bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Psychology of Separation
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott discusses the effects of the separation of infants and small children from their parents in terms of clinical findings, in particular the relationship between the antisocial tendency and deprivation. He discusses the history of the psychology of reaction to loss and emphasises that illness results not from loss itself but from the occurrence of loss at a stage in the child’s or infant’s emotional development when a mature reaction to loss cannot take place, a time at which the immature ego cannot mourn.
Letter to Anna Freud
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Anna Freud, Winnicott regrets that she does not want Eliot Jaques as Business Secretary for the BPAS, noting that, although he does not like the man, he is the best candidate and less mindlessly pro-Kleinian than in the past.
Review: The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, Volume 12
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

A review by Winnicott of the first section of this new volume of the series, which contains six papers classified as ‘contributions to psychoanalytic theory’. Charles Brenner, Phyllis Greenacre, Lowenstein, Niederland, Ruben and Hartmann are contributors.
Obituary: Ernest Jones
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s obituary of Ernest Jones, in which he notes Jones’s important contributions to the British Psycho-Analytic Society and the psycho-analytic world at large.
Review: The Doctor, His Patient and the Illness
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s review of Michael Balint’s The Doctor, His Patient and the Illness discusses Balint’s work in the Tavistock Clinic as pertaining to general practice and as a good medium for the spread of psychotherapy along psycho-analytic lines. Winnicott notes that it is possible that analysts are not well aware of the tremendous number of patients who are dealt with successfully by general practitioners without being in analysis at all.
Theoretical Statement of the Field of Child Psychiatry
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott looks at the area of medicine known as Child Psychiatry. He sees psychiatry as based on the emotional growth of the normal infant, child, adolescent, and adult, and their developing relationship to external reality. Psychiatry covers the area that is at the borderline between physical and emotional growth in children. The paediatrician who knows the physical side of child care, in Winnicott’s view, cannot just ‘slip over’ to understanding and practising child psychiatry. As a psychoanalyst Winnicott advocates psychotherapy in order to study the whole child. As an analyst who is also a child psychiatrist, Winnicott values his understanding of the emotional development of the individual. He advocates the specialist teaching and training of child psychiatry, because in the individual’s emotional development is contained society’s potential for family functioning and for the institution and maintenance of social groupings.
Letter to Kenneth Soddy
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Kenneth Soddy, Winnicott discusses the terms ‘maturation at age’ and ‘maturity at age’ as they were used at the Copenhagen congress. Winnicott directs Soddy to his paper ‘What Do We Mean by a Normal Child?’ in the book The Child and the Family.
Letter to Paul Halmos
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Paul Halmos, Winnicott agrees to give a lecture at the University College of North Staffordshire, and says he is looking forward to a discussion of the function of nursery schools, day nurseries and nannies.
Letter to Herman Gijsbert van der Waals
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Herman Gijsbert van der Waals, Winnicott gives a positive reference for the employment application of David Malan for a post in Topeka, Kansas, regretting that he (Winnicott) was unable to offer proper facilities for the work that Dr Malan potentially could do.
Introduction to Volume 6
Authors: Joyce Angela F.
Published: March 2017

The discussion in the Introduction to Volume 6 considers the papers composed between 1960-1963 as Winnicott’s consolidation of his seminal views, elaborated over his professional lifetime: the ever present motif of the parent-infant relationship and the evolution of dependency towards independence, the nature of aggression and its role in living with a sense of being real, the necessity for that way of living to be isolated and yet relating to others with concern from an authentic place within one’s self, and what constitutes health. He was no longer working in the public health service but was a major contributor on the national and international psychoanalytic scene. The author contests that the writings of this period must be understood in the light of his ongoing internal relationship with Melanie Klein, who died at the beginning of this period.
Letter to Jacques Lacan
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott thanks Lacan for the fifth volume of La Psychanalyse and the publication of a translation of his paper on transitional objects.
Obituary: Melanie Klein
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this obituary, Winnicott summarizes the life and work of Melanie Klein and credits the status of her work in the psychology of the infant and the child as being on a par with that of Freud.
Letter to Serge Lebovici
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott comments on Lebovici’s presentation, saying he would like to have heard more about his idea of the pre-object and how far it corresponds with his own concept of a subjectively conceived rather than an objectively perceived object. He notes that it ties in with his theory of the parent-infant relationship, and he is particularly interested in Lebovici’s attention to absolute dependence.
The Contemporary Middle East
Authors: Silverburg Sanford R. , Ettinger David
Published: March 2017

As historic issues continue to fester, historical controversies resurface with renewed intensity, and new threats to global security arise, the contemporary Middle East remains a hotbed of activity and the epicenter of international attention. Even as the “Arab Spring” has transformed the complexion of the region, reoccurring issues such as the Arab-Israeli conflict and Sunni-Shia divide still languish. Civil wars in Syria and Yemen convulse the area, Iraq struggles to reconstitute itself, and Iran moves ominously into the nuclear age. Islamic fundamentalism, terrorism, internecine conflict, and civil war have made the area a veritable crucible that has jeopardized regional stability and resurrected superpower rivalries.
Archaeological Education
Authors: Corbishley Michael
Published: March 2017

Was there ever a time before there was archaeological education? In the 1920s the topic began to be discussed by some archaeologists in Britain. A conference was held in 1943 at the Institute of Archaeology in London to discuss the future of archaeology in the UK once the Second World War was over. One of the sessions focused on education in primary and secondary schools and in universities and in adult education. To most people back then, linking the words “archaeology” and “education” meant only school trips to ancient monuments and, in some museums, school officers who gave lessons based on the collections. Archaeology in the 21st century faces outward more than inward, with many professional and unpaid voluntary archaeologists working on projects that actively involve the public and young people. Those who are both archaeologists and educators want to educate young people so that they are excited by and protect and care for our past. It is now common in many countries to think of the past as more than just a time and a place that existed long ago. It includes the past that we ourselves have experienced, as well as the past of our parents and grandparents. In fact, the archaeology of contemporary cultures has now become respectable. Education for adults as well as for young people should include examples of and discussions about the way archaeologists work, scientifically searching for evidence to authenticate those stories about the past. Archaeologists help people celebrate the wonders of the past, and the everyday life of past peoples, but also express concerns about the destruction of the world’s most important monuments. While an archaeologist’s ultimate aim might not be to train hundreds of future archaeologists, those in the field should consider the best ways of sharing knowledge and expertise. For young people in particular, in formal and informal situations, getting archaeology in the curriculum and encouraging fun activities (for families and the general public) at historic sites and museums is essential.
Ecosystem Multifunctionality
Authors: Manning Peter K.
Published: March 2017

Ecosystem multifunctionality can be defined as the ability of an ecosystem to provide multiple functions and services. While this definition appears intuitively simple, ecosystem multifunctionality can be difficult to define and measure in practice. While multifunctionality measures allow the overall performance of an ecosystem to be reduced to simple metrics, the overall merit and relevance of simplifying the wide range of functions provided by an ecosystem in this way has been debated. To date, the majority of work that explicitly refers to ecosystem multifunctionality has been from the field of ecology known as biodiversity and ecosystem function research. This has shown that the effects of biodiversity on the functioning of ecosystems are stronger for multiple functions than for single functions due to the fact that different species control different functions. Most of this work has focused on the plot scale (less than 1 hectare), but an earlier emerging and still highly active body of literature refers to the creation and maintenance of multifunctional landscapes. This work, which is typically conducted within the disciplines of ecosystem services, agronomy, and land management, focuses on the delivery of multiple ecosystem services at larger spatial scales. Ecosystem multifunctionality is a relatively new concept, therefore, the literature presented here is primarily drawn from the most-influential papers within the field, along with early-21st-century papers that have broken new ground within the topic. Interest in multifunctionality has sharply increased in the early 21st century (particularly since 2007), in part due to an increase in large collaborative research projects that make its quantification possible. Ecosystem multifunctionality is a very active and rapidly advancing area in ecological research. It is therefore recommended that papers citing those presented here are also investigated.
The Challenge of Treating Children With Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Indolfi Giuseppe , Thorne Claire , El Sayed Manal H. , Giaquinto Carlo , Gonzalez‐Peralta Regino P.
Published: March 2017

The development of oral hepatitis C virus (HCV) direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) has revolutionized the therapeutic field. Nowadays, multiple safe and highly effective antiviral regimens are commercially available to treat adults with hepatitis C infection. These new regimens for the first time genuinely raise the prospects of eradicating HCV. Many challenges, however, remain from identifying infected individuals to optimizing treatment and ensuring global access to antiviral therapy to all population groups, including children. Recently, in April 2017, the association of sofosbuvir with ribavirin and the fixed‐dose combination sofosbuvir/ledipasvir have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of children with chronic HCV infection 12 years of age and older. The only drugs currently approved for children younger than 12 years are pegylated interferon and ribavirin. There are 6 registered ongoing pediatric trials assessing safety and efficacy of DAAs, but their current completion timelines are years away. Herein, we summarize the state of the art of DAAs’ development for adult and children and highlight the crucial importance of overcoming barriers to treating children with HCV.
Fiber Intake Varies by Poverty-Income Ratio and Race/Ethnicity in the US Adults
Authors: McAnulty Joanne T. , Akabas Sharon R. , Thuppal Sowmyanarayanan V. , Paxson Erin E. , Saklani Shilpa , Tucker Katherine L. , Bailey Regan L.
Published: March 2017

Fiber has been identified as both a ‘shortfall nutrient’ and a ‘nutrient of public health concern.’ However, little is known about dietary fiber intake relative to poverty-income ratio (PIR) and race/ethnicity in US adults. We examined usual intakes of dietary fiber and compliance with the adequate intake (AI) in US adults (≥19 years) using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011 to 2012 by PIR and race/ethnicity. Among both men and women, significantly higher fiber intake was observed among those in the highest PIR category (men, 22 [SE, 0.8]; women, 18 [SE, 0.6]) compared with those in the lowest category (men, 20 [SE, 0.7]; women, 15 [SE, 0.4]) and the middle category (men, 19 [SE, 0.7]; women, 15 [SE, 0.6]). Although men had higher intake of fiber across all PIR and race/ethnic groups, women had higher prevalence of intake above the AI. Among men, non-Hispanic blacks (17 [SE, 0.8]) had significantly lower intake; whereas among women non-Hispanic blacks (14 [SE, 0.4]) and Hispanic and Mexican Americans (16 [SE. 0.8]) had significantly lower intake compared with the other race/ethnic groups. Asian American women have the highest likelihood of fiber intake that exceeds the AI recommendation. Overall, fiber intake of US adults remains below federal recommendations. Systematic differences in fiber intake occur by PIR and race. Therefore, it is particularly salient to target intervention and education efforts to increase intake of dietary fiber in these groups.
Incommensurately modulated twin structure of nyerereite Na1.64K0.36Ca(CO3)2
Authors: Bolotina Nadezhda B. , Gavryushkin Pavel N. , Korsakov Andrey V. , Rashchenko Sergey V. , Seryotkin Yurii V. , Golovin Alexander V. , Moine Bertrand N. , Zaitsev Anatoly N. , Litasov Konstantin D.
Published: March 2017

The incommensurately modulated twin structure of nyerereite Na1.64K0.36Ca(CO3)2has been first determined in the (3 + 1)-dimensional symmetry groupCmcm(α00)00swith modulation vectorq= 0.383a*. Unit-cell values area= 5.062 (1),b= 8.790 (1),c= 12.744 (1) Å. Three orthorhombic components are related by threefold rotation about [001]. Discontinuous crenel functions are used to describe the occupation modulation of Ca and some CO3groups. The strong displacive modulation of the O atoms in vertexes of such CO3groups is described using x-harmonics in crenel intervals. The Na, K atoms occupy mixed sites whose occupation modulation is described in two ways using either complementary harmonic functions or crenels. The nyerereite structure has been compared both with the commensurately modulated structure of K-free Na2Ca(CO3)2and with the widely known incommensurately modulated structure of γ-Na2CO3.
Cocrystal assembled by 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene and phenothiazine based on C—I...π/N/S halogen bond and other assisting interactions
Authors: Wang Hui , Jin Wei Jun
Published: March 2017

The halogen-bonded cocrystal of 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene (1,4-DITFB) with the butterfly-shape non-planar heterocyclic compound phenothiazine (PHT) was successfully assembled by the conventional solution-based method. X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis reveals a 3:2 stoichiometric ratio for the cocrystal (1,4-DITFB/PHT), and the cocrystal structure is constructedviaC—I...π, C—I...N and C—I...S halogen bonds as well as other assisting interactions (e.g.C—H...F/S hydrogen bond, C—H...H—C and C—F...F—C bonds). The small shift of the 1,4-DITFB vibrational band to lower frequencies in FT–IR and Raman spectroscopies provide evidence to confirm the existence of the halogen bond. In addition, the non-planarity of the PHT molecule in the cocrystal results in PHT emitting weak phosphorescence and relatively strong delayed fluorescence. Thus, a wide range of delayed fluorescence and weak phosphorescence could play a significant role in selecting a proper π-conjugated system to engineer functional cocrystal and luminescent materials by halogen bonds.
Sugaholic adventure: “personalizing it with sweetness”
Authors: Bodolica Virginia , Spraggon Martin , Naeem Mizna
Published: March 2017

Study level/applicability

Senior-level undergraduate courses.

Case overview

In a short lifespan of operating in the UAE market, the Sugaholic bakeshop has grown from a fragile business idea all the way up to a paradigm of success. The two Bhatia sisters, Sneha and Ravisha, seek to spread happiness around them by invigorating their customers’ celebrations with their captivating personalized delicacies. The family business owners and their team of enthusiastic bakers aim at delivering exceptional quality and design on their sweet treats to achieve maximum customer satisfaction. Working closely as a team and paying special attention to detailing, the bakers at Sugaholic do not only merely provide the end product but also constantly work on the feedback received. The company offers all types of personalization on a variety of cakes, taking every order as a new challenge and baking for every sweets’ lover including family, friends, individual and corporate clients, celebrities and public personalities. Despite its short existence, the bakeshop has been successful in creating a vast fan following and the owners have started exploring various opportunities for business expansion. As Sugaholic has reached a critical stage in its development, what is the most viable strategic option to be pursued for embarking on a road of sustainable growth and success?

Expected learning outcomes

Assess the process of launching a new business venture in light of the factors from the external environment. Identify different sources of competitive advantage of an organization and evaluate their level of sustainability. Conduct a comprehensive assessment of a family-owned enterprise and delineate viable actions for intervention. Evaluate the effectiveness of top management’s strategic choices and develop decision-making skills.

Supplementary materials

Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Subject code

CSS 11: Strategy.
Agglomeration effect and the “dual-format” e-marketplace pricing scheme
Authors: Su Ping , Liu Shuguang , Lin Jun
Published: March 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to study a dominant e-retailer operating its own e-marketplace (B2C) to host peer competitor as well as acting as a traditional retailer (“dual-format” retailing as in Mantin and Krishnan 2014). The dominant retailer offers a two-part tariff charging scheme to a third-party seller. The seller decides whether to join the e-marketplace. The present paper is interested in addressing the following questions: What is the pricing equilibrium before/after the formation of the e-marketplace? What will be the “optimal” charging scheme? What is the impact on the e-marketplace operator if the third-party seller has the option to become “featured”.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper adopts a stylized model to capture the competition between the two retailers and applies game theory to solve the pricing equilibrium. The authors model the dual-format retailing in a two-stage decision: Stage 1, the e-marketplace operator offers a two-part tariff; Stage 2, if the other retailer is participating, they engage in a pricing competition. They assume that the e-marketplace operator is a profit maximizer by choosing its charging scheme subject to the condition that the participating retailer is no worse off.

Findings

The authors find that the e-retailer and the third-party seller in the e-marketplace are not always hurt by intensified price competition. They identify conditions under which higher expected prices are charged as a result of agglomeration effect. The authors’ model also provides theoretical evidence on this popular charging scheme, and shows the feasible region in which the e-marketplace operator could allocate the surplus resulted from the formation of the e-marketplace between itself and the participating retailer. Finally, the authors demonstrate that if the third-party seller has the option to become a “featured” retailer (He and Chen, 2006), it can be detrimental to the e-marketplace operator.

Originality/value

This work is different in three ways: First, the authors model an e-marketplace adopting a “dual-format” retailing, facing the trade-off between its direct retailing revenue and the rents collected from the member store, while the literature mainly focuses on e-marketplaces playing the intermediary role. Second, they explicitly model the “market expansion effect” caused by the agglomeration after the formation of the e-marketplace. The present study complements this stream of research by investigating and providing theoretical evidence on the charging scheme popularly adopted by the e-marketplaces and proposes ways to share the surplus to the participating store.
A Critical View on Human Mobility in Times of Crisis
Authors: Fröhlich Christiane
Published: March 2017

The number of forced migrants from the Global South to the Global North has increased in recent years, contributing to an on‐going, multi‐level political crisis in an already struggling European Union, as well as to a rise in right‐wing populism across the ‘Northern’/’Western’ world. How does the West's claim to be a norm entrepreneur for rule of law, freedom and prosperity relate to a growing rejection of an ‘other’ who is asking for refuge in this protected space in accordance with the latter's self‐proclaimed rules? This contribution aims to answer this question by inquiring into the role of colonial borders, both in the literal and the metaphorical sense, in and for processes of ‘othering’ with regard to present‐day migrants. Inspired by Homi K. Bhabha, it uncovers colonial power relations by looking at central characteristics of Western discourses on migration in order to answer the question of who belongs, which is, in turn, key to peaceful co‐existence.
Sarcomatoid carcinoma in the trachea: A case report and literature review
Authors: Jang Si‐Hyong , Cho Hyun D. , Lee Ji‐Hye , Lee Hyun J. , Hong Soon A. , Cho Junhun , Lee Ho S. , Oh Mee‐Hye
Published: March 2017

Tracheal sarcomatoid carcinoma is an extremely infrequent neoplasm with unclear pathogenesis and clinical outcomes. To date, only two cases have been described in English literature. We report a case of a 37‐year‐old patient complaining of hemoptysis, dyspnea, and cough. An intraluminal polypoid mass in the trachea was found and ultimately diagnosed as tracheal sarcomatoid carcinoma in the cervical trachea with both carcinomatous and sarcomatoid morphology. The patient is alive without recurrence after segmental resection of the trachea. We also present a comparative analysis of our case with a prior tracheal sarcomatoid carcinoma case.
The Effects of Agricultural R&D on Chinese Agricultural Productivity Growth: New Evidence of Convergence and Implications for Agricultural R&D Policy
Authors: Zhan Jintao , Tian Xu , Zhang Yanyuan , Yang Xinglong , Qu Zhongqiong , Tan Tao
Published: March 2017

This article measures and compares the effects of agricultural research and development (R&D) on total agricultural factor productivity growth for 29 Chinese provinces from 1986 to 2011. Using the convergence test proposed by Phillips and Sul (), the study finds strong evidence of convergence in total agricultural productivity growth and positive correlation between growth and public investment in R&D. The analysis of convergence indicates that the productivity gap between different regions in China has lessened, suggesting agricultural productivity is convergent across all provinces in China. We find R&D being statistically and economically more important in technological catch‐up than in innovation. Human capital also plays a major role in productivity growth. The finding of strong positive inter‐region spillover effects implies that expanding cooperation across regions for public agricultural research is more efficient and training of researchers can improve total factor productivity, especially in less productive regions.

Cet article mesure et compare les effets de la recherche et du développement agricoles sur la progression de la productivité totale des facteurs agricoles au sein de 29 provinces chinoises de 1986 à 2011. Au moyen du test de convergence proposé par Phillips et Sul (), l′étude révèle des preuves manifestes de convergence de la croissance de productivité agricole totale ainsi qu'une corrélation positive entre cette progression et les investissements publics en recherche et en développement. L'analyse de convergence démontre la diminution de l′écart de productivité dans les régions de la Chine, suggérant la convergence de la productivité agricole à la grandeur des provinces chinoises. La recherche et le développement sont ainsi proposés comme étant statistiquement et économiquement plus importants dans le rattrapage technologique que l'innovation. Le capital humain joue aussi un rôle majeur dans la croissance de la productivité. Les forts effets positifs de débordement entre les régions laissent entendre que la coopération grandissante en recherche agricole publique à travers les régions s'avère plus efficace, et que la formation des chercheurs peut améliorer la productivité totale des facteurs, surtout dans les régions moins productives.
The Impact of Market Structure on Ex‐Dividend Day Stock Price Behavior
Authors: Mortal Sandra , Paudel Shishir , Silveri Sabatino (Dino)
Published: March 2017

We explore the impact of market structure on the ex‐day price anomaly. Measuring the price‐drop ratio (PDR) as the ratio of the price change on the ex‐day to the dividend amount, we find that the average NASDAQ PDR is significantly less than one and significantly less than the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) PDR. We then investigate a subset of firms that voluntary switch from NASDAQ to the NYSE and find that the PDR significantly increases after the switch, suggesting that market structure affects PDRs. We also create a matched sample and find that the NASDAQ PDR converges toward its matched NYSE counterpart, particularly after the introduction of SuperMontage. Our evidence is consistent with significant NASDAQ market structure changes reducing execution cost differences between the two exchanges and, in turn, reducing the PDR difference. Overall, our results highlight the important role market structure can play in understanding anomalies.
Treatment of PBC—A step forward
Authors: Carbone Marco , Invernizzi Pietro
Published: March 2017

Recent years have seen a growing interest in PBC within the scientific community, healthcare providers and industries, coupled with great advances in the understanding of the molecular and genetic basis and the natural history of the disease. Several disease‐modifying agents targeting the immune‐mediated response and bile‐acid therapies are at different stages of development, some with promising results. A new drug, obeticholic acid, has been recently registered in the US and Europe as a second‐line treatment in refractory PBC. International cohort studies have highlighted a disease heterogeneity, and so the need to provide patients with a more personalised management based on their risk of disease progression. Major challenges remain the development of surrogate endpoints in clinical trials acceptable to regulatory authorities, in a disease with a relatively low rate of events; and the development of clinical tools for patient's risk stratification and selection of those with greatest potential benefit from second‐line therapies.
Video games: The bad, the ugly, and the (potentially) good
Authors: Jarvis Michaela
Published: March 2017

AAAS Neuroscience & Society event showcases games' effects on brain, behavior
Can we protect island flying foxes?
Authors: Vincenot Christian E. , Florens F. B. Vincent , Kingston Tigga
Published: March 2017

Flying foxes play key ecological roles on tropical islands, yet face rising
threats.
Cresting a gravitational wave
Gravity's Kiss: The Detection of Gravitational Waves
Harry Collins
MIT Press, 2017. 414 pp.
Authors: Cho Adrian
Published: March 2017

Harry Collins, a sociologist embedded in the LIGO project, recounts the discovery of a lifetime
Costimulation, a surprising connection for immunotherapy
Authors: Clouthier Derek L. , Ohashi Pamela S.
Published: March 2017

T cell cosignaling molecules may determine sensitivity to immunotherapy
Minute Virus of Canines NP1 Protein Governs the Expression of a Subset of Essential Nonstructural Proteins via Its Role in RNA Processing
Authors: Fasina Olufemi O. , Stupps Stephanie , Figueroa-Cuilan Wanda , Pintel David J.
Published: March 2017

Parvoviruses use a variety of means to control the expression of their compact genomes. The bocaparvovirus minute virus of canines (MVC) encodes a small, genus-specific protein, NP1, which governs access to the viral capsid gene via its role in alternative polyadenylation and alternative splicing of the single MVC pre-mRNA. In addition to NP1, MVC encodes five additional nonstructural proteins (NS) that share an initiation codon at the left end of the genome and which are individually encoded by alternative multiply spliced mRNAs. We found that three of these proteins were encoded by mRNAs that excise the NP1-regulated MVC intron immediately upstream of the internal polyadenylation site, (pA)p, and that generation of these proteins was thus regulated by NP1. Splicing of their progenitor mRNAs joined the amino termini of these proteins to the NP1 open reading frame, and splice site mutations that prevented their expression inhibited virus replication in a host cell-dependent manner. Thus, in addition to controlling capsid gene access, NP1 also controls the expression of three of the five identified NS proteins via its role in governing MVC pre-mRNA splicing.

IMPORTANCE
The
Parvovirinae
are small nonenveloped icosahedral viruses that are important pathogens in many animal species, including humans. Minute virus of canine (MVC) is an autonomous parvovirus in the genus
Bocaparvovirus
. It has a single promoter that generates a single pre-mRNA. NP1, a small genus-specific MVC protein, participates in the processing of this pre-mRNA and so controls capsid gene access via its role in alternative internal polyadenylation and splicing. We show that NP1 also controls the expression of three of the five identified NS proteins via its role in governing MVC pre-mRNA splicing. These NS proteins together are required for virus replication in a host cell-dependent manner.
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 UL34 Protein Regulates the Global Architecture of the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Infected Cells
Authors: Maeda Fumio , Arii Jun , Hirohata Yoshitaka , Maruzuru Yuhei , Koyanagi Naoto , Kato Akihisa , Kawaguchi Yasushi
Published: March 2017

Upon herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection, the CD98 heavy chain (CD98hc) is redistributed around the nuclear membrane (NM), where it promotes viral de-envelopment during the nuclear egress of nucleocapsids. In this study, we attempted to identify the factor(s) involved in CD98hc accumulation and demonstrated the following: (i) the null mutation of HSV-1 UL34 caused specific dispersion throughout the cytoplasm of CD98hc and the HSV-1 de-envelopment regulators, glycoproteins B and H (gB and gH); (ii) as observed with CD98hc, gB, and gH, wild-type HSV-1 infection caused redistribution of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) markers calnexin and ERp57 around the NM, whereas the UL34-null mutation caused cytoplasmic dispersion of these markers; (iii) the ER markers colocalized efficiently with CD98hc, gB, and gH in the presence and absence of UL34 in HSV-1-infected cells; (iv) at the ultrastructural level, wild-type HSV-1 infection caused ER compression around the NM, whereas the UL34-null mutation caused cytoplasmic dispersion of the ER; and (v) the UL34-null mutation significantly decreased the colocalization efficiency of lamin protein markers of the NM with CD98hc and gB. Collectively, these results indicate that HSV-1 infection causes redistribution of the ER around the NM, with resulting accumulation of ER-associated CD98hc, gB, and gH around the NM and that UL34 is required for ER redistribution, as well as for efficient recruitment to the NM of the ER-associated de-envelopment factors. Our study suggests that HSV-1 induces remodeling of the global ER architecture for recruitment of regulators mediating viral nuclear egress to the NM.

IMPORTANCEThe ER is an important cellular organelle that exists as a complex network extending throughout the cytoplasm. Although viruses often remodel the ER to facilitate viral replication, information on the effects of herpesvirus infections on ER morphological integrity is limited. Here, we showed that HSV-1 infection led to compression of the global ER architecture around the NM, resulting in accumulation of ER-associated regulators associated with nuclear egress of HSV-1 nucleocapsids. We also identified HSV-1 UL34 as a viral factor that mediated ER remodeling. Furthermore, we demonstrated that UL34 was required for efficient targeting of these regulators to the NM. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that a herpesvirus remodels ER global architecture. Our study also provides insight into the mechanism by which the regulators for HSV-1 nuclear egress are recruited to the NM, where this viral event occurs.
A Lipopeptide HIV-1/2 Fusion Inhibitor with Highly PotentIn Vitro,Ex Vivo, andIn VivoAntiviral Activity
Authors: Chong Huihui , Xue Jing , Xiong Shengwen , Cong Zhe , Ding Xiaohui , Zhu Yuanmei , Liu Zixuan , Chen Ting , Feng Yifan , He Lei , Guo Yan , Wei Qiang , Zhou Yusen , Qin Chuan , He Yuxian
Published: March 2017

Peptides derived from the C-terminal heptad repeat (CHR) region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) fusogenic protein gp41 are potent viral entry inhibitors, and currently, enfuvirtide (T-20) is the only one approved for clinical use; however, emerging drug resistance largely limits its efficacy. In this study, we generated a novel lipopeptide inhibitor, named LP-19, by integrating multiple design strategies, including an N-terminal M-T hook structure, an HIV-2 sequence, intrahelical salt bridges, and a membrane-anchoring lipid tail. LP-19 showed stable binding affinity and highly potent, broad, and long-lasting antiviral activity. Inin vitrostudies, LP-19 efficiently inhibited HIV-1-, HIV-2-, and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-mediated cell fusion, viral entry, and infection, and it was highly active against diverse subtypes of primary HIV-1 isolates and inhibitor-resistant mutants.Ex vivostudies demonstrated that LP-19 exhibited dramatically increased anti-HIV activity and an extended half-life in rhesus macaques. In short-term monotherapy, LP-19 reduced viral loads to undetectable levels in acutely and chronically simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected monkeys. Therefore, this study offers an ideal HIV-1/2 fusion inhibitor for clinical development and emphasizes the importance of the viral fusion step as a drug target.

IMPORTANCEThe peptide drug T-20 is the only viral fusion inhibitor in the clinic, which is used for combination therapy of HIV-1 infection; however, it requires a high dosage and easily induces drug resistance, calling for a new drug with significantly improved pharmaceutical profiles. Here, we have developed a short-lipopeptide-based fusion inhibitor, termed LP-19, which mainly targets the conserved gp41 pocket site and shows highly potent inhibitory activity against HIV-1, HIV-2, and even SIV isolates. LP-19 exhibits dramatically increased antiviral activity and an extended half-life in rhesus macaques, and it has potent therapeutic efficacy in SHIV-infected monkeys, highlighting its high potential as a new viral fusion inhibitor for clinical use.
Emergency medicine: what keeps me, what might lose me? A narrative study of consultant views in Wales
Authors: James Ffion , Gerrard Frances
Published: March 2017

EDs are currently under intense pressure due to increased patient demand. There are major issues with retention of senior personnel, making the specialty a less attractive choice for junior doctors. This study aims to explore what attracted EM consultants to their career and keeps them there. It is hoped this can inform recruitment strategies to increase the popularity of EM to medical students and junior doctors, many of whom have very limited EM exposure.

Methods

Semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 consultants from Welsh EDs using a narrative approach.

Results

Three main themes emerged that influenced the career choice of the consultants interviewed: (1) early exposure to positive EM role models; (2) non-hierarchical team structure; (3) suitability of EM for flexible working. The main reason for consultants leaving was the pressure of work impacting on patient care.

Conclusion

The study findings suggest that EM consultants in post are positive about their careers despite the high volume of consultant attrition. This study reinforces the need for dedicated undergraduate EM placements to stimulate interest and encourage medical student EM aspirations. Consultants identified that improving the physical working environment, including organisation, would increase their effectiveness and the attractiveness of EM as a long-term career.
DualBlink
Authors: Dementyev Artem , Holz Christian
Published: March 2017

Increased visual attention, such as during computer use leads to less blinking, which can cause dry eyes—the leading cause of computer vision syndrome. As people spend more time looking at screens on mobile and desktop devices, computer vision syndrome is becoming epidemic in today's population, leading to blurry vision, fatigue, and a reduced quality of life.

One way to alleviate dry eyes is increased blinking. In this paper, we present a series of glasses-mounted devices that track the wearer's blink rate and, upon absent blinks, trigger blinks through actuation: light flashes, physical taps, and small puffs of air near the eye. We conducted a user study to evaluate the effectiveness of our devices and found that air puff and physical tap actuations result in a 36% increase in participants’ average blink rate. Air puff thereby struck the best compromise between effective blink actuations and low distraction ratings from participants. In a follow-up study, we found that high intensity, short puffs near the eye were most effective in triggering blinks while receiving only low-rated distraction and invasiveness ratings from participants. We conclude this paper with two miniaturized and self-contained DualBlink prototypes, one integrated into the frame of a pair of glasses and the other one as a clip-on for existing glasses. We believe that DualBlink can serve as an always-available and viable option to treat computer vision syndrome in the future.
Are Internal or External Pancreatic Duct Stents the Preferred Choice for Patients Undergoing Pancreaticoduodenectomy? A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zhao Yajie , Zhang Jianwei , Lan Zhongmin , Jiang Qinglong , Zhang Shuisheng , Chu Yunmian , Chen Yingtai , Wang Chengfeng
Published: March 2017

The technique of pancreatic duct stenting during pancreatic anastomosis can markedly reduce the incidence of postoperative pancreatic fistula (PF) after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). The method of drainage includes using either an external or an internal stent; the meta-analysis result shows us that there were no differences in the rates of postoperative complications between PD using internal stents and PD using external stents; internal stents may be more favorable during postoperative management of drainage tube. What is more, internal stents could reduce the digestive fluid loss and benefit the digestive function.
High-Risk Neuroblastoma with Metastases to Bilateral Kidneys at Diagnosis
Authors: Yoshikawa Toshihide , Tanizawa Akihiko , Suzuki Koji , Ikeda Kazumi , Nomura Eishi , Maeda Yumekichi , Tanaka Nanae , Yamada Kenta , Sakai Yasuhiro , Imamura Yoshiaki , Ohshima Yusei
Published: March 2017

Renal metastasis at diagnosis with neuroblastoma is rare. We present a 14-month-old boy who was diagnosed with high-risk neuroblastoma with multiple metastases, including bilateral kidneys. He received five cycles of induction chemotherapy and high-dose chemotherapy with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. All of the lesions shrank, and magnetic resonance imaging indicated that some of the metastases had disappeared. However, there were residual masses in the bilateral kidneys, and histological examination revealed the presence of tumor cells. Therefore, the patient underwent unrelated cord blood stem cell transplantation, which involved killer-ligand incompatibility in the graft-versus-host direction, in addition to human leukocyte antigen C and DRB1 mismatches. Three months later, tumor progression occurred from the residual mass in the sacral canal and a new lesion in the pancreas. Although tumor progression could not be controlled by additional chemotherapy and local radiotherapy, the metastatic nodules in bilateral kidneys did not increase in size before his death. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of neuroblastoma with bilateral renal metastases in the English medical literature. In addition, this case suggests that the combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy may inhibit the progression of the renal lesions under certain conditions.
“Are We in Sync with Each Other?” Exploring the Effects of Cosleeping on Heterosexual Couples’ Sleep Using Simultaneous Polysomnography: A Pilot Study
Authors: Drews Henning Johannes , Wallot Sebastian , Weinhold Sara Lena , Mitkidis Panagiotis , Baier Paul Christian , Roepstorff Andreas , Göder Robert
Published: March 2017

The present study aimed to explore dynamic and interactive aspects of cosleep in heterosexual couples. The sample consisted of eight young healthy adults who belonged to four heterosexual couples with a good relationship quality and a history of cosleeping. All individuals underwent simultaneous polysomnography in a sleep laboratory for four nights in which they slept individually and with their partner. Also, a sleep protocol of subjective sleep measures was completed. Statistical analyses included cross recurrence quantification analysis to assess synchronization during sleep. Cosleeping was associated with better subjective sleep quality, increased total sleep time, sleep efficiency, total slow wave sleep, and REM sleep. Sleep stages were more synchronized during cosleep independent of awakenings. Cardiorespiratory measures remained unchanged. The results indicate that young healthy couples in good relationships benefit from cosleeping on a subjective and objective level. Combining simultaneous polysomnography and cross recurrence quantification analysis is a promising method to study dynamic and interactive aspects of cosleep possibly leading to deeper understanding of the role of sleep for sociality, the nature of REM sleep, and the partner as a social zeitgeber. Moreover, clinical implications may arise from these findings.
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals a Preformed Defense System in Apple Root of a Resistant Genotype of G.935 in the Absence of Pathogen
Authors: Zhu Yanmin , Shao Jonathan , Zhou Zhe , Davis Robert E.
Published: March 2017

Two apple rootstock genotypes G.935 and B.9 were recently demonstrated to exhibit distinct resistance responses following infection by Pythium ultimum. As part of an effort to elucidate the genetic regulation of apple root resistance to soilborne pathogens, preinoculation transcriptome variations in roots of these two apple rootstock genotypes are hypothesized to contribute to the observed disease resistance phenotypes. Results from current comparative transcriptome analysis demonstrated elevated transcript abundance for many genes which function in a system-wide defense response in the root tissue of the resistant genotype of G.935 in comparison with susceptible B.9. Based on the functional annotation, these differentially expressed genes encode proteins that function in several tiers of defense responses, such as pattern recognition receptors for pathogen detection and subsequent signal transduction, defense hormone biosynthesis and signaling, transcription factors with known roles in defense activation, enzymes of secondary metabolism, and various classes of resistance proteins. The data set suggested a more poised status, which is ready to defend pathogen infection, in the root tissues of resistant genotype of G.935, compared to the susceptible B.9. The significance of preformed defense in the absence of a pathogen toward overall resistance phenotypes in apple root and the potential fitness cost due to the overactivated defense system were discussed.
Interfaces and Proxies: Placing László Moholy-Nagy’s Prints
Authors: Bourneuf Annie
Published: March 2017

Although the making of relief prints hardly seems to fit with László Moholy-Nagy’s reputation as an innovator working with new media and industrialized production, Moholy-Nagy did in fact make a few dozen woodcuts and linocuts in the 1920s. In this article, the author seeks to understand Moholy-Nagy’s engagement with these techniques by focusing on the manual prints of the 1924 version of his “Dynamic of the Metropolis,” the text of which is devoted to photographic media. Examining the roles of photomechanical and manual prints in avantgarde magazines, the author argues that relief prints played a key role in the circulation of Moholy-Nagy’s work and served as a substitute for media that posed difficulties for small-scale production.
Use of null models to explain crustacean zooplankton assemblages in North Patagonian lakes with presence or absence of mixotrophic ciliates (38°S, Chile)
Authors: De los Ríos-Escalante Patricio , Woelfl Stefan
Published: March 2017

Zooplankton assemblages in Northern Patagonian lakes are characterized by a low species richness and a marked dominance of calanoid copepods. The aim of the present study was to do a null model analysis to explain the composition of the zooplankton assemblages in two North Patagonian lakes. The first aspect to which null model analysis was applied was species co-occurrence, and there the model indicates that the species associations found are not random. The second aspect was niche sharing, and that analysis denotes that the species do not share niches. The third aspect tested was size overlap, and the model there denotes that the species have no size overlap. The results obtained indicate that the sites are relatively homogeneous, which would explain the random effect in species co-ocurrence, whereas the absence of niche sharing is due to the presence of different energetic resources at both sites investigated, which would separate the niche of each species from those of other faunistic elements. Finally, the third application of the null model analysis demonstrates that there is no competition among the species reported upon herein.
ik 639
Authors: Schuhmann Roland
Published: March 2017

The last part of the runic inscription on the recently found bracteate of Trollhättan ii‑c reads wraitalaþo. It is proposed in this article that this sequence is best divided into wrait a laþo with the meaning ‘I wrote laþu in(to)’.