bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elective Surgery in Adult Patients with Excess Weight: Can Preoperative Dietary Interventions Improve Surgical Outcomes? A Systematic Review
Authors: Griffin Sally B. , Palmer Michelle A. , Strodl Esben , Lai Rainbow , Burstow Matthew J. , Ross Lynda J.
Published: October 2021

This systematic review summarises the literature regarding the impact of preoperative dietary interventions on non-bariatric surgery outcomes for patients with excess weight/obesity, a known risk factor for poor surgical outcomes. Four electronic databases were searched for non-bariatric surgery studies that evaluated the surgical outcomes of a preoperative diet that focused on weight/fat loss or improvement of liver steatosis. Meta-analysis was unfeasible due to the extreme heterogeneity of variables. Fourteen studies, including five randomised controlled trials, were selected. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, hernia repair, and liver resection were most studied. Diet-induced weight loss ranged from 1.4 kg to 25 kg. Preoperative very low calorie diet (≤800 kcal) or low calorie diet (≤900 kcal) for one to three weeks resulted in: reduction in blood loss for two liver resection and one gastrectomy study (−27 to −411 mL, p < 0.05), and for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, reduction of six minutes in operating time (p < 0.05) and reduced difficulty of aspects of procedure (p < 0.05). There was no difference in length of stay (n = 7 studies). Preoperative ≤ 900 kcal diets for one to three weeks could improve surgical outcomes for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, liver resection, and gastrectomy. Multiple randomised controlled trials with common surgical outcomes are required to establish impact on other surgeries.
Time-Restricted Feeding Restores Obesity-Induced Alteration in Adipose Tissue Immune Cell Phenotype
Authors: Lee Youngyoon , Kim Yelim , Lee Minam , Wu Dayong , Pae Munkyong
Published: October 2021

Studies suggest that time-restricted feeding (TRF) may prevent obesity and its commodities. At present, little is known about how TRF impacts immune cells, and whether such an effect is linked to altered metabolic parameters under condition of a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. To address these issues, we conducted a study in which we determined whether TRF has therapeutic efficacy against weight gain, adiposity, as well as associated immune cell disturbance found in obese mice. Six-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD) or HFD ad libitum for six weeks, after which time a subgroup of HFD mice was switched to the 10 h TRF paradigm (HFD-TRF) for additional eight weeks. We found that TRF intervention reduced HFD-induced weight gain. Even with comparable fat mass and mean adipocyte area, the HFD-TRF group had lower mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokine Tnfα and chemokine Ccl8, along with reduced numbers of adipose tissue macrophages (ATM), CD11c+ ATM, and CD8+ T cell compared to the HFD group, while maintaining CD8+ to CD4+ ratio at levels similar to those in the LFD group. Furthermore, TRF intervention was effective in improving glucose tolerance and reducing HOMA-IR. Taken together, our findings suggest that TRF restores the obesity-induced alteration in immune cell composition, and this effect may in part contribute to health benefits (including insulin sensitivity) of practicing TRF.
Potential Implications of Citrulline and Quercetin on Gut Functioning of Monogastric Animals and Humans: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Uyanga Victoria Anthony , Amevor Felix Kwame , Liu Min , Cui Zhifu , Zhao Xiaoling , Lin Hai
Published: October 2021

The importance of gut health in animal welfare and wellbeing is undisputable. The intestinal microbiota plays an essential role in the metabolic, nutritional, physiological, and immunological processes of animals. Therefore, the rapid development of dietary supplements to improve gut functions and homeostasis is imminent. Recent studies have uncovered the beneficial effects of dietary supplements on the immune response, microbiota, gut homeostasis, and intestinal health. The application of citrulline (a functional gut biomarker) and quercetin (a known potent flavonoid) to promote gut functions has gained considerable interest as both bioactive substances possess anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and immunomodulatory properties. Research has demonstrated that both citrulline and quercetin can mediate gut activities by combating disruptions to the intestinal integrity and alterations to the gut microbiota. In addition, citrulline and quercetin play crucial roles in maintaining intestinal immune tolerance and gut health. However, the synergistic benefits which these dietary supplements (citrulline and quercetin) may afford to simultaneously promote gut functions remain to be explored. Therefore, this review summarizes the modulatory effects of citrulline and quercetin on the intestinal integrity and gut microbiota, and further expounds on their potential synergistic roles to attenuate intestinal inflammation and promote gut health.
Impact of Genetic Polymorphisms on the Metabolic Pathway of Vitamin D and Survival in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Pineda Lancheros Laura Elena , Pérez Ramírez Cristina , Sánchez Martín Almudena , Gálvez Navas José María , Martínez Martínez Fernando , Ramírez Tortosa María del Carmen , Jiménez Morales Alberto
Published: October 2021

Vitamin D has been associated with risk, development, and progression of cancer. However, the genes involved in its metabolism are highly polymorphic, compromising its activity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between the gene polymorphisms involved in the metabolic pathway of vitamin D and survival in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The study was designed as an observational cohort which included 194 Caucasians patients from southern Spain with NSCLC. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the following polymorphisms: CYP27B1 rs4646536, rs3782130, and rs10877012; CYP24A1 rs6068816 and rs4809957; GC rs7041; CYP2R1 rs10741657; VDR rs1544410 (BsmI), rs11568820 (Cdx-2), rs2228570 (FokI), rs7975232 (ApaI), and rs731236 (TaqI). Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival were assessed. Cox regression showed that rs4646536 was associated with PFS in the general population (p = 0.0233) and in the non-resected NSCLC subgroup (p = 0.0233). In the resected NSCLC subgroup, rs11568820 was associated with OS (p = 0.0129) and rs7041 with PFS (p = 0.0447). In the non-resected NSCLC subgroup, rs6068816 was associated with PFS (p = 0.0048) and OS (p = 0.0089) and rs731236 and rs7975232 were associated with OS (p = 0.0005) and PFS (p = 0.0002), respectively. The other polymorphisms showed no effect on the results. The rs4646536, rs6068816, rs7041, rs11568820, rs731236, and rs7975232 polymorphisms are associated with survival in NSCLC and may have a substantial role as prognostic markers of the disease.
Relationship between Dietary Habits and Control of Lipid Profiles in Patients with Dyslipidemia Using Pravastatin
Authors: Kang Seo Young , Jeon Tae Hee , Yum Keun-Sang , Sunwoo Sung , Shin Hyun-Young , Kim Dae Hyun , Kim Kiduk , Yoon Jong Lull , Choi Jae-Kyung , Kim Young Sik
Published: October 2021

We investigated the association between dietary habits, evaluated using the modified Mini Dietary Assessment Index for Koreans (MDA), and lipid control among patients aged ≥20 years who had used pravastatin for dyslipidemia for 6 months. Participants were administered questionnaires regarding sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle factors. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the control of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) at 6 months for each category of the modified MDA items were calculated through multivariate logistic regression analysis. The odds for controlled LDL-C was higher among those who consumed cholesterol-rich foods <1 time/week (3.27, 1.25–8.57) than for those who did so ≥4 times/week. The odds for controlled TG was higher among those who always consumed dairy products (2.96, 1.36–6.44), ate protein-rich foods three times/day (2.94, 1.06–8.10), and had a regular eating schedule (3.02, 1.30–7.00) than among those who did not have any of these. The odds for controlled TC was higher among those with a regular eating schedule (3.47, 1.55–7.76) than among their counterparts. Patients with dyslipidemia should consume less cholesterols, consume more dairy and protein-rich foods, and follow a regular eating schedule to control lipid profiles.
Margin of Exposure Analyses and Overall Toxic Effects of Alcohol with Special Consideration of Carcinogenicity
Authors: Okaru Alex O. , Lachenmeier Dirk W.
Published: October 2021

Quantitative assessments of the health risk of the constituents of alcoholic beverages including ethanol are reported in the literature, generally with hepatotoxic effects considered as the endpoint. Risk assessment studies on minor compounds such as mycotoxins, metals, and other contaminants are also available on carcinogenicity as the endpoint. This review seeks to highlight population cancer risks due to alcohol consumption using the margin of exposure methodology. The individual and cumulative health risk contribution of each component in alcoholic beverages is highlighted. Overall, the results obtained consistently show that the ethanol contributes the bulk of harmful effects of alcoholic beverages, while all other compounds only contribute in a minor fashion (less than 1% compared to ethanol). Our data provide compelling evidence that policy should be focused on reducing total alcohol intake (recorded and unrecorded), while measures on other compounds should be only secondary to this goal.
Publisher’s Note: Organoids—A New Open Access Journal
Authors: Schelhorn Constanze
Published: October 2021

Organoids are stem cell-derived 3D multicellular tissue constructs that mimic some of the structures and functions of a corresponding organ [...]
Clinical and Brain Imaging Findings in a Child with Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Authors: Feraco Paola , Incandela Francesca , Franceschi Roberto , Gagliardo Cesare , Bellizzi Maria
Published: October 2021

Vitamin B12 (Vit-B12) deficiency is a rare and treatable cause of failure to thrive and delayed development in infants who are exclusively breastfed. Apart from genetic causes, it can be related to a malabsorption syndrome or when the mother follows a strict vegetarian or vegan diet, causing a low hepatic storage of Vit-B12 in the infant at birth. As the neurological symptoms are nonspecific, a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exam is usually performed to rule out primary causes of neurodevelopmental delay. Findings related to brain atrophy are usually observed. A favorable response is achieved with Vit-B12 therapy, and neurological symptoms dramatically improve within a few days after the treatment. We present the case of an infant with severe Vit-B12 deficiency, exclusively breastfed by his young vegan mother, and whose clinical symptoms together with MRI findings improved after treatment. Brain atrophy recovery after Vit-B12 therapy has been seldom documented.
Thin Layer-Protected Gold Nanoparticles for Targeted Multimodal Imaging with Photoacoustic and CT
Authors: Chen Jing , Nguyen Van Phuc , Jaiswal Sangeeta , Kang Xiaoyu , Lee Miki , Paulus Yannis M. , Wang Thomas D.
Published: October 2021

The large size of nanoparticles prevents rapid extravasation from blood vessels and diffusion into tumors. Multimodal imaging uses the physical properties of one modality to validate the results of another. We aim to demonstrate the use of a targeted thin layer-protected ultra-small gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) to detect cancer in vivo using multimodal imaging with photoacoustic and computed tomography (CT). The thin layer was produced using a mixed thiol-containing short ligands, including MUA, CVVVT-ol, and HS-(CH2)11-PEG4-OH. The gold nanoparticle was labeled with a heterobivalent (HB) peptide ligand that targets overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) and ErbB2, hereafter HB-Au-NPs. A human xenograft model of esophageal cancer was used for imaging. HB-Au-NPs show spherical morphology, a core diameter of 4.47 ± 0.8 nm on transmission electron microscopy, and a hydrodynamic diameter of 6.41 ± 0.73 nm on dynamic light scattering. Uptake of HB-Au-NPs was observed only in cancer cells that overexpressed EGFR and ErbB2 using photoacoustic microscopy. Photoacoustic images of tumors in vivo showed peak HB-Au-NPs uptake at 8 h post-injection with systemic clearance by ~48 h. Whole-body images using CT validated specific tumor uptake of HB-Au-NPs in vivo. HB-Au-NPs showed good stability and biocompatibility with fast clearance and contrast-enhancing capability for both photoacoustic and CT imaging. A targeted thin layer-protected gold nanoprobe represents a new platform for molecular imaging and shows promise for early detection and staging of cancer.
Association between Statin Use and Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Hospital-Based Study
Authors: Han Hye-Won , Yee Jeong , Park Yoon-Hee , Gwak Hye-Sun
Published: October 2021

Statins have emerged as protective agents against sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) associated with dyslipidemia, but the effects of statins on SNHL are not consistent. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between statin use and the risk of SNHL using a hospital cohort. This nested case-control study included type 2 diabetic patients over the age of 18 years without a history of hearing loss. Of these, 1379 patients newly diagnosed with SNHL or tinnitus were classified as cases, and 5512 patients matched to the cases based on age, sex, and index year were classified as controls. Chi-squared tests were used to compare categorical variables between the two groups. Odds ratios (ORs) and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) were calculated from univariate and multivariable unconditional logistic regression analyses, respectively. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of statin use between the cases and controls (53.7% vs. 61.2%, respectively; p < 0.001). The use of statins in type 2 diabetic patients significantly reduced the risk of SNHL or tinnitus by 24.8% (95% CI 14.2–34.1%, p < 0.001) after controlling for confounders. Similar results were found for the association between statin use and SNHL (AOR = 0.706; 95% CI 0.616–0.811, p < 0.001). The protective effects of statins against SNHL were consistent regardless of age and sex. The use of statins for type 2 diabetic patients was significantly associated with a reduced risk of SNHL, regardless of age and sex. Further studies are needed, especially large cohort studies, to evaluate the long-term protective effects of statins.
A Comprehensive Review of HLA and Severe Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions: Implication for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine
Authors: Kloypan Chiraphat , Koomdee Napatrupron , Satapornpong Patompong , Tempark Therdpong , Biswas Mohitosh , Sukasem Chonlaphat
Published: October 2021

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) encoded by the HLA gene is an important modulator for immune responses and drug hypersensitivity reactions as well. Genetic polymorphisms of HLA vary widely at population level and are responsible for developing severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (SCARs) such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), maculopapular exanthema (MPE). The associations of different HLA alleles with the risk of drug induced SJS/TEN, DRESS and MPE are strongly supportive for clinical considerations. Prescribing guidelines generated by different national and international working groups for translation of HLA pharmacogenetics into clinical practice are underway and functional in many countries, including Thailand. Cutting edge genomic technologies may accelerate wider adoption of HLA screening in routine clinical settings. There are great opportunities and several challenges as well for effective implementation of HLA genotyping globally in routine clinical practice for the prevention of drug induced SCARs substantially, enforcing precision medicine initiatives.
BMP7 Increases UCP1-Dependent and Independent Thermogenesis with a Unique Gene Expression Program in Human Neck Area Derived Adipocytes
Authors: Shaw Abhirup , Tóth Beáta B. , Arianti Rini , Csomós István , Póliska Szilárd , Vámos Attila , Bacso Zsolt , Győry Ferenc , Fésüs László , Kristóf Endre
Published: October 2021

White adipocytes contribute to energy storage, accumulating lipid droplets, whereas brown and beige adipocytes mainly function in dissipating energy as heat primarily via the action of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Bone morphogenic protein 7 (BMP7) was shown to drive brown adipocyte differentiation in murine interscapular adipose tissue. Here, we performed global RNA-sequencing and functional assays on adipocytes obtained from subcutaneous (SC) and deep-neck (DN) depots of human neck and differentiated with or without BMP7. We found that BMP7 did not influence differentiation but upregulated browning markers, including UCP1 mRNA and protein in SC and DN derived adipocytes. BMP7 also enhanced mitochondrial DNA content, levels of oxidative phosphorylation complex subunits, along with PGC1α and p-CREB upregulation, and fragmentation of mitochondria. Furthermore, both UCP1-dependent proton leak and UCP1-independent, creatine-driven substrate cycle coupled thermogenesis were augmented upon BMP7 addition. The gene expression analysis also shed light on the possible role of genes unrelated to thermogenesis thus far, including ACAN, CRYAB, and ID1, which were among the highest upregulated ones by BMP7 treatment in both types of adipocytes. Together, our study shows that BMP7 strongly upregulates thermogenesis in human neck area derived adipocytes, along with genes, which might have a supporting role in energy expenditure.
Effect of Selected Silyl Groups on the Anticancer Activity of 3,4-Dibromo-5-Hydroxy-Furan-2(5H)-One Derivatives
Authors: Kitel Radoslaw , Byczek-Wyrostek Anna , Hopko Katarzyna , Kasprzycka Anna , Walczak Krzysztof
Published: October 2021

The pharmacological effects of carbon to silicon bioisosteric replacements have been widely explored in drug design and medicinal chemistry. Here, we present a systematic investigation of the impact of different silyl groups on the anticancer activity of mucobromic acid (MBA) bearing furan-2(5H)-one core. We describe a comprehensive characterization of obtained compounds with respect to their anticancer potency and selectivity towards cancer cells. All four novel compounds exert stronger antiproliferative activity than MBA. Moreover, 3b induce apoptosis in colon cancer cell lines. A detailed investigation of the mechanism of action revealed that 3b activity stems from the down-regulation of survivin and the activation of caspase-3. Furthermore, compound 3b attenuates the clonogenic potential of HCT-116 cells. Interestingly, we also found that depending on the type of the silyl group, compound selectivity towards cancer cells could be precisely controlled. Collectively, we demonstrated the utility of silyl groups for adjusting both the potency and selectivity of silicon-containing compounds. These data reveal a link between the types of silyl group and compound potency, which could have bearings for the design of novel silicon-based anticancer drugs.
Development of Mitomycin C-Loaded Nanoparticles Prepared Using the Micellar Assembly Driven by the Combined Effect of Hydrogen Bonding and π–π Stacking and Its Therapeutic Application in Bladder Cancer
Authors: Qi Lingling , Liu Chao , Zhang Yingying , Zhang Zheao , Duan Hongxia , Zhao Heming , Xin Xin , Chen Liqing , Jin Mingji , Guan Youyan , Gao Zhonggao , Huang Wei
Published: October 2021

Micelle is mainly used for drug delivery and is prepared from amphiphilic block copolymers. It can be formed into an obvious core-shell structure that can incorporate liposoluble drugs. However, micelles are not suitable for the encapsulation of water-soluble drugs, and it is also difficult to maintain stability in the systemic circulation. To solve these problems, a type of polymer material, Fmoc-Lys-PEG and Fmoc-Lys-PEG-RGD, was designed and synthesized. These copolymers could self-assemble into micelles driven by π–π stacking and the hydrophobic interaction of 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbony (Fmoc) and, at the same time, form a framework for a hydrogen-bonding environment in the core. Mitomycin C (MMC), as a water-soluble drug, can be encapsulated into micelles by hydrogen-bonding interactions. The interaction force between MMC and the polymers was analyzed by molecular docking simulation and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). It was concluded that the optimal binding conformation can be obtained, and that the main force between the MMC and polymers is hydrogen bonding. Different types of MMC nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared and the physicochemical properties of them were systematically evaluated. The pharmacodynamics of the MMC NPs in vitro and in vivo were also studied. The results show that MMC NPs had a high uptake efficiency, could promote cell apoptosis, and had a strong inhibitory effect on cell proliferation. More importantly, the as-prepared NPs could effectively induce tumor cell apoptosis and inhibit tumor growth and metastasis in vivo.
Formulation and In Vivo Evaluation of a Solid Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System Using Oily Liquid Tocotrienols as Model Active Substance
Authors: Lee You Zhuan , Seow Eng Kwong , Lim Sheau Chin , Yuen Kah Hay , Abdul Karim Khan Nurzalina
Published: October 2021

Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) can improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Solid self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (s-SEDDS) offer several advantages including improved drug stability, ease of administration, and production. Most compounds employed in developing s-SEDDS are solid in nature, with a high amount of surfactants added. The aim of this study was to develop an s-SEDDS using a tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) as the model liquid active substance via a simple adsorption method. The solid formulation was developed using magnesium aluminosilicate as the carrier with 70% TRF and 30% surfactants (poloxamer and Labrasol®). The formulation showed good self-emulsification efficiency with stable emulsion formed, excellent powder flowability, and small emulsion droplet size of 210–277 nm. The s-SEDDS with combined surfactants (poloxamer and Labrasol®) showed a faster absorption rate compared to preparations with only a single surfactant and enhanced oral bioavailability (3.4–3.8 times higher) compared to the non-self-emulsifying oily preparation when administered at a fasted state in rats. In conclusion, an s-SEDDS containing a high amount of TRF was successfully developed. It may serve as a useful alternative to a liquid product with enhanced oral bioavailability and the added advantage of being a solid dosage form.
Ultrasound and Microbubbles for the Treatment of Ocular Diseases: From Preclinical Research towards Clinical Application
Authors: Rousou Charis , Schuurmans Carl C. L. , Urtti Arto , Mastrobattista Enrico , Storm Gert , Moonen Chrit , Kaarniranta Kai , Deckers Roel
Published: October 2021

The unique anatomy of the eye and the presence of various biological barriers make efficacious ocular drug delivery challenging, particularly in the treatment of posterior eye diseases. This review focuses on the combination of ultrasound and microbubbles (USMB) as a minimally invasive method to improve the efficacy and targeting of ocular drug delivery. An extensive overview is given of the in vitro and in vivo studies investigating the mechanical effects of ultrasound-driven microbubbles aiming to: (i) temporarily disrupt the blood–retina barrier in order to enhance the delivery of systemically administered drugs into the eye, (ii) induce intracellular uptake of anticancer drugs and macromolecules and (iii) achieve targeted delivery of genes, for the treatment of ocular malignancies and degenerative diseases. Finally, the safety and tolerability aspects of USMB, essential for the translation of USMB to the clinic, are discussed.
Sinonasal Stent Coated with Slow-Release Varnish of Chlorhexidine Has Sustained Protection against Bacterial Biofilm Growth in the Sinonasal Cavity: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Cataldo Russomando Alessandra , Vogt Sionov Ronit , Friedman Michael , Gati Irith , Eliashar Ron , Steinberg Doron , Gross Menachem
Published: October 2021

The aim of the study was to develop a sustained-release varnish (SRV) containing chlorhexidine (CHX) for sinonasal stents (SNS) to reduce bacterial growth and biofilm formation in the sinonasal cavity. Segments of SNS were coated with SRV-CHX or SRV-placebo and exposed daily to bacterial cultures of Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus ATCC 25923 or Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC HER-1018 (PAO1). Anti-bacterial effects were assessed by disc diffusion assay and planktonic-based activity assay. Biofilm formation on the coated stents was visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM). The metabolic activity of the biofilms was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Disc diffusion assay showed that SRV-CHX-coated SNS segments inhibited bacterial growth of S. aureussubsp. aureus ATCC 25923 for 26 days and P. aeruginosa ATCC HER-1018 for 19 days. CHX was released from coated SNS segments in a pH 6 medium up to 30 days, resulting in growth inhibition of S. aureussubsp. aureus ATCC 25923 for 22 days and P. aeruginosa ATCC HER-1018 for 24 days. The MTT assay showed a reduction of biofilm growth on the coated SNS by 69% for S. aureussubsp. aureus ATCC 25923 and 40% for P. aeruginosa ATCC HER-1018 compared to the placebo stent after repeated exposure to planktonic growing bacteria. CLSM and HR-SEM showed a significant reduction of biofilm formation on the SRV-CHX-coated SNS segments. Coating of SNS with SRV-CHX maintains a sustained delivery of CHX, providing an inhibitory effect on the bacterial growth of S. aureussubsp. aureus ATCC 25923 and P. aeruginosa ATCC HER-1018 for approximately 3 weeks.
Polymeric Nanoparticles and Chitosan Gel Loading Ketorolac Tromethamine to Alleviate Pain Associated with Condyloma Acuminata during the Pre- and Post-Ablation
Authors: El Moussaoui Salima , Abo-Horan Ismael , Halbaut Lyda , Alonso Cristina , Coderch Lluïsa , Garduño-Ramírez María Luisa , Clares Beatriz , Soriano José Luis , Calpena Ana Cristina , Fernández-Campos Francisco , Mallandrich Mireia
Published: October 2021

This study describes the preparation and evaluation of two formulations, a hydrogel and a nanostructured system, containing ketorolac tromethamine as an anti-inflammatory agent for the local therapy against the inflammatory process derived from the surgical excision of Condyloma acuminata. Both formulations were physicochemically characterized. In vitro release profiles show that the nanoparticles release 92% ± 2.3 of the total ketorolac tromethamine encapsulated, while the chitosan gel releases 18.6% ± 0.2. The ex vivo permeation and distribution through human skin were also assayed and was observed how the main amount of ketorolac tromethamine is retained in the epidermis. In vivo studies were accomplished to evaluate the anti-inflammatory efficacy in mice which also involved the histological analysis to confirm the in vivo results. The nanoparticles present a significantly higher anti-inflammatory efficacy than chitosan gel. The tolerability of developed formulations was assessed by monitoring the biomechanical properties of the skin before and after application of both formulations. No statistical differences in trans-epidermal water loss and skin hydration with respect to the basal values were observed and the formulations exhibited higher anti-inflammatory activity compared to a reference ketotorlac tromethamine solution. Therefore, it can be concluded that both formulations can be proposed as outstanding candidates for offering a local anti-inflammatory therapeutical tool with potential clinical application.
Nanoparticles for Ferroptosis Therapy in Cancer
Authors: Zaffaroni Nadia , Beretta Giovanni Luca
Published: October 2021

Ferroptosis is a regulated cell death mechanism holding promise for anticancer therapy. Numerous small molecules inducing ferroptosis have been reported thus far. However, these compounds suffer from important drawbacks including poor solubility, systemic toxicity, and scarce tumor targeting ability that have limited their clinical success. The notion that nanoparticles inducing ferroptosis show better preclinical profiles compared to small molecules and overcome resistance to apoptosis has opened a new scenario for cancer treatment. Due to peculiar chemical-physical properties, nanoparticles can be loaded with anticancer drugs or decorated with tumor-selecting molecules. These features allow for drug combination treatment as well as tumor targeting. In the review, we summarize and discuss the available information concerning nanoparticles inducing ferroptosis endowed with different peculiarities and suitable for therapeutic purposes including nanoparticles for (i) antitumor drug delivery, (ii) tumor targeting, (iii) immunomodulation, and (iv) radiofrequency ablation, hyperthermia, and photodynamic therapy.
Comparison of Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine and Nitrate Supplementation on Speed, Power and Repeated Sprint Performance of Soccer Players
Authors: Karampelas Dimitris , Antonopoulos Konstantinos , Michailidis Yiannis , Mitrotasios Michalis , Mandroukas Athanasios , Metaxas Thomas
Published: October 2021

Caffeine and nitrates have both been reported to enhance performance in power efforts; however, it is not clear which supplement is most effective. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of caffeine and nitrates on the performance of semi-professional soccer players during different fitness tests. Ten male soccer players in a randomized crossover design were assigned to receive caffeine (5 mg/kg body mass) (CG), nitrate ((250 mL/150 mg of NO3−) (NG), or a placebo (PG) on three different occasions. In each treatment, the participants performed the following tests: 10 m and 30 m sprints, the Illinois agility test, a countermovement jump test, a squat jump test, and a repeated sprint test (6 × 40 m). Caffeine boosted performance in jumps (CMJ: CGvsPG, p = 0.018; SJ: CGvsPG, p = 0.045 and CGvsNG, p = 0.001) and limited the decrease in performance in the RSA test (CGvsPG, p = 0.012). Nitrates limited the decrease in performance in the RSA test (NGvsPG, p = 0.035). In conclusion, the two supplements limited the decrease in performance in the test of repeated sprints, with caffeine showing a greater effect. Among the other tests, only caffeine improved performance, and only in the jumps. Thus, we can conclude that supplementation with caffeine 1 h before these kinds of activities at a dosage of 5 mg/kg of body weight can enhance performance.
Soil Injection Technology Using an Expandable Polyurethane Resin: A Review
Authors: Sabri Mohanad Muayad Sabri , Vatin Nikolai Ivanovich , Alsaffar Kifayah Abood Mohammed
Published: October 2021

The soil injection, using an expandable polyurethane resin, holds a unique potential for settlement compensation, lifting, and strengthening the foundations of existing buildings and structures. Although various research and case studies regarding this technology have been published, these studies emphasized the technology’s effectiveness in the rapid lifting process. Nevertheless, there is no complete understanding of the technology, yet, that gathers necessary data leading to a better recognition for this technology in the theoretical understanding and the practical applications. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of this technology. The injection process, the resin’s mechanism, and actual propagation in the soil’s massive, the modified physic-mechanical properties of the soil, the expansion process, the consumption of the resin, and the durability are extensively reviewed in this article. Besides that, this article aims to demonstrate the advantages and limitations of this technology in practical applications. The review also explores the existing finite element models used to calculate the strength and stiffness parameters, evaluating the bearing capacity of the composite (soil-resin) and the settlement after the injection process.
Fully Biodegradable Poly(hexamethylene succinate)/Cellulose Nanocrystals Composites with Enhanced Crystallization Rate and Mechanical Property
Authors: Pan Siyu , Qiu Zhaobin
Published: October 2021

Through a common solution and casting method, low contents of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) reinforced biodegradable poly(hexamethylene succinate) based composites were successfully prepared for the first time. CNC homogeneously dispersed in PHS matrix at low loadings, showing no obvious aggregation. PHS/CNC composites showed high thermal stability as PHS. As a heterogeneous nucleating agent, CNC promoted the crystallization of PHS under both nonisothermal and isothermal crystallization conditions. In addition, the higher the CNC content, the faster the crystallization of PHS/CNC composites. The heterogeneous nucleating agent role of CNC was directly confirmed by the crystalline morphology study; moreover, the crystal structure of PHS remained unmodified despite the presence of CNC. As a reinforcing nanofiller, CNC also improved the mechanical property of PHS, especially the Young’s modulus and yield strength. In brief, low contents of CNC may improve both the crystallization and mechanical property of PHS, providing an easy method to tune the physical property and promote the wider application of biodegradable polymers.
Effect of Poly(acrylamide-acrylic acid) on the Fire Resistance and Anti-Aging Properties of Transparent Flame-Retardant Hydrogel Applied in Fireproof Glass
Authors: Wang Feiyue , Cai Mengtao , Yan Long
Published: October 2021

Poly(acrylamide-acrylic acid) (P(AM-co-AA)) was synthesized via the copolymerization of acrylamide and acrylic acid and well characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Afterward, the obtained P(AM-co-AA) was blended with flame retardants to prepare transparent flame-retardant hydrogel applied in the fireproof glass. The influence of poly(acrylamide-acrylic acid) on fire resistance and anti-aging properties of the transparent flame-retardant hydrogels were studied by assorted analysis methods. The optical transparency analysis shows that the light transmittance of the transparent flame-retardant hydrogel gradually decreases with the decreasing mass ratio of acrylamide to acrylic acid in P(AM-co-AA). Heat insulation testing shows that the heat insulation performance of fireproof glass applying the transparent flame-retardant hydrogel firstly decreases and then increases with decreasing mass ratio of acrylamide to acrylic acid in P(AM-co-AA). When the mass ratio of acrylamide to acrylic acid is 1:2, the obtained P(AM-co-AA) endows the resulting flame-retardant hydrogel applied in fireproof glass with the lowest light transmittance of 81.3% and lowest backside temperature of 131.4 °C at 60 min among the samples, which is attributed to the formation of a more dense and expanded char to prevent the heat transfer during combustion, as supported by the digital photos of char residues. The results of TG analysis indicate that P(AM-co-AA) imparts high thermal stability to the resulting hydrogels due to the hydrogen bonds between carboxyl and amide groups. The accelerated aging test shows that the transparent flame-retardant hydrogel containing P(AM-co-AA) is less affected by aging conditions. Especially, when the mass ratio of acrylamide to acrylic acid in P(AM-co-AA) is 4:1, the resulting transparent flame-retardant hydrogel shows a light transmittance of 82.9% and backside temperature of 173.1 °C at 60 min after 7 aging cycles, exhibiting the best comprehensive properties among the samples.
Preparation and Characterisation of Sustainable Wood Plastic Composites Extracted from Municipal Solid Waste
Authors: Shahani Shahnaz , Gao Zhongquan , Qaisrani Mumtaz A. , Ahmed Naveed , Yaqoob Haseeb , Khoshnaw Fuad , Sher Farooq
Published: October 2021

Municipal solid waste (MSW) contains plastic waste that can be used as a sustainable green substitute to reduce oil footprints, CO2 emissions, and environmental pollution. This study aims to recycle plastic waste by manufacturing wood-plastic composites and to improve its mechanical properties by using additives, coupling agents, and lubricants. These composites are prepared by mixing 40–70% of wood flour with 20–25% of a polymer matrix. Wood was degraded at 220 °C, and then the composites were processed at 50 °C. The manufacturing process carried out in the study involved wood waste meshing, drying, shredding, drying, trimming, filling, blending, compounding, and extrusion moulding. The compounding of composites was accomplished in twin-screw extruders. Once the mixture was uniformly mixed, its final shape was given by a two-step extrusion moulding. Previously, researchers aimed at enhancing the mechanical properties of the composites, but our research focus was to improve their durability for different industrial applications. The results suggest that the impact strength is 17 MPa with 50% of wood powder ratio while the maximum value for the tensile strength is 32.5 MPa. About 50% of an increase in wood powder resulted in 8.1% bending strength increase from 26.1 to 32.8 MPa. Reducing the plastic matrix and the wood-particles water swelling ratio resulted in better mechanical properties. The wood species also affected the mechanical properties with their excellent dimensional stability and less variability. A high proportion of wood fibre tends to increase its steady-state torque and viscosity. The mechanical properties against different wood-flour proportions indicate that composite materials exhibit superior water swelling behaviour and extrusion quality.
Laccase-Mediator System Using a Natural Mediator as a Whitening Agent for the Decolorization of Melanin
Authors: Park Saerom , Jung Dahun , Do Hyejin , Yun Jonghyeon , Lee Dongjun , Hwang Soeun , Lee Sang Hyun
Published: October 2021

In this study, a laccase-mediator system (LMS) using a natural mediator was developed as a whitening agent for melanin decolorization. Seven natural mediators were used to replace synthetic mediators and successfully overcome the low redox potential of laccase and limited access of melanin to the active site of laccase. The melanin decolorization activity of laccases from Trametes versicolor (lacT) and Myceliophthora thermophila (lacM) was significantly enhanced using natural mediators including acetosyringone, syringaldehyde, and acetovanillone, which showed low cytotoxicity. The methoxy and ketone groups of natural mediators play an important role in melanin decolorization. The specificity constants of lacT and lacM for melanin decolorization were enhanced by 247 and 334, respectively, when acetosyringone was used as a mediator. LMS using lacM and acetosyringone could also decolorize the melanin present in the cellulose hydrogel film, which mimics the skin condition. Furthermore, LMS could decolorize not only synthetic eumelanin analogs prepared by the oxidation of tyrosine but also natural melanin produced by melanoma cells.
Electrospun Polymer-Fungicide Nanocomposites for Grapevine Protection
Authors: Nachev Nasko , Spasova Mariya , Tsekova Petya , Manolova Nevena , Rashkov Iliya , Naydenov Mladen
Published: October 2021

Nowadays, diseases in plants are a worldwide problem. Fungi represent the largest number of plant pathogens and are responsible for a range of serious plant diseases. Esca is a grapevine disease caused mainly by fungal pathogens Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (P. chlamydospora) and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum (P. aleophilum). The currently proposed methods to fight esca are not curative. In this study, polymer composites based on biodegradable polymer containing chemical fungicides with antifungal activity were successfully prepared by electrospinning. The obtained materials were hydrophobic with good mechanical properties. In vitro studies demonstrated that the fungicide release was higher from PLLA/K5N8Q fibrous mats (ca. 72% for 50 h) compared to the released drug amount from PLLA/5-Cl8Q materials (ca. 52% for 50 h), which is due to the better water-solubility of the salt. The antifungal activity of the fibrous materials against P. chlamydospora and P. aleophilum was studied as well. The incorporation of the fungicide in the biodegradable fibers resulted in the inhibition of fungal growth. The obtained materials are perspective candidates for the protection of vines from the penetration and growth of fungal pathogens.
N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Random Copolymerization of N-Carboxyanhydrides of α-Amino Acids
Authors: Eom Kuen Hee , Baek Seokhyeon , Kim Il
Published: October 2021

Synthetic polypeptides prepared from N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) of α-amino acids are useful for elucidating the relationship between the primary structure of natural peptides and their immunogenicity. In this study, complex copolypeptide sequences were prepared using a recently developed technique; specifically, the random copolymerization of l-alanine NCA with NCAs of l-glutamic acid 5-benzylester (Bn-Glu NCA), S-benzyl-cysteine (Bn-Cys NCA), O-benzyl-l-serine (Bn-Ser NCA), and l-phenylalanine (Phe NCA) was performed using N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysts. The NHC-initiated Ala NCA/Bn-Glu NCA and Ala NCA/Bn-Cys NCA copolymerization reactions achieved 90% conversion within 30 min. The reactivity ratio values estimated using the Kelen and Tüdos method show that poly(Bn-Glu-co-Ala) and poly(Bn-Cys-co-Ala) have random repeating units with rich alternating sequences, whereas poly(Bn-Ser-co-Ala) and poly(Phe-co-Ala) contain a larger proportion of Ala-repeating units than Bn-Ser and Phe in random placement.
Synthesis of Poly(methacrylic acid)-block-Polystyrene Diblock Copolymers at High Solid Contents via RAFT Emulsion Polymerization
Authors: Oral Iklima , Grossmann Larissa , Fedorenko Elena , Struck Jana , Abetz Volker
Published: October 2021

The combination of polymerization–induced self-assembly (PISA) and reversible–addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) emulsion polymerization offers a powerful technique to synthesize diblock copolymers and polymeric nanoparticles in a controlled manner. The RAFT emulsion diblock copolymerization of styrene and methacrylic acid (MAA) by using a trithiocarbonate as surfactant and RAFT agent was investigated. The Z-group of the RAFT agent was modified with a propyl-, butyl- and dodecyl- sidechain, increasing the hydrophobicity of the RAFT agent to offer well-controlled polymerization of poly(methacrylic acid)-block-polystyrene (PMAA-b-PS) diblock copolymers at high solid contents between 30–50 wt% in water. The kinetic data of the PMAA homopolymerization with the three different RAFT agents for various solvents was investigated as well as the RAFT emulsion polymerization of the diblock copolymers in pure water. While the polymerization of PMAA-b-PS with a propyl terminus as a Z-group suffered from slow polymerization rates at solid contents above 30 wt%, the polymerization with a dodecyl sidechain as a Z-group led to full conversion within 2 h, narrow molar mass distributions and all that at a remarkable solid content of up to 50 wt%.
Emerging Community Pantries in the Philippines during the Pandemic: Hunger, Healing, and Hope
Authors: Espartinez Alma
Published: October 2021

This research is a critical approach to the emergence of community pantries during the COVID-19 pandemic as at-once contestatory and transformative narratives, foregrounding the Filipino poor’s experience of hunger, suffering, and marginality, while also highlighting their collective hope for a better world. I began by exploring the emergence of the community pantry in the Philippines, which was prompted by the government’s inadequate response to the plight of the hungry poor due to prolonged mandatory lockdown in the National Capital Region. I then turned to Emmanuel Levinas’ concept of hunger as the basis for the ethical giving displayed in the community pantries, which is a symbolic arena where leadership is questioned and the marginalized voices of the hungry poor are both mainstreamed and articulated. I brought ethical giving into relation with the Jewish concept of Tikkun Olam as the platform for the possibility of healing wounded relations. I constructed a particular weave between the community pantry and the Filipinos’ shared experiences of hunger that touches on the ethical that can create liberating spaces for collective hope. In conclusion, I argue that this study is valuable for confronting unexamined assumptions of the relationship between hunger, healing, and hope for critical pedagogy and critical spirituality, which can have significant philosophical and theological implications.
Landslide Susceptibility Mapping by Comparing GIS-Based Bivariate Methods: A Focus on the Geomorphological Implication of the Statistical Results
Authors: Coco Laura , Macrini Debora , Piacentini Tommaso , Buccolini Marcello
Published: October 2021

Landslide susceptibility is one of the main topics of geomorphological risk studies. Unfortunately, many of these studies applied an exclusively statistical approach with little coherence with the geomorphodynamic models, resulting in susceptibility maps that are difficult to read. Even if many different models have been developed, those based on statistical techniques applied to slope units (SUs) are among the most promising. SU segmentation divides terrain into homogenous domains and approximates the morphodynamic response of the slope to landslides. This paper presents a landslide susceptibility (LS) analysis at the catchment scale for a key area based on the comparison of two GIS-based bivariate statistical methods using the landslide index (LI) approach. A new simple and reproducible method for delineating SUs is defined with an original GIS-based terrain segmentation based on hydrography. For the first time, the morphometric slope index (MSI) was tested as a predisposing factor for landslides. Beyond the purely statistic values, the susceptibility maps obtained have strong geomorphological significance and highlight the areas with the greatest propensity to landslides. We demonstrate the efficiency of the SU segmentation method and the potential of the proposed statistical methods to perform landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM).