bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Proposed Smoldering Testing Methodology for Cellulosic Insulation
Authors: Anderson Robert W. , Freischel William
Published: March 2007

The testing of the smoldering resistance of cellulosic insula tion has been included as a new requirement in the proposed "D" version of the Federal Specification HH-1-515. Using the proposed testing method ology, a series of tests has been performed to determine: (1) the character istics of smoldering as observed in the test, (2) the effects of various test parameters, (3) the effects of various base materials (paper), (4) the effects of smoldering combustion on various chemical additives, and (5) the ef fects of various chemical additives on smoldering. The results of these tests, though preliminary, provide guidance for selection of chemical additives for smolder resistance and for possible modification of the testing proce dure. The test results also provide direction for further Research and Devel opment in the area of smolder resistant insulation materials.
Thermal Parameters as a Function of Thickness for Combined Radiation and Conduction Heat Transfer in Low-Density Insulation
Authors: Rennex Brian G.
Published: March 2007

Approximate expressions are obtained for the apparent ther mal conductivity and thermal resistance, in the case of combined conduc tive and radiative heat transfer through low-density insulation. These ex pressions are obtained in the regimes of intermediate and large optical depth, and they depend on only two parameters to be determined by experiment, namely the "conduction" thermal conductivity, kc, and the extinction coefficient, β. An expression is obtained for the apparent ther mal resistance of an insulation consisting of layers with distinct densities. The applicability of these expressions to the interpretation of experimental results and to the improvement of ASTM Test Methods is discussed.
Thermal Insulation Corrosion Problems in the Petrocheniical Industry
Authors: Nelson E.R.
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses corrosion problems in the Petrochemical Industry associated with the use of Thermal Insulation. Actual case his tories are presented which illustrate the difficulties in avoiding corrosion when insulating outdoor equipment such as towers, drums and piping.

The serious consequences to critical equipment resulting from inatten tion to minor design and construction techniques are illustrated in the case of towers. Practical corrective and preventive procedures which have been developed as a result are described.

In addition, a method developed to reduce corrosion of outdoor insula ted piping supported from hanger rods is illustrated.

Finally, a method used to re-insulate large refrigeration drums operating in the -30°F (-34°C) range while remaining in continuous operation is described.
Thermal Evaluation of the Effects of Gaps Between Adjacent Roof Insulation Panels
Authors: Lewis James E.
Published: March 2007

The results of a study comparing double-layer to single-layer roof insulation from a heat transfer standpoint are presented. The study concentrates on the joint or gap between adjacent fiberglass roof insulation panels, but the techniques used are equally applicable to other types of insulation. Although the results are primarily an analytical solution, some verifying empirical data are also presented.
Letters
Authors: House Ernest R.
Published: March 2007

Letters are selected for their pertinence to material published in Evaluation Practice or because they discuss issues or problems of general interest to practicing evaluators. Letters pretaining to material published in EP may criticize articles or reports; correct errors; provide support or agreement; or offer different points of view, clarifications, or additional information. Depending on the nature of the discussion, authors of articles in question may be given an opportunity to reply in the same issue. Letters accepted for publication may be edited and shortened.
The Political Dimension of Community Policing: Belief Congruence Between Police and Citizens
Authors: O'shea Timothy C.
Published: March 2007

Community-policing approaches police change from two dimensions, one administrative and the other political. The administrative aspects of community policing address structural and managerial issues, for example, decentralization, participatory management, and so on. The political dimension is somewhat less straightforward because it seeks to address the conditions of bureaucracy that conflict with democratic principles. In this article, the author proposes to explore the notion of representative bureaucracy as it applies to policing. Specifically, the author investigates the degree to which the beliefs of the police mirror their constituency (belief congruence) in a mid-sized Southeastern city. Implications about belief congruence derived from previous research are in part confirmed and in part rejected by these findings.
Expectations for hotel service quality: Do they differ from culture to culture?
Authors: Mok Connie , Armstrong Robert W.
Published: March 2007

Globalisation has created a demand for competent and qualified global managers who are sensitive to meeting the needs of customers from different cultures. In order to enhance the understanding of hotel service quality expecta tions of international tourists, this study aims to examine such expectations in the cross-cul tural context. This study included tourists from the UK, USA, Australia, Japan and Taiwan. Results of the study indicate that there are significant differences in two expecta tion dimensions among guests from different countries.
Health Concerns In Households
Authors: Vinck Jan , Arickx Marnix , Lipkens Dominique
Published: March 2007

In a group of 330 participants from 147 different households, we examined the hypothesis that the importance of health concerns differs according to the kind of household task at hand and according to the position one takes in the household organization. Results show (1) that health concerns are generally more important than concern for other values; (2) that the importance of health concerns varies largely from one household task to another. Health is considered especially important in body care, nutrition and the organization of leisure time, but much less important in the domains of social contact, clothing and maintenance; (3) that the perceived importance of health differs according to the position one takes within the household, health being most important for household members with intermediate levels of responsibility. Results are interpreted as supporting the idea that health behaviour is partly regulated at a ‘supra-individual’ level of control.
Government-Sanctioned Torture: Status of the Rehabilitation Movement
Authors: Jaranson James M.
Published: March 2007

Government-sanctioned torture remains widespread despite expansion of the rehabilitation movement and efforts towards prevention. This paper describes how the cultural and socio political contexts in which the survivor was tortured and receives help significantly affect perceptions of torture's con sequences and selection of the most appropriate interventions. The paper defines and describes torture, reviews the histori cal and philosophical antecedents in the evolution of the rehabilitation movement and discusses how these antecedents have affected perceptions of diagnosis, models of treatment and prognosis for torture survivors. Opportunities for future research and training are proposed.
The Mental Health of Refugee Children
Authors: Rousseau Cécile
Published: March 2007

Refugee children are generally considered to be at high risk for mental health problems because of the extreme stressors they experience in the pre- and post-migration periods. This paper summarizes current knowledge on the manifestations of emotional disorder among refugee children and on the associated risk and protective factors. Special attention is given to the interaction of culture with the specific family, social and cultural context of refugee children. Intervention and preven tion services, as well as the implementation of community programs, are discussed.
Mental Disorders and Traditional Healing Systems Among the Dogon (Mali, West Africa)
Authors: Beneduce Roberto
Published: March 2007

Based on research at the Regional Center of Traditional Medi cine of Bandiagara (Mali), this paper outlines characteristics of the Dogon systems of traditional health care, with particu lar reference to mental disorders. After considering the characteristics of some therapeutic figures (diviners, healers, etc.) and discussing the major nosologic categories inherent in mental disorders, the role of a complementary (semantic, hermeneutic) approach is emphasized together with the need to correlate the use and social significance of nosologic and therapeutic ritual categories with present cultural changes.
Racism and Psychiatry
Authors: Knowles Caroline
Published: March 2007

Psychiatry produces racialized narratives which generate and sustain its own forms of racial distinction; it provides expertise in validating the racialized narratives of a range of social agencies and it offers therapeutic intervention to heal those whose lives are publicly defined with reference to race. This paper explores these fragmented and sometimes contradictory relationships between psychiatry and race through the story of a black teacher living in Montreal who became the target of racial harassment and psychiatric intervention which ultimately defined him as paranoid and dangerous.
Sick Building Syndrome in Mauritius: Are Symptoms Associated with the Office Environment?
Authors: Bholah R. , Fagoonee I. , Subratty A.H.
Published: March 2007

A cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of the sick building syndrome (SBS) among office workers in Mauritius. A walk-through inspection and a questionnaire survey were carried out in 21 office building complexes to evaluate the prevalence of risk indicators for SBS symptoms among 302 office workers. Indoor climatic variables monitored were: carbon diox ide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, air temperature, relative humidity, air movement, noise and light. All data collected were analysed using the EPI-info software. Re sults showed that symptoms of SBS were significantly higher among occupants of buildings with mechanical ventilation than those of the naturally ventilated build ings. Among personal factors assessed, there were gen erally consistent findings associating increased symp toms with age and female gender. The results also revealed that certain SBS symptoms such as a headache across the forehead, nervousness, nausea, irritated sore eyes and sneezing were more widespread among wom en in these offices. However, measurements of the se lected indoor variables were not found to be reliable pre dictors of the symptoms.
Mechanical Ventilation and Fabric Thermal Storage
Authors: Braham G.D.
Published: March 2007

Modern UK office buildings have a reputation of being energy profligate, largely due to the fan power require ments of commercial air conditioning. Most architects and HVAC designers only associate low-energy con sumption with natural ventilation. However, the UK elec tricity utilities have peak maximum demands in winter, and buildings need to be designed for year-round low- energy usage. Relatively few monitored studies of the total annual energy implications of natural and mechani cal ventilation strategies operating in conjunction with fabric thermal storage have been published. This paper reviews independently published performance data of low-energy buildings and the impact of the various venti lation and fabric energy storage strategies now avail able. It demonstrates that low-energy mechanical venti lation systems incorporating efficient heat recovery and effective fabric energy storage have higher year-round comfort criteria, and significantly lower prime energy consumption, than natural ventilation strategies. Sup plementary cooling and heating demands and consump tion are shown to be minimal in such buildings for tem perate maritime climates.
The Prediction of Airflow-Generated Noise in Mechanical Ventilation Systems
Authors: Waddington D.C. , Oldham D.J.
Published: March 2007

Buildings located in noisy areas require a high degree of sound insulation. This will usually involve making the building envelope virtually airtight, and as a result losing the possibility of utilising natural ventilation. The solu tion is to employ a mechanical ventilation system, but such systems can themselves constitute a source of intrusive noise. Discontinuities in ducts result in the gen eration of flow noise and a loss of static pressure. The greater the discontinuity, the greater is the loss in static pressure and the greater is the sound power generated. This paper describes work carried out at the University of Liverpool which is aimed at providing system designers with more accurate methods of predicting noise from air flow generated in mechanical ventilation systems. We show that for a typical duct discontinuity, it is possible to predict the sound power generated from knowledge of its pressure loss characteristics.
Cost and Distribution of Bids for Asbestos Abatement Projects in the Public Sector
Authors: Lange John H.
Published: March 2007

This study evaluated costs from 15 different public as bestos abatement projects. Data suggest that costs among (within) project bids are distributed normally, but between bids are nonnormal. Many bids in this study have an outlier and most commonly these represent the highest proposed cost. Outliers had a strong influence on summary data. Cost data, in its summary form, should be provided with and without outliers. Other fac tors beside bid cost are important when selecting the lowest responsible bidder. The information presented here will assist those in environmental management during the process of selecting a contractor.
Toxicologic Study of Electromagnetic Radiation Emitted by Television and Video Display Screens and Cellular Telephones on Chickens and Mice
Authors: Bastide M. , Youbicier-Simoa B.J. , Lebecq J.C. , Giaimis J.
Published: March 2007

The effects of continuous exposure of chick embryos and young chickens to the electromagnetic fields (EMFs) emitted by video display units (VDUs) and GSM cell phone radiation, either the whole spectrum emitted or attenuated by a copper gauze, were investigated. Perma nent exposure to the EMFs radiated by a VDU was asso ciated with significantly increased fetal loss (47-68%) and markedly depressed levels of circulating specific antibodies (lgG), corticosterone and melatonin. We have also shown that under chronic exposure conditions, GSM cell phone radiation was harmful to chick embryos, stressful for healthy mice and, in this species, synergistic with cancer insofar as it depleted stress hormones. The same pathological results were observed after substan tial reduction of the microwaves radiated from the cell phone by attenuating them with a copper gauze.
Growth, Development, Reproduction, Physiological and Behavioural Studies on Living Organisms, Human Adults and Children Exposed to Radiation from Video Displays
Authors: Laverdure A.M. , Surbeck J. , North M.O. , Trittoa J.
Published: March 2007

Various living organisms, human workers and children were tested for any biological action resulting from exposure to radiation from video display terminals (VDTs). VDTs were powered by a 50-Hz alternating volt age of 220 V. Measured electric and magnetic fields were 13 V/M and 50 nT, respectively. Living organisms were maintained under their normal breeding conditions and control values were obtained before switching on the VDT. Various effects related to the irradiation time were demonstrated, i.e. growth delay in algae and Drosophila, a body weight deficiency in rats, abnormal peaks of mor tality in Daphnia and Drosophila, teratological effects in chick embryos and behavioural disturbances in rats. The embryonic and neonatal periods showed a high sensitiv ity to the VDT radiation. In humans, after 4 h of working in front of a VDT screen, an increase in tiredness and a decrease in the resistance of the immune system were observed in workers. In prepubertal children, 20 min of exposure were sufficient to induce neuropsychological disturbances; pre-pubertal young people appear to be particularly sensitive to the effect of the radiation. ln human testicular biopsies cultured in vitro for 24 h in front of a VDT screen, mitotic and meiotic disturbances, the appearance of degeneration in some aspects of the cells and significant disorganisation of the seminiferous tubules were demonstrated and related to modification of the metabolism of the sample. An experimental appa ratus has been developed and tested that aims to pre vent the harm from VDT radiation. Known commercially as the emf-Bioshield®, it ensures effective protection against harmful biological effects of VDT radiation.
Health Risks from Exposures to Asbestos, Metals, and Various Chemicals due to Collapse of the World Trade Center: An Environmental Residential Survey with a Commentary Related to Ground Zero Workers
Authors: Ilgren E.B.
Published: March 2007

Environmental monitoring was immediately instituted at Ground Zero (GZ) after the collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC). However, nearby residences were not assessed. To address this, a GZ elected official task force requested an independent residential survey to be done. Its findings, whilst based upon relatively few samples, are still probably the first and most detailed produced to date. Overall, residents do not appear to be at risk of long-term, asbestos - or metal — related disease but their homes must still be cleaned professionally to eliminate highly irritating, aerosolized dusts. Respiratory protec tion would eliminate the small chance of long-term dis ease in unprotected cleaners. The risks to GZ workers represent a special case and are discussed in detail.
Revisiting the Association between Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Lung Cancer Risk
Authors: Lee Peter N. , Forey Barbara , Fry John S.
Published: March 2007

Hackshaw et al. estimated that adjustment for bias due to misclassification of smoking habits reduces the ob served relative risk of lung cancer in non-smoking wom en associated with smoking by the husband from 1.24 to 1.18. This bias estimate is little affected by using an alter native method for misclassification adjustment or by using updated data from 47 studies rather than data from the 37 studies used by Hackshaw et al. The bias is increased if strong evidence of much higher misclassifi cation rates in Asian women is taken into account and could then explain about half the observed association. Misclassification correction has not previously been at tempted for dose-response data. We describe a suggest ed approach and apply it to data relating risk to amount smoked by the husband. As shown in paper II of this series the unadjusted increase in risk per 10 cigarettes/ day smoked by the husband is 10% (95% Cl 5 to 15%), reducing to either 6% (95% Cl 1 to 11 %) or 9% (95% Cl 5 to 14%) after adjustment for confounding by fruit, vege table and fat consumption and education using respec tively unweighted or weighted means to combine evi dence on the ETS/confounder association from different studies. Further adjustment for plausible levels of mis classification similarly reduced these two estimates to, respectively, 2% (95% Cl -3 to 8%) or 5.5% (95% Cl 0 to 11 %). Difficulties in applying misclassification bias cor rections are discussed. Other sources of bias will be con sidered in later papers in this series.
Quantification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in Air Particulate Samples in Homes
Authors: Chao Christopher Y.H. , Yeung Lam-Lung , Choi Patience S.H.
Published: March 2007

Quantifications of 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 13 aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHs) ranging from n-C20 to n-C32 were reported in 17 homes and their adjacent outdoor environment in Hong Kong. It was found that PAHs were predominantly associated with PM1.9, which contributed about 98 and 97% to the indoor and outdoor PM10 PAHs, respectively. Also, indoor PAH levels seemed to be lower than outdoor PAH levels, both in the fine mode and in the coarse mode particles. The mean total PAH content in the indoor PM10 was found to be 3.42 ng.m-3 and it was 5.18 ng.m-3 in the outdoor PM10. It might demonstrate that there was no presence of indoor PAH sources in these homes. In contrast to PAH, AH levels were found to be higher indoors both in the fine mode and in the coarse mode particles. In addition, the concentrations of indoor and outdoor AH were sig nificantly higher than their corresponding PAH levels. The mean total AH content in the indoor PM10 was 104.42 ng.m-3 and 94.06 ng.m-3 in the outdoor PM 10. For PM1.9, the total indoor AH content was 80.40 ng.m -3 and the outdoor content was 70.55 ng.m-3 on average. The distribution patterns of the indoor and outdoor AHs were similar, with maximum AH concentration varying from n-C27 to n-C31. The carbon preference indexes, which ranged from 0.84 to 2.62 for indoor and from 1.13 to 3.89 for outdoor environment, indicate the mixed ori gin of biogenic and anthropogenic sources in these homes.
Assessment of the Air Quality in Indoor Car Parks
Authors: Wong Yiu-chung , Sin Della Wai-mei , Lam Lung Yeung
Published: March 2007

A comparative survey of indoor and outdoor air quality (AQ) for an enclosed (GL1) and a semi-enclosed (UST1) car park in Hong Kong was conducted from August to December 2000. Seventy-two canister samples were col lected and analysed for one hundred C3-C12 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry. Carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide, temperature, relative humidity and particulate matter were also measured. The CO levels at GL1 com plied with local AQ objectives for Indoor Car Parks and ASHRAE guidelines, but were more than double those of the outdoor air. The PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were also found to be higher in the indoor environments. High mass fractions of aliphatic and aromatic compounds detected at GL1 showed that fuel evaporation and motor vehicular exhaust were the major contributors to the VOCs. In addition, the number and abundance of VOC species were higher in the enclosed environment than outdoors. The high indoor/outdoor (I/O) AQ ratios and poor I/O correlations at GL sites showed that the existing ventilation system at the site was inefficient. Enclosed car parks with their intrinsic source emissions are unlike other indoor public places. The CO and VOC pollution coupled with insufficient ventilation, as in this study, make them potentially hazardous to users. The composi tion of gasoline on sale locally was studied to shed light on the VOC composition in the car park environments. In addition, the sources of isoprene in the enclosed car parks were explored in a correlation study.
Review : Legislative and Scientific Aspects of Waste Disposal in Hospitals
Authors: Awe Yewande , Perry Roger
Published: March 2007

Wastes produced by hospitals are variable in composition and categorisation. Clinical wastes constitute the potentially hazardous components of hospital wastes, and their management and disposal have generated much attention both from environmental regulatory bodies and the public. In the UK, the stimulus for stricter environmental regulation of waste of this type has come from the European Union. The current trend in environmental regulation shows incineration as an increasingly favoured method for clinical waste dis posal within the Union. In addition to stricter legislation and standards regarding hazardous waste disposal in the European Union and the UK, changes within the pharmaceutical industry are also expected to affect clinical waste disposal in the future. Furthermore, more collaboration between waste management authorities, professionals and healthcare institutions is envis aged for the future. Such collaboration together with a system where members of the public are allowed an insight into the review procedures and environ mental protection systems of establishments involved in clinical waste man agement may be beneficial in achieving a meaningful evaluation of perfor mance of such establishments in achieving public and environmental safety. This paper reviews some of the legislative and scientific aspects of clinical waste disposal within the UK.
Sensory Evaluation of Indoor Air Quality by Building Occupants versus Trained and Untrained Panels
Authors: Parine Nick
Published: March 2007

This paper investigates the effect ventilation has on the sensory evaluation of indoor air quality by occupants and visitors, both trained in air quality evalua tion and untrained, during three separate periods in a London office building. Results from the study suggested that trained panels used to judge the level of indoor air quality failed to indicate the level of occupant dissatisfaction. A naive panel also failed to show agreement with either occupant or trained panel assessment of indoor air quality. Occupants may perceive indoor air quality as unacceptable, but odour is not considered the main problem. This suggests that the assessment of odour levels gives a poor indication of indoor air quality. The study revealed no statistically significant correlation between perceived indoor air quality and ventilation rates.
Tumours Linked to Para-Occupational Exposure to Airborne Asbestos
Authors: Schneider Joachim , Woitowitz Hans-Joachim
Published: March 2007

Members of the households of former asbestos workers are at a higher risk of dying from mesothelioma resulting from asbestos exposure from cleaning asbestos-contaminated working clothes of their relatives at home. The lung fibre burdens of some of those who develop mesothelioma are similar even to those of former asbestos workers. Such people are said to be para-occupation- ally exposed. Many other mesothelioma cases resulting from indoor exposures to friable asbestos are known but the extent of the risk to health from such exposure is still the subject of controversial discussion. Whether there is an excess lung cancer risk from such indoor exposure to asbestos is unknown, because of the predominant effect of smoking in this disease.
Standards and Laws for Indoor Air Quality in Russia
Authors: Bitkolov N. , Musijchuk Y.
Published: March 2007

The air quality of indoor air in Russia, including the special problems of air quality with regard to radioactive contamination, is determined by a number of statutes, standards and regulations. All these are based on the biological principles that the maximum allowable concentrations of pollutants (MAC) and the prescribed radioactive safety dose limits should not be exceeded. The standards cover the air in the working zones of all ministries and departments, and are for trade unions, public and cooperative organisations and founda tions. The basic Russian law for air quality is 'The Law on Environmental Nature Protection' (19.2.1991) which assures the right to health protection from adverse environmental effects. In the field of radioactive safety 'The Federal Law on Radioactive Safety' (9.1.1996) is the primary law and in accor dance with it, every citizen living in Russia has the right to protection for the present and future generations from health-related deleterious effects of atomic radiation. The laws on air quality are part of the Russian Federation legal system and are secured in the Constitution. The air quality must be con trolled by the Goscomgidromet and the Sunepidnadzor of Russia. In com pliance with these laws everybody has the right to a favourable environment and the duty to protect, preserve and maintain it. The air environment is unique and common to all, thus economic cooperation dictates that a dedi cated approach to air quality and air quality regulations would be the most appropriate way to preserve it. It appears judicious to join forces in the name of European ecological safety. To do this, it is necessary to combine the nation al means and secure international collaboration in the field of environmental protection.
Coalinga Fibre: A Short, Amphibole-Free Chrysotile
Authors: Ilgren E. , Chatfield E.
Published: March 2007

We previously demonstrated, on the basis of detailed morphological and mor phometric investigations of a lifetime inhalation study of F344 rats exposed to three sizes of chrysotile fibre, that a short, amphibole-free chrysotile from Coalinga, California failed to induce pathological effects whilst the other two, both long fibres from Canada, were both fibrogenic and tumourigenic. Here, we demonstrate that, as one would predict from their size differences, the Coalinga fibre was almost totally cleared whilst the Canadian fibres were largely retained 1 year post exposure. We therefore propose on the basis of these observations that the observed absence of biological effects noted with Coalinga is potentially attributable to its lack of biopersistence.
Influence of Different Indoor Activities on the Indoor Particulate Levels in Residential Buildings
Authors: Chao Christopher Y.H. , Tung Thomas C. W. , Burnett John
Published: March 2007

This study reports 24-hour measurements of indoor particulate levels in 8 resi dential premises in Hong Kong. The 24-hour respirable suspended particulate (RSP) levels varied from 44.9 to 119.4 μg.m -3 and the corresponding total suspended particulate (TSP) levels varied from 45.8 to 122.2 μg.m-3. These levels are higher than those measured in other countries. This was found to be related to the poor quality of outdoor air found in Hong Kong and also to the different indoor activities practised by these families. During the measurements indoor activities were recorded and ventilation rates at some of the sites were also measured using the carbon dioxide decay technique. A significant rise of particulate level was detected during cooking, smoking and burning of incense. In the study, particulate levels over 5,000 μg.m-3 were observed during some cooking activities. Particulate levels when people were smoking were 2-3 times higher than the relative background level. Incense burning in some families produced a peak concentration of particulates around 2,000 μg.m -3 if the ven tilation was poor. The effect of rain was to wash the outdoor particulates from the air and at the same time the indoor particulate level fell if the ventilation rate was high enough. It was observed that about 20% of the indoor dust level could be reduced in less than 1 h when there was heavy rain. It was also found in the study that a very high indoor RSP to TSP ratio of 82-98% existed indoors.
CO 2-Based Occupancy Detection for On-Line Outdoor Air Flow Control
Authors: Shengwei Wang  , Xinqiao Jin
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a dynamic method for detecting the actual occupancy in indoor spaces by measuring the carbon dioxide concentration of the return air and the outdoor air flow rate. The accuracy and response speed are tested and compared with the steady-state detection method. An on-line outdoor air flow control strategy using the dynamic detection method and the validation of the strategy are presented. The indoor air quality and energy performance of the demanded ventilation using this strategy, two CO2-based demanded control strategies and the strategy of constant outdoor air flow, are compared and evaluated under various occupancy and outdoor weather conditions in simu lation.
Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Respirable Suspended Particle Exposures for Non-Smokers in Beijing
Authors: Phillips Keith , Howard David A. , Bentley Mark C. , Alván Gunnar
Published: March 2007

The study was centred in Beijing, People's Republic of China, and comprised housewives in one group, primarily for assessing exposures in the home, and office workers in a second group to assess the contribution of the workplace to overall exposure. Two hundred and fifty-three randomly selected non-smok ing subjects collected air samples near to their breathing zone by wearing per sonal monitors for 24 h. Samples collected were analysed for respirable sus pended particles (RSP), nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine and environmental tobac co smoke (ETS) particles using ultraviolet absorbing particulate matter (UVPM), fluorescing particulate matter (FPM) and solanesol-related particu late matter (SolPM) measurements. Saliva cotinine analyses were also under taken to confirm the non-smoking status of the subjects, and a misclassifica tion rate of between 3.4 and 3.8% was estimated. RSP levels were the highest reported to date by these authors, with median 24-hour time-weighted average concentrations varying between 70 μg.m-3 for housewives living in non- smoking households and 114 μg.m -3 for office workers both living and work ing in smoking environments. High background levels of unidentified air borne fluorescing compounds in Beijing resulted in abnormally high FPM esti mates and precluded the use of this marker in the assessment of ETS exposure. The highest exposures to ETS particles (SolPM) and nicotine were estimated for office workers living and working in smoking environments. These sub jects would potentially inhale between 5 and 11 cigarette equivalents per year (CEs/y), based upon median exposures, with the workplace contributing approximately 40% of this exposure. The most highly exposed subjects in this study, based upon 90th percentile exposures, would potentially inhale between 32 and 46 CEs/y.
Subjective Indoor Air Quality in Geriatric Hospitals
Authors: Nordström K. , Norbäck D. , Wieslander G.
Published: March 2007

This investigation studied subjective indoor air quality (IAQ) in hospitals in relation to building dampness and the type of construction. Building dampness is known to be an important contributor to perception of the indoor environment. Dampness in floor construction is known to cause chemical degradation of polyvinyl chloride floor coatings, but few epidemiological studies on this topic have been published. Another topic of interest is the dif ferent IAQ in buildings constructed with different build ing materials and to different architectural designs. We looked at four geriatric hospital buildings of different age and design chosen without regard to the level of com plaints. The first was built in 1925 and redecorated in 1955. The second, built in 1985, had known dampness in the floor construction. The other two, built in 1993 and 1995, were constructed to conventional and 'alternative' building designs, respectively. Eighty-eight, from a total of 95 staff, answered a questionnaire on subjective IAQ. Indoor measurements of room temperature, relative air humidity, air flow rate, illumination, moulds, bacteria, formaldehyde and other volatile compounds, respirable dust, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone were performed in all buildings. Statistical analysis was performed by multiple logistic regression, adjusting for a possible influence of building age, age of the subjects, gender, tobacco smoke and atopy. Damp ness in the upper concrete floor surface (75-84%), am monia under the floor (3 ppm), and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol in the air were detected in the two buildings built in 1985 and 1993. Complaints on air dryness and stuffy air were significantly commoner in these damp buildings. The subjects in the buildings constructed to an 'alternative' design had significantly fewer complaints about stuffy air, dry air and static electricity as compared to the other buildings. The average room temperature was similar (22.0-23.0°C) in all buildings. All buildings had low lev els of formaldehyde, moulds and bacteria. In conclusion, building dampness in the floor construction may in crease the sensation of air dryness and stuffy air. In con trast, the high proportion of satisfied inhabitants in the alternative-design building shows that it is possible to construct a new building with good subjective IAQ.
Measurement of Thermal Comfort and Indoor Air Quality Aboard 43 Flights on Commercial Airlines
Authors: Haghighat Fariborz , Allard Francis , Megri Ahmed C. , Blondeau Patrice , Shimotakahara Richard
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the results of thermal comfort and indoor air quality measurements aboard aircraft from 43 flights on commercial airlines with a duration of more than 1 h. The measurements were performed contin uously during the whole flight (from the departure gate to the arrival gate), and the parameters monitored were temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide con centration. The results were then compared with the ASHRAE Standards for the thermal comfort (ASHRAE Standard 55-92) and indoor air quality (ASHRAE Stan dard 62-89). The evaluation of the indoor air quality was based mainly upon comparison of the carbon dioxide concentrations measured with standards and recom mendations for the indoor environment. Overall, the lev els of relative humidity were far lower than the limit set by the ASHRAE Standard 55-92. The levels of carbon dioxide on most flights were higher than that recom mended by the ASHRAE Standard 62-89. The results of this study, mainly the low level of humidity and high con centrations of carbon dioxide, led us to expect that the crew and the passengers would have been dissatisfied with their degree of thermal comfort and the quality of the air in the cabin. This conclusion is based simply on a comparison of our measurements with the values stated in the ASHRAE Standards. However, we must bear in mind that these were developed for an indoor environ ment at atmospheric pressure. More research is needed to study the validity of these standards for sub-atmo spheric conditions.
Carbon Monoxide Exposure in the Home Environment and the Evaluation of Risks to Health - A UK Perspective
Authors: Green E. , Short S. , Shuker L.K. , Harrison P.T.C.
Published: March 2007

The causes and effects of exposure to high levels of car bon monoxide (CO) are well documented, and many countries maintain records of annual deaths arising from CO poisoning incidents. Many such incidents are associ ated with the use of badly installed, poorly maintained or malfunctioning domestic combustion appliances or with the use of such appliances in poorly ventilated rooms. However, the prolonged sequelae of acute CO poisoning and the chronic effects of long-term exposure to lower levels of CO are not well understood. The home environ ment is particularly important because of the possibility of unrecognised long-term, low-level exposure to CO. Furthermore, the common problem of missed or mis diagnosis of CO poisoning can result in exposed individ uals being given inappropriate treatment and being re turned to a hazardous situation.
Epidemiology and Prevention of Accidental Poisoning by Carbon Monoxide in the East of France
Authors: Manel J. , Gabrion I. , Raspiller M.F. , Flesch F. , Krencker E. , Lambert H.
Published: March 2007

Carbon monoxide (CO) is the major cause of accidental poisoning and death due to poisoning in France even though it probably occurs less frequently today due to elimination of CO from town gas. Risk factors include a lack of knowledge about the basic maintenance rules for heating appliances and the ventilation of buildings. Technical enquiries are now carried out after each case of accidental poisoning to determine the devices respon sible and to find what caused the production ofthe CO. In the east of France, these are conducted by the Toxic Sur veillance Network which collects and centralises infor mation about CO poisoning. A statistical study is de scribed based on the 94 cases of accidental poisoning involving 593 patients. The results showed that the device mostly responsible as the main source of CO pro duction was the main heating appliance, with, in particu lar, gas boiler in 50% of cases. In the majority of cases poisoning occurs in a domestic setting, and in 71% of cases overall the poisoning affects a group. When the concentration of CO in the atmosphere where an incident had occurred was measured, it was commonly found to bear little relationship to blood levels in those poisoned. Reasons for this are discussed. Clinical presentation includes a variety of symptoms which are mostly neuro logical and particularly headaches. Most of the patients brought into hospital survived, often with no medium- or long-term sequelae.
Unemployment and Technological Change
Authors: Gidlow Bob
Published: March 2007

Increasing unemployment levels are a common problem not only for Australia and New Zealand, but also for a number of other OECD countries. This paper considers the increasing levels of unemployment in New Zealand in the context of the major policy options currently being canvassed. It makes an assessment of their adequacy in the face of the underlying tendencies of the New Zealand economy in the world economy, particularly with respect to technological change.
Australian Net Internal Migration 1881-1911
Authors: Brosnan Peter
Published: March 2007

This note provides Census Enumeration Ratio estimates of net internal migration between the Australian States/Colonies over 1881-1891, 1891-1901 and 1901-1911. It is argued that the technique used is superior to alternative techniques, because it provides more accurate and more detailed estimates. The estimates indicate very high rates of net migration generally with the highest rates for (a) males, (b) for the cohorts aged 15-19 at the start of each period and (c) for migration to West Australia.
Alcohol Portrayal in a New Zealand Soap Opera
Authors: Casswell Sally , Mortimer Dot , Smythe Margaret
Published: March 2007

The portrayal of alcohol use in the mass media, particularly television, has received considerable attention in the United States in the last decade. In an attempt to obtain comparative material the portrayal of alcohol use in a popular New Zealand television 'soap opera' was examined. The ratings of use obtained were found to be comparable with both United Kingdom and United States programmes which received high ratings of alcohol use.
Major Resource Development Projects in a Regional Context: A Framework for a New Zealand Analysis
Authors: Taylor Nick , McClintock Wayne
Published: March 2007

Currently Australia and New Zealand are experiencing a major restructuring of their social, political, and economic bases. A conceptual framework for analysing these changes is presented here with special emphasis being placed on the impact of resource developments at a regional level. New Zealand's current 'major projects' are reviewed in the context of this framework. It is suggested that academic social scientists should coordinate their work with that of applied social scientists who are responding to change at a regional level.
Class Theory and Earnings Inequality
Authors: Barbalet J.M.
Published: March 2007

Market forces cannot explain the structure of pay. At best they function as proxies for class power. A class theory of the structure of pay ex plains earnings inequalities in terms of unequal capacities distributed through the working class to resist the power of capital. Political resources facilitate the resistance (and exercise) of class power. A model of an opportunity structure for the development of political resources is outlined and applied to an analysis of Australian census data on the earnings of migrants and non-migrants.
Some Correlates of Choosing Australian Citizenship
Authors: Wearing Rosemary J.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on a 1981 national survey of immigrants' attitudes toward life in Australia and Australian citizenship. The study treated citizenship as a variable consisting of two measures, namely (a) a national group's overall rate of citizenship and (b) the individual's current citizenship status.

Results reported here show that the decision to become naturalized is to some extent dependent on years of residence, yet this variable only accounted for 10 percent of the variance. It was also found that Australian citizenship bears little relationship to general satisfaction and identification with the Australian way of life; indeed the results indicate that those who decided to become citizens were more likely than non- citizens to perceive advantages in doing so. It is argued that there are other determinants which are important in determining citizenship status and it is suggested that naturalization is likely to occur at a stage in the immigrant's life when there no longer seems to be a conflict of loyalties between the home country and the new country.

1. This report is based on data gathered in the course of a project entitled 'Citizenship and Cultural Identity' funded by D.I.E.A. The author acknowledges the invaluable assistance of Bob Powell in the analysis of the data.
Symbolic Violence and the Making of the French Agriculturalist: An Enquiry into Pierre Bourdieu's Sociology
Authors: Wacquant Loïc J.D.
Published: March 2007

This paper is a discussion of Pierre Bourdieu's sociology, with emphasis on his theory of symbolic violence. Using Sylvain Maresca's work on delegation and representation among the French peasantry as an empirical illustration, I examine Bourdieu's key concepts (capital, field, habitus, symbolic power), his approach to social organisation and dynamics (social space, strategies of conversion and reproduction), and map out the basic structure of his framework. Several difficulties are discussed: the closure of the conceptual system, the form of explanations, the oversight of the state, the underestimate of material determinations, and the lack of a theory of historical transformation. Having underlined the meta- theoretical grounding of his model, I conclude by arguing that Bourdieu offers the means for a dialectical transcendence of interpretive and structural sociologies.
Maori Occupational Segregation
Authors: Brosnan Peter
Published: March 2007

There are many schemata of occupational classification. One of the more satisfactory is the Smith scheme which classified white-collar occupations into six groups. This schema was adapted by Hill and Brosnan to include blue-collar occupations and used to compare the occupational distribution of New Zealand's major ethnic groups as at the 1981 census. This article uses that revised schema to examine and compare changes in the Maori and non-Maori occupational distributions over 1956-1981. Males and females are treated separately. The article also presents median incomes for each group of the Smith data and draws the implications for policy of the uneven distribution of Maoris and non-Maoris between the occupation groups.
Marriage Patterns and the Stratification System: Trends in Educational Homogamy since the 1930s
Authors: Jones F.L.
Published: March 2007

To date most studies of social closure in the stratification orders of industrial societies have used as their empirical indicators one or another measure of father-to-son mobility. A complementary insight into such processes is provided by tendencies towards status homogamy. Census data from the 1981 Australian census (the one per cent sample tape) for 4 different cohorts of married couples provide a basis for assessing to what extent there has been any change over time in the stratification of marital choices, as reflected in the school leaving ages and post-school qualifications of spouses. The findings point to no loosening in the bonds of stratification since 1950, although there is some slight evidence of differences among those who married during the 1940s.
Chivalry, Justice or Paternalism?: The Female Offender in the Juvenile Justice System
Authors: Wundersitz Joy , Naffine Ngaire , Gale Fay
Published: March 2007

A substantial literature on the female status offender maintains that juvenile justice is discriminatory. It censures the sexually active girl, while turning a blind eye to the promiscuous boy. Less is known about the law's response to girls whose behaviour is criminal by adult standards. This article compares the treat ment of young males and females charged with criminal offences in South Australia. The relationship observed between the work ings of the justice system and the sex of the offender is found to be a complex one, mediated by a range of legal, social and demo graphic factors.