bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN A ON HEREDITARY HYPERKERATOSIS IN THE MOUSE
Authors: Fraser F. Clarke
Published: April 2011

The formation of cysts in the sebaceous glands and follicle ends that occurs in "rhino" mice can be suppressed by massive vitamin A therapy. The significance of this finding is discussed in relation to the mode of action of the rhino gene.
THE PROVENTRICULAR REGION OF TETRAOPES TETRA-OPHTHALMUS FORST. (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: April 2011

The proventricular region of Tetraopes tetraophthalmus Forst. is relatively poorly developed, consisting merely of the posterior end of the stomodaeum, which tapers toward the mid-gut and is invaginated into the anterior end of the mid-gut to form the oesophageal valve. It is of the type found in inactive insects that feed on plants and in which the crop is small.
DISTRIBUTION OF P32 IN CHICK EMBRYOS
Authors: O'Neil J. B. , Jowsey J. R. , Lee C. C. , Spinks J. W. T.
Published: April 2011

By feeding a hen repeated daily doses of sodium dihydrogen phosphate of equal P32 activity, eggs with high and nearly uniform P32 content were obtained for use in hatching experiments. Eleven eggs were incubated. The embryos and chicks that died during or after incubation were dissected and analyzed for total and specific activities in the various fractions. Two of the chicks, both females, are still living. They are being raised so that observations may be made on their ability to reproduce and the effect of the radioactivity, if any, on their offspring.
STUDIES OF WATERFOWL IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: BALDPATE
Authors: Munro J. A.
Published: April 2011

A relatively large population of Mareca americana winters on the Coastal Plain, almost exclusively along the coast line when meadow flood ponds and sloughs farther inland are sealed by frost. A winter population in the interior is small in numbers and irregular in occurrence. Nesting grounds are in the interior only, from the Okanagan Valley and Kamloops–Nicola region, where the species is scarce, to as far north at least as the Haines Road in the northwest section of the Province. The most productive nesting grounds are in the Cariboo Parklands and the Lakes District near Vanderhoof. The main spring migration of transients through the central interior takes place during the last two weeks of April and by early May a breeding population is established on the many sloughs and ponds of the nesting range. Dry Carex meadows bordering certain water areas is the preferred nesting habitat. It is usual for the full clutch of eggs to be laid not later than June 15. In the Cariboo Parklands the average number of young in 10 June broods was 7.0, the average of 75 July broods was 6.2, and the average of 14 August broods was 5.2. In the Lakes District near Vanderhoof the average number of young in 37 broods during July and August was 7.0. Females with broods habitually frequent the open water of marsh ponds, lake bays, and marsh-edged rivers. Here, if approached by man, they vigorously defend their young by ruses to attract attention from them. Short, successive flights in front of a moving canoe, and splashing across the water in a direction leading away from the young are examples of behavior at this time. Postbreeding males associated in flocks on open water often accompany rafts of postbreeding coots and diving ducks. Aquatic insects is the chief item in the diet of downy young. Adults feed principally on the foliage of aquatic plants, grasses, algae, and seeds of aquatic plants, in that order. Insects are eaten in relatively small amounts. The baldpate may, under certain conditions and in certain localities, destroy cultivated forage plants. It is an important game duck and, because of its almost exclusive vegetable diet, highly palatable. Revenue derived from the hunting of baldpate, and the economic value of its flesh for human food, more than compensate for any economic loss resulting from crop destruction.
THE GASTRIC RESPONSE OF MAN TO AN ACID TEST MEAL
Authors: Bermak Gordon E. , Doupe J.
Published: April 2011

The gastric secretory response to the instillation of 300 ml. of 0.5% hydrochloric acid was investigated 30 times in eight subjects by withdrawing six samples at 20 min. intervals and measuring the acid concentration. In six experiments duodenal regurgitation was prevented by constant duodenal suction. As this did not delay the fall in acidity ordinarily observed it was concluded that regurgitation was not essential for this process. In 14 experiments phenol red was added to the instilled solution and the amount of dilution was measured. It was found that on the average the decrease in concentration of the dye was the same as that of the acid although there were frequent small discrepancies. It was concluded that instillation of acid into the human stomach stimulates one or more secretions whose net effect is to reduce the acidity by dilution.
ACETYLCHOLINE AND NEURONAL ACTIVITY: I. CHOLINESTERASE PATTERNS AND ACETYLCHOLINE IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUIDS OF PATIENTS WITH CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA
Authors: Tower Donald B. , McEachern Donald
Published: April 2011

Cerebrospinal fluid acetylcholine and cholinesterase determinations were made on 112 neurological and neurosurgical patients. Results on 15 patients with craniocerebral trauma and six psychiatric patients treated with electric shock convulsant therapy (E.C.T.) are reported in detail. Except for epileptics the only cerebrospinal fluid assays positive for acetylcholine occurred in the traumatic and E.C.T. groups, in which acetylcholine levels were 0.2 to 100 +μgm. %. In contrast to all other patients cerebrospinal fluid cholinesterases of traumatic and E.C.T. groups showed reversals of normal fraction patterns. These consisted of reduction of specific and increase of unspecified cholinesterase fractions, together with decrease of total cholinesterase activity. Acetylcholine levels and extent of cholinesterase fraction reversals paralleled the severity of cerebral damage, judged by clinical and electroencephalographic (E.E.G.) signs. Coma or semiconsciousness and depression of E.E.G. activity were associated with presence of acetylcholine and marked reversals of cholinesterase fractions in cerebrospinal fluids. In less severe cases and during recovery, when patients were disoriented and confused and E.E.G. activity was increased, cerebrospinal fluid acetylcholine decreased and disappeared, and cholinesterase values returned toward normal. Similar cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities were seen in patients after E.C.T. Changes in cerebrospinal fluid cholinesterase fraction patterns seem to be sensitive indications of extent of cerebral injury and progress toward recovery.
THE CONTENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CHOLINESTERASES IN HUMAN CEREBROSPINAL FLUIDS
Authors: Tower Donald B. , McEachern Donald
Published: April 2011

Determinations of cerebrospinal fluid cholinesterase activities and fractions were made on 114 samples from 104 neurological and neurosurgical patients. Details of methods are given. Average rate of acetylcholine hydrolysis was 0.39 cu. mm. carbon dioxide per ml. CSF per min. or approximately 0.5% of the cholinesterase activity of an equal volume of blood or serum. Characterization of cholinesterase fractions, using mecholyl and benzoylcholine as substrates, showed human cerebrospinal fluid to contain specific cholinesterase with a small component of unspecified cholinesterase. Differences of blood and subdural fluid fraction patterns are demonstrated.No correlation of cholinesterase values with cerebrospinal fluid cell counts were found. Attempts to correlate cholinesterase values with cerebrospinal fluid Pandy tests and protein levels were inconclusive, although samples with positive Pandy tests and abnormally high protein levels showed a tendency toward decrease in specific and increase in unspecified cholinesterases. No correlation of cerebrospinal fluid cholinesterase values with clinical diagnoses was demonstrated with the exception of cases of craniocerebral trauma and cases treated by electric shock convulsant therapy, where a decrease in specific and a marked increase in unspecified cholinesterase fractions were observed. At acetylcholine substrate concentrations in the "physiological range" (0.01 to 10.0 μgm. %) cerebrospinal fluid cholinesterase activities were markedly reduced or absent.
BLOOD AND SPINAL FLUID GUANIDINE IN EPILEPSY
Authors: Elliott K. A. C. , Henderson Nora
Published: April 2011

It has been reported that the amount of guanidine-like substances in the blood of "essential" epileptics is higher than the normal and increases considerably before and during seizures. In the present study no sign of a raised "guanidine" level was found in the blood or spinal fluid or any type of epileptic patient.
NOTE ON THE ERGOTHIONEINE CONTENT OF ERGOT FROM DIFFERENT PLANT HOSTS
Authors: Hunter G. , Fushtey S. G. , Gee D. W.
Published: April 2011

A method is described for the determination of ergothioneine in ergot sclerotia obtained from the host plants Agropyron, Bromus, Calamagrostis, Elymus, Hordeum, and Secale.Ergothioneine is present in all ergots examined at levels from 0.157 to 0.531%. The average concentration in ergot of barley is 0.376% and in ergot of rye 0.336%.
SOME ELECTROMECHANICAL METHODS FOR PRODUCING LOW FREQUENCIES FROM A PRIMARY FREQUENCY STANDARD
Authors: McKinley D. W. R.
Published: April 2011

Minor mechanical modifications to the clock motor of a quartz crystal primary standard of frequency simplify the problem of producing accurate low frequencies. Electromechanical gate circuits are used to provide pulses of high stability at repetition rates of 1, 10, 100, and 1000 pulses per second for stroboscopic and other applications.
THE FLUIDIZATION TECHNIQUE APPLIED TO DIRECT DISTILLATION OF OIL FROM BITUMINOUS SAND
Authors: Gishler P. E.
Published: April 2011

The fluidized solids technique has been applied successfully to the flash distillation of oil from Alberta bituminous sand on a laboratory scale. At 500 °C. a 76% oil recovery was obtained. The remaining 24% produced approximately equal weights of coke and gaseous compounds. At temperatures below 460 °C. trouble was experienced in maintaining a fluidized bed because of the slow rate of distillation. As temperatures were increased above 500 °C. the yield of oil decreased, with a corresponding increase in gas formation.
THE OXIDATION, IGNITION, AND DETONATION OF FUEL VAPORS AND GASES: IX. THE CAUSE OF THE REVERSAL OF THE ANTIKNOCK PROPERTY OF RICH HYDROCARBON–AIR MIXTURES
Authors: King R. O. , Wallace W. A. , Durand E. J.
Published: April 2011

The experiments described show that conditions can be set in which a reversal of the antiknock effect of enriching a hydrocarbon–air mixture can be obtained in an unsupercharged engine. The reversal is of importance in respect of supercharged aero engines in which it may occur before mixture strength is increased to the value required for the development of maximum power. The experimental results, considered in the light of the nuclear theory of detonation, indicate that the reversal occurs when the rate of formation of finely divided carbon by pyrolysis of the fuel provides a proknock effect greater than can be offset by the antiknock effect of the products of the high temperature heterogeneous oxidation reaction.
STOPCOCK LUBRICANTS
Authors: Farnand J. R. , Puddington I. E.
Published: April 2011

The addition of appropriate quantities of finely divided solids to hydrocarbon, silicone, and glycerol base lubricants has been found to increase their life in stopcocks manyfold. The flow properties of the dispersions show that those solids that materially increase the high shear viscosity, without contributing greatly to the thixotropy of the system, are the most effective. This effect is produced by solids that have a polarity similar to that of liquid vehicle and are readily wetted by the vehicle. Under these conditions, a linear relation exists between the viscosity of the lubricants at a mean rate of shear of 1000 sec.–1 and their life in the stopcock.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TEN ELECTRICAL METERS FOR DETERMINING MOISTURE CONTENT OF WHEAT
Authors: Hlynka I. , Martens V. , Anderson J. A.
Published: April 2011

Ten electrical moisture meters were tested with 159 samples of Canadian hard red spring wheat, of Grades 1, 2, 3, and 4 Northern, representing a moisture range of 11 to 17%. The two-stage vacuum oven and Brown–Duvel methods were used as bases of comparison. Regression equations, standard errors of estimate, and data on temperature effects are reported. The standard error of estimate of vacuum oven results was 0.15% for the Brown–Duvel method, 0.23% for the Tag–Heppenstall meter, and 0.28% for the Universal meter. Other meters had higher errors of estimate.
A MAGNETIC FIELD STABILIZATION CIRCUIT
Authors: Katz L. , Forsyth P. A. , Cudney L. F. , Williams G. W. , Johns H. E. , Haslam R. N. H.
Published: April 2011

The paper describes the apparatus used to stabilize the magnetic field of a large electromagnet. A rotating coil placed in the magnetic field generates an alternating voltage which is proportional to the strength of the field. Variations in this rotor voltage are used to control the current supplied to the electromagnet in such a manner as to keep the field constant. By means of a calibrated held control the magnetic field strength may be adjusted to any value between 500 and 6000 gauss. The current for the electromagnet is obtained by rectifying 60 cycle alternating current in a full wave, thyratron, rectifier circuit. This current is controlled by a pulse circuit which governs the fraction of each cycle during which the thyratrons are conducting. The stabilization at any held setting is better than 1 part in 1000.
INTEGRATOR-EXPANDER CIRCUITS FOR THE CONTROL OF THE MAXIMUM X-RAY ENERGY FROM THE BETATRON
Authors: Katz L. , Forsyth P. A. , Haslam R. N. H. , Johns H. E. , McNamara A. G.
Published: April 2011

The electronic circuits known as an integrator-expander were constructed for the accurate control of the X-ray energy of the University of Saskatchewan betatron. The over-all design and operation of the circuits are discussed. The design of the energy bias control, amplifier, and trigger portions of the circuit is original, and these are described in some detail.
THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM OF THE ELECTRON IN CLASSICAL ELECTRODYNAMICS
Authors: Kaempffer F. A.
Published: April 2011

It is shown that not only the rest-mass of the electron but its spin as well is carried by the surrounding electromagnetic field. The ratio of magnetic moment and angular momentum (g-factor) of the electron is determined. The law of conservation of angular momentum is checked.
ENERGY DISTRIBUTION OF FISSION FRAGMENTS FROM Pu239
Authors: Brunton D. C. , Thompson W. B.
Published: April 2011

The measurement of the energy distribution of fission fragments has been extended to include fragments from fission in Pu239. The same equipment was used as in previous experiments on U235 and U233. The experimental results parallel very closely those obtained in the previous work. The values obtained for the most probable energies for the light and heavy fragments from Pu239 are 94.6 and 65.2 Mev. respectively. The statistical accuracy of the data is, as before, an improvement over earlier work in this field, and a more detailed comparison of the three materials is made possible.
IONOSPHERIC REFLECTION OF VERY LONG RADIO WAVES
Authors: Stanley J. P.
Published: April 2011

A simplified model of the long-wave-reflecting region of the ionosphere, first considered in a previous paper, is used to calculate the theoretical variation of sky wave reflection coefficient with angle of incidence and with the angle of dip of the earth's magnetic field. The resulting curves are found to be in good agreement with experiment. They lead to the conclusion that theoretical results based on the assumption of a vertical magnetic field will not lead to errors in vertical incidence sky wave reflection coefficient greater than about 10%, even though the field is inclined at an angle of as much as 23° to the vertical.
KINETICS OF THE OXIDATION OF TITANIUM
Authors: Pidgeon L. M. , Alexander W. A.
Published: April 2011

The rates of oxidation of titanium powder and sintered bar have been investigated in the temperature range 25° to 550 °C. at pressures of 2 and 20 cm. oxygen maintained constant throughout each experiment. It has been shown that the oxidation process can be divided into two mechanisms, viz., the formation of a thin surface film and diffusion of oxide into the metal. The surface film formation at low temperatures follows the logarithmic equation:[Formula: see text]on vacuum annealed metal surface. The diffusion process at higher temperatures is described by the equation:[Formula: see text]after the initial oxidation. This equation leads to preliminary values of the diffusion constant of the order of 10 × 10−8 cm2. per min. in the temperature range 463° to 565 °C.
THE EFFECT OF ALTERNATING ELECTRICAL FIELDS ON THE POLYMERIZATION OF STYRENE
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Bryce W. A. , Genge C. A.
Published: April 2011

Equipment for studying the effects of alternating fields on chemical reactions is described. The catalyzed polymerization of liquid styrene was investigated, with fields of frequencies ranging from 1.15 to 7.72 Mc. and with field strengths up to 4500 v. per cm. The rate of polymerization was reduced by the application of the fields, the inhibition increasing approximately as the square of the voltage. The fields appeared to have a greater inhibiting effect on the oxygen-catalyzed than on the benzoyl peroxide – catalyzed reaction. Varying the frequency over the above range had no effect on the amount of inhibition caused by the field. At all temperatures, catalyst concentrations, voltages, and frequencies, the fields had no significant effect on the viscosity-average molecular weight of the polymer.
SYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS FROM SUBSTITUTED CYANOACETIC ESTERS
Authors: Gagnon Paul E. , Boivin Jean L. , Boivin Paul A.
Published: April 2011

Nine α-amino acids, namely, dl-α-aminoundecylic acid, dl-α-aminostearic acid, dl-α-amino-β-methylcaproic acid, dl-α-amino-β-ethylvaleric acid, dl-α-amino-β-methylenanthic acid, dl-α-amino-α-acetylacetic acid, dl-α-amino-γ-cyclohexylbutyric acid, dl-α-(1-indanyl)-α-aminoacetic acid, and dl-proline have been prepared from ethyl alkylcyanoacetates. When a mixture of formic and hydrochloric acids and water was used, instead of hydrochloric acid, as hydrolyzing agent, α-amino-β-ethylvaleric acid and α-(1-indanyl)-α-aminoacetic acid were obtained with better yields. The following compounds, as far as the authors are aware, have been prepared for the first time: ethyl α-cyanoundecylate, α-cyanoundecylic hydrazide, anisal α-cyanoundecylic hydrazide, α-cyanoundecylic azide, α-carbethoxyaminoundecylonitrile, dl-α-aminoundecylic acid, 5-(n-nonyl)-hydantoin, α-cyanostearic hydrazide, anisal α-cyanostearic hydrazide, α-cyanostearic azide, α-carbethoxyaminostearonitrile, α-cyano-β-methylcaproic hydrazide, anisal α-cyano-β-methylcaproic hydrazide, α-cyano-β-methylcaproic azide, α-carbethoxyamino-β-methylcaproonitrile, dl-α-amino-β-methylcaproic acid and its copper salt, α-cyano-β-ethylvaleric hydrazide, anisal α-cyano-β-ethylvaleric hydrazide, α-cyano-β-ethylvaleric azide, α-carbethoxyamino-β-ethylvaleronitrile, dl-α-amino-β-ethylvaleric acid, and its copper salt, ethyl α-cyano-β-methylenanthate, α-cyano-β-methylenanthic hydrazide, anisal α-cyano-β-methylenanthic hydrazide, α-cyano-β-methylenanthic azide, α-carbethoxyamino-β-methylenanthonitrile, dl-α-amino-β-methylenanthic acid, and its copper salt, α-cyano-α-acetylacetic hydrazone, anisal α-cyano-α-acetylacetic hydrazone, α-cyano-α-acetylacetic azide, α-carbethoxyamino-α-acetylacetonitrile, dl-α-amino-α-acetylacetic acid, ethyl-α-cyano-γ-cyclohexylbutyrate, α-cyano-γ-cyclohexylbutyric hydrazide, anisal α-cyano-γ-cyclohexylbutyric hydrazide, α-cyano-γ-cyclohexylbutyric azide, α-carbethoxyamino-γ-cyclohexylbutyronitrile, 5-(β-cyclohexylethyl)-hydantoin, 1-in-danyl bromide, ethyl α-(1-indanyl)-α-cyanoacetate, α-(1-indanyl)-α-cyanoacetic hydrazide, anisal α-(1-indanyl)-α-cyanoacetic hydrazide, α-(1-indanyl)-α-cyanoacetic azide, α-(1-indanyl)-α-carbethoxyaminoacetonitrile, dl-α-(1-indanyl)-α-aminoacetic acid, and its copper salt, ethyl δ-chloro-α-cyanovalerate, δ-chloro-α-cyanovaleric hydrazide, anisal δ-chloro-α-cyanovaleric hydrazide, δ-chloro-α-cyanovaleric azide, δ-chloro-α-carbethoxyaminovaleronitrile.
SYNTHESES DE LA DL-PROLINE A PARTIR DE L'α-PIPERIDONE
Authors: Gaudry Roger , Berlinguet Louis
Published: April 2011

By treatment of α-piperidone with sulphuryl chloride,β,β′-dichloro-α-piperidone was obtained. It was hydrolyzed to α,α′-dichloro-δ-amino-n-valeric acid, which was simultaneously reduced and cyclized to DL-proline, by low pressure hydrogenation, using Raney nickel, in alkaline solution. All the intermediate compounds were identified and characterized. The over-all yield of DL-proline is 33% calculated from α-piperidone.α-Piperidone was hydrolyzed to δ-amino-n-valeric acid, and the δ-phenylureido-n-valeric and δ-phthalimido-n-valeric acids were prepared. Halogenation of δ-phthalimido-n-valeric acid gave excellent yields of the α-bromo and α-chloro acids. These acids were hydrolyzed to the α-halogenated-δ-aminoacids. On treatment with alkali, they gave DL-proline in 56% and 50% yields respectively, from α-piperidone.Halogenation of δ-phenylureido-n-valeric acid gave the dibromo and the dichloro acids, which ring-close immediately into derivatives of α-piperidone.The different behavior of δ-benzoylamino, δ-phthalimido, and δ-phenylureido derivatives of n-valeric acid with halogens, or halogenating agents is noted.
THE CHEMISTRY OF ETHYLENE OXIDE: I. AN ANALYSIS FOR ETHYLENE OXIDE
Authors: Eastham A. M. , Latremouille G. A.
Published: April 2011

Accurate and convenient analyses for ethylene oxide can be obtained using 1% periodic acid in dilute perchloric acid as reagent. The time required is less than an hour and the precision is about 0.1–0.2%.
VISCOSITY STUDIES OF A BRANCHED POLYSTYRENE COPOLYMER
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Walker, Jr. O. J.
Published: April 2011

The viscosities in dilute toluene solution of fractions of polystyrene prepared at various temperatures and catalyst concentrations were found to conform to the relation ηsp/C = [η] + k′ [η]2, where k′ = 0.38. When styrene was co-polymerized with quantities of divinyl benzene insufficient to cause gelation the viscosity–concentration relation changed, resulting in values of k′ from 0.50 to 0.84. It was concluded that the polystyrene molecule is normally linear.
ELECTROKINETIC PROPERTIES OF CELLULOSE FIBERS: I. STREAM POTENTIAL AND ELECTRO-OSMOSIS
Authors: Mason S. G. , Goring D. A. I.
Published: April 2011

Stream potential, electro-osmotic, and permeability measurements were made on cotton pads in the presence of distilled water. Several sources of irreproducibility have been eliminated from the usual experimental methods of measuring the ζ-potential. Uniform packing of the pad has been shown to be important. The Briggs method of evaluating the "pore factor" by electrical conductivity measurements was found to be invalid. An alternative method of determining the factor is proposed, based on an assumed value for the pore orientation factor and an indirectly measured value of the swollen specific volume of the fibers. The latter can in principle be determined by measuring one of the electrokinetic functions or the permeability coefficient over a range of pad concentrations. When pads of different concentration were used, the stream potential, electro-osmotic, and permeability functions were found to vary erratically in the same manner, an effect which, it has been concluded, originates from lack of uniform packing of the pad. The electro-osmotic measurements were found to require a large correction for capillary electro-osmosis, a source of error which has been overlooked by other workers. The ratio of the ζ-potential calculated from electro-osmosis to that from the stream potential was greater than unity and increased with increase in pad concentration.
THE PAPILIONACEOUS ALKALOIDS: VII. LUPINUS ARBOREUS SIMS
Authors: Marion Léo
Published: April 2011

Lupinus arboreus Sims has been found to contain two main alkaloids, l-sparteine and d-lupanine together with a small quantity of l-lupanine. There may be present a trace of d-sparteine, but no other alkaloid could be detected.
SYNTHESIS OF LARGE RING DIENES AND THEIR REACTION WITH MALEIC ANHYDRIDE
Authors: Ingraham R. B. , MacDonald D. M. , Wiesner K.
Published: April 2011

Cyclotetradecanol–on–2 was dehydrated in the gas phase to cyclotetradecen–one–3. The latter was reduced with lithium aluminum hydride to cyclotetradecen–ol–3, which was converted by dehydration to cyclotetradecadiene. This compound gave with maleic anhydride 3-6-decamethylene tetrahydrophthallic anhydride. The same series of reactions was performed in the cycloöctadecane series.
COPOLYMERS OF STYRENE AND CHLORANIL
Authors: Breitenbach J. W. , Renner A. J.
Published: April 2011

The copolymerization of styrene and chloranil in the presence of benzoyl peroxide is described. The molecular weights of the copolymers were determined by osmotic pressure measurements and found to be between 9,000 and 30,000 for the different fractions; their chlorine content is between 37 and 38.2%. The copolymerization occurs with the carbonyl groups of the chloranil, transforming it into a derivative of tetrachlorohydroquinone. This reaction has been verified by degradation of the copolymers with hydrogen bromide.
IONIC SPECIES OF TETRAVALENT URANIUM IN PERCHLORIC AND SULPHURIC ACIDS
Authors: Betts R. H. , Leigh Rita M.
Published: April 2011

A quantitative study of the extraction of tetravalent uranium into benzene by the action of the organic chelating agent thiophenoyl trifluoracetone is described. Data are presented to show that the uranous ion exists mainly in the quadruply charged form in solutions of perchloric acid. It is extracted into benzene as a neutral molecule containing four chelate groups per metal atom. At least two complex species, U(SO4)++ and U(SO4)2 are present in sulphuric acid solutions. Values of the association constants for the formation of these complex species are given.
APPLICATION DE LA REACTION DE MEERWEIN A L'ACIDE β-METHYLCINNAMIQUE ET AU METHACRYLATE DE METHYLE
Authors: L'Ecuyer Philibert , Olivier Charles-A.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE HYDROLYSIS OF ACETIC ANHYDRIDE IN WATER AND IN THE SYSTEM WATER: METHYL ETHYL KETONE
Authors: Banks E. N. , Marshall A. E. , Vollett R. W. , McLaughlin R. R.
Published: April 2011

The rate of hydrolysis of acetic anhydride at 25 °C. in water (I), in solutions of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) in water (II), and in solutions of water in MEK (III) have been studied. In I the observation of previous investigators that the velocity constant varies linearly with the initial concentration of acetic anhydride, but for any given initial concentration of acetic anhydride the reaction is pseudomonomolecular, was confirmed and extended. In II the velocity constant is lower than in I and decreases linearly with increasing concentration of MEK, but, again, the reaction is pseudomonomolecular for any given initial concentration of acetic anhydride. An equation and a nomogram that relate the velocity constant to the initial concentration of acetic anhydride, MEK, and water are presented. In III the second-order rate equation must be modified to compensate for the presumed catalytic effect of the hydrogen ion produced by hydrolysis.
THE DETERMINATION OF THE DEGREE OF SUBSTITUTION OF CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE OVER THE ENTIRE SUBSTITUTION RANGE
Authors: McLaughlin R. R. , Herbst J. H. E.
Published: April 2011

The published methods for the determination of the degree of substitution of carboxymethylcellulose were found to be unsatisfactory for samples of high degree of substitution. Two methods were developed: one comprises the removal of the impurities from crude sodium carboxymethylcellulose by dialysis or washing with ethanol and determination of the sodium content; the other is based on the precipitation of cupric carboxymethylcellulose under controlled conditions, purification, and determination of the copper content.
THE NEW COMPLEX COMPOUNDS OF ARGININE AND LYSINE
Authors: Taurins Alfred
Published: April 2011

The copper salts of the basic amino acids (arginine, histidine, lysine, and ornithine) are formulated as complex salts. They contain a cation (with two positive charges) consisting of a copper atom and two amino acid molecules. The anion can be a simple inorganic group, such as Cl−, NO3−, SO4=. The complex copper amino acid cations form double complex compounds with anions HgI3− or HgI4=. The double complex salts of arginine, [Cu(C6H14O2N4)2][HgI4], and lysine, [Cu(C6H14O2N2)2][HgI3]2, are only slightly soluble in water and have characteristic crystal forms. They can be used for the quantitative determination of these amino acids. The copper salts of the natural amino acids are classified into four groups.
THE STERILIZATION OF GLASS AND CALOMEL ELECTRODES BY ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION
Authors: Watson R. W. , Clement Mary T. , Muirhead D. R.
Published: April 2011

By strictly defining the procedure for handling and storing the electrodes, contamination was limited to microorganisms from the air. For the purpose of this investigation, therefore, sterilization is defined as the complete inactivation or killing of air-borne bacteria, yeasts, and molds. If the organisms are not present in such a way as to offer mutual protection from the radiation, the total energy at 2537 Å necessary to inactivate the most resistant organism may be assumed to ensure sterilization. Aspergillus niger v. Tiegh. was identified as the most resistant contaminant, and electrostatic sampling showed that clumps containing up to about 40 spores of A. niger Strain 6277 became air-borne. These clumps required approximately 60,000 μw. min. per cm.2 at 2537 Å for inactivation. Used with the accessory procedures, exposure to 680 μw. per cm.2 for two hours was found to provide a safe margin and to ensure sterilization of carefully cleaned and specially mounted electrodes. A satisfactory design for a crevice-free glass electrode sterilizable by ultraviolet light is described. E.m.f. changes in glass–calomel cells sterilized by the recommended procedure do not exceed 0.4 mv., corresponding to 0.006 pH units.
INCREASE IN GIRTH OF THE CAMBIUM IN THUJA OCCIDENTALS L.
Authors: Whalley Barbara E.
Published: April 2011

Studies of serial tangential sections of the secondary xylem indicated that increase in girth of the cambium was accomplished not by regulated divisions spaced merely to bring about the required increase in circumference, but by such rapid multiplication of initials as to produce a great superfluity if all survived. Owing to the rapid production of new initials and the associated high ratio of disappearance, the pattern of cells in the cambium changed quickly. This necessitated extensive intercellular adjustments which apparently were of rapid completion. No support was found for Priestley's theory that cell adjustments in the cambium are gradual and of a "symplastic" nature.
DETERMINATE GROWTH IN THE BLUEBERRY
Authors: Bell Hugh P.
Published: April 2011

Elongation of the vegetative branch of the blueberry ceases early in June owing to the death of both the apical meristem and the distal portion of the axis. Coincident with this is the development of a flowering branch primordium in the axil of the penultimate leaf. During July, the apical meristem of the flowering branch becomes inactive. It is either laterally displaced or it elongates as a minute unbranched columnar structure. Coincident with this inactivation, the proximal flower primordia develop florets in which all flower parts may be recognized, but the distal flower primordia, that is those adjacent to the inactivated apical meristem, are retarded in their development. The retarded distal flower primordia are developed in acropetal succession but the proximal flower primordia do not exhibit acropetal succession. All the stages are illustrated by line diagrams.
A STUDY OF THE ANTIBIOTIC ACTIVITY OF ACTINOMYCETES FROM SOILS OF NORTHERN CANADA
Authors: Landerkin G. B. , Smith Jane R. G. , Lochhead A. G.
Published: April 2011

Of 660 cultures of actinomycetes isolated on a nonselective basis from soils from five locations in Northern Canada, 404 strains, or 61.2%, showed antagonism against at least one of eight test organisms consisting of five bacteria and three plant pathogenic fungi. The degree of activity ranged from slight to strong, with the number of test organisms inhibited by any single culture varying from one to six. In all, 49 different antibiotic spectra were observed. Activity against one or more of the pathogenic fungi was shown by 138 cultures, 20.9% of the isolates. The percentage of active cultures was greater, and the degree of inhibition much more marked, against Helminthosporium sativum than against Fusarium culmorum or Fusarium lini. The percentage of active isolates varied with the location and with the depth of the soil. It is suggested that the high proportion of actinomycetes with antagonistic properties occurring in northern soils may be related to the lower degree of plant development in such regions.
THE ROLE OF THE APHIDS, BREVICORYNE BRASSICAE AND MYZUS PERSICAE, IN THE SPREAD OF XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS, THE CAUSAL ORGANISM OF BLACK ROT OF TURNIPS
Authors: Stapleton Norma M. , McDermott L. A.
Published: April 2011

Turnip plants, heavily infested with the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), and the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulz.), were inoculated with a virulent strain of Xanthomonas campestris (Pammel), the causal organism of black rot disease of turnips, and placed in special cages together with healthy turnip plants. Some aphids of both species were allowed to migrate naturally, and others were transferred mechanically from the diseased to the healthy plants, but no symptoms of black rot ever appeared in any of the latter plants. X. campestris was isolated from only 15% of the B. brassicae and from less than 1% of the M. persicae taken from the diseased plants. Aphids of both species were artificially contaminated externally with X. campestris by exposures to Petri plate and broth cultures of the pathogen. Internal contamination of other aphids of both species was accomplished by feeding them 0.2% aqueous dextrose solutions containing X. campestris. The pathogen was isolated from individuals m both groups of aphids thus contaminated, but none of the aphids in either group was able to infect caged, healthy turnip plants with black rot.
A STUDY OF SIZE INHERITANCE IN THE HOUSE MOUSE: I. THE EFFECT OF MILK SOURCE
Authors: Butler L. , Metrakos J. D.
Published: April 2011

Three strains of mice were used to study the effect of fostering on the growth pattern of the mouse. The strains used breed true for size and have been designated as "Large", "Small", and "Intermediate". The 14-day mean weight of mice that received milk from "Large" strain mothers is significantly different from those that received milk from either the "Small" or the "Intermediate" strain mothers. Although these differences tend to remain, they are not statistically significant at 140 days. The significance of these results are discussed in relation to the arithmetic and geometric concepts of polygenic growth.
THE FATE OF PHENOTHIAZINE IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF THE SHEEP
Authors: Harpur R. P. , Swales W. E. , Denstedt O. F.
Published: April 2011

The methods for estimating phenothiazine and phenothiazone in biological materials have been investigated. It has been shown that when phenothiazine, or phenothiazone is treated with bromine (under the conditions described), a red color is produced which has absorption maxima at the following wavelengths: 240, 282, 291, 375, and 510 mμ. Phenothiazone, in 95% ethanol, has a spectrum with absorption maxima at 237, 273, 280, 288, 369, and 508 mμ. Thus the bromine method is not applicable for distinguishing between these two compounds. It is shown also that phenothiazine may interfere with the estimation of phenothiazone when the latter is measured by the light absorption of its free radical. The ultraviolet absorption spectra of phenothiazine and diphenylamine o-sulphoxide have been determined. The spectrum of the former compound has a maximum at 254 mμ (with a small maximum at 318 mμ), and that of the latter has maxima at 227, 272, 302, and 335 mμ. Leucophenothiazone also has a maximum at 254 mμ.While excretion studies on sheep confirm that 40% of the orally administered phenothiazine is lost in the urine, it is shown that the absorption of the drug from the intestine is not dependent upon oxidation to phenothiazone in the rumen. Indeed, the drug appears to be unchanged in this organ. In a postmortem examination of the gastrointestinal tract no phenothiazone was found proximal to the bile duct. It is suggested that phenothiazine is absorbed from the rumen unoxidized. In support of this it is confirmed that some phenothiazine may be recovered unchanged from the urine of the sheep.
SOME BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF THIOURACIL ON THE RESPONSE OF THE IMMATURE PULLET TO ESTROGEN
Authors: Common R. H. , Keefe T. J. , Maw W. A.
Published: April 2011

Thiouracil depressed the increases of serum calcium, serum riboflavin, and serum vitamin A evoked by estrogen in the sexually immature pullet. In these respects the effects of thiouracil resembled the effects of thyroxine. In contrast to thyroxine, however, thiouracil increased the hypertrophy of the liver and oviduct induced by estrogen. Estrogen did not significantly increase total liver riboflavin, whereas estrogen plus thiouracil produced a significant increase.
β-GLUCURONIDASE OF RABBIT POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Rossiter R. J. , Wong Esther
Published: April 2011

Rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes contain an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing biosynthetic phenolphthalein mono-β-glucuronide. The concentration of the enzyme in the white cell is some 2000 times the concentration of the enzyme in the blood plasma. Under the conditions of study, the β-glucuronidase activity was proportional to the concentration of the enzyme. The effect of substrate concentration on the enzyme activity was studied and the Michaelis constant, Ks, determined. The course of the reaction was linear with time for the first 12 hr. and then fell off slightly during the next 12 hr. The optimum pH of the enzyme was 4.45 in either 0.2 M acetate or 0.2 M phthalate buffer. It was not inhibited by cyanide, azide, iodoacetate, fluoride, glycine, thiourea, urethane, arsanilic acid, acetophenone, o-cresol or m-cresol, in a final concentration of 0.01 M. The possible function of β-glucuronidase in rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes is discussed.
A COMPARISON OF STERNAL AND SPINOUS PROCESS MARROW
Authors: Polson R. A. , Packham Evelyn A.
Published: April 2011

Confirming previous reports, a cytological study of the spinous process and sternal marrow showed a marked similarity in two groups of normal subjects. In each of 12 patients with various hematopoietic disorders samples were taken from the sternum and the spinous process. The marrows from the two sites were nearly identical. These findings suggest that the present knowledge of changes occurring in sternal marrow in disease may be applied to spinous process marrow.
THE EFFECT OF NIACIN ON THE PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE CONTENT OF HUMAN BLOOD CELLS IN ANEMIA
Authors: Blanchaer M. C. , Bergsagel D. E. , Weiss Pamela , Jefferson Dorothy E.
Published: April 2011

The pyridine nucleotide content of the blood cells (PN/BG) of four normal individuals and five anemic patients was measured repeatedly before and after supplementing the diet with niacin. Daily doses of 50 mgm. nicotinic acid or nicotinamide failed to affect the values in the normal subjects and two well-nourished anemic patients. The same dose of nicotinic acid rapidly raised the PN/BC of three poorly nourished anemic patients to values approximating those of well-nourished subjects with similar degrees of anemia. The results obtained after saturation with niacin confirmed the previous report that the PN/BC is higher in anemic patients than in normal controls and that a negative correlation exists between the pyridine nucleotide values and the severity of the anemia. In spite of continued niacin therapy, correction of the anemia was accompanied by a gradual decrease in the values until they approached those of the normal subjects. The present findings also confirm the earlier report that changes in the PN/BC are apparently independent of moderate variations in the number of circulating leucocytes and reticulocytes and bear no relationship to the size or hemoglobin content of the red cells. The significance of these findings in relation to human niacin nutrition is discussed.
A STUDY OF HUMAN HYPERSENSITIVITY TO COMPOUNDS OF THE MUSTARD GAS TYPE
Authors: Moore A. M. , Rockman J. B.
Published: April 2011

A method has been developed for expressing quantitatively the results of measurements of human skin sensitivity to compounds of the mustard gas type. Using this method a study has been made of induced hypersensitivity to bis(β-chloroethyl)sulphide, and to ethyl bis(β-chloroethyl)amine, and of cross reactions involving these two compounds. The relationship between hypersensitivity and the "flare reaction" has been investigated, and a simple method of inducing the latter is reported. A possible significance of these findings in connection with the healing of mustard gas burns is suggested.
THE ROLE OF THE FOETAL HAEMOGLOBINS IN THE AETIOLOGY OF JAUNDICE OF THE NEWBORN
Authors: Delory G. E. , White F. D. , Israels L. G.
Published: April 2011

The total bilirubin, total haemoglobin, and haemoglobin fractions were studied in the cord blood and in the heel puncture blood at one, three, and seven days, and at three or four weeks after birth, in 32 normal newborns. No relationship was found to exist between the rate of destruction of the total haemoglobin, or of its most refractory component f3 and the degree of bilirubinaemia. The proportion of this f3, component did not always undergo progressive steady destruction, nor did it seem to be selectively destroyed in the neonatal period and it would not appear to play any special role in the production of neonatal jaundice.
ON THE ANTIHAEMOLYTIC VALUE OF THE BLOOD OF RABBITS AS MEASURED BY LYSOLECITHIN
Authors: Collier H. B. , Chen Helen L.
Published: April 2011

The antihaemolytic values (AHV) of the erythrocytes and plasma of experimental rabbits have been determined by the lysolecithin method. Oral administration of cholesterol resulted in hypercholesterolaemia; and the increase in plasma AHV paralleled the rise in free cholesterol in approximately a 1:1 molar ratio of lysolecithin to cholesterol. No changes in the erythrocytes were observed, other than a mild anaemia. Splenectomy followed by cholesterol feeding afforded essentially the same results. In the normal rabbit it is concluded that the free cholesterol contributes very little to the antihaemolytic value of the plasma. Repeated bleeding caused a hypercholesterolaemia, and an elevation of the plasma AHV which paralleled the free cholesterol. In the haemolytic anaemia caused by acetylphenylhydrazine injections, the chief findings were an increase in hypotonic fragility of the erythrocytes, and a decrease in the plasma AHV. In all the experiments the mean erythrocyte AHV varied with the size of the cells, but appeared to be otherwise unaffected by the experimental procedures.
A SMALL FLUIDIZED SOLIDS PILOT PLANT FOR THE DIRECT DISTILLATION OF OIL FROM ALBERTA BITUMINOUS SANDS
Authors: Peterson W. S. , Gishler P. E.
Published: April 2011

A new method of recovering oil from Alberta bituminous sand is described, in which the bituminous sand is fed directly into a hot fluidized sand bed. A clean dry distillation product is obtained amounting to 80% by volume of the bitumen in the feed. A description is given of the pilot plant.
EXTRACTION, FRACTIONATION, AND EVALUATION OF CARRAGEENIN
Authors: Rose R. C.
Published: April 2011

The amount of carrageenin extracted from a sample of rinsed Chondrus crispus increased linearly with temperature of extraction up to 100 °C., and more slowly thereafter up to 110 °C. Increasing the temperature to 125 °C. had no further effect on the yield. Heat treating carrageen or replacing the calcium and potassium in it with sodium increased the yield of carrageenin at lower temperatures.The viscosity of carrageenin extracts obtained at different; temperatures increased and the concentration required to increase the viscosity of milk to 15 centistokes (i.e., the "suspending concentration" for cocoa in milk) decreased with temperature of extraction up to 60 °C. Above this temperature the viscosity decreased and the suspending concentration increased. The increase in viscosity is attributed to the extraction of higher polymers of carrageenin with increased temperature; the decrease, to heat depolymerization during extraction. Neither the solubility nor the fractionation studies gave any indication of chemically distinct carrageenin components. The essential difference between carrageenin that was most effective if incorporated with cold milk and carrageenin that was most effective if incorporated with hot milk was that the former was of high suspending concentration. A method of evaluating carrageen which gives soluble carrageenin divided by suspending concentration was tested but the results were sensitive to variations among samples of milk. When the same milk was used, the correlation coefficient between the concentration required to give viscosities of 15 centistokes in milk and in 0.05 N sodium chloride for 12 samples was.93. Viscosity in 0.05 N sodium chloride is preferred for evaluation of carrageen.
HEAT TRANSFER IN A FLUIDIZED SOLIDS BED
Authors: Klassen J. , Gishler P. E. , Baerg A.
Published: April 2011

Heat transfer coefficients have been determined in a fluidized solids bed under a wide variety of conditions. The variables studied were particle size, bulk density under nonfluidized conditions, particle shape, and air velocity. Simple correlations have been established predicting the value of h in the air flow range investigated. An equation predicting the minimum fluidizing velocity has also been derived.
Leveling Bulb Control for Null Manometers
Authors: Arnell J. C. , Henneberry G. O.
Published: April 2011

not available
CANADIAN ERUCIC ACID OILS: V. PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND EDIBLE PROPERTIES OF OIL FROM WEED SEED SCREENINGS
Authors: Grace X. H. , Lips H. J. , Zuckerman A.
Published: April 2011

Monthly samples of cleaned weed seed screenings and of screenings oil (commercially solvent extracted) examined over a six-month period indicated that the composition of the screenings varied widely but that of the oil was remarkably constant. The composition of the weed seed was: wild mustard, mostly Brassica arvensts (53–79% av. 68%) mixed weed seeds (13–35%, av. 23%), crop seeds (4–10%, av. 6.6%), and broken and unidentified seeds (1–6% av 3%) The average characteristics of the oil were: iodine value, 124; saponification number, 182; free tatty acid (as oleic), 2%; relative light transmission (cf. mineral oil), 5% at 440 mμ, 18% at 540 mμ, 26% at 660 mμ. Appearance of the oil and response to processing were similar to those of rape and mustard seed oils. Small scale taste panel tests indicated that processed screenings oil was generally not as palatable as corn or cottonseed salad oils, but that screenings shortening was generally as acceptable as the control (commercial vegetable shortenings) the screenings shortening had a satisfactory smoke point and good baking volume properties.
Antioxidant Properties of an Ethylene Dichloride Extract of Cottonseed Meal
Authors: Lips H. J.
Published: April 2011

not available