bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Finite Element Analysis and the Multi-Objective Optimization Design of Spindle Systems of CNC Gantry Machine Tools
Authors: Guo Zhi Zhong , Zhang Yun Shun , Liu Shi Hao
Published: May 2016

It is discovered that the vibration resistance of spindle systems needs to be improved based on the statics analysis, modal analysis and heating-force coupling analysis of spindle systems of CNC gantry machine tools. The design variables of optimization are set according to sensitivity analysis, multi-objective and dynamic optimization design is realized and its designing scheme is gained for spindle structure. The research results show that vibration resistance can be improved without change of the quality and static property of spindle systems of CNC gantry machine tools.
Analysis of Multi-Components Force Standard Machine Loading System Based on Stewart Structure
Authors: Luo Xin , Li Chang Chun
Published: May 2016

Multi-component force sensors are often calibrated by single component. A multi-component force standard machine based on Stewart structure can generate and measure force and torque in any direction, so the mechanical measurement and performance of multiple components can be calibrated at the same time. In this article, we analyze the loading system base on Stewart structure and present our structural design and the type selection method. We model and analyze the moving platform, the linear actuator and the whole loading system of the Stewart platform respectively. The work provides a theoretical basis for improving the accuracy and the repeatability of the loading system base on Stewart structure.
Vibration Analysis on the Tripod Sliding Universal Joint of Ships
Authors: Li S.M. , Chang D.G.
Published: May 2016

Vibration is a torsional vibration essentially, which will produce additional stresses in the shaft, and when the stress exceeds the allowable limit total the shaft parts will produce fatigue damage. The vibration analysis on the tripod sliding universal joint of ships is analyzed including modal analysis and response spectrum analysis. The analysis result shows that it need to increase the strength of the shell and the tripod in the future design to enhance the reliability, safety and work life of the tripod sliding universal joint.
Fabrication and Characterization of Lanthanum Treated Carboxyl-Graphene Oxide Self-Assembled Composite Film on Silicon Substrate
Authors: Shu Da , Gao Hong , Zhang Da Bin
Published: May 2016

The admixture of graphene oxide (GO) sheets and chloroacetic acid were ultrasonic treated. As a result, epoxy and hydroxyl groups which existed onto GO sheets were transformed into carboxyl groups. Then, the carboxyl-GO sheets were assembled on silicon substrate by taking use of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) as an intermediate coupling agent (marked as APS-GO). Furthermore, La elements were deposited on the APS-GO by means of chemisorption to form multilayer film (APS-GO-La). Chemical compositions, surface morphologies, and microstructures were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and water contact angle (WCA). Experimental results suggested that carboxyl-GO sheets distributed homogeneously on Si substrate. Results also indicated that lanthanum elements can react with the-COOH functional groups of GO film and be adsorbed on the APS-GO film surface. The prepared APS-GO-La multilayer film showed low surface free energy, which has potential applications in nano/micro electro-mechanical systems (N/MEMS).
Experimental Study of Element Diffusion between the Material of Heavy-Duty Cemented Carbide Insert and the Material of Large Cylinder
Authors: Liu L. , Cheng Yao Nan , Yan F.G. , Han Y. , Wang T.
Published: May 2016

Aiming at the problem of bonding breakage of cemented carbide insert in the process of heavy-duty cutting large cylinder, the experimental study of element diffusion between workpiece and insert material is done. Firstly, the conditions of insert bonding breakage are analyzed according to the heavy-duty cutting conditions of large cylinder and the material characteristics of workpiece and insert. And then, the experimental scheme of element diffusion is proposed. The element diffusion experiment is done, and the diffusion elements in the diffusion section of specimens are analyzed. At last, the species, distance and concentration of diffusion elements are analyzed. This provides a basis for further research of tool bonding breakage.
High Speed Cutting Characteristics and Force Measurement Experimental Platform of Wood Plastic Composites
Authors: Wei Wei Hua , Xie Si Yuan , Xue Tong Ming , Yao Feng Ying , Xu Jing Wei , Liu De Lai , Yuan Cheng Rong , Wang Tong Yue
Published: May 2016

Wood plastic composites has attracted widespread attention at home and abroad because of the many advantages that simple wood or plastic can not compare with. Combined with the dual advantages of wood and plastic, the author has a comprehensive overview of the particularity of wood plastic composites such as chip formation mechanism, processing stability, machined surface generating mechanism, tool wear and breakage mechanism. Besides, the new force measurement experimental platform of wood plastic composites was self-developed, which has the reliable construction, and is easy to operate, and may meet the demands of measuring cutting force of the existing milling, the grinder and the lathe.
Influence of Cutting Parameters on Frictional Coefficient of Micro-Textured Tool
Authors: Chen Hong Yun , Yang Hai Dong , Ye Zheng , Ding Ning
Published: May 2016

Micro-textured technology which studies in the field of tribology shows that micro-textured surface can effectively improve the situation of friction between the friction interfaces. In this article, micro-textured surface technology has been applied to the cutting tools, in order to study the cutting mechanism of micro-textured carbide tools. The effect of cutting parameters on surface friction characteristics was studied when cutting 45 steel with YT15 cemented carbide tools. The results shown that all surface friction coefficient of the samples got the best value when the feed rate is 0.14mm/r; an appropriate increasing in feed rate can reduce the surface friction coefficient in the low-speed cutting. Throughout the course of the test, the average of the surface friction coefficient of the 4th and the 5th sample tools are better than other tools.
Investigation on Residual Stresses in Pre-Stretching Process of Aluminum Alloy Thick Plate Based on Material Non-Uniformity
Authors: Lin Feng , Wang Hua Min , Qin Guo Hua , Zuo Dun Wen
Published: May 2016

A discretization method is used in pre-stretching simulation to separate an aluminum alloy thick plate into layers. When the equivalent plastic strain in each layer is defined according to the residual stresses during quenching, the yield strength model can be developed to estimate its yield strength. Again, the curve of elasticity modulus is fitted in the light of the experimental data, which can reveal how the elasticity modulus changes with plastic deformation. Finally, in consideration of the non-uniformity of yield strength and elasticity modulus, the pre-stretching of the quenched 7075 aluminum alloy thick plate is taken as an example to numerically simulate the value and distribution of residual stresses at the pre-stretching ratio of 1.8%, 2.2% and 2.5%, respectively. It is known from the simulated results that, by using the proposed method in this paper, the obtained results of the distribution and magnitude of the residual stresses are in good agreement with the experimental measurements.
Psychological determinants of self-care for health among fathers with small children
Authors: Rosińska Paulina , Tylka Jan
Published: May 2016

Background

Care of own health is statistically determined by many variables. The authors of the article focused exclusively on objective stable factors such as personality traits and health valuation. The conducted research study aimed at assessment of correlations between self-care for health and its psychological constituents such as personality traits, health locus of control, self-efficacy, positive and negative affect as well as health valuation examined in the population of fathers of small children.

Participants and procedure

The examinations included 77 fathers aged between 30 and 40 who filled out the following questionnaires: NEO-FFI Inventory, Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, List of Criteria for Health, Health Value Scale and Care-for-Health Scale.

Results

Positive correlations were noted between the general level of individual health self-care (including an active attitude towards own health and practices for health) and health valuation, extroversion, conscientiousness, self-efficacy, external health locus of control – influence of others (or powerful others) and positive emotionality. Negative correlations were detected between health self-care (in general and within particular health scales) and neuroticism and negative affect.

The following factors proved statistically significant for self-care for health: health valuation, personality traits, and external health locus of control – influence of others.

Conclusions

In the selected group of men the strongest correlation between health self-care and health valuation both in physical (practices for health) and psycho-social (active attitude toward own health) aspects was observed. Ascertaining health self-care predictors can be useful for constructing health self-care promotion programs to address the parents of small children.
El Daño Especial: Una Construcción Jurisprudencial
Authors: Calvo Anillo Kevin
Published: May 2016

El papel de los jueces en la sociedad moderna ha sido pre­ponderante para la defensa de los derechos fundamentales y sociales de las personas, creando mecanismos efectivos que garantizan la primacía de las disposiciones constitucio­nales. Uno de esos instrumentos es el denominado “Daño Especial”, título de responsabilidad, la cual surge del obrar legítimo del Estado, pero a la vez afecta intereses subjeti­vos que merecen su reparación, compensación o indemnización. Por lo tanto se adentra en la discusión si son los jueces, los creadores del ordenamiento a través de la juris­prudencia, despojando de esa facultad natural que tiene el parlamento, institución al parecer incapaz de producir las leyes que regulan las actuaciones en una sociedad.
Prevalence and Control of Diabetes Among US Adults, 2013 to 2023
Authors: Inoue Kosuke , Liu Michael , Aggarwal Rahul , Marinacci Lucas X. , Wadhera Rishi K.
Published: February 2025

This study uses data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to evaluate trends in the prevalence and control of diabetes among US adults overall and by age and sex between 2013 and 2023.
Genomic Insights into Post‐Domestication Expansion and Selection of Body Size in Ponies
Authors: Li Xingzheng , Wang Zihao , Zhu Min , Wang Binhu , Teng Shaohua , Yan Jing , Wang Haoyu , Yuan Pengxiang , Cao Shuwei , Qu Xiaolu , Wang Zhen , Zhan Kai , Choudhury Md. Panir , Yang Xintong , Bao Qi , He Sang , Liu Lei , Zhao Pengju , Jiang Jicai , Xiang Hai , Fang Lingzhao , Tang Zhonglin , Liao Yuying , Yi Guoqiang
Published: February 2025

Horse domestication revolutionizes human civilization by transforming transportation, agriculture, and warfare patterns. Despite extensive studies on modern domestic horse origins, the intricate demographic history and genetic signatures underlying pony size remain unexplored. Here, a high‐quality genome assembly of the Chinese Debao pony is presented, and 452 qualified individuals from 64 horse breeds worldwide are extensively analyzed. The authors’ results reveal the conservation of ancient components in East Asian horses and close relationships between Asian horses and Western pony lineages. Genetic analyses suggest an Asian paternal origin for European pony breeds. These pony‐sized horses share close genetic affinities, potentially attributed to their early expansion and adaptation to local environments. In addition, promising cis‐regulatory elements influencing horse withers height by regulating genes such as RFLNA and FOXO1 are identified. Overall, this study provides insightful perspectives on the dispersal history and genetic determinants underlying body size in ponies, offering broader implications for horse population management and improvement.
Diazonium Salts in Visible Light Photocatalysis ‐ a Focused Overview of their Application in Continuous Flow Synthesis
Authors: Rehm Thomas H. , Deckers Christoph
Published: February 2025

This mini review presents selected examples of the combination of continuous synthesis in microreactors and photocatalysis with diazonium salts using visible light. The chemical processes in which these reactive intermediates are used are discussed in terms of safety and productivity by switching to continuous flow technology. This approach has proven to be a reliable method for various organic synthesis routes with diazonium salts under mild and well‐defined conditions, resulting in improved conversion, selectivity, and overall safety.
Macropinocytosis and the Related Actin-Driven Cellular Uptake Pathways for Extracellular Fine Particles
Authors: Futaki Shiroh , Hirose Hisaaki , Kawaguchi Yoshimasa
Published: February 2025

Macropinocytosis is an actin-driven and fluid-phase endocytosis in which actin reorganization induces ruffling of the plasma membrane and engulfment of extracellular solutes into the cell. In this chapter, we will briefly summarize the contribution of macropinocytosis to the cellular uptake of extracellular fine particles. We also present examples of macropinocytosis-related cellular uptake pathways that we have found in our uptake studies of extracellular proteins and fine particles.
Direct Observation of Biological Fine Particles in Water by Scanning Electron Assisted Dielectric Microscopy
Authors: Ogura Toshihiko , Okada Tomoko
Published: February 2025

Investigation of the effects of nanoparticles and extracellular vesicles on cells requires direct observation and analysis at nano-level resolution, both in vitro and in living cells. Recently, we have developed a scanning electron assisted dielectric microscope (SE-ADM) that enables the direct observation of living cells and organic materials without staining or fixation. Here, we present an overview of SE-ADM and scanning electron impedance microscopy including our recent results analyzing the effects of extracellular particles on biological specimens. Our system can be easily used to examine unstained biological specimens including bacteria, viruses and protein complexes. Furthermore, it can be used for diverse liquid samples across a broad range of scientific fields, e.g. nanoparticles, nanotubes and organic and catalytic materials.
Particulars of Oral Cavity
Authors: Shiba Kiyotaka
Published: February 2025

Oral fluids (OFs) contain a diverse array of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that hold promise as a source of diagnostic information. Developing EV-based diagnostics using OFs requires an understanding of the physicochemical properties and heterogeneity of these EVs. This review explores strategies for differentiating EVs in OFs, including differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, and a novel method based on sedimentation patterns. These techniques have revealed distinct subpopulations of EVs in OFs, each associated with specific biological functions and potential diagnostic utility. However, the complexity of EVs in OFs presents challenges, and a comprehensive understanding of their biogenesis and composition is still emerging. Future research should focus on refining EV isolation methods and exploring the diagnostic potential of both EV and non-EV particles in OFs.
High Dimensional Cytometry for Studying Heterogeneous Small Particles
Authors: Hattori Kazuki , Iwamoto Yuichiro , Kojima Ryosuke , Yoshioka Yusuke , Ota Sadao
Published: February 2025

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in intercellular communication by transferring functional molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins. However, their small size and heterogeneity present significant challenges for analysis, requiring new, standardized methods with high sensitivity and scalability. This chapter introduces cutting-edge technologies, focusing on optical measurements as a promising, non-destructive approach for enhancing EV analysis.
Mechanisms of Asymmetrical Exosome Release from Polarized Epithelial Cells: Implications for the Molecular Basis of Exosomal Heterogeneity
Authors: Fukuda Mitsunori
Published: February 2025

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin and are secreted into the extracellular space by fusion between intraluminal vesicle (ILV)-containing multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and the plasma membrane. It has recently been shown that a single cell such as an epithelial cell secretes distinct types of exosomes having different protein compositions (referred to as “exosomal heterogeneity”). Polarized epithelial cells have two distinct plasma membrane domains (an apical plasma membrane and a basolateral plasma membrane), which are separated by tight junctions. Two distinct exosome subtypes, i.e., apical exosomes and basolateral exosomes, are asymmetrically secreted from the apical side and basolateral side, respectively, of the cell. These two subtypes are independently regulated by distinct mechanisms in terms of ILV (exosome precursor) biogenesis and MVB transport to the plasma membrane. On the apical side, ILV formation is regulated by the ALIX–syntenin-1–syndecan-1 complex and the MVB formed is transported to the apical plasma membrane by small GTPases Rab27 and Rab37. On the basolateral side, ILV formation is regulated by the neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2)-mediated ceramide production machinery, and the MVB formed is transported to the basolateral plasma membrane by Rab39–UACA–BORC. These mechanisms are also retained in nonpolarized cells and are likely to contribute to the genesis of exosomal heterogeneity in nonpolarized cells.
Control of the Particle Trafficking and Dynamics of the Lymphatic System and of the Cellular Microenvironment
Authors: Tanaka Hiroki , Akita Hidetaka
Published: February 2025

The lymphatic system is a vascular system that runs throughout the body as a second-tier bodily fluid transport system alongside the blood circulatory system. Peripheral lymphatic vessels originate from the subcutaneous tissue and connect to lymph nodes.
Elucidation of the Mechanisms that Regulate the Quantity and Quality of Exosomes In Cancer
Authors: Oneyama Chitose
Published: February 2025

Communication among pre-neoplastic cells, malignant cells, and cancer-associated cells in tumor is critical for cancer development and progression. Transmission of messages between cells facilitates the remodeling of the microenvironment and influences tumor growth and invasion. In addition, intercellular communication not only within a tumor but also to distant tissues promotes metastasis of cancer.
Engineering the mind: the arts of memory, writing literature and economic agency in digital technology
Authors: Haraldsen Mats
Published: February 2025

From a 4E cognition framework, this article compares earlier cultural and technologically mediated expert practices with contemporary use of digital technology. I discuss two case studies. First, the art of memory, where I look at how medieval monks constructed memory palaces inside their minds to enable creative thinking and how Renaissance thinker Giulio Camillo built on this tradition to create a complex machine to think. The second example is of literary writing, where I look at how writers engage with the materiality of language and the writing material, creating new cognitive opportunities. Finally, I compare these earlier practices with contemporary digital technology, discussing both continuous and novel aspects. First, I examine how all practices engineer the cognitive surroundings of its practitioners to enable new cognitive possibilities. However, this comparative work also allows me to spot a worrisome novelty in digital technology. In many cases, the goals of such technology are contrary to those of its users. Drawing on discussions both outside and inside the 4E framework, I argue that digital technology introduces economic agency into our minds. I suggest that when we extend our minds in the digital ecology, we allow powerful economic actors to shape the direction of our cognitive lives in ways that are contrary to our own goals. Finally, I argue, building on the case studies, that my discussion might point to a new and more pragmatic approach to these issues.
15 years supporting adherence to oral anti-cancer treatment: use of the MASCC Oral Agent Teaching Tool (MOATT) worldwide, a review for the future
Authors: Kav Sultan , Fleury Mapi , Fernández-Ortega Paz , Manzullo Ellen F. , Kerr Kimberley-Ann , DeGennaro Regina , Ginex Pamela K.
Published: February 2025

Introduction

The MASCC Oral Agent Teaching Tool (MOATT®) was developed to address the challenges of patient education and adherence in the context of oral anticancer agents. Despite its evidence-based design and global availability, there is limited documentation on its application in clinical practice and research. This review aims to assess the extent of MOATT usage and evaluate the impact on patient outcomes.

Methods

A scoping review was conducted following Joanna Briggs Institute and PRISMA-ScR reporting standards. Databases included CINAHL, Embase, PsycInfo, Web of Science, and PubMed. Inclusion criteria were studies published between 2010 and 2023 that used MOATT in clinical practice or research. Two reviewers independently screened and extracted data, with discrepancies resolved by consensus.

Findings

Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria, from nine countries. The MOATT was most used by nurses and pharmacists to guide patient education when initiating new oral anticancer therapies. Reported outcomes included improved patient knowledge, understanding of medication regimens, and comfort in managing treatments. However, only six studies assessed medication adherence, with mixed results. The tool was adapted in various settings, yet there was a notable lack of detailed reports on its usage and outcomes, highlighting underutilization and potential barriers to broader implementation.

Conclusion

The MOATT is a valuable tool for supporting patients on oral anticancer agents yet is underutilized in practice. Future research should focus on understanding the barriers to its adoption, exploring patient and provider perspectives, and integrating implementation science to enhance its use in diverse clinical contexts.
Neurology and physician-assisted suicide: position of the Italian society of neurology
Authors: Pucci Eugenio , Ticozzi Nicola , Comi Giancarlo , Mancardi Gianluigi , Provinciali Leandro , Padovani Alessandro , Solari Alessandra
Published: February 2025

This position paper explores the complex issue of Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS) in the context of Neurology. It discusses the legal, ethical, and clinical challenges surrounding PAS, including the role of neurologists in assessing eligibility based on prognosis, decision-making capacity, and functional status. The paper outlines Italy’s legal framework regarding PAS, following a landmark 2019 Constitutional Court ruling, which permits PAS under strict conditions for patients suffering from incurable illnesses. It also compares PAS regulations in other European and non-European countries. The Italian Society of Neurology (SIN) emphasizes the importance of respecting patient autonomy while advocating for comprehensive palliative care (PC). The SIN’s position is that PAS should be legalized under specific circumstances but insists on ensuring equitable access to PC services before considering PAS. Additionally, the SIN supports the training of neurologists in palliative and end-of-life care, underlining the need for careful monitoring and regulation of PAS practices to prevent potential ethical and legal abuses.
Evaluation of the effects of ND: YAG laser capsulotomy on choroidal thickness and choroidal vascularity index
Authors: Küçük Erkut , Yeşilyurt Hüseyin , Çakmak Merve , Zor Kürşad Razmazan , Karataş Müge Çoban
Published: February 2025

Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is a common complication after cataract surgery, which is commonly treated using neodymium: yttrium–aluminum–garnet (Nd-YAG) laser capsulotomy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of Nd-YAG laser capsulotomy on retinal and choroidal structures. Thirty-four eyes from 32 patients with PCO were included. Patients underwent Nd-YAG laser capsulotomy, and assessments were performed preoperatively, at 1st week, and 1st month postoperatively. OCT scans were acquired using Swept-source Optical Coherence Tomography (SS OCT). Choroidal thickness (CT) maps within the early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) subfields were obtained. Choroidal Vascularity Index (CVI) was calculated from OCT scans using Image J software. The preoperative, postoperative first week and first month measurements were compared. The mean age of patients was 68.7 ± 8.6 years. Visual acuity significantly improved postoperatively (p < 0.001), while IOP remained unchanged (p = 0.170). No significant change in central macular thickness (CMT) was observed across time points. CVI significantly increased postoperatively (p = 0.004). Choroidal thickness remained stable in most sectors, except for significant reduction in the inner inferior sector at 1 month (p = 0.025). Nd-YAG laser capsulotomy did not affect central macular thickness but caused localized change in choroidal thickness. Increased CVI was found which may be linked to postoperative inflammation. These findings suggest capsulotomy may affect choroidal structure and vasculature.
An assessment framework for explainable AI with applications to cybersecurity
Authors: Calzarossa Maria Carla , Giudici Paolo , Zieni Rasha
Published: February 2025

Several explainable AI methods are available, but there is a lack of a systematic comparison of such methods. This paper contributes in this direction, by providing a framework for comparing alternative explanations in terms of complexity and robustness. We exemplify our proposal on a real case study in the cybersecurity domain, namely, phishing website detection. In fact, in this domain explainability is a compelling issue because of its potential benefits for the detection of fraudulent attacks and for the design of efficient security defense mechanisms. For this purpose, we apply our methodology to the machine learning models obtained by analyzing a publicly available dataset containing features extracted from malicious and legitimate web pages. The experiments show that our methodology is quite effective in selecting the explainability method which is, at the same time, less complex and more robust.
Staying in a Stressful Job? The Role of Job Embeddedness for Truck Drivers’ Well-Being and Turnover Intentions
Authors: Schmidbauer Julia , Niessen Cornelia , Lubecki-Weschke Nicole , Krupp Michael
Published: February 2025

In this study, we examine the role of job embeddedness in a stressful blue-collar job. Building upon previous research and COR theory, we examined whether being embedded in the organization and community prevents workers from being exhausted and intending to quit, even when work stress (time pressure, situational constraints, and electronic surveillance) is high. Based on a sample of 97 local truck drivers of nine organizations who participated in a survey administered through telephone interviews, the results confirmed the predicted relationship between being embedded in the organization and intentions to quit one’s job. Additionally, we found that being embedded in the community, but not in the organization, moderated the stressor-outcome relationships: Higher time pressure was related to more turnover intentions when drivers were less embedded in the community. However, more situational constraints were related to intentions to quit when drivers were more embedded in the community. Consistent with this finding, these drivers also felt more exhausted when they experienced more situational constraints. Thus, our study demonstrated that the role of community embeddedness varies depending on the stressor. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Epidemiological Dynamics in Populations Structured by Neighbourhoods and Households
Authors: Barlow Abby , Penington Sarah , Adams Ben
Published: February 2025

Epidemiological dynamics are affected by the spatial and demographic structure of the host population. Households and neighbourhoods are known to be important groupings but little is known about the epidemiological interplay between them. In order to explore the implications for infectious disease epidemiology of households with similar demographic structures clustered in space we develop a multi-scale epidemic model consisting of neighbourhoods of households. In our analysis we focus on key parameters which control household size, the importance of transmission within households relative to outside of them, and the degree to which the non-household transmission is localised within neighbourhoods. We construct the household reproduction number

$$R_*$$

R

∗

over all neighbourhoods and derive the analytic probability of an outbreak occurring from a single infected individual in a specific neighbourhood. We find that reduced localisation of transmission within neighbourhoods reduces

$$R_*$$

R

∗

when household size differs between neighbourhoods. This effect is amplified by larger differences between household sizes and larger divergence between transmission rates within households and outside of them. However, the impact of neighbourhoods with larger household sizes on an individual’s risk of infection is mainly limited to the individuals that reside in those neighbourhoods. We consider various surveillance scenarios and show that household size information from the initial infectious cases is often more important than neighbourhood information while household size and neighbourhood localisation influences the sequence of neighbourhoods in which an outbreak is observed.
Beneath the Surface: The Emerging Role of Ultra-Processed Foods in Obesity-Related Cancer
Authors: Anastasiou Ioanna A. , Kounatidis Dimitris , Vallianou Natalia G. , Skourtis Alexandros , Dimitriou Krystalia , Tzivaki Ilektra , Tsioulos Georgios , Rigatou Anastasia , Karampela Irene , Dalamaga Maria
Published: February 2025

Purposeof Review

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are becoming more and more important in daily diets around the world; in some cases, they can account for as much as 60% of daily energy intake. Epidemiological evidence suggests that this shift toward high levels of food processing may be partially responsible for the global obesity epidemic and the rise in the prevalence of chronic diseases.

Recent Findings

Few prospective studies have examined the relationship between UPF consumption and cancer outcomes. According to currently available information, UPFs may increase the risk of cancer due to their obesogenic properties and exposure to substances that can cause cancer, such as certain food additives and pollution from product processing. The complex relationship between obesity and cancer involves factors such as immune dysregulation, altered adipokine and sex hormone levels, abnormal fatty acid metabolism, extracellular matrix remodeling, and chronic inflammation. Addressing cancer risk associated with UPF consumption could involve a multifaceted approach, including consumer behavior modification programs and robust public health regulations aimed at enhancing food environments. Improved knowledge of the potential dual negative impacts of UPFs on the environment and cancer risk is one of the priority areas we identify for future research and policy implications. Various approaches could be used to prevent cancers associated with UPF consumption, such as consumer behavior change programs and stricter public health regulations needed to improve the food environment.

This review examines for the first time the potential role of UPFs in cancer risk associated with obesity, exploring underlying biological mechanisms and identifying key areas for future research and policy action, including the dual environmental and health impact of UPFs.
Separation of phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) by application of ceramic microfiltration membranes
Authors: Orang Mahsa , Ghanbarian Ebrahim , Abbasi Mohsen , Mohammadi Mehdi , Akrami Mohammad
Published: February 2025

Phycocyanin is a phycobiliprotein that has various pharmacological properties. The nature of phycocyanin is blue, non-toxic, odorless, and slightly sweet when dissolved in water. Considering the importance and uses of phycocyanin, including oral, medicinal, and cosmetic, the aim of this research is finding a new way to extract optimal phycocyanin. In this regard, four new and economical microfiltration membranes: kaolin–zeolite (K–Z), kaolin–zeolite–fly ash (K–Z–F), kaolin–alumina (K–A), and kaolin–alumina–fly ash (K–A–F), were made by extrusion method. Some physical characteristics of the fabricated membranes were investigated. The highest porosity related to K–A–F, and the average size of the pores in the membranes was between 0.8 and 1.537 μm. SEM analysis was also performed to prove the uniformity of the membrane structure. After the cell breaking of Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) in water through freeze-thawing and centrifugation, the solution is purified by microfiltration. Finally, the performance of the membranes was compared with each other. K–A–F membrane had the best performance in phycocyanin purification (purity 0.91).
An Unreasonable Assumption: A Reply to Strudler
Authors: Sherwood Charles N. C.
Published: February 2025

Alan Strudler’s “Lying about Reservation Prices in Business Negotiation: A Qualified Defense” challenges a number of claims I make in a prior essay, “A Lie Is a Lie: The Ethics of Lying in Business Negotiations.” Here, I examine Strudler’s critique and seek to refute his various arguments—in particular, those based on assumption of risk and the signalling value of reservation price lies.
Low-order kaolinite from bauxite mine tailings in the Amazon as a precursor for geopolymers: mineralogical and mechanical properties
Authors: Barreto Igor Alexandre Rocha , Lima da Costa Marcondes , Boiadeiro Ayres Negrão Leonardo , Prazeres Filho Hélcio J.
Published: February 2025

The bauxite beneficiation process in the Amazon generates a significant amount of tailings, which were historically stored in large basins without a designated purpose. One of these materials is clay obtained from the bauxite washing process, which is rich in Al2O3 minerals, primarily gibbsite and kaolinite, and currently lacks practical applications. This study aimed to explore an application of this tailing in the production of low-temperature geopolymers, considering its material characteristics and availability. Geopolymer synthesis was conducted following a Doehlert-type experimental design to evaluate the properties of the raw materials. The tailing was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), whereas the geopolymers were characterized by XRD, FTIR, and mechanical compressive strength testing. The mineralogical composition of the bauxite tailings consists of 45% of low-ordered kaolinite, 34% of gibbsite, and 21% of other minerals. Compressive strength values of the geopolymer produced ranged from 8.99 to 41.89 MPa, a good value for the type of geopolymer produced. The best compressive strength results were obtained at a low Na/Al ratio (0.5–0.6) and low curing temperature, which favors the application of the material for the synthesis of geopolymer, contributing to lower energy consumption and lower CO2 emissions compared with usual geopolymers.
Modification of the cation exchange population and CEC values of reacted bentonites of the third retrieved package of the alternative buffer material (ABM-5) experiment operated at up to 250°C
Authors: Dohrmann R. , Gröger-Trampe J. , Kaufhold S.
Published: February 2025

Cation exchange competition (CEC) is driven by water uptake during saturation of bentonite barriers surrounding canisters releasing heat from radioactive waste. CEC differences may be used to follow smectite degradation. The unanswered question is whether processes can be understood in more detail by studying a full set of 30 bentonite blocks of the Alternative Buffer Material (ABM) test series (ABM-5) after reaction in an underground laboratory operated in crystalline rock at temperatures of ~250°C, the highest reported temperature so far. In contrast to expectations, only a minor CEC decrease of, on average, 1.8 meq 100 g–1 was detected, although processes depending on high temperature were expected to alter the swelling properties of smectites that can be followed analytically by reducing bentonite CEC values. A critical role of initial water saturation and initially ~25% Na+/CEC on exchangers was identified by comparison with the first ABM-1 package where CEC decreased by on, average, 5.5 meq 100 g–1. ABM-1 was heated from the start whereas the packages ABM-2 and ABM-5 in this study were heated after water saturation. Exchangeable cations (EC) were distributed within the whole barrier in ABM-5 with (1) more pronounced horizontal EC gradients and (2) the absence of an exchangeable Na+ decrease. In all tests, a cation equilibration with the Äspö groundwater averaged over the whole packages of many different buffer materials was observed, showing, overall, a significant range in final composition after retrieval: Na+ (27–46%/CEC), Mg2+ (7–15%/CEC), and Ca2+ (45–100%/CEC). The groundwater for saturation, however, was locally variable in composition. Although excluded from the smectite interlayer (below or equal to 2 water layers), Cl– entered the barrier from groundwater, increased significantly in nearly all ABM-5 bentonite blocks, and was found to be mobile also in the less heated ABM-1 and ABM-2 test packages.
Data technologies and analytics for policy and governance: a landscape review
Authors: Asensio Omar Isaac , Moore Catherine E. , Ulibarri Nicola , Simsekler Mecit Can Emre , Lan Tian , Rivero Gonzalo
Published: February 2025

Data for Policy (dataforpolicy.org), a trans-disciplinary community of research and practice, has emerged around the application and evaluation of data technologies and analytics for policy and governance. Research in this area has involved cross-sector collaborations, but the areas of emphasis have previously been unclear. Within the Data for Policy framework of six focus areas, this report offers a landscape review of Focus Area 2: Technologies and Analytics. Taking stock of recent advancements and challenges can help shape research priorities for this community. We highlight four commonly used technologies for prediction and inference that leverage datasets from the digital environment: machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence systems, the internet-of-things, digital twins, and distributed ledger systems. We review innovations in research evaluation and discuss future directions for policy decision-making.
Coherent combining of large-aperture high-energy Nd:glass laser amplifiers
Authors: Lebegue Pierre , De Sousa Joanna , Rapenau Cyril , Badarau Doina , Andrieu Jordan , Audebert Patrick , Druon Frédéric , Papadopoulos Dimitrios
Published: February 2025

We present coherent beam combining of nanosecond pulses with 20-J energy and large beams using a Sagnac interferometer geometry based on Nd:glass rod-type amplifiers. In this study, we demonstrate that coherent beam combining is compatible with large-diameter energetic beams, presenting, therefore, an interesting and solid perspective towards the performance improvement of large-scale laser facilities, especially in terms of high-repetition-rate and high-energy operation. We demonstrate that for energy of 20 J, the coherent combination efficiency is around 92%, with high beam quality and long-term stability. A thorough temporal and spatial characterization of the system’s operation is provided to forecast the various potentialities available for large-scale facilities.
Increased costs associated with greater adherence to the EAT-Lancet Commission reference diet in the province of Québec: The PREDISE study
Authors: Rochefort Gabrielle , Paquette Marie-Claude , Robitaille Julie , Lemieux Simone , Provencher Véronique , Lamarche Benoît
Published: February 2025

The diet proposed by the EAT-Lancet Commission has faced criticism concerning its affordability. This study aimed to investigate the cost associated with a greater alignment to the EAT-Lancet reference diet in the province of Québec, Canada. The dietary habits of 1147 French-speaking adults were assessed using repeated Wed-based 24-hour recall data collected between 2015 and 2017 in the cross-sectional PRÉDicteurs Individuels, Sociaux et Environnementaux (PREDISE) study. Diet costs were calculated using a Nielsen food price database. Usual dietary intakes and diet costs were estimated using the National Cancer Institute’s multivariate Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. Adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet was assessed using the EAT-Lancet dietary index (EAT-I). Associations between diet costs and EAT-I scores were evaluated using linear regression models with restricted cubic splines. After adjustment for energy intake, a higher EAT-I score (75th vs. 25th percentiles) was associated with a 1.0 $CAD increase in daily diet costs (95%CI, 0.7 to 1.3). This increase in diet costs was mostly driven by the following component scores of the EAT-I (75th vs. 25th percentiles, higher scores reflecting greater adherence): Vegetables (1.6$CAD/day, 95%CI: 1.2, 2.1), Free sugars (1.6$CAD/day, 95%CI: 1.3, 1.9), Fish and plant-based proteins (1.4$CAD/day, 95%CI: 1.0, 1.8), Fruits (0.9$CAD/day, 95%CI: 0.4, 1.3), and Whole-grains (0.4$CAD/day, 95%CI: 0.0, 0.8). Inversely, greater scores for the Poultry and eggs component were associated with reduced diet costs (-1.2$CAD/day, 95%CI: -1.7, -0.7). This study suggests that adhering to the EAT-Lancet diet may be associated with an increase in diet costs in the province of Québec.
An Apology for Unreal Wages: Building Labourers and Living Standards in the Southern Low Countries (1290–1560)
Authors: Geens Sam , Blondé Bruno
Published: February 2025

Although real wages have long been a cornerstone of our understanding of the premodern economy, in recent years historians have become sceptical about their usefulness as a proxy for living standards. One of the main concerns is that, before industrialization, most households did not depend on wages but were self-employed. This article therefore proposes a new methodology to test the representativeness of real wage series for the general population by comparing changes in the purchasing power of builders’ wages with the relative position of building labourers in tax lists. Not surprisingly, it confirms their exceptional position, which evolved according to remuneration. Instead of disregarding the unreal wages, the methodology shows a promising path forward. The relationship between changes in wage income and the relative position in fiscal sources can be exploited to identify other groups who were or became dependent on this type of labour. Accordingly, it holds the potential to retrace shifts in the functional distribution of income and the wage systems for different groups in the premodern economy.
IS COMPLETENESS NECESSARY? ESTIMATION IN NONIDENTIFIED LINEAR MODELS
Authors: Babii Andrii , Florens Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2025

Modern data analysis depends increasingly on estimating models via flexible high-dimensional or nonparametric machine learning methods, where the identification of structural parameters is often challenging and untestable. In linear settings, this identification hinges on the completeness condition, which requires the nonsingularity of a high-dimensional matrix or operator and may fail for finite samples or even at the population level. Regularized estimators provide a solution by enabling consistent estimation of structural or average structural functions, sometimes even under identification failure. We show that the asymptotic distribution in these cases can be nonstandard. We develop a comprehensive theory of regularized estimators, which include methods such as high-dimensional ridge regularization, gradient descent, and principal component analysis (PCA). The results are illustrated for high-dimensional and nonparametric instrumental variable regressions and are supported through simulation experiments.
Physical activity and cardiac function in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Killian Mary , Tamaroff Jaclyn , Su Karry , Crum Kimberly , George-Durrett Kristen , Markham Larry W. , Buchowski Maciej , Donnelly Thomas , Burnette W. Bryan , Soslow Jonathan H.
Published: February 2025

Background:

Cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of death in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The relationship between cardiac and skeletal muscle progression is unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between muscle activity and cardiomyopathy. We hypothesised that cardiomyopathy and skeletal muscle activity are directly related.

Methods:

Physical activity was assessed with accelerometers worn for 7 days. Average activity (vector magnitude/min) and percentage of time in different activities were reported. Cardiac MRI was used to assess left ventricular ejection fraction, global circumferential strain (Ecc), late gadolinium enhancement, and cardiac index. Associations were assessed between physical activity and cardiac variables using a Spearman correlation.

Results:

Duchenne muscular dystrophy subjects (n = 46) with an average age of 13 ± 4 years had a mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 57 ± 8%. All physical activity measures showed significant correlations with left ventricular ejection fraction (rho = 0.38, p = 0.01) and left ventricular cardiac index (rho = 0.51, p < 0.001). Less active subjects had lower left ventricular ejection fraction (p = 0.10) and left ventricular cardiac index (p < 0.01). Non-ambulatory patients (n = 29) demonstrated a stronger association between physical activity and left ventricular ejection fraction (rho = 0.40, p = 0.03) while ambulatory patients demonstrated a stronger association between physical activity and left ventricular cardiac index (rho = 0.53, p = 0.03). Ecc did not associate with physical activity in either cohort.

Conclusion:

Physical activity correlates with left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular cardiac index and is modified by ambulation. Future analysis should assess the temporal relationship between physical activity and cardiomyopathy.