bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consumption and asset prices
Authors: Smoluk H.J , Neveu Raymond P
Published: October 2002

Employing aggregate consumption data to test the consumption‐based capital asset pricing model (CCAPM) is likely to lead to a specification error since a significant portion of consumers live from paycheck‐to‐paycheck and, therefore, are constrained in their ability to intertemporally allocate consumption. Furthermore, these consumers lack the savings needed to directly influence an equilibrium between consumption expenditures and asset returns. Using consumption expenditures grouped by consumer income, this paper examines the issue of whether the CCAPM is more consistent with the consumption of unconstrained (high‐income) consumers as compared to constrained (low‐income) consumers. Several traditional methods of analyzing the CCAPM are explored utilizing five time series of consumption expenditures delineated by consumer income. This approach allows us to indirectly test whether liquidity constraints affect the CCAPM without imposing additional specification on the model. Overall, the tests fail to find any discernible patterns across income groups that are consistent with the idea that liquidity constraints bind lower income consumers.
Long‐term nominal interest rates and domestic fundamentals
Authors: Caporale Guglielmo Maria , Williams Geoffrey
Published: October 2002

This paper investigates the information content of domestic macroeconomic developments for the determination of nominal long‐term interest rates in the G7. We show that when an econometric methodology is followed, which takes into account the stationarity, cointegration, and exogeneity features of the data, well‐specified equations can be estimated, which confirm the importance of fiscal and monetary developments in the determination of long‐term interest rates. The results are contrary to those that one would expect from standard finance theory, which suggests that interest rates are determined by market participants. They reveal that inflation uncertainty and the quality of debt are important factors in each of the countries considered. In addition, there is a high degree of uniformity in the structure of the estimated relationships, suggesting that economic performance is of greater importance than institutional diversity in the determination of long‐term rates.
The temporal relationship between large‐ and small‐capitalization stock returns:
Authors: Grieb Terrance , Reyes Mario G.
Published: October 2002

In this study, we provide some evidence of Granger‐causal transmission of information to the correlation between large‐ and small‐cap stock indexes in the UK. We employ the bivariate Logistic Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (LEGARCH) specification proposed by Darbar and Deb [Darbar, S. M., & Deb, P. (1999). Linkages among asset markets in the United States—tests in a bivariate GARCH framework. IMF Working Paper WP/99/158; Darbar, S. M., & Deb, P. (2000). Transmission of information and cross‐market correlations. Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis Working Paper.] and document correlation persistence, and a two‐way information flow. More specifically, information to the large‐cap stock index positively affects its next period correlation with the small‐cap index, whereas information to the small‐cap index negatively affects its next period correlation with the large‐cap index. We also find evidence supporting the presence of both a January effect and an April effect in both small‐cap and large‐cap returns.
Are the Arab Maghreb countries really integratable?
Authors: Darrat Ali F , Pennathur Anita
Published: October 2002

The main objective of this study is to assess the extent of economic and financial integration among the countries in the Arab Maghreb region. Empirical results consistently suggest that three of these countries (Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia) do share a robust and meaningful relation binding together their macroeconomies, their financial markets, and their monetary policies, at least over the long‐term horizon. Therefore, the failure, thus far of these countries to achieve a genuine regional integration is likely caused by socio‐political factors rather than by economic or financial incompatibility. Of course, the presence of a potent long‐run relation among the three countries should motivate further efforts towards the creation of an effective regional integration. The results suggest that such efforts should start with improving the structure and the operation of the Arab Maghreb Union which, despite its current feeble status, has apparently strengthened economic and financial ties among countries in the region.
HUMAN RIGHTS, BURDEN OF PROOF, RETROSPECTIVITY AND PRECEDENT IN THE HOUSE OF LORDS
Authors: Macphail I.D.
Published: October 2002

R. v. Lambert [2001] UKHL 37, [2001] 3 W.L.R. 206 and R. v. Kansal (No. 2) [2001] UKHL 62, [2001] 3 W.L.R. 1562 are important decisions of the House of Lords in the field of human rights and criminal justice. Lambert is primarily concerned with a question as to the retrospective effect of the Human Rights Act 1998 in criminal proceedings, and with the question whether a reverse onus provision in section 28 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 is compatible with the presumption of innocence in Article 6(2) of the European Convention on Human Rights. Kansal is primarily concerned with the former question. A majority of the House in Kansal decided that the decision of the majority of the House in Lambert on the issue of retrospectivity was wrong, but nevertheless should be followed.
NEGLIGENCE AND ARTICLE 6: THE GREAT ESCAPE?
Authors: Hickman Tom
Published: October 2002

WHEN, the European Court of Human Rights decided in Osman v. UK [1999] 1 F.L.R. 193 that striking out a claim in negligence (in Osman v. Ferguson [1993] 4 All E.R. 344) against the police, for failing to prevent a disturbed teacher injuring a pupil and killing the pupil’s father, amounted to a breach of Article 6 of the European Convention, many domestic lawyers felt that human rights law had gone too far. Article 6 protects the right to a fair and public hearing in the determination of one’s civil rights. The ECtHR did not say that the hearing had not been fair, but that it had not really been a hearing at all. By so deciding, the ECtHR subjected the public policy considerations that had been relied on by the Court of Appeal to strike out the claim to the requirements of legitimacy and necessity which have to be satisfied to justify an interference with Article 6.
NON-DISCRIMINATORY TRADE RESTRICTIONS AFTER KECK
Authors: Dashwood Alan
Published: October 2002

IN its Keck judgment—famous or notorious according to taste—the Court of Justice drew a distinction, for the purposes of the application of the prohibition in Article 28 EC against measures having equivalent effect to quantitative restrictions (“MEEQRs”), between two categories of national measures. On the one hand were “product requirements”: measures specifying requirements to be met, in order to obtain access to the market of a Member State, by products coming from other Member States where they are lawfully manufactured and marketed, like the minimum alcohol requirement for fruit liqueurs in Cassis de Dijon (Case 120/78 [1997] E.C.R. 649). Such product requirements are liable to constitute MEEQRs, and therefore require specific justification, in order to escape prohibition, on one of the public interest grounds recognised by Community law. On the other hand was the category of measures described in the judgment as “provisions restricting or prohibiting certain selling arrangements”. An example was the legislation at issue in the main proceedings in Keck, which prohibited the resale of products below their purchase price, thereby depriving retailers of a form of sales promotion. Other examples, attested by the case law post-Keck, are measures regulating advertising methods, the kind of shop in which goods of a certain description can be sold, shops’ opening hours and Sunday trading. National provisions in this latter category are not normally such as to hinder trade between Member States under the test formulated by the Court in Dassonville (Case 8/74 [1974] E.C.R. 837, at para. 5), and so do not call for justification; not, that is, “so long as those provisions apply to all relevant traders operating within the national territory and so long as they affect in the same manner, in law and in fact, the marketing of domestic products and those from other Member States”: see Joined Cases C-267 and 268/9 [1993] E.C.R. I-6097, at paras. 15–17.
DOES SEX MATTER?
Authors: Bainham Andrew
Published: October 2002

ARE sex or gender crucial components of modern marriage? In Bellinger v. Bellinger [2001] EWCA Civ 1140, [2001] 2 F.L.R. 1048, the Court of Appeal returned to the question of the relevance of biological sex to the validity of marriage, first considered thirty years ago by Ormrod J. in Corbett v. Corbett (otherwise Ashley) [1971] P. 83. Both cases involved male-to-female transsexuals who had undergone gender reassignment surgery but in Bellinger, Mrs. Bellinger sought a declaration under section 55 of the Family Law Act 1986 that her marriage to Mr. Bellinger was valid at its inception and still subsisting (unlike Corbett, which involved a nullity petition). The Court, by a majority, upheld the decision of Johnson J. refusing the declaration.
Whither the Kuomintang?
Authors: Fuh-sheng Hsieh John
Published: October 2002

In the 2000 presidential election, the Kuomintang (KMT) lost badly, but it remains the majority party in the Legislative Yuan. In the foreseeable future, it will continue to be a formidable force in Taiwanese politics as long as it is able to hold itself together. Its strength derives essentially from its unique position along the national identity spectrum, the most salient division underpinning Taiwan's party structure. Given the stability of voters' distribution on the national identity issue, the relative strength of the pan-KMT and the pan-Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) camps – referring to the two major parties and the parties split from them – will remain roughly the same. Under the circumstances, the major challenge confronting the KMT does not come from the DPP, but from within the pan-KMT camp. Here, other issues and even personalities may play a much more important role in shaping the configuration within the pan-KMT camp, thus affecting the KMT's overall strength.
Labour Market Reform and the Plight of the Laid-off Proletariat
Authors: Solinger Dorothy J.
Published: October 2002

The government's projects and claims to succour the workers made redundant by its economic restructuring of the past decade have all run into severe difficulties. Indeed, all three of the state's undertakings directed at the furloughed are burdened by stunning weaknesses that cast enormous doubt upon reports of the opportunities both for the furloughed to find new employment and for them to obtain state assistance. The non-state sector generally has more work for rural migrants or the highly educated than for the laid-off; the Re-employment Project is full of pitfalls; and immense challenges of both resource scarcity and administrative incapacity characterize the national-scale social welfare programme. This article thus sets out the material conditions confronting those who have lost their jobs.
The Resistance of Chinese Laid-off Workers in the Reform Period
Authors: Cai Yongshun
Published: October 2002

Since the 1990s, the Chinese government has carried out the reform of state-owned enterprises involving the retrenchment of millions of workers. One outcome of this reform has been labour unrest across the country. This article addresses the following questions about laid-off workers' collective resistance to the reform: why has collective action repeatedly occurred in a still authoritarian regime; and when are the workers more likely to take action? It argues that the workers' action is a result of two types of interaction, one between the workers and the government, and the other among workers themselves. Collective action is likely to occur when the workers expect to succeed. In addition, workers should be able to co-ordinate their actions, which is likely when there are mechanisms that make mobilization among them possible. The article concludes that worker resistance in the 1990s was not enough to stop the reform because several constraints made it difficult for them to take forceful action.
China's Contentious Pensioners
Authors: Hurst William , O'Brien Kevin J.
Published: October 2002

China has seen a surge of working class protests in recent years. Many of these have involved retirees. Pensioners are found to be particularly prone to take to the streets because their grievances are intense and are widely perceived to be legitimate, they are “biographically available,” and they often feel nostalgic for aspects of the Maoist past. Their actions also display elements of moral economic resistance. This article draws on the available literature as well as interviews with 30 workers, retirees, laid-off workers, managers and local officials in five cities.
Institutional Reform and the Bianzhi System in China
Authors: Brødsgaard Kjeld Erik
Published: October 2002

The article addresses the important issue of the bianzhi system and the role this system plays in governing China at the central and the local level. In making a critical distinction between nomenklatura and bianzhi, loosely translated as “establishment of posts,” the article provides a new perspective on key issues and concepts in the Chinese administrative reform process. The ultimate aim of the process is to create a leaner and more efficient public sector by shedding non-essential functions and by downsizing the bureaucracy. Two cases are used as illustrations of the issues and problems involved. The first is a discussion of central-level reform with a special emphasis on the reorganization of the Ministry of Personnel in 1998. The second is an analysis of local reform with a focus on the experiment of “small government, big society” in Hainan province. Both cases illustrate the difficulties in sustaining administrative reform. Discarded public administrative functions tend to re-emerge, displaced bureaucrats will seek to return to their former position and the Party is reluctant to allow the creation of better public administration at the expense of Party control.
The Interplay of the “China Factor” and US Dollar Peg in the Hong Kong Economy
Authors: Kueh Y.Y. , Ng Raymond C.W.
Published: October 2002

This article examines the significance of the “China factor” in maintaining economics stability and growth in Hong Kong, relative to the role played by the “US dollar peg” exchange rate regime that has been in place since 1983. It shows how, by virtue of the peg, Hong Hong was made subservient to US monetary policy, and how unsynchronized business cycle with the US resulted in spiralling wage and land costs to trigger a mass exodus of Hong Kong's manufacturers across the border to China. The article analyses in detail to what extent the economic base of Hong Kong's export industries has been expanded as a result of the relocation; and measures, in particular, by how much the cost-savings has helped to lower Hong Kong's overall export costs and thus enhance the viability of the peg that is so crucial to such a small and entirely open economy. The analysis extends through the Asian financial crisis and beyond, examining how the peg has fuelled deflation but the “China factor” may have helped mitigate it. Important questions are raised about the peg in light of the disastrous consequences of the Asian financial crisis for some Asian economies, and the concomitant search for a more viable exchange rate regime. It concludes that despite the increased integration of the Hong Kong and mainland China economies, the likelihood of the Hong Kong dollar being de-pegged from the US dollar and re-pegged to the Chinese currency is yet remote.
New Shanghai: The Rocky Rebirth of China's Legendary City. By Pamela Yatsko. [New York: John Wiley, 2001. viii+298pp. Hard cover ISBN 0-471-84352-0; paperback ISBN 0-471-47915-2.]
Authors: Gold Thomas B.
Published: October 2002

As an admitted Shanghai chauvinist, I look forward to reading books dealing with the city where I studied more than two decades ago, particularly ones such as this which promise a rather comprehensive overview of the Shanghai scene at the turn of the millennium. Pamela Yatsko served as Far Eastern Economic Review bureau chief there in the mid-to-late 1990s, and obviously knows the city and its people well. She shared, as I did, their frustration throughout the 1980s as they watched cities such as Hong Kong become world economic powers (spearheaded by Shanghainese refugees), and backwaters such as Shenzhen, which barely existed until the 1980s, attract global attention for their explosive growth. And she cannot avoid being struck by the rapidity with which Shanghai rebuilt itself once Beijing gave the green light after Deng Xiaoping's 1992 visit.
Private Enterprise in China. By Ross Garnaut, Ligang Song, Yang Yao and Xiaolu Wang. [Canberra: Asia Pacific Press; and Beijing: Peking University China Center for Social Research, 2001. xii+152pp. A$35.00; US$35.00. ISBN 0-7315-3662-2.]
Authors: Warner Malcolm
Published: October 2002

Is China now reverting to its earlier business traditions? In the last decade, with the so-called “deepening” of the economic reforms in China, the non-state sector, led by a new breed of entrepreneurs too young to have known the pre-liberation days, has come to the fore and grown in size, both absolutely and relatively.
Portraits of “Primitives”: Ordering Human Kinds in the Chinese Nation. By Susan D. Blum. [Oxford: Roman & Littlefield, 2001. 234 pp. £18.95. ISBN 0-7425-0092-6.]
Authors: Oakes Tim
Published: October 2002

Susan Blum's book on Han Chinese attitudes toward, and stereotypes of, “minority nationalities” (shaoshu minzu) in China reads like a story we've heard many times in bits and pieces but never in its entirety. For those of us who work in China, particularly in regions where shaoshu minzu predominate, Portraits of “Primitives” tells a story with which we are in various ways familiar, but which has never yet been told with such clarity and thoroughness.
Soul of Chaos: Critical Perspectives on Gao Xingjian. Edited by Kwok-KanTam. [Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2001. 345 pp. $38.00. ISBN 962-201-993-5.]
Authors: Lee Gregory B.
Published: October 2002

Without doubt numerous essays and articles and books about the work of the first literary Nobel prize winner to emanate from China are currently going to press. This is due not only to an acknowledgement of a literary event the Chinese-reading public awaited for a century, but also to the paucity of work so far done on Gao Xingjian in academic circles, especially on Gao the novelist.
CIVIL WAR IN THE KINGDOM OF BENIN, 1689–1721: CONTINUITY OR POLITICAL CHANGE?
Authors: BEN-AMOS GIRSHICK PAULA , THORNTON JOHN
Published: October 2002

Using a combination of oral tradition and written documents, the authors show that Benin’s civil war was a fundamental transformation of political structure, and not simply an isolated struggle. Before 1640, Benin was centrally governed by its king with the assistance of a royally appointed administration. Difficulties in succession, coupled with changing trading patterns, allowed the administration to gain some independence and then to challenge the kings, taking away some power. The civil war matched different levels of the administration and the kings against each other, and transformed Benin from a centrally governed to a more collectively governed kingdom.
SPEAKING LIKE A NATIVE: VERNACULAR LANGUAGES AND THE STATE IN SOUTHERN RHODESIA, 1890–1935
Authors: JEATER DIANA
Published: October 2002

During the early years of white administration in Southern Rhodesia, few whites spoke the local vernaculars. The state used those few, largely traders and farmers, to translate and interpret. Members of the Native Affairs Department were expected to learn ‘on the job’. However, by the early 1920s, poor language abilities in the civil services, combined with growing segregationist tendencies in the face of African competition, prompted the state to reconsider whites’ knowledge of the vernaculars. The issue raised important questions about defining the boundary between ‘natives’ and ‘civilized peoples’, interactions between white and African communities, and the long-term project for the state.
War and the Reconfiguring of American Indian Society
Authors: BARSH RUSSEL LAWRENCE
Published: October 2002

When I was thirteen years old, my father took me to Gettysburg. It is my
first recollection of my father’s growing passion for studying the history
of the Civil War, which, I was only to realize long after his death, was his
way of grappling with the unresolved horrors of his own experience as a
battlefield medic. By escaping into the minutiae of a past and – at a
distance – more heroic war, he had been probing his feelings about a war
that he suspected (like Paul Fussell in Wartime, and Farley Mowat in And
No Birds Sang) was dominated by ‘‘chickenshit’’ and pointless death. He
was past sixty before he told me how terrified he had been, and how he
had never stopped thinking and dreaming about what he had seen.
Textual Authority and Modern American Autobiography: Robert McAlmon, Kay Boyle, and the Writing of a Lost Generation
Authors: MONK CRAIG
Published: October 2002

By the mid-1960s, American writer Kay Boyle was in possession of a
three-book contract from Doubleday publishers in New York. The
cornerstone of this deal was to be a history of Germany, a manuscript she
began in the late 1950s. Boyle encountered difficulties completing this
work, and after lobbying successfully to write a history of German
women instead, she eventually abandoned the project altogether. To help
her meet her professional obligations, Boyle hoped that Doubleday would
accept a new plan to republish Three Short Novels, a work that had
appeared under the Beacon imprint in 1958. That publisher still had four
thousand copies of the book in its warehouse, however, and Doubleday
editor Ken McCormick was unable to agree to Boyle’s proposal.
McCormick suggested instead that she undertake work revising Robert
McAlmon’s 1938 autobiography, Being Geniuses Together. Indeed, in the
years following his death in 1956, Boyle had been unsuccessful in locating
an American publisher for her friend’s book, so when Doubleday brought
forward an edition of the work in 1968, it contained alternate chapters
written by Kay Boyle, herself. McAlmon’s original text is approximately
one hundred and ten thousand words in length; Boyle’s edition is one
hundred and sixty thousand words, only seventy thousand of which were
written by Robert McAlmon. ‘‘This present book is his,’’ Boyle wrote of
McAlmon’s achievement in her 1984 afterword (333), and while one
might argue that this is the case, no one can question the fact that his book
was altered substantially from its original form.
Abortion and Partisanship in the US Congress, 1976–2000: Increasing Partisan Cohesion and Differentiation
Authors: JAENICKE DOUGLAS W.
Published: October 2002

The politics of the last quarter century in the United States cannot be fully
understood without reference to cultural–religious issues such as abortion,
prayer in the state schools, school curriculum including sex education and
teaching the biblical account of creation, gay rights, gun control, the
death penalty, and the proper roles of men and women. Cultural–religious
conservatives defend traditional values such as patriarchy and sexual
abstinence for the unmarried, while cultural–religious liberals challenge
them. For example, the opponents of the Equal Rights Amendment
(ERA) objected, not to its guarantee of formal legal equality which was
uncontroversial, but rather to it potentially changing gender roles. While
the New Deal party system had been founded on a conflict between
economic liberalism and economic conservatism, recent contemporary
US politics also contains an explicit cultural–religious dimension.
Although they have not replaced the older economic issues associated
with the New Deal party system, cultural–religious issues coexist with
them and have transformed the contemporary US political agenda by
disrupting older coalitions and creating new coalitions and cleavages.
“Let's Make a List”: James Schuyler's Taxonomic Autobiography
Authors: WATKIN WILLIAM
Published: October 2002

August 21, 1970

A few sound[s] are embedded in the fog – a gull mewing, different far off fog
horns – like unset polished stones laid out in cotton wool.

Tuesday, March 5, 1985

At six AM the heavy gray burns a heavier blue. Rain, water drops clinging to the
balcony.

There is an ethical consideration in James Schuyler's Diary. While we have
spent the last fifty years grappling with the aesthetic problems of how to
represent the unrepresentable, how to present the unpresentable, and how
to signify the significant, little time has been spent considering the status
of representations of the unremarkable. There is a whole history in
American poetry and literature of validating the everyday, making it
special, but Schuyler never really does that. Are things special just because
we say so, or rather because we note them down? Do we name things into
being, at least linguistic or literary being? The Diary asks these questions
and in doing so it broaches the kind of postmodern ethical questions that
one finds in the recent work of Lyotard, Derrida, and Nancy. These
questions are significant not in the normal sense of the reasons for such
interrogations or the answers expected, but rather because they represent
a desire on the part of Schuyler to ask after otherness, to try to elicit a
response from the other while respecting that such a response may not be
comprehensible even if it is forthcoming. I would like here to posit a
desire to ask after the other first before one asks after oneself, to enquire
without any hope of a satisfactory answer as such as the postmodern
ethical position, and to suggest that the autobiographical slant of
Schuyler's work is, paradoxically considering the nature of autobiography,
just such a positioning of his self in relation to the world.
City Space, Technology, Popular Culture: The Modernism of Paul Strand and Charles Sheeler's Manhatta
Authors: SUÁREZ JUAN A.
Published: October 2002

Reputedly, painter Charles Sheeler and photographer Paul Strand's
Manhatta is the first significant title in the history of American avant-garde
cinema. It is a seven-minute portrait of New York City and focuses on
those features which make the city a modern megalopolis – the traffic, the
crowds, the high-rise buildings, the engineering wonders, and the speed
and dynamism of street life. The film strives to capture rhythmic and
graphic patterns in the movements and shapes of cranes, trains,
automobiles, boats, steam shovels, suspension bridges, and skyscrapers.
Due to the dominance of technology, the entire urban landscape appears
in the film as a machine-like aggregate of static and moving parts
independent from human intention.
Instability of a bed of particles sheared by a
viscous flow
Authors: CHARRU FRANÇOIS , MOUILLERON-ARNOULD HÉLÈNE
Published: October 2002

The instability of a bed of particles sheared by a viscous fluid is investigated
theoretically. The viscous flow over the wavy bed is first calculated, and the bed shear
stress is derived. The particle transport rate induced by this bed shear stress is
calculated from the viscous resuspension theory of Leighton & Acrivos (1986). Mass
conservation of the particles then gives explicit expressions for the wave velocity
and growth rate, which depend on four dimensionless parameters: the wavenumber,
the fluid thickness, a viscous length and the shear stress. The mechanism of the
instability is given. It appears that for high enough fluid-layer thickness, long-wave
instability arises as soon as grains move, while short waves are stabilized by gravity.
For smaller fluid thickness, the destabilizing effect of fluid inertia is reduced, so that
the moving at bed is stable for small shear stress, and unstable for high shear stress.
The most amplified wavelength scales with the viscous length, in agreement with the
few available experiments for small particle Reynolds numbers. The results are also
compared with related studies for turbulent flow.
Oblique transition in a laminar
Blasius boundary layer
Authors: KING RUDOLPH A. , BREUER KENNETH S.
Published: October 2002

Oblique transition was experimentally investigated in a Blasius boundary layer formed
on a flat plate. This transition mechanism was provoked by exciting a pair of
oppositely oriented oblique Orr–Sommerfeld (O–S) modes given by (ω/ωts, ±β/βts) =
(1, ±1) in the frequency-wavenumber (spanwise) space. Surface waviness with height
Δh and a well-defined wavenumber spectrum that is synchronized with the neutral
O–S wavenumber at Branch I, (αw, ±βw) = (αts,I, ±βts,I), was used to provide a steady
velocity perturbation in the near-wall region. A planar downstream-travelling acoustic
wave of amplitude ε was created to temporally excite the flow near the resonance
frequency, ωts(= 2πfo), of an unstable eigenmode corresponding to kts = kw (where
k =±[α2+β2]1/2). Possible mechanisms leading to laminar-to-turbulent breakdown
were examined for various forcing combinations, εΔh. For small values of εΔh, a
peak-valley structure corresponding to a spanwise wavenumber of 2βw was observed.
As expected, the maximum r.m.s. narrow-band streamwise velocity fluctuations, ut(fo),
occur at peak locations, which correspond to regions with mean streamwise velocity,
U, deficits. For the largest value of εΔh, significant mean-flow distortion was observed
in the spanwise profiles of U. Large spanwise velocity gradients, [mid ]dU/dζ[mid ], exist
between peaks and valleys and appear to generate an explosive growth in the velocity
fluctuations. The maximum values of ut no longer occur at peak locations of the
stationary structure but at locations of spanwise inflection points. The magnitude
of ut scales with [mid ]dU/dζ[mid ]. A nonlinear interaction of two non-stationary modes was
conjectured as a possible mechanism for the enhancement of the streak ampliflcation
rate.
A study of three-dimensional gravity currents on
a uniform slope
Authors: ROSS ANDREW N. , LINDEN P. F. , DALZIEL STUART B.
Published: October 2002

In many geophysical, environmental and industrial situations, a finite volume of fluid
with a density different to the ambient is released on a sloping boundary. This leads
to the formation of a gravity current travelling up, down and across the slope. We
present novel laboratory experiments in which the dense fluid spreads both down-slope
(and initially up-slope) and laterally across the slope. The position, shape and
dilution of the current are determined through video and conductivity measurements
for moderate slopes (5° to 20°). The entrainment coefficient for different slopes
is calculated from the experimental results and is found to depend very little on
the slope. The value agrees well with previously published values for entrainment
into gravity currents on a horizontal surface. The experimental measurements are
compared with previous shallow-water models and with a new wedge integral model
developed and presented here. It is concluded that these simplified models do not
capture all the significant features of the flow. In the models, the current takes
the form of a wedge which travels down the slope, but the experiments show the
formation of a more complicated current. It is found that the wedge integral model
over-predicts the length and width of the gravity current but gives fair agreement
with the measured densities in the head. The initial stages of the flow, during which
time the wedge shape develops, are studied. It is found that although the influence of
the slope is seen relatively quickly for moderate slopes, the time taken for the wedge
to develop is much longer. The implications of these findings for safety analysis are
briefly discussed.
Spatial variations of a passive tracer in
a random wave field
Authors: WEICHMAN PETER B. , GLAZMAN ROMAN E.
Published: October 2002

The effect of random wave fields on passive tracer spatial variations is studied. We
derive a closed-form expression for the spatial autocorrelation function (or power
spectrum) of the tracer fluctuations that is quantitatively accurate so long as wave
field nonlinearities are small. The theory is illustrated for the case of long internal
gravity waves in the ocean. We find that even if the (rear face of the) spectrum
of the advecting velocity field is a pure power law, the tracer spectrum has two
separate power law subranges. Most important to oceanographic applications, in the
larger scale subrange, the effective horizontal compressibility of the wave velocity field
becomes a dominant factor of the tracer variations. In such cases, the concentration
spectrum becomes approximately proportional to the spectrum of the wave potential
energy. The latter, which decays with increasing wavenumber much more rapidly than
that known for two-dimensional eddy turbulence, is confirmed by satellite observations
in wave-dominated ocean regions. As an additional confirmation of the theory, we
demonstrate the occurrence of spectral peaks at wavenumbers corresponding to the
semi-diurnal tide frequency.
Constitutive laws in liquid-fluidized beds
Authors: DURU PAUL , NICOLAS MAXIME , HINCH JOHN , GUAZZELLI ÉLISABETH
Published: October 2002

The objective of the present work is to test experimentally the two-phase modelling
approach which is widely used in fluidization. A difficulty of this way of modelling
fluidized beds is the use of empirical relations in order to close the system of equations
describing the fluidized bed as a two-phase continuum, especially concerning the
description of the solid phase. We performed an experimental investigation of the
primary wavy instability of liquid-fluidized beds. Experiments demonstrate that the
wave amplitude saturates up the bed and we were able to measure the precise shape
of this voidage wave. We then related this shape to the unknown solid phase viscosity
and pressure functions of a simple two-phase model with a Newtonian stress-tensor for
the solid phase. We found the scaling laws and the particle concentration dependence
for these two quantities. It appears that this simplest model is quite satisfactory to
describe the one-dimensional voidage waves in the limited range of parameters that we
have studied. In our experimental conditions, the drag on the particles nearly balances
their weight corrected for buoyancy, the small imbalance being mostly accounted for
by solid phase viscous stress with a much smaller contribution from the solid phase
pressure.
Scaling of acceleration in locally isotropic
turbulence
Authors: HILL REGINALD J.
Published: October 2002

The variances of the fluid-particle acceleration and of the pressure-gradient and
viscous force are given. The scaling parameters for these variances are velocity
statistics measureable with a single-wire anemometer. For both high and low Reynolds
numbers, asymptotic scaling formulas are given; these agree quantitatively with DNS
data. Thus, the scaling can be presumed known for all Reynolds numbers. Fluid-particle acceleration variance does not obey K41 scaling at any Reynolds number; this
is consistent with recent experimental data. The non-dimensional pressure-gradient
variance named λT/λP is shown to be obsolete.
Analytic solutions of the temperature
distribution in Blasius viscous flow problems
Authors: LIAO SHIJUN , CAMPO ANTONIO
Published: October 2002

We apply a new analytic technique, namely the homotopy analysis method, to give an
analytic approximation of temperature distributions for a laminar viscous flow over
a semi-infinite plate. An explicit analytic solution of the temperature distributions
is obtained in general cases and recurrence formulae of the corresponding constant
coefficients are given. In the cases of constant plate temperature distribution and
constant plate heat flux, the first-order derivative of the temperature on the plate
at the 30th order of approximation is given. The convergence regions of these two
formulae are greatly enlarged by the Padé technique. They agree well with numerical
results in a very large region of Prandtl number 1[les ]Pr[les ]50 and therefore can be
applied without interpolations.
High-Reynolds-number turbulence in small
apparatus: grid turbulence in cryogenic liquids
Authors: WHITE CHRISTOPHER M. , KARPETIS ADONIOS N. , SREENIVASAN KATEPALLI R.
Published: October 2002

Liquid helium at 4.2 K has a viscosity that is about 40 times smaller than that of water
at room temperature, and about 600 times smaller than that of air at atmospheric
pressure. It is therefore a convenient fluid for generating in a table-top apparatus
turbulent flows at high Reynolds numbers that require large air and water facilities.
Here, we produce turbulence behind towed grids in a liquid helium chamber that is
5 cm2 in cross-section at mesh Reynolds numbers of up to 7×105. Liquid nitrogen is
intermediate in its viscosity as well as refrigeration demands, and so we also exploit
its use to generate towed-grid turbulence up to mesh Reynolds number of about
2×104. In both instances, we map two-dimensional fields of velocity vectors using
particle image velocimetry, and compare the data with those in water and air.
An investigation of stably stratified turbulent channel flow using large-eddy simulation
Authors: ARMENIO VINCENZO , SARKAR SUTANU
Published: October 2002

Boundary-forced stratified turbulence is studied in the prototypical case of turbulent
channel flow subject to stable stratification. The large-eddy simulation approach is
used with a mixed subgrid model that involves a dynamic eddy viscosity component
and a scale-similarity component. After an initial transient, the flow reaches a new
balanced state corresponding to active wall-bounded turbulence with reduced vertical
transport which, for the cases in our study with moderate-to-large levels of stratification,
coexists with internal wave activity in the core of the channel. A systematic
reduction of turbulence levels, density fluctuations and associated vertical transport
with increasing stratification is observed. Countergradient buoyancy flux is observed
in the outer region for sufficiently high stratification.

Mixing of the density field in stratified channel flow results from turbulent events
generated near the boundaries that couple with the outer, more stable flow. The
vertical density structure is thus of interest for analogous boundary-forced mixing
situations in geophysical flows. It is found that, with increasing stratification, the
mean density profile becomes sharper in the central region between the two turbulent
layers at the upper and lower walls, similar to observations in field measurements as
well as laboratory experiments with analogous density-mixing situations.

Channel flow is strongly inhomogeneous with alternative choices for the Richardson
number. In spite of these complications, the gradient Richardson number, Rig, appears
to be the important local determinant of buoyancy effects. All simulated cases show
that correlation coefficients associated with vertical transport collapse from their nominal unstratified
values over a narrow range, 0.15 < Rig < 0.25. The vertical turbulent
Froude number, Frw, has an O(1) value across most of the channel. It
is remarkable that stratified channel flow, with such a large variation of overall
density difference (factor of 26) between cases, shows a relatively universal behaviour
of correlation coefficients and vertical Froude number when plotted as a function of
Rig. The visualizations show wavy motion in the core region where the gradient
Richardson number, Rig, is large and low-speed streaks in the near-wall region,
typical of unstratified channel flow, where Rig is small. It appears from the
visualizations that, with increasing stratification, the region with wavy motion progressively encroaches
into the zone with active turbulence; the location of Rig ≃ 0.2 roughly
corresponds to the boundary between the two zones.
Lubrication theory for electro-osmotic flow in a microfluidic channel of slowly varying cross-section and wall charge
Authors: GHOSAL SANDIP
Published: October 2002

Electro-osmotic flow is a convenient mechanism for transporting fluid in microfluidic
devices. The flow is generated through the application of an external electric field
that acts on the free charges that exist in a thin Debye layer at the channel walls.
The charge on the wall is due to the particular chemistry of the solid–fluid interface
and can vary along the channel either by design or because of various unavoidable
inhomogeneities of the wall material or because of contamination of the wall by
chemicals contained in the fluid stream. The channel cross-section could also vary in
shape and area. The effect of such variability on the flow through microfluidic channels
is of interest in the design of devices that use electro-osmotic flow. The problem of
electro-osmotic flow in a straight microfluidic channel of arbitrary cross-sectional
geometry and distribution of wall charge is solved in the lubrication approximation,
which is justified when the characteristic length scales for axial variation of the wall
charge and cross-section are both large compared to a characteristic width of the
channel. It is thereby shown that the volume flux of fluid through such a microchannel
is a linear function of the applied pressure drop and electric potential drop across it,
the coefficients of which may be calculated explicitly in terms of the geometry and
charge distribution on the wall. These coefficients characterize the ‘fluidic resistance’
of each segment of a microfluidic network in analogy to the electrical ‘resistance’ in
a microelectronic circuit. A consequence of the axial variation in channel properties
is the appearance of an induced pressure gradient and an associated secondary flow
that leads to increased Taylor dispersion limiting the resolution of electrophoretic
separations. The lubrication theory presented here offers a simple way of calculating
the distortion of the flow profile in general geometries and could be useful in studies
of dispersion induced by inhomogeneities in microfluidic channels.
A new approach to modelling near-wall turbulence energy and stress dissipation
Authors: JAKIRLIĆ S. , HANJALIĆ K.
Published: October 2002

A new model for the transport equation for the turbulence energy dissipation rate
ε and for the anisotropy of the dissipation rate tensor εij,
consistent with the near-wall limits, is derived following the term-by-term approach and using results of
direct numerical simulations (DNS) for several generic wall-bounded flows. Based
on the two-point velocity covariance analysis of Jovanović, Ye & Durst (1995) and
reinterpretation of the viscous term, the transport equation is derived in terms of the
‘homogeneous’ part εh of the energy dissipation rate. The algebraic
expression for the components of εij was then reformulated in terms of
εh, which makes it possible to
satisfy the exact wall limits without using any wall-configuration parameters. Each
term in the new equation is modelled separately using DNS information. The rational
vorticity transport theory of Bernard (1990) was used to close the mean curvature term
appearing in the dissipation equation. A priori evaluation of εij, as well
as solving the new dissipation equation as a whole using DNS data for quantities other than
εij, for
flows in a pipe, plane channel, constant-pressure boundary layer, behind a backward-facing
step and in an axially rotating pipe, all show good near-wall behaviour of all
terms. Computations of the same flows with the full model in conjunction with the
low-Reynolds number transport equation for (uiui) All Overbar,
using εh instead of ε, agree well with the direct numerical simulations.
Small-scale turbulence characteristics of two-dimensional bluff body wakes
Authors: ANTONIA R. A. , ZHOU T. , ROMANO G. P.
Published: October 2002

Measurements have been made in nominally two-dimensional turbulent wakes generated
by five different bluff bodies. Each wake has a different level of large-scale
organization which is reflected in different amounts of large-scale anisotropy. Structure
functions of streamwise (u) and lateral (v) velocity fluctuations at approximately the same
value of Rλ, the Taylor microscale Reynolds number, indicate that inertial-range
scales are significantly affected by the large-scale anisotropy. The effect is greater on v
than u and more pronounced for the porous-body wakes than the solid-body wakes.
In particular, ‘relative’ values of the scaling (or power-law) exponents indicate that
the magnitude of the transverse exponents can exceed that of the longitudinal ones
in the porous-body wakes. This is supported by the inertial-range behaviour of the
spectra of u and v. The difference between the transverse and longitudinal exponents
appears to depend on the large-scale anisotropy of the flow, as measured by the ratio
of the variances of v and u and ratio of the integral length scales of v and
u. The spanwise vorticity spectra are much less affected by the anisotropy than the spectra
of u and v.
Vorticity generated by pure capillary waves
Authors: SAJJADI SHAHRDAD G.
Published: October 2002

Capillary waves, like other surface waves on water, generate a rectified, or time-averaged,
vorticity field extending beyond the oscillatory (Stokes) layer at the surface.
This vorticity field ω is particularly interesting in relation to the parasitic capillary
waves found on the forward slopes of steep gravity waves. Longuet-Higgins (1992)
suggested that the rectified vorticity from the parasitic capillaries might contribute
significantly to the vorticity observed beneath the crest of the gravity wave. The basic
calculations by Longuet-Higgins (1992) were only of the horizontally averaged values
of ω. Here we extend his theory by calculating, for pure capillary waves, the space
variation of ω, to second order in the steepness of the capillary waves. Thus, the
vorticity, and hence velocity, fields are calculated in the oscillatory Stokes layer and
just beyond it, to the second order. Good agreement is found both with numerical
simulations and with experimental measurements.