bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and in vitro Anticancer and Antitubercular Activity of Diarylpyrazole Ligated Dihydropyrimidines Possessing Lipophilic Carbamoyl Group.
Authors: Yadlapalli Rama Krishna , Chourasia O. P. , Vemuri Kiranmayi , Sritharan Manjula , Perali Ramu Sridhar
Published: August 2012

Utilizing the Biginelli reaction, a series of dihydropyrimidines (IV) is synthesized and evaluated for in vitro anticancer (MCF‐7) and antitubercular (MTB) potency.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis, Synergistic Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of 4‐Aryl Substituted 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidinones of Curcumin.
Authors: Lal Jaggi , Gupta S. K. , Thavaselvam D. , Agarwal D. D.
Published: August 2012

Novel curcumin‐derived 3,4‐dihydropyrimidinones (IV), obtained by Biginelly‐type reaction under solvent‐free conditions, are screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activity as well as for their cytotoxicity.
ChemInform Abstract: Alum (KAl(SO4)2·12H2O) Catalyzed Multicomponent Transformation: Simple, Efficient, and Green Route to Synthesis of Functionalized Spiro[chromeno[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐5,3′‐indoline]‐tetraones in Ionic Liquid Media.
Authors: Mirhosseini Moghaddam Mojtaba , Bazgir Ayoob , Mohammad Mehdi Akhondi , Gharemanzadeh Ramin
Published: August 2012

All products are purified by recrystallization.
ChemInform Abstract: Access and Regioselective Transformations of 6‐Substituted 4‐Aryl‐2,8‐dichloropyrido[3,2‐d]pyrimidine Compounds.
Authors: Bouscary‐Desforges Gwenaelle , Bombrun Agnes , Augustine John Kallikat , Bernardinelli Gerald , Quattropani Anna
Published: August 2012

Treatment of the uracil (I) with the acrylates (II) followed by cyclization and chlorination provides an efficient approach to 2,4,8‐trichloropyridopyrimidines.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Approach to the Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐Substituted Benzimidazoles, Quinazolines, and Other Related Compounds and Their Antibacterial Activity.
Authors: Los Renata , Wesolowska‐Trojanowska Marta , Malm Anna , Karpinska Monika M. , Matysiak Joanna , Niewiadomy Andrzej , Glaszcz Urszula
Published: August 2012

A variety of title N‐heterocycles is synthesized by reaction of appropriate diamines with bis(arylthiocarbonyl) sulfoxides.
ChemInform Abstract: General Asymmetric Hydrogenation of 2‐Alkyl‐ and 2‐Aryl‐Substituted Quinoxaline Derivatives Catalyzed by Iridium‐Difluorphos: Unusual Halide Effect and Synthetic Application.
Authors: Cartigny Damien , Berhal Farouk , Nagano Takuto , Phansavath Phannarath , Ayad Tahar , Genet Jean‐Pierre , Ohshima Takashi , Mashima Kazushi , Ratovelomanana‐Vidal Virginie
Published: August 2012

The iridium catalyst promotes the asymmetric hydrogenation of a wide range of 2‐alkylated and 2‐arylated quinoxalines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure Analysis of 1‐(3‐Methoxybenzoyl)‐3,6‐diphenyl‐1,4‐dihydro‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine.
Authors: Rao Guo‐Wu , Guo Yan‐Mei , Li Xiao‐Min
Published: August 2012

The 1,4‐dihydro derivative (III) is formed rather than its 1,2‐dihydro analogue.
ChemInform Abstract: An Easy Two‐Step Synthesis of Macrocyclic Peptidotriazoles via a Four‐Component Reaction and Copper‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Azide—Alkyne [3 + 2] Click Cycloaddition.
Authors: Bahulayan D. , Arun S.
Published: August 2012

The process is illustrated by the examples (VI) and (XI).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antiosteoclast Activity of Di(1‐oxo/thioxoperhydro‐1λ5‐[1,3,2]diazaphospholo [1,5‐a]pyridine‐1‐yl)(4‐substituted phenyl) Boronates.
Authors: Reddy G. Chandra Sekhar , Reddy M. Veera Narayana , Rani C. Radha , Reddy N. Bakthavatchala , Rao K. Uma Maheswara , Nayak S. K. , Reddy C. Suresh
Published: August 2012

All boronates (III) (10 examples), especially derivative (IIIc), show moderate to high antiosteoclast and osteoblast activities.
ChemInform Abstract: In situ Dearomatization/Alkylation of Arylphosphane Derivatives.
Authors: Stankevic Marek , Wojcik Karolina , Jaklinska Magdalena , Pietrusiewicz K. Michal
Published: August 2012

Birch reduction of aryldialkylphosphane‐boranes and ‐phosphane oxides followed by treatment with electrophiles provides access to bulky (cyclohexadienyl)phosphanes.
ChemInform Abstract: An Approach to 1,2‐Dihydro‐1,4,2‐benzodiazaphosphinines
Authors: Marchenko Anatoliy P. , Koidan Georgiy N. , Huryeva Anastasia N. , Merkulov Anatoliy S. , Kostyuk Aleksandr N.
Published: August 2012

based on the rearrangement of readily accessible benzodiazaphosphole derivatives such as (IV) and (IX)
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Determination of 3β,11β‐Dihydroxyfriedelane (I) from Maytenus robusta (Celastraceae) by 1D and 2D NMR
Authors: Sousa Grasiely F. , Ferreira Fernanda L. , Duarte Lucienir P. , Silva Gracia D. F. , Messias Maria C. T. B. , Vieira Filho Sidney A.
Published: August 2012

isolation and structure elucidation
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Norursane‐Type Triterpenoids from Dipsacus chinensis Collected in China.
Authors: Saito Yoshinori , Takashima Yuriko , Okamoto Yasuko , Komiyama Teppei , Ohsaki Ayumi , Gong Xun , Tori Motoo
Published: August 2012

The title compounds show moderate cytotoxicity when testest against HL‐60 cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Phenolic Compounds from the Aerial Parts of Diplomorpha canescens.
Authors: Devkota Hari Prasad , Watanabe Masato , Watanabe Takashi , Yahara Shoji
Published: August 2012

A new C‐methyl flavanone glucoside, farrerol 4′‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (I), is isolated from the aerial parts of Diplomorpha canescens along with fourteen known phenolic compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanostructured Titania: The Current and Future Promise of Titania Nanotubes
Authors: Schwartzenberg Kevin C. , Gray Kimberly A.
Published: August 2012

Review: 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molybdenum‐Catalyzed Reduction of Molecular Dinitrogen under Mild Reaction Conditions
Authors: Nishibayashi Yoshiaki
Published: August 2012

Review: 72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinduced Magnetism in Nanoparticles
Authors: Yannopapas Vassilios
Published: August 2012

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Contact Interaction in Carbon—Metal Systems for Joining and Integration
Authors: Perevertailo V. M. , Loginova O. B.
Published: August 2012

Review: 41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalysis in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Gorte R. J. , Vohs J. M.
Published: August 2012

Review: 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tuberculosis: The Drug Developemnt Pipeline at a Glance
Authors: Villemagne Baptiste , Crauste Celine , Flipo Marion , Baulard Alain R. , Deprez Benoit , Willand Nicolas
Published: August 2012

Review: 155 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Raloxifene: A Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator
Authors: Dadiboyena Sureshbabu
Published: August 2012

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Designing Organometallic Compounds for Catalysis and Therapy
Authors: Noffke Anna Louisa , Habtemariam Abraha , Pizarro Ana M. , Sadler Peter J.
Published: August 2012

Review: 194 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Efforts Directed to the Development of More Sustainable Asymmetric Organocatalysis
Authors: Hernandez Jose G. , Juaristi Eusebio
Published: August 2012

Review: 211 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Proton Sponges and Hydrogen Transfer Phenomena
Authors: Pozharskii Alexander F. , Ozeryanskii Valery A.
Published: August 2012

Review: 63 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Tetrahydropyran‐Containing Natural Products Exploiting Intramolecular Oxa‐Conjugate Cyclization
Authors: Fuwa Haruhiko
Published: August 2012

Review: 301 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent Coupling Reaction of Arynes for Construction of Heterocyclic Skeletons
Authors: Yoshida Hiroto , Takaki Ken
Published: August 2012

Review: 29 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Synthesis of Vicinal Amino Alcohols
Authors: Karjalainen Oskari K. , Koskinen Ari M. P.
Published: August 2012

Review: 73 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric Oxidations with Hydrogen Peroxide and Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Russo Alessio , De Fusco Claudia , Lattanzi Alessandra
Published: August 2012

Review: 88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances and Applications in Organocatalytic Asymmetric Aza‐Michael Addition
Authors: Wang Jun , Li Pengfei , Choy Pui Ying , Chan Albert S. C. , Kwong Fuk Yee
Published: August 2012

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis
Authors: Knappke Christiane E. I. , Imami Adrian , Jacobi von Wangelin Axel
Published: August 2012

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Enantioselective α‐Alkylation of Aldehydes
Authors: Vesely Jan , Rios Ramon
Published: August 2012

Review: ca. 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Past, Present and Future of Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Fechete Ioana , Wang Ye , Vedrine Jacques C.
Published: August 2012

Review: 459 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Modeling Catalytic Reactions on Surfaces with Density Functional Theory
Authors: Keith John A. , Anton Josef , Kaghazchi Payam , Jacob Timo
Published: August 2012

Review: 79 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress on Synthesis and Activities of Allosamidin and Its Analogues
Authors: Huang Gangliang
Published: August 2012

Review: 39 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Trehalose Glycolipids — Synthesis and Biological Activities
Authors: Khan Ashna A. , Stocker Bridget L. , Timmer Mattie S. M.
Published: August 2012

Review: 139 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: I2‐Mediated Carbamate Annulation: Scope and Application in the Synthesis of Aza‐Sugars
Authors: Stocker Bridget L. , Win‐Mason Anna L. , Timmer Mattie S. M.
Published: August 2012

Review: 87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiadiazines, N,N‐Heterocycles of Biological Relevance
Authors: Rodriguez Hortensia , Suarez Margarita , Albericio Fernando
Published: August 2012

Review: 48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of the Research in Isoflavones
Authors: Chang Hsiang , Lin Hsin‐Cheng , Chang Yu‐An
Published: August 2012

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Persistent and Stable Silyl Radicals
Authors: Tumanskii Boris , Karni Miriam , Apeloig Yitzhak
Published: August 2012

Review: 106 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Radical Chemistry in the Gas Phase
Authors: Alcaraz Christian , Fischer Ingo , Schroeder Detlef
Published: August 2012

Review: 209 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The SRN1 Reaction
Authors: Bardagi Javier I. , Vaillard Victoria A. , Rossi Roberto A.
Published: August 2012

Review: 181 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Matrix Isolation of Radicals
Authors: Mardyukov Artur , Sander Wolfram
Published: August 2012

Review: 205 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Radical Kinetics and Clocks
Authors: Newcomb Martin
Published: August 2012

Review: 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Electron Donors
Authors: Murphy John A.
Published: August 2012

Review: 136 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclotriveratrylene and Cryptophanes
Authors: Hardie Michaele J.
Published: August 2012

Review: 98 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cryptands and Spherands
Authors: Lindoy Leonard F. , Park Ki‐Min , Lee Shim Sung
Published: August 2012

Review: 88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Crown and Lariat Ethers
Authors: Cragg Peter J. , Vahora Rafik
Published: August 2012

Review: 103 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions in Dynamic Self‐Assemblies
Authors: Moulin E. , Giuseppone N.
Published: August 2012

Review: 114 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: What′s Going on with These Lithium Reagents?
Authors: Reich Hans J.
Published: August 2012

Review: ca. 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Physical Properties of Thiazyl Radicals Toward Conductive and Magnetic Materials
Authors: Awaga Kunio
Published: August 2012

Review: 87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Radical Cation/Anion and Neutral Radicals: A Comparison
Authors: Hancock Amber N. , Tanko J. M.
Published: August 2012

Review: 120 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogen‐Bonding Receptors for Molecular Guests
Authors: Wilson Andrew J.
Published: August 2012

Review: 84 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogen Bonds with Fluorine. Studies in Solution, in Gas Phase and by Computations, Conflicting Conclusions from Crystallographic Analyses
Authors: Schneider Hans‐Joerg
Published: August 2012

Review: 120 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Towards the Sequence‐Selective Recognition of Double‐Stranded DNA Containing Pyrimidine‐Purine Interruptions by Triplex‐Forming Oligonucleotides
Authors: Hari Yoshiyuki , Obika Satoshi , Imanishi Takeshi
Published: August 2012

Review: 88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Biocatalytic Processes in Japan and Germany: From Research Synergies to Industrial Applications
Authors: Groeger Harald , Asano Yasuhisa , Bornscheuer Uwe T. , Ogawa Jun
Published: August 2012

Review: 130 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioactive Natural Products from Myxomycetes Having Effects on Signaling Pathways
Authors: Ishibashi Masami , Arai Midori A.
Published: August 2012

Review: 64 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bridging Biomolecules with Nanoelectronics
Authors: Sun Kien Wen , Chang Chia‐Ching
Published: August 2012

Review: 66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Environmentally Friendly Organic Reagents
Authors: Bastin Loyd D.
Published: August 2012

Review: 136 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stability and Protonation of Multielectron Systems: The Concept of Proton Affinity. Part 1. Vague Limits
Authors: Kryachko Eugene S.
Published: August 2012

Review: 155 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Quantum Calculations of Important Isomerization Reaction Rates
Authors: Sharma Sandeep , Raman Sumathy , Green William H.
Published: August 2012

Review: 11 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fast Multidimensional NMR by Hadamard Spectroscopy
Authors: Freeman Ray , Kupce Eriks
Published: August 2012

Review: 25 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ultrafast Multidimensional NMR: Principles and Practice of Single‐Scan Methods
Authors: Gal Maayan , Frydman Lucio
Published: August 2012

Review: 29 refs.
Small area estimation via heteroscedastic nested‐error regression
Authors: Jiang Jiming , Nguyen Thuan
Published: August 2012

We show that the maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) of the fixed effects and within‐cluster correlation are consistent in a heteroscedastic nested‐error regression (HNER) model with completely unknown within‐cluster variances under mild conditions. The result implies that the empirical best linear unbiased prediction (EBLUP) method for small area estimation is valid in such a case. We also show that ignoring the heteroscedasticity can lead to inconsistent estimation of the within‐cluster correlation and inferior predictive performance. A jackknife measure of uncertainty for the EBLUP is developed under the HNER model. Simulation studies are carried out to investigate the finite‐sample performance of the EBLUP and MLE under the HNER model, with comparisons to those under the nested‐error regression model in various situations, as well as that of the jackknife measure of uncertainty. The well‐known Iowa crops data is used for illustration. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 40: 588–603; 2012 © 2012 Statistical Society of Canada
Robust Lagrange multiplier test for detecting ARCH/GARCH effect using permutation and bootstrap
Authors: Gel Yulia R. , Chen Bei
Published: August 2012

The Lagrange Multiplier (LM) test is one of the principal tools to detect ARCH and GARCH effects in financial data analysis. However, when the underlying data are non‐normal, which is often the case in practice, the asymptotic LM test, based on theχ2‐approximation of critical values, is known to perform poorly, particularly for small and moderate sample sizes. In this paper we propose to employ two re‐sampling techniques to find critical values of the LM test, namely permutation and bootstrap. We derive the properties ofexactnessandasymptotically correctnessfor the permutation and bootstrap LM tests, respectively. Our numerical studies indicate that the proposed re‐sampled algorithms significantly improve size and power of the LM test in both skewed and heavy‐tailed processes. We also illustrate our new approaches with an application to the analysis of the Euro/USD currency exchange rates and the German stock index.The Canadian Journal of Statistics40: 405–426; 2012 © 2012 Statistical Society of Canada
Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of Three trans‐Palladium Complexes Containing Planaramine Ligands in Human Ovarian Tumor Models
Authors: Mazumder Mohammed Ehsanul Hoque , Beale Philip , Chan Charles , Yu Jun Qing , Huq Fazlul
Published: August 2012

The present study deals with the synthesis, characterization, and activity against human ovarian cancer cell lines A2780, A2780cisR, A2780ZD0473R, and SKOV‐3 of three trans‐planaraminepalladium(II) complexes of the form trans‐PdL2Cl2, coded as EH1, EH3, and EH4, for which L=2‐methylpyridine, imidazole, and 1,2‐α‐imidazopyridine, respectively. The cellular accumulation of palladium, palladium–DNA binding levels, and the nature of interactions of the compounds with salmon sperm and pBR322 plasmid DNA were also determined. All three compounds were found to be less active than cisplatin, but unlike cisplatin they were found to be equally or more active against the resistant cell lines A2780cisR and A2780ZD0473R than against the parent cell line A2780. Among the three palladium complexes, EH4 (which has the bulkiest carrier ligand) was found to be most active, in line with the highest cellular accumulation of palladium and highest level of palladium‐DNA binding resulting from the compound. EH4 was also found to cause the greatest conformational change to pBR322 plasmid DNA. The results of this study illustrate structure–activity relationships; in particular, they support the idea that the decreased reactivity of trans‐palladium complexes through the introduction of bulky ligands can make them more active against tumors.
PAM4 enzyme immunoassay alone and in combination with CA 19‐9 for the detection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Gold David V. , Gaedcke Jochen , Ghadimi B. Michael , Goggins Michael , Hruban Ralph H. , Liu Mengling , Newsome Guy , Goldenberg David M.
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND:

The monoclonal antibody PAM4 has high specificity for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), as well as its precursor lesions, but has not been found to be reactive with normal and benign pancreatic tissues. The objective of the current study was to evaluate a PAM4‐based serum enzyme immunoassay alone and in combination with the carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19‐9 assay for the detection of PDAC, with particular attention to early stage disease.

METHODS:

Sera from patients with confirmed PDAC (N = 298), other cancers (N = 99), benign disease of the pancreas (N = 120), and healthy adults (N = 79) were evaluated by a specific enzyme immunoassay for the concentration of PAM4 and CA 19‐9 antigen levels by blinded analyses. All tests for statistical significance were 2‐sided.

RESULTS:

The overall sensitivity for PAM4 detection of PDAC was 76%, with 64% of patients with stage I disease also identified. The detection rate was considerably higher (85%) for patients with advanced disease. The assay demonstrated high specificity compared with benign pancreatic disease (85%), with a positive likelihood ratio of 4.93. CA 19‐9 provided an overall sensitivity of 77%, and was positive in 58% of patients with stage I disease; however, the specificity was significantly lower for CA 19‐9 (68%), with a positive likelihood ratio of 2.85 (P = .026 compared with PAM4). It is important to note that a combined PAM4 and CA 19‐9 biomarker serum assay demonstrated an improved sensitivity (84%) for the overall detection of PDAC without a significant loss of specificity (82%) compared with either arm alone.

CONCLUSIONS:

The PAM4 enzyme immunoassay identified approximately two‐thirds of patients with stage I PDAC with high discriminatory power with respect to benign, nonneoplastic pancreatic disease. These results provide a rationale for testing patient groups considered to be at high risk for PDAC with a combined PAM4 and CA 19‐9 biomarker serum assay for the detection of early stage PDAC. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
The Origin of Higher Open‐Circuit Voltage in Zn‐Doped TiO2 Nanoparticle‐Based Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Zhu Feng , Zhang Panpan , Wu Xuejun , Fu Limin , Zhang Jianping , Xu Dongsheng
Published: August 2012

Zn‐doped anatase TiO2 nanoparticles are synthesized by a one‐step hydrothermal method. Detailed electrochemical measurements are undertaken to investigate the origin of the effect of Zn doping on the performance of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). It is found that incorporation of Zn2+ into an anatase lattice elevates the edge of the conduction band (CB) of the photoanodes and the Fermi level is shifted toward the CB edge, which contributes to the improvement in open‐circuit voltage (VOC). Charge‐density plots across the cell voltage further confirm the increase in the CB edge in DSSCs directly. Photocurrent and transient photovoltage measurements are employed to study transport and recombination dynamics. The electron recombination is accelerated at higher voltages close to the CB edge, thus leading to a negative effect on the VOC.
Theoretical Insight into the Origin of Large Stokes Shift and Photophysical Properties of Anilido‐Pyridine Boron Difluoride Dyes
Authors: Jin Jun‐Ling , Li Hai‐Bin , Geng Yun , Wu Yong , Duan Yu‐Ai , Su Zhong‐Min
Published: August 2012

The geometric and electronic structures and photophysical properties of anilido‐pyridine boron difluoride dyes 1–4, a series of scarce 4,4‐difluoro‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene (BODIPY) derivatives with large Stokes shift, are investigated by employing density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT (TD‐DFT) calculations to shed light on the origin of their large Stokes shifts. To this end, a suitable functional is first determined based on functional tests and a recently proposed index—the charge‐transfer distance. It is found that PBE0 provides satisfactory overall results. An in‐depth insight into Huang–Rhys (HR) factors, Wiberg bond indices, and transition density matrices is provided to scrutinize the geometric distortions and the character of excited states pertaining to absorption and emission. The results show that the pronounced geometric distortion due to the rotation of unlocked phenyl groups and intramolecular charge transfer are responsible for the large Stokes shift of 1 and 2, while 3 shows a relatively blue‐shifted emission wavelength due to its mild geometric distortion upon photoemission, although it has a comparable energy gap to 1. Finally, compound 4, which is designed to realize the rare red emission in BODIPY derivatives, shows desirable and expected properties, such as high Stokes shift (4847 cm−1), red emission at 660 nm, and reasonable fluorescence efficiency. These properties give it great potential as an ideal emitter in organic light‐emitting diodes. The theoretical results could complement and assist in the development of BODIPY‐based dyes with both large Stokes shift and high quantum efficiency.
Electron and Negative Ion Analysis in Oxygen Capacitively Coupled Radio Frequency Plasma
Authors: Meichsner J. , Dittmann K. , Küllig C.
Published: August 2012

Low pressure capacitively coupled radio frequency plasmas (cc‐rf plasmas) were investigated by minimalinvasive 160 GHz Gaussian beam microwave interferometry. The interferometer is a frequency stabilized (PLL) heterodyne system which immediately provides the line integrated electron density at spatial (axial) resolution of about 10 mm and temporal resolution of 200 ns. The line integrated electron density was measured in dependence on the processing parameters rf power (10 … 100 W) and total pressure (10 … 100 Pa) in comparison between argon and oxygen. Thereby, the changed distance between the fixed microwave beam axis as well as the sheath edge is taken into consideration using an analytical collision‐dominated sheath model and results from optical emission spectroscopy. Microwave, interferometry and simultaneous laser photodetachment in oxygen plasma additionally permits the measurement of the negative atomic oxygen ion density. Dynamic and transient phenomena in oxygen plasmas are discussed such as mode transitions, afterglow behaviour in pulsed rf plasma, and electron density fluctuations due to attachment‐induced ionization instabilities (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modeling and Simulation of Ion Energy Distribution Functions in Technological Plasmas
Authors: Mussenbrock T.
Published: August 2012

The highly advanced treatment of surfaces as etching and deposition is mainly enabled by the extraordinary properties of technological plasmas. The primary factors that influence these processes are the flux and the energy of various species, particularly ions, that impinge the substrate surface. These features can be theoretically described using the ion energy distribution function (IEDF). The article is intended to summarize the fundamental concepts of modeling and simulation of IEDFs from simplified models to self‐consistent plasma simulations. Finally, concepts for controlling the IEDF are discussed (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Non‐Electrostatic Diagnostics for Ion Beams
Authors: Trottenberg Th. , Spethmann A. , Schneider V. , Stahl M. , Giesenhagen M. , Kersten H.
Published: August 2012

The article reports on non‐electrostatic diagnostics for ion beams. A novel galvanometric force measuring probe is presented, and results are compared with corresponding measurements by a calorimetric technique and using falling microparticles. The target chamber is operated at argon pressures where charge‐exchange collisions are important. It is highlighted that non‐electrostatic methods are sensitive for ions as well as energetic neutral atoms. For the first time, bombardment induced light emission (BLE) from solid targets is proposed as simple beam diagnostic (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spectroscopic Investigation of a Microwave‐Generated Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Torch
Authors: Leins M. , Walker M. , Schulz A. , Schumacher U. , Stroth U.
Published: August 2012

The investigated new microwave plasma torch is based on an axially symmetric resonator. Microwaves of a frequency of 2.45 GHz are resonantly fed into this cavity resulting in a sufficiently high electric field to ignite plasma without any additional igniters as well as to maintain stable plasma operation. Optical emission spectroscopy was carried out to characterize a humid air plasma. OH‐bands were used to determine the gas rotational temperature Trot while the electron temperature was estimated by a Boltzmann plot of oxygen lines. Maximum temperatures of Trot of about 3600 K and electron temperatures of 5800 K could be measured. The electron density ne was estimated to ne ≈ 3 · 1020m–3 by using Saha's equation. Parametric studies in dependence of the gas flow and the supplied microwave power revealed that the maximum temperatures are independent of these parameters. However, the volume of the plasma increases with increasing microwave power and with a decrease of the gas flow. Considerations using collision frequencies, energy transfer times and power coupling provide an explanation of the observed phenomena: The optimal microwave heating is reached for electron‐neutral collision frequencies νen being near to the angular frequency of the wave ω (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Plasma Processes and Plasma Sources in Medicine
Authors: Weltmann K.‐D. , Polak M. , Masur K. , von Woedtke T. , Winter J. , Reuter S.
Published: August 2012

The use of plasma for healthcare can be dated back as far as the middle of the 19th century. Only the development of room temperature atmospheric pressure plasma sources in the past decade, however, has opened the new and fast growing interdisciplinary research field of plasma medicine. Three main topics can be distinguished: plasma treated implants, plasma decontamination, and plasmas in medical therapy. Understanding of the plasma sources and the plasma processes involved is still incomplete. With the aim of a more fundamental insight we investigate plasmas in a) functionalization of implants with antimicrobial as well as cell attachment enhancing surfaces b) atmospheric pressure plasmas (APPs) in inactivation of bacteria, decontamination of bottles and food products, as well as medical equipment and c) APPs in medical therapy and their effects on cell viability as a means to finding a plasma “dosage”. The possibilities of an application focused designing of plasma sources will be emphasized. On the example of feed gas humidity and its significant influence the importance of determining and controlling unobvious or hidden parameter is demonstrated (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Zinc(II) Complexes with Dangling Functional Organic Groups
Authors: Yang Jingxia , Puchberger Michael , Qian Renzhe , Maurer Christian , Schubert Ulrich
Published: August 2012

Zinc(II) complexes with dangling functional organic groups were synthesized by reaction of zinc acetate with a series of bifunctional p‐substituted benzene derivatives (a combination of carboxylate, oximate, amino, β‐ketoimine, and salicylaldime groups). Selective coordination to carboxylate groups was observed when the second functional group was an oxime or β‐ketoimine group. When the second group was an amine or salicylaldimine moiety, these groups were additionally coordinated. From the reaction with p‐aminobenzoic acid, the compound [Zn2(OOCCH3)(OOC–C6H4–NH2)3]∞ was crystallized. It is a three‐dimensional coordination polymer with bridging aminobenzoate ligands.
Structural Study of Binding of α‐Mannosides to Mannan‐Binding Lectins
Authors: Marchetti Roberta , Lanzetta Rosa , Michelow Ian C. , Molinaro Antonio , Silipo Alba
Published: August 2012

Mannan‐binding lectin (MBL) is a soluble, collagen‐like C‐type lectin that shows the ability to bind certain N‐glycosylated carbohydrates through calcium‐dependent CRDs. It is composed of three identical polypeptides that form a helical homotrimer further arranged in octadecameric and larger oligomers with a very complex quaternary structure. Several studies have revealed that this protein modulates the immune response, being able to mediate phagocytosis. Unsuitable for industrial‐scale production, due to the costs and the difficulties inherent in its extremely complex quaternary structure, its potential for use in successful anti‐infective therapy is limited. To produce better, less expensive therapeutic agents, less complex chimeric fusion proteins with similar ligand recognition and enhanced effector functions have been developed. In a previous study, recombinant human MBL (rhMBL) and three L‐ficolin (L‐FCN) variants containing the MBL carbohydrate recognition domain and varying lengths of the collagenous domain with potential clinical application against glycosylated enveloped viruses such as Ebola and Marburg were produced. It was also demonstrated that one of these chimeras – L‐FCN/MBL76 – had superior effector activity that appeared to be mediated by greater structural flexibility. In this work we have used an NMR‐based approach to study, at the atomic level, the mannose‐binding activities both of rhMBL and of the chimeric molecule L‐FCN/MBL76. Our findings indicate that the analysis of the binding dynamics of immune effector molecules could be useful for the design and optimization of new therapeutic proteins.
Extracting rotational components of earthquake ground motion using data recorded at multiple stations
Authors: Basu Dhiman , Whittaker Andrew S. , Constantinou Michael C.
Published: August 2012

Rotational components of earthquake ground motion have not been considered for seismic analysis, design and performance assessment because recordings of these components are unavailable. A number of procedures have been proposed to extract rotational components of ground motion from translational time series recorded at multiple, closely spaced recording stations. In this paper, a new procedure that is capable of capturing higher frequency content in rotational time‐series is presented. The frequencies at which numerical errors are introduced in the solution, which are a function of apparent wave velocity and array dimension, are identified. Results are presented for the proposed procedure, the widely accepted geodetic method, and a single‐station procedure developed by the authors, all using data recorded at the Lotung array in Taiwan. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Term Structure of VIX
Authors: Luo Xingguo , Zhang Jin E.
Published: August 2012

In this study, we extend the Chicago Board Options Exchange volatility index, VIX, from 30‐day to any arbitrary time‐to‐maturity, and study the term structure of VIX. We propose new concepts of instantaneous and long‐term squared VIXs as the limits at the short and long ends of the term structure respectively. Modeling the volatility process with instantaneous and long‐term squared VIXs, we establish a parsimonious approach to capture information contained in the term structure of VIX. Our study provides an efficient setup to further study the pricing of VIX derivatives and their relation with S&P 500 options.
Are Derivative Warrants Overpriced?
Authors: Fung Joseph K. W. , Zeng Ted Z. X.
Published: August 2012

This study investigates the pricing efficiency of Hang Seng Index (HSI) derivative warrants in Hong Kong. Different from similar research, the study examines the pricing efficiency of index warrants by comparing their implied volatilities (IV) with realized volatility (RV). Although prior studies find that warrants are more expensive than the corresponding options, they are not necessarily overpriced in the conventional sense—that is, relative to the RV. This approach allows the study to test the pricing efficiency of warrants via a test of their information content. Moreover, unlike studies that focus on data at market close, the study uses a large sample of highly synchronous intraday, firm, bid–ask quote data to avoid possible distortions arising from intraday variations in liquidity and pricing in the instruments. The data also helps eliminate the potential nonsynchronous price problem that may affect the test results. Consistent with the results from previous studies, we find that warrants are often more expensive than options. This result is attributed to the inability of non‐issuers to sell short, and the high participation rate of unsophisticated investors in the warrants market. However, regression analysis shows that IVs from ATM and OTM warrants provide unbiased volatility forecasts, and that IVs from ATM options do not subsume the information content of ATM warrants. ATM warrant prices are in line with the RV and are efficiently priced. Simulation results show that writing warrants is more profitable than writing options, and that the overpricing is directly related to the volatility premium.
Long‐term Futures Curves and Seasonal Structures of Wheat in the European Union and the United States
Authors: Lence Sergio H. , Ott Hervé G. , Hart Chad E.
Published: August 2012

A two‐factor affine theoretical model is used to estimate the long‐term futures curves for wheat in the European Union and the United States, as represented by the Euronext and CME markets, respectively. The CME futures curve exhibits a long‐term equilibrium; in contrast, the Euronext futures curve does not show a tendency for futures to revert to a long‐term equilibrium value. The estimated seasonality is relatively similar for both markets. However, the seasonal minimum and maximum points in the futures curve occur one to two months later for Euronext compared to the CME. More importantly, the futures curve for Euronext has a much more marked seasonality than the CME futures curve. Credible intervals of the futures curves are also estimated. The width clearly increases for longer maturities, but it does so much faster for Euronext than for the CME. For long‐maturity futures, variability in the parameter estimates (as opposed to the residual errors) accounts for most of the width of the credible intervals, especially for Euronext. The proposed model can be used to price long‐term futures options, long‐term price insurance, and long‐term swaps, among other applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 33:1118–1142, 2013
Cyber security for the bulk electric system strong and growing
Authors: Humphreys Chris
Published: August 2012

Of the major industries providing energy to the nation, the electric industry seems to have captured the public imagination as the most likely target and potential victim of a cyber attack.
Renewables—Taxation: 10‐minute guide to tax credits and grants for renewables
Authors: Milder Forrest
Published: August 2012

The developer might find it useful to have a brief overview of the tax side of financing renewables in one place. The grant rules are included for comparison. Remember: a project can only claim one of the investment tax credit (ITC), production tax credit (PTC), or grant.
Renewable energy: More distributed solar means fewer new combustion turbines
Authors: Powers Bill
Published: August 2012

A strategic renewable energy strategy that prioritizes distributed solar would eliminate the justification of a new generation of fast‐start gas turbines presumed to be necessary to address rapid swings in output from utility‐scale solar and wind projects.
ON THE DEMAND FOR PRESCRIPTION DRUGS: HETEROGENEITY IN PRICE RESPONSES
Authors: Skipper Niels
Published: August 2012

This paper estimates the price elasticity of demand for prescription drugs using an exogenous shift in consumer co‐payment caused by a reform in the Danish subsidy scheme for the general public. Using purchasing records for the entire Danish population, I show that the average price response for the most commonly used drug yields demand elasticities in the range of –0.36 to –0.5. The reform is shown to affect women, the elderly, and immigrants the most. Furthermore, this paper shows significant heterogeneity in the price response over different types of antibiotics, suggesting that the price elasticity of demand varies considerably even across relatively similar drugs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Noding of Cyprideis torosa valves (Ostracoda) – a proxy for salinity? New data from field observations and a long‐term microcosm experiment
Authors: Frenzel Peter , Schulze Isabel , Pint Anna
Published: August 2012

Cyprideis torosa (Jones, 1850) (Ostracoda, Crustacea) is one of the most common marginal marine ostracod species in the Northern hemisphere. We investigate the relationship between variable noding of its valves and salinity as well as Ca2+ concentration in the ambient water, analysing populations from an in vitro experiment and field data from the southern Baltic Sea coast. There is a clear negative linear correlation between the proportion of noded individuals from our microcosms and salinity. Deficiency of Ca2+ causes heavier noding in laboratory cultures. The same effect can be seen in the field, however, the increase of noded individuals with falling salinity appears to be stepped, not linear. This pattern probably reflects the ability of the animals to wait some time until better salinity conditions occur within the highly variable conditions of estuaries and lagoons.

At the southern Baltic Sea coast, proportions of more than 20% noded valves within a C. torosa population indicates salinities of up to 2 psu, up to 10% noded valves indicate salinities between 2 and 7 psu, and the lack of noded valves salinities > 7 psu. Stable salinity conditions as in the studied microcosms cause a shift of these salinity limits to 5 and 14 psu approximately but in a linear relationship between salinity and proportion of noded individuals. Hence, athalassic populations from more stable water bodies should be used for continuous and more detailed salinity trend reconstructions. Deficiency of Ca2+ (approximately < 120 mg/l) effects up to about 20% more noded individuals than in water with same salinity but with higher Ca2+ concentrations. The reproduction rates within the microcosms indicate a salinity optimum of C. torosa eggs of 8 psu whereas the optimum of the adults seems to be at least 14 psu (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Acute Toxicity Tests with Cadmium, Lead, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, and Bacillus thuringiensis on a Temporary Pond Ostracod
Authors: Aguilar‐Alberola Josep A. , Mesquita‐Joanes Francesc
Published: August 2012

A complete assessment of effects of pollutants in the environment requires the use of a wide assemblage of test organisms. Crustaceans have been widely used in aquatic environments, but within this group, ostracods have been overlooked, even though they are one of the commonest groups of animals in temporary waters. Within this framework, static acute toxicity bioassays were conducted with heavy metals Cd and Pb, the surfactant SDS and spores of the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis var. israeliensis using adult parthenogenetic females of the temporary pond ostracod Heterocypris bosniaca. Experiments were run at 20 °C and in a 12 by 12 h photoperiod. The toxicity tests results are expressed as LC50 and EC50 at 48 h and 96 h using probit analysis. The sensitivity of H. bosniaca at 48 h decreased in the following order Cd > Pb > SDS > Bti, while Pb and SDS exchanged their positions at 96 h. Comparison of the LC50 values for this species with information available in the literature reveals that it is generally more resistant than other crustaceans. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sperner Partition Systems
Authors: Li P. C. , Meagher Karen
Published: August 2012

A Spernerk‐partition system on a set X is a set of partitions of X into k classes such that the classes of the partitions form a Sperner set system (so no class from a partition is a subset of a class from another partition). These systems were defined by Meagher, Moura, and Stevens in [6] who showed that if , then the largest Sperner k‐partition system has size . In this paper, we find bounds on the size of the largest Sperner k‐partition system where k does not divide the size of X, specifically, we give upper and lower bounds when , and .
Synthesis and Structure of 3,4‐Dihydropyrido[2′,3′:3,4]pyrazolo[1,5‐a][1,3,5]triazin‐2‐amines
Authors: Dolzhenko Anton V. , Bai Shiqi , Dolzhenko Anna V. , Chui Wai Keung
Published: August 2012

A new convenient synthon for heterocyclic chemistry, namely 1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridin‐3‐ylguanidine was successfully prepared by selective guanylation of 1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridin‐3‐amine. A series of 3,4‐dihydropyrido[2′,3′:3,4]pyrazolo[1,5‐a][1,3,5]triazin‐2‐amines was synthesized from 1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridin‐3‐ylguanidine using aldehydes or ketones as one‐carbon inserting reagents. The tautomeric preferences of the products were determined using spectroscopic (e.g., 2D NOESY NMR) and single crystal X‐ray diffraction data.
Extraction and determination of hormones in cosmetics by homogeneous ionic liquid microextraction high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Kang Mingqin , Sun Shuo , Li Na , Zhang Daihui , Chen Mingyan , Zhang Hanqi
Published: August 2012

The homogeneous ionic liquid microextraction was applied to the extraction of hormones from cosmetics and the hormones were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. 1‐Hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate was used as extraction solvent. Ammonium hexafluorophosphate as used as ion‐pairing agent. Several experimental parameters, including the volume of 1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, amount of ammonium hexafluorophosphate and sodium chloride, extraction and centrifuge time, and the pH value, were optimized. The limits of detection and quantification for the analytes ranged from 0.03 to 0.24 ng/mL and from 0.10 to 0.79 ng/mL, respectively. The precision for determining the hormones was lower than 5.2%. The proposed method was successfully developed for the determination of hormones in real cosmetic samples.
Prevention and management of dysphonia during anterior cervical spine surgery
Authors: Razfar Ali , Sadr‐Hosseini Seyed M. , Rosen Clark A. , Snyderman Carl H. , Gooding William , Abla Adnan A. , Ferris Robert L.
Published: August 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Dysphonia is a common postoperative complaint following anterior cervical spine surgery (ACSS). The purpose of this study was to analyze voice outcomes following ACSS, to identify risk factors predicting vocal cord impairment, and to develop an algorithm for postoperative management of dysphonic patients.

Study Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Methods:

This was a retrospective review of 815 consecutive patients undergoing ACSS from January 2000 to January 2009. All cases were performed using a team approach with a neurosurgeon and head and neck surgeon. Factors associated with voice change and vocal cord motion impairment were analyzed.

Results:

The mean age of the cohort was 53 years (range, 13–88 years), with a male‐to‐female ratio of 1.2. There were 32 of 815 available patients (3.9%) who developed dysphonia following ACSS. Fiberoptic laryngoscopy demonstrated that only nine (1.1%) of these patients had ipsilateral vocal fold motion impairment. Of these nine patients, only one (0.1%) was found to have permanent vocal fold paralysis at 1‐year follow‐up. Factors that correlated significantly with voice change included kyphosis, revision surgery, and level C6‐C7 surgery. Kyphosis was the only independent factor correlating with voice change.

Conclusions:

ACSS is a safe surgical procedure with a low incidence of postoperative dysphonia when exposure is provided by a head and neck surgeon. Team performance of ACSS appears to reduce laryngeal complications and optimize the management of temporary or permanent postoperative dysphonia.
Induction of different reactive oxygen species in the skin during various laser therapies and their inhibition by fullerene
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro , Ito Shinobu , Ito Masayuki , Kanazawa Hideko , Yamaguchi Shigeru
Published: August 2012

Background and Objectives

The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the mechanisms of laser irradiation in the skin, and there are beneficial and detrimental aspects to this reaction. Detrimental side effects after laser treatments, such as redness and pigmentation, can be reduced by using anti‐oxidants.

Materials and Methods

Electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis using a free radical trapping agent revealed that different free radicals, including hydroxyl (·OH) and superoxide anion (O) radicals, were generated in the skin of hairless mice by irradiation with intense pulsed light (IPL), plasma, and radio frequency lasers.

Results

Generation of O and ·OH radicals was significantly inhibited in a dose‐dependent fashion by fullerene and fullerene did not have any pro‐oxidant effects as no radical adduct signal was detected. Although ROS can increase expression of COX‐2 mRNA, an inflammatory marker, laser‐induced COX‐2 expression was significantly suppressed by the antioxidant activity of fullerene. In addition, imaging analysis of human skin has shown that erythema‐associated redness caused by laser‐induced inflammation is inhibited by fullerene gel.

Conclusion

These data suggest that laser‐induced inflammation is suppressed by the ROS‐scavenging activity of fullerene and that application of fullerene is effective against oxidative skin damage caused by laser irradiation. Thus, fullerene has potential as an after‐care therapy following laser irradiation of the skin. Lasers Surg. Med. 44: 685–694, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.