bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conformal η-Ricci Solitons on Riemannian Submersions under Canonical Variation
Authors: Siddiqi Mohd. Danish , Alkhaldi Ali Hussain , Khan Meraj Ali , Siddiqui Aliya Naaz
Published: October 2022

This research article endeavors to discuss the attributes of Riemannian submersions under the canonical variation in terms of the conformal η-Ricci soliton and gradient conformal η-Ricci soliton with a potential vector field ζ. Additionally, we estimate the various conditions for which the target manifold of Riemannian submersion under the canonical variation is a conformal η-Ricci soliton with a Killing vector field and a φ(Ric)-vector field. Moreover, we deduce the generalized Liouville equation for Riemannian submersion under the canonical variation satisfying by a last multiplier Ψ of the vertical potential vector field ζ and show that the base manifold of Riemanian submersion under canonical variation is an η Einstein for gradient conformal η-Ricci soliton with a scalar concircular field γ on base manifold. Finally, we illustrate an example of Riemannian submersions between Riemannian manifolds, which verify our results.
Applications of the q-Derivative Operator to New Families of Bi-Univalent Functions Related to the Legendre Polynomials
Authors: Cheng Ying , Srivastava Rekha , Liu Jin-Lin
Published: October 2022

By using the q-derivative operator and the Legendre polynomials, some new subclasses of q-starlike functions and bi-univalent functions are introduced. Several coefficient estimates and Fekete–Szegö-type inequalities for functions in each of these subclasses are obtained. The results derived in this article are shown to extend and generalize those in some earlier works.
Machine Learning for Aiding Blood Flow Velocity Estimation Based on Angiography
Authors: Padhee Swati , Johnson Mark , Yi Hang , Banerjee Tanvi , Yang Zifeng
Published: October 2022

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is widely employed to predict hemodynamic characteristics in arterial models, while not friendly to clinical applications due to the complexity of numerical simulations. Alternatively, this work proposed a framework to estimate hemodynamics in vessels based on angiography images using machine learning (ML) algorithms. First, the iodine contrast perfusion in blood was mimicked by a flow of dye diffusing into water in the experimentally validated CFD modeling. The generated projective images from simulations imitated the counterpart of light passing through the flow field as an analogy of X-ray imaging. Thus, the CFD simulation provides both the ground truth velocity field and projective images of dye flow patterns. The rough velocity field was estimated using the optical flow method (OFM) based on 53 projective images. ML training with least absolute shrinkage, selection operator and convolutional neural network was conducted with CFD velocity data as the ground truth and OFM velocity estimation as the input. The performance of each model was evaluated based on mean absolute error and mean squared error, where all models achieved or surpassed the criteria of 3 × 10−3 and 5 × 10−7 m/s, respectively, with a standard deviation less than 1 × 10−6 m/s. Finally, the interpretable regression and ML models were validated with over 613 image sets. The validation results showed that the employed ML model significantly reduced the error rate from 53.5% to 2.5% on average for the v-velocity estimation in comparison with CFD. The ML framework provided an alternative pathway to support clinical diagnosis by predicting hemodynamic information with high efficiency and accuracy.
Inhibition of Wdr5 Attenuates Ang-II-Induced Fibroblast-to-Myofibroblast Transition in Cardiac Fibrosis by Regulating Mdm2/P53/P21 Pathway
Authors: Yuan Jiali , Peng Hong , Mo Binfeng , Yin Chengye , Fang Guojian , Li Yingze , Wang Yuepeng , Chen Renhua , Wang Qunshan
Published: October 2022

Cardiac fibrosis is an important pathological process in many diseases. Wdr5 catalyzes the trimethylation of lysine K4 on histone H3. The effects of Wdr5 on the cardiac fibrosis phenotype and the activation or transformation of cardiac fibroblasts were investigated by Ang-II-infused mice by osmotic mini-pump and isolated primary neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts. We found that the Wdr5 expression and histone H3K4me3 modification were significantly increased in Ang-II-infused mice. By stimulating primary neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts with Ang II, we detected that the expression of Wdr5 and H3K4me3 modification were also significantly increased. Two Wdr5-specific inhibitors, and the lentivirus that transfected Sh-Wdr5, were used to treat primary mouse cardiac fibroblasts, which not only inhibited the histone methylation by Wdr5 but also significantly reduced the activation and migration ability of Ang-II-treated fibroblasts. To explore its mechanism, we found that the inhibition of Wdr5 increased the expression of P53, P21. Cut&Tag-qPCR showed that the inhibition of Wdr5 significantly reduced the enrichment of H3K4me3 in the Mdm2 promoter region. For in vivo experiments, we finally proved that the Wdr5 inhibitor OICR9429 significantly reduced Ang-II-induced cardiac fibrosis and increased the expression of P21 in cardiac fibroblasts. Inhibition of Wdr5 may mediate cardiac fibroblast cycle arrest through the Mdm2/P53/P21 pathway and alleviate cardiac fibrosis.
Exogenous FGF-1 Differently Regulates Oligodendrocyte Replenishment in an SCI Repair Model and Cultured Cells
Authors: Lee Meng-Jen , Tsai May-Jywan , Chang Wen-Chi , Hsu Wang-Yu , Hung Chien-Hui , Chen Ya-Tzu , Tu Tsung-Hsi , Shu Chih-Hung , Chen Ching-Jung , Cheng Henrich
Published: October 2022

We studied the phenotypes in an oligodendrocyte genesis site at the acute stage of spinal cord injury, when we observed regenerated ascending neurites. Pan-oligodendrocyte marker OLIG2+ cells were more in fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1-treated rats (F group) than in non-treated (T group) in this site, while the number of NG2+OX42− oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC), CNPase+ OPC, Nkx2.2+ OPC, and APC+ remyelinating oligodendrocytes was less in the F group. Paradoxically, when we label the rats with pulsed bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), we found that the mitotic NKX2.2+ OPC cells are more in the F group than in the T group. We tested the embryonic spinal cord mixed culture. FGF treatment resulted in more NG2(+) CNPase (+) than non-FGF-1-treated culture, while the more mature NG2(−) CNPase(+) cell numbers were reduced. When we block the FGF receptor in the injured rat model, the NG2+OX42− cell numbers were increased to be comparable to non-FGF-1 rats, while this failed to bring back the APC+ mature oligodendrocyte cell numbers. As migration of OPC toward injury is a major factor that was absent from the cell culture, we tested 8 mm away from the injury center, and found there were more NG2+ cells with FGF-1 treatment. We proposed that it was possibly a combination of migration and proliferation that resulted in a reduction in the NG2+ OPC population at the oligodendrocyte genesis site when FGF-1 was added to the spinal cord injury in vivo.
Molecular and Cellular Markers in Chlorhexidine-Induced Peritoneal Fibrosis in Mice
Authors: Brezovec Neža , Kojc Nika , Erman Andreja , Hladnik Matjaž , Stergar Jošt , Milanič Matija , Tomšič Matija , Čučnik Saša , Sodin-Šemrl Snežna , Perše Martina , Lakota Katja
Published: October 2022

Understanding the tissue changes and molecular mechanisms of preclinical models is essential for creating an optimal experimental design for credible translation into clinics. In our study, a chlorhexidine (CHX)-induced mouse model of peritoneal fibrosis was used to analyze histological and molecular/cellular alterations induced by 1 and 3 weeks of intraperitoneal CHX application. CHX treatment for 1 week already caused injury, degradation, and loss of mesothelial cells, resulting in local inflammation, with the most severe structural changes occurring in the peritoneum around the ventral parts of the abdominal wall. The local inflammatory response in the abdominal wall showed no prominent differences between 1 and 3 weeks. We observed an increase in polymorphonuclear cells in the blood but no evidence of systemic inflammation as measured by serum levels of serum amyloid A and interleukin-6. CHX-induced fibrosis in the abdominal wall was more pronounced after 3 weeks, but the gene expression of fibrotic markers did not change over time. Complement system molecules were strongly expressed in the abdominal wall of CHX-treated mice. To conclude, both histological and molecular changes were already present in week 1, allowing examination at the onset of fibrosis. This is crucial information for refining further experiments and limiting the amount of unnecessary animal suffering.
In My New Home: The Daily Lives of People Living in Public Houses after a Long Period of Homelessness
Authors: Gaboardi Marta , Bonechi Chiara , Zamuner Eleonora , Santinello Massimo
Published: October 2022

Homelessness refers to a loss of social relationships and a condition of isolation and stigma that affects a person’s well-being. Although the literature has revealed the crucial role of a home in a person’s well-being, few studies have explored the daily lives of people who transition from homeless services to an independent home. People who experience homelessness are at risk of remaining connected to homeless services even after finding a home. This study aimed to explore the daily lives of people who have obtained public housing, focusing on their daily relationships and the places they frequent. Data were collected through interviews with quantitative and qualitative measures involving 14 people with a history of homelessness who had obtained a public house in a medium-sized Italian city. Several themes concerning social relationships and places were identified. Regarding social relationships, people experience loneliness or a connection with the community and homeless services. They spend their time alone at home or around the city. The implications of the results are discussed with respect to practice and research on homelessness.
Permeability Prediction Model Modified on Kozeny-Carman for Building Foundation of Clay Soil
Authors: Chen Jian , Tong Huawei , Yuan Jie , Fang Yingguang , Gu Renguo
Published: October 2022

Clay soil is a common building foundation material, and its permeability is very important for the safety of foundation pits and the later settlement of buildings. However, the traditional Kozeny-Carman (K-C) equation shows serious discrepancies when predicting the permeability of clay in building foundation treatment. Therefore, solving the application of K-C equation in clay is a problem faced by the engineers and scholars. In this paper, the influence of clay mineralogy on pore structure and permeability is analyzed, and then the effective e (eeff) and effective SSA (Seff) are proposed. Based on the eeff and Seff, the permeability prediction model modified on Kozeny-Carman is built. Then, seepage experiments are conducted on two types of clay samples to test this prediction model; at the same time, the MIP combining freeze-drying methods are used to obtain the Seff and eeff. Through the discussion of the test results, three main conclusions are obtained: (1) there are invalid pores in clay due to the influence of clay mineral, this is the reason for which K-C equation is unsuitable for clay; (2) the eeff and Seff can reflect the structural state of clay during seepage; (3) the results of the permeability prediction model in this paper agree well with the test results, which indicates that this prediction model is applicable to clay. The research results of this paper are significant to solve the academic problem that K-C equation is not applicable to clay and significant to ensure the safety of building foundation pits in clay areas.
Design Equations for Predicting Stability of Unlined Horseshoe Tunnels in Rock Masses
Authors: Lawongkerd Jintara , Shiau Jim , Keawsawasvong Suraparb , Seehavong Sorawit , Jamsawang Pitthaya
Published: October 2022

This paper aims to propose new stability equations for the design of shallow, unlined horseshoe tunnels in rock masses. The computational framework of the upper- and lower-bound finite-element limit analysis is used to numerically derive the stability solutions of this problems using the Hoek–Brown failure criterion. Five dimensionless parameters including the width ratio and the cover-depth ratio of the tunnels, as well as the normalized uniaxial compressive strength, the geological strength index, and the yield parameters of the Hoek–Brown rock masses, are considered in the study. Selected failure mechanisms of the horseshoe tunnels in rock masses are presented to portray the effect of all dimensionless parameters. New design equations for stability analyses of horseshoe tunnels are developed using the technique of nonlinear regression analysis and the average bound solutions. The proposed stability equations are highly accurate and can be used with great confidence by practitioners.
Center of Stiffness, Principal Axes and Principal Start Point of Thin-Walled Open-Sections of Cores: A New Modified Calculation Technique Based on Vlasov Torsion Theory
Authors: Makarios Triantafyllos K. , Athanatopoulou Asimina
Published: October 2022

The present paper deals with the exact calculation of the Principal Elastic Reference System of R/C Cores, which have thin-walled open section. A new modified technique based on Vlasov torsion theory is developed that examines the warping phenomenon of cores. The exact position of the elastic center (or shear center) of a core and the orientation of the principal axes of elasticity, as well as the exact calculation of warping constant, are special parameters since, on the one hand it strongly affects the in plan stiffness distribution of the building members, and on the other hand it affects the values of the building eigen-frequencies and mode-shapes. These parameters are particularly critical in seismic design of asymmetric multistorey buildings. Based on Vlasov torsion theory of cores with thin-walled open sections, a repetitive mathematical procedure about the calculation of the location of the elastic center of core and the principal start point of the section is proposed. This new modified technique can be applied to cores of any shape. Afterwards, the exact diagram of sectorial coordinates of the section, as well as the warping constant, are calculated. All the above-mentioned parameters are very useful in the simulation of the cores in numerical models that are going to use in linear and nonlinear seismic analysis of the structures. Knowing all mentioned parameters, the numerical accuracy of the finite element method on cores can be checked. Finally, a numerical example, where the proposed new modified technique is applied on a fully asymmetric core, is presented.
Combined Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Adaptive Coastline Protection Structures
Authors: Dörrie Robin , Laghi Vittoria , Arrè Lidiana , Kienbaum Gabriela , Babovic Neira , Hack Norman , Kloft Harald
Published: October 2022

Traditional reinforcement cages are manufactured in a handicraft manner and do not use the full potential of the material, nor can they map from optimised geometries. The shown research is focused on robotically-manufactured, structurally-optimised reinforcement structures which are prefabricated and can be encased by concrete through SC3DP in a combined process. Based on the reinforcement concept of “reinforcement supports concrete,” the prefabricated cages support the concrete during application in a combined AM process. To demonstrate the huge potential of combined AM processes based on the SC3DP and WAAM techniques (for example, the manufacturing of individualized CPS), the so-called FLOWall is presented here. First, the form-finding process for the FLOWall concept based on fluid dynamic simulation is explained. For this, a three-step strategy is presented, which consists of (i) the 3D modelling of the element, (ii) the force-flow analysis, and (iii) the structural validation in a computational fluid dynamics software. From the finalized design, the printing phase is divided into two steps, one for the WAAM reinforcement and one for the SC3DP wall. The final result provides a good example of efficient integration of two different printing techniques to create a new generation of freeform coastline protection structures.
Effect of Laser Traverse Speed on the Metallurgical Properties of Fe-Cr-Si Clads for Austenitic Stainless Steel Using Directed Energy Deposition
Authors: Hwang Taewoo , Kim Gi-Dong , Kim Seo-Wan , Moon Young , Nam Hyunbin , Song Sangwoo
Published: October 2022

This study investigated the microstructural and compositional behavior of Fe-Cr-Si clads produced in stainless steel (STS) 316 L with a decreased laser traverse speed using directed energy deposition (DED). The substrate of all specimens was mostly composed of austenite, while the clad region consisted of the δ-ferrite, martensite, and a small amount of retained austenite. The reduced heat input by increasing the laser traverse speed resulted in decreased dilution of the Ni component and the substrate’s unmixed zone, resulting in a gradual decrease (16−1%) in the face-centered cubic (FCC: austenite) phase of the clad region. In addition, in the clad region composed of body-centered cubic (BCC), the fraction of martensite decreased, but the fraction of the δ-ferrite increased by decreasing the heat input. The reason for this was that dense martensite was formed in the entire clad region owing to a sufficient cooling rate for phase transformation and dilution of the Ni component in the 12 mm/s specimen with the highest heat input. Therefore, to predict the corrosion and wear characteristics of the Fe-Cr-Si multilayer clad manufactured in STS316L, the formation of martensite by the dilution of the Ni component should be sufficiently considered.
Gender Socialization as a Predictor of Psychosocial Well-Being in Young Women with Breast Cancer
Authors: Trachtenberg Lianne , Esplen Mary Jane , Toner Brenda , Piran Niva
Published: October 2022

This study aimed to explore the relationship between gender socialization and psychosocial well-being among young women diagnosed with and treated for breast cancer. A total of 113 women between the ages of 18–49 completed a one-time questionnaire package. Four key measures of gender socialization were included: Gender Role Socialization Scale (GRSS), Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS), Mental Freedom Scale (MFS), and Silencing the Self Scale (SSS). Two measures of psychosocial well-being were included: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B) and Experience of Embodiment Scale (EES). Correlational and regression analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between gender socialization variables and well-being. In multiple regression models, GRSS and MFS added significant increments to the prediction of variance of the FACT-B (R2 = 23.0%). In contrast, the OBCS and MFS added significant increments to the prediction of variance of the EES (R2 = 47.0%). Findings suggested that women with greater endorsements to proscribed gender socialization were associated with poor well-being scores. Women who endorsed a critical stance, resisting traditional gender-role expectations, objectification pressures, and other social discourses, were associated with greater well-being scores. Future studies are needed to examine the impact of gender socialization on the well-being of young people with breast cancer.
Editorial on Special Issue “Artificial Intelligence in Image-Based Screening, Diagnostics, and Clinical Care of Cardiopulmonary Diseases”
Authors: Rajaraman Sivaramakrishnan , Antani Sameer
Published: October 2022

Cardiopulmonary diseases are a significant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide [...]
Communication-Focused Top-Down Design of Robotic Systems Based on Binary Decomposition
Authors: Pałka Piotr , Zieliński Cezary , Dudek Wojciech , Seredyński Dawid , Szynkiewicz Wojciech
Published: October 2022

This article proposes a formal method of designing robotic systems focusing on communication between components, as well as standardization of the messages between those components. The objective is to design a robotic system controller in a systematic way, focusing on communication at an abstract agent level. Communication, thus organized, and its properly defined specification facilitate the system’s further development. The method uses a standard message structure, based on IEEE FIPA standards, for communication within robotic systems composed of agents. Communication-focused top-down design of robotic systems based on binary decomposition is proposed, and used to design a companion robot working in the kitchen environment. The implemented robotic system is verified based on whether or not the specification conforms to the specified requirements. The characteristics of the designed communication are evaluated. The obtained results prove that the proposed method of designing robotic systems is formally correct, it facilitates the implementation of agents, and separates specification of the system from its implementation. The method of designing robotic systems is correct and useful. The proposed formal notation facilitates understanding of how the system operates and organizes the design process. It puts the communication between system components at the forefront. The resulting system specification facilitates the implementation. The tools for experimental evaluation of its characteristics enable the confirmation that it fulfills the requirements, and that the communication between the system components is correct.
Experimental Optimization of the Compound Angled Asymmetric Laidback Fan Shaped Film Cooling Hole
Authors: Jo Ye Rim , Jeong Jin Young , Kwak Jae Su
Published: October 2022

In this study, the effect of shape variables on the film cooling effectiveness of the compound angled asymmetric laidback fan shaped hole was experimentally investigated, and the optimum values of select design variables were presented. Among the shape variables of the compound angled asymmetric laidback fan shaped hole, the windward and leeward lateral expansion angles and the compound angle were selected as design variables. Test points were chosen using the central composite design method, and the selected design variables were optimized using the Kriging model. The film cooling effectiveness was measured using the PSP technique, and the experiment was conducted under the two density ratios of 1.5 and 2.0 and four blowing ratios of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5. Experimental results showed that the film cooling performance was improved for higher density ratios than lower density ratios. The main effects analysis indicated that larger windward and leeward lateral expansion angles induced higher film cooling effectiveness; however, the compound angle did not show consistent results. For the optimized hole at the density ratio 2.0, the results indicated that the overall averaged film cooling effectiveness of the optimized compound angled asymmetric laidback fan shaped hole was higher than that of the optimized fan shape holes of previous literature.
Production and Analysis of Beer Supplemented with Chlorella vulgaris Powder
Authors: Okechukwu Queency N. , Adadi Parise , Kovaleva Elena G.
Published: October 2022

The microalgae Chlorella vulgaris is a cheap source of nutrients and bioactive compounds, and thus is used in many interventional studies. This study evaluated the potential effects of C. vulgaris powder on fermentation parameters; sensory, phytochemical, and antioxidant activity; and the abundance of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of treated versus control beers. A German Pilsner-style lager beer (GPB) was brewed and supplemented with C. vulgaris at various levels (3.3, 5, and 10 g/L) after primary fermentation. The apparent °Brix and pH was used to monitor the progress of fermentation. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used to measure the antioxidant activity of beers. Addition of C. vulgaris increased the concentration of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of treated beers (CGB) compared to the control (GPB). Treatment had no effects (p > 0.05) on higher alcohols such as 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-hexanol, and phenylethyl alcohol. An increase in the concentration of C. vulgaris had no significant effects on sensory perception of enriched beers. The results showed that C. vulgaris could be used as a potential ingredient for designing functional beer with improved health benefits.
Oral Tolerance Induction—Opportunities and Mechanisms
Authors: Foong Ru-Xin , Santos Alexandra F.
Published: October 2022

Oral tolerance is the active absence of response to food allergens, which involves complex mechanisms in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Food allergy results from the disruption of such tolerance or the absence of its establishment in the first place. It follows allergic sensitization with the production of allergen-specific IgE and results from the degranulation of basophils and mast cells on subsequent exposure to the allergen. Oral tolerance induction has been explored in the contexts of prevention and treatment of food allergy. Early introduction of allergenic foods (i.e., egg and peanut) in the diet of infants, before allergic sensitization occurs (i.e., via inflamed skin affected with eczema) has shown to be beneficial. Guidelines have changed to recommend the introduction of these allergenic foods by 6 months of age. For food allergic individuals, oral tolerance induction has been attempted using allergen-specific immunotherapy, which involves the administration of an allergen, modified or not, through various possible routes, including oral, sublingual, epicutaneous, and subcutaneous, with or without concomitant administration of antibody-based biologics. Further research into the immune mechanisms of food allergy and oral tolerance can lead to the identification of novel targets to suppress the food allergic response and reverse the current food allergy epidemic.
Dipicolinic Acid-Tb3+/Eu3+ Lanthanide Fluorescence Sensor Array for Rapid and Visual Discrimination of Botanical Origin of Honey
Authors: Tu Xijuan , Tao Yunmin , Chen Jiaxu , Du Chunping , Jin Qian , He Yuchang , Yang Ji , Huang Shaokang , Chen Wenbin
Published: October 2022

In the present study, a lanthanide fluorescence sensor array was developed for the discrimination of honey’s botanical origin. Dipicolinic acid (DPA) was used as the antenna ligand for sensitizing the fluorescence of Tb3+ and Eu3+ to prepare the DPA-Tb3+/Eu3+ complex. This lanthanide fluorescence sensor showed a cross-reactive response to the major constituents of honey, which led to the result that different classes of honey solution exhibited distinct quenching effects on the fluorescence of the DPA-Tb3+/Eu3+ complex. Furthermore, a fluorescence sensor array composed of ten sensors was constructed by adjusting the pH and the component of the DPA-Tb3+/Eu3+ complex to show multivariate responses towards honey. The visual fluorescence image of the sensor array was recorded by using a smartphone under excitation with portable UV lamp. Results indicated that the pattern of the visual image was related with the botanical origin. After extracting the RGB value of each sensor in 96-well plate, the ratio of R/G was used for principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that three classes of honey (astragalus, logan, and litchi) were well distinguished. Moreover, the value of principal component 1 (PC1) showed good linearity with the composition of mixing honey and could be used for semi-quantitative analysis. The proposed lanthanide fluorescence sensor array presents a visual and portable method for the discrimination of a honey’s origin without the use of analytical instruments, and might provide a novel and simple strategy for the measurement of food origin.
Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Czech Lager Beers with Increasing Original Wort Extract Values during Cold Storage
Authors: Salek Richardos Nikolaos , Lorencová Eva , Gál Robert , Kůrová Vendula , Opustilová Kristýna , Buňka František
Published: October 2022

The scope of the study was the evaluation of the selected physicochemical (O2 and CO2 contents, bitterness, color, total polyphenol content (TPC), turbidity, foaming stability) and sensory properties of Czech lager beer with different original wort extract (OWE) values (OWE of 10.0; 11.0; 11.5; 12.0% w/w) during a cold storage period of 6 months (4 ± 2 °C). The length of the cold storage period did not influence the values of dissolved O2 and CO2, bitterness, color and foam stability of the samples. Contrarily, the TPC, turbidity, and sensory attributes of the samples were affected by the course of cold storage. The OWE values did not affect the development of the parameters tested. All beer samples stored until the 5th month presented “very good” sensory characteristics. Cold storage of beer is advantageous in order to maintain its freshness and sensory attributes at the highest level for the final consumer.
Olive Fruit Selection through AI Algorithms and RGB Imaging
Authors: Figorilli Simone , Violino Simona , Moscovini Lavinia , Ortenzi Luciano , Salvucci Giorgia , Vasta Simone , Tocci Francesco , Costa Corrado , Toscano Pietro , Pallottino Federico
Published: October 2022

(1) Background: Extra virgin olive oil production is strictly influenced by the quality of fruits. The optical selection allows for obtaining high quality oils starting from batches with different qualitative characteristics. This study aims to test a CNN algorithm in order to assess its potential for olive classification into several quality classes for industrial purposes, specifically its potential integration and sorting performance evaluation. (2) Methods: The acquired samples were all subjected to visual analysis by a trained operator for the distinction of the products in five classes related to the state of external veraison and the presence of visible defects. The olive samples were placed at a regular distance and in a fixed position on a conveyor belt that moved at a constant speed of 1 cm/s. The images of the olives were taken every 15 s with a compact industrial RGB camera mounted on the main frame in aluminum to allow overlapping of the images, and to avoid loss of information. (3) Results: The modelling approaches used, all based on AI techniques, showed excellent results for both RGB datasets. (4) Conclusions: The presented approach regarding the qualitative discrimination of olive fruits shows its potential for both sorting machine performance evaluation and for future implementation on machines used for industrial sorting processes.
Addition of Chelators Increased the Stability of Black Rice Anthocyanins against the Metallic Ions in Tap Water and Improved the Coloration of Steamed Cold Noodles
Authors: Zheng Yi , Jiang Ling , Zhang Chun-Zhi , Huang Guo-Qing , Guo Li-Ping , Xiao Jun-Xia
Published: October 2022

The anthocyanins in black rice extract (BRA) are sensitive to metallic ions, which restrict its application in the coloration of steamed cold noodles in China that uses tap water as the solvent. Food-grade chelators were added to check if they could increase the stability of BRA. The results indicated that the color decay of BRA in tap water was mainly caused by Fe3+, Cu2+, and Fe2+, and the addition of chelators could effectively antagonize this effect. Coloration with the BRA solution containing the optimized chelator formulation of 0.01% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium, 0.08% sodium hexametaphosphate, and 0.064% sodium tartrate conferred comparable appearance and chromatic attributes with those of the noodle colored by deionized water-dissolved BRA. The steamed cold noodles colored by the chelators-containing BRA exhibited increased springiness and decreased starch retrogradation, and possessed potential health functions due to its slightly increased resistant starch content and markedly enhanced antioxidant capacity. Hence, the addition of chelators is a feasible way to increase the color stability of BRA in tap water, and the chelators-supplemented BRA could be used to produce steamed cold noodles with attractive color and health benefits.
Centennial-Scale Climatic Oscillations during the Dansgaard–Oeschger 14 Revealed by Stalagmite Isotopic Records from Shouyuangong Cave, Southern China
Authors: Liu Shushuang , Zhang Zhenqiu , Zhai Xiumin , Chen Jianshun , Zhang Yuanhai , Long Ping , Chen Zhiqiang
Published: October 2022

During the last glacial, Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) events are mostly characterized by moderate and shorter fluctuations. Here, we present the three-year-resolution stalagmite isotopic record from Shouyuangong Cave (SYG), southern China, revealing a detailed history of Asian summer monsoon (ASM) and local environmental changes during the middle and late period of DO 14. During this period, the SYG1 δ18O is characterized by the persistence of centennial-scale oscillations. These centennial δ18O enrichment excursions are clearly mirrored in the δ13C signal. This correlation suggests that changes in soil CO2 production at this site are closely correlated with centennial-scale ASM variability. Furthermore, power spectrum analysis shows that δ18O and δ13C display the common periodicities consistent with solar activity cycles, implicating a control of solar activity on the ASM and soil humidity. Particularly, weak solar activity generally corresponds to weak ASM and a decline in soil CO2 production. One possible link between them is that external forcing controls the ASM intensity via the thermal contrast between the ocean and land. Subsequently, the balance of soil moisture co-varies with the hydrological responses. Finally, the soil CO2 production is further amplified by ecological effect.
Data-Driven Approach to Assess Street Safety: Large-Scale Analysis of the Microscopic Design
Authors: Wu Wanshu , Guo Jinhan , Ma Ziying , Zhao Kai
Published: October 2022

Safety is an important quality of street space that affects people’s psychological state and behavior in many ways. Previous large-scale assessment of street safety focuses more on social and physical factors and has less correlation with spatial design, especially the microscopic design. Limited by data and methods, street safety assessment related to microscopic design is mostly conducted on the small scale. Based on multisource big data, this study conducts a data-driven approach to assess the safety of street microscope design on a large scale from the perspective of individual perception. An assessment system including four dimensions of walkability, spatial enclosure, visual permeability, and vitality is constructed, which reflects the individual perceptions of the street space. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and location-based service (LBS) data are used to verify the effectiveness of the assessment method. The results show that multisource big data can effectively measure the physical elements and design features of streets, reflecting street users’ perception of vision, function, architecture, and street form, as well as the spatial selectivity based on their judgment of safety. The measurement of multidimensional connotations and the fusion of multiple data mining technologies promote the accuracy and effectiveness of the assessment method. Street safety presents the spatial distribution of high-value aggregation and low-value dispersion. Street safety is relatively low in areas with a large scale, lack of street interface, large amount of transit traffic, and high-density vegetation cover. The proposed method and the obtained results can be a reference for humanized street design and sustainable urban traffic planning and management.
Innovations in Evaluating Statin Benefit and Efficacy in Staphylococcus aureus Intracellular Infection Management
Authors: Nesson Erik T. , McDowell Susan A.
Published: October 2022

An emerging therapeutic approach in the treatment of infectious disease is to augment the host response through repurposing of well-tolerated, non-antibiotic, host-directed therapeutics. Earlier retrospective studies identify a positive association between statin use and a decreased risk of death due to sepsis or bacteremia. However, more recent randomized control trials fail to detect a therapeutic benefit in these complex infection settings. It is postulated that unrecognized biases in certain observational studies may have led to an overestimation of benefit and that statin use is instead a marker for health status, wealth, and demographic characteristics which may separately affect death due to infection. What remains unresolved is that in vitro and in vivo evidence reproducibly indicates that statin pharmacology limits infection and augments immunomodulatory responses, suggesting that therapeutic benefits may be attainable in certain infection settings, such as intracellular infection by S. aureus. Carefully considering the biological mechanisms capable of driving the relationship between statins and infections and constructing a methodology to avoid potential biases in observational studies would enable the examination of protective effects against infection and limit the risk of underestimating statin efficacy. Such an approach would rely on the examination of statin use in defined infection settings based on an underlying mode-of-action and pharmacology, where the inhibition of HMG-CoA-reductase at the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis diminishes not only cholesterol levels but also isoprenoid intermediates central to host cell invasion by S. aureus. Therapeutic benefit in such settings, if existent, may be of clinical importance.
Bioluminescent Dinoflagellates as a Bioassay for Toxicity Assessment
Authors: Perin Luíza S. , Moraes Gabriela V. , Galeazzo Gabriela A. , Oliveira Anderson G.
Published: October 2022

Dinoflagellates bioluminescence mechanism depends upon a luciferin–luciferase reaction that promotes blue light emission (480 nm) in specialized luminogenic organelles called scintillons. The scintillons contain luciferin, luciferase and, in some cases, a luciferin-binding protein (LBP), which prevents luciferin from non-enzymatic oxidation in vivo. Even though dinoflagellate bioluminescence has been studied since the 1950s, there is still a lack of mechanistic understanding on whether the light emission process involves a peroxidic intermediate or not. Still, bioassays employing luminous dinoflagellates, usually from Gonyaulax or Pyrocystis genus, can be used to assess the toxicity of metals or organic compounds. In these dinoflagellates, the response to toxicity is observed as a change in luminescence, which is linked to cellular respiration. As a result, these changes can be used to calculate a percentage of light inhibition that correlates directly with toxicity. This current approach, which lies in between fast bacterial assays and more complex toxicity tests involving vertebrates and invertebrates, can provide a valuable tool for detecting certain pollutants, e.g., metals, in marine sediment and seawater. Thus, the present review focuses on how the dinoflagellates bioluminescence can be applied to evaluate the risks caused by contaminants in the marine environment.
Correction: Sharov et al. Computational Analysis of Molnupiravir. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 1508
Authors: Sharov Artem V. , Burkhanova Tatyana M. , Taskın Tok Tugba , Babashkina Maria G. , Safin Damir A.
Published: October 2022

We received a complaint from the Université Catholique de Louvain [...]
GABAA Receptor Modulators with a Pyrazolo[1,5-a]quinazoline Core: Synthesis, Molecular Modelling Studies and Electrophysiological Assays
Authors: Crocetti Letizia , Guerrini Gabriella , Melani Fabrizio , Vergelli Claudia , Mascia Maria Paola , Giovannoni Maria Paola
Published: October 2022

As a continuation of our study in the GABAA receptor modulators field, we report the design and synthesis of new 8-chloropyrazolo[1,5-a]quinazoline derivatives. Molecular docking studies and the evaluation of the ‘Proximity Frequencies’ (exploiting our reported model) were performed on all the final compounds (3, 4, 6a–c, 7a,b, 8, 9, 12a–c, 13a,b, 14–19) to predict their profile on the α1β2γ2-GABAAR subtype. Furthermore, to verify whether the information coming from this virtual model was valid and, at the same time, to complete the study on this series, we evaluated the effects of compounds (1–100 µM) on the modulation of GABAA receptor function through electrophysiological techniques on recombinant α1β2γ2L-GABAA receptors expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The matching between the virtual prediction and the electrophysiological tests makes our model a useful tool for the study of GABAA receptor modulators.
The Significance of MGMT Promoter Methylation Status in Diffuse Glioma
Authors: Jovanović Nikola , Lazarević Milica , Cvetković Vladimir J. , Nikolov Vesna , Kostić Perić Jelena , Ugrin Milena , Pavlović Sonja , Mitrović Tatjana
Published: October 2022

A single-institution observational study with 43 newly diagnosed diffuse gliomas defined the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) gene mutation status and evaluated the prognostic relevance of the methylation status of the epigenetic marker O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). Younger patients (<50 years) with surgically resected glioma and temozolomide (TMZ) adjuvant chemotherapy were associated with better prognosis, consistent with other studies. The methylation status depends on the chosen method and the cut-off value determination. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) established the methylation status for 36 glioma patients (19 (52.8%) positively methylated and 17 (47.2%) unmethylated) without relevancy for the overall survival (OS) (p = 0.33). On the other side, real-time methylation-specific PCR (qMSP) revealed 23 tumor samples (54%) that were positively methylated without association with OS (p = 0.15). A combined MSP analysis, which included the homogenous cohort of 24 patients (>50 years with surgical resection and IDH1/2-wildtype diffuse glioma), distinguished 10 (41.6%) methylated samples from 14 (58.4%) unmethylated samples. Finally, significant correlation between OS and methylation status was noticed (p ≈ 0.05). The OS of the hypermethylated group was 9.6 ± 1.77 months, whereas the OS of the unmethylated group was 5.43 ± 1.04 months. Our study recognized the MGMT promoter methylation status as a positive prognostic factor within the described homogenous cohort, although further verification in a larger population of diffuse gliomas is required.
Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds for Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering: Current Techniques and Challenges
Authors: Barbulescu Greta Ionela , Bojin Florina Maria , Ordodi Valentin Laurentiu , Goje Iacob Daniel , Barbulescu Andreea Severina , Paunescu Virgil
Published: October 2022

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of global mortality. Over the past two decades, researchers have tried to provide novel solutions for end-stage heart failure to address cardiac transplantation hurdles such as donor organ shortage, chronic rejection, and life-long immunosuppression. Cardiac decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) has been widely explored as a promising approach in tissue-regenerative medicine because of its remarkable similarity to the original tissue. Optimized decellularization protocols combining physical, chemical, and enzymatic agents have been developed to obtain the perfect balance between cell removal, ECM composition, and function maintenance. However, proper assessment of decellularized tissue composition is still needed before clinical translation. Recellularizing the acellular scaffold with organ-specific cells and evaluating the extent of cardiomyocyte repopulation is also challenging. This review aims to discuss the existing literature on decellularized cardiac scaffolds, especially on the advantages and methods of preparation, pointing out areas for improvement. Finally, an overview of the state of research regarding the application of cardiac dECM and future challenges in bioengineering a human heart suitable for transplantation is provided.
Size-Based Effects of Anthropogenic Ultrafine Particles on Lysosomal TRPML1 Channel and Autophagy in Motoneuron-like Cells
Authors: Sapienza Silvia , Tedeschi Valentina , Apicella Barbara , Palestra Francesco , Russo Carmela , Piccialli Ilaria , Pannaccione Anna , Loffredo Stefania , Secondo Agnese
Published: October 2022

Background: An emerging body of evidence indicates an association between anthropogenic particulate matter (PM) and neurodegeneration. Although the historical focus of PM toxicity has been on the cardiopulmonary system, ultrafine PM particles can also exert detrimental effects in the brain. However, only a few studies are available on the harmful interaction between PM and CNS and on the putative pathomechanisms. Methods: Ultrafine PM particles with a diameter < 0.1 μm (PM0.1) and nanoparticles < 20 nm (NP20) were sampled in a lab-scale combustion system. Their effect on cell tracking in the space was studied by time-lapse and high-content microscopy in NSC-34 motor neurons while pHrodo™ Green conjugates were used to detect PM endocytosis. Western blotting analysis was used to quantify protein expression of lysosomal channels (i.e., TRPML1 and TPC2) and autophagy markers. Current-clamp electrophysiology and Fura2-video imaging techniques were used to measure membrane potential, intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and TRPML1 activity in NSC-34 cells exposed to PM0.1 and NP20. Results: NP20, but not PM0.1, reduced NSC-34 motor neuron movement in the space. Furthermore, NP20 was able to shift membrane potential of motor neurons toward more depolarizing values. PM0.1 and NP20 were able to enter into the cells by endocytosis and exerted mitochondrial toxicity with the consequent stimulation of ROS production. This latter event was sufficient to determine the hyperactivation of the lysosomal channel TRPML1. Consequently, both LC3-II and p62 protein expression increased after 48 h of exposure together with AMPK activation, suggesting an engulfment of autophagy. The antioxidant molecule Trolox restored TRPML1 function and autophagy. Conclusions: Restoring TRPML1 function by an antioxidant agent may be considered a protective mechanism able to reestablish autophagy flux in motor neurons exposed to nanoparticles.
Optimization and Application of CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in a Cosmopolitan Pest, Diamondback Moth
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Xiong Lei , Xie Chao , Shen Lingling , Chen Xuanhao , Ye Min , Sun Linyang , Yang Xiaozhen , Yao Shuyuan , Yue Zhen , Liang Zhengjiao , You Minsheng , You Shijun
Published: October 2022

The CRISPR/Cas9 system is an efficient tool for reverse genetics validation, and the application of this system in the cell lines provides a new perspective on target gene analysis for the development of biotechnology tools. However, in the cell lines of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, the integrity of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and the utilization of this cell lines still need to be improved to ensure the application of the system. Here, we stabilize the transfection efficiency of the P. xylostella cell lines at different passages at about 60% by trying different transfection reagents and adjusting the transfection method. For Cas9 expression in the CRIPSPR/Cas9 system, we identified a strong endogenous promoter: the 217–2 promoter. The dual-luciferase and EGFP reporter assay demonstrated that it has a driving efficiency close to that of the IE1 promoter. We constructed pB-Cas9-Neo plasmid and pU6-sgRNA plasmid for CRISPR/Cas9 system and subsequent cell screening. The feasibility of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in P. xylostella cell lines was verified by knocking out endogenous and exogenous genes. Finally, we generated a transgenic Cas9 cell line of P. xylostella that would benefit future exploitation, such as knock-in and multi-threaded editing. Our works provides the validity of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in the P. xylostella cell lines and lays the foundation for further genetic and molecular studies on insects, particularly favoring gene function analysis.