bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic potential of intravenously administered human mesenchymal stromal cells
Authors: Kollar K. , Seifried E. , Henschler R.
Published: November 2011

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) represent a stem and progenitor cell population that has been shown to promote tissue recovery in preclinical and clinical studies. The study of MSC migration following systemic infusion of exogenous MSC is difficult. The challenges facing these efforts are due to a number of factors, including defining culture conditions for MSC, the phenotype of cultured MSC, the differences observed between cultured MSC and freshly isolated MSC. However, even if, MSC populations consist of a mixture of stem and more committed multipotent progenitors, it remains probable that these cell populations are still useful in the clinic as discussed in this review.
Viscosity of Molten Rare Earth Metal Trichlorides II. Cerium Subgroup
Authors: Potapov Alexei , Sato Yuzuru
Published: November 2011

The kinematic viscosity of molten LaCl3, CeCl3, PrCl3, NdCl3, and SmCl3 was measured directly by using a capillary viscometer made of quartz and a transparent electric furnace. Viscosity of molten PmCl3 and EuCl3 was estimated using common tendencies in the lanthanides row. The dynamic viscosity was computed by using the most reliable density data taken from literature. The viscosity of molten lanthanides trichlorides at the same temperature changes slightly within a cerium lanthanides subgroup. Molten EuCl3 perhaps has abnormally low viscosity.
Genetic Evolutionary Approach for Cutting Forces Prediction in Hard Milling
Authors: Taylan Fatih , Kayacan Cengiz
Published: November 2011

Hard milling is a very common used machining procedure in the last years. Therefore the prediction of cutting forces is important. The paper deals with this prediction using genetic evolutionary programming (GEP) approach to set mathematical expression for out cutting forces. In this study, face milling was performed using DIN1.2842 (90MnCrV8) cold work tool steel, with a hardness of 61 HRC. Experimental parameters were selected using stability measurements and simulations. In the hard milling experiments, cutting force data in a total of three axes were collected. Feed direction (Fx
) and tangential direction (Fy
) cutting forces generated using genetic evolutionary programming were modelled. Cutting speed and feed rate values were treated as inputs in the models, and average cutting force values as output. Mathematical expressions were created to predict average Fx
and Fy
forces that can be generated in hard material milling.
Designing at t + n
Authors: Aish Robert
Published: November 2011

In the last four decades, Robert Aish has played a pivotal role in the development of new technologies in architecture. As a professional software designer and developer, he has directly informed building design and processes. As Director of Software Development at Autodesk, his role is to converge innovative concepts such as design computation with mainstream design and engineering software. Also an influential disseminator of knowledge, he is a co‐founder of the SmartGeometry Group and has helped create a vital bridge between architectural design and computation. Here he describes some of the critical dilemmas facing both software developers and architectural users of computational design tools, comparing the pioneering work of Bruce Archer and Ivan Sutherland in the mid‐1960s (at time t) with how such tools are used today (at time t + n). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Driving an Ecological Agenda with Project‐Led Research
Authors: Whitehead Hugh , Gallou Irene , Thapar Harsh , Betti Giovanni , Craig Salmaan
Published: November 2011

Here Hugh Whitehead, Irene Gallou, Harsh Thapar, Giovanni Betti and Salmaan Craig of the Specialist Modelling Group (SMG) at Foster + Partners directly address the underlying premise behind the issue. They argue the case for the architect as generalist or ‘centralised controller’, coordinating an often specialised and diverse collaborative design team. As an in‐house consultancy within Foster + Partners, SMS provides expertise in complex geometry, computer programming, parametric design and rapid prototyping and environmental simulation, aiming to provided directed specialist support whenever required. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feedback Architecture
Authors: Derix Christian , Kimpian Judit , Karanouh Abdulmajid , Mason Josh
Published: November 2011

The specialist research and design unit in Aedas' London office focuses on three principal areas of research: computational design, advanced modelling and sustainable design. Christian Derix, Judit Kimpian, Abdulmajid Karanouh and Josh Mason of Aedas R&D explain how this cross‐pollination of interests has led the practice to develop innovative approaches, exemplified by the design for Al Bahr Towers, the Abu Dhabi Investment Council Headquarters and the Digital Masterplanning (Digma) tool. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a New Relationship with Nature: Research and Regenerative Design in Architecture
Authors: Busby Peter , Richter Max , Driedger Michael
Published: November 2011

Here Peter Busby, Michael Driedger and Max Richter of Perkins+Will Canada (P+W) describe the office's core focus on ‘regenerative design’: an approach where each operation in a building's construction is measured by its positive impact on human and natural systems. This is supported by an in‐house research team of architects, engineers and sustainability strategists that concentrates on the advancement of sustainable building practices. They describe how this is played out in projects such as the Living with Lakes Centre at Laurentian University in Sudbury and the VanDusen Botanical Garden Visitor Centre, Vancouver. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is There Something Beyond ‘Outside of the Box’?
Authors: Armstrong Rachel
Published: November 2011

Here, architectural and scientific researcher Rachel Armstrong questions whether the definition of ‘experimental’ green design presented here goes far enough. She urges architects to not dwell on evaluation processes, performance and ‘strategies’ and to seek a far more radical solution to sustainability, which abandons the current emphasis on industrial technologies and the existing educational and professional frameworks. In its place, she envisions employing biology as a driver for wholly new living materials and systems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of High Performance Single‐Phase Solid Solution Magnesium Alloy at Low Temperature
Authors: Peng Qiuming , Huang Yuanding , Kainer Karl Ulrich , Hort Norbert
Published: November 2011

Magnesium (Mg) alloys are well known as potential candidates for engineering structural materials due to their low density and high specific strength. However, compared with traditional steel or aluminum materials, Mg alloys have not been widely used. Up to now, these present commercial products are mainly fabricated by cast. In contrast to cast products, wrought Mg alloys only have a market share of less than 5%.[a] Most of the barriers preventing wrought produces from widespread applications arising from low ductility/toughness and poor corrosion.[b] Therefore, to improve the formability and corrosion resistance becomes an urgent problem to extend the applications of deformed Mg materials.
Versatile α,ω‐Disubstituted Tetrathienoacene Semiconductors for High Performance Organic Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Youn Jangdae , Huang Peng‐Yi , Huang Yu‐Wen , Chen Ming‐Chou , Lin Yu‐Jou , Huang Hui , Ortiz Rocio Ponce , Stern Charlotte , Chung Ming‐Che , Feng Chieh‐Yuan , Chen Liang‐Hsiang , Facchetti Antonio , Marks Tobin J.
Published: November 2011

Facile one‐pot [1 + 1 + 2] and [2 + 1 + 1] syntheses of thieno[3,2‐b]thieno[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐d]thiophene (tetrathienoacene; TTA) semiconductors are described which enable the efficient realization of a new TTA‐based series for organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs). For the perfluorophenyl end‐functionalized derivative DFP‐TTA, the molecular structure is determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. This material exhibits n‐channel transport with a mobility as high as 0.30 cm2V−1s−1 and a high on‐off ratio of 1.8 × 107. Thus, DFP‐TTA has one of the highest electron mobilities of any fused thiophene semiconductor yet discovered. For the phenyl‐substituted analogue, DP‐TTA, p‐channel transport is observed with a mobility as high as 0.21 cm2V−1s−1. For the 2‐benzothiazolyl (BS‐) containing derivative, DBS‐TTA, p‐channel transport is still exhibited with a hole mobility close to 2 × 10−3 cm2V−1s−1. Within this family, carrier mobility magnitudes are strongly dependent on the semiconductor growth conditions and the gate dielectric surface treatment.
Causes of death and autopsy findings in a large study cohort of individuals with Cornelia de Lange syndrome and review of the literature
Authors: Schrier Samantha A. , Sherer Ilana , Deardorff Matthew A. , Clark Dinah , Audette Lynn , Gillis Lynette , Kline Antonie D. , Ernst Linda , Loomes Kathleen , Krantz Ian D. , Jackson Laird G.
Published: November 2011

To identify causes of death (COD) in propositi with Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) at various ages, and to develop guidelines to improve management and avoid morbidity and mortality, we retrospectively reviewed a total of 426 propositi with confirmed clinical diagnoses of CdLS in our database who died in a 41‐year period between 1966 and 2007. Of these, 295 had an identifiable COD reported to us. Clinical, laboratory, and complete autopsy data were completed on 41, of which 38 were obtainable, an additional 19 had autopsies that only documented the COD, and 45 propositi had surgical, imaging, or terminal event clinical documentation of their COD. Proband ages ranged from fetuses (21–40 weeks gestation) to 61 years. A literature review was undertaken to identify all reported causes of death in CdLS individuals. In our cohort of 295 propositi with a known COD, respiratory causes including aspiration/reflux and pneumonias were the most common primary causes (31%), followed by gastrointestinal disease, including obstruction/volvulus (19%). Congenital anomalies accounted for 15% of deaths and included congenital diaphragmatic hernia and congenital heart defects. Acquired cardiac disease accounted for 3% of deaths. Neurological causes and accidents each accounted for 8%, sepsis for 4%, cancer for 2%, renal disease for 1.7%, and other causes, 9% of deaths. We also present 21 representative clinical cases for illustration. This comprehensive review has identified important etiologies contributing to the morbidity and mortality in this population that will provide for an improved understanding of clinical complications, and management for children and adults with CdLS. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mucosal brush biopsy testing of the inferior turbinate to detect local, antigen‐specific immunoglobulin E
Authors: Reisacher William R.
Published: November 2011

Background:

This study investigated the ability of mucosal brush biopsy testing (MBBT) from the inferior turbinate to detect local, antigen‐specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) in patients with allergic rhinitis, and these results were then compared to skin prick testing (SPT).

Methods:

A standard cytology brush was used to harvest epithelial cells from the inferior turbinates of 20 patients who tested positive to 2 or more airborne antigens out of a panel of 9 on SPT (N = 20). These cells were lysed and the resulting solution was tested for total and antigen‐specific IgE using immunofluorescence.

Results:

Antigen‐specific IgE for at least 1 antigen was detected in 15 (75%) patients on MBBT. A statistically significant association overall between the results of MBBT and SPT was present (p = 0.01), but no significant associations were seen when examining individual antigens. Patients with positive tests on MBBT had higher amounts of IgE and total protein in biopsy samples than patients without positive tests on MBBT. The mean wheal diameter in tests that were positive on MBBT were significantly larger than the mean wheal diameter in tests that were negative on MBBT (p < .0001). Eight tests were positive on MBBT that were negative on SPT in the same patients.

Conclusion:

This study demonstrates for the first time that antigen‐specific IgE can be detected using MBBT in the sinonasal cavity. MBBT is more likely to be positive in higher SPT grades and in biopsy samples with more protein present. MBBT is also able to detect local IgE that is not detected on SPT. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Critical temperature oscillations and reentrant superconductivity due to the FFLO like state in F/S/F trilayers
Authors: Kehrle J. , Zdravkov V.I. , Obermeier G. , Garcia‐Garcia J. , Ullrich A. , Müller C. , Morari R. , Sidorenko A.S. , Horn S. , Tagirov L.R. , Tidecks R.
Published: November 2011

Ferromagnet/Superconductor/Ferromagnet (F/S/F) trilayers, in which the establishing of a Fulde‐Ferrell Larkin‐Ovchinnikov (FFLO) like state leads to interference effects of the superconducting pairing wave function, form the core of the superconducting spin valve. The realization of strong critical temperature oscillations in such trilayers, as a function of the ferromagnetic layer thicknesses or, even more efficient, reentrant superconductivity, are the key condition to obtain a large spin valve effect, i.e. a large shift in the critical temperature. Both phenomena have been realized experimentally in the Cu41Ni59/Nb/Cu41Ni59 trilayers investigated in the present work.
Formation of Giant Protein Vesicles by a Lipid Cosolvent Method
Authors: Hansen Jesper S. , Vararattanavech Ardcharaporn , Vissing Thomas , Torres Jaume , Emnéus Jenny , Hélix‐Nielsen Claus
Published: November 2011

This paper describes a method to create giant protein vesicles (GPVs) of ≥10 μm by solvent‐driven fusion of large vesicles (0.1–0.2 μm) with reconstituted membrane proteins. We found that formation of GPVs proceeded from rotational mixing of protein‐reconstituted large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) with a lipid‐containing solvent phase. We made GPVs by using n‐decane and squalene as solvents, and applied generalized polarization (GP) imaging to monitor the polarity around the protein transmembrane region of aquaporins labeled with the polarity‐sensitive probe Badan. Specifically, we created GPVs of spinach SoPIP2;1 and E. coli AqpZ aquaporins. Our findings show that hydrophobic interactions within the bilayer of formed GPVs are influenced not only by the solvent partitioning propensity, but also by lipid composition and membrane protein isoform.
Unravelling the Mechanism of Glycerol Hydrogenolysis over Rhodium Catalyst through Combined Experimental–Theoretical Investigations
Authors: Auneau Florian , Michel Carine , Delbecq Françoise , Pinel Catherine , Sautet Philippe
Published: November 2011

We report herein a detailed and accurate study of the mechanism of rhodium‐catalysed conversion of glycerol into 1,2‐propanediol and lactic acid. The first step of the reaction is particularly debated, as it can be either dehydration or dehydrogenation. It is expected that these elementary reactions can be influenced by pH variations and by the nature of the gas phase. These parameters were consequently investigated experimentally. On the other hand, there was a lack of knowledge about the behaviour of glycerol at the surface of the metallic catalyst. A theoretical approach on a model Rh(111) surface was thus implemented in the framework of density functional theory (DFT) to describe the above‐mentioned elementary reactions and to calculate the corresponding transition states. The combination of experiment and theory shows that the dehydrogenation into glyceraldehyde is the first step for the glycerol transformation on the Rh/C catalyst in basic media under He or H2 atmosphere.
Improved Synthesis and Mutagenicity of Oligonucleotides Containing 5‐Hydroxymethylcytosine, 5‐Formylcytosine and 5‐Carboxylcytosine
Authors: Münzel Martin , Lischke Ulrike , Stathis Dimitrios , Pfaffeneder Toni , Gnerlich Felix A. , Deiml Christian A. , Koch Sandra C. , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Carell Thomas
Published: November 2011

5‐Formylcytosine (fC or 5‐CHOdC) and 5‐carboxylcytosine (caC or 5‐COOHdC) have recently been identified as constituents of mammalian DNA. The nucleosides are formed from 5‐methylcytosine (mC or 5‐MedC) via 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC or 5‐HOMedC) and are possible intermediates of an active DNA demethylation process. Here we show efficient syntheses of phosphoramidites which enable the synthesis of DNA strands containing these cytosine modifications based on Pd0‐catalyzed functionalization of 5‐iododeoxycytidine. The first crystal structure of fC reveals the existence of an intramolecular H‐bond between the exocyclic amine and the formyl group, which controls the conformation of the formyl substituent. Using a newly designed in vitro mutagenicity assay we show that fC and caC are only marginally mutagenic, which is a prerequisite for the bases to function as epigenetic control units.
Selective Separation/Preconcentration of Silver Ion in Water by Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Microcolumn as a Sorbent
Authors: Biparva Pourya , Hadjmohammadi Mohammad Reza
Published: November 2011

The present paper proposes the application of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a solid adsorbent for selective separation/preconcentration of silver(I) in water samples prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The procedure is based on the solid phase extraction of Ag(I)–2‐mercaptobenzothiazole chelate on MWCNTs. The elution step is carried out with 5 mL of 2 mol L−1 HNO3 in acetone solution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1. The influences of the various analytical parameters including pH of the solution, eluent type, sample volume, flow rates of eluent, matrix ions were investigated for optimization of the presented procedure. Tests of addition/recovery for analyte ion in real samples were performed with satisfactory results. Preconcentration factor and limit of detection for Ag(I) were 160 and 0.21 µg L−1, respectively. The synthesized MWCNT exhibited excellent stability in eluent solution and its adsorption capacity was 5.4 mg of silver per gram of sorbent. The proposed method was successfully applied to trace silver determination in a variety of environmental water samples.
Assessment of the Biosorption Characteristics of a Spent Cottonseed Husk Substrate for the Decolorization of Methylene Blue
Authors: Zhou Qi , Gong Wenqi , Yang Dongjiang , Xie Chuanxin , Li Yubiao , Liu Xiafang , Bai Cuiping , Wang Rui
Published: November 2011

This study concentrates on the possible application of the spent cottonseed husk substrate (SCHS), an agricultural waste used after the cultivation of white rot fungus Flammulina velutipes, to adsorb methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. Batch studies were carried out with variable initial solution pH, adsorbent amount, reaction time, temperature, and initial MB concentration. MB uptake was favorable at pH ranging from 4.0 to 12.0, and the equilibrium adsorption capacity of 143.5 mg g−1 can be reached promptly within about 240 min. The combination analysis of FTIR and BET techniques revealed that the massive functional groups on the biosorbent surface, such as hydroxyl and carboxyl, were responsible for the biosorption of MB. It was found that adsorption data matched the pseudo‐second order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. Thermodynamic parameters of free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°), and entropy (ΔS°), obtained from biosorption MB ranging from 293 to 313 K, showed that the sorption experiment was a spontaneous and endothermic process. The study highlighted a new pathway to develop a new potential utilization of SCHS as a low‐cost sorbent for the removal of MB pollutants from wastewater.
Physiological Responses of Halophyte Suaeda salsa to Water Table and Salt Stresses in Coastal Wetland of Yellow River Delta
Authors: Guan Bo , Yu Junbao , Wang Xuehong , Fu Yuqin , Kan Xingyan , Lin Qianxin , Han Guangxuan , Lu Zhaohua
Published: November 2011

Soil salinity and waterlogging are two major environmental problems in estuarine wetlands. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of salt stress, water table, and their combination on growth, chlorophyll content, antioxidant system, and ion accumulation in Suaeda salsa plant, which is the pioneer plant in coastal wetland of the Yellow River Delta (YRD). The results showed that plant height, number of branches, and biomass were significantly affected by water table and salt stress. With enhanced salt stress, the ratio of leaf to total biomass increased and the ratio of root to total biomass decreased. The contents of Chl‐a, ‐b, Chl‐a + b, and carotenoids (Car) decreased significantly with increasing soil salinity and the water table level. Salt stress enhanced the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), but reduced the content of protein. With the lowering water table level, the activity of CAT and protein content increased, and activity of SOD decreased. Na+ and Cl− content were up‐regulated with increasing salt stress (NaCl), whereas, the contents of other cations (K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) and anions (${\rm SO}_{{\rm 4}}^{{\rm 2}- } $ and ${\rm NO}_{{\rm 3}}^{- } $) were decreased. In summary, the results indicated that the S. salsa plants could adapt to the adverse soil environments through modifying their growth and physiology status at the highly saline and intertidal zone, such as the YRD estuarine wetlands, and also could be used as a bio‐reclamation plant to decline the high salt in saline soils.
Toxic Effects of Copper‐Based and Synthetic Organic Pesticides on Activated Sludge
Authors: Nalbur Berrak Erol , Eleren Sevil Çalışkan , Şahin Semih , Alkan Ufuk
Published: November 2011

Toxic effects of five commonly used pesticides on the biomass of a municipal activated sludge system were determined on the basis of the reduction in the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) and specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR). Toxicity levels of the selected pesticides were determined by employing a modified OECD 209 (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) method which was performed as batch experiments using a respirometer. Copper sulphate (CuSO4 · 5 H2O), copper oxychloride (Cu2Cl(OH)3), copper calcium oxychloride (CaCu3Cl2(OH)6) as copper‐based pesticides and chlorsulphuron (C12H12ClN5O4S), 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) (C8H6Cl2O3) as synthetic organic pesticides were selected for the experiments. The EC50 values were determined to be 78, 249 and 281 mg/L for CuSO4 · 5 H2O, Cu2Cl(OH)3 and CaCu3Cl2(OH)6, respectively. Corresponding values for C12H12ClN5O4S and 2,4‐D were 860 and 3664 mg/L, respectively. Results indicated that toxicity effects of copper‐based pesticides were higher than that of synthetic organic pesticides. CuSO4 · 5 H2O was found to exert the highest toxicity among the copper‐based pesticides, whereas, C12H12ClN5O4S was determined to be the most toxic among the organic pesticides on activated sludge biomass.
Assessing Spin‐Component‐Scaled Second‐Order Møller–Plesset Theory Using Anharmonic Frequencies
Authors: Domin Dominik , Benoit David M.
Published: November 2011

Four common parametrisations of spin‐component‐scaled second‐order Møller–Plesset (MP2) theory are benchmarked by calculating the anharmonic vibrational frequencies of a test suite consisting of eighteen diatomic and five small molecules. Of the four methods, the scaled opposite‐spin MP2 (SOS‐MP2), the variable‐scaling opposite‐spin MP2 (VOS‐MP2) and the spin‐component‐scaled MP2 (SCS‐MP2) methods perform statistically better than standard MP2 theory, while the spin‐component scaled for nucleic bases MP2 (SCSN‐MP2) performs worse. Vibrations of closed‐shell diatomic molecules are slightly more accurately described by the SOS‐MP2 method of Head‐Gordon (εMAD=51 cm−1) than the SCS‐MP2 method of Grimme (εMAD=61 cm−1) or the size‐consistent parametrisation of VOS‐MP2 (εMAD=54 cm−1). For open‐shell diatomic molecules, the SOS‐MP2 (εMAD=83 cm−1) and SCS‐MP2 (εMAD=81 cm−1) methods are of similar accuracy, while VOS‐MP2 is slightly better (εMAD=77 cm−1). Since the VOS‐MP2 and SOS‐MP2 methods tend to have smaller deviations from experiment, and they can be made computationally more economical than the SCS‐MP2 or MP2 methods, we suggest that they should be the preferred ab initio method for computing vibrational frequencies in large molecules.
Practical Synthesis of Photochromic Diarylethenes in Integrated Flow Microreactor Systems
Authors: Asai Tatsuro , Takata Atsushi , Nagaki Aiichiro , Yoshida Jun‐ichi
Published: November 2011

An effective method for the synthesis of photochromic diarylethenes through the generation of heteroaryllithiums and subsequent reaction with octafluorocyclopentene has been developed by using integrated flow microreactor systems. Reactions can be conducted without using cryogenic conditions by virtue of effective temperature and residence time control, although much lower temperatures (<−78 °C) are needed for batch macroreactions. Moreover, the synthesis of unsymmetrical diarylethenes, which is difficult to achieve when using conventional batch macrosystems, has been accomplished based on the selective introduction of one aryl group to give arylheptafluorocyclopentene followed by the introduction of another aryl group. The productivity of the laboratory‐scale system is approximately 0.5 mmol min−1. Therefore, the present integrated flow microreactor method serves as a practical way of synthesizing various photochromic diarylethene derivatives.
(Methoxyborole)cobalt Complexes – Synthesis, Structures and Bonding
Authors: Loginov Dmitry A. , Pronin Andrey A. , Starikova Zoya A. , Vologzhanina Anna V. , Petrovskii Pavel V. , Kudinov Alexander R.
Published: November 2011

Heating (η‐C4H4BCy)Co(CO)2I (Cy = cyclohexyl) in benzene in the presence of AlCl3 and subsequent methanolysis affords the cationic benzene complex [(η‐C4H4BOMe)Co(η‐C6H6)]+ (1). Under visible‐light irradiation, 1 reacts with MeCN and tBuNC to give the tris(ligand) complexes [(η‐C4H4BOMe)Co(L)3]+ [L = MeCN (2), tBuNC (4)]. A similar reaction with P(OMe)3 in MeCN affords [(η‐C4H4BOMe)Co(MeCN){P(OMe)3}2]+ (5). Cation 2 reacts with BPh4– in CH2Cl2 to give the zwitterionic arene complex (η‐C4H4BOMe)Co(η‐C6H5BPh3) (3). Reactions of 2 with TlCp and Tl(η‐9‐SMe2‐7,8‐C2B9H10) afford the sandwich compounds (η‐C4H4BOMe)CoCp (6) and (η‐C4H4BOMe)Co(η‐9‐SMe2‐7,8‐C2B9H10) (7). The structures of 3 and 7 were determined by X‐ray diffraction. The bonding in the borole complexes [(C4H4BR)Co(C6H6)]+ and (C4H4BR)CoCp (R = H, OMe) was compared with that in the cyclobutadiene analogues [(C4R4)Co(C6H6)]+ and (C4R4)CoCp (R = H, Me) using energy decomposition analysis.
Improved synthesis and characterization of saturated branched‐chain fatty acid isomers
Authors: Ngo Helen L. , Hoh Eunha , Foglia Thomas A.
Published: November 2011

The development of viable technologies for producing green products from renewable fats and oils is highly desirable since such materials can serve as replacements for non‐renewable and poorly biodegradable petroleum‐based products. Mixtures of saturated branched‐chain fatty acid isomers (sbc‐FAs), commonly referred to as isostearic acid, are important intermediates for the production of biodegradable lubricants, cosmetics, emollients, and hydraulic fluids. Present methods for producing sbc‐FAs, however, often give low yields of sbc‐FAs or sbc‐FA preparations with a high content of dimer acid fatty acid co‐products. This study reports an improved route to synthesizing sbc‐FAs from monounsaturated fatty acids using a modified H‐Ferrierite zeolite catalyst in conjunction with small amounts of triphenylphosphine additive. The yields of sbc‐FAs (up to 80 wt%) and co‐products (up to15 wt%) were determined using a modification of a previously reported GC method. A more detailed analysis of the distribution of sbc‐FA isomers in the products was made by the combined use of GC × GC‐TOF‐MS. Additionally, it was found that the H‐Ferrierite zeolite catalyst was recyclable and reusable up to 10 times without significant loss of activity and selectivity for sbc‐FAs.
Heat treatment effects on extraction of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) seed oil
Authors: Akinoso Rahman , Suleiman Abubarkar
Published: November 2011

Fatty acid composition of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) seed oil was determined and oil extraction was optimized using RSM. Five levels of the variables, roasting duration (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min), and temperature (80, 90, 100, 110, and 120°C) were used. Oil yield (OY), free fatty acid (FFA), anisidine value (AV), specific gravity (SG), and stability were responses and determined using standard methods. Major fatty acids found were oleic acid (37.92%), linoleic (35.01%), palmitic (19.65%), and stearic (6.07%). Myristic (0.16), myristoleic (0.17), palmitoleic (0.56), arachidic (0.14), and eicosatrienoic (0.20) were minor fatty acids content. OY, FFA, AV, SG, and stability varied from 18 to 23%, from 0.56 to 4.11%, from 6.93 to 35.7 mg/L, from 0.90 to 0.95, and from 0.68 to 5.42%, respectively. The treatment had significant (p<0.05) effect on OY, AV, and SG. However, non‐significant effect of treatment was recorded on FFA and stability at 5% level of significance. The best desirability of 0.46 was achieved at roasting duration and temperature of 25 min and 110°C, respectively, which gave OY of 22%, initial FFA of 1.95%, AV of 31.2 mg/L, SG of 0.92, and stability of 2.67%.

Practical applications: Roselle seed is a by‐product from the processing of roselle calyces. Reports from literature have shown that the seed contains about 20% edible health‐promoting oil. Research into effect of pre‐heat treatment on quality and quantity of oil extracted from roselle seed will serve as a guide in recommending optimum heating duration and temperature. The models developed in this study can be a working tool for producers of roselle oil extraction equipment and potential investors into commercial production of roselle oil. Output of this work may change the status of the seeds from a waste material to a valuable product.
A progression of induration in Medusae Fossae Formation transverse aeolian ridges: evidence for ancient aeolian bedforms and extensive reworking
Authors: Kerber Laura , Head James W.
Published: November 2011

A progression of induration, erosion, and redeposition of transverse and networked transverse aeolian ridges (TARs) has been documented in the Medusae Fossae Formation (MFF), Mars. Cratered and eroded aeolian bedforms are rarely observed on Mars, indicating that those found in the MFF have been inactive for much longer than those found elsewhere. Indurated TARs are observed to grade into faceted MFF terrain, indicating a genetic relationship between the two. We propose that TAR deposition, induration and erosion have played a larger role in the surface morphology and evolution of the MFF than previously recognized. The deposition, induration, and erosion of TARs indicate that the MFF has undergone multiple cycles of reworking, and that much of its current surface morphology does not reflect the circumstances of its primary emplacement. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The beaver meadow complex revisited – the role of beavers in post‐glacial floodplain development
Authors: Polvi Lina E. , Wohl Ellen
Published: November 2011

We evaluate the validity of the beaver‐meadow complex hypothesis, used to explain the deposition of extensive fine sediment in broad, low‐gradient valleys. Previous work establishes that beaver damming forms wet meadows with multi‐thread channels and enhanced sediment storage, but the long‐term geomorphic effects of beaver are unclear. We focus on two low‐gradient broad valleys, Beaver Meadows and Moraine Park, in Rocky Mountain National Park (Colorado, USA). Both valleys experienced a dramatic decrease in beaver population in the past century and provide an ideal setting for determining whether contemporary geomorphic conditions and sedimentation are within the historical range of variability of valley bottom processes. We examine the geomorphic significance of beaver‐pond sediment by determining the rates and types of sedimentation since the middle Holocene and the role of beaver in driving floodplain evolution through increased channel complexity and fine sediment deposition. Sediment analyses from cores and cutbanks indicate that 33–50% of the alluvial sediment in Beaver Meadows is ponded and 28–40% was deposited in‐channel; in Moraine Park 32–41% is ponded sediment and 40–52% was deposited in‐channel. Radiocarbon ages spanning 4300 years indicate long‐term aggradation rates of ~0.05 cm yr‐1. The observed highly variable short‐term rates indicate temporal heterogeneity in aggradation, which in turn reflects spatial heterogeneity in processes at any point in time. Channel complexity increases directly downstream of beaver dams. The increased complexity forms a positive feedback for beaver‐induced sedimentation; the multi‐thread channel increases potential channel length for further damming, which increases the potential area occupied by beaver ponds and the volume of fine sediment trapped. Channel complexity decreased significantly as surveyed beaver population decreased. Beaver Meadows and Moraine Park represent settings where beaver substantially influence post‐glacial floodplain aggradation. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the historical range of variability of valley bottom processes, and implications for environmental restoration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated critical point identification for PIV data using multimodal particle swarm optimization
Authors: Cormier N. , Cormier G. , Poitras G. , Brizzi L.‐É.
Published: November 2011

A hybrid sequential niche algorithm is used for the automated identification of critical points of velocity fields. This method combines an adaptive sequential niche technique with deterministic local optimization to detect critical points: focus, node and saddle points. A particle swarm algorithm performs a global search whereas vortex core identification functions compute the precise location as the extremum of the corresponding function. Once a critical point is found, a rectangular niche is constructed around the point. The particle swarm then proceeds to explore different regions of the velocity field. The process advances sequentially, avoiding areas near previously found critical points by blocking niches obtained from previous steps. The niche size is automatically adjusted each time a search enters inside an existing niche. Vortex core functions are used for critical point identification and calculating its precise location inside each niche. The procedure is validated on particle image velocimetry data obtained with two types of flows, an impinging jet flow and a flow downstream of a model building. The hybrid algorithm proved to be very efficient and robust for automated detection and identification of critical points. It can be used as a first step for studying the time‐dependent dynamic behavior of instantaneous velocity fields by tracking topological critical points. This is the first study that uses a multi‐modal particle swarm algorithm for critical point identification. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The meaning in life questionnaire: psychometric properties with individuals with serious mental illness in an inpatient setting
Authors: Schulenberg Stefan E. , Strack Kristen M. , Buchanan Erin M.
Published: November 2011

Objectives: This study examined the psychometric properties of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) with individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) in an inpatient setting (N = 96). The 10‐item MLQ comprises Presence (perceived meaning) and Search (motivation to discover meaning) scales. Design: This study focused on the reliability and validity of the MLQ, reporting a range of data, including correlations and regression (predicting scores on a measure of psychopathology, the Brief Symptom Inventory). Results: Both MLQ scales yielded reliable scores. The current sample tended to report greater Presence, whereas Search means tended to be similar to those reported in other studies. The association between Presence and the Brief Symptom Inventory was not statistically significant. As for Search, people reporting greater motivation to discover meaning tended to report greater degrees of symptoms. The Presence and Search scales correlated at r =.12, which was unexpected given that most studies note an inverse relationship. However, this finding is considered in light of an interaction effect between Presence and Search when predicting psychological distress. Conclusions: The current findings are supportive of the MLQ's utility with individuals with SMI. Limitations and directions for research are offered. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 67:1–10, 2011.
Fourier analysis of STimulated echoes (FAST) for the quantitative analysis of left ventricular twist
Authors: Reyhan Meral , Natsuaki Yutaka , Ennis Daniel B.
Published: November 2011

Purpose:

To validate a novel method for the rapid and facile quantification of left ventricular (LV) twist from tagged magnetic resonance images and demonstrate the potential clinical utility in a series of 20 healthy volunteers.

Materials and Methods:

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) short‐axis images were acquired with tissue tagging in 20 healthy subjects and six canines. The tagged images were processed using a novel Fourier Analysis of the STimulated echoes (FAST) method, which uses a series of Fourier‐space operations to measure LV twist with limited user interaction. A subset of eight healthy subjects and the canine data were compared to results from previously validated “gold standard” software (FindTags). Interobserver and intraobserver coefficients of variation (CVINTER and CVINTRA), linear regression, and Bland–Altman analyses were used to assess agreement between observers and methods.

Results:

CVINTRA for peak systolic twist (2.9% and 2.6%) and CVINTER (4.3% and 4.2%) were all small. Linear regression analysis of the FAST and FindTags twist values indicated very good agreement in healthy subjects (R = 0.91) and in canines (R = 0.95). Bland–Altman comparison of the FAST and FindTags twist results indicated excellent agreement in healthy subjects (bias of −0.5°, 95% confidence intervals (−4.3°, 4.3°)) and canines (bias of 0.2°, 95% confidence intervals (−2.7°, 3.1°)). Peak systolic twist in healthy subjects averaged 10.5 ± 1.9° degrees.

Conclusion:

The FAST method for quantifying LV twist produces results that are not significantly different from the current “gold standard” in a fraction of the user interaction time and has demonstrated feasibility in human subjects. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:587‐593. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radiofrequency heating induced by 7T head MRI: Thermal assessment using discrete vasculature or pennes' bioheat equation
Authors: van Lier Astrid L.H.M.W. , Kotte Alexis N.T.J. , Raaymakers Bas W. , Lagendijk Jan J.W. , van den Berg Cornelis A.T.
Published: November 2011

Purpose:

To evaluate and compare the maximum temperature (Tmax) in the head after exposure to a 300 MHz radiofrequency (RF) field induced by a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) coil using two thermal simulation methods: Pennes' bioheat equation (PBHE) and discrete vasculature (DIVA).

Materials and Methods:

The electromagnetic field induced in the head by a 7T birdcage coil was simulated using finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) and validated by MRI. The specific absorption rate (SAR) distributions normalized to the 10‐gram maximum or the whole‐head average were used for PBHE and DIVA simulations.

Results:

For all cases, the Tmax in PBHE was slightly higher than in DIVA. The Tmax was 37.9–38.4°C, depending on the simulation method or perfusion rate.

Conclusion:

In some situations, RF exposure limited to SARmax,10g led to a Tmax higher than allowed by International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) regulations. Therefore, it is advisable to use thermal simulations to evaluate RF safety of MRI. The simulation method used only slightly influenced the observed maximum temperature; the observed temperature with PBHE was higher in all situations. So PBHE is an appropriate method for RF safety assessment of MRI in the head. Using DIVA simulations, it was found unlikely that the body temperature increases significantly due to energy deposited by a head coil under normal circumstances. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:795–803. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Critical role of calpain in axonal damage‐induced retinal ganglion cell death
Authors: Ryu Morin , Yasuda Masayuki , Shi Dong , Shanab Ahmed Y. , Watanabe Ryo , Himori Noriko , Omodaka Kazuko , Yokoyama Yu , Takano Jiro , Saido Takaomi , Nakazawa Toru
Published: November 2011

Calpain, an intracellular cysteine protease, has been widely reported to be involved in neuronal cell death. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of calpain activation in axonal damage‐induced retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. Twelve‐week‐old male calpstatin (an endogenous calpain inhibitor) knockout mice (CAST KO) and wild‐type (WT) mice were used in this study. Axonal damage was induced by optic nerve crush (NC) or tubulin destruction induced by leaving a gelatin sponge soaked with vinblastine (VB), a microtubule disassembly chemical, around the optic nerve. Calpain activation was assessed by immunoblot analysis, which indirectly quantified the cleaved α‐fodrin, a substrate of calpain. RGCs were retrogradely labeled by injecting a fluorescent tracer, Fluoro‐Gold (FG), and the retinas were harvested and flat‐mounted retinas prepared. The densities of FG‐labeled RGCs harvested from the WT and CAST KO groups were assessed and compared. Additionally, a calpain inhibitor (SNJ‐1945, 100 mg/kg/day) was administered orally, and the density of surviving RGCs was compared with that of the vehicle control group. The mean density of surviving RGCs in the CAST KO group was significantly lower than that observed in the WT group, both in NC and in VB. The mean density of surviving RGCs in the SNJ‐1945‐treated group was significantly higher than that of the control group. The calpain inhibitor SNJ‐1945 has a neuroprotective effect against axonal damage‐induced RGC death. This pathway may be an important therapeutic target for preventing this axonal damage‐induced RGC death, including glaucoma and diabetic optic neuropathy and other CNS diseases that share a common etiology. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Systemic therapy for advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors: Beyond imatinib
Authors: Kim Edward J. , Zalupski Mark M.
Published: November 2011

Progression on first‐line therapy with imatinib in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) is caused by either initial resistance or more often a secondary mutation in tyrosine kinases KIT or PDGFR. Therapies in development for imatinib‐resistant GIST include agents that target KIT/PDGFR with greater potency or possess broader kinase inhibition profiles including VEGFR. To circumvent secondary mutations in KIT/PDGFR, inhibition of the downstream signaling in PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and enhanced degradation of KIT/PDGFR are also under investigation. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:901–906. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimization of schedule stability and efficiency under processing time variability and random machine breakdowns in a job shop environment
Authors: Goren Selcuk , Sabuncuoglu Ihsan , Koc Utku
Published: November 2011

The ability to cope with uncertainty in dynamic scheduling environments is becoming an increasingly important issue. In such environments, any disruption in the production schedule will translate into a disturbance of the plans for several external activities as well. Hence, from a practical point of view, deviations between the planned and realized schedules are to be avoided as much as possible. The term stability refers to this concern. We propose a proactive approach to generate efficient and stable schedules for a job shop subject to processing time variability and random machine breakdowns. In our approach, efficiency is measured by the makespan, and the stability measure is the sum of the variances of the realized completion times. Because the calculation of the original measure is mathematically intractable, we develop a surrogate stability measure. The version of the problem with the surrogate stability measure is proven to be NP‐hard, even without machine breakdowns; a branch‐and‐bound algorithm is developed for this problem variant. A tabu search algorithm is proposed to handle larger instances of the problem with machine breakdowns. The results of extensive computational experiments indicate that the proposed algorithms are quite promising in performance. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2011
Proteome profiling of the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobaculum tepidum by N‐terminal proteomics
Authors: Kouyianou Kalliopi , De Bock Pieter‐Jan , Colaert Niklaas , Nikolaki Antigoni , Aktoudianaki Aikaterini , Gevaert Kris , Tsiotis Georgios
Published: November 2011

In this study, we performed the first large‐scale identification of N‐terminal peptides from the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobaculum tepidum. Combined fractional diagonal chromatography (COFRADIC) was used to isolate protein N‐terminal peptides from three different proteome preparations, and following LC‐MS/MS analysis, over 621 different proteins were identified by their N‐terminal peptides. Our data constitute the largest data set currently available for protein N‐termini of prokaryotic photosynthetic organisms
Lectin capture strategy for effective analysis of cell secretome
Authors: Zhang Yan , Tang Xiaorong , Yao Ling , Chen Keying , Jia Wei , Hu Xiaofang , Xu Lisa X.
Published: November 2011

Secreted proteins play important roles in physiological and pathological processes. However, effective proteomic detection of low‐abundant secreted proteins is often shielded by the presence of a large amount of intracellular proteins released from unavoidable dead cells during cell culture. In the present study, we applied lectin affinity capture approach to enrich the secreted proteins in the conditioned media (CM) of three human breast cell lines (MCF‐10A, MCF‐7, and MDA‐MB‐231). Lectin capture showed efficient enrichment of the secreted proteins in CM of all three cell lines and significantly increased the number of secreted proteins detected: from 183 to 292 for MCF‐10A, 196 to 325 for MCF‐7, and 194 to 368 for MDA‐MB‐231. Based on more comprehensive profiling of the secreted proteins, we identified 92 secreted proteins which were both upregulated in MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231, with 82 only found in lectin‐captured samples. It should be noted that among these 82 potential biomarkers, 59 were not reported in the previous proteomic studies of breast cancer. These data indicate that the lectin capture approach is a powerful means to move toward more comprehensive analysis and comparison of secretomes.