bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decoration of Autophagy Detecting Nanoparticle with an Anionic Fluorochrome Enhances Multispectral Characterization of Autophagosome Location and Flux
Authors: Akam‐Baxter Eman , Chen Howard H. , Boukhalfa Asma , Yu Ada , Ling Lauren A. , Kung Andrew H. , Bulnes Rodriguez Susana , Yuan Hushan , Josephson Lee , Sosnovik David E.
Published: December 2024

Autophagy is a key biological process that has proven extremely difficult to detect noninvasively. To address this, an autophagy detecting nanoparticle (ADN) was recently developed, consisting of an iron oxide nanoparticle decorated with cathepsin‐cleavable arginine‐rich peptides bound to the near‐infrared fluorochrome Cy5.5. Activation of the probe in autophagolysosomes results in the emission of Cy5.5 fluorescence and provides a measure of autophagosome flux. However, in the early autophagosome ADN fluorescence is silent due to fluorochrome stacking. Here, we introduce to ADN a second non‐cleavable fluorophore that allows the probe to be tracked through all stages of autophagy. The nature of the secondary/tracking fluorophore has a profound effect on the activation of ADN and the emission of Cy5.5 fluorescence. The lead candidate, ADN2 (featuring AZDye546 as the secondary fluorophore) has the highest activation rate and change in Cy5.5 fluorescence. Absorbance and fluorescence spectrophotometry methods show that the negatively charged AZDye546 interacts with the positively charged polyarginine motifs of the Cy5.5‐polyArg activatable fluorophore, resulting in enhanced baseline quenching of the Cy5.5 signal in the nanoprobe. Flow cytometry shows that the activation of ADN2 remains specific for autophagy and is strongly modulated by classical regulators of autophagy (starvation, bafilomycin) and genetic deletion of key autophagy proteins (ATG5, ATG7). ADN2 co‐localized strongly with LC3‐GFP positive autophagosomes and provided readouts of in vivo probe delivery and activation in the hearts of fed/starved mice. ADN2 enhances the ability to image autophagy without genetic transfection of cells/animals and underscores the possible effects for unanticipated interactions between fluorochromes and other moieties on the surface of decorated nanoparticles.
Synergistic Optimization of Buried Interface via Hydrochloric Acid for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhao Xing , Wu Danxia , Yan Huilin , Cui Peng , Qiu Yujie , Fan Bingbing , Yue Xiaopeng , Li Liang , Li Meicheng
Published: December 2024

Incorporating chlorine into the SnO2 electron transport layer (ETL) has proven effective in enhancing the interfacial contact between SnO2 and perovskite in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, previous studies have primarily focused on the role of chlorine in passivating surface trap defects in SnO2, without considering its influence on the buried interface. Here, hydrochloric acid (HCl) is introduced as a chlorine source into commercial SnO2 to form Cl‐capped SnO2 (Cl‐SnO2) ETL, aiming to optimize the buried interface of the PSC. The incorporation of HCl into the SnO2 precursor solution works in two key ways. First, it converts the detrimental KOH stabilizer into KCl through an acid‐base reaction. Second, it regulates the crystallization process of the perovskite, reducing PbI2 residues and voids at the buried interface. As a result, the efficiency of the PSC increases from 21.93% to 25.39%, with a certified efficiency of 25.69%, the highest efficiency reported for Cl‐SnO2 ETL‐based PSCs. Moreover, the target PSC exhibits excellent air stability, retaining 90% of its initial efficiency after 2900 h of air exposure, compared to only 56.1% for the control PSC. This investigation highlights the effectiveness of HCl in the synergistic optimization of the buried interface in PSCs.
Resonant Quantum Magnetodielectric Effect in Multiferroic Metal–Organic Framework [CH3NH3]Co(HCOO)3
Authors: Su Na , Liu Shuang , He Yingjie , Liu Yan , Fu Huixia , Chai Yi‐Sheng , Sun Young
Published: December 2024

The observation of both resonant quantum tunneling of magnetization (RQTM) and resonant quantum magnetodielectric (RQMD) effect in the perovskite multiferroic metal–organic framework [CH3NH3]Co(HCOO)3.is reported. An intrinsic magnetic phase separation emerges at low temperatures due to the hydrogen‐bond‐modified long‐range super‐exchange interaction, leading to the coexistence of canted antiferromagnetic order and single‐ion (Co2+) magnets. Subsequently, a stair‐shaped magnetic hysteresis loop along the [101] direction characterizing the RQTM appears below the magnetic blocking temperature. More interestingly, the magnetic field dependence of dielectric permittivity exhibits pronounced peaks at the critical fields corresponding to the RQTM, a phenomenon termed the RQMD effect which enables electrical detection of the RQTM. The magnetostriction shows a similar behavior to the magnetodielectric effect at 2 and 5 K, which suggests that the magnetodielectric effect in this multiferroic metal–organic framework is related to the spin‐lattice coupling.
A Lionfish‐Skin‐Inspired Intrinsic Antifouling Coating for Full‐Ocean‐Depth up to 7730 Meters
Authors: Tian Shu , Li Ruiqi , Cao Peizhan , Yu Junyu , Xue Qunji , Lu Guangming , Wang Liping
Published: December 2024

As marine equipment advances from shallow to deep‐sea environments, the demand for high‐performance antifouling materials continues to increase. The lionfish, a species inhabiting both deep‐sea and shallow coral reefs, prevents fouling organism adhesion via its smooth, mucus‐covered skin, which contains antimicrobial peptides. Inspired by lionfish skin, this work integrates zwitterionic segments with hydration‐based fouling‐release properties and the furan oxime ester structure with intrinsic antibacterial activity to develop a silicone‐based antifouling coating capable of operating from shallow to deep‐sea environments. The coating exhibits excellent antifouling properties in shallow‐water environments, completely inhibiting protein adhesion and reducing bacterial, algae adhesion by up to 33.23% and 85.23%, respectively. displays superior intrinsic bactericidal activity, achieving a 100% bactericidal rate. Field panel immersion tests confirmed the coating's effectiveness in preventing the adhesion of large shallow‐water fouling organisms. After 51 days of immersion at a maximum depth of 7730 meters in the Mariana Trench, no live bacteria are detected on the coating surface, which remained in excellent condition and retained its full bactericidal efficacy. This antifouling coating presents a promising solution for marine equipment across full ocean depths adn expands applications in the marine industry.
High‐Performance and Anti‐Freezing Moisture‐Electric Generator Combining Ion‐Exchange Membrane and Ionic Hydrogel
Authors: Zhang Hanxiao , Qin Liling , Zhou Yuyan , Huang Guiyun , Cai Hui , Sha Jiulong
Published: December 2024

Moisture‐electric generators (MEGs), which convert moisture chemical potential energy into electrical power, are attracting increasing attention as clean energy harvesting and conversion technologies. However, existing devices suffer from inadequate moisture trapping, intermittent electric output, suboptimal performance at low relative humidity (RH), and limited ion separation efficiency. This study designs an ionic hydrogel MEG capable of continuously generating energy with enhanced selective ion transport and sustained ion‐to‐electron current conversion at low RH by integrating an ion‐exchange membrane (IEM‐MEG). A single IEM‐MEG exhibits a maximum open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.815 V and a short‐circuit current (ISC) of 101 µA at 80% RH. Even at a low RH of 10%, a stable VOC of 0.43 V and ISC of 11 µA can be generated. Moreover, the antifreeze performance of the device is improved by adding LiCl, which significantly expands its operational range in low‐temperature environments. Finally, a simple series‐parallel connection of six IEM‐MEGs can yield an enhanced VOC of 4.8 V and a ISC of ≈0.6 mA, and the scalable units can directly power commercial electronics. This study provides new insights into the design of MEGs that will advance the development of green energy conversion technologies in the future.
Unveiling Sybil Attacks Using AI‐Driven Techniques in Software‐Defined Vehicular Networks
Authors: Nayak Rajendra Prasad , Bhoi Sourav Kumar , Sahoo Kshira Sagar , Sethi Srinivas , Mohapatra Subasish , Bhuyan Monowar
Published: December 2024

The centralized nature of software‐defined networks (SDN) makes them a suitable choice for vehicular networks. This enables numerous vehicles to communicate within an SD‐vehicular network (SDVN) through vehicle‐to‐vehicle (V2V) and with road‐side units (RSUs) via vehicle‐to‐infrastructure (V2I) connections. The increased traffic volume necessitates robust security solutions, particularly for Sybil attacks. Here, the attacker aims to undermine network trust by gaining unauthorized access or manipulating network communication. While traditional cryptography‐based security methods are effective, their encryption and decryption processes may cause excess delays in vehicular scenarios. Previous studies have suggested machine learning (ML) like AI‐driven approaches for Sybil attack detection in vehicular networks. However, the primary drawbacks are high detection time and feature engineering of network data. To overcome these issues, we propose a two‐phase detection framework, in which the first phase utilizes cosine similarity and weighting factors to identify attack misbehavior in vehicles. These metrics contribute to the calculation of effective node trust (ENT), which helps in further attack detection. In the second phase, deep learning (DL) models such as CNN and LSTM are employed for further granular classification of misbehaving vehicles into normal, fault, or Sybil attack vehicles. Due to the time series nature of vehicle data, CNN and LSTM are used. The methodology deployed at the controller provides a comprehensive analysis, offering a single‐ to multi‐stage classification scheme. The classifier identifies six distinct vehicle types associated with such attacks. The proposed schemes demonstrate superior accuracy with an average of 94.49% to 99.94%, surpassing the performance of existing methods.
Application of microfluidic technologies in veterinary science with a view toward development of animal‐on‐a‐chip models
Authors: Yin Qiankun , Yang Zhenxu , Chong Shin Wei , Li Jiarong , Liu Xiaochen , Vigolo Daniele , Li Jiao Jiao , Sheehy Paul A. , Yong Ken‐Tye
Published: December 2024

The advancement of veterinary science relies on the adoption of modern technologies, more recently including molecular diagnostics, genomic research, precision medicine approaches, and advanced diagnostic imaging. Recent advancements in microfluidics have brought tremendous attention to human disease modeling, diagnosis, and drug development. Specifically, organ‐on‐a‐chip, a subset of microfluidic technology, is characterized by its ability to mimic the human in vivo microenvironment and improve cost efficiency in drug development. Recent studies have demonstrated huge potential in translating human‐centered microfluidic technologies to veterinary science, which can help to deepen our understanding of animal diseases and disorders and develop targeted treatments for diverse animal species, including companion animals, livestock, and wildlife. Further, the ongoing impact of climate change has heightened the threat of diseases among animal populations as well as the potential impact of zoonotic pathogens. New tools for in‐depth exploration of animal physiologies and diseases are essential to mitigate the risk of species extinction and safeguard animal well‐being. Building upon the achievements in human‐based microfluidic studies, we propose the comprehensive integration of this technology into veterinary research. This review provides an overview of microfluidic technology, its current applications in veterinary science, and discusses future directions and challenges toward the development of animal‐on‐a‐chip systems.
Influence of magnetic dipole and thermophoretic particle deposition on the flow of Reiner–Philippoff fluid with Thompson and Troian slip
Authors: Li Shuguang , Naseer Sania , Shahmir Nazia , Ramzan Muhammad , Alkarni Shalan , Kadry Seifedine
Published: December 2024

Several non‐Newtonian fluid models have emerged as alternatives to Newton's viscosity law, expressing a nonlinear relationship between the shear stress and the strain. This study specifically concentrates on the Reiner–Philippoff fluid model among various existing models due to its ability to capture specific non‐Newtonian characteristics in particular situations. Hence, the goal of this research is to analyze the two‐dimensional flow of Reiner–Philippoff liquid along an extending sheet while considering the impact of thermophoretic particle deposition, and Thompson, and Trion slip. The investigation encompasses the inclusion of the magnetic dipole effect, and variable heat source/sink in the temperature equation to explore heat transfer. Additionally, the concentration equation takes into account the Stefan blowing effect and activation energy for mass transfer analysis. The magnetic dipole is subjected to an external magnetic field, and its influences are integrated into the momentum and temperature equations. A MATLAB's renowned bvp4c package is engaged to develop the numerical solution of the resulting system of equations obtained by applying suitable similarity transformations. The analysis comprehensively scrutinizes graphs that illustrate relevant parameters and their corresponding physical interpretations. The results affirm that a surge in the thermophoretic parameter indicates a rise in the temperature profile. Moreover, the Reiner–Philippoff fluid parameter amplifies the velocity distribution of the liquid flow. A validation of the envisaged model is also a highlight of this exploration.
Effects of acute hydration changes on cardiovascular magnetic resonance native T1 and T2 mapping
Authors: Myhr Katrine Aagaard , Keceli Emel , Kunkel Joakim Bo , Kristensen Charlotte Burup , Vejlstrup Niels , Køber Lars , Pecini Redi
Published: December 2024

Changes in hydration status may affect myocardial native T1 and T2 values and influence the clinical interpretation. We aimed to assess the impact of acute preload augmentation on native T1 and T2. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) native T1 and T2 mapping were performed twice on the same day in 20 healthy participants before and after an acute preload augmentation by a 2-liter intravenous infusion of isotonic sodium chloride (0.9%). Test-retest reproducibility was evaluated in 30 healthy participants with two consecutive CMR examinations on the same day. Sixteen participants were included in both substudies. In the 20 healthy participants undergoing acute preload augmentation (55% males, mean age (interquartile range [IQR]) 43 [29–51] years), native T1 increased with 17 ms (95% confidence interval [CI] 7 to 26; p = 0.001), T2 with 1.7 ms (95% CI 0.8 to 2.4; p < 0.001), and blood T1 with 46 ms (95% CI 28 to 65; p < 0.001). Test-retest variability in 30 healthy participants (47% males, median age 43 [28–52] years) showed 95% limits of agreement (LOA) of ± 26 ms for native T1, ± 2.1 ms for T2, and ± 57 ms for blood T1. In the 16 participants included in both substudies, the mean differences in changes post-infusion versus test-retest were 22 ms (95% CI 8 to 36; p = 0.01) for native T1, 1.9 ms (95% CI 0.9 to 2.9; p = 0.001) for T2, and 62 ms (95% CI 32 to 91; p < 0.001) for blood T1. Native T1 and T2 values increased following acute preload augmentation. However, the changes were within the 95% LOA of the test-retest reproducibility.

Graphical Abstract
Polyaxial Stress-Dependent Tensorial Permeability Variations of a Columnar Jointed Rock Mass: Insights from 3D Distinct Element Method
Authors: Pothana Prasad , Rasouli Vamegh , Ling Kegang
Published: December 2024

Stress-induced permeability changes in geological formations have implications for various geo-engineering applications. Fractures are the predominant fluid flow pathways within tight geological formations such as jointed basaltic rock mass. Three-dimensional permeability variations of a columnar jointed rock mass using the three-dimensional block distinct element method are investigated. First, a permeability tensor is constructed by simulating fluid flow through joint sets using cubic law and determining its principal components through eigenvector analysis. Subsequently, numerical simulations are conducted to gain insights into the impact of principal stresses on joint deformation and fluid flow. Joint deformation is controlled by the joint’s mechanical properties, contact models, and stress state. Different isotropic and anisotropic stress loading scenarios on the permeability tensor evolution are investigated. The research findings indicate that isotropic stress loading led to uniform normal compression on fractures, resulting in a monotonic reduction of all permeability tensor components and increased permeability anisotropy. Anisotropic stress loading, particularly the intermediate stress, often neglected, significantly influenced the rock’s overall permeability. While the directions of the principal components remained consistent during isotropic loading, they exhibited changes in both direction and magnitude during anisotropic loading. The relative angle between the joint plane and the principal stresses was crucial in controlling joint behavior, including normal compression, shear failure, and dilation. Additionally, data analysis revealed that the exponential empirical model provided an excellent fit for permeability–stress data.
MEMO-QCD: quantum density estimation through memetic optimisation for quantum circuit design
Authors: Ardila-García Juan E. , Vargas-Calderón Vladimir , González Fabio A. , Useche Diego H. , Vinck-Posada Herbert
Published: December 2024

This paper presents a strategy for efficient quantum circuit design for density estimation. The strategy is based on a quantum-inspired algorithm for density estimation and a circuit optimisation routine based on memetic algorithms. The model maps a training dataset to a quantum state represented by a density matrix through a quantum feature map. This training state encodes the probability distribution of the dataset in a quantum state, such that the density of a new sample can be estimated by projecting its corresponding quantum state onto the training state. We propose the application of a memetic algorithm to find the architecture and parameters of a variational quantum circuit that implements the quantum feature map, along with a variational learning strategy to prepare the training state. Demonstrations of the proposed strategy show an accurate approximation of the Gaussian kernel density estimation method through shallow quantum circuits illustrating the feasibility of the algorithm for near-term quantum hardware.
Social interaction models for trust systems design
Authors: Pavleska Tanja
Published: December 2024

Fueled by the social dynamics inherent in traditional networking, the Internet has come to shape a new paradigm of social interaction and collaboration, formed by the active engagement of its users. The emergence of social networks has not only expanded the avenues for blending the social essence of trust, but also harnessed the technical capabilities of the Internet. While many computational trust models employ models from social theories of interaction to accurately identify trustworthy individuals, there is a notable gap in addressing how these models are perceived and acted upon by the users, who are the core of trust systems. Recognizing and understanding the relationship between trust models and user perceptions is key to simplifying their complexity and enhancing model explainability and system performance.

This paper delves into the nuanced roles of structural balance, subjectivity, and user bias within trust systems, investigating their implications on the design of computational trust models. Through qualitative and quantitative analyses, we pinpoint instances where the nature of social interactions emerges as a significant concern that needs preemptive consideration during the design phase of trust systems. Building upon the findings, we suggest practical solutions to enhance the effectiveness of trust models through alignment between the contextual system traits and the design assumptions.
Experience and attitudes in relation to telepsychiatry use among non-consultant doctors
Authors: Rowntree R. , Behan C.
Published: December 2024

Introduction:

In order to minimise physical interaction during the COVID-19 pandemic, telepsychiatry became a key part of clinical practice for many psychiatrists.

Methods:

This study involved an exploratory, cross-sectional, opt-in online survey circulated to non-consultant doctors in psychiatry working in Ireland. It assessed experience and attitudes in relation to telepsychiatry use.

Discussion:

The response rate was 11.6% (n = 61). Forty-eight individuals (78.6%) had delivered clinical care using telepsychiatry. Fifty-nine individuals (96.7%) were unfamiliar with telepsychiatry prior to the pandemic. Most respondents had not received specific training around use of a telepsychiatry platform (86.9%, n = 63) and were unaware of published guidelines around its optimal use (54.1%, n = 33). Respondents’ concerns included issues around connectivity, medico-legal uncertainty and clinical effectiveness.

Conclusion:

Conclusions drawn are limited by the potential for selection bias in this study. Nonetheless the paper has highlighted important issues including the need for more research assessing telepsychiatry clinical and curricular experience. Additional curricular interventions during training could build skillset and confidence in telepsychiatry.
The periodic injection and extraction of fluid in a porous medium for hydrogen storage
Authors: Whelan Brian K. , Woods Andrew W.
Published: December 2024

We develop a simple model which describes the repeated injection and extraction of hydrogen in a permeable water-saturated rock which has the form of an anticline. We demonstrate that the flow is controlled by the dimensionless ratio of the square of the buoyancy speed to the product of the two-dimensional volume injection rate and the injection–extraction frequency, and we explore the cases in which this ratio is large and small. Over the first few cycles, the volume of hydrogen in the system gradually builds up since during the extraction phase, some of the water eventually reaches the extraction well, and in our model the system ceases to extract fluid for the remainder of this extraction phase. After many cycles, there is sufficient hydrogen in the system that a quasi-equilibrium state develops in which the mass of fluid injected matches the mass extracted over the course of a cycle. We show that in this equilibrium, the ratio between the mass of gas remaining in the aquifer at the end of the extraction phase, known as the cushion gas, to the mass of gas injected, known as the working gas, decreases if either the flow rate or frequency of the cycles decrease or the buoyancy speed increases, leading to more efficient storage.
Beyond Collaborative Network Communities: Innovation Performance Feedback and the Formation of New Bridging Ties
Authors: Nie Yafei , Wang Jingbei
Published: December 2024

Although extant research has highlighted the tangible benefits of bridging ties that interlink network communities, our understanding of the determinants of a firm's propensity to form new bridging ties is scarce. Drawing on the behavioral theory of the firm, we conceptualize the formation of new bridging ties as a consequence of decision-makers' bounded rationality and verify the effect of performance feedback on the share of new bridging ties. Additionally, we contend that decisions regarding forming new bridging ties in response to performance feedback are bounded by CEOs' experience. We use a longitudinal dataset of Chinese publicly listed firms in the pharmaceutical industry from 2010 to 2020. The results indicate that the magnitude of a firm's outperformance relative to its aspirations positively affects the share of new bridging ties, while the magnitude of a firm's underperformance relative to its aspirations has an inverted U-shaped relationship with the share of new bridging ties. CEOs' academic and political experience strengthens the positive relationship between the magnitude of a firm's outperformance relative to its aspirations and the share of new bridging ties. CEOs' political experience flattens the inverted U-shaped effect of the magnitude of a firm's underperformance relative to its aspirations on the share of new bridging ties.
A jet-induced shock in a young, powerful radio galaxy at z = 3.00
Authors: Seymour Nicholas , Broderick Jess W. , Noirot Gaël , Turner Ross , Hedge Alexander John , Gupta Anshu , Reynolds Cormac , An Tao , Emonts Bjorn , Ross Kathryn , Stern Daniel K. , Afonso José M.
Published: December 2024

The bright radio source, GLEAM J091734

$-$

001243 (hereafter GLEAM J0917

$-$

0012), was previously selected as a candidate ultra-high redshift (

$z \gt 5$

) radio galaxy due to its compact radio size and faint magnitude (

$K(\mathrm{AB})=22.7$

). Its redshift was not conclusively determined from follow-up millimetre and near-infrared spectroscopy. Here we present new HST WFC3 G141 grism observations which reveal several emission lines including [NeIII]

$\lambda$

3867, [NeV]

$\lambda$

3426 and an extended (

$\approx 4.8\,$

kpc), [OII]

$\lambda$

3727 line which confirm a redshift of

$3.004\pm0.001$

. The extended component of the [OII]

$\lambda$

3727 line is co-spatial with one of two components seen at 2.276 GHz in high resolution (

$60\times 20\,$

mas) Long Baseline Array data, reminiscent of the alignments seen in local compact radio galaxies. The BEAGLE stellar mass (

$\approx 2\times 10^{11}\,\textit{M}_\odot$

) and radio luminosity (

$L_{\mathrm{500MHz}}\approx 10^{28}\,$

W Hz

$^{-1}$

) put GLEAM J0917

$-$

0012 within the distribution of the brightest high-redshift radio galaxies at similar redshifts. However, it is more compact than all of them. Modelling of the radio jet demonstrates that this is a young,

$\approx 50\,$

kyr old, but powerful,

$\approx 10^{39}\,$

W, compact steep spectrum radio source. The weak constraint on the active galactic nucleus bolometric luminosity from the [NeV]

$\lambda$

3426 line combined with the modelled jet power tentatively implies a large black hole mass,

$\ge 10^9\,\textit{M}_\odot$

, and a low, advection-dominated accretion rate, i.e. an Eddington ratio

$\le 0.03$

. The [NeV]

$\lambda$

3426/[NeIII]

$\lambda$

3867 vs [OII]

$\lambda$

3727/[NeIII]

$\lambda$

3867 line ratios are most easily explained by radiative shock models with precursor photoionisation. Hence, we infer that the line emission is directly caused by the shocks from the jet and that this radio source is one of the youngest and most powerful known at cosmic noon. We speculate that the star-formation in GLEAM J0917

$-$

0012 could be on its way to becoming quenched by the jet.
The Galaxy Zoo catalogues for Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey
Authors: Holwerda Benne Willem , Robertson Clayton , Cook Kyle , Pimbblet Kevin , Casura Sarah , Sansom Anne E. , Patel Divya , Butrum Trevor Alexander , Glass David Henry William , Kelvin Lee S. , Baldry Ivan K. , De Propris Roberto , Bamford Steven , Masters Karen , Stone Maria Babakhanyan , Hardin Tim , Walmsley Mike , Liske Jochen , Adnan S.M. Rafee
Published: December 2024

Galaxy Zoo is an online project to classify morphological features in extra-galactic imaging surveys with public voting. In this paper, we compare the classifications made for two different surveys, the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) imaging survey and a part of the Kilo-Degree Survey (KiDS), in the equatorial fields of the Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey. Our aim is to cross-validate and compare the classifications based on different imaging quality and depth. We find that generally the voting agrees globally but with substantial scatter, that is, substantial differences for individual galaxies. There is a notable higher voting fraction in favour of ‘smooth’ galaxies in the DESI+zoobot classifications, most likely due to the difference between imaging depth. DESI imaging is shallower and slightly lower resolution than KiDS and the Galaxy Zoo images do not reveal details such as disc features and thus are missed in the zoobot training sample. We check against expert visual classifications and find good agreement with KiDS-based Galaxy Zoo voting. We reproduce the results from Porter-Temple+ (2022), on the dependence of stellar mass, star formation, and specific star formation on the number of spiral arms. This shows that once corrected for redshift, the DESI Galaxy Zoo and KiDS Galaxy Zoo classifications agree well on population properties. The zoobot cross-validation increases confidence in its ability to compliment Galaxy Zoo classifications and its ability for transfer learning across surveys.
Interbank Networks and the Interregional Transmission of Financial Crises: Evidence from the Panic of 1907
Authors: Jaremski Matthew , Wheelock David C.
Published: December 2024

This paper provides quantitative evidence on interbank transmission of financial distress in the Panic of 1907 and ensuing recession. Originating in New York City, the panic led to payment suspensions and emergency currency issuance in many cities. Data on the universe of interbank connections show that (1) suspension was more likely in cities whose banks had closer ties to banks at the center of the panic, (2) banks with such links were more likely to close in the panic and recession, and (3) banks responded to the panic by rearranging their correspondent relationships, with implications for network structure.
‘You can see when your parents are struggling’: a qualitative study of children and young people’s views of Universal Credit
Authors: Cheetham Mandy , El-Zerbi Catherine , Bidmead Elaine , Morris Steph , Dodd Tabitha
Published: December 2024

By 2025, over eight million UK households will be receiving Universal Credit (UC). Introduced in 2013 to simplify the benefit system and improve work incentives for working age adults, UC has been criticised for causing hardship and exacerbating inequalities. There is limited research on children and young people’s (CYP) views of UC, as well as its health and social impacts. In this pilot qualitative study, creative methods were used to understand the views of UC among CYP (n = 40) aged 12–16 years in North East England. Findings showed diverse and nuanced understanding of UC as well as contested views about conditionality, sanctions, lower UC rates for under-25s and the two-child limit alongside recognition of the stigma and shame associated with benefits. While CYP value paid employment, they stressed the importance of minimum income standards and tailored employment support for UC claimants, taking account of their personal, health and family circumstances. Findings suggest CYP are aware when parents and carers are struggling financially and may try to ease pressures on parents. Debates about principles of equality, fairness, social justice and deservingness were present in young people’s accounts. We conclude by exploring future directions for a CYP-centred approach to social policy.
Camera-based control system of a planar cable-driven parallel robot intended for functional rehabilitation
Authors: Ghrairi Kaiss , Lamine Houssein , Bennour Sami , Chaker Abdelbadia
Published: December 2024

This paper investigates a closed-loop visual servo control scheme for controlling the position of a fully constrained cable-driven parallel robot (CDPR) designed for functional rehabilitation tasks. The control system incorporates real-time position correction using an Intel RealSense camera. Our CDPR features four cables exiting from pulleys, driven by AC servomotors, to move the moving platform (MP). The focus of this work is the development of a control scheme for a closed-loop visual servoing system utilizing depth/RGB images. The developed algorithm uses this data to determine the actual Cartesian position of the MP, which is then compared to the desired position to calculate the required Cartesian displacement. This displacement is fed into the inverse kinematic model to generate the servomotor commands. Three types of trajectories (circular, square, and triangular) are used to test the controller’s compliance with its position. Compared to the open-loop control of the robot, the new control system increases positional accuracy and effectively handles cable behavior, various perturbations, and modeling errors. The obtained results showed significant improvements in control performance, notably reduced root mean square error and maximal error in terms of position.
Case–control association study between polygenic risk score and COVID-19 severity in a Russian population using low-pass genome sequencing
Authors: Nostaeva Arina , Shimansky Valentin , Apalko Svetlana , Kuznetsov Ivan , Sushentseva Natalya , Popov Oleg , Asinovskaya Anna , Mosenko Sergei , Karssen Lennart , Sarana Andrey , Aulchenko Yurii , Shcherbak Sergey
Published: December 2024

The course of COVID-19 is highly variable, with genetics playing a significant role. Through large-scale genetic association studies, a link between single nucleotide polymorphisms and disease susceptibility and severity was established. However, individual single nucleotide polymorphisms identified thus far have shown modest effects, indicating a polygenic nature of this trait, and individually have limited predictive performance. To address this limitation, we investigated the performance of a polygenic risk score model in the context of COVID-19 severity in a Russian population. A genome-wide polygenic risk score model including information from over a million common single nucleotide polymorphisms was developed using summary statistics from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative consortium. Low-coverage sequencing (5x) was performed for ~1000 participants, and polygenic risk score values were calculated for each individual. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyse the association between polygenic risk score and COVID-19 outcomes. We found that individuals in the top 10% of the polygenic risk score distribution had a markedly elevated risk of severe COVID-19, with adjusted odds ratio of 2.9 (95% confidence interval: 1.8–4.6, p-value = 4e-06), and more than four times higher risk of mortality from COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio = 4.3, p-value = 2e-05). This study highlights the potential of polygenic risk score as a valuable tool for identifying individuals at increased risk of severe COVID-19 based on their genetic profile.
‘The pieces that are in the hands of everyone belong to the public’: Philippe-Emmanuel de Coulanges, Song Games and Operatic Artefacts in Seventeenth-Century Paris
Authors: Romey John
Published: December 2024

In seventeenth-century Paris, the performance of an opera or other staged spectacle was an interactive event that engendered countless subsequent performative acts. An operatic premiere infused the Parisian songscape with new musical material that reverberated in various social spheres, from the galant airs performed by mondains at gatherings of literary elites to the ribald songs performed by street singers. The chansons of Philippe-Emmanuel de Coulanges provide a window into the musical games that unfolded across fashionable Paris. These traces of ephemeral song networks illuminate how spectacles had a ripple effect throughout Paris and beyond when individuals performed, manipulated, quoted and parodied operatic artefacts in various social contexts and spaces. The study of the ways in which audiences interacted with operatic music in turn reveals how contemporary spectators understood, listened to and valued a work and its components, as they dissected and reused elements in their quotidian social experiences.
Orchid embryo-to-seed (E:S) ratio as an indicator of germination behaviour and its ecological implications
Authors: Oikonomidis Spyridon , Thanos Costas A.
Published: December 2024

Although the seeds of various Orchidaceae members can be readily germinated on sterile nutrient media, numerous species exhibit complete asymbiotic germination failure. Also, while seed morphology in orchids has been previously linked to dispersal, associations with germinability have not been widely explored. We compiled seed morphometric and germination data for 203 orchid species globally, drawing from international literature and our lab's unpublished findings. Based on (a) final germination percentage and (b) pre-treatment duration, two distinct groups of asymbiotic germination behaviour emerged – termed compliant and defiant, respectively. Additionally, a statistically significant relationship between germinability and the embryo-to-seed (E:S) length ratio was observed. E:S values tended to be lower in species with defiant germination and higher in those with compliant germination. We further correlated seed morphometric and germination data with phylogenetically and ecologically significant parameters (subfamily, growth form, mycoheterotrophy level, climatic zone and habitat shadiness). Notably, lower E:S values and defiant germination predominate in orchids of shaded habitats, while compliant germination is more prevalent in open habitats. Lastly, considering the mycoheterotrophy continuum, we propose that the reduction in the E:S ratio is linked to the adaptation of various orchid lineages to shaded habitats through both an increased dispersal ability and their greater reliance on fungal symbiosis.
Different bilingual experiences predict different executive functions: Evidence from mouse-tracking
Authors: Yurtsever Aslı , Sotebeer Kaiah N. , Grundy John G.
Published: December 2024

There is evidence to suggest that the effects of bilingualism on executive functions (EFs) need to be examined along a continuum rather than a dichotomy. The present study addressed this need by examining the influence of different bilingual experiences on executive functioning using a Flanker and Stroop mouse-tracking task that taps into more dynamic cognitive processes than typical behavioral paradigms. We sampled 98 bilingual young adults and investigated conflict and sequential congruency effects (SCEs). We found that mouse-tracking metrics captured links that were not identified with overall reaction times. SCEs were more sensitive to detecting relations between L2 experiences and EF than simple conflict effects. Second-language age of acquisition and L1/L2 switching frequency consistently predicted EF outcomes. This association was moderated by the attentional demands of the task. These findings highlight the complexity of the effects of bilingualism on cognition, and the use of more sensitive measures to capture these effects.
Civil Organizing in War: Evidence from Syrian Facebook Communities
Authors: Khoury Rana B. , Siegel Alexandra A.
Published: December 2024

Where, when, and why do civilians organize during war? We propose a research agenda that expands the scope of variation in civil organizing and identify mechanisms to explain its emergence and evolution. Drawing on a large-scale original dataset of public Facebook posts produced by Syrian organizations from 2011 to 2020 and qualitative case studies based on 10 months of field research among Syrian activists in Turkey and Jordan, we systematically examine geographic, temporal, and substantive variation in civil organizing. We find that civil organizing can persist in the face of ongoing violence and displacement, focusing not only on concerns of protection and survival, but also on governance and even contentious politics. This organizing increasingly shifts from within Syria to border states, with translocal organizations—operating both inside and outside Syria—playing a particularly active role. This work contributes to literature on conflict processes and contentious politics by emphasizing the importance of organizations, centering refugees and civilians as agential and strategic actors, and using novel evidence to describe variation in wartime organizing over time and space.
Exploring the perceptions of people diagnosed with schizophrenia and their family members to inform the cultural adaptation of cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis in Saudi Arabia: a qualitative study
Authors: Aljuhani Muteb , Lovell Karina , Price Owen , Almutairi Asrar
Published: December 2024

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is one of the best-evidenced psychosocial interventions for psychosis and is recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and the American Psychiatric Association. CBT was developed and derived from Western cultural values, which may not be appropriate for non-Western cultures. Trials of CBT in Western countries have indicated that participants from ethnic minority groups demonstrate low rates of engagement, retention, and recruitment. This indicates that the principles underlying CBT may conflict with individual beliefs and cultural values in non-Western countries. Therefore, we interviewed 15 people diagnosed with schizophrenia and 15 with their family members to explore the beliefs and attitudes of people diagnosed with schizophrenia and their family members concerning the proposed CBT intervention for psychosis in the Saudi context. The findings revealed that most participants accepted the proposed intervention. Important factors that influenced participants’ engagement and motivation in the CBT intervention were related to the therapist’s qualities (sex, empathy, and competence), family involvement, religion, and the number and format of CBT sessions for psychosis.

Key learning aims

(1)

To explore the beliefs and attitudes of people diagnosed with schizophrenia concerning the proposed CBT intervention for psychosis and how to improve it to make it more appropriate for their needs and cultures.

(2)

To explore the beliefs and attitudes of family members of people diagnosed with schizophrenia concerning the proposed CBT intervention for psychosis and how to improve it to make it more appropriate to their needs and culture.
Satellite Observations Reveal Widespread Color Variations in Global Lakes Since the 1980s
Authors: Shen Xiaoyi , Ke Chang‐Qing , Duan Zheng , Cai Yu , Li Haili , Xiao Yao
Published: December 2024

The color of lakes is an essential indicator of the local ecological state, and the corresponding changes can reflect the physical and biochemical processes of lakes. However, worldwide changes in lake color and their drivers remain largely unknown. Here, we analyze the long‐term color distributions and changes of 67,579 lakes worldwide from 1984 to 2021 by utilizing 32 million consistent satellite observations. Blue lakes (<495 nm) were primarily located in high‐latitude and high‐elevation areas. Green lakes (495–560 nm) were more prevalent in densely populated middle‐latitude regions, while most red and yellow colors (≥560 nm) were located in the Southern Hemisphere. Our findings reveal distinct temporal patterns of lake color changes, with the majority of global lakes shifted toward shorter wavelengths. This phenomenon is more common in Warm Temperate and Boreal zones. Lake color changes are closely linked to basin vegetation conditions, population, water volume change, and lake area. Our study provides essential references for monitoring the ecological status of global lakes, further supporting the sustainable development of water resources in the future.
Characteristics of “Zebra Stripes” of Relativistic Electrons Unveiled by CIRBE/REPTile‐2 Measurements and Test Particle Simulations
Authors: Mei Yang , Li Xinlin , O’Brien Declan , Xiang Zheng , Zhao Hong , Sarris Theodore , Hogan Benjamin , Brennan David , Temerin Michael
Published: December 2024

Drift periodic echoes of electrons in the inner belt appear as structured bands in energy spectrograms, also known as “zebra stripes”. Such phenomenon is normally observed at energies from 10s of keV to ∼250 keV. We report multiple series of zebra stripes of relativistic electrons observed by the recent Colorado Inner Radiation Belt Experiment (CIRBE) CubeSat. The high energy resolution measurements taken by the REPTile‐2 (Relativistic Electron and Proton Telescope integrated little experiment‐2) instrument onboard CIRBE show that zebra stripes of radiation belt electrons can be observed from 300 keV to >1 MeV, crossing the L range from 1.18 to >3, from quiet times to storm times. Through test particle simulations, we show that a prompt electric field with a peak amplitude ∼5 mV/m in near‐Earth space can trigger zebra stripes of relativistic electrons. Azimuthal inhomogeneity of electron distribution caused by the prompt electric field modulates the electron energy spectrum by energy‐dependent drift phases to form zebra stripes. Though zebra stripes are observed in both belts, they tend to last longer and appear more frequently in the inner belt. Zebra stripes in the outer belt will have a shorter lifetime due to more perturbations there, including energy and pitch‐angle diffusion, which diminish the structure. This study demonstrates the important role of electric fields in the dynamics of relativistic electrons and contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms creating and diminishing zebra stripes.
Fast detection of protein kinase B in chrysin treated colorectal cancer cells using a novel multicore microfiber biosensor
Authors: Tian Zhen , Xuan Hongzhuan , Yao Yicun , Hao Shengyu , Zhang Zhichao , Zhang Bingyuan , Zhang Jingao , Zhang Liqiang , Sang Xinzhu , Yuan Jinhui , Farrell Gerald , Wu Qiang
Published: December 2024

Rapid and accurate determination of target proteins in cells provide essential diagnostic information for early detection of diseases, evaluation of drug responses, and the study of pathophysiological mechanisms. Traditional Western blotting method has been used for the determination, but it is complex, time-consuming, and semi-quantitative. Here, a tapered seven-core fiber (TSCF) biosensor was designed and fabricated. By immobilizing protein kinase B (PKB), also known as AKT, antibody onto TSCF surface, the microfiber biosensor can be used for quantitatively detecting the AKT level in solution concentrations as low as 0.26 ng/mL. To test the reliability of the TSCF sensing method in a medical application, the TSCF biosensor was used to study the relationship between chrysin’s anticancer effect and the concentration of AKT in a human colorectal cancer cell line (LoVo cells). The results reveal that the inhibitory effect of chrysin on LoVo cells is positively correlated with the dose, agreeing well with the equivalent results using the traditional Western blotting method.
The molecular features of non-peptidic nucleophilic substrates and acceptor proteins determine the efficiency of sortagging
Authors: Bondarchuk Tetiana , Zhuravel Elena , Shyshlyk Oleh , Debelyy Mykhaylo O. , Pokholenko Oleksandr , Vaskiv Diana , Pogribna Alla , Kuznietsova Mariana , Hrynyshyn Yevhenii , Nedialko Oleksandr , Brovarets Volodymyr , Zozulya Sergey A.
Published: December 2024

Investigation of the influence of the structural and physico-chemical features of proteins and non-peptidic incoming nucleophilic components on the efficiency of Sortase A-mediated C-terminal protein bioconjugations is presented.
Transition metal phosphide-based oxygen electrocatalysts for aqueous zinc–air batteries
Authors: Ghora Santanu , Chakraborty Rishika , Bag Saheb , Kumar Mopidevi Manikanta , Retna Raj C.
Published: December 2024

This feature article highlights the recent advances, challenges and future scope of transition metal phosphides as bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for aqueous zinc–air batteries.
The role of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in photoelectron circular dichroism: the diastereoisomers of 1-amino-2-indanol
Authors: Rouquet Etienne , Dupont Jennifer , Vincent Julien , Lepère Valéria , Zehnacker Anne , Hartweg Sebastian , Garcia Gustavo A. , Nahon Laurent
Published: December 2024

trans- and cis-1-amino-2-indanols differ by the presence of a hydrogen bond in the latter and show different photoelectron circular dichroism spectra.