bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants of rural Australian primary health care worker retention: A synthesis of key evidence and implications for policymaking
Authors: Russell Deborah J. , McGrail Matthew R. , Humphreys John S.
Published: April 2016

Objective

To synthesise key Australian empirical rural retention evidence and outline implications and potential applications for policymaking.

Design

A comprehensive search of Medline, PsychINFO, CINAHL plus, Scopus and EMBASE revealed eight peer‐reviewed empirical studies published since 2000 quantifying factors associated with actual retention.

Setting and participants

Rural and remote Australian primary health care workers.

Main outcome measures

Hazard ratios (hazard of leaving rural), mean length of stay in current rural position and odds ratios (odds of leaving rural).

Results

A broad range of geographical, professional, financial, educational, regulatory and personal factors are strongly and significantly associated with the rural retention of Australian primary health care workers. Important factors included geographical remoteness and population size, profession, providing hospital services, practising procedural skills, taking annual leave, employment grade, employment and payment structures, restricted access to provider numbers, country of training, vocational training, practitioner age group and cognitive behavioural coaching. These findings suggest that retention strategies should be multifaceted and ‘bundled’, addressing the combination of modifiable factors most important for specific groups of Australian rural and remote primary health care workers, and compensating health professionals for hardships they face that are linked to less modifiable factors.

Conclusions

The short retention of many Australian rural and remote Allied Health Professionals and GPs, particularly in small, outer regional and remote communities, requires ongoing policy support. The important retention patterns highlighted in this review provide policymakers with direction about where to best target retention initiatives, as well as an indication of what they can do to improve retention.
Treatment response with mepolizumab in severe eosinophilic asthma patients with previous omalizumab treatment
Authors: Magnan A. , Bourdin A. , Prazma C. M. , Albers F. C. , Price R. G. , Yancey S. W. , Ortega H.
Published: April 2016

Background

We performed post hoc analyses to evaluate the effect of humanized monoclonal antibody mepolizumab in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma previously treated with omalizumab.

Methods

Data were collected from two randomized double‐blind, placebo‐controlled studies: MENSA (NCT01691521: 32‐week treatment phase) and SIRIUS (NCT01691508: 24‐week treatment phase). Active treatment was 75 mg intravenous mepolizumab (MENSA) or 100 mg subcutaneous mepolizumab (MENSA, SIRIUS). Patients had evidence of eosinophilic inflammation ≥150 cells/μl (at screening) or ≥300 cells/μl (during the previous year). Primary outcomes were the rate of exacerbations (MENSA) and the percentage reduction in oral corticosteroid (OCS) dose (SIRIUS). Other outcomes included lung function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s and morning peak expiratory flow), Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ‐5), St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) scores, and safety.

Results

Overall, 576 patients were included from MENSA and 135 from SIRIUS, with 13% and 33% previously receiving omalizumab, respectively. In MENSA, mepolizumab reduced the rate of exacerbations by 57% (prior omalizumab) and 47% (no prior omalizumab) vs placebo. In SIRIUS, reductions in OCS use were comparable regardless of prior omalizumab use. Despite reducing chronic OCS use, mepolizumab also resulted in similar reductions in exacerbation rate relative to placebo in both subgroups. Asthma control and quality of life improved with mepolizumab vs placebo in both studies independent of prior omalizumab use, as shown by ACQ‐5 and SGRQ scores. Adverse events were also comparable irrespective of prior omalizumab use.

Conclusions

These post hoc analyses indicate that patients with severe eosinophilic asthma respond positively to mepolizumab regardless of prior use of omalizumab.
Residential greenness is differentially associated with childhood allergic rhinitis and aeroallergen sensitization in seven birth cohorts
Authors: Fuertes E. , Markevych I. , Bowatte G. , Gruzieva O. , Gehring U. , Becker A. , Berdel D. , von Berg A. , Bergström A. , Brauer M. , Brunekreef B. , Brüske I. , Carlsten C. , Chan‐Yeung M. , Dharmage S. C. , Hoffmann B. , Klümper C. , Koppelman G. H. , Kozyrskyj A. , Korek M. , Kull I. , Lodge C. , Lowe A. , MacIntyre E. , Pershagen G. , Standl M. , Sugiri D. , Wijga A. ,   MACS, Heinrich J.
Published: April 2016

Background

The prevalence of allergic rhinitis is high, but the role of environmental factors remains unclear. We examined cohort‐specific and combined associations of residential greenness with allergic rhinitis and aeroallergen sensitization based on individual data from Swedish (BAMSE), Australian (MACS), Dutch (PIAMA), Canadian (CAPPS and SAGE), and German (GINIplus and LISAplus) birth cohorts (n = 13 016).

Methods

Allergic rhinitis (doctor diagnosis/symptoms) and aeroallergen sensitization were assessed in children aged 6–8 years in six cohorts and 10–12 years in five cohorts. Residential greenness was defined as the mean Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in a 500‐m buffer around the home address at the time of health assessment. Cohort‐specific associations per 0.2 unit increase in NDVI were assessed using logistic regression models and combined in a random‐effects meta‐analysis.

Results

Greenness in a 500‐m buffer was positively associated with allergic rhinitis at 6–8 years in BAMSE (odds ratio = 1.42, 95% confidence interval [1.13, 1.79]) and GINI/LISA South (1.69 [1.19, 2.41]) but inversely associated in GINI/LISA North (0.61 [0.36, 1.01]) and PIAMA (0.67 [0.47, 0.95]). Effect estimates in CAPPS and SAGE were also conflicting but not significant (0.63 [0.32, 1.24] and 1.31 [0.81, 2.12], respectively). All meta‐analyses were nonsignificant. Results were similar for aeroallergen sensitization at 6–8 years and both outcomes at 10–12 years. Stratification by NO2 concentrations, population density, an urban vs rural marker, and moving did not reveal consistent trends within subgroups.

Conclusion

Although residential greenness appears to be associated with childhood allergic rhinitis and aeroallergen sensitization, the effect direction varies by location.
Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Gene Regulation: Chondrogenic Markers Evaluation
Authors: Kavand Hanie , Haghighipour Nooshin , Zeynali Bahman , Seyedjafari Ehsan , Abdemami Baharak
Published: April 2016

There is little evidence demonstrating the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) generated within the biological entity and the effect of extrinsic fields on cellular programing. Taking the path of the more studied stimuli into attention, mechanical forces, it could be understood that nonchemical factors play a consequential role in transcriptional regulatory networks. Cartilaginous tissue consists of collagen protein that is considered as a piezoelectric substrate and is influenced by electric fields making chondrogenic specific genes an exciting candidate for bioelectromagnetic studies. As electromagnetic properties highly depend on the frequencies applied, this study delves into the ability of two EMFs with the frequency of 25 Hz and 50 Hz in inducing SOX9 and COL2 gene expressions in a three‐dimensional (3D) mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)‐alginate construct. Cell‐alginate beads were divided into six groups and treated for a time period of 21 days. To determine the results, qualitative and quantitative data were both reviewed. On observation of real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) data, it was apparent that TGF‐β1 treatment had a greater COL2 and SOX9 gene expression impact on MSCs compared to pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) treatments alone. COL2 was shown to have a greater transcriptional tendency to PEMF, whereas under defined electromagnetic parameters applied in this study, no significant difference was detected in SOX9 gene expressions compared to the control group. PEMF co‐treatments enhanced the deposition of extracellular matrix molecules, as the matrix‐rich beads were positively stained by Alcian blue. This genre of study is the venue for the control and healing of connective tissue defects.
Trade union banners and the construction of a working‐class presence: notes from two labour disputes in 1980s Glasgow and North Lanarkshire
Authors: Crossan J M , Featherstone D J , Hayes F , Hughes H M , Jamieson C , Leonard R
Published: April 2016

This paper draws on a project ‘Banner Tales of Glasgow’, which is the result of an ongoing collaboration between geographers, museum staff and trade unionists. The paper draws on testimonies from workers involved in two labour disputes in the mid 1980s. We use these testimonies to think about the use of banners in the construction of working‐class solidarities. This discussion is used to illuminate the relations between the formation of a working‐class presence and the role of discourses of a moral economy in shaping particular community‐making practices. Through doing so, we use a focus on banners to illuminate different aspects of the spatial practices of labour organising and argue that the construction of a working‐class presence and articulations of a moral economy can be mutually reinforcing.
Effects of road transportation on metabolic and immunological responses in Holstein heifers
Authors: Kang Hyeok‐Joong , Lee In Kyu , Piao Min‐Yu , Kwak Chae‐Won , Gu Min Jeong , Yun Cheol Heui , Kim Hyun‐Jin , Ahn Hyeon‐Ju , Kim Hee‐Bal , Kim Gyeom‐Heon , Kim Soo‐Ki , Ko Jong‐Youl , Ha Jong K. , Baik Myunggi
Published: April 2016

This study examined the effects of road transportation on metabolic and immunological responses in dairy heifers. Twenty Holstein heifers in early pregnancy were divided into non‐transported (NT;n = 7) and transported (T; n = 13) groups. Blood was collected before transportation (BT), immediately after transportation for 100 km (T1) and 200 km (T2), and 24 h after transportation (AT). The T heifers had higher (P < 0.05) blood cortisol and non‐esterified fatty acid concentrations after T1 and T2 than did NT heifers. By contrast, the T heifers had lower (P < 0.05) serum triglyceride concentrations after T1 and T2 than had the NT heifers. The serum cortisol and triglyceride concentrations returned (P > 0.05) to the BT concentrations at 24 h AT in the T heifers. The granulocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio and the percentage of monocytes were higher (P < 0.05) after T2 in the T heifers than in the NT heifers, suggesting that transportation stress increased the numbers of innate immune cells. T heifers had higher (P < 0.01) plasma haptoglobin concentrations than NT heifers 24 h AT. In conclusion, transportation increased cortisol secretion and was correlated with increased metabolic responses and up‐regulation of peripheral innate immune cells in dairy heifers.
In search of the right fusion recipe: the role of legitimacy in building a social enterprise model
Authors: Yang Yung‐Kai , Wu Shu‐Ling
Published: April 2016

Social enterprises, as typical hybrid organisations, are embedded in a plural institutional environment in which some stakeholders regard achieving social goals as fundamental, while others see economic profit as the priority. A great challenge for social enterprises is dealing with the conflicts resulting from the diverse expectations of stakeholders. Based on the existing works on organisational legitimacy and the social business model, we propose a legitimacy‐based social enterprise model composed of three main phases, namely, legitimacy proposition, legitimacy strategy planning, and legitimacy strategy implementation. Our model is meant to serve as an effective legitimacy‐building tool for social enterprises of various kinds.
Management of acute uncomplicated diverticulitis without antibiotics: a single‐centre cohort study
Authors: Brochmann N. D. , Schultz J. K. , Jakobsen G. S. , Øresland T.
Published: April 2016

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of nonantibiotic management of acute uncomplicated diverticulitis at a large university hospital in Norway with regard to management failure, disease recurrence and complications.

Method

On 1 January 2013 we implemented a new policy for the management of acute uncomplicated diverticulitis without antibiotics. Antibiotic treatment was only provided in the case of defined criteria. All patients admitted from 1 January 2013 to 30 June 2014 with a CT‐verified, left‐sided, acute uncomplicated diverticulitis were included in the study and evaluated retrospectively, with 12 months’ follow‐up.

Results

Of 244 admissions with acute uncomplicated diverticulitis, 177 (73%) were managed without antibiotics. Among these there were seven (4%) management failures, including five patients in whom a deteriorating clinical picture prompted antibiotic treatment and two readmissions within 1 month due to persisting symptoms. The only complication in this group was one fistula (< 1%). Eight (5%) patients had a recurrence of acute diverticulitis requiring hospital care and two (1%) underwent elective surgery within the first year. Twenty (8%) patients met predefined exemption criteria and received antibiotics from admission, six (30%) of whom developed complications. The recurrence rate in this group was 10% and none had surgery performed. The 47 (20%) policy violators treated with antibiotics from admission had no complications. Their recurrence rate was 11% and one (2%) patient underwent elective surgery.

Conclusion

This study confirms that nonantibiotic management of acute uncomplicated diverticulitis is safe and feasible. Most complications occurred in a small group of high‐risk patients treated with antibiotics.
Does the Federal Reserve have Private Information about its Future Actions?
Authors: Taş Bedri Kamil Onur
Published: April 2016

This paper contributes to the ongoing debate about the existence and source of asymmetric information between the Federal Reserve and the public by examining the federal funds rate forecasts. It compares the Federal Reserve federal funds rate forecasts with the predictions of alternative forecasting models and forecasts from the futures market for federal funds. The results show that the Federal Reserve has superior information about its own future policy actions, the future federal funds rate. The results are robust to alternative specifications.
‘For Richer, For Poorer’: Assortative Mating and Savings Preferences
Authors: Arrondel Luc , Frémeaux Nicolas
Published: April 2016

Do couples share the same values? The social sciences have mainly concentrated on comparing the socioeconomic characteristics of spouses, but rarely consider their attitudes to risk and time. In this paper, we use conventional measurements and an original method of scoring. We find that spouses are very similar in their savings preferences, even when we control for the individual characteristics. Our results suggest that most of this relationship comes from marital sorting. These conclusions are decisive in explaining the decision process within households and its implications for wealth inequalities between households since homogamy causes a divide in the population.
Role of cAMP signalling in winner and loser effects in crayfish agonistic encounters
Authors: Momohara Yuto , Minami Hiroki , Kanai Akihiro , Nagayama Toshiki
Published: April 2016

For territorial animals, establishment of status‐dependent dominance order is essential to maintain social stability. In agonistic encounters of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii, a difference of body length of 3–7% is enough for larger animals to become dominant. Despite a physical disadvantage, small winners of the first pairings were more likely to win subsequent conflicts with larger inexperienced animals. In contrast, the losers of the first pairings rarely won subsequent conflicts with smaller naive animals. Such experiences of previous winning or losing affected agonistic outcomes for a long period. The winner effects lasted more than 2 weeks and the loser effect lasted about 10 days. Injection of 5HT1 receptor antagonist into the dominant animals 15–30 min after establishment of dominance order blocked the formation of the winner effects. In contrast, injection of adrenergic‐like octopamine receptor antagonist into subordinate animals blocked the formation of the loser. 5HT1 receptors are negatively coupled to adenylyl cyclase and adrenergic‐like octopamine receptors are positively coupled. Consistent with this, dominant animals failed to show the winner effect when injected with pCPT‐cAMP, a cAMP analogue, and subordinate animals failed to show a loser effect when injected with adenylyl cyclase inhibitor SQ 22536. These results suggest that an increase and decrease of cAMP concentration is essential in mediating loser and winner effects, respectively. Furthermore, formation of the loser effect was blocked by injection of protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89, suggesting long‐term memory of the loser effect is dependent on the cAMP–PKA signalling pathway.
Antecedents of materialism in China—an intergenerational analysis
Authors: Yang Song , Stening Bruce W.
Published: April 2016

Materialism has been at the centre of the consumer behaviour literature for decades. Despite a huge number of studies that have shed light on its antecedents and consequences, it is still not clear how a materialistic orientation evolves and becomes prevalent in line with socioeconomic transitions in a country. The current research aims to analyze possible reasons why different generations of consumers in China have become more or less materialistic. Data were collected from 613 consumers in two cities, representing three focal generational cohorts, labelled, in chronological order, the Cultural Revolution Generation, the Economic Reform Generation and the Social Change Generation. Traditional Chinese cultural values are shown to still play a significant role in the formation of materialism in China, serving to curtail the prevalence of materialism. At the same time, secular values serve as a driving force for a materialistic orientation.
Consumer financial education and financial capability
Authors: Xiao Jing Jian , O'Neill Barbara
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this study was to explore potential effects of financial education on the financial capability of American consumers. Data from the 2012 National Financial Capability Study were used to test the hypothesis that financial education is positively associated with financial capability. Four financial literacy and behaviour variables were used to form a financial capability index. Multivariate linear regression results showed that, after controlling for demographic and financial variables, respondents who ever received financial education had higher scores in all financial capability indicators (objective financial literacy, subjective financial literacy, desirable financial behaviour, perceived financial capability and the financial capability index). In addition, high school, college and workplace financial education variables showed positive associations with these financial capability indicators. Additional state comparison analyses provided evidence suggesting high school financial education may have direct impacts and spillover effects on consumer financial capability.
Evaluation of therapeutic enoxaparin in a pregnant population at a tertiary hospital
Authors: Petrie S. , Barras M. , Lust K. , Fagermo N. , Allen J. , Martin J. H.
Published: April 2016

Background

Therapeutic anticoagulation with enoxaparin in pregnancy is complex due to varying pharmacokinetics and the increasing prevalence of obesity. There is limited evidence to support current dosing and monitoring strategies of enoxaparin in this population.

Aim

To describe the current practice in therapeutic anticoagulation in the pregnant population at a tertiary institution.

Methods

A retrospective study of pregnant women on therapeutic enoxaparin between January 2007 and December 2011.

Results

Forty‐four pregnant women requiring therapeutic anticoagulation were identified and divided into two groups, monitored with anti‐factor Xa (AXA) concentrations and unmonitored. Fifty‐five percent of monitored women were initiated on the recommended 1 mg/kg twice a day (bd) enoxaparin dose‐strategy. Eighty‐two percent of women were monitored; however, there was variability regarding the timing, frequency and subsequent dose adjustments from monitoring. Overall, as pregnancies progressed, there was both increasing dose adjustments and increasing frequency of monitoring. Fourteen women had a BMI over 30 kg/m2, and 13 of these women were monitored. Nine monitored obese women required doses less than 1 mg/kg/bd to maintain a therapeutic AXA level. Management appeared to be individualised. There were small numbers of toxicity events.

Conclusion

Variation exists in dosing and monitoring practices for therapeutic enoxaparin in the pregnant population. Dosing obese patients using 1 mg/kg twice daily can lead to toxic AXA concentrations, and dose reductions are required to maintain a therapeutic range. A larger prospective study reviewing dose, AXA concentrations and outcome data is necessary to make dosing recommendations in this group.
Malformations of the gill filaments of the ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus (L.) (Pisces) caused by echinostomatid metacercariae
Authors: Molnár K , Gibson D I , Majoros G , Székely C , Sándor D , Cech G
Published: April 2016

In parasite surveys of fishes from Lake Balaton and its tributaries in Hungary, infections with metacercariae of a species of the digenean genus Echinochasmus (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) were found in seven species of fish. In ruffe, Gymnocephalus cernuus, malformations of the gill filaments apparently caused by these infections were observed. These malformations were in the form of bifurcations of the filaments at about their mid‐length. At the point where the filaments bifurcate, an Echinochasmus metacercaria was always embedded in the cartilaginous ray of the gill filament. All specimens of the ruffe were found to be infected by these metacercariae, and each ruffe specimen was infected by 30–300 metacercariae. Such a bifurcation was found in all of the ruffe specimens, but, apart from these gill malformations, the metacercariae produced only local changes in the cartilage. In the other six infected fish species, only local signs were observed in the cartilage. Experimental infections of chicks with metacercariae resulted in the finding of the sexual adult (marita) of an unidentified species of Echinochasmus. ITS sequences of the adult and metacercaria corresponded with each other, and also with a cercaria isolated from a gravel snail (Lithoglyphus naticoides), with a 99.5–100% similarity.
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: Where are we now?
Authors: Liou Jyh‐Ming , Wu Ming‐Shiang , Lin Jaw‐Town
Published: April 2016

Gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori infection remain a burden in many Asian countries. In the face of rising antibiotic resistance, the eradication rate of standard triple therapy is declining in many Asian countries. We reviewed the updated epidemiology of gastric cancer, prevalence of H. pylori infection, and antibiotic resistance in Asia. We also reviewed the strategies to improve the efficacy of H. pylori eradication therapies, including the use of high dose proton pump inhibitor, four drug therapies (including bismuth quadruple, concomitant, and sequential therapy), susceptibility guided therapy, extending the treatment duration to 14 days, and development of effective rescue therapy. Four drug therapies are usually more effective than triple therapy when given in the same duration, except in areas with concomitantly high metronidazole resistance and low clarithromycin resistance. The efficacies of different four drug regimens appeared to be similar. However, trials from different geographic areas showed contradictory results, indicating that the optimal therapy should be decided according to the local prevalence of antibiotic resistance. We proposed a prediction model to calculate the efficacy of different regimens according to the prevalence of antibiotic resistance. More large randomized trials which provide information on the antibiotic resistance are urgently needed to build a more accurate and reliable model. It is hoped that we will be able to decide the optimal regimens by routine surveillance of antibiotic resistance.
Concentrations of tylvalosin and 3‐O‐acetyltylosin attained in the synovial fluid of swine after administration by oral gavage at 50 and 5 mg/kg
Authors: Canning P. , Bates J. , Hammen K. , Coetzee J. , Wulf L. , Rajewski S. , Wang C. , Karriker L.
Published: April 2016

The objectives of this study were to determine the concentration of tylvalosin (TVN) and its metabolite, 3‐O‐acetyltylosin (3AT) in the synovial fluid of growing pigs when administered as a single bolus by oral gavage at target doses of 50 mg/kg (Trial 1) and 5 mg/kg (Trial 2). TVN is a water soluble macrolide antimicrobial used in swine production. The stability of the drug in synovial fluid samples stored at −70 °C up to 28 days was also evaluated in Trial 2. In Trial 1, eight pigs were randomly assigned to one of eight time points for euthanasia and synovial fluid collection: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12 h postgavage. For Trial 2, 24 pigs were randomly allocated to one terminal collection time point at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 h postgavage. Synovial fluid was analyzed to determine TVN and 3AT concentrations. TVN and 3AT were detected in Trial 1 at all time points, except 0 h. At 2 h postgavage for trial 2, the mean concentrations peaked at 31.17 ng/mL (95% CI: 18.62–52.16) for TVN and at 58.82 ng/mL (95% CI: 35.14–98.46) for 3AT. Storage duration did not impact TVN or 3AT concentrations (P‐value 0.9732).
Evidence for high‐temperature fractionation of lithium isotopes during differentiation of the Moon
Authors: Day James M. D. , Qiu Lin , Ash Richard D. , McDonough William F. , Teng Fang‐Zhen , Rudnick Roberta L. , Taylor Lawrence A.
Published: April 2016

Lithium isotope and abundance data are reported for Apollo 15 and 17 mare basalts and the LaPaz low‐Ti mare basalt meteorites, along with lithium isotope data for carbonaceous, ordinary, and enstatite chondrites, and chondrules from the Allende CV3 meteorite. Apollo 15 low‐Ti mare basalts have lower Li contents and lower δ7Li (3.8 ± 1.2‰; all uncertainties are 2 standard deviations) than Apollo 17 high‐Ti mare basalts (δ7Li = 5.2 ± 1.2‰), with evolved LaPaz mare basalts having high Li contents, but similar low δ7Li (3.7 ± 0.5‰) to Apollo 15 mare basalts. In low‐Ti mare basalt 15555, the highest concentrations of Li occur in late‐stage tridymite (>20 ppm) and plagioclase (11 ± 3 ppm), with olivine (6.1 ± 3.8 ppm), pyroxene (4.2 ± 1.6 ppm), and ilmenite (0.8 ± 0.7 ppm) having lower Li concentrations. Values of δ7Li in low‐ and high‐Ti mare basalt sources broadly correlate negatively with 18O/16O and positively with 56Fe/54Fe (low‐Ti: δ7Li ≤4‰; δ56Fe ≤0.04‰; δ18O ≥5.7‰; high‐Ti: δ7Li >6‰; δ56Fe >0.18‰; δ18O <5.4‰). Lithium does not appear to have acted as a volatile element during planetary formation, with subequal Li contents in mare basalts compared with terrestrial, martian, or vestan basaltic rocks. Observed Li isotopic fractionations in mare basalts can potentially be explained through large‐degree, high‐temperature igneous differentiation of their source regions. Progressive magma ocean crystallization led to enrichment in Li and δ7Li in late‐stage liquids, probably as a consequence of preferential retention of 7Li and Li in the melt relative to crystallizing solids. Lithium isotopic fractionation has not been observed during extensive differentiation in terrestrial magmatic systems and may only be recognizable during extensive planetary magmatic differentiation under volatile‐poor conditions, as expected for the lunar magma ocean. Our new analyses of chondrites show that they have δ7Li ranging between −2.5‰ and 4‰. The higher δ7Li in planetary basalts than in the compilation of chondrites (2.1 ± 1.3‰) demonstrates that differentiated planetary basalts are, on average, isotopically heavier than most chondrites.
The extent and meaning of hybridization and introgression between Siberian spruce (Picea obovata) and Norway spruce (Picea abies): cryptic refugia as stepping stones to the west?
Authors: Tsuda Yoshiaki , Chen Jun , Stocks Michael , Källman Thomas , Sønstebø Jørn Henrik , Parducci Laura , Semerikov Vladimir , Sperisen Christoph , Politov Dmitry , Ronkainen Tiina , Väliranta Minna , Vendramin Giovanni Giuseppe , Tollefsrud Mari Mette , Lascoux Martin
Published: April 2016

Boreal species were repeatedly exposed to ice ages and went through cycles of contraction and expansion while sister species alternated periods of contact and isolation. The resulting genetic structure is consequently complex, and demographic inferences are intrinsically challenging. The range of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Siberian spruce (Picea obovata) covers most of northern Eurasia; yet their geographical limits and histories remain poorly understood. To delineate the hybrid zone between the two species and reconstruct their joint demographic history, we analysed variation at nuclearSSRand mitochondrialDNAin 102 and 88 populations, respectively. The dynamics of the hybrid zone was analysed with approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) followed by posterior predictivestructureplot reconstruction and the presence of barriers across the range tested with estimated effective migration surfaces. To estimate the divergence time between the two species, nuclear sequences from two well‐separated populations of each species were analysed withABC. Two main barriers divide the range of the two species: one corresponds to the hybrid zone between them, and the other separates the southern and northern domains of Norway spruce. The hybrid zone is centred on the Urals, but the genetic impact of Siberian spruce extends further west. The joint distribution of mitochondrial and nuclear variation indicates an introgression of mitochondrialDNAfrom Norway spruce into Siberian spruce. Overall, our data reveal a demographic history where the two species interacted frequently and where migrants originating from the Urals and the West Siberian Plain recolonized northern Russia and Scandinavia using scattered refugial populations of Norway spruce as stepping stones towards the west.
Central Sympathetic Modulation Reverses Microvascular Alterations in a Rat Model of High‐Fat Diet‐Induced Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Nascimento Alessandro R. , Machado Marcus V. , Gomes Fabiana , Vieira Aline B. , Gonçalves‐de‐Albuquerque Cassiano F. , Lessa Marcos A. , Bousquet Pascal , Tibiriçá Eduardo
Published: April 2016

Objectives

The objective of this study was to investigate the role of the SNS on hemodynamic, metabolic, and microvascular alterations in a rat model of HFD‐induced MS with salt supplementation.

Methods

In total, 40 adult male Wistar rats were fed normal chow (n = 10) or a HFD (n = 30) for 20 weeks. Thereafter, the HFD group received the centrally acting sympatho‐modulatory drugs clonidine (0.1 mg/kg) or rilmenidine (1 mg/kg) or vehicle (n = 10/group) orally by gavage. FCD was evaluated using intravital video microscopy, and the SCD was evaluated using histochemical analysis.

Results

The pharmacological modulation of the SNS induced concomitant reductions in SBP, HR and plasma catecholamine levels. These effects were accompanied by a reversal of functional and structural capillary rarefaction in the skeletal muscle in both treated groups and an increase in SCD in the left ventricle only in the rilmenidine group. Improvement of the lipid profile and of glucose intolerance was also obtained only with rilmenidine treatment.

Conclusions

Modulation of sympathetic overactivity results in the reversal of microvascular rarefaction in the skeletal muscle and left ventricle and improves metabolic parameters in an experimental model of MS in rats.
Comparison of the oral microbiome of siblings using next‐generation sequencing: a pilot study
Authors: Lee H‐S , Lee JH , Kim S‐O , Song JS , Kim BI , Kim YJ , Lee J‐H
Published: April 2016

Objective

The purpose of this study was to compare the oral microbiome of siblings with and without dental caries using next‐generation sequencing.

Materials and Methods

To investigate the oral microbiome composition, 14 young siblings, seven with caries and seven without, were enrolled from seven sibling‐pair families. Supragingival plaque samples were collected from the cervicobuccal area of posterior teeth. All samples were analyzed by pyrosequencing, based on the 16S rRNA gene hypervariable regions, V1–V4.

Results

The organisms identified belonged to 65 genera. Fifty‐two genera were identified in the subjects with caries and 58 in those without; 45 genera were shared by both groups. In the Shannon index, the caries group showed lower bacterial diversity than the caries‐free group and the difference was significant (Wilcoxon signed‐rank test, P < 0.05). Additionally, similarities between siblings were evident in analyses based on weighted UniFrac distances (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

In this study, the diversity of the microbiome was reduced in subjects with dental caries, while similarity between siblings seemed to be retained.
Motility and dynamics of eupyrene and apyrene sperm in the spermatheca of the monandrous swallowtail butterfly Byasa alcinous
Authors: Konagaya Tatsuro , Idogawa Naoto , Watanabe Mamoru
Published: April 2016

Lepidopteran males produce two sperm types: nucleated eupyrene sperm and non‐nucleated apyrene sperm. Although apyrene sperm are infertile, both sperm types migrate from the spermatophore to the spermathecal after copulation. As a dominant adaptive explanation for migration of apyrene sperm in polyandrous species, the cheap filler hypothesis suggests that the presence of a large number of motile apyrene sperm in the spermatheca reduces female receptivity to re‐mating. However, apyrene sperm are also produced in males of the monandrous swallowtail butterfly Byasa alcinous Klug. To identify the role of apyrene sperm in these males, the present study examines the number of spermatozoa produced and transferred and the dynamics and motility of spermatozoa in the spermatheca for each type of sperm. Apyrene sperm represents approximatey 89% of the sperm produced and transferred, which is comparable to polyandrous species. Two‐day‐old males transfer approximately 17 000 eupyrene and 230 000 apyrene spermatozoa to a spermatophore; approximately 5000 eupyrene and 47 000 apyrene spermatozoa arrive at the spermatheca. Eight days after copulation, most eupyrene spermatozoa remain in the spermatheca and a quarter of them are still active. However, the number of apyrene spermatozoa decreases and those remaining lose their motility after the arriving at the spermatheca. Consequently, 8 days after copulation, no motile apyrene sperm are found. The high proportion of apyrene sperm in the spermatophore, as well as in sperm migration, suggests that the production and migration of apyrene sperm is not simply an evolutionary vestigial trait. The possible functions of apyrene sperm in monandrous species are discussed.
Coalition Politics and Inter‐Party Conflict Management: A Theoretical Framework
Authors: Vercesi Michelangelo
Published: April 2016

Inter‐party conflict management is a typical coalitional problem in parliamentary governments. To study how and why conflicts in coalitions emerge and how parties cope with them can enhance our knowledge of coalition governance. Here, I propose a framework for comparative studies on the topic. The framework is based on the conception of coalition politics as politics of exchange. It looks at inter‐party interactions, but also accounts for the impact of intra‐party politics. Moreover, I provide a classification of inter‐party conflicts in coalitions and point out when they are more likely. The process of conflict management is operationalized with two proxies—actors, and arenas—and a taxonomy of conflict terminations is presented. The viability of the framework is tested both by mapping coalition governments according to their modes of managing internal conflicts and, after deriving research hypotheses, through empirical inquiries of conflict management in diverse coalitions.

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Homelessness Prevention Policy: A Case Study
Authors: Szeintuch Shmulik
Published: April 2016

Although serious and long‐term commitment to homelessness prevention is evident in some countries in the form of primary prevention measures, it is not clear whether a strong shift has already been made from secondary to primary prevention. It is argued here that after almost two decades of literature regarding the ‘prevention turn’ in homelessness policy, one may speak of primary prevention in the prevention stage, and add secondary and tertiary prevention to each of the other three stages of homelessness policy – early, emergency, and long‐term intervention strategies. Yet, there must be an attempt at primary prevention, which is more difficult to maintain, mainly for financial reasons. Political will is one key to success in doing this.

Homelessness prevention policies are explained in this article using the case study of Israel's policies in 1948–2010. The findings indicate that Israel dealt with a high risk of homelessness in the 1950s and again in the 1990s through primary homelessness prevention by intervening in the housing market and providing cash assistance. Subsequently, after an overall homelessness policy was first published in Israel in 1996, prevention almost disappeared. However, it seems that, since then, prevention still manifests itself in the form of secondary prevention measures, such as public assistance benefits and housing subsidies. Tertiary prevention also seems to exist, addressing the more entrenched nature of homelessness by means of permanent supportive housing. This article shows that where there is a will there may be a way for prevention.
CARCASS QUALITY OF RAW AND SMOKED FISH FILLETS PREPARED FROM CAGE RAISED RIVER CATFISH (Hemibagrus nemurus Valenciennes, 1840) FED HIGH PROTEIN-LOW ENERGY AND LOW PROTEIN-HIGH ENERGY DIETS
Authors: Hasan Bustari , Suharman Indra , Desmelati Desmelati , Iriani Dian
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of high protein-low energy and low protein-high energy diet on carcass quality of raw and smoked river catfish fillets. Two diets containing high protein-low energy (40 % protein, 2.75 kcal g–1 energy, diet A) and low protein-high energy (34 % protein, 3.00 kcal·g-1 energy, diet B) which produced the best growth in our previous feeding trial were fed to river catfish. The fish, 40.14 g to 42.64 g in weight were stocked in commercial fish cage at dencity of 50 fish per m3and fed the experimental diets for 90 d. At the end of the experiment, all fish was weighed for weight gain, 20 fish were evaluated for carcass quality and other 20 fish were filleted and hot smoked. Smoked fillets were assessed for smoking yield, proximate composition, sensory quality and overall acceptability. Edible flesh, dressing percentage and flesh water holding capacity  of the fresh raw were higher for the fish fed diet A; but carcass waste was higher for the fish fed diet B. Protein composition was higher for the fish fed diet A; however, fat composition was higher for the fish fed diet B. In terms of smoking yield and overall acceptability of smoked fish, there was no difference between smoked fillets prepared from the fish fed the two diets, while appearance and texture were higher for the smoked fillets prepared from fish fed diet A; and odor as well as flavor were higher for smoked fillets prepared from fish fed diet B.
THE INFLUENCE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERRENTLY CONSTRUCTED FOLDED TRAPS AND TYPES OF BAITS TO CATCH CRABS [Portunus pelagicus, (Linnaeus,1758)] IN REMBANG SEA WATERS
Authors: Boesono Herry , Sansan Sansan , Suherman Agus
Published: April 2016

Blue Swimming Crab [Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus,1758)] is one of the fishery commodities which is prospective to be exported, highly nutritious, commercial, and wholly valuable. In Kabongan lor village, Rembang, Central Java, Indonesia the fishing gear used to catch crabs is folded trap. Kabongan lor village has a small scale of captured marine resources, so it needs to be utilized further. Because of its large potency, a research need to be conducted to improve the haul. Different trap construction and type of baits is one important factor to improve it. This study was aimed to analyze the influence of the dome-folded traps construction and box-folded traps (control), and the influence of fermented mackerel, fresh mackerel, and puffer fish’s head as baits over the crabs in Rembang waters. The method applied is field experiment with six repetitions and two variables in a treatment. The data was analyzed using normality test, homogeneity test, and ANOVA test using SPSS program ver 20.00. The results showed that dome-folded traps gained more crabs compared to box-folded traps (control). Dome-folded traps gained 3 230 g of crabs, while box-folded traps gained 1 620 g. Meanwhile, the use of fresh mackerel as baits gained better crabs than fermented mackerel and puffer fish’s head (control). According to this research known that the captured crabs in which consume; fresh mackerel baits got 1 890 g of crabs, fermented mackerel got 1 500 g and 1 460 g for puffer fish’s head. The results of ANOVA test show the differences of folded traps construction with F sig value as much as 0.022 shows that Ho is accepted; while that with F sig value as much as 0.686 shows that the Ho is denied. Based on these results known that the different folded traps construction does affect to the amount of captured crabs while the differences of baits type do not.
EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL FEED ON THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF WHITE SHRIMP (Litopenaeus vannamei) AND MILKFISH (Chanos chanos) IN APPLICATION OF INNOVATIVE POLYCULTURE TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Samidjan Istiyanto , Rachmawati Diana
Published: April 2016

The objective of this research was to investigate growth and survival of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and milkfish (Chanos chanos) in the application of innovative polyculture technology. The material in this study was white shrimp with initial weight of (1.25 ± 0.025) g and milkfish of (3.25  ± 0.075) g, respectively and artificial feed containing 35 % of protein enriched with vitamin C (3 % biomass d–1). Completely Randomized Design was used with four treatments and three replications, i.e. T1 (15 individuals of white shrimp per m2 and 15 individuals of milkfish per m2), T2 (30 individuals of white shrimp and 15 individuals of milkfish per m2), T3 (15 individuals of white shrimp and 30 indviduals of milkfish per m2), T4 (30 individuals of white shrimp per m2 and 30 indviduals of milkfish per m2). Absolute weight of growth, survival, FCR, and water quality data (temperature, salinity, pH, O2, NO2, NH3) were analyzed by analysis of variance (F test) and descriptive analysis. The results elucidated significant effect (P < 0.05) on the growth and survival rate of white shrimp and milkfish. The highest absolute growth weight of white shrimp and milkfish were obtained from T4 treatment i.e (19.25 ± 1.015) g for white shrimp), for milkfish (185.71 ± 1.025) g. Survival rate of white shrimp was 95 % ± 2.5 % and for milkfish was 75 % ± 2.75 %.
DNA BARCODING FOR IDENTIFICATION OF PROCESSED TUNA FISH IN INDONESIAN MARKET
Authors: Nurilmala Mala , Widyastuti Utut , Ananta Kusuma Wisnu , Nurjanaha Nurjanaha , Wulansari Nuring , Widyatuti Yustin
Published: April 2016

DNA barcoding is a molecular technique to characterize species organism using a short DNA sequence. Recently, it becomes useful tool to detect seafood mislabeling and species substitution. Cytochrome b is one of the mitochondrial gene used in DNA barcoding. In order to face the regulation of AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area), the accurate method to detect the fish species and its products is needed in order to avoid the fraudulent in Indonesia. Thus, an attempt was carried out to identify authentication for tuna’s products (sushi, fish ball, meat floss, and canned tuna). The samples were collected from, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. DNA was isolated according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The amplification of DNA by PCR was carried out, then the direct sequence was performed. In the present study, DNA barcoding of tuna’s product using cytochrome b were elucidated. The amplification of DNA by PCR was successfully obtained from tuna’s sample except one of canned tuna (K3). It showed that one of the canned tuna as in the label did not contain tuna. It indicated that there was an economic fraud for one of canned tuna.
THE INNOVATION OF VULNERABLE FISHERIES USING ECOSYSTEM-BASED FISHERY MANAGEMENT APPROACH: A TEST CASE IN KARIMUNJAWA ECOSYSTEM, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA
Authors: Kirana Mayanggita , Susilowati Indah , Viswanathan Kuperan
Published: April 2016

The sustainability of marine ecosystem has become a major concern the government; however, the implementation of sustainability-based fisheries management has not been fully carried out and well controlled. Therefore, having a concept of ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) is essential in protecting it preserved. The aim of this study was to analyze the implementation of EBFM in Karimunjawa ecosystem, Central Java, Indonesia. The analysis of this study was based on the primary data collected from fishermen and stakeholders using in-depth interviews, and the secondary data gathered from stakeholders of Karimunjawa documentation. Meta-analysis with triangulation was invoked in this study. The result showed that the vulnerability of marine ecosystem, particularly fisheries’ resource in the pilot project is in progress. The conventional approach has not yet succeeded in managing fisheries’ resource in terms of sustainability attributes. Moreover, the EBFM has not yet proven to be a suitable approach for some reasons; although, this concept is very promising in encouraging a new paradigm for sustainable management in Indonesia with a protocol concept. This initial finding needs to be furthered in order to explore other aspects of development.
SHRIMP PASTE “TERASI” VOLATILE COMPOUNDS FROM NORTHERN COAST OF CENTRAL JAVA
Authors: Murwani Retno , Surya Adhi Putra Hera , Widiyanto Henggar , Trianto Agus , Ambariyanto Ambariyanto
Published: April 2016

A study was conducted to identify the composition of volatile compounds from traditional fermented shrimp called ‘terasi’. Terasi samples were collected from six regions of northern coast of Central Java, Indonesia namely Pekalongan, Batang, Kendal, Demak, Jepara, and Pati. Mass spectral interpretation showed that terasi from these regions could be identified to contain a total of 102 volatile compounds. Terasi from Pekalongan, Batang, Kendal, Demak, Jepara, and Pati, each contained nine, 21, 10, 29, 12, and 21 volatile compounds respectively. There were four similar volatile compounds from Demak, Jepara, and Pati samples, and two distinctive off odor in all six regions.