bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response time modelling reveals evidence for multiple, distinct sources of moral decision caution
Authors: Andrejević Milan , White Joshua Paul , Feuerriegel Daniel , Laham Simon , Bode Stefan
Published: November 2020

People are often cautious in delivering moral judgments of others’ behaviours, as falsely accusing others of wrongdoing can be costly for social relationships. Caution might further be present when making judgements in information-dynamic environments, as contextual updates can change our minds. This study investigated the processes with which moral valence and context expectancy drive caution in moral judgements. Across two experiments, participants (N = 122) made moral judgements of others’ sharing actions. Prior to judging, participants were informed whether contextual information regarding the deservingness of the recipient would follow. We found that participants slowed their moral judgements when judging negatively valenced actions and when expecting contextual updates. Using a diffusion decision model framework, these changes were explained by shifts in drift rate and decision bias (valence) and boundary setting (context), respectively. These findings demonstrate how moral decision caution can be decomposed into distinct aspects of the unfolding decision process.
Recognizing the Impact of Covid-19 on the Poor Alters Attitudes Towards Poverty and Inequality
Authors: Wiwad Dylan , Mercier Brett , Piff Paul Kayhan , Shariff Azim , Aknin Lara Beth
Published: November 2020

The novel Coronavirus that spread around the world in early 2020 triggered a global pandemic and economic downturn that affected nearly everyone. Yet the crisis had a disproportionate impact on the poor and revealed how easily working-class individuals’ financial security can be destabilised by factors beyond personal control. In a pre-registered longitudinal study of Americans (N = 233) spanning April 2019 to May 2020, we tested whether the pandemic altered beliefs about the extent to which poverty is caused by external forces and internal dispositions and support for economic inequality. Over this timespan, participants revealed a shift in their attributions for poverty, reporting that poverty is more strongly impacted by external-situational causes and less by internal-dispositional causes. However, we did not detect an overall mean-level change in opposition to inequality or support for government intervention. Instead, only for those who most strongly recognized the negative impact of COVID-19 did changes in poverty attributions translate to decreased support for inequality, and increased support for government intervention to help the poor.
Accounting for Time-Varying Inter-Individual Differences of Trajectories when Assessing Cross-Lagged Models
Authors: Scott Paul
Published: November 2020

This paper explores relationships amongst cross-lagged models allowing trajectories to be freely estimated, some accounting for time-varying differences amongst individuals (Autoregressive Latent Trajectory (ALT), General Cross-lagged Model (GCLM), and Latent Growth Curve Model with Structured Residuals and Unspecified Growth Trajectory (LGCM-SR-UGT)) and some not (Cross-lagged Panel Model (CLPM), Random Intercept Cross-lagged Panel Model (RI-CLPM), and Mean Stationary GCLM). An applied example using LSAY data demonstrates these models. Simulations examine (1) fit indices assessing “good” fit and Bayes Factor for model selection; (2) consequences of ignoring variability in trajectories on cross-lagged estimates. Findings were (1) RMSEA discerned “good” fit and Bayes Factor tended to select models closely related to true model over less related models; (2) various patterns of bias in path estimates and standard errors are found, in particular, causal dominance in conjunction with time-variant between-person variance and covariance were notably influential on bias in path estimates.
Developmental shifts in computations used to detect environmental controllability
Authors: Raab Hillary , Foord Careen , Ligneul Romain , Hartley Catherine A.
Published: November 2020

Accurate assessment of environmental controllability enables individuals to adaptively adjust their behavior — exploiting rewards when desirable outcomes are contingent upon their actions and minimizing costly deliberation when their actions are inconsequential. However, it remains unclear how estimation of environmental controllability changes from childhood to adulthood. Ninety participants (ages 8-25) completed a task that covertly alternated between controllable and uncontrollable conditions, requiring them to explore different actions to discover the current degree of environmental controllability. We found that while children were able to distinguish controllable and uncontrollable conditions, accuracy of controllability assessments improved with age. Computational modeling revealed that whereas younger participants’ controllability assessments relied on evidence gleaned through random exploration, older participants more effectively recruited their task structure knowledge to make highly informative interventions. Age-related improvements in working memory mediated this qualitative shift toward increased use of an inferential strategy. Collectively, these findings reveal an age-related shift in the cognitive processes engaged to assess environmental controllability. Improved detection of environmental controllability may foster increasingly adaptive behavior over development by revealing when actions can be leveraged for one’s benefit.
Cracking the code of place value: The relationship between place and value takes years to master
Authors: Cheung Pierina , Ansari Daniel
Published: November 2020

Place value, which underlies the meanings of multi-digits, encompasses the principle of position and base-10 rules. To understand “65,” one needs to know that the digits “6” and “5” occupy different positions and thus represent ordered values of different magnitudes (the principle of position), and that the value of each position is determined by base-10 rules (e.g., the rightmost position is 10^0, followed by 10^1, 10^2, etc.). Without the principle of position, children cannot construct meanings for multi-digits. Previous studies show that children do not know the exact value of digit positions until early elementary school years, but less is known about the acquisition of positional knowledge for multi-digits. To study when and how children construct a relationship between position and value, this study explored when children begin to know that the leftmost digit represents the largest value, and whether such knowledge relates to learning number names. Four to 7-year-olds from primarily Caucasian, middle-class families were asked to compare different pairs of multi-digits. Some comparisons (e.g., 12 vs. 21) required knowledge of positional property, and some did not (e.g., 35 vs. 36). We found that as a group, 6-year-olds could recruit positional knowledge to compare multi-digits. We also found that children who knew the number names of both of the multi-digits in a comparison pair were above chance on multi-digit comparison. Our results shed light on the developmental steps towards acquiring place-value notation, and highlight a role of learning number names for learning positional property of the place-value notation.
The Living Codebook: Documenting the Process of Qualitative Data Analysis
Authors: Reyes;Reyes Victoria , Bogumil Elizabeth , Welch Levin Elias
Published: November 2020

Transparency is once again a central issue of debate across types of qualitative research. Workon how to conduct qualitative data analysis, on the other hand, walks us through the step-by-stepprocess on how to code and understand the data we’ve collected. Although there are a fewexceptions, less focus is on transparency regarding decision-making processes in the course ofresearch. In this paper, we argue that scholars should create a living codebook, which is a set oftools that documents the data analysis process. It has four parts: 1) a processual database whichkeeps track of initial codes and a final database for completed codes, 2) a “definitions and keyterms” list for conversations about codes, 3) memo-writing, and 4) a difference list explainingthe rationale behind unmatched codes. It allows researchers to interrogate taken-for-grantedassumptions about what data is focused on, why, and how to analyze it. To that end, the livingcodebook moves beyond discussions around inter-coder reliability by documenting the process by which analytic codes are created, refined, and debated.
Application of ARIZ to Social Issues: Case of ICT Device Addiction in Pre-teen Children in India
Authors: Loganathan Muralidharan , Ramadurai Bala
Published: November 2020

.While information and communication technology (ICT) has facilitated the exploration of online content through applications and games, there has been a significant increase in research on the pathological use of ICT devices, particularly smart phones. India is home to a growing number of people using ICT devices; many of these people were born in the 2000s. This scenario poses significant challenges in development and parental control. We are contributing to the literature on the application of TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) to social issues by examining the issue of addiction to ICT devices among pre-teenage or grade-school children in India. We adopt a case-based approach to studying ICT device usage and apply TRIZ-based methods to solve for both exploration and parental control. We present a set of innovative solution concepts for further development. Further, we propose potential developmental models that can be adopted by device manufacturers, considering the recent activism in the area.
Evolution of Physical Activity Habits After a Context Change: the Case of COVID-19 Lockdown
Authors: Maltagliati Silvio , Rebar Amanda L. , Fessler Layan , Forestier Cyril , Sarrazin Philippe , Chalabaev Aïna , Sander David , Sivaramakrishnan Hamsini , Orsholits Dan , Ntoumanis Nikos , Boisgontier Matthieu P , Gardner Benjamin , Cheval Boris
Published: November 2020

This study examines the evolution of physical activity habits across the Spring COVID-19 lockdown.
Survival Response of Consortium Isolates from Diesel Contaminated Soil within Katsina State, Nigeria
Authors: Zubairu Darma Umar , Musa Aminu , Riko Yunusa Yahaya
Published: November 2020

Environmental increase in the spilled diesel creates serious damages to our natural ecosystems. Biodegradation provide the best removal alternative for such diesel contamination. This study was carried out to monitor the bacteria survival response during diesel oil biodegradation. Bacteria isolation was carried out using plating technique and screened at varying diesel concentrations (0 to 10%, v/v) before being identified using the 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bacteria consortia were formulated using the screened isolates through mathematical permutation approach. Prepared bacteria resting cells of the selected consortium was grown at 2%, v/v diesel oil which was co-contaminated with varying concentrations of Mg++, Mn++, Zn+, Co++ and Fe++ (0 to 4 g/L) in mineral salts medium. Total of 47 different bacteria strains were isolated and the finally screened isolates were identified as Alcaligenes sp., Ochrobactrum sp., Alcaligenes aquatilis and Alcaligenes faecalis UMYU001 (MN519483.1). These bacteria were found to be compatible with one another despite being obtained from different environments. Of the prepared consortia, combination 11 (CST11) was found to produce the highest population of 1.6 x 104 cfu/mL after 48 hours at 2% v/v diesel oil. This CST11 survived optimally at 35°C, 7.0, and 2% v/v of the temperature, pH and diesel oil respectively. Also, the resistance thresholds of the metals for CST11 include Mg++ (3.5 g/L) while Mn++, Zn++, Co++ and Fe++ were only resisted at 1 g/L. This recommends the consortium as good enough in surviving at the sole expense of diesel oil even in the presence of heavy metals co-contaminants.
Differential Response of Carnation Varieties (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) to Different Levels of Boron under Polytunnels
Authors: Dahal Januka , Adhikari Debraj , Kumar Pun Umed
Published: November 2020

Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) is one of the most commercially important cut flowers of the world. It can be used for cut flowers, bedding, edging, boarders, pots and rock garden. Four Spanish carnation varieties were tested with three levels of boron under ultra-violet stabilized polytunnels from August 2017 to April 2018 at Godawari, Nepal. The objective of the research was to evaluate vegetative, floral, and vase life parameters in relations to growth, yield and quality of carnation. The research was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The variety Baltico had the maximum leaf length (19.3 cm), numbers of lateral branches (10.5), internodal length (5.1 cm), flower diameter (8.6 cm), and vase life (24.0 days). The numbers of nodes (5) and flower weight (25.4 g) were highest in the variety Vinco with the lowest cracked area on the stem (0.2 cm2/ crack). The numbers of stem cracks per plant significantly (p ≤0.01) reduced with an increasing level of boron though non-significant relation was observed on 60 ppm and 120 ppm. Variety Baltico was found as a better variety compared to the Vinco, Cervantes and Master varieties according to the vegetative, floral, yield and vase life parameters. Among the levels of boron tested, 60 ppm was found as the optimum dose. Thus, variety Baltico and 60 ppm boron is suggested to be used at the climatic condition of Lalitpur.
Diversity and Local Uses of Tree Species of Non-Timber Forest Products in Zamay Forest Reserve in Cameroon
Authors: Konsala Souare , Moksia Froumsia , Yougouda Hamawa , Evele Moctar Sassouang , Tchobsala . , Adamou Ibrahima
Published: November 2020

Forest products play an important role in supporting livelihoods in many developing countries. The study examined diversity and local uses of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in Zamay forest reserve in Cameroon. The inventory design consisted of three collection units (CU): CU1,  CU2 and CU3 in the north, center and south of the reserve respectively. In each CU, seven plots of 2 500 m2 each (50 m × 50 m) were established and woody individuals (dbh ≥ 10 cm) were inventoried. Local uses of NTFP were determined through semi-structured and structured interviews and plot methods were used for the inventory of the resource species. Statistical analyses were performed with Origin 6.0 and XLSTAT Softwares. A total of 745 stems was recorded, representing fifty-two species grouped in twenty-two families and thirty-seven genera. The Shannon diversity index (H’) varied from 2.52 to 3.11, and Shannon evenness index (EQ) from 0.75 to 0.83. The most dominant families were Combretaceae, Burseraceae, Balanitaceae and Mimosaceae. A total of 44 useful species was recorded in five categories of uses: medicine, food, fodder, crafts and fertilizers. The most important species in terms of use values were Acacia albida Del., Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr., Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss., Balanites aegyptiaca L., Ziziphus mauritiana Lam., Tamarindus indica L. and Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. Means of frequency of citation and use values were not significantly different. Results of this survey will allow considering reforestation with valued species in the degraded parts of the reserve.
Evaluation of Potential Factors affecting the Distribution of Mysids (Crustacea: Mysidacea) in Puttalam Lagoon, Sri Lanka
Authors: Nandanie Punchihewa Neetha
Published: November 2020

Limited information is available on mysids in estuarine systems in Sri Lanka. Present study attempts to find out the distribution of mysids in Puttalam lagoon and also to evaluate the possible factors affecting its distribution. The spatial distributional survey recorded 30 mysid habitats. Mesopodopsis zeylanica, Mesopodopsis orientalis and a new Sirella srilankensis were identified, with M. orientalis being the most abundant and widely distributed species. Survey of temporal variation in mysid abundance was also carried out at two sites for a six months period. This collection of M. orientalis was the first record in Sri Lanka. Distribution of mysid species is primarily dependent on the salinity. Other than the salinity distribution, and abundance of mysids depend on water level and boundary conditions. The occurrence of mysids exhibited a strong positive correlation (P ≤ 0.01) with boundary condition of the lagoon, while presence of garbage, water level, and salinity correlated negatively. Furthermore, species distribution were strongly and positively correlated (P ≤ 0.01) with boundary conditions and negatively correlated with salinity and presence of garbage. The occurrence of M. zeylanica depended on low salinity level while M. orientalis and S. srilankensis depended on high salinity. Lower water levels and boundary vegetation were more favorable for mysids along with sites consisting of mangroves or widespread seagrass beds while soil filled boundary areas and waste disposal sites along the boundary were found to be unsuitable. Reforestation and restoration of mangrove boundary areas can enhance the biodiversity in the lagoon.
Patterns and Outcome of Neonatal Intestinal Obstruction in Kanti Children’s Hospital
Authors: Thapa Bijay , Basnet Anupama
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Neonatal intestinal obstruction is the most common neonatal surgical emergency. More than 75% of neonatal surgeries are done for the correction of this problem. The outcome of this obstruction mainly depends upon the causes of obstruction, clinical condition of the patient, associated anomalies, expertise and centre where the patient is dealt. This study was undertaken to study the clinical features and outcome of neonatal intestinal obstruction presented in our centre.

Methods: The medical records of all neonates admitted in the surgical NICU were selected and cases with the diagnosis of neonatal intestinal obstruction and managed surgically during two years period from September 1, 2015 to September 1, 2017 were retrospectively reviewed and analysed in regard to age at presentation, sex, weight, gestation, postoperative diagnosis and their outcome.

Results: Out of 235 admitted neonates, 205 cases were treated surgically for intestinal obstruction. There were a total of 154 (75.2%) males and 51 (24.8%) females. Mean age at presentation was 4.5 days and average weight was 2.25 kg. Among them, anorectal malformation (ARM) 88 (42.92%), intestinal atresia 59 (28.78%), Hirschsprung’s disease 38 (18.53%), malrotation of gut 10 (4.87%) and meconium ileus 10 (4.87%) were the etiology. Among intestinal atresia, duodenal atresia 27 (45.76%) was the commonest one followed by ileal atresia 24 (40.67%), six jejunal atresia (10.16%) and two colonic atresia (3.38%). Overall, 160 neonates survived (78.04%). Among the survival, Hirschsprung’s disease was 34 (89.47%), ARM 78 (88.63%), seven malrotation of gut (70%), six meconium ileus (60%) and intestinal atresia 35 (59.32%).

Conclusion: Neonatal intestinal obstruction is the most common neonatal surgical emergency in Kanti Children’s Hospital. Anorectal malformation was the commonest etiology followed by intestinal atresia and Hirschsprung’s disease. Overall survival rate was 78%. Cases with Hirschsprung’s disease and anorectal malformation had about 90% survival rate. Intestinal atresia was the major cause of mortality occupying 53.35% of total mortality of 21.95%. Mortality is mainly due to delayed diagnosis, referral and intervention which lead to higher complications of cases.
Ethics and the COVID-19 pandemic; A clinician’s perspective
Authors: Kulkarni Rajesh K , Kinikar Aarti A
Published: November 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic has raised exigent medical, ethical and organizational challenges. While some excellent articles have been published about the ethical aspects of pandemics from a bioethicist’s perspective , there is meager published literature on clinician’s perspective. The issues important from a clinician’s point of view are duty to treat, personal safety, safety of family, safety of colleagues, resource allocation, care for non COVID-19 patients and research.
COVID-19 – The New Normal and Dentistry
Authors: Pradhan Shaili
Published: November 2020

No abstract available
Dental Neglect Score and its Association with Oral Hygiene and Dental Caries among Adults visiting A Tertiary Hospital in Kathmandu
Authors: Bhattarai Rosina , Khanal Sunita , Shrestha Sujita , Rao G. Nagaraja
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Dental neglect is a harmful behavior which brings many unwanted consequences in oral health. It has been found to be related to poor oral hygiene and increase in oral diseases. Dental neglect scale is a valid measure to record dental neglect among adults.

Objective: To assess dental negligence using Dental Neglect Scale (DNS) questionnaire and assess its association with oral hygiene status and dental caries.

Methods: Study consisted of convenient sample of 287 adults visiting Kantipur Dental Hospital who were given six-item Dental Neglect Scale questionnaire followed by oral examination using Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S) and Decayed Missing Filled Teeth (DMFT) index.

Results: The mean DNS score was found to be 18.40. Statistically significant difference was seen between age of the participants and mean DNS score (P value 0.033) as well as with gender and mean DNS score (P value 0.001). Association between dental neglect score and DMFT categorised and OHI-S shows statistically significant difference the groups with p value 0.022 and 0.001 respectively.

Conclusion: Dental neglect was found to be high among adults in Kathmandu and caries and oral hygiene status were significantly associated with dental neglect. Variation in dental neglect exists in relation to various sociodemographic variables like age and gender.
Splinting with Composite and Wire: Cheap, Flexible Option for Stabilizing Traumatized Teeth
Authors: Shah Harish Kumar , Sharma Shivalal , Shrestha Sajeev , Goel Khushboo , Subba Nirupa Thamsuhang
Published: November 2020

Trauma to teeth is one of the most serious dental injuries, and it requires correct and timely management for the favorable prognosis. Splinting of teeth is considered best practice to maintain the repositioned tooth in the correct position, provide patient comfort and improve function. Amongst several methods, splinting with composite and wire is an economical, maintainable and flexible option for stabilizing traumatized mobile teeth. This case report shows splinting of teeth with composite and wire of traumatized teeth in a 24-year-old-male with two years follow up.
Ramsar sites in Nepal: Conservation, present scenario, biodiversity value and threats
Authors: Shrestha Binod , Shrestha Shristi , Shrestha Arati , Khadka Udhab Raj
Published: November 2020

Wetlands are the dynamic ecosystems with high yielding capacity which are considered very prolific from view point of biodiversity. With prime functioning of water supply, wetlands are well known for supplementary functions of providing ecosystem services viz., groundwater recharge, carbon sequestration, preventing water logging and flooding etc. Total ten wetlands sites of Nepal are included in Ramsar List till 2019, Koshi Tappu being the first listed wetland and Lake Clusters of Pokhara Valley being the latest included wetland which covers 60,561 hectares area of the total area of the country. Ramsar sites in Nepal are distributed throughout the country and are classified as high altitude wetlands, mid hill wetlands and terai wetlands. The Ramsar Site hosts endemic species of floral species some of which are endangered. It too serves as excellent habitat as water hole and corridor for numerous digits of threatened and endangered faunal diversity. Besides this, they serve as excellent habitats for migratory birds as well. Being such integral portions of biosphere, wetlands are under constant threats like eutrophication, siltation, invasion of alien species, pollution, agricultural runoff etc. This review article is based upon desk review different published and unpublished literatures from national level and provides detail information on updated wetlands of international importance of Nepal, along with present scenario, biodiversity value and threats that the wetlands are facing and is expected to help in shaping future course actions for wise use and sustainable management of wetlands in Nepal.
Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from irrigation waters in selected urban fields around Yamoussoukro lakes in Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Anoman Tchimonbié Messikely , Kouadio Aka Niangoran Marie Stéphanie , Doga Dabé , Ahoudjo Konan Samuel , Zeze Adolphe
Published: November 2020

This study examined the distribution of Escherichia coli (E. coli) resistant to eleven antibiotics and possible relationships among physico-chemical parameters and these resistances. It was carried out over two years during four climatic seasons in five lakes of the Yamoussoukro lake system in Côte d'Ivoire. The physicochemical parameters of the lakes studied are temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), turbidity, nitrates, orthophosphates and ammoniacal nitrogen. A total of 744 water samples were collected from five (5) lakes belonging to the lake system, over a two-year period, during four dry and four wet seasons. Escherichia coli loadings were evaluated after isolation on specific chromogenic medium COMPASS ECC Agar and the susceptibility to antibiotics by the agar diffusion method. Physico-chemical parameters were evaluated according to international standards. The physico-chemical results showed that the nutrient contents evolved generally from upstream to downstream of the lake system, independently of the sources of pollution of five lakes of system. However, the lake B, in upstream of the lake system, showed levels of nitrate, orthophosphate and ammoniacal nitrogen often similar to the downstream lakes. This demonstrates a source of chemical pollution in this lake, which flows to lakes D and E, which are themselves subject to other pollution. Bacterial loads and bacterial resistance to antibiotics have strictly evolved from upstream to downstream of the system. Most isolates were resistant to ampicillin (16.46%), tetracycline (12.87%), ciprofloxacin (12.86%) and sulfamethoxazole (10.14%). Antibiotic resistance patterns of E. coli isolates were similar in both years studied, but higher during rainy seasons (GRS and SRS). The spearman rank correlations and the principal component analysis (PCA) revealed significant correlations between bacterial resistance to antibiotics in lakes and water physico-chemical parameters. Turbidity and DOC can help to determine the main resistances in the lake D. Orthophosphates can help to understand the resistance of chloramphenicol and the nitrates can help to understand the resistance of ampicillin in the lake B. Resistance in the lakes A, B and C can be influenced by dissolved oxygen. Overall, this study provided baseline information on bacterial resistance in the lakes of Yamoussoukro in Côte d'Ivoire, showing that these lakes could be reservoirs of antibiotic resistance, potentially dangerous to public health.
Promoción XXXIV de la Facultad de Medicina Primeros grados virtuales
Authors: Granados Álvaro Eduardo
Published: November 2020

Hoy la FUCS está de plácemes por la celebración de los grados de la promoción XXXIV correspondientes a la generación 2020-1, sesión atípica, salida de la normalidad histórica, de tipo virtual, no por eso menos importante. Al contrario, una ceremonia sin precedentes con la cual celebramos con alegría un momento muy importante de la vida de cada uno de ustedes; un momento muy especial, de plenitud, de gozo, de satisfacción, de tarea cumplida, de una gran meta lograda; meta que ha costado gran esfuerzo, dedicación, disciplina, constancia y trabajo. Atrás van quedando los recuerdos de que tanto costo, estudio, trasnochadas, renuncia a paseos, fiestas familiares, turnos, posturnos, etc. pero hoy este título se lo merecen, lo han luchado, lo han logrado y los acompañará para siempre, igual que la impronta de San José, mi escuela, mi casa.
The Unbearable Failure of Decentralisation in Turkey
Authors: Elicin Yeseren
Published: November 2020

Due to the country’s then drive towards European Union membership, a comprehensive administrative reform agenda had emerged in Turkey during early 2000s. But a brusque reversal of decentralisation reforms followed the 2010 constitutional referendum. The democratic reform agenda adopted in the 2000s has been overturned to lead to an increasingly authoritarian and centralised power. This recentralisation movement had a direct impact on local governance, triggering a decline of local autonomy accompanied by the dismissal of elected mayors and city council members in some Kurdish-populated cities. The fast decay of democratic accountability was accompanied by clientelism and corruption. Indeed, modifications to the system of local administration in the direction of recentralisation stem from the determination to strengthen the central state. Embracing an extremely nationalist discourse, on the one hand, the state put the screws to HDP-ruled municipalities and disqualified mayors-elect in major Kurdish-populated cities. On the other hand, the provision of public welfare as ‘charitable patronage’, redistribution of public resources, and access to public jobs, health services and public housing constituted the major assets of dependency networks created between the AKP and its electors. Taking into account the crucial role played by municipalities in the constitution of these networks, control over municipalities became imperative for the central state. Nevertheless, even in a marginalised local democracy, mayors still have some tools at their disposal and should put them into service to reinforce and expand democratic rights.
Drezno w relacjach polskich osiemnastowiecznych peregrynantów. Rekonesans .
Authors: Pliszka Marcin
Published: November 2020

The article analyses descriptions, memories, and notes on Dresden found in eighteenth-century accounts of Polish travellers. The overarching research objective is to capture the specificity of the way of presenting the city. The ways that Dresden is described are determined by genological diversity of texts, different ways of narration, the use of rhetorical repertoire, and the time of their creation. There are two dominant ways of presenting the city: the first one foregrounds the architectural and historical values, the second one revolves around social life and various kinds of games (redoubts, performances).
Dwa bieguny europejskiej kultury: Karpiński i Leibniz. Próby badań nad dociekaniami filozoficznymi Franciszka Karpińskiego w odniesieniu do filozofii Gottfrieda Wilhelma Leibniza
Authors: Jarszak Jarosław
Published: November 2020

The author seeks an answer to the following question: can we relate the work of Franciszek Karpiński to the philosophical achievements of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz? The article proposes to treat Karpiński’s work as a philosophical inquiry and notices in it a clearly defined metaphysical and axiological principle, which can be treated as an independently constructed version of Leibniz’s principle of sufficient reason. The notes in the diary confirm the assumption that painful life experiences did not stop the poet’s efforts to build a vision of the world that we have reasons to call the “philosophy of optimism”.
Bernardin de Saint-Pierre and the Ubiquity of Harmonies
Authors: Drozdek Adam
Published: November 2020

Bernardin de Saint-Pierre (1737–1814), who is remembered today primarily for his novel Paul and Virginie, was mainly interested in showing the grandeur of God through his investigations of nature. He viewed nature from the teleological perspective: everything in it has some reason and the human task is to detect this reason. He provided hundreds of examples of such reasons, on many occasions exposing himself to derision. The article shows the importance of orderliness of nature, as it manifests itself in interlocking harmonies, as the way he followed to establish the theological conclusion regarding the existence and the attributes of God.
A Review of Common Shoulder Injuries
Authors: Rathje Ben , Begg Caelen , Helland Liv , Kyars Pari
Published: November 2020

The shoulder complex is an intricate combination of bones, muscles, and ligaments that function synergistically to move the arm. While the shoulder is a very mobile joint, allowing for movement in all planes, it is not an apparatus known for stability. The injuries that can be sustained by the shoulder are often extensive and could give rise to further injuries in other aspects of the body, including the arm, back, and sternum. Two of the most common injuries that can be sustained by the shoulder include clavicular fractures and anterior shoulder dislocations. Clavicular fractures are most commonly sustained by direct compressive force directed towards the sternum and applied to the ipsilateral shoulder, while anterior dislocations commonly occur as a result of direct force projected anteriorly while the arm is externally rotated and abducted. The mechanism of injury for both clavicular fractures and anterior dislocations dictates the injuries' severity which subsequently determines the extent of treatment and rehabilitation that is needed. Both conservative and surgical methods are effective in treating shoulder injuries depending upon an individual's activity level and the extent of the injury. Following treatment, proper rehabilitation of the injury is crucial to regain the shoulder's active pain-free range of motion, strength of surrounding muscles, and neuromuscular control, while ensuring a timely return to daily activities.
CRITERIA AND INDICATORS OF THE FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF UKRAINE
Authors: Андрєєва Віта
Published: November 2020

Фінансовий сектор України є основою сталого розвитку економіки та повинен сприяти підвищенню добробуту громадян через забезпечення ефективного акумулювання, розподілу та обігу фінансових ресурсів в економіці. Фінансовий ринок включає грошовий ринок, ринок капіталу та валютний ринок. Національний банк працює на фінансовому ринку, щоб досягати цілей монетарної політики. Він пропонуємо банкам кредити та розміщуємо депозитні сертифікати, купує та продає цінні папери та іноземну валюту. Саме так він впливає на вартість грошей та управляє інфляцією через трансмісійний механізм.
Platon o starości i ludziach starych
Authors: Zmorzanka Anna Z.
Published: November 2020

The article presents Plato’s views on topic of the old age and aged people. There were talked the following topics over: (1) Plato’s terminology of the old age on the background of vocabulary arisen to first half of fourth age; (2) periodization of older age presented in Laws; (3) theory on topic of the aging presented in Timaeus; (4) how mean should lives through his own old age – for example the old man Cephalus; (5) view on topic of the elderly’s role in society; (6) laws of the elderly and project of social care in vision of ideal state. There was said in conclusion, that Plato was only one ancient author, who extensi­vely appeared the problems of old age as well, but philosophical anthropology was that things, which joined different voices in cohesive theory.
Spokój czy smutek? Koncepcja starości w pismach Marka Tulliusza Cycerona
Authors: Kowalski Henryk
Published: November 2020

One of the great authorities in the antiquity who wrote about old age was Marcus Tullius Cicero, the author of „Cato Maior De senectute [Cato the Elder on Old Age]”. The famous orator wrote this work in 44 BCE and dedicated it to his friend Atticus. The author himself was almost 62 years old at that time, and Atticus 65. Cicero wrote the work in a dialogue form, setting the action in 150 BCE, the speakers being Marcus Porcius Cato the Elder, who in this case presented the views of Cicero, Publius Cornelius Scipio the Younger and Gaius Laelius Sapiens. Cicero followed the example of a Greek treatise on old age, probably written by a third-century BCE Peripatetic philosopher, Aristo of Ceos. The concept of the presentation of the treatise is based on comparison of two different views on old age. In one, sorrow and anxiety are visible. Through Cato’s words, Cicero names four reasons why people regard old age as an unhappy period of life: a). it moves us away from active life; b). it weakens physical strength, c). it deprives us of all sensual pleasures, d). it is close to death. The other view, represented by Cato, disproves the ob­jections against old age, recommending calmness, activity, and moderation. Interestingly enough, apart from philosophical or medical arguments, Cicero also refers to political, religious, social and cultural aspects. The apologia for old age presented by Cicero was not always reflected in the reality. Roman sources, especially legal documents, inform about attempted suicide or euthanasia by the elderly. The fundamental reason was the condition of health and physical pain as well as mental illnesses, but the direct motive associated with old age was taedium vitae – weariness of life.
Kiedy w starożytności rozpoczynała się starość?
Authors: Jurkiewicz Jerzy
Published: November 2020

When does man begin to be old: when he is sixty, sixty-five and perhaps seventy? Nothing is more uncertain than the beginning of the old age. Is man`s age the matter of his heart, brain, mood, or chronological time? In the ancient world, there was no clear understanding regarding the beginning of the old age. We have different classifications of the stages of human life, but there was no specified year, which would mark the old age. It was a year between 46 and 60 years of age. Today the age of 46 is not the beginning of the old age. In the ancient world, life was much shorter, so it is not surprising that 46 years old was regarded as the beginning of old age. There were two trends in ancient Greece and Rome. One represented by Plato and Cicero: older people are wise, experienced, worthy of reverence and respect. The second trend represented by Aristotle: older people are quarrelsome, greedy, cowardly. The life of old people was different. The rich lived very well, but in general the old age in ancient times was a difficult time.
Medyczna troska o ludzi starych w starożytnym grecko-rzymskim świecie
Authors: Longosz Stanisław
Published: November 2020

The article talks about the medical care for older people in ancient Greco-Roman world. The Presocratic theory about warm and moisture was generally admitted in Antiquity. They confected that the human body receives the most portion of warm and moisture with birthday human being and lost this in the course of life. After all, as the elderly is cold and dry. The Treatment of disease rested on prevention of Dehydration and Hypothermia by appropriate diet. The article is consisting of three chapters: The first chapter reminds essential theory about warm and moisture, and presented the types of medicine especially from Hippocrates school. The Hippocratic myth has been popularized by Aristotle. The followers of Hippocrates have detected diseases and afflictions of old age. Their therapy was restricted to apply alimentary diet. The second chapter appears analogous therapy, which had been presented in the patristic period, moved by Galen and his followers. Their therapy included not only alimentary diet, but also massages, gym­nastics, walks, baths, moistening and rubbing a diseased part with soil, pharmaceutical, aesthetic or surgical therapy. The third chapter deals with two proposals of old people therapy – Galen’s (diet, exercises, program of old man life and emulation the way of life long-lived people) and Celsius’s (adjustment of diet to the age and season) then surgical, pharmaceutical and aesthetic therapies, which were applying for the meantime. The arti­cle concludes that Ancient Christians, in addiction to this issue, created the germs of old people’s homes (Gerontocomia).
Presbyteroi w czasach Ojców Apostolskich
Authors: Szewczyk Przemysław
Published: November 2020

The ecclesiastical hierarchy, being a reality founded by Christ, is also subjected to his­torical evolution. The article discusses the history of pastoral service in the Church by ana­lyzing the meaning of the word presbyteros in the writingsof the Apostolic Fathers. It is obvious that the term which is derived from the Greek language indicates a person who exercises a pastoral ministry in the church community emphasizing his seniority, but not necessarily old age. Only for Papias „presbuteros” is a real old man who, because of his age, is a living witness to the time of the Apostles. The authority of the witness made him a guard­ian of the faith, that is to say „episcopos”, the bishop. The writings of Ignatius of Antioch and Clement of Rome suggest that in their community „the elders” should not be really old, they form a group which has a different role from that of the bishop. It seems that with the end time of the bishops/old-men in the Church two realities were formed: the episcopacy and the colleges of the presbyter. The establishment of relations and the division of powers between the „presbuteroi” and the man appointed bishop of his church community was therefore one of the most important questions of Christianity in the time of the Apostolic Fathers.
Starość i starcy w aleksandryjskiej egzegezie Księgi Rodzaju. Stanowisko Orygenesa i Dydyma Ślepego
Authors: Szram Mariusz
Published: November 2020

L’article présente l’interprétation allégorique des textes bibliques sur la vieillesse dans l’exégèse alexandrine des III et IV siècles, principalement dans les commentaires et les homélies sur la Genèse d’Origène et de Didyme l’Aveugle. Dans ces oeuvres on trouve plusieurs textes sur les patriarches en tant que personnes âgées. Origène, en analysant les événements de la dernière période de vie d’Abraham, se concentre sur la compréhension spirituelle de la vieillesse comme la maturité et la per­fection morale. Didyme veut plutôt démontrer son érudition en arithmétique et c’est une symbolique spirituelle des nombres relative à l’âge des patriarches qui l’intéresse. Selon les deux alexandrins, chaque homme doit considérer la vieillesse non pas telle­ment comme une période plus pénible de la vie, mais avant tout comme un état de maturité morale et spirituelle, et essayer d’en arriver à ce stade. Dès lors, la vieillesse physique pourrait être mieux acceptée et serait moins douloureuse et pesante.
Autobiograficzna refleksja Prudencjusza nad własnym życiem u progu starości
Authors: Kołosowski Tadeusz
Published: November 2020

The author analyses the beginning of the poetic work of Prudentius (Praefatio) in whom the poet does the self-examination over his own previous life. The poet runs short his own past: the childhood, the beginning of rhetorical studies , errors of the youth, the lawyer’s career , finally the development of the public career. This are quick scenes from following stages of his life. The poet considers, how to live the period of the old age. One ought to talk with himself, to perform the dialogue with the own soul. The old age is the time which man should think about God. The poet wants to laud God with his own word, with her own poetry. Prudentius expresses the conviction that his poesy, lauds God with the day and by night, praises apostles and martyrs, fights with the idolatry and heresies and explains Catholic faith. Such poetry will assure him the salvation.
Starość – sędziwość – dojrzałość. „Senex” i „senectus” w literaturze galijskiej V-VI wieku
Authors: Żurek Antoni
Published: November 2020

The theme of old age is presented only occasionally by Latin authors who wrote their works in Gallia in the 5th and 6th centuries after Christ. The term „old man” is first and fore­most a man of advanced age. Nowhere, however, a limit of old age is defined. Usually one can find a reference to a man still vital, though bearing the hallmarks of loss of strength and fitness. Old age is sometimes linked up with infirmity. Nowhere, however, one talks about any special care that these old people or the old with symptoms of old age need. In a positive sense old age means a person who has experience and authority. People of the Church who enjoy respect are often described in this way. Reaching old age under­stood in this sense was seen as an expression of God`s blessing.
Kodeks Basilicanus A. 6 (alias e) a rodzina „Q” rękopiśmiennego przekazu "Vita Sancti Pauli Primi Eremitae" św. Hieronima
Authors: Degórski Bazyli
Published: November 2020

The essay aims at continuing and completing our previous research concerning the manuscript tradition of the Vita Sancti Pauli Primi Eremitae of St. Jerome. The Basilicanus A.6 (alias E) manuscript, kept in the Vatican Apostolic Library (Archives of the Chapter of St. Peter’s in the Vatican), contains the whole text of the Vita Sancti Pauli Primi Eremitae of St. Jerome – though A. Poncelet places it among the unfinished manuscripts of the works of St. Jerome, while neither J.F. Cherf nor W.A. Oldfather make mention of it. The Basilicanus A. 6 (alias E) manuscript belongs to the „Q” family of the manuscript tradition of the Vita Sancti Pauli Primi Eremitae, established by J.F. Cherf, insofar as it possesses all the variations which are shared solely by the manuscripts codes belonging to this group. On a more technical level, this manuscript belongs to the first subgroup of the „Q” family, since it shares with it all the specific variations. As far as the manuscripts constituting the subgroup of the „Q” family are concerned, the Basilicanus A. 6 is more closely linked to the Vaticanus Latinus 1194 code rather than with the two remaining codes of the subgroup, namely the Vaticanus Latinus 5772 and the Vaticanus Latinus 6075. Nevertheless, the Basilicanus A. 6 cannot directly derive from the Vaticanus Latinus 1194, because it does not always coincide with it, and because it presents some meaningful additions, which are not found in the Vaticanus Latinus 1194.
Kwestia bogactwa i ubóstwa w Kościele imperialnym na zachodzie w IV i V wieku. Próba syntezy zagadnienia
Authors: Kasprzak Dariusz
Published: November 2020

I considered the different views regarding the issues of possession, wealth and poverty in the fourth and fifth century. I focused on the concepts of the fifth-century theologian (St. Ambrose, the Bishop of Milan, St. Augustine the Bishop of Hippo), pioneers of the western monastic theology and also the earliest monastic theologians and the heterodox pelagianist writers. They regarded soteriological perspective of Christianity. In that early period the socio-economic view did not constitute a doctrine. We can distinguish two essential approaches to the issue of possession in the teaching of the Church Fathers in the fourth and fifth century: a realistic and a pessimistic attitude. (The optimistic version regarded the possession of wealth as the result of Divine Protection and as a reward for pious Christian life. Both those models presumed that all the earthly goods were created by God and that people are only the temporary stewards of the goods given them for use. The realistic approach emphasized that everything which God has made was good and there was nothing wrong with owning possessions but it denounced the unjust means by which it is sometimes achieved or used. The pessimistic approach of Anchorites (monas­ticism, orthodox and heterodox ascetics) accepted the possession of goods which were made with one’s own hands. Everything which was not necessary should be given as alms. Coenobitic monks didn’t have anything of their own because everything belonged to the monastery. Their superior decided how everything could be used. The heterodox followers of Pelagius condemned shared of private property at all, and shared the view that voluntarily poverty was the only possible way for Christian.