bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE INCORPORATION OF LABORATORY-REARED GENETIC MATERIAL INTO A FIELD POPULATION OF THE AUSTRALIAN SHEEP BLOWFLY, LUCILIA CUPRINA (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE)
Authors: Whitten M. J. , Foster G. G. , Kitching R. L.
Published: December 2009

Competitiveness of laboratory-reared Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) has been examined under field conditions. The separate release of males and females each marked genetically and with fluorescent dust permitted estimates of dispersal, survival and mating competitiveness for both sexes. The ability of males to seek mates and introduce marker genes into a field population did not appear to be impaired as a result of several years of laboratory colonization. Released females were readily inseminated though suitable conditions did not exist for adequate assessment of their ability to produce offspring.
CONTROL OF OVERWINTERING STAGES OF MITES ON APPLES USING ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE
Authors: Bond E. J. , Herne D. H. C. , Dumas T.
Published: December 2009

Overwintering stages of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), and the McDaniel spider mite, Tetranychus mcdanieli McGregor, on harvested apples were destroyed with ethylene dibromide using a dosage of 6 mg/l. for 4 h at 24 °C. Some control was achieved at lower temperatures but the dosage had to be increased accordingly. No injury of the fruit occurred. Taste tests showed that flavour of the apples was not adversely affected even after treatment with 10 mg/l. for 4 h.
SURVIVAL OF EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH, RHYACIONIA BUOLIAINA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE), UNDER CAGED CONDITIONS IN A PONDEROSA PINE FOREST
Authors: Daterman G. E. , Carolin V. M.
Published: December 2009

The European pine shoot moth developed successfully on native lodgepole and ponderosa pines at central Oregon locations. Lodgepole and slow-growing ponderosa pine less than 6 ft in height were most susceptible to damage. Largely because of low winter temperatures, interior British Columbia, northern Washington, northeastern Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska, and the Dakotas are not likely to experience Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) damage. In contrast, southern Oregon and northern California pine stands are highly susceptible.
A CONTROLLED TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY CABINET FOR RECORDING THE EMERGENCE BEHAVIOUR OF AQUATIC INSECTS
Authors: Trottier Robert
Published: December 2009

An apparatus is described for maintaining constant air and water temperatures independently for weekly periods, and for photographically recording the nocturnal behaviour of aquatic insects at emergerce using automatic equipment.
A LABORATORY STUDY ON THE SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE OF FOUNDRESS ASSOCIATIONS IN POLISTES FUSCATUS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE)
Authors: Gibo David L.
Published: December 2009

Overwintering adults of the social wasp Polistes fuscatus (Fabricius) were collected in the early spring and placed in nest boxes under controlled conditions. Colonies were initiated, and one-, two-, and three-foundress associations were formed. Successful single-foundress colonies were similar to successful multiple-foundress colonies in developmental time for immatures, nest size, and total production of offspring. Multiple-foundress colonies were more likely to produce offspring than were single-foundress colonies. Half of the foundress wasps failed to reproduce, either because the colony failed or because they were non-reproductive subordinates. Apparently, wasps that were likely to fail at reproduction tended to join colonies rather than to initiate colonies. The relevance of this data to hypotheses on the selective advantage of foundress associations is discussed.
TWO NEW NORTH AMERICAN APHIDS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Robinson A. G.
Published: December 2009

Two new species of aphids are described, Pleotrichophorus villosae new species from Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh) Nutt. in Manitoba, and Chaitophorus longiunguis new species from Salix sp. in Utah.
NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF AMERICAN TACHINIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: Reinhard H. J.
Published: December 2009

Five new genera and 27 new species of tachinid flies from North and South America are described as follows: Acemya favilla n. sp., Actinodoria argentata n. sp., Adoryphorophaga luxatura n. sp., A. secutoris n. sp., Aphantorhapha pulla n. sp., Belvosia naccina n. sp., Calolydella summatis n. sp., Catemophrys sororcula n. sp., Chaetona pictilis n. sp., Doliolomyia n. gen. (type-species D. thessa n. sp.), D. alactaga n. sp., Echinopyrrhosia arrogans n. sp., E. pellacis n. sp., Eomeigenielloides n. gen. (type-species E. segestris n. sp.), Euceromasia sobrina n. sp., Euempheremyia melotris n. sp., Eulasiopalpus mirimodis n sp., Eutrapelus n. gen. (type-species E. atlixcoensis n. sp.), Leucostoma fallax n. sp., L. politifrons n. sp., Lindigepalpus bogotensis n. sp, Lindigia oriunda n. sp., Melanepalpus meraculus n. sp., Myioclura n. gen. (type-species M. necopina n. sp.), M. melusina n. sp., Myiophasia harpi n. sp., Technamyia n. gen. (type-species T. cinereola n. sp.), Trichosaundersia callithrix n. sp.
POPULATION CHANGE IN AN OUTBREAK OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH, ORGYIA PSEUDOTSUGATA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE), IN CENTRAL ARIZONA
Authors: Mason Richard R.
Published: December 2009

Changes in population density were evaluated over an outbreak cycle of the Douglas-fir tussock moth. Growth rate of populations was independent of larval density in the first year, but thereafter became a reciprocal function of density, terminated by complete population collapse at the end of the third year. Through correlation analyses, it was found that density of small larvae accounted for a large proportion of the change in population density between years. This suggests that the local infestations developed largely from resident populations of at least 2 years and not from spread of early instar larvae during the outbreak.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF GREENHOUSE WHITEFLY, TRIALEURODES VAPORARIORUM (ALEYRODIDAE: HOMOPTERA), ON SHORT-TERM CROPS BY MANIPULATING BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS
Authors: Helgesen Robert G. , Tauber Maurice J.
Published: December 2009

Parasitized and unparasitized whitefly populations were sampled on a short-term crop (poinsettia) at 4–7 day intervals until crop harvest. Age-specific whitefly survivorship and parasite activity were evaluated in relation to various biotic and abiotic factors. Three critical factors influenced the outcome of the whitefly–Encarsia formosa interaction during short-term crop production. Commercially acceptable levels of control were achieved on poinsettia by (a) introducing parasites during the first 40 days of crop production, as pupae, when small scales were abundant, (b) introducing sufficient parasite pupae to develop a ratio of one adult parasite for every 30 large whitefly scales, and (c) maintaining an average temperature of 23.3 °C (74°F).
THE MECHANISM OF SPERM PRECEDENCE IN THE SPRUCE BUDWORM,CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA(LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Retnakaran Arthur
Published: December 2009

The mechanism of sperm precedence in the spruce budworm was studied using a genetic marker. When female moths with red-eyes, a recessive trait, are mated twice within a day, first with a red-eyed male followed by a black-eyed male, three types of offspring were observed in theF1generation. Some females produced only red-eyed offspring; another group produced only black-eyed progeny; a third group produced a mixture of both types. This indicates that sperms received from either or both matings may be utilized. The time interval between successive sperm transfers appears to be the underlying factor that determines sperm precedence in this insect; a hypothesis to explain this phenomenon is presented.
THE WESTERN CHERRY FRUIT FLY, RHAGOLETIS INDIFFERENS (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): 2. AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR
Authors: AliNiazee M. T.
Published: December 2009

Aggressive behavior of the western cherry fruit fly studied both under laboratory and field conditions indicates that males are extremely territorial, especially in the field, where they do not tolerate the presence of another fly on a cherry unless the invader is a mating partner. Under confined laboratory conditions, the sense of territoriality was markedly reduced. Aggressive behavior in this insect included a wing jerking display, head-on collision, and "boxing" (fight involving prothoracic legs).
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON METRIOPTERA ROESELII (GRYLLOPTERA: TETTIGONIIDAE) IN MAINE, NEW HAMPSHIRE, AND MASSACHUSETTS
Authors: Ede E. K.
Published: December 2009

Metrioptera (Roeseliana) roeselii (Hgb.) was first introduced into the Montreal, Que., area before 1952. By 1965 it had been collected in western and southern New York State. This paper records it from Maine, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire for the first time, and discusses the populations. Eventual establishment of M. roeselii over all of New England is predicted.
THE PRESENT STATUS OF EPHEMERELLA BORAKENSIS (EPHEMEROPTERA: EPHEMERELLIDAE)
Authors: Allen Richard K.
Published: December 2009

In 1966, Ueno described and figured a nymph as Ephemerella sp. from a series of 12 specimens collected by the Kyoto University Pamir–Hindukush Expedition in 1955. Allen (1971) named this mayfly E. borakensis from Ueno's description and figure, and placed the species in the subgenus Drunella Needham.
PEMPHIGUS SPIROTHECAE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDOIDEA), AN APHID WHICH CAUSES SPIRAL GALLS ON POPLAR IN QUEBEC
Authors: Alleyne E. H. , Morrison F. O.
Published: December 2009

Pemphigus spirothecae Passerini, a member of the subfamily Eriosomatinae, was collected in large numbers from spiral galls on lombardy poplars in Quebec during 1972 and 1973. This aphid is well known in Europe but has not been reported previously from North America. It has a monoecious life cycle.
PARASITOIDS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LARGE ASPEN TORTRIX, CHORISTONEURA CONFLICTANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN INTERIOR ALASKA
Authors: Torgersen Torolf R. , Beckwith Roy C.
Published: December 2009

Twenty-four species of parasitoids were found associated with the large aspen tortrix in interior Alaska. Keys are supplied for determining adults and, in the absence of adults, the parasitoids based on host stage and on late-instar larval remains. Brief biological and descriptive notes are given for each species appearing in the key.
NEW GENERA, SPECIES AND GENERIC TRANSFERS OF NEOTROPICAL ODONTIINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

The following new genera and species are described: Alatuncusiodes n. gen., type-species A. korytkowskii n. sp., Peru; Argyrarcha n. gen., type-species Boeotarcha margarita Warren, of which Hyaloplaga ankarampotsyalis Viette is a synonym; Mecynarcha n. gen., type-species Mecyna apicalis Hampson; Cymbopteryx pseudobelialis n. sp., Bolivia; Cymbopteryx diffusa n. sp., Mexico; Noctueliopsis decolorata n. sp., Baja California, Mexico; Noctueliopsis grandis n. sp., Baja California, Mexico. Scybalista subductalis Walker is transferred to Alatuncusia Amsel; Thelcteria ysticalis Dyar is transferred to Schacontia Dyar; Edia extralinea Dyar is transferred provisionally to Cymbopteryx Munroe.
THE MACROTYPE EGGS OF TACHINIDAE (DIPTERA) ON HELIOTHIS SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN NORTH CAROLINA
Authors: Danks H. V.
Published: December 2009

A key to macrotype tachinid eggs, actually or potentially occurring on larvae of Heliothis spp. in North Carolina, is provided, based primarily on eggs from reared and trapped gravid adults. This key is probably valid for most of the southeastern United States. Eggs of Winthemiini are described (the common Heliothis parasites Winthemia rufopicta (Big.) and W. sinuata Reinh., and also W. manducae Sabrosky and DeLoach, W. datanae (Tns.), and Nemorilla pyste (Walk.)).
LIFE STAGES AND DEVELOPMENT OF MONARTHRUM FASCIATUM (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN DYING AND DEAD OAK TREES
Authors: Roling M. P. , Kearby W. H.
Published: December 2009

The life history of Monarthrum fasciatum was studied from 1971 through 1973 on oak in Missouri. Three generations of the beetle were observed each year and the measurements of the life stages and the gallery components were recorded. The female to male ratio was approximately 2:1. No relationship was found between oak-wilt-killed trees and M. fasciatum.
TOXICITY OF CARBAMATE AND ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDE RESIDUES ABSORBED BY RUTABAGAS GROWN IN TREATED SOIL
Authors: Read D. C.
Published: December 2009

The toxicity of residues of three carbamate and nine organophosphorus insecticides in rutabaga, measured by bioassay with larvae of Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), for periods from 60 days after drilling (when roots were 5 to 6 cm diam.) until 150 days after harvest (roots in storage at 4 °C) are presented graphically. The insecticides were applied 3 to 4 cm below the soil surface in a 10 cm band at several rates ranging from 2.8 to 33.6 kg a.i./ha. Maximum toxicity for carbofuran and fensulfothion residues occurred within 75 days of drilling followed by a steady decline. Conversely, the toxicity of residues of trichloronat and chlorpyrifos increased steadily over the growing period with little or no decline during storage. The remaining insecticides exhibited toxicity patterns between these extremes. At high rates, phytotoxicity was recorded for all compounds except trichloronat and fonofos. Phytotoxicity was so severe with AC64475 ((2-diethoxyphosphinylimino)-1,3-dithietane) that all plants were destroyed with rates in excess of 11.2 kg a.i./acre. AC64475 was the most toxic insecticide to H. brassicae larvae. The nine organophosphorus insecticides included in these tests were mostly concentrated in the peel of rutabaga, whereas the carbamates were mostly concentrated in the pulp.
TRANSFER OF CYBALOMIA ANGUSTALIS DOGNIN TO UDEA GUENÉE, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A RELATED NEW SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

Cybalomia angustalis Dognin is transferred to Vdea Guenée; Udea annectans n. sp. is described from Bolivia.
SEX ATTRACTANTS FOR TWO SPECIES OF WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA BIENNIS AND C. VIRIDIS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Sanders C. J. , Daterman G. E. , Shepherd R. F. , Cerezke H.
Published: December 2009

Field trials were conducted in British Columbia and Oregon in 1972, which demonstrated that trans-11-tetradecenal, a sex attractant for male Choristoneura fumiferana and C. occidentalis, is also a sex attractant for male 2-year-cycle spruce budworm, C. biennis, and that trans-11-tetradecenyl acetate is a sex attractant for male green budworm, C. viridis Free.
AGGREGATING BEHAVIOR OF UMBONIA CRASSICORNIS (HOMOPTERA: MEMBRACIDAE)
Authors: Wood T. K.
Published: December 2009

Individuals of Umbonia crassicornis Amyot and Serville (Homoptera: Membracidae) form aggregations both as nymphs and adults. Each adult female deposits one set of eggs and remains with them. Prior to egg hatching the female moves off the egg mass and makes a series of spiral bark slits with the ovipositor. First instar nymphs aggregate along these slits with the female positioned below the cluster. Adult females use the front tarsi to stroke the backs of moving nymphs to return them to the aggregation.

Adult females remain with the nymphs until they become adults. Aggregations of adults fragment when sexually mature; mating takes place before and during dispersal. Mating behavior consists of four components, the precopulatory position being prolonged.
EXORISTOBIA PHILIPPINENSIS, A HYMENOPTERAN ENDOPARASITE OF PUPARIA OF SYNANTHROPIC FLIES (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE: I. HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES OF ITS LIFE CYCLE
Authors: Ho Beng-Chuan , Kan Sau-Pheng , Chan Kai-Lok , Sih Agnes , LeRoux E. J.
Published: December 2009

Ths paper describes and illustrates, with photomicrographs, the gross histological development of stages of the endoparasitoid Exoristobia philippinensis Ashmead in the puparia of three synanthropic flies under laboratory conditions. The major organ systems, especially nervous, digestive, reproductive and respiratory are traced.
FIRST CANADIAN RECORD OF CORETHRELLA BRAKELEYI (DIPTERA: CHAOBORIDAE)
Authors: Ellis R. A. , Wood D. M.
Published: December 2009

Corethrella brakeleyi (Coquillett), a haemophagous chaoborid, is recorded for the first time in Canada. Among the insects associated with the larvae of C. brakeleyi was Culiseta melanura (Coq.), a new addition to the mosquito fauna of Quebec.
NEW RECORDS OF HEXAMERMIS (NEMATODA: MERMITHIDAE) PARASITIZING THREE SPECIES OF SLATEROCORIS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Reid D. G.
Published: December 2009

The parasitic juveniles of mermithid nematodes attack a variety of hosts from 15 insect orders (Welch 1963, 1965). Little is known of the extent to which they are parasites of Miridae. Menzel (1922) and Cobb et al. (1927) recorded parasitism of the bug Helopeltis theivora Waterh. by Mermis sp. and by Agamermis paradecauta Steiner, respectively. A related mirid, H. antonii Sign., was reported parasitized by Mermis sp. (Menzel 1922), and by A. paradecauta and Hexamermis microamphidis Steiner (Steiner 1925). Recently King (1969) found that the mirids Sahlbergella singularis (Hagl.) and Distantiella theobroma (Dist.) were hosts of the genus Mermis Dujardin.
VISUAL AND ACOUSTICAL COMMUNICATIVE BEHAVIOUR IN DISSOSTEIRA CAROLINA (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Kerr Gordon E.
Published: December 2009

The visual–acoustic signal system of Dissosteira carolina (L.) is described from field and laboratory observations. The form and occurrence of seven visual signals, seven visual–acoustic signals, and three behaviour patterns with possible signal function are described. The functions of these signals are discussed and a new functional category (interaction terminating) is proposed.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT GROWTH FACTORS ON THE POTATO APHID,MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE(APHIDIDAE: HOMOPTERA), FED ON AN ARTIFICIAL DIET
Authors: Chawla S. S. , Perron J.-M. , Cloutier M.
Published: December 2009

Macrosiphum euphorbiae(Thomas) was fed on artificial diets containing coumarin, phloridzin, kinetin, kinetin riboside, royal jelly, ALAR-85, and chlorogenic acid. Incorporation of chlorogenic acid in the artificial diet improved the growth of the potato aphid which was studied up to 17 generations. Coumarin and kinetin riboside at higher concentrations inhibited growth whereas phloridzin prolonged the developmental period of aphids in the second and third generations. The inhibitory effect of ALAR-85 and kinetin became apparent in the third and second generation nymphs, respectively, which did not reach the adult stage. Addition of royal jelly neither enhanced growth nor fecundity ofM.euphorbiae.
THE OCCURRENCE OF (E)-11-TETRADECEN-1-OL, A KNOWN SEX ATTRACTANT INHIBITOR, IN THE ABDOMINAL TIPS OF VIRGIN FEMALE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Weatherston J. , Maclean W.
Published: December 2009

The sex-pheromone-producing gland of the eastern spruce budworm, in addition to producing the sex attractant (E)-11-tetradecenal, has been shown by gas chromatographic and mass spectral data to contain (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol, a known inhibitor to the sex attractant.
MITE (ACARINA) POPULATIONS IN RING-BILLED GULL NESTS
Authors: Freitag R. , Ryder J. P. , Wanson P.
Published: December 2009

Mites collected from 69Larus delawarensisOrd nests on Granite Island, Lake Superior, northwestern Ontario, during the summers of 1972 and 1973 showed phenological relationships with the breeding cycle of the gulls. The populations of five selected mite genera varied in relation to nest initiation, egg laying, and egg hatching periods of the gulls. Moisture within the nests significantly affected mite population densities, whereas nest density did not.
A COLLECTING METHOD FOR PUPAE OF LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA FISCELLARIA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Otvos Imre S.
Published: December 2009

Three types of traps were tested in 1969 and 1970 for collecting pupae of the eastern hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.). Highest numbers of pupae were obtained with burlap traps made from 2-ft-wide bands wrapped around trunks of infested trees. The proportion of the pupae in the burlap traps was estimated. Some of the potential uses for pupae collected by the method are mentioned.
ASPECTS OF THE ECOLOGY OF APPLE LEAF ROLLERS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN THE OKANAGAN VALLEY, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Mayer D. F. , Beirne B. P.
Published: December 2009

Populations of leaf rollers on apple can be influenced by the proximity of alternative host plants, notably rose, privet, and antelope bush, in part because larval dispersal is common. Indications are that leaf roller population increases caused by parasite decreases are ultimate consequences of pesticide treatments, so that reductions in spray programs will not necessarily cause potential leaf roller pests to become actual pests. The composition of the leaf roller fauna on apple m the Okanagan Valley becomes increasingly complex as the environmental water balance is changed by cultivation and irrigation. There are indications that heavy vehicular traffic can be harmful to leaf rollers and their parasites nearby.
EVALUATION OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS AGAINST ARCHIPS ROSANUS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: AliNiazee M. T.
Published: December 2009

Three formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, preparation Thuricide® were evaluated against a commonly occurring leafroller, Archips rosanus (L.), on filberts. In the laboratory at 26.7 ± 1 °C, all larvae died within 7 days after feeding for 48 h on filbert leaves treated with dust and wettable formulations. With aqueous concentrate, the mortality was slightly less. Insect susceptibility was markedly reduced when the length of feeding exposure period was decreased. In the field, the infestation of A. rosanus was significantly reduced within a week after treatment in almost all the treated plots. Larval mortality continued for about 4 weeks. Under western Oregon conditions, dust treatments were slightly better than wettable or aqueous concentrate formulations.
A SYNOPSIS OF THEREDIMICULAGROUP OF THE GENUSEUXOAHBN. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) WITH A COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF GENITALIC CHARACTERS
Authors: Lafontaine J. D.
Published: December 2009

An examination of the female genitalia of forms belonging to theredimiculacomplex of the genusEuxoadisclosed that the group consists of four species,redimicula(Morrison),servita(Smith),auripennisnew species, andarizonensisnew species. Diagnostic characters of the species in the group are discussed. A discriminant analysis was successfully used on characters of the male genitalia to segregate the males. A key to females and males of the species and subspecies of theredimiculagroup is included.
CHANGES IN SYNONYMY IN ORCHELIMUM AUDINET-SERVILLE, 1838 (GRYLLOPTERA: TETTIGONIOIDEA: CONOCEPHALIDAE)
Authors: Vickery V. R. , Johnstone D. E.
Published: December 2009

Discovery of the "lost types" of Xiphidium glaberrimum Burmeister, 1838, has made possible the clarification of use of several names which have been used for two species of Orchelimum. O. glaberrimum is shown to be the senior synonym for the species known as O. vulgare Harris, 1841. To preserve stability, an application has been made to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to suppress both glaberrimum Burmeister and cuticulare Audinet-Serville, 1838. O. erythrocephalum Davis, 1905, is removed from synonymy with O. glaberrimum, and is the valid name for that species. Characters for distinguishing vulgare and erythrocephalum are discussed and illustrated. Type specimens are designated for glaberrimum, cuticulare, and vulgare.
THE FUNCTIONS OF COPPER IN THE HOUSE CRICKET AND THE RELATION OF COPPER TO VITAMIN E
Authors: McFarlane J. E.
Published: December 2009

The addition of copper to an artificial diet improves growth and survival of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L.), the optimum concentrations being 2 μg/g for females and 10 μg/g for males. This sex difference in requirements is attributed in part to the accumulation of copper by the larval testis. Adult males showing a loss in pigmentation, the so-called ’albino’ males, are obtained on diets low in copper; the percentage of ’albino’ males is increased by the addition of vitamin E to the diet. The pigmentation effect of vitamin E is explained by movement of copper into the testis, the development of which is stimulated by vitamin E.
NOTES ON THE LIZERINI BLANCHARD WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW LIZERIUS AND PAOLIELLA SPECIES FROM SOUTH AMERICA AND AFRICA (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Quednau F. W.
Published: December 2009

Four species of Lizerius Blanchard, L. cermelii, L. intermedius, L. costai and L. brasiliensis, from South America and four species of Paoliella Theobald, P. reticulosiphon and P. melanocallis from South America, and P. pteleopsidis and P. longirostris from Africa, are described as new. Redescriptions of L. tuberculatus (Blanchard) and P. kenyensis (Eastop) are also given, with keys for the species of Lizerius and Paoliella. Neolizerius is made a synonym of Lizerius. A new subgenus Paralizerius is established. Adhesive vesicles are reported for the two South American Paoliella species. The phylogenetic relationships of the Lizerini are discussed. It is concluded that this tribe branched off from Mindarus–Neophyllaphis-like aphids and that the Schoutedeniini evolved from ancestors that were related to the Lizerini.
A NEW SPECIES OF MICROPEPLUS (COLEOPTERA: MICROPEPLIDAE) FROM OREGON
Authors: Campbell J. M.
Published: December 2009

A new species, Micropeplus minor, is described from Oregon. The species is placed in the Staphylinoides group and an existing key is modified to include the species.
FOUR NEW SPECIES OF APHIDS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) FROM MANITOBA
Authors: Robinson A. G.
Published: December 2009

Four new species of aphids are described from Manitoba: Dactynotus brevitarsus from Solidago sp., Myzus valuliae from wild strawberry, Fragaria vesca L., Amphorophora stolonis from dewberry, Rubus pubescens Raf., and Nasonovia (Hyperomyzus) sandilandica from Crepis tectorum L.
SEX ATTRACTION AND COURTSHIP BEHAVIOR IN LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA LUGUBROSA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Ostaff D. P. , Shepherd R. F. , Borden J. H.
Published: December 2009

Calling by female Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa (Hulst) occurred when terminal abdominal segments 8–10 were protracted, exposing an enlarged region in the intersegmental membrane between segments 8 and 9. Histological examination of this region disclosed paired glands situated ventrolaterally in the eighth segment. The glands were presumed to be pheromone glands, and differ from those described for other Lepidoptera, in their paired structure and ventrolateral position. More males were attracted to traps containing virgin females than to empty control traps, but only during the first half of the moth flight. Board and yellow carton sticky traps were superior to 3M and white carton traps. Behavioral observations suggested that the sex pheromone may serve as an excitant as well as, or instead of, an attractant, stimulating the male to searching activity.
THERMOREGULATION IN COLONIES OF VESPULA ARENARIA AND VESPULA MACULATA (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE) UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS AND UNDER COLD STRESS
Authors: Gibo David L. , Yarascavitch Ron M. , Dew Heather E.
Published: December 2009

Captive colonies of Vespula arenaria (Fabricius) and Vespula maculata (Linnaeus) were placed in the field during the summer and fall of 1972. The adults were free to forage, and the colonies developed normally. Nest temperatures were recorded at mid-afternoon, 6 days per week. Once each week, colonies were confined, brought into the laboratory, and placed in a cold room at 5 °C for 4 h. At the end of this period, the nest temperatures were recorded and the colonies returned to the field. Under field conditions, V. arenaria colonies maintained an average daytime nest temperature of 31 °C, and V. maculata colonies maintained an average daytime nest temperature of 29 °C. As they developed, colonies of both species were increasingly capable of resisting cooling at an ambient temperature of 5 °C. This ability to thermoregulate under extreme conditions peaked in early August for V. arenaria and in late August for V. maculata. In both species, the decline in the ability to thermoregulate was associated with the production of reproductives. It appears that the major function of thermoregulation in these two species is to provide a favourable temperature for the development of the young rather than to provide the colony with protection against low ambient temperatures.
SAMPLING POPULATIONS OF PINE LEAF CHERMID PINEUS PINIFOLIAE (HOMOPTERA: CHERMIDAE): III. NEOSISTENTES ON WHITE PINE
Authors: Dimond John B. , Allen Douglas C.
Published: December 2009

A population index for the estimation of the neosistens stage of pine leaf chermid on white pine is described. This is based on the observation that increasing numbers of the chermid produce increased stunting of length of pine needles. A regression relating chermid population density to needle length produced a correlation coefficient of −0.88, suggesting that measurements of needle length alone adequately estimate chermid populations under most conditions. The numbers and distribution of needles that must be measured to estimate length with reasonable precision are calculated. The total sampling plan for the four cyclic generations of the chermid is reviewed.
A STUDY OF PHEROMONE TRAP CATCHES IN RELATION TO CODLING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE) DAMAGE
Authors: Riedl H. , Croft B. A.
Published: December 2009

A sex pheromone trap was studied as a quantitative sampling device in a biological monitoring scheme for codling moth populations in Michigan apple orchards. Factors influencing trap efficiency and the relationship of trap catch to adult moth density and the overall seasonal dynamics of L. pomonella are considered.

By correlating seasonal male moth catches to absolute infestation levels at harvest it was possible to indicate the density response of male moth catches in the pheromone trap (Sectar 1). Catch response was non-linear and the trap ceased to be indicative of higher infestation levels when accumulative catch exceeded about 100 moths/trap. Also, accumulative trap catches from the first few weeks of the season (before damage appeared) correlated well with eventual infestation levels indicating possible use of the pheromone trap as a predictive tool. Of the many factors influencing trap catch size the number of moth productive trees serviced by a trap (trap/tree ratio) was shown to be of critical importance.
THE EFFECTS OF ZECTRAN ON THE PARASITOIDS OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Leonard D. E. , Simmons G. A.
Published: December 2009

Where the insecticide Zectran was used to protect foliage from feeding of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), the per cent parasitism of dipteran parasitoids (Tachinidae) showed a statistically significant lower value. In treated areas, the per cent parasitism of the hymenopteran Ephialtes ontario (Cresson) (Ichneumonidae) was lower; Meteorus trachynotus Viereck was about the same; Apanteles fumiferanae Viereck, Glypta fumiferanae (Viereck) (Braconidae), and Trichogramma minutum Riley (Trichogrammatidae) were greater. None of these differences was statistically significant. Results were consistent for the 2 years of study with the exception of E. ontario which showed a significant lower percentage parasitism in areas treated 1 year. Absolute population numbers of parasitoids were lower than is suggested by comparisons of apparent parasitism levels. The lowest absolute numbers were found in tachinids and E. ontario. Parasitic hymenopterans and dipterans were among the adult insects killed by the aerial application of Zectran but none of the species collected was a major spruce budworm parasitoid.
STEFFANOLAMPUS, A NEW GENUS FORPERILAMPUS SALICETUM(CHALCIDOIDEA) AND ITS NEARCTIC DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Peck Oswald
Published: December 2009

Perilampus salicetumSteffan (Chalcidoidea) is removed to the monotypicSteffanolampus(gen. nov.). The type series was dubiously reported as being taken in either Austria or the Far East but the species has been subsequently found only from Quebec to Maryland and Michigan, as well as in Washington State. It is associated with several anobiid beetles.
A SECOND SPECIMEN OF HOLCOPSIS FENESTRATA (DIPTERA: TABANIDAE)
Authors: Pechuman L. L.
Published: December 2009

A second specimen of Holcopsis fenestrata Enderlein, previously known only from the type and with the locality in question, is reported from Mexico. Some diagnostic and comparative characters of the species are noted.
SELECTION FOR A NON-GENITALIC MATING STRUCTURE IN FEMALE TIGER BEETLES OF THE GENUSCICINDELA(COLEOPTERA: CICINDELIDAE)
Authors: Freitag Richard
Published: December 2009

Females of species inCicindelahave a groove or pit in the mesepisternum which is concluded to be a mating structure, "coupling sulcus," that is held by the mandibles of the male. Six character states of the coupling sulcus are described, and may be useful for identification at the species and species group levels. Primitive (groove) and advanced (cavity) states of the coupling sulcus are derived by comparison with a classification of North and South AmericanCicindelabased on the male genitalia. I suggest the following hypothesis: the female mating structure evolved in response to the highly agile behaviour of diurnal tiger beetles; the advanced cavity-like coupling sulcus is a result of population adjustments to long periods of hot conditions; and the non-agile, crepuscular, and nocturnal habits of primitive tiger beetles such asAmblycheila,Omus, andMegacephalahave resulted in no selection for a female mesepisternum coupling sulcus.
NEARCTIC RECORDS OF TWO EUROPEAN SPECIES OF PTEROMALIDAE (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA)
Authors: Peck Oswald
Published: December 2009

Two chalcidoid species, previously known only from Europe, are reported from North America for the first time.Habritys brevicornis(Ratz.) occurs in Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia.Psilonotus achaeusWlk. (=Eutelus betulaeGrit., new syn.) occurs in Ontario, New York, and Michigan; it parasitizesOligotrophus betulaeWinn. (Cecidomyiidae) in seed of white birch.
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OFLAMBDINA FISCELLARIA LUGUBROSA(LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Ostaff D. P. , Borden J. H. , Shepherd R. F.
Published: December 2009

Calling by newly emerged femaleLambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa(Hulst) began the first evening and commenced 15 h after the onset of light in nature and in a 14L:10D photoperiod regime in the laboratory. Copulation began 0.5 to 1.5 h later, and moths remained in copulation an average of 3.45 h. The internal reproductive system is typical of ditrysian-type Lepidoptera. Mating usually resulted in the transfer of a single, spheroid spermatophore with a long collum. The spermatophore was placed in the bursa copulatrix in such a position that spermatozoa could leave through the aperture into the ductus seminalis. The greatest mating success occurred between 2- to 4-day-old males and females up to 4 days old. Maximum oviposition occurred on the day after mating. Numbers of eggs maturing and being laid were increased after mating. Mean longevity of mated and unmated females in the laboratory was 18.1 and 20.8 days, respectively. Mating success was greatest at a 6:1 male to female sex ratio, and progressively less at a 1:1 and 1:6 sex ratio. Males mated only once in a 24-h period, but were capable of multiple mating. Females usually accepted one spermatophore but occasionally up to three were found.
CUTWORMS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) OF TOBACCO IN NOVA SCOTIA: II. FALL RYE AND WINTER FALLOW EFFECTS ON A FIELD POPULATION
Authors: Specht H. B.
Published: December 2009

Twice as many larvae of the dark-sided cutworm, Euxoa messoria Harr., were found in rye fall-seeded tobacco field plots than in winter-fallowed tobacco field plots. There were corresponding differences in numbers of injured tobacco plants. Cutworm aggregations were more prominent in the winter rye than in the winter fallowed area of the tobacco field with low populations of dark-sided cutworms.

Larvae of the variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia Hbn., appeared 2 to 4 weeks later than dark-sided cutworm larvae and winter cultural methods had little effect on their numbers.
THE LONCHAEIDAE (DIPTERA) DESCRIBED BY BIGOT
Authors: McAlpine J. F.
Published: December 2009

The taxonomic identities of the Lonchaeidae described by Bigot, i.e., Lasiops nitens from Europe and Ophyra andina from Chile, are established from their holotypes in the Hope Department of Zoology collection, University Museum, Oxford, England.
A 2-YEAR STUDY OF VIRUS – CHEMICAL INSECTICIDE COMBINATION IN THE INTEGRATED CONTROL OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM,CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA(TORTRICIDAE: LEPIDOPTERA)
Authors: Morris O. N. , Armstrong J. A. , Howse G. M. , Cunningham J. C.
Published: December 2009

During 1972, spruce budworm infested white spruce and balsam fir trees were sprayed aerially with a low dose of fenitrothion (0.25 oz AI/ac), entomopox virus (EPV) at 7.6 × 1010polyhedra/ac, nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) at 2.7 × 1011polyhedra/ac, or each virus–fenitrothion combination. Fenitrothion (active ingredient), NPV, and EPV deposited at ground level at 5%, 31%, and 42%, respectively, of the amounts emitted.

In the year of application, NPV + fenitrothion was highly effective in population reduction and foliage protection especially on; balsam fir although a higher virus infection rate was found on white spruce than on balsam fir. EPV + fenitrothion also provided a high level of foliage protection and apparently reduced surviving female:male sex ratio to 1:2 compared with the normal 1:1 ratio. NPV + insecticide caused highest larval mortality, highest incidence of virus, lowest rate of moth emergence, fewest progeny, and lowest rate of progeny survival. The natural incidence of microsporidia was low in all plots.

In the year following application, the NPV + insecticide treated plot again showed lowest population density, highest larval mortality and incidence of virus, and low defoliation and egg mass density. However, there was a higher proportion of viable eggs deposited than in the previous year. Egg parasitism byTrichogramma minutumincreased by 1.5 to 4.2% in plots treated with virus only and declined by 1.6 to 10.5% in insecticide treated plots and by 1.2% in untreated check plot. The transmission of the virus from one year to the next is considered to be of paramount importance in the future use of this pathogen in spruce budworm control.
RESPONSES AND COMPETITION OF THE PARASITOIDS SPALANGIA ENDIUS AND MUSCIDIFURAX RAPTOR (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) AT DIFFERENT DENSITIES OF HOUSE FLY PUPAE
Authors: Ables J. R. , Shepard M.
Published: December 2009

The functional response of Spalangia endius Walker was described by a linear relationship between attack rate and density of house fly pupae. S. endius searched well at higher host densities and in 72 h, appeared capable of attacking more than 80 pupae per female under laboratory conditions. The response of Muscidifurax raptor G. & S. was quadratic as poor searching ability limited this parasitoid’s attack rate at high host densities. Individual parasitoid efficiency of both species was reduced by intraspecific competition when parasitoid density was increased.
A REVISION OF THE GENUS SYMPHOROMYIA FRAUENFELD (DIPTERA: RHAGIONIDAE): I. INTRODUCTION. SUBGENERA AND SPECIES-GROUPS. REVIEW OF BIOLOGY
Authors: Turner William J.
Published: December 2009

The Holarctic genus Symphoromyia, the biting snipe flies, is discussed and a taxonomic history of the group is reviewed. Five subgenera including Symphoromyia s. str., Paraphoromyia Becker, and three new subgenera, Axinicera, Pogonaria and Ochleromyia, are established and a key for their separation and recognition of included species-groups is presented. Each subgenus and its associated species-groups are discussed and compared with respect to distribution, morphology, and evolutionary trends. Known aspects of biology for the genus are presented to include: (1) a generalized life cycle; (2) immatures; (3) natural enemies; (4) female biting activity; (5) male swarm behavior.
CONTROL OF CODLING MOTH LARVAE IN HARVESTED APPLES BY METHYL BROMIDE FUMIGATION AND COLD STORAGE
Authors: Morgan C. V. G. , Gaunce A. P. , Jong C.
Published: December 2009

All codling moth larvae, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), in 100,000 infested apples were killed by fumigation with 32 g/m3 methyl bromide for 2 h at about 17 °C followed by 31–35 days of storage at −0.5 °C. The apples were harvested into bins, fumigated, and placed in a standard cold storage room of a grower’s packinghouse as would be done under commercial conditions. Standard cold storage killed all first and second, and some third, instar larvae in nonfumigated fruit. Cursory sampling indicated that fumigation alone, without subsequent cold storage, could kill all stages. The fumigation and storage treatment did not injure Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Spartan, Jonathan, or Newtown apples.
DIETARY INFLUENCE ON REPRODUCTION IN BOTH SEXES OF FIVE PREDACIOUS SPECIES (NEUROPTERA)
Authors: Tauber Maurice J. , Tauber Catherine A.
Published: December 2009

Although the species that were closely related had similar adult feeding habits, they varied in their specific dietary requirements for mating and for the initiation of oviposition. In Chrysopa lanata, which is not predacious in the adult stage, the females required a protein-carbohydrate diet in order to mate; on the other hand, Chrysopa downesi males and females, which also are not predacious, mated when fed a diet consisting only of sugar and water. Chrysopa nigricornis males and females both required prey (Myzus persicae) before they would mate; whereas Chrysopa quadripunctata and Sympherobius amiculus, both of which are predacious as adults, did not need a diet other than sugar and water for mating.

All five species depended on prey or a synthetic protein-carbohydrate diet for sustained oviposition; however, S. amiculus initiated oviposition when fed only sugar. When the synthetic protein-carbohydrate diet was substituted for prey, 40% of the C. quadripunctata females began to oviposit. The same diet did not promote oviposition in the predacious C. nigricornis adults.
CHANGES IN TRIGLYCERIDE FATTY ACIDS DURING BROOD PRODUCTION OF DOUGLAS-FIR BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Nijholt W. W. , Sahota T. S.
Published: December 2009

The triglyceride fatty acids of the Douglas-fir beetle,Dendroctonus pseudotsugaeHopk., were studied 0–21 days during the beetle’s reproductive period. Fatty acids present were identified as myristic (14:0), palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), and linoleic (18:2). Palmitic acid increased from 12 to 23%, while palmitoleic decreased from 15 to 6% of the total triglyceride fatty acids during reproduction. Oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid in both sexes (approx. 65%) and formed 55% of the fatty acid moiety of the egg triglycerides.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON DEVELOPMENTAL RATE OF THE IMMATURE STAGES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL, HYPERA POSTICA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Guppy J. C. , Mukerji M. K.
Published: December 2009

When Hypera postica (Gyll.) was held at 11 constant temperatures, the hatching rate for eggs increased with rise in temperature from 8° to 20 °C and remained maximal to 32 °C. None hatched at 6 °C. Larvae survived at 10° to 35 °C with high mortality only at these limits. Pupae survived at all temperatures above 10 °C but at 35 °C half of the adults were deformed. Duration of all stages decreased with rise in temperature up to 32 °C. Developmental rates plotted against temperature did not deviate significantly from fitted curves of the form 1/y = K/(1 + ea−bx).

The optimum temperature, based on maximal rates of development and survival, for eggs and young larvae was near 32 °C and for older larvae and pupae, 30 °C. Accumulated degree-days above a base of 10 °C during development of H. postica at two Ontario locations did not differ significantly from thermal requirements calculated.
A NEW GENUS RELATED TO DIORYCTRIA ZELLER (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE: PHYCITINAE), WITH DEFINITION OF AN ADDITIONAL SPECIES GROUP IN DIORYCTRIA
Authors: Mutuura Akira , Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

The new genus Dioryctriodes is described for D. daelei n. sp., from Italy. This species closely resembles Dioryctria taiella Amsel in maculation but not in palpal structure or genitalia. D. taiella is referred to a new species-group of Dioryctria.
ANOBIID BEETLE, XYLETINUS PELTATUS (COLEOPTERA: ANOBIIDAE), OVIPOSITION ON VARIOUS WOODS
Authors: Williams Lonnie H. , Mauldin Joe K.
Published: December 2009

Random populations of field-collected Xyletinus peltatus (Harris) beetles laid significantly more eggs on yellow-poplar than on any of seven other woods placed in a crawl space beneath a house and in a controlled environment. Egg deposition of random beetle populations when confined to individual woods was generally greatest on woods most often chosen for choice oviposition, but no significant statistical preference was shown for any wood. In tests with beetles collected in copula to ensure equal representation of sexes and that mating had occurred, yellow-poplar was again preferred for egg-laying. Variability in oviposition and fewer eggs per female by beetles collected while mating suggests that these beetles may have mated and laid eggs previously. The third test, with wood of varying ages since tree felling, suggested that beetles prefer at least some woods to be aged and also indicated preference for yellow-poplar. In all three choice experiments beetles showed a significant preference for block undersurfaces for egg-laying; this preference possibly indicated responses to changing ambient light conditions. Egg-laying females appeared to respond first to favored hosts, then to block undersurfaces or oviposition site characteristics. Both host species and wood surface features would affect susceptibility to beetle attack.
A NEW SPECIES OF AROGA (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE) FROM NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Hodges Ronald W.
Published: December 2009

A new species of Aroga (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is described, and characters separating it from Aroga trialbamaculella (Chambers) and Aroga epigaeella (Chambers) are given.
THE USE OF FUMIDIL B TO SUPPRESS THE MICROSPORIDAN NOSEMA FUMIFERANAE IN STOCK CULTURES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTOISEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Wilson G. G.
Published: December 2009

Spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, are often naturally infected with the microsporidan parasite Nosema fumiferanae and this is frequently carried over into laboratory stock. The presence of N. fumiferanae infection seriously interferes with the study of other pathogens. The antibiotic compound Fumidil B has recently been used to control infection in Ostrinia nubilalis (European corn borer) by the microsporidan Perezia pyroustae (Lewis and Lynch 1970) and infection in Anthonomus grandis (boll weevil) by an unidentified microsporidan (Flint et al. 1972).