bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical investigation of vortex Gaussian beams focusing along the axis of the crystal
Authors: Khonina S. N. , Volotovsky S. G. , Ustinov A.V. , Krasnov A. P.
Published: July 2015

In this paper we investigate analytically and numerically sharp focusing of uniformly polarized laser Gaussian beams with a vortex phase along the axis of an anisotropic crystal. Two models are used for the analysis: geometrical optics, implemented in the software product ZEMAX, and wave optics based on the expansion in plane waves. An analytical expression is obtained in the frame of nonparaxial wave optics for a complex amplitude in focusing a vortex Gaussian beam in an anisotropic medium. It is shown that when focusing is weak ordinary and extraordinary beams are mixed and the beam formed has a mixed "spiral" type of polarization. In case of sharp focusing two focuses corresponding to the ordinary and extraordinary beams are formed along the crystal axis. If a first-order vortex phase is present in an incident beam with circular polarization cylindrical vector distributions with azimuthal polarization for the ordinary beam and those with radial polarization for the extraordinary beam occur in these focuses. Analytical calculations are illustrated by the results of numerical simulation. Both the intensity distribution for components of the generated laser fields and their polarization states are shown in detail. The studies completed are useful for the development of devices that perform polarization conversion.
Correlation between science and worldview in the light of M. Heidegger’s fundamental ontology
Authors: Demin I. V.
Published: July 2015

The article clarifies the correlation between science, philosophy and worldview in the light of M.Heideggers fundamental ontology. Theworldview, according to Heidegger, is a way of self-understanding and self-interpretation of man in the modern (modern European) science. Both worldview and private sciences have a positive character. That means that ideology, like private sciences, deals with things and not with existence. The question of worldview (the correlation between philosophy and worldview) is essential for the institutional identity of phenomenological philosophy as such. The author shows that the specific character and originality of Heidegger's philosophical project (fundamental ontology) is largely connected with a consistent and essentialdistinction between philosophy and worldview. The relation of the phenomenon of worldview with humanism and anthropocentrism is explained. According to Heidegger, humanism and anthropocentrism are part of any worldview, worldview as such, not only a certain type of worldview. The meaning of Heideggers disidentification of the concepts of essence (Seiende) and object (Gegenstand) for fundamental ontology in general and the interpretation of ideology and science in particular is identified. It is established that, as a rule, Heidegger understands science not as the totality of positive sciences (sciences of the essence), and not as a special type of perception, but as the dimension of the being of essence and the way of entity of essence, that was established and became dominant in European culture of themodern age.
Dilemas en las ciencias sociales
Authors: Bartra Roger
Published: July 2015

A partir de su amplia, larga y exitosa carrera académica, el autor presenta una serie de reflexiones sobre las ciencias sociales dirigidas principalmente a quienes se inician en su estudio. En particular, aborda los dilemas a que se enfrentan quienes transitan por temas o puntos de vista que los colocan al margen, en la periferia o en las fronteras lejanas. Para ello presenta a un personaje imaginario, un/una estudiante de ciencias sociales buscando un espacio para satisfacer su curiosidad y aliviar el sentimiento de que se encuentra descolocado/a en un mundo académico que no acaba de entender ni de aceptar.AbstractBased on his ample, long and successful professional experience, the author presents a series of reflections on the social sciences aimed at those who begin their studies. It deals, in particular, with the dilemmas faced by students at the periphery, in the margins, or at the frontiers of the social sciences. For that purpose, he creates an imagined student in search of a space to satisfy his/her curiosity and to soothe the feelings of uneasiness that arise from an academic world difficult to understand and accept.
Oxygen Demand of Fresh and Stored Sulfide Solutions and Sulfide‐Rich Constructed Wetland Effluent
Authors: Chan Carolyn , Farahbakhsh Khosrow
Published: July 2015

This study investigated the contribution of hydrogen sulfide to biological oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater effluents, and documented the effect of storage times and conditions on the BOD5 and COD of pH‐adjusted sodium sulfide solutions as well as graywater wetland effluent. Initial COD measurements of sulfide solutions were 84‐89% of the theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD), 1.996 mg O2/mg S, whereas unseeded BOD5 measurements were 55‐77%. For sulfide solutions, all storage conditions led to declines of >15% (COD, BOD5), and >31% (sulfide). For wetland effluent, storage without headspace was effective in reducing COD losses (3.7%), compared to storage with headspace (17%), and affected changes in turbidity, UVA‐254 and pH. The results suggest that storage times and conditions should be controlled and reported when reporting BOD5 and COD of sulfide‐rich samples. Wetland models representing sulfate reduction as a method of COD removal may need to be reconsidered.
Radical hysterectomy in surgical treatment of invasive cervical cancer at the Department of gynecology and obstetrics in Novi Sad in the period 1993-2013.
Authors: Djurdjevic Srdjan , Stojanovic Sanja , Pantelic Milos , Nikolic Dragan , Basta-Nikolic Marijana , Mocko-Kacanski Mihaela
Published: July 2015

Introduction. During the period from 1993 - 2013, 175 women with invasive
cervical cancer underwent radical hysterectomy sec. Wertheim-Meigs at the
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Center of Vojvodina in
Novi Sad. Indications for radical hysterectomy comprise histopathologically
confirmed invasive cervical cancer in stages I B 1 - II B according to the
International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Material and Methods.
Stage of the disease or extent of the disease spread to the adjacent
structures was assessed in accordance with the International Federation of
Gynecology and Obstetrics staging system from 2009. Exclusion criteria were
all other stages of this disease: I A and stages higher than II B, as well
as the absence of definite histological confirmation of the cervical cancer
(primary endometrial or vaginal cancer which infiltrates the uterine
cervix). Prior the operation, the following had to be done: the imaging of
pelvis and abdomen, chest X-ray in two directions, electrocardiography,
internist and anesthesiological examination. Results. The patients? age
ranged from 24-79 years (x : 46 years), and the operation duration was
120-300 minutes (x : 210 min.). Stage I B 1 was found in 64.6% of operated
patients, 14.8% of the patients were in stage I B 2, 9.1% were in stage II A
and 11.4 % were in stage II B. Blood loss during the operation ranged from
50-800 ml (on average 300 ml), and the number of removed lymph nodes per
operation was 14-75 (x : 32). Intraoperative and postoperative complications
developed in 6.8% of and 17.7% of patients, respectively. Recurrence was
reported in 22 (12.5%) patients, most often in paraaortic lymph nodes (3.4%)
and parametria (2.8%), while the overall 5-year survival rate was 87% until
2008. Concluision. Wertheim-Meigs radical hysterectomy is a basic surgical
technique for the treatment of initial stages of invasive cervical cancer.
Depressive disorders in student population - comparative study conducted in 2007 and 2014
Authors: Joksimovic-Knjisa Ivana , Marinkovic Lada , Cobrda Natasa
Published: July 2015

Introduction. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of
depressive symptomatology and its distinctive manifestations in student
population in the interval of 7 years. Material and Methods. A sample of 790
students from the University of Novi Sad was asked questions about
depression by means of the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 in 2007 and 2014.
Results. The results show that the frequency of depression in student
population ranges from 12.4% to 16.5%. Comparing the samples, in 2014 there
were more mildly and severely depressed students, while the number of
moderately depressed students was significantly lower. Suicidal thoughts
were present in about 32% to 45% of depressive students and in about 7% of
the total sample. The higher presence of depression was confirmed among
female students in both study samples. Conclusion. The percentage of
depressed students is stable over time. Symptomatology is very specific and
suicidal thoughts are present in a great number of depressed students.
Therefore, early diagnosis is essential.
Diagnosis of osteoporosis occurring in autoimmune thyroid gland disease
Authors: Radojkovic Ivan , Radojkovic Jana , Djurica Snezana
Published: July 2015

Osteoporosis or porotic bone is a general, systemic bone disease, which is
manifested by fracture as its consequence. The main characteristic of this
disease is the loss of bone microarchitecture, bone mass reduction, and its
increased fragility. The result, thereof, is susceptibility to fracture.
Etiology of osteoporosis is polymorph. Its socio-medical importance is
enormous, since there is one osteoporotic fracture every 20 sec. worldwide.
Million and six hundred thousand osteoporotic fractures occur annualy
throughout the world. Thyroid gland is susceptible to autoimmune reactions
that lead to autoimmune diseases, just like many other organs. The autoimmune
disorder is a final consequence of a failure, in some instance, within the
crucial mechanism of regulation of self tissue tolerance. The main goal is to
prove the presence of osteoporosis, its inexpensive and quick diagnostics; to
make a distinction among the causes that lead to it. Inaddition, to indicate
the importance of osteoporosis that is caused by normal, metabolic processes
which are an inevitable part of ageing. Diagnosis of osteoporosis can be done
through laboratory, which is a tiresome, time consuming task. Measurements of
BMD could be also performed by using new devices. Osteometers could be
constructed on the basis of X-ray photon energy or US. Utilization most
contemporary one uses laser beam, and it approximates the distance of
additional tissue that also absorbs part of energy changing absorption of the
reception unit and thus making the measurement results accurate. In
diagnosing BMD by osteometer, one faces with certain difficulties. When axial
quantitative CT is used, the value may be falsely lower, because of the loss
of energy absorbed by aorta which is often calcified in elderly people. In
devices with transversal scanning, of the same nature and technology, a part
of the energy is being absorbed by transversal and spinal vertebrals. After
the research, one may conclude that the most accurate results can not be
achieved. But, this is not considered so important. Values that are to be
compared are available anyway. Therapy, if adequate, will show certain
improvement which can not be detected even by osteometers. Following the
physiatrist treatment, particularly by exercise of muscle strength, the
muscle structure will be enhanced and, consequently, a part of pressure will
be handled, which would be otherwise taken over by the bone. The movements of
the patients will be better in coordinated, which undoubtedly reduces the
number of falls and fractures.Results of the research that was conducted at
the Clinical Hospital Centre ?Dr. Dragisa Misovic? in Belgrade, with over 200
cases, two years, are compatible with literature data. Working with MediTech
osteometer DTU ONE that uses ultrasound source in demineralized medium, with
indispensable US gel, on constant temperatures, yielded results corresponding
to those in patients that were treated by Bisphosphonates, Alphacalcidol and
Calcium therapy.
Autoimmune haemopoietic disturbances simultaneous with autoimmune thyroid diseases
Authors: Rajic Miodrag , Djurica Snezana , Milosevic Dragoslav , Markovic Natasa
Published: July 2015

Out of 362 patients with diagnosis of autoimmune haemopathy treated in
eight-year period at the Hematology centre, concomitant autoimmune
thyreoideopathy was confirmed in 22 (5.52%). The most frequent was
simultaneous manifestation of pernicious anemia and autoimmune thyreoiditis-
Phenomenon was less frequently observed in patients with immune
thrombocytopenic purpura and Graves disease. In the subgroup of patients with
autoimmune hemolytic anemia, there was no evidence of simultaneous autoimmune
thyreoideopathy. General opinion is that etiopathogenesis of these
immunological disorders does not include unique mechanism of humoral and
cellular immune response; more probable, it is the question of normal immune
response regulation impairment, based on the paerticular genetic
predisposition.
Therapeutic use of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents
Authors: Grbovic Leposava , Radenkovic Miroslav
Published: July 2015

Pharmacotherapy of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is complex. Apart from
the replacement hormone therapy, antithyroid agents, beta adrenoceptor
blockers and other drugs, in regard to the present symptoms, it also includes
the administration of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents.
Physiological actions of glucocorticoids are significant in number, well
known and described in details. The most prominent pharmacological properties
of glucocorticoids, that are important for their clinical use, are
antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive actions. In this article, the most
notable clinical pharmacology aspects of glucocorticoids have been presented,
including the basic principles of their therapeutic use, as well as the most
important indications with the examples of dosing regiments (rheumatic
disorders, renal diseases, allergic reactions, bronchial asthma,
gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases, thrombocytopenia, organ
transplantation, and Graves? ophthalmopathy). In addition, adverse and toxic
effects of glucocorticoids as well as their interactions with other drugs
have been described. Immunosuppressive agents have important role in
treatment of immune disorders, including the reduction of immune response in
autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation. Apart from glucocorticoids,
immunosuppressive agents consist of calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine,
tacrolimus), antiproliferative and antimetabolic agents (sirolimus,
azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide),
monoclonal antibodies: anti-CD3 antibody (muromonab-CD3), anti- CD25 antibody
(daclizumab), anti-TNF-alpha antibody (infliximab). In this part, the most
updated facts about mechanism of action, rational therapeutic use, as well as
adverse and toxic effects of immunosuppressive agents have been reviewed.
Differentiated thyroid carcinoma in previously manifested autoimmune thyroid disease
Authors: Ciric Jasmina , Beleslin-Nedeljkovic Biljana
Published: July 2015

Autoimmune thyroid diseases are frequently associated with differentiated
thyroid carcinomas. The role of autoimmune phenomena in the origin and
clinical course of coexisting papillary and follicular carcinomas is still
controversial. In Graves? patients, the prevalence of palpable thyroid
nodules is 15.8%, and by using ultrasonography, the prevalence increases to
33.6%. Since the malignancy rate of palpable thyroid nodules in Graves?
patients is 16.9%, approximately threefold higher than in general population,
it seems that a thyroid nodule diagnosed in Graves? patients is at higher
risk for malignancy. In addition, radioiodine therapy for Graves? disease was
found to be associated with increased incidence of thyroid cancer in some
studies. These studies however, were not able to confirm the carcinogenic
effect of radioiodine therapy since the late growth of occult carcinomas
could not be excluded. The frequency of the association of Hashimoto?s
thyroiditis and differentiated thyroid carcinomas is approximately 30%. The
presence of coexistent Hashimoto?s thyroiditis does not affect the diagnostic
evaluation and management of papillary thyroid cancer. The frequent
presentation of differentiated thyroid carcinomas in Graves? disease and
Hashimoto?s thyroiditis opens the possibility that some mutual pathogenethic
mechanisms might be involved in the development of these diseases.
Nasal polyposis and allergic rhinitis: Our experience
Authors: Jovicevic Jasna , Kljajic Vladimir
Published: July 2015

Nasal polyposis is a multifactor disease characterised by chronic
eosinophilic inflammation of the nasal and sinal mucosae. Its aetiology is
unknown, but it?s often associated with other diseases: allergic rhinitis,
asthma, and aspirin sensitivity in adult patients. In children,
mucoviscidosis is possible. The aim of this paper is to determine the
relationship between nasal polyposis and allergic rhinitis, and their link
with idiopathic rhinitis. The study involved 100 patients of both sexes.
Patients were divided into three groups: group I - with allergic rhinitis (65
patients), group II - with idiopathic rhinitis (25 patients), and group III -
without any diseases of the upper airways (10 patients). All patients
underwent ENT examinations, blood laboratory and microbiology tests, RTG
tests, as well as skin prick tests on inhalant allergens. In the group with
allergic rhinitis, 21 patients had nasal polyposis. In the group with
idiopathic rhinitis, 7 patients had nasal polyposis. In the control group,
all the patients exhibited normal endonasal findings. Statistically
significant difference was present only between the group of patients with
allergic rhinitis and the control group (p=0.034). Nasal polyposis is related
to allergic rhinitis, although the reason why polyposis develops in some
patients and not in others remains unknown.
Importance of aggressive treatment in juvenile dermatomyositis
Authors: Vojinovic Jelena , Riley Phill , Maillard Sue , Pilkington Clarissa
Published: July 2015

Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is the most common idiopathic inflammatory
myopathy in children. Its outcome depends on the precocity of the diagnosis
and of the treatment, but predictive parameters for guiding the correct
therapeutic and prognostic approaches to JDM are still lacking. We analysed
the one-year-old outcomes of 20 JDM patients treated with methylprednisolone
boluses, methotrexate, and cyclophosphamide, through a longitudinal
retrospective study. The outcome variables included: the Childhood Myositis
Assessment Score (CMAS); Manual Muscle Testing (MMT); the Childhood Health
Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ); the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ:
physical score CHQ PhS and psycho-social score CHQ PsS), patient and parent
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), as well as laboratory data: ESR, LDH, CK, and
ALT. Within all JDM patient groups, we discovered significant improvement in
all disease activity parameters CMAS (p<0.001) and MMT (p<0.001), followed by
a significant decrease in CHAQ (p<0.001), as well as parent VAS (p<0.001) and
physician VAS (p<0.001). With regard to laboratory parameters, only CK
(p=0.001) and LDH (p=0.013) levels were found to be significantly decreased,
while there were no significant changes in ESR and ALT. The results of our
study support the findings that the aggressive treatment of JDM patients
improves their shortterm outlook.
Effects of alfacalcidol therapy on serum cytokine levels in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Vojinovic Slobodan , Vojinovic Jelena , Cosic Vladan , Savic Vojin
Published: July 2015

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a consequence of genetic and environmental
factors. Geographic, genetic, and biological evidence suggests that an
important immunopathogenic factor might be the insufficiency of vitamin D.
The aim of our study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of
alfacalcidol, a vitamin D analogue, on cytokine levels in RRMS patients in
relapse. We investigated 15 patients suffering from RRMS relapse (an RRMS
group) and two control groups: one control group of healthy subjects (n=10)
and a NIND group, consisting of patients with non-inflammatory neurological
diseases (n=10). All of the MS patients were treated with 5 ?gr/day of oral
alfacalcidol for a period of five days. The serum cytokine levels of TNF-?,
IL-10, IL-4, and IL-12 were measured in all the MS patients one day prior to
and one day after therapy, and in all the control subjects (ELISA, Quantikine
human immunoassay, R&D Systems, UK). Our results showed significantly lower
IL- 4 and IL- 12 levels in the RRMS patients group compared to the N group
and the NIND group (p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U-test). No significant differences
in TNF-? and IL-10 levels were found between the groups, and there was no
influence of alfacalcidol on these cytokines in RRMS patients. High doses of
oral alfacalcidol induced significant increases in IL-4 and IL-12 levels in
RRMS patients (p<0.001, Wilcoxon rank signed test). Therefore, there were no
differences in IL- 4 and IL- 12 levels compared to the N group and the NIND
group. Alfacalcidol therapy in RRMS patients did not provoke any side
effects. Vitamin D and its analogues, such as alfacalcidol, act as
immunomodulatory agents, with potential therapeutic effects for patients with
multiple sclerosis.
Successful treatment of acquired haemophila a associated with psoriasis: Case report
Authors: Marjanovic Goran , Marjanovic Vesna , Velickovic Ljubinka , Milenovic Mladen , Macukanovic-Golubovic Lana , Cojbasic Irena
Published: July 2015

Acquired factor VIII (FVIII) inhibitor causes a rare but lifethreatening form
of bleeding disorder, owing to the formation of autoantibodies against FVIII.
Treatment modalities include the use of immunosuppressive drugs, such as
cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids, plasmapheresis, and i.v.
immunoglobulin. The case of a 67-year-old patient with acquired FVIII
inhibitor and psoriasis presented us with a serious bleeding complication.
Bleeding reacted poorly to therapy with corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide.
Treatment with cyclosporin, however, resulted in a prompt and complete
response. The lack of side effects and the relatively quick response suggest
that cyclosporin A should be tried as a frontline treatment for patients with
acquired FVIII inhibitor.
Ectopic UCP1 Overexpression in White Adipose Tissue Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Lou/C Rats, a Model of Obesity Resistance
Authors: Poher Anne-Laure , Veyrat-Durebex Christelle , Altirriba Jordi , Montet Xavier , Colin Didier J. , Caillon Aurélie , Lyautey Jacqueline , Rohner-Jeanrenaud Françoise
Published: July 2015

Brown adipose tissue (BAT), characterized by the presence of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), has been described as metabolically active in humans. Lou/C rats, originating from the Wistar strain, are resistant to obesity. We previously demonstrated that Lou/C animals express UCP1 in beige adipocytes in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), suggesting a role of this protein in processes such as the control of body weight and the observed improved insulin sensitivity. A β3 adrenergic agonist was administered for 2 weeks in Wistar and Lou/C rats to activate UCP1 and delineate its metabolic impact. The treatment brought about decreases in fat mass and improvements in insulin sensitivity in both groups. In BAT, UCP1 expression increased similarly in response to the treatment in the two groups. However, the intervention induced the appearance of beige cells in iWAT, associated with a marked increase in UCP1 expression, in Lou/C rats only. This increase was correlated with a markedly enhanced glucose uptake measured during euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps, suggesting a role of beige cells in this process. Activation of UCP1 in ectopic tissues, such as beige cells in iWAT, may be an interesting therapeutic approach to prevent body weight gain, decrease fat mass, and improve insulin sensitivity.
Effect of feeding a weight loss food beyond a caloric restriction period on body composition and resistance to weight gain in dogs
Authors: Floerchinger Amanda M. , Jackson Matthew I. , Jewell Dennis E. , MacLeay Jennifer M. , Paetau-Robinson Inke , Hahn Kevin A.
Published: July 2015

Objective—To determine the effect of feeding a food with coconut oil and supplemental l-carnitine, lipoic acid, lysine, leucine, and fiber on weight loss and maintenance in dogs.

Design—Prospective clinical study

Animals—50 overweight dogs.

Procedures—The study consisted of 2 trials. During trial 1, 30 dogs were allocated to 3 groups (10 dogs/group) to be fed a dry maintenance dog food to maintain body weight (group 1) or a dry test food at the same amount on a mass (group 2) or energy (group 3) basis as group 1. During trial 2, each of 20 dogs was fed the test food and caloric intake was adjusted to maintain a weight loss rate of 1% to 2%/wk (weight loss phase). Next, each dog was fed the test food in an amount calculated to maintain the body weight achieved at the end of the weight loss phase (weight maintenance phase). Dogs were weighed and underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry monthly. Metabolomic data were determined before (baseline) and after each phase.

Results—During trial 1, dogs in groups 2 and 3 lost significantly more weight than did those in group 1. During trial 2, dogs lost a significant amount of body weight and fat mass but retained lean body mass (LBM) during the weight loss phase and continued to lose body fat but gained LBM during the weight maintenance phase. Evaluation of metabolomic data suggested that fat metabolism and LBM retention were improved from baseline for dogs fed the test food.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that feeding overweight dogs the test food caused weight loss and improvements in body condition during the weight-maintenance phase, possibly because the food composition improved energy metabolism.
Venous blood gas analytes during isoflurane anesthesia in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus)
Authors: Gardhouse Sara M. , Eshar David , Bello Nora , Mason Diane
Published: July 2015

Objective—To describe changes in venous blood gas analytes during isoflurane anesthesia in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus).

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—16 black-tailed prairie dogs.

Procedures—Black-tailed prairie dogs were placed in an anesthesia chamber for induction of general anesthesia, which was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen delivered via mask. Immediately following anesthetic induction, a venous blood sample was obtained from the medial saphenous vein; a second venous blood sample was obtained just prior to anesthetic gas shutoff. An evaluation of venous blood gas analytes was performed on each sample. General linear mixed models with repeated measures were used for data analyses.

Results—Median anesthetic time was 90 minutes (range, 60 to 111 minutes). A significant increase from immediately after induction to completion of anesthesia was observed in Pco2 and mean blood chloride ion, BUN, and creatinine concentrations. A decrease in Po2, mean blood pH, and anion gap was observed from induction of anesthesia to completion. No significant differences during anesthesia were observed in mean base excess or blood bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, blood glucose, lactate, and total CO2 concentrations. No complications occurred during or after anesthesia for any animal.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Examination of prairie dogs often requires general anesthesia, with isoflurane currently the inhalation agent of choice. Results suggested respiratory acidosis and relative azotemia may occur during isoflurane anesthesia of prairie dogs. Given the increased risk associated with anesthesia in small mammals and the propensity for respiratory disease in prairie dogs, insight into physiologic changes associated with isoflurane anesthesia in healthy prairie dogs can aid in perioperative evaluation and anesthetic monitoring in this rodent species.
The Link between Depression and Schadenfreude: Further Evidence
Authors: Pietraszkiewicz Agnieszka , Chambliss Catherine
Published: July 2015

This replication examined the link between schadenfreude (i.e., pleasure from another's misfortune), freudenfreude (i.e., pleasure from another's success), and self-rated depression. Using the Freudenfreude and Schadenfreude Test (FAST), moderately depressed students reported more schadenfreude and less freudenfreude than their mildly depressed peers. The limitations of this study and further research directions are discussed.
The Relationship between Cultural Identity and Self-Esteem among Chinese Uyghur College Students: The Mediating Role of Acculturation Attitudes
Authors: Dong Li , Lin Chongde , Li Tsingan , Dou Donghui , Zhou Liqing
Published: July 2015

Most acculturation research throughout the world has been conducted in immigrant settings. In order to examine the generalizability of the previous conclusions in immigrant settings, the present study tried to explore the relationship between cultural identity and self-esteem and the mediating role of acculturation attitudes in China. Using the cross-sectional design, a total number of 342 Uyghur college students were asked to complete a survey comprising the Multi-Group Ethnic/National Identity Measure–Revised Scale, the Acculturation Attitudes Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Using hierarchical multiple regression, the results indicated that cultural identity was positively correlated with self-esteem. A significant mediation of acculturation was observed between cultural identity and self-esteem. These findings demonstrated the significance of cultural identity and acculturation attitudes in the adaptation of Chinese Uyghur college students, in which integration is an optimal acculturation attitude.
Dosimetric Characteristics of a Two-Dimensional Diode Array Detector Irradiated with Passively Scattered Proton Beams
Authors: Liengsawangwong Praimakorn , Sahoo Nanayan , Ding Xiaoning , Lii MingFwu , Gillin Michale , Zhu Xiaorong
Published: July 2015

Purpose: To evaluate the dosimetric characteristics of a two-dimensional (2D) diode array detector irradiated with passively scattered proton beams. Materials and Methods: A diode array detector, MapCHECK (Model 1175, Sun Nuclear, Melbourne, FL, USA) was characterized in passive-scattered proton beams. The relative sensitivity of the diodes and absolute dose calibration were determined using a 250 MeV beam. The pristine Bragg curves (PBCs) measured by MapCHECK diodes were compared with those of an ion chamber using a range shift method. The water-equivalent thickness (WET) of the diode array detector’s intrinsic buildup also was determined. The inverse square dependence, linearity, and other proton dosimetric quantities measured by MapCHECK were also compared with those of the ion chambers. The change in the absolute dose response of the MapCHECK as a function of accumulated radiation dose was used as an indicator of radiation damage to the diodes. 2D dose distribution with and without the compensator were measured and compared with the treatment planning system (TPS) calculations. Results: The WET of the MapCHECK diode’s buildup was determined to be 1.7 cm. The MapCHECK-measured PBC were virtually identical to those measured by a parallel-plate ion chamber for 160, 180, and 250 MeV proton beams. The inverse square results of the MapCHECK were within ±0.4% of the ion chamber results. The linearity of MapCHECK results was within 1% of those from the ion chamber as measured in the range between 10 and 300 MU. All other dosimetric quantities were within 1.3% of the ion chamber results. The 2D dose distributions for non-clinical fields without compensator and the patient treatment fields with the compensator were consistent with the TPS results. The absolute dose response of the MapCHECK was changed by 7.4% after an accumulated dose increased by 170 Gy. Conclusions: The MapCHECK is a convenient and useful tool for 2D dose distribution measurements using passively scattered proton beams. Variations in MapCHECK’s dose response with increasing levels of total accumulated radiation dose should be carefully monitored.
Thermal Analysis of a Novel Cylindrical Transverse-Flux Permanent-Magnet Linear Machine
Authors: Yu Bin , Zhang Shukuan , Yan Jidong , Cheng Luming , Zheng Ping
Published: July 2015

This paper presents a novel staggered-teeth cylindrical transverse-flux permanent-magnet linear machine (TFPMLM), which aims to improve the power factor and force density. Due to the compact structure and high performance requirement, thermal problems should be seriously considered. The three-dimensional (3-D) temperature field model is established. The determination of convection heat transfer coefficients is discussed. Equivalent thermal conductivities of stator core and winding are given to simplify the analysis. With the thermal effect of the adhesive coatings among permanent magnets (PMs) and mover yoke taken into account, the temperature field distribution and variation rules of the TFPMLM are obtained using the finite volume method (FVM). The influences of slot filling factor and air flow velocity on the temperature field distribution are analyzed. It is found that the hottest spot of the TFPMLM appears in the middle of the end winding; and there is no risk of demagnetization for PMs.
Correction: Elias, M.; et al. 2015. Land Conversion Dynamics in the Borana Rangelands of Southern Ethiopia: An Integrated Assessment Using Remote Sensing Techniques and Field Survey Data. Environments 2015, 2, 1–31
Authors: Elias Michael , Hensel Oliver , Richter Uwe , Hülsebusch Christian , Kaufmann Brigitte , Wasonga Oliver
Published: July 2015

The authors wish to add the following amendments and corrections to their paper published in Environments [1].[...]
Optimization of Phytase Production from Escherichia coli by Altering Solid-State Fermentation Conditions
Authors: McKinney Kyle , Combs Justin , Becker Patrick , Humphries Andrea , Filer Keith , Vriesekoop Frank
Published: July 2015

Cultivation of Escherichia coli on wheat-bran substrate under various Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) conditions was evaluated for phytase yield along with the enzyme activity profile as a potential, low-cost alternative to submerged-liquid fermentation. The maximum phytase activity achieved by E. coli was 350 ± 50 SPU of phytase activity per gram of bran, incubated for 96 h with a substrate bed moisture content of 70% (w/v) at 37 °C with a relative air humidity of 90%, and supplemented with 10% (w/w bran) Luria-Bertani broth powder which translates into a 300% increase in phytase activity compared with an un-supplemented culture. The greatest improvements in phytase yield were associated with nutrient supplementation and the optimization of initial substrate moisture content. E. coli production of phytase utilizing solid-state fermentation technology was shown to be feasible utilizing the low-cost agro-residue wheat bran as substrate. Furthermore, the effect of pH and temperature on phytase activity was monitored from pH 2.5 to pH 7.5, and for temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 70 °C. Optimal phytase activity was at pH 5.5 and 50 °C when produced under the SSF optimized conditions.
School Term vs. School Holiday: Associations with Children’s Physical Activity, Screen-Time, Diet and Sleep
Authors: Staiano Amanda , Broyles Stephanie , Katzmarzyk Peter
Published: July 2015

This cross-sectional study examined differences in children’s health behaviors during school term (ST) versus school holiday (SH: June–July) and how associations changed when weather characteristics were considered. Children aged 5–18 years (n = 406) from a subtropical climate reported behaviors over 20 months. Multivariable regression models controlling for age, sex, race and body mass index z-score（BMIz ） were used to examine associations between SH and each behavior. A second model included heat index, precipitation and daylight hours. Strenuous activity, moderate activity, total activity and TV viewing were significantly higher during SH than ST. After adjusting for weather characteristics, total activity remained significantly higher during SH, but the association with TV viewing was attenuated. Youth surveyed during high precipitation were significantly less likely to meet physical activity guidelines. There were no significant associations between SH and meeting sleep, physical activity or screen-time guidelines. Weather characteristics influenced associations between SH and youth’s physical activity and TV viewing.
Combination of Aβ Secretion and Oxidative Stress in an Alzheimer-Like Cell Line Leads to the Over-Expression of the Nucleotide Excision Repair Proteins DDB2 and XPC
Authors: Forestier Anne , Douki Thierry , De Rosa Viviana , Béal David , Rachidi Walid
Published: July 2015

Repair of oxidative DNA damage, particularly Base Excision Repair (BER), impairment is often associated with Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Here, we aimed at investigating the complete Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER), a DNA repair pathway involved in the removal of bulky DNA adducts, status in an Alzheimer-like cell line. The level of DNA damage was quantified using mass spectrometry, NER gene expression was assessed by qPCR, and the NER protein activity was analysed through a modified version of the COMET assay. Interestingly, we found that in the presence of the Amyloid β peptide (Aβ), NER factors were upregulated at the mRNA level and that NER capacities were also specifically increased following oxidative stress. Surprisingly, NER capacities were not differentially improved following a typical NER-triggering of ultraviolet C (UVC) stress. Oxidative stress generates a differential and specific DNA damage response in the presence of Aβ. We hypothesized that the release of NER components such as DNA damage binding protein 2 (DDB2) and Xeroderma Pigmentosum complementation group C protein (XPC) following oxidative stress might putatively involve their apoptotic role rather than DNA repair function.
Bioengineered Lacrimal Gland Organ Regeneration in Vivo
Authors: Hirayama Masatoshi , Tsubota Kazuo , Tsuji Takashi
Published: July 2015

The lacrimal gland plays an important role in maintaining a homeostatic environment for healthy ocular surfaces via tear secretion. Dry eye disease, which is caused by lacrimal gland dysfunction, is one of the most prevalent eye disorders and causes ocular discomfort, significant visual disturbances, and a reduced quality of life. Current therapies for dry eye disease, including artificial tear eye drops, are transient and palliative. The lacrimal gland, which consists of acini, ducts, and myoepithelial cells, develops from its organ germ via reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during embryogenesis. Lacrimal tissue stem cells have been identified for use in regenerative therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring lacrimal gland functions. Fully functional organ replacement, such as for tooth and hair follicles, has also been developed via a novel three-dimensional stem cell manipulation, designated the Organ Germ Method, as a next-generation regenerative medicine. Recently, we successfully developed fully functional bioengineered lacrimal gland replacements after transplanting a bioengineered organ germ using this method. This study represented a significant advance in potential lacrimal gland organ replacement as a novel regenerative therapy for dry eye disease. In this review, we will summarize recent progress in lacrimal regeneration research and the development of bioengineered lacrimal gland organ replacement therapy.
Effect of Material and Process Atmosphere in the Preparation of Al-Ti-B Grain Refiner by SHS
Authors: Vicario Iban , Poulon-Quintin Angeline , Lagos Miguel , Silvain Jean-François
Published: July 2015

Al-Ti-B master alloys are widely used in the aluminum industry as grain refiners for the control of the microstructure of the aluminum alloys. The SHS (self-propagating high-temperature synthesis) is an ex situ method that uses exothermic reactions to sustain the chemical reaction in a combustion wave. The advantages of SHS are the low energy requirement, simplicity and product purity. However, the raw material used has to be very pure, with a very small size leading to the necessity of a reactor with a protective gas to produce the reaction. The purpose of this investigation is to fabricate SHS master alloys with commercial standard raw materials, with lower purity and higher grain size without a reactor or protective gas in order to (1) decrease the price and (2) improve the productivity of master alloy manufacturing. The possibility of using cheap borated salts instead of expensive pure boron has been studied. Different compositions of aluminum master alloy have been developed. Bigger TiB2 grain size has been obtained when using bigger commercial raw materials. Larger titanium powder can produce an aluminum master alloy with a maximum of 30% of aluminum without reactor. In comparison, SHS reaction is much more difficult when using finer titanium powder.
Imaging the Ultrafast Photoelectron Transfer Process in Alizarin-TiO2
Authors: Gomez Tatiana , Hermann Gunter , Zarate Ximena , Pérez-Torres Jhon , Tremblay Jean
Published: July 2015

In this work, we adopt a quantum mechanical approach based on time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) to study the optical and electronic properties of alizarin supported on TiO2 nano-crystallites, as a prototypical dye-sensitized solar cell. To ensure proper alignment of the donor (alizarin) and acceptor (TiO2 nano-crystallite) levels, static optical excitation spectra are simulated using time-dependent density functional theory in response. The ultrafast photoelectron transfer from the dye to the cluster is simulated using an explicitly time-dependent, one-electron TDDFT ansatz. The model considers the δ-pulse excitation of a single active electron localized in the dye to the complete set of energetically accessible, delocalized molecular orbitals of the dye/nano-crystallite complex. A set of quantum mechanical tools derived from the transition electronic flux density is introduced to visualize and analyze the process in real time. The evolution of the created wave packet subject to absorbing boundary conditions at the borders of the cluster reveal that, while the electrons of the aromatic rings of alizarin are heavily involved in an ultrafast charge redistribution between the carbonyl groups of the dye molecule, they do not contribute positively to the electron injection and, overall, they delay the process.
Assessing the Surrogate Susceptibility of Oxacillin and Cefoxitin for Commonly Utilized Parenteral Agents against Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: Focus on Ceftriaxone Discordance between Predictive Susceptibility and in Vivo Exposures
Authors: Kang Nayon , Housman Seth , Nicolau David
Published: July 2015

Susceptibility testing with the use of surrogate agents is common among clinical microbiology laboratories. One such example is oxacillin and cefoxitin for β-lactams against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). This study aimed to assess the surrogate predictive value (SPV) of oxacillin and cefoxitin for the susceptibility of commonly utilized parenteral β-lactams against MSSA as well as to evaluate the concordance between predictive susceptibility testing and the in vivo exposures for ceftriaxone. Broth microdilution MICs were determined for cefazolin, cefoxitin, ceftaroline, ceftriaxone, nafcillin, and oxacillin against a national collection of 1238 MSSA from US hospitals. Pharmacodynamic profiling was utilized to establish a clinical breakpoint for commonly utilized doses of ceftriaxone. Oxacillin had good SPVs for all the β-lactams tested, whereas cefoxitin produced unacceptable major errors for all four agents and thus appears to be an unacceptable susceptibility surrogate. While oxacillin is an adequate surrogate based on the currently defined laboratory criteria, our data also suggest that caution should be exercised when incorporating this testing approach in the clinical setting in view of the fact that the MIC distribution of MSSA coupled with the commonly utilized low doses of ceftriaxone may result in inadequate in vivo exposures against this pathogen.
The Importance of the Experience of God’s Absence, and of Meaning in Life, in the Development of Sensitivity of Conscience among Polish University Students
Authors: Głaz Stanisław
Published: July 2015

The aims of the research presented here are as follows: (a) to define the degree of perceived meaning in life and the level of sensitivity of conscience in groups of students with a high (H) and low (L) level of experience of God’s absence; and (b) to show the relationship between perceived meaning in life and sensitivity of conscience in groups of students with a high (H) and low (L) level of experience of God’s absence. The results show that students with a high level of experience of God’s absence appear to have a high level of both perceived meaning in life and sensitivity of conscience with respect to both themselves and others. Moreover, in a group of students with a high level of experience of God’s absence, meaning in life is found to be strongly related, along with sensitivity of conscience, to both their moral values and their surroundings.
Remote Sensing-Based Assessment of the Variability of Winter and Summer Precipitation in the Pamirs and Their Effects on Hydrology and Hazards Using Harmonic Time Series Analysis
Authors: Pohl Eric , Gloaguen Richard , Seiler Ralf
Published: July 2015

Moisture supply in the Pamir Mountains of Central Asia significantly determines the hydrological cycle and, as a result, impacts the local communities via hazards or socioeconomic aspects, such as hydropower, agriculture and infrastructure. Scarce and unreliable in situ data prevent an accurate assessment of moisture supply, as well as its temporal and spatial variability in this strongly-heterogeneous environment. On the other hand, a clear understanding of climatic and surface processes is required in order to assess water resources and natural hazards. We propose to evaluate the potential of remote sensing and regional climate model (RCM) data to overcome such issues. Difficulties arise for the direct analysis of precipitation if the events are sporadic and when the amounts are low. We hence apply a harmonic time series analysis (HANTS) algorithm to derive spatio-temporal precipitation distributions and to determine regional boundaries delimiting areas where winter or summer precipitation dominate moisture supply. We complement the study with remote sensing-based products, such as temperature, snow cover and liquid water equivalent thickness. We find a strong intra- and inter-annual variability of meteorological parameters that result in strongly variable water budget and water mobilization. Climatic variability and its effects on floods and droughts are discussed for three outstanding years. The in-house developed HANTS toolbox is a promising instrument to unravel periodic signals in remote sensing time series, even in complex areas, such as the Pamir.