bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New insights on faults in the Peace River Arch region, northwest Alberta, based on existing well-log data and refined trend surface analysis
Authors: Mei Shilong
Published: April 2009

This paper presents the results of structural mapping in the Peace River Arch region, obtained by applying a refined trend surface analysis to existing well-log data. Maps generated with the new approach allow for accurate location of formation-top offsets and recognition of faults associated with small, metre-scale offsets. Consequently, new faults were identified in the Mesozoic strata, and faults previously recognized as only offsetting Paleozoic strata were found to extend into the Cretaceous strata but with much smaller formation-top offsets. This provided direct evidence for re-activation of the Dawson Creek Graben Complex (DCGC) during the Cretaceous. An additional structural feature named Clear River Graben was recognized to have affected Permian to Jurassic strata. Relationships among previously interpreted faults were clarified and the structural controls on the DCGC were more accurately evaluated.
Impact of Diet on Metabolism and Swimming Performance in Juvenile Lake Trout, Salvelinus namaycush
Authors: Beamish F. W. H. , Howlett J. C. , Medland T. E.
Published: April 2009

Juvenile lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, of similar size were fed one of three isocaloric diets, each differing in protein and lipid content. Oxygen consumption and swimming performance were measured in a recirculating water flume at intervals throughout the 70-d feeding trials (10 °C). Swimming speed was increased by stepwise velocity increments (5 cm∙s−1) and oxygen consumption was measured at each velocity between 20 and 45 cm∙s−1. Oxygen consumption for a given speed did not differ significantly throughout the feeding trial nor among the diets implying a similarity in the quality and quantity of substrate catabolized for energy. Basal metabolism (0 cm∙s−1) was also independent of diet and feeding interval. Critical swimming speed increased with dietary and carcass protein content to suggest a direct association with muscle mass and number of myofilaments.
Among-Population Variability of Fish Growth: II. Influence of Prey Type.
Authors: Boisclair D. , Leggett W. C.
Published: April 2009

We tested the significance of the relationship between in situ growth and several diet descriptors using 12 yellow perch (Perca flavescens) populations that varied widely in growth rates. In addition, we tested the assumption of optimal foraging theory that mean prey size is an important regulator of fish growth. The percent contribution of four prey taxonomic groups and six prey size–classes (alone or combined with food consumption estimates) explained between 41 and 95% of among-population variability in growth rates or growth efficiency. We found no significant relationship between growth rates or growth efficiency and mean prey weight. We observed a pattern suggesting the existence of an optimal prey size for (1 mg dry weight) age I + and age II + fish, when the percent contribution of specific prey taxonomic groups or size–classes to the diet was assessed. This pattern was not apparent in the relationship between growth and the mean weight of prey consumed. The energetic advantage of feeding on a given prey type is believed to be related to its low cost/benefit ratio while foraging. Our data indicate that interactions between prey availability (index of searching component of foraging cost) and prey size (index of handling component of foraging cost) are more effectively represented by the percent contribution of a given prey type to the diet than by the mean weight of prey consumed. Our analyses lead us to conclude that the probability of deriving broadly applicable models explaining among-population variability in fish growth rates based on mean prey weight is very low.
RELATIVISTIC MODEL OF HIDDEN BOTTOM TETRAQUARKS
Authors: EBERT D. , FAUSTOV R. N. , GALKIN V. O.
Published: April 2009

The relativistic model of the ground state and excited heavy tetraquarks with hidden bottom is formulated within the diquark–antidiquark picture. The diquark structure is taken into account by calculating the diquark–gluon vertex in terms of the diquark wave functions. Predictions for the masses of bottom counterparts to the charm tetraquark candidates are given.
CONVOLUTION THEOREMS FOR WAVELET TRANSFORM ON TEMPERED DISTRIBUTIONS AND THEIR EXTENSION TO TEMPERED BOEHMIANS
Authors: Roopkumar R.
Published: April 2009

We define a new convolution ⊗ : 𝒮'(ℝ × ℝ+) × 𝒟(ℝ) → 𝒮'(ℝ × ℝ+) and derive the convolution theorems for wavelet transform and dual wavelet transform in the context of tempered distributions. By using the new convolution, we construct a Boehmian space containing the tempered distributions on ℝ × ℝ+. Applying the convolution theorems in the context of tempered distributions, we also extend the wavelet transform and dual wavelet transform between the tempered Boehmian space and the new Boehmian space as linear continuous maps with respect to δ-convergence and Δ-convergence, satisfying the convolution theorems.
ON LAWS OF LATTICES OF PARTIALLY SATURATED FORMATIONS
Authors: Shemetkov Leonid A. , Skiba Alexander N. , Vorob'ev Nikolay N.
Published: April 2009

It is proved that every law of the lattice of all τ-closed formations of finite groups is fulfilled in the lattice of all τ-closed n-multiply ω-saturated formations of finite groups, for every subgroup functor τ and every natural number n.
Muscle inflammatory response and insulin resistance: synergistic interaction between macrophages and fatty acids leads to impaired insulin action
Authors: Varma Vijayalakshmi , Yao-Borengasser Aiwei , Rasouli Neda , Nolen Greg T. , Phanavanh Bounleut , Starks Tasha , Gurley Cathy , Simpson Pippa , McGehee Robert E. , Kern Philip A. , Peterson Charlotte A.
Published: April 2009

Obesity is characterized by adipose tissue expansion as well as macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue. This results in an increase in circulating inflammatory cytokines and nonesterified fatty acids, factors that cause skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Whether obesity also results in skeletal muscle inflammation is not known. In this study, we quantified macrophages immunohistochemically in vastus lateralis biopsies from eight obese and eight lean subjects. Our study demonstrates that macrophages infiltrate skeletal muscle in obesity, and we developed an in vitro system to study this mechanistically. Myoblasts were isolated from vastus lateralis biopsies and differentiated in culture. Coculture of differentiated human myotubes with macrophages in the presence of palmitic acid, to mimic an obese environment, revealed that macrophages in the presence of palmitic acid synergistically augment cytokine and chemokine expression in myotubes, decrease IκB-α protein expression, increase phosphorylated JNK, decrease phosphorylated Akt, and increase markers of muscle atrophy. These results suggest that macrophages alter the inflammatory state of muscle cells in an obese milieu, inhibiting insulin signaling. Thus in obesity both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle inflammation may contribute to insulin resistance.
Characterization of ERG, AR and PTEN Gene Status in Circulating Tumor Cells from Patients with Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Attard Gerhardt , Swennenhuis Joost F. , Olmos David , Reid Alison H.M. , Vickers Elaine , A'Hern Roger , Levink Rianne , Coumans Frank , Moreira Joana , Riisnaes Ruth , Oommen Nikhil Babu , Hawche George , Jameson Charles , Thompson Emilda , Sipkema Ronald , Carden Craig P. , Parker Christopher , Dearnaley David , Kaye Stan B. , Cooper Colin S. , Molina Arturo , Cox Michael E. , Terstappen Leon W.M.M. , de Bono Johann S.
Published: April 2009

Hormone-driven expression of the ERG oncogene after fusion with TMPRSS2 occurs in 30% to 70% of therapy-naive prostate cancers. Its relevance in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains controversial as ERG is not expressed in some TMPRSS2-ERG androgen-independent xenograft models. However, unlike these models, CRPC patients have an increasing prostate-specific antigen, indicating active androgen receptor signaling. Here, we collected blood every month from 89 patients (54 chemotherapy-naive patients and 35 docetaxel-treated patients) treated in phase I/phase II clinical trials of an orally available, highly specific CYP17 inhibitor, abiraterone acetate, that ablates the synthesis of androgens and estrogens that drive TMPRSS2-ERG fusions. We isolated circulating tumor cells (CTC) by anti–epithelial cell adhesion molecule immunomagnetic selection followed by cytokeratin and CD45 immunofluorescence and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining. We used multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization to show that CRPC CTCs, metastases, and prostate tissue invariably had the same ERG gene status as therapy-naive tumors (n = 31). We then used quantitative reverse transcription–PCR to show that ERG expression was maintained in CRPC. We also observed homogeneity in ERG gene rearrangement status in CTCs (n = 48) in contrast to significant heterogeneity of AR copy number gain and PTEN loss, suggesting that rearrangement of ERG may be an earlier event in prostate carcinogenesis. We finally report a significant association between ERG rearrangements in therapy-naive tumors, CRPCs, and CTCs and magnitude of prostate-specific antigen decline (P = 0.007) in CRPC patients treated with abiraterone acetate. These data confirm that CTCs are malignant in origin and indicate that hormone-regulated expression of ERG persists in CRPC. [Cancer Res 2009;69(7):2912–8]
Phosphorylation of TRAF2 within Its RING Domain Inhibits Stress-Induced Cell Death by Promoting IKK and Suppressing JNK Activation
Authors: Thomas Gregory S. , Zhang Laiqun , Blackwell Ken , Habelhah Hasem
Published: April 2009

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor–associated factor 2 (TRAF2) is an adaptor protein that modulates the activation of the c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK)/c-Jun and IκB kinase (IKK)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling cascades in response to TNFα stimulation. Although many serine/threonine kinases have been implicated in TNFα-induced IKK activation and NF-κB–dependent gene expression, most of them do not directly activate IKK. Here, we report that protein kinase Cζ phosphorylates TRAF2 at Ser55, within the RING domain of the protein, after TNFα stimulation. Although this phosphorylation event has a minimal effect on induction of the immediate/transient phase of IKK and JNK activation by TNFα, it promotes the secondary/prolonged phase of IKK activation and inhibits that of JNK. Importantly, constitutive TRAF2 phosphorylation increased both basal and inducible NF-κB activation and rendered Ha-Ras-V12–transformed cells resistant to stress-induced apoptosis. Moreover, TRAF2 was found to be constitutively phosphorylated in some malignant cancer cell lines and Hodgkin's lymphoma. These results reveal a new level of complexity in TNFα-induced IKK activation modulated by TRAF2 phosphorylation and suggest that TRAF2 phosphorylation is one of the events that are responsible for elevated basal NF-κB activity in certain human cancers. [Cancer Res 2009;69(8):3665–72]
Prognostic Significance of p53 Codon 72 Polymorphism Differs with Race in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Katkoori Venkat R. , Jia Xu , Shanmugam Chandrakumar , Wan Wen , Meleth Sreelatha , Bumpers Harvey , Grizzle William E. , Manne Upender
Published: April 2009

Purpose: Several studies have examined the prognostic value of the codon 72 polymorphism of the p53 gene in colorectal adenocarcinoma, but none have addressed patient race/ethnicity. Therefore, this study assessed the prognostic value of this polymorphism in African American and Caucasian colorectal adenocarcinoma patients separately.

Experimental Design: Colorectal adenocarcinomas from 137 African Americans and 236 non-Hispanic Caucasians were assessed for p53 mutations and genotyped for the codon 72 polymorphism. The phenotypes were correlated with p53 mutational status, clinicopathologic features, and patient survival using the χ2 test and Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression models.

Results: The incidence of p53 mutations was similar in African American and Caucasian patients (50% versus 54%, respectively); however, the homozygous Pro72 allele frequency was higher in African Americans (17%) as compared with Caucasians (7%). In contrast, the homozygous Arg72 allele frequency was higher in Caucasians (36%) than in African Americans (19%). In African Americans but not Caucasians, the Pro/Pro phenotype significantly correlated with a higher incidence of missense p53 mutations and with nodal metastasis. African Americans, but not Caucasians, with the Pro/Pro phenotype had significantly higher mortality (log-rank P = 0.005 versus. P = 0.886) and risk of death due to colorectal adenocarcinoma (hazard ratio, 2.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-4.53 versus hazard ratio, 1.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.69-3.18) than those with the phenotype Arg/Arg or Arg/Pro.

Conclusions: The higher frequency of the Pro/Pro phenotype of p53 in African American patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma is associated with an increased incidence of p53 mutations, with advanced tumor stage, and with short survival.
Some like it cool? Intermorph comparison of preferred body temperature in a colour-dimorphic snake
Authors: Tanaka Koji
Published: April 2009

Organismal characteristics of ectotherms are profoundly affected by body temperature (Tb). Despite constraints imposed by environmental factors, they can adjust Tb by several means. However, if thermoregulatory ability is limited by their own property such as coloration and this constraint affects individual's fitness, selection may promote coevolution of coloration and thermal aspects. I investigated this topic using a colour-dimorphic (melanistic/striped) snake Elaphe quadrivirgata as a model species. Recent laboratory experiment revealed slower body warming in striped individuals than in melanistic individuals. Under this circumstance, one way that striped individuals can manage their slower body warming is to prefer low Tb. Contrary to this prediction, there was no intermorph difference in preferred Tb. Coupled with the results of field studies, I suggest that striped individuals manage their slower body warming by behavioural thermoregulation and that constraints (e.g., high predation risk due to conspicuousness under thermally superior habitats) imposed on melanistic individuals lessen their thermal advantages. The effect of melanism on thermal aspects may not be so advantageous for melanistic animals than generally thought.
Diagnosing declining grassland wader populations using simple matrix models
Authors: Klok Chris , Roodbergen Maja , Hemerik Lia
Published: April 2009

Many populations of wader species have shown a strong decline in number in Western-Europe in recent years. The use of simple population models such as matrix models can contribute to conserve these populations by identifying the most profitable management measures. Parameterization of such models is often hampered by the availability of demographic data (survival and reproduction). In particular, data on survival in the pre-adult (immature) stage of wader species that remain in wintering areas outside Europe are notoriously difficult to obtain, and are therefore virtually absent in the literature. To diagnose population decline in the wader species; Black-tailed Godwit, Curlew, Lapwing, Oystercatcher, and Redshank, we extended an existing modelling framework in which incomplete demographic data can be analysed, developed for species with a pre-adult stage of one year. The framework is based on a Leslie matrix model with three parameters: yearly reproduction (number of fledglings per pair), yearly pre-adult (immature) and yearly adult (mature) survival. The yearly population growth rate of these populations and the relative sensitivity of this rate to changes in survival and reproduction parameters (the elasticity) were calculated numerically and, if possible, analytically. The results showed a decrease in dependence on reproduction and an increase in pre-adult survival of the population growth rate with an increase in the duration of the pre-adult stage. In general, adult survival had the highest elasticity, but elasticity of pre-adult survival increased with time to first reproduction, a result not reported earlier. Model results showed that adult survival and reproduction estimates reported for populations of Redshank and Curlew were too low to maintain viable populations. Based on the elasticity patterns and the scope for increase in actual demographic parameters we inferred that conservation of the Redshank and both Curlew populations should focus on reproduction. For one Oystercatcher and the Black-tailed Godwit populations we suggested a focus on both reproduction and pre-adult survival. For the second Oystercatcher population pre-adult survival seemed the most promising target for conservation. And for the Lapwing populations all demographic parameters should be considered.
Modern Desires, Knowledge Control, and Physician Resistance: Regulating Ayurvedic Medicine in Nepal
Authors: Cameron Mary
Published: April 2009

Forms of medical regulation in Nepal are shown to limit health knowledge transmission in the name of protecting the people from health care providers both familiar and trusted. Within the last four years Nepal's Ministry of Health implemented controversial legislation requiring Ayurvedic medical practitioners to register with the government in order to practise medicine and to prepare plant-based medications. Traditional practitioners find the age and lineage requirements for those not holding medical certification in Ayurveda potentially devastating to their profession, and they have launched an active campaign resisting the new professionalisation requirements. These actions can be seen to result from the convergence of a rising modern Nepali state bureaucracy, the people's desire for a country free of high rates of morbidity and mortality, and the powerful ideology of Western-based health care modernisation guiding health development. I draw on recent research in Kathmandu and in two rural communities to summarise the role of Ayurveda in Nepal's health care, to analyse the politics behind the legislation and the traditional healers' response, and finally to suggest the legislation's impact on health care.
Linking Process and Outcomes in Evaluating a Statewide Drug Treatment Program for Youthful Offenders
Authors: Mears Daniel P. , Kelly William R.
Published: April 2009

Considerable attention recently has been given to the principles of effective intervention and their importance for reducing recidivism. By contrast, much less attention has been given to youth performance while in treatment or to program implementation, yet both are critical factors that also can affect recidivism. Using data on youthful offenders in the Texas Youth Commission (TYC), the authors examine rearrest patterns for youths in TYC's Chemical Dependency Treatment Program. Analyses focus on treatment performance and program implementation and their impact on rearrest, net of demographic, risk, and need factors. Policy and research implications of these analyses are discussed.
Older Russian immigrants to the USA
Authors: Fitzpatrick Tanya R. , Freed Anne O.
Published: April 2009

Stress as a result of immigration has contributed to physical illness and intergenerational conflicts among elderly Jewish Russian immigrants. Most speak only Russian and suffer from disabilities, isolation and lack of understanding of US health services. The authors explore the psychological and social factors affecting their use of health services, and address implications for social workers and health care professionals, concluding that the educational process needs to be directed to immigrants when they are first introduced to US health and social institutions.
Newcomers to Canada from Former Yugoslavia
Authors: George Usha , Tsang A. Ka Tat
Published: April 2009

A study of newcomers from Former Yugoslavia to Ontario, Canada, describes the settlement and adaptation challenges they face, the biggest of which are related to language, employment and cultural change. The author discusses the policy and practice implications of the findings, concluding that a comprehensive settlement policy should be devised that is sensitive to the varied needs of newcomers, and holistic settlement services should be offered together with appropriate and timely follow-up.
Social development in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Noyoo Ndangwa
Published: April 2009

This article examines some of the factors that might have engendered and/or impeded efforts aimed at enhancing social development in sub-Saharan African countries. It suggests how social workers could play meaningful roles in realizing social development goals in these contexts, as well as in South Africa.
The self-concept of adolescent girls in non-relative versus kin foster care
Authors: Mosek Atalia , Adler Leah
Published: April 2009

This article examines the self-concept of adolescent girls in Israel as an indication of their relative well-being. It compares self-concept of girls cared for by kin with those cared for in non-related foster families. Self-concept was defined phenomenologically and measured using the Offer Self Image Questionnaire, OSIQ. Results indicate significant differences in psychological self-image, in social relations, sexual self-image and ability to adapt to new situations; adolescents placed with their relatives scored better on all criteria. Results are interpreted according to the girls’ characteristics, biological and adoptive families and relations with them. The authors suggest pointers for future policy and clinical intervention.
States in transition
Authors: Imbrogno Salvatore
Published: April 2009

The Moldovan government is expected to democratize and modernize a social and health service system that was originally subordinated to a highly centralized, authoritative and planned system in Moscow. The newly independent Moldova has embarked upon the transformation of its political and economic institutions. Legislation has been criticized for diverting funding needed to alleviate poverty into building a market economy. Government policy depends on how problems are conceptualized and their causes analysed, whether critical social dimensions are taken seriously, and on the degree to which the public and private sectors in the human services are integrated through the social work profession.
The impact of gender disempowerment on the welfare of Zimbabwean women
Authors: Kawewe Saliwe M.
Published: April 2009

This article utilizes a feminist structural perspective in demonstrating how the cultural, economic, political and resource disempowerment of Zimbabwean women and children perpetuates impoverishment. It proposes strength-based community organizing for local and international social networking with grassroots women, NGOs, governments and other professionals to ensure women’s and children’s human rights.
Social work in a multicultural context
Authors: Ow Rosaleen
Published: April 2009

Social work practice and education are a reflection of the historical, social, economic and political context of the society the profession seeks to serve. This paper is a discussion of recent developments in multicultural Singapore in social service provisions for the elderly, the family and those with very low income, and the involvement of the social work discipline. The emphasis is on the fine balance in providing services which meet broad societal objectives and also reflect sensitivity to the cultural and social differences and needs of various subgroups.
Role perception among social workers living in politically uncertain areas
Authors: Lev-Wiesel Rachel , Friedlander Dov
Published: April 2009

Social workers and residents in areas of political uncertainty are exposed to special demands which derive from three sources, residence in the area, exposure to the anxieties and conflicts of neighbors as clients, and being representatives of the establishment. The results of a survey in 1995 of social workers in Judea/Samaria and the Golan Heights show a positive correlation between feelings of surfeit of political issues and difficulty of coping with the role of social worker and state anxiety. Most of the social workers reported difficulties in role performance resulting from political positions held by themselves, their clients and the local leadership. We conclude with a suggestion for a debriefing team model.
Regarding heroin: British and American approaches
Authors: van Wormer Katherine , van Wormer Rupert , Dickenson Scott
Published: April 2009

Where the British substance abuse counselors stress harm education, Americans emphasize abstinence and punishment over prevention efforts. A contrast in the dual approaches has become evident through a social work department international exchange program. This paper focuses on heroin use and argues that much can be learned from both positive and negative experiences surrounding its control.
Adolescent prostitution in Canada and the Philippines
Authors: Bagley Christopher
Published: April 2009

A Canadian study of ex-prostitutes in Alberta indicated that many had been sexually abused within their families. A comparison with sexually abused controls who did not enter the sex trade indicated less severe sexual abuse and less association with other forms of family violence and abuse. As runaways from abusive homes young adolescents are at risk from pimps and drug dealers. A comparison is drawn with juvenile prostitution involving girls in Bombay and Manila, and it is argued that female child prostitution is much less in these cities than in Calgary.
The Last Crusade? British Propaganda and the Palestine Campaign, 1917–18
Authors: Bar-Yosef Eitan
Published: April 2009

Irrespective of its genuine strategic objectives or its complex historical consequences, the campaign in Palestine during the first world war was seen by the British government as an invaluable exercise in propaganda. Keen to capitalize on the romantic appeal of victory in the Holy Land, British propagandists repeatedly alluded to Richard Coeur de Lion's failure to win Jerusalem, thus generating the widely disseminated image of the 1917–18 Palestine campaign as the ‘Last’ or the ‘New’ Crusade.

This representation, in turn, with its anti-Moslem overtones, introduced complicated problems for the British propaganda apparatus, to the point (demonstrated here through an array of official documentation, press accounts and popular works) of becoming enmeshed in a hopeless web of contradictory directives. This article argues that the ambiguity underlying the representation of the Palestine campaign in British wartime propaganda was not a coincidence, but rather an inevitable result of the complex, often incompatible, historical and religious images associated with this particular front. By exploring the cultural currency of the Crusading motif and its multiple significations, the article suggests that the almost instinctive evocation of the Crusade in this context exposed inherent faultlines and tensions which normally remained obscured within the self-assured ethos of imperial order. This applied not only to the relationship between Britain and its Moslem subjects abroad, but also to rifts within metropolitan British society, where the resonance of the Crusading theme depended on class position, thus vitiating its projected propagandistic effects even among the British soldiers themselves.
The Issue of US Air Support for China during the Second World War, 1942–45
Authors: Xu Guangqiu
Published: April 2009

After the eruption of the Pacific War, the USA established the China–Burma– India Theatre and began military co-operation with the Chinese fighting Japan. From 1942 to 1945, the USA rendered air assistance to China by establishing an American air force in China, delivering airplanes to the Chinese air force, training Chinese pilots, and transporting war materials by air to the Chinese. American air support played a significant role in defeating Japan. During that time disputes between the American and Chinese leaders arose over US air aid and air supply to China, which created Sino-US diplomatic tensions and a crisis in Sino-US military co-operation. There were several reasons for this: the different military goals and strategies of the USA and China, Stilwell's emphasis on the role of ground forces and his contempt for air power, the construction of the Ledo Road, and the lack of understanding of Chinese military politics. However, the Chinese demand for more US air support was justified and reasonable at that time. If American military and civilian leaders had had a better understanding of Chinese culture, including Chinese politics and the Chinese military, as well as the characteristics of Chinese leaders and others, both the Americans and the Chinese would have solved the problem of air support for China. It seems that the Sino-US dispute over air aid and air supply to China was not the fault of China or the USA nor of Stilwell or Chiang Kai-shek. It was inevitable in the circumstances.
Coming to Terms with the Worker: West German Industry, Labour Relations and the Idea of America, 1949–60
Authors: Wiesen S. Jonathan
Published: April 2009

This article situates industrialists in an ongoing discussion about the ‘Americanization’ of West Germany by focusing on business leaders' interest in public relations and human relations during the l950s. It portrays industrialists' adoption of putatively ‘American’ techniques of publicity and factory relations as an attempt to make peace with workers, while simultaneously overcoming a legitimacy crisis born of their complicity in nazi crimes. Despite their interest in American PR, many industrialists could not hide their fears of American popular culture. Industrialists therefore crafted an image of America as economically modern but intellectually bankrupt. They juxtaposed this ambivalent view of America with indigenous discourses about ‘the factory community’ and company paternalism that had been present during the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich. Ultimately, against the backdrop of the Cold War, industrialists were able to adapt to liberal democracy and ‘protect’ their workers from communism by amalgamating American and German models of labour relations.
‘Are you calling me a fascist?’ A Contribution to the Oral History of the 1968 Italian Student Rebellion
Authors: Hilwig Stuart J.
Published: April 2009

This article contributes to the historiography of the student upheavals during the late 1960s by offering insights from those outside the student movement. Using oral history methods, it explores the reactions to the student activists in Italy. These oral recollections reveal not only important differences in the ways in which the older generation experienced and remembered the years of student protest, but also the different strategies adopted by mothers and fathers to deal with their activist offspring. By looking across the barricades in Italy, this article shows that any understanding of the student rebellion of 1968 must be grounded within a national historical context. It also answers the call for a wider use of oral history sources for studies in contemporary European history.
The Racial and Ethnic Typification of Crime and The Criminal Typification of Race and Ethnicity in Local Television News
Authors: Chiricos Ted , Eschholz Sarah
Published: April 2009

Local news programming from three television stations in Orlando, Florida was analyzed for racial and ethnic content in relation to crime. The data show that Blacks are not overrepresented among TV news suspects relative to their proportion in the population or among those arrested in Orlando. Hispanics are slightly overrepresented in relation to their numbers in the population. Qualitatively, Blacks and especially Hispanics who appear as crime suspects do so in more threatening contexts than Whites. Blacks are more likely to appear as criminal suspects than as victims or positive role models, but this pattern is especially amplified for Hispanics. These results suggest that local TV news may contribute to the social construction of threat in relation to Blacks and Hispanics, a condition that is associated with fear of crime, “modern racism,” and the mobilization of various social controls and exclusions.
Factors Associated with Recidivism in Juveniles: An Analysis of Serious Juvenile Sex Offenders
Authors: Miner Michael H.
Published: April 2009

This study used four Cox regression analyses to examine the predictors of reoffending in a sample of 86 male adolescents adjudicated delinquent for the commission of sexual offenses and treated in a corrections-based sex offender treatment program. The results indicate that the predictors of reoffense, when defined as an arrest, conviction, or parole violation for any new crime, differ somewhat from those found for adults. Specifically, increased risk for reoffense was associated with impulsivity, involvement with significantly younger children, younger age at first offense, and shorter treatment stays. Decreased risk for reoffense was associated with having a male victim, having been a sexual abuse victim, and multiple paraphilias. These factors were not all stable across analyses. These data indicate that the risk prediction methods used for adult sex offenders would not be appropriate for adolescent populations and that more research is needed before attempts are made to develop such tools for adolescents.
Religion and Violent Offenders in Boot Camp: A Structural Equation Model
Authors: Benda Brent B.
Published: April 2009

This is the first study to examine the direct, indirect, and reciprocal relationships between religion and crimes against persons. The study's theoretical model was of males aged 15 to 24 in a boot camp for first admissions to the department of corrections in a southern state. Self-report data indicate that 44 percent of the 600 participants had committed at least five crimes against persons. The hypothesized model represents a theoretical elaboration of social control theory using elements of social learning theories. The pattern of interrelationships comprising the model consists of several reciprocal relationships tested with structural equation modeling procedures. Twenty-seven of the 33 hypothesized relationships are supported. For example, religion is inversely related to carrying a weapon, violence, use of illicit drugs, and selling of illicit drugs. Implications of the study are discussed in terms of measures of religion and the use of religion in formulating explanatory models.
Social Problems and Patterns of Juvenile Delinquency in Transitional Russia
Authors: Pridemore William Alex
Published: April 2009

This article is an introduction to social problems and juvenile delinquency in transitional Russia. Although crime in Russia is a popular topic of discussion in the popular press, there is relatively little work in the scholarly literature that directly addresses this issue and even less that examines juvenile delinquency in the country. This article is thus meant to be an introduction to this theme. The author reviews the current state of several institutions (such as the economy, education, and the family) as well as specific issues (such as alcohol and drug use, leisure activities, and the absence of a dedicated juvenile justice system in Russia) that are often thought to be related to juvenile delinquency and crime. The author then employs official data from the Russian Ministry of the Interior to describe the characteristics of young offenders in the country and the patterns of juvenile offending during the 1990s.
The Impact of Formal and Informal Social Controls on the Criminal Activities of Probationers
Authors: Mackenzie Doris Layton , Li Spencer De
Published: April 2009

The monthly self-reported criminal activities, risk behaviors, and local life circumstances of offenders who began sentences of probation in northern Virginia were examined during the year prior to arrest, between arrest and probation, and during the first eight months of probation. The criminal activities and risk behaviors of the offenders declined dramatically after arrest and continued at this lower level throughout the probation period studied. When these offenders participated in high-risk behaviors such as carrying a gun, using drugs, and heavy use of alcohol, they committed more crimes; conversely, when they lived with spouses or were employed, they committed fewer crimes. There was no change in local life circumstances from the prearrest, arrest, and probation periods. The decline in criminal activities after arrest and during probation did not appear to be related to changes in informal social controls as measured by local life circumstances. The results were interpreted as consistent with a possible a deterrent effect.
Measuring Underlying Meanings of Gambling from the Perspective of Enduring Involvement
Authors: Jang Ho-Chan , Lee Bongkoo , Park Minkyung , Stokowski Patricia A.
Published: April 2009

This study explores the underlying personal meanings of gambling behavior from the perspective of enduring involvement and considers the relationships among gambling and gender, level of participation, and illusion of control. Based on a self-administered survey of gambling visitors to Black Hawk, Colora, the study found three underlying factors of gambling involvement: (1) self-identity, (2) pleasure/importance, and (3) centrality. The study also found gender differences in gambling involvement, suggesting that male participants tended to view gambling as a form of self-enhancement or self-expression more strongly than did female participants. Management and research implications drawn from these findings are discussed.
Spectral Analysis of Overseas Tourists’ Expenditures in the United Kingdom
Authors: Coshall John T.
Published: April 2009

This article introduces univariate and bivariate spectral analysis as methods of modeling overseas tourists’ expenditures in the United Kingdom. In general, these two methods detect cyclical behavior within and between time-series data, respectively. The univariate spectrum refutes any long-term “business cycle”-type oscillations in the expenditure data. Only a significant annual cycle is revealed. The univariate spectrum is shown to assist greatly in the difficult problem of parameter determination in the more conventional autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) class of time-series models. The bivariate spectrum reveals significant lead relationships between cycles in pound sterling exchange rates against the U.S. dollar and French franc and cycles in tourists’ expenditures. Such relationships would be difficult to detect via more commonly used time-series procedures.
Gender Images in State Tourism Brochures: An Overlooked Area in Socially Responsible Tourism Marketing
Authors: Sirakaya Ercan , Sonmez Sevil
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this article is to examine photographs (pictorial displays) presented in state tourism promotional materials for gender depictions within Goffman’s framework. Specifically, the study investigated latent (i.e., facial expressions, gestures) and manifested (i.e., roles, activities) characteristics delineating relationships between men and women and the roles and meanings associated with these depictions. The results suggest that women are depicted in “traditional stereotypical” poses (i.e., subordinate, submissive, dependent) disproportionately more often than men. These findings suggest that tourism advertisers and destination promoters need to be aware of both the subtle and more blatant visual cues that depict the relationship between men and women in tourism advertisements.
The Segmentation of Potential Tourists: Constraint Differences between Men and Women
Authors: Hudson Simon
Published: April 2009

Despite the proliferation of constraint studies over the past decade, few authors have investigated constraint differences between subgroups, in particular between men and women. In this study, the author measured perceptions of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural constraints on skiing participation for potential skiers. Significant differences between men and women were discovered. Specifically, women perceived significantly higher levels of intrapersonal constraints. The implications of the results are discussed, as they provide guidance for the ski industry in strategy development.
Needs, Motivations, and Expectations of a Commercial Whitewater Rafting Experience
Authors: Fluker Martin R. , Turner Lindsay W.
Published: April 2009

Whitewater rafting is examined as an example of the adventure tourism market. Separately, the needs, motivations, and expectations of whitewater rafting participants are surveyed before and after rafting. An analysis that compares these participants with and without prior rafting experience recommends a different form of marketing strategy for each group.
Analyzing Air Travel: A Comparison of Different Survey Methods and Data Collection Procedures
Authors: Denstadli Jon Martin
Published: April 2009

This article explores alternative ways of collecting data on air travel. Comparisons are made between two different survey methods (general household surveys and intercept air travel surveys), and two alternative data collection procedures in intercept surveys (on-board and at gate). Results show that air travel estimates do not depend heavily on survey method. Intercept and household surveys produce a more or less comparable picture of the air travel market, although some differences are found with regard to trip purpose distributions. Regarding data collection procedure in intercept surveys, interviews conducted at gate are found to be more susceptible to nonresponse than are on-board interviews. However, no significant differences exist between the samples with regard to trip and respondent characteristics, suggesting that the increased nonresponse in gate surveys is not systematic and that an equally valid picture of airline passengers can be obtained through gate and on-board surveys.
Competitive Approaches to Tourism and Hospitality Curriculum Design
Authors: Smith Ginger , Cooper Chris
Published: April 2009

Globalization is having a major impact on the tourism sector but has not yet affected the design of tourism and hospitality curricula. This research note takes the issue of globalization and, using educational models of curriculum planning, applies it to the development of a tourism and hotel management school in Puerto Rico.
Highlights of the 31st Annual Travel and Tourism Research Association Conference—Burbank, California, June 11-14, 2000
Authors: Goeldner Charles R. , DiPersio Cindy E.
Published: April 2009

The following paragraphs briefly summarize the 31st annual conference of the Travel and Tourism Research Association (TTRA) held in Burbank, California. For conference registrants and premier TTRA members who request a copy, conference proceedings are available at no charge. Standard TTRA members and student members may purchase copies for $125. Nonmembers may purchase copies for $150. Copies may be ordered from Patty Morgan, TTRA Executive Director, P.O. Box 2133, Boise, ID 83701-2133; phone: 208-429-9511.
Market Segmentation of Wyoming Snowmobilers
Authors: May Juliet A. , Bastian Chris T. , Taylor David T. , Whipple Glen D.
Published: April 2009

Given the increasing popularity of snowmobiling, information on snowmobilers’ characteristics and preferences is needed to better manage and market snowmobiling programs. This study examines the characteristics, preferences, and motivations of Wyoming snowmobilers. Unique groups of snowmobilers are identified, and differences in their snowmobiling behavior and sociodemographic characteristics are investigated.
Destination Branding in a Hostile Environment
Authors: D’Hauteserre Anne-Marie
Published: April 2009

As travel destinations turn to branding for differentiation, they must comprehensively assess all values held in their potential market areas to maximize their appeal. Foxwoods Casino and Resort and Disneyland Paris (re)branded themselves in “hostile” environments to attract the millions of visitors their investments require yearly. Disneyland changed its name and its image from “Americanizing” to Americana. Foxwoods has avoided all reference to Indianness, relying on its rural location in the Connecticut woods and its size for its brand appeal.
E-Surveying for Tourism Research: Legitimate Tool or a Researcher’s Fantasy?
Authors: Litvin Stephen W. , Kar Goh Hwai
Published: April 2009

Tourism researchers continually seek to improve their primary data collection methods. With the spread of Internet and e-mail technologies, various researchers have begun to explore the potential and efficacy of electronic data collection. This article reports on a study that compared respondent data from two data sets based on the same survey instrument: the first, collected via a traditional mall-intercept-type data collection exercise and the second, an “e-sample” collected from random e-mail addresses. Analysis of the responses found similar travel psychographic characteristics but significant differences in demographics and travel patterns. The article concludes that while there seems to be legitimate potential for tourism research “e-surveying,” current logistical problems and issues of sample bias remain serious stumbling blocks precluding widespread use of the method.
Industrial Organization and Competition in the U.K. Tour Operator/Travel Agency Business, 1989-1993: An Econometric Investigation
Authors: Davies Brian , Downward Paul
Published: April 2009

The U.K. tour operator/travel agency business is examined for the period 1989 to 1993 with the aim of investigating the nature of competition in outbound tourism. The industry is examined using the industrial organization (IO) framework and by empirical testing using econometrics. The article argues that the IO approach can be usefully applied to this tourism sector. It is suggested that the industry can be characterized as segmented on the basis of company size. Comments follow on the relevance of these findings for industry practitioners and competition policy.
A Framework for Assessing Direct Economic Impacts of Tourist Events: Distinguishing Origins, Destinations, and Causes of Expenditures
Authors: Tyrrell Timothy J. , Johnston Robert J.
Published: April 2009

This article outlines a standardized method for assessing direct economic expenditures and impacts associated with tourist events. The method addresses critical and often overlooked methodological issues that distinguish analysis of impacts from tourism in general and analysis of impacts from tourist events. These issues involve a common failure to account for sources, origins, destinations, and causes of expenditures. The corresponding errors in impact estimation will carry through into subsequent input-output or multiplier models and are of particular significance when one considers impacts of tourism events in regions dominated by other tourist sites or attractions, such as heavily visited coastal communities. Implications of the framework for impact estimation are illustrated using examples drawn from recent Rhode Island tourist events, including the 1997 Newport Folk Festival.