bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
«Dejarse caer para después poder quizá levantarse ...» o el tema mitológico del descenso a los infiernos en Rayuela de Julio Cortázar*
Authors: Šega Agata
Published: September 2019

En la novela Rayuela, definida por Luis Harss (81978, 269) como «una obra terapéutica», el autor, Julio Cortázar, pone en la boca de Traveler, el amigo y el segundo yo del protagonista Horacio Oliveira, el consejo siguiente:Lo malo en vos – dijo Traveler – es que cualquier problema lo retrotraés a la infancia. Ya estoy harto de decirte que leas un poco a Jung, che (41: 391)1.
Cruce de miradas sobre Lepa Vida (Hermosa Vida)
Authors: Pregelj Barbara
Published: September 2019

Los eslovenos tenemos varios héroes míticos marcados por la experiencia de la interculturalidad: el buen soberano Kralj Matjaž (el Rey Matías) que duerme bajo el monte de Peca, esperando a que le crezca lo suficientemente la barba para poder entrar en acción; Martin Krpan, hombre fuerte como un roble que liberó Viena del mal y a cambio consiguió un permiso especial para traficar con sal; Peter Klepec, un chico humilde que compartía con los demás su fuerza; y Lepa Vida (Hermosa Vida), la joven madre que por engaño abandona a su hijo y su hogar para viajar en barco al extranjero. Todos ellos tienen origen en el bagaje cultural popular y todos ellos posteriormente han sido objeto de nuevas y distintas adaptaciones artísticas. Entre las adaptaciones literarias por frecuencia sobresale Hermosa Vida, que a su vez ha tenido eco (aunque mucho menor) en la pintura: sobresale la obra de Maksim Gaspari, y la obra de Marko Kociper (2010) en cómic ‒recogida en una de las versiones literarias más recientes, Hermosa Vida en acción de Andrej Rozman Roza.
Peter Klepec: from a (Local) Hero to a (National) Allegory of Weakness
Authors: Moric Anja
Published: September 2019

The narrative hero Peter Klepec is known (and laid claim to) by the inhabitants of the Čabranka-Osilnica valley, the border area on the Croatian and Slovenian side of the border. There circulate a number of quite similar stories about him, in which a frail illegitimate child Peter becomes a strong man, whose supernatural powers help the needy and drive the enemies from these regions. This paper shows the changing role and diversity of interpretations of myth in time and space using the example of folk and literary hero Peter Klepec. It focuses on the historical changes in the perception of Peter Klepec: namely, on his (local) function at the time of the Hapsburg imperial policy, the process of his nationalisation and dilemmas that arose following the division of the Čabranka-Osilnica area, i.e., the originating area of the creation of the legend of the two countries (Croatia and Slovenia). It shows that Klepec was due to different historical circumstances and (interpretive) discourse used for different purposes. First, he served as a symbol of strength and survival in the Čabranka-Osilnica valley, and then as the Hapsburg myth that justified the existence of the monarchy facing the hostile Ottomans, and lastly as an allegory of a servile Slovene, who is always just a faithful bondsman to other masters (first under the Austro-Hungarians and then the European Union).
How to Know whether a Dog is Dangerous: Myth, Superstition and its Influence on the Human-dog Relationship
Authors: Kovačič Tanja
Published: September 2019

The relationship between humans and dogs is complex and ambivalent. The dog was the first animal that Homo sapiens domesticated. This means that the human-dog relationship has lasted longer than any other human-animal relationships. Despite all this, mythological, symbolic and folkloristic traditions often depict dogs in a negative light and as a dangerous and threatening force from the underworld. Due to the belief that seeing an unknown dog can lead to misfortune, accident or even death, people were often afraid of dogs.People had to invent certain rules that could help them determine which dog was dangerous and which was not. Those rules had to change over time based on the fact that human-dog relationship is culturally and historically defined. The author analyses stories from in the Glasovi (Voices) collection to show that, in the last few centuries in the territory of modern Slovenia, black dogs where most feared by humans. In contrast, nowadays the most feared dogs are those of the Pit Bull and some other breeds. Nevertheless, the folk superstitions and prejudice toward black dogs is still present in modern Western societies. In the English language “black dog” symbolizes depression. And some are still reluctant to adopt large black dogs from the animal shelters.
Qui est Méduse?
Authors: Kristeva Julia
Published: September 2019

Une belle histoire de têtes coupées traverse l'Antiquité grecque : celle des Gorgones, trois monstres ailés au corps de femme et à la chevelure de serpents, dont le regard changeait en pierre celui qui se risquait à les contempler – Méduse, Euryalé et Sthéno. Pour commencer, Méduse est une jeune fille qui se fait remarquer : séduite puis violée par Poséidon, elle se révèle fertile puisqu'elle accouche de faux jumeaux, le cheval Pégase et le géant Chrysaor. Une longue fable la transforme en terrible puissance. Pour simplifier, disons que le monstre est par deux fois tué : Persée assassine d'abord Méduse pour assurer la protection de sa mère, Danaé, importunée par le roi Polydectès. Ensuite, il délivre Andromède des liens méduséens qui la retiennent et, pour ce faire, tranche la tête de la Gorgone. La mer se teinte de sang, tandis que le vainqueur tient à l'écart l'épouvantail de Méduse, de peur que ne soient changés en statues de pierre ceux qui s'exposeraient à sa vue.
Medusa en los mosaicos romanos: de la mirada que petrificaba a una mirada apotropaica
Authors: Neira Luz
Published: September 2019

La mirada en la representación de episodios mitológicos responde a una gran diversidad, acorde a la variedad de las distintas leyendas en las que la mirada es esencial. En este sentido, tanto desde un punto de vista iconográfico como conceptual y simbólico son muy diferentes las miradas plasmadas. Miradas correspondidas, miradas de quién mira sin ser visto, miradas prohibidas, la consecuencia de una de estas miradas sin que la mirada aparezca de modo explícito ..., e incluso la mirada como recurso visual que, a su vez, atrae la mirada del espectador hacia el personaje o los personajes objeto de atención. En todas ellas, es protagonista tanto quien mira como quien es mirado.
The Gaze of the Soul and of the Angel in the Renaissance Philosophy of Marsilio Ficino
Authors: Uršič Marko
Published: September 2019

The Renaissance rediscovered the soul as the focus of the universe. Marsilio Ficino calls the soul the “bond of the world” (copula mundi), because it connects the earth and the heaven, immanence and transcendence, time and eternity. On the other hand, the centre of the world becomes more and more relative during the Renaissance period, and individual souls live more and more in their particular times and spaces. In Renaissance paintings, a soul's point of view is determined by perspective, as developed by Masaccio, Fra Angelico, Piero della Francesca et al., and the very position of the eye also features as a “symbolic form” (Erwin Panofsky). However, above each individual and “mobile” soul there are the wings of the “motionless” angel: super animam mobilem est immobilis angelus, as Ficino says in his renaissance Christianity, in reviewing the Platonic-Gnostic myth of the omnipresent angelic gaze. In the archetype of the angel Ficino perceives a metaphor for the all-knowing Intellect, towards which the human soul ascends. Following the iconology of Ernst Gombrich, this paper also takes notice of the influence of Ficino's philosophy on Botticelli's paintings.
Vedere o sentire? Ulisse e le sirene. Le due porte percettive e le loro svariate implicazioni*
Authors: Škamperle Igor
Published: September 2019

Come spunto per iniziare si possono prendere due constatazioni inerenti alla problematica del mito o della mitologia e al suo significato: il mythos si basa sul più«umano» dei fenomeni, ossia sulla parola e sul racconto, come pure sul significato nato dall'espressione orale. La seconda constatazione può essere presa in prestito dall'antico maestro Sallustio, un autore del IV sec. d. C., già collaboratore dell'imperatore Giuliano l'Apostata. Nel trattato De diis et mundo (Sugli dei e il mondo) descrisse l'impostazione e la forma dei miti antichi osservando che il mito non narra di eventi storicamente attendibili e realmente accaduti in un determinato luogo e momento, ma di quelle cose che succedono sempre, cioè di argomenti eterni (Salustio, 2000).
Z Vzhoda na Zahod – leto 1948 in njegovi odmevi v slovenski arhitekturni publicistiki
Authors: Malešič Martina
Published: September 2019

Po zaključku 2. svetovne vojne, ko je komunistična partija prevzela oblast, Jugoslavija pa je postala del vzhodnega, komunističnega bloka, je sovjetski družbeno- politični model prevladal na vseh družbenih področjih – od ustave do kulturne politike. Tako kot v drugih kulturnih dejavnostih se je tudi v arhitekturi v prvih povojnih letih sledenje sovjetskim modelom izrazilo v slogu, ki bi ga delno lahko opredelili kot socialistični realizem. Spor Jugoslavije z Informbirojem leta 1948 je vodil do njenega izstopa iz vzhodnega bloka. Prekinitve političnih in gospodarskih vezi s Sovjetsko zvezo so postopoma sprožile rahljanje kulturnih vezi. Petdeseta leta so prinesla zaton socialističnega realizma in ponovni zagon modernizma, ki je v ozadju vztrajal iz časa med obema vojnama. Prispevek poskuša opisanemu dogajanju slediti z vpogledom v sočasno slovensko arhitekturno publicistiko. Osredotoča se na izbrana besedila, ki se odzivajo na dinamične preobrate znotraj arhitekturne stroke, pogojene s spreminjajočimi se družbenimi razmerami. Na takšen način lahko jasno spremljamo, kako se je v kratkem časovnem obdobju od leta 1945 do začetka petdesetih let, glede na družbeno-politične razmere, spreminjalo sprejemanje in razumevanje socialističnega realizma in sovjetske arhitekture na eni ter modernizma in zahodne arhitekture na drugi strani.
Vloga žensk v črni umetnosti: prve slovenske knjige in zgodovina tiskarstva v Sloveniji
Authors: Dular Anja
Published: September 2019

Dovoljenja za ustanovitev tiskarne je izdajala državna administracija. Poleg splošnih pogojev je bila predpisana tudi izobrazba, ki so jo morali imeti tiskarji. Ženske teh pogojev seveda niso mogle izpolnjevati, a jih kljub vsemu najdemo na vodilnih mestih tiskarn in knjigarn. Po določilih dednega prava so namreč po tiskarjevi smrti podedovale tako tiskarne kakor tudi pravico do opravljanja obrti. V članku so predstavljene ženske, ki so vodile tiskarne na Slovenskem oziroma so bile povezane s slovenskimi tiski od 16. do 19. stoletja. Izpostavimo lahko vsaj štiri, ki so s svojim delom prispevale k razvoju tiskarstva. Leta 1554 je v Tübingenu umrl tiskar Ulrich Morhart. Nasledila ga je vdova Magdalena Morhart in v obdobju, ko je bila na čelu tiskarne, je natisnila sedemnajst slovenskih knjig. Leta 1678 je podružnico svojega salzburškega tiskarskega podjetja v Ljubljani ustanovil Janez Krstnik Mayr. Nasledil ga je sin Jožef Tadej, a že 1695 je bila na čelu tiskarne njegova vdova Ana Barbara Mayr in tako postala prva tiskarka na Kranjskem. Tiskarno je uspešno vodila celo desetletje – do leta 1705. Sredi 18. stoletja je tedaj še vedno edino tiskarno v deželi podedovala Ana Elizabeta Reichard. Vodila jo je le dve leti – 1757–1759 – in v tem času tiskala knjige v štirih jezikih – slovenščini, nemščini, latinščini in italijanščini. Rozalija Eger je imela pomembno vlogo pri razvoju tiskarstva na naših tleh v 19. stoletju. Leta 1829 je ovdovela in prevzela tiskarno, ki jo je vodila vse do smrti leta 1871. Rozalija Eger je tiskala v treh jezikih – slovenščini, nemščini in latinščini.
Problematika literarnozgodovinske umestitve Kafkovih besedil
Authors: Jelenčič Mateja Clara
Published: September 2019

Poskusi dekodiranja Kafkovih tekstov literarne zgodovinarje večinoma pripeljejo do resignacije ali izgube literarnozgodovinske orientacije. Situacija je podobna pri literarnozgodovinskem umeščanju pisatelja: večpomenskost Kafkovih besedil literarnim zgodovinarjem povzroča številne težave, kot da se v množici slogovnih značilnosti ne bi mogli odločiti za prevladujočo. Namen raziskave je pokazati, kako večpomenskost Kafkovih besedil vpliva na literarnozgodovinsko umeščanje pisatelja. S problematiko literarnozgodovinske umestitve Kafkovih del se ukvarjajo le redki leksikoni nemških literarnih avtorjev in interpretacije ali analize njegovih besedil. V interpretacijah in besedilnih analizah prevladuje literarnozgodovinska opredelitev Kafke kot modernista, nekateri avtorji pa ga razglašajo celo za postmodernista. Avtorji nemških literarnih zgodovin in leksikonov nemških literarnih avtorjev so pri soočanju s to tematiko večinoma dezorientirani, zato navajajo več literarnozgodovinskih pojmov. Poleg umestitve Kafke v ekspresionizem ga hkrati opredeljujejo tudi kot nadrealista, eksistencialista ali pripadnika magičnega realizma. Zaradi navedenih razlogov se večina avtorjev nemških literarnih zgodovin odloča za upoštevanje historičnega kriterija in pisatelja umešča v ekspresionizem.
Le coeur imputrescible ali poezija za konec časov
Authors: Turk Boštjan Marko
Published: September 2019

Interpretacija Neiztrohnjenega srca govori za to, da je pesnik uporabil aparat krščanske veroizpovedi, da bi po analogiji s sodnim dnem opozoril na tisto, kar bo po koncu časov najbolj vidnega ostalo od človeštva: pesem, predvsem pa njen tvorec. Pri tem je globoko posegel po arzenalih, ki mu jih je nudilo njegovo znanje pesništva. Besedilo je artikuliral v romantični perspektivi, vendar zgolj toliko, da je iz filozofije gibanja potegnil premiso, s katero je pesem postavil v brezčasen prostor poslednje sodbe. Domnevati smemo, da je ob izteku ustvarjalne moči France Prešeren poemo napisal zato, da bi razodel širši smisel bivanja, tudi in predvsem zanamcem. Njeno sporočilo bi bilo, da si ob sodnem dnevu skupina idealiziranih posameznikov, sicer posvečenih v temeljno skrivnost, prizadeva obeležiti pokop mrliča, zadnjega v vrsti mislečega človeka. Pri tem jih vodi načelo, da naj se ta poslednji, k večnemu počitku položeni posameznik pomiri s kozmično celoto, tako da ji prepusti nedoumljivo skrivnost stvarstva: »pesmi večne«. S tem je krog sklenjen in opravilo človeka na Zemlji – ob zadnji sodbi – poveličano prav v tistem, kar si je za življenjski poklic izbral avtor elegične pesnitve. V tem smislu je pesnitev njegova najintimnejša duhovna oporoka in ključno napotilo, kako brati ter razumevati Poezije in zagonetnost njihovega avtorja.
Narrative Metamorphosis Through Images: The Case of Opening Miniatures in the Estoire del
Authors: Zor Miha
Published: September 2019

The article deals with pictorial metamorphosis in the opening pages of two early 14th-century manuscripts of the Estoire del saint Graal. Firstly, the episodes depicted are analysed iconographically and formally. Secondly, it explores how pictorial narrative is established in the multi-compartmentalised miniature, that is how the images are linked internally in order to convey a narrative that has its beginning and its ending. Thirdly, it is shown how the images in the opening miniature communicate with other miniatures in the manuscript and how the course of interpretation, signaled by the opening miniature, is succeeded and confirmed by the selection of episodes which are subsequently depicted, as well as by the way in which the episodes depicted are pictorially interpreted.
Discussing Medieval Dialogue between the Soul and the Body and Question of Dualism
Authors: Peklar Barbara
Published: September 2019

This contribution is based on the rejection of medieval dualism or on distinguishing the body from the flesh, as suggested by Suzannah Biernoff (2002). This differentiation corresponds to an interpretation of the body, actually corpse, within some of the body and soul debates including the popular Visio Philiberti. Here the body is not sinful flesh, but is presented neutrally or realistically (not grotesquely), because the personality is thematized instead of the ideology. Thus in this debate, physicality is distinct from problematic weakness, and expresses the individual. This means that, unlike in the transi where the individual is transient or perishes with the decaying flesh (and finally becomes an anonymous skeleton), individuality is not fixed to the flesh or inconstant matter. Rather, it is carried by the incorporeal body or spiritual image which is autonomous or distinct from its material grounding, and so individuality is not superficial. The difference between the body and the flesh is also maintained in illustrations, although they are corporeal images, since the parchment displays the image of the individual just as skin does, however, in the preparation of parchment, the flesh was removed from the skin. Or, in the picturesque words of Giles of Rome, “liquid is taken into and poured out of a waterskin but the skin remains”,44 meaning, in accordance with Paul (1 Corinthians 15, 49), individuality is the individual form, independent of material, and therefore worth preserving. In short, not only the individuality is important, but it also has to be expressed by the image.
Aleš Erjavec (ur.): Aesthetic Revolutions and Twentieth Century Avant-Garde Movements
Authors: Kreft Lev
Published: September 2019

Knjiga Estetske revolucije in avantgardna gibanja dvajsetega stoletja je nastala pod uredniškim vodstvom Aleša Erjavca kot skupni projekt skupine specialistov, od katerih se je vsak posvetil enemu od izbranih avantgardnih gibanj – Sascha Bru (italijanski futurizem), John E. Bowlt (ruski konstruktivizem), Raymond Spiteri (nadrealizem; situacionizem), David Craven (mehiški muralizem), Tyrus Miller (neoavantgarda v Združenih državah Amerike) in Miško Šuvaković (NSK). Vsaka od teh študij ima lastno interpretativno vrednost, obenem pa se vključuje v nov poskus uokvirjenja avantgardnih gibanj v pristop, ki ima sodobno teoretsko moč. Ta pristop in skupni okvir je razvil Aleš Erjavec v »Uvodu« in »Zaključku: Avantgarde, revolucije in estetika«. Potreba po novem pogledu na splošno izhaja iz empiričnega dejstva, da so avantgarde dvajsetega stoletja zdaj že zaključena zgodba ter da se s sodobnostjo in sodobno umetnostjo enaindvajsetega stoletja že kaže potreba po celovitejši in smiselni analizi celote tega za dvajseto stoletje značilnega pojava – tudi zaradi vprašanja, ali so avantgardna gibanja mogoča še naprej. Vendar je v izzivu, ki je potreboval tako ekipno raziskovanje, tudi povsem teoretski element. Če navedemo le tri najvidnejše teoretike avantgarde – Poggiolija, Bürgerja in Flakerja –, je Renato Poggioli sicer ponudil teorijo avantgarde, ki bi bila trajni pojav, vendar se je dejansko posvetil tistim iz prvega vala (1909–1930); Peter Bürger je temu istemu valu dal ime »historična avantgarda«, ker je bil prepričan, da je pripadala preteklosti in je neoavantgarda ne more nadaljevati; in le Aleksandar Flaker se je ukvarjal z vsemi tremi valovi avantgardnih gibanj (historična avantgarda, neoavantgarda, retrogarda – postsocialistična avantgarda) in prispeval tudi pomembno razlikovanje med optimalno projekcijo (razvito iz pobude Jurija Lotmana), ki je značilna za umetniške avantgarde, za razliko od političnih, ki gojijo utopijo, vendar je vztrajal pri umetniškosti avantgardnih gibanj, medtem ko njihove političnosti ni vključeval v analizo, ki se je posvečala le (proti-) umetniški vrednosti avantgard. Med te klasične teoretike in sodobnost se je vstavil postmodernizem, ki naj bi tako kot z modernizmom pospravil tudi z avantgardizmom, kar je med drugim onemogočalo širše prepoznanje postsocialističnih avantgardnih gibanj osemdesetih let prejšnjega stoletja.
Utopija 1515–2015 Thomas More: Utopija 1515 (prev. Bogdan Gradišnik). Stephen Duncombe: Odprta utopija 2015
Authors: Hedžet Tóth Cvetka
Published: September 2019

Ko danes, po petstotih letih, beremo Utopijo Thomasa Mora (7. 2. 1478 – 6. 7. 1535), vemo, da gre v sodobnem času spoznanje pred utopijo in ne več utopija pred spoznanjem. Kako torej brati Morovo Utopijo 1515 zdaj, ko utopizem pri mnogih velja domala že za totalitarizem? Morda sveta sploh ne želimo več spreminjati, kajti potopljeni smo v čisto samozadostno kritiko, ki je sama sebi namen, v stvarnosti nočemo več videti možnosti za drugačnost, ki bi lahko svet in razmere v njem spreminjala. Kot da bi postutopična, tj. protiutopična naravnanost pomenila razvojno usmeritev, ki vpije: Bolj kot se spreminja, bolj je isto. Večno vračanje enakega v podobi nič več načelo solidarnosti, ampak toleranca in povrhu se vsi v politiki drenjajo okrog sredine.
Recepcija Poslednje sodbe münchenskega slikarja Christopha Schwarza in odmevi Michelangelove Poslednje sodbe na Slovenskem
Authors: Cerkovnik Gašper
Published: September 2019

Študija je posvečena zanimivemu primeru recepcije specifične grafične predloge na Slovenskem v času protireformacije. V Srednji Evropi izjemno priljubljeni bakrorez s Poslednjo sodbo, ki ga je ok. leta 1590 izdelal Jan Sadeler st., je v tej regiji, kot kaže, dobil še posebne religiozne in politične konotacije. Grafični list reproducira danes izgubljeno sliko münchenskega slikarja Christopha Schwarza, nastalo v 80. letih 16. stoletja za vojvodinjo Renato Lotarinško, soprogo bavarskega vojvode Vilijema V. Slika je nastala pod občutnim vplivom Michelangelove Poslednje sodbe v Sikstinski kapeli. Prve kopije in reflekse po grafiki lahko najdemo na graškem dvoru in v njegovem tesnem krogu – slovenske dežele so bile v tem obdobju namreč del posebne politične tvorbe, imenovane Notranja Avstrija, s prestolnico v Gradcu. Dva slovenska primera lahko interpretiramo kot znak zvestobe vladajoči habsburški dinastiji, ki je imela tesne politične, religiozne in družinske vezi z münchenskim dvorom. Najpomembnejši primer najdemo v t. i. Lutrovski kleti v Sevnici, ki je bila najverjetneje v prvih dveh desetletjih 17. stoletja poslikana po naročilu Inocenca barona Moscona, pomembnega štajerskega plemiča in svetovalca nadvojvode Ferdinanda III. Drugi primer lahko sicer manj oprijemljivo povežemo z eno vodilnih lokalnih figur protireformacije, ljubljanskim škofom Tomažem Hrenom: poslikavo v župnijski cerkvi v Gradu nad Starim trgom pri Slovenj Gradcu, mogoče iz prve tretjine stoletja. S to grafiko lahko povežemo še dva zanimiva primera, vendar pri njiju ne moremo govoriti o tako močnih političnih konotacijah. Samo nekaj detajlov z grafike je bilo kopiranih na Poslednji sodbi iz ok. leta 1630 v župnijski cerkvi v Ormožu, prav tako pa tudi na tabelni sliki v romarski cerkvi Device Marije v Puščavi na Pohorju s konca stoletja, kjer lahko najdemo celo samostojen naslon na Michelangelovo sikstinsko fresko.
As Memórias de José Dirceu, o Maquiavel petista
Authors: Lemos Daniel De Souza
Published: September 2019

José Dirceu de Oliveira e Silva, a segunda liderança mais conhecida do Partido dos Trabalhadores lançou o primeiro volume da sua autobiografia: Zé Dirceu Memórias Volume I. Ao longo de 35 capítulos e dois anexos, o ex-exilado discorre sobre aquilo que considera os principais fatos de sua vida, carreira política e da história do Brasil pós-Era Vargas até o primeiro mandato de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva como presidente da República Federativa do Brasil. A presente resenha aponta as passagens mais relevantes do livro, bem como analisa a validade da leitura da mesma para a compreensão da história recente do país.
Characterization of aerosol hygroscopicity using Raman lidar measurements at the EARLINET station of Payerne
Authors: Navas-Guzmán Francisco , Martucci Giovanni , Collaud Coen Martine , Granados-Muñoz María José , Hervo Maxime , Sicard Michael , Haefele Alexander
Published: September 2019

Abstract. This study focuses on the analysis of aerosol hygroscopicity using remote sensing techniques. Continuous observations of aerosol backscatter coefficient (βaer), temperature (T) and water vapor mixing ratio (r) have been performed by means of a Raman lidar system at the aerological station of MeteoSwiss at Payerne (Switzerland) since 2008. These measurements allow us to monitor in a continuous way any change in aerosol properties as a function of the relative humidity (RH). These changes can be observed either in time at a constant altitude or in altitude at a constant time. The accuracy and precision of RH measurements from the lidar have been evaluated using the radiosonde (RS) technique as a reference.
A total of 172 RS profiles were used in this intercomparison, which revealed a bias smaller than 4 % RH and a standard deviation smaller than 10 % RH between both techniques in the whole (in lower) troposphere at nighttime (at daytime), indicating the good performance of the lidar for characterizing RH. A methodology to identify situations favorable to studying aerosol hygroscopicity has been established, and the aerosol hygroscopicity has been characterized by means of the backscatter enhancement factor (fβ). Two case studies, corresponding to different types of aerosol, are used to illustrate the potential of this methodology. The first case corresponds to a mixture of rural aerosol and smoke particles (smoke mixture), which showed a higher hygroscopicity (fβ355=2.8 and fβ1064=1.8 in the RH range 73 %–97 %) than the second case, in which mineral dust was present (fβ355=1.2 and fβ1064=1.1 in the RH range 68 %–84 %). The higher sensitivity of the shortest wavelength to hygroscopic growth was qualitatively reproduced using Mie simulations. In addition, a good agreement was found between the hygroscopic analysis done in the vertical and in time for Case I, where the latter also allowed us to observe the hydration and dehydration of the smoke mixture. Finally, the impact of aerosol hygroscopicity on the Earth's radiative balance has been evaluated using the GAME (Global Atmospheric Model) radiative transfer model. The model showed an impact with an increase in absolute value of 2.4 W m−2 at the surface with respect to the dry conditions for the hygroscopic layer of Case I (smoke mixture).
Estimation of Cloud Condensation Nuclei number concentrations and comparison to in-situ and lidar observations during the HOPE experiments
Authors: Genz Christa , Schrödner Roland , Heinold Bernd , Henning Silvia , Baars Holger , Spindler Gerald , Tegen Ina
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosols are the precondition for the formation of cloud droplets and have thus large influence on the microphysical and radiative properties of clouds. In this work four different methods to derive potential cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentrations were analyzed and compared: A model parameterization based on simulated particle concentrations, the same parameterization based on gravimetrical particle measurements, direct CCN measurements with a CCN counter at a certain observation site and lidar derived CCN profiles. In order to allow for sensitivity studies of the anthropogenic impact, a scenario for the maximum CCN concentration under peak aerosol conditions (1985) was estimated as well. In general, the simulations are in good agreement with the observation. At ground level, an average value of around 1 × 109 CCN/m3 at a supersaturation of 0.2 % was found with all methods. The discrimination of the chemical species revealed an almost equal contribution of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate to the total number of potential CCN. This was not the case for the peak aerosol scenario, where almost no nitrate particles were formed. The potential activation at five different supersaturation values has been compared to the measurements. The discrepancies were lowest for the lowest and highest supersaturations, since chemical composition and the size distribution of the particles are less important in this range. In the mid supersaturation regime, the model overestimated the potentially activated particle fraction by around 30 %. The analysis of the modern (2013) and the peak aerosol scenario (1985) resulted in a scaling factor, which was defined as the quotient of the average vertical profile of the peak aerosol and present day CCN concentration. This factor was found to be around 2 close to the ground, increasing to around 3.5 between 2 and 5 km and approaching 1 (i.e., no difference between present day and peak aerosol conditions) with increasing height. By comparing the simulation with observed profiles, the vertical distribution of the potential CCN was found to be reasonable.
Calibration and Validation of the Polarimetric Radio Occultation and Heavy Precipitation experiment Aboard the PAZ Satellite
Authors: Padullés Ramon , Ao Chi O. , Turk F. Joseph , de la Torre Juárez Manuel , Iijima Byron , Wang Kuo-Nung , Cardellach Estel
Published: September 2019

Abstract. This manuscript presents the calibration and validation studies for the Radio Occultations and Heavy Precipitation experiment aboard the PAZ satellite. These studies, necessary to assess and characterize the noise level and robustness of the ΔΦ observable of Polarimetric Radio Occultations (PRO), confirm the good performance of the experiment and the capability of this technique in sensing precipitation. It is shown how all the predicted effects that could have an impact into the PRO observables (e.g. effect of metallic structures nearby the antenna, the Faraday Rotation at the ionosphere, signal impurities in the transmission, altered cross polarization isolation, etc.) are effectively calibrated and corrected, and they have a negligible effect into the final observable. The on-orbit calibration, performed using an extensive dataset of free-of-rain and low ionospheric activity observations, is successfully used to correct all the collected observations, which are further validated against independent precipitation observations confirming the sensitivity of the observables to the presence of hydrometeors. The validation results also show how vertically averaged ΔΦ can be used as a proxy for precipitation.
Assessing the peatland hummock–hollow classification framework using high-resolution elevation models: implications for appropriate complexity ecosystem modeling
Authors: Moore Paul A. , Lukenbach Maxwell C. , Thompson Dan K. , Kettridge Nick , Granath Gustaf , Waddington James M.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The hummock–hollow classification framework used to categorize peatland
ecosystem microtopography is pervasive throughout peatland experimental
designs and current peatland ecosystem modeling approaches. However,
identifying what constitutes a representative hummock–hollow pair within a
site and characterizing hummock–hollow variability within or between
peatlands remains largely unassessed. Using structure from motion (SfM),
high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) of hummock–hollow
microtopography were used to (1) examine how much area needs to be sampled
to characterize site-level microtopographic variation; and (2) examine the
potential role of microtopographic shape/structure on biogeochemical fluxes
using plot-level data from nine northern peatlands. To capture 95 % of
site-level microtopographic variability, on average, an aggregate sampling
area of 32 m2 composed of 10 randomly located plots was required. Both
site- (i.e. transect data) and plot-level (i.e. SfM-derived DEM) results show that
microtopographic variability can be described as a fractal at the submeter
scale, where contributions to total variance are very small below a 0.5 m
length scale. Microtopography at the plot level was often found to be
non-bimodal, as assessed using a Gaussian mixture model (GMM). Our findings
suggest that the non-bimodal distribution of microtopography at the
plot level may result in an undersampling of intermediate topographic
positions. Extended to the modeling domain, an underrepresentation of
intermediate microtopographic positions is shown to lead to potentially
large flux biases over a wide range of water table positions for ecosystem
processes which are non-linearly related to water and energy availability at
the moss surface. Moreover, our simple modeling results suggest that much
of the bias can be eliminated by representing microtopography with several
classes rather than the traditional two (i.e. hummock/hollow). A range of tools
examined herein can be used to easily parameterize peatland models, from
GMMs used as simple transfer functions to spatially explicit fractal
landscapes based on simple power-law relations between microtopographic
variability and scale.
A global gridded (0.1° × 0.1°) inventory of methane emissions from oil, gas, and coal exploitation based on national reports to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Authors: Scarpelli Tia R. , Jacob Daniel J. , Maasakkers Joannes D. , Sulprizio Melissa P. , Sheng Jian-Xiong , Rose Kelly , Romeo Lucy , Worden John R. , Janssens-Maenhout Greet
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Individual countries report national emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, in accordance with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). We present a global inventory of methane emissions from oil, gas, and coal exploitation that spatially disaggregates the national emissions reported to the UNFCCC. Our inventory is at 0.1° × 0.1° resolution and resolves the subsectors of oil and gas exploitation, from upstream to downstream, and the different emission processes (leakage, venting, flaring). Global emissions for 2016 are 41.5 Tg a−1 for oil, 24.4 Tg a−1 for gas, and 31.3 Tg a−1 for coal. An array of databases is used to spatially allocate national emissions to infrastructure including wells, pipelines, oil refineries, gas processing plants, gas compressor stations, gas storage facilities, and coal mines. Gridded error estimates are provided in normal and lognormal forms based on emission factor uncertainties from the IPCC. Our inventory shows large differences with the EDGAR v4.3.2 global gridded inventory both at the national scale and in finer-scale spatial allocation. Use of our inventory as prior estimate in inverse analyses of atmospheric methane observations allows investigation of individual subsector contributions and can serve policy needs by evaluating the national emissions totals reported to the UNFCCC. Gridded data sets can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/HH4EUM.
Introducing PebbleCounts: a grain-sizing tool for photo surveys of dynamic gravel-bed rivers
Authors: Purinton Benjamin , Bookhagen Bodo
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Grain-size distributions are a key geomorphic metric of gravel-bed rivers. Traditional measurement methods include manual counting or photo sieving, but these are achievable only at the 1–10 m2 scale. With the advent of drones and increasingly high-resolution cameras, we can now generate orthoimagery over hectares at millimeter to centimeter resolution. These scales, along with the complexity of high-mountain rivers, necessitate different approaches for photo sieving. As opposed to other image segmentation methods that use a watershed approach, our open-source algorithm, PebbleCounts, relies on k-means clustering in the spatial and spectral domain and rapid manual selection of well-delineated grains. This improves grain-size estimates for complex riverbed imagery, without post-processing. We also develop a fully automated method, PebbleCountsAuto, that relies on edge detection and filtering suspect grains, without the k-means clustering or manual selection steps. The algorithms are tested in controlled indoor conditions on three arrays of pebbles and then applied to 12 × 1 m2 orthomosaic clips of high-energy mountain rivers collected with a camera-on-mast setup (akin to a low-flying drone). A 20-pixel b-axis length lower truncation is necessary for attaining accurate grain-size distributions. For the k-means PebbleCounts approach, average percentile bias and precision are 0.03 and 0.09 ψ, respectively, for ∼1.16 mm pixel−1 images, and 0.07 and 0.05 ψ for one 0.32 mm pixel−1 image. The automatic approach has higher bias and precision of 0.13 and 0.15 ψ, respectively, for ∼1.16 mm pixel−1 images, but similar values of −0.06 and 0.05 ψ for one 0.32 mm pixel−1 image. For the automatic approach, only at best 70 % of the grains are correct identifications, and typically around 50 %. PebbleCounts operates most effectively at the 1 m2 patch scale, where it can be applied in ∼5–10 min on many patches to acquire accurate grain-size data over 10–100 m2 areas. These data can be used to validate PebbleCountsAuto, which may be applied at the scale of entire survey sites (102–104 m2). We synthesize results and recommend best practices for image collection, orthomosaic generation, and grain-size measurement using both algorithms.
Detecting causality signal in instrumental measurements and climate model simulations: global warming case study
Authors: Verbitsky Mikhail Y. , Mann Michael E. , Steinman Byron A. , Volobuev Dmitry M.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Detecting the direction and strength of the causality signal in
observed time series is becoming a popular tool for exploration of
distributed systems such as Earth's climate system. Here, we suggest that in
addition to reproducing observed time series of climate variables within
required accuracy a model should also exhibit the causality relationship
between variables found in nature. Specifically, we propose a novel
framework for a comprehensive analysis of climate model responses to
external natural and anthropogenic forcing based on the method of
conditional dispersion. As an illustration, we assess the causal
relationship between anthropogenic forcing (i.e., atmospheric carbon dioxide
concentration) and surface temperature anomalies. We demonstrate a strong
directional causality between global temperatures and carbon dioxide
concentrations (meaning that carbon dioxide affects temperature more
than temperature affects carbon dioxide) in both the observations and in
(Coupled Model
Intercomparison Project phase 5; CMIP5) climate model simulated temperatures.
CARBON-DISC 1.0 – A coupled, process-based model of global in-stream carbon biogeochemistry
Authors: van Hoek Wim Joost , Vilmin Lauriane , Beusen Arthur H. W. , Mogollón José M. , Liu Xiaochen , Langeveld Joep J. , Bouwman Alexander F. , Middelburg Jack J.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Here, we present the implementation of the freshwater carbon (C) cycle in the Dynamic In-stream Chemistry module (CARBON-DISC), which is part of the Integrated Model to Assess the Global Environment-Dynamic Global Nutrient Model (IMAGE-DGNM). A coupled hydrology-biogeochemistry approach with 0.5 by 0.5-degree resolution accounts for the spatial and temporal variability in dynamic conditions in the aquatic continuum using independent global databases. This process-based model resolves the concentrations, transformations and transfer fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and terrestrial and autochthonous particulate organic carbon (POC) from headwaters to river mouth with a time step of 1 month for the period 1950–2000. This is a major step forward in basin scale modelling of the C processing in freshwater systems, since simulated results can be validated at every location and point in time, and the model can be applied for retrodiction and to analyse future scenarios. Validation of the model with long-term measurement data shows a fair agreement, considering that this is a global model. To analyse the performance of the full production-respiration DISC module, two other schemes are presented, including an abiotic system excluding any in-stream processing of DOC and allochthonous production, and an extended abiotic system including heterotrophic respiration, but excluding production. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis shows that many parameters, such as temperature, solar radiation, organic sediment mineralization rate and C inputs, including particulate organic carbon from terrestrial vegetation and dissolved inorganic carbon from groundwater, strongly affect atmosphere-freshwater exchange of CO2.
HR3DHG version 1: modelling the spatio-temporal dynamics of mercury in the Augusta Bay (southern Italy)
Authors: Denaro Giovanni , Salvagio Manta Daniela , Borri Alessandro , Bonsignore Maria , Valenti Davide , Quinci Enza , Cucco Andrea , Spagnolo Bernardo , Sprovieri Mario , De Gaetano Andrea
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The biogeochemical dynamics of Hg, and specifically of its three species Hg0, HgII, and MeHg (elemental, inorganic, and organic, respectively) in the marine coastal area of Augusta Bay (southern Italy) have been explored by the high resolution 3D Hg (HR3DHG) model, namely an advection-diffusion-reaction model for the dissolved mercury in the seawater compartment coupled with i) a diffusion-reaction model for dissolved mercury in the pore water of sediments and ii) a sorption/de-sorption model for total mercury in the sediments. The spatio-temporal variability of dissolved and total mercury concentration both in seawater ([HgD] and [HgT]) first layers of bottom sediments ([HgsedD] and [HgsedT]), and the Hg fluxes at the boundaries of the 3D model domain have been theoretically reproduced, showing an excellent agreement with the experimental data, collected in multiple field observations during six different oceanographic cruises. The mass-balance of the different Hg species in seawater has been calculated for the Augusta Harbor, improving previous estimations. The HR3DHG model includes modules that can be implemented for specific and detailed exploration of the effects of climate change on the spatio-temporal distribution of Hg in highly contaminated coastal-marine areas.
Representation and improved parameterization of reservoir operation in hydrological and land-surface models
Authors: Yassin Fuad , Razavi Saman , Elshamy Mohamed , Davison Bruce , Sapriza-Azuri Gonzalo , Wheater Howard
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Reservoirs significantly affect flow regimes in watershed systems by changing the magnitude and timing of streamflows. Failure to represent these effects limits the performance of hydrological and land-surface models (H-LSMs) in the many highly regulated basins across the globe
and limits the applicability of such models to investigate the futures of
watershed systems through scenario analysis (e.g., scenarios of climate,
land use, or reservoir regulation changes). An adequate representation of
reservoirs and their operation in an H-LSM is therefore essential for a
realistic representation of the downstream flow regime. In this paper, we
present a general parametric reservoir operation model based on piecewise-linear relationships between reservoir storage, inflow, and release to
approximate actual reservoir operations. For the identification of the model
parameters, we propose two strategies: (a) a “generalized”
parameterization that requires a relatively limited amount of data and
(b) direct calibration via multi-objective optimization when more data on
historical storage and release are available. We use data from 37 reservoir
case studies located in several regions across the globe for developing and
testing the model. We further build this reservoir operation model into the
MESH (Modélisation Environmentale-Surface et Hydrologie) modeling system, which is a large-scale H-LSM. Our results across the
case studies show that the proposed reservoir model with both
parameter-identification strategies leads to improved simulation accuracy
compared with the other widely used approaches for reservoir operation
simulation. We further show the significance of enabling MESH with this
reservoir model and discuss the interdependent effects of the simulation
accuracy of natural processes and that of reservoir operations on the overall
model performance. The reservoir operation model is generic and can be
integrated into any H-LSM.
IMPROVEMENT OF EXISTING AND DEVELOPMENT OF FUTURE COPERNICUS LAND MONITORING PRODUCTS – THE ECOLASS PROJECT
Authors: Sevillano Marco E. , Herrmann D. , Schwab K. , Schweitzer K. , Almengor R. , Berndt F. , Sommer C. , Probeck M.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The Horizon 2020 project ECoLaSS (Evolution of Copernicus Land Services based on Sentinel data) contributes to improving existing and developing next-generation Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (CLMS) products. The High Resolution Layers (HRLs) are currently produced in regular 3-year intervals at 10–20 meter spatial resolution for 39 European countries (EEA 39). Evolving scientific developments and user requirements are continuously analysed in a close stakeholder interaction process with the European Entrusted Entities (EEE), targeting a future pan-European roll-out of new/improved CLMS products and assessing transferability to global applications. Products and methods are being prototypically demonstrated. Representative sites (60,000–90,000 km2) were selected, covering boreal, Mediterranean, steppic, Atlantic, alpine and continental conditions. Improvements comprise yearly updates of enhanced dominant leaf types and tree cover change layers, better-quality permanent grassland classification and use categorisation. Novel products target agriculture products (i.e., crop mask, crop types). Temporal analysis, based on optical (Sentinel-2) and SAR (Sentinel-1) satellite data, makes use of temporal feature descriptors (multiple temporal statistical metrics) derived from spectral bands and indices (e.g., VV/VH ratio and NDVVVH from SAR data and NDWI, NDVI, Brightness and IRECI from optical data). Overall accuracies range from 77–98%. Rigorous benchmarking is applied to assess the prototypes’ operational readiness and technical maturity for integration into the CLMS architecture.
From mapped faults to fault-length earthquake magnitude (FLEM): a test on Italy with methodological implications
Authors: Trippetta Fabio , Petricca Patrizio , Billi Andrea , Collettini Cristiano , Cuffaro Marco , Lombardi Anna Maria , Scrocca Davide , Ventura Giancarlo , Morgante Andrea , Doglioni Carlo
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Empirical scaling relationships between fault or slip dimensions and earthquake magnitudes
are often used to assess the maximum possible earthquake magnitude of a territory.
Upon the assumption of the reactivability of any fault,
the earthquake magnitudes derived from the surface fault length (FLEM) are compared at the national scale in Italy against catalogued magnitudes. FLEMs are obtained by
considering a comprehensive fault dataset regardless of fault age, stress field orientation, strain rate, etc.
In particular, (1) a comprehensive catalogue of all known faults is compiled by merging the most complete databases available;
(2) FLEM is then derived from fault length; and
(3) the resulting FLEMs are compared (i.e. the mathematical difference) with catalogued earthquake magnitudes.
Results show that the largest FLEMs as well as the largest differences between FLEMs and catalogued magnitudes are observed for
poorly constrained faults, mainly inferred from subsurface data.
It is suggested that these areas have to be further characterized to better estimate fault dimension and segmentation
and hence properly assess the FLEM.
Where, in contrast, the knowledge of faults is geologically well constrained,
the calculated FLEM is often consistent with the catalogued seismicity, with the 2σ value of the distribution of differences
being 1.47 and reducing to 0.53 when considering only the Mw≥6.5 earthquakes.
Our work highlights areas, in Italy, where further detailed studies on faults are required.