bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aegyptopithecus
Authors: MCabe Sharon C. J.
Published: April 2017

Aegyptopithecus
is a fossil anthropoid genus containing a single species,
Aegyptopithecus zeuxis
, that lived in the Fayum Depression during the Oligocene. Referred to as the “Dawn Ape,”
A. zeuxis
is believed to be a stem‐catarrhine broadly ancestral to all cercopithecoids as well as hominoids, as it pre‐dates the split between these lineages. Weighing between 4 and 7 kilograms at maturity,
Aegyptopithecus
displays traits evident in a diverse array of other primates. Based on extensive morphological studies, researchers believe that
Aegyptopithecus
was an arboreal quadruped with a mostly frugivorous diet that inhabited the Oligocene canopy in complex polygynous social groups. Thanks to the excavation of comprehensive craniodental and postcranial remains,
Aegyptopithecus
has now become one of the best understood fossil primates in the world.
Zoonoses
Authors: Cranfield Michael R.
Published: April 2017

Zoonoses (singular zoonosis) comes from the Greek words
zoon
for “animal” and
nosos
for “ailment.” They are infectious diseases (usually vertebrates) that can naturally be transmitted to humans. Major modern diseases such as ebola virus disease and influenza are zoonoses. Zoonoses can be caused by a range of disease pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Over half the pathogens known to infect humans are considered to be zoonotic. Most human diseases originated in animals, but typically only diseases that routinely involve animal to human transmission, like rabies, are considered as zoonoses. Zoonoses have different modes of transmission. In direct zoonosis the disease is directly transmitted from animals to humans through media such as air (influenza) or through bites and saliva (rabies). In contrast, transmission can also occur via an intermediate species (referred to as a vector), which carries the disease pathogen without getting infected. There are several terms that have evolved describing zoonoses.
Veterinary Care
Authors: Cohen Joyce K. , Stroud Fawn , Wood Jennifer
Published: April 2017

A comprehensive veterinary program for captive nonhuman primates (NHPs) includes management of husbandry, nutrition, veterinary care, behavioral management, biosafety, and regulatory compliance. Staff trained to understand NHP medicine, species‐specific behavior, and NHP regulations are essential to the success of the program. The cornerstone of an NHP veterinary program focuses on preventative medicine and care.
History of Primatology—Japan
Authors: Goodwin Reiko Matsuda , Huffman Michael A.
Published: April 2017

Primatology in Japan started with a small group of young scientists from Kyoto University (Imanishi, Itani, Kawai, and Kawamura) in 1948. Elucidating the social system of Japanese macaques to understand the origin of the human family was a strong impetus in the beginning, focusing on the social behavior of provisioned troops, enhanced over time by genealogies maintained for many decades. Many important discoveries about Japanese macaques of universal relevance came from this work: for example, cultural behavior, matrilineal inheritance of dominance rank, male dispersal, the role of kinship on troop fission, and intraspecific variations in behavioral ecology. Long‐term research overseas also led to many ground‐breaking discoveries, including infanticide in hanuman langurs, social organization of gelada and hamadryas baboons, genital–genital rubbing in bonobos, gorilla life history, and self‐medication in chimpanzees, to name just a few. From the mid‐1980s onward, primatologists in Japan began to address broader evolutionary questions, leading the discipline on many fronts as their international networks and focus expanded.
Ape Field Studies
Authors: Hashimoto Chie
Published: April 2017

While field reports and specimen collections for museums have been ongoing for centuries, systematic studies of wild apes began in the late 1950s. Long‐term observational studies of wild apes began with the pioneering fieldwork on chimpanzees by Imanishi and Itani at Mahale, Tanzania, in 1958. Two years later, Jane Goodall would begin her study of chimpanzees at Gombe in Tanzania. Since then, many chimpanzee sites have been initiated across their range. Field study of wild gorillas began with Schaller's fieldwork in 1959 and would continue with Fossey in 1967. It was not until the 1970s that wild bonobos would be studied at Wamba and Lomako Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 1971, Biruté Galdikas established Camp Leakey in Borneo and Herman Rijksen in Sumatra to study wild orangutans. Whereas habituation of great apes for field studies and tourism may facilitate the survival of these endangered ape populations in some circumstances, precautions must be taken to ensure that the associated risks of disease transmission and disturbance do not negatively impact wild apes.
NationalPrimateResearchCenters—NorthAmerica
Authors: Newbern Lisa
Published: April 2017

In 1960, the United States Congress enacted the National Institutes of Health's (NIH) Primate Research Centers Program to provide the scientific community with the specialized resources needed for nonhuman primate (NHP) research. Today, the seven National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs) form a network of unique institutions that serve as a national scientific resource for research that advances human health through the use of NHPs. Whether the research requires on‐site facilities or remote access to services and resources, the NPRCs draw on decades of experience and a portfolio of capabilities to customize a research support solution that addresses each researcher's needs. Among the successes of research with NHPs are elimination of polio as a public health threat in the United States; development of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease; and more effective treatments for diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and cardiovascular disease.
Hormonal Correlates of Dominance
Authors: Prall Sean P. , Muehlenbein Michael P.
Published: April 2017

A preponderance of evidence from many species indicates that certain hormones both influence and are reactive to the formation and maintenance of dominance hierarchies. Testosterone likely facilitates the probability of agonistic behaviors relative to specific environmental and social conditions. Likewise, the patterning of cortisol secretion across animals of different dominance rank depends on a number of factors. Together, testosterone and cortisol play important, intersecting roles in primate dominance hierarchies and, at the same time, can impact primate health.
S
ilver
R
iver Macaques of
F
lorida
Authors: Riley Erin P.
Published: April 2017

The Silver River macaques comprise a population of free‐ranging rhesus macaques (
Macaca mulatta
) whose founding members were anthropogenically introduced to the floodplains of the Silver River, Ocala, Florida, United States, in the 1930s. In the past, numbers reached in the hundreds, but years of systematic trapping have reduced the population size to fewer than 120 individuals (as of 2013). There are reports of macaque group sightings well beyond the Silver River; however, the size of the regional population remains unknown. The Silver River macaques have adjusted to life in Florida by adopting a temperate‐dwelling feeding strategy dominated by leaves and other vegetative plant parts and by incorporating locally available foods, such as sedges, into their diet. Their establishment success is also likely due, in part, to years of provisioning by humans. Although direct contact between humans and macaques is rare, most boaters are highly attracted to the macaques and could benefit from augmented education efforts on how to appropriately interact with them.
Sexual Dichromatism
Authors: Bartlett Thad Q. , Light Lydia E. O.
Published: April 2017

Sexual dichromatism is a form of sexual dimorphism that refers to a difference in coloration between sexes within a species. While sexual dichromatism is common among birds, and to a lesser extent among lizards and fish, it is rare among mammals, with the exception of primates. Both male and female primates sometimes exhibit changes in skin color related to dominance and reproduction, but the term sexual dichromatism is typically reserved for differences in pelage, or fur, color. Among primates, the most striking examples of sexual dichromatism are found in black lemurs, black‐and‐gold howlers, saki monkeys, and several species of gibbon. In part because of the broad diversity of the species exhibiting sexual dichromatism, attempts to identify its functional significance have met with only limited success.
Male Reproductive Endocrinology
Authors: Van Belle Sarie , Milich Krista M.
Published: April 2017

Androgens, including testosterone, form an integral part of the reproductive endocrinology of male primates. They regulate the development and functioning of male sex organs and they stimulate the growth and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics. Androgens also play an important role in modulating sexual, aggressive, and parental behavior. The challenge hypothesis posits that an increase in androgen concentrations is closely associated with levels of male intrasexual competition in a reproductive context. This has received widespread support among primates. In many primate species, androgen concentrations are highest during the mating season, in high‐ranking males, during mate‐guarding efforts, or during encounters with extragroup male opponents. However, not all variation in androgen modulation observed in primates can be explained by the challenge hypothesis, and additional variables such as nonaggressive forms of male competition and male–female relationships may influence the hormone–behavior interaction underlying male reproductive strategies in some primate species.
Oligocene Primates
Authors: Stevens Nancy
Published: April 2017

During the Oligocene epoch (34–23 million years ago), fossil primates are known from Africa, Eurasia, North America, and South America. As tectonic events and climate shifts profoundly influenced the composition and connectivity of primate habitats, adapoid and omomyoid groups that had previously thrived throughout the Eocene on northern continents underwent sharp declines in species richness. Primate extinctions across northern landmasses were met with dramatic diversifications further south, as the Oligocene heralded the eventual emergence of major clades still common today. In addition to a proliferation of taxa in previously known strepsirhine and anthropoid groups, this interval has produced important primate fossils from South America, and the earliest fossil evidence of both Old World Monkeys (cercopithecoids) and apes (hominoids).
Sanctuaries—
A
sia
Authors: Poindexter Stephanie , Nekaris K. A. I.
Published: April 2017

Sanctuaries are invaluable to the growing number of displaced nonhuman primates found throughout Asia. Endemic to 22 of the 50 countries comprising Asia, primates are threatened by deforestation, the pet trade, human consumption, medical research, and the photo prop industry. Sanctuaries are tasked with improving individual welfare, despite the various challenges that can make this difficult. In Asia, these difficulties are similar to those seen in other parts of the world; funding, overcrowding, rehabilitation and release, specialized care, and building a rapport with local authorities are only a few of them. Countless dedicated organizations and facilities have created and employ effective methods to ensure that they can care for primates in need. Regardless of these successes, some of the issues complicating sanctuary work can only be resolved by combating the threats contributing to primate displacement.
Promiscuous Mating
Authors: Strier Karen B.
Published: April 2017

In many primate species, both males and females mate with multiple partners when they have the opportunity to do so and when the fitness benefits exceed the costs. Opportunities are determined by: (1) the demographic conditions within groups and populations that affect the spatial distribution of potential mates; (2) interacting effects of ecological conditions and reproductive biology, which affect whether males and females are sexually active year‐round versus only during particular seasons, the degree of reproductive synchrony among females, and the extent to which female receptivity is inhibited by pregnancy or lactation; and (3) social dynamics within and between the sexes, which affect the degree and expression of competitive abilities and mate choices.
Human–Animal Relations (HAR)
Authors: Hurn Samantha
Published: April 2017

The academic study of human–animal relations has become a significant area of concern in most social science and humanities subjects in recent years. The move to consider the innumerable ways in which human lives intersect with, influence, and are influenced by the lives and deaths of other nonhuman animals was initially concerned with understanding the functional roles of animals as objects or symbols used by humans for various ends (e.g., as food, clothing, company, prestige). However, in light of ethological developments which have challenged the received notions which situated humans in a privileged position vis‐à‐vis the cognitive and cultural capabilities of other animals, combined with theoretical and methodological developments that facilitate the recognition of other animals as social actors, human–animal relations are increasingly approached from multispecies perspectives.
Intromission Pattern
Authors: Reagan Natalia
Published: April 2017

Intromission is the insertion of the penis into the vagina. “Intromission pattern” describes the specific series of actions typical in a species. Intromission can vary greatly in duration from species to species, although in the majority of taxa, intromissions are brief. Intromission patterns may be influenced by a myriad of factors, such as the environment (arboreal versus terrestrial), time active (nocturnal versus diurnal), and reproductive strategies (monogamous versus multi‐male/multi‐female groups), and are categorized as a single brief intromission (SBI), a single prolonged intromission (SPI), or multiple brief intromissions (MBI).
Risk Analysis
Authors: Travis Dominic A. , Wolf Tiffany M.
Published: April 2017

In the late twentieth century, mathematicians, engineers, economists, and health care professionals began to standardize techniques for qualitatively or quantitatively assessing and predicting measures of risk in their respective fields. As a result, a collection of methods known asrisk analysisemerged to support rational decision making in the face ofuncertainty.Risk analysisis not scienceper se, but is, instead, an evidence‐based process that is an organized and logical approach to identifying and using scientific information to support policy making in the real world.
Vector‐Borne Diseases
Authors: Whittier Christopher A.
Published: April 2017

Vector‐borne diseases are those involving infectious agents that are transmitted between individuals via other living animals. Transmission is usually by arthropods in which the agent may or may not multiply. Vector‐borne transmission is distinct from other common forms of transmission, including fecal–oral, fomite, food‐ or water‐borne, parenteral, and respiratory transmission. A variety of important infectious diseases of primates are vector‐borne, including malaria and yellow fever.
Interbirth Interval
Authors: Campbell Christina J.
Published: April 2017

Interbirth interval (IBI) refers to the period of time between successive births of an individual female. Theoretically, the shorter the IBI, the higher the lifetime reproductive success; however, one of the limiting factors is the survivorship of each offspring born. Thus, from an evolutionary perspective, the length of the IBI represents a trade‐off between the total number of offspring a female can produce in her lifetime and the likelihood that each offspring will survive to independence. Factors that directly contribute to IBI length include gestation length, length of time from birth to weaning, and the amount of time it takes for a female to conceive once ovarian cycles resume after her previous offspring is weaned.
Emerging Infectious Disease
Authors: Whittier Christopher A.
Published: April 2017

Infectious diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide for humans and other animals alike. In addition to well‐known diseases with long histories, new or “emerging” infectious diseases (EIDs) are increasingly recognized as a significant threat to global health. EIDs are generally considered those diseases that have increased in incidence, geographic range, host range, or pathogenicity within a recent time period. The threat of these diseases will continue and likely intensify in the future and a number of them already pose serious risks to certain nonhuman primate populations.
Paleobiology and Behavior
Authors: Elton Sarah
Published: April 2017

Paleobiology, the study of ancient life, gives us a window onto the habits, biology, and behavior of individuals and species that are now extinct. Although extinct species cannot be observed directly, their paleobiology and behavior can be inferred from study of the fossil and geological records in combination with knowledge about modern organisms and processes. Paleobiological reconstructions thus help to shed light on many aspects of ancient lives, including ecology, diet, locomotion, life history, mating systems, biogeography, speciation, extinction, and abundance.
The Police Officer Tacit Knowledge Inventory (POTKI): Towards Determining Underlying Structure and Applicability as a Recruit Screening Tool
Authors: Taylor Teresa Z. , Van der Heijden Beatrice I.J.M. , Genuchi Matthew C.
Published: April 2017

Summary

The purpose of this research was to examine the potential application of the police officer tacit knowledge inventory (POTKI) as a police recruit screening tool. The POTKI is a situational judgment test and consists of knowledge gained on the job by experienced officers that is thought to be important for problem‐solving. In the present study, four police agencies from a western US state administered the POTKI along with other screening measures to police applicants. Performance of the novice recruits was subsequently rated by their supervisors using the measure of professional expertise (MOE). Principal component analysis, multiple regression analysis, and multivariate analysis of variance were conducted on the POTKI response options. POTKI response options were found to be predictive of supervisor MOE ratings. Principal component analysis results identified intrapersonal tacit knowledge components that predicted MOE metacognitive, skill, and social recognition supervisor ratings and distinguished novice from expert police officers.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of the Friction Stir Welded Joints Made from Ultrafine Grained Aluminum
Authors: Lipińska Marta , Ura‐Bińczyk Ewa , Olejnik Lech , Rosochowski Andrzej , Lewandowska Małgorzata
Published: April 2017

Joints made from ultrafine grained aluminium alloy 1050 are investigated in order to examine the corrosion behavior and microstructural changes between base materials and stir zones. Samples in the initial state, after four and eight passes of Incremental ECAP (I‐ECAP) process were joined with similar plates using Friction Stir Welding. Initially refined microstructure after I‐ECAP transformed to homogenous few micron sized grains structure in stir zones. AlFeSi particles present in the microstructure became fragmented during plastic deformation and welding process. The observed minor differences in corrosion resistance include slightly higher values of corrosion potentials but more complex pits’ morphology for I‐ECAP processed samples comparing to the stir zones.
Synthesis, Microstructure, and Catalytic Performance of Monolithic Low‐Density Porous Au
Authors: Li Qin , Lian Lixian , Liu Ying , Liu Chaoqing
Published: April 2017

A series of monolithic porous Au with different pore sizes are successfully synthesized by a facile template‐dealloying corrosion method. Spherical Cu particles are employed as sacrificial templates, and a FeCl3–HNO3 two‐step corrosion method is developed to dissolve the Cu components. The microstructure and phase evolution, as well as the effect of the corrosive media, are investigated in this study. As a result, the prepared monolithic porous Au possesses ultra‐low density and a special hollow porous core‐shell structure. When a small‐sized template (≈1 μm) is adopted, the corresponding density is as low as 0.37 g cm−3 (1.8% of the full density of Au). In addition, due to the special structure, the monolithic porous Au exhibits good catalytic performance (Kapp = 0.43 min−1), that is, relatively higher than that of most traditional Au‐based powder/slurry materials.
Impact of Nanoengineered Surfaces of Carbon‐Bonded Alumina Filters on Steel Cleanliness
Authors: Storti Enrico , Dudczig Steffen , Hubálková Jana , Gleinig Johannes , Weidner Anja , Biermann Horst , Aneziris Christos G.
Published: April 2017

Using a special steel casting simulator, carbon‐bonded alumina filters are immersed in a steel melt, which contains artificially‐generated endogenous alumina particles. Uncoated and MWCNTs‐coated ceramic filters are dipped and rotated for 10 and 300 s in the melt at 1 650 °C. Before and after the immersion test, the same samples are analyzed by means of computer tomography, in order to investigate the kinetic of inclusions deposition on the filter surface and possibly to measure the thickness of the in situ formed layers as a function of the immersion time. In addition, samples of the solidified steel are taken after the tests and analyzed by light and electron microscopy. The population of detected inclusions is classified in terms of size and chemistry in order to compare the filtration efficiency of the carbon‐bonded filters.
Iron‐Doped Cobalt Monophosphide Nanosheet/Carbon Nanotube Hybrids as Active and Stable Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting
Authors: Zhang Xing , Zhang Xiao , Xu Haomin , Wu Zishan , Wang Hailiang , Liang Yongye
Published: April 2017

Developing earth‐abundant, active, and stable electrocatalysts for water splitting is a vital but challenging step for realizing efficient conversion and storage of sustainable energy. Here, a multiscale structure‐engineering approach to construct iron (Fe) doped cobalt monophosphide (CoP) hybrids for efficient electrocatalysis of water splitting is reported. A two‐step method is developed to synthesize CoP nanosheets with uniform Fe doping and hybridization with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The nanostructuring, uniform doping, and hybridization with CNT afford efficient electrocatalysts comparable to Pt/C for hydrogen evolution reactions in acidic, neutral, and alkaline electrolytes. It is found that the Fe doping level has different effects on catalytic activities in different electrolytes. Furthermore, after in situ oxidization/hydrolysis of the phosphides to corresponding oxyhydroxides, the hybrid electrocatalysts exhibit better performances than the benchmark commercial Ir/C for catalyzing the oxygen evolution reaction. A two‐electrode alkaline water electrolyzer constructed with these hybrid electrocatalysts can afford a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a voltage of 1.5 V.
Reversible Formation of g‐C3N4 3D Hydrogels through Ionic Liquid Activation: Gelation Behavior and Room‐Temperature Gas‐Sensing Properties
Authors: Yan Jia , Rodrigues Marco‐Tulio F. , Song Zhilong , Li Hongping , Xu Hui , Liu Huan , Wu Jingjie , Xu Yuanguo , Song Yanhua , Liu Yang , Yu Peng , Yang Wei , Vajtai Robert , Li Huaming , Yuan Shouqi , Ajayan Pulickel M.
Published: April 2017

Many unique properties arise when the 3D stacking of layered materials is disrupted, originating nanostructures. Stabilization, and further reorganization of these individual layers into complex 3D structures, can be essential to allow these properties to persist in macroscopic systems. It is demonstrated that a simple hydrothermal process, assisted by ionic liquids (ILs), can convert bulk g‐C3N4 into a stable hydrogel. The gelation occurs through delamination of the layered structure, driven by particular interactions between the IL and the carbon nitride sheets, forming an amphiphilic foam‐like network. This study employs spectroscopic and computational tools to unravel the gelation mechanism, and provides a rational approach toward the stabilization of 2D materials in hydrogels. The solution‐processable hydrogels can also be used as building blocks of complex devices. Chemiresistive gas sensors employing g‐C3N4 3D hydrogels exhibit superior response at room temperature, enabling effective gas sensing under low power conditions.
Efficient Red Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Solution‐Processed Multiple Quantum Wells
Authors: Zhang Shuting , Yi Chang , Wang Nana , Sun Yan , Zou Wei , Wei Yingqiang , Cao Yu , Miao Yanfeng , Li Renzhi , Yin Yao , Zhao Ni , Wang Jianpu , Huang Wei
Published: April 2017

This paper reports a facile and scalable process to achieve high performance red perovskite light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) by introducing inorganic Cs into multiple quantum well (MQW) perovskites. The MQW structure facilitates the formation of cubic CsPbI3 perovskites at low temperature, enabling the Cs‐based QWs to provide pure and stable red electroluminescence. The versatile synthesis of MQW perovskites provides freedom to control the crystallinity and morphology of the emission layer. It is demonstrated that the inclusion of chloride can further improve the crystallization and consequently the optical properties of the Cs‐based MQW perovskites, inducing a low turn‐on voltage of 2.0 V, a maximum external quantum efficiency of 3.7%, a luminance of ≈440 cd m−2 at 4.0 V. These results suggest that the Cs‐based MQW LED is among the best performing red perovskite LEDs. Moreover, the LED device demonstrates a record lifetime of over 5 h under a constant current density of 10 mA cm−2. This work suggests that the MQW perovskites is a promising platform for achieving high performance visible‐range electroluminescence emission through high‐throughput processing methods, which is attractive for low‐cost lighting and display applications.
300% Enhancement of Carrier Mobility in Uniaxial‐Oriented Perovskite Films Formed by Topotactic‐Oriented Attachment
Authors: Kim Dong Hoe , Park Jaehong , Li Zhen , Yang Mengjin , Park Ji‐Sang , Park Ik Jae , Kim Jin Young , Berry Joseph J. , Rumbles Garry , Zhu Kai
Published: April 2017

Organic–inorganic perovskites with intriguing optical and electrical properties have attracted significant research interests due to their excellent performance in optoelectronic devices. Recent efforts on preparing uniform and large‐grain polycrystalline perovskite films have led to enhanced carrier lifetime up to several microseconds. However, the mobility and trap densities of polycrystalline perovskite films are still significantly behind their single‐crystal counterparts. Here, a facile topotactic‐oriented attachment (TOA) process to grow highly oriented perovskite films, featuring strong uniaxial‐crystallographic texture, micrometer‐grain morphology, high crystallinity, low trap density (≈4 × 1014 cm−3), and unprecedented 9 GHz charge‐carrier mobility (71 cm2 V−1 s−1), is demonstrated. TOA‐perovskite‐based n‐i‐p planar solar cells show minimal discrepancies between stabilized efficiency (19.0%) and reverse‐scan efficiency (19.7%). The TOA process is also applicable for growing other state‐of‐the‐art perovskite alloys, including triple‐cation and mixed‐halide perovskites.
The Relation between Chemical Bonding and Ultrafast Crystal Growth
Authors: Lee Tae Hoon , Elliott Stephen R.
Published: April 2017

Glasses are often described as supercooled liquids, whose structures are topologically disordered like a liquid, but nevertheless retain short‐range structural order. Structural complexity is often associated with complicated electron‐charge distributions in glassy systems, making a detailed investigation challenging even for short‐range structural order, let alone their atomic dynamics. This is particularly problematic for lone‐pair‐rich, semiconducting materials, such as phase‐change materials (PCMs). Here, this study shows that analytical methods for studying bonding, based on the electron‐charge density, rather than a conventional atomic pair‐correlation‐function approach, allows an in‐depth investigation into the chemical‐bonding network, as well as lone pairs, of the prototypical PCM, Ge2Sb2Te5(GST). It is demonstrated that the structurally flexible building units of the amorphous GST network, intimately linked to the presence of distinctly coexisting weak covalent and lone‐pair interactions, give rise to cooperative structural‐ordering processes, by which ultrafast crystal growth becomes possible. This finding may universally apply to other PCMs.
Strategic Shuffling of Clay Layers to Imbue Them with Responsiveness
Authors: Gogoi Raj Kumar , Raidongia Kalyan
Published: April 2017

Layers of naturally occurring clay minerals are rearranged to prepare highly sensitive multiresponsive clay–clay bilayer membrane (CCBM). The CCBM introduced here responds to the minuscule changes in the surrounding environments including temperature, humidity, and presence of solvent vapors by morphing in specific manners. Strips cut from CCBM exhibit up to 588 N kg−1 force output when exposed to temperature fluctuations. Inheriting the natural stability of clay minerals, CCBM demonstrates extreme robustness, heating up to 500 °C, cooling with liquid N2 and exposure to corrosive chemical vapors did not deteriorate its bending performance. Mechanistic studies suggest that shape transformations of CCBM are driven by the unequal response of its components to external stimuli.
Handwritten Oxide Electronics on Paper
Authors: Grey Paul , Gaspar Diana , Cunha Inês , Barras Raquel , Carvalho José Tiago , Ribas João Rafael , Fortunato Elvira , Martins Rodrigo , Pereira Luís
Published: April 2017

The present work reports on the handwriting of electronic circuits on paper based on the deposition of an inorganic oxide semiconductor, exploiting the pen‐on‐paper (PoP) approach. The method relies on the use of a parallel metal plate pen, well known from calligraphy applications, which permits controlled deposition of a continuous zinc oxide (ZnO) dual‐phase layer on conventional printing paper. The hand‐drawn ZnO film exhibits a continuous and uniform surface with a thickness of roughly 1.5 µm, allowing the application as active layer for UV sensors and field effect transistors on paper. Photocurrent generated from the UV radiation reaches values up to 3.4 mA cm−2 with switching times on the order of few seconds. The final written paper transistors, where paper plays simultaneously the role of substrate and dielectric, reaches On/Off current ratios (IOn/IOff) of about two orders of magnitude and field effect mobility close to 5 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1. As a final proof‐of‐concept a common source amplifier showing clear inverting characteristics is fabricated using a PoP written driving ZnO‐based transistor and a pencil‐drawn track as the load resistance.
Microscopic Interference Full‐Color Printing Using Grayscale‐Patterned Fabry–Perot Resonance Cavities
Authors: Yang Zhengmei , Chen Yiqin , Zhou Yanming , Wang Yasi , Dai Peng , Zhu Xupeng , Duan Huigao
Published: April 2017

This study demonstrates a full‐color printing concept based on the interference effect in pixelized metal–dielectric–metal Fabry–Perot (FP) resonance cavities. The pixel color for printing is determined by the thickness of the dielectric layer in each microscale FP cavity. Abundant colors with controllable brightness and saturation are achieved by varying both the thickness and the filling density of the FP cavities using grayscale lithography. Enabled by the wide color gamut, a vivid full‐color image can be reproduced at the microscopic scale with high resolution by correlating the colors with the dimensional parameters of the FP cavities through a layout‐generation algorithm. The colorization strategy based on interference effects provides a new opportunity to use artificial structures for color printing and also has the potential to be scaled up for large‐volume application in consumable products using replica patterning techniques such as grayscale photolithography, nanoimprinting, and soft lithography.
Recyclable Organocatalysts for a One‐Pot Asymmetric Synthesis of 2‐Fluorocyclohexanols Bearing Six Contiguous Stereocenters
Authors: Huang Xin , Liu Miao , Jasinski Jerry P. , Peng Bo , Zhang Wei
Published: April 2017

A recyclable fluorous bifunctionalCinchonaalkaloid/thiourea‐catalyzed quadruple fluorination/Michael/Michael/aldol sequence has been developed for the one‐pot synthesis of cyclohexanols bearing six contiguous stereocenters including a fluorinated tertiary carbon. By using readily available starting materials including β‐keto esters, β‐nitrostyrenes, and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes, fully functionalized cyclohexanols were synthesized in 52–80% yields with up to 99%eeand >20:1dr. The fluorous catalyst could be easily recovered by fluorous solid‐phase extraction in 94–97% yield and >98% purity. In addition to the high synthetic efficiency achieved through the pot economic reactions, other green techniques such as transition metal‐free catalysis and catalyst recovery are also employed.

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Tridoped Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Metal‐Free Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Demonstrated in Acidic and Alkaline Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
Authors: Van Pham Chuyen , Klingele Matthias , Britton Benjamin , Vuyyuru Koteswara Rao , Unmuessig Tobias , Holdcroft Steven , Fischer Anna , Thiele Simon
Published: April 2017

Recently, it has been demonstrated that doping of graphene by elements such as N, S, or F creates active sites for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). This results from bond polarization caused by the difference in electronegativity between heteroatom dopants and carbon, and/or the presence of defects within the graphene lattice. In this work, fluorine, nitrogen, and sulfur tridoped reduced graphene oxide (F,N,S‐rGO) is designed to combine these catalytically active sites. F,N,S‐rGO can be inexpensively synthesized by a facile and scalable route involving pyrolysis at 600 °C of sulfur‐doped rGO in the presence of Nafion and dimethyl formamide (DMF). The pyrolysis of Nafion and DMF provides F• and N• radicals which serve as doping agents. Rotating disk electrode investigations reveal the ORR catalytic activities of F,N,S‐rGO in both acidic and alkaline media, which are consistent with the real performances of the respective polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). Maximum power densities of 14 and 46 mW cm−2 are obtained for the acidic and alkaline PEFCs, respectively, using F,N,S‐rGO as ORR catalysts. To the best of knowledge, this is the first report on the synthesis of F,N,S tridoped rGO and on its ORR activity in both acidic and alkaline PEFCs.
Urban primate ranging patterns: GPS‐collar deployments for Macaca fascicularis and M. sylvanus
Authors: Klegarth Amy R. , Hollocher Hope , Jones‐Engel Lisa , Shaw Eric , Lee Benjamin P.Y.‐H. , Feeney Tessa , Holmes Damian , Laguea Dale , Fuentes Agustín
Published: April 2017

The global increase in urbanization is leading to heavier interface between humans and wildlife. Within these anthropogenic landscapes, little is known about ranging patterns, particularly with regard to urban primates. Here we present the results of the first long‐term deployment of multiple GPS collars on two species of macaques to investigate the impacts of urbanization on urban primate ranging patterns in Singapore and Gibraltar. Collars data acquisition were excellent with respect to the amount, quality, and accuracy of data collected; however, remote connectivity and drop‐off functionality was poor across all deployments. Analyses highlighted high variability in ranging patterns between individuals within each species that aligned with access to human food resources and patterns of tourism. Individuals from troops with less access to human food had much larger home, core, and day ranges relative to those with regular provisioning or raiding opportunities. Almost no temporal range overlap was observed between any focal individuals at either site and spatial overlap was low for all but two troops at each site. We found no relationship between anthropogenic schedules and changes in ranging patterns. Significant seasonal variation existed for daily path length and day range size for both the Singapore long‐tailed and the Gibraltar Barbary macaques, with long‐tailed macaques increasing their range during the equatorial monsoon season and Barbary macaques increasing their range during drier, summer months. This study highlights how the behavioral plasticity found within the genus Macaca is reflected in ranging pattern variability within urban environments.
Assembly of a Benzo‐Fused Bridged Ketone Scaffold from 1,5,10‐Enediynes through One‐Pot Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Cyclization/Iodine‐Mediated Oxidative Ring Expansion
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshihiko , Nishimura Kei‐ichiro , Mori Shota , Shibuya Masatoshi
Published: April 2017

In the presence of a cationic Ru catalyst, 1,6‐diynes bearing a terminal styryl moiety underwent [2+2+2] cyclization to produce dehydrobiphenylenes fused with a five‐membered ring. Although the cycloadducts were unstable toward purification, their one‐pot iodine‐mediated ring expansion successfully afforded unprecedented bridged ketone products containing a benzo‐fused bicyclo[3.2.1] framework.
From Bidentate Gallium Lewis Acids to Supramolecular Complexes
Authors: Horstmann Jan , Hyseni Mentor , Mix Andreas , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Mitzel Norbert W.
Published: April 2017

Bidentate gallium Lewis acids were prepared by the reaction of diethynyldiphenylsilane with neat trimethyl‐ or triethylgallium. Bis[(dimethylgallyl)ethynyl]diphenylsilane (1) and diethylgallyl derivative 2 were characterized as Et2O or pyridine adducts by NMR spectroscopy; 2⋅2Py was isolated. Lewis acids 1 and 2 form host–guest adducts with bidentate nitrogen bases, but defined cyclic 1:1 adducts are only formed between 1 and bases with matching N⋅⋅⋅N distances: 4,4′‐dimethyl‐3,3′‐bipyridinylacetylene (3), bis[(pyridin‐3‐yl)ethynyl]diphenylsilane (4), and bis[(2‐methylpyridin‐5‐yl)ethynyl]diphenylsilane (5). The structures of adducts 1⋅3, 1⋅4, and 1⋅5 were established by X‐ray diffraction experiments. 2⋅2Py reacts with DABCO to afford polymeric (DABCO‐2‐)n.
A Novel Bat‐Shaped Dicyanomethylene‐4H‐pyran‐Functionalized Naphthalimide for Highly Efficient Solution‐Processed Multilevel Memory Devices
Authors: Zhang Qi‐jian , Miao Shi‐feng , Li Hua , He Jing‐hui , Li Na‐jun , Xu Qing‐feng , Chen Dong‐yun , Lu Jian‐mei
Published: April 2017

Small‐molecule‐based multilevel memory devices have attracted increasing attention because of their advantages, such as super‐high storage density, fast reading speed, light weight, low energy consumption, and shock resistance. However, the fabrication of small‐molecule‐based devices always requires expensive vacuum‐deposition techniques or high temperatures for spin‐coating. Herein, through rational tailoring of a previous molecule, DPCNCANA (4,4′‐(6,6′‐bis(2‐octyl‐1,3‐dioxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐benzo[de]isoquinolin‐6‐yl)‐9H,9′H‐[3,3′‐bicarbazole]‐9,9′‐diyl)dibenzonitrile), a novel bat‐shaped A‐D‐A‐type (A‐D‐A=acceptor–donor–acceptor) symmetric framework has been successfully synthesized and can be dissolved in common solvents at room temperature. Additionally, it has a low‐energy bandgap and dense intramolecular stacking in the film state. The solution‐processed memory devices exhibited high‐performance nonvolatile multilevel data‐storage properties with low switching threshold voltages of about −1.3 and −2.7 V, which is beneficial for low power consumption. Our result should prompt the study of highly efficient solution‐processed multilevel memory devices in the field of organic electronics.
A perspective on being supportive
Authors: Skipworth Stan
Published: April 2017

A few weeks ago, I had the privilege to go to Boston to attend a professional development program at Harvard University. Arriving the weekend before the class was to begin, I had the time and ability to visit family in Quincy, Massachusetts, and to see some of the local historical sights.
Prepare for potential changes in handling of key legal, civil rights issues on campus
Authors: Porter Michael
Published: April 2017

The recent change in government leadership at the federal level will almost certainly lead to some changes in the way harassment and discrimination, including sexual harassment and sexual assault, are managed on college campuses.
Hypoxia upregulates integrin gene expression in microvascular endothelial cells and promotes their migration and capillary‐like tube formation
Authors: Befani Christina , Liakos Panagiotis
Published: April 2017

Tissue hypoxia affects gene expression through the hypoxia‐inducible transcription factors, HIF‐1 and HIF‐2, in both physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is a complex response of endothelial cells integrating cell proliferation, migration, tube formation, and their interaction with the extracellular matrix through integrin receptors. In this report, we studied the effect of hypoxia on the angiogenic functions of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC‐1) as well as on expression of the angiogenic integrins ανβ3, ανβ5, and α5β1. Exposure of HMEC‐1 to hypoxia (1% O2) or to DMOG, a prolyl‐4‐hydroxylase inhibitor, caused significant reduction to their proliferation rate, whereas their migration ability toward laminin‐1 or collagen IV and capillary‐like tube formation were significantly enhanced. In addition, αv, β1, β3, and β5 integrins expression was increased under hypoxia in HMEC‐1, while α5 integrin was not affected. Both HIF‐1 and HIF‐2 protein expression and transcriptional activity were induced under hypoxia in HMEC‐1. The knockdown of either HIF‐1α or HIF‐2α inhibited integrin β3 hypoxic stimulation, suggesting a HIF‐dependent induction of β3 integrin in HMEC‐1. Taken together, our results indicate that hypoxia transcriptionally up‐regulates angiogenic integrins in microvascular endothelial cells along with promoting migration and tube formation of HMEC‐1.
Real‐world supported unprotected left main percutaneous coronary intervention with impella device; data from the USpella registry
Authors: Schreiber Theodore , Wah Htun Wah , Blank Nimrod , Telila Tesfaye , Mercado Nestor , Briasoulis Alexandros , Kaki Amir , Kondur Ashok , Munir Ahmad , Grines Cindy
Published: April 2017

Background

Patients with left main (LM) coronary artery disease are increasingly being treated with percutaneous revascularization (PCI). The safety, feasibility, and efficacy of unprotected LM intervention (ULMI) with hemodynamic support by Impella device have not been evaluated previously.

Objective

Using a large retrospective single center database from the USpella registry, we evaluated the safety, feasibility, and potential benefits of periprocedural left ventricular assist with axial flow Impella 2.5 and Impella CP (Abiomed Inc. Danvers, Mass) during ULMI.

Methods

We analyzed a total of 127 consecutive patients who received hemodynamic support with Impella (2.5 or CP) for ULMI from August 2008 to July 2015. Safety, feasibility and efficacy end points included procedural success rates, in‐hospital and 30‐day major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) rates.

Results

Among 127 patients who received hemodynamic support for ULMI (mean age 69.98 ± 10.7 years, 71% men, and mean left ventricular ejection fraction 28.74 ± 15.55%, Society of Thoracic Surgeons' mortality/morbidity 4/23%) the in‐hospital and 30 days mortality rates were 1.43% (2/140) and 2.1% (3/141), respectively. The average baseline and post PCI (residual) syntax scores were 31.4 and 7.86, respectively, (P < 0.001). Only one patient (0.8%) had vascular complication that required surgery; 2.36% (3/127) had hematoma and 3.9% (5/127) had bleeding that required transfusion.

Conclusion

This large singe center retrospective evaluation of USpella registry substantiates and strongly supports the feasibility, safety, and hemodynamic usefulness of Impella device for ULMI with acceptable in‐hospital and 30‐day MACE rates. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The many radial access learning curves
Authors: Hillegass William B.
Published: April 2017

Key Points

The radial approach to endovascular procedures has a series of learning curves: diagnostic heart catheterization, low‐risk settings and “straightforward” percutaneous coronary intervention, high‐risk settings, and complex coronary intervention, and peripheral vascular angiography and intervention.

For diagnostic and low‐risk interventional procedures, incremental improvements in technical success and safety are observed in the initial 200 procedures for most operators compared to highly experienced operators.

Formal didactic training and ongoing support/review from an experienced radial operator(s) may expedite surmounting the series of radial learning curves while maintaining optimal procedural success and safety.

Advances in technology and understanding will require the most experienced radial operators to continually embrace their next learning curve.
Overlapping bioresorbable scaffolds seems safe for now
Authors: Belardi Jorge A. , Albertal Mariano
Published: April 2017

Key Points

Overlapping permanent scaffolds carries a long‐term risk of target vessel failure due to late malapposition and the development of neoatherosclerosis.

Potentially, overlapping bioresorbable scaffold (BRS) may lead to lower long‐term risk.

The GHOST‐EU registry reported similar short‐ and mid‐term risks in patients with and without BRS overlap.

Larger size studies with longer follow‐up are needed to confirm the safety of BRS overlap.
Chromium‐Catalyzed Highly Selective Oligomerization of Ethene to 1‐Hexene with N,N‐Bis[chloro(aryl)phosphino]amine Ligands
Authors: Höhne Martha , Peulecke Normen , Konieczny Katharina , Müller Bernd H. , Rosenthal Uwe
Published: April 2017

Different N,N‐bis[chloro(aryl)phosphino]amines were synthesized and characterized. The synthesized compounds were tested as ligands in the Cr‐catalyzed oligomerization of ethene. The effect of the successive increase of the steric bulk either at one of the P substituents or at the N center on the product distribution of the oligomerization reaction was examined. We found a highly active and selective trimerization system with purities of the hexene fraction up to 99.9 % for 1‐hexene. Furthermore, we suppose an in situ methylation of the chlorinated ligands into the corresponding N,N‐bis[methyl(aryl)phosphino]amines.
Liquid/Liquid Interfacial Synthesis of a Click Nanosheet
Authors: Rapakousiou Amalia , Sakamoto Ryota , Shiotsuki Ryo , Matsuoka Ryota , Nakajima Ukyo , Pal Tigmansu , Shimada Rintaro , Hossain Amran , Masunaga Hiroyasu , Horike Satoshi , Kitagawa Yasutaka , Sasaki Sono , Kato Kenichi , Ozawa Takeaki , Astruc Didier , Nishihara Hiroshi
Published: April 2017

A liquid/liquid interfacial synthesis is employed, for the first time, to synthesize a covalent two‐dimensional polymer nanosheet. Copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) between a three‐way terminal alkyne and azide at a water/dichloromethane interface generates a 1,2,3‐triazole‐linked nanosheet. The resultant nanosheet, with a flat and smooth texture, has a maximum domain size of 20 μm and minimum thickness of 5.3 nm. The starting monomers in the organic phase and the copper catalyst in the aqueous phase can only meet at the liquid/liquid interface as a two‐dimensional reaction space; this allows them to form the two‐dimensional polymer. The robust triazole linkage generated by irreversible covalent‐bond formation allows the nanosheet to resist hydrolysis under both acidic and alkaline conditions, and to endure pyrolysis up to more than 300 °C. The coordination ability of the triazolyl group enables the nanosheet to act as a reservoir for metal ions, with an affinity order of Pd2+>Au3+>Cu2+.