bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Acid‐Catalyzed Condensation of 2,2′‐Diamino‐1,1′‐biaryls for the Synthesis of Benzo[c]carbazoles.
Authors: Lim Byong‐Yun , Choi Min‐Kyung , Cho Cheon‐Gyu
Published: February 2012

Substrates (I) and (IVb) undergo an acid‐catalyzed cyclization to give benzo[c]carbazoles in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Fe(III)‐Catalyzed Intermolecular C(sp2)—C(sp3) Dehydration Coupling Reaction of Ketene Dithioacetals and Propargyl Alcohols: Synthesis of Novel gem‐Dialkylthiopenten‐4‐ynes and Further Conversion into Methyl Pent‐4‐ynoates.
Authors: Song Jin‐Na , Fang Zhongxue , Liu Ying , Li Ran , Xu Lixin , Barry Badru‐Deen , Liu Qun , Bi Xihe , Liao Peiqiu
Published: February 2012

The process allows the preparation of a broad spectrum of title compounds such as (III), (V) and (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2H‐Indazoles by the [3 + 2] Dipolar Cycloaddition of Sydnones with Arynes.
Authors: Fang Yuesi , Wu Chunrui , Larock Richard C. , Shi Feng
Published: February 2012

It allows a new and efficient access to a wide range of 2H‐indazoles and related compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis and Bioactivity of Novel 2,2,4,5‐Tetrasubstituted 3‐Dichloroacetyl‐1,3‐oxazolidines.
Authors: Fu Ying , Yang Lei , Ye Fei , Gao Shuang
Published: February 2012

One‐pot synthesis and biological evaluation (protection of corn against damages caused by acetochlor) of title compounds (IV) are given.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of 3‐Aryl/Alkylamino 5‐Aryl/Alkyl 1,2,4‐Oxadiazoles from Acylthiourea.
Authors: Chennakrishnareddy Gundala , Debasis hazra , Jayan Rapai , Manjunatha Sulur G.
Published: February 2012

The starting materials (I) are stable for weeks at room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: A Two‐Step Synthesis of 1,5‐Disubstituted Tetrazoles Containing a Siloxy or Sulfonamide Group.
Authors: Sarvary Afshin , Shaabani Shabnam , Shaabani Ahmad , Ng Seik Weng
Published: February 2012

The reaction with the azide proceeds without catalyst or additive.
ChemInform Abstract: Substituent‐Controlled Electrocyclization of 2,4‐Dienones: Synthesis of 2,3,6‐Trisubstituted 2H‐Pyran‐5‐carboxylates and Their Transformations.
Authors: Peng Wei , Hirabaru Toshiaki , Kawafuchi Hiroyuki , Inokuchi Tsutomu
Published: February 2012

Cyclization of disubstituted enals with acetoacetates in the system piperidine—acetic acid provides access towards trisubstituted pyrancarboxylates, e.g. (III) and (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 4‐(2‐Hydroxyaryl)‐3‐nitro‐4H‐chromenes.
Authors: Rao H. Surya Prakash , Geetha K. , Kamalraj M.
Published: February 2012

The substitution of 4‐thiomethylchromenes (I) with phenol derivatives proceeds with excellent regioselectivity at the ortho‐position of phenol to give o‐hydroxyarylchromenes (III) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 6H‐Benzo[c]chromen‐6‐ones by Cyclocondensation of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds with 4‐Chloro‐3‐formylcoumarin.
Authors: Iaroshenko Viktor O. , Abbasi Muhammad S. A. , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter
Published: February 2012

The base‐mediated reaction follows a 2:1 stoichiometry and allows the synthesis of highly functionalized title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of 6H,7H‐Chromeno[4,3‐b]chromenes and 6,7‐Dihydrothiochromeno[3,2‐c]chromenes as 9‐Substituted Xanthene Like Analogues.
Authors: Manna Sudipta Kumar , Parai Maloy Kumar , Panda Gautam
Published: February 2012

The reaction of aldehyde substrates with Grignard reagents is followed by Friedel—Crafts cyclization to produce biologically interesting scaffolds.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of a Novel Series of Cyclic Urea as Potent CCR5 Antagonists.
Authors: Duan Maosheng , Kazmierski Wieslaw M. , Tallant Matt , Jun Jung Ho , Edelstein Mark , Ferris Rob , Todd Dan , Wheelan Pat , Xiong Zhiping
Published: February 2012

Design and practical syntheses of a novel class of cyclic urea‐based CCR5‐antagonists demonstrating high antiviral activities against HIV‐1 infection in both HOS and PBL assays are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of a Novel Potent GABAB Receptor Agonist.
Authors: Wustrow David J. , et al. et al.
Published: February 2012

Compound ((R)‐I) shows a 25 to 50fold greater potency than R‐baclofen at human and rodent GABAB receptors in vitro.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 3‐[1‐Hydroxy‐3‐oxo‐3‐(4‐methylphenylpropyl)]quinolin‐2(1H)‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Lobo Gricela , Gonzalez Teresa , Briceno Alexander , Charris Jaime
Published: February 2012

Title compounds (III) possess very promising antimalarial activity both in vitro and in vivo.
ChemInform Abstract: InBr3‐Catalyzed Three‐Component, One‐Pot Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines.
Authors: Reddy B. V. Subba , Reddy P. Sivaramakrishna , Reddy Y. Jayasudhan , Yadav J. S.
Published: February 2012

The simple method allows the preparation of various title compounds from both aromatic and aliphatic substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: A Core‐Extended Naphthalene Diimide as a p‐Channel Semiconductor.
Authors: Suraru Sabin‐Lucian , Zschieschang Ute , Klauk Hagen , Wuerthner Frank
Published: February 2012

The fully conjugated diimide (III), an organic semiconductor that exhibits ambipolar transport properties, is synthesized in a convenient one‐pot, two‐step reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: 4‐Thiophenoxy‐2‐trichloromethylquinazolines Display in vitro Selective Antiplasmodial Activity Against the Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum.
Authors: Vanelle Patrice , et al. et al.
Published: February 2012

A series of quinazolines (III) bearing a 4‐thiophenoxy and a 2‐trichloromethyl group are synthesized via SNAr substitution reaction and evaluated for their in vitro antiplasmodial potency.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient One‐Pot Synthesis of Functionalized Thieno[3,2‐d]pyrimidine and Thieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: Fernandez‐Mato Antonio , Peinador Carlos , Quintela Jose Maria
Published: February 2012

The procedure allows the synthesis of thienopyrimidinones from phosphazenes (I) and (VII) via reaction with isocyanates followed by addition of a nucleophile.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Ring‐Closing Metathesis for the Synthesis of Benzo[3,4]azepino[1,2‐b]isoquinolin‐9‐ones.
Authors: Van Hue Thi My , Khadka Daulat Bikram , Le Thanh Nguyen , Yang Su Hui , Cho Won‐Jea
Published: February 2012

Ring‐closing metathesis is utilized as the key step in the synthesis of title compounds (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Substitution Alters the Mode of Molecular Iodine Mediated Intramolecular Cyclization: Syntheses of Benzoxepine and Benzo‐2H‐pyran Derivatives.
Authors: Majumdar Krishna C. , Ansary Inul , Sinha Biswajit , Roy Brindaban , Sridhar Balasubramanian
Published: February 2012

The strategy presented is inexpensive and easily to handle.
ChemInform Abstract: Ultrasound Assisted Ring‐Opening Reaction of Epoxides with 1,2‐Diphenyldiselenide.
Authors: Cheng Tianxing , Zheng Xiangyong , Ke Qiang
Published: February 2012

The title reaction provides a practical and efficient method for the regioselective synthesis of β‐hydroxy selenides.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydantoin‐Free Synthesis of Peptide Ester Isocyanates, Isothiocyanates, and Dipeptidyl Ureas: The Application of Zinc Dust in a Carbonylation Procedure Without Base.
Authors: Narendra N. , Vishwanatha T. M. , Sureshbabu Vommina V.
Published: February 2012

Reaction of amine ester hydrochlorides with phosgene or thiophosgene generates the corresponding isocyanates or isothiocyanates.
ChemInform Abstract: Three New Iridoid Glucosides from the Roots of Patrinia scabra
Authors: Di Lei , Li Ning , Zu Ling‐Bo , Wang Kai‐Jin , Zhao You‐Xing , Wang Zhi
Published: February 2012

isolation and structures of three new iridoid glucosides, scabroside A (I), B (II) and C (III)
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorination of Tertiary Alcohols Derived from Di‐O‐isopropylidenehexofuranose and O‐Isopropylidenepentofuranose.
Authors: Rapp Magdalena , Bilska Monika , Koroniak Henryk
Published: February 2012

Dehydroxyfluorination reactions of tertiary sugar alcohols with 1,1,3,3,3‐pentafluoropropene‐diethylamine adduct and DAST are presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of ApA Analogues with Shortened Phosphonate Internucleotide Linkage.
Authors: Kralikova Sarka , Budesinsky Milos , Barvik Ivan , Masojidkova Milena , Tocik Zdenek , Rosenberg Ivan
Published: February 2012

The preparation of novel phosphonate dinucleosides (VII), (VIII), (X), and (XI) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (1R,2S)‐2‐(4′‐Allyl‐2′,6′‐dimethoxyphenoxy)‐1‐ (4′′‐hydroxy‐3′′,5′′‐dimethoxyphenyl)propan‐1‐ol.
Authors: Ding Junwei , Qi Rongwei , Zou Haitang , Jiao Bin , Xia Yamu
Published: February 2012

A facile synthesis of the title natural neolignan (VI) is developed involving an asymmetric Sharpless dihydroxylation [→(III)] and a Mitsunobu reaction as the key steps.
ChemInform Abstract: Design and Synthesis of C35‐Fluorinated Solamins and Their Growth Inhibitory Activities Against Human Cancer Cell Lines.
Authors: Kojima Naoto , Suga Yuki , Hayashi Hiromi , Yamori Takao , Yoshimitsu Takehiko , Tanaka Tetsuaki
Published: February 2012

The convergent synthesis of C35‐fluorinated analogues of solamin, a mono‐THF annonaceous acetogenin, is achieved by Sonogashira coupling of the previously obtained THF ring fragment (VII) with fluorinated γ‐lactones (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Isolation of a Novel Macrocyclic Dilactone — JBIR‐101 — From Promicromonospora sp. RL26.
Authors: Izumikawa Miho , Takagi Motoki , Shin‐ya Kazuo
Published: February 2012

The novel macrocyclic dilactone JBIR‐101 (I) is isolated from Promicromonospora sp.
ChemInform Abstract: Locking Out Ants — Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Fluorinated Repellents.
Authors: Csuk Rene , Tamba Maria Gabriela , Kluge Ralph
Published: February 2012

Among several fluorinated compounds 1,1,1‐trifluorodecan‐2‐one is an even better repellent against M.
ChemInform Abstract: Diffusion‐Induced Void Evolution in Core‐Shell Nanowires: Elaborated View on the Nanoscale Kirkendall Effect
Authors: Yang Yang , Gueder Firat , Zacharias Margit
Published: February 2012

Review: 28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Various Entries to Vinyl Chloride Derivatives and Their Applications in Total Synthesis of Natural Products
Authors: Guinchard Xavier , Roulland Emmanuel
Published: February 2012

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Native Chemical Ligation Combined with Desulfurization and Deselenization: A General Strategy for Chemical Protein Synthesis
Authors: Dawson Philip E.
Published: February 2012

Review: 49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Foldamers Containing γ‐Amino Acid Residues or Their Analogues: Structural Features and Applications
Authors: Bouillere Francelin , Thetiot‐Laurent Sophie , Kouklovsky Cyrille , Alezra Valerie
Published: February 2012

Review: 97 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Abnormal NHC Palladium Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity
Authors: Poulain Aurelie , Iglesias Manuel , Albrecht Martin
Published: February 2012

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphorus‐Based Macrocyclic Ligands: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Karasik Andrey A. , Sinyashin Oleg G.
Published: February 2012

Review: 228 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Containing Planar Chiral Ferrocenes: Synthesis, Coordination Chemistry and Applications to Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Manoury Eric , Poli Rinaldo
Published: February 2012

Review: 131 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Primary Phosphine Renaissance
Authors: Higham Lee J.
Published: February 2012

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbolines. Part 2. Comparison of Some of the Properties of α‐, γ‐, and δ‐Carbolines
Authors: Smirnova O. B. , Golovko T. V. , Granik V. G.
Published: February 2012

Review: 54 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Activity of Phenothiazine Derivatives
Authors: Sinha Shweta , Pandeya S. N. , Verma Anupam , Yadav Deepika
Published: February 2012

Review: 29 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Catalytic Application of Iron Pincer Complexes
Authors: Bhattacharya Papri , Guan Hairong
Published: February 2012

Review: 109 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal—Organic Frameworks as Catalysts for Organic Reactions
Authors: Wee Lik Hong , Alaerts Luc , Martens Johan A. , De Vos Dirk
Published: February 2012

Review: 74 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphinine‐Based Ligands in Homogeneous Catalysis: State of the Art and Future Perspectives
Authors: Mueller Christian , Vogt Dieter
Published: February 2012

Review: 86 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Modern Advances of Chemical Methods for the Introduction of a Phosphonic Acid Group
Authors: Demmer Charles S. , Krogsgaard‐Larsen Niels , Bunch Lennart
Published: February 2012

Review: 118 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chelating Alkylidene Ligands as Pacifiers for Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Olefin Metathesis
Authors: Vidavsky Yuval , Anaby Aviel , Lemcoff N. Gabriel
Published: February 2012

Review: 90 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: MicroRNAs and Their Role in Gynecological Tumors
Authors: Torres Anna , Torres Kamil , Maciejewski Ryszard , Harvey William H.
Published: February 2012

Review: 186 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Protein Kinases CK1 and CK2 as New Targets for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Perez Daniel I. , Gil Carmen , Martinez Ana
Published: February 2012

Review: 168 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Combinatorial Biosynthesis in Plants: A (P)review on Its Potential and Future Exploitation
Authors: Pollier Jacob , Moses Tessa , Goossens Alain
Published: February 2012

Review: 298 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Isoprenoids in Three‐Dimensional Space: The Stereochemistry of Terpene Biosynthesis
Authors: Dickschat Jeroen S.
Published: February 2012

Review: 167 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multitargeting by Curcumin as Revealed by Molecular Interaction Studies
Authors: Gupta Subash C. , Prasad Sahdeo , Kim Ji Hye , Patchva Sridevi , Webb Lauren J. , Priyadarsini Indira K. , Aggarwal Bharat B.
Published: February 2012

Review: 157 refs.
Variation of Product Properties of Granules Spray‐Dried from Nanoscale SiO2
Authors: Eckhard Susanna , Fries Manfred , Lenzner Kerstin , Nebelung Manfred
Published: February 2012

Zur Untersuchung von Zusammenhängen zwischen dem Aufbereitungszustand der Primärpartikel sowie den resultierenden inneren Strukturen und mechanischen Eigenschaften von Sprühgranulaten wurden Suspensionen mit aggregierten nanoskaligen SiO2‐Partikeln über Nassmahlung unterschiedlich aufbereitet. Mit steigender Aufbereitungsdauer wurden eine zunehmende Vereinzelung der Primärpartikel in der Suspension sowie modifizierte innere Strukturen und steigende Festigkeiten der Sprühgranulate nachgewiesen. Als primäre Ursache für die Zunahme der Granulatfestigkeit wurde eine steigende Packungsdichte der Primärpartikel in den Granulatschalen mit steigender Desaggregation ermittelt.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Malignant and Benign Pericardial Effusion
Authors: Karatolios Konstantinos , Pankuweit Sabine , Moosdorf Rainer Georg , Maisch Bernhard
Published: February 2012

Background:

The pathogenetic role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in malignant pericardial effusion and diagnostic value of pericardial VEGF levels to discriminate malignant from benign pericardial effusions are uncertain.

Hypothesis:

We hypothesized that pericardial VEGF levels would be higher in malignant than benign pericardial effusion and that VEGF would be a useful marker for the diagnosis of malignant pericardial effusion.

Methods:

Using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, we assessed pericardial and serum VEGF levels in patients with malignant pericardial effusion (n = 19), in patients with nonmalignant pericardial effusion (n = 30), and for control, in patients without pericardial disease (n = 26).

Results:

Vascular endothelial growth factor pericardial levels in malignant pericardial effusion (13 593.8 ± 22 410.24 pg/mL) were significantly higher compared with VEGF in nonmalignant effusion (610.63 ± 1289.08 pg/mL; P = 0.001) and pericardial fluid (5.5 ± 15.97 pg/mL; P < 0.001). In serum, VEGF was significantly higher in patients with nonmalignant pericardial effusion (188.3 ± 240.35 pg/mL) compared with patients with malignant pericardial effusion (67.52 ± 125.77 pg/mL; P = 0.024) and coronary artery disease patients (29.13 ± 76.26 pg/mL; P < 0.001). Pericardial VEGF levels were significantly higher than matched serum levels only in patients with malignant pericardial effusion (P = 0.023). Pericardial VEGF levels ≥2385 pg/mL had 75% sensitivity and 90% specificity for the recognition of malignant pericardial effusion in patients with breast or lung cancer.

Conclusions:

Vascular endothelial growth factor levels in pericardial effusion are markedly elevated in patients with malignant pericardial effusion, indicating abundant local release within the pericardial cavity. It is thus possible that VEGF participates in the pathogenesis of malignant pericardial effusion. Measurement of VEGF in pericardial effusion offers potential as a diagnostic tool to discriminate malignant from benign effusions in patients with breast or lung cancer.

The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Women and the implantable cardioverter defibrillator: A lifespan perspective on key psychosocial issues
Authors: Walker Robyn L. , Campbell Karen A. , Sears Samuel F. , Glenn Beth A. , Sotile Rebecca , Curtis Anne B. , Conti Jamie B.
Published: February 2012

The clinical success of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in reducing mortality suggests that more women will be receiving ICDs in the future. The impact of ICD therapy in women is unique in western societies; the ICDs scar and lump in the pectoral area can lead to body image concerns due to the emphasis on women's physical attractiveness. Social support and roles are challenged because women's reaction to stress has been characterized by a “tend and befriend” response, involving cultivating and utilizing social networks, rather than the “fight or flight” response more typical of men. In addition, a woman's identity as a caretaker and caregiver can be threatened by the actual and perceived activity limitations imposed by the ICD or the underlying heart condition. Finally, reproductive and sexual health are important issues, as 25 to 50% of patients with ICDs report concerns in this area, but also report discomfort in discussing these concerns with their health care providers. The purpose of the present paper is to review the relevant literature and to identify the unique impact of the psychosocial issues of body image, social support and roles, and sexual development and reproductive functioning for women with ICDs across the lifespan. In the absence of complete empirical research data on the impact of these concerns, hypotheses to test in future research are offered.
Should standard medical therapy for angina include a statin?
Authors: Corti Roberto , Fuster Valentin
Published: February 2012

Although a wealth of evidence supports the use of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) in patients with clinically evident coronary artery disease, these agents are still underutilized. Statins are the most effective agents in reducing low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol among lipid‐lowering drugs, and studies have recently shown that they improve endothelial function and plaque stabilization, and induce regression of atherosclerotic lesions. This article reviews the most recent evidence and guideline recommendations supporting the use of statins in chronic stable angina pectoris and acute coronary syndromes.
Handling input/output operations in Web servers: issues and countermeasures
Authors: Azzedin Farag , Al‐Issa Khalid
Published: February 2012

The way at which a Web server handles input/output (I/O) operations has a significant impact on its performance. Servers that allow blocking for I/O operations are easier to implement but exhibit less efficient utilization and limited scalability. On the other hand, servers that allow non‐blocking I/O usually perform and scale better but are not easy to implement and have limited functionality. This paper presents the design of a new, self‐adapting Web server architecture that makes decisions on how future I/O operations would be handled based on load conditions. The results obtained from our implementation of this architecture indicate that it is capable of providing competitive performance and better utilization than those of comparable non‐adaptive Web servers on different load levels. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automatic configuration generation for service high availability with load balancing
Authors: Kanso A. , Khendek F. , Toeroe M. , Hamou‐Lhadj A.
Published: February 2012

The need for highly available services is ever increasing in various domains ranging from mission‐critical systems to transaction‐based ones such as banking. The Service Availability Forum has defined a set of services and related API specifications to address the growing need of commercial off‐the‐shelf high availability solutions. Among these services, the availability management framework (AMF) is the service responsible for managing the high availability of the application services by coordinating redundant application components deployed on the AMF cluster. To achieve this task, an AMF implementation requires a specific logical view of the organization of the application's services and components, known as an AMF configuration. Developing manually such a configuration is a complex error‐prone task that requires extensive domain knowledge. In this paper, we present an approach for the automatic generation of AMF configurations and alleviate the task of configuration designers. One important aspect of the AMF configuration is ranking the service units, when it is required by the redundancy model, for the assignment of the workload by AMF at runtime. Our approach includes a technique for generating these rankings in such a way that guarantees load balancing even after the occurrence of a failure. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement and Applications of Long‐Range Heteronuclear Scalar Couplings: Recent Experimental and Theoretical Developments
Authors: Nath Nilamoni , Lokesh  , Suryaprakash Nagarajarao
Published: February 2012

The use of long‐range heteronuclear couplings, in association with 1H–1H scalar couplings and NOE restraints, has acquired growing importance for the determination of the relative stereochemistry, and structural and conformational information of organic and biological molecules. However, the routine use of such couplings is hindered by the inherent difficulties in their measurement. Prior to the advancement in experimental techniques, both long‐range homo‐ and heteronuclear scalar couplings were not easily accessible, especially for very large molecules. The development of a large number of multidimensional NMR experimental methodologies has alleviated the complications associated with the measurement of couplings of smaller strengths. Subsequent application of these methods and the utilization of determined J‐couplings for structure calculations have revolutionized this area of research. Problems in organic, inorganic and biophysical chemistry have also been solved by utilizing the short‐ and long‐range heteronuclear couplings. In this minireview, we discuss the advantages and limitations of a number of experimental techniques reported in recent times for the measurement of long‐range heteronuclear couplings and a few selected applications of such couplings. This includes the study of medium‐ to larger‐sized molecules in a variety of applications, especially in the study of hydrogen bonding in biological systems. The utilization of these couplings in conjunction with theoretical calculations to arrive at conclusions on the hyperconjugation, configurational analysis and the effect of the electronegativity of the substituents is also discussed.
Probing the Chemical Functionalization of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Multiple Carbon Ad‐Dimer Defects
Authors: Wang Dong‐Lai , Xu Hong‐Liang , Su Zhong‐Min , Muhammad Shabbir , Hou Dong‐Yan
Published: February 2012

Drying‐tube‐shaped single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with multiple carbon ad‐dimer (CD) defects are obtained from armchair (n,n,m) SWCNTs (n=4, 5, 6, 7, 8; m=7, 13). According to the isolated‐pentagon rule (IPR) the drying‐tube‐shaped SWCNTs are unstable non‐IPR species, and their hydrogenated, fluorinated, and chlorinated derivatives are investigated. Interestingly, chemisorptions of hydrogen, fluorine, and chlorine atoms on the drying tube‐shaped SWCNTs are exothermic processes. Compared to the reaction energies for binding of H, F, and Cl atoms to perfect and Stone–Wales‐defective armchair (5,5) nanotubes, binding of F with the multiply CD defective SWCNTs is stronger than with perfect and Stone–Wales‐defective nanotubes. The reaction energy for per F2 addition is between 85 and 88 kcal mol−1 more negative than that per H2 addition. Electronic structure analysis of their energy gaps shows that the CD defects have a tendency to decrease the energy gap from 1.98–2.52 to 0.80–1.17 eV. After hydrogenation, fluorination, and chlorination, the energy gaps of the drying‐tube‐shaped SWCNTs with multiple CD defects are substantially increased to 1.65–3.85 eV. Furthermore, analyses of thermodynamic stability and nucleus‐independent chemical shifts (NICS) are performed to analyze the stability of these molecules.
Defining a Polymethine Dye for Fluorescence Anisotropy Applications in the Near‐Infrared Spectral Range
Authors: Gustafson Tiffany P. , Cao Qian , Achilefu Samuel , Berezin Mikhail Y.
Published: February 2012

Fluorescence anisotropy in the near‐infrared (NIR) spectral range is challenging because of the lack of appropriate NIR fluorescent labels. We have evaluated polymethine fluorescent dyes to identify a leading candidate for NIR anisotropy applications. The NIR dye LS601 demonstrated low fluorescence anisotropy values (r) as a result of its relatively long fluorescent lifetime 1.3 ns. The r value of LS601 unbound and coupled to biological macromolecules was found to have a sufficient dynamic range from 0.24 to 0.37, demonstrating the feasibility of fluorescence anisotropy in the NIR. The viability of fluorescence anisotropy using a NIR label was demonstrated by characterization of dye–protein conjugates. These results open the door to a number of applications in drug discovery, fluorescence anisotropy imaging and contrast agent development.
A Brief Summary of the Synthesis of Polyester Building‐Block Chemicals and Biofuels from 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Dutta Saikat , De Sudipta , Saha Basudeb
Published: February 2012

The synthesis of fine chemicals from the platform molecules obtained through the degradation of the cellulosic and lignocellulosic biomass is a most widely envisioned approach toward the implementation of renewable feedstocks for fuels and chemicals. Significant advances have been made in the synthesis of furan‐based polyester building block 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and related compounds such as 2,5‐bis(hydroxymethyl)furan and 2,5‐bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran from biomass‐derived 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) by using homogeneous and nanoparticulate catalysts. This review provides a survey of selective aerobic oxidation of HMF to give FDCA as the end‐product. The article highlights the fundamental aspects of preferring nanoparticulate catalysts over the conventional supported metal catalysts for the synthesis of FDCA with high selectivity. Another objective of the review is to discuss how efficiently the HMF‐platform produces biofuels, including gasoline blendstock 2,5‐dimethylfuran (DMF), 5‐ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF), and ethyl levulinate (EL), which are competitive of existing liquid fuels.
Neuropharmacological and Toxicity Evaluations of Ethanol Extract from RhodiolaRosea
Authors: Montiel‐Ruiz Rosa Mariana , Roa‐Coria José Eduardo , Patiño‐Camacho Selene Isabel , Flores‐Murrieta Francisco J. , Déciga‐Campos Myrna
Published: February 2012

Strategy, Management and Health Policy

Enabling Technology, Genomics, Proteomics
Preclinical Research
Preclinical Development Toxicology, Formulation Drug Delivery, Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Development Phases I‐III Regulatory, Quality, Manufacturing
Postmarketing Phase IV

Rhodiola rosea is a popular medicinal plant that is commonly used as an adaptogen in folklore medicine in Europe and Asia due to its ability to increase an organism's resistance to physical, chemical and biological stress. The aim of this study was to determine the central nervous system activity and toxicity parameters of R. rosea. An ethanol extract from the roots of R. rosea was orally (p.o.) administered to mice (10–316 mg/kg); exploratory activity, anti‐anxiety, behavior, sodium pentobarbital‐induced hypnosis, antinociceptive effects, and pentylenetetrazole‐induced seizures were tested. The results from the experimental models tested showed a significant reduction in exploratory behavior and in the number of rearings and head dippings, but no change in the sedative‐hypnotic and anticonvulsant response with respect to vehicle. Moreover, R. rosea reduced the licking time in the formalin test. R. rosea was not toxic in Artemia salina and in mice. The present results confirm some preclinical and clinical studies that indicate stimulating, anxiolytic‐like effects and present new evidence of the antinociceptive effect of and very low risk of toxicity from R. rosea.
In vivo notch reactivation in differentiating cochlear hair cells induces sox2 and prox1 expression but does not disrupt hair cell maturation
Authors: Liu Zhiyong , Owen Thomas , Fang Jie , Srinivasan R. Sathish , Zuo Jian
Published: February 2012

Background: Notch signaling is active in mouse cochlear prosensory progenitors but declines in differentiating sensory hair cells (HCs). Overactivation of the Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD) in progenitors blocks HC fate commitment and/or differentiation. However, it is not known whether reactivation of NICD in differentiating HCs also interrupts their developmental program and reactivates its downstream targets. Results: By analyzing Atoh1CreER+; Rosa26‐NICDloxp/+ or Atoh1CreER+; Rosa26‐NICDloxp/+; RBP‐Jloxp/loxp mice, we demonstrated that ectopic NICD in differentiating HCs caused reactivation of Sox2 and Prox1 in an RBP‐J‐dependent manner. Interestingly, Prox1 reactivation was exclusive to outer HCs (OHCs). In addition, lineage tracing analysis of Prox1CreER/+; Rosa26‐EYFPloxp/+ and Prox1CreEGFP/+; Rosa26‐EYFPloxp/+ mice showed that nearly all HCs experiencing Prox1 expression were OHCs. Surprisingly, these HCs still matured normally with expression of prestin, wild‐type‐like morphology, and uptake of FM4‐64FX dye at adult ages. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the developmental program of cochlear differentiating HCs is refractory to Notch reactivation and that Notch is an upstream regulator of Sox2 and Prox1 in cochlear development. In addition, our results support that Sox2 and Prox1 should not be the main blockers for terminal differentiation of HCs newly regenerated from postnatal cochlear SCs that still maintain Sox2 and Prox1 expression. Developmental Dynamics 241:684–696, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel method for predicting the flash points of organosilicon compounds from molecular structures
Authors: Pan Yong , Jiang Juncheng , Wang Rui , Zhu Xiao , Zhang Yinyan
Published: February 2012

A quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) study is performed to develop mathematical models for the prediction of the flash point (FP) of organosilicon compounds from their molecular structures. Various kinds of molecular descriptors were calculated to represent the molecular structures of organosilicon compounds, such as topological, charge, and geometric descriptors. The genetic algorithm combined with multiple linear regression (GA‐MLR) is employed to a select optimal subset of descriptors that have a significant contribution to the overall FP property. The model with the best result is a five‐variable multilinear model, which showed high prediction ability when the obtained root mean square error and average absolute error for the external test set were 14.11 and 11.1 K, respectively. The model was further compared with other previously published methods. The results indicate the superiority of the presented model and reveal that it can be effectively used to predict the FP of organosilicon compounds with only the knowledge of molecular structures. This study can provide a new way for predicting the FP of organosilicon compounds for the engineering field. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Particle Size and Porosity Grading in Anode Electrode
Authors: Liu L. , Flesner R. , Kim G.‐Y. , Chandra A.
Published: February 2012

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have the potential to meet the critical energy needs of our modern civilization and minimize the adverse environmental impacts from excessive energy consumption. They are highly efficient, clean, and can run on variety of fuel gases. However, little investigative focus has been put on optimal power output based on electrode microstructure. In this work, a complete electrode polarization model of SOFCs has been developed and utilized to analyze the performance of functionally graded anode with different particle size and porosity profiles. The model helps to understand the implications of varying the electrode microstructure from the polarization standpoint. The work identified conditions when grading can improve the cell performance and showed that grading is not always beneficial or necessary.
Reaction Kinetics of Hydroxyl Radicals with Model Compounds of Fuel Cell Polymer Membranes
Authors: Dreizler A. M. , Roduner E.
Published: February 2012

The chemical stability of perfluorinated and non‐perfluorinated low temperature fuel cell model compounds (MCs) against attack by hydroxyl radicals, HO•, is compared using a competition kinetics approach in aqueous solutions at ambient temperature. HO• radicals were generated in situ by UV photolysis of hydrogen peroxide in the electron spin resonance (ESR) resonator. Acetic acid (AA), trifluoroacetic acid (TFAA), methanesulfonic acid (MSA), trifluorosulfonic acid (TFSA), and perfluoro(2‐ethoxyethane)sulfonic acid (PFEESA) were chosen as MCs, while the rate constants of 5,5‐dimethyl‐1‐pyrroline‐N‐oxide (DMPO) and methanol (CH3OH) served as reference for the determination of relative rate constants by means of steady state ESR signal amplitudes. In decreasing order the rate constants are: kMSA = (4.8 ± 0.2) × 107 M–1 s–1, kAA = (4.2 ± 0.3) × 107 M–1 s–1, kPFEESA = (3.7 ± 0.1) × 106 M–1 s–1, kTFAA = (7.9 ± 0.2) × 105 M–1 s–1, and kTFSA < 1.0 × 105 M–1 s–1. Applying these results to perfluorinated fuel cell membranes like Nafion®, the main points of attack by HO• are concluded to be the ether groups of the side chains, followed by the remaining carboxyl groups from the manufacturing process of the polymers.
Total thyroidectomy with ultrasonic scalpel: A multicenter, randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kowalski Luiz P. , Sanabria Alvaro , Vartanian José Guilherme , Lima Roberto Araujo , Toscano de Mendonca Ullianov Bezerra , Roberto dos Santos Carlos , Boldrini Júnior Domingos , Barbalho de Mello Luis Eduardo , Pinto Fernando Paiva , Lehn Carlos Neutzling , Correa Luiz Artur Costa , Dedivitis Rogério A. , Guimarães André Vicente , Pedruzzi Paola Andrea Galbiatti , Ramos Gyl Henrique Albrecht , Gonçalves Antonio José , Suehara Alexandre Babá , Kanda Jossi Ledo , de Castro Capuzzo Renato , Carlos de Oliveira José , Curado Maria Paula , Francisco de Góis Filho José , Fukuyama Erica , Beserra Júnior Ivo Marquis , Bentes de Carvalho Neto Paulo , Carvalho André Lopes
Published: February 2012

Background

The ultrasonic scalpel is a recently introduced device in head and neck surgery. Total thyroidectomy is the most common endocrine procedure performed by surgeons.

Methods

This was an open, phase IV, multicenter, randomized controlled trial (RCT) that compared the use of an ultrasonic scalpel with a conventional technique in patients who underwent total thyroidectomy. The outcomes were surgical complication rate, operative time, drainage volume, postoperative pain, and costs.

Results

In all, 261 patients were included in 11 centers. There was a mean difference of 17% of operative time in favor of the ultrasonic scalpel group. There were no differences in postoperative complications. There was a difference in costs of 14% in favor of the ultrasonic scalpel group, but it was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

The use of an ultrasonic scalpel was as safe as that of the conventional technique and had the advantage of a shorter operative time and lower postoperative drainage. Costs were not different between groups. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Superficial temporal artery aneurysm: Diagnosis and treatment options
Authors: van Uden Dominique J. P. , Truijers Maarten , Schipper Ellis E. , Zeebregts Clark J. , Reijnen Michel M.P.J.
Published: February 2012

Background

Superficial temporal artery (STA) aneurysms are an uncommon entity and mostly described in case studies. The purpose of this review was to show the studied clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, and treatment modalities of STA aneurysms.

Methods

A review was performed of reports on STA aneurysms published until December 2010, using the MEDLINE and Cochrane databases.

Results

One hundred sixty‐six pseudoaneurysms and 20 true aneurysms were described. The majority of patients presented with a painless pulsatile mass. Historically, angiography was most often used, but ultrasound scan, CT, and MRI may be superior. Surgical resection was performed in 128 pseudoaneurysms and 20 true aneurysms with 1 recurrence and few complications. Endovascular approaches were used in 13% of pseudoaneurysms with an 80% success rate.

Conclusion

Pseudoaneurysms are mostly the result of blunt trauma as opposed to true aneurysms which usually occur spontaneously. Surgical resection is a safe treatment modality, but endovascular treatment might be considered in a selected group of patients. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Venous thromboembolism in patients with head and neck cancer after surgery
Authors: Thai Leo , McCarn Kate , Stott William , Watts Tammara , Wax Mark K. , Andersen Peter E. , Gross Neil D.
Published: February 2012

Background

The purpose of this study was to report the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with head and neck cancer after surgery.

Methods

This was a single‐institution, retrospective cohort: 134 patients underwent resection and simultaneous microvascular reconstruction. The primary endpoint was identification of confirmed or suspicious VTE within 30 days of surgery.

Results

Two subjects (1.4%) with confirmed VTE (1 pulmonary embolism, 1 deep venous thrombosis) and 6 subjects (4.4%) with suspicious VTE (1 acute respiratory failure, 1 sudden cardiac arrest, and 4 cases of leg edema without imaging) were identified. The strongest predictors of possible VTE were prior VTE (p = .004; odds ratio [OR], 25.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13–556.40), red cell transfusion (p = .009; OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.16–2.80), high body mass index (p = .015, OR, 1.29, 95% CI, 1.05–1.58), and older age (p = .046; OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.00–1.19).

Conclusion

The incidence of VTE in patients with head and neck cancer after resection and microvascular reconstruction ranged from 1.4% to 5.8%. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Unilateral neck therapy in the human papillomavirus ERA: Accepted regional spread patterns
Authors: Galloway Thomas J. , Lango Miriam N. , Burtness Barbara , Mehra Ranee , Ruth Karen , Ridge John A.
Published: February 2012

Background

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the incidence of bilateral neck disease tonsillar cancer is rising.

Methods

We reviewed tonsillar cancer incidence data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute.

Results

The annual incidence of advanced neck disease (≥N2) with small primary tonsillar cancer is increasing (annual percent change [APC]; p < .05) during 2 evaluable time frames (1988–2003 and 2004–2008). The increase for small primary tonsillar cancer from 2004 to 2008 is associated with increased ipsilateral disease (ie, T1‐2N2a–b, APC 10.6%; p < .05) rather than bilateral neck disease (T1‐2N2c, APC 5.9%, APC = NS). The increase in bilateral neck disease is less than the overall rise in T1 to 2 tonsillar cancer (APC 7.2%; p < .05).

Conclusion

In the human papillomavirus (HPV) era, bilateral neck disease is increasingly common. This seems to be a consequence of the increasing incidence of tonsillar cancer rather than a new biologic behavior. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Increased radioresistance via G12S K‐Ras by compensatory upregulation of MAPK and PI3K pathways in epithelial cancer
Authors: Affolter Annette , Drigotas Martynas , Fruth Kai , Schmidtmann Irene , Brochhausen Christoph , Mann Wolf J. , Brieger Jürgen
Published: February 2012

Background

Irradiation‐induced signaling via the 2 pathways, Raf‐MEK‐ERK and PI3K‐Akt, is known to be closely associated with a limited response to radiotherapy. In the present study we analyzed the relevance of constitutively active K‐Ras for postradiogenic pathway stimulation and the option of coordinated inhibition to overcome these rescue mechanisms.

Methods

We used 2 epithelial tumor cell lines as a model system, one of them harboring a G12S K‐Ras mutation. Cells were irradiated and the effect of combined treatment with ionizing radiation and inhibitors on the expression of pERK and pAkt was determined by Western blotting. Additionally, clonogenic assays were performed to functionally analyze survival of the cell lines.

Results

Compared with the nonmutated cells we observed the G12S cell line showing a clearly reduced response to inhibitor treatment under irradiation. In the case of pharmacologic inhibition of 1 of the pathways a compensatory upregulation of the second cascade leading to increased clonogenic survival seems feasible. However, there was a good functional response of this cell line to double inhibition with both compounds represented by minimized colony forming ability. The activation of ERK and Akt after irradiation was confirmed in xenotransplants showing elevated postradiogenic protein levels.

Conclusion

With our data we confirmed our hypothesis of postradiogenic constitutive activation of the 2 pathways both required for Ras‐mediated radioresistance in epithelial cells. If this effect should prove itself as a general mechanism in Ras‐mutated tumors, application of specific inhibitors to block both cascades in parallel could contribute to enhance radiosensitivity in these types of cancer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Predictive factors for inadequate stem cell mobilization in Chinese patients with NHL and HL: 14‐year experience of a single‐center study
Authors: Han Xiaohong , Ma Li , Zhao Lingdi , He Xiaohui , Liu Peng , Zhou Shengyu , Yang Jianliang , Qin Yan , Yang Sheng , Yao Jiarui , Shi Yuankai
Published: February 2012

Background: Factors affecting progenitor cell mobilization in patients with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) are incompletely understood. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine which factors are crucial for effective mobilization and collection of autologous peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) prior to transplantation in Chinese patients. Patients and methods: A total of 239 patients with lymphoma (198 NHL and 41 HL patients) underwent PBSC collection after mobilization with granulocyte‐colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) or G‐CSF plus chemotherapy priming. Results: Patient characteristics at diagnosis and transplant, including low Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score (P = 0.013), lack of extranodal invasion (P = 0.034), previously administered radiotherapy regimens (P = 0.040), treatment with platinum prior to mobilization (P = 0.042), previous chemotherapy regimens (P = 0.001) and cycles (P < 0.001), and chemotherapy regimens (P < 0.001) were statistically significant for successful mobilization in multivariate analysis. Premobilization factors, including previous radiotherapy (P = 0.009), previous chemotherapy regimens (P = 0.043) and cycles (P = 0.039), low platelet count prior to mobilization (P = 0.042), and lower CD34+ cells in peripheral blood (PB) (P = 0.050) or bone marrow (BM) (P = 0.007) were considered possibly predictive of poor mobilization. We found the patients who had chemosensitive lymphoma had worse progress‐free survival (PFS) than the patients with initial treatment and high risks (P = 0.017). Conclusion: Our analysis showed that high amounts of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, low platelet count, chemosensitive recurrent patients, combination chemotherapy plus G‐CSF and low CD34+ cells in BM prior to mobilization could emerged as important predictive factors for mobilization failure in Chinese patients with NHL and HL. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sensitivity of the Eastern Mediterranean geomorphic system towards environmental change during the Late Holocene: a chronological perspective
Authors: Dusar Bert , Verstraeten Gert , D'haen Koen , Bakker Johan , Kaptijn Eva , Waelkens Marc
Published: February 2012

Alluvial and colluvial sediment deposition provide a vital record of environmental change during the Holocene. Firm chronological control on these archives is necessary to enable us to relate sediment dynamics to human activity and climate variability. In the Eastern Mediterranean, such relationships are hard to establish due to the lack of spatially well‐distributed sediment archives with good chronological control. This scarcity is problematic with respect to regional‐scale reconstructions of the temporal variation of sediment dynamics. Here, we present a radiocarbon database (n = 178) of geomorphological activity collected from multiple distinct sediment archives within the territory of Sagalassos in south‐western Turkey. The data were grouped according to their sedimentary facies for analysis using cumulative probability distributions (CPDs) and sedimentation rate (SR) modelling. Two small‐scale colluvial valleys, where chronological information was abundant, were investigated in more detail. Results show that sedimentation chronology differs between individual, nearby cores, as it depends strongly on the local geomorphic situation. A generalizing approach combining multiple core results yields more widely valid conclusions. High sedimentation rates coincided with the initial major anthropogenic disturbance of the landscape and decreased afterwards, probably due to hillslope soil depletion. CPD and SR analysis indicates that in general colluvial sedimentation rates did not change much from 2000 BC onwards. River floodplain sedimentation, in contrast, increased markedly during the first millennium BC and during recent times, and a significant time lag in enhanced sediment deposition between the upper and lower reaches of the river valleys was observed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.