bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TIDIER: an identifier splitting approach using speech recognition techniques
Authors: Guerrouj Latifa , Di Penta Massimiliano , Antoniol Giuliano , Guéhéneuc Yann‐Gaël
Published: January 2012

The software engineering literature reports empirical evidence on the relation between various characteristics of a software system and its quality. Among other factors, recent studies have shown that a proper choice of identifiers influences understandability and maintainability. Indeed, identifiers are developers' main source of information and guide their cognitive processes during program comprehension when high‐level documentation is scarce or outdated and when source code is not sufficiently commented. This paper proposes a novel approach to recognize words composing source code identifiers. The approach is based on an adaptation of Dynamic Time Warping used to recognize words in continuous speech. The approach overcomes the limitations of existing identifier‐splitting approaches when naming conventions (e.g., Camel Case) are not used or when identifiers contain abbreviations. We apply the approach on a sample of more than 1000 identifiers extracted from 340 C programs and compare its results with a simple Camel Case splitter and with an implementation of an alternative identifier splitting approach, Samurai. Results indicate the capability of the novel approach: (i) to outperform the alternative ones, when using a dictionary augmented with domain knowledge or a contextual dictionary and (ii) to expand 48% of a set of selected abbreviations into dictionary words. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacology of ryanodine receptors and Ca2+‐induced Ca2+ release
Authors: Thomas Nia L. , Williams Alan J.
Published: January 2012

Ryanodine receptors (RyR) are cation‐selective, ligand‐modulated, ion channels that provide a pathway for the regulated release of Ca2+ from intracellular reticular storage organelles to initiate a wide variety of cellular processes. In addition to regulation by endogenous ligands, the function of RyR can be altered by many pharmacological agents. Some of these have been used to establish the contribution of RyR‐mediated Ca2+ release to diverse signaling processes. Altered RyR function also plays a role in the development of diseases of both skeletal and cardiac muscles, hence both new and established compounds have potential as RyR‐focussed therapeutic agents. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2012, 1:383–397. doi: 10.1002/wmts.34

For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Make Your Work Matter: Development and pilot evaluation of a purpose‐centered career education intervention
Authors: Dik Bryan J. , Steger Michael F. , Gibson Amanda , Peisner William
Published: January 2012

Developing a sense of purpose is both salient and desirable for adolescents, and purpose in people's lives and careers is associated with both general and work‐related well‐being. However, little is known about whether purpose can be encouraged through school‐based interventions. This article reports the results of a quasi‐experimental pilot study and follow‐up focus group that evaluated Make Your Work Matter, a three‐module, school‐based intervention designed to help adolescent youth explore, discover, and enact a sense of purpose in their early career development. Participants were eighth‐grade students. Compared to the control group, the intervention group reported increases in several outcomes related to purpose‐centered career development, such as a clearer sense of career direction; a greater understanding of their interests, strengths, and weaknesses; and a greater sense of preparedness for the future. However, no significant differences were found on items directly related to purpose, calling, and prosocial attitudes. These results inform the ongoing development of Make Your Work Matter and other school‐based career interventions and pave the way for larger‐scale trials of such purpose‐promoting intervention strategies.
Open/closed topological $ \mathbb{C}{\mathbb{P}^{{1}}} $ sigma model revisited
Authors: Elitzur Shmuel , Oz Yaron , Rabinovici Eliezer , Walcher Johannes
Published: January 2012

Abstract

We consider the topological sigma-model on Riemann surfaces with genus g and h holes, and target space
$ \mathbb{C}{\mathbb{P}^1} \cong {S^2} $
. We calculate the correlation functions of bulk and boundary operators, and study the symmetries of the model and its most general deformation. We study the open/closed topological field theory (TFT) correspondence by summing up the boundaries. We argue that this summation can be understood as a renormalization of the closed TFT. We couple the model to topological gravity and derive constitutive relations between the correlation functions of bulk and boundary operators.
Multivariable Analysis of Cholecystectomy after Gastrectomy: Laparoscopy is a Feasible Initial Approach even in the Presence of Common Bile Duct Stones or Acute Cholecystitis
Authors: Kim Joohyun , Cho Jeong Nam , Joo Sun Hyung , Kim Bum Soo , Lee Sang Mok
Published: January 2012

Background

When performing cholecystectomy after gastrectomy, we often encounter problems, such as adhesions, nutritional insufficiency, and bowel reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors related to surgical outcome of these associated procedures, with emphasis on the use of a laparoscopic approach.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed data from 58 patients who had a history of cholecystectomy after gastrectomy. Differences between subgroups with respect to operation time, length of postoperative hospital stay, and complications were analyzed. To identify the factors related with outcomes of cholecystectomy after gastrectomy, we performed multivariable analysis with the following variables: common bile duct (CBD) exploration, laparoscopic surgery, gender, acute cholecystitis, history of stomach cancer, age, body mass index, period of surgery, and interval between cholecystectomy and gastrectomy.

Results

We found one case (2.9%) of open conversion. The CBD exploration was the most significant independent factor (adjusted odds ratio (OR), 45.15; 95% confidence interval (CI), 4.53–450.55) related to longer operation time. Acute cholecystitis also was a significant independent factor (adjusted OR, 14.66; 95% CI, 1.46–147.4). The laparoscopic approach was not related to operation time but was related to a shorter hospital stay (adjusted OR, 0.057; 95% CI, 0.004–0.74). Acute cholecystitis was independently related to the occurrence of complications (adjusted OR, 27.68; 95% CI, 1.15–666.24); however, CBD exploration and laparoscopic surgery were not. A lower BMI also was an independent predictor of the occurrence of complications (adjusted OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.2–0.87).

Conclusions

The laparoscopic approach is feasible for cholecystectomy after gastrectomy, even in cases with CBD stones or acute cholecystitis. This approach does not appear to increase operation time or complication rate and was shown to decrease the length of postoperative hospital stay.
Risk factors for organ/space surgical site infection after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma in 359 recent cases
Authors: Sadamori Hiroshi , Yagi Takahito , Shinoura Susumu , Umeda Yuzo , Yoshida Ryuichi , Satoh Daisuke , Nobuoka Daisuke , Utsumi Masashi , Yoshida Kazuhiro , Fujiwara Toshiyoshi
Published: January 2012

Background

Surgical site infections (SSIs), particularly organ/space SSIs, remain a common cause of major morbidity after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods

Risk factors for SSIs were analyzed in 359 patients who underwent hepatectomy for HCC between 2001 and 2010. The causative bacteria, management, outcome, and characteristics of organ/space SSIs were investigated.

Results

Anatomic hepatectomy was performed for 296 patients (82.5%), and repeat hepatectomy was carried out for 59 patients (16.4%). SSIs developed in 52 patients (14.5%; incisional, 24 cases; organ/space, 31 cases [3 patients showed both incisional and organ/space SSIs]). No in‐hospital mortality related to incisional or organ/space SSIs was encountered. Independent risk factors for SSIs were repeat hepatectomy and operative time ≥280 min. Independent risk factors for organ/space SSIs were repeat hepatectomy and bile leakage. Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus was detected more frequently in organ/space SSIs after repeat hepatectomy than after initial hepatectomy.

Conclusions

Repeat hepatectomy and bile leakage represent independent risk factors for organ/space SSIs after hepatectomy for HCC. Establishing treatment strategies is important for preventing postoperative bile leakage and reducing the high rate of organ/space SSIs after repeat hepatectomy.
Employment and Earnings: A Case Study of Urban Detroit
Authors: Saunders Lisa
Published: January 2012

This paper investigates the roles of manufacturing employment, neighborhood poverty, and family structure in determining wages among Detroit, MI workers, just prior to the current economic crisis. Employment in manufacturing has been crucial for blacks and whites: 39% of black and of white men in the Detroit metropolitan area worked in manufacturing in 2000. Regression analysis in this paper estimates employment in manufacturing raised wages 15.8% for all workers in the metropolitan area, 24.4% for blacks and 13.8% for whites. It finds a higher wage penalty (4.7%) for blacks in non-manufacturing industries than is found when manufacturing sector jobs are included (2.6%). Wage returns to education were greater in the non-manufacturing employment sector, especially for blacks. Residence in the poorest central city neighborhoods reduced wages significantly for white manufacturing and non-manufacturing workers. Its coefficient was insignificant for black workers. Gender and marital status effects on wages differed between blacks and whites in magnitude: White women suffered a larger penalty for their sex than black women (22.6 versus 9.6%) yet black men enjoyed a greater return to marriage than white men (27.5 versus 25.0%). Controlling for manufacturing reduced the gender wage gap and the returns to marriage for men. These findings suggest greater accessibility for women; and lower returns to marriage in non-manufacturing sectors. Among employed blacks access to manufacturing jobs has been their main source of decent wages. The adverse effects of the industry's job loss in the 1980s and 1990s impacted all Detroit residents. Other high wage industries have employed relatively few blacks, have not paid them well; and have suffered job loss and slow growth over the period. Education could have raised wages for non-manufacturing workers, but not as much as access to manufacturing jobs. Today as in 2000, Detroit's residents desperately need job creation or relocation to the central city; and job training and anti-discrimination policy enforcement throughout the metro-area. All of these would be necessary to offset job loss and reduce inequality and poverty in Detroit. The extent to which blacks will benefit from 2010–11 improvements in manufacturing employment in Detroit depends upon whether private companies and the state provide equal access to the jobs and the training new technologies require.
Antinuclear antibody titer and treatment response to peginterferon plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C patients
Authors: Hsieh Ming‐Yen , Dai Chia‐Yen , Lee Li‐Po , Huang Jee‐Fu , Chuang Wan‐Long , Hou Nai‐Jen , Lin Zu‐Yau , Chen Shinn‐Cherng , Hsieh Ming‐Yuh , Wang Liang‐Yen , Chang Wen‐Yu , Yu Ming‐Lung
Published: January 2012

Positive serum antinuclear antibody (ANA) is not infrequent in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐infected patients. This prospective study evaluated the impact of ANA on the response to and safety of peginterferon/ribavirin combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C patients in clinical practice. We enrolled 243 consecutive patients who were treated with a 24‐week regimen of peginterferon‐α plus ribavirin, with a 24‐week follow‐up period. ANA titer was determined before antiviral treatment. The primary end‐point was sustained virological response (SVR), defined as HCV RNA <50 IU/mL throughout the follow‐up period. Overall, 187 (77.0%) patients experienced a SVR. In the 105‐patient HCV genotype non‐1 group, patients with ANA titer ≥1:80 had a significantly lower SVR rate than those with ANA titer <1:80 (67.7% vs. 95.8%, respectively, p = 0.013). In contrast, in the 138‐patient HCV genotype 1 group, the SVR rate did not differ between patients with and without ANA titer ≥1:80. Multivariate regressive analyses showed that ANA ≥1:80, age and HCV RNA levels were independent factors associated with SVR in HCV genotype non‐1 patients; whereas HCV RNA levels and hepatic fibrosis were prognostic predictors of SVR in HCV genotype 1 patients. The frequencies of adverse events were similar between patients with and without ANA seropositivity. Peginterferon/ribavirin combination therapy is effective and safe in ANA‐positive chronic hepatitis C patients. A high ANA titer was a negative prognostic factor for treatment response in HCV genotype non‐1 patients.
Insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity of the traditional anti-diabetic plantCoriandrum sativum(coriander)
Authors: Gray Alison M. , Flatt Peter R.
Published: January 2012

Coriandrum sativum(coriander) has been documented as a traditional treatment of diabetes. In the present study, coriander incorporated into the diet (62·5 g/kg) and drinking water (2·5 g/l, prepared by 15 min decoction) reduced hyperglycaemia of streptozotocin-diabetic mice. An aqueous extract of coriander (1 mg/ml) increased 2-deoxyglucose transport (1·6-fold), glucose oxidation (1·4-fold) and incorporation of glucose into glycogen (1·7-fold) of isolated murine abdominal muscle comparable with 10−8m-insulin. In acute 20 min tests, 0·25–10 mg/ml aqueous extract of coriander evoked a stepwise 1·3–5·7-fold stimulation of insulin secretion from a clonal B-cell line. This effect was abolished by 0·5 mm-diazoxide and prior exposure to extract did not alter subsequent stimulation of insulin secretion by 10 mm-l-alanine, thereby negating an effect due to detrimental cell damage. The effect of extract was potentiated by 16·7 mm-glucose and 10 mm-l-alanine but not by 1 mm-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. Insulin secretion by hyperpolarized B-cells (16·7 mm-glucose, 25 mm-KCl) was further enhanced by the presence of extract. Activity of the extract was found to be heat stable, acetone soluble and unaltered by overnight exposure to acid (0·1 m-HCl) or dialysis to remove components with molecular mass < 2000 Da. Activity was reduced by overnight exposure to alkali (0·1 m-NaOH). Sequential extraction with solvents revealed insulin-releasing activity in hexane and water fractions indicating a possible cumulative effect of more than one extract constituent. These results demonstrate the presence of antihyperglycaemic, insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity inCoriandrum sativum.
Asset Liquidity and Stock Liquidity
Authors: Gopalan Radhakrishnan , Kadan Ohad , Pevzner Mikhail
Published: January 2012

We study the relation between asset liquidity and stock liquidity. Our model shows that the relation may be either positive or negative depending on parameter values. Asset liquidity improves stock liquidity more for firms that are less likely to reinvest their liquid assets (i.e., firms with less growth opportunities and financially constrained firms). Empirically, we find a positive and economically large relation between asset liquidity and stock liquidity. Consistent with our model, the relation is more positive for firms that are less likely to reinvest their liquid assets. Our results also shed light on the value of holding liquid assets.
The role of Aktionsart in deverbal nouns: State nominalizations across languages
Authors: FÁBREGAS ANTONIO , MARÍN RAFAEL
Published: January 2012

Most of the literature devoted to the study of deverbal nominalizations concentrates on the complex event reading (e.g.La concentración de partículas tiene lugar a temperatura ambiente‘The concentration of particles takes place at room temperature’) and the object reading (e.g.El paciente tenía concentraciones de calcio en el hombro‘The patient had calcium concentrations in the shoulder’), while nominalizations denoting states (e.g.La concentración de Sherlock Holmes duró cinco horas‘Sherlock Holmes’ concentration lasted five hours') have remained, in general, understudied. In this paper we present their empirical properties and argue that, despite the empirical differences, state nominalizations and event nominalizations can receive a unified account. We show that in Spanish, Catalan, French, English and German the question of whether a deverbal nominalization denotes a state or an event, or is ambiguous between both readings depends on independent properties of the verbal base, allowing us to propose a unified account of both classes of nominalizations: the productive nominalizers in these languages can only denote the aspectual notions contained in the base's Aktionsart. We further argue that other languages, like Slovenian, have productive nominalizers that can operate over the external aspect of the predicate; in these cases, the nominalization can denote aspectual notions not contained in the base's Aktionsart.
First language acquisition of French grammar (from 10 months to 4 years old) Introduction
Authors: SEKALI MARTINE
Published: January 2012

How do French children acquire the grammatical system of their native language so easily? Many hypotheses have been put forward and experimentally tested to solve this mystery. Generative theories argue that grammar is a universal and innate ability ready to be instantiated after birth. Within this framework, grammatical development is seen as a process whereby universal grammar gradually settles into the language-specific structures of the linguistic input that children receive in the first years of life. In the last decades however, many researchers of child language development have suggested other explanations. Current functional-cognitive research (cf. Langacker, 1988, 2000; Bybee, 1995, 2002; Elman et al., 1996; Tomasello, 2003; Diessel, 2004), proposes a usage-based approach to first language acquisition, where grammar is shaped by usage, and linguistic constructions are taken from parental input and gradually generalised by the child. Usage-based theories thus consider grammatical development as a dynamic process which emerges and evolves, in parallel with cognitive and psychological development, through the use of symbolic patterns which consolidate into grammatical constructions.
Développement de la référence à soi chez une enfant de 1;05 à 3;00: de l'influence de l'input à la reconstruction du système
Authors: CAËT STÉPHANIE
Published: January 2012

Cette étude adopte une approche à la fois fonctionnaliste et usage-based de l'acquisition du langage pour rendre compte des formes non conventionnelles de référence à soi en position sujet chez une enfant francophone, Anaé, entre 1;05 et 3;00. D'une part, nos analyses quantitatives et qualitatives révèlent la présence, après 2 ans, d'un paradigme de verbes à valeur modale pour lesquels la référence à soi en position sujet peut être implicite. Pour ces verbes, comme pour tous les verbes avant 2 ans, un sujet grammatical est essentiellement produit dans des situations où l'enfant exprime un positionnement intersubjectif. D'autre part, la production de formes non conventionnelles met en évidence la création d'associations entre des formes et des contextes interactionnels spécifiques. L'analyse du langage adressé à l'enfant suggère que ces associations trouvent notamment leur origine dans le langage de la mère.
Taxing sugar-sweetened beverages: a survey of knowledge, attitudes and behaviours
Authors: Rivard Cheryl , Smith Danielle , McCann Susan E , Hyland Andrew
Published: January 2012

Objective

To assess current beverage consumption patterns and anticipated reaction to an added 20 % tax on these products.

Design

A random-digit dialled telephone interview lasting 20 min was administered to assess demographics, beverage consumption behaviours and intentions regarding consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in the event of an additional tax on these beverages.

Setting

Respondents were recruited throughout the USA.

Subjects

The study included 592 adults.

Results

Sixty-nine per cent of respondents reported consuming at least one pre-packaged sugar-sweetened beverage in the past week; those who consumed sugar-sweetened beverages averaged seven pre-packaged beverages per week. Ninety-one per cent knew that frequent consumption of soft drinks increases risk of obesity. Thirty-six per cent supported a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages with greatest support among those aged 18–24 years, those with BMI < 30 kg/m2 and those with higher levels of education (P < 0·05). Over one-third of respondents said that they would cut back on their sweetened beverage consumption in the event of an added 20 % tax on these beverages.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that an added tax on these beverages could influence some to cut down on their consumption, reducing their risk of obesity and related illnesses.
Sociodemographic, behavioural and environmental correlates of sweetened beverage consumption among pre-school children
Authors: Pabayo Roman , Spence John C , Cutumisu Nicoleta , Casey Linda , Storey Kate
Published: January 2012

Objective

To identify sociodemographic and environmental correlates of sweetened beverages (regular soft drinks, fruit juice) among children of pre-school age.

Design

Children's dietary intake, food behaviours and screen time were measured by parental report. A Geographic Informational System was used to assess the number of grocery stores and fast-food restaurants available within 1 km of the children's residence. Multivariate log-binomial regression models were constructed to determine correlates of drinking soft drinks during the previous week.

Setting

Edmonton region, Canada.

Subjects

Children aged 4 and 5 years (n2114) attending a public health unit for immunization were recruited for a cohort study on determinants of childhood obesity, between 2005 and 2007.

Results

Children from neighbourhoods with low socio-economic status (relative risk (RR) = 1·17, 95 % CI 0·98, 1·40) or who participated in >2 h of screen time daily (RR = 1·28, 95 % CI 1·13, 1·45) were significantly more likely to have consumed regular soft drinks within the last week. Those who lived within 1 km of a grocery store were significantly less likely to consume regular soft drinks (RR = 0·84, 95 % CI 0·73, 0·96). Children who participated in >2 h of screen time daily (RR = 1·16, 95 % CI 1·06, 1·27) were more likely to exceed the recommended weekly number of servings of fruit juice.

Conclusions

Socio-economic and built environment factors are associated with soft drink consumption in children of pre-school age. These findings may help health professionals to advocate for policies that reduce soft drink consumption among children.
Invariant valuations on quaternionic vector spaces
Authors: Bernig Andreas
Published: January 2012

The spaces of Sp(n)-, Sp(n) · U(1)- and Sp(n) · Sp(1)-invariant, translation-invariant, continuous convex valuations on the quaternionic vector space ℍn are studied. Combinatorial dimension formulae involving Young diagrams and Schur polynomials are proved.
The demos in Greek tragedy
Authors: Carter D. M.
Published: January 2012

This paper looks at a relatively neglected character in Greek tragedy: the people. I cannot claim to produce a complete survey of this issue; however, I shall identify some different ways in which a tragic poet could portray a city's population, and discuss some examples.

This is an important and interesting topic for two reasons, which are linked throughout, for behind my argument is the contention that a consideration of the original staging of a tragedy can help us to understand its politics. In the first place, it is instructive to ask how a poet could meet the challenge of representing the population of a city on stage; in the second, this exercise is likely to shed light on the political function of Greek tragedy. More specifically, it will shed light on the relationship between tragedy and democracy - a vexed question in recent years - for no consideration of democracy in drama can neglect the role of democracy's central player.
Elasto‐plastic and hydromechanical models of failure around an infinitely long magma chamber
Authors: Gerbault Muriel , Cappa Frederic , Hassani Riad
Published: January 2012

Surface displacements solutions of elastic deformation around an inflating magma chamber generally assume that the associated internal overpressure is limited by the bedrock tensile strength. When considering stress equilibrium in the bedrock adjacent to a spherical or infinitely long cylinder, the gravity body force actually resists tensile failure, thus leading to a much larger pressure threshold. And when considering a Coulomb failure criterion, analytical and numerical models predict that shear failure develops instead of tensile failure. Here, three numerical codes are used to compare elasto‐plastic solutions of surface displacements and patterns of failure in plane‐strain. Shear failure propagates independently from the surface downward, then from the chamber walls upwards, and finally the two plasticized domains connect. Another test with internal underpressure (simulating source deflation) fits standard solutions from tunneling engineering. The effect of pore fluid pressures is also explored. In case of lithostatic fluid pore pressure in the bedrock, the gravity effect cancels out, and tensile failure is enabled for an overpressure close to the tensile strength. Coupled hydromechanical models in undrained conditions indicate that the initial bedrock porosity modifies the evolution of fluid pressure, volumetric strain and effective normal stress, and consequently also the pressure threshold for the onset of failure. We show that a bedrock of low porosity is more prone to fail than a bedrock of high porosity. In summary, our elasto‐plastic and hydromechanical models illustrate the contexts for either tensile or shear failure around magmatic bodies, at the same time complementing and delimiting predictions deduced from elasticity.
Relationship between modern rainfall variability, cave dripwater, and stalagmite geochemistry in Guam, USA
Authors: Partin Judson W. , Jenson John W. , Banner Jay L. , Quinn Terrence M. , Taylor Frederick W. , Sinclair Daniel , Hardt Benjamin , Lander Mark A. , Bell Tomoko , Miklavič Blaž , Jocson John M. U. , Taboroši Danko
Published: January 2012

Modern rainwater, cave dripwater and cave stalagmite geochemical time series from a cave in Guam (13°38′N, 144°53′E) are used to better understand how changes in cave stalagmite geochemistry relate to aboveground changes in rainfall at a tropical location. A scientific field team based in Guam collects ∼monthly samples from multiple sites for geochemical analyses at a cave and aboveground rainfall from a nearby location. We compute a transfer function between rainfall amount and oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O) of a decrease (increase) of 0.94 ± 0.3 m/year for every 1‰ increase (decrease) in rainfall δ18O, based on data extracted from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Global Networks of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) database and from data generated in this study. Dripwater δ18O and Mg/Ca ratios show annual cyclicity at some, but not all sites, accentuating the complex nature of cave hydrology. A stalagmite δ18O record for the last ∼160 years indicates the existence of droughts of decadal length, when rainfall is estimated to be ∼0.65 ± 0.3 m/year less than average conditions. This estimate of rainfall reduction most likely refers to wet season months, as these months preferentially contribute to groundwater recharge. The proxy‐based climate record at Guam provides new evidence highlighting how a rainy site in the Western Pacific Warm Pool today can experience considerable changes in rainfall on decadal timescales.
A new approach for estimating entrainment rate in cumulus clouds
Authors: Lu Chunsong , Liu Yangang , Yum Seong Soo , Niu Shengjie , Endo Satoshi
Published: January 2012

A new approach is presented to estimate entrainment rate in cumulus clouds. The new approach is directly derived from the definition of fractional entrainment rate and relates it to mixing fraction and the height above cloud base. The results derived from the new approach compare favorably with those obtained with a commonly used approach, and have smaller uncertainty. This new approach has several advantages: it eliminates the need for in‐cloud measurements of temperature and water vapor content, which are often problematic in current aircraft observations; it has the potential for straightforwardly connecting the estimation of entrainment rate and the microphysical effects of entrainment‐mixing processes; it also has the potential for developing a remote sensing technique to infer entrainment rate.
Seasonal variations in Saturn's plasma between the main rings and Enceladus
Authors: Elrod M. K. , Tseng W.‐L. , Wilson R. J. , Johnson R. E.
Published: January 2012

With the discovery by the Cassini spacecraft of an oxygen atmosphere over Saturn's main rings, and a strong source of water products from the plumes of Saturn's moon Enceladus, our picture of the physics of Saturn's magnetosphere from the main rings to inside the orbit of Enceladus has changed dramatically. This region contains oxygen ions from the ring atmosphere and water‐group ions from the Enceladus torus. The purpose of this study is to examine ion densities, temperatures, and composition from several equatorial periapsis passes from 2004 to 2010 for the region from 2.4 to 3.5 Saturn radii (∼60,300 km) in addition to Voyager 2 in order to separate contributions from Saturn's ring atmosphere from the water products in the Enceladus torus and to describe the temporal variations in the plasma. Because of the high background due to so‐called penetrating radiation in this region, only six orbits are used in this study. Our analysis indicates that large variations in ion density, temperature, and composition occurred between the Voyager 2 flyby, 2004, and 2010. Although the Enceladus plumes may be variable, we propose that the large change in the ion density from 2004 to equinox near 2010 is due to the seasonal variation in the ring atmosphere. Our interpretation of the plasma data is supported by a simple photochemical model, combining the water products from Enceladus and the seasonal variations in the ring atmosphere.
Channels‐tidal flat sediment exchange: The channel spillover mechanism
Authors: Mariotti Giulio , Fagherazzi Sergio
Published: January 2012

We analyze the hydrodynamics and sediment transport on a mudflat in Willapa Bay, Washington State, United States. Velocity profiles and suspended sediment concentrations were simultaneously measured for 46 days in a major flow‐through channel, in a dead‐end tributary channel, on the channel bank, and on the adjacent tidal flat, encompassing periods with and without wind waves. A lateral circulation, perpendicular to the direction of the main channel, is observed to be associated with high sediment discharge directed from the channel to the tidal flat at the beginning of flood. This sediment discharge is able to explain the turbid tidal edge, which is a common feature of many tidal flats. An analytical model describing the lateral circulation and a conceptual model describing the sediment spillover from the channel are proposed. According to the model, the tidal flat sediment dynamics are strongly influenced by the sediment input from the main channel during fair weather, a process that is often overlooked in simplified models of tidal flat morphodynamics.
Simultaneous assimilation of AIRS Xco2 and meteorological observations in a carbon climate model with an ensemble Kalman filter
Authors: Liu Junjie , Fung Inez , Kalnay Eugenia , Kang Ji‐Sun , Olsen Edward T. , Chen Luke
Published: January 2012

This study is our first step toward the generation of 6 hourly 3‐D CO2 fields that can be used to validate CO2 forecast models by combining CO2 observations from multiple sources using ensemble Kalman filtering. We discuss a procedure to assimilate Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) column‐averaged dry‐air mole fraction of CO2 (Xco2) in conjunction with meteorological observations with the coupled Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF)‐Community Atmospheric Model version 3.5. We examine the impact of assimilating AIRS Xco2 observations on CO2 fields by comparing the results from the AIRS‐run, which assimilates both AIRS Xco2 and meteorological observations, to those from the meteor‐run, which only assimilates meteorological observations. We find that assimilating AIRS Xco2 results in a surface CO2 seasonal cycle and the N‐S surface gradient closer to the observations. When taking account of the CO2 uncertainty estimation from the LETKF, the CO2 analysis brackets the observed seasonal cycle. Verification against independent aircraft observations shows that assimilating AIRS Xco2 improves the accuracy of the CO2 vertical profiles by about 0.5–2 ppm depending on location and altitude. The results show that the CO2 analysis ensemble spread at AIRS Xco2 space is between 0.5 and 2 ppm, and the CO2 analysis ensemble spread around the peak level of the averaging kernels is between 1 and 2 ppm. This uncertainty estimation is consistent with the magnitude of the CO2 analysis error verified against AIRS Xco2 observations and the independent aircraft CO2 vertical profiles.
Detecting inhomogeneities in the Twentieth Century Reanalysis over the central United States
Authors: Ferguson Craig R. , Villarini Gabriele
Published: January 2012

The Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR), which spans the 138 year period from 1871 to 2008, was intended for a variety of climate applications, including long‐term trend assessment. Because over land 20CR only assimilates surface pressure observations and their count increases by an order of magnitude over the course of the record, a key question is whether the 20CR is homogenous and hence suitable for detecting climate‐related changes. We use three statistical methods (Pettitt and Bai‐Perron tests and segmented regression) to detect abrupt shifts in multiple hydrometeorological variable mean and uncertainty fields over the central United States. For surface air temperature and precipitation, we use the Climate Research Unit (CRU) time series data set for comparison. We find that for warm‐season months, there is a consensus change point among all variables between 1940 and 1950, which is not substantiated by the CRU record. While we cannot say with certainty that these shifts in the 20CR analysis fields are artificial, our statistical analyses, coupled with a visual inspection of the underlying assimilated observational count time series, strongly point to this conclusion. Our recommendation is therefore for users to restrict climate trend applications over the central United States to the second half century of the 20CR record, after observational density has stabilized.
Impact of hydrological variations on modeling of peatland CO2 fluxes: Results from the North American Carbon Program site synthesis
Authors: Sulman Benjamin N. , Desai Ankur R. , Schroeder Nicole M. , Ricciuto Dan , Barr Alan , Richardson Andrew D. , Flanagan Lawrence B. , Lafleur Peter M. , Tian Hanqin , Chen Guangsheng , Grant Robert F. , Poulter Benjamin , Verbeeck Hans , Ciais Philippe , Ringeval Bruno , Baker Ian T. , Schaefer Kevin , Luo Yiqi , Weng Ensheng
Published: January 2012

Northern peatlands are likely to be important in future carbon cycle‐climate feedbacks due to their large carbon pools and vulnerability to hydrological change. Use of non‐peatland‐specific models could lead to bias in modeling studies of peatland‐rich regions. Here, seven ecosystem models were used to simulate CO2fluxes at three wetland sites in Canada and the northern United States, including two nutrient‐rich fens and one nutrient‐poor,sphagnum‐dominated bog, over periods between 1999 and 2007. Models consistently overestimated mean annual gross ecosystem production (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) at all three sites. Monthly flux residuals (simulated – observed) were correlated with measured water table for GEP and ER at the two fen sites, but were not consistently correlated with water table at the bog site. Models that inhibited soil respiration under saturated conditions had less mean bias than models that did not. Modeled diurnal cycles agreed well with eddy covariance measurements at fen sites, but overestimated fluxes at the bog site. Eddy covariance GEP and ER at fens were higher during dry periods than during wet periods, while models predicted either the opposite relationship or no significant difference. At the bog site, eddy covariance GEP did not depend on water table, while simulated GEP was higher during wet periods. Carbon cycle modeling in peatland‐rich regions could be improved by incorporating wetland‐specific hydrology and by inhibiting GEP and ER under saturated conditions. Bogs and fens likely require distinct plant and soil parameterizations in ecosystem models due to differences in nutrients, peat properties, and plant communities.
Auditory, Visual, and Auditory–Visual Perceptions of Emotions by Young Children With Hearing Loss Versus Children With Normal Hearing
Authors: Most Tova , Michaelis Hilit
Published: January 2012

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate the effect of hearing loss (HL) on emotion-perception ability among young children with and without HL.

Method

A total of 26 children 4.0–6.6 years of age with prelingual sensory-neural HL ranging from moderate to profound and 14 children with normal hearing (NH) participated. They were asked to identify happiness, anger, sadness, and fear expressed by an actress when uttering the same neutral nonsense sentence. Their auditory, visual, and auditory–visual perceptions of the emotional content were assessed.

Results

The accuracy of emotion perception among children with HL was lower than that of the NH children in all 3 conditions: auditory, visual, and auditory–visual. Perception through the combined auditory–visual mode significantly surpassed the auditory or visual modes alone in both groups, indicating that children with HL utilized the auditory information for emotion perception. No significant differences in perception emerged according to degree of HL. In addition, children with profound HL and cochlear implants did not perform differently from children with less severe HL who used hearing aids.

Conclusion

The relatively high accuracy of emotion perception by children with HL may be explained by their intensive rehabilitation, which emphasizes suprasegmental and paralinguistic aspects of verbal communication.
The Developmental Trajectory of Spatial Listening Skills in Normal-Hearing Children
Authors: Lovett Rosemary Elizabeth Susan , Kitterick Pádraig Thomas , Huang Shan , Summerfield Arthur Quentin
Published: January 2012

Purpose

To establish the age at which children can complete tests of spatial listening and to measure the normative relationship between age and performance.

Method

Fifty-six normal-hearing children, ages 1.5–7.9 years, attempted tests of the ability to discriminate a sound source on the left from one on the right, to localize a source, to track moving sources, and to perceive speech in noise.

Results

Tests of left–right discrimination, movement tracking, and speech perception were completed by ≥75% of children older than 3 years. Children showed adult levels of performance from age 1.5 years (movement tracking), 3 years (left–right discrimination), and 6 years (localization and speech in noise). Spatial release from masking—calculated as the difference in speech reception thresholds between conditions with spatially coincident and spatially separate speech and noise—remained constant at 5 dB from age 3 years. Data from a separate study demonstrate the age at which children with cochlear implants can complete the same tests. Assessments of left–right discrimination, movement tracking, and speech perception were completed by ≥75% of children who are older than 5 years and who wear cochlear implants.

Conclusion

These data can guide the selection of tests for future studies and inform the interpretation of results from clinical populations.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14963589
Frequency Response of Synthetic Vocal Fold Models With Linear and Nonlinear Material Properties
Authors: Shaw Stephanie M. , Thomson Scott L. , Dromey Christopher , Smith Simeon
Published: January 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to create synthetic vocal fold models with nonlinear stress-strain properties and to investigate the effect of linear versus nonlinear material properties on fundamental frequency (F
0
) during anterior–posterior stretching.

Method

Three materially linear and 3 materially nonlinear models were created and stretched up to 10 mm in 1-mm increments. Phonation onset pressure (P
on
) and F
0
at P
on
were recorded for each length. Measurements were repeated as the models were relaxed in 1-mm increments back to their resting lengths, and tensile tests were conducted to determine the stress-strain responses of linear versus nonlinear models.

Results

Nonlinear models demonstrated a more substantial frequency response than did linear models and a more predictable pattern of F
0
increase with respect to increasing length (although range was inconsistent across models). P
on
generally increased with increasing vocal fold length for nonlinear models, whereas for linear models, P
on
decreased with increasing length.

Conclusion

Nonlinear synthetic models appear to more accurately represent the human vocal folds than do linear models, especially with respect to F
0
response.
Molecular properties via a subsystem density functional theory formulation: A common framework for electronic embedding
Authors: Höfener Sebastian , Severo Pereira Gomes André , Visscher Lucas
Published: January 2012

In this article, we present a consistent derivation of a density functional theory (DFT) based embedding method which encompasses wave-function theory-in-DFT (WFT-in-DFT) and the DFT-based subsystem formulation of response theory (DFT-in-DFT) by Neugebauer [J. Neugebauer, J. Chem. Phys. 131, 084104 (2009)10.1063/1.3212883] as special cases. This formulation, which is based on the time-averaged quasi-energy formalism, makes use of the variation Lagrangian techniques to allow the use of non-variational (in particular: coupled cluster) wave-function-based methods. We show how, in the time-independent limit, we naturally obtain expressions for the ground-state DFT-in-DFT and WFT-in-DFT embedding via a local potential. We furthermore provide working equations for the special case in which coupled cluster theory is used to obtain the density and excitation energies of the active subsystem. A sample application is given to demonstrate the method.
Random lasing mode alterations by single-nanoparticle perturbations
Authors: Ho Choi Seung , Kim Young L.
Published: January 2012

We numerically demonstrate that alterations in random lasing modes can serve as a highly sensitive biosensing mechanism for single-nanoparticle quantitation. In our approach, subtle perturbations from a single nanoparticle can induce dramatic changes in multiple eigenmodes in disordered structures that can be detected by spectral variations of lasing emission peaks. Several resonance mode frequencies show relatively linear spectral responses to nanoscale perturbations, and each mode possess different levels of perturbation sensitivity. We also show that such behavior exists in both highly and loosely packed disordered media. We envision that the simplicity of such realization will facilitate the biosensor development using random lasers.
A simple criterion to predict the glass forming ability of metallic alloys
Authors: Falcão de Oliveira Marcelo
Published: January 2012

A new and simple criterion with which to quantitatively predict the glass forming ability (GFA) of metallic alloys is proposed. It was found that the critical cooling rate for glass formation (RC) correlates well with a proper combination of two factors, the minimum topological instability (λmin) and the Δh parameter, which depends on the average work function difference (Δφ) and the average electron density difference (Δnws1/3) among the constituent elements of the alloy. A correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.76 was found between Rc and the new criterion for 68 alloys in 30 different metallic systems. The new criterion and the Uhlmann’s approach were used to estimate the critical amorphous thickness (ZC) of alloys in the Cu-Zr system. The new criterion underestimated RC in the Cu-Zr system, producing predicted ZC values larger than those observed experimentally. However, when considering a scale factor, a remarkable similarity was observed between the predicted and the experimental behavior of the GFA in the binary Cu-Zr. When using the same scale factor and performing the calculation for the ternary Zr-Cu-Al, good agreement was found between the predicted and the actual best GFA region, as well as between the expected and the observed critical amorphous thickness.
Longitudinal singular response of dusty plasma medium in weak and strong coupling limits
Authors: Kumar Tiwari Sanat , Das Amita , Kaw Predhiman , Sen Abhijit
Published: January 2012

The longitudinal response of a dusty plasma medium in both weak and strong coupling limits has been investigated in detail using analytic as well as numerical techniques. In particular, studies on singular response of the medium have been specifically investigated here. A proper Galilean invariant form of the generalized hydrodynamic fluid model has been adopted for the description of the dusty plasma medium. For weak non-linear response, analytic reductive perturbative approach has been adopted. It is well known that in the weak coupling regime for the dusty plasma medium, such an analysis leads to the Korteweg-de Vries equation (KdV) equation and predicts the existence of localized smooth soliton solutions. We show that the strongly coupled dust fluid with the correct Galilean invariant form does not follow the KdV paradigm. Instead, it reduces to the form of Hunter-Saxton equation, which does not permit soliton solutions. The system in this case displays singular response with both conservative as well as dissipative attributes. At arbitrary high amplitudes, the existence and spontaneous formation of sharply peaked cusp structures in both weak and strong coupling regimes has been demonstrated numerically.
Analyzing a two-step polarization process in a pentacene/poly(vinylidene fluoride - trifluoroethylene) double-layer device using Maxwell-Wagner model
Authors: Li Jun , Weis Martin , Taguchi Dai , Manaka Takaaki , Iwamoto Mitsumasa
Published: January 2012

The current-voltage (I-V) measurement is one of the most common indirect measurements of ferroelectric phenomena. Here, we show that the I-V characteristic of a pentacene/poly(vinylidene fluoride - trifluoroethylene) double-layer device sandwiched between two metal electrodes can be converted into the electric field-voltage plot on the basis of the Maxwell-Wagner (MW) model. The model-predicted result is in agreement with the experimental result of the electric field, which is directly probed by optical second-harmonic generation measurement. The proposed MW model is suitable for analyzing the double-layer device with a ferroelectric layer.
Dispersive estimates for harmonic oscillator systems
Authors: Borovyk Vita , Sims Robert
Published: January 2012

We consider a large class of harmonic systems, each defined as a quasi-free dynamics on the Weyl algebra over \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\ell ^2( \mathbb {Z}^d)$\end{document}ℓ2(Zd). In contrast to recently obtained, short-time locality estimates, known as Lieb-Robinson bounds, we prove a number of long-time dispersive estimates for these models.