bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHANGES IN LEVELS OF BLOOD CONSTITUENTS DURING FATTENING OF HEREFORD AND ANGUS COWS
Authors: BOWDEN D. M. , HIRONAKA R.
Published: March 2010

Blood samples were taken after 36, 94, and 136 days on feed from 20 Angus and 20 Hereford nonpregnant, nonlactating cows being fattened on two diets of similar caloric content. Carcass measurements averaged 31 mm for backfat and 4.3 for marbling score when the animals were slaughtered soon after the third blood sampling. Blood PCV and hemoglobin levels increased (P < 0.05) from 36 to 94 days on feed but did not change significantly from 94 to 136 days. Blood glucose and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration increased (P < 0.05) from 36 to 136 days. Total plasma cholesterol levels increased (P < 0.05) from 36 to 94 days on feed and then decreased (P < 0.05) to 136 days; however, the levels at 136 days remained higher (P < 0.05) than at 36 days. Plasma triglyceride levels tended to increase through the trial, but the changes were not significant. Plasma NEFA levels increased (P < 0.05) from 94 to 136 days. Angus cows had higher (P < 0.05) PCV values and blood glucose levels than Hereford cows only at 136 days. Body weight gains in the period from 94 to 136 days on feed were significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with changes in the same period in blood levels of glucose (r = 0.46), total cholesterol (r = 0.67), and triglycerides (r = 0.49). Results of this study suggest that even after long periods of high energy feeding, the metabolism of fattening cows was still adjusting, as indicated by changes in levels of some blood constituents.
EVALUATION OF LOW GLUCOSINOLATE — LOW ERUCIC ACID RAPESEED MEALS AS PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS FOR YOUNG GROWING PIGS, INCLUDING EFFECTS ON BLOOD SERUM CONSTITUENTS
Authors: BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

Forty-nine 4- to 5-wk-old pigs, averaging 7 kg in weight, were allotted to seven treatment groups. Rapeseed meals (RSM) from two cultivars of double-low (low glucosinolate-low erucic acid) Brassica napus rapeseed processed at one plant, one of the same cultivars processed at a second plant, and a low erucic acid B. campestris cv. Span were compared as partial or complete replacements (up to 22% of the diet) for soybean meal (SBM) in diets of starting–growing pigs. Overall results for feed intake, daily gain and efficiency of feed conversion indicated that RSM from a double-low cultivar (now licensed as Tower) may completely replace SBM in diets for starting–growing pigs with no depression in performance. Results from un unlicensed cultivar (1788) were inconsistent, with differences possibly associated with residual hexane in one sample of meal. Digestible energy and nitrogen, metabolizable energy and nitrogen retention did not differ between treatments. A profile of 14 blood serum constituents was obtained from individual pigs 3 and 9 wk after the start of the experiment. Thyroxine (T4) values were lower (P < 0.05) for all treatments when RSM was completely substituted for SBM. Protein-bound iodine values did not differ significantly between treatments but followed the same trends as T4. Results suggest that all RSM samples were goitrogenic to some degree. Blood serum constituents that correlated with average daily gain at [Formula: see text] were calcium, total protein, albumin, albumin:globulin ratio and lactate dehydrogenase. The results suggest that RSM from low glucosinolate–low erucic acid rapeseed, when it becomes commercially available, may be fed at higher levels than currently recommended.
AMINO ACID, HEMAGGLUTININ AND TRYPSIN INHIBITOR LEVELS, AND PROXIMATE ANALYSES OF FABA BEANS (VICIA FABA) AND FABA BEAN FRACTIONS
Authors: MARQUARDT R. R. , McKIRDY J. A. , WARD T. , CAMPBELL L. D.
Published: March 2010

The compositions of eight cultivars of faba beans (Vicia faba L. var. minor) selected from six locations in Manitoba and Saskatchewan were compared. Both cultivar and location had significant effects at P < 0.01 on all analyses, except for cultivar effect on ash composition (P < 0.05). The average percent composition of the cotyledon and hull portions of faba beans, which were markedly different, was: protein, 36.3 and 5.9; fat, 1.1 and 0.3; fiber, 1.4 and 53.5; ash, 3.5 and 2.5; calcium, 0.05 and 0.38; and phosphorous, 0.64 and 0.08, respectively. Amino acid composition per unit of protein of the eight cultivars was not significantly different (P > 0.05). The amino acid composition of the hull was significantly (P < 0.01) different from that of cotyledon, particularly with regard to levels of arginine, glutamic acid, glycine and tyrosine. Protein isolates and starch fractions were obtained by air classification; there were higher levels of protein, fat, fiber, ash, phosphorous, hemagglutinin activity and trypsin inhibitor in the protein fraction, but the levels of starch and calcium were higher in the starch fraction. Hemagglutinin and trypsin inhibitor levels showed considerable variation among cultivars. The distribution in the hull and the cotyledon portions of the bean was also different. All hemagglutinin activity was associated with the cotyledon, and trypsin inhibitor content per unit of dry matter was more than twofold greater in the hull than in the cotyledon.
EFFECTS OF ROASTING AND PARTICLE SIZE ON THE UTILIZATION OF SOYBEANS BY PIGS AND RATS
Authors: OLSEN E. M. , YOUNG L. G. , SMITH G. C. , ASHTON G. C.
Published: March 2010

Three experiments involving 96 pigs and 48 rats were conducted to evaluate the effects of roasting temperature and particle size on the utilization of soybeans. The discharge temperature of roasted soybeans ranged from 110 to 162 C with an average roasting time of 1 min. A range of particle sizes was obtained by using three different screen sizes (2.38-, 3.14- and 4.76-mm holes) in a hammermill used to process the soybeans. Regression analyses of the data indicated that the response in terms of liveweight gain to changes in roasting temperature was quadratic, with maximum response between 130 and 150 C. The digestibility coefficients were slightly lower for diets containing soybeans roasted to temperatures below 130 C than for diets containing soybeans roasted to higher temperatures. The grinding treatments applied to the soybeans did not significantly affect the growth response or the digestibility coefficients for dry matter and protein.
NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF EXTRUDED FULL-FAT SOYBEANS AND RAPESEEDS USING PIGS AND CHICKENS
Authors: BAYLEY H. S. , SUMMERS J. D.
Published: March 2010

Soybeans and rapeseeds were ’extruded’ at temperatures of 125 and 120 C, respectively. These products, along with soybean meal and rapeseed meal were substituted for 40% of a basal diet; the basal and substituted diets were fed to barrow pigs from 25 to 75 kg liveweight. Digestibility determinations, carried out when the pigs weighed 30 and 70 kg showed that the apparent digestibilities of dry matter, fat and nitrogen were not influenced by the weight of the pig; however, crude fiber was better digested by the 70-kg than by the 30-kg pigs. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter and gross energy of the diet containing rapeseed meal were less than those for the other diets. Digestible energy values of soybean meal and extruded soybean were 3.88 and 4.31 kcal/g, respectively, for the 30-kg pigs. Corresponding values for the rapeseed meal and extruded rapeseed were 2.93 and 4.83 kcal/g, respectively. Backfat of the pigs that had received the diet containing extruded soybeans contained significantly more linoleic acid (27%) than that from the pigs which had received the basal diet (14%). There was 3% erucic acid in the backfat sample of the pigs that had received the diet containing the extruded rapeseed. Addition of raw rapeseed to a basal diet reduced weight gain of young chicks, but this effect could be partially alleviated by extruding the rapeseed, in that the addition of 10% extruded rapeseed did not reduce performance significantly.
MUSCLE TEMPERATURE, pH AND RATE OF RIGOR DEVELOPMENT IN RELATION TO QUALITY AND QUANTITY CHARACTERISTICS OF PIG CARCASSES
Authors: MARTIN A. H. , FREDEEN H. T. , L’HIRONDELLE P. J.
Published: March 2010

A total of 306 pig carcasses of purebred Lacombes and crossbreds (sired by Duroc, Chester, and Pietrain boars) were used to study relationships between early postmortem muscle properties and subsequent meat quality. One hour post-mortem, 22, 36, and 42% of the carcasses were judged to have complete, partial, and nil muscular rigidity (rigor mortis), respectively. Two hours post-mortem, 9% of carcasses still showed no indication of stiffening of the musculature. Rapid rigor development was associated with significantly lower pH, higher transmission values (i.e. lower solubility of the sarcoplasmic proteins), higher deep muscle temperature, and greater leanness and muscularity. Shear values were negatively associated with muscle pH. Multiple regression analysis indicated that ultimate meat quality (% transmission) could be predicted with only moderate precision (R2 = 26%) from knowledge of pH and temperature up to 2 h post-mortem and the precision was not meaningfully improved by inclusion of rigor score.
INFLUENCE OF FEED ALLOWANCE DURING PREGNANCY ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF EWES AND GROWTH OF SUCKLED AND ARTIFICIALLY REARED LAMBS
Authors: LODGE G. A. , HEANEY D. P.
Published: March 2010

Eighty mature ewes (Rambouillet × Columbia type) were allocated on the basis of initial weight among four pregnancy treatments: (T1) fed a maintenance level throughout; (T2) fed the same total as T1 but distributed so as to increase exponentially from 15% below maintenance post-mating to 57% above maintenance by parturition; (T3) fed 80% of maintenance throughout; (T4) the same as T3 except ewes were resheared after mating. At lambing each treatment group was subdivided so that half the ewes reared their lambs, while those from the other half were reared, from within 16 h of birth, on milk replacer to 7 wk of age. Postpartum feed allowances for the ewes were ad libitum for the first 35 days, after which those not lactating were reduced to maintenance while those suckling lambs were given a recommended allowance for lactation. From 9 to 12 wk, all were fed a maintenance level. All ewes lost weight from conception to immediate postpartum but there were highly significant differences between treatments, with treatment 2 losing the least (4.5%) and treatment 4 losing the most (25%). Lamb birth weights were also significantly different, with treatment 2 heavier and treatments 3 and 4 lighter than treatment 1. Among suckled lambs, survival was 100% on treatments 1 and 2 but only 67 and 44%, respectively, on treatments 3 and 4. With artificial rearing, survival on treatments 1 to 4, respectively, was 45, 80, 56 and 30%. Birth weight did not influence survival among artificially reared lambs but suckled lamb survivors were approximately 50% heavier at birth than those which died. Suckled lambs were 33% heavier at 12 wk than artificially reared lambs, partly through faster early growth but mainly through a growth check in the latter following termination of milk replacer at 7 wk.
GROWTH, CARCASS QUALITY AND CARDIOPATHOLOGY OF BOARS AND GILTS FED DIETS CONTAINING RAPESEED AND SOYBEAN OILS
Authors: FRIEND D. W. , GILKA F. , CORNER A. H.
Published: March 2010

Eighty-one boars and 81 gilts were fed to market weight (87 kg) diets containing 5 or 10% soybean oil and rapeseed oils (Brassica napus cv. Oro, B. campestris cv. Span and a mixture of B. campestris cv. Arlo and Echo) or a control diet to which no oil was added. Differences in growth rate were evident only up to the 4th wk of feeding, when rate of growth was higher (P <.05) with the soybean oil (SB) diets than with the control diet. Efficiency of feed conversion was highest (P <.05) for pigs fed the SB diets, and the higher level of oil increased significantly (P <.10) the depth of backfat. The performance of the boars surpassed that of the gilts for both growth and carcass quality measurements. In a second experiment, in which three groups each of 24 boars were fed for 112 days the control diet unsupplemented or supplemented with 20% soybean oil or 20% rapeseed oil (B. campestris cv. Arlo plus Echo), less feed was consumed (P <.01) by boars fed either oil diet than the control diet. Bodyweight gain by boars fed the rapeseed oil (RS) diet was inferior (P <.05) to those fed either the SB or the control diet. In none of the control, SB- and RS-fed boars were traces of fat accumulation detected in the heart. Small foci of necrosis accompanied by mononuclear cell infiltration were found in one control pig, one SB pig and three RS pigs. All pigs, except for two controls and one from each of the oil groups, showed degenerative calcified lesions in the left atrial endocardium.
EFFECTS OF WINTER ACCLIMATIZATION ON RESTING METABOLISM OF BEEF COWS
Authors: YOUNG B. A.
Published: March 2010

Twelve pregnant beef cows in average or fat body condition were overwintered in either heated housing (18 C) or outside and exposed to the naturally occurring cold winter conditions (5 to −10 C during early winter, 0 to −48 C during mid-winter). The housed and half of the outside cows were provided with woodshavings as bedding. In November (early winter) and again in January (mid-winter) metabolic measurements were made on each cow (22 h postfeeding) while exposed to test temperatures of −30, 0 and + 30 C. After adjusting for differences in body weight (kg3/4 basis), metabolic rate was not significantly influenced by either the body condition or by the availability of bedding. Metabolic rates were elevated in all cows when exposed to −30 C but, as evident from the decreases in rectal temperature, the housed cows were unable to maintain homeothermy during the tests at −30 C. Metabolic acclimatization occurred in the cows kept outside resulting in an increased resting metabolism and downward shift in their thermoneutral zone. Resting metabolic rate (22 h postfeeding) and the temperature of its occurrance were estimated by regression analysis to be 3.13 kcal/h.kg3/4 at about 30 C for the housed cows, and for the cows kept outside 3.71 and 4.29 kcal/h.kg3/4 at 17.4 and 12.7 C during early and mid-winter, respectively.
PERFORMANCE AND ENERGY METABOLISM OF STEERS FED A CONCENTRATE OR ROUGHAGE DIET IN CONVENTIONAL, SEMI-ENCLOSED SLATTED AND ENCLOSED SLATTED FLOOR FEEDLOTS IN SUMMER
Authors: ALHASSAN W. S. , BUCHANAN-SMITH J. G. , BURGESS T. D. , SMITH G. C. , ASHTON G. C.
Published: March 2010

One hundred and forty-four steers of predominantly Angus breeding were used to compare the effects of three housing units (conventional semi-enclosed manure pack, semi-enclosed slatted floor and enclosed–insulated slatted floor) and two diets (high moisture corn and corn silage) on the performance, energy metabolism and carcass composition of steers finished for 88 days in the summer. No diet × housing unit interaction on response criteria was observed. The mean temperature in the enclosed unit (24.6 C) was more than 3 C greater than in other units. Mean relative humidities in each slatted floor unit were 74% whereas it was 70% in the conventional unit. The enclosed–insulated unit may have been insufficiently ventilated. Steers in this unit ate less (P 0.05) dry matter per day (6.78 kg) than those in the semi-enclosed slatted floor unit (7.64 kg) and in the conventional unit (7.66 kg). Different effects of housing unit on gain reflected differences in feed intake. Carcass characteristics of cattle from each housing unit were similar (P 0.05). Efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy (ME) for maintenance and gain expressed as energy retention (ER) adjusted to equal ME intake was greater (P 0.05) for cattle in the semi-enclosed slatted floor unit (5.17 Mcal/day) than in the insulated–enclosed unit (4.36 Mcal/day). ER adjusted to equal ME intake for steers in the conventional unit was 4.76 Mcals/day. Serum tetra-iodothyronine (T4) levels were similar (P 0.05) for cattle in all housing units, but were depressed in all cattle during a period of the warmest weather. Corn-fed steers ate significantly less dry matter and had significantly greater gain and feed efficiency than silage-fed steers. Backfat thickness was greater (P 0.05) for corn-fed versus silage-fed steers but this difference disappeared when values were adjusted to equal carcass weight.
EFFECTS OF TREATING FABA BEANS WITH FORMALDEHYDE OR VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY CALVES AND FISTULATED SHEEP
Authors: SHARMA H. R. , NICHOLSON J. W. G.
Published: March 2010

Twenty-four Holstein calves were allotted to three pelleted diets containing 8.4% soybean meal (SBM) or 18% faba beans treated with water or formaldehyde (FA) to determine the influence on animal performance of reducing the solubility of the faba bean protein. A 1:5 dilution of commercial formalin (37% FA) was applied to the ground faba beans to supply 1.5 g FA/100 g protein. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed in dry matter (DM) intake, weight gain, and feed efficiency among calves fed the three diets for 84 days; but FA treatment of the faba beans tended to improve the daily weight gain and feed efficiency of calves compared with diets containing SBM or water (W)-treated faba beans. FA treatment depressed (P > 0.05) the blood urea N and rumen fluid ammonia N of the calves. Apparent digestibilities of DM, crude protein (CP) and energy, as measured with mature sheep, were not statistically different (P > 0.05) among the three diets. Three sheep fitted with cannulas in the abomasum and ileum were fed diets containing faba beans treated with W, FA or volatile fatty acids (VFA) (57% acetic acid and 39% propionic acid). A slight depression (P > 0.05) in apparent digestibility of CP was observed when FA or VFA-treated faba beans were fed compared to W-faba beans. VFA treatment tended to increase the N retention by sheep compared with W-faba or FA-faba. A significant reduction (P < 0.05) in blood urea and rumen fluid ammonia 1 h after feeding was observed in sheep receiving the FA-faba diet compared with other diets. FA and VFA treatments increased the flow of DM, total N and protein N through the abomasum of sheep compared with W-faba bean diet.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND DIGESTIBLE ENERGY OF BARLEY
Authors: BHATTY R. S. , BERDAHL J. D. , CHRISTISON G. I.
Published: March 2010

Digestibility of energy (D) and digestible energy (DE) content of 16 cultivars and lines of barley (Hordeum vulgare and H. distichum) were determined by mouse-feeding and related to 1,000-kernel weight (KW), plumpness (seed size), hull, protein, lysine, starch, amylose and gross energy (GE) of the cultivars. The experimental design allowed paired comparisons to be made of D and DE between the hulled vs. hulless types, small vs. large-seeded, normal vs. high lysine, low vs. high amylose, and good vs. poor malting quality of the cultivars. The data obtained showed that KW, plumpness and lysine contents of barley had little effect on D and DE. Although four cultivar pairs (II, III, IV, and VIII) had variable starch composition, only in pair IV did high amylose content reduce D. The data appeared to suggest that good malting quality in barley is not incompatible with high D and DE as determined by mouse-feeding. The hull content of the cultivars had a major influence both on D and DE. The mean D and DE values for the six hulless cultivars were 85.7% and 3,918 kcal/kg compared with means of 79.2% and 3,627 kcal/kg for the 10 hulled cultivars.
OAC Lyrik common bean
Authors: Smith T. H. , Michaels T. E. , Lindsay A. M. , Pauls K. P.
Published: March 2010

OAC Lyrik is a determinate light red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar. It has excellent yield potential in wide row production and a large seed size. OAC Lyrik is resistant to races 1 and 15 of bean common mosaic virus and race 7 of anthracnose. It has acceptable cooking and canning qualities. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris L., kidney bean, common bean, cultivar description
The relationship between frost tolerance and generative induction in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions
Authors: Bergjord A K , Bakken A K , Skjelvåg A O
Published: March 2010

The quantitative nature of the vernalization and photoperiod requirements and the interference of plant age with these mechanisms complicate predictions of generative induction and its relation to frost tolerance. This study was designed to dissect further the course of development towards full generative induction and to time the stages in frost tolerance. Two cultivars of winter wheat were regularly sampled from fields at four sites during three winters. The apex stage of development was observed at time of sampling and after 3 subsequent weeks of growth at 18°C, under either short or long days. Level of frost tolerance at sampling was also recorded. No visible change in apex appearance was found at time of sampling, but readiness of plants to initiate generative development was enhanced. Vernalization by low temperatures alone was not enough to induce the plants into generative development or initiate loss of frost tolerance. Short day conditions after sampling delayed the appearance of double ridges by 6-9 wk as compared with long day conditions. The timing of maximum frost tolerance and its subsequent decrease indicated that generative induction under the short day conditions prevailing in field occurred about 1 mo after vernalization saturation.Key words: Triticum aestivum L., frost tolerance, generative induction, vernalization, photoperiod
CT652 flue-cured tobacco
Authors: Amankwa G. A. , Haji H. M. , Mishra S. , DeVos M. , White A. D. , Van Hooren D. L.
Published: March 2010

CT652 is a flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivar with good yield potential, high grade index and considerably higher gross returns than the check varieties Delgold and CT157. It was derived from a cross between the Canadian cultivar Delfield and an advanced breeding line, 95EA57-1. Key words: Nicotiana tabacum L., tobacco, cultivar description
Centennial Brown brown condiment mustard
Authors: Rakow G. , Raney J. P. , Rode D. , Relf-Eckstein J.
Published: March 2010

Brown condiment mustard (Common Brown) has about 10% lower grain yield than oriental condiment mustard (yellow seeded), which both belong to the same species [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.]. Yield improvements in brown condiment mustard are therefore of great importance. The Saskatoon Research Centre of AAFC initiated a condiment brown mustard improvement program in 1996 applying pedigree selection of single plants from the condiment brown mustard cultivar Blaze, which resulted in the selection and registration of the cultivar Centennial Brown. Centennial Brown yielded 3.2% more grain than the landrace Common Brown, on average over 81 location years in 9 yr of condiment mustard Co-op tests (1999–2007) and was well adapted to the mustard-growing areas of the Canadian prairies. Support for registration was based on 6 yr of Co-op tests. Centennial Brown had the same maturity (91 d) and was 5 cm taller (116 cm) than Common Brown. It had 1.5% lower fixed oil (36.6%) and 1.2% greater protein content (30.0%) compared with Common Brown. It had 0.4 g heavier seed (2.96 g 1000 seed-1) than Common Brown. Centennial Brown had 0.9 mg g seed-1 greater allyl glucosinolate content than Common Brown (9.15 mg g seed-1). Green seed counts were low in Centennial Brown (0.64%) compared with Common Brown (0.79%). This was confirmed in chlorophyll content measurements, 4.76 mg kg-1 for Centennial Brown and 5.24 mg kg-1 for Common Brown. Centennial Brown was resistant to blackleg disease [Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et de Not.] and highly susceptible to the B. juncea races of white rust [Albugo candida (Pers.) Kuntze], equal to Common Brown. Centennial Brown will quickly replace Common Brown in the market place because of its increased grain yield and much superior seed quality. Key words: Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., cultivar description, grain yield, seed quality
The biology of Canadian weeds. 142. Camelina alyssum (Mill.) Thell.; C. microcarpa Andrz. ex DC.; C. sativa (L.) Crantz.
Authors: Francis A , Warwick S I
Published: March 2010

This paper summarizes biological information on three cruciferous weed species: Camelina alyssum, C. microcarpa and C. sativa. Camelina sativa, which had been gathered or cultivated as an oil seed for many centuries in Europe, was the first to reach North America as a weed, towards the mid-19th century, gradually spreading across the prairies, mainly in crops, to British Columbia and the Northwest Territory. The most common of the three species in North America, C. microcarpa, arrived in the late 19th century, and subsequently appeared at numerous crop and uncultivated sites across the country, probably in cargo as the railways expanded. Camelina alyssum appeared in the early 20th century at restricted sites on the prairies, mostly in Saskatchewan. All three species have diminished in importance as crop weeds in western Canada over the past few decades. This reduction could be related to increased weed control by herbicides. Herbicide-resistant biotypes have recently been reported in C. microcarpa. Camelina sativa has attracted renewed interest as an oil crop, because of an adaptation to various climatic conditions, low nutrient requirements and resistance to disease and pests. In Europe, where it is now widely grown, it has shown considerable potential in the food, animal feed, nutraceutical, paint, dye, cosmetic and biofuel industries. In North America, it is being grown on a trial basis mainly for its potential as a biofuel in Alberta, Saskatchewan, the Maritime Provinces, and the northern United States of America.Key words: Flat-seeded false flax, small-seeded false flax, large-seeded false flax, caméline alysson, caméline à petits fruits, caméline cultivée, weed biology
Genes for stem rust resistance in Thatcher wheat
Authors: Knott D R
Published: March 2010

The common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Thatcher has resistance to many of the older races of stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & Henn.). Several genetic studies have shown that its resistance is complex in inheritance. To attempt to clarify the inheritance, 28 lines, each believed to carry a single resistance gene from Thatcher, were developed. The lines were tested with 13 races of stem rust. They fell into 13 types with resistance to from 1 to 11 races. Of the five genes previously identified in Thatcher, only two, Sr9g, and Sr12, were present in the lines. Four lines carried named genes, Sr6, Sr7a, Sr8a and S9d, which had not previously been detected in Thatcher. Thatcher is resistant to 8 of the 13 races. At least one line was resistant to each of the 13 races, including the five to which Thatcher is susceptible. Eleven of the 13 types of lines were resistant to race MCCD to which Thatcher is resistant. Seven of the types were resistant to race TMRT(15B-1) to which Thatcher is susceptible. Clearly, the inheritance of resistance in Thatcher is very complex and involves a considerable number of genes. It carries a surprising number of genes that appear to be hidden by the presence of suppressor genes or transposons.Key words: Common wheat, Triticum aestivum, Puccinia graminis, suppressors, tansposons
Differential ruminal degradation of alfalfa proteins
Authors: Chen D , Peel M D , Olson K C , Weimer B C , DeWald D B
Published: March 2010

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) has high crude protein that is rapidly and extensively degraded in the rumen. Our objective was to develop a protocol where individual proteins could be characterized for their ruminal degradation. Proteins from individual genotypes of three alfalfa cultivars were characterized using fluorescence 2D difference gel electrophoresis combined with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for protein identification. Twenty-six proteins were characterized, representing between 33 and 41% of the total protein among genotypes. Variation for protein degradation was observed among proteins after 45 and 120 min of incubation in the rumen of a Holstein steer (P < 0.001). After 45 min of ruminal incubation, nine proteins averaged 75% or more remaining, 12 had 50% or less remaining, and five were intermediate. After 120 min of ruminal incubation, four proteins averaged greater than 80%, seven between 80 and 50%, and 15 less than 50% remaining. Although all proteins were degraded over time, the rate and amount of degradation was dramatically different among them. The rate of digestion differed (P = 0.05) for 3 and 10 proteins among genotypes after 45 and 120 min, respectively. Individual proteins characterized ranged in mass from 41 to 0.29% of the total mass of protein characterized. Total content of those proteins that differed for rate of digestion ranged from 7 to 1%. The results demonstrate that individual proteins can be characterized for their ruminal degradation. The ability to separate proteins based ruminal degradation suggests there is potential to select for protein that degrades more slowly and possibly escapes the rumen.Key words: Alfalfa, protein, rumen, digestion
Reactions of Canadian short-season soybean cultivars to three races of Phytophthora sojae
Authors: Zhang S Z , Xue A G , Zhang J X , Cober E. , Anderson T R , Poysa V. , Rajcan I.
Published: March 2010

Of 87 short-season soybean cultivars evaluated for reactions to three races (1, 3, and 5) of Phytophthora sojae Kaufmann and Gerdemann, 29 showed resistance to at least one of the three races. These resistant sources may be used for pyramiding Rps genes and deployment of P. sojae resistant soybean cultivars in Canada. Key words: Soybean, Glycine max, phytophthora root and stem rot, Phytophthora sojae
The effects of weed competition, clipping and fertilization treatments on the productivity of cultivated meadows on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Gu M H , Wen S J , Zhang S T , Du G Z
Published: March 2010

The meadow ecosystem of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, the largest rangeland in China, has been degenerating recently from heavy grazing and soil erosion, resulting in decreased carrying capacity and canopy coverage. A field experiment was designed to test the effects of four treatments (density, fertilization, clipping, and species). The results show that a mixture of forage species provides the greatest increase meadow productivity and community stability. There was a 28% increase in target species yield in a two species mixture compared with a monoculture and a 103% increase in a three species mixture. Fertilization resulted in a 63% increase in the target species yield and a 54% increase in weed yield, but decreased weed abundance. Clipping had an adverse effect on meadow productivity and weed growth (abundance and yield), decreasing the target species yield by 46% relative to no clipping, and decreasing the weed yield by 6%. Elymus nutans was a competitive winner in all of the mixtures, regardless of treatment. A three-way ANOVA showed that the three species-mixture was the optimal combination for the development of a cultivated meadow. Clipping had no significant effect on the meadow yield but significantly decreased weed abundance. This three-species mixture not only increased yield, but also resistance to weed growth, thus making the mixture a good choice to improve rangeland, and provide benefits for both local economic development and environmental protection. Key words: Clipping, fertilization, mixture, rangeland, weed
ACS-C18 summer turnip rape
Authors: Falk K C
Published: March 2010

ACS-C18 summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) is a canola-quality, two-parent population-synthetic (Syn1) cultivar adapted to the short-season growing areas of western Canada. On average, it yielded 17% more than the WCC/RRC checks over three years of testing and has high seed oil and meal protein contents.Key words: Turnip rape (summer), synthetic, cultivar description
ACS-C29 summer turnip rape
Authors: Falk K C
Published: March 2010

ACS-C29 summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) is a canola-quality, three-parent population-synthetic (Syn1) cultivar adapted to the short-season growing areas of western Canada. On average, it yielded 13% more than the WCC/RRC checks over 2 yr of testing and has high seed oil content.Key words: Turnip rape (summer), synthetic, cultivar description
WINTER INJURY AND YIELDING ABILITY OF SIX RED RASPBERRY VARIETIES UNDER TWO SYSTEMS OF CULTURE IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Craig D. L. , Aalders L. E.
Published: March 2010

Over a 3-year period, significant differences were found in the percentage bud survival of six raspberry varieties, and their yielding abilities under two systems of culture. Trent was the hardiest variety followed in order by Early Red, Mailing Promise, Carnival, Willamette, and Viking. Trent also gave the greatest fruit yield, and Mailing Promise the least. Trent yielded 66% more under the stool system than under the hedge row system, but there was no significant difference in the yielding abilities of the other varieties between the two systems of culture.The varieties that produced satisfactory crops following moderate winter injury were those that produced abundant fruiting laterals at the bases of the canes.
AUTOMATIC HUMIDITY CHAMBERS FOR PLANT DISEASE INOCULATION STUDIES
Authors: Halmos S. , Brun W.A.
Published: March 2010

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THE EFFECT OF SPRING APPLICATION OF NEMATICIDES ON STRAWBERRY IN THE NIAGARA PENINSULA
Authors: Townshend J. L. , Ricketson C. L. , Wiebe J.
Published: March 2010

Runner plant production and fruit yields increased when the susceptible strawberry varieties Earlidawn and Sparkle were grown on Vineland fine sandy loam treated with chloropicrin, Telone, or Vorlex but not with Nemagon. The numbers of Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) and the incidence of Verticillium wilt among mother plants were reduced by the successful treatments.
COMPARAISON DE DEUX METHODES D’ENRACINEMENT DES BOUTURES D’ORME D’AMERIQUE (ULMUS AMERICANA)
Authors: Ouellet C. E.
Published: March 2010

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STUDIES ON THE PERSISTENCE OF AVENA FATUA
Authors: Banting J. D.
Published: March 2010

In an attempt to determine the persistence of wild oat seeds in the soil, naturally shattered and threshed seeds of Avena fatua L. were: (a) buried at depths ranging from 0 to 25 cm in Regina heavy clay, (b) left on the surface of the soil after harvest, (c) distributed on the surface and covered after 0, 3, or 6 weeks of exposure. The persistence of seeds receiving each treatment was measured by determining the number of viable and dormant seeds after various intervals of time.There was essentially no difference in the persistence of naturally shattered and threshed seeds. Loss of viable seeds was always rapid within the first year or two especially near the surface. A few seeds were still viable after nearly 7 years in the soil.Deep burial of seeds (below 5 cm) extended the period of persistence and should be avoided. Mortality of seeds near the surface was high especially during the first winter. Cultivation in mid-July had little effect on persistence. Covering the seeds after harvest stimulated germination in some years. Even without cultivation depletion was as great the following June.Samples with a high percentage of dormant seeds did not necessarily persist the longest. The pattern for loss of viable seeds was similar regardless of the initial percentage of dormant seeds. Variations in the number of dormant seeds at various times indicated that some induction of dormancy occurred.
SEVERAL SOIL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES INFLUENCING THE GROWTH AND RHIZOME DEVELOPMENT OF THE LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY
Authors: Kender Walter J. , Eggert Franklin P.
Published: March 2010

A field experiment using various soil management practices showed that the most effective means to increase blueberry plant spread was through the use of a surface mulch. Peat and sawdust were of equal suitability as a mulching material influencing vegetative growth, although sawdust did result in a reduction in the number of flower buds produced when compared with peat. Mulching was associated with a higher soil moisture content than non-mulched plots.Blueberry plants growing in nitrogen-treated plots had an increased flower bud number and rhizome growth in contrast with those growing in unfertilized plots. Nitrogen fertilization was of particular benefit when applied in association with surface organic mulches.Plants growing in an undisturbed soil were more vigorous than in a homogenized or tilled soil. Sawdust was found to be detrimental to the growth of lowbush blueberry plants when incorporated into a homogenized soil.
ON MEASURING ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE IN SITU IN HIGHER PLANTS
Authors: Fensom D. S.
Published: March 2010

Simple but fundamental electrical calculations for resistance are reviewed with a view to their application in studies of plant tissue. The relationship of resistance to ion mobility, to temperature, to specific resistance, and to complex tissue is discussed. It would appear that the specific resistance of complex tissue is largely a measure of the resistances of the cell-wall interstices under ordinary conditions.
PERFORMANCE OF SOME GRASS–ALFALFA MIXTURES IN SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN DURING DROUGHT YEARS
Authors: Kilcher M. R. , Heinrichs D. H.
Published: March 2010

Six perennial grass–alfalfa mixtures were studied at three locations in the Brown soil zone of Saskatchewan during successive drought years 1956 to 1962. Account was taken of comparative yields, persistence, drought tolerance, and component compatibility. Differences in competition and suppression are discussed. Crested wheatgrass or intermediate wheatgrass with alfalfa gave highest yields. Russian wild ryegrass was the most competitive grass species. Russian wild ryegrass and bromegrass were the two grasses which reduced the alfalfa component the most, resulting in lower yields of the mixtures.
STORMONT, A NEW LODGING-RESISTANT OAT
Authors: Zillinsky F. J.
Published: March 2010

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RATE OF HEALING AND ITS RELATION TO CANKER OF PEACH
Authors: Wensley R. N.
Published: March 2010

The healing rate of wounds made artificially on branches of peach varied with the date of wounding, with age and size of branch, and age of tree, and with variety. Most rapid healing occurred on the most canker-resistant variety, Elberta, at wounds made in June and July, on scaffold limbs, and on young trees. Findings showed that more rapid healing is characteristic of relatively canker-resistant varieties.
HARBON TOMATO
Authors: Ounsworth L. F.
Published: March 2010

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A NEW RACE OF FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM f. PISI
Authors: Bolton A. T. , Nuttall V. W. , Lyall L. H.
Published: March 2010

Pea varieties resistant to Fusarium wilt and near-wilt developed a wilt disease when grown in a field disease nursery at Ottawa. Two isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. pisi (Linford) were obtained from infected plants. When tested, one of these was similar to F. oxysporum f. pisi race 2 (near-wilt) in host range and cultural characteristics. The other resembled F. oxysporum f. pisi race 1 (wilt) in morphology and cultural characteristics, but caused severe symptoms on New Era and Wisconsin 183, varieties resistant to races 1 and 2. It was concluded that this latter isolate is a new race; it is proposed that it be designated as F. oxysporum f. pisi race 4.
THE RELATION BETWEEN DEW AND TOBACCO WEATHER FLECK
Authors: Macdowall F. D. H.
Published: March 2010

The coincidence of dew and fleck in tobacco leaves has suggested a causal relationship. However, water condensed on the leaf surface or temporarily infiltrated into areas of lamina did not cause any visible damage to the tissues and did not contribute to the amount of fleck caused by a preceding dose of ozone. In fact, infiltrated water delayed the development of fleck symptoms caused by ozone, by suppressing damaging rates of oxygen uptake.
A NEW SYMPTOM OF BACTERIAL CANKER RESULTING FROM SYSTEMIC INFECTION OF TOMATO FRUITS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN DISSEMINATION AND SEED TRANSMISSION
Authors: Layne R. E. C. , Rainforth J. R.
Published: March 2010

A new fruit symptom caused by systemic infection of tomato fruits with the bacterial canker organism, Corynebacterium michiganense (E.F. Sm.) Jensen, 1934, was observed in relation to previously reported fruit symptoms. Systemically infected fruits characteristically have a general mottled appearance with varying degrees of malformation. The extent of mottling and malformation depends on the size of the fruit when infected. Moderately affected fruits show islands of green tissue surrounded by whitish areas extending from the calyx scar to the distal end. Fruits more severely affected show distinct malformations, usually roughened and ridged in appearance with considerably more mottling. The distal ends are often white or near white. Affected fruits ripen later and the color is less uniform than comparable, healthy fruit. The mottle symptom becomes less distinct as the fruits ripen, and moderately affected fruits are difficult to distinguish from healthy ones.The fruit symptom described is a reliable early indicator of systemically infected tomato plants. Failure to recognize normal appearing plants with affected fruits as being systemically infected with C. michiganense could result in considerable secondary spread by mechanical means. Increased seed transmission could also occur by saving seed from ripened, apparently normal, but diseased fruits.
EFFECT OF PLANTING DATE ON PROTEIN, OIL, AND FATTY ACID CONTENT OF RAPE SEED AND TURNIP RAPE
Authors: Gross A. T. H. , Stefansson B. R.
Published: March 2010

Tests were conducted at two locations in Manitoba to determine the effect of time of planting on the chemical composition of rape and turnip rape seed. Protein content of the seed varied with dates of planting. It increased in 1963 and it tended to decrease in 1964 with delay in seeding. Oil content was negatively associated with date of planting and generally decreased with each successive delay in planting. The degree of unsaturation of the oil, represented by linoleic and linolenic acids, increased with delay in planting.
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WINTERHARDINESS IN ROSES AND THE ELECTRIC IMPEDANCE MEASURED DURING THE GROWING PERIOD
Authors: Svejda Felicitas
Published: March 2010

Differences were found in the electric impedance of rose cultivars and seedlings, measured periodically under greenhouse and field cultures. Generally, plants with the highest ranking means were also hardy, but the magnitude of the impedance was not strictly indicative of hardiness since hardy plants were found with relatively low impedances.Fluctuations in the weekly impedance measurements corresponded to the rise and fall of the air temperature. The impedance was negatively correlated to the temperature. Different impedance temperature regression coefficients were were found for different cultivars and seedlings. It is not known how these temperature gradients should be interpreted biologically, but it is assumed that they are significant for the adaptation of plants.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON BIOLOGICAL INSECTICIDES AGAINST IMPORTED CABBAGEWORM
Authors: Fox C. J. S. , Jaques R. P.
Published: March 2010

At Kentville, Nova Scotia, in 1963 and 1965, three biological insecticides were evaluated in the field for control of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera:Pieridae). One or two spray treatments were applied at 9- or 14-day intervals. All treatments significantly reduced numbers of the insect. The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner applied once gave the best control at first but in 1965 did not maintain adequate control to harvest. A granulosis virus was as effective as DDT followed by an application of mevinphos. The parasitic nematode DD136 gave control late in the season.
A COMPARISON OF A DRIED CRUDE FILTRATE CONTAINING ANTIBIOTIC P-9, WITH A NICKEL–ZINEB MIXTURE, AND DICHLOROTETRAFLUOROACETONE FOR CEREAL RUST CONTROL
Authors: Hagborg W. A. F.
Published: March 2010

Dried crude filtrate (DCF) from Streptomyces sp., containing antibiotic P-9, was compared in 1962 with a mixture of nickel chloride and zineb and in 1964 with symmetrical dichlorotetrafluoroacetone (DCTFA) for the control of cereal rusts on Marquis wheat. Seven applications of DCF gave significantly better control of stem rust on the sheaths than six applications of nickel–zineb. The control of stem rust on the necks and of leaf rust was equally good for both materials. Rust control by either material resulted in a substantial improvement of yield and grade. When 280 kg/ha of DCF, a quantity equal to that used successfully in three applications over a period of 4 weeks, was applied in a single application, less control was obtained and some phytotoxic necrosis occurred. The phototoxicity may have been due to an extraneous substance in the DCF, and might not be a limiting factor with purified or partially purified preparations.Under the conditions of the experiment in 1964, DCTFA was not as effective as DCF in rust control.
GALT BARLEY
Authors: Wells S. A. , McBean D. S.
Published: March 2010

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ALTERATIONS IN THE NITROGEN METABOLISM OFMEDICAGO SATIVAANDDACTYLIS GLOMERATAAS INFLUENCED BY POTASSIUM AND SULFUR NUTRITION
Authors: Adams C. A. , Sheard R. W.
Published: March 2010

The cold–water–soluble nitrogen of alfalfa and orchardgrass was fractionated into ammonia, amide, nitrate, and amino nitrogen. Normal, potassium-deficient, sulfur-deficient, and potassium- plus sulfur-deficient forage samples were used. Determinations were also made of the water-soluble amino acids and of the insoluble nitrogen.Potassium deficiency resulted in an increase in ammonia nitrogen. Sulfur deficiency resulted in an increase in nitrate and amide nitrogen.Of the 18 amino acids determined in both species, arginine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid were increased by sulfur deficiency but potassium deficiency had no effect on these acids. Leucine and lysine increased in potassium-deficient plants but were not affected by sulfur deficiency. Alanine was decreased by potassium deficiency. Glycine, valine, isoleucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine, and ornithine increased under conditions of potassium or sulfur deficiency.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON UPRIGHT-LEAF-TYPE SMALL GRAINS
Authors: Tanner J. W. , Gardener C. J. , Stoskopf N. C. , Reinbergs K.
Published: March 2010

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ALTONA, A NEW VARIETY OF SOYBEANS
Authors: Stefansson B. R.
Published: March 2010

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A PUNCTURING DEVICE FOR ESTIMATING THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Authors: Voisey Peter W. , MacDonald D. C.
Published: March 2010

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LINKAGE OF GENETIC MALE STERILITY WITH A SEEDLING MARKER AND ITS USE IN PRODUCING F1 HYBRID SEED OF BRASSICA OLERACEA (CABBAGE, BROCCOLI, KALE, ETC.)
Authors: Sampson D. R.
Published: March 2010

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RATES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION IN LEAVES OF THE CRANBERRY WITH EMPHASIS ON RATES AT LOW TEMPERATURES
Authors: Forsyth F. R. , Hall I. V.
Published: March 2010

The rate of apparent photosynthesis of cranberry leaves increased linearly over the temperature range of 3.5° to 25.0 °C when measured manometrically. The same general pattern was found when photosynthesis was measured using an oxygen analyzer. At 3.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 15.0 °C the rate of O2production by photosynthesis was greater than the rate of removal of O2by respiration. Although the excess of oxygen given off to the water is quite small, it is an important factor in winter survival of cranberry plants, especially the meristematic tissues, which are most susceptible to O2deficiency.