bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biosorption potential of Neurospora crassa cells for decolorization of Acid Red 57 (AR57) dye
Authors: Akar Tamer , Demir Temir A , Kiran Ismail , Ozcan Adnan , Ozcan A Safa , Tunali Sibel
Published: February 2006

Biosorption of Acid Red 57 (AR57) on to Neurospora crassa was studied with variation of pH, contact time, biosorbent and dye concentrations and temperature to determine equilibrium and kinetic models. The AR57 biosorption was fast and equilibrium was attained within 40 min. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherm models were applied to experimental equilibrium data for AR57 biosorption at various temperatures. The equilibrium data fitted very well to all the equilibrium models in the studied concentration range of AR57. Maximum biosorption capacity (qmax) of AR57 on to N. crassa was 2.16 × 10−4 mol g−1 at 20 °C. The kinetics of biosorption of AR57 were analyzed and rate constants were derived. The overall biosorption process was best described by a pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. The changes in Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy of biosorption were also evaluated for the biosorption of AR57 on to N. crassa. The results indicate that the biosorption was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization and bleaching properties of acid‐leached montmorillonite
Authors: Temuujin Jadambaa , Senna Mamoru , Jadambaa Tsedev , Burmaa Dashdendev , Erdenechimeg Shaarii , MacKenzie Kenneth JD
Published: February 2006

After being subjected to preliminary purification, montmorillonite clay was leached with varying concentrations of sulfuric acid (0.5–2 mol L−1) at 90 °C for varying times (0.5–4 h). Acid leaching causes partial amorphization of the montmorillonite and increases its specific surface area by a factor of 3 (from 49.1 to 157 m2 g−1). The bleaching efficiency for Mongolian mare's milk oil, as judged by light absorbance measurements at 400 nm, was increased from 9.5% for the unleached clay to 93.8% for clay leached with 2 mol L−1 H2SO4 for 4 h. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparation and characterization of mono‐PEGylated consensus interferon by a novel polyethylene glycol derivative
Authors: Yun Qiang , Xing Wenchao , Ma Guanghui , Su Zhiguo
Published: February 2006

Traditional PEGylation strategy of peptide and protein usually results in heterogeneous products with wide molecular weight distribution. Mono‐PEGylated consensus interferon (C‐IFN) with homogeneous molecular weight was prepared by a novel methoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG) derivative. 2‐Fluoro‐1‐methylpyridinium toluene‐4‐sulfonate (FMP) was applied to activate mPEG and a novel functionalized mPEG derivative (FMP‐mPEG) was obtained. The reactivity of FMP‐mPEG toward amino groups of C‐IFN was evaluated, and the heterogeneity of PEGylated protein was identified by high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS). Finally, the PEGylated C‐IFN was separated from intact protein by cation‐exchange chromatography. The results indicated that PEGylation process was dependent on pH dramatically and the modification degree was increased with the increasing molar excess of FMP‐mPEG. Under optimized condition, mono‐PEGylated C‐IFN with molecule weight of 24.64 kDa was achieved. Further investigation ofin vitrobiological activities demonstrated that about 88% of antiviral activity was maintained by the mono‐PEGylated C‐IFN. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
In vivo effect of growth hormone on the expression of connexin‐43 in bovine ovarian follicles
Authors: Kaiser Germán G. , Kölle Sabine , Boie Gudrun , Sinowatz Fred , Palma Gustavo A. , Alberio Ricardo H.
Published: February 2006

This study assessed the in vivo effects of recombinant growth hormone (rGH) administration on the expression of connexin‐43 (Cx43) in bovine ovarian follicles. Two independent experiments were carried out using either estrous unsynchronized or synchronized multiparous Aberdeen Angus cows. rGH‐treated animals were inoculated with a single dose of hormone (500 mg, intramuscular) while control animals were inoculated with hormone diluent. Five and 14 days after treatment (Experiments 1 and 2, respectively), ovarian Cx43 and apoptosis expression were assessed using immunohistochemistry. In both experiments primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles from rGH‐treated and control groups distinctly expressed Cx43 protein. Primordial and atretic follicles were Cx43‐negative. Interestingly, the number of Cx43 dots per granulosa cell did not show significant variation at different folliculogenesis stages neither in the rGH‐treated nor in the control group. In unsynchronized animals, Cx43‐positive follicles per total number of follicles ratio showed an interaction between stage of folliculogenesis and treatment due to significant differences between treatment groups in the early secondary follicle stage. In synchronized animals, there were significant differences between treatment groups and folliculogenesis stage. In both experiments, atretic follicles showed apoptosis‐related DNA‐fragmentation as determined by terminal uridin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Tertiary follicles presented moderate TUNEL staining. Our results show significant increment in the number of ovarian follicles expressing the gap junction subunit Cx43 after in vivo rGH treatment. Therefore, we conclude that growth hormone can modulate in vivo gap junction assembly at early stages of folliculogenesis. Mol. Reprod. Dev. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of the ovine interferon‐tau gene by a blastocyst‐specific transcription factor, Cdx2
Authors: Imakawa Kazuhiko , Kim Min‐Su , Matsuda‐Minehata Fuko , Ishida Shohei , Iizuka Masateru , Suzuki Masako , Chang Kyu‐Tae , Echternkamp Sherrill E. , Christenson Ronald K.
Published: February 2006

Expression of ovine interferon‐tau (oIFNτ), a factor essential for the process of maternal recognition of pregnancy in ruminant ungulates, is restricted to the trophoblast. However, the molecular mechanisms by which oIFNτ expression is restricted to the trophectoderm have not been fully elucidated. The objective of this study was to determine whether oIFNτ gene transcription could be regulated through Cdx2 expression, a transcription factor implicated in the control of cell differentiation in the trophectoderm. Human choriocarcinoma JEG3 cells were co‐transfected with an oIFNτ (−654 base pair, bp)‐luciferase reporter (−654‐oIFNτ‐Luc) construct and several transcription factor expression plasmids. Compared to −654‐oIFNτ‐Luc alone, transcription of the −654‐oIFNτ‐Luc increased more than 30 times when this construct was co‐transfected with Cdx2, Ets‐2, and c‐jun. The degree of transcription decreased to 1/4 levels when the upstream region was reduced to −551 bp, and became minimal with further deletions; this was confirmed with the use of the reporter constructs with mutated c‐jun, Ets‐2, and/or Cdx2 sites. In trophoblast unrelated NIH3T3 cells, which do not support IFNτ gene transcription, the oIFNτ‐Luc transcription was enhanced approximately eightfold when the cells were co‐transfected with the Cdx2/Ets‐2 or Cdx2/Ets‐2/c‐jun expression plasmids. These findings were confirmed by gel‐shift assays examining Cdx binding site on the oIFNτ gene's upstream region, by immunohistochemical study identifying the presence of Cdx2 in day 15 and 17 ovine conceptuses, and by Western blot detecting Cdx2 in day 17 conceptuses. Our results indicate that oIFNτ gene transcription is regulated by Cdx2, and suggest that Cdx2 could be a key molecule in determining oIFNτ gene transcription by the trophectoderm. Mol. Reprod. Dev. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of multiple claudins in the rat epididymis
Authors: Gregory Mary , Cyr Daniel G.
Published: February 2006

The luminal environment of the epididymis is highly specialized with specific proteins, ions, pH, etc. required for sperm maturation. Tight junctions between epididymal principal cells are responsible for the formation of the blood–epididymal barrier, which regulates this luminal environment. Claudins (Cldns) are a recently discovered family of transmembrane proteins and are essential components of tight junctions. Previous work from our laboratory has demonstrated the presence and localization of Cldn‐1 in all regions of the rat epididymis. The objective of this study was to determine the presence and localization of other Cldns in the epididymis. Using RT‐PCR we have identified mRNA transcripts for Cldn‐3 through ‐9 in each region of the adult rat epididymis. Immunolocalization of Cldn‐3, Cldn‐4, and Cldn‐5 were done in adult as well as in 42‐ and 14‐day‐old rats. Cldn‐5 in adult rats was localized exclusively in blood vessels of the interstitium. Cldn‐3 was localized apically in the epididymal epithelium between adjacent principal cells throughout the epididymis, where tight junctions have been reported histologically. There were no differences in the localization of Cldn‐3 in epididymides of rats at the different ages. In 14‐day‐old rats, Cldn‐4 was localized all along the lateral plasma membrane between adjacent principal cells. The immunostaining was more pronounced in the proximal regions of the epididymis. In both 42‐day‐old rats and adults, Cldn‐4 was localized primarily to apical tight junctions between principal cells and staining was more pronounced in the proximal region of the epididymis. Cldn‐16 transcripts were also identified by RT‐PCR. These transcripts were present in both proximal and distal regions of the epididymis of young (Day 14 and 21) animals, but only in the proximal (initial segment) region of the adult epididymis. These data indicate that epididymal tight junctions are composed of several Cldns, suggestive of a complex regulation of the blood–epididymal barrier. Mol. Reprod. Dev. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Production of a transgenic piglet by a sperm injection technique in which no chemical or physical treatments were used for oocytes or sperm
Authors: Yong Hwan Yul , Hao Yanhong , Lai Liangxue , Li Rongfeng , Murphy Clifton N. , Rieke August , Wax David , Samuel Melissa , Prather Randall S.
Published: February 2006

As a method of producing transgenic animals, spermatozoa have been used to fertilize mammalian oocytes through natural copulation, artificial insemination (AI), and in vitro fertilization (IVF). Our objective was to produce live piglets expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) by the modified ICSI procedure based on Yong et al. (2003) (Hum. Reprod. 18:2390) where this procedure resulted in an improvement in development in vitro as compared to conventional ICSI and IVF. After injecting frozen‐thawed sperm, recovered from the descendant of a transgenic boar derived by oocyte transduction, into in vitro matured oocytes the injected oocytes were surgically transferred into the oviduct of six surrogate gilts. Two gilts (33%) became pregnant. One gave birth to a healthy male piglet. Expression of the eGFP was easily observed in the nose and hooves by direct epifluorescent examination in the newborn piglet. These results show the production of the first viable transgenic piglet by in vitro maturation and our new sperm injection method. Mol. Reprod. Dev. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mobility management support and performance analysis for wireless MPLS networks
Authors: Langar Rami , Tohme Samir , Bouabdallah Nizar
Published: February 2006

Multi‐Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) is deployed in the Internet backbone to support service differentiation and traffic engineering. In recent years, there has been interest in extending the MPLS capability to wireless access networks for mobility management support. In this paper, we present analysis of Micro Mobile MPLS, a new micro‐mobility management scheme which integrates the Mobile IP and MPLS protocols by using two‐level hierarchy architecture. Our proposal supports two protocol variants. First, the fast handoff process, which anticipates the LSP procedure set‐up with neighboring locations where a mobile node (MN) may move to, is provided to reduce service disruption. Second, a new mechanism based on the forwarding chain concept is proposed to track efficiently the host mobility within a domain. This concept can significantly reduce registration update costs and provide low handoff latency. Analytical models are developed and simulations are conducted to justify the benefits of our proposed mechanisms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How and why small to medium size enterprises (SMEs) engage with their communities: an Australian study
Authors: Madden Kym , Scaife Wendy , Crissman Kathryn
Published: February 2006

While many studies address corporate philanthropy and corporate community involvement, limited work has been conducted internationally in small to medium businesses and even less has been elucidated about the Australian small business landscape.

This article reports findings from qualitative research investigating giving to community causes by 52 small to medium size enterprises (SMEs) across Australia.

Three key questions addressed in this article are: (1) why SMEs engage with community (2) how they engage with community and (3) obstacles they perceive in giving.

Our findings suggest that SMEs have a preference to avoid cash gifts, prefer to support local causes and would benefit from the development of best practice giving guidelines and templates.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dock around the Clock – Current Status of Small Molecule Docking and Scoring
Authors: Rester Ulrich
Published: February 2006

The early phases of commercial drug discovery programs are increasingly guided by information extracted from three‐dimensional structures of the target proteins and in silico design techniques. This review addresses key issues of docking and scoring, a popular technique in structure‐based drug design. The pros and cons of computational tools currently used will be outlined as well as the integration of these methods in the lead finding and lead optimization process.
An engineered nonsense URA3 allele provides a versatile system to detect the presence, absence and appearance of the [PSI+] prion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Manogaran Anita L. , Kirkland Kathryn T. , Liebman Susan W.
Published: February 2006

Common methods to identify yeast cells containing the prion form of the Sup35 translation termination factor, [PSI+], involve a nonsense suppressor phenotype. Decreased function of Sup35p in [PSI+] cells leads to read‐through of certain nonsense mutations in a few auxotrophic markers, e.g. ade1‐14. This read‐through results in growth on adenine‐deficient media. While this powerful tool has dramatically facilitated the study of [PSI+], it is limited to a narrow range of laboratory strains and cannot easily be used to screen for cells that have lost the [PSI+] prion. Therefore we have engineered a nonsense mutation in the widely used URA3 gene, termed the ura3‐14 allele. Introduction of the ura3‐14 allele into an array of genetic backgrounds, carrying a loss‐of‐function URA3 mutation and [PSI+], allows for growth on media lacking uracil, indicative of decreased translational termination efficiency. This ura3‐14 allele is able to distinguish various forms of the [PSI+] prion, called variants, and is able to detect the de novo appearance of [PSI+] in strains carrying the prion form of Rnq1p, [PIN+]. Furthermore, 5‐fluoroorotic acid, which kills cells making functional Ura3p, provides a means to select for [psi−] derivatives in a population of [PSI+] cells marked with the ura3‐14 allele, making this system much more versatile than previous methods. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nocturnal behavior in a group of female African elephants
Authors: Wilson Megan L. , Bashaw Meredith J. , Fountain Kimberly , Kieschnick Sarah , Maple Terry L.
Published: February 2006

The nocturnal behavior of a stable group of female, African elephants (Loxodonta africana africana) was studied to: (1) examine their behavior as a function of hour of night; (2) qualitatively compare the elephants' activity budgets to those reported in a previous study; and (3) document the presence of aggressive and stereotypic behaviors that might necessitate a change in their management. The elephants were systematically observed at least five times per week for 10 weeks between 17:00 and 08:00. Instantaneous focal samples of behavior, location, and proximity were taken every minute on a rotating basis, and all observed occurrences of social behavior were recorded. The hour of night affected elephant activity: significant relationships were found between hour of night and percent of time they spent feeding, lying, and standing. The overall activity budgets of the elephants were similar to the activity budgets reported in a previous study, although differences were evident in lying, stereotypic, and social behaviors. These differences might be a function of age. Affiliative behaviors accounted for 57% of the elephants' social behaviors, and agonistic behaviors among the elephants occurred infrequently and caused no injuries. Additionally, the elephants used all areas to which they had access. These findings provide compelling evidence that unrestricted social access during the night is the appropriate management strategy for these elephants. The results from the present study also highlight the importance of replicating existing studies and using multiple behavioral measures to make decisions regarding the welfare and management of stable groups of captive elephants. Zoo Biol 25:173–186, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neighborhood Poverty, Social Capital, and the Cognitive Development of African American Preschoolers
Authors: Caughy Margaret O'Brien , O'Campo Patricia J.
Published: February 2006

In this investigation, we examine the impact of the ecological context of the residential neighborhood on the cognitive development of children by considering social processes not only at the family‐level but also at the neighborhood‐level. In a socioeconomically diverse sample of 200 African American children living in 39 neighborhoods in Baltimore, we found that neighborhood poverty was associated with poorer problem‐solving skills over and above the influence of family economic resources and level of positive parent involvement. Sampson has theorized that neighborhood poverty affects child well‐being by altering levels of neighborhood social capital as well as family social capital. Although we found that indicators of neighborhood and family social capital were associated with cognitive skills, these factors did not explain the association between neighborhood poverty and problem‐solving ability. Implications for future research in the area of neighborhoods and child development are discussed.
Promoting Hmong Refugees' Well‐Being Through Mutual Learning: Valuing Knowledge, Culture, and Experience
Authors: Goodkind Jessica R.
Published: February 2006

Refugees who resettle in a new country face numerous struggles, including overcoming past traumas and coping with post‐migration stressors, such as lack of meaningful social roles, poverty, discrimination, lack of environmental mastery, and social isolation. Thus, in addition to needing to learn concrete language skills and gain access to resources and employment, it is important for refugees to become a part of settings where their experiences, knowledge, and identity are valued and validated. The Refugee Well‐Being Project (RWBP) was developed to promote the well‐being of Hmong refugees by creating settings for mutual learning to occur between Hmong adults and undergraduate students. The RWBP had two major components: (1) Learning Circles, which involved cultural exchange and one‐on‐one learning opportunities, and (2) an advocacy component, which involved undergraduates advocating for and transferring advocacy skills to Hmong families to increase their access to resources in their communities. The project was evaluated using a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach. This article discusses data from qualitative interviews with participants, during which the importance of reciprocal helping relationships and mutual learning emerged as significant themes.
Enhanced repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks in S phase
Authors: Mladenova Veronika , Russev George
Published: February 2006

Hela cells synchronized in G1 and S phases of the cell cycle were transfected with pEGFP crosslinked with trioxsalen. Twelve hours later the number of fluorescent cells was determined by fluorescent microscopy. Cells in S phase have repaired 0.2–0.3 ICL/kb over the 12 h period, while cells in G1 phase repaired interstrand crosslinks much more poorly. The crosslinked plasmids were efficiently recruited to the nuclear matrix both in G1 phase and S‐phase, which showed that the poor repair of G1 cells was a result of a lack of DNA replication rather than of a lack of matrix attachment.
Synaptic targeting by Aβ oligomers (ADDLS) as a basis for memory loss in early Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Klein William L.
Published: February 2006

Early diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) ultimately will require identification of its pathogenic mechanism. Such a mechanism must explain the hallmark of early AD—a profound inability to form new memories. For many years, the most promising hypothesis maintained that memory failure derived from neuron death induced by insoluble deposits of amyloid fibrils. Newer findings, however, suggest that memory loss, especially in early AD, may be a failure in synaptic plasticity caused by small soluble Aβ oligomers (“ADDLs”). ADDLs are neurologically potent toxins that rapidly inhibit long‐term potentiation and reversal of long‐term depression, classic paradigms for learning and memory. In human samples, ADDLs show striking increases in AD brain and CSF. The ADDL hypothesis is considerably reinforced by nerve cell biology studies showing that ADDLs specifically attack synapses, essentially acting as gain‐of‐function pathogenic ligands. Selective damage by ADDLs to memory‐linked synaptic mechanisms provides an appealing explanation for early AD memory loss and suggests that ADDLs provide a valid target for therapeutics and diagnostics.
ARMINIANISM, CATHOLICISM, AND PURITANISM IN ENGLAND DURING THE 1630S
Authors: QUESTIER MICHAEL
Published: February 2006

The relationship between Arminianism and Roman Catholicism in the early Stuart period has long been a source of historiographical controversy. Many contemporaries were in no doubt that such an affinity did exist and that it was politically significant. This article will consider how far there was ideological sympathy and even rhetorical collaboration between Caroline Catholics and those members of the Church of England whom both contemporaries and modern scholars have tended to describe as Arminians and Laudians. It will suggest that certain members of the English Catholic community actively tried to use the changes which they claimed to observe in the government of the Church of England in order to establish a rapport with the Caroline regime. In particular they enthused about what they perceived as a strongly anti-puritan trend in royal policy. Some of them argued that a similar style of governance should be exercised by a bishop over Catholics in England. This was something which they believed would correct the factional divisions within their community and align it more effectively with the Stuart dynasty.
ENLIGHTENED ERUDITION AND THE POLITICS OF READING IN JOHN TOLAND'S CIRCLE
Authors: CHAMPION J. A. I.
Published: February 2006

The dense marginal annotation made by freethinker, John Toland (1670–1722) and republican author and parliamentarian, Sir Robert Molesworth (1656–1725) on a copy of Martin Martin's Western Islands (1716) is an exceptional source for exposing the relationship between elite sociability and intellectual conversation. As an example of collaborative serial reading the case-study is unique, and allows a number of historical enquiries. Contextualizing Toland's and Molesworth's collaborative reading of the Royal Society sponsored work with the political and anticlerical projects both men pursued, the article argues that the surviving annotations are emblematic of the erudite, but still politically engaged, republic of letters of the period. Establishing the polemical engagement with clerical discourses about superstition, credulity, and ‘natural’ knowledge, by examining the literary, intellectual, and personal rhetoric at work in the marginalia, the article explores a case-study of cultural and intellectual debate at work in the early English Enlightenment.
BRITISH IDENTITIES AND THE POLITICS OF ANCIENT POETRY IN LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND
Authors: CONNELL PHILIP
Published: February 2006

This article examines the scholarly recovery and popular reception of ‘ancient poetry’ in later eighteenth-century England, with a view to elucidating the relationship between cultural primitivism and more overtly politicized discourses of national identity. The publication of the poems of Ossian, in the early 1760s, gave a new prominence to the earliest cultural productions of Celtic antiquity, and inspired the attempts of English literary historians, such as Thomas Percy and Thomas Warton, to provide an alternative ‘Gothic’ genealogy for the English literary imagination. However, both the English reception of Ossian, and the Gothicist scholarship of Percy and Warton, were complicated by the growing strength of English radical patriotism. As popular political discourse assumed an increasingly insular preoccupation with Saxon liberties and ancient constitutional rights, more conservative literary historians found their own attempts to ground English poetic tradition in some form of Gothic inheritance progressively compromised. The persistence of ancient constitutionalism as a divisive element of English political argument thus curtailed the ability of Gothicist literary scholarship to function as an effective vehicle for English cultural patriotism.
‘VILLA TORYISM’ AND POPULAR CONSERVATISM IN LEEDS, 1885–1902
Authors: ROBERTS MATTHEW
Published: February 2006

This article is a contribution to the continuing debate on the character and electoral fortunes of the Conservative party in late Victorian England. Using the West Riding borough of Leeds as a case study, this article focuses on suburban Conservatism (villa toryism) and situates it within the broader context of urban Conservatism in and beyond Leeds. It explores the nature of Conservative electoral dominance in the period after the Third Reform Act. In doing so, it further challenges conventional interpretations about the rise of class-based politics. As the example of Leeds demonstrates, villa toryism was not the political expression of a socially homogeneous, innately conservative suburban middle class. The intense electoral competition that ensued challenges assumptions about suburbia being politically quiescent and dull. Popular Conservatism, it is argued, was a protean and socially heterogeneous political culture, of which villa toryism was one distinctive strand. Villa toryism was the suburban incarnation of respectable, self-reliant, hierarchical, and domesticated popular Conservatism. This villa toryism was distinct from, but related to, the working-class Conservatism of the older industrial districts of urban England.
Can Variation in Public Policies Account for Differences in Comparative Advantage?
Authors: ALLEN MATTHEW , FUNK LOTHAR , TÜSELMANN HEINZ
Published: February 2006

This article seeks light on the main claim of the Varieties of Capitalism (VoC) framework that public policies can help to shape comparative advantage, and, to complement existing assessments that have relied predominantly on qualitative data from a few economic sectors. It examines the distribution of export success in a number of economic sectors, in which competitiveness is characterized by either radical or incremental innovation. Unlike previous studies, it does this across all those OECD countries clearly identified in the VoC literature as either liberal market economies, co-ordinated market economies or unclassified. Moreover, it draws on the latest available data at the lowest level of aggregation. In contrast to previous studies, a more appropriate measure of trade specialization, revealed symmetric comparative advantage, is used. Overall, the evidence supports the VoC framework; however, in some sectors, the data raise important conceptual and methodological issues overlooked in current research.
The Problematic Metagovernance of Networks: Water Reform in New South Wales
Authors: BELL STEPHEN , PARK ALEX
Published: February 2006

This paper argues that we need to bring government back into discussions about network governance, via the concept of metagovernance which uses water reform in an Australian state as an example. Metagovernance is defined as the government of governance, and is a vital but under researched and under theorised problem because it is difficult and contentious. The paper identifies a range of metagovernance failures in this case and suggests that the lessons learnt by the Australian authorities from the experience have led to some rethinking about the benefits and desirable scope of network governance.
Capability, Happiness and Adaptation in Sen and J. S. Mill
Authors: QIZILBASH MOZAFFAR
Published: February 2006

While there is much common ground between the writings of Amartya Sen and John Stuart Mill – particularly in their advocacy of freedom and gender equality – one is a critic, while the other is an advocate, of utilitarianism. In spite of this contrast, there are strong echoes of Sen's capability approach in Mill's writings. Inasmuch as Mill sees the capability to be happy as important he holds a form of capability approach. He also thinks of happiness as constituted by the exercise of certain capabilities (including the higher faculties). Furthermore, Mill addresses the possibility that people can adapt to limited opportunity, which is central to Sen's critique of some ‘utility’-based views. By contrasting contentment and happiness Mill suggests one way in which a utilitarian might address cases of adaptation. His discussions of capabilities and of adaptation are consistent with his utilitarianism.
Freedom and Social Choice: Notes in the Margin
Authors: ARROW KENNETH J.
Published: February 2006

I comment on Amartya Sen's study of the relations between the analysis of freedom and the theory of social choice. Two of his themes are analysed with regard to their contribution to an analytic understanding of the issues. These are: (1) the multiple interpretations of the concept of ‘preferences’ as a foundation for the formal conceptualizations of social choice and freedom; and (2) some issues in the formalization of freedom as a value to be compared with outcomes. Under (2), I mainly point out some difficulties in the existing analyses and mildly support a ‘flexibility’ interpretation of freedom that I have advanced earlier. I conclude with some observations drawn from history and literature which complicate the value bien-pensant thinkers are prone to place on freedom.
Global coastal segmentation and its river catchment contributors: A new look at land‐ocean linkage
Authors: Meybeck Michel , Dürr Hans H. , Vörösmarty Charles J.
Published: February 2006

Here we present the COSCATs global database of 151 catchments in exorheic areas. The catchments connect to oceans through coastal segments according to three sets of criteria: natural limits (continents, oceans, regional seas, major capes, and bays), continental shelf topography (sills, basins, island chains), and geophysical dynamics (climate, ocean currents and tectonics). The COSCATs segmentation scheme is designed to improve Earth System analysis and to harmonize reporting of global riverine transfers from land to oceans. Each COSCAT is characterized by its coastal segment limits and length (median 2 400 km), by its catchment characteristics, including area (median 0.45 M km2), width, latitudinal range, runoff average value and direction, including its related physiographic units (n = 500). We apply the COSCAT segmentation to all 151 basins to estimate water discharge and total nitrogen impacts to oceans and find that the average runoff (mm/yr) and N yields (YN in kg km−2 yr−1) range over more than 3 orders of magnitude at this coarse resolution, and that their average population density ranges over 2 orders of magnitude. Hyperactive regions, defined as segments with 5 to 10 times the world average yield (river transfers per unit area of land), are differentially placed for water runoff and total contemporary nitrogen. COSCATs have been designed to facilitate the budget reporting and the analysis of global scale heterogeneity for riverine fluxes and can be applied to other material, such as suspended solids, carbon species or other nutrients, particularly for areas draining into regional seas.
Imaging HF‐induced large‐scale irregularities above HAARP
Authors: Djuth Frank T. , Reinisch Bodo W. , Kitrosser David F. , Elder John H. , Snyder A. Lee , Sales Gary S.
Published: February 2006

The University of Massachusetts‐Lowell digisonde is used with the HAARP high‐frequency (HF), ionospheric modification facility to obtain radio images of artificially‐produced, large‐scale, geomagnetic field‐aligned irregularities. F region irregularities generated with the HAARP beam pointed in the vertical and geomagnetic field‐aligned directions are examined in a smooth background plasma. It is found that limited large‐scale irregularity production takes place with vertical transmissions, whereas there is a dramatic increase in the number of source irregularities with the beam pointed parallel to the geomagnetic field. Strong irregularity production appears to be confined to within ∼5° of the geomagnetic zenith and does not fill the volume occupied by the HF beam. A similar effect is observed in optical images of artificial airglow.
Particle emissions from laboratory combustion of wildland fuels: In situ optical and mass measurements
Authors: Chen L.‐W. Antony , Moosmüller Hans , Arnott W. Patrick , Chow Judith C. , Watson John G. , Susott Ronald A. , Babbitt Ronald E. , Wold Cyle E. , Lincoln Emily N. , Hao Wei Min
Published: February 2006

Time‐resolved optical properties of smoke particles from the controlled laboratory combustion of mid‐latitude wildland fuels were determined for the first time using advanced techniques, including cavity ring‐down/cavity enhanced detection (CRD/CED) for light extinction and two‐wavelength photoacoustic detection for light absorption. This experiment clearly resolves the dependence of smoke properties on fuel and combustion phase. Intensive flaming combustion during ponderosa pine wood (PPW) burning produces particles with a low single scattering albedo of 0.32 and a specific mass extinction efficiency of 8.9 m2 g−1. Burning white pine needles (WPN) features a prolonged smoldering phase emitting particles that are not light‐absorbing and appear much larger in size with an extinction efficiency ≈5 m2 g−1. A Mie scattering model was formulated, which estimates the black carbon fraction in the PPW and WPN smoke particles at 66% and 12%, respectively. These observations may refine the current radiative forcing estimates for biomass burning emissions.
Volcanic tremor location during the 2004 Mount Etna lava effusion
Authors: Di Grazia G. , Falsaperla S. , Langer H.
Published: February 2006

A lava emission started at Mt. Etna, Italy, on 7 September, 2004. Neither earthquake seismicity heralded or accompanied the opening of the fracture field from which the lava poured out, nor volcanic tremor changed in amplitude and frequency content at the onset of the effusive activity. To highlight long‐term changes, we propose a method for the location of the tremor source based on a 3D grid search, using the amplitude decay of the seismic signal, from January to November 2004. We find the centroid of the tremor source within a zone close to and partially overlapped with the summit craters (pre‐effusive phase), which extended up to 2 km south of them (effusive phase). The depths are of between 1698 and 2387 m a.s.l. We hypothesize the lava effusion stemmed from a degassed magma body, although we find evidence of temporary magma overpressure conditions, such as those documented on 25 September.
Spatial and temporal variability of the sea surface temperature in the Ballenas‐Salsipuedes Channel (central Gulf of California)
Authors: Martínez‐Díaz‐de‐León A. , Pacheco‐Ruíz I. , Delgadillo‐Hinojosa F. , Zertuche‐González J. A. , Chee‐Barragán A. , Blanco‐Betancourt R. , Guzmán‐Calderón J. M. , Gálvez‐Telles A.
Published: February 2006

The Ballenas‐Salsipuedes Channel (BSC) is considered an oceanographic province on its own within the Gulf of California. In this region, tidal mixing is modulated by quarterdiurnal, semidiurnal, diurnal, and fortnightly frequencies, producing a strong outcropping of cold and nutrient‐rich waters. In this work we analyze the temporal and spatial variability of sea surface temperature (SST) data recorded simultaneously over a period of 1 year in six bays along the BSC. Minimum mean SST differences (< 0.5°C) among bays were observed in December, while maximum differences (> 2.5°C) were recorded in June. The monthly SST anomaly showed that from late October to late January, the channel behaved as a very well mixed region. In contrast, SST anomalies of up to 2.2°C among bays were observed from May to September, indicating intense heat gain in summer and highlighting spatial heterogeneity in the intensity of vertical mixing. Besides the seasonal temperature cycle, influenced by solar irradiation, four main periods (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 15 days) were identified, corresponding to the main timescales of variability induced by the tides. This work demonstrates that the main source of temporal SST variability in BSC is the tide‐induced fortnightly modulation, suggesting the possibility of a pulsation mechanism in the outcropping of nutrient‐rich waters reaching the surface layer throughout the channel; this could play a crucial role in explaining the exceptionally high biological production of this region.
Atmospheric transport of elemental carbon
Authors: Khan A. J. , Li Jianjun , Husain Liaquat
Published: February 2006

Frequent pollution episodes, defined by high SO4 (>10 μg/m3) and trace element concentrations, occur concurrently across the northeastern United States. Ten such episodes that occurred at Mayville and Whiteface Mountain in New York State (NYS) from 1983 to 2002 were chosen to investigate transport of elemental carbon (EC) from upwind emissions. The peak SO4 concentrations during these episodes at Mayville ranged from 23 to 60 μg/m3, and at Whiteface Mountain they ranged from 17.5 to 49 μg/m3. Similarly, the peak EC concentrations at Mayville ranged from 0.74 to 1.63 μg/m3, and they ranged from 0.26 to 0.89 μg/m3 at Whiteface Mountain. The HYSPLIT4 air trajectories and elemental signatures showed that the high concentrations were associated with the air masses reaching the sampling sites after traveling through the Midwest. The concentrations of EC, SO4, and Se were highly correlated during the episodes. The sector analysis using EC concentrations in 104 samples at Mayville and 162 at Whiteface Mountain showed that ∼77% of the total EC at Mayville and ∼87% at Whiteface Mountain was contributed by the upwind sources in the Midwestern United States. When airflow was from the north, the mean concentrations at Whiteface Mountain were very low, <0.03 μg EC/m3 and 0.32 μg SO4/m3. The sources close to Whiteface Mountain contributed little EC. The EC data from this site should be considered as representative of the regional EC emissions. Measurements of EC in the samples collected over two decades at Whiteface Mountain should be useful in calculating radiative forcing and testing models predicting atmospheric EC burden on the basis of emissions.
Incentive compatibility and conflict resolution in international river basins: A case study of the Nile Basin
Authors: Wu Xun , Whittington Dale
Published: February 2006

Nation‐states rarely go to war over water, but it is equally rare that water conflicts in an international river basin are resolved through cooperation among the riparian countries that use the shared resources. Gains from cooperation will mean little to individual riparians unless the required cooperative behaviors are incentive compatible. Cooperative game theory offers useful insights for assessing cooperative solutions for water conflicts in international river basins. Applying cooperative game theory concepts such as core, nucleolus, and Shapley value to Nile water conflicts, we examine the incentive structure of both cooperative and noncooperative strategies for different riparian countries and establish some baseline conditions for incentive‐compatible cooperation in the Nile basin.
A single homozygous point mutation in a 3′untranslated region motif of selenoprotein N mRNA causes SEPN1‐related myopathy
Authors: Allamand Valérie , Richard Pascale , Lescure Alain , Ledeuil Céline , Desjardin Delphine , Petit Nathalie , Gartioux Corine , Ferreiro Ana , Krol Alain , Pellegrini Nadine , Urtizberea J Andoni , Guicheney Pascale
Published: February 2006

Mutations in the SEPN1 gene encoding the selenoprotein N (SelN) have been described in different congenital myopathies. Here, we report the first mutation in the selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) of SelN messenger RNA, a hairpin structure located in the 3′ untranslated region, in a patient presenting a classical although mild form of rigid spine muscular dystrophy. We detected a significant reduction in both mRNA and protein levels in the patient's skin fibroblasts. The SECIS element is crucial for the insertion of selenocysteine at the reprogrammed UGA codon by recruiting the SECIS‐binding protein 2 (SBP2), and we demonstrated that this mutation abolishes SBP2 binding to SECIS in vitro, thereby preventing co‐translational incorporation of selenocysteine and SelN synthesis. The identification of this mutation affecting a conserved base in the SECIS functional motif thereby reveals the structural basis for a novel pathological mechanism leading to SEPN1‐related myopathy.
Decaborane beam from ITEP Bernas ion source
Authors: Kulevoy T. V. , Petrenko S. V. , Kuibeda R. P. , Batalin V. A. , Pershin V. I. , Koslov A. V. , Stasevich Yu. B. , Hershcovitch A. , Johnson B. M. , Oks E. M. , Gushenets V. I. , Poole H. J. , Storozhenko P. A. , Gurkova E. L. , Alexeyenko O. V.
Published: February 2006

A joint research and development program is under way to develop steady-state intense ion sources for the two energy extremes of MeV and hundreds of eV. The difficulties of extraction and transportation of low-energy boron beams are investigated using a decaborane compound [I. Yamada, W. L. Brown, J. A. Northby, and M. Sosnowski, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 79, 223 (1993)]. Presented here are the results from ITEP experiments using the Bernas ion source with an indirectly heated LaB6 cathode.
Effect of magnetic-field configuration on the beam intensity from electron cyclotron resonance ion source and RIKEN superconducting electron cyclotron resonance ion source
Authors: Nakagawa T. , Higurashi Y. , Kidera M. , Aihara T. , Kase M. , Goto A. , Yano Y.
Published: February 2006

We measured the main plasma parameters (density of electron, temperature of electrons, and ion confinement time) as a function of Bmin and Binj with laser ablation technique. We observed that the Bmin mainly affects the temperature and density of electrons and all of the three parameters increase with increasing the Binj. We also observed that the gas pressure of the plasma chamber at the rf injection side became minimum at the optimum value for Bmin at fixed gas flow. This result indicates that the ionization efficiency becomes maximum at optimum value for Bmin. From these results, it is concluded that the plasma production is strongly dependent on the Bmin (plasma generator). We also observed that the Binj affects the ion confinement time, temperature, and density of electrons. All of the three parameters increase with increasing Binj.
Air separation by single wall carbon nanotubes: Mass transport and kinetic selectivity
Authors: Arora Gaurav , Sandler Stanley I.
Published: February 2006

Mass transport of pure nitrogen, pure oxygen, and their mixture (air) has been studied at 100 K in a single wall carbon nanotube of 12.53 Å diameter. Phenomenological coefficients, and self- and corrected diffusivities are calculated using molecular-dynamics simulations, and transport diffusivities are obtained by combining these results with thermodynamic factors obtained from previous grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations [G. Arora and S. I. Sandler, J. Chem. Phys. 123, 044705 (2005)]. For mixtures, cross-term diffusion coefficients are found to be of similar order of magnitude as main-term diffusion coefficients over the entire range of pressure studied. These results are then combined with a continuum description of mass transport to determine the ideal and kinetic separation factors for a nanotube membrane. High permeances are observed for both pure components and the mixture inside the nanotubes. The concentration profiles, diffusivity profiles, and membrane fluxes are calculated, and it is demonstrated that by carefully adjusting the upstream and downstream pressures, a good kinetic selectivity can be achieved for air separation using single wall carbon nanotubes.
A realization of the Lie algebra associated to a Kantor triple system
Authors: Palmkvist Jakob
Published: February 2006

We present a nonlinear realization of the 5-graded Lie algebra associated to a Kantor triple system. Any simple Lie algebra can be realized in this way, starting from an arbitrary 5-grading. In particular, we get a unified realization of the exceptional Lie algebras f4,e6,e7,e8, in which they are respectively related to the division algebras R,C,H,O.
Blue-yellow ZnO homostructural light-emitting diode realized by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition technique
Authors: Liu W. , Gu S. L. , Ye J. D. , Zhu S. M. , Liu S. M. , Zhou X. , Zhang R. , Shi Y. , Zheng Y. D. , Hang Y. , Zhang C. L.
Published: February 2006

We report on the realization of ZnO homojunction light-emitting diodes (LEDs) fabricated by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on (0001) ZnO bulk substrate. The p-type ZnO epilayer was formed by nitrogen incorporation using N2O gas as oxidizing and doping sources. Distinct electroluminescence (EL) emissions in the blue and yellow regions were observed at room temperature by the naked eye under forward bias. The EL peak energy coincided with the photoluminescence peak energy of the ZnO epilayer, suggesting that the EL emissions emerge from the ZnO epilayer. In addition, the current-voltage and light output-voltage characteristics of ZnO homojunction LEDs have also been studied.
Infrared fluorescence and optical gain characteristics of chalcogenide-bound erbium cluster-fluoropolymer nanocomposites
Authors: Kumar G. A. , Riman R. E. , Banerjee S. , Kornienko A. , Brennan J. G. , Chen S. , Smith D. , Ballato J.
Published: February 2006

The infrared fluorescence and optical gain characteristics of optically transparent nanocomposites consisting of (THF)14Er10S6Se12I6 (“Er10”) or (DME)2Er(SC6F5)3 (“Er1”) clusters dissolved in a transparent hexafluoroisopropyl (6F) variant of a perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB)-based fluoropolymer are reported. Under excitation at 980 nm, fluorescence was observed at 1540 nm from both Er10 and Er1 with a 3dB bandwidth of 96 and 60 nm, respectively. The maximum gain computed for Er10 and Er1 was 2.8 and 0.021dB∕cm, respectively. The corresponding threshold pump powers for Er10 and Er1 were calculated to be 1.7 and 0.2 mW, respectively. These computations are consistent with gain characteristics measured by the amplified spontaneous emission technique and suggest that these nanocomposites are promising materials for active optical devices.