bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SERUM GLYCOPROTEINS IN OFFSPRING OF NORMAL AND ALLOXAN-DIABETIC RABBITS
Authors: Sirek Otakar V. , Sirek Anna , Best Charles H. , Doolan Helga , Webster Monica
Published: October 2017

Serum protein bound hexose, hexosamine, and sialic acid were determined in pregnant normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits and their offspring. The young were delivered by cesarean section on the 26th day of gestation and close to term on the 30th day of gestation.In the mothers, pregnancy did not lead to an increase in the concentration of serum glycoproteins, with the exception of the seromucoid hexose, which was found to be elevated in both normal and diabetic rabbits at the time of delivery.In the young, the concentration of total protein bound hexose did not appreciably change, while the concentrations of hexosamine, sialic acid, and seromucoid hexose were increasing moderately and nearly to the same extent in both groups of fetuses over the last 4 days of intrauterine life. During the same period of time the average increment in body weight was 26 g in the normal series and 17 g in the diabetic series.
SIDEROCALGIPHYLACTIC SENSITIZATION TO MASTOCYTE DISCHARGERS
Authors: Selye Hans , Dieudonné Jean-Marie , Veilleux René
Published: October 2017

Experiments on rats indicate that, following so-called siderocalciphylactic sensitization with dihydrotachysterol (DHT) and ferric dextran (Fe-Dex), the subcutaneous injection of minute amounts of various mastocyte depleters produces local calcified skin wheals. The possible role of the mastocyte in the production of physiologic and pathologic calcium depositions is briefly discussed.
FORMATION OF PHOSPHATIDES FROM C14-LABELLED PRECURSORS IN RAT BRAIN SLICES. EFFECT OF CHLORPROMAZINE
Authors: Pritchard E. T. , Rossiter R. J.
Published: October 2017

The addition of chlorpromazine (0.1 mM) to slices of rat brain respiring in a suitable medium caused an increase in the incorporation of radioactivity from glycerol-1-C14, glycine-2-C14, and serine-3-C14 into the phospholipids of the slices. There was no increase in the incorporation of radioactivity from choline-1,2-C14 or ethanolamine-1,2-C14. Examination of the individual phosphatides showed an increase in the incorporation of radioactivity from glycerol-1-C14 into phosphatidc acid and phosphatidyl serine, with no change for lecithin and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Higher concentrations of chlorpromazine (1.0 mM) either inhibited (glycerol-1-C14, choline-1,2-C14), did not significantly alter (glycine-2-C14, ethanolamine-1,2-C14), or stimulated (serine-3-C14) the incorporation of radioactivity into phospholipids. These results are discussed in relation to previous experiments, in which it was found that the addition of chlorpromazine (0.1 mM) to slices of guinea pig brain caused an increase in the incorporation of inorganic P32 into phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl serine, but not into lecithin or phosphatidyl ethanolamine.
ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF CATECHOLAMINES AND THYROID ACTIVITY TO VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION DURING HYPOTHERMIA IN DOGS
Authors: Varma D. R. , Gillis R. A. , Melville K. I.
Published: October 2017

The possible significance of endogenous catecholamines in the production of hypothermic ventricular fibrillation has been investigated.It is shown that in dogs under pentobarbitone anesthesia, neither iproniazid nor phenoxybenzamine pretreatment reduces the incidence of ventricular fibrillation following coronary occlusion during hypothermia. Reserpine pretreatment markedly reduced both the catecholamines content of the left ventricle and the incidence of ventricular fibrillation. This protective action of reserpine can be counteracted by combined pretreatment with liothyronine sodium, although the catecholamines of the heart remained at a low level. Conversely, thyroidectomy and methimazole treatment also greatly reduced the incidence of ventricular fibrillation without significantly reducing cardiac catecholamines. These experiments reveal no correlation between the ventricular catecholamines content and the incidence of ventricular fibrillation. It is suggested that the protective effects of reserpine and thyroidectomy or antithyroid treatment might be due to depression of tissue metabolism.
INTERACTIONS OF CHLOROFORM WITH α- AND β-LIPOVITELLIN AND OTHER EGG YOLK CONSTITUENTS
Authors: Burley R. W.
Published: October 2017

The absorption of chloroform by α- and β-lipovitellin from chloroform-saturated aqueous buffer solutions has been measured quantitatively. Absorption is rapid and reaches equilibrium values of 13 and 22% of the dry weights of α- and β-lipovitellin respectively. Ultracentrifugal examination of these lipovitellin solutions shows that chloroform absorption produces a heavier fraction that is not homogeneous and probably consists of aggregates. There appears to be a threshold concentration of chloroform in the aqueous solutions below which none is absorbed by the lipovitellins. Similar, but less extensive, experiments with the low-density lipoprotein of yolk and yolk lecithin have shown that they also absorb chloroform under the same conditions.
AMINO ACID TRANSPORT IN YEAST AND EFFECTS OF NYSTATIN
Authors: Stachiewicz E. , Quastel J. H.
Published: October 2017

Nystatin, an antifungal antibiotic, inhibits the accumulation, by yeast cells, of glycine, leucine, arginine, and alanine at concentrations that have no effect on the respiration of the cells. The uptake of glycine by yeast cells that have been preincubated with nystatin and then suspended in a nystatin-free medium is much lower than that of normal cells. The longer the preincubation with nystatin, the greater is the inhibition of glycine uptake. Nystatin produces two distinct effects. At concentrations below 0.8 μg/ml, nystatin inhibits glycine or arginine uptake. At concentrations from 0.8 to 2.0 μg/ml, it causes an efflux of previously accumulated glycine or arginine. Fatty acids, such as oleic, linoleic, stearic, or palmitic acid, can protect the yeast cell from the action of nystatin. The presence of citrate or versene abolishes the protective action of these fatty acids. Calcium ions also protect the cell from the action of nystatin. The concentration of calcium ions giving complete protection depends upon the nystatin concentration. The implications of these facts on amino acid transport in yeast are discussed.
EFFECT OF AGING AQUEOUS NITROGEN MUSTARD ON WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT, BODY WEIGHT, AND WALKER 256 TUMOR IN THE RAT
Authors: Inch W. R. , McCredie J. A.
Published: October 2017

Aging an aqueous solution of nitrogen mustard up to 3 days did not alter significantly its ability to decrease the white blood cell count, body weight, or the growth of the established Walker 256 tumor in the rat. There was a direct relationship between the decrease in white blood cell count and depression of tumor growth but not between the depression of body weight and tumor growth. The acidity of aqueous nitrogen mustard (0.5 mg/ml) increased exponentially with time up to 100 days but was not related to the ability to decrease the white blood cell count, body weight, or tumor growth.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE VIABILITY OF AIR-BORNE BACTERIA: VI. THE ACTION OF INOSITOL ON LACTOSE OXIDATION BY DESICCATED ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Webb S. J.
Published: October 2017

The effect of desiccation on the ability of Escherichia coli to oxidize lactose has been studied. The enzyme system responsible for lactose oxidation is adaptive in E. coli, and amino acids are required for its synthesis. Of the amino acids required, glutamic and aspartic acids proved to be the most active in stimulating the synthesis of the enzymes. The cells of E. coli lose their ability to oxidize lactose on desiccation but if drying is carried out in the presence of i-inositol this loss is prevented. The findings add support to the hypothesis that the death of a cell on desiccation results from the destruction of a component concerned in protein synthesis.
HYDROLYSIS OF CALF THYMUS DEOXYRIBONUCLEATE BY PANCREATIC DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE: I. A STUDY OF THE OLIGONUCLEOTIDES LIBERATED IN THE PRESENCE OF MAGNESIUM OR MANGANESE IONS
Authors: Hurst R. O. , Becking G. C.
Published: October 2017

The oligonucleotides obtained from deoxyribonucleic acid by the action of pancreatic deoxyribonuclease in the presence of magnesium ions or manganous ions have been analyzed by ion exchange chromatography and by determination of the relative amounts of purine and pyrimidine deoxynucleotides occupying the 5′-terminal position. Evidence of a difference in the specificity of action of the enzyme that is dependent upon the nature of the metal ion activator employed has been adduced.
CAROTENOID CHANGES IN DIFFERENT MAIZE VARIETIES DURING RIPENING
Authors: Zsolt J. , Schneider Gy. , Matkovics B.
Published: October 2017

The authors investigated the carotenoids of different maize varieties of white, yellow, and red-colored grains in different phases of ripening. The carotenoids extracted from the grains were separated into benzene-soluble (epiphasic) and benzene-insoluble (hypophasic) fractions, and the components of these fractions were quantitatively measured and separated. The cause of the characteristic color of the grains is the difference in concentration of zeaxanthin, the main component of the hypophasic fraction. The following other carotenoids were demonstrated also: β-carotene, β-carotene-monoepoxide, violaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, antheraxanthin, xanthophyll, xanthophyll-monoepoxide, α-carotene. We could best explain the origin of the different carotenoids in terms of Cholnoky's theory.
SERIAL DETERMINATIONS OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME USING THE RADIOSULPHATE SPACE METHOD
Authors: Murphy Beverley , Dossetor J. B. , Beck J. C.
Published: October 2017

The fate of injected and ingested radiosulphate was investigated. The appearance of radiosulphate in bile was shown to be very rapid. Ingested radiosulphate was rapidly and completely absorbed, peak blood levels occurring at 1 to 2 hours.The sulphate space method of measuring extracellular fluid volume was studied and a method adopted requiring two serum samples taken at 1/2 and 6 hours following injection. This procedure provided a convenient means of making independent observations of extracellular fluid volume as often as four times a day in individual subjects. When values for the sulphate space were compared in the same individuals under conditions similar with respect to diet, activity, and time of day, the coefficient of variation was calculated to be ± 5.7% or about ± 1% of body weight. Values among well-nourished subjects with no known abnormalities of water or electrolyte balance gave a mean of 17.5% body weight with a range of 13.5 to 22% body weight. Values among obese subjects averaged 12.8% body weight.Studies of the diurnal variation of the sulphate space made every 6 hours throughout the day suggested that in man, under conditions of uniform intake and normal activity, there is a diurnal variation of extracellular fluid volume, higher values occurring at night.
THE EFFECT OF FOOD DEPRIVATION ON TEMPERATURE REGULATION IN EXERCISE
Authors: Thompson G. E. , Stevenson J. A. F.
Published: October 2017

Null
THE EFFECT OF A COLD ENVIRONMENT ON MALIGNANT ANOREXIA
Authors: Stevenson J. A. F. , Box B. M. , Wright R. B.
Published: October 2017

Null
AGGLUTININ RESPONSE TO SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES IN MICE FOLLOWING INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF ALLOGENEIC SPLEEN CELLS
Authors: Bain Gordon O.
Published: October 2017

C3H mice were injected with C57L spleen cells and 24 hours later with sheep erythrocytes. Recipients of spleen cells from C57L donors previously injected with C3H tissue developed lower antisheep hemagglutinin titers than control mice. Neither donor serum nor saline extracts of lyophilized donor spleen cells had significant cytotoxicity demonstrable in vitro. However, both heat-killed spleen cells and lyophilized spleen cells injected in vivo had a depressant effect on the anti-sheep hemagglutinin titer. The depressant effect is attributed to isoimmunization of the spleen cell donors since injection of spleen cells from donors not previously exposed to C3H antigens did not result in a lowered antisheep hemagglutinin titer.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF ASCORBIC ACID IN ADRENAL CORTEX AND BRAIN CORTEX IN VITRO AND THE EFFECTS OF ACTH AND STEROIDS
Authors: Sharma Shail K. , Johnstone R. M. , Quastel J. H.
Published: October 2017

Uptake of ascorbic acid-1-C14in brain cortex and adrenal cortex slices is an energy-dependent process. Concentration ratios (i.e. ratios of tissue ascorbic acid-1-C14to medium ascorbic acid-1-C14) greater than 4 have been obtained with both tissues in vitro. Ouabain as well as 2, 4-dinitrophenol suppresses ascorbic acid uptake into brain cortex slices.ACTH inhibits the uptake of ascorbic acid-1-C14in adrenal cortex, but not in brain cortex slices. The presence of glucose is necessary for the inhibition. Several cortical steroids, as well as adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate, at small concentrations inhibit the uptake. The results are consistent with the interpretation that ACTH inhibits the uptake of ascorbic acid in the adrenal cortex through the steroids produced in its presence.
STUDIES OF LIGNIN BIOSYNTHESIS USING ISOTOPIC CARBON: XII. THE BIOSYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM OF SINAPIC ACID
Authors: Higuchi Takayoshi , Brown Stewart A.
Published: October 2017

Sinapic acid-2-C14 is converted by 25-day-old wheat plants to sinapyl lignin 6 times as efficiently as to coniferyl lignin. This factor rises to 16 in heading wheat, indicating lessened ability to demethoxylate the sinapyl nucleus with increasing age. Feeding experiments with 3-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-acrylic acid (5-hydroxyferulic acid) provided evidence for the participation of this compound in the conversion of ferulic to sinapic acid. In plants at an early stage of lignification 5-hydroxyferulic acid was dehydroxylated to ferulic acid and was converted to coniferyl lignin, but evidence about the conversion of 5-hydroxyferulic acid to coniferyl lignin in more mature plants was conflicting. Demethylation of sinapic to 5-hydroxyferulic acid was demonstrated by means of a trapping experiment. Ferulic acid-2-C14 is reduced to coniferyl aldehyde and coniferyl alcohol in heading wheat plants and cambial tissue cultures of Pinus strobus.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FISH FLOUR: II. AVAILABILITY OF LYSINE AND SULPHUR AMINO ACIDS
Authors: Morrison A. B. , Sabry Z. I.
Published: October 2017

Measurements of net protein ratio and protein efficiency ratio indicated marked variability in nutritional value of the protein in eight samples of fish flour. The availability of lysine in the samples was examined by in vitro digestion studies, gross protein value determinations, and the dinitrofluorobenzene procedure. One sample, which appeared to be severely heat-damaged, contained unavailable lysine. This sample also contained unavailable methionine, as shown by reduced ability to supplement a methionine-deficient diet, and reduced release of methionine during in vitro digestion with proteolytic enzymes. Another sample also showed reduced ability to supplement a methionine-deficient diet, suggesting that it also contained unavailable sulphur amino acids, although the in vitro release of methionine was not reduced, and the lysine was available.
IMPROVED PROCEDURES FOR PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MYROTHECIUM CELLULASE: PART 1. PRODUCTION OF ENZYME
Authors: Whitaker D. R. , Thomas R.
Published: October 2017

An improved procedure for the production of cellulase by Myrothecium verrucaria is described. The mold is grown in two stages in the same culture vessel: firstly on a semisolid medium of ground extracted cotton linters moistened with a solution of inorganic salts, and then, by addition of further salt solution, in submerged culture.
IMPROVED PROCEDURES FOR PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MYROTHECIUM CELLULASE: PART 3. MOLECULAR WEIGHT, AMINO ACID COMPOSITION, TERMINAL RESIDUES, AND OTHER PROPERTIES
Authors: Datta P. K. , Hanson K. R. , Whitaker D. R.
Published: October 2017

The molecular weight of Myrothecium cellulase was estimated by the Archibald method to be approximately 49,000. No N-terminal amino acid could be detected by the Edman degradation or with fluorodinitrobenzene. Hydrazinolysis gave glycine as the C-terminal amino acid. No free sulphydryl groups could be detected in the enzyme. The amino acid composition and the fingerprint pattern after tryptic digestion were determined.
LIPID AND PROTEIN IN GERMINATING AND DEVELOPING FLAXSEED LINUM USITATISSIMUM L.
Authors: Huber R. E. , Zalik Saul
Published: October 2017

The metabolism of lipid and protein fractions in developing and germinating flaxseed was investigated. Fatty acid concentrations in the early-development stages of field- and greenhouse-grown plants showed similar increases, but the fatty acid composition of the mature seed appeared to be influenced by environment. The pattern of fatty acid interconversions during lipid synthesis suggested that more-unsaturated acids were formed from less-unsaturated ones. Studies at later stages of seed development indicated that the lipid was in a state of dynamic equilibrium. The relative proportions of each fatty acid during germination remained constant, suggesting that fatty acids were being broken down at a rate proportional to the amount originally present. During flaxseed development protein content increased steadily. Until 4 weeks after the plants had bloomed, the total content of each amino acid increased, but the free amino acid portion and amide nitrogen decreased. Subsequently all remained at a constant level. During germination the protein content and the proportions of the various amino acids of flaxseed remained constant but the free amino acid content rose. The radioisotope studies gave no clear indication of amino acid interconversions.
THE EFFECT OF EXTENDED EXPOSURE TO A HOT ENVIRONMENT ON THE RESPONSE OF THE CHICKEN TO HYPERTHERMIA
Authors: Weiss Harold S. , Frankel Harry , Hollands Keith G.
Published: October 2017

Adult female White Leghorns lived for 12 weeks at either 32–35 °C and 50–60% R.H. (adapted) or 22–24 °C, R.H. uncontrolled (controls). Hyperthermia was induced by exposing the restricted animal to 40.5 °C and 60% R.H. Body temperature (TB), respiratory rate (RR), minute volume [Formula: see text], tidal volume (VT), heart rate (HR), and systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressure (SBP, DBP, and PP) were monitored at [Formula: see text] changes in TB. Adapted birds resisted hyperthermia better than controls, but the time–TBrelationship was biphasic. Between TBof 42.0 and 43.5 °C regression coefficients relating time to TBwere not different (adapted, 20.4 ± 0.6 and controls, 22.1 ± 0.8 minute/°C) but they did diverge significantly between TBof 44.0 and 45.5 °C (35.9 ± 0.8 and 25.6 ± 0.8 minute/°C). Body weight (BW), RR, [Formula: see text], HR, SBP, and DBP were significantly lower in adapted birds before hyperthermia. Covariance analysis indicated that, of these differences, the lower BW handicapped and the lower [Formula: see text], SBP, and DBP aided the adapted birds in resisting heat stress. The pattern of change in respiratory–cardiovascular variables during hyperthermia was similar for both groups. Covariance analysis of such quantitative differences as did exist indicated that higher values for RR and V either had no effect on or handicapped the adapted birds in their resistance to heat stress. The results suggest that adaptation depends on mechanisms other than increased respiratory elimination of heat.
ANOREXIA AND GASTRIC EMPTYING IN THIAMINE-DEFICIENT RATS
Authors: Veen M. J.
Published: October 2017

Null
CONCENTRATION OF GALACTOSE BY LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Kalant N. , Schucher R.
Published: October 2017

Leucocytes suspended in native plasma took up galactose and held it within the cells at a concentration 3–6 times greater than that in the plasma. Conversion to galactose-1-phosphate, uridinediphosphogalactose, and other, unidentified compounds occurred. The accumulation of galactose was not impaired in diabetes, and was not influenced by insulin. It was increased by iodoacetate. Cyanide at low concentrations caused an increase in the concentration of galactose-1-phosphate and uridinediphosphogalactose; at higher concentrations, it decreased the concentration of galactose and all metabolites. Phloridzin decreased the accumulation of galactose.
THE EFFECT OF SUBLETHAL DOSES OF ARTIFICIAL SUNLIGHT ON ADAPTIVE ENZYME SYNTHESIS BY ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Webb S. J.
Published: October 2017

The effect of sublethal doses of artificial sunlight and individual wavebands of light on the ability of Escherichia coli to synthesize the enzymes concerned in lactose oxidation have been studied. It was found that direct sunlight completely inhibited enzyme synthesis but did not affect the action of preformed enzymes. Blue and yellow light were both active in preventing enzyme synthesis but the blue region of the spectrum was by far the most effective. No effect of red light could be demonstrated. Staining cells with yellow or red dyes reduced the action of blue light whereas staining the cells with a blue dye increased the effectiveness of yellow light.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE VIABILITY OF AIR-BORNE BACTERIA: VII. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STRUCTURE OF CHEMICAL ADDITIVES AND THEIR ACTION ON AIR-BORNE CELLS
Authors: Webb S. J.
Published: October 2017

The action of several amino-hydroxy benzenes and pyrimidines on the survival of air-borne cells has been studied. It has been found that the —OH group is largely responsible for the protectiveness or toxicity of an added compound towards air-borne cells and that the activity of an —OH group can be severely modified by an —NH2 group as well as the ring nucleus on which it is placed. The relative humidity (R.H.) at which the aerosol is held determines the toxicity or protectiveness of a given compound and different chemical configurations in added chemicals appear to be necessary in order to preserve the viability of cells as R.H. is changed.
NORADRENALINE AND SURVIVAL OF RATS IN A COLD ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Schönbaum E. , Sellers E. A. , Johnson G. E.
Published: October 2017

There is evidence that noradrenaline is implicated in the non-shivering thermogenesis of cold-acclimated rats, and that it may be concerned with thermogenesis of normal non-acclimated animals. The effects of noradrenaline on rats exposed to cold acutely or on rats acclimated to cold were studied. Moderate to large doses of noradrenaline produce hypothermia that frequently terminates lethally in rats acclimated to 23 °C and acutely exposed to cold (2 °C), but not in cold (2 °C) acclimated rats nor in 23 °C acclimated rats kept at that temperature. The LD50 of noradrenaline (i.p.) in mice kept at 30 °C is 7.37 mg/kg, but in mice acutely exposed to 2 °C the LD50 is 3.66 mg/kg. A large dose (500 μg/rat) of noradrenaline inhibits shivering in acutely cold-exposed rats and reduces the oxygen consumption. The same dose stimulates oxygen consumption in cold-acclimated rats. Rats living at 2 °C, treated chronically with guanethidine or reserpine in order to reduce tissue levels of noradrenaline, became acclimated to 2 °C (as shown by an increased resistance to cold exposure, and the presence of non-shivering thermogenesis). It is concluded that the presence of increased amounts of noradrenaline in tissues or in circulation is not required for the occurrence of acclimation to cold.
PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM IN VIRAL-INDUCED NEOPLASIA: I. STRAINS OF MICE SUSCEPTIBLE TO THE MAMMARY TUMOR VIRUS
Authors: McGregor Robert F. , Cornatzer W. E.
Published: October 2017

Studies of phosphorus metabolism, using P32-injected intraperitoneally into mice susceptible to mammary tumor induction by the mammary tumor virus, were conducted at time intervals corresponding to 24, 31, 64 days of age of the animals, and 10 months and older when mammary tumors developed. Chemical and radioactivity measurements of labelled phospholipides, nucleic acids, and phosphoproteins in liver, kidney, spleen, and mammary tissue were obtained from strain A (high-cancer strain) and BALB/c females (low-cancer strain). Both high- and low-cancer strains exhibited uniform patterns of phosphorus metabolism in non-target organs throughout the time periods selected. There are significant differences in phosphorus metabolism between the two strains which may be due to a combination of virus and genetic factors. In strain A females, 10 months and older, bearing mammary tumors, the mammary glands without tumors exhibited increased synthesis of phospholipides and nucleic acids when compared to mammary glands of identical females that had not yet developed mammary tumors.
ISOLATION AND STRUCTURE OF URIDINE NUCLEOTIDE-PEPTIDES FROM AEROBACTER CLOACAE NRC 492
Authors: Anwar R. A. , Roy C. , Watson R. W.
Published: October 2017

Four closely related uridine nucleotide-peptides isolated from ethanol extracts of penicillin-treated Aerobacter cloacae NRC 492 have been partially characterized. Fractionation of dialyzed extracts on Dowex-1-Cl columns with aqueous lithium chloride solutions, precipitation of the nucleotide-peptides with methanol–acetone, and further separation by paper chromatography and high voltage electrophoresis yielded (a) UDP-GNAc-lact.L-ala.D-glu.meso-dap.D-ala,* (b) UDP-GNAc-lact.L-ala.D-glu.meso-dap, (c) UDP-GNAc-lact.L-ala.D-glu., and (d) UDP-GNAc-lactic acid. The amino acid isomers were identified by micro-enzymic and chromatographic methods.
SIGNIFICANCE OF N15EXCESS IN NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS OF BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN
Authors: Gaebler O. H. , Choitz Harold C. , Vitti Trieste G. , Vukmirovich Robert
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the small increase in abundance of N15normally found in nitrogenous compounds of biological origin is primarily due to mass discrimination in nitrogen metabolism, or to reproducible analytical errors.This problem was approached by repeatedly determining N15in the same series of nine amino acids, either purchased in chromatographically pure form or isolated from proteins of rat liver, dog serum, and six plant sources. Proteins and amino acids included in the study were selected on the premise that concentration or redistribution of N15might occur in such processes in urea formation, nitrogen transfer, or nitrogen fixation. Data for N15excess in a series of alkaloids were also secured.Standard deviations obtained in series of analyses were too small, and values for N15excess in the same amino acids isolated from different sources too variable, to permit interpreting the observed N15excess as a reproducible error. Distribution of N15in amino acids of the animal proteins studied resembled that observed when N15-labelled amino acids or ammonium compounds are given. Differences between results for amino acids of animal and plant origin also supported the idea that the small excess of N15normally found is metabolically as well as statistically significant. Results for N15in amide nitrogen likewise supported this view. The smallest excess of N15occurred in amino acids from proteins of legumes, which fix nitrogen. In synthetic amino acids, the concentration of N15was more often below than above normal abundance.
A MULTIPLE-COLUMN HYDRAULIC METHOD FOR FRACTIONATION OF PARTICLES FOR CHROMATOGRAPHIC COLUMNS
Authors: Whitaker D. R. , Strasdine G. A.
Published: October 2017

An apparatus for fractionation of particles is described. Liquid at constant temperature is freed of air bubbles and circulated at constant flow rate through a series of vertical columns of progressively increasing diameters, a settling bottle, and a filter. The particles to be fractionated are either added gradually to the first column by passage of the return flow of liquid through a particle reservoir or are added at the outset to the first column. The flow of liquid distributes the particles between the columns according to particle size and density. Illustrative data are given for fractionation of a cross-linked dextran, a diatomaceous earth, a microbead ion-exchange resin, and a micropowder ion-exchange resin.
ENZYMATIC PRODUCTION OF (+) threo-9,10-DIHYDROXYOCTADECANOIC ACID IN THE SPORES OF PLANT RUSTS
Authors: Tulloch A. P.
Published: October 2017

Evidence is presented to show that an epoxide-hydrolyzing enzyme system is present in the uredospores of Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Erikss. and Henn. race 15B and in the teliospores of Gymnosporangium clavariiforme (Pers.) DC. Incubation of the spores results in a partial conversion of cis-9,10-epoxy-octadecanoic acid, which is present in the spore oil as a glyceride, to (+) threo-9,10-dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid.
A STUDY OF ENERGY-ABSORBING MATERIALS FOR THE PREVENTION OF IMPACT INJURY OF THE BRAIN
Authors: Girling F. , Topliff E. D. L.
Published: October 2017

A method has been developed for the quantitative evaluation of energy-absorbing materials in terms of prevention of impact injury to the brain. The amount of energy absorbed by these materials varies inversely with the density and directly with the thickness of the material. The evidence presented supports current concepts of the mechanism of closed-skull brain damage.
SEPARATION OF BOVINE LENS CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INTO TWO COMPONENTS
Authors: Sen Mira , Drance S. M. , Woodford V. R.
Published: October 2017

Two components of carbonic anhydrase have been separated in partially purified forms from the soluble proteins of bovine lens. During the chromatographic separation on diethylaminoethyl cellulose columns, the total carbonic anhydrase increased, on an average, by nine times. The implications of these findings are that bovine lens carbonic anhydrase may exist in the form of two isoenzymes and that there may be a naturally occurring in vivo inhibitory mechanism regulating the activity of bovine lens carbonic anhydrase in situ.
THE SINGLE BREATH DIFFUSING CAPACITY AND THE PERMEABILITY OF THE LUNGS OF NORMAL MAN
Authors: Rosenberg Edith
Published: October 2017

The single breath diffusing capacity for CO, DL, and the permeability of the lungs, K, were measured in six male and two female medical students at various lung volumes. The subjects rested 15 minutes before each test and the expired alveolar volume as well as breath-holding time and inspired volume were recorded on a spirogram. The test gas used consisted of 0.3% CO, 0.3% SF6, 20% O2, and the balance N2. The sample of alveolar gas expired after breath-holding was analyzed for CO and SF6 on a vapor fractometer using a 2-meter molecular sieve column. DL varied with the surface area of the subjects as well as with the alveolar volume at which the test was performed. K, on the other hand, was independent of the size of the subjects and decreased towards a constant value as lung volume became large. K should, therefore, be more reproducible than DL. The average permeability of the eight subjects used in this study was 0.0715 ml CO per second per ml of alveolar volume. In every experiment, alveolar volumes were also calculated from the SF6 dilution. These values, VD, were compared to alveolar volumes calculated from the maximum lung volumes, VA. For the males there was no measurable difference between alveolar volumes calculated by these two methods when 2 liters or more of test gas were inspired. It is suggested that the replacement of the measurement of DL in pulmonary function laboratories by an evaluation of K and VD may transform the single breath diffusing capacity test into a useful diagnostic tool.
THE ANTITHROMBIC ACTIVITY OF CARRAGEENIN IN HUMAN BLOOD
Authors: Hawkins W. W. , Leonard Verna G.
Published: October 2017

Null
CALORIGENIC RESPONSE OF COLD-ADAPTED RABBITS TO ADRENALINE AND TO NORADRENALINE
Authors: Cottle W. H. , Veress A. T.
Published: October 2017

Null
RESISTANCE TO 6-MERCAPTOPURINE: III. DELETION OF A 5′-NUCLEOTIDASE IN A 6-MERCAPTOPURINE-RESISTANT SUBLINE OF THE EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA
Authors: Paterson A. R. P. , Hori A.
Published: October 2017

Nuclei prepared from cells of a 6-mercaptopurine-resistant subline of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma differed from nuclei isolated from the parent line of cells in being markedly deficient in an enzymatic activity, 5′-nucleotidase.The nucleotidase activity of Ehrlich cell homogenates was characterized as being (a) localized primarily in the nuclear fraction, (b) specific for 5′-nucleotides, and (c) inhibited by zinc ions.A relationship between the observed deficiency of the 5′-nucleotidase and resistance to 6-mercaptopurine was not apparent.
STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING CARBON-14 COMPOUNDS: XIX. OBSERVATIONS ON THE METABOLISM OF LYSINE-C14
Authors: Nigam S. N. , McConnell W. B.
Published: October 2017

When generally labelled lysine-C14or α-aminoadipic acid-6-C14was administered to wheat seedlings 48% and 57%, respectively, of the carbon-14 was recovered in water-soluble materials. An additional 39% of the lysine carbon-14 was found in the insoluble residue whereas with α-aminoadipic acid-6-C14only 11% of the carbon-14 was in the residue. When lysine-C14was administered, lysine, pipecolic acid, and α-aminoadipic acid had high specific activities while glutamic acid and some related substances contained significant amounts of carbon-14. By contrast, when α-aminoadipic acid-6-C14was used as tracer the lysine and pipecolic acid isolated were weakly labelled, although α-aminoadipic acid of very high specific activity was recovered from the tissues. Appreciable carbon-14 was also found in the glutamic acid, 63% of this being in position-5.The data are taken as evidence that α-aminoadipic acid and pipecolic acid are on the pathway of lysine metabolism, with acetate being a product of further degradation. The results provide no evidence that α-aminoadipic acid can serve as a precursor to lysine.
THE EFFECT OF THYROID ADMINISTRATION ON THE PANCREATIC AMYLASE ACTIVITY OF HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED AND INTACT RATS
Authors: Maykut Madelaine O. , Nishikawara Margaret T. , Haist R. E.
Published: October 2017

The administration of desiccated thyroid gland to hypophysectomized rats prevented the marked atrophy of the pancreas which was consistently observed following hypophysectomy. Thyroid feeding at two dose levels led to a significant increase in the pancreatic amylase activity of hypophysectomized rats. This held whether the results were expressed as total activity or were given as activity per unit of body weight, per unit of pancreas, or per mg nitrogen. Except for the activity per unit of body weight, the amylase activity of the thyroid-treated hypophysectomized rats was significantly lower than the amylase activity in untreated, intact controls. In the thyroid-fed, hypophysectomized rats the amylase activity per unit of body weight was not significantly different from that of intact, untreated controls.Thyroid administration in intact rats resulted in a decrease in the pancreatic amylase activity.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE INOTROPIC ACTION OF ATP ON THE HEART OF THE FROG
Authors: Ottolenghi Paul
Published: October 2017

The action of ATP on the tension developed during the contraction of frog ventricles can be separated into two distinct phases: a short-lived inotropic effect (response I), and a second, more prolonged inotropic action which develops after the first response has subsided (response II). The sites upon which ATP acts to produce response I become blocked to further action of ATP once the response has been elicited, and they have to be reactivated (e.g. by washing) for them to become available again. Response I may be elicited without response II, by using low concentrations of ATP. Response II may be obtained by itself by first blocking response I with a low concentration of ATP.ADP is as active as ATP, but AMP alone or together with pyrophosphate is ineffective. Results with ITP and IDP suggest that the 6-amino group of the adenine of ATP and ADP is necessary for response I to be elicited, but not for response II.
ADMINISTRATION OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY GROWTH HORMONE TO RATS DURING COLD EXPOSURE
Authors: Beaton John R. , Orme T. , Laufer J. , Turner A.
Published: October 2017

Male, growing rats were injected daily with anterior pituitary growth hormone (3 mg/100 g body weight) and fed ad libitum for 7 days at environmental temperatures of 22 °C and 2–3 °C. Body weight gain, nitrogen retention, and four liver enzyme activities were measured. As observed previously, cold exposure retarded body weight gain and decreased nitrogen retention despite an increased food intake. These effects of cold were not eliminated by administration of growth hormone. The increased activities of liver arginase, alanine-glutamic transminase, and phosphate-activated glutaminase consequent upon cold exposure were not significantly affected by growth hormone although, at 22 °C, growth hormone decreased the activities of liver arginase and alanine-glutamic transaminase. Cold exposure eliminated the lowering effect of growth hormone on liver glutamic acid dehydrogenase activity observed at 22 °C. It is concluded that, under these conditions, growth hormone does not overcome the protein catabolic effects of cold exposure but rather, cold exposure eliminates the protein anabolic effects of the hormone.
COMPOSITION OF EPIPHYSEAL CARTILAGE: IV. EFFECT OF VITAMIN D3 ON ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES IN EPIPHYSEAL AND ARTICULAR CARTILAGE OF RACHITIC CHICKS
Authors: Cipera J. D. , Willmer J. S.
Published: October 2017

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INHIBITION AND ACTIVATION OF ADENYLOSUCCINIC SYNTHETASE BY 8-AZAGUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
Authors: Cohen L. H. , Parks Jr. R. E.
Published: October 2017

8-Azaguanosine triphosphate can function in place of GTP in the reaction catalyzed by adenylosuccinic synthetase. The Michaelis constant and maximal velocity for the reaction obtained with the analogue are lower than those obtained with GTP. As a result, 8-azaGTP increases the reaction rate at low GTP concentrations and inhibits competitively at high GTP concentrations. It is suggested that this type of inhibition might be exploited in the development of chemo-therapeutic analogues specific for tissues containing high concentrations of a coenzyme or metabolite.
EFFECTS OF DIETARY IODINE ON THE UTILIZATION OF RADIOACTIVE IODIDE BY THE RAT
Authors: Robinson G. A.
Published: October 2017

Sprague–Dawley rats were fed on diets ranging from 40 μg I/kg to 3885 μg I/kg. Single doses of iodide-131 were injected intraperitoneally into each of the rats. In vivo measurements of radioisotope levels were made at intervals for 11 to 15 days over the neck and thorax. Thyroidal I131 curves were obtained by using a fraction of the thoracic counts to correct for the extrathyroidal component of the neck counts. Animals on low-iodine diets concentrated I131 in their thyroids more rapidly and to greater peak values, had lower protein-bound iodine (I127) concentrations, and lower total thyroidal iodide (I127) content than did rats in the high-iodine groups. An attempt was made to compensate the thyroidal counts for the continuing decrease in the concentration of iodide-131 in the plasma. From this attempt was derived the "thyroidal index", a parameter which may be related to the rate of exchange of the total thyroidal iodine stores. Biological half-life values (I131 in thyroid gland) for the low-iodine groups were larger than those for the high-iodine animals. The hypothesis is advanced that, at least for the conditions reported here, the biological half-life does not adequately reflect thyroidal activity; exchange of iodine between the rat and its environment is considered to be the more important factor in controlling the numerical value of this parameter.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS BETWEEN AQUEOUS AND NON-AQUEOUS PHASES
Authors: Demisch R. R. , Wright George F
Published: October 2017

When a series of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons is distributed between two solvent phases, hexane and aqueous monoethanolammonium desoxycholate, it is found that the greater is the carcinogenicity of the hydrocarbon toward the skin of the mouse, the higher is its solubility in the aqueous phase. The behavior suggests that the aqueous solubilization may depend upon a favorable geometry whereby salts of polynuclear acids like desoxycholic acids may include the hydrocarbon into their micellar ions. The differences in phase distribution have been utilized to effect partial separation by means of Craig countercurrent extraction.
MAINTENANCE OF ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES IN VITRO: II. CHANGES IN MUSCLE AND OVARY CARBOHYDRATES
Authors: Harpur R. P.
Published: October 2017

The possibility of using carbohydrate determinations to assess the nutritional state of the intestinal nematode, Ascaris lumbricoides, is discussed and investigated. For fresh material the following mean values and standard deviations were found: muscle glycogen (I) 14.8 ± 2.5 g%, muscle trehalose (II) 1.11 ± 0.35 g%, ovary glycogen (III) 7.2 ± 0.6 g%, and ovary trehalose (IV) 0.27 ± 0.13 g%. A single replication of a 3 × 25design, with confounding, was used to study the effects of 1, 2, and 3 days in vitro together with N2versus 5% O2and the presence and absence in the keeping medium of 14 mM NH4+, 0.2% glucose, a vitamin mixture, and an amino acid mixture. None of these substances affected the drop to 11.0 g% which occurred in I on the first day and only glucose showed a highly significant sparing action which was manifest on the second and third day. Glucose also had a significant sparing action with III but mainly on the third day. Highly significant decreases occurred in both II and IV on the second day.
THE EFFECT OF BACTERIAL CELL LYSIS AND OF PLANT EXTRACTS ON CELLULOSE PRODUCTION BY ACETOBACTER XYLINUM
Authors: Webb T. E. , Colvin J. Ross
Published: October 2017

The production of cellulose by lysozyme lysates of Acetobacter xylinum is similar to that of a suspension of whole cells, in contrast to the negative results obtained with previous "cell-free" preparations. The results of differential centrifugation of these lysates suggests that most of the enzymes required for cellulose synthesis from glucose normally are held by the cell envelope and are not located in the cytoplasm. However, a heat-stable cofactor(s) is present in the supernatant derived from the cell contents which may stimulate cellulose synthesis by the cell envelopes.The addition of extracts from a number of plant sources increased cellulose synthesis by whole cells of A. xylinum. In particular, the supernatant prepared by centrifugation of an homogenate of tomatoes increased bacterial cellulose production at pH 6 by a factor of 3. Both dialyzable and non-dialyzable substances in the extract are responsible. Fractionation of the non-dialyzable portion of the extract by column chromatography suggests that the overall increase is due to additive effects of several compounds. Here also the compounds appear to act upon the bacterial cell envelope.
EFFECT OF AMPHENONE B ON DEVELOPMENT OF RENAL HYPERTENSION IN RATS
Authors: Fregly Melvin J. , Taylor Jr. Robert E.
Published: October 2017

The effect of Amphenone B on development of renal hypertension was studied in rats whose kidneys were encapsulated with latex envelopes. The compound was administered in the diet for 13 weeks at dose levels of 0.1 and 0.3% by weight. Both dose levels of Amphenone B were equally effective in preventing rise of systolic blood pressure to the level of untreated, renal-encapsulated controls although both doses of the drug allowed modest rises of pressure to occur. Growth was inhibited by the drug. Amphenone B depressed thyroid activity as assessed by increased release rate of radioactive iodide from the thyroid gland; decreased resting metabolic rate; decreased growth; decreased food intake; and increased thyroid size. The protection against development of hypertension afforded by this compound may be related, at least in part, to its antithyroid activity.
DISTRIBUTION OF CHOLINESTERASE IN NORMAL HUMAN MUSCLE
Authors: Smith J. Crispin , Foldes Vera M. , Foldes Francis F.
Published: October 2017

The intracellular distribution of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in biopsied human rectus abdominis and quadriceps femoris muscles was investigated. Differential ultracentrifugal fractionation showed that the highest specific activity of acetylcholinesterase was associated with the microsomal fraction, this enzyme being concentrated 19-fold compared to the original homogenate. The highest specific activity of butyrylcholinesterase was found in the non-particulate fraction. The mitochondrial fraction showed the lowest specific cholinesterase activity. Wide variation of cholinesterase activity was found in various autopsied muscles, the highest being oculomotor muscle and the lowest cardiac ventricular muscle. About 90% of the cholinesterase activity of skeletal muscle was due to acetylcholinesterase and 10% to butyrylcholinesterase.
THE BINDING OF THYROIDAL HORMONES BY TRITON WR-1339
Authors: Leahy William V. C. , McNickle Thomas F.
Published: October 2017

The ability of Triton WR-1339 to bind thyroxine was determined by the thyroxine-stabilization technic of Tata. In addition, the effect of Triton treatment on the amount of triiodothyronine bound by guinea pig plasma was measured by the erythrocytic system of Hamolsky et al. and the direct method of Scholer. It was found that Triton was as effective as whole serum protein in its ability to inhibit the drying-induced deiodination of thyroxine occurring on filter paper. Triton treatment resulted in a significantly decreased uptake of triiodothyronine in the erythrocytic system and, conversely, a significantly increased binding of triiodothyronine by plasma. These results are discussed in terms of a possible competition for available thyroxine in vivo between Triton and thyroxine-binding serum proteins.
A NITRO REDUCTASE ENZYME APPARENTLY WITHOUT FLAVIN AS PROSTHETIC GROUP
Authors: Villanueva J. R.
Published: October 2017

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THE THERMOGENIC ROLE OF THE LIVER IN THE HEAT-ACCLIMATED HAMSTER (MESOCRICETUS AURATUS)
Authors: Cassuto Y. , Chaffee R. R. J.
Published: October 2017

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DIMENSIONS OF THE SUBSTRATE SITE INVOLVED IN THE ENZYMOLYSIS OF A POLYSACCHARIDE
Authors: Perlin A. S. , Reese E. T.
Published: October 2017

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BODY ORGAN CYTOCHROME OXIDASE ACTIVITY IN COLD- AND WARM-ACCLIMATED RATS
Authors: Janský Ladislav
Published: October 2017

The cytochrome oxidase activity was estimated in homogenates of the whole body and in nine body organs of cold- and warm-acclimated rats. The total body cytochrome oxidase activity expressed in terms of oxygen consumption was similar in cold- and warm-acclimated rats. In cold-acclimated animals the total cytochrome oxidase activity did not differ from maximal steady state metabolism measured in vivo, while in warm-acclimated rats the total cytochrome oxidase activity was almost twice as great as the maximal steady state metabolism. The results indicate that warm-acclimated rats do not utilize the full capacity of the cytochrome system and that cold-acclimation makes full exploitation of the oxidase capacity possible. In cold-acclimated rats the cytochrome oxidase activity of the muscles comprised 57% of the total, the liver 22.5%, and the skin 6%, with smaller roles for other organs. The role of the liver was greater in cold-acclimated than in warm-acclimated rats.