bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visual spatial gnosis and visual constructive activity in patients before and after embolization of intracranial aneurysms
Authors: Postnov Vadim , Levin Evgeny , Orlov Kirill , Kiselev Roman
Published: August 2018

Aim. The study was aimed at examining visual spatial gnosis and visual constructive activity in patients with cerebral aneurysms of anterior circulation before and after endovascular embolization with flow-diverter stents.Methods. Nineteen patients were examined before and after embolization of aneurysms. Patients were asked to perform 5 tests: determining the time on an “empty” dial (without numbers); setting the clock hands on an “empty” dial for the given time; drawing a human figure using the left and right hands; copying the picture of a house from the sample; copying from memory the Rey–Taylor and the Rey–Osterrieth complex figures.Results. Group differences between single measures obtained before and after the surgery were not statistically significant in any of the tests. At the same time, dependency on the hand used for drawing was nearly significant for postoperative changes in human figure drawing quality: the quality of figures drawn using the right hand became on average better after surgery, while the figures drawn using the left hand got worse. Postoperative individual changes demonstrated a “mosaic” pattern for the whole set of the tests, i.e. in most patients the results improved in some test(s) but degraded in other(s) and patterns of these changes differed between the patients.Conclusion. Postoperative changes in visual spatial gnosis and visual constructive activity are of a “mosaic” nature, supposedly due to multiple brain microlesions without certain localizations. At the same time, the differences between changes in the quality of human figures drawn using the right and left hands could be a sign of relative prevalence of the right hemisphere lesions. But in general, there were no significant postoperative changes in the brain integrative activity within the visual-spatial modality after endovascular aneurysm surgery with flow-diverter stents.Received 13 March 2018. Revised 17 April 2018. Accepted 20 April 2018.Funding: The study did not have sponsorship.Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.Author contributionsConception and study design: V.G. Postnov, K.Yu. OrlovData collection: V.G. Postnov, R.S. KiselevData analysis: V.G. Postnov, E.A. LevinDrafting the article: V.G. Postnov, E.A. Levin, R.S. KiselevFinal approval of the version to be published: V.G. Postnov, E.A. Levin, K.Yu. Orlov, R.S. Kiselev
FANPAGES DE HOTÉIS: FATORES DE GRATIFICAÇÃO E SATISFAÇÃO QUE MOTIVAM O ACESSO DOS USUÁRIOS
Authors: CARVALHO Fabiana Miranda Reis de , MIURA Marcio Nakayama , RIBEIRO Ivano
Published: August 2018

A partir da perspectiva da teoria de Usos e Gratificações (U&G), o estudo examinou os fatores que aumentam a satisfação dos usuários de fanpages de hotéis, analisando também como a satisfação dos usuários com a fanpage afeta a intenção de visitar o hotel no futuro. Para realização da pesquisa, levou-se em consideração a emergência do conceito de marketing de mídia social, e a exposição brasileira internacional ocasionada pela hospedagem de dois mega eventos esportivos: a Copa do Mundo de 2014 e as Olímpiadas de 2016. Os dados foram analisados empregando-se a modelagem de equações estruturais (SEM), com estimação dos mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS-PM – Partial Least Square – Path modelling). Os resultados indicaram que o entretenimento é o fator que mais influencia na satisfação, seguido da informação, conveniência, interação social e auto expressão. Verificou-se ainda que a satisfação dos usuários com a fanpage do hotel está positivamente associada à intenção de visitar o hotel no futuro. As implicações teóricas e práticas desses achados são discutidas, bem como sugestões para futuras pesquisas.
Высокоэффективные AlGaAs/GaAs фотоэлектрические преобразователи с торцевым вводом лазерного излучения
Authors: Хвостиков В.П. , Покровский П.В. , Хвостикова О.А. , Паньчак А.Н. , Андреев В.М.
Published: August 2018

AbstractHigh-efficiency photovoltaic converters (PVCs) have been developed and fabricated by liquidphase epitaxy in the AlGaAs–GaAs system with laser light ( λ = 850 nm) introduced through the edge surface in parallel to the plane of the p–n junction of the device structure. To raise the efficiency of light “capture” by the p–n junction, an Al_ x Ga_1– x As waveguide layer is formed, in which the content of aluminum gradually varies from x = 0.55 to 0.15 so that the refractive index gradient is created in this layer and light beams are diverted toward the p–n junction. When a PVC (having no antireflection coating) is exposed to 0.1- to 0.2-W laser light, an efficiency of 41.5% is obtained. Depositing an antireflection coating on the edge surface of a PVC raises its efficiency to 55%.
Guided Digital Cognitive Behavioral Program for Anxiety in Primary Care: Propensity-Matched Controlled Trial (Preprint)
Authors: Oser Megan , Wallace Meredith L , Solano Francis , Szigethy Eva Maria
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the gold standard treatment for adult anxiety disorders but is often not readily available in a scalable manner in many clinical settings.

OBJECTIVE

This study examines the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of a coach-facilitated digital cognitive behavioral program for anxious adults in primary care.

METHODS

In an open trial, patients who screened positive for anxiety (General Anxiety Disorder-7 [GAD7] score ≥5) were offered the digital cognitive behavioral program (active group, n=593). Primary outcomes included anxiety, quality of life (QoL), and ambulatory medical use over 6 months. Intent-to-treat (ITT) and modified intent-to-treat (mITT) analyses were completed. Subsequently, we compared the outcomes of participants with those of a matched control group receiving primary care as usual (CAU; n=316).

RESULTS

More than half of the patients downloaded the cognitive behavioral mobile app program and about 60% of these were considered engaged, which was defined as completion of ≥3 techniques. The active group demonstrated medium size effects on reducing anxiety symptoms (effect size d=0.44; P<.001) and improving mental health QoL (d=0.49; P<.001) and showed significantly improved physical health QoL (d=0.39; P=.002) and a decreased likelihood of high utilization of outpatient medical care (odds ratio=0.49; P<.001). The active group did not significantly outperform the CAU group in anxiety reduction or QoL improvement (d=0.20; P=.07). However, intent-to-treat analysis showed that the active group had a significantly lower likelihood of high utilization of outpatient medical care than the enhanced CAU group (P<.0001; odds ratio=0.09).

CONCLUSIONS

A coach-facilitated digital cognitive behavioral program prescribed in primary care is feasible and acceptable. Primary care patients prescribed a digital cognitive behavioral program for anxiety experienced significant improvements in anxiety symptoms, QoL, and reduced medical utilization. This effect was observed even among patients with chronic medical conditions and behavioral health comorbidities. Although the primary outcomes in the active group did not improve significantly more than the CAU group, health care utilization declined, and some secondary outcomes improved in participants who engaged in the program compared to the CAU group.

CLINICALTRIAL

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03186872; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03186872
Identification of the Causal Agent of Cocoa Pod Rot Disease from Various Locations
Authors: Komalasari Indri , Suryanti Suryanti , Hadisutrisno Bambang
Published: August 2018

Cacao (Theboroma cacao L.) is an important estate commodity in Indonesia with high economic value. The interference of cocoa pod rot disease which was affected by Phytophthora palmivora Butl. resulted in the reduction of the quantity and quality of cocoa beans, with losses up to 44%. This research was aimed to figure out the variation in morphology of P. palmivora isolates from cacao. The research was carried out by collecting samples of cocoa pod with rot symptoms in several cacao growing areas in Java, then the pathogen was isolated and cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. The observation was performed on morphological characteristics of isolates macroscopically (colony shape) and microscopically (size of sporangium and chlamydospores). All tested isolates showed various colony shape such as stellate, cottony and irregular as well as sporangium varying from obpyriform, globose, ellipsoid, ovoid and distorted with various size between 30.8×21.9–65.5×46.5 µm in range.IntisariKakao (Theboroma cacao L.) merupakan komoditas perkebunan unggulan di Indonesia dengan nilai ekonomi tinggi. Gangguan penyakit busuk buah kakao yang disebabkan oleh Phytophthora palmivora Butl. mengakibatkan penurunan kuantitas dan kualitas biji kakao, dengan kerugian mencapai 44%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui variasi morfologi isolat P. palmivora asal kakao. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengambil sampel buah kakao bergejala busuk buah di beberapa area perkebunan kakao di Jawa, kemudian patogen diisolasi dan dikulturkan pada media Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap karakteristik morfologi isolat secara makroskopis (bentuk koloni) dan mikroskopis (ukuran sporangium dan klamidospora). Semua isolat yang diuji menunjukkan bentuk koloni seperti stellate, cottony, dan irregular serta sporangium yang bervariasi dari obpyriform, globose, ellipsoid, ovoid, dan distorted dengan ukuran bervariasi antara 30,8×21,9−65,5×46,5 µm.
Tenuipalpus pasificus Mite on Orchid in Malang Raya
Authors: Wildaniyah Ulya , Putra Nugroho Susetya , Suputa Suputa
Published: August 2018

Malang Raya is the center of orchid cultivation (Orchidaceae) in Indonesia. However, the presence of mites might lead to economic losses. This study aimed to determine the population density of mite Tenuipalpus pasificus and the intensity of attack on four genera of orchids (Dendrobium, Cattleya, Phalaenopsis, and Coelogyne). Snowball technique was used to collect mite samples on eight locations. During the observation, T. pasificus was found dominant in Coelogyne orchid (72 mites/plant). The highest population of T. pasificus was commonly found at 10 a.m on Phalaenopsis and Coelogyne, while on Dendrobium at 12 p.m, and on Cattleya at between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. The intensity of attack of T. pasificus was not significantly differing among four orchids, which was varied from 20.02 to 30.10%, and was determined as low intensity.IntisariMalang Raya merupakan sentra budidaya tanaman anggrek (Orchidaceae) di Indonesia. Keberadaan tungau dapat menyebabkan kerugian secara ekonomi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kepadatan populasi tungau Tenuipalpus pasificus dan intensitas serangannya pada empat jenis anggrek yaitu Dendrobium, Cattleya, Phalaenopsis, dan Coelogyne. Metode pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik snow ball, sehingga didapatkan delapan lokasi pengamatan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, T. pasificus paling banyak ditemukan pada tanaman anggrek jenis Coelogyne (72 ekor per tanaman). Kepadatan populasi T. pasificus tertinggi ditemukan pada pukul 10.00 WIB pada Phalaenopsis dan Coelogyne, sedangkan pada Dendrobium pada pukul 12.00 WIB, dan pada Cattleya pada pukul 10.00 hingga 16.00 WIB. Intensitas serangan tungau T. pasificus pada keempat jenis anggrek tidak berbeda secara signifikan yaitu bernilai 20,02−30,10% dengan kategori intensitas serangan ringan.
Las implicancias jurídicas de la normalización técnica
Authors: Rojas Calderón Christian
Published: August 2018

The author explains in this article the origin and functioning ofthe technical normalization or standardization, starting at an internationallevel and then reviewing some examples of Law overseas. He concludes with the Chilean situation, where he establishes the connections between the technical and juridical norms and the manner in which that relationship is established through remission formulas used by the legal system. As a result, some problems arise related to the topic, mainly those related to control.
Los principios del Derecho Europeo de Contratos y el incumplimiento esencial
Authors: Jequier Lehuedé Eduardo
Published: August 2018

This work deals with the growing phenomenon of balancing diverse regulations and rules ofprívate rights in Europe. It aims at the doctrinal initiatives that state the figure of the essential non-fulfillment in Contractual Law and its systematic integration based on principies and common bases that are recognized over such matter in the comparative European law, thus giving shape and content to what is currently known as a "European Contractual Law". The article comparatively analyzes the principies and bases in relation with the rules of the Chilean Civil Code about non-fulfillment of the obligations, defining similarities and differences among them with campared regulations about the same matter.
Notas acerca del origen y trayectoria del derecho constitucional a la protección a la salud en Chile
Authors: Couso Javier , Reyes Mauricio
Published: August 2018

This work analyses the origins and trajectory of the right to health care in Chile, from the nineteenth century to date, going through the critical junctures that helped shape the constitutional recognition and legislative treatment and development of this right.
Los principios del proceso penal relativos al ejercicio de la acción y la pretensión:
Authors: Letelier Loyola Enrique
Published: August 2018

The principie of the proceedings is an old topic in Procedural Law, yet it is still attractive and current. In certain occasions, legal dispositions are attributed to determined principies, argument that can be agreed on with a simple reading of its norms. Nevertheless, when it comes to detecting the rationality of a system, at the level of the principies that underlie its normative contents, incongruences and antonymies that are hard to justify can be detected
La biodiversidad, el desarrollo sostenible y la crisis ecológica. Consideraciones en torno a la transformación de la naturaleza en Ecuador
Authors: GUZMÁN ÁLVAREZ JOSÉ RAMÓN
Published: August 2018

En el presente artículo se cuestiona el concepto actual de desarrollo sostenible, que se muestra como un postulado incuestionable en muchos foros a lo largo y ancho del planeta. Sin menoscabar su importancia teórica —e incluso práctica dadas las señales de alarma ecológica que se multiplican en los últimos años— se critica la aplicabilidad de un concepto resbaladizo y falto de concreción, para lo cual se analizan algunos problemas de desarrollo suscitados en la República de Ecuador (explotación de la selva tropical, piscinas camaroneras, parques nacionales) y las respuestas que desde diferentes ámbitos se están ofreciendo al desafío del crecimiento sostenible. Los conceptos desempeñan un papel importante en este análisis. No sólo la sustentabilidad, sino otras palabras como biodiversidad, crisis ecológica, etc., se han convertido en lugares comunes que han desvirtuado sus originarias intenciones, y se diluyen en el maremágnum de las sociedades finiseculares consumidoras de información.
México: la estrategia macroeconómica 2001-2006. Promesas, resultados y perspectivas
Authors: CALVA GONZÁLEZ JUAN JOSÉ
Published: August 2018

Este artículo examina los objetivos, instrumentos y resultados de la estrategia macroeconómica aplicada en México durante el gobierno del presidente Fox. En particular, se analizan los mecanismos de transmisión y los efectos de una política monetaria cuyo objetivo exclusivo (por mandato de ley) es el control de la inflación, así como la política fiscal que —por decisión gubernamental— se ha orientado primordialmente a apoyar a la autoridad monetaria en su tarea desinflacionaria mediante objetivos de balance fiscal, actuando de manera procíclica en el crecimiento del producto nacional y del empleo. Se muestra cómo el gobierno del presidente Fox recibió una economía en recesión que carecía del instrumental de política macroeconómica para enfrentarla. Finalmente, se concluye que la brecha entre las promesas de crecimiento económico y el desempeño real de la economía mexicana durante el periodo 2001- 2005 es una consecuencia natural y predecible de la estrategia macroeconómica aplicada.
La construcción de redes locales y los procesos de innovación como estrategias de desarrollo rural
Authors: MÉNDEZ RICARDO
Published: August 2018

Los espacios rurales se enfrentan a la necesidad de reconstruir sus economías y dinamizar sus sociedades para responder a las nuevas condiciones asociadas al capitalismo global. Estudios recientes ponen de manifiesto la existencia de trayectorias diversas en que los territorios más dinámicos parecen ser aquellos que han sido capaces de construir redes empresariales e institucionales que les permiten impulsar procesos sostenidos de innovación económica y social. Para difundir ese tipo de comportamientos a las áreas rurales, las ciudades intermedias pueden resultar estratégicas con el fin de concentrar recursos e iniciativas que puedan dinamizar luego su entorno.
Marginación y políticas de desarrollo social: Un análisis regional para Sonora
Authors: CAMBEROS MARIO , BRACAMONTES JOAQUÍN
Published: August 2018

En nuestro país como en el resto de América Latina y el Caribe, la marginación persiste como un problema añejo del subdesarrollo. Por tal razón, nuestro objetivo es evaluar la efectividad de la política social de México a la luz de la incidencia de la marginación, definida como la carencia de uno o varios de nueve satisfactores básicos. Su medición para el presente trabajo fue con base en el índice de marginación del Consejo Nacional de Población (CONAPO), en correspondencia con Sonora y sus regiones, donde se exponen los cambios observados en las últimas décadas del siglo XX. Por otra parte, al comparar los resultados con los del CONAPO de 2000, encontramos un retroceso. Por esta razón, una de las grandes motivaciones para abordar este estudio es proporcionar herramientas para apoyar la evaluación de la misma política para otras entidades.
Las disparidades municipales en México: un estudio desde laóptica de la desigualdad
Authors: FUENTES NOÉ ARÓN
Published: August 2018

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la evolución de las disparidades municipales del producto bruto por habitante con un conjunto de medidas utilizadas en el estudio de la distribución personal del ingreso y complementado con la técnica de la regresión cuantílica. Del análisis inferimos que las disparidades regionales caracterizan cada vez más la agenda económica, social y política de México. La atención puesta en la descentralización y el crecimiento económico, mediante el control riguroso del gasto público social, provocaron un aumento en la privatización de servicios públicos básicos, un mayor conflicto en el ámbito subnacional y la intensificación de las disparidades regionales. El auténtico avance hacia la reducción de las disparidades regionales exige la unidad de propósitos federal-estatal-municipal. El gobierno federal de minoría enfrenta la decisión de generar la cooperación intergubernamental o una mayor balcanización espacial.
Mitos y realidades sobre la agricultura familiar en Argentina: reflexiones para su discusión
Authors: PAZ RAÚL
Published: August 2018

La intensificación de la concentración de la tierra, los fuertes procesos políticos y sociales —encabezados por la Federación Agraria Argentina (faa)—, los actuales debates sobre la pequeña agricultura europea, así como el papel activo de la pequeña producción en el desarrollo económico de Japón, Taiwán y Corea del Sur, entre otros, constituyen algunos de los variados fenómenos que alientan el interés por la agricultura familiar, especialmente en el campo de una nueva agenda de desarrollo rural en Argentina. En el debate sobre la agricultura familiar, suelen observarse miradas muchas veces contrapuestas sobre el tipo de apoyo que se debe darle y, en consecuencia, al desempeño que este sector debería cumplir en el desarrollo regional. En este artículo se plantean algunas reflexiones que giran alrededor de estas cuestiones, muchas veces presentadas en el abordaje académico como axiomas o dogmas.
Crecimiento restringido por la balanza de pagos en países exportadores de alimentos
Authors: CHENA PABLO IGNACIO
Published: August 2018

El presente trabajo analiza las posibilidades de los países exportadores de alimentos en América Latina de evitar la restricción externa y crecer de forma sostenida con las nuevas tendencias en los precios mundiales de los commodities agropecuarios. En este nuevo escenario, el artículo destaca la importancia de la elasticidad ingreso de la demanda interna de alimentos como freno a un modelo de crecimiento impulsado por las exportaciones de bienes de primera necesidad. Todo ello en un contexto en el cual la heterogeneidad estructural propia de las economías latinoamericanas disminuye la efectividad de los cambios en los precios relativos como instrumento para sortear la restricción externa en el largo plazo.
Shenzhen, zona económica especial: bisagra de la apertura económica y el desarrollo regional chino
Authors: GONZÁLEZ GARCÍA JUAN , MEZA LORA JOSÉ SALVADOR
Published: August 2018

En este trabajo se analiza el fenómeno reciente de las zonas económicas especiales (ZEE) en el mundo. Se presenta el caso de Shenzhen, ciudad de Guangdong, República Popular China (RPC), porque aquí se ha logrado el resultado más exitoso de la estrategia de reforma económica neoinstitucional y de apertura externa de ese país en las últimas tres décadas. Tal resultado indica la articulación de una estrategia gradual y de largo plazo, que le ha permitido a China una inserción internacional exitosa. En contraparte, se estudia el caso de México, nación que ha impulsado un tipo de reforma económica y apertura externa sin los resultados económicos y regionales esperados, por lo que se concluye sobre la necesidad de conocer el caso de dicha ZEE si es que se opta por una estrategia similar a la china.
La crisis financiera en Estados Unidos y sus consecuencias internacionales
Authors: DABAT ALEJANDRO
Published: August 2018

El presente artículo considera la crisis internacional basada en el sistema financiero estadounidense desde una perspectiva analítica que trata de unir tres aspectos íntimamente ligados en la generación y el desenlace de la misma: 1) la naturaleza de la crisis situada esencialmente en el sistema financiero de estados unidos, su relación con la especulación inmobiliaria y sus consecuencias internacionales, 2) el deterioro preexistente de la competitividad sistémica y la hegemonía de estados unidos desde comienzos del siglo actual; y 3) los cambios neoeconómicos y geopolíticos mundiales de los últimos que determinan el actual reordenamiento del contexto internacional. En ese sentido, trata de unir los aspectos financieros, tecnoeconómicos y sociopolíticos de la crisis con la naturaleza de los grandes cambios mundiales que la misma implica.
Política mexicana e indicadores de sustentabilidad
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ PADILLA VÍCTOR , SHEINBAUM PARDO CLAUDIA , ROBLES MORALES GUILLERMO
Published: August 2018

El presente artículo analiza la política energética nacional y sus implicaciones en el marco del desarrollo sustentable, a través de una adaptación de la metodología propuesta por la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe junto con otras organizaciones, para los temas de autarquía, robustez, productividad, cobertura eléctrica, satisfacción de necesidades energéticas básicas, pureza relativa en el uso de la energía, participación de las fuentes renovables y alcance de recursos fósiles. El resultado muestra que a pesar de que algunos indicadores muestran mejoría, el valor promedio resulta menor para 2006 que para 1997, lo que indica un alejamiento del sistema energético mexicano de los criterios de sustentabilidad.
Mercados accionarios y su relación con la economía real en América Latina
Authors: Brugger Samuel , Ortíz Edgar
Published: August 2018

Este trabajo examina la relación entre el desempeño de las bolsas latinoamericanas devalores con su economía real aplicando siete modelos econométricos para los casos de Argentina, Brasil, Chile y México. La relación entre los rendimientos bursátiles de estos países y sus respectivos productos internos brutos se examina y compara aplicando para las series de cada país, pruebas de raíz unitaria, análisis de cointegración, análisis del modelo de corrección de error, modelación de causalidad Granger, análisis de vectores autorregresivos, funciones de impulso respuesta, y análisis de descomposición de la varianza. Las series comprenden los índices bursátiles MERVAL de Argentina, BOVESPA Brasil, IGPA de Chile, e IPC de México compilados de Economática; y las series del producto interno bruto que se obtuvieron de la base de datos cepalStat. Las series son mensuales y comprenden el periodo 1993-2005.
Evaluation of Government Policy in Development of Pentadio Resort in Gorontalo
Authors: Mohi Widya Kurniati , Akbar Muh Firyal , One Astin Yasin
Published: August 2018

The development of tourism object of Pentadio resort in Gorontalo is required in order to increase the benefit to tourism object especially economic value. In fact, these expectations have not been supported by the Local Government. This research aims to obtain information on government policy evaluation in the development of tourism object of Pentadio Resort in Gorontalo, by using a theory of policy evaluation. The research method used a qualitative approach with case study research, while the data were collected from in-depth interviews with informants. Data were also collected from participant observations and recording of secondary data related to the research problem. The results of this study evaluate the policy undertaken in the development of Pentadio Resort. It has not been maximally shown by five indicators of policy evaluation by William N. Dunn. There are still obstacles encountered in the implementation of a policy. So the recommendations in this article are expected to optimize the implementation of policy evaluations that have been made, in order to take a policy that serves as a benchmark of success in the development of a tourism development. One of consideration in the Pentadio Resort development of a tourist attraction is the possibility of management of tourism by private parties
"The constant gardener" by John Le Carré
Authors: Panizon Franco
Published: August 2018

This item is available only in the original language.
Leopardi and the ancient Greek mathematics
Authors: Reggi Annalisa
Published: August 2018

"I consider Leopardi's poetry and pessimism to be the best expression of what a scientist's credo should be". This quotation is from Bertrand Russell, no less. With these very emblematic words, the greatest man of letters, the supreme icon of the Italian Parnasse, the author of such collections of poems as Canti (Poems) and Operette Morali (The Moral Essays) and philosophical thoughts as Zibaldone (Miscellany) has been associated to the world of science. This relationship, very intense and to a certain extent new, was greatly emphasised on the occasion of the poet's birth bicentenary. During the celebration in 1996, an exhibition with the name of Giacomo and Science was organized in his birthplace to underline the close connection between the poet and the scientific culture of his epoch. This point has also been stressed recently.
Molecular nomenclature
Authors: Villani Giovanni
Published: August 2018

This item is available only in the original language.
Scientists to the streets. Science, politics and the public moving towards new osmoses
Authors: Castelfranchi Yuri
Published: August 2018

What may be defined as the "standard model" of the public communication of science began to develop in the second half of the nineteenth century, gained a clear structure (especially in an Anglo-Saxon context) in the first three decades of the twentieth century and dominated until the nineties. Roughly speaking, the model tends to describe science as a compact social (and epistemic) corpus, largely separated from the rest of society by a type of semipermeable membrane. That is, information and actions can flow freely from science to the rest of society (through the application of technologies and the spread of scientific culture, for instance), but much more limitedly in the opposite direction (through science politics or the influence of sociocultural events on science itself).
Why science is hunting for an audience: the reasons of Italian researchers
Authors: Pitrelli Nico
Published: August 2018

"We can only appeal to society, considering that governments and parties have fallen constantly short of expectations since the late eighties. The public must know that without research there is no innovation, and without innovation there is no state-of-theart. The lack of research is a handicap for the development of the country". The words of Silvio Garattini, director of Milan's Mario Negri Institute, reveal rage and passion. This is how he explained the reasons why more than one year ago 1,500 Italian scientists made an unprecedented, resolute and unmediated appeal to the general public to back research in Italy.
"Lettera a un medico sulla cura degli uomini" of Giorgio Cosmacini, Roberto Satolli
Authors: Sturloni Giancarlo
Published: August 2018

This item is available only in the original language.
Peer review: is it crisis?
Authors: Scanu Mauro
Published: August 2018

This item is available only in the original language.
Socio-cognitive perverse effects in peer review. Reflections and proposals
Authors: Cerroni Andrea
Published: August 2018

Peer review is the evaluation method that has characterized the scientific growth of the last four centuries, the first four of what is called modern science, indeed. It is matter of scientific communication inside scientific community, a subject too poorly studied in comparison with its critical importance for a scientific study of science (science of science). Peer review has been used for scientific paper evaluation before publication (editorial peer review) and for research proposal evaluation before financial support (grants peer review). Both cases present similar pros and cons, so I will treat them as a unique method for scientific evaluation. While the method remained pretty unchanged all along the period, apart from communication technology with peers, science has tremendously changed its organization and its relevance to society. So, peer review is antique and well rooted in practise, but its historical aim should now to be contrasted with the present situation of actual research, practises and social involvement of science.
For free access to scientific information
Authors: Scanu Mauro
Published: August 2018

Science was born when knowledge was no longer kept secret and became public. Its development is inextricably tied to the possibility that researchers continue to share the results of their discoveries as easily as possible. These are the points on which the concept of access to scientific information is based and on which the scientific community has founded its model of communication. However, there are currently numerous obstacles, mostly economic, preventing researchers from being real actors in the creation, control and verification process of scientific knowledge. Despite the technologies made available by the Internet, free access to scientific information continues to be limited by the cost of magazines and the opposition by the publishers. Hence, scientists have promoted an increasing number of initiatives with a view to re-confirming the principles of open access.
The Evolution of Scientific Publishing and the JHEP Model
Authors: Bonora Loriano
Published: August 2018

Some recent events have brought to the attention of the general public the issue of free access to scientific information. On many occasions basic scientific information has been said to be constantly available to scientists. In truth, a group of scientists (those who live in the developing countries) have long remained on the fringes of the international research community and in part still are, mainly because of the existing difficulties in accessing scientific publications. However, this fact has never been as blatant as it was with the Human Genome Project. Indeed, the project saw an attempt to conceal and privatize the results of advanced basic research. On that occasion, the fear of a private exploitation of scientific results became a real threat.
The Audioteca RAI's archives between memory and information technology
Authors: Ferrante Annalina
Published: August 2018

This item is available only in the original language.
Elements for a geography of the metaphor in science
Authors: Joli Elena
Published: August 2018

This item is available only in the original language.
The metaphors, Golden Gates that move the categories of our world
Authors: Coluccia Stefania
Published: August 2018

This item is available only in the original language.
The Tuscan Artist
Authors: Toscano Fabio
Published: August 2018

In The Areopagitica, his most important work of prose, John Milton mentions Galileo as the illustrious martyr who fought for the freedom of thought. The name of the great scientist is repeated several times in the English poet's epic masterpiece: Paradise Lost. In three different passages of the poem, Milton in fact celebrates the "Tuscan Artist" and his crucial achievements in astronomy. Nevertheless, in a subsequent passage, the poet addresses the Copernican issue without openly defending the heliocentric theory confirmed by Galileo's discoveries. In fact, he neither embraces the Copernican system nor the Ptolemaic one, but instead compares them, following a dialectic method where one cannot fail to notice an echo of Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the two Chief World Systems. Milton's literary work presents images of astronomy at that time, thus offering a valuable historical example of scientific communication through art.
Music, communication, technology
Authors: Tarabella Leonello
Published: August 2018

This item is available only in the original language.
The sociological nature of science communication
Authors: Declich Andrea , d'Andrea Luciano
Published: August 2018

The article proposes a reflection on science communication and on the communicative processes characteristic to the production of new-found knowledge. It aims to outline the role that sociology can play within this frame for greater understanding. The article first defines the main evolutionary trends in scientific research in recent decades, with particular reference to the emergence of new social actors. Following on from this, it will look at some of the epistemological conditions that may strengthen the sociologist's role in the cognition of scientific production. Using this as a premise, we will look at a typology for science communication and its components, as well as some of its governing principles. The conclusion of the article indicates the added value that can be gained from the use of such a model, with the particular aim of identifying indicators that allow the evaluation of scientific research in sociological terms as well as those already in existence.
Networking at global and community levels for control of diseases
Authors: Nath Indira
Published: August 2018

The world is facing an unprecedented situation in health management as fast transport and travel lead to spread of diseases at a rate that has not been seen before and into countries that had once conquered them. This is even more evident with infectious diseases which do not respect geopolitical barriers or economic progress. It is becoming increasingly clear that control of such diseases and good practices for public health need global sharing of knowledge and international cooperation. In addition networking of institutions involved in health care with the communities that they serve is fundamental to containing diseases and promoting good health. For reasons as yet unclear even non infectious diseases such as obesity, hypertension and diabetes are also increasing at an alarming rate globally. The advantages of international networking and timely communication which contained three diseases will be discussed in this article.
Who are the Explainers? A case study at the House of Experiments
Authors: Kos Miha
Published: August 2018

Hiša Eksperimentov (The House of Experiments) is a very small science centre. We are situated in the centre of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. The gross area of the centre is only 500 square meters and we meet around 25,000 visitors per year. We were opened for the public in the year 2000. In the Hiša Eksperimentov there are four full-time employees and around 10 persons working and paid by fees. There are specific institutions present in Slovenia so called Student services. They help students in finding paid job on daily basis. The state still encourages students to work by lowering the taxes for their job. There are around 25 students working as explainers in Hiša. Here are some facts about Slovenia. The population is around 2 million in the area of 20,256 square kilometers. There are 18 students per 1000 inhabitants. One can play a game with numbers – taking into account the area of Hiša and the population and area of Slovenia one can calculate that there is one person expected in an area of the size of 20 science centers. And there are even much fewer students present in the same area. But the number of visitors and students working in the center proves the density is larger. Therefore science centers do concentrate the population!
Deliberating science in Italian high school. The case of the Scienza Attiva project
Authors: Cornali Federica , Pomatto Gianfranco , Agnella Selena
Published: August 2018

This paper provides an analysis of the implementation and the outcomes of Scienza Attiva, an Italian national project for secondary school students, that makes use of deliberative democracy tools to address socio-scientific issues of great impact. The analysis has required a mixed method including surveys of students' pre- and post-project opinions, focus groups and interviews with students and teachers. The results from this evaluation study provide evidence that the project improves students' understanding of socio-scientific issues, strengthens their awareness of the importance of discussion and positively influences interactions in the classroom.
Discussing climate change online. Topics and perceptions in online climate change communication in different online public arenas
Authors: Lörcher Ines , Taddicken Monika
Published: August 2018

How users discuss climate change online is one of the crucial questions (science) communication scholars address nowadays. This study contributes by approaching the issue through the theoretical concept of online public arenas. The diversity of topics and perceptions in the climate change discourse is explored by comparing different arenas. German journalistic articles and their reader comments as well as scientific expert blogs are analyzed by quantitative manual and automated content analysis (n=5,301). Findings demonstrate a larger diversity of topics and interpretations in arenas with low barriers to communication. Overall, climate change skepticism is rare, but mostly present in lay publics.
The emergence of science communication in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Fleming Jean , Star Jeremy
Published: August 2018

The history of science communication in Aotearoa New Zealand starts with the stories told by the indigenous Māori people and has often been rooted in large, controversial environmental or technological issues. Although science communication in New Zealand began with a culture of wise men informing an uneducated public, by the 1990s it had begun to explore ideas of public outreach and engagement. Driven in part by the country's landscape and unique wildlife, media such as film documentary have risen to take centre stage in public engagement with science. Public radio also features in discussion of scientific issues. New centres for the training of science communicators have emerged and there is governmental and public support for science communication in New Zealand, as demonstrated by the number of awards and funding opportunities offered annually, for those who achieve. However a more critical and strategic approach to science communication in the future is needed if New Zealand wants a more science-literate public, and a more public-literate science community.
Politics of science communication in South Africa
Authors: du Plessis Hester
Published: August 2018

The research field of science communication is fairly neglected in South Africa. The university system in South Africa, with a few exceptions, pays scant attention to the teaching of science communication, leading to limited academic knowledge of this research field with its rich history and philosophical relations. This paper explores some of the reasons behind this neglect of science communication in South Africa and will argue and demonstrate that, primarily, two political systems can be identified as having had a profound impact on the lesser attention given to this research field; the ‘divide and rule’ system of British colonialism and the Afrikaner National Party ‘apartheid’ system of racial segregation.
From top-down to bottom-up: a short history of science communication policy in Japan
Authors: Watanabe Masataka
Published: August 2018

Japan's policy of “public understanding of science” (PUS) has shifted to “science communication” since 2003. That year, there were a number of simultaneous developments with regard to science communication. The key report that advocated for the promotion of science communication and a textbook on science communication were published then. The most important consequence was that the report triggered a policy change at the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). The following year, MEXT published the White Paper on Science and Technology 2004, the main theme of which was concerned with science communication. Although the shift may have begun as a somewhat top-down contrivance, it has subsequently sunk down firm roots throughout Japan. In 2011 the Japanese Association for Science Communication was founded. People's awareness of science communication was significantly changed by the Great East Japan Earthquake that occurred on March 11, 2011. Why was such a policy shift possible? How did such a cascade effect occur? This paper will discuss the reasons behind these phenomena.
Introduction to Commentary on Universities and Science Communication
Authors: Trench Brian
Published: August 2018

The four essays in this Commentary examine contributions of universities to science communication's development but also challenges in consolidating those efforts.
Caraterização de Alunos Identificados em Risco na Leitura num Sistema de Triagem Universal
Authors: Fortunato Vaz Paula Marisa , Loução Martins Ana Paula
Published: August 2018

Este estudo, realizado no contexto de um modelo-de-resposta-à-intervenção, teve por objetivo comparar a compreensão leitora de alunos em risco e de alunos que não estão em risco e identificar fatores de risco intrínsecos e extrínsecos. Participaram 82 alunos portugueses do 3º ano. Recolheram-se dados com uma prova de monitorização com base no currículo e uma grelha de identificação de fatores de risco. Concluiu-se que, no início do ano letivo, a média de resultados da compreensão da leitura dos alunos que nunca estiveram em risco é superior ao triplo da média dos alunos que estiveram em risco durante todo o ano letivo e no final do ano letivo é aproximadamente o dobro; a taxa de crescimento semanal dos alunos que nunca estiveram em risco é superior à dos alunos que estiveram em risco durante todo o ano letivo; os problemas na articulação, o atraso no desenvolvimento da linguagem e a ausência de experiências de leitura a pares com os progenitores, destacam-se como fatores de risco.
Who Consumes Firm Disclosures? Evidence from Earnings Conference Calls
Authors: Heinrichs Anne , Park Jihwon , Soltes Eugene F.
Published: August 2018

Using a set of proprietary records, we examine who consumes quarterly earnings conference calls and under which circumstances the calls are consumed. While there is significant interest in calls by institutional investors and sell-side analysts, we find that investors who do not hold a position in the firm are a leading consumer. We show that buy-side non-holders who consume calls are more likely to hold positions in competitors and to purchase the stock in the future. In addition, many investors who hold large positions only consume calls periodically. We also document a benefit of consuming calls by finding that the consumption of calls is associated with more informed trading decisions. Overall, our investigation illuminates the actual consumption of conference calls by different consumers and the potential benefits of consuming additional firm disclosures.
Novel methods reveal that parallelism contributes to the functional vertical slot dimension in ceramic and metal brackets
Authors: Silver Matthew , Griffin Alfred C. , Azzopardi Lauren , Masoud Mohammed I. , Tokede Oluwabunmi , Griffin Alfred C.
Published: August 2018

Objectives:

To validate a novel method for measuring the clinically relevant bracket slot and use these methods to test the hypothesis that various metal injection molded (MIM) and esthetic ceramic injection molded (CIM) brackets have a bracket slot accuracy within 1 mil (0.001”) of their reported slot dimension.

Materials and Methods:

A Nikon iNEXIV-VMA-2520 laser microscope was used to measure slots of six series of CIM brackets and two series of MIM brackets via a vision measuring system of 256 gray levels to capture each edge of the slot, largely taking out human subjectivity. This system had a maximum permissible error of 2 + 8 L/1000 μm with a point resolution of 0.1 μm and was estimated to be more accurate than previous methods by a factor of 10. The video image for each bracket was autofocused by a blinded operator, and 40 point-to-line measurements were calculated along the clinical slot and averaged.

Results:

Vertical slot dimension varied from series to series and within the series of brackets. Three of six CIM and two of three MIM brackets had a statistically significant mean slot size 0.001 inches larger than reported. The reported precision of these CIM brackets, as determined from standard deviation, varied from series to series.

Conclusions:

A novel system that incorporates parallelism into analysis of vertical bracket slot dimension was described. When the entire clinically relevant slot was considered, MIM and CIM brackets had similar precision but were significantly oversized, with contribution from a nonparallel, likely diverging, vertical slot dimension.