bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASIC clouds
Authors: Taylor Michael Bedford , Vega Luis , Khazraee Moein , Magaki Ikuo , Davidson Scott , Richmond Dustin
Published: June 2020

Planet-scale applications are driving the exponential growth of the Cloud, and datacenter specialization is the key enabler of this trend. GPU- and FPGA-based clouds have already been deployed to accelerate compute-intensive workloads. ASIC-based clouds are a natural evolution as cloud services expand across the planet. ASIC Clouds are purpose-built datacenters comprised of large arrays of ASIC accelerators that optimize the total cost of ownership (TCO) of large, high-volume scale-out computations. On the surface, ASIC Clouds may seem improbable due to high NREs and ASIC inflexibility, but large-scale ASIC Clouds have already been deployed for the Bitcoin cryptocurrency system. This paper distills lessons from these Bitcoin ASIC Clouds and applies them to other large scale workloads such as YouTube-style video-transcoding and Deep Learning, showing superior TCO versus CPU and GPU. It derives Pareto-optimal ASIC Cloud servers based on accelerator properties, by jointly optimizing ASIC architecture, DRAM, motherboard, power delivery, cooling, and operating voltage. Finally, the authors examine the impact of ASIC NRE and when it makes sense to build an ASIC Cloud.
For impactful community engagement
Authors: Pine Kathleen H. , Hinrichs Margaret M. , Wang Jieshu , Lewis Dana , Johnston Erik
Published: June 2020

Toward a more equitable distribution of the benefits of technological change.
Proposal
Authors: Van Alstyne Marshall W.
Published: June 2020

Guaranteeing truth in advertising.
Mapping cardiopulmonary dynamics within the microvasculature of the lungs using dissolved 129Xe MRI
Authors: Niedbalski Peter J. , Bier Elianna A. , Wang Ziyi , Willmering Matthew M. , Driehuys Bastiaan , Cleveland Zackary I.
Published: June 2020

Spatially heterogeneous abnormalities within the lung microvasculature contribute to pathology in various cardiopulmonary diseases but are difficult to assess noninvasively. Hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI is a noninvasive method to probe lung function, including regional gas exchange between pulmonary air spaces and capillaries. We show that cardiogenic oscillations in the raw dissolved 129Xe MRI signal from pulmonary capillary red blood cells can be imaged using a postacquisition reconstruction technique, providing a new means of assessing regional lung microvasculature function and disease state.
miR-223-3p Inhibits Antigen Endocytosis and Presentation and Promotes the Tolerogenic Potential of Dendritic Cells through Targeting Mannose Receptor Signaling and Rhob
Authors: Tang Hao-Cheng , Lai Yin-Yan , Zheng Jing , Jiang Hong-Yan , Xu Geng
Published: June 2020

Background. The role of miR-223-3p in dendritic cells (DCs) is unknown. This study is aimed at investigating the effect of miR-223-3p on the antigen uptake and presentation capacities of DCs and the underlying molecular mechanism. Methods. FITC-OVA antigen uptake and cell surface markers in bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) were analyzed by flow cytometry. BMDCs were transfected with the miR-223-3p mimic or inhibitor. Cytokine levels were determined by ELISA. CD4+ T cell differentiation was determined by mixed lymphocyte culture assay. Results. OVA treatment significantly downregulated miR-223-3p in BMDCs. The miR-223-3p mimic significantly inhibited OVA-induced antigen uptake and surface expression of MHC-II on BMDCs (P<0.01). The miR-223-3p mimic increased TGF-β1 production in OVA-treated DCs (P<0.01). Mixed lymphocyte reaction showed that the miR-223-3p mimic significantly promoted Treg cell differentiation. In addition, the miR-223-3p mimic significantly upregulated CD103 in DCs, indicating the promotion of tolerogenic DCs. The miR-223-3p mimic downregulated Rhob protein in OVA-induced DCs. Rhob knockdown significantly suppressed the ability of FITC-OVA endocytosis (P<0.01) and surface MHC-II molecule expression (P<0.01) in BMDCs, promoting promoted Treg cell differentiation. Mannose receptor (MR) knockdown significantly upregulated miR-223-3p, downregulated Rhob protein in OVA-treated DCs, inhibited the FITC-OVA endocytosis and surface MHC-II expression in BMDCs, and promoted Treg cell differentiation (all P<0.01). Conclusion. These data suggest that miR-223-3p has an inhibitory effect on the antigen uptake and presentation capacities of BMDCs and promotes Treg cell differentiation, which is, at least partially, through targeting MR signaling and Rhob.
Continuous Quasi Gyrolinear Functionals on Möbius Gyrovector Spaces
Authors: Watanabe Keiichi
Published: June 2020

We investigate a class of functionals on Möbius gyrovector spaces, which consists of a counterpart to bounded linear functionals on Hilbert spaces.
Effects of Intravenous Immunoglobulin and Acyclovir in Preventing Neonatal Varicella
Authors: Piyanonpong Waritsara
Published: June 2020

Neonatal varicella mostly results from maternal varicella. The disease can cause presentation ranging from mild symptoms to varicella pneumonia, hepatitis, meningoencephalitis, or fatality. If the mother develops symptoms implying varicella 4–5 days antepartum to 2 days postpartum, the mortality rate of the baby may reach 20%. We report a case of neonatal varicella from maternal varicella. The patient’s mother initially developed maculopapular rash over her trunk 1 day after giving birth; she had a family member in the same household diagnosed with herpes zoster recently, and another member with diagnosed varicella, whose rash disappeared before the patient's birth. On the baby's third day of life, discrete vesicular rashes on erythematous background and discrete erythematous maculopapular rashes were found over his trunk, arms, and legs. The baby was subsequently diagnosed with neonatal varicella and was treated by intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) because there was no varicella zoster immunoglobulin (VZIG) available in the hospital, and also, intravenous acyclovir was given for 7 days. The rash completely resolved by the baby's fifth day of life, without any complications. The combination of IVIG and acyclovir might not effectively prevent neonatal varicella, but the medication could prevent the baby from developing serious complications and shorten the clinical course.
Widespread Hypertrophic Lichen Planus following Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Blockade
Authors: Myrdal Caitlyn N. , Sundararajan Srinath , Curiel-Lewandrowski Clara
Published: June 2020

Hypertrophic lichen planus (HLP) may not have the typical histological findings of lichen planus and often mimics squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Distinguishing between the two can pose a diagnostic challenge. Here, we present a case of eruptive HLP mimicking SCC in the context of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint inhibition. A 73-year-old woman recently treated with durvalumab, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, presented to our clinic with diffuse hyperkeratotic papules and plaques previously thought to be eruptive SCC. The lesions did not respond to topical fluorouracil and continued to appear despite discontinuation of immunotherapy. Further histological analysis revealed intraepidermal epithelial proliferation with lichenoid inflammation. Subsequent treatment with topical corticosteroids significantly improved the size and number of lesions. The diagnosis of HLP was made based on histological features and response to topical steroids in the context of recent immunotherapy. This case reveals HLP as a potential adverse effect of PD-L1 inhibition and highlights the need for additional diagnostic assessment in patients presenting with eruptive hyperkeratotic lesions, especially on the lower extremities.
How Will Genetics Inform the Clinical Care of Atrial Fibrillation?
Authors: Shoemaker M. Benjamin , Shah Rajan L. , Roden Dan M. , Perez Marco V.
Published: June 2020

Susceptibility to atrial fibrillation (AF) is determined by well-recognized risk factors such as diabetes mellitus or hypertension, emerging risk factors such as sleep apnea or inflammation, and increasingly well-defined genetic variants. As discussed in detail in a companion article in this series, studies in families and in large populations have identified multiple genetic loci, specific genes, and specific variants increasing susceptibility to AF. Since it is becoming increasingly inexpensive to obtain genotype data and indeed whole genome sequence data, the question then becomes to define whether using emerging new genetics knowledge can improve care for patients both before and after development of AF. Examples of improvements in care could include identifying patients at increased risk for AF (and thus deploying increased surveillance or even low-risk preventive therapies should these be available), identifying patient subsets in whom specific therapies are likely to be effective or ineffective or in whom the driving biology could motivate the development of new mechanism-based therapies or identifying an underlying susceptibility to comorbid cardiovascular disease. While current guidelines for the care of patients with AF do not recommend routine genetic testing, this rapidly increasing knowledge base suggests that testing may now or soon have a place in the management of select patients. The opportunity is to generate, validate, and deploy clinical predictors (including family history) of AF risk, to assess the utility of incorporating genomic variants into those predictors, and to identify and validate interventions such as wearable or implantable device-based monitoring ultimately to intervene in patients with AF before they present with catastrophic complications like heart failure or stroke.
Predicative Adverbs: Evidence from Polish
Authors: Patejuk Agnieszka , Przepiórkowski Adam
Published: June 2020

This squib argues that adverbs can act as primary predicates. In Polish, a relatively large class of adverbs are frequently used in predicative constructions when the subject of predication is an InfP (infinitival phrase) or a CP referring to abstract objects: event kinds or facts. This requirement of a purely verbal rather than nominal subject of predication is the main difference between predicative adverbs and predicative adjectives, explaining contrasts between their syntactic behavior in extraction and coordination. Predicative adverbs usually express attitudes toward event kinds or facts and often combine with dative experiencers; in the case of InfP subjects, dative experiencers obligatorily control the subject.
Blood and Chuser across Research Paradigms: Constitutive Links in Mapping Biomedical Cancer onto Tibetan Medical Nosology
Authors: Tidwell Tawni
Published: June 2020

Collaborative research on Tibetan medicine for conditions difficult to treat by Euroamerican biomedicine, such as many intractable types of cancer, has developed in recent years due to treatment outcomes and growing patient interest. In these collaborations, more nuanced analyses of how one medical tradition’s etiology maps onto the other are required for productive dialogue and sophisticated research methodologies. Building on earlier work that provides the initial etiologic and diagnostic mapping of biomedical cancer onto Tibetan medical nosology, this article develops a further analytical dimension by describing the specific etiologic role of blood (Tib. khrag) and chuser (Tib. chu ser), as well as their specific ontological characterizations in Sowa Rigpa more generally. The Four Treatises and its commentaries elucidate a unique perspective on these substances as implemented in clinical praxis. This analysis furthers work to disentangle contemporary Tibetan medical and biomedical paradigms by highlighting therapeutic and investigative distinctions for cancer and research collaborations more broadly.
Porous Religious Economies and the Problem of Regulating Religious Marketplaces
Authors: Woods Orlando
Published: June 2020

This paper reframes the theory of religious economy by developing an understanding of the effects of transnational religious influence on religious marketplaces. In doing so, it highlights the need to rethink the role of regulation in shaping the ways in which religious marketplaces operate. By reinterpreting regulation as the ability of the state to control the extent to which religious groups are able to access resources, it argues that transnational religious networks can enable access to extraneous resources, which, in turn, can enable religious groups to subvert the regulatory prescriptions of the state. Transnational religious influences therefore highlight the porosity of religious economies and the problem of regulating religious marketplaces. Qualitative data are used to demonstrate how Singapore-based churches create and strengthen transnational religious networks with their counterparts in China. These networks enable religious groups to operate with a degree of independence and to overcome regulatory restrictions on (and other limitations to) religious praxis.
Taxonomic revision of Stachys sect. Olisia (Lamiaceae: Lamioideae) in Turkey

Authors: AKÇİÇEK EKREM
Published: June 2020

Stachys is traditionally accepted to present great taxonomic and nomenclatural complexity. It shows a wide range of variability that is difficult to define. In the present study, a taxonomic revision of Stachys sect. Olisia (Lamiaceae) in Turkey was presented. Stachys comprises 87 species (113 taxa) in Flora of Turkey, 58 of which (51%) are endemic to Turkey. Stachys sect. Olisia is represented by 14 species (20 taxa) in Turkey, of which S. distans var. distans is reported for the first time from Turkey, and S. annua subsp. annua var. lycaonica is synonymised to S. annua subsp. annua. Herein, morphological descriptions, diagnostic characters, detailed illustrations, distribution maps, IUCN threat categories and taxonomic comments are presented for all accepted taxa. Furthermore, identification keys are also included for the accepted Turkish species, subspecies and varieties in the section.
Crotalaria shrirangiana (Fabaceae): A new rattlepod from the Western Ghats of India

Authors: ROKADE KRISHNAT , DALAVI JAGDISH VISHNU , GAIKWAD SWAROOPSINGH , GAIKWAD NIKHIL
Published: June 2020

Crotalaria shrirangiana is described and illustrated as a new species in the present communication. The new species is found growing in northern Western Ghats ranges of Maharashtra. It is an erect, profusely branched under-shrub up to 1.5 m in height, with bright yellow flowers. It shows close affinities with Crotalaria juncea but is distinguished by details of its stem indumentum, shape and size of the leaves, inflorescence, bracts and bracteoles, shape and size of the flowers, standard petal, pod size and number of seeds per pod.
Lectotypification of Alysicarpus gracilis (Papilionoideae: Leguminosae)

Authors: TIWARI ARJUN PRASAD , SHUKLA ACHUTA NAND , KHANNA KRISHNA KUMAR , SIKARWAR RAM LAKHAN SINGH
Published: June 2020

The genus Alysicarpus Necker ex Desvaux (1813: 120) includes ca. 35 species and 20 infra specific taxa distributed in almost all tropical and subtropical re­gions of the Old World (Pedly 2001, Lewis et al. 2005, Hassemer et al. 2017, Leeratiwong et al. 2017, Pokle 2017, Dalavi et al. 2019). It is represented in India by about 18 spe­cies and nine infra specific taxa, of which seven species and eight infra specific taxa are endemic (Sanjappa 1992, Pokle 2002, Dhabe 2013, Singh et al. 2015, Gholami et al. 2017, Pokle 2017, Dalavi et al. 2019). Alysicarpus species are annual or perennial herbs; leaves generally 1-foliolate or ‘very rarely’ pinnately 3-foliolate; scarious stipules; ebracteolate flowers; scarious calyx with complex venation and turgid articles of its indehiscent pods (Gholami et al. 2016).
Revision of the Miocene shrimp Callianassa kerepesiensis Müller, 1976 (Malacostraca, Decapoda), with a description of a new species
Authors: HYŽNÝ MATÚŠ
Published: June 2020

Based on the re-examination of the type and additional material of a fossorial shrimp Callianassa kerepesiensis Müller, 1976, from the middle Miocene (Badenian) of Hungary, the species is re-assigned to Calliax de Saint Laurent, 1973. Additionally, Callianassa reinhardpalorum sp. nov. is described based on the morphologically similar cheliped elements, classified at one time as C. cf. kerepesiensis. Both species, Callianassa reinhardpalorum sp. nov. and Calliax kerepesiensis comb. nov., have extant congeners inhabiting modern Mediterranean Sea and north-east Atlantic. The sedimentology of the localities with remains of the studied fossil taxa corresponds with the environmental preferences of their extant congeners, suggesting they inhabited marine settings with slightly changing salinity and the water depth not exceeding 20 m.
Taxonomical account of the Indian spiny clam shrimps (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata) from the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, USA.
Authors: PADHYE SAMEER M.
Published: June 2020

I present taxonomical re-descriptions of two Indian spinicaudatan species deposited at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, USA, emphasizing on a few characters not highlighted in the original descriptions. Specimens collected from South India and deposited in the museum forty years ago were assessed and re-described. The study shows that the Cyzicidae species deposited as Caenestheriella sp. is Ozestheria indica while the Eulimnadia species is the widely distributed Eulimnadia michaeli. Many of the taxonomical characters were variable and did not exactly match the earlier description for both the species. Ozestheria indica could be distinguished from other valid Indian species on the telson characters and its occurrence proximity to the type locality of the species. This species is currently restricted to Peninsular India. Eulimnadia michaeli could be identified based on its characteristic egg surface morphology, though, the inner layers of the egg did vary when compared with the western Indian population. Using museum material, the validated species tally of Indian spiny clam shrimps now stands at 8 while 15 still await re-examination.
A key to the species of Protogamasellus (Acari: Ascidae), with a new species from the Brazilian Pantanal
Authors: YAMADA MARIANA , DE MORAES GILBERTO J.
Published: June 2020

A study of soil mites in the Brazilian Pantanal, southwestern Brazil, has shown the frequent occurrence of the genus Protogamasellus, especially in cultivated land. Three species were found in this study, Protogamasellus mica (Athias-Henriot), Protogamasellus sigillophorus Mineiro, Lindquist & Moraes, and a new species, Protogamasellus pantanal n. sp., which is here described. A taxonomic key for the identification of species of the genus was prepared, based on the examination of the type specimens of the new species here described, of specimens of other species found in Brazil in this and previous studies, and on the information found in the literature for other species.
The relationship between fiscal decentralization and trust in government: evidence from the South Korean case
Authors: Kim Soojin , Lee Yunsoo , Kim Taehee
Published: June 2020

To date, many developing countries have continued to implement fiscally decentralized governance systems to respond to the diversified needs of local residents more effectively and to better act in line with the public interest. However, little is known about the fiscal decentralization–trust link. Focusing empirically on the South Korean case, this study examines how financially decentralized governance might increase government trustworthiness not just at the national level, but also at the local level. The results of multilevel regression and panel data analyses partly confirm the results of pro-fiscal decentralization studies in that the growth of local fiscal autonomy is positively and significantly related to public trust in government. Specifically, we find that as fiscal decentralization improves, levels of trust in local government also rise. In addition, our findings show that in terms of having higher levels of public trust in government, the impact of revenue decentralization tends to be greater than that of expenditure decentralization. This evidence implies that allowing local governments to have their own revenue sources rather than expenditure autonomy can be a way to better respond to people’s needs in the long run.

Points for practitioners

First, as fiscal decentralization improves, levels of trust in local government also rise. Second, allowing local governments to have their own revenue sources rather than expenditure autonomy can be a way to better respond to people’s needs in the long run. Third, government policies should aim to provide benefits to citizens for their own sake, such as by exercising effective delivery or improving the quality of public services and programs that are likely to be viewed positively by constituents. This could encourage citizens to engage with the current public-sector spheres in ways that affect their confidence and expectations of government policies and bureaucrats in a positive manner.
Determination of stresses, strains and failure types in multidirectional laminates under pure bending
Authors: Petersen E , Kappel E , Koord J , Völkerink O , Hühne C
Published: June 2020

Curved structures made of fibre-reinforced plastics tend to show an out-of-plane failure type, when loaded under bending. One method to determine the related tensile strength in thickness direction, is the standardised unfolding test related to ASTM D6415 with L-profile specimens. However, the standard shall be used for unidirectional materials only, which is not the case for multidirectional laminates. Therefore, this publication presents methods to determine the layer-wise stress and strain state as well as occurring failure types of multidirectional laminates. An extension of the Lekhnitski formulae is presented and its results are validated by comparison with high resolution strain measurements by Digital Image Correlation. Based on the analytical solution, a failure analysis using Cuntze’s Failure Mode Concept is conducted. It was revealed, that the failure load and position can be predicted accurately, if a failure type related strength –in-plane or out-of-plane failure– is used. In the presence of [Formula: see text]-layers higher deviations occur between test and prediction and therefore limits the validity of the presented analytical failure analysis.
Abrasive wear performance of multi-layer interwoven polyester fiber & PTFE particle reinforced polyester composite
Authors: Tamer Erturk Alpay , Vatansever Fahri
Published: June 2020

This study aims to systematically investigate the abrasive wear performance of composite material with multi-layer polyester fiber interweaving and PTFE particle reinforced polyester matrix under dry friction conditions. Abrasive wear performance experimentally investigated by applying the block on ring test method depending on the direction of fiber weaving. The test material exposed to pure water, mineral oil, HNO3, and NH3 for 1, 2, 3, 4 weeks. The sliding distances and test durations were determined to be 2.26, 4.52, 6.78 and 9.04 km, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours respectively. The best wear resistance was obtained in the perpendicular direction to the fiber reinforcement. While HNO3 and NH3 environments significantly decrease the wear resistance, oil and pure water environments increase the wear resistance by lubricant effect.
The Differential Importance of Component Skills on Reading Comprehension Test Performance Among Struggling Adolescent Readers
Authors: Clemens Nathan H. , Hsiao Yu-Yu , Lee Kejin , Martinez-Lincoln Amanda , Moore Clinton , Toste Jessica , Simmons Leslie
Published: June 2020

Reading comprehension tests vary in format and characteristics, which may influence the extent to which component skills are involved in test performance. With students in Grades 6 to 8 with reading difficulties, dominance analyses examined the differential importance of component reading and language skills (word- and text-reading fluency, vocabulary, listening comprehension, and working memory) on several standardized tests of reading comprehension: The Gates-MacGinitie Reading Test, 4th edition (GMRT), Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation, Gray Oral Reading Test, 5th edition (GORT-5), and the Test of Silent Reading Efficiency and Comprehension (TOSREC). Students’ word- and text-reading fluency skills were generally the most dominant predictors of performance on most reading comprehension tests, especially those with a time limit (GMRT and TOSREC). Listening comprehension was most important on the GORT-5, a test in which students read passages orally and listen to questions read by an examiner. Working memory was the least important component skill across the reading comprehension tests. Overall, results were consistent with previous work indicating that reading comprehension measures vary with regard to the skills or knowledge sources that are most important for test performance and extend these findings to struggling adolescent readers. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Understanding How Residents’ Emotional Solidarity with Airbnb Visitors Influences Perceptions of Their Impact on a Community: The Moderating Role of Prior Experience Staying at an Airbnb
Authors: Suess Courtney , Woosnam Kyle , Mody Makarand , Dogru Tarik , Sirakaya Turk Ercan
Published: June 2020

A theoretical model was formulated based on cognitive-appraisal and bottom-up spillover theories and tested with structural equation modeling across two groups of residents—with and without prior experience staying at an Airbnb (as a guest). Results indicated that residents with prior experience staying at an Airbnb had significantly higher levels of emotional solidarity with visitors to their neighborhood, more positive emotions toward Airbnb hosts, and perceived that Airbnb visitors impacted community well-being and personal quality of life more positively, compared with residents without prior experience staying at an Airbnb. Moreover, the relationship between emotional solidarity and perceived community well-being was significantly stronger for residents with prior experience staying at Airbnb in addition to the significantly weaker relationship between negative emotions and community well-being. These results point to the importance of prior experience staying at Airbnb (as a guest) as a moderator in the formation of residents’ emotions and perceptions related to Airbnb hosts and visitors in their neighborhood.
The Desirability of CSR Communication versus Greenhushing in the Hospitality Industry: The Customers’ Perspective
Authors: Ettinger Andrea , Grabner-Kräuter Sonja , Okazaki Shintaro , Terlutter Ralf
Published: June 2020

Recent literature describes “greenhushing” as the deliberate managerial undercommunicating of corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts for fear of negative customer opinions and responses. Based on social psychological theory of tourism motivation and cognitive dissonance theory, this research tries to seek evidence that justifies such a practice from the customers’ perspective. In study 1, focus groups reveal that hotels’ CSR communication and awareness creation for environmental issues are desired by consumers. In study 2, an online experiment uncovers that one-way and particularly two-way CSR communication lead to more favorable attitudes toward hotels’ CSR communication and lower intentions to behave unethically, compared with greenhushing. Perceived consumer effectiveness mediates the relationship between type of CSR communication and attitudes toward hotels’ CSR communication as well as intentions to behave unethically. Pro-environmental identity moderates the relationship. Taken together, our research provides little justification for greenhushing in a hospitality context from the customers’ perspective.
Family Identity Bundles and Holiday Decision Making
Authors: Wang Yi , Li Mimi
Published: June 2020

As the main contributor to leisure vacations, family travel is an important topic in academia; however, limited tourism research has addressed the subject. Most family travel studies have focused on who makes the decision with comparatively little attention paid to how. The present study argues that family travel decision making is determined by interactions between different individual, relational, and family identities using various communication approaches. Based on the family identity bundle framework, this research employs a longitudinal qualitative approach to examine 28 Chinese families’ summer holiday decision-making processes. The results indicate that two moderators (relationships with extended family and involvement in social groups through social media) strengthen the influence of identity bundles on decision making, as do different communication forms on decisions. Findings from this study contribute to the body of knowledge on family tourism decision making and provide suggestions for family tourism promotion.
What Mental Tests Shall We Use?
Authors: Hayes Samuel P.
Published: June 2020

This is the first of a series of articles upon mental tests suitable for use with the blind. Interest inventories have considerable value for the educational and vocational guidance of the seeing and a considerable number are listed with favorable comment in the Mental Measurements Yearbooks published by Buros. But when the items are studied from the point of view of the blind many of the most popular and scientific tests have to be rejected. One inventory, the Kuder Preference Record, can be recommended, and has already proved its worth in trial with blind adolescents and adults. The Dunlap Academic Preference Blank, may be favorably recommended for the educational guidance of junior high school pupils, and the Ohio Interest Inventory for intermediate grades gives promise of valuable assistance in the elementary school. All of these tests may be given orally, without the use of braille, by having the subjects record their responses on dot sheets, which Perkins Institution is prepared to furnish on order.
Research in Review
Authors: Rusalem Herbert
Published: June 2020

“Age and the Working Lives of Men,” by F. Le Gros Clark. London, England, The Nuffield Foundation, 1959.
Research in Review
Authors: Rusalem Herbert
Published: June 2020

“Technical Planning, Visual, Occupational, and Travel Method Survey of a Visually Handicapped Population,” by Herbert J. Freudenberger. American Foundation for the Blind, 1959. (The section on findings in this review was adapted from a summary prepared by Dr. Freudenberger.)
Teaching Home Cleaning Skills to a Blind Client
Authors: Brueske Sharon L. , Cuvo Anthony J.
Published: June 2020

Four household cleaning tasks were taught to a blind woman of average intelligence using procedures to compensate for her blindness. General and specific task analyses were compared as assessment techniques for cleaning a bathroom mirror, a patio door, and a bathtub (Experiment 1) and sweeping a floor (Experiment 2). A multiple baseline across responses (Experiment 1) and an AB experimental design with follow-up (Experiment 2) were used to evaluate the efficacy of training. The results showed that the client rapidly acquired the necessary skills and was able to generalize them to unfamiliar objects and to retain them. The research not only suggests a model for training blind clients in household maintenance skills, but also has implications for task analysis.
Employment Status of Severely Visually Impaired Men and Women
Authors: Johnson Suzanne , Hafer Marilyn
Published: June 2020

Occupational classifications and salaries were obtained from Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA) for visually impaired men and women closed to competitive employment in fiscal year 1981. Data for women from one midwestern state during the same year show that larger percentages were placed in clerical and service occupations, and a smaller percentage closed to professional occupations than for the total cases (both men and women) reported closed by RSA. Salaries were below the national average; incomes of visually impaired persons lag behind the general population.
Stranger Responses to Visually Impaired Infants: Sequence and Content
Authors: Gelb Steven A.
Published: June 2020

The parents of a visually impaired child are given a physical diagnosis of their child's condition but most construct their own social diagnosis. One important way they learn how their child is seen by others is through chance encounters with strangers in public places. Responses of strangers to their children were discussed by mothers of visually impaired infants in a discussion group that met for two and a half years. The sequence and content of three stages of interaction between strangers and visually impaired infants and their mothers are described along with a discussion of the effects of these encounters on mothers.
The Word Test: Language Assessment of Elementary Age Visually Impaired Children
Authors: Wilson Lisa Doss , Pine Shirley Jo
Published: June 2020

Thirty visually impaired children, six through 12½ years of age, weere administered an expressive language test to determine its usefulness in identification of children with language disorders. The Word Test was selected because it does not use visual stimulus and its norms are based on test of sighted elementary age children. Correlation between age and scores and comparisons of test results for individuals with test norms indicate that The Word Test can be used with confidence in assessment of language disorders among visually impaired children.
Teacher Preparation in the Education of Visually Impaired Children: A Multi-Competency Approach
Authors: Gates Carmella , Kappan David I.
Published: June 2020

For more than a decade, the University of Northern Colorado has been preparing teachers of visually impaired children with full and equal competencies in both academic instruction and orientation and mobility. This dual competency approach was developed in response to needs in the sparsely populated states of the Rocky Mountain/Great Plains region. Increased emphasis on services for the deaf-blind and other multiply handicapped visually impaired children resulted in the development of an additional component of teacher training. In 1978, UNC's graduate program expanded to include a third competency with severely/profoundly handicapped blind children. This article discusses the rationale and development of each competency area, follow-up studies of effectiveness, and program options.
An Interdisciplinary Approach to Training the Adult Blind Client: Occupational Therapy and Orientation and Mobility Collaborate
Authors: Kern Tressa R. , Shaw Cynthia E.
Published: June 2020

The authors discuss a two-year professional collaboration between an occupational therapist and an orientation and mobility specialist working with an older blind and visually impaired population. They present evidence of the value of an interdisciplinary approach to the rehabilitation of blind persons and the necessity for a comprehensive functional evaluation of the potential orientation and mobility client. The authors also cite the administrative realities and experiences in their practice of the partnership of these two disciplines. Recommendations for implementing similar professional associations are made.
A Follow–Up Survey of Prototypical Vocational Aids for the Blind
Authors: Brabyn Lesley A. , Brabyn John A.
Published: June 2020

A survey was made of the recipients of 31 vocational aids developed by the Rehabilitation Engineering Center at the Smith–Kettlewell Institute. Replies were received for 77 percent of the devices. Of these, 92 percent were still being used regularly. Data concerning the frequency of use, reliability, positive/negative features, etc were compiled and analyzed. The responses received were most encouraging, and greatly assisted the ongoing process of vocational aids development and technology transfer.
Use of the Simplified Color Video Magnifier by Young Children with Severely Impaired Vision
Authors: Muranaka Yoshio , Furuta Nobuko , Aoki Shigeyoshi , Gohke Kazuko
Published: June 2020

A new image magnifier system that enlarges color picture images for visually impaired children, consists of components of home video systems following the closed–circuit television (CCTV) model. Results of experimental use of the system are positive, and children involved show far greater interest in seeing pictures and objects than they did previously. This technique seems especially effective in enriching visual experience of chidlren with severely impaired vision and in bridging the interest development gap between picture appreciation and character reading/writing stages. Other advantages of the system are discussed.
Career Development: Linking Education and Careers of Blind and Visually Impaired Ninth Graders
Authors: Graves William H. , Lyon Steve
Published: June 2020

The development of educational programs which relate to the career development needs of blind and visually impaired youth depends on information about their needs. These data are not presently available. The following study identified career development needs of blind ninth grade students and determined their perceptions of the extent to which these needs were met by their schools. The blind ninth graders surveyed reported that a number of their career development needs were not being met by the schools they attended, and that even those services which were not perceived as necessarily meeting their needs were not readily accessible to them.
Making Choices in Functional Vision Evaluations: “Noodles, Needles, and Haystacks”
Authors: Bishop V.E.
Published: June 2020

Functional vision evaluations are appropriate components of the special assessments for visually handicapped children and youth. The best procedures are sometimes difficult to select, however, because of the wide range in age, ability, and visual status of the subjects. This paper offers an organized approach to performing functional vision evaluations by clarifying the types of data collection and by suggesting protocols for three broad categories of subjects: “normal” visually handicapped students of school age, “normal” preschool visually handicapped children, and multiply handicapped/visually handicapped pupils. Infants with visual impairments are classified with multiply handicapped children, since the procedures for evaluation are similar.
Modification of Stereotypic Rocking of a Blind Adult
Authors: Felps J.N. , Devlin R.J.
Published: June 2020

A device to prevent drivers from falling asleep was used to reduce stereotypic rocking in an adult blind student in a residential school. His rocking was the chief obstacle to employment and to acceptance into mainstream society. A multiple baseline across situations was used. A dramatic reduction in rocking was observed. Follow-up data related to maintaining a low level of rocking and to the social validity of the behavior change were collected. The subject's insightful comments on the effectiveness of the device were reported and discussed in the conclusions. Suggestions for additional research were included.
Unseen Expectations of Blind Youth: Educational and Occupational Ideas
Authors: Bush-LaFrance B.
Published: June 2020

This article addresses two questions: Is blindness a disadvantage to educational or occupational expectations? and, Do expectations vary according to the degree of vision? A comparison of two independent samples of legally blind and sighted high school students in Ontario, Canada, indicated that legally blind students generally had lower occupational, but not educational, expectations than did their sighted counterparts. Regression analyses, using only the sample of blind students, revealed an unanticipated negative relationship between expectations and the students’ degree of vision. The students’ self-concept of academic ability, socioeconomic status, friends’ educational plans, and degree of vision accounted for 38 percent ( p< .001) of the variance in the level of educational expectations, while their self-concept of academic ability, socioeconomic status, and degree of vision accounted for 33 percent (p< .001) of the variance in the level of occupational expectations.
Development of Object Permanence in Visually Impaired Infants
Authors: Rogers S. J. , Puchalski C.B.
Published: June 2020

The development of object permanence skills in 20 visually impaired infants between the ages of 4 and 25 months was examined longitudinally. Other areas of development which were examined in relationship to object permanence included motor skills, various aspects of language and social adaptation, symbolic play, and stranger and separation distress. Parallels to object permanence development in sighted infants that were found included order of skill acquisition and the span of time across which the skills were mastered. The visually impaired subjects as a group were 8 to 12 months older than the sighted infants at the time of similar object permanence skills, but the greater maturity of the visually impaired subjects seemed to be demonstrated in the lack of A—B error and the ability of visually impaired infants to perform the tasks on the basis of discontinuous sensory information. No relationships between object permanence levels and either symbolic play abilities and separation or stranger distress were found.
Using the Feedback Band Device to Control Rocking Behavior
Authors: Transon R.E.
Published: June 2020

This case study describes a treatment instrument methodology to control the rocking and/or head movement of a ten-year-old visually impaired child. The theoretical orientation for the treatment is based upon cognitive theory. This theory employs self-determination, self-analysis, and intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to change behavior.
Precane Mobility Devices
Authors: Bosbach S.R.
Published: June 2020

Blind preschoolers who do not yet have the maturity to handle a long cane deserve the help that precane devices can give, thus beginning important concept development earlier, and developing good habits and confidence more quickly. The devices may differ greatly in construction, but must be simple to use, and ultimately help bridge the gap between extended arm self-protection and beginning cane-travel instruction.
Assessing the Environment of Low Vision Persons: A Validation of Procedure
Authors: Graves W. H. , Maxson J. H. , McCaa C.
Published: June 2020

The work environment is a concern to individuals having low vision. Eye care professionals have traditionally prescribed low vision aids for use on the job knowing only the visual requirements as described by the low vision person. The Work Environment Visual Demands Protocol (WEVD) was developed to be used as a tool in analyzing the visual demands of a job held or desired by a visually impaired person. An evaluation of the usefulness of the WEVD indicates that it may contribute to greater use of low vision devices, greater patient comfort while using theirs, and fewer follow-up visits.
Visually Impaired Teenagers: Ambitions, Attitudes, and Interests
Authors: Tobin M.J. , Hill E.W.
Published: June 2020

A group of blind and partially sighted teenagers were interviewed, at the end of 12-year longitudinal study of cognitive development and school achievement, about their current interests and their aspirations for the future. The study began when the participants were five years of age. The topics discussed included their opinions about schooling, what they did in their free time, their career ambitions, expectations about marriage and family life, medical advances that might affect them, the attitudes of society at large toward visually impaired people, and their thoughts about the kind of world they will inhabit as adults. The present paper focuses upon vocational aims, marriage, and recreational activities. The authors infer that, with a few exceptions, the views of these young people do not mark them out as obviously different from their fully sighted peers.
A Comparison of the Guide Dog Movements of England and the United States
Authors: Esunes E. , Eames T.
Published: June 2020

In comparing the guide dog movements in the United States and England, there are several similarities. Among these are the charitable and non-governmental nature of the enterprise, techniques of training, residential requirements, and minimal costs to obtain a guide dog. A major difference is that in England there is one school with seven centers, while in the United States there are ten competing schools. In England, twice as high a proportion of blind people use guide dogs. Structural and cultural reasons are explored to explain these differences. Among the structural differences are the organization and enterprise, involvement of graduates in educational and fund-raising activities, and greater commitment to the team after graduation. Two innovations in the United States are the move toward geographically regionalized schools that begin to resemble the British centers, and the move to domiciliary or at-home, non-residential programs. This latter development has also taken hold in the British system.
Endoscopy-Aided Combined Intraoral and Cervical Approach for a Huge Parapharyngeal Benign Tumor
Authors: Tsunoda Atsunobu , Kishimoto Seiji , Tou Miri , Anzai Takashi , Matsumoto Fumihiko , Oba Shinichi , Ikeda Katsuhisa
Published: June 2020

We introduce here our surgical approach for the removal of a huge parapharyngeal tumor in 3 cases. Surgery was done under general anesthesia using transnasal intubation. Transoral manipulation was performed first. Using a tongue retractor and an angle widener, a wide surgical field was provided. Incision was made on the palate around the tumor. Tumor was separated from the surrounding tissue, preserving the tumor capsule. Then, a 5-cm small skin incision was made. Both parotid and submandibular glands were pushed upward, and the parapharyngeal space was opened. The tumor was also separated from the surrounding tissue. These manipulations were done under endoscopic observation. Finally, the tumor was pushed laterally and safely removed intraorally. After removal of the tumor, the wounds were closed, and vacuum drainage was settled for a few days. No apparent problems, such as malocclusion and facial palsy, occurred, and the patients were free from disease for more than 10 years. For the removal of a large parapharyngeal tumor, the mandibular swing approach is usually used; however, this approach is invasive, and certain sequelae, such as facial wound and malocclusion, may occur. Our technique enables the safe and less invasive removal of such a huge parapharyngeal benign lesion.
De-territorialized digital capitalism and the predicament of the nation-state: Netflix in Arabia
Authors: Khalil Joe F , Zayani Mohamed
Published: June 2020

In 2018, Saudi Arabia and Netflix were forced to confront the limits of freedom of speech online. The kingdom requested that the streaming giant remove a critical episode of the satirical show Patriot Act with Hassan Minhaj from its local service, and the latter complied at the risk of reputational damage. Focusing on the controversy surrounding this case, this article explores how both state and business adopt and adapt to changes in technology and how each reasserts its sphere of influence in the digital era. We argue that state and business are developing a symbiotic relationship in the context of de-territorialized digital capitalism. Such a relationship allows both entities to engage in mutual interdependence that accommodates the interests of the other while avoiding harmful consequences and deleterious effects. In practice, the state exercises targeted censorship while businesses abide by controlled compliance. The account and analysis presented regarding the logic of symbiotic relationship draws attention to the various ways in which global media players in the digital era have navigated territoriality and the extent of state–business mutual accommodation.