bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hallelujah Moments
Authors: Cordes Eugene H.
Published: May 2021

This work provides eleven stories of drug discovery and features the scientists who made them. The outcome of the discovery work has provided novel therapies in cancer, cardiovascular medicine, antibacterial and antiviral infectious diseases, parasitic diseases, metabolic diseases, and weight control. Each story begins with the basic biomedical science that revealed the pathway to effective drug therapy and continues with the step-by-step process that leads from insight to a product in clinical practice meeting a defined medical need. The tales feature creative problem-solving by clever and dedicated scientists as they overcame roadblocks to success, hallelujah moments. Each drug discovery story reflects the interface between basic science, medicine, and drug discovery. Embedded in these tales are the societal and medical environments in which drug discovery takes place, the discovery of agents to treat HIV/AIDS, for example. Finally, a series of appendices provides basic chemical background for non-scientists.
The conquest of hepatitis C: telaprevir and beyond
Authors: Cordes Eugene H.
Published: May 2021

Taking one pill a day for 8–12 weeks cures 98%–99% of the cases of chronic hepatitis C infections. This is one of the compelling success stories of biomedical research and drug discovery. The discovery of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) as the infective agent opened the doors to unraveling its life cycle and the identification of multiple molecular targets for drug discovery. One such target is HCV protease, an enzyme, among others, essential for virus replication. Several pharmaceutical companies, including Vertex, launched projects to find inhibitors of this enzyme. The Vertex effort overcame multiple problems and created an inhibitor known as telaprevir and marketed as Incivek. Incivek was a remarkable market entry with sales of a billion dollars in its first year. However, the success story was short-lived as Gilead Sciences came up with remarkable combination drugs for Hepatitis C. including Harvoni. Being first with a much improved product is not a guarantee of long-term success.
The Edges of Consent
Authors: Graybill Rhiannon
Published: May 2021

The notion of consent plays a key role in many analyses of sexual violence, in both the biblical text and the contemporary world. However, consent is both insufficient and insufficiently feminist as a framework for describing and combating rape and sexual violence. After tracing six major difficulties with consent, the chapter turns to a close reading of three biblical rape stories, suggesting that these texts are better approached as fuzzy, messy, and icky. This point is reinforced via close readings of three rape stories: Dinah (Gen 34), Tamar (2 Sam 13), and Lot’s daughters (Gen 19). The interpretation offered here employs four new tactics, set forth in the previous chapter: refusing to claim a position of innocence, resisting paranoid reading positions, tracing sticky affect, and reading through literature. The result is a more flexible, sensitive, and illuminating reading of biblical sexual violence than is possible under a framework of consent.
Narrating Harm in the Bathsheba Story
Authors: Graybill Rhiannon
Published: May 2021

The story of Bathsheba and David (2 Sam 11) is increasingly recognized as a story of coercion and rape. However, this judgment often relies on either a notion of consent (critiqued in the previous chapter) or a model of harm organized around the sexual predator (that is, David preys on Bathsheba). This chapter proposes a new model of harm: peremption. Adopted from Joseph J. Fischel’s work on sexual harm, peremption describes an unlimited limiting of future possibility. It also avoids forcing sexual violence into a predator/prey model. In 2 Samuel 11, Bathsheba is both perempted by narrative (in her silencing and erasure) and perempted by masculinity (David’s flourishing comes at the expense of women). She also perempts others, chiefly Abishag. Approaching Bathsheba’s story through peremption reveals a rich portrait of harm without limiting analysis to the question of “was it or wasn’t it rape?” in 2 Samuel 11:2–5.
Sad Stories and Unhappy Reading
Authors: Graybill Rhiannon
Published: May 2021

Phyllis Trible’s Texts of Terror continues to dominate feminist approaches to biblical sexual violence, especially stories of extreme violence or misogyny. However, Trible’s approach, which she describes as “telling sad stories,” fails to capture what is fuzzy, messy, and icky about sexual violence. In its place, this chapter argues for “unhappy reading” that holds space for complexity and unhappiness. Building on Sara Ahmed’s work on unhappiness in The Promise of Happiness, unhappy reading concentrates on the difficulties in our reading processes, and in the stories themselves. The chapter demonstrates the difference between approaches via a close analysis of Judges 19, the rape and murder of the Levite’s concubine. While well intentioned, the “telling sad stories” approach collapses the difference between rape and murder and attempting to speak “on behalf of” the dead woman. An unhappy reading, in contrast, lingers with the unhappiness of the story, transforming the challenge it poses to feminist reading into a space of possibility.
The Demes
Authors: Paga Jessica
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on monumental building in the demes (villages and towns) of the Attic countryside. In total, twelve demes and one independent sanctuary are considered. The deme structures include sacred buildings and civic or infrastructure projects, such as fortification walls and theatral areas. After mapping the demes with building activity, the chapter shows that a pattern of border articulation emerges. This attention to the borders, when combined with the shift toward the use of the demotic, highlights the role of deme identity and autonomy under the reforms, as well as the integration of the demes with the wider polis.
Buildings and Democracy
Authors: Paga Jessica
Published: May 2021

This final chapter addresses the links between the built environment as outlined in the previous chapters and the historical context of the early democracy. In total, as many as forty-five monumental structures were built in a twenty-eight-year period. This represents an incredibly high level of coordination, exploitation of resources, and financial expenditure that Athens had not seen prior to this. This chapter, therefore, draws attention to the economic ramifications of such building activity, before turning to a consideration of the term “building program” and what it implies about demotic agency. The chapter concludes by evaluating what the building activity tells us about the state of the new government system in the Late Archaic period.
Introduction
Authors: Carpenedo Manoela
Published: May 2021

The Introduction is a fieldwork extract exploring one day in the community that is the object of this study. The data highlight issues such as fieldwork access and description of liturgy and rituals among the Judaizing Evangelicals in Brazil. Research questions are introduced and include the following: How can one understand the adoption of Jewish rituals, dress, and even adherence to biblical Jewish laws by former Charismatic Evangelicals? What motivates this austere Judaizing tendency in Charismatic Christianity? This is followed by a discussion on research positionality and the research methodology utilized and a brief outline of the chapters.
Religious Conversion
Authors: Carpenedo Manoela
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the theme of religious conversion. Drawing on current social scientific debates, it investigates the religious trajectories of Judaizing Evangelical women and their previous identification with Charismatic Evangelicalism. The chapter also examines the reasons behind these women’s estrangement from Charismatic Evangelicalism. It explores how their desire for Christian “purification” and “reformation” transformed them into willing subjects of a strict moral order characterized by ritual rigidity, intense biblical study, and a strong sense of communal identity. The chapter argues that these women’s incorporation of Jewish elements aims to rebuild the authenticity of Christianity while distinguishing them from Charismatic Evangelicalism and its perceived scriptural inaccuracy, moral permissiveness, and materialism.
Imagined Pasts, Identity, and Ethnicity in Religious Change
Authors: Carpenedo Manoela
Published: May 2021

This chapter explains why this community’s attempts at Christian reformation have taken them down to the path of Judaism. By exploring themes related to imagined pasts, identity, and ethnicity, it investigates the sociocultural logics and historical arguments that support the community’s connection with Judaism. For instance, the chapter analyzes how the community mobilizes a Jewish ethnic identity, as descendants of the Bnei Anussim—Iberian Sephardi Jews forced to convert to Christianity during the Inquisition, who migrated to Latin America in the seventeenth century. It is argued that the allusion to a hidden “Jewish” collective memory—either imagined or real—plays an important role in this community’s dramatic Judaizing Evangelical process. The chapter ends by problematizing the utilitarian reasons for this community’s identification with Judaism and Jewishness.
Conclusion
Authors: Carpenedo Manoela
Published: May 2021

The conclusion summarizes the main arguments of the book. It explores themes such as the rationale of the Judaizing Evangelical revival and how it relates with wider discussions of religious change. It debates how social markers gender and ethnicity are intertwined in the case of the Judaizing Evangelicals in Brazil. At the micro level, it reveals how former Charismatic Evangelical women gradually adopt a set of religious norms in their daily lives through a curious negotiation of their Charismatic Evangelical pasts and the strict rules of Orthodox Judaism. At the macro level, describes the birth of a new tendency within Christianity that differs from similar Christian philo-Semitic movements such as Messianic Judaism and Christian Zionism. It concludes by stating how the rise of Judaizing Evangelicalism pushes forward key issues related to contemporary Christian philo-Semitism and World Christianities. Rather than an emic concept, it suggests that Judaizing Evangelicalism should be understood as an analytical concept that describes an unique interaction between Jewish and Christian monotheisms.
Bless You for Charlie Brown
Authors: Ball Blake Scott
Published: May 2021

Schulz was always a Christian artist, but beginning in the late 1950s he started being more overt about his faith. After attending a 1957 Billy Graham Crusade meeting in New York City, Schulz was convinced that he needed to say more about Christianity in his work. Linus became the vehicle for discussing faith and theology. During this period, Peanuts began to appear in Christian sermons across denominations. It was even the subject of a bestselling book on Christian theology in 1965. The culmination of this personal mission was the success of the first Peanuts television special, A Charlie Brown Christmas, which sought to combat rising commercialism by recentering the Nativity in the public celebration of the holiday.
The Virtues of Separability and Locality
Authors: Ney Alyssa
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents the argument for wave function realism that it is the only realist interpretation of quantum theories that can maintain a fundamentally separable and local metaphysics. It is commonly seen as a consequence of entanglement and Bell’s Theorem that quantum mechanics entails quantum nonseparability and nonlocality. Yet although all rival realist ontological interpretations of quantum mechanics involve either a nonseparable or a nonlocal fundamental metaphysics, the metaphysics of wave function realism is fundamentally both separable and local, although the view also makes room for nonfundamental nonseparability and nonlocality. The chapter considers several arguments that could explain why one should prefer interpretations of quantum theories that are separable and local, and concludes with a defense of intuitions in quantum interpretation.
Introduction
Authors: Seal Carey
Published: May 2021

Seneca’s writings offer us our widest window into the intersection of the idea of philosophy as a way of life with Roman culture and politics. Seneca was himself alert to the tension between these two sources of moral guidance. His work traces a complex interplay between the two and aims to construct a coherent picture of the philosophical life through detailed engagement with the social context in which that life is lived and the socially constituted array of concepts through which it is delineated. Reconstructing his stance on the questions that emerge requires a combination of literary and philosophical approaches. This book will show that for Seneca the philosophical life can be described and defended only through the materials provided by the ambient community.
The Conservation of Renewable Resources
Authors: Perrings Charles
Published: May 2021

Chapter 4 further develops the theory of the conservation of living systems. Natural resource management problems are analyzed using optimal control methods. Natural resources are the state variables of the problem and management instruments are control variables. Management might include harvest, culling, restocking, reseeding, and replanting, or interventions affecting, for example, the fire regime, hydrological flows, the structure of habitats, the functioning of the system, and the ecosystem processes involved. The chapter considers three types of systems: aquatic systems, forest systems, and rangelands. It shows how the methods developed to model conversion/conservation decisions in all cases embed the Hotelling arbitrage condition. It shows how the level of conservation in each type of system is impacted by access rules, and the array of benefits obtained from the system.
The Valuation of Environmental Goods and Services
Authors: Perrings Charles
Published: May 2021

Chapter 5 introduces the concept of value, and the methods used to obtain estimates of the value of scarce environmental goods and services—particularly the provision, cultural, and regulating ecosystem services. It discusses the concept of social opportunity cost, and shows how the concept informs our understanding of the trade-offs involved in application of the equimarginal principle. It clarifies the relation between the income and substitution effects of changes in value, compensating and equivalent variation, and the willingness to pay or willingness to accept. Valuation methods discussed include both revealed preference (travel cost, averting behavior, hedonic price, production function, replacement cost) and stated preference (contingent valuation, contingent behavior, choice modeling) approaches. The valuation of biodiversity is approached through the regulating ecosystem services, using a portfolio approach to the management of uncertainty. The chapter shows how managers may select which species to conserve so as to balance environmental risk and the benefits from ecosystems.
The Valuation of Environmental Assets
Authors: Perrings Charles
Published: May 2021

Chapter 6 examines the value of environmental assets, which lies in the discounted stream of services they offer. Their conservation depends on the expected rate of change in their value, if conserved, relative to the rate of return on alternative assets. This chapter considers how the portfolio of environmental assets—natural capital—has been valued at the national scale. The two main approaches adopted are the United Nations’ System of Environmental-Economic Accounts (SEEA), and the World Bank’s (Inclusive) Wealth Accounts. The authors consider both approaches, and what they mean for the sustainability and the efficiency of natural resource use. Particular attention is paid to the residual left over after taking account of all marketed inputs in production: total factor productivity.
Environmental Externalities
Authors: Perrings Charles
Published: May 2021

Many of the environmental changes that threaten biodiversity are negative externalities of agriculture, forestry, industrial production, infrastructural development, and urban growth. Examples include climate change, habitat loss and fragmentation, and the spread of pests and pathogens. Chapter 9 considers the nature of environmental externalities: whether they are public or private, whether unidirectional or reciprocal, and how they relate to wider environmental and socioeconomic conditions. It also considers the instruments available to internalize externalities at different scales, either by confronting those whose actions harm others with the full cost of the actions, or by compensating those whose actions confer benefits on others. Instruments discussed include the assignment of property rights, regulations and legal controls, and economic instruments such as pollution charges or payments for ecosystem services.
Conservation in the Future
Authors: Perrings Charles
Published: May 2021

The final chapter considers the factors likely to influence the value of species and ecosystems to individual users and the wider community in the future, including the factors likely to drive a wedge between the value of ecosystems to individual users or individual communities and to the rest of the world. It reviews environmental trends identified by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, and economic trends identified by organizations such as the World Bank. Using the European Union’s subsidiarity principle as a guide, the chapter discusses the optimal scale at which to manage future conservation challenges, and the implications this has for governance. It concludes by applying the discussion to four issues of particular concern: forest conversion, the loss of landraces and crop wild relatives, marine capture fisheries, and emerging infectious zoonoses.
Sosipatra of Pergamum
Authors: Marx Heidi
Published: May 2021

The story of Sosipatra of Pergamum (fourth century ce) as told by her biographer, Eunapius of Sardis in his Lives of the Philosophers and Sophists, is a remarkable tale. It is the story of an elite young girl from the area of Ephesus, who was educated by traveling spirits (daemons), and who grew up to lead her own philosophy school on the west coast of ancient Asia Minor. She was also a prophet of sorts, channeling divine messages to her students, family, and friends, capable of mentally viewing events that were happening in other locations, and foretelling the future. This volume is the first sustained, book-length, attempt to tell the story of this mysterious woman. It presents a rich contextualization of the brief, sketchy, and highly fictionalized portrait provided by Eunapius
Introduction
Authors: Marx Heidi
Published: May 2021

This book is about Sosipatra of Pergamum, a female philosopher who lived in the fourth century ce, a time when the Roman world was undergoing remarkable political, cultural (in particular religious), and even economic changes. Born into a wealthy family near Ephesus, Sosipatra played a critical role in exemplifying the kind of philosophical life that would best allow for the continued existence of Iamblichan Platonism in a Christianized world where the more problematic aspects of theurgy were downplayed or effaced in favor of an approach that maintained a clear understanding of cosmic hierarchy, despite believing humans can participate in divinity in a number of ways. She also acted as a point of critical contrast to the Christian ideal of the virginal or celibate female ascetic, as she married and had children. She ultimately led her own philosophy school in Pergamum.
Sosipatra as a Child and Student
Authors: Marx Heidi
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes what the early life of Sosipatra might have been like. It reviews the handful of details Eunapius gives about her early years and unique education by itinerant Chaldean daemons and contextualizes these by considering how other girls of Sosipatra’s class and time might have been raised and educated. To understand her education and life, it helps to know three principles about the ancient worldview: events are shaped by external invisible forces; events and actions are the products of multiple interacting agents; and all things, human and nonhuman, visible and invisible, seek to be brought into accord. Education in this Platonic lineage ideally meant assimilation to the cosmos in general and to divinity in particular.
Sosipatra as a Wife, Mother, and Widow
Authors: Marx Heidi
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores what Sosipatra’s late adolescent/early adult life might have been from her betrothal to Eustathius to the time when she began teaching in Pergamum. It describes family life for someone such as Sosipatra. It will endeavor to answer questions such as what her household responsibilities would have been, what difficulties and dangers she may have faced in bringing her children into the world and bringing them up, what role might she have played in their education, and so forth. It uses what is known from the late ancient eastern Empire about adolescence, betrothal, marriage, childbirth and childrearing, and widowhood to weave a plausible picture of the life of Sosipatra.
The Reticence of the Netherlands
Authors: Miller Manjari Chatterjee
Published: May 2021

In the late 19th century the Dutch entered a second Golden Age. This chapter details how the Dutch were considered the second greatest colonial power after the United Kingdom, became one of the richest countries in Europe at the time, and began military reforms. But they were extremely reticent in their foreign policy behavior, giving up colonies and engaging in passive diplomacy. Despite its colonies and wealth, the narratives within the Netherlands denied that the Dutch were imperialist, and showed little appetite for active behavior on the world stage. The behavior of the Dutch was surprising not simply when compared to the world powers of the time—these great powers were, after all, arguably in a stronger strategic position than the Netherlands. Rather the Dutch were reticent even when compared to the smaller European powers of the day who jockeyed for influence, particularly with respect to colonies.
The Active Rise of China
Authors: Miller Manjari Chatterjee
Published: May 2021

China transformed economically and militarily in the 1990s, and was recognized by the world as a rising power. This chapter examines the process of its rise and finds that in addition to increasing its military and economic power, China also engaged in accommodational behavior. In a switch from its past foreign policy behavior, it now conformed to the existing international order by accepting its norms. It integrated into many international institutions and regimes in the world, and began to also assume leadership roles in various international issues. Simultaneously, it had narratives on how to become a great power through institutional leadership, multilateralism, and acceptance of international responsibility.
The Reticence of India
Authors: Miller Manjari Chatterjee
Published: May 2021

Like China, the world began to see India as a rising power in the post–Cold War world. While today many would argue China has pulled away from India, in the 1990s, the two countries were comparable in terms of their economic and military development. In the post-Cold War world, thanks to domestic reforms, India’s economic growth took off at unprecedented rates. It continued to invest in its military, and also became a nuclear weapons state. But, as this chapter shows through two of its relationships, with the United States and with ASEAN, India remained peculiarly reticent on the world stage. And the narratives that accompanied its material growth remained entrenched in older ideas and inward facing ideas about nation-building.
Whites Are the Largest Racial Group Experiencing Poverty
Authors: Rank Mark Robert , Eppard Lawrence M. , Bullock Heather E.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 5 looks at the racial composition of the poverty population, along with the risk of poverty by race. With respect to composition, the largest racial category of people living in poverty are Whites. On the other hand, the risk of poverty is much higher for African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans. The same pattern is found for the use of welfare programs. Finally, the role of media in perpetuating the myth that most people in poverty are non-White is discussed. Challenging myths that surround race and poverty will require not only debunking racist stereotypes but also providing accurate media coverage of poverty and social welfare programs.
Decision-Making Is Constrained for Those With Fewer Resources
Authors: Rank Mark Robert , Eppard Lawrence M. , Bullock Heather E.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 8 reviews how decision-making is constrained for those in poverty. It is often assumed that poverty is the result of poor decision-making. However, for those experiencing poverty, the decision-making choices are often constrained. In particular, the socioeconomic context is paramount in this process. Those with greater socioeconomic resources will be able to exert greater agency in determining the course of their lives, while those with fewer resources will struggle to do so. Several examples are given, including job decision-making and marriage and childbearing decision-making. Also discussed is that decision-making may be impaired as a result of less available psychological bandwidth due to the stress and anxieties associated with poverty.
The Moral Ground to View Poverty Is Injustice
Authors: Rank Mark Robert , Eppard Lawrence M. , Bullock Heather E.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 12 examines poverty through the lens of injustice. Poverty has traditionally been understood as a failure at the individual level. The poor have thus been viewed as undeserving of support. Examples of using the broad brush of individual blame to paint the poor as undeserving can be found across a wide spectrum. One of the pernicious results of this myth is that it provides a comfortable justification for doing nothing to address poverty. In contrast, this chapter argues that poverty is a condition resulting largely from a failure at the structural level. The appropriate moral grounds to view poverty should be one of injustice, rather than blame.
The United States Is No Longer a Land of Upward Mobility and Opportunity
Authors: Rank Mark Robert , Eppard Lawrence M. , Bullock Heather E.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 16 explores the extent of economic mobility in the United States compared with other industrialized countries. The amount of relative intergenerational mobility as measured by the intergenerational elasticity statistic is lower in the United States than in most other OECD countries. Furthermore, the extent to which adult children are earning more than their parents has been declining over the past 50 years. The American dream of each generation doing economically better than the previous generation is becoming harder to achieve. We are a society in which the rungs on the ladder of opportunity have grown further apart, resulting in greater numbers of Americans struggling and falling further behind.
The Playing Field Is Uneven
Authors: Rank Mark Robert , Eppard Lawrence M. , Bullock Heather E.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 17 argues that the economic playing field in the United States is not level. Rather, the process is characterized by cumulative advantage and disadvantage. Those starting off with advantages or disadvantages with respect to their social class background will tend to experience a cumulative process of escalating advantage or disadvantage. This includes the quality of education one receives, the acquisition of human capital, the likelihood of being exposed to crime or environmental hazards, and the overall quality of life. In addition, race plays a prominent role in the process of cumulative inequality.
Why Do the Myths Persist?
Authors: Rank Mark Robert , Eppard Lawrence M. , Bullock Heather E.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 19 reviews why, despite strong evidence to the contrary, the poverty myths continue to exist. Two sets of factors are examined—psychologically based factors and sociologically based factors. Psychological factors include particular personality traits, system justification, the use of stereotypes, confirmation bias, and attribution errors. Sociological factors include an understanding of who in society benefits from the existence of these myths. They include political actors, the affluent, and society as a whole. Summoning a newfound willingness to interrogate the role of individualism and meritocracy in shaping our attitudes toward each other and the distribution of resources is likely to prove especially difficult. Changing the paradigm toward one based on fact and reality moves us closer to effectively addressing and alleviating poverty.
Reshaping Social Policy
Authors: Rank Mark Robert , Eppard Lawrence M. , Bullock Heather E.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 20 discusses social policy changes necessary to effectively alleviate poverty in the United States. These include ensuring the availability of decent-paying jobs. Raising the minimum wage and raising the earned income tax credit are two approaches for increasing the wages of low-paying jobs. A second social policy initiative essential for reducing poverty is to provide an effective social safety net along with access to key social goods such as health care, affordable housing, and child care. Also discussed is the idea of a universal basic income. A final strategy discussed are policies that allow lower income households to build their economic assets.
Introduction
Authors: McBride Spencer W.
Published: May 2021

The Introduction to the book explains the reasons that Joseph Smith ran for president in 1844. Though electoral victory was extremely unlikely for Smith, his unlikely campaign is significant to the history of the United States because it encapsulates the discontent of thousands of Americans with the political status quo. The campaign also illuminates the political obstacles to universal religious freedom in nineteenth-century America. In particular, it demonstrates that political philosophies such as the states’ rights doctrine, which, on the surface, had nothing to do with religious freedom, had a discriminatory effect on religious minorities when implemented. Accordingly, Joseph Smith found himself on the vanguard of Americans calling for a stronger federal government, one that could enforce the Bill of Rights in individual states.
A Lesson in Political Negotiations
Authors: McBride Spencer W.
Published: May 2021

In this chapter Joseph Smith, Sidney Rigdon, and Elias Higbee travel from Nauvoo, Illinois, to Washington, D.C., to petition the federal government for reparations for their lost property in Missouri. The chapter summarizes the history of the Mormons and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, including the violent persecution of Joseph Smith and his followers by mobs in Missouri, and their ultimate expulsion from the state under threat of state-sanctioned extermination. Smith and Higbee meet with President Martin Van Buren at the White House and request his assistance with their petition to Congress. Van Buren declines to assist the Latter-day Saints, losing the political support of the group. Joseph Smith learns an important lesson about political negotiations in Washington, D.C.
Electioneering Missionaries
Authors: McBride Spencer W.
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes the electioneering efforts of more than 400 missionaries that Mormon leaders dispatched throughout the United States to campaign for Smith, carrying copies of Smith’s political pamphlet aimed to win political support for their prophet. The experiences of these missionaries varied by location. One large rally led by campaign missionaries in Boston ended with a brawl between hecklers and the police. Other missionaries faced the threat of mob violence in the South because of their distribution of Smith’s pamphlet, which contained calls for the end of slavery. Missionaries in New York City created a campaign newspaper, The Prophet, to help boost Smith’s electoral profile.
Vice Presidents and Protest Candidates
Authors: McBride Spencer W.
Published: May 2021

This chapter tells the story of Joseph Smith’s search for a running mate. Smith and the Council of Fifty first determine to ask respected New York educator and recent Mormon convert James Arlington Bennet to run for vice president with Smith. When Bennet is unable to accept, Smith invites Solomon Copeland of Tennessee to join him on the ticket. When Copeland does not reply to the request and in a crunch for time, Smith invites one of his fellow Mormon leaders, Sidney Rigdon of Pennsylvania, to join him as a candidate for the vice presidency. Rigdon accepts and the ticket is set. This chapter also considers the prospects of another third party candidate, James G. Birney, who runs for the Liberty party, calling for the total and immediate abolition of slavery.
Convention Season
Authors: McBride Spencer W.
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes the 1844 Whig nominating convention held in Baltimore, Maryland. Henry Clay was the clear favorite and was nominated by acclamation on the convention floor. The convention selected Theodore Frelinghuysen as his running mate, in part because they believed his presence on the Whig ticket would help win the votes of the country’s evangelical Christians. The Mormons sent delegates to observe the convention, and possibly to try to earn support for Smith, if not sympathy for the Mormons’ plight. However, the convention concluded its business in just one day, which meant that when the Mormons finally arrived in the city, the convention was over.
American Royalty
Authors: McBride Spencer W.
Published: May 2021

This chapter tells the story of a visit to Nauvoo by two men from illustrious American families, Charles Francis Adams and Josiah Quincy. Adams and Quincy were touring the American West in 1844 when, in May of that year, their steamboat stopped at Nauvoo. The men spent the night in the city, and the next morning they met Joseph Smith at his home. Adams and Quincy spent the entire day together and toured the city and surrounding farms in Smith’s coach. Both men would record their impressions of Smith and Nauvoo, including Smith’s political opinions and presidential ambitions. Smith did not win over their political support, be he sustained their curiosity.
Conclusion
Authors: Cassibry Kimberly
Published: May 2021

The Conclusion reviews the role of material culture in mediating imaginations of place in the Roman empire, with reference to the Itinerary Cups describing journeys from Spain to Rome, the Spectacle Cups depicting chariot racing and gladiatorial combat, the Fort Pans documenting Hadrian’s Wall, and the Bay Bottles visualizing Baiae and Puteoli. To demonstrate the flexibility of the book’s analytical framework, two final sets of artifacts are presented. One focuses on spectacle souvenirs that were made in Roman Spain and include the date of the event and the name of its sponsor with unusual specificity. The other is an ornamental metal vessel that was excavated in a distant province, yet was created in workshops around Rome’s Circus Flaminius and bears that place name as a mark of prestigious craftmanship. Whereas the book’s introduction constructed an interdisciplinary analytical framework, the Conclusion reconsiders the place of material culture in Roman studies.
Sterne
Authors: Bolens Guillemette
Published: May 2021

Laurence Sterne’s masterpiece Tristram Shandy experiments with dynamics in nonverbal communication. Tonic shifts and variations in pace are systematically narrated in the interactions between characters. This chapter focuses on the moment when Walter Shandy, emotionally shocked, throws himself across his bed and lies on his stomach for a long time, Uncle Toby patiently waiting next to him. The kinesic dialogue taking place between the two men is echoed by the relationship Sterne establishes with his readers through his work. In both instances, the novel shows that making inferences about the mental states of others is practiced on the basis of unstable kinesic data. In this section of Tristram Shandy, Sterne theorizes that the meaning of movements and gestures comes from the transitions between attitudes, rather than from fixed facial or postural representations. The text prompts perceptual simulations of such dynamic transitions, leading to humorous effects involving readers.
Mutinies in Revolutionary Times
Authors: Grint Keith
Published: May 2021

This chapter concerns four mutinies that occur against the background of revolutionary times, when the status quo is under threat, the military subordinates are no longer willing to acquiesce quietly, and the establishment is in a high state of nervous anxiety. The first two mutinies, at Spithead and the Nore in 1797, shook the British Royal Navy to its core: in the face of revolutionary acts across the channel in France, the seamen at Spithead effectively stop working until their claims of better pay and conditions are met. Given the precarious nature of the British Admiralty and government at this time, the mutiny is a success, but the consequences for a very similar mutiny just weeks later at the Nore are catastrophic for the mutineers as the British establishment unveils the mailed fist that it had been unable to deploy at Spithead. A few months later, in the same year, the crew of the Hermione undertake one of the bloodiest mutinies in British naval history, but one aimed at disposing of the officers and escaping to foreign lands, not securing improved pay and conditions. Some of the mutineers disappear for good, while others are hunted down and executed in a show of terror as meticulous as the original mutiny. The final mutiny covered here occurs on the Russian ship the Potemkin in 1905. Once again, the action occurs against the background of revolutionary fervour, but the requisite political support remains inadequate and the mutiny ultimately fails.
Mutinies in Civil Wars
Authors: Grint Keith
Published: May 2021

If mutinies during wartime are amongst the most dangerous to the establishment, mutinies during civil wars generate the most angst, for one-time comrades now become enemies and neither side celebrates success, even if there is a recognition that the day of reckoning has arrived. This chapter begins with the mutinies in the English Civil Wars that saw the Parliamentary side rent between its conservative side, led by Cromwell amongst others, and its radical side, who supported the Levellers. The mutinies also reveal the complexity of the rebels’ cause: some saw the mutiny as a way of securing a more democratic polity, while others were simply intent on securing their backpay before embarking for Ireland to eliminate Irish and Royalist dissent. Nearly 300 years later a similar situation in Russia saw the sailors of Krondstadt rebel against their erstwhile comrades in the Bolshevik Government in a failed attempt to pull the revolution back to its original roots.
The Travel Sketch
Authors: Evelev John
Published: May 2021

Focusing on the early work of three well-known American Romantic authors who are not best known as travel writers, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, and Henry David Thoreau, the first chapter examines the midcentury rise in popularity of the picturesque travel sketch genre. Writers engaged in this genre used the picturesque to consider the effects of history on the landscape and meditate on America’s past and future. Although modern scholarship has typically dismissed the picturesque travel sketch as superficial, this chapter demonstrates that writers used the spatiotemporal protocols of the picturesque to think through American exceptionalism, particularly the view that the frontier landscape helps to make the nation unique. This topic is filtered through the travelers’ views of picturesque scenery that touch upon the relationship of human to natural time (“deep time”), the resonances of the national past on the present (particularly in the residual presence of Native Americans and the colonial past), and the future effects of spatial expansion and new people (particularly immigrants) on the American landscape.
The City Sketch
Authors: Evelev John
Published: May 2021

Although the picturesque sketch genre is primarily associated with rural subjects, it was also applied to city life during the mid-nineteenth century, when urban populations were undergoing unprecedented growth. Chapter 2 argues that the newly popular picturesque city sketch helped the emergent middle class to establish its identity as it attained a distinctive position between the wealthy and the working classes. Walking the streets, the middle-class picturesque city sketcher turned the class-divided city into picturesque tableaux that were far less antagonistic to city life than the sensationalist characterizations that were central to the dominant mode of city writing in midcentury. The chapter examines city sketches and fiction derived from the genre, written by Edgar Allan Poe, Lydia Maria Child, George “Gaslight” Foster, Margaret Fuller, Cornelius Mathews, and others. Although city sketchers helped articulate a middle-class identity, the picturesque at times tended to give way to a sublime mode in which the city crowd threatened to absorb the middle class into its undifferentiated mass.
The Country Book
Authors: Evelev John
Published: May 2021

Picturesque aesthetics and an increased focus on men’s domestic life shaped the rapid growth of the suburbs in the mid-nineteenth century, one of the most consequential reconfigurations of American understandings of national space. This suburban development had its own popular literary genre in the period, the country book. Although the country book is now largely forgotten and many of its more prominent examples have lapsed into obscurity, canonical writers such as Herman Melville wrote in the genre, and Thoreau’s Walden can also be understood in the context of this genre. The country book’s vision of the suburbs as a site of picturesque male domesticity that allowed for both privacy and homosocial intimacy countered a dominant vision of urban masculinity as public, individualistic, and competitive. Although the country book in general offers an idealized vision of male suburban life, individual texts also often feature deferrals, debility, and even death that threaten both male privacy and intimacy. The country book promoted the imaginative investments in suburban development at the same time that it hinted at the contradictions at the heart of middle-class masculine identity that foreclosed on that dream. In this way, as with the park movement texts discussed in Chapter 3, the country books that supported mid-nineteenth-century suburban development expressed both the social aspirations and fears of bourgeois men.
The New England Village Novel and Picturesque Reform
Authors: Evelev John
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the New England village novel, a prestigious subgenre that figured in many of the midcentury’s critical assessments of what constituted “American literature” but that is now largely forgotten. Once important novels like Sylvester Judd’s Margaret (1845), Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s Kavanagh (1849), Oliver Wendell Holmes’s Elsie Venner (1861), and Henry Ward Beecher’s Norwood (1869) tell us about middle-class social values and their investment in reform in their depictions of New England village life during this period of time. This chapter explores some of the contradictions inherent in locating idealized theological and social change within the residual space of the New England village. As a consequence of these contradictions, the utopia of the New England village novel becomes literally “no place,” frozen between nostalgia for a unified national community that never existed and hope that through reform the village could fulfill utopian possibilities for the nation. This genre also maps out the transformation of attitudes toward social reform from the picturesque utopianism of Judd’s Margaret to a much narrower vision of the transformative possibilities of the picturesque in Beecher’s post-Civil War novel, Norwood, a quarter of a century later. This transformation reveals the importance of the picturesque to an alternative history of the mid-nineteenth-century American novel and explores the rise and decline of middle-class use of the picturesque as an authoritative discourse to reshape spaces and enact social change in American life.
The Venetian Bride
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia
Published: May 2021

A true story of vendetta and intrigue, triumph and tragedy, exile and repatriation in early modern Venice, this book focuses on the marriage between the feudal lord Count Girolamo Della Torre and Giulia Bembo, daughter of a powerful Venetian senator and grand-niece of Cardinal Pietro Bembo. Exiled to Crete for pursuing vendetta to avenge the murder of his father, Girolamo marries Giulia with the aim of enlisting her father as a powerful ally. Thus begins a challenging itinerary that leads from the Mediterranean back to Venice and its mainland territories in the Veneto and the Patria del Friuli. It plays out against a backdrop of the birth of ten children, the Council of Trent, papal and imperial politics, the rise of Girolamo’s brother Michele to the cardinalate, the Ottoman threat, and the golden age of Venetian art. Once a pawn in a marital strategy that failed, Giulia is celebrated after her death with the first independent biography of an ordinary woman published in Italy. The fortunes and misfortunes of the Della Torre bloodline, which survived the end of the Venetian Republic in 1797, are emblematic of a change in feudal culture from clan solidarity to individualism and intrafamily strife, and ultimately redemption. This epic tale opens a precious window into a contentious period in which Venetian republican values clash with the deeply rooted feudal traditions of honour and blood feuds of the mainland.
A Future Bride
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia
Published: May 2021

The story begins in Venice in the last decade of the fifteenth century with the unhappy marriages of Antonia Bembo, sister of Cardinal Pietro Bembo and mother of Marcella Marcello. Drawing upon Pietro’s abundant correspondence, we learn of unfaithful husbands and faithful wives, the mal francese (syphilis), marriage strategies, dowries, and the special significance of brides in Venice. Marcella is married in 1519 to Gian Matteo Bembo, an up-and-coming young patrician. They start a family in Ca’ Bembo, the family palace at Santa Maria Nova. With the birth of their daughter Giulia in 1531, they establish a bloodline that will run through the book.
A Bitter Bequest
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the turbulent childhood of Girolamo Della Torre, the future husband of Giulia Bembo, in the Patria del Friuli in the first decade of the sixteenth century. Part of Venice’s mainland empire, the Friuli is divided from within by two factions: the Strumieri, a consortium of feudal lords led by Girolamo’s father Alvise I; and the Zamberlani, a populist movement led by Antonio Savorgnan. Alvise I Della Torre and several dozen Strumieri nobles are massacred by Savorgnan partisans in Udine during the Cruel Carnival of 1511. Castles are sacked and palaces burned to the ground. These include the Della Torre castle at Villalta and family palace in Udine. Savorgnan is murdered in revenge, and the vendetta is on, with a bitter bequest of blood and tears that would shape the destiny of Girolamo and the extended Della Torre family.