bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Imagination Inflation and Implicit Memory Theories
Authors: Baran Beata , Niedzwienska Agnieszka
Published: May 2005

Initially, 70 undergraduates indicated the likelihood that a number of events had happended to them before the age of 10. They also answered a set of questions concerning their beliefs about the nature of autobiographical memory. As per Garry et al.'s imagination inflation methodology [1], target events that were rated unlikely to have occurred were selected to be imagined three weeks later by some participants and to serve as control items for other participants. Following this imagination, participants were told that their initial ratings had been misplaced and were asked to provide a likelihood rating for each event again. Increases in judged likelihood were significantly greater for imagined events than for not-imagined events and the more skeptical a participant was about the credibility of autobiographical memory, the greater the increases in his/her ratings were. The results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms for imagination inflation.
Consulting to Change Media Contents: Two Cases in Alcohol Education
Authors: DeFoe James R. , Breed Warren
Published: May 2005

Two ten-year studies featuring intervention with media on the topic of alcohol are presented. The method of intervention, called cooperative consultation, is described and contrasted with other methods. Earlier experience dealing with prime-time television program personnel is reported. The first study involved a soap opera, which proved different from prime-time programs. Using the methods of content analysis, before-and-after studies found change in the desired direction. The second study was done with a business columnist on a daily newspaper. Again, before-and-after tests showed the indicated change—in some categories more than others. The efficacy of particular characteristics of the method of cooperative consultation are noted, and further work in related areas is suggested.
Alternatives to Fundholding
Authors: Glennerster Howard , Cohen Anna , Bovell Virginia
Published: May 2005

The new Labour government in the United Kingdom is proposing to adapt the reforms begun by the last Thatcher government. In particular, it is proposing to abolish the most controversial element—general practitioner (GP) fundholding. It is looking for alternatives. The study reported here followed and evaluated several such schemes. While fundholders use their purchasing power directly to force change by threatening “exit” to another provider, other GPs have evolved ways of influencing decisions—enhancing their “voice.” The authors develop a theory to predict the conditions favoring the relative success of exit and voice strategies in health purchasing, and describe alternative GP-based purchasing schemes and the reasons they evolved in six sample districts. In four of these districts and eight practices in each, fundholding and non-fundholding GPs were then asked to describe their intentions and the outcomes of the purchasing process in which they had participated. Four specialties were taken as examples. The authors compare the relative success of fundholders and non-fundholders in achieving their objectives.
Faculty Perceptions of Web-Based Resources in Higher Education
Authors: Crooks Steven M. , Yang Yanyun , Duemer Lee S.
Published: May 2005

Recent increases in the use of Web-based resources by faculty in higher education appear to be reaching a plateau. To better understand how to encourage the use of Web resources a survey was designed to examine faculty perceptions about the navigability and content of a specific Web-based resource and their attitudes about the instructional use of Web-based resources in general. Results of the survey indicated that faculty with more years of experience and those teaching at research and doctoral institutions expressed the most favorable attitudes toward the provided Web resource. In addition, gender differences were found pertaining to the factors most likely to influence the use of Web resources. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for increasing the use of Web-based resources in higher education.
The Stream of Consciousness: XIII. Bodily Self-Awareness and Aron Gurwitsch's Margin
Authors: Natsoulas Thomas
Published: May 2005

According to William James, bodily self-awareness (bodily feeling) is pervasive throughout the stream of consciousness; such awareness is included in each and every pulse of mentality that makes up the stream of consciousness. This installment of the present series of articles begins to consider the role that bodily self-awareness plays in the very structure of the basic durational components of James's stream. The focus here is on an account of this role that the prominent phenomenologist Aron Gurwitsch preferred. Gurwitsch held that pervasive bodily self-awareness belongs to the margin of consciousness; such bodily self-awareness occurs in the form of distinct acts of awareness possessing a separate content from that of the central thematic process which also characterizes every pulse of consciousness. The present article discusses Gurwitsch's account in order to set up a contrast, which will be drawn explicitly in the next installment, with James's more phenomeno-logically integrated conception of pervasive bodily self-awareness.
High “Need for Control” as a Psychological Risk in Women Suffering from Ischemic Stroke: A Controlled Retrospective Exploratory Study
Authors: Goetz Stefan , Adler Rolf H. , Weber Rudolf , Siegrist Johannes
Published: May 2005

The assumption is tested that women scoring high on dimensions of coping pattern termed “need for control,” which underlies several of the components of Type A behavior, are at increased risk of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Consecutively admitted patients to medical wards, nineteen with ischemic cerebrovascular disease, were compared with nineteen patients with non-arteriovascular disease and nineteen healthy females doing volunteer hospital work. “Need for control” was assessed by a psychometric test based on forty-five dichotomous items defining six unidimensional scales. The Bortner Type A behavior was filled out by the subjects and by their next of kin for an impression of the subject. In ANOVA the dimensions “work commitment, hard driving” ( F = 6.87, p < .002), “perfectionism, need for making plans” ( F = 6.26, p < .003), and “inability to withdraw from work obligations” ( F = 3.89, p < .02) differentiated the three groups in the expected direction. Duncan multiple range test resulted in very similar, significant findings, as did Bortner measures, filled out by a next of kin ( F = 4.63, p < .01). In all analyses, effects of age, current smoking, and coronary artery disease (CAD) were controlled. Our results suggest that high “need for control” defines a psychological risk in women suffering from ischemic stroke. Prospective studies should be undertaken. If they confirm our results, interventions aimed at modifying the “need for control” should be planned.
A Farewell to Australia's Welfare State
Authors: Castles Francis G.
Published: May 2005

For much of the postwar period, the Australian welfare state has been misunderstood by overseas social policy commentators. The lack of generosity of welfare payments has been substantially compensated for by a system of wage regulation that has prevented waged poverty and delivered a reduced disparity of incomes. The strong emphasis on means-testing of benefits has not had the stigmatizing effects of benefit selectivity elsewhere, since Australian means tests are designed to exclude the well-off rather than focus benefits exclusively on the very poor and Australian means-testing has been nondiscretionary in character. Policy changes in the 1980s and 1990s, and most particularly under the present Liberal Coalition government, have undermined these distinctive aspects of welfare Australian-style, and it is no longer possible to defend the Australian welfare state from its critics.
A Homunculus in the Computer?
Authors: Brockmann R. John
Published: May 2005

The 1995 appearance of Microsoft's Bob interface directly poses the question of how anthropomorphic the human computer interface design should be. A historical approach to the question offers three important observations to designers: 1) that the impulse to anthropomorphicize technology has been longstanding and has been employed with artifacts other than computers; 2) that the normal evolution of technologies proceeds through an introductory phase during which a culture becomes acclimatized to the new technology; moreover, one of the methods by which cultures have traditionally become acclimatized to new technologies is through anthropomorphization; and 3) the perception of anthropomorphism in the human computer interface has been complicated by the fact that “computers” were, in fact, first people not machines. An historical approach to answering the interface design question posed by Microsoft's Bob interface suggests that designers productively accommodate the longstanding human impulse to anthropomorphicize new technologies.
Pops and Flops: Some Properties of Famous English Poems
Authors: Forsyth Richard S.
Published: May 2005

This article describes a preliminary study of linguistic attributes that differentiate popular from obscure poems in English. Following in the footsteps of Simonton (1989), Martindale (1990) and others, frequency of appearance in anthologies was used as an index of poetic popularity. Twenty general anthologies published between 1966 and 1997 were selected and all poems appearing in more than five of them were taken as a reference sample. This gave eighty-five poems by fifty-four different authors. (The two most popular were Matthew Arnold's Dover Beach with 16 occurrences and Kubla Khan by Samuel T. Coleridge with 15.)

As a control group, fifty-four other poets were selected by finding a less eminent poet of the same sex born within ten years of each poet in the reference sample. The same number of poems were chosen (as near as possible randomly) from each obscure poet as from the matching popular poet. This gave eighty-five obscure poems, also by fifty-four different authors. As a check on this dichotomy, the number of quotations from each of these authors in the Little Oxford Dictionary of Quotations (Ratcliffe, 1994) was tallied. For the popular poets the median was seven entries, for the obscure poets the median was zero. This difference is highly significant.

Some aspects of the language of the two subsets were then examined. Although the popular poems were on average longer than the obscure ones (median length 155 and 127 words respectively), this difference was not statistically significant. However, a number of significant differences were found: 1) the popular poems had significantly fewer syllables per word in their first lines; 2) popular poems were more likely to begin with an initial line composed entirely of monosyllables; 3) the mean number of letters per word in the popular poem was very significantly less (4.13 versus 4.29) than the obscure poems; and 4) the vocabulary of the popular poems was on average less rich than that of the obscure ones. Syntactic differences were also investigated. Overall a clear tendency for famous poems to use simpler language than obscure poems was found. In poetry, simplicity would seem to be a virtue.
Physical Illness and Parasuicide: Evidence from the European Parasuicide Study Interview Schedule (Epsis/WHO-Euro)
Authors: De Leo D. , Scocco P. , Marietta P. , Schmidtke A. , Bille-Brahe U. , Kerkhof A. J. F. M. , Lonnqvist J. , Crepet P. , Salander-Renberg E. , Wasserman D. , Michel K. , Bjerke T.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

The aim of this research was to identify psychosocial characteristics which might predict future suicidal behavior in parasuicidal subjects in Europe.

Method:

The interview utilized for the survey (European Parasuicide Study Interview Schedule—EPSIS) was administered to 1269 parasuicides aged fifteen years and over, within one week of hospital admission after a suicide attempt, and is part of a longitudinal multicenter study. EPSIS included a brief medical questionnaire, scales rating depression, hopelessness, self-esteem, suicide intention, questions on sociodemographic characteristics, an interview on life events and social support, a description of the parasuicidal act, and an evaluation of factors precipitating the index parasuicide.

Results:

Physical illness proved to be very frequent among suicide attempters. One in two subjects suffered from an acute, chronic, or chronic disorder in relapse at the time of the parasuicide. Subjects with a physical illness were significantly more depressed, particularly subjects from the intermediate age band and ones affected by a chronic physical disease in relapse. Forty-two percent of patients with physical illness rated their somatic problem as a factor precipitating the attempt and 22 percent judged it to be major one. Furthermore, subjects with physical illnesses considered psychiatric symptoms and disorders to be relevant factors in triggering suicidal behavior, to a greater extent than non-sufferers. The importance of physical illness in contributing to suicidal behavior increased with advancing age.

Conclusions:

More careful attention to somatic conditions and their subjective implications would probably augment chances of effectively preventing suicide.
Indicators of Health Status in Adolescence
Authors: Brunswick Ann F.
Published: May 2005

The study reported here is based on data obtained in 1968–1970 from a representative community sample of urban black youths in the United States aged 12–17 years, inclusive. Analysis is directed at conceptual and methodological issues in measuring health status. It suggests the need for greater attention to subjective self-evaluated and self-reported components of health status, specified here as “ontological” health. This is related to health and illness behavior generally, to utilization of health services more particularly. The case is made for a multiple-indicator approach to measuring health status as being more consistent with the multidimensional phenomenon to which it refers. The method used in this study for deriving a composite health status index from four component self-reported indicators is described. The distribution of the sample on this composite was used to identify self-reported health conditions that warrant attention from providers of adolescent health services. Since subjective evaluations influence experienced severity of health problems, the health status composite index was applied in this study as a means of discriminating differential seriousness in self-reported health problems. Finally, some differences between indicators of “ontological” health and “medical” health also are analyzed for commonalities and differences between them.
Locus of Control and Level of Conflict as Correlates of Immortality Orientation
Authors: O'Dowd William
Published: May 2005

Rank and other theorists have suggested that achieving a sense of personal immortality is an important psychological motive. An Immortality Interview was designed to assess individuals' orientation toward immortality. It was administered to twenty-four male university professors from different age groups. Also administered were the Templer Death Anxiety Scale, the Rotter I-E Scale, and the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank. Respondents from all age groups report a low level of conscious concern with immortality issues. However, participants who have accepted some form of immortality show lower conflict on the Incomplete Sentences Blank and a more internal locus of control. There were no significant differences in death anxiety between acceptors and nonacceptors. Overall the findings suggest that orientation toward immortality may be an important personality dimension, correlating with several aspects of personal adjustment despite the absence of more overt indices of concern (e.g., conscious death anxiety).
Well-Healed: Inside Lobbying for Health Care Reform, Part III
Authors: Benes Alejandro
Published: May 2005

The Center for Public Integrity conducted a year-long investigation of the decision-making processes of the U.S. government during its work on health care reform. The results suggest that health care reform has become the most heavily lobbied legislative initiative in recent U.S. history. In 1993 and 1994, hundreds of special interests spent over $100 million to influence the outcome of this public policy issue. In Part III, the authors conclude their description of these special interests, including political organizations, the elderly, labor, and public interest groups and foundations. The report concludes with a discussion of how the work of Congress is influenced by political contributions to individual members of Congress and to the Democratic and Republican parties, trips sponsored by the health care industry, and investments held by members of Congress in health care-related industries.
An Application of an Evaluation Model for Classroom Instruction
Authors: Hambleton Ronald K. , Gorth William P. , O'Reilly Robert P.
Published: May 2005

In this paper, we have outlined a formative evaluation model for classroom instruction. In addition, we provided an example of how the model was used recently to evaluate the performance of students in a ninth grade science program. This Comprehensive Achievement Monitoring approach to evaluation uses criterion-referenced tests.
Effectiveness of a School-Based Substance Abuse Prevention Program
Authors: Shope Jean T. , Copeland Laurel A. , Marcoux Beth C. , Kamp Mary E.
Published: May 2005

A grade five through eight substance abuse prevention program, later incorporated into the Michigan Model for Comprehensive School Health Education, was developed, implemented, and evaluated. Results focus on students who received seven lessons on alcohol in grade six, and eight lessons on tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine in grade seven taught by their regular classroom teachers (after a 6-hour training in the social pressures resistance skills curriculum). Students ( N = 442) received either two years of the program or none, and completed individually-coded questionnaires. Repeated measures analysis of variance resulted in significant treatment by occasion interactions on the use of alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, cocaine, and other drugs, as well as on knowledge. At the end of grade seven, program students' rates of substance use had increased significantly less and knowledge of alcohol pressures, effects, and skills to resist had increased significantly more than those of comparison students.
Denial of Death in Close Encounters
Authors: Taylor Deborah A.
Published: May 2005

Research in the area of death-attitudes has resulted in three widely accepted propositions: (1) that death creates fear, but (2) that respondents often profess little fear of death and, therefore, (3) are denying their fear of death. This last proposition serves as an explanation for the contradiction between the first two but has received little empirical support. In situations of immediate death threats, people often react with fear and with actions to avoid danger. In more remote (attitude-tapping) situations, researchers are unjustified in assuming that fear must be evoked. This differentiation between immediate and remote reactions to death makes the concept of defense unnecessary as a universal explanation for death attitudes.
Computer-Assisted Thinking Tools: Problem Solving in Graphical Data Analysis
Authors: Jackson David F. , Berger Carl F. , Edwards Billie Jean
Published: May 2005

In an effort to infuse problem-solving activities requiring higher-order thinking into inner-city classrooms, we investigated the use of microcomputers with a graphing application program to teach principles of the design and interpretation of graphs to a population of students with little or no prior knowledge of graphs or data analysis. This is an exploratory, naturalistic research study of students' thoughts and behavior in this context. It differs from most earlier work in the field of computer-assisted graphing in three major ways: first, we focus broadly on a wide variety of types of graphs, used in several different subject matter contexts; second, we conduct research into problem solving processes in an unmodified whole-classroom environment; third, we supplement participant observations on student cognition with extensive behavioral sequence data gathered automatically and unobtrusively by the computer. We detail our attempts to develop, adapt, and apply quantitative methods of analysis of behavioral sequences which are potentially applicable to such data gathered for a large number of students.
Epidemiology and Planning
Authors: Ipsen J.
Published: May 2005

Planning for medical care delivery demands epidemiologic expertise. Epidemiology needs conceptual expansion in order to meet this new challenge.

This paper sketches some aspects of the historical development of epidemiology. Three basic dimensions of morbidity are discussed: the biologic gradient of disease, duration (time), and the newer dimension of costs attached to various phases of the health delivery system.
How to Determine What Course Design Will Be Most Effective
Authors: Huff James O.
Published: May 2005

“What course design will be most effective?” This article, designed to help you answer that question, presents the two basic course designs and the variants or adjustments that may be made to them. It includes the required feature of each and the criterion for selection. Obviously, the course design will be a deciding factor as to which methods/media will best support instruction. Course design shall be approached from a general standpoint, we shall break course design into two broad areas: self-paced and group/lockstep.
Unlabeled Milk from Cows Treated with Biosynthetic Growth Hormones: A Case of Regulatory Abdication
Authors: Epstein Samuel S.
Published: May 2005

Levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are substantially elevated and more bioactive in the milk of cows hyperstimulated with the biosynthetic bovine growth hormones rBGH, and are further increased by pasteurization. IGF-1 is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, as evidenced by marked growth-promoting effects even in short-term tests in mature rats, and absorption is likely to be still higher in infants. Converging lines of evidence incriminate IGF-1 in rBGH milk as a potential risk factor for both breast and gastrointestinal cancers.
Volunteers Who Work: The Community Health Care Project in Burma
Authors: Chauls Donald S.
Published: May 2005

The Community Health Care Project in Burma stimulates villager involvement in health issues and, simultaneously, extends the coverage of the government health services beyond existing subcenters, down to the village level. The Project, which began in 1977, is based on two voluntary part-time workers—a Community Health Worker (CHW) and an Auxiliary Midwife (AMW). CHWs have substantial curative as well as preventive and promotive responsibilities. AMWs are expected to perform deliveries as well as give pre-natal and post-natal advice. Village People's Councils select the CHWs and AMWs, develop drug resupply schemes, hold and spend funds, and participate in motivational campaigns. The majority of the volunteers in this national-scale program continue to perform their tasks several years after their initial training.

Many similar programs, following an initial period of enthusiasm, have failed—or have succeeded only if their scale is kept small. Why is this program continuing to operate? Buddhism and other aspects of Burmese culture, the strong political support for voluntarism, the substantial quantity and power of community involvement vis-a-vis the voluntary workers, the large amount of supervision and an emphasis on drugs and deliveries appear to be the major reasons.
Introduction
Authors: Krieger Nancy , Margo Glen
Published: May 2005

In one short decade, the politics of AIDS has become the politics of survival. In a world whose social order is changing before our eyes, AIDS insistently brings new meaning to the age-old question of what it is we must do to survive—as individuals, as families, as communities, as nations, as members of an interdependent world. The goal of this Special Section is to promote frank discussion, from an explicitly progressive perspective, of what it will take to stop the AIDS epidemic and deal with the devastation it has already wrought. Articles by AIDS researchers, service providers, and activists from around the world will address the numerous social, political, economic, and cultural factors that affect both the spread of AIDS and the social response to the epidemic. Topics to be considered in this and future issues of the Journal include: AIDS and community survival in the United States; women and AIDS, particularly in economically underdeveloped countries; the politics and economics of AIDS interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean; and the growing international AIDS industry.
A Critical Select Bibliography of Literature on Internationalizing the Technical and Business Writing Classroom
Authors: Hurley Pamela E.
Published: May 2005

Several global factors suggest the necessity of internationalizing the business and technical writing curriculum: increases in international business, in the number of workers employed by overseas businesses, in U.S. companies exporting products abroad, and in ethnically and culturally diverse population within our own borders. Despite these factors, however, many teachers in the business and technical writing classrooms are unsure of why they should internationalize their curriculum, or what methods to use to ensure that students benefit from such a curriculum. This critical bibliography provides a practical resource for teachers of business and technical writing who wish to internationalize their curriculum. The bibliography is divided into sections to provide practitioners with resources discussing the rationale for internationalization to specific assignments they may consider using in their classroom.
Those Who are about to Fly: Death Concern and Feelings and Behavior about Air Travel
Authors: Spilka Bernard , Loeb Nancy , Weldon Linda , Markel Thomas , Albi Louanne
Published: May 2005

In order to test three hypotheses relating fears of flying and death, 249 persons comprising three groups were questioned. Pre- and post-flight samples were obtained at an airport and members of a street (control) group were interviewed in non-airport settings. Two of the hypotheses obtained support. Fears of flying and death tend to be positively associated and insurance buying may mitigate such anxiety. The roles of sex, age and religiosity were also assessed. Suggestions that the pre-flight group was experiencing stress and resolving anxiety via denial were inferred from the pattern of death-flying item relationships observed.
The Challenge of “Teaching” Large Groups of Learners: Strategies to Increase Active Participation and Learning
Authors: Nierenberg David W.
Published: May 2005

While teaching in a tutorial, seminar, or problem-based learning group format may be the most fun and most active/interactive for both learner and faculty mentor, there are situations in medical student education in which various constraints require the use of the “lecture” format. Similar constraints may occur in the field of continuing medical education, or graduate medical education, as well. When this occurs, the faculty mentor can increase the active participation of the learners in the audience by continuously stressing seven key pedagogical (androgogical) principles. These include: 1) begin the learning exercise with a clinical example or anecdote to show the relevance of the material to the student; 2) frequently ask the students whether they have ever seen examples of what you describe in their previous experience with patients, personal experience, experience with relatives, etc.; 3) ask students frequently whether they have heard similar material presented differently in other courses; 4) recruit students to help solve “mystery cases”; 5) show examples of similar material from real life (e.g., patient descriptions, or even excerpts from favorite TV shows); 6) ask students to help summarize key points at the end of the session; and 7) allow, or even encourage, whispering during the class. Using some or all of these techniques can help turn a “lecture format” into a much more fun, interactive, and valuable session that emphasizes “learning” rather than “teaching.”
Future Directions in Adult Bereavement Research
Authors: Lund Dale A. , Caserta Michael S.
Published: May 2005

The primary purpose of this article is to stimulate interest in conducting research related to adult bereavement and provide suggestions for improving the quality of these studies and the application of their findings. Future research needs to generate new knowledge about grief and bereavement but it also needs to examine issues and questions that will make us more confident about what we already believe. Three general suggestions deal with the importance of integrating both theory and practice into future studies, issues related to types and designs of studies, and measurement issues that should be considered. Bereavement is a long-term, multidimensional process of adjustment and future research needs to be consistent with these defining features.
Healthy Public Policy in Canada: A Survey of Ontario Health Professionals
Authors: Labonte Ronald
Published: May 2005

“Healthy public policy” has become a catchphrase of the “new” health promotion. The concept, however, remains vague and lacking in practice. A survey of Ontario public health workers was conducted in June 1988, using the World Health Organization's Second Health Promotion Conference Declaration on Healthy Public Policy as a source of policy statements and action areas. Results are constrained by a low response rate (22.5%, N = 180), but indicate a high degree of support for healthy public policy concepts by senior level public health workers. Social environment policy issues (notably child poverty and unaffordable housing) are highest ranked priority issues, although physical environment (pollution) ranked most important when respondents were asked to choose a single issue. Lifestyle health issues are relatively low-ranked, although they remain priorities for action by respondents and their employers. The Canadian and Ontario Public Health Associations are thought to have the best analyses of healthy public policies, but are not seen as prominent policy actors. Government and media are considered weakest in their analysis of healthy public policy. Respondents' comments indicate a willingness to strengthen their role, and that of their health associations, in advocacy for healthy public policies.
Have Risks Associated with the Presence of Synthetic Organic Contaminants in Land-Applied Sewage Sludges Been Adequately Assessed?
Authors: Hale Robert C. , La Guardia Mark J.
Published: May 2005

Land application has become the dominant means for sewage sludge disposal in the United States. In 1993, the EPA concluded that synthetic organics therein posed an insignificant risk, based on the results of the 1988 National Sewage Sludge Survey, the view that most persistent organics are no longer in commerce and that industrial pretreatment further reduces their release to municipal treatment plants. However, we detected high concentrations of several problematic compounds in biosolids that were overlooked in the risk assessment, including persistent, bioaccumulative polybrominated diphenyl ethers and estrogenic nonylphenols. These results and other findings call into question the assessment's certainty.
High Noon for U.S. Health Care Reform
Authors: Woolhandler Steffie , Himmelstein David U. , Young Quentin
Published: May 2005

A growing popular movement besieges a health policy status quo near financial as well as moral bankruptcy. A single-payer, Canadian-style national health program would assure universal, egalitarian coverage; democratic, rather than corporate, control of key policy choices; financing based on ability to pay; and cost controls that spare needed care as well as health workers' standard of living. Despite a misinformation campaign (generously funded by insurance and pharmaceutical firms) that slanders the Canadian experience, most Americans favor a national health program. The public health community should fight for no less.
A Response-Sensitive Strategy in Computer-Based Instruction: A Strategy for Concept Teaching
Authors: Park Ok-Choon
Published: May 2005

Computer-based instruction has the capability of adjusting instructional treatment to the student's psychological learning processes during instruction. This paper discusses a procedure for applying this capability of computer-based instruction in the instructional design process. The proposed procedure is: 1) Identify the attributes of learning outcomes expected in a given task; 2) Identify possible response patterns which may be demonstrated in achieving the expected learning outcomes; 3) Prepare an instructional treatment which can sensitively react to the student's different response patterns. A strategy for concept teaching is used as an example for explaining this procedure. This procedure guides the student along the shortest track to achieve the expected learning outcomes. Also, it provides the most appropriate amount of instruction to each student according to his/her learning needs.
Mourning, Ritual and Recovery after an Airline Tragedy
Authors: Katz Pearl , Bartone Paul
Published: May 2005

The crash of a chartered Army jetliner in Gander, Newfoundland in 1985 resulted in the deaths of 248 soldiers from one battalion stationed in Fort Campbell, Kentucky. This article describes the multiple mourning rituals enacted by the geographically localized family members, other battalion members, and other soldiers at the base and examines the functions of these rituals in contributing to group and individual recovery. Such rituals encouraged the participants to confront their losses, separate the past from the present and future and, thereby, promoted individual and group autonomy. Autonomy was demonstrated by individually and collectively working-through their losses, reintegrating into the community, reaffirming community solidarity, and strengthening community ties.
On the Road to Computer Assisted Compositions
Authors: Woodruff Earl , Bereiter Carl , Scardamalia Marlene
Published: May 2005

Two studies are reported that explore the feasibility of computer assisted composition in helping school-age children handle high-level aspects of the composing process. The first study used a program featuring help in selecting structural elements to include in opinion essays. The twelve grade six students, serving as subjects in the study, reported that the program was helpful, but a qualitative analysis of their products suggests the intervention was too easily assimilated to a low-level “What next?” composing strategy. In an attempt to strengthen the intervention, the second study introduced a response-sensitive questioning procedure. Qualitative measures suggest the thirty-six grade eight students found this on-line intervention to be too intrusive. The two approaches to on-line facilitation are discussed, and lines for the future investigation of computer assisted composition for the novice composer are suggested.
Psychosocial Analysis of Cancer Deaths
Authors: Weisman Avery D. , Worden J. William
Published: May 2005

In addition to biological activity and cancer treatment, psychosocial considerations may influence both the quality of survival and its length. The investigators used information from psychological autopsies of cancer deaths, and correlated observed survival (measured in months beyond expected survival) with psychosocial findings. Patients who lived significantly longer tended to maintain cooperative and mutually responsive relationships, especially towards the end of their lives. Patients with death wishes, depression, apathy, and long-standing mutually destructive relationships survived for shorter periods than expectable. Why longevity occurs in some patients, but not in others, may be related to different traits which create alienation in personal life and in caretaking staff as life draws to a close. More assertive patients ask for and get better attention and services, and as a result, may live longer and die better deaths.
The Present Problems and Future Needs of Primary Health Care in Malaysia
Authors: Ming Ho Tak
Published: May 2005

This article examines the numerous problems faced by primary health care in Malaysia, care that traditionally has been a private sector activity. While general practitioners have adapted, and are continually adapting, to the needs of a multiracial society with diverse cultural patterns, it is hoped that with the emergence of a dynamic discipline of family practice, family doctors will be able to provide a sophisticated form of primary health care that will serve the needs of the people.
Clinical Correlates of Depression following Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Strik Jacqueline J. M. H. , Honig Adriaan , Lousberg Richel , Van Os Jim , Van Den Berg Eduard J. M. , Van Praag Herman M.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

Post-MI depression increases mortality, especially in the first 18 months after MI. Identifying patients at risk for post-MI depression is therefore important. In the present study we investigated possible correlates for post-MI depression on an a priori basis.

Method:

Based on the literature, four clinically easily attainable variables were selected as possible correlates for post-MI depression. These were prescription of benzodiazepines during acute hospitalization, cardiac complications during acute hospitalization, history of depression, and not being able to stop smoking within six months after MI. A consecutive cohort of 173 first-MI patients was screened with the SCL-90 depression scale and DSM-III-R citeria for major depression. Of this cohort 35 depressed patients were compared with 35 non-depressed post-MI patients, matched for gender, age, and severity of MI.

Results:

In univariate analyses, complications during hospitalisation (OR = 2.14; CI = 0.89–5.14), prescription of benzodiazepines (OR = 3.67; CI = 1.11–12.1), history of depression (OR = 3.0; CI = 0.87–10.4), and not being able to stop smoking (OR = 4.5; CI = 1.11–18.2) were clinical correlates for post-MI depression. Multivariate analyses showed that none of these variables were independent of the others in predicting depression.

Conclusions:

A number of easily measurable patient characteristics identify those MI-patients at risk of post-MI depression. Further investigations should focus on the predictive value of these factors in relation to post-MI depression.
Authoritarianism and Paranormal Beliefs
Authors: Heard Kenneth V. , Vyse Stuart A.
Published: May 2005

Eighty-five participants completed the Revised Paranormal Beliefs Scale (PBS [1]) and the Authoritarianism-Rebellion Scale (ARS [2]). Results indicate that authoritarianism is positively correlated with belief in the paranormal. No relationship between rebelliousness and belief in the paranormal was obtained. Women scored higher than men on five of the seven PBS subscales.
Fechner Redux: A Comparison of the Holbein Madonnas
Authors: Marshall Philip H. , Shrader James , Worthen James , Kahlstorf Del , Brant Linda , Pickeral Charles
Published: May 2005

Gustaf Theodor Fechner's studies, in the latter part of the 1800s, constituted the beginning of empirical psychological perspectives on art and aesthetics. Fechner devoted much of his attention to the controversy concerning the apparent beauty, and hence authenticity, of two very similar Madonna paintings attributed to Holbein the Younger. Fechner's particularly noteworthy study on this topic [1] involved a direct comparison of the two paintings by visitors to an exhibition, but, according to Boring [2], that experiment was a failure. Given the historical importance of Fechner's research overall, and yielding to an urge for resolution of an unanswered question, we report a contemporary comparison of these paintings. Our subjects showed no obvious preference for either of the paintings, but there were differences in terms of emotional and artistic impressions.
A Statistical Application for Determining Ceramic Assemblages at Disturbed Archaeological Sites
Authors: Crook Morgan R.
Published: May 2005

A computer-assisted correlation method, “PEARSON CORR,” is used to establish the underlying linear relationships among descriptive classes of pottery at a plow-disturbed archaeological site on the Georgia coast. Networks of correlated pottery classes are isolated and compared with previously defined pottery complexes on the coast. It is argued that the pottery networks reflect ceramic assemblages of cultural and archaeological significance.
Metaphor: Integrating Action, Fantasy and Language in Development
Authors: Santostefano Sebastiano
Published: May 2005

Metaphor, the transfer of meaning from one thing to another (e.g., “The bicycle is a charging horse”), usually has been studied within language expressions. Some investigators, criticizing the assumption that words are the exclusive locus of metaphor, urge that metaphor construction be expanded to include play and imaging. This report proposes a reformulation of metaphor as habitual organizations of action, fantasy, and language behaviors which follow developmental principles in representing past experiences, while also construing present situations and prescribing behaviors to deal with them. The value of this conceptualization for studies of normal and pathological personality development is illustrated by metaphors two children constructed and restructured during psychoanalytic treatment and by associated changes in their functioning. The proposal is also related to issues in the literature.
The Impact of Management Support and Education: Easing the Causality between Change and Stress in Computing Environments
Authors: Khosrowpour Mehdi , Culpan Oya
Published: May 2005

The proliferation of technological developments within the computer industry has created a rapidly changing environment directly responsible for a certain level of stress and anxiety in the individuals working in computer related fields. A survey of data processing professionals demonstrates that although these individuals perceive these changes in a positive manner, they experience an undeniable level of confusion and difficulty associated with job changes, accompanied by its outward manifestation, stress. Two major types of supports are identified for coping with change and stress: managerial support and educational opportunities.
Social Organization and Death
Authors: Pine Vanderlyn R.
Published: May 2005

This paper discusses how different forms of social organization engender different reactions to death. It describes the way in which people's beliefs about, and practices surrounding, dying and death are largely dependent upon the society's social organization and its demographic characteristics. Social death, group solidarity, funeral rites, and institutionalized dying and death all emphasize the powerful social forces that affect societal beliefs and practices about death.
Computer Mediation of Collaborative Science Investigations
Authors: Newman Denis , Goldman Shelley V. , Brienne Deborah , Jackson Isaac , Magzamen Sol
Published: May 2005

A prototype for the use of local area network (LAN) technology in schools was developed for the purpose of creating a microcosm of scientific activity in the classroom. Building on established classroom practices of cooperative learning groups and inquiry activities, Earth Lab developed a special sixth grade earth science curriculum and supporting network software. A year-long formative experiment in a public elementary school provided evidence that the network system helped to increase the amount of small group investigations that teachers organized both in earth science and in other parts of the curriculum. The network also helped to reorganize the group investigations so that groups contributed to a common database made available by the network. It was found that LAN technology can be used to coordinate small group investigations such that students contribute to classwide investigations and that these larger investigations can provide an interpretive framework which can be exploited in class discussions synthesizing the small group contributions.
Assessing Attitudes Toward Dying and Death: Psychometric Considerations
Authors: Neimeyer Robert A. , Moser Richard P. , Wittkowski Joachim
Published: May 2005

In the 50 years of research in death attitudes, clear gains have been made in the measurement of death concerns and competencies, leading to the development and validation of several scales whose more extensive use could improve the conceptual yield of research in this area. In this article, we review these promising instruments, focusing on nine general questionnaires for measuring death anxiety, fear, threat, depression, and acceptance, and four specialized measures of death self-efficacy and coping, readiness for death, and desire for hastened death. We also offer an orientation to non-questionnaire based techniques for the assessment of death attitudes (e.g., narrative measures, repertory grids, behavioral observations, death personifications and drawings), and close with a note on international developments that hold promise for improved cultural awareness of the role of death attitudes in human life.
Psychiatric Referral and Medical History of Outpatients in a General Hospital
Authors: Zitman Frans G. , Van Der Ploeg Henk M.
Published: May 2005

Outpatients of the Department of Internal Medicine with an early psychiatric referral (within twelve weeks), when compared with outpatients of the same department referred to the psychiatrist at a later stage or not at all, were found to be ten years younger when the complaints started, when they first visited the G.P. and (later) a medical specialist, and at the time of the investigation. They had visited more medical specialists and had been admitted to hospital more frequently.

Outpatients of the pain clinic with an early psychiatric referral (within six weeks), when compared with outpatients of the same department referred to the psychiatrist later or not at all were eleven years younger when the complaints started and eight years younger when they first visited the G.P. They were referred later to a medical specialist, visited more medical specialists, and belonged to a lower social class and income group. The results are discussed and compared with those of inpatient-studies.
Devolution and Aging Policy: Racing to the Bottom in Long-Term Care
Authors: Estes Carroll L. , Linkins Karen W.
Published: May 2005

For two decades, New Federalism, devolution, and other challenges to the federal role in domestic health and human services policy have fundamentally shaped the structure and delivery of long-term care in the United States. Devolution evokes crucial questions concerning the future of universal entitlement programs such as Social Security and Medicare and, with them, the future of aging and long-term care policy. This article examines the implications of the “devolution revolution” for long-term care in the context of the sociodemographics of aging and the managed care movement. Central issues are the extent to which state-level discretionary policy options (1) alter priorities, services, and benefits for the elderly and disabled; (2) foster a race to the bottom in long-term care; (3) promote generational, gender, racial and ethnic, and social class trade-offs; and (4) fundamentally alter the role and capacity of nonprofit sector services that comprise a significant part of the long-term care continuum.