bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social features in internet-based programs to prevent alcohol consumption among adolescents: a scoping review
Authors: de la Rosa Pedro Antonio , Calatrava Maria , Osorio Alfonso , de Irala Jokin
Published: November 2021

Alcohol consumption among adolescents is a social and public health issue. School-based programs are needed to prevent the onset of alcohol consumption during adolescence. Information and communication technologies offer new promising approaches to deliver preventive programs to these populations. The most traditional, successful programs use group dynamics within the classroom. However, the usefulness of social interaction features (SIF) within internet-based interventions remains unclear. The current scoping review aims to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of online and mobile psychosocial preventive interventions that use SIF, and that target adolescents. Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar were electronically searched for all articles published between January 2011 and December 2020. Articles reporting on school-based, web-based interventions for adolescents to prevent alcohol consumption and that encouraged any kind of interaction between users (‘social interactions’) were eligible for inclusion. Fourteen articles were included in the review. These articles assessed eight preventive programs. Six programs showed positive results on outcome variables. In two of them, it was possible to determine that their success was partially due to the SIF. SIF seem to be useful to enhance the receptivity and usefulness of web-based prevention programs, but the current evidence of their effectiveness is scarce. More evidence is required to assess the effectiveness of these features and to improve programs having the objective of preventing the consumption of alcohol among young people.
The CBL-interacting protein kinase CaCIPK13 positively regulates defence mechanisms against cold stress in pepper
Authors: Ma Xiao , Gai Wen-Xian , Li Yang , Yu Ya-Nan , Ali Muhammad , Gong Zhen-Hui
Published: November 2021

Cold stress is one of the main factors limiting growth and development in pepper. Calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) are specific calcium sensors with non-canonical EF-hands to capture calcium signals, and interact with CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) in the regulation of various stresses. In this study, we isolated a cold-induced CIPK gene from pepper named CaCIPK13, which encodes a protein of 487 amino acids. In silico analyses indicated that CaCIPK13 is a typical CIPK family member with a conserved NAF motif, which consists of the amino acids asparagine, alanine, and phenylalanine. The CaCIPK13 protein was located in the nucleus and plasma membrane. Knock down of CaCIPK13 resulted in enhanced sensitivity to cold stress in pepper, with increased malondialdehyde content, H2O2 accumulation, and electrolyte leakage, while the catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase activities and anthocyanin content were decreased. The transcript level of cold and anthocyanin-related genes was substantially decreased in CaCIPK13-silenced pepper leaves relative to the empty vector control. On the contrary, overexpression of CaCIPK13 in tomato improved cold tolerance via increasing anthocyanin content and activities of reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes. Furthermore, the interaction of CaCIPK13 with CaCBL1/6/7/8 was Ca2+-dependent. These results indicate that CaCIPK13 plays a positive role in cold tolerance mechanism via CBL-CIPK signalling.
Essential trace metals in plant responses to heat stress
Authors: Hendrix Sophie , Verbruggen Nathalie , Cuypers Ann , Meyer Andreas J
Published: November 2021

Essential trace metals function as structural components or cofactors in many proteins involved in a wide range of physiological processes in plants. Hence, trace metal deficiency can significantly hamper plant growth and development. On the other hand, excess concentrations of trace metals can also induce phytotoxicity, for example via an enhanced production of reactive oxygen species. Besides their roles in plant growth under favourable environmental conditions, trace metals also contribute to plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Heat is a stress factor that will become more prevalent due to increasing climate change and is known to negatively affect crop yield and quality, posing a severe threat to food security for future generations. Gaining insight into heat stress responses is essential to develop strategies to optimize plant growth and quality under unfavourable temperatures. In this context, trace metals deserve particular attention as they contribute to defence responses and are important determinants of plant nutritional value. Here, we provide an overview of heat-induced effects on plant trace metal homeostasis and the involvement of trace metals and trace metal-dependent enzymes in plant responses to heat stress. Furthermore, avenues for future research on the interactions between heat stress and trace metals are discussed.
Use of the EpiDermTM 3D reconstructed skin micronucleus assay for fragrance materials
Authors: Thakkar Yax , Moustakas Holger , Aardema Marilyn , Roy Shambhu , Pfuhler Stefan , Api Anne Marie
Published: November 2021

In order to evaluate the utility of the 3D reconstructed skin micronucleus assay (3DRSMN) to assess clastogenic/aneugenic potential of the fragrance chemicals, a set of 22 fragrance materials were evaluated in 3DRSMN assay. These materials evaluated were also evaluated in an in vitro as well as in vivo micronucleus assay, conducted as per Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines. The results of the RSMN assay were in 100% agreement with the in vivo micronucleus assay results. From this dataset, 18 materials were positive in an in vitro micronucleus assay but were negative in an in vivo micronucleus assay. All these 18 materials were also concluded to be negative in 3DRSMN assay, stressing the importance of the assay to help minimize misleading positive outcomes from the in vitro assay. Since the highest exposure for fragrances is through the dermal route, the RSMN assay fits the applicability domain for testing. Thus, RSMN assay is an important alternative to animal testing for characterization of the genotoxicity potential of fragrance materials.
Transcriptome-wide in vivo mapping of cleavage sites for the compact cyanobacterial ribonuclease E reveals insights into its function and substrate recognition
Authors: Hoffmann Ute A , Heyl Florian , Rogh Said N , Wallner Thomas , Backofen Rolf , Hess Wolfgang R , Steglich Claudia , Wilde Annegret
Published: November 2021

Ribonucleases are crucial enzymes in RNA metabolism and post-transcriptional regulatory processes in bacteria. Cyanobacteria encode the two essential ribonucleases RNase E and RNase J. Cyanobacterial RNase E is shorter than homologues in other groups of bacteria and lacks both the chloroplast-specific N-terminal extension as well as the C-terminal domain typical for RNase E of enterobacteria. In order to investigate the function of RNase E in the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, we engineered a temperature-sensitive RNase E mutant by introducing two site-specific mutations, I65F and the spontaneously occurred V94A. This enabled us to perform RNA-seq after the transient inactivation of RNase E by a temperature shift (TIER-seq) and to map 1472 RNase-E-dependent cleavage sites. We inferred a dominating cleavage signature consisting of an adenine at the −3 and a uridine at the +2 position within a single-stranded segment of the RNA. The data identified mRNAs likely regulated jointly by RNase E and an sRNA and potential 3′ end-derived sRNAs. Our findings substantiate the pivotal role of RNase E in post-transcriptional regulation and suggest the redundant or concerted action of RNase E and RNase J in cyanobacteria.
Introduction
Authors: Sayad Cecilia
Published: November 2021

The book’s introduction revisits questions around the ontology of photographic and filmic images in order to lay out the role of technology in making supernatural entities become part of everyday life. An examination of theories about the transition from analog to digital image capture considers the potential of photography, film, and video to expand our senses, enhance our perception of the physical world, and work as evidence. The indexical link between the object placed before the camera and its image extends to a discussion about the spatial relationship between the contents of the framed image and the surrounding physical world, which informs discussions about framing techniques in found-footage horror films and participative spectatorship in experiential cinema and video games.
Beyond the frame
Authors: Sayad Cecilia
Published: November 2021

This chapter finds in the found-footage horror cycle an alternative way of understanding the relationship between horror films and reality, which is usually discussed in terms of allegory. It investigates theories about framing, considered both figuratively (framing the film as documentary) and stylistically (the framing in handheld cameras and in static long takes), as a device that playfully destabilizes the separation between the film and the surrounding world. The chapter explores the idea that documenting an event has the potential to contain it, which is relevant to both horror and documentary studies. A variety of found-footage horror films is considered, including the Paranormal Activity franchise, The Blair Witch Project, Cloverfield, and [•REC].
Embedded Entrepreneurship
Authors: Sorenson Olav
Published: November 2021

This chapter reviews and reflects on Olav Sorenson’s most influential stream of research. He has examined how and why social relationships influence where entrepreneurs locate their startups. He has studied how those location choices, in turn, contribute to the success of those startups. And, he has examined how these constraints help to determine the economic geography of entire industries. The chapter both reflects on the lessons learned from the individual studies and speculates as to why some scholars end up being more influential than others.
Building a Systematic Program of Research into Employee Creativity and Innovation
Authors: Zhou Jing
Published: November 2021

This chapter highlights the author’s view that building a systematic program of research is imperative in the journey toward influential scholarship. It shares the approaches that the author has learned and used in the process of building her systematic program of research. This research program centers around identifying key antecedents and consequences of creativity and innovation. The approaches shared in the chapter include choosing a nascent research field, enjoying the observation of workplace phenomena, reading widely and diversely, questioning commonly held assumptions, and designing projects that connect with the big picture. The author recounts how she relied on these approaches to (a) examining the interplay between the actor and the context in affecting the actor’s creativity, which resulted in a new typology; (b) developing the dual-tuning perspective on affect and creativity; (c) investigating how employee creativity leads to firm innovation and performance; and (d) creating a framework for understanding the receiving side of creativity. The chapter concludes with reflections on how to conduct impactful research by building a systematic program of inquiry.
Gustave Doré and the Modern Biblical Imagination
Authors: Schaefer Sarah C.
Published: November 2021

Gustave Doré and the Modern Biblical Imagination explores the role of biblical imagery in modernity through the lens of Gustave Doré (1832–83), whose work is among the most reproduced and adapted scriptural imagery in the history of Judeo-Christianity. First published in France in late 1865, Doré’s Bible illustrations received widespread critical acclaim among both religious and lay audiences, and the next several decades saw unprecedented dissemination of the images on an international scale. In 1868, the Doré Gallery opened in London, featuring monumental religious paintings that drew 2.5 million visitors over the course of a quarter century; when the gallery’s holdings traveled to the United States in 1892, exhibitions at venues such as the Art Institute of Chicago drew record crowds. The United States saw the most creative appropriations of Doré’s images among a plethora of media, from prayer cards and magic lantern slides to massive stained-glass windows and the spectacular epic films of Cecil B. DeMille. This book repositions biblical imagery at the center of modernity, an era that has often been defined through a process of secularization. The veracity and authority of the Bible came under unprecedented scrutiny and were at the center of a range of historical, theological, and cultural debates. Gustave Doré is at the nexus of these narratives, as his work established the most pervasive visual language for biblical imagery in the past two and a half centuries and constitutes the means by which the Bible has persistently been translated visually for modern audiences.
The Light of the Word
Authors: Schaefer Sarah C.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 1 introduces the context in which Doré’s biblical imagery emerged by focusing on the status of the Bible in the visual culture of nineteenth-century France, with particular emphasis on book illustration. Relying on photographic documentation of Doré’s original drawings, this chapter begins the process of articulating Doré’s visual language and its relationship to preceding attempts at comprehensive Bible illustration projects. The distinction between “biblical” and “religious” imagery is significant in setting the stage for the Doré Bible, as it was initially produced for French Catholic audiences, a contingent for whom direct engagement with the Bible was historically discouraged or even forbidden. Yet, as this chapter demonstrates, biblical illustration in the first half of the nineteenth century reveals the continued centrality of the Bible to artistic and public life in the wake of religious and intellectual upheavals.
Epilogue: The Invisible Hand
Authors: Schaefer Sarah C.
Published: November 2021

The book concludes with an epilogue, “The Invisible Hand,” that explores the afterlife of Doré’s imagery as it has been subject to creative erasure. The extent to which these images have been appropriated and adapted is foregrounded in the very process of their original creation, as Doré’s designs were transformed into reproducible matrices through the work of the engravers. The examples of cutting and overpainting of Doré’s work with which the book concludes should be understood not as iconoclastic but as entirely consistent with and the inevitable outcome of both the history of the Bible writ large and Doré’s intervention therein.
Leadership Transition
Authors: Müller Ralf , Drouin Nathalie , Sankaran Shankar
Published: November 2021

This chapter addresses the transition of leadership authority. This event occurs after an empowered leader’s assignment comes to an end. Leadership transition starts with a reflection and decision on the compatibility of the role’s conditions with the empowered leader’s actual behavior. In addition, internal and external contingencies are taken into account to decide on the continuation, change, or termination of the empowered leader’s assignment. Finally, to improve future leader selection and empowerment, a decision is made to abandon, change, or continue the criteria for leader selection in similar situations. The chapter is framed through transition theory and uses the morphogenetic cycle to explain the decision-making processes. The chapter ends with a model on leadership transition in balanced leadership.
Balanced Leadership Case Studies
Authors: Müller Ralf , Drouin Nathalie , Sankaran Shankar
Published: November 2021

This book has presented a theory of project leadership from the perspective of balancing leadership between the project manager and horizontal leaders. The theory offers an explanation on how the shifting of leadership in projects between formally appointed leaders and project team members occurs, and how social and cognitive structures enable such shifts. This chapter draws on two Canadian case studies and applies the perspective of socio-cognitive space to understand how shifting of leadership was enabled. It shows the nature of the dimensions of socio-cognitive space; i.e., empowerment, efficacy, and shared mental models, how these processes evolve, and the role they play in supporting the dynamics of the shifting of leadership.
Future Directions for Psychology in Critical Care
Authors: Wade Dorothy , Highfield Julie
Published: November 2021

This chapter outlines the authors’ thoughts about the way critical care psychology will develop and increase its impact, for the benefit of patients, families, and staff, in the future. They review the current body of knowledge regarding the patient experience, psychological and cognitive risk factors, outcomes, and interventions in critical care and discuss how it can be strengthened and translated from testimony and theory into practice. The authors discuss the changes required in the philosophy and practice of medicine, as well as in societal trends. An international perspective is offered that briefly discusses differences between countries and how these practices might influence one another over time. The impact and unique challenges encountered during the recent COVID-19 pandemic are used to emphasize how an increased role for the critical care psychologist had already taken root more firmly in the United Kingdom than in many other countries.
The Changing Context for Broadband Evaluation
Authors: Lehr William
Published: November 2021

Broadband Internet access is now widely recognized as basic infrastructure, like roads, water, and electricity. Identifying and reaching consensus on what constitutes an appropriate level of broadband service requires ongoing research to evaluate the social and economic impacts of broadband and broadband policies. As broadband has evolved, so too must the research focus. While availability and adoption of ever more advanced broadband will remain a concern, more of the focus should be on understanding how broadband is used and its effects on things like improved healthcare outcomes, educational performance, green/energy efficiency, and improving the quality of life for all society. We need more sector-specific and micro-studies of usage, and we need to tap into the different perspectives of the multiple academic disciplines. This will require multidisciplinary engagement among social scientists, network researchers, and policymakers. The research will require novel and more dynamic and heterogeneous data sets, metrics, and analytics tools.
Using Random Experiments to Measure the Impact of Computers, the Internet, and Other Forms of Technology on Educational Outcomes
Authors: Fairlie Robert
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines empirical approaches to studying the question of whether computers, the Internet, and other computer-related technologies improve educational outcomes. Most studies in the literature examine the question using multivariate regression analysis controlling for detailed school, teacher, student, family, and/or parental characteristics. Because of concerns regarding selection bias a relatively new literature uses randomized field experiments to examine the educational impacts of computer-related technology. Additionally, studies use quasi-experimental approaches such as natural experiments and regression discontinuity designs to estimate educational impacts. This chapter reviews the literature using these approaches and discusses each of the methodologies along with their strengths and weaknesses. Understanding the impacts of technology on education is important, because it sheds light on whether technology is an important input in the educational production process and whether disparities in access to technology translate into educational inequality.
Broadband Adoption and Ethnographic Approaches
Authors: Crowell Jessica
Published: November 2021

Digital inequality scholarship has shifted toward an interest in the “tangible outcomes” of broadband adoption and the role individual attitudes may play in shaping digital engagement. However, much of this emerging research remains quantitative in nature and has not offered an extensive sociocultural explanation of why poor attitudes toward digital technology may endure in marginalized communities, or why broadband outcomes remain stratified by class and race. Ethnographic research is especially well-suited to fill this research gap. Critical ethnography offers a useful analytical toolbox: (a) providing a particularized portrait of everyday life; (b) rooting analysis within a social justice perspective; and (c) emphasizing building trust and “rapport” with marginalized communities, thus uncovering hidden practices or behaviors. In offering greater context to our understanding of digital attitudes and outcomes, ethnographic research can help digital inequality scholars further refine research questions, generate new categories of measurement, and better map complex sociotechnical relationships.
Opportunities and Challenges in Advancing Broadband-Enabled Government Services
Authors: Ho Alfred T.
Published: November 2021

This chapter re-examines the potential impact of information technology on public services and suggest a framework that evaluates the “knowns” and the “unknowns” of the impacts of broadband-enabled e-government. It also suggests a stakeholder-logic model to evaluate the implications of this development for elected officials, public employees, service users, and the community-at-large and its potential risks and challenges. Even though many local governments have already begun to implement new e-government tools under the broadband environment, there are still some known broken promises, such as recurring challenges of digital divide and e-democracy, and some unknowns about its impacts, such as the uncertain impacts on policy agenda setting and on the shifting power among different economic classes and demographic groups. The chapter discusses these and then concludes by suggesting questions that require more future research and policy attention.
Conclusion
Authors: Welch Eric W.
Published: November 2021

To better understand the effects of broadband use, there must first be a commitment from policymakers to support evaluation. This volume has made an argument about why policymakers should undertake this investment and has outlined needs and strategies for advancing this knowledge. It has also examined the profession of broadband evaluation itself. The complexity of broadband use demands an evaluation approach that values generalizability and applies multiple research methods. But it also requires a further development of common concepts, improved collection of and access to data, and comparison across policy areas, programs, scales, and time. To do all of this, we need not only more and better evaluation methods but also a research community around broadband evaluation that shares knowledge and effectively communicates evidence for policy. The future impact of broadband technology on effective and equitable use depends on concerted attention by both the research community and policymakers.
Networks for Social Impact
Authors: Shumate Michelle , Cooper Katherine R.
Published: November 2021

Networks for Social Impact is a broad review of how nonprofits, businesses, and governments work together to tackle social problems. The book takes a systems approach to explain how networks make a social impact, and when they are unlikely to do so. It argues that network design and management is not a one-size-fits-all formula. Instead, the type of social issue, the mechanism for social impact, environment, and resources available each determine appropriate choices. Drawing on research from public administration, psychology, business, network science, social work, and communication, it synthesizes what we know about how to best design and manage networks. It includes illustrations from 30 original case studies; they describe groups of organizations addressing issues such as gender-based violence, educational outcomes, senior care, veterans’ services, mental health and wellness, and climate change. Additionally, the volume describes critical issues that leaders address in creating and managing networks, including social issue analysis, network governance, securing and managing funding, dealing with power and conflict, using data effectively, and managing change. Each chapter includes tools for network leaders to use to handle these issues. This book is neither a Pollyannaish, pro-collaboration account of the benefits of network approaches, nor is it a critical view of these efforts. Instead, it highlights the opportunities and challenges of networks.
Introduction
Authors: Schwartz Seth J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter introduces Dr. Schwartz and provides an outline for the book. The chapter allows readers to get to know the author and to gain wisdom about publishing, mentorship, and forging a line of research based on a career trajectory. The chapter provides take-away messages based on Dr. Schwartz’s professional experiences and sets up the structure for the remainder of the book.
Plagiarism, Citations, and Paraphrasing
Authors: Schwartz Seth J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter covers issues around citing, and crediting others for, their ideas and work. The chapter defines and provides examples of plagiarism and offers strategies for avoiding plagiarism in one’s own work. The chapter lays out situations when sources should be cited and the types of sources that are most appropriate to cite in specific situations. Four prominent citation styles are reviewed—American Psychological Association, American Sociological Association, Index Medicus, and Chicago styles. Ways to diversify citations and to avoid over-citing sources are also presented. Ways to paraphrase sources without quoting them directly are offered.
The Journal Review Process
Authors: Schwartz Seth J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter reviews the journal submission and review process, starting with navigating manuscript submission sites and proceeding through editorial review, peer review, editorial decisions, revising and resubmitting manuscripts, developing reviewer response letters, finalizing manuscripts, and correcting publisher proofs. The chapter provides an in-depth tutorial on responding to reviewer requests, prioritizing which requests to respond to first, how to respond to different editorial styles, and how to use the response letter to “push back” against reviewer requests without being combative. The chapter also offers suggestions for handling conflicting reviewer requests, requests for new analyses, and how to revise a paper when new analyses change the message or take away previously significant findings.
Working With Coauthors
Authors: Schwartz Seth J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter reviews issues involved in collaborative writing. A coauthor job description is provided, emphasizing that a coauthor’s role is to provide whatever feedback and thoughts that occur to them as they review drafts. Coauthors also can support the lead author by being available to answer questions or problem-solve issues that occur as the first author is writing the draft. Authors are advised to progress their work as far as they can before sharing the manuscript with coauthors. The chapter also addresses some of the challenges involved in working with coauthors, such as delays, coauthors who refuse to approve manuscripts for submission unless their demands are met, and coauthors who manipulate and coerce other authors. Mentor–mentee collaborations and teams where a graduate student is leading a collaboration with several senior scholars are also addressed.
Freedom Girls
Authors: Apolloni Alexandra M.
Published: November 2021

Freedom Girls: Voicing Femininity in 1960s British Pop shows how the vocal performances of girl singers in 1960s Britain defined—and sometimes defied—ideas about what it meant to be a young woman in the 1960s British pop music scene. The singing and expressive voices of Sandie Shaw, Cilla Black, Millie Small, Dusty Springfield, Lulu, Marianne Faithfull, and P. P. Arnold reveal how vocal sound shapes access to social mobility and, consequently, access to power and musical authority. The book examines how Sandie Shaw and Cilla Black’s ordinary girl personas were tied to whiteness, and in Black’s case to her Liverpool origins. It shows how Dusty Springfield and Jamaican singer Millie Small engaged with the transatlantic sounds of soul and ska, respectively, transforming ideas about musical genre, race, and gender. It reveals how attitudes about sexuality and youth in rock culture shaped the vocal performances of Lulu and Marianne Faithfull, and how P. P. Arnold has re-narrated rock history to center Black women’s vocality. Freedom Girls draws on a broad array of archival sources, including music magazines, fashion and entertainment magazines produced for young women, biographies and interviews, audience research reports, and others to inform analysis of musical recordings (including such songs as “As Tears Go By,” “Son of a Preacher Man,” and others) and performances on television programs such as Ready Steady Go!, Shindig, and other 1960s music shows. These performances reveal the historical and contemporary connections between voice, social mobility, and musical authority and demonstrate how singers used voice to navigate the boundaries of race, class, and gender.
Sounding Like Liverpool
Authors: Apolloni Alexandra M.
Published: November 2021

Cilla Black sang and spoke with a pronounced Liverpool accent. Despite attempts to eliminate it, this quality remained, ultimately becoming a point of identification for listeners. This chapter explores how Black’s voice defied class-marked notions of respectability. Her voice—and persona—were a problem for music critics. Unlike the cool ordinariness embodied by singers like Sandie Shaw, Black communicated a different ordinariness, one rooted in working-class identity, which complicated her position in hip, modern, Swinging London. Her first hit, “Anyone Who Had a Heart,” reveals how this plays out musically. The chapter considers Black in the context of Merseybeat and the ideology of authenticity that characterized rock and roll and places her performances in the context of the mid-1960s boom in popular linguistic and quasi-ethnographic publications purporting to document Liverpool culture. The chapter concludes with reflections on Black’s early TV career and considers how contemporary Liverpool musicians contend with her legacy.
England Meets Jamaica’s Lollipop Girl
Authors: Apolloni Alexandra M.
Published: November 2021

Black Jamaican singer Millie Small’s “My Boy Lollipop” was one of the first global pop hits with origins in Jamaican pop music. British commentators caricatured Small’s Jamaican background while construing her as the ideal ambassador to bring Jamaican pop to white British audiences. This chapter listens to Millie Small’s voice in this context. Despite attempts to diminish her accent, Small’s distinctive voice proved difficult to discipline and its reception reveals how ideas about sonic femininity collide with racist anxiety. The chapter closely attends to the way she sings “My Boy Lollipop,” and the way that Black and white audiences responded to her voice. It then discusses her performance on the iconic Around the Beatles TV special, which allows us to hear her voice in the context of competing discourses of modernity. The chapter concludes by reflecting on one of Small’s later recordings—the antiracist anthem “Enoch Power.”
Race, Self-Invention, and Dusty Springfield’s Voice
Authors: Apolloni Alexandra M.
Published: November 2021

In the 1960s, Dusty Springfield’s voice earned her frequent comparisons to African American vocalists. This chapter argues that Springfield’s vocal sound reveals how racialized listening processes operate. It shows how the historical reception of Black singers in Britain, assumptions about how white women sounded, and a pop music scene that cultivated excitement through engagement with racial otherness moved listeners to hear her voice in racialized terms. The chapter begins with discussion of how Springfield’s story of vocal transformation has been told by her biographers. Then, it consider two key collaborations between Springfield and Black artists: the “Sound of Motown,” a special episode of the TV program Ready Steady Go!, and her 1969 album, Dusty in Memphis. Although separated only by five years, the two performances in question construct Springfield’s relationship to race and identity much differently, responding, in part, to political, cultural, and musical changes that occurred during the intervening years.
Prologue
Authors: Irons Peter
Published: November 2021

The prologue recounts in detail the lynching of Rubin Stacy in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, on July 19, 1935. An illiterate farm worker with a wife and three-year-old son, Stacy was accused of assaulting a White woman with a penknife in front of her young children. Captured after a three-day manhunt, Stacy was lynched by a racist deputy sheriff and his body riddled with seventeen bullets fired by mob members. No one was charged with his murder, but the lynching prompted an effort by Black leaders and the NAACP to persuade President Franklin Roosevelt to support an antilynching bill in Congress, using as a visual reminder of lynching’s horrors a photo of Stacy’s lifeless body hanging from a pine branch while several White children gaze at it. FDR refused, citing his reliance on racist southern senators for passage of his New Deal programs to combat the Great Depression. The prologue also explores the ancestral roots of Stacy and the family of the woman he was accused of assaulting. Both had ancestors among the early Virginia residents; Stacy’s were Black slaves, and his alleged victim’s were White farmers. The different cultures in which they were raised—one oppressed by the other—made Stacy’s lynching an example of White fear of Black men “violating” their wives and daughters.
“Negroes Plan to Kill All Whites”
Authors: Irons Peter
Published: November 2021

This chapter, which covers the first three decades of the twentieth century, begins with an account of the life and career of W. E. B. Du Bois, the most influential Black intellectual and social scientist of that period. A classic insider/outsider in American society, Du Bois earned a Harvard PhD in sociology and wrote a pioneering study of systemic racism in The Philadelphia Negro. He was also an outspoken activist in the Socialist Party and NAACP. Du Bois’s work placed him at the forefront of struggles against racism, especially in northern cities into which 1.5 million southern Blacks moved in the Great Migration, lured by the prospect of steady, well-paid factory jobs. These Black migrants, however, were outnumbered two to one by southern White migrants to those cities, who forced Blacks into ghettos with rundown, overcrowded housing and inferior schools. Tensions between the races intensified after World War I, sparking the “Red Summer” of 1919, with major race riots—instigated by Whites—in Washington, D.C., and Chicago, leaving dozens dead and thousand with burned-out homes. The bloodshed culminated that fall with the massacre of some two hundred Black tenant farmers and their families in the town of Elaine, Arkansas, followed two years later by another massacre, in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The decade of the 1920s offered northern Blacks little respite from the racism that kept them from escaping poverty.
Epilogue
Authors: Irons Peter
Published: November 2021

This epilogue, written after the 2020 elections and the inauguration of President Joe Biden, first looks at the refusal of former president Donald Trump to accept his electoral defeat and his incitement of his hard-core supporters to disrupt the counting of electoral votes in the Senate chamber of the Capitol on January 6, 2021. Their violent storming of the Capitol, resulting in five deaths, prompted the Democratic-controlled House of Representatives to impeach Trump for “incitement to insurrection.” However, only seven of fifty GOP senators joined all fifty Democrats to convict Trump, short of the required two-thirds majority of sixty-seven. One major consequence of Biden’s victory was his pledge, in a document entitled “Lift Every Voice: The Biden Plan for Black America,” to focus on “rooting out systemic racism” in American institutions. The epilogue then looks at the impact of Trump’s (and his followers) racism on two major social and political issues: the greater infection, hospitalization, and death rates of Blacks from the coronavirus pandemic, and racial justice and police reform after the death of George Floyd in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in May 2020. Attempting to arrest Floyd, a forty-six-year-old Black man, for allegedly trying to pass a counterfeit $20 bill, Police Officer Derek Chauvin pressed his knee into Floyd’s neck for almost ten minutes while he was handcuffed and prone on the street. The jury verdict in Chauvin’s murder trial, unknown at this writing, will play a significant role in determining how Americans will support, or oppose, programs and policies to “root out systemic racism,” as President Biden has pledged to combat. The reign of White Men’s Law must end.
What Privacy Is
Authors: Richards Neil
Published: November 2021

Privacy issues are everywhere in our society, but we struggle with them in part because we lack a clear definition of privacy on which we can agree. Scholars have struggled to define privacy, but lots of concepts in our law, like “free speech” and “equality,” have been protected without clear agreement on a specific definition. Thus, we need not let our hang-ups about privacy’s definitional problem stop us from talking about it and protecting it. The chapter offers a working definition of privacy for the book as “the extent to which human information is neither known nor used. This definition focuses on (1) information privacy rather than other kinds of privacy; (2) information about humans; (3) the use of information rather than its mere collection; and (4) the importance of thinking about information use as a matter of degree rather than a binary on/off state.
A Theory of Privacy as Rules
Authors: Richards Neil
Published: November 2021

Target Corporation’s famous use of big data to predict which of its customers were pregnant involved a potent cocktail of behavioral science and data science to influence customers’ behavior without their knowledge. In Target’s case, it sent coupons to pregnant women so as to habituate them into becoming long-term Target customers. Its real lesson is that human information confers the power to control human behavior. Rather than thinking principally about defining privacy, we should think about regulating to protect people from the power that human information confers. This conclusion has four important implications. First, it reveals that privacy is fundamentally about power—power over human beings in society. Second, struggles over “privacy” are really struggles over the rules that constrain the power that human information confers. Third, privacy rules of some sort are inevitable. Fourth, privacy should be thought of in instrumental terms to promote human values.
Bach against Modernity
Authors: Marissen Michael
Published: November 2021

By key standards of what in the eighteenth century and later was considered to be forward-looking and modern—namely to exalt reason (above revelation, whatever the flaws of reason) as arbiter of truth, to exalt human autonomy and achievement, to exalt religious tolerance, to exalt cosmopolitanism, and to exalt social and political progressiveness—Bach and his music reflected and forcefully promoted a premodern world and life view. While we are arguably free to make use of Bach and his music in whatever historically informed or uninformed ways we find fitting, we ought also to be on the ethical alert for a kind of cultural narcissism in which we end up miscasting Bach in our own ideological image and proclaiming the authenticity of that image, and hence its prestige value, in support of our own agendas.
Emerging Infections
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H.
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines emerging infections. Emerging human viruses may cause anything from a single infection, to a small outbreak, and on to an epidemic or pandemic. The main factors that determine whether an outbreak progresses to an epidemic and on to a pandemic are the virus’s ability to infect and spread between humans, the availability of non-immune hosts within the virus’s range, and the effectiveness of any precautionary measures taken to inhibit virus spread. This is measured by the R number, or case reproduction number. The chapter then looks at groups of emerging viruses with very differing R values (not forgetting that viruses may move up or down the scale as circumstances change). These include viruses that spread no further than a single individual, such as rabies and hantaviruses; viruses that cause sporadic epidemics after introduction to a human index case from their primary host, such as Ebola, Lassa fever, and the coronaviruses that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV); and viruses that can subsequently circulate continuously among humans causing epidemics, such as yellow fever, Zika, and dengue viruses.
Turning The Tables
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H.
Published: November 2021

This chapter outlines the different ways of combatting viruses. Smallpox was the most lethal of the recurrent childhood infections, and, until the late eighteenth century, had it all its own way. But in 1715, when smallpox virus infected Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, the fightback began. This turn of events gave Lady Mary a keen interest in smallpox that led, a few years later, to the first successful prevention of the disease in Europe. However, inoculation was obviously not entirely safe and was not universally accepted. Despite this, it continued to be popular until 1798, when Edward Jenner published the details of a safer alternative: vaccination. Following smallpox, rabies virus was the next to be prevented by a vaccine, this time produced by microbiologist Louis Pasteur working in Paris in the mid 1800s. From the mid 1950s onwards, a surge in production saw vaccines against common viruses like polio, measles, rubella, and mumps, as well as common bacterial infections like diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus, being rolled out to all children in western countries. The chapter then looks at how these vaccines were prepared and the recent advances in vaccinology spurred on by the COVID-19 pandemic. It also considers flu vaccines, subunit vaccines, and microbial treatments.
The Law and Regulation of Medicines and Medical Devices
Authors: Feldschreiber Peter
Published: November 2021

This book focuses on the science and regulatory policy and law surrounding the discovery, development, and marketing of new medicines. It reviews consumer protection and intellectual property laws that are applicable to the development and commercialisation of medicinal products. It also provides a deeper understanding of the scientific and technical issues for lawyers and legal issues for those involved with regulatory policy and decision-making, such as senior executives in the pharmaceutical industry. The book covers the European and UK legislation on medicines and healthcare products together with the UK implementing legislation and instruments, and key case law. It discusses the structure and function of the regulatory authorities, applications to carry out clinical trials, intellectual property issues, product liability issues, and litigation.
Crusoe's Books
Authors: Bell Bill
Published: November 2021

This book examines the role of books and reading in relation to five itinerant constituencies in the long nineteenth century. It provides a critique of influential approaches to the history of reading within the context of the British empire. Beginning with the figure of the ‘hermeneutic castaway’ in Robinson Crusoe, it moves on to explore this and other phenomena as they were manifest among shipboard emigrants, Australian convicts, Scottish settlers in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, among polar explorers, and in the trenches of the First World War. In each instance, it explores the tensions between official prescriptive reading cultures and the everyday responses of ordinary readers themselves. Far from demonstrating the confidence and coherence of a British imperial project during this period, the evidence provided by a myriad reading experiences suggests an underlying disruption and tension in the way that reading subjects saw themselves and their political masters throughout the empire. Using archival, official, and other printed sources, the book sets out to show the diversity of readerly response in this period and what it can tell us about the complexity of the mentalities of ordinary subjects in an age of empire.
The European Council as a Transformative Force
Authors: Wessels Wolfgang
Published: November 2021

The puzzle of my chapter is to explain an astonishing transformation of the European Union over the last 60 years. Faced with dramatic challenges in their international, economic, social, and political environment, the member states, as masters of the treaty, have taken considerable steps to widen, deepen, and broaden their common system. In an unconventional explanation, the chapter argues that the European Council, as the regular summit forum of national and European leaders, generally characterized as the apex of the intergovernmental nature of the EU’s architecture, has been the dynamic driver of this remarkable process. In analysing the specific functions of the European Council as the constitutional architect, I identify a typical four-step pattern in its power of transformation. The result is a fusion of intergovernmental and also strong supranational features which explains a considerable resilience to deep and varied crises.
Incompleteness and Moral Change
Authors: Herman Barbara
Published: November 2021

This chapter argues that the objectivity and determinacy of moral requirement can be maintained even though the moral habitat system of duties is subject to progressive change and amendment. Like engineering or medicine, it has the structure of a practical science with fundamental laws and values and a deliberative pragmatics for absorbing new knowledge and taking on new tasks. There is no complete or ideal system of duties. A significant upshot of this is that individuals have an imperfect duty to be agents of moral change. They must attend to moral practices and give voice to faults they see. Responding explicitly to a region of concern can have due care priority over unilaterally making things better. It is part of the idea of the moral habitat project to expect moral change as an ongoing collective project of responsiveness to its defining set of moral values.
Phenomenal Conservatism and Its Promises
Authors: McCain Kevin , Moretti Luca
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses Phenomenal Conservatism (PC) and its promises as a theory of epistemic justification. It also explores common objections raised against PC including that it is too liberal, it conflicts with Bayesianism, and it runs afoul of cognitive penetration. It is argued that these common objections fail to pose a genuine threat to PC. Additionally, it is argued that there are a number of benefits provided by the appearance-based approach to epistemic justification championed by PC. As a result, this chapter shows that PC is a good starting point for theorizing about the nature of epistemic justification even though it cannot make good on all of its promises.