bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modifiable Risk Factors for the Emergence of Ceftolozane-tazobactam Resistance
Authors: Tamma Pranita D , Beisken Stephan , Bergman Yehudit , Posch Andreas E , Avdic Edina , Sharara Sima L , Cosgrove Sara E , Simner Patricia J
Published: September 2020

Background

Ceftolozane-tazobactam (TOL-TAZ) affords broad coverage against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Regrettably, TOL-TAZ resistance has been reported. We sought to identify modifiable risk factors that may reduce the emergence of TOL-TAZ resistance.

Methods

Twenty-eight consecutive patients infected with carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates susceptible to TOL-TAZ, treated with ≥72 hours of TOL-TAZ , and with P. aeruginosa isolates available both before and after TOL-TAZ exposure between January 2018 and December 2019 in Baltimore, Maryland, were included. Cases were defined as patients with at least a 4-fold increase in P. aeruginosa TOL-TAZ MICs after exposure to TOL-TAZ. Independent risk factors for the emergence of TOL-TAZ resistance comparing cases and controls were investigated using logistic regression. Whole genome sequencing of paired isolates was used to identify mechanisms of resistance that emerged during TOL-TAZ therapy.

Results

Fourteen patients (50%) had P. aeruginosa isolates which developed at least a 4-fold increase in TOL-TAZ MICs(ie, cases). Cases were more likely to have inadequate source control (29% vs 0%, P = .04) and were less likely to receive TOL-TAZ as an extended 3-hour infusion (0% vs 29%; P = .04). Eighty-six percent of index isolates susceptible to ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI) had subsequent P. aeruginosa isolates with high-level resistance to CAZ-AVI, after TOL-TAZ exposure and without any CAZ-AVI exposure. Common mutations identified in TOL-TAZ resistant isolates involved AmpC, a known binding site for both ceftolozane and ceftazidime, and DNA polymerase.

Conclusions

Due to our small sample size, our results remain exploratory but forewarn of the potential emergence of TOL-TAZ resistance during therapy and suggest extending TOL-TAZ infusions may be protective. Larger studies are needed to investigate this association.
Primary HPV and Molecular Cervical Cancer Screening in US Women Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Strickler Howard D , Keller Marla J , Hessol Nancy A , Eltoum Isam-Eldin , Einstein Mark H , Castle Philip E , Massad L Stewart , Flowers Lisa , Rahangdale Lisa , Atrio Jessica M , Ramirez Catalina , Minkoff Howard , Adimora Adaora A , Ofotokun Igho , Colie Christine , Huchko Megan J , Fischl Margaret , Wright Rodney , D’Souza Gypsyamber , Leider Jason , Diaz Olga , Sanchez-Keeland Lorraine , Shrestha Sadeep , Xie Xianhong , Xue Xiaonan , Anastos Kathryn , Palefsky Joel M , Burk Robert D
Published: September 2020

Background

Primary human papillomavirus (HPV) screening (PHS) utilizes oncogenic human papillomavirus (oncHPV) testing as the initial cervical cancer screening method and typically, if positive, additional reflex-triage (eg, HPV16/18-genotyping, Pap testing). While US guidelines support PHS usage in the general population, PHS has been little studied in women living with HIV (WLWH).

Methods

We enrolled n = 865 WLWH (323 from the Women’s Interagency HIV Study [WIHS] and 542 from WIHS-affiliated colposcopy clinics). All participants underwent Pap and oncHPV testing, including HPV16/18-genotyping. WIHS WLWH who tested oncHPV[+] or had cytologic atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or worse (ASC-US+) underwent colposcopy, as did a random 21% of WLWH who were oncHPV[−]/Pap[−] (controls). Most participants additionally underwent p16/Ki-67 immunocytochemistry.

Results

Mean age was 46 years, median CD4 was 592 cells/µL, 95% used antiretroviral therapy. Seventy WLWH had histologically-determined cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or greater (CIN-2+), of which 33 were defined as precancer (ie, [i] CIN-3+ or [ii] CIN-2 if concurrent with cytologic high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions [HSILs]). PHS had 87% sensitivity (Se) for precancer, 9% positive predictive value (PPV), and a 35% colposcopy referral rate (Colpo). “PHS with reflex HPV16/18-genotyping and Pap testing” had 84% Se, 16% PPV, 30% Colpo. PHS with only HPV16/18-genotyping had 24% Colpo. “Concurrent oncHPV and Pap Testing” (Co-Testing) had 91% Se, 12% PPV, 40% Colpo. p16/Ki-67 immunochemistry had the highest PPV, 20%, but 13% specimen inadequacy.

Conclusions

PHS with reflex HPV16/18-genotyping had fewer unnecessary colposcopies and (if confirmed) could be a potential alternative to Co-Testing in WLWH.
Healthcare Utilization Patterns for Acute Febrile Illness in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan: Results from the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project
Authors: Andrews Jason R , Vaidya Krista , Saha Shampa , Yousafzai Mohammad Tahir , Hemlock Caitlin , Longley Ashley , Aiemjoy Kristen , Yu Alexander T , Bogoch Isaac I , Tamrakar Dipesh , Date Kashmira , Saha Samir K , Garrett Denise O , Luby Stephen P , Qamar Farah
Published: September 2020

Background

Characterizing healthcare-seeking patterns for acute febrile illness is critical for generating population-based enteric fever incidence estimates from facility-based surveillance data.

Methods

We used a hybrid model in the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project (SEAP) to assess incidence of enteric fever at 6 study hospitals in 3 countries. We recruited individuals presenting to the hospitals and obtained blood cultures to evaluate for enteric fever. For this analysis, we undertook cluster random household surveys in Dhaka, Bangladesh (2 sites); Karachi, Pakistan; Kathmandu, Nepal; and Kavrepalanchok, Nepal between January 2017 and February 2019, to ascertain care-seeking behavior for individuals with 1) fever for ≥3 consecutive days within the past 8 weeks; or 2) fever resulting in hospitalization within the past year. We also collected data about disease severity and household demographics and assets. We used mixed-effect multivariable logistic regression models to identify determinants of healthcare seeking at study hospitals and determinants of culture-confirmed enteric fever.

Results

We enrolled 31 841 households (53 926 children) in Bangladesh, 25 510 households (84 196 children and adults) in Nepal, and 21 310 households (108 031 children and adults) in Pakistan. Children <5 years were most likely to be taken to the study hospitals for febrile illness at all sites. Household wealth was positively correlated with healthcare seeking in 4 of 5 study sites, and at least one marker of disease severity was positively associated with healthcare seeking in 3 of 5 catchment areas. Wealth and disease severity were variably predictive of blood culture-confirmed enteric fever.

Conclusions

Age, household wealth, and disease severity are important determinants of healthcare seeking for acute febrile illness and enteric fever risk in these communities, and should be incorporated into estimation models for enteric fever incidence.
Challenges to the International Institutional Order
Authors: Dai Xinyuan
Published: September 2020

Witnessing power shifts among major countries in the world, scholars and policymakers alike are confronted with crucial questions about the international institutional order: Do power shifts expedite the collapse of the order? Who are its major challengers, and why? This article tackles these issues, drawing on rationalist theories of international institutions that include both realist and neoliberal thinking. I analyse how the making of the international institutional order, along with its evolution, informs us of the sources of challenges to that order. Accordingly, I explain why the country most powerful in making the international institutional order—thus the apparent beneficiary of that order—ends up nursing so many grievances against it. I illustrate this thesis in the areas of collective security, international trade, and democracy promotion. This article contributes to important debates on global governance and raises policy implications for the rewriting of international rules.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor-induced hypertension—marker of anti-tumour treatment efficacy or cardiovascular risk factor?
Authors: Ptinopoulou Anastasia G. , Sprangers Ben
Published: September 2020

Tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors (TKIs) are a relatively new class of targeted anti-cancer agents with vascular endothelial growth factor signalling pathway–inhibiting properties. Hypertension is recognized as one of the most common adverse effects of this anti-angiogenic therapy and is the consequence of reduced production of vasodilatory nitric oxide and reduced prostacyclin production as well as increased production of vasoconstrictive endothelin-1. TKI-induced hypertension is dose dependent and it has been suggested as a marker of treatment effectiveness. In this issue, Saito et al. report the incidence of treatment-related hypertension in patients treated with lenvatinib, a newer TKI, for non-resectable hepatocellular carcinoma. The authors demonstrate that a subset of TKI-treated patients develop fluid retention 3 weeks after treatment initiation as a consequence of lower urinary sodium excretion and thus provides insights into the pathogenesis of blood pressure elevation in the second phase. These findings contribute to a better understanding of TKI-associated hypertension and help in choosing the most appropriate antihypertensive agents in this setting. Active control of hypertension may help more patients benefit from longer TKI therapy, possibly resulting in better cancer outcomes.
Nomenclature for kidney function and disease—executive summary and glossary from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) consensus conference
Authors: Levey Andrew S , Eckardt Kai-Uwe , Dorman Nijsje M , Christiansen Stacy L , Cheung Michael , Jadoul Michel , Winkelmayer Wolfgang C
Published: September 2020

The worldwide burden of kidney disease is rising, but public awareness remains limited, underscoring the need for more effective communication by stakeholders in the kidney health community. Despite this need for clarity, the nomenclature for describing kidney function and disease lacks uniformity. In June 2019, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) convened a consensus conference with the goal of standardizing and refining the nomenclature used in the English language to describe kidney function and disease, and of developing a glossary that could be used by journals in scientific publications. Guiding principles of the conference were that the revised nomenclature should be patient-centred, precise, and consistent with nomenclature used in the KDIGO guidelines. Conference attendees reached general consensus on the following recommendations: (i) to use ‘kidney’ rather than ‘renal’ or ‘nephro’ when referring to kidney disease and kidney function; (ii) to use ‘kidney failure’ with appropriate descriptions of the presence or absence of symptoms, signs, and treatment rather than ‘end-stage’ kidney disease; (iii) to use the KDIGO definition and classification of acute kidney diseases and disorders (AKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) rather than alternative descriptions to define and classify the severity of AKD and AKI; (iv) to use the KDIGO definition and classification of chronic kidney disease (CKD) rather than alternative descriptions to define and classify the severity of CKD; and (v) to use specific kidney measures, such as albuminuria or decreased glomerular filtration rate, rather than ‘abnormal or reduced kidney function’ to describe alterations in kidney structure and function. A proposed five-part glossary contains specific items for which there was general agreement. Conference attendees acknowledged limitations of the recommendations and glossary but considered that standardizing scientific nomenclature is essential for improving communication.
Digging into the Genomic Past of Swiss Honey Bees by Whole-Genome Sequencing Museum Specimens
Authors: Parejo Melanie , Wragg David , Henriques Dora , Charrière Jean-Daniel , Estonba Andone
Published: September 2020

Historical specimens in museum collections provide opportunities to gain insights into the genomic past. For the Western honey bee, Apis mellifera L., this is particularly important because its populations are currently under threat worldwide and have experienced many changes in management and environment over the last century. Using Swiss Apis mellifera mellifera as a case study, our research provides important insights into the genetic diversity of native honey bees prior to the industrial-scale introductions and trade of non-native stocks during the 20th century—the onset of intensive commercial breeding and the decline of wild honey bees following the arrival of Varroa destructor. We sequenced whole-genomes of 22 honey bees from the Natural History Museum in Bern collected in Switzerland, including the oldest A. mellifera sample ever sequenced. We identify both, a historic and a recent migrant, natural or human-mediated, which corroborates with the population history of honey bees in Switzerland. Contrary to what we expected, we find no evidence for a significant genetic bottleneck in Swiss honey bees, and find that genetic diversity is not only maintained, but even slightly increased, most probably due to modern apicultural practices. Finally, we identify signals of selection between historic and modern honey bee populations associated with genes enriched in functions linked to xenobiotics, suggesting a possible selective pressure from the increasing use and diversity of chemicals used in agriculture and apiculture over the last century.
Piraiki-Patraiki and others v Commission (Case 11/82), EU:C:1985:18, [1985] ECR 207, 17 January 1985
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Piraiki-Patraiki and others v Commission (Case 11/82), EU:C:1985:18, [1985] ECR 207, 17 January 1985. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O'Meara.
Keck and Mithouard (Joined cases C-267/91 and C-268/91), EU:C:1993:905, [1993] ECR I-6097, 24 November 1993
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Keck and Mithouard (Joined cases C-267/91 and C-268/91), EU:C:1993:905, [1993] ECR I-6097, 24 November 1993. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O'Meara.
Commission v Italy (‘Trailers’) (Case C-110/05), EU:C:2009:66, [2009] ECR I-519, 10 February 2009
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Commission v Italy (‘Trailers’) (Case C-110/05), EU:C:2009:66, [2009] ECR I-519, 10 February 2009. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O'Meara.
Prosecutor v Hans Åkerberg Fransson (Case C-617/10), EU:C:2013:105, [2013] 2 CMLR 46, 26 February 2013
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Prosecutor v Hans Åkerberg Fransson (Case C-617/10), EU:C:2013:105, [2013] 2 CMLR 46, 26 February 2013. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O'Meara.
Digital Rights Ireland and Seitlinger and others v Minister for Communications, Marine and Natural Resources and others (Joined cases C-293/12 and C-594/12), EU:C:2014:238, [2014] ECR I-238, 8 April 2014
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Digital Rights Ireland and Seitlinger and others v Minister for Communications, Marine and Natural Resources and others (Joined cases C-293/12 and C-594/12), EU:C:2014:238, [2014] ECR I-238, 8 April 2014. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O'Meara.
Stefano Melloni v Ministerio Fiscal (Case C-399/11), EU:C:2013:107, 26 February 2013
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Stefano Melloni v Ministerio Fiscal (Case C-399/11), EU:C:2013:107, 26 February 2013. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O'Meara.
Cobbe v Yeoman’s Row Management Ltd [2008] UKHL 55, House of Lords
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Cobbe v Yeoman’s Row Management Ltd [2008] UKHL 55, House of Lords. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
Midland Bank Trust Co. Ltd v Green [1981] AC 513, House of Lords
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Midland Bank Trust Co. Ltd v Green [1981] AC 513, House of Lords. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
Barclays Bank plc v O’Brien [1994] 1 AC 180, House of Lords
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Barclays Bank plc v O’Brien [1994] 1 AC 180, House of Lords. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
Cuckmere Brick Co. Ltd v Mutual Finance Ltd [1971] Ch 949, Court of Appeal
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Cuckmere Brick Co. Ltd v Mutual Finance Ltd [1971] Ch 949, Court of Appeal. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
Burgess v Rawnsley [1975] 3 All ER 142, Court of Appeal
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Burgess v Rawnsley [1975] 3 All ER 142, Court of Appeal. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
Regency Villas Title Ltd v Diamond Resorts (Europe) Ltd [2018] UKSC 57, Supreme Court
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Regency Villas Title Ltd v Diamond Resorts (Europe) Ltd [2018] UKSC 57. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
Tulk v Moxhay (1848) 41 ER 1143, High Court (Chancery Division)
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Tulk v Moxhay (1848) 41 ER 1143, High Court (Chancery Division). The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Page v Smith [1996] 1 AC 155
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Page v Smith [1996] 1 AC 155. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Murphy v Brentwood DC [1991] 1 AC 398
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Murphy v Brentwood DC [1991] 1 AC 398. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd [1964] AC 465
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd [1964] AC 465. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 WLR 582
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 WLR 582. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Bonnington Castings Ltd v Wardlaw [1956] AC 613
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Bonnington Castings Ltd v Wardlaw [1956] AC 613. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
McGhee v National Coal Board [1973] 1 WLR 1
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in McGhee v National Coal Board [1973] 1 WLR 1. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd [2003] 1 AC 32
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd [2003] 1 AC 32. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Docks & Engineering Co Ltd (The Wagon Mound No 1) [1961] AC 388
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Docks & Engineering Co Ltd (The Wagon Mound No 1) [1961] AC 388. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Tomlinson v Congleton BC [2004] 1 AC 46
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Tomlinson v Congleton BC [2004] 1 AC 46. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Murray v Ministry of Defence [1988] 1 WLR 692
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Murray v Ministry of Defence [1988] 1 WLR 692. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Cox v Ministry of Justice [2016] UKSC 10
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Cox v Ministry of Justice [2016] UKSC 10. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Lister v Hesley Hall Ltd [2002] 1 AC 215
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Lister v Hesley Hall Ltd [2002] 1 AC 215. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Schmidt v Rosewood Trust [2003] UKPC 26, Privy Council
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Schmidt v Rosewood Trust [2003] UKPC 26, Privy Council. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Williams v Central Bank of Nigeria [2014] UKSC 10, Supreme Court
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Williams v Central Bank of Nigeria [2014] UKSC 10, Supreme Court. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Royal Brunei Airlines Sdn Bhd v Tan [1995] 2 AC 378, Privy Council
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Royal Brunei Airlines Sdn Bhd v Tan [1995] 2 AC 378, Privy Council. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Bristol and West Building Society v Mothew [1998] Ch 1, Court of Appeal
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Bristol and West Building Society v Mothew [1998] Ch 1, Court of Appeal. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Crédit Lyonnais Bank Nederland NV v Burch [1997] 1 All ER 144, Court of Appeal
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Crédit Lyonnais Bank Nederland NV v Burch [1997] 1 All ER 144, Court of Appeal. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Cobbe v Yeoman’s Row Management Ltd [2008] UKHL 55, House of Lords
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Cobbe v Yeoman’s Row [2008] UKHL 55, House of Lords. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd [1947] KB 130, King’s Bench Division
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd [1947] KB 130, King’s Bench Division. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Patel v Mirza [2016] UKSC 42, Supreme Court
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Patel v Mirza [2016] UKSC 42, Supreme Court. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
R v Cheshire [1991] 1 WLR 844, Court of Appeal
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Cheshire [1991] 1 WLR 844, Court of Appeal. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v Kennedy [2008] 1 AC 269, House of Lords
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Kennedy [2008] 1 AC 269, House of Lords. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v Adomako [1995] AC 171, House of Lords
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Adomako [1995] AC 171, House of Lords. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v Gomez [1993] AC 442, House of Lords
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Gomez [1993] AC 442, House of Lords. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
Ivey v Genting Casinos [2017] UKSC 67, Supreme Court
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Ivey v Genting Casinos [2017] UKSC 67, Supreme Court. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v Coley [2013] EWCA Crim 223, Court of Appeal
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Coley [2013] EWCA Crim 223, Court of Appeal. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd [1953] 1 QB 401
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd [1953] 1 QB 401. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Adams v Lindsell [1818] EWHC KB J59; (1818) 1 B & Ald 681; (1818) 106 ER 250
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Adams v Lindsell (1818) 106 ER 250. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Felthouse v Bindley [1862] EWHC CP J35; 142 ER 1037
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Felthouse v Bindley [1862] EWHC CP J35; 142 ER 1037. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Pao On & others v Lau Yiu Long and another [1980] AC 614
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Pao On and others v Lau Yiu Long and another [1980] AC 614. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd [1991] 1 QB 1
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd [1991] 1 QB 1. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Zurich Insurance Co Ltd plc v Hayward [2017] AC 142; [2016] UKSC 48
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Zurich Insurance Co Ltd plc v Hayward [2016] UKSC 48. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
L’Estrange v Graucob Ltd [1934] 2 KB 394
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in L’Estrange v Graucob Ltd [1934] 2 KB 394. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Lombard North Central plc v Butterworth [1987] QB 527
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Lombard North Central plc v Butterworth [1987] QB 527. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Krell v Henry [1903] 2 KB 740
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Krell v Henry [1903] 2 KB 740. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
One Step (Support) Ltd v Morris-Garner [2019] AC 649; [2018] UKSC 20
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in One Step (Support) Ltd v Morris-Garner [2018] UKSC 20. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223, Court of Appeal
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223, Court of Appeal. This case note considers the concept of unreasonableness as articulated in Wednesbury and reflects on its relationship to that of proportionality. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
British Railways Board v Pickin [1974] AC 765, House of Lords
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in British Railways Board v Pickin [1974] AC 765, House of Lords. The case concerned the unwillingness of the courts to look behind the process by which statutes were enacted by Parliament. The case note explores the wider implications of this position in the context of debate between orthodox and alternative conceptions of parliamentary sovereignty, and the notion of constitutional statutes. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
Burmah Oil Company v Lord Advocate [1965] AC 75, House of Lords
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Burmah Oil Company v Lord Advocate [1965] AC 75, House of Lords. This case, read together with the War Damage Act 1965, outlines the capacity of Parliament to enact retroactive legislation. The case note discusses this in the context of the rule of law and parliamentary sovereignty. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
Osborn v Parole Board [2013] UKSC 61, before the UK Supreme Court
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Osborn v Parole Board [2013] UKSC 61, UK Supreme Court. This case concerned three applicants who, it was contended, had been subject to procedurally unfair processes by the Parole Board. In arguing their cases they had primarily relied upon Article 5(4) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The UKSC preferred the common law principle of procedural fairness. This note examines that principle and the concept of common law rights more generally in relation to the ECHR and the Human Rights Act 1998. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
R v Chaytor and others [2010] UKSC 52, Supreme Court
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Chaytor and others [2010] UKSC 52, Supreme Court. This case considered the extent of parliamentary privilege, and the courts' role in interpreting it. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
R v Lord Chancellor, ex parte Witham [1998] QB 575, High Court (Queen’s Bench Division)
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Lord Chancellor, ex parte Witham [1998] QB 575, High Court (Queen’s Bench Division). This case concerns the constitutionality of fees payable to access court processes where the applicant's limited financial means render them unable to pay those fees. More generally it concerns the capacity of the common law to provide rights protections, notwithstanding the Human Rights Act 1998. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Simms [1999] UKHL 33, in the House of Lords
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Simms [1999] UKHL 33, House of Lords. The case considered whether the Secretary of State, and prison governors, could restrict prisoners’ access to journalists investigating alleged miscarriages of justice. In addition to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) Article 10 issues this raises, Lord Hoffmann also in obiter dicta discussed the relationship between the Human Rights Act 1998, parliamentary sovereignty, and the concept of legality. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Fire Brigades Union [1995] 2 AC 513, House of Lords
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Fire Brigades Union [1995] 2 AC 513, House of Lords. In this case, the House of Lords considered whether the Secretary of State could use the prerogative power to set up an alternative compensation scheme to that laid down in statute. It raises questions as regards the limits of the prerogative power, and the separation of powers in the United Kingdom’s constitution. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
R (on the application of Evans) and another v Attorney General [2015] UKSC 21, Supreme Court
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R (on the application of Evans) and another v Attorney General [2015] UKSC 21, Supreme Court. This case concerns whether Parliament can have intended for a statutory provision to allow a member of the executive to overturn the decision of a court without good, clearly articulated reasons (Lord Mance), or contrary to constitutional principle (Lord Neuberger). The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
R (on the application of Nicklinson) v Ministry of Justice [2014] UKSC 38, Supreme Court
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R (on the application of Nicklinson) v Ministry of Justice [2014] UKSC 38, UK Supreme Court. The case concerned assisted dying, specifically whether s. 2 of the Suicide Act 1961 was incompatible with the Human Rights Act 1998 (Nicklinson and Lambs’ cases), and whether the prosecution guidance on assisting someone to commit suicide issued by the Director of Public Prosecutions was sufficiently clear (Martin’s case). However, the primary focus of this case note is on the justices’ discussion of the respective competences of Parliament and the courts to resolve the legal issues in this area. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
Smith and Grady v United Kingdom [1999] ECHR 72, European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Smith and Grady v United Kingdom [1999] ECHR 72, European Court of Human Rights. This case examined the now-defunct provisions against homosexuality in the British military, and how using either unreasonableness or proportionality produced different outcomes. It also considers the contribution which a rights-based approach to legal questions, drawing on proportionality, can make to the development of law and policy. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
Thoburn v Sunderland City Council [2002] EWHC 195 (Admin), Divisional Court
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Thoburn v Sunderland City Council [2002] EWHC 195 (Admin), Divisional Court. This case introduced the concept of a ‘constitutional’ statute into UK jurisprudence. The case note reflects on the consequences of this. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
6. The relationship between EU and national law
Authors: de Mars Sylvia
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on the relationship between EU law and national law. It first explores the jurisprudence on what is known as the doctrine of supremacy of EU law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). When a national court observes that a national law clashes with an EU law, they must set aside that national law. The EU legal order would not work without a doctrine like supremacy: not only would domestic courts not be compelled to apply EU law instead of conflicting national law, but it is likely that different domestic courts would take different decisions as to whether to apply EU law over national law in a given scenario. The chapter then considers how supremacy has been received in Germany and the UK, looking at how the German and UK legal orders interact with EU law. It then addresses whether ‘parliamentary sovereignty’ is compatible with EU membership, and examines the impact of Brexit on the supremacy of EU law.
11. Free movement of goods
Authors: de Mars Sylvia
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the free movement of goods, which lies at the very heart of the internal market. The idea of the free movement of goods was the starting point that the EEC Treaty aimed for, and remains one of the greatest achievements of the EU to date. However, as with everything in EU law, there are a lot of legal rules underpinning a fairly straightforward concept. The Treaty contains two separate sets of provisions that address matters of taxation when it comes to trade in products. The first relates to border taxation, while the second relates to internal taxation. With regard to non-taxation issues, the primary issue is quantitative restrictions: situations where a Member State either blocks a specific volume of products from entering its market, or outlaws/bans a product altogether. The chapter then considers the exceptions to free movement of goods, and assesses how Brexit may impact on the free movement of goods between the UK and the EU.
15. Competition law
Authors: de Mars Sylvia
Published: September 2020

This chapter analyses the foundations of EU competition law. Competition law is an attempt to regulate the behaviour of private companies when active in the internal market so as to ensure that competition between different entities remains and is fair. The rules of competition law aim both to assist the completion of the internal market as well as addressing consumer welfare in more general terms. A further particularly interesting dimension is that unlike most internal market law, competition law applies regardless of the nationality of the companies or businesses active in the internal market. As such, UK companies active on the continent after Brexit will have to know these rules, regardless of whether they continue to apply in the UK. The chapter then details the two Treaty provisions that address anti-competitive behaviour: Articles 101 and 102 TFEU (Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union).
7. Implied Trusts
Authors: Lees Emma
Published: September 2020

This chapter assesses the law relating to implied trusts. The law relating to implied trusts is almost entirely a judicial invention, and perhaps even more importantly, the relative vagueness of many of the rules means that a knowledge of how they work in practice from existing case law is essential. The chapter then studies express trusts, statutory trusts, constructive trusts, and resulting trusts. It also considers the plans regarding reform of the law in this area. The reform proposals which exist do not represent a clear improvement, however, and so in this area, it is perhaps best to see the law as it exists as a series of compromises borne out of a combination of political unwillingness to tackle the issues of cohabitation and imbalance in relationships head on, and of the common law's reluctance in respect of, and the constitutional impropriety of, judicially created ‘revolutionary’ rules.
2. The Agreement
Authors: Beatson Jack , Burrows Andrew , Cartwright John
Published: September 2020

A contract consists of an actionable promise or promises. Every such promise involves at least two parties, a promisor and a promisee, and an outward expression of common intention and of expectation as to the declaration or assurance contained in the promise. This outward expression of a common intention and of expectation normally takes the form of an agreement. This chapter discusses the establishment of an agreement by offer and acceptance; uncertain and incomplete agreements; and the intention to create legal relations.
11. Illegality
Authors: Beatson Jack , Burrows Andrew , Cartwright John
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers what counts as illegality and the effect of illegality on a contract (and consequent restitution). The approach of the Courts to illegality has been transformed for the better, and simplified, by the Supreme Court in Patel v Mirza in 2016. Illegal conduct, tainting a contract, can vary widely from serious crimes (eg murder) to relatively minor crimes (eg breach of licensing requirements) through to civil wrongs and to conduct that does not comprise a wrong but is contrary to public policy. As regards the effect of illegality, where a statute does not deal with this, the common law approach is now to apply a range of factors. A final section of the chapter examines contracts in restraint of trade.