bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NMDA receptor within nucleus accumbens shell regulates propofol self‐administration through D1R/ERK/CREB signalling pathway
Authors: Li Jiajia , Pan Chi , Huang Bingwu , Qiu Jiani , Jiang Chenchen , Dong Zhanglei , Li Jun , Lian Qingquan , Wu Binbin
Published: May 2024

Addictive properties of propofol have been demonstrated in both humans and animals. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell (NAsh) in the brain, along with the interactions between N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and the dopamine D1 receptor (D1R), as well as their downstream ERK/CREB signalling pathway in the NAc, are integral in regulating reward‐seeking behaviour. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether NMDARs and the NMDAR‐D1R/ERK/CREB signalling pathway in the NAsh are involved in mediating propofol addiction. To investigate it, we conducted experiments with adult male Sprague–Dawley rats to establish a model of propofol self‐administration behaviour. Subsequently, we microinjected D‐AP5 (a competitive antagonist of NMDARs, 1.0–4.0 μg/0.3 μL/site) or vehicle into bilateral NAsh in rats that had previously self‐administered propofol to examine the impact of NMDARs within the NAsh on propofol self‐administration behaviour. Additionally, we examined the protein expressions of NR2A and NR2B subunits, and the D1R/ERK/CREB signalling pathways within the NAc. The results revealed that propofol administration behaviour was enhanced by D‐AP5 pretreatment in NAsh, accompanied by elevated expressions of phosphorylation of NR2A (Tyr1246) and NR2B (Tyr1472) subunits. There were statistically significant increases in the expressions of D1Rs, as well as in the phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p‐ERK1/2) and CREB (p‐CREB). This evidence substantiates a pivotal role of NMDARs in the NAsh, with a particular emphasis on the NR2A and NR2B subunits, in mediating propofol self‐administration behaviour. Furthermore, it suggests that this central reward processing mechanism may operate through the NMDAR‐D1R/ERK/CREB signal transduction pathway.
Loneliness, perceived social support, and their changes predict medical adherence over 12 months among patients with coronary heart disease
Authors: Fan Yunge , Shen Biing‐Jiun , Ho Moon‐Ho Ringo
Published: May 2024

Objectives

This study investigated whether changes in loneliness and perceived social support predicted medical adherence in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) over 12 months. Moreover, short‐term and long‐term buffering effects of social support on the association between loneliness and medical adherence were systematically examined.

Design

A three‐wave longitudinal study.

Methods

Participants were 255 CHD patients with a mean age of 63 years. Medical adherence, loneliness, and perceived social support were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine the influences of loneliness and social support as well as their changes on medical adherence over 12 months. Moderation analyses were performed to test buffering effects of baseline social support and its changes against loneliness and its changes, respectively.

Results

Changes in loneliness significantly predicted medical adherence at 12 months (β = −.23, p = .001) but not at 3 months (β = −.10, p = .142). Changes in social support predicted medical adherence at both 3 (β = .23, p = .002) and 12 months (β = .26, p = .001). Social support concurrently buffered the adverse impact of loneliness on medical adherence (B = .29, SE = .12, p = .020) at baseline but did not at 3 or 12 months (Bs = −.21 to .40, SEs = .12 to .30, ps = .177 to .847).

Conclusions

Findings highlight the importance of monitoring loneliness and perceived social support continuously over time for CHD patients to promote medical adherence.
Metformin: Therapeutic profile in the treatment of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Bailey Clifford J.
Published: May 2024

Metformin (dimethyl‐biguanide) can claim its origins in the use of Galega officinalis as a plant treatment for symptoms ascribed to diabetes. Since the first clinical use of metformin as a glucose‐lowering agent in 1957, this medicine has emerged as a first‐line pharmacological option to support lifestyle interventions in the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D). It acts through multiple cellular pathways, principally in the gut, liver and muscle, to counter insulin resistance and lower blood glucose without weight gain or risk of overt hypoglycaemia. Other effects include improvements in lipid metabolism, decreased inflammation and lower long‐term cardiovascular risk. Metformin is conveniently combined with other diabetes medications, can be prescribed in prediabetes to reduce the risk of progression to T2D, and is used in some regions to assist glycaemic control in pregnancy. Consistent with its diversity of actions, established safety profile and cost‐effectiveness, metformin is being assessed for further possible clinical applications. The use of metformin requires adequate renal function for drug elimination, and may cause initial gastrointestinal side effects, which can be moderated by taking with meals or using an extended‐release formulation. Thus, metformin serves as a valuable therapeutic resource for use throughout the natural history of T2D.
The implementation of national labour legislation in England after the Black Death, 1349–1400
Authors: Bailey Mark
Published: May 2024

The responses of labour markets to global pandemics are attracting renewed interest, although the English labour laws in response to the Black Death of 1348/9 – capping wages, imposing annual contracts, and restricting mobility – have a long and established scholarship. The conventional wisdom is that the legislation represented an extension of existing local practices and created common cause among all categories of employer. Yet this view is hard to reconcile with the fact that, despite subsequent revisions, the legislation soon failed. These arguments are tested through original research into how the legislation was actually enforced in a variety of legal tribunals (manorial, borough, and royal). A clear distinction is maintained between public presentments and private litigation, and a robust methodology is pursued to record their absence as well as quantifying their presence. This casts new light on the novelty of the labour laws, the reasons for their failure, and their influence on contract law. The analysis exemplifies the potential for short‐term legal responses to infectious diseases to have unintended and unanticipated long‐term consequences.
Experiences of verbal violence among people with intellectual disabilities in Israel
Authors: Karni‐Vizer Nirit , Brusilovskiy Eugene , Salzer Mark
Published: May 2024

Background

This study examines the extent of exposure to verbal violence experienced by people with intellectual disabilities and whether it differs based on their housing situation: living in the community, with family, or in a residential facility.

Method

One hundred and eighty‐nine people with intellectual disabilities were interviewed about their experience with verbal violence.

Results

Eighty‐six percent reported experiencing verbal violence in their lifetime and approximately 77% experienced it the past week. Participants were most likely to be yelled at, and friends were the most common perpetrators. While there were few differences by setting, people living with their families were more likely to be laughed at and marginally more likely to experience rude comments.

Conclusions

Verbal violence is prevalent in the lives of people with intellectual disabilities in Israel. Interventions are necessary to assist people with intellectual disabilities to deal with such incidents, with possible additional supports needed for those living with family.
Prior proficiency level matters: The differential impact of erroneous examples in online homework related to decimal number line tasks
Authors: Mínguez‐Pardo Rocío , Del Olmo‐Muñoz Javier , Tirado‐Olivares Sergio , González‐Calero José Antonio
Published: May 2024

Background

The present study delves into the debate surrounding the effectiveness of homework, focusing specifically on the use of online homework in teaching decimal numbers to 5th and 6th grade primary school students. It highlights the challenges students face in representing and identifying decimal numbers, a concept that is often difficult for 5th and 6th graders to grasp.

Objectives

The aim to evaluate the effectiveness of online homework in enhancing understanding of decimal numbers and compare the impact of instructional methodologies based on correct and incorrect examples.

Methods

The research employs an experimental design, comparing the effects of online homework with correct and incorrect examples, assessing how these methodologies influence students' ability to understand and use decimal numbers, especially on a number line.

Results

The results support the overall effectiveness of online homework in improving students' performance in decimal numbers, regardless of their initial level of understanding. Specifically, the study reveals that the type of examples used in homework plays a key role in the effectiveness of learning. Incorrect examples are more beneficial for students with higher prior knowledge, while correct examples are more appropriate for students with lower prior levels.

Conclusions

These outcomes highlight the potential value of online homework in primary education and underline the importance of tailoring educational activities to the individual needs of pupils. The study contributes to the broader conversation about the role of homework in education, suggesting practical ways to optimise online learning experiences for young learners.
Behavioral pathways from sibling relationships in adolescence to romantic partnerships in adulthood
Authors: Masarik April S. , Rogers Christy R.
Published: May 2024

Sibling relationships in adolescence provide rich and relevant socializing opportunities for developing early adult romantic relationships, but much less is known regarding the effect of siblings on future romantic partnerships. Using a prospective, longitudinal design, we investigated the association between observed positive behaviors (warmth, support, positive communication), sibling pairs during adolescence (7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th grades), and the same observed behaviors between adult romantic partners nearly two decades later (M age = 31 years old). In structural equation models (SEMs), we tested four dyadic pathways of interest: (1) individual behavioral continuity; (2) evocative partner effects; (3) sibling modeling; and (4) sibling‐to‐partner matching. In multiple group analyses, we also investigated gendered socialization effects for different sibling dyads (i.e., brother–brother; sister–sister; and mixed‐sex sibling pairs). Results showed strong continuity from adolescent behavior toward their sibling to the same behavior toward their romantic partner in early adulthood, but there was no evidence for sibling modeling effects nor for sibling matching. We also found significant differences between sister–sister sibling dyads compared to brother–brother and mixed‐sex sibling dyads for the evocative pathway. Findings highlight the “long view” of positive adolescent behavior in sibling relationships for shaping future romantic partnerships in adulthood.
Infant growth by INTERGROWTH‐21st and Fenton Growth Charts: Predicting 1‐year anthropometry in South African preterm infants
Authors: Nel Sanja , Feucht Ute Dagmar , Botha Tanita , Wenhold Friedeburg Anna Maria
Published: May 2024

Post‐natal growth influences short‐ and long‐term preterm infant outcomes. Different growth charts, such as the Fenton Growth Chart (FGC) and INTERGROWTH‐21st Preterm Post‐natal Growth Standards (IG‐PPGS), describe different growth curves and targets. This study compares FGC‐ and IG‐PPGS‐derived weight‐for‐postmenstrual age z‐score (WZ) up to 50 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA50) for predicting 1‐year anthropometry in 321 South African preterm infants. The change in WZ from birth to PMA50 (ΔWZ, calculated using FGC and IG‐PPGS) was correlated to age‐corrected 1‐year anthropometric z‐scores for weight‐for‐age (WAZ), length‐for‐age (LAZ), weight‐for‐length (WLZ) and BMI‐for‐age (BMIZ), and categorically compared with rates of underweight (WAZ < −2), stunting (LAZ < −2), wasting (WLZ < −2) and overweight (BMIZ > + 2). Multivariable analyses explored the effects of other early‐life exposures on malnutrition risk. At PMA50, mean WZ was significantly higher on IG‐PPGS (−0.56 ± 1.52) than FGC (−0.90 ± 1.52; p < 0.001), but ΔWZ was similar (IG‐PPGS −0.26 ± 1.23, FGC −0.11 ± 1.14; p = 0.153). Statistically significant ΔWZ differences emerged among small‐for‐gestational age infants (FGC −0.38 ± 1.22 vs. IG‐PPGS −0.01 ± 1.30; p < 0.001) and appropriate‐for‐gestational age infants (FGC + 0.02 ± 1.08, IG‐PPGS −0.39 ± 1.18; p < 0.001). Correlation coefficients of ΔWZ with WAZ, LAZ, WLZ and BMIZ were low (r < 0.45), though higher for FGC than IG‐PPGS. Compared with IG‐PPGS, ΔWZ < −1 on FGC predicted larger percentages of underweight (42% vs. 36%) and wasting (43% vs. 39%) and equal percentages of stunting (33%), while ΔWZ > + 1 predicted larger percentages overweight (57% vs. 38%). Both charts performed similarly in multivariable analysis. Differences between FGC and IG‐PPGS are less apparent when considering ΔWZ, highlighting the importance of assessing growth as change over time, irrespective of growth chart.
Low‐coverage sequencing and Wahlund effect severely bias estimates of inbreeding, heterozygosity and effective population size in North American wolves
Authors: Kardos Marty , Waples Robin S.
Published: May 2024

vonHoldt et al. ((2024), Molecular Ecology, 33, e17231) (vH24) used low‐coverage (average ~ 7X read depth) restriction site‐associated DNA sequence data to estimate individual inbreeding and heterozygosity, and recent effective population size (Ne), in Great Lakes (GL) and Northern Rocky Mountain (RM) wolves. They concluded that RM heterozygosity rapidly declined between 1991 and 2020, and that Ne declined substantially in GL and RM over the last 50 generations. Here, we evaluate the effects of low sequence coverage and sampling strategy on vH24's findings and provide general recommendations for using sequence data to evaluate inbreeding, heterozygosity and Ne. Low‐coverage sequencing resulted in downwardly biased estimates of individual inbreeding and heterozygosity, and an erroneous large temporal decline in RM heterozygosity due to declining read depth through time. Additionally, vH24's sampling strategy–which combined individuals from several genetically differentiated populations and across at least eight wolf generations–is expected to have resulted in severe downward bias in estimates of recent Ne for RM. We recommend using high‐coverage sequence data (15‐20X) to estimate inbreeding and heterozygosity. Carefully filtering individuals, loci and genotypes, and using genotype imputation or likelihoods can help to minimise bias when low‐coverage sequence data must be used. For estimation of contemporary Ne, the marginal benefits of using more than 103−104 loci are small, so aggressive filtering of loci with low average read depth potentially can retain most individuals without sacrificing much precision. Individuals are relatively more valuable than loci because analyses of contemporary Ne should focus on roughly single‐generation samples from local breeding populations.
Algorithmic management and control at work in a manufacturing sector: Workplace regime, union power and shopfloor conflict over digitalisation
Authors: Dupuis Mathieu
Published: May 2024

It is often stated that algorithmic management disrupts control regimes and enables employers to dictate the work effort level. This article argues that control at work must be conceived through inherent tensions in employment relations and contradictions that result from the implementation of technologies in workplaces. Building analytically on two theoretical approaches (workplace regimes and power resources), conflicts over algorithmic management on the shopfloor are conceptualised through structural characteristics of workplaces and strategic factors related to workers' power. To illustrate these tensions, qualitative data is mobilised from a case study of the aluminium industry in Québec (Canada), where algorithmic management was implemented to advance efficiency and intensify work. The main contribution of this article is to highlight the persistence of an ‘embedded control regime,’ which we explain through the structural characteristics of the sector under study (technology, production, and market) and the power resources mobilised by workers and unions. This study advances knowledge of the deployment of algorithmic management beyond the ‘gig economy’ by exploring the avenues through which workers and unions can effectively contest such technologies in the workplace.
Curry, dialectic and the modal ontological argument
Authors: Updike Eric T.
Published: May 2024

A course of dialogical reasoning involving the atheist and the theist reveals a connection between the Curry phenomenon and the step‐wise construction of a sound version of the modal ontological argument. The exercise is both adversarial and cooperative as the participants are committed to the norms of shared truth‐seeking, respect for one's opponents and a desire to continue the dialectic for as long as possible. The theist relies on the interaction between the properties of a Curry‐style sentence and the structure of implication in order to show that the atheist's own commitments imply Anselm's principle (God necessarily exists if He actually exists at all). As Anselm's principle and the possibility premise are the only assumptions required for the modal ontological argument it follows that the theist has, given the norms of the dialogue, a winning strategy against the atheist. This follows since the possibility premise is granted by the atheist as part of their commitment to the norms governing the dialectic though the theist in virtue of those same norms must accept that God is at best maximally perfect in the light of the argument from evil and the Stone paradox.
Reduced tillering and dwarfing genes alter root traits and rhizo‐economics in wheat
Authors: Li Xiaoqing , He Di , White Rosemary G. , Delhaize Emmanuel , Ryan Peter R. , Ingvordsen Cathrine H. , Scafaro Andrew P. , Atkin Owen K. , Wasson Anton , Richards Richard
Published: May 2024

The tiller inhibition (tin) and Reduced height (Rht) genes strongly influence the carbon partitioning and architecture of wheat shoots, but their effects on the energy economy of roots have not been examined in detail. We examined multiple root traits in three sets of near‐isogenic wheat lines (NILs) that differ in the tin gene or various dwarfing gene alleles (Rht‐B1b, Rht‐D1b, Rht‐B1c and Rht‐B1b + Rht‐D1b) to determine their effects on root structure, anatomy and carbon allocation. The tin gene resulted in fewer tillers but more costly roots in an extreme tin phenotype with a Banks genetic background due to increases in root‐to‐shoot ratio, total root length, and whole root respiration. However, this effect depended on the genetic background as tin caused both smaller shoots and roots in a different genetic background. The semi‐dwarf gene Rht‐B1b caused few changes to the root structure, whereas Rht‐D1b, Rht‐B1c and the double dwarf (Rht‐B1b + Rht‐D1b) decreased the root biomass. Rht‐B1c reduced the energy cost of roots by increasing specific root length, increasing the volume of cortical aerenchyma and by reducing root length, number, and biomass without affecting the root‐to‐shoot ratio. This work informs researchers using tin and Rht genes how to modify root system architecture to suit specific environments.
Apple‐arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis confers resistance to Fusarium solani by inducing defense response and elevating nitrogen absorption
Authors: Wang Mei , Xiang Li , Tang Weixiao , Chen Xuesen , Li Chuanrong , Yin Chengmiao , Mao Zhiquan
Published: May 2024

Fusarium solani exerts detrimental effects on plant growth, which is one of the reasons for the incidence of apple replant disease. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance plant resistance to Fusarium wilt; however, the mechanism remains poorly understood. Therefore, the present study investigated the symbiosis between apple and AMF and explored the physiology, especially nitrate metabolism, antioxidant defense, and photosynthetic performance, when infected by F. solani. The experiment was carried out with four treatments, namely −AMF − F. solani, −AMF + F. solani, −AMF + F. solani, and + AMF + F. solani. In this study, the −AMF + F. solani treatment increased the activity of enzymes associated with nitrogen metabolism, such as the nitrate and nitrite reductases, in the apple root system. The +AMF + F. solani treatment showed higher antioxidant enzyme activities than the −AMF + F. solani by F. solani infection. The apple seedlings of the +AMF + F. solani treatment decreased reactive oxygen accumulation and reduced the oxidative damages triggered by F. solani infection. The improvement in antioxidant capacity due to the +AMF + F. solani treatment was closely associated with the upregulation of genes related to the antioxidant system. The F. solani infection greatly damaged the photosynthetic process, while the +AMF + F. solani treatment significantly improved it compared to the −AMF + F. solani treatment. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that the apple‐AMF symbiosis plays an active role in regulating the resistance against F. solani infection by enhancing defense response and nitrogen metabolism.
A meta‐analysis of the association between teacher support and school engagement
Authors: Vargas‐Madriz Luis Francisco , Konishi Chiaki , Wong Tracy K.
Published: May 2024

School engagement is a multidimensional concept describing how students behave, feel, and think. Previous meta‐analyses suggest that school engagement may be underpinned by specific aspects of teacher support. However, given that school engagement is also multifaceted, it is important to examine how each aspect of school engagement is related to different aspects of teacher support. Thus, a meta‐analysis was conducted to ascertain the magnitude of the association between different domains of teacher support and various dimensions of school engagement. We also considered the moderating roles of study (e.g., study design) and sample characteristics (e.g., school level). Of the 1249 studies identified from three databases, 141 studies (i.e., 525,129 students) met the inclusion criteria. Results indicated that teacher support was positively associated with school engagement, but the magnitude of this association differed depending on which aspects of teacher support and school engagement were examined. Significant moderating effects were evident for sample language discrepancy (i.e., discrepancy between the language spoken by the student at home and in school), school level, sex, study design, and informants. Current findings emphasize a need to adopt a comprehensive approach when examining teacher support and school engagement. Findings also suggest the importance of fostering an emotionally supportive school context to promote school engagement among students. Implications for educational research and practice are discussed.
Equine intervertebral disc disease with dorsal protrusion and spinal cord compression: A computed tomography, myelography, MRI, and histopathologic case study
Authors: Mól Michał , Garrett Katherine , Ruby Rebecca , Janes Jennifer , Reed Stephen
Published: May 2024

A 3‐year‐old American Saddlebred gelding presented for progressive tetraparesis, ataxia, and cervical hyperaesthesia. Radiographic myelography identified spinal cord compression at C6‐7 in neutral, extended, and flexed positions and at C4‐5 in the flexed position. CT myelography and postmortem MRI identified severe vertebral canal stenosis/compression at C6‐7. MRI further identified severe intervertebral disc herniation at C6‐7 with intramedullary changes. Disc protrusion was confirmed macroscopically at postmortem. Lesions consistent with compressive myelopathy were confirmed microscopically at C6‐7. This is the first report of equine disc protrusion and myelocompression confirmed by multiple advanced imaging modalities and postmortem examination.
Philippine Englishes in the Sino‐Philippine Lannang context
Authors: Gonzales Wilkinson Daniel Wong
Published: May 2024

This article explores the relationship between Philippine English and the Lannangs, individuals with Filipino and Southern Chinese cultural heritage. It highlights the multifaceted nature of this English variety by discussing how it interacts with non‐English languages in contemporary Lannang communities located in Manila, Iloilo and Cebu. Using corpus data from 10 Lannang linguistic varieties used in these areas, I found that Philippine English has assumed three primary linguistic roles (that of a lexifier, a substrate and a lexical contributor)—dynamic roles that are conditioned by the (sociohistorical) context, domain of use and conventions of the specific community. In conjunction with existent accounts of non‐Lannang Philippine English(es), my findings justify complexity‐based representations or models of Philippine English that has multiple levels (degrees of English influence) and centres (ethno‐regional context) that interact with each other across different planes (e.g. social), such as the concentric‐pluricentric interactional‐interplanar (CPII) model proposed in this paper. They problematize and challenge the notion of a monolithic Manila‐based ‘Philippine English.’ The proposed model presents a framework/blueprint for analyzing English in multilingual settings.
Entre la hybris y la república: crítica decolonial y transmodernidad en el pensamiento de Santiago Castro-Gómez
Authors: Cajigas Juan Camilo , Flórez Flórez María Juliana , López Carlos Arturo , Millán Brusslan Elizabeth , Deutscher Penelope , Martínez Velasco Cintia , Deere Don Thomas , Hernández Salgar Óscar , Landerreche Cardillo Paula , Ríos Acuña Julián , Villacañas José Luis , Chirolla Gustavo , Cortés Ramírez Hernán Alejandro , Castro Orellana Rodrigo , Vallega Alejandro A. , Castro-Gómez Santiago
Published: May 2024

Entre la hybris y la República celebra los más de veinticinco años de publicación continua del ﬁlósofo colombiano Santiago Castro-Gómez. En lugar de resaltar al “gran autor”, doce de sus compañeros de viaje destacan en este libro los procesos intelectuales creativos que sus textos han suscitado en diversos campos del saber académico contemporáneo. Esta mirada panorámica cubre desde sus investigaciones sobre la ﬁlosofía latinoamericana y los estudios culturales hasta sus preguntas actuales por el republicanismo transmoderno —sobre el cual Castro-Gómez hace algunas reﬂexiones al ﬁnal de este libro—, pasando por sus investigaciones históricas sobre la Ilustración neogranadina y la conﬁguración del capitalismo en Bogotá y Medellín. Esta serie de textos también muestra apropiaciones creativas de sus reﬂexiones y apuestas metodológicas, así como puntos de tensión a lo largo de su obra, que, en deﬁnitiva, son una invitación a la labor político-académica de seguir moviendo el pensamiento.
Electronic-grade epitaxial (111) KTaO
3
heterostructures
Authors: Kim Jieun , Yu Muqing , Lee Jung-Woo , Shang Shun-Li , Kim Gi-Yeop , Pal Pratap , Seo Jinsol , Campbell Neil , Eom Kitae , Ramachandran Ranjani , Rzchowski Mark S. , Oh Sang Ho , Choi Si-Young , Liu Zi-Kui , Levy Jeremy , Eom Chang-Beom
Published: May 2024

KTaO
3
heterostructures have recently attracted attention as model systems to study the interplay of quantum paraelectricity, spin-orbit coupling, and superconductivity. However, the high and low vapor pressures of potassium and tantalum present processing challenges to creating heterostructure interfaces clean enough to reveal the intrinsic quantum properties. Here, we report superconducting heterostructures based on high-quality epitaxial (111) KTaO
3
thin films using an adsorption-controlled hybrid PLD to overcome the vapor pressure mismatch. Electrical and structural characterizations reveal that the higher-quality heterostructure interface between amorphous LaAlO
3
and KTaO
3
thin films supports a two-dimensional electron gas with substantially higher electron mobility, superconducting transition temperature, and critical current density than that in bulk single-crystal KTaO
3
-based heterostructures. Our hybrid approach may enable epitaxial growth of other alkali metal–based oxides that lie beyond the capabilities of conventional methods.
Gametes of semelparous salmon are repeatedly produced by surrogate rainbow trout
Authors: Yoshizaki Goro , Fujihara Ryo , Namura Shun , Kanzaka Koji , Kamiya Kenji , Terasawa Madoka , Shimamori Shotaro , Moriya Natsuko , Miwa Misako , Hayashi Makoto
Published: May 2024

Most Pacific salmon species grow in the ocean, return to their native rivers to reproduce, and then die (semelparous type). However, rainbow trout survive after spawning and reproduce repeatedly until the end of their lives (iteroparous type). Little is known about how germline stem cells behave during gametogenesis in the two types of Pacific salmon. In this study, we show that all germline stem cells disappear after the first gametogenesis in Chinook and Kokanee salmon, whereas germline stem cells are maintained in rainbow trout. However, the germline stem cells of Chinook and Kokanee salmon transplanted into rainbow trout survive even after their spawning seasons and supply salmon gametes for multiple years. These results indicate that the behavior of the germline stem cells is mainly regulated by the somatic environment.
Crystal plane orientation-dependent surface atom diffusion in sub–10-nm Au nanocrystals
Authors: Jiang Junnan , Chu Shufen , Zhang Yin , Sun Guangbin , Jin Junhui , Zeng Xiaoqin , Chen Mingwei , Liu Pan
Published: May 2024

Surface atom diffusion is a ubiquitous phenomenon in nanostructured metals with ultrahigh surface-to-volume ratios. However, the fundamental atomic mechanism of surface atom diffusion remains elusive. Here, we report in situ atomic-scale observations of surface pressure–driven atom diffusion in gold nanocrystals at room temperature using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy with a high-speed detection camera. The topmost layer of atoms on (001) plane initially diffuse in a column-by-column manner. As diffusion proceeds, the remaining atomic columns collectively inject into adjacent underlayer, accompanied by nucleation of a surface dislocation. In comparison, atoms on (111) plane directly diffuse to the base without collective injection. Quantitative calculations indicate that these crystal plane orientation-dependent atom diffusion behaviors contribute to the larger diffusion coefficient of (111) plane compared to (001) plane in addition to the effect of diffusion activation energy. Our findings provide valuable insights into atomic mechanisms of diffusion-dominant morphology evolution of nanostructured metals and guide the design of nanostructured materials with enhanced structural stability.
NUDCD3
deficiency disrupts V(D)J recombination to cause SCID and Omenn syndrome
Authors: Chen Rui , Lukianova Elena , van der Loeff Ina Schim , Spegarova Jarmila Stremenova , Willet Joseph D.P. , James Kieran D. , Ryder Edward J. , Griffin Helen , IJspeert Hanna , Gajbhiye Akshada , Lamoliatte Frederic , Marin-Rubio Jose L. , Woodbine Lisa , Lemos Henrique , Swan David J. , Pintar Valeria , Sayes Kamal , Ruiz-Morales Elias R. , Eastham Simon , Dixon David , Prete Martin , Prigmore Elena , Jeggo Penny , Boyes Joan , Mellor Andrew , Huang Lei , van der Burg Mirjam , Engelhardt Karin R. , Stray-Pedersen Asbjørg , Erichsen Hans Christian , Gennery Andrew R. , Trost Matthias , Adams David J. , Anderson Graham , Lorenc Anna , Trynka Gosia , Hambleton Sophie
Published: May 2024

Inborn errors of T cell development present a pediatric emergency in which timely curative therapy is informed by molecular diagnosis. In 11 affected patients across four consanguineous kindreds, we detected homozygosity for a single deleterious missense variant in the gene NudC domain–containing 3 (
NUDCD3
)
.
Two infants had severe combined immunodeficiency with the complete absence of T and B cells (T
 -
B
-
SCID), whereas nine showed classical features of Omenn syndrome (OS). Restricted antigen receptor gene usage by residual T lymphocytes suggested impaired V(D)J recombination. Patient cells showed reduced expression of NUDCD3 protein and diminished ability to support RAG-mediated recombination in vitro, which was associated with pathologic sequestration of RAG1 in the nucleoli. Although impaired V(D)J recombination in a mouse model bearing the homologous variant led to milder immunologic abnormalities, NUDCD3 is absolutely required for healthy T and B cell development in humans.
Large atypical lipomatous tumour of the neck with mediastinal extension managed by transcervical excision
Authors: Devaraja K , Aggarwal Shruti , Pillai Suresh , Singh Brij Mohan Kumar
Published: May 2024

Tumours of adipose tissue origin are relatively rare in the head and neck. Here, we report a case of an unfamiliar lipomatous lesion that involved the neck and mediastinum. A nil-comorbid man in his 40s presented with a slowly progressive anterior neck swelling of 3 years, which was diagnosed as lipoma by histopathological sampling. Computed tomography demonstrated the lesion to be involving parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal spaces with mediastinal extension. The lesion was removed by the transcervical approach. The final histology of the excised specimen, with immunohistochemistry for mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) and p16, suggested an atypical lipomatous tumour (ALT). This report accentuates the occurrence of this rare neoplasm in the neck, which often mimics lipoma clinically. Although radiology can demonstrate suggestive features, histology with MDM2 and/or p16 positivity can confirm the diagnosis of ALT as against the lipoma. A successful transcervical excision, despite the deeper extension of the lesion between the critical structures of the neck and mediastinum, demonstrates the non-infiltrating nature of the tumour.
Quality improvement project to improve adherence to lung protective ventilation guidelines
Authors: Harriman Adam , Butler Katrina , Parekh Dhruv , Weblin Jonathan
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Lung protective ventilation (LPV) is advocated for all patients requiring mechanical ventilation (MV), for any duration of time, to prevent worsening lung injury. Previous studies proved simple interventions can increase awareness of LPV and disease pathophysiology as well as improve adherence to LPV guidelines.

Objective

To assess the impact of a multi-component LPV quality improvement project (QIP) on adherence to LPV guidelines.

Methods

Tidal volume data for all patients requiring MV at a large, tertiary UK critical care unit were collected retrospectively over 3, 6 months, Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles between September 2019 and August 2022. These cycles included the sequential implementation of LPV reports, bedside whiteboards and targeted education led by a multispecialty working group.

Main outcome measure

Adherence against predetermined targets of <5% of MV hours spent at >10 mL/kg predicted body weight (PBW) and >75% of MV hours spent <8 mL/kg PBW for all patients requiring MV.

Results

408 949 hours (17 040 days) of MV data were analysed. Improved LPV adherence was demonstrated throughout the QIP. During mandated MV, time spent >10 mL/kg PBW reduced from 7.65% of MV hours to 4.04% and time spent <8 mL/kg PBW improved from 68.86% of MV hours to 71.87% following the QIP. During spontaneous MV, adherence improved with a reduction in time spent >10 mL/kg PBW from baseline to completion (13.2% vs 6.75%) with increased time spent <8 mL/kg PBW (62.74% vs 72.25%). Despite demonstrating improvements in adherence, we were unable to achieve success in all our predetermined targets.

Conclusion

This multicomponent intervention including the use of LPV reports, bedside whiteboards and education improves adherence to LPV guidelines. More robust data analysis of reasons for non-adherence to our predetermined targets is required to guide future interventions that may allow further improvement in adherence to LPV guidelines.
Texture identification in liquid crystal-protein droplets using evaporative drying, generalized additive modeling, and K-means Clustering
Authors: Pal Anusuya , Gope Amalesh
Published: May 2024

Sessile drying droplets manifest distinct morphological patterns, encompassing diverse systems, viz., DNA, proteins, blood, and protein-liquid crystal (LC) complexes. This study employs an integrated methodology that combines drying droplet, image texture analysis (features from First Order Statistics, Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix, Gray Level Run Length Matrix, Gray Level Size Zone Matrix, and Gray Level Dependence Matrix), and statistical data analysis (Generalized Additive Modeling and K-means clustering). It provides a comprehensive qualitative and quantitative exploration by examining LC-protein droplets at varying initial phosphate buffered concentrations (0x, 0.25x, 0.5x, 0.75x, and 1x) during the drying process under optical microscopy with crossed polarizing configuration. Notably, it unveils distinct LC-protein textures across three drying stages: initial, middle, and final. The Generalized Additive Modeling (GAM) reveals that all the features significantly contribute to differentiating LC-protein droplets. Integrating the K-means clustering method with GAM analysis elucidates how textures evolve through the three drying stages compared to the entire drying process. Notably, the final drying stage stands out with well-defined, non-overlapping clusters, supporting the visual observations of unique LC textures. Furthermore, this paper contributes valuable insights, showcasing the efficacy of drying droplets as a rapid and straightforward tool for characterizing and classifying dynamic LC textures.

Graphical Abstract
Common Fallacies in Speaking and Writing … and What to Do about Them
Authors: Yaffe Philip
Published: May 2024

Each "Communication Corner" essay is self-contained; however, they build on each other. For best results, before reading this essay and doing the exercise, go to the first essay "How an Ugly Duckling Became a Swan," then read each succeeding essay.

Expository (non-fiction) speaking and writing are almost always about trying to affect the audience's opinion or perception of something. The best communicators do so by presenting logical explanations supported by verifiable facts. Less diligent communicators do so by presenting logically fallible explanations supported by questionable facts. Sadly, they often do so not because they are dishonest, but rather it is because they themselves are unaware that this is what they are doing.
Detecting heart failure from B-mode ultrasound characterization of arterial pulse waves
Authors: Reavette Ryan M. , Ramakrishnan Anenta , Rowland Ethan M. , Tang Meng-Xing , Mayet Jamil , Weinberg Peter D.
Published: May 2024

We show that heart failure with reduced ejection fraction can be detected with excellent sensitivity and specificity in individual patients by using B-mode ultrasound to detect altered pulse wave intensity and timing in the carotid artery.
Effects of Combining Microwave with Infrared Energy on the Drying Kinetics and Technofunctional Properties of Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato
Authors: Kgonothi Daddy , Mehlomakulu Nwabisa N. , Emmambux M. Naushad
Published: May 2024

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of oven, microwave (MW), and infrared (IR) drying technology on the drying kinetics, physicochemical properties, and β-carotene retention of the dried orange-fleshed sweet potato flour (OFSP). Fresh OFSP slices were dried in an oven (40°C), MW (80 W), IR (250 W), MW-IR (80 W+250 W), and freeze-drying (-45°C, 100 kPa) and milled into flour. Hot air at a constant temperature was applied to all thermal drying technologies (40°C, 4.5 m/s air velocity). The drying rate of the MW-IR drying method was the fastest (45 min), followed by MW (60 min), IR (120 min), and oven (180 min). The Page model was most suitable for the oven-drying method, the Lewis model for IR drying, and Henderson and Pabis for IR and Logarithmic for the MW-IR method. The pasting and thermal properties of the flours were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by the different drying methods. However, IR- and MW-IR-dried flours showed a higher final viscosity when compared to other drying methods. MW-IR drying methods, IR, and MW showed a higher water solubility index, while the oven and freeze-drying methods showed a lower solubility index. MW-IR drying methods showed a higher retention of β-carotene (85.06%). MW also showed a higher retention of β-carotene (80.46%), followed by IR (66.04%), while oven and freeze-drying methods showed a lower retention of β-carotene. High β-carotene retention in the produced flour is due to the faster drying method, and these flours can be used in food-to-food fortification to address vitamin A deficiency.
Neuroprotective Effect of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi in Spinal Cord Neuron Injury during H2O2-Mediated Oxidative Stress
Authors: Lee Junseon , Kim Hyunseong , Jeon Wan-Jin , Yeo Changhwan , Kim Hyun , Hong Jin Young , Baek Seung Ho , Lee Yoon Jae , Ha In-Hyuk
Published: May 2024

Oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage is a significant factor contributing to spinal cord injury. Although previous research has shown that Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (FLL) has neuroprotective benefits in SH-SY5Y, BV2, and PC12 cells, its impact on primary spinal cord neurons, which more accurately reflect the characteristics of central nervous system neurons, remains unexplored. This research investigated how FLL can protect rat primary spinal cord neurons from injury triggered by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-mediated oxidative stress. Cell viability, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway, and mitochondrial superoxide were assessed. Rat primary spinal cord neurons were not adversely affected by concentrations of FLL extract up to 100 μg/mL. Furthermore, FLL extract showed a significant protective effect against H2O2-induced neuronal toxicity at 10–100 μg/mL. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis revealed that FLL extract inhibited H2O2-induced ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner. Immunocytochemistry and gene expression analysis confirmed that FLL extract reduced the overexpression of iNOS induced by H2O2 and enhanced the stimulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, crucial for antioxidant responses. In conclusion, FLL extract demonstrated neuroprotective effects on rat primary spinal cord neurons against the oxidative stress induced by H2O2. FLL extract effectively preserved cell viability, reduced ROS generation, suppressed iNOS overexpression, and activated the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway. These results highlight the capacity of FLL extract as a neuroprotective agent against oxidative stress-related spinal neuron damage.
Family Self-Support in Managing Down Syndrome Children: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Noroozi Farzaneh , Farrar Zohreh , Gharibi Tayebeh , Gashmard Roqayeh
Published: May 2024

Background and Aim. Down syndrome (DS) is the most common reason for disabilities caused by genetic disorders. Due to the special nature of this disease and the special needs of children with Down syndrome, they are required to receive their families’ support. Therefore, the recognition of their problems and needs and also the alternatives for resolving them and promoting their life quality are very useful. Also, since very limited qualitative studies have been conducted, it seems necessary to design a qualitative study. Method. This qualitative study was conducted by the content analysis method and through purposeful sampling method with the participation of 26 participants including 15 mothers, 6 fathers, 3 sisters, and 2 brothers of DS children in 2022-2023. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Findings. Using the content analysis method of Graneheim and Lundman (2004), the main theme was “Family self-supporting in protecting Down syndrome children.” The subthemes were seven including “trying to find information-support resources,” “Giving importance to child’s health,” “religious beliefs of the family,” “child moral education, helping to child’s relative self-support,” “developing familial support,” and “developing child’s social interactions.” Conclusion and Recommendations. The findings of this study showed that family is the main source of fulfilling the needs of children and their life challenges through using efficient self-support methods. This study introduced family self-support methods in terms of DS children in a way that other families can also manage the problems of their children more efficiently. The present study can be used by trustees of DS to support them and their families. Considering the existence of many problems in children with Down syndrome and the involvement of families, it is suggested that policymakers and community health managers provide the basis for receiving services and social support. For example, it is possible to strengthen the screening systems in the country to diagnose the disease on time and take quick action to solve this problem. Also, by increasing the health insurance coverage and fair distribution of the support resources needed by these people, it promoted the quality of life for them and their families. Also, health policymakers in Iran can take action to increase life expectancy and reduce deaths caused by DS by improving the equitable distribution of health resources and services. Also, public policies should enhance supportive intermediation for prevention and life quality promotion and also decrease health challenges. They are also supposed to lessen the costs of health care. Furthermore, to support social organizations, health service providers and researchers should consider the development of intermediations for the health enhancing and life quality promoting of DS children.
Foot, Toe, and Nail Changes: Are They Interdependent?
Authors: Haneke Eckart
Published: May 2024

Introduction: The toes are the distal extension of the foot increasing its weight-bearing area and the security of the stance. The nails are the acral part of the toes and are so intimately linked with the distal interphalangeal joint, its ligaments, and tendons that they were also called musculoskeletal appendages. The big toe is of particular importance for gait and stance. Anatomic alterations of the foot and toe lead to pathological changes of the nails, both directly as well as indirectly. Methods: The author evaluated the clinical photographs of 1,663 patients examined for toenail conditions. Results: It was found that a normal straight axis of the first ray of metatarsal and phalanx bones occurred in less than 10% of the patients with hallux valgus and hallux valgus interphalangeus being extremely frequent. The commonest nail changes observed were compression nail (n = 247), ingrown nail (196), onychomycosis (192), disappeared nail bed (191), congenital malalignment (118), pincer nails (118), and nail overcurvature (114). The most frequent foot-toe abnormalities were hallux valgus (775) and hallux valgus interphalangeus (1,277). Conclusion: Although a direct causal relationship is hard to prove it was realized that most of the nail changes were associated with foot and toe abnormalities. The study reveals that assessing toenail changes requires examination of the entire foot, best in relaxed, standing, and walking conditions.