bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FLUORESCENCE STUDIES FOR IN SITU MONITORING OF THE HYDROLYSIS AND POLYMERIZATION REACTIONS OF ORGANICALLY –MODIFIED TETRAMETHYLORTHOSILICATE
Authors: Kunarti Eko Sri
Published: January 2019

Monitoring of hydrolysis and condensation polymerization reactions of tetramethylorthosilicate-organosiloxane have been carried out. Proton transfer from the excited state of 8-hydroxy-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonic acid trisodium salt (pyranine) to surrounding water molecules was used as a sensitive fluorescence method for following the kinetics of water consumption during the early stages of the sol-gel polymerisation process. Changes in water/silane ratio, type of organosiloxane, mol ratio of organosiloxane to silica precursor and pH affected markedly the kinetic behavior of the hydrolysis and condensation reaction of tetramethylorthosilicate.   Keywords: hydrolysis, polymerisation, fluorescence, pyranine, tetramethylorthosilicate, organosiloxane.
PREPARATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM SILK COTTON WOOD AND COCONUT SHELL BY PYROLISIS WITH CERAMIC FURNACE
Authors: Haryadi Winarto , Muchalal Muchalal , Cahyono Robby Noor
Published: January 2019

Preparation of activated carbon from silk cotton wood and coconut shell has been done. Carbon was made by pyrolysis process in the Muchalal furnace with 3000 watt electric power. The electric power was increased gradually from 1000, 2000 and then 3000 watt with interval 2 hours during 7 hours. Carbon was activated in Muchalal furnace with 4000 watt electric power during 2 hours and flowed with nitrogen gas. Product of the activated carbon was compared to standart product with several analysis including the surface area, acetic acid adsorption, iod adsorption and vapour adsorption. The results of analysis showed that surface area for silk cotton wood carbon, coconut shell carbon, and E.Merck product were 288.8072 m2/g, 222.9387 m2/g and 610.5543 m2/g, respectively. Acetic acid adsorption for silk cotton wood carbon, coconut shell carbon, and standart product were 157.391 mg/g, 132.791 mg/g, and 186.911 mg/g, respectively. Iodine adsorption for cotton wood carbon, coconut shell carbon, and standart product were 251.685 mg/g, 207.270 mg/g and 310.905 mg/g, respectively. Vapour adsorption for cotton wood carbon, coconut shell carbon and standart product were 12%, 4%,and 14%., respectively Key words : Activated carbon, pyrolysis, Muchalal furnace
GROWTH RATE DISPERSION (GRD) OF THE (010) FACE OF BORAX CRYSTALS IN FLOWING SOLUTION
Authors: Suharso Suharso , Parkinson Gordon , Ogden Mark
Published: January 2019

The growth rates of borax crystals from aqueous solutions in the (010) direction at various flow rates were measured. The observed variations of the growth rate can be represented by a normal distribution.  It was found that there is no correlation between growth rate distribution and solution flow under these experimental conditions.   Keywords: Growth rate dispersion (GRD), borax, flow rate
SYNTHESIS NEW POTENTIAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT SODIUM SALT OF PENTAGAMAVUNON-0
Authors: Istyastono Enade Perdana , Siwi S.M.P Rr. Sri Untari , Utama Andreas Asdi , A.M Supardjan
Published: January 2019

Inflammation is the response of living tissues to injury. The process affects physiological changes such as erythema, edema, asthma and fever. Non-steroid Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) have been developed since they could inhibit inflammation process because of its ability to inhibit biosynthesis of prostaglandin, one of inflammation mediators, through inhibition of cyclooxigenase (COX) enzymes. Molecules, which have been reported having anti-inflammatory activity, for example, are curcumin, some curcumin derivatives and curcumin analogues. One of curcumin analogues that has been  developed is pentagamavunon-0 (PGV-0) whose IUPAC name is 2,5-bis(4'-hidroxy-3'-methoxy-benzylidene)cyclo-pentanone. But PGV-0, which is like curcumin, practically insoluble in water, so it causes problems in the development. The aim of this research is to synthesize a derivative of PGV-0, a natrium salt of PGV-0 (natrium pentagamavunonate-0/Na-pentagamavunonate-0), which is hoped to have a better anti-inflammatory activity and solubility in water than PGV-0. PGV-0 was synthesized by reacting vanillin and cyclopentanone catalized by acid. Na-pentagamavunonate-0 was synthesized with PGV-0 as a starting material using an appropriate method. This research was able to synthesize new compound that was estimated as a natrium salt of PGV-0 (natrium pentagamavunonate-0/Na-pentagamavunonate-0).   Keywords: Curcumin, PGV-0, Na-pentagamavunonate-0, anti-inflammation
A TRITERPENOID SAPONIN FROM SEEDS OF KOLOWE (Chydenanthus excelsus)
Authors: Rijai Laode , Sutardjo Supriyatna , Bahti Husein Hernandi , Supratman Unang , Rumampuk Rymond J. , Taylor W.C.
Published: January 2019

A triterpenoid saponin have been isolated from n-butanol fraction of the seeds of kolowe (Chydenanthus excelsus). The structure was determined as 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→3)-β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→3)- β - D-glucuronopyranosyloxy]- 22α -O-(2-methylbutiroyloxyolean-12-en-15α,16α,28-tri-hydroxy. Structure elucidation was accomplished by NMR (HMBC, HMQC/HSQC, ROE, ROESY, TOCSY) methods, ESIMS, and IR spectroscopic.   Keywords: Chydenanthus excelsus, Lecythidaceae, Triterpenoid saponin
CYTOTOXICITY IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUPERNATANT OF Manihot esculenta Crantz RHIZOME AS RIBOSOME-INACTIVATING PROTEIN TO NORMAL CELL
Authors: Astuti Endang , Matsjeh Sabirin , Haryadi Winarto , Pranowo Deni , Mulatsih Nuning Sri
Published: January 2019

The supernatant of Manihot esculenta Crantz rhizome has been used as an alternative remedy of infectious and cancer in Jogjakarta. Cytotoxicity assay showed that  Manihot esculenta Crantz supernatant had cytotoxic effect to cancer cell line, namely Myeloma (LC50 = 180,24 μg/mL) and HeLa (LC50 = 415,55 μg/mL), but have a little cytotoxic effect to SiHa. This research was aimed to identify cytotoxic activity of Manihot esculenta Crantz's supernatant to normal cell, particularly to human mononuclear cell and Vero cell line, and to compare to the cancer cell lines. The result showed that supernatant of M. esculenta had cytotoxic effect to normal mononuclear cell (LC50 = 564,00 μg/mL) and Vero cell line (LC50 = 686,00 μg/mL). The supernatant of M. esculenta had the highest cytotoxic activity to myeloma and relatively toxic to cervix cancer HeLa and normal cell, but less to SiHa.   Keywords: Manihot esculenta Crantz, Ribosome-inactivating Protein (RIP), cytotoxic, normal cell, cancer cell
STUDY OF EPOXIDE DECYCLISATION OF CARYOPHYLENE OXIDE WITH SYNTHETIC ZEOLITE AS CATALYSTS
Authors: Haryadi Winarto , Muchalal M.
Published: January 2019

The reaction of epoxide ring opening of caryophillene oxide has been done using zeolite H-Y, H-sodalit, and H-ZSM-5 as catalysts. The reactions were done in two types, there were in dioxane solvent at temperature of 110 oC and without solvent at temperature of 175 oC. The catalyst weight was 10 % from caryophillene oxide weight, and the time of reaction was four hours. The product of reaction was analyzed using GC, FTIR, and GC-MS. The reactions of caryophillene oxide in dioxane solvent with the three kinds of zeolites did not give any targeted product. Whereas, the reactions without solvent gave three main products, there was one compound with one group of secondary hidroxyl (secondary alcohol), and two compounds of ketone from caryophillene. The reaction product of caryophillene oxide obtained without using solvent with the three type of catalysts were then compared. Conversion of three main products produced by H-ZSM-5 catalyst, H-sodalit catalyst and H-Y catalyst were 82.11 %, 54.92 % and 38.53 % respectively. For that reason, the transformation of caryophillene oxide using H-ZSM-5 catalyst was considered to be the best selective product. The alcohol product was resulted from reaction between caryophillene oxide and Bronsted acid, and  the ketone products was resulted from the reaction with Lewis acid in zeolite.   Keywords: Epoxide ring opening, HY, H-sodalit and HZSM-5
QUANTITATIVE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE - ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS ANALYSIS ANTIMUTAGENIC BENZALACETONE DERIVATIVES BY PRINCIPAL COMPONENT REGRESSION APPROACH
Authors: Yuliana Yuliana , Pranowo Harno Dwi , Jumina Jumina , Tahir Iqmal
Published: January 2019

Quantitative Electronic Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) analysis of a series of benzalacetones has been investigated based on semi empirical PM3 calculation data using Principal Components Regression (PCR). Investigation has been done based on antimutagen activity from benzalacetone compounds (presented by log 1/IC50) and was studied as linear correlation with latent variables (Tx) resulted from transformation of atomic net charges using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). QSAR equation was determinated based on distribution of selected components and then was analysed with PCR. The result was described by the following QSAR equation : log 1/IC50 = 6.555 + (2.177).T1 + (2.284).T2 + (1.933).T3 The equation was significant on the 95% level with statistical parameters : n = 28 r = 0.766  SE  = 0.245  Fcalculation/Ftable = 3.780 and gave the PRESS result 0.002. It means that there were only a relatively few deviations between the experimental and theoretical data of antimutagenic activity.          New types of benzalacetone derivative compounds were designed  and their theoretical activity were predicted based on the best QSAR equation. It was found that compounds number 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 44, 47, 48, 49 and 50  have  a relatively high antimutagenic activity.   Keywords: QSAR; antimutagenic activity; benzalaceton; atomic net charge
THE INFLUENCE OF Si/Al MOLE RATIO OF PRECURSOR SOLUTION ON THE STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF MCM-41 FROM FLY ASH
Authors: Sutarno Sutarno , Arryanto Yateman , Wigati Stefani
Published: January 2019

The synthesis of MCM-41 from fly ash was done hydrothermally at 100°C for 72 hours using supernatant of fly ash solution, sodium silicate, tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) and cetyltrimethyl-ammonium hydroxide (CTMAOH) surfactants. The effect of Si/Al mole ratio of precursor solution on the structural properties of MCM-41 was studied by variation of the volume composition of supernatant and sodium silicate. The surfactant was removed by calcination at 550°C for 5 hours with heating rate 2°C/minute. The as-synthesized products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption methods. The XRD pattern proved that the samples were MCM-41 and the higher the Si/Al mole ratio of precursor solution resulted MCM-41 with higher crystallinity. Calcination was able to remove the CTMAOH surfactant. It was identified by the disappearance of the peak at 3000-2850 cm-1, which is characteristic for CTMAOH. The XRD pattern of calcined MCM-41 showed the decrease of dspacing  and the increase of crystallinity. MCM-41 synthesized with Si/Al mole ratio of precursor solution=44.5 showed the highest crystallinity and has specific surface area=694.5 m2/g, average pore diameter=35Å and pore wall thickness=13.6Å.   Keywords: fly ash, Si/Al mole ratio, MCM-41, crystallinity
QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND MELTING POINT OF SEVERAL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Authors: Tahir Iqmal , Wijaya Karna , Yahya M Utoro , Yapin Muzakky
Published: January 2019

Quantitative  Structure - Property  Relationships (QSPR) analysis of the Melting Point (m.p) of 349 organic compounds using molecular descriptors based on linear regression have been done. The experiment m.p. values were collected from the CRC Hand Book of Chemistry and Physic 81th [1]. Molecular description of each compound was described in the form of the number of atoms and number of chemical bonding. This study was made in the form of normal melting point (in Kelvin unit) as the linear function of all molecular descriptor. The best equation model was determined by regression multilinear analysis and the result showed that the melting point is linearly correlated  with:   n(Csek alf), n(Cter alf), n(Csek sik), n(Cter sik), n(Csek arm), n(Cter arm), n(O), n(N), n(F), n(Cl), n(C-C sik), n(C=C arm), n(C1=C2), n(C2=C3), n(C-O), n(C-Br), n(C-I), n(N-H), n(Z), n(ortho), n(meta), n(para), (BM), n(C-H)2, n(H x BM) and n(Cprim x BM). The QSPR equation is significant at 95 % level and has statistical parameters: n = 349, r = 0.943, SD = 24.336 and Fexp = 99.326,  respectively.   Keywords: QSPR, melting point
OPTIMATION OF TIME AND CATALYST/FEED RATIO IN CATALYTIC CRACKING OF WASTE PLASTICS FRACTION TO GASOLINE FRACTION USING Cr/NATURAL ZEOLITE CATALYST
Authors: Trisunaryanti Wega
Published: January 2019

Optimation of time and catalyst/feed ratio in catalytic cracking of waste plastics fraction to gasoline fraction using Cr/Natural Zeolite catalyst has been studied.The natural zeolite was calcined by using nitrogen gas at 500 oC for 5 hours. The chromium supported on to the zeolite was prepared by ion exchange methode with Cr(NO3)3.9H2O solution with chromium/zeolite concentration of 1% (w/w). The zeolite samples were then calcined  with nitrogen gas at 500 oC for 2 hours, oxidyzed with oxygen gas and reduced with hydrogen at 400 oC for 2 hours. The characterization of the zeolite catalyst by means of Si/Al ratio by UV-Vis spectroscopy, acidity with pyridine vapour adsorption and Na, Ca and Cr contents by atomic adsorption spectroscopy (AAS). The catalyst activity test was carried out in the cracking process of waste plastics fraction with boiling point range of 150 - 250 °C (consisted of C12 - C16 hydrocarbons) at 450 oC for 30 min, 60 min and 90 min, and catalyst/feed ratio 1/1, 1/2, 1/3, ¼ (w/w). The result of catalyst activity test  showed  that  the maximum number  conversion of gasoline fraction (C5-C11) is 53,27% with relatively low coke formation using 1/3 catalyst/feed ratio and the cracking time of 60 min.. This  catalyst has  Si/Al ratio = 1,21 (w/w) , acidity = 0,16 mmol/g and Na content = 0,81%, Ca content = 0,15% and Cr content 0,24%.   Keywords: zeolite, catalytic cracking, gasoline, chromium.
KINETICS OF THE ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE (AchE) INHIBITION
Authors: Yanuar Hendry
Published: January 2019

Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) is an enzyme, which work on acetylcholine hydrolysis. Some insecticides can inhibit the activities of this enzyme. The purpose of this research was determined the kinetics of the AchE inhibition over the organophosphate and carbamat inhibitors with the methylindoxylacetate (MIA) as a substrate. The AchE extract was obtained from the local honeybee head (100 heads on the 5 mL of phosphate buffer 0.05 M). Based on the preliminary analysis, the volume of the enzyme extract for the reaction rate was 100 mL on 1-5 mL of the substrate. Monocrothopos, Carbophenathion, Baycarb and MIPC were used as inhibitors which the concentration were 0.0018, 0.0030, and 0.0042 mg/mL respectively. The reaction rate were measured by Fluorescence HPLC Monitor (Shimadzu RF 535) at 540 nm, and some computational program were used on data analysis. The result of this research showed that the maximum rate of MIA hydrolysis by AchE  without the presence of inhibitor was 5.16 mL/s and the hydrolysis constant (Km) was 3.49, and the inhibitors did not influence the maximum rate of substrate hydrolysis. It was finally concluded that the kinetics of AchE inhibition on MIA hydrolysis over the organophosphate and carbamat inhibitors was the competitive inhibition. Keyword: acetylcholinesterase, inhibition, organophosphate, carbamat
Spectrophotometric Determination of the CuSO4 Soret Coefficient of a CuSO4-H2O Binary Solutions System
Authors: Rohman Ijang , Sasmita Djaka , Falah Iip Izul
Published: January 2019

A spectrophotometric technique for the determination of the CuSO4 soret coefficient of a CuSO4-water binary solutions system is described. A short column of solutions is placed between horizontal metal plates that are held at different temperatures. The subsequent changes in composition due to thermal diffusion are followed by monitoring changes of transmittance near the end of the solutions column. In water, CuSO4 diffuses to the warm compartment of column. The soret coefficient of CuSO4 0.0254 molal in water agrees with the appropriate theory, i.e. 17.60x10-3 °C-1 on the average.
Study on the Interference of Iron, Aluminium and Silicon on the Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Mangan in Laterite Mineral
Authors: Saputro Sulistyo , Hadipranoto Ngatidjo , Kuncaka Agus
Published: January 2019

Interference of iron, aluminum and silicon on the determination of mangan in laterite mineral by atomic absorption spectrometry has been investigated. Dissolution of laterite mineral into solution have been carried out by wet method destruction using combination of 7 mL of aquaregia, 7.5 mL of concentrated perchloric acid and 9 mL of fluoride acid 48% In sealed teflon flask heated at temperature of about 110 °C for 3 hours to determine the content of Mn element in laterite mineral directly. Interference of these three metals were carried out by evaluating the differences of Mn absorbance at wavelength 279.50 nm and slit width 0.2 nm between the solutions containing mangan only and those containing the some amount of mangan together with the interfering elements at those concentration range in laterite mineral. The result showed that both iron at concentration of 100 ppm until 500 ppm and aluminum at concentration at 3 ppm until 15 ppm caused significant and non-linear interference on the determination of Mn 2 ppm. Interference of iron was effectively eliminated by releasing action of aluminum. The signal depression reductional decrease due to 234 ppm of silicon on the determination of Mn 2 ppm can be eliminated by adding 2.30 mL of CaCl2 0.2% (m/v) into these solution. The content of Mn in the laterite mineral after and before adding of CaCl2 into solution were 2407.04 ± 59.26 μg g-1 and 2311.76 ± 23.61 μg g-1, respectively. This result was significantly different at confidence level 95% as shown by the value of tcalculated=4.91 that was higher than ttable=4.30.
Major Ions for Tracing Leachate Migration within Shallow Groundwater in the Vicinity of Municipal Landfill in Bantar Gebang - Bekasi
Authors: Pujiindiyati Evarista Ristin , Satrio Satrio , Prasetio Rasi
Published: January 2019

Bantar Gebang landfill located in Bekasi regency is a biggest sanitary landfill in Indonesia which comes up some refusals from local people because of its bad impact on their environment. Major ion contents in leachate and fresh groundwater were investigated during the rainy and dry season to determine contamination by leachate released from Bantar Gebang and Sumur Batu landfill. Leachate contained high concentrations of all major ions that was mainly characterized as a NaKHCO3 water type. On the other hand, most fresh groundwater samples were predominated by CaMgHCO3 and CaMgCl water type. Concentrations of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, SO42-, Cl-, HCO3- and NO3- in leachate were to be in a maximum factor of 2110; 7; 6; 143; 20; 112; 349 and 20, respectively than its contents in groundwater. Leachate from Bantar Gebang was detected have a higher concentration than those contained in Sumur Batu that was probably due to its mature leachate. An estimated mixture of leachate to fresh water in monitoring wells (5 m and 15 m depth) was in the range of 20 to 34%, related to Na+ and Cl- signatures, while the shallow groundwater located in residents in the vicinity of these landfills exhibited maximum leachate about 2%.
Bioconversion of Glycerol to Biosurfactant by Halophilic Bacteria Halomonas elongata BK-AG18
Authors: Alvionita Mieke , Hertadi Rukman
Published: January 2019

The increasing production of biodiesel is typically followed by the increasing number of glycerol as co-product. The abundance of glycerol will cause an environmental problem since it can be used as the carbon source for bacterial growth including pathogenic bacteria. In this study, four moderate halophilic bacteria indigenous from Bledug Kuwu Mud Crater, Central Java, Indonesia were screened based on their capability to bioconvert glycerol to biosurfactant. This study found Halomonas elongata BK-AG18 as the potential bacterium that able to perform such bioconversion. The optimum condition for the bioconversion of glycerol into biosurfactant was attained when the bacterial inoculum was grown in the medium containing 2% (v/v) glycerol, 0.3% (w/v) urea, and 5% (w/v) NaCl at 35 °C and pH 6. The resulted biosurfactant has emulsification index (EI24) about 53.6% and CMC about 275 mg/L. Preliminary structural analysis using FTIR and 1H-NMR indicated that biosurfactant produced by H. elongata BK-AG18 was likely a glycolipid type. The biosurfactants have antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 433 mg/L. Our study thus showed that H. elongata BK-AG18 was the potential halophilic bacteria that can bioconvert glycerol into glycolipid type of biosurfactant with antibacterial activity.
The Chemometrics Techniques in Combination with Instrumental Analytical Methods Applied in Halal Authentication Analysis
Authors: Rohman Abdul , Putri Anggita Rosiana
Published: January 2019

Halal food is taken into account as any food permitted to be consumed by Muslim according to Syariah law. Due to the development of science and technology in which some new food components such as food additives have been synthesized and produced, some industries used non-halal components such as pig derivatives in food products to reduce the production cost. Non-halal components added in food products are difficult to detect visually due to the close similarity between non-halal ingredients and components present in food. As a consequence, some scientists developed and proposed some instrumental techniques like spectroscopy, chromatography and molecular biology-based methods for identification of non-halal components. Food matrix is very complex to be analyzed. Therefore, the signals obtained during chemical and biological analyses are very complex which are difficult to interpret. Fortunately, a statistical technique called with chemometrics can be used an alternative method to handle the complex data met during analysis of non-halal components. Chemometrics has been widely used in many aspects of analysis in many types of the sector. In this review, some chemometrics techniques used to treat responses obtained from instrumental measurements intended for analysis of non-halal components in food matrix were highlighted.
The Pattern of Heavy Metals Distribution in Time Chronosequence of Ex-Tin Mining Ponds in Bangka Regency, Indonesia
Authors: Kurniawan Andri , Oedjijono Oedjijono , Tamad Tamad , Sulaeman Uyi
Published: January 2019

The heavy metals distribution of ex-tin mining ponds were investigated. The time chronosequence was determined at the pond of age < 1 year (Station A), the pond of age 5–10 years (Station B), and the pond of age > 15 years (Station C). The results showed sixteen heavy metals of As, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ga, Hf, Sn, Ta, Te, Th, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, and V could be detected in the ponds. The metals such as As, Co, Cu, Ga, Mn, Ni, Pb, Th, and Zn in Station C showed higher concentration compared to the Station A and Station B. The metals such as Cr, Fe, Hf, Sn, Ta, Te, and V in Station A and Station B showed higher concentration compared to the Station C. The positive, negative, and dynamic correlation pattern could be found in distribution of heavy metal to time chronosequence. The concentration of Ta and V showed a positive correlation because their concentration decrease, whereas concentration of As, Cu, Ga, Mn, and Zn showed a negative correlation because their concentration increase along in time chronosequence. The dynamic correlation could be found that concentration of Co, Ni, Pb, Sn, and Th decrease from Station A to Station B and then increase in Station C, whereas concentration of Cr, Fe, Hf, and Te increase from Station A to Station B and then decrease in Station C.
Optimization of Production Process of Nano-Calcium Oxide from Pinctada maxima Shell by Using Taguchi Method
Authors: Wahyuningsih Kendri , Jumeri Jumeri , Wagiman Wagiman
Published: January 2019

West Nusa Tenggara is a center of sea oyster farming for Pinctada maxima in Indonesia. The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) compounds in the shell are one of the decomposed natural minerals to produce calcium oxide (CaO) compound which is able to be used as an alternative heterogeneous catalyst in nanometer scale. This research aims to discover the control factors which influence the production process of nanometer-scaled CaO heterogeneous catalyst and choose the best condition in its production process with a better-quality product. Calcined pearl shell (P. maxima) powder is milled by using Shaker mill. The experimental design is performed by using Taguchi method with an orthogonal matrix consisting of 4 control factor variables, i.e. milling time, ball-to-powder weight ratio, the diameter of milling beads and extent of milling the vial. The selection of best control factor variable combination is computed by using multiresponse loss function. ANOVA analysis shows that the product quality parameter of nano-calcium oxide is influenced by all experiment factors. Multi-response loss function analysis results an optimum factor and level combination under process condition happens during the duration of 3 h milling, the ball-to-powder weight ratio is 1:10, the diameter of milling beads is 5 mm and 55% extent of filling the vial.
WHY PEOPLE MOVE: A PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF URBAN MIGRATION
Authors: Faturochman Faturochman
Published: January 2019

Adanya arus masuk penduduk dari desa ke kou temyata tidak hanya sebagai dampak dari daya tarik kota saja, akan tetapi ada faktor- faktor internal atau karakteristik-karakteristik individu lainnya yang mempengaruhinya. Beberapa faktor tersebut mendasari keputusan seseorang untuk melakukan migrasi. Tulisan ini mengupas tentang migrasi dari sudut pandang psikologi. Sisi pertama adalah membahas tentang karakteristik-karakteristik individu yang secara potensial mempengaruhi penduduk untuk melakukan migrasi. Sisi kedua adalah proses psikologis yang disebabkan oleh kondisi sosial ekonomi sehingga menekan seseorang berkeputusan untuk melakukan migrasi.
SIAPA YANG MENGAMBIL MANFAAT DARI PELAYANAN KIA DI INDONESIA TIMUR? ANALISIS DATA SDH 1991*
Authors: Hasanbasri Mubasyir
Published: January 2019

Maternaland Child Health (MCH) program has been an important national policy measure to prevent child death and to promote child health. In consideration of government restricted budget, the size of and spreadity of Indonesian population, government has provided at least one health center for every subdistrict and has promoted community participation through community based health post to reach the out reach population. This study seeks to explore community's utilization of this program and assesses whether the program has reached the priotity target groups such as the children with uneducated mothers and lower economic status. The 1991 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey data is used and sampel of 860 children of 12-23 month old from eastern Indonesiaisthe focus of analysis. Logistic regression is used as multivariate analysis. The resultshows that the MCH program seems to have solved accessibility problem of economic constraint, however, contrary to the high priority groups being targeted, lower educated mothers use less services than those of more educated. This may be associated with lack of appropriate local conceptual framework in understanding preventive health behaviour among uneducated mothers and less progressive efforts in enforcing the need for social participation from the uneducated mothers.
KASUS KELAHIRAN YANG TIDAK DIINGINKAN DI DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA ANALISIS DATA SDKI 1991
Authors: Soetjipto Helly Prajitno , Sukamdi Sukamdi
Published: January 2019

This study is intended to pursue the previous attempts in examining the relationship between low fertility regime and the case of births which had been delivered unintendedly in Yogyakarta. Using an unweighted sample of 575 married women in the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey 1991, this study found that 75 cases out of 474 last birth children were bom unintendedly (beyond the range of ideal number of children). Most of the 75 cases were bom by women who have 2 or 3 ideal number of children and by a devoted Family Planning acceptors. Most of the women have limited accesses in education and economic activities. The case of unwantednes were found predominantly among women older than 25 years. Even though only a tentative findings, this study shed some light to the fact that Family Planning program to some extent may contribute to the rate of unwantedness. Apolicy is needed especially in reducing the risk of unwantedness among the low-income women.
GLOBALIZATION AND URBAN CHANGE
Authors: Korff Rudiger
Published: January 2019

Kota-kota besar memiliki peranan yang cukup penting di dalam proses perubahan, terutama yang berhubungandengan global isasi sekarang ini. Namun demikian, tidak berarti bahwa setiap orang memiliki kebudayaan yang sama di dalam proses ini, dan perbedaan-pcrbedaan yang muncul justru merupakan sisi yang lain dari globalisasi. Kenyataan ini disebabkan oleb proses nasionalisasi yang terjadi mengiringi globalisasi. Kalaulah globalisasi dianggap sebagai integrasi ke dalam suatu sistem dunia, maka di masa-masa kolonial pun banyak negara berkembang terintegrasi ke dalam suatu sistem administratif dan eksploitatif.Tulisan ini juga menolak penjelasan tentang era posmodemisme sekarang ini, dengan bcrpendapat bahwa modernitas dan rasionalitas belum sampai ke titik akhir dan pola hidup yang ada sekarang masih lebih bersifat modern.
DETERMINANTS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF UNMARRIED COHABITATION AND ITS IMPACTS ON MARRIAGE: WESTERN EXPERIENCES
Authors: Faturochman Faturochman
Published: January 2019

Hidup bersama tanpa nikah merupakan fenomena yang tidak asing di Barat. Ada beberapa aspek menarik yang dapat dipelajari dari fenomena itu. Hasil-hasil penelitian menunjukkan latar belakang, karakteristikdan pola hubungan sosial yang spesifik pada individu yang memilih hidup bersama tanpa nikah. Hal lain yang menarik dari fenomena itu adalah efeknya terhadap perkawinan. Anggapan bahwa melakukan kumpul kebo sebelum nikah akan menurunkan risiko terjadinya perceraian, ternyata tidak terbukti. Tidak terbuktinya hipotesis bahwa kumpul kebo merupakan persiapan pernikahan memunculkan anggapan bahwa pola hubungan itu sebagai alternatif pernikahan atau upaya untuk tidak terikat. Ketiga anggapan itupun belum jelas terbukti dalam tulisan ini. Sementara itu ada anggapan yang kuat bahwa hakekat pernikahan tidak berubah dengan makin banyaknya pasangan yang memilih hidup tanpa nikah
"HUMAN CAPITAL" AND REGIONAL DIFFERENCES INDEVELOPMENT: HIGH SCHOOL ENROLLMENT ON JAVA AND BALI
Authors: Mouw Ted
Published: January 2019

Dari analisis data Susenas 1993 ditemukan bahwa angka partisipasi sekolah di Jawa dan Bali untuk penduduk usia 16-18 tahun adalah sekitar 40 persen, namun variasinya cukup berarti bila memperhatikan perbedaaan antarpropinsi dan perbedaan desa-kota. Dengan asumsi bahwa biaya sekolah lanjutan tidak murah, penulis berhipotesis bahwa latar belakang sosial ekonomi dan variasi antar daerah, terutama school availability, adalah variabel-variabel yang dapat menjelaskan tingkat partisipasisekolah tersebut. Guna membuktikannyadan mendapatkan model yang memadai,penulis menggunakan probit model sebagai teknik analisis. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa variabel desa-kota memiliki peranan yang paling berarti, sementara status sosial ekonomi secara keseluruhan juga tidak bisa diabaikan. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut saran yang diajukan antara lain adalah perlunya perhatian terhadap masalah variasi antar wilayah dalam halpembangunan di bidang pendidikan.
MASALAH UPAH DI JAWA: DARI SRIHARJO TAHUN 1960-AN KE TANGERANG TAHUN 1990-AN*
Authors: Manning Chris
Published: January 2019

The results of the PJPI reject the findings of earlier researches about the concept of disguised unemployment. In the context of the carrying capacity of the natural resources of a place compared with the existing population, its relationship with poverty is no longer very strong. Srihardjo is one of the villages in the island of Java which disagrees with this concept, where by the limited supply of the agricultural land can perfectly be substituted with the labor market in the industrial sector. However, the impact of the economic structural transformation at this time has got a balance on the wage dimension in the non-agricultural sector, particularly among the industrial workers, and the workers in the informal sector. This issue has the inevitable consequence of the exploitative tendency of the employers or entrepreneurs, and lack of support for the labor unions, which places them in a weak bargaining position in efforts to have their wages raised. Chris Manning in his paper shows the impact of the economic structural transformation on the production of workers, and their level from the agricultural sector (Srihardjo) to an industrial sector (Tangerang).
STRATEGI KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP RUMAH TANGGA MISKIN DI PEDESAAN
Authors: Muntiyah Muntiyah , Sukamdi Sukamdi
Published: January 2019

There are evidences that development in the last three decades has succeeded to lower the number of people living under poverty line. However, along with the economic recession this success may not continue, even it may be worsened. This study aims to understand survival strategies of the poor people in rural areas. There are at least four strategies done by the poor people. First of all, the poor people work longer to increase their income. Secondly, because of limited employment opportunity in rural areas, they commute to the city to involve in nonfarm activities. In addition, the poor people try to maximize the utilization of household member to get additional money for the householdor to lower expenditure. The last strategy is to find additional jobs as the mean to increase their income. Insome extends, there are stilla lot of poor people who can not afford all strategies mentioned above, since they have limited access for increasing their income.
IS INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION A WAY OUT OF ECONOMIC CRISIS?
Authors: Setiadi Setiadi , Sukamdi Sukamdi
Published: January 2019

Bagi pemerintah Indonesia, terkait dengan permasalahan ketenagakerjaan, terdapat dua permasalahan yang seakan tiada akhir yakni tingginya angka pengangguran dan rendahnya upah pekerja. Kondisi ini semakin parah sejak badai krisis ekonomi melanda Indonesia sejak tahun 1997 yang mengakibatkan menurunnya kemampuan sebagian besar anggota masyarakat untuk membiayai hidupnya. Hal ini disebabkan oleh menurunnya pendapatan riil dan meningkatnya harga berbagai kebutuhan sehari-hari. Dalam lingkup regional, kondisi krisis ekonomi yang dialami Indonesia semakin mendorong negara ini berada pada tingkat terendah perkembangan ekonomi dibandingkan dengan negara-negara di kawasan tersebut. Lambatnya proses economic recovery menyebabkan semakin langkanya kesempatan kerja di dalam negeri dan akhirnya mendorong peningkatan arus migrasi internasional tenaga kerja Indonesia ke negaranegara di kawasan Asia dan Asia Tenggara utamanya Malaysia, Singapura dan Taiwan. Dengan demikian, bagi para migran, melakukan migrasi merupakan suatu bagian dari strategi untuk kelangsungan hidup ketika pilihan-pilihan yang lain sangat terbatas.
PRIVATISASI SISTEM PELAYANAN KESEHATAN DAN IMPUKASINYA BAGI PERUMUSAN AGENDA PENELITIAN DAN KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK
Authors: Nasikun Nasikun
Published: January 2019

In the face of the increasing potential of negative first generation impactsof medical industrialization and the privatization of health services in anera of globalization (i.e., increased incidence of infectious deseases andmalnutrition among the poorest poor of Indonesian population), the authorof this article proposes the imperative of finding a middle-way policy solutionto integrate the public and private systems of health services to guaranteethe provision of high quality services and the availability of accessible healthservices for the poor. After presenting a short discussion of the weaknesses ofthe public health system, he discusses the issue of medical industrializationand the privatization of health service institutions, and ends up with thepresentation of five possible alternative of health service systems at thePUSKESMAS level.
KENDALA DAN PROSPER DEMOKRATISASI DESA PADA ERA OTONOMI DAERAH
Authors: Latief M. Syahbudin
Published: January 2019

Village democratization has emerged in Indonesia in line with the implementation of regional autonomy policy. In fact, village democratization facing some constraints. One of the serious problems is the blank of political education or civic education as an impact of floating mass policy in rural area, during the New Order era. Besides that, the state apparatus seem not too serious to encourage village democratization, from the beginning the policy has been declared. The socialization process in rural area is very weak. At the implementation stages, formulation of the regional regulation are very rigid. It seems that the state apparatus feel more comprehend about the custom and interest of village people, than the villagers themselves. In this case, the state apparatus seems too arrogant. Basically, the prospect of village democratization is in the village people hand. The support and encouragement from the pro-democratic society, id est intellectuals, academicians, researchers, journalists, NGOs activist, mass organizations, executive and legislative can however, accelerate the practice of village democratization.
TSUNAMI, MIGRASI TERPAKSA, DAN RENCANA PENGUNGSI DI ACEH BARAT DAN NAGAN RAYA
Authors: Rofi Abdur
Published: January 2019

Research of the forced migration and Internal Displaced Persons (IDPs) intentions after the tsunami disaster in Aceh Barat andNagan Raya districts of NAD is focusing on some questions regarding the migration patterns and IDP households plans related to their home stay and occupation plans in next three months. This research used cluster sample survey with probability proportional to size (PPS) and the figures and locations for IDPs whith provided by the TNI (Indonesian National Army) as January of23,2005 as a sample frame. Research found that IDPs tend to stay in the near area to their original place.
PERUBAHAN KESEMPATAN KERJA PEREMPUAN DI JAWA - BALI 1980 - 2003
Authors: Tukiran Tukiran
Published: January 2019

When Total Fertility Rate is getting lower, some even reach below the replacement level, the opportunity for women to enter the labor market is getting bigger. They are well educated so it is natural that labor participation rate is increasing too. But on the contrary, the employment opportunities is limited and caused a part of them to become an open unemployment and underemployment. Por those who already work, most of them work in non- agricultural sectors as half skilled manpower in other sectors. por the last 25 years, there has been a change in labor market for women, but there is still a wage gap between men and women for the same job.
PEMANFAATAN DEVISA PEKERJA MIGRAN INTERNASIONAL DI NUSA TENGGARA BARAT
Authors: Tajuddin Lalu , Tukiran Tukiran
Published: January 2019

West Nusa Tenggara is wellknown as the sending place for international migrant workers, especially to Saudi Arabian and Malaysia. The foreign exchanged they produced is big enough, almost Rp1,6 millions per day. Unfortunately, the local government did not receive anything from that amount, except for many complicated problems occurs by the international migrant workers. Many brokers or fund supported agents had benefit from the workers by preparing their administration paper for the departure. These people also put higher interest on the loan made by the workers and they have a lot of money considered that each year the amount of international migrant workers have increased. On the other side, the local government still resistant in showing goodwill to become the fund supported agent which can protect the workers from loan with higher interest.
MEMAHAMI MIGRASI PEKERJA INDONESIA KE LUAR NEGERI
Authors: Sukamdi Sukamdi
Published: January 2019

There are evidence of growing Indonesian labour migration flows overseas. This involves at least two other important issues. The first one is the increase of undocumented (illegal) international migration from Indonesia, mostly to neighboring countries. Second, feminization of labour migration is also expected to grow to responses consequences on both macro and micro level. Many of them have been well addressed in research, but still left some important issues, such as trafficking and children left behind. Several researches have been conducted in there two subjects, but still limited. In fact they are very important in developing a more sound policies to alleviate the negative impact of international labour migration.
KERENTAAN PENDUDUK USIA LANJUT Dl JAWA-BALI
Authors: Tukiran Tukiran
Published: January 2019

Most elderly have lower education level, they work in agriculture sector with lower income so it is natural if they are categorized as vulnerable in meeting their basic needs. They are willing to work anything, they depend on the fund giving by their children and children in laws as long as they have income. This depency is higher on elderly women than men. When they get sick, they only go to puskesmas or pustu to find the cure. They spend most of their time watching television even most of the programs are not suitable to their needs. The government has done many programs in helping there vulnerable citizens, but still these elderly have not catch their attention yet.
Harapan Orang Tua terhadap Pendidikan dan Pekerjaan Anak: Kajian “Masyarakat Miskin“ di Kabupaten Lombok Barat
Authors: Soewartoyo Soewartoyo
Published: January 2019

The goal of national education programs in Indonesia is education for all. Itmeans that education should be available for all level of communities. To achieve that goal, the government established a a.policy of 20 percent for education budget in APBN, but some regions have not yet realised this policy. The question is how poor people responded to the policy. The paper will describe how poor people made the approachment for their child education since education is related to the occupation they will have after finishing school. Data is based on the study of PPKLIPI in Lombok Barat Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. The result shows that poor people have a high expectation towards education, but yet the education can not guarantee the occupation one will have in the future.Tujuan program pendidikan nasional di Indonesia adalah pendidikan untuk semua. Ini artinya pendidikan seharusnya ditujukan untuk semua lapisan masyarakat. Untuk mencapai tujuan ini, pemerintah menetapkan anggaran 20 persen pada APBN untuk bidang pendidikan, tetapi di beberapa wilayah hal ini belum terealisasi. Pertanyaannya adalah bagaimana respons masyarakat lapisan bawah terhadap kebijakan itu. Tulisan ini menggambarkan bagaimana pendekatan penduduk miskin di perdesaan terhadap pendidikan anaknya karena menurut mereka, pendidikan berhubungan erat dengan lapangan pekerjaan yang akan didapatkan setelah lulus sekolah. Data diambil dari penelitian PPK-LIPI di Kabupaten Lombok Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Hasilnya adalah penduduk miskin mempunyai harapan yang tinggi terhadap pendidikan, tetapi pendidikan ternyata tidak menjamin pekerjaan yang akan didapatkan oleh anak-anaknya di masa depan.
Keberpihakan Kebijakan Anggaran Pemerintah Daerah terhadap Penduduk Miskin: Studi Kasus Anggaran Bidang Kesehatan di Kota Binjai
Authors: Harry Harry
Published: January 2019

Although the government of Binjai City has included health as its priority, the size of expenditure budget allocation for this sector did not show the same picture. The proportion of budget allocation on basic health service is smaller for the poor. The local autonomy policy had an impact in reserving budget to expense the programs in health office. This condition created an sectoral ego of health office which cut the operational expense of puskesmas in Binjai City. Although the operational fund from puskesmas was decreasing, the fact was the contribution of puskesmas to the local revenue of the government in Binjai City was increasing. These are things to be done by the government: 1) the improvement of budget policy formulation mechanism for the poor, 2) DPRD should force bigger allocation to the service on basic health, and 3) the implementation of rule regarding the share of puskesmas in basic health service with local incomeMeskipun Pemerintah Kota Binjai telah memasukkan kesehatan sebagai salah satu prioritasnya, besarnya alokasi anggaran untuk sektor ini tidak menunjukkan hal yang sama. Tampak bahwa proporsi anggaran sektor ini untuk penduduk miskin masih sangat kecil. Adanya kebijakan otonomi daerah menyebabkan pembagian anggaran dilimpahkan kepada Dinas Kesehatan. Namun kondisi ini justru menimbulkan ego sektoral pada Dinas Kesehatan yang memotong dana operasional puskesmas di Kota Binjai. Walaupun dana operasional puskesmas mengalami penurunan, pada kenyataannya kontribusi puskesmas terhadap pendapatan daerah di Kota Binjai meningkat. Berikut ada beberapa hal yang perlu dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Kota Binjai. 1) memperbaiki mekanisme formulasi kebijakan anggaran untuk penduduk miskin, 2) DPRD sebaiknya mendorong anggaran yang lebih besar dialokasikan pada pelayanan kesehatan dasar, dan 3) menerapkan peraturan terkait dengan kebijakan anggaran daerah terhadap puskesmas dalam pelayanan kesehatan dasar.
PENYALAHGUNAAN NARKOBA DI INDONESIA
Authors: Purwatiningsih Sri
Published: January 2019

Drugs abuse has become a crucial problem, since data have indicated that the case increases dramatically. In RSKO (Rehabilitation Hospital for Drugs Addict) the growth of patients in this rehabilitation have increased 400 percent from 1996 to 1999. The increasing of drugs abuse cases predicted to create 'a lost generation' since the most abuser is young generation. Besides, another health problem will follow especially in reproductive health problems. Recently Injecting Drugs Users (IDUs) have been popular practice and they usually exchange syringes and needles. This behavior is a risky factors to transmit the HIV/AIDS. As we know that the transmission of HIV/AIDS through IDU has become the second most after sexual intercourse.Efforts to overcome the problem regarding with drug abuses have not been effectively done. The Indonesian government still behaves in ambiguity to handle drugs abuse problems. To reduce the spread of the HIV/AIDS among IDUs, several institutions offer needle exchange and bleaching programs, in which the government has not been prefered to support them.
PERKOSAAN DAN MEKANISME KOLONIALISASI JENDER
Authors: Dzuhayatin Siti Ruhaini
Published: January 2019

Rape is not a new phenomenon in the human history, and is continuously regarded as a tragic social issue. Rape as the mechanism of domination and control has been exercised by great nations in the past. Rape perpetually furnishes the international agenda from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to the latest conference on Violence Against Women in Valencia, Spain on November, 24-26, 2000. The conference stipulates that rape is the violation against humanity which put women as the victims.The paper will focuse on how rape has been used as the means of domination and control of women, either individually and collectively. The paper will also explore theframeworks which illustrate rape as the means of domination which is parallel to colonialization. pinally, the paper will show the shifting paradigm from rape as 'man to man' issues to women rights issues. Women's struggle to affirm rape as human rights violation has made a significant progress by the establishment of The International Tribunal on mass rape as a crime against humanity.