bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation for measurements of skeletal muscle areas using low-dose chest computed tomography
Authors: Lim Woo Hyeon , Park Chang Min
Published: January 2022

Various methods were suggested to measure skeletal muscle areas (SMAs) using chest low-dose computed tomography (chest LDCT) as a substitute for SMA at 3rd lumbar vertebra level (L3-SMA). In this study, four SMAs (L1-SMA, T12-erector spinae muscle areas, chest wall muscle area at carina level, pectoralis muscle area at aortic arch level) were segmented semi-automatically in 780 individuals taking concurrent chest and abdomen LDCT for healthcare screening. Four SMAs were compared to L3-SMA and annual changes were calculated from individuals with multiple examinations (n = 101). Skeletal muscle index (SMI; SMA/height2) cut-off for sarcopenia was determined by lower 5th percentile of young individuals (age ≤ 40 years). L1-SMA showed the greatest correlation to L3-SMA (men, R2 = 0.7920; women, R2 = 0.7396), and the smallest annual changes (0.3300 ± 4.7365%) among four SMAs. L1-SMI cut-offs for determining sarcopenia were 39.2cm2/m2 in men, and 27.5cm2/m2 in women. Forty-six men (9.5%) and ten women (3.4%) were found to have sarcopenia using L1-SMI cut-offs. In conclusion, L1-SMA could be a reasonable substitute for L3-SMA in chest LDCT. Suggested L1-SMI cut-offs for sarcopenia were 39.2cm2/m2 for men and 27.5cm2/m2 for women in Asian.
Layer-dependent optical and dielectric properties of centimeter-scale PdSe2 films grown by chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Wei MingYang , Lian Jie , Zhang Yu , Wang ChenLin , Wang Yueming , Xu Zhen
Published: January 2022

Palladium diselenide (PdSe2), a new type of two-dimensional noble metal dihalides (NMDCs), has received widespread attention for its excellent electrical and optoelectronic properties. Herein, high-quality continuous centimeter-scale PdSe2 films with layers in the range of 3L–15L were grown using Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) method. The absorption spectra and DFT calculations revealed that the bandgap of the PdSe2 films decreased with the increasing number of layers, which is due to the enhancement of orbital hybridization. Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) analysis shows that PdSe2 has significant layer-dependent optical and dielectric properties. This is mainly due to the unique strong exciton effect of the thin PdSe2 film in the UV band. In particular, the effect of temperature on the optical properties of PdSe2 films was also observed, and the thermo-optical coefficients of PdSe2 films with the different number of layers were calculated. This study provides fundamental guidance for the fabrication and optimization of PdSe2-based optoelectronic devices.
Guidelines and quality criteria for artificial intelligence-based prediction models in healthcare: a scoping review
Authors: de Hond Anne A. H. , Leeuwenberg Artuur M. , Hooft Lotty , Kant Ilse M. J. , Nijman Steven W. J. , van Os Hendrikus J. A. , Aardoom Jiska J. , Debray Thomas P. A. , Schuit Ewoud , van Smeden Maarten , Reitsma Johannes B. , Steyerberg Ewout W. , Chavannes Niels H. , Moons Karel G. M.
Published: January 2022

While the opportunities of ML and AI in healthcare are promising, the growth of complex data-driven prediction models requires careful quality and applicability assessment before they are applied and disseminated in daily practice. This scoping review aimed to identify actionable guidance for those closely involved in AI-based prediction model (AIPM) development, evaluation and implementation including software engineers, data scientists, and healthcare professionals and to identify potential gaps in this guidance. We performed a scoping review of the relevant literature providing guidance or quality criteria regarding the development, evaluation, and implementation of AIPMs using a comprehensive multi-stage screening strategy. PubMed, Web of Science, and the ACM Digital Library were searched, and AI experts were consulted. Topics were extracted from the identified literature and summarized across the six phases at the core of this review: (1) data preparation, (2) AIPM development, (3) AIPM validation, (4) software development, (5) AIPM impact assessment, and (6) AIPM implementation into daily healthcare practice. From 2683 unique hits, 72 relevant guidance documents were identified. Substantial guidance was found for data preparation, AIPM development and AIPM validation (phases 1–3), while later phases clearly have received less attention (software development, impact assessment and implementation) in the scientific literature. The six phases of the AIPM development, evaluation and implementation cycle provide a framework for responsible introduction of AI-based prediction models in healthcare. Additional domain and technology specific research may be necessary and more practical experience with implementing AIPMs is needed to support further guidance.
JIP3 links lysosome transport to regulation of multiple components of the axonal cytoskeleton
Authors: Rafiq N. M. , Lyons L. L. , Gowrishankar S. , De Camilli P. , Ferguson S. M.
Published: January 2022

Lysosome axonal transport is important for the clearance of cargoes sequestered by the endocytic and autophagic pathways. Building on observations that mutations in the JIP3 (MAPK8IP3) gene result in lysosome-filled axonal swellings, we analyzed the impact of JIP3 depletion on the cytoskeleton of human neurons. Dynamic focal lysosome accumulations were accompanied by disruption of the axonal periodic scaffold (spectrin, F-actin and myosin II) throughout each affected axon. Additionally, axonal microtubule organization was locally disrupted at each lysosome-filled swelling. This local axonal microtubule disorganization was accompanied by accumulations of both F-actin and myosin II. These results indicate that transport of axonal lysosomes is functionally interconnected with mechanisms that control the organization and maintenance of the axonal cytoskeleton. They have potential relevance to human neurological disease arising from JIP3 mutations as well as for neurodegenerative diseases associated with the focal accumulations of lysosomes within axonal swellings such as Alzheimer’s disease.
Electron microscopy analysis of ATP-independent nucleosome unfolding by FACT
Authors: Sivkina Anastasiia L. , Karlova Maria G. , Valieva Maria E. , McCullough Laura L. , Formosa Timothy , Shaytan Alexey K. , Feofanov Alexey V. , Kirpichnikov Mikhail P. , Sokolova Olga S. , Studitsky Vasily M.
Published: January 2022

FACT is a histone chaperone that participates in nucleosome removal and reassembly during transcription and replication. We used electron microscopy to study FACT, FACT:Nhp6 and FACT:Nhp6:nucleosome complexes, and found that all complexes adopt broad ranges of configurations, indicating high flexibility. We found unexpectedly that the DNA binding protein Nhp6 also binds to the C-terminal tails of FACT subunits, inducing more open geometries of FACT even in the absence of nucleosomes. Nhp6 therefore supports nucleosome unfolding by altering both the structure of FACT and the properties of nucleosomes. Complexes formed with FACT, Nhp6, and nucleosomes also produced a broad range of structures, revealing a large number of potential intermediates along a proposed unfolding pathway. The data suggest that Nhp6 has multiple roles before and during nucleosome unfolding by FACT, and that the process proceeds through a series of energetically similar intermediate structures, ultimately leading to an extensively unfolded form.
West Nile virus transmission potential in Portugal
Authors: Lourenço José , Barros Sílvia C. , Zé-Zé Líbia , Damineli Daniel S. C. , Giovanetti Marta , Osório Hugo C. , Amaro Fátima , Henriques Ana M. , Ramos Fernanda , Luís Tiago , Duarte Margarida D. , Fagulha Teresa , Alves Maria J. , Obolski Uri
Published: January 2022

It is unclear whether West Nile virus (WNV) circulates endemically in Portugal. Despite the country’s adequate climate for transmission, Portugal has only reported four human WNV infections so far. We performed a review of WNV-related data (1966–2020), explored mosquito (2016–2019) and land type distributions (1992–2019), and used climate data (1981–2019) to estimate WNV transmission suitability in Portugal. Serological and molecular evidence of WNV circulation from animals and vectors was largely restricted to the south. Land type and climate-driven transmission suitability distributions, but not the distribution of WNV-capable vectors, were compatible with the North-South divide present in serological and molecular evidence of WNV circulation. Our study offers a comprehensive, data-informed perspective and review on the past epidemiology, surveillance and climate-driven transmission suitability of WNV in Portugal, highlighting the south as a subregion of importance. Given the recent WNV outbreaks across Europe, our results support a timely change towards local, active surveillance.
Ordering a rhenium catalyst on Ag(001) through molecule-surface step interaction
Authors: Bunjes Ole , Paul Lucas A. , Dai Xinyue , Jiang Hongyan , Claus Tobias , Rittmeier Alexandra , Schwarzer Dirk , Ding Feng , Siewert Inke , Wenderoth Martin
Published: January 2022

Atomic scale studies of the anchoring of catalytically active complexes to surfaces may provide valuable insights for the design of new catalytically active hybrid systems. In this work, the self-assembly of 1D, 2D and 3D structures of the complex fac-Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine), a CO2 reduction catalyst, on the Ag(001) surface are studied by a combination of low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory calculations. Infrared and sum frequency generation spectroscopy confirm that the complex remains chemically intact under sublimation. Deposition of the complexes onto the silver surface at 300 K leads to strong local variations in the resulting surface coverage on the nanometer scale, indicating that in the initial phase of deposition a large fraction of the molecules is desorbing from the surface. Low coverage regions show a decoration of step edges aligned along the crystal’s symmetry axes <110>. These crystallographic directions are found to be of major importance to the binding of the complexes to the surface. Moreover, the interaction between the molecules and the substrate promotes the restructuring of surface steps along these directions. Well-aligned and decorated steps are found to act as nucleation point for monolayer growth (2D) before 3D growth starts.
Superelasticity of a photo-actuating chiral salicylideneamine crystal
Authors: Taniguchi Takuya , Ishizaki Kazuki , Takagi Daisuke , Nishimura Kazuki , Shigemune Hiroki , Kuramochi Masahiro , Sasaki Yuji C. , Koshima Hideko , Asahi Toru
Published: January 2022

Superelasticity is a type of elastic response to an applied external force, caused by a phase transformation. Actuation of materials is also an elastic response to external stimuli such as light and heat. Although both superelasticity and actuation are deformations resulting from stimulus-induced stress, there is a phenomenological difference between the two with respect to whether force is an input or an output. Here, we report that a molecular crystal manifests superelasticity during photo-actuation under light irradiation. The crystal exhibits stepwise twisted actuation due to two effects, photoisomerization and photo-triggered phase transition, and the actuation behavior is simulated based on a dynamic multi-layer model. The simulation, in turn, reveals how the photoisomerization and phase transition progress in the crystal, indicating superelasticity induced by modest stress due to the formation of photoproducts. This work provides not only a successful simulation of stepwise twisted actuation, but also to the best of our knowledge the first indication of superelasticity induced by light.
Machine learning of phase transitions in nonlinear polariton lattices
Authors: Zvyagintseva Daria , Sigurdsson Helgi , Kozin Valerii K. , Iorsh Ivan , Shelykh Ivan A. , Ulyantsev Vladimir , Kyriienko Oleksandr
Published: January 2022

Polaritonic lattices offer a unique testbed for studying nonlinear driven-dissipative physics. They show qualitative changes of their steady state as a function of system parameters, which resemble non-equilibrium phase transitions. Unlike their equilibrium counterparts, these transitions cannot be characterised by conventional statistical physics methods. Here, we study a lattice of square-arranged polariton condensates with nearest-neighbour coupling, and simulate the polarisation (pseudospin) dynamics of the polariton lattice, observing regions with distinct steady-state polarisation patterns. We classify these patterns using machine learning methods and determine the boundaries separating different regions. First, we use unsupervised data mining techniques to sketch the boundaries of phase transitions. We then apply learning by confusion, a neural network-based method for learning labels in a dataset, and extract the polaritonic phase diagram. Our work takes a step towards AI-enabled studies of polaritonic systems.
Revealing the role of the constant phase element in relaxor ferroelectrics
Authors: Vendrell Xavier , Ramírez-González Julia , Ye Zuo-Guang , West Anthony R.
Published: January 2022

Relaxor ferroelectrics exhibit both static and dynamic local structural order which controls their frequency-dependent electrical properties. A combination of advanced scattering and microscopy techniques have been used recently to determine the local structure of relaxors. To complement these, here we show an approach to electrical property measurements which identifies local dipoles whose switching is co-operative, temperature-dependent and responsible for the observed dispersion in dielectric properties. Impedance measurements and equivalent circuit analysis of a canonical relaxor, Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 single crystal, over the ranges 180–1050 K and 100 Hz–1 MHz, show that incorporation of a single constant phase element into the equivalent circuit used to fit experimental data is able to account fully for the dispersions that characterise the relaxor response, over this frequency range. This allows parametrisation of the relaxor behaviour, gives increased understanding of the relaxation mechanisms responsible and forms the basis for modifying and controlling relaxor characteristics.
Non-linear coherent perfect absorption in the proximity of exceptional points
Authors: Suwunnarat Suwun , Tang Yaqian , Reisner Mattis , Mortessagne Fabrice , Kuhl Ulrich , Kottos Tsampikos
Published: January 2022

Coherent perfect absorption is one of the possibilities to get high absorption but typically suffers from being a resonant phenomena, i.e., efficient absorption only in a local frequency range. Additionally, if applied in high power applications, the understanding of the interplay of non-linearities and coherent perfect absorption is crucial. Here we show experimentally and theoretically the formation of non-linear coherent perfect absorption in the proximity of exceptional point degeneracies of the zeros of the scattering function. Using a microwave platform, consisting of a lossy nonlinear resonator coupled to two interrogating antennas, we show that a coherent incident excitation can trigger a self-induced perfect absorption once its intensity exceeds a critical value. Note, that a (near) perfect absorption persists for a broad-band frequency range around the nonlinear coherent perfect absorption condition. Its origin is traced to a quartic behavior that the absorbance spectrum acquires in the proximity of the exceptional points of the nonlinear scattering operator.
Estimating time-dependent entropy production from non-equilibrium trajectories
Authors: Otsubo Shun , Manikandan Sreekanth K. , Sagawa Takahiro , Krishnamurthy Supriya
Published: January 2022

The rate of entropy production provides a useful quantitative measure of a non-equilibrium system and estimating it directly from time-series data from experiments is highly desirable. Several approaches have been considered for stationary dynamics, some of which are based on a variational characterization of the entropy production rate. However, the issue of obtaining it in the case of non-stationary dynamics remains largely unexplored. Here, we solve this open problem by demonstrating that the variational approaches can be generalized to give the exact value of the entropy production rate even for non-stationary dynamics. On the basis of this result, we develop an efficient algorithm that estimates the entropy production rate continuously in time by using machine learning techniques and validate our numerical estimates using analytically tractable Langevin models in experimentally relevant parameter regimes. Our method only requires time-series data for the system of interest without any prior knowledge of the system’s parameters.
Hydrological impact of widespread afforestation in Great Britain using a large ensemble of modelled scenarios
Authors: Buechel Marcus , Slater Louise , Dadson Simon
Published: January 2022

Ambitious afforestation proposals in the last decade target potential flood mitigation and carbon storage benefits but without a systematic, large-scale (>1000 km2) quantitative evaluation of their impacts on streamflow. Here, we assess the impact of afforestation on streamflow across twelve diverse catchments (c.500-10,000 km2) using a high-resolution land-surface model with a large ensemble of afforestation scenarios. Afforestation consistently decreases median and low streamflow. Median modelled flow is reduced by 2.8% ± 1.0 (1 s.d.), or 10 mm yr−1 ± 2.1 (1 s.d.), for a ten-percentage point increase in catchment broadleaf woodland. We find no nationally-consistent reduction of extreme floods. In larger catchments, planting extent is a stronger control on streamflow than location. Our results suggest that despite its potential environmental and societal benefits, widespread afforestation may inadvertently reduce water availability, particularly in drier areas, whilst only providing a modest reduction in extreme flood flows.
Using cancer risk algorithms to improve risk estimates and referral decisions
Authors: Kostopoulou Olga , Arora Kavleen , Pálfi Bence
Published: January 2022

Background

Cancer risk algorithms were introduced to clinical practice in the last decade, but they remain underused. We investigated whether General Practitioners (GPs) change their referral decisions in response to an unnamed algorithm, if decisions improve, and if changing decisions depends on having information about the algorithm and on whether GPs overestimated or underestimated risk.

Methods

157 UK GPs were presented with 20 vignettes describing patients with possible colorectal cancer symptoms. GPs gave their risk estimates and inclination to refer. They then saw the risk score of an unnamed algorithm and could update their responses. Half of the sample was given information about the algorithm’s derivation, validation, and accuracy. At the end, we measured their algorithm disposition. We analysed the data using multilevel regressions with random intercepts by GP and vignette.

Results

We find that, after receiving the algorithm’s estimate, GPs’ inclination to refer changes 26% of the time and their decisions switch entirely 3% of the time. Decisions become more consistent with the NICE 3% referral threshold (OR 1.45 [1.27, 1.65], p < .001). The algorithm’s impact is greatest when GPs have underestimated risk. Information about the algorithm does not have a discernible effect on decisions but it results in a more positive GP disposition towards the algorithm. GPs’ risk estimates become better calibrated over time, i.e., move closer to the algorithm.

Conclusions

Cancer risk algorithms have the potential to improve cancer referral decisions. Their use as learning tools to improve risk estimates is promising and should be further investigated.
A theoretical perspective on the structure and thermodynamics of secondary organic aerosols from toluene: molecular hierarchical synergistic effects
Authors: Duan Xianli , Song Xianyu , Shi Ruifang , Wang Xuan , Chen Suhang , Zhao Shuangliang
Published: January 2022

The molecular hierarchical synergistic effects of toluene photooxidation are elucidated to explain the formation mechanism of secondary organic aerosols.
Chemical structure and dissolution behaviour of CaO and ZnO containing alkali-borosilicate glass
Authors: Fisher Adam J. , Ding Hao , Rajbhandari Prashant , Walkley Brant , Blackburn Lewis R. , Stennett Martin C. , Hand Russell J. , Hyatt Neil C. , Harrison Michael T. , Corkhill Claire L.
Published: January 2022

Altering the CaO to ZnO ratio of alkali borosilicate glass, in favour of ZnO, causes phase separation with hardystonite-like (Ca2ZnSi2O7) and willemite-like (ZnSi2O4) structures identified. This is concurrent with increased glass durability.
Room temperature synthesis of perylene diimides facilitated by high amic acid solubility
Authors: Kwakernaak Markus C. , Koel Marijn , van den Berg Peter J. L. , Kelder Erik M. , Jager Wolter F.
Published: January 2022

Perylene diimides (PDIs) are synthesised at room temperature and obtained in quantitative yields after a single filtration. High solubility of the intermediate amic acid salts 5 and 9 is key to the success of this novel synthesis.
Design of an efficient, tunable and scalable freestanding flexible membrane for filter application
Authors: Pandey Sumit Kumar , Srivastava Anchal
Published: January 2022

Severe impacts of water contamination on the environment and human health have compelled us to study and design an efficient and reusable filter with tunable pore size.
Nano-structured silicon and silicon based composites as anode materials for lithium ion batteries: recent progress and perspectives
Authors: Bitew Zelalem , Tesemma Mulugeta , Beyene Yonas , Amare Meareg
Published: January 2022

There is growing worldwide interest in developing lithium ion batteries with high energy densities and longer cycle life.
How do bubbles affect light absorption in photoelectrodes for solar water splitting?
Authors: Bhanawat Abhinav , Zhu Keyong , Pilon Laurent
Published: January 2022

This study quantified the optical losses due to gas bubbles present on the surface of photoelectrodes in a photoelectrochemical cell by simulating the area-averaged and local variation in light absorption.
Self-powered wireless sensing platform for monitoring marine life based on harvesting hydrokinetic energy of water currents
Authors: Ahmed Abdelsalam
Published: January 2022

This work presents fully underwater triboelectric nanogenerators (UTENGs) to harvest hydrokinetic energy of water currents towards self-powered marine life sensors and IoT applications.
Optical cytosensors for the detection of circulating tumour cells
Authors: Vajhadin Fereshteh , Mazloum-Ardakani Mohammad , Sanati Alireza , Haghniaz Reihaneh , Travas-Sejdic Jadranka
Published: January 2022

In this review, we provide an overview of the recent advances in optical cytosensors, including those utilizing the unique properties of nanomaterials. Optical cytosensors are expected to provide economical, sensitive, and portable sensing platforms that can be used for advanced cancer cell monitoring.
Synthesis of sialic acid conjugates of the clinical near-infrared dye as next-generation theranostics for cancer phototherapy
Authors: Dong Huiling , Gao Yanan , Huang Xuefei , Wu Xuanjun
Published: January 2022

The next generation of cancer theranostics based on Sia–ICG produced by the conjugation of sialic acid with indocyanine green (ICG) has been developed. Administration of Sia–ICG plus laser irradiation resulted in excellent ablation of solid tumors.
Heavy metal-free visible-to-UV photon upconversion with over 20% efficiency sensitized by a ketocoumarin derivative
Authors: Uji Masanori , Harada Naoyuki , Kimizuka Nobuo , Saigo Masaki , Miyata Kiyoshi , Onda Ken , Yanai Nobuhiro
Published: January 2022

The highest efficiency of heavy metal-free visible-to-UV photon upconversion is achieved by employing a ketocoumarin sensitizer with strong visible absorption, weak UV absorption, and high intersystem crossing efficiency.
Inherent characteristics of ultra-photosensitive Al/Cu–CeO2/p-Si metal oxide semiconductor diodes
Authors: Manikandan V. , Marnadu R. , Chandrasekaran J. , Vigneselvan S. , Mane R. S. , Banks Craig E. , Mirzaei Ali
Published: January 2022

An ultrahigh photosensitive diode was developed using a Cu-doped CeO2thin film through spray pyrolysis processing, which has made a unique contribution in the field of optoelectronic device fabrication process.
Low temperature and high-performance ZnSnO thin-film transistors engineered by in situ thermal manipulation
Authors: Pan Wengao , Zhou Xiaoliang , Lin Qingping , Chen Jie , Lu Lei , Zhang Shengdong
Published: January 2022

We report the low temperature and high performance of ZnSnO (ZTO) TFT via in situ thermal manipulation strategy, and further reveal the underlying mechanisms.
Interface engineering improves the performance of green perovskite light-emitting diodes
Authors: Guo Ming-Lei , Lu Yu , Cai Xiao-Yi , Shen Yang , Qian Xiao-Yan , Ren Hao , Li Yan-Qing , Wang Wen-Jun , Tang Jian-Xin
Published: January 2022

A facile and reliable crystallization manipulation strategy has been proposed to enhance the radiative recombination and carrier transport capacity of the perovskite layer by modifying the underneath substrate with ammonium thiocyanate. The EQE of PeLEDs is boosted from 3.2% to 14.7%.
Temperature-dependent performance metrics of tin-doped perovskite photodetectors
Authors: Li Ruiming , Song Jiannan , Peng Jiali , Tian Xiaoyu , Xu Yalun , Huang Huihuang , Bai Songxue , Li Yanyan , Yao Fang , Lin Qianqian
Published: January 2022

Optoelectronic properties of metal halide perovskites were modulated using Sn-doping. Photoconductors were fabricated based on the Sn-doped perovskite films, and the devices were optimized to present weak temperature-dependent performance metrics.
Uncertainty and Perceived Control as Predictors of Communicative Participation and Mental Health in Adults Who Stutter
Authors: Boyle Michael P. , Chagachbanian Nicole J.
Published: January 2022

Purpose:

This study examined the role of uncertainty and perceived control in predicting the communicative participation and mental health of adults who stutter.

Method:

Two hundred sixty-nine adults who stutter completed measures of uncertainty about stuttering, perceived control of stuttering, communicative participation, and global mental health. In addition, participants self-reported on a variety of demographic and speech-related measures. Correlational analyses and hierarchical regression were performed to determine associations between variables of interest.

Results:

Uncertainty accounted for significant variance in communicative participation and global mental health after statistically controlling for the effects of demographic and speech-related variables. Perceived control accounted for significant variance in communicative participation over and above what was accounted for by demographic variables, speech-related variables, and uncertainty.

Conclusions:

The findings suggest that uncertainty about stuttering and perceived control of stuttering should be accounted for during assessment and intervention with adults who stutter. Interventions that specifically target uncertainty and perceived control may be useful in improving therapeutic outcomes for individuals who stutter.
Hydrogen emission in enclosed volume (tunnel for mobility)
Authors: Farajimoghadam Farhad , Testi Matteo , Crema Luigi
Published: January 2022

Fuel cell vehicles and trains (FCVs) are seen as a viable alternative to fossil fuel-powered vehicles, with the potential to help the automotive and transport industry grow sustainably. Because of their zero emissions, great efficiency, and diverse hydrogen sources, they are an ideal solution to climate change and the global energy issue. In this study, the simulation of releasing hydrogen from a moving vehicle inside a tunnel has been done. For this purpose, two scenarios have been considered. In the first one, it assumed that hydrogen propagates inside a tunnel without ignition and in the second approach, hydrogen released considered to be combusted. The effect of this combustion on the tunnel and train wall has been investigated. For this goal, two different mass flow rates of hydrogen were considered and results were compared together. Moreover, pressure contours have been shown to represent the overpressure phenomenon and it is resulted that in the area of hydrogen dispersion, there will be high pressure.
Ionomer Films Impact on The Structure, Flow Regime, and The Wettability of The Catalyst Layer of PEMFC
Authors: Alofari Karrar , Me´dici Ezequiel , Tajiri Kazuya , Allen Jeffrey
Published: January 2022

Percolation testing and contact angle measurements have been used to investigate the role of relative humidity on structure, mass transport, and wettability of a PEM fuel cell catalyst layer and membrane. Four samples were tested, two catalyst layers and two membranes. Structure and mass transport changes in the catalyst layers resulting from RH changes were studied in terms of percolation pressure. A clear change in the structure between low and high RH conditioning was observed. Relative humidity (RH) cycling also impacted percolation pressures with an indication of catalyst layer cracking. In addition, RH effect on wettability of both catalyst layers and membranes was studied by measuring contact angles of sessile drops.
A hydrogen generator coupled to a hydrogen heater for small scale portable applications
Authors: Hufschmidt Dirk , Arzac Gisela M. , Jiménez de Haro Maria Carmen , Fernández Asunción
Published: January 2022

This study aims to build and test a small scale portable device able to couple a hydrogen generation system (based on a NaBH4 solution as liquid H2 carrier) to a hydrogen heater (based on the exothermic catalytic combustion of the released H2). The hydrogen generating system is based on the hydrolysis of stabilized solutions of NaBH4 (fuel solutions) which are pumped into the hydrolysis reactor. The generated H2 feeds the catalytic combustor. Two catalysts have been developed for the H2 generation and the combustion reactions able to operate at room temperature without need of additional energy supply. For the NaBH4 hydrolysis a Co-B catalyst was supported on a perforated and surface treated stainless steel (SS316) home-made monolith. For the flameless H2 catalytic combustion a Pt catalyst was prepared on a commercial SiC foam. The device was automatized and tested for the on-demand production of heat at temperatures up to 100ºC. In steady state conditions the NaBH4 solution flow is controlling the H2 flux and therefore the heater temperature. Once the steady-state is reached the system responds in a few minutes to up and down temperature demands from 80 to 100 ºC. The catalysts have shown no deactivation during the tests carried out in several days.
Minimalistic soil microbial fuel cells for bioremediation of recalcitrant pollutants
Authors: Nandy Arpita , Kim Bongkyu , Di Lorenzo Mirella
Published: January 2022

Increased human, agricultural and industrial activities along with improper waste disposal leads to high levels of soil contamination and accumulation of recalcitrant contaminants in the environment. This global issue demands the use of green and sustainable technologies and soil microbial fuel cells (SMFC) can be a potential solution. We adopted minimalistic designs, based on low-cost carbon materials without any expensive catalyst and membrane, which makes the SMFCs suitable for in-field applications. We investigated the ability of the indigenous microbial population of the soil to use organic contaminants as the source of carbon and the enrichment of the electroactive consortium was monitored over time onto the electrode surface of the SMFCs. We tested performance in soil contaminated with pesticide and soil contaminated with hydrocarbons and compare the microbial enrichment process with respect to the case of non-contaminated soil.
Geschlechtersensible Untersuchung der persönlichen
Einstellungen und Erwartungen gegenüber einer
Anschlussrehabilitation
Authors: Özdemir Gökhan , Sturm Christian , Egen Christoph , Korallus Christoph , Schiller Jörg , Bökel Andrea , Gutenbrunner Christoph , Lemhöfer Christina
Published: January 2022

Hintergrund In einem Projekt, das von der Deutschen Rentenversicherung
unterstützt wurde, erfolgte die Untersuchung von Einflussfaktoren auf
den Zugang zu einer Anschlussrehabilitation (AHB). Als entscheidender Faktor
zeigte sich, in einer vorangegangenen Untersuchung, die Diagnose., Allerdings
konnten zudem unterschiedliche Einstellungen und Erwartungen bezüglich
der therapeutischen Intervention dargestellt werden. Ziel dieser Untersuchung
ist es, diese Erwartungen auf geschlechtersensible Unterschiede hin zu
analysieren und anschließend im Kontext des Antragsprozesses zu
bewerten.

Methode Für diese explorative beobachtende Querschnittsstudie
erfolgte eine Datenerhebung (2014–2016) in drei
Akutkrankenhäusern. Eingeschlossen wurden Personen im Alter von
18–65 Jahren, die aufgrund von rehabilitationsrelevanten Diagnosen
behandelt wurden. Fragebogenbasiert wurden soziodemographische Daten, sowie
Rehabilitationsziele, und -wünsche sowie funktionsbezogene Angaben
erhoben. Dazu wurden teils standardisierte Befragungsinstrumente genutzt. Die
Auswertung erfolgte sowohl deskriptiv als auch mittels uni- und multivariater
binär logistischer Regressionsanalysen.

Ergebnisse Es bestehen geschlechtersensible Einstellungen und Erwartungen
gegenüber einer AHB. Während Frauen in allen entsprechenden
Fragen signifikant häufiger psychische Belastungen und deren
Einflüsse auf ihre Krankheit angaben, bewerteten Männer ihre
körperliche gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität und die
Unabhängigkeit in Alltagsfunktionen signifikant besser (p<0,001
bzw. p=0,029). In der kombinierten Analyse zeigten Anträge von
männlichen Probanden mit höherem Alter eine signifikant
höhere Bewilligungsquote (p=0,031 bzw. p<0,001).
Unabhängig von jeglichen Unterpunkten gab es keinen geschlechtssensiblen
Unterschied in der Genehmigungsquote einer AHB.

Schlussfolgerung Weibliche und männliche Probanden zeigen
unterschiedliche Einstellungen und Erwartungen gegenüber einer AHB. Eine
rein biologische Unterscheidung in Bezug auf das Geschlecht
(„Sex“) erklärt diese Unterschiede nicht hinreichend.
Die Unterscheidung in „Gender“, welche kulturelle Konventionen,
Rollenmodelle und Verhaltensweisen beinhaltet, kann dies durch umwelt- und
familienbezogene Faktoren jedoch genauer erklären. Eine Einbeziehung
dieser Unterschiede in Therapieplanung und Durchführung
-durchführung kann zu einem besseren Therapieergebnis beitragen und
sollte Gegenstand weiterer Untersuchungen sein. Zur ganzheitlichen Betrachtung
der Betroffenen ist eine Weiterentwicklung der Antragsunterlagen notwendig.
Synthesis of [1,4]Oxathiepino[5,6-b]quinolines via Base-Mediated Intramolecular Hydroalkoxylation
Authors: Shiri Morteza , Tonekaboni Maryam-Sadat , Tanbakouchian Zahra , Majedi Soma
Published: January 2022

A base-mediated intramolecular hydroalkoxylation that was used to prepare a series of seven-membered S,O-heterocycles is described. 2-Thiopropargyl-3-hydroxymethyl quinolines were prepared starting from 2-mercaptoquinoline-3-carbaldehydes, via S-propargylation and reduction of a formyl group. Interestingly, 2-mercaptopropargyl-3-hydroxymethyl quinolines were converted into the corresponding oxathiepinoquinolines in the presence of t-BuOK. It is proposed that the S-propargyl moiety, in the presence of base, is converted into its allenyl isomer; subsequent addition of a hydroxyl group to the terminal double bond yields the 3-methyl-5H-[1,4]oxathiepino[5,6-b]quinoline in good to high yield. Notably, the procedure is adaptable to the conversion of N-propargyl indole-2-methanol into the corresponding intramolecular hydroalkoxylation product.
Indian College of Radiology and Imaging Evidence-Based Guidelines for Interventions in Portal Hypertension and Its Complications
Authors: Mukund Amar , Rana Shaleen , Mohan Chander , Kalra Naveen , Baijal Sanjay Saran
Published: January 2022

Portal hypertension is a complication of chronic liver disease. Various radiological interventions are being done to aid in the diagnosis of portal hypertension; further, an interventional radiologist can offer various treatments for the complications of portal hypertension. Diagnosis of portal hypertension in its early stage may require hepatic venous pressure gradient measurement. Measurement of gradient also guides in diagnosing the type of portal hypertension, measuring response to treatment and prognostication. This article attempts to provide evidence-based guidelines on the management of portal hypertension and treatment of its complications.
Factors Contributing to Attenuation of Cerebral Venous Sinus in Brain Noncontrast Computed Tomography Scan
Authors: Fallah Arzpeyma Sima , Kazemnezhad-Leili Ehsan , Rashidi Hosna , Ghorbani-Shirkouhi Samaneh , Saberi Alia
Published: January 2022

Background/Aim In noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT), an apparently hyper-attenuated cerebral venous sinus (CVS) may lead to suspicion of CVS thrombosis. Understanding the factors affecting attenuation of CVS can guide us toward true diagnosis. Hence, the aim of the study was to determine the effect of different factors such as hematocrit, hemoglobin, age, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, leukocyte and platelet count, and sex on the attenuation of CVS on brain NCCT.

Material and Methods Total 1,680 patients were included in this study, and their demographic and laboratory data and brain NCCT were reviewed. In their brain NCCT, the average attenuation of superior sagittal sinus and both right and left sigmoid sinuses was measured. Data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21.0 software by Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Spearman's correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression tests. The significance level was considered less than 0.05.

Results Hematocrit (B = 0.251, p < 0.001), hemoglobin (B = 0.533, p < 0.001), and creatinine (B =  − 0.270, p = 0.048) were determined as predictors of attenuation of superior sagittal sinus. For both sigmoid sinuses, hematocrit (p < 0.001) and hemoglobin (p < 0.001) were determined as positive predictors, and creatinine (p < 0.001) and BUN (p < 0.002) were determined as negative and positive predictors, respectively.

Conclusion Hemoglobin, hematocrit, creatinine, and BUN are the main factors that should be considered in the assessment of CVS density on brain NCCT. As with increasing hematocrit and hemoglobin of the subject, the CVS density in NCCT increases, and with increasing creatinine and in some instance decreasing BUN of the subject, the CVS density in NCCT decreases.
Biopsy with Side-Cutting Coaxial Needle—Knowing the “Cutting Length” and “Throw Length”
Authors: Patra Anurima , Keshava Shyamkumar N.
Published: January 2022

Image-guided Trucut biopsy is a well-established procedure. The length of the side notch in the stylet is the “cutting length,” which entraps the tissue sample and contributes to the yield. The total distance by which the inner stylet protrudes from the outer cannula with the cutting notch open is the “throw length.” It is inevitably longer than the cutting length does not add to the yield of the sample, but potentially to the complication of the procedure. The authors highlight the importance of knowing this distinction to minimize complications during the procedure.
31-Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Evaluation of Glioma and Metastases in 3T MRI
Authors: Peter S. Babu , Nandhan V. Raghu
Published: January 2022

Background: 31-Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31-P MRS) has excellent potential for clinical neurological practice because of its noninvasive in-vivo assessment of cellular energy metabolism and the indirect evaluation of the phospholipid composition of the cell membrane, intracellular pH, and intracellular Mg2+ concentration.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic characteristics of glioma and metastases using 31-P MRS and assess utility to differentiate both.

Study Type: Prospective study.

Population: Fifteen consecutive patients with brain tumor.

Field Strength/Sequence: Three-tesla magnetic resonance imaging/three-dimensional MRS imaging sequence.

Statistical Tests: Unpaired sample t-test, and one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post-hoc test.

Results: Significantly decreased values of phosphomonoesters/inorganic phosphate (PME/Pi) in the tumor group (1.22 ± 0.72) compared with controls (2.28 ± 1.44) with a p-value of 0.041 were observed. There is a significant decrease in phosphocreatine (PCr)/Pi values (energy demand) in the tumor group (2.76 ± 0.73) compared with controls (4.13 ± 1.75) with a p-value of 0.050. Significant increase in Pi/adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was noted in tumor group (0.28 ± 0.09) compared with controls (0.22 ± 0.08) with p-value 0.049. Among tumor group, PME/PCr values were significantly decreased in gliomas (0.35 ± 0.17) than metastasis (0.58 ± 0.23) compared with controls with a p-value of 0.047. A significant decrease in PME/ATP was noted in gliomas (0.25 ± 0.12) than metastasis (0.41 ± 0.14) compared with controls with a p-value of 0.034. The tumor group exhibits alkaline pH (7.12 ± 0.10) compared with the normal parenchyma (7.04 ± 0.06) with a significant p-value of 0.025. Glioma and metastasis could not be differentiated with pH. However, the perilesional edema of glioma shows alkaline pH (7.09 ± 0.06) and metastasis shows acidic pH (7.02 ± 0.05) with a significant p-value of 0.030.

Conclusion: Our study provides new insight into the cellular constituents and pH of gliomas and metastases and results were significant in differentiation between these two. However, due to the additional high expense, it is available as a research tool in very few institutions in India.
Venous Air Microembolism in Chest CT Angiography: Evidence of Normalization of Deviance Phenomenon
Authors: Silva Claudio , Leal Ema
Published: January 2022

Purpose This article provides evidence that detection of venous air microbubbles (VAMB) in chest computed tomography angiography (CTA) can be an indicator for “normalization of deviance” phenomenon in CT.

Method and Materials Institutional review board-approved retrospective study, with waiver for informed consent. Contrast-enhanced chest CT performed during 6 months were reviewed for presence of VAMB in venous segments visible in chest CT (subclavian, brachiocephalic vein, superior vena cava) and cardiac chambers. VAMB volumes were quantified through a semiautomatic method (MIAlite plugin for OsiriX), using a region of interest (ROI) covering the bubble. With basal results, protocols for correct injection technique were reinforced, and VAMB were estimated again at 1 and 3 months. Six months later, questionnaires were sent to the CT technologists to inquire about their perception of VAMB. Descriptive measures with central distribution and dispersion were performed; statistical significance was considered at p < 0.05.

Results A total of 602 chest CTA were analyzed, 332 were women (55.14%), with a median age of 58 (interquartile range [IQR] 44–72) years. Among those, 16.11% (100 cases) presented VAMB. Most were emergency department patients (51.6%), male (50.3%), with a median age of 54 (IQR 26) years. There was no difference on detection of VAMB regarding sex (p = 0.19), age (p = 0.46), or referral diagnosis (p = 0.35). Mean air bubbles volume was 0.2 mL (range 0.01–3.4 mL). After intervention, the number of exams with VAMB dropped to 3.29 % (3/91) (p < 0.001). On the 6-month query, 50% of the technicians still considered that VMAB is inevitable, and 60% thought that the occurrence is not associated to risk, and therefore, not actionable.

Conclusion VAMB are a frequent finding in chest CTA, and being independent from patient-related variables, it is likely due to technical issues such as intravenous access manipulation during the exam. Reduction after reinforcement of proper performance, and certification of a low concern from CT technicians for any risk associated, provides evidence that there is normalization of deviance in this everyday procedure.
Rupture of the Superior Sagittal Sinus in Penetrating Head Injury—Management of a Rare Trauma Mechanism
Authors: Schlag Holger , Neuhoff Jonathan , Castein Jens , Hoffmann Christoph , Kandziora Frank
Published: January 2022

Civilian penetrating head injury caused by foreign objects is rare in Germany (Europe), but can result in complex neurovascular damage. We report on a patient who in suicidal intent inflicted on himself a penetrating brain injury near the vertex with a captive bolt gun. A laceration at the junction of the middle to the posterior third of the superior sinus occurred by bolt and bone fragments leading to critical stenosis and subsequent thrombosis. Upon surgery, the proximal and distal sinus openings were completely thrombosed. The sinus laceration was closed by suture and the intraparenchymal bone fragments were retrieved. Postoperative angiography disclosed persistent occlusion of the superior sagittal sinus. The patient did not develop any symptoms due to venous congestion (edema, hemorrhage), suggesting sufficient collateral venous outflow. The patient completely recovered despite the complexity of the lesion.
Rapidly Progressive Pituitary Apoplexy in a Patient with COVID-19 Disease Treated with Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery
Authors: Taneja Charit , Fazeli Pouneh K. , Gardner Paul A. , Wang Eric W. , Snyderman Carl H. , Mahmud Hussain
Published: January 2022

This report describes a case of pituitary apoplexy with rapidly evolving hemorrhage in a 74-year-old female with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease. The patient presented with severe headache and mild respiratory symptoms, with laboratories concerning for pituitary hypofunction. Brain imaging demonstrated a sellar mass concerning for a pituitary adenoma with ischemic apoplexy. She subsequently developed visual deficits within 24 hours of presentation, and repeat imaging demonstrated evolving hemorrhage and new mass effect on the optic chiasm. She was successfully managed with urgent endoscopic endonasal surgery despite her COVID-19 positive status by taking special intraoperative precautions to mitigate SARS-CoV2 transmission risk. Only a handful of cases of pituitary apoplexy have been reported in association with COVID-19 disease, and even fewer reports exist of endonasal procedures in such cases. We discuss the potential implication of COVID-19 in the occurrence of pituitary apoplexy, in addition to the safety and success of endonasal surgery in this population.