bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Cross‐Cultural Comparison of Hispanic American and White American Adolescents’ Use of Reference Agents for Apparel Shopping
Authors: Seock Yoo‐Kyoung , Hathcote Jan M.
Published: September 2010

Adapting reference group theory and distinctiveness theory, this study examined the influence of reference agents on adolescents’ apparel shopping and purchase decisions. A convenience sample of 184 Hispanic American and White American adolescents from the ages of 15–18 was developed. Regardless of ethnicity, positive word‐of‐mouth from friends or a boyfriend or a girlfriend and female family members greatly influenced the adolescents’ apparel choices. The results showed Hispanic adolescents’ dependency on a boyfriend or a girlfriend in clothing choices and the use of male family members as a reference source. Both Hispanic and White adolescents were most likely to gather information about clothing items from their physical surroundings. White adolescents used the Internet significantly more than Hispanic adolescents when gathering ideas about clothing items. Hispanic adolescents used department stores significantly more than White adolescents whereas White adolescents used specialty stores significantly more than Hispanic adolescents. The results offer insight on developing effective promotional and retail channel distribution strategies to target Hispanic and White adolescent apparel shoppers.
An Investigation of Women’s Early Career Experiences in the Textile and Apparel Industries
Authors: Hodges Nancy , Karpova Elena , Lentz Holly
Published: September 2010

The experiences of female graduates of textile and apparel programs in the early stages of their industry careers were examined using two methods: (1) a questionnaire completed by textile and apparel companies, and (2) interviews with women employed in industry jobs for < 5 years. The questionnaire results revealed that the number of female employees was highest in wage/staff and midlevel positions and the number of male employees was highest in salaried and high‐level positions. Interview data showed that participants had a high level of job satisfaction and valued the knowledge gained by acquiring a degree in textiles and apparel. About half of the participants found their first full‐time job through internships. Others said that informal networking led to their first job. Participants stressed the importance of understanding “politics” in the workplace. Those in smaller companies reported assuming greater responsibilities and having more freedom to make decisions.
Dispersal of single‐ and double‐brood populations of the European earwig, Forficula auricularia: a mark‐recapture experiment
Authors: Moerkens R. , Leirs H. , Peusens G. , Gobin B.
Published: September 2010

Quantitative information on dispersal of insects should be taken into consideration for making efficient pest management decisions. Such information was not available for the European earwig, Forficula auricularia L. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), an important biocontrol agent in fruit orchards. A mark‐recapture experiment was carried out in Belgian orchards, where marked earwigs were released at a single point and recaptured after 1 month. Dispersal from this release point was analysed using an analytical formula of a simple diffusion model with disappearance (e.g., as a result of death) derived by Turchin & Thoeny (1993; Quantifying dispersal of southern pine beetles with mark‐recapture experiments and a diffusion model. Ecological Applications 3: 187). The cumulative number of recaptured earwigs as a function of the distance of release was used to fit the model and estimate parameters. A derived expression, in terms of these parameters, was used to estimate the frequency distribution of the population, as the radius of a circle enclosing various proportions of the earwigs’ dispersal distances. In Belgium, populations of the European earwig can have two life‐history strategies, single‐ (SBP) and double‐brood populations (DBP). Therefore, mark‐recapture experiments were carried out on both population types. We fitted data from SBP (n = 10) and DBP (n = 16) successfully in both the diffusion model and in an exponential curve. Because of the biological relevance, estimates of the diffusion model were used for calculating the frequency distributions. Males and females dispersed the same distances. No differences were found between orchards with different spatial structures (apple and pear). According to literature data, mobility of earwigs is very low compared with other arthropods, which has consequences for the efficiency of biocontrol interventions, like mass releases of earwigs or the use of hedgerows for the establishment of healthy (source) populations. Quantitative results revealed that earwigs of SBP dispersed four times further than earwigs of double‐brood populations. For instance, 95% of the population remained within a radius of 28.6 m in SBP and 7.54 m in DBP.
Temporal associations in fig–wasp–ant interactions: diel and phenological patterns
Authors: Ranganathan Yuvaraj , Ghara Mahua , Borges Renee M.
Published: September 2010

In a complex multitrophic plant–animal interaction system in which there are direct and indirect interactions between species, comprehending the dynamics of these multiple partners is very important for an understanding of how the system is structured. We investigated the plant Ficus racemosa L. (Moraceae) and its community of obligatory mutualistic and parasitic fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) that develop within the fig inflorescence or syconium, as well as their interaction with opportunistic ants. We focused on temporal resource partitioning among members of the fig wasp community over the development cycle of the fig syconia during which wasp oviposition and development occur and we studied the activity rhythm of the ants associated with this community. We found that the seven members of the wasp community partitioned their oviposition across fig syconium development phenology and showed interspecific variation in activity across the day–night cycle. The wasps presented a distinct sequence in their arrival at fig syconia for oviposition, with the parasitoid wasps following the galling wasps. Although fig wasps are known to be largely diurnal, we documented night oviposition in several fig wasp species for the first time. Ant activity on the fig syconia was correlated with wasp activity and was dependent on whether the ants were predatory or trophobiont‐tending species; only numbers of predatory ants increased during peak arrivals of the wasps.
Efficacy of dental implants placed into fibula‐free flaps for orofacial reconstruction
Authors: Kramer Franz‐Josef , Dempf Rupert , Bremer Bernd
Published: September 2010

Abstract Objectives: The transfer of the osseofasciocutaneus fibula‐free flap has become a routine procedure in the reconstruction of comprehensive orofacial defects. Besides its length, major advantages of the fibula‐free flap include the trigonal diameter of the fibular bone, which usually allows the placement of dental implants.

Patients and methods: In a prospective study, 16 consecutive patients who received free fibula grafts and in total 51 dental implants between 1999 and 2001 were examined. All implants were inserted secondary after bone grafting and loaded after 3 months of submerged healing. The observation period extended 2.5 years on average. The implant success was controlled clinically, radiographically and by resonance frequency analysis.

Results: One implant that was located at the interface between the fibula graft and the mandible was lost due to dehiscence and local infection during the healing period. In two other patients, one implant had to remain unexposed as ‘sleeper’ due to an unfavourable soft tissue situation. The success rate calculated by Kaplan–Meier analysis was 96.1% after an observation period of 1400 days. Resonance frequency analysis (ISQ‐values) revealed significant differences related to the orientation (vestibulo‐oral/mesio‐distal; vo/md) of the transducer unit (P<0.01). In general, a high primary stability for implants placed in free fibula grafts could be achieved (vo/md 66/74.1), which on average increased slightly during the healing period (vo/md 67.4/75.4) and within 12 month of functional loading (vo/md 72.1/79.9). Additional augmentation with iliac bone grafts or reconstructions with a double barred fibula resulted in an improved reconstruction of the alveolar process, thus allowing superior individual implant positions or angulations, but no elevation of the ISQ‐values.

Conclusion: The fibula‐free flap provides a consistent bone graft that allows a reliable and predictable restoration with dental implants.
Clinical evaluation of an Er:YAG laser for nonsurgical treatment of peri‐implantitis: a pilot study
Authors: Schwarz Frank , Sculean Anton , Rothamel Daniel , Schwenzer Katja , Georg Thomas , Becker Jürgen
Published: September 2010

Abstract: The aim of this controlled, parallel design clinical study was to compare the effectiveness of an Er:YAG laser (ERL) to that of mechanical debridement using plastic curettes and antiseptic therapy for nonsurgical treatment of peri‐implantitis. Twenty patients with moderate to advanced peri‐implantitis lesions were randomly treated with either (1) an ERL using a cone‐shaped glass fiber tip at an energy setting of 100 mJ/pulse and 10 pps (ERL), or (2) mechanical debridement using plastic curettes and antiseptic therapy with chlorhexidine digluconate (0.2%) (C). The following clinical parameters were measured at baseline, 3 and 6 months after treatment by one blinded and calibrated examiner: Plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), gingival recession (GR) and clinical attachment level (CAL). At the baseline examination, there were no statistically significant differences in any of the investigated parameters. Mean value of BOP decreased in the ERL group from 83% at baseline to 31% after 6 months (P<0.001) and in the C group from 80% at baseline to 58% after 6 months (P<0.001). The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.001, respectively). The sites treated with ERL demonstrated a mean CAL change from 5.8±1 mm at baseline to 5.1±1.1 mm (P<0.01) after 6 months. The C sites demonstrated a mean CAL change from 6.2±1.5 mm at baseline to 5.6±1.6 mm (P<0.001) after 6 months. After 6 months, the difference between the two groups was statistically not significant (P>0.05). Within the limits of the present study, it was concluded that (i) at 6 months following treatment both therapies led to significant improvements of the investigated clinical parameters, and (ii) ERL resulted in a statistically significant higher reduction of BOP than C.
Navigated vs. conventional implant insertion for maxillary single tooth replacement
Authors: Kramer Franz‐Josef , Baethge Carola , Swennen Gwen , Rosahl Steffen
Published: September 2010

Introduction: Computer‐guided navigation has proven a valuable tool in several surgical disciplines. During oral implant placement, its application is intended to accomplish optimal implant localization and to reduce the risk of damage to adjacent structures. The aim of this study was to compare the precision limits of conventional vs. navigated implant insertion in practice.

Materials and methods: In cast models of the maxilla, implants were inserted to replace the left central incisor (n=40) and the right canine (n=40); each of those were inserted either conventionally (n=20) or navigated (n=20). Implant position, angulation and insertion depth were calculated from computer tomography scans of the implants that were connected to an index abutment of 40 cm length.

Results: The variations of implant positions were reduced for implants that were inserted by navigation (P<0.05). In both the axial and the transversal plane, the variations of implant angulations were reduced for implants that were inserted by a navigation protocol (P<0.05). The variations of insertion depth were less (P<0.05) when the implants were placed by navigation in comparison with conventional insertion procedures.

Conclusions: Given the experimental conditions, although they tried to mimic a clinical situation, no final conclusions can be drawn. The in vitro application of a navigation system resulted in an improved precision of insertion surgery regarding the position, angulation and depth of an implant. Clinical studies will have to prove if routine image guidance will result in superior surgical outcome.
Oral rehabilitation after mandibular reconstruction using an osteocutaneous fibula free flap with endosseous implants
Authors: Iizuka Tateyuki , Häfliger Jörg , Seto Ichiro , Rahal Akram , Mericske‐Stern Regina , Smolka Koord
Published: September 2010

Background: The development of endosseous implants and free vascularized bone grafting has permitted increased possibilities of oromandibular reconstruction in patients with oral cancer. In this study, a concept combining surgical and prosthodontic treatments for mandibular fibula free flap reconstruction after tumor surgery was made based on a classification of bone defects. A follow‐up study was performed to evaluate the treatment concept for oral rehabilitation in order to identify possible factors which may influence the functional result.

Material and methods: A follow‐up examination included 28 patients who underwent the ablative tumor surgery and mandibular reconstruction during a 4‐year period. The follow‐up protocol included clinical examination, radiological evaluation, and an interview using a standardized questionnaire. The timing of the study was set to allow for a minimum 2‐year follow‐up (mean 45 months).

Results and conclusion: At the time of examination, prosthesis‐based oral rehabilitation was completed in six patients (21%), and the prosthodontic work was still unfinished in four other patients. The other 18 had no dental prosthetic rehabilitation. Thirteen patients received a total of 37 oral implants, and 23 implants were functionally loaded. No implant loss was recorded. Oral functions such as speech, diet tolerance and oral competence were not directly affected by the presence of dentures. A decisive factor affecting the oral function was the extent of soft‐tissue loss. According to the classification described here, the extent of the mandibular defect did not correlate with oral functions. The application of oral implants seemed to be advantageous for the oral rehabilitation of patients who had undergone intraoral resections.
Prospective evaluation of the systemic inflammatory marker C‐reactive protein in patients with end‐stage periodontitis getting teeth replaced with dental implants: a pilot investigation
Authors: Rahman Amin ur , Rashid Saqib , Noon Rizwana , Samuel Zeerak S. , Lu Bing , Borgnakke Wenche S. , Williams Ray C.
Published: September 2010

Objectives: Serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) has been shown to be a risk predictor for cardiovascular disease. Periodontal treatment reduces elevated CRP levels. The aim of this pilot investigation was to evaluate if dental implants placed after extractions in patients with end‐stage periodontitis affect the serum CRP levels.

Material and methods: Serum CRP levels in 10 subjects with end‐stage periodontitis were measured prior to tooth extraction and placement of dental implants, and at 3‐month intervals for a year post‐operatively. Univariate repeated measures analysis of variance was used to estimate and test the changes in CRP levels over time.

Results: Mean CRP levels decreased significantly following tooth extraction and replacement with dental implants from 3.45 to 1.55 mg/dl after 12 months (P<0.01). Six‐, 9‐, and 12‐month post‐implant placement mean CRP values were statistically significantly different from the mean pre‐operative CRP value (P<0.01).

Conclusions: The pilot data suggest that extraction of advanced periodontally involved teeth and their replacement with dental implants lead to a decrease in CRP levels, and dental implant placement does not change the lowered CRP levels over a 12‐month period.
Success rate of palatal orthodontic implants: a prospective longitudinal study
Authors: Männchen Roland , Schätzle Marc
Published: September 2010

Aim: The purpose of this prospective cohort study was to assess the survival and success rates of palatal implants.

Material and methods: Seventy patients (56 female, 14 male; age 25‐6 ± 10‐8 years) receiving Orthosystem® (Straumann AG, Basel, Switzerland) palatal implants from March 1999 to November 2006 were included. The indication was established according to the required anchorage for orthodontic therapy. All implants were placed in a mid‐sagittal, median or paramedian palatal location by the same surgeon. They were orthodontically loaded after a healing period of 8–16 weeks (Mean: 12.8 weeks).

Results and discussion: Of the initially 70 consecutively admitted patients, two implants in two patients were not primary stable after installation and had to be removed. Of the 70 initially installed palatal implants, 67 implants or 95.7% osseointegrated successfully and were loaded actively and/or passively for approximately 19 months. Only one implant of the 67 osseointegrated implants lost its stability under orthodontic loading. By the time of re‐evaluation, 20 palatal implants were still used for orthodontic therapy, while 46 implants had been removed after completed orthodontic therapy. By only analyzing those, the success rate of the initially installed implants was 92%.

Conclusions: Orthodontic palatal implants with a rough surface are predictable and highly reliable devices for a multitude of maxillary orthodontic treatment options. The survival and success rates for palatal orthodontic implants are comparable to dental implants installed for dental prostheses.
Impact of local and systemic factors on the incidence of late oral implant loss
Authors: Alsaadi Ghada , Quirynen Marc , Komárek Arnošt , Van Steenberghe Daniel
Published: September 2010

Background: This retrospective study was set to assess the influence of systemic and local bone and intra‐oral factors on the occurrence of implant loss from abutment connection up to 2 years.

Materials and methods: The files of 700 patients, have been collected randomly from the total patient group treated by means of endosseous Brånemark® system implants (Nobel Biocare, Gothenburg, Sweden) at the Department of Periodontology of the University Hospital of the Catholic University of Leuven. The end point observation was evaluating the loss of the implants 2 years after abutment installation. The study involved all implants that did not encounter early loss and implants for which it was possible to evaluate its status 2 years after abutment surgery.

Thus, data of 412 patients (240 females) provided with 1514 implants were analyzed. For each patient, the medical history was carefully checked. Data collection and analysis were mainly focused on endogenous factors such as hypertension, coagulation problems, osteoporosis, hypo‐ hyperthyroidism, chemotherapy, diabetes type I or II, Crohn's disease, some local factors [e.g. bone quality and quantity, implant (length, diameter, location), type of edentulism, PTV, radiotherapy], smoking habits, and breach of sterility during surgery.

Results: Radiotherapy, implant (diameter and location), and higher PTV at implant insertion and abutment connection, all affected significantly the implant loss.

Conclusion: Implant location in the oral cavity and radiotherapy seem predominant to explain the occurrence of implant loss. On the other hand, smoking and systemic health factors do not seem to be prominent players in the etiology of late implant loss.
Anatomic site evaluation of the palatal bone for temporary orthodontic anchorage devices
Authors: Wehrbein Heinrich
Published: September 2010

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess the micromorphologic characteristics of the palatal bone from an implantologic standpoint.

Materials and Methods: The material consisted of tissue blocks of autopsy material from 22 subjects (18 males, three females) between 18 and 63 years of age. The specimens comprised the anterior median palatal region from 5 to 10 mm behind the incisive foramen. They were prepared in the transversal plane according to ground thin‐section technology. The midpalatal area as well as an area of 3 mm bilateral to the midline were assessed, and a classification of quantitative palatal bone availability was developed.

Results: The findings could be divided into three classes: (1) class I palatal bone consists almost of compact bone; (2) class II cortical bone layer on oral and nasal sides of palate, broad compact bone in the suture area (≥3 mm), loose trabecular bone lateral to the suture area; and (3) class III cortical bone on oral and nasal side, thin compact bone in the suture area (<3 mm) and loose‐structured trabecular bone lateral to the suture area. In most sections (72.7%), class I characteristics were found (16 subjects). 18.2% of sections were assigned to class II (four subjects) and only 9.1% of sections were assigned to class III (two subjects).

Conclusion: These results document that in most cases a good primary stability of temporary orthodontic anchorage devices should be achieved in the midpalatal and paramedian area of the anterior palate, as the bone quantity available is high.
Diet patterns and dental caries in third grade U. S. children
Authors: Bagramian Robert A. , Jenny Joanna , Frazier P. Jean , Proshek John M.
Published: September 2010

abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate further the relationship between intake of sucrose‐containing foods and the prevalence of caries in a natural population of children. The study population was made up of 958 Caucasian third grade children from Minneapolis. Diet and brushing information was collected through personal interviews with the children. Four methods of coding diet information were used: (1) Confection Counting (the number of sucrose‐containing items consumed during a 24‐hour period); (2) Exposure Counting (to collapse sucrose‐containing items consumed in a 30‐min interval into one sucrose exposure); (3) Minneapolis Oral Retention Estimate (an assessment of usual consumption, 24‐hour recall, brushing and consumption of water to estimate likelihood that the individual had sucrose in the oral cavity during a typical day); and (4) “Hidden” Sugar Estimate (utilization of food composition tables to estimate in teaspoons how much sucrose was consumed during a 24‐hour period). The study shows few, if any, relationships existing between consumption of sucrose‐containing foods and def or DMF teeth in both mealtime and between‐meal periods.
Saliva and urine fluoride responses to daily doses of fluoride
Authors: Shannon Ira L.
Published: September 2010

abstract Five subjects were administered 28 consecutive daily oral doses of 10 nig fluoride as NaF. Placebo weeks preceded and followed the dosage period. Urine and stimulated parotid saliva were collected on a Monday through Friday pattern. Fluoride concentration in both urine and saliva was determined by specific ion electrode. Fluoride dosage brought about a 13‐fold increase in urinary F excretion. Urinary F excretion accounted for 35.3 % of the 10 nig daily dose. There was no pattern suggesting a significant antecedent dosage effect on F excretion. Salivary F levels responded rapidly and reproducibly from week to week while dosage continued. As with the urine, there was no significant indication of an effect of antecedent dosage on the salivary response curve. At 8 hours after F dosage, the salivary F mean was about four times that for the placebo week. Even at: 24 hours after dosage, the mean for salivary F was approximately three times the placebo level. Thus, there is a residual 24‐hour effect of the F dosage pattern utilized in the present study. Whether or not these persistent low‐level increases are protective to the continuously bathed tooth surfaces over a long period of time is under study.
Assessment of gingival change using color photography
Authors: Lees G. H.
Published: September 2010

abstract Intraoral color photographs were taken during a survey on 140 pupils at a comprehensive school to test the consistency of color transparencies in recording gingival status. The method is described. The results demonstrate that color photographs taken at the time of clinical examination using a simple, standardized technique increase the accuracy and reliability of information recorded. The value of being able to assess, all at the same time, a series of color transparencies taken at the time of the clinical examinations in a longitudinal study, whether it be an epidemiology survey or a clinical trial, will be obvious. The ability to refer constantly to the baseline condition will protect examiners against all the current difficulties of applying criteria to conditions that, by their very nature, have no finite limits. In addition, examiners using photographs will be constantly reminded of their examination standards and will be less likely to depart from them.
A pilot study to assess the validity of the Orthodontic Treatment Priority Index in English schoolchildren
Authors: Scivier G. A. , Menezes D. M. , Parker C. D.
Published: September 2010

abstract Due to the need for a reliable objective method of assessing the presence and degree of malocclusion by non‐orthodontic personnel for epidemiologic purposes, a study was undertaken to investigate the Orthodontic Treatment Priority Index. A reproducibility trial was carried out, followed by discussions with an orthodontist (D.M.M.) and the use of study models to improve standardization. To test the Index, comparisons with the clinical judgments of two orthodontists were made in two separate studies of 100 children each. Each orthodontist reexamined 20 children for reproducibility. Intraexaminer reliability was good for both Index and clinical scores and a reasonable correlation was obtained between the Index and the clinical assessments in both instances. Although the results are promising and the method practical, further study is indicated, especially to determine interexaminer reliability of Index and clinical standards. It is the opinion of the authors that the Treatment Priority Index is extremely promising and a reliable objective method of assessing the presence and degree of malocclusion for epidemiologic purposes.
The prevalence of scrotal tongue and geographic tongue in 70,359 Israeli schoolchildren
Authors: Chosagk Aubrey , Zadik Dan , Eidelman Eliecer
Published: September 2010

abstract The prevalence of scrotal and geographic tongue among 70,359 Israeli schoolchildren was examined according to age, sex and father's country of birth. Scrotal tongue was observed in 1.96 % of the population, but increased with age from 0.60 % at 7 years to 3.76 % at 12–18 years. Males had a significantly higher prevalence. There were significant differences in the prevalence among the different population groups examined, in that the Ashkenazi had a higher prevalence (2.17 %) than both the non‐Ashkenazi (1.93 %) and the Israeli (1.70%). Prevalence of geographic tongue was 1.14% and was not associated with age. Males had a significantly higher prevalence. The differences between the population groups were significant. A highly significant association was found in the occurrence of scrotal and geographic tongue.
The public opinion in Norway on water fluoridation
Authors: Helöe Leif Arne , Birkeland Jan Magne
Published: September 2010

abstract A cluster sample designed to cover the total adult population in Norway was interviewed about adding fluorides to water supplies. Thirty‐four per cent favored fluoridation, 36 % opposed it, and 30 % did not know. When responses were related to background characteristics, only slight variations appeared. The finding indicated that at present there is not a sufficient attitudinal basis for introducing water fluoridation in Norway.
Miscegenation and the prevalence of three‐rooted mandibular first molars in the Baffin Eskimo
Authors: Corzon M. E. J.
Published: September 2010

abstract A survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of three‐rooted first mandibular molars (3RM1) in 125 schoolchildren, aged 7–9 years, of Eskimo, Eskimo‐Caucasian and Caucasian parentage. The pure Eskimo group had a prevalence of 21.7 % 3RM1 compared with 16.6 % for the half‐Eskimo group. This difference was not statistically significant. No instance of 3RM1 was recorded in the Caucasian children. The significance of the results concerning the pertinence of Eskimo dental characteristics is discussed.
Subjective evaluation of functional disturbances of the masticatory system in young Swedish men
Authors: Ingervall Bengt , Hedegard Bjorn
Published: September 2010

abstract The awareness of individuals of dysfunctions or symptoms of dysfunctions of the masticatory system was studied by questionnaire in 287 men of an average age of 18 years. The occurrence of dysfunctions was related to the objectively assessed need of orthodontic treatment and the psychologic variables of general intelligence, social adaptation and emotional stability. The frequencies of reported functional disturbances and symptoms were low. The highest frequencies were found for clenching of the teeth and frequently recurring headache. Individuals who reported clenching of the teeth and difficulties in opening the mouth wide were in greater need of orthodontic treatment than those without such disturbances. General intelligence and social adaptation were not related to functional disturbances, but individuals who were in the habit of clenching their teeth or who had frequently recurring headaches were less emotionally stable than those without such disturbances.
A survey of traumatized primary anterior teeth in Jerusalem preschool children
Authors: Zadik D.
Published: September 2010

Abstract The prevalence of traumatized primary anterior teeth was studied in 965 5‐year‐olds attending compulsory kindergartens in West Jerusalem in 1971. The prevalence of children with traumatized teeth was 11.1 %. No difference between males and females was found. In most cases only one tooth was affected. The tooth most frequently affected was the maxillary central incisor. The most common type of fracture was that of enamel with or without dentin.
Patterns of occlusion in 3‐year‐old Danish children
Authors: Kisling E. , Krebs Grethe
Published: September 2010

Abstract Occlusion and spacing patterns are described for 1,624 3‐year‐old children living in Gladsaxe, a suburb of Copenhagen. Normal transversal relations were found in 1,396 children, while 214 had crossbite, and 14 had scissors‐bite. The sagittal and vertical occlusion were significantly different in the three groups. The sagittal occlusion characters were to a large extent identical in the second primary molar, the canine and the incisor regions in the individual child. Open bite was much more frequent in children with maxillary overjet > 4 mm than in children with maxillary overjet 4 mm. Definite mandibular overjet was diagnosed in three children but 19 had a tendency towards mandibular overjet. The number of dummy suckers was very high and was significantly higher among children with crossbite than among children with normal transversal relations. Crowding was found in the incisor regions, but very seldom, while total spacing existed in 34.5 % of the maxillary and 24.3 % of the mandibular arches.
Recurrent aphthous ulcerations in a mixed Arab community
Authors: Fahmy Mourad S.
Published: September 2010

Abstract Twenty thousand Arabs of various nationalities living in Kuwait have been investigated over the past 5 years; 5,470 (27 %) manifested recurrent aphthous ulcerations (RAU). Non‐Kuwaiti Arabs were affected more than Kuwaitis and the prevalence of the disease was respectively 35% and 18 %. Among Kuwaitis, only 5 % of the Bedouins manifested the disease whereas 22 % of urbanized Arabs were affected. The ratio of the affected females to males in this study was 6:5. The clinical course of RAU in Arabs was similar to that reported in other populations. Various environmental factors such as stressful conditions, social tradition and obligations, and the allergenic Arabic food seemed to affect the prevalence of RAU in different Arab communities.
The shortened dental arch concept and its implications for oral health care
Authors: Witter Dick J. , van Palenstein Helderman Wim H. , Creugers Nico H. J. , Käyser Arnd F.
Published: September 2010

Abstract– The minimum number of teeth needed to satisfy functional demands has been the subject of several studies. However, since functional demands – and consequently the number of teeth needed – can vary from individual to individual, this minimum number cannot be defined exactly. In general, occlusion of a complete dental arch is preferable. However, this goal might be neither attainable, for general, dental or financial reasons, nor necessary. Many studies demonstrate that shortened dental arches comprising the anterior and premolar regions can meet the requirements of a functional dentition. Consequently, when priorities have to be set, restorative therapy should be aimed at preserving the most strategic parts of the dental arch: the anterior and premolar regions. This also implies that in cases of a shortened dental arch, the prompt replacement of absent posterior molars by free‐end removable partial dentures leads to overtreatment and discomfort. The shortened dental arch concept is based on circumstantial evidence: it does not contradict current theories of occlusion and fits well with a problem‐solving approach. The concept offers some important advantages and may be considered a strategy to reduce the need for complex restorative treatment in the posterior regions of the mouth.
Fluoride intake from foods, beverages and dentifrice by young children in communities with negligibly and optimally fluoridated water: a pilot study
Authors: Rojas‐Sanchez Fatima , Kelly Sue A. , Drake Kathy M. , Eckert George J. , Stookey George K. , Dunipace Ann J.
Published: September 2010

Abstract– While the level of fluoride intake that affords optimal cariostatic efficacy without causing dental fluorosis is not precisely known, it has been suggested that the threshold of fluoride exposure above which fluorosis may occur is between 0.05 and 0.07 mg/kg/day. Objective: To monitor and compare fluoride intake from diet and dentifrice use (theoretical F: 0.10–0.11%) by three groups of 16‐ to 40‐month‐old children: two groups living in the negligibly water‐fluoridated communities of San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Connersville, Indiana, and the third group residing in the optimally water‐fluoridated region of Indianapolis, Indiana. Methods: Fluoride intake from diet was monitored by the “duplicate plate” method, and fluoride ingested from dentifrice was determined by subtracting the amount of fluoride recovered after brushing from the amount originally placed on the child's toothbrush. Results: The mean combined amount of fluoride ingested daily by children living in the negligibly fluoridated communities was not significantly different from that ingested by children in the fluoridated community. The major component of fluoride ingested by children in the negligibly fluoridated communities came from fluoridated dentifrice, and in the fluoridated area children ingested as much fluoride from toothpaste as they did from beverages. In San Juan mean daily fluoride intake was within the estimated range for safe fluoride expo‐sure; however, in the “halo” community of Connersville and in Indianapolis, daily fluoride ingested by many of the children may have exceeded this level. Conclusion: Attention needs to be given, in negligibly water‐fluoridated as well as in optimally water‐fluoridated communities, to reducing the daily intake of fluoride by young children in order to avoid putting them at risk of developing dental fluorosis.
Self‐perceived oral health among three subgroups of Asian‐Americans in New York City: a preliminary study
Authors: Cruz Gustavo D. , Galvis Diana L. , Kim Mimi , Le‐Geros Racquel Z. , Barrow Su‐Yan L. , Tavares Mary , Bachiman Rima
Published: September 2010

Abstract – Objectives: The aim of this preliminary study was to compare the perception of oral health among subgroups of Asian‐American residents of New York City, USA. Methods: A close‐ended questionnaire was administered to 255 Chinese, 134 Indian and 84 Pakistani adults, aged 18–65 years, during 1994–95. A comprehensive dental and oral examination was also performed. The associations of demographic and oral health variables with perceived oral health were evaluated using multivariate ordinal regression models. Results: When data were analyzed in a multivariate context, only ethnicity and income were significant predictors of perceived oral health, after adjusting for DMFT. The within‐group multivariate analysis of the three ethnic subgroups’ results were as follows: Among the Chinese there were no significant predictors, only income was strongly suggestive; among the Indians, number of missing teeth and number of years in the USA were significant predictors; and within the Pakistani group, DMFT was the only significant predictor. Conclusions: Results suggest that there are ethnic differences in the perception of oral health status even after adjusting for clinical variables as well as for demographic variables in this particular group of Asian‐American residents of New York City. Predictors associated with the perception of oral health are different for each ethnic group. When designing oral health promotion activities to diverse ethnic groups, the cultural characteristics of each subgroup should be considered.
Acculturation and dental health among Vietnamese living in Melbourne, Australia
Authors: Mariño Rodrigo , Stuart Geoff W. , Wright F. A. Clive , Minas I. Harry , Klimidis Steve
Published: September 2010

Abstract – Objectives: To describe the relationship between acculturation and oral health status, oral health knowledge and frequency of dental visits in subjects of Vietnamese background, 18 years or older, living in Melbourne, Australia. Methods: Oral health status was measured using the DMFS index. Oral health knowledge was estimated by responses to six specific oral preventive measures: brushing, flossing, use of fluorides, diet, and dental visits. Dental visits was measured by the number of visits in the 12 months prior to the survey. Acculturation was measured along two dimensions, psychological and behavioural, using the Psychological‐Behavioural Acculturation Scale. Data were analysed using multivariate analysis to identify the combined effect of eight predictors (age, gender, occupational status, education, reason for migration, proportion of life in the host country, behavioural acculturation and psychological acculturation) against the dependent variables. Results: The analysis was conducted on a sample of 147 subjects and showed significant interactions between the acculturation variables and three outcome measures: dental caries, knowledge of preventive measures and dental visits. Results indicated that acculturation was an important intervening variable. Psychological acculturation was strongly related to the three oral health outcomes, although the effect of behavioural acculturation was also apparent regarding dental status. Conclusions: This study offers several insights for understanding the mechanisms by which acculturation impacts oral health status. Interventions that simplify the cultural influence of immigrant groups by focusing on socio‐demographic differences and even immigration variables to define risk groups might not produce predicted changes in oral health status.
A prospective study on sucrose consumption, visible plaque and caries in children from 3 to 6 years of age
Authors: Karjalainen Sára , Söderling Eva , Sewón Liisi , Lapinleimu Helena , Simell Olli
Published: September 2010

Abstract – Objectives: As data on the association of sugar consumption and dental caries in the industrialized countries give mixed results, we prospectively studied this association in 135 healthy Finnish children (71 boys, 64 girls). Methods: The dental health and oral hygiene of the children was first examined at the mean age (±SD) of 37.4 (±2.1) months and again at 73.7 (±2.6) months. On both occasions the parents were interviewed about the child's sweet intake and toothbrushing habits, and sucrose consumption was analyzed using 4‐day food diaries. Results: The proportion of children with caries experience, enamel and dentin lesions combined, increased from 16% to 40%. Daily sucrose intake of children who developed caries by 6 years of age, whether expressed as absolute (g) or as relative (E%) amounts, was already higher at 3 years of age than that of children who stayed caries‐free (P<0.05 and P<0.03, respectively). Furthermore, children who used sweets more than once a week at 3 years of age, consumed more sucrose 3 years later (P<0.01) than those who used sweets once a week or less. The proportion of children with a combination of a sweet intake more than once a week and visible plaque, increased (P<0.05) during the follow‐up. The risk ratio of children with the combined risk habit at 3 years of age to develop carious lesions by 6 years of age was 1.7 compared to the rest of the children (95% confidence interval 0.9–3.0). Conclusions: We conclude that the manifestation of dental caries at 6 years of age seemed to be associated with a higher daily sucrose intake that had started already at 3 years of age. Moreover, a combination of sweet intake more than once a week and visible plaque at 3 years of age may be predictive of dental health 3 years later.
Incidence rates for complete cusp fracture
Authors: Bader James D. , Martin Jean A. , Shugars Daniel A.
Published: September 2010

Abstract – Objectives: Although complete cusp fracture is acknowledged to occur frequently, incidence rates have been reported rarely. This study determined incidence rates for complete coronal cusp fracture per person and per tooth type. Methods: All fractures presenting among enrollees in a dental health maintenance organization using two geographically isolated clinics were noted for 105 days. For a sample of these enrollees, likelihood of attending the clinic in the event of a fracture was assessed through a telephone survey, and the at‐risk status of all teeth was determined through a record survey. Incidence rates were calculated for persons, and for individual tooth types for all complete fractures and for non‐carious complete fractures. In addition, for posterior teeth the distribution of fractured cusps, and the severity of fractures were examined. Results: Per‐person incidence rates for complete coronal fractures for all teeth were 89.0 and 72.7 per 1000 person years, respectively, for all fractures and for non‐carious fractures. The rates for all anterior and all posterior teeth were 10.2 and 69.9, respectively, for all non‐carious fractures. In mandibular posterior teeth, lingual cusps fractured twice as frequently as facial cusps, while the opposite was true for maxillary premolars. Among maxillary molars, the mesiofacial and distolingual cusps fractured most frequently. The large majority of fractures exposed dentin (95%), while pulpal exposure occurred infrequently (3%). A minority of fractures extended below the gingival crest (24%) or the DEJ (25%). Conclusions: This is the first report of fracture incidence rates for enumerated persons and teeth at risk and as such helps define the magnitude of the problem for dentists and their patients.
Association of caries experience in 12‐year‐old children in Heidelberg, Germany, and Montpellier, France, with different caries preventive measures
Authors: Schulte A. , Rossbach R. , Tramini P.
Published: September 2010

Abstract – In Germany and France, different approaches to oral health promotion have been chosen. Objectives: It was the aim of the present study to assess whether different preventive measures were positively or negatively associated with caries experience in 12‐year‐old children in Heidelberg, Germany, and in Montpellier, France. Methods: In the school year 1998/99, 12‐year‐old children were examined in Heidelberg (n=864) and in Montpellier (n=828). D3+4MFT, D3+4MFS (D3+4=dentinal caries), prevalence of fissure sealants and use of fluorides were recorded. Results: The mean D3+4MFT scores of the pupils in Heidelberg and Montpellier were 1.56 and 1.42, the proportion of caries‐free children being 43.5% and 46.9%, respectively. In 63.2% of the children in Heidelberg and in 6.8% of the children in Montpellier, at least one fissure sealed tooth was found. Fluoridated salt was used by 38.8% of families of the 12‐year‐olds from Heidelberg and the corresponding value was 73.3% in Montpellier. Topical fluorides were applied by 39.9% of the children in Heidelberg, but only by 5.4% of pupils in Montpellier. Multiple regression analysis revealed that, in Heidelberg, fissure sealants and the combination of topical fluorides and fluoridated salt were negatively associated with the D3+4MFT values, while in Montpellier the frequency of dental visits was positively associated with the D3+4MFT scores. Conclusion: A further decrease in the caries experience of 12‐year‐old children may well be obtainable by enlarging the share of marketed fluoridated salt in Heidelberg, by increasing the application of fissure sealants in Montpellier, and by extending the use of topical fluorides in both cities.
Accuracy of diagnoses of HIV‐related oral lesions by medical clinicians. Findings from the Women’s Interagency HIV Study
Authors: Hilton Joan F. , Alves Mario , Anastos Kathy , Canchola Alison J. , Cohen Mardge , Delapenha Robert , Greenspan Deborah , Levine Alexandra , MacPhail Laurie A. , Micci Sandra J. , Mulligan Roseann , Navazesh Mahvesh , Phelan Joan , Tsaknis Peter
Published: September 2010

Abstract – Objective: To determine if medical clinicians are as accurate as dental clinicians in recognizing diagnostic characteristics of HIV‐related oral lesions. Methods: In 355 HIV‐infected participants at five Women’s Interagency HIV Study sites, we paired oral examinations conducted within 7 days of each other by dental and medical clinicians. We used the former as a gold standard against which to evaluate the accuracy of the latter. We assessed the accuracy of the medical clinicians’ findings based both on their observations of abnormalities and on their descriptions of these abnormalities. Results: Dental clinicians diagnosed some oral abnormality in 38% of participants. When “abnormality” was used as the medical clinicians’ outcome, sensitivities were 75% for pseudomembranous candidiasis and 58% for erythematous candidiasis, but only 40% for hairy leukoplakia. When a precise description of the abnormality was used as their outcome, sensitivities were 19%, 12% and 20%, respectively. Conclusions: Medical clinicians recognize that HIV‐related oral abnormalities are present in 40–75% of cases, but less often describe them accurately. Low sensitivity implies that the true associations of specific oral lesions with other HIV phenomena, such as time until AIDS, must be stronger than the literature suggests.