bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beobachtungen im Millimeter und Submillimeter Bereich
Authors: Mezger Peter
Published: February 2013

Das größte voll bewegliche Radioteleskop (100 m Durchmesser) in Effelsberg/Eifel kann bis zu einer kürzesten Wellenlänge von 1 cm benutzt werden. Um bis zu 1 mm Wellenlänge zu gelangen, wurde von MPG und CNRS gemeinsam ein deutsch‐französisches Institut für Radioastronomie im mm‐Bereich (IRAM) gegründet. Dieser Vortrag befaßt sich mit der Entwicklung der Radioteleskope sowie der kohärenten und inkohärenten Radiometer und gibt einen Ausblick auf die zu erwartenden Ergebnisse im mm‐ und submm‐Bereich.
Synchrotron Radiation Spectroscopy
Authors: Brown Frederick C.
Published: February 2013

Die wesentlichen Merkmale der Synchrotronstrahlung werden zusammen mit einem kurzen historischen Überblick ihrer Nutzung beschrieben. Heute wird diese Strahlung vor allem für Spektroskopie und Beugung benutzt. Es wird über neue experimentelle Ergebnisse besonders auf dem Gebiet der Spektroskopie berichtet. Die Beispiele sind so gewählt, daß sie die Fortschritte und neuen Möglichkeiten der Nutzung von Synchrotronstrahlung, einer Lichtquelle über einen großen Spektralbereich vom Infrarot zum Röntgengebiet, illustrieren.
Messung extremer Kerndeformation von Spaltisomeren
Authors: Habs Dietrich , Metag Volker
Published: February 2013

Existenz und Eigenschaften spontan spaltender Isomere werden als Konsequenz einer doppelhöckrigen Spaltbarriere diskutiert. Die Messung des Quadrupolmoments im spaltisomeren Zustand mit Hilfe einer neu entwickelten Methode zur Bestimmung der Lebensdauern angeregter Kernzustände ergibt eine zigarrenförmige Gestalt des Kerns mit einem Achsenverhältnis von 2:l und erbringt damit den quantitativen Nachweis der extrem großen Kerndeformation im zweiten Minimum des Spaltpotentials.
Kernstruktur bei hohen Drehimpulsen
Authors: Bjørnholm Sven
Published: February 2013

Kreisel aus Kernstoff zeigen verschiedenartige Eigenschaften. Im kalten Zustand rotiert die Kernmaterie zunächst wie ein supraflussiges Medium, bei höherer Winkelgeschwindigkeit dagegen wie ein fester Körper. Einige Kerne verlieren schnell ihren Drehimpuls durch Strahlungsdämpfung, während andere sehr zuverlässig rotieren. Bei noch höheren Drehimpulsen ändern auch sehr stabile Kerne ihre Form, um schließlich bei einem kritischen Drehimpuls in zwei Stücke auseinanderzubrechen.
Elementarteilchen‐Physik mit Photonen hoher Energie
Authors: Heinloth Klaus
Published: February 2013

Hochenergetische Photonen im Energiebereich von einigen 100 MeV bis zu einigen 100 GeV, einem Wellenlängenbereich von 10−13 cm bis 10−16 cm entsprechend, eignen sich für die Erzeugung aller Teilchen, die aus Quarks jeglicher Art aufgebaut sind, und für die Untersuchung des Aufbaus dieser Teilchen. Dies sol1 am Beispiel folgender Experimente aufgezeigt werden: Anregung von Nukleonresonanzen ( 3‐Quark‐Zustände), Schattenwurf bei der Photoabsorption an schweren Kernen, Erzeugung von Vektormesonen ( Quark‐Antiquark‐Paare), von Hadronen mit Charm und von Proton‐Antiproton‐Zuständen.
Preisverleihungen der DPG 1983/Bericht über die Vorstands‐ und Vorstandsratssitzung/Arbeitsgruppe „Menschenrechte”︁ der DPG gegründet/Mitgliederversammlung des Regionalverbandes Hessen‐Mittelrhein‐Saar/DPG‐Fachausschuß Plasmaphysik
Authors: Burmeister J. , Herziger G.
Published: February 2013

Die Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft verleiht 1983 vier Preise, über die im folgenden berichtet wird. Die Überreichung der Max‐Planck‐Medaille, des Max‐Born‐Preises und des Physikpreises nimmt der Präsident der Gesellschaft, Herr Professor Dr. Karl Joachim Schmidt‐Tiedemann, in der Festsitzung der 47. Physikertagung am 16. März 1983 in Regensburg, die des Walter‐Schottky‐Preises in der Plenarsitzung der Frühjahrstagung des Arbeitskreises Festkörperphysik am 23. März 1983 in Freudenstadt vor. Ferner verleiht die Physikalische Gesellschaft zu Berlin den Karl‐Scheel‐Preis 1983. Er wird im Rahmen eines Festkolloquiums im März vom Vorsitzenden des Regionalverbandes Berlin, Herrn Professor Dr. Ingo Peschel, in Berlin überreicht.
Ferromagnetismus bei Übergangsmetallen
Authors: Jelitto Rainer J. , Ziegler Alfred
Published: February 2013

Weder das Heisenberg‐Modell lokalisierter magnetischer Momente noch die Stoner‐Theorie des Bandelektronen‐Magnetismus ist in der Lage, die Eigenschaften der ferromagnetischen übergangsmetalle befriedigend zu erklären. Während der letzten Jahre hat sich dafür in der Spinfluktuations‐Theorie ein neues Bild herauskristallisiert, das gewissermaßen eine Synthese aus den älteren Theorien darstellt und deren Schwierigkeiten konzeptionell behebt. Auch wenn diese Theorie in quantitativer Hinsicht noch in den Anfängen steckt, hat sie bereits beachtliche Erfolge zu verzeichnen.
Status and Perspectives of MHD Generators
Authors: Rietjens L. H. Th.
Published: February 2013

High efficiencies can be achieved in the conversion of heat into electrical energy by the introduction of a combined magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) steam cycle. The potential offered by MHD has been demonstrated by studies showing coal‐to‐busbar conversion efficiencies approaching 50% with an electricity cost lower than that of competitive systems. Low NOx and SO2 emission levels are obtained. The development program in the world will be described briefly, problem areas identified and recommendations for new developments given.
Zur Physik und Chemie der interstellaren Materie (Teil II)
Authors: Winnewisser Manfred , Winnewisser Gisbert
Published: February 2013

Über fünfzig verschiedene Molekülarten wurden seit 1968 anhand von Absorptions‐ und Emissionsspektren in dichten Konzentrationen interstellaren Gases — interstellaren Wolken — nachgewiesen (s. Tabelle 1 im ersten Teil des Artikels, Heft 1/1983, Seite 9‐15). Chemisch äußerst instabile Moleküle, Ionen und Radikale existieren gleichzeitig neben stabilen, bekannten Molekülen. C, N, O, S und Si bilden die schweren Elemente, Ringverbindungen fehlen. Interstellare Isotopenverhältnisse unterscheiden sich von den terrestrischen um das Zwei‐ bis Dreifache und lassen sich durch stellare Nukleosynthesen seit der Bildung des Sonnensystems erklären. Die Verteilung der Molekülwolken ist hauptsächlich auf die Spiralarme der Galaxis beschränkt. Molekülwolken sind die Orte der Molekülbildung und der Sternentstehung. Die Molekülbildung findet in der Gasphase hauptsächlich durch Ionen‐Molekül‐Reaktionen und an den Oberflächen des interstellaren Staubes statt. Messungen der interstellaren Isotopenverhältnisse D:H bestätigen den prägalaktischen Ursprung des Deuteriums und damit das Modell eines Urknalls.
Neudefinition der Basiseinheit Meter im Jahre 1983
Authors: Bayer‐Helms F.
Published: February 2013

Die XVII. Generalkonferenz für Maß und Gewicht wird voraussichtlich im Oktober 1983 eine neue Definition der Basiseinheit Meter beschließen. Diese beruht auf der Festlegung des Wertes für die Lichtgeschwindigkeit c = 299 792 458 m/s und damit auch auf der Definition der Zeiteinheit Sekunde; sie hat die Form einer Laufzeitdefinition: „Das Meter ist die Länge der Strecke, die Licht im Vakuum während des Intervalls von (1/299 792 458) s durchläuft”︁. Eine allgemeine Folgerung für die Physik ist, daß zum zweiten Mal durch die Definition einer Basiseinheit der Wert einer Fundamentalkonstanten festgelegt wird. Ebenso wie die Ampere‐Definition im Grunde genommen die magnetische Feldkonstante üo, auch Induktionskonstante genannt, auf 4 π × 10−7 N/A2 festlegt, bewirkt jetzt die vorgesehene Meterdefinition dasselbe mit der Lichtgeschwindigkeit. Damit wird das Meter zwar metrologisch abhängig, es wird aber ebenso wie das Ampere weiterhin als Basiseinheit bezeichnet und verwendet.
Protein charge and mass contribute to the spatio‐temporal dynamics of protein–protein interactions in a minimal proteome
Authors: Xu Yu , Wang Hong , Nussinov Ruth , Ma Buyong
Published: February 2013

We constructed and simulated a “minimal proteome” model using Langevin dynamics. It contains 206 essential protein types that were compiled from the literature. For comparison, we generated six proteomes with randomized concentrations. We found that the net charges and molecular weights of the proteins in the minimal genome are not random. The net charge of a protein decreases linearly with molecular weight, with small proteins being mostly positively charged and large proteins negatively charged. The protein copy numbers in the minimal genome have the tendency to maximize the number of protein–protein interactions in the network. Negatively charged proteins that tend to have larger sizes can provide a large collision cross‐section allowing them to interact with other proteins; on the other hand, the smaller positively charged proteins could have higher diffusion speed and are more likely to collide with other proteins. Proteomes with random charge/mass populations form less stable clusters than those with experimental protein copy numbers. Our study suggests that “proper” populations of negatively and positively charged proteins are important for maintaining a protein–protein interaction network in a proteome. It is interesting to note that the minimal genome model based on the charge and mass of Escherichia coli may have a larger protein–protein interaction network than that based on the lower organism Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Three‐arm star block copolymers of ε‐caprolactone and acrylic acid: Synthesis and micellization behavior
Authors: Liu Jin‐Xia , Yuan Cong , Su Ze , Xu Ting‐Ting , Wei Liu‐He , Ma Zhi
Published: February 2013

A series of well‐defined three‐arm star poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐b‐poly(acrylic acid) copolymers having different block lengths were synthesized via the combination of ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). First, three‐arm star poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) (Mn = 2490–7830 g mol−1; Mw/Mn = 1.19–1.24) were synthesized via ROP of ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL) using tris(2‐hydroxyethyl)cynuric acid as three‐arm initiator and stannous octoate (Sn(Oct)2) as a catalyst. Subsequently, the three‐arm macroinitiator transformed from such PCL in high conversion initiated ATRPs of tert‐butyl acrylate (tBuA) to construct three‐arm star PCL‐b‐PtBuA copolymers (Mn = 10,900–19,570 g mol−1; Mw/Mn = 1.14–1.23). Finally, the three‐arm star PCL‐b‐PAA copolymer was obtained via the hydrolysis of the PtBuA segment in three‐arm star PCL‐b‐PtBuA copolymers. The chain structures of all the polymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The aggregates of three‐arm star PCL‐b‐PAA copolymer were studied by the determination of critical micelles concentration and transmission electron microscope. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Design, synthesis, and self‐assembly manipulating of polymerized ionic liquids contained imidazolium based on “Jacketing” effect
Authors: Weng Liang , Yan Jiao‐Jiao , Xie He‐Lou , Zhong Guan‐Qun , Zhu Si‐Qi , Zhang Hai‐Liang , Chen Er‐Qiang
Published: February 2013

A series of novel polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) contained imidazolium, poly (2,5‐bis{[6‐(1‐butyl‐3′‐imidazolium)hexyl] oxy carbonyl}styrene salts) (denoted as P1X−, X−Br−, BF4−, PF6− and TFSI−) were successfully synthesized via radical polymerization. The chemical structures of the monomers and their corresponding PILs were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis results showed that these PILs had excellent thermal stability. The phase transitions and liquid‐crystalline (LC) behaviors of these polymers were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, polarized light microscopy (PLM), and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The combined experimental results showed that all the PILs could form hexagonal columnar (ϕH) LC ordered structures because of the strong interaction between the anions and cations in the side groups except for P1TFSI−. The conductivities of monomers and PILs were sketchily investigated, and monomers had higher conductivities than those of conprespoding PILs. For comparison, we have synthesized a polymer without counter‐anion, but similar to the chemical structure of P1X−, poly (2, 5‐bis{[6‐(4‐butoxy‐4′‐oxy phenyl) hexyl] oxycarbonyl} styrene) (denoted as P2). In this case, phenyl took place of imidazolium of side chain, and LC ordered structure did not form. The comparison between P1X− and P2 suggested that ion played an important role in the constructing of LC ordered structure. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Hydrophilic polymer foams with well‐defined open‐cell structure prepared from pickering high internal phase emulsions
Authors: Hua Ye , Zhang Shengmiao , Zhu Yun , Chu Yeqian , Chen Jianding
Published: February 2013

Open‐cell hydrophilic polymer foams are prepared through oil‐in‐water Pickering high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). The Pickering HIPEs are stabilized by commercial titania (TiO2) nanoparticles with adding small amounts of non‐ionic surfactant Tween85. The morphologies, such as average void diameter and interconnectivity, of the foams can be tailored easily by varying the TiO2 nanoparticles and Tween85 concentrations. Further, investigation of the HIPE stability, emulsion structure and the location of TiO2 nanoparticles in resulting foams shows that the surfactant tends to occupy the oil‐water interface at the contact point of adjacent droplets, where the interconnecting pores are hence likely to be formed after the consolidation of the continuous phase. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Synthesis of polymers containing 1,2,4‐oxadiazole as an electron‐acceptor moiety in their main chain and their solar cell applications
Authors: Agneeswari Rajalingam , Tamilavan Vellaiappillai , Song Myungkwan , Kang Jae‐Wook , Jin Sung‐Ho , Hyun Myung Ho
Published: February 2013

To explore the aptitude of 1,2,4‐oxadiazole‐based electron‐acceptor unit in polymer solar cell applications, we prepared four new polymers (P1–P4) containing 1,2,4‐oxadiazole moiety in their main chain and applied them to solar cell applications. Thermal, optical, and electrochemical properties of the polymers were studied using thermogravimetric, absorption, and cyclic voltammetry analysis, respectively. All four polymers showed high thermal stability (5% degradation temperature over 335 °C), and the optical band gaps were calculated to be 2.20, 1.72, 1.37, and 1.74 eV, respectively, from the onset wavelength of the film‐state absorption band. The energy levels of the polymers were found to be suitable for bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell applications. The BHJ solar cells were prepared by using the synthesized polymers as a donor and PC71BM as an electron acceptor with the configuration of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer:PC71BM (1:3 wt %)/LiF/Al. One of the polymers was found to show the maximum power conversion efficiency of 1.33% with a Jsc of 4.95 mA/cm2, a Voc of 0.68 V, and a FF of 40%, measured using AM 1.5 G solar simulator at 100 mW/cm2 light illumination. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
The Distribution of CH3 Over the Film Thickness and Shrinkage of H2 Plasma‐Modified PDMS Films
Authors: Danilov Vladimir , Wagner Hans‐Erich , Meichsner Jürgen
Published: February 2013

The H2 plasma modification of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films of initial thickness up to 600 nm was studied. The main plasma component modifying the films is the VUV plasma radiation measured by a VUV monochromator. By variation of the plasma processing parameters, such as H2 pressure, RF forward power and treatment time, the optimum parameters are defined for the plasma chemical modification of liquid PDMS films. The thin films were analysed by Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy. Gradually changes in the vertical films structures is found with a top methyl‐free SiOx layer (≤60 nm), followed by a cross‐linked bulk material with a gradually increasing CH3 concentration over the film depth. Additionally, the PDMS plasma modifications results in films shrinkages as measured by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (SE).

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Suppression of DHT‐induced paracrine stimulation of endothelial cell growth by estrogens via prostate cancer cells
Authors: Wen Juan , Zhao Yuan , Li Jinghe , Weng Chunyan , Cai Jingjing , Yang Kan , Yuan Hong , Imperato‐McGinley Julianne , Zhu Yuan‐Shan
Published: February 2013

BACKGROUND

Androgen modulation of angiogenesis in prostate cancer may be not directly mediated by androgen receptor (AR) as AR is not detected in the prostatic endothelial cells.

METHODS

We examined the paracrine stimulation of cell proliferation by prostate tumor cells and its modulation by androgen and estrogens in a murine endothelial cell line (MEC) that does not express AR.

RESULTS

Tumor cell conditioned media (TCM) collected from LAPC‐4 or LNCaP prostatic tumor cells produced a time‐ and concentration‐dependent induction of cell growth in MECs, which was parallel to the VEGF concentration in the TCM. This TCM‐induced cell growth in MECs was enhanced by the treatment of prostatic tumor cells with dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Both the TCM‐stimulation and DHT‐enhancement effects in MECs were completely blocked by SU5416, a specific VEGF receptor antagonist. Co‐administration of 17α‐estradiol or 17β‐estradiol with DHT in prostatic tumor cells completely inhibited the DHT‐enhancement effect while treatment with DHT, 17α‐estradiol or 17β‐estradiol did not produce any significant direct effect in MECs. Moreover, administration of 17α‐estradiol or 17β‐estradiol in xenograft animals with LAPC‐4 or LNCaP prostate tumor significantly decreased the microvessel number in the tumor tissues.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study indicated that prostate tumor cells regulate endothelial cell growth through a paracrine mechanism, which is mainly mediated by VEGF; and DHT is able to modulate endothelial cell growth via tumor cells, which is inhibited by 17α‐estradiol and 17β‐estradiol. Thus, both17α‐estradiol and 17β‐estradiol are potential agents for anti‐angiogenesis therapy in androgen‐responsive prostate cancer. Prostate 73: 1069–1081, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Secondary prevention of MI: current approaches to treatment
Authors: Shah Anoop , Fox Keith
Published: February 2013

The cornerstones of secondary prevention of MI are drug therapy, cardiac rehabilitation and lifestyle measures. Our Drug review considers the mode of action and evidence base for the wide range of drugs available, followed by sources of further information.
Antimicrobial peptides from plants: stabilization of the γ core of a tomato defensin by intramolecular disulfide bond
Authors: Avitabile C. , Capparelli R. , Rigano M. M. , Fulgione A. , Barone A. , Pedone C. , Romanelli A.
Published: February 2013

Cysteine‐containing antimicrobial peptides of diverse phylogeny share a common structural signature, the γ core, characterized by a strong polarization of charges in two antiparallel β sheets. In this work, we analyzed peptides derived from the tomato defensin SolyC07g007760 corresponding to the protein γ core and demonstrated that cyclization of the peptides, which results in segregation of positive charges to the turn region, produces peptides very active against Gram negative bacteria, such as Salmonella enterica and Helicobacter pylori. Interestingly, these peptides show very low hemolytic activity and thus represent a scaffold for the design of new antimicrobial peptides. Copyright © 2013 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiation fields for nanoscale systems
Authors: Zhang Ming Liang , Drabold D. A.
Published: February 2013

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For a group of charged particles obeying quantum mechanics (QM) and interacting with an electromagnetic field, the charge, and current density in a pure state of the system are expressed in terms of the many‐body wave function. Using these as sources, the microscopic Maxwell equations can be written down for any given pure state of a many‐body system. By employing semi‐classical radiation theory (SCRT) with these sources, the microscopic Maxwell equations can be used to compute the strong radiation fields produced by interacting charged quantal particles. For a charged particle, three radiation fields involve only the vector potential A. This is another example demonstrating the observability of the vector potential. Five radiation fields are perpendicular to the canonical momentum of a single charged particle. For a group of charged particles, a new type of radiation field is predicted. This kind of radiation does not exist for a single charged particle. The macroscopic Maxwell equations are derived from the corresponding microscopic equations for a pure state by the Russakoff–Robinson procedure which requires only a spatial coarse graining. Because the sources of fields are also the responses of a system to an external field, one also has to give up the temporal coarse graining of the current density which is often supposed to be critical to the kinetic approach of conductivity.
Ferromagnetic correlations in heavy fermions from an NMR point of view: YbNi4P2 vs. YbRh2Si2
Authors: Baenitz M. , Sarkar R. , Khuntia P. , Krellner C. , Geibel C. , Steglich F.
Published: February 2013

Ferromagnetic correlations are discussed on the basis of shift K4f and spin–lattice‐relaxation (SLR) rate R4f(T) = (1/T1T)4f investigations for YbNi4P2 and YbRh2Si2. For YbRh2Si2 the coexistence of antiferromagnetic (afm) and ferromagnetic (fm) fluctuations at the edge of magnetic order is strongly related to the non‐Fermi‐liquid behaviour (NFL). The analysis of the NMR results for YbNi4P2 in the modified Korringa framework for correlated local moment metals yields the enhancement factor $\cal K$(α) which is a measure of the q ‐space dependence of the complex dynamic susceptibility. Surprisingly the $\cal K$(α) behavior of YbNi4P2is very similar to YbRh2Si2and evidences strongly the evolution of an afm (q ≠ 0) component in the q = 0 dominated complex dynamic susceptibility χ’’ (q,ωn,T) at low temperatures and in small fields. This suggests the presence of ferro‐ and antiferromagnetic fluctuations at the QCP and the freezing out of the afm ones by applying magnetic fields and tuning towards FL state. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Calibration of excitonic photoluminescence to determine high aluminum concentrations in silicon
Authors: Lauer Kevin , Möller Christian , Schulze Dirk , Bartel Til , Kirscht Fritz
Published: February 2013

The photoluminescence spectroscopy method for determining the concentration of shallow acceptors or donors in silicon is extended for the case of aluminum. A calibration function of the photoluminescence intensity ratio of the aluminum bound exciton AlTO(BE) and the free exciton ITO(FE) is reported in the aluminum concentration range of 1015–1017 atoms/cm3 and in the temperature range of 15 K < T < 27 K. It is described as AlTO(BE)/ITO( FE) = 10–15.1 × cAl0.84 × e5.9meV/kT.

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Dependence of the PL intensity ratio AlTO(BE)/ITO(FE) on the aluminum concentration. The line represents the calibration function. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Potential Genotoxicity of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Plants and Phytochemicals: An Overview
Authors: Zhou Jue , Ouedraogo Moustapha , Qu Fan , Duez Pierre
Published: February 2013

In the last decades, cases of poisoning due to herbal medicines have occurred in many countries; Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) are occasionally involved. The experience gained from traditional use is efficient to detect immediate or near‐immediate relationship between administration and toxic effects but is quite unlikely to detect medium‐ to long‐term toxicities; thorough investigations of herbal medicines (toxicity assessments, active pharmacovigilance) appear then essential for their safe use. Genotoxicity is an especially insidious toxicity that may result in carcinoma development years after exposure; it can arise from multiple compounds, with or without metabolic activation. The present work reviews traditional CHMs and phytochemicals that have been shown to present a genotoxic hazard. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging protocol for in situ characterization of tryptic peptide identity and distribution in formalin‐fixed tissue
Authors: Gustafsson Ove J. R. , Eddes James S. , Meding Stephan , McColl Shaun R. , Oehler Martin K. , Hoffmann Peter
Published: February 2013

RATIONALE

Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry provides the means to map the in situ distribution of tryptic peptides in formalin‐fixed clinical tissue samples. The ability to analyze clinical samples is of great importance to further developments in the imaging field. However, there is a requirement in this field of research for additional methods describing the characterization of tryptic peptides by MALDI imaging.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This protocol gives highly detailed instructions, with examples, for (1) successfully performing tryptic peptide MALDI imaging on formalin‐fixed cancer tissue using a MALDI‐TOF/TOF MS instrument, (2) tentatively generating identifications through nLC/MS/MS, and (3) validating these identifications by in situ MS/MS of peptides of interest.

CONCLUSIONS

This protocol provides a detailed and straightforward description of the methods required for groups new to MALDI imaging to begin analysis of formalin‐fixed clinical samples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental Study to Improve the Castability of Aluminum Killed Cold Heading Steel
Authors: Jun Yang , Bo‐Tao Chen , Wei Tang , Fan‐Zheng Zeng , Gang Yu , Feng Shen
Published: February 2013

Experimental study on the LF refining of aluminum killed cold heading steel shows that calcium content in the molten steel increased to about 0.0010% at the end of refining, and the aluminum deoxized products were transformed from Al2O3 to the complex inclusions CaO–MgO–Al2O3 with lower melting point by the high basicity, high Al2O3, and strong deoxidizing slag. The inclusions are in liquid state and can be easily floated up during LF refining and continuous casting. The total oxygen content of the steel falls to about 0.0020%. The experimental technology uses only 50 m calcium wire to the 80‐t heat or even without calcium treatment. As compared to the traditional technology with higher amount of calcium for treatment, which forms CaS and CaO–MgO–Al2O3 inclusions with high melting point, the experimental technology improves the castability and reduces the manufacturing cost.
Search for CP Violation in the Decay ${D^{+}}\to K_S^0{K^{+}}$
Authors:   The Belle collaboration, Ko B. R. , Won E. , Adachi I. , Aihara H. , Arinstein K. , Asner D. M. , Aushev T. , Bakich A. M. , Belous K. , Bhardwaj V. , Bhuyan B. , Bondar A. , Bonvicini G. , Bozek A. , Bračko M. , Browder T. E. , Chekelian V. , Chen A. , Chen P. , Cheon B. G. , Chilikin K. , Chistov R. , Cho K. , Choi S.-K. , Choi Y. , Cinabro D. , Dalseno J. , Doležal Z. , Dutta D. , Eidelman S. , Esen S. , Farhat H. , Fast J. E. , Gaur V. , Gabyshev N. , Ganguly S. , Gillard R. , Goh Y. M. , Golob B. , Hayasaka K. , Hayashii H. , Hoshi Y. , Hou W.-S. , Hyun H. J. , Iijima T. , Ishikawa A. , Iwasaki Y. , Julius T. , Kang J. H. , Kato E. , Kiesling C. , Kim H. O. , Kim J. B. , Kim K. T. , Kim M. J. , Kim Y. J. , Kinoshita K. , Klucar J. , Korpar S. , Kouzes R. T. , Križan P. , Krokovny P. , Kuhr T. , Kumita T. , Kuzmin A. , Kwon Y.-J. , Li Y. , Liu C. , Liventsev D. , Louvot R. , Miyabayashi K. , Miyata H. , Mizuk R. , Mohanty G. B. , Moll A. , Muramatsu N. , Nagasaka Y. , Nakano E. , Nakao M. , Nedelkovska E. , Ng C. , Nellikunnummel N. , Nishida S. , Nishimura K. , Nitoh O. , Ogawa S. , Ohshima T. , Okuno S. , Oswald C. , Pakhlov P. , Pakhlova G. , Park H. , Park H. K. , Pedlar T. K. , Pestotnik R. , Petrič M. , Piilonen L. E. , Prothmann K. , Ritter M. , Röhrken M. , Sahoo H. , Saito T. , Sakai Y. , Sandilya S. , Santelj L. , Sanuki T. , Sato Y. , Schneider O. , Schnell G. , Schwanda C. , Schwartz A. J. , Senyo K. , Seon O. , Sevior M. E. , Shapkin M. , Shen C. P. , Shibata T.-A. , Shiu J.-G. , Sibidanov A. , Simon F. , Smerkol P. , Sohn Y.-S. , Solovieva E. , Starič M. , Sumiyoshi T. , Tatishvili G. , Teramoto Y. , Trabelsi K. , Tsuboyama T. , Uchida M. , Uglov T. , Unno Y. , Uno S. , Van Hulse C. , Vanhoefer P. , Varner G. , Wang C. H. , Wang M.-Z. , Wang P. , Watanabe Y. , Williams K. M. , Yamashita Y. , Zhang C. C. , Zhilich V. , Zupanc A.
Published: February 2013

Abstract

We search for CP violation in the decay
${D^{+}}\to K_S^0{K^{+}}$
using a data sample with an integrated luminosity of 977 fb−1 collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB e
+
e
− asymmetric-energy collider. No CP violation has been observed and the CP asymmetry in
${D^{+}}\to K_S^0{K^{+}}$
decay is measured to be (−0.25 ± 0.28 ± 0.14)%, which is the most sensitive measurement to date. After subtracting CP violation due to
${K^0}-{{\overline{K}}^0}$
mixing, the CP asymmetry in
${D^{+}}\to {{\overline{K}}^0}{K^{+}}$
decay is found to be (+0.08 ± 0.28 ± 0.14)%.
A structural mapping of mutations causing succinyl‐CoA:3‐ketoacid CoA transferase (SCOT) deficiency
Authors: Shafqat Naeem , Kavanagh Kate L. , Sass Jörn Oliver , Christensen Ernst , Fukao Toshiyuki , Lee Wen Hwa , Oppermann Udo , Yue Wyatt W.
Published: February 2013

Succinyl‐CoA:3‐ketoacid CoA transferase (SCOT) deficiency is a rare inherited metabolic disorder of ketone metabolism, characterized by ketoacidotic episodes and often permanent ketosis. To date there are ∼20 disease‐associated alleles on the OXCT1 gene that encodes the mitochondrial enzyme SCOT. SCOT catalyzes the first, rate‐limiting step of ketone body utilization in peripheral tissues, by transferring a CoA moiety from succinyl‐CoA to form acetoacetyl‐CoA, for entry into the tricarboxylic acid cycle for energy production. We have determined the crystal structure of human SCOT, providing a molecular understanding of the reported mutations based on their potential structural effects. An interactive version of this manuscript (which may contain additional mutations appended after acceptance of this manuscript) may be found on the web address: http://www.thesgc.org/jimd/SCOT.
International Exchange Training in Genetic Counseling: An Exploration of the Value in Exchange Experiences
Authors: Alexander Chelsea K. A. , Veach Patricia McCarthy , Lian Fengqin , LeRoy Bonnie S.
Published: February 2013

International exchange training in genetic counseling is increasing, but research examining these experiences is lacking. In this study 309 genetic counseling students and genetic counselors completed an anonymous survey investigating six major research questions: (1) How prevalent are international genetic counseling experiences? (2) What types are pursued and why? (3) What supports and barriers exist? 3) What are the demographic characteristics of individuals accruing international experience? (5) Does international experience promote professional development? and (6) Do genetic counseling students and professionals perceive international experiences as beneficial? Most respondents were Caucasian females born in one of 25 countries. The most prevalent experiences involved either clinical observation or clinical training. Common motivations for pursuing international experience were personal growth, exposure to a different healthcare system, and travel opportunities. Outcomes included professionally‐relevant experience and personal growth. Barriers included finances, limited availability of opportunities, and for those without international experience, family responsibilities. Additional findings, practice and training implications, and research recommendations are provided.
Computer-Aided Design of Manufacturing Chain Based on Closed Die Forging for Hardly Deformable Cu-Based Alloys
Authors: Pietrzyk Maciej , Kuziak Roman , Pidvysots’kyy Valeriy , Nowak Jarosław , Węglarczyk Stanisław , Drozdowski Krzysztof
Published: February 2013

Two copper-based alloys were considered, Cu-1 pct Cr and Cu-0.7 pct Cr-1 pct Si-2 pct Ni. The thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of these alloys are given in the paper and compared to pure copper and steel. The role of aging and precipitation kinetics in hardening of the alloys is discussed based upon the developed model. Results of plastometric tests performed at various temperatures and various strain rates are presented. The effect of the initial microstructure on the flow stress was investigated. Rheologic models for the alloys were developed. A finite element (FE) model based on the Norton–Hoff visco-plastic flow rule was applied to the simulation of forging of the alloys. Analysis of the die wear for various processes of hot and cold forging is presented as well. A microstructure evolution model was implemented into the FE code, and the microstructure and mechanical properties of final products were predicted. Various variants of the manufacturing cycles were considered. These include different preheating schedules, hot forging, cold forging, and aging. All variants were simulated using the FE method and loads, die filling, tool wear, and mechanical properties of products were predicted. Three variants giving the best combination of forging parameters were selected and industrial trials were performed. The best manufacturing technology for the copper-based alloys is proposed.
Endothelin‐1‐induced down‐regulation of NaV1.7 expression in adrenal chromaffin cells: Attenuation of catecholamine secretion and tau dephosphorylation
Authors: Nemoto Takayuki , Yanagita Toshihiko , Maruta Toyoaki , Sugita Chihiro , Satoh Shinya , Kanai Tasuku , Wada Akihiko , Murakami Manabu
Published: February 2013

Endothelin‐1 and voltage‐dependent sodium channels are involved in control and suppression of neuropathological factors, which contribute to sculpting the neuronal network. We previously demonstrated that veratridine‐induced NaV1.7 sodium channel activation caused intracellular calcium elevation, catecholamine secretion and tau dephosphorylation in adrenal chromaffin cells. The aim of this study was to examine whether endothelin‐1 could modulate NaV1.7. Our results indicated that endothelin‐1 decreased the protein level of NaV1.7 and the veratridine‐induced increase in intracellular calcium. In addition, it also abolished the veratridine‐induced dephosphorylation of tau and the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase. These findings suggest that the endothelin‐1‐induced down‐regulation of NaV1.7 diminishes NaV1.7‐related catecholamine secretion and dephosphorylation of tau.
The evolution of miscible gravity currents in horizontal porous layers
Authors: Szulczewski M. L. , Juanes R.
Published: February 2013

Gravity currents of miscible fluids in porous media are important to understand because they occur in important engineering projects, such as enhanced oil recovery and geologic CO2 sequestration. These flows are often modelled based on two simplifying assumptions: vertical velocities are negligible compared with horizontal velocities, and diffusion is negligible compared with advection. In many cases, however, these assumptions limit the validity of the models to a finite, intermediate time interval during the flow, making prediction of the flow at early and late times difficult. Here, we consider the effects of vertical flow and diffusion to develop a set of models for the entire evolution of a miscible gravity current. To gain physical insight, we study a simple system: lock exchange of equal-viscosity fluids in a horizontal, vertically confined layer of permeable rock. We show that the flow exhibits five regimes: (i) an early diffusion regime, in which the fluids diffuse across the initially sharp fluid–fluid interface; (ii) an S-slumping regime, in which the fluid–fluid interface tilts in an S-shape; (iii) a straight-line slumping regime, in which the fluid–fluid interface tilts as a straight line; (iv) a Taylor-slumping regime, in which Taylor dispersion at the aquifer scale enhances mixing between the fluids and causes the flow to continuously decelerate; and (v) a late diffusion regime, in which the flow becomes so slow that mass transfer again occurs dominantly though diffusion.
The PORSCE II framework: using AI planning for automated Semantic Web service composition
Authors: Hatzi Ourania , Vrakas Dimitris , Bassiliades Nick , Anagnostopoulos Dimosthenis , Vlahavas Ioannis
Published: February 2013

This paper presents PORSCE II, an integrated system that performs automatic Semantic Web service composition exploiting artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, specifically planning. Essential steps in achieving Web service composition include the translation of the Web service composition problem into a solver-ready planning domain and problem, followed by the acquisition of solutions, and the translation of the solutions back to Web service terms. The solutions to the problem, that is, the descriptions of the desired composite service, are obtained by means of external domain-independent planning systems, they are visualized and finally evaluated. Throughout the entire process, the system exploits semantic information extracted from the semantic descriptions of the available Web services and the corresponding ontologies, in order to perform composition under semantic awareness and relaxation.
Exercise capacity, quality of life, and resilience after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: a cross-sectional study of patients operated between 1964 and 2009
Authors: Frigiola Alessandra , Bull Catherine , Wray Jo
Published: February 2013

Introduction

Patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot have good long-term survival but less is known about the subjectively assessed quality of life or objectively measured functional status of those who have not required subsequent pulmonary valve replacement. We assessed these parameters in a group of children and adults free from pulmonary valve replacement after tetralogy of Fallot repair.

Methods and results

A random sample of 50 subjects – 16 children and 34 adults, aged 4.1–56.7 years – who had undergone tetralogy of Fallot repair and were free from subsequent pulmonary valve replacement underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing and completed standardised questionnaires assessing health-related quality of life and resilience. Patients were generally asymptomatic (median New York Heart Association class = I). Exercise capacity was within two standard deviations of normal for most children and adults (mean z VO2max: 0.20 ± 1.5; mean z VE/VCO2: −0.9 ± 1.3). Children reported a total health-related quality of life score similar to healthy norms (78 ± 10 versus 84 ± 1, p = 0.73). Adult survivors also reported quality of life scores comparable to healthy norms. Resilience was highly correlated with all domains of health-related quality of life (r = 0.713, p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Patients who have undergone tetralogy of Fallot repair in childhood and have not required pulmonary valve replacement have a good long-term health-related quality of life. The finding that patients with greater resilience had better health-related quality of life suggests that it may be beneficial to implement interventions to foster resilience.
Coordination and Resource Maximization during Disaster Relief Efforts
Authors: Lee Vernon J. , Low Edwin
Published: February 2013

Introduction:

In the aftermath of the Earthquake and Tsunami in Southeast Asia, many relief organizations sent medical aid to affected areas.

Objective:

The aim of this paper is to examine the mix of healthcare workers resulting from an influx of aid to Meulaboh, Indonesia, and how they met local healthcare needs.

Methods:

Data were collected from the registration center for relief organizations in Meulaboh and daily hospital meetings on healthcare needs and available workers.

Results:

Prior to the Tsunami, there were 14 doctors and 120 nurses in the hospital. By the third week after the Tsunami, there were 21 surgeons performing 10 surgeries daily, and >20 non-surgical doctors in the 90-bed hospital. There were <70 nurses available during the month after the Tsunami, which was insufficient for the needs of the hospital. In the town of Meulaboh, the number of doctors exceeded the number of nurses, while public health workers comprised <5% of the healthcare workers.

Conclusion:

An initial disaster-coordinating agency, formed by the United Nations (United Nations) in conjunction with affected countries, should link actively with relief organizations. This will optimize help in meeting local needs, and direct relief to where it is needed most.
How much are urban residents in Mexico willing to pay for cleaner air?
Authors: Gonzalez Fidel , Leipnik Mark , Mazumder Diya
Published: February 2013

We estimate the marginal willingness-to-pay for PM10 abatement in the three largest Mexican cities. We use a unique data set with actual market transactions at the household level from January 2003 to May 2004 and observed PM10 concentrations. We follow an instrumental variable approach to mitigate bias from omitted variables. We exploit the seasonality in PM10 concentrations due to rainfall patterns in those cities to construct a valid instrument for PM10. We find the house price–pollution elasticity to be around − 0.07 for Mexico City, − 0.05 for Guadalajara, and − 0.07 for Monterrey, implying that one unit reduction in PM10 levels is valued at US$41.73, 36.34 and 43.47, respectively. Our results indicate that urban residents of Mexico are willing to pay for cleaner air.
Can procedural and substantive elements of decision-making be reconciled in assessments of mental capacity?
Authors: Banner Natalie F.
Published: February 2013

Capacity legislation aims to protect individual autonomy and avoid undue paternalism as far as possible, partly through ensuring patients are not deemed to lack capacity because they make an unwise decision. To this end, the law employs a procedural test of capacity that excludes substantive judgments about patients' decisions. However, clinical intuitions about patients' capacity to make decisions about their treatment often conflict with a strict reading of the legal criteria for assessing capacity, particularly in psychiatry. In this article I argue that this tension arises because the procedural conception of capacity is inadequate and does not reflect the clinical or legal realities of assessing capacity. I propose that conceptualising capacity as having ‘recognisable reasons’ for a treatment decision provides a practical way of legitimately incorporating both procedural and substantive elements of decision-making into assessments of capacity.
Epigenetic epistatic interactions constrain the evolution of gene expression
Authors: Park Solip , Lehner Ben
Published: February 2013

Reduced activity of two genes in combination often has a more detrimental effect than expected. Such epistatic interactions not only occur when genes are mutated but also due to variation in gene expression, including among isogenic individuals in a controlled environment. We hypothesized that these ‘epigenetic’ epistatic interactions could place important constraints on the evolution of gene expression. Consistent with this, we show here that yeast genes with many epistatic interaction partners typically show low expression variation among isogenic individuals and low variation across different conditions. In addition, their expression tends to remain stable in response to the accumulation of mutations and only diverges slowly between strains and species. Yeast promoter architectures, the retention of gene duplicates, and the divergence of expression between humans and chimps are also consistent with selective pressure to reduce the likelihood of harmful epigenetic epistatic interactions. Based on these and previous analyses, we propose that the tight regulation of epistatic interaction network hubs makes an important contribution to the maintenance of a robust, ‘canalized’ phenotype. Moreover, that epigenetic epistatic interactions may contribute substantially to fitness defects when single genes are deleted.
Lasing in nanoimprinted two-dimensional photonic crystal band-edge lasers
Authors: Reboud V. , Romero-Vivas J. , Lovera P. , Kehagias N. , Kehoe T. , Redmond G. , Sotomayor Torres C. M.
Published: February 2013

We demonstrate optically pumped polymer band-edge lasers based on a two-dimensional photonic crystal slab fabricated by nanoimprint lithography (NIL). Lasing was obtained at the photonic band-edge, where the light exhibits a low group velocity at the Γ point of the triangular lattice photonic crystal band structure. The active medium was composed of a dye chromophore-loaded polymer matrix directly patterned in a single step by nanoimprint lithography. Plane-wave and finite difference time domain algorithms were used to predict experimental lasing frequencies and the lasing thresholds obtained at different Γ points. A low laser threshold of 3 μJ/mm2 was achieved in a defect-free photonic crystal thus showing the suitability of nanoimprint lithography to produce cost-efficient optically pumped lasers.
Performance study of a diesel engine by first generation bio-fuel blends with fossil fuel: An experimental study
Authors: Azad A. K. , Ameer Uddin S. M.
Published: February 2013

In this study, the performance of a direct injection diesel engine was investigated experimentally using 1st generation bio-fuel blends with fossil fuel like kerosene. The 1st generation bio-fuel (mustard oil) has been produced without trans-esterification reaction and blended with kerosene oil by volume in approximate percentages which have been named as M20, M30, M40, and M50. The properties of the bio-fuel blends were investigated by meeting the requirements of different ASTM standards. The variation trends of bio-fuel properties with temperature were investigated and compared with each other. Then a test engine (four stroke, single cylinder) mounted on a hydraulic dynamometer bed for testing several engine parameters like break specific fuel consumption, break house power, break mean effective pressure, exhaust gas temperature, lube oil temperature, sound level, etc. A comprehensive study were made for engine performance of different bio-diesel blends with kerosene and the engine performance of diesel fuel. The total cost per unit production of the bio-fuel blends and its economic impact has also been discussed in this paper.
Spin-orbit corrected full-dimensional potential energy surfaces for the two lowest-lying electronic states of FH2O and dynamics for the F + H2O → HF + OH reaction
Authors: Li Jun , Jiang Bin , Guo Hua
Published: February 2013

The lowest two electronic states of FH2O both correlate adiabatically to the F(2P) + H2O and HF + OH(X2Π) asymptotes, thus facilitating the title reaction. To understand the reaction dynamics, global potential energy surfaces (PESs) for the two electronic states are constructed based on more than 30 000 points at the Davidson corrected multi-state multi-reference configuration interaction level. Spin-orbit corrections at the complete active space self-consistent field level are included in both PESs. The spin-orbit corrected ground state PES retains a relatively deep pre-reaction van der Waals well and a “reactant-like” transition state with a classical barrier of 4.2 kcal/mol. The spin-orbit corrected excited state PES has, on the other hand, a very shallow pre-reaction van der Waals complex and a much higher (17.6 kcal/mol) classical barrier, also featuring a “reactant-like” transition state. The adiabatic F + H2O → HF + OH reaction dynamics on these two PESs are investigated using both quasi-classical trajectory and full-dimensional wave packet methods. Both reaction pathways produce internally excited HF and relatively cold OH, consistent with a direct abstraction mechanism. In addition, the spin-orbit corrections on the ground electronic state have a limited impact on the dynamics.