bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theorization and Causality
Authors: Martin Cathie Jo
Published: April 2024

This chapter illustrates how qualitative methods help us to perform important tasks of research. Qualitative research helps us to create theories about political problems and processes. First, qualitative research helps us to identify the research question, the parameters of a problem, and the likely factors contributing to its resolution. Second, qualitative research helps us to identify hypotheses and to elaborate the causal mechanisms that underlie theoretical predictions about relationships among phenomena. As scholars glean expanding insights into the nature of political phenomena, they refine their hypotheses; in this way, qualitative research is an important tool for strengthening the validity of causal inference. Third, qualitative research helps us to evaluate claims about causal mechanisms: at this testing stage, qualitative research is particularly adept at assessing competing causal claims (when both receive support from quantitative tests) and coping with causal complexity. These research activities contribute to more realistic and robust theories about the workings of the political world. While research designs may require employing a variety of qualitative and quantitative methods, scholars keen on rigorous explanation of social, political, and economic phenomena may leverage the unique strengths and opportunities offered by a qualitative approach.
Sampling Hard-to-Reach Populations
Authors: Khoury Rana B.
Published: April 2024

Who is hard to reach, how do we access them, and should we? This chapter describes the characteristics of hard-to-reach or “hidden” populations, barriers to reaching them, and the meaning of sampling in social science research. It reviews qualitative approaches to identifying, accessing, and gaining the trust of hard-to-reach populations. Snowball sampling is an efficient and reliable technique for interview research, while ethnographic approaches can achieve unique access in challenging contexts. Finally, the chapter considers some problems and trade-offs that arise in studying these populations, emphasizing data limitations and saturation. Ethical considerations guide much of the chapter, given that hard-to-reach populations are often, but not always, vulnerable ones.
Fieldwork in Fragile Contexts and with High-Risk Populations
Authors: Hwang Julie Chernov
Published: April 2024

How does one conduct fieldwork in fragile contexts and with high-risk populations? How does one navigate IRBs? How does one recruit interview respondents and protect their identities as well as one’s personal safety? How does one build trust and rapport? This chapter will unpack all of these questions, addressing the importance of informed consent and the IRB process, the role of guides and fixers, the importance of proportionality, and how iterated interviews can build trust between the researcher and interview subjects. This chapter will show that research with high-risk populations can be done well, ethically, and safely.
Qualitative Comparative Analysis
Authors: Oana Ioana-Elena
Published: April 2024

This chapter introduces qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) as a set-theoretic comparative method aimed at identifying necessary and sufficient relations, with a focus on modeling causal complexity and an orientation toward explaining outcomes. While a relatively young method, QCA has established itself as a main methodological tool in the social sciences and beyond. On par with its spread across disciplines in terms of application, the methodology behind QCA has also continued to develop and become more robust and sophisticated. This chapter provides an overview of the basic building blocks of what a QCA is and when to use it, and how a QCA works in practice; it also points the reader to the state-of-the-art developments for building a solid QCA that goes beyond its basic analytic steps.
Research Transparency in Qualitative Inquiry
Authors: Kapiszewski Diana
Published: April 2024

This chapter seeks to empower scholars who conduct research using qualitative data and methods to make their work more transparent in more ways, as epistemologically appropriate and within ethical and legal limits. The first section defines research transparency and outlines the benefits associated with pursuing transparency in social science inquiry. The second section discusses established and emerging practices that scholars who employ qualitative data and methods can use to increase the openness of their scholarship. The third section considers ongoing debates about transparency; it also identifies some potential challenges to pursuing transparency and suggests ways to address them. The concluding section elucidates how openness advances the core goals of social science, and it encourages political scientists to contribute to the development of epistemologically appropriate, responsible strategies for enhancing transparency in all forms of political science inquiry. It also identifies some key recommended readings.
Ethics of Transparency and Data Sharing
Authors: Majic Samantha
Published: April 2024

This chapter considers the difficulties and challenges—both ethical and mechanical—of making data more transparent within qualitative political science research. Adopting a critical view of transparency and data sharing, the chapter begins by describing the discussions and debates about these issues in political science. Next, drawing from my qualitative research experience as well as the discipline-wide Qualitative Transparency Deliberations, the chapter suggests best practices for transparency and data sharing for qualitative researchers. Following this, it addresses some potential problems that these practices may pose for qualitative researchers (and how to address them), and closes with suggestions for future reading. Altogether, this chapter indicates that while debates about transparency and data sharing in political science may remain unsettled, qualitative scholars in the discipline have generated many productive guidelines for scholars, reviewers, and editors alike as they conduct and review qualitative research.
Strategizing Fit and Legibility
Authors: Gabrieal Buggs Shantel , Sims Jennifer Patrice
Published: April 2024

What does it mean to find the right “fit” for one’s research, and what does it mean to write legibly for different audiences? This chapter provides a brief overview of the major aspects of fit and legibility that all scholars, but particularly qualitative scholars, should consider when making decisions on where and how to publish their findings. In particular, the chapter discusses how to assess which outlets will be receptive to certain methods, data, and/or topic(s), how to format findings, and what it means to put research “in conversation” with other existing research, both across disciplines and within subfields. It also identifies some of the constraints and external pressures that can shape the publishing process.
Development Trajectory and Future Directions of the Korean Welfare State
Authors: Yeo Eugene
Published: April 2024

The welfare state, as a European invention, emerged as a solution to income inequality and social conflicts that arose during industrialization. In the early days of Korea’s industrialization, large-scale development projects were promoted under a series of authoritarian regimes and supported the growth of large corporations in an effort to battle widespread poverty. The 1997 foreign exchange crisis became a watershed in advancing this development-oriented order but also exposed long-accumulated contradictions in a state-led development economy at the market and social level. Two progressive governments after the financial crisis made great efforts to improve and expand the quality of welfare benefits and services in Korea. However, the welfare state concept was introduced to a nation that lacked deep understanding of the premodern, industrial, and postmodern contradictions that characterize Korean society. Because the form and structure of the welfare state were not carefully considered, some programs became excessively large while others shrunk, leaving large holes in some areas and small leaks in others.
Long-Term Care
Authors: Seok Jaeeun
Published: April 2024

In 2008, Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) for the elderly became a universal social insurance system that guarantees extended supports and services to people aged 65 and older, and those under 64 who require long-term care due to geriatric diseases. Methods of providing long-term care to the elderly include long-term hospitalization services in nursing hospitals, nursing services provided to low- and middle-income groups who cannot receive LTCI benefits, and dementia nursing services for people with cognitive disabilities. In addition, a tax support system is provided for persons with disabilities. Eligibility is determined through a certification review, and benefits are paid according to a six-level system starting with mild cognitive impairment. LTC services are provided as benefits in kind, and cash benefits are strictly limited. LTC beneficiaries are free to choose the type of benefit they want. Almost all LTC providers are in the private sector, and sole proprietors operate more than 80% of these service enterprises. Users of home care services must pay 15% of the service cost, and facility care users must pay 20% of the total cost of service and meals. About 50% of beneficiaries are either exempt or pay only a small portion out-of-pocket, depending on their income level.
The Perfumed Life
Authors: Salomon Noah
Published: April 2024

This chapter argues for the unique capacity of the field of religious studies to help reframe the conversation on the positive humanities. It contends that rather than simply surfacing alternative varieties of human flourishing that the social sciences have not yet considered, the study of religion has the potential to offer a far-reaching challenge to the eudaemonic agenda that such theories promote. Religious studies asks for an exploration of ways of life in which humans are decentered, for diverse ontologies in which the human must share the world with other beings, material and immaterial. Through recounting a pedagogical experiment that mined this potential in a religious studies classroom, this chapter argues for a humanities of unsettling. Such a humanities confronts seriously the causes of global despair by exploring choices that may not directly benefit people but that nevertheless, like diffused perfume, exude fragrant mists on their surrounding worlds.
Songs of Persuasion
Authors: Drummond Henry T.
Published: April 2024

The Cantigas are songs designed to persuade their listeners, both of Mary’s sacredness and of Alfonso X’s personal connection with her as a royal troubadour. Essential to making the Cantigas so persuasive is their construction, which is influenced by medieval principles of rhetoric. This chapter begins by laying out the importance of rhetoric in the later Middle Ages, from the reuse of Classical rhetorical theory to its later adaptation in the liberal arts education of courtly elites. Rhetoric is shown to have permeated through all aspects of medieval literacy, including the arts of letter writing (or ars dictaminis), poetry (ars poetriae), and preaching (ars praedicandi). Having set up this context, this chapter turns to the ways in which rhetoric determines the construction of the cantiga de miragre, comparing the ordering (or dispositio) of antique and medieval texts with the components that form the building blocks of Alfonsine song.
The Place of Rhyme
Authors: Drummond Henry T.
Published: April 2024

This chapter turns to the role rhyme plays in regulating the structure of the cantiga de miragre. First, this chapter considers the associations made throughout history between rhyme and memory. Rhyme is shown to have a unique power, one which allows a listener to recall prior knowledge, and this chapter argues that its use in the Cantigas helps to bridge the messy divide between song and text. One telling example emerges in CSM 202, a song that reflects both on rhyme’s value, and on the process of listening to and reckoning with rhymed poetry. Through its narrative—and through its own disordered structure—CSM 202 shows how song can communicate with its listeners and require their active participation. It is through the power of rhyme that such participation is encouraged, instigating an intellectual dialogue between a song narrative and the interpreter.
Liberty, Privacy, and the Pursuit of Happiness
Authors: Pozen David
Published: April 2024

This chapter reviews challenges to drug prohibition on libertarian grounds. Throughout the nineteenth century, courts held that the government could not ban personal possession or consumption of intoxicants like alcohol. This jurisprudence was dismantled in the 1910s to accommodate the first iteration of the war on drugs. In 1965, the Supreme Court’s decision in Griswold v. Connecticut opened the door to a new set of constitutional challenges, just as the issue of illicit drug use exploded into the national consciousness. Reformers secured high-profile rulings against marijuana prohibition in a trilogy of state supreme court cases: State v. Kantner in Hawaii, People v. Sinclair in Michigan, and Ravin v. State in Alaska. Few jurisdictions followed their lead, however. The courts’ reasoning in the marijuana cases would come to inform not only how the legal profession thinks about drugs and privacy but also how the judiciary approaches substantive liberty claims in general.
Defending San Pedro
Authors: Villarreal Ana
Published: April 2024

Urban wealthy increasingly concentrated within a defended San Pedro, heightening inequalities outside and within. The reluctance of San Pedro residents to go outside the defended city diminished opportunities for businesses and employment outside, while increasing opportunities for businesses and employment within. While not enwalled, the municipal border enwalled social relations within classed and raced social networks. Narratives of upper-class and upper-middle-class residents display deepened classism and racism, including heightened suspicion toward the working class in their homes and in parts of the metropolis they now avoided. The wealthy who relocated across the border into Texas regrouped as well, though they struggled to re-create the same privileged lives abroad, prompting some to return.
Restructuring Nightlife
Authors: Villarreal Ana
Published: April 2024

Fear restructured Monterrey nightlife in a three-stage process of destruction, small-group dispersion, and class reconcentration. The turf war destroyed metropolitan nightlife downtown and led to a decrease in the number of large dances that brought marginalized youth together. All residents dispersed, preferring to party indoors, earlier in the day, and with those who lived nearby. Yet for the wealthy regrouping within San Pedro and relocating their partying practices closer to home, fear of leaving the defended city resulted in the expansion of nightlife options. The most privileged reported the new nightlife in San Pedro was “the same thing,” but it was the “same” only for them. As the wealthiest spatially concentrated themselves and their resources within tighter spaces, the most marginal were further scattered. Violence and fear widened and solidified unequal nightlives, stretching the distance between bars catering to wealthy and poor from a few blocks to separate cities.
Believing without Believing
Authors: Holland Timothy
Published: April 2024

The focus of the second chapter is Derrida’s assertion during his interview with Cahiers du cinéma that if he were to write about film, he would take up its “mode and system of belief.” To develop the contours of Derrida’s unwritten account of film, the chapter turns to his first appearance on film in Ken McMullen’s Ghost Dance (1983), specifically Derrida’s improvisation during a scene with the French actress Pascale Ogier, who plays the film’s main character. What follows is a line-by-line reading of Derrida’s filmed improvisation, which, this chapter suggests, converses with his unwritten or hypothetical cinema project, linking it to his various reflections on speech and autoaffection, psychoanalysis and the uncanny, ghosts and the teletechnoscientific, testimony and fiction, and faith and knowledge, among others.
Introduction
Authors: Sari Aurel , Regan Mitt
Published: April 2024

The aim of this chapter is to introduce the book and its broader context. In recent decades, great power rivalry has taken a turn towards more intense contestation below the threshold of armed conflict. International law remains highly relevant to this development, both because it serves as the principal normative framework within which geopolitical rivals compete against each other and because democratic nations and authoritarian regimes seek to shape the international legal system in ways that reflects their own strategic interests. As the chapter explains, the notions of hybrid threats and grey zone conflict offer a useful conceptual vantage point from which to assess the legal challenges posed by contemporary forms of geopolitical competition. The chapter offers an overview of these two notions, before setting out the general approach taken by the book, including the common themes running through the individual chapters, and providing a brief synopsis of each contribution.
Coercing Well
Authors: Pfaff C. Anthony
Published: April 2024

The spread of cyber technologies and increasing global connectivity have enabled a range of coercive, if non-violent, measures by exposing new vulnerabilities. Targets for such attacks include critical infrastructure and services as well as publics subjected to information operations intended to undermine government legitimacy and paralyze decision-making. These means challenge current international norms because in some cases they do not seem to apply and in others they seem to proscribe an effective response. This chapter examines how the norms of an international order based on providing alternatives to escalation might evolve in response to coercive measures that threaten to make that order obsolete. To understand what norms should govern the grey zone, the chapter examines how the logic and grammar of grey zone activity shape the norms that govern it. Specifically, it looks at how international actors compete under conditions where escalation avoidance limits the measures they would rationally employ.
Probability
Authors: Chilton Adam , Rozema Kyle
Published: April 2024

This chapter introduces an important prerequisite to understanding empirical methods: probability, which is a concept relevant in situations where there is uncertainty about whether an event will occur. It first covers how to calculate the probability of single and compound events occurring. It then goes on to describe Bayesian inference, which is a way of using available information to update our assessments of the likelihood that unobservable events have occurred. Finally, it describes the method of using computer simulations to estimate probabilities, which can be used to learn something about the world by repeating a process many times under a set of assumptions and a set of inputs.
Instrumental Variables
Authors: Chilton Adam , Rozema Kyle
Published: April 2024

This chapter covers the instrumental variables research design. This method estimates the causal effects of an intervention by exploiting randomness in the world that influences whether someone is exposed to a phenomenon of interest. This chapter stresses how instrumental variables estimates can only be interpreted in terms of how the phenomenon of interest effects the outcome for the subjects who experienced the phenomenon of interest only because of the randomness. It then describes the four very demanding assumptions required for the method to produce causal estimates. Finally, it describes how the method should be used in practice, including by describing how the method typically works by a two-step process linking the randomness to the outcome and the common types of evidence that are presented to assess the assumptions.
The Empathy Box
Authors: Vallor Shannon
Published: April 2024

This chapter explores the impact of AI mirrors on human creative agency, empathy, and self-expression. AI mirrors’ power is double-edged. The chapter poses a choice between using AI to fuel our creativity as new tools for humane expression—or letting them disempower our creative agency, leaving us as curators and passive consumers of mechanical art “product.” It presents a choice between AI that aids us in overcoming the communication barriers that separate us—or AI as empathy substitutes that reduce our understanding of love and companionship to mechanical transactions of utility and convenience. The chapter explores how the commercial axis of AI mirrors today, tilted by the lack of regulatory guardrails toward human creative disempowerment and social alienation, is a consequence of policy, not destiny. The chapter ends by considering art’s unique power to break the patterns that shackle us to the past, reopening hope for our liberation and reinvention with AI.
A Practitioner’s Guide to Maturing Strategic Workforce Planning in Your Organization
Authors: Moore Tanya
Published: April 2024

Changing demographics, global tension, inflation, and the pace of technology advancements have resulted in all organizations working under unprecedented workforce circumstances. These pressures have made strategic workforce planning (SWP) a fundamentally critical component of successful business outcomes. At the same time, more than half of organizations struggle to execute even the most basic levels of workforce planning. This leaves most organizations struggling to start—or even knowing where to start. This chapter provides a practitioner’s guide to SWP, including why it is critical to business outcomes, the importance of skills in the planning process, how to get started and mature processes over time, organizational case studies, practitioner tips, and lessons learned.
The Roles of the States and the Interstate Compacts Clause
Authors: Siegel Neil S.
Published: April 2024

Chapter 3 of The Collective-Action Constitution examines the states’ potential role in solving collective-action problems that arise for them by forming interstate compacts and other agreements. The chapter also explains, however, why the constitutional text (if not the Court’s doctrine to date) presumptively bars interstate compacts and requires congressional consent to overcome the presumption. Proposed compacts may undermine federal supremacy or harm sister states, and different groups of states may disagree about whether a compact solves or causes a collective-action problem. The Constitution does not compel one answer to such questions, which are also historically contingent and normative, not just scientific or technical. Rather, the Constitution assigns main responsibility for deciding them to Congress, where, as Chief Justice Marshall explained in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the interests of all states and people are represented. In addition to potentially raising normative concerns, interstate compacts are difficult to form. Many parties within a compacting state must approve, and compacts require unanimous agreement among the compacting states. Moreover, impediments to collective action tend to increase sharply with the number of states that must act together. In general, if the proposed compact must encompass many states to accomplish its purposes, free rider, holdout, and disagreement problems are likely to paralyze it. This is a lesson of early American history and subsequent experience, and it helps explain why, according to this book’s arithmetic, compacts usually involve few states and why only around two hundred exist today.
Living Ethics and Methods as Questions
Authors: Krystalli Roxani
Published: April 2024

This chapter discusses the ethical, methodological, and narrative dilemmas of researching the politics of victimhood. The discussion is deliberately organized around questions, as this is how research dilemmas are lived. These questions correspond to different phases of the research process, highlighting that ethical and methodological dilemmas pertain not only to the research design and fieldwork, but also to the processes of analysis and writing. Among the dilemmas are questions about where to direct the research gaze, where theory comes from, how to ground the inquiry in time and place, how to investigate victimhood without placing the narrative burden exclusively on people who suffered harm, and how to navigate the complicated expectations of loyalty among different interlocutors. The chapter illuminates that discussions of feminist research methods and ethics are inseparable from each other, from the findings of the research, and from the politics of victimhood.
Polanyi on Wall Street
Authors: Kus Basak
Published: April 2024

Chapter 1 sets the stage for the book’s analysis of the United States government’s role in regulating an economy increasingly dominated by financial activities and institutions. It situates the book within the existing literature on neoliberalism, financialization, and regulation. The chapter highlights the nature of neoliberal risk protection and mitigation, underscoring its shortcomings and thereby building a Polanyian account of disembeddedness in the age of finance. In doing so, the chapter also provides a framework for thinking about the financial crisis and post-crisis reforms. Overall, Chapter 1 positions the book within the broader academic discourse, highlighting its key findings and contributions.
Introduction
Authors: Boatright Robert G.
Published: April 2024

Many of those who study American politics argue that primary elections have contributed to political polarization, offering voters a choice between two flawed and ideologically extreme candidates. At the same time, primary elections appear to most Americans to be a far more democratic way of selecting party nominees than any other alternative process. This is not a new problem. Addressing this puzzle requires that we study the development of primaries after most American states had implemented them—a story about primaries from the late 1920s until the 1970s. This chapter explores the politics surrounding the introduction of primaries and explains why primary election reform receded from the public agenda in the decades following primaries’ introduction.
Reform or Retrenchment?
Authors: Boatright Robert G.
Published: April 2024

This chapter catalogs changes in primary laws between 1928 and 1970. It evaluates four theories about the reasons for changes in primary laws: the argument that the decline of Progressivism enabled political parties to reassert control over primary nominations; the claim that nonparty movements frightened state parties into adopting restrictive rules about primaries; the claim that many primary laws were poorly written and in need of change; and the claim that primary rules were changed as two-party competition increased after the 1930s. The quantitative analysis in this chapter shows that there is little evidence that there was a decline in the openness of primaries. It finds that the states that had been most likely to experiment with primaries in the early twentieth century continued to do so in later decades, and that these experiments were often driven by defects in existing laws or by changes in two-party competition.
On the Urgency of Kickstarting a Moral Revolution to Save Ourselves
Authors: Brownlee Kimberley
Published: April 2024

This chapter explores three assumptions one might make about the climate crisis. These are that: (1) as a species, human beings are worth saving; (2) it is possible to kickstart a moral revolution in treatment of the environment to save the human species and many other species; and (3) it is urgent that this moral revolution be kick-started now. The chapter shows just how contentious these three assumptions are by investigating the uncertainties that rumble beneath them, including agential imperfections, epistemic limitations, and scientific uncertainty about the scale, severity, and remediability of the climate crisis, all of which may compromise efforts to rapidly transform moral behaviours and sentiments in sound and productive ways.
Making Change
Authors: Anthony Appiah Kwame
Published: April 2024

This chapter reviews the arguments for the role of honor in moral revolutions, stressing the role of social movements with identities organized around their aims. Using the examples of anti-footbinding in China and the abolitionists in Great Britain, the chapter shows that a movement will be successful if it creates an identity, such as an abolitionist, through a shift in attitudes in society. Abolitionism encompassed a wide range of social classes, who were ashamed of the slave trade. The chapter proposes that a similar shift in attitudes in society may well occur, with regard to the urgent environmental climate crisis that the world is now facing. What may work, the historical evidence suggests, is the development of ‘green’ identities around a small set of relatively well-defined aims.
The Two Roles of Deliberation in Democracy
Authors: Pettit Philip
Published: April 2024

There are many reasons for giving deliberation a central part in democratic institutions. But in order to play its part effectively, deliberation must serve in two distinct roles. First, it must have such a presence across the society that it identifies considerations taken on all sides to be relevant in proposing policy and in selecting the procedures under which policy is made. And, second, it must figure as a core procedure for making policies that accord with those considerations. Those roles impose quite different demands, however, on the form that deliberation assumes. One requires people in informal settings to deliberate as individuals—to constitute a team of deliberators—while the other requires officials in decision-making centers to deliberate as groups: to constitute a deliberative team.
Taking Responsibility
Authors: Sliwa Paulina
Published: April 2024

What is it to take responsibility for a moral failure? This chapter investigates taking responsibility for wrongdoing. It starts by considering a prominent view in the literature: that to take responsibility for a wrong is to blame oneself for it. Contrary to the self-blame account, it is argued that taking responsibility and self-blame can come apart in various ways. Instead, the normative footprint account is defended. It is suggested that wrongdoing changes the normative landscape in systematic ways: it can create duties to apologize, to acknowledge the wrong done, to make amends, to respond to the wronged party’s upset. To take responsibility for a wrong is to own the normative consequences of one’s wrong.
Looking and Seeing
Authors: Cornell Nicolas
Published: April 2024

In both law and moral life, we routinely hold other people accountable for failures of perception. It is tempting to cast such failures in terms of a breach of duty, as the law of negligence does. And yet such failures are often not straightforwardly a matter of choice. This problem leads theorists in various directions—skeptical, historical, inward-looking, and outward-looking—but none of them seem close to accounting in satisfactory ways for ordinary features of interpersonal life. After surveying these approaches, this chapter attempts to chart a different course, one that allows for a possible mismatch between one’s duties to one another and the complaints which one may have to answer. On this view, one may sometimes appropriately be called upon to answer for not seeing, even though one’s duty may simply be to look.
On Duty
Authors: Waldron Jeremy
Published: April 2024

This chapter suggests an alternative way of understanding duty. Usually ‘duty’ is applied to some specific action strongly prescribed for an agent in some set of circumstances. In the alternative understanding proposed here, ‘duty’ is applied in the first instance to a relation between a person, P, and a situation, S. One talks of P’s duty when it is the responsibility of P to be alert to and, if need be, to do something about various possibilities inherent in S. One says: ‘S is P’s responsibility’ or—in the best-known phrasing—‘P has a duty of care in regard to S.’ The chapter explores this situational understanding to see what it tells us about the sort of thing a duty is: how it is structured, what counts as its determinate specification, and how it is related to cognate moral and legal ideas such as reason, ought, obligation, liability, and responsibility.
Pluralism in Political Obligation
Authors: Vasanthakumar Ashwini
Published: April 2024

Using the figure of the dual allegiant, this chapter develops a pluralist account of political obligation to provide a framework for making sense of dual allegiance. It identifies three ways in which a dual allegiant’s obligations can relate to one another: conflict, compatibility, and mutual reinforcement, and it explores how conflict, when it arises, can be addressed. This chapter has two aims. First, to advance understanding of the normative implications of dual allegiance which, given its increased incidence and ongoing political salience, warrants more careful scrutiny. And, second, to critically reflect on the methodological assumptions of prominent accounts of political obligation that focus on ‘a standard citizen’ and that serve to obscure the prevalence of ‘non-standard citizens’.
All Our Imperatives
Authors: Rosenblum Nancy L.
Published: April 2024

This chapter is on the character and range of plural obligations. Plural political obligations—formal duties attached to allegiance to more than one country are one example. But one owes plural obligations to communities within as well as outside the state and there are ‘special responsibilities’ to family, friends, and other ‘intrinsically valued relationships’. These pluralisms are as compelling and more embedded in day-to-day life than most formal political obligations. This chapter uses narratives to assess the experience of pluralism in day-to-day life. The lightness of liberal democracy rooted in the value of pluralism is one of its chief claims to allegiance: commitment to minimize trespass on private lives and private spaces, voluntary associations, and multiple political allegiances.
Of Domination and Its Ending
Authors: MacKinnon Catharine A.
Published: April 2024

This chapter compares Frank Lovett’s ‘general theory of domination’ with the basic features of the theory of domination and subordination sketched by Lori Watson in Chapter 23. It finds Lovett falling short in most of the ways that Watson’s analysis succeeds, due to the differing conceptual analyses that result from their reversed methodologies. Watson recognizes, as Lovett does, that dominators impose their will on the non-dominant. Watson recognizes, as others do not, what makes this possible: the relative position in a substantive structural hierarchy of social status from which the power to dominate, and to have it considered legitimate and be enforced, derives. Their methodologies produce this. Lovett starts abstractly and never really grasps the substance of the hierarchies of inequality that produce structural domination. Watson begins substantively and achieves an anti-hierarchy analysis of equality that demonstrates its primacy in promoting freedom and could ground a new normative philosophy.
Pornography
Authors: Langton Rae
Published: April 2024

A speech act approach to pornography has scope, and also limits. Kate Greasley considers its scope afresh in Chapter 25, demonstrating its support for a key feminist claim about double standards in the law. She also considers limitations to a speech act approach. This chapter investigates a different key feminist claim, that pornography ‘eroticizes’ subordination. This focuses on the role of desire, and appears to resist a speech act approach. It is equally neglected by the law, and by Greasley. For the law, and for Greasley, this neglect may rest on a skewed assumption that the effects of pornography cannot be considered. But a speech act approach can take seriously the perlocutionary effects of pornography, which follow from pornography’s force as an illocutionary act that ranks women as inferior, legitimates discrimination, and silences women’s voices. Effects should be taken seriously, including effects on the politics of desire.
Who's Afraid of the Welfare State Now?
Authors: Hemerijck Anton , Matsaganis Manos
Published: April 2024

This book primarily explores the welfare policy responses to the Great Recession—reform trajectories that swept across Europe over the last decade–with a final chapter that focuses on Covid-19 welfare management. The 2008 crash marked a critical stress test for European welfare states with dramatic repercussions, including a massive surge in unemployment, a widening in wage and income disparities, and rising poverty. Hikes in fiscal deficits and public debt, required to pre-empt an economic meltdown, forced policymakers to make painful cuts in welfare services to shore up public finances, thereby jeopardizing welfare support for vulnerable groups. The overall scope of welfare policy responses is heterogeneous, disparate, and uneven. In some cases, the response to the Great Recession was accompanied by deep social conflicts, while in others unpopular crisis management measures received broad consent from opposition parties, trade unions, and employer organizations. Alongside serious retrenchments, there have been assertive attempts to rebuild social programmes and institutions, to accommodate policy repertoires–not merely domestically but also at the EU level–to the new realities of the knowledge economy and an ageing society. Overall, the long 2010s showed that the future of work and welfare is in our hands: it is perfectly possible to shape this future in such a way as to provide inclusive social security, achieve high employment, advance and maintain human capabilities across the life-course, and fight poverty and inequality.
The welfare state’s resolve
Authors: Hemerijck Anton , Matsaganis Manos
Published: April 2024

In this introductory chapter, we celebrate the welfare state as the unsung hero of the Great Recession and the Covid-19 pandemic that followed. Perhaps surprisingly, European welfare states cushioned the financial crisis and its social and economic aftershocks well. In addition, the more generous and capacity-building welfare states of north-western Europe bounced back promptly on most relevant performance indicators: GDP growth, employment, productivity, competitiveness, and fiscal balance, all at lower levels of poverty compared with the leaner Anglo-liberal welfare states and the more pension-biased ones of southern Europe. In response to the pandemic, the EU came together in a manner unthinkable a decade earlier. How to make sense of this transformative—swift and decisive—watershed? Two explanatory factors joined forces: one is strictly related to the existential health predicament of the pandemic; the second explanation is best understood in terms of a longer-drawn-out experiential lesson of the Great Recession.
Under the spell of austerity
Authors: Plavgo Ilze , Hemerijck Anton
Published: April 2024

In this chapter, we take stock of a wide array of welfare policy changes in Europe in the immediate aftermath of the Great Recession (2008–2014). Based on a qualitative comparative assessment of national legislation, we study the direction of welfare reform in twelve European countries, and examine whether identified changes were regressive or progressive, and inclusive or exclusionary in design. We do this for policies in five domains across the individual life-course: childhood, work–family reconciliation, education, employment, and retirement. We find that the direction of welfare reform to a large extent reflected countries’ relative vulnerability to the crisis and the institutional capacities to push through reforms under duress. Yet, not all countries enacted austerity reforms; some found opportunities to expand social investment policy portfolios towards activating policies and capacitating social services. The spectrum of policy change revealed in this chapter indicates that political choices beyond crisis vulnerability remained relevant.
Introducing Realistic Power Relations into the New Social Contract
Authors: Lloyd S. A.
Published: April 2024

Social contract theories typically seek to justify political arrangements by ascertaining what, ideally, would be agreed to by free and equal individuals occupying an imagined pre-political condition. In this respect, social contract theories tend to overidealize, overabstract, and/or overgeneralize, rendering political arrangements unstable in the face of real humans’ natures and actual social circumstances. We might suppose that Hobbes’s theory, famed for its clear-eyed cold-hearted view of human interests and values, must be less vulnerable to this problem. This chapter argues that this supposition is incorrect. In fact, Hobbes’s own accounts of power dynamics and of alliance formation undermine his argument for absolute sovereignty and explain why societies ordered by that principle are likely to be unstable. Recent social contract theorizing aims to correct these shortcomings by introducing dynamical reasoning that is responsive to changing deliberative environments and rational strategies over time. The chapter shows that it is doubtful that these innovations overcome the fundamental problem it identifies in the social contract approach.
Robust Reconciliation
Authors: Schaefer Alexander
Published: April 2024

Despite relying on contractarian thinking for much of his career, in one of his last articles Gerald Gaus critiques social contract theory for not fully engaging with the problem of diversity that serves as its theoretical starting point. As an improvement upon the social contract approach, Gaus proposes the “self-organizing moral systems approach.” As part of this approach, Gaus develops an agent-based model that aims to explore the possibility of emergent moral order amidst a highly diverse populace. This chapter reconstructs Gaus’s critique of social contract theory and presents three variations of a new agent-based model that seeks to qualify and extend Gaus’s results. Several philosophical insights emerge from this investigations. Most notably, social-moral systems can exhibit complex, nonequilibrium dynamics while maintaining high levels of coordination on shared rules. In other words, it is possible for moral reconciliation to remain robust in the face of exogenous and endogenous changes in social morality.
Thailand
Authors: Cormier Ben
Published: April 2024

Chapter 6 presents the case of Thailand, a country exhibiting within-unit change on many political and economic dimensions important to this study. While government partisanship in Peru trended from right to left from 1990 to 2015, Thailand’s governments oscillated between conservative parties and left-leaning populist parties. Moreover, some of these changes occurred not through democratic elections but through military coups. Thailand’s central role in the Asian Financial Crisis also makes it an important case for assessing whether and how major economic crises affect this book’s partisan model of sovereign debt accumulation. Finally, Thailand successfully developed its domestic bond market over this period, providing a financial resource that could affect foreign borrowing strategies. Despite these factors, the chapter shows how and why Thailand’s annual external borrowings remained informed by government partisanship.
Introduction
Authors: Quinton-Brown Patrick
Published: April 2024

We lived, once, in an era of interventionism. During the mid-twentieth century a strongly sovereigntist interpretation of international politics attained global predominance over the course of decolonization, the Cold War, and a Third World protest against Western-dominated order. This was a time, the story goes, when intervention, for any reason, in whatever form, was absolutely proscribed within the norms and rules of the society of states—when ‘good fences made good neighbours’. In just a few decades, however, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, there emerged an internationally legitimate practice of intervening for higher purposes—of ‘saving strangers’ in places far away. Our ways of thinking about and debating intervention remain indebted to these sorts of ideas, even if it is increasingly clear that the politics and projects to which they are associated have faded from shared concern. The Introduction proposes a more critical and genealogical alternative.
Dictatorial intervention and the UN Charter
Authors: Quinton-Brown Patrick
Published: April 2024

The San Francisco Conference of 1945 provides an ideal starting point for a genealogy of intervention in international society. Because of what participants were trying to do—to determine nothing less than a comprehensive post-war global order—a whole series of discursive practices came together at San Francisco, and out of them emerged a set of codifications that structured a global debate among states in the Cold War and post-Cold War eras. This chapter argues that this framing is best understood at the intersection between two discursive practices influential at this particular moment in history. The first, what will be called a theory of ‘dictatorial intervention’ (to draw on the language of ‘dictatorial or coercive interference’ in major juridical interpretations), confronted a theory of ‘effective intervention’ (or the idea of intervention as effect, which was associated with key inter-American agreements) espoused by a Latin American-led coalition of smaller states.
Emancipatory intervention and the New International Orders
Authors: Quinton-Brown Patrick
Published: April 2024

From the 1970s into the early 1980s the problem of intervention in international society linked up to the declarations of two new international orders: the New International Economic Order (NIEO) and the New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO). The logic of emancipatory intervention overlaps of course with anti-colonial intervention as described in previous chapters—it too makes claims to non-intervention as premised on self-determination—but this chapter holds that there are conceivable differences which are equally important to understand. A new part of the formula or design had to do with intervention in terms of foreign-imposed underdevelopment, structural economic dependence, and actions taken by transnational corporations. And another newly important part of the answer had to do with foreign-imposed communicative conditions and information flows, including via electronic means and through the distribution of what was even then being called ‘false’ and ‘distorted’ news.
Introduction
Authors: Oriola Temitope B.
Published: April 2024

This book provides an insider–outsider analysis of the #BringBackOurGirls (#BBOG) movement, which was formed to advocate for the rescue of 219 girls kidnapped by the Islamist fundamentalist group Jama’at ahlis Sunnah lid Da’wat wal Jihad (People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophet’s Teachings and Jihad) or Boko Haram. Although the #BBOG movement has become synonymous with the growing utility of social media, this book demonstrates that there is a lot more to the #BBOG movement than just hashtags and internet activism. The #BBOG phenomenon is of worldwide interest vis-à-vis protest in illiberal quasi-democracies and transnationalization of the framing of social movements from the Global South.