bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dietary Differences between Neighboring Cebus capucinus Groups: Local Traditions, Food Availability or Responses to Food Profitability?
Authors: Chapman Colin A. , Fedigan Linda M.
Published: September 2008

The feeding patterns of three neighboring groups of Cebus capucinus were documented over a 3-year period in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. We describe the diets of the three groups and examine whether dietary differences between groups could be attributed to environmental differences in food abundances, to differences in the profitability of what was available or to learned local traditions. Diets were variable among groups; group A primarily ate fruit (81.2% of feeding time) and spent little time eating insects (16.9%), while group C was more heavily reliant on insects (44.3%) and ate less fruit (53.0%). Group B had a diet that was somewhat intermediate (69.8% fruit, 29.0% insects). By measuring the densities of all major plant foods, we were able to determine that many of the dietary differences between groups could not be attributed to simple measures of food abundance, but we could not distinguish between the food profitability hypothesis and local tradition hypothesis.
A Comparative Study of Neonatal Skeletal Development in Cebus and Other Primates
Authors: Watts Elizabeth S.
Published: September 2008

Comparisons of hand/wrist radiographs of neonatal Cebus albifrons (n = 14) and Cebus apella (n = 4) with those of Saimiri sciureus boliviensis (n = 9) and Macaca mulatta (n = 63) reveal that the cebid monkeys show much less skeletal ossification at birth than macaques. Differences in gestation time alone cannot account for the differences in skeletal maturity at birth in the two groups of monkeys. The skeletal precocity of the newborn macaques indicates that their ossification either begins earlier in gestation or proceeds at a more rapid rate, or both. This, in turn, raises questions about the timing of organogenesis and gestational comparability in cebid and cercopithecid monkeys. The advanced state of ossification seen in macaques at birth is not typical of other groups of anthropoid primates, including Cebus, Saimiri, Pan and Homo, and may represent an ontogenetic specialization.
Form Perception and Visual Acuity in a Chimpanzee
Authors: Matsuzawa Tetsuro
Published: September 2008

A 6.5-year-old female chimpanzee learned to distinguish perfectly every letter of the alphabet in a matching-to-sample task with 26 letters as choice alternatives. Confusion of letters during the initial training was used to scale them in a multidimensional similarity space and to associate them in hierarchical clusters. The results resembled those obtained from similarity judgements by humans. Using letters of various sizes, a visual acuity test revealed that the chimpanzee’s acuity was about 1.5, comparable to that in normal humans. The chimpanzee also readily learned to use letters as names of individual humans and chimpanzees. A species-typical feature was identified in the perceptual processes associated with complex forms, such as those involved in individual recognition.
Vocalizations of Adult Gelada Baboons (Theropithecus gelada): Acoustic Structure and Behavioural Context
Authors: Aich Helga , Moos-Heilen Regina , Zimmermann Elke
Published: September 2008

Vocalizations and accompanying behaviours of adult gelada baboons were studied in four one-male groups kept in large outdoor enclosures in the zoos of Stuttgart and Rheine. Twenty-two acoustically different vocal patterns were determined. According to behavioural context, they were grouped into two categories: (1) contact calls and (2) aggressive and defensive calls. Frequency of calling and the production of different vocalizations were related to social rank and to the age of the sender. Vocalizations in species of the closely related genera Papio and Macaca are compared and their evolution is discussed.
Behavioral Responsiveness to Strangers in Young Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Cheryl Miller L. , Bard Kim A. , Juno Charles J. , Nadler Ronald D.
Published: September 2008

Earlier studies of responses of primate infants to strangers were frequently confounded with separation from the attachment figure and/or removal to an unfamiliar setting. In the present study, young chimpanzees were tested in a familiar setting with a human female caretaker who served as an attachment figure. Two strangers were introduced: a human female, approximately the size of the caretaker, who refrained from initiating interactions and a larger human male, who repeatedly approached and initiated contact with the subjects. A somewhat more intense response was elicited by the larger, more assertive male stranger, but neither stranger elicited severe distress. The behavior of the chimpanzees is better described as wary, rather than fearful. These results may be attributable to the continued presence of the caretaker in contrast to previous studies reporting severe distress to strangers when chimpanzees are tested alone. A wariness of strangers in nursery-reared chimpanzees may develop by 6 months of age and may diminish somewhat by 2 years of age under the conditions of this study.
Strategies of Habitat Use by Mountain Gorillas
Authors: Watts David P.
Published: September 2008

Patterns of home range use by a mountain gorilla group are examined here in relation to variation in food abundance and quality, diet quality and rainfall, to interactions between different social units and to the distribution of hazards (poaching risk). Variation in habitat quality influenced both long-term area occupation densities and shorter-term movement parameters (day journey length and the distance moved between consecutive feeding sites). Observed home range use patterns increased the gorillas’ foraging efficiency. Rainfall influenced the evenness of home range use slightly, but this was the only seasonal variability. Interactions with other gorillas and poaching risk had proximate effects superimposed on the fundamental influence of food distribution patterns. Data from a larger sample of groups show a positive influence of group size on day journey length, but this was apparent only at very small and relatively large group sizes. The absolute distance travelled per day tends to be short even for large groups. The data support arguments that the costs of social foraging are low for mountain gorillas.
Sex Differences in Mortality among Langurs (Presbytis entellus) of Jodhpur, Rajasthan
Authors: Rajpurohit Lal Singh , Sommer Volker
Published: September 2008

In a population of about 1,300 Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) living in one-male breeding structures at Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India, census data resulted in male:female sex ratios of 1.1 in infants, 1.5 in juveniles and 0.2 in adults. Long-term demographic monitoring of 144 known individuals up to the age of 30 months confirmed a higher juvenile female mortality. It is hypothesized that heavier maternal investment in males helps them to compete more successful. Once males emigrate from their natal troop, their mortality begins to exceed that of females. The strongly female-biased adult sex ratio seems to result from male-male competition: maturing males join male bands and are exposed to greater risks while traversing unfamiliar areas, occupying home ranges of harem troops and fighting with other males for possession of a female harem. A sample of 60 definitely known causes of deaths recorded over 21 years revealed that males died significantly more often than females in instantaneous ‘spectacular’ deaths from external causes, such as accidents, infanticide and predation, thus reflecting a high-risk, high-gain strategy. The sex difference in infanticide (18 males:9 females for 13 directly observed and 14 presumed cases) is not well understood because the commonly accepted hypothesis is that new harem residents try to shorten a mother’s lactational amenorrhea by killing her unweaned infant regardless of its sex. However, it might be that harem residents select against future competitors of their sons and at the same time spare female infants with which they can reproduce if their tenure (mean: 26.4 months) is long enough.
Biometric Analysis of the Mandibles of Papio anubisand Cercopithecus aethiops
Authors: Hassanali Jameela
Published: September 2008

Six biometric measurements were recorded from dry mandibles of 53 Papio anubis and 84 Cercopithecus aethiops: intercondylar width, intercoronoid width, intermolar width (IMW), mesiodistal width of the condyles, height of the occlusal table and anteroposterior length of the chewing surface from P4 to M3 (CL). The mean values and correlation matrices of these variables show that, despite the difference in size, the overall shape of the mandible in male and female is similar within species. The principal component analysis shows that in P. anubis the six variables contribute almost equally to the first component (75% of total variance), suggesting that the large mandible may be force related because of the greater mechanical forces required for chewing certain foods. In C. aethiops, the contribution of IMW and CL is less in the first component (52.7% of total variance), suggesting that the biochemical forces of mastication are more complex to adapt the mandible to a shorter muzzle and a particular diet.
An Allometric Perspective on Primate Postcanine Tooth Size
Authors: Kieser Julius A. , Groeneveld H.T.
Published: September 2008

The allometric relations of postcanine tooth size were evaluated in a sample of 66 adult Galago crassicaudatus (34 males, 32 females). Postcanine tooth area and length (estimated from mesiodistal and buccolingual measurements of upper and lower cheek teeth) were scaled to 4 cranial measures: bimaxillary width, maxillo-alveolar length, mandibular length and bigonial width. Postcanine tooth size was also scaled to body weight, body length and total skull length. It was found that postcanine surface and length were significantly correlated to the cranial measures employed in females, showing positive allometric scaling. These correlations were, however, lacking in males. In neither sex was postcanine size found to be significantly correlated to body length or weight.
Karyotypic Study of Four Gibbon Forms Provisionally Considered as Subspecies of Hylobates (Nomascus) concolor (Primates, Hylobatidae)
Authors: Couturier J. , Lernould J.-M.
Published: September 2008

We report here a karyotypic study of 6 individuals of Hylobates concolor leucogenys, 2 H. concolor siki, 3 H. concolor gabriellae, 1 hybrid H. concolor leucogenys Χ H. concolor siki, 3 hybrid H. concolor gabriellae Χ H. concolor siki and 2 hybrid H. concolor hainanus Χ H. concolor leucogenys. Difficulties raised by the mophological identification of subspecies are discussed, and a new morphological characteristic for recognising female H. concolor gabriellae is described. Each of the 4 subspecies appears to be distinguishable on the basis of its karyotype: H. concolor leucogenys differs from H. concolor siki by a reciprocal translocation, from H. concolor hainanus by a pericentric inversion and from H. concolor gabriellae by the presence of both of these two rearrangements. However, these data do not allow us to identify a phylogenetic relationship between the subspecies because, with respect to the karyotypes, none occupies an ancestral position in comparison with the others.
Cultural Transmission of Snake-Mobbing in Free-Ranging Hanuman Langurs
Authors: Srivastava Arun
Published: September 2008

A focal troop of free-ranging Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) living in an open scrub forest around Jodhpur was observed mobbing poisonous snakes on two different occasions during field observations of about 4,109 h. These observations of snake-mobbing demonstrate that langurs exhibit a special behaviour against ‘potentially dangerous animals’ which is similar to the mobbing displays of birds, and of other primates. It is suggested that the adaptive significance of snake-mobbing among langurs lies in the ‘cultural transmission’ of this information. These observations further support the ‘kin-selection’ model.
Is Lipsmacking an Indicator of Social Status in Baboons?
Authors: Easley Stephen Phillip , Coelho Anthony M.
Published: September 2008

Lipsmacking is performed by many Old World monkey species, and some studies of baboons and macaques suggest that lipsmacking may be associated with social status. We studied 60 adult anubis baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) for 18 months, measured social status and the rate of lipsmacking, and used these data to test the hypothesis that lipsmacking is related to social status. Our results indicate that social status and lipsmacking were not significantly correlated for either males or females. Analysis of lipsmacking in relation to social class (high vs. low) showed no significant difference between status classes for either sex. Lipsmacking was, however, found to be positively associated with affinitive behaviors. These results suggest that baboon lipsmacking provides positive social communication independently of social status.
Departures from Monogamy in Colonies of Captive Cotton-Top Tamarins
Authors: Price Eluned C. , McGrew W.C.
Published: September 2008

Ina survey of institutions holding cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), we found 23 cases of potential non-monogamy. Nine had been deliberately set up as non-monogamous units; 14 arose spontaneously. Some general trends appeared: polyandrous groups were more likely to be stable than those with more than one potentially breeding female, and no more than one female per group successfully reared offspring at one time. Polyandry may therefore be the most viable alternative to monogamy, as recent reassessments of callitrichid mating systems have suggested.
Soil-Scratching Behaviour by Western Lowland Gorillas
Authors: Nishihara Tomoaki , Kuroda Suehisa
Published: September 2008

Soil-scratching behaviour by western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) was recognized in a field study in the Ndoki forest of northern Congo. The purpose of this behaviour was probably insect eating although the harvest of insects was likely to be relatively poor. The seasonal variation in the appearance of insects found in faecal samples coincided with the frequency of soil-scratching traces. Soil-scratching behaviour was considered not to make a large nutritional contribution for gorillas.
Reproductive Parameters of Captive Grey-Cheeked Mangabeys
Authors: Deputte Bertrand L.
Published: September 2008

This paper reports reproductive parameters for 9 female grey-cheeked mangabeys kept in a captive colony over a 17-year period. Birth seasonality has shown a consistent trend towards an autumn peak. Oestrous cycles had an average length of 31.2 days: however ‘short-cycle’ (29.9 days) and ‘long-cycle’ (37.7 days) groups could be discriminated. Gestation was 175 days, with little variability. Variability in interbirth interval is mainly due to varying length of the cycling phase preceding the next gestation, suggesting influences of social factors. All these reproductive parameters are compared to those of baboons and macaques. Some conclusions about mangabey breeding colony management are drawn.
Social Relationships between Immigrant and Resident Bonobo (Pan paniscus) Females at Wamba
Authors: Idani Gen’ichi
Published: September 2008

Social relations and behaviours of adolescent female pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) that migrated between unit groups were studied at Wamba, Zaïre. Each immigrant female selected one particular resident female, a ‘specific senior female’ (SSF) and frequently approached and followed her. Affinitive behaviours (e.g. grooming, genitogenital rubbing) were frequently performed between the immigrant and her SSF. Most affinitive behaviours were more likely to be initiated by the immigrant than by her SSF. The immigrant’s relationship with her SSF seemed to facilitate the immigrant’s integration into the new unit group. Resident males actively approached and mated with the immigrant females. Copulation also appeared to further the immigrant’s stable relationship with the resident males.
Sexual Selection, Natural Selection and Copulatory Patterns in Male Primates
Authors: Dixson A.F.
Published: September 2008

Complex copulatory patterns, involving multiple brief intromissions or prolonged single intromissions (PI) occur most frequently among primate species in which females mate with a number of partners (multimale and dispersed mating systems). However, the PI pattern is also confined almost exclusively to arboreal primates – to either smaller-bodied, cryptic, nocturnal species or much larger diurnal forms. Predation pressures may have limited the evolution of the PI pattern, particularly where small-bodied diurnal primates or terrestrial forms are concerned. The available evidence indicates that both sexual selection and natural selection may have influenced the evolution of copulatory patterns.
Character Phylogeny of the Primate Forelimb Superficial Venous System
Authors: Thiranagama Rajani , Chamberlain A.T. , Wood B.A.
Published: September 2008

The ontogeny and comparative anatomy of the forelimb superficial veins were investigated in humans, non-human primates and other mammals. Adult humans and the orangutan (Pongo) possess two autonomous forelimb veins, one on the lateral (preaxial) margin of the limb, the other on the medial (postaxial) margin. All other adult primates and mammals examined possess a lateral vein alone. In African apes (Pan and Gorilla) and in 24% of human forelimbs the lateral vein is short, being essentially confined to the antebrachial region, whereas in other mammals and in 76 % of human limbs the lateral vein runs from the carpus to the clavicular region. In humans the medial vein develops before the lateral vein, whereas in the rabbit and the pig the medial vein is present in early embryos but is subsequently lost. We propose that in humans, and probably also in the orangutan, the possession of a medial vein is a neotenic retention of a primitive tetrapod condition. These animals, which retain their medial vein, are united by losing a late stage in their ontogeny. Other animals subsequently pass through a stage in which the medial vein is lost, but Pongo and Homo retain this vein to adulthood. The loss of an ontogenetic stage can arise independently, and the presence of a medial vein therefore affords only weak evidence for a close phylogenetic relationship between humans and the orangutan. The polymorphic lateral vein of humans may be a character state that is intermediate between the derived (short) lateral vein of the African apes and the primitive long lateral vein of other non-human primates and mammals.
Female Rank and Feeding Strategies in a Free-Ranging Provisioned Troop of Japanese Macaques
Authors: Soumah Aly Gaspad , Yokota Naoto
Published: September 2008

The pattern of feeding in a free-ranging troop of Japanese macaques reflected female rank. High-ranking females (HRF) obtained about 3/4 of their daily digested energy from artificial foods and 1/4 from natural sources, whereas low-ranking females (LRF) received roughly equal proportions of their daily digested energy from the two sources. LRF adjusted their feeding strategies in relation to seasonal variation of food supply. In winter, when food was scarce, dietary composition was dissimilar for HRF and LRF. The LRF strategy consisted of (1) finding new food resources and increasing the number of food items by 50%, (2) extending feeding time by 15%, while (3) reducing by 10% the time allocated to rest and social activities compared to HRF. In summer, when many fruits and seeds were available, dietary composition was similar, and the LRF strategy consisted of points 2 and 3 mentioned above. They also minimized agonistic interactions with HRF by reducing artificial food intake by 7 % and compensating with natural food.
‘Concealed Ovulation’ and Sexual Signals in Primates
Authors: Burt Austin
Published: September 2008

The absence of conspicuous sexual signals in some primates, particularly humans and vervets, has been interpreted as evidence that females of these species are ‘concealing’ ovulation from males. This conclusion is unjustified: the null hypothesis of no adaptation, that the absence of conspicuous sexual signals has resulted from the absence of selective pressures maintaining such adaptations, is both more parsimonious and better fits the facts. The related suggestion that there has been adaptation among females to conceal ovulation from their own consciousness is also unjustified. What, then, maintains sexual signals in those species that do have them? Many proposed hypotheses for the function of sexual signals do not account for their most puzzling feature: their conspicuousness. According to current theory on the evolution of communication, two explanations seem most plausible: conspicuous sexual signals function to communicate to distant receivers and/or to convince reluctant receivers. There is some empirical support for both hypotheses, but not overwhelming support for either.
Basal Metabolic Rate, Body Weight and Diet in Primates: An Evaluation of the Evidence
Authors: Ross Caroline
Published: September 2008

The relationship between basal metabolic rate (BMR), body weight and diet is examined for primates. Contrary to the results reported in several recent works, there is no strong evidence that diet is directly linked to BMR, although a low BMR, relative to body weight, may be found in species with folivorous diets. There is some evidence that nocturnal haplorhine species have a relatively low BMR, but strepsirhines appear to have a uniformly low relative BMR regardless of their primary activity period. The evolution of BMR in primates is discussed in the light of these findings. Some predictions are made about the relative BMRs that should be found for other species whose BMR is, as yet, unknown.
Rate of Takeovers in Groups of Hanuman Langurs (Presbytis entellus) at Jaipur
Authors: Reena Mathur , Ram Manohar B.
Published: September 2008

The rate of takeovers in social groups of Presbytis entellus was studied in two different areas: an area shared with human residents and Ambagarh Reserve Forest. Population densities of langurs differed between these two areas. There were fewer, less aggressive takeovers in the low-density area as compared to the high-density area. Aggressiveness, a marked transition period, interim residencies, ‘sneaky’ copulations and multi-male phases were some of the typical features accompanying takeovers in Ambagarh Reserve Forest. The study suggests that population density rather than habitat disturbance is correlated with takeovers.
Chromosomal Rearrangements and Speciation of Sportive Lemurs (Lepilemur species)
Authors: Ishak B. , Warter S. , Dutrillaux B. , Rumpler Y.
Published: September 2008

Theoretical configurations of meiotic chromosomes of potential hybrids between the different Lepilemur species were examined, and the classification of this genus was reviewed in the light of this information. Among the chromosomal rearrangements that occurred during the chromosomal evolution of the sportive lemurs, only those which would generate a pronounced reproductive barrier were considered in relation to the geographic distribution of this genus. The analysis showed that the pattern of geographic distribution is compatible with the inferred chronological occurrence of these chromosomal rearrangements in the phylogenetic tree of the genus Lepilemur.
The Size of the Neocortex in Relation to Ecology and Social Structure in Monkeys and Apes
Authors: Sawaguchi Toshiyuki
Published: September 2008

In an attempt to reveal factors associated with neocortical development in monkeys and apes (anthropoids), relationships between the relative size of the neocortex and differences in ecology and social structure were examined for 24 genera of 11 subfamilies. Relative sizes of the neocortex (RSNs) in a given group were assessed as the difference between actual neocortical volume and the volume expected from an allometric relationship between neocortical volume and the volume of the rest of the brain. We found that RSNs are related to diet and social structure: frugivorous anthropoids had higher values of RSNs than folivorous anthropoids, and polygynous anthropoids had significantly higher values of RSNs than monogynous anthropoids. Furthermore, RSNs were positively correlated with the size of the troop. These results suggest that development of the neocortex is associated with both diet and social structure in anthropoids.
Environmental and Social Determinants of Sexual Function in the Male Lesser Mouse Lemur (Microcebus murinus)
Authors: Perret Martine
Published: September 2008

Environmental factors that regulate the sexual activity of male lesser mouse lemurs have been studied experimentally with more than 60 captive animals over an 8-year period. In this nocturnal Malagasy prosimian, variation in day length is the primary factor controlling seasonal sexual activity. Plasma testosterone concentrations were low (= 9 ng/ml) during short days and reached 60 ng/ml during long days (>12-hour day). This cyclic pattern persists unchanged when artificial photoperiodic rhythms are applied and is not altered by ageing. The timing of puberty is also regulated by photoperiodic changes. Nevertheless, the sexual activity of the male lesser mouse lemur can be dramatically modified by the social environment. In heterosexual groups, behavioural and physiological components of sexual activity are depressed in all males except the dominant one, whose aggressive interactions are always successful. Intermale sexual inhibition was shown to be mediated by chemical cues present in the urine of dominant or isolated males but not in urine of subordinate individuals. The inhibitory signals possess lipophilic properties and are not contingent on the gonadal activity of the urine donor but are linked to adrenocortical activity. By contrast, chemical signals stimulating the reproductive function of all males are found in the urine of females, the presence of which is required for the establishment of clear dominance among grouped males. Endocrine mechanisms underlying intermale sexual inhibition by chemical cues were analysed. Variations in prolactin strongly suggest that olfaction interacts with the photoperiodic regulation of reproductive function, leading to changes in the sensitivity of the negative feedback effect of testosterone on gonadotrophin secretion. Inhibitory or stimulatory effects of chemical signals are discussed in the context of their functional significance for wild populations.
Control of Nipple and Body Contact by Mothers and Infants in Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Simpson M.J.A. , Tartabini A.
Published: September 2008

While 3-month-old infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatto) were awake and active in social interactions away from their mothers, body and nipple contacts with their mothers were nevertheless made from time to time. In each dyad the proportions of contacts made by the mother nearly equalled those broken by her, suggesting a meshed interaction in which each partner accepted most of the other’s contact initiations and terminations. Passive prevention of nipple contact by a mother reduced the frequency of nipple contact by her infant in the first 5 s after the infant had made body contact. Passive prevention occurred after fewer than 1 in 6 body contacts initiated by infants, and – even without its occurrence – most infants were less ready to take the nipple after their own initiatives than after maternal initiatives. Once nipple contact had been made, the probability of breaking body contact was reduced. The role of maternal rejection both in the control of nipple contact in the short term and in determining (through its effect on the sucking pattern) whether the mother gives birth in the next birth season or later is discussed. We suggest that, by the age of 3 months, the infants had already learned when and how often nipple contact with their mothers would be acceptable during their awake and active periods, and we suggest that subsequent decreases in the frequency of nipple contact were partly the results of maternal rejections which were accepted by the infants.
Influences of Female Partner Preference on Potential Reproductive Outcome in Japanese Macaques
Authors: Huffman Michael A.
Published: September 2008

The immediate effects of female partner preference on male mating behaviors and its potential influence on male reproductive success and conception in the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) were analyzed. Although male dominance interactions probably led to low-ranking males having more single-day consortships and high-ranking males more multi-day consortships, dominant males were unable to prevent females from mating with preferred subordinate males. Ultimately, there was no marked difference in the number of estimated offspring sired. Females chose not to mate with certain males and actively mated with others, suggesting that female partner preferences do affect conception. Evidence for this was found in paternity estimates, which reflected observed preferences for particular middle-ranking young adult males.
Capturing Wild Long-Tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: de Ruiter Jan R.
Published: September 2008

Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis Raffles, 1821) were captured at various locations in the north of Sumatra as part of a study on social behaviour and genetic relationships. We used individual cage traps, a group trap, a blowpipe and an air-pressure rifle. Provided that the monkeys were willing to take bait, individual cage traps proved most successful; they gave a high capture rate with minimal disturbance of the group. Success with young juveniles and peripheral animals could be improved by placing elevated traps in the centre and in clusters at the periphery of the trapping site. Trapping had no clear lasting effect on the natural behaviour of the animals.
Marking Behaviour in Two Lemur Species (L. fulvus and L. macaco): Relation to Social Status, Reproduction, Aggression and Environmental Change
Authors: Fornasieri Isabelle , Roeder Jean-Jacques
Published: September 2008

The influence of social status, reproductive and agonistic contexts and environmental change on scent-marking and allomarking rates were studied in captive groups of Lemur fulvus and Lemur macaco. No evidence of female social dominance over males appeared in either species. In L. fulvus, intrasexual relationships were characterized by the dominance of one adult male over another and by the existence of female affiliative association (‘central’ vs. ‘peripheral’ females). In L. macaco, no intrasexual dominance relationships were apparent except for a brief ostracism of one female. In both species, (1) intrasexual differences in social status were related to differences in marking rates, (2) no direct relation appeared between marking rates and aggression or reproduction, (3) allomarking was not differentially directed towards specific individuals and (4) physical environmental factors clearly influenced scent-marking and allomarking rates. These results are discussed in relation to the possible functions of marking behaviour in intragroup relations.
Dispersal in Sub-Saharan Baboons
Authors: Smith Euclid O.
Published: September 2008

In most mammalian species, males tend to leave their natal group and disperse farther than females, while females tend to be philopatric. Primates generally follow this rule, although long-term studies of a variety of species are revealing an increasing number of exceptions. This paper reviews dispersal patterns in 3 subspecies of savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus, P. cynocephalus anubis, P. cynocephalus ursinus) which exhibit very similar patterns of social organization. Males usually disperse from the natal group at 8–10 years of age. Female dispersal is rare but well documented. Inbreeding avoidance as well as enhanced mating opportunities are suggested as ultimate causes of dispersal. Several proximate factors implicated in the timing of dispersal events are also reviewed.
Phylogenetic Relationships of Macaques as Inferred from Restriction Endonuclease Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Ya-Ping Zhang , Li-Ming Shi
Published: September 2008

Mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) purified from 25 samples of 6 species of macaques, Macaca mulatta, M. fascicularis, M. arctoides, M. nemestrina, M. assamensis and M. thibetana, were analyzed to study the phyletic relationships among the species. A total of 36-46 sites was observed in each sample. By combining the cleavage patterns each of the endonucleases, the 25 samples were classified into 11 restriction types. When data on M. fuscata and M. cyclopis collected by other authors were added to our own, the resultant molecular phylogenetic trees indicated that the 8 species may be divided into 4 groups: M. mulatta, M. fuscata, M. cyclopis and M. fascicularis; M. arctoides; (3) M. nemestrina; (4) M. assamensis and M. thibetana. Our results suggest that within both the fascicularis and sinica groups genetic distances are small between members and that the status of the species within the groups may require further investigation.
A Comparative Study of the Elbow Joints in Five Species of Chinese Macaques
Authors: Fa-Hong Yu , Yan-Zhang Peng , Ru-Liang Pan , Zhi-Zhang Ye , Hong Wang , Jablonski Nina G.
Published: September 2008

In this paper, we report the findings of a comparative study of the elbow joints of five species of macaque that inhabit China: Macaca assamensis, M. arctoides, M. mulatta, M. thibetana and M. nemestrina. Results of multivariate analyses of size-related variables and indices of the elbow joint suggested that the breadths of the ventral aspect of the trochlea and of the medial epicondyle of the humerus as well as indices describing the head of the radius are important factors for discriminating these species. The elbow joint of M. arctoides was most similar to that of M. thibetana, no doubt reflecting recency of common ancestry and similarity in terrestrial locomotion. The structures of the elbow joints in M. nemestrina and M. assamensis seemed more adapted to arboreal quadrupedalism. The elbow joint of M. mulatta, however, appears intermediate between the most terrestrial and the most arboreal forms.
Social Development of Infants of Macaca thibetana at Mount Emei, China
Authors: Zi-Yun Deng
Published: September 2008

The development of infant Mαcαcα thibetαnα was studied at Mount Emei, China, and compared to that of other macaque species. It was found that there are many common features in the process of infant socialization in species of the genus Mαcαcα: mothers play an important and active role, other group members influence the infants’ development to a greater or lesser extent and play is a major activity in the life of infants. Some differences were found to exist, however, between macaque species. These included differences in maternal care behaviour such as ‘len’, leaving time and weaning time. Paternal behaviours were also found to vary within and among species. Tibetan macaque males care for infants extensively, and they may use infants as an agonistic buffer. The natural and social environment may also influence differences between macaque species in infant development.
Scaling of Limb Proportions and Limb Bone Diameters in Three Species of Chinese Snub-Nosed Langurs (Genus Rhinopithecus)
Authors: Ru-Liang Pan , Jablonski Nina. G.
Published: September 2008

In this study, aspects of the structural mechanics of the upper and lower limbs of the three Chinese species of Rhinopithecus were examined. Linear regression and reduced major axis (RMA) analyses of natural log-transformed data were used to examine the dimensions of limb bones and other relationships to body size and locomotion. The results of this study suggest that: (1) the allometry exponents of the lengths of long limbs deviate from isometry, being moderately negative, while the shaft diameters (both sagittal and transverse) show significantly positive allometry; (2) the sagittal diameters of the tibia and ulna show extremely significantly positive allometry – the relative enlargement of the sagittal, as opposed to transverse, diameters of these bones suggests that the distal segments of the fore- and hindlimbs of Rhinopithecus experience high bending stresses during locomotion; (3) observations of Rhinopithecus species in the field indicate that all species engage in energetic leaping during arboreal locomotion. The limbs experience rapid and dramatic decelerations upon completion of a leap. We suggest that these occasional decelerations produce high bending stresses in the distal limb segments and so account for the hypertrophy of the sagittal diameters of the ulna and tibia.
Preliminary Results from a Field Study of Wild Guizhou Snub-Nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus brelichi)
Authors: Bleisch William , Ao-Song Cheng , Xiao-Dong Ren , Jia-Hua Xie
Published: September 2008

The Guizhou snub-nosed monkey, Rhinopithecus brelichi, is a large-bodied colobine confined to the subtropical semideciduous forests of Fanjing Mountain Reserve in Guizhou province, southwest China. Field work beginning in 1979 and including 10 months of intensive study in 1991 has revealed several aspects of the behavior and ecology of this species that are distinct from other colobines, including the closely related species R. roxellana and R. bieti. The Guizhou snub-nosed monkey is arboreal, traveling through the trees by quadrupedal walking, climbing, leaping, semibrachiation and (occasionally) by full brachiation. Terrestrial locomotion is used occasionally. Social organization centers around family groups of 5–10 individuals with a single adult male. Many family groups range and rest together in large, semicohesive bands. These bands may split up or coalesce temporarily to form large aggregations of over 400 animals and perhaps more. All-male groups of 2–5 adult or subadult males are found on the periphery of the bands.
Feeding and Vocal Behaviours of Black Gibbons (Hylobates concolor) in Yunnan: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Dao-Ying Lan
Published: September 2008

Feeding and vocal behaviours of wild black gibbons (Hylobates concolor) were observed from 1987 to 1989 in southwestern Yunnan, notably H. concolor jingdongensis at Mt. Wuliang (24° 18–42’ N, 100° 30–50’ E) in the early spring of 1989. 12 plant species were observed to have been eaten by the gibbons; these included tree species, lianas and epiphytes. Approximately 21% of feeding time was devoted to eating fruits, 61% to leaf buds and shoots, 7% to flowers and 11% to leaves. The gibbons preferred fruits to leaves even though they commonly ate leaves. In this study, the morning songs (duet and solo), reponsive (territorial) songs, alarm calls and communication calls were recorded. The gibbons sang their morning songs mainly in the early morning, with a single bout lasting more than 10 min on average. The singing of a group would trigger other groups, and all groups in an area tended to sing sequentially. The morning duet song bout was dominated by an adult male. The male emitted booms, aa notes, early multimodulated figures, intermediate multimodulated figures and codas, the latter occurring only in duets following the female’s great call. The female uttered great calls and abortive great calls. The subadults or juveniles also took part in the morning songs. Lone males were heard to utter solos which lasted longer than the duets of the pairs.
On the Occurrence of Nocturnal and Diurnal Loud Calls, Differing in Structure and Duration, in Red Howlers (Alouatta seniculus) of French Guyana
Authors: Drubbel Régine Vercauteren , Folia Primatologica Editors
Published: September 2008

Structural patterns and 24-hour rhythms of the loud calls of Alouatta seniculus were studied in a wild population living in primary rain forest in French Guyana. These loud calls are low-pitched noisy hoarse sounds with an upper frequency limit around 3,000 Hz. Their spectral energy is concentrated in two clusters, each of which includes two dominant frequency bands. Loud calls comprise one or several vocal units with alternating crescendos and decrescendos. Five different types of units can be distinguished. Depending on their duration, loud calls can be roughly divided into two classes: long and short calls. Long calls (mean duration 3.28 min) include three phases. After the end of the calls, one or two blowing noises of weak amplitude may be heard. Short calls (mean duration 11s) are frequently uttered in clusters of several calls given by the same troop at intervals of a few seconds to a few minutes. Observations carried out over the 24-hour cycle show that the calling rate is higher at night, with a peak around dawn and that long calls are more frequent at night, while short calls are mainly heard during the day. Most long calls are emitted from the sleeping sites and carry great distances. They probably play a role in inter-troop communication. Despite their intensity, short calls are used for short-distance communication. The occurrence of two different loud calls in Guyanan howlers and the amount of night calling in these monkeys are discussed with reference to studies of other howler populations.
Religion of Reason Revised: David Koigen on the Jewish Ethos
Authors: Urban Martina
Published: September 2008

Whereas some of the critics of Hermann Cohen's strictly rational foundation of religious consciousness promoted a turn to subjectivism, others endorsed an ethicotheology while seeking to revise the "Religion of Reason." Among the latter was the Ukrainian-born social philosopher David Koigen (1877–1933), author of Der moralische Gott. Eine Abhandlung über die Beziehungen zwischen Kultur und Religion/The Moral God: An essay on the relations between culture and religion (Berlin: Jüdischer Verlag, 1922). This article examines Koigen's reevaluation of Jewish monotheism as a culture-forming religion (Kulturreligion) grounded in a religious ethos which integrates the rational will, ethics and emotion.
On Becoming the Righteousness of God: Another Look at 2 Cor 5:21
Authors: Hooker Morna
Published: September 2008

At the end of 2 Corinthians 5, in which he is defending his style of ministry, Paul appeals three times to the gospel which he proclaims (vv. 14-15, 18-19, 21). These summaries are worded in ways that indicate the implications of the gospel for his ministry. At the same time, however, what is true of Paul should be true of all believers: they, too, should be living for the one who died and was raised for them (v. 15) and passing on the message of reconciliation to others (vv. 18-19). In the final summary, Christians are said to "become the righteousness of God" (v. 21). Käsemann's understanding of δικαιoσυνη Θεoν here as a reference to God's active power of salvation fits the context well: "in Christ", believers become what he is, and God's righteousness is manifested through them.
Intervention Debating Lebowitz: Is Class Conflict the Moral and Historical Element in the Value of Labour-Power?
Authors: Fine Ben
Published: September 2008

Prompted by the debate over Michael Lebowitz's contributions on the relative absence of class struggle in Marx's Capital (and, in particular, the determining if subjective role played by labour in resisting capital), this paper seeks to push analysis forward by closer examination of the notion of the value of labour-power. It does so by arguing that labour markets are structured, reproduced and transformed in complex and differentiated ways, whilst the moral and historical elements that make up the use-value interpretation of the value of labour-power also need to be addressed in a differentiated manner rather than as a fixed bundle.
Three Classes of Nonparametric Differential Step Functioning Effect Estimators
Authors: Penfield Randall D.
Published: September 2008

The examination of measurement invariance in polytomous items is complicated by the possibility that the magnitude and sign of lack of invariance may vary across the steps underlying the set of polytomous response options, a concept referred to as differential step functioning (DSF). This article describes three classes of nonparametric DSF effect estimators that are based on the models specified by the graded response model (GRM), the continuation ratio model, and the generalized partial credit model. A simulation study was conducted to compare the statistical properties of the three DSF effect estimators under a variety of conditions. The results of the simulation study indicate that the DSF effect estimator based on the GRM yielded the highest level of stability while maintaining the lowest overall level of bias.
Impact of Missing Data on Person—Model Fit and Person Trait Estimation
Authors: Bo Zhang  , Walker Cindy M.
Published: September 2008

The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of missing data on person—model fit and person trait estimation in tests with dichotomous items. Under the missing-completely-at-random framework, four missing data treatment techniques were investigated including pairwise deletion, coding missing responses as incorrect, hotdeck imputation, and model-based imputation. Person traits were estimated using the two-parameter item response model. Overall, missing data increased the difficulty in assessing person—model fit for both model-fitting and model-misfitting persons. The higher the proportion of missing data, the larger the number of persons incorrectly diagnosed. Among the four techniques, the pairwise deletion method performed best in recovering person—model fit and person trait level. Treating missing responses as incorrect caused the examinees with missing data to not fit the measurement model, thus invalidating the person trait estimates.
Middle School Students' Perceptions of Effective Motivation and Preparation Factors for High-Stakes Tests
Authors: Hoffman Lynn M. , Nottis Katharyn E. K.
Published: September 2008

This mixed-methods study examines young adolescents' perceptions of strategies implemented before a state-mandated “high-stakes” test. Survey results for Grade 8 students ( N = 215) are analyzed by sex, academic group, and preparation team. Letters to the principal are reviewed for convergence and additional themes. Although students were most motivated by extrinsic rewards, those whose teachers developed students' self-efficacy and positively used attribution theory were less influenced. Letters revealed parental impact on students' attitudes and performance. Implications are addressed.
The Perceptions of New Principals Regarding the Knowledge and Skills Important to Their Initial Success
Authors: Petzko Vicki
Published: September 2008

Although there is a recurrent call for substantive reform in graduate programs in educational leadership, little has been written from the perspective of the new principal. This article reports the results of a survey of first-, second-, and third-year principals and assistant principals in which participants were asked to identify the knowledge and skill areas they perceived to be important to their initial success. The results suggest that principal preparation programs and district induction programs evaluate their individual areas of emphasis and make adjustments as appropriate.