bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Temporal dimension in the study of knowledge bases: Approaches to understanding knowledge creation and representation over time
Authors: Adler Melissa , Tennis Joseph T. , Milojević Stas̆a , van Hooland Seth , Rogers Corinne , West Jevin D.
Published: May 2014

The panel explores the theoretical, methodological, and design aspects of the temporal dimension in the study of knowledge creation and representation and offers insights in both the challenges and the promising future directions. The goal of the panel is to start a collaborative discussion around a number of important themes.

Categories and Subject Descriptors

Applied computing • Document management and text processing • Information systems • Content analysis and feature selection • Information systems • Clustering and classification

General Terms

Your general terms must be any of the following 16 designated terms: Management, Measurement, Documentation, Design, Languages.
High‐stakes information: Deciding what constitutes quality in our products of communication
Authors: Budd John M. , Burns C. Sean , Moulaison Heather Lea
Published: May 2014

As more information is digitized or born online, issues with assessment and preservation, in the forms of determining, reviewing, and describing it, increase. This is particularly true for what we might term high‐stakes information, or information that if not carefully assessed or preserved can result in harmful consequences. With the premise that scholarly information is high‐stakes information, the panel will take a tripartite approach to the consideration of what constitutes information quality in three distinct contexts: quality as an element of the research process, quality as a component of the scholarly communication process, and quality as a factor in the storage and long‐term access of the product of research. The researchers on this panel will present reviews of the literature and their research findings. After the presentations, the panelists will raise a series of questions in order to foster discussion with the audience
Research roadshow: Research design beyond the ordinary
Authors: Radford Marie L. , Connaway Lynn Silipigni , Shah Chirag , Wildemuth Barbara M.
Published: May 2014

Research design is a vital consideration when embarking on any research venture. The careful selection of method (or combination of methods) and project design are integral to obtaining funding, completing a successful study, and having your research accepted for presentation and publication. This panel adopts a format similar to the Antiques Roadshow to focus on research design, with interactive audience participation. The show will begin with three experts (Connaway, Radford, and Wildemuth) briefly discussing the strengths and weaknesses of the design for a particular study they conducted. Another panelist (Shah) will present the panelists with a study that he would be interested in conducting, and describe one or more aspects of the research design (his treasure) that he has found to be challenging. The panelists will offer their advice and comment on any additional obstacles he might expect to face in conducting the study. Shah will then invite the audience to join in by presenting ideas for studies they'd like to conduct (i.e., the potential valuables sitting in their intellectual attics); the panelists will respond to and comment on each, appraising the value and prospects (for publication).
Electronic government around the world: Current trends and future prospects
Authors: Hagen Loni , DePaula Nicolau , Dincelli Ersin , Caidi Nadia , Rorissa Abebe
Published: May 2014

In recent decades many countries have leveraged information and communication technologies to facilitate interaction between citizens, businesses and governments. By enhancing government efficiencies and streamlining governance systems, countries expect to strengthen public service deliveries and to improve public and private sector interactions. Open public data is expected to bring better access to information and thus enhance democracy. Despite these promises, electronic government (eGov) policies around the world face challenges brought about by, among other things, inequalities (in terms of abilities, literacy, gender, income, location, age, etc), issues of data quality, as well as privacy and security concerns.

eGov can be examined under three different categories: Government‐to‐Government (G2G), Government‐to‐Citizen (G2C), and Government‐to‐Business (G2B). eGov can also be examined via service delivery methodology, based on infrastructure development stages, provider and user perspectives (such as the available eGov services vs. actual eGov usage) or the discursive framing of such plans and programs. This panel addresses several such scenarios to examine the current state of electronic government in various international settings. Panelists will provide insights on specific dynamics in these countries (changing policies, environments, and technologies) and how they relate to successful (or not) e‐government practices.

Sponsors

SIG III, SIG IFP
Research know‐how for research support services: Preparing information specialists for emerging roles
Authors: Corrall Sheila , Kennan Mary Anne , Salo Dorothea
Published: May 2014

The panel will discuss the importance of understanding the research environment for providing effective information and technology support to researchers, and the implications for curricula in professional education. Our specific context is growing involvement of academic libraries and information services in managing research data, but the issues raised have wider implications for educating and developing other information specialists (e.g., in research institutes, government agencies, public libraries). Studies in the past five years have identified technical and discipline‐related skills and knowledge gaps as potential constraints on developing library research data services. Our recent research in Australia, New Zealand, the UK, and Ireland confirmed the need for data curation and technology skills, but also found practitioners engaging in other forms of research support, and expressing needs for a multilayered introduction to the research environment, extending beyond the research skills typically gained in masters programs, including subjects such as academic culture and practice, and research policy and evaluation. The panelists represent a mix of academic and practitioner viewpoints from different countries. They will each offer their views on what is missing and should be added to graduate curricula, and how programs can make space, asking the audience to respond with their own suggestions, counter‐arguments, and alternative visions, using an interactive style from the start.
Net gain via knowledge organization: Classification and productivity
Authors: Greenberg Jane , Hodge Gail , Szostak Rick , Uckun Timur Han
Published: May 2014

The benefits of knowledge organization (KO) systems have been documented by many (e.g., Hodge, 2000; Hjørland, 2008; Abbas, 2010). Despite known advantages, KO investment appears to vary widely among and within industry, research, and educational communities. Data specific to KO investment and the impacts (gains and losses) is limited. The societal benefits of improving KO systems may thus be under‐appreciated, both within and beyond the field.

This panel addresses a need for discussion on KO investment and impacts. The panel brings together experts and researchers who are either on‐the‐front‐line addressing KO in operational systems, or researching aspects of KO development and investment. Topics covered include taxonomies and constant state of change; impacts of risk and KO; the notion of KO capital; and classification and productivity. The panel moderator will facilitate a discussion on evaluation approaches for gaining insight into the economic impacts of KO.
Information outsiders of the 21st century: Access and implications for information behavior research
Authors: Arns Jennifer W. , Copeland Clayton A. , Jaeger Paul T. , Subramaniam Mega , Kawooya Dick , Martin Michelle H.
Published: May 2014

Equity of access is an imperative in the global information world of the 21st Century. For the information outsider however, or those who might be disenfranchised by social constructions, economic, legal, educational, or political circumstances, or geographical location, information poverty is a disheartening reality (Chatman, 1992; 1996; 2000; Burnett, Bessant, & Chatman, 2001). The functions of this panel are to explore the information worlds of select marginalized populations and the resulting implications for information behavior, social interaction, and pedagogy. It is intended to begin providing a framework for understanding the interactions between information, information access, information needs and uses, and legal and social contexts. The presentations and ensuing discussion will offer insight into physical and digital information access strategies and implications for Library and Information Science (LIS) education and practice.
Design and evaluation of web interfaces for informal care providers in senior monitoring
Authors: Xiao Lu , Yan Xueheng , Emery Alison
Published: May 2014

It has been recognized that most seniors prefer to age in a place with familiar surroundings until their health makes this impossible. In an attempt to address the aging phenomenon, as well as recognize seniors' preference, we worked with a Canada‐based company that develops a sensor‐based home monitoring system for people to monitor the home activities of independently living seniors. Our role was to develop web interfaces that present sensor data to the intended web users – the seniors' informal care providers (e.g., their close friends or family members). In this paper, we present the information design and the web interface prototypes, and report the results of our formative evaluations through cognitive walkthrough and heuristic evaluation methods. The common problems discovered in both methods were problematic notification mechanism, inconsistency, background and layout. Each method also detected usability issues that the other did not. Our work adds more empirical evidence to the importance of combining evaluation methods in a study. The experiences in this study also helped us reflect on approaches and strategies when working with industry partners.
The Federalist Papers revisited: A collaborative attribution scheme
Authors: Savoy Jacques
Published: May 2014

This paper presents and evaluates a collaborative attribution strategy based on six authorship attribution schemes representing the two main paradigms used in authorship studies. Based on very frequent words as features, the classical paradigm (or similarity‐based methods) proposes to compute an intertextual distance between the disputed text and the different author profiles (concatenation of their writings). As a second paradigm, we can apply different machine learning schemes such as the naïve Bayes, and the support vector machines (SVM). As an evaluation corpus, we have used The Federalist Papers, a well‐known collection in authorship attribution. During our evaluation, we have tried to follow the recommendations and the best practices known to assess the various attribution schemes. The evaluation shows that, in the two paradigms, we can find effective attribution schemes. But when combining these individual results using a vote aggregation method, the final collaborative decision is always correct and robust. Moreover, to indicate the degree of belief attached to the combined attribution, we can consider the percentage of votes obtained by each possible assignment. When analyzing the output given by the individual attribution schemes, we also found that the provided information is difficult to interpret, at least, for the end‐user.
Information‐seeking behaviors of computer scientists: Challenges for electronic literature search tools
Authors: Athukorala Kumaripaba , Hoggan Eve , Lehtiö Anu , Ruotsalo Tuukka , Jacucci Giulio
Published: May 2014

Since the recent emergence of electronic literature resources, researchers have begun to adopt new information‐seeking practices. The purpose of this research is to investigate the information needs and searching behaviors of researchers, and their implications for electronic literature search tools. We conducted mixed‐method case studies involving interviews, diary logs, and observations of computer scientists followed by a web‐based survey to validate our findings. The results show that computer science researchers have the following main purposes for seeking information: keeping up to date, exploring new topics, reviewing literature, collaborating, preparing lectures, and recommending material for students. We found that keeping up to date with research is the most frequent purpose and exploring unfamiliar research areas is the most difficult. Furthermore, we found that literature searching is a collaborative process and, depending on the search purpose, different information sources and navigation strategies are used. On the basis of these findings we discuss six design challenges for literature search tools, which are: providing support for keeping up to date with research, exploring unfamiliar topics, browsing user history, collaborating and sharing, performing a federated search that goes beyond scholarly research, and sorting and navigating the results.
Closing the loop: Assisting archival appraisal and information retrieval in one sweep
Authors: Kim Yunhyong , Ross Seamus
Published: May 2014

In this article, we examine the similarities between the concept of appraisal, a process that takes place within the archives, and the concept of relevance judgement, a process fundamental to information retrieval systems. More specifically, we revisit appraisal/selection criteria proposed as a result of archival and digital curation communities, and, compare them to relevance criteria as discussed within information retrieval's literature based discovery. We illustrate how closely these criteria relate to each other and discuss how understanding the relationships between the these disciplines could form a basis for proposing automated appraisal and selection for archival processes and enabling complex queries within information retrieval.
Information use, support and decision making in complex, uncertain environments
Authors: Mishra Jyoti Laxmi , Allen David K. , Pearman Alan D.
Published: May 2014

The research reported in this paper explored decision making and information use by public safety personal leading teams responding to major incidents. The research methodology was qualitative using critical incident technique and observation grounded in Activity Theory as meta‐theoretical framework. The data gathered uncovered intuitive as well as analytic modes of thinking. We argue that this has implications for decision support and our understanding of decision making in time‐constrained, complex and uncertain environments.
A quantitative evaluation of query expansion in domain specific information retrieval
Authors: Akasereh Mitra
Published: May 2014

This paper describes our different retrieval approaches conducted on a cultural heritage (CH) content test‐collection. In our study, our main objective is to measure the relative merit of various query expansion and semantic enrichment techniques. To do so we considered different strategies based on blind‐query expansion as well as using external resource, namely Wikipedia. In using external knowledge bases we consider different strategies in order to select the most appropriate concepts to be added to the initial query. Our results show that expansion with both pseudo‐relevant documents and external resources improve the retrieval. While the impact of expansion using an external resource is more significant.
Automatically assigning research methods to journal articles in the domain of social sciences
Authors: Eckle‐Kohler Judith , Nghiem Tri‐Duc , Gurevych Iryna
Published: May 2014

We investigate the automatic assignment of research methods to journal articles from the domain of Social Sciences. We employ Computer Science and Computational Linguistics methodology to perform this automatic assignment of metadata. The multi‐label classification system we present uses only abstracts and titles of journal articles as input. Our best system is able to assign the important research methods empiricaland quantitative empirical with F‐scores of 0.67 and 0.68. These research methods are in the focus of many recent manual analyses of publications databases. Our classification approach could be applied to automatically analyze large publications databases and databases of bibliographic references according to the use of empirical and quantitative empirical methods.
Site‐searching strategies of searchers referred from search engines
Authors: Ortiz‐Cordova Adan , Jansen Bernard J.
Published: May 2014

In this research, we analyze the referral queries and associated site‐search queries at the session level from searchers coming from web search engines. Findings are based on a random sample of 10,000 from a total of 327,261 searching sessions of an online Spanish entertainment business collected over the course of a five month period from March 23, 2012 to August 26, 2012. We find six searching strategies that are correlated with the type of referral keywords (i.e., search terms) used at the major search engine. Of the six, the three major searching strategies are (1) the explorers who submit a broad query on the major search engine and then submit multiple broad queries on the site‐search engine, (2) the navigators who submit a query to the major search engine that is part of a URL and then submit specific queries to the site‐search engine, and (3) the persisters who submit the exact type of query on both the search engine and the site search. Implications for this research include developing better internal searching features, sponsored search keyword generation, and personalization of website content.
Analyzing question quality through intersubjectivity: World views and objective assessments of questions on social question‐answering
Authors: Kitzie Vanessa , Choi Erik , Shah Chirag
Published: May 2014

Social question‐answering (SQA) allows people to ask questions in natural language and receive answers from others. While research on SQA has focused on the quality of answers provided with implications for system‐based interventions, few studies have examined whether the questions asked to elicit these answers accurately depict an asker's information need. To address this gap, the current study explores the viability for system based interventions to improve questions by comparing human, non‐textual assessments of question quality to automatic, textual features extracted from the questions' content in order to determine whether there is a significant relationship between subjective judgments on one hand, and objective ones on the other. Findings indicate that not only is there a significant relationship between human‐based ratings of question quality criteria and extracted textual features, but also that distinct textual features contribute to explaining the variability of each human‐based rating. These findings encourage further study of the relationship between the reasons for why a question might be of poor quality and textual features that can be extracted from the question. This relationship can ultimately inform design of intervention‐based systems that can not only automatically assess question quality, but also provide reasons that can be understood by the asker as to why the quality of his or her question is poor and suggest how to revise the question.
Seeking treatment options: Consumers' search behaviors and cognitive activities
Authors: Broussard Ramona , Zhang Yan
Published: May 2014

As people increasingly search the Internet for health‐related topics like treatment options, it is important to understand how they construct their searches, and how they understand the results. In this paper, we report results from an exploratory lab study with 40 cross‐sectional participants and follow‐up interviews with eleven of them about their use of search engines to find treatment options. While corroborating prior research concerning basic consumer health information search behaviors (e.g., query length and evaluation of results), our findings also extend the current understanding of health information searching by suggesting that the process of seeking treatment options is shaped by consumers' propensity for familiar and confirming information as well as their desire to seek novel information. Furthermore, our findings suggest an under‐investigated idea of the importance of a search timeline: that is that a consumer is likely to look for confirming or novel information depending on where they are in a particular timeline during their search. The results indicate that search systems can better support consumers in finding novel information about treatment options, but that it would be best to introduce novel information after satisfying consumers search for general and familiar information.
“I know what you are going through”: Answers to informational questions about eating disorders inYahoo! answers:A qualitative study
Authors: Bowler Leanne , Mattern Eleanor , Jeng Wei , Oh Jung Sun , He Daqing
Published: May 2014

The purpose of this study is to enrich our understanding of social question and answer (Q&A) sites as a health information source for teens. To do so we investigated answers to 81 informational questions about eating disorders posted inYahoo! Answers, a social Q&A site. Through a content analysis, we found that users do not always respond to eating disorder questions with credible, factual information, even if the need for it was expressed in the question. The findings suggest that people who pose questions inYahoo! Answersuse it as a social and emotional scaffold rather than an informational source, even if their questions are couched in terms that suggest they are seeking information. Further, a large portion of the people who answer such questions understand this to be the purpose and rarely provide answers drawn from evidence‐based medicine or reliable, credible sources for health information. Through the investigation of the answers to questions on a health topic that is prevalent amongst teens, this study deepens our understanding of the health information behavior of young people and the quality of the health information they find inYahoo! Answers.
Information behaviour in transition: A developing country perspective
Authors: Gaston Nicole Marie , Dorner Dan , Johnstone David
Published: May 2014

Increased Internet penetration rates across the developing world have resulted in significant changes to the quantity and quality of information previously available to individuals in many regions of the world. Thus far little research has examined the contextual factors affecting information behaviour in a non‐Western, developing country, and how new technologies are affecting traditional avenues to resolving information needs. This paper reports on the findings of a research project investigating information behaviour in Laos.

Information behaviour was examined through 30 in‐depth interviews from which the changing information environment of Laos was explored. The research employed Dervin's Sense‐making methodology and discourse analysis amongst other tools to investigate the unique nature of information behaviour in a developing country. The findings revealed that while increased internet access is affecting how individuals in Laos communicate and exchange information, contextual factors primarily related to culture continue to strongly influence information behaviour. These findings have implications for information professionals, information systems design, and international development.
Effects of topic familiarity and search skills on query reformulation behavior
Authors: Hu Rong , Lu Kun , Joo Soohyung
Published: May 2014

This study examined the effects of two factors, topic familiarity and search skills, on users' query reformulation behavior in health information searching. Four hypotheses were tested. Forty five graduate students participated in our study and searched for health‐related topics on our experimental retrieval system. Their search actions were recorded by a server‐side log system and their demographic information were collected, including their familiarity with the topics and their major. Our results suggest that topic familiarity and search skills do not have statistically significant impact on users' selection of query reformulation types. However, participants with a higher topic familiarity tend to make less spelling errors and prefer to use specific terms or search from different aspects. Participants with better searching skills are more likely to generalize and specify their queries and make less errors. In addition, significantly fewer reformulations were observed from the participants with higher topic familiarity. This indicates participants with higher topic familiarity can complete their task with less reformulation effort. There is no significant difference on the time spent on different types of query reformulations. The findings from this study yield practical implications for designing health information retrieval systems that support query reformulation for users with different knowledge and skills.
Sense‐making across space and time: Implications for the organization and findability of information
Authors: Narayan Bhuva , Olsson Michael
Published: May 2014

This paper presents the results from a study of information behaviors, with specific focus on information organisation‐related behaviours conducted as part of a larger daily diary study with 34 participants. The findings indicate that organization of information in everyday life is a problematic area due to various factors. The self‐evident one is the inter‐subjectivity between the person who may have organized the information and the person looking for that same information (Berlin et. al., 1993). Increasingly though, we are not just looking for information within collections that have been designed by someone else, but within our own personal collections of information, which frequently include books, electronic files, photos, records, documents, desktops, web bookmarks, and portable devices. The passage of time between when we categorized or classified the information, and the time when we look for the same information, poses several problems of intra‐subjectivity, or the difference between our own past and present perceptions of the same information. Information searching, and hence the retrieval of information from one's own collection of information in everyday life involved a spatial and temporal coordination with one's own past selves in a sort of cognitive and affective time travel, just as organizing information is a form of anticipatory coordination with one's future information needs. This has implications for finding information and also on personal information management.
Exact versus estimated pruning of subject hierarchies
Authors: Julien Charles‐Antoine , Tirilly Pierre
Published: May 2014

Many large digital collections are organized by subject; these useful information organization structures are large and complex, thus difficult to browse. Current online tools and visualization prototypes show small localized subsets and do not provide the ability to explore the predominant patterns of the overall subject structure. This study builds on existing work concerning automatic subject hierarchy modification techniques that aim to facilitate browsing for documents by capitalizing on the highly uneven distribution of real‐world collections. Specifically, previous work used an estimation of the number of accessible documents offered by each subject term, while the current study uses the exact number of accessible documents. The impact is demonstrated on a large collection organized using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Results show that, although computationally more demanding, pruning the MeSH hierarchy based on the exact access produces a different subject hierarchy under some conditions. The visual impact is demonstrated using traditional outline views. This study has implications for the development of information organization theory and human‐information interaction techniques for subject hierarchies.
Relationship between cognitive styles and users' task performance in two information systems
Authors: Yuan Xiaojun , Liu Jingjing
Published: May 2014

Studies have shown that cognitive styles have some impacts on user performance in various types of systems. The current study focused on the effects of cognitive styles on users' information‐seeking task performance between an information visualization system and a generic information system. Thirty‐two graduate students participated in a controlled laboratory experiment. Each of them completed an extended cognitive style analysis ‐ wholistic analytic test (Extended CSA‐WA test) on cognitive style, and then conducted eight information search tasks, four analytical and four aspectual, in one of two systems: a text‐based system, Web of Science, or a visualization system called CiteSpace. Results demonstrated that users' cognitive styles showed effect on task performance. The Wholistic‐Analytic (WA) ratio obtained from the CSA‐WA test was shown to be significantly correlated with result correctness for analytical tasks. Users with lower WA ratios were also found to have significant lower result satisfaction for analytical tasks than for aspectual tasks. Also, we found significant system effect on users' search performance. These results indicate that cognitive style is an important factor affecting users' performance, so is system interface design. Research in both areas provides valuable indication for future information system design.
The impacts of user readiness on perceived value
Authors: Ong Chorng‐Shyong , Lin Ching‐Tsung
Published: May 2014

Implementing of cloud computing continues to lead to changes in organizations, as it is connected with underlying organizational developments reducing across functional and organizational limitations. However, the endeavor is frequently regarded as a failure, partially because potential users resist this technology and changes driven by its introduction. This study highlights technology readiness (TR) and readiness for change (RC) as a way to ease an IT‐driven organizational change, incorporating cloud computing implementation. User readiness plays a significant role in easing resistance to such endeavors. Consequently, this study has tested the impacts of TR and RC on the perceived value of cloud computing resulting in its satisfaction. This study has developed a research model integrating TR and RC. This model has been then empirically verified employing data collected from users of high‐tech organizations in Taiwan. Structural equation analysis adopting LISREL has given significant evidences for all proposed hypotheses.
Looking for opportunistic discovery of information in recent biomedical research – a content analysis
Authors: Allen Carla M. , Erdelez Sanda , Marinov Miroslav
Published: May 2014

The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds new discoveries, is not ‘Eureka!’ but ‘That's funny …’

— Isaac Asimov

From the discovery of penicillin and x‐rays to the development of many of today's chemotherapy agents, serendipitous findings tangential to the researcher's intended purpose, those “That's funny …” moments, have greatly impacted the health and well‐being of society. As an information behavior, these unexpected findings are an example of the Opportunistic Discovery of Information (ODI). ODI has been described in many contexts, from information behavior in virtual worlds to the impact of information encountering on health behaviors. Yet, little is known about instances of ODI within the context of scientific research. This study uses content analysis to reveal reported instances of ODI in recently published biomedical literature. Our findings propose a taxonomy of term use indicating the presence of serendipity in the research process and reveal the relationship between the authors' word choice for serendipity and specific types of ODI experiences.
Collaborative information seeking in the wild: Middle‐schoolers' self‐initiated teamwork strategies to support game design
Authors: Reynolds Rebecca B. , Baik Eun , Li Xiaofeng
Published: May 2014

This study investigates how students learn to collaborate in a guided discovery‐based program of game design learning, and how e‐learning systems and environmental supports afford collaboration. We address how students self‐initiate and strategize collaborative practices to achieve a project‐based learning goal, and how they interact with peers, teachers, and technology to develop a shared understanding of the primary game design task. We also consider student engagement in the meta‐processes that support this task's completion, such as delegation, teamwork, and resource use. The methods applied include two main steps ‐ categorical analysis of 18 teams' interview transcripts and in depth case study analysis of four teams' interview responses and process artifacts, with a focus on the themes that are identified from the first step. We propose an initial framework outlining general dimensions of collaborative information behavior for knowledge building contexts. And we conclude with questions for future research.
Virtual mourning and memory construction on Facebook: Here are the terms of use
Authors: McEwen Rhonda , Scheaffer Kathleen
Published: May 2014

This article investigates the online information practices of persons grieving and mourning the death of another via Facebook through an examination of how, or if, these practices and Facebook's terms of use policies have implications for those in mourning and/or the memory of the deceased. To explore these questions the researchers contrasted traditional publicly recorded asynchronous modes of grieving (i.e. obituaries) with Facebook's asynchronous features (i.e. pages, photos, messages, profiles, comments etc.) Additionally, by applying observational techniques to Facebook memorial pages and Facebook profile pages, conducting a survey, and following‐up on survey responses with interviews, the researchers examined the benefits and issues of online information sharing via Facebook when coping with loss. It was found that immediacy of publishing comments, messages, wall posts, photos, etc. provided Facebook mourners with a quick outlet for emotion and a means of timely group support via responding comments; however, these actions directly affect the deceased's online curation of self, memory, as well as created an environment of competition amongst the mourning. The aforementioned benefits and complications of using Facebook during bereavement are shaped by the policy outlined by Facebook, as Facebook's present policy leaves the deceased's surviving family and/or friends to change the status of the profile to be memorialized, close the profile account, or remove a memorial page; thus, leaving one's reputation beyond the grave in the hands of others.
Libraries, process, and data
Authors: Gold Anna
Published: May 2014

The metaphor of knowledge as a product is found throughout contemporary discourse. It can be argued that sometimes product, and at other times process, will be a good, useful, or even the only way something can be viewed. But when one looks at process, one ignores product; and vice versa. This is a fundamental human problem, not an oversight, and as a metaphor echoes Heisenberg's uncertainty principle that suggests we can never know position and momentum simultaneously, but are limited to knowing one or the other. I illustrate briefly how a focus on product dominates discourse on core library issues including scholarly communication and library assessment. I then explore further the implications of this focus for the emerging practice and theory of data curation, despite widespread acknowledgement of both data production and data curation as processes. I conclude by urging greater attention to the possibility and challenge of reshaping practice in data curation around attention to process.
An investigation of the query behavior in task‐based collaborative exploratory Web search
Authors: Yue Zhen , Han Shuguang , He Daqing
Published: May 2014

Collaboration in the information seeking and retrieval environment is common, particularly when the search task is complex and exploratory. Multiple factors such as contextual features and task type can affect users' query behavior. This paper presents a study investigating the effects of collaboration and task types on users' query behavior. The study involves two conditions: collaborative search and individual search, and the two search tasks: the recall‐oriented information‐gathering and the utility‐based decision‐making. We analyze users' query behavior in three dimensions: basic query features (e.g. the number of queries), query reformulation patterns (e.g. New, Specification, Generalization and Reconstruction) and query performance. The findings of this study reveal that queries are more diverse in collaborative search and recall‐oriented tasks. Users employed New and Specialization more often as query reformulation types in collaborative search while people in individual search use Reconstruction more often. Besides, the successful query rate is higher in individual search and recall‐oriented tasks.
Interactive retrieval using simulated versus real work task situations: Differences in sub‐facets of tasks and interaction performance
Authors: Li Yuelin , Hu Die
Published: May 2014

Task design in interactive information retrieval (IIR) research, including IIR systems evaluation and IIR behavior research, is critical. Currently, a simple search request and a simulated work task situation design are used most widely, especially the latter. This paper attempts to examine the possible differences between simulated and real work task situations in a digital library evaluation, with respect to task characteristics, the influence of the tasks on users' interactive information search behavior, and interaction performance. An experiment was conducted. One simulated work task situation was assigned to forty‐two participants and they were also asked to bring one real work task to the experiment. A set of questionnaires, including an entry questionnaire, a pre‐ and a post‐search questionnaire were administered to the participants. An exit interview was conducted before the experiment ended. The results indicate that simulated and real work task situations are significantly different in some sub‐facets of task, but not all sub‐facets examined in this study. However, the influence of the two tasks on users' interactive information search behavior and interaction performance is not significant, though the sub‐facets of the real and simulated work task situation are correlated to interaction performance differently. Therefore, simulated work task situations could be a supplement of real work task situations in IIR evaluation if well designed. Also, the study found that for some participants, they assessed the simulated one in fact easier, but the real one in fact harder after the search. Moreover, it should be taken into account to control some critical sub‐facets of task when designing simulated work task situations. The paper concludes with suggestions on designing simulated work situations in IIR research and future studies.
Rethinking information privacy‐security: Does it really matter?
Authors: Afzal Waseem
Published: May 2014

This paper reports some of the findings of a bigger study that examined the role of technological, individual, cultural, and informational traits in shaping the intention to buy and sell online. The focus of this paper is on information privacy‐security and its role in online buying and selling. The research problem in this study was examined using the statistical method of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Students at a Midwestern university in the U.S. served as the sample population. It was interesting to find that information privacy‐security was perceived differently by the participants in online buying to those involved in online selling. Examination of different demographic traits also shed light on the relationship between these traits and information privacy‐security; for instance, females are found to be more concerned about information privacy‐security; more international students regarded information privacy as an impediment in their potential use of the Web for selling. In addition, the role of culture in moderating the relationship between information privacy‐security and the intention to buy and sell online was also examined. Despite the importance of information privacy‐security, as also demonstrated in literature, its impact on intention in this study remained inconclusive. This finding along with findings in relation to demographics and culture raises important questions for future research on information privacy‐security.
Opportunistic discovery of information and millennials: An exploratory survey
Authors: Million A.J. , O'Hare Sheila , Lowrance Nathan , Erdelez Sanda
Published: May 2014

Now that digital information can be accessed anywhere, there has been a resurgence of interest in information encountering (IE) and the opportunistic discovery of information (ODI). However, no studies have attempted to distinguish between the task‐oriented contexts associated with IE and the more diffuse and varied situations in which ODI occurs. The authors conducted a survey (n=48) of undergraduate students between the ages of 18 and 25 in order to identify which mechanisms, formats, sources, and contexts provide them with opportunities for serendipitous information acquisition. Further, the survey was adopted to cover a variety of task‐specific (IE) and non‐task specific scenarios (ODI). The results of this exploratory study confirm that both IE and ODI seem to be common among this cohort, but the mechanism of delivery and the format in which the information is presented impact the frequency of occurrences.
Taking entity reconciliation offline
Authors: Shaw Ryan , Golden Patrick
Published: May 2014

Entity reconciliation—linking names or terms to identifiers in external datasets—is a popular method of adding standardized structured data to loosely structured documents. Most approaches to entity reconciliation rely on remote web services, requiring network access during the reconciliation process. For use cases that rely on a “human in the loop” (reconciling entities during the authoring process), this requirement may be a problem. To address this problem, we investigated the feasibility of offline entity reconciliation against the Virtual International Authority File. Offline entity reconciliation was implemented by taking advantage of newly standardized browser storage interfaces to store and query parts of this large dataset locally. We present the results of this investigation and our comparison of the performance, scalability, ease of implementation, and cross‐browser compatibility of the various options for storing entity data locally.
User engagement and system support in the search process: User dominated, system dominated and balanced search tactics
Authors: Xie Iris , Joo Soohyung , Bennett‐Kapusniak Renee
Published: May 2014

Both user engagement and system support play important roles in applying search tactics. To apply search tactics in the information retrieval (IR) processes, users engage intellectually with the system, while the system assists them by providing different system features. By analyzing 63 subjects' information searching diaries and questionnaires, the authors identified various types of user engagement and system support, and classified search tactics into three groups: user dominated, system dominated, and balanced tactics. The authors further explored types of user engagement and types of system support in applying user dominated tactics (e.g. evaluating tactic), system dominated tactics (e.g. accessing tactic) and balanced tactics (e.g. learning tactic). The findings show that users and systems play major roles in applying user dominated and system dominated tactics respectively. While applying balanced tactics, users and systems have to be equally engaged.
The importance of context in the automatic classification of email as records of business value: A pilot study
Authors: Alberts Inge , Vellino Andre
Published: May 2014

Despite the growth of alternative means of electronic messaging, email continues to be a crucial business communication tool. In many organizations, it is common to find a large proportion of business‐critical data in email form. However, as the volume of business‐critical email continues to grow, conventional approaches for managing paper‐based records of business value are increasingly unsuited to the digital realities. Yet effective approaches to automate the management of email are essential to ensure organizational efficiency, accountability and regulatory compliance. Our research aims to develop a model that characterizes information managers' context‐specific email triage strategies for identifying emails of business value so that it can be applied to automatically classify email records. We conducted a pilot study of two information managers' email triage practices in two different contexts and develop machine‐learning models of lexical and non‐lexical features that are involved in the appraisal of business value. An experiment with a machine learning algorithm trained on about two hundred emails in two different business contexts indicates that the automation of email triage for identifying records of business value is highly context dependent and that automated classifiers must be trained to recognize “business value” specifically for that context.
Automatic error detection from pointing device input data
Authors: Sultana Afroza , Moffatt Karyn
Published: May 2014

Although interaction techniques have been extensively studied under controlled laboratory conditions, little is known about their capabilities during unconstrained free tasks. Understanding real world use is particularly important for older adults, as some may find computer input more challenging due to age‐related declines in motor skill. As a step towards addressing this gap, we studied the feasibility of using machine‐learning techniques. In this study, we emphasized on identifying errors from sub‐movement behavior, using pen‐based data from younger and older adults. We tested four machine‐learning algorithms: Decision Trees, Neural Networks, Naïve Bayesian Networks, and Rule Induction. Each yielded an accuracy rate around 90%. Moreover, the experiments have identified some useful metrics to classify errors among older adult users.
Challenges of open source ILS adoption
Authors: Singh Vandana
Published: May 2014

This paper describes the results of a research study analyzing the challenges of the adoption of open source integrated library systems (OSS ILSs) among U.S. libraries. The research team surveyed 73 libraries of all types currently using proprietary ILSs about their satisfaction with their ILS, whether they have considered migrating to an OSS ILS, and some of the changes that would need to occur inside and outside of the libraries to facilitate migration to OSS ILSs. The results show that most of the libraries surveyed have considered migrating to OSS ILSs. The most common reason for considering migration is the cost savings of OSS ILSs compared to proprietary ILSs. The most common issues libraries cited as reasons not to migrate to OSS ILSs include lack of in‐house technical staff and expertise and perceived lack of OSS ILS technical support. This paper contributes to the field by discussing some specific challenges libraries associate with OSS ILSs. This research will help libraries in the OSS ILS community to better address these challenges and encourage OSS ILS adoption.