bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Educação de surdos em tempos de inclusão
Authors: Dorziat Ana
Published: May 2015

A educação de Surdos sempre foi tomada de forma técnica. Desde a época da visão oralista até os dias atuais, quando a língua de sinais é aceita nos diferentes ambientes, há uma simplificação de conceitos sobre o tema, contribuindo para a permanência de práticas educativas colonialistas. A partir dessa constatação, elaboramos o presente texto com foco na Língua de Sinais, trazendo algumas situações observadas em escolas inclusivas, com o objetivo de desocultar as intenções subliminares à inclusão na política e prática educacional, as quais criam expectativas de uma escola ideal sem por em questão a escola real, que, por estar a serviço do mercado, inaugura novos mecanismos de exclusão e discriminação sob o discurso da igualdade e da tolerância.
Esportes surdos na constituição do ser social: uma compreensão histórica sob a perspectiva da Educação Ambiental
Authors: Franco Marco Aurélio Rocha Di , Paludo Simone Dos Santos , Lebedeff Tatiana Bolivar
Published: May 2015

A inclusão social dos surdos é um complexo fenômeno que engloba questões de cunhos morais, conceituais, legais, entre outros. Neste caminho, a principal conquista dos surdos foi, sem dúvida, a oficialização da sua língua como língua oficial brasileira, que é fator de identificação, cultura e socialização para os surdos. Já o esporte teve vultoso papel no processo de organização e de transformação subjetiva dos surdos, o que, no contexto da Educação Ambiental, o caracteriza como ferramenta de modificação dos ambientes físicos e psicossociais por onde os surdos transitam à medida que promove a autoestima dos indivíduos, a autonomia dos grupos e o reconhecimento dos demais. O objetivo deste estudo foi evidenciar o papel do esporte como ferramenta de socialização e de construção de identidade surda e mostrou que os esportes foram motivo e meio de inserção e de modificação das relações político-sociais dos surdos no Brasil .
Levanta-te e anda! Duas palavras sobre o passado, o presente e o futuro dos deficientes na África
Authors: Oliveira João Vicente Ganzarolli de
Published: May 2015

Por que há tantas crianças cegas em Ruanda? Por que a deficiência é ainda hoje um flagelo e um estigma em terras africanas? Qual será o legado desta geração para o deficiente do ano 2050, quando a população da Terra deverá atingir a cifra de dez bilhões? Este artigo concentra-se na atuação de missionários europeus e do seu esforço para combater a deficiência na África. Deixando de lado os clichês e a correção política, é-se obrigado a admitir que a presença ocidental na África tem trazido benefícios vitais não só para os deficientes, mas para a população africana em geral.
Participação das crianças em intervenção precoce: representações sociais de técnicas e famílias
Authors: Lapa Manuela Sofia Fuste , Almeida Catarina Tomás
Published: May 2015

O objetivo do presente estudo é o de caracterizar as representações sociais de técnicas e de famílias sobre as crianças e os seus direitos, com especial enfoque na participação em processos de intervenção precoce (IP). Do ponto de vista metodológico, trata-se de uma investigação de natureza qualitativa, centrada num estudo de caso realizado no distrito de Setúbal, em Portugal. Foram aplicados questionários e entrevistas às técnicas de IP e às famílias de modo a possibilitar uma caracterização dos seus discursos. Para analisar os dados recorremos à categorização e análise dos discursos, que conduziu à elaboração de um texto indutivo e interpretativo, tendo como referência um quadro multidisciplinar que coloca em diálogo a Sociologia da Infância e a Intervenção Precoce. Nos discursos analisados, as crianças são representadas como sujeitos de direitos, nas dimensões de provisão e proteção. Relativamente à dimensão de participação, esta é marcada por obstáculos à sua concretização e promoção associados a dimensões como a menoridade, o paternalismo, a (i)maturidade e a deficiência(s). As crianças são vistas a partir do seu ofício de filho/a e como sujeitos de intervenção. É explícito nos discursos das entrevistadas a dificuldade em concretizar a participação das crianças em práticas de IP. Esta investigação procurou trazer contributo de valor acrescentado, sobretudo por convocar complementaridades produtivas entre diferentes saberes e perspetivas e centrar-se na dimensão dos direitos das crianças com deficiência ou risco de desenvolvimento. Pretendeu, ainda, contribuir para repensar e potenciar espaços de transformação que promovam e garantam efetivamente os direitos das crianças.
Formação de professores e sua relação com a educação inclusiva: desafios à experiência teórica na práxis pedagógica
Authors: Costa Valdelúcia Alves da
Published: May 2015

Considerando resultados de pesquisa, este texto tem por objetivo problematizar a formação de professores e sua relação com a educação inclusiva, ao mesmo tempo em que analisa os desafios à experiência teórica na práxis pedagógica inclusiva. Tanto a problematização quanto a análise, se voltam a uma questão central: mesmo considerando os avanços contemporâneos nos processos de formação de professores em prol da educação inclusiva, ainda é necessário desenvolver a formação docente em sua dimensão teórica, na superação da pseudo ideia de que a práxis docente e os métodos canônicos de ensino, sejam pensados como um fim em si mesmos, como também suficientes no enfrentamento e superação dos limites sociais, impostos historicamente aos professores como sendo limites humanos. Esta práxis pedagógica banaliza e/ou nega a demanda humana por uma formação teórica, que possibilite tanto o pensar quanto a atuação político-investigativa contrária à segregação de alunos com deficiência na escola pública e nas demais instâncias sociais. Admitir essa perspectiva formativa, pela experiência teórica, contribuirá na humanização dos professores e dos alunos, com e sem deficiência, ao se contrapor à dominação e à inconsciência social, marcas da sociedade de classes, presentes na escola pública.Palavras-chave: Formação de Professores e Educação Inclusiva; Experiência Teórica e Práxis Pedagógica.
Probabilistic human health risk assessment of degradation‐related chemical mixtures in heterogeneous aquifers: Risk statistics, hot spots, and preferential channels
Authors: Henri Christopher V. , Fernàndez‐Garcia Daniel , de Barros Felipe P. J.
Published: May 2015

The increasing presence of toxic chemicals released in the subsurface has led to a rapid growth of social concerns and the need to develop and employ models that can predict the impact of groundwater contamination on human health risk under uncertainty. Monitored natural attenuation is a common remediation action in many contamination cases. However, natural attenuation can lead to the production of daughter species of distinct toxicity that may pose challenges in pollution management strategies. The actual threat that these contaminants pose to human health depends on the interplay between the complex structure of the geological media and the toxicity of each pollutant byproduct. This work addresses human health risk for chemical mixtures resulting from the sequential degradation of a contaminant (such as a chlorinated solvent) under uncertainty through high‐resolution three‐dimensional numerical simulations. We systematically investigate the interaction between aquifer heterogeneity, flow connectivity, contaminant injection model, and chemical toxicity in the probabilistic characterization of health risk. We illustrate how chemical‐specific travel times control the regime of the expected risk and its corresponding uncertainties. Results indicate conditions where preferential flow paths can favor the reduction of the overall risk of the chemical mixture. The overall human risk response to aquifer connectivity is shown to be nontrivial for multispecies transport. This nontriviality is a result of the interaction between aquifer heterogeneity and chemical toxicity. To quantify the joint effect of connectivity and toxicity in health risk, we propose a toxicity‐based Damköhler number. Furthermore, we provide a statistical characterization in terms of low‐order moments and the probability density function of the individual and total risks.
Geomechanics of subsurface water withdrawal and injection
Authors: Gambolati Giuseppe , Teatini Pietro
Published: May 2015

Land subsidence and uplift, ground ruptures, and induced seismicity are the principal geomechanic effects of groundwater withdrawal and injection. The major environmental consequence of groundwater pumping is anthropogenic land subsidence. The first observation concerning land settlement linked to subsurface processes was made in 1926 by the American geologists Pratt and Johnson, who wrote that “the cause of subsidence is to be found in the extensive extraction of fluid from beneath the affected area.” Since then, impressive progress has been made in terms of: (a) recognizing the basic hydrologic and geomechanic principles underlying the occurrence; (b) measuring aquifer compaction and ground displacements, both vertical and horizontal; (c) modeling and predicting the past and future event; and (d) mitigating environmental impact through aquifer recharge and/or surface water injection. The first milestone in the theory of pumped aquifer consolidation was reached in 1923 by Terzaghi, who introduced the principle of “effective intergranular stress.” In the early 1970s, the emerging computer technology facilitated development of the first mathematical model of the subsidence of Venice, made by Gambolati and Freeze. Since then, the comprehension, measuring, and simulation of the occurrence have improved dramatically. More challenging today are the issues of ground ruptures and induced/triggered seismicity, which call for a shift from the classical continuum approach to discontinuous mechanics. Although well known for decades, anthropogenic land subsidence is still threatening large urban centers and deltaic areas worldwide, such as Bangkok, Jakarta, and Mexico City, at rates in the order of 10 cm/yr.
Impact of stratospheric major warmings and the quasi‐biennial oscillation on the variability of stratospheric water vapor
Authors: Tao Mengchu , Konopka Paul , Ploeger Felix , Riese Martin , Müller Rolf , Volk C. Michael
Published: May 2015

Based on simulations with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere for the 1979–2013 period, driven by the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts ERA‐Interim reanalysis, we analyze the impact of the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) and of Major Stratospheric Warmings (MWs) on the amount of water vapor entering the stratosphere during boreal winter. The amplitude of H2O variation related to the QBO amounts to 0.5 ppmv. The additional effect of MWs reaches its maximum about 2–4 weeks after the central date of the MW and strongly depends on the QBO phase. Whereas during the easterly QBO phase there is a pronounced drying of about 0.3 ppmv about 3 weeks after the MW, the impact of the MW during the westerly QBO phase is smaller (about 0.2 ppmv) and more diffusely spread over time. We suggest that the MW‐associated enhanced dehydration combined with a higher frequency of MWs after the year 2000 may have contributed to the lower stratospheric water vapor after 2000.
Electron density enhancements in the polar cap during periods of dayside reconnection
Authors: Clausen L. B. N. , Moen J. I.
Published: May 2015

Using field‐aligned current data, we monitor the location of the region 1 current oval which is related to the location of the polar cap boundary (PCB). We identify intervals when the current oval and hence the PCB moved equatorward for extended periods lasting at least 75 min, and we term these intervals sustained dayside reconnection events (SDRE). We find 1059 SDREs between 2010 and 2012 and go on to study the dynamics of the total electron content (TEC) in the high‐latitude region in a superposed epoch sense. Immediately after the beginning of a SDRE, a plasma density increase forms at the poleward edge of the PCB and its edge moves from the location of the dayside PCB antisunward at speeds of about 500 m/s, consistent with ionospheric convection measurements. Our results show that the TEC inside the polar cap locally increases by up to 20%. Averaged over the entire polar region poleward of 55∘ magnetic latitude, however, we find no significant increase in the TEC, indicating that local increases and decreases are formed by transport and rearrangement of existing plasma rather than by impact ionization due to particle precipitation. We also observe a latitudinally narrow region between the TEC increases equatorward and poleward of the dayside PCB in which the TEC stagnates. This stagnation trough may be due to local flow channels associated with bursty dayside reconnection.
Validation of hydraulic tomography in an unconfined aquifer: A controlled sandbox study
Authors: Zhao Zhanfeng , Illman Walter A. , Yeh Tian‐Chyi J. , Berg Steven J. , Mao Deqiang
Published: May 2015

In this study, we demonstrate the effectiveness of hydraulic tomography (HT) that considers variably saturated flow processes in mapping the heterogeneity of both the saturated and unsaturated zones in a laboratory unconfined aquifer. The successive linear estimator (SLE) developed by Mao et al. (2013c) for interpreting HT in unconfined aquifers is utilized to obtain tomograms of hydraulic conductivity (K), specific storage (Ss), and the unsaturated zone parameters (pore size parameter (α) and saturated water content (θs)) for the Gardner‐Russo's model. The estimated tomograms are first evaluated by visually comparing them with stratigraphy visible in the sandbox. Results reveal that the HT analysis is able to accurately capture the location and extent of heterogeneity including high and low K layers within the saturated and unsaturated zones, as well as reasonable distribution patterns of α and θs for the Gardner‐Russo's model. We then validate the estimated tomograms through predictions of drawdown responses of pumping tests not used during the inverse modeling effort. The strong agreement between simulated and observed drawdown curves obtained by pressure transducers and tensiometers demonstrates the robust performance of HT that considers variably saturated flow processes in unconfined aquifers and the unsaturated zone above it. In addition, compared to the case using the homogeneous assumption, HT results, as expected, yield significantly better predictions of drawdowns in both the saturated and unsaturated zones. This comparison further substantiates the unbiased and minimal variance of HT analysis with the SLE algorithm.
The emergence of hydrogeophysics for improved understanding of subsurface processes over multiple scales
Authors: Binley Andrew , Hubbard Susan S. , Huisman Johan A. , Revil André , Robinson David A. , Singha Kamini , Slater Lee D.
Published: May 2015

Geophysics provides a multidimensional suite of investigative methods that are transforming our ability to see into the very fabric of the subsurface environment, and monitor the dynamics of its fluids and the biogeochemical reactions that occur within it. Here we document how geophysical methods have emerged as valuable tools for investigating shallow subsurface processes over the past two decades and offer a vision for future developments relevant to hydrology and also ecosystem science. The field of “hydrogeophysics” arose in the late 1990s, prompted, in part, by the wealth of studies on stochastic subsurface hydrology that argued for better field‐based investigative techniques. These new hydrogeophysical approaches benefited from the emergence of practical and robust data inversion techniques, in many cases with a view to quantify shallow subsurface heterogeneity and the associated dynamics of subsurface fluids. Furthermore, the need for quantitative characterization stimulated a wealth of new investigations into petrophysical relationships that link hydrologically relevant properties to measurable geophysical parameters. Development of time‐lapse approaches provided a new suite of tools for hydrological investigation, enhanced further with the realization that some geophysical properties may be sensitive to biogeochemical transformations in the subsurface environment, thus opening up the new field of “biogeophysics.” Early hydrogeophysical studies often concentrated on relatively small “plot‐scale” experiments. More recently, however, the translation to larger‐scale characterization has been the focus of a number of studies. Geophysical technologies continue to develop, driven, in part, by the increasing need to understand and quantify key processes controlling sustainable water resources and ecosystem services.
The Presence of the Past: Imagination and Affect in the Museu do Oriente, Portugal
Authors: Peralta Elsa
Published: May 2015

Portugal was the first and the most enduring of all European colonial empires, beginning in the fifteenth century with the establishment of a commercial domain in the East and lasting until 1974, when the fall of the dictatorship in Portugal paved the way for decolonization in the African colonies. Despite the formal end of the empire, a national imperialistic representation of the history of the country persists, immune to postcolonial critique and widely disseminated through school curricula, public discourses, and propaganda. The period known as the “Eastern Empire” came to capture the Portuguese collective imagination as the golden age of Portuguese history, embodying a self‐representation of Portugal – which remains until today – as a country of “Discoveries” rather than as a colonizing center. This chapter argues that the resilience of the established view of Portugal's imperial past is strongly dependent on a preferred mode of representation which is materially and visually based. It looks at the Museu do Oriente (Museum of the Orient) in Lisbon in an attempt to understand how the Portuguese national past is imagined and affected in the museum space through the presence of objects.
The Liquid Museum: New Institutional Ontologies for a Complex, Uncertain World
Authors: Cameron Fiona
Published: May 2015

In a world where rigid, fixed, and obsolete institutional structures and forms of analysis are increasingly problematic, new ontologies and knowledge practices are required that more clearly match the experience of contemporary circumstances. In this chapter I ontologically refashion the museum's agency as an institutional form and as a series of practices as liquid, mobile, and relational, and as heterogeneous assemblages made up of material and expressive forms enmeshed in diverse collectives comprising many human and nonhuman elements. As an assemblage, the liquid museum and its components are mobile, cohere with others, territorialize, and also disperse or deterritorialize according to certain conditions and events. Change, therefore, becomes a process, both intended and unintended, in which agency is rethought in terms of relational resources and institutional capacities. By rethinking the museum in these terms, we better equip institutions ontologically and practically to engage with hot topics of societal relevance and importance such as environmental change.
Preserving/Shaping/Creating: Museums and Public Memory in a Time of Loss
Authors: Gardner James B.
Published: May 2015

Scholars in museum studies, cultural anthropology, public history, and related fields have produced an impressive body of theoretical work exploring memory, memorialization, and museums. At the same time, from the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall to the Oklahoma City National Memorial and Museum to September 11 exhibitions and programs, museums have gained important practical experience on the ground, in negotiation with the public. In other words, museums are where theory is tested – it is real life, where stakeholders with different agendas come together to negotiate history, to create public memory. While harboring deep reservations about taking on memorial roles that are seen as inimical to museum responsibilities, curators and historians have had to address public expectations that we play a public commemorative role, that we step outside our museological comfort zones. This was particularly the case in collecting and interpreting September 11 at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History, a moment when deep emotion often outweighed cultural and historical significance. Indeed the scale of the trauma, the level of collective grief and anger, and the often uncritical patriotism that followed September 11 shaped the documentation, preservation, and interpretation of the day and its aftermath. Drawing on that experience, this chapter focuses on the tension between public memorialization and the role of museums, between memorializing a moment and collecting and interpreting it, exploring how challenges to authority from stakeholders and the public are reshaping museum theory and practice.
The Essence of the Museum: Mission, Values, Vision
Authors: Fleming David
Published: May 2015

Why does a museum exist? What is its purpose? What is it trying to achieve? What are its goals? Nothing is more important for a museum in sorting out its priorities and overall direction than itsmission. The answers to these questions are to be found in the museum'svalues. Add together the mission and the values, project forward, and you identify the museum'svision. In this chapter, the author argues that mission, values, and vision capture the “essence” of the museum. Drawing on case studies from his own professional experience as director at Tyne and Wear Museums and National Museums Liverpool in the UK, Fleming shows how mission and vision can be radically revised to underpin organizational change, better engage with audiences, improve museum services, and make them more sustainable. Despite many external and internal challenges, and ceaseless and ever‐increasing social change, mission, values, and vision provide a reference point and an anchor for a museum, even in the most troubled of times.
Reconceptualizing Museum Ethics for the Twenty‐First Century: A View from the Field
Authors: Marstine Janet , Dodd Jocelyn , Jones Ceri
Published: May 2015

Museum ethics as a domain of the museum field emerged in the mid‐twentieth century. However, this approach to ethics as professional practice, relying on fixed codes of ethics, has proved to be a constraining rather than an enabling process. Recently a new model of museum ethics has emerged; regarding ethics as a dynamic social practice, it encourages dialogue and critical thinking to develop socially purposeful museums. The Research Centre for Museums and Galleries at the University of Leicester embarked upon a research project that took the form of a research network, bringing together museum leaders to test the potential of the new museum ethics to address key ethics issues with which museums are grappling. This research network expressed a compelling need for change in museums through the framework of the new museum ethics, a triad of three distinct but overlapping spheres: case studies; ethics codes; and values and principles. Participants agreed that this triad creates a powerful tool in its capacity to function as a set of lived values that connects ideas with actions and equips museums to develop responsive ethical policies and decision‐making now and the future. While many questions persist about the practical implications of the new museum ethics, responses from contributors reveal the significance to museum leaders of five ethics themes on which the network focused: social engagement; transparency; shared guardianship of collections; moving beyond canonicity; and sustainability.
Collection Care and Management: History, Theory, and Practice
Authors: Simmons John E.
Published: May 2015

Collections management has a direct impact on all activities in museums because all activities involve the collections at some level. Although historically the most fundamental aspect of collections management was establishing and maintaining order, collections management now includes the acquisition, accession, registration, cataloging, care, use, and disposal of collections and associated information. Collections management is based on the principles of preventive conservation and documentation (the maintenance of the supporting evidence of the identification, condition, history, use, and value of the objects in the collection). The first formal training programs for museum workers were launched during the early twentieth century; nevertheless, museums have been slow to adopt universal standards for managing collections. Although prior to the introduction of electronic data management storing and retrieving collection information was slow and labor‐intensive, museums are now seen as repositories of information as well as objects. As collection size increases arithmetically, the cost of collections management increases geometrically, which has resulted in recognition of the importance of collections planning and the need for more efficient storage and management of collections in the future. The development of theoretical museology has significantly changed collections management practice as it has evolved from dominance by subject‐matter discipline specialties to functions‐based operations, along with the understanding that knowledge is continually generated from museum collections. The growth of the collections management literature, professionalization of collections care positions, establishment of museum standards, and the development of museological theory have all shaped modern collections management.
The Pendulum Swing: Curatorial Theory Past and Present
Authors: Norton‐Westbrook Halona
Published: May 2015

This chapter explores the evolving nature and status of curatorial theory in the museum. Simply stated, curatorial theory may be defined as the complex compendia of ideas and beliefs that shape and inform curatorial work. Drawing on sources ranging from early twentieth‐century museum literature to contemporary interviews with museum curators, directors, and theorists, this examination traces the historical development of curatorship and aims to give voice to the experience of past and present participants within the museum field. This exploration operates under the assumption that theory and practice are fundamentally intertwined; when we speak of one we necessarily invoke the other. Guided by this conviction, it endeavors to focus attention on the commonality that is to be found in the experience of curators of various disciplines. Simultaneously, it seeks to engender a more nuanced awareness of some of the subtle continuities (and discontinuities) that connect (and separate) the ideas and practices of curators to one another across space and time.
The “Active Museum”: How Concern with Community Transformed the Museum
Authors: Crooke Elizabeth
Published: May 2015

The concept of community continues to engage those who work in and with museums, guiding collecting and exhibition projects as well as other forms of museum engagement. The association between museums and community reveals the complexity of museums. To uncover that complexity, this chapter suggests a threefold framework: the role of museums as a symbol of community; the connections between museums and community policy; and the use of museums for community action. This framework is used to explore the agency of museums through the new museology and the idea of the ecomuseum, the debate concerning museums as an “instrument” of social policy, and the rise of new museum ethics. The conclusion argues that the essence of contemporary thinking about museums and their communities is bound up in the notion of the “active museum.”
Visitor Studies: Toward a Culture of Reflective Practice and Critical Museology for the Visitor‐Centered Museum
Authors: Davidson Lee
Published: May 2015

Visitor studies is occupying an increasingly central space within museum practice and theory. Having established itself as a valuable management tool, particularly for educational goals, marketing, and exhibition evaluation, the challenge now is to expand the strategic role of visitor research by integrating it across a broad range of museum functions to demonstrate value, improve performance, and ensure overall organizational sustainability. At the same time, visitor studies is developing as a more methodologically and theoretically sophisticated subfield of museum studies. The key to its future is to maintain a strong dialogue between theory and practice, with museum practitioners and university researchers working together to build a culture of reflective practice and critical museology for the visitor‐centered museum.
Media Archaeology of/in the Museum
Authors: Hoskins Andrew , Holdsworth Amy
Published: May 2015

Screen media are increasingly a pervasive feature of our new memory landscape. Inside the museum the screen has moved from being supplementary to artifacts, to becoming a museal object in its own right, to being removed altogether (through the use of projections onto surfaces and architecture). But what do the media of memory reveal about curatorial assumptions as to both the representation of the media of the day and the everyday media practices of the visitor? This chapter interrogates the shifting value and uses of the media of memory in museums in the context of the conflict‐induced memory boom. For example, Erika Doss has written of a “memorial mania” whereby the anniversary of almost anything and everything is marked through a variety of memorial sites – from saturating news coverage to museum exhibitions. What we have today is a stacking up of these markings of events, from the catastrophic and nodal, through to the most banal, which are churned through commemorative cycles and seem to spin ever closer to the present. While, from a memory studies perspective, the relationship between media memory and the museum as part of this mania is outlined, the role of artistic interventions in challenging dominant modes of exhibition and commemoration in contemporary memorial culture is also investigated.
Visible and Invisible Institutions: Cinema in the French Art Museum
Authors: Chamarette Jenny
Published: May 2015

In this chapter, I argue the case that film, and cinema more broadly, have produced metaphorical and literal shifts of focus and frame within the museum context. The chapter initially discusses the multilayered ways in which film, as a representational medium and as an exhibited object, interacts with its political and sociocultural counterpart: the institution of cinema. I then argue that these focal shifts in the treatment of film in the museum, and the treatment of museums on film, potentially eliminate some aspects of the museum from cinema's perceptual field, while highlighting others, operating as a counterdiscourse to the prime concerns of museums at a given moment in time. These aspects are also subject to, and affected by changes in, the tangible materiality of cinema as an object, an experience, an exhibition space, and a cultural institution. Rather than imagining film as a “medium” in the technological or communicative sense, the chapter examines the politics of film as a mediator, negotiator, or indeed critic of museum spaces and museum politics. The “visible” and “invisible” institutions in the title of the chapter refer to these shifts in focus and frame that draw attention toward – or away from – the political and cultural contingency of film in the museum space.

Cinema's historical and contemporary privileged position in French cultural heritage suggests that thinking about French museums specifically informs an understanding of the moving image's conceptual and spatial shift away from “cinema” as such, toward a broader conception of the medium. Cinema as we like to think about it has long since left the auditorium and found itself transmitted across multiple screen media technologies, from the handheld mobile device, to digital streaming, to large‐scale screening on tower blocks: such devices have inevitably been adopted by museums as modes of education, interpretation, and outreach. Increasingly, cinema, as a mutable cultural institution that defies visible definition, has made a shift into the museum – a sociocultural institution which often courts both physical presence and virtual existence, in add‐on digital apps, screen‐based interpretation, and online exhibition spaces. Consequently, the case studies of this chapter are situated within a French cultural context which offers concrete examples of the complex relationships between cinema and the museum. In doing so, the chapter interrogates the complex political, curatorial, and broader sociocultural concerns of the institutionalized housing of film within the museum, both as a public space and as a political institution.
Total Media
Authors: Higgins Peter
Published: May 2015

This chapter reflects on a personal journey that has enabled Peter Higgins's involvement in the process of museum‐making with his company, Land Design Studio. This journey has combined a training in architecture; an involvement with TV, film, and theater; and, more recently, an interest in the potential of new technologies as refined and appropriate communication media. The chapter also investigates the role and function of the museum as a component of urban placemaking, especially in the context of what he understands to be profligate National Lottery funding, which often presents a grand gesture in the manner of the Victorians. In Higgins's view, the evolution of museums requires a process that considers the “power of the real”: real objects, real people in real time supported by coherent, nonesoteric curation of our material culture. Alongside this, we need to enthrall our audiences through the creation of immersive scenographic journeys that store, interpret, and distribute ideas by exploiting emerging technologies. This can happen only through a collaborative process that promotes mutual respect between museum professionals, designers, and funders, combined with an understanding of the diverse disciplines that may be collectively titled as “total media.”
(Dis)playing the Museum: Artifacts, Visitors, Embodiment, and Mediality
Authors: Harrasser Karin
Published: May 2015

This chapter develops ideas about learning and knowledge appropriation by visitors using museum media, and discusses methods for studying these processes. It is based on research into children's use of interactives and hands‐on objects in exhibitions. In particular, it addresses the widespread paradigm of playful learning, the modes of subjectivization and learning connected with such objects, and the kinds of knowledges at stake. The chapter considers how exhibitions are structured, how visitors appropriate exhibitions, and the relation between displays and the actual and embodied micro‐practices of visitors, using insights from the work of Michel Foucault and from actor network theory. Following the discussion of central concepts and two case studies, the chapter addresses more general questions about how interactive media transform museums, and how and to what an extent museums can be conceived as media.
Ambulatory Assessment: Methods for Studying Everyday Life
Authors: Conner Tamlin S. , Mehl Matthias R.
Published: May 2015

Ambulatory assessment is a class of methods that use mobile technology to understand people's biopsychosocial processes in natural settings, in real time, and on repeated occasions. In this essay, we discuss the rationale for ambulatory assessment including the benefits of measuring people in the real world (greater ecological validity, better understanding of people in contexts), in real time (avoidance of memory bias, greater sensitivity for capturing change), and over time (capturing within‐person patterns and temporal trends). Then, we review the latest ambulatory assessment techniques for measuring experiences, behaviors, and physiology in daily life. Experiences such as emotions, physical pain, and daily stressors can be tracked using daily diaries and smartphone‐based experience sampling. Behaviors such as activity, movement, location, and natural language use can be tracked using accelerometers, portable actigraphs, global positioning system (GPS) coordinates, and the electronically activated recorder (EAR). Physiological processes such as heart rate, blood pressure, and electrodermal activity can be measured using an array of ambulatory biosensors. Ambulatory assessment will continue to be revolutionized by smartphones, which are becoming integrated seamlessly into people's lives. Emerging trends include social sensing applications that make inferences about users' psychological processes based on multi‐channel information collected from smartphones, emergence of “big data collection” whereby ambulatory assessment data is gathereden massefrom large populations, and the growing field of mobile health. These trends raise questions around the protection of participants' privacy and the synthesis of immense amounts of digital data. Ultimately, these developments will narrow the separation between science and everyday life as ambulatory assessment becomes an integrated part of people's mobile lives.
Modeling of Metal Flow during Processing by Multi‐ECAP‐Conform
Authors: Fakhretdinova Elvira I. , Raab Georgy I. , Valiev Ruslan Z.
Published: May 2015

This article presents the results of a computer modeling study of a new technique of severe plastic deformation called Multi‐ECAP‐Conform, ensuring a high level of strain value ei ≥ 3 per one processing pass of a billet from an Al alloy. The main feature of this technique is multi‐stage successive shear straining of a long‐length billet under the conditions of equal‐channel angular pressing (ECAP) via the Conform mode. The main area of investigation is the study of the effect of the geometry of channels and channels intersection angles on the homogeneity of the strained state, all other conditions being equal. A rational combination of the channels geometry has been established that provides for a homogeneous strained state of billets and allowable force conditions of processing.
Mussel Byssus‐Like Reversible Metal‐Chelated Supramolecular Complex Used for Dynamic Cellular Surface Engineering and Imaging
Authors: Li Wen , Bing Wei , Huang Sa , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang
Published: May 2015

Inspired by the load‐bearing biostructures in nature, a multifunctional shell for encapsulating cell using the polyphenol–metal complexes is fabricated. The artificial shell is formed by cross‐linking of tannic acid and iron ion on cell surface. It can protect cells from unfriendly environments, including UV light irradiation and reactive oxygen damage. With the hybrid property of polyphenol and metal liands, the shell provides a versatile platform for cell surface engineering. The magnetic nanoparticles, DNA molecules, as well as the magnetic resonance imaging agents are easily incorporated into the shell. More interestingly, unlike the traditional passive coatings, here the shell can be controllably disassembled under external stimuli. The dynamic coating is used as a reversible element to regulate cell division and surface modification. The cell viability and protein expression experiments further confirm that the shell formation and degradation processes are biocompatible. This multifunctional coating strategy is applicable to multiple living cell types, including yeast cells, Escherichia coli bacteria, and mammalian cells. Therefore, this platform would be useful for living cell based fundamental research and biological applications.
Tailoring Cellular Uptake of Gold Nanoparticles Via the Hydrophilic‐to‐Hydrophobic Ratio of their (Co)polymer Coating
Authors: Zhang Zhiyue , Van Steendam Katleen , Maji Samarendra , Balcaen Lieve , Anoshkina Yulia , Zhang Qilu , Vanluchene Glenn , De Rycke Riet , Van Haecke Frank , Deforce Dieter , Hoogenboom Richard , De Geest Bruno G.
Published: May 2015

It is demonstrated how cellular uptake and protein corona of (co)polymer‐coated gold nanoparticles can be altered by the hydrophilic‐to‐hydrophobic comonomer ratio. A novel, label‐free flow cytometry strategy is developed to investigate particle uptake. These findings offer insight in the design and analysis of hybrid nanomaterials for interfacing with biological systems.
Copper‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Stereoselective Ring‐Opening of Cyclic Sulfamidates with Grignard Reagents assisted by Lithium Chloride
Authors: Arigala Pitchaiah , Sadu Venkata S. , Hwang In‐Taek , Hwang Jin‐Soo , Kim Chul‐Ung , Lee Kee‐In
Published: May 2015

Copper‐catalyzed ring‐opening reactions of cyclic 1,2‐sulfamidates with a wide range of Grignard reagents have been investigated. The use of lithium chloride as an additive is essential to activate CO bond cleavage. The reaction represents highly regio‐ and stereoselective, and thus allows for efficient synthesis of enantioenriched α‐branched benzylamine derivatives. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the products are potential to be used as building blocks for the preparation of wide range of nitrogen‐containing heterocycles.

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Biocatalysis of Cycloastragenol by Syncephalastrum racemosum and Alternaria alternata to Discover Anti‐Aging Derivatives
Authors: Feng Lin‐min , Ji Shuai , Qiao Xue , Li Zi‐wei , Lin Xiong‐hao , Ye Min
Published: May 2015

Cycloastragenol is a cycloartane‐type triterpenoid with significant telomerase‐activating activities. In this paper, the biocatalysis of cycloastragenol by two strains of filamentous fungi, namely Syncephalastrum racemosum AS 3.264 and Alternaria alternata AS 3.4578, was investigated. Scaled‐up biotransformation reactions yielded 27 metabolites. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive NMR and HR‐ESI‐MS data analyses, and 18 of them are new compounds. The two fungal strains exhibited distinct biocatalytic features. S. racemosum could catalyze ring expansion and epoxidation reactions to form 3β,10β‐epoxy‐ or 6α,19α‐epoxy‐9,10‐seco‐cycloartane structures, whereas A. alternata preferred to catalyze acetylation reactions, especially at 3‐OH, 6‐OH and 19‐OH. These regio‐ and stereoselective reactions are difficult to achieve by chemical means, but could be realized under mild conditions by biocatalysis. Furthermore, we found that some acetylated derivatives at 50 μM could significantly extend the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans from 16.93±0.70 d of the control group to 20.01±0.75 d (P<0.01), versus 18.54±0.67 d for cycloastragenol. These biotransformed derivatives of cycloastragenol could be potential anti‐aging agents.

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Enzyme Module Systems for the Synthesis of Uridine 5′‐Diphospho‐α‐D‐glucuronic Acid and Non‐Sulfated Human Natural Killer Cell‐1 (HNK‐1) Epitope
Authors: Engels Leonie , Henze Manja , Hummel Werner , Elling Lothar
Published: May 2015

Tailor‐made strategies for the stereo‐ and regioselective multi‐step enzymatic synthesis of glycoconjugates require well characterized glycosyltransferases and carbohydrate modifying enzymes. We here report on a novel enzyme cascade for the synthesis of uridine 5′‐diphospho‐α‐D‐glucuronic acid (UDP‐GlcA) and the non‐sulfated human natural killer cell‐1 (HNK‐1) epitope including in situ regeneration of UDP‐GlcA and the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD+ by the combination of four enzymes in one‐pot. In the first enzyme module sucrose synthase 1 (SuSy1) is used to produce uridine 5′‐diphospho‐α‐D‐glucose (UDP‐Glc) from sucrose and uridine 5′‐diphosphate (UDP). The combination with UDP‐Glc dehydrogenase in the second enzyme module leads to the synthesis of UDP‐GlcA with concomitant in situ regeneration of the cofactor NAD+ by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride (NADH)‐oxidase. In the third enzyme module the mammalian glucuronyltransferase GlcAT‐P catalyzes the synthesis of the non‐sulfated HNK‐1 epitope by regioselective transfer of GlcA onto N‐acetyllactosamine type 2 (LacNAc type 2). We present a comprehensive study on substrate kinetics, substrate specificities, variation and relation of enzyme activities as well as cross inhibition of intermediate products. With optimized reaction conditions we obtain superior product yields with streamlined synthesis costs for the expensive nucleotide sugar UDP‐GlcA and cofactor NAD+.

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Asymmetric Bio‐ and Organocatalytic Cascade Reaction – Laccase and Secondary Amine‐Catalyzed α‐Arylation of Aldehydes
Authors: Suljić Sanel , Pietruszka Jörg , Worgull Dennis
Published: May 2015

An asymmetric bio‐ and organocatalytic cascade one‐pot reaction for the α‐arylation of aldehydes is presented. 1,4‐Dihydroxybenzene and its derivatives are oxidized to quinones by laccase and aerial oxygen. This catalytic process has been efficiently coupled to asymmetric enamine organocatalysis, affording 3‐substituted 2,3‐dihydrobenzofuran‐2,5‐diols in moderate to good yield and moderate to excellent enantioselectivity.

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Functional zinc(II) phthalocyanines bearing Schiff base complexes as oxidation catalysts for bleaching systems
Authors: Sen Pinar , Kara Simsek Dilek , Yildiz S. Zeki
Published: May 2015

Oxidation catalysis is used to increase the performance of hydrogen peroxide in laundry bleach applications. Bleach catalysts provide cost‐effective, energy‐saving and environmentally friendly bleach systems yielding perfect stain removal at lower temperatures. This comparative study is based on the synthesis of bis[bis(salicylhydrazonephenoxy)manganese(III)] phthalocyaninatozinc(II) (2), bis[bis(salicylhydrazonephenoxy)cobalt(III)] phthalocyaninatozinc(II) (3) and bis[bis(salicylhydrazonephenoxy)iron(III)] phthalocyaninatozinc(II) (4) as tri‐nuclear complexes consisting of two Schiff base complexes substituting a zinc phthalocyanine. Complexion on the periphery to obtain complexes 2, 3, 4 was performed through the reaction of a Schiff base‐substituted phthalocyanine using MnCl2⋅4H2O, CoCl2⋅6H2O or FeCl3⋅6H2O salts in basic condition in dimethylformamide. Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV–visible, inductively coupled plasma optical emission and mass spectra were applied to characterize the prepared compounds. The bleach performances of the three phthalocyanine compounds 2, 3, 4 were examined by the degradation of morin as hydrophilic dye. The degradation progress in the presence of catalysts 2, 3, 4/H2O2 combination in aqueous solution was investigated using an online spectrophotometric method. It was found that the catalysts 2, 3, 4 exhibited better bleaching performance at 25 °C than tetraactylethylethylenediamine as bleach activator used in powder detergent formulations for stain removal. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The invariant distribution of references in scientific articles
Authors: Bertin Marc , Atanassova Iana , Gingras Yves , Larivière Vincent
Published: May 2015

The organization of scientific papers typically follows a standardized pattern, the well‐known IMRaD structure (introduction, methods, results, and discussion). Using the full text of 45,000 papers published in the PLoS series of journals as a case study, this paper investigates, from the viewpoint of bibliometrics, how references are distributed along the structure of scientific papers as well as the age of these cited references. Once the sections of articles are realigned to follow the IMRaD sequence, the position of cited references along the text of articles is invariant across all PLoS journals, with the introduction and discussion accounting for most of the references. It also provides evidence that the age of cited references varies by section, with older references being found in the methods and more recent references in the discussion. These results provide insight into the different roles citations have in the scholarly communication process.