bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Wide-Neck Aneurysms in the Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial
Authors: Mascitelli Justin R , Lawton Michael T , Hendricks Benjamin K , Nakaji Peter , Zabramski Joseph M , Spetzler Robert F
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND

Ruptured wide-neck aneurysms (WNAs) are difficult to treat and few publications have compared clipping to coiling.

OBJECTIVE

To determine, using Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial (BRAT) data: (1) How many aneurysms had a wide neck? (2) Did wide-neck status influence treatment? (3) How did clipping compare to coiling for WNAs?

METHODS

A post hoc analysis was conducted of saccular WNAs in the BRAT. A WNA was defined as maximum neck width ≥ 4 mm or maximum aneurysm dome-diameter–to–neck-width ratio < 2. Both intent-to-treat and as-treated analyses were performed.

RESULTS

Of the 327 patients analyzed, 177 (54.1%) had a WNA. WNAs were more likely to occur in older patients (P = .03) with worse presenting clinical grade (P = .02), were more likely to arise from the middle cerebral artery, basilar tip, or internal carotid artery other than the junction with the posterior communicating artery (P = .001) and were associated with worse clinical outcomes at all time points (P ≤ .01). WNAs were equally distributed in assigned treatment groups (clip 56.6% vs coil 51.8%; P = .38), but were overrepresented in the actual clipping group (clip 62.4% vs coil 37.6%, P < .001). Most patients (76.7%) in the coil-to-clip crossover group had a WNA. Comparing clipping to coiling, there was no difference in clinical outcomes at any time point in either analysis (P ≥ .33). The aneurysm obliteration rate was lower (P < .001) and the retreatment rate higher (P < .001) in the actual coiling group.

CONCLUSION

Wide-neck status significantly impacted treatment strategy in the BRAT, favoring clipping. Clipping and coiling of ruptured WNAs resulted in statistically similar long-term clinical outcomes.
Lessons Learned Over More than 500 Stroke Thrombectomies Using ADAPT With Increasing Aspiration Catheter Size
Authors: Alawieh Ali , Chatterjee A Rano , Vargas Jan , Chaudry M Imran , Lena Jonathan , Turner Raymond , Turk Aquilla , Spiotta Alejandro
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND

Endovascular thrombectomy is currently the standard of care for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Although earlier trials on endovascular thrombectomy were performed using stent retrievers, recently completed the contact aspiration vs stent retriever for successful revascularization (ASTER) and a comparison of direct aspiration versus stent retriever as a first approach (COMPASS) trials have shown the noninferiority of direct aspiration.

OBJECTIVE

To report the largest experience with ADAPT thrombectomy and compare the impact of advancement in reperfusion catheter technologies on outcomes.

METHODS

We reviewed a retrospective database of AIS patients who underwent ADAPT thrombectomy between January 2013 and November 2017 at the Medical University of South Carolina. Demographics and baseline characteristics, technical variables, and radiological and clinical outcomes were reviewed.

RESULTS

Among 510 patients (mean age: 67.7, 50.6% females), successful recanalization at first pass was achieved in 61.8%, and with aspiration only in 77.5%. Mean procedure time was 27.4 min, and the rate of good outcomes (mRS 0-2) at 90 d was 42.9%. The rate of recanalization with aspiration only was significantly higher, and procedure time was significantly lower in patients treated with larger catheters (ACE 064 and ACE 068) compared to smaller catheters (5 MAX and ACE, P < .05). There were no differences in complication rates or postoperative parenchymal hemorrhage across groups (P > .05); however, use of ACE 068 was an independent predictor of good outcomes at 90 d on multivariate regression analysis (odds ratio = 1.6, P < .05).

CONCLUSION

Refinement of ADAPT thrombectomy by incorporating reperfusion catheters with higher inner diameters and thus higher aspiration forces is associated with better outcomes, shorter procedure times, and lower likelihood of using additional devices without impacting complication rates.
Upfront Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Stereotactic Laser-Ablation in Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma: A Multicenter Review of Survival Outcomes Compared to a Matched Cohort of Biopsy-Only Patients
Authors: Mohammadi Alireza M , Sharma Mayur , Beaumont Thomas L , Juarez Kevin O , Kemeny Hanna , Dechant Cosette , Seas Andreas , Sarmey Nehaw , Lee Bryan S , Jia Xuefei , Fecci Peter E , Baehring Joachim , Moliterno Jennifer , Chiang Veronica L , Ahluwalia Manmeet S , Kim Albert H , Barnett Gene H , Leuthardt Eric C
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND

Laser ablation (LA) is used as an upfront treatment in patients with deep seated newly diagnosed Glioblastoma (nGBM).

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the outcomes of LA in patients with nGBM and compare them with a matched biopsy-only cohort.

METHODS

Twenty-four nGBM patients underwent upfront LA at Cleveland clinic, Washington University in St. Louis, and Yale University (6/2011-12/2014) followed by chemo/radiotherapy. Also, 24 out of 171 nGBM patients with biopsy followed by chemo/radiotherapy were matched based on age (< 70 vs ≥ 70), gender, tumor location (deep vs lobar), and volume (<11 cc vs ≥11 cc). Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and disease-specific PFS and OS were outcome measures. Three prognostic groups were identified based on extent of tumor ablation by thermal-damage-threshold (TDT)-lines.

RESULTS

The median tumor volume in LA (n = 24) and biopsy only (n = 24) groups was 9.3 cm3 and 8.2 cm3 respectively. Overall, median estimate of OS and PFS in LA cohort was 14.4 and 4.3 mo compared to 15.8 mo and 5.9 mo for biopsy only cohort. On multivariate analysis, favorable TDT-line prognostic groups were associated with lower incidence of disease specific death (P = .03) and progression (P = .05) compared to other groups including biopsy only cohort. Only age (<70 yr, P = .02) and tumor volume (<11 cc, P = .03) were favorable prognostic factors for OS.

CONCLUSION

The maximum tumor coverage by LA followed by radiation/chemotherapy is an effective treatment modality in patients with nGBM, compared to biopsy only cohort. The TDT-line prognostic groups were independent predictor of disease specific death and progression after LA.
Flow units as dynamic defects in metallic glassy materials
Authors: Wang Zheng , Wang Wei-Hua
Published: August 2018

In a crystalline material, structural defects such as dislocations or twins are well defined and largely determine the mechanical and other properties of the material. For metallic glass (MG) with unique properties in the absence of a long-range lattice, intensive efforts have focused on the search for similar ‘defects’. The primary objective has been the elucidation of the flow mechanism of MGs. However, their atomistic mechanism of mechanical deformation and atomic flow response to stress, temperature, and failure, have proven to be challenging. In this paper, we briefly review the state-of-the-art studies on the dynamic defects in metallic glasses from the perspective of flow units. The characteristics, activation and evolution processes of flow units as well as their correlation with mechanical properties, including plasticity, strength, fracture, and dynamic relaxation, are introduced. We show that flow units that are similar to structural defects such as dislocations are crucial in the optimization and design of metallic glassy materials via the thermal, mechanical and high-pressure tailoring of these units. In this report, the relevant issues and open questions with regard to the flow unit model are also introduced and discussed.
Possible New Symptoms of Tobacco Withdrawal II: Anhedonia—A Systematic Review
Authors: Hughes John R , Klemperer Elias M , Peasley-Miklus Catherine
Published: August 2018

Introduction

When animals undergo nicotine deprivation, rewards become less rewarding (ie, anhedonia occurs). We searched for tests of whether anhedonia occurs in abstinent smokers.

Methods

The major inclusion criterion was a within-participants comparison of behavioral measures of reward sensitivity or self-reported anhedonia during smoking versus during abstinence among daily smokers. A computerized search of PubMed, PsychInfo, and Cochrane databases and other methods located 13 studies. All but one were laboratory studies.

Results

The number of studies and participants were small and the results mixed. In terms of anticipatory anhedonia (ie, wanting a reward), abstinence appeared to decrease willingness to work for immediately available rewards, but did not appear to influence how much adding rewards to a task increased responding. Abstinence also appeared to produce small increases in self-reported anticipatory anhedonia. In terms of consummatory anhedonia (ie, liking a reward), self-report measures found anhedonia decreased pleasure from rewards in some but not all tests. In terms of learning (ie, learning to choose a more frequent reward), abstinence did not reliably decrease allocating responding to high versus low frequency reward options.

Conclusions

Although results were mixed, abstinence appears to increase anticipatory anhedonia. It is unclear if abstinence increases consummatory or reward learning-based anhedonia. Further studies of anhedonia in clinical settings are needed (1) to estimate the reliability and clinical significance of anhedonia as a symptom of tobacco withdrawal, (2) to assess if effects represent withdrawal versus offset processes, and (3) to assess if anhedonia interferes with the ability to stop smoking.

Implications

Anticipatory anhedonia appears to be a symptom of tobacco withdrawal and should be added to tobacco withdrawal checklists and diagnostic criteria. Further study of consummatory and learning-based anhedonia is warranted.
Object Lessons
Authors: Carter Sarah Anne
Published: August 2018

Object Lessons: How Nineteenth-Century Americans Learned to Make Sense of the Material World examines the ways material things—objects and pictures—were used to reason about moral issues, the differences between reality and representation, race, citizenship, and capitalism in the nineteenth-century United States. For modern scholars, an “object lesson” is simply a timeworn metaphor used to describe any sort of reasoning from concrete to abstract. But in the 1860s, object lessons were classroom exercises popular across the United States. Object lessons forced children to learn about the world through their senses instead of through texts and memorization, leading to new modes of classifying and comprehending material evidence drawn from the close study of objects, pictures, and even people. This book argues that object lessons taught Americans how to find information in things in the decades after the Civil War. More than that, this study offers the object lesson as a new tool with which contemporary scholars can interpret the meanings of nineteenth-century material, cultural, and intellectual life.
Constructive Ethical Pragmatism
Authors: Richardson Henry
Published: August 2018

This chapter motivates the book’s exploration of the moral community’s moral authority by setting out the attractions of an approach to moral theory that presupposes the existence of such authority—namely, constructive ethical pragmatism (CEP). Setting aside the anodyne form of consequentialism popular among defenders of the possibility of consequentializing all moral theories, the text reconstructs, in the face of their skepticism the Rawlsian distinction between the right and the good. In that light, CEP can be distinguished from a more substantial consequentialism that defines right action in light of a fixed conception of the good and from deontological views, which define right action in terms of fixed principles of right. CEP views the right and the good as each being revisable in light of the other. It is argued to be better able to guide deliberation than its rivals, in part because of its flexibility in responding to contingent conflicts among incommensurable considerations.
Reasons, Indeterminacy, and Compromise
Authors: Richardson Henry
Published: August 2018

This chapter addresses objections to the book’s account of moral authority. Metaphysically, it may be argued that since what we ought to do is determined by the balance of reasons, there are no moral indeterminacies of the kind the account presupposes. In response, I argue that this objection holds fast to the weighing conception of reasons in a way that ignores the widespread incommensurability of reasons. Psychologically, it will be objected that since people’s actions can be modeled as maximizing their desires, it is not plausible that they will be able to work out their moral disagreements in the way the account assumes. I respond by criticizing this desire-satisfaction psychology as failing to account for end-means reasoning and develop an alternative, more Aristotelian moral psychology that accounts for that, as well as for our commitments and our ability to work out conflicts among our commitments via principled compromises.
Objectivity and Path-dependence
Authors: Richardson Henry
Published: August 2018

The possibility of new moral norms being introduced in the course of history implies differences in the moral truths between different time periods and different possible futures. This chapter argues that these implications do not undercut the objectivity of morality, which implies the existence of a shared framework for reasonably working out differences. Mind-dependence, as such, is not inimical to objectivity; and the possibility of substantively different moral futures raises no issue of objectivity because the issue of resolving disagreements cannot arise between denizens of alternative possible future worlds. Retrospective moral judgment informed by new moral norms raises difficult issues of moral substance; but it is similarly nonsensical to ask whether we can resolve our disagreements with past people. Existing injustices and corruption can indeed mean that nonoptimal new norms are sometimes put in place, but the account considerably constrains this danger of taint, which subsequent further revisions could remove.
Economic Objections to Open Borders
Authors: van der Vossen Bas , Brennan Jason
Published: August 2018

The chapter discusses an important set of economic objections to the case for open borders. These objections focus on protecting the wages of domestic workers, maintaining a welfare state, and the effects of admitting migrants who come from illiberal societies. All these objections are shown to be insufficient to overcome the basic case for free movement. They either rely on false empirical claims, or assume—rather than establish—that countries can close their borders to immigrants. As a result, the presumption in favor of free movement, established in the previous chapter, remains undefeated. This concludes the case for open borders.
Philosophical Objections to Open Borders
Authors: van der Vossen Bas , Brennan Jason
Published: August 2018

The chapter discusses an important set of philosophical objections to the case for open borders. These objections aim to show that immigration should be limited or prohibited for a variety of reasons. Some focus on the supposed effects on people left behind in countries sending immigrants, others focus on the receiving country’s self-determination, yet others claim immigration can be restricted in the name of national allegiance. These arguments are all shown to fail to defeat the presumption in favor of free migration. The chapter concludes by reflecting on what receiving societies can do to make the process of integrating immigrants go more smoothly.
Making Radio
Authors: VanCour Shawn
Published: August 2018

The opening decades of the twentieth century witnessed a profound transformation in the history of modern sound media, with workers in US film, radio, and record industries developing pioneering production methods and performance styles tailored to emerging technologies of electric sound reproduction that directly shaped dominant forms and experiences of modern sound culture. Focusing on broadcasting’s initial expansion period during the 1920s, Making Radio explores the forms of creative labor pursued for the medium before the better-known network era of the 1930s and 1940s, assessing their role in shaping radio’s own identity and identifying affinities with parallel practices pursued for conversion-era film and phonography. Tracing programming forms adopted by early radio writers and programmers, production techniques developed by studio engineers, and performance styles cultivated by on-air talent, it shows how radio workers negotiated a series of broader industrial and cultural pressures to establish best practices for their medium. In the process, it argues, these sound workers shaped not only the future of broadcasting, but also contributed to much broader shifts in popular forms of music, drama, and public oratory, ushering in a new era of electric sound entertainment.
Learning and Conditioning in Chronic Pain
Authors: Vlaeyen Johan W. S.
Published: August 2018

This chapter highlights the ways that individuals learn to adapt to changes due to painful experiences. Learning is the observable change in behavior due to events in the internal and external environment, and it includes non-associative (habituation and sensitization) and associative learning (Pavlovian and operant conditioning). Once acquired, new knowledge representations remain stored in memory and may generalize to perceptually or functionally similar events. Moreover, these processes are not just a consequence of pain; they may also modulate the perception of pain. In contrast to the rapid acquisition of learned responses, their extinction is slow, fragile, and context-dependent, and it only occurs through inhibitory processes. The chapter reviews features of associative forms of learning in humans that contribute to pain, pain-related distress, and disability. It concludes with a discussion of promising future directions.
Stress and Sensitization in Chronic Pain
Authors: Veldhuijzen Dieuwke S. , van Middendorp Henriët , Evers Andrea W. M.
Published: August 2018

Stress and sensitization are central concepts in chronic pain. Both can be a consequence and a contributor to the pain experience. This chapter describes the psychobiology of stress and sensitization within a multilevel perspective, indicating the impact of various forms of stress and sensitization on multiple psychoneurobiological processes (i.e., autonomic, endocrine, immune, and central processes) related to chronic pain. As a result of disordered stress regulation, sensitization may occur as a mechanism that explains how acute pain problems can become chronic and how acute pain problems can extend or generalize to other body parts or modalities. The evidence for stress and sensitization as consequences of or as contributors to chronic pain is reviewed, and possible underlying mechanisms are discussed. Next, strategies to reduce stress and sensitization and foster desensitization processes are described. The chapter concludes by introducing a motivational account of chronic pain informed by the stress and sensitization literature.
Pain and Attention
Authors: Ryckeghem Dimiti van , Crombez Geert
Published: August 2018

Attention plays a pivotal role in the experience of pain and its impact upon daily activities. Accordingly, research on the interplay between attention and pain has a long scientific history. This chapter discusses the theoretical frameworks that aim to explain the relationship between attention and pain. It argues for a motivational perspective on pain that highlights the critical role of cognitive, affective, and contextual factors in explaining the interplay between attention and pain. To substantiate this argument, the chapter provides an overview of available research addressing the bottom-up capture of attention by pain and the top-down modulation (both inhibition and facilitation) of attention for pain. It concludes with guidelines and suggestions for future research and discusses clinical implications of adopting a motivational perspective on pain.
Avoidance and Endurance in Chronic Pain
Authors: Hasenbring Monika I. , Kindermans Hanne P. J.
Published: August 2018

This chapter focuses on two vexing aspects of coping with daily activities while experiencing pain—the tendency to avoid actions that are perceived as exacerbating the pain (avoidance), and the tendency to endure pain by persistent engagement in ongoing activities (endurance). Based on theoretical approaches such as the fear-avoidance and the avoidance-endurance models of pain, the chapter provides insights into the wide variety of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral pain responses that are related to an avoidant or endurance pain response style and aspects of dysfunctionality. Several specific response patterns are identified that mirror dysfunctional avoidance or endurance in addition to an adaptive pattern. The chapter provides preliminary evidence from both clinical and experimental research and is based on selected models of goal striving as conceptualized within a broad self-regulation perspective.
Introduction
Authors: LeBar Mark
Published: August 2018

Concerns about justice of one sort or another are ever-present in the news and in our social relationships. Sometimes these are large-scale concerns (ethnic cleansing, war crimes, sexual harassment), while other times they are small-scale (slights, broken promises, tokens of disrespect). This volume is focused not on just institutions but instead on just individuals. This chapter surveys the contributions of the volume to thinking about what being just persons involves and how we become just.
Growing toward Justice
Authors: Woodruff Paul
Published: August 2018

On a theory based on insights from Plato’s Republic, justice is the virtue of character, shared by individuals with their communities, that is necessary for the survival of communities against the threat of civil strife. It is a cultured response to a need arising from human nature. Justice requires the free consent of community members and depends on the wisdom of the community’s leaders. It is an ideal to be approached but not to be fully achieved at the human level. An individual can grow toward justice best in a community that offers good examples to follow, is willing to improve with respect to justice, and offers opportunities for the free exercise of justice. In growing toward justice, one must seek self-knowledge and practice other virtues, especially wisdom. One must also learn to communicate (listening and speaking) so as to secure a workable consensus on one’s decisions regarding justice.
The Evolution of Justice
Authors: Brosnan Sarah
Published: August 2018

Where does the human sense of justice come from? An emerging view in the sciences is that the biological foundation of humans’ systems of justice and fairness can be found in the behaviors of other species. This chapter considers what studying other species can and cannot tell us about the evolution of justice and fairness and argues that the foundations of fairness are evolutionarily ancient and based on the need to maintain a relative balance among cooperative partners. Many species appear to recognize when they receive less than a conspecific receives after a cooperative interaction. Humans and a few other species have expanded this to recognizing when they are relatively advantaged. Humans, with their relatively advanced cognition, are the only species to develop a full sense of fairness and possibly because of this, in combination with language, are the only species to have a sense of justice.
Marxism and Ancient History
Authors: Vlassopoulos Kostas
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, Vlassopoulos explores how Marxist historiographies can be turned to productive use by contemporary historians. He argues that Marxist approaches bring four major elements that are particularly relevant for ancient history: history from below, a focus on large-scale historical change, a holistic approach to history, and metanarratives. Marxism was one of the major currents that brought history from below into ancient history, through a focus on slaves, women, and other subaltern groups. Much of this work, though, has focused on subaltern groups as passive objects of exploitation and domination and has taken the form of synchronic structural analysis, divorced from histoire événementielle. The big challenge ahead for both Marxism and ancient history is how to study subaltern groups as active agents of history and how to incorporate them into historical narrative.
Building for the State
Authors: Scheidel Walter
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, Scheidel carries out a wide-ranging comparative analysis to explore premodern strategies for achieving state-building projects. He identifies two main options: rulers can either compel their subjects to perform the necessary work under the supervision of the authorities, or they can compel them to hand over resources that can be used to compensate workers who are hired or otherwise employed by the state. Scheidel surveys relevant examples from around the world and, on the basis of that survey, argues that Greek and Roman state strategies of labor procurement were highly exceptional. Once we enter the world of the Iron Age polis, we lack evidence of regularized civilian corvée among citizen populations. In Rome, civilian corvée for construction was likewise unknown, at least in historical times. Contracting in a free labor market was the default arrangement.
Picturing History
Authors: Tanner Jeremy
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, Jeremy Tanner examines two series of images—one from Classical Athens and one from Han China—of political assassinations, more specifically “tyrannicides.” These images were replicated, with interesting variations, time and time again, and must have been among the more popular and recognizable iconographies of their eras. Both are concerned with figuring the limits of legitimate power and the ethical basis for and significance of violent resistance to arbitrary power and its overthrow. In order to interpret these images in a comparative frame, Tanner finds that he must also explore the concept of the “tyrant” in order to construct a conceptual catwalk between these two contexts. The very project of comparison, then, helps bring to the surface some of the intricacies of the lives of concepts in particular places.
The Moral of Mr. Jefferson’s Story
Authors: Jeske Diane
Published: August 2018

In examining the case of Thomas Jefferson, the author shows how the impediments to good moral deliberation—cultural pressures and norms, the complexity of consequences, emotions, and self-deception—played a role in his thinking about slavery. The chapter also shows how these impediments play a role in our own thinking about our treatment of nonhuman animals and how the tools of moral philosophy can serve as a way of dealing with those impediments. We have to learn how to balance our own interests against those of others, and how to balance the interests of loved ones against the interests of strangers. We cannot leave moral action to the mercy of conscience, if we mean by conscience whatever we happen to think is the right thing to do. Employing the tools of moral philosophy in moral education can help us to raise good moral deliberators and, hopefully, good moral agents.
The Intellect of the Hand
Authors: Graves Margaret S.
Published: August 2018

This chapter situates the act of making within the intellectual history of the premodern Islamic world. It argues that in this context making was often tacitly—and sometimes explicitly—recognized as a form of thought. Using textual sources drawn from philosophical, theological, and historical traditions, it traces a craft-oriented worldview that maps manual and cerebral processes of making onto the intellectual realm. Looking particularly at architectural design and creation, metaphors of matter and materiality, and the role of makers, this chapter argues that the value of craft and the “thinking hand” were more widely recognized in the medieval Islamic world than has been acknowledged in earlier scholarship. The chapter ends with a reassessment of the perceived role of the craftsman within medieval Islamic society.
Conclusion
Authors: Graves Margaret S.
Published: August 2018

The conclusion places the art of the object into an expanded field, where it is shown to be contiguous with other visual and verbal artforms including architecture, painting, poetry, and rhetoric. It locates the peak of the allusive object in the pre-Mongol Middle East and speculates about its decline in the later medieval and early modern periods. It also considers the change in meaning that the subjects of the book have undergone as they transition from being objects of use to objects of display. The conclusion ends with final consideration of the nature of allusion and its implications for the intelligent art of the object.
The Second Gleichschaltung in 1936
Authors: Sandler Willeke
Published: August 2018

In 1936, Joachim von Ribbentrop, representing Hitler and the Nazi Party, rejected colonialists’ self-perception of independence and forcibly “coordinated” the German Colonial Society (DKG) and the dozen smaller colonialist organizations into a unified Reichskolonialbund. This chapter traces this coordination by following the ultimately unsuccessful efforts of Heinrich Schnee, DKG president, to halt its progress. Schnee considered this coordination premature as long as Nazi officials obstructed colonialists’ work and as long as Hitler had not issued a public declaration of support. Reflecting colonialists’ resilience in the face of opposition, however, the chapter ends with a brief survey of the colonialist press’s public image of willing coordination, highlighting the contrast between this portrayal and Schnee’s resistance.
The Paradox of Success, 1936–1939
Authors: Sandler Willeke
Published: August 2018

After its creation in 1936, the Reichskolonialbund (RKB) saw an upsurge of colonialist propaganda and recruitment. This chapter examines the variety of propagandistic tactics and activities that the RKB used in their hope to foster Germans’ emotional investment in the overseas colonies. With its annual national congresses, the RKB strengthened its members’ commitment to the cause. The RKB also planned meetings, lectures, and exhibitions that would reach the general public and would align colonialists with the public activities of Nazi organizations. Through these activities, colonialists aimed to create a mass movement. They struggled, however, with the popularization of colonialism and the circulation of “colonial kitsch” that devalued the seriousness of the colonies. Viewing themselves as an elite with privileged first-hand knowledge, colonialists doubted the depth of their new supporters’ commitment to their cause and fought to retain control over the kinds of colonialist publicity circulating in Germany.
Introduction
Authors: Zick Timothy
Published: August 2018

The Introduction accomplishes several things. It emphasizes the central subject matter of the book, which is the relationships between freedom of speech and other (“non-speech”) constitutional rights. The Introduction also discusses different conceptions of constitutional rights—as textual guarantees, trumps of governmental power, and rhetorical devices. It emphasizes the relational character of rights and introduces the concept of Rights Dynamism, which is the process by which rights intersections occur. The Introduction highlights the bidirectional relationship between freedom of speech and non-speech rights, noting that interactions between these rights have influenced interpretation of both the Free Speech Clause and the rights it has interacted with over time. It describes the facilitative and mediating functions of freedom of speech, as well as the conflicts between free speech and non-speech guarantees. Finally, it introduces the concept of Rights Pluralism, which is defined and defended more fully in the book’s final chapter.
Rights Speech
Authors: Zick Timothy
Published: August 2018

Chapter 2 examines the regulation of “rights speech”—communications about or concerning the recognition, scope, or exercise of constitutional rights. It categorizes and discusses the constitutional implications of different types of rights speech (ideological, informational, and consultative communications) and rights speakers (private, professional, and governmental). The chapter highlights the critical importance of the Free Speech Clause to both healthy and robust constitutional discourse and, in many cases, the effective exercise of constitutional rights. It advocates careful scrutiny, under the Free Speech Clause, of rights speech regulations affecting private and professional communications and offers suggestions for limiting the potential harms of governmental rights speech. The chapter also advocates focusing greater attention on the underlying rights that are affected by rights speech regulations.
Abortion
Authors: Zick Timothy
Published: August 2018

Chapter 6 examines the relationship between the Free Speech Clause and reproductive rights, specifically the Due Process Clause-based right to obtain an abortion. It explores early intersections between free speech and abortion rights, and also examines the circumstances and effects of their later intersections. The chapter focuses in particular on the controversies surrounding protests and other speech activities at or near abortion clinics, which significantly affected abortion rights discourse in the United States. These interactions also influenced interpretations of both reproductive and free speech rights. The chapter critically assesses the manner in which free speech concerns have tended to crowd out concerns about reproductive rights, and suggests some ways in which we might the relationship between free speech and abortion rights.
Charles Curran and “Loyal Dissent”
Authors: Massa Mark S.
Published: August 2018

This chapter presents an in-depth examination of the critique of one of the most famous Catholic theologians, Fr. Charles Curran. In narrating Curran’s story, it focuses on his firing as a professor at the Catholic University of America—an event that most historians call “the beginning of the Catholic sixties.” In a thought-provoking article published after the Mayflower Hotel conference, Curran laid out a number of postclassicist paradigms of natural law that rejected what some of his colleagues saw as the fatal anomalies of neo-scholasticism, while also addressing the modern concern to engage both religious pluralism and the insights of the modern physical sciences. Curran believed that a far better model of natural law should start with an anthropology that posited that rationality was an intrinsic component of human life, rather than just one part.
Rights Make Might
Authors: Tsutsui Kiyoteru
Published: August 2018

Rights Make Might examines why the three most salient minority groups in Japan all expanded their activism since the late 1970s against significant headwinds, and chronicles how global human rights ideas and institutions empowered all three groups to engage in enhanced political activities. It also documents the contributions of the three groups to the expansion of global human rights activities, demonstrating the feedback mechanism from local groups to global institutions. Examining the prehistory of the three groups, it first sets the scene for minority politics in Japan before the 1970s, which featured politically dormant Ainu, an indigenous people in northern Japan; active but unsuccessful Koreans, a stateless colonial legacy group; and active and established Burakumin, a former outcaste group that still faced social discrimination. Against this background, the infusion of global human rights ideas and the opening of international human rights arenas as new venues for contestation transformed minority activists’ movement actorhood, or subjective understanding about their position and entitled rights in Japan, as well as the views of the Japanese public and political establishment toward those groups, thus catalyzing substantial gains for all three groups. Having benefited from global human rights, all three groups also repaid their debt by contributing to the consolidation and expansion of global human rights principles and instruments. Rights Make Might offers a detailed historical and comparative analysis of the co-constitutive relationship between international human rights activities and local politics that contributes to our understanding of international norms, multilateral institutions, social movements, human rights, ethnoracial politics, and Japanese society.
Conclusion
Authors: Tsutsui Kiyoteru
Published: August 2018

The conclusion summarizes key findings of the empirical chapters and offers an answer to the core puzzle of the book about the rise of minority activism since the 1970s: it was global human rights ideas and institutions that transformed the movement actorhood of all three minority groups in Japan, galvanizing their activism and enabling their significant gains. The chapter also underscores the book’s theoretical contributions, pointing to the need to understand the capacity of global human rights to transform movement actorhood, rather than to assume rational actors with set interests, and illustrating the different patterns of impact of global human rights depending on the local actors’ starting position, thus offering a corrective to one-dimensional understanding of globalization as isomorphic forces shaping all local actors homogeneously. The local-to global-feedback loop is another contribution of this research, highlighting the mechanisms of norm consolidation and norm expansion in the international arena. The research also suggests important lessons for the future of global human rights.
Learning to Trust
Authors: Watson Marilyn
Published: August 2018

This book describes an approach to classroom management and discipline based on attachment theory. An overview of attachment theory research and a detailed description of its implications for teaching and classroom management are provided. One teacher, Laura Ecken, and her second/third-grade class in a high-poverty school are chronicled across two years as she manages her class, guided by attachment theory. Laura’s day-by-day and week-by-week efforts to build caring, trusting relationships with and among her students are documented in detail. The many steps she takes to guide the class into becoming a caring, learning community while also meeting her students’ individual needs for autonomy, belonging, and competence are clearly described. Of course, not all goes well in this very real classroom, and how Laura manages the pressures of competition and students’ many misbehaviors, ordinary and serious, are clearly and sometimes humorously described. Laura’s teaching was not just about learning the academic curriculum or even about creating a supportive and friendly classroom, it was also about helping her students realize that their school learning was part of the process of composing their future lives. Such teaching is not easy and is counter to more controlling management approaches common in many schools. The book ends with a chapter that describes several students from Laura’s class seven years later, when they are in high school.
Laura Ecken and Her Second/Third-Grade Class
Authors: Watson Marilyn
Published: August 2018

This chapter provides an introduction to Laura’s classroom and her students. A transcription of a class meeting in which the students describe their out of school lives and the neighborhood in which they live provides a view of the students’ lives outside of school at the time they entered the class. The physical setup of the classroom is described and each of the students is introduced with a brief description as viewed during the first week of school.
Managing Mistakes and Misbehavior: When Teaching and Reminding Aren’t Enough
Authors: Watson Marilyn
Published: August 2018

By the second year, Laura realized she needed a stronger response to hurtful behavior. She often tried to help misbehaving children see and understand the harm they had caused, firmly requesting that the offending child find a way to repair the harm. She used empathy, restitution, and moral reflection when responding to hurtful misbehavior. However, most misbehaviors happened because the students lost focus momentarily or let their self-interest get the better of them. In such instances, a simple reminder to pay attention or quite fooling around was enough. For repeated misbehaviors, Laura had her students write a reflection on their behavior for later discussion with her. Some misbehaviors were so serious that Laura sent students to another classroom with a work folder or to the office. In such extreme cases, Laura followed up with renewed efforts to build trust and help the student reflect on the misbehavior.
Finding the Conditions for Success
Authors: Watson Marilyn
Published: August 2018

As Laura looked back on the two years, she knew she had succeeded in educating her students not only for competence, but also for caring. How long this competence would last, Laura did not know. Many things contributed to her success. Laura’s class of approximately 20 students was mostly self-contained, and many students were in the class for two years, allowing her time to bond with them. Laura’s school was part of the Child Development Project which advocated and supported Laura’s teaching style and philosophy. Laura’s principal was supportive, and she had a trusted colleague who would help when some students presented serious problems. Would her students go on to lead successful lives? Many faced huge obstacles. Some might not make it. But she felt confident she had succeeded in helping each of them make real progress.
In Defense of Uncivil Disobedience
Authors: Delmas Candice
Published: August 2018

Chapter 2 makes a case for the justifiability of some acts of uncivil disobedience—acts that are covert, evasive, violent, or offensive. After sketching some general process- and goal-related constraints on uncivil disobedience, the chapter examines some traditional arguments against disobedience in general and argues that the responses offered by champions of civil disobedience can also justify some types of uncivil disobedience. It then responds to arguments for preferring civil over uncivil disobedience and identifies the potential value of incivility for subordinated members in democratic societies allegedly committed to mutual reciprocity. The chapter concludes by sketching the implications of the account with respect to society’s treatment of uncivil disobedients.
Samaritanism
Authors: Delmas Candice
Published: August 2018

Chapter 5 shows why the Samaritan duty, which requires rescuing those in peril or dire need when one can do so at reasonable cost to oneself, can impose obligations of disobedience and resistance. It argues first for a Samaritan duty to break laws that prohibit Samaritan rescues. Second, the chapter contends that “persistent Samaritan perils”—which arise when injustice generates, enables, and aggravates Samaritan perils, making them pervasive and frequent—impose duties to resist injustice. Citizens are passers-by witnessing persistent Samaritan perils. They are well positioned to fulfill the duty to rescue by eliminating the injustice at the root of the peril. Through acts of principled disobedience, they can seek to reform unjust laws, policies, and institutions.
Interpretations, Implications, and Conclusions
Authors: Shushan Gregory
Published: August 2018

An analytical comparison is made of the near-death experiences (NDEs), afterlife beliefs, and myths in the three regions, in relation to their shamanic practices, funerary rituals, revitalization movements, and attitudes toward death and the dead. In order to explain the cross-cultural similarities and differences in all their manifestations, a comprehensive interdisciplinary theory is put forth. The experiential source hypothesis is combined with elements from the psychological, cognitive, social, and historical sciences. Beyond the three regions, despite general thematic similarities worldwide, certain NDE themes occur only in indigenous societies, while some occur in seemingly random unrelated pairs of cultures. Philosophical implications for beliefs in life after death are explored in light of the cross-cultural evidence, and models of the nature of a possible afterlife are discussed. The implications of the study for contemporary historiographical and epistemological issues are also put forth.
Other Factors Influencing Religious Vocations
Authors: Do Thu T.
Published: August 2018

This chapter presents an overview of aspects that may influence women and men religious on their religious vocational decision during their childhood with their family and parish, their attendance of primary and secondary school, their participation in parish life, and their college years. The influential aspects addressed are: attending Mass regularly and devotional practices, having the opportunity to discuss and receive encouragement from others to discern a religious vocation, the witness of men and women religious, and being engaged in youth and voluntary ministry programs. The chapter concludes that while not every individual religious has opportunities to experience these activities in various environments before he or she decides to enter religious life, all the aspects complement one another and have an impact on religious vocational discernment and decision-making.
Electoral Rules and Democracy in Latin America
Authors: McClintock Cynthia
Published: August 2018

During Latin America’s third democratic wave, a majority of countries adopted a runoff rule for the election of the president. This book is the first rigorous assessment of the implications of runoff versus plurality for democracy in the region. Despite previous scholarly skepticism about runoff, it has been positive for Latin America, and could be for the United States also. Primarily through qualitative analysis for each Latin American country, I explore why runoff is superior to plurality. Runoff opens the political arena to new parties but at the same time ensures that the president does not suffer a legitimacy deficit and is not at an ideological extreme. By contrast, in a region in which undemocratic political parties are common, the continuation of these parties is abetted by plurality; political exclusion provoked disillusionment and facilitated the emergence of presidents at ideological extremes. In regression analysis, runoff was statistically significant to superior levels of democracy. Between 1990 and 2016, Freedom House and Varieties of Democracy scores plummeted in countries with plurality but improved in countries with runoff. Plurality advocates’ primary concern is the larger number of political parties under runoff. Although a larger number of parties was not significant to inferior levels of democracy, a plethora of parties is problematic, leading to a paucity of legislative majorities and inchoate parties. To ameliorate the problem, I recommend not reductions in the 50% threshold but the scheduling of the legislative election after the first round or thresholds for entry into the legislature.
Plurality
Authors: McClintock Cynthia
Published: August 2018

Plurality was disadvantageous in five of the six plurality countries. In Venezuela, a long-standing duopoly broke down in 1993; in 1998, after decades of political exclusion, the extreme leftist Hugo Chávez was elected, and his continuation in power was facilitated by problems of strategic coordination under plurality. In Nicaragua, the Liberal Party divided in 2006, enabling the victory of the extreme leftist Daniel Ortega. In both Mexico and Paraguay, long-standing parties were cartel parties that exploited the difficulties of strategic coordination by the opposition. In Honduras, a duopoly died from within, when a Liberal president shifted left; in 2013, elites worried about a plurality victory for a candidate they feared was at the extreme left. Only in Panama, where the number of parties was larger and a new, leftist party did not emerge, was plurality not fraught.