bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil carbon sequestration by three perennial legume pastures is greater in deeper soil layers than in the surface soil
Authors: Guan X.-K. , Turner N. C. , Song L. , Gu Y.-J. , Wang T.-C. , Li F.-M.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a vital role as both a sink for and source of atmospheric carbon. Revegetation of degraded arable land in China is expected to increase soil carbon sequestration, but the role of perennial legumes on soil carbon stocks in semiarid areas has not been quantified. In this study, we assessed the effect of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and two locally adapted forage legumes, bush clover (Lespedeza davurica S.) and milk vetch (Astragalus adsurgens Pall.) on the SOC concentration and SOC stock accumulated annually over a 2 m soil profile, and to estimate the long-term potential for SOC sequestration in the soil under the three forage legumes. The results showed that the concentration of SOC of the bare soil decreased slightly over the 7 years, while 7 years of legume growth substantially increased the concentration of SOC over the 0–2.0 m soil depth measured. Over the 7 year growth period the SOC stocks increased by 24.1, 19.9 and 14.6 Mg C ha−1 under the alfalfa, bush clover and milk vetch stands, respectively, and decreased by 4.2 Mg C ha−1 under bare soil. The sequestration of SOC in the 1–2 m depth of soil accounted for 79, 68 and 74 % of SOC sequestered through the upper 2 m of soil under alfalfa, bush clover and milk vetch, respectively. Conversion of arable land to perennial legume pasture resulted in a significant increase in SOC, particularly at soil depths below 1 m.
An inversion approach for determining production depth and temperature sensitivity of soil respiration
Authors: Latimer R. N. C. , Risk D. A.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Physical soil properties create lags between temperature change and corresponding soil responses, which obscure true Q10 values and other biophysical parameters such as depth of production. This study examines an inversion approach for estimating Q10 and depth of production (Zp) using physically based soil models, constrained by observed high-frequency surface fluxes and/or concentrations. Our inversion strategy uses a 1-D multi-layered soil model that simulates realistic temperature and gas diffusion. We tested inversion scenarios on synthetic data using a range of constraining parameters, time averaging techniques, mechanisms to improve computational efficiency, and various methods of incorporating real data into the model. Overall, we have found that with carefully constrained data, inversion was possible. While inversions using exclusively surface flux measurements could succeed, constraining the inversion using multiple shallow subsurface CO2 measurements proved to be most successful. Inversions constrained by these shallow measurements returned Q10 and Zp values with average errors of 1.85 and 0.16 % respectively. This work is a first step toward building a reliable framework for removing physical effects from high frequency soil CO2 data. Ultimately, we hope that this process will lead to better estimates of biophysical soil parameters and their variability on short timescales.
Differences between coastal and open ocean distributions of N2O in the oxygen minimum zone off Peru
Authors: Kock A. , Arévalo-Martínez D. L. , Löscher C. R. , Bange H. W.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Depth profiles of nitrous oxide (N2O) were measured during six cruises to the upwelling area and oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) off Peru in 2009 and 2012/13, covering both the coastal shelf region and the adjacent open ocean. N2O profiles displayed a strong sensitivity towards oxygen concentrations. Open ocean profiles showed a transition from a broad maximum to a double-peak structure towards the centre of the OMZ where the oxygen minimum was more pronounced. Maximum N2O concentrations in the open ocean were about 80 nM. A linear relationship between ΔN2O and apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) could be found for all measurements within the upper oxycline, with a slope similar to studies in other oceanic regions. N2O profiles close to the shelf revealed a much higher variability, with N2O concentrations in the upper oxycline reaching up to several hundred nanomoles per liter at selected stations. Due to the extremely sharp oxygen gradients at the shelf, these maxima occurred in very shallow water depths of less than 50 m. In this area, a linear relationship between ΔN2O and AOU could not be observed. N2O concentrations above 100 nM were observed at oxygen concentrations ranging from close to saturation to suboxic conditions. Our results indicate that the coastal upwelling off Peru at the shelf causes conditions that lead to extreme N2O accumulation.
Net ecosystem production in a Little Ice Age moraine: the role of plant functional traits
Authors: Varolo E. , Zanotelli D. , Tagliavini M. , Zerbe S. , Montagnani L.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Current glacier retreat allows vast mountain ranges available for vegetation establishment and growth. Little is known about the effective carbon (C) budget of these new ecosystems and how the presence of different vegetation communities, characterized by their specific physiology and life forms influences C fluxes. In this study, using a comparative analysis of the C fluxes of two contrasting vegetation types, we intend to evaluate if the different physiologies of the main species have an effect on Ecosystem Respiration (Reco), Gross Primary Production (GPP), annual cumulated Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE), and long-term carbon accumulation in soil. The NEE of two plant communities present on a Little Ice Age moraine in the Matsch glacier forefield (Alps, Italy) was measured over two growing seasons. They are a typical C3 grassland, dominated by Festuca halleri All. and a community dominated by CAM rosettes Sempervivum montanum L. on rocky soils. Using transparent and opaque chambers, we extrapolated the ecophysiological responses to the main environmental drivers and performed the partition of NEE into Reco and GPP. Soil samples were collected from the same site to measure long-term C accumulation in the ecosystem. The two communities showed contrasting GPP but similar Reco patterns and as a result significantly different in NEE. The grassland acted mainly as a carbon sink with a total cumulated value of −46.4 ± 35.5 g C m−2 NEE while the plots dominated by the CAM rosettes acted as a source with 31.9 ± 22.4 g C m−2. In spite of the NEE being different in the two plant communities, soil analysis did not reveal significant differences in carbon accumulation. Grasslands showed 1.76 ± 0.12 kg C m−2, while CAM rosettes showed 2.06 ± 0.23 kg C m−2. This study demonstrates that carbon dynamics of two vegetation communities can be distinct even though the growing environment is similar. The physiological traits of the dominant species determine large differences in the carbon cycle. Therefore, to analyze NEE of any glacier forefield ecosystem, different functional traits of the vegetation communities must be taken into consideration. Moreover, to assess the net ecosystem carbon balance it is necessary to consider the lateral fluxes of carbon via animal consumption, winter respiration, and in a broader temporal perspective, the different stages characterizing the primary succession.
Terrestrial responses of low-latitude Asia to the Eocene–Oligocene climate transition revealed by integrated chronostratigraphy
Authors: Li Y.-X. , Jiao W. , Liu Z. , Jin J. , Wang D. , He Y. , Quan C.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The Paleogene sedimentary records from southern China hold important clues to the impacts of the Cenozoic climate changes on low-latitudes. However, although there are extensive Paleogene terrestrial archives and some contain abundant fossils in this region, few are accurately dated and have a temporal resolution adequate to decipher climate changes. Here we present a detailed stratigraphic and paleomagnetic study of a fossiliferous late Paleogene succession in the Maoming Basin, Guangdong Province. The succession consists of oil shale of the Youganwo Formation (Fm) in the lower part and massive pebbly coarse sandstones of the overlying Huangniuling Fm in the upper part. The conformable transition from oil shale to sandstones represents a major depositional environmental change from a lacustrine to a deltaic environment. The substantially refined chronostratigraphic framework is established based on the litho-, bio-, cyclo-, and magnetostratiphic data that place the environmental transition at 33.88 Ma, coinciding with the Eocene–Oligocene climate transition (EOT) at ~ 33.7 to ~ 33.9 Ma. We suggest that the transition from a lacustrine to deltaic environment in Maoming Basin represents terrestrial responses to the EOT and indicates a significant reduction in hydrodynamics in low-latitude regions during the global cooling at EOT.
The OceanFlux Greenhouse Gases methodology for deriving a sea surface climatology of CO2 fugacity in support of air–sea gas flux studies
Authors: Goddijn-Murphy L. M. , Woolf D. K. , Land P. E. , Shutler J. D. , Donlon C.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Climatologies, or long-term averages, of essential climate variables are useful for evaluating models and providing a baseline for studying anomalies. The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) has made millions of global underway sea surface measurements of CO2 publicly available, all in a uniform format and presented as fugacity, fCO2. As fCO2 is highly sensitive to temperature, the measurements are only valid for the instantaneous sea surface temperature (SST) that is measured concurrently with the in-water CO2 measurement. To create a climatology of fCO2 data suitable for calculating air–sea CO2 fluxes, it is therefore desirable to calculate fCO2 valid for a more consistent and averaged SST. This paper presents the OceanFlux Greenhouse Gases methodology for creating such a climatology. We recomputed SOCAT's fCO2 values for their respective measurement month and year using monthly composite SST data on a 1° × 1° grid from satellite Earth observation and then extrapolated the resulting fCO2 values to reference year 2010. The data were then spatially interpolated onto a 1° × 1° grid of the global oceans to produce 12 monthly fCO2 distributions for 2010, including the prediction errors of fCO2 produced by the spatial interpolation technique. The partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) is also provided for those who prefer to use pCO2. The CO2 concentration difference between ocean and atmosphere is the thermodynamic driving force of the air–sea CO2 flux, and hence the presented fCO2 distributions can be used in air–sea gas flux calculations together with climatologies of other climate variables.
The spectrum of control: A social theory of the smart city
Authors: Sadowski Jathan , Pasquale Frank
Published: July 2015

There is a certain allure to the idea that cities allow a person to both feel at home and like a stranger in the same place. That one can know the streets and shops, avenues and alleys, while also going days without being recognized. But as elites fill cities with “smart” technologies — turning them into platforms for the “Internet of Things” (IoT): sensors and computation embedded within physical objects that then connect, communicate, and/or transmit information with or between each other through the Internet — there is little escape from a seamless web of surveillance and power. This paper will outline a social theory of the “smart city” by developing our Deleuzian concept of the “spectrum of control.” We present two illustrative examples: biometric surveillance as a form of monitoring, and automated policing as a particularly brutal and exacting form of manipulation. We conclude by offering normative guidelines for governance of the pervasive surveillance and control mechanisms that constitute an emerging critical infrastructure of the “smart city.”
Inflation Dynamics in Ghana
Authors: Osei Victor
Published: July 2015

The study sought to investigate the key factors that influence inflation dynamics in Ghana. The study found that inflation in Ghana is determined primarily by inflation persistence, reflecting price expectations, domestic food prices, petroleum prices and exchange rate. The other determinants of inflation used in this study such as money supply and world food prices weakly affect domestic inflation. The study also recommended that anchoring inflation expectations and managing exchange rate misalignment remains key policy strategies in any effort and attempt by the monetary authorities to achieving and maintaining price stability in the country coupled with moderating the negative effects of other inflation determining factors.
My Nietzsche at Thirty
Authors: Schacht Richard
Published: July 2015

In what follows I respond to the contributions of Helmut Heit, Maudemarie Clark, and John Richardson to a retrospective symposium held on the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary of the appearance of my 1983 book Nietzsche. There is much more in the three contributions than I can possibly respond to here, so I have been selective, commenting on some of the things said in them that seem to me to be most relevant to an understanding and appreciation of the book, to what I was trying to do in it, and to my approach to Nietzsche, both in it and growing out of it. I also take this occasion to say some things about the book and the circumstances surrounding its appearance.
Nietzsche's Conception of Truth: Correspondence, Coherence, or Pragmatist?
Authors: Remhof Justin
Published: July 2015

Nearly every common theory of truth has been attributed to Nietzsche, while some commentators have argued that he simply has no theory of truth. This essay argues that Nietzsche's remarks on truth are better situated within either the coherence or pragmatist theories of truth than the correspondence theory. Nietzsche's thoughts conflict with the correspondence framework because he believes that the truth conditions of propositions are constitutively dependent on our actions.
Nietzsche's Early Perfectionism: A Cultural Reading of “The Greek State”
Authors: Church Jeffrey
Published: July 2015

Nietzsche's early essay “The Greek State” has been understood as unambiguous evidence of Nietzsche's “aristocratic radicalism,” that he rejected liberal democracy and advocated slavery, war, and the sacrifice of the many for the few. This article challenges the scholarly consensus. I argue that “The Greek State” critiques liberal culture, not its institutions, and it proposes modern functional alternatives to ancient practices of slavery and war. The broader aim of my article is to move beyond the debate between “aristocratic” and “democratic” readings of Nietzsche's perfectionism.
How One Becomes What One Is Called: On the Relation between Traits and Trait-Terms in Nietzsche
Authors: Alfano Mark
Published: July 2015

According to Nietzsche, drives are the ultimate constituents of virtues and vices. I argue that Nietzsche identifies two blueprints for character construction: a slavish, interpersonal blueprint, and a masterly, reflexive blueprint. When the interpersonal blueprint is implemented, a person becomes what he is called: his drives are shaped by the traits ascribed to him so that he becomes more like the sort of person he's taken to be. When the reflexive blueprint is implemented, a person becomes more like the sort of person she calls herself: her drives are shaped by the traits she ascribes to herself in a community of peers. The reflexive blueprint shares some surprising similarities with the interpersonal blueprint. I conclude with an account of Nietzschean summoning, which occurs when one person praises a generic type to an audience, implicitly inviting them to identify with that type and thereby to become more like it.
Chile y la OCDE. La dicotomia entre lo macroeconómico y el desarrollo humano
Authors: Riveros Cornejo Luis Alfredo , Báez Castillo Gustavo A.
Published: July 2015

La economía de Chile ha mostrado singular fortaleza desde la década de 1990. El establecimiento de una trayectoria de alto crecimiento económico e inversión, el aumento del ingreso per cápita, la inflación bien contenida y los excedentes fiscales han sido hechos recurrentes. Sin embargo, persiste una preocupante dicotomía entre los buenos resultados macroeconómicos y lo limitado de aquellos relativos a las variables humanas subyacentes, especialmente en educación, salud e innovación,

lo cual permite otorgar baja sustentabilidad a los resultados en cuanto a competitividad internacional y estabilidad macroeconómica. Este trabajo pone de relieve ese contraste, basado en la información comparativa disponible del Foro Económico Mundial.
El corpus ideológico del franquismo: principios originarios y elementos de renovación
Authors: Giménez Martínez Miguel Ángel
Published: July 2015

Dada su larga duración y la pluralidad de grupos en que se apoyó, resulta complicado identificar una única ideología o un claro programa político dentro de la dictadura de Franco. Al contrario que el fascismo italiano o el nacionalsocialismo alemán, el franquismo levantó su repertorio ideológico sobre la base de unos principios diversos, en cuya defensa coincidieron las distintas «familias» del régimen. Estos fundamentos doctrinales, sin embargo, no permanecieron inmutables, sino que se adaptaron a las circunstancias de cada momento y evolucionaron al compás de la necesidad del sistema por sobrevivir. El objetivo de este trabajo es señalar los elementos de continuidad y transformación de

este corpus de ideas, recogiendo buena parte de la dispersa literatura existente para generar una propuesta ordenada e integrada.
Continuidad y cambio en la política exterior chilena en el gobierno de Sebastián Piñera (2010-2014)
Authors: Briones Sebastián , Dockendorff Andrés
Published: July 2015

El presente trabajo examina la política exterior del gobierno de Sebastián Piñera. Para ello, se sopesa en tres partes la importancia de un cambio de coalición gobernante en Chile después de varias décadas. Primero, se examina someramente la bibliografía relevante en materia de diplomacia presidencial relacionada con el continente, América Latina y Chile. A continuación, se analiza la inserción internacional del país a la luz de las nociones de integración y regionalismo abierto. En tercer lugar, se describen los hitos de la política exterior del gobierno de Piñera en función de su programa, las relaciones comerciales, los ámbitos regional y vecinal y la seguridad internacional. Finalmente se pondera el peso de esa política exterior en la medida en que preserva y modifica la posición de Chile en el panorama global y regional.
Violência no Campus
Authors: Mello Cesar Mauricio de Abreu
Published: July 2015

O livro aborda a questão da violência e criminalidade dentro dos campi universitários e seus entornos, especificamente os ocorridos dentro da Cidade Universitária Prof. José da Silveira Netto, que é o maior campus da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA).
Do plural ao singular: condições de gênero e carreira científica na área de engenharias da região Norte
Authors: Tavares Ariane Serpeloni , Parente Temis Gomes
Published: July 2015

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a presença de mulheres no topo da carreira científica. Reflete-se sobre a participação das mulheres nas diversas etapas da construção de uma carreira científica, especialmente na área de Engenharias das Universidades Federais da Região Norte, entre os anos de 2008 e 2012. Realizou-se a coleta de dados quantitativos via internet, principalmente por meio do e-SIC – Sistema Eletrônico do Serviço de Informação ao Cidadão. Os dados foram analisados e interpretados sob a perspectiva de gênero e mostram que o número de mulheres cai ao longo da trajetória científica, resultando em uma pequena representação feminina entre os bolsistas de produtividade, principalmente nas áreas consideradas masculinas. Os dados possibilitaram verificar que há disparidades regionais quanto a investimentos no sistema de pós-graduação e que isso pode ocasionar disparidades também em relação à participação das mulheres na ciência.
Pacificação e expropriação no jogo olímpico
Authors: Egler Tamara
Published: July 2015

O artigo está associado ao importante papel das redes na atualidade. Nelas podemos observar diferentes modalidades de comunicação, mediadas por tecnologias que transformam as estratégias econômicas e políticas. O presente texto remete às redes sociotécnicas que associam corporações internacionais, agências internacionais, governos locais e empresas capitalistas, cujo objeto de ação compartilhado é realizar os Jogos Olímpicos na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. O nosso objetivo é revelar como se realiza essa associação de atores, em nível global, e como os interesses privados acabam prevalecendo na formulação de políticas urbanas locais. O artigo busca expor como essas redes sociotécnicas se formam e como atuam na formulação de diferentes processos e quais são os resultados de sua ação. Esses resultados são expressos nos ganhos extraordinários que produzem transformações na vida cotidiana dos habitantes da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, que, elevada à condição de sede dos Jogos Olímpicos de 2016, consolida sua posição no ranking das cidades globais.
Transformações no modelo francês de agricultura familiar: lições para o caso brasileiro?
Authors: Cazella Ademir Antonio , Sencébé Yannick , Rémy Jacques
Published: July 2015

Este artigo tem por objetivo principal analisar a influência da sociologia rural francesa no debate acadêmico brasileiro referente à agricultura familiar. O eixo de análise consiste em demonstrar que os principais autores nacionais que influenciaram a discussão teórica sobre o tema apresentam uma forte filiação à sociologia rural francesa. Em termos específicos discute-se o aparato público adotado na França para promover o modelo de agricultura familiar de dimensões socioeconômicas com potencial de se integrar no processo de modernização da agricultura levado a cabo no pós-segunda guerra mundial. A tendência demonstrada pelas políticas públicas brasileiras de caráter produtivo de adotar uma orientação semelhante significa excluir dessas políticas a maior parte das unidades agrícolas familiares.
TERRA DE NEGÓCIOS, TERRA DE TRABALHO
Authors: Bueno Juliana Dourado
Published: July 2015

Lançando mão do contexto de produção de flores na região de Holambra/SP, este texto apresenta as experiências que são invisibilizadas quando essa produção é apresentada como uma atividade “delicada” e relacionada somente à cultura holandesa no Brasil. Serão apresentados os principais sujeitos desse processo: homens e mulheres que trabalham em estufas de flores para que a produção seja intensificada. Há um entendimento de que as expectativas de gênero reforçam a desigualdade na atribuição das atividades, na medida em que às mulheres são destinadas as tarefas de plantio, corte, classificação e embalagem das plantas, enquanto os homens são direcionados às atividades de coordenação da equipe, aplicação de venenos e transporte das plantas. Diferenças que implicam em uma hierarquia salarial com valores mais altos para os homens. A metodologia empregada foi a História Oral e a observação em campo empírico nos municípios paulistas de Artur Nogueira, Holambra e Santo Antônio de Posse.
Cercamento das florestas sob o Capitalismo verde: miradas desde a fronteira tri Nacional Brasil/Peru/Bolívia
Authors: De Paula Elder Andrade , Morais Maria De Jesus , Da Silva Silvio Simione
Published: July 2015

Neste artigo analisamos as diretrizes e politicas voltadaspara instituir àre-territorialização capitalista na tríplice fronteira Brasil/Peru/Bolívia e a emergência de novos conflitos territoriais dela decorrentes. Ao intensificar as formas de mercantilização/financeirização da natureza para levar a cabo o novo ciclo de acumulação do capital, os territórios ocupados por povos tradicionais submergem em outra ordem de conflitos sociais. Potencializam-se as ameaças relacionadas com a continuidade de suas existências ede suas singularidades culturais e identitárias. Os dados aqui utilizadossão provenientes do Projeto de Pesquisa “Processos de re-territorialização e agenda verde na Pan Amazônia: um estudo da tríplice fronteira Brasil/Peru/Bolívia” (CNPQ, biênio 2013-14). Metodologicamente nos valemos da interface entre as Ciências Sociais e Geografia Humana com o intuito de interpretar adinâmica que anima a re-produção social do espaço nesses territórios reconfigurados no decorrer desse “esverdeamento” do capitalismo. Nas conclusões, procuramos mostrar que a espoliação e transgressões dos direitos territoriais dos povos indígenas e do campesinato constituem um dos traços fundamentais desse processo.
Lei e mediação social nos conflitos de terra e direitos territoriais envolvendo as comunidades tradicionais de fundos e fechos de pasto da Bahia
Authors: Andrade de Souza Maria José , Antunes Dantas de Oliveira Luiza
Published: July 2015

Neste trabalho, procuramos analisar as estratégias de luta das comunidades de fundos e fechos de pasto do Estado da Bahia, Brasil, para conquistarem o reconhecimento jurídico junto ao Estado, como forma de regularizar a posse tradicional das suas áreas de pastoreio coletivo, que são cobiçadas por pretensos proprietários, grileiros e projetos desenvolvimentistas. Com isso, a luta pela garantia do direito à terra através da lei adquiriu centralidade na atuação dessas comunidades, que procuram, em parceria com advogados e advogadas populares, avançar na efetivação de uma legislação coerente com suas demandas, como também disputam a interpretação sobre a legalidade e legitimidade dos seus direitos no Judiciário. A partir da concepção thompsoniana de que a lei é um palco de lutas abertas e indefinidas, procuramos entender suas estratégias de luta frente a lei estatal de uma forma relacional, tendo em vista um processo contraditório, atravessado por relações de poder, conflitos e interesses.
Review of the effusus group of the Lanternfly genus Pyrops Spinola, 1839, with one new species and notes on trophobiosis (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae)
Authors: Constant Jérôme
Published: July 2015

The species group effusus of the genus Pyrops Spinola, 1839 is reviewed and the nomenclatural history of the genus Pyrops is briefly summarized. One new species from eastern Borneo, Pyrops synavei sp. nov., is described. P. gunjii (Satô & Nagai, 1994) stat. nov. is proposed as a valid species instead of a subspecies of P. whiteheadi (Distant, 1889). P. maquilinganus (Baker, 1925) is removed from the effusus group and placed back into the candelaria group. P. cyanirostris (Guérin-Méneville, 1845) is removed from the group and not attributed to any of the currently defined species groups. An illustrated key to the species of the group with the addition of P. intricatus (Walker, 1857) and a distribution map are given. The effusus group is restricted to Borneo and adjacent Laut Island and presently contains 4 species: P. effusus (Distant, 1891), P. gunjii (Satô & Nagai, 1994) stat.nov., P. synavei sp. nov. and P. whiteheadi (Distant, 1889). Trophobiosis observations with the gecko Gehyra mutilata (Wiegmann, 1835) (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae) and two species of cockroaches (Insecta: Blattodea), one Dorylaea sp. and an unidentified species of Pseudophyllodromiinae, are reported and illustrated for P. whiteheadi; observation with a cockroach, Dorylaea sp., is reported for P. intricatus.
Taxidermies
Authors: Strivay Lucienne
Published: July 2015

La taxidermie est une pratique d’entre-mondes. Au service d’une perspective « simple » d’identification et de monstration des espèces en collections dans les muséums ou les cabinets, témoignage de la preuve dans le monde des chasseurs à travers l’alignement des trophées, à l’oeuvre pour la mémoire toujours déçue des compagnons disparus chez les particuliers ou les soigneurs, elle s’élabore toujours à l’interface de plusieurs attentes que le vivant seul pourrait concilier : la vérité du type, la justesse individuée, la grâce d’une rencontre. Qu’elle serve à la reconstitution d’espèces disparues ou à la construction de spécimens chimériques, à la conservation, à la publicité ou au marché kitsch, elle négocie sans cesse entre visible et invisible, elle saisit ce qui s’échappe et le perd dès qu’elle croit se l’être approprié. Elle trouble le regard et autorise un toucher inespéré mais pour le trahir aussitôt. Alors même qu’on s’attendrait à voir cette pratique s’effacer au profit du film, elle rencontre un nouvel engouement. On la trouve de plus en plus souvent intégrée aux dispositifs de l’art contemporain pour servir un discours critique sur la relation au vivant ou l’incarnation revendiquée d’une sensibilité proprement animale. La conscience des extinctions des espèces lui rend des vertus exceptionnelles. Elle est le plus souvent abordée selon sa réception. Mais cette étude s’attache prioritairement à la perspective du taxidermiste lui-même, dans son atelier, aux prises avec les corps, les techniques et les attentes. En Belgique (contrairement à ce qui se passe en France), il n’existe pas de formation au métier : la taxidermie fait l’objet d’une transmission intergénérationnelle dans certaines familles ou d’un compagnonnage où chacun affine ses observations anatomiques, éthologiques et ses compétences pragmatiques au « rendu ». Partant toujours de l’extériorité même du vivant, de l’indice, elle a vu se transformer ses savoir-faire et la demande qui lui était adressée. Elle témoigne des modifications de perception du monde animal comme des régimes d’identification ontologiques des hommes. Qu’est-ce que la pratique de la taxidermie fait au naturalisme dont elle est issue ? Quels liens, quels désirs, quelles connaissances et quelles passions met-elle en jeu ?
Relation entre la composition foliaire et la présence de la maladie corticale du hêtre dans les stations du Réseau d’étude et de surveillance des écosystèmes forestiers du Québec
Authors: Ouimet Rock , Duchesne Louis , Moore Jean-David
Published: July 2015

La maladie corticale du hêtre (MCH) est de plus en plus fréquente dans les forêts de l’est de l’Amérique du Nord. Des chercheurs ont avancé l’hypothèse que l’expansion de cette maladie pourrait être en partie liée au statut nutritif des arbres. Pour tester cette hypothèse, nous avons vérifié la relation entre l’apparition de cette maladie et la composition du feuillage du hêtre (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) dans les stations du Réseau d’étude et de surveillance des écosystèmes forestiers du Québec. Sur les 14 stations contenant du hêtre, cinq présentaient des symptômes de la maladie entre 2006 et 2012. Les arbres infectés étaient en moyenne de plus grand diamètre que ceux qui ne l’étaient pas. La présence de la MCH était liée en partie à la composition foliaire des arbres (pseudo-R2 : 0,551). L’analyse indique que plus le rapport N/P du feuillage du hêtre est élevé, plus la probabilité d’infection par la MCH est importante; et plus les rapports Zn/Mn et Mg/K du feuillage sont élevés, plus la probabilité d’infection par la MCH est faible. Ces rapports donnent à penser que les conditions d’acidification du sol et de drainage influencent la vigueur des arbres et, conséquemment, leur vulnérabilité à la MCH.
The feasibility, time savings and economic impact of a designated time appointment system at a busy HIV care clinic in Kenya: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kwena Zachary A , Njoroge Betty W , Cohen Craig R , Oyaro Patrick , Shikari Rosemary , Kibaara Charles K , Bukusi Elizabeth A
Published: July 2015

Introduction

As efforts are made to reach universal access to ART in Kenya, the problem of congestion at HIV care clinics is likely to worsen. We evaluated the feasibility and the economic benefits of a designated time appointment system as a solution to decongest HIV care clinics.

Methods

This was an explanatory two‐arm open‐label randomized controlled trial that enrolled 354 consenting participants during their normal clinic days and followed‐up at subsequent clinic appointments for up to nine months. Intervention arm participants were given specific dates and times to arrive at the clinic for their next appointment while those in the control arm were only given the date and had the discretion to decide on the time to arrive as is the standard practice. At follow‐up visits, we recorded arrival and departure times and asked the monetary value of work participants engaged in before and after clinic. We conducted multiple imputation to replace missing data in our primary outcome variables to allow for intention‐to‐treat analysis; and analyzed the data using Mann–Whitney U test.

Results

Overall, 72.1% of the intervention participants arrived on time, 13.3% arrived ahead of time and 14.6% arrived past scheduled time. Intervention arm participants spent a median of 65 [interquartile range (IQR), 52–87] minutes at the clinic compared to 197 (IQR, 173–225) minutes for control participants (p<0.01). Furthermore, intervention arm participants were more productively engaged on their clinic days valuing their cumulative work at a median of USD 10.5 (IQR, 60.0–16.8) compared to participants enrolled in the control arm who valued their work at USD 8.3 (IQR, 5.5–12.9; p=0.02).

Conclusions

A designated time appointment system is feasible and provides substantial time savings associated with greater economic productivity for HIV patients attending a busy HIV care clinic.
Anatomy of BioJS, an open source community for the life sciences
Authors: Yachdav Guy , Goldberg Tatyana , Wilzbach Sebastian , Dao David , Shih Iris , Choudhary Saket , Crouch Steve , Franz Max , García Alexander , García Leyla J , Grüning Björn A , Inupakutika Devasena , Sillitoe Ian , Thanki Anil S , Vieira Bruno , Villaveces José M , Schneider Maria V , Lewis Suzanna , Pettifer Steve , Rost Burkhard , Corpas Manuel
Published: July 2015

BioJS is an open source software project that develops visualization tools for different types of biological data. Here we report on the factors that influenced the growth of the BioJS user and developer community, and outline our strategy for building on this growth. The lessons we have learned on BioJS may also be relevant to other open source software projects.
Identification of polarized macrophage subsets in zebrafish
Authors: Nguyen-Chi Mai , Laplace-Builhe Béryl , Travnickova Jana , Luz-Crawford Patricia , Tejedor Gautier , Phan Quang Tien , Duroux-Richard Isabelle , Levraud Jean-Pierre , Kissa Karima , Lutfalla Georges , Jorgensen Christian , Djouad Farida
Published: July 2015

While the mammalian macrophage phenotypes have been intensively studied in vitro, the dynamic of their phenotypic polarization has never been investigated in live vertebrates. We used the zebrafish as a live model to identify and trail macrophage subtypes. We generated a transgenic line whose macrophages expressing tumour necrosis factor alpha (tnfa), a key feature of classically activated (M1) macrophages, express fluorescent proteins Tg(mpeg1:mCherryF/tnfa:eGFP-F). Using 4D-confocal microscopy, we showed that both aseptic wounding and Escherichia coli inoculation triggered macrophage recruitment, some of which started to express tnfa. RT-qPCR on Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)-sorted tnfa+ and tnfa− macrophages showed that they, respectively, expressed M1 and alternatively activated (M2) mammalian markers. Fate tracing of tnfa+ macrophages during the time-course of inflammation demonstrated that pro-inflammatory macrophages converted into M2-like phenotype during the resolution step. Our results reveal the diversity and plasticity of zebrafish macrophage subsets and underline the similarities with mammalian macrophages proposing a new system to study macrophage functional dynamic.
Structures to the people!
Authors: Baird Nathan J , Leidel Sebastian A
Published: July 2015

A combination of 3D modeling and high-throughput sequencing may offer a faster way to determine the three-dimensional structures of RNA molecules.
Multivariate analysis of dim elves from ISUAL observations
Authors: Offroy Marc , Farges Thomas , Gaillard Pierre , Kuo Cheng Ling , Chen Alfred Bing‐Chih , Hsu Rue‐Ron , Takahashi Yukihiro
Published: July 2015

The Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning (ISUAL) on the FORMOSAT‐2 satellite, launched in 2004, records Transient Luminous Events (TLEs). ISUAL has an imager and a spectrophotometer that observe TLEs all over the globe. Among these phenomena, elves are particularly difficult to detect. ISUAL often records events that correspond to significant far ultraviolet (FUV) emissions in the spectrophotometer but have no discernible TLEs in the imager. These FUV events are called “dim” elves. Therefore, it is important to develop mathematical tools to analyze the data to obtain a better evaluation of the number of elves and their occurrence. Multivariate approaches are applied to characterize the unlabeled events. The first approach is the principal component analysis which distinguishes two different groups, one including elves and dim elves. The second approach is the PARallel FACtor analysis which provides a waveform model for each group. These methodologies confirm that FUV signal is the evidence of TLE presence. A crude classification method was then suggested taking into account these results. The proportion of elves, relatively to the considered ISUAL data set, is found to be about 40%. It is similar to previous results and confirms that relatively weak lightning peak current is sufficient to produce elves. This new strategy demonstrates the potential for discriminating between lightning and TLEs without prior knowledge within the selectivity of the FUV spectral band.
The Madden‐Julian Oscillation in a warmer world
Authors: Chang Chiung‐Wen June , Tseng Wan‐Ling , Hsu Huang‐Hsiung , Keenlyside Noel , Tsuang Ben‐Jei
Published: July 2015

Global warming's impact on the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) is assessed using one of the few models capable in reproducing its key features. In a warmer climate predicted for the end of the century, the MJO increases in amplitude (by ~30%) and frequency, showing a more circumglobal propagation tendency. The MJO spatial extent becomes enhanced, deeper, and more zonally extended but meridionally confined. A stronger vertical tilting structure in diabatic heating, moisture, and convergence fields is seen. Our findings indicate that these changes result from an intensification of the frictional wave‐conditional instability of the second kind mechanism via the coupling of dynamical and thermodynamic response to the warming. The warming and moistening of the mean state contribute to the enhanced deep convective heating, driving a stronger‐forced Kelvin wave‐like perturbation. This reinforces the frictional low‐level convergence, leading to larger shallow convective heating and therefore to a faster development and enhancement of the deep convection in the MJO.
Healthy Humane Buildings
Authors: Lepasoon Karin
Published: July 2015

One of the most powerful women in Swedish business, Karin Lepasoon has been widely recognised for her ethical values. Previously Executive Vice President of international construction and project development company Skanska, she is now Director of Communications, ESG and HR at Nordic Capital. Here she looks back from 2050 and describes how wellbeing has become central to the design of the built environment, underwritten by new technology and solid bottom‐line numbers.
Heaven on Earth
Authors: Bondar Roberta L
Published: July 2015

‘By 2050 we will have probed the universe even further, peeling back time as we strive for some sense of creation and meaning.’ The world's first neurologist in space, Roberta L Bondar, who conducted international experiments on space mission STS 42 and has subsequently undertaken neurological research with NASA, urges us to look up and into space, which is set to remain a rich area of exploration, scientific investigation and wonder, with the discovery of new planets, light, patterns and materials on the not‐so‐distant horizon.
The Art of Prediction
Authors: Jencks Charles
Published: July 2015

Charles Jencks has form. One of the most influential architectural authors and thinkers of our time, he has been forecasting futures and anticipating trends for half a century. His 1971 book Architecture 2000: Predictions and Methods gazed into the crystal ball 29 years ahead of the millennium. Here he provides a comprehensive overview of the art of prediction and its widely divergent styles and approaches.
Localization of Au Nanoclusters on Layered Double Hydroxides Nanosheets: Confinement‐Induced Emission Enhancement and Temperature‐Responsive Luminescence
Authors: Tian Rui , Zhang Shitong , Li Mingwan , Zhou Yuqiong , Lu Bo , Yan Dongpeng , Wei Min , Evans David G. , Duan Xue
Published: July 2015

Gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) stand for a new type of fluorescent nanomaterials with outstanding optical properties due to their discrete electronic energy and direct electron transition. However, relative low quantum yield (QY) of Au NCs in aqueous or solid state has limited their photofunctional applications. To improve the fluorescent performances of Au NCs and find an effective approach for the fabrication of Au NCs‐based films, in this work, Au NCs are localized onto 2D layered double hydroxides (LDHs) nanosheets via a layer‐by‐layer assembly process; the as‐fabricated (Au NCs/LDH)n ultrathin films (UTFs) show an ordered and dense immobilization of Au NCs. The localization and confinement effects imposed by LDH nanosheets induce significantly increased emissive Au(I) units as confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and periodic density functional theoretical simulation, which further results in promoted QY (from 2.69% to 14.11%) and prolonged fluorescence lifetime (from 1.84 µs to 14.67 µs). Moreover, the ordered (Au NCs/LDH)n UTFs exhibit well‐defined temperature‐dependent photoluminescence (PL) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) responses. Therefore, this work supplies a facile strategy to achieve the immobilization of Au NCs and obtain Au NCs‐based thin films with high luminescent properties, which have potential applications in PL and ECL temperature sensors.
Effects of desloratadine citrate disodium injection on rat models of ovalbumin‐induced allergic rhinitis: involvement of T‐cell responses modulation
Authors: Yuan Xin , Ghosh Arijit , Jie Qiong , He Guangwei , Wu Yulin
Published: July 2015

Background

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a very common worldwide problem; patients display a number of symptoms, such as sneezing, nasal itching, and rhinorrhea, and their lifestyle is affected. Desloratadine is a novel, long‐acting inhibitor of histamine. However, very little is known about the effect of desloratadine citrate disodium injection (DLC injection) on AR, and the underlying mechanisms are yet unexplored. Herein, we sought to explore the effects and mechanisms of actions of DLC injection in ovalbumin (OVA)‐induced immune responses in a rat model of AR.

Methods

Sixty rats were subjected to immunization with OVA (intraperitoneal [IP]), followed by a nasal challenge with OVA. Drugs or saline were given daily for treatment. Nasal symptoms and histology of the nasal mucosa were examined. Cytokines such as interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐12, interferon (IFN)‐γ, adhesion molecules such as soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM‐1), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression were assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Nitric oxide (NO) concentration was also measured by NO assay kit.

Results

DLC treatment (intravenous [IV]) significantly decreased the frequency of sneezing and nasal scratching and alleviated nasal inflammation by increasing the serum levels of IFN‐γ and IL‐12, while lowering the expression of IL‐4. Thus, DLC (IV) treatment led to a marked elevation in T‐helper 1/T‐helper 2 (Th1/Th2) ratio when administered in the AR rats. The expression of sVCAM‐1, iNOS, and NO were also reversed.

Conclusion

DLC (IV), given after an allergen challenge, improved Th1 cytokines level and restrained Th2 responses alleviating the symptoms of AR. Our results indicate that DLC injection may exhibit such effects through the modulation of T‐cell responses.
Toughening of poly(l‐lactide) modified by a small amount of acrylonitrile−butadiene−styrene core‐shell copolymer
Authors: Wu Ningjing , Zhang Hong
Published: July 2015

A small amount of acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) core shell copolymer particles are used to improve the toughness of poly(l‐lactide) (PLLA) matrix. The incorporation of ABS copolymer dramatically increased the elongation yield at break of PLLA. For PLLA blend with 6.0 wt % ABS copolymer particles, the elongation yield at break increased by 28 times and the notched impact strength improved by 100% comparing with those of neat PLLA. Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurement results indicated that the special polarity interaction between ester group of PLLA matrix and nitrile group of PSAN shell phase enhanced the interfacial adhesion between PB rubber phase and PLLA matrix and promoted the fine dispersion of ABS particles in PLLA matrix. Meanwhile, ABS core shell particles also showed a certain extent of effects on the crystallinity behavior of PLLA. A small amount of ABS particles became the nucleating sites, and then the degree of crystallinity of PLLA/ABS blends increased. However, the notched impact of PLLA blends decreased because of the aggregation of more ABS particles. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42554.
Fabrication of galactosylated chitosan–5‐fluorouracil acetic acid based nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery
Authors: Yu Cui‐Yun , Li Na‐Mei , Yang Sa , Ning Qian , Huang Can , Huang Wen , He Zi‐Ning , He Dong‐Xiu , Tan Xiang‐Wen , Sun Li‐Chun
Published: July 2015

In this study, a novel type of macromolecular prodrug, N‐galactosylated chitosan (GC)−5‐fluorouracil acetic acid (FUA) conjugate based nanoparticles, was designed and synthesized as a carrier for hepatocellular carcinoma drug delivery. The GC–FUA nanoparticles were produced by an ionic crosslinking method based on the modified ionic gelation of tripolyphosphate with GC–FUA. The structure of the as‐prepared GC–FUA was characterized by Fourier transform infrared and 1H‐NMR analyses. The average particle size of the GC–FUA nanoparticles was 160.1 nm, and their drug‐loading content was 21.22 ± 2.7% (n = 3). In comparison with that of the freshly prepared nanoparticles, this value became larger after 7 days because of the aggregation of the GC–FUA nanoparticles. An in vitro drug‐release study showed that the GC–FUA nanoparticles displayed a sustained‐release profile compared to 5‐fluorouracil‐loaded GC nanoparticles. All of the results suggest that the GC–FUA nanoparticles may have great potential for anti‐liver‐cancer applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42625.
Active edible films: Current state and future trends
Authors: Mellinas Cristina , Valdés Arantzazu , Ramos Marina , Burgos Nuria , Garrigós María del Carmen , Jiménez Alfonso
Published: July 2015

Active edible films represent one of the current and future trends in the development of new polymers for selected applications, particularly food packaging. Some biopolymers show excellent performance as carriers for active compounds extracted from natural sources and are able to be released at a controlled rate to packaged food. In this review we aim to present, in a comprehensive way, the most recent advances and updates in this subject, where much research is currently ongoing and new studies are reported very often. This review focuses on innovative biopolymer matrices, their processing to obtain edible active films, and present and future applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42631.