bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematical model explains differences in Omicron and Delta SARS-CoV-2 dynamics in Caco-2 and Calu-3 cells
Authors: Staroverov Vladimir , Galatenko Alexei , Knyazev Evgeny , Tonevitsky Alexander
Published: March 2024

Within-host infection dynamics of Omicron dramatically differs from previous variants of SARS-CoV-2. However, little is still known about which parameters of virus-cell interplay contribute to the observed attenuated replication and pathogenicity of Omicron. Mathematical models, often expressed as systems of differential equations, are frequently employed to study the infection dynamics of various viruses. Adopting such models for results of in vitro experiments can be beneficial in a number of aspects, such as model simplification (e.g., the absence of adaptive immune response and innate immunity cells), better measurement accuracy, and the possibility to measure additional data types in comparison with in vivo case. In this study, we consider a refinement of our previously developed and validated model based on a system of integro-differential equations. We fit the model to the experimental data of Omicron and Delta infections in Caco-2 (human intestinal epithelium model) and Calu-3 (lung epithelium model) cell lines. The data include known information on initial conditions, infectious virus titers, and intracellular viral RNA measurements at several time points post-infection. The model accurately explains the experimental data for both variants in both cell lines using only three variant- and cell-line-specific parameters. Namely, the cell entry rate is significantly lower for Omicron, and Omicron triggers a stronger cytokine production rate (i.e., innate immune response) in infected cells, ultimately making uninfected cells resistant to the virus. Notably, differences in only a single parameter (e.g., cell entry rate) are insufficient to obtain a reliable model fit for the experimental data.
The Evaluation of Interaction Activities in Turkish Teaching Textbooks for Foreigners in the Context of CEFR Companion Volume: the Example of Gazi
Authors: DEMİRKOL Rabia
Published: March 2024

Bu çalışmada yabancılara Türkçe öğretiminde kullanılan ders kitaplarındaki etkileşim etkinliklerini, D-AOBM tamamlayıcı cilt bağlamında değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla incelemek üzere Gazi Yabancılar İçin Türkçe B1 ders kitabı
seçilmiştir. D-AOBM tamamlayıcı cilt ile birlikte yabancı dil öğretimi sadece dil bilgisel yetilerin ve temel becerilerin aktarımı olarak görülmemiş, buna ek olarak dilin işlevsel bir şekilde iletişim ortamlarında kullanılması
hedeflenmiştir. Bu nedenle yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi kapsamında hazırlanan yöntem kitaplarının, etkileşim etkinlikleri/görevleri açısından yeni cilt ile uyumlu olması gerekmektedir. Etkileşim etkinlikleri için alan başlıkları,
D-AOBM tamamlayıcı ciltten hareketle oluşturulmuştur. Çalışma nitel araştırma deseninde gerçekleştirilmiş ve doküman incelemesi ile elde edilen veriler içerik analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda incelenen Gazi
Yabancılar İçin Türkçe B1 ders kitabında en çok etkinlik/görev sayısının muhatabı anlama, resmi olmayan tartışma, bilgi alışverişi, karşılıklı konuşma ve genel yazılı etkileşim başlıklarında olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Etkinlikler;
konuşma ve yazma beceri alanları içerisinde diyalog hazırlama, kültürel konular hakkında fikir beyan etme, kısa öykü/masal anlatma, tavsiyede bulunma, sözlü sunum yapma, ilan metni yazma ve buna cevap verme gibi görevlerle karşılanmıştır.
Araştırma sonucunda çevrimiçi etkileşim ile ilgili olarak herhangi bir etkinlik/görev saptanmamıştır. Bu nedenle çalışma sonunda çevrimiçi etkinliklere yönelik TEMA, Yeşilay, Kızılay gibi vakıflara nasıl üye olunabileceği veya
bir Karadeniz turuna nasıl kaydolabileceği ile ilgili görevlerin tasarlanması önerilmiştir.
Critisism of the Article Titled “The Possibility of Making a Muslim Philosophy of Religion with the Concepts of the West”
Authors: YILDIZ İbrahim
Published: March 2024

Türkiye’de henüz yeni bir bilim dalı olan din felsefesinin hangi temel ilkeler doğrultusunda yapılması gerektiği konusunda farklı yaklaşımlar mevcuttur. Bu yaklaşımlardan biri, Müslümanca bir din felsefesi oluşturulması gerektiği yönündedir.
Bu yaklaşıma göre Batı’nın entelektüel uğraşının ürünü olan kavramlardan uzak durulmalıdır. Hasan Er tarafından ileri sürülen bu iddia, Batı’da din felsefesi yapılırken ortaya çıkan bazı temel kavramların Batı’nın Hristiyan Orta
Çağ düşüncesiyle hesaplaşmasının bir ürünü olduğu, dolayısıyla temel İslami esaslara uygun olmayacağı düşüncesiyle gerekçelendirilmektedir. Batı’daki din felsefesinin Hristiyanlık temelinde neşet ettiği yargısı kabul edilebilir
görünmektedir. Buradan hareketle Hristiyanlığın inanç sisteminin İslam’dan çok farklı olduğu gerçeği temelinde Batı’da din felsefesi yapılırken kullanılan kavramların da İslam ile ilişkilendirilmemesi gerektiği savunulmuştur. Burada
özellikle uzak durulması gerektiği iddia edilen üç kavram bulunmaktadır. Bunlar deizm, ateizm ve makalesinin ana temasını oluşturan teizmdir. Bu iddia din felsefesi alanında önemli bir tartışmayı tetiklemektedir. Bu tartışma da
belli bir dine özgü bir din felsefesinin olup olamayacağıdır. Makalemizde, yukarıda özetlenen iddialar detaylı bir şekilde ele alınacak ve din felsefesi açısından tartışmanın önemine ışık tutmak amacıyla analitik bir değerlendirmeye
tabi tutulacaktır. Sonuç olarak kavramların sadece ilk ortaya çıktıkları anlamlarla değil, süreç içinde kazandıkları anlamlarla da ele alınması gerektiği tartışılacaktır. Öte yandan Batı kavramlarıyla Müslümanca bir din felsefesi
yapmanın mümkün olup olmadığı sorgulanacak ve eğer mümkün değilse, sonuç olarak din felsefesinin de Müslümanca olmayacağı dikkate sunulacaktır.
Role of Panchakarma Chikitsa in the Management of Katigraha (Lumbar Spondylosis): A Literature Review
Authors: Jain Anup , Sawarkar Punam , Jain Seema
Published: March 2024

Katigraha is a disease in which Vata gets imbalanced in its sthana (seat), causing pain to originate in the joints of sphika and prishtha-vanshasthi. According to Gadanigraha, when Vata is affected by Ama and is located in Kati Pradesh, it exhibits the symptoms of Katigraha, namely Graha (stiffness) and Ruja (pain) in Kati Pradesh (lower back). Compared with modern science, the authors can correlate this disease to lumbar spondylosis. Chronic low-back pain affects 4.2% of the population and accounts for almost 50% of total low-back pain related costs. The treatment involves various approaches, including anti-inflammatories, analgesics, muscle relaxants, Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), exercises, traction, and invasive procedures like surgeries. Panchakarma, a specialised facet of Ayurveda, not only focuses on bringing the body to a state of Samadosha, thereby targeting to achieve normal health. With literary evidence supporting its efficacy, Panchakarma offers a comprehensive approach in managing such conditions, encompassing curative, preventive, and promotive aspects of health. Databases such as PubMed, Google Scholars, Shodhaganga, etc., were searched, and a total of 12 articles were shortlisted based on various Panchakarma interventions being used for the management of Katigraha. Panchakarma provides a promising avenue for the effective management of Katigraha, paving the way for enhanced well-being and improved quality of life for individuals suffering from this condition.
Effect of Sacral Erector Spinae Plane Block on Postoperative Analgesia in Perianal Surgeries: A Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Behera Sanjaya Kumar , Pattnaik Sunil Kumar , Das Mousumi , Mohapatra Partha Sarathi , Mishra Krishna , Sahu Lingaraj
Published: March 2024

Introduction: Sacral nerves emerge through sacral foramina and traverse below the multifidus muscle. Hence, blocking this myofascial plane can provide postoperative analgesia in the perianal region by blocking the sacral nerves supplying it. Aim: To study the effect of Sacral Erector Spinae Plane Block (SESPB) on postoperative pain and postoperative analgesic requirement in perianal surgeries. Materials and Methods: A randomised controlled trial was done with 60 patients who were randomly allocated into two groups (30 in each group). Group 1 patients received no intervention, whereas Group 2 received bilateral SESPB. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), opioid requirement, first analgesic demand, and additional analgesic requirement were compared between the two groups. The qualitative data was analysed by Student’s t-test, whereas the quantitative data was analysed using the Chi-square test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Around 18 (60%) of the participants in group 1 were males, whereas group 2 consisted of 15 (50%) males. The mean age in group 1 was 40.7±11.5 years, whereas it was 43.6±12.7 years in group 2. The means of BMI were similar in both groups. The mean VAS score of group 1 was 3.19±0.23, whereas it was 2.37±0.25 in group 2. The first analgesic requirement was significantly delayed, and total tramadol requirement was lower in group 2 compared to group 1. Four patients from group 1 (control group) required inj. diclofenac sodium additionally. Conclusion: Bilateral SESPB provided good postoperative analgesia in patients who underwent perianal surgery. The total analgesic requirement was also found to be lower with this block. Hence, it can be considered a modality for perianal surgeries.
Multiple Cranial Nerve Involvement in a Complex Case of MISME Syndrome in a Paediatric Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Faizal Afwaan , Vikram Michael Antony , Prabhu Ajay Lucas Rubben , Jawahar Dinesh Babu , Raja Sam
Published: March 2024

Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) is characterised by numerous tumours in the central and peripheral nervous systems due to NF2 gene abnormalities that cause the tumour suppressor protein, Merlin, to disappear. Often referred to as Multiple Inherited Schwannomas, Meningiomas, and Ependymomas (MISME), a distinctive characteristic of NF2 is bilateral vestibular schwannomas manifesting in late adolescence with symptoms such as sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance issues. Two distinct phenotypes, Wishart and Feiling-Gardner, characterise NF2. This case report discusses the case of a paediatric patient who presented with bilateral hearing loss, giddiness, and blurring of vision and sought a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examination which revealed bilateral vestibular schwannomas, non vestibular schwannomas, left sphenoid wing meningiomas, multidirectional spinal schwannomas, spinal nerve sheath tumours, and lesions in the retroperitoneal region. Despite an absent family history, significant involvement of cranial nerves strongly indicates classical NF2. Management focuses on preserving function, and surgery is contemplated for symptomatic lesions and tumours causing cord compression. Gamma Knife radiosurgery and targeted therapies have been investigated.
Vitronectin Levels in Leukocyte-platelet Rich Fibrin, Injectable-platelet Rich Fibrin, and Serum: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Acharya Anirudh B , Lokhande Aditi , Acharya Swetha , Kulkarni Mihir , Thakur Srinath
Published: March 2024

Introduction: Platelet-rich Fibrin (PRF) is an autologous platelet concentrate preparation containing several proteins that aid in healing. Vitronectin is one of these proteins that has not been quantified in all types of PRF. Various protocols have been suggested to alter the yield of different components of PRF to enhance wound healing. Hence, it is beneficial to know the vitronectin levels in PRF. Aim: To detect, estimate, and compare the levels of vitronectin in two PRF protocols and serum. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Periodontics at the SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital. Dharwad, Karnataka, India from January 2019 to June 2020 involved 12 systemically and periodontally healthy volunteers. Blood was obtained from each volunteer to collect and prepare serum, Leukocyte-PRF (L-PRF), and injectable-PRF (i-PRF), respectively. Three distinct samples-supernatant, exudate, and clot-were collected and categorised into seven groups (L-PRF supernatant, L-PRF exudate, L-PRF clot, i-PRF supernatant, i-PRF exudate, i-PRF clot, blood serum) that were assayed for levels of vitronectin. The data were statistically analysed using the independent t-test, one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and NewmanKeuls Post-hoc procedures. Results: The mean age was 24.92±2.57 years. Vitronectin was detected and estimated in all the samples. Vitronectin levels ranged from 64.09±0.04 ng/mL to 64.20±0.21 ng/mL. Oneway ANOVA applied to test between and within groups was significant (p=0.049). A statistically significant difference was observed only between L-PRF exudate and serum (p=0.05). Conclusion: The comparable levels of vitronectin in L-PRF and i-PRF observed in present study suggest that vitronectin in these two PRF protocols may aid wound healing.
Strategies for Preventing Environmental Mastitis in Dairy Farming: A Review
Authors: Chinmayee Sahu , Kumar Misra Arun , Kumar Mohanty Tushar , Deepak Chopra
Published: March 2024

The dairy industry must adhere to stringent international standards due to the growing demand for healthy, high-quality, and affordable dairy products worldwide. To ensure the quality of raw milk, key markers such as Bulk Milk Somatic Cell Count (BMSCC) and Total Bacterial Count (BMTBC) have become standard benchmarks. However, mastitis, the most common disease affecting dairy cows, poses a significant risk to both animal welfare and the long-term sustainability of the dairy sector. Mastitis leads to reduced milk production, increased treatment costs, milk withholding during treatment, higher labor requirements, and premature culling of affected cows. In India alone, mastitis costs the dairy industry 2.37 billion rupees annually, with subclinical mastitis accounting for approximately 70% of this loss. While contagious infections have been effectively controlled, environmental mastitis pathogens such as Streptococcus uberis, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella spp now pose the primary concern for mastitis control. The management of cow bedding materials is crucial as they serve as a significant source of exposure to these environmental infections. This review study provides a detailed discussion of environmental mastitis pathogen control, emphasizing the critical role of bedding materials in reducing the risk of exposure to these pathogens.
Econometric Modeling and Forecasting of Arabica and Robusta Coffee Production for Sustainable Agriculture Development
Authors: Chandra Ram Prasad
Published: March 2024

In the present study, we have used Box-Jenkins approaches an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model (ARIMA) for modeling and forecasting of annual amount of Arabica and Robusta coffee production and yield (ARCPY) in India. In this study used time series data was collected from the official website of the coffee board of India from 1986 to 2023 (38 observations). Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test has used for testing the stationarity of the time series, and the appropriate ARIMA model has selected based on minimum Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The ARIMA models has compared with the other ARIMA models with respect to forecast accuracy measures, and the residuals has diagnosed for possible presence of autocorrelation, and white noise heteroscedasticity (WNH) test of the fitted models. The MAPE value of ACP and ACY has 8.94 and 9.35 percent respectively shows highly accurate forecasting percentage rate respectively. While, the MAPE value of RCP and RCY has 16.03 and 11.43 percent respectively shows good accurate forecasting percentage rate respectively. Thus, we found the ARIMA (2, 1, 4), (3, 1, 2), (0, 1, 3) and (2, 0, 1) models for Arabica and Robusta coffee; which has observed as the best suitable model for predicting the future annual amount of Arabica coffee production (ACP), Arabica coffee yield (ACY), Robusta coffee production (RCP) and Robusta coffee yield (RCY) respectively, and we have estimated that the annual amount of ACP and ACY achieved in the year 2023-24 from 97379.67 MTs, and 472.29 kg/hectare respectively to 93272.91 MTs, and 379.31 kg/hectare respectively in the year 2034-35 will decrease, and the annual amount of RCP and RCY achieved in the year 2023-24 from 268655.21 MTs, and 1110.68 kg/hectare respectively to 318614.85 MTs, and 1012.90 kg/hectare respectively in the year 2034-35 will reach.
Effect of Different Integrated Nutrient Management Approaches on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Crop: A Review
Authors: Kaur Gurvinder , Singh Ishwar , Behl R.K. , Dhankar Amit
Published: March 2024

The adequate and balanced supply of plant nutrients is of critical importance in improving the productivity of wheat crop. Due to prohibitive cost of chemical fertilizers, Indian farmers, mostly marginal and small, do not supply the recommended doses of nutrients to these energy rich crops, indigenously available organic sources of nutrients have been recorded to enhance the efficiency and reduce the requirement of chemical fertilizers. The nutrients (N, P, K and Zn) can be supplied through fertilizers, organic manures, biofertilizers, bio-stimulants and their combined applications under integrated nutrient management. Wheat varieties differ in their phenology, requirement of thermal and photoperiod units and growth habits which cumulatively determine the varietal adaptation at different locations and sowing times. Therefore, comparative evaluation of varieties suitable for early, normal and late sown conditions is warranted to identify the growth patterns, physiological traits and yield attributes that will favorably influence the grain yield and biomass in wheat under normal and late sown conditions. This review examines response of wheat varieties to integrated nutrient management practices in wheat crop sown under normal and late planting conditions.
Correlation Studies of Growth and Yield Attributes with Grain Yield of Scented Rice as Influenced by Nano Urea in Combination with Inorganic Fertilizer and Organic Manure
Authors: Gajbhiye Mrinali , Agrawal KK , Jha AK , Kumar Narendra
Published: March 2024

Appropriate nitrogen management increases the yield of rice. Both excess and low nitrogen content leads to lower the production of rice. A large amount of nitrogen causes soil fertility loss and thus, the yield. Nano urea is a nano technology that provides nitrogen required for crop at critical stages. Keeping these in mind a research experiment was carried out to assess the correlation studies of growth and yield attributes with grain yield of scented rice as influenced by Nano urea in combination with inorganic fertilizer and organic manure at Instructional Farm Unit, Krishi Nagar, JNKVV, Jabalpur during the rainy season of 2022 and 2023. Ten treatment combinations were laid out in randomized block design with four replications. The results revealed that all the growth parameters were observed a strong and positive correlation with grain yield of rice. The regression analysis showed a strong positive linear relationship with the growth parameters viz., plant height (95% and 97%, respectively) and no. of tillers hill-1 (94% and 91%, respectively), yield attributes viz., panicle length (94% and 95%, respectively) and total no. of grains panicle-1 (97% and 95%, respectively) and grain yield of rice. This concludes that all the growth and yield attributes positively contributed towards gaining higher yield.
Knowledge and Attitude of Eye Care Workers towards Electronic Medical Records in a Tertiary Eye Facility in South-East Nigeria
Authors: Onwuegbuna Arinze Anthony , Eze Ugochukwu Anthony , Apakama Akunne Ijeoma , Chianakwalam Emeka Akujuobi , Ogazi Peter Olisa , Ezeude Chidiebele Malachy , Ochiogu Bernard Chukwunonyerem , Udeaja Anthonia Chinyelu
Published: March 2024

Electronic Medical Records (EMR) has been an integral part of patient management in the developed world but still gradually gaining popularity in the developing world. It was met with resistance by health workers in Nigeria though this is changing in the post COVID era. However, there still appears to be some resistance to its acceptance for different and sometimes justifiable reasons. The aim is to determine the knowledge and attitude towards EMR among eye health workers in a teaching hospital in South East Nigeria. This cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted among consenting consecutive eye care workers at Guinness Eye Centre, Onitsha aged≥ 18years from July to September, 2023. A pretested semi structured self-administered questionnaire was used. Information of interest were biodata, knowledge and attitude towards EMR. They were summarized into simple frequencies and percentages. Knowledge scores were grouped into good and poor using the blooms cut off for knowledge attitude and practice. Univariate and bivariate analysis were done and results represented in tables and charts with levels of significance placed at p<0.05. There was a total of 135 respondents; the mean age was 32.6 years ± 10 SD, male to female ratio of 1:1.1. The result showed good knowledge and positive attitude towards EMR (85.2% and 73.2% respectively) with younger age group, professional cadre and computer literacy found to be associated with good knowledge and positive attitude towards EMR in the population. The hospital/ clinic were the most common sources of EMR information. This study showed good knowledge and positive attitude toward EMR in the study population. It also suggested an association with younger age group, professional cadre and computer literacy.
Investigation of Copper Codeposits with SiC Nano from Ionic Liquid (Ethaline) as Function of Concentration and Micro Particles Sizes where the Working Electrode in ‘Vertical’ Position Using Acoustic Impedance Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM)
Authors: Ttaib K. El , Benhmid A.
Published: March 2024

The gravimetric inspection of co-electrodeposited copper, with hard inert second phase ceramics SiC and 0.02 M [CuCl2.2H2O] in 1 ChCl: 2 EG, based liquid for different solution-phase loadings of 1-3 \(\mu\)m silicon carbide unpolished gold AT cut working electrode placed in’Vertical’ position, revealed that the EQCM method admits the first in-situ quantification or particulate inclusion.  It was found that the composition of incorporated substance was fairly dependant on the concentration of second phase particles in solution, where in this study the 5% SiC has the amount in the copper which is in a good agreement with alumina particles with the same size.  Another observation was that most of the material was drawn onto the surface rather than settling on to it, however the distribution of the hard phase was found to be reasonably even throughout the coating.  This technology is important because it assists deposition of bright copper coatings without adding hazard materials, such as cyanide. On the other hand the comparison between concentrations of  0.02 M  and 0.2 M [CuCl2.2H2O] in 1 ChCl: 2 EG based liquid for 10% solution-phase loadings of 45-55 nm size silicon carbide was also investigated, where the working electrode is placed in’Horizontal’  postion. It is very interisting that the experimental result showed that the mass loaded by 0.2 M solution is about 10 times greater than for the mass loaded by 0.02 M solution.
Rational Design of a Multi-epitope Vaccine for Yak Milk Allergy by Immuno-informatics Approach
Authors: Singh Ayushi , Chaudhary Ashok , Yadav Priyanshi , Goud P Manoj Kumar , Barwar Rohit , Abhishek M S  , Ahmad Jameel
Published: March 2024

Milk is a wholesome nutrient source, but one of the problems associated with milk consumption is the allergy observed in humans due to major milk proteins. Yak is one of the milch animal which is well adapted to high altitude and serve as source of nutritious milk for inhabiting human population. However, yak and cow milk are similar in composition, and are known to elicit hyperimmune reaction especially in infants and children. The several therapeutic attempts have already been made to counter cow’s milk allergic response but their response is temporary in nature. So, the following study is an attempt to overcome Yak’s milk allergic response by in-silico multi-epitope vaccine construction. For this, the suitable epitopes and adjuvants were coupled for increased vaccine efficacy and immune stimulation. The vaccine construct was found to be antigenic and free from allergens and toxins. As per computational modelling, the proposed multiepitope vaccine is physically stable and may induce immune responses in allergic conditions.
Integrated Weed Management in Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
Authors: Islam Md. Riazul , Rahman Md. Atikur , Fahim Abu Hena Faisal , Hasan Shahriar , Nasim Fardus Ahamed , Saif Hasib Bin , Obaidullah Abu Jafor Mohammad , Tasmima Tahera , Azad Md. Abul Kalam
Published: March 2024

The experiment was conducted at Regional Spices Research Centre, BARI, Magura during the cropping season of 2021-22 and 2022-23 to find out the best management practices for controlling the weed of turmeric. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Nine different treatments and a control plot were studied. Significant differences regarding yield and yield attributes were observed among different treatments. The results revealed that Cyperus rotundus was the major weed constituting 51% of the total weed flora. All treatments brought significant reduction in the count of weeds over control. The lowest number of these weeds was recorded in glyphosate @ 10 ml/L+ 1 HW at 70 DAP + straw mulch @ 5 t/ha treated plot. The highest fresh yield (64.63 t/ha in 2021-22 and 58.28 t/ha in 2022-23) was found from treatment T5 (glyphosate @ 10 ml/L+ 1 HW at 70 DAP + straw mulch @ 5 t/ha) and the lowest yield (20.16 kg/ha in 2021-22 and 20.07 in 2022-23) was found from control plot T10. Maximum weed control efficiency (91.97%) was found from treatment T5 (glyphosate @ 10 ml/L+ 1 HW at 70 DAP + straw mulch @ 5 t/ha).   Benefit cost ratio (BCR) was highest under glyphosate @ 10 ml/L+ 1 HW at 70 DAP + straw mulch @ 5 t/ha (3.75) followed by T6 (Paraquat @ 10 ml/L+ 1 HW (70 DAP) + straw mulch 5 t/ha (3.33).
Studies on the Interaction Effect of Pruning Methods and Training Systems on Growth and Yield of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus l.) Cv. Malini Grown under Protected Conditions
Authors: Dulam Shivaraj , Prasanth P  , Lakshminarayana D  , Ramesh T
Published: March 2024

Aim: To study the interaction effect of pruning methods and training systems on growth and yield of cucumber cv. Malini under protected conditions.
Study Design: The research plot was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD).
Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted in green house at vegetable block, College of Horticulture, Mojerla. Duration of crops is 3 months.
Methodology: Research was carried out with 12 treatments and 3 replications
Results: Pruning methods and Training systems interaction was assessed for growth and yield characters of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Cv. Malini under protected conditions during rabi season. The treatments consists of four levels of pruning i.e., P1 (Removal of flower buds up to 45cm), P2 (Removal of flower buds up to 60cm), P3 (Removal of flower buds up to 75cm), P4 (No Pruning) and three levels of training systems viz., T1 (Single head training system), T2 (Umbrella training system), and T3 (Low middle training system). Growth and yield characters were studied. Data collected was statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and separation of means for significant effect was done by the use of Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5% of probability. The results showed that among the interaction treatments maximum numbers of fruits per vine (25.33), yield per vine (6.97 kg), yield per hectare (154.90 t/ha), marketable yield (150.10 t/ha) were recorded in P3T1 followed by P2T1.
Conclusion: Single head training system with pruning up to 75cm (P3T1) was found to be the best treatment and the treatment P2T1 was found on par with it.
The Interplay of Historical Foundations, Resource Dynamics, and Ideological Frameworks in the Shaping of Tanzania's Foreign Policy Landscape: Practicability of the Dependency Theory
Authors: Mnyavanu Adam Michael , Mrisho David Haruna
Published: March 2024

This article analyzes three key variables - ideology, history, and resources - to get a deeper insight into the intricate dynamics shaping Tanzania's foreign policy. The research examines how the country's diplomatic environment is influenced by resource considerations, historical legacies, and ideological shifts within the framework of dependence theory.
The findings from the survey show various perspectives on the influence of history, which is consistent with the emphasis of dependence theory on historical variables shaping foreign policy. The examination of resource contributions emphasizes the pressing necessity for policy reform, endorsing the suggestion of dependence theory for strategic resource utilization to reduce external constraints. Tanzania's strategic focus on developing economic partnerships outside of Western markets is evident in its ideological aspect. This is in line with the suggestion of dependency theory to reduce reliance on a certain set of trading partners in order to enhance the country's ability to navigate changing global economic trends.
Key Informant Interviews support the study's theoretical framework and demonstrate the ongoing influence of historical personalities such as Julius Nyerere on Tanzania's foreign policy. The study's findings resulted in three significant recommendations. To establish diplomatic partnerships that honour past legacies while adapting to current geopolitical circumstances, it is advisable to take a sophisticated approach to historical connections. Implementing thorough policy change is recommended to strategically protect and utilize national resources in global contexts. Finally, it is recommended to take a proactive approach to diverse economic relationships in alignment with the broader pan-African objective of reducing dependence on specific trade partners. valuable guidance for decision-makers navigating the complex process of developing foreign policy.
Solvent‐free cyanosilylation of aldehydes catalyzed by SmI2
Authors: George Soney C. , Kim Sung Soo , Kadam Santosh T.
Published: October 2007

A novel method to obtain racemic cyanohydrin silylethers by reaction of trimethylsilyl cyanide with a variety of aldehydes promoted by catalysis of SmI2 is reported. The corresponding cyanosilylethers were obtained in high yields (up to 99%) in solvent‐ free conditions at room temperature within a relatively short time using 0.01–0.5 mol% catalyst loadings. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A model of early molecular regionalization in the chicken embryonic pretectum
Authors: Ferran J.L. , Sánchez‐Arrones L. , Sandoval J.E. , Puelles L.
Published: October 2007

The pretectal region of the brain is visualized as a dorsal region of prosomere 1 in the caudal diencephalon, including derivatives from both the roof and alar plates. Its neuronal derivatives in the adult brain are known as pretectal nuclei. The literature is inconsistent about the precise anteroposterior delimitation of this region and on the number of specific histogenetic domains and subdomains that it contains. We performed a cross‐correlated gene‐expression map of this brain area in chicken embryos, with the aim of identifying differently fated pretectal domains on the basis of combinatorial gene expression patterns. We examined in detail Pax3, Pax6, Pax7, Tcf4, Meis1, Meis2, Nkx2.2, Lim1, Dmbx1, Dbx1, Six3, FoxP2, Zic1, Ebf1, and Shh mRNA expression, as well as PAX3 and PAX7 immunoreaction, between stages HH11 and HH28. The patterns analyzed serve to fix the cephalic and caudal boundaries of the pretectum and to define three molecularly distinct anteroposterior pretectal domains (precommissural, juxtacommissural, and commissural) and several dorsoventral subdomains. These molecular specification patterns are established step by step between stages HH10 and HH18, largely before neurogenesis begins. This set of gene‐architectonic data constitutes a useful scaffold for correlations with fate maps and other experimental embryologic results and may serve as well for inquiries on homologies in this part of the brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 505:379–403, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural pathways for the processing of alarm pheromone in the ant brain
Authors: Yamagata Nobuhiro , Nishino Hiroshi , Mizunami Makoto
Published: October 2007

Social insects like ants exhibit sophisticated communication by means of pheromones, one example of which is the use of alarm pheromones to alert nestmates for colony defense. In the ant Camponotus obscuripes, we have reported that information about formic acid and n‐undecane, alarm pheromone components, is processed in a set of specific glomeruli in the antennal lobe (primary olfactory center). Alarm pheromone signals are then transmitted, mainly via uniglomerular projection neurons (uni‐PNs), to the protocerebrum (PR), where sensory signals are integrated to form motor commands for behavioral responses. In this study, we physiologically and morphologically characterized 63 alarm pheromone‐sensitive PR neurons in ants by using intracellular recording and staining techniques. Most of the pheromone‐sensitive PR neurons had dendrites in the mushroom body (MB), the lateral horn, or the medial PR. Some neurons with dendrites in these areas responded specifically to formic acid or n‐undecane and may participate in the control of specific behavioral responses to each pheromone component. Other neurons responded also to non‐pheromonal odors, in contrast to uni‐PNs, most of which responded specifically to alarm pheromones. Responses to non‐pheromonal odors were most prominent in efferent neurons of the MB lobe, suggesting that they may participate in integration of pheromonal and non‐pheromonal information. We found a class of PR neurons that receives input in all of these pheromone‐processing areas and terminates in a variety of premotor areas. These neurons may participate in the control of pheromone‐sensitized aggressive behavior, which is triggered by non‐pheromonal sensory stimuli associated with a potential enemy. J. Comp. Neurol. 505:424–442, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereostructural Determination by a Synthetic and NMR‐Based Approach of Three Oxazinins Isolated from Adriatic Mussels
Authors: Ciminiello Patrizia , Dell'Aversano Carmela , Fattorusso Ernesto , Forino Martino , Grauso Laura , Santelia Federico Umberto , Tartaglione Luciana , Moutsos Vassilios I. , Pitsinos Emmanuel N. , Couladouros Elias A.
Published: October 2007

Two oxazinins, namely oxazinin‐5 and ‐6, along with a related linear precursor (preoxazinin‐7) were isolated from toxic mussels collected along the Northern Adriatic coasts in October 2005. Determination of the planar structure of these novel compounds was achieved through extensive NMR spectroscopic analysis, whereas a synthetic approach was crucial for their absolute stereochemical elucidation.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Large eddy simulations of incompressible turbulent flows using parallel computing techniques
Authors: Gokarn A. , Battaglia F. , Fox R. O. , Hill J. C. , Reveillon J.
Published: October 2007

This paper presents a detailed procedure to solve incompressible high Reynolds number turbulent flows using large eddy simulations (LES) on distributed memory machines. The filtered Navier–Stokes equations are discretized using a partial‐staggered variable arrangement and solved using a finite difference grid. A second‐order central difference scheme and sixth‐order compact scheme are employed for the spatial derivatives. A third‐order low storage Runge–Kutta method is used for the temporal derivatives. Validation of the numerical scheme is performed first by simulating a driven cavity flow and flow over a backward‐facing step. The dynamic Smagorinsky subgrid turbulence model is then validated for flow in a channel. Simulations are validated with relevant data available in literature. Since LES is computationally expensive, the solver is parallelized using message passing interface. An efficient parallel linear equation solver is utilized for solving the elliptical pressure Poisson equation. The parallel program is tested for solutions of flow in a complex flow configuration and preliminary results are compared with experimental data. Performance of the program for the same geometry is tested on a parallel cluster up to 256 processors. The novel approach in this work is the use of a partial‐staggered variable arrangement for LES of turbulent flows, obviating the need for any form of artificial dissipation that might mask the subgrid effect on the solution. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reverse micellar extraction of bromelain from Ananas comosus L. Merryl
Authors: Hemavathi Ajjipura B , Hebbar Hangalore Umesh , Raghavarao Karumanchi SMS
Published: October 2007

BACKGROUND: A reverse micellar system (RMS) of ionic surfactants is used for the first time for the extraction and primary purification of fruit bromelain (EC 3.4.22.33) from the aqueous extract of pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merryl). The effect of various process parameters on both forward and back extraction of bromelain is studied to improve the extraction efficiency of RMS. Most of the reverse micellar extraction (RME) studies reported so far are on model systems and its application to enzyme extraction from a natural source is rarely reported.

RESULTS: Studies carried out with ionic surfactants sodium bis(2‐ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) confirmed that electrostatic interaction was the main driving force for the extraction of fruit bromelain. Among the two surfactants studied, CTAB was found to be the most suitable for the extraction of fruit bromelain with respect to activity recovery (97.56%) and degree of purification (4.54 fold) when employed as a 150 mmol L−1 CTAB/iso‐octane/5% (v/v) hexanol/15% (v/v) butanol system. Activity recovery with a counterionic system is higher (94.30%) in comparison with isopropyl alcohol added system (85.35%).

CONCLUSION: RME could be used as an efficient primary purification step for the recovery of bromelain from pineapple juice. Reverse micellar phase components can easily be recovered and efficiently reused for fresh or subsequent extraction, which contributes favorably to the process economics and environmental issues. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in chronically petroleum‐contaminated soils in Mexico and the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on spore germination
Authors: Franco‐Ramírez Alicia , Ferrera‐Cerrato Ronald , Varela‐Fregoso Lucía , Pérez‐Moreno Jesús , Alarcón Alejandro
Published: October 2007

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been hypothesized to enhance plant adaptation and growth in petroleum‐contaminated soils. Nevertheless, neither AMF‐biodiversity under chronically petroleum‐contaminated soils nor spore germination response to petroleum hydrocarbons has been well studied. Chronically petroleum‐contaminated rhizosphere soil and roots from Echinochloa polystachya, Citrus aurantifolia and C. aurantium were collected from Activo Cinco Presidentes, Tabasco, Mexico. Root colonization and spore abundance were evaluated. Additionally, rhizosphere soil samples were propagated using Sorghum vulgare L. as a plant trap under greenhouse conditions; subsequently, AMF‐spores were identified. AMF‐colonization ranged from 63 to 77% while spore number ranged from 715 to 912 in 100 g soil, suggesting that AMF tolerate the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons in the rhizosphere. From grass species, four AMF‐morphospecies were identified: Glomus ambisporum, G. sinuosum (previously described as Sclerocystis sinuosum), Acaulospora laevis, and Ambispora gerdermanni. From citrus trees, four AMF‐species were also identified: Scutellospora heterogama, G. ambisporum, Acaulospora scrobiculata, and G. citricola. In a second study, it was observed that spore germination and hyphal length of G. mosseae, G. ambisporum, and S. heterogama were significantly reduced by either volatile compounds of crude oil or increased concentrations of benzo[a ]pyrene or phenanthrene in water‐agar. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Activity in vitro of twelve antibiotics against clinical isolates of extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase producing Escherichia coli
Authors: Sorlózano Antonio , Gutiérrez José , Romero José María , de Dios Luna Juan , Damas Miguel , Piédrola Gonzalo
Published: October 2007

Twelve beta‐lactam and non‐beta‐lactam antibiotics were evaluated against 115 clinical isolates of extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase‐producing (ESBLs) Escherichia coli using a broth microdilution test in accordance with the CLSI guidelines. Susceptibility was 100% with imipenem, ertapenem and amikacin, 95.7% with piperacillin‐tazobactam, 91.3% with cefoxitin, 87% with tobramycin, 81.7% with amoxicillin‐clavulanate, 80% with cefepime, 67.8% with ceftazidime, 27.8% with ciprofloxacin, 27% with levofloxacin and 13% with ceftriaxone. Ertapenem was the antibiotic with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for all isolates. There were no clinically relevant differences in the activity of the antibiotics in the presence of CTX‐M‐9 or SHV enzymes. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of soil compaction on microfungal community structure in two soil types in Bartin Province, Turkey
Authors: Kara Ömer , Bolat İlyas
Published: October 2007

Soil compaction negatively influences physical properties of soil (bulk density and pore space), and may consequently limit soil microfungi, which are significant for nutrient bioavailability. We measured microfungal community responses to compaction in a sandy loam and a clay loam soil at picnic sites. Soil bulk density increased significantly in the compacted samples. However, microfungal numbers and community composition were unrelated to changes in soil bulk density. With increases in bulk density from 1.22 to 1.37 g cm–3 in the clay soil and from 1.38 to 1.54 g cm–3 in the sandy loam soil, the total number of fungi declined or showed insignificant increases. In the compacted samples as well as the control sites, the most frequently occurring genera in the clay soil were Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Gliocladium. However, the most prominent feature occurring within the sandy loam soil was the exhibition of the greatest increase in the frequency of the Fusarium genus. When comparing compacted and control soils, fungal community composition corresponded more closely within each soil texture. The two microfungal soil communities, therefore, tolerated compaction. In contrast, a difference occurred in the fungal communities between the two soil textures. This is more likely due to the variability in the controlling factors of microfungal abundance and composition, such as soil characteristics, tree species, and competitive ability of fungal genera. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Surface Micro‐Scale Semi‐Heterogeneous Structures in Compatible Polystyrene and Poly(vinyl methyl ether) Blend Thin Films Investigated by Lateral‐Force Microscopy
Authors: Wang Dong , Ishida Hatsuo
Published: October 2007

We have investigated the compatibility of thin films of polystyrene/poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PS/PVME) blends. The macro‐compatibility of the blends has been confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and optical microscopy (OM). The topographic image shows a homogeneous morphology with a roughness of only a few nanometers. At the same position, the lateral‐force microscopic (LFM) image shows a clear, heterogeneous surface structure. The dispersed phases have domain sizes varying from 100 to 300 nm. Force‐distance (F‐D) measurements show that both the dispersed phase and the matrix have similar behaviors. The thickness‐dependent surface morphology has also been studied; such micro‐heterogeneity already exists when the thickness is much higher than that of the ultra‐thin films.

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Peroxide Assisted Coupling and Characterization of Carbon‐Nanofiber‐Reinforced Poly(propylene) Composites
Authors: de la Vega Oyervides A. , Ríos J. Bonilla , de Valle L. F. Ramos , Prado L. A. S. de Almeida , Schulte Karl
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this work is the enhancement of the interfacial interactions between isotactic poly(propylene) and carbon nanofibers. A free radical coupling reaction was carried out by heat assisted peroxide oxidation of the nanofibers prior to their incorporation to an isotactic poly(propylene) matrix. The materials were characterized through SEM, DSC, DMTA and tensile testing. An increase of up to 17% in the Young's modulus of treated to untreated composites was attained. In combination with DSC analysis, the tensile data did not point to a possible correlation between increased stiffness and increased crystallinity. The mechanical performance of the modified composites is believed to be due to two combined opposite effects: increased chemical interaction at the interface, and peroxide‐induced isotactic poly(propylene) degradation.

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Poly(ferrocenylsilane)‐block‐Polylactide Block Copolymers
Authors: Roerdink Monique , van Zanten Thomas S. , Hempenius Mark A. , Zhong Zhiyuan , Feijen Jan , Vancso G. Julius
Published: October 2007

A PFS/PLA block copolymer was studied to probe the effect of strong surface interactions on pattern formation in PFS block copolymer thin films. Successful synthesis of PFS‐b‐PLA was demonstrated. Thin films of these polymers show phase separation to form PFS microdomains in a PLA matrix, and ultrathin films (<5 nm) formed SINPATs on silicon and mica. The SINPATs consisted of strongly surface‐adsorbed PLA blocks on top of which the PFS blocks dewetted into sphere‐like features. The lateral spacing between these features was regular, and was typically much larger than the length scale associated with regular block copolymer phase separation.

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Language development in Down syndrome: From the prelinguistic period to the acquisition of literacy
Authors: Abbeduto Leonard , Warren Steven F. , Conners Frances A.
Published: October 2007

Down syndrome (DS) is associated with abnormalities in multiple organ systems and a characteristic phenotype that includes numerous behavioral features. Language, however, is among the most impaired domains of functioning in DS and, perhaps, also the greatest barrier to independent meaningful inclusion in the community. In this article, we review what is known about the extent, nature, and correlates of the language and related problems of individuals with Down syndrome. In doing so, we focus largely on the syndrome‐specific features of the language phenotype, although we also consider within‐syndrome variation. The review focuses on the prelinguistic foundations of language and the major components of language (i.e., vocabulary, syntax, and pragmatics). We also consider two topics in the treatment and education of individuals with DS: prelinguistic communication intervention and the acquisition of literacy skills. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2007;13:247–261.
Education and children with Down syndrome: Neuroscience, development, and intervention
Authors: Fidler Deborah J. , Nadel Lynn
Published: October 2007

Of the recent advances in education‐related research in Down syndrome, the characterization of the Down syndrome behavioral phenotype has become a potentially critical tool for shaping education and intervention in this population. This article briefly reviews the literature on brain–behavior connections in Down syndrome and identifies aspects of the Down syndrome behavioral phenotype that are potentially relevant to educators. Potential challenges to etiologically informed educational planning are discussed. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2007;13:262–271.