presence of H. pylori in patients with AA in order to determine any potential role in its pathophysiology.

Patients and methods  We have prospectively studied 31 patients with AA and 24 healthy volunteers of similar gender for the presence of H. pylori surface antigen (HpSag) in stool.

Results  Optical density values for H. pylori infection were positive in 18 of all 31 patients evaluated (58.1%), while in 13 patients, values did not support H. pylori infection (41.9%). While in the control group, 10 of 24 (41.7%) had positive results. Within the group of AA, there was no significant difference between HpSag‐positive and HpSag‐negative patients.

Conclusions  Based on these results, the relation between H. pylori and AA is not supported. We advise that H. pylori detection should not be included in the laboratory workup of AA.
Anti‐inflammatory activity of p‐coumaryl alcohol‐γ‐O‐methyl ether is mediated through modulation of interferon‐γ production in Th cells
Authors: Yu E‐S , Min H‐J , Lee K , Lee M‐S , Nam J‐W , Seo E‐K , Hong J‐H , Hwang E‐S
Published: February 2009

Background and purpose:  p‐Coumaryl alcohol‐γ‐O‐methyl ether (CAME) was isolated from Alpinia galanga and shown to contain a phenylpropanoid structure similar to p‐coumaryl diacetate (CDA). CDA is known to have antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity, but the biochemical activities of CAME are unknown. Inflammation is mediated by inflammatory cytokine production, in particular, by CD4+ T helper cells (Th cells), but it is unclear whether phenylpropanoids affect cytokine production in Th cells. In this study, we decided to investigate the functions of CAME and CDA in CD4+ Th cells.

Experimental approach:  Mouse CD4+ Th cells were isolated from C57BL6 mice and stimulated with an antibody against T cell receptors in the presence of phenylpropanoids. Cytokine production was measured by elisa and intracellular cytokine staining. Gene knockout mice and tetracycline‐inducible transgenic mice were used to examine the molecular mechanisms of phenylpropanoids on modulation of cytokine production.

Key results:  CAME potently reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species in Th cells, as does CDA. However, although CDA was cytotoxic, CAME selectively and potently suppresses interferon‐γ (IFNγ) production in CD4+ Th cells, without toxicity. This effect was caused by attenuated expression of the transcription factor, T‐box protein expressed in T cells (T‐bet), and T‐bet was essential for CAME to inhibit IFNγ production in CD4+ Th cells.

Conclusions and implications:  CAME selectively and substantially suppresses IFNγ production in CD4+ Th cells by decreasing T‐bet expression. As increased IFNγ production by CD4+ Th cells can mediate inflammatory immune responses, a selective IFNγ suppressor, such as CAME may be an effective, naturally occurring, compound for modulating inflammatory immune disorders.
Atypical P2X7receptor pharmacology in two human osteoblast‐like cell lines
Authors: Alqallaf SM , Evans BAJ , Kidd EJ
Published: February 2009

Background and purpose: The expression and function of P2X7receptors in osteoclasts is well established, but less is known about their role in osteoblast‐like cells. A study in P2X7receptor knockout mice suggested the involvement of these receptors in bone formation. We have investigated the expression and pharmacology of several P2X receptors in two human osteosarcoma cell lines to see if they could be involved in bone turnover in man.

Experimental approach: Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to study P2X2, P2X4and P2X7receptor expression at mRNA and protein levels, respectively, in human osteoblast‐like cells. P2X7receptor pharmacology was studied by measuring pore formation in the presence of different agonists and antagonists using the YO‐PRO 1 uptake method.

Key results: P2X4and P2X7receptor mRNA and protein were found to be expressed by these cell lines. No evidence was found for P2X4/P2X7receptor heteropolymerization. 2′‐3′‐O‐(4‐benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (DBzATP) was equipotent to ATP and the antagonists used were either ineffective or weakly blocked pore formation.

Conclusions and implications: This study demonstrates that P2X4and P2X7receptors are expressed by human osteoblast‐like cells. The affinities of the different agonists suggest that the P2X7receptor is mainly responsible for pore formation although P2X4receptors may also be involved. The low affinity of DBzATP and the weak action of the antagonists support the previously described atypical pharmacology of the P2X7receptor in osteoblasts. Targeting the P2X7receptor in osteoblasts could represent a promising new treatment for bone diseases such as osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Positive allosteric modulation of the human cannabinoid (CB1) receptor by RTI‐371, a selective inhibitor of the dopamine transporter
Authors: Navarro Hernán A. , Howard James L. , Pollard Gerald T. , Carroll F. Ivy
Published: February 2009

Background and purpose: In our search for an indirect dopamine agonist as therapy for cocaine addiction, several selective inhibitors of the dopamine transporter (DAT), which are 3‐phenyltropane analogues, were assayed for their effect on locomotor activity in mice. Interestingly, several of the compounds showed a poor correlation between stimulation of locomotion and DAT inhibition. One of the compounds, 3β‐(4‐methylphenyl)‐2β‐[3‐(4‐chlorophenyl)isoxazol‐5‐yl]tropane (RTI‐371), was shown to cross the blood‐brain barrier, by binding studiesin vivo, and block cocaine‐induced locomotor stimulation. As poor pharmacokinetics could not explain the behavioural effects of RTI‐371, this compound was screened through our functional assays for activity at other CNS receptors. Initial screening identified RTI‐371 as a positive allosteric modulator of the human CB1(hCB1) receptor.

Experimental approach: The effect of RTI‐371 and other DAT‐selective inhibitors on CP55940‐stimulated calcium mobilization was characterized in a calcium mobilization‐based functional assay for thehCB1receptor. Selected compounds were also characterized in a similar assay for human µ opioid receptor activation to assess the specificity of their effects.

Key results: RTI‐371 and several other DAT‐selective inhibitors with atypical actions on locomotor behaviour increased the efficacy of CP55940 in a concentration‐dependent manner.

Conclusions and implications: These results suggest that the lack of correlation between the DAT‐binding affinity and locomotor stimulation of RTI‐371 could be due at least in part to its activity as a positive modulator of thehCB1receptor.
Three‐dimensional organization of fenestrae labyrinths in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells
Authors: Braet Filip , Riches James , Geerts Willie , Jahn Kristina A. , Wisse Eddie , Frederik Peter
Published: February 2009

Background/Aims: Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) fenestrae are membrane‐bound pores that are grouped in sieve plates and act as a bidirectional guardian in regulating transendothelial liver transport. The high permeability of the endothelial lining is explained by the presence of fenestrae and by various membrane‐bound transport vesicles. The question as to whether fenestrae relate to other transport compartments remains unclear and has been debated since their discovery almost 40 years ago.

Methods: In this study, novel insights concerning the three‐dimensional (3D) organization of the fenestrated cytoplasm were built on transmission electron tomographical observations on isolated and cultured whole‐mount LSECs. Classical transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy imaging was performed to accumulate cross‐correlative structural evidence.

Results and Conclusions: The data presented here indicate that different arrangements of fenestrae have to be considered: i.e. open fenestrae that lack any structural obstruction mainly located in the thin peripheral cytoplasm and complexes of multifolded fenestrae organized as labyrinth‐like structures that are found in the proximity of the perinuclear area. Fenestrae in labyrinths constitute about one‐third of the total LSEC porosity. The 3D reconstructions also revealed that coated pits and small membrane‐bound vesicles are exclusively interspersed in the non‐fenestrated cytoplasmic arms.
Bond Strength and Degree of Infiltration between Acrylic Resin Denture Liner after Immersion in Effervescent Denture Cleanser
Authors: Pisani Marina Xavier , Silva‐Lovato Cláudia Helena , Malheiros‐Segundo Antônio de Luna , Macedo Ana Paula , Paranhos Helena Freitas Oliveira
Published: February 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sodium perborate on the bond strength and degree of infiltration between acrylic resin/resilient denture liners.

Materials and Methods: Three denture liners (Elite Soft, Mucopren Soft, Kooliner) were investigated. Twenty specimens (83 × 10 × 10 mm3) of each material were made by processing the denture liners against two polymerized PMMA blocks. Ten specimens for each material were stored in artificial saliva at 37°C (control group: TBS1), and the other ten specimens were stored in artificial saliva at 37°C combined with sodium perborate (experimental group: TBS2). All specimens were placed under tension until failure in a Universal Testing Machine at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min after 7 (T7) and 60 (T60) days (n = 5). Failure strength (MPa) was recorded, and mode of failure was characterized as cohesive, adhesive, or cohesive/adhesive. For the infiltration tests, ten circular specimens (14‐mm diameter × 2‐mm thick) of each material were stored in artificial saliva and 0.5% methylene blue at 37°C (control group: I1), and ten specimens were stored in artificial saliva and 0.5% methylene blue at 37°C combined with daily immersions for 5 minutes in an effervescent solution of sodium perborate (experimental group: I2). The degree of infiltration was obtained through photographs and using Software Image Tool after 120 days.

Results: For Kooliner, the statistical test did not show a significant difference in the bond strength due to the influence of the immersion period or to the use of sodium perborate. Elite Soft presented a significant increase in the average tension in T7 and in T60 in both TBS1 and TBS2. Inversely, the Mucopren suffered a significant decrease in the tension value in the same period as the TBS1 group as well as in the TBS2. The infiltration percentage was analyzed with the Kruskal–Wallis test (26.18; p < 0.05), which indicated significant differences between the compared averages for the groups. Comparing the averages of materials, the statistical test did not show significant differences between the control (I1) and experimental (I2) groups after 120 days.

Conclusions: The use of sodium perborate did not promote significant alterations in the evaluated properties. Kooliner presented the best results.
Edentulism and Comorbid Factors
Authors: Felton David A.
Published: February 2009

Introduction: Complete edentulism is the terminal outcome of a multifactorial process involving biological factors and patient‐related factors. It continues to represent a tremendous global health care burden, and will for the foreseeable future. The purpose of this review is to determine what comorbid factors exist for the completely edentulous patient.

Methods: This literature review evaluated articles obtained via the National Library of Medicine's PubMed Website, using keywords of edentulism with various combinations of the terms comorbidity, incidence, health, nutrition, cancer, cardiovascular health, diabetes, osteoporosis, smoking, asthma, dementia, and rheumatoid arthritis. Abstracts were selected and screened, and selected full‐text articles were reviewed. Articles were limited to those with adequate patient cohorts and a minimum of 2‐year follow‐up data.

Results: Edentulism was found to be a global issue, with estimates for an increasing demand for complete denture prostheses in the future. Completely edentulous patients were found to be at higher risk for poor nutrition, coronary artery plaque formation (odds ratio 2.32), to be smokers (odds ratio 2.42), to be asthmatic and edentulous in the maxillary arch (odds ratio 10.52), to being diabetic (odds ratio 1.82), to having rheumatoid arthritis (odds ratio 2.27), and to having certain cancers (odds ratios varying from 1.54 to 2.85, depending on the type of cancer). Chronic residual ridge resorption continues to be the primary intraoral complication of edentulation, and there appear to be few opportunities to reduce bone loss in the edentulous patient.

Conclusions: While the completely edentulous patient seems to be at risk for multiple systemic disorders, whether development of these disorders is causal or casual has not been determined. To minimize the loss of residual alveolar ridges, exemplary complete denture therapy, along with the establishment of routine recall systems, should be the ultimate goal of treatment of this patient cohort.
The Social Solution—Denture Esthetics, Phonetics, and Function
Authors: Roumanas Eleni D.
Published: February 2009

Tooth loss and rehabilitation with dentures can have tremendous patient impact and social implications. In an image‐conscious society, dentures restore a sense of normalcy and allow the patient the ability to interact with others. The most frequent denture complaints include chewing discomfort and objectionable esthetics and phonetics. Determining patient expectations and their influence on patient satisfaction with treatment is critical. Current evidence on functional outcomes, patient satisfaction, and cost‐effectiveness of treatment with conventional dentures versus implants are important factors to consider during treatment planning for the edentulous patient. The purpose of this article is to review some exemplar literature for the successful treatment of the edentulous patient.
Philosophy After Hiroshima: From Power Politics to the Ethics of Nonviolence and Co‐Responsibility
Authors: Demenchonok Edward
Published: February 2009

Philosophers from many different countries came to Hiroshima, Japan, in the summer of 2007 to discuss the problems of war and peace on the occasion of the Seventh World Congress of the International Society for Universal Dialogue (ISUD). The theme was After Hiroshima: Collective Memory, Philosophical Reflection and World Peace. The essays included in this volume were originally presented at that conference and reflect some of the aspects of these discussions.

In the first three parts of this introductory essay, I will address ideas conveyed by discussions during the Hiroshima conference regarding an open history, as well as various aspects of violence‐prone globalization and its challenges to ethics and to peace. Then, within this context, the fourth part of this introduction will provide a brief review of some of the main themes arising out of the conference and elaborated in the essays of the volume.
4. Can Historical Responsibility Strengthen Contemporary Political Culture?
Authors: Tillmanns Jenny
Published: February 2009

Abstract

This paper deals with the question of historical responsibility. It can be subdivided into whether historical responsibility exists, consequently what it is about, and then how it can be put into practice. I am raising these questions as a third‐generation German against the background of the Holocaust. In this paper I unfold various views and thus dimensions of historical responsibility, which I finally complement in the form of six models of historical responsibility. These models provide a multilayered perspective on and approach to the philosophical and practical dimensions of historical responsibility and, as a consequence, are of relevance to contemporary political culture.
6. No More Hiroshimas and Sharp Weapons
Authors: Wang Keping
Published: February 2009

Abstract

When it comes to rethinking the Hiroshima A‐bombing and its historical impact, there arise a number of approaches to be exercised from different perspectives related to the human condition and the current situation today. This essay presents two of them: a poetical reflection and a philosophical pondering that are characterized by either factual inquiry or empirical wisdom. The former is deplorably sentimental and unforgettable with regard to the deadliest mode of warfare that has ever occurred in human history. The philosophical pondering from a Taoist viewpoint is thought‐provoking and instructive with ongoing relevance to the problematic globe. Hence when the poet calls out “No More Hiroshimas,” we shall go ahead and appeal for “No More Wars,”“No More Sharp Weapons,” or “No More Excessive Forces.” However, what haunts the world all the time is constant warfare at varied scales here and there; and what worries us right now is the hard fact that some nations are presumably taking the risk of developing nuclear weapons on a starvation budget, for they think that they are under the threat and pressure of other countries armed with plenty of such mass‐destructive devices. They all seem to have neglected or obliterated the historical memory of Hiroshima as a symbol of the worst violence ever known to humankind.
7. Relevant Hellenic Factors Favoring Effective Dialogue and Peaceful Coexistence
Authors: Bargeliotes Leonidas
Published: February 2009

Abstract

The paper presents and analyzes the war/peace issue in the Hellenic tradition and its relevance to the contemporary world. It is focused on some of the Hellenic factors that were successfully used in antiquity to overcome conflicts and war and to achieve a harmoniously existing world. The factors that can be used as paradigmatic cases are the conceptions of divine kosmos and of polis; effective dialogue; the education of rulers and of citizens so as to be able to govern themselves and use their power in order to preserve civilization for posterity and to sustain their values, to oppose stasis and to embrace homonoia, to overcome conflicts and to preserve peace in more than two hundred city‐states. In addition, I argue that the long and rich Hellenic experience is relevant to our epoch in the sense that it is universally known for its anti‐polemic policy and its peace movements. Conceptions such as kosmos and organismic polis, the practice of laws and of homonoia, or friendship, can contribute to the solution of our local and world problems and the prevention of contemporary violence, terrorism, and wars. They can be used by future generations as a model of how to prevent the repetition of another holocaust, of any extermination of human beings by human beings (Dachau), or of any war tragedies (bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki). They show, above all, how humanity can achieve a lasting world peace.
8. The Grounding of Forgiveness: Martha Nussbaum on Compassion and Mercy
Authors: Gallagher Paul
Published: February 2009

Abstract

Violence came to define the twentieth century. We live in fear that an even more extreme violence will characterize the twenty‐first century. The city of Hiroshima was the victim of the greatest single stroke of violence in the history of humanity. Yet it managed to arise, Phoenix‐like, as a city devoted to peace in the aftermath of nuclear horror. How was this extraordinary forgiveness possible? Is it possible that it was born out of a compassion for the victims of nuclear holocaust that extended beyond its immediate borders?

In several works, but most notably in Upheavals of Thought, Martha Nussbaum has analyzed the conditions for the occurrence of compassion. She has also subjected her largely Aristotelian analysis of compassion to a Stoic‐inspired critique. This paper will reconstruct Nussbaum's analysis, critique, and defense of compassion. I will then extend Nussbaum's analysis to argue how a forgiveness rooted in compassion, rather than mercy, might be possible. The city of Hiroshima's dedication to worldwide peace in the aftermath of nuclear horror is used to illustrate a compassion‐based forgiveness.
10. The Universal Concept of Human Rights as a Regulative Principle: Freedom Versus Paternalism
Authors: Demenchonok Edward
Published: February 2009

Abstract

This essay examines the current debates regarding the politics of human rights. The universal concept of human rights is considered as a regulative principle for the possible critique of any state, including a democratic one. Moreover, the philosophical justification of the universal regulative principle for evaluating these states is vital for progressive political change and for the politics of human rights. At the heart of the analysis is Kant's concept of human rights as freedom. It is opposed to a more utilitarian interpretation of rights and political paternalism. Kant's philosophy helps us to better understand the meaning of the definition of human rights as inherent, sacred, and inalienable, as formulated by Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence. Kant makes these meanings explicit, and he elaborates on the moral‐philosophical explanations of humanitarian rights. His philosophy of law was developed in a process of a systematic criticism of political paternalism (which is the flip side of dependence). Kant developed his definition of individual freedom in opposition to authoritarian paternalism, utilitarian arbitrariness, and the “despotism of paternalistic benevolence.” The categorical imperative is threefold: the imperatives of morality, right, and peace. Thus it could be interpreted as “the categorical imperative of peace.” The analysis shows the ongoing relevance of Kant's ideas and their recent development by the theorists of “discourse ethics” and of “cosmopolitan democracy.” It affirms that the solution to the problems of securing peace and protecting human rights can only be achieved by peaceful means, based on the international rule of law.
11. Toward Lasting Peace: Kant on Law, Public Reason, and Culture
Authors: Lucht Marc
Published: February 2009

Abstract

Kant helps us understand the conditions for peace by reminding us that lasting peace requires both cosmopolitan legal reform and individual moral improvement, including resistance to egoism and the cultivation of cosmopolitan attitudes. The duty to pursue peace includes the duty to promote the rule of domestic and international law and work against its unilateral subversion. The juridical cosmopolitanism of a worldwide league of free peoples enables resistance to the dangers posed by authoritarian regimes and their dangerous willingness to manipulate their subjects and ignore international law. Constraining egoism enables people to overcome the tyranny of their desires and cultivates a sense of affiliation with the larger community of humanity in general, providing the moral foundation needed to support a cosmopolitan legal order. Moral development to a great extent is fostered through the arts and humanities, and a robust cultural life therefore ought to play a central role in the pursuit of global peace.
The Role of Trust in the Affective Evaluation of Novel Risks: The Case of CO2 Storage
Authors: Midden Cees J. H. , Huijts Nicole M. A.
Published: February 2009

There is general recognition that trust and affect are closely connected concepts. Usually, affect is modeled as an antecedent of trust. In the present research, we will argue that, particularly in new situations, trust can also evoke affect toward a risky object. Using structural equation modeling, support was found for the hypothesis that trust influences attitudes through this process. In the present study, we analyzed attitudes toward (carbon dioxide) CO2 storage. The role of affect appears to be moderated by the level of self‐relevance. In the case of high self‐relevance (storage nearby), people's attitudes appeared to be merely based on affective reactions and trust. This effect is much weaker under low self‐relevance (CO2 storage in general). In such a case, cognitive factors, more particularly beliefs concerning perceived benefits, were also taken into account in attitude formation.
Further Consideration of the Phylogeny of Some “Traditional” Heterotrichs (Protista, Ciliophora) of Uncertain Affinities, Based on New Sequences of the Small Subunit rRNA Gene
Authors: MIAO MIAO , SONG WEIBO , CLAMP JOHN C. , AL‐RASHEID KHALED A.S. , AL‐KHEDHAIRY ABDULAZIZ A. , AL‐ARIFI SAUD
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT. The systematic relationships and taxonomic positions of the traditional heterotrich genera Condylostentor, Climacostomum, Fabrea, Folliculina, Peritromus, and Condylostoma, as well as the licnophorid genus Licnophora, were re‐examined using new data from sequences of the gene coding for small subunit ribosomal RNA. Trees constructed using distance‐matrix, Bayesian inference, and maximum‐parsimony methods all showed the following relationships: (1) the “traditional” heterotrichs consist of several paraphyletic groups, including the current classes Heterotrichea, Armophorea and part of the Spirotrichea; (2) the class Heterotrichea was confirmed as a monophyletic assemblage based on our analyses of 31 taxa, and the genus Peritromus was demonstrated to be a peripheral group; (3) the genus Licnophora occupied an isolated branch on one side of the deepest divergence in the subphylum Intramacronucleata and was closely affiliated with spirotrichs, armophoreans, and clevelandellids; (4) Condylostentor, a recently defined genus with several truly unique morphological features, is more closely related to Condylostoma than to Stentor; (5) Folliculina, Eufolliculina, and Maristentor always clustered together with high bootstrap support; and (6) Climacostomum occupied a paraphyletic position distant from Fabrea, showing a close relationship with Condylostomatidae and Chattonidiidae despite of modest support.
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes of Freshwater Wetland Biofilms: Adaptations and Structural Characteristics of the Extracellular Matrix in the Green Alga, Cosmarium reniforme (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta)
Authors: DOMOZYCH DAVID S. , WILSON RICHARD , DOMOZYCH CATHERINE ROGERS
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT. Cosmarium reniforme (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta) is a green alga that is commonly found in biofilms of wetlands of the Adirondack region, NY (USA). Two distinctive characteristics that are critical to this alga's survival in a benthic biofilm are its elaborate cell morphology and extracellular matrix (ECM). In this study, ultrastructural, immunocytochemical, and experimental methodologies were employed in order to elucidate the cellular characteristics that are critical for survival in a biofilm. The ECM consists of a thick, outwardly lobed cell wall (CW), which contains a patterned network of structurally complex pores. Each pore consists of a narrow channel, terminating internally at a bulb that invaginates localized regions of the plasma membrane. The outer region of the pore contains arabinogalactan protein‐like and extensin epitopes that are likely involved in adhesion mechanisms of the cell. External to the CW is the extracellular polymeric substance that is employed in ensheathment of the cell to the substrate and in gliding motility. The architectural design/biochemical make‐up of the CW and a secretory system that encompasses the coordinated activities of the endomembrane and cytomotile/cytoskeletal systems provide the organism with effective mechanisms to support life within the biofilm complex.
Characterization of Genotypes ofEnterocytozoon bieneusiin Immunosuppressed and Immunocompetent Patient Groups
Authors: TEN HOVE ROBERT J. , VAN LIESHOUT LISETTE , BEADSWORTH MIKE B. J. , PEREZ M. ARANTZA , SPEE KLAARTJE , CLAAS ERIC C.J. , VERWEIJ JACO J.
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT.A retrospective phylogenetic analysis was performed on isolates ofEnterocytozoon bieneusito characterize the genotypes in different patient cohorts. Fifty‐seven isolates, collected from patients living in Malawi and the Netherlands, were classified by age and immune status of the hosts. Sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region identified 16 genotypes; nine have not previously been described. Genotypes K and D were most prevalent among patient groups, whereas genotype C was restricted to transplantation patients receiving immunosupressives and genotype B showed a predisposition toward patients living with HIV/AIDS. Different genotypes showed more dispersion among isolates from Malawi compared with those from the Netherlands. A constructed map estimating the genealogy of the ITS region reveals a dynamic evolutionary process between the genotypes.
Regeneration of bone and periodontal ligament induced by recombinant amelogenin after periodontitis
Authors: Haze Amir , Taylor Angela L. , Haegewald Stefan , Leiser Yoav , Shay Boaz , Rosenfeld Eli , Gruenbaum‐Cohen Yael , Dafni Leah , Zimmermann Bernd , Heikinheimo Kristiina , Gibson Carolyn W. , Fisher Larry W. , Young Marian F. , Blumenfeld Anat , Bernimoulin Jean P. , Deutsch Dan
Published: February 2009

Regeneration of mineralized tissues affected by chronic diseases comprises a major scientific and clinical challenge. Periodontitis, one such prevalent disease, involves destruction of the tooth‐supporting tissues, alveolar bone, periodontal‐ligament and cementum, often leading to tooth loss. In 1997, it became clear that, in addition to their function in enamel formation, the hydrophobic ectodermal enamel matrix proteins (EMPs) play a role in the regeneration of these periodontal tissues. The epithelial EMPs are a heterogeneous mixture of polypeptides encoded by several genes. It was not clear, however, which of these many EMPs induces the regeneration and what mechanisms are involved. Here we show that a single recombinant human amelogenin protein (rHAM+), induced in vivo regeneration of all tooth‐supporting tissues after creation of experimental periodontitis in a dog model. To further understand the regeneration process, amelogenin expression was detected in normal and regenerating cells of the alveolar bone (osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts), periodontal ligament, cementum and in bone marrow stromal cells. Amelogenin expression was highest in areas of high bone turnover and activity. Further studies showed that during the first 2 weeks after application, rHAM+ induced, directly or indirectly, significant recruitment of mesenchymal progenitor cells, which later differentiated to form the regenerated periodontal tissues. The ability of a single protein to bring about regeneration of all periodontal tissues, in the correct spatio‐temporal order, through recruitment of mesenchymal progenitor cells, could pave the way for development of new therapeutic devices for treatment of periodontal, bone and ligament diseases based on rHAM+.
Novel stem/progenitor cells with neuronal differentiation potential reside in the leptomeningeal niche
Authors: Bifari Francesco , Decimo Ilaria , Chiamulera Christian , Bersan Emanuela , Malpeli Giorgio , Johansson Jan , Lisi Veronica , Bonetti Bruno , Fumagalli Guido , Pizzolo Giovanni , Krampera Mauro
Published: February 2009

Stem cells capable of generating neural differentiated cells are recognized by the expression of nestin and reside in specific regions of the brain, namely, hippocampus, subventricular zone and olfactory bulb. For other brain structures, such as leptomeninges, which contribute to the correct cortex development and functions, there is no evidence so far that they may contain stem/precursor cells. In this work, we show for the first time that nestin‐positive cells are present in rat leptomeninges during development up to adulthood. The newly identified nestin‐positive cells can be extracted and expanded in vitro both as neurospheres, displaying high similarity with subventricular zone–derived neural stem cells, and as homogeneous cell population with stem cell features. In vitro expanded stem cell population can differentiate with high efficiency into excitable cells with neuronal phenotype and morphology. Once injected into the adult brain, these cells survive and differentiate into neurons, thus showing that their neuronal differentiation potential is operational also in vivo. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that a specific population of immature cells endowed of neuronal differentiation potential is resident in the leptomeninges throughout the life. As leptomeninges cover the entire central nervous system, these findings could have relevant implications for studies on cortical development and for regenerative medicine applied to neurological disorders.
The human orthologue of murine Mpzl3 with predicted adhesive and immune functions is a potential candidate gene for immune‐related hereditary hair loss
Authors: Racz Peter , Mink Matyas , Ordas Anita , Cao Tongyu , Szalma Sandor , Szauter Kornelia M. , Csiszar Katalin
Published: February 2009

Abstract:  We have recently reported a mutation within the conserved immunoglobulin V‐type domain of the predicted adhesion protein Mpzl3 (MIM 611707) in rough coat (rc) mice with severe skin abnormalities and progressive cyclic hair loss. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the human orthologue MPZL3 on chromosome 11q23.3 is a candidate for similar symptoms in humans. The predicted conserved MPZL3 protein has two transmembrane motifs flanking an extracellular Ig‐like domain. The R100Q rc mutation is within the Ig‐domain recognition loop that has roles in T‐cell receptors and cell adhesion. Results of the rc mouse study, 3D structure predictions, homology with Myelin Protein Zero and EVA1, comprehensive database analyses of polymorphisms and mutations within the human MPZL3 gene and its cell, tissue expression and immunostaining pattern indicate that homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations of MPZL3 might be involved in immune‐mediated human hereditary disorders with hair loss.
Molecular pathogenesis of Merkel cell carcinoma
Authors: Houben Roland , Schrama David , Becker Jürgen C.
Published: February 2009

Abstract:  Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a highly aggressive neuroendocrine skin cancer which is twice as lethal as melanoma as more than one‐third of MCC patients will die from this cancer. Although MCC, which primarily affects elderly and immune suppressed individuals, is very rare to date, its incidence is rapidly increasing. In contrast to the immense progress that has been made in the elucidation of the molecular pathogenesis of other cancer entities, until recently there were no clear‐cut indications which events drive the carcinogenesis of MCC. Important findings published last year have changed this radically. Hypermethylation of the p14ARF promoter and a striking correlation between expression of p63 and the clinical course of MCC have been reported. Most important, however, is the discovery that MCC development in the majority of cases is preceded by the integration of genomic sequences of the hitherto unknown Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Now a fundamental improvement in the understanding of MCC pathogenesis as well as the development of new therapeutic approaches based on this knowledge appear to be possible within the near future.
Discovery of New Cargo Proteins that Enter Cells through Clathrin‐Independent Endocytosis
Authors: Eyster Craig A. , Higginson Jason D. , Huebner Robert , Porat‐Shliom Natalie , Weigert Roberto , Wu Wells W. , Shen Rong‐Fong , Donaldson Julie G.
Published: February 2009

Clathrin‐independent endocytosis (CIE) allows internalization of plasma membrane proteins lacking clathrin‐targeting sequences, such as the major histocompatibility complex class I protein (MHCI), into cells. After internalization, vesicles containing MHCI fuse with transferrin‐containing endosomes generated from clathrin‐dependent endocytosis. In HeLa cells, MHCI is subsequently routed to late endosomes or recycled back out to the plasma membrane (PM) in distinctive tubular carriers. Arf6 is associated with endosomal membranes carrying CIE cargo and expression of an active form of Arf6 leads to the generation of vacuolar structures that trap CIE cargo immediately after endocytosis, blocking the convergence with transferrin‐containing endosomes. We isolated these trapped vacuolar structures and analyzed their protein composition by mass spectrometry. Here we identify and validate six new endogenous cargo proteins (CD44, CD55, CD98, CD147, Glut1, and ICAM1) that use CIE to enter cells. CD55 and Glut1 appear to closely parallel the trafficking of MHCI, merging with transferrin endosomes before entering the recycling tubules. In contrast, CD44, CD98, and CD147 appear to directly enter the recycling tubules and by‐pass the merge with EEA1‐positive, transferrin‐containing endosomes. This divergent itinerary suggests that sorting may occur along this CIE pathway. Furthermore, the identification of new cargo proteins will assist others studying CIE in different cell types and tissues.
Photoreceptor IFT Complexes Containing Chaperones, Guanylyl Cyclase 1 and Rhodopsin
Authors: Bhowmick Reshma , Li Mei , Sun Jun , Baker Sheila A. , Insinna Christine , Besharse Joseph C.
Published: February 2009

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) provides a mechanism for the transport of cilium‐specific proteins, but the mechanisms for linkage of cargo and IFT proteins have not been identified. Using the sensory outer segments (OS) of photoreceptors, which are derived from sensory cilia, we have identified IFT–cargo complexes containing IFT proteins, kinesin 2 family proteins, two photoreceptor‐specific membrane proteins, guanylyl cyclase 1 (GC1, Gucy2e) and rhodopsin (RHO), and the chaperones, mammalian relative of DNAJ, DnajB6 (MRJ), and HSC70 (Hspa8). Analysis of these complexes leads to a model in which MRJ through its binding to IFT88 and GC1 plays a critical role in formation or stabilization of the IFT–cargo complexes. Consistent with the function of MRJ in the activation of HSC70 ATPase activity, Mg‐ATP enhances the co‐IP of GC1, RHO, and MRJ with IFT proteins. Furthermore, RNAi knockdown of MRJ in IMCD3 cells expressing GC1‐green fluorescent protein (GFP) reduces cilium membrane targeting of GC1‐GFP without apparent effect on cilium elongation.