bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Motor Learning of a Gait Pattern to Reduce Forefoot Plantar Pressures in Individuals with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: York Robyn M. , Perell‐Gerson Karen L. , Barr Michele , Durham Jayson , Roper Janice M.
Published: May 2009

Objective

To examine the role of visual feedback in the reduction of plantar pressures through teaching a “new” gait pattern to diabetic peripheral neuropathy subjects. Immediate, next day, and 1‐week retention were studied to determine if motor pattern changes could occur.

Design

Randomized controlled trial.

Setting

VA Urban Healthcare System.

Participants

Twenty‐nine community‐dwelling older adults with diabetic peripheral neuropathy volunteered.

Interventions

Subjects were randomized into feedback and no‐feedback groups. All subjects received instruction and 2 days of practice and returned for a 1‐week retention test. Instruction to pull the leg forward from the hip to initiate swing rather than push off the ground with the foot while walking was given to all subjects. The feedback group received visual feedback regarding peak plantar pressures after each practice trial. The no‐feedback group received no feedback.

Main Outcome Measures

Peak plantar pressures in the forefoot region for immediate retention (retention 1), next day retention (retention 2), and long‐term retention (1‐week retention).

Results

Peak plantar pressures were significantly (P < .01) reduced from baseline to retention 2 testing at the first metatarsal area in the feedback group. The feedback group walked significantly (P < .01) slower at retention 1 and 1‐week testing compared with baseline.

Conclusions

Individuals with diabetic peripheral neuropathy were unable to use a “new” strategy gait pattern to reduce peak plantar pressures long term (1 week). The use of visual feedback following the trial did not assist in the learning of a new walking pattern.
Knee Extensor Strength Does Not Protect Against Incident Knee Symptoms at 30 Months in the Multicenter Knee Osteoarthritis (MOST) Cohort
Authors: Segal Neil A. , Torner James C. , Felson David T. , Niu Jingbo , Sharma Leena , Lewis Cora E. , Nevitt Michael
Published: May 2009

Objective

Knee extensor weakness has not been associated consistently with the risk for incident knee pain. Additionally, the balance of hamstring‐to‐quadriceps strength (H:Q ratio) may affect risk and has not been studied. The authors determined whether knee extensor weakness or muscle imbalance is a risk factor for development of frequent knee pain or stiffness and whether the effect is modified by lower limb alignment.

Design

Observational study.

Setting

Community.

Participants

Community‐dwelling adults ages 50‐79 years with or at risk of knee osteoarthritis based on obesity, knee injury, or surgery. A total of 1269 knees from women and 1006 knees from men without frequent knee symptoms at baseline and with 15‐ or 30‐ month follow‐up outcome data were included.

Assessment of Risk Factors

Isokinetic knee extensor and flexor strength as well as radiographic hip‐knee‐ankle alignment were measured at baseline. H:Q ratio was dichotomized, with normal being considered to be ≥0.6.

Main Outcome Measurements

Frequent knee symptoms at 15‐ or 30‐month follow‐up (frequent knee pain, aching, or stiffness on most days of the past month reported at both telephone contact just before and at visit).

Results

Mean ± SD age was 62.2 ± 8.0 years and mean body mass index (BMI) was 30.1 ± 5.4 kg/m2. Mean peak knee extensor strength (KES) was 132.6 ± 42.4 and 76.9 ± 25.3 N·m in men and women, respectively. Approximately 50% of knees in men and 59% of knees in women had an H:Q ratio <0.6. A total of 307 of 2275 eligible knees developed frequent knee symptoms at follow‐up. Logistic regression controlling for age, BMI, femoral neck bone mineral density, activity score, and baseline Kellgren Lawrence grade revealed that neither KES nor H:Q ratio predicted the development of knee symptoms in gender‐stratified or combined analyses. These results were unaffected by adjusting for lower limb alignment.

Conclusions

Neither concentric quadriceps strength nor H:Q ratios predicted the development of frequent knee symptoms at 15‐ or 30‐month follow‐up in this cohort.
Proportional Representation Within the Limits of Liberalism Alone
Authors: Van der Hout Eliora , McGann Anthony J.
Published: May 2009

This article provides a justification of proportional representation (PR) in strictly liberal terms. Previous justifications of proportional representation have tended to be based either on its intuitive fairness to political parties, or on its being fair to social groups. The arguments of critics of PR, we argue, likewise rely on fairness to group identities. In contrast, our result shows that proportionality is logically implied by liberal equality, that is, by the requirement that all individual voters be treated equally. Thus we provide a justification for PR in terms of the theory of voting, similar to May’s theorem for majority rule.
Integrating Religion into the Historical Mainstream: Recent Literature on Religion in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Ruff Mark Edward
Published: May 2009

Those discovering the growing number of writings on the religious history of the Federal Republic of Germany might be forgiven for thinking that they had entered a parallel universe. To use the terminology popularized by M. Rainer Lepsius, Christian milieus have largely disintegrated and their members been integrated into the mainstream of political and economic life. Yet until recently, research on German Catholicism and Protestantism has remained confined to confessional ghettos that many members of these religious subcultures once sought to escape. The dozens of monographs that have appeared in the last five years have yet to be incorporated into the central narratives that dominate the secular histories of the postwar era. Many have still to be reviewed in non-religious journals. Edited volumes that purport to analyze the many facets of the Federal Republic include few if any chapters on religion.
Enno E. Kraehe (1921–2008)
Authors: Billinger Robert D.
Published: May 2009

Enno Edward Kraehe, William M. Corcoran Professor of History Emeritus at the University of Virginia, died at the University of Virginia Medical Center on Thursday, December 4, 2008, five days before his eighty-seventh birthday. He was the leading American scholar on the Congress of Vienna and of its most important and colorful participant, Prince Clemens von Metternich.
Jurassic hot-spring activity in a fluvial setting at La Marciana, Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: GUIDO DIEGO M. , CAMPBELL KATHLEEN A.
Published: May 2009

Silicified rocks at La Marciana farm, Deseado Massif, Argentinean Patagonia, represent an ancient hot-spring discharging into an active fluvial setting. Their fortuitous burial–erosion history and minimal post-depositional structural modification provide an unparalleled view of a complete, exhumed, late Jurassic geothermal landscape, and thus an opportunity to illuminate hot-spring geological context and palaeoenvironmental gradients. Geological mapping, stratigraphy and petrography revealed hydrothermal eruption events, the spring vent source, structural relationships, dimensions of the discharge apron, and hot-spring facies distributions. Remarkable similarities to Quaternary analogues from the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, and Yellowstone National Park, USA, are apparent with respect to scale, spatial distribution of facies, and types of microbial and other palaeoenvironmentally significant fabrics.
GLADSTONE AND SLAVERY
Authors: QUINAULT ROLAND
Published: May 2009

William Gladstone's views on slavery and the slave trade have received little attention from historians, although he spent much of his early years in parliament dealing with issues related to that subject. His stance on slavery echoed that of his father, who was one of the largest slave owners in the British West Indies, and on whom he was dependent for financial support. Gladstone opposed the slave trade but he wanted to improve the condition of the slaves before they were liberated. In 1833, he accepted emancipation because it was accompanied by a period of apprenticeship for the ex-slaves and by financial compensation for the planters. In the 1840s, his defence of the economic interests of the British planters was again evident in his opposition to the foreign slave trade and slave-grown sugar. By the 1850s, however, he believed that the best way to end the slave trade was by persuasion, rather than by force, and that conviction influenced his attitude to the American Civil War and to British colonial policy. As leader of the Liberal party, Gladstone, unlike many of his supporters, showed no enthusiasm for an anti-slavery crusade in Africa. His passionate commitment to liberty for oppressed peoples was seldom evident in his attitude to slavery.
Pathogenic Microbes in Milk
Authors: Klein E.
Published: May 2009

Milk, as every bacteriologist knows, is not only a universal and excellent food-stuff for human beings, but a medium admirably adapted for the growth and multiplication of microbes. For the latter reason milk deserves every attention at the hands of the hygienist, it being incontestably established that it may serve as a vehicle of disease agents. How well natural milk is adapted to this purpose, viz. to serve as nutritive medium for bacteria, is clear from its alkaline condition, and from its containing all ingredients required for the growth and multiplication of bacteria: proteid, fat, carbohydrate, and a large percentage of the essential mineral matters. It is a matter of common experience that all milk, however carefully it may be collected, however clean and aseptic may be the vessels into which it is received, will on standing, or after being handled in the way usual between collection and distribution, be found to teem with various kinds of bacteria. This fact is confirmed by the bacteriological examination of the milk sold in London shops, milk which, normal though it may be in appearance, chemical analysis, and taste, is usually found to contain hundreds of thousands of bacteria per cubic centimeter; bacteria which belong to various species and some of which when grown separately in sterile milk cause rapid changes and alter profoundly the character of the milk, e. g. Bacillus lactis, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus coli, Bacillus mesentericus, spores of Bacillus enteritidis, etc. If allowed to stand, the milk containing the above mixture of bacteria exhibits even at ordinary temperatures, but in a more marked degree at temperatures of 70° F. and above, those profound changes which are popularly expressed as ‘going bad,’ changes caused by the rapid multiplication of one or other of the above microbes.
A Rapid Method of Determining Carbonic Acids in Air. (One Figure in the Text.)
Authors: Haldane John
Published: May 2009

In almost all investigations relating to ventilation of inhabited buildings determinations of the carbonic acid present in the air are essential. The method in common use is that of Pettenkofer, or some modification of it. This method has, however, the disadvantage that the determinations necessitate the carrying to and from the laboratory of large bottles, and take a considerable time. To overcome these drawbacks several methods capable of being conveniently applied on the spot have been devised, but their accuracy is hardly sufficient for practical purposes, hence they have not come into general use.
Artificial Modifications of Toxines with special Reference to Immunity
Authors: Ritchie James
Published: May 2009

Whatever may be the final form of the theories of Ehrlich as to the constitution of the bacterial toxines and as to the essential nature of immunity there can be no doubt of the stimulus they have given and are likely to give to inquiries relating to these subjects. As the present paper is intended to give a preliminary account of some researches bearing on the reactions of certain toxines it may be useful to recall the main features of the theories in question so far as they relate to the toxines investigated.
The Seasonal Prevalence of Anopheles and Malarial Fever in Lower Bengal; and the Practical Application of the Mosquito Theory
Authors: Rogers Leonard
Published: May 2009

The momentous discovery of the part played by Anopheles in the propagation of malaria necessitates careful local inquiries into the prevalence of this genus, in order to ascertain how far the different methods of lessening the amount of malaria which have recently been proposed can be profitably applied to the circumstances met with. In no country are such studies more essential than in India on account of the radical differences in the topographical and climatic conditions of different provinces of this vast and densely populated country, ranging from the waterless deserts of Sind to the steamy, waterlogged marshes of Lower Bengal.
The Neutral-Red Reaction as a means of detecting Bacillus Coli in Water Supplies
Authors: Makgill R. H.
Published: May 2009

The object of the experiments detailed below, which were made at the suggestion of Dr W. Hunter, was to ascertain whether media containing neutral-red afford a rapid means of detecting Bacillus coli in water and estimating the number present.
In VitroStudies onProteusOrganisms of Animal Origin
Authors: Phillips J. E.
Published: May 2009

1. Thein vitroproperties of 214 strains ofProteusorganisms isolated from dogs, cats, cattle, pigs, birds and other domestic and captive wild animals were examined.

2. The majority of strains wereP. mirabilis, 23% beingP. vulgarisand 4·7%P. morganii.

3.P. vulgariswas found more frequently in pigs and cattle than in other animals.

4. Biochemical varieties of theProteusgroup occurring in man have been found in animals.

5. The action ofProteusstrains on red blood cells was examined and strain differences observed.
Bacteriophage Typing ofShigella Sonneiand its Limitations in Epidemiological Investigation
Authors: Tee G. H.
Published: May 2009

An investigation into the classification of strains ofShigella sonneiby the method of phage-typing (using unadapted bacteriophages) is described.

829 strains, obtained during 3 years from twelve regions in England (including Monmouthshire) were examined by a standard technique. There were fifty-two outbreaks (involving 587 strains) from which two or more strains were isolated.

Results confirmed the finding by Hammarström in Sweden that such classification was possible, strains falling into twenty phage-types of which thirteen were found more than once. All strains were typable, 74% belonging to the same type. In forty-seven outbreaks the phage-type was uniform, the commonest type occurring in thirty-eight of these. In five outbreaks the phage-type was not uniform.

It is concluded that this method of phage-typing, because of evidence of type instability and because the majority of strains belong to the same phage-type, has little practical value as a routine procedure in the control of Sonne dysentery in this country.
Thermal Sensations of Workers in Light Industry in Summer. A Field Study in Southern England
Authors: Hickish D. E.
Published: May 2009

Workers in factories and a postal sorting office were questioned concerning their subjective thermal sensations, and the replies assessed according to a scale of standard sensations. Measurements of the thermal environment were made concurrently. The investigation was confined to workers engaged in light or sedentary activity during summer months in southern England.

The upper limit of the comfort zone is determined in terms of the temperatures at which more than 20% of people questioned experienced thermal discomfort.

Discontinuities in the linear relationships between thermal sensation, described on a numerical scale, and the thermal indices of the environment are shown to occur under conditions which suggest the onset of sweating beneath the clothing. The comfort zone is also determined in terms of these critical temperatures.

The regression constants relating thermal sensation to thermal conditions are determined, and the optimum conditions for comfort are deduced. The accuracy of prediction of thermal sensation from thermal measurements is examined.

The importance of clothing in requirements for thermal comfort is illustrated in two ways. Postal workers wearing regulation uniform were found to require conditions cooler than those required by factory workers wearing clothing of their own choosing. Male and female factory workers were found to require thermal conditions not significantly different, this being attributed to their selection of clothing appropriate to their personal thermal requirements.

I am indebted to Prof. G. P. Crowden for granting facilities for this research and for encouragement throughout. Dr T. C. Angus and Dr T. Bedford gave valuable advice, and Mr P. J. Williams rendered technical assistance. The co-operation of the managements and workers at the factories was greatly appreciated.
Concentration of Diphtheria Antitoxin in the Blood of Young Adults
Authors: Glenny A. T. , Barr Mollie , Billings Kathleen , Butler N. R.
Published: May 2009

1. The diphtheria antitoxin titres of several thousand samples of cord blood have been analysed with relation to the histories of the mothers.

2. Among mothers without histories of diphtheria or of immunization those born in 1933 or later showed a higher degree of natural immunity.

3. The distribution of antitoxin titres among mothers who had suffered from diphtheria was similar to the average distribution among the unimmunized.

4. The differences in proportions with any antitoxin in different groups of unimmunized mothers were almost entirely made up of those with titres above 0·04 and below 1·0 unit per ml.

5. Among the artificially immunized mothers there were many more with low titres, i.e. below 0·04, and a few more with high titres, i.e. over 1·0, than among the unimmunized.

6. Mothers immunized between the ages of 9 and 14 with the peak at 11 or 12 years showed the highest immunity rate.

7. The greatest number of high titres occurred among recovered cases subsequently immunized.
A Note on the Choice of Sample Volume in a Bacteriological Study of Water
Authors: Darwin J. H.
Published: May 2009

1. In bacteriological investigations of stretches of water an estimate of the number of a certain type of bacterium in a unit of volume of the water is required so that the pattern of the pollution of the area can be discerned. Usually it is known or guessed that the density of bacteria,δ say, lies in a range δL up to δH. Several samples of water are taken and each is tested for a positive reaction which would indicate the presence of at least one bacterium of the type being searched for. When it is assumed that bacteria are spread in a Poisson manner through the water in each sample an estimate of their density can be made from the number of positively reacting samples.If the range δL to δH is large it is unlikely that one volume of water for each sample will give a very efficient estimate of the density;e.g. if this volume is in an average position with respect to (δL to δH), say, 2/(δL +δH), and the true density is near an end of the range, all the reactions are likely to have the same sign and the sample gives no discrimination. Even worse estimation for some densities will occur if a very small or very large volume is used. The setting of reasonably sized confidence intervals for the density requires a series of volumes designed to locate the density with about equal accuracy no matter where it is in (δL to δH). Hence the usual set of volumes is the dilution series discussed by several writers, for example recently by Cochran (1950).
Electrophoretic and Immunological Studies on Sera from Calves from Birth to Weaning II. Electrophoretic and Serological Studies with Special Reference to the Normal and Induced Agglutinins toTrichomonas Foetus
Authors: Pierce A. E.
Published: May 2009

1. The lacto-globulin in bovine colostral whey, and the γ globulin in the serum contain the normal and induced agglutinins to the protozoonTrichomonas foetus.

2. A decline in γ globulin in sera from cattle approaching calving may be associated with the concentration of the lacto-globulin in the udder.

3. The elimination of the passive normal and induced agglutinins acquired by the neonatal calf was logarithmic. The autogenous production of γ globulin by the calf occurred soon after birth, resulting in an apparent decline in the rate of elimination of the lacto-globulins.

4. The autogenous production of γ globulin was not necessarily accompanied by that of detectable normal agglutinin.

5. Calves injected withT. foetusantigen within the first 3 weeks of life, and in which there was evidence of autogenous γ globulin, developed normal autogenous but not induced agglutinins.

6. Calves which received colostrum containing maternal induced and normal agglutinins, calves partially deprived of colostrum, and calves immunized in early life, produced the normal autogenous agglutinin between the 30th and 60th days, reaching the normal adult titre of 1/48–1/96.

7. The properties of the normal agglutinins were investigated. They possess some characteristics significantly different from those of the induced agglutinins. These suggested that the normal agglutinins were γ globulin molecules with an ‘accidental’ genetic configuration complementary toT. foetus.

The author wishes to thank Dr M. Robertson, F.R.S., and Sir Alan Drury, F.R.S. for their interest and encouragement during the course of this work, and Dr R. C. Campbell for the statistical analysis.
Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Associated with Spray-Dried Milk
Authors: Anderson P. H. R. , Stone Doris M.
Published: May 2009

Eight explosive outbreaks of food poisoning, occurring in school canteens in England during 1953 and affecting 1190 known cases, are described. The clinical features were characteristic of the toxin type of illness. No deaths occurred.

The food causing all of these outbreaks was prepared from spray-dried skim milk powder. It was not subsequently heat-treated and was usually consumed 3–4 hr. after preparation.

The spray-dried milk powder proved to contain a high content of bacteria, including large numbers ofStaph. aureus, of a phage pattern often associated with food poisoning. The assumption was therefore made that these outbreaks were caused by staphylococcal enterotoxin.

Because the food was often consumed within 3–4 hr. of reconstitution of the milk powder—before, in fact, the staphylococci had had time to grow—it is concluded that the poisoning must have been due mainly to pre-formed toxin.

Consideration is given to the opportunities for the formation of toxin in a spray-drying plant, and reasons are brought forward for believing that it is formed mainly in the balance tank where the warm milk is kept, sometimes for several hours, before passing into the final drying chamber.

The processing of the milk and the precautions for preventing contamination of the finished product are discussed.
Neutral-Red in the Routine Examination of Water
Authors: Irons Ernest E.
Published: May 2009

The use of neutral-red culture media has recently been suggested for the detection of B. coli in water supplies. Rothberger (1) grew a number of organisms on media containing various organic dyes, and found that while some species were able to bring about a reduction of the colouring matter in the medium, others produced no change. This difference in reaction was particularly marked in the case of B. typhosus and B. coli in media containing neutral-red. B. coli casused the reduction of the neutral-red to yellow with green fluorescence, whilst B. typhosus produced no change of colour beyond an occasional fading of the red. After testing a number of races of B. coli and B. typhosus, Rothberger proposed neutral-red media for the differentiation of the two organisms. Scheffler (2) confirmed in the main the work of Rothberger, and further observed that the reaction is by no means specific for B. coli. In addition to a number of bacterial species not commonly found in water, which gave the reaction, Scheffler found 3 of 13 organisms in spring and river waters, and 8 of 18 intestinal organisms from man which, though not belonging to the colon group, gave the neutral-red reaction.
On the Construction and Use of Life-Tables from a Public Health point of view (Concluded.)
Authors: Hayward T. E.
Published: May 2009

It was not possible to complete the considerable amount of work necessary for the following Addendum in time for inclusion with the article which appeared in the last number of this Journal.
The Bacteriological Examination of Oysters and Estuarial Waters
Authors: Houston A. C.
Published: May 2009

The following paper embodies the main facts obtained during a prolonged investigation as regards the pollution of Tidal Waters and of Shell Fish, undertaken on behalf of the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal.
A Contribution to the Study of Piroplasmosis canis—Malignant Jaundice of the Dog (Hutcheon)
Authors: Bowhill Thomas , Le Doux C. A.
Published: May 2009

On visiting a farm near Grahamstown for the purpose of examining some cattle, our attention was drawn to a young dog which was sick. The owner stated that he had been unable to keep a dog on the place, that they all died.
A Method of producing Chromatin Staining in Sections
Authors: Leishman W. B.
Published: May 2009

In a recent Report (1) upon the new parasitic bodies associated with tropical splenomegaly, Lieut. S. R. Christophers, I.M.S., published a method of producing chromatin staining in sections. This method, however, labours under the disadvantage that, after staining, the section must be dried in the air before it is cleared and mounted, since the chromatin reaction is lost if dehydration by absolute alcohol is attempted. The consequent shrinkage of the tissue, even in very thin sections, renders the method of little service for delicate work.
Some Researches on the Etiology of Dysentery in Ceylon
Authors: Castellani Aldo
Published: May 2009

Dysentery is, with the exception of Malaria, the disease most prevalent in Ceylon, and the mortality caused by it surpasses by far that due to any other cause. From the reports of Dr Perry, P.C.M.O. of the Colony, one sees that the total number of cases treated in all hospitals during the year 1902 was 3,017, with 999 deaths. In 1901 the number of cases was 4,177, with 1,543 deaths. The deaths due to Malaria were only 115 in 1902, and 89 in 1901; the deaths caused by Enteric Fever were 63 in 1902, and 74 in 1901.
On the Relationship of the Pseudo-Diphtheria to the Diphtheria Bacillus
Authors: Petrie G. F.
Published: May 2009

The extreme diversity of opinion as to the identity of the Klebs-Loeffler bacillus and the bacillus of Hofmann, and the importance of the subject from the public health standpoint, make it desirable to bring forward any facts which may assist in arriving at a solution of the problem.
A Case of Skin Infection with Ankylostoma
Authors: Boycott A. E.
Published: May 2009

IN view of a previous failure1 to produce a skin infection with Ankylostoma, it seems worth while to put on record the present successful case. Dr J. B. Leathes very kindly offered himself as the subject of experiment. It is important to note that he has never, either before or during the course of the experiment, had anything to do with any Ankylosotoma material except that deliberately applied to his person for the purpose of this experiment, nor has he been to any infected place or even worked in the part of the Institute where the cultures of Ankylosotoma larvae have been kept. On March 21st a small quantity of water containing encapsuled larvae of A. duodenale, hatched artificially from infected faeces from Cornwall, and 13 days old, was applied to the forearm. After five minutes the arm was bandaged up and left for two hours, at the end of which time the wrappings were removed and the arm throughly cleansed. The purpose of the experiment and the precautions necessary were fully appreciated by the subject, and there is no doubt that there was not the slightest possibility of a mouth infection.
Pilocarpine and other Reagents in Relation to Precipitin Immunity
Authors: Inchley O.
Published: May 2009

It is generally recognised that, in certain diseases, recovery mainly depends upon the prompt and efficient reaction of the tissues forming antibodies, such as bacteriolysins, antitoxins, and the like, and it is possible that these peculiar. biological responses may be influenced by the administration of drugs.
The Toxin of the Bacillus Enteritidis of Gärtner
Authors: Cathcart E. P.
Published: May 2009

1. Cultures of Gärtner's bacillus grown on broth do not excrete any large amount of toxin into the fluid medium.

2. Suspension in broth made from ordinary agar cultures and killed by means of heat (30 mins. at 60°C.) are fairly toxic.

3. The most toxic preparations were obtained by autolysis of the bacilli, especially in the presence of toluol.

4. Cultures grown on agar and killed by means of chloroform vapour lose their toxicity to a considerable extent.

5. Autolysis takes place best in the presence of distilled water or of normal saline.

6. Autolysed material sterilised by heat is more toxic than the filtrate obtained from the same digest.

7. Shaking the bottles during the process of autolysis increases the yield of toxic substances.

8. Gärtner toxin withstands heating to 100°C. for 30 mins.

9. Paratyphoid B. bacillus cultures on autolysis yield a filtrate quite as toxic as those from the Gärtner bacillus itself.

10. Paratyphoid toxin is also heat resistant (100° for 30 mins.).

11. A colon bacillus gave a toxin which was fatal to mice. It was not heat resistant.

12. Feeding experiments with Gärtner-infected meat, both cooked and uncooked, proved successful.

13. So far as the present experiments go the connection between virulence and toxicity does not appear to be very definite.

14. The Gärtner bacillus contains a toxin of the endotoxin type as is shown in comparing results 1 and 3. This toxin gives rise to very definite clinical symptoms of which the gluing together of the eyelids and the prolonged narcosis before death are the most notable. The post-mortem signs have much in common with those arising from other intestinal intoxications.
A Contribution to the Bacteriology of Milk
Authors: Macconkey Alfered
Published: May 2009

With ordinary care and cleanliness it is possible to obtain milk which, when freshly drawn, contains less than 1500 organisms per cubic centimetre.

Freshly drawn milk should not contain gas-forming organisms in at least 50 c.c.

Gas-forming organisms are present in milk owing to contamination with faecal material. Of these organisms the B. oxytocus perniciosus, the B. neapolitanus and the B. coli communis occur in greatest number in fresh milk, while the B. cloacae and B. lactis aerogenes appear at a later stage.

Out of 107 non-chromogenic lactose fermenters isolated from milk only one bacillus gave the reactions of the B. acidi lactici (Hüppe); while the B. Grünthal, B. pneumoniae (Friedländer), and the B. coscoroba have not been met with once.

Finally, I desire to enter a plea for the substitution of certain fermentation reactions in the place of some of the tests now usually employed, in the routine examination of water and food-stuffs, to identify these organisms. At present bacteriologists make use of some, or all, of the following tests:

1. Morphology.

2. Motility.

3. Staining by Gram's method.

4. Character of the growth on nutrient gelatin.

5. Liquefaction of gelatin.

6. Action on milk.

7. Foemation of indol.

8. Fermentation of glucose.

9. Fermentation of lactose.

10. Fermentation of cane sugar.

11. Action on neutral-red.

All the organisms mentioned in Tables I and II produced clotting in milk, fermented glucose, gave the neutral-red reaction, had much the same morphology, and the growths on agar and gelatin did not afford any assistance towards differentaniting between them.

I would therefore suggest that instead of five of the tests, Nos. 4, 6, 7, 8, and 11, we should substitute the following:

Fermentation of dulcit,

Fermentation of adonit,

Fermentation of inulin,

Vodes and Proskauer's reaction, as by so doing we should get a finer differentiation without increase in work and we should not be classing as B. coli organisms which may have little in common with, and have a distribution entirely different from that of the B. coli communis.
Agglutination of Bacilli of the Alkaligenes, Colon and Typhoid Groups by the Blood Serum of Cases of Cerebro-Spinal Fever
Authors: Symmers W. St Clair , Wilson W. James
Published: May 2009

By means of a method introduced by one of us (Wilson, 1907), a bacillus closely resembling B. faecalis alkaligenes was recently isolated from Belfast tap water. This bacillus, for the purposes of this paper, will be spoken of as B. Grosvenor, it having been attained from a house in Grosvenor Road. We find that emulsions of this bacillus are agglutinated, often in high dilutions, by the blood serum from practically every case of the cerebro-spinal meningitis at present existing in epidemic form in Belfast.
On the Influence of the Metamorphosis of Musca domestica upon Bacteria administered in the Larval Stage
Authors: Tebbutt Hamilton
Published: May 2009

(1) Pathogenic organisms such as B. dysenteriae (type “Y”) cannot be recovered from pupae or imagines reared from larvae to which these organisms have been administered.

(2) When the larvae have been bred from disinfected ova and are subsequently fed on B. dysenteriae (type “Y”), this organism may be successfully recovered from the pupae and imagines in a small proportion of cases.

(3) Under similar conditions B. typhosus was not recovered in a single case from pupae or imagines.

(4) In those cases in which B. dysenteriae (Y) was successfully recovered from pupae, the colonies on the plate were invariably fewer than those obtained from pupae and imagines after administration to the larvae of more adaptable organisms such as “Bac. A”(Ledingham).

(5) When organisms such as “Bac. A” were administered to larvae bred from disinfected ova, or non-disinfected ova contaminated with this organism, it was in many cases possible to recover the organism from pupae and imagines.

(6) In no series of pupae examined after administration to the larvae of either B. dysenteriae or “Bac. A” was it possible to recover the organisms in every instance. A certain proportion of pupae in both cases proved sterile, so that the process of metamorphosis is undoubtedly accompanied by a considerable destruction of the bacteria present in the larval stage.

(7) The temperature at which the larvae develop (19°–25°C.) has probably an important bearing on the survival of pathogenic organisms such as “Bac. Y” of dysentery, administered in association with organisms such as “Bac. A,” in view of the fact that the latter grows far more luxuriantly at this temperature. Even when grown in broth at 37°C. (the optimum temperature for Bac. Y) together with “Bac. A,” the “Bac. Y” was found to form after two days only one quarter of the total number of bacteria present in the mixed growth.

(8) There was no evidence that the larval juices contained substances bactericidal for Bac. Y. The bacilli died more rapidly in normal saline solution.

(9) The possibility of flies becoming infected from the presence of pathogenic organisms in the breeding ground of the larvae may be considered as very remote.
The Pathological Changes in Pellagra and the Production of the Disease in Lower Animals
Authors: Nicholls Lucius
Published: May 2009

Almost from the time when pellagra was first described, a connection between the disease and maize as an article of diet has been noted, and a wordy and voluminous literature has arisen in the countries afflicted concerning the nature of this suggested relationship between maize and pellagra. Most of what has hitherto been written about pellagra is based upon observations on clinical material and epidemics. Probably the most neglected side of the disease is its morbid anatomy and histology; and the effects of feeding animals on preparations of maize are but scantily described.
The Effect of repeated Bleedings on the Blood Constituents of Immunised Horses
Authors: O'Brien R. A.
Published: May 2009

(1) From a horse injected with sheep's red cells three months prior to the first bleeding and in a condition of constant haemolytic titre 122 litres of blood were taken in a period of 11 months. The horse's condition remained good throughout and has markedly improved during the year.

(2) The net result was that the haemolytic titre during that time fell only to about 66% of its original value, the leucocytes to about 66%. haemoglobin scarcely at all, while the specific gravity of the blood and total protein have increased, the former by 10% the latter by 5%;.

(3) There was no relationship between the total number of leucocytes and the amount of antibody. The differential count showed an increase of 12% in the polymorphonuclear and a decrease of 12% in the mononuclear cells, these figures being not very far outside the experimental error. The eosinophile and mast cells showed no marked alteration in number, size or staining reactions.
A Study of Summer Diarrhoea in Warrington in 1911
Authors: Hutt C. W.
Published: May 2009

(1) The type of summer diarrboea usually seen in the wards of general hospitals was rare in Warrington in the summer of 1911.

(2) Multiple invasion of houses occurred in 19 (29%) of 67 fatal cases investigated.

(3) Consecutive onset of the disease among the members of the household was the rule.

(4) The average diarrhoeal rate for the several wards of the town varied directly as

(a) the average birth rate;

(b) the zymotic rate corrected for zymotic diarrhoea;

(c) the relative poverty of the inhabitants of the ward.

(5) Relative overcrowding existed in the houses in which deaths took place from diarrhoea.

(6) Cleanliness of houses is an important factor in the prevention of diarrhoea.
On the American Method of Standardizing Tetanus Antitoxin
Authors: MacConkey Alfred
Published: May 2009

The American method of standardizing tetanus antitoxin has been studied and two samples (Toxins 3 and 4 of this paper) have been examined.

It has been found that:

1. Toxin 3 remained stable for two years under conditions which were not absolutely ideal, as the tube containing the supply was repeatedly opened during that time and the air in this neighbourhood, especially in winter, is very moist.

Toxin 4 has so far remained stable for 12 months. This toxin has been distributed in small quantities in tubes which have been exhausted and sealed in the flame.

2. By itself each of these toxins has given results consistent within the error of experiment when used to establish the M.L.D. and also to test a serum. But when the same serum was evaluated by both toxins they gave differing values. This dffference in value appears to be due to

(a) Deterioration in Toxin 3 which raised the L + dose from 00006—000075.

(b) Excess of toxicity in Toxin 4.

Whether this is due to increased susceptibility of the race of animals used for the tests can at present be only a matter of surmise.

3. The American method shows clearly that tetanus antitoxin can be heated at 57°C. for one hour on each of three successive days without loss of antitoxin provided no antiseptic (e.g. phenol) be present. Should such a preservative have been added then the loss on heating amounts to about 12% and occurs during the first hour.

4. Tetanus antitoxin containing phenol appears to be more susceptible to heat than diphtheria antitoxin under the same conditions.

The general conclusion arrived at is that, provided control experiments are carried out from time to time (as in the case of standard diphtheria toxin), this method of standardizing tetanus antitoxin is—as claimed for it—simple, accurate and reliable.
The Range of Flight of Musca domestica Experiments Conducted in the Town of Cambridge
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: May 2009

It having been considered desirable that further experiments upon the range of flight of flies should be carried out, the investigation of the subject was entrusted to Dr E. Hindle and Mr G. Merriman, who are engaged in research in my laboratory. Although the experiments here recorded were carried out under somewhat adverse climatic conditions, they appear of sufficient interest to warrant publication, since the results with regard to the influence of wind seem to run counter to those recorded by previous workers, and also, apart from Hewitt's work referred to below, data have hitherto been wanting in respect of the range of flight of flies (Musca domestica Linn.) in towns. The simple graphic method of recording the results of the flight experiments, which occurred to me during the course of the work, may commend itself to others who may carry out similar investigations in the future.
A Contribution to the Study of the Complement Fixation Reaction in Tuberculous Animals
Authors: Dudgeon Leonard S.
Published: May 2009

Experience gained from a previous enquiry on this subject in human tuberculosis led to the belief that much information might be derived from an investigation of the complement fixation reaction in animals experimentally infected with tubercle bacilli. Accurate dosage can be measured and the true path of infection is definitely known. Various enquiries were suggested and investigated by the detailed examination of rabbits and guinea-pigs; the latter class of rodents were used in batches of six to twelve in number, as otherwise the individual differences between animals in the same group of experiments are entirely overlooked. My cultures of the human tubercle bacillus were obtained by inoculating guinea-pigs with the sputum from typical cases of pulmonary tuberculosis at the Brompton Hospital Sanatorium at Frimley. Pure cultures of the bacillus were obtained from the infected guinea-pigs and cultivated on Dorset's egg medium, so that within a period varying from 14 to 21 days an abundant growth was obtained. The culture of the bovine bacillus was supplied to me by Professor Delépine who obtained it directly from the tissues of an infected cow, and subcultures were kept going on Dorset's egg medium. In every experiment without exception the animals were infected with definitely known quantities of the human or bovine bacillus. These were obtained by carefully scraping the growth off the surface of the egg medium and weighing it on sterile platinum foil, while in some cases (for comparison) a portion of the growth was dried in a desiccator before it was weighed. The untreated or dried bacilli were then shaken in a known quantity of sterile saline, so that a perfect emulsion free from clumps was obtained. The bacilli were kept in the dark in brown stoppered bottles and were always employed within a few days of their preparation.
Report to the Local Government Board on an Enquiry into Rat Plague in East Anglia during the period July—October, 1911
Authors: Eastwood A. , Griffith F.
Published: May 2009

During the period July 1st—October 31st, 1911, 15,332 rats were examined for plague infection. These rats were obtained (see Map facing p. 311) partly from the area which in the previous year had been found to be infected with rat-plague and partly from the districts immediately adjacent to this area.

As a result of the present enquiry 27 farms or other premises were found to harbour plague-infected rats.

These 27 places are all within the area previously pronounced to be infected. No plague-infected rats have been discovered outside this area.

Experience of rat collection during the present enquiry showed that the rat destruction which had been maintained by local enterprise since the end of 1910 had in many localities appreciably diminished the rat population.
On Suggested Formulae connecting Dosage and Death Time
Authors: Glenny A. T.
Published: May 2009

Several attempts have been made at various times to obtain a mathematical expression of the relation between dosage, body weight and death time. The subject has recently gained importance through the interesting publications of Dreyer and Walker, who have put forward such a formula, and have illustrated its application to toxicity determinations for a number of substances, and, in particular, for different samples of diphtheria toxin—a matter of considerable practical importance. I propose to examine the theoretical basis of their formula, and its relation to formulae which other workers have suggested, and to criticise the evidence with which they have illustrated its application to experimental material.
Studies on the Inactivation of Complement by Shaking
Authors: Schmidt Hans
Published: May 2009

In a former paper on the inactivation of the haemolytic complement by means of shaking (1913), I considered it possible that the process of shaking-inactivation might be explained by assuming that an adsorption of the complement occurred on the surfaces of the precipitate, which is always found when a serum is shaken. I was unable however either to fix the complement of a fresh serum by adding the centrifuged coagula of a shaken serum or, on the other hand, to set free a complement presumably adsorbed on the surface of precipitated proteins, which are found to be soluble only in alkali. I therefore had to leave undecided the question as regards the nature of the process of shaking-inactivation.
The Fleas found on Rats and other Rodents, living in Association with Man, and Trapped in the Towns, Villages and Nile Boats of Upper Egypt
Authors: Bacot A. , Petrie George F. , Todd Ronald E.
Published: May 2009

The collections of fleas described in this paper were made during an enquiry into the plague conditions of Upper Egypt, carried out in 1912 and 1913 on behalf of the Egyptian Government. With few exceptions the fleas were taken from rats or other rodents trapped either in the native houses or in the Nile boats (native river craft), which were infested with rats.
Studies in the Meaning and Relationships of Birth and Death Rates. IV. On the Range of Instances in which Geometrical Progressions describe numerically processes of life, i.e. those processes which might be explained by a monomolecular reaction
Authors: Brownlee John
Published: May 2009

In recent years it has been found that in vitro many ferments, etc., lose their power of action at a rate corresponding to the monomolecular reaction, i.e. if the amount of the substance present at the beginning is denoted by unity, and, if after a certain period of time only one half of the substance remains active, then it may be predicted that at the end of an equal period of time, one half of one half, or only one quarter of the original amount, will still retain its power of a.ction. It is not necessary to give examples, they are sufficiently well known.