bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management einer mehrfragmentären Glenoidfraktur
Authors: Tenfelde Oliver , Karwatzke Andreas , Kappel Paola , Balke Maurice , Wafaisade Arasch
Published: July 2022

Es wird der Fall eines 65-jährigen Patienten geschildert, welcher sich nach einem Sturz aus 2 m Höhe eine mehrfragmentäre Glenoidfraktur zuzog. Die Krafteinwirkung auf den angelegten Arm führte zur vollständigen y‑förmigen Gelenkdestruktion mit großem posteroinferioren und einem großen anteroinferioren Glenoidfragment. Die Operation bestand in einer 2‑zeitigen Technik aus offenem und arthroskopischem Verfahren. So folgte zunächst die offene Osteosynthese eines Fragmentes von dorsal mittels Schraubenosteosynthese. Vier Wochen später wurde die arthroskopische Refixation des anterioren Glenoidfragmentes im Sinne einer knöchernen Bankart-Läsion mittels Zielinstrumentarium und Endobutton®-Fixation durchgeführt.

Mehrfragmentäre Glenoidfrakturen des Ideberg-Typs 6 sind selten und sollten insbesondere bei großer Gelenkstufe, Instabilität im Glenohumeralgelenk und jüngeren Patienten operativ versorgt werden. Bei fehlender Handlungsempfehlung in der Literatur sind individuelle Operationsstrategien erforderlich.
Assessing the response to genomic selection by simulation
Authors: Buntaran Harimurti , Bernal-Vasquez Angela Maria , Gordillo Andres , Sahr Morten , Wimmer Valentin , Piepho Hans-Peter
Published: July 2022

Key message

We propose a simulation approach to compute response to genomic selection on a multi-environment framework to provide breeders the number of entries that need to be selected from the population to have a defined probability of selecting the truly best entry from the population and the probability of obtaining the truly best entries when some top-ranked entries are selected.

The goal of any plant breeding program is to maximize genetic gain for traits of interest. In classical quantitative genetics, the genetic gain can be obtained from what is known as “Breeder’s equation”. In the past, only phenotypic data were used to compute the genetic gain. The advent of genomic prediction (GP) has opened the door to the utilization of dense markers for estimating genomic breeding values or GBV. The salient feature of GP is the possibility to carry out genomic selection with the assistance of the kinship matrix, hence improving the prediction accuracy and accelerating the breeding cycle. However, estimates of GBV as such do not provide the full information on the number of entries to be selected as in the classical response to selection. In this paper, we use simulation, based on a fitted mixed model for GP in a multi-environmental framework, to answer two typical questions of a plant breeder: (1) How many entries need to be selected to have a defined probability of selecting the truly best entry from the population; (2) what is the probability of obtaining the truly best entries when some top-ranked entries are selected.
Winogradskyella luteola sp.nov., Erythrobacter ani sp. nov., and Erythrobacter crassostrea sp.nov., isolated from the hemolymph of the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas
Authors: Pira Hani , Risdian Chandra , Müsken Mathias , Schupp Peter J. , Wink Joachim
Published: July 2022

Three new bacterial strains, WHY3T, WH131T, and WH158T, were isolated and described from the hemolymph of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas utilizing polyphasic taxonomic techniques. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain WHY3T was a member of the genus Winogradskyella, whereas strains WHI31T and WH158T were members of the genus Erythrobacter. According to the polygenomic study the three strains formed individual lineages with strong bootstrap support. The comparison of dDDH-and ANI values, percentage of conserved proteins (POCP), and average amino acid identity (AAl) between the three strains and their relatives established that the three strains represented two separate genera. Menaquinone-6 was reported as the major respiratory quinone in strain WHY3T and Ubiquinone-10 for strains WH131T and WH158T, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids for strain WHY3T were C15:0, anteiso-C15:1 ω7c, iso-C15:0, C16:1ω7c. The major cellular fatty acids for strains WH131T and WH158T were C14:02-OH and t18:1ω12 for WH131T and C17:0, and C18:1ω7c for strain WH158T. Positive Sudan Black B staining Indicated the presence of polyhydroxyalkanoic acid granules for strains WH131T and WH158T but not for strain WHY3T. The DNA G + C contents of strains WHY3T, WH131T and WH158T were 34.4, 59.7 and 56.6%, respectively. Gene clusters predicted some important genes involved in the bioremediation process. Due to the accomplishment of polyphasic taxonomy, we propose three novel species Winogradskyella luteola sp.nov. (type strain WHY3T = DSM 111804T = NCCB 100833T), Erythrobacter ani sp.nov. (WH131T = DSM 112099T = NCCB 100824T) and Erythrobacter crassostrea sp.nov. (WH158T = DSM 112102T = NCCB 100877T).
Morph-specific differences in escape behavior in a color polymorphic lizard
Authors: Brock Kinsey M. , Madden Indiana E.
Published: July 2022

Variation in color morph behavior is an important factor in the maintenance of color polymorphism. Alternative anti-predator behaviors are often associated with morphological traits such as coloration, possibly because predator-mediated viability selection favors certain combinations of anti-predator behavior and color. The Aegean wall lizard,Podarcis erhardii, is color polymorphic and populations can have up to three monochromatic morphs: orange, yellow, and white. We investigated whether escape behaviors differ among coexisting color morphs, and if morph behaviors are repeatable across different populations with the same predator species. Specifically, we assessed color morph flight initiation distance (FID), distance to the nearest refuge (DNR), and distance to chosen refuge (DR) in two populations of Aegean wall lizards from Naxos island. We also analyzed the type of refugia color morphs selected and their re-emergence behavior following a standardized approach. We found that orange morphs have different escape behaviors from white and yellow morphs, and these differences are consistent in both populations we sampled. Orange morphs have shorter FIDs, DNRs, and DRs; select different refuge types; and re-emerge less often after being approached compared to white and yellow morphs. Observed differences in color morph escape behaviors support the idea that morphs have evolved alternative behavioral strategies that may play a role in population-level morph maintenance and loss.

Significance statement

Color polymorphic species often differ in behaviors related to reproduction, but differences in other behaviors are relatively underexplored. In this study, we use an experimental approach in two natural populations of color populations of color polymorphic lizards to determine that color morphs have diverged in their escape behaviors. By conducting our experiments in two different populations with similar predator regimes, we show for the first time that behavioral differences among intra-specific color morphs are repeatable across populations, suggesting that alternative behavioral strategies have evolved in this species. Using this experimental approach, we demonstrate that the brightest orange morph stays closer to refuge than other morphs, uses a different refuge type (vegetation) more often than other morphs (wall crevices), and take much longer to emerge from refuge after a simulated predation event than other morphs. Thus, selective pressures from visual predators may differ between morphs and play a role in the evolution and maintenance of color polymorphisms in these types of systems. Our study species,Podarcis erhardii, belongs to a highly color polymorphic genus (19/23 spp. are color polymorphic) that contains the same three color morphs, thus we believe our results may be relevant to more than justP.erhardii.
Mining and Sustainability in the Circumpolar North: The Role of Government in Advancing Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Jackson Sarah , Poelzer Gregory , Poelzer Greg , Noble Bram
Published: July 2022

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is recognized as important to fostering sustainable natural resource development in the Circumpolar North. Governments are playing an increasingly active role in promoting and shaping CSR initiatives, often in collaboration with Indigenous communities and industry. This paper explores the role of CSR in mining for improving socio-economic and environmental management practice. The article argues that government instituted regulations can lead to the development and implementation of CSR practices by mining companies. To examine the relationship between government requirements and CSR, we use two Northern case studies: Cameco Corporation’s uranium mining operations located in Saskatchewan, Canada and Northern Iron’s iron mining operation located in Troms and Finnmark county, Norway. Through an in-depth review of scholarly literature, document analysis, and semi-structured interviews, our findings suggest that the role of the state in the initiation and implementation of CSR is of much greater importance than is currently acknowledged in the literature. In the case of Cameco, the Mine Surface Lease Agreements agreed to by the corporation and the provincial government provided motivation for the development and implementation of their world-renowned CSR practices, resulting in a community-based environmental monitoring program and benefits for both the company and surrounding communities. With Northern Iron’s operations in Kirkenes, working hour requirements instituted by the Norwegian Government allowed for significantly higher levels of local employment. Our findings suggest a greater role exists for government to facilitate the adoption of CSR policies, contributing in turn to improved socio-economic and environmental outcomes for Northern communities.
An analysis framework to evaluate irrigation decisions using short-term ensemble weather forecasts
Authors: Guo Danlu , Wang Quan J. , Ryu Dongryeol , Yang Qichun , Moller Peter , Western Andrew W.
Published: July 2022

Irrigation water is an expensive and limited resource and optimal scheduling can boost water efficiency. Scheduling decisions often need to be made several days prior to an irrigation event, so a key aspect of irrigation scheduling is the accurate prediction of crop water use and soil water status ahead of time. This prediction relies on several key inputs including initial soil water status, crop conditions and weather. Since each input is subject to uncertainty, it is important to understand how these uncertainties impact soil water prediction and subsequent irrigation scheduling decisions. This study aims to develop an uncertainty-based analysis framework for evaluating irrigation scheduling decisions under uncertainty, with a focus on the uncertainty arising from short-term rainfall forecasts. To achieve this, a biophysical process-based crop model, APSIM (The Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator), was used to simulate root-zone soil water content for a study field in south-eastern Australia. Through the simulation, we evaluated different irrigation scheduling decisions using ensemble short-term rainfall forecasts. This modelling produced an ensemble of simulations of soil water content, as well as ensemble simulations of irrigation runoff and drainage. This enabled quantification of risks of over- and under-irrigation. These ensemble estimates were interpreted to inform the timing of the next irrigation event to minimize both the risks of stressing the crop and/or wasting water under uncertain future weather. With extension to include other sources of uncertainty (e.g., evapotranspiration forecasts, crop coefficient), we plan to build a comprehensive uncertainty framework to support on-farm irrigation decision-making.
Early administration of remdesivir plus convalescent plasma therapy is effective to treat COVID-19 pneumonia in B-cell depleted patients with hematological malignancies
Authors: Magyari Ferenc , Pinczés László Imre , Páyer Edit , Farkas Katalin , Ujfalusi Szilvia , Diószegi Ágnes , Sik Máté , Simon Zsófia , Nagy Gergely , Hevessy Zsuzsanna , Nagy Béla , Illés Árpád
Published: July 2022

Patients with hematological malignancies (HMs) are at a higher risk of developing severe form and protracted course of COVID-19 disease. We investigated whether the combination of viral replication inhibition with remdesivir and administration of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins with convalescent plasma (CP) therapy might be sufficient to treat B-cell-depleted patients with COVID-19. We enrolled 20 consecutive patients with various HMs with profound B-cell lymphopenia and COVID-19 pneumonia between December 2020 and May 2021. All patients demonstrated undetectable baseline anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin levels before CP. Each patient received at least a complete course of remdesivir and at least one unit of CP. Previous anti-CD20 therapy resulted in a more prolonged SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity compared to other causes of B-cell lymphopenia (p = 0.004). Timing of CP therapy showed a significant impact on the clinical outcome. Simultaneous use of remdesivir and CP reduced time period for oxygen weaning after diagnosis (p = 0.017), length of hospital stay (p = 0.007), and PCR positivity (p = 0.012) compared to patients who received remdesivir and CP consecutively. In addition, time from the diagnosis to CP therapy affected the length of oxygen dependency (p < 0.001) and hospital stay (p < 0.0001). In those cases where there were at least 10 days from the diagnosis to plasma administration, oxygen dependency was prolonged vs. patients with shorter interval (p = 0.006). In conclusion, the combination of inhibition of viral replication with passive immunization was proved to be efficient and safe. Our results suggest the clear benefit of early, combined administration of remdesivir and CP to avoid protracted COVID-19 disease among patients with HMs and B-cell lymphopenia.
Creation of an incus recess for a middle-ear microphone using a drill or laser ablation: a comparison of equivalent noise level and middle ear transfer function
Authors: Morse Robert P. , Mitchell-Innes Alistair , Prokopiou Andreas N. , Irving Richard M. , Begg Philip A.
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Studies have assessed the trauma and change in hearing function from the use of otological drills on the ossicular chain, but not the effects of partial laser ablation of the incus. A study of the effectiveness of a novel middle-ear microphone for a cochlear implant, which required an incus recess for the microphone balltip, provided an opportunity to compare methods and inform a feasibility study of the microphone with patients.

Methods

We used laser Doppler vibrometry with an insert earphone and probe microphone in 23 ears from 14 fresh-frozen cadavers to measure the equivalent noise level at the tympanic membrane that would have led to the same stapes velocity as the creation of the incus recess.

Results

Drilling on the incus with a diamond burr created peak noise levels equivalent to 125.1–155.0 dB SPL at the tympanic membrane, whilst using the laser generated equivalent noise levels barely above the baseline level. The change in middle ear transfer function following drilling showed greater variability at high frequencies, but the change was not statistically significant in the three frequency bands tested.

Conclusions

Whilst drilling resulted in substantially higher equivalent noise, we considered that the recess created by laser ablation was more likely to lead to movement of the microphone balltip, and therefore decrease performance or result in malfunction over time. For patients with greatly reduced residual hearing, the greater consistency from drilling the incus recess may outweigh the potential benefits of hearing preservation with laser ablation.
Production of sealed rod sources made from epoxy resin for the Saint-Petersburg brick phantom for the calibration of whole-body counters
Authors: Woidy Patrick , Meisenberg Oliver
Published: July 2022

Rod sources are a common tool for the calibration of whole-body counters in combination with the Saint-Petersburg brick phantom. Here, a method for the production of such sources in ordinary radiochemical laboratories is presented. The rod sources consist of a tubular capsule of rigid polyvinyl chloride with a radioactive filling of epoxy resin. The method allows the production of rod sources at material costs of about 1 € per rod source and of ten rod sources by one person per day. Quality-assurance measurements were performed regarding the spatial distribution of the activity within the rod sources and the distribution of the activity throughout a set of sources. The relative double standard deviation of the activities of five different segments of single rod sources was 7.1%. The relative double standard deviation within a set of 90 rod sources was 2.8% after those 11% of sources with the greatest deviation from the arithmetic mean were discarded. Tests according to ISO 2919 to certify the rod sources as sealed sources of Class 2 of this standard were successfully conducted. The bending test proved to be the most critical test for the rod sources; the sources were broken by a mass of 12–14 kg, which is only slightly more than the stipulated mass of 10.2 kg. The presented method allows for a cost- and labour-effective production of sealed radioactive rod sources and thus facilitates the application of the Saint-Petersburg brick phantom for calibrations and interlaboratory comparisons of whole-body counters.
Disentangling task-selection failures from task-execution failures in task switching: an assessment of different paradigms
Authors: Moretti Luca , Koch Iring , Steinhauser Marco , Schuch Stefanie
Published: July 2022

Differentiating errors on the basis of the distinct cognitive mechanisms that may have generated them has provided neuropsychologists with useful diagnostic tools. For example, perseverative errors arising from the inability of the patient to set a new criterion for responding are considered one of the hallmarks of cognitive inflexibility. Similarly, in the task-switching paradigm it is possible to distinguish between task-confusion errors, produced by a failure in task selection, and response-confusion errors, arising when the correct task is selected, but the wrong response is given. Nonetheless, only a few studies so far have exploited the existence of different kinds of errors in multitasking situations to inform theories of cognitive flexibility. In the present study, we set out to use a variety of methodologies employed so far in the literature for disentangling errors due to task-selection failure from errors due to task-execution failure. In three experiments, we assessed the capacity of each method to produce error categories that can be mapped as clearly as possible to the cognitive mechanism(s) underlying them using multinomial processing tree modelling. Subsequently, the distinction between task- and response-confusion errors was used to test their differential impact on inhibitory mechanisms in task switching as measured by N-2 repetition costs. Our results are encouraging regarding the possibility of correctly detecting response- and task-selection failures, thus allowing us to assess their differential impact on N-2 repetition costs.
Are chlorophyll concentrations and nitrogen across the vertical canopy profile affected by elevated CO2 in mature Quercus trees?
Authors: Gardner A. , Ellsworth D. S. , Pritchard J. , MacKenzie A. R.
Published: July 2022

Key message

In mature Q. robur, chlorophyll varied with season and canopy height, whilst eCO2-driven changes were consistent with Marea, highlighting key factors for consideration when scaling photosynthetic processes and canopy N-use.

Nitrogen-rich chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments are important in photosynthetic functioning. Photosynthetic pigments have been found to decrease with elevated CO2 (eCO2), but few such studies have been done in aged forest trees. This study aimed to assess the effects of eCO2 (150 μmol mol−1 above ambient) and canopy position on chlorophyll content in mature Quercus robur (Q. robur). Over 5000 in situ chlorophyll absorbance measurements, alongside laboratory chlorophyll extractions, were collected on canopy-dominant Q. robur in the 3rd and 4th season of CO2 fumigation of a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) study in central England. Mass-based chlorophyll concentration (Chlmass, mg g−1) was significantly higher in the lower canopy compared to upper canopy foliage (P < 0.05). In contrast, significantly higher chlorophyll content (Chlarea, mg m−2) was observed in the upper canopy. ECO2 did not affect Chlmass but Chlarea significantly increased, attributable to increased leaf mass per unit area (Marea, g m−2). We found no effect of eCO2 on mass-based or area-based nitrogen (Nmass, mg g−1 or Narea g m−2); however, Narea significantly increased with canopy height, again attributable to Marea. The parallel relationships between Marea, Narea and Chlarea suggest the allocation of N to light harvesting is maintained with eCO2 exposure as well as in the upper canopy, and that increased photosynthetic mass may help regulate the eCO2 variation. An understanding of changes in the light-harvesting machinery with eCO2 will be useful to assess canopy processes and, at larger scales, changes in biogeochemical cycles in future climate scenarios.
A theory of autocratic transition by government leaders: prerequisites to self-enforcing democracy
Authors: Apolte Thomas
Published: July 2022

This paper aims at contributing to a better understanding of the conditions of self-enforcing democracy by analyzing the recent wave of autocratic transitions. Based on a game-theoretic framework, we work out the conditions under which governments may induce the diverse public authorities to coordinate on extra-constitutional activities, eventually transforming the politico-institutional setting into one of autocratic rule. We find three empirically testable characteristics that promote this coordination process, namely: populism and public support, corruption, and a lack in the separation of powers. By contrast, low degrees of corruption and strongly separated powers can be viewed as prerequisites to self-enforcing democracy.
Clinical trials of immunotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer
Authors: Howard Frederick M. , Pearson Alexander T. , Nanda Rita
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Immunotherapy has started to transform the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), in part due to the unique immunogenicity of this breast cancer subtype. This review summarizes clinical studies of immunotherapy in advanced and early-stage TNBC.

Findings

Initial studies of checkpoint blockade monotherapy demonstrated occasional responses, especially in patients with untreated programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) positive advanced TNBC, but failed to confirm a survival advantage over chemotherapy. Nonetheless, pembrolizumab monotherapy has tumor agnostic approval for microsatellite instability-high or high tumor mutational burden cancers, and thus can be considered for select patients with advanced TNBC. Combination chemoimmunotherapy approaches have been more successful, and pembrolizumab is approved for PD-L1 positive advanced TNBC in combination with chemotherapy. This success has been translated to the curative setting, where pembrolizumab is now approved in combination with neoadjuvant chemotherapy for high-risk early-stage TNBC.

Conclusion

Immunotherapy has been a welcome addition to the growing armamentarium for TNBC, but responses remain limited to a subset of patients. Innovative strategies are under investigation in an attempt to induce immune responses in resistant tumors—with regimens incorporating small-molecule inhibitors, novel immune checkpoint targets, and intratumoral injections that directly alter the tumor microenvironment. As the focus shifts toward the use of immunotherapy for early-stage TNBC, it will be critical to identify those who derive the most benefit from treatment, given the potential for irreversible autoimmune toxicity and the lack of predictive accuracy of PD-L1 expression in the early-stage setting.
Achieving Sustainable Development Goals Through Collaborative Innovation: Evidence from Four European Initiatives
Authors: Mariani Laura , Trivellato Benedetta , Martini Mattia , Marafioti Elisabetta
Published: July 2022

The role to be played by multi-stakeholder partnerships in addressing the ‘wicked problems’ of sustainable development is made explicit by the seventeenth Sustainable Development Goal. But how do these partnerships really work? Based on the analysis of four sustainability-oriented innovation initiatives implemented in Belgium, Italy, Germany, and France, this study explores the roles and mechanisms that collaborating actors may enact to facilitate the pursuit of sustainable development, with a particular focus on non-profit organizations. The results suggest that collaborative innovations for sustainability contribute simultaneously to the fulfilment of different Sustainable Development Goals, reaching beyond their original intent, and that the value being created has the potential to reinforce such roles and mechanisms. These partnerships are prompted and managed by non-profit organizations that act as metagovernors of collaborative innovation processes as they play the roles of cultural spreaders, enablers, relational brokers, service provides, and influencers. These findings will help policy-makers and practitioners in the public and non-profit sector to identify and utilize emerging opportunities for value creation through collaborative innovation, and to better design existing and prospective collaborative efforts aimed at sustainable objectives, thereby supporting progress towards the implementation of Agenda 2030.
Quantum Statistics of Identical Particles
Authors: Garrison J. C.
Published: July 2022

The empirical rule that systems of identical particles always obey either Bose or Fermi statistics is customarily imposed on the theory by adding it to the axioms of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, with the result that other statistical behaviors are excluded a priori. A more general approach is to ask what other many-particle statistics are consistent with the indistinguishability of identical particles. This strategy offers a way to discuss possible violations of the Pauli Exclusion Principle, and it leads to some interesting issues related to preparation of states and a superselection rule arising from invariance under the permutation group.
The emerging coloprotective effect of sildenafil against ulcerative colitis in rats via exerting counterbalance between NF-κB signaling and Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway
Authors: El-Tanbouly Ghada S. , Abdelrahman Rehab S.
Published: July 2022

The current work explored the influences of time dependent Sildenafil (SILD) administration, and the possible outcomes from its concomitant administration with dexamethasone against acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Rats were assigned into six random groups: diseased group (AA), injected once with 2 ml acetic acid (3%) intrarectally, 2 days before sacrification. SILD + AA, received sildenafil (25 mg/kg, orally) for 6 days starting 3 days pre-injection of AA; SILD-t + AA, received sildenafil (25 mg/kg, orally), starting at time of AA injection and continued for 3 days; DEXA + AA, received dexamethasone (2 mg/kg, i.p.) for 3 days, starting at time of AA injection; SILD-t + DEXA + AA, received sildenafil (25 mg/kg, orally) and dexamethasone (2 mg/kg, i.p.), as mentioned. Sildenafil markedly ameliorated disease activity index (DAI), ulcer scores, colon length shortening and colonic histopathological changes. Mechanistically, Sildenafil markedly attenuated immunoexpression of NF-κB p65/ TNF-α and COX-2, diminished oxidative stress (↓ MDA/NO levels and ↑ GSH level and SOD activity), increased levels of Nrf-2/HO-1, compared to untreated group. Taken together, Sildenafil treatment suppressed acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis, probably via inhibiting NF-κB/TNF-α signaling dependent of Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway, reducing oxidative stress and attenuating inflammation. Surprisingly, effects of sildenafil were unpromoted in a time dependant manner. Short term treatment with sildenafil was sufficient to exert its coloprotective effect, while longer term pretreatment was only superior among other treatments in the macroscopical changes. Moreover, concurrent administration of sildenafil and dexamethasone had the preference in boosting the antioxidant defense and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, visualized by histopathological/immunohistochemical changes.
Normative measurements of orbital structures by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Rana Khizar , Juniat Valerie , Rayan Aaron , Patel Sandy , Selva Dinesh
Published: July 2022

Purpose

We describe and compare the normative values of orbital structures in an Australian cohort on T1-weighted MRI and fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI.

Methods

Retrospective review of patients who underwent 3T orbital MRI. The maximum extraocular muscle (EOM) and superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) diameters on normal orbits were recorded. The extraocular muscle diameters were summed to produce the sum of all muscles.

Results

The normal measurements (mean ± SD) from 141 orbits that had fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced MRI: medial rectus, 4.1 ± 0.5 mm; lateral rectus (LR), 3.9 ± 0.7 mm; superior muscle group (SMG), 4.5 ± 0.7 mm; inferior rectus (IR), 4.6 ± 0.7 mm; and SOV, 1.8 ± 0.7 mm. The normal measurement from 84 orbits that had T1-weighted MRI: MR, 4.1 ± 0.5 mm; LR, 3.4 ± 0.6 mm; SMG, 4.3 ± 0.7 mm; IR, 4.6 ± 0.7 mm; SOV, 2.0 ± 0.7 mm. Eighty-four orbits had both MRI sequences performed. The LR, SMG and the sum of all muscles were significantly larger on fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI sequence than the T1-weighted sequence (P < 0.01), whereas the SOV was significantly larger on the T1-weighted sequence (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

These data may aid in diagnosing pathological enlargement of the EOMs and SOV on different scan sequences.
Spanish Rhythm Association member´s perspectives on cardiac implantable electronic device reuse in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Ruiz Iñigo Lorenzo , Arantzamendi Larraitz Gaztañaga , Mendia Xabier Marichalar
Published: July 2022

Background

Postmortem explanted cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) from developed countries could provide patients unable to afford new devices in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) a treatment they lack.

This study describes the preferences of electrophysiologists and device implanting cardiologists from Spain on the management of explanted CIEDs and opinions and concerns regarding reuse in LMIC.

Methods

A nationwide self-administered questionnaire was sent to members of the Spanish Rhythm Association (n = 1110), between December 2020 and January 2021.

Results

Forty-two physician responses were obtained (response rate 5%). There was a strong preference to donate explanted devices for reuse in humans (61.9%) or animals (31%). The vast majority of the participants thought device reutilization was safe, ethical, and a reasonable alternative if a new device is not accessible. Moreover, they indicated they would be comfortable asking patients to consider post-mortem donation, and willing to implant post-mortem explanted and resterilized devices if they were unable to obtain new ones. 57.1% of respondents considered it would be beneficial for patients to have a document so they could reflect their wishes regarding device handling after their death. The most mentioned concerns regarding device reuse were malfunction (57.1%) and infection (54.8%).

Conclusions

The majority of respondents support reusable CIED donation to LMIC. It would be interesting to study the feasibility of a nationwide device reutilization program.
Scale-dependent effects of landscape context on urban bee diversity
Authors: Janvier Amy Joy , Ulyshen Michael D. , Braman Charles A. , Traylor Clayton , Edelkind-Vealey Miriam , Braman S. Kristine
Published: July 2022

As urbanization continues throughout much of the world, there is great interest in better understanding the value of urban and residential environments to pollinators. We explored how landscape context affects the abundance and diversity of bees on 50 residential properties in northern Georgia, USA, primarily in and around Athens, GA. Over 2 years of pan trap sampling we collected 4938 bees representing 111 species, from 28 genera in five families, constituting 20% of the species reported for the state. Development correlated positively with bee diversity at small (< 2.5 square km) scales, and positively with six of eight individual bee species’ abundances. Agriculture often correlated positively with bee diversity at larger spatial scales (> 2.5 square km), and negatively at smaller spatial scales. Forest cover correlated negatively with bee diversity at small spatial scales, but positively at larger scales. This trend was also largely true for individual bee species abundances. Bee communities differed between sites by predominant land cover types (agriculture, forest and development). Simper and indicator species analysis revealed which species contributed heavily to the observed patterns and helped to determine group distinctions.

Implications for insect conservation

Our results show that residential landscapes can support high bee diversity and that this diversity is sensitive to landscape context at different scales. Although development appears to have a negative effect on bee diversity overall, some bee species are favored by the open conditions characteristic of developed areas. Moreover, forest remnants appear to be valuable habitats for many species and are thus important to regional bee diversity. Urban planning that prioritizes and incorporates forest remnant conservation will promote bee abundance and diversity.
An Empirical Attempt to Operationalize Chasing Losses in Gambling Utilizing Account-Based Player Tracking Data
Authors: Auer Michael , Griffiths Mark D.
Published: July 2022

In recent years, account-based player tracking data have been utilized as a potential tool to identify problem gambling online and associated markers of harm. One established marker of harm among problem gamblers is chasing losses, and chasing losses is a key criterion for gambling disorder in the most recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Given the paucity of research with respect to chasing losses among online casino players using account-based data, the present study developed five metrics that may be indicative of chasing behavior: These were (i) within-session chasing, (ii) across-session chasing, (iii) across-days chasing, (iv) regular gambling account depletion, and (v) frequent session depositing. The authors were given access by a European online casino to raw data of all players who had placed at least one bet or wagered at least once during December 2021 (N = 16,771 players from the UK, Spain, and Sweden). Results indicated that frequent session depositing reflected chasing losses better than any of the other four metric operationalizations used. While frequent session depositing appears to be more indicative of chasing losses than the other four metrics, all the metrics provide useful information which can be used to help identify problematic gambling behavior online.
Model and Measurements of an Optical Stack for Broadband Visible to Near-Infrared Absorption in TiN MKIDs
Authors: Kouwenhoven K. , Elwakil I. , Wingerden J. van , Murugesan V. , Thoen D. J. , Baselmans J. J. A. , Visser P. J. de
Published: July 2022

Typical materials for optical Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detetectors (MKIDs) are metals with a natural absorption of $$\sim $$
∼
30–50% in the visible and near-infrared. To reach high absorption efficiencies (90–100%) the KID must be embedded in an optical stack. We show an optical stack design for a 60 nm TiN film. The optical stack is modeled as sections of transmission lines, where the parameters for each section are related to the optical properties of each layer. We derive the complex permittivity of the TiN film from a spectral ellipsometry measurement. The designed optical stack is optimised for broadband absorption and consists of, from top (illumination side) to bottom: 85 nm SiO2, 60 nm TiN, 23 nm of SiO2, and a 100 nm thick Al mirror. We show the modeled absorption and reflection of this stack, which has >80% absorption from 400 to 1550 nm and near-unity absorption for 500–800 nm. We measure transmission and reflection of this stack with a commercial spectrophotometer. The results are in good agreement with the model.
A Sensibility Assessment of the Job Demands and Accommodation Planning Tool (JDAPT): A Tool to Help Workers with an Episodic Disability Plan Workplace Support
Authors: Gignac Monique A. M. , Bowring Julie , Tonima Sabrina , Franche Renee-Louise , Thompson Aaron , Jetha Arif , Smith Peter M. , Macdermid Joy C. , Shaw William S. , Van Eerd Dwayne , Beaton Dorcas E. , Irvin Emma , Tompa Emile , Saunders Ron
Published: July 2022

Purpose Sensibility refers to a tool’s comprehensiveness, understandability, relevance, feasibility, and length. It is used in the early development phase to begin assessing a new tool or intervention. This study examined the sensibility of the job demands and accommodation planning tool (JDAPT). The JDAPT identifies job demands related to physical, cognitive, interpersonal, and working conditions to better target strategies for workplace supports and accommodations aimed at assisting individuals with chronic health conditions. Methods Workers with a chronic health condition and workplace representatives were recruited from health charities, workplaces, and newsletters using convenience sampling. Cognitive interviews assessed the JDAPT’s sensibility. A 70% endorsement rate was the minimum level of acceptability for sensibility concepts. A short screening tool also was administered, and answers compared to the complete JDAPT. Results Participants were 46 workers and 23 organizational representatives (n = 69). Endorsements highly exceeded the 70% cut-off for understandability, relevance, and length. Congruence between screening questions and the complete JDAPT suggested both workers and organizational representatives overlooked job demands when completing the screener. Participants provided additional examples and three new items to improve comprehensiveness. The JDAPT was rated highly relevant and useful, although not always easy to complete for someone with an episodic condition. Conclusions This study highlights the need for tools that facilitate accommodations for workers with episodic disabilities and provides early evidence for the sensibility of the JDAPT.
LIMEcraft: handcrafted superpixel selection and inspection for Visual eXplanations
Authors: Hryniewska Weronika , Grudzień Adrianna , Biecek Przemysław
Published: July 2022

The increased interest in deep learning applications, and their hard-to-detect biases result in the need to validate and explain complex models. However, current explanation methods are limited as far as both the explanation of the reasoning process and prediction results are concerned. They usually only show the location in the image that was important for model prediction. The lack of possibility to interact with explanations makes it difficult to verify and understand exactly how the model works. This creates a significant risk when using the model. The risk is compounded by the fact that explanations do not take into account the semantic meaning of the explained objects. To escape from the trap of static and meaningless explanations, we propose a tool and a process called LIMEcraft. LIMEcraft enhances the process of explanation by allowing a user to interactively select semantically consistent areas and thoroughly examine the prediction for the image instance in case of many image features. Experiments on several models show that our tool improves model safety by inspecting model fairness for image pieces that may indicate model bias. The code is available at: http://github.com/MI2DataLab/LIMEcraft.
Walking the walk? Bank ESG disclosures and home mortgage lending
Authors: Basu Sudipta , Vitanza Justin , Wang Wei , Zhu Xiaoyu Ross
Published: July 2022

We show that banks with high environmental, social, and governance (ESG) ratings issue fewer mortgages in poor localities—in number and dollar amount—than banks with low ESG ratings. This lending disparity happens at both the county and census tract level, worsens in disaster areas of severe hurricane strikes, is robust to alternative ESG ratings (including using only the social (S) component), and cannot be explained by banks’ differential deposit networks. We find no difference in mortgage default rates between high- and low-ESG banks, rejecting an alternative explanation based on differential credit screening quality. We report a complementary, not substitution, relation between high-ESG banks’ mortgage lending and their community development investments (like affordable housing projects) in poor localities. Loan-application-level analyses confirm that high-ESG banks are more likely than low-ESG banks to reject mortgage loans in poor neighborhoods. The evidence hints at social wash: banks deploy prosocial rhetoric and symbolic actions while not lending much in disadvantaged communities, the social function they arguably ought to perform. Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) examinations partially undo the social wash effect.
The imagined learner in adult literacy education policy research: An international comparison
Authors: Belzer Alisa , Grotlüschen Anke
Published: July 2022

This article provides a comparative analysis of the ways in which learners are portrayed in researchers’ descriptions of adult literacy education policy. Although adult learners are rarely referred to directly in policy or in policy research, a range of assumptions about them may be inferred through close analysis of related research literature. This analysis draws on an earlier meta-synthesis (prepared by the first author and Amy Pickard) of adult learner portrayals in qualitative research which identified a typology of “learner characters” that were predictably employed in descriptions across a large variety of texts. They argued that these learner types were likely to “drive the action” in terms of further research, policy and practice just like characters drive the plot in literary narratives. Asking “Who are the (imagined) learners in research that describes policy documents pertaining to adult literacy?”, this article takes this line of thought further by demonstrating that identifying learner types in policy analysis research can inform thinking about who the policy is really for, what is valued, and who benefits. This, in turn, can provide researchers with a distinctive lens for policy analysis and critique. The authors of this article identify five types of imagined learners: the Problem, the Pawn, the Afterthought, the Competitor, and the Competent Citizen.
Lipid droplets and perilipins in canine osteosarcoma. Investigations on tumor tissue, 2D and 3D cell culture models
Authors: Leitner N. , Hlavatý J. , Ertl R. , Gabner S. , Fuchs-Baumgartinger A. , Walter Ingrid
Published: July 2022

Lipid droplets were identified as important players in biological processes of various tumor types. With emphasis on lipid droplet-coating proteins (perilipins, PLINs), this study intended to shed light on the presence and formation of lipid droplets in canine osteosarcoma. For this purpose, canine osteosarcoma tissue samples (n = 11) were analyzed via immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy for lipid droplets and lipid droplet-coating proteins (PLINs). Additionally, we used the canine osteosarcoma cell lines D-17 and COS4288 in 2D monolayer and 3D spheroid (cultivated for 7, 14, and 21 days) in vitro models, and further analyzed the samples by means of histochemistry, immunofluorescence, molecular biological techniques (RT-qPCR, Western Blot) and electron microscopical imaging. Lipid droplets, PLIN2, and PLIN3 were detected in osteosarcoma tissue samples as well as in 2D and 3D cultivated D-17 and COS4288 cells. In spheroids, specific distribution patterns of lipid droplets and perilipins were identified, taking into consideration cell line specific zonal apportionment. Upon external lipid supplementation (oleic acid), a rise of lipid droplet amount accompanied with an increase of PLIN2 expression was observed. Detailed electron microscopical analyzes revealed that lipid droplet sizes in tumor tissue were comparable to that of 3D spheroid models. Moreover, the biggest lipid droplets were found in the central zone of the spheroids at all sampling time-points, reaching their maximum size at 21 days. Thus, the 3D spheroids can be considered as a relevant in vitro model for further studies focusing on lipid droplets biology and function in osteosarcoma.
Medical management patterns in a US commercial claims database following a nontraumatic fracture in postmenopausal women
Authors: Wang Xin , Xu Xiaoqing , Oates Mary , Hill Timothy , Wade Rolin L.
Published: July 2022

Among women ≥ 50 years with fracture, 76% had not received osteoporosis diagnosis or treatment at 6 months and only 14% underwent a DXA scan. Nearly half of all and 90% of hip fracture patients required surgery. Fractures cause substantial clinical burden and are not linked to osteoporosis diagnosis or treatment.

Purpose

Osteoporosis (OP) and OP-related fractures are a major public health concern, associated with significant economic burden. This study describes management patterns following a nontraumatic fracture for commercially insured patients.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study identified women aged ≥ 50 years having their first nontraumatic index fracture (IF) between January 1, 2015 and June 30, 2019, from IQVIA’s PharMetrics® Plus claims database. Medical management patterns at month 6 and medication use patterns at months 6, 12, and 24 following the IF were described.

Results

Among 48,939 women (mean (SD) age: 62.7 (9.5) years), the most common fracture types were vertebral (30.6%), radius/ulna (24.9%), and hip (HF; 12.1%). By month 6, 76% of patients had not received an OP diagnosis or treatment, 13.6% underwent a DXA scan, and 11.2% received any OP treatment. Surgery was required in 43.1% of all patients and 90.0% of HF patients on or within 6 months of the fracture date. Among HF patients, 41.4% were admitted to a skilled nursing facility, 96.7% were hospitalized an average of 5.5 days, and 38.1% required durable medical equipment use. The 30-day all-cause readmission rate was 14.3% among those hospitalized for the IF. Overall, 7.4%, 9.9%, and 13.2% had a subsequent fracture at months 6, 12, and 24, respectively.

Conclusion

Our findings provide an overview of post-fracture management patterns using real-world data. OP was remarkably underdiagnosed and undertreated following the initial fracture. Nontraumatic fracture, particularly HF, resulted in substantial ongoing clinical burden.