bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fine root mortality under severe drought reflects different root distribution of Quercus robur and Ulmus laevis trees in hardwood floodplain forests
Authors: Leonova Anastasia , Heger Adrian , Vásconez Navas Lizeth K. , Jensen Kai , Reisdorff Christoph
Published: February 2022

Key message

Extremely high fine root mortalities were observed under drought in 2018, increasing fine root mortality in young trees could be explained by differences in root distribution compared to old trees.

Juvenile trees in floodplains are prone to high mortality leading to a low success in reforestation in these habitats. One of the reasons contributing to high mortality of juvenile trees could be limited water and nutrient uptake due to a high level of fine root mortality, especially during summer droughts on higher terraces of floodplains. Strategies of different tree species in hardwood floodplain forests (HFFs) on keeping fine roots alive are still poorly understood. During the record-breaking summer drought of 2018, we examined the relationship between tree age and fine root dynamics of Quercus robur and Ulmus laevis along the Elbe River in Germany. Root area index (RAI), live root density (LRD) and relative root mortality (RRM) of young and old Q. robur and U. laevis were analysed by taking soil cores three times during the progression of a summer drought. Old oaks had a lower RAI in the upper soil than young oaks, while RAI of elms did not differ between young and old trees. RRM was very high during summer reaching more than 100% on average. RRM of young trees of both species increased with increasing drought during summer, while RRM of old trees did not change. We argue that differences in the response of RAI between oaks and elms reflect the sink competition between growing deep roots and shallow roots, which is pronounced in oaks due to their characteristic tap root system. Differences in root distribution patterns and the ability to perform hydraulic redistribution may explain the differences in RRM between trees of different species and ages.
Social Anxiety Disorder: Associations with Peer-Liking, Discrimination, and Prejudicial Feelings in Early Adolescent Girls
Authors: Brookman Ruth , Bird Fay , Harris Celia B. , Grant Kerry-Ann
Published: February 2022

Social anxiety can have an adverse effect on social connections, educational achievement, and wellbeing. However, the extent to which students stigmatize their peers with social anxiety disorder (SAD) in female educational settings remains unknown. This study investigated the relationship between SAD, peer-liking and stigma in a cohort of early adolescent girls. The sample was 103 sixth and seventh graders attending three girls’ schools in Australia. The students, aged between 10- and 13-years, were randomly allocated to either a control (n = 52) or experimental (n = 51) group. Participants completed an online survey while at school to examine their responses to one of two age-and-gender matched vignettes: a hypothetical peer with SAD (experimental condition), or without SAD (control condition). Contrary to expectations, group comparisons revealed that students with the SAD vignette liked their peer more than students with the non-SAD vignette. Also, students endorsed higher levels of pity, lower levels of fear, but similar levels of anger when considering their SAD (versus non-SAD) peer. In the SAD group, higher levels of pity were associated with greater peer-liking. The opposite pattern was evident in response to the non-SAD peer. Importantly, students discriminated less (preferred less social distance) in response to their peer with SAD. This points to the potential benefit of adolescent peer programs that aim to promote positive peer-relationships as a protective factor for students with SAD. Future research may examine gender and socio-economically diverse students to increase the confidence with which findings can be generalized to other educational settings.
Partial gradient optimal thresholding algorithms for a class of sparse optimization problems
Authors: Meng Nan , Zhao Yun-Bin , Kočvara Michal , Sun Zhongfeng
Published: February 2022

The optimization problems with a sparsity constraint is a class of important global optimization problems. A typical type of thresholding algorithms for solving such a problem adopts the traditional full steepest descent direction or Newton-like direction as a search direction to generate an iterate on which a certain thresholding is performed. Traditional hard thresholding discards a large part of a vector, and thus some important information contained in a dense vector has been lost in such a thresholding process. Recent study (Zhao in SIAM J Optim 30(1): 31–55, 2020) shows that the hard thresholding should be applied to a compressible vector instead of a dense vector to avoid a big loss of information. On the other hand, the optimal k-thresholding as a novel thresholding technique may overcome the intrinsic drawback of hard thresholding, and performs thresholding and objective function minimization simultaneously. This motivates us to propose the so-called partial gradient optimal thresholding (PGOT) method and its relaxed versions in this paper. The PGOT is an integration of the partial gradient and the optimal k-thresholding technique. The solution error bound and convergence for the proposed algorithms have been established in this paper under suitable conditions. Application of our results to the sparse optimization problems arising from signal recovery is also discussed. Experiment results from synthetic data indicate that the proposed algorithm is efficient and comparable to several existing algorithms.
Novel treatments for congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Authors: Schröder Mariska A. M. , Claahsen - van der Grinten Hedi L.
Published: February 2022

Patients with classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) need life-long medical treatment to replace the lacking glucocorticoids and potentially lacking mineralocorticoids and to lower elevated adrenal androgens. Long-term complications are common, including gonadal dysfunction, infertility, and cardiovascular and metabolic co-morbidity with reduced quality of life. These complications can be attributed to the exposure of supraphysiological dosages of glucocorticoids and the longstanding exposure to elevated adrenal androgens. Development of novel therapies is necessary to address the chronic glucocorticoid overexposure, lack of circadian rhythm in glucocorticoid replacement, and inefficient glucocorticoid delivery with concomitant periods of hyperandrogenism. In this review we aim to give an overview about the current treatment regimens and its limitations and describe novel therapies especially evaluated for 21OHD patients.
Confirmation by analogy
Authors: Nappo Francesco
Published: February 2022

This paper proposes a framework for representing in Bayesian terms the idea that analogical arguments of various degrees of strength may provide inductive support to yet untested scientific hypotheses. On this account, contextual information plays a crucial role in determining whether, and to what extent, a given similarity or dissimilarity between source and target may confirm an empirical hypothesis over a rival one. In addition to showing confirmation by analogy compatible with the adoption of a Bayesian standpoint, the proposal outlined in this paper reveals a close agreement between the fulfillment of Hesse’s (Models and analogies in science, University of Notre Dame Press, 1963) criteria for analogical arguments capable of inductive support and the attribution of confirmatory power by the lights of Bayesian confirmation theory. In this sense, the Bayesian representation not only enriches a framework, Hesse’s, of enduring relevance for understanding scientific activity, but may offer something akin to a proof of concept of it.
Tough enough? Robust satisficing as a decision norm for long-term policy analysis
Authors: Mogensen Andreas L. , Thorstad David
Published: February 2022

This paper aims to open a dialogue between philosophers working in decision theory and operations researchers and engineers working on decision-making under deep uncertainty. Specifically, we assess the recommendation to follow a norm of robust satisficing when making decisions under deep uncertainty in the context of decision analyses that rely on the tools of Robust Decision-Making developed by Robert Lempert and colleagues at RAND. We discuss two challenges for robust satisficing: whether the norm might derive its plausibility from an implicit appeal to probabilistic representations of uncertainty of the kind that deep uncertainty is supposed to preclude; and whether there is adequate justification for adopting a satisficing norm, as opposed to an optimizing norm that is sensitive to considerations of robustness. We discuss decision-theoretic and voting-theoretic motivations for robust satisficing, and use these motivations to select among candidate formulations of the robust satisficing norm.
Birth Justice. Die Bedeutung von Intersektionalität für die Begleitung von Schwangerschaft, Geburt und früher Elternschaft
Authors: Winkler Christiane , Babac Emine
Published: February 2022

US-amerikanische Schwarze Feminist*innen entwickelten den Begriff Birth Justice, um strukturell verankerte Ungleichheits- und Gewaltverhältnisse rund um Schwangerschaft, Geburt und frühe Elternschaft sichtbar zu machen (Oparah 2015). Birth Justice verortet sich im Kontext des Konzeptes von Reproductive Justice und ist durch eine menschenrechtsbasierte, intersektionale Analyse reproduktiver Ungleichheitsverhältnisse gekennzeichnet (Oparah 2015; Ross und Solinger 2017).

Die individuellen Erfahrungen Schwangerer* und Gebärender* werden geprägt durch die vielfältigen Wechselwirkungen zwischen Merkmalen wie geschlechtlicher Identität, Race/Ethnizität/Nationalität, Klasse, Alter, sog. Behinderung und sexueller Orientierung (ebd.). Subjektive Erfahrungen wirken sich auf Zufriedenheit mit der gesundheitlichen Versorgung aus und beeinflussen zukünftige Gesundheitsentscheidungen (Ohlbrecht 2016). Dadurch können Ungleichheiten fortgeschrieben werden.

Zufriedenstellende intersektional orientierte quantitative und qualitative Studien zu peripartalen Outcomes sowie zum Erleben der gesundheitlichen Versorgung stehen im deutschsprachigen Raum aus. Quantitative Erhebungen zu Outcomes Gebärender* mit Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland sind sehr begrenzt und kritisch zu betrachten, da sie nicht auf der Grundlage differenzierter Antidiskriminierungsdaten durchgeführt wurden. Qualitative Studien zu Erfahrungen marginalisierter/minorisierter Personen mit peripartaler Betreuung gibt es nur sehr unzureichend in Quantität und Qualität. Ergebnisse zu Diskriminierungserfahrungen sind bisher noch nicht publiziert.

Um menschenrechtsbasierte, respektvolle Betreuung als Qualitätsmerkmal der Gesundheitsversorgung Realität werden zu lassen und gesundheitliche Ungleichheiten abzubauen, braucht es verlässliche Erhebungen zu Erfahrungen mit der peripartalen Versorgung insbesondere von marginalisierten und minorisierten Personen. Diese sollten in ihrem Design intersektional reflektiert und diskriminierungssensibel angelegt sein. Intersektionalität und ihre Auswirkung auf den Zugang und die Qualität der peripartalen Begleitung sollten in die theoretische als auch praktische Ausbildung im Gesundheitswesen aufgenommen und Bewusstsein durch Fortbildungen gefördert werden.
Causes and consequences of stress generation: Longitudinal associations of negative events, aggressive behaviors, rumination, and depressive symptoms
Authors: Hasegawa Akira , Oura Shin-ichi , Yamamoto Tetsuya , Kunisato Yoshihiko , Matsuda Yuko , Adachi Masaki
Published: February 2022

The present study examined the causes and consequences of stress generation in university students in Japan. A two-wave longitudinal study with an 8- or 9-week interval was conducted in the fall of 2020. Undergraduate and graduate students at four universities in Japan (N = 201) completed self-report measures assessing experiences of negative interpersonal dependent events, negative non-interpersonal events, and negative independent events at two times. At the same time, they also responded to measures of aggressive behaviors, trait rumination, and depressive symptoms. Path analyses revealed that baseline aggressive behaviors were positively associated with an increase in subsequent negative interpersonal dependent events, even after controlling for the influences of negative interpersonal dependent events, rumination, and depressive symptoms at baseline. However, aggressive behaviors were not significantly associated with subsequent negative non-interpersonal dependent events or negative independent events. These findings suggest that aggressive behaviors may have been a factor leading to interpersonal stress generation. Furthermore, all categories of negative event experiences predicted an increase in subsequent depressive symptoms, but not subsequent rumination, and rumination was not significantly associated with subsequent depressive symptoms. This research extends previous studies on the causes and consequences of stress generation conducted in the US by using specific measures of aggressive behaviors and including a non-restricted sample of university students in Japan.
Revisiting the richness of integrated vehicle and crew scheduling
Authors: Ge Liping , Kliewer Natalia , Nourmohammadzadeh Abtin , Voß Stefan , Xie Lin
Published: February 2022

The last decades have seen a considerable move forward regarding integrated vehicle and crew scheduling in various realms (airline industry, public transport). With the continuous improvement of information and communication technology as well as general solvers it has become possible to formulate more and more rich versions of these problems. In public transport, issues like rostering, delay propagation or days-off patterns have become part of these integrated problems. In this paper we aim to revisit an earlier formulation incorporating days-off patterns and investigate whether solvability with standard solvers has now become possible and to which extent the incorporation of other aspects can make the problem setting more rich and still keep the possible solvability in mind. This includes especially issues like delay propagation where in public transport delay propagation usually refers to secondary delays following a (primary) disturbance. Moreover, we investigate a robust version to support the claim that added richness is possible. Numerical results are provided to underline the envisaged advances.
Primary Mathematics Teachers’ Understanding of Computational Thinking
Authors: Nordby Siri Krogh , Bjerke Annette Hessen , Mifsud Louise
Published: February 2022

Computational thinking (CT) is often regarded as providing a ‘soft start’ for later involvement with artificial intelligence and, hence, as a crucial twenty-first century skill. The introduction of CT in primary mathematics curricula puts many demands on teachers, and their understanding of CT in mathematics is key to its successful introduction. Inspired by an information ecology perspective, we investigate how four primary school teachers understand CT in mathematics and how they go ahead to include CT in their mathematics teaching practice. Through observations and interviews, we find promising starting points for including CT, related to pattern recognition, problem solving and the use of programming activities. Our findings indicate that teachers’ lack of knowledge affects CT adoption in two ways: during its inclusion in the existing mathematics curriculum and as a new element focussed on programming and coding, leaving mathematics in the background. For the inclusion to be fruitful, we suggest there is a need to help teachers understand how CT can be used productively in mathematics and vice versa.
Taming the beast: a revised classification of Cortinariaceae based on genomic data
Authors: Liimatainen Kare , Kim Jan T. , Pokorny Lisa , Kirk Paul M. , Dentinger Bryn , Niskanen Tuula
Published: February 2022

Family Cortinariaceae currently includes only one genus, Cortinarius, which is the largest Agaricales genus, with thousands of species worldwide. The species are important ectomycorrhizal fungi and form associations with many vascular plant genera from tropicals to arctic regions. Genus Cortinarius contains a lot of morphological variation, and its complexity has led many taxonomists to specialize in particular on infrageneric groups. The previous attempts to divide Cortinarius have been shown to be unnatural and the phylogenetic studies done to date have not been able to resolve the higher-level classification of the group above section level. Genomic approaches have revolutionized our view on fungal relationships and provide a way to tackle difficult groups. We used both targeted capture sequencing and shallow whole genome sequencing to produce data and to perform phylogenomic analyses of 75 single-copy genes from 19 species. In addition, a wider 5-locus analysis of 245 species, from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, was also done. Based on our results, a classification of the family Cortinariaceae into ten genera—Cortinarius, Phlegmacium, Thaxterogaster, Calonarius, Aureonarius, Cystinarius, Volvanarius, Hygronarius, Mystinarius, and Austrocortinarius—is proposed. Seven genera, 10 subgenera, and four sections are described as new to science and five subgenera are introduced as new combinations in a new rank. In addition, 41 section names and 514 species names are combined in new genera and four lecto- and epitypes designated. The position of Stephanopus in suborder Agaricineae remains to be studied. Targeted capture sequencing is used for the first time in fungal taxonomy in Basidiomycetes. It provides a cost-efficient way to produce -omics data in species-rich groups. The -omics data was produced from fungarium specimens up to 21 years old, demonstrating the value of museum specimens in the study of the fungal tree of life. This study is the first family revision in Agaricales based on genomics data and hopefully many others will soon follow.
Nutrizione e ritmo circadiano: la nuova prospettiva del Time Restricted Feeding
Authors: Poggiogalle Eleonora , Frigerio Francesco , Donini Lorenzo M.
Published: February 2022

Sommario

Negli ultimi anni il digiuno intermittente è emerso quale approccio innovativo per promuovere il calo ponderale e migliorare lo stato di salute metabolica in contrapposizione agli interventi più convenzionali incentrati sulla restrizione calorica. Il digiuno intermittente (Intermittent Fasting) e ilTime-Restricted Feeding(TRF) negli animali (anche noto comeTime-Restricted Eating, TRE nell’uomo) hanno raggiunto una crescente popolarità parallelamente al consistente aumento delle evidenze scientifiche nell’ambito della cronobiologia, con la recente attribuzione del premio Nobel per la Medicina nel 2017 a Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash e Michael W. Young quale riconoscimento per il contributo alle scoperte dei meccanismi molecolari che sottendono il ritmo circadiano. Il sistema circadiano regola il metabolismo in un ciclo di circa ventiquattro ore, determinando una ritmicità circadiana endogena nel dispendio energetico, nell’appetito, nella sensibilità insulinica e in altri processi metabolici. Molti di tali processi, tra cui la sensibilità insulinica e la termogenesi indotta dalla dieta, presentano un picco nella prima parte della giornata. Numerose evidenze sia nell’animale sia nell’uomo sottolineano che alimentarsi in momenti della giornata che siano asincroni rispetto ai ritmi delle suddette funzioni metaboliche promuova l’eccesso ponderale e le alterazioni metaboliche ad esso associate.
Sustained-Release Drug Delivery Potential of Antibiotic–Montmorillonite Composites Prepared Using Montmorillonite Mined in Gampo, Republic of Korea
Authors: Kim Myungjae , Roh Ki-Min , Kim Jiwoo , Seo Minkyeong , Kang Il-Mo , Kim Jiwoong
Published: February 2022

Biocompatible drug-delivery materials are important because they provide controlled release of biologically active agents to enhance the effectiveness of medical treatments. Montmorillonite (Mnt) has been utilized in drug-delivery systems for delayed-release application because it can safely encapsulate drug molecules via intercalation reactions. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the delivery characteristics of the drug ciprofloxacin (CIP) from a composite with Mnt (Mnt-CIP) in which the Mnt was first prepared by acid treatment and vibration ball milling. The surfaces of Mnt were modified by reacting the Mnt suspension in 1.0 M HCl acid and by dispersing the powder with a vibration ball mill, then the CIP drug was added at pH 4 and stirred. The goal was to improve the sustained-release performance of the CIP. This Mnt-CIP drug-release system was characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, surface area measurement using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, and ultraviolet spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction results confirmed the intercalation of CIP into the interlayer space of Mnt. The in vitro release properties of the intercalated CIP were investigated using a simulated phosphate-buffered saline solution (pH 7.4) at 36±0.5°C. The CIP drug exhibited a continued release for 3 h. Moreover, Mnt prepared by HCl acid treatment and dispersion in the vibration ball mill delayed the drug dissolution rate. In summary, the Mnt-CIP composite prepared in this study exhibited slow and sustained release characteristics, indicating that Mnt mined from the Gampo-40 mining area in Gyeongju can be used in various drug-delivery applications.
Malleable Penile Implant Rod Diameter Predicts Complications and Patient Satisfaction
Authors: Habous Mohamad , Omar Mohamed , Farag Mohammed , Abdelwahab Osama , Laban Osama , Binsaleh Saleh , Mulhall John P. , Ralph David , Aziz Mohammed
Published: February 2022

Background

One of the most common complaints after malleable prosthesis implantation (MPI) is thinning of the penis and decreasing girth. Some surgeons try to insert the largest diameter they can to improve patient satisfaction

Aim

To investigate if malleable rod diameter (MRD) has an impact on outcome and patient satisfaction

Methods

Consecutive malleable prosthesis implantation (MPI) was assessed in a high-volume center over 1 year. The same preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative protocols were used for all patients and one brand of the malleable device was used only. We recorded MRD and length for all patients. All patients had data on comorbidities including glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and clinical Peyronie's disease (PD). Revision cases and those who lost for follow-up were excluded from the study. We also excluded patients operated on by low-volume surgeons. All complications, minor (edema, ecchymosis, pain), and major (infection and erosion) were recorded. After 1-year, patients were assessed and given a Likert scale from 1 to 5 where 5 is most satisfied with their MPI. We stratified patients according to MRD into 2 groups: group A for diameter 9.5 and 11 mm and group B for 13 mm.

Outcome

: Larger diameter of malleable penile implants may be associated with more complications

Results

183 patients had full data and filled the questionnaire after 1-year follow-up. All patients had Coloplast, Genesis penile implants. Major complications rate (infection, erosion, and removal) was significantly higher in group B 11% vs 1.2% in group A (P = .016). At 4 weeks postoperative visit, 90 % of group A showed no complications vs 60% only in group B that was statistically significant (P = .0003). Satisfaction rate was more in patients in group A (88.6%) compared to patients in group B (75.7%) but this did not reach to be statistically significant (P = .0519)

Clinical Implications

MRD predicts outcome.

Strengths & Limitations

The strengths of our study include that it is the first prospective study with good number of malleable implants. Limitations include: no validated satisfaction instrument and MRD choice was based on surgeon preference.

Conclusions

Larger diameter of malleable penile implants are not associated with a higher rate of patient satisfaction
Prospect of research and clinical application of arsenic compounds in chemotherapy for gynecological malignant tumors
Authors: Dong Yue , Li Xiaoping
Published: February 2022

Arsenic compounds, including various arsenic-containing compounds such as intravenous use of arsenic trioxide (ATO) and an oral tetra-arsenic tetra-sulfide (As4S4) -containing formula named the Realgar-Indigo naturalis formula (RIF). RIF, also known as Compound Huangdai Tablets, which exert anti-tumor effects through a variety of mechanisms, such as the induction of programmed cell death, induction of G1 or G2/M phase arrest, epigenetic regulation of miRNAs, and suppression of cancer stem cell properties. International multicenter clinical studies have shown that ATO and RIF have anti-tumorigenic effects on hematological tumors and some solids. Arsenic compounds also been used in the treatment of cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, especially advanced drug-resistant ovarian cancer. This article introduces the progress of ATO in combination chemotherapy, such as ATO with paclitaxel, adriamycin, cisplatin, etc in solid tumors and gynecological malignant tumors. The side effects associated with arsenic treatment, including cardiac disorders, skin and bone marrow suppression, etc. are also discussed in this review. Oral arsenic drugs also have a good therapeutic effect, it may be an outpatient oral chemotherapy new model for RIF to treatment recurrent ovarian cancer.
Experimental study on the vitrification and xenotransplantation of human ovarian tissue
Authors: Zhao Jinghui , Ge Yuping , Li Jingyi , Zeng Yucui , Dong Guoyi , Zeng Liping , Dai Juanjuan , Du Hui , Shao Mumin , Yu Xuewen , Li Huan , He Fang , Shang Zhouchun , Wang Chun , Vajta Gábor , Tang Huiru , Wu Ruifang , Du Yutao
Published: February 2022

Background

Cryopreservation of ovarian tissue is a promising method for preserving fertility. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is an evaluation system for cryo-injury during the cooling and warming process which is very laborious and needs to be optimized.

Objective

In this study, we evaluated that serum 17β-oestradiol (E2) may be used as an indicator of vitrified ovarian tissue.

Methods

Immunodeficient nude mice were used as hosts for xenografting of vitrified-warmed human ovarian tissues. A total of 54 mice were divided into two group: vitrified ovarian xenotransplant (VOX) group (n ​= ​45) and non-transplant control group (n ​= ​9). The transplanted mice were grouped into vitrified/warmed grafted-4 weeks (VOX-4w, n ​= ​15), vitrified/warmed grafted-6weeks (VOX-6w n ​= ​15) and vitrified/warmed grafted-12 weeks (VOX-12w n ​= ​15) according to the time after transplantation.The viable and functional recovery of grafted ovarian tissue was assessed by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and hormone (E2) assays.

Results

Serum E2 concentration was significantly higher in VOX-6w (group (21.07 ​pg/ml) than that of VOX-12w group (15.59 ​pg/ml). VOX-12w group showed a lower value (12.61 ​pg/ml) for E2 concentration. The trend for E2 concentration was consistent with the morphological identification of the grafts.

Conclusion

In vivo serum hormone E2 released by cortical biopsies can be used as a functional marker for xenotransplanted vitrified-warmed human ovarian tissue reserve.
Real-time formation control and obstacle avoidance algorithm for fixed-wing UAVs
Authors: Mirzaee Kahagh A. , Pazooki F. , Etemadi Haghighi S. , Asadi D.
Published: February 2022

This paper proposes a novel real-time formation control and obstacle avoidance algorithm for multiple fixed-wing UAVs. A formation control algorithm is designed by a combination of the virtual structure, leader-follower, and artificial potential fields methods and harnessing the advantages of those approaches. The kinematic and dynamic constraints of fixed-wing UAVs are considered in the path planning. The performance of the proposed algorithm is examined through simulation in Matlab software by applying the translational dynamics of fixed-wing UAVs. Simulations of different complex scenarios demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented formation flight algorithm through generating multiple efficient paths, which are fully consistent with the functional constraints of the UAVs in the presence of obstacles.
Origin of englacial stratigraphy at three deep ice core sites of the Greenland Ice Sheet by synthetic radar modelling
Authors: Mojtabavi Seyedhamidreza , Eisen Olaf , Franke Steven , Jansen Daniela , Steinhage Daniel , Paden John , Dahl-Jensen Dorthe , Weikusat Ilka , Eichler Jan , Wilhelms Frank
Published: February 2022

During the past 20 years, multi-channel radar emerged as a key tool for deciphering an ice sheet's internal architecture. To assign ages to radar reflections and connect them over large areas in the ice sheet, the layer genesis has to be understood on a microphysical scale. Synthetic radar trace modelling based on the dielectric profile of ice cores allows for the assignation of observed physical properties’ variations on the decimetre scale to radar reflectors extending from the coring site to a regional or even whole-ice-sheet scale. In this paper we rely on the available dielectric profiling data of the northern Greenland deep ice cores: NGRIP, NEEM and EGRIP. The three records are well suited for assigning an age model to the stratigraphic radar-mapped layers, and linking up the reflector properties to observations in the cores. Our modelling results show that the internal reflections are mainly due to conductivity changes. Furthermore, we deduce fabric characteristics at the EGRIP drill site from two-way-travel-time differences of along and across-flow polarized radarwave reflections of selected horizons (below 980 m). These indicate in deeper parts of the ice column an across-flow concentratedc-axis fabric.
Brazil and cashew nuts intake improve body composition and endothelial health in women at cardiometabolic risk (Brazilian Nuts Study): a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Caldas Ana Paula Silva , Rocha Daniela Mayumi Usuda Prado , Dionísio Ana Paula , Hermsdorff Helen Hermana Miranda , Bressan Josefina
Published: February 2022

Several mechanisms have been proposed for the beneficial effect of nuts on health. However, Brazil and cashew nuts remain the least studied. We aim to evaluate the effect of these nuts within an energy-restricted diet on body weight, body composition, cardiometabolic markers and endothelial function in cardiometabolic risk women. Brazilian nuts study is a randomised controlled parallel 8-week dietary intervention trial. Forty women were randomly allocated to (1) control group: energy-restricted diet without nuts, n 19 or (2) Brazil and cashew nuts group (BN-Group): energy-restricted diet containing daily 45 g of nuts (15 g of Brazil nuts + 30 g of cashew nuts), n 21. At the beginning and final intervention, anthropometry, body composition and blood pressure were measured. Fasting blood sampling was obtained to evaluate lipid profile, glucose homeostasis and endothelial function markers. After 8-week, plasma Se concentration increased in BN-group (Δ = + 31·5 (sem 7·8) μg/l; P = 0·001). Brazil and cashew nuts intake reduced total body fat (–1·3 (sem 0·4) %) parallel to improvement of lean mass percentage in BN-group compared with the control. Besides, the soluble adhesion molecule VCAM-1 decreased (24·03 (sem 15·7) pg/ml v. −22·2 (sem 10·3) pg/ml; P = 0·019) after Brazil and cashew nuts intake compared with the control. However, lipid and glucose profile markers, apolipoproteins and blood pressure remained unchanged after the intervention. Thus, the addition of Brazil and cashew nuts to an energy-restricted diet can be a healthy strategy to improve body composition, Se status and endothelial inflammation in cardiometabolic risk women.
Relationship between the fasting status during hospitalisation, the length of hospital stay and the outcome
Authors: Muto Yuka , Kurosawa Ayano , Ukita Chieri , Hanafusa Norio , Nagata Satoru
Published: February 2022

The effects of long-term fasting on the prognosis and hospital economy of hospitalised patient have not been established. To clarify the effects of long-term fasting on the prognosis and hospital economy of hospitalised patients, we conducted a prospective observational study on the length of hospital stay of patients hospitalised at thrity-one private university hospitals in Japan. We conducted a prospective observational study on the effects of fasting period length on the length of hospital stay and outcome of patients hospitalised for 3 months in those hospitals. Of the 14 172 cases of hospitalised patients during the target period on the reference day, 770 cases (median 71 years old) were eligible to fast for the study. The length of hospital stay for fasting patients was 33 (4–387) days, which was about 2·4 times longer than the average length of hospital stay for all patients. A comparative study showed the length of hospital stay was significantly longer in the long-term-fasting (fasting period > 10 d; n 386) group than in the medium-term-fasting (< 10 d; n 384) group (median 21 v. 50; P < 0·0001). Although the discharge to home rate was significantly higher in the medium-term-fasting group (71·4 % v. 36·5 %; P < 0·0001), the mortality rate was significantly higher in the long-term fasting group (10·8 % v. 25·8 %; P < 0·0001). It was verified that the longer the fasting period during hospitalisation, the longer the length of hospital stay and lower home discharge rate, thus indicating that patient quality of life and hospital economy may be seriously dameged.
Global nature of magnetic reconnection during sawtooth crash in ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Samoylov O. , Igochine V. , Stegmeir A. , Zohm H. ,   The ASDEX Upgrade Team
Published: February 2022

This paper discusses the toroidal localisation of magnetic reconnection during sawtooth crashes. Numerical analysis with realistic heat diffusion coefficients shows that heat distributes itself helically along the torus faster than the temporal resolution of any existing ECE diagnostics. It makes local and global (helically axisymmetric) magnetic reconnection indistinguishable for an observer, while a local crash where the heat stays confined within a finite helical region could be distinguished. Statistical analysis of sawtooth crashes with the ECEI diagnostic is conducted in ASDEX Upgrade. The displacement of the heat within a finite helical region has not been observed. The statistical data supports global magnetic reconnection.
UNCOVERING THE DOUAI FRAGMENT: COMPOSING POLYPHONY AND ENCODING A COMPOSER IN THE LATE FOURTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: Louviot Manon
Published: February 2022

Douai, Bibliothèque Marceline Desbordes-Valmore, MS 1105/3 fragment 74.4/1 is a musical fragment from the second half of the fourteenth century, composed of two bifolios copied in black mensural notation. It not only contains a concordance for Multipliciter amando, a motet that, until now, has only survived in the famous Chantilly manuscript, but also four unica (another complete motet, two incomplete ones and a three-voice Gloria). After presenting a codicological overview of the fragment, I analyse distinctive features of each of the three complete pieces, based on the first modern transcription of the source. Special attention is given to the motet Ferre solet, which, by way of literary encoding mechanisms, reveals its composer’s name (Frater Johannes Vavassoris) and its precise date of composition (1373), making these four folios a crucial witness for understanding fourteenth-century musical culture.
TROUVER ET PARTIR: THE MEANING OF STRUCTURE IN THE OLD FRENCH JEU-PARTI
Authors: Mason Joseph W.
Published: February 2022

In their songs, trouvères referred to their own acts of composition in various ways, not least as ‘finding’ (trouver) or ‘dividing’ (partir). Both terms had a wide and varied usage in medieval French culture and carried meanings that shape the way that the melodic structure of trouvère songs might be analysed. Invention, and its sister art of memory, played a key role in rhetorical practices. The process of ‘finding’ a melody and adorning it with memorable musical figures is performed in the structure of some songs. Division was used for intellectual work, as found in the classificatory models of medieval encyclopedic works, but it also signified socio-political animosity and strife. Through close readings of text–music relationships in four jeux-partis, the cultural significance of the musical acts of invention and division in thirteenth-century Arras is assessed in order to explore why trouvères performed acts of invention and division through their songs.
SINGING HORACE IN ANTIQUITY AND THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES
Authors: Lyons Stuart
Published: February 2022

Horace (65–8 BC), the great lyric poet of the Augustan Age in Rome, composed over a hundred Odes. Scholarly understanding of their early medieval reception has been hampered by the insistence of classical philologists that he was a purely literary poet. Ancient sources and Horace’s own writings demonstrate that he was a performing artist who sang to the accompaniment of his lyre. His use of Alcaic, Sapphic and Asclepiad metres has musical implications. In manuscripts from the ninth to the twelfth centuries, forty-eight passages from the Odes are accompanied by musical notation. The Montpellier codex has notation for the Ode to Phyllis (Odes 4.11) which relates to Guido d’Arezzo’s ‘ut-re-mi’ mnemonic. The St Petersburg codex has settings which suggest various uses, in the schoolroom, abbey entertainments and goliardic performance. The surviving manuscripts were widely spread across Europe and supported a monastic and secular tradition of Horatian song.
How do parents refer to their children while playing? A cross-linguistic comparison of parental input to Bulgarian- and English-speaking children with ASD
Authors: BAROKOVA Mihaela D. , TAGER-FLUSBERG Helen
Published: February 2022

Instances of person-reference, in the form of personal pronouns, names, or terms of endearment, are frequently used in child-directed speech. Examining this aspect of parental input is especially relevant to children with autism, who experience difficulties with person-reference. In this study, we compared the person-reference during parent-child interactions of Bulgarian (N=37) and English-speaking (N=37) parents of children with autism, who were matched on the language ability of their child. English-speaking parents used significantly more personal pronouns to refer to their children, while Bulgarian-speaking parents used the child’s name more along with kinship terms. Furthermore, Bulgarian-speaking parents used significantly more different ways to refer to their child. These group differences were interpreted in the context of structural differences in the pronominal systems of Bulgarian and English, and in terms of culturally different discourse practices.
On possible life-dispersal patterns beyond the Earth
Authors: Kovačević Andjelka B.
Published: February 2022

The assumption that exoplanets are ‘in equilibrium’ with their surroundings has not given way to life's transmissivity on large spatial scales. The spread of human diseases and the life recovery rate after mass extinctions on our planet, on the other hand, may exhibit spatial and temporal scaling as well as distribution correlations that influence the mappable range of their characteristics. We model hypothetical bio-dispersal within a single Galactic region using the stochastic infection dynamics process, which is inspired by these local properties of life dispersal on Earth. We split the population of stellar systems into different categories regarding habitability and evolved them through time using probabilistic cellular automata rules analogous to the model. As a dynamic effect, we include the existence of natural dispersal vectors (e.g. dust, asteroids) in a way that avoids assumptions about their agency (i.e. questions of existence). Moreover, by assuming that dispersal vectors have a finite velocity and range, the model includes the parameter of ‘optical depth of life spreading’. The effect of the oscillatory infection rate ($b( t,\; \, d)$) on the long-term behaviour of the dispersal flux, which adds a diffusive component to its progression, is also taken into account. The life recovery rate ($g( t,\; \, d)$) was only included in the model as a link to macrofaunal diversity data, which shows that all mass extinctions have a 10 Myr ‘speed rate’ in diversity recovery. This parameter accounts for the repopulation of empty viable niches as well as the formation of new ones, without ruling out the possibility of genuine life reemergence on other habitable worlds in the Galaxy that colossal extinctions have sterilized. All life-transmission events within the Galactic patch have thus been mapped into phase space characterized by parameters $b$ and $g$. We found that phase space is separated into subregions of long-lasting transmission, rapidly terminated transmission, and a transition region between the two. We observed that depending on the amplitude of the oscillatory life-spreading rate, life-transmission in the Galactic patch might take on different geometrical shapes (i.e. ‘waves’). Even if some host systems are uninhabited, life transmission has a certain threshold, allowing a patch to be saturated with viable material over a long period. Although stochastic fluctuations in the local density of habitable systems allow for clusters that can continuously infect one another, the spatial pattern disappears when life transmission is below the observed threshold, so that transmission process is not permanent in time. Both findings suggest that a habitable planet in a densely populated region may remain uninfected.
Immigration and settlement of the children of Japanese war orphans left behind in China: Policy development, family strategy and life course
Authors: Zhang Longlong
Published: February 2022

This article takes a life course perspective to examine the immigration and settlement processes experienced by children of Japanese war orphans left behind in China. Due to legal, social and biological factors, the lifecourses of immigrants are analysed in four groups, determined their age and, concomitantly their year of immigration. “Child immigrants” immigrated by the mid-1980s at school age and steadily built working careers. Due to multiple factors, “adolescent immigrants” made a hasty decision to immigrate to Japan before reaching twenty in the late 1980s. As they did not have special skills, they remained unable to achieve upward mobility. “Young adult immigrants,” falling outside the age-limit eligible for government support, immigrated in 1990s at their own expense while in their 20s. It took a long time before attaining stability in life. “Elder adult immigrants” immigrated in the late 1990s and later while in their 30s. They continue to live at the bottom of the social ladder in Japan.
Transitioning into and improving online History teaching
Authors: Shannahan John , Fredericks Vanessa
Published: February 2022

Relatively little literature specific to the discipline of History aims to translate theory into practice in regard to designing effective online and flipped learning experiences. This article synthesises current literature into practical advice and reflects on previous experience as an aid to historians (a) tasked with developing online or flipped units or (b) who have transitioned online and are seeking ways to improve. Feedback from students and learning analytics from a flipped unit at a large Australian university underpin the paper's advice. Student feedback and behaviour, coupled with the reflections of the unit's designers, encourage (1) prioritising effective educational media and recording practices over the production of digital material with the longest shelf life, (2) explicit consideration of unit structure and support offered to students, (3) readings which consider the student perspective, (4) enthusiasm about the delivery format, and (5) the overarching importance of constructive alignment.
Supervision in der Neuropsychologie
Authors: Thöne-Otto Angelika I. T.
Published: February 2022

Zusammenfassung: Was ist neuropsychologische Supervision? Häufig steht das Verständnis des Befundes im Zentrum: So z. B. die Frage, wie hängen unterschiedliche kognitive Funktionsbeeinträchtigungen und -ressourcen zusammen und wie sind sie ätiologisch bzw. funktionell-neuroanatomisch einzuordnen? Weitere Aufgabe der Supervision ist es, die Entwicklung einer reflektierten therapeutischen Persönlichkeit zu unterstützen. Dabei ist der/die Supervisor_in stets auch Lehrer_in, er/sie fördert die Qualitätssicherung bei der Erbringung heilkundlicher Aufgaben und ermöglicht die Reflektion persönlicher Anteile. Bisher sind die meisten Supervisor_innen in der Neuropsychologie autodidaktisch tätig, da es bislang kaum definierte Methoden gibt. Der Artikel versteht sich als Einladung, im Rahmen der Reform der Weiterbildung auch die Charakteristika, Methoden und Inhalte der Supervision in der Klinischen Neuropsychologie weiterzuentwickeln.
The Biogeochemical Legacy of Arctic Subglacial Sediments Exposed by Glacier Retreat
Authors: Vinšová P. , Kohler T. J. , Simpson M. J. , Hajdas I. , Yde J. C. , Falteisek L. , Žárský J. D. , Yuan T. , Tejnecký V. , Mercl F. , Hood E. , Stibal M.
Published: February 2022

During past periods of advance, Arctic glaciers and ice sheets overrode soil, sediments, and vegetation and buried significant stores of organic matter (OM); these glaciers are now shrinking rapidly due to climate warming. Little is known about the biogeochemical processing of the OM buried beneath glacier ice which makes the processes associated with deglaciation difficult to predict. Subglacial sediments exposed at receding glacier fronts may represent a legacy of past biogeochemical processes. Here, we analyzed sediments from retreating fronts of 19 Arctic glaciers for their mineralogical and elemental composition, contents of major nutrients, OM biomarkers (aliphatic lipids and lignin‐derived phenols), 14C age, and microbial community structure. We show the character of the sediments is mostly determined by local glaciation history and bedrock lithology. Most subglacial sediments offer high amounts of readily bioavailable phosphorus (i.e., loose, labile, and Fe/Al P fractions) but lack readily accessible carbon substrates. The subglacial OM originated mainly from overridden terrestrial vascular plants. The results of OM biomarker analysis and 14C dating suggest the OM substrates degrade in the subglacial environment and are reworked by the resident microbial communities. We argue the biogeochemical legacy of the perishing subglacial environments is an important determinant for the early processes of proglacial ecological succession.