bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Oculomotor Test to Measure Alcohol Impairment
Authors: Freivalds Andris , Horii Ken
Published: August 2011

Drunk driving continues to be one of the nation's most serious safety problems. On the premise that oculomotor control provides a quantitative measure that is very sensitive to alcohol impairment, an oculomotor test previously developed as a portable hand-held Viewmaster viewer with specially designed grating patterns as images was used to stress the oculomotor system. Test scores decreased with increased alcohol impairment along with a large dependence on individual lateral phoria scores. Unfortunately, there was a large amount of interindividual variability, which may limit use of the test for the population at large unless other individual characteristics are included.
The Trail Making Test A and B: A Technical Note on Structural Nonequivalence
Authors: Rossini Edward D. , Karl Michael A.
Published: August 2011

The major structural aspect of the Trail Making Test, length of drawn lines needed to complete the tests, was measured and compared for the adult and school-aged child versions. Trail Making B is a markedly longer test than Trail Making A, 32% for adults and 27% for school-aged children. The interpretive assumptions that Trail Making B differs from Trail Making A only in terms of the cognitive skills needed to complete the test and the implicit interpretive bias toward minimizing the motor component of the tests were challenged in this technical note.
Validity of a Perceived Exertion Scale for Children: A Pilot Study
Authors: Eston R. G. , Lamb K. L. , Bain A. , Williams A. M. , Williams J. G.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of a recently developed rating scale of perceived exertion, the Children's Effort Rating Table (CERT), for controlling exercise intensity in young children. 16 children ( M age = 9.9 yr., SD = 1.2) performed three separate exercise tests on a mechanically braked cycle ergometer. Stage I (response protocol) consisted of a graded test with heart rate and perceived effort rating recorded in response to specified steady-state work outputs. Stage II (production protocol) examined subjects' ability to produce work outputs corresponding to levels 5, 7, and 9 of the CERT. This protocol was repeated on a further occasion (Stage III) to assess the reliability of the findings. Pearson correlations between ratings and heart rate (0.76) and ratings and work output (0.75) highlight the potential of the scale as a valid measure of exercise intensity. Also, the work rates produced by subjects in Stage II correlated 0.89 with those predicted from Stage I; however, analysis of variance showed that work output was significantly lower in Stage II than predicted. Finally, an intraclass correlation of 0.91 between Stages II and III suggests that the scale gave a reliable estimate of exercise intensity of children. The findings from this pilot study suggest that children's perceptions of effort might be used to guide intensity of exercise during structured activity classes.
Effects of a Moderately Difficult Task on Preschool Children's Concentration and Their Subsequent Choices of Task
Authors: Tanaka Sachiyo
Published: August 2011

97 preschool children (4 to 6 years old) were assigned three tasks, easy, moderate, and difficult. The group's concentration on the moderate task and the subsequent choices of task were compared with those in the groups given the easy and difficult tasks. Analysis showed that (1) on the moderate task the group's concentration was high as well as on the easy task. (2) The moderate-task group's subsequent choices of task were different from those given the easy and the difficult tasks. They were not inclined toward the easier or the same and more difficult tasks.
Problem Solving and Metacognition
Authors: Betsinger Alicia M. , Cross John F. , DeFiore Roberta M.
Published: August 2011

The problem-solving abilities and metacognitive functions of two types of creative individuals were examined using 19 English and 19 Mathematics and Computer Science majors from a private midwestern university. Analyses of scores on 9 dependent variables, while not providing evidence of statistically significant differences between the two groups, suggested a closer examination of the possible group distinctions.
No Specific Effects of Caloric Stimulation on the Visual-Imagery Processes of Normal Subjects
Authors: Alway David , Nichelli Paolo , Shotland Lawrence I. , Appollonio Ildebrando , Grafman Jordan
Published: August 2011

Recent research indicates that neglect can be temporarily, but only partially, ameliorated by activating the contralateral hemisphere via caloric stimulation and other techniques. In this study, we evaluated whether caloric srimulation could be used to manipulate visual-imagery processes in normal subjects. 11 normal subjects participated in a quantitative visual-imagery task while undergoing caloric stimulation. Neither side of report nor ear of caloric stimulation affected performance. Possible reasons for this negative result are reviewed.
Effects of Gender and Listeners' Preference on Magnitude-Estimation Scaling of Rock Music
Authors: Fucci Donald , Petrosino Linda , Banks Molly
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of gender and listener preference on magnitude-estimation scaling of rock music. Four groups of young adults were tested: 14 women who liked rock music, 14 women who disliked rock music, 14 men who liked rock music, and 14 men who disliked rock music. Subjects were instructed to assign numerical values to a random series of nine suprathresh-old intensity levels of a 10-sec. sample of rock music. Analysis indicated that there was no difference in scaling performance between women and men. There was a difference in scaling performance between the group of women who liked rock music and the group of women who disliked rock music. There was no difference in the way the two groups of men performed the scaling task. These results suggest that men and women perform magnitude-estimation scaling of rock music similarly. Women, however, allow preference to influence how they choose numbers during magnitude-estimation scaling tasks whereas men do not.
Betting at the Race Track: Does Risk Seeking Increase When Losses Accumulate?
Authors: Gärling Tommy , Romanus Joakim , Selart Marcus
Published: August 2011

Previous research has shown that prior outcomes affect choices in an inconsistent way. As a consequence, for 12 male and 20 female undergraduates a prior loss decreased risk seeking at the end of a betting sequence, a time when people are believed to be more risk seeking.
Correlations among General Stress, Family Environment, Psychological Distress, and Pain Experience
Authors: Naidoo P. , Pillay Y. G.
Published: August 2011

For 15 subjects with chronic low back pain and 15 matched healthy controls analysis of scores on Life Experiences Survey (general stress), Family Environment Scale (family relationships), Beck Depression Inventory (psychological distress), and McGill Pain Questionnaire (pain experience) indicated that the scores on environmental stressors, general stress, and psychological distress were higher for the group with pain. They experienced more negative life events and were more depressed. Certain family characteristics (decreased scores on Cohesion, Independence, Organization, and increased scores on Conflict) were unique to that group. Finally, certain family variables which did not differentiate between the groups were associated with the pain experience.
Validity of Rorschach Inanimate Movement and Diffuse Shading Responses as Measures of Frustration and Anxiety
Authors: Eells Gregory T. , Boswell Donald L.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to validate Rorschach inanimate movement and diffuse shading responses as measures of frustration and anxiety. 48 subjects were assigned into four cells of no treatment, frustration condition, anxiety condition, and a combination of both the frustration and anxiety conditions in a 2 × 2 (anxiety by frustration) design. Two-way analyses of variance of the influence of anxiety and frustration on inanimate movement responses and shading responses gave no significant main effects or interactions. Also, no significant relationships were found between state anxiety scores and inanimate movement or shading responses.
An Anatomical Analysis of Aikido's Third Teaching: An Investigation of Sankyo
Authors: Olson Gregory D. , Seitz Frank C. , Guldbrandsen Frank
Published: August 2011

Sankyo, one of Aikido's strongest martial art techniques for peacefully subduing an attacker, produces pain in the hand, wrist, and forearm. Specific target muscles, tendons, and ligaments are identified through an investigation of Sankyo's expert application to two anatomists and a male cadaver.
Influence of Ball Weight on Junior High School Girls' Volleyball Performance
Authors: Pellett Tracy L. , Henschel-Pellett Heidi A. , Harrison Joyce M.
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to investigate the influence of a lighter ball (Tachikara Volley Lite) on 72 seventh-grade girls' tournament game play and pretest-to-posttest improvement for a 16-day volleyball practice period. Two intact classes were randomly assigned to groups, one of whom used lighter balls during skills progressions while a second used regulation balls. All students used regulation balls during tournament game play and skills tests. Both groups significantly improved the forearm pass from pretest to posttest. Analysis of covariance indicated no significant differences between groups on posttest means for any skill. A 2 × 6 (treatment x game day) analysis of variance indicated that the group practicing with lighter balls had significantly more correct sets and a higher average daily success rate for the set and underhand serve on game days than the group using a regulation ball.
Psychometric Properties of Russell's Short Form of the Booklet Category Test
Authors: Boyle Gregory J. , Ward James , Steindl Stanley R.
Published: August 2011

Russell's short form of the Booklet Category Test was administered to 26 diagnosed schizophrenic patients and 14 normal individuals along with a test of premorbid intelligence. IQ correlated significantly (inversely) with errors and in particular with Subtests 3, 4, and 6. Age related directly to errors, especially for Subtests 3, 4, and 5. The mean Cronbach coefficient alpha was .71, indicating moderate item homogeneity across subtests. In sum, the shortened form appears to be an efficient and effective measure of concept formation among schizophrenic individuals.
Execution-Time Updating of Motor Program for Rapid Serial Output
Authors: Semjen Andras
Published: August 2011

Motor program updating was studied by asking 2 subjects to modify the accent pattern of rapid finger-tapping sequences during execution. The tap to be accentuated was changed unpredictably in one-third of the trials; on these trials the signal indicating the new accent position was delivered upon the onset of the first tap. The probability of placing the new accent correctly increased when the tap to be accentuated was shifted towards the end of the sequence. The probability of cancelling the initially prepared accent showed a similar pattern. Successful updating of the accent pattern could be achieved without any mistiming of the successive taps. These findings are taken to indicate the existence of a temporal overlap between the execution of the initial part of the sequence and the programming of the later part.
Zipf's Law Extended to Small Samples of Adult Speech
Authors: Ridley Dennis R. , Gonzales Emilia A.
Published: August 2011

Zipf's law relates the frequencies of words found in speech samples to the numbers of different words at each frequency. The present study extended this law to very small samples (400 words) of both written and oral speech. A secondary purpose was to investigate whether oral and written samples from the same speakers deviate from Zipf's law in systematic ways, allowing correct identifications of speakers across the two modalities. Zipf's law was strongly confirmed, but systematic deviations from the generalization proved difficult to demonstrate.
Implicit and Explicit Learning: Differential Effects of Affective States
Authors: Rathus Jill H. , Reber Arthur S. , Manza Louis , Kushner Michael
Published: August 2011

Two experiments using a standard artificial grammar paradigm were conducted to examine the role of affective states, specifically anxiety and depression, on implicit learning. The main purpose was to broaden the range of human functioning explored through the application of the robustness principle in the evolutionary framework recently developed by Reber which predicts that cognitive processes which rely upon unconscious, implicit processes should be less affected by affective states than those which rely upon conscious, explicit processes. In Study 1 ( N = 60), high test anxiety was associated with performance deficits in the explicit components of the task; no differences were found in the implicit phases of the task. In Study 2 ( N = 160), varying levels of subclinical depression were unrelated to both implicit and explicit functioning. The contrasting findings of the two studies are discussed in terms of the differential cognitive effects and adaptive implications of these two affective states.
Cable Television Home-Shopping Stations and Disabled Persons: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: August 2011

Based in part as a service to handicapped people, the Federal Communications Commission has granted “must carry” protection to cable television home-shopping stations. An informal inquiry of the product mix presently being offered does not show that this mission is being fulfilled.
Mood Alterations in Older Adults following Acute Exercise
Authors: Pierce Edgar F. , Pate Donald W.
Published: August 2011

Limited research indicates positive affective change following acute bouts of exercise, but whether this improved affect among younger subjects may be generalized to older individuals is not known. The present study, then, examined the effects of a single bout of physical activity among older participants. 16 trained women ( Moge = 64.5 ± 7.6 yr.) completed an abbreviated Profile of Mood States prior to and immediately following a 75-min. session of aerobic line dancing. A series of one-way analyses of variance with repeated measures were used to examine differences between pre- and posttest subscores on mood states. Significant decreases following exercise in scores on Tension, Depression, Fatigue, and Anger and a significant increase in scores on Vigor relative to preexercise (control) scores were found. Global mood was significantly improved after the exercise session. No significant difference was found between pre- and postexercise measures of Confusion. Previous findings of significant improvements in affect immediately after an acute bout of exercise may be generalized to older adults. Repetition with a nonexercised control group is desirable.
Preference for Practicing Location in Table Tennis Classes and Students' Personalities
Authors: Sugiyama Yoshio , Soichi Ichimura
Published: August 2011

Some previous researchers have described relations of seating positions in classrooms to measures of personality. In this study of table tennis classes, the relations of the preference for practicing location and individuals' personality scores were investigated. 78 Japanese university students were administered a questionnaire composed of a question about their preference for location, the Maudsley Personality Inventory, and the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Two-way analyses of variance showed that students who preferred different areas in a gymnasium had different scores on Extraversion-Introversion, Neuroticism, and Trait Anxiety. The results implied that effective instructors should understand and use such relations in organizing group lessons in table tennis.
Comparison of Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-Survey Form Age Equivalent and Standard Score with the Bayley Mental Development Index
Authors: Raggio Donald J. , Massingale Twila W. , Bass John D.
Published: August 2011

The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-Survey Form standard score, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-Survey Form age equivalent and Bayley scales' Mental Development Index were given to 44 high-risk infants age 12 mo. and suspected of developmental delay. The VABS-Survey Form, a revision of the Vineland Social Maturity Scale is frequently used in assessment of developmental delay; however, questions have arisen as to whether the standard score or age equivalent is the better measure. A developmental quotient based on VABS-SF age equivalent and VABS-SF standard score was compared with the Bayley Mental Development Index. The mean VABS-SF standard score was significantly higher than the age equivalent quotient and the Bayley Mental Development Index. Implications for the use of VABS-SF age equivalent in evaluating such infants are discussed.
Salty Solutions: Their Effects on Thermal Set Points in Behavioral Repertoires of Albino Rats
Authors: Vitulli William F. , Aker Rwanda , Howard Stanley W. , Jones Wendy M. , Kimball Morgan W. , Quinn Joseph M.
Published: August 2011

Salt (sodium chloride) has been linked to increased blood pressure and a rise in core body temperature. The objective of this study was to investigate the role played by salt in altering behavioral thermoregulation in albino rats. Different doses of sodium chloride were administered (ip) prior to fixed-interval 2-min. schedules of microwave reinforcement in rats tested in a cold Skinner Box. Three Sprague-Dawley rats were conditioned to regulate their thermal environment with 5-sec. exposures of MW reinforcement in a repeated-measures reversal design. Friedman's non-parametric test showed significant differences among sodium chloride doses and physiologically normal saline. Post hoc sign tests showed that all doses of NaCI suppressed operant behavior for heat except 60 mg/kg. The hypothesis that sodium chloride lowers hypothalamic set point for heat was partially supported.
Response Velocity, Range of Movement, and Timing Accuracy
Authors: Siegel Donald
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between variation in response velocity, range of motion, and temporal accuracy for 25 subjects executing stroking movements aimed to terminate coincidently with a moving stimulus arriving at a target. Analysis indicated that temporal accuracy improved with increasing velocity and decreasing range of movement.
Use of Assisted Reading to Improve Reading Rate, Word Accuracy, and Comprehension with ESL Spanish-Speaking Students
Authors: VanWagenen Margaret A. , Williams Randy Lee , Mc Laughlin T. F.
Published: August 2011

The present experiment examined the effectiveness of an assisted reading program on reading rates and comprehension of three Spanish-speaking students learning English. The effects of assisted reading on reading rate, word accuracy, and comprehension were examined using a multiple-baseline design across individuals. Increases in words read correctly per minute with repeated readings of the passage and on new passages, decreases in errors per minute, and increases in comprehension were noted.
Daily Living and Study Habits and the Academic Achievement of Secondary School Students in Hong Kong
Authors: On Tse Ka , Watkins David
Published: August 2011

Responses of 80 Hong Kong first-year high school girls to a test of nonverbal ability and a questionnaire about their daily living and study habits plus English-language competence scores were investigated as predictors of academic achievement in six school subjects. Only the ‘daily living habit’ and ‘study habit’ items concerning amount of homework and revision time correlated significantly with school subject grades but even these items did not improve the predictive power obtained by entering the nonverbal ability and English competence scores in the regression equation. The findings question the value of instructing girls to watch their nutrition, sleep, and time spent watching television or on the telephone.
Perception and Preference for Location in Golf Practice
Authors: Sugiyama Yoshio , Shiraki Hitoshi
Published: August 2011

Many studies of the psychological effects of physical location in small discussion groups and classrooms have indicated that seating positions in groups or classrooms are related to participation, personality, or perception. In this preliminary study, environmental perception of several positions occupied by Japanese participants and preference for location in a golf-practice situation were investigated. Analyses indicated that different positions in a group were differently perceived and that certain positions were preferred over others and the main reason for the preference was related to visibility. Such information could be useful for instructors in making a psychologically comfortable environment during golf practice.
Perceived Importance of Self-Determination Factors by Consumers in Substance-Abuse Treatment
Authors: Wolf-Branigin Michael , Sawilowsky Shlomo
Published: August 2011

40 consumers (20 from 1993 and 20 from 1994) were randomly selected from about 450 residents of a midwestern urban free-standing residential substance-abuse treatment facility to participate in a study on factors relating to self-determination. Self-confidence, positive attitude, listening skills, and assuming responsibility were identified in both years as the most important factors. Role models, however, were not reported as being important.
The Critical Mass Hypothesis of Suicide in Adolescents
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Of the 48 states, those 46 with higher rates of suicide among youth 5 to 24 years old in 1970 had less increase in the suicide rate by 1989 than states with lower rates.
Affinity-Seeking Strategies Associated with Students' Perceptions of Satisfaction with Communication in the Classroom
Authors: Prisbell Marshall
Published: August 2011

Data from 140 undergraduate students indicated that 16 of the 25 affinity-seeking strategies examined here were associated with ratings of the global impression of satisfaction with communication in the classroom. Six affinity-seeking strategies, however, contributed unique variance in predicting perceptions of the satisfaction.
Orthographic, Phonologic, and Semantic Processing in Reading Disabled and Nondisabled Subjects
Authors: Waterman Betsy B. , Lewandowski Lawrence
Published: August 2011

In this study the confusability paradigm of Byrne and Shea and Waterman and Lewandowski was modified to include an orthographic condition made possible by presenting stimuli visually rather than aurally. The confusability tasks included a pseudoword-recognition task with only phonologic and orthographic information available for coding and a word-recognition task with phonologic, semantic, and orthographic information available for coding. 20 poor and 20 good readers (13 to 18 years of age) were asked to report whether stimuli had been presented a second time in two continuous lists (pseudoword and word). In contrast to previous work, phonologic confusability was not observed for either group, whereas orthographic confusability was noted for both groups on both tasks. Semantic confusability occurred for both groups on the word task. On these tasks which triggered orthographic and semantic processing (errors) poor readers performed comparably to good readers, suggesting that on a confusability task presented visually they were not disadvantaged.
The Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration—3R and Teachers' Ratings of Written Language
Authors: Hagborg Winston J. , Aiello-Coultier Mary
Published: August 2011

For a sample of 73 learning-disabled children, the relationship between scores on the Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration—3rd Revision and teachers' ratings of writing skills was investigated. After statistically removing the contribution of socioeconomic status, achievement, and intelligence, only handwriting was significantly related to scores on Beery's test. Given the limited diagnostic information provided by the test, psychologists are urged to select other measures in assessing students' writing skills.
The Recognition Memory Test in the Assessment of Memory Impairment after Financially Compensable Mild Head Injury: A Replication
Authors: Millis Scott R. , Putnam Steven H.
Published: August 2011

The current investigation replicated the findings from a 1992 study by Millis. 20 subjects with claimed mild head injury who were seeking financial compensation obtained significantly lower scores on both subtests of the Recognition Memory Test than did 66 rehabilitation inpatients with documented moderate and severe traumatic brain injuries. The direct discriminant function derived by Millis was cross-validated on the current sample and yielded an improved over-all correct classification rate of 83%, with 85% and 82% of the mild and severe traumatic brain-injured subjects classified correctly, respectively. Over-all correct classification rate in the original study was 76%.
Comparison of Related Perceptual Tests
Authors: Davis Donald , Eliot John
Published: August 2011

117 female and 76 male undergraduates were administered the ETS Hidden Figures, ETS Gestalt Completion, Harshman Figures, and the SEK Test. Results were interpreted as indicating that the two types of perceptual tests (flexibility and speed) were not factorially independent as the SEK Test correlations did not load upon the same factor as that for the ETS Hidden Figures Test. Men scored higher on the Hidden Figures and Harshman Figures but on the Gestalt completion task left-handed men and right-handed women scored higher.
Sex Differences in Methods for Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Men and women did not have different suicide rates by solids or poisons in nations of the world in 1980. Men had higher suicide rates by all other methods.
The Health Professions Stress Inventory: Factor Structures for Pharmacists
Authors: Gupchup Gireesh V. , Wolfgang Alan P.
Published: August 2011

Scores from a sample of pharmacists on the Health Professions Stress Inventory were factor analyzed to identify any underlying components of these professionals' job-related stress. Data were collected via mail questionnaires from a nationwide sample of 573 practicing pharmacists. Three- and four-factor solutions, using both orthogonal and oblique rotations, were compared. Based on these comparisons, a four-factor oblique solution was judged to be most appropriate, the four factors being labeled Professional Recognition, Patient Care Responsibilities, Job Conflicts, and Professional Uncertainty. The factors show evidence of internal consistency and construct validity.
Family Reading Habits and Academic Achievement of Children from Polygynous, Monogamous, Divorced, and Nondivorced Families
Authors: Cherian Varghese I.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relationship between family reading habits and the academic achievement of 1021 Xhosa-speaking children whose mean age was 15.3 yr. A questionnaire was administered to identify each pupil's family status. Analysis of variance indicated positive and statistically significant main effects for the two variables on a reading habits score.
Relations of Selected Variables and Perception of Success in Volleyball
Authors: Briggs Jeffrey D.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relations of selected variables and the perceived success of 39 college-age subjects participating in a beginning volleyball class. Measures of motor trials, successful motor trials, preclass mood, perceived challenge, perceived behavior of the teacher, and perceived success were taken on 11 separate days during an 8-week class. The mean response for the 11 days was used for statistical analysis. Pearson's product-moment correlations indicated all predictor variables were significantly related to perceived success. A stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that preclass mood was the best predictor of perceived success, with perceived challenge, teacher's perceived behavior, and successful motor trials also entering the regression equation.
Procedure for Assessing Verbal Working Memory in Normal School-Age Children: Some Preliminary Data
Authors: Gaulin Cynthia A. , Campbell Thomas F.
Published: August 2011

A procedure for assessing children's recall of lexical items in the presence of a competing language task is described. The Competing Language Processing Task was designed to reflect the dynamic processes carried out in working memory during language comprehension and production by requiring that the subject hold words in temporary storage while analyzing and responding as true or false to statements. The development of the procedure is described and results of testing of 68 normal children ages 6, 8, 10, and 12 years are presented.
Characteristics of Muscle Activities in a Quick Change in Magnitude of Force
Authors: Kawabe-Himeno Shoko
Published: August 2011

The present study was designed to examine the characteristics of muscle activities in a quick voluntary change in magnitude of force. 15 subjects were asked to change their magnitude of force from 50% of maximal isometric elbow-flexion strength (MVS) to 20% MVS as quickly as possible. On each EMG of biceps and triceps, a period with no muscle activity was observed. It seems that the occurrence of the pause in muscle activity on EMG contributes to more quick change in magnitude of exerted force.
Finger-Movement Tracking Scores in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Carey James R. , Bogard Connie L. , King Bradley A. , Suman Vera J.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of age, sex, and hand preference on precise control of voluntary movement at the index finger metacarpophalangeal joint in able-bodied volunteers. An electrogoniometer was attached to this joint and connected to a computer. The computer screen displayed a sine wave target that each subject attempted to track with careful extension and flexion finger movements. Accuracy index scores were calculated for the extension phases, flexion phases, and the total sine wave. Each subject performed three tracking trials and the average for each of the above scores was computed. The results showed that younger subjects tracked significantly more accurately than older subjects and men tracked significantly more accurately than women. Also, the subjects tracking with the nonpreferred hand (15 right, 105 left) tracked significantly more accurately than those subjects tracking with the preferred hand (112 right, 8 left) in the flexion phases of the test. The data from these able-bodied subjects provide a base for comparison of patients' data, which may be helpful in the early recognition and monitoring of problems with precision in movement control.
Performance on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children as Related to Salivary Testosterone in Children with Learning Disabilities: A Poststudy Analysis
Authors: Kirkpatrick Sue W. , Campbell P. Samuel , Wharry Rhoda E. , MacDonald Pamelyn M.
Published: August 2011

Reanalysis of testosterone values published in 1993 gave a significantly higher mean and standard deviation for 15 learning-disabled children scoring P > V than those for 10 scoring V > P but not for a matched nonlearning-disabled group. Replication with larger samples would allow a rest of hemispheric integration.
The Relationship between Importance and Achievement of Work Values and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Knoop Robert
Published: August 2011

This research addresses some of E. A. Locke's concerns about the nature of the relationship between values and satisfaction. Based on what Locke classified as causal theories of job satisfaction, answers were sought to two questions. How are the importance and achievement of work values related to various facets of job satisfaction, and what combinations of values are the best predictors of sarisfaction? First-line supervisors ( N = 187) of a large manufacturing company ranked the importance and achievement of 16 work values and responded to measures of job satisfaction. Analyses showed that both important and achieved values, individually and combined, related significantly to satisfaction. Total variance explained by the work values included 63% for satisfaction with the work itself, 9% for satisfaction with pay, 43% for satisfaction with promorions, 16% for satisfaction with supervision, 29% for satisfaction with coworkers, and 35% for over-all job satisfaction.
Perception of Success Questionnaire: Preliminary Validation in An Adolescent Population
Authors: Treasure Darren C. , Roberts Glyn C.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was a preliminary examination of the psychometric properties of the Perception of Success Questionnaire among adolescents. The questionnaire was developed to assess dispositional achievement goal orientation. Responses of 96 adolescents ( M = 11.3 yr.) suggest that the questionnaire has a stable factor structure and acceptable internal consistency. Analysis assessing the discriminative validity of the task and ego subscales suggests a coherent relationship between the subjects' goal orientation and their beliefs about sport. In contrast to the findings from education, however, where differences in individuals' task orientation appear key, present results suggest that differences in ego orientation may be important in sport.
Skin Conductance, Marlowe-Crowne Defensiveness, and Dental Anxiety
Authors: Benjamins Carmen , Schuurs Albert H. B. , Hoogstraten Johan
Published: August 2011

The present study assesses the relationship between self-reported dental anxiety (Dental Anxiety Inventory, Dental Anxiety Scale, and Duration of Psychophysiological Fear Reactions), electrodermal activity (skin-conductance level and frequency of spontaneous responses), and Marlowe-Crowne defensiveness. All measurements were made twice. The first session was scheduled immediately before a semi-annual dental check-up (stress condition), and baseline measurements were made two months later without the prospect of a dental appointment. Subjects were male dental patients who regularly attended a university dental clinic and a clinic for Special Dental Care. The main findings were that the low anxious-high defensive-scoring (Marlowe-Crowne Denial subscale) university patients showed significantly higher skin-conductance levels and frequency of nonspecific fluctuations than the low anxious-low defensive-scoring subjects. Besides, the conductance values of the low anxious-high defensive-scoring subjects resembled those of the high anxious-low defensive-scoring patients of the clinic for Special Dental Care, the baseline frequency of nonspecific fluctuations excepted.
Relation of Name Frequency to the Perception of Social Class in Given Names
Authors: Joubert Charles E.
Published: August 2011

In a study of the relationship between name frequency and perceived social class, 116 college students rated the perceived social class of a list of either 60 male names or 60 female names. Each list consisted of equal numbers of common, less common, dated, or rare names. An analysis of variance indicated significant main effects of sex of name and frequency of name as well as a significant interaction between those two variables. The respondents rated the men's names as higher in social class than the women's names. Post hoc comparisons indicated that rare names of either sex were rated as lower in class status than were common, less common, or dated names. While dated women's names were rated lower than were common and less common women's names, dated men's names were not adversely affected in a comparison with common or less common men's names.
Mental Rehearsal in Table Tennis Performance
Authors: Lejeune Marc , Decker Christian , Sanchez Xavier
Published: August 2011

Effects of mental rehearsal were assessed on two measures of table tennis performance, counterattack forehand and counterattack backhand. Mental rehearsal combined with observational and physical techniques ( N = 40) appeared to improve table tennis performance both qualitatively and quantitatively. Correlations suggested mental training effects cannot be explained only in terms of visual imagery.
Television Station Weather-Persons' Winter Storm Predictions: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: August 2011

A limited enquiry during the winter of 1993–94 suggested that television weather-persons' pronouncements of their predictions' accuracy does not appear to be supported by facts. Only about 60 percent of the claimed correctness of forecasting the hour of the start of snowstorms and approximately 40 percent of the depths of snowfalls were confirmed by actuality.
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Alternatives for Psychotherapy?
Authors: Calhoun George , Fees Cyndra K. , Bolton James A.
Published: August 2011

Alternative treatments to stimulant drugs for children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder are suggested.
Consistencies and Biases in Risk Perception: II. Individual Subjects' Performance
Authors: Yamagishi Kimihiko
Published: August 2011

I analyzed intuitive frequency judgments for deaths from 11 well-known causes. Data analysis at individual subjects' level showed that the response-range effect noted in 1994 by Saito, Kawabata, and Yamagishi operates at the individual subjects' level. Also, the response tendencies exhibited by individuals were highly consistent across three different methods of judgment elicitation. Implications for risk-perception research are discussed.
Styles of Interpersonal Contact and Muscular Tone at Rest of Some Muscles of the Shoulder
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Giustini Simonetta
Published: August 2011

Styles of interpersonal contact are related, we hypothesized, to particular postural attitude showing the tendency to interact with or to avoid the environment. Those attitudes are expressed through myographic patterns. Now we examined the interpersonal contact styles and the muscular activity at rest (frequency and amplirude) of some muscles of the shoulders of 54 undergraduate women in psychology. All subjects declared they were right-handed. Increased myographic frequency seems associated with the perception of some levels of interpersonal barrier while increased amplitude seems to facilitate contact with other persons.
Influence of Age, Sex, Balance, and Sport Participation on Development of Kicking by Children in Grades K-8
Authors: Butterfield Stephen A. , Loovis E. Michael
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the contributions of age, sex, balance, and sport participation on development of kicking by children in Grades K-8. The subjects were 379 boys and 337 girls (ages 4 to 14) enrolled in a medium-sized school system in southeastern Maine. Each subject was individually assessed on kicking development and static and dynamic balance. All subjects completed a survey on their participation in school or community-sponsored soccer. To assess the independent effects of age, sex, static balance, dynamic balance, and sport participation within each grade, data were subjected to multiple regression analysis. Development of mature form was significantly related to sex (Grade 6: boys outperformed girls), static and dynamic balance (Grade 7), and age (Grade 6).
Verbal Skills in Numerical Problem Solving by Children
Authors: Micheyl Christophe , Collet Lionel , Zorman Michel , Jacquier-Roux Monique
Published: August 2011

The relationships between verbal and mathematical performances were examined in 60 children (26 girls and 34 boys, mean age = 9.1 yr, SD = 0.3) for scores on standard school tests. Scores for numerical problem solving appeared to correlate mainly with verbal performances such as text comprehension ( r = 0.65, p < .05) and knowledge of vocabulary ( r = 0.61, p < .05) among linguistic performances. Such results suggest that the dichotomy between verbal and numerical cognitive abilities, commonly involved in pedagogical approaches, is an ambiguous notion for the analysis of problem-solving performance.
Alterations in Pleasantness but Not Activation When Long-Term Memories are Reconstructed during Contextual versus Noncontextual Settings
Authors: Persinger M. A. , Richards P. M.
Published: August 2011

Because the dorsomedial thalamus is a major input to the prefrontal cortices, the reconstruction of experience (episodic memory) that is maximally dependent upon this subcortical structure should be influenced by one of its major correlates, hedonistic tone. University men and women ( ns = 20) were shown two brief video-rapes of muricide and copulation among male rats during a lecture concerning instinctual behaviors. Two weeks later the subjects were asked to recall (written narratives) all of the details of the videotapes when they were in either the same or a different context. Although both groups generated similar numbers of words and employed words with comparable activation scores, the group who reconstructed the experiences outside of the context used words with significantly lower ( eta = 0.59) pleasantness scores relative to the group who remembered the videotapes within the same setting.
Field Sobriety Tests: Are They Designed for Failure?
Authors: Cole Spurgeon , Nowaczyk Ronald H.
Published: August 2011

Field sobriety tests have been used by law enforcement officers to identify alcohol-impaired drivers. Yet in 1981 Tharp, Burns, and Moskowitz found that 32% of individuals in a laboratory setting who were judged to have an alcohol level above the legal limit actually were below the level. In this study, two groups of seven law enforcement officers each viewed videotapes of 21 sober individuals performing a variety of field sobriety tests or normal-abilities tests, e.g., reciting one's address and phone number or walking in a normal manner. Officers judged a significantly larger number of the individuals as impaired when they performed the field so-briery tests than when they performed the normal-abilities tests. The need to reevaluate the predictive validity of field sobriety tests is discussed.
Predicting Speech Recognition Thresholds from Pure Tone Hearing Thresholds
Authors: Coren Stanley , Hakstian A. Ralph
Published: August 2011

Hearing sensitivity is most commonly still reported in terms of pure tone thresholds. Unfortunately, simple procedures for predicting Speech Recognition Thresholds from Pure Tone Thresholds are not currently available. To remedy this problem, pure tone thresholds were collected from 802 individuals over the range of 250 to 8000 Hz. Five subsets of pure tone thresholds which are commonly used to report hearing status were then considered. An average correlation of 0.878 was found between the various pure tone indexes and the speech recognition threshold. Using regressions between pure tone and the speech measure, a table was constructed that allows conversion of the various pure tone indexes to a predicted speech recognition threshold and involves only a very simple computation.
Self-Recognition in Dementia of the Alzheimer Type
Authors: Grewal Raji P.
Published: August 2011

A prospective study of patients with moderate ( n = 20) and severe ( n = 19) dementia of the Alzheimer type was performed to compare the ability of patients to recognize themselves. A Mini-Mental State Examination cut-off score was used to separate those patients with severe dementia (MMSE score <6) from those with moderate dementia (MMSE = 7—15). Each patient was then scored according to his ability to name two body parts correctly and to recognize himself in a mirror. Severe degrees of dementia were significantly associated with the inability of patients to recognize themselves while those with moderate degrees of dementia still retained this capacity.
Comparing Matching Ability, Spatial Memory, and Ideational Fluency in Boys and Girls
Authors: Young Graham D. , Wilson Josephine F.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of our study was to examine whether girls and boys show patterns of problem-solving ability similar to those attributed by Kimura in 1992 to women and men, respectively. Subjects were 28 girls and 24 boys, aged 5–11 years, who were tested individually on matching ability, spatial memory, and ideational fluency, tasks on which women reportedly outperform men. No significant gender differences in these problem-solving abilities were found. On ideational fluency, the youngest girls were seven times more likely than young boys to give whimsical responses, but older girls were ten times less likely than older boys to give whimsical responses. These results suggest that the patterns of visuospatial problem-solving abilities that Kimura ascribed to women and men are not present in preadolescent girls and boys.
Communicative Responsibility and Semantic Task in Aphasia and “Schizophasia”
Authors: Goldfarb Robert , Stocker Beatrice , Eisenson Jon , Desanti Susan
Published: August 2011

A probe technique requiring convergent and divergent semantic behavior and representing five levels of communicative responsibility served as the research tool. Stimuli were presented to 29 aphasic adults (13 Broca's, 7 Wernicke's, and 9 anomic), 26 adults with chronic undifferentiated schizophrenia, and 32 normal elderly control subjects. Within each group significant differences were observed on the semantic task (convergent and divergent) and on level of communicative responsibility. Among subjects with aphasia, differences appeared to relate more to severity than type. Differences between unclassified aphasic and “schizophasic” groups occurred only when multiword responses were required. We conclude that continued use of the term “schizophasia” may be unwarranted and that the linguistic behaviors we observed in aphasia and the language of schizophrenia may contribute to differential diagnosis.
Students' Perceptions of Ethics Instruction
Authors: Ward Suzanne Pinac , Wilson Thomas E. , Ward Dan R.
Published: August 2011

96 junior and senior accounting students completed a survey on their perception of instruction in ethics. 77% of the respondents felt that ethical behavior and professionalism can be learned in a classroom environment, 89% that ethics/professionalism should be taught at all levels of education, and 77% that ethics should be an integral part of all accounting courses. Students were uncertain whether accounting faculty are qualified to teach ethics and what might be the role of educators in aiding the profession with moral/ethical problems.
Mellow and Frenetic Antecedent Music during Athletic Performance of Children, Adults, and Seniors
Authors: Becker Nancy , Brett Stephanie , Chambliss Catherine , Crowers Kelly , Haring Pamela , Marsh Cathy , Montemayor Roberta
Published: August 2011

Previous research has yielded a contradictory picture of the effects of music on athletic performance. While athletes frequently report using music while training or during or before an event, laboratory studies have generally not detected a beneficial effect of music. The influence of music, judged mellow and frenetic, played before exercise was assessed by measuring stationary bicycle mileage. 60 volunteers from three age groups (child, adult, and senior) and with two levels of prior activity (high and low) were subjects. Each participant received three randomized 2-min. exercise trials, each preceded by 1-min. exposure to mellow music, frenetic music, or white noise. Mileage in both music conditions was significantly higher than that during the white-noise control trial except among the senior subjects No significant differences between frenetic and mellow music were noted.
Relations between Creativity and Intelligence among Malaysian Pupils
Authors: Yong Leonard M. S.
Published: August 2011

This paper describes an empirical study of the relation between creativity and intelligence of 397 Malaysian secondary school pupils. The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, Figural Form A and Verbal Form A (Malay Language version), and the Cattell Culture Fair Intelligence Test were administered to 181 boys and 216 girls from five secondary schools located in the urban and suburban areas of Kuala Lumpur and Petaling Jaya in Malaysia. Analysis indicated that scores on verbal creativity were related to intelligence while those on figural creativity were not.