bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New insight on etiology: A chorionic bump with partial mole pregnancy case report from Syria
Authors: Hamed Ahed , Alhouri Rami , Allahham Nour , Attallah Rafaeel
Published: September 2024

This case report presents the association of a chorionic bump with a partial mole pregnancy in a 37‐year‐old G3P2 woman. The differential diagnosis of a partial mole was considered after transvaginal ultrasonography revealed a chorionic bump. Subsequent pathological analysis confirmed the diagnosis. While the etiology of the chorionic bump remains dubious, we hypothesize an alternative explanation for chorionic bump formation based on the presence of three unique pathological features: necrosis, edema, and hemorrhage.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of fetal posterior fossa anomalies: Six years experience of a tertiary center
Authors: Taşdemir Ümit , Eyisoy Ömer Gökhan , Karaman Ali , Demirci Oya
Published: September 2024

Purpose

The aim of this study is to reveal ultrasonographic features, associated anomalies and genetic errors in posterior fossa anomalies. As secondary aim postnatal outcomes of the cases were reviewed.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective case series from 2018 to 2024 involving fetuses with posterior fossa anomalies (PFA). Terminated cases confirmed by radiologic and postmortem pathologic findings and cases confirmed by postnatal clinical findings were included in the study.

Results

A total of 138 cases were included. In 81 (59%) cases there were multipl anomalies including cranial anomalies other than posterior fossa in 31 (22%) and non‐central nerve system anomalies in 69 (50%) cases. Of the 94 cases born, 28 (20%) died within a median of 2 months, within 1.5 years at the latest. Of the 66 (48%) cases still living, 30 (22%) have neurodevelopmental delay in Denver II Turkish standardized test.

Conclusions

It is crucial to have accurate and standardized prenatal classification and a multidisciplinary approach in fetuses with PFA. Specific ultrasonographic findings may be diagnostic especially where fetal MRI is not always available. We offer “arrow sign” to be tested whether it is accurate to diagnose Joubert syndrome by ultrasonography.
Lack of effect of a parent‐delivered early language intervention: Evidence from a randomised controlled trial completed during COVID‐19
Authors: Burgoyne Kelly , Hargreaves Stephanie , Akhter Nasima , Cramman Helen , Eerola Paivi , Einbeck Jochen , Menzies Vic
Published: September 2024

Background

Parents play a key role in their child's early development but evidence that parental engagement strategies are effective is unclear. The current study evaluated a parent‐delivered early language teaching programme that aimed to support children's early language and literacy skills.

Methods

A multisite, pupil‐level randomised controlled trial was conducted with 450 3–4‐year‐old children and their families, recruited from 47 nurseries across Greater Manchester and Lancashire (UK). Families were randomly allocated to either the programme group (N = 225) who delivered an early language teaching programme for 20‐min a day, 5 days a week, for 30‐weeks or to a control group (N = 225) who received a box of children's books at the end of nursery. A language latent variable formed the primary outcome, which was used to assess whether the programme improved children's language and literacy skills.

Results

COVID‐19 disrupted the trial, including delivery of the intervention and post‐test data collection. Data from assessments completed 10‐months after intervention showed no evidence that the children receiving language intervention had greater language skills than the control group. Similarly, no group differences were found on measures of the Home Learning Environment or school readiness.

Conclusions

Whilst disruptions caused by COVID‐19 are likely to have impacted on the findings, this study nonetheless adds to the literature which suggests that parent‐delivered interventions alone may not necessarily lead to changes in home learning or to gains in children's language skills.
The effect of ankle‐foot orthoses on gait characteristics in people with Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kim Andrew , Frecklington Mike , Philps Adam , Stewart Sarah
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Ankle‐foot orthoses (AFOs) are commonly prescribed for people with Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease (CMT) to improve gait efficiency and reduce the occurrence of tripping and falls. The aim of this study was to systematically review evidence on the effects of AFOs on gait kinematics and kinetics and postural stability/balance in people with CMT.

Methods

Studies were identified from electronic databases and screened for inclusion online using Rayyan. Data from all eligible studies were extracted into a standardised Excel spreadsheet. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklists. Where available, continuous outcomes were pooled to estimate standardised mean differences in random‐effects meta‐analyses.

Results

A total of 15 studies were included with variable methodological quality. Sample sizes ranged from 1 to 32 with significant variability in participant characteristics, AFO designs and testing procedures. Data from eight studies were available for meta‐analysis. Although AFOs impacted walking velocity, stride length, step length, cadence, ankle dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, knee and hip flexion and ankle plantarflexion and dorsiflexion moments, the effect sizes were small‐to‐moderate and non‐significant. There were insufficient data available for pooled analyses of outcomes related to postural stability/balance.

Conclusion

Although AFOs positively affect a number of gait and balance parameters, the small participant numbers, variability in participant characteristics, AFO designs and testing procedures adopted by the available studies resulted in the absence of statistically significant effects when data were pooled. The results from this review also highlight the importance of device customisation based on the individual needs of people with CMT and their degree of gait impairment.
Five decades of neoliberal developmentalism in “Least Developed Countries”: A decolonial critique
Authors: Regmi Kapil Dev
Published: September 2024

“Least Developed Countries” (LDCs) were identified by the United Nations (UN) in 1971 to consolidate international support measures to address development challenges related to poverty, health and education. Using neoliberal developmentalism and decolonisation as a theoretical framework, this paper analyses key policy documents produced by the UN from 1971 to 2021 to investigate the support measures taken by the UN and other international organizations for addressing development challenges faced by LDCs. A major finding of the paper is that while some attempts were made for integrating LDCs into global trade and economy, international organisations could not translate their policy rhetoric into reality; therefore, LDCs have fallen behind in several developmental sectors such as economy, education and health. As the COVID‐19 pandemic ravaged the world, the historical problems and challenges faced by LDCs worsened. In the context of post‐2030 discussions on setting the next round of Sustainable Development Goals, the findings are significant for devising more effective social policies for LDCs.
Activity‐Dependent Synaptic Plasticity in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex of Male Rats Underlies Resilience‐Related Behaviors to Social Adversity
Authors: Montes‐Rodríguez Corinne J. , Hernández‐Reyes Erika D. , Piña‐Díaz Vanessa , Muñoz‐Torres Zeidy , Pérez‐Zarazúa Itzel , Urteaga‐Urías Emiliano , Prospéro‐García Oscar
Published: September 2024

Individuals considered resilient can overcome adversity, achieving normal physical and psychological development, while those deemed vulnerable may not. Adversity promotes structural and functional alterations in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus. Moreover, activity‐dependent synaptic plasticity is intricately linked to neuronal shaping resulting from experiences. We hypothesize that this plasticity plays a crucial role in resilience processes. However, there is a notable absence of studies investigating this plasticity and behavioral changes following social adversity at different life stages. Consequently, we evaluated the impact of social adversity during early postnatal development (maternal separation [MS]), adulthood (social defeat [SD]), and a combined exposure (MS + SD) on behavioral outcomes (anxiety, motivation, anhedonia, and social interaction). We also examined cFos expression induced by social interaction in mPFC and hippocampus of adult male rats. Behavioral analyses revealed that SD‐induced anhedonia, whereas MS + SD increased social interaction and mitigated SD‐induced anhedonia. cFos evaluation showed that social interaction heightened plasticity in the prelimbic (PrL) and infralimbic (IL) cortices, dentate gyrus (DG), CA3, and CA1. Social interaction‐associated plasticity was compromised in IL and PrL cortices of the MS and SD groups. Interestingly, social interaction‐induced plasticity was restored in the MS + SD group. Furthermore, plasticity was impaired in DG by all social stressors, and in CA3 was impaired by SD. Our findings suggest in male rats (i) two adverse social experiences during development foster resilience; (ii) activity‐dependent plasticity in the mPFC is a foundation for resilience to social adversity; (iii) plasticity in DG is highly susceptible to social adversity.
Spatiotemporal changes in tourism climate comfort in Sichuan Province from 1961 to 2022
Authors: Wang Hongguo , Liu Guohua , Wu Fangying , Chen Ziyu
Published: September 2024

Based on the daily temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, sunshine hours and precipitation in Sichuan Province from 1961 to 2022, the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of tourism climate comfort in Sichuan Province were analysed using the temperature–humidity index (THI), precipitation index (P), sunshine duration index (SSD), wind chill index (WCI) and tourism climate index (TCI). The results show that the average annual TCI in Sichuan Province over the past 62 years is “acceptable” or above and shows a significant increasing trend at a rate of 0.018 per decade. On average, the best travel comfort period in Sichuan Province is from March to May and from October to November. The TCI increased significantly in cold seasons such as February and November with rates of 0.064 and 0.053 per decade, respectively. The increase in TCI is mainly controlled by the increase in THI and WCI, both of which are related to the increase in temperature, with a greater effect in cold seasons and at higher elevations. Most of China's 5A‐level tourist attractions in Sichuan Province (14 of 17) have an annual TCI of “acceptable” or better. Similarly, the top 3 months for climate comfort at these attractions tend to be March to May and October, with ratings reaching “good” or even “very good.” For the other three destinations, all characterized by glaciers and mountains, the top 3 months for climate comfort are concentrated in the warm months. The overall tourism climate comfort of Sichuan Province is increasing, and the climate is changing in a positive way for the tourism industry.
Identification of volatile differential markers in strong‐aroma Baijiu based on gas chromatography–electronic nose combined with gas chromatography–time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Aliya  , Cao Yufa , Zhang Danni , Liu Shi , Jiang Shui , Liu Yuan
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

Baijiu is a traditional Chinese liquor produced from grains through fermentation, distillation, aging and blending. The flavor of Baijiu is influenced by factors such as raw materials, starter, processes and the environment, and since the relationship between these factors and the flavor of Baijiu is still being analyzed, the identification of different Baijiu is still somewhat difficult. In this paper, the volatile differential markers of 42 types of strong‐aroma Baijiu of different origin, alcohol content and grade were explored.

RESULTS

A total of 24 volatile substances were detected by gas chromatography–electronic nose (GC‐E‐Nose) and 99 volatile substances were detected by gas chromatography–time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GC‐TOF MS). The peak areas of the substances obtained by GC‐E‐Nose were analyzed by the partial least squares (PLS) method, and the substances with variable importance in projection (VIP) >1 were screened out. Combined with the qualitative results of GC‐TOF MS, four substances (isobutyric acid, 2‐butanone, 2,3‐butanediol and 3‐methylbutyric acid) were selected as volatile differential markers for strong‐aroma Baijiu. An external standard curve was established to accurately quantify these four substances, and the Kruskal–Wallis test confirmed that the absolute contents of these four substances varied significantly among different samples (P < 0.01). Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis based on the absolute content of these four substances showed that different samples were prioritized for different alcohol contents.

CONCLUSION

These four substances can be used as volatile differential markers of strong‐aroma Baijiu samples. This research provides theoretical support for the detection and improvement of Baijiu product quality. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Exogenous nitric oxide treatment delays the senescence of postharvest mung bean sprouts by regulating ascorbic acid metabolism
Authors: Wang Hanbo , Qiu Mengyu , Zhang Bingqi , Zhang Liang , Wang Dan , Sun Yali
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

This study evaluated the effects of nitric oxide (NO) treatment on ascorbic acid (AsA) metabolism and mung bean sprout quality. It examined changes in the AsA content, enzyme activity associated with AsA metabolism, antioxidant capacity, cell membrane composition, and cellular structure to clarify the effects of NO on mung bean sprouts.

RESULTS

Nitric oxide treatment preserved mung bean sprout quality by enhancing significantly the activity of enzymes involved in the l‐galactose pathway (including guanosine diphosphate (GDP)glutathione (‐d‐mannose pyrophosphorylase, GDP‐mannose‐3′,5′‐epimerase, GDP‐l‐galactose phosphorylase, l‐galactose‐1‐phosphate phosphatase, l‐galactose dehydrogenase, and l‐galactose‐1,4‐lactone dehydrogenase) and the AsA‐glutathione (GSH)(Beijing Solarbio Science and Technology Co.,Ltd., Beijing, China) cycle (including ascorbate peroxidase, ascorbic acid oxidase, glutathione reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and monodehydroascorbate reductase) during the germination and storage stage. Increased enzyme activity led to an increase in AsA content and enhanced antioxidant capacity, and reduced the membrane lipid damage in mung bean sprouts. This was demonstrated by higher levels of DPPH radical scavenging capacity, unsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids, along with lower levels of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anions, and malondiadehyde, in NO‐treated mung bean sprouts. Scanning electron microscopy also revealed that NO treatment maintained the integrity of the cellular structure of the mung bean sprouts.

CONCLUSION

Nitric oxide accelerates AsA metabolism effectively by regulating the biosynthesis and regeneration of AsA in mung bean sprouts. These changes increased AsA levels, alleviated membrane lipid damage, delayed senescence, and maintained the quality of mung bean sprouts during storage. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Enhancing cider quality through co‐fermentation with acid protease and esterase‐producing Metschnikowia species and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Wu Yuzheng , Li Yuening , Liang Huipeng , Zhang Sufang , Lin Xinping , Ji Chaofan
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

To date, cider production has primarily relied on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Introducing novel non‐Saccharomyces yeasts can enhance the diversity of cider properties. Among these, the Metschnikowia genus stands out for its ability to produce hydrolytic enzymes that may impact the sensorial and technological properties of cider. This study focused on evaluating the impact of three Metschnikowia species – Metschnikowia koreensis (Mk), M. reukaufii (Mr), and M. pulcherrima (Mp) – which exhibit acid protease and esterase activity, on the quality enhancement of cider.

RESULTS

The research findings indicate that the overall quality of cider produced through co‐fermentation with these species surpassed that of cider fermented with mono‐fermentation of S. cerevisiae (Sc). The cider fermented with the Sc + Mk combination exhibited the lowest levels of harsh‐tasting malic acid and higher levels of softer lactic acid. Sensory array analysis also demonstrated that the Sc + Mk fermented cider exhibited high sensor response values for compounds contributing to a complex overall olfactory composition and richness. Furthermore, the Sc + Mk fermented cider exhibited the highest total quantity and variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Specifically, the concentrations of phenethyl alcohol, 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, ethyl octanoate, and decanoic acid were notably elevated in comparison with other groups.

CONCLUSION

This study illustrates that Metschnikowia species, particularly M. koreensis, show significant potential as starters for cider due to their various technological properties, including acidity modulation, aroma enhancement, and color improvement. The findings of this study provide a foundation for improving cider quality by co‐fermenting S. cerevisiae with innovative starter cultures. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Effects of different adzuki bean flour additions on structural and functional characteristics of extruded buckwheat noodles
Authors: Zhao Chaofan , Zhou Jiankang , Zhang Zhuo , Wang Wenting , Guo Shengyuan , Bai Yu , Xue Yajie , Zhu Yuting , Gao Fei , Ren Guixing , Zhang Lizhen
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

Understanding the effects of different additions of adzuki bean flour (ABF) on structural and functional characteristics of extruded buckwheat noodles is important in developing high‐quality starchy foods with desirable glycemic indexes. This study explored how varying amounts of ABF in extruded buckwheat noodles influenced their structural and functional characteristics.

RESULTS

The findings indicated that adding ABF substantially boosted the levels of protein and flavonoids, while decreasing the content of fat and starch. Adding ABF to the noodles extended the optimum cooking time and led to a reduction in both the stickiness of the cooked noodles and the pore size of the starch gel structure, compared with pure buckwheat noodles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that R1047/1022 increased with the content of ABF increased, while R1022/995 decreased. X‐ray diffraction showed that the relative crystallinity of buckwheat noodles was enhanced with increasing ABF amount. Adding ABF notably significantly decreased the estimated glycemic index. The buckwheat noodles extruded with 20% ABF addition demonstrated notably stronger α‐glucosidase inhibitory effects than those extruded with no ABF addition.

CONCLUSION

The present study demonstrates that the additions of ABF improved the structure and hypoglycemic activity of extruded buckwheat noodles while decreasing starch digestibility, and the optimal value was reached at an ABF addition of 20%. The study might fill gaps in starch noodle research and provide a new strategy for the development of functional food in the food industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Preparation and characterization of a new food‐grade Pickering emulsion stabilized by mulberry‐leaf protein nanoparticles
Authors: Xie Yingshan , Li Hongyan , Deng Zeyuan , Peng Han , Yu Yanfang , Zhang Bing
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

Food‐grade Pickering particles, particularly plant proteins, have attracted significant interest due to their bio‐based nature, environmental friendliness, and edibility. Mulberry‐leaf protein (MLP) is a high‐quality protein with rich nutritional value and important functional properties. It has special amphoteric and emulsifying characteristics, making it valuable for use in Pickering emulsions. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using MLP nanoparticles as solid particles to stabilize Pickering emulsions.

RESULTS

The particle size of MLP nanoparticles was less than 300 nm under neutral and alkaline conditions. At pH 9, the zeta potential value reached −34.3 mV, indicating the electrostatic stability of the particles. As ion concentration increased, the particle size of MLP nanoparticles increased, and the zeta potential decreased. Throughout the storage process, no obvious aggregation or precipitation was observed in the dispersion of MLP nanoparticles, indicating strong stability. The particle size of the Pickering emulsion decreased with the increase in protein concentration. When the protein concentration was low, the particles on the oil–water interface became sparse, resulting in poor stability of the prepared emulsion and making it susceptible to aggregation and thus larger particle sizes. Increasing the oil‐phase ratio to 70% (v/v) promotes the formation of Pickering emulsions, which exhibit exceptional stability when MLP nanoparticles are fixed at a concentration of 20 mg mL−1.

CONCLUSION

The overall findings indicated that MLP nanoparticles have potential as food‐grade materials for Pickering emulsions, marking a novel application of these nanoparticles in the food industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
In‐tube solid‐phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from refinery water samples using UiO‐66/polyacrylonitrile electrospun nanofibers followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet detection
Authors: Nasrollahi Seyedeh Sara , Yamini Yadollah
Published: September 2024

A simple and quick fiber‐in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction (FIT‐SPME) was introduced for the extraction and determination of nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons followed by a high‐performance liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet detector in refinery water samples. For this purpose, a water‐resistant metal‐organic framework with a high surface area called UiO‐66 has been applied in the form of an electrospun coating on stainless steel wires. After that, all the fibers were packed in the lumen of a stainless‐steel tube to make the extraction phase. Both one variable at a time and experimental design methods have been used to optimize effective parameters on FIT‐SPME. Under optimum conditions, the method demonstrated good linearity between 0.5 and 1000.0 µg/L with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.9906. Furthermore, the limits of detection values ranged from 0.2 to 1.5 µg/L. The intra‐day and inter‐day relative standard deviations were < 8.4% and < 9.7%, respectively. Lastly, the proposed method was applied to extract and determine analytes in four refinery water samples as well as surface water containing high total dissolved solids, and well waters where satisfactory results have been obtained.
Azithromycin Prevents Subglottic Stenosis in Mice
Authors: Ghaderi Daniel D. , Aronson Matthew R. , Mehta Amrita , Friedman Ryan M. , McDaid Kendra S. , Giordano Terri , Jacobs Ian N. , Gottardi Riccardo
Published: September 2024

Objective

Pediatric subglottic stenosis (SGS) is characterized by subglottic narrowing which occurs when pathological fibroblasts deposit extracellular matrix that reduces airway patency. Recent clinical observations have suggested that azithromycin may have favorable impacts on SGS reduction while treating airway infections; furthermore, our recent work in mice demonstrated that the airway microbiome influences SGS. In this work, we characterize the protective effect of azithromycin as an immunomodulatory and antibacterial therapeutic against subglottic stenosis.

Methods

Immunomodulatory and antifibrotic effects of azithromycin were assessed on TGF‐β1‐stimulated airway fibroblasts at 10 μg/mL for 5 days. Changes in gene expression were quantified by RT‐qPCR and myofibroblast differentiation by α‐SMA immunostaining. Murine airways were pretreated (2‐weeks) with intranasal azithromycin before SGS injury by a twisted wire brush. Disease severity and immune response were characterized by histology and immunostaining for immune cells.

Results

In vitro, azithromycin treatment of TGF‐β1‐stimulated fibroblasts exhibited strong reductions in extracellular matrix (COL1A1, LOX) and myofibroblast‐related gene expression (ACTA2). Notably, there was a significant reduction in pro‐fibrotic expression, which was observed with 10 μg/mL azithromycin. Immunostaining of fibroblasts for α‐SMA revealed strong reductions in the number of positive‐staining cells and the intensity of each positive cell. In vivo, azithromycin exhibited a significant decrease in lamina propria thickness indicative of reduced stenosis with associated changes in T‐cell infiltration.

Conclusions

Overall, we show azithromycin prevents pro‐fibrotic gene expression and myofibroblast differentiation and can help protect mice from developing SGS. This introduces azithromycin as a potential treatment for SGS.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 2024
Implementation and impact of a surgical dashboard on pediatric tonsillectomy outcomes: A quality improvement study
Authors: Dang Quynh‐Chi L. , Román Emily , Donner Kimberly , Carsey Emily , Mitchell Ron F. , Chorney Stephen R. , Johnson Romaine F.
Published: September 2024

Introduction

In pediatric tonsillectomy management, the consistent tracking of surgical outcomes and adherence to guidelines are vital. This study explores how a surgical dashboard can serve as a tool in research analysis, translating AAO‐HNSF guidelines into measurable performance improvements.

Methods

Using a prospective registry from three pediatric hospitals, a Tableau dashboard was constructed to graphically visualize key demographic and postoperative outcomes (including intensive care unit [ICU] utilization, 30‐day emergency department (ED) visits, and postoperative bleed rates) in children undergoing tonsillectomy from 2020 to 2024. From the dashboard data, a retrospective cohort study analyzing 6767 tonsillectomies was conducted from January 2, 2020, to June 20, 2023. Patients were categorized into low‐risk, OSA‐only (by ICD‐10 codes), and high‐risk groups based on comorbidities. Logistic regression identified factors influencing ED revisits and unplanned nursing calls. Three quality initiatives were assessed: preoperative school absence notes, perioperative dexamethasone recording, and post‐tonsillectomy parental education.

Results

A total of 2122 (31%) were low‐risk, 2648 (39%) were OSA‐only, and 1997 (30%) high risk. Risk factors that increased the likelihood of ED visits were high‐risk comorbidities (OR = 1.46; 95% CI = 1.24–1.74; p < 0.001) and older age (OR = 1.05; 95% CI = 1.03–1.08; p < 0.001). Risk factors that increased the likelihood of an unplanned nursing communication were high‐risk comorbidities (OR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.34–1.75; p < 0.001), older age (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.01–1.04; p = 0.001), and Medicaid insurance (OR = 1.25; 95% CI = 1.09–1.43; p = 0.002). Postoperative bleed control was generally comparable between the groups, at 2.8% (low risk), 2.7% (OSA), 3.2 (high risk) (p = 0.651).

Conclusion

The dashboard aided in data collection, data visualization, and data analysis of quality improvement initiatives, effectively translating guidelines into tangible measures to enhance care.

Level of evidence

NA.
Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria correlate with picophytoplankton across the Atlantic Ocean but show unique vertical bioenergetics
Authors: Gazulla Carlota R. , Koblížek Michal , Mercado Jesús M. , Gasol Josep M. , Sánchez Olga , Ferrera Isabel
Published: September 2024

Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria are a common part of microbial communities in the sunlit ocean. They contain bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl a)‐based photosystems that harvest solar energy for their metabolism. Across different oceanic regions, AAP bacteria seem to be more abundant in eutrophic areas, associated with high chlorophyll concentrations. While most previous studies focused on surface samplings, there is limited information regarding their vertical distribution in euphotic zones of the major ocean basins. Here, we hypothesized that AAP bacteria will follow a similar structure to the chlorophyll depth profile across areas with different degrees of stratification. To test this hypothesis, we enumerated AAP cells and determined bulk water BChl a concentrations along the photic zone of a latitudinal transect in the South and Central Atlantic Ocean. Overall, the distribution of AAP bacteria was highly correlated to that of chlorophyll a and to the abundance of picophytoplankton across both vertical and horizontal gradients. Furthermore, estimated light energy captured across the water column showed that, while AAP bacteria share a common latitudinal pattern of light absorption with picophytoplankton, they display a unique vertical arrangement with highest photoheterotrophic activity in the top 50 m of the surface ocean.
Study examines psychosis risk with amphetamine prescriptions
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: September 2024

Large doses of prescription amphetamine have been associated with a more than five‐fold increased risk of new‐onset psychosis or mania, according to Belmont, Massachusetts‐based McLean Hospital researchers of a new study published online Sept. 12 in the American Journal of Psychiatry.
Thixoviscoplastic flow simulations based on Houska thixotropic and Bingham viscoplastic models
Authors: Begum Naheed , Ouazzi Abderrahim , Turek Stefan
Published: September 2024

We present finite element method (FEM) simulations for quasi‐Newtonian modeling approach for thixoviscoplastic (TVP) flow problems. TVP flows are based on Houska thixotropic and Bingham viscoplastic models, which leads to coupled multifield nonlinear problems, which requires on the one hand efficient solver, and a delicate treatment of boundary conditions (BCs) on the other hand. We use FEM monolithic adaptive discrete Newton‐multigrid method with efficient FEM discretization choice, that is, discontinuous linear pressure and biquadratic for both velocity and microstructure. In regard to BCs settings, we concretize our analysis for channel flow configuration, and develop one‐dimensional reduced model assuming fully developed flow, which provide us with discrete data that we use as BCs and validation tool for two‐dimensional FEM simulations.
Artificial recurrent model for parameter identification of dynamic systems
Authors: Bielitz Timo , Bestle Dieter
Published: September 2024

The process of determining parameter values causing a specific system response usually relies on the existence of a mathematical model of the system, generally derivable from physical principles. This model may then be used to tune parameter values until the corresponding model output coincides with a desired one. To eliminate the necessity of setting up a mathematical model by causal deduction starting from physical principles, machine learning strategies may be applied. Here, the Long Short‐Term Memory (LSTM) network is the basis for a recurrent surrogate which predicts the solution starting from a specific initial condition being influenced by parameter values under investigation. With the trained model it is then possible to perform parameter identification by adjusting values of the model parameters either by use of classical optimization or machine learning (ML)‐based parameter training until the desired model response is achieved.
Topology optimization for precipitation hardening in ferroelectric material
Authors: Bohnen Matthias , Müller Ralf
Published: September 2024

Recent studies have shown that precipitation hardening effectively enhances the mechanical quality factor of ferroelectric material. In this work, Li‐doped , a material system with elliptical precipitates is investigated. We present a mechanical model to determine energetically stable precipitate shapes by minimizing the total energy, consisting of elastic and interface energy. Furthermore, we investigate the influence of external loads on the precipitate topology. Correct elastic constants as well as lattice misfits for the simulation are provided. The shapes determined from finite element simulations agree well with observed results.
Mesoscopic structure modeling of silica aerogels using cluster‐cluster aggregation
Authors: Xiong Weibo , Abdusalamov Rasul , Itskov Mikhail
Published: September 2024

Silica aerogels are nanostructured materials known for their low density, high porosity, and excellent thermal insulation properties. Among silica aerogels, organosilane‐derived aerogels have received considerable interest for their additional chemical functionalities such as hydrophobicity and flexibility. This work investigates the mesoscopic modeling of such aerogels, extending an aggregation based model developed for conventional silica aerogels. The pH of sol–gel polymerizations is one of the most critical reaction and processing parameters in determining the porosity, density, strength, and transparency of the resulting gels. Achieving optical transparency in aerogels depends on the presence of homogeneous mesoporous network structures. To account for the effect of pH, a relationship between pH and adhesion probability was incorporated into a three‐dimensional cluster‐cluster aggregation (CCA) model, providing insight into the gelation process. In addition, size‐dependent diffusivities are considered in this study. By incorporating different factors into the CCA model, the gelation kinetics are evaluated. The obtained mesoscopic structure is compared with experimental characterizations, together with preliminary mechanical simulations.
Amine functionalized maleimide grafted MWCNT–CFRP hybrid composites interfacial/matrix healing and mechanical performance through thermally reversible cycloaddition
Authors: Dhanaraju Goteti , Pittala Raj Kumar , Ben B. Satish , Ben B. Avinash , Atgur Vinay , Banapurmath N. R. , Badruddin Irfan Anjum , Kamangar Sarfaraz
Published: September 2024

Restoration of the structural integrity of damaged CFRP composite through thermally reversible Diels–Alder bonds with the exact interfacial healing between matrix/fiber is extremely desirable for manufacturing of high‐performance self‐healing laminates. This article demonstrates the fabrication of amine‐functionalized maleimide‐grafted MWCNT (with different weight ratios 0.5 wt%, 1.0 wt%, and 1.5 wt%) reinforced thermally reversible self‐healing CFRP composite. The morphological changes, functional elements, elemental groups, and thermal degradation of functionalized‐MWCNTs were characterized by FESEM/HR‐TEM, FTIR, XRD, and TG‐DTA analysis. The results demonstrated that CFRP reinforced with silane/maleimide grafted MWCNT enhanced the dispersion, exhibited 82% healing efficiency and improvement in flexural strength‐67.11%, tensile strength‐64.75% concerning pure‐CFRP. FE‐SEM fractography of composites indicated that nanotube pullout was predominant failure‐criteria in CFRP‐pristine‐MWCNTs whereas strong interfacial adhesion dominated in CFRP‐maleimide‐MWCNTs. The purpose of this article is to investigate matrix/fiber/nanofillers interface healing properties of CFRP‐composite before and after damage. Furthermore, it is intended to reform structural integrity and examines average healing efficiency.

Highlights

Amine‐functionalized maleimide‐grafted MWCNT, CFRP composite fabrication.

Characterized, morphological changes functional elements thermal degradation.

Improvement in healing efficiency (82%), flexural strength‐(67.11%).

The enthalpy of 0.5 wt% MWCNTBm enhanced to 10.91 J/g.

Fractographic examinations show extensive intralaminar/interlaminar deformation.
Acrylated epoxidized natural rubber/functionalized organoclay hybrid networks: In‐situ production and characterization study
Authors: Toiserkani Hojjat , Rajab‐Qurchi Mohadeseh
Published: September 2024

This study is dedicated to the fabrication of acrylated epoxidized natural rubber (AENR)/dual‐functionalized organoclay (DF‐C30B) hybrid networks using an in‐situ light‐induced crosslinking polymerization technique. The process begins with the successful synthesis of DF‐C30B, which contains methacrylate groups, achieved by reacting 3‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) with cloisite 30B (C30B). During fabrication, DF‐C30B nanolayers are dispersed within the AENR matrix at various feed ratios, ranging from 1 to 8 parts per hundred of rubber (phr). The photocrosslinking polymerization is then initiated using 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone (DMPA) as the photoinitiating agent. Subsequent analysis of the nanocomposites involves evaluating their structure and morphology using established techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The FTIR analysis enables comparing distinct bands of the nanocomposite's components, affirming the integration and covalent attachment of nanoclay in the AENR matrix. Results from TEM and XRD illustrate the uniform distribution of DF‐C30B throughout the AENR matrix without significant agglomeration. TGA results indicate that the hybrid networks exhibit enhanced thermal stability, with degradation onset temperatures of 306°C, 308°C, 315°C, and 318°C for DF‐C30B loadings of 1, 2, 4, and 8 phr, respectively, compared to 198°C for pure AENR. Correspondingly, char residue levels increased to 4.3%, 5.6%, 7.8%, and 11.7% for the respective DF‐C30B contents. This research underscores the promising role of DF‐C30B as a strengthening component in nanocomposites based on NR, contributing to improved thermal endurance, enhanced uniformity, and offering insightful directions for future advancements.

Highlights

Fabricated acrylated epoxidized natural rubber (AENR)/dual‐functionalized organoclay (DF‐C30B) hybrid networks via light‐induced crosslinking polymerization.

Enhanced compatibility and performance of DF‐C30B within the AENR matrix.

Successful integration and stability confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

Uniform dispersion of DF‐C30B within the matrix demonstrated by XRD and TEM.

Improved thermal stability compared to neat AENR, as evidenced by TGA results.
Enhancement mechanism exploration of hexagonal boron nitride on the mechanical and tribological properties of polytetrafluoroethylene composites by experiments and molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Fang Shuntao , Song Jingfu , Zhao Gai , Ding Qingjun
Published: September 2024

This study investigates the influence of hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) content on the mechanical and tribological properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/glass fibers/MoS2/h‐BN composite materials. Their tensile strength and hardness were measured to evaluate the improvement effect of h‐BN. The results indicate that h‐BN particles can enhance the tensile strength and surface hardness of the PTFE composites. Tribological properties were conducted under dry conditions using a ball‐on‐disk tribometer, and the worn surfaces were examined through scanning electron microscopy. The results reveal that the friction coefficient initially decreases and then increases with the increase of h‐BN content. The lowest friction coefficient (reduced from 0.118 to 0.088) and wear rate (reduced by 16.16% compared to the sample without h‐BN addition) is achieved with the addition of 0.05 wt% h‐BN. Additionally, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis was conducted on the SiC balls to reveal the wear mechanism by analyzing the composition of the transfer film. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations revealed the movement and interactions of h‐BN and PTFE at different content. This study provides valuable guidance for the incorporation of h‐BN particles into PTFE composites.

Highlights

The addition of hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) enhanced the mechanical and tribological properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites.

The effect of h‐BN on the transfer film was quantitatively analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and EDS.

Revealed the interaction mechanism between h‐BN particles and PTFE.
Study on the structure and γ‐ray shielding performance of polypropylene/PbO composites with heterogeneous networks
Authors: Tian Bo , Zhao Jie , Zhou Na , Li Jinfeng , Fan Jizhuang , Du Yunchen , Zhao Hongtao
Published: September 2024

Polymer‐based radiation shielding materials are receiving more and more interests due to their desirable advantages in lightweight and maneuverability. Herein, we employ polypropylene (PP) as the matrix to construct γ‐ray shielding composites through the embedment of PbO particles with a wet reaction melt blending method. From the changes in dynamic rheological behaviors and fracture surface of PP/PbO composite, it can be found that the gradient addition of PbO particles facilitates the formation of heterogeneous network structure with, and high PbO content may make the composites undergo a “liquid–solid” transition. Rheological temperature and time scanning show that both PbO content and heterogeneous network structure greatly contribute to the storage modulus (G') and thermal stability. The γ‐ray (137Cs) shielding tests manifest that BPP/PbO‐4 has the best shielding performance, whose thicknesses of half value layer (HVL) and tenth value layer (TVL) are 0.32 and 1.05 cm, respectively, obviously smaller than those shielding materials ever reported. The analyses on effective atomic number (Zeff) and effective electron density (NE) reveal that the good shielding performance of BPP/PbO‐4 benefits from its proper content and dispersion of PbO particles.
Engineering and physicochemical characterization of a novel, stable, symmetric bispecific antibody with dual target‐binding using a common light chain
Authors: Saito Seiji , Nakayama Makoto , Yamazaki Kaori , Miyamoto Yuya , Hiraishi Keiko , Tomioka Daisuke , Takagi‐Maeda Sayaka , Usami Katsuaki , Takahashi Nobuaki , Nara Shinji , Imai Eiichiro
Published: September 2024

Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) have emerged as a major class of antibody therapeutics owing to their substantial potential in disease treatment. While several BsAbs have been successfully approved in recent years, ongoing development efforts continue to focus on optimizing various BsAbs tailored to particular antigens and action mechanisms, aiming to achieve favorable physicochemical properties. BsAbs generally encounter challenges due to their unfavorable physicochemical characteristics and poor manufacturing efficiencies, highlighting the need for optimization to achieve reliable productivity and developability. Herein, we describe the development of a novel symmetric BsAb, REGULGENT™ (N‐term/C‐term), comprising two Fab domains, using a common light chain. The heavy chain fragment encoded two antigen‐binding determinants in one chain. The design and production of REGULGENT™ (N‐term/C‐term) are simple owing to the use of the same light chain, which does not induce heavy and light chain mispairing, frequently observed with the asymmetric BsAb format. REGULGENT™ (N‐term/C‐term) exhibited high expression and low aggregation characteristics during cell culture and stress treatment under low pH conditions. Differential scanning calorimetric data indicated that REGULGENT™ molecules had high conformational stability, similar to that of stabilized monoclonal antibodies. Surface plasmon resonance data showed that REGULGENT™ (N‐term/C‐term) could bind to two antigens simultaneously and exhibited a high affinity for two antigens. In summary, the symmetric BsAb format of REGULGENT™ confers its desirable IgG‐like physicochemical properties, thus making it an excellent candidate for commercial development. The findings demonstrate a novel BsAb with substantial development potential for clinical applications.
Substrate selectivity and inhibition of the human lysyl hydroxylase JMJD7
Authors: Bilgin Nurgül , Tumber Anthony , Dhingra Siddhant , Salah Eidarus , Al‐Salmy Aziza , Martín Sandra Pinzón , Wang Yicheng , Schofield Christopher J. , Mecinović Jasmin
Published: September 2024

Jumonji‐C (JmjC) domain‐containing protein 7 (JMJD7) is a human Fe(II) and 2‐oxoglutarate dependent oxygenase that catalyzes stereospecific C3‐hydroxylation of lysyl‐residues in developmentally regulated GTP binding proteins 1 and 2 (DRG1/2). We report studies exploring a diverse set of lysine derivatives incorporated into the DRG1 peptides as potential human JMJD7 substrates and inhibitors. The results indicate that human JMJD7 has a relatively narrow substrate scope beyond lysine compared to some other JmjC hydroxylases and lysine‐modifying enzymes. The geometrically constrained (E)‐dehydrolysine is an efficient alternative to lysine for JMJD7‐catalyzed C3‐hydroxylation. γ‐Thialysine and γ‐azalysine undergo C3‐hydroxylation, followed by degradation to formylglycine. JMJD7 also catalyzes the S‐oxidation of DRG1‐derived peptides possessing methionine and homomethionine residues in place of lysine. Inhibition assays show that DRG1 variants possessing cysteine/selenocysteine instead of the lysine residue efficiently inhibit JMJD7 via cross‐linking. The overall results inform on the substrate selectivity and inhibition of human JMJD7, which will help enable the rational design of selective small‐molecule and peptidomimetic inhibitors of JMJD7.
Holographic Duals of Symmetry Broken Phases
Authors: Antinucci Andrea , Benini Francesco , Rizi Giovanni
Published: September 2024

A novel interpretation of Symmetry Topological Field Theories (SymTFTs) as theories of gravity is explored by proposing a holographic duality where the bulk SymTFT (with the gauging of a suitable Lagrangian algebra) is dual to the universal effective field theory (EFT) that describes spontaneous symmetry breaking on the boundary. The authors tested this conjecture in various dimensions and with many examples involving different continuous symmetry structures, including non‐Abelian and non‐invertible symmetries, as well as higher groups. For instance, many Abelian SymTFTs are found to be dual to free theories of Goldstone bosons or generalized Maxwell fields, while non‐Abelian SymTFTs relate to non‐linear sigma models with target spaces defined by the symmetry groups. The analysis is also extended to include the non‐invertible axial symmetry, which is shown to be dual to axion‐Maxwell theory, and a non‐Abelian 2‐group structure in four dimensions, deriving a new parity‐violating interaction that has implications for the low‐energy dynamics of QCD.
Spectrum‐Based Topological Indices and Their QSPR Studies of Nonsteroidal Anti‐Inflammatory Drugs
Authors: Pattabiraman K. , Danesh P.
Published: September 2024

Spectrum‐based topological indices (eigenvalue‐based topological indices), a valuable tool for analyzing molecular structure. These topological indices are metrics that reflect the inherent characteristics of chemical substances, were employed in conjunction with quantitative structure‐property relationship (QSPR) to investigate nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which are used toalleviate or eliminate pain sensations in affected areas. We have to use mathematica to compute various eigenvalue‐based indices and utilized statistical software to identify correlations between these indices and key physical properties of NSAIDs. The analysis revealed that specific indices, including index, index, index, and index exhibited strong associations with properties like complexity and refractivity, boiling point, polarity, and molar weight, respectively.