bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Histological Study of Adventitious Root Initiation in Mung Bean Cuttings1
Authors: Blazich Frank A. , Heuser Charles W.
Published: August 2022

A histological study of the initiation and development of adventitious roots in lightgrown cuttings of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) showed that cell divisions leading to adventitious root initiation occurred 20–24 hours after the cuttings were taken. Cell divisions began at the same time for control and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) treated cuttings indicating that NAA did not alter the timing of root initiation. The root primordia for both were well developed by 48 hours and the roots began to emerge by 72 hours. Intracellular changes in the cells destine for the initial divisions first became visible histologically at 12 hours. By 16 to 20 hours considerable intracellular change was observed, including enlargement of the nuclei and nucleoli and an increase in apparent cytoplasmic staining density.
Carbon Monoxide Formation in Tomatoes1
Authors: Gladon Richard J. , Staby George L.
Published: August 2022

Carbon monoxide (CO) is not emanated to any large extent from tomato fruits (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill. cvs. Rutgers and Ohio MR-13), but is retained within the internal atmosphere. CO is found during all stages of fruit development, but no set pattern of CO concentration is evident.
The Relationship Between Some Nitrogen Fertilizer Sources, Rates, Application Frequencies, and Quality of ‘Tïfgreen’ Bermudagrass1
Authors: Barrios E. P. , Jones L. G. , Koonce K.
Published: August 2022

Effects of 16 nitrogen treatments were compared in 1974, 1975 and 1976 on a United States Golf Association (USGA) golf green planted with ‘Tifgreen’ Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers × C. transvaalensis). Activated sewage sludge (Milorganite) was superior to ammonium nitrate and ureaformaldehyde (Uramite) at most rates and application frequencies. The best quality (by panel evaluation) turfgrass resulted from 1.80 kg per 92.9 m2 of Milorganite N applied monthly (May to November) or bimonthly applications of 5.40 kg. Biweekly applications of 0.45 or 0.90 kg of ammonium nitrate N ranked next, but monthly applications of 0.45 to 1.35 kg failed to provide acceptable turfgrass quality. Ureaformaldehyde N at monthly rates from 0.45 to 1.80 kg was inferior to other sources at the same rates and application frequencies. Foliar concentrations of N, P, K, Cu and Zn above critical levels were associated with increased quality and yield. Tissue Mg, S, Fe and Mn content had no influence on turf quality or yield. Foliage micronutrient levels were generally higher than previously reported by other workers.
Concentrations of 14 Elements in Tissues of Blight-affected and Healthy ‘Valencia’ Orange Trees1,2
Authors: Wutscher H. K , Hardesty C.
Published: August 2022

Concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cl, Mo, and Al varied between blight-affected and healthy trees in one or more of the following ‘Valencia’ orange tree (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.) tissues: leaves, twigs, branches, trunks, trunk bark, large roots and feeder roots. Blight had no effect on B concentration; watersoluble phenolics were higher in the trunk wood of blight-affected trees, but not in the wood of branches and roots. Differences in cation exchange capacity, pH and 10 available nutrients in the soil were too small to be significant. The water content of the trunk, branch, and root wood did not vary significantly. The most consistent changes with blight were: higher N levels in the bark and the wood of the trunk; lower K levels in the leaves, coupled with higher K in the wood of the branches and the trunk; higher Na in the leaves and the trunk wood, higher Zn in the leaves and trunk wood; higher Cl concentrations in the leaves and the branch wood together with lower concentrations in the feeder roots.
Breeding for Root Rot Resistance in Red Raspberry1
Authors: Barritt B. H. , Crandall P. C. , Bristow P. R.
Published: August 2022

Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) clones and seedlings were evaluated in infested field soils for resistance to a root rot. Disease symptoms were root necrosis and wilting of first and second year canes. Of 41 clones examined ‘Latham’, ‘Newburgh’, ‘Durham’, ‘Chief’ and ‘WSU 458’ were the most resistant. ‘Lloyd George’ and its derivatives were generally the most susceptible. Evaluation of seedlings from 25 crosses showed that ‘Latham’ and ‘Newburgh’ produced the highest percentage of resistant seedlings and the seedlings with the highest level of resistance; ‘Glen Clova’ and ‘Meeker’ produced the fewest seedlings with resistance. Heritability estimates based on parent/offspring regression were 0.85 for the percentage of seedlings infected and 0.92 for the mean seedling injury rating.
Effects of Temperature and SO2 Addition on Quality and Postharvest Behavior of Mechanically-harvested Juice Grapes in Arkansas 1
Authors: Morris J. R. , Cawthon D. L. , Fleming J. W.
Published: August 2022

Temperature of fruit of Vitis labrusca L. cv. Concord at harvest was the primary factor governing the rate of postharvest quality changes. Fruit harvested at mid-day at 32°C remained at that temperature inside a bulk pallet box for 72 hours, regardless of diurnal temperature fluctuations. Without addition of SO2, alcohol concentration steadily increased after 12 hours holding the mechanically-harvested grapes in a bulk pallet box and reached 3% after 72 hours. Loss of soluble solids began immediately after harvest and after 72 hours, 44% of the soluble solids present at the time of harvest had been lost. Addition of S02 at harvest or no later than 6 hours after harvest aided in slowing postharvest deterioration. The addition of 80 or 160 ppm SO2 to a bulk pallet box of grapes mechanically harvested at a temperature of 35° was as effective in retarding postharvest deterioration of the quality attributes determined in this study as was harvesting at 24°. Harvesting at a cool temperature (24°) and SO2 addition will allow for extended holding of the raw product with minimal alcohol production and raw product quality loss.
Field Comparisons of Lycopersicon Accessions for Resistance to the Tomato Pinworm and Vegetable Leafminer1,3
Authors: Schuster D. J. , Waddill V. H. , Augustine J. J. , Volin R. B.
Published: August 2022

Resistance of Lycopersicon accessions, breeding lines and cultivars to the tomato pinworm, Keiferia lycopersicella (Walsingham), and the vegetable leafminer, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, was evaluated in 5 field studies. PI 126445 and PI 127826 (L. hirsutum Humb. & Bonpl.) and PI 126449 (L. hirsutum f. glabratum Mull.) demonstrated the highest level of resistance to both insects as measured by the number of L. sativae mines and damage and larvae of K. lycopersicella. Levels of resistance to either insect in L. esculentum Mill, accessions studied appeared intermediate. PI 129230 and PI 140403 (L. esculentum) were moderately resistant to both insects in at least two tests.
Influence of Rootstocks, Soil Oxygen, and Soil Moisture on the Uptake and Translocation of Nutrients in Young Avocado Plants 1
Authors: Slowik K. , Labanauskas C. K. , Stolzy L. H. , Zentmyer G. A.
Published: August 2022

The effects of 2 rootstocks of avocado (Persea americana Mill.), 2 soil oxygen levels, and 2 soil moisture levels on nutrient uptake and translocation showed that seedling Duke and Topa Topa rootstocks produced little change in the growth of ‘Hass’ scion, nutrient concentrations in the leaves, stems, and roots or the total amount of nutrients absorbed per plant. Total amounts of 11 nutrients studied were significantly lower, irrespective of concentrations found in the various plant tissues, in plants grown in with 2% soil oxygen than in plants supplied with 21% soil oxygen. Low soil moisture reduced dry weights of leaves and stems, and total dry weight of plants. Total amounts of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Mn per plant, irrespective of nutrient concentrations in the leaves, stems, and roots, were significantly lower in plants grown under low soil moisture.
Abscisic Acid in Pear Seed, Fruit, and Fruit Exudate 1
Authors: Martin George C. , Nishijima C.
Published: August 2022

Large differences in abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations were found among persisting fruit of ‘Winter Nelis’, seeded ‘Bartlett’ and parthenocarpic ‘Bartlett’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) even though fruit set and fruit growth rates were similar. Concentration of ABA was positively correlated with rate of fruit and seed growth in these 3 pear types. The concentration of ABA was greater in the seed than in fruit flesh, and in the integuments plus endosperm than in the embryo.
Factors Affecting W ater Application Rates on Urban Landscapes1,2
Authors: Cotter Donald J. , Chavez Fabian
Published: August 2022

A study of seasonal and landscape effects on residential water application rates used to maintain meso-phytic plants in Las Cruces, New Mexico showed a positive significant correlation between water applied and landscape area maintained. However, only one-half of the variation in water applied was accounted for in the analysis. In 2 years, about 40% more water was applied than the estimated requirement. The principal reason for excessive water use appeared to be consumers’ lack of knowledge about plant water requirements.
Inheritance of Resistance to Ozone in Phaseolus vulgaris L.1
Authors: Butler L. Knudson , Tibbitts T. W. , Bliss F. A.
Published: August 2022

Ozone sensitivity was compared in F1 and F2 populations from crosses between 2 ozone-sensitive bean cultivars, ‘Spurt’ and ‘Blue Lake Stringless’, and 2 ozone-resistant cultivars, ‘Black Turtle Soup’ and ‘French’s Horticultural’, under controlled environmental conditions. F1 plants were as sensitive as the sensitive parent. About 10% of the F2 progeny obtained by selfing F1 plants appeared to be as resistant as the resistant parent and 90% of the progeny could be divided equally between a group as sensitive as the sensitive parent and a group intermediate in sensitivity between the parent plants. However, precise separation of F2 progeny was not possible because of the variability in injury expression. The average injury on the F2 plants was greater than the parental midpoint value and the variance in injury on the F2 plants was about 3.5x greater than that for the parents. The heritability of resistance to ozone was estimated to be 0.83. It was concluded that ozone resistance is recessive in P. vulgaris and appears to be regulated by a few major genes.
Rupture Strength of Unions of ‘Golden Delicious9 Apple with Mailing 8, Mailing 9, and Vigorous Rootstocks 1
Authors: Rehkugler G. E. , Cummins J. N. , Markwardt E. D.
Published: August 2022

As determined on the test bench, 18-year-old ‘Golden Delicious’/Malling (M) 8 and ‘Golden Delicious’/M 9 graft unions fail at about 1/3 the stress required for failure of unions of ‘Golden Delicious’ and vigorous stocks (Malus domestica Borkh.). The stresses at rupture of these unions are of the same order of magnitude as reported by other workers with much younger graft unions. The average wind velocity that the ‘Golden Delici-ous’/M 8 and ‘Golden Delicious’/M 9 unions can withstand is about 10% less than that for the ‘Golden Delicious’/vigorous union, because the ‘Golden Delicious’/vigorous tree is much larger and encounters the greater wind resistance forces. The weakest unions are able to resist forces of winds over 100 km/hr. The mechanical shaking forces required to remove apples from these trees in the “worst case” situation do not exceed the maximum allowable stresses in the graft union. Failure of graft unions is not expected in normal shake-and-catch harvest.
Pistillate Flower Bud Development in Pistachio 1
Authors: Takeda Fumiomi , Crane Julian C. , Lin Joseph
Published: August 2022

We found in light and scanning electron microscopic studies of buds of the pistillate ‘Kerman’ pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) that about 12 months elapsed from the time of inflorescence differentiation until the opening of individual flowers. Growth of the rachis and its lateral branches occurred from April to June; sepal differentiation, from late May to mid June; pistil initiation, from early October to March; and carpel development, from late March to early April. Cessation of the development of the inflorescence buds during July, August, and early September appears to be unrelated to nut growth and development, as buds were inactive during that period in both bearing and nonbearing trees.
Effect of Thrips Scars on Table Grape Quality1
Authors: Yokoyama Victoria Y.
Published: August 2022

Scars caused by the ovipositional and feeding activities of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), on ‘Thompson Seedless’ and ‘Calmeria’ table grapes, Vitis vinifera L., had no effect on many measurable quality attributes of the fruit. Scarred berries showed no apparent differences in size or average weight when compared to undamaged fruit. However, scarred ‘Thompson Seedless’ berries had a higher soluble solids content. The acid content was not affected by any type of scar and all fruit had soluble solids to acid ratios of at least 20:1. Scarring did not affect the weight loss of fruit in short-term storage at 0.6°C, and scarred berries were not injured by sulfur dioxide fumigation.
Seasonal Effect of UV-B Radiation on Poinsettia Cultivars1
Authors: Semeniuk Peter , Stewart Robert N.
Published: August 2022

Groups of poinsettia plants (Euphorbia pulcherrima willd. ex Klutzsch) were exposed at different seasons to enhanced levels of ultraviolet (280-320 nm) radiation, 01-13 weighted m W m−2 (UV-B), for 4 weeks in both vegetative and flowering growth stages. None of the cultivars showed any response in height, number of nodes, fresh weight, or dry weight. Some distorted leaves and bracts developed during the seasons of low light intensity but not during seasons of high light intensity, suggesting photorepair during the latter periods. The anthocyanin pigmentation produced in the bracts of flowering plants was partially destryoed by enhanced UV-B, whereas in vegetative plants the pigmentation in petioles was increased. Bracts from many of the treated plants showed increased absorbance in the UV-A and UV-B regions. Cultivars differed widely in their response to enhanced UV-B.
Evaluation of Density Separation for Defining Fruit Maturities and Maturation Rates of Once-over Harvested Muscadine Grapes1
Authors: Lanier M. R. , Morris J. R.
Published: August 2022

‘Carlos’ muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) were sorted into 5 density grades using 4 brine solutions of 8, 9, 10 and 11% NaCl. Soluble solids and berry weight increased, color improved, and acidity decreased with grape maturity and brine concentration. Panelist’s sensory preference increased with increasing density (maturity). Berries that floated and sank in 11% NaCl (density grades 4 and 5) had acceptable ratings for flavor, aroma, and color. Density separation was used to monitor the rates of maturation of the cultivars ‘Carlos’ and ‘Noble’. The technique was useful in characterizing the changes in berry population during the last month of ripening.
Effects of Acetaldehyde on Postharvest Quality of Mechanically Harvested Strawberries for Processing1
Authors: Morris J. R. , Cawthon D. L. , Buescher R. W.
Published: August 2022

Mechanically harvested fruits of A-5344 and ‘Earlibelle’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) were stored at 24°C for 72 and 120 hours in atmospheres containing acetaldehyde (Aa) with and without prior dipping in 0 to 1.5% acetaldehyde solutions. Aa atmospheres and a combination of atmospheres and dips were most effective in maintaining visual color, freedom from browning, and product acceptability of machine harvested strawberries for processing. Fruit stored in atmospheres containing Aa vapor increased in acidity by 72 hours.
Effect of Trellis, Planting, and Harvest Methods on Vegetable Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. sub-species Sesquipedalis)1
Authors: Nangju D.
Published: August 2022

Field experiments were conducted at Ibadan, Western Nigeria to determine cultural requirements for growing vegetable cowpea. Horizontal bamboo 2 m high was optimum, producing green pod yield of 18-30 metric ton/ha in the first season and 13 metric ton/ha in the second season. Substituting maize for bamboo and twine as a support reduced maize yield by 20% and cowpea yield by 65-70% in plots where insect pests were properly controlled. Intercropping cowpea with maize reduced the incidence of cowpea yellow mosaic virus and Maruca testulalis Gey. damage on the pods in the unsprayed plots. Planting method had no effect on either maize or cowpea yields but planting the two crops in the same hills was faster than planting in alternate hills or planting cowpea between rows of maize. Harvesting green pods every 3-5 days resulted in high quality pods.
Rate of Dry Weight Gain of Chrysanthemum as a Function of Leaf Area Index and Night Temperature1
Authors: Kohl Harry C. , Thigpen Stephen P.
Published: August 2022

Evidence from 3 experiments supports the hypothesis that beyond the critical leaf area index (LAI), the rate of dry weight gain is the same for Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. Bright Golden Anne grown at either normal (15.6°C) or low (5.6°) night temperature, providing that conditions during the 8 hour light period are the same. The term “critical LAI” is suggested as the LAI at which the curve for rate of dry weight gain as a function of LAI assumes a slope approaching zero. Hence, with appropriate management of LAI, the productivity per unit area of greenhouse devoted to this crop could be as great at 5.6° as at 15.6° night temperature, despite the delay of maturation for plants grown at low night temperature.
Iron Nutrition of Cattleya Orchid Grown In Vitro1
Authors: Stoltz Leonard P.
Published: August 2022

A cattleya orchid clone (Cattleya labiata. Lindl.) grown in vitro at 7 concentrations of iron chelate prepared according to the method Steiner and van Winden at 0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 20, 40 ppm showed the most growth at 0 to 10 ppm and reduced growth at 20 and 40 ppm. Iron concentration of the tissue was 486 ppm at the beginning of the study and varied from 33 to 2880 ppm on dry weight basis at the end of 17 weeks. The number of propagules at the end of the study varied with tissue fresh weight.
The Effect of Photoperiod on Lateral Shoot Development in Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. Improved White Sim1
Authors: Heins R. D. , Wilkins H. F. , Healy W. E.
Published: August 2022

Long photoperiods (either naturally long days or 4-hour night interruptions with low intensity incandescent light) inhibited lateral shoot development and induced early flowering in perpetual flowering carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus). Short photoperiods delayed flowering but enhanced lateral shoot development only when shoots were vegetative. Once a shoot was induced, short photo periods had no influence on time to terminal shoot flower or on subtending vegetative lateral shoot development. Vegetative lateral shoot development was inhibited by night interruption lighting regardless of light source. These data indicate that high flower production in Spring and summer is due to lateral vegetative shoots which begin elongation and growth during the non-flower inductive short days of winter. At higher latitudes low production of flowers may not entirely be due to low photo-synthetic light but to the low number of lateral shoots. This low number of potential flowering shoots is due to highly inductive long days of summer which have caused shoots to flower before subtending lateral shoots can begin growth for future flower production.
Using Plant Uptake to Determine Optimum Values for Soil Tests1
Authors: Holcomb E. J. , White J. W.
Published: August 2022

Plants of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. grown on a constant fertilization program were analyzed for elemental content, and the growing mix was analyzed by 3 different soil test methods. Optimum values for the nutrients reported by each of the soil tests were determined by using plant uptake data.
Growth Pattern of ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees with Dead Spur Disorder1
Authors: Klaren C. H. , Ketchie D. O.
Published: August 2022

Spur wood and spur bark of ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees affected by dead spur disorder (DS) grew more vigorously than those of healthy (CK) trees the first 2 years. Buds were smaller on DS than on CK trees. Leaves were smaller on DS than on CK trees on 2-year-old and older limb sections. DS trees produced most fruit on 2-year-old limb sections, whereas CK trees produced most fruit on 3-year-old limb sections. Length and diameter growth of the limbs was unaffected, but the internode length was shorter on DS than on CK trees. Death of the spurs was preceded by bud failure in the spring.
Cuticular Waxes of Developing Leaves and Fruit of Blueberry, Vaccinium ashei Reade cv. Bluegem1
Authors: Freeman B. , Albrigo L. G. , Biggs R. H.
Published: August 2022

An ultrastructural and chemical study of the cuticular waxes from leaves and fruits of rabbiteye blue-berry was conducted in North Central Florida between March and November 1977. Leaf epicuticular wax con-centration was relatively constant (75-83 µg/cm2) for the 40 days of leaf expansion following leaf emergence. Epicuticular wax reached a peak of 136 µg/cm2 in mid-May, 3-4 weeks after full leaf expansion. Levels declined thereafter to less than 70 µg/cm2 by October. The concentration of fruit surface wax increased from 159 µg/cm2, 24 days after full bloom, to 295 µg/cm2 at maturity. β-Diketones, the dominant leaf surface wax fraction for the first 100 days (34-54% of total wax) declined to less than 9% in October. Acidic triterpenoids increased from 10-12% to more than 40% of total wax and primary alcohols increased from 10% to 20-30%. Secondary alcohols, initially 22% of total leaf wax, were not detected after the first month. Fruit surface wax was chemically similar to the leaf surface wax with β-diketones increasing to 50-60% of the total. The surface wax on leaves and fruit was made up of a dense network of interlocking branched rodlets (closed tubes). Disappearance of rodlet struc-ture on the leaves coincided with the decline of total wax and β-diketones. These data are discussed with respect to leaf and fruit water relations.
Alternative Hand- and Machine-harvest Technologies for Cauliflower1
Authors: Zahara M. , Johnson S. S.
Published: August 2022

Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. Botrytis group) is a multiple-harvest crop, typically with 4 to 6 harvests. This study examines 4 alternative methods of cauliflower harvest, namely, the loader, trailer, improved trailer, and mechanical harvester systems. Relative efficiencies among the hand systems were indicated both by man-hours/ha, in which the trailer system was the lowest, and by man-hours/unit of product, in which the improved trailer system was the lowest. Due to yield differences and other factors, it was impossible to distinguish any overall low cost hand system; each system had areas of comparative advantage in either motivation of workers, delivery system, or in the offsetting of higher packing shed costs. While no machine harvesting system was in full-time operation, anticipated costs of the system indicated a significant cost advantage over the hand systems at all but low yields.
Influence of Acclimatization on Carbohydrate Production and Translocation of Ficus benjamina L.1
Authors: Milks R. R. , Joiner J. N. , Garard L. A. , Conover C. A. , Tjia B.
Published: August 2022

Increasing shade decreased carbohydrate levels in Ficus benjamina leaves and roots during production. Increased shade during production decreased root carbohydrate during the interior holding phase and increased fertilizer during production increased root carbohydrate. Root and shoot carbohydrate was reduced during holding. Results of all variables correlated with keeping qualities.
Effects of Cultivar, Irrigation, Ethephon, and Harvest Date on the Yield and Quality of Processing Tomatoes1
Authors: Williams J. W. , Sistrunk W. A.
Published: August 2022

A 2-year study was conducted on the effects of cultivar, irrigation, ethephon (1976 and 1977) and harvest date (1977) on yield distribution and quality attributes of canned tomatoes. The Arkansas selections 74-41 and 74-42 produced higher yields of canning ripe tomatoes than either ‘Chico III’ or ‘Roma VF’ in 1976, while 74-41 and ‘UC-134’ yielded higher than ‘Chico III’ and ‘Roma VF’ in 1977. Ethephon increased the yield of canning ripe fruit in 1976 but not in 1977 when rainfall was higher. Selections 74-41 and 74-42 were highest in % drained weight retention in 1976 and % drained weight retention, viscosity and USDA color scores in 1977 when compared with other cultivars tested. Percent soluble and total solids changed with cultivar, year, harvest date, and irrigation. There was an increase in viscosity, % soluble and total solids, and shearpress values at higher density levels in selection 74-41 as compared to little or no change in ‘Roma VF’. Viscosity was also affected by irrigation and treatment with ethephon.
Performance of Mature Nucellar ‘Redblush’ Grapefruit on 22 Rootstocks in Texas.1
Authors: Rouse R. E. , Maxwell N. P.
Published: August 2022

Five-year mean yield from 14-year-old nucellar ‘Redblush’ (CES #3) grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) on 22 rootstocks was significantly greater on Swingle citrumelo 4475, C58-229 (Rangpur lime × Troyer citrange) and Troyer citrange than on the standard sour orange used in Texas. Percentage of commercially desirable fruit (size 96 and larger) was greatest on rootstocks having the highest yield. The yield of trees on nine rootstocks may have been affected by phytophthora foot rot.
A Comparison of Turfgrass Clippings, Oat Straw, and Alfalfa as Mulching Material1
Authors: Shearman R. C. , Steinegger D. H. , Kinbacher E. J. , Riordan T. P.
Published: August 2022

Oat straw mulch reduced plant production and quality. Turfgrass clipping mulch produced 2.5 times the fresh plant weight of the no mulch treatment and 5 times that of the oat straw mulch. All mulches reduced weeds when compared to no mulch. Alfalfa hay and turfgrass clippings were more effective than oat straw. Water vapor loss and soil temperatures were reduced by the mulches. Soil moisture beneath the oat straw was less than the other mulches. Oat straw had the lowest N content but did not reflect lower N in plants growing in it. Kentucky bluegrass mulch ranked best of the species tested, perennial ryegrass was second. While, tall fescue, fine fescue, and buffalograss were intermediate in ranking. Creeping bentgrass gave the poorest performance and ranked the same as the no mulch treatment.
Anthocyanins of Anthurium andreanum Lind.1
Authors: Iwata R. Y. , Tang C. S. , Kamemoto H.
Published: August 2022

Anthocyanins in the spathes of Anthurium andreanum were identified as cyanidin 3-rhamnosyIgluco-side and pelargonidin 3-rhamnosylglucoside. Both pigments were present in the red cultivars, ‘Ozaki’, Kaumana', ‘Kozohara’, ‘Kansako No. 1’, and ‘Nakazawa’, and in the pink cultivar, ‘Marian Seefurth’. The orange cultivar, ‘Nitta’, and the coral colored ‘Tateishi Coral’ contained only pelargonidin 3-rhamnosylglucoside.
Zinc Concentration of Pecan Leaflets and Yield as Influenced by Zinc Source and Adjuvants1
Authors: Smith Morris W. , Storey J. Benton
Published: August 2022

Tank mixing Uran (0.5% by weight) with ZnSO4 increased leaflet Zn concentration compared to ZnSO4 alone in pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch]. Zinc nitrate was more efficient than ZnSO4 in increasing leaflet Zn concentration especially if tank mixed with Uran (0.5%). Zn concentration of spray solutions can be reduced by 1/8 to ¼ of the current recommended rate of Zn at 86 g/100 liters of water as ZnSO4. Use of the lowest rate of Zn(NO3)2, 10.8 g/100 liters of water + Uran, increased yield and income over the recommended rate of ZnSO4.
Photosynthetic Measurements of Field-grown Dry Beans and Their Relation to Selection for Yield1
Authors: Kueneman E. A. , Wallace D. H. , Ludford P. M.
Published: August 2022

Photosynthetic rates were measured on leaves of the upper canopy of 5 cultivars of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in replicated yield trials at 2 spacings in 1975, and at 1 spacing in 1976 to verify whether short-time photosynthetic rate measurements made in the field using a diffusion porometer technique were correlated with yield. A significant positive correlation, r = 0.58, was found between photosynthetic rate and biological yield at the close spacing (10 × 10 cm) in 1975. This relationship was not observed at the wide spacing (20 × 20 cm) in 1975 nor at the 30 × 5 cm spacing used in 1976. Furthermore, photosynthetic rates were not significantly correlated with seed yield, nor were they correlated with either seed yield per day or biological yield per day in either year or at any spacing. Thus, it is unlikely that photosynthetic rates measured at one period of crop growth on a small portion of the total canopy will be a useful selection criterion in breeding programs.
Comparison of Conditioning, Precooling, Transit Method, and Use of a Floral Preservative on Cut Flower Quality1,2
Authors: Farnham D. S. , Byrne T. G. , Marousky F. J. , Durkin D. , Rij R. , Thompson J. F. , Kofranek A. M.
Published: August 2022

Excessive temperatures recorded within flower boxes on transcontinental refrigerated trucks were avoided by using an integrated system of preshipment cooling with forced-air, standardized containers and appropriate stacking pattern. The longevity and quality of flowers shipped from California to Florida by refrigerated trucks were comparable to or better than that of air-shipped flowers. Preshipment conditioning treatments did not improve flower longevity of shipped roses, carnations or gladioli. Preconditioning chrysanthemum stems in AgNo3 solution eliminated the need to recut stems after shipment. Carnations and gladioli handled dry lasted as long as conditioned flowers. Floral preservative used on roses and carnations after shipping had a more positive affect on longevity than any other handling treatment.
Field Response of Peas (Pisum Sativum L.) to Precipitation and Excess Heat1
Authors: Pumphrey F. V. , Ramig R. E. , Allmaras R. R.
Published: August 2022

Simple correlations between pea yields and October-through-March, April, May, and June precipitation were 0.52, –0.03, 0.22, and 0.44, respectively; the correlation between heat degree (above 25.6°C) day sum during blooming and pod filling with yield was –0.42. Multiple regression coefficients indicated that October-through-March, April, May, and June precipitation contributed 10, –3, 13, and 16 kg/ha per mm, respectively, to the yield. Each degree day above 25.6°C decreased the yield by 13 kg/ha. All coefficients except for April precipitation were highly significant. Approximately 65% of the year-to-year variation in pea yields was accounted for by these weather variables. Overwinter precipitation and excess heat each accounted for 27% of the pea yield variability. This model can be used to project pea yields based on the current moisture situation in this geographic area. Probabilistic description of weather information can be used along with this model to project probable pea yields.
Heterosis and Inbreeding Depression for Yield in Populations Derived from Six Crosses of Cucumber1
Authors: Ghaderi Ardeshir , Lower R. L.
Published: August 2022

Six crosses were made among eight cultivars and breeding lines of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Within each cross 11 populations (including parents) representing 5 levels of heterozygosis were studied. Data were collected on fruit weight/plot, fruit number/plot, average fruit weight and fruit bearing index. Regression analysis was used to partition differences associated with levels of heterozygosis into linear, quadratic, and lack of fit components. With the exception of one cross, heterozygosis had significant positive effects on all characters. Linear responses of all populations to heterozygosis were highly significant for all characters in 5 of the 6 crosses. Incidences of significant quadratic and lack of fit mean squares were low. For all traits, with the exception of some instances of interallelic interactions, a genetic model based on cumulative action of independent loci with partial dominance explains differences associated with levels of heterozygosis.
Analysis of Generation Means for Yield in Six Crosses of Cucumber1
Authors: Ghaderi Ardeshir , Lower R. L.
Published: August 2022

Six crosses were produced from 8 breeding lines and cultivars of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Within each cross, 11 generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, F3, BC1 5 BC2, BC1×1, BC1×2, BC2×1, BC2×2) were studied. Data were collected on fruit weight/plot, fruit number/plot, average fruit weight and fruit bearing index at 2 locations. Preliminary analyses indicated the adequacy of an additive-dominance model for all characters in most crosses. The model was extended to include environment and genotype × environment interactions. The model was either significant or highly significant for all characters in all crosses. Dominance was a major contributing factor in the inheritance of all 4 characters. This was evidenced by significant dominance effects and substantial amounts of heterosis for all characters in most crosses. Such heterotic effects were large enough to justify the cost of hybrid seed production. Low incidences of dominance × environment interactions provided evidence for the stability of hybrids under different environments. Additive effects were significant for certain characters in some crosses. Significant additive effects suggested the effectiveness of selection for development of superior parental genotypes. Various degrees of additive × environment interactions were obtained. The interactions suggested that effective selection for yield should be carried out under more than one environment.
The Effect of Cycle Length on Chilling Negation by High Temperatures in Dormant Peach Leaf Buds1
Authors: Erez A. , Couvillon G. A. , Hendershott C. H.
Published: August 2022

Leaf bud break of ‘Redhaven’ and ‘Redskin’ peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) following exposure of plants to temperature cycles of 1, 3, 6 and 9 days was examined. During each cycle the plants were exposed to 4°–6°C for 2/3 of the cycle length and 24° for the remaining 1/3 with all cycles repeated until the plants were exposed to a designated number of chilling hours. Thus, all plants within each treatment were exposed equally (in total) to chilling and heat. No lateral bud (LB) break occurred with ‘Redskin’ in the 1-day cycle, a low level was obtained in the 3-day cycle and good bud break occurred in the continuous chilling control and the 6 and 9 day cycles. With ‘Redhaven’ no LB break was evident in the 1 day cycle while the 3, 6, and 9 day cycles responded similar to the continuous chilling control. From these data it was concluded that chilling (4°-6°) accumulated during the 20 to 40 hrs prior to the onset of high temperature was susceptible to high temperature negation.
Relationships and Interactions between Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase, Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase Inactivating System, and Anthocyanin in Apples1
Authors: Tan Soon Chye
Published: August 2022

Low temperature (6°C) in light stimulated the accumulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and anthocyanin and reduced the level of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase inactivating system (PALS-IS) in the skin of whole apples. Without light, anthocyanin synthesis did not take place in the skin of whole apples, and the level of PAL was found to be very low. In skin disks held in the dark, however, PAL activity increased but no anthocyanin was synthesized. In both the light and dark conditions, PAL-IS in the skin of whole apples was about 3.5 times higher than that in the apple skin disks after 44 hours of incubation at 18°. In the skin of whole apples, cycloheximide (10, 25, and 50 μm), chloramphenicol (50, 100, and 200 μm), and puromycin (10 and 25 μm) increased the accumulation of PAL and anthocyanin and reduced the level of PAL-IS. In the apple skin disks, cycloheximide (0.1, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 μm) and chloramphenicol (10.0 and 50.0 μm) inhibited the accumulation of PAL and anthocyanin to varying degrees. Puromycin had little effect on the accumulation of PAL but strongly inhibited the synthesis of anthocyanin. None of the antibiotics, at the concentrations tested, had any effect on the accumulation of PAL-IS in apple skin disks.
An Orchard Foliage Temperature Model1
Authors: Welles J. M. , Norman J. M. , Martsolf J. D.
Published: August 2022

A model that computes orchard foliage temperature distributions in a heated orchard is described. The energy balance for individual foliage elements is computed, considering thermal radiation from the environment, plus the radiative and convective effects of an array of orchard heaters. The model is used to analyze various heater configurations and densities, and to determine rates of fuel consumption required for frost protection. The results indicate that radiative heating of the foliage by the heaters is as important as convective heating of the air, even though only one-fifth of the fuel contributes to radiation emission. Further, results suggest several simple passive methods for increasing the efficiency of orchard heating.
Sensory, Compositional, and Volatile Attributes of Controlled Atmosphere Stored Peaches1
Authors: Watada Alley E. , Anderson Raymond E. , Aulenbach Barbara B.
Published: August 2022

Sensory and compositional attributes including low boiling point flavor volatiles of peaches [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cvs. ‘Redskin’ and ‘Rio Oso Gem’] stored in a controlled atmosphere were analyzed. Intensities of fruitiness of ‘Redskin’ and acidity of both cultivars decreased during the 9- and 15-week storage periods. Intensities of bitterness, mustiness, and fermented attribute were low but were sufficient to affect desirability. Volatile and nonvolatile components accounted for some of the variation in sensory attributes. The amount of variation explained by components increased when volatile peak areas were converted to logarithms for the stepwise multiple regression analysis.
Asynchrony of Floral Events and Other Differences in Pollinator Foraging Stimuli between Fertile and Male-sterile Carrot Inbreds1,2
Authors: Erickson E. H. , Peterson C. E.
Published: August 2022

The inability to achieve adequate pollination of seed parents has slowed the development of hybrid carrots (Daucus carota L.) and dampened industry acceptance. Thus, cytoplasmically male-sterile inbreds and F1 seed parents were compared with their fertile counterparts for synchrony of floral events and character of pollinator foraging stimuli. Usually, but not always, male-sterile plants were visually different, bloomed later, and exhibited delayed nectar and aroma production compared to male-fertiles. The quality and quantity of nectar and aroma were also different, with male-sterile flowers often inferior to fertile flowers in amounts of nectar produced. Successful use of any cross-pollinated entomophilous hybrid crop system should involve selection for similar floral characteristics early in the breeding program to insure maximum transfer by insects of pollen from male-fertile to male-sterile parents.
Comparison of Urea Foliar Sprays Containing Hydrocarbon or Silicone Surfactants with Soil-applied Nitrogen in Maintaining the Leaf Nitrogen Concentration of Prune Trees1
Authors: Leece D. R. , Dirou J. F.
Published: August 2022

The ability of urea foliar sprays containing hydrocarbon or silicone surfactants to maintain leaf N concentration in mature prune (Prunus domestica L.) trees was tested in a non-irrigated commercial orchard near Young, New South Wales. In 1976-77, foliar-applied N was as effective in maintaining leaf N concentration as soil-applied N on a g for g N basis, but a silicone surfactant which enabled sprays to completely wet leaves and to spontaneously penetrate open stomata, was no more effective in terms of leaf N concentration than a conventional hydrocarbon surfactant. In 1977-78, a drought year, foliar-applied N was more effective than soil-applied N. However, the silicone surfactant was less effective than the hydrocarbon, as run-off was excessive and the spray film dried very rapidly. Inclusion of the humectant glycerol in the silicone sprays retarded the rate of drying and eliminated the difference between the surfactants. A combination of soil and foliar N is suggested as a means of maximizing control of tree N status in most years. However, conventional surfactants appear to be slightly superior to silicone surfactants in high-volume spraying.
Greenhouse Microclimate for Tomatoes in the Southeast1
Authors: Harper L. A. , Pallas J. E. , Bruce R. R. , Jones J. B.
Published: August 2022

Glasshouse microclimate during 3 growth periods in the Southern Piedmont region of the United States was characterized. An increase in density of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) by one-third, which doubled radiation interception, was suggested by early observations. Maintenance of clean glass surfaces was found to be particularly important during cloudy weather. There was no significant difference between mean air temperature and mean rooting media temperature in the raised beds used. CO2 concentration was found to be low (240 ppm) when fans were not circulating outside air. CO2 generators, installed to increase greenhouse CO2 levels, were not effective possibly because control was inadequate. The use of CO2 enrichment requires further study under Southeastern conditions. Relative humidity remained below the recommended 90% in the green-house except during cloudy-mild weather. Although inside relative humidity was generally less than outside relative humidity, values ranged from 90 to 100%.
The Use of Ethephon to Regulate Sex Expression of Summer Squash for Hybrid Seed Production1
Authors: Shannon S. , Robinson R. W.
Published: August 2022

Recommended rates of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) application did not prevent staminate flower formation on summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) sufficient to permit hybrid seed production without defloration. The field experiments were conducted in commercial fields in which flower development occurred during warm long day conditions, which promote maleness in squash. A strongly female ‘Cocozelle’ inbred, a strongly male ‘Straightneck’ inbred and a very strongly male ‘Crookneck’ inbred were treated at several seedling stages with rates up to 600 ppm ethephon. Two applications of 400 to 600 ppm ethephon resulted in development of the fewest staminate flowers without significantly reducing seed yield or quality. The ‘Crookneck’ inbred was least responsive to ethephon.
Evaluation of a Refrigerated Barge-on-ship System and Loading Patterns for Postharvest Quality of Exported Texas Grapefruit1
Authors: Camp T. H. , Carter W. W.
Published: August 2022

The performance of a prototype refrigerated barge-on-ship system and arrival condition of grapefruit were evaluated. No differences were observed between boxes stacked in register or stacked on pallets except significantly more bruising in palletized fruit. Weight loss of the fruit was minimal. Pulp temperatures in both register and pallet stacks reached the optimum transit temperature of 10°C within 72 hours after the refrigeration system began operating. Humidity levels remained constant at 95% once optimum pulp temperatures were reached. Quality of the grapefruit was considered excellent upon arrival. No significant differences in arrival quality of the fruit, except bruising, could be found between shipping the fruit on pallets or stacking in register.
Phosphorus Nutrition of Young ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Trees Growing in Gravel Culture1
Authors: Benson N. R. , Covey R. P.
Published: August 2022

‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) growing in gravel culture required a minimum of 0.088% P in mature leaves for continued shoot growth. Immature leaves were found to be a better index of P nutrition than mature leaves. A correlation of r = 0.959 was obtained between growth as indicated by increase in trunk circumference and percentage P over the range of 0.05 to 0.35% P in immature leaves and r = 0.84 over the range 0.055 to 0.188% P for mature leaves.
Growth and Tissue Composition of Sweet Corn as Affected by Nitrogen Source, Nitrapyrin, and Season
Authors: Rudert B. D. , Locascio S. J.
Published: August 2022

In the paper, Growth and Tissue Composition of Sweet Corn as Affected by Nitrogen Source, Nitrapyrin, and Season by B.D. Rudert and S J. Locascio (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 104(4):520-523. 1979), there is an error in Table 2. The last 4 columns of data for Spring 1977 should be moved over 1 column to the right. The dry weights column for Spring 1977 should be blank.
Chicory: A Valuable Source of Resistance to Turnip Mosaic for Endive and Escarole1
Authors: Provvidenti R. , Robinson R. W. , Shail J. W.
Published: August 2022

In greenhouse tests, domestic and foreign accessions of Cichorium endivia L. were susceptible to turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), the most common and often destructive virus occurring in late plantings of endive and escarole in the Northeast United States, whereas those of chicory (C. intybus L.) and C. pumilum Jacq. were resistant. Thus, chicory represents a valuable source of TuMV resistance for interspecific gene transfer to endive and escarole. Resistance was dominant in F1 plants of C. intybus × C. endivia.
Multivariate Analysis of Genetic Diversity for Yield and its Components in Mung Bean1
Authors: Ghaderi A. , Shishegar M. , Rezai A. , Ehdaie B.
Published: August 2022

Sixteen genotypes of mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek var. radiata) were subjected to 18 treatment combinations (environments) resulting from 3 levels of N, 3 planting densities, and 2 planting times. Measurements were made on yield and its components: pods per plant, seeds per pod, and seed weight. Cluster analysis was used to provide an index of similarity of the genotypes for each character. Genetic similarity of the genotypes, as indicated by a “one-trait-at-a-time” analysis, is reflected in their phenetic similarity in an 18 dimensional space corresponding to the 18 environments. No relationship between geographic distribution and genetic diversity was obtained for all characters. Information on the diversity of the components of yield would be useful in choosing parents that yield superior progenies. Pods per plant was the most important component followed by seeds per pod, and seed weight. Selection of parents for the component characters, with regard to high performance and genetic diversity, are expected to follow the same order.
Effect of Contact Application of Glyphosate and 2,4-D on Black Barrenberry under Greenhouse Conditions1
Authors: Yarborough David E. , Ismail Amr A. , Hepler Paul R.
Published: August 2022

A greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the herbicidal effects of N-phosphonomethylglycine (glyphosate) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on black barrenberry Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell. Phytotoxicity symptoms were more evident and regrowth was less in plants receiving 2,4-D than those treated with glyphosate. Placement of herbicides on all foliage caused more visual injury than placement on half the foliage but did not influence survival. Higher rates of both herbicides resulted in more injury and reduction in plant survival than the lower rates.
Net Photosynthesis of Three Foliage Plants under Low Irradiation Levels1
Authors: Pass R. G. , Hartley David E.
Published: August 2022

Net CO2 exchange, dark respiration, light compensation points, and light acclimatization rates were determined for Brassaia actinophyIla Endl., Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott ‘Bostoniensis’, and Epipremnum aureum (Linden & Andre) Bunt under 4 irradiation levels. These 3 species exhibited increased rates of net CO2 uptake and decreased rates of dark respiration at the lowest irradiances, indicating an increase in photosynthetic efficiency. They demonstrated a 1.4 to 5.0 fold reduction in light compensation points over a 7 week period of acclimatization. Brassaia actinophylla reached its minimum light compensation point in 5 weeks, Epipremnum aureum in 3 weeks, and Nephrolepsis exaltata ‘Bostoniensis’ never reached a fixed light compensation point.