bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
9. Hypothesis testing
Authors: Navarro Danielle , Foxcroft David
Published: January 2025

This chapter explores hypothesis testing, the second foundational concept in inferential statistics, after estimation. At its core, hypothesis testing involves determining whether the data support a specific theory about the world. Despite its conceptual simplicity, many find hypothesis testing challenging due to its detailed procedures and the inherent psychological biases that accompany interpretation. The chapter begins with an overview of the logic and mechanics of hypothesis testing, explaining its foundational elements through practical examples. Emphasis is placed on understanding the relationship between research hypotheses, which make substantive claims about the world, and statistical hypotheses, which translate these claims into mathematically precise statements about population parameters.

The chapter delves into key distinctions, such as those between null and alternative hypotheses, and explains the principles of decision-making under uncertainty. Concepts such as Type I and Type II errors, significance levels, power, and effect size are discussed to highlight the trade-offs inherent in hypothesis testing. By using examples like testing for extrasensory perception (ESP), the chapter illustrates the importance of critical regions, sampling distributions, and test statistics in the testing process. Issues surrounding the interpretation of p-values, reporting standards, and the philosophical underpinnings of hypothesis testing frameworks (e.g., Neyman-Pearson versus Fisherian perspectives) are critically examined. The chapter concludes by addressing common pitfalls and the need for thoughtful analysis, preparing readers to apply hypothesis testing responsibly in scientific research.
15. Factor Analysis
Authors: Navarro Danielle , Foxcroft David
Published: January 2025

This chapter provides an in-depth exploration of Factor Analysis (FA), a statistical approach used to examine the relationships among multiple variables to uncover underlying latent factors. Latent factors represent unobservable constructs inferred from observed data, making FA an essential tool for researchers in psychology and behavioural sciences. The chapter begins with Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), a technique for identifying hidden patterns in data by examining how observed variables co-vary. The discussion covers critical steps such as assumption checks, factor extraction, rotation methods, and interpretation of results, supported by practical examples using jamovi. The chapter also introduces Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as a related data reduction method, clarifying its distinctions from EFA.

Advancing to Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the chapter explains how researchers test hypothesised models against observed data to validate latent structures. A detailed walkthrough of the Multi-Trait Multi-Method CFA (MTMM CFA) approach showcases its utility in accounting for both latent factor and method variance. The chapter concludes with a discussion on internal consistency reliability analysis, focusing on evaluating how consistently a scale measures its intended psychological construct using metrics like Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega. Together, these techniques provide a robust framework for understanding and analysing complex data structures, enabling researchers to derive meaningful insights into latent constructs and their measurement.
Investigation into high-speed impact response of composite sandwich structures
Authors: Ismail Sikiru O , Eyvazinejad Firouzsalari Saeed , Naseem Shehryar , Oladapo Bankole I
Published: January 2025

Sandwich structures composed of top and bottom face sheets and an inner core are commonly used for energy-absorbing applications, mainly because of their superior stiffness-to-weight ratio and crashworthiness. Despite extensive studies on the ballistic behavior of monolithic and composite materials, limited research has focused on hybrid sandwich structures combining lightweight and ductile materials like thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) with high-strength aluminum. This study aimed to numerically establish the ballistic limit velocities and the penetrating and perforation resistances of composite sandwich structures to address this gap. The sandwich panels were manufactured from thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and aluminum (Al) 2024-T351 as core and face sheets/skins, respectively. The panels were subjected to an impact to investigate the effects of various thicknesses of their face skins and core on high-speed impact resistance. From the results obtained, it was evident that the numerical models simulated experiments with high accuracy. The impact and damage resistances of the composite sandwich structures increased with the thicknesses of their core and face sheets. The resistance of the structure increased by 19% by increasing the thickness of face sheets from 1.2 to 2.0 mm. Similarly, the resistance of the composites can be increased by 44% by increasing the core thickness from 20 to 50 mm. Therefore, it can be established that the impact resistance of the composite sandwich structures depended on the thicknesses of their core and skins. The investigated performances of the different composite sandwich structures should guide their choice for various industrial applications.
Discrete adaptive sliding mode control for uncertain fractional-order Hammerstein system
Authors: Znidi Aicha , Nouri Ahmed Said
Published: January 2025

This study explores controlling discrete fractional-order Hammerstein systems through two different approaches. The first method involves a detailed exploration of discrete sliding mode control (SMC), while the second method employs adaptive sliding mode techniques to address challenges posed by unknown time-varying system parameters. The aim is to enhance control strategies for these systems by ensuring stability and robustness amid evolving parameters. Stability analysis using Lyapunov Theory is carried out to establish the stability of the proposed control schemes. Comprehensive reachability analysis is then performed to show that the system reaches a quasi-sliding mode in finite time. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is thoroughly evaluated using simulation cases, covering three distinct scenarios. Finally, a discussion section analyzes the simulation outcomes and assesses the efficiency methodologies in handling complex system dynamics. Through comparative analysis and discussion, this study contributes to advancing control strategies tailored for systems characterized by fractional-order dynamics and varying parameters.
The Concept of Adjustment: A Structural Model
Authors: Dodds A. , Ferguson E. , Ng L. , Flannigan H. , Hawes G. , Yates L.
Published: January 2025

This article examines the concept of adjustment to the loss of sight from a cognitive viewpoint and analyzes clients’ scores on the Nottingham Adjustment Scale by means of LISREL structural modeling techniques. It presents support for a theoretical model of the self in terms of two latent factors—internal self-worth and self as agent—and discusses the relationship between the two and the implications lor intervention with cognitive therapy.
Cannabis Use Cessation and the Risk of Psychotic Disorders: A Case–Control Analysis from the First Episode Case–Control EU-GEI WP2 Study: L’arrêt de l’utilisation du cannabis et le risque de troubles psychotiques: Une analyse cas-témoins tirée de l’étude cas-témoins EU-GEI WP2 centrée sur les premiers épisodes psychotiques
Authors: Bond Benjamin W. , Duric Bea , Spinazzola Edoardo , Trotta Giulia , Chesney Edward , Li Zhikun , Quattrone Diego , Tripoli Giada , Gayer-Anderson Charlotte , Rodriguez Victoria , Ferraro Laura , La Cascia Caterina , Tarricone Ilaria , Szöke Andrei , Arango Celso , Bobes Julio , Bernardo Miquel , Del-Ben Cristina Marta , Menezes Paulo Rossi , Selten Jean-Paul , Rutten Bart P. F. , de Haan Lieuwe , Stilo Simona , Schürhoff Franck , Pignon Baptiste , Freeman Tom P. , Vassos Evangelos , Murray Robin M. , Austin-Zimmerman Isabelle , Di Forti Marta
Published: January 2025

Objectives

To establish whether the risk of psychotic disorders in cannabis users changes with time following cannabis cessation using data from the European Network of National Networks studying Gene–Environment Interactions in Schizophrenia (EU-GEI) case–control study.

Methods

The EU-GEI case–control study collected data from first episode psychosis patients and population controls across sites in Europe and Brazil between May 2010 and April 2015. Adjusted logistic regressions were applied to examine whether the odd of psychosis case status changed: (1) with time following cannabis cessation and (2) across different cannabis use groups.

Results

Psychosis risk declined following cessation of cannabis use (β = −0.002; 95% CI −0.004 to 0.000; P = 0.067). When accounting for duration of use, this effect remained (β = −0.003; 95% CI −0.005 to −0.001; P = 0.013). However, in models adjusting for frequency and potency of use the result was not significant. Analysis of different cannabis use groups indicated that ex-users who stopped 1 to 4 weeks previously had the highest risk for psychotic disorder compared to never users (OR = 6.89; 95% CI 3.91–12.14; P < 0.001); risk declined for those who stopped 5 to 12 weeks previously (OR = 2.70; 95% CI 1.73–4.21; P < 0.001) and 13 to 36 weeks previously (OR = 1.53; 95% CI 1.00–2.33; P = 0.050). Ex-users who stopped 37 to 96 weeks (OR = 1.01; 95% CI 0.66–1.57; P = 0.949), 97 to 180 weeks (OR = 0.73; 95% CI 0.45–1.19; P = 0.204), and 181 weeks previously or more (OR = 1.18; 95% CI 0.76–1.83; P = 0.456) had similar psychosis risk to those who had never-used cannabis.

Conclusion

Risk of psychotic disorder appears to decline with time following cannabis cessation, receding to that of those who have never used cannabis after 37 weeks or more of abstinence. Although, preliminary results suggest that frequent users of high potency types of cannabis might maintain an elevated risk compared to never users even when abstaining for longer than 181 weeks.
Maybe They’re Born With It? Maybe It’s Mentoring. A Test of the Rising Star Hypothesis
Authors: O’Brien Kimberly E. , Woody Brendon A.
Published: January 2025

The rising star hypothesis proposes that characteristics of “rising star” protégés already set them up for success, such that mentoring is a byproduct of their ambition. Alternatively, the influential mentor hypothesis states that protégés experience success due to the positive influence of mentoring. Herein, we test whether rising star characteristics (need for achievement and career initiative behaviors) precede or follow informal mentorship. Using data from a sample of 94 protégés (recruited from a hospital) over two time points (six-week lag), we found best evidence for a mix of the rising star and influential mentor hypotheses, in which career initiative behaviors predict the number of informal mentors, and in turn, need for achievement. Cross-lagged effects were probed and provide evidence that the benefits of informal mentoring does not seem to extend to formal mentoring. Practical implications are highlighted, including the benefits of multiple mentors and alternatives to traditional mentoring.
A novel multi-sensor data fusion enabled health indicator construction and remaining useful life prediction of aero-engine
Authors: Su Yu , Lei Zihao , Wen Guangrui , Chen Xuefeng
Published: January 2025

Remaining useful life (RUL) prediction is vital to formulate a suitable maintenance strategy in manufacturing systems health management. Multisensor data fusion of complex engineering systems has attracted substantial attention due to the fact that a single sensor can only collect partial information. Health indicator (HI) construction plays a crucial role in multisensor data fusion and machinery prognostic, mainly because it attempts to quantify a history and ongoing degradation process by fusing the advantages of multiple sensors. However, large numbers of coefficients are involved for most of the existing HIs. Additionally, simplifications during modeling may inhibit the wide application of the constructed HI. To address these two challenges, a new multisensor data fusion method is proposed in this paper by constructing a HI for the characterization of the degradation process. Firstly, the sensors that collect invalid data or conflicting data are removed through a correlation coefficient operation. Then, principal component analysis (PCA) is adopted to reduce the number of coefficient before constructing the HI. Furthermore, the objective function is constructed under the comprehensive consideration of the three factors of the HI, that is, monotonicity, trendability, and fitting errors. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified using the C-MAPSS dataset. Multiple comparison results show that the HI possesses excellent performance in both degradation characterization and remaining useful life prediction.
Isolated Continuous Lumbar Plexus Block Infusion for Hip Fractures: Their Role as Sole Analgesic and Anaesthetic Modality—A Retrospective Observational Study
Authors: Vineetha Siram , C. Vasantha Roopan
Published: January 2025

Background and Aims:

India is one of the advancing ageing societies of the world; with this, the country’s demographic structure also changes. The incidence of lower limb fractures is high in this population, and it threatens their health both physically and mentally. Therefore, an effective anaesthesia and analgesia regimen is crucial for smooth and stable surgery and perioperative care.

Methods:

In this retrospective study, we aimed to describe the use of lumbar plexus block with an indwelling catheter as a sole anaesthetic technique intra-operatively and for providing peri-operative pain relief for 54 patients with intertrochanteric fracture posted for proximal femoral nailing or dynamic hip screw fixation from October 2020 to October 2023.

Results:

It was found that pain scores remained less than 1 for the majority of the study duration. Most patients underwent surgery within the first day of admission in our hospital and surgery lasted for one to two hours. All patients were discharged within five days of hospitalisation. There were no failures of the blocks before and during the surgical procedures. There were no records of any complications related to the technique. No supplement opioid was used during the procedure.

Conclusion:

With adequate monitoring, expertise, knowledge and familiarity with the procedure, lumbar plexus block with continuous infusion via a perineural catheter supplemented with periprocedural sedation can be used as a safe and effective anaesthetic technique for hip and proximal femur fracture reduction surgeries.
Task interdependence and shared leadership: A structural perspective on the distribution of leadership in teams
Authors: Nguyen Thao P. H. , Bell Bradford S.
Published: January 2025

Shared leadership has consistently been shown to predict team effectiveness. However, research also indicates that different teams may require different configurations of shared leadership, and achieving maximum sharedness in leadership does not always guarantee superior team outcomes. This reality underscores the need for a normative theory of shared leadership that can extend our understanding of the construct and facilitate its adoption in organizations. Despite the significance of such a theory, little attention has been given to its development and our understanding of how shared leadership should be distributed across different teams remains quite limited. In this article, we adopt a structural perspective to propose that the task interdependence network can serve as a robust foundation for devising effective shared leadership strategies. Our conceptual framework outlines the nuanced implications of the task interdependence network—from determining the optimal level of shared leadership necessary for performance to identifying potential members for shared leadership responsibilities. In doing so, we emphasize that the specific implications of the task interdependence network may vary, rather than remain uniform, across different dimensions of shared leadership.
Optimizing stability and characteristics of a vibrating rigid body pendulum with energy harvesting device
Authors: Amer T. S. , Wahba A. M. , Abolila A. F. , Galal A. A.
Published: January 2025

The focus of this paper is on reducing vibrations and capturing energy from a three degrees-of-freedom (3DOF) dynamical system. The system consists of a damped spring-pendulum with an elliptical pivot path at a constant angular velocity and a connected rigid body experiencing external harmonic forces and moments. An independent electromagnetic energy harvesting system has been integrated into the structure, utilizing the motion of a magnet within a coil. The optimization efforts target both energy harvesting (EH) and vibration reduction capabilities. The second kind of Lagrange’s equations are used to formulate the governing kinematic equations, which are then solved asymptotically using the multiple-scales technique (MST), producing novel and precise results up to the third approximation. Various resonance cases are identified, with three examined concurrently. The time evolution of the solutions, as well as the modified phases and amplitudes, are analyzed through graphical representations, taking into account the influential parameters of the system. Graphical plots of phase portraits successfully depicted the system’s stable dynamics. The power output and current time profiles of the electromagnetic device are presented to demonstrate the impact of various parameters on system behavior. Analysis of stability and instability areas reveals that the system exhibits stable performance across a wide range of parameters. This model is gaining significance in contemporary applications, especially in control sensors used across various sectors such as industry, construction, automotive, transportation, and infrastructure.
Pilot of a multicomponent program for people with dementia and their care partners: Health services staff expectations, experiences and observations
Authors: D’Cunha Nathan M , Chelberg Georgina , Holloway Helen , Wiseman Lara , Fearon Angie , Kellett Jane , Isbel Stephen , Bail Kasia , Huang Ian , Gibson Diane
Published: January 2025

There is increased recognition of the need to improve post-diagnostic pathways for people with dementia and their care partners living in the community to access rehabilitation services to support independence and wellbeing. However, there is minimal evidence on implementing rehabilitation services for this population. The study aimed to present the expectations and experiences of allied health staff involved in piloting the Sustainable Personalised Interventions for Cognition, Care and Engagement (SPICE) program based at an outpatient clinic of a public rehabilitation hospital. Over twelve weeks, the program combines small group and dyadic evidence-based interventions including cognitive stimulation therapy, occupational therapy, physical activity, care partner education, and dietetics. A qualitative exploratory methodology was used with pre- and post-program interviews conducted with ten allied health staff. Questions were designed to elicit the expected and actual benefits and challenges of the initial implementation of the multicomponent program. The multidisciplinary team were motivated by the potential for the SPICE program to meet an important service gap, and confident people with dementia and their care partners would benefit. Staff reported enjoyment, satisfaction, and confidence in delivering the program, and believed the multiple components had synergistic effects on participants, particularly regarding social connection and functional engagement. While staff had pre-program concerns regarding retention, participant fatigue, and managing challenging situations, these were not realised. At times, staff observed program intensity to cause unintended stress for some care partners. Resourcing and strategies to ensure sustainability were identified as important by staff, as well as the need for ongoing support to participants post-program. Overall, the SPICE program exceeded expectations and was rewarding for staff. Further work to refine and evaluate the program is necessary to support its potential to continue providing dementia rehabilitation to promote the independence and wellbeing of people with dementia and care partners living in the community.
Surgical technique and outcomes associated with the use of femoral vein in venous reconstruction for superior vena cava syndrome
Authors: Reinert Nathan J , Ocean Gesnyr , Sorour Ahmed A , Caputo Francis J , Kirksey Levester J , Quatromoni Jon G , Ambani Ravi N , Hanak Courtney R , Khalifeh Ali , Lyden Sean P
Published: January 2025

Objective

Superior vena cava syndrome (SVC) is a debilitating disease, and surgical reconstruction has been described with some of the best results using spiral great saphenous vein (SGSV) grafts. SGSV grafts can be difficult to construct, and a long segment of saphenous vein is needed. Femoral vein has been an excellent conduit for infected aortic and peripheral reconstructions in our hands, and we sought to review outcomes using this conduit for SVC reconstruction.

Methods

This was a single-center, retrospective study that included all patients who underwent SVC reconstruction using femoral vein from January 2000 to December 2023. Follow-up period analysis included reconstruction patency, surgical reinterventions, patient’s symptoms, and complications.

Results

Ten patients underwent central venous reconstruction or bypass using the femoral vein, with an average age of 51.88 years ± 10.20 years. SVC syndrome was primarily caused by benign etiologies including pacemakers and indwelling central venous catheters. Common presenting symptoms included head or neck fullness and upper extremity edema. The median follow-up duration was 21 months. Primary patency at 1 year was 79%.

Conclusion

Femoral vein reconstruction presents a promising solution for managing SVC obstruction, offering effective symptom relief and acceptable venous patency rates. Further research including prospective trials and comparative studies is crucial to refining surgical techniques and understanding long-term efficacy in addressing this complex clinical issue.
The Factors Affecting Students’ Behavioral Intentions to Use E-learning for Educational Purposes: A Study of Physical Education Students in China
Authors: Yang Pengfei , Qian Shaowen
Published: January 2025

E-learning has revolutionized the educational landscape, changing how knowledge is imparted to students and enhancing the learning process. Despite the growing popularity of e-learning worldwide, a lingering question remains regarding the behavioral intentions of Physical Education students toward its use. This study endeavors to address this issue by utilizing a structural equation model (SEM) to explore the factors and mechanisms influencing e-learning adoption among Physical Education students. The study collected data from 504 students enrolled in the e-learning system at universities in China. The results reveal that attitudes (β = .37), subjective norms (β = .29), and facilitating conditions (β = .45) significantly influence students’ intention to use e-learning. Interestingly, the expected association between perceived usefulness (β = −.11) and behavioral intentions was nonsignificant. These findings highlight the importance of improving technical and organizational support, as well as the necessity for further empirical research on instructional strategies to promote effective e-learning.
Resistance to Brahmanical Religious Appropriation: A Case Study of the Worship of Buri Devis of Asansol, West Bengal
Authors: Pal Avishek
Published: January 2025

The local people of the city of Asansol and its neighbouring areas of Paschim Bardhaman district of the Indian state of West Bengal worship village goddesses, known as Buri Devis (literally meaning ‘old-women goddesses’). While Brahmins are also involved in this worship, the predominant social groups (both Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes) that worship these goddesses are non-Brahmanical. This article aims at analysing the characteristics and process of worship, special rituals and beliefs of the local population regarding the Buri Devis. The findings reflect the interaction and peaceful coexistence of Brahmanical religious beliefs and concepts, on the one hand, and the beliefs, concepts and rituals of the local lower-caste population on the other. The findings also highlight the successful resistance of the local lower-caste population to Brahmanical ideas and thoughts with regard to the worship of Buri Devis. The article will also critically engage with and test the validity of N. K. Bose’s theories and M. N. Srinivas’s concept of Sanskritization, as well as B. D. Chattopadhyaya and Kunal Chakrabarti’s theories regarding religious appropriation of local cults by Brahmanical forces and the dominance of Brahmanism in Bengal.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Parental Monitoring Short Scale
Authors: Swaim Randall C. , Stanley Linda R.
Published: January 2025

Psychometric properties of a revised version of a previously developed parental monitoring measure were examined. Previously, Stattin and Kerr developed an expanded measure of parental monitoring that included sources of parental knowledge. Their scales were shortened and simplified for reading ability and brevity. Data were obtained from 41 schools surveyed during the 2018 and 2019 school years. The schools were part of an ongoing study (Our Youth, Our Future) of substance use among American Indian students who attend schools on or near reservations. Students who self-identify as American Indian ( n = 3,673) or White ( n = 903) completed online surveys that included nine items related to sources of parental knowledge (parental control, child disclosure/parental solicitation) and four items that measure parental knowledge. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, tests of measurement invariance, and correlations between latent means and correlations with substance use measures were used to assess the scale. Factor analysis results confirmed a three-factor solution. These three factors (parental knowledge, parental control, parental solicitation/child disclosure) exhibited measurement invariance across sex, grade level, and ethnicity. Factor scales were reliable and negatively related to substance use. This revised scale of parental monitoring provides a useful measure to assess this construct across subgroups of youths. Further work among other ethnic groups of youths will determine the scale’s breadth of utility. The revised scale with improved readability will allow researchers to more quickly assess this important parent–child measure.
Incidence of seroma and postoperative complications after breast surgery before and during the Covid-19 pandemic: results from a retrospective multicenter analysis
Authors: Beck Maximilian Heinz , Brachaczek Izabela A. , Gebert Pimrapat , Blohmer Jens-Uwe , Kaya Askin C. , Zimmermann Julia S. M. , Radosa Julia C. , Karsten Maria M.
Published: January 2025

Background

In recent years, there has been a growing number of case reports documenting delayed seroma in patients with a history of breast surgery and reconstruction. The occurrence of these seromas has been associated with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection or SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. So far, there are few systematic analyses on postoperative complications in breast surgery since the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

Study design

We conducted a multicenter retrospective analysis to assess the incidence of postoperative complications in two major university breast care centers in Germany during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (August 1st, 2021, to January 31st, 2022) compared to a reference period (August 1st, 2019, to January 31st, 2020) before the pandemic.

Results

A total of 987 patients were included in this retrospective analysis, with 492 patients during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and 495 patients in the reference period. There was no significant difference in the incidence rate of seroma after breast surgery. However, complications such as erythema, wound infection, and wound healing disorders were notably more frequent during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Multivariate analysis revealed that increasing patient age, smoking, breast implant reconstruction, axillary lymph node dissection, and previous radiation were significant clinical risk factors for seroma development.

Conclusion

While our findings did not indicate an elevated incidence of seroma during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, we observed increased rates of erythema, wound healing disorders, and wound infection. Additional real-world evidence is needed for understanding both early and late complications following breast surgery in the context of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 endemic.
Critical updates on oral insulin drug delivery systems for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Low Chan Yew , Gan Wei Ling , Lai Su Jeat , Tam Rachel Su-May , Tan Jie Fei , Dietl Stefanie , Chuah Lay Hong , Voelcker Nicolas , Bakhtiar Athirah
Published: January 2025

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. Exogenous insulin can counteract the diminished response to insulin and effectively controlling blood glucose levels, thereby minimizing diabetes-related complications. However, given the injectable nature of exogenous insulin, apprehensions regarding its safety and the difficulties associated with its administration have hindered its widespread and prompt utilization. In this context, advanced oral insulin formulations can improve medication adherence in patients with diabetes and enhance their quality of life. Over the last 20 years, sophisticated pharmaceutical technologies have been utilized to provide insulin through oral formulations. Despite the limited absorption of oral insulin, these studies have demonstrated encouraging outcomes in translating clinical discoveries into commercialization. This review examines the advancements of several oral insulin formulations in preclinical and clinical trials, their effectiveness and safety characteristics, and potential implications for future treatment options.

Graphical Abstract
Resilience in maternal, newborn, and child health in low- and middle-income countries: findings from a scoping review
Authors: Makinde Olusesan Ayodeji , Okusanya Babasola O. , Ichegbo Nchelem K. , Mgbachi Ifeanyi C. , Olamijuwon Emmanuel , Sule Fatima Abdulaziz , Uthman Olalekan A.
Published: January 2025

Objectives

The research objectives were to identify and synthesise prevailing definitions and indices of resilience in maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) and propose a harmonised definition of resilience in MNCH research and health programmes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Design

Scoping review using Arksey and O’Malley’s framework and a Delphi survey for consensus building.

Participants

Mothers, new-borns, and children living in low- and middle-income countries were selected as participants.

Outcomes

Resilience as defined by the authors was deduced from the studies.

Results

Twenty-two out of 76,566 cited studies published between 2006 and 2010 were included in the review. Thirteen (59.1%) examined maternal resilience, and nine (40.9%) examined newborn and child health resilience; most of the included studies were quantitative (n = 17; 81%). Seven studies defined ‘resilience’ in the context of maternal health, most of which described the term at the individual level. ‘Maternal resilience’ was measured using validated scales in five studies; another five defined newborn and child resilience. Only one reviewed study used maternal characteristics to identify newborn and child resilience. The synthesised consensus definition of ‘maternal, newborn, and child resilience’ is ‘A woman’s ability to prevent or adapt to significant and challenging circumstances including threats, tragedy, and trauma to herself during pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium and to her neonates or children five years or younger’.

Conclusion

The information identified was limited but included a few definitions of resilience in MNCH and an index of child resilience in LMICs. The proposed definition is useful for MNCH programme implementation and interventions in LMICs.

Scoping review registration: The protocol for this review was registered in the open science framework at the registered address (https://osf.io/jt6nr).
Tangeretin alleviates sepsis-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting ferroptosis of macrophage via Nrf2 signaling pathway
Authors: Zhang Hui , Wang Yan , Wang Shenghua , Xue Xiaomei , Huang Kai , Xu Dunfeng , Jiang Lai , Li Siyuan , Zhang Yunqian
Published: January 2025

Background

Sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe clinical condition accompanied with high mortality. Tangeretin, which is widely found in citrus fruits, has been reported to exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, whether tangeretin protects against sepsis-induced ALI and the potential mechanisms remain unclear.

Methods

We established an ALI model via intraperitoneally injected with 5 mg/kg lipopolysaccharides (LPS) for 12 h. Tangeretin was applied intraperitoneally 30 min before LPS treatment. Dexamethasone (Dex) was used as a positive control. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined to detect the degree of lung injury. RNA-seq was also applied to explore the effect of tangeretin on ALI. In vitro, RAW264.7 were treated with Nrf2 siRNA, the expression of ferroptosis-associated biomarkers, including glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) were assessed. Glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory factors were also determined both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, mice were treated with an Nrf2 inhibitor (ML385) to verify the mechanism of tangeretin in inhibiting sepsis-induced lung injury and ferroptosis. Data were analyzed using one way analysis of variance or two-tailed unpaired t tests.

Results

Our study demonstrated that tangeretin significantly alleviated lung injury, reversed the LPS-induced reduction in GPX4 and GSH, and mitigates the elevation of PTGS2 and MDA levels. Tangeretin also reduced 4-HNE and iron levels. Besides, the levels of LPS-stimulated inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α were also decreased by tangeretin. RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that tangeretin inhibited inflammatory response. Mechanistically, we identified that tangeretin inhibited the GPX4-dependent lipid peroxidation through activation of Nrf2. The silence of Nrf2 abolished the inhibitory effect of tangeretin on oxidative stress, inflammatory response and ferroptosis in RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, all the protective effects of tangeretin on ALI were abolished in Nrf2 inhibitor-treated mice.

Conclusion

We identified that ferroptosis as a critical mechanism contributing to sepsis-induced ALI. Tangeretin, a promising therapeutic candidate, effectively mitigates ALI through inhibiting ferroptosis via upregulating Nrf2 signaling pathway.
Maximal mouth opening in infants and toddlers with spinal muscular atrophy: a prospective controlled study
Authors: Zang Jana , Weiss Deike , Dumitrascu Charlotte , Glinzer Julia , Wegner Marie , Strube Anna , Denecke Jonas , Niessen Almut , Pflug Christina
Published: January 2025

Background

Bulbar function is frequently impaired in patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Although extremely important for the patient’s quality of life, it is difficult to address therapeutically. Due to bulbar dysfunction, maximum mouth opening (MMO) is suspected to be reduced in children with SMA. However, no published MMO values exist for SMA children younger than 24 months. This study presents a novel approach to measuring MMO in infants and toddlers with SMA and compares it with healthy controls.

Methods

Children with SMA (0–24 months) who received disease-modifying therapy at a single neuropediatric center and similarly aged healthy children were prospectively recruited. MMO was measured using a cardboard scale and a custom-designed instrument.

Results

A total of 115 children were included (SMA = 24, healthy controls = 91). Inter-rater reliability between two examiners was excellent (ICC = 0.987, 95% CI 0.959 to 0.995), as was the reliability between the cardboard scale and the custom-designed instrument (ICC = 0.986, 95% CI 0.968 to 0.994). A mixed linear model showed a significant increase of MMO with age, and a significantly wider mouth opening in healthy controls (p < .001).

Conclusion

For future research, MMO can provide valuable information about the involvement of cranial nerves, particularly in the context of disease-modifying therapies, even at a very early age.
Context-dependent similarity analysis of analogue series for structure–activity relationship transfer based on a concept from natural language processing
Authors: Yoshimori Atsushi , Bajorath Jürgen
Published: January 2025

Analogue series (AS) are generated during compound optimization in medicinal chemistry and are the major source of structure–activity relationship (SAR) information. Pairs of active AS consisting of compounds with corresponding substituents and comparable potency progression represent SAR transfer events for the same target or across different targets. We report a new computational approach to systematically search for SAR transfer series that combines an AS alignment algorithm with context-depending similarity assessment based on vector embeddings adapted from natural language processing. The methodology comprehensively accounts for substituent similarity, identifies non-classical bioisosteres, captures substituent-property relationships, and generates accurate AS alignments. Context-dependent similarity assessment is conceptually novel in computational medicinal chemistry and should also be of interest for other applications.

Scientific contribution

A method is reported to systematically search for and align analogue series with SAR transfer potential. Central to the approach is the assessment of context-dependent similarity for substituents, a new concept in cheminformatics, which is based upon vector embeddings and word pair relationships adapted from natural language processing.
Differential use of multiple food sources at a bathyal benthic ecosystem in the central Sagami Bay revealed by amino acid nitrogen isotopic compositions
Authors: Nomaki Hidetaka , Chikaraishi Yoshito , Ogawa Nanako O. , Maki Koh , Shimanaga Motohiro , Suga Hisami , Tsuchiya Masashi , Nagata Toshi , Ohkouchi Naohiko
Published: January 2025

The nitrogen isotopic composition (δ
15N) of amino acids can be used to estimate the trophic position of organisms with high precision compared to bulk tissue analyses, and shed light on potential food sources and food webs. Sagami Bay, Japan, is located at the tectonic plate boundary and have complex bottom topography, making multiple sources of organic matter to bathyal deep-sea ecosystems. Here, we applied this method to benthic animals (meiofauna, macrofauna, and megafauna) living at 1430 m deep in the central Sagami Bay, Japan. The δ
15N value of phenylalanine (δ
15NPhe) reflects the value of primary producers and was used to estimate the food sources of organisms, while the difference between δ
15N value of glutamic acid (δ
15NGlu) and δ
15NPhe shifts between food source and consumer and was thus used to estimate the trophic position (TPGlu/Phe). The data obtained were interpreted together with previously reported values from benthic foraminifera of the same site for a holistic understanding of the food web. The trophic positions of organisms from the central Sagami Bay ranged mostly from 2.2 to 3.6, except hydrozoans (up to 4.3). Organisms with similar bulk tissue δ
15N values sometimes exhibited different TPGlu/Phe values. The observed δ15NPhe varied greatly among benthic organisms in the central Sagami Bay (− 8.3‰ to 21.1‰), suggesting a wide variety of food sources exhibiting different δ15NPhe values. Given the location of the study site at the central part of the deep basin, various organic matter from terrestrial, planktic, coastal, upper bathyal, and perhaps chemosynthetic origins can be expected to accumulate and become available for bathyal benthic organisms. Furthermore, the cross-plot of δ15NPhe values and bulk tissue δ
13C values, another indicator of food source, suggested that macro–megafauna examined rely on different organic matter than metazoan meiofauna and foraminifera, which rely on particulate organic matter and bulk sediments. Despite living in the same habitat, organisms of these two size classes may belong to independent food webs due to differences in feeding ecology.
Comparative study on the drying mechanisms and characteristic changes of fabrics according to heat transfer principles
Authors: Lee Jiyul , Cho Jaeyong , Lee Suhyun
Published: January 2025

Microwave-convection (MWC) drying was compared with hot air-convection (HAC) drying to elucidate the differences in the drying characteristics of fabrics based on the moisture type and drying performance. For a single fabric, free water removal was more effective with MWC drying, whereas HAC drying was better suited for bound water removal. For stacked fabrics, the moisture leveling effect of MWC drying enabled a uniform drying of the fabric, evaporating both free water and bound water. The dimensional change of MWC was lower than that of HAC, and the toughness and fiber morphology of the fabrics dried using MWC were comparable to those of untreated fabrics. Furthermore, MWC drying exhibited a higher energy efficiency with increasing fabric loads. The lower drying performance of HAC drying was attributed to the convection of hot air and the limitation of heat conduction. The findings of this study are expected to help develop automatic drying algorithms for household dryers.
Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Serbian Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life (ASQoL) Questionnaire (refers to r-axSpA) and its relations with disease activity and functional status indices
Authors: Zlatkovic-Svenda Mirjana , Djokic Ana , Perunicic Andjela , Zdravkovic Marija , Dolijanovic Slavica Pavlov , Thorpe Jeanette , Dudok Dejan , Milicevic Jelena , Petrovic Dejana , Radunovic Goran
Published: January 2025

Objectives

To translate, cross-culturally adapt and validate the Serbian Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life (ASQoL) questionnaire, e.g. according to the new nomenclature Radiographic-Axial Spondyloarthritis (r-axSpA), and to relate it to disease activity and functional status domains.

Methods

Four stages were accomplished: (1) Bilingual and lay panel for translation and cross-cultural adaptation (2) Cognitive debriefing interviews (assessing the language and cultural equivalence of the concepts used in the Serbian ASQoL translation) for face and content validity (3) Psychometric evaluation: (a) convergent validity by NHP as a comparator scale and (b) known group validity by correlations with disease activity and overall health status and reliability (internal consistency and test-retest reliability) (4) Independent regression analyses for relations between ASQoL and ASDAS, BASDAI, BASFI, Schober’s test, respiratory index and SPARCC were used. The statistical program SPSS (version 21; IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) was used.

Results

The bilingual panel made a unified version of the translated documents, a lay panel confirmed the clarity of the questionnaire. Cognitive debriefing interviews with 10 patients evaluated the Serbian ASQoL as clear, precise, easy to complete. The psychometric properties with 60 randomly selected patients showed good convergent validity between ASQoL and NHP domains of pain (r = 0.79), emotional reactions (r = 0.78), physical activity (r = 0.77) and energy (r = 0.75). The internal reliability was 0.95 and 0.91 (1st and 2nd administration), respectively, and the test-retest reliability was 0.84. Regression analyses showed highly significant relationships (p < 0.001) between ASQoL and ASDAS (R²=0.403), BASDAI (R²=0.564) and BASFI (R²=0.444).

Conclusion

The Serbian ASQoL demonstrated good psychometric properties and significant relationships with disease activity and functional status and is recommended for quality of life assessment in Serbian-speaking ankylosing spondylitis (radiographic axial spondyloarthritis) patients, both in clinical practice and clinical research.
Comparative analysis of microsurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling for middle cerebral artery aneurysms: a prospective study at Ain Shams University hospitals
Authors: Khamis Mohamed , Ibrahim Hamdy , M.Elsayed Ahmed , Tawadros Sameh R. , Mohamed Mohamed Helmy Abdelshafouk , El-Bahy K.
Published: January 2025

Background

The treatment landscape for intracranial aneurysms (IAs), particularly those involving the middle cerebral artery (MCA), has evolved significantly over the past two decades. The pivotal International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) of 2002 heralded a paradigm shift toward endovascular coiling as the preferred treatment modality for ruptured IAs, prompting a widespread adoption of this approach in neurosurgical centers worldwide. However, despite the initial enthusiasm for coiling, microsurgical clipping remains the cornerstone of treatment for MCA aneurysms in experienced cerebrovascular centers due to its superior efficacy in achieving complete aneurysm occlusion and minimizing long-term recurrence rates.

Objective

We aimed to compare the effectiveness and safety of microsurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling for middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms, focusing on rates of occlusion, procedural complications, and long-term neurological outcomes.

Methods

We prospectively analyzed 40 patients with ruptured and unruptured MCA aneurysms presented at Ain Shams University Hospital neurosurgical department from January 2021 to December 2023 and they underwent microsurgical clipping or endovascular coiling.

Results

In patients treated with microsurgical clipping for MCA aneurysms, commonly associated with hypertension, smoking, and drug abuse, favorable clinical grades were observed, with most aneurysms located at bifurcations. Intra-operative complications, primarily premature rupture, led to a 12.45-day hospital stay, with post-operative issues including vasospasm-related strokes and infections. Six-month follow-up showed a 65% favorable outcome. Conversely, in 20 patients treated with endovascular coiling, typically for ruptured aneurysms, hypertension, and smoking were prevalent risk factors, with fewer complications during hospitalization (average 4.2 days). At 6-month and 1-year follow-ups, complete occlusion rates were 85% and 80%, respectively, with some cases requiring further intervention due to incomplete occlusion.

Conclusion

While endovascular coiling has revolutionized the management of intracranial aneurysms, surgical clipping remains a vital treatment option, offering superior outcomes in select cases, particularly those involving MCA aneurysms. A balanced approach, tailored to individual patient characteristics and institutional expertise, is essential to optimize treatment outcomes and minimize the risk of recurrence and re-rupture in this challenging patient population.