bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Effects of Sodium Salicylate and Some Structurally Related Compounds on Antigen-antibody Reactions In Vitro
Authors: Friend Charlotte
Published: January 2023

Sodium salicylate and the structurally related compounds tested inhibited the precipitation of both a typical anti-protein and anti-polysaccharide antigen-antibody system to a significant degree.

The salicylate did not enter into the combination of antigen and antibody, or else was reversibly removed by washing with saline. This agent is active as an inhibitor even after the precipitation of antigen and antibody has occurred. The in vitro inhibition of the precipitation of antigen and antibody is apparently due to an increase in the solubility of the antigen-antibody complex.
The Stability of Chick Embryo Yellow Fever Vaccine During Storage
Authors: Hahn Richard G. , Bugher John C.
Published: January 2023

The data presented show that the desiccated yellow fever vaccine studied had, at the end of the first year of storage at 0 C to 4 C, a logarithmic titer of 1.5 to 2.0 below that of the original pulp. There was only a slight further decline in potency during the following 5 years of storage.

There is evidence that vaccine lots prepared under different conditions all undergo a similar initial fall in potency. If the titer of the pulp is low, this initial decrease in potency will be sufficient to render the vaccine unsatisfactory for general distribution after 2–3 years of storage at 0 C.
Antibody Production and Tuberculin Sensitivity in Individuals with a History of Rheumatic Fever
Authors: Quinn Robert W. , Seastone C. V. , Dickie Helen A.
Published: January 2023

The precipitating antibody response to type I pneumococcal polysaccharide was not significantly different in a group of 19 individuals with rheumatic heart disease or a history of rheumatic fever, and a group of 22 individuals without rheumatic heart disease or a history of rheumatic fever. The sensitivity to old tuberculin following BCG immunization was not significantly different in 12 rheumatic individuals, and 20 non-rheumatic subjects. Detectable opsonins were demonstrated consistently in sera containing more than 0.5 mg of pneumococcal antibody per 4 ml of serum. Below this level opsonization was erratic.
A Serological Study of Some Helminth Relations
Authors: Vogel Henry
Published: January 2023

Since the experiments of Nuttall (1) showed that serological relationships existed between animals, a number of investigators (2, 3, 7) have applied serologic technics to the problems of taxonomy.

Schwartz (4), studying species in the Family Ascaridae, noted that the degree of relationship could be correlated with results obtained with precipitin tests when heterologous antigens and antisera were used. Eisenbrandt (5, 6) noted that the observed heterologous titers decreased as the relationships became more remote. Wilhelmi (7), studying various helminths, noted that antiserum produced for any stage of a life cycle gave the same or almost the same precipitin titer when tested with antigens prepared from other stages of the cycle.

Through the use of isolated tissues and body fluids of Ascaris (8), the use of albumin and globulin fractions (9), and the purification of various helminth polysaccharide fractions (10–14), greater specificity in serologic reactions has been obtained.
Factors Influencing the Production of Developmental Defects in the Chick Embryo Following Infection with Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Williamson Alice Polk , Blattner Russell J. , Robertson G. Gordon
Published: January 2023

Examinations of whole mounts of chick embryos inoculated with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) revealed gross defects of the lens, otocyst, neural tube and visceral arches. Examination of microscopic preparations showed that the pathological picture was similar in all affected organs and that the specific histopathological changes were noted also in the amnion, neural crests, olfactory pits and apical caps of the limb buds. Using as indicators the three most easily identified defects appearing in whole mounts, i.e., those of the lens, otocysts and neural tube, the influence of the following factors on the production of the defects has been determined: The route of inoculation. Inoculations directly over the embryo, where the virus could gain immediate access to the susceptible organs, resulted in a high percentage of abnormal embryos within 24 hours after inoculation, whereas inoculation into the yolk sac, directly beneath the embryo resulted in no abnormal embryos within 24 hours after inoculation. Embryos inoculated by either route died within 48 hours if incubation continued.Virus strain. Of the three strains tested, the Nothnick, the Roakin and the B-1 strain, all yielded the same types of defects.Titer of the virus. A high titer of virus in the inoculum was necessary for a consistently high yield of gross developmental defects. Inocula containing an EID50 of 108 per .05 ml gave satisfactory results if diluted 10-1 or 10-2, but the yield of defective embryos dropped in proportion to further decrease in virus titer. Although inocula of very low titer yielded few abnormal embryos, virus was recovered from most of these embryos which showed no gross defects.Stage of development of the embryo. With the techniques employed, production of gross defects of the lens, otocyst, and neural tube was possible for a very limited period during the development of the chick embryo. Eggs inoculated at 36 hrs. of incubation yielded embryos showing the typical defects but so few survived the inoculation technique that this age was considered impractical for extensive experimental use. Eggs inoculated at 48 hrs. and 60 hrs. yielded a high percentage of surviving embryos showing the specific defects. Eggs inoculated at 72 hrs. revealed few embryos with the three defects described above and in eggs inoculated at 84 hrs. incubation no defects were found on gross examination.
Studies on the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Group
Authors: Pollikoff Ralph , Sigel M. Michael
Published: January 2023

It was possible to remove antibodies to the common antigen of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group by means of absorption with MP virus. In general, heated and unwashed preparations were more effective in removing these antibodies than were unheated or washed antigens. The results suggest that group reactivity is associated with two antigens. One appears to be firmly bound to the virus particle and may actually represent an integral part of the virus and one appears to be loosely attached to the virus. The specific complement fixing activity of MP antigen was still present after ultraviolet irradiation, and after storage at 4°C for six weeks.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Makinodan Takashi , Ruth Royal F. , Wolfe Harold R.
Published: January 2023

The response of the spleen to a single intravenous injection of a small amount of antigen was studied in 24 chickens. The following results were obtained: The spleen weight increased slightly on the 4th day, There was a slight increase in the mitotic index on the 1st, 2nd and 4th day, The proportions of reticular cells and prolymphocytes did not change, The percentage of lymphocytes decreased on the 4th day and remained low on the 6th day, The percentage of proplasmacytes increased on the 2nd day and remained high on the 4th day, The percentage of plasmacytes increased on the 4th day and remained high on the 6th and 8th days. Circulating antibody appeared on the 6th day and attained its maximum concentrations on the 6th and 8th days. It is suggested that cells of the plasmacytic series are directly involved in some aspect of the production of antibody protein in the chicken.
Distribution of Sensitizing Antibody in Human Serum Proteins Fractionated by Electrophoresis-Convection
Authors: Cann John R. , Loveless Mary Hewitt
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Three sera, prepared from individuals allergic toward cottonseed or ragweed pollen, have each been partitioned into eight fractions by electrophoresis-convection and into two other fractions by salting out with ammonium sulphate. After being assayed for N content and analyzed for electrophoretic composition, each preparation was repeatedly examined for reagins by both the neutralization and the serum-dilution procedures of passive transference. Activity was found to be concentrated in fractions Va, Vb and VI, which were composed of molecules immobilized by electrophoresis-convection at pH 6 or 5.5. These preparations were rich in β-globulin and also contained γ1-globulin. Analysis of the relationship between activity and electrophoretic composition of the 10 fractions supported the hypothesis proposed in our earlier report that β-globulins were chiefly responsible for reaginicity. Participation of γ-globulins could not, however, be directly excluded by our studies.
Studies on Immunization Against Plague
Authors: Chen T. H. , Meyer K. F.
Published: January 2023

A hemagglutination test has been developed for the protein component of Pasteurella pestis, by application of a technique described by Boyden. This test and the polysaccharide hemagglutination test previously described are highly selective for either the protein or the polysaccharide of P. pestis, and the serum response is highly specific. The polysaccharide test is valuable for research, while the protein test is excellent for both diagnosis and research. Various virulent and avirulent P. pestis strains and preparations were compared by means of these and other serologic tests, and a working hypothesis of the antigenic structure of the plague bacillus and the relationship of structure of the plague bacillus to virulence and immunogenicity is outlined. The polysaccharide fraction does not affect phagocytosis and is not a protective antigen for either mice or guinea pigs, but it provokes a specific serologic reaction. The protein fraction is a protective antigen directly affecting phagocytosis.
Studies on the Hemolytic Activity of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)
Authors: Granoff Allan , Henle Werner
Published: January 2023

The hemolytic activity of NDV, as present in allantoic fluid or suspended in phosphate buffered saline is greatly enhanced by dialysis against various media and by the diluents used in the titrations. It is most pronounced after dialysis against distilled water with subsequent restoration of isotonicity by sodium chloride and dilution in isotonic sodium citrate. The hemolytic activity of such preparations is further increased by various physical manipulations, i.e. sonic vibration, repeated freezing and thawing and osmotic shock. No evidence has been obtained as yet to indicate that these procedures cause the disruption of NDV into smaller hemolytic units.
Inhibition of Antibody Formation in Mature Rabbits by Contact with the Antigen at an Early Age
Authors: Hanan Robert , Oyama Jiro
Published: January 2023

Rabbits subjected to early immunization with bovine serum albumin failed to develop antibody to bovine serum albumin either during the initial immunization or when mature. Evidence was also obtained that formation of antibody to an unrelated antigen (egg albumin) may be affected.

The gamma globulin content of the sera of these animals was as high as or higher than the gamma globulin content of the sera of control animals in which antibody production was not affected.
Studies on Local Antibody Production
Authors: Hayes Sheldon P. , Dougherty Thomas F.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Lymphocytes found in loose connective tissue spreads prepared from mice injected with glass capillary tube antigen depots were surrounded by parallel rows of agglutinated homologous Salmonella typhimurium and S. typhosa antigens. This phenomenon was not observed in tissue spread prepared from mice inoculated with saline or horse serum containing depots. It is concluded that lymphocytes or their immediate cytogenic precursors were responsible for the phenomenon of surface agglutination in this experiment.

The use of capillary tube antigen depots as employed in this study restricts the dissemination of antigens which come in contact with cells more slowly than in the conventional intravenous, subcutaneous or other methods of antigen injection. The method restricts the tissues and cells, involved in antibody production, to a small circumscribed area and thus greatly increases the probability of identification of causal factors in such studies. Further, since it has been shown that antibodies appear in the loose connective tissue adhering to the open end of the capillary depot prior to the time antibodies can be detected in the circulation (18), it seems logical that anomalous cells found in these tissues participate in antibody synthesis. The demonstration of agglutination by lymphocytes under these circumstances is further evidence of the participation of them in antibody production.
Persistence of Rickettsia Rickettsii in a Patient Recovered from Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Authors: Parker Robert T. , Menon P. Govinda , Merideth Ann M. , Snyder Merrill J. , Woodward Theodore E.
Published: January 2023

Viable rickettsiae were isolated from the lymphatic tissues of a patient one year following recovery from Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The recovered agent was maintained by serial passage in guinea pigs and fertile hens' eggs. Identity of the isolated agent was established by: The development of specific complement fixing antibodies in guinea pigs.Direct visualization of the microorganisms in yolk sac tissues.The demonstration of its ability to afford cross immunity to a standard laboratory strain of R. rickettsii.
Kinetic Studies on Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Levine Lawrence , Mayer Manfred M.
Published: January 2023

Ca++ is required in the formation of the complex EAC′x. The combination of EA with C′x is a reaction which essentially goes to completion. The velocity of formation of EAC′x is greater at 34°C than at 0°C. However, a more reactive EAC′x is obtained at 0°C. The reaction of EAC′x with C′y requires Mg++. The velocity and final extent of reaction of EAC′x with C′y, depends on the concentration of C′y, as well as on the concentration of C′x per cell.
The Viral Range in Vitro of a Malignant, Human Epithelial Cell (Strain Hela, Gey)
Authors: Crowell Richard L. , Syverton Jerome T.
Published: January 2023

Strains representative of 16 antigenically distinct types of Coxsackie virus were studied to observe the effect of each upon a stable strain of human epithelial cells (HeLa, Gey). Four types proved cytopathogenic for HeLa cells with result in from 1 to 4 days in rapid total destruction of the cells. Cytopathologic effects were observed for the B-1 Conn-5 strain, six B-3 strains, the B-4 Texas-13 strain and the Texas-14 virus. The destructive effects in HeLa cells were indistinguishable from those of the three poliomyelitis virus types.

The high titer of infectivity maintained by the four cytopathogenic C viruses after repeated transfers in HeLa cell cultures, despite cumulative dilution beyond the extinction level of the inoculum, provided unequivocal evidence for the propagation of each virus. The majority of the types showed decreased infectivity for infant mice after many passages in cell culture.

Growth patterns, for 3 of the cytopathogenic types determined by assay of culture fluid, revealed rapid replication of each virus. In contrast, the titer in the liquid phase of the non-cytopathogenic B-2 strain diminished rapidly.

The identity of each virus isolated from the final cell culture passage was established with homotypic monkey antisera. The cytopathologic effects of the C viruses were not inhibited by antisera to the three types of poliomyelitis virus nor was the converse true.

The results of this study suggest that HeLa cell cultures might be valuable for the laboratory diagnosis and epidemiologic study of epidemic pleurodynia, or other human illness.
Antigenic Studies of Virus- and Trypsin-Treated Erythrocytes
Authors: Wallace John H. , Dodd Matt C. , Wright Claude-Starr
Published: January 2023

Rabbit antisera to normal, trypsin-treated, influenza virus-treated or Newcastle disease virus-treated human erythrocytes were shown to contain antibody for normal and treated red cells.

Agglutinins specific for the various cell modifications were isolated by agglutinin-absorption procedures. The antigenic changes produced by the viruses and trypsin were found to be related but distinct. Each treatment was shown to remove some normal cell antigens, the alteration of normal cell surface components being most marked following treatment with Newcastle disease virus.

Similar but less extensive modifications were demonstrated with virus-modified chicken erythrocytes.

Striking cross-reactions were demonstrated between the antiserum to modified cells of each species and the treated heterologous red cells.

NDV-modified cell agglutinin was separated from hemagglutinin-inhibiting antibody.

Antiserum to NDV-treated cells was employed for the detection of modified erythrocytes in experimentally infected chickens and in an acquired hemolytic anemia patient.
Quantitative Studies in Hemagglutination
Authors: Wilkie M. H. , Becker E. L.
Published: January 2023

An assay procedure for the agglutinating power of an isohemagglutinin containing serum with an average error of 14.4% (95% confidence limits) has been developed and applied to the B-anti-B system. The finding of Wurmser et al. that an equilibrium exists between isoantibody and red cells has been confirmed.
A Study of Antigens Active in the Tannic Acid Hemagglutination Test Present in Filtrates of Culture of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Authors: Boyden Stephen V. , Sorkin Ernst
Published: January 2023

A number of different fractions from culture filtrates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been tested for ability to sensitize tanned red cells to agglutination by rabbit antiserum prepared against phenol-killed tubercle bacilli. The different fractions varied considerably in their potency in this respect, and some were inactive.

The antigenic relationship of the fractions active in the test was studied in cross inhibition tests. Four active fractions from unheated culture filtrates were found to be completely distinct from each other serologically and showed very little cross reaction.

Three preparations of PPD and other fractions from heated culture filtrates cross reacted with each other strongly and little difference could be seen among them. These heated fractions also cross reacted with one of the unheated preparations (that analogous to Seibert's C protein).
Electron Microscopically Revealed Structural Elements of Bacterium Tularense and Their in Vitro and in Vivo Role in Immunologic Reactions
Authors: Shepard Charles C. , Ribi Edgar , Larson Carl
Published: January 2023

The antigenic role of structural elements of Bacterium tularense was investigated. Organisms were broken up by treatment with ether or by mechanical agitation with the Mickle apparatus. The products of disruption were fractionated by centrifugation according to schemes which allowed their characterization from a structural standpoint as observed electron microscopically. The fractions were then tested as vaccines against the experimental disease in mice and as precipitating antigens against constant amounts of serum prepared by injecting washed organisms into rabbits.

It was found that the vaccine potency was increased when the organisms were broken whether by ether or by mechanical agitation. Vaccine efficacy and precipitation titer of such preparations were correlated with the amount of cell wall material as observed by electron microscopy. Preparations of cell walls themselves were good vaccines.
The Fate in Rats of Internally and Externally Labelled Heterologous Proteins
Authors: Friedberg Wallace , Walter Harry , Haurowitz Felix
Published: January 2023

S35 serum proteins, produced by the incorporation of S35 amino acids in vivo were coupled with traces of I131 in vitro. The persistence of the doubly labelled heterologous proteins in rat livers and their subcellular distribution was studied. In terms of per cent of administered activity, during the time period studied, a greater amount of radiosulfur than radioiodine persisted. Nine days after the injection of the doubly labelled proteins the radiosulfur was more evenly distributed among the subcellular fractions of the liver than the radioiodine. Similar distribution and persistence of S35 in the liver proteins was found when iodine-free serum albumin containing S35 amino acids was injected. An interpretation for the different fate of the two isotopic labels is given.
Immunologic Studies with Fractions of Virulent Treponema Pallidum
Authors: Portnoy Joseph , Magnuson Harold J. , Roach Lonnie L.
Published: January 2023

The preparation of a serologically reactive substance from virulent T. pallidum by use of desoxycholate extracting solution is described.

Preliminary findings bearing on the physical properties and chemical characteristics of the desoxycholate extract are presented.

The desoxycholate extract has been employed in a conventional complement fixation test. Antigen lots have shown excellent reproducibility as measured by serologic behavior and the measurement of TPCF antibody has likewise been found to be highly reproducible.

The separate identity of TPCF antibody from TPI antibody and reagin is suggested by absorption, inhibition, and correlation studies. A possible relationship to non-reagin agglutinating antibody is suggested.

Data bearing on the specificity and sensitivity of the TPCF are presented and discussed.
Growth Characteristics and Cytopathogenic Effects of Influenza A and B in Cultures of Human Embryo Tissues
Authors: Mogabgab William J. , Simpson Georgie I. , Green Irving J. , Dierkhising O. C. , Wilson L. D.
Published: January 2023

Recently isolated strains of influenza A and B have been propagated by serial passages in cultures of human embryo lung and kidney. Titers of infectious or hemagglutinating virus of either type were equivalent in kidney cultures. Comparable titers were found in lung cultures inoculated with influenza B, but were much lower in those infected with influenza A.

Influenza A strains propagated in cultures of human tissues agglutinated human type O erythrocytes at a higher titer than fowl erythrocytes at 4°C and did not agglutinate the latter cells at 24°C unless passaged in the chick embryo. Influenza B strains propagated in either system agglutinated both kinds of erythrocytes similarly.

The antigenic composition of influenza A or B as determined by hemagglutination-inhibition was not significantly altered by passages in human tissue culture or in the chick embryo.

Incremental rates of tissue culture lines of influenza viruses were greater in kidney cultures than in the amniotic sac, and in both the influenza A strain was the faster. Growth of influenza B was similar in cultures of lung or kidney.

More tissue culture propagated virus was required to infect the allantoic sac than the amniotic sac and hemagglutinating titers were lower in the former.

For determinations of titers of infectivity, periods of growth were required which varied according to the virus and the system utilized; i.e., influenza A propagated in kidney cultures 2 days in the latter and 3 days in the amniotic sac, and its chick embryo adapted counterpart 2 days in that host; influenza B propagated in lung cultures 4 days in the latter as well as in the amniotic sac, and the chick embryo line 3 days in that host.

The results of infectivity titrations of the tissue culture line of influenza A were higher in kidney cultures than in the amniotic sac, while the reverse was found with the influenza B virus propagated in lung cultures and titrated in the latter system and in the amniotic sac.

Five passages with influenza A and nine passages with influenza B in the chick embryo did not significantly alter the characteristics of either in human tissue culture. Titers of PR8 and Lee, however, were lower than those of the latter virus in human lung cultures.

Cytopathogenic effects accompanied multiplication of influenza A and B viruses in human embryo kidney cultures and influenza B in lung cultures.
A Quantitative Study of the Passive Arthus Reaction in the Rabbit Eye
Authors: Waksman Byron H. , Bullington S. J.
Published: January 2023

A typical Arthus reaction may be induced in the rabbit uveal tract by the simultaneous injection of adequate amounts of antigen (crystalline egg albumin or bovine γ globulin) into the anterior chamber or the vitreous and of homologous rabbit antibody intravenously. The reaction is an acute, fibrinous, hemorrhagic uveitis which reaches its peak in less than 24 hr and subsides rapidly. Maximal and minimal reactions required respectively 12 mg and about 1 mg of antibody N (when both eyes reacted simultaneously). Reversed reactions (maximum and minimum) were produced with 0.24 and 0.03 mg approximately of antibody N given in the eye at the same time as intravenous antigen. It was possible to produce both direct and reversed reactions with diphtheria toxoid and horse antitoxin at comparable levels.

When antigen or antibody was injected into the vitreous, it persisted for several days. These substances, however, disappeared rapidly from the anterior chamber. Direct reactions elicited one or more days after antigen injection into the vitreous were increased in intensity and occurred with unusually low levels of intravenous antibody. This did not happen with the reversed reaction. Evidence is presented to show that the enhancement might be due to localization or fixation of antigen in a more reactive site.

Attempted direct and reversed reactions in the cornea failed completely to produce either a typical Arthus response or a delayed opacity comparable to that resulting from local tuberculin injection in a tuberculin-sensitive rabbit. Instead there occurred an iridocyclitis comparable to that which occurred with vitreous or anterior chamber injections.

Arthus reactions were readily produced in the conjunctiva and were accompanied by the formation of a plasmoid aqueous comparable to that seen following the subconjunctival injection of glycerine or hypertonic saline solution.

It did not prove possible to produce a reaction of the wheal and flare type by local sensitization with small amounts of antibody and the later intravenous injection of antigen.

These findings in the rabbit are contrasted with the results of similar experiments in the guinea pig, in which neither an Arthus nor a wheal and flare type of response could be produced by antigen and homologous rabbit antibody injected in various doses and sites and at various intervals in time. Histamine in the anterior chamber of the guinea pig eye gave a well defined reaction.
Quantitative Studies of Lipid-Soluble Tissue Antigens as Exemplified by the Wassermann Antigen-Antibody System
Authors: Osler Abraham G. , Knipp Eleanor A.
Published: January 2023

An analytic procedure is described for the estimation of the Wassermann antibody in human and rabbit sera in absolute weight units. The quantitative ninhydrin reaction was applied to the estimation of antibody uptake by suspensions of cardiolipin, lecithin and cholesterol. The uncertainty introduced in these analyses by the failure to decomplement the sera has been discussed.

The reaction curves obtained with Wassermann antibody and cardiolipin can be described by the Heidelberger-Kendall equation as applied to quantitative precipitation or agglutination. Calculations based on the values for precipitable antibody N indicate that standard serologic tests for syphilis may detect as little as 0.014 μg of Wassermann antibody N.

Data are also given with respect to the heat lability of the Wassermann antibody and the inhibitory effect of normal human serum on aggregate formation by this antibody with suspensions containing cholesterol, lecithin and cardiolipin.
The Influence of Colostrum on Antibody Response in Baby Pigs
Authors: Hoerlein Alvin B.
Published: January 2023

Comparisons have been made between the antibody response to non-living antigens in baby pigs deprived of colostrum, baby pigs receiving normal (“non-immune”) colostrum and pigs receiving “immune” colostrum.

Baby pigs under 8 weeks of age deprived of colostrum did not produce a measurable serologic response to the antigens used.

Baby pigs that received normal (“non-immune”) colostrum responded to antigens when inoculated at 3 weeks of age. This response increased markedly to 6 weeks of age.

Passive transfer of antibodies through “immune” colostrum interfered with active antibody production between 3 and 6 weeks of age.

The inoculation of ovine RBC produced a response which differed in some respects from the antigen-antibody reactions studied. Part of this appears to be associated with intrauterine sensitization to this complex antigen.

Anaphylactic shock resulted from both active and passive (effected through “immune” colostrum) sensitization.
Studies of Complement-Fixing and Neutralizing Antibodies against Certain Adenoviruses
Authors: Katz Sidney , Jordan William S. , Badger George F. , Dingle John H.
Published: January 2023

The results of neutralization and complement-fixation tests for antibodies against adenovirus types 1, 2, 3, and 4 were compared in 41 persons who did not have disease attributable to these agents at the time sera were drawn for testing. There was a dissociation between the results of the two tests with regard to the presence or absence of antibody and the magnitude of antibody titers in individual sera. In another group of 5 persons, varying degrees of persistence of complement-fixing antibody titer were demonstrated from periods of 1 year to 7 years or more. Finally, 20 to 26 persons with neutralizing antibody against adenovirus type 4 in 1954 were found to have such antibody in sera available 5 to 7 years previously. It is suggested that differences in the rate of disappearance of complement-fixing and neutralizing antibodies might explain, at least in part, the previously noted dissociations.
The Cytotoxic Activity of Rabbit Immune Globulin Prepared from Tissue Cultures of Human Skin and Whole Human Placenta
Authors: Bassett C. Andrew L. , Campbell Dan H. , Evans Virginia J. , Earle Wilton R.
Published: January 2023

The preparation of rabbit immune globulins from tissue cultures of human skin cells and whole human placenta is described. An assay of the cytopathogenic effect of the anti-skin immune globulin demonstrated a profound activity against human cells of ectodermal and mesodermal origin. No effect on mouse liver epithelium and mouse subcutaneous (strain L) cells was found. A selective cytotoxicity was demonstrated by the anti-placental immune globulin in vitro. Only fibroblast-like cells were destroyed in cultures of mixed cells arising from skin. The cytotoxic activity of anti-skin globulin could be effectively inhibited by the presence of chicken plasma or pooled, frozen, human serum.
Differential Action of Ammonium Chloride on the Response of the Sensitized Gut to Ovalbumin, Serotonin, and Histamine
Authors: Feigen George A. , Nielsen Christen B. , Sutherland G. Bonar
Published: January 2023

The presence of physiologically active principles in perfusates of chemically irritated lungs has been described by Steiner (1) and Bartosch (2). Garan (3) insufflated various hydrocarbons and ammonia into the isolated lungs of guinea pigs and found that the output of physiologically active materials, as assayed on the guinea pig gut, was greatest after treatment with ammonia. He inferred that the perfusate contained histamine on the basis that it caused the atropinized gut to contract, and showed the activity of the extract to be reduced after incubating it for 24 hr with the histaminase preparation, Torantil. Subsequent work of Schild (4) showed that the amount of active material produced from the rat's diaphragm by treatment with ammonium chloride varied with the pH of the medium and therefore that the magnitude of the release was dependent upon the fraction of undissociated ammonia present.
A Comparative Study of Antibody Inactivation of Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Authors: Rappaport Irving , Siegel Albert , Owen Ray D. , Wildman S. G.
Published: January 2023

Five strains of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were inactivated by three different antisera. All strains are related antigenically and fall into at least three distinct groups. These relationships are in basic harmony with those previously uncovered (1, 2).

The masked and common strain of TMV can be distinguished by the inactivation method.

The data suggest that the amino acids histidine and methionine probably are not involved in the antigenic structure associated with the nfectivity of Holmes' ribgrass.
Studies with Measles Virus
Authors: Ruckle Gisela , Rogers Kenneth D.
Published: January 2023

Twenty-five cases of clinical measles were investigated using tissue culture techniques for isolation and identification of the causative agent. Isolation of measles virus was successful in 9 early cases. In all patients from whom the agents could not be isolated the failure was correlated with the presence of serum antibody that emerged soon after appearance of rash.

Propagation of the agents recovered and neutralization tests were carried out in HAM tissue. The tissue culture behavior and immunologic properties of 9 measles virus agents investigated were indistinguishable.

Immunologic relationship of 6 agents was examined by cross-neutralization tests. Neutralization and complement-fixation techniques have been utilized to measure the antibody response to infection, the persistence of antibody in children recovered from the disease, in adults, and the relationship of antibody level in cord and maternal blood. The neutralizing antibody level in different lots of γ-globulin was also determined.
Antibody Response of Mice Treated with 2-Mercaptoethyl-Guanidine Hydrobromide and Lethal Doses of X-Radiation, and its Significance to the Relation of Antigen to Host
Authors: Makinodan Takashi , Shekarchi Isabel C. , Congdon Charles C.
Published: January 2023

No important difference between sheep and rat agglutinin production was observed in normal and MEG mice. The sheep agglutinin response was higher than rat agglutinin response in the 475-r, 700-r, 950 r-IBM, and MEG-950 r mice. Such difference was based on the induction period of agglutinin response, peak agglutinin titer, and on the mean total agglutinin response. The rate of recovery of the immune mechanism of MEG-950 r mice was almost comparable to that of the 475-r mice. The rate of recovery of the immune mechanism of MEG-950 r mice was not significantly different from that of the 950 r-IBM mice. The results permit the deductions: that MEG protects predominantly nonantibody producing cells; that either multiple types of antibody producing cells exist or some antibody producing cell has the ability to recognize the difference between (a) homologous, (b) closely related heterologous and (c) distantly related heterologous antigens; and that the degree of destruction of antibody forming cells by x-irradiation is in the order mentioned.
Partially Inactivated Poliomyelitis Virus: Initiation of Infection in Tissue Culture
Authors: Schultz P. , Rightsel W. A. , Timm E. A. , Taylor A. R. , McLean I. W.
Published: January 2023

Detailed comparisons were made between formalin-treated suspensions of poliovirus, and the course of inactivation produced by ultraviolet irradiation, iodine, betapropiolactone, and heat. The studies show that formalin alone produces a unique delay in initiating infection of sensitive tissue culture cells as evidenced by the rate of appearance of plaque formation. Prolonging the time of treatment or increasing the concentration of formalin results in an increased delay in appearance of plaques. Other factors such as storage, pH, presence of inactive virus particles, or residual formalin do not account for the delayed infection observed. In addition, virus suspensions treated with formalin continue to show a delay in cellular degeneration whether formalin is neutralized or removed by dialysis. The possible mechanisms involved are considered and the importance of the phenomenon is discussed.
Serologic Reactions of Extracellular Soluble Substances of Crown Gall Bacteria (Agrobacterium Tumefaciens)
Authors: Pinkes Alexander H. , Neill James M.
Published: January 2023

The results of the experiments demonstrated that extracellular substances obtained from supernatant fluids of glucose broth cultures of A. tumefaciens possess serologic properties. The substances reacted with relatively high dilutions of antisera produced by immunization with Type 27 pneumococci or with the B512 strain of L. mesenteroides, although they reacted only with low dilutions of antisera produced by immunization with A. tumefaciens bacterial cells. In contrast, the washed cells of A. tumefaciens failed to react with the Type 27 and B512 antisera but were agglutinated by relatively high dilutions of the A. tumefaciens antisera.

Data from absorption experiments presented good evidence that the A. tumefaciens extracellular soluble substances, the specific capsular polysaccharide (S) of Type 27 pneumococcus, and the capsular antigen of the B512 strain of L. mesenteroides were closely similar to each other in serologic properties, which suggest that all 3 of these materials must possess some chemical features in common. However, the A. tumefaciens substances differ from the pneumococcal and leuconostoc capsular antigens in that they do not occur on the cellular surfaces in sufficient amount to function as dominant antigens in agglutination tests with the washed bacteria cells.

Although chemical data on the A. tumefaciens soluble substances used in our experiments have not yet been obtained, the substances resemble the “gum” described by Connor, Riker, and Peterson in respect to low solubility in ethanol, and are certainly distinct from the low molecular weight glucosan of A. tumefaciens which has been chemically defined by Hassid and associates.
The Relation of Antigen to Antibody (Precipitin) in Vitro
Authors: Opie Eugene L.
Published: January 2023

There is little accurate knowledge concerning the fate of foreign protein introduced into the body. It appears in the blood and in some instances is excreted in relatively small quantity in the urine but this method of elimination offers no satisfactory explanation of its long continued persistence in the blood nor of its final disappearance. Those who have studied the fate of protein introduced into immunized animals have found that the antigen enters the blood and some have observed no difference in rapidity of disappearance between the normal and the immune animal. The subject is one of broad interest for there is no line of separation between relatively bland substances such as horse serum or egg white on the one hand, and on the other hand toxic substances such as the serum of lower vertebrate and of invertebrate species and other products of the animal or vegetable kingdom.
Observations on the Protective Action of Normal Serum in Experimental Infection with Bacillus Diphtheriae
Authors: Mackie T. J.
Published: January 2023

In carrying out test inoculations in guinea-pigs with B. diphtheriae and diphtheroid bacilli for purposes of identification, where control animals were injected with the particular strain plus a certain amount of diphtheria antitoxin, it was noted that these animals were protected against lethal doses of B. diphtheriae by normal horse serum as well as by the specific immune serum. Though this observation did not involve any quantitative comparisons between the effect of the normal and the immune serum, the fact that normal horse serum should act protectively in the same way as the serum of a specifically immunized animal seemed of considerable importance and suggested the further investigation of the phenomenon. This normal serum effect is also of general interest in relation to “non-specific therapy” where alien protein (e.g., animal serum, bacterial protein, etc.) injected parenterally is found to exert a favourable influence on the course of various infections in a non-specific manner.
On the Classification of the Phenomena of Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Coca Arthur F. , Cooke Robert A.
Published: January 2023

I. By Arthur F. Coca. Robert Doerr was the first to recognize the need of a classification of the phenomena of hypersensitiveness. In attempting such a classification Doerr (7), unfortunately chose as the main heading the term Allergie (allergy) which had been introduced by von Pirquet. This choice was particularly unhappy because Doerr felt obliged in using it to observe with some strictness the etymological significance of the term (altered reactivity). The result of this observance was the inclusion in Doerr's category of allergies of phenomena of such different nature as to make their association valueless if not positively confusing. There seems, for example, to be no advantage in associating in one category two so widely different phenomena as the well known morphine tolerance and morphine idiosyncrasy.

Doerr's subdivision of “allergic” phenomena into those exhibited to non-antigenic substances and those exhibited to antigenic substances is also inadvisable because such subdivision necessitates a confusing separation of identical conditions of hypersensitiveness in human beings, merely in accordance with the presence or absence of antigenic property in the exciting agent.
Studies in Endothelial Permeability. II
Authors: Petersen William F. , Levinson S. A.
Published: January 2023

The fact that anaphylactic shock in the dog is associated with phenomena largely neuroendothelial in character as contrasted to the neuromuscular reaction that predominates in the guinea pig has led to an extensive study of these alterations in the vascular relations. It has been found that the effect on the lymph flow is quite similar to that when lymphagogues of 1st class are injected, i.e., an increased flow of lymph that is more concentrated in solids. This has been ascribed to the increased intraportal pressure. This increase in intraportal pressure has been assumed by some to be due to factors in which the liver is not directly participating, by others, such as Mautner and Pick (1) and Simmonds (2), actual vasoconstriction in the liver is held to be causative. Jaffe (3) has demonstrated smooth muscle fibers about the smaller veins in the liver and states that they are seen most easily when the liver is engorged and the capillary spaces distended.
Studies on Antibacterial Factors in Mammalian Tissues and Fluids
Authors: Naff George , Myrvik Quentin N. , Henelt Edward , Soto-Figueroa Eva
Published: January 2023

The serum levels of bactericidin activity against Bacillus subtilis were studied in several disease states in humans. Myocardial infarction produced a marked rise about the fifth postsymptom day. Patients with lobar pneumonia demonstrated maximum titers during the acute phase of their disease, usually during the first hospital day. Metastatic malignancies also resulted in elevated serum levels. Several other conditions produced little effect on serum bactericidin levels.
The Effect of Tuberculin on Peritoneal Exudate Cells of Sensitized Guinea Pigs in Surviving Cell Culture
Authors: Waksman Byron H. , Matoltsy Margit
Published: January 2023

Washed peritoneal exudate cells of guinea pigs with tuberculin sensitivity and of normal control animals were maintained in surviving cell cultures in stationary tubes. The culture medium was 20% normal homologous serum to which varying concentrations of old tuberculin, glycerin, or “purified protein derivative” were added. The cultures were studied by direct microscopy, by total viable cell counts, by vital staining with neutral red and trypan blue and by differential counts taking into account both cell type and cell size. The exudates contained polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes, and large macrophages; but the predominant cell type was intermediate in size and appearance between the lymphocyte and macrophage, showing considerable cytoplasmic basophilia but ingesting neutral red in a manner characteristic of macrophages.

A clearly defined drop in total cell count occurred early (18 hr) in tubes containing antigen, and a marked relative rise late (72–90 hr). The early fall involved all cell types but appeared to affect large macrophages markedly. The late rise was attributed largely to superior cell survival observed in the presence of antigen and in part to proliferation. The presence of antigen also produced a hastening of maturation of the intermediate cells and possibly of lymphocytes towards typical large macrophages.

These findings are interpreted as suggesting a stimulatory effect of antigen on sensitive cells of at least one type. The implications of such an interpretation are examined briefly.
Growth Characteristics of Adenoviruses
Authors: Lieberman Melvin , Friedman Murray , Kasper Charles
Published: January 2023

Evidence has been presented that Types 1, 4, 5 and 6 adenovirus possess similar growth characteristics. Intracellular CF antigen had an eclipse period of 18–20 hr and intracellular infectious virus was detected 16–22 hr after infection of HeLa cells. This suggests that the CF antigen and infectious virus are produced independently and the CF antigen was not a precursor to infectious virus.

A delay in the release of the CF antigen and infectious virus was observed with the strains of the types of adenovirus studied. Furthermore, HeLa cells infected with Type 4 adenovirus were capable of continued antigen production despite early development of maximum cytopathogenic effects.
Formation of Bacterial Protoplasts by Serum Components
Authors: Muschel Louis H. , Carey Warren F. , Baron L. S.
Published: January 2023

Normal mammalian serum plus stabilizing agents effected conversion of the viable bacterial rods of Escherichia coli B and Salmonella typhosa Mrs. S., both rough organisms, into spherical protoplasts. A smooth organism, S. typhosa H901, was refractory, however, to the formation of protoplasts by normal serum, but addition of antiserum, complement, and lysozyme led to the formation of stabilized protoplasts of this organism. These protoplasts may conceivably play a role in the persistence of microbes in the animal body.