bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Dorsal and Buccal Approaches for Surgical Extraction of the Mandibular Canine Tooth in Cat Specimens Using Radiographic and Computed Tomographic Analysis
Authors: Somrak Amy J. , Joslyn Stephen , Schaeffer David J. , Marretta Sandra Manfra , Matheson Jodi
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare the buccal and dorsal approaches for surgical extraction of mandibular canine teeth in the cat. Parameters evaluated included extraction time, surgical wound closure time, volume of bone loss, and incidence of complications. Both mandibular canine teeth were extracted from each of 12 feline cadaver specimens, using a different surgical approach for each side, and recording the time for extraction and closure. Computed tomography was used to measure the volume of each rostral mandible before and after extraction, and the bone loss for each approach was computed. The mean extraction time and volume of bone loss was less for the buccal approach, but the results were not statistically significant (P=0.22 and P=0.32, respectively). The closure time for the dorsal approach was significantly less than for the buccal approach (P=0.023). Total time (extraction plus closure time) was not significantly different between the approaches (P=0.40). There were no complications associated with either approach.
Effect on Canine Oral Health of Adding Chlorhexidine to a Dental Hygiene Chew
Authors: Rawlings J.M. , Gorrel C. , Markwell P.J.
Published: April 2016

A study to compare the effect of a dental hygiene chew with or without 0.2% chlorhexidine on the development of gingivitis and the accumulation of dental deposits was performed using 11 small dogs. Confirming previous data, the daily addition of a standard chew to a dry diet resulted in significantly less gingivitis and calculus after 3 weeks compared with feeding the dry diet alone. Addition of chlorhexidine to the chew made no difference to the degree of gingivitis or the amount of calculus that accumulated, but did result in significantly less plaque accumulation after 3 weeks. The abrasiveness of the chew, rather than the antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine, is likely to have contributed the most to the maintenance of oral health in dogs with mild gingivitis.
Mandibular Canine Tooth Impaction in a Young Dog — Treatment and Subsequent Eruption: A Case Report
Authors: Stapleton Barbara L. , Clarke Laura L.
Published: April 2016

Extraction of an embedded supranumerary incisor tooth and surgical exposure of the crown of an impacted left mandibular canine tooth were performed in a 5 month-old Doberman Pinscher dog. Six months following surgery, the canine tooth was fully erupted and in normal occlusion. A review of tooth eruption in the dog is provided.
Elephant Dental Pulp Tissue: Where are the Nerves?
Authors: Fagan D.A. , Benirschke K. , Simon J.H.S. , Roocroft A.
Published: April 2016

Dental pulp tissue from three elephants was examined histologically with hematoxylin and eosin and s-100 protein stains. In all specimens, normal pulp was found with the exception that no nerve fibers (myelinated or non-myelinated) were demonstrable in any of the numerous sections prepared.
The effect of education policies on higher-education attainment of immigrants in Western Europe: A cross-classified multilevel analysis
Authors: Kislev Elyakim
Published: April 2016

The number of immigrant students in Western Europe is growing steadily, but their social integration and educational achievements are still lagging behind. Nevertheless, there is still very little empirical evidence on which policies can effectively promote them. Thus, this article tests 2 main types of policies: targeted support and intercultural policies, and compares their effect on university graduation of 6 immigrant groups in 13 Western European countries. This research incorporates country- and origin-based variables as well as social and individual characteristics in cross-classified multilevel analyses. Data from the European Social Survey, the Migrant Integration Policy Index, the United Nations (UN) database and the World Bank database are integrated here. Findings show that intercultural policies have more positive effect on immigrant students than targeted policies. Furthermore, there is division between these six groups not only in their actual educational achievements, but also in the extent to which they are helped by education policies.
Evaluator Training Needs and Competencies
Authors: Galport Nicole , Azzam Tarek
Published: April 2016

The systematic identification of evaluator competency training needs is crucial for the development of evaluators and the establishment of evaluation as a profession. Insight into essential competencies could help align training programs with field-specific needs, therefore clarifying expectations between evaluators, educators, and employers. This investigation of practicing evaluators’ perceptions of competencies addresses the critical need for a competency training gap analysis. Results from an online survey of 403 respondents and a follow-up focus group indicate that the professional practice and systematic inquiry competencies are seen as most important for conducting successful evaluations. Evaluators identified need for additional training in the interpersonal competence and reflective practice competency domains. Trends identified can support the development and modification of programs designed to offer training, education, and professional development to evaluators.
A pilot study of a nurse-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy intervention (Ziphamandla) for adherence and depression in HIV in South Africa
Authors: Andersen Lena S , Magidson Jessica F , O’Cleirigh Conall , Remmert Jessica E , Kagee Ashraf , Leaver Matthew , Stein Dan J , Safren Steven A , Joska John
Published: April 2016

Depression is prevalent among people living with HIV in South Africa and interferes with adherence to antiretroviral therapy. This study evaluated a nurse-delivered, cognitive behavioral therapy intervention for adherence and depression among antiretroviral therapy users with depression in South Africa ( n = 14). Primary outcomes were depression, antiretroviral therapy adherence, feasibility, and acceptability. Findings support robust improvements in mood through a 3-month follow up. Antiretroviral therapy adherence was maintained during the intervention period. Participant retention supports acceptability; however, modest provider fidelity despite intensive supervision warrants additional attention to feasibility. Future effectiveness research is needed to evaluate this nurse-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy intervention for adherence and depression in this context.
Compliance with infection control standard precautions guidelines: a survey among dental healthcare workers in Hail Region, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Haridi Hassan Kasim , Al-Ammar Abdalmohsen Saud , Al-Mansour Moazzy Ibraheim
Published: April 2016

Background:

The concept of standard precautions (SP) has been a cornerstone of dental infection control (IC) practice. Full adherence with SP guidelines is still a matter of concern in many institutions. The objectives of the present study were to assess and characterise compliance with SP guidelines among dental healthcare workers (DHCWs) and to analyse factors that affect compliance.

Methods:

A regional cross-sectional questionnaire survey among DHCWs in all health facilities was carried out from August to November 2014.

Results:

A total of 307 returned valid self-report questionnaires with a response rate of 73.1%. Most participants (86.3%) were aware of the SP guidelines, 84.4% received IC training and 88.9% received hepatitis B vaccination. Compliance with SP was found to be high; the majority (90.1%) attained 75% on the compliance scale. In the multivariate logistic regression model, perceived higher institutional commitment as regard IC requirements (odds ratio [OR], 4.34; P <0.001), perceived training as adequate (OR, 3.51; P = 0.003), dentist job (OR, 2.99; P = 0.035) and younger age (OR, 0.59; P = 0.041) were independently predicted as good compliant behaviour.

Conclusions:

This survey revealed high self-reported compliance with SP guidelines. Institutional factors appear to have an important role. Attention should be paid to dental assistants and private DHCWs.
The use of daily electronic prompts to help improve antimicrobial stewardship in a critical care unit
Authors: Allan PA , Newman MJ , Oehmen R , English WA
Published: April 2016

Introduction:

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a growing threat to public health, with the potential to reverse many of the gains made in modern medicine. AMR is contributed to by both inappropriate choice of antibiotics and inappropriate antibiotic course durations.

Objectives:

The objective of this audit was to determine if the introduction of antimicrobial prescribing electronic prompts in an electronic patient record had a positive impact on antimicrobial stewardship.

Methods:

The audit examined the proportion of antibiotic prescriptions within a critical care unit in which both a valid stop date and indication were recorded. The audit was repeated on two occasions: first, after an education programme, and second, after the introduction of an electronic prompt within the patients’ electronic patient record.

Results:

Chi-square analyses indicated that significant improvements in both the recording of indications (χ²(4) = 39.69, P <0.0001) and stop-dates (χ²(4) = 42.10, P <0.0001) occurred across the three audits.

Conclusion:

We conclude that the novel use of daily electronic prompts has a positive impact on antimicrobial stewardship.
Styles of Social Media Campaigning and Influence in a Hybrid Political Communication System
Authors: Karlsen Rune , Enjolras Bernard
Published: April 2016

Social media have the potential to influence power relations in political parties as they allow individual candidates to campaign more independently of the central party. In this paper, we scrutinize the relationship between individualization and digital social media in a study that combines the 2013 Norwegian Candidate Survey with candidates’ Twitter data. We ask, first, to what extent are social media used as an individualistic campaign tool? Second, does an individualized social media campaign style increase influence in the Twitter sphere? Third, what constitutes success on Twitter? We found two main styles of social media campaigning: a party-centered and an individualized style. Moreover, an individualized style did increase the possibility of being active on Twitter, but it had a negative effect on Twitter influence. The Twitter influentials are young, male, and relatively centrally placed in their parties. In a hybrid communication system, it appears that the candidates who gain influence in social media are those who are able to create a synergy between traditional media channels and social media.
Clonal hematopoiesis in acquired aplastic anemia
Authors: Ogawa Seishi
Published: April 2016

Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) in aplastic anemia (AA) has been closely linked to the evolution of late clonal disorders, including paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)/acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which are common complications after successful immunosuppressive therapy (IST). With the advent of high-throughput sequencing of recent years, the molecular aspect of CH in AA has been clarified by comprehensive detection of somatic mutations that drive clonal evolution. Genetic abnormalities are found in ∼50% of patients with AA and, except for PIGA mutations and copy-neutral loss-of-heterozygosity, or uniparental disomy (UPD) in 6p (6pUPD), are most frequently represented by mutations involving genes commonly mutated in myeloid malignancies, including DNMT3A, ASXL1, and BCOR/BCORL1. Mutations exhibit distinct chronological profiles and clinical impacts. BCOR/BCORL1 and PIGA mutations tend to disappear or show stable clone size and predict a better response to IST and a significantly better clinical outcome compared with mutations in DNMT3A, ASXL1, and other genes, which are likely to increase their clone size, are associated with a faster progression to MDS/AML, and predict an unfavorable survival. High frequency of 6pUPD and overrepresentation of PIGA and BCOR/BCORL1 mutations are unique to AA, suggesting the role of autoimmunity in clonal selection. By contrast, DNMT3A and ASXL1 mutations, also commonly seen in CH in the general population, indicate a close link to CH in the aged bone marrow, in terms of the mechanism for selection. Detection and close monitoring of somatic mutations/evolution may help with prediction and diagnosis of clonal evolution of MDS/AML and better management of patients with AA.
Local labor markets and taste-based discrimination
Authors: Berson Clémence
Published: April 2016

This article appeals to heterogeneity in workers’ non-wage preferences to model taste-based discrimination. Firms hire both types of workers and pay lower wages to minority workers, whatever their taste for discrimination. A single prejudiced firm in the market produces a substantial wage gap in all firms. Consequently, discrimination allows unprejudiced firms to make non-zero profits, so that they have little incentive to drive out prejudiced firms. As the market does not eliminate discrimination, state intervention is required. Indirect policies do not affect the absolute wage gap between the two groups, but may be more likely to be used than direct policies.
Analysis of RTM extended images for VTI media
Authors: Li Vladimir , Tsvankin Ilya , Alkhalifah Tariq
Published: April 2016

Extended images obtained from reverse time migration (RTM) contain information about the accuracy of the velocity field and subsurface illumination at different incidence angles. Here, we evaluate the influence of errors in the anisotropy parameters on the shape of the residual moveout (RMO) in P-wave RTM extended images for VTI (transversely isotropic with a vertical symmetry axis) media. Using the actual spatial distribution of the zero-dip NMO velocity ([Formula: see text]), which could be approximately estimated by conventional techniques, we analyze the extended images obtained with distorted fields of the parameters [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Differential semblance optimization (DSO) and stack-power estimates are employed to study the sensitivity of focusing to the anisotropy parameters. We also build angle gathers to facilitate interpretation of the shape of RMO in the extended images. The results show that the signature of [Formula: see text] is dip-dependent, whereas errors in [Formula: see text] cause defocusing only if that parameter is laterally varying. Hence, earlier results regarding the influence of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] on reflection moveout and migration velocity analysis remain generally valid in the extended image space for complex media. The dependence of RMO on errors in the anisotropy parameters provides essential insights for anisotropic wavefield tomography using extended images.
Collectivity in (Stop-)Motion: Lift Animation, Lantern Software, and the Making of Community
Authors: Kornhaber Donna
Published: April 2016

This article positions the work of the feminist animation studio Lift Animation as a corrective to the industrialized processes and gendered hierarchies of traditional commercial animation studios. It examines Lift's unique place in the world of contemporary animation as a studio concerned especially with questions of alterity, subjecthood, and community formation in its work. A self-described “socially conscious animation studio,” Lift is structured roughly along the lines of an artistic collective in which many animators freely contribute their skills and time in support of stop-motion animated films that explicitly consider questions of disability, gender, and political action. This article considers in particular the short films The Toll Collector (US, 2003), made by Lift founder Rachel Johnson, and Henrietta Bulkowski, currently in production at Lift. It argues that both films seek to establish empathy with characters ostracized from the boundaries of community by their physical disabilities and draws a connection between these efforts and the studio's recent animated public service announcement for Lantern Software, a program designed to circumvent government Internet censorship efforts around the world through the formation of peer-sharing networks. Each of these animated works speaks in turn to the power of community and collective action grounded in a willed identification with the distant other.
Syk kinases are required for spinal commissural axon repulsion at the midline via ephrin/Eph pathway
Authors: noraz Nelly , Jaaoini Iness , Charoy Camille , Watrin Chantal , Chounlamountri Naura , Benon Aurélien , Malleval Céline , Boudin Hélène , Honnorat Jérôme , Castellani Valérie , Pellier-Monnin Véronique
Published: April 2016

In the hematopoietic system, tyrosine kinases of Syk family are essential components of immunoreceptor ITAM-based signaling. While an increasing number of data involved immunoreceptors in neural functions, the contribution of Syk kinases remains obscure. In previous studies we depicted phosphorylated forms of Syk kinases in specialized populations of migrating neurons or projecting axons. Moreover, we identified ephrin/Eph as guidance molecules utilizing the ITAM-bearing molecule CD3zeta and associated Syk kinases for growth cone collapsing response induced in vitro. From here, we show that in the developing spinal cord, Syk is phosphorylated in navigating commissural axons. By analyzing axon trajectories in open book preparations of Syk−/− ; ZAP-70−/− double KO embryos, we found that Syk kinases are dispensable for attraction towards the midline but confer growth cone responsiveness to repulsive signals required to expel commissural axons from the midline. Known to serve repulsive function at midline, ephrinB3/EphB2 consist in obvious candidates in driving the Syk-dependent repulsive response. Indeed, Syk kinases were found as required for ephrinB3-induced growth cone collapse in cultured commissural neurons. Besides, in fragments of commissural neuron-enriched tissues, Syk is present under a constitutively phosphorylated state and ephrinB3 decreases its level of phosphorylation. Furthermore, directly altering Syk kinase activity through pharmacological inhibition was sufficient to induce growth cone collapse, suggesting that Syk inhibition is a general requirement for growth cone collapse. In conclusion, Syk kinases act as a molecular switch of growth cone adhesive and repulsive responses.
Ihha induces hybrid cartilage-bone cells during zebrafish jawbone regeneration
Authors: Paul Sandeep , Schindler Simone , Giovannone Dion , de Millo Terrazzani Alexandra , Mariani Francesca V. , Crump J. Gage
Published: April 2016

The healing of bone often involves a cartilage intermediate, yet how such cartilage is induced and utilized during repair is not fully understood. By studying a model of large-scale bone regeneration in the lower jaw of adult zebrafish, we show that chondrocytes are critical for generating thick bone during repair. During jawbone regeneration, we find that chondrocytes co-express genes associated with osteoblast differentiation and produce extensive mineralization, which is in marked contrast to chondrocytes during facial skeletal development. We also identify the likely source of repair chondrocytes as a population of Runx2+, Sp7- cells that emanate from the periosteum, a tissue that normally contributes only osteoblasts during homeostasis. Analysis of ihha mutants shows that the ability of periosteal cells to generate cartilage in response to injury depends on a repair-specific role of Ihha in the induction as opposed to the proliferation of chondrocytes. The large-scale regeneration of the zebrafish jawbone thus employs a cartilage differentiation program distinct from that seen during development, with the bone-forming potential of repair chondrocytes potentially due to their derivation from osteogenic cells in the periosteum.
Diversity in cell motility reveals the dynamic nature of the formation of zebrafish taste sensory organs
Authors: Marina Soulika , Anna-Lila Kaushik , Benjamin Mathieu , Raquel Lourenço , Komisarczuk Anna Z. , Alejo Romano Sebastian , Adrien Jouary , Alicia Lardennois , Nicolas Tissot , Shinji Okada , Keiko Abe , Becker Thomas S. , Marika Kapsimali
Published: April 2016

Taste buds are sensory organs in jawed vertebrates, composed of distinct cell types that detect and transduce specific taste qualities. Taste bud cells differentiate from oropharyngeal epithelial progenitors localized mainly in proximity of the forming organs. Despite recent progress in elucidating the molecular interactions required for taste bud cell development and function, the cell behaviour underlying the organ assembly is poorly defined. Here, we used time-lapse imaging to observe the formation of taste buds in live zebrafish larvae. We found that tg(fgf8a.dr17) expressing cells form taste buds and get rearranged within the forming organs. In addition, differentiating cells move from the epithelium to the forming organs and can be displaced between developing organs. During organ formation, taste bud tg(fgf8a.dr17) and Type-II cells are displaced in random, directed or confined mode relative to the taste bud they join or are maintained. Finally, ascl1a activity in the 5-HT/Type-III cell is required to direct and maintain tg(fgf8a.dr17) expressing cells into the taste bud. We propose diversity in displacement modes of differentiating cells as a key mechanism for the highly dynamic process of taste bud assembly.
Kin and multilevel selection in social evolution: a never-ending controversy?
Authors: Kramer Jos , Meunier Joël
Published: April 2016

Kin selection and multilevel selection are two major frameworks in evolutionary biology that aim at explaining the evolution of social behaviors. However, the relationship between these two theories has been plagued by controversy for almost half a century and debates about their relevance and usefulness in explaining social evolution seem to rekindle at regular intervals. Here, we first provide a concise introduction into the kin selection and multilevel selection theories and shed light onto the roots of the controversy surrounding them. We then review two major aspects of the current debate: the presumed formal equivalency of the two theories and the question whether group selection can lead to group adaptation. We conclude by arguing that the two theories can offer complementary approaches to the study of social evolution: kin selection approaches usually focus on the identification of optimal phenotypes and thus on the endresult of a selection process, whereas multilevel selection approaches focus on the ongoing selection process itself. The two theories thus provide different perspectives that might be fruitfully combined to promote our understanding of the evolution in group-structured populations.
Сommunication Science and Theory of Journalism: Siamese Twins or Distant Relatives
Authors: Хорольский  , Khorolskiy V.
Published: April 2016

The article deals with communicativistics (Communication Studies) and journalism theory cooperation in interpreting media texts. Also it deals with media text as quantum of social information. Basic terminology connected with «media modulus» is explicated. The conclusions are drawn about partial convergence of two disciplines on the basis of common communicative strategy in media texts scrutiny.
Necessity of General Knowledge In Conquer Affected Intercultural Communications
Authors: Дубинский  , Dubinskiy Vladimir
Published: April 2016

In this article specialties of intercultural communication are regarded as dialog

of cultures on example of the German language. The arguments are

showed, that for Russians the German language acquisition has a great

significance as a base for studying other foreign language. This fact strike

roots in history, has economical results and arouses interest in experience.

The similar situations of German relations compare with Russian relations.

This comparison is made for Russians to right speaking German. The author

offer to take knowledge of the language and ability of change unknown

words on others into consideration. The conclusion is done that dialog of

cultures should conduct with knowledge of cultures, skill of solution communication

problems with getting the wish results.
The Russian Language In the Social Networks
Authors: Селеменева  , Selemeneva O.
Published: April 2016

The article examines the problem of the functioning of the Russian language

in the texts of the online social networks as means of realization of the

social needs and the organization of the communication between people.

The author supposes that such texts are a mirror of the state of the Russian

society and the Russian language. The dominance of the factual tone of

Internet discourse, orientation on the dialogue, emotion and aggression of

the communication leads to the changes in the representation of the verbalized

and non-verbalized knowledge, to the increase of the ways of language

compression, to the use of the constructions of expressive syntax, to the

fall of the culture of written speech. Slang and colloquial vocabulary with

terminology at the same time, segmented structures, emoticons, the reduplication

of the punctuation marks, the abbreviation, the allocation of front

are used in the texts of social networks.
Do People Anticipate Loss Aversion?
Authors: Imas Alex , Sadoff Sally , Samek Anya
Published: April 2016

There is growing interest in the use of loss contracts that offer performance incentives as up-front payments that employees can lose. Standard behavioral models predict a trade-off in the use of loss contracts: employees will work harder under loss contracts than under gain contracts, but, anticipating loss aversion, they will prefer gain contracts to loss contracts. In a series of experiments, we test these predictions by measuring performance and preferences for payoff-equivalent gain and loss contracts. We find that people indeed work harder under loss than gain contracts, as the theory predicts. Surprisingly, rather than a preference for the gain contract, we find that people actually prefer loss contracts. In exploring mechanisms for our results, we find suggestive evidence that people do anticipate loss aversion but select into loss contracts as a commitment device to improve performance, using one bias, loss aversion, to address another, dynamic inconsistency.

Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2402 .

This paper was accepted by Teck-Hua Ho, behavioral economics.
Assessment of Variation in Water Quality Index (WQI) of Groundwater in North Goa, India
Authors: Krishan Gopal , Kumar C. P. , Purandara B.K. , Singh Surjeet , Ghosh N. C , Gurjar Suman , Chachadi A. G.
Published: April 2016

A water quality index (WQI) is a tool which numerically summarizes the information from multiple water quality parameters into a single value and this information can be used to assess spatial and temporal variations in overall water quality. However, these indices are time and region specific and may be influenced by local factors. In the present study, water quality index has been worked out to assess the spatial and temporal variation of groundwater quality status for future planning and management of North Goa. Data of 19 groundwater samples were collected in the year 2005 during January, March and April, are used for the analysis. The Water Quality Index has been computed using four parameters viz. pH, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness and Chloride. The WQI results show that the overall water quality class is ‘good’ and water is acceptable for domestic use.
Seasonal Variation in Water Quality of Lukha River, Meghalaya, India
Authors: Lamare R , Singh O. P
Published: April 2016

Lukha River (Wah Lukha) is one of the major rivers of Meghalaya situated in the southern part of East Jaintia Hills District. Activities such as mining of coal and limestone, manufacturing of cement, deforestation etc. have been taking place in the catchment area of the river leading to changes in water quality. This is evident from the deep blue appearance of water of Lukha River during winter months for the last 7-8 years.Till date no convincing and conclusive reason has been given for this annual change in physical appearance.To get insight, we studied the physico-chemical water quality parameters of this river in different seasons and found that the water quality has started deteriorating due to activities occurring in the catchment area. Based on Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment-Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) the water of the river at some locations was found of ‘poor’ quality.
Structure and Diversity of Sal Forests in Government and Community Management Systems in kumaun Region of Central Himalaya
Authors: Kapkoti Bhawana , Adhikari Bhawna , Lodhiyal Neelu , Lodhiyal L. S.
Published: April 2016

The present study deals with structure, diversity and regeneration of Sal (ShorearobustaGaertn.) forests in Kumaun region of Central Himalaya. Twoforest types were investigated i.e. Sal dominant forestandSal teak (Tectonagrandis Linn.) mixed forestin KumaunHimalaya.Tree, sapling and seedling density was 650- 911, 36-1303 and 400-6656 ind.ha-1, respectively. Salshowed reverse J-shaped curve representing good regeneration and T. grandisshowed reverse bell shaped indicating fair regeneration in community management system while Sal showed poor regeneration in the government management forest. Sal showed comparatively good regeneration in Sal mixed forest in community managed while poor regeneration in Sal dominantgovernment management system. Over exploitation Sal species for basic needs of people consequentlyimpart the negative impact on regeneration of forest. Thus it is suggested that mixed forests with higher number of species reduces the pressure on individual ones species as can be brought by local people so should be managed and conserved sustainably.
Extent of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Sewage Irrigated Soils and Their Impact on Distribution of Earthworm Communities: Linking Chromium and Zinc Toxicity on Growth and Reproduction in Selected Earthworm Species.
Authors: Latha V , Basha P
Published: April 2016

Soil ecosystem polluted by metals affect the structure of soil invertebrate population(s) and dynamics leading to altered distribution of species. This study focuses on earthworm distribution in sewage irrigated agricultural lands around Bangalore. The occurrence of reported species from the sampled areas is Eudrilus eugeniae, Lampito maurutii, Pontoscolex corethrurus, Polypheretima elongata, Perioynx excavates and Eisenia fetida. Laboratory studies conducted to evaluate feed ingestion rate and body mass changes in earthworms exposed to metal spiked soils revealed species specific pattern. Eudrilus eugeniae and Lampito maurutii showed a steep increase in body weight, while Pontoscolex corethrurus exhibited decreased trend upon Zn exposure. Contrarily a significant (p<0.05) decline in body weight was evident in all the three species upon exposure to Cr spiked soils. The observed alterations in feeding and body mass index concomitantly influenced the reproductive parameters. Rate of hatchability and reproductive function found to be decreased in Cr spiked soils in all the three species studied. Contrarily, increased hatchability was observed in E.eugeniea and L.maurutii followed by a decrease rate in P.corethrurus upon exposure of Zn spiked soils. However, reproductive rate found to be increased in E.eugeniea and P.corethrurus with decreased trend in L.maurutii. Thus, use of sewage polluted water for irrigation purpose has led to increased soil metal concentration impacting earthworm physiology and distribution.
What every surgeon should know about Ceramic-on-Ceramic bearings in young patients
Authors: Hernigou Philippe , Roubineau François , Bouthors Charlie , Flouzat-Lachaniette Charles-Henri
Published: April 2016

Based on the exceptional tribological behaviour and on the relatively low biological activity of ceramic particles, Ceramic-on-Ceramic (CoC) total hip arthroplasty (THA) presents significant advantages CoC bearings decrease wear and osteolysis, the cumulative long-term risk of dislocation, muscle atrophy, and head-neck taper corrosion. However, there are still concerns regarding the best technique for implantation of ceramic hips to avoid fracture, squeaking, and revision of ceramic hips with fracture of a component. We recommend that surgeons weigh the potential advantages and disadvantages of current CoC THA in comparison with other bearing surfaces when considering young very active patients who are candidates for THA.

Cite this article: Hernigou P, Roubineau F, Bouthors C, Flouzat-Lachaniette C-H. What every surgeon should know about Ceramic-on-Ceramic bearings in young patients. EFORT Open Rev 2016;1:107-111. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.1.000027.
Urban Nomads Building Shanghai
Authors: Bronner Ulrike , Reikersdorfer Clarissa
Published: April 2016

This book takes a close look at the interrelated phenomena of international business migrants and rural migrant workers in Shanghai. Through separate case studies it observes them in parallel and sheds light on the spatial implications of both groups' migrant status. The authors' uncovering of harsh and inadequate living and working conditions affecting rural migrant workers in the construction industry in Shanghai leads to the development of a concept of »Fair Building«, a socially-conscious architecture that calls for accountability in ensuring that stakeholders involved in the construction process contribute to a sustainable urbanization.
»Ausländersein« an der Hauptschule
Authors: Artamonova Olga V.
Published: April 2016

Neues aus Kanakistan? Was passiert, wenn »Migrationshintergrund« zu einem selbstverständlichen Bestandteil der alltäglichen Kommunikation wird? Olga V. Artamonova präsentiert ungewöhnliche Erkenntnisse aus einem selten erforschten Feld: der Hauptschule. Anhand einer mehrmonatigen ethnographischen Untersuchung in einer siebten Klasse zeigt sie, wie Haut- und Haarfarbe, Herkunftsländer und Religion der einzelnen Schüler_innen im spielerischen und hochdynamischen Kommunikationsalltag für den Erhalt der Gruppenzusammengehörigkeit eingesetzt werden, zugleich aber auch zu Exklusionen führen. Die soziolinguistische Studie wirft auch einen kritischen Blick auf den Umgang der Lehrer_innen mit der Heterogenität im modernen Fachunterricht und analysiert die außerschulische Kommunikation der Hauptschüler_innen auf Facebook, wo sich eine dauerhafte Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema »Ausländersein« beobachten lässt.
CyberPlaces - Philosophische Annäherungen an den virtuellen Ort
Authors: Holischka Tobias
Published: April 2016

Unser Alltag ist von technisch erzeugter Virtualität nicht nur geprägt - er wird in vielen Bereichen durch sie bestimmt. Die Informationsgesellschaft pflegt einen selbstverständlichen Umgang mit sich immer weiter entwickelnden technischen Geräten. Als Schein oder Unwirklichkeit konnotiert, bleiben die neuen Phänomene der Virtualität dabei jedoch weitgehend unreflektiert. Tobias Holischkas phänomenologische Analyse zeigt, dass insbesondere der virtuelle Ort als versammelndes Prinzip eine Realität schafft, die - ganz im Gegensatz zum abstrakten Konzept des Cyberspace - eine ontologische Verbindung zur menschlichen Alltagswelt herstellt und sie auf diese Weise erweitert.
Role of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in heart failure
Authors: Uddin Md. Helal , Rashid Tasnuva , Chowdhury Salim Mahmud
Published: April 2016

Introduction:

Early clinical diagnosis of heart failure (HF) is challenging because the signs and symptoms are neither sensitive nor specific for diagnosis. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), a cardiac neurohormone is a useful biomarker for patients with HF.

Objectives:

The purpose of this review is to evaluate the role of BNP in HF as a diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic marker in both outpatient care and urgent care settings.

Methodology:

An extensive literature review was conducted for this study.

Findings:

Determination of BNP is particularly useful as a rule-out test for suspected cases of HF in patients with dyspnoea. HF is very unlikely in patients with levels of BNP <100 pg/mL whereas BNP levels >400 pg/mL strongly support the diagnosis of HF. Elevated level of BNP indicates a worse prognosis in patients with HF.

Conclusion:

Although, it is recommended in the diagnostic pathways of guidelines for HF, it is not well established to recommend measurement of BNP to titrate HF medications because of lack of enough evidence. It requires further in-depth research.
Growth Patterns in Global Regions:: Do Specific Success Factors Make a Difference?
Authors: Capello Robertta , Fratesii Ugo
Published: April 2016

Globalisation is not a state of the world but an evolutionary process, which entails the increasing planetary integration of markets for goods and services, markets of location sites for economic activities, markets of production factors as technologies and information. Regions are involved in the globalization process to a different extent depending on their industrial specialization and physical accessibility from outside.

The aim of this paper is to investigate how regions most exposed to globalization face tougher competition. Distinguishing between open and closed regional economies, the paper investigates the regional performance of each type of region and identifies the most important success factors linked to growth performance patterns. The aim of the analysis is to determine whether the role played by each success factor in regional growth changes across regions with different degrees of openness to the rest of the world. Interestingly, our results do not clearly show that more open regions take advantage from particular success factors. The impact of most success factors on regional differential growth, in fact, do not change among groups of regions. A higher average regional growth rate in open regions with respect to closed ones is therefore mainly explained by the regional endowment of success factors rather than by differentiated marginal effects among groups of regions.
A Heterodox Economics Critique of Financial Liberalization
Authors: Correa Romar , Rao D. Tripati
Published: April 2016

We explore a short run structural macroeconomic model with a focus on “the problem of financing economic development“ (Kaleçki, 1976). It is demonstrated that banks, in contrast to nonbanks, have a unique role to play in the production and circulation of commodities in a monetary economy. A case is made for class-based policy.
Sertoli cell only syndrome with ambiguous genitalia
Authors: Gurbuz Fatih , Ceylaner Serdar , Erdogan Seyda , Topaloglu Ali Kemal , Yuksel Bilgin
Published: April 2016

The Sertoli cell only syndrome (SCOS) is a rare genetic disorder with a variable phenotype ranging from a severe ambiguous genitalia to a normal male phenotype with infertility. SCOS is diagnosed on testicular histopathology as germ cells are absent without histological impairment of Sertoli or Leydig cells. The
“The older I got, it wasn’t a problem for me anymore”: Language brokering as a managed activity and a narrated experience among young Vietnamese immigrants in the Czech Republic
Authors: Sherman Tamah , Homoláč Jiří
Published: April 2016

Language brokering (LB) practices are a widespread phenomenon in transnational communities. This paper aims to add to the description and analysis of these practices within a community which has not been extensively studied – the Vietnamese in the Czech Republic, as well as show how LB is embedded in other sociolinguistic aspects of community life. Based on language biographies of 13 Vietnamese female brokers, we explore LB by focusing on the respondents’ descriptions and summaries of their beginnings with it, the difficulties that occurred, and how they were overcome. The findings suggest that, among others, the brokers gradually perceive brokering as a normal practice and as one of their family responsibilities. A methodological innovation is the use of Language Management Theory (Nekvapil, Jiří & Tamah Sherman. 2015. An introduction: Language Management Theory in Language Policy and Planning. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 232. 1–12.), through which we examine language brokering as a practice oriented toward language problems stemming from broader communication and sociocultural problems. This perspective, along with attention devoted to the activities, approaches and attitudes of all participants in the brokering (e. g. parents, public officials) enables us to demonstrate the relationship of the brokering to family language policy and also the fact that, for the brokers, the sociocultural dimension of LB can be more important than the linguistic one.
Enhancing radiative energy transfer through thermal extraction
Authors: Tan Yixuan , Liu Baoan , Shen Sheng , Yu Zongfu
Published: April 2016

Thermal radiation plays an increasingly important role in many emerging energy technologies, such as thermophotovoltaics, passive radiative cooling and wearable cooling clothes [1]. One of the fundamental constraints in thermal radiation is the Stefan-Boltzmann law, which limits the maximum power of far-field radiation to P0 = σT4S, where σ is the Boltzmann constant, S and T are the area and the temperature of the emitter, respectively (Fig. 1a). In order to overcome this limit, it has been shown that near-field radiations could have an energy density that is orders of magnitude greater than the Stefan-Boltzmann law [2-7]. Unfortunately, such near-field radiation transfer is spatially confined and cannot carry radiative heat to the far field. Recently, a new concept of thermal extraction was proposed [8] to enhance far-field thermal emission, which, conceptually, operates on a principle similar to oil immersion lenses and light extraction in light-emitting diodes using solid immersion lens to increase light output [62].Thermal extraction allows a blackbody to radiate more energy to the far field than the apparent limit of the Stefan-Boltzmann law without breaking the second law of thermodynamics.

Thermal extraction works by using a specially designed thermal extractor to convert and guide the near-field energy to the far field, as shown in Fig. 1b. The same blackbody as shown in Fig. 1a is placed closely below the thermal extractor with a spacing smaller than the thermal wavelength. The near-field coupling transfers radiative energy with a density greater than σT4. The thermal extractor, made from transparent and high-index or structured materials, does not emit or absorb any radiation. It transforms the near-field energy and sends it toward the far field. As a result, the total amount of far-field radiative heat dissipated by the same blackbody is greatly enhanced above SσT4, where S is the area of the emitter. This paper will review the progress in thermal extraction. It is organized as follows. In Section 1, we will discuss the theory of thermal extraction [8]. In Section 2, we review an experimental implementation based on natural materials as the thermal extractor [8]. Lastly, in Section 3, we review the experiment that uses structured metamaterials as thermal extractors to enhance optical density of states and far-field emission [9].
Dynamics of microresonator frequency comb generation: models and stability
Authors: Hansson Tobias , Wabnitz Stefan
Published: April 2016

Microresonator frequency combs hold promise for enabling a new class of light sources that are simultaneously both broadband and coherent, and that could allow for a profusion of potential applications. In this article, we review various theoretical models for describing the temporal dynamics and formation of optical frequency combs. These models form the basis for performing numerical simulations that can be used in order to better understand the comb generation process, for example helping to identify the universal combcharacteristics and their different associated physical phenomena. Moreover, models allow for the study, design and optimization of comb properties prior to the fabrication of actual devices. We consider and derive theoretical formalisms based on the Ikeda map, the modal expansion approach, and the Lugiato-Lefever equation. We further discuss the generation of frequency combs in silicon resonators featuring multiphoton absorption and free-carrier effects. Additionally, we review comb stability properties and consider the role of modulational instability as well as of parametric instabilities due to the boundary conditions of the cavity. These instability mechanisms are the basis for comprehending the process of frequency comb formation, for identifying the different dynamical regimes and the associated dependence on the comb parameters. Finally, we also discuss the phenomena of continuous wave bi- and multistability and its relation to the observation of mode-locked cavity solitons.
Nanophotonics-enabled smart windows, buildings and wearables
Authors: Smith Geoff , Gentle Angus , Arnold Matthew , Cortie Michael
Published: April 2016

Design and production of spectrally smart windows, walls, roofs and fabrics has a long history, which includes early examples of applied nanophotonics. Evolving nanoscience has a special role to play as it provides the means to improve the functionality of these everyday materials. Improvement in the quality of human experience in any location at any time of year is the goal. Energy savings, thermal and visual comfort indoors and outdoors, visual experience, air quality and better health are all made possible by materials, whose “smartness” is aimed at designed responses to environmental energy flows. The spectral and angle of incidence responses of these nanomaterials must thus take account of the spectral and directional aspects of solar energy and of atmospheric thermal radiation plus the visible and color sensitivity of the human eye. The structures required may use resonant absorption, multilayer stacks, optical anisotropy and scattering to achieve their functionality. These structures are, in turn, constructed out of particles, columns, ultrathin layers, voids, wires, pure and doped oxides, metals, polymers or transparent conductors (TCs). The need to cater for wavelengths stretching from 0.3 to 35 μm including ultraviolet-visible, near-infrared (IR) and thermal or Planck radiation, with a spectrally and directionally complex atmosphere, and both being dynamic, means that hierarchical and graded nanostructures often feature. Nature has evolved to deal with the same energy flows, so biomimicry is sometimes a useful guide.
Modeling Frequency Comb Sources
Authors: Li Feng , Yuan Jinhui , Kang Zhe , Li Qian , Wai P. K. A.
Published: April 2016

Frequency comb sources have revolutionized metrology and spectroscopy and found applications in many fields. Stable, low-cost, high-quality frequency comb sources are important to these applications. Modeling of the frequency comb sources will help the understanding of the operation mechanism and optimization of the design of such sources. In this paper,we review the theoretical models used and recent progress of the modeling of frequency comb sources.