bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desperately seeking evidence: The recovered memory debate
Authors: Memon Amina , Young Mark
Published: June 2011

Purpose. The debate concerning the recovery of repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is one with which academics and professionals are becoming increasingly familiar. This paper asks whether or not recovered memories require special psychological mechanisms to explain as this has implications if legal proceedings are initiated on the basis of that recovered memory.

Method. The following areas are deemed relevant when evaluating evidence based upon a recovered memory: (i) the effects of trauma on memory (an influence on memory at the encoding stage); (ii) how memory can be aided and distorted (an influence on memory at the retrieval stage); and (iii) factors likely to influence jury decisions concerning recovered memories.

Results. Cases documenting the veracity of recovered memories are few and far between. On the contrary there is sufficient evidence to be concerned about the accuracy of recovered memories in the legal context.

Conclusions. Further research is needed on the conditions under which false recollections may occur and how these may be prevented.
Work, family and well‐being. Can the law help?
Authors: Lewis Suzan , Lewis Jeremy
Published: June 2011

Purpose. To consider the potential contributions of the law to the promotion of conditions congruent with a healthy balance between work and family life.

Arguments. Traditional models of work are often incompatible with multiple roles in work and family. Flexible, ‘family‐friendly’ employment opportunities are limited in availability and conditions and many employees have a low sense of entitlement to be able to modify work for family reasons. Using English law as an example it is argued that discrimination law and health and safety law have considerable potential to facilitate work and family balance by (i) enhancing the conditions of part‐time and flexible forms of work (job enhancement), and (ii) challenging the primacy of the traditional model of work (organizational challenge). The use of discrimination law, however, can perpetuate gender inequalities. Future developments should focus directly on facilitating multiple roles.

Conclusions. The law has the potential to contribute to the achievement of a healthy balance between work and family by discouraging employers from regarding non‐paradigm workers as peripheral to organizations, and by contributing to a stronger sense of entitlement among workers to flexibility as a right rather than a privilege. Its impact is, however, limited by a number of social, organizational and individual factors.
The relationships among interviewer utterance type, CBCA scores and the richness of children's responses
Authors: Hershkowitz Irit , Lamb Michael E. , Sternberg Kathleen J. , Esplin Phillip W.
Published: June 2011

Objectives. The goal of the study was to determine whether the criterion‐based content analysis (CBCA) indicators of credibility were more likely to be elicited by open‐ended interview prompts than by more directive prompts.

Methods. Coders independently applied a revised CBCA coding scheme while others rated interviewer utterance types and the length and richness of children's responses in transcripts of 20 forensic interviews of alleged victims of child sexual abuse.

Results. There were high correlations between the number of CBCA criteria identified and both the length and richness of the children's utterances. Open‐ended invitations were especially useful in eliciting responses that contained CBCA criteria, as expected.

Conclusions. Open‐ended invitations thus appear to elicit both more numerous details and details that are believed to suggest credibility. Implications for the application of CBCA codes to credibility assessment are discussed.
The confidence–accuracy relation in eyewitness event memory: The mixed question type effect
Authors: Hollins T. S. , Perfect T. J.
Published: June 2011

It has been found that for eyewitness memory the confidence‐accuracy relation is weak, whilst for general knowledge it is robust. Two experiments examine whether confidence in general knowledge could be used as a comparator to improve the confidence‐accuracy relation for eyewitness memory. In both experiments participants were shown an eyewitness video, and then randomly allocated to one of four test conditions. Blocked recall and blocked recognition groups completed the eyewitness test first, and then completed the general knowledge test separately. Mixed recall and mixed recognition groups were tested using the same items interlaced to form a single test. In both experiments it was found that the mixed questions produced a significant confidence‐accuracy relation for eyewitness memory, but the blocked questions did not. Potential mechanisms for the mixed question type effect are discussed.
Varieties of truth: Psychology–law discourse as a dispute over the forms and content of knowledge
Authors: Brown Mark
Published: June 2011

Purpose. Despite much comment and theorizing in the psychological literature on the proper relationship between psychology and law, the fact remains that little use is made of psychological research in the legal arena. The purpose of this paper is to consider why this might be and to suggest an explanation that focuses upon the way these different fields hold widely divergent views on truth.

Argument. It is argued that the failure of law to avail itself of psychological knowledge is not due to institutional boundary disputes or procedural conflicts but rather reflects fundamental differences in the legal and psychological criteria for knowledge. Popper's distinction between methodological nominalism and essentialism is used to demonstrate the core differences between legal and psychological requirements for understanding, but it is emphasized that while these ultimately lead to different forms of knowledge, the disciplines have in fact developed similar institutional procedures for generating and regulating knowledge production.

Conclusions. It is therefore concluded that resolution of the stand‐off between psychology and law will not be achieved by tinkering with surface procedures but requires a fundamental re‐evaluation of what constitutes acceptable knowledge to occur within each discipline. Instances where this has occurred (e.g. legal realism in law, critical psychology) demonstrate that it is not beyond the capacity of either party to accommodate change and point towards further avenues for development in the psychology‐law discourse.
Newspaper readership and the perception of crime: Testing an assumed relationship through a triangulation of methods
Authors: O'Connell Michael , Invernizzi Federica , Fuller Ray
Published: June 2011

Objectives. To examine the degree of association between newspaper readership and perception of crime and whether a causal relationship favouring a top‐down model (i.e. media shapes public opinion) of media‐audience interaction found support rather than a bottom‐up model (i.e. media responds to public opinion).

Methods. The study involved the triangulation of three methods. Study 1 was a quantitative analysis of 2000 newspaper articles involving crime. Study 2 was a number of semi‐structured interviews with newspaper crime correspondents. Study 3 was a two‐part experimental investigation of the causal model.

Results. Study 1 demonstrated a correspondence between misperception of crime and key quantitative measures of crime presentation in four newspapers. Study 2 found a correspondence between the newspaper values of crime journalists and the views of their readers. The experimental work in Study 3 did not demonstrate one‐off presentation effects as predicted by a simple top‐down model.

Conclusions. There appeared to be evidence confirming an association between readers' views and the presentation of crime in their newspapers. However, the results of the experimental study do not permit an exclusive top‐down interpretation of this association.
Differentiating arsonists: A model of firesetting actions and characteristics
Authors: Canter David , Fritzon Katarina
Published: June 2011

It is hypothesized that there will be behavioural consistencies in the actions of arsonists when committing a crime that characterize them. The themes underlying these observable differences can be used to help us understand the nature of the offence. With arson, one such observable difference is hypothesized to relate to the target or focus of the attack. The study tested whether consistencies could be found that distinguish person‐oriented from object‐oriented arsons. A second proposed facet of arson actions relates to the motivational category underlying the act, being either instrumental or expressive. It was also hypothesized, therefore, that there would be a distinction in the arson actions between fires set for a clear instrumental purpose, and those which may be regarded as emotional acting‐out. The hypothesis that these four themes would differentiate arsonists was tested by analysing 175 solved arson cases from across England. The case files were content analysed to produce 42 behavioural variables taken from both the crime reports and witness statements. In order to test the hypotheses of differentiation a smallest space analysis was carried out.

The results support this framework giving rise to four distinct themes to arson from which scales with reasonable alpha scores could be derived. Two relate to expressive acts, (a) those that are realized within the arsonist's own feelings, being analogous to suicide, and (b) those that are acted on objects, like the burning of symbolic buildings. The other two relate to instrumental acts, (c) those that are for personal indulgence, similar to personal revenge, and (d) those that have an object focus such as hiding evidence from a crime. A further test of the validity of these four themes was to examine the typical characteristics of the people who committed the different types of arson. Four scales of arsonists' characteristics were developed. These were found to have appropriate, statistically significant correlations with the four themes.

The implications of these findings for understanding the varieties of arson as revealed through the actions that occur are discussed, as well as the implications for arson investigations. It is speculated that this framework may provide a general model for considering a wide range of crimes.
The role of psychopathy in assessing risk for violence: Conceptual and methodological issues
Authors: Hart Stephen D.
Published: June 2011

Purpose. There is growing evidence that psychopathic (dissocial) personality disorder is associated with violence. The purpose of this paper is to consider the role of psychopathy in clinical assessments of risk for violence.

Arguments. Risk assessments are conducted for the purpose of preventing, not predicting, violence. Yet, most research on risk for violence is conducted and interpreted within the framework of a simplistic prediction paradigm, thus underestimating the practical importance of risk factors. Despite this bias, violence predictions based on psychopathy are only slightly less accurate than predictions that cognitive behavioral therapy will reduce symptoms of depression or cardiac bypass surgery will reduce angina pain; and more accurate than predictions that smaller class sizes will lead to improved academic achievement or cardiac bypass surgery will reduce mortality.

Conclusion. Information about psychopathy can be used to make relatively accurate predictions of violence. Of course, decisions concerning if and how such information should be used are another matter. The paper concludes with recommendations concerning the appropriate role of psychopathy in violence risk assessments and avenues for future research.
Pretrial publicity: Effects of admonition and expressing pretrial opinions
Authors: Freedman Jonathan L. , Martin Christiane K. , Mota Victor L.
Published: June 2011

Purpose. To assess the effect of pretrial publicity on mock jurors' post‐trial opinions and verdicts, and to investigate the role of the judge's admonition to ignore information obtained outside the trial and the role of asking jurors for their opinions before the trial.

Methods. In two studies, university students were exposed to pretrial publicity that was either negative or neutral towards the defendant, a week or more later were shown a videotape of a trial, and asked for their opinions about guilt and their verdicts. In Study 1, with 99 participants, the judge's instruction either did or did not contain a specific admonition to ignore information outside the trial. In Study 2, with 78 participants, pretrial opinions either were or were not solicited.

Results. Neither study found any main effect of pretrial publicity. In Study 1, jurors given the specific admonition were less likely to think the defendant was guilty. In Study 2, only when participants were asked for their pretrial opinions of guilt were their post‐trial opinions and verdicts significantly affected by negative pretrial publicity.

Conclusions. The post‐trial effects of pretrial publicity are not strong and robust, but rather appear to depend on other factors in the situation. We interpret the effect of the specific admonition as being due to a leaning‐over‐backwards phenomenon. We interpret the effect of soliciting pretrial opinions as magnifying the effects of pretrial publicity and producing an overestimate of their strength.
Memory quality and misinformation for peripheral and central objects
Authors: Wright Daniel B. , Stroud Joanne N.
Published: June 2011

Purpose. The quality of memories after the presentation of misinformation was explored. Three different types of stimuli were used: a peripheral object, a characteristic of a (different) peripheral object and a central detail. These were chosen in order to achieve different levels of the misinformation effect.

Methods. One hundred and eight university students were shown a computer displayed picture sequence of a shoplifting incident. They were then misled about certain aspects. Memory was assessed by forced‐choice recognition, ‘remember’/‘know’ judgments and reaction times.

Results. Participants often reported ‘remembering’ misinformation for the peripheral object and the characteristic. ‘Remember’ responses were also associated with the fastest reaction times.

Conclusions. Misinformation can make people remember errant information. Implications for eyewitness testimony are discussed.
Elastic Brittle Damage Model of Ni-YSZ and Predicted Stress–Strain Relations as a Function of Temperature and Porosity
Authors: Iqbal Gulfam , Kang Bruce
Published: June 2011

Nickel-yttria stabilized zirconia (Ni-YSZ) is the most widely used material for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anodes. Anode-supported SOFCs rely on the anode to provide mechanical strength to the positive–electrolyte–negative (PEN) structure. The stresses generated in the anode can result in the formation of microcracks that degrade its structural properties and electrochemical performance. In this paper, a brittle elastic damage model is developed for Ni-YSZ and implemented in finite element analysis with the help of a user-defined subroutine. The model is exploited to predict Ni-YSZ stress–strain relations at temperatures and porosities that are difficult to generate experimentally. It is observed that the anode material degradation depends on the level of strain regardless of the temperature at the same porosity: at higher temperature, lower load is required to produce a specified level of strain than at lower temperature. Conversely, the anode material degrades and fails at a lower level of strain at higher porosity at the same temperature. The information obtained from this research will be useful to establish material parameters to achieve optimal robustness of SOFC stacks.
DIMENSION OF THE MODULI SPACE AND HAMILTONIAN ANALYSIS OF BF FIELD THEORIES
Authors: CARTAS-FUENTEVILLA R. , ESCALANTE-HERNANDEZ A. , BERRA-MONTIEL J.
Published: June 2011

By using the Atiyah–Singer theorem through some similarities with the instanton and the antiinstanton moduli spaces, the dimension of the moduli space for two- and four-dimensional BF theories valued in different background manifolds and gauge groups scenarios is determined. Additionally, we develop Dirac's canonical analysis for a four-dimensional modified BF theory, which reproduces the topological YM theory. This framework will allow us to understand the local symmetries, the constraints, the extended Hamiltonian and the extended action of the theory.
ON HOMOTOPIES WITH TRIPLE POINTS OF CLASSICAL KNOTS
Authors: FIEDLER THOMAS , MORTIER ARNAUD
Published: June 2011

We consider a knot homotopy as a cylinder in 4-space. An ordinary triple point p of the cylinder is called coherent if all three branches intersect at p pairwise with the same intersection index. A triple unknotting of a classical knot K is a homotopy which connects K with the trivial knot and which has as singularities only coherent triple points.

We give a new formula for the first Vassiliev invariant v2(K) by using triple unknottings. As a corollary we obtain a very simple proof of the fact that passing a coherent triple point always changes the knot type. As another corollary we show that there are triple unknottings which are not homotopic as triple unknottings even if we allow more complicated singularities to appear in the homotopy of the triple homotopy.
AN IMPAIRMENT METRIC FOR VIDEO TEMPORAL FLUCTUATION MEASURE
Authors: YANG J. X. , TAN D. M. , WU H. R.
Published: June 2011

Temporal fluctuations are often observed in digitally compressed videos. However, it is difficult to accurately measure these fluctuation intensities with the traditional peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) since the PSNR only provides a generic quality measure. Although specialized metrics have been proposed for temporal fluctuation measurement, e.g., the sum of squared differences (SSD) and the motion compensated SSD (MCSSD), these first difference based algorithms may falsely treat smooth continuous change of pixel values as temporal fluctuations. To overcome this problem, a motion estimated mean scaled absolute second difference (MEMSASD) is proposed here. The performance of the MEMSASD is examined using a number of video sequences with varying degrees of temporal fluctuations, generated by an H.264/AVC compliant codec using standard test video sequences. Compared with the PSNR and the SSD, the behavior of the MCSSD and the proposed metric provide better reflections of temporal fluctuation intensities as perceived by the human visual system (HVS), in terms of the Pearson correlation coefficient. The MEMSASD metric has an advantage over MCSSD in that it avoids misclassification of temporal fluctuations of pixels with smooth continuous change along the temporal axis.
AN IMAGE QUALITY METRIC BASED ON BIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED FEATURE MODEL
Authors: DENG CHENG , LI JIE , ZHANG YIFAN , HUANG DONGYU , AN LINGLING
Published: June 2011

Objective image quality assessment (IQA) metrics have been widely applied to imaging systems to preserve and enhance the perceptual quality of images being processed and transmitted. In this paper, we present a novel IQA metric based on biologically inspired feature model (BIFM) and structural similarity index (SSIM). The SSIM index map is first generated through the well-known IQA metric SSIM between the reference image and the distorted image. Then, saliency map of the distorted image is extracted via BIF to define the most salient image locations. Finally, according to the saliency map, a feature weighting model is employed to define the different weights for the different samples in the SSIM index map. Experimental results confirm that the proposed IQA metric improves the performance over PSNR and SSIM under various distortion types in terms of different evaluation criteria.
QUATERNION BASED COLOR IMAGE QUALITY ASSESSMENT INDEX
Authors: WANG YUQING , ZHU MING , PANG HAOCHEN , WANG YONG
Published: June 2011

A quaternion model for describing color image is proposed in order to evaluate its quality. Local variance distribution of luminance layer is calculated. Color information is taken into account by using quaternion matrix. The description method is a combination of luminance layer and color information. The angle between the singular value feature vectors of the quaternion matrices corresponding to the reference image and the distorted image is used to measure the structural similarity of the two color images. When the reference image and distorted images are of unequal size it can also assess their quality. Results from experiments show that the proposed method is better consistent with the human visual characteristics than MSE, PSNR and MSSIM. The resized distorted images can also be assessed rationally by this method.
Preparation and electrochemical and optical properties of α-octaalkylphthalocyanines with four fused TTF units
Authors: Kimura Takeshi , Namauo Toshiharu , Amano Kaori , Takahashi Nobuhiro , Takaguchi Yutaka , Hoshi Tomonori , Kobayashi Nagao
Published: June 2011

3,6-Dialkylphthalonitriles (6a) and (6b) with a fused TTF unit at 4,5-positions were prepared from dialkyltetrabromobenzenes via five step reactions (alkyl: butyl and octyl). Compounds 6a and 6b were treated with lithium in n-hexanol at 120 °C for 3 h to produce α-octaalkyltetrakis(tetrathiafulvaleno)phthalocyanines (8a) and (8b), respectively. The structure of the products was determined by 1H NMR, FAB MS, and MALDI TOF MS. The 1H NMR measurement was performed in chloroform-d at around 55 °C because of their higher aggregative property. Electrochemical and optical properties of 8a and 8b were examined by cyclic voltammetry and UV-vis and MCD spectroscopy. Molecular orbital calculations succeeded in reproducing the observed absorption spectrum of tetrakis(tetrathiafulvaleno)phthalocyanine.
Photoinduced electron transfer in a directly linked meso-triphenylamine zinc porphyrin-quinone dyad
Authors: Wijesinghe Channa A. , Niemi Marja , Tkachenko Nikolai V. , Subbaiyan Navaneetha K. , Zandler Melvin E. , Lemmetyinen Helge , D'Souza Francis
Published: June 2011

A multimodular donor-acceptor system composed of three triphenylamine entities at the meso-positions of a zinc porphyrin macrocycle and a quinone at the fourth meso-position was newly synthesized and characterized. The triphenylamine entities acted as energy transferring antenna units in addition of improving the electron donor ability of the zinc porphyrin. Appreciable electronic interactions of the triphenylamine and quinone entities with the porphyrin π-system were observed. In agreement with the spectral and electrochemical results, the computational studies performed by the DFT B3LYP/3-21G(*) method revealed delocalization of the frontier HOMO over the triphenylamine and the porphyrin macrocycle while the LUMO to be fully localized over the quinone entity. Free-energy calculations suggested photoinduced electron transfer from the singlet excited zinc porphyrin to the directly linked quinone to be exothermic and this was experimentally confirmed by the time-resolved pump probe and up-conversion techniques. In the investigated system, the ET reaction path was found to depend upon the excitation wavelength. That is, when Zn porphyrin was predominantly excited, a rapid charge separation followed by equally fast charge recombination was observed. However, excitation of the peripheral TPA substituents resulted in an extremely long-lived CS state with triplet spin character via the TPA triplet and Zn porphyrin triplet states.
Ferrochelatase: the convergence of the porphyrin biosynthesis and iron transport pathways
Authors: Hunter Gregory A. , Al-Karadaghi Salam , Ferreira Gloria C.
Published: June 2011

Ferrochelatase (also known as PPIX ferrochelatase; Enzyme Commission number 4.9.9.1.1) catalyzes the insertion of ferrous iron into PPIX to form heme. This reaction unites the biochemically synchronized pathways of porphyrin synthesis and iron transport in nearly all living organisms. The ferrochelatases are an evolutionarily diverse family of enzymes with no more than six active site residues known to be perfectly conserved. The availability of over thirty different crystal structures, including many with bound metal ions or porphyrins, has added tremendously to our understanding of ferrochelatase structure and function. It is generally believed that ferrous iron is directly channeled to ferrochelatase in vivo, but the identity of the suspected chaperone remains uncertain despite much recent progress in this area. Identification of a conserved metal ion binding site at the base of the active site cleft may be an important clue as to how ferrochelatases acquire iron, and catalyze desolvation during transport to the catalytic site to complete heme synthesis.
Regulation of Smooth Muscle Contraction by the Epithelium: Role of Prostaglandins
Authors: Ruan Ye Chun , Zhou Wenliang , Chan Hsiao Chang
Published: June 2011

As an analog to the endothelium situated next to the vascular smooth muscle, the epithelium is emerging as an important regulator of smooth muscle contraction in many vital organs/tissues by interacting with other cell types and releasing epithelium-derived factors, among which prostaglandins have been demonstrated to play a versatile role in governing smooth muscle contraction essential to the physiological and pathophysiological processes in a wide range of organ systems.
Cell Polarity and Migration: Emerging Role for the Endosomal Sorting Machinery
Authors: Lobert Viola Hélène , Stenmark Harald
Published: June 2011

The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery has been implicated in the regulation of endosomal sorting, cell division, viral budding, autophagy, and cell signaling. Here, we review recent evidence that implicates ESCRTs in cell polarity and cell migration, and discuss the potential role of ESCRTs as tumor suppressors.
Intercellular Interactomics of Human Brain Endothelial Cells and Th17 Lymphocytes: A Novel Strategy for Identifying Therapeutic Targets of CNS Inflammation
Authors: Haqqani Arsalan S. , Stanimirovic Danica B.
Published: June 2011

Leukocyte infiltration across an activated brain endothelium contributes to the neuroinflammation seen in many neurological disorders. Recent evidence shows that IL-17-producing T-lymphocytes (e.g., Th17 cells) possess brain-homing capability and contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and cerebral ischemia. The leukocyte transmigration across the endothelium is a highly regulated, multistep process involving intercellular communications and interactions between the leukocytes and endothelial cells. The molecules involved in the process are attractive therapeutic targets for inhibiting leukocyte brain migration. We hypothesized and have been successful in demonstrating that molecules of potential therapeutic significance involved in Th17-brain endothelial cell (BEC) communications and interactions can be discovered through the combination of advanced membrane/submembrane proteomic and interactomic methods. We describe elements of this strategy and preliminary results obtained in method and approach development. The Th17-BEC interaction network provides new insights into the complexity of the transmigration process mediated by well-organized, subcellularly localized molecular interactions. These molecules and interactions are potential diagnostic, therapeutic, or theranostic targets for treatment of neurological conditions accompanied or caused by leukocyte infiltration.
Improvement in Fatigue, Sleepiness, and Health-Related Quality of Life with Bright Light Treatment in Persons with Seasonal Affective Disorder and Subsyndromal SAD
Authors: Rastad Cecilia , Ulfberg Jan , Lindberg Per
Published: June 2011

Objective. To investigate the effects of bright light treatment for secondary outcome measures and to explore and validate empirically derived subgroups and treatment effects in subgroups.Methods. A descriptive design. A sample of forty-nine persons (mean age of 45.8) with clinically assessed seasonal affective disorder (SAD) or subsyndromal SAD (S-SAD) participated in a two-group clinical trial evaluating the effects of treatment with bright light therapy. A person-oriented cluster analysis was applied to study treatment effects in subgroups.Results. For the merged group, sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale), fatigue (fatigue questionnaire), and health-related quality of life (SF-36) were improved at posttreatment, and results were maintained at the one-month followup. Three distinct subgroups had a high level of fatigue in common, while the level of excessive daytime sleepiness and depressed mood differed between the subgroups. Over time, all subgroups improved following ten days treatment in a light room.Conclusion. Fatigue, excessive daytime sleepiness, and health-related quality of life improve in a similar way as depressed mood following treatment with bright light. The treatment was effective irrespective of the severity of the disorder, that is, for persons with SAD and subsyndromal SAD.
Quantitative Determination of Acetaldehyde in Foods Using Automated Digestion with Simulated Gastric Fluid Followed by Headspace Gas Chromatography
Authors: Uebelacker Michael , Lachenmeier Dirk W.
Published: June 2011

Acetaldehyde (ethanal) is a genotoxic carcinogen, which may occur naturally or as an added flavour in foods. We have developed an efficient method to analyze the compound in a wide variety of food matrices. The analysis is conducted using headspace (HS) gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detector. Using a robot autosampler, the samples are digested in full automation with simulated gastric fluid (1 h at 37°C) under shaking, which frees acetaldehyde loosely bound to matrix compounds. Afterwards, an aliquot of the HS is injected into the GC system. Standard addition was applied for quantification to compensate for matrix effects. The precision of the method was sufficient (<3% coefficient of variation). The limit of detection was 0.01 mg/L and the limit of quantification was 0.04 mg/L. 140 authentic samples were analyzed. The acetaldehyde content in apples was  mg/kg, orange juice contained  mg/kg. The highest concentration was determined in a yoghurt (17 mg/kg). A first-exposure estimation resulted in a daily acetaldehyde intake of less than 0.1 mg/kg bodyweight from food, which is considerably lower than the exposures from alcohol consumption or tobacco smoking.
Taming the Untamable: Christian Attempts to Make Israel’s Election Universal
Authors: Lohr Joel N.
Published: June 2011

In this essay, the author suggests that contemporary ways of thinking about exclusion and particularism have profoundly affected contemporary interpretations of the Bible, both Old and New Testaments. This, the author suggests, becomes particularly evident when looking at the issue of Israel’s election. Through an examination of the theological interpretations of two evangelical Christian commentators on Deuteronomy, Christopher Wright and Gordon McConville, the author argues that each interpreter, to varying degrees, inappropriately reads a universal agenda into Deuteronomy in the service of Christian theology. The author maintains that a better approach is to accept the exclusive, particularistic nature of Deuteronomy (and of the Old Testament more generally) and to acknowledge that although a universal trajectory may be observed in the Bible overall, it should not be achieved through skewed readings of Deuteronomy, or at the cost of Israel’s irrevocable—and thus enduring—election.
A Document from “Year 4 of the Destruction of the House of Israel”
Authors: Eshel Esther , Eshel (") Hanan , Yardeni Ada
Published: June 2011

The article presents a document, a receipt of a ketubba and a waiver of claims, that bears the date “Year 4 of the Destruction of the House of Israel.” The counting is from after the suppression of the Bar Kokhba revolt, and the document thus would date to 140 c.e. The discussion consists of text, translation, notes on readings, commentary, and palaeographical description.
The Date and Meaning of the Book of Joel
Authors: Assis Elie
Published: June 2011

This paper argues that the Book of Joel is best understood against the background of the exilic period in Judah, after the Destruction but before the Return to Zion, that is, between 587 and 538 BCE. While concrete historical evidence is not decisive, an investigation of the ideology of the Book may determine the Book’s historical setting. The lack of any rebuke in Joel accords with the view that he lived in the exilic period, when it would not have been appropriate to rebuke and criticize the people, who were in a state of deep despair. The Book of Joel places great emphasis on the motif of the Divine presence residing in the midst of Israel. This central message of assurance of the Divine presence is particularly apt if we accept the view that Joel belongs to the period of the Destruction, when the people were in despair and saw in the events their abandonment by God. There are cultic concerns in the book. This is understood if it is accepted that Joel functioned in the exilic period, and aimed at persuading his audience that one can pray to the Lord even when the Temple is in ruins. The prophet’s main purpose was to bring the people to renew their connection with the Lord after the destruction of the Temple, and to focus the people’s attention on the Temple, which, although physically ruined, had not lost its religious significance. Other characteristics of the Book of Joel that point to the same historical setting are discussed in the paper.
Praying as a Plaintiff
Authors: Holtz Shalom E.
Published: June 2011

Several biblical prayers include the speaker’s demand for judgment from God. Akkadian prayers contain similar language. Examination of plaintiffs’ statements in Neo-Babylonian lawsuit records substantiates the interpretation of these demands in prayers as a courtroom form of speech.
David in the Prophecy of Amos
Authors: Goswell Greg
Published: June 2011

This article challenges the common view that the prophecy of Amos contains the hope of a revival of the Davidic empire. In Amos, Zion/Jerusalem is not David’s capital, but YHWH’s, and from it he rules the whole world. The criterion of selection of the condemned nations in Amos 1-2 is not their membership of the former Davidic empire. They instead represent God’s rulership over all nations. The allusion to David in Amos 6:5 is as a liturgical figure and has no messianic colouring. The rebuilt “booth of David” (9:11) refers to Jerusalem as the site of the temple, and the final prophecy of hope democratizes Davidic promises.
Some Points of Contact between the Biblical Deborah War Traditions and Some Greek Mythologies*
Authors: Vainstub Daniel
Published: June 2011

This paper examines three features common to the biblical narrative of Deborah and Cretan myths. In the biblical story two heroines, Deborah and Jael, bear names of fauna, bee and ibex (mountain goat), respectively. Deborah/bee’s prophetic gift enables her to determine the auspicious moment for a victorious battle. Jael/female ibex, gives milk in a special vessel to Sisera, who, fleeing for his life, ironically takes refuge in the tent of Jael, who kills him. In ancient Greece, “Melissa”, which means “bee”, is a common epithet for prophetesses, especially those who provide oracles to military commanders, as did the prophetess of Delphi. In Cretan versions, Melissa has a sister named Amaltheia, which means “mountain goat”. When a prominent fugitive, the deity Zeus, takes refuge in her cave, she likewise gives him milk in a special vessel. In both tales the word for the special vessel expresses plenty.
Stages in the Territorial Expansion of the Northern Kingdom
Authors: Finkelstein Israel
Published: June 2011

The article presents textual and archaeological evidence for three phases in the territorial expansion of the Northern Kingdom. In the initial, pre-Omride phase Israel expanded only into the Jezreel Valley. Under the Omrides, the territory of the Northern Kingdom covered the northern valleys as far as Hazor and the mountainous Galilee. In the first half of the 8th century BCE, Israel expanded further north, to the area of Dan and possibly beyond.
Gender Justice and CEDAW: The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
Authors: Merry Sally Engle
Published: June 2011

Ethnographic analysis carried out over the years, indicates that the critical feature of the CEDAW process is its cultural and educational role: Its capacity to coalesce and express a particular cultural understanding of gender. Like more conventional legal processes, its significance lies in its capacity to shape cultural understandings and to articulate and expand a vision of rights. This is a form of global legality that depends deeply on its texts, not for enforcement but for the production of cultural meanings associated with modernity and the international. It is ultimately dependent on generating political pressure on states from the CEDAW committee, from sympathetic leaders within a country, and from international and national nongovernmental organizations.
“Authentic Sharia” as Cause and Cure for Women’s Human Rights Violations in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Bunting Annie
Published: June 2011

By analysing the proposals contained in the report, “Promoting Women’s Rights Through Sharia in Northern Nigeria,” which was published by the Centre for Islamic Legal Studies at Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) in Zaria in 2005, this paper explores the complexities and consequences of a rights strategy grounded in “an authentic understanding of Sharia.” The paper argues that this strategy may further constrain the discourses of debate for Muslim women in northern Nigeria. It also discusses how the strategy privatizes responsibility for poverty eradication, and how it ignores competing languages of social change, including Nigerian and international women’s rights.
Counterpatriarchal Pleasures of Muslim Turkish Women: A Feminist Ethnography of Rural Women Watching Daytime Television
Authors: Onaran Aslihan Tokgöz
Published: June 2011

This article examines the intersection of patriarchal hegemony, television viewing, domestic power relations and individual agency in the daily lives of rural Turkish women. More specifically, it analyzes the reception of daytime American soap operas by women in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. Employing an interdisciplinary methodology that combines ethnography, textual analysis and transnational feminist theory, this study investigates how women’s media experiences allow them to resist their traditional roles assigned by Islamic patriarchies.Among the major questions addressed are, “In what ways does soap viewership reflect the appropriation of anti-patriarchal modes of knowledge? How do soap operas allow women to question local gender norms? How, for example, does viewer identification with a female soap opera character committing adultery disrupt traditional gender norms, in which an act of adultery may lead to an honor killing?”Turkish women’s viewership habits as well as their pleasures from the anti-traditional plots contribute to the creation of a resistive female sphere. This study illustrates the multiple levels through which this female forum is socially constructed. I argue that women’s viewing pleasures and the actualization of a powerful female homosociality furnish the structural conditions under which alternative forms of meaning can gain a public momentum. Although respondents’ diverse uses of soap operas do not represent the formation of organized feminist protest, they, nevertheless, reflect these women’s dissatisfaction with the status quo. As such, soap viewership allows women to challenge traditional norms of gender and sexuality in the villages where this study was conducted.
Refiguring Translation in Religious Studies
Authors: Mas Ruth
Published: June 2011

This paper examines how Derrida’s “generalized translation” is taken up as posing the fundamental theoretical question underpinning Mandair’s book. Tracing Mandair’s understanding of translation through Saiko’s concept of co-figuration, this article examines the Kantian origins of this understanding and then details how Derrida departs radically from these origins in his account of the untranslatability of religion. Derrida, by distinguishing generalization from difference and repetition, offers an account of difference that is not simply repeated in non-Christian traditions but which is already irreducibly present within each.
The Globalisation of Macrobiotics as Culinary Tourism and Culinary Nostalgia
Authors: Stalker Nancy
Published: June 2011

This article examines the malleable identity of the macrobiotic diet, a largely vegetarian regime focused on brown rice and traditional Japanese foods, popularly known as a diet that could cure diseases, including cancer. It argues that the historical and geographical context of macrobiotics helped determine its appeal, i.e. initial interest in the West was driven by a sense of ‘culinary tourism’ while Japanese contemporary interest in macrobiotics is informed by a sense of ‘culinary nostalgia.’
The Ties that Bind: Pregnancy and the Persistence of Tradition in Contemporary Japan
Authors: Seaman Amanda C.
Published: June 2011

This article explores the meaning and use in Japan of the hara obi (belly band), first attested in the eighth-century chronicle Kojiki, tracing its changing medical, religious, ritual, and literary significance up to the present day. While some Tokugawa-era doctors disparaged the hara obi’s medical value, it continued to play a role in prenatal care which continues today, a role enhanced by its function as a religious talisman and an object of folk tradition. This complex of effective and affective meanings has contributed to the hara obi’s survival alongside modern birth technology, a survival chronicled and reflected upon by contemporary Japanese women’s writing on pregnancy and childbirth.
‘Knowing the Why but not the How’: A Dilemma in Contemporary Chinese Medicine
Authors: Wang Jun
Published: June 2011

This paper explores how modernisation of Chinese medicine has transformed Chinese medicine doctors, as they like to say, from ‘knowing the how but not the why’ to ‘knowing the why but not the how.’ Through unfolding the multi-faceted connotations and associations of these proverbial formulas in the Chinese medicine field, we show the inevitable dilemma troubling many Chinese medicine doctors, who feel they are stuck between the institutional demands of catching up with the latest scientific knowledge and continuing the eminently effective features of Chinese medicine in practice. The crisis of ‘knowing the why but not the how’ demonstrates that, despite rather thoroughgoing scientisation, there are continuing conflicts between the modes of knowing characteristic of Chinese medicine and modern science, which result from the assumed hierarchy of knowing.
Korean Anatomical Charts in the Context of the East Asian Medical Tradition
Authors: Kim Yuseok , Dongwon Shin
Published: June 2011

This paper examines the characteristics of the illustrations in Heo Jun’s
Dong’ui’bo’gam (Treasured Collections of an Eastern Physician), which are
the sole distinctively Korean pictorial representations in the history of
Korean medical texts. Those anatomical images differ from earlier East Asian
anatomical charts in three important ways. First, they embody the view that
Daoist practices for preserving health and vitality (yangsheng) are closer
to the essence of life than is medicine. Second, unlike existing medical
texts, which mainly focused on the organs inside the body and the channels
on the surface of the body, they emphasise building up systematic outer
‘bodily form’. Third, they reflect Heo Jun’s regard for the anatomical
content of the earlier Inner Canon and the Classic of Difficulties rather
than the contributions of positivistic anatomy from and after the Song and
Yuan Dynasties, and the diagrams of the five zang- organs are devised in
accord with such a view. In my view, these three points in Treasured
Collections of an Eastern Physician (hereafter Treasured Collection), the
most influential medical book since its publication, provides clues to
understanding the very conservative character of traditional Korean medicine
in the seventeenth century and thereafter.
Corruption and the Rule of Law in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Yeh Stuart S.
Published: June 2011

The World Bank and IMF attribute underdevelopment in sub-Saharan Africa to the practice of directing economic activity through centralized planning. They prescribe privatization and economic liberalization to restructure African economies, promote competition, reduce the scope for corruption, and promote good governance. However, inadequate checks on political power permit African elites to subvert these reforms. This article reviews the political economy of sub-Saharan countries as well as a case study of Sierra Leone to illustrate the problem. The analysis suggests the need for an international agency such as the UN to provide the capacity to investigate, expose and check corruption by employing UN inspectors who are immune to pressure from powerful African elites. This type of check on corruption is necessary to promote the rule of law in sub-Saharan Africa.
Four Views of the Citadel: The Consequential Distinction between Secularity and Secularism
Authors: Scharffs Brett G.
Published: June 2011

In this article I want to suggest that there is an important, perhaps critical, distinction between secularity and secularism—in particular, that one concept is a fundamental component of liberal pluralism and a bastion against religious extremism, and that the other is a misguided, even dangerous, ideology that may degenerate into its own dystopian fundamentalism. As a means of advancing this suggestion, I propose to view the distinction between secularity and secularism from four vantage points, each of which I will call a view of the citadel.
Small states in EU negotiations
Authors: Panke Diana
Published: June 2011

Based on a comprehensive survey conducted in 2009, this article analyses similarities and differences in the policy-shaping activities of all 27 European Union member states in the day-to-day policy-making process of the EU. It shows that some states participate more actively in EU working parties and the COREPER than others. Do bigger states use negotiation strategies more frequently than smaller states? Do the available capacities crucially influence how frequently a delegation employs negotiation strategies in a particular policy field? The article develops a set of willingness- and capacity-related hypotheses and tests them using qualitative and quantitative methods. It shows that small states can surmount size-related difficulties most importantly through the accumulation of expertise. Thus, size is what states make of it. Small states are neither per se political dwarfs nor power-brokers.
In the labyrinth of international community
Authors: Lachmann Niels
Published: June 2011

The conceptualization of international community presents important challenges for the study of international relations. This article suggests that it is best considered as an attempt to build a universalistic framework through transnational practices that however remains challenged by particularistic dynamics, even though it is supposed to be common to all international actors. The article addresses both the complexity and the normative implications of community-building at the international level through the example of the Alliance of Civilizations, a programme of the United Nations which aims to promote intercultural understanding and thus to counter tendencies towards a ‘clash of civilizations’. Among similar attempts, the late-1990s and early-2000s Dialogue among Civilizations appears both as a blueprint and as a measure of difference of outlook and development. The universalistic outlook of such efforts is challenged by the essential place of states, the singling out of tensions between the ‘West’ and the ‘Muslim world’ which points to exclusionary tendencies, and the reliance on security references to favour stakeholdership by international actors in the community-building attempt.