bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can Dance Reflect the Structural and Expressive Qualities of Music? A Perceptual Experiment on Balanchine's Choreography of Mozart's Divertimento No. 15
Authors: Krumhansl Carol L. , Schenck Diana Lynn
Published: November 2015

A perceptual experiment investigated the structural and expressive mappings between music and dance. The Stimulus materials were based on the Minuetto from W. A. Mozart's Divertimento No. 15 choreographed by George Balanchine. Participants were assigned to one of three conditions: Music Only, Dance Only, and Both Music and Dance. They performed four on-line tasks: indicating the occurrence of section ends and new ideas, and judging the amount of tension and emotion expressed. Each of the tasks showed strong similarity across the three conditions, including the Music Only and the Dance Only conditions which contained none of the same Stimulus materials. Analysis of the music and dance uncovered a large variety of elements that define mappings between music and dance. These operate on different hierarchical levels and suggest non-accidental relationships between music and bodily movement. The Both Music and Dance condition could be predicted as a combination of the Music Only and Dance Only conditions, with a stronger contribution of the former. The findings for this excerpt suggest an additive, non-interactive relationship between the music and dance. All three conditions exhibited the same temporal pattern among the tasks. New ideas were introduced at section beginnings when levels of tension and emotion expressed were low. These levels tended to increase within sections, reaching a peak just before section ends. These results suggest that a general Schema of temporal Organization operates in both music and dance. Finally, the three conditions produced very similar judgments of the type of emotional response, supporting the idea that both music and dance can engage similar representations of emotions.
Talking Fingers: An Interview Study of Pianists' Views on Fingering
Authors: Clarke Eric , Parncutt Richard , Raekallio Matti , Sloboda John
Published: November 2015

Seven professional pianists were interviewed to gather their views on various aspects of piano fingering. The issues covered included technical considerations, the influence of interpretation and composers' markings on fingering, the effects of different Performance circumstances, and the role of teachers in determining fingering strategies. An analysis of the participants' responses revealed both a considerable amount of common ground in their attitudes to these matters, and some strikingly different attitudes. Five primary themes emerged: i) while Standard fingerings form the basis for these performers' strategies, a greater use of Standard fingerings in sight-read as opposed to rehearsed or memorised performance was predicted by the participants; ii) those performers with a deeper involvement in, and earlier exposure to, contemporary music considered themselves to have a less Standard approach to fingering; iii) physical considerations not only represent constraints on fingering, but also offer opportunities to employ positively pleasurable fingerings which may be highly idiosyncratic; iv) while interpretation is universally regarded as the primary determinant of finger choice, attitudes range from a refusal to contemplate a fingering until musical matters have been resolved to the belief that a Single best fingering can be found onto which interpretative choices are mapped; v) the participants appear to have good declarative knowledge of the more abstract and Strategic aspects of their approach to fingering, and essentially procedural knowledge of what they do in any particular circumstance, as found in previous research on motor skill.
L'apport des théories attributionnelles de la motivation dans l'étude des questions d'aptitude musicale
Authors: Guirard Laurent
Published: November 2015

Les théories motivationnelles de l'attribution ont démontré l'influence pédagogique néfaste des croyances et des pratiques sociales ou éducatives erronées qui focalisent l'attention de l'éléve sur l'évaluation comparée de ses capacités. Or, il semble que plusieurs facteurs psychologiques et sociaux propres à l'apprentissage musical encouragent de telles tendances, et constituent ainsi une difficulté motivationnelle spécifique dont cet article tente, à travers une revue interdisciplinaire de la question, de préciser la nature et les déterminants. En analysant leur effet sur la motivation et l'apprentissage, nous présentons d'abord une série de facteurs cognitifs qui en musique peuvent favoriser l'explication des résultats de l'éléve par son niveau d'aptitude (interactions entre la disparité de l'âge du début de l'apprentissage et le développement normal des processus attributionnels, normes de réussite idéalisées, biais de perspective attributionnelle, carence du feedback, etc.). Nous nous intéressons ensuite à un facteur social qui aggrave et maintient cette tendance: la propension paradoxale du musicien à vouloir faire passer pour naturelles, des compétences et des productions artistiques appartenant objectivement au domaine de l'acquis et de la culture. Nous présentons comment plusieurs approches systématiques ont isolé et analysé, par des méthodes indépendantes (sociologie, épistémologie, musicologie), les fonctions et les effets de cette tendance ancienne et solidement ancrée dans les croyances et les pratiques du milieu. Au terme de cette confrontation, il apparaît que la négligence ou la simple dénonciation des spécificités éthologiques et épistémologiques du milieu, peut sérieusement affecter la diffusion, l'interdisciplinarité, voire la valeur des recherches motivationnelles en pédagogie musicale.
Expressive Timing in a Debussy Prelude: A Comparison of Student and Expert Pianists
Authors: Repp Bruno H.
Published: November 2015

The expressive timing of 10 famous pianists' performances of Debussy's prelude, La fille aux cheveux de lin, was measured from acoustic recordings and compared to the expressive timing of performances by 10 graduate student pianists, recorded after only a brief rehearsal on a Yamaha Disklavier in MIDI format. Despite the-large differences between the two groups in preparation, experience, age, date of birth, and national origin, their average expressive timing profiles were extremely similar. Although individual differences tended to be more pronounced among the experts than among the students, the similarity of the average timing profiles suggests a common standard of expressive timing. Since this standard evidently can be approximated by graduate student pianists after only minimal rehearsal, it may be considered the default result of an encounter between a trained musician and a particular musical structure—the timing implied by the score.
Enoncé musical et mode (s) de structuration de l'espace sonore, ou: de la relation composition/cognition dans un fragment de l'opus 28, I de Webern
Authors: Leleu Jean-Louis
Published: November 2015

L'analyse de la 4éme des six variations que comporte le 1er mouvement du Quatuor op. 28 de Webern permet de voir comment le compositeur y cultive une forme particulière d'ambivalence, caractéistique du changement de paradigme qui s'est accompli des les années 1890 dans la tradition musicale europeenne, tant sur le plan compositionnel que sur le plan cognitif: à savoir la mise en question de cette rfegle, centrale dans le cas du système tonal, qui veut que toute musique, dans son organisation propre, renvoie de façon univoque à un mode de structuration précis de l'espace sonore, définissant un idiome musical donné. D'un côté, en effet, le fragment choisi témoigne du souci extrème, de la part du compositeur, de parvenir à un contrôle précis et rigoureux des relations de hauteurs opérées au sein de l'espace “atonal”, par la mise en place d'un “dispositif” destinfé à assurer, au moyen de la série, une distribution symétrique de toutes les notes autour de centres de symétrie bien définis. Mais en mème temps, l'énoncé musical, tel qu'il s'articule concrètement -dans sa réalité vivante-, présente dans le passage nombre de configurations qui sonnent tonalement, c'est-à-dire font référence, du fait de leur nature même et de leur disposition, à un mode de structuration de l'espace des hauteurs basé sur une division asymétrique de l'octave, où domine hiérarchiquement la quinte. En jouant de la possibilité de renvoyer simultanément à deux idiomes distincts, et même antithétiques, une telle musique force à concevoir un modèle cognitif dans lequel ne soit pas posé -comme c'est le cas dans la théorie de Lerdahl- le principe d'une structuration homogène de l'espace sonore.
A Psychological Investigation of Meaning in Music
Authors: Watt Roger J. , Ash Roisin L.
Published: November 2015

Music has a strong effect on people's mental state and behaviour. This effect can be at a simple motor level, or it can be at a more complex level of arbitrary association or it can be at a much more complex cognitive and representational level. This latter case is of specific interest because it implies that, to some degree, music can be said to have a content that is not musical. Thus, when music is taken to depict a rough sea, then something in the music causes that: the music contains something that is being taken to signify roughness-of-sea. The existence of a large, natural yet arbitrary vocabulary (as is demonstrably the case for language) to relate musical expressions to non-musical events/objects seems implausible. In this paper, the possibility is explored that the vocabulary of musical expression concerns psychological aspects of people. Thus music, it is hypothesised, can express male/female-ness and good/evil-ness and happy/sad-ness and so on. Data obtained in a novel paradigm designed to test this hypothesis are described. Substantial support for the hypothesis is found: the implications of this are discussed.
Does Perceptual-Motor Performance Enhance Perception of Patterned Art Music?
Authors: Gromko Joyce E. , Poorman Allison Smith
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this study was to compare children's ability to perceive form in patterned art music after listening to music under one of two conditions: map-reading versus perceptual-motor performance. Twenty-nine upper-elementary children from a private school in a midwestem city in America participated in the study, with 15 children in the map-reading group and 14 in the perceptual-motor group. Map-reading children scored a mean of 6.80 (SD = 2.96) out of a possible 12 points on the Form Perception test; children from the perceptual-motor performance condition scored a mean of 9.93 (SD = 1.54). A Mann-Whitney test on Form Perception scores by group yielded U = 175.5, p < .01. Children in the perceptual-motor group, who mirrored the teacher in performance of kinesthetic analogues while listening to patterned art music and who assembled a visual listening map, were significantly better at perception of the form in patterned art music. A regression of Form Perception scores on Age (y = − 5.01 + 0.10x) was significant, F (1, 13) = 8.14, p < .05, for the map-reading group. That is, Form Perception scores for younger children in the map-reading group were lower than those for older children. Whereas the sign of the slope was also positive for the perceptual-motor group (y = 4.96 + 0.04x), the relationship of Form Perception scores to Age was not significant, F (1, 12) = 3.30, n.s. The significant effect of Age in the map-reading group suggests that merely reading the listening map may not be sufficient for perception of form in younger children. Children who are still developing reading and memory skills may benefit from perceptual-motor involvement during music listening.
Evaluating The Seriousness of Police Misconduct
Authors: Ivković Sanja Kutnjak
Published: November 2015

This article examines citizen and police evaluations of the seriousness of police misconduct. It uses a questionnaire with 10 scenarios describing police corruption and one scenario describing the use of excessive force. The respondents—police officers and college students in the United States and Croatia—were asked to evaluate the seriousness of these scenarios. The results suggest that, although absolute evaluations of seriousness differ, their relative rankings match closely across the two types of respondents (police officers and students) and across the two societies (the U.S. and Croatia). These results expand on previous findings of a shared hierarchy of crime seriousness by showing that the perceptions of the seriousness of police misconduct are shared across cultures, thus transcending national boundaries and suggesting a common understanding of crime seriousness.
Diabetes Quality of Care Before and After Implementation of a Resident Clinic Practice Partnership System
Authors: Campbell Elizabeth A. , Crowley Matthew J. , Powers Benjamin J. , Sanders Linda L. , Olsen Maren K. , Danus Susanne , McNeill Diana B. , Zaas Aimee K.
Published: November 2015

Deficiencies in resident diabetes care quality may relate to continuity clinic design. This retrospective analysis compared diabetes care processes and outcomes within a traditional resident continuity clinic structure (2005) and after the implementation of a practice partnership system (PPS; 2009). Under PPS, patients were more likely to receive annual foot examinations (odds ratio [OR] = 11.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.2, 18.5), microalbumin screening (OR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.6, 3.4), and aspirin use counseling (OR = 3.8; 95% CI = 2.5, 6.0) and were less likely to receive eye examinations (OR = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.36, 0.82). Hemoglobin A1c and lipid testing were similar between periods, and there was no difference in achievement of diabetes and blood pressure goals. Patients were less likely to achieve cholesterol goals under PPS (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.39, 0.98). Resident practice partnerships may improve processes of diabetes care but may not affect intermediate outcomes.
Recovering Motor Performance of the Foot After Achilles Rupture Repair: A Randomized Clinical Study about Early Functional Treatment vs. Early Immobilization of Achilles Tendon in Tension
Authors: Kauranen Kari , Kangas Jarmo , Leppilahti Juhana
Published: November 2015

The purpose of the study was to examine the recovery of some motor performance aspects of the lower extremity after Achilles tendon (AT) rupture repair by early functional postoperative treatment and early postoperative immobilization of the AT in tension in the early phase of recovery. The measured motor performance aspects were reaction time, speed of movement, foot tapping speed and coordination.

The study population comprised 30 patients operated on for an acute, complete, closed AT rupture. The surgical technique was Kessler sutures plus one aponeurosis flap in all cases, and postoperatively the subjects were randomly divided to have immobilization with a plaster cast or an active brace. Measurements were made 12 and 24 weeks after the operation.

There were no statistically significant differences in the results between the operated and contralateral nonoperated lower extremities 12 and 24 weeks after the operation in either group. When the results were compared between the plaster cast and active brace groups, no statistically significant differences were seen in reaction times, speed of movement, tapping speed and anterior-posterior coordination on either side, but the lateral coordination value of the operated leg was higher in the plaster cast group than in the active brace group 12 weeks after the operation ( p<0.05). By 24 weeks after the operation, this unique difference had disappeared.

It seems that the recovery of the above mentioned motor performance functions of the leg does not depend on whether the leg is in a plaster cast with the AT in tension or in an active brace during the early postoperative period after AT rupture repair. These functions of the operated leg had recovered to the level of the contralateral nonoperated leg by 12 weeks after the operation.
Participation in Sports After Arthrodesis of the Foot or Ankle
Authors: Vertullo Christopher J. , Nunley James A.
Published: November 2015

Currently no data or guidelines exist for the surgeon on how to advise patients about returning to sports participation after arthrodesis within the foot or ankle. Sequelae of inappropriate activity after arthrodesis includes periarticular arthrosis, arthrodesis failure and stress fracture. Some arthrodeses will preclude certain sports because it limits the patient's ability to perform movement vital to the game, for example, ankle arthrodesis preventing basketball players from jumping. Questionnaires were sent to members of the American Orthopædic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) and to trainers of professional basketball and American football teams. This paper reports on the responses of orthopædic foot and ankle surgeons about return to sports participation, after arthrodeses within the foot and ankle, and suggests guidelines for sports participation after an arthrodesis of the lower extremity. A selective sports participation policy is advised. Patients with an ankle or triple fusion should avoid high-impact sports, while those with more distal arthrodeses should be monitored for arthrosis and stress fracture.
Stress Fractures of the Medial Malleolus—Review of the Literature and Report of a 15-Year-Old Elite Gymnast
Authors: Shabat S. , Sampson K.B. , Mann G. , Gepstein R. , Eliakim A. , Shenkman Z. , Nyska M.
Published: November 2015

Stress fracture of the medial malleolus is rare and not reported in children. We report a case of a 15-year-old elite gymnast with open physes sustaining a medial malleolar stress fracture. The patient was treated initially by rest and gradually returned to sport with full recovery. Two months later she developed a complete fracture of the medial malleolus of the same side. This was treated surgically by open reduction and internal fixation with a cancellous screw and soon after the operation she returned to full activities. Emphasis is given to the suspected mechanism which led to this unique fracture and to the hormonal aspects in the professional adolescent gymnast.

We recommend surgical treatment of stress fracture of the medial malleolus especially for elite athletes, leading to early recovery and return to sports activities.
Nonoperatively Managed Stage 5 Osteochondral Talar Lesions
Authors: Shearer Carl , Loomer Richard , Clement Doug
Published: November 2015

Thirty-five ankles in 34 subjects with non-surgically managed stage 5 (chronic) osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT) were reassessed an average of 38 months post diagnosis—88 months post symptom onset. The overall clinical result was rated good or excellent in 54%, fair in 17% and poor in 29%. Six patients opted for surgery—arthroscopic drilling—after a trial of one year of nonsurgical treatment and were therefore rated as poor. Tomogram or CT scans at the time of diagnosis and follow-up were compared in 25 patients. We found no significant change in lesion size and there was a poor correlation between change in lesion size and clinical outcome.

X-rays performed at follow-up on 20 patients showed mild degenerative changes in 13 of 20 ankles with OLT. No correlation was found between the presence of degenerative changes and the clinical outcome. We conclude that: Non-surgical management of stage 5 OLT is a viable option with little or no risk of developing significant osteoarthritis. Most lesions remain radiographically stable. There is a poor correlation between changes in lesion size and clinical outcome. However, the few patients with lesions which decrease significantly in size tend to do well and those with lesions which increase significantly in size do poorly. The development of mild radiographic changes of OA does not correlate with clinical outcome. The general course of stage 5 OLT is benign with over half of the patients improving to good or excellent results with non-surgical management. Lateral lesions tend to do better than medial ones. Adult onset lesions tend to do better than juvenile onset lesions.
Use of Bone Graft Substitutes in Lower Extremity Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Scranton Pierce E.
Published: November 2015

Autologous iliac crest graft has been a standard source of supplementary bone for treating bony defects, fractures and arthrodeses. Bone graft substitutes have recently become widely available. This paper reports on the use of bone graft substitute in 28 patients that otherwise would have required an iliac crest graft. Twenty-four of the 28 operations were successful in the primary procedure with four patients requiring a second procedure that was then successful.
Mechanical Comparison of Cyclic Loading in Five Different First Metatarsal Shaft Osteotomies
Authors: Acevedo Jorge I. , Sammarco V. James , Boucher Henry R. , Parks Brent G. , Schon Lew C. , Myerson Mark S.
Published: November 2015

The purposes of the current study were: to analyze the relative fatigue endurance of five different first metatarsal shaft osteotomies (proximal crescentic, proximal chevron, Ludloff, Mau, and Scarf), as performed on sawbone models using the most common fixation techniques (part I); and to compare the two more commonly used techniques (per part I results) in matched-pair cadaver specimens (part II).

In part I, the proximal chevron and Mau osteotomies were significantly more stable (P >0.005) than all other osteotomies except the Ludloff. In part II, there was no significant difference in fatigue endurance between the proximal chevron and Ludloff osteotomies.
Proximal Metatarsal Osteotomies: A Comparative Geometric Analysis Conducted on Sawbone Models
Authors: Nyska Meir , Trnka Hans-Jörg , Parks Brent G. , Myerson Mark S.
Published: November 2015

We evaluated the change in position of the first metatarsal head using a three-dimensional digitizer on sawbone models. Crescentic, closing wedge, oblique shaft (Ludloff 8° and 16°), reverse oblique shaft (Mau 8° and 16°), rotational “Z” (Scarf), and proximal chevron osteotomies were performed and secured using 3-mm screws. The 16° Ludloff provided the most lateral shift (9.5 mm) and angular correction (14.5°) but also produced the most elevation (1.4 mm) and shortening (2.9 mm). The 8° Ludloff provided lateral and angular corrections similar to those of the crescentic and closing wedge osteotomies with less elevation and shortening. Because the displacement osteotomies (Scarf, proximal chevron) provided less angular correction, the same lateral displacement, and less shortening than the basilar angular osteotomies, based upon this model they can be more reliably used for a patient with a mild to moderate deformity, a short first metatarsal, or an intermediate deformity with a large distal metatarsal articular angle. These results can serve as recommendations for selecting the optimal osteotomy with which to correct a deformation.
Influence of Screw Type on Obtained Contact Area and Contact Force in a Cadaveric Subtalar Arthrodesis Model
Authors: Hintermann Beat , Valderrabano Victor , Nigg Benno
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this study was to compare the compression effect of the 7.0-AO screw and the 6.5 mm Ideal Compression Screw (I.CO.S.) screw in an in vitro subtalar arthodesis model. Six fresh-frozen, human cadaver foot specimens were obtained for analysis. The subtalar joint was opened laterally without affecting the articular surfaces. A Tekscan 5051 sensor with a maximum pressure of 250 PSI and a sensel-density of 62 sensel/sq-cm was placed into the joint, which allowed for continuous measurement of the contact area and contact forces achieved by one 7.0 AO-screw, and thereafter by one 6.5 I.CO.S.-screw. When tightening the screw, mean contact area increased by 0.21 cm 2 for the AO-screw (p<0.05), and by 0.27 cm 2 for the I.CO.S.-screw (p>0.05). When comparing the tightened AO-screw and I.CO.S.-screw, mean contact area increased from 1.40 cm 2 to 1.97 cm 2 (p<0.05). The mean contact force also increased when tightening the screws. This increase was 7.6 N for the AO-screw (p<0.05) and 14.8 N for the I.CO.S.-screw (p>0.05). When comparing the tightened AO-screw and I.CO.S.-screw, mean contact force increased from 54.9 N to 81.7 N (p<0.05). The obtained results have shown that the design of the screw influences the achieved compression force. The superior compression of the I.CO.S.-screw might be explained by the better gripping and additional compression mechanism of its head. The shape of the head of the cannulated AO-screw, in contrast, may be critical to resist against the weak cortical bone of the calcaneus, i.e. it can sink into soft bone resulting in a loss of compression force.
Evaluation of Compression in Intramedullary Hindfoot Arthrodesis
Authors: Berson Lawrence , McGarvey William C. , Clanton Thomas O.
Published: November 2015

Compression was evaluated in an intramedullary hindfoot arthrodesis cadaver model using an external fixator and a “second generation” intramedullary compression nail. Four cadaver specimens were used. Four trials were done with each specimen.

Trial 1: manual compression with the 1st generation nail.

Trial 2: external fixator for compression with the 1st generation nail.

Trial 3: external fixator for compression with the 2nd generation nail.

Trial 4: nail-mounted compression device with the 2nd generation nail.

In Trial 1 it was not possible to obtain or maintain compression. In Trial 2 large values of compression were obtained with the external fixator, however compression was not maintained after the first generation nails were locked and the fixator was removed. In Trial 3 large values of compression were obtained with the external fixator, but minimal compression was maintained after the second-generation nails were locked and the fixator was removed. In Trial 4 large values of compression were obtained with the compression device and greater than 60% of the compression was maintained after the nail was locked and the compression device was released. The study revealed that both the external fixator and the compression device could produce compression. The external fixator is useful as an aid in the O.R. However, in this study significant compression was maintained only with utilization of the compression device.
Idiopathic Cavovarus and Lateral Ankle Instability: Recognition and Treatment Implications Relating to Ankle Arthritis
Authors: Fortin Paul T. , Joseph Guettler , Manoli Arthur
Published: November 2015

Hindfoot malalignment and chronic lateral ankle instability may lead to degenerative ankle arthritis. We retrospectively analyzed 10 patients with 13 cavovarus feet. None of the patients had underlying neurologic disorders. All patients presented with a history consistent with chronic lateral ankle instability, clinically with cavovarus feet, and radiographically with varying degrees of varus talar tilt and ankle arthritis. Ankles with severe degenerative change were fused. The ankles with mild or moderate change underwent calcaneal osteotomy with lateral ligament reconstruction and/or dorsiflexion osteotomy of the first metatarsal. A quantitative radiographic Coleman block test was utilized to aid in the preoperative planning of the calcaneal and metatarsal osteotomies. All patients had correction of preoperative deformity and resolution of pain and instability. Recognition of the association between cavovarus and chronic ankle instability and degenerative ankle arthritis may be important in developing the appropriate treatment strategy in this patient population.
The Modified Oblique Keller Procedure: A Technique for Dorsal Approach Interposition Arthroplasty Sparing the Flexor Tendons
Authors: Mroczek Kenneth J. , Miller Stuart D.
Published: November 2015

A first metatarsophalangeal joint resection arthroplasty that combines a modest metatarsal cheilectomy with an oblique resection of the phalanx base (preserving the flexor hallucis brevis attachment) combined with interposition arthroplasty of the dorsal joint capsule sewn to the plantar soft tissues is presented. Numerous surgical procedures have been described for the treatment of hallux rigidus, including dorsal cheilectomy, resection arthroplasty, joint replacement, and arthrodesis. The Keller procedure has been abandoned by many because of shortening of the great toe and loss of push-off power. The modified oblique Keller technique described here allows for intraoperative transition from cheilectomy to resection arthroplasty with what appears to be a satisfactory outcome, maintaining plantarflexion power and hallux length.
Effects of Medializing Calcaneal Osteotomy on Achilles Tendon Lengthening and Plantar Foot Pressures
Authors: Hadfield Mark H. , Snyder John W. , Liacouras Peter C. , Owen Johnny R. , Wayne Jennifer S. , Adelaar Robert S.
Published: November 2015

Posterior tibial tendon insufficiency, or adult acquired flatfoot deformity, involves collapse of the longitudinal arch of the foot with ensuing changes in the bony architecture of the foot as well. While it is generally accepted that a medializing calcaneal osteotomy (MCO) is a very useful treatment for restoring the fallen arch, questions regarding the effects of this procedure upon plantar foot pressures and Achilles tendon length changes need to be answered. This study focuses on changes in plantar foot pressures and Achilles tendon length as the result of performing a MCO. Fourteen fresh-frozen cadaver legs were used to test the effects of MCO on Achilles tendon length changes 2 cm proximal to the Achilles tendon insertion on the calcaneus. Differential variable reluctance transducers were anchored in ventromedial, dorsomedial, dorsolateral, and ventrolateral positions of the Achilles tendon at the aforementioned level. The effects of the MCO on plantar foot pressures were assessed simultaneously using the Tekscan HR Mat. Axial loading (100 lbs) of each specimen was performed in neutral and dorsiflexion (15°). Data were gathered for Achilles tendon length changes and plantar foot pressures for three trials in both the neutral and dorsiflexed positions. A medializing calcaneal osteotomy (1 cm medial translation) was then performed and testing was repeated in the fashion outlined heretofore. Analysis of the data revealed that there was no significant increase in Achilles tendon length as a result of the MCO. The data also showed that average pressure over the first and second metatarsal regions of the forefoot decreased significantly after MCO. At the same time there was a significant increase in average pressure over the medial and lateral aspect of the heel. These findings suggest that the Achilles tendon aids in inversion of the forefoot without undergoing a significant increase in length change of Achilles tendon fibers in any of the regions tested.
Health-Related Quality of Life for Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Foot Involvement
Authors: Wickman Amy M. , Pinzur Michael S. , Kadanoff Ruth , Juknelis Dainius
Published: November 2015

Hypothesis: Rheumatoid arthritis is a common disabling form of arthritis that frequently affects the hands and feet. With time, the majority of affected individuals will become disabled. Methods: Sixty-nine consecutively selected mild to moderately affected individuals with rheumatoid arthritis provided demographic data and agreed to complete the Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SFMA) instrument. Focus group subjects selectively used minimally adaptive nonprescription footwear. Control subjects had similar disease expression, but did not alter their choice of footwear due to their disease. Results: Adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis demonstrate a significant negative impact on their quality of life with mild or moderate disease expression, as evidenced by poor scores in all six domains of the SFMA. Subjects who used even mildly adaptive nonprescription footwear demonstrated a statistically significant negative impact in mobility ( p <.044) and functional index ( p <.052) domains as compared with the control population having similar overall disease expression. Focus subjects also demonstrated a trend to less favorable scores in the arm and hand domain. Mean scores of the daily activity, emotional status, and bother index domains fared worse than population norms, but there was no statistical difference between subjects using, or not using, adaptive footwear. Conclusions: Individuals affected with mild to moderate rheumatoid arthritis are disabled as compared with the general population. There is a severe negative impact on mobility and functional capacity when the disease process begins to affect their feet.
Clinical Outcome of Surgical Treatment of the Symptomatic Accessory Navicular
Authors: Kopp Franz J. , Marcus Randall E.
Published: November 2015

Background: When conservative treatment fails to provide relief for a symptomatic accessory navicular, surgical intervention may be necessary. Numerous studies have been published, reporting the results of the traditional Kidner procedure and alternative surgical techniques, all of which produce mostly satisfactory clinical outcomes. The purpose of this study was to report the clinical results, utilizing the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Midfoot Scale, of surgical management for symptomatic accessory navicular with simple excision and anatomic repair of the tibialis posterior tendon. Methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed the results of 13 consecutive patients (14 feet) who underwent surgical treatment for symptomatic accessory navicular. The patients ranged in age from 16 to 64 years (average, 34.1 years; mean, 28.2 years) at the time of surgery. All patients had a type II accessory navicular. The average follow-up of the patients involved in the study was 103.4 months (range, 45–194 months). The AOFAS Midfoot Scale was utilized to determine both preoperative and postoperative clinical status of the 14 feet included in the study. Results: The average preoperative AOFAS score was 48.2 (range, 20–75; mean, 38.8). The average postoperative AOFAS score was 94.5 (range, 83–100; mean, 94.3). At last follow-up, 13 of 14 feet were without any pain, no patients had activity limitations, and only two of 14 feet required shoe insert modification. Postoperatively, no patients had a clinically notable change in their preoperative midfoot longitudinal arch alignment. All of the patients in the study were satisfied with the outcome of their surgery and would undergo the same operation again under similar circumstances. Conclusions: When conservative measures fail to relieve the symptoms of a painful accessory navicular, simple excision of the accessory navicular and anatomic repair of the posterior tibialis tendon is a successful intervention. Overall, the procedure provides reliable pain relief and patient satisfaction. In the current study, the clinical status of each patient improved significantly postoperatively, quantified utilizing the AOFAS Midfoot Scale.
Reconstruction of the Lateral Ligaments: Do the Anatomical Procedures Restore Physiologic Ankle Kinematics?
Authors: Schmidt R. , Cordier E. , Bertsch C. , Eils E. , Neller S. , Benesch S. , Herbst A. , Rosenbaum D. , Claes L.
Published: November 2015

Background: If conservative therapy fails, the standard treatment for chronic ankle instability is surgical reconstruction of the lateral ligaments. For the last seventy years, the tenodesis principles have been used for reconstruction. Recently however, surgical reconstructions-respecting the intact joint anatomy-have been developed, thus called “anatomical reconstruction principles”. Methods: This study focused on the investigation of the range of motion of the ankle and the subtalar joint following anatomical reconstruction surgery. Three different types of anatomical reconstruction procedures were compared: Direct ligament repair, tendon graft and carbon-fiber implant. Results: All procedures restored the original range of motion of the subtalar joint, except for the plantarflexed/dorsiflexed positions. As for the talocrural joint, the tendon graft and the carbon fiber implant left a small laxity for movements of inversion/eversion and internal/external rotation. The direct repair procedure achieved a more accurate result and restored the physiologic kinematics almost completely. During each procedure the insertion points and the direction of the original ligaments were maintained. However, the different results for the procedure of direct ligament repair compared to the other two anatomical reconstruction procedures showed that this condition alone is not sufficient to perfectly restore the kinematics of the talocrural and subtalar joints. It is important to note that none of the procedures caused a restriction of the range of motion. Conclusions: The maintenance of the range of hindfoot motion decreases the risk of osteoarthritis as well as chronic pain or problems for the patient to walk on uneven surface. Therefore, we believe that standard therapy for chronic instability of the ankle should include direct surgical reconstruction of the ligaments. If this direct procedure cannot be performed because of poor quality of the ligaments an alternative anatomical reconstruction procedure should be considered.
Hallux Valgus and First Ray Mobility: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Coughlin Michael J. , Jones Carroll P. , Viladot Ramón , Glanó Pau , Grebing Brett R. , Kennedy Michael J. , Shurnas Paul S. , Alvarez Fernando
Published: November 2015

Background: Several studies have demonstrated that patients with hallux valgus (HV) deformities have increased first ray sagittal mobility. However, the change in mobility that occurs after surgical correction of HV deformities has not been extensively evaluated. This study was done to determine if surgical realignment of the first ray in cadaver specimens with a proximal crescentic osteotomy and distal soft tissue reconstruction (DSTR) would reduce the first ray sagittal motion as measured with an external-type micrometer (the Klaue device). Methods: Twelve fresh-frozen below-knee cadaver specimens with an HV deformity (HV angle > 15 degrees, 1-2 IM angle > 9 degrees) were used for the study. Standardized simulated weightbearing radiographs were obtained before and after the surgical correction of the deformity. The first ray sagittal motion was measured with an external micrometer (Klaue device) before correction of the HV deformity and after the procedure. All specimens had correction of the hallux valgus deformity with a DSTR and proximal crescentic osteotomy. Internal fixation was applied to secure the osteotomy site. Results: The HV angle was corrected from a mean of 28.6 degrees to a mean of 11.0 degrees. The 1-2 IM angle was corrected from a mean of 12.9 degrees to a mean of 6.8 degrees. The average preoperative first ray sagittal motion was 11.0 mm (range, 8.5 mm to 13.5 mm). After the surgical repair, the mean sagittal first ray motion was significantly decreased ( p <.0005) to a mean of 5.2 mm (range, 3.5 mm to 7.5 mm). Conclusion: After correction of HV deformities with a DSTR and a proximal crescentic osteotomy, first ray mobility in cadaver specimens was significantly reduced. The stabilization of first ray mobility that occurred immediately after surgical correction despite leaving the capsule of the first metatarsocuneiform (MC) joint undisturbed suggests that extrinsic anatomic features may play a role in first ray mobility. Additionally, stability of the first ray may be restored with a bunion procedure that does not sacrifice the first MC joint.
The Role of the Interosseous Talocalcaneal Ligament in Subtalar Joint Stability
Authors: Tochigi Yuki , Amendola Annunziato , Rudert M. James , Baer Thomas E. , Brown Thomas D. , Hillis Stephen L. , Saltzman Charles L.
Published: November 2015

Background: Injury of the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament (ITCL) has been recognized as a cause of subtalar instability, though lack of an accepted clinical test has limited the ability of clinicians to reliably make the diagnosis. Clinical effects of ITCL failure remain unclear because of insufficient understanding of the role of the ligament. Methods: Load-displacement characteristics of the subtalar joint were studied in six cadaver specimens using an axial distraction test and a transverse multi-direction drawer test. In all tests, cyclic loading (+/−60 N) was applied, and load-displacement responses were collected before and after sectioning of the ITCL. Two parameters were used to analyze the data: neutral-zone laxity as a measure of joint play, and flexibility as a measure of resistance to applied force. Results: In the axial distraction test, sectioning increased both neutral-zone laxity and flexibility ( p = .01 and .02, respectively). In the transverse test, sectioning caused increase of both neutral-zone laxity and flexibility ( p <.001, for each). Neutral-zone laxity increased most greatly along an axis defined roughly by the posterior aspect of the fibula and the central region of the medial malleolus. Flexibility increased most in the medial direction ( p <.05, for each). Conclusions: Results confirmed the role of the ITCL in maintaining apposition of the subtalar joint, as well as suggested its role in stabilizing the subtalar joint against drawer forces applied to the calcaneus from lateral to medial. The dominant direction of increased neutral-zone laxity described above suggests the optimal direction for detecting subtalar instability involved with ITCL injury. Clinical Relevance: ITCL failure may result in subtalar instability and should be examined with a drawer force along the preferential axis roughly from the posterior aspect of the fibula to the central region of the medial malleolus. Further clinical evaluation is required to determine whether ITCL failure is reliably detectable.
Ankle Impingement: Combined Anterior and Posterior Impingement Syndrome of the Ankle
Authors: Henderson Ian , Valette David La
Published: November 2015

Background: Simultaneous anterior and posterior ankle impingement has not been previously reported. We identified 62 patients with both anterior and posterior impingement and report the results of anterior arthroscopic and posterior open treatment. Methods: Between January, 1990, and December, 2003, 62 consecutive patients with symptoms and signs of both anterior and posterior impingement of the ankle were identified. Fifty-eight recorded a single injury or multiple ankle sprains. The most common mechanism of injury was inversion or plantarflexion. Initial conservative treatment failed in all patients and anterior arthroscopy and open posterior clearance were done. Followup averaged 11.4 months (up to 5 years). All patients showed posttraumatic synovitis at arthroscopy, and 48 had other arthroscopically-detected lesions, such as anterior tibial plafond lesions, ossicles, or soft-tissue impingement. The posterior arthrotomy revealed a bony cause for impingement in all but four patients, usually an os trigonum or a long posterior process of the talus. Results: Three patients had anterolateral tenderness after arthroscopy and three had tenderness of the posterior arthrotomy scar. There were no persistent neurologic complications. Fifty-eight patients were available for followup. Forty-seven (81%) had excellent or good outcomes, nine (15.5%) had fair outcomes, and two (3.5%) were graded as poor. Conclusion: Usually, anterior and posterior impingement occur separately; however, there are patients who have symptoms and signs of both anterior and posterior ankle impingement. A single inversion or plantarflexion mechanism of injury may be responsible for this syndrome, although it may also be caused by repetitive inversion injury. Combined anterior arthroscopic and posterior open treatment obtained good results with minimal complications and morbidity.
Prediction of Information Transfer from Computer-Generated Dot Matrix Displays
Authors: Maddox Michael E.
Published: November 2015

Two separate experiments derived and validated predictive metrics (or equations) of information transfer from dot matrix displays. The initial experiment involved three levels of dot size, three levels of dot shape, three levels of dot spacing, and two levels of ambient illuminance. The predictor variable pool was obtained by Fourier analysis of vertical and horizontal microphotometric scans of each experimental display combination.

Multiple regression techniques were used to derive predictive equations for each task. Substantial proportions of experimental variance were accounted for by these equations. These proportions ranged from R2 = .47 for the menu search model to R2 = .57 for the reading task model.

An external validation study was conducted using dot parameters equivalent to three commercially available displays. In addition, the matrix size was varied in this experiment. Except for the random search performance, the predictions derived in the first study correlated well with the meassured performance in this study (Spearman r = .73). The equations were found to be very sensitive to predictor variables which were outside the range of the original regression.

The photometric scan and Fourier analysis methodology was found to be accurate and very repeatable in this research.

This research has demonstrated that it is possible to account for large proportions of experimental variance on visual performance tasks with relatively simple display-related parameters. The proportion of variance accounted for by the derived models ranged from .47 for the menu search model to .57 for the Tinker SOR model. The terms used in the metrics inherently contain information about many display parameters usually treated as isolated from one another. The values predicted from the metrics have been shown to be well correlated with actual performance when the predictor variables are within the range of the original variables from which the metrics were derived.

The methodology developed during this research has been shown to be valid and the photometric procedures and mathematical treatment have proved stable in a real experimental setting.
Effects of Vibration on Humans: Performance Decrements and Limits
Authors: Morrissey S. J. , Bittner A. C.
Published: November 2015

The standards for vibration in MIL-STD-1472B, Human Engineering Design Criteria for Systems, Equipment, and Facilities, were compared to data from the literature and were found to be inadequate. Families of isodecrement performance curves for tracking performance with various combinations of acceleration and frequency were derived for vertical (z-axis) vibrations. A similar family of isodecrement performance curves was derived for percentage decreases in number-reading accuracy for vertical (z-axis) vibrations. These findings were used to make recommendations for changes to MIL-STD-1472B for predicting and identifying excessive work station environments.
Corrigendum
Authors: Chrysikou Evangelia G. , Thompson W. Jake
Published: November 2015

Chrysikou, E. G., & Thompson, W. J. (2016). Assessing cognitive and affective empathy through the interpersonal reactivity index: An argument against a two-factor model. Assessment, 23(6), 769-777. doi: 1073191115599055 .
Exploratory Higher Order Analysis of the Luria Interpretive Model on the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children–Second Edition (KABC-II) School-Age Battery
Authors: McGill Ryan J. , Spurgin Angelia R.
Published: November 2015

Higher order factor structure of the Luria interpretive scheme on the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children–Second Edition (KABC-II) for the 7- to 12-year and the 13- to 18-year age groups in the KABC-II normative sample ( N = 2,025) is reported. Using exploratory factor analysis, multiple factor extraction criteria, and hierarchical exploratory factor analysis not included in the KABC-II manual, two-, three-, and four-factor extractions were analyzed to assess the hierarchical factor structure by sequentially partitioning variance appropriately to higher order and lower order dimensions as recommended by Carroll. No evidence for a four-factor solution was found. Results showed that the largest portions of total and common variance were accounted for by the second-order general factor and that interpretation should focus primarily, if not exclusively, at that level of measurement.