bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Glacial and Postglacial Structure of Lincolnshire and South-East Yorkshire
Authors: Wood S. V. , Rome J. L.
Published: October 2009

The features of Yorkshire and North-east Lincolnshire having distinctive characters from those of Central and South Lincolnshire, the authors describe the two areas separately. In the former, their coast-sections exhibit the Glacial clay separated into two portions: of these the lower, which they identify with the ordinary (or upper) Glacial clay of the South, contains abundant chalk débris; but the upper or purple portion (which was in places divided from the lower by sand and gravel beds) contains no chalk in the upper, and but little in the lower part of it, the place of the chalk being taken by fragments of Palæozoic rocks. The latter of these clays alone extends over the Wold-top at Speeton, and alone occupies the valley along the northern Wold-foot, and so away northwards to Scarborough and the Tees-mouth, from which the authors infer that the north of England did not subside beneath the glacial sea until after the south had been submerged. The so-called Bridlington “Crag” is shown to be an intercalated bed in this purple clay. Both these clays are shown to be denuded, and their denuded edges to be everywhere covered by a much thinner Boulder-clay, that of Hessle, which wraps Holderness like a cloth, extending to altitudes of 150 feet, and running down the east of Lincolnshire to the Fen-border. This Postglacial Boulder-clay of Hessle is again cut through, and in those places covered by posterior beds of gravel, one of which (at Hornsea) contains fluviatile shells. At Hull this clay supports a forest, which is now submerged 33 feet below the Humber,—the same submerged forest also occurring at Grimsby. The authors regard the position of the sea during the Postglacial period as having been principally on the west of the Yorkshire and North Lincolnshire Wold until the formation of the gravel-troughs cutting through the Hessle clay, and that its present position was connected with a recent westerly elevation and easterly depression.

The Glacial clay of Central and South Lincolnshire belongs to the chalky portion, from which all the superior or purple part of the formation has been denuded; and the valleys of Central Lincolnshire are shown to be cut out of the Cretaceous series and Glacial clay as a common bed, the hills formed of the clay rising to elevations equal to the Wold in that part.

The Glacial clay of both areas is shown to be denuded westwards, and the denuded edges occupied with sands and gravels termed by the authors denudation-beds.
On the Fossil Corals (Madreporaria) of the West-Indian Islands
Authors: Duncan P. Martin
Published: October 2009

1.
Introduction
.—The descriptions of the Fossil Corals of the West- Indian Islands which have appeared in the Society's Journal since 1862, appear to have interested many geologists residing in the islands; and lately the great desideratum, a collection of specimens from the Tertiaries of Trinidad, has been sent to me by the Rev. Mr. Eckel. The study of this collection completes that of the Fossil Corals of the West-Indian Islands, so far as I am concerned; and I have therefore added to the description of the new species some corrections of errors which had been made through inexperience; and the synonymy of the species has been appended also.

The tabular statements will be found to prove that the alliances of the Miocene West-Indian Coral-fauna are as they were stated to be in my first communication in 1862.

The additions to the Coral-faunæ of San Domingo, Jamaica, and Antigua, which are recorded in this communication, are interesting; for the Eocene facies of the Jamaican early Tertiary corals becomes more decided, and the Miocene affinities of the San Domingan and Antiguan series are extended. The commonest of the
Heliastrœœ
of the Antiguan marl* has been discovered in the Miocene deposit at Madeira; and this relic of the former coral-sea brings the Faluns and the Spanish Tertiaries all the nearer to the Caribbean. Professor Reuss† has enabled me to recognize a species from the Miocene of Java among the Antiguan collection in the British Museum, and he states that a tabulate Coral, a
On the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy
Authors: Lubbock John
Published: October 2009

D
uring
the course of last autumn I had an opportunity of visiting the celebrated Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, and, having been thereby led to study the various memoirs which have been written on this interesting subject, I have been brought to the conclusion that the explanation given originally by Macculloch, as to the manner in which the roads were produced, is not the correct one, although it has been adopted by almost every one who has subsequently discussed their origin.

I do not propose to reopen the discussion of the causes owing to which the valley was filled with water, but, taking for granted that these “roads” or “shelves” represent water-levels, to consider the manner in which they have been formed. This is indeed a minor point; but I think I need not apologize to the Society for the attempt to obtain a clearer and more definite insight even into one of the lesser operations of nature. I will therefore first describe the roads briefly, and only so far as is necessary for my purpose, doing so, moreover, almost entirely in the words of Macculloch, Darwin, Lyell, &c.; secondly, I will give the explanations of earlier writers; and lastly I will point ont what I believe to have been the true
modus operandi
.

The parallel roads or shelves are three in number on each side of the valley; the corresponding ones on the opposite sides are exactly at the same level; and all are perfectly horizontal. So regular, indeed
On some Sources of Coal in the Eastern Hemisphere, namely Formosa, Labuan, Siberia, and Japan
Authors: Collingwood Cuthbert
Published: October 2009

T
he
Formosa coal-district is situated near Kelung, in the north-east comer of the island. The mines are a little more than a mile to the eastward of the town, upon the hills bordering on Quar-se-kau Bay. I approached them in a small boat up a muddy creek. On leaving the boat, we ascended a slight elevation passing a range of red sandstone hills, which formed a series continuous with those seen at the back of the harbour, which dip on an average about 16° or 17° to the south-east. Indeed the whole country round Kelung is of red sandstone; and the weather-worn outcrops produce the undulating country, in the depressions of which the coal appears to have been deposited. By degrees we entered a blind valley, or
cul-de-sac
; and descending from the path into a ditch I stood at the entrance of the workings, which consisted of two small caverns at right angles to one another, hewn directly into the coal-seam, which at its outcrop was 2½ feet thick. It rested upon a thin bed of stiff whitish clay, and was covered by a bank 40 or 50 feet high, composed of rubbly clay. The working was nearly level, and the roof so low that one could only get along by bending nearly double.

These mines appear to be worked in a very primitive manner. No shafts are sunk, nor is any machinery employed; but the coolies pick the coal, and convey it out of the working in small baskets.
Notice of the Hessle Drift, as it appeared in Sections above Forty Years since
Authors: Phillips John
Published: October 2009

T
he
progress of modern research has brought before us, on a great scale and under various aspects, a subject which, until the series of strata began to be studied by W. Smith, had literally no place in British geology. By that observer, first of all men, the “superficial deposits,” as they were called, were separated from the “regular strata,” and referred to a different and more tumultuous origin. Dr. Buckland popularized this idea, and, under the title of “diluvial” deposits, presented a great number of important observations relating to the final operations on our land of the waters of the sea, followed by river-floods and ordinary atmospheric action*.

Modern research has convinced us that, instead of that diluvial accumulation being the work of one transitory and confused disturbance of the level of sea and land, there were successions of drifted deposits, under different conditions, having unequal distributions, and peculiar local directions. We have not merely translated the antique “diluvial” into the modern “drift;” the abnormal cataclysm has become an intelligible series of local sea-actions and limited displacements of land; the crisis has become a period: Preglacial and Postglacial eras are marked in time, and characterized by successive races of animal and vegetable residents.

Those who, like myself, had to struggle with the Boulder-clays and northern drift more than forty years ago, without the aid of glaciers and icebergs, and with no clear theory of the changes of level of land or sea, were apt to leave out of our local
On the Lower Cretaceous Beds of the Bas-Boulonnais, with notes on their English Equivalents
Authors: Topley William
Published: October 2009

T
he
following notes are the result of an excursion made, with my colleague Mr. Whitaker, in the summer of 1866, supplemented by two hasty visits by myself later in the same year.

To Mr. Whitaker and to M. E. Rigaux, of Boulogne, I am indebted for much assistance.

I. G
eneral
D
escription of the
D
istrict
.

The Bas-Boulonnais forms the easterly continuation of the English Wealden area, both being bounded alike by a well-defined escarpment of Chalk. The lowest beds exposed in the Weald have been doubtfully referred to the Purbeek formation; but none of undoubted precretaceous age occur therein on the English side of the Channel.

In the Bas Boulonnais the major part of the surface is occupied by Lower Secondary and Palæozoic beds, the Lower Cretaceous rocks occupying only a narrow border at the foot of the Chalk escarpment, and capping the hills in the interior. The Chalk falls away from the escarpment with a gentle slope. The Gault generally occupies a slight depression at the base of the Chalk hills; but, from its diminished thickness, the valley thus formed is far less striking than in Kent. The Lower Greensand is too thin to make a constant feature in the district; towards the south and south-east, however, it, togather with the underlying ferruginous sands, forms the range of hills which runs more or less parallel with the Chalk, but without making a well defined escarpment. The hills of the central district, which are capped by ferruginous sands (Wealden), are mostly
On worked Flint Flakes from Carrickfergus and Larne
Authors: Du Noyer G. V.
Published: October 2009

T
hese
flakes have been found by the author in two very distinct positions, namely:—the older in the marine drift (sand and gravel) skirting the shores of the county Antrim and county Down, the maximum elevation being about 20 feet above the sea; and the more recent in the subsoil-clay at all elevations up to 600 feet, near Belfast, Carrickfergus, Larne Lough, and Island Magee. The former are of the rudest forms, highly oxidized or white on their entire surface, but, though imbedded in marine drift, having the chippings around the sides and angles generally sharp. The latter have a comparatively fresh look, though still possessing the characteristic porcellanous glaze; they are regarded by Mr. Du Noyer as possibly the rough materials out of which the historic races in Ireland manufactured the spear- and arrowheads which are found with their sepulchral and other remains.
On the Diminution of the Volume of the Sea during past Geological Epochs
Authors: Murray Andrew
Published: October 2009

T
he
author regards Mr. Darwin's theory of Coral islands as imperfect, from not recognizing the fact of a gradual diminution of the amount of water on the face of the earth. He objects to Mr. Darwin's explanation of the mode in which the islets appear above the water, namely, the dash of the waves breaking the reef, and their wash piling up the débris until it forms dry land; and he quotes the objections of M. de Rochas to the same theory. The opinion of the latter author was that the islands had been raised by a movement of upheaval; but Mr. Murray considers this still more improbable, as we are dealing with a large number of islands scattered over an immense space, and all at one uniform level, only a little above the surface of the sea; while the amount of all known elevations is irregular, and increases towards some axis of elevation.

Mr. Murray believes the true explanation to be that the sea is gradually diminishing in volume; and he regards the Coral islets as a proof that it is so, at any rate, he remarks that if we apply this condition of things to an area of coral reefs, all as near the surface of the sea as the polyps can make them, we should have a result exactly in accordance with the state of things now existing in Polynesia.

The author then states that the fossils of the older formations being wholly marine, and the thickness of those formations largely exceeding those of later periods, afford evidence in support of the view that the globe was then enveloped in water. In opposition to Sir Charles Lyell's view, that the proportion of dry land to sea was always the same, and the volume of the land above the sea a constant quantity, he maintain that the latter is constantly increasing, and that both the mean and the extreme depth of the sea are constantly diminishing; and he believes the cause of this constant diminution to be the extreme affinity which water has for the constituent elements of minerals.

Mr. Marray is careful to state his admission that whether there be more or less free water now than at the beginning, there can be neither more nor less of the elementary constituents out of which it is composed. He then refers to volcanic action as showing that the process of the cooling of the earth's crust and the attendant abstraction of water the surface are still going on; and he remarks that although not a particle of water can be present in the molten mineral core of the earth, yet every particle of that core will, when cool, be largely composed of water—and that therefore the amount of water on the surface of the earth must continue to diminish until the earth is cool or the water wholly absorbed. In conclusion, he quotes the case of the Moon as one in which this process of absorption of not only its water, but of its atmosphere also, has been brought to a conclusion.
On the Occurrence of Celestine in the Nummulitic Limestone of Egypt
Authors: Bauerman H. , Foster C. Le Neve
Published: October 2009

T
he
fact of the occurrence of sulphate of strontia in the Eocene rocks forming the great escarpment of Mokattam to the east of Cairo has already been noticed by geologists, the latest and most complete account being that contained in Dr. Fraas's description of the Tertiary strata of Egypt*. The object of the present communication is to furnish some additional particulars in connexion with the position and mode of occurrence of the mineral.

The Mokattam escarpment forms a long connected line of cliff, for the most part nearly inaccessible in front, but which can be easily ascended from some of the numerous lateral ravines. The highest point even commands the old citadel, and has therefore been fortified. The height is probably about 800 feet above the Nile; that of the citadel being 567 feet, by a single barometrical observation. The beds are almost fiat, having but a slight dip towards the desert. In a northerly direction the hill diminishes rapidly in height until it is covered by the red quartzose millstone-rock of Jebel Achmar.

Apart from palæontological considerations, the Nummulitic escarpment, owing to a well-marked physical division, may be divided into two parts, the white and the brown beds, the latter being the higher member of the group. The lower, or white beds, are said by Dr. Figari Bey†, to rest upon tufaceous and slightly argillaceous limestone, representing the upper part of the Cretaceous formation.

The following is the observed section in ascending order, commencing in a quarry at the
Note on the Echinodermata, Bivalve Mollusca, and some other Fossil species from the Cretaceous Rocks of Sinai
Authors: Duncan P. Martin
Published: October 2009

T
he
fossils collected by Mr. Bauerman from the Cretaceous strata above the red sandstone in Wady Nagh el Bader, Wady Ferran, Sidreh, and Tih during his explorations in 1868 are numerous, and some are in good condition. They present the facies so clearly stamped on the collection described by me on December 6, 1866*. The fossils which formed the groundwork for a comparison between the Sinaitic and South-eastern Arabian Echinodermata, and which were collected by the Rev. F. W. Holland, when examined critically, decided the Upper-Greensand age of the limestones in Wady Bader. One Echinoderm,
Heterodiadema Libycum
, Agass. et Desor, sp., was noticed to afford some evidence of the zone of Hippurites in Sinai; and now Dr. Le Neve Foster in his section (cf. Tih) points out the existence there of Hippurites; and Mr. Bauerman's collection contains some from Wady Nagh el Bader. The propriety of the assertion that a Turonian as well as a Cenomanian chalk existed in Sinai is therefore to be admitted. Mr. Bauerman and his colleagues have added by direct observation a higher stage to that previously known to exist amongst the Cretaceous series in the west of the Sinaitie peninsula. There are slight evidences of the existence of a chalk over the Hippurite-limestone; but this must be stratigraphically the base of the white chalk of North-western Europe.

No fossils are in the collection now under consideration, nor were there any in Mr. Holland's, pointing to a Neocomian, Gault, or Upper Chalk Horizon (chalk with flints).
On some Fossils from the “Menevian Group”.
Authors: Salter J. W. , Hicks Henry
Published: October 2009

D
escription
of some of the principal fossils of the Menevian formation, including the large
Paradoxides
(
P. Davidis
), appeared in the Quarterly Journal of the Society for August 1864, and others in the number for November 1865; but as many new forms have been obtained since then, a large number yet remain to be described. The continued research, carried on by one of the authors, in the typical locality, St. David's, has been the means of discovering the whole of these new forms, many of which, however, have been subsequently found in various other places. Around the Merionethshire anticlinal ridge of Lower Cambrian rocks large collections have been made:—on the north side, near Maentwrog, and at Tafarn Helig, near Trawsfynydd, by Messrs. D. Homfray and R. A. Eskrigge; and on the south side near Dolgelly by Messrs. T. Belt, E. Williamson, J. Plant, and J. C. Barlow,—all of whom have also done something towards defining the boundaries of the group in North Wales. Much also has been done by us, in like manner, in South Wales, and many new localities have been found to be occupied by this interesting group.

The range of some of these fossils has been more clearly ascertained, and greatly extended. They are not in any way limited to the black Lower Lingula-shales, but occur also in the hard grey rocks which form the upper bands of the Harlech grits.

One of the authors has recently found both Trilobites and Shells in a series of red and
Notes on Graptolites and allied Fossils occurring in Ireland
Authors: Baily William Hellier
Published: October 2009

T
he
remarks I am about to offer upon a group of fossils of great importance in determining strata of Silurian age is principally intended to record the species I have been enabled to identify in Irish strata. I shall avoid discussing the question as to the exact position Graptolites occupy in the animal kingdom, except to observe that the preponderance of evidence is in favour of their alliance with the Hydrozoa; nor will I give any details of their structure, this subject having been lately so ably discussed by Mr. William Carruthers in the new edition of ‘Siluria,’ and in his paper entitled “A revision of the British Graptolites”* Dr. H. A. Nicholson has also added considerably to our knowledge of this interesting group of extinct Zoophytic organisms.

I will now briefly allude to the localities in Ireland where these fossils occur, nearly all of them having been visited by me, and numerous specimens examined in connexion with my duties on the Geological Survey of that country.

Commencing with the south of Ireland, the first place to be noticed is in the county of Waterford, on the banks of a stream called the Dalligan river, five miles N.E. of Dungarvan, where dark grey argillaceous shales occur full of the small diverging Graptolite,
Didymograpsus sextans
, Hall; they were first discovered at this place by Mr. Charles Galvan, of the Geological Survey. In the list of fossils, appendix to ‘Siluria,’ 1867, the geological range of this species is limited to the Llandeilo
On the Evidences of a Ridge of Lower Carboniferous Rocks crossing the Plain of Cheshire beneath the Trias, and forming the Boundary between the Permian Rocks of the Lancashire Type on the North, and those of the Salopian Type on the South
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: October 2009

I
t
has generally been supposed that the Triassic plain of Cheshire, almost encircled as it is by coal-fields, is itself a great repository of coal-bearing strata having few or no interruptions to its continuity, except towards the southern margin, where the Triassic and Permian rocks, overlying at intervals thin and marginal representatives of the coal-measures, approach the Cambrian and Silurian districts of Shropshire. I myself for a long while held and defended this view; nor was I aware until recently that it had ever been controverted. I am informed, however, by Mr. Jukes, that in a discourse which he delivered before the British Association in Birmingham, “On the Position and Extent of Coal-measures beneath the Red Rocks of the Midland Counties,” in 1865, he expressed his opinion of the probability of ridges or bosses of rocks older than the coal-measures underlying the Trias of the plain of Cheshire and Salop, and throwing the Upper Carboniferous beds into detached coal-fields. These views were illustrated by large diagrammatic sections; unfortunately no report of this lecture is published in the Transactions of the Association.

With my own mind fully imbued with the idea of a continuous sheet of coal-measures stretching beneath the New Red Marl from the southern margin of the Lancashire coal-field as far south, at least, as the Lias of Prees, near Whitchurch †, I last winter (1867) was engaged on a memoir for the Geological Survey on the Triassic and Permian rocks of the central counties; and it was when
A Description of the “Broads” of East Norfolk, showing their Origin, Position, and Formation in the Valleys of the Rivers Bure, Yare, and Waveney
Authors: Grantham Richard B.
Published: October 2009

T
he
author described the “Broads” of East Norfolk as large lakes of fresh water situated in the valleys of certain rivers, such as the Bure, Yare, and Waveney, although never directly in their course, the distance of the Broads from the above-mentioned rivers being from one quarter of a mile to three miles. They are, however, connected with the rivers by watercourses. The Broads in the valleys of the rivers Bure, Yare, and Waveney are thirty in number, twenty-three of which are in the valley of the first-named river. The author gives the following list of them with their areas in acres:-

The aggregate area amounts to 2816 acres.

Many of the Broads are being reduced in size by the deposition of decaying vegetable matter, and the accumulation of detritus brought into them by the small streams which feed them. The bottoms of Martham, Hickling, Whitesley, and Horsey Broads are about on the level of low water at Yarmouth; the bottom of the united Ormesby, Rollesby, and Filby Broads is from 12 to 14 feet below that level. The surface of the water in the last-named Broad is about 2 or 3 feet above that of high water.

The author maintains that the “Broads,” although freshwater lakes, are relics of a time when the whole of these valleys were submerged, and in fact formed great estuaries. He instances the saltwater lake called Breydon Water, which lies on the west of Yarmouth, and to which the tide still has access; this
On the Geology and Mineralogy of the County of Hastings, Canada West
Authors: Wallbridge T. C.
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction

W
ithin
the last two or three years, considerable excitement has been aroused by the discovery of gold in several localities in the North Riding of the County of Hastings. Long previously, attention had been directed to the occurrence of valuable deposits of iron-ore distributed through the northern townships of the county; but although attempts have been made from time to time to explore a few of these deposits, no systematic or extensive workings have yet been undertaken, and at the present time these iron-ores remain almost entirely undeveloped, Looking, however, to the extensive mineral resources of North Hastings, and to its favourable geographical position, it can hardly be doubted that mauy of the townships are destined to become important mining-districts; and the object of the present communication is to lay before the Society an account of the chief mineral deposits, so far at least as they admit of description in their present undeveloped state.

Before describing these minerals, however, it seems desirable, for the better understanding of their mode of occurrence, to give a general sketch of the geological features of the country. Much information on this subject may be found scattered through the pages of the admirable Reports issued by the Geological Survey of Canada; but the following description is mainly the result of personal observation and local knowledge derived from a long residence in that part of Canada.

The County of Hastings is situated on the north shore of the Bay of Quinté in Upper Canada.
On the Distribution of Flint Implements in the Drift, with reference to some recent Discoveries in Norfolk and Suffolk
Authors: Flower J. W.
Published: October 2009

T
he
author noticed some recently discovered localities in the valley of the Little Ouse which have yielded Flint Implements, viz. at Broomhill, about 350 feet from, and 5 or 6 feet above the level of the river; at Gravel Hill, about 1 mile from, and 60 feet above the river; at Shrub Hill, about 1 mile from, and only a foot or two above the river; and at Lakenheath, nearly 3 miles from the river, and 60 feet above it. In the first three of these localities the worked flints are in coarse gravel, resting immediately on the Cretaceous beds (chalk in the first and second, gatflt in the third), and overlain by regular deposits of gravel and sand. The implements resemble those of St. Acheul, Thetford, and Salisbury, but present some peculiarities, from which the author inferred that each place might have had its own workmen, and that the different forms were intended to answer different purposes. At Brandon some implements formed of quartzite had been found in a bed consisting of rounded quartzite pebbles mixed with about one-fourth of flints. Flint implements occurred beneath this bed.

The author described the geographical characters of the district and the peculiarities in the distribution of the flint implements, which he regarded as in accordance with the phenomena presented by the valley of the Somme; and he argued, from the presence of rocks of foreign origin and other considerations, that the implement-bearing gravels were not transported to their present situation by the agency of the rivers in whose valleys they occur, but that the implements were made upon the spot, exposed upon the surface with the gravels in which they are found, and from which they were made, and finally covered up by the gravels and sandy beds which now overlie them.
On some of the Results arising from the Bedding, Joints, and Spheroidal Structure of the Granite on the Eastern Side of Dartmoor, Devonshire
Authors: Ormerod G. Wareing
Published: October 2009

T
he
following pages will be confined to observations on some of the effects which bedding, perpendicular joints, and spheroidal structure have produced in the physical features of Dartmoor. In the report on the geology of Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset, Sir Henry de la Beche states (page 157) “that the granite of Dartmoor is, as a whole, a coarse-grained mixture of quartz, felspar, and mica, the latter sometimes white, at others black, the two micas occasionally occurring in the same mass. It is frequently porphyritic, from the presence of large crystals of felspar, and here and there schorlaceous; but the latter character is chiefly confined to the outskirts, where the Dartmoor granite adjoins the slates.” This description is very applicable to the southern part of the district, which will now be noticed, where the granite is said greatly to resemble that of Auvergne; but to the north of the river Teign the rock is more compact and crystalline.

The apparent stratiform appearance and rapid changes of character in the beds of granite are so well known to most geologists, that it is not needful to enter upon that point at length. Mr. D. Mackintosh, in his paper “On Oblique Lamination in Granite” (Q. J. G. S. vol. xxiv. p. 279), mentions instances of the linear structure of that rock on Dartmoor, and the occurrence of striking variations in its character in overlying parallel beds. De la Beche's report states that “ a very general structure prevails throughout the Cornish granites
Notes on some Fossil Remains of a Gavial-like Saurian from Kimmeridge Bay collected by J. C. Mansel, Esq., establishing its identity with Cuvier's
Deuxième Gavial d'Honfleur, Tête à museau plus court (Steneosaurus rostro-minor
of Geoffroy St.Hilaire, 1825), and with Quenstedt's
Dakosaurus
Authors: Hulke J. W.
Published: October 2009

T
he
fossils which form the subject of this note consist of part of a lower jaw, with teeth and vertebrae, imbedded in hard pyritic claystone, lent me by J. C. Mansel, Esq., and of parts of the upper and lower jaws, with several teeth
in situ
and loose, portions of vertebræ and of ribs, a femur, and some other bones, which, owing to their fragmentary and crushed condition, I have not been able to identify, in the British Museum.

As received from Mr. Mansel, the bones in the British Museum were nearly hidden in large masses of very hard stone containing, as is usual in Kimmeridge fossils, much pyrites, which made it very diffictflt to extricate them; but this has been successfully accomplished, and the severed pieces have been very skilfully joined by Mr. Davies, to whom I am glad to take this opportunity, of expressing my obligation for much valuable assistance.

Description—Upper Jaw
.—Of this the British Museum has the extreme end of the snout, comprising the symphysis, with about 4 inches of both intermaxillæ, forming the antero-lateral boundary of an undivided terminal nostril, which has a laterally compressed oval form, and is not swollen at the sides as in the living Gavials and in the extinct Teleosaurs. The oval nostril is indented in front by a slightly overhanging, medial, tubercular production of the symphysis. A thin seam of stone marks the open intermaxillary suture. The outer border of the upper surface of the portions of the intermaxillæ bounding the
On a new Acrodont Saurian from the Lower Chalk
Authors: Mason James Wood
Published: October 2009

W
hile
lately inspecting the rich and instructive collection of cretaceous fossils formed by my friend Mr. J. S. Gardner, F.G.S., my attention was arrested by what I at first sight took, judging from the precisely similar mode of implantation of the teeth, to be the anterior end of the snout of
Mosasaurus
, an extinct marine lizard closely resembling, as is well known, in many important structural characters, existing Monitors and Iguanas, and peculiar, as far as we at present know, to rocks of the Cretaceous period, both in Europe and America. But a closer examination of the teeth alone discovered differences from those of
Mosasaurus
altogether inconsistent with such an identification; the incorrectness of this becomes quite evident after the comparison which, thanks to the valuable researches of Dr. Leidy, it is possible to make of the fragment under consideration with the corresponding portion of the snout of
Mosasaurus
; it can further be seen from Dr. Leidy's* specimen that the structure of the fore part of the face of
Mosasaurus
differed in no essential particular from that of
Monitor niloticus
.

The fossil consists of the whole of the left præmaxilla † together with some portion of the contiguous maxilla; but, owing to the total obliteration of the maxillo-premaxillary suture, it is impossible to arrive at any satisfactory conclusion as to the extent of the former. The bone is so broken away posteriorly that no portion of the contour of the orbit is preserved, neither is the smallest guide furnished as
On the Geology of the Diamond-Fields of South Africa
Authors: Shaw John
Published: October 2009

We have presented in the various parts worked for diamonds up to the present date two apparently different classes of soil in which diamonds are found imbedded. The one class exists along the Vaal River and its tributaries, the Reit and Hart Rivers; and the other occurs in the Orange-River Republic, in isolated spots, generally circumscribed, and in many cases in what are called “Pans,” which are basin-like hollows, in wet seasons more or less filled with water of a saline character, in dry seasons presenting a whitish surface saturated with salts.

I shall endeavour to show that there is really no distinction in the geological origin of the two classes. It will be convenient, however, in the first place to treat them separately, for the sake of clearness.

The prevailing rocks of the Vaal region and the isolated diamond-farms are
trappean
—greenstone and basalt. There is every indication that the upheaval of these has been continued throughout a vast length of time, and has extended until recently, geologically speaking. The summits of the hills consist of trap, which has been protruded through vast layers of sedimentary strata—generally calcareous sandstones, clay-slate, and such like rocks, all remarkably barren of fossils, Very little disturbance is shown in the lie of these sedimentary rocks. Hence the prevailing character of the ranges is tabular, though dome-like, conical, and even pointed peaks are seen. They are dispersed more or less circularly around dreary flats, which are in many instances of considerable extent. The trap, intruded
Further Remarks on the Relationship of the
Xiphosura
to the Eurypterida and to the Trilobita and Arachnida
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: October 2009

I had, on a former occasion (November 21, 1866), the honour to communicate a paper to this Society “On some points in the structure of the Xiphosura having reference to their relationship with the Eurypterida”, in which were discussed the grounds for the union of these two suborders (afterwards dealt with in greater detail in the monograph of the Merostomata in the Palæontographical Society's publications for 1866). I therefore venture to think it may not be considered inappropriate if I bring the subject again under your consideration after an interval of five years, during which time some considerable additions have been made to our knowledge of this group.

The papers to which I shall have occasion especially to refer are the following:—

1.

“On a New Limuloid Crustacean (
Neolimulus falcatus
) from the Upper Silurian of Lesmahagow, Lanarkshire.” By H. Woodward. (Geol. Mag. 1868, vol. v. pl. i. fig. 1, p. 1.)

2.

“On some new Species of Crustacea from the Upper Silurian Rocks of Lanarkshire, and further Observations on the Structure of
Pterygotus
.” By H. Woodward. (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1868, vol. xxiv. pis. ix. & x., p. 289.)

3.

“Notes on some Specimens of Lower Silurian Trilobites.” By E. Billings, F.G.S. (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1870, vol. xxvi. pls. xxi. & xxii., p. 479.)

4.

“Note on the palpus and other Appendages of
Asaphus
from the Trenton Limestone, in the British Museum.” By Henry Woodward. (Quart. Journ. Soc. 1870, vol. xxvi. p. 486.)
On the River-courses of England and Wales
Authors: Ramsay Andrew C.
Published: October 2009

In the following paper I propose to show the origin of many of the principal rivers of England and Wales—that is to say, what are the special geological causes the operation of which led them to flow in the general directions they now take. I am not aware that any attempt has heretofore been made to do this on a large scale, though I have already done something on the subject with regard to the rivers of the Weald, in which line of argument I was afterwards followed by Mr. Foster and Mr. Topley.

I shall begin the subject by a rapid summary of certain physical changes that affected the English Secondary and Eocene strata, long before the Severn (leaving the mountains of Wales) took its present southern and south-western course along the eastern side of the palæozoic rocks that border that old land.

About the close of the Oolitic epoch the strata of these formations were raised above the sea, and remained a long time out of water; and during that period those atmospheric influences that produced the sediments of the great Purbeck and Wealden delta were slowly wearing away and lowering the land, and reducing it to the state of a broad undulating plain. At this time the Oolitic strata (till abutted on the mountain country now forming Wales and parts of the adjacent counties. They also completely covered the Mendip Hills, and passed westwards as far as the hilly ground of Devonshire, running out between Wales and
Description of the Palæozoic and Mesozoic Fossils of Queensland
Authors: Etheridge Robert
Published: October 2009

Introduction
.

Mr. Daintree's late explorations in Queensland have added much to our knowledge of the distribution of extinct life over that extensive colony. A slight history or
résumé
of the progress of geological and palæontological discovery in Australia may not be out of place, and will show the difficulties attending research in a country almost untrodden and only, of necessity, very partially examined. It is hoped that the local societies may be induced to work up the varied and rich fossil fauna surrounding those cities now so extensively peopled in New South Wales, Queensland, and South Australia; and it is partly with this view that we are induced to figure the species found fossil in Queensland, many of which are new, and a few common to Asia and Europe. A knowledge of the wide distribution of identical forms and extension of old seas, under different conditions, can only be established by the united labours of many in the same field of investigation. India is now being well explored, America equally so, Southern Africa is being gradually examined; and much of Victoria has been carefully surveyed; yet we know little of the real palæontology of Australia, owing to the few published
detailed
descriptions and figures of the fossil fauna of the stratified rocks of the country. The labours, however, of the Rev. W. B. Clarke upon the spot, and of Professor Owen and Mr. Moore England, have thrown some light upon the distribution of extinct life in those rocks.

At the
On a Sea-coast Section of Boulder-clay in Cheshire
Authors: Mackintosh D.
Published: October 2009

The threefold division of the great north-western drift, established by Professor Hull, extends into the peninsula of Wirral, if not further south, in Cheshire; and I have found it strongly marked near Padeswood station, Flintshire. To the south of the Mersey, the Lower Boulder-clay becomes very attenuated or patchy, while the upper or brick-clay becomes thicker or more generally diffused. In many places the upper clay is underlain by extensive and persistent deposits of non-glacial sand and gravel (attaining at Gresford a thickness of 150 feet), which rest on rock, excepting where they are underlain by a few remnants of the lower clay which escaped denudation. In other places the upper and lower clays coalesce. One of the best instances of the two clays in contact, with their distinctive characteristics still preserved, may be seen at Dawpool, on the N.E. side of the estuary of the Dee. From Parkgate the lower clay (with large boulders), under a thin covering of the upper clay, may be traced nearly all the way to the Dawpool cliff-section, which reaches about 50 feet in height, and extends for a distance of three miles. In the part of this section S.E. of Dawpool cottage, where it has not been obscured by talus or the effects of rain, the upper may be seen to be separated from the lower clay by a line (either winding or straight), which in some places is so sharply defined as to indicate that the top of the lower clay had
On Modern Glacial Action in Canada
Authors: Bleasdell William
Published: October 2009

Second Article
.

Further inquiry into the action of ice in Canada furnishes new facts illustrating the powerful effects of this agent in changing or modifying the Boulder-drift surfaces of the country lying over the Silurian strata, even during the period of human observation; and if so, how much more of change must have been effected in this way during that comparatively long period which, as far as Canada is concerned, may be designated prehistoric, when it lacked observers to note, and a written language to record, those changes which must have occurred in the bygone centuries of its existence in its present form, and subject to the same powerful glacial agencies and climate? In addition to the facts furnished to the Geological Society, and kindly received by it, in my previous paper†, I am now in a position to lay before the Society further evidence of this nature.

At the head of that arm of Lake Ontario named the Bay of Quinte, the Canadian river Trent discharges its waters at the village of Trenton; and a mile above the latter the lower or Frankford Rapids terminate. These rapids extend for about nine miles up the river, from this point to a mile above the village of Frankford, where there is again deep and navigable water. Between these two points the river runs over a limestone bed of the upper Trenton series of the Lower Silurian rocks, and the rapids are thus formed. At intervals small islands exist in what are
Some Observations on the Upper Greensand Formation of Cambridge
Authors: Sollas W. Johnson
Published: October 2009

The so-called Upper Greensand formation around Cambridge consists of a Chalk-marl, with various inclusions disseminated throughout it. These inclusions are separated for manufacturing-purposes from the Chalk-marl by levigation, and sorted by a process of sifting into (i) larger bodies, which remain in the sieve, and (ii) smaller ones, which pass through it. The larger bodies consist almost entirely of the so-called “Coprolites;” and the smaller ones form the so-called “Greensand,” which gives its name to the formation.

The Coprolites
.—In all cases the coprolites are the result of the fossilization of organic matter or of the immediate products of its decomposition. The connexion between animal matter and the formation of coprolite is one of the most obvious facts of the whole subject. The bones of reptiles and fishes are incrusted with coprolite precisely on those parts where cartilage was most abundant. The palates of fish such as
Pycnodus
are not incrusted on their free surfaces; but their attached surfaces, once covered with cartilaginous tissue, are now quite imbedded in coprolite. In Crustacea such as
Palœocorystes
the under surface of the body, where animal matter could easily escape, is often one mass of coprolite; while the back of the carapace, which was not covered with animal, is generally free from incrustation. Many other examples might be cited, all pointing to the intimate connexion between the presence of animal matter and phosphatic deposition. The basis of animal matter was derived from various sources; the fossil remains of Vertebrata, Crustacea, Echinodermata, Mollusca, and so
On the Cervidæ of the Forest-bed of Norfolk and Suffolk
Authors: Dawkins W. Boyd
Published: October 2009

1. A
New Species
.

Among the very remarkable and little-known
Cervidœ
from the Forest-bed of Norfolk, there is one form which is certainly new to Britain, and which I cannot identify with any of the Continental species. It is represented by a series of antlers in the Museums of Norwich and of the Geological Survey of England and Wales, in the British Museum, and in the collection of Mr. Jarvis, of Cromer. The clue to the restoration of the perfect antler is afforded by a specimen which was obtained by my friend the late Rev. S. W. King from Happisburgh.

The series of antlers in question is characterized by the sudden downward curvature of the cylindrical brow-tyne; and I have therefore named the animal to which they belonged
Cervus verticornis
.

Characters
.—The base of the antler is set on to the very obliquely (fig. 1); and immediately above it there springs the cylindrical brow-tyne,
b
, which in this specimen (fig. 1) has been torn away from the antler before it was deposited in the ferruginous gravel. Its sudden downward and outward curvature is shown in the magnificent antler found by the Rev. J. Gunn, and now in the Norwich Museum (fig. 2), and whic has been described by Dr. Falconer*. Immediately above the brow-tyne the beam is more or less cylindrical; but it becomes gradually more and more flattened until it gives off the oval second tyne,
c
; and it does not again recover its rounded section. A third, flattened tyne
Further Notes on the Geology of the Neighbourhood of Malaga
Authors: D'Orueta M. D. M.
Published: October 2009

Since my former paper on this subject (see Q. J. G. S. vol. xxvii. p. 109), I have visited several parts of the mountain-chain near Antequera, and made another expedition to the Torcal, in order to observe more carefully the order of superposition of the rocks of the Sierra and those of the plain of Antequera, and I have collected some facts justifying my proposed classification. The rocks of the Torcal, as well as the other parts of the chain, are composed of a very fine and compact limestone, white in some places, but becoming red throughout the centre of the ridge, owing to infiltrations of oxide of iron. They form very beautiful marbles, called “Jaspon bianco” or “Jaspon rosso” (according to their colour), and extensively employed for ornamental purposes in several parts of this province. At the foot of the Torcal they pass into a coarser calcareous stone, called in Antequera “Piedra Javaluna.” These rocks extend for some distance towards the plain, but soon become a sort of conglomerate, composed of round calcareous pebbles, united by a cement of the same material. About a mile and a half from the foot of the Sierra, they are seen to cover, in conformable stratification, beds of an almost pure sandstone, of a soft and easily disintegrate character, containing many fossils, the most abundant being
Gryphœa virgula
, which is characteristic of the Kimmeridge Clay both in England and on the continent of Europe. The soil seems, in some parts, to be sown