bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dopamine Detection using an Electrode Modified with Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Alarcón-Ángeles Georgina , Pérez-López Briza , Corona-Avendaño Silvia , Rojas-Hernández Alberto , Palomar-Pardavé Manuel , Romero-Romo Mario , Ramírez-Silva María Teresa , Alegret Salvador , Merkoçi Arben
Published: November 2007

The study electrochemical behavior of DA it is here proposed to use electrodes modified with carbon nanotubes which have shown the capacity to provide such sensitivity and selectivity, mainly due to their electrochemical properties, the results show that the use of carbon nanotubes improves the electro transfer process and stabilizes the oxidation potential.
Influence of the Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide, CTAB, on the Response of Dopamine
Authors: Hernández Martínez Leonardo , Ramírez-Silva María Teresa , Rosquete Pina Giselle , Palomar-Pardavé Manuel , Romero-Romo Mario
Published: November 2007

The effect of CTAB was studied with respect to the electrochemical behavior of DP. The effect of micelles formation was observed on the carbon paste electrode and on the potential shift of the DP oxidation peak.
Silver and Silver Chloride Electrodeposits, an Alternative in the Construction of Ag/AgCl Solid Electrodes
Authors: Valdés-Ramirez Gabriela , Álvarez Romero Giaan , Ramírez-Silva María Teresa , Romero-Romo Mario , Palomar-Pardavé Manuel , Galán-Vidal Carlos
Published: November 2007

An alternative for construction of solid state electrodes Ag/AgCl that can be used as reference electrodes has been developed. The results obtained in each experiment show that statistically there are not differences using the electrode developed and a conventional reference electrode Ag/AgCl double liquid junction.
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic growth factor increases motility and survival of cultured mesenchymal stem cells and ameliorates acute kidney injury
Authors: Shi Haikun , Patschan Daniel , Dietz Gunnar P. H. , Bähr Mathias , Plotkin Matthew , Goligorsky Michael S.
Published: November 2007

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic growth factor (GDNF), a member of the transforming growth factor family, is necessary for renal organogenesis and exhibits changes in expression in models of renal disease. Nestin is an intermediate filament protein originally believed to be a marker of neuroepithelial stem cells and recently proposed as a marker of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Having demonstrated the participation of nestin-expressing cells in renoprotection during acute renal ischemia, we hypothesized that growth factors and transcription factors similar to those operating in the nervous system should be also operant in the kidney and may be induced after noxious stimuli, such as an ischemic episode. Using cultured kidney-derived MSC, which abundantly express nestin, we confirmed expression of GDNF by these cells and demonstrated the GDNF-induced expression of GDNF. The cellular expression of nestin paralleled that of GDNF: serum starvation decreased the expression, whereas application of GDNF resulted in a dose-dependent increase in nestin expression. Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses of kidneys obtained from control and postischemic mice showed that expression of GDNF was much enhanced in the renal cortex, a pattern similar to the previously reported expression of nestin. Based on the observed GDNF-induced GDNF expression, we next explored the effect of supplemental GDNF administered early after ischemia on renal function postischemia. GDNF-treated mice were protected against acute ischemia. To address potential mechanisms of the observed renoprotection, in vitro studies showed that GDNF accelerated MSC migration in a wound-healing assay. Hypoxia did not accelerate, but rather slightly reduced, the motility of MSC and reduced the expression of GDNF in MSC by approximately twofold. Furthermore, GDNF was cytoprotective against oxidative stress-induced apoptotic death of MSC. Collectively, these data establish 1) an autoregulatory circuit of GDNF-induced GDNF expression in renal MSC; 2) induction of GDNF expression in postischemic kidneys; 3) the ability of exogenous GDNF to ameliorate ischemic renal injury; and 4) a possible contribution of GDNF-induced motility and improved survival of MSC to renoprotection.
High-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization of chromosome 8q: evaluation of putative progression markers for gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinomas
Authors: van Duin M. , van Marion R. , Vissers K.J. , Hop W.C.J. , Dinjens W.N.M. , Tilanus H.W. , Siersema P.D. , van Dekken H.
Published: November 2007

Amplification of 8q is frequently found in gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer. It is usually detected in high-grade, high-stage GEJ adenocarcinomas. Moreover, it has been implicated in tumor progression in other cancer types. In this study, a detailed genomic analysis of 8q was performed on a series of GEJ adenocarcinomas, including 22 primary adenocarcinomas, 13 cell lines and two xenografts, by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) with a whole chromosome 8q contig array. Of the 37 specimens, 21 originated from the esophagus and 16 were derived from the gastric cardia. Commonly overrepresented regions were identified at distal 8q, i.e. 124–125 Mb (8q24.13), at 127–128 Mb (8q24.21), and at 141–142 Mb (8q24.3). From these regions six genes were selected with putative relevance to cancer: ANXA13, MTSS1, FAM84B (alias NSE2), MYC, C8orf17 (alias MOST-1) and PTK2 (alias FAK). In addition, the gene EXT1 was selected since it was found in a specific amplification in cell line SK-GT-5. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of these seven genes was subsequently performed on a panel of 24 gastroesophageal samples, including 13 cell lines, two xenografts and nine normal stomach controls. Significant overexpression was found for MYC and EXT1 in GEJ adenocarcinoma cell lines and xenografts compared to normal controls. Expression of the genes MTSS1, FAM84B and C8orf17 was found to be significantly decreased in this set of cell lines and xenografts. We conclude that, firstly, there are other genes than MYC involved in the 8q amplification in GEJ cancer. Secondly, the differential expression of these genes contributes to unravel the biology of GEJ adenocarcinomas.
Interphase FISH as a new tool in tumor pathology
Authors: Tibiletti M.G.
Published: November 2007

Interphase FISH (IFISH) analysis is an intriguing molecular cytogenetic approach to study chromosome abnormalities in cancer. IFISH is a high sensitivity technique because of its ability to identify aberrations on a cell-to-cell level. The possibility to perform IFISH on different types of nuclei obtained both from fresh and archived samples, makes this technique an advantageous method to identify specific chromosome aberrations in cancer and correlate them to prognosis and therapy. The aim of this review is to outline the technical aspects, the sensitivity and specificity and the current strategies for employment of IFISH in tumor pathology, and to discuss the enormous range of novel applications.
The mystery of chromosomal translocations in cancer
Authors: Koss L.G.
Published: November 2007

Chromosomal translocations in human cancer may result in products that can be suppressed by targeting drugs. An example is bcr-abl tyrosine kinase in chronic myelogenous leukemia that can be treated with imatinib mesylate. However, the mechanisms of translocations or exchanges of chromosomal segments are virtually unknown. In this summary, chromosomal translocations in human cancer are compared with ‘crossing over’ of chromosomal segments occurring during the first meiotic division. Several proposed mechanisms of the exchange of DNA between and among chromosomes are discussed. The conditions that appear essential for these events to occur are listed. Among them are proximity of the involved DNA segments, mechanisms of excising the target DNA, its transport to the new location, and integration into the pre-existing chromosome. The conclusion based on extensive review of the literature is that practically nothing is known about the mechanism of ‘crossing over’ or translocation. Based on prior work on normal human cells, it is suggested that only one of the two autosomes participates in these events that may include loss of heterozygozity, another common abnormality in human cancer.
Telomere dysfunction and telomerase activation in cancer – a pathological paradox?
Authors: Calcagnile O. , Gisselsson D.
Published: November 2007

Telomerase is expressed in more than 90% of human cancers. Telomere maintenance by this enzyme is believed to safeguard genomic integrity in neoplastic cells. Nevertheless, many telomerase-expressing tumours exhibit chromosomal instability triggered by short, dysfunctional telomeres, implying that active telomerase is not sufficient for preserving a functional telosomic nucleoprotein complex in cancer cells. We here examine three possible solutions to this ostensible paradox. First, prior to telomerase activation, telomere erosion may have evolved to a level where telomeric repeat sequences are too short to provide a functional substrate for telomerase enzyme activity. Second, mechanisms other than the continuous telomere erosion counteracted by telomerase may contribute to rapid shortening of telomere repeats. Third, dysfunction of telomere-regulating proteins may result in direct telomere uncapping. Moreover, telomerase may contribute to tumour development also through mechanisms unrelated to telomere length maintenance. Taken together, the available data on the role of telomerase in cancer strongly support that inhibition of this enzyme is a feasible strategy for cancer therapy.
Etiology of specific molecular alterations in human malignancies
Authors: Vauhkonen H. , Heino S. , Myllykangas S. , Lindholm P.M. , Savola S. , Knuutila S.
Published: November 2007

Cancer results from multiple genomic changes that affect DNA and its gene expression. The DNA sequences may be gained, lost or amplified, or translocated into different parts of the genome to form a fusion gene with oncogenic properties. The occurrence of specific chromosomal aberrations may be restricted to only one cancer type and it may be considered a primary carcinogenic event. Furthermore, the aberration profiles may be used to cluster tumors with similar origins. A variety of techniques exist for the detection of specific chromosomal and gene expression changes. However, the etiology of these molecular alterations remains unclear. Here we discuss the roles of Helicobacter pylori and asbestos burden as carcinogens that cause gastric cancer, mesothelioma and lung cancer.
Genetic and epigenetic alterations in myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Mihara K. , Takihara Y. , Kimura A.
Published: November 2007

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal disorder characterized by dyshematopoiesis and high susceptibility to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). As patients with MDS have widely variable prognosis, we need to stratify them according to chromosomal abnormalities, genetic alterations, and epigenetic deregulations associated with progression to AML in order to treat these patients appropriately. Recently, evidence has been accumulating on the molecular mechanism underlying self-renewal of stem cells. Specifically, we have been focusing on Polycomb-group (PcG) genes, which play an important role in supporting self-renewal. There is emerging evidence indicating that the PcG complexes are indispensable for sustaining stem cell activity and cancer stem cells. We have reported that the expression of BMI1, a member of PcG, in hematopoietic stem cells or progenitor cells predicts the prognosis of patients with MDS and progression to acute leukemia. And recent genome-wide analyses showed that major transcriptional regulators governing development are under the regulation of PcG complexes. Thus PcG not only provides a molecular marker for monitoring disease progression of MDS, but also provides a clue for elucidating a molecular mechanism underlying the disease progression, which may help in the development of a new therapeutic strategy against MDS. Herein, we describe cytogenetic, genetic and molecular aberrations in MDS, focusing on epigenetic alterations through PcG.
Molecular cytogenetics of IGH rearrangements in non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Bernicot I. , Douet-Guilbert N. , Le Bris M.-J. , Herry A. , Morel F. , De Braekeleer M.
Published: November 2007

Rearrangements involving the IGH gene have been identified in about 50% of non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas (NHLs) and correlated to clinically relevant subgroups. However, the detection rate largely varied with the technique used. We analyzed the incidence of IGH rearrangements using several fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques on metaphases obtained from 96 patients with nodal NHL. An IGH rearrangement was identified in 71 cases (74%). A t(14;18)(q32;q21) was found in 37 of the 42 follicular lymphomas (88.1%) studied and a t(11;14)(q13;q32) in 12 of the 14 mantle cell lymphomas (85.7%). IGH rearrangements were identified in 21 of the 40 diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (52.5%), including seven t(14;18)(q32;q21) and four t(3;14)(q27;q32). Conventional cytogenetics was uninformative in several cases. However, the complemented analysis using 24-color FISH, chromosomal whole paints, telomeric probes and locus specific identifiers enabled us to characterize complex and/or masked IGH translocations in follicular lymphomas and mantle cell lymphomas and to identify all the chromosomal partners involved in IGH rearrangements in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. This study shows the interest of using metaphase FISH in addition to conventional cytogenetics. Following banding techniques, FISH with the IGH dual color probe can be the first approach in NHL, after which chromosome painting and 24-color FISH can be used to identify the chromosomal partners involved in IGH rearrangements. The identification of these genes is of utmost importance for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the genesis of lymphoma.
Induction of TARC Production by Lipopolysaccharide and Interleukin-4 in Nasal Fibroblasts
Authors: Fukumoto Akira , Nonaka Manabu , Ogihara Nozomu , Pawankar Ruby
Published: November 2007

Background: Th2 cell infiltration is a characteristic feature of allergic chronic sinusitis. However, the mechanisms that cause the predominance of Th2 cells in this disease have yet to be clarified. The airway is often exposed to not only Th2 cytokines but also bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS). A CC chemokine, TARC, is a potent chemoattractant for Th2 cells. The objectives of this study were twofold. First, we examined whether nasal polyp fibroblasts were able to produce TARC when costimulated with LPS and IL-4. Second, we investigated whether there was any heterogeneity in TARC production among fibroblasts derived from different airway sites. Methods: Fibroblast lines were established from human biopsy tissue. The amount of TARC in the supernatants was measured by ELISA. The expression of TARC mRNA was quantitated by real-time PCR. Results: Combined stimulation with LPS and IL-4 significantly induced TARC production by nasal polyp fibroblasts in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This induction occurred in normal nasal fibroblasts, but not in normal lung fibroblasts. Conclusions: Via TARC production, nasal fibroblasts may play an important role in the recruitment of Th2 cells into the sinus mucosa as well as nasal polyps. The heterogeneity in TARC production may reflect functional differences between upper and lower airway fibroblasts.
Effect of Experimentally Induced Liver Cirrhosis on Wound Healing of the Post-Extraction Tooth Socket in Rats
Authors: Karalis M. , Pavlidis T.E. , Psarras K. , Ballas K. , Zaraboukas T. , Rafailidis S. , Symeonidis N. , Marakis G.N. , Sakantamis A.K.
Published: November 2007

Background: Wound healing in liver cirrhosis is known to be impaired possibly due to liver insufficiency and subsequent malnutrition status; however, there is no study to examine healing effectiveness of the tooth socket following an extraction in such patients. Materials and Methods: Irreversible cirrhosiswas induced in 30 Wistar rats by repetitive weekly doses of CCl4 and continuous administration of phenobarbital in a 12-week course was monitored by body weight measurement and ascites development, and was proved histologically. One week later, cirrhotic and control rats were subjected to extractions of two maxillary grinders on each side, one side by simple method, the other by surgical method. Half of the animals of each subgroup were sacrificed on the 10th post-extraction day, whereas the other half on the 30th post-extraction day, and histological sections were examined from all tooth sockets for wound-healing activity. Results: A malnutrition status was detected in cirrhotic rats with significant difference in their body weight. Several histological parameters of socket healing were not statistically different between cirrhotic and control animals. However, a significant delay on epithelialization and cancellous bone formation was detected on the 10th post-extraction day for either simple or surgical extractions in cirrhotic animals. Conclusions: Liver cirrhosis in rats provokes a significant delay on epithelialization and mature cancellous bone formation and consecutively on early socket wound healing after a tooth extraction.
External Jugular Groshong Catheter Is Associated with Fewer Complications than a Subclavian Argyle Catheter
Authors: Ishizuka Mitsuru , Nagata Hitoshi , Takagi Kazutoshi , Horie Toru , Furihata Makoto , Nakagawa Aya , Kubota Keiichi
Published: November 2007

Background: To demonstrate the efficacy and safety of insertion of a Groshong catheter via the external jugular vein (EJV) for central vein access. Methods: Central venous access was done by either insertion of a Groshong catheter via the EJV or an Argyle catheter via the subclavian vein with single puncture. Results: Eighty patients (group 1) were treated with 146 subclavian venous catheters for 2,770 catheter-days, and 98 patients (group 2) were treated with 147 external jugular venous catheters for 2,381 catheter-days. Fever appeared in 36.3% (53/146) and 16.3% (24/147) of the patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p < 0.01). The malposition and pneumothorax rates were 17.1% (25/146) and 2.0% (3/147; p < 0.01), and 2.7% (4/146) and 0% (0/147; p < 0.05) in the two groups, respectively. Conclusions: Insertion of a Groshong catheter via the EJV is more acceptable for central venous access than insertion of a conventional subclavian venous catheter.
A Recombinant DNA Plasmid Encoding the Human Interleukin-5 Breaks Immunological Tolerance and Inhibits Airway Inflammation in a Murine Model of Asthma
Authors: Tan Guang-Hong , Su Jing-Mei , Wang Cai-Chun , Huang Feng-Ying , Wang Hua , Huang Yong-Hao , Lin Ying-Ying
Published: November 2007

Background: Eosinophils play a pivotal role in the generation of asthma inflammation. Interleukin (IL)-5 is the major activator of eosinophils. We hypothesize that modulating IL-5 activity could be an effective strategy for asthma therapy. In this study, we tested whether the plasmid encoding human IL-5 as a xenogeneic DNA vaccine could induce the production of autoantibodies, and be used for asthma treatment. Methods: A eukaryotic plasmid encoding the human IL-5 was constructed, and used as a DNA vaccine. A mouse model of asthma was established to observe its antiasthma activities. Eosinophils in tissue, blood and the bronchoalveolar lavage were stained and counted. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) was determined by whole body plethysmography. Antibody characters and cytokines were detected with immunological methods. Results: Immunization with a plasmid encoding the human IL-5 as DNA vaccine reduced airway inflammation, reversed Th2 cytokines, and decreased AHR in mice. In addition, this immunization induced the production of polyclonal antibodies that were cross-reactive with native murine IL-5, and IgG1 and IgG2a were the major subclasses. Adoptive transfer of the purified antibodies from the sera of mice immunized with the plasmid encoding the human IL-5 resulted in similar antiasthma effects. Conclusions: Our results suggest that active vaccination against IL-5 may be a rational therapeutic approach for the treatment of asthma and potentially other eosinophilic disorders.
Respiratory and Skin Allergy to Galleria mellonella (Bee Moth)
Authors: Asero Riccardo , Mistrello Gianni , Roncarolo Daniela , Amato Stefano
Published: November 2007

This case report describes a patient with bee moth-induced rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma and contact urticaria. Immunoblot analysis showed IgE reactivity to two distinct bee moth proteins at 23 and 70 kDa, respectively. ELISA inhibition studies excluded cross-reactivity to the other popular live bait, fly larva.
Phase II Clinical Trial for Prevention of Delayed Diarrhea with Cholestyramine/Levofloxacin in the Second-Line Treatment with Irinotecan Biweekly in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma
Authors: Flieger Dimitri , Klassert Christine , Hainke Sabine , Keller Ralf , Kleinschmidt Rolf , Fischbach Wolfgang
Published: November 2007

Background: Irinotecan is an established therapeutic option in colorectal cancer. An essential side effect of irinotecan treatment is the induction of severe WHO grade 3–4 delayed diarrhea in up to 25% of treated patients. The aim of the study is the prevention of delayed diarrhea with cholestyramine/levofloxacin. Patients and Methods: Fifty-one patients with a mean age of 64 years (range: 41–81 years) with metastatic colorectal cancer in second-line treatment were included. A cycle corresponds to 4 applications of irinotecan 250 mg/m2, every 2 weeks, then a break of 2 weeks. Results: After 1 treatment cycle 12% of patients achieved a partial response, 59% had stable disease and 29% progressive disease. Twenty-two patients received a second or more cycles to a total of 379 applications. Forty patients did not develop diarrhea whereas 11 patients had WHO 1–2 diarrhea after at least 1 application of chemotherapy. Diarrhea WHO 3 occurred in only 1 patient (2%) whereas severe diarrhea WHO 4 did not occur. Conclusion: The combination of cholestyramine/levofloxacin is a promising option for the prevention of delayed diarrhea caused by irinotecan. This prophylactic regime may help in future to escalate the dose of irinotecan as a monotherapy or in combination protocols.
Patients with Breast Cancer and Negative Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy without Additional Axillary Lymph Node Dissection: A Follow-Up Study of up to 5 Years
Authors: Domènech Anna , Benitez Ana , Bajén María Teresa , Pla María Jesús , Gil Miguel , Martín-Comín Josep
Published: November 2007

Objective: To analyze the rate of axillary recurrences and survival in patients operated on for breast cancer who had not undergone an axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) because of a negative sentinel node biopsy. Methods: The study includes 97 patients operated on for breast cancer and selective node biopsy from June 2000 to December 2001 who had a negative sentinel node biopsy and did not undergo ALND. Mean age was 58.2 years (55.9–60.5). Follow-up was done up to 5 years. After surgery all patients underwent clinical examination. Complementary treatment depended on the hospital protocol. Rate of axillary recurrences, presence of distant metastases and survival (Kaplan-Meier method) were studied. Results: After a median follow-up of 4.1 years (2.18–5.25), only 2/95 patients (2.1%) developed distant metastases. Four patients died but only the death of the patient who presented multiple metastases was related to the primary breast cancer (1%). The 5-year overall survival rate was 96%. Conclusions: (1) Only 1/95 patients studied developed nodal extra-axillary recurrence together with distant metastases. (2) The results obtained support the selective sentinel node biopsy as an accurate technique in the axillary stratification of patients with breast cancer, offering in the cases of negative sentinel node biopsy a safe axillary control after a 5-year follow-up.
An Open-Label, Multicenter Study of Outpatient Capecitabine Monotherapy in 631 Patients with Pretreated Advanced Breast Cancer
Authors: Venturini M. , Paridaens R. , Rossner D. , Vaslamatzis M.M. , Nortier J.W.R. , Salzberg M. , Rodrigues H. , Bell R.
Published: November 2007

Background: Phase II/III trials have shown that capecitabine is an active, well-tolerated therapy for metastatic breast cancer (MBC). We report clinical findings from an expanded access program enabling patients ineligible for investigative trials to receive capecitabine before its approval and availability. Methods: Patients pretreated with at least two chemotherapy regimens, including a taxane, for MBC received oral capecitabine until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Results: Six hundred and thirty-one patients received capecitabine (mean duration 3.8 months, range 0.1–24.7 months). The most common treatment-related grade 3/4 toxicities were diarrhea (9%) and hand-foot syndrome (8%). Grade 3/4 alopecia was absent and grade 3/4 myelosuppression was rare. Dose was modified in 172 patients (27%). Objective response rate in 349 evaluable patients was 35%. Median time to progression (n = 604) was 6.6 months (95% confidence interval, CI, 5.6–7.6) and median overall survival (n = 569) was 10.0 months (95% CI, 8.5–15.3). Conclusions: Our findings in a cohort of patients with pretreated progressive breast cancer confirm the high efficacy and tolerability of outpatient capecitabine.
Phase I Study of S-1 Combined with Irinotecan (CPT-11) in Patients with Advanced Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Tsunoda A. , Yasuda N. , Nakao K. , Narita K. , Yamazaki K. , Watanabe M. , Suzuki N. , Kusano M.
Published: November 2007

Purpose: To determine the maximum tolerated dose, recommended dose and dose-limiting toxicities of irinotecan plus S-1 in advanced colorectal cancer. Patients and Methods: S-1 was administered orally at 80 mg/m2/day for 21 consecutive days followed by a 2-week rest. CPT-11 was given intravenously on days 1 and 15 of each course, at an initial dose of 60 mg/m2/day, stepping up to 80, 100, 120 or 140 mg/m2/day. Courses were repeated every 5 weeks, unless disease progression or severe toxicities were observed. Results: A total of 20 patients were entered in this study. The maximum tolerated dose of CPT-11 was considered to be 100 mg/m2, because 2 of 3 patients developed dose-limiting toxicities, such as anorexia, fatigue and diarrhea. Therefore, the recommended dose of CPT-11 was set at 80 mg/m2. Tumor responses were seen in 8 of 14 patients with measurable lesions. Conclusion: A combination of S-1 with CPT-11 is safe and can be recommended for further phase II studies in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.
C.E.R.A. Maintains Stable Control of Hemoglobin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease on Dialysis when Administered Once Every Two Weeks
Authors: Spinowitz Bruce , Coyne Daniel W. , Lok Charmaine E. , Fraticelli Mario , Azer Maher , Dalal Sanjay , Villa Giuseppe , Rosansky Steven , Adamis Helena , Beyer Ulrich
Published: November 2007

Background/Aims: This Phase III study examined the efficacy and safety of C.E.R.A., a continuous erythropoietin receptor activator, given once every 2 weeks (Q2W) via subcutaneous or intravenous injection using pre-filled syringes, for maintaining hemoglobin (Hb) levels in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on dialysis who converted directly from epoetin therapy. Methods: Patients (n = 336) were randomized 1:1 to continue epoetin at their current dose, route and administration interval (once to three times weekly (QW–TIW)), or receive C.E.R.A. Q2W by the same route as previous epoetin treatment for 36 weeks. Dosage was adjusted to maintain patients’ Hb within ±1.0 g/dl of baseline value and within 10.0–13.5 g/dl. Primary endpoint was mean change in Hb between baseline and the evaluation period (weeks 29–36). Results: Mean change in Hb for C.E.R.A. and epoetin was 0.088 and –0.030 g/dl, respectively (endpoint Hb 11.93 and 11.86 g/dl, respectively). Analysis showed that C.E.R.A. was as effective as epoetin in maintaining Hb (p < 0.0001), and was well tolerated. The administration route had no impact on primary endpoint. Conclusion: Q2W C.E.R.A. administered using pre-filled syringes effectively maintains stable control of Hb in patients on dialysis who convert directly from epoetin QW–TIW.
Neuregulin-1: A Potential Endogenous Protector in Perinatal Brain White Matter Damage
Authors: Dammann Olaf , Bueter Wolfgang , Leviton Alan , Gressens Pierre , Dammann Christiane E.L.
Published: November 2007

Brain white matter damage, an important antecedent of long-term disabilities among preterm infants, has both endogenous and exogenous components. One of the endogenous components is the paucity of developmentally regulated protectors. Here we expand on this component, discussing the potential roles of one putative protector, neuregulin (NRG)-1, in brain development and damage. We outline how NRG-1 might be involved in perinatal brain damage pathomechanisms and suggest that NRG-1 might be one target for intervention.
Is Region-of-Interest Overlap Comparison a Reliable Measure of Category Specificity?
Authors: Kung Chun-Chia , Peissig Jessie J. , Tarr Michael J.
Published: November 2007

Analysis of the degree of overlap between functional magnetic resonance imaging–derived regions of interest (ROIs) has been used to assess the functional convergence and/or segregation of category-selective brain areas. An examination of the extant literature reveals no consistent usage for how such overlap is calculated, nor any systematic comparison between different methods. We argue that how ROI overlap is computed, especially the choice of the denominator in the formula, can profoundly affect the results and interpretation of such an analysis. To do this, we compared the overlap of the FFA-FFA (fusiform face area) and FFA-FGA (fusiform Greeble-selective area) in a localizer study testing both Greeble novices and experts. When using a single ROI as the denominator, we found a significant difference in FFA-FFA versus FFA-FGA overlap, consistent with the result of a previous study arguing for face specificity of the FFA [Rhodes, G., Byatt, G., Michie, P. T., & Puce, A. Is the fusiform face area specialized for faces, individuation, or expert individuation? J Cogn Neurosci, 16, 189–203, 2004]. However, these ROI overlap differences disappeared when the denominator combined both of the involved ROIs, and the patterns of such overlap comparisons were dependent on given statistical thresholds. We also found proportionally decreasing FFA-FFA overlap with increasing center-of-FFA distance, resolving an apparent contradiction between the consistency of the location of the FFA and the seemingly low FFA-FFA overlap. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations revealed the most stable formula—the most resistant to ROI size variations—to be the average of the two single-ROI-denominator-based overlap indices. In sum, ROI overlap analysis is not a reliable tool for assessing category specificity, and caution should be exercised with regard to ROI overlap definition, underlying assumptions, and interpretation.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evidence for a Hierarchical Organization of the Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Badre David , D'Esposito Mark
Published: November 2007

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is central to flexible and organized action. Recent theoretical and empirical results suggest that the rostro-caudal axis of the frontal lobes may reflect a hierarchical organization of control. Here, we test whether the rostro-caudal axis of the PFC is organized hierarchically, based on the level of abstraction at which multiple representations compete to guide selection of action. Four functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments parametrically manipulated the set of task-relevant (a) responses, (b) features, (c) dimensions, and (d) overlapping cue-to-dimension mappings. A systematic posterior to anterior gradient was evident within the PFC depending on the manipulated level of representation. Furthermore, across four fMRI experiments, activation in PFC subregions was consistent with the sub- and superordinate relationships that define an abstract representational hierarchy. In addition to providing further support for a representational hierarchy account of the rostro-caudal gradient in the PFC, these data provide important empirical constraints on current theorizing about control hierarchies and the PFC.
The Socialization of Autonomy and Relatedness
Authors: Dennis Tracy A. , Talih Makram , Cole Pamela M. , Zahn-Waxler Carolyn , Mizuta Ichiro
Published: November 2007

Despite documented cross-cultural variability in autonomy and relatedness, relatively little is known about how these characteristics of self are socialized. This study, a secondary analysis (Dennis et al., 2002), explored this question by examining sequential verbal exchanges between Japanese and U.S. mothers and children during play and a challenging wait ( N = 60, M age = 55.8 months, SD = 4.9). The likelihood that mothers would contingently encourage child autonomy or relatedness by matching, responding positively, or reducing directives was tested. There was greater encouragement of relatedness among Japanese mothers but few cultural differences in encouraging autonomy. Effects depended on the context of interaction, with greater cultural differences during the challenging wait. Culturally distinct gender effects also emerged: U.S. mothers bolstered girls' autonomy and showed consistent encouragement of boys' relatedness whereas Japanese mothers bolstered autonomy in boys only. Implications for cross-cultural patterns in the socialization of self are discussed.
Clashing Cultures
Authors: Shupe Ellen I.
Published: November 2007

Although researchers have noted that interactions among people from different cultural backgrounds can result in interpersonal conflict, little is known about the nature of this conflict and its effects on the individuals involved. The current study attempts to address this gap in the literature. It conceptualizes interpersonal, intercultural conflict as a stressor and proposes and tests a model of conflict experiences, using data from graduate students representing approximately 50 countries. Results of path analyses of the model indicate that although cultural distance does not predict interpersonal, intercultural conflict, conflict strongly predicts poor work-related and sociocultural adaptation, and these negative effects occur over and above the baseline effects of work stress. Work-related and sociocultural adaptation in turn predicts poor psychological adaptation, which mediates the negative effects on health-related adaptation.
The Effects of Favor and Apology on Compliance
Authors: Goei Ryan , Roberto Anthony , Meyer Gary , Carlyle Kellie
Published: November 2007

This study was designed to test the effects of favor and apology on compliance and to explain any potential effect via indebtedness, gratitude, and liking. Two experiments were devised to accomplish these ends. In the first experiment favor and apology were varied in the absence of a transgression to see if apologizing for not providing a favor can be used proactively to increase compliance. In the second experiment favor and apology were varied in a more common scenario, following a transgression. Results show that favor has a positive effect on compliance mediated by gratitude when using a general prosocial request and by liking when using a more altruistic request. Results also suggest that apology has a positive effect on liking and that apology has an indirect effect on compliance under certain conditions.
The Impact of Exemplars on Responsibility Stereotypes in Fund-Raising Letters
Authors: Hoeken Hans , Hustinx Lettica
Published: November 2007

Exemplars are capable of influencing perceptions of reality in newspaper contexts. Can exemplars in fund-raising letters also influence the responsibility stereotype of the group funds are raised for and the effectiveness of these letters? In three experiments, 679 participants received a fund-raising letter containing an exemplar that was or was not held responsible for the trouble he or she was in. In all experiments, the responsibility perception of the group as a whole was influenced by the exemplar manipulation. If the group members were held responsible for the trouble they were in, participants were less inclined to donate money unless the trouble was considered very severe. The study shows how exemplars influence responsibility stereotypes and the persuasiveness of fund-raising letters.
Telling Me Quickly
Authors: Chock T. Makana , Fox Julia R. , Angelini James R. , Lee Seungjo , Lang Annie
Published: November 2007

This study found that increasing the pacing of antisubstance radio Public Service Announcements (PSAs) increased perceived effects on self and diminished perceived differences between effects on self and on others. This was more evident for messages with arousing content than for those with calm content. The study used a mixed multivariate design with arousing content (2), production pacing (3), and message (4) as within-subjects factors and order of presentation (4) as a between-subjects factor. The impact of increased pacing was greater for those who made third-person (3P) judgments (others more affected than self) than by those who made first-person (1P) judgments (self more affected than others). In addition to message features, behavior also influenced perceived message effects. Analysis of a subset of PSAs using antismoking messages found that smokers were more likely to make 3P judgments and nonsmokers 1P judgments about message effects. Implications for PSA design are discussed.
Mass Media Use, Neighborliness, and Social Support
Authors: Beaudoin Christopher E.
Published: November 2007

This study assesses pathways of causal influence between two mass media use measures (campaign exposure and news attention) and two indicators of social capital (neighborliness and social support). This assessment encompasses the evaluation of a health media campaign that targeted African Americans in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina. Analysis of panel survey data indicated a significant over-time increase in neighborliness but not social support. Among the three cross-lagged effect models of influence, the best fit was of the mass media use causes social capital model. Similarly, among the three synchronous effect models of influence, the best fit was of the mass media use causes social capital model. This analysis provides support for the media campaign's effectiveness and, more broadly, allows for the extension of recent research that has used panel data to strengthen inferences of causation in different mass communication scenarios.
Reconsidering the Relationship Between the Third-Person Perception and Optimistic Bias
Authors: Ran Wei  , Lo Ven-Hwei , Lu Hung-Yi
Published: November 2007

Studies disagree as to whether an optimistic bias can account for the commonly observed third-person perceptions. This study aims to help clarify the relationship between third-person perceptions and biased optimism in the context of assessing the impact of the news about bird flu outbreaks in Taiwan. Using a random sample of 1,107 college students, third-person perception and optimistic bias were found to be robust but unrelated. Although both optimistic bias and third-person effect are psychological perceptual judgments that can be attributed to self-serving motivation, the third-person perception is a biased interpretation of media influence, while biased optimistic perceptions are a social psychological mechanism of bolstering self-esteem in self-other comparisons regarding a risk.
Family Environment as a Predictor of the Quality of College Students' Friendships
Authors: Wise Richard A. , King Alan R.
Published: November 2007

Family environment appears to be an important determinant of friendship quality. Despite this apparent link, few studies have explored how family environment relates to friendship, especially among college students. The present study examined the relationship between family environment and best friendships, by administering the Family Environment Scale (FES) and the Acquaintance Description Form—Revised (ADF-F2) to 408 college students. Family environment was a better predictor of friendship quality for female college students than for male college students. For the women, a total of 13% of the FES and ADF-F2 correlations were significant at the p < .01 level. The best predictors of friendship quality for the women were the FES active recreational and intellectual—cultural dimensions. Gender differences were also evident in students' perceptions of their families' environments and their views of the quality of their best friendships. Implications of the present study for college adjustment and retention are discussed.
An Exploratory Study of the Team Characteristics Model Using Organizational Teams
Authors: Strubler David C. , York Kenneth M.
Published: November 2007

Research on teamwork in organizations has typically found positive outcomes for employees, such as high productivity, improved satisfaction, and a greater feeling of influence over their work. An important research question is, How does participating on teams lead to these positive work outcomes? In 1976, Hackman and Oldham developed their Job Characteristics Model to explain how effective job design can lead to positive work outcomes for individuals. A Team Characteristics Model was developed to explain how effective work group design can lead to positive work outcomes for teams, and it was tested on team members working on six organizational teams over a period of 4 months. The Team Characteristics Model was generally supported for the critical psychological states but generally not supported for work outcomes. Across all employees, higher levels of the critical psychological states were significantly correlated with higher levels of work outcomes. Suggestions are made for future research using the model.
The Effects of Team-Skills Training on Transactive Memory and Performance
Authors: Prichard Jane S. , Ashleigh Melanie J.
Published: November 2007

The existence of effective transactive memory systems in teams has been found to enhance task performance. Methods of developing transactive memory are therefore an important focus of research. This study aimed to explore one such method, the use of a generic team-skills training program to develop transactive memory and subsequent task performance. Sixteen three-member teams were all trained to complete a complex collaborative task, prior to which half the teams ( n = 8) completed a team-skills training program. Results confirmed that those teams that had been trained to develop a range of team skills such as problem-solving, interpersonal relationships, goal setting, and role allocation evidenced significantly higher team skill, transactive memory, and performance than those that were not trained in such skills. Results are discussed with reference to the wider transactive memory literature and the mechanisms through which team-skills training could facilitate the more rapid development of transactive memory.
Divided Loyalties
Authors: Rockmann Kevin W. , Pratt Michael G. , Northcraft Gregory B.
Published: November 2007

Identification with a home organization may be particularly problematic for the development of interorganizational team identification. This study explores multiple conditions under which home organization identification may either positively or negatively affect the ability of members to identify with an interorganizational distributed team. The authors examine two types of team member arrangements: members of different home organizations segregated by location and members of different home organizations integrated within locations. They also examine interorganizational teams using either lean or rich communication media. Results suggest that for individuals who identify strongly with their home organizations, integrating members of different organizations within locations helps overcome barriers to interorganizational team identification. For individuals who do not identify strongly with their home organizations, using a rich communication medium enhances interorganizational team identification. Implications for future research, organizational alliance formation, and team managers are discussed.
Consenting to the Consent Form
Authors: Bhattacharya Kakali
Published: November 2007

Grounded in the author's dissertation study, this article presents the negotiations of the formal and informal expectations arising out of interpretations of the consent form. These negotiations disrupt the structure of qualitative inquiry and its associated guidelines for academic rigor, trustworthiness, and transferability. If the understanding of the consent form and its meaning is contingent and permanently deferred, then how does the relationship between the researcher and the researched inform de/colonizing methodologies? Using a vignette, the author explores how member checks and re-presentation are affected by the intersection of colonizing and decolonizing epistemologies within the current context of troubled “scientific” inquiry. She also discusses how a fluid process of consenting, insider-outsider kinship relations between the researcher and the researched, and the inadequacy of Western structures of inquiry open up alternate spaces of discussion for scientific inquiry that is responsive to the space of blurred relationships, messy methodology, and collaborative designs often present in qualitative research.
Questioning My Presence in Multicultural Youth Work
Authors: Krueger Mark
Published: November 2007

Recently, the author has been reexamining his experiences in youth work (work with youth and youth workers from different cultures, races, classes, etc.). His goal is to deepen his understanding of how his presence influences his interactions and how he might have directly or inadvertently contributed to hegemony and oppression and to learn more about how issues such as race, class, and culture play out in youth work. To do this, the author has been drawing (writing) and interpreting sketches (vignettes) and a personal history. In this article, the author describes the process he uses and presents what he has learned and the questions that have been raised from his investigation.
Power, Ethics, and the IRB
Authors: Boser Susan
Published: November 2007

Participatory research operates in a complex, dynamic social milieu and seeks to share the power inherent in knowledge generation with community partners. Institutional review boards (IRBs), however, typically operate from a framework that assumes asymmetrical power relations, hierarchically structured. This article argues that these differing assumptions regarding power contribute to the challenges participatory researchers experience in obtaining IRB approval. Furthermore, the application of the conventional IRB framework in reviewing the ethics of participatory inquiry can itself harm human participants in such projects by limiting the participants' field of choices. This article addresses these challenges, presenting a framework that draws on the literature on power to consider the ethical questions involved in participatory research partnerships. It also describes some ways in which power imbalance might manifest within a participatory research project, and between a project and an IRB, and offers specific strategies for addressing this.