bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deprivation as a Learning Variable: Effects of Maintenance Schedule and Current Deprivation
Authors: Maples Ernest G. , Haraway Maury M. , Freeman Terry R.
Published: September 2011

The study investigated two aspects of food deprivation—maintenance schedule and current deprivation—in their effects on both speed and accuracy measures of learning. Male rats were assigned to 3 groups. High-High Ss were maintained at 22 hr. deprivation and trained 22 hr. after food removal. High-Low Ss were maintained at 22 hr. deprivation and trained 6 hr. after food removal. Low-Low Ss were maintained at 6 hr. deprivation and trained 6 hr. after food removal. The apparatus was a four-choice-point elevated T-maze. Food was presented following the final correct choice on each trial. After 10 training trials, all Ss were shifted to a 14-hr. maintenance schedule and 10 days later were given a single test trial. On both speed and accuracy measures for both the last training trial and the post-shift test-trial, the performance of the Low-Low group was significantly inferior to that of the two High groups while those groups did not differ from one another.
Differential Impact of Student Counselors' Self-Concept on Clients' Perceptions of Therapeutic Effectiveness
Authors: Maskin Michael B.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between the self-concepts of graduate students in a counseling practicum and their clients' later perceptions of therapeutic effectiveness. 20 counselors were divided into high and low self-concept groups based on the Self-confidence and Self-control scales of the Adjective Check List. At the completion of each counseling session the client evaluated the counselor using the Cottle Client Evaluation Form. Results indicate that: (1) clients of student counselors with high self-concepts reported significantly more positive change during the course of counseling as a result of greater trust in their counselor's abilities; (2) greater levels of self-confidence shown by the student counselors high in self-concept significantly contributed to an increased judgment of therapeutic effectiveness.
Symbolic Matching-to-Sample by Pigeons
Authors: Rodewald H. Keith
Published: September 2011

Pigeons were given 4 sessions, 90 reinforcers per session, in which the center one of three response keys was illuminated with red and green light. 40 responses on the center key produced side keys displaying white vertical and horizontal lines on black backgrounds. Red was “symbolically” matched by responding to the vertical lines and green by choice of the horizontal lines. A 25-sec. intertrial interval and a correction procedure for errors were in force. 90% or better matching occurred on the third session. A transfer task was derived by using figures as samples and colors as comparison stimuli. Reversal of the positions greatly disrupted performance. The animals learned to respond in the presence of each sample but did not appear to have learned the symbolic relations between colors and figures.
The Life Change Inventory: A Device for Quantifying Psychological Magnitude of Changes Experienced by College Students
Authors: Costantini Arthur F. , Davis Jack E. , Braun John R. , Iervolino Annette
Published: September 2011

Theoretical rationale, construction, and preliminary data on psychometric properties of the Life Change Inventory are presented. It provides a convenient device for investigating psychological consequences of different degrees of readjustment in college student's lives. Initial reliability data (test-retest = .68 and .88; Cronbach Alpha = .87), and personality and mood correlates (significant positive correlations with Profile of Mood States tension, depression, anger, and vigor, and with Differential Personality Inventory insomnia, headache proneness, feelings of unreality, hypochondriasis, ideas of persecution, impulsivity, perceptual distortion, and somatic complaints), are promising. Except for Profile of Mood States vigor, these significant correlations are consistent with the idea that excessive life changes have adverse psychological consequences.
Similarity of Attitudes and Attraction to a Social Organization
Authors: Good Lawrence R. , Good Katherine C.
Published: September 2011

65 college students completed an attitude survey and subsequently received an attitude survey covering the same issues which purportedly represented the attitudes held by most of the members of a college fraternity or sorority. Ss then filled out a judgment scale calling for evaluations of the organization's likely feelings of belongingness, cooperative atmosphere, sense of group unity, and pride in the organization. In addition, they indicated how much they would probably like the fraternity or sorority and how much they would enjoy being a member. The hypothesized effect of attitude similarity on attraction was confirmed for both liking and desire to be a member. Perceptions of feelings of belongingness and cooperative atmosphere were also significantly influenced by similarity of attitudes.
Social Feedback and Cooperative Game Behavior
Authors: Hogan James L. , Fisher Roger H. , Morrison Bruce John
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the effects of social feedback (praise and criticism) as well as opponent's strategy on the cooperation of 80 like-sexed pairs who played 40 trials of a Prisoner's Dilemma Game. Feedback was seen by Ss as administered by a peer or E and was either praise or criticism. There were five feedback conditions: Peer-praise, E-praise, Peer-criticism, E-criticism, and a neutral control condition. The opponent's strategy was programmed by E to be either Honest-Cooperative, Honest-Competitive, Dishonest-Cooperative, or Dishonest-Competitive. Analysis indicated that feedback was generally effective in increasing cooperation beyond that in the control group. However, with a competitive opponent, only E-praise led to increased cooperation. It was suggested that the clarity of the feedback agent's role is crucial and that ambiguous motives may diminish the effectiveness of his feedback.
Social Psychological Dimensions of Resistance to Psychiatric Innovations
Authors: Wilkinson Gregg S.
Published: September 2011

A pilot study was conducted in a large northeastern state mental hospital which attempted to isolate factors affecting staff resistance to innovations. Four social psychological variables: conservatism, dogmatism, machiavellianism, and faith in people were investigated. It was found that resistors scored higher on conservatism, dogmatism, and machiavellianism, and lower on faith in people than did acceptors. Such findings indicate that social psychological factors, which have largely been neglected in the study of innovative behavior, may be of considerable importance in understanding the reactions of members of organizations, especially total institutions, to organizational changes.
Social Reinforcement with Adult and Peer Models in Shaping Responses by First-Grade Girls to Piagetian Intentionality Stories
Authors: Duttry David K. , McManis Donald L.
Published: September 2011

24 first-grade girls making immature responses to Piagetian intentionality stories were given social reinforcement for matching the mature responses of peer or adult models. 24 matched controls performed with peer or adult partners but received neither social reinforcement nor modeling. Group results showed both significant short-term and delayed gains in judgments of intentionality ( p < .05). Individual results, however, showed that 9 of 24 Ss failed to make lasting gains, indicating great individual differences in susceptibility to such training effects.
Robustness of the T Test: A Guide for Researchers on Effect of Violations of Assumptions
Authors: Havlicek Larry L. , Peterson Nancy L.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine empirically the effects of quantified violations of assumptions underlying the t test. Using computer simulations, the effects of heterogeneity of variance, non-normality, and nonlinear transformations of scales were studied separately and in all combinations. Monte Carlo procedures were used to generate populations of scores for which distributions were normal, positively skewed, negatively skewed, and leptokurtic. Samples of varying sizes were then randomly selected from specific populations and t tests were run to identify where discrepancies between obtained and expected t distributions would occur. Results indicated that certain violations or combinations produce little distortion in resulting t distributions while other violations produce significant discrepancies. Specific guidelines and reference tables were developed to assist the researcher in assessing the severity of certain violations or degrees of violation.
Three Studies of Retroactive-Inhibition during Free-Recall from a Disinhibition Perspective
Authors: Weiss Ethel , Warshak Richard
Published: September 2011

The effect of a whistle (hypothesized to be disinhibiting) on retroactive-inhibition was studied in three experiments each using a 2 (whistle, no whistle) × 3 (retroactive-inhibition, unrelated list, unrelated task conditions) factorial design. In Exp. 1 an unexpected blast (whistle condition) was presented as Ss began terminal List 1 recall. In Exp. 2 the whistle was presented as Ss began the first test trial of List 2 acquisition. In Exp. 3 the whistle was presented as Ss began the third (and terminal) test trial of List 2 acquisition. The disinhibition hypothesis was not supported. The whistle impeded the organization of List 1 in Exp. 1. The whistle reduced the amount of transfer in List 2 in Exp. 2. The whistle had no effect on relatively well learned material in Exp. 3. A novel stimulus tends to disrupt labile learning. The effects are specific and transitory.
Selective Learning under Two Levels of Drive: Contiguity vs Reinforcement Revisited
Authors: Kruger Brian M.
Published: September 2011

Theoretical analyses, using Spence's (1958) theory, of two idealized discrimination situations show that the contiguity and reinforcement assumptions of habit strength development need not result in differential predictions for percent-choice performance of two drive-level groups when the numbers of occurrences of responses are equated. For actual situations approximating 100% generalization (all common cues), both assumptions effectively generate the prediction of no difference in performance. Review of the studies cited by Spence, Goodrich, and Ross (1959) as supporting the contiguity view suggests that situations of this type were employed.
Lack of Evidence for Physiological Causes in Food-Deprivation-Induced Polydipsia in the Gerbil
Authors: Vander Weele Dennis A. , Tellish Joseph A.
Published: September 2011

Adulteration of water by quinine and saccharine disrupted food-deprivation-induced polydipsia in the Mongolian gerbil ( Meriones unguiculatus), if no period was allowed for the animal to acclimate to the taste of the solution. If acclimation was allowed, mild polydipsia developed with saccharine adulteration but not with quinine. Since reverse solution changes had no effect on the appearance of food-deprivation polydipsia and both solutions were consumed when food was ad lib., it was hypothesized that motivation to consume water is decreased during food deprivation, despite the increased consumption. Also, the development of polydipsia was not beneficial to gerbils in terms of survival time following total food deprivation.
Prior Achievement and Life History Factors as Predictors of the Grade Point Averages of High School Seniors
Authors: Scott Owen , Castles Janice
Published: September 2011

With stratified samples of average ability and achievement level of male ( N = 123) and female ( N = 144) high school seniors, the authors used Grade 7 norm percentile ranks on a standardized achievement test battery and 19 Life History factors as predictors of over-all senior high school achievement. The estimated population multiple correlation coefficients were .59 and .56 for males and females, respectively. Suggestions are made for collecting specific items of information in Grade 7 as prognostic of successful high school achievement. Similar results would probably be obtained with atypical students.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XVIII. William H. Burnham: Forgotten Psychologist and Educational Pioneer
Authors: Nance R. Dale
Published: September 2011

William H. Burnham, one of G. Stanley Hall's close co-workers at Clark University, specialized in educational psychology and within that field made school hygiene his particular concern. Greatly respected by his students and colleagues, Burnham had a modest achievement drive which kept him from gaining more lasting fame than he did. His publications extend from the late 1880s to the 1930s (after his retirement). His concept of hygiene was a broad one, and he urged application of it to all phases of a child's education. Burnham's influence in promoting mental hygiene within the school has been only partially recognized.
Levelling-Sharpening in Aged Persons
Authors: Warren W. G. , Staines J. W.
Published: September 2011

A version of the Schematizing Test was administered to 63 elderly and 73 younger Ss. Results support the qualified conclusion that the levelling-sharpening principle of cognitive control can be extended to the upper age ranges and that the manner in which older Ss approach cognitive tasks must be considered in comparison of young and old groups.
“Deviant” Behavior Patterns in School Children, Application of Kds™-14
Authors: Kupfer David J. , Detre Thomas , Koral Jacqueline
Published: September 2011

In designing and implementing effective mental health services for children, the ability to identify deviant behavior patterns in school children and to determine the number of children who fall into these areas is crucial. By means of a preliminary survey which identified such children, we were able to perform a study of problem students who fell into three categories, unusually aggressive children, children with learning difficulties, and shy-withdrawn children. After our preliminary survey, more intensive examinations were carried out using a teacher's rating scale (KDS™-14). On the basis of these data we have a fairly accurate picture of the over-all incidence of certain behaviors occurring in the population of a school system. These procedures suggest that it may be possible to screen school populations to identify those children who might need professional intervention.
When Does Exchanging Personal Information Constitute “Self-Disclosure”?
Authors: Allen Jon G.
Published: September 2011

Ss were 60 pairs of undergraduate males. One member of each pair interviewed the other about sexual experience. Four measures of self-disclosure were obtained: respondents' questionnaire scores, E's ratings of respondents' behavioral self-disclosure, respondents' post-interview self-ratings of self-disclosure, and interviewers' ratings of respondents' self-disclosure. Respondents' sexual experience and sex guilt were also measured. There was no agreement among interviewers’, respondents‘, and E's self-disclosure ratings; however, respondents' self-disclosure questionnaire scores were positively correlated with their self-ratings. Sexual experience was the best predictor of behavioral self-disclosure. The data suggested that exchanging personal information cannot be equated with “self-disclosure,” and that interpersonal factors determine when such communication will be perceived as “self-disclosure.”
Self-Perception and Commitment to Attitudes Existing Prior to Manipulation
Authors: Woodyard Howard D. , Chris Stephen A.
Published: September 2011

Seeking to support the assumption of self-perception theory that attitudes existing prior to manipulation are not salient to the phenomenology of Ss in an experiment on cognitive dissonance, Bern and McConnell report an experiment in which Ss could not accurately recall their original attitude ratings after engaging in behaviour counter to that attitude. Chris and Woodyard in a variation of the Bern and McConnell experiment found that Ss, for whom the original attitude was important, did not make more errors in recall than control Ss. The present study, using a different measure of the importance of the original attitude, produced results consistent with those obtained by Chris and Woodyard. These results challenge Bern's assumption that attitudes existing prior to manipulation are not salient in cognitive dissonance phenomenology.
A Cognitive Consistency Approach to Job Satisfaction
Authors: Orpen Christopher
Published: September 2011

Korman's (1970) argument that self-esteem moderates the relationships between job satisfaction and perceived need-fulfilment and between job satisfaction and the extent to which one's job meets with group approval was tested with 120 Coloured South African factory workers who were given the Porter need-fulfilment questionnaire, 2 measures of job satisfaction, and 3 measures of self-esteem, and for whom a measure of the extent to which their jobs were found desirable by others was available. The correlations between job satisfaction and need-fulfilment and between job satisfaction and group approval did not differ significantly between Ss who obtained high and low scores on each of the self-esteem measures. The negative results are explained in terms of weaknesses in the balance and dissonance models from which Korman's argument is derived.
Machiavellianism and Emergent Leadership in a Management Simulation
Authors: Okanes Marvin , Stinson John E.
Published: September 2011

This study examined Machiavellianism and choice of informal leadership in task-oriented groups. The Mach V questionnaire was administered at the beginning of a Management Simulation in which 120 college seniors participated as 24 groups for 10 wk. Group members sociometrically selected High Machs significantly more often as informal group leaders at the end of 5 hr. of participation but not at a second time at the end of the simulation. This may be attributable, in part, to the existence of “latitude for improvisation” at the beginning of the simulation but not at the end when the groups had become more structured.
Social Inhibition of Locomotor Activity in Mice
Authors: Syme G. J. , Syme Lesley A.
Published: September 2011

Male mice engaged in less locomotion in an open field when in the company of another male mouse than when alone. This social inhibition of activity contrasts with the previous finding that rats tested in pairs showed an increase in activity. The significance of these findings for the interpretation of general activity of mice within the open field is discussed.
Construct Validation of a Scale of Academic Curiosity
Authors: Vidler Derek C. , Rawan Hashim R.
Published: September 2011

The present study was an attempt to validate a scale of academic curiosity. An 80-item true-false self-report scale was constructed containing items that seemed to reflect curiosity of an academic nature and correlated with two measures of intelligence. The reliability and construct validity of the scale are supported by the data.
Survey Schedule of Rewards for Children
Authors: Keat Donald B.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes a survey schedule of possible rewards for children designed for use with youngsters aged 5 to 12 yr. The schedule has two sections: (1) a series of items about foods, activities, interpersonal relationships, games, and material objects; (2) projective questions of relevance to interests, classroom activities, parents, and friends. Individual administration is suggested for 5- to 8-yr.-olds and group administration for 9- to 12-yr.-olds. The schedule has been utilized in private practice (therapy), small group counseling, and with school classrooms.
Mercury Effects from Chronic and Acute Doses on Fixed-Interval Operant Behavior of Female Squirrel Monkeys
Authors: Vitulli William F.
Published: September 2011

Adult female squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus, were conditioned on a fixed-interval 10-min. schedule of Noyes 190-mg food pellets until steady states were recorded. Chronic, sublethal doses of dimethylmercury were then administered via the intraperitoneal route prior to each experimental session. Physiologically normal saline was administered IP during control sessions. Following the chronic series, one acute dose of mercury was administered to each S. As transitions between the chronic doses and the acute dose occurred, proportionate rate changes typical of the effects of variable-interval scheduling were observed, even though the fixed-interval schedule contingencies remained constant throughout the investigation. The results are explained as a function of sensory-motor disruptions due to the entrance of organic mercury into the brain and spinal cord.
Categorizing Ability by Kindergartners of High and Low Socio-Economic Status
Authors: Johnson Roger
Published: September 2011

Two studies were conducted to explore the performance of categorizing ability in kindergartners and to compare children from high and low socio-economic backgrounds. Ss were tested in small groups with a representative sub-group interviewed to extend responses. Ss showed a rigid one-to-one perceptual focusing strategy and an attribute preference for shape over size and pattern. Ss of high status consistently scored higher on categorizing than Ss of low status, but the performance profiles of the two groups were very similar.
Shuttle-Avoidance Learning of Mice: Effects of Post-Trial Pentylenetetrazol, Strain, and Age
Authors: Buckholtz Neil S.
Published: September 2011

C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice of two different ages (2 to 3 mo. vs 11 to 14 mo.) were given 20 trials per day for 6 days in a shuttle-avoidance task. Pentylenetetrazol (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg) or saline was given intraperitoneally immediately after Trial 20 on Days 1 to 5. The results showed a marked strain difference with DBA/2J mice superior to C57BL/6J mice. The effects of age on avoidance depended on both strain and sex. There was no effect of pentylenetetrazol in facilitating avoidance learning. A second experiment examined shuttle-avoidance learning in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice of three age groups: adult (2 to 4 mo.), aged (6 to 8 mo.), and senile (18 to 22 mo.). Over-all, DBA/2J mice performed better than C57BL/6J mice. There was no deterioration in avoidance learning with increased age.
Group Psychotherapy in the Management of Hemophilia
Authors: Caldwell H. Stephen , Leveque Kenneth L. , Lane D. M.
Published: September 2011

3 hemophiliacs and their wives and 2 couples who were parents of hemophiliacs participated in an 8-mo. group psychotherapeutic program. Based upon clinical observations by the 2 therapists and quantifiable psychological test data, intensive group psychotherapy positively affected members' feelings and self-concepts. Group members showed increased personal awareness, self-satisfaction, and positive feelings as family members, with an accompanying decrease in generalized maladjustment. Use of intensive group psychotherapy in the total management of hemophilia is encouraging of its use in the management of other life-threatening disorders or diseases.
Classical Conditioning of Skeletal Avoidance Responses in Two Strains of Rats
Authors: Katzev Richard D. , Mills Susan K.
Published: September 2011

Anticipatory skeletal responses can be directly elicited during classical aversive conditioning in the shuttlebox. Under the classical CS-UCS contingency Long-Evans rats shuttle at moderate rates, while Fischer344 rats display high rates of anticipatory responding, even though the instrumental avoidance contingency is absent. The classical contingency is also exceedingly important in determining the differences between these strains, as well as their initial and terminal rates of anticipatory responding, when the avoidance contingency is present.
Frequency-Affect Relationship in a Simultaneous Spatial Presentation
Authors: Matlin Margaret W.
Published: September 2011

72 college students saw a spatial display in which nonsense-word stimuli occurred 25, 10, 5, 2, 1 and 0 times. Occurrences of a given stimulus were either massed or distributed throughout the display. After a 4-min. viewing period, they rated all stimuli on a 7-point good-bad scale. Affect was a linear function of frequency, corroborating Zajonc's results with temporal presentation of stimuli that high-frequency items are preferred to low-frequency items. However, mode of presentation of these stimuli (massed versus distributed) had no direct effect or interaction with their frequency.
Discriminability of the Adjective Check List among Scientists and Engineers: Comparison of Supervisors and Non-Supervisors and Stayers and Leavers
Authors: Lacey L. A.
Published: September 2011

117 scientists and engineers at a large research and development laboratory were divided into supervisory and non-supervisory subgroups, and staying and leaving subgroups. Significant differences were found on 10 of 24 Adjective Check List scales for the supervisory-non-supervisory comparison and on 6 of 24 scales for the staying-leaving comparison.
Relationship of Residence, Education, and Socialization to Cognitive Tasks in Normal People of Advanced Old Age
Authors: Jackson D. W.
Published: September 2011

40 aged residents of a dependent care facility were tested on a series of cognitive conservation tasks. A decrement toward lowered levels of cognitive functioning was noted but specific psycho-social factors were related to this decline. Length of residence in dependent context and involvement in socialization and leisure activities were significantly related to level of cognitive functioning and were independent of sex. However, attained educational level was positively related to cognitive conservation for females but not for males. Analysis of qualitative responses to tasks suggests important considerations.
A Behavioral Treatment Program for the Gilles De La Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Doleys Daniel M. , Kurtz Paul S.
Published: September 2011

The reinforcement of incompatible behavior in both structured and natural environments was examined as a treatment paradigm for multiple tics displayed by an adolescent boy. The procedure was shown to be effective in reducing the frequency of the behavioral tics and in increasing the rate of more appropriate behaviors. The treatment program concentrated on procedures which maximized the transfer of changes occurring in the clinic to more natural environments and the utilization of nonpsychologists and behavioral change agents.
Bibliography on Behavioral Approaches to Modification of Smoking: January 1964 through December 1973
Authors: Kroll Howard W.
Published: September 2011

126 references on behavioral approaches to smoking modification are listed.
Locus of Control and Anxiety in Emotionally Disturbed Children
Authors: Finch A. J. , Nelson W. M.
Published: September 2011

2 measures of locus of control and two measures of anxiety were administered to 50 emotionally disturbed children. Whether locus of control was significantly related to anxiety was dependent on the measure of anxiety employed. The Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale correlated significantly with both measures of locus of control. However, neither the A-state not the A-trait portion of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children was correlated significantly with locus of control. All measures of anxiety intercorrelated significantly. The magnitude of the correlation between measures of locus of control was small if both assessed the same construct.
Initial Treatment Assignment as a Function of Patient Self-Assessment And/Or Family Assessment of Patient
Authors: Lubin Bernard , Hornstra Robijn J. , Love Allene
Published: September 2011

A standardized interview administered at intake to a cohort of 611 applicants to a community mental health center and to 433 of their family members showed that patients who received hospitalization as their initial assignment were assessed as significantly more ill by their families than those who received other initial outpatient assignments. Patients who were hospitalized did not see themselves as being more ill, however. Patients assigned to Medicine Clinic saw themselves as significantly less psychologically ill.
Elimination of Disturbing Naptime Behaviors of Preschool Children through Withdrawal and Re-Presentation of TV Audio Reception
Authors: Baucum Don G. , Smith Andrea E. , Weisberg Paul
Published: September 2011

Withdrawal of the audio portion of midday television programs was used to suppress the “disturbing” naptime behaviors of three preschool children. Conversely, the contingent reinstatement of the audio portion following the occurrence of nondisturbing behaviors served to establish and maintain appropriate naptime behaviors. Free access to the audio and visual components, however, did not diminish disruptive behaviors.
Self-Concepts and Academic Aspirations of “Understood” and “Misunderstood” Boys and Girls in Ninth Grade
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C. , Wiggins R. Gene
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the study was to compare self-concepts, academic aspirations, and vocational maturity of adolescents (9th graders) whose parents “understood” them with those whose parents “misunderstood” them. Ss were 50 boys and 50 girls from a Southeastern university town of about 50,000. Families were of predominantly middle-class background with parental education and occupation somewhat above average. Instruments used were Gordon's “How I See Myself,” two measures of academic aspirations from Brookover's research, and Crites Vocational Development Inventory. Data supported the hypotheses that understood Ss perceived themselves more favorably in Parent-Teenager Relations and Academic Adequacy and had higher desired and expected aspirations. Although more boys than girls described themselves as misunderstood, the difference was not significant.
Effects of Age, Form Class, and Word Frequency on Homogeneous Word Associations
Authors: Ingersoll Gary M.
Published: September 2011

Second- and sixth-grade children and adults ( ns = 20) were presented with a word-association task used by Brown and Berko. Adults were given both high- and low-frequency stimuli of the same form classes to assess the effects of word frequency on word associations. The results suggest that whether the word-association response is of the same or different form class as the stimulus word is related to the word-count frequency of the stimulus and S's age. Adults, presented low-frequency stimuli, respond like second-grade children, presented high-frequency stimuli.
Reduction of Test Anxiety VIA Autogenic Therapy
Authors: Reed Roseanne , Meyer Robert G.
Published: September 2011

To evaluate the role of active and passive instructions to Ss given abbreviated training with Schultz and Luthe's six exercises, 18 Ss completed the test anxiety questionnaire and the Wonderlic Personnel Test. Analyses of repeated (two) measures showed treatment decreased test anxiety scores somewhat more for active Ss; 78% of Ss reported high relaxation was achieved and improved performance.
Philosophical Positions of Nuns and Former Nuns: A Discriminant Analysis
Authors: Hart Geraldine , Ames Kenneth A. , Sawyer Robert N.
Published: September 2011

To a sample of 24 Sisters and 28 former Sisters was administered the Ames Philosophical Belief Inventory, and a discriminant-function was calculated along with the Generalized Mahalanobis D2. The statistically significant discriminant-function suggests the Ames inventory can be employed as a screening device when selecting members of a religious community and also as a point of departure in the discussion of the implications of the decision to stay or to leave a religious order.
Changes in Ability of Graduate Students in Education to Assess Own Test Performance as Related to Their Miller Analogies Scores
Authors: Kooker Earl W.
Published: September 2011

105 graduate students in education, classified into three levels of Miller Analogies Test scores, were asked to estimate their performances on three major tests on statistics. The accuracy of evaluations did not change over the three tests though it was related to their level on the Miller Analogies.
Commitment of Audience, and Legitimacy and Attitudinal Stance of Communicator: A Test of the “Woodwork” Hypothesis
Authors: Kiesler Charles A. , Pallak Michael S. , Archer Richard
Published: September 2011

Based upon an analysis of anecdotal evidence in social reality, a laboratory experiment was carried out in which were varied: one's prior commitment to consonant behavior and the legitimacy and attitudinal stance (agreedisagree) of a communicator Legitimacy of a communicator was defined as independent of his prestige, sincerity, and personal attractiveness, and limited to his qualifications to speak on a specific issue. A variety of measures were taken to define Ss' perceptions of legitimate and illegitimate communicators. Legitimacy tended not to affect uncommitted Ss. Committed Ss responded positively to the legitimate communicator and negatively (boomerang) to the illegitimate speaker, regarding attitude change, behavioroid measures, and information-seeking, regardless of the attitudinal stance of the communicator.
Reflection-Impulsivity: Reliability of the Matching Familiar Figures Test with Emotionally Disturbed Children
Authors: Finch A. J. , Deardorff P. A. , Montgomery L. E.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the reliability of the Matching Familiar Figures Test with emotionally disturbed children, 30 Ss were tested at the beginning and end of a 3-mo. period. Neither latencies nor errors were reliable. Possible explanations were discussed.
Reinforcement of Attention and Academic Performance in a Special Education Class
Authors: Evans David R. , Horvath Peter , Sanders Sidney , Dolan James
Published: September 2011

14 special education students were exposed to 5 successive treatments designed to increase their attention and academic performance. Attention and Reading achievement were increased with the inclusion of a teacher's assistant in the setting and not as a result of token-reinforcement programs.
Labels for Response Categories: Do Neutral Labels Make Conjunctive and Inclusive Disjunctive Concepts Equally Difficult
Authors: Giambra Leonard M.
Published: September 2011

Four groups of 6 or 7 Ss each worked one problem involving a different concept rule where directional labels for response categories were used. The concept rules were conjunction, alternate denial, inclusive disjunction, and joint denial. Two groups of 8 Ss each worked one problem involving a different concept-rule problem with a neutral pair of labels. The concept rules were conjunction/alternate denial and inclusive disjunction/joint denial. A complete learning task was used. Significant rule effects were found within directional and neutral labels. In addition, conjunction/alternate denial with neutral labels was intermediate in difficulty between conjunction and alternate denial rule with directional labels. Likewise, the inclusive disjunction/joint denial rule was intermediate in difficulty between the inclusive disjunction and joint denial rules. The evidence also suggested that the first neutral label seen and/or the neutral label of lesser frequency acted strongly to determine the label upon which S focused attention.
What is the “Fear” in a Fear-Arousing Appeal?
Authors: Higbee Kenneth L.
Published: September 2011

Studies of the effectiveness of threat, or fear-arousal, in persuasion seem to have assumed that the same variable was being investigated even though different kinds of fear may have been aroused and different measures of fear were used. These different kinds of fear may be grouped in two categories: (a) an affective nausea-type fear and (b) a more cognitive concern-type fear. Responses of 60 junior-high and 126 college students to communications on the dangers of marijuana were obtained on five measures used previously: fear, anxiety, nausea, worry, and concern. rs among measures were significant ( p < .01), but fear, anxiety, nausea, and worry showed high intercorrelations, while concern showed lower correlations with the other four measures. The findings are consistent with the suggestion that there may have been different kinds of “fear” involved in research on fear appeals.
Effects of Faking Instructions on the Word-Association Test
Authors: Kuntz Dolores
Published: September 2011

This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of role-playing instructions on five word-association behavioral indices. 90 words varying in associative difficulty and in affective connotation were administered as a word-association test to 72 undergraduates. Ss were randomly assigned to one of three groups and were tested under standard, ‘fake good,’ and ‘fake bad’ instructions. Set significantly influenced mean reaction time, response repetition, forgetting, and ‘misremembering’ but did not interact with affective connotation. This lack of interaction was interpreted as favorable for the use of the word-association technique since no evidence was shown that set distorted the influence of affective connotation. All the set mean effects except that of reaction time reflected the influence of the ‘fake bad’ set.
Changes in Unsignalled Avoidance Behavior When a Pre-Shock CS is Response-Produced
Authors: Linton Leslie , Roberts Albert E.
Published: September 2011

Six rat Ss were trained under a procedure in which signalled shock (CS-US) was superimposed on unsignalled avoidance behavior. The US was delivered for ¼ sec. for three is (Condition S) and given for I sec. to three Ss (Condition L). Then, while the CS-US procedure was maintained, at different times during the session a response briefly produced the pre-shock CS. Blocks of sessions in which the response-produced CS occurred in addition to CS-US were alternated with blocks of CS-US sessions without the response-produced CS. Under the CS-US procedure, avoidance in CS was enhanced for Ss in Condition S and was enhanced to a lesser degree during the response-produced CS. On the other hand, the CS controlled suppressed avoidance when followed by US and when response-produced.
Effect of Translation and Transformation on Recognition of Sentences
Authors: Derks Peter L. , Johnston Becky
Published: September 2011

The sentence search-recognition procedure described by Miller (3) was used to test for an interaction between the recognition of transformed and translated sentences. The interaction did not appear if the task included English-active sentences. This result suggests the possibility that translation and transformation are processed by different systems.
Relationship of False Recognition and Paired-Associate Learning Ability with Learning of Reversal and Nonreversal Shift
Authors: Ohnmacht Fred W. , Brody Richard , O'Connor John
Published: September 2011

43 Ss were administered a false-recognition task, and a paired-associate learning task. Half the Ss were given a reversal shift task and the rest a nonreversal task. The paired-associate task was found to be unrelated to both the reversal and nonreversal tasks, whereas the false-recognition task was significantly related to the reversal shift but not to the nonreversal task. False recognition was also significantly related to the initial discrimination learned in the reversal shift, nonreversal shift paradigm. These results are interpreted in terms of a two-stage recognition model.
Facilitation of Group Desensitization of Test Anxiety
Authors: Calef Ruth Ann , Calef Richard S. , Sundstrom Philip , Jarrett James , Davis Bonnie
Published: September 2011

To enhance the effects of group desensitization in the treatment of test anxiety, a modified desensitization procedure was used, calling for pairing a stimulus (tone) with relaxation training, then presenting the stimulus while Ss completed the test-anxiety hierarchy. 60 college freshmen with high test anxiety were divided into 4 groups of 15 Ss each. One group received the modified group-desensitization procedure while a second group received conventional group desensitization. Two control conditions were included: presentation of a tone while completing the test-anxiety hierarchy, and an attention-placebo condition. The modified desensitization procedure was more effective than conventional desensitization and the control conditions.
Interviewer's Locus of Control and Conditioning of Interviewee's Self-Reference Statements
Authors: Weight David G.
Published: September 2011

An experiment sought to explore the relationship between an interviewer's perceived personal control and his effectiveness as a social reinforcer during free verbalization in an interview. The design was a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment. The experimental variables were the locus of control of both interviewers and subjects, reinforced response class, and sex. During the experimental sessions subjects were reinforced for the emission of either positive or negative self-references. The following results were obtained: (1) Internal interviewers were generally more effective than externals in eliciting positive self-references. (2) Verbal reinforcement increased the emission of positive self-references. (3) Negative self-references were relatively unaffected by either internal or external interviewers. (4) Internal interviewers had maximum influence when subjects were male. (5) Internal interviewers were significantly more confident about the quality of their relationship with subjects.
Analytical Ability and Perceived Similarity to Parents
Authors: Constantinople Anne
Published: September 2011

Previous research has indicated that analytical ability is a masculine characteristic, in that males score higher than females on such measures and, within sex groups, those who are classified as more masculine on measures of sex typing tend to have greater analytical ability. The present study focuses primarily on field independence as one aspect of analytical ability and was designed to test within one sample some of the relationships found in prior research in which diverse samples and measures were used. Although some of the data confirm earlier findings, especially within sex groups, the most intriguing result is that females in this sample were more field-independent than the males. Serious questions about both the measures used and the nature of the sample can be raised, making any generalization unwise, but the finding is unprecedented in published research.
Note on Effects of Restriction of Range on Reliability Coefficients
Authors: Levin Joseph
Published: September 2011

The problem of the effect of restriction of range on reliability is explored, under the assumption of classical reliability theory. Since both true score and error are truncated by selection, the standard formula based on the ratio of error variance to total variance cannot be employed for correction of range. It is also pointed out that split-halves and similar methods cannot be used to establish the reliability of the data that have been used for selection. The proper treatment of the problem is administration of an alternate form or a retest of the selected group; correction for range should be treated as a case of selection in a multivariate distribution, instead of using formulae of test theory.
Administration of Trials Within-SS and Double-Alternation Responding: A Demonstration of a Multiple-Baseline Reversal
Authors: Prytula Robert E. , Colbert Jenny C.
Published: September 2011

Rats, in a four-phase within- Ss study, were given a double-alternation schedule of reward and nonreward (RRNNRRNN). During Phase I, the odor-exhaust system was blocked, and Ss developed the characteristic response pattern, i.e., they ran fast on the rewarded trials and slow on the nonrewarded trials. During Phase II, the exhaust-system was unblocked for the first four trials and blocked for the last four trials; and during Phase III, the conditions were reversed; the results showed that behavior was controlled more by the contemporary fan conditions than by the previous conditioning and reinforcement history of the Ss. Following Phase III, half of the Ss were extinguished under the fan-open condition, while the other half were extinguished under the fan-closed condition; Ss extinguished under the fan-open condition were more resistant to extinction than were Ss that were extinguished under the blocked condition. The over-all results showed that double-alternation responding was controlled more by odor processes than by memory processes.
Food versus Water Reinforcement for Rats Deprived of Both
Authors: Long John B.
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of food and of water as reinforcers was compared using 2 groups of 4 rats each that were deprived of both food and water. Running time to water was significantly greater than that to food ( P < .001). When all rats were reinforced with food, this difference in running times disappeared. As running time to water increased as a function of days of training ( P < .05), it was suggested that performance for water reflected extinction, an aversion to water or both. The results suggested that hunger and thirst might be manipulated independently over some of their ranges. Implications of these results for drive summation studies were discussed.
Credibility of Sources of Information about Drugs
Authors: Sinnett E. Robert , Press Allan , Bates Rodney A. , Harvey William M.
Published: September 2011

Several samples of youthful drug users and non-users were asked to rate the credibility of a variety of sources of information about drugs. For both users and non-users these sources can be scaled along dimensions of authority, drug experience, and friendship. The profile of credibility of these sources differed markedly for users and non-users. There are clear implications of these findings for drug education and drug counseling.
Serial Learning of Heterogeneous Items in Ordered and Unordered Sequences
Authors: Harcum E. Rae
Published: September 2011

The present study tests the acquisition-strategy hypothesis of serial learning, which attributes the serial-position effect to consistent orders of item acquisition among individual Ss, and over-all learning difficulty in part to the ease of establishing an order of acquisition. As predicted, lists of CVC trigrams which were organized in terms of associative values to facilitate a temporal beginning-to-end strategy of acquisition were learned faster than unorganized lists or lists organized from end to beginning. Also as predicted, an unorganized array of heterogeneous trigrams produced more errors and less regularity of the serial-position curves than a homogeneous series. Results thus supported the strategy hypothesis of serial learning.
I-E Locus of Control, Selected Edwards Personal Preference Scales and Task Persistence
Authors: Becker W. Michael
Published: September 2011

This study assessed scores of the Internal-External scale, and Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) order, endurance, and autonomy scales in relation to subjects' willingness to persist through a two-part experimental design. Convergent validation of the Janis-Hovland self-esteem scale with the EPPS abasement scale was also attempted. Data showed EPPS order, endurance, and autonomy scales differentiated between “persistors” and “nonpersistors” whereas Internal-External scale scores did not. Also Janis-Hovland self-esteem scores correlated significantly and inversely with EPPS abasement scale scores.
Influence of Age and Sex of Model on Sex-Inappropriate Play
Authors: Wolf Thomas M.
Published: September 2011

Boys and girls were exposed to a same- or opposite-sex live older or younger model who made verbal statements about the appropriateness of selecting a sex-inappropriate toy for the children. 55 boys and 55 girls with a mean age of 6.1 yr. were randomly assigned to one of five conditions. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design, with sex of S (male or female), sex of model (male or female), and status of model (older or younger) was used. In addition, boys and girls were assigned to a control group. Play with the sex-inappropriate toys was promoted more following exposure to an older model. The results were explained in terms of the possible cross-situational generality of instructions from an adult.