bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Historical interdrainage dispersal of eastern rainbowfish from the Atherton Tableand, north‐eastern Australia
Authors: Hurwood D. A. , Hughies J. M.
Published: April 2005

The widespread distribution of the eastern rainbow fish Melanotaenia splendida splendida throughout the isolated headwaters of the rivers on the Atherton Tableland, north‐eastern Australia, suggests multiple colonization events from the eastern lowlands via each respective river channel, or a single colonization event on to the tableland with subsequent dispersal between the headwaters. To explore the likely processes that resulted in the current distribution on the tableland, two models of gene flow were tested: (a) the hierarchical gene flow model that tests the hypothesis for contemporary gene flow via stream channels and (b) the stepping stone model that tests for dispersal between streams. Neither of these models explained the observed genetic structure, adequately. However, there is support for extensive historical dispersal across the headwaters of the isolated drainages. If this dispersal followed a single colonization event, the subsequent range expansion could have facilitated a rapid rise in population size due to an increase in suitable habitat. The genetic data indicates an eight‐fold increase in population size c. 100 thousand years ago.
Mitochondrial DNA phylogenetics of the Galaxias vulgaris complex from South Island, New Zealand: rapid radiation of a species flock
Authors: Waters J. M. , Wallis G. P.
Published: April 2005

Mitochondrial control region sequence variation was examined in the Galaxias vulgaris complex, a group of freshwater‐limited galaxiid fishes endemic to South Island, New Zealand. Phylogenetic analyses were used to test the monophyly of seven non‐migratory (G. vulgaris complex) and one migratory (G. brevipinnis) species. Newly‐described taxa, some diagnosed on the basis of subtle differences in morphology, are associated with strongly monophyletic mtDNA lineages. Although the current taxonomy is supported generally, sequence data suggest that Southland G. anomalus should be attributed to G. gollumoides, whereas Southland and Stewart Island G. depressiceps represent a new southern lineage. Molecular clock calibrations suggest that migratory and non‐migratory forms, separated by a maximum of 6·4% sequence divergence, diverged no earlier than the mid‐late Pliocene. Biogeographical implications of high diversity (eight lineages) in the south (Otago‐Southland) and low diversity (one lineage) in central South Island (Canterbury) are discussed. The unresolved relationships among species may reflect a rapid evolutionary radiation, essentially a star phylogeny.
A molecular analysis of hybridization between native westslope cutthroat trout and introduced rainbow trout in southeastern British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Rubidge E. , Corbett P. , Taylor E. B.
Published: April 2005

Restriction site variation in the Ikaros gene intron was used to assess the incidence of westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi), rainbow trout (O. mykiss) and interspecific hybrids at 11 localities among eight streams tributary to the upper Kootenay River system in south‐eastern British Columbia, Canada. Out of 356 fish assayed by this technique, hybrids (n=16) were found at seven of the 11 sites across five different streams. Rainbow trout (n=6) were found at two of the 11 sites. Analysis of hybrids with a second genetic marker (heat shock 71 intron) indicated that most represented either backcrosses to both westslope cutthroat and rainbow trout, or post F1hybrids. Mitochondrial DNA analysis indicated that hybrid matings occur between male rainbow trout and female westslope cutthroat trout and vice versa. Comparison of present hybridization in five tributaries relative to an allozyme‐based analysis in the mid‐1980s, that documented hybrids in only a single tributary of seven that were common to the two studies, suggests that hybridization and introgression has increased in upper Kootenay River tributaries. The present analysis is a conservative estimate of genetic interaction between the species because introgression was not tested in the majority of samples. Identification of genetically pure westslope cutthroat trout populations, and why they might be resistant to introgression from rainbow trout, are crucial conservation priorities for this unique subspecies of cutthroat trout.
The importance of managing within‐species diversity in cod and herring fisheries of the north‐western Atlantic
Authors: Smedbol R. K. , Stephenson R.
Published: April 2005

The spatial structure of several exploited species within and among known populations of the Northwest Atlantic is reviewed using past and current knowledge. For each species, the coherence of existing management units with the spatial scale of population dynamics (populations, sub‐populations, and spawning components) is summarized. The implications of this match or mismatch of spatial scales in the maintenance of biodiversity within and among populations are also discussed.
Larval supply to a marine reserve and adjacent fished area in the Soufrière Marine Management Area, St Lucia, West Indies
Authors: Valles H. , Sponaugle S. , Oxenford H. A.
Published: April 2005

A total of 76 reef fish species from 31 families was collected at two coral reef sites, one in a marine reserve and the other in an adjacent fished area of the Soufrière Marine Management Area (SMMA) in St. Lucia. Five families (Scaridae, Pomacentridae, Synodontidae, Apogonidae and Blennidae) dominated the collections at both sites while species of high commercial value were rare. Monthly patterns of larval supply differed among selected species, but overall trends were similar between the two sites for most species. However, despite the geographical proximity of the two sites, the fished area received a consistently higher abundance and diversity of larvae than the marine reserve throughout the study period. Patterns in larval supply generally were reflected in the settlement patterns ofStegastes partitus.Results suggest that local‐scale variation in hydrodynamic and or biological features is influencing the arrival and hence settlement of larvae at the reef.
Physiological performance of largemouth bass related to local adaptation and interstock hybridization: implications for conservation and management
Authors: Cooke S. J. , Kassler T. W. , Philipp D. P.
Published: April 2005

Four genetically distinct stocks of age 2+ years largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides were produced using adults collected from two regions in the upper midwest (central Illinois, IL and south‐eastern Wisconsin, WI, U.S.A.). Two pure stocks (IL × IL and WI × WI), as well as both of their reciprocal F1 interstock hybrids (IL × WI and WI × IL) were produced in research ponds in Champaign, IL. In general, swimming performance, routine oxygen consumption and activity were highest at 18 × C, intermediate at 12 × C, and lowest at 6. C for all stocks. However, performance indicators varied among stocks at each of the temperatures. The pure Illinois stock (IL × IL) had the lowest activity: cost ratio at 18 × C and the highest at 6_ C (based upon swimming strength, routine activity rates and routine metabolic rates). The opposite pattern was observed for the other pure stock (WI × WI). Although differences were less distinct at lower temperatures, the two pure stocks (IL × IL and WI × WI) outperformed both interstock hybrids. These results indicate that not only do non‐native stocks appear to have reduced performance relative to locally adapted stocks, but also that interstock hybrids exhibit performance impairments, not hybrid vigour.
Freshwater fish introductions in Spain: facts and figures at the beginning of the 21st century
Authors: Elvira B. , Almodóvar A.
Published: April 2005

Twenty‐five introduced fish species are established in Spanish fresh waters. Most of the introductions took place after 1900, with a significant exponential increase during the second half of the 20th century (15 species introduced from 1949). Major stocking efforts in Spanish waters have been suspended, but recently some species have been released by anglers or are suspected to be escapes from fish farms. Stream regulation is considered to be one of the main negative factors affecting river ecosystems in Spain, but many of the aliens adapt well to these altered habitats. Competition between native and exotic fishes is certain to occur to some degree, but there is little quantitative information. Fish conservation and fishery management must not be based on the ‘introduce anything’ sentiment that has developed over more than a century. Information, education and public awareness are critical components of any effort to prevent the spread of introduced fish species.
Comparison of growth and RNA: DNA ratios in three populations of juvenile turbot reared at two salinities
Authors: Imsland A. K. , Foss A. , Bonga S. W. , van Ham E. , Stefansson S. O.
Published: April 2005

Salinity significantly influenced growth and RNA: DNA ratios in three populations (Iceland. Norway and France) of juvenile turbot Scophthalmus maximus as these variables were higher at 15 than at 33.5‰ salinity. Furthermore, growth and RNA: DNA ratios of the two high latitude populations (Iceland and Norway) were higher than those of the low latitude population (France): the Norwegian and the Icelandic populations had RNA: DNA ratios of 6.028 and 5.91, respectively, whereas the ratio of the French population was 5.01. It is concluded that in the upper temperature range for turbot, growth can be improved by rearing at intermediate salinities at least during the first year.
Immunohistochemical localization of glucagon, substance‐P and vasoactive intestinal peptide in gastrointestinal tract mucosa of zander
Authors: ÇInar K. , Dller A.
Published: April 2005

The distribution of specific immunoreactivities in the digestive tract of zander Stizostedion lucioperca, using antisera against substance P (sub P), glucagon and vasocative intestinal peptide (VIP), indicated immunoreactivities against all antisera in the glandular cells. The immunoreactivity was less by comparison in the cells of the lamina epithelialis. The most dense regions of immunoreactive cells were the fundus and pylorus of the stomach, the anterior intestine and the pyloric caeca. Immunoreactivity was determined in the nerves belonging to the myenteric plexus and muscle tissue.
Clove oil as an anaesthetic for adult sockeye salmon: field trials
Authors: Woody C. A. , Nelson J. , Ramstad K.
Published: April 2005

Wild migrating sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka exposed to 20, 50 and 80 mg 1−1 of clove oil could be handled within 3 min, recovered within 10 min, and survived 15 min exposure trials. Fish tested at 110 mg 1−1 did not recover from 15 min exposure trials. Response curves developed for induction and recovery time considered the following predictors: clove oil concentration, sex, fish length and depth. A significant positive dependence was observed between induction time and fish length for 20, 50 and 80 mg 1−1 test concentrations; no dependence was observed between induction time and length at 110 and 140 mg 1−1. Recovery time differed as a function of clove oil concentration, but not fish size. A concentration of 50 mg 1−1 is recommended for anaesthetizing sockeye salmon ranging in length from 400 to 550 mm at water temperatures averaging 9–10° C.
Life history characteristics of brown trout in lakes at different stages of acidification
Authors: Hesthagen T. , Jonsson B.
Published: April 2005

In 66 Norwegian lakes with allopatric populations of brown troutSalmo truttathat ranged from highly acidified to non‐acid (pH 4·7–6·6) there was a significant inverse correlation between mean age and relative abundance (CPUE). As mean annual survival rates were not significantly related to CPUE, this population response may indicate that recruitment was lower in low‐density lakes. Age‐specific masses were significantly higher in populations that had declined in abundance than in unaffected populations. Mean body mass at sexual maturity in both males and females was inversely correlated with CPUE. Between populations, high age at maturity was associated with high survival rates in both sexes. Age at maturity correlated positively with specific growth rate between the ages of 1 and 2 years in females only.
First record of Seriola vivoliana Cuvier, 1833 in the Mediterranean
Authors: Castriota L. , Greco S. , Marino G. , Andaloro F.
Published: April 2005

One specimen of Almaco jack Seriola rivoliana is recorded for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea. It was caught in a purse seine off Lampedusa Island in June 2000 and is listed as a new alien fish from the Atlantic Ocean.
Foraging behaviour changes of Arctic charr during smolt migration in northern Norway
Authors: Rikardsen H. , Amundsen P.‐A. , Bodin P. J.
Published: April 2005

Smolt of anadromous Arctic charrSahelinus alpinus(L.) migrating from Storvatn, northern Norway, had a similar feeding intensity as resident Arctic charr from the benthic‐ and pelagic zone in early summer in fresh water. While smolts fed mostly on surface insects, however, resident Arctic charr had a more broader diet consisting mostly of chironomids,Bosminasp., benthic prey and surface insects. This indicates that Arctic charr smolts have adopted a surface oriented feeding behaviour prior to their sea migration.
New records of deep‐sea fishes from the waters around the Falkland Islands
Authors: Brickle P. , Laptikhovsky V.
Published: April 2005

The manefish Caristius groenlandicus, the spiny eel Notacanthus sexspinis, the cutthroat eel Diastobranchus capensis and the Giant Grenadier Albatrossia pectoralis are new records for the waters of the Falkland Islands, and the latter is a new record in the Atlantic Ocean.
Environmental factors controlling the spring immigration of two estuarine fishes Atherina boyeri and Pomatoschistus spp. into a Mediterranean lagoon
Authors: Bardin O. , Pont D.
Published: April 2005

Atherina boyeri, a pelagic species, mainly entered a Mediterranean lagoon in the Rhone River Delta, during the day, whatever the flow direction. Flow velocity did not appear to be a significant factor and its swimming abilities seemed to be sufficient to cope with the observed velocity. The combined responses of Pomatoschistus spp., benthic species, to the different environmental factors clearly demonstrated a change in behavioural response during their ontogenic development, i.e. a shift from passive to active or active‐passive migration. Young Pomatoschistus spp. (<20 mm LT) exhibited a behaviour that correspond to the classical selective tidal stream transport of young fishes towards estuarine areas (passive drifting). Large Pomatoschistus spp. were also able to enter the lagoon with the flow, but they remained negatively affected by the flow velocity. The diel cycle appeared to be the main factor controlling the immigration of A. boyeri into the lagoon whereas Pomatoschistus spp. seemed more sensitive to hydrographic conditions prevailing at the connection.
Adhesiveness and surface patterns of eggs in neotropical freshwater teleosts
Authors: Rizzo E. , Sato Y. , Barreto B. P. , Godinho H. P.
Published: April 2005

Eggs of 23 Characiformes and eight Siluriformes, belonging to nine families with diverse reproductive behaviour, were ultrastructurally analysed. The migratory species exhibited non‐adhesive eggs, whereas, most of the sedentary species presented some degree of egg adhesiveness. Among the Characiformes, non‐adhesive eggs showed zona radiata with pore‐canals or a fibrillar net at the surface; weakly adhesive eggs presented only zona radiata with pore‐canals while adhesive eggs exhibited zona radiata with apparatus like globules, filaments, villi or honeycomb‐like pores depending on the systematic group. The ‘jelly’ coat is strongly related to the Siluriformes eggs apparently without relationship with adhesiveness. A micropylar disc was present in adhesive eggs of a few species of both Characiformes and Siluriformes. Some patterns were characteristic of the animal pole, others of the vegetal pole, and others were common to both poles. The radial ridges converging to the micropyle in Astyanax bimaculatus lacustris appear to be related to fertilization. In general, egg surface structures in the Characiformes varied according to the genus, whereas all Siluriformes showed a similar egg surface pattern, regardless of the group analysed. Multivariate analysis allowed the identification of eight clusters among the Characiformes and three among the Siluriformes showing relationships between reproductive style and egg characteristics. It is suggested that egg surface and adhesiveness may be related to reproductive patterns and to phylogenesis.
Size variability of juvenile Atlantic salmon: links to environmental conditions
Authors: Swansburg E. , Chaput G. , Moore D. , Caissie D. , El‐Jabi N.
Published: April 2005

Climate change models predict a 2 to 6° C increase in air temperature within the next 100 years in the Maritime Provinces of eastern Canada. Higher air temperatures are expected to contribute to increased water temperatures, alterations in stream flow conditions, and ultimately reductions in fish growth. Mean annual size‐at‐age of juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar decreased in the Northwest Miramichi and Southwest Miramichi Rivers between 1971–1999. Lengths‐at‐age of juveniles were significantly correlated between the two rivers. For Atlantic salmon parr, stronger associations between inter‐cohort fork length (LF) than intra‐cohort LF were observed, suggesting that environmental conditions in the current year of growth have the more significant effects on size of age 2 year parr than conditions encountered the previous year by age 1 year parr of the same cohort. Fork lengths of parr were significantly and negatively associated with spring air and water temperatures. In the Miramichi River, increases in air and water temperature as predicted from climate change models may adversely affect growth of juvenile Atlantic salmon parr, reducing the overall productivity of the Atlantic salmon populations in this region.
The effect of parental acclimation to spawning salinity on the survival of larval Cynoscion nebulosus
Authors: Kucera C. J. , Faulk C. K. , Holt G. J.
Published: April 2005

The yolk and oil depletion of eggs and larvae of spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus, produced by fish collected from two bays with historically different salinity regimes (Matagorda Bay (MB; 18‐24%) and Upper Laguna Madre (ULM; 40–50%), Texas, U.S.A. and spawned in salinities of 20, 30 and 40%, differed in their response to both salinity and history. Time to 90% yolk depletion was significantly longer for low salinity bay fish (MB) kept at 20%, but not for high salinity bay fish (ULM) at 20%. The neutral buoyancy salinity of 1 and 2 day old MB 20% larvae was significantly lower than that of MB larvae spawned in 30 or 40%. Overall, eggs and larvae spawned by MB fish were able to hatch out and survive to 3 days post‐hatch in lower salinities than those from ULM. Furthermore, the tolerance of eggs and larvae to very low salinities increased with decreasing spawning salinity. The ability of 1–9 day old ULM, but not MB, larvae to survive 18 h exposure to salinities above or below that of spawning exhibited an age‐dependent pattern with day 3 being the most sensitive. This study shows that the response of spotted seatrout eggs and larvae to changes in salinity is dependent upon the spawning salinity of the adults and the prevailing salinity regime within the bay.
Factors influencing the characteristics of fish assemblages in a large subtropical marine embayment
Authors: Travers M. J. , Potter I. C.
Published: April 2005

Mean number of species and density of fishes in nearshore shallow waters of Shark Bay, a large subtropical embayment, were c. seven and 19.5 times greater in seagrass than over bare sand, where protection from predators and the abundance of potential invertebrate prey were less. The number of fish species and density of fishes over bare sand were lower in nearshore than offshore waters, where there was a greater amount of organic material and thus presumably a greater density of benthic macroinvertebrate prey. Species composition in vegetated and unvegetated habitats differed markedly, with species such as Monacanthus chinensis, Apogon rueppellii and Pelates quadrilineatus being largely confined to seagrass, whereas others such as Pseudorhombus jenynsii, Torquigener whitleyi and Engyprosopon grandisquama were found predominantly or exclusively over bare sand. The ichthyofauna in beds of Posidonia australis, in which the canopy is uniformly dense, differed in composition and comprised a greater number of species and density of fishes than that in Amphibolis antarctica, in which an open space is present beneath the terminal clusters of relatively short leaves. Species composition in the beds of both of these seagrass species underwent well defined cyclical changes, caused by out‐of‐phase sequential changes in the densities of certain species. Such changes were less common over bare sand, where the ichthyofaunal composition was more variable. The number of species and density of fishes over bare sand were greater at night than during the day, reflecting, in part, a tendency for species such as A. rueppellii to move into unvegetated areas to feed at night, when the likelihood of predation by visual predators would be reduced. Within Shark Bay, ichthyofaunal composition is influenced most by habitat type (vegetated v. unvegetated), followed in general by water depth and then region in the bay and time of year.
Predation on Atlantic salmon and sea trout during their first days as postsmolts
Authors: Dieperink C. , Bak B. D. , Pedersen L.‐F. , Pedersen M. I. , Pedersen S.
Published: April 2005

Radio‐tagged smolts of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and sea trout Salmo trutta were predated heavily by sea birds after crossing the saline limit in the estuary of the River Skjern, Denmark. Most predation took place within the first 9 h after estuarine entry. The field data do not contradict the hypothesis of maladaptive anti‐predatory behaviour.
Growth, gonadal development and sex ratios of meiogynogenetic diploid sea bass
Authors: Felip A. , Piferrer F. , Carrillo M. , Zanuy S.
Published: April 2005

Gynogenesis showed little effect on general physiology and gonadal development in sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. Meiogynogenetic fish showed well‐developed gonads indicating low occurrence of developmental imbalances even after gynogenesis induction in this species. In addition, the proportion of sexes of meiogynogenetic sea bass was similar to the diploid controls in two independent trials, which did not deviate significantly from a 1:1 male: female sex ratio. Even considering some environmental influence on sex differentiation, as has been previously demonstrated, the fact that the proportion of sexes was similar between gynogenetic and control diploids essentially eliminates the possibility that in the sea bass the females are the homogametic sex. Although the mechanism of sex determination of this species still remains unknown, even after gynogenesis induction, the genetic mechanism of the ZW/ZZ type could probably operate in the sea bass.
Molecular Identification of Fomitiporia mediterranea and Eutypa lata/Libertella blepharis in Platanus × acerifolia
Authors: Pilotti M. , Gervasi F. , Brunetti A.
Published: April 2005

The studies of woody organs‐affecting diseases of Platanus × acerifolia can be hampered by the finding of fungi whose identification is difficult with mycological techniques. In a previous study on Platanus × acerifolia affected by severe cankers, Fomitiporia mediterranea/punctata‐like fungi, not associated with fruit bodies and Libertella sp. were recovered. Due to the severity of the associated symptoms, a characterization of fungal ribosomal DNA genes was undertaken in the present study, aimed to specific identification of the pathogens. From DNA of Fomitiporia‐vegetative isolates and Fomitiporia‐fruit body isolates, included in the study for comparison (from fruit body on plane trees typical of F. mediterranea/punctata), and Libertella sp., DNA fragments were amplified in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the use of ITS5/ITS4 and 5.8S‐R/LR7 primer pairs. Sequence alignments showed that Fomitiporia‐vegetative/fruit body isolates had highly homologous ITS5/ITS4 sequences, with a nucleotide identity of 98–100%. All the Fomitiporia isolates from plane tree showed 97–100% and 91–94% of nucleotide identity respectively with ITS5/ITS4 sequences of known strains of F. mediterranea and F. punctata, extracted from GenBank. The strong similarity of these identity ranges with those obtained within F. mediterranea (98–100%) and between the two Fomitiporia species (90–94%) confirms the identification of the isolates from plane tree as F. mediterranea. Sequence comparison between Libertella sp. from plane tree and known strains of Eutypa lata/L. blepharis showed 94–99% of nucleotide identity. The comparison with eight additional species of Eutypa showed 90–93% of nucleotide identity. As previously reported for the different taxa within Diatrypaceae, also ITS5/ITS4 sequence of Libertella sp. from plane tree exhibited 11‐bp tandem repeats motifs. Results of sequence alignments, of phylogenetic trees, and of the putative restriction map, identify the Fomitiporia isolates of this work as F. mediterranea, and the isolates of Libertella sp. as E. lata/L. blepharis. For comparative purposes, ITS5/ITS4 sequences of Spongipellis pachyodon and Fomes fomentarius from plane tree, were also obtained in this work.
Chromatographic Characterization and Phytotoxic Activity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis and Saprophytic Strain Toxins
Authors: Amraoui H. , Lazrek H. B. , Sedra M. H. , Sampieri F. , Mansuelle P. , Rochat H. , Hamdaoui A.
Published: April 2005

The bayoud disease, vascular fusariosis of date palm tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.), is caused by the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis. The characteristic symptoms of the bayoud disease were elicited on detached leaves of F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis‐susceptible cultivars of date palm trees, which were treated either with the FII (F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis) fraction purified from the organic extracts of a F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis liquid culture, or with a solution of fusaric acid. Enniatins, which are secreted by several Fusarium species, were tested at different concentrations and were not capable of inducing symptoms on such detached leaves. The FII (F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis) fraction was unable to induce necrosis of potato slices, which indicates that it does not contain significant amounts of enniatins. The high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profiles of the FII (F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis) fraction showed toxic peaks different from fusaric acid. A fraction, named FII (AZ4), was obtained from culture filtrates of a saprophytic Fusarium strain maintained in the same cultural conditions as for the F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis. The HPLC profile of the FII (AZ4) fraction did not show the characteristic phytotoxic peaks present in the FII (F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis) fraction. This finding well agrees with the fact that the FII (AZ4) fraction is not toxic to detached date palm leaves. Moreover, the HPLC profiles of FII fractions obtained from other special forms of F. oxysporum are different the FII (F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis) profile. The phytotoxic compounds purified from the FII (F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis) fraction are probably new molecules that may help in understanding the pathogenesis of bayoud disease.
Natural Fusarium Grain Infection Level in Wheat, Barley and Oat after Early Application of Fungicides and Herbicides
Authors: Henriksen B. , Elen O.
Published: April 2005

In Norway, early application of fungicides against cereal leaf diseases (before Zadoks 60) is common practice amongst farmers. Whether this procedure has any effect on Fusarium infection of the mature grain has been little investigated. To evaluate effects on Fusarium grain infection, cereal grains were sampled during 1996, 1997 and 1998 from 12 field trials where early spraying against fungal diseases in spring wheat, spring barley and oats was carried out. Percentage infected grains and frequency of different Fusarium species was analysed in every grain sample. The effect of fungicides, glyphosate and postemergence herbicides on Fusarium grain infection was studied. Significant increase in Fusarium infection was detected in fungicide‐treated plots compared with untreated plots. Fusarium avenaceum and F. tricinctum were the most frequent species detected. The internal ranking of Fusarium species remained the same after spraying. No significant effects were found on the level of Fusarium infection after glyphosate treatment in autumn or herbicide treatment during the growing season.
Morphological, Pathological and Molecular Variability in Colletotrichum capsici, the Cause of Fruit Rot of Chillies in the Subtropical Region of North‐western India
Authors: Sharma P. N. , Kaur M. , Sharma O. P. , Sharma P. , Pathania A.
Published: April 2005

Fruit rot of chillies (Capsicum annuum L.), caused by Colletotrichum capsici under tropical and subtropical conditions, results in qualitative and quantitative yield losses. Based on variation in cultural and morphological traits of C. capsici populations, 37 isolates were categorized into five groups designated, respectively, as Cc‐I, Cc‐II, Cc‐III, Cc‐IV and Cc‐V. In culture, most of the isolates produced cottony, fluffy or suppressed colonies. However, no significant differences were noticed in shape and size of conidia. The reaction of the 37 isolates on an indigenously developed differential set of Capsicum cultivars indicated the existence of different virulences in Himachal Pradesh (HP) chilli populations. Fifteen pathotypes of the pathogen were characterized from various chilli‐growing regions of HP. Pathotype CCP‐1 was most virulent and attacked all the differential cultivars. The genetic relationship between five morphological groups recognized within C. capsici was investigated using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Molecular polymorphism generated by RAPD confirmed the variation in virulences of C. capsici and different isolates were grouped into five clusters. However, four isolates (Cc‐5, Cc‐33, Cc‐29 and Cc‐37) exhibited identical RAPD haplotypes. The pathological and RAPD grouping of isolates suggested no correlation among the test isolates.
Resistance of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to Bacterial Wilt Caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens
Authors: Hsieh T. F. , Huang H. C. , Mündel H.‐H. , Conner R. L. , Erickson R. S. , Balasubramanian P. M.
Published: April 2005

Bacterial wilt caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens is an important new disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in western Canada. Both yellow and orange variants of the pathogen were found in the region. A controlled environment study was conducted to assess 124 common bean cultivars and lines from eight market classes for resistance to the yellow and orange variants of the pathogen, using the hilum injury/seed inoculation method. Results of the screening tests showed significant (P < 0.05) differences in resistance to bacterial wilt among the cultivars or lines. The great northern line L02E317, the great northern cultivar Resolute and pinto lines L02B662 and 999S‐2A, were highly resistant to both variants of the pathogen, with disease severity indices of 0 on a rating scale of 0 (no wilt symptoms) to 5 (dead seedling). Resistant cultivars or lines were found among black, great northern, pink, pinto, small red and Flor de Mayo bean market classes. The study concludes that new bacterial wilt‐resistant germplasm exists among Canadian bean cultivars and lines, and constitutes a valuable resource for breeding common beans for resistance to both yellow and orange variants of C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens.
Effect of Initial Density of Meloidogyne hapla on its Pathogenic Potential and Reproduction in Three Species of Medicinal Plants
Authors: Park S. D. , Khan Z. , Ryu J. G. , Seo Y. J. , Yoon J. T.
Published: April 2005

The pathogenic potential and reproduction fitness of Meloidogyne hapla on three species of medicinal plants, Angelica koreana, Peucedanum japonicum and Astragalus membranaceus was determined in potted soil under greenhouse conditions. Three weeks old seedlings were inoculated with population density (Pi) of 1000; 2000; 3000; 4000; 5000 and 10000 juveniles (J2)/kg soil. A significant damage was observed in shoot and root length, weight and root‐diameter of these plants by all Pi levels at 90‐day postinoculation. Damage increased with increase in Pi up to 5000 J2/kg soil. At 5000 Pi caused 34.8, 34.1 and 33.3% reduction in root weight of Ang. koreana, P. japonicum and Ast. membranaceus, respectively. Greater root gall severity was observed on Ang. koreana and P. japonicum than on Ast. membranaceus at all Pi levels. At 5000 Pi, root gall severity was 5.0, 5.0, and 3.0 on Ang. koreana, P. japonicum and Ast. membranaceus, respectively. Increasing rate of Pi exponentially reduced reproductive factor (Rf) of M. hapla on all of these medicinal plants. However, Rf was higher on Ang. koreana and P. japonicum than on Ast. membranaceus at all Pi levels. The host status of these medicinal plants renders them unsuitable for their use in crop rotation system in M. hapla‐infested fields.
Miliary brain metastases presenting as rapidly progressive dementia
Authors: Rivas Eloy , Sanchez‐Herrero Joaquin , Alonso Miguel , Alvarez Maria J. , Teijeira Susana , Ballestín Claudio , Tardio Antoni , Navarro Carmen
Published: April 2005

We report the case of a 79‐year‐old woman who developed a rapidly progressive dementia (RPD) with severe memory impairment, early visual hallucinations and extrapyramidal signs. Symptoms started suddenly after hip replacement surgery following an accidental fall. Motor epileptic seizures appeared at the end of the illness. Dementia worsened gradually leading to akinetic mutism. She died five and a half months after the onset of symptoms. MRI showed cerebral atrophy but failed to detect any other lesion. Results of all laboratory tests performed were negative. After the most frequent treatable diseases were excluded, the diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies was initially considered. CJD was also suggested based on the rapid evolution of the disease and the positivity of 14‐3‐3 protein in CSF. Neuropathological examination revealed an extensive miliary metastatic dissemination from an unknown primary adenocarcinoma. Pulmonary origin was suggested according to the immunohistochemical profile. Histopathological changes of Alzheimer's disease were also observed in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Neither Lewy bodies nor PrP deposits were found. The sudden onset of the dementia just after the hip replacement surgery raises the possibility of a pathological fracture with secondary tumoral microembolic dissemination. Despite its rarity, this entity should be included in the differential diagnosis of RPD. This case illustrates the definite importance of neuropathological post‐mortem examination in order to elucidate the different types of dementia.
Establishment and partial characterization of five malignant glioma cell lines
Authors: Zhang Lei , Yamane Tetsu , Satoh Eiji , Amagasaki Kenichi , Kawataki Tomoyuki , Asahara Takayuki , Furuya Koro , Nukui Hideaki , Naganuma Hirofumi
Published: April 2005

Five malignant glioma cell lines (YMG1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) were established from surgical specimens obtained from patients with glioblastoma or anaplastic astrocytoma, and these lines were partially characterized. Three glioma cell lines (YMG1, 3, and 5) were weakly positive for GFAP by Western blot analysis and two cell lines were negative. S‐100 protein was positive in all glioma cell lines. The expression of p53, p16, p15, cyclin‐dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), and EGF receptor (EGFR) proteins was examined by Western blotting. YMG1 and 2 cell lines showed accumulation of p53 protein and loss of p16 and p15 expression. YMG3 and 4 showed accumulation of p53 protein and expression of p16 and p15 proteins. YMG5 revealed weak expression of p53 protein, suggesting wild‐type p53, and loss of p16 and p15 expression. All cell lines expressed various levels of CDK4 protein. YMG1, 2, and 3 showed higher EGFR protein expression and YMG4 and 5 showed lower EGFR expression compared to U251 glioblastoma cells, which express high levels of EGFR. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis for EGFR gene expression did not show any amplification in the glioma cell lines. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that the patterns of p53 and EGFR expressions in the original tumor tissues were mostly correlated with those in the malignant glioma cell lines. These results suggest that the characteristics of p53 and EGFR expression in the malignant glioma cell lines were passed over from the original tumor tissues. These newly established malignant glioma cell lines can be used for further analysis of the mechanisms of tumor growth and progression.
Overlap between neurodegenerative disorders
Authors: Armstrong Richard A. , Lantos Peter L. , Cairns Nigel J.
Published: April 2005

Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the formation of distinct pathological changes in the brain, including extracellular protein deposits, cellular inclusions, and changes in cell morphology. Since the earliest published descriptions of these disorders, diagnosis has been based on clinicopathological features, namely, the coexistence of a specific clinical profile together with the presence or absence of particular types of lesion. In addition, the molecular profile of lesions has become an increasingly important feature both in the diagnosis of existing disorders and in the description of new disease entities. Recent studies, however, have reported considerable overlap between the clinicopathological features of many disorders leading to difficulties in the diagnosis of individual cases and to calls for a new classification of neurodegenerative disease. This article discusses: (i) the nature and degree of the overlap between different neurodegenerative disorders and includes a discussion of Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, the fronto‐temporal dementias, and prion disease; (ii) the factors that contribute to disease overlap, including historical factors, the presence of disease heterogeneity, age‐related changes, the problem of apolipoprotein genotype, and the co‐occurrence of common diseases; and (iii) whether the current nosological status of disorders should be reconsidered.
Sporadic fatal insomnia with spongiform degeneration in the thalamus and widespread PrPSc deposits in the brain
Authors: Piao Yue‐Shan , Kakita Akiyoshi , Watanabe Hiroyuki , Kitamoto Tetsuyuki , Takahashi Hitoshi
Published: April 2005

We report a case of human prion disease of 29 months duration in a 74‐year‐old Japanese man. The disease started with progressive sleeplessness and dementia. MRI showed gradually progressive cerebral atrophy. Neuronal loss, spongiform change and gliosis were evident in the thalamus and cerebral cortex, as well as in the striatum and amygdaloid nucleus. In the cerebellar cortex, mild‐to‐moderate depletion of Pukinje cells and spongiform change were observed. Mild neuronal loss in the inferior olivary nucleus was also seen. Immunohistochemistry revealed widespread perivacuolar deposits of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, and brainstem, and minimal plaque‐like deposits of PrPSc in the cerebellar cortex. In the cerebellar plaque‐like deposits, the presence of amyloid fibrils was confirmed ultrastructurally. The entire pathology appeared to lie halfway between those of CJD and fatal insomnia, and further demonstrated the relationship between spongiform degeneration and PrPSc deposits, especially in the diseased thalamus. By immunoblotting, the thalamus was shown to contain the lowest amount of PrPSC among the brain regions examined. The PrPSc of type 2, in which the ratio of the three glycoforms was compatible with that of sporadic fatal insomnia (MM2‐thalamic variant) reported previously, was also demonstrated. Analysis of the prion protein gene (PRNP) showed no mutation, and homozygosity for methionine at codon 129. In conclusion, we considered that this patient had been suffering from sporadic, pathologically atypical fatal insomnia.
New South Wales trends in mortality differentials between small rural and urban communities over a 25‐year period, 1970–1994
Authors: Hayes Lillian J. , Quine Susan , Taylor Richard
Published: April 2005

Objective:  To identify trends in premature mortality differences between urban and small rural communities in NSW over a 25‐years period.

Design:  A longitudinal population‐based study. ABS population and death data by local government area, sex and age for the period 1970 to 1994, were used to derive mortality measures for urban and small rural communities in NSW.

Setting:  NSW local government areas categorised by the Rural and Remote Metropolitan Area Classification system as ‘capital city’ (the Sydney Statistical Division) and ‘other rural area’ and ‘other remote area’.

Subjects:  All persons aged 0–74 years resident in the aforementioned NSW local government areas between 1970 and 1994 inclusive.

Main outcome measure:  Whether premature mortality differentials have widened, narrowed or remained the same over the study period and the magnitude of any identified changes.

Result:  There was a decrease in premature mortality rates for men and women in both urban and small rural communities. However, the decline was less in small rural communities, with the differential between small rural and urban areas increasing 2–3% every 5 years.

Conclusions:  Differences in age structure, proportion of indigenous and migrant populations between small rural communities and urban NSW can not fully account for the increasing differential. Other possible explanatory factors include socioeconomic status and different exposures and practices in rural areas.
Heart rate variability analysis: a useful assessment tool for diabetes associated cardiac dysfunction in rural and remote areas
Authors: Flynn Allyson C. , Jelinek Herbert F. , Smith Megan
Published: April 2005

Objective:  Cardiovascular complications are the main cause of death in people with diabetes. Early, asymptomatic changes are due to autonomic nervous system dysfunction, which if identified can lead to improved health. This study used detrended fluctuation analysis to identify changes in heart rate variability (HRV) associated with short‐time electrocardiograph (ECG) recordings. The aim of the study was to determine whether heart rate variability analysis on short ECG recordings has the potential to be a useful adjunct to clinical practice.

Design:  Comparative design with three independent simple random samples.

Setting:  University‐based research project.

Participants:  Forty‐eight people with no diabetes or cardiovascular complications had a 20 min ECG recorded, which was subsequently analysed using mathematical procedures. All participants also had a lying‐to‐standing autonomic nervous system test. Data was analysed using a Student t‐test.

Results:  Heart rate variability expressed as a numeric value (α
1
), is reduced in disease states. We found a significant difference in α
1
(P = 0.03) between the ECG recordings of the diabetes and control groups. In addition lower α
1
values were obtained from people identified with autonomic dysfunction within the diabetes group.

Conclusion:  The importance of our findings is that abnormal HRV identifies people with cardiovascular disease, irrespective of diabetes status, that may have autonomic neuropathy. HRV analysis is easily implemented by primary health care providers and has the potential to lead to improved health care by reducing inequity in rural areas and specifically addressing cardiovascular complications associated with diabetes.
Australian national strategy for pharmacy preceptor education and support
Authors: Marriott Jennifer , Taylor Susan , Simpson Maree , Bull Rosalind , Galbraith Kirstie , Howarth Helen , Leversha Anne , Best Dawn , Rose Miranda
Published: April 2005

Objectives:  (i) To develop a national strategy for pharmacy preceptor education and support, with special consideration for rural and remote practitioners. (ii) To deliver an innovative national core pharmacist preceptor education and support model that could be customised for specific undergraduate programs.

Design:  A steering committee, with representatives from four Pharmacy Schools in three Australian states, was established to develop an educational curriculum and implementation strategy.

Setting:  The project was designed to provide an online educational program for preceptors of Australian pharmacy students, particularly those in rural areas.

Subjects:  The recipients of this program will primarily be rural pharmacy preceptors but could also be urban practitioners.

Interventions:  After consultation with an advisory group, the steering committee considered the educational content, delivery strategy and adaptability of the package to maintain its currency and links to universities, pharmacy boards and professional organisations: an extensive literature search was conducted; writers and an educational designer were employed. The steering committee reviewed and modified the content before transfer of the program to the worldwide web.

Main outcome measure:  The development of a Pharmacy Preceptor Education Program suitable for national application and able to fulfil the needs of rural preceptors.

Results:  A Preceptor Education Program has been developed suitable for use in all Australian states and capable of meeting the needs of rural pharmacy preceptors.

Conclusions:  Collaboration between four schools of pharmacy and pharmacy professional bodies has resulted in development of a flexible program for preceptors of undergraduate pharmacy students. This program can be developed for use by preceptors of pharmacy graduates, and in other disciplines.
RESEARCH PARTICIPATION AND THE RIGHT TO WITHDRAW
Authors: EDWARDS SARAH J.L.
Published: April 2005

Most ethics committees which review research protocols insist that potential research participants reserve unconditional or absolute ‘right’ of withdrawal at any time and without giving any reason. In this paper, I examine what consent means for research participation and a sense of commitment in relation to this right to withdraw. I suggest that, once consent has been given (and here I am excluding incompetent minors and adults), participants should not necessarily have unconditional or absolute rights to withdraw.

This does not imply that that there should be a complete absence of rights, or, indeed, an abandonment of the right to withdraw. The point of this paper is to show that the supposed unconditional or absolute nature of these rights may be self‐defeating and so fail to respect the autonomy of participants. In addition, and on a more positive note, I suggest that, attaching certain conditions on the right to withdraw, may better respect the autonomy of these participants by underlining the idea that autonomy is more than mere whim or indifference to the fate of others. On the contrary, research staff are currently unable to ‘push’ participants, who may merely have logistical difficulties unrelated to the research itself, but who really want to stay the course, for fear of coercing them. Furthermore, researchers now try to ‘screen out’ people they think may be unreliable to protect the science of the study and so groups at risk of dropping out may be unfairly denied access to research treatments. I conclude that on‐going negotiation between the relevant parties could be on balance the only truly acceptable way forward but concede certain important limitations to take into account.