bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is Poverty Incompatible with Asset Accumulation?
Authors: McKernan Signe-Mary , Ratcliffe Caroline , Williams Shanks Trina
Published: December 2012

This article examines whether poverty is incompatible with asset accumulation. It considers whether the poor can and do save and whether they are able to build up assets over time. It presents data from household surveys, as well as from programs targeted at helping families accumulate assets. Presenting and evaluating the state of knowledge provides a new lens on whether the current income-based safety net could better serve poor families by having an asset-building component. The conventional thinking is that families that are income-poor cannot save. The article shows that this thinking is inaccurate; poverty does not have to be incompatible with asset accumulation.
Leadership and Followership from a Social Cognition Perspective: A Dual Process Account
Authors: Brown Douglas J.
Published: December 2012

This chapter explores the leadership literature through the lens of a dual processing perspective, indicating that human cognition consists of an automatic system (System 1) and a conscious system (System 2). In particular, it addresses follower and leader information processing from the dual-process paradigm. It is observed that quick, nonconscious processing plays a tremendous role in leadership and followership. The nature, acquisition, retention, and retrieval of information in System 1 follow a connectionist architecture, and function in accordance with the properties that have been typically attributed to schematic knowledge. The ability to engage System 2 has been compared to a muscle, which needs time to recover. In general, the data indicate that leadership scholars may want to consider mental events through the lens of an old, yet increasingly dominant, human-information-processing paradigm: the dual-process model.
Leadership in Context and Context in Leadership Studies
Authors: Shamir Boas
Published: December 2012

This chapter evaluates the “state of the science” of leadership studies with respect to the issue of context, describes some of the limitations of studies of leadership in specific contexts, and offers some suggestions about the incorporation of context into leadership theories. Studies of leadership in specific contexts, especially when they are written by authors who are highly informed about general leadership theories, have the potential to contribute to general theories. The group context identifies the characteristics of the elected or endorsed leader. Leadership aims to obtain acceptance of the interpretation favored by the leader. The general point is that studies of leadership in specific contexts or roles have to be complemented by theory-based comparative studies of leadership in different contexts, whether such studies explore hypotheses derived inductively from context-specific studies or hypotheses derived deductively from extensions of leadership theories.
The “Missing Link” in Managerial Network Dynamics
Authors: Graen George B.
Published: December 2012

This chapter discusses the understanding on managerial leadership, and how training using the strategic alliance model can enable more business managers of human talent to become leadership competent. The problem of misguided leadership talent in companies is described. The chapter then assesses the leadership motivated excellence (LMX) theory. LMX S/B research shows that forming a network of strong strategic alliances is vital in team leadership. Interpersonal alliances permit the members to combine their resources to participate in more interesting and challenging work and report more satisfaction on their jobs. They were also a reaction to felt inadequacy of influence in a position. Being authentic and taking career risks is the better way to forge strategic alliances. Before the potential leaders can advance, they need to forge a proper set of strategic alliances.
Medieval Karaism
Authors: Polliack Meira
Published: December 2012

Karaism is best defined as a Jewish religious movement of a scripturalist and messianic nature, which crystallized in the second half of the ninth century in the areas of Persia-Iraq and Palestine. This article highlights new developments and breakthroughs in research, with specific emphasis on the state of manuscript sources, and the fields of Karaite history and hermeneutics. It also attempts to redefine the major impetus behind the Karaite movement. It concludes by reviewing the issues that have been raised and outlines the major paradigmatic shift in the current understanding of Karaism. Two separate modes of explanation have traditionally been pursued in the light of comparative religious phenomena. One identifies the major motivation underlying Karaism as intrinsic to Judaism, drawn from earlier scripturalist models, and the other identifies it as external to Judaism, borrowed or grafted onto it from heterodox Islamic models.
European Jewry in the Early Modern Period: 1492–1750
Authors: Carlebach Elisheva
Published: December 2012

This article describes conceptions of the early modern period in Jewish historiography, the Italian Renaissance, intellectual history, the Jews of Central Europe in the early modern period, the Sephardic diaspora in Western Europe, and messianism. Classical Jewish historiography depicted a sharp break between medieval and modern patterns, the movements of transformation seeming to emerge virtually out of nothing. Cecil Roth's The Jews in the Renaissance introduced Jewish historians to the riches of Jewish life in this multifaceted world. Jewish intellectual history in the early modern period is characterized by successful attempts to cross traditional disciplinary boundaries. The expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492 and from Portugal in 1497 had a profound impact on the life of Western European Jews, even beyond that on Iberian Jewry itself. Meanwhile, the messianic movement of Sabbatai Zevi reverberated strongly through the Jewish historiography of the early modern period.
Eastern European Jewry in the Modern Period: 1750–1939
Authors: Stanislawski Michael
Published: December 2012

This article notes that the study of the modern history of East European Jews is not a field driven at present by deep conceptual or ideological divides or abiding scholarly or methodological controversies. The past debates on this score between Israeli and diaspora Jewish scholarship have all but disappeared, as has even more dramatically the attempt at a Marxist version of juedische Wissenschaft. While the major works of the founders of the field from Simon Dubnov on ought to be studied and the impressive resurgence of interest in the history and culture of East European Jewry in the modern age is underway, the work is still largely undone. The crucial challenge to the field is not to succumb to the lachrymose and romanticized stereotypes of Jewish life in Eastern Europe while continuing to explore the history of this the largest Jewry in the world before the Holocaust.
American Jewish History
Authors: Diner Hasia R.
Published: December 2012

American Jewish history as a field of scholarly inquiry takes as its subject-matter the experience of Jews in the United States and places it within the context of both modern Jewish history and the history of the United States. Its practitioners see their intellectual project as inextricably connected to both histories. At the beginning of the twenty-first century the enterprise of American Jewish history enjoys a condition of robust health. By the 1990s American immigration history had generally declined in favour within the ranks of American historians. That Jews, outsiders to American culture upon their arrival in the United States, were able to penetrate barriers and enter the mainstream clashes with the way historians want to see the American past. As a group who craved both economic security and respectability, their story lacks the dramatic punch of resisters and rebels to the American ethos.
Jewish Women's Studies
Authors: Ilan Tal
Published: December 2012

Women's studies, as a discipline within Jewish studies, is relatively new. It appeared in the 1970s, in the wake of a similar development within other fields of academia particularly in the United States — a move that was later to be designated ‘second-wave feminism’. The question of women's status within Judaism, as within any human society is not new. In Jewish sources, it is as old as the story of creation in the first chapters of Genesis, with the description of woman's secondary creation and her implication in the original sin and fall from grace. The human condition has always been one in which women are subordinated to men, and most written cultures have produced documents justifying this condition. Only over the last 200 years has this truism come under criticism, particularly in the cultures of the West, with the advent of ideas about humanism, equality, and democracy.
Demography
Authors: DellaPergola Sergio
Published: December 2012

The scientific study of the Jewish population, also known as demography of the Jews or Jewish demography, does not actually claim the status of a distinct discipline. It is an area of specialization focusing on the changing size and composition of Jewish populations and on the determinants and consequences of such changes. This article outlines some of the main concepts, interpretative frameworks, and methodological issues in the field, followed by a short outline of substantive patterns and applied uses of available knowledge. The main scientific rationale for the study of Jewish populations rests with the growing interest in understanding the demography of religious, ethnic, and cultural groups and minorities. Demographic changes provide an important and occasionally indispensable background for an appraisal of Jewish history and cultural experience. Hence, the study of Jewish demography is organically tied to the development of Jewish studies.
Anti-Semitism Research
Authors: Benz Wolfgang
Published: December 2012

Anti-Semitism refers to all anti-Jewish statements, tendencies, resentments, attitudes, and actions, regardless of whether they are religiously, racially, socially, or otherwise motivated. Ever since the experience of National Socialist ideology and dictatorship, anti-Semitism has been understood as a social phenomena which serves as a paradigm for the formation of prejudices and the political exploitation of the hostilities that ensue from them. As prejudice research, it is primarily interested in the behaviour and attitudes of different majority societies, and strictly speaking, it does not even require knowledge of the discriminated minority. This article claims that anti-Semitism research and Jewish studies are not interconnected, nor dependent on one another. However, the history of Jews, their interaction with non-Jewish majority societies, their persecution and extermination, serves anti-Semitism research as a paradigm.
Appearance in Later Life
Authors: Baker Lucie , Gringart Eyal
Published: December 2012

This article reports on a four-year study (2007–2010) in which an integrative model of body image and a quantitative measure was developed with which body image satisfaction in older adulthood was investigated. It argues that body image is a significant concern to older adults. Further, it proposes that body image dissatisfaction in older adulthood is psychologically injurious.
Culture and Ethnicity
Authors: Naqvi Habib , Saul Krysia
Published: December 2012

This article considers appearance through the lens of culture and ethnicity, with a focus on how different physical attributes are considered desirable in different parts of the world. Drawing on one of the few studies in this area — a qualitative study of a South Asian community's views of visible difference — the article demonstrates how religious and cultural beliefs relating to appearance can influence attitudes, affect social lives, and influence expectations of marriage, particularly amongst women.
The Role of the Family
Authors: Bellew Rebecca
Published: December 2012

This article explores how the family uniquely contributes to individuals' experience of appearance and to their values, attitudes, and behaviours. The first section explores two overarching ways in which the family contributes to our understanding of appearance: through the information that families offer, and their guidance in interpreting social and cultural information. The latter sections explore other more specific, familial factors that may affect appearance adjustment, including the family's influence when a member has a visible difference of appearance, the child's gender, and the family's relative importance compared to other sociocultural influences. It concludes with recommendations for future research.
Interventions for Families and Healthcare Professionals
Authors: Brown Sue
Published: December 2012

Parents and families of babies born with a visible facial difference have to overcome many challenges. Professionals caring for the child and their family can have an instrumental role in how these challenges are managed. This article identifies the nature of some of the challenges and illustrates how professional interventions can be innovative and benefit from service user involvement. Using personal experience of coordinating the development of a series of DVDs, the article outlines how this medium can be used to provide authoritative information for healthcare professionals and families, with input from people who have lived through a particular experience themselves. The article also highlights a very positive use of service user involvement in the content, design, and filming of the DVDs.
What Needs to Change and How Can Change be Achieved?: Summary and Synthesis
Authors: Harcourt Diana , Rumsey Nichola
Published: December 2012

This article provides a synthesis and summary of Section III of this book. It focuses on the challenges of categorizing and evaluating interventions, the role of the media, and the involvement of stakeholders.
Using Novel Methods in Appearance Research
Authors: Harcourt Diana
Published: December 2012

This article uses a selection of methods to examine the benefits and challenges of using novel approaches in appearance research. It considers the potential expansion of new technologies and web-based research alongside the possibilities offered by alternative methods including arts-based approaches. It suggests that the use of a broader range of methods could be interesting and advantageous for researchers, and would offer alternative means by which people can be engaged with, and participate in, appearance research.
Coleridge's Early Years
Authors: Roe Nicholas Hugh
Published: December 2012

This article examines the early years of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It suggests that contrary to some claims, Coleridge's childhood was not a scene of unrelenting deprivation because he had spent much time with his father Reverend John Coleridge, who was a respected citizen of Ottery St. Mary in Devon, England. The article explains that after his father's death in 1781, Coleridge was sent Christ's Hospital in London, where he remained throughout his childhood, studying and writing poetry.
Coleridge and Wordsworth: Collaboration and Criticism from Salisbury Plain to Aids to Reflection
Authors: Gravil Richard
Published: December 2012

This article examines the collaboration and ‘symbiosis’ of English poets Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth. It explains that this celebrated friendship involved intimate and creative gift exchange both in world view and in the craft of verse, and that two instances of this gift were Frost at Midnight and Tintern Abbey, two of the greatest poems of 1798. The article contends that the long-term outcome of this friendship was a weakening of each poet's confidence in his own voice.
Coleridge's Publisher and Patron: Cottle and Poole
Authors: Lopez John-David
Published: December 2012

This article examines Samuel Taylor Coleridge's relationship with his publisher Charles Cottle and his friend and patron Thomas Poole. It discusses Coleridge's struggles to apply Pantisocratic notions to his patron/publisher relationship with Cottle and the damaging effects of this failed relationship. The article describes Poole's influence on Coleridge's search for an economic model and on his attempts at building a community of sympathetic subscribers.
Coleridge's Travels
Authors: Mazzeo Tilar J.
Published: December 2012

This article examines Samuel Taylor Coleridge's travels. It suggests that Coleridge's passion for travel and travel writing began in his small-town childhood, where he passed the first decade of his life never voyaging more than a dozen miles from his hometown. The article discusses Coleridge's travel to Wales in 1794, to the British Midlands in 1796, to Germany from 1798 to 1799, to the Caribbean and the Continent from 1800 to 1802, and to Italy and Malta from 1804 to 1806.
Coleridge: Biblical and Classical Literature
Authors: Harding Anthony John
Published: December 2012

This article examines the influence of biblical and classical literature on the works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It discusses Coleridge's lifelong immersion in biblical and classical literature, and mentions that Table Talk gives some indication of how frequently and eagerly Coleridge spoke about biblical and classical literature at his Thursday-evening soirées. The article evaluates Coleridge's influence on his younger contemporaries, especially as it relates to how the ancient world was understood and interpreted.
Coleridge's Dialogues With German Thought
Authors: Shaffer Elinor
Published: December 2012

This article examines Samuel Taylor Coleridge's ‘dialogues’ with German thought and literature. It explains that Coleridge was deeply engaged in the German renaissance of culture in the late eighteenth century, leading to the high period of German literature. The article discusses Coleridge's early interest in German, his appreciation of Friedrich Schiller as a playwright, and his reading of contemporary poets such as Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock.
Communication in Bargaining Experiments
Authors: Charness Gary
Published: December 2012

This article looks at evidence of the effect of communication in bargaining, even in settings in which economic theory predicts that communication will have no effect. It specifically presents data from various bargaining experiments. It also looks at the impact of cheap talk in laboratory experiments involving principal–agent and buyer–seller interactions. The possible outcome of communicating a the greater compliance and a decreased necessity for further legal battles. It is noted that communication has led to substantially better social outcomes. The impact of communication depends on the content of the communication. It is then shown that nonbinding and costless communication is typically beneficial in attaining better and more efficient outcomes in bargaining environments, including in principal–agent and buyer–seller interactions. There are still a number of cautionary notes that need to be made with regard to when statements are trustworthy and how communication influences bargaining outcomes in asymmetric environments.
Wages, Inequity, and Questions About Incentive Schemes
Authors: Werner Peter
Published: December 2012

This article investigates the effects of others' negotiated outcomes on our own bargaining behavior in labor negotiations. The role of relative wages has important implications for the design of wage schemes in firms. It is necessary to evaluate the impact of wage comparisons in environments that allow for multiple and potentially competing fairness norms. Wage inequality has detrimental effects on real or hypothetical effort exertion in a variety of settings. There is also a significant interaction between competing fairness standards and the acceptance of unequal outcomes. Contrary to strict payoff maximization, workers generally care about their own pay and their standings relative to other workers. So far, the literature does not provide strong guidance about the role of transparency and the endogenous emergence of reference points.
Social Comparison in Negotiation
Authors: Crusius Jan , Mussweiler Thomas
Published: December 2012

This article explores the implications of social comparisons in bargaining behavior. Social comparisons are an inevitable part of negotiations. Social comparison is ubiquitous in human thinking, and mounting evidence suggests that it is a central process in social cognition. A social cognition view provides a novel explanation for the importance of comparisons in human thinking. Comparisons with routine standards may have an efficiency advantage because they omit arduous standard selection procedures and because the comparison process becomes more efficient itself. A spontaneous and basic upward motivational tendency can be an important part of the effects of an envy-eliciting situation, which will predictably affect behavior in some situations. Social comparison can cause a multitude of cognitive, motivational, and affective effects in negotiations.
Negotiating Reputations
Authors: Ockenfels Axel , Resnick Paul
Published: December 2012

This article presents an overview of multiple studies using data from Internet markets to examine the role of reputation in building trust. It specifically addresses the interaction of reputations and dispute resolution. Parties that care more about their reputations deliver more power to their partners in these negotiations. Endogenous feedback is systematically affected by strategic incentives and psychosocial behaviors and is thus less informative than it might be. Reducing the gaming opportunities in feedback provision tends to increase market efficiency. Economic engineering may help to support the effectiveness of reputation building. Market platforms such as eBay continuously monitor and improve trust and trustworthiness on their platform. It is believed that the various phenomena observed on eBay generalize beyond Internet markets.
The Unsettled Periphery: The Backcountry on the Eve of the American Revolution
Authors: Hart William B.
Published: December 2012

In early 1774, Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, organized a 2,400-man militia led by John Connolly, a Pittsburgh magistrate, to raid several Shawnee and Mingo villages. They defeated the Shawnees at the battle at Point Pleasant and forced them to sue for peace. Some historians see Lord Dunmore's War as an epilogue to the Seven Years' War, which put an end to the decade-long British struggle to administer and control the backcountry. Others argue that Dunmore's campaign was a prologue to the American Revolution, one that aided and legitimized colonists' pursuit of property by supporting and encouraging white intrusion onto Indian lands. Whatever the significance of Dunmore's War, the fact remains that Britain's victory over France in the Seven Years' War triggered a wave of white westward migration as colonists took advantage of the power vacuum created by the collapse of the French empire in North America. Britain failed to contain that westward expansion. Instead, it angered westward-looking colonists and eastward-looking Indians, adding fuel to the Revolutionary movement.
The Imperial Crisis
Authors: Yirush Craig B.
Published: December 2012

The crisis experienced by the British Empire during the 1760s and 1770s has been linked to the decentralized nature of the empire built by the English on the far shores of the Atlantic world in the seventeenth century. The Crown, unwilling to pay the full costs of colonization, granted charters to corporations and proprietors. After delegating so much authority to the colonists, it was unable to unilaterally dictate how the empire was to be governed. For the most part, it was the colonial elites who were able to negotiate their relationship with the imperial center. This de facto decentralization did not sit well with royal officials, who wanted a more politically centralized empire and thought that colonies existed mainly for the mother country's economic benefit. To implement this contrasting vision, Parliament passed a series of Navigation Acts designed to confine colonial trade to English possessions and English-flagged vessels. In America, the debate over the Stamp Act of 1765 gave rise to a radically different view of the relationship between the mother country and its colonies.
The Impact of the War on British Politics
Authors: Dickinson Harry T.
Published: December 2012

The length, extent, and scale of the American Revolution had a profound impact on political developments across the British Isles. Britain was forced to send the largest army ever to cross the Atlantic to suppress a rebellion 3,000 miles away. In addition, early in 1778, France entered the war in support of America, followed by Spain in 1779 and the Dutch Republic in 1780. Britain therefore found itself fighting a world war with no ally, relying only on hired German mercenaries. The Royal Navy could no longer retain command of the seas of the world, and British interests worldwide were endangered. Britain even was facing the threat of a major Franco-Spanish invasion in June 1779. To meet the threat presented by the rebellion, it greatly expanded its land and sea forces, increased taxes and secured large loans, and fought a long, bloody, and expensive war. This chapter assesses the impact of the American Revolution on British politics, focusing on how it affected Lord North's ministry, the opposition in Parliament, and demands for reform in both Britain and Ireland.
Republican Law
Authors: Tomlins Christopher
Published: December 2012

The American Revolution gave birth to a republic that would be shaped profoundly by law—specifically, by a revolution in the law. Conceived during the first revolution, Republican law was molded by the second. In the 1830s, Alexis de Tocqueville identified “the spirit of the law” abroad in the republic as an outward—and more importantly a downward—emanation. He was describing what republican law had become, rather than its origins. A legal culture that no longer stood alongside “the people themselves” but over them supplanted what is termed the “exuberant legalism” of the American Revolution. The dominant law of the Revolution was Whig law, the lex loci of the colonies. This chapter examines law in the American Revolution, republican law, legal localism, the science of law, and the science of government.
The Psychology of Criminal Conduct
Authors: Smith Paula
Published: December 2012

A paradigm is a term that refers to an all-encompassing way of doing science within a set of agreed-upon theoretical ideas. It was Thomas Kuhn in 1962 who first proposed that science is based on a paradigm. In criminology and other social sciences, the original idea of paradigm has been drastically altered and is now viewed as a mere synonym for a theory, perspective, or approach. This article revisits Kuhn's (1962) original meaning of the concept of paradigm in order to describe how the psychology of criminal conduct (PCC) provides the field of corrections with a treatment paradigm. After outlining the theories involved in PCC, the article looks at some macro-level psychological and criminological theories and shows how they paved the way for the development of a micro-level theory of effective correctional rehabilitation, also known as the “principles of effective correctional intervention.” It also provides a brief history of the rehabilitative ideal in corrections in order to identify the social and political factors that influenced the development of PCC.
Life-Course-Persistent Offenders
Authors: Bushway Shawn D.
Published: December 2012

Researchers have long been trying to elucidate the nature of the criminal career by focusing on the average path or trajectory of offending over the life course. Some developmental theorists, most notably Terrie E. Moffitt (1993), proposed typologies, suggesting that people have fundamentally different paths and processes over the life course. Based on his theory, Moffitt classified individuals into non-offenders, life-course-persistent offenders and adolescence-limited offenders. Life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited offenders differ by the age of onset and by the time at which they exit from crime. In a 2003 paper, Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub debunked the notion that there are life-course persisters and concluded that crime declines with age sooner or later for all offender groups. This article examines the evidence surrounding the theory put forward by Sampson and Laub and looks at some of the issues that arise when identifying and explaining life-course-persistent offenders.
Two Approaches to Developmental/Life-Course Theorizing
Authors: Farrington David P. , Loeber Rolf
Published: December 2012

This article describes two approaches to developmental and life-course criminology (DLC): the “Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential” theory developed by David Farrington and the developmental pathways conceptualization developed by Rolf Loeber. The first theory was designed to explain results obtained in the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, a prospective longitudinal survey of 411 London males ages 8 to 48–50. The second theory specifies the developmental nature of the delinquency outcomes that need to be explained by any theory, including the ICAP theory. DLC deals primarily with the development of offending and antisocial behavior from the womb to the tomb, the influence of risk and protective factors at different ages, and the effects of life events on the course of development. This article also reviews developmental pathways from minor externalizing antisocial behaviors to serious property crime, violence, and homicide.
Crime Places and Place Management
Authors: Madensen Tamara D. , Eck John E.
Published: December 2012

When asked whether they can predict where crime will occur, most police officers say no. However, most police officers can identify a particular neighborhood where one can possibly be mugged. In the first case, the police officers are asked about crime in general and in an unspecified area, for an undefined purpose. In the second case, they are asked about the risk of a specific crime in very small areas, for the purposes of prevention. Specificity is a key factor in crime prevention, and is evident in places which are very specific geographic locations. This article explores why crime levels are extraordinarily high in some places but low or totally absent in most places, and how place management accounts for this disparity. In particular, it reviews empirical studies and associated theory related to crime at places (that is, addresses, buildings, and land parcels) and the management of these locations. It also discusses extensions of routine activity theory, as well as displacement, diffusion of benefits, and neighborhood effects.
First Report of Box Blight Caused by Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum (C. buxicola) in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Elmhirst J. F. , Auxier B. E. , Wegener L. A.
Published: December 2012

Boxwoods (Buxus spp.) are common woody ornamental hedging plants in Europe and North America, typically propagated by cuttings. In October 2011, shoot dieback and defoliation was observed on Buxus sempervirens ‘Suffruticosa’ (dwarf English boxwood) and ‘Green Balloon’ in outdoor, 10-cm pots at a wholesale nursery in Chilliwack, British Columbia. Circular leaf spots with black rings occurred on leaves and black, water-soaked, cankers girdled the stems and petioles. Leaf and stem samples were collected on November 21, 2011, and incubated for 48 h in a moist chamber at room temperature. In addition to Volutella buxi, a Cylindrocladium species producing conidia on white sporodochia was observed on host tissue under the microscope. Leaves with lesions were surface-sterilized in 10% bleach for 30 to 60 s, rinsed in sterile water, and lesions were cut out and plated on PDA and carnation leaf media. The species was identified as Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum Crous, J.Z. Groenew. & C.F. Hill 2002 by comparison of conidia and phialide morphology to published descriptions. Conidia were hyaline, one-septate, cylindrical with rounded ends and 38 to 76 μm (mean 51 μm) × 4 to 6 μm on carnation leaf media and 41 to 66 μm (mean 52 μm) × 4 to 6 μm on B. sempervirens ‘Suffruticosa’ leaves, comparable to the reported range of 40 to 75 × 4 to 6 μm (1,2,3,4). Conidia were produced in clusters on terminal, ellipsoid vesicles at the tips of penicillate conidiophores. Vesicles were 10.2 (7.6 to 12.8 μm) at the widest point, consistent with the 6 to 11 μm reported in (2,3) and tapered to a rounded point; stipe extensions were septate and measured an average of 130 μm (107 to 163 μm) in length to the tip of the vesicle, consistent with the 95 to 155 μm reported in (1), 89 to 170 μm reported in (2), and 95 to 165 μm in (3). Chlamydospores were not observed on host tissue but appeared in older PDA cultures as dark brown microsclerotia. DNA was extracted from single-spore colonies on PDA and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with primers ITS1 and ITS4. The ITS sequence (GenBank Accession No. KC291613) was 100% identical to C. buxicola strain CB-KR001 (HM749646.1) and Calonectria pseudonaviculata strain ATCC MYA-4891 (JX174050.1). In early December 2011, box blight was identified on container-grown B. sinica var. insularis × B. sempervirens ‘Green Velvet,’ ‘Green Gem’, and ‘Green Mountain’ and B. sempervirens L. (common or American boxwood). The pathogen was identified by microscopic examination at three wholesale nurseries in the eastern Fraser Valley and one landscape planting. The isolate has been deposited in the Canadian Collection of Fungal Cultures in Ottawa, Canada (DAOM 242242).

References: (1) B. Henricot and A. Culham. Mycologia 94:980, 2002. (2) K. L. Ivors, et al. Plant Dis. 96:1070, 2012. (3) C. Pintos Varela, et al. Plant Dis. 93:670, 2009. (4) M. Saracchi, et al. J. Plant Pathol. 90:581, 2008.
First Report of Garlic common latent virus Infecting Garlic in Sudan
Authors: Hamed K. , Menzel W. , Mohamed M. E. , Bakheet K. A. , Winter S.
Published: December 2012

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the most important vegetable field crops in Sudan, cultivated on an area of more than 6,000 ha with a total yield of 27,000 t in 2010 (faostat.fao.org). As part of a project which started in 2010 to improve the garlic production in Sudan, samples from local varieties showing severe mosaic and/or mottling were collected in winter 2011 from the main production areas in River Nile State, Northern State, and Darfur State. The plant material used for garlic production came from Sudan and was not imported. Because no reliable data were available on which viruses occur in garlic in Sudan, specific tests were initially omitted. In order to get an overview of the viruses present, dsRNA was prepared of a mixed leaf sample (12 leaves of different samples). This resulted in a high molecular weight dsRNA of approximately 9 kbp that served as template for a random RT-PCR followed by cloning and sequencing (3). Three identical clones originating from one PCR product covering the C-terminal part of the coat protein to the N-terminal part of the nucleic acid binding protein showed the highest sequence similarity to Garlic common latent virus (GarCLV). The nucleotide sequence identities of the 554-bp insert range from 85% to an isolate from India (Accession No. FJ154841) up to 97% to a GarCLV isolate from The Netherlands (AB004804), identifying the virus as a Sudanese isolate of GarCLV, one of the most common garlic infecting viruses. GarCLV belongs to the genus Carlavirus (1) and has previously been reported from Asia, Europe, and South America ( http://sdb.im.ac.cn/vide/descr352.htm ). In order to confirm these results, a double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA was performed with six individual garlic samples in which five samples showed a clear reaction with a GarCLV specific antiserum (AS-0230, DSMZ, Germany). The occurrence of GarCLV could be further confirmed for the ELISA positive samples by a specific RT-PCR using the primers published by Majumder and Baranwal (2). Fragments of the expected size were obtained for all five samples. In addition, one of the positive samples was examined by electron microscopy (Dr. K. Richert-Pöggeler, JKI Braunschweig); filamentous flexous particles typical for carlaviruses could be observed. The random RT-PCR sequence obtained in this study has been submitted to GenBank (KC013030). To our knowledge, this is the first report of GarCLV in garlic in Sudan and Africa. The impact of GarCLV on garlic production in Sudan needs to be evaluated, but the awareness of the occurrence of the virus and the availability of a reliable diagnostic tool will help to select virus-free propagation material. This will form the basis for a sustainable garlic production.

References: (1) A. M. Q. King et al. Virus Taxonomy 924, 2012. (2) S. Majumder and V. K. Baranwal. Plant Dis. 93:106, 2009. (3) W. Menzel et al. Arch. Virol. 154:1343, 2009.
A Novel Virus of the Genus Cilevirus Causing Symptoms Similar to Citrus Leprosis
Authors: Roy Avijit , Choudhary Nandlal , Guillermo Leon M. , Shao Jonathan , Govindarajulu Ananthakrishnan , Achor Diann , Wei G. , Picton D. D. , Levy L. , Nakhla M. K. , Hartung John S. , Brlansky R. H.
Published: December 2012

Citrus leprosis in Colombia was previously shown to be caused by cytoplasmic Citrus leprosis virus (CiLV-C). In 2011, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based diagnostic methods failed to identify CiLV-C from citrus samples with symptoms similar to citrus leprosis; however, virions similar to CiLV-C were observed in the cytoplasm of the symptomatic leaves by transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the causal organism was transmitted by the false spider mite, Brevipalpus phoenicis, to healthy citrus seedlings. A library of small RNAs was constructed from symptomatic leaves and used as the template for Illumina high-throughput parallel sequencing. The complete genome sequence and structure of a new bipartite RNA virus was determined. RNA1 (8,717 nucleotides [nt]) contained two open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 encoded the replication module, consisting of five domains: namely, methyltransferase (MTR), cysteine protease-like, FtsJ-MTR, helicase (Hel), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp); whereas ORF2 encoded the putative coat protein. RNA2 (4,989 nt) contained five ORFs that encode the movement protein (MP) and four hypothetical proteins (p7, p15, p24, and p61). The structure of this virus genome resembled that of CiLV-C except that it contained a long 3′ untranslated terminal region and an extra ORF (p7) in RNA2. Both the RNA1 and RNA2 of the new virus had only 58 and 50% nucleotide identities, respectively, with known CiLV-C sequences and, thus, it appears to be a novel virus infecting citrus. Phylogenetic analyses of the MTR, Hel, RdRp, and MP domains also indicated that the new virus was closely related to CiLV-C. We suggest that the virus be called Citrus leprosis virus cytoplasmic type 2 (CiLV-C2) and it should be unambiguously classified as a definitive member of the genus Cilevirus. A pair of CiLV-C2 genome-specific RT-PCR primers was designed and validated to detect its presence in citrus leprosis samples collected from the Casanare and Meta states in Colombia.
Characterization of a Variant of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri that Triggers a Host-Specific Defense Response
Authors: Chiesa María A. , Siciliano María F. , Ornella Leonardo , Roeschlin Roxana A. , Favaro María A. , Delgado Natalia Pino , Sendín Lorena N. , Orce Ingrid G. , Ploper L. Daniel , Vojnov Adrian A. , Vacas José Gadea , Filippone María P. , Castagnaro Atilio P. , Marano María R.
Published: December 2012

Citrus is an economically important fruit crop that is severely afflicted by Asiatic citrus bacterial canker (CBC), a disease caused by the phytopathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (X. citri). To gain insight into the molecular epidemiology of CBC, 42 Xanthomonas isolates were collected from a range of Citrus spp. across 17 different orchards in Tucumán, Argentina and subjected to molecular, biochemical, and pathogenicity tests. Analysis of genome-specific X. citri markers and DNA polymorphisms based on repetitive elements-based polymerase chain reaction showed that all 42 isolates belonged to X. citri. Interestingly, pathogenicity tests showed that one isolate, which shares >90% genetic similarity to the reference strain X. citri T, has host range specificity. This new variant of X. citri subsp. citri, named X. citri AT, which is deficient in xanthan production, induces an atypical, noncankerous chlorotic phenotype in Citrus limon and C. paradisi and weak cankerous lesions in C. aurantifolia and C. clementina leaves. In C. limon, suppression of canker development is concomitant with an oxidative burst; xanthan is not implicated in the phenotype induced by this interaction, suggesting that other bacterial factors would be involved in triggering the defense response.
First evidence for functional vomeronasal 2 receptor genes in primates
Authors: Hohenbrink Philipp , Mundy Nicholas I. , Zimmermann Elke , Radespiel Ute
Published: December 2012

Two classes of vomeronasal receptor genes,
V1R
and
V2R
, occur in vertebrates. Whereas,
V1R
loci are found in a wide variety of mammals, including primates, intact
V2R
genes have thus far only been described in rodents and marsupials. In primates, the
V2R
repertoire has been considered degenerate. Here, we identify for the first time two intact
V2R
loci in a strepsirrhine primate, the grey mouse lemur (
Microcebus murinus
), and demonstrate their expression in the vomeronasal organ. Putatively functional orthologues are present in two other strepsirrhines, whereas, both loci are pseudogenes in a range of anthropoid species. The functional significance of the loci is unknown, but positive selection on one of them is consistent with an adaptive role in pheromone detection. Finally, conservation of
V2R
loci in strepsirrhines is notable, given their high diversity and role in MUP and MHC detection in rodents.
Current-reinforced random walks for constructing transport networks
Authors: Ma Qi , Johansson Anders , Tero Atsushi , Nakagaki Toshiyuki , Sumpter David J. T.
Published: December 2012

Biological systems that build transport networks, such as trail-laying ants and the slime mould
Physarum
, can be described in terms of reinforced random walks. In a reinforced random walk, the route taken by ‘walking’ particles depends on the previous routes of other particles. Here, we present a novel form of random walk in which the flow of particles provides this reinforcement. Starting from an analogy between electrical networks and random walks, we show how to include current reinforcement. We demonstrate that current-reinforcement results in particles converging on the optimal solution of shortest path transport problems, and avoids the self-reinforcing loops seen in standard density-based reinforcement models. We further develop a variant of the model that is biologically realistic, in the sense that the particles can be identified as ants and their measured density corresponds to those observed in maze-solving experiments on Argentine ants. For network formation, we identify the importance of nonlinear current reinforcement in producing networks that optimize both network maintenance and travel times. Other than ant trail formation, these random walks are also closely related to other biological systems, such as blood vessels and neuronal networks, which involve the transport of materials or information. We argue that current reinforcement is likely to be a common mechanism in a range of systems where network construction is observed.
Extensive cryptic species diversity and fine-scale endemism in the marine red alga
Portieria
in the Philippines
Authors: Payo Dioli Ann , Leliaert Frederik , Verbruggen Heroen , D'hondt Sofie , Calumpong Hilconida P. , De Clerck Olivier
Published: December 2012

We investigated species diversity and distribution patterns of the marine red alga
Portieria
in the Philippine archipelago. Species boundaries were tested based on mitochondrial, plastid and nuclear encoded loci, using a general mixed Yule-coalescent (GMYC) model-based approach and a Bayesian multilocus species delimitation method. The outcome of the GMYC analysis of the mitochondrial encoded
cox
2-3 dataset was highly congruent with the multilocus analysis. In stark contrast with the current morphology-based assumption that the genus includes a single, widely distributed species in the Indo-West Pacific (
Portieria hornemannii
), DNA-based species delimitation resulted in the recognition of 21 species within the Philippines. Species distributions were found to be highly structured with most species restricted to island groups within the archipelago. These extremely narrow species ranges and high levels of intra-archipelagic endemism contrast with the wide-held belief that marine organisms generally have large geographical ranges and that endemism is at most restricted to the archipelagic level. Our results indicate that speciation in the marine environment may occur at spatial scales smaller than 100 km, comparable with some terrestrial systems. Our finding of fine-scale endemism has important consequences for marine conservation and management.
High-resolution single-molecule characterization of the enzymatic states in
Escherichia coli
F
1
-ATPase
Authors: Bilyard Thomas , Nakanishi-Matsui Mayumi , Steel Bradley C. , Pilizota Teuta , Nord Ashley L. , Hosokawa Hiroyuki , Futai Masamitsu , Berry Richard M.
Published: December 2012

The rotary motor F
1
-ATPase from the thermophilic
Bacillus
PS3 (TF
1
) is one of the best-studied of all molecular machines. F
1
-ATPase is the part of the enzyme F
1
F
O
-ATP synthase that is responsible for generating most of the ATP in living cells. Single-molecule experiments have provided a detailed understanding of how ATP hydrolysis and synthesis are coupled to internal rotation within the motor. In this work, we present evidence that mesophilic F
1
-ATPase from
Escherichia coli
(EF
1
) is governed by the same mechanism as TF
1
under laboratory conditions. Using optical microscopy to measure rotation of a variety of marker particles attached to the γ-subunit of single surface-bound EF
1
molecules, we characterized the ATP-binding, catalytic and inhibited states of EF
1
. We also show that the ATP-binding and catalytic states are separated by 35±3°. At room temperature, chemical processes occur faster in EF
1
than in TF
1
, and we present a methodology to compensate for artefacts that occur when the enzymatic rates are comparable to the experimental temporal resolution. Furthermore, we show that the molecule-to-molecule variation observed at high ATP concentration in our single-molecule assays can be accounted for by variation in the orientation of the rotating markers.
Twisting and subunit rotation in single FOF1-ATP synthase
Authors: Sielaff Hendrik , Börsch Michael
Published: December 2012

FOF1-ATP synthases are ubiquitous proton- or ion-powered membrane enzymes providing ATP for all kinds of cellular processes. The mechanochemistry of catalysis is driven by two rotary nanomotors coupled within the enzyme. Their different step sizes have been observed by single-molecule microscopy including videomicroscopy of fluctuating nanobeads attached to single enzymes and single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer. Here we review recent developments of approaches to monitor the step size of subunit rotation and the transient elastic energy storage mechanism in single FOF1-ATP synthases.