bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Worship and Spirituality
Authors: Amaladass Anand
Published: May 2021

Christians in South Asia can be classified into three groups: the intellectual Christian elites, uneducated clerics, and the faithful ‘folk’ of the villages. After Vatican II came renewal in liturgy, church activities and social awareness. The word ‘Christian’ may be used as adjective of Christendom (a civilisation), or of Christianity (a religion among others) or of Christianness (a personal – but not individualistic – spirituality). The new trend is one of ‘Christic consciousness’. Aloysius Pieris speaks of an inter-textual encounter between the Hebrew-Christian Bible and the Pali Buddhist Tripitakas, paying regard to divergent cultural matrices and underlying socio-political histories. The most significant achievement of Christian spirituality came in changing the attitude of Hindus to people with low social status. The Retreat movement, started on a large scale in Potta, Kerala, still attracts thousands of people. The collapse of Soviet rule provided opportunity not only for the Orthodox Church to revive but also for new evangelical movements to establish their presence. Today, one talks of a ‘Christophany’ where the Spirit is at work beyond the rational or doctrinal approach; not mere exegesis of the ‘inspired’ texts, but it penetrates into every manifestation of the human spirit.
South Asian Diaspora
Authors: George Sam
Published: May 2021

South Asia accounted for more than 32 million emigrants worldwide. These figures do not include the Old Diaspora –when millions were taken to work as indentured labourers, losing all links to their ancestral homelands. Most early migratory interactions, initiated by foreigners who came for trade or conquest, took people out of this region, a people that did not venture far from home. The dispersion out of South Asia can be divided into three waves: the Old Diaspora (early to mid-eighteenth century), the New Diaspora (1940s to 1990s) and the Modern Diaspora (beginning in the early 1990s). This latest diaspora is marked by mass migration of software engineers to Western countries, especially the USA, Canada, the UK, Germany and Australia. South Asians are very religious and are less landlocked than people of other faiths in the region. The alienation that result from transplantation in religious and spiritual terms, make migration for South Asians a ‘theologising experience’. Many South Asians have joined the Christian fold in diasporic locations as they feel less stigma than in their ancestral homelands. Uncertainties about the future keep immigrants continually on the edge, which leads some to a deeper spiritual quest.
Ghosts in the Machine Age: Rose and Bob Brown’s Reading Machines and the Socio-Technics of Social Change
Authors: White Eric B.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 4 begins at the point at which the Bob and Rose Brown’s ‘readies’ project supposedly failed: after the Readies for Bob Brown’s Machine anthology was published in 1931. Featuring experimental texts by Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, William Carlos Williams and many others, the readies project has hitherto been considered one of many modernist casualties of the Great Depression. This chapter finally reveals its full story, and details how Rose Brown led the development of a new working reading machine in the 1930s and beyond. Anthology contributors including James T. Farrell, Norman MacLeod and the Browns had begun to chart a course beyond the binary orbits of dour social realism and ‘ivory-tower’ aestheticism. The chapter combines new readings of these American super-realist writers with extensive archival research using a meta-formational approach, which relies on (rather than is undermined by) different disciplinary approaches to cultural production. Reconstructing the Browns’ journey from the rural labour institute Commonwealth College to the Polytechnic Museums of Russia – from the burgeoning microfilm industry in New York City to their plantation in Brazil – it reveals how the Browns’ proletarian class politics and Veblenist technicities articulate a sustained and dialogic engagement between modernist vanguards and mass culture.
Nemesis
Authors: Zartaloudis Thanos
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the relation between nomos and nemesis, a sentiment that arguably entails an early sense of indignation, in the Homeric uses, with some reference to later understandings and the link to aidōs. It also examines the respective uses in Hediod.
The Nomos of the Post-Homeric Poets
Authors: Zartaloudis Thanos
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the uses of the nomos family of words in the ‘post-homeric’ poets and in particular in Hesiod, Alcman, Alcaeus, Archilochus and Theognis.
Nomos Basileus
Authors: Zartaloudis Thanos
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the uses of nomos family of words in the poetry of Pindar, including an extensive analysis of fr.169a. In doing so it also considers Plato’s, Carl Schmitt’s, Giorgio Agamben’s, Jean-Luc Nancy’s and Friedrich Hölderlin’s references to the Pindaric fragment.
The Nomos of the Tragedians
Authors: Zartaloudis Thanos
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the uses of the nomos family of words in the tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. The chapter includes an extensive analysis of the uses of these words in the Antigone.
Nomos Mousikos
Authors: Zartaloudis Thanos
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the uses of the nomos family of words in the fundamental, for the Greeks, practice of mousikē. It examines the wider context of mousikē practices and the elements that comprise it, as well as the role of the Muses, harmonia, the mousikos nomos and the early law-givers.
Surrealism, Chance and the Extended Mind
Authors: Watson Kerry
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses how the Surrealists engaged with techniques like automatic drawing, the exquisite corpse, collage, frottage and decalcomania, and how this might be interpreted in the context of theories of distributed cognition, enactivism, embodiment, and the extended mind. The Surrealists’ use of ‘objective chance’ was driven by a belief in the existence of an unconscious state of mind which could only be accessed obliquely, by using techniques which bypassed both artistic skill and conscious thought. ‘Where does the mind stop and the rest of the world begin?’. This question is posed by Clark and Chalmers (1998) as an introduction to the concept of the extended mind, but it could just as well be the very question the Surrealists were trying to address in their search for a universal truth, the key to which they believed to be the unconscious mind as defined by Freud.
Introduction: Doing Nothing in America
Authors: Ladyga Zuzanna
Published: May 2021

The introduction outlines a theoretical approach to the theme of laziness in literature and provides a historical genealogy of the term. It argues the pertinence of laziness as a concept-metaphor that maps an ethically problematic aspect of Western culture, namely its inability to think of “withdrawal from taking an action” outside of the morally stigmatizing categories of right or wrong. The interpretative claim is that laziness lends itself to such analysis due to its unique history as one of Western culture’s most notorious stigmas. In order to give readers the idea of the scope of the metaphorical potential of laziness, the second part of the introduction delivers a genealogy of the term, including an account of its role in religious and philosophical discourse from antiquity until today. This genealogical analysis suggests that laziness has always maintained a relation to the vocabularies of biopower, and thus laziness – as a theme, as a metaphor – marks the horizon of dissent to biopolitical norms, as well as the horizon of thinking about the sense of agency, self-affirmation and self-preservation. The aesthetics of laziness provides writers and philosophers with means to critique the Western norm of productivity and invent models of its evasion
Laziness and Tactility in Ernest Hemingway’s The Garden of Eden
Authors: Ladyga Zuzanna
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on Ernest Hemingway’s The Garden of Eden as an example of how modernist inoperativity has been wrestled from its embryonic state and given a literary form. Hemingway’s novel captures the tension between creative potency and impotency by dramatizing it as a conflict of two characters Catherine and David Bourne, each haunted by their individual, internal conflict between creative vigor and creative resistance. Hemingway builds his haptic aesthetics around the theme of laziness to speculate about the bodily, sensuous dimension of all creative endeavours. This manipulation of the theme of laziness is a radical attempt at articulating by literary means the sensibility of exhaustion that underlies the modernist love of action. More importantly, however, it is an attempt to comment on the loss of artistic freedoms that the 20th century capitalist biopower has taken away from writers by forcing them to accept and internalize the rules and values of the book market.
Exhaustion of Possibilities: Harold Rosenberg, John Barth and Susan Sontag
Authors: Ladyga Zuzanna
Published: May 2021

The chapter examines dominant postmodernist structures of feeling with respect to their internal contradiction. If its declared assent to the mode of exhaustion of aesthetic possibilities, articulated in its penchant for self-referentiality, intertextuality, and metafiction, gives an impression of a full-fledged embracement of doing nothing, this insight might actually be misleading. A careful look at postmodern manifestos – by Harold Rosenberg, John Barth and Susan Sontag – suggests that the appropriation of the limit-trope of doing nothing as postmodernism’s very own is in fact artificial. Rather than realizing the counter-normative potential of the trope of doing nothing, The chapter argues that the dominant postmodern rhetoric nullifies it by rephrasing productivity in terms of hyper-productivity and hyper-engagement. In Harold Rosenberg’s theory of Action Painting and John Barth’s notion of ultra-productive weariness with tradition, for example, modes of inactivity such as passivity or disinterest are revitalized as modes of heightened cognition. Thus, rather than inaugurating a “new” representational and ethical regime, postmodern manifestos are quite reactionary in that reiterate the ideologically troublesome Romantic notion of the artist’s active role in the process of artistic production.
Epilogue
Authors: Ladyga Zuzanna
Published: May 2021

Writing The Labour of Laziness was my response to a cultural tendency to overvalue productivity in every area of human life at the cost of private freedom. I was troubled by the cross-dressing of this biopolitical, economy-based norm in ethical frills of self-improvement, self-management or political quasi-activism. And I saw this drag everywhere. I saw it in the Fitbit fad and Quantitative Movement’s encouragement to monitor my sleep-patterns and step ratio, so that I become the healthiest and most productive version of myself. I saw it in the organised leisure activities in the lives of my children’s friends, whose birthday parties would be orchestrated by skilled animators, and whose summer camps offered so many fun games that there would be no free time to do nothing. Finally, I saw it in my work place, academia. And I am not just talking about the injunction to publish more and more – the dreadful ‘publish or perish’ doctrine – or to translate individual, free thoughts into grant parlance. After all, it is not breaking news that the neoliberal academic system treats intellectual effort as a commodity....
Resisting Militarism
Authors: Rossdale Chris
Published: May 2021

In the past 15 years, anti-militarist activists in the UK have auctioned off a tank outside an arms fair, superglued themselves to Lockheed Martin’s central London offices and stopped a battleship with a canoe. They have also challenged militarism on an everyday level in many other ways. This book tells the story of their resistance. It explores why anti-militarists take part in such actions, considers the politics of different tactics and examines the tensions and debates within the movement.
Resisting Militarism draws on a range of critical theoretical traditions including anarchist, feminist, postcolonial, poststructural and queer theory. These are engaged to both animate and interrogate anti-militarist politics, with particular emphasis placed on activists’ use of prefigurative direct action.
As it explores the multifaceted, imaginative and highly subversive world of anti-militarism, the book also makes two overarching arguments. First, that anti-militarists can help us to understand militarism in novel and useful ways. And secondly, that the methods and ideas used by anti-militarists can be a potent force for radical political change.
Anti-Militarist Direct Action
Authors: Rossdale Chris
Published: May 2021

This chapter outlines the understanding of direct action on which the rest of the book builds. It begins with two vignettes of notable anti-militarist direct actions, before setting out some formal definitions of direct action. It then outlines a brief history of anti-militarist direct action in the UK, showing how the tactic developed through the two world wars and the anti-nuclear movements of the 1950s and 80s. The second half of the chapter introduces four concepts through which we can read the politics of direct action. These concepts – (anti-)representation, prefiguration, (anti-)strategy and empowerment – and the debates that surround them, help to situate direct action not only as a particular practice or tactic, but as generative of particular kinds of subjects, movements, and approaches to social transformation.
Conclusion
Authors: Rossdale Chris
Published: May 2021

The conclusion returns to the politics of prefiguration and political coalition. There are certain dangers involved in practices of resistance which set themselves in opposition to coherent and stable enemies, and which seek to build hegemonic coalitions. Such practices often struggle to contend with how resistance is shaped and produced by those very power systems it seeks to oppose. The chapter outlines some of these challenges, before suggesting how an understanding of anti-militarism as a prefigurative ethics of resistance which seeks to reveal, limit, or disrupt violence, and which recognises that its task is never complete, may offer some pathways through.
Branding Convivencia: Jewish Museums and the Reinvention of a Moroccan Andalus in Essaouira
Authors: Boum Aomar
Published: May 2021

Exploring the transformation of the Simon Attia Synagogue into a museum of memory (bayt al-dhakira) (house of memory) and research centre for the study of Judaism and Islam in Essaouira, this chapter shows an attempt to institutionalise new segments of Jewish history and bring them to the broader Moroccan public. Amongst Arab countries of the MENA region, Morocco provides a rare example of a nation that displays and protect its Jewish heritage. In the face of mass emigration from Jewish citizens to Israel and Europe, private investors and the Moroccan government have engaged in multiple initiatives to preserve the cultural heritage of this population since the 1990s, engaging in the branding of a Moroccan ‘convivencia’ (coexistence), the medieval concept of tolerance and interfaith dialogue that existed in Muslim Spain. Until recently, ‘convivencia’ had mainly revolved around the programming of festivals and the creation of cultural museums.
Hydrofictions
Authors: Boast Hannah
Published: May 2021

Hydrofictions identifies water as a new topic of literary and cultural analysis at a critical moment for the world’s water resources, focusing on the urgent context of Israel/Palestine. It argues for the necessity of recognising water’s importance in understanding contemporary Israeli and Palestinian literature, covering topics including representations of the River Jordan; the history of Zionist and Israeli swamp drainage; the emergence of Israeli and Palestinian environmentalisms; the role of the Mediterranean in Israeli identity; and the hydropolitics of war and occupation. In doing so, it shows that water is as culturally significant as that much more obvious object of nationalist attention, the land. This book offers new insights into Israeli and Palestinian literature and politics, and into the role of culture in an age of environmental crisis. Hydrofictions shows that how we imagine water is inseparable from how we manage it. It is vital reading for students and scholars in Middle East Studies, postcolonial ecocriticism, the environmental humanities and anyone invested in the future of the world’s water.
Water Wars: Infrastructures of Violence in Sayed Kashua’s Let it be Morning
Authors: Boast Hannah
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines representations of Israel’s destruction and disconnection of Palestinian water infrastructure in Palestinian literature, focusing on Sayed Kashua’s Let It Be Morning (2004). It situates this phenomenon in the context of wider scholarship on urbicide, water infrastructure and citizenship, biopolitics, and humanitarianism. The destruction and disconnection of Palestinian water supplies by the Israel Defense Forces is identified as an act of ‘slow violence’ and a factor in ‘racial Palestinization’.
A History of Scottish Child Protection Law
Authors: Norrie Kenneth McK.
Published: May 2021

This book explores the development of Scottish child protection law from its earliest days in the poor law, tracing the changing assumptions that underlay child protection processes, and the radical shift of emphasis from private (charitable) endeavour to public (local authority) duty. This book looks at the developing legal processes for removing children from abusive or neglectful environments, explores how child offenders and child victims came to be dealt with in the same processes, and examines the reasons why Scots law has managed to continue to cleave its own procedural path in the contemporary world. It explores both processes and outcomes, explaining how the juvenile court evolved into the children’s hearing, and it examines the substantive continuities between the various orders that could be made over children. The regulation of boarding out and fostering of children is compared with the regulation of institutional care, and the evolution of aftercare provisions is explained. The book also offers an analysis of the (dubious) legal basis for the Imperial practice of sending troubled children to the colonies, as part of a deliberate policy of spreading British “stock” across the world. The final chapter traces the origins and statutory control of the practice of adoption of children, from its days as an informal arrangement through its early manifestation as a minor action changing status to its present position as the most radical order that a court of law can make.
Classical Caledonia
Authors: Montgomery Alan
Published: May 2021

Classical Caledonia explores eighteenth-century attitudes towards Scotland’s ancient history and heritage, looking in particular at how Roman Scotland was interpreted at this time. It discusses the research of early modern antiquarians and historians both north and south of the border and looks at how Scotland’s ancient past was often misinterpreted and manipulated in attempts to create a new national identity for a country undergoing rapid and dramatic change. The book uncovers the political, patriotic and intellectual influences which fuelled the heated eighteenth-century debates surrounding the success or failure of the Roman conquests of Scotland, a place sometimes referred to in ancient sources as ‘Caledonia’, and the disagreements regarding the impact of Roman invasion on the evolution of the modern nation. Analysing the period’s historiography, antiquarianism, political propaganda and literature, Classical Caledonia investigates the widespread interest in Scotland’s Roman past during the eighteenth century and reveals the influence of folklore, myth and tradition on the accounts of Scotland’s ancient tribes and their supposed resistance to conquest by the Roman Empire. It also examines the fading interest in the subject of Roman Scotland in the later eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, as the Scottish Enlightenment and the rise of Romanticism and associated notions of the nation’s origins overtook the desire to establish a classical heritage in the region north of Hadrian’s Wall.
Imagining a classical Caledonia: Sir Robert Sibbald’s vision of Scotland’s Roman past
Authors: Montgomery Alan
Published: May 2021

The first chapter focuses on the life and work of polymath Sir Robert Sibbald, whose extensive research and numerous publications on the history and heritage of Roman Scotland would have a profound influence on the antiquarian writings of subsequent generations. It reveals how Sibbald’s own fascination with ancient Rome prompted him to propose that much of Scotland had been a virtual Roman province. In examining his sources and his methodology, which included extensive investigation of material remains as well as etymology, this chapter demonstrates how Sibbald constructed his theories, which radically departed from previous interpretations of Scotland’s Roman past. In addition, the chapter highlights Sibbald’s posthumous reputation and the enduring legacy of his antiquarian conjectures.
Reconquering the Highlands: Hanoverian interpretations of Roman Scotland
Authors: Montgomery Alan
Published: May 2021

The sixth chapter focuses on the years following the failure of the 1745 Jacobite uprising, a period which would witness dramatic social change, particularly in the Scottish Highlands. The Hanoverian regime’s attempt to subdue the north of Scotland and wipe out Gaelic culture was clearly based on ancient Roman precedents. In addition, a number of the Hanoverian military men who were based in Scotland after the ’45 would become interested in the region’s Roman heritage, leading to many new discoveries and influential publications. Best known among these men are General Robert Melville and Major General William Roy, whose posthumously published Roman Antiquities of the Romans in North Britain would include many maps and plans of Scottish Roman sites.
Policing the Rural
Authors: Jackson Louise A. , Davidson Neil , Fleming Linda , Smale David M. , Sparks Richard
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the role of the ‘village constable’ in the Highland and Islands of Scotland. It identifies an approach to policing that was mostly diffusive and conciliatory in terms of the settled population. This was facilitated by the rural officer’s role as a generalist, geographically embedded within the village as primary point of contact. More ‘robust’ tactics were used in relation to male migrant labour although officers also acted as mediators between the settled population and those constructed as ‘outsiders’ (including members of Gypsy/Traveller communities). The authors show that the high levels of autonomy accorded the rural constable led in some cases to high levels of trust, but also had potential to expose significant weakness.
Living Next Door to Death
Authors: Craig Cairns
Published: May 2021

Spark’s characters live out their lives ‘next door to death’, in plots which often turn on those characters’ efforts to control the future beyond their own death by means of wills and legacies. For Sartrean existentialism, human beings live in a world without God, making themselves by their own individual choices. Spark resists this secular framework by building her plots around apparently supernatural events, such as the ‘typing ghost’ who predicts the future in The Comforters and the phone calls in Memento Mori which remind characters they must die. The introduction of the supernatural reveals a world which cannot be comprehended by the kinds of realism to which Sartre’s secular philosophy was committed.
Kierkegaard: The Limits of the Aesthetic
Authors: Craig Cairns
Published: May 2021

The ‘aesthetic’ is, for Kierkegaard, the condition in which most people live, a condition he explores through his ‘pseudonymous’ writings, in which his text is supposedly the product of an author other than himself. By such indirection, Kierkegaard is able both to work within the ‘aesthetic’ in his creation of a work of fiction and, at same time, to critique it. It was a technique first developed in ‘The Seducer’s Diary’ section of Either/Or, whose plot is recapitulated in Spark’s The Bachelors. Kierkegaard’s fear of the power of the aesthetic is repeated in Spark’s novels, in which characters like Patrick Seton in The Bachelors or Jean Brodie in The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie try to aestheticise the world in which they live in order to gain control over it. The aesthetic offers them a false sense of having escaped from time into eternity, an escape that their author resists even when she herself cannot escape the aesthetic medium of her art.
Performing Personae in Blackwood’s and Romantic Periodicals
Authors: Woody Christine
Published: May 2021

Perhaps more than any other Romantic periodical, Blackwood’s is known for its use of personae, specifically fictional characters masquerading as actual contributors to the magazine. Especially in the ‘Noctes Ambrosianae,’ its personae dramatize the process of creating the magazine, parading their high-minded debates, habitual procrastination, and personal foibles before the public. This essay reframes our understanding of personae in Blackwood’s and other Romantic-era periodicals by applying J.L. Austin’s speech-act concept of ‘felicity’ to representations of James Hogg’s ‘Ettrick Shepherd’ and Thomas De Quincey’s ‘English Opium-Eater’.
The Challenge of Longevity: Blackwood’s as a Post-Romantic Periodical
Authors: Shattock Joanne
Published: May 2021

The collection’s concluding chapter chronicles how William Blackwood’s successors strove to preserve his magazine’s trademark Toryism and miscellaneity amid fierce competition from a wave of imitators and rivals. Deploying a wide-angle lens, it traces how Blackwood’s met the challenges of longevity by repeatedly reinventing itself over the course of the Victorian age. Accordingly, it not only models the insights to be gained through the diachronic study of a single serial but also underscores how nimble any given periodical needed to be in a century of rapidly morphing audiences, formats and technologies.
Richard II as Robinson Crusoe: Sovereignty and the Impossibility of Solitude
Authors: Griffiths Huw
Published: May 2021

Through a close reading of two key moments of Richard II – the king’s return from Ireland and his later imprisonment and murder – this chapter demonstrates that, whilst the play develops an emotional investment in the trope of the lonely, isolated sovereign, sovereignty itself is imagined differently. Sovereignty is never contained within the lonely figure of a solitary man’s body but rather made manifest through an engagement with the world and, particularly, the organic with the machine, the “natural” with the “artificial”. This is a reading which is opposed to the dominant influence of Kantorowicz’s account of Richard II in The King’s Two Bodies, and that engages with Derrida’s consideration of Robinson Crusoe’s lonely sovereignty in the second volume of his The Beast and the Sovereign lectures.
Introduction: Film Reboots
Authors: Herbert Daniel , Verevis Constantine
Published: May 2021

Since the turn of the millennium, ‘the reboot’ has appeared as a prominent cinematic category in both industrial practice and popular discourses. Resembling both the remake and the sequel, the film reboot is a complex case of industrial intertextuality, where an individual film is linked to an existing film, or film series, by commercial design, and yet often disavows those previous texts in an attempt to generate a new cycle of cinematic productions. This chapter discusses the serial formatting practice of the film reboot, not only its form and structure, but also its relation to other cultural forms, and to changing industrial practices, audience and fan activities. Adopting a broadly discursive approach, the chapter argues that two factors – the rise of digital technologies and the dominance of franchising – set the stage for film reboots in the twenty-first century.
Ghost Girls: Ghostbusters, Popular Feminism and the Gender-Swap Reboot
Authors: Perkins Claire
Published: May 2021

This chapter appeals to recent debates on ‘popular feminism’ to attend to the politics of the ‘gender-swap’ reboot, Ghostbusters. It points out that Ghostbusters – and other gender-swapped properties such as the Ocean’s series – take the recasting of the sexual politics of their predecessors as their point of departure but, the chapter argues, the promise of revisionism communicated by the film’s narrative image is contradicted by its storyline and attitude. Situating the gender-swap reboot at the intersection of popular feminism and popular misogyny, the chapter engages in a close reading of Ghostbusters to demonstrate the ways in which its feminist message – of gender equality in Hollywood – is ultimately compromised by a ‘comedic tone’ that suggests that this issue is not to be taken seriously.
Early Fourteenth-century Manuscripts from Konya and Sivas
Authors: Jackson Cailah
Published: May 2021

The second chapter concerns manuscripts produced in Konya between 1311 and 1332. This period roughly coincides with the rise of the Turcoman principalities (beyliks) on Rum’s political scene and the final decades of Ilkhanid rule which ended in 1335 with the death of the ruler Abu Saʿid. The seven core manuscripts that comprise the focus of this chapter were produced for Turcoman princes and Mevlevi dervishes. The manuscripts produced for Turcoman (Ashrafid and Qaramanid) patrons include al-Fusul al-Ashrafiyya and a large two-volume Qur’an. Works closely connected to the Mevlevis include a copy of the Intihanama by Sultan Walad, a Masnavi of Jalal al-Din Rumi, and a Masnavi of Sultan Walad. Also discussed is a Masnavi of Jalal al-Din Rumi from Sivas, which had been previously neglected by scholarship. This chapter expands the analysis concerning Mevlevi involvement in illuminated manuscript production that was introduced in Chapter One. It also discusses the historiography of the Turcoman principalities, a thread that will be taken up in Chapters Three and Four.
The Creature as a Figure of Unrestitutability, or Monsters in Paradise not Allowed: Benevolence and Restitution in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein
Authors: Zolkos Magdalena
Published: May 2021

This chapter brings Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein in conversation with two moral sentiment philosophers of the 18th century, Joseph Butler and David Hume. It focuses on the connection between the modern restitutive trope and reparation as premised on shared humanity. The ‘problem’ that the Creature from Frankenstein illuminates is the conditional logic of restitution, which is open only to those who are already included in human society; animals, monsters, and other non-humans do not partake in restitution. By showing that the concept of benevolence has a central place in the construction of prelapsarian desires in Shelley’s novel, the chapter argues that the Creature represents for the other protagonists the humanity’s ‘radical outside’; he is both excluded from the benevolent society and divested of restitutive possibilities. The Creature is a figure of ‘unrestitutability’ because the possibilities of return, undoing and repair are barred from him by the virtue of his constitutive exclusion from humanity.
Editors’ Introduction
Authors: Arvidsson Matilda , Brännström Leila , Minkkinen Panu
Published: May 2021

The notion ‘constituent power’ is an answer to the question about the origins of the constitution and the legal order. Within democratic-constitutional thought, it expresses the conviction that power is ultimately vested in an entity known as ‘the people’ which is the fundamental source of all political authority. Accordingly, a constitution is deemed legitimate only if ‘the people’ has both created it and continues to endorse it....
Memory, Identity and the Scottish Remembrance of Slavery
Authors: McNeil Kenneth
Published: May 2021

Chapter 4 undertakes a twofold exploration of the contributions of Scottish writing in shaping transatlantic identities through retrospective testimonial accounts of slavery. It first examines the work of John Gabriel Stedman and Thomas Pringle, both associated with prominent first-hand descriptions of the horrors of transatlantic slavery. These works include Stedman’s account of his mercenary experiences in the Dutch plantation colony of Surinam, Narrative of a Five Years
Expedition and The History of Mary Prince, which Pringle edited and supplemented with his own material. These writings have received much critical attention as retrospective accounts of enslavement, yet the Scottish dimension of these writings consistently has been overlooked. This chapter also explores how the memory of transatlantic slavery informed a Scottish national past that was itself imagined as ‘cultural trauma’. Donald Macleod’s Gloomy Memories was an acrimonious response to Harriet Beecher Stowe’s travel memoir Sunny Memories, which had lauded the abolitionist sympathies of the Duchess of Sutherland, while dismissing out-of-hand Macleod’s remembrances of Sutherland cruelty and injustice during the Clearances of the 1810s. Gloomy Memories represents a key cultural-memory text that continues to shape an understanding of historical trauma in Scotland – for both Clearance and slavery.
Death and Pickles: Thinking through Gondry’s Neighborhood
Authors: DeTora Lisa
Published: May 2021

In this chapter Lisa DeTora analyses the first season of Dave Holstein’s Showtime series, Kidding (2018–2020), for which Michel Gondry served as an executive producer and directed eight episodes. The series stars Jim Carrey, who had previously starred in Michel Gondry’s acclaimed film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004). In Kidding, Carrey plays Jeff Piccirillo, aka Mr. Pickles, the host of a successful children’s puppet television show, which he has developed with his father, who produces the show, and his sister, who designs the puppets. DeTora argues that the series returns Gondry to his perennial themes of the instability of identity and the difficulty of separating real life from imagination. Jeff articulates his thoughts and processes his emotions through the gleefully surreal puppet show and even imagines people in his life as puppets. His world is thrown into disarray when his father threatens to replace him because he is consistently trying to smuggle adult themes into the show, thus causing Jeff to question the relationship between his own identity and that of Mr. Pickles. The chapter analyzes the first season of the show and its exploration of identity crisis, acknowledging its links with Gondry’s wider body of work.
Murphy and the Tao of Autism
Authors: Valente Joseph
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this chapter is not to discover the presence of autism in Samuel Beckett’s Murphy, but to bury its recent discovery in order to relocate autism as a magnetising and mobilising absence in the novel – not something that is lacking or deficient in itself, as the ableist constructions of autism propose, but a difference that is lacking, or better yet wanting, in the eponymous non-autistic protagonist and, by metaphorical extension, in neurotypical subjectivity as such. I denominate this lack, this want, the objet petit a(u), with the translingual pun that entails on the Lacanian Other.
The Indebted Subject and Social Transformations: The Possibility of Resistance and Empowerment
Authors: Karagiannis Nathalie , Wagner Peter
Published: May 2021

Today, individuals, households and states have accumulated enormous amounts of debt. Their indebtedness has significant social and political consequences. The main tendency in critical debate is to see the indebted subject as a dominated and disempowered subject – a view in which there is certainly much truth. At the same time, however, this view accepts a rather narrow, economic-financial understanding of debt and, furthermore, explores only the consequences of this form of indebtedness, not the ways in which it has come about. It neither looks at the broader pre-conditions of a debt relation between subjects nor at the variety of ways in which a debt relation can be understood. This chapter suggests, in contrast to the dominant critical view, that the debt relation contains emancipatory and empowering possibilities for the indebted subject. To identify them, it explores the broader meanings of debt and the ways in which indebtedness constitutes and sustains social relations. In particular, the chapter suggests that it is at the point of breakage – when debt becomes unbearable, often called ‘crisis’ – that one observes the rise of the subject.
Causes, Critique and Blame: A Political Discourse Analysis of the Crisis and Blame Discourse of German and Greek Intellectuals
Authors: Agridopoulos Aristotelis
Published: May 2021

Discourses of crisis are always intertwined with aspects of causal investigation, critique and moral accusations. The European and Greek crisis has triggered a debate about debt and guilt in many countries. The creditor/debtor relation between the European North and South resulted in strong tensions within the EU. Particularly, in the most and the least affected countries, Greece and Germany, multiple debates have occurred about who is responsible for the debt crisis. Therefore, rich reflections and diagnoses on debates of crisis and guilt emanate from German and Greek intellectuals which range from internal and external subject constructions, guilt accusations, self-blaming and culturalisms, to a critique of capitalism and its power elites. The chapter uses the Essex School approach of political discourse analysis developed by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe and their students to deconstruct crisis and blame discourses of selected intellectual and public figures from both countries like Yanis Varoufakis, Nikos Dimou, Stelios Ramfos and Wolfgang Streeck.
The ‘South’ as a Moving Target: Europe’s Debt to the Former Colonies
Authors: Wagner Peter
Published: May 2021

Ireland is not normally conceived as being located south of the neighbouring Great Britain, nor of Europe, but this chapter suggests that it could be. Towards that end, the dispute over the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union is briefly discussed in light of the difficulties of separating political entities in our time of high global interconnectedness. Subsequently, the UK-EU dispute is compared to the separation of Algeria from France and the exit of South Africa from the British Commonwealth, opening the path towards pluralizing the notion of the “South”. Such pluralization allows the investigation of historically formed asymmetric relations between societies beyond the formal concept of colonialism. Against this background, the transformation of the relation between EU countries and their former colonies from the 1970s onwards is analyzed in terms of attempts to re-regulate the relation between Europe and its South after decolonization. These attempts aim at drawing clear lines of separation, but they keep failing because the South reveals itself as a moving target, impossible to confine to a restricted space. Thus, in conclusion, current Northward migration and climate change are discussed in terms of global social and ecological injustice the significance of which Europe cannot deny.
Stirrings, 1945–74
Authors: McLeod Wilson
Published: May 2021

This chapter covers the period from 1945 to 1974, a period of significant social and cultural modernisation in Scotland and, from the mid-1960s onwards, renewed campaigning energy on behalf of Gaelic. Inspired by their counterparts in Wales, An Comunn Gaidhealach and other activists pressed for greater official recognition of Gaelic and the government began to accept responsibility concerning the language, making direct funding to Gaelic organisations. Official policies towards Gaelic in education slowly became more favourable and there were pioneering measures to increase the use of Gaelic in the curriculum. Provision for Gaelic television began, although only on a small scale, and Gaelic began to be represented on road and street signs.
Institutionalisation, 2006–20
Authors: McLeod Wilson
Published: May 2021

This chapter considers the development Gaelic policy from 2006 to the present, including a detailed analysis of the implementation of the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005 and the impact of the Gaelic television service BBC ALBA, which was launched in 2008. It considers the policies of the Scottish National Party government in relation to Gaelic from 2007 onwards, the role of Gaelic in debates concerning Scottish independence, and research concerning public attitudes towards the language. It examines a range of controversies concerning the policies and governance of the lead Gaelic agency Bòrd na Gàidhlig and assesses the ongoing expansion of Gaelic education has brought a range of challenges in financial, political, linguistic and pedagogical terms. Finally, it addresses the the increasingly controversial role of Gaelic in the linguistic landscape (particularly in relation to bilingual signage).
Custom, Otherness, and the Fictions of Mastery: ‘Of the Caniballes’ and The Tempest
Authors: Platt Peter G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the first of the links between Shakespeare and Montaigne to be noticed, appearing in one of the last of Shakespeare’s plays to be written. Even Montaigne-Shakespeare skeptics must acknowledge the presence of a piece of “Of the Caniballes” in Gonzalo’s speech in 2.1 of The Tempest. Scholars have not always agreed on just what work Shakespeare’s use of Montaigne is doing, though the dominant view is something akin to Jonathan Bate’s sense that Shakespeare has “reversed Montaigne”—making complex and ironic what Montaigne had portrayed as simple and natural. But this chapter argues that, whereas there are undoubtedly differences between Montaigne’s cannibal and Shakespeare’s Caliban, neither one is entirely “natural” or “simple.” It may be, then, that Shakespeare is responding not to the singleness of Montaigne’s cannibals but to their doubleness. And, like Montaigne, The Tempest can be seen to anatomize what David Quint has called “an ethics of yielding.” Shakespeare may just be ringing changes on—rather than changing—Montaigne.
To Constantinople
Authors: McInally Tom
Published: May 2021

With reference to a range of recent scholarship, an outline is given of the political and mercantile relationships between West and East, particularly Venice and the Ottoman empire, which allowed freedom of movement between the societies.Lack of detailed records on Strachan’s movements between Paris and Constantinople via Sancta Terra (The Holy Land) has caused a lacuna in his life story which this chapter fills by accounts given by other western travellers of the time. Pietro Della Valle, who makes several references to his friendship with George Strachan, is a rich source, as is George Sandys. Their descriptions of travelling in the region, again together with the findings of modern scholarship, provide meaningful insights into Strachan’s likely experiences.
The Mission at Srinagar
Authors: McInally Tom
Published: May 2021

Strachan’s personal copy of Raimondi’s published New Testament in Arabic was once part of the library of the Jesuit mission station in Srinagar. The chapter’s attempt to explain this includes a discussion of the history of Jesuit presence in the East with their headquarters in Goa and their missions to the Mughal court. Despite Strachan’s long established connections with the Society and the possibility of an introduction to the Mughal court, Goa was not a safe place for him due to the presence of the Inquisition. Following the death of Mīr Dāmād in 1632, Strachan remained in Iran until 1634 but the following year he appears to have participated in an ill-fated Jesuit expedition to Tibet in which he died.
A summary of Strachan’s contribution to European understanding of Eastern societies and religions is given in which an appeal for wider recognition of his achievements is made.
Introduction
Authors: Whitesmith Martha
Published: May 2021

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Intelligence and Belief Acquisition
Authors: Whitesmith Martha
Published: May 2021

Chapter one examines whether belief acquisition in intelligence a unique epistemological act. It examines the nature of intelligence analysis as an act of belief acquisition, providing a theoretical context grounded in epistemology, the philosophical study of the nature of belief and knowledge, and examining the sources of information on which intelligence analysis is based, and the mechanisms by which knowledge is gained. The chapter argues that: 1) the essential nature of intelligence is epistemological: that it is necessarily defined by the attempt to acquire justified beliefs and knowledge; 2) intelligence is necessarily a covert activity; 3) intelligence does not require unique methods of gaining knowledge and does not derive from unique sources, and; 4) the covert characteristic of intelligence means that belief acquisition in intelligence is likely to differ in the degree of epistemic complexity it faces, and that this may produce a difference in the degree to which intelligence analysis is vulnerable to cognitive bias.
Introduction
Authors: Aghacy Samira
Published: May 2021

Through close readings of 16 novels by male and female Arab writers, the study traces the gradual move from an ahistorical homogeneous traditional ideology of ageing into an incongruous, diverse and fluid representation. It centres on ageing as a biological phenomenon viewed in essentialist terms. The cultural view perceives the ageing process as an unstable entity that intersects with sex, gender and changing political and social configurations. The novels range from tropes of elderly men and women within paternalistic structures to more open-ended models generated by social and demographic factors. The study concentrates on the inextricable link between the biological and constructionist models, creating an alternative configuration that fuses the biological with the discursive, making the ageing process multiple and plural.
Menopausal Tremors: Refurbishing the Body
Authors: Aghacy Samira
Published: May 2021

The third chapter centers on novels by Rene Al-Hayek, Sahar Khalifah, Lina Kreiydiyyeh and Hayfa Bitar. It deals with urban women whose education, professional lives, and modern life-styles gives them agency allowing them personal autonomy and spatial movement. Nevertheless, the anachronistic pull of social and religious discourses that view the female body as anchored in visuality, degenders and desexualizes them, and puts them face to face with the stigma of menopause, a byproduct of modernity. In line with a creeping global consumer culture, these women deal with their degradation through body maintenance and cosmetic products to restore an eroticized youthful body. The effect of sexageism is destabilizing, turning the ageing process into a frightening process of othering and invalidation.
World War II-Era Defectors, 1941–1946
Authors: Riehle Kevin
Published: May 2021

The third group broke with the Soviet system during World War II and immediately thereafter. In the months after Operation Barbarossa began on 22 June 1941, German forces penetrated deep into Soviet territory, and it is likely that thousands of Soviet intelligence and state security personnel fell into German captivity during that time. Consequently, Germany was the clear intelligence priority early in the war. Of the 32 officers in this group, 18 were captured on the battlefield between 1941 and 1943, most of which defected once they were in captivity. However, Soviet intelligence widened its targeting beyond Germany to its wartime allies even before the war ended. A few others were abroad under diplomatic cover and approached a foreign power requesting asylum. This group extends beyond the formal end of World War II into 1946, because the environment for defectors did not change immediately after the war.