bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF VERBALIZATION INSTRUCTIONS AND VISUAL ATTENTION ON HEART RATE AND SKIN CONDUCTANCE
Authors: Campos Joseph j. , Johnson Harold J.
Published: February 2007

This study investigated the effects of verbalization instructions and amount of visual attention on direction of change of heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC). Little evidence for directional fractionation of SC and HR was found with the conditions used. The variable of verbalization instructions produced a highly significant effect on HR and SC, and conditions of no‐verbalization produced a consistent but non‐significant decrement in HR. Other degrees of verbalization produced increments in HR.

A visual attention variable produced no significant effect on either HR or SC, although means were arranged in order of increasing activation with increase in visual attention (stimulus complexity).

Results were interpreted as being opposed to an intake‐rejection hypothesis such as has been proposed by Lacey to account for directional fractionation of response and for HR decrements. Instead, the authors suggest that the requirement to verbalize can produce important changes in degree and direction of autonomic activation.
A TECHNIQUE EOR PREDICTING THE EFEECT OF TREATMENT
Authors: Hall Charles E.
Published: February 2007

A common method for evaluating the effect of a treatment is by analysis of variance with one of the classifications being treatment contrasted with control. Even when the treatment is successful on many Ss there are usually some Ss for whom the treatment is a failure or at least not very effective. This paper is concerned with a multivariate method for predicting treatment success and failure. The experiment at hand concerns electroencephalograms of patients treated with psychotropic drugs.

From the experiment at hand it is possible to conclude that the response of mental patients to a comhination of chlorpromazine and procyclidine and to imipramine is detectable in their electroencephalograms, and also that the response to chlorpromazine in combination with procyclidine is quite likely to he predictable from their pretreatment electroencephalograms. Pronounced systematic differences in electroencephalograms were also found hetween the sexes.
SIGNIFICANCE AND RELIABILITY OF SHOCK‐INDUCED CHANGES IN BASAL SKIN CONDUCTANCE
Authors: Jones B. E. , Ayres J. J. B.
Published: February 2007

Once weekly for 5 weeks, 15 adult male postaddicts were given 12 to 15 shocks of 5.0 to 8.0 ma. Basal skin conductance (BSC) was recorded during the 25‐min weekly sessions. Increases in BSC during each session and the week‐to‐week reliabilities of the increases were determined. After the first week, subsequent increases showed reliability coefficients which ranged from 0.69 to 0.95 (P < 0.01). The reliabilities of the increases in BSC produced by shock were considered favorable for the use of change in BSC as a dependent variable in designs requiring repeated measurements on the same Ss at weekly intervals.
GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE DURING AVOIDANCE LEARNING
Authors: Grings William W. , Lockhart Russell A.
Published: February 2007

Relations between galvanic skin response (GSR) and other variables during learning of a shock‐avoidance task were observed. Ss operated a four‐position switch as cued by visual stimuli: one always shocked, one never shocked, and two associated with switch positions which avoided the shock. Forty‐eight Ss formed successive subgroups which exhibited: (1) progressively better avoidance learning with increased awareness instruction and (2) significantly decreased GSR when the correct avoidance had been learned. Analyses were made to differentiate autonomic responding due to reinforcement (i.e. number of shocks received) from that due to expectancy (anticipation of avoidance).
THE EVOKED HEART RATE RESPONSE DURING SLEEP
Authors: Hord David J. , Lubin Ardie , Johnson Laverene C.
Published: February 2007

Heart rate responses evoked by a 3‐sec auditory stimulus were averaged within stages of sleep for five subjects. Although there were some individual differences, the evoked HR response is generally diphasic, with the peak of the acceleratory component occurring on the fourth post‐stimulus beat and the trough of the deceleratory component occurring on the 10th post‐stimulus beat. Unlike other variables, which are depressed during the rapid eye movement (REM) stage, the HR response tends to be larger during the REM stage than during other stages of sleep. The size of the response is not appreciably affected by time of night, since HR is non‐habituating during sleep, but is affected by the respiratory cycle phase, being largest when the stimulus occurs during inspiration or the period immediately prior to inspiration, and smallest when the stimulus occurs during the expiratory phase.
AN INSTRUMENT FOR RECORDING AND PRINTING HEART RATE DATA1
Authors: Hahn William W. , Flax Stephan W.
Published: February 2007

An instrument has been designed which will print maximum, minimum, and mean heart rate (HR) data for 10‐sec sample periods. The basic components are three detector circuits which sample and hold voltage levels proportional to the values measured, a digital voltmeter for “reading” these values, and a solenoid‐operated adding machine to print out HR data in beats per minute. This apparatus greatly reduces the time required for transcribing cardiotachometer tracings into digital form for statistical analysis.
DISCRIMINATION OF TWO SLEEP STAGES BY HUMAN SUBJECTS
Authors: Antrobus Judith S. , Antrobus John S.
Published: February 2007

Three adult females were awakened from EEG stage 1 REM and stage 2 of sleep and instructed to guess the stage of sleep from which they had been aroused. One subject obtained 27 correct discriminations (guesses) out of 29 awakenings after 84 training trials (awakenings). A second subject gave no indication of learning the discrimination in 65 trials; a third discriminated the two sleep stages significantly better than chance in 138 trials. It was suggested that the first subject successfully formed a stage 1 REM/2 concept that matched the occurrence of the sleep stages better than did the concept dreaming. Several problems in concept formation of internal states during sleep were discussed.
A CRITIQUE OF DETERMINANTS OF EMOTIONAL STATE BY SCHACHTER AND SINGER (1962)
Authors: Plutchik Robert , Ax Albert F.
Published: February 2007

The paper by Schachter and Singer (1962) on “determinants of emotional state” is criticized on the grounds that (a) levels of arousal were not the same for the different conditions compared; (b) the placebo groups were consistently not significantly different from the control groups on the various measures of emotional states; (c) the self‐report indices were inadequate as measuring instruments; (d) a double‐blind procedure was not used; and (e) there is a marked overgeneralization on the basis of very limited samplings of conditions, emotions, arousal states and types of subjects.
THE EFFECT OF COGNITIVE TASKS AND VERBALIZATION INSTRUCTIONS ON HEART RATE AND SKIN CONDUCTANCE
Authors: Johnson Harold J. , Campos Joseph J.
Published: February 2007

This study investigated the effects of cognitive tasks and verbalization instructions on heart period (HP) and skin conductance (SC). Two tasks (imagining common scenes and solving mental arithmetic puzzles) were used to test the hypothesis that conditions requiring attention to internal processess (rejection of the environment) are accompanied by cardiac acceleration and SC increases. Each type of task was administered under three instruction conditions: no verbalization, later verbalization and concurrent verbalization. It was found that the imagination task was associated with no significant changes in HP or SC unless the S was preparing to talk or actually talking. Mental arithmetic resulted in cardiac acceleration and SC increase even when no verbalization was required; however, this result is perhaps due to the covert verbalization inherent in the process of solving mental arithmetic problems. Both later and concurrent verbalization also produced significant increases in physiological activation during the arithmetic task. The findings of this study do not support the notion that conditions requiring rejection of the environment are associated with specific physiological changes. Rather the changes are generally attributable to the verbalization requirement. The effects of instructions requiring S to verbalize later are interpreted as due to either a motor set phenomenon or fear of being evaluated while talking.
SHORT‐TERM RETENTION IN RELATION TO AROUSAL
Authors: Levon Edward
Published: February 2007

During normal classroom instruction involving presentation of a traffic safety film, the apparent skin conductance of each of 83 high school students was recorded on a separate magnetic tape channel, for subsequent computer analysis. Retention of film information was tested by a written questionnaire immediately after the film. The regression of retention on arousal depended upon the type of analysis and the measure of arousal: inverted‐U for interindividual analysis and arousal level, and inverse for intraindividual analysis and arousal increment. These results, significant at the. 01 level, suggest that differences in some previous results may reflect the type of analysis and measure of arousal employed.
MODIFICATION OF GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSES BY REACTION TIME MEASUREMENTS
Authors: McDaniel C. Douglas , Mefferd Roy B. , Wieland Betty A. , Sadler Timothy G. , Benton Richard G.
Published: February 2007

Galvanic skin responses (GSRs) were measured on 12 male Ss under four conditions: rest, reaction time measurements, a cold pressor, and a combination of cold pressor and reaction time measurements. Both reaction time measurements alone and cold pressor alone caused increased sympathetic activity, but when the former was combined with cold pressor the ongoing autonomic activity was depressed.
EVALUATION OF FOUR LONGTERM TRANSDUCER ADHESIVE TECHNIQUES
Authors: Rickles W. H. , Seal Herbert R.
Published: February 2007

Several methods of attachment of electrodes or transducers to the body are evaluated to determine their relative long term “stickability.” The lower sternum was used as the site of application of the one inch diameter electrode‐like test object. The adhesive techniques used included Stomaseal discs, Davol rubber base cement, Eastman‐910 cement, and a combination of Stomaseal discs and Ducocement. Each of the four adhesive techniques was tested on a group of ten subjects. A significant difference between males and females in mean adhesive duration was found. The endurance means for males only were: Stomaseal, 14.7 days; Davol, 10.8 days; Eastman‐910, 3.1 days; Stomaseal/Duco combination, 6.3 days. The range over all groups was from less than one day to 30 days. Seventy‐five per cent of the subjects were unaware of the circumstances surrounding loss of the test object and 12% were lost while bathing. Skin irritation was generally mild when it occurred, and usually consisted of itching and slight erythema, which cleared rapidly with removal of the test object.
THE EFFECT OF AUGMENTED SENSORY FEEDBACK ON THE CONTROL OF SALIVATION
Authors: Delse Frederick C. , Feather Ben W.
Published: February 2007

This study assessed the effect of enabling a subject to hear himself salivate while trying to increase or decrease his salivary rate. Two groups of ten subjects were instructed to try to increase their salivary rate when a light to the left was lighted and decrease when a light to the right was lighted. Acetic acid was administered periodically to the right lateral margin of the tongue, and saliva was collected by a parotid capsule and measured by a liquid displacement sialometer. Ten subjects in the feedback group (F) received a 0.2 sec, 1000‐cps tone for each drop collected during a trial. Subjects in the no feedback group (NF) received no indication of their salivary rate. Three out of 10 F subjects were able to produce a significantly different (p <. 05) number of drops between increase and decrease periods, and the group as a whole achieved a significant difference between increase and decrease periods. No NF subject, nor the NF group as a whole produced a significant difference.
THE DISPLACEMENT OF STAGES 4 AND REM SLEEP WITHIN A FULL NIGHT OF SLEEP
Authors: Agnew H. W. , Webb Wilse B.
Published: February 2007

Stage 4 typically occurs dominantly in the first third of a normal night of sleep and REM sleep occurs dominantly in the last third of the night. In this experiment conditions were imposed to prevent these stages from occurring at their usual peak periods. Stage 4 sleep was permitted to occur only during the last two hours of sleep and REM was permitted to occur only during the first two hours of sleep. The results show that each stage can be partially displaced to the peak period of the other, but that stage 4 sleep is elicited more readily late in the sleep period than is REM early during the night.
AUTOMATIC, ON‐LINE PRINTOUT OF PEAK SYSTOLIC AND DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURES
Authors: Krausman David
Published: February 2007

A system for on‐line printout of beat‐by‐beat peak systolic and diastolic blood pressures is described. The system incorporates both commercial and laboratory constructed components. The blood pressure signal is derived from a cannulated pressure transducer, the output of which is peak sampled, V to F converted and printed in digital form at the occurrence of each R‐wave. The printer output is a continuous column of figures representing the values for beat‐by‐beat peak systolic and diastolic blood pressures displayed to the nearest μ2 mm Hg when compared with those recorded on the polygraph tracing. This system greatly reduces the manual operation of reading peak blood pressures from polygraph records which in the past were tedious, somewhat inaccurate and a time consuming process.
STIMULUS DETECTION DURING PERIODS OF HIGH AND LOW HEART RATE
Authors: Edwards David C. , Alsip Jonathan E.
Published: February 2007

The study was designed to test Lacey's suggestion that elevated heart rate and blood pressure could lead to decreased sensory sensitivity and that a reduction in heart rate and blood pressure may facilitate sensory sensitivity. A tone of five intensities encompassing the subject's intensity threshold was presented randomly 25 times under high and 25 times under low transient heart rate. The results indicated no differences in the number of correct detections under high and low heart rate and no interaction between heart rate level and tone intensity. It was concluded that low heart rate may well be a necessary condition for increased sensory sensitivity, but that it is not a sufficient condition. Discussion was directed to the range of possible HR changes and the possible requirements of the sensitivity mechanism.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCES IN HUMANS
Authors: Frazier Thomas W. , Weil‐Malherbe Hans , Lipscomb Harry S.
Published: February 2007

A discriminative avoidance conditioning technique was used to study urinary excretion of selected adrenal hormones in response to a stimulus which had acquired conditioned noxious properties through association with availability of punishment. A four day test procedure was employed: (1) to habituate subjects to the test environment; (2) obtain control data; (3) condition subjects; and (4) test reactions to the conditioned noxious stimulus. Urine samples were taken at two‐hour intervals preceding and following each of the four trials, and were analyzed for epinephrine, norepinephrine, total 17‐hydroxycorticosteroids, and other urinary constituents. These results were correlated with results obtained from monitoring of heart rate, skin resistance, blood pressure, and three measures of panel monitoring performance. Data analyses revealed significant changes from control levels during the test period for each of the principal measures described above and some specification of life systems interrelationships through correlation and factor analyses. Factors were identified which related to behavioral efficiency, psychological effort, fluid transport regulation, cardiovascular‐adrenal, and specific epinephrine and norepinephrine factors.
VERTICAL EYE‐MOVEMENT DURING REM SLEEP: EFFECTS OF AGE AND ELECTRODE PLACEMENT
Authors: Feinberg Irwin , Braun Madeleine , Koresko Richard L.
Published: February 2007

All‐night sleep studies were carried out in young adults and aged normal subjects. Eye‐movement (EM) was recorded as electro‐oculogram from each subject with two different electrode placements. In young adults a placement which responded to vertical as well as to horizontal EM yielded scores for EM activity about one‐third greater than those obtained with a placement which responded only to horizontal movements. In addition, the two placements differentially affected estimates of stage 1 EEG. These effects were less marked in aged subjects who were found to have fewer vertical EMs than young adults. It was hypothesized that the proportion of vertical eye‐movement reflects the intensity of REM sleep processes.
THE INFLUENCE OF SET AND DIURNAL FACTORS ON AUTONOMIC RESPONSES TO SENSORY DEPRIVATION
Authors: Zuckerman Marvin , Persky Harold , Link Kathryn E.
Published: February 2007

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that a stress set or no set (uncertainty) would produce greater arousal in sensory deprivation (SD) than a relaxation set. The role of a diurnal (a.m. vs p.m.) factor was also evaluated. Eighteen male subjects were run in a 3 hour SD condition in the morning, and 18 were run in the afternoon. One third of the subjects were given a stress set emphasizing the stressful and peculiar effects of SD, one third were told nothing, and one third were told that the study was on the effects of “relaxation”. Heart Rate, Breathing Rate (BR), Skin Conductance, and Nonspecific GSR fluctuations (NS‐GSRs) were measured before and during the SD condition. BR was higher in the stress set group than in the other set groups. NS‐GSRs were higher in the stress set and no set groups than in the relaxation set group. Subjects showed more reaction on both of these measures in the afternoon than in the morning.
SKIN POTENTIAL AND SKIN RESISTANCE RECORDING FROM THE MINIMALLY RESTRAINED CAT
Authors: Wilcott R. C.
Published: February 2007

Procedures are described for recording skin potential and skin resistance at the carpal pad of the foreleg of the cat with minimal restraint of the animal. Skin potential or skin resistance activity at the carpal pad is similar to that at the foot pad.
TECHNICAL NOTE: SOME VIEWS ON THE TREATMENT OF “ARTIFACTS” IN PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RECORDINGS
Authors: Sternbach Richard A. , Alexander Artstotle A. , Rice David G. , Greenfield Norman S.
Published: February 2007

The treatment of artifactual responses in psychophysiology is rarely discussed or made explicit in research reports. The rationales and procedures of five approaches are presented: excluding the data; averaging other epochs; subjective estimation; straight‐line connecting; and following the pen. Each approach is based on a somewhat different theoretical orientation, and the choice of each will depend on the researcher's theoretical preference and also the relative “costs” of losing data vs programming special instructions. Other considerations such as objectivity, consistency, and replicability are discussed.
AN EVALUATION OF TETANY PRODUCED BY ELECTRIC SHOCK
Authors: Tursky Bernard , Watson Peter D. , O'Connell Donald N.
Published: February 2007

The undesirable complicating effect of tetany, in experiments using measures of pain from electric shock, is stressed. An electrode system is described that has proven low in producing tetany. This system is compared with a variety of other systems of types commonly used. Both constant current and controlled voltage stimulation is used. The concentric shock electrode most consistently produced the least tetany. Possible reasons for its effectiveness in avoiding tetany are considered.
RAPID EYE MOVEMENTS AND RAPID EYE MOVEMENT PERIODS
Authors: Antrobus JohnS. , Antrobus Judith S.
Published: February 2007

Rapid eye movements (REMs) are recorded separately in the horizontal and vertical plane during 40 emergent Stage 1 EEG periods. 40% of all REMs are recorded exclusively in the horizontal plane; 32%, exclusively in the vertical. But vertical REMs tend to precede horizontal at the onset of Stage 1 and to follow horizontal REMs at the offset. Correlations between Stage 1 period duration and several REM measures all exceeded .95, with the best measures obtained using vertical REMs.
EFFECTS OF A TASK‐RELEVANT RESPONSE ON PUPIL SIZE
Authors: Simpson H. M.
Published: February 2007

This experiment examined the effects on pupil size of the relevance of an overt response to a cognitive task. Sixteen Ss were assigned to two experimental groups. In one group Ss were required to judge the pitch equality of tones and, subsequently, indicate their decision by pressing or not pressing a telegraph key. In the other group Ss were required to make the pitch‐discriminations, but the key press response was unrelated to the preceding cognitive task. Continuous photographs of each S's pupil were taken during the experiment. Results showed that a small amount of pupillary dilation occurred during the discrimination task in the group where the key press was irrelevant to the pitch‐discrimination. In the group where S's behavior indicated task fulfillment, however, a significantly greater increase in pupil size occurred, the amount of dilation being larger when task completion was indicated by the key press response than when fulfillment was indicated by no key press. The findings were discussed in terms of arousal associated with apprehension about evaluation, and muscle tension from anticipation of making the overt response.
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO MILD HETEROMODAL SENSORY STIMULATION
Authors: Mefferd Roy B. , Sadler Timothy G. , Wieland Betty A.
Published: February 2007

The interaction of three pairs of heteromodal sensory stimuli—reading vs. continuous banging noise, continuous flashing light vs. banging noise, single flash vs. bang—were evaluated. Order of presentation was confounded both within (with multiple trials) and between subjects. Interstimulus time periods were 15 sec with the first two stimulus pairs, and varied from 15 to 0 sec with the last. Although most variables had large mean differences in the expected direction, the largest and most often significant effects were with GSR. In all cases, the responses were less with a stimulus imposed either simultaneously or within a short period (up to 15 sec at least) after another, than they were to the stimulus imposed alone. Habituation effects were marked.
DREAMS OF SUBJECTS WITH LOSS OF MEMORY FOR RECENT EVENTS
Authors: Torda Clara
Published: February 2007

Dreams of six subjects with postencephalitic complete loss of memory for recent events were compared to dreams of control subjects with intact memory. The incidence of dreams decreased with the memory defect. Furthermore, the dreams were shorter, simpler, reality bound, lacked daily residue and emotional depth, and followed secondary‐thought‐type logic. They were stereotyped and repetitious. Instead of symbolically elaborated new attempted solutions for recent conflicts, these dreams contained the memory of events the subjects experienced before the onset of the memory defect. In each instance, the remembered event once offered a relief for a physiological need, similar to the one that precipitated the dream. Assuming that the mechanism of dreaming remains intact in these subjects with permanent memory loss for recent events, the results suggest that dreams of subjects with intact memory combine two processes: 1) a sensory stimulus of internal origin (e.g., an organic need) may serve as a decoding signal resulting in retrieval of an old memory trace; and 2) processes connected with perception and encoding the memory of recent events contribute the daily residue and the newly created symbolic elaboration of the daily residue, and old memory traces under an emotional impact.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL CONCOMITANTS OF REACTION TIME PERFORMANCE AS A FUNCTION OF PREPARATORY INTERVAL AND PREPARATORY INTERVAL SERIES
Authors: Webb Roger A. , Obrist Paul A.
Published: February 2007

The cardiac deceleration which occurs during the preparatory interval (PI) of a reaction time (RT) task was examined with reference to a facilitatory feedback model in contrast with a model which viewed the response as part of a somatic inhibitory response. Sixty‐three male Ss were run in three independent groups in an RT study. Two groups received 96 trials (divided into blocks of 24) with PIs of 2, 4, 8, and 16 sec presented in a regular series counterbalanced for order. The third group received the same number of trials of each PI in a restricted random order. Heart rate (HR), chin electromyograph (EMG), eye blinks, and eye movements were recorded as dependent variables.

Results indicated an orderly, time‐locked decline in EMG, eye blinks and movements, which was closely concomitant with a deceleration in HR during the PI. With some exceptions, the various measures demonstrated similar functional relationships with Group and PI variables. The results failed to differentiate between the feedback and somatic inhibitory models because the only combination of variables which eliminated HR deceleration also eliminated the inhibition of the somatic measures. This fact is consistent with the somatic inhibitory model, but is neutral with respect to the feedback model. Different statistical methods for examining the cardiac‐somatic concomitance were discussed.
THE EARLY HISTORY OF ELECTRODERMAL RESEARCH
Authors: Neumann Eva , Blanton Richard
Published: February 2007

The historical origins and early development of electrodermal research are reviewed in the light of a substantial number of previously unexamined sources. Relevant literature in electrophysiology, neurology, electrodiagnosis, and electrotherapy is examined with regard to the technology and the context of ideas in science and medicine. The first reports of basal skin resistance (BSR) and stimulated skin resistance (GSR) change by Vigouroux and Féré, respectively, are related to their other research and that of other workers. Hermann's early work on the sudomotor system is seen as much more advanced than has been realized, providing a sound basis for theory which the French apparently never noticed. Several additional sources suggest that Tarchanoff's work was performed with awareness of Féré's and was probably not an independent discovery.

The growth of the field following “rediscovery” of the GSR by Mueller and Veraguth is seen as a product of interest in indexing “mental events.” The earlier work is seen as conceptually closer to current interest in the phenomena as aspects of the arousal system.
ELECTRODERMAL AND CARDIAC RESPONSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIC CHILDREN TO SENSORY STIMULI
Authors: Bernal Martha E. , Miller William Hansford
Published: February 2007

The reactivity and habituation of autistic schizophrenic and normal children were compared using a variety of stimuli. The first two stimulation conditions were 15 tone trials followed by a novel tone stimulus, and 15 periods of darkness followed by a single period of partial illumination. Order of these stimulation conditions was counterbalanced in a groups × order × trials anova factorial design. Other stimuli were tones varying in intensity and photic flashes presented in fixed order following the first two conditions.

The two groups differed in magnitude of response to the first 3 tone and illumination change trials, and thereafter showed no differences in habituation or reinstatement to the novel stimulus. This difference consisted of greater responsivity for the normals and was independent of base level, spontaneous activity, order of condition, and type of stimulus. The schizophrenics showed a relationship between GSR magnitude and tone intensity that was similar to the normals' physiological tracking of changing intensity. Results for photic stimulation were the same as for the first two stimulus conditions. The peak‐to‐valley cardiac measure failed to yield any reliable group differences under any stimulation condition.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG RESPONSES IN THE HUMAN NEWBORN: THE NON‐ASSOCIATION AND NON‐EQUIVALENCE AMONG DIFFERENT INDICATORS OF RESPONSIVENESS
Authors: Turkewitz Gerald , Moreau Tina , Birch Herbert G. , Davis Linda
Published: February 2007

To determine whether different responses are equivalent indicators of stimulus effectiveness and whether a single mechanism can account for responsiveness in different systems, cardiac accelerations, ipsilateral eye movements, and finger movements were simultaneously recorded when lateralized auditory stimuli of graded intensity were presented to 2‐day old infants (N = 21). The responses were not equivalent indicators of stimulus effectiveness as evidenced by the finding of different thresholds for different responses. Furthermore, it was found that an infant's relative responsiveness as defined by one response does not predict his relative responsiveness on other responses. Finally the simultaneously measured responses to a stimulus did not co‐occur more frequently than would be expected if the responses were independently determined. The results raise serious questions as to the adequacy of concepts of generalized arousal and a unitary orienting response in accounting for behavioral organization in the human newborn.
THE REDUCTION OF PALMAR SKIN POTENTIAL BY EPIDERMAL HYDRATION
Authors: Fowles Don C. , Venables P. H.
Published: February 2007

Simultaneous measurements of palmar skin potential (SP) at four levels of epidermal hydration yielded a difference of 35 mv between the mean values for the least hydrated site (pretreated with polyethylene glycol) and the most hydrated site (pretreated with distilled water) during sweat gland activity. It was also demonstrated that there was a decline in SP during the first 15 min of recording with aqueous electrolyte which can be attributed to the application of an electrolyte to the skin. Thus the hydration effect appears to be a large, uncontrolled source of variance which must be brought under control if physiologically meaningful results are to be obtained with SP measurements. The hydration effect may offer an alternative interpretation of data previously cited as supporting the hypothesis that an epidermal membrane contributes to SP.
A DEVICE FOR ESTIMATING STABILITY OF STANCE IN HUMAN SUBJECTS
Authors: Shipley Robert E. , Harley R. J.
Published: February 2007

An apparatus for quantifying the stability of stance of human subjects under several conditions is described. The duration and degree of angular deviation of the S's center of gravity above his standing center of support on a platform are sensed by electro‐mechanical means over a selected period of time and the product is converted to arbitrary numerical units. A technique is provided for vibrating the platform upon which the S stands so that kinesthetic or proprioceptive cues from the feet and lower legs are “diluted” by the irrelevant vibratory stimuli. Normal Ss were tested for stability of stance for periods of 20 sec with 1) eyes open, 2) eyes closed, 3) eyes open, vibrator on, and 4) eyes closed, vibrator on. In general, instability increased in the order of test 1, 2, 3, and 4 with most Ss, but in some, closing the eyes alone had little effect in reducing stability of stance. The apparatus was designed for use in testing drugs that may affect static balance when each S is used as his own control.
COMBINED AUTONOMIC EFFECTS OF CONCURRENTLY‐APPLIED STRESSORS
Authors: Patton Gary W. R.
Published: February 2007

This study attempted to determine if two stressors applied simultaneously produce greater sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity than does one stress acting alone. A preliminary study (Experiment I) was undertaken to ensure that each stress, when compared with a nonstress condition, independently produced increased SNS activity. To this end, 24 U.S. Army enlisted men (a) solved anagrams, (b) underwent semi‐nude exposure to 50°F cold, and (c) watched a comedy movie. SNS activity during (a) and (b) was independently compared with (c). Subsequently, in Experiment II, Ss′ responses during a single stress (55°F cold exposure) were contrasted with those recorded during a dual stress condition (anagram solving during 55°F cold exposure). Each stress independently produced increased SNS activity, and the two stressors combined produced more SNS activity than did cold exposure alone.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND SITUATIONAL FACTORS IN PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Back Kurt W. , Oelfke Sheila R. , Brehm Mary L. , Bogdonoff Morton D. , Nowlin John B.
Published: February 2007

Some psychological and physiological reactions to introduction of chlordiaze‐poxide hydrochloride to an experimental situation involving a conformity trial were investigated. Groups of four subjects were selected with either considerable previous acquaintance (Friends) or little acquaintance (Strangers). In each group, two subjects were given an injection of the drug and two an injection of saline. Conformity to false group feedback was measured on a Crutchfield‐Gerard apparatus and arousal was measured in terms of the plasma free fatty acid (FFA) level. Self‐ratings of mood were obtained using the Nowlis Adjective Check List. It was found that the experimental manipulations of group composition or drug injection did not yield clear‐cut results unless the subjects were divided according to initial ratings of anxiety. Subjects initially more anxious, who were administered the drug and who were tested as Strangers, showed greater conformity to group pressure and a continuous increase in physiological arousal. These conditions were interpreted as being cumulative sources of strain, under which subjects concentrate on monitoring themselves to the exclusion of attending to surrounding events.
CORRELATION OF SOMATIC, BIOCHEMICAL, PERCEPTUAL, AND RORSCHACH DATA ON 40 HEALTHY MALE SUBJECTS
Authors: Murawski Benjamin J. , Jones Kenneth J.
Published: February 2007

Canonical correlation was used to investigate the interrelationships between somatic, biochemical, and psychological variables in 40 healthy male subjects. Four roots (or factors) were extracted which demonstrated overlap in four sets of variables: 1) Somatic (height, weight, body volume, body surface area); 2) Biochemical (adrenal steroids, pepsinogen, creatinine, urine volume); 3) Perceptual (Embedded Faces, Stroop Test, Time Estimation, Flicker Fusion); and 4) Rorschach indices. The first root linked style of spatial orientation with height. The second factor extracted major loadings for all sets of variables and was dominated by big body size, high and variable biochemical values, and low perceptual control. The final factors were less well defined. Genetic or constitutional forces could be inferred and the interaction of personality, biochemical, and somatic variables was clearly demonstrated.
SLEEP CYCLES AND SKIN POTENTIAL IN NEWBORNS STUDIED WITH A SIMPLIFIED OBSERVATION AND RECORDING SYSTEM
Authors: Bell Richard Q.
Published: February 2007

A simple visual observation system, supplemented by measurement of skin potential, was devised for developmental studies of sleep cycles in settings where multiple electrode placement is not practicable. The findings replicated essential features of quiet and active sleep cycles which had been reported previously to exist against the background of decreasing level of physiological arousal, as sleep proceeds. Twelve newborns showed approximately one‐half of their inter‐feeding sleeping time in the rapid eye movement stage of sleep. Skin potential rapidly declined from the waking level, continued to decrease in level throughout sleep, increased in variability during REM sleep, and increased in level at the second waking period.
THE USE OF HEART RATE FOR THE STUDY OF HABITUATION IN THE NEONATE
Authors: Stratton Peter M.
Published: February 2007

The heart rate (HR), being readily affected by many forms of stimulation, is likely to be a particularly useful index of neonatal response. However measures of HR change have been applied without proper evaluation and without being tested against controls, with consequent loss of generality of findings. A procedure for choosing response measures, involving minimal assumptions about the experimental situation, is described. Applied to the habituation of neonates to medium intensity auditory stimuli, this procedure indicated an increase in HR as the most useful response characteristic. Habituation of the acceleratory response was found to take the form of a logarithmic (not exponential) function of trial number.

Assumptions underlying the usual methods of correction for initial values are examined and most of them are shown to have been violated in the present data. Further, application of various corrections failed to improve the consistency of measures of habituation. Multiple regression analysis of 14 measures of the acceleratory response showed that the increase in rate during the first 6 set following stimulus onset was the most consistent indicator of habituation. Addition of further measures did not contribute significantly to the relationship.
AN INEXPENSIVE METHOD FOR PROGRAMMING STIMULI USING MAGNETIC TAPE
Authors: Porges Stephen W. , Fitzgerald Hiram E.
Published: February 2007

Apparatus for encoding and decoding stimuli using magnetic tape is described. The decoder is a frequency specific audio switch constructed from a five channel resonant reed relay; the encoder is a tape recorder. This apparatus allows the advantages of magnetic tape yet is inexpensive to construct.
AUTONOMIC BALANCE CHANGES DURING THE HUMAN MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Authors: Wineman E. W.
Published: February 2007

Five female students were each tested 5 days a week throughout one menstrual cycle with a 3 day overlap into the next cycle. The autonomic variables reported are: sub‐lingual temperature, heart period, diastolic blood pressure, palmar and volar conductance, salivary output, and log conductance change. These measures were taken in order to estimate autonomic factor scores (Ā).

Significant menstrual phase differences in Ā scores and sub‐lingual temperature were demonstrated. The Ā score estimates an autonomic factor for an individual at a particular time; low scores represent relative sympathetic nervous system (SNS) dominance. During menses, the follicular, and the ovulatory phases, Ā scores were higher; during the luteal phase the Ā scores were lowest.

It was concluded that high estrogen levels are accompanied by decreased SNS function.
AUDITORY THRESHOLD VARIATIONS DURING PERIODS OF INDUCED HIGH AND LOW HEART RATES
Authors: Saxon Samuel A. , Dahle Arthur J.
Published: February 2007

The study was designed to test Lacey's and Callaway's contention that individuals respond differently to sensory sensitivity tasks under conditions of high and low heart rates. A Bekesy audiometry threshold tracing was obtained from subjects after a period of inactivity and after a period of activity. The results indicated that the subjects' auditory thresholds for the 1000 Hz tone were significantly less acute under the condition of induced higher heart rates. Although the data collected is correlational in nature the possibility that the higher rate results in reduced sensory sensitivity from a causal point of view is suggested. Although Lacey's and Callaway's formulations are not synonymous with the traditional theories of activation, it is highly probable that their formulations may be merely delineating the mechanisms by which extreme arousal results in impaired performance.
CARDIAC RATE RESPONSES TO CIGARETTE SMOKING: A STUDY UTILIZING RADIOTELEMETRY
Authors: Erwin Charles W.
Published: February 2007

Radiotelemetry of the human EKG was obtained to observe for rate alterations during spontaneous cigarette smoking. Ten subjects were observed for a total of 26 hours during which time 50 cigarettes were smoked. The utilization of telemetry allowed the subjects to continue their usual afternoon behavior. There were no rate changes before, during, or after smoking which could be attributed to the cigarette. These results differ from most previous reports. Telemetry allows for two departures from past designs; subjects were ambulant and smoking behavior was spontaneous (both in initiation and rate). It is suggested that these departures are related to the results of the present study.
ELECTRODERMAL CORRELATES OF HYPERACTIVITY IN CHILDREN
Authors: Satterfield James H. , Dawson Michael E.
Published: February 2007

Basal skin conductance, non‐specific GSRs, and specific GSRs were studied during 2 experimental sessions with two groups of 12 hyperkinetic children each and a group of 12 matched normal controls. Hyperkinetic children were found to have lower basal skin conductance, fewer and smaller non‐specific GSRs, and smaller specific GSRs than those of normal children. Stimulant drugs, which were administered to one group of hyperkinetic children, tended to raise basal level conductance and non‐specific GSR activity toward the levels of normal children. A tentative neurophysiological hypothesis is offered to account for these data as well as the clinical observations that stimulant drugs are effective in the treatment of hyperkinetic children.
THE CONTINGENT NEGATIVE VARIATION: SOME METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN THE RECORDING OF SHIFTS IN STEADY POTENTIALS
Authors: Surwillo Walter W.
Published: February 2007

The various methods that have been used in recording of the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) were examined with reference to developing selection criteria. Findings revealed that chopper amplifiers with condenser‐coupled input circuits and DC amplifiers with zero‐suppression circuits between stages showed shifts in output level which were the result of changes in resistance of the input circuit. As these artifacts were not negligible with reference to commonly‐reported CNV amplitudes, it was concluded that the two methods should be avoided in recording of low‐level shifts in steady potentials like the CNV.
HUMAN REACTION TIME AND PERIOD OF THE EEG IN RELATION TO DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Surwillo Walter W.
Published: February 2007

Simple auditory reaction time (RT) and an auditory RT task requiring a disjunctive reaction were investigated in a group of 110 boys aged 46—207 months. Electroencephalograms (EEGs) were recorded during actual performance of these tasks to determine the extent to which differences in RT associated with development could be accounted for by developmental changes in the EEG. Measures of average EEG period were derived from peaks and troughs of all waves recorded in the time interval between stimulus and response of each trial.

Results confirmed previous findings of a significant relationship between RT, σRT, and development. RT and σRT followed a reciprocal power‐law function with age, and hence both measures decreased more rapidly in the earlier years. Choice RT showed a more rapid decline with increasing age than simple RT. Correlations were high, with log simple RT vs log Age =−.874, and log choice RT vs log Age =−.861. Developmental changes in EEG period could account for only a small fraction of these high correlations. The possible role of EEG half waves as time quanta in information processing was discussed in relation to development.
EFFECTS OF AUDIENCE ANXIETY ON PUPIL SIZE
Authors: Simpson H. M. , Molloy F. M.
Published: February 2007

Pupillary activity was continually monitored while 28 female Ss performed a short‐term memory task and a digit‐transformation task. The Ss were selected according to their scores on the Audience Sensitivity Inventory (ASI) and the Otis Quick‐Scoring Mental Ability Test (IQ), so as to yield four groups: low ASI and high ASI (equated on IQ); and low IQ and high IQ (equated on ASI). Results showed significantly more pupillary dilation to the transformation than to the memory task for all groups and this finding was consistent with previous studies. There were no main effects nor interactions involving IQ groups. The effects involving audience anxiety were specific, that is, a larger pupil size occurred in the high ASI group than in the low ASI group. In addition, there was a decrease in pupil size in the low ASI group prior to repeating the digits, but no such decrease occurred in the high ASI group. These findings were interpreted in terms of anxiety related to apprehension about evaluation.
OPERANT CONDITIONING OF THE HUMAN SALIVARY RESPONSE
Authors: Frezza Daniel A. , Holland James G.
Published: February 2007

To demonstrate operant conditioning of the human salivary response, stimulus control was attempted. Unstimulated parotid saliva was collected from 4 Ss under two reinforcement schedules. Continuous reinforcement (CRF) alternated at regular intervals with differential reinforcement for zero responding (DRO)– reinforcement for non‐responding during a specified time period. Cumulative records revealed an increase in responding under CRF and a decrease in responding under DRO for 3 of the 4 Ss. Swallowing was recorded. The conditioned salivary response appeared not to be mediated by muscle response.
EFFECTS OF UNILATERAL STIMULI ON THE MAGNITUDE AND LATENCY OF BILATERALLY RECORDED SKIN CONDUCTANCE RESPONSES
Authors: Fuhrer Marcus J.
Published: February 2007

This experiment examined the effects of unilateral stimulation on the relative magnitude and latency of skin conductance responses recorded bilaterally from the palms. The unilaterally applied stimuli were shocks to either the left or right forefinger and voluntary flexion of either the left or right foot. Additional stimuli consisted of binaurally presented tones and deep breaths. In a within‐Ss design, the 22 Ss were submitted to 18 repetitions of each stimulus. The unilateral shocks as well as the foot movements had the effect of augmenting the relative magnitude of skin conductance responses from the palm ipsilateral to the site of stimulation. The shocks were found to be somewhat more effective than foot flexion in producing this effect. The relative latencies of responses were also influenced by the shocks, with shorter latency responses occurring from the palm ipsilateral to the stimulus site. Consideration is given to the role of both suprasegmental and spinal‐cord mechanisms in mediating these effects of unilateral stimuli.
EVOKED RESPONSE CORRELATES OF MEANINGFUL VISUAL STIMULI IN CHILDREN
Authors: Symmes David , Eisengart Marvin A.
Published: February 2007

Photographic slides of familiar objects or cartoons were tachistoscopically presented to a group of 79 normal children (age 5‐11 years) in a study of the evoked response correlates of meaningful visual stimuli. Control stimuli consisted of blank slides or defocused cartoons matched for brightness. A warning flash preceded the slides by 1 sec. EEG and eye movement potentials were recorded on line with a 9.5 sec time constant and averaged off‐line. The principal finding was a vertex negative slow potential peaking about 500 msec after slide presentation which correlated with reports of interest in and recall of both objects and cartoons. Responses in the occipital region changed less consistently with pictorial material, and were the same to the warning flash whether it preceded control or test stimuli. The vertex negative response appears to be a corollary of perceptual integration of meaningful stimuli. Among alternative explanations nonspecific differences in arousal level and/or expectancy appear to be unlikely on the basis of our data. A primary role of edge contrast in generating these late negative responses would not be predicted on the basis of published evidence, but our attempt to control for this alternative yielded equivocal results.