bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inability of Resin Acid Exposure to Elevate EROD Activity in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Ferguson M.L. , Servos M.R. , Munkittrick K.R. , Parrott J.
Published: March 2019

The induction of mixed function oxygenase enzymes, including ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD), has been reported in fish downstream of bleached kraft mills in both Scandinavia and Canada. The compound(s) responsible have not been identified. Several experiments were conducted to determine if resin acids can induce EROD activity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Interperitoneal injections (i.p.) of dehydroabietic and abietic acid (50 mg/kg) did not elevate EROD activity after 2, 4 or 10 days. Dehydroabietic acid i.p. at 500 mg/kg did not increase EROD activity after 4 days. A mixture of ten resin acids i.p. at 370 mg/kg or water borne exposure at 100 µg/L did not induce EROD after 4, 8, or 16 days. Rosin gum i.p. at 370 mg/kg also did not induce EROD. These results suggest that resin acids are not the compounds primarily responsible for EROD induction below bleached kraft pulp mills.
A Batch Study of the Aerobic and Anaerobic Removal of Chlorinated Organic Compounds in an Aerated Lagoon
Authors: Chernysh Alexandra , Liss Steven N. , Allen D. Grant
Published: March 2019

In order to further our understanding of the removal of adsorbable organic halogen (AOX) from bleached kraft pulp mill effluent in an operating lagoon, controlled batch studies (at 22°C and 30°C) were conducted under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The removal of AOX ranged from 17 to 70% and the presence of sludge significantly increased the removal of both AOX and total organic carbon (TOC). There was no further significant removal of AOX beyond two days for the aerobic experiments and beyond 10 days for the anaerobic experiments. The removal of AOX under anaerobic conditions was not significantly different from those under aerobic conditions and increasing the temperature caused a significant increase in the removal of AOX. There was no significant difference in the overall removal or patterns of removal between AOX and TOC. A mass balance showed that the sludge represented the major fraction of organically bound chlorine in the mixed liquor.
Broad Spectrum Analysis of Alcohols as Indicator Compounds for Phathalate Plasticizer Contamination in Water and Soil
Authors: Headley John V. , Krause Darwin , Swyngedouw Chris
Published: March 2019

The effectiveness of present approaches to the study of the fate and transport of phthalate esters and adipates in surface water and ground water samples is limited by ubiquitous levels of background contamination in the field and the laboratory. An alternative approach is described in which C7-C11 alcohols are used as indicator compounds to circumvent the problems associated with contamination arising from plasticizers at an industrial site. The approach combines information obtained from GC/MS analyses of selected samples with information from a cost-effective pre-screening GC/FID technique. The approach (a) provides broad spectrum data for trend analysis, (b) minimizes the occurrence of false positives, and (c) reduces the cost of analyses required for the delineation of contaminated plumes. For contaminated samples, the concentration of phthalate esters was approximately 3-4 times higher than detectable levels of alcohols. Although the detection limits are 0.1 mg/L and 1 μg/g for water and soil samples, respectively, there is a threshold concentration of phthalate esters of approximately 300 μg/g, below which alcohols were not observed.
A Management Strategy for Contaminated Sediment: Assessment and Remediation
Authors: Zarull M.A. , Reynoldson T.B.
Published: March 2019

Sediment contaminated with metals, persistent toxic organics and nutrients represents a significant concern throughout the Great Lakes. The highest levels of sediment-associated contaminants and some of the worst manifestations of their resultant problems are found in the urban-industrial harbours, embayments and river mouths. These “Areas of Concern” require complete problem definition and remediation of all impaired uses. However, our ability to fully remediate contaminated sediments in these nearshore areas is limited by the availability of proven technology, adequate assessment data and suitable restoration goals.

All of these requirements are currently in the research, development and demonstration phases. Each of these is discussed in the context of their technical problems and further research needs and development directions are indicated.
Bioenergetic Simulations of Mercury Uptake and Retention in Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens)
Authors: Harris R.C. , Snodgrass W.J.
Published: March 2019

Bioenergetic models for mercury accumulation in walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) were calibrated on the basis of data which indicate that methylmercury concentrations in oxic, unpolluted lake waters are on the order of 0.04 to 0.40 ug m−3. This range reflects improved analytical capabilities in recent years and is significantly lower than earlier estimates on the order of 4 μg m−3. For both yellow perch and walleye, the calibrations of bioenergetics equations in this study strongly suggest that the food uptake pathway is dominant for methylmercury in oxic unpolluted freshwaters, in comparison to uptake across the gills. The food pathway is predicted to be responsible for 90% or more of methylmercury uptake in yellow perch and walleye in oxic freshwaters with methylmercury concentrations less than 0.3 to 0.4 μg m−3. As a result of the dominance of the food uptake pathway, mercury concentrations in fish were strongly influenced by the mercury concentration in the diet. A change in the source of the walleye diet from benthos to fish resulted in a significant increase in the rate of mercury accumulation. The calibrations resulted in a 5-year old yellow perch achieving a mercury concentration of 0.15–0.20 μg g−1, and a 4-year old, 1 kg walleye achieving a mercury concentration of about 0.45 μg g−1.
Bioconcentration of Cadmium in Aquatic Invertebrates: Geochemical, Physiological and Behavioural Influences
Authors: Evans R. Douglas , Lasenby David C.
Published: March 2019

The geochemical control of cadmium (Cd) availability to invertebrates in lake water is examined. In particular, the influence of lake water acidity on the bioconcentration factors (BCF’s) for Cd in various organisms is investigated. The relationship between BCF and pH is inverse for some organisms and not significantly different than zero for others. This is taken as evidence that factors other than geochemistry influence metal concentrations in organisms. Specific examples of the importance of physiological and behavioural processes are given. The hypothesis that the differences in the relationship between BCF and pH for different organisms is related to surface adsorption of metal is discussed.
Increase in Metallothionein in Freshwater Mussels Anodonta grandis grandis Exposed to Cadmium in the Laboratory and the Field
Authors: Malley D.F. , Klaverkamp J.F. , Chang P.S.S.
Published: March 2019

Freshwater unionid mussels, Anodonta grandis grandis, were exposed in the laboratory to nominal [Cd] of 0, 5, 10, 20 and 50 ug/L to determine: 1) whether this species produces metallothionein (MT) in response to Cd exposure, 2) which body parts are involved in the production, and 3) the dose-response relationship between (MT] in body parts and the treatment [Cd] in the laboratory compared with that in a field population exposed to Cd.

Background [MT], as µg MT/g wet weight, measured in mussels freshly collected from a pristine lake were: kidney, 38.9 > visceral mass, 15.0; foot, 13.7; gill, 12.5 > mantle, 3.4. After these mussels were exposed to Cd in the laboratory for 22 days, blood [Cd] in the 5–50 µg/L Cd exposures averaged 5.1, 7.1, 9.3 and 15.8 times, respectively, the blood [Cd] in the 0 µg/L treatment. After the 22-day exposure, only [MT] in gill showed a statistically significant relationship with treatment [Cd] indicating that MT was induced in response to Cd exposure. The [MT] in gill after 22 days exposure to 50 µg/L Cd was 24.2 µg/g, 72% higher than in mussels exposed for this period to 0 µg/L Cd.

In comparison, [MT] in the gill of mussels collected from a whole lake receiving experimental additions of Cd over three ice-free seasons (epilimnetic means of 0.08, 0.05 and 0.1 µg/L Cd, respectively), was 36.5 ug/g after two seasons exposure and 35.0 µg/g after three seasons, indicating a many-fold greater response to water-borne Cd in the field compared with the laboratory. The other body parts in the mussels collected after three seasons in the Cd-treated lake also contained significantly greater [MT] (kidney, 118.3 µg MT/g; visceral mass, 36.3; foot, 26.0 and mantle, 9.5) than did those from the pristine lake. The field samples thus indicate that all these body parts produce MT in response to exposure to Cd.
WQTA — A Water Quality Trend Analysis Program
Authors: Tsanis I.K.
Published: March 2019

A series of programs have been developed using the statistical package Minitab to evaluate trends of water quality parameters over a time period. These programs are included in an interactive program with graphic capabilities called Water Quality Trend Analysis (WQTA). The output files from the retrieval and year programs of the National Water Quality Data Bank (NAQUADAT) are used as input files to the program. The graphic output is obtained using the graphical package Axum. Twelve-month moving averages and the Spearman’s rank correlation are applied for trend assessments. The components of variability (seasonal, trend and random) of the water quality parameters are modelled using linear regression. The methods are applied successfully to selected physical and chemical water quality parameters collected at the mouth of Niagara River, at Niagara-on-the-Lake, during the period 1976–89. The specific conductance was decreasing for the period as the discharge was increasing, due to higher dilution effects. A modest downward trend for total phosphorus was observed for the period 1976–84, and there is no trend between 1984-89. A strong decreasing trend for chloride was observed during the 1977–84 period but this has levelled off since then. A strong upward trend for iron and a weak downward trend for lead was evident over the study period.
A Probabilistic Model for the Determination of Acid Rain Levels
Authors: Provost Serge B. , Barnwal Rajesh K.
Published: March 2019

This article gives, in closed form, exact representations of the probability content of elliptical cylinders lying in three-dimensional Gaussian fields. The concentration of a pollutant present in the air, in a given neighborhood, is assumed to follow a trivariate normal distribution. Noting that the amount of a certain pollutant absorbed by a cluster of clouds—whose volume is approximated by an ellipsoid—is proportional to the pollutant’s integrated concentration distribution over the elliptical cylinder that the cluster sweeps out, and that the trajectories of the rain drops coming from this cluster also fill an elliptical cylinder, one could, for example, use the derived results to determine the amount of sulphuric acid deposited on a given area of the earth’s surface during rainfall.
Recycling Human Waste: Composting Toilets as a Remedial Action Plan Option for Hamilton Harbour
Authors: Wynia Wendy , Sudar Anne , Jones Gary
Published: March 2019

Hamilton Harbour has been designated as an Area of Concern in Ontario by the International Joint Commission due to water quality and ecosystem quality problems. One option that has been suggested as a means of reducing sewage loadings to local sewage treatment plants is the composting toilet. To investigate this option, background research was conducted regarding the design and functioning of the composting toilet over the years. It was found that composting toilets break down organic material through an aerobic microbial process with the end products being largely carbon dioxide, water and a humus-like material that can be used as a soil conditioner.

Identified composting toilet owners (14 in total), mainly cottagers, were contacted and surveyed regarding their experience and degree of satisfaction with this type of toilet. Various related problems and benefits were identified. A random sample survey was then mailed out to 1200 Hamilton/Burlington residents to gauge the social acceptability of the composting toilet option in an urban setting. Responses tended to be quite positive and concern for environmental problems, specifically water quality, was apparent. Results indicated that nearly a quarter of the homeowners in the Hamilton/Burlington area would consider installing a composting toilet in their homes.
Réponse de la flore bactérienne de l'estuaire du Saint-Laurent à un éventuel déversement de pétrole
Authors: Siron R. , Pelletier E. , Delille D. , Brochu C.
Published: March 2019

Un groupe de cinq mésocosmes de 3,5 m3 chacun, permettant de travailler en eaux froides, a été utilisé pour étudier l’évolution de la flore bactérienne de l’estuaire du Saint-Laurent sous différentes conditions de contamination (pétrole dispersé chimiquement, non traité ou relargué à partir d’un substrat) et à différentes saisons (températures de l’eau de mer variant de −1,8 à 16°C). Des concentrations en pétrole de <1 à plus de 67 mg.L−1 ont été testées. La dispersion chimique du pétrole induit une augmentation de la croissance des bactéries hétérotrophes viables (BHV). Le temps de génération diminue lorsque la température de l’eau augmente et la densité bactérienne maximale atteinte en mésocosmes augmente généralement avec la quantité de pétrole dispersé dans la colonne d’eau. La croissance des BHV est également stimulée par les produits pétroliers relargués à partir d’un substrat contaminé. Lorsque le pétrole est déversé en surface et non traité, la faible concentration dans la colonne d’eau ne permet pas une augmentation significative de la microflore hétérotrophe. La présence de pétrole induit toujours une augmentation de la densité des bactéries dégradant le pétrole (BDP). En conditions glaciales extrêmes (température moyenne de −1,6°C; couche de glace en surface), l’activité hétérotrophe était accrue par la présence de pétrole dispersé, alors que dans le même temps, la microflore totale restait relativement constante. Une diminution de la diversité spécifique de la communauté bactérienne était notée après deux semaines d’exposition à une concentration maximale de 4,6 mg.L−1 en pétrole dispersé. La communauté bactérienne indigène qui a été échantillonnée dans des conditions hivernales peut être considérée comme “psychrophile tolérante” ou “psychrotrophe”. Les analyses chromatographiques en phase gazeuse effectuées sur le pétrole résiduel ont mis en évidence une biodégradation significative des hydrocarbures aliphatiques et aromatiques, qui est révélée ici par la diminution des rapports n-alcanes/isoprénoides et 2-méthylnaphtalène/ 1-mèthylnaphtalène. Le taux de biodégradation augmente avec la quantité de pétrole dispersé dans la colonne d’eau et avec la température de l’eau. En conditions hivernales extrêmes, la biodégradation restait très limitée durant les deux semaines suivant la contamination.
Water at the Outlet of the St. Lawrence River Part II - Suspended Matter and Solid Loadings from 1989 to 1991
Authors: Barbeau C. , Sérodes J.-B. , Côté J.-E.
Published: March 2019

During two years (1989–91), water samples of the St. Lawrence River were taken on a daily basis at the intake of the drinking water treatment plant of Lévis, in front of Québec City, and analyzed for suspended matter. Data indicate that the physical behaviour of the particulate phase is identical to that observed for the dissolved phase (see paper I) and, in contrast to the steady concentrations at the exit of Lake Ontario, the suspended matter at the outlet of the St. Lawrence River varies on a monthly and seasonal basis. The concentration varies from a mean value of 8 mg/L in winter to 30 mg/L in spring, 10 to 15 mg/L in summer, and 14 to 19 mg/L during fall, with an annual mean of 17 mg/L. The maxima occur in spring and are higher than 100 mg/L (108–179). High concentrations of solids are observed at dates of high flow, except in November, when a heavy solid discharge is noted independently of water flow. Tributaries on the south shore contribute little to the flow of water but they carry half of the suspended matter at Levis during periods of low concentration of solids and more than the two-thirds during periods of high concentration.

The calculated sediment load of the St. Lawrence River at Lévis for 1990 is 7 million tons and the annual load based on the 1989–91 period is 6.6 million tons. More than 95% of the solids come from downstream of Lake Ontario. Seasonally, 50% of the annual load occurs during spring, 10% in winter, while fall and summer contributes each 20%.
Flux of PCBs into Water in Little Lake, Peterborough, Ontario
Authors: Metcalfe C.D. , Ferguson M.L. , Metcalfe T.L.
Published: March 2019

The Otonabee River downstream of Peterborough, Ontario, has been contaminated with PCBs as a result of a history of industrial discharges into Little Lake. It has been suggested that downstream sites have become contaminated as a result of desorption of PCBs from contaminated Little Lake sediments, In a laboratory microcosm study, the PCB flux from Little Lake sediments into water was calculated to be 0.4 µg/m2/d, which, when extrapolated to the sediment area of Little Lake, corresponds to a total PCB flux of 0.09 g/d. However, from analysis of water samples upstream and downstream of Little Lake, the total flux of PCBs from Little Lake was calculated to be 13.2 g/d. This discrepancy between calculated flux rates indicates that either the laboratory microcosm study underestimated PCB flux, or there is another source of PCBs in Little Lake other than contaminated sediments. The preponderance of highly chlorinated PCB congeners in water samples collected downstream of Little Lake lends support to the latter hypothesis.
An Overview of Constructed Wetlands as Alternatives to Conventional Waste Treatment Systems
Authors: Hamilton Hugh , Nix Peter G. , Sobolewski André
Published: March 2019

Constructed wetlands are an attractive alternative to conventional wastewater treatment under certain conditions. This review presents background information on wetland treatment and wetland design, and outlines the potential for wetlands to treat water contaminated with organic compounds including hydrocarbons. The major mechanisms that reduce contaminant concentrations in wetlands are sedimentation, filtration, chemical precipitation, microbial interaction and plant uptake. The presence of bacteria in “biofilms” on the enormous plant and detrital surface area in wetlands is fundamental to their ability to degrade complex organic contaminants. There are few examples in the literature of wetlands being used to control organic chemical pollution. However, the very high level of biochemical activity in the water column and upper sediment layer in wetlands, combined with a high degree of ecological resilience, suggests that wetlands can be an attractive low cost, low energy, low maintenance alternative to conventional treatment methods.
Anaerobic-Aerobic Lagoon Treatment of Kraft Mill Effluent for Enhanced Removal of AOX
Authors: Lee E.G.-H. , Crowe M.F. , Stutz H.
Published: March 2019

A continuous-flow sequential anaerobic-aerobic lagoon treatment process was developed and evaluated for removal of adsorbable organic halide (AOX) from whole-mill kraft effluent at both laboratory and pilot-scale. The rationale underlying the development of the process was that the AOX removal efficiency of aerated lagoons currently in use might be significantly increased through relatively simple modification.

Bench-scale studies showed that sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment of whole-mill kraft effluent resulted in AOX-removal efficiencies of over 70% at hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 10 days, 5 days and 2 days. In contrast, only 20%, 35% and 36% removal was obtained in a control aerobic lagoon. Pilot-scale studies showed that up to 65% removal of AOX from whole-mill kraft effluent was consistently obtained at HRTs ranging from 5 to 10 days. This compares with typical AOX removal efficiencies in conventional aerated lagoons of about 25%. Conversion of the anaerobic section in the pilot-scale lagoon from a simple sludge blanket to a combination of sludge blanket and submerged biofilm further increased AOX removal efficiencies to about 70%.
Bench-Scale Testing of Activated Sludge Treatment for a TMP Wastewater
Authors: Liver Susan F. , Miyamoto Henry K. , Black Steve A.
Published: March 2019

A continuous bench-scale treatability study determined the most desirable design and operating parameters for waste treament of effluent from an integrated Canadian TMP newsprint operation. An initial batch study indicated that the effluent was biologically treatable and provided initial biological kinetic (biokinetic) parameters for this wastewater. This information was used to design the continuous study.

Conventional activated sludge treatment of the mill wastewater can produce an effluent which meets the federal regulations for BOD5, suspended solids, and toxicity to D. magna. Predictions using cumulative toxicity units (CTU) indicate that the treated effluent would also be non-toxic to O. mykiss as well. Analyses of ammonia in the treated effluent indicated that un-ionized ammonia concentrations would be non-toxic to rainbow trout.

Mass balances incorporating the results of the bench-scale studies and the effect of fibre carry-over from the primary clarifier, defined the full-scale operating conditions selected as: an F/M of 0.35 d−1, HRT of 0.5 days, SRT of 6 days and an MLSS of 4400 mg/L (when no polymer is used at the primary clarifier). These conditions were arrived at by selecting the smallest HRT which still corresponded to an MLSS < 5000 mg/L, an F/M < 0.4 d−1 and an SRT > 5 days.

Based on the kinetics for biological treatment of mill effluent, at the maximum mill production, adequate BOD5 removal will still easily be obtained under the above operating conditions, even during cold weather periods.

Operational concerns identified by bench-scale testing indicated that a full-scale facility should incorporate an anoxic selector (although the anoxic selector did not show measurable improvement in the bench-scale tests) and micronutrient addition for filamentous bulking control.
An Alternative Approach for Computation of Annual Toxic Contaminant Loadings in Urban Runoff
Authors: Xu P. , Marsalek J. , Tsanis I.K.
Published: March 2019

An alternative approach was presented for estimating annual toxic contaminant loadings in urban runoff. In this method, the mean contaminant concentrations are calculated by a regression method. In the computation of contaminant loadings, the load component transported by the liquid phase was estimated by multiplying the mean concentration in water by the runoff volume simulated by the STORM model. The load component transported by suspended solids was calculated by multiplying the mean concentration in solids by the event mean solids concentrations reported in the NURP Program. The loadings calculated by this method were compared with those obtained from whole water samples, and the differences are within an order of magnitude. Since more parameters are used in this approach, it appears more suitable for use in sensitivity analysis of parameters, and more flexible in evaluations of controls measures.
Characterization of the Chemical Constituents and Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms of a Municipal Landfill Leachate
Authors: Ernst W.R. , Hennigar P. , Doe K. , Wade S. , Julien G.
Published: March 2019

Samples of leachate were obtained at four locations in effluent streams from a municipal waste landfill near Halifax, Nova Scotia. Samples were analyzed for a number of physical and chemical parameters using standard laboratory procedures. Samples were also screened to identify organic chemicals by matching mass spectrometer output against a reference spectrum library. Static acute toxicity tests (48 h to 96 h) were also conducted on samples using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and water fleas (Daphnia magna) as test organisms. The acute toxicity of leachate was primarily due to its ammonia content; however, the chronic effects on aquatic organisms of the range of organic chemicals identified in these samples remains undetermined. Paradoxically, the leachate discharge to the receiving water body reduced the toxic potential of that water to the organisms tested.
Modelling Sedimentation and Resuspension in Lakes
Authors: Podsetchine V. , Huttula T.
Published: March 2019

A 2-D vertical flow and suspended matter transport model and a 3-D transport model are described. Existing parameterizations of resuspension and deposition of sediments on the bottom are discussed. Models were applied for calculation of unsteady sediment transport in Lake Karhijärvi, Finland, for a five-day period with high winds and heavy rain in autumn 1992. A parabolic distribution of vertical eddy diffusivity was found to be applicable. Erosion was approximated with cubic dependence on bed shear stress. The 3-D model showed that the observed turbidity peak in the middle of the lake was caused by suspended matter transport through the River Susikoski. Sediment resuspension was found to be limited in the areas with depth less than 1 m. The 2-D vertical model was useful for determination of erosion under certain weather conditions, but for detailed analysis in space and time a 3-D model with high resolution is required.
Hydrodynamic and Ecological Models for the Gulf of Finland
Authors: Tamsalu Rein , Myberg Kai , Sarkkula Juha
Published: March 2019

Measurement programs and model simulations of hydrodynamics and ecology of the Gulf of Finland, a sub-basin of the Baltic Sea, have been carried out from the 1970s. The measurements indicate that there exists a wind-independent background current in the gulf. A 2.5-D baroclinic, prognostic, hydrodynamic model has been developed. The vertical structure of temperature and salinity is based on a self-similarity structure of the sea. The model results showed that the background current in the measurements can be explained by the important role of buoyancy-driven circulation in the studied area. There are quasi-stationary fronts of salinity and velocity in the gulf. The maintenance of these fronts is based on the opposing effects of river water discharge and salty water input from the main Baltic Sea. These processes are modified by the baroclinic circulation and bottom topography. A box model for calculation of ecosystem characteristics was developed for the Gulf of Finland. The plankton organisms are divided into size classes. The aquatic ecosystem characteristics were calculated by using the results of the hydrodynamic model (flow velocity, temperature, salinity, density, sea level and turbulent fluxes) as input data. The verification of the model was carried out against the Baltic Monitoring Program (BMP) data. Long-term water quality simulations were done by changing external nutrient load.
Hydrodynamics of Lakes Ladoga and Onega
Authors: Beletsky D.V. , Filatov N.N. , Ibraev R.A.
Published: March 2019

Results of physical experiments and modelling in lakes Ladoga and Onega during the last two decades are presented. Synoptic ship surveys were conducted during the period of thermal bar formation and during full stratification while currents and temperature were recorded using a network of buoys. The primary emphasis is given to the temporal and spatial variability of currents and temperature fields, numerical modelling and model verification. The data obtained and model calculations reveal the fundamental role of wind-induced upwellings, coastal jets, thermal fronts and mesoscale eddies in lake hydrodynamics.
Application of Remote Sensing in the Visible Spectrum for Hydrodynamic Studies in Lakes
Authors: Kondratyev K. Ya. , Pozdnyakov D.V.
Published: March 2019

Large scale limnological applications of active optical remote sensing techniques are described. An airborne Nd:YAG laser with frequency doubling and tripling facilities is used. Algorithms for inferring concentrations in phytoplankton chlorophyll (CHL) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) are developed for inland water bodies. Through the analysis of specific features of retrieved 2-D fields of CHL and DOM, it is possible to characterize the surficial manifestations of various fundamental thermohydrodynamic phenomena in lakes and water storage reservoirs, such as upwellings, cores, stream patterns, etc.
Thermal Processes in Lake Onega
Authors: Boyarinov P.M. , Palshin N.I. , Petrov M.P.
Published: March 2019

Results from many years of experimental research on the thermal regime of Lake Onega are reported. The discussion includes a description of heat transport processes, free convection, thermal bar development, progression, and upwelling. Also discussed is the equation of state regarding ion composition of fresh water and its implication to thermodynamic processes such as thermohaline convection and microstructure inversions.
Evaluation of Phosphorus Removal in the Activated Sludge Process
Authors: Duffy S.J. , Deutschman J.E. , vanLoon G.W.
Published: March 2019

The chemical behaviour of aluminum and phosphorus is examined at various stages in an activated sludge wastewater treatment facility which uses alum as a coagulant. It is found that most of the phosphorus leaving the plant is in the form of unsettled particulates associated with residual aluminum. This result is in agreement with numerous other studies and has led us to postulate that by optimizing conditions under which coagulants are added to the wastewater stream, improved settling of the resulting flocculant material would occur and this would be indicated by lower total phosphorus and turbidity. The hypothesis was tested on batch samples in the laboratory and at the plant, and also using a bench-scale continuous model plant. The data indicate that addition of alum using moderate mixing after the effluent leaves the aerator could result in a final effluent with significantly lower turbidity and phosphorus.
Fish as Indicators of Ecological Sustainability: Historical Sequences in Toronto Area Streams
Authors: Wichert Gordon A.
Published: March 2019

A weighted species association tolerance index with respect to water quality (WSATI-WQ) was crafted based on the literature on the sensitivity of different species to certain types of changes in their habitats. This index was used to compare changes through time in ecological conditions at locales in 12 subwatersheds in Toronto streams. As expected, WSATI-WQ scores were generally largest at relatively undisturbed sites and became progressively smaller with increasing deviation from an undisturbed state. Benefits from improved management of sewage have offset some of the degradation associated with earlier urbanization. It appears that modern urban stresses are less harmful to aquatic systems than were urban stresses of the past since some tolerant fish species presently live in urban streams where fish were absent 40 years ago.
Quality Assurance for Environmental Monitoring
Authors: Lawrence John , Aspila Keijo I.
Published: March 2019

A data quality management framework for ecological monitoring programs is described. A total quality management framework has three key elements: quality management planning, quality control, and quality assessment and audit. The quality management plan establishes the data quality objectives, the protocols and procedure documents to be followed, reporting schedules, training needs and the individuals to be held accountable. Quality control is the systematic set of procedures carried out by each operational unit involved in the measurement process. Quality assessment is the set of procedures designed to provide the overall check on data quality while verifying that the other components of the framework are adequate.
Mobilization of Mercury from Estuarine Suspended Particulate Matter: A Case Study in the Yalujiang Estuary, Northeast China
Authors: Jingsheng Chen , Fei Tang , Feiyue Wang
Published: March 2019

Trace metal concentrations in suspended particulate matter in estuaries are dependent on the extent of mixing between river and seawater. Superimposed on this physical mixing, chemical mobilization from the particulates may take place. This paper presents the behavior of mercury in the Yalujiang estuary, northeast China. It deals with (i) field observations on the variations of mercury concentrations in the estuarine suspended material and (ii) the experimental mobilization of mercury from contaminated estuarine sediment by exposure to artificial seawater.

Three stations on two cross sections in the upper and lower Yalujiang estuary were sampled over at least two or three complete tidal cycles. The field observations show that there is a clear mobilization of mercury from the suspended material during the maximum mixing of river and seawater. The experimental mobilization suggests that mobilization of mercury from the suspended particulates in seawater is caused not only by complexing with CI’ and ion-exchanging with the alkali and alkaline earth cations in seawater, but also by the dissolution of humic substances in the particles by seawater and the release of associated mercury.
Occurrence of Butyltin Compounds in Tianjin and Dalian Harbours, China
Authors: Shugui Dai , Guolan Huang , Yong Cai
Published: March 2019

Subsurface seawater samples from 12 locations in Tianjin and Dalian harbours were analyzed for butyltin species by gas chromatography-atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and the presence of butyltin species was reported for the first time in these two harbours. Butyltin species were determined in most sampling locations. The concentrations of butyltin species in Tianjin Harbour were higher than those in Dalian Harbour. Some water samples in Tianjin Harbour contained the highly toxic tributyltin at concentrations which could cause growth retardation on chronic exposure to a sensitive organism (rainbow trout yolk sac fry). The concentrations of butyltin species were higher in areas of heavy boating and shipping traffic. This is consistent with butyltin use as an antifouling agent in some paints for boats, ships and docks.
Water Quality Modelling for an Estuary in Johore
Authors: Koh Hock-Lye , Lim Poh-Eng , Lee Hooi-Ling
Published: March 2019

A tidal tributary of the Johore River with a palm oil mill located upstream was selected for this study. Hydrographic and hydrological data were collected to study the hydraulic regimes in the tributary due to freshwater flows and tidal forces subject to various meteorological conditions. A simple tidal model was built to represent the hydraulic flows. Water quality parameters including BOD5, DO, pH, ammonia nitrogen, suspended solids and temperature were determined during three tidal phases, namely high water, intermediate water and low water, to assess the existing water quality of the river. The impacts of the discharge of palm oil mill effluent and other likely discharges on the water quality of the river were assessed by means of a computer model, modified from the WASP4 model developed by the U.S. EPA, for contaminant fate and transport in surface water.
The Use of Biological and Chemical Parameters to Determine the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Wastewaters
Authors: Zhang Linlin , Sun Xiaoran
Published: March 2019

This study was conducted to determine the different parameters of the wastewater entering the Haihe River in the city of Tianjin. Different biological and experimental testing methods were used, including bioluminescence, the Ceriodaphnia dubia test, simulated bioaccumulation by thin-layer chromatography, and GC-MS analysis. Two samples showed acute toxicity to bioluminescent bacteria and Ceriodaphnia dubia, and contained many kinds of chemical compounds which tended to bioaccumulate. The wastewaters were also assessed and a basis for the river pollution control was provided.
Study of a New Adsorbent for Fluoride Removal from Waters
Authors: Rongshu Wang , Haiming Li , Ping Na , Ying Wang
Published: March 2019

A new adsorbent for fluoride removal is reported in this study. The process and mechanism of removing fluoride are also reported. The adsorbent was characterized as having high selectivity for fluoride, large adsorption capacity, applicability to neutral medium and much better adsorption at high temperature. The floride removal mechanism is a typical chemisorption which is different from the one used for activated alumina. Adsorption rate was considerably faster at the beginning of the adsorption process, followed by a much slower porous diffusion process. Results of field tests showed that the adsorbent was much more suitable for treating high temperature geothermal water with high fluoride content. It also had the advantages of reducing turbidity, decolorizing, dealkalizing, and removing iron from drinking water.
Removal of Oil from Concentrated Wastewater by Attapulgite and Coagulant
Authors: Zunan Qiu , Yi Zhang , Yuqiao Fang
Published: March 2019

The removal of oil from wastewater by adsorption on pulverized attapulgite and coagulation was investigated. It was found that raw clay is better for the removal of floating oil than clay-calcined products. Raw clay, however, was not quite so effective for the removal of emulsified oil. The percentage removal is a function of both the amount of attapulgite added and the initial oil concentration. The relationship between the amount added and the remaining oil concentration has a form similar to the Freundlich model, though equilibrium is not achieved. As for the removal of the emulsified oil, the use of coagulant and attapulgite implies a synergistic enhancement. The adsorption time is very important. A linear relationship is observed between the logarithm of adsorption time and the percentage removal. Over 90% removal of the floating oil is obtained by using 1% attapulgite for 1 h at 30°C and 1 ppm PAM when the initial oil concentration is about 500 mg/L. This is superior to that of bentonite. Over 99% removal of emulsified oil is achieved by using 2.5% attapulgite for 15 min and 800 ppm aluminum sulphate when the initial concentration is 126,000 mg/L. The used clay could be regenerated.
Biodegradation of Lubricating Oils in Aquatic Environments
Authors: Xie Yongming , Bewtra J.K. , Biswas N. , Franklin M.
Published: March 2019

Laboratory studies were conducted on the biodegradation of some selected lubricating oils. A standard method for determining the biodegradability of selected recalcitrant organic compounds was developed. Test results show that the species of bacteria present in the sample is an important factor affecting the biodegradation of selected lubricating oils. Results also indicate that it is difficult to degrade lubricating oils in water by using indigenous microorganisms in natural river or lake water. The study shows that up to 23% removal can be achieved biologically after 67 days of operation.
Water Pollution Control Measures in Taiwan
Authors: Lao Robert G. , Shu Youn Y.
Published: March 2019

Environmental degradation in Taiwan is widespread, serious and steadily increasing. Taiwan’s small land mass has been overburdened with a large number of pollutants and ecological imbalance. The situation is not limited to Taiwan alone; it is also all over South-East Asia. The region comprises nations which are becoming industrialized and facing environmental problems similar to those of Taiwan. In order to fight pollution, Taiwan has initiated a tough battle, combining enforcement, education and incentives, to achieve, maintain and restore environmental quality. In 1988, Taiwan produced 7.6 million cubic meters per day of wastewater, and the corresponding BOD totalled 3,600 metric tons. Twenty-one major rivers are heavily polluted, and harbour and ground water pollution has become a serious problem. Several control programs have been designed, including both short-term and major-source control projects. In the six-year National Development Plan (1991 to 1997), US$10 billion will be spent on these projects out of a total pollution control budget of $40 billion.
Laboratory Prediction of Phosphorus Release from Deciduous Leaves to Urban Runoff
Authors: Culbert Heather , France Robert
Published: March 2019

In urban centres, leaves are customarily gathered and temporarily stored in large roadside piles prior to their transport to disposal sites. To simulate the release of total phosphorus to urban runoff, birch and trembling aspen leaves were leached with distilled water in laboratory flasks. There was no difference in rate of total phosphorus release between oven-dried and non-dried leaves. An empirical equation developed from these data and knowledge of the litterfall rates for southern Canada indicated that leaves yielded from 11 to 45 mg TP m−2 of forested watershed. This amount represents up to 5% of the total export of total phosphorus from urban catchments and has the potential to exacerbate eutrophication of municipal waters if leaf pickup is not promptly enforced.
Modelling Nitrate Output from Agricultural Watersheds Using a Hydrological Model
Authors: Boukchina R. , Lagacé R. , Morin G.
Published: March 2019

A distributed area model called CEQNIT (CEQUEAU-NITRATE) to predict nitrate concentration and load from agricultural watersheds has been developed. The model application requires that the watershed be divided into partial squares. At partial-square scale, the model simulates nitrogen reactions within the soil and nitrate leaching. Nitrogen budget in the CEQNIT model includes the leaching of nitrate, plant uptake, denitrification, mineralization of organic nitrogen, immobilisation, nitrification, input by fertilizer and precipitation. Nitrogen dynamics were simulated as first-order kinetic reactions, and the influence of soil temperature and moisture were included. The model requires input from the CEQUEAU hydrological model that provides temporal and spatial estimation of flow discharge over the watershed. Using two-year data from a small agricultural watershed (78 ha), the model was calibrated with first-year data and tested with the second-year data. Results obtained from this study showed that the model was able to reproduce the seasonal nitrate fluctuations accurately.
Long-Term Copper Toxicity on Scenedesmus quadricauda and Complexing Polypeptides
Authors: Bussières Denis , Côté Raynald , Richard Clément , St-Pierre Édith
Published: March 2019

Long-term copper toxicity has been demonstrated in Scenedesmus quadricauda. Upon continuous exposure to copper ions at 250 μg/L, the algae responded by a sharp increase in the synthesis of complexing polypeptides to chelate Cu. Complexing polypeptides gradually decreased, as observed by six sampling tests over 732 h, resembling to a negative exponential curve. This gradual diminution is considered to be a prime mechanism of acclimation or of adaptation to a heavy metal contaminated environment.
Determination of Lead in Soils Surrounding a Lead-Acid Battery Manufacturer
Authors: Skinner Cameron D. , Salin Eric D.
Published: March 2019

Soil lead levels were determined on and around a former battery manufacturing site. Lead concentrations ranging from 120 ppm to 5.1’ were found. The highest concentrations were found close to the factory site. When it was possible to obtain samples over a continuous depth range, it was found that lead concentration decreased with depth and that it increased above underground foundations.
Pesticide Leaching Associated with Conventional Potato and Corn Production in Atlantic Canada
Authors: Milburn Paul , Leger D.A. , O'Neill H. , Richards J.E. , MacLeod J.A. , MacQuarrie K.
Published: March 2019

We employed field-scale tile drainage systems, private wells in farming areas, and research piezometers installed al field edge to evaluate nonpoint source impacts of four pesticides on groundwater quality. Nitrale-N was known to be teaching at all study sites. Herbicides dinoseb and metribuzin and the fungicide chlorothalonil were common to potato production; the herbicide atrazine was common to com production. Based on chemical properties, chlorothalonil is unlikely to leach, while atrazine, dinoseb and metribuzin are identified as potential leachers. In this study, chlorothalonil leaching was indeed very limited; only 4 of 66 tile drainage samples were positive, and al concentrations close to the detection limit (0.005 µg L−1). Chlorothalonil was not detected in any of the farm wells or research piezometers located in areas of intense potato production. Conversely, atrazine, dinoseb and metribuzin were confirmed as nonpoint source leachers. They were often detected in tile drainage water and have been detected in wells, but at mean annual concentrations less than current maximum acceptable concentrations for drinking water as established by Health and Welfare Canada.
Atrazine in Surface and Subsurface Runoff as Affected by Cultural Practices
Authors: Gaynor J.D. , Tan C.S. , Drury C.F. , van Wesenbeeck I.J. , Welacky T.W.
Published: March 2019

Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopn>pylainino-6-triazine) concentration in surface runoff and tile drainage was monitored from small plots managed with conservation tillage and banded herbicide application in com. Atrazine concentrations were larger in surface runoff than in tile drainage. Surface runoff and tile drainage events soon after herbicide application had the greatest atrazine concentrations. When the entire area was treated with atrazine, the maximum concentration recorded in surface runoff was 700 µg/L from conservation tillage compared to 400 µg/L from conventional tillage. Banded application of the herbicide over the seeded row reduced maximum atrazine concentrations in surface runoff to less than 140 µg/L. Atrazine concentration of tile drainage was reduced from a maximum of 350 µg/L in broadcast preemergence treatments to less than 105 µg/L when atrazine was applied preemergence in a band over the seeded row. Deethylatrazine (2-chloro-4-amino-6-isopropylamino-$-triazine) concentration was 0.6 and 0.7 times that for atrazine in surface runoff and tile drainage, respectively, coincident with its transience as an intermediate metabolite of atrazine. Atrazine and deethylatrazine are unlikely to have a direct affect on aquatic life; however, changes in phytoplankton diversity and amounts could indirectly have an adverse affect. Preemergence application of atrazine in a band over the seeded row will reduce the impact of this herbicide on the water quality of surface waters.
Short Communication – Canadian Water Quality Guidelines as Indicators of Sustainable Agriculture
Authors: Caux Pierre-Yves
Published: March 2019

Environmental Quality Guidelines for environmental sustainability are often lacking in many management or environmental policies. These are clear measures or indicators of the quality of the system. In Canada, national soil, water, tissue and sediment guidelines are developed to protect and sustain specific uses of land and water and provide direct measures of sustainability which can be incorporated into an overall ecosystem management framework. This short communication focusses on the use of pesticide Water Quality Guidelines for agricultural sustainability, especially with regard to surface and ground water contamination. Furthermore, this address introduces the new Canadian protocols for deriving Water Quality Guidelines for Irrigation and for Livestock Watering.