bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pembrolizumab Plus Pemetrexed and Platinum in Nonsquamous Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: 5-Year Outcomes From the Phase 3 KEYNOTE-189 Study
Authors: Garassino Marina C. , Gadgeel Shirish , Speranza Giovanna , Felip Enriqueta , Esteban Emilio , Dómine Manuel , Hochmair Maximilian J. , Powell Steven F. , Bischoff Helge G. , Peled Nir , Grossi Francesco , Jennens Ross R. , Reck Martin , Hui Rina , Garon Edward B. , Kurata Takayasu , Gray Jhanelle E. , Schwarzenberger Paul , Jensen Erin , Pietanza M. Catherine , Rodríguez-Abreu Delvys
Published: February 2023

Clinical trials frequently include multiple end points that mature at different times. The initial report, typically on the based on the primary end point, may be published when key planned co-primary or secondary analyses are not yet available. Clinical Trial Updates provide an opportunity to disseminate additional results from studies, published in JCO or elsewhere, for which the primary end point has already been reported.

We present 5-year outcomes from the phase 3 KEYNOTE-189 study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02578680 ). Eligible patients with previously untreated metastatic nonsquamous non–small-cell lung cancer without EGFR/ALK alterations were randomly assigned 2:1 to pembrolizumab 200 mg or placebo once every 3 weeks for up to 35 cycles with pemetrexed and investigator's choice of carboplatin/cisplatin for four cycles, followed by maintenance pemetrexed until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Primary end points were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Among 616 randomly assigned patients (n = 410, pembrolizumab plus pemetrexed-platinum; n = 206, placebo plus pemetrexed-platinum), median time from random assignment to data cutoff (March 8, 2022) was 64.6 (range, 60.1-72.4) months. Hazard ratio (95% CI) for OS was 0.60 (0.50 to 0.72) and PFS was 0.50 (0.42 to 0.60) for pembrolizumab plus platinum-pemetrexed versus placebo plus platinum-pemetrexed. 5-year OS rates were 19.4% versus 11.3%. Toxicity was manageable. Among 57 patients who completed 35 cycles of pembrolizumab, objective response rate was 86.0% and 3-year OS rate after completing 35 cycles (approximately 5 years after random assignment) was 71.9%. Pembrolizumab plus pemetrexed-platinum maintained OS and PFS benefits versus placebo plus pemetrexed-platinum, regardless of programmed cell death ligand-1 expression. These data continue to support pembrolizumab plus pemetrexed-platinum as a standard of care in previously untreated metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer without EGFR/ALK alterations.
The factory, the antenna and the scaffold: the three-way interplay between the Golgi, cilium and extracellular matrix underlying tissue function
Authors: Stevenson Nicola L.
Published: February 2023

The growth and development of healthy tissues is dependent on the construction of a highly specialised extracellular matrix (ECM) to provide support for cell growth and migration and to determine the biomechanical properties of the tissue. These scaffolds are composed of extensively glycosylated proteins which are secreted and assembled into well-ordered structures that can hydrate, mineralise, and store growth factors as required. The proteolytic processing and glycosylation of ECM components is vital to their function. These modifications are under the control of the Golgi apparatus, an intracellular factory hosting spatially organised, protein-modifying enzymes. Regulation also requires a cellular antenna, the cilium, which integrates extracellular growth signals and mechanical cues to inform ECM production. Consequently, mutations in either Golgi or ciliary genes frequently lead to connective tissue disorders. The individual importance of each of these organelles to ECM function is well-studied. However, emerging evidence points towards a more tightly linked system of interdependence between the Golgi, cilium and ECM. This review examines how the interplay between all three compartments underpins healthy tissue. As an example, it will look at several members of the golgin family of Golgi-resident proteins whose loss is detrimental to connective tissue function. This perspective will be important for many future studies looking to dissect the cause and effect of mutations impacting tissue integrity.
Activation of an actin signaling pathway in pre-malignant mammary epithelial cells by P-cadherin is essential for transformation
Authors: Faria Lídia , Canato Sara , Jesus Tito T. , Gonçalves Margarida , Guerreiro Patrícia S. , Lopes Carla S. , Meireles Isabel , Morais-de-Sá Eurico , Paredes Joana , Janody Florence
Published: February 2023

Alterations in the expression or function of cell adhesion molecules have been implicated in all steps of tumor progression. Among those, P-cadherin is highly enriched in basal-like breast carcinomas, playing a central role in cancer cell self-renewal, collective cell migration and invasion. To establish a clinically relevant platform for functional exploration of P-cadherin effectors in vivo, we generated a humanized P-cadherin Drosophila model. We report that actin nucleators, Mrtf and Srf, are main P-cadherin effectors in fly. We validated these findings in a human mammary epithelial cell line with conditional activation of the SRC oncogene. We show that, prior to promoting malignant phenotypes, SRC induces a transient increase in P-cadherin expression, which correlates with MRTF-A accumulation, its nuclear translocation and the upregulation of SRF target genes. Moreover, knocking down P-cadherin, or preventing F-actin polymerization, impairs SRF transcriptional activity. Furthermore, blocking MRTF-A nuclear translocation hampers proliferation, self-renewal and invasion. Thus, in addition to sustaining malignant phenotypes, P-cadherin can also play a major role in the early stages of breast carcinogenesis by promoting a transient boost of MRTF-A–SRF signaling through actin regulation.
Nonsentinel Axillary Lymph Node Status in Clinically Node-Negative Early Breast Cancer After Primary Systemic Therapy and Positive Sentinel Lymph Node: A Predictive Model Proposal
Authors: Cebrecos Isaac , Mension Eduard , Alonso Inmaculada , Castillo Helena , Sanfeliu Esther , Vidal-Sicart Sergi , Ganau Sergi , Vidal Maria , Schettini Francesco
Published: February 2023

Background

In clinically node-negative (cN0) early stage breast cancer (EBC) undergoing primary systemic treatment (PST), post-treatment positive sentinel lymph node (SLN+) directs axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), with uncertain impacts on outcomes and increased morbidities.

Patients and Methods

We conducted an observational study on imaging-confirmed cN0 EBC, who underwent PST and breast surgery that resulted in SLN+ and underwent ALND. The association among baseline/postsurgical clinic–pathological factors and positive nonsentinel additional axillary lymph nodes (non-SLN+) was analyzed with logistic regression. LASSO regression (LR) identified variables to include in a predictive score of non-SLN+ (ALND-predict). The accuracy and calibration were assessed, an optimal cut-point was then identified, and in silico validation with bootstrap was undertaken.

Results

Non-SLN+ were detected in 22.2% cases after ALND. Only progesterone receptor (PR) levels and macrometastatic SLN+ were independently associated to non-SLN+. LR identified PR, Ki67, and type and number of SLN+ as the most efficient covariates. The ALND-predict score was built based on their LR coefficients, showing an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.83 and an optimal cut-off of 63, with a negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.925. Continuous and dichotomic scores had a good fit (p = 0.876 and p = 1.00, respectively) and were independently associated to non-SLN+ [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.06, p = 0.002 and aOR: 23.77, p < 0.001, respectively]. After 5000 bootstrap-adjusted retesting, the estimated bias-corrected and accelerated 95%CI included the aOR.

Conclusions

In cN0 EBC with post-PST SLN+, non-SLN+ at ALND are infrequent (~22%) and independently associated to PR levels and macrometastatic SLN. ALND-predict multiparametric score accurately predicted absence of non-SLN involvement, identifying most patients who could be safely spared unnecessary ALND. Prospective validation is required.
Highly Luminescent Aluminum Complex with β-Diketone Ligands Exhibiting Near-Unity Photoluminescence Quantum Yield, Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence, and Rapid Radiative Decay Rate Properties in Solution-Processed Organic Light-Emitting Devices
Authors: Matsuya Misaki , Sasabe Hisahiro , Sumikoshi Shunsuke , Hoshi Keigo , Nakao Kohei , Kumada Kengo , Sugiyama Ryo , Sato Ryoma , Kido Junji
Published: February 2023

A highly luminescent mononuclear Al complex with β-diketone ligands exhibiting superior thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) properties was developed in this work. The complex showed yellow emission with promising photofunctions, including a near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), a rapid radiative decay rate, and a short delayed fluorescence lifetime in the solid state. When applied in a solution-processed organic light-emitting device, an external quantum efficiency (EQE) exceeding 18% and a low turn-on voltage of 2.9 V at 1 cd/m2 were obtained, surpassing those of the corresponding β-diketone ligand. Metal complexation with Al generated unique electronic structures that significantly strengthened the photofunctions of the original β-diketone ligand in the solid state.
The added value of brain MR spectroscopy in children with Crigler-Najjar syndrome type-I: correlation with demographic, neurodevelopmental, and laboratory findings
Authors: Alnaghy Eman , Taman Saher , Abdelhalim Ebrahim , Abdel Razek Ahmed , El-Shabrawi Mortada , Ezz El Regal Mohamed , Megahed Ahmed , Elzeny Sherine , El Tantawi Noha
Published: February 2023

Objective

The aim of this study is to demonstrate the role of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in the detection of brain microstructural changes in patients with Crigler-Najjar syndrome type-I (CNs-I), and its correlation with demographic, neurodevelopmental and laboratory findings.

Methods

Prospective study was conducted on 25 children with CNs-I and 25 age and sex-matched children, who served as control. They underwent multivoxel 1H-MRS of basal ganglion at echo time 135–144 ms. N-acetyl aspartate/Creatine (NAA/Cr) and Choline (Ch)/Cr were calculated and correlated with demographic, clinical, and laboratory findings of patients with CNs-I.

Results

There was a significant difference in NAA/Cr and Ch/Cr between patients and controls. The cut-off value for NAA/Cr and Ch/Cr used to differentiate patients from controls were 1.8 and 1.2 with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.91 and 0.84 respectively. There was a significant difference in MRS ratios between patients with neurodevelopmental delay (NDD) and patients without NDD. The cut-off values for NAA/Cr and Ch/Cr used to differentiate between patients with NDD and patients without NDD were 1.47 and 0.99, with AUC of 0.87 and 0.8 respectively. The NAA/Cr and Ch/Cr were well correlated with family history (p = 0.006 and p < 0.001) respectively, consanguinity (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001), neurodevelopmental delay (p = 0.001 and p = 0.004), serum bilirubin level (r = −0.77, p < 0.001), (r = −0.49, p = 0.014), phototherapy (p < 0.001 and p = 0.32), blood transfusion (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001) respectively.

Conclusion

1H-MRS can be a useful tool in the detection of neurological changes in patients with CNs-I; NAA/Cr and Ch/Cr parameters are well correlated with demographic, clinical, and laboratory findings.

Advances in knowledge

Our study is the first report on using MRS in assessing neurological manifestations in CNs. 1H-MRS can be a useful tool in the detection of neurological changes in patients with CNs-I.
T1 based oxygen-enhanced MRI in tumours; a scoping review of current research
Authors: McCabe Alastair , Martin Stewart , Shah Jagrit , Morgan Paul S , Panek Rafal
Published: February 2023

Objective:

Oxygen-enhanced MRI (OE-MRI) or tissue oxygen-level dependent (TOLD) MRI is an imaging technique under investigation for its ability to quantify and map oxygen distributions within tumours. The aim of this study was to identify and characterise the research into OE-MRI for characterising hypoxia in solid tumours.

Methods:

A scoping review of published literature was performed on the PubMed and Web of Science databases for articles published before 27 May 2022. Studies imaging solid tumours using proton-MRI to measure oxygen-induced T1/R1 relaxation time/rate changes were included. Grey literature was searched from conference abstracts and active clinical trials.

Results:

49 unique records met the inclusion criteria consisting of 34 journal articles and 15 conference abstracts. The majority of articles were pre-clinical studies (31 articles) with 15 human only studies. Pre-clinical studies in a range of tumour types demonstrated consistent correlation of OE-MRI with alternative hypoxia measurements. No clear consensus on optimal acquisition technique or analysis methodology was found. No prospective, adequately powered, multicentre clinical studies relating OE-MRI hypoxia markers to patient outcomes were identified.

Conclusion:

There is good pre-clinical evidence of the utility of OE-MRI in tumour hypoxia assessment; however, there are significant gaps in clinical research that need to be addressed to develop OE-MRI into a clinically applicable tumour hypoxia imaging technique.

Advances in knowledge:

The evidence base of OE-MRI in tumour hypoxia assessment is presented along with a summary of the research gaps to be addressed to transform OE-MRI derived parameters into tumour hypoxia biomarkers.
MRI-based cephalometrics: a scoping review of current insights and future perspectives
Authors: Sennimalai Karthik , Selvaraj Madhanraj , Kharbanda Om Prakash , Kandasamy Devasenathipathy , Mohaideen Kaja
Published: February 2023

Objective:

This review aims to explore the current status of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a cephalometric tool, summarize the equipment design and methods, and propose recommendations for future research.

Methods:

A systematic search was conducted in electronic databases, including PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, LILACS, and Cochrane Library, using broad search terms. The articles published in any language till June 2022 were considered. Cephalometric studies conducted using the MRI dataset on human participants, phantom or cadaver were included. Two independent reviewers assessed the final eligible articles using the quality assessment score (QAS).

Results:

Nine studies were included in the final assessment. Studies used various methods, including 1.5 T or 3 T MRI systems and 3D or 2D MRI datasets. Among the imaging sequences, T1-weighted, T2-weighted and black bone MR images were used for cephalometric analysis. In addition, the reference standards varied among studies, such as traditional 2D cephalogram, cone-beam CT and phantom measurements. The mean QAS of all the included studies was 79% (± 14.4%). The main limitation of most studies was the small sample size and the heterogeneity of the methods, statistical tools used, and metric outcomes assessed.

Conclusions:

Despite the heterogeneity and lack of metrological evidence on the effectiveness of MRI-based cephalometric analysis, the preliminary results demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro studies are encouraging. However, future studies exploring MRI sequences specific to cephalometric diagnosis are required for wider adoption of this technique in routine orthodontic practice.
Συσχέτιση της πορείας και πρόγνωσης της πνευμονικής σαρκοείδωσης με πολυμορφισμούς του TGF-β σε Έλληνες ασθενείς
Authors: Σπυρόπουλος Γεώργιος
Published: February 2023

Σκοπός: Στόχοι της παρούσας μελέτης ήταν η εφαρμογή των πιο πρόσφατων οδηγιών φαινοτύπησης σε Έλληνες ασθενείς, προκειμένου να εντοπιστούν συγκεκριμένα κλινικά, απεικονιστικά και σπιρομετρικά χαρακτηριστικά, κατά την αρχική διάγνωση της σαρκοείδωσης, που σχετίζονται με τους φαινότυπους της νόσου και επιπλέον η συσχέτιση γενετικών πολυμορφισμών των TGF-β2 και ΤGF-β3 με τους κλινικούς αυτούς φαινότυπους καθώς και με την παρουσία πνευμονικής ίνωσης. Υλικά και μέθοδοι: Στη μελέτη συμμετείχαν 147 ασθενείς προερχόμενοι από τη Βόρεια Ελλάδα, οι οποίοι είναι υπό παρακολούθηση στο εξωτερικό ιατρείο σαρκοέιδωσης της Πνευμονολογικής Κλινικής του Αριστοτελείου Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλονίκης. Η περίοδος παρακολούθησης ήταν 5 έτη. Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν το σύστημα σταδιοποίησης με βάση την ακτινογραφία θώρακα κατά Scadding και το εργαλείο Clinical Outcome Status (COS) που έχει οριστεί από την Παγκόσμια Ένωση Σαρκοείδωσης και άλλων Κοκκιωματωδών Διαταραχών (WASOG). Οι φαινότυποι καθορίστηκαν από τις πιο πρόσφατες δημοσιευμένες οδηγίες (DELPHI consensus). Οι γενετικοί πολυμορφισμοί των TGF-β2 και του ΤGF-β3 ταυτοποιήθηκαν χρησιμοποιώντας αλυσιδωτή αντίδραση πολυμεράσης σε πραγματικό χρόνο (RT-PCR). Αποτελέσματα: Ταυτοποιήθηκαν οι ακόλουθοι κλινικοί φαινότυποι: ασυμπτωματικός 59%, οξείας νόσου 14,3%, χρόνιας νόσου 12,9% και προχωρημένης νόσου 33,3%. Οι παρατηρούμενοι φαινότυποι δεν σχετίζονταν με τα στάδια κατά Scadding. Η επιδείνωση στην πνευμονική λειτουργία ήταν σύμφωνη με τη σοβαρότητα του φαινοτύπου. Η παρουσία ίνωσης κατά τη διάγνωση διέφερε μεταξύ των φαινοτύπων (ασυμπτωματικός 13,8%, οξείας νόσου 38,1%, χρόνιας νόσου 57,9%, προχωρημένης νόσου 61,2%, p<0,001) και ήταν συχνή στους υποτροπιάζοντες ασθενείς (p<0,001). Σε ασθενείς με αυτόματη ύφεση, η ίνωση κατά τη διάγνωση βρέθηκε λιγότερο συχνά από ό,τι σε αυτούς χωρίς ύφεση (p<0,001). Η νεφρική προσβολή βρέθηκε συχνότερα στον προχωρημένο φαινότυπο (p=0,032). Oι δερματικές εκδηλώσεις ήταν πιο συχνές σε ασθενείς με οξεία έναρξη (p<0,001) και αυτόματη ύφεση (p=0,012). Οφθαλμική προσβολή βρέθηκε κυρίως σε ασθενείς με υποτοπιάζουσα νόσο (p<0,001). Αναφορικά με τους υπό μελέτη γενετικούς πολυμορφισμούς, η ομοζυγωτία Α/Α του TGF - β2 (rs1891467) και ο Τ/Τ του TGF - β3 (rs3917200) σχετίστηκαν με χρόνια και ινωτική σαρκοείδωση.Συμπεράσματα: Στην παρούσα μελέτη, οι κλινικοί φαινότυποι της σαρκοείδωσης είχαν ορισμένα κλινικά, απεικονιστικά και λειτουργικά χαρακτηριστικά, κατά την αρχική διάγνωση της νόσου, τα οποία θα μπορούσαν να αξιολογηθούν στην καθημερινή κλινική πράξη. Συγκεκριμένοι γενετικοί πολυμορφισμοί των TGF-β2 και TGF-β3 SNPs φάνηκαν να σχετίζονται με χρόνια ινωτική σαρκοείδωση.
Interoperability for EU DSM: Implementation of CEF building blocks in the Smart4Health project - success stories and lessons learned
Authors: Neininger Kerstin , Slosarek Tamara , Marx Claudia , Wohlbrandt Attila , Sukumaran Murali , Gu Wei , Sieglerschmid Gabriel , Böttinger Erwin , Kremer Andreas
Published: February 2023

The Smart4Health (S4H) software application will enable European Union (EU) citizens to manage, analyse, and exchange their aggregated electronic health data. This citizen-centred EU electronic health record (EHR) exchange approach for personalised health services will be the first step for the provision of citizen-centred solutions and services in a digital single market for wellbeing and healthcare. Establishing interoperability between the diverse EU EHR data and citizen-generated health data is mandatory to guarantee adequate usability, reliability, and trust of the service. The Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) building blocks address/fulfil such aspects while complying with EU regulations. Here we demonstrate the current status and applicability of the CEF building blocks in the digital health environment for the envisioned S4H software application. The major findings and success stories resulted from the S4H Project are as follows: (1) a secure and user-friendly eID service for the EU-wide Smart4Health community was successfully integrated into the Smart4Health platform, whereby 7 out of the 13 supported EU Member States are already connected, (2) the eTranslation service was compared to other popular alternatives on the market with the result that eTranslation is a secure and valid tool to address multi-language challenges and (3) we identified several use cases for which Smart4Health can benefit from the usage of CEF building blocks, including the improvement of data quality and increase of trust in data sharing.
Anemonefishes: A model system for evolutionary genomics
Authors: Herrera Marcela , Ravasi Timothy , Laudet Vincent
Published: February 2023

Anemonefishes are an iconic group of coral reef fish particularly known for their mutualistic relationship with sea anemones. This mutualism is especially intriguing as it likely prompted the rapid diversification of anemonefish. Understanding the genomic architecture underlying this process has indeed become one of the holy grails of evolutionary research in these fishes. Recently, anemonefishes have also been used as a model system to study the molecular basis of highly complex traits such as color patterning, social sex change, larval dispersal and life span. Extensive genomic resources including several high-quality reference genomes, a linkage map, and various genetic tools have indeed enabled the identification of genomic features controlling some of these fascinating attributes, but also provided insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying adaptive responses to changing environments. Here, we review the latest findings and new avenues of research that have led to this group of fish being regarded as a model for evolutionary genomics.
Personal exposures to fine particulate matter and carbon monoxide in relation to cooking activities in rural Malawi
Authors: Saleh Sepeedeh , Sambakunsi Henry , Makina Debora , Chinouya Martha , Kumwenda Moses , Chirombo James , Semple Sean , Mortimer Kevin , Rylance Jamie
Published: February 2023

Background: Air pollution is a major environmental risk factor for cardiorespiratory disease. Exposures to household air pollution from cooking and other activities, are particularly high in Southern Africa. Following an extended period of participant observation in a village in Malawi, we aimed to assess individuals’ exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) and to investigate the different sources of exposure, including different cooking methods.

Methods: Adult residents of a village in Malawi wore personal PM2.5 and CO monitors for 24-48 hours, sampling every 1 (CO) or 2 minutes (PM2.5). Subsequent in-person interviews recorded potential exposure details over the time periods. We present means and interquartile ranges for overall exposures and summaries stratified by time and activity (exposure). We employed multivariate regression to further explore these characteristics, and Spearman rank correlation to examine the relationship between paired PM2.5 and CO exposures.

Results: Twenty participants (17 female; median age 40 years, IQR: 37–56) provided 831 hours of paired PM2.5 and CO data. Concentrations of PM2.5 during combustion activity, usually cooking, far exceeded background levels (no combustion activity): 97.9μg/m3 (IQR: 22.9–482.0), vs 7.6μg/m3, IQR: 2.5–20.6 respectively. Background PM2.5 concentrations were higher during daytime hours (11.7μg/m3 [IQR: 5.2–30.0] vs 3.3μg/m3 at night [IQR: 0.7–8.2]). Highest exposures were influenced by cooking location but associated with charcoal use (for CO) and firewood on a three-stone fire (for PM2.5). Cooking-related exposures were higher in more ventilated places, such as outside the household or on a walled veranda, than during indoor cooking.

Conclusions: The study demonstrates the value of combining personal PM2.5 exposure data with detailed contextual information for providing deeper insights into pollution sources and influences. The finding of similar/lower exposures during cooking in seemingly less-ventilated places should prompt a re-evaluation of proposed clean air interventions in these settings.
The genome sequence of a bluebottle, Calliphora vomitoria (Linnaeus, 1758)
Authors: Sivell Olga ,   Natural History Museum Genome Acquisition Lab,   Darwin Tree of Life Barcoding collective,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life programme,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Scientific Operations: DNA Pipelines collective,   Tree of Life Core Informatics collective,   Darwin Tree of Life Consortium
Published: February 2023

We present a genome assembly from an individual maleCalliphora vomitoria(a bluebottle; Arthropoda; Insecta; Diptera; Calliphoridae). The genome sequence is 708 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into six chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the assembled X sex chromosome. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 16.2 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 12,917 protein coding genes.
Novel Multiband Millimeter Wave Antennas
Authors:   Institute of Information and Communication Technology (IICT), Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh, Galib Abdullah Khan , Sarker Nayan , Mondal M. Rubaiyat Hossain
Published: February 2023

The design of multiband antennas is useful for providing multiple resonance frequencies required for multiple application scenarios. However, there is a scarcity of compact-sized antennas in the 70-110 GHz band. In this regard, this paper proposes two multiband millimeter wave antennas in the W and D bands. A small-sized antenna operating at five different frequencies (penta band) with an overall dimension of 4.8 × 5.4 mm2 and resonances at 35.84 GHz, 46.07 GHz, 56.74 GHz, 81.6 GHz, and 110.09 GHz is proposed first. The second one is an array antenna from the first antenna with a size of 11.1 by 6.4 mm2 and resonances at 28.03 GHz, 36.5 GHz, 53.11 GHz, 65.98 GHz, 77.64 GHz, 89.3 GHz, 100.52 GHz, 111.74 GHz, and 122.19 GHz. Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio tool is used for antenna design purposes. At the two larger frequencies of 81.6 GHz and 110.09 GHz of the first antenna, (the BW, the directivity, the gain, and radiation efficiency) are (3.3 GHz, 6.486 dBi, 6.22 dB, and 94.06%), and (10.01 GHz, 8.797 dBi, 8.506 dB, and 93.52%), respectively. At 77.64 GHz, and 111.74 GHz of the array antenna, (the BW, the directivity, the gain, and radiation efficiency) are (3.73 GHz, 12.35 dBi, 10.68 dB, and 67.9%), (4.4 GHz, 15.31 dBi, 14.07 dB, and 75.23%), respectively. The advantage of the proposed antennas over the currently available 80 GHz and 110 GHz antennas is that they are compact in size while maintaining high bandwidth and gain. Hence, the proposed antennas have potential applications in satellite communications, the Internet of things, compact biomedical devices, and interferometry radars.
The Effect of Managers on Systematic Risk
Authors: Schoar Antoinette , Yeung Kelvin , Zuo Luo
Published: February 2023

Tracking the movement of top managers across firms, we document the importance of manager-specific fixed effects in explaining heterogeneity in firm exposures to systematic risk. In equilibrium, manager fixed effects on systematic risk are positively related with manager fixed effects on stock returns. These differences in systematic risk are partially explained by managers’ corporate strategies, such as their preferences for internal growth and financial conservatism. The early career experiences of managers starting their first job in a recession also contribute to differential loadings on systematic risk. These effects are more pronounced when managers wield more influence, as in smaller firms and firms that do not have an independent board. Overall, our results suggest that managers play an important role in shaping a firm’s systematic risk.

This paper was accepted by Victoria Ivashina, finance.

Funding: A. Schoar acknowledges financial support from the MIT Sloan School of Management. K. Yeung acknowledges financial support from City University of Hong Kong and the Cornell SC Johnson College of Business. L. Zuo acknowledges financial support from the Cornell SC Johnson College of Business and the University of Toronto Roger Martin Award for Emerging Leaders.

Supplemental Material: Data and the online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4710 .
Having Negative Thoughts?
Authors: Schaeffner Thomas
Published: February 2023

While many recent devices don’t need a negative voltage, some do. What’s the best way to generate one for your system?
Breaking Currency Headwinds
Authors: McDarby Lee
Published: February 2023

Complex international supply chains and the volatility of the pound are leaving manufacturers increasingly vulnerable to currency fluctuations
Employment Law SOS
Authors: Marsden Tracey
Published: February 2023

This month, our employment lawyer looks at cases surrounding an employee potentially leaving a company with sensitive information, working during the hot summer and discrimination of an employee undergoing gender reassignment surgery
El humor verbal en situaciones comunicativas de mediación informal: un análisis sociopragmático en la conversación coloquial
Authors: Linares Bernabéu Esther
Published: February 2023

El presente trabajo tiene por objeto analizar, desde una perspectiva sociopragmática (Norrick y Spitz 2008, Schnurr y Plester 2017), los usos y funciones del humor verbal en situaciones comunicativas informales de mediación. Partimos de la hipótesis de que el hablante que actúa como mediador emplea marcas e indicadores humorísticos durante su interacción con las partes en conflicto para relativizar la disputa, proteger su imagen y reconstruir las relaciones interpersonales (Jacobs 2002, Fraser 2007). En aras de verificar dicha conjetura, esta investigación utiliza el corpus Val.Es.Co. (Briz et al.2002, Pons 2022) y analiza las secuencias conversacionales en las que se producen situaciones de mediación informal. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que el humor es un recurso conversacional que fomenta los procesos de mediación en tanto que minimiza la fuerza ilocutiva del mensaje, reconceptualiza el tema en conflicto y fomenta la creación de lazos entre los participantes de la conversación. Asimismo, los datos reflejan que el éxito comunicativo del humor verbal depende de la seriedad del conflicto, de las relaciones sociales de poder entre los participantes y de su relación vivencial.
Sobre el dato en pragmática experimental: el caso del eye-tracker y la reformulación en español peninsular
Authors: Salameh Jiménez Shima
Published: February 2023

El presente artículo aplica, a la luz de los estudios de pragmática experimental, algunos de los conceptos básicos de la filosofía de la lingüística (López Serena 2019), con especial interés en el dato y su naturaleza empírica. Para ello, se retoma la descripción de la reformulación en español peninsular (Pons 2013, 2017; Murillo 2016), un problema de corte teórico abordado, experimentalmente, desde una visión cualitativa-cuantitativa (Salameh 2021a, 2021b). La aplicación de la terminología hermenéutica ayuda, por un lado, a acotar mejor la naturaleza de estos datos y su papel con respecto a la teoría, y, por otro, a dotar de una mayor precisión explicativa a la descripción de este fenómeno. Se demuestra la necesidad de más acercamientos de este tipo a los estudios de lingüística experimental, considerada ciencia natural frente a otros estudios lingüísticos de las ciencias humanas, pero con matices que deben tenerse en cuenta para una correcta praxis explicativa.
General Extenders in Spanish Interactions: Frequent Forms, Pragmatic Functions y todo eso
Authors: Borreguero Zuloaga Margarita
Published: February 2023

The majority of Spanish discourse analysts do not consider general extenders as a type of discourse marker (a position this paper adheres to) and as a result, not many studies have been devoted to determining their characteristics. This paper presents a description of the principal forms, semantic nature and discourse functions performed by general extenders in European Spanish. The analysis is based on a large amount of data (3 700 000 tokens from two spoken corpora, Corpes XXI and Val.Es.Co. Corpus) and considers different text types and discourse genres. The research focuses on two types of pragmatic functions attributed to general extenders that are the result of semantic bleaching, i.e., they have lost their original referential meaning in order to highlight common ground in interactions: interactive functions (politeness, hedging, intensification) and metadiscourse functions (delimitation, marking transitional relevance places and forward planning). Spanish data support the hypothesis that strong cross-linguistic similarities exist at both a formal and functional level. Further lines of research in the field of Spanish linguistics are highlighted in the final considerations.
Enhanced technique for photochemical nano-polishing of a rough quartz surface: the numerical calculation of profile evolution
Authors: Kanevskii Vasyl , Kolienov Serhii , Grygoruk Valerii , Voiteshenko Ivan , Zhang Hao , Fu Hongyu
Published: February 2023

The enhanced technique of quartz surface nano-local etching is considered. The enhancement of an evanescent field above surface protrusions and, as a result, an increase in the rate of quartz nano-local etching, are proposed. The possibility to reduce the amount of etch products filled in rough surface troughs and control the optimal rate of the surface nano-polishing process is achieved. The dependences of the quartz surface profile evolution on the initial values of surface roughness parameters, on the refractive index of the medium containing molecular chlorine and contacting the quartz surface, and on the wavelength of radiation illuminating this surface are shown.
Chitosan from crab shell waste for soft lithography of bioplastic diffraction gratings
Authors: Gumayan Efren G. , Dimzon Ian Ken D. , Guerrero Raphael A.
Published: February 2023

Bioplastic diffraction gratings are fabricated from chitosan prepared from crab shells through a soft lithography replication process. Atomic force microscopy and diffraction experiments with the chitosan grating replicas indicate the successful copying of periodic nanoscale groove structures corresponding to densities of 600 and 1200 lines/mm. First-order efficiency of bioplastic gratings is comparable to the output of elastomeric grating replicas.
Decorrelation and anti-correlation from defocus in digital holographic interferometry
Authors: Meteyer Erwan , Pezerat Charles , Picart Pascal
Published: February 2023

This paper presents a theoretical modeling of the speckle noise decorrelation in digital Fresnel holographic interferometry in out-of-focus reconstructed images. The complex coherence factor is derived by taking into account the focus mismatch, which depends on both the sensor-to-object distance and the reconstruction distance. The theory is confirmed by both simulated data and experimental results. The very good agreement between data demonstrates the high relevance of the proposed modeling. The particular phenomenon of anti-correlation in phase data from holographic interferometry is highlighted and discussed.
Nanosensor and slow light based on quintuple Fano resonances in a metal–insulator–metal waveguide coupled with a concentric-ring resonator
Authors: Chen F. , Yang W. X.
Published: February 2023

In this paper, quintuple Fano resonances are produced and numerically analyzed based on
a plasmonic resonator system. The system is composed of an optical
metal–insulator–metal (MIM) waveguide, a side-coupled
disk, and a concentric-ring resonator. Five Fano resonances can be
seen, which originate from the interaction of the cavity mode between
the disk resonator and the concentric-ring resonator. The transmission
spectrum shows that the Fano resonance can be independently tuned by
changing different geometrical parameters, such as the outer radius or
inner radius of the concentric-ring resonator. The refractive index
sensitivity is 1250nm/RIU for FR5, and the figure of merit is
138.9 (RIU is a refractive index unit). It can also serve as a
temperature sensor with a maximum sensitivity of about 0.4nm/∘C. Moreover, for slow light, the
maximum delay time is about 0.12 ps at FR3. The proposed
nano-scale structure has a sharp Fano line shape and effective ways of
tuning independently, which may have applications in slow light and
nano-biosensing; for example, we show the application of the detection
of different human blood types.
Novel high-responsivity 10-μm GaAs quantum well infrared detectors
Authors: Levine B. F.
Published: February 2023

Novel high-responsivity IR detectors at λ = 10 μm have been demonstrated based on intersub-band absorption in GaAs/Al
x
Ga1−
x
As quantum wells. Following photoexcitation, the electrons efficiently tunnel out of the quantum wells with a large hot electron mean free path for high field transport through the superlattice. We achieved responsivities of R = 2 A/W for an applied bias voltage of V
a
= 9 V.
Use of optical associative memories in symbolic substitution
Authors: Yu Francis T. S. , Zhang C. H. , Jutamulia S.
Published: February 2023

Symbolic substitution was first proposed by Huang1 as a means of utilizing the parallelism of optics to perform digital computing. In this method, specific logic patterns are substituted into new logic patterns in parallel according to a given transformation rule. Symbolic substitution is essentially a combination of recognition and substitution phase. Therefore, a method of optical associative memories2 may be alternatively applied to implement a symbolic substitution logic system. In the method of optical associative memories, logical 1 and logical 0 are encoded in certain spatial patterns. This has the advantage of distinguishing logical 0 and a void space having no information. Preliminary experimental results are presented.
Electrooptical implementation of the Huberman-Hogg neural model
Authors: Taylor V. J. , Krile Thomas F.
Published: February 2023

The proposed hybrid electrooptical implementation of the Huberman-Hogg (H-H) model has several major components.1 The H-H model specifies that the neuron connections are between nearest diagonal neighbors and that the output of a neuron is a nonlinear function of the neuron memory and a difference operation performed on the neuron inputs. The first component is a liquid crystal TV which serves as an input device that converts electrical signals to a 2-D array of optical signals. This 2-D array simulates one layer of neurons. The second component is an optical system that specifies the interconnections between the neurons that are appropriate for the H-H model. The third component is a CCD camera that serves as an output device which transforms the 2-D optical interconnection signals to electrical signals. The fourth component is a digitizer processor that stores the internal state of each neuron in digital form and performs the output calculations and logic operations required for each neuron. The system is arranged in a loop so that the outputs of one 2-D array, or layer of neurons, become the inputs to the next layer of neurons.
Optical higher-order neural networks for invariant pattern recognition
Authors: Griffin R. D. , Lee J. N. , Maxwell T. , Pursel F. P.
Published: February 2023

Higher-order neural networks1have several desirable computational characteristics such as significantly decreased convergence times, increased storage capacity over first-order layered networks (which respond only to weighted sums of the inputs

∑

W
i

x
i

), and an ability to encode a prioriknowledge in the network. Simulation results for the problem of learning to classify clusters in a binary string showed that a second-order network (which also includes weighted sums of products

∑

W

i
j

x
i

x
j

) generalized correctly 90% of the time after training on only 10% of the training set.
Development of a goniospectrophotometric transfer standard
Authors: Fairchild Mark D.
Published: February 2023

Goniospectrophotometry is the measurement of the spectral reflectance of a material using various bidirectional illumination and viewing angles. Goniospectrophotometric measurements are necessary for describing certain geometrical variations in the color of objects. Previously, it has been assumed that barium sulfate approximated a Lambertian diffuser. Many authors have shown that this assumption does not hold. Therefore, only goniospectrophotometers capable of making CIE recommended 0/45 or 45/0 measurements could be calibrated with existing standards to make measurements using nonstandard geometries.
Heterochromatic modulation photometry
Authors: Pokorny Joel , Smith Vivianne C. , Lutze Margaret
Published: February 2023

Heterochromatic flicker photometry and minimally distinct border are two methods of estimating luminance for individual observers. We describe a method of obtaining luminance for heterochromatic lights presented in heterochromatic temporal alternation. We present a series of fixed red/green luminance ratios and reduce the modulation depth until the observer reports that flicker disappears.
Chromatic artifacts in Retinex equated-paper experiments
Authors: Young Richard A.
Published: February 2023

A compelling argument in Retinex experiments is that observers can discriminate papers with different spectral reflectances even when the spectral distributions of reflected light from the papers are adjusted to be identical. For example, Land1 states that “… the two objects [give] identical readings on examination with any sort of physical light meter. In spite of these identical inputs of radiation to the eye, the objects are perceived to be completely different in color.” However, calculations based on a plausible realization of the Retinex experiments show that identical reflected lights, although constrained to match radiometrically through three filters, are still discriminable in chromaticity. The artifact is due mainly to the large bandwidths of the filters, which allow variations in the spectral distribution of the reflected light within their spectral extent, even though the integrated energies as measured by a radiometer are identical. Colorimetric variations between the Munsell test-color samples in the CIE Color-Rendering Index were ~22 times larger than the area of the nearest MacAdam ellipse using standard 50-nm bandwidth Retinex filters. Variations ~8 times larger were found using 10-nm bandwidth filters. Furthermore, the colorimetric variations turn out to be in just such directions that the object-color hues can be determined directly from the chromaticity space without Retinex processing.
Acoustooptic modulator as a unidirectional device in a ring laser
Authors: Schulz P. A. , Roy R.
Published: February 2023

An acoustooptic modulator is used to obtain unidirectional operation of a ring laser.1 The use of the modulator for this purpose has the advantages of very low insertion loss and demonstrates the capability for electronic directional switching of the laser. Without adjustments the laser operates stably in one direction only for long periods of time. The direction of lasing is switched electronically in 10 μs by changing the rf applied to the modulator.
Space charge effects and gain enhancement in free-electron lasers with an axial guide field
Authors: Bali L. M. , Pandya T. P. , Jha Pallavi
Published: February 2023

Freund et al.1 have discussed the effect of space charge on gain in free-electron lasers with an axial guide field. Their treatment appears to have omitted significant elements of electron flow through the laser cavity.
Two-wavelength equivalent index thin-film combinations
Authors: Southwell W. H.
Published: February 2023

The Herpin equivalence theorem has been used for a long time in the design of multilayer interference coatings. It states that a layer of arbitrary thickness and index is equivalent to a symmetrical three-layer stack at one wavelength. The one-wavelength restriction limits its use, however. By considering five-layer symmetrical stacks, we have been able to extend the Herpin theorem to include equivalence at two wavelengths. Specifically, we can find five-layer symmetrical combinations that have quarterwave phase thickness and given equivalent index values at two wavelengths. Unfortunately, the location of the two wavelengths is not completely arbitrary. However, the selection available is useful for some applications.
Design technique for anisotropic multilayer thin-film systems
Authors: Balasubramanian K. , Marathay A. S. , Macleod H. A.
Published: February 2023

Multilayer thin-film systems with a magnetooptic layer are employed in the fabrication of erasable optical disks for data storage. We have developed a computer code to address multilayer stacks of anisotropic thin films and have used this technique in the study of magnetooptic disk media. The technique can analyze the performance of the system for an arbitrary angle of incidence and state of polarization. The approach is based on Yeh’s 4 × 4 matrix formalism1 to treat anisotropic layers. Reflection and transmission coefficients and the state of polarization of the reflected and transmit ted fields can be calculated. Kerr and Faraday rotations relevant to magnetooptic media can also be obtained.
New approaches to generalized matched filtering
Authors: Ersoy O. K. , Zeng M.
Published: February 2023

Recent developments in optical computing have the promise of higher flexibility and easier implementation of signal processing functions such as transforms.1 In the past, phase-only and two-bit phase-only matched filtering showed good results.2 However, the nonlinear operations involved were restricted to the transfer function of the matched filter. We show that considerably better accuracy is possible by extending the nonlinear operations to the spectrum of the signal itself.
Use of complex-valued constraints in distortion-invariant correlation filters
Authors: Vijaya Kumar B. V. K. , Bahri Zouhir
Published: February 2023

Recently, two new correlation filters have been proposed for distortion-invariant pattern recognition. The first is the minimum variance synthetic discriminant function (MVSDF) in which the output variance is minimized while satisfying the specified correlation plane constraints. In the second technique, known as the minimum average correlation energy (MACE) filter, the average energy in the correlation plane is minimized while satisfying the specified correlation plane constraints. Thus MACE provides very sharp correlation peaks, whereas the MVSDF is the least sensitive to input noise. Since only intensity is usually detected in the output plane, we can introduce arbitrary phases in the correlation plane constraints.
Inclusion of filter modulation in synthetic-discriminant-function construction
Authors: Jared David A. , Ennis David J.
Published: February 2023

Conventional techniques for the design of distortion-invariant optical correlators presuppose the use of continuous amplitude and phase filters in the realized optical system. However, since programmable continuous amplitude and phase spatial light modulators (SLMs) do not exist, the capability of such correlators is severely limited. On the other hand, programmable SLMs limited to quantized levels of amplitude and/or phase are presently available. To make a versatile high-speed optical correlator a method of constructing a synthetic-discriminant-function matched spatial filter (SDF-MSF) that is tailored to utilize effectively these existing quantized SLMs is required. A technique in which the filter modulation is included in the synthesis of an SDF-MSF is presented. In the filter synthesis, a system of simultaneous nonlinear equations is solved with an iteration procedure. A computer simulation of the new method using threshold images of the Space Shuttle at a range of aspect angles was performed for phase-only and binary-phase-only filters. The filters constructed are capable of obtaining the specified peak-correlation response to within 1% with a high signal-to-clutter ratio for the one-class, two-class, and multilevel problems.