bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Data Mining Technology on Surveillance Report Data of HIV/AIDS High‐Risk Group in Urumqi from 2009 to 2015
Authors: Tang Dandan , Zhang Man , Xu Jiabo , Zhang Xueliang , Yang Fang , Li Huling , Feng Li , Wang Kai , Zheng Yujian
Published: December 2018

Objective. Urumqi is one of the key areas of HIV/AIDS infection in Xinjiang and in China. The AIDS epidemic is spreading from high‐risk groups to the general population, and the situation is still very serious. The goal of this study was to use four data mining algorithms to establish the identification model of HIV infection and compare their predictive performance. Method. The data from the sentinel monitoring data of the three groups of high‐risk groups (injecting drug users (IDU), men who have sex with men (MSM), and female sex workers (FSW)) in Urumqi from 2009 to 2015 included demographic characteristics, sex behavior, and serological detection results. Then we used age, marital status, education level, and other variables as input variables and whether to infect HIV as output variables to establish four prediction models for the three datasets. We also used confusion matrix, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, recall, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) to evaluate classification performance and analyzed the importance of predictive variables. Results. The final experimental results show that random forests algorithm obtains the best results, the diagnostic accuracy for random forests on MSM dataset is 94.4821%, 97.5136% on FSW dataset, and 94.6375% on IDU dataset. The k‐nearest neighbors algorithm came out second, with 91.5258% diagnostic accuracy on MSM dataset, 96.3083% diagnostic accuracy on FSW dataset, and 90.8287% diagnostic accuracy on IDU dataset, followed by support vector machine (94.0182%, 98.0369%, and 91.3571%). The decision tree algorithm was the poorest among the four algorithms, with 79.1761% diagnostic accuracy on MSM dataset, 87.0283% diagnostic accuracy on FSW dataset, and 74.3879% accuracy on IDU. Conclusions. Data mining technology, as a new method of assisting disease screening and diagnosis, can help medical personnel to screen and diagnose AIDS rapidly from a large number of information.
5G NB-IoT: Efficient Network Traffic Filtering for Multitenant IoT Cellular Networks
Authors: Salva-Garcia Pablo , Alcaraz-Calero Jose M. , Wang Qi , Bernabe Jorge Bernal , Skarmeta Antonio
Published: December 2018

Internet of Things (IoT) is a key business driver for the upcoming fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks, which in turn will enable numerous innovative IoT applications such as smart city, mobile health, and other massive IoT use cases being defined in 5G standards. To truly unlock the hidden value of such mission-critical IoT applications in a large scale in the 5G era, advanced self-protection capabilities are entailed in 5G-based Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) networks to efficiently fight off cyber-attacks such as widespread Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. However, insufficient research has been conducted in this crucial area, in particular, few if any solutions are capable of dealing with the multiple encapsulated 5G traffic for IoT security management. This paper proposes and prototypes a new security framework to achieve the highly desirable self-organizing networking capabilities to secure virtualized, multitenant 5G-based IoT traffic through an autonomic control loop featured with efficient 5G-aware traffic filtering. Empirical results have validated the design and implementation and demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed system, which is capable of processing thousands of 5G-aware traffic filtering rules and thus enables timely protection against large-scale attacks.
Hepatic Endothelial Notch Activation Protects against Liver Metastasis by Regulating Endothelial-Tumor Cell Adhesion Independent of Angiocrine Signaling
Authors: Wohlfeil Sebastian A. , Häfele Verena , Dietsch Bianca , Schledzewski Kai , Winkler Manuel , Zierow Johanna , Leibing Thomas , Mohammadi Mona Malek , Heineke Joerg , Sticht Carsten , Olsavszky Victor , Koch Philipp-Sebastian , Géraud Cyrill , Goerdt Sergij
Published: December 2018

The interaction of tumor cells with organ-specific endothelial cells (EC) is an important step during metastatic progression. Notch signaling in organ-specific niches has been implicated in mediating opposing effects on organotropic metastasis to the lungs and the liver, respectively. In this study, we scrutinized the role of endothelial Notch activation during liver metastasis. To target hepatic EC (HEC), a novel EC subtype-specific Cre driver mouse was generated. Clec4g-Cretg/wt mice were crossed to Rosa26N1ICD-IRES-GFP to enhance Notch signaling in HEC (NICDOE-HEC). In NICDOE-HEC mice, hepatic metastasis of malignant melanoma and colorectal carcinoma was significantly reduced. These mice revealed reduced liver growth and impaired metabolic zonation due to suppression of hepatic angiocrine Wnt signaling. Hepatic metastasis, however, was not controlled by angiocrine Wnt signaling, as deficiency of the Wnt cargo receptor Wls in HEC of WlsHEC-KO mice did not affect hepatic metastasis. In contrast, the hepatic microvasculature in NICDOE-HEC mice revealed a special form of sinusoidal capillarization, with effacement of endothelial zonation functionally paralleled by reduced tumor cell adhesion in vivo. Notably, expression of endothelial adhesion molecule ICAM1 by HEC was significantly reduced. Treatment with an anti-ICAM1 antibody significantly inhibited tumor cell adhesion to HEC in wild-type mice confirming that Notch controls hepatic metastasis via modulation of HEC adhesion molecules. As endothelial Notch activation in the lung has been shown to promote lung metastasis, tumor therapy will require approaches that target Notch in an organ-, cell type-, and context-specific manner.

Significance:

Manipulation of Notch signaling in the endothelium has opposing, organ-specific effects on metastasis to the lung and the liver, demonstrating that this pathway should be targeted in a cell- and context-specific fashion.
Radiosensitivity Is an Acquired Vulnerability of PARPi-Resistant BRCA1-Deficient Tumors
Authors: Barazas Marco , Gasparini Alessia , Huang Yike , Küçükosmanoğlu Asli , Annunziato Stefano , Bouwman Peter , Sol Wendy , Kersbergen Ariena , Proost Natalie , de Korte-Grimmerink Renske , van de Ven Marieke , Jonkers Jos , Borst Gerben R. , Rottenberg Sven
Published: December 2018

The defect in homologous recombination (HR) found in BRCA1-associated cancers can be therapeutically exploited by treatment with DNA-damaging agents and PARP inhibitors. We and others previously reported that BRCA1-deficient tumors are initially hypersensitive to the inhibition of topoisomerase I/II and PARP, but acquire drug resistance through restoration of HR activity by the loss of end-resection antagonists of the 53BP1/RIF1/REV7/Shieldin/CST pathway. Here, we identify radiotherapy as an acquired vulnerability of 53BP1;BRCA1-deficient cells in vitro and in vivo. In contrast to the radioresistance caused by HR restoration through BRCA1 reconstitution, HR restoration by 53BP1 pathway inactivation further increases radiosensitivity. This highlights the relevance of this pathway for the repair of radiotherapy-induced damage. Moreover, our data show that BRCA1-mutated tumors that acquire drug resistance due to BRCA1-independent HR restoration can be targeted by radiotherapy.

Significance:

These findings uncover radiosensitivity as a novel, therapeutically viable vulnerability of BRCA1-deficient mouse mammary cells that have acquired drug resistance due to the loss of the 53BP1 pathway.
Alternative Acts: Oncogenic Splicing of Steroidogenic Enzymes in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Mostaghel Elahe A.
Published: December 2018

Castration-resistant prostate cancer is characterized by loss of the androgen inactivation enzyme HSD17B2, emphasizing the importance of intratumoral androgens in tumor progression. Inactive isoforms generated by alternative splicing destabilize the wild-type enzyme, adding steroidogenesis to other prostate cancer drivers that undergo oncogenic splicing, highlighting aberrant splicing as a therapeutic target.

See related article by Gao et al., p. 1291
Virus, Vessel, Victory: A Novel Approach to Tumor Killing
Authors: Bykov Yonina , Zamarin Dmitriy
Published: December 2018

Ovarian cancer is intimately dependent on aberrant tumor vasculature. A unique therapeutic approach combining a systemic oncolytic virus with a novel vascular-normalizing agent in ovarian cancer demonstrates the potential to enhance antitumor efficacy through improved delivery of the virus and enhanced infiltration of immune cells into the tumors.

See related article by Matuszewska et al., p. 1624
Palimpsesto Auri-verde
Authors: Ruggiero Amanda Saba , Gregori Marcia Sandoval
Published: December 2018

O artigo analisa os vários níveis de significado que a bandeira e suas cores predominantes, o verde e o amarelo, imprimem de tempos em tempos sobre episódios políticos, manifestações culturais e movimentos sociais, a configurar indeterminações e limites imprecisos. As cores evocam união nacional, mas em alguns casos podem dissimular profundas rupturas sociais. A temática nacionalista desperta interesse, em pleno período de copa do mundo aliada à desenfreada instalação de estandartes nacionais nas principais avenidas e pontes da cidade de São Paulo, quando a grave crise política e econômica acentua as disputas sociais no país.
Casa-museu, escala e território
Authors: Barbosa Paulo Eduardo
Published: December 2018

O artigo discute as práticas e procedimentos da casa-museu ante as transformações por que passa a experiência urbana apontando as diferentes escalas de ação das instituições voltadas à memória no território.
Associations of Echocardiography Markers and Vascular Brain Lesions: The ARIC Study
Authors: Johansen Michelle C. , Shah Amil M. , Lirette Seth T. , Griswold Michael , Mosley Thomas H. , Solomon Scott D. , Gottesman Rebecca F.
Published: December 2018

Background

Associations between subtle changes in cardiac and cerebral structure and function are not well understood, with some studies suggesting that subclinical cardiac changes may be associated with markers of vascular brain insult.

Methods and Results

Data from the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) Study (5th
ARIC
visit; 2011‐2013; N=1974) were used to explore relationships between abnormalities of cardiac structure/function and subclinical brain disease and to test specific associations between those cardiac and vascular brain changes that share a common mechanism. In adjusted models white matter hyperintensities were 0.66 cm
3
greater (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.08‐1.25) for every 1‐mm increase in left ventricular
LV
wall thickness and 0.64 cm
3
greater (95%
CI
0.19‐1.08) for every 10 g/m
2
increase in
LV
mass index, both markers of
LV
structure. Odds of brain infarction also increased with greater
LV
wall thickness (odds ratio 1.11, 95%
CI
1.01‐1.23 per 1 mm) and larger
LV
mass (odds ratio 1.08, 95%
CI
1.00‐1.17 per 10 g/m
2
). Higher ejection fraction (per 5%), a marker of systolic function, was significantly associated with decreased odds of overall infarct (odds ratio 0.85, 95%
CI
0.77‐0.95), but not with cortical infarction (odds ratio 0.92, 95%
CI
0.78‐1.08).

Conclusions

Among elderly participants in a large cohort study, subclinical markers of
LV
structure and
LV
systolic dysfunction were associated with increased odds of brain infarction and more white matter hyperintensities, independent of other vascular risk factors. This suggests end‐organ dysfunction occurs in the heart and brain in parallel, with further studies needed to determine causality.
Modeling Past and Future for Neural Machine Translation
Authors: Zheng Zaixiang , Zhou Hao , Huang Shujian , Mou Lili , Dai Xinyu , Chen Jiajun , Tu Zhaopeng
Published: December 2018

Existing neural machine translation systems do not explicitly model what has been translated and what has not during the decoding phase. To address this problem, we propose a novel mechanism that separates the source information into two parts: translated Past contents and untranslated Future contents, which are modeled by two additional recurrent layers. The Past and Future contents are fed to both the attention model and the decoder states, which provides Neural Machine Translation (NMT) systems with the knowledge of translated and untranslated contents. Experimental results show that the proposed approach significantly improves the performance in Chinese-English, German-English, and English-German translation tasks. Specifically, the proposed model outperforms the conventional coverage model in terms of both the translation quality and the alignment error rate.
Knowledge Completion for Generics using Guided Tensor Factorization
Authors: Sedghi Hanie , Sabharwal Ashish
Published: December 2018

Given a knowledge base or KB containing (noisy) facts about common nouns or generics, such as “all trees produce oxygen” or “some animals live in forests”, we consider the problem of inferring additional such facts at a precision similar to that of the starting KB. Such KBs capture general knowledge about the world, and are crucial for various applications such as question answering. Different from commonly studied named entity KBs such as Freebase, generics KBs involve quantification, have more complex underlying regularities, tend to be more incomplete, and violate the commonly used locally closed world assumption (LCWA). We show that existing KB completion methods struggle with this new task, and present the first approach that is successful. Our results demonstrate that external information, such as relation schemas and entity taxonomies, if used appropriately, can be a surprisingly powerful tool in this setting. First, our simple yet effective knowledge guided tensor factorization approach achieves state-of-the-art results on two generics KBs (80% precise) for science, doubling their size at 74%–86% precision. Second, our novel taxonomy guided, submodular, active learning method for collecting annotations about rare entities (e.g., oriole, a bird) is 6x more effective at inferring further new facts about them than multiple active learning baselines.
Leveraging Orthographic Similarity for Multilingual Neural Transliteration
Authors: Kunchukuttan Anoop , Khapra Mitesh , Singh Gurneet , Bhattacharyya Pushpak
Published: December 2018

We address the task of joint training of transliteration models for multiple language pairs ( multilingual transliteration). This is an instance of multitask learning, where individual tasks (language pairs) benefit from sharing knowledge with related tasks. We focus on transliteration involving related tasks i.e., languages sharing writing systems and phonetic properties ( orthographically similar languages). We propose a modified neural encoder-decoder model that maximizes parameter sharing across language pairs in order to effectively leverage orthographic similarity. We show that multilingual transliteration significantly outperforms bilingual transliteration in different scenarios (average increase of 58% across a variety of languages we experimented with). We also show that multilingual transliteration models can generalize well to languages/language pairs not encountered during training and hence perform well on the zeroshot transliteration task. We show that further improvements can be achieved by using phonetic feature input.
Learning to Remember Translation History with a Continuous Cache
Authors: Tu Zhaopeng , Liu Yang , Shi Shuming , Zhang Tong
Published: December 2018

Existing neural machine translation (NMT) models generally translate sentences in isolation, missing the opportunity to take advantage of document-level information. In this work, we propose to augment NMT models with a very light-weight cache-like memory network, which stores recent hidden representations as translation history. The probability distribution over generated words is updated online depending on the translation history retrieved from the memory, endowing NMT models with the capability to dynamically adapt over time. Experiments on multiple domains with different topics and styles show the effectiveness of the proposed approach with negligible impact on the computational cost.
Generating Sentences by Editing Prototypes
Authors: Guu Kelvin , Hashimoto Tatsunori B. , Oren Yonatan , Liang Percy
Published: December 2018

We propose a new generative language model for sentences that first samples a prototype sentence from the training corpus and then edits it into a new sentence. Compared to traditional language models that generate from scratch either left-to-right or by first sampling a latent sentence vector, our prototype-then-edit model improves perplexity on language modeling and generates higher quality outputs according to human evaluation. Furthermore, the model gives rise to a latent edit vector that captures interpretable semantics such as sentence similarity and sentence-level analogies.
Linear Algebraic Structure of Word Senses, with Applications to Polysemy
Authors: Arora Sanjeev , Li Yuanzhi , Liang Yingyu , Ma Tengyu , Risteski Andrej
Published: December 2018

Word embeddings are ubiquitous in NLP and information retrieval, but it is unclear what they represent when the word is polysemous. Here it is shown that multiple word senses reside in linear superposition within the word embedding and simple sparse coding can recover vectors that approximately capture the senses. The success of our approach, which applies to several embedding methods, is mathematically explained using a variant of the random walk on discourses model (Arora et al., 2016). A novel aspect of our technique is that each extracted word sense is accompanied by one of about 2000 “discourse atoms” that gives a succinct description of which other words co-occur with that word sense. Discourse atoms can be of independent interest, and make the method potentially more useful. Empirical tests are used to verify and support the theory.
Planning, Inference and Pragmatics in Sequential Language Games
Authors: Khani Fereshte , Goodman Noah D. , Liang Percy
Published: December 2018

We study sequential language games in which two players, each with private information, communicate to achieve a common goal. In such games, a successful player must (i) infer the partner’s private information from the partner’s messages, (ii) generate messages that are most likely to help with the goal, and (iii) reason pragmatically about the partner’s strategy. We propose a model that captures all three characteristics and demonstrate their importance in capturing human behavior on a new goal-oriented dataset we collected using crowdsourcing.
The Baumgartenberg Johannes Baptista: A Workshop Investigation
Authors: Murdoch Brian
Published: December 2018

The article tests the judgements made in earlier criticism about the early medieval German fragment known as the Baumgartenberg Johannes Baptista, questioning the assumptions made (and regularly accepted) regarding dating, influences, scope and possible content of the original. While no source has been found, it is possible that its roots are liturgical, specifically the Gospels for the Advent period, directly or through sermons. Other liturgical and exegetical reflections speak against the view of Kraus that the author was an uneducated secular priest, and it may be monastic.
Handschrift W Gottfrieds von Strassburg und das stabreimende Wortpaar — ii
Authors: Jeep John M.
Published: December 2018

A long-term project tracing the history of the alliterating word-pair in the earliest recorded stages of German returns to Gottfried von Straßburg on the occasion of a new edition of manuscript W. For the first time, each and every such pair is documented and analysed within the context of Tristan, including comprehensive findings in recent studies on alliterating word-pairs in Old High and Early Middle High German, and in comparison with Ranke’s edition. Gottfried’s use of the pair consitutes a major factor within his rhetorical arsenal. Related yet different phraseological phenomena are also addressed in the context of philological research on Gottfried’s work.
“Der Wald war sein Schicksal . . . .” An Ecocritical Reading of the Nibelungenlied
Authors: Classen Albrecht
Published: December 2018

This article explores, informed by recent ecocritical thinking regarding the interpretation of literature in past and present, the symbolic function of the forest space in the Middle High German heroic epic Nibelungenlied. Intriguingly, both the protagonist Siegfried and his nemesis Hagen operate in, through, and with the forest, but only Siegfried emerges as a true master of the forest, which provides him, through various channels, with much of his true strength and power. In many respects, the poet projects the forest as an ominous space where the lives of the courtly protagonists are reflected and determined. However, each protagonist responds to and engages with the forest in different way. This ecocritical approach uncovers a heretofore mostly ignored perspective regarding the importance of the forest in the Nibelungenlied.
Große Helden in unruhigen Zeiten
Authors: Langbroek Erika , Brands Francis
Published: December 2018

The many similarities between two late-medieval novels, the High German Herzog Herpin and the Low German Valentyn vnde Namelos, have led the authors to the following considerations. What function did the Herpin have for the highborn young in wide circles of the impoverished nobility in the fifteenth century? And could one see in Namelos vnde Valentyn in the Hanseatic North an attempt to imitate the South, namely, as an indication of the growing awareness of a northerly new “nobility”, of the prosperous merchant on the Baltic coast?

Die vielen Übereinstimmungen zwischen zwei spätmittelalterlichen Romanen, dem hochdeutschen Herzog Herpin und dem niederdeutschen Valentyn vnde Namelos haben zu den folgenden Erwägungen geführt: Welche Funktion hatte der Herpin für die adlige Jugend in weiten Kreisen des verarmten Adels im 15. Jahrhundert? Und könnte man in Namelos vnde Valentyn im hanseatischen Norden einen Versuch sehen, es dem Süden nachzumachen, nämlich als Zeichen des zunehmenden Bewusstseins eines nördlichen neuen ‘Adels’, des wohlhabenden Kaufmannes an der Ostseeküste?

This article is in German Language.
Bees, Barley, Bēowulf and Beyla
Authors: Markey Thomas L.
Published: December 2018

A primary aim of this study is its attempt to uncover a prehistoric layer of cereal grain (barley) mythology and ritual that may have backgrounded the Beowulf-poem. Toward this end, the poem and the mythological figures of Byggvir, Beyla, Scef ‘sheaf’ and Scyld ‘shield’ are interpreted in terms of a conceivable ritual context. Moreover, cereal deities, their ritualized veneration and the possible associations between them are referenced to the scourge of ergotism that once threatened much of Europe. The scope of Beowulf as not only an heroic epic but as also a cultural repository is thereby amplified.
“Ih wallota sumaro enti wintro sehstic”: The Familiar and the Foreign in Old Germanic Studies
Authors: Porck Thijs
Published: December 2018

This collection celebrates the thirtieth anniversary of the Dutch Society for Old Germanic studies, the Vereniging voor Oudgermanisten. The collection brings together contributions by both veteran and early career members of the society and centres on the theme of the encounter between the familiar and the foreign. This theme is also of central importance in one of the most widely studied Old Germanic poems, the Hildebrandslied. This poem features the culmination of Hildebrand’s thirty-year exile: a one-on-one fight with his estranged son.
In Search of a Founding Mother: The Case of Auðr djúpauðga in Sturlubók
Authors: Vanherpen Sofie
Published: December 2018

This article presents an analysis of the tale of Auðr djúpauðga Ketilsdóttir and her family in Sturlubók—a masterful piece of storytelling praising an exemplary female settler and founding mother. Sturlubók preserves a unique representation of Auðr djúpauðga. What emerges from Sturla Þórðarson’s redaction of Landnámabók is not only an unambiguous depiction of Auðr djúpauðga but also a portrait that differs significantly from the one found in Laxdæla saga.
Monophthongization of ay/ai and aw/au: A Comparison between Arabic and Germanic Dialects
Authors: Philippa Kariem , Philippa Marlies , Roeleveld Annelies
Published: December 2018

In this paper, the author compares the monophthongization of ai/ay and au/aw in Old Germanic dialects and Arabic dialects. The main question is whether the monophthongizations of ai and au into ē and ō in the Germanic and Arabic dialects are phonologically comparable. This turns out to be the case to a large extent. In both linguistic groups there were biphonematic diphthongs in the protophase, followed by a monophonematic period, after which monophthongization could occur. Moreover, in both groups there were dialects without monopthongization and other dialects in which monophthongization was not finished and intermediate forms like ei and ou occurred. Another question is whether contacts between Germans and Arabs played a part in mutual monophthongization. This turns out to be highly unlikely.

Intriguingly, a different monophthongization should be taken into account as well: au and ai into ā and a, which also occurs in both dialect groups. I have conformed to the Arabist terminology for distinguishing between these monophthongizations: monopthongizations into ē and ō are called contraction monophtongizations, those into ā and a they call elision monophthongizations.
Vier Rätsel aus dem sechzehnten Jahrhundert
Authors: Langbroek Erika , Roeleveld Annelies
Published: December 2018

Folio 55verso of manuscript Serrure (kbr Brussel, ii 144) contains four puzzling riddles, which the authors describe and solve here.
Raub, Überfall und die Abwehr von Migranten in der Lex Salica (Titel xiv,1–8 + 11 und Auslagerungen, = D xv f.)
Authors: Seebold Elmar
Published: December 2018

Discussed are the Old Franconian glosses in regulations against robbery, attacks, and repulsion of migrants. The words listed at the end of the text (Ergebnisse) are discussed in detail.
Neo-Mooreanism Contextualism
Authors: Pritchard Duncan
Published: December 2018

Attributer contextualism has undoubtedly been the dominant anti-sceptical theory in the recent literature. Nevertheless, this view does face some fairly serious problems, and it is argued that when the contextualist position is compared to a refined version of the much derided 'Moorean' response to scepticism, then it becomes clear that there are distinct advantages to being a neo-Moorean rather than a contextualist.
Contesting Contextualism
Authors: Rysiew Patrick
Published: December 2018

According to Keith DeRose, the invariantist's attempt to account for the data which inspire contextualism fares no better, in the end, than the "desperate and lame" maneuvers of "the crazed theory of 'bachelor'", whereby 's being unmarried is not among the truth conditions of ' is a bachelor', but merely an implicature generated by an assertion thereof. Here, I outline the invariantist account I have previously proposed. I then argue that the prospects for sophisticated invariantism — either as a general approach, or in the specific form I have recommended — are not nearly as dim as DeRose suggests.
Avoiding the Dogmatic Commitments of Contextualism
Authors: Black Tim , Murphy Peter
Published: December 2018

Epistemological contextualists maintain that the truth-conditions of sentences of the form 'S knows that P' vary according to the context in which they're uttered, where this variation is due to the semantics of 'knows'. Among the linguistic data that have been offered in support of contextualism are several everyday cases. We argue that these cases fail to support contextualism and that they instead support epistemological invariantism—the thesis that the truth-conditions of 'S knows that P' do vary according to the context of their utterance.
A Contextualist Solution to the Gettier Problem
Authors: Douven Igor
Published: December 2018

According to the deontological view on justification, being justified in believing some proposition is a matter of having done one's epistemic duty with respect to that proposition. The present paper argues that, given a proper articulation of the deontological view, it is defensible that knowledge is justified true belief, virtually all epistemologists since Gettier. One important claim to be argued for is that once it is appreciated that it depends on contextual factors whether a person has done her epistemic duty with respect to a given proposition, many so-called Gettier cases, which are supposed to be cases of justified true belief that are not cases of knowledge, will be seen to be not really cases of justified belief after all. A second important claim is that the remaining alleged Gettier cases can be qualified as cases of knowledge. This requires that we countenance a notion of epistemic luck, but the requisite kind of luck is of a quite benign nature.
An Anti-Individualistic Semantics for 'Empty' Natural Kind Terms
Authors: Goldberg Sanford
Published: December 2018

Several authors (Boghossian 1998; Segal 2000) allege that 'empty' would-be natural kind terms are a problem for anti-individualistic semantics. In this paper I rebut the charge by providing an anti-individualistic semantics for such terms.
On the Sameness of Thoughts. Substitutional Quantifiers, Tense, and Belief
Authors: Santambrogio Marco
Published: December 2018

In order to know what a belief is, we need to know when it is appropriate to say that two subjects (or the same subject at two different times) believe(s) the same or entertain the same thought. This is not entirely straightforward. Consider for instance

1. Tom thinks that he himself is the smartest and Tim believes the same

2. In 2001, Bill believed that some action had to be taken to save the rain forest and today he believes the same.

What does Tim think? That he, Tim, is the smartest, or that Tom is? And what does Bill believe today? That action had to be taken in 2001 or that it has to be taken now? Both answers are intuitively acceptable. This has to be accounted for somehow.

Building on Mark Richard's work on tense, Scott Soames 1 claims that the substitutional interpretation of the quantifiers is unable to account for the intended meaning of such statements as (2) and the validity of some inferences involving them. I will show that his argument is not convincing. Not only does the substitutional interpretation fare no worse than the objectual one, but it seems to be able to avoid a problem which could be seriously damaging for any account of the sameness of thoughts based on the notion of structured proposition. In the first section, I state the problem allegedly raised by tensed belief ascriptions to the substitutional interpretation of the quantifiers. In the second, Soames's argument is shown to be flawed. I also show that the content of the that-clause in (2) is not faithfully represented by any kind of structured proposition. Finally, I show how the substitutional interpretation can handle all such statements as (1) and (2) and the inferences involving them.
Is It Always Good to Be Reasonable? (Ist es immer gut, vernünftig zu sein?)
Authors: Weber Konstantin
Published: December 2018

The claim that it is always good to be reasonable can be understood to mean either that being reasonable is always better than being unreasonable all things considered or that being reasonable is better than being unreasonable in at least one respect. This paper tries to evaluate both claims and argues for the second, weaker thesis while dismissing the first. To do this, two distinct ideas contained in our every-day understanding of reasonability are distinguished and formulated more precisely. It is then argued that, regardless of which idea we take to be fundamental, being reasonable is always good in at least one respect, though not always good all things considered.
Begonia species (Begoniaceae) from Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, Borneo, including two new species and a new subspecies
Authors: YIING LING CHEA , SANG JULIA , KIEW RUTH
Published: December 2018

Six species of Begonia are recorded from Gunung Penrissen in Padawan District, Sarawak, Malaysia including two new species (Begonia minutitepala and Begonia dasycaulis in Sect. Petermannia) and one new subspecies (Begonia natunaensis subsp. sarawakensis in Sect. Jackia). Detailed illustrated descriptions of the new taxa are provided together with a key to identify the species.
Begonia trevisoensis, a new species of Begonia sect. Pritzelia (Begoniaceae) from Santa Catarina State, Brazil
Authors: JARAMILLO JULIO C. , KOLLMANN LUDOVIC JEAN CHARLES , FIASCHI PEDRO
Published: December 2018

A new species of Begonia is documented from Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Begonia trevisoensis is so far known only from the municipality of Treviso, in the Southern part of Santa Catarina. The new species is similar to B. itatinensis, from which it can be distinguished by the leaf and stipule size and form. A detailed morphological description, line drawings, photographs, map, comparisons with morphologically similar species, conservation status and a discussion of the species sectional placement are provided.
A new species of Ferula (Apiaceae) from Malta
Authors: BRULLO SALVATORE , BRULLO CRISTIAN , CAMBRIA SALVATORE , GIUSSO DEL GALDO GIANPIETRO , SALMERI CRISTINA , BACCHETTA GIANLUIGI
Published: December 2018

Ferula melitensis, a new species from the Malta Archipelago, is described and illustrated. It belongs to the taxonomic group of F. communis, showing close relationships mainly with F. tunetana, F. arrigonii, F. communis s.str. and F. glauca, from which it differs in several features regarding the stem, leaves (mainly for shape and size of terminal segments), flowers and mericarps; other significant differences regard the ecology and phenology. The investigations, carried out on living plants, herbarium material and literature data, regard the morphological analysis of vegetative and reproductive structures, the anatomy of terminal leaf segments and mericarps, as well as the shape and size of seedlings. Previous phylogenetic approaches, based on nuclear and plastidial genome, have allowed to clarify better the relationships among F. melitensis and the other species of this group.
Pacific Influences on the Meridional Temperature Transport of the Indian Ocean
Authors: Ma Jie , Feng Ming , Sloyan Bernadette M. , Lan Jian
Published: December 2018

In this study, low-frequency variability of the meridional temperature transport in the Indian Ocean is examined using a mesoscale-eddy-resolving global ocean circulation model for the period 1979–2014. The dominant empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of the meridional temperature transport is found to be highly influenced by Pacific El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) through both oceanic and atmospheric waveguides, with the southward temperature transport being stronger during La Niña and weaker during El Niño. A dynamical decomposition of the meridional streamfunction and temperature transport shows that the relative importance of different dynamic modes varies with latitude; these modes act together to contribute to the coherent ENSO response. The Ekman mode explains a larger part of low-frequency variability in overturning and temperature transport north of the equator. Between 25° and 3°S, variations associated with vertical shear mode are of greater importance. The external mode has an important contribution between 30° and 25°S where the western boundary currents impinge on topography. South of 25°S, the variability of the external mode contribution has significant negative correlations with the vertical shear mode, suggesting that the large variability of external mode depends on the joint effects of baroclinicity and topography, such that hydrographic sections alone may not be suitable for deducing changes in the meridional temperature transport at these latitudes.
Electrified Cloud Areas Observed in the SHV and LDR Radar Modes
Authors: Melnikov Valery , Zrnić Dusan S. , Weber Mark E. , Fierro Alexandre O. , MacGorman Donald R.
Published: December 2018

Strong in-cloud electric fields align ice particles that can be observed with polarization diversity radars. Radar data collected in the simultaneous transmission mode, wherein horizontally and vertically polarized waves are simultaneously transmitted and received (SHV), and in a mode whereby a single-polarization wave is transmitted and dual (orthogonal)-polarization waves are received simultaneously [linear depolarization (LDR) mode] are analyzed. The necessary time delay between the SHV and LDR modes for our radar was about 1–4 min. The data show that the areas of canted crystals from the LDR mode are larger than those from the SHV mode, thereby indicating that the LDR mode is more sensitive to canted ice cloud particles than the SHV mode. The data also demonstrate that the differential phase and correlation coefficient in the LDR mode are indicative of canted cloud crystals and that these variables often are more sensitive to canted crystals than the linear depolarization ratio studied earlier. Rapidly scanning radars such as those with a phased array antenna could operate sequentially in the SHV and LDR modes and thus better detect cloud volumes characterized by enhanced electric fields.
Refugees, ethnic power relations, and civil conflict in the country of asylum
Authors: Rüegger Seraina
Published: December 2018

Many countries that face forced migrant inflows refuse to admit these uprooted people premised on negative externalities such as increased insecurity associated with refugee presence. Also, the academic literature on civil conflict identified refugee movements as a factor contributing to the regional clustering of war. Case-based evidence suggests that refugees can disturb the ethnic setup in the country of asylum and thereby trigger instability. To enhance the yet limited systematic understanding of the role of refugees in violent conflicts, this study examines the linkage between forced migrants, transnational connections, and ethnic civil conflict in the country of asylum with a large-N analysis, 1975–2013, arguing that ethnic power politics in the asylum state are determinant for intrastate conflict onset after a refugee influx. Statistical analysis finds that groups are particularly prone to conflict if they are excluded from governmental power and simultaneously host ethnic kin refugees, because a co-ethnic refugee influx enlarges the demographic and political leverage of the kin group, possibly resulting in clashes with other groups in the country. Hence, refugees alone do not consistently influence armed violence – only in combination with political tensions in the receiving country. Therefore, host governments should pursue inclusionary policies towards their population, to prevent dangerous instability, instead of closing borders or blaming refugees for domestic problems.
Sarah as victim and perpetrator: Whiteness, power, and memory in the matriarchal narrative
Authors: Reaves Jayme R.
Published: December 2018

Womanist biblical interpretation tradition calls for white women to see themselves, not as the marginalized character, but as the text’s oppressor. The text, and a community who reads that same text and has daily experiences of oppression, asks white women to recognize that, because of our position in society, we have wittingly or unwittingly been in the role of Sarah more often than we have been in the role of Hagar. Therefore, we have a responsibility to take that reality seriously by acknowledging it, delving deeper, being receptive to challenge, and allowing it to transform how we view, and operate within, the world. This article expands on and models this approach by acknowledging the ways in which the Sarah narrative has been read by white women, with a particular view to nineteenth-century historical readings in the context of American slavery as well as with an awareness of whiteness and white privilege. It seeks to dig deeper into the text to understand the fullness of Sarah’s experience as both victim and perpetrator, to hear the challenge to whiteness and privilege, and to find a way to read the text that speaks to the lived experience of the oppressed as well as giving challenge to the privileged.
Against ‘Aging’ – How to Talk about Growing Older
Authors: Gullette Margaret Morganroth
Published: December 2018

Language shapes thought, and ageist language invisibly spreads ageist thinking. Observing that embodiment theory has largely neglected to theorize age (a universal intersection), the author expands that theory. Here is a first attempt to fully critique the term ‘aging’ wherever it implies ageism, and to suggest alternative language for ‘aging’ in both its adjectival and its nominative forms. The essay also historicizes the recent move in cultural studies of age toward using the term ‘age’ (as in Age Studies) instead of ‘aging’. Gullette argues that wording that replaces aging and explicates ageism helps undo submission to the ideology of life-course decline, liberating observation, potentially undoing internalized ageism and lessening the widespread fear of growing older.
A convex-programming-based guidance algorithm to capture a tumbling object on orbit using a spacecraft equipped with a robotic manipulator
Authors: Virgili-Llop Josep , Zagaris Costantinos , Zappulla Richard , Bradstreet Andrew , Romano Marcello
Published: December 2018

An algorithm to guide the capture of a tumbling resident space object by a spacecraft equipped with a robotic manipulator is presented. A solution to the guidance problem is found by solving a collection of convex programming problems. As convex programming offers deterministic convergence properties, this algorithm is suitable for onboard implementation and real-time use. A set of hardware-in-the-loop experiments substantiates this claim. To cast the guidance problem as a collection of convex programming problems, the capture maneuver is divided into two simultaneously occurring sub-maneuvers: a system-wide translation and an internal re-configuration. These two sub-maneuvers are optimized in two consecutive steps. A sequential convex programming procedure, overcoming the presence of non-convex constraints and nonlinear dynamics, is used on both optimization steps. A proof of convergence is offered for the system-wide translation, while a set of structured heuristics—trust regions—is used for the optimization of the internal re-configuration sub-maneuver. Videos of the numerically simulated and experimentally demonstrated maneuvers are included as supplementary material.
The Degrowth Movement: Alternative Economic Practices and Relevance to Developing Countries
Authors: Chiengkul Prapimphan
Published: December 2018

This article explores the degrowth movement’s main ideas, policy proposals, and examples of noncapitalist organizations and socially embedded economic networks compatible with degrowth ideas, namely, the Catalan Integral Cooperatives in Spain and Solidarity Economy Networks in Italy. It also explores degrowth’s relevance to developing countries that have lower levels of material living standards compared to the European countries where it originated. The main argument of this article is that degrowth has significant potential to advance progressive socioecological transformation. Its advocates have also implemented some interesting alternative economic practices, such as nonmonetary exchanges and recreations of the commons, which prioritize socioecological sustainability over profit maximization. However, the degrowth movement has so far paid little attention to the structural hierarchy of the global political economy and hence has not made sufficient suggestions about how to address uneven development within and between countries, which will likely hinder progressive and ecologically sustainable transitions across the globe. Unfair global trade practices and concentrated control over advanced technologies are contentious points that might prevent widespread support for degrowth ideas in developing countries. Some developing countries and subnational local groups also face more constraints than others if they want to scale-up noncapitalist initiatives that are compatible with the degrowth vision, not to mention that some might lack financial means to drive transformative change. These issues cut across the spheres of production, consumption, trade, and finance, which suggests that structural reforms of the global political economy are called for to address unequal relations between developed and developing countries and also inequality within countries.
Foreign Object Insertions in Sexual Homicide
Authors: Koeppel Sydney , Schlesinger Louis B. , Craun Sarah W. , Keel Timothy G. , Rubin Devin , Kum Jan
Published: December 2018

A nonrandom national sample of 260 sexual homicides (207 nonserial and 53 serial) disclosed 50 cases in which an offender (45 nonserial and 10 serial) inserted a foreign object into a victim’s orifice. The prevalence of foreign object insertion, as well as the types and shapes of inserted objects, where the objects were obtained, the bodily location of insertions, the visibility of inserted objects at the scene, and whether the insertions were pre- or post-mortem are all reported. The foreign object insertion prevalence rate for the sexual homicide sample of cases is 19.2%. Nonserial offenders engaged in foreign object insertion at about the same rate (21.7%) as the serial offenders (18.8%). Our findings do not support the largely held notions—based mainly on case reports—that most offenders who engage in foreign object insertion are psychotic and that the insertion behavior is always post-mortem. The insertion behavior of the nonserial offenders reflects a level of sadism and deviancy comparable with the serial offenders, an unexpected finding with possible prognostic implications.
Spiritual Formation of Believers among Latino Protestant Churches in the United States
Authors: Eguizabal Orbelina
Published: December 2018

Latinos have been in the United States for many centuries. Gradually they have made their presence more known, but it has been only in the last five decades that Latinos have experienced a conspicuous growth. As the Latino population grows in the country, the percentage of Latino Protestants grows, too. Latinos are very diverse as they represent a variety of ethnicities, cultural identities, religious identities, age dynamics, social classes, levels of acculturation citizenship or legal status. Latinos express their faith and religious commitment in different ways, including attending church, involvement in religious activities, reading the Bible, praying, evangelizing, and having a sense of mission, among others. Most Latino churches are giving attention to the spiritual formation of their churches’ members and are following strategies that work in their context. Some of them include Sunday worship service, Sunday school, Bible study, prayer, discipleship, cell groups, youth, women and men groups, evangelism and leadership training. Predominantly white American churches need to reevaluate what they have been doing with Latinos, keeping in mind that Latinos are very diverse, that they do not represent just recent immigrants to the US, as well as their religious commitment and sense of mission. The growth of Latino Protestants in the US conveys educational ministry implications for Anglo-American churches and other institutions of theological education.