bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSII-21 Evaluation of the impact of the magnitude of errors in the sorting of pigs and market price for market on the optimal market weight
Authors: Cheng Jian , Claudy Joanna , Que Yichen , Schinckel Allan P
Published: July 2019

The objective was to estimate the impact the accuracy in which pigs are sorted for marketing has on the optimal market carcass weight (CW) using a stochastic model. Three levels of bodyweight estimation error (BWEE) with SD’s of 0, 4, and 8% of BW were simulated. Initially, pigs were marketed in 3 marketing cuts (MCUT), 25% at 169, 25% at 179, and 50% at 193 d of age. The timing of marketing was shifted in 7d intervals with mean marketing ages of 155.5 to 211.5 d. Sort loss was calculated using the Tyson Foods marketing system. Sort loss ($/pig) values were fitted to a polynomial function of mean CW for each level of BWEE. Pork production costs were estimated using an industry spreadsheet. A base price of $1.433/kg of CW was used to produce a small profit per pig. Market prices of $1.653 and $1.322/kg of CW were used to reflect times of large profit or losses per pig. Barrow and gilt lean premiums were included. The optimal CW’s to maximize profit/pig and daily returns above daily costs were estimated for each combination of BWEE and market price. With accurate sorting (BWEE = 0), the optimal mean age was 183.5d at a mean CW of 96.4 kg and a profit of $3.49/pig. With less accurate sorting (BWEE = 8%), the optimal mean age decreased to 181.5 d with mean CW of 95.2 kg, and profit of $2.89/pig. With this marketing system, the optimal market ages decreased by 1 to 2d and CW’s decreased by 0.6 to 1.3kg as the accuracy of sorting decreased. The lower market price reduced the optimal CW by 1.2kg (2d) and increased 2.4kg (4d) with the higher market price.
PSII-13 Providing on-farm handling tools to move grow-finish pig cadavers
Authors: Akin Ella E , Johnson Anna K , Jass Cassandra , Ross Jason W , Millman Suzanne T , Stinn John , Stalder Kenneth J
Published: July 2019

During the grow-finish phase of production some pigs become non-ambulatory and/or die requiring the need to provide caretakers with handling tools to move them safely. The goal of this study was to identify handling tools suitable for moving non-ambulatory grow-finish pig cadavers. Five caretakers on a commercial grow-finish site were asked to move three commercial crossbred (PIC) genetic line pig cadavers (59 kg, 91 kg and 98 kg), using three handling tools (sked - SKED; deer sled - SLED; modified deer sled - MDS). Outcomes included latency to move cadaver from home-pen to hospital pen, differences in caretaker heart rate (bpm) and oxygen saturation (%), and caretakers’ subjective effort score (1 = very difficult to 5 = very easy). Data were analyzed using mixed model methods for parametric data with fixed effects of caretaker, cadaver and handling tool. PDIFF was used to separate means. Caretakers differed for latency, heart rate and oxygen saturation difference (P < 0.01). The smallest cadaver was associated with shortest latency (P < 0.01) and least caretaker oxygen saturation difference (P < 0.001). The MDS was associated with shortest latency (P < 0.01), and lower heart rate differences than the SKED (P = 0.01). Oxygen saturation did not differ for handling tool. Interestingly, caretakers scored SKED and SLED as easiest for moving all cadavers. In conclusion, the MDS did not have any restraints, so when moving the cadavers they would slide off, and legs and heads became impeded in the alley gates preventing smooth transition. Therefore, the SKED and SLED would be recommended as practical handling tools to move grow-finish pig cadavers on-farm.
PSII-12 The effects of lift crates on sow performance and litter survival
Authors: Obermier Dalton R , Knauer Mark , Graham Amanda , Frobose Hyatt
Published: July 2019

In modern sow farms, pre-weaning mortality (PWM) remains a key barrier to achieving peak productivity and optimizing piglet welfare. Therefore, a total of 270 sows (PIC 1050, 3.6 average parity) were used (May to July 2018) to determine the effect of lift crates in farrowing on sow and piglet performance and litter survival in a commercial setting in southwestern Ontario, Canada. Lift crates are driven by postural changes in the sow which activate a hydraulic lift system (Balance Frame; NOOYEN, Deurne, NL) which temporarily raises a movable sow slat 25 cm above the crate floor. Sows were randomly assigned to 2.44 m × 1.83 m farrowing crates that were 1) conventional or 2) lift crates. Within rooms, litters were standardized to 13 or 14 pigs within 24 h after parturition. Daily sow feed intake was measured using electronic lactation feeders (Gestal SOLO; JYGA Technologies, Inc.). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (Cary, NC). Sow was the experimental unit. No differences (P > 0.22) were observed for number born alive, stillbirths or mummified fetuses. Sow backfat loss (2.2 vs. 2.5 mm), average daily feed intake (5.67 vs. 5.74 kg) and wean-to-estrus interval (5.27 vs. 5.62 d) were similar (P > 0.16) between conventional and lift crate treatments. However, from birth to cross-fostering, lift crates reduced (P < 0.01) piglet deaths by 55% when compared to conventional crates (0.58 vs. 0.32 piglets). Piglet deaths from cross-fostering to weaning did not differ (P = 0.18, 0.68 vs. 0.54 piglets). Number of pigs weaned (12.62 vs. 12.87) and suckled litter weaning weight (75.7 vs. 75.6 kg) did not differ (P > 0.11) across treatments. These results provide evidence that lift crates can reduce the number of piglet deaths and may improve PWM in sow farms.Keywords: crate, piglet, survival
PSVI-4 Assessment of undergraduate student learning in an animal science major
Authors: Winkel Shana , Burkey Thomas E , Brink Dennis , Karr Lisa
Published: July 2019

With changing demographics of undergraduate students in the animal science major, it is important to evaluate the curriculum and student learning. The objective of this study was to assess perceived knowledge gained by students in the animal science major. Students took a survey during a senior seminar course that was required for all majors to be taken in their last year of their degree program. Results of this evaluation have been compiled from years 2015–2017 with 253 students responding. There were no significant differences over time in the categories of: understanding, skills, attitudes, integration and knowledge based questions. A majority (62.3%) of the students reported a 3.01 GPA or above across all semesters. Results from all students surveyed indicate that enrolling in the animal science major improved the areas of their understanding, skills, attitudes, integration of learning and knowledge. Students noted a higher rate of understanding when applying biology and chemistry to life sciences and their animal sciences courses than in their biology and chemistry courses alone. The highest percentage (82 to 96.9%) of students noted a great deal of to a lot of improvement in understanding of specific animal science disciplines and terms. Students’ ability to recall what was previously taught has stayed steady through the years based on completion of posttest. While students are confident in how the animal science department has prepared them in certain aspects, a focus on bringing other science backgrounds into use during animal science class is not as strong. At the completion of their degree program, students were enthusiastic about animal science and confident in their future success in an animal science career (greater than 80% agreed). Addressing the strengths of the department will help students in understanding the benefits of the program as they progress through their degree.
PSI-21 The effects of kuromanin supplementation during oocyte maturation on the in vitro production of pig embryos
Authors: Mentler Miranda , Hicks Emma , Whitaker Brian D
Published: July 2019

The imbalance of reactive oxygen species levels and antioxidants impact oocyte matruation. Elderberries (Sambucus sp.) have been identified as possessing the ability to alleviate oxidative stress. An antioxidant class found in elderberry is anthocyanidin, which includes kuromanin. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of kuromanin supplementation to the media during oocyte maturation. Oocytes (n = 692, r=3) were supplemented with 100 or 200 μM kuromanin during 40-44 h of maturation and then evaluated at the end of maturation for the formation of reactive oxygen species, fertilization characteristics, and rates of embryonic cleavage and blastocyst development at 48 h and 144 h after IVF, respectively. There were no significant differences between no kuromanin supplementation and 100 μM kuromanin supplementation when comparing reactive oxygen species generation at the end of oocyte maturation. Supplementation of 200 μM kuromanin significantly increased (P < 0.05) reactive oxygen species generation in oocytes compared to the other groups. There were no significant differences between no kuromanin supplementation and 100 μM kuromanin supplementation when comparing penetration and polyspermic penetration rates and male pronuclear formation. Supplementation of 200 μM kuromanin significantly decreased (P < 0.05) penetration and polyspermic penetration rates and male pronuclear formation compared to the other groups. There were no significant differences between no kuromanin supplementation and 100 μM kuromanin supplementation when comparing the percentage of cleaved embryos by 48 h after IVF and the percentage of those reaching the blastocyst stage by 144 h after IVF. Supplementation of 200 μM kuromanin significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the cleavage rates by 48 h after IVF and the blastocyst formation rates by 144 h after IVF compared to all other treatment groups. These results indicate that supplementing 200 μM kuromanin is detrimental to oocyte maturation and lower levels (100 μM) do not have a significant effect compared to not supplementing the oocytes when evaluating in vitro fertilization and early embryonic development characteristics.
PSI-7 Prevalence and distribution of Senecavirus A in United States swine feed mills
Authors: Ney Shannon P , Petrovan Vlad , Stewart Savannah C , Davis Shania , Niederwerder Megan C , Trinetta Valentina , Dritz Steve S , Woodworth Jason C , Rowland Bob , Paulk Chad B , Jones Cassandra K
Published: July 2019

There is limited information about Senecavirus A (SVA) transmission in the feed supply chain. The objective of this experiment was to determine the prevalence and distribution of SVA in U.S. swine feed mills. A total of 375 samples were collected from 11 surfaces + one feed sample collected from 11 different feed mills in 8 different states. Due to the seasonality associated with pathogenic hazards, the same locations in feed mills were swabbed in Late Fall 2016, Winter 2016/17, and Summer 2017. Surfaces were swabbed according to the Centers for Disease Control protocols for collecting environmental samples using pre-moistened environmental swabs in 5 mL of neutralizing broth. Detection of SVA was performed via RT-PCR and reported in Cycle threshold (Ct). Data were analyzed using the freq procedure of SAS, with chi-square test to determine the prevalence of SVA within season or distribution among feed mill locations. Notably, no mills were manufacturing feed for SVA-positive herds at the time of analysis. Five of 375 samples analyzed positive for SVA, with Ct ranging from 37.4 to 39.9. There was a tendency (P = 0.069) for SVA prevalence to be greater in winter than late fall or summer. There was no detected impact (P = 0.409) of SVA distribution varying across location within feed mill. A sow farm being fed by the mill with SVA on worker shoes was subsequently diagnosed with SVA after the sample as collected. These results indicate that SVA was not widespread throughout the swine feed mills analyzed in this experiment. However, we are unaware of any other studies evaluating presence in feed mills. Little is known about SVV transmission, but the clinically affected farm fed out of the mill with SVV presence suggest further investigation, as feed or feed delivery may be a route of entry into farms.
Data Pollution
Authors: Ben-Shahar Omri
Published: July 2019

Digital information is the fuel of the new economy. But like the old economy’s carbon fuel, it also pollutes. Harmful “data emissions” are leaked into the digital ecosystem, disrupting social institutions and public interests. This article develops a novel framework—data pollution—to rethink the harms the data economy creates and the way they have to be regulated. It argues that social intervention should focus on the external harms from collection and misuse of personal data. The article challenges the hegemony of the prevailing view—that the injuries from digital data enterprise are exclusively private. That view has led lawmakers to focus solely on privacy protection as the regulatory objective. The article claims, instead, that a central problem in the digital economy has been largely ignored: how the information given by people affects others, and how it undermines and degrades public goods and interests. The data pollution concept offers a novel perspective why existing regulatory tools—torts, contracts, and disclosure law—are ineffective, mirroring their historical futility in curbing the harms from industrial pollution. The data pollution framework also opens up a rich roadmap for new regulatory devices—“an environmental law for data protection”—which focuses on controlling these external effects. The article examines how the tools used to control industrial pollution—production restrictions, carbon tax, and emissions liability—could be adapted to govern data pollution.
Founder Mutation c.1516A>C in KLHL40 Is a Frequent Cause of Nemaline Myopathy With Hyponatremia in Ethnic Chinese
Authors: Lee Han-Chih Hencher , Wong Shun , Leung Frank Ying-Kit , Ho Luen-Cheung , Chan Siu-Ki Timothy , Fung Tsui-Hang Sharon , Kwan Kwok-Fan , Yau Kin-Cheong Eric , Li Ka-Wah , Yau Wai-Nang , Leung Hoi-Ki Cynthia , Chen Sammy Pak-Lam , Mak Chloe Miu
Published: July 2019

KLHL40-related nemaline myopathy is a severe autosomal recessive muscle disorder. The current study describes 4 cases of KLHL40-related nemaline myopathy in Hong Kong ethnic Chinese presenting within 3 years, which are confirmed with clinicopathologic features and genetic studies. The incidence is estimated to be at least 1 in 45 226 livebirths (at least 1 in 41 608 among ethnic Chinese livebirths) in Hong Kong. Hyponatremia appears to be another common feature in these patients. Salient histological features include nemaline bodies ranging from 200 to 500 nm in diameters on ultrastructural examination as well as negative KLHL40 immunohistochemistry; type II fiber predominance is obvious in 2 cases. We demonstrate the founder effect associated with genetic variant c.1516A>C (p.Thr506Pro) by polymorphic marker analysis, which revealed a 0.56–0.75-Mb or 0.41–0.78-cM shared haplotype encompassing the disease allele. The mutation is believed to have occurred around 412 generations ago or 6220 BCE, as estimated using DMLE+ and a formula described by Boehnke. We believe the founder variant might possibly underlie a sizable portion of nemaline myopathy in ethnic Chinese. Analysis of the KLHL40 gene may be considered as the first-tier testing of congenital myopathy in this ethnic group.
Myeloid sarcoma resulting in a small bowel obstruction with multiple site involvement including ileum and appendix
Authors: Yoshida Miya , Ogami Takuya , Morgenstern Nora , Du Litong
Published: July 2019

Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is a rare extra-medullary solid tumor of immature myeloid cells. While it can be an isolated diagnosis, MS is frequently associated with acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic disorders. Although there have been few cases documented that demonstrate the presence of MS in multiple organs at presentation, concomitant involvement of ileum and appendix has never been described. We treated a patient who presented with a small bowel obstruction at the ileum secondary to MS with involvement of the appendix. The patient subsequently underwent a bone marrow biopsy which was negative for evidence of leukemia. He began treatment with induction chemotherapy.
Part I General Concepts, 4 State Immunity and Jurisdiction: Immunity from the Civil and Criminal Jurisdiction of National Courts
Authors: Hazel Fox , Philippa Webb
Published: July 2019

This chapter discusses the allocation of jurisdiction, which serves as the means by which the ambit of each State's exercise of authority and power is defined with State immunity in respect of other States forming one of the restrictions on that exercise. The exercise of jurisdiction by States may be analysed by reference to four bases: territory, nationality, protection of a State's interests, and universality. A claim to immunity by a State or some emanation of it primarily challenges jurisdiction on the basis of personality, of which nationality is one form. The exercise of jurisdiction over the acts of a foreign State itself, which gives rise to a claim of immunity, will most usually be based on their commission within the forum State's territory or extraterritorial areas under its effective control.
Part II The Sources of the Law of State Immunity, 7 English Law: The UK State Immunity Act 1978
Authors: Hazel Fox , Philippa Webb
Published: July 2019

This chapter reviews the status and general structure of the State Immunity Act 1978 (SIA), and gives an outline of its provisions. The SIA was enacted to codify the restrictive rule of State immunity and bring UK law in line with current international practice, and to enable the UK to ratify the European Convention on State Immunity 1972 (ECSI) and the earlier 1926 Brussels Convention and 1934 Protocol relating to the Immunity of State-owned ships. In addition, it provided for the recognition in the UK of foreign judgments given against the Crown in the courts of States Parties to the ECSI, and it also made provision for the extension to heads of State acting in their private capacity and their families of the privileges and immunities enjoyed by the head of a diplomatic mission and his family.
Part II The Sources of the Law of State Immunity, 8 US Law: The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976
Authors: Hazel Fox , Philippa Webb
Published: July 2019

This chapter provides an account of the codification of the restrictive doctrine of State immunity by the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 (the FSIA), which has been amended several times since its adoption. It includes a brief description of the jurisdiction of federal courts under the FSIA and describes the FSIA's major provisions. This overview also includes a summary of other legislation under which, despite the bar of State immunity, proceedings against officials of foreign States or against designated State sponsors of terrorism may be instituted in US courts, and ends with an account of the US law of immunity from execution of State property.
Part III The Current International Law of State Immunity, 10 The Definition of the Foreign State
Authors: Hazel Fox , Philippa Webb
Published: July 2019

This chapter sets out definition of the State to which the rule of immunity applies, which is an important element in the operation of the rules and UNCSI's treatment of this subject. In conjunction with this, the chapter discusses two (of three) aspects of the State within the context of State immunity: the external attributes of the State as a legal person by reference to international law; and the internal attributes of the State, as determined by its constitutional and domestic law, which make up its internal structure comprising its organs, departments, agencies, and representatives. Both the external and internal attributes of statehood are also the subject of the general law relating to the State as a subject of international law.
Part III The Current International Law of State Immunity, 13 Immunity from Adjudication: The Proceedings in which Immunity cannot be invoked, the Commercial and Other Exceptions
Authors: Hazel Fox , Philippa Webb
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the majority of the exceptions to the rule of immunity from adjudication contained in the UNCSI of a commercial or private law character, except for certain areas which are covered in succeeding chapters. All the exceptions to State immunity in this chapter, save perhaps UNCSI, Article 13 relating to ownership, possession, and control of property, illustrate the application of the restrictive doctrine. All apply to particular categories of claims the concept of commerciality discussed in the previous chapter and, by reason of its nature as to its commercial or private law subject-matter, remove the procedural bar of immunity against a foreign State in respect of such claims.
Part V Conclusions, 20 Taking Stock
Authors: Hazel Fox , Philippa Webb
Published: July 2019

This concluding chapter explores the possibilities of reform in light of a potential ‘universal approach’ to State immunity. Firstly, it is suggested that there should be some adjustment to the absolute nature of immunity of State property which continues to be categorized as in use for sovereign purposes when invested in commercial markets for the purpose of economic gain. Secondly, English lawyers should consider more closely the French approach to enforcement of arbitration awards. Thirdly, if this ‘universal approach’ connection underpins the UK's commitment that commercial law should be applicable to all-comers regardless of political colour or bias, a step to advance it would be for the UK to proceed alongside France, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland, among other States, to ratify the UN Convention.
Accurate Tracking of the Mutational Landscape of Diploid Hybrid Genomes
Authors: Tattini Lorenzo , Tellini Nicolò , Mozzachiodi Simone , D’Angiolo Melania , Loeillet Sophie , Nicolas Alain , Liti Gianni
Published: July 2019

Mutations, recombinations, and genome duplications may promote genetic diversity and trigger evolutionary processes. However, quantifying these events in diploid hybrid genomes is challenging. Here, we present an integrated experimental and computational workflow to accurately track the mutational landscape of yeast diploid hybrids (MuLoYDH) in terms of single-nucleotide variants, small insertions/deletions, copy-number variants, aneuploidies, and loss-of-heterozygosity. Pairs of haploid Saccharomyces parents were combined to generate ancestor hybrids with phased genomes and varying levels of heterozygosity. These diploids were evolved under different laboratory protocols, in particular mutation accumulation experiments. Variant simulations enabled the efficient integration of competitive and standard mapping of short reads, depending on local levels of heterozygosity. Experimental validations proved the high accuracy and resolution of our computational approach. Finally, applying MuLoYDH to four different diploids revealed striking genetic background effects. Homozygous Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed a ∼4-fold higher mutation rate compared with its closely related species S. paradoxus. Intraspecies hybrids unveiled that a substantial fraction of the genome (∼250 bp per generation) was shaped by loss-of-heterozygosity, a process strongly inhibited in interspecies hybrids by high levels of sequence divergence between homologous chromosomes. In contrast, interspecies hybrids exhibited higher single-nucleotide mutation rates compared with intraspecies hybrids. MuLoYDH provided an unprecedented quantitative insight into the evolutionary processes that mold diploid yeast genomes and can be generalized to other genetic systems.
NFAT2-HDAC1 signaling contributes to the malignant phenotype of glioblastoma
Authors: Song Yifu , Jiang Yang , Tao Dongxia , Wang Zixun , Wang Run , Wang Minghao , Han Sheng
Published: July 2019

Background

Deregulation of the nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT) pathway has been reported in several human cancers. Particularly, NFAT2 is involved in the malignant transformation of tumor cells and is identified as an oncogene. However, the role of NFAT2 in glioblastoma (GBM) is largely unknown.

Methods

The expression and prognostic value of NFAT2 were examined in the databases of the Repository of Molecular Brain Neoplasia Data and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and clinical samples. The functional effects of silencing or overexpression of NFAT2 were evaluated in glioma stem cell (GSC) viability, invasion, and self-renewal in vitro and in tumorigenicity in vivo. The downstream target of NFAT2 was investigated.

Results

High NFAT2 expression was significantly associated with mesenchymal (MES) subtype and recurrent GBM and predicted poor survival. NFAT2 silencing inhibited the invasion and clonogenicity of MES GSC-enriched spheres in vitro and in vivo. NFAT2 overexpression promoted tumor growth and MES differentiation of GSCs. A TCGA database search showed that histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) expression was significantly correlated with that of NFAT2. NFAT2 regulates the transcriptional activity of HDAC1. Rescue of HDAC1 in NFAT2-knockdown GSCs partially restored tumor growth and MES phenotype. Loss of NFAT2 and HDAC1 expression resulted in hyperacetylation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), which inhibits NF-κB–dependent transcriptional activity.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that the NFAT2-HDAC1 pathway might play an important role in the maintenance of the malignant phenotype and promote MES transition in GSCs, which provide potential molecular targets for the treatment of GBMs.
Prioritizing natural-selection signals from the deep-sequencing genomic data suggests multi-variant adaptation in Tibetan highlanders
Authors: Deng Lian , Zhang Chao , Yuan Kai , Gao Yang , Pan Yuwen , Ge Xueling , He Yaoxi , Yuan Yuan , Lu Yan , Zhang Xiaoxi , Chen Hao , Lou Haiyi , Wang Xiaoji , Lu Dongsheng , Liu Jiaojiao , Tian Lei , Feng Qidi , Khan Asifullah , Yang Yajun , Jin Zi-Bing , Yang Jian , Lu Fan , Qu Jia , Kang Longli , Su Bing , Xu Shuhua
Published: July 2019

Human genetic adaptation to high altitudes (>2500 m) has been extensively studied over the last few years, but few functional adaptive genetic variants have been identified, largely owing to the lack of deep-genome sequencing data available to previous studies. Here, we build a list of putative adaptive variants, including 63 missense, 7 loss-of-function, 1,298 evolutionarily conserved variants and 509 expression quantitative traits loci. Notably, the top signal of selection is located in TMEM247, a transmembrane protein-coding gene. The Tibetan version of TMEM247 harbors one high-frequency (76.3%) missense variant, rs116983452 (c.248C > T; p.Ala83Val), with the T allele derived from archaic ancestry and carried by >94% of Tibetans but absent or in low frequencies (<3%) in non-Tibetan populations. The rs116983452-T is strongly and positively correlated with altitude and significantly associated with reduced hemoglobin concentration (p = 5.78 × 10−5), red blood cell count (p = 5.72 × 10−7) and hematocrit (p = 2.57 × 10−6). In particular, TMEM247-rs116983452 shows greater effect size and better predicts the phenotypic outcome than any EPAS1 variants in association with adaptive traits in Tibetans. Modeling the interaction between TMEM247-rs116983452 and EPAS1 variants indicates weak but statistically significant epistatic effects. Our results support that multiple variants may jointly deliver the fitness of the Tibetans on the plateau, where a complex model is needed to elucidate the adaptive evolution mechanism.
Multidimensional Developments and Free-Play Movement Tracking in 30- to 36-Month-Old Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder Who Were Full Term
Authors: Yang Yu-Ching , Lu Lu , Jeng Suh-Fang , Tsao Po-Nien , Cheong Pou-Leng , Li Yao-Jen , Wang Shih-Ya , Huang Hsiao-Ching , Wu Yen-Tzu
Published: July 2019

Background

Few studies have investigated multidimensional developments and free-play movement performance in toddlers with an early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Objective

This study compared cognitive, motor, and behavioral developments and free-play movement performance in toddlers with ASD who were full term (FT-ASD), toddlers who were full term and are typically developing (FT-TD), and toddlers who were born preterm and had a very low birth weight (VLBW-PT).

Design

This was a prospective cross-sectional study.

Methods

Forty-five 30- to 36-month-old age-matched toddlers were recruited and divided into FT-ASD, FT-TD, and VLBW-PT groups. Their developments were examined using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning; the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, Second Edition; the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1.5 to 5; and the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised. In addition, the toddlers’ free-play movements were tracked in laboratory settings using an automatic movement tracking system.

Results

Toddlers with FT-ASD exhibited lower cognitive and motor scores and a higher degree of behavioral problems compared with toddlers with FT-TD or VLBW-PT. Furthermore, the movement tracking data in a free-play setting revealed that toddlers with FT-ASD displayed a higher degree of turning velocity, a higher moving time, and a higher frequency of moving toward the peripheral region compared with toddlers with FT-TD or VLBW-PT. Moreover, several motor developmental and movement-tracking indicators were found to correlate with behavioral problems and cognitive scores in toddlers with FT-ASD.

Limitations

The study results may have been affected by the small sample size, the cross-sectional design, and tracking only the whole body without subtle movements or segmental motions.

Conclusions

The findings suggest varied aspects of co-occurring developmental conditions and movement-based problems in toddlers with FT-ASD. Using standardized and sensitive measures for the early assessment of perceptuo-motor impairments is necessary for timely early intervention for such toddlers.
Sleep debt: the impact of weekday sleep deprivation on cardiovascular health in older women
Authors: Cabeza de Baca Tomás , Chayama Koharu Loulou , Redline Susan , Slopen Natalie , Matsushita Fumika , Prather Aric A , Williams David R , Buring Julie E , Zaslavsky Alan M , Albert Michelle A
Published: July 2019

Study Objectives

Short sleep duration is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, it is uncertain whether sleep debt, a measure of sleep deficiency during the week compared to the weekend, confers increased cardiovascular risk. Because sleep disturbances increase with age particularly in women, we examined the relationship between sleep debt and ideal cardiovascular health (ICH) in older women.

Methods

Sleep debt is defined as the difference between self-reported total weekday and weekend sleep hours of at least 2 hours among women without apparent CVD and cancer participating in the Women’s Health Stress Study follow-up cohort of female health professionals (N = 22 082). The ICH consisted of seven health factors and behaviors as defined by the American Heart Association Strategic 2020 goals including body mass index, smoking, physical activity, diet, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and glucose.

Results

Mean age was 72.1 ± 6.0 years. Compared to women with no sleep debt, women with sleep debt were more likely to be obese and have hypertension (pall < .05). Linear regression models adjusted for age and race/ethnicity revealed that sleep debt was significantly associated with poorer ICH (B = –0.13 [95% CI = –0.18 to –0.08]). The relationship was attenuated but remained significant after adjustment for education, income, depression/anxiety, cumulative stress, and snoring.

Conclusion

Sleep debt was associated with poorer ICH, despite taking into account socioeconomic status and psychosocial factors. These results suggest that weekly sleep duration variation, possibly leading to circadian misalignment, may be associated with cardiovascular risk in older women.
Trust the State: the relevance of principles of public law in trust law and practice
Authors: Graham Toby , Beasley Thomas
Published: July 2019

Lord Walker, in Futter and Pitt v HMRC1, noted that there are “superficial similarities between what the law requires of trustees in their decision-making and what it requires of decision-makers in the field of public law.” We examine these similarities under the following headings: (1) natural justice; (2) the application of Wednesbury unreasonableness to trust law (an area in which there is far more common ground between public and private law than natural justice); and (3) the decision in Braganza v BP Shipping Limited2 and how this has been subsequently applied. We suggest that the similarities go beyond merely superficial and that public law principles are having an inexorable impact on trust law and practice.
Modulation of complex II‐energized respiration in muscle, heart, and brown adipose mitochondria by oxaloacetate and complex I electron flow
Authors: Fink Brian D. , Yu Liping , Sivitz William I.
Published: July 2019

We recently reported that membrane potential (Δψ) primarily determines the relationship of complex II‐supported respiration by isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria to ADP concentrations. We observed that O2 flux peaked at low ADP concentration ([ADP]) (high Δψ) before declining at higher [ADP] (low Δψ). The decline resulted from oxaloacetate (OAA) accumulation and inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase. This prompted us to question the effect of incremental [ADP] on respiration in interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) mitochondria, wherein Δψ is intrinsically low because of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). We found that succinate‐energized IBAT mitochondria, even in the absence of ADP, accumulate OAA and manifest limited respiration, similar to muscle mitochondria at high [ADP]. This could be prevented by guanosine 5'‐diphosphate inhibition of UCP1. NAD+ cycling with NADH requires complex I electron flow and is needed to form OAA. Therefore, to assess the role of electron transit, we perturbed flow using a small molecule, N1‐(3‐acetamidophenyl)‐N2‐(2‐(4‐methyl‐2‐(p‐tolyl) thiazol‐5‐yl)ethyl)oxalamide. We observed decreased OAA, increased NADH/NAD+, and increased succinate‐supported mitochondrial respiration under conditions of low Δψ (IBAT) but not high Δψ (heart). In summary, complex II‐energized respiration in IBAT mitochondria is tempered by complex I‐derived OAA in a manner dependent on UCP1. These dynamics depend on electron transit in complex I.—Fink, B. D., Yu, L., Sivitz, W. I. Modulation of complex II‐energized respiration in muscle, heart, and brown adipose mitochondria by oxaloacetate and complex I electron flow. FASEB J. 33, 11696‐11705 (2019). www.fasebj.org
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 11 acts through RhoA/ROCK to regulate eosinophil accumulation in the allergic airway
Authors: Xu Chengyun , Wu Xiling , Lu Meiping , Tang Lanfang , Yao Hongyi , Wang Jirong , Ji Xing , Hussain Musaddique , Wu Junsong , Wu Ximei
Published: July 2019

Src homology domain 2‐containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) participates in multiple cell functions including cell shape, movement, and differentiation. Therefore, we investigated the potential role of SHP2 in eosinophil recruitment into lungs in allergic airway inflammation and explored the underlying mechanism. Both SHP2 and Ras homolog family member A (RhoA) kinase were robustly activated in the airway eosinophils of children with allergic asthma and of a mouse model with allergic airway inflammation. Moreover, inhibition of SHP2 activity by its specific inhibitors reverses the dephosphorylation of p190‐A Rho GTPase‐activating protein and in turn attenuates RhoA/Rho‐associated protein kinase (ROCK) signaling, resulting in the attenuation of eosinophil migration in response to platelet‐activating factor stimulation. Specifically, SHP2 deletion in myeloid cells did not affect the number and classification of circulating leukocytes but significantly attenuated the allergen‐induced inflammatory cell, especially eosinophil, infiltration into lungs, and airway hyperreactivity. Notably, genetic interaction between RhoA and SHP2 indicated that RhoA inactivation and SHP2 deletion synergistically attenuated the allergen‐induced eosinophil infiltration into lungs and airway hyperreactivity, whereas overexpression of active RhoA robustly restored the SHP2 deletion‐resultant attenuation of allergen‐induced eosinophil recruitment into lungs and airway hyperreactivity as well. Thus, this study demonstrates that SHP2 via RhoA/ROCK signaling regulates eosinophil recruitment in allergic airway inflammation and possibly in allergic asthma.—Xu, C., Wu, X., Lu, M., Tang, L., Yao, H., Wang, J., Ji, X., Hussain, M., Wu, J., Wu, X. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 11 acts through RhoA/ROCK to regulate eosinophil accumulation in the allergic airway. FASEB J. 33, 11706‐11720 (2019). www.fasebj.org
Does long hair belong in a clinical setting?
Authors: Fernandez Sheryl
Published: July 2019

Nurses wearing hair up and out of the face may be seen as outdated, but proponents say keeping hair up is an evidence-based practice that contributes to infection prevention and optimal patient outcomes. This article raises questions concerning hair restraint and infection control and explores the evidence.
PANDAS
Authors: Melerine Chelsea , Ledet Linda M.
Published: July 2019

Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) describes a disorder that develops in children who abruptly develop neurologic abnormalities following a streptococcal infection. The authors discuss what is known about this poorly understood disorder and how nurses can educate and support patients and their families.
Using precision medicine to individualize healthcare
Authors: Key Betty A. , Mumba Mercy
Published: July 2019

The Precision Medicine Initiative (PMI) is a government initiative to encourage individualized care. This article provides a snapshot of precision medicine and its implications for patients and study participants, as well as the PMI and the role of nurses as educated patient advocates.
Association Between Frailty Status and Odontoid Fractures After Traumatic Falls: Investigation of Varying Injury Mechanisms Among 70 Elderly Odontoid Fracture Patients
Authors: Alas Haddy , Segreto Frank A. , Chan Hoi Ying , Brown Avery E. , Pierce Katherine E. , Bortz Cole A. , Horn Samantha R. , Varlotta Christopher G. , Baker Joseph F. , Passias Peter G.
Published: July 2019

Objectives:

To determine significant associations between patient frailty status and odontoid fractures across common traumatic mechanisms of injuries (MOIs) in the elderly.

Design:

Retrospective review.

Setting:

Single, academic-affiliated hospital with full surgical services.

Patients/Participants:

Patients 65 years or older with traumatic odontoid fractures were included.

Intervention:

Nonoperative management (soft/hard collar, halo, traction tongs, and Minerva) and/or operative fixation.

Main Outcome Measurements:

Modified frailty index (mFI), MOI, concurrent injuries, inpatient length of stay (LOS), reoperation, and mortality rates.

Results:

Seventy patients were included (80.6 ± 8.5 years, 60% F, 88% European, 10% Maori/Pacific, 1.4% Asian, Charlson Comorbidity Index 5.3 ± 2.2, mFI 0.21 ± 0.15). The most common MOIs were falls (74.3%), high-speed motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) (17.1%), low-speed MVAs (5.7%), and pedestrian versus car (2.9%). Patients with traumatic falls exhibited significantly higher mFI scores (0.25) compared with low-speed MVAs (0.16), high-speed MVAs (0.08), and pedestrian versus car (0.01) (P = 0.003). Twenty-seven patients with odontoid fractures were frail, 33 were prefrail, and 10 were robust. Ninety-two percent of frail patients had a traumatic fall as their MOI, as opposed to 73% of prefrail and 30% of robust patients (P < 0.001). Prefrail and frail patients were 4.3 times more likely than robust patients to present with odontoid fractures through traumatic fall [odds ratio (OR): 4.33 (1.47–12.75), P = 0.008], and frailty increased likelihood of reoperation [OR: 4.2 (1.2–14.75), P = 0.025] and extended LOS [OR: 5.71 (1.05–10.37), P = 0.017]. Frail patients had the highest 30-day (P = 0.017) and 1-year mortality (P < 0.001) compared with other groups.

Conclusion:

Patients with traumatic odontoid fractures from falls were significantly more frail in comparison with any other MOIs, with worse short- and long-term outcomes.

Level of Evidence:

Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Factors associated with unaffected foot deformity in unilateral cerebral palsy
Authors: Yoon Jin A , Jung Da Hwi , Lee Je Sang , Kim Soo-Yeon , Shin Yong Beom
Published: July 2019

The aim of this study was to assess the angular components of the affected foot associated with valgus deformity of the unaffected foot and to redefine the actual leg-length inequality in unilateral cerebral palsy. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and radiologic images of 76 patients with unilateral cerebral palsy. Weight-bearing plain radiography of both feet of each subject was obtained. Angular measurements focused on the collapse of the longitudinal arch, hind foot valgus and forefoot abduction. Patients were divided into two groups: with and without valgus deformity of the unaffected side. Leg-length discrepancy and pelvic obliquity angle were measured Among 76 patients, 40 (52%) had valgus deformities of the unaffected side. Independent t-test revealed no significant differences in age, affected side, type of deformity on the affected side, or application of bilateral biomechanical foot orthosis between patients with or without valgus deformity of the unaffected side. Patients with valgus deformity had significantly increased voluntary ankle dorsiflexion greater than neutral on the affected side, leg-length discrepancy and lateral talocalcaneal angle (P < 0.05). Laterally measured foot angles of both feet were significantly correlated. The optimal cut-off points for predicting valgus deformity were leg-length discrepancy >10 mm or affected limb/unaffected limb-length index <0.98. Leg-length discrepancy and lateral talocalcaneal angle of the affected foot were significantly increased in patients with valgus deformity of the unaffected side. The optimal cut-off point for predicting valgus deformity of the unaffected foot would be useful in clinical practice.
The Heterogeneity of Pediatric Knee Infections: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Gibian Joseph T. , Daryoush Joshua R. , Wollenman Colby C. , Johnson Samuel R. , Henry Abigail , Koehler Ryan J. , Moore-Lotridge Stephanie N. , Schoenecker Jonathan G.
Published: July 2019

Background:

Musculoskeletal infection is a major cause of morbidity in the pediatric population. Despite the canonical teaching that an irritable joint and signs of infection likely represent an infected joint space, recent evidence in the pediatric hip has demonstrated that alternative diagnoses are equally or more likely and that combinations of pathologies are common. The knee is the second most commonly infected joint in children, yet there remains a paucity of available data regarding the epidemiology and workup of the infected pediatric knee. The authors hypothesize that there is heterogeneity of pathologies, including combinations of pathologies, that presents as a potentially infected knee in a child. The authors aim to show the utility of magnetic resonance imaging and epidemiologic and laboratory markers in the workup of these patients.

Methods:

A retrospective review of all consults made to the pediatric orthopaedic surgery team at a single tertiary care center from September 2009 through December 2015 regarding a concern for potential knee infection was performed. Excluded from the study were patients with penetrating trauma, postoperative infection, open fracture, no C-reactive protein (CRP) within 24 hours of admission, sickle cell disease, an immunocompromised state, or chronic osteomyelitis.

Results:

A total of 120 patients were analyzed in this study. There was marked variability in pathologies. Patients with isolated osteomyelitis or osteomyelitis+septic arthritis were older, had an increased admission CRP, were more likely to be infected with Staphylococcus aureus, required an increased duration of antibiotics, and had an increased incidence of musculoskeletal complications than patients with isolated septic arthritis.

Conclusions:

When considering a child with an irritable knee, a heterogeneity of potential underlying pathologies and combinations of pathologies are possible. Importantly, the age of the patient and CRP can guide a clinician when considering further workup. Older patients with a higher admission CRP value warrant an immediate magnetic resonance imaging, as they are likely to have osteomyelitis, which was associated with worse outcomes when compared with patients with isolated septic arthritis.

Level of Evidence:

Level III—retrospective research study.
Is Anterior Release Obsolete or Does It Play a Role in Contemporary Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgery? A Matched Pair Analysis
Authors: Lonner Baron S. , Haber Lawrence , Toombs Courtney , Parent Stefan , Shah Suken A. , Lenke Lawrence , Sucato Daniel , Clements David , Newton Peter O.
Published: July 2019

Study Design:

A retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database was performed.

Objective:

The purpose of this study is to compare 3-dimensional correction associated with the anterior release (AR) and contemporary posterior instrumentation versus posterior-only surgery.

Summary of Background Data:

The role of AR as a tool in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) has seen a decline with the popularization of thoracic pedicle screw instrumentation.

Methods:

Five surgeons were queried for all surgical thoracic AIS cases from 2003 to 2010 treated with thoracoscopic AR/fusion and contemporary posterior instrumentation and fusion and thoracic pedicle screw instrumentation (>80% screws) with 2-year follow-up. These cases were then matched with posterior spinal fusion only cases from a multicenter prospective database. The 2 groups were matched on the basis of major curve magnitude within 5 degrees, T5-T12 kyphosis within 9 degrees, and angle of trunk rotation within 9 degrees. Radiographic and clinical parameters were compared for the 2 groups. Continuous variables were analyzed with analysis of variance and categorical dependent variables with the χ2 test.

Results:

A total of 47 cases of AR were matched to 47 (1:1 match) posterior spinal fusion cases. Preoperative parameters were similar between groups (P>0.05). Postoperatively, AR cases had a lower major curve (20 vs. 25 degrees, P=0.034; 72% vs. 66% correction, P=0.037). T5-T12 kyphosis was greater in the AR cases (26 vs. 20 degrees; P=0.005). The angle of trunk rotation was similar for the groups. Anchor density was lower in the AR group (1.6 vs. 1.9; P<0.0001). There were 3 complications associated with the AR: 1 pneumothorax and 2 conversions to minithoracotomies for failure to maintain single lung ventilation.

Conclusions:

AR improves coronal and sagittal plane correction in contemporary AIS surgery with a satisfactory complication profile with less pedicle screw density required for clinically similar corrections. A further prospective study on the benefits of AR may help define specific indications.