bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxide-based memristive neuromorphic synaptic devices
Authors: Liu Yi-Chun , Lin Ya , Wang Zhong-Qiang , Xu Hai-Yang ,   Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
Published: December 2020

Memristors are considered to be the potential candidate for simulating synapses due to their high density, low power consumption and continuously adjustable resistance. Metal oxide is an ideal choice for fabricating memristive devices with high performance due to its advantages of oxygen migration, easy adjustment of components and compatibility with traditional CMOS. In this review paper, the memristive behaviors and operation mechanism of oxide-based memristors including digital-type memristors and analog-type memristors are first introduced. We mainly summarize the cognitive functions simulated by analog-type memristive synapse, including nonlinear-transmission characteristic, synaptic plasticity, learning experience, and non-associative/associative learning. Then, the potential applications of memristive synapse in pattern recognition, sound localization, logic operation, flexibility/transferability and optoelectronic memristive synapse are introduced. Finally, we provide an outlook of the future possible studies of oxide-based memristive synapse in the relevant fields.
Molecular dynamics simulation of shock-induced isostructural phase transition in single crystal Ce
Authors: Diwu Min-Jie , Hu Xiao-Mian ,   Graduate School, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing 100088, China,   State Key Laboratory of Computational Physics, Beijing Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
Published: December 2020

Cerium (Ce), a rare earth metal, undergoes a significant (14%−17%) and discontinuous volume shrinkage when subjected to ~0.7 GPa compression at ambient temperature: there happens a first-order isostructural phase transition from γ-Ce phase to α-Ce phase (these two phases are both face-centered-cubic (fcc) phase). Because of the α→ γ transition in Ce under shock compression, the shock front in cerium exhibits a 3-wave configuration: elastic precursor, plastic shock wave in γ-Ce, and phase transition wave corresponding to the γ → α transition according to the experimental observation. In this paper, a recently developed embedded-atom-method (EAM) potential for fcc Ce is employed in the large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of shock loading onto single crystal Ce to study its dynamic behavior, especially the shock-induced α→ γ phase transition, and the orientation dependence with [001], [011] and [111] shock loading. The simulation results show single-wave or multi-wave configuration for shock wave profiles. Under the shock loading along the [001] or [011] crystallographic orientation, the shock wave possesses a 2-wave structure: an elastic precursor and a phase transition wave, while under shock loading along the [111] crystallographic orientation, the obtained shock wave shows a 3-wave profile as observed experimentally. Thus the shock wave structure is obviously dependent on loading orientation. The Hugoniot data obtained in MD simulation show good agreement with the experimental results. The shock loading MD simulation shows lower phase transition pressure than hydrostatic loading, indicating an accelerant role of the deviatoric stress played in the shock induced γ → α phase transition in Ce. The local lattice structure before and after shocked are recognized with polyhedral template matching and confirmed with radial distribution functions. Under the [011] and [111] loading, the lattice structure maintains the fcc before and after the shocks, and experiences a collapse during the last shock (the second shock for the [011] loading and the third shock for the [111] loading). The lattice structure also maintains fcc before and after the first shock for the [001] loading, while after the second shock the structure type is considered to be body-centered-tetragonal (bct) which is a meta-stable structure resulting from the used EAM potential for Ce. The fcc lattice rotation after shock is observed in the [011] and [111] loading after the phase transition, while no re-orientation occurs in the [001] loading.
Flexible sensor and energy storage device based on piezoelectric nanogenerator
Authors: Shen Mao-Liang , Zhang Yan ,   School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China,   Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China,   College of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Published: December 2020

Low-cost, easy-to-deploy and self-driven flexible electronic devices and flexible sensors will bring new opportunities for developing the internet of things, wearable, and implantable technologies, especially human health monitoring, tactile perception and intelligent robot electronic skin. Therefore, it is necessary to provide high-performance and continuous energy supply modules for flexible electronic devices and flexible sensors. Nanogenerator can achieve high-performance sensing and energy storage characteristics by regulating the polarization electric field at the interface and surface, which is indeed an ideal adaptation choice. In particular, flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy by piezoelectric properties, and can be applied to various deformation conditions such as bending, stretching and compression, which provides a novel solution to the problems of limited energy supply and insufficient performance in flexible electronic and self-driven technology. The piezoelectric output response of piezoelectric nanogenerator can be used not only as an energy signal to self-drive flexible electronic devices, but also as a sensing signal that can be integrated into the self-driven flexible sensors such as gas sensor, pressure sensor and biological sensor. Predictably, self-powered gas sensor with energy harvesting and high-sensitivity sensing, and self-charging power cell with energy harvesting and efficient storage will become hot topics. In this paper, we review the recent developments of flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators in flexible sensors and energy storage devices.
The positive effect of coexisting ecosystem engineers: a unique seaweed-mussel association provides refuge for native mud crabs against a non-indigenous predator
Authors: Tummon Flynn Paula , McCarvill Keegan , Lynn K. Devon , Quijón Pedro A.
Published: December 2020

In marine sedimentary bottoms, mussels and macroalgae have long been recognized as important autogenic engineers that create habitat and modify abiotic conditions. The structural complexity added by bivalves and macroalgae may also mediate intraguild predation amongst marine decapod crustaceans. While spatial distributions of these ecosystem engineers frequently overlap, there is limited understanding of compounded effects when more than one engineer is present. Here we demonstrate that the coexistence of two ecosystem engineers may create habitat valuable for the survival of a small native species, the Atlantic mud crab (Panopeus herbstii), in the presence of the invasive green crab (Carcinus maenas). Using laboratory and field habitat mimics, we measured mud crab survival rates as a proxy for refuge quality. We compared the refuge provided by a unique association between shells of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and the giant strain of Irish moss (Chondrus crispus) to that provided by bare substrate, and by each engineer alone. These experiments revealed that the association of giant Irish moss with blue mussel shells positively and non-additively increased mud crab survival compared to the other less complex habitat mimics. In contrast, parallel experiments revealed that high habitat complexity was less important for young green crabs to survive predation from large conspecifics. These results suggest that the impact of ecosystem engineers on trophic dynamics should be considered in a broader, whole-community context encompassing multiple habitat-forming species present.
Women Empowerment and Its Impact on Livelihood and Food Security of Households: A Review
Authors: Das Jagruti , Singh Ajmer
Published: December 2020

Rural women in India and several countries of South-East Asia play crucial and significant role in livestock rearing, agriculture and other allied activities, but their contribution has not been incentivized given the due place they deserve. They always remain invisible workers. Increasing demand for milk and animal products in recent years intensifies livestock rearing as profitable enterprise for women. Many development programmes that aim at alleviating poverty and improving investments in human capital consider women’s empowerment a crucial pathway to achieve impact and often target women as their main beneficiaries. Women across the world have often been seen as the primary caretakers in a household. Hence, the intra-household dynamics that determine allocation of resources and their impact on well-being are in a subject of analysis. It has been seen that households do not necessarily act in an unitary manner. While allocating resources, women and men have their preferences for allocating food and nonfood resources and may therefore be involved in distribution of these resources differently, based on their bargaining power within the household. This article reviews the linkage of women empowerment and household food security and ways to measure it for effectively targeting the policies for strengthening the household food security.
Traditional/Indigenous Vegetables of the Kingdom of Eswatini: Biodiversity and Their Importance: A Review
Authors: Masarirambi Michael T. , Nxumalo Kwanele A. , Kunene Emmanuel N. , Dlamini Daniel V. , Mpofu Molyn , Manwa Lokadhia , Earnshaw Diana M. , Bwembya Gabriel C.
Published: December 2020

Traditional (indigenous) vegetables of the Kingdom of Eswatini are important for their contribution to human nutrition. They are major sources of vitamins and minerals. They provide fibre which is required for the proper functioning of the human digestive system. Traditional vegetables are important economically however, no assessments have been done in the Kingdom of Eswatini to measure their contribution to the gross domestic product (GDP). A traditional vegetable concern provides employment and thus income, and ensuring food and nutritional security, and hence striving to attain sustainable development goals (SDGs) pertaining to human health, nutrition, food security and biodiversity. Traditional vegetables are infested relatively less by insect pests and diseases. They relatively out compete weeds in terms of resources essential for growth and development. In food, traditional vegetables provide interesting colour, texture and variety. Despite the immense importance of traditional vegetables, they have been neglected and regarded as poor man's food with no research prioritisation. The objective of this study was to explore their present status, prioritize consumer education, explore their importance as climate smart vegetables and to document their contribution to biodiversity.
Theoretical Insights into the Mechanism of Selective Nitrate‐to‐Ammonia Electroreduction on Single‐Atom Catalysts
Authors: Niu Huan , Zhang Zhaofu , Wang Xiting , Wan Xuhao , Shao Chen , Guo Yuzheng
Published: December 2020

Selective nitrate‐to‐ammonia electrochemical conversion is an efficient pathway to solve the pollution of nitrate and an attractive strategy for low‐temperature ammonia synthesis. However, current studies for nitrate electroreduction (NO3RR) mainly focus on metal‐based catalysts, which remains challenging because of the poor understanding of the catalytic mechanism. Herein, taking single transition metal atom supported on graphitic carbon nitrides (g‐CN) as an example, the NO3RR feasibility of single‐atom catalysts (SACs) is first demonstrated by using density functional theory calculations. The results reveal that highly efficient NO3RR toward NH3 can be achieved on Ti/g‐CN and Zr/g‐CN with low limiting potentials of −0.39 and −0.41 V, respectively. Furthermore, the considerable energy barriers are observed during the formation of byproducts NO2, NO, N2O, and N2 on Ti/g‐CN and Zr/g‐CN, guaranteeing their high selectivity. This work provides a new route for the application of SACs and paves the way to the development of NO3RR.
Failing Forward: Stability of Transparent Electrodes Based on Metal Nanowire Networks
Authors: Patil Jatin J. , Chae Woo Hyun , Trebach Adam , Carter Ki‐Jana , Lee Eric , Sannicolo Thomas , Grossman Jeffrey C.
Published: December 2020

Metal nanowire (MNW)‐based transparent electrode technologies have significantly matured over the last decade to become a prominent low‐cost alternative to indium tin oxide (ITO). Beyond reaching the same level of performance as ITO, MNW networks offer additional advantages including flexibility and low materials cost. To facilitate adoption of MNW networks as a replacement to ITO, they must overcome their inherent stability issues while maintaining their properties and cost‐effectiveness. Herein, the fundamental failure mechanisms of MNW networks are discussed in detail. Recent strategies to computationally model MNWs from the nano‐ to macroscale and suggest future work to capture dynamic failure to unravel mechanisms that account for convolution of the failure modes are highlighted. Strategies to characterize MNW network failure in situ and postmortem are also discussed. In addition, recent work about improving the stability of MNW networks via encapsulation is discussed. Lastly, a perspective is given on how to frame the requirements of MNW‐encapsulant hybrids with reference to their target applications, namely: solar cells, transparent film heaters, sensors, and displays. A cost analysis to comment on the feasibility of implementing MNW hybrids is provided, and critical areas to focus on for future work on MNW networks are suggested.
Cholesterol in the Viral Membrane is a Molecular Switch Governing HIV‐1 Env Clustering
Authors: Nieto‐Garai Jon Ander , Arboleya Aroa , Otaegi Sara , Chojnacki Jakub , Casas Josefina , Fabriàs Gemma , Contreras F‐Xabier , Kräusslich Hans‐Georg , Lorizate Maier
Published: December 2020

HIV‐1 entry requires the redistribution of envelope glycoproteins (Env) into a cluster and the presence of cholesterol (chol) in the viral membrane. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the specific role of chol in infectivity and the driving force behind Env clustering remain unknown. Here, gp41 is demonstrated to directly interact with chol in the viral membrane via residues 751–854 in the cytoplasmic tail (CT751–854). Super‐resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) nanoscopy analysis of Env distribution further demonstrates that both truncation of gp41 CT751–854 and depletion of chol leads to dispersion of Env clusters in the viral membrane and inhibition of virus entry. This work reveals a direct interaction of gp41 CT with chol and indicates that this interaction is an important orchestrator of Env clustering.
Opportunities of Aqueous Manganese‐Based Batteries with Deposition and Stripping Chemistry
Authors: Wang Mingming , Zheng Xinhua , Zhang Xiang , Chao Dongliang , Qiao Shi‐Zhang , Alshareef Husam N. , Cui Yi , Chen Wei
Published: December 2020

Rechargeable aqueous manganese‐based batteries have been attracting significant attention owing to their advantages of low cost, high safety, and ease of manufacturing, which are promising attributes for grid‐scale energy storage applications. However, most traditional manganese‐based batteries with solid‐state conversion and intercalation reactions suffer from low capacity and poor long‐term cycling stability. The recent novel storage mechanism based on cathode Mn2+/MnO2 deposition/stripping chemistry has fundamentally tackled these issues, enabling a new generation of manganese‐based batteries with superior electrochemical performance. Here, the recent advances in aqueous manganese‐based batteries with the Mn2+/MnO2 deposition/stripping chemistry are reviewed. A summary of the development of manganese‐based batteries with different storage mechanisms is provided and new opportunities for the emerging Mn2+/MnO2 chemistry in the latest generation are highlighted. Then, the current understanding of the Mn2+/MnO2 charge storage mechanism and its potential in manganese‐based batteries for large‐scale energy storage applications is presented. Moreover, insights into opportunities and future directions for manganese‐based batteries with the Mn2+/MnO2 chemistry are proposed.
Efficient, Thermally Stable, and Mechanically Robust All‐Polymer Solar Cells Consisting of the Same Benzodithiophene Unit‐Based Polymer Acceptor and Donor with High Molecular Compatibility
Authors: Lee Jin‐Woo , Sun Cheng , Ma Boo Soo , Kim Hyeong Jun , Wang Cheng , Ryu Jong Min , Lim Chulhee , Kim Taek‐Soo , Kim Yun‐Hi , Kwon Soon‐Ki , Kim Bumjoon J.
Published: December 2020

All‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) are a highly attractive class of photovoltaics for wearable and portable electronics due to their excellent morphological and mechanical stabilities. Recently, new types of polymer acceptors (PAs) consisting of non‐fullerene small molecule acceptors (NFSMAs) with strong light absorption have been proposed to enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of all‐PSCs. However, polymerization of NFSMAs often reduces entropy of mixing in PSC blends and prevents the formation of intermixed blend domains required for efficient charge generation and morphological stability. One approach to increase compatibility in these systems is to design PAs that contain the same building blocks as their polymer donor (PD) counterparts. Here, a series of NFSMA‐based PAs [P(BDT2BOY5‐X), (X = H, F, Cl)] are reported, by copolymerizing NFSMA (Y5‐2BO) with benzodithiophene (BDT), a common donating unit in high‐performance PDs such as PBDB‐T. All‐PSC blends composed of PBDB‐T PD and P(BDT2BOY5‐X) PA show enhanced molecular compatibility, resulting in excellent morphological and electronic properties. Specifically, PBDB‐T:P(BDT2BOY5‐Cl) all‐PSC has a PCE of 11.12%, which is significantly higher than previous PBDB‐T:Y5‐2BO (7.02%) and PBDB‐T:P(NDI2OD‐T2) (6.00%) PSCs. Additionally, the increased compatibility of these all‐PSCs greatly improves their thermal stability and mechanical robustness. For example, the crack onset strain (COS) and toughness of the PBDB‐T:P(BDT2BOY5‐Cl) blend are 15.9% and 3.24 MJ m–3, respectively, in comparison to the PBDB‐T:Y5‐2BO blends at 2.21% and 0.32 MJ m–3.
Insights into Large‐Scale Fabrication Methods in Perovskite Photovoltaics
Authors: Niu Xiuxiu , Li Nengxu , Chen Qi , Zhou Huanping
Published: December 2020

As an emerging sunlight‐harvesting material, halide perovskite has obtained extensive achievements on device efficiency and stability in the past decade. Especially, the efficiency of lab‐scale perovskite solar cells (PSCs, 25.2%) is already comparable with that of crystalline silicon solar cells. However, the development of large‐scale perovskite solar modules is far behind small area devices due to difficult fabrication process and stringent requirements for film quality, the Achilles’ heel to hinder their commercialization. Therefore, the coating techniques of perovskite modules need to be developed and optimized continuously. Moreover, the underlying mechanism along with these coating processes should be revealed urgently. Herein, the recent advances for several popular coating methods are systematically summarized that are widely applied in the deposition of large‐scale films. The relevant mechanistic study, including the formation of wet film, and subsequent nucleation and growth kinetics during coating process, are discussed. The main target is to gain insight into the large‐scale PSCs fabrication. Hopefully, useful guidance is provided to further improvement of efficiency and stability of PSCs, which finally promotes their commercialization.
The ancient settlement of Piammiano‐Statonia (Bomarzo, Italy): New data from 2D and 3D electrical tomography
Authors: Leucci Giovanni , De Giorgi Lara , Ditaranto Immacolata , Miccoli Ilaria , Scardozzi Giuseppe
Published: December 2020

This study presents new archaeological data concerning the ancient layout of Piammiano, an Etruscan and Roman settlement located in the Tiberine internal Etruria (probably corresponding to the ancient town of Statonia), still little known. These data have been obtained by geophysical surveys performed using the Electrical Resistivity Tomography technique. These investigations were carried out in the central sector of the plateau where the settlement lies, and they have documented the presence of ancient buried structures at a depth of between about 0.5 and 2.5 m. These structures has the same orientation of the main road of the ancient settlement, and they are also consistent with the orientation of the structures documented in previous geophysical surveys and archaeological excavations carried out in the westernmost sector of the investigated area. Specifically, the new geophysical surveys have highlighted the presence of the buried remains of the road and numerous walls, some of which are pertaining to a large building with porticoes on the two sides overlooking the Tiber valley. Furthermore, a channel network perhaps linked to a cistern was documented at more depth.
Audiovisual processing and selective attention in adult dyslexic readers: Anevent‐related potential study
Authors: Menashe Shay
Published: December 2020

Developmental dyslexia is a specific reading disability characterized by decoding and spelling deficits that continue into adulthood. Because reading involves both attentional functions and audiovisual (AV) processing, the aim of this study was to explore the associations between the two factors in adult dyslexic readers. Adult non‐impaired and dyslexic readers undertook alphabetic and non‐alphabetic tasks, each composed of three experimental blocks. Two experimental blocks contained left and right spatial selective attention manipulations, and another block included central presentations of the stimuli. Event‐related potential (ERP) and behavioural parameters were collected and analysed, particularly with respect to the N1‐P2 ERP complex. The dyslexic readers showed deviant patterns of amplitudes when it came to alphabetic stimuli processing. However, there was no difference between the two groups with regard to the non‐alphabetic stimuli. These results imply that adult dyslexic readers allocate altered attentional resources when it comes to the processing of AV alphabetic stimuli.
Preparation of Two Quantum‐Chemically Predicted, Isomeric [Br4F13]– Anions in the Solid State
Authors: Bandemehr Jascha , Ivlev Sergei I. , Karttunen Antti J. , Kraus Florian
Published: December 2020

Two isomeric tridecafluoridotetrabromate(III) anions, [Br4F13]–, both previously predicted by quantum‐chemical calculations, have serendipitously been obtained from the reaction of BrF3 with BaF2. Single crystals of Ba2[Br3F10]2[Br4F13]2 were selected from the reaction mixture at approximately 10 °C. The crystal structure contains two novel, isomeric [Br4F13]– anions besides the known, star‐shaped [Br3F10]– anions. It crystallized in the monoclinic space group P1n1 (No. 7) with a = 8.8519(18), b = 15.217(3), c = 14.628(3) Å, β = 90.34(3)°, V = 1970.4(7) Å3 and Z = 2, mP124 at 100 K. The compound was additionally investigated using quantum‐chemical solid‐state calculations. If however crystals from the above reaction mixture were selected at room temperature, the compound Ba[Br3F10]2·BrF3 was obtained containing disordered BrF3 molecules of crystallization besides [Br3F10]– anions. The [Br4F13]– molecules were no longer present. Ba[Br3F10]2·BrF3 crystallized in the cubic space group Pa3 (No. 205) with a = 12.4903(14) Å, V = 1948.6(7) Å3, Z = 4, cP124, T = 100 K. The much easier to handle latter compound was additionally investigated using powder X‐ray diffraction, as well as IR and Raman spectroscopy.
Generalized ground motion prediction model using hybrid recurrent neural network
Authors: Fayaz Jawad , Xiang Yijun , Zareian Farzin
Published: December 2020

Modern seismic hazard analysis utilizes various ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) to estimate intensity measures (IMs) such as spectral acceleration (Sa), Arias intensity (Ia), significant duration (D5‐95), and cumulative absolute velocity (CAV) as scalar parameters. The use of these GMPEs leads to independent estimations of IMs for the same earthquake scenario. Since the IMs belonging to the same earthquake scenario are naturally correlated, the GMPEs used for characterization of seismic hazard are expected to incorporate such correlation structure. Particularly, Sa corresponding to different periods of a single‐degree‐of‐freedom oscillator is estimated by GMPEs that do not explicitly account for internal correlations between the Sa at various periods for the same ground motion. The current approach to incorporate such a correlation for Sa spectrum is through a post‐processing technique developed by Baker and Jayaram; their method relates the spectral accelerations of different periods using functional forms describing linear correlations. However, the proposed correlation functions can be further improved and extended to more accurately estimate the spectrum of near‐fault high‐magnitude ground motions using high order dependencies among the spectral accelerations. This study proposes a generalized ground motion prediction model (GGMPM) using a hybrid recurrent neural network (RNN) framework that can be used to estimate a 29 × 1 correlated vector (denoted as IM) of RotD50 Sa at 26 periods and geometric means of Ia, D5‐95, and CAV using a set of seismic source and site parameters as inputs. This is an improvement to the current body of knowledge because the high order dependencies between the individual components of IM are incorporated. A RNN framework is developed that estimates the median vector of IM. The discrepancy between the IM estimated using the RNN framework and the IM computed from recorded motions is further minimized using the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA‐ES), which is a non‐convex optimization method. The residuals of the RNN framework are used to construct the inter‐event and the intra‐event covariance matrices to account for the inter‐event and intra‐event variabilities of the ground motions. Hence, given the source and site parameters, the RNN‐framework returns a median prediction of the IM, which is then combined with estimated inter‐event and intra‐event covariance matrices to obtain the probabilistic estimation of IM. Furthermore, this GGMPM framework is compared against various currently used GMPEs, and the results of these comparisons demonstrate that the proposed GGMPM leads to improved predictions while maintaining the internal dependencies of the IM components.
Investigation of physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of encapsulated Nigella sativa seed oil
Authors: Makouie Sina , Alizadeh Mohammad , Maleki Omid , Khosrowshahi Asghar
Published: December 2020

The present reports on the microencapsulation of Nigella sativa seed oil (NSO) by freeze‐drying via whey protein isolate (WPI), Arabic gum (AG) and Zedo gum (ZG) mixture aimed at producing the optimum sample. The desirability function results showed that the mixture of 27.36% WPI, 32.64% AG without ZG and 40% oil resulted in the production of the optimum sample with minimum Z‐average, PDI, and a* and maximum zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and b*. The findings demonstrated that lower particle size and particle dispersion index were obtained at higher amounts of AG and WPI with the least a*. The structural and morphological characteristics of the optimum sample were featured by FT‐IR and SEM analyses. The C16:0, C18:1 and C18:2 were the main fatty acids in the NSO. Despite the oxidative stability of encapsulated NSO descended after 6 days at 70°C, the peroxide and p‐anisidine values were in acceptable range after freeze‐drying.
A two‐dimensional analytical model for organic contaminant transport in cutoff wall and aquifer system
Authors: Yan Huaxiang , Xie Haijian , Wang Shaoyi , Zheng Zijing
Published: December 2020

Cutoff walls are widely used as in‐situ geoenvironmental barriers to isolate the contaminants caused by landfill leakage, chemical storage tank accidents, and mining activities. A two‐dimensional analytical solution is developed to investigate the behavior of organic chemical transport in cutoff wall and aquifer. The method of Laplace transforms and finite Fourier cosine transform is adopted to derive the solution for a finite domain. The proposed analytical solutions are verified by the numerical approach. The effects of contaminant source distribution, aquifer scale, direction of flow rate, degradation, adsorption, and thickness of cutoff wall were investigated. The investigation of non‐uniformly distribution of contamination sources indicates that the 1‐D models lead to a more conservative result compared to the 2‐D models. Biodegradation will be a dominant process and significantly enhance the performances of the barrier system when the half‐life of contaminant is less than 4 years. Furthermore, the effect of dimension on breakthrough time can be augmented with the increase of distribution coefficient.
Influence of a spectral cumulus parametrization on simulating global tropical cyclone activity in an AGCM
Authors: Baba Yuya
Published: December 2020

The influence of a new spectral cumulus parametrization (the spectral scheme) on simulating global tropical cyclone (TC) activity in an Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) is investigated. Experiments are performed using AFES (AGCM for the Earth Simulator) and two different convection schemes – the original convection scheme of the AGCM (the Emanuel scheme) and the spectral scheme. The result shows that the both schemes can capture qualitative features of global TC activity in terms of climatology, variability, and intensity. However, the spectral scheme simulates TC genesis and track density better than the original convection scheme by improving the cold bias in the upper troposphere. The spectral scheme also provides better results for TC response to interannual variability (i.e., El Niño Southern Oscillation, ENSO) by suppressing excessive convection response to ENSO. The spectral scheme is capable of simulating the variability of TC genesis related to the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) much better than the original convection scheme. Consequently, the spectral scheme can outperform the original convection scheme in simulating global TC activity from various perspectives, and thus the scheme is expected to be useful for TC prediction and future projections.
Band Alignment Engineering in Two‐Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide‐Based Heterostructures for Photodetectors
Authors: Liu Ran , Wang Fakun , Liu Lixin , He Xiaoyu , Chen Jiazhen , Li Yuan , Zhai Tianyou
Published: December 2020

The hybridization of two‐dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDs) with other light‐sensitive materials to fabricate the TMD‐based heterostructures is an effective way to boost the overall photoelectric performance of photodetectors. In particular, the alignment of band structure at the interface of the binding materials plays a critical role in optimizing the carrier transfer path and prompting the charge separation rate, which finally lead to the simultaneous improvement of photoresponsivity and response rate and the expansion of detection range. However, the band alignment engineering topic has been barely summarized and reviewed in detail up to today. Herein, a specific review focused on the band alignment strategies and the related charge‐transfer mechanism of the recently developed novel TMD heterostructures for photodetectors is provided. The band structures are classified into four categories according to the targeted function of photodetectors, including that formed by TMDs with zero‐bandgap materials, narrow‐bandgap semiconductors, middle‐bandgap semiconductors, and wide‐bandgap semiconductors. The corresponding band alignment principles and charge‐transfer behaviors are summarized carefully by providing various latest research works as representative examples under each category. Herein, a key reference for applying and extending the fundamental band alignment principles in the design and fabrication of future TMD‐based heterostructural photodetectors is provided.
Effective Recovery Process of Copper from Waste Printed Circuit Boards Utilizing Recycling of Leachate
Authors: Rajahalme Joona , Perämäki Siiri , Budhathoki Roshan , Väisänen Ari
Published: December 2020

This study presents an optimized leaching and electrowinning process for the recovery of copper from waste printed circuit boards including studies of chemical consumption and recirculation of leachate. Optimization of leaching was performed using response surface methodology in diluted sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide media. Optimum leaching conditions for copper were found by using 3.6 mol L−1 sulfuric acid, 6 vol.% hydrogen peroxide, pulp density of 75 g L−1 with 186 min leaching time at 20°C resulting in complete leaching of copper followed by over 92% recovery and purity of 99.9% in the electrowinning. Study of chemical consumption showed total decomposition of hydrogen peroxide during leaching, while changes in sulfuric acid concentration were minor. During recirculation of the leachate with up to 5 cycles, copper recovery and product purity remained at high levels while acid consumption was reduced by 60%.
Impact of Storage Method on the Chemical and Physical Properties of Poplar Wood from Short-Rotation Coppice Stored for a Period of 9 Months
Authors: Günther Björn , Starke Nicole , Meurer Armin , Bues C.-T. , Fischer Steffen , Bremer Martina , Freese Maren
Published: December 2020

In addition to the use as biofuel, the utilization of poplar wood as a raw material from short-rotation coppice (SRC) became increasingly important in recent years. Because poplar SRCs are harvested during dormant season, wood storage is of particular importance to guarantee wood processing industries a continuous wood supply. The study focuses on the change of physical and chemical properties of poplar wood by the application of different storage strategies over a 9-month period. Therefore, a total amount of 60 m3test log piles were set up in 2018 for six different storage variants: compact piles, compact piles with water sprinkling and oxygen exclusion, each with logs in bark and debarked. The effects on wood moisture content, equilibrium moisture content and wood density (ρ0) and the changes in the chemical components lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and extracts were determined and evaluated. As expected, the wood moisture content changed in a wide range over the storage period, depending on the variant. The levels of equilibrium moisture (changes from − 4% to − 13.1%) as well as wood density (changes from − 2.61% to − 9.01%) decreased for all variants between start and end of storage. Changes in chemical composition were observed for all storage variants, which indicates microbial activity supporting the assumption that the observed mass loss is driven by wood decay. Overall, changes were more homogeneous for logs in compact piles compared to the other storage methods. Considering the weather conditions during the investigated period, the results indicate that storage in compact piles with debarked logs is the best method for the conservation of poplar wood from SRC.
A Flower-Shape Geometry and Nonlinear Problems on Strip-Like Domains
Authors: Devillanova Giuseppe , Molica Bisci Giovanni , Servadei Raffaella
Published: December 2020

In the present paper, we show how to define suitable subgroups of the orthogonal group$${O}(d-m)$$O(d-m)related to the unbounded part of a strip-like domain$$\omega \times {\mathbb {R}}^{d-m}$$ω×Rd-mwith$$d\ge m+2$$d≥m+2, in order to get “mutually disjoint” nontrivial subspaces of partially symmetric functions of$$H^1_0(\omega \times {\mathbb {R}}^{d-m})$$H01(ω×Rd-m)which are compactly embedded in the associated Lebesgue spaces. As an application of the introduced geometrical structure, we prove (existence and) multiplicity results for semilinear elliptic problems set in a strip-like domain, in the presence of a nonlinearity which either satisfies the classical Ambrosetti–Rabinowitz condition or has a sublinear growth at infinity. The main theorems of this paper may be seen as an extension of existence and multiplicity results, already appeared in the literature, for nonlinear problems set in the entire space$${\mathbb {R}}^d$$Rd, as for instance, the ones due to Bartsch and Willem. The techniques used here are new.
Ready or Not, AI Comes— An Interview Study of Organizational AI Readiness Factors
Authors: Jöhnk Jan , Weißert Malte , Wyrtki Katrin
Published: December 2020

Artificial intelligence (AI) offers organizations much potential. Considering the manifold application areas, AI’s inherent complexity, and new organizational necessities, companies encounter pitfalls when adopting AI. An informed decision regarding an organization’s readiness increases the probability of successful AI adoption and is important to successfully leverage AI’s business value. Thus, companies need to assess whether their assets, capabilities, and commitment are ready for the individual AI adoption purpose. Research on AI readiness and AI adoption is still in its infancy. Consequently, researchers and practitioners lack guidance on the adoption of AI. The paper presents five categories of AI readiness factors and their illustrative actionable indicators. The AI readiness factors are deduced from an in-depth interview study with 25 AI experts and triangulated with both scientific and practitioner literature. Thus, the paper provides a sound set of organizational AI readiness factors, derives corresponding indicators for AI readiness assessments, and discusses the general implications for AI adoption. This is a first step toward conceptualizing relevant organizational AI readiness factors and guiding purposeful decisions in the entire AI adoption process for both research and practice.
Improving Zinc Recovery from Steelmaking Dust by Switching from Conventional Heating to Microwave Heating
Authors: Omran Mamdouh , Fabritius Timo , Yu Yaowei , Heikkinen Eetu-Pekka , Chen Guo , Kacar Yilmaz
Published: December 2020

Recently, microwave energy has attracted increasing interest for accelerating thermal reactions. This study investigated the impact of microwave heating on the zinc recovery rate from electric arc furnace (EAF) and chromium converter (CRC) dusts. The results indicated that microwave heating required a lower temperature to recover zinc from EAF and CRC dusts compared with that in conventional thermal heating. For CRC dust, zinc recovery rates of 37.84% and 97.43% were obtained with conventional and microwave heating, respectively, at 850 °C. For EAF dust, zinc recovery rates of 79.88% and 98.20% were obtained with conventional and microwave heating, respectively, at 850 °C. The improved zinc recovery in this study was concluded to results from the rapidity of microwave heating and the interactions between the electromagnetic microwave field and the molecules of heated materials.

Graphical Abstract
Editorial
Authors: Mansfield-Devine Steve
Published: December 2020

The law moves in a slow and ponderous way. Technology, on the other hand, moves at Internet speed. Applying one to the other has always been tricky and, according to a group of security specialists, it's time to update the law to cope with modern realities.
Western Political Rhetoric and Radicalization
Authors: O'Brochta William , Tavits Margit , Aksoy Deniz
Published: December 2020

Does anti-Muslim rhetoric by Western politicians breed radical attitudes among European Muslims? This article explores this question by conducting an experimental study in Bosnia – a European democracy, where, unlike the rest of Europe, Muslims are neither immigrants nor socio-economically disadvantaged. This helps clearly identify the radicalization potential of Western rhetoric alone, absent contextual factors such as social inferiority. Experimental evidence with Bosnian Muslims from five surveys (with a total of 2,608 participants) suggests that rhetorical attacks on Islam by Western politicians do not strengthen individuals' Muslim identity, cause higher levels of animosity toward the West or lead to condoning the use of violence. The study also finds that pro-Muslim rhetoric, while increasing positive views of the West, does not affect individuals' strength of Muslim identity or their radical sympathies. These results have important implications for the sources of radicalization and efforts to curb radical tendencies.
How Should We Categorize Approaches to the History of Political Thought?
Authors: Blau Adrian
Published: December 2020

This paper proposes a new framework for categorizing approaches to the history of political thought. Previous categorizations exclude much research; political theory, if included, is often caricatured. And previous categorizations are one-dimensional, presenting different approaches as alternatives. My framework is two-dimensional, distinguishing six kinds of end (two empirical, four theoretical) and six kinds of means. Importantly, these choices arenotalternatives: studies may have more than one end and typically use several means. Studies with different ends often use some of the same means. And all studies straddle the supposed empirical/theoretical “divide.” Quentin Skinner himself expertly combines empirical and theoretical analysis—yet the latter is often overlooked, not least because of Skinner's own methodological pronouncements. This highlights a curious disjuncture in methodological writings, between what they say we do, and what we should do. What we should do is much broader than existing categorizations imply.
Girls and their families in an era of economic change
Authors: Humphries Jane
Published: December 2020

The paper uses autobiographical accounts by 227 working women alongside a larger sample of men's life stories to compare girls’ and boys’ experiences of first jobs, schooling and family life in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It asks whether girls were disadvantaged in seizing the opportunities and fending off the threats to wellbeing occasioned by economic change. Girls were more likely than boys to experience sexual harassment and this constrained the ways in which they could earn a living and live their lives. Fathers as breadwinners merited respect and often affection, but it was mothers with whom girls identified.
Disorganized attachment in adolescence: Emotional and physiological dysregulation during the Friends and Family Interview and a conflict interaction
Authors: Decarli Alessandro , Pierrehumbert Blaise , Schulz André , Schaan Violetta Katharina , Vögele Claus
Published: December 2020

The current study examined the effects of attachment on autonomy, relatedness, and emotion regulation during an attachment interview (Friends and Family Interview; FFI) and a Parent×Child Conflict interaction (Family Interaction Task; FIT) in 49 adolescents (11 to 17 years old). Disorganized adolescents displayed behaviors promoting autonomy and relatedness less frequently and at a lower extent than organized ones in the FIT with mothers but not with fathers. Disorganized adolescents also showed a steeper decrease in heart rate variability (HRV) than organized ones, during both the FFI and the FITs. Moreover, disorganized adolescents responded with a more marked increase in skin conductance level to the FIT with mothers than organized individuals. Dismissing adolescents showed behaviors promoting autonomy and relatedness less frequently and to a lesser extent than secure ones, while displaying more often behaviors undermining autonomy and relatedness in the FITs. Dismissing adolescents also showed a more pronounced decrease in HRV during the FFI than secure and preoccupied individuals; no differences were found between these groups in HRV during the FITs. The results suggest that disorganized adolescents had more difficulties in regulating their emotions during both the FFI and the FITs, whereas dismissing individuals seemed effectively challenged only during the interview.
Mutual synergies between reactive and active inhibitory systems of temperament in the development of children's disruptive behavior: Two longitudinal studies
Authors: An Danming , Kochanska Grazyna
Published: December 2020

Individual differences in two inhibitory temperament systems have been implicated as key in the development of early disruptive behaviors. The reactive inhibition system, behavioral inhibition (BI) entails fearfulness, shyness, timidity, and caution. The active inhibition system, or effortful control (EC) entails a capacity to deliberately suppress, modify, or regulate a predominant behavior. Lower scores in each system have been associated with more disruptive behaviors. We examined how the two systems interact, and whether one can alleviate or exacerbate risks due to the other. In two community samples (Study 1,N= 112, ages 2.5 to 4, and Study 2,N= 102, ages 2 to 6.5), we assessed early BI and EC, and future disruptive behaviors (observed disregard for rules in Study 1 and parent-rated externalizing problems in Study 2). Robustly replicated interactions revealed that for children with low BI (relatively fearless), better EC was associated with less disruptive behavior; for children with low EC, more BI was associated with less disruptive behavior. This research extends the investigation of Temperament × Temperament interactions in developmental psychology and psychopathology, and it suggests that reactive and active inhibition systems may play mutually compensatory roles. Those effects emerged after age 2.
Incongruent Voting or Symbolic Representation? Asymmetrical Representation in Congress, 2008–2014
Authors: Cayton Adam , Dawkins Ryan
Published: December 2020

The electoral connection incentivizes representatives to take positions that please most of their constituents. However, on votes for which we have data, lawmakers vote against majority opinion in their district on one out of every three high-profile roll calls in the U.S. House. This rate of “incongruent voting” is much higher for Republican lawmakers, but they do not appear to be punished for it at higher rates than Democrats on Election Day. Why? Research in political psychology shows that citizens hold both policy-specific and identity-based symbolic preferences, that these preferences are weakly correlated, and that incongruous symbolic identity and policy preferences are more common among Republican voters than Democrats. While previous work on representation has treated this fact as a nuisance, we argue that it reflects two real dimensions of political ideology that voters use to evaluate lawmakers. Using four years of CCES data, district-level measures of opinion, and the roll-call record, we find that both dimensions of ideology matter for how lawmakers cast roll calls, and that the operational-symbolic disconnect in public opinion leads to different kinds of representation for each party.
Sex Differences Concerning Prosocial Behavior in Social Dilemmas Are (Partially) Mediated by Risk Preferences But Not Social Preferences
Authors: Dorrough Angela R. , Glöckner Andreas
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Previous results on the prosociality of men and women in social dilemmas are mixed. Studies find more prosocial behavior for men and women; and a meta-analysis ( Balliet et al., 2011 ) reports an overall null effect. Including samples ( N = 1,903) from 10 countries that vary concerning gender inequality (e.g., China, Colombia, Sweden), we investigated sex differences in social dilemmas and drivers of these potential differences. We found that men behaved more prosocially, in that they transferred more of their endowment to their interaction partner. This sex difference was descriptively observed for all countries and was partially mediated by differences in risk but not social preferences. Gender inequality did not predict the difference in magnitude of sex differences between countries.