bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Thinking and Feeling: Extending Assessment beyond Behaviour
Authors: McNamara Eddie
Published: March 2003

There has long been a potential tension between advocates of ‘behavioural approaches’ and advocates of ‘counselling approaches’, particularly in relation to work with pupils with special needs. The appeal of the cognitive behavioural approach described in this paper is that it integrates both the cognitive (counselling) and behavioural strategies. Thus the effectiveness of each approach can be used to enhance the effectiveness of the other. The writer argues that this leads to a more effective intervention than either approach used on its own. It also moves away from an almost total emphasis on the environmental determinants of behaviour towards a model which gives due weight to the feelings and thoughts of the pupils.
Quantifying Stress in Children
Authors: Rennie Ewen
Published: March 2003

Today there is a greater awareness than hitherto of the existence and effects of pupil stress. There is also the recognition that the causes of pupil stress may be increasing in number and seriousness. However, recognition of this situation does not necessarily increase our understanding of it. In this paper, Ewen Rennie provides an example of the ways in which greater understanding might be achieved. A group of teachers were asked to rate the degree of stress engendered by a number of events. Though the results revealed significant differences from those of similar work undertaken in the past, their real value would be as a basis for comparison with the perceptions of parents and pupils.
Dealing with the Aftermath of Child Sexual Abuse: A Reflection on Three Case Examples
Authors: Skinner Julie
Published: March 2003

This paper is based upon three stories which were told by respondents in a study of how survivors, mothers of survivors and teachers of survivors cope in the aftermath of child sexual abuse. These stories relate to interactions in the school or workplace and are discussed within the broader context of existing stereotypes and assumptions about abuse. The paper argues that assumptions about abuse can affect outcomes and can cause distress to others who become involved in dealing with it.
From Head of Year to Year Curriculum Coordinator and Back Again?
Authors: Lodge Caroline
Published: March 2003

This article is an account of the development of the course From Head of Year to Year Curriculum Coordinator? The story of its origins, its development and outcomes provides an opportunity to explore the impact of educational changes on conceptions of pastoral care, its management and organization, and how NAPCE has had to change the pattern and nature of its activities to support its members. It allows us to consider the enduring but changing role of the Head of Year.

Caroline Lodge worked for 25 years in urban comprehensive schools in Coventry and London, in many different roles (including Head of Year) before moving on. She is now occupied with earning a living as lecturer, writer, researcher, teacher, consultant and trainer and is also a student.
The Cross‐Curriculum Manager: Maximizing the Potential of Learners
Authors: Reading Mike
Published: March 2003

Mike Reading happened to visit the NAPCE stand at the Education Show, and commented that his school had found the NAPCE resource pack From Head of Year to Year Curriculum Coordinator? very useful in their developments. So a while later he was contacted to write an account for the journal!

This account gives a sense of the particular flavour of the school, which Mike himself suggests is unusual, and also the ways in which one role can become more highly connected and central to the school, especially if it is contributing to an explicit focus on learning.

Mike is Key Stage Manager at George Spencer Foundation School and Technology College. He trained at The University College of Ripon and York St John, and started his career in education as a Religious Education teacher in Oldham before being Head of Department in Grantham. From this position he was appointed to a senior role in his present school. He has studied the contribution which Quality Management makes to secondary school management and gained a Masters degree at Nottingham Trent University.
‘No One’s Told Me to F**k Off!’: Four Years Working with Disaffected Year 11 Pupils (without a PRU)
Authors: Barrow Giles
Published: March 2003

Since 1994, Merton LEA has developed a distinctive approach to providing education for disaffected pupils in Year 11. The process involved closing the local off‐site unit and integrating resources into the authority’s behaviour support service. This article describes the development of what is now called the Year 11 Programme. The discussion focuses on some of the positive outcomes for students and highlights problems associated with the approach. It also provides a commentary on the work in a changing national context.
A Total System of Classroom Management: Consistent, Flexible, Practical and Working
Authors: Kavanagh Shirley
Published: March 2003

Approaches to discipline derived in one way or another from the work of Lee Canter have become popular in recent years in this country. Interpretation varies between well‐developed versions with a key concern for the support of pupils through consistency to the truncated and punitive approaches which no longer really reflect Canter’s aims. The approach described in this paper owes its origins to the work of Canter and is of the well‐developed type, but the school has taken things a stage further in terms of the quest for consistency through the development of a database. The writer explains the operation of this and the benefits the school feel have resulted.
Personal and Social Education and Teacher Development in Hong Kong
Authors: Pattie Luk
Published: March 2003

This paper looks at the developmental needs of teachers in relation to facilitating the personal and social development of students. It goes on to describe a module, ‘Personal and Social Education’, offered to all pre‐service teachers in the Hong Kong Institute of Education which aims at equipping trainee teachers to carry out the guidance role of a teacher in the context of Hong Kong, particularly in the role of a class teacher. It concludes with the results of a survey seeking the views of these trainees on the module they had undertaken.
Postgraduate Certificate in Guidance and Pupil Support: The Impact of the Course on Practice
Authors: Holm Leila , Knights Claude , Tuson Jennifer
Published: March 2003

This paper reports an investigation into the impact of a postgraduate certificate in guidance and pupil support on the practice of its recent graduands. The Certificate is one delivered within the Postgraduate Award Scheme of Northern College. The writers’ investigation showed that the course had a major impact on graduands’ professional practice, particularly in their effective use of enhanced interpersonal skills and counselling approach. Given the current climate, work which demonstrates the value of training in relation to the affective area is particularly valuable. A full report of the study is available from Northern College.
Informal Counselling Services in Israel: A Challenge for the School Counsellor
Authors: Romi Shlomo
Published: March 2003

This article focuses on the characteristics of informal counselling services (such as young people’s counselling services or telephone counselling services) in Israel and gives examples of existing services. Manifest characteristics of the counselling services and psychological therapy in the public formal systems and informal systems, as well as a survey of updated literature on the subject of community voluntary psychological counselling services is presented. The informal counselling services are a challenge for school counsellors as supplementary to additional services given in school and offer the possibility of the integration of school counsellors into these programmes.
From ‘Form Teacher’ to ‘Tutor’: The Development from the Fifties to the Seventies
Authors: Marland Michael
Published: March 2003

Michael Marland has drawn on his own experiences and the recollections of others to chart the development of the role of the form tutor in the post–war era. Through the memories of key people who were once in the roles of head teachers, LEA officers and tutors themselves, a picture emerges of schools adapting to meet the perceived needs of young people, by establishing form masters, houses and eventually the emergence of the tutor. This historical journey points to the enduring purpose of pastoral care, and to the enduring value of the tutor’s role in the care and guidance of the individual pupil. It also helps us to understand some of the difficulties and differences in the perception of the tutor’s role, for example by revisiting the ‘tutor ascendant – tutor subordinate’ continuum.
What Are We Talking About?
Authors: Nguyen Tony , Blechman Frank
Published: March 2003

This article reviews a study of five leading journals of the field of conflict resolution and peace. It tabulates the importance of five elements in all articles appearing in these journals from 1990–2000. It finds that most articles address theory and practice, less address research, and a very small proportion are concerned with ethics or service. The study shows that this pattern largely is independent of the gender or intellectual base of the authors. Further, the study shows little change over the years. It concludes that the field systematically has neglected the impact of our thinking and work on those in conflict and suggests that we will imperil the further development of our field if we continue in this way.
From the Bottom Up: The Ramifications of the History of the New Jersey Committee for a SANE Nuclear Policy
Authors: Smith Allen
Published: March 2003

Local SANE activists, like the rest of the peace movement of the late fifties and early sixties, were more left and more female than heretofore understood. By contrast, national SANE's largely male, social–democratic leadership was more isolated and more autocratic than earlier portraits have acknowledged. The divisions of May 1960 arose with the group's founding and lasted into the new decade. However, one cannot understand the divisions, and thus understand the actual history of SANE, without studying the local level. New Jersey SANE, which was always SANE's most vibrant chapter, provides the lens through which this paper contributes to that fuller understanding.
Getting Away With Murder: Genocide and Western State Power
Authors: Rumney Philip N.S.
Published: March 2003

George J. Andreopoulos Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions
Law/Holocaust/Academy
Authors: DeCoste F.C.
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Richard H. Weisberg, Vichy Law and the Holocaust in France
Truth, Reconciliation and Justice: The South African Experience in Perspective
Authors: Asmal Kadar
Published: March 2003

The lecture examines the role and objectives of truth and reconciliation commissions in societies undergoing major political transitions, with particular reference to the model of South Africa, and compares this method to others suggested by international criminal law for accommodating both retributive and restorative responses to past conflicts and crimes against humanity.
Of Coase and Corn: A (Sort of) Defence of Private Nuisance
Authors: Campbell David
Published: March 2003

Drawing on the work of Coase, the essay argues for a reform of the law of nuisance based upon property rights rather than determinations of social welfare by the courts, and for the use of a reformed law of nuisance as the least flawed method of regulating the environment in many situations compared to other techniques of regulation. The argument is developed and illustrated by reference to several contemporary issues, including genetically modified crops.
The Development of Family Law in the Twentieth Century: Informed Reform or Campaigns and Compromises?
Authors: Reece Helen
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Stephen Cretney, Law, Law Reform and the Family
Sexual Orientation Discrimination after Grant v South‐West Trains
Authors: Bamforth Nicholas
Published: March 2003

In Grant v South‐West Trains [1998] ECR I‐621, the European Court of Justice implied that, as a general matter, discrimination against an employee on the ground of sexual orientation did not violate Article 141 EC. This article argues that Grant rests on shaky foundations, in that it is conceptually inconsistent with the Court’s earlier decision in P v S and Cornwall County Council [1996] ECR I‐2143. Furthermore, the scope of Grant has since been qualified by decisions of the European Court of Human Rights – decisions which may well have undermined the status of the case more broadly. However these difficulties are ultimately resolved, the Court of Justice’s treatment of sexual orientation discrimination exposes flaws in its approach as a self‐proclaimed constitutional court.
The Legality of the Image
Authors: Douzinas Costas
Published: March 2003

Intimate links exist between political power, law and images. Theology, philosophy and law have always developed elaborate rules about visuality. The iconophilic and iconoclastic traditions complemented one another and combined to construct subjectivity and to reconcile humanity with finitude. In modernity, law replaced religion and philosophy conceptualised legality through the aesthetic category of the sublime. The law understands the importance of the governance of images for the maintenance of the social bond and helps organise a regime of permitted images and forbidden idols which amounts to a complex legal administration of aesthetics and a related aesthetic organisation of law.
Marbury v Madison at 200: Revisionist Scholarship and the Legitimacy of American Judicial Review
Authors: O’Neill Johnathan
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

William E. Nelson, Marbury v Madison: The origins and Legacy of Judicial Review
Déjà vu in International Law
Authors: Cryer Robert
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Martti Koskenniemi, The Gentle Civilizer of Nations: The Rise and Fall of International Law 1870–1960
Music and Cultural Theory
Authors: Gloag Kenneth
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed:

Music and Cultural Theory: John Shepherd and Peter Wicke.
Qoheleth and the Existential Legacy of the Holocaust
Authors: Christianson Eric S.
Published: March 2003

This article explores thematic parallels between the book of Ecclesiastes and the reflections and memories of Holocaust survivors. The three themes touched on find expression in the post‐World War II existentialist literature which sought to respond to the incomprehensibility of the Holocaust: the role of extreme circumstances, (confrontation with) absurdity, and (particularly in relation to the legacy of the Holocaust) the individual struggle with, or against, death and fate. It is existentialist philosophy, then, that provides the categories for the comparison.

Although one cannot (indeed, should not) presume an experiential likeness between Qoheleth’s narrative and the real suffering of Holocaust victims, Qoheleth’s observations and lamentation about the absurdity of his own experience resonate a great deal with the (remembered) experience of the Holocaust’s survivors.
Alliteration and the Sacred: A Study of ‘Be Fertile and Increase’
Authors: Goff Matthew
Published: March 2003

The Hebrew Bible is a richly crafted text, teeming with wonderful examples of narrative artistry, not only of how it arranges words, but how it arranges sounds. If the structure of the narrative can help us interpret possible meanings, then it would seem that the phonetic elements of the text can also assist us in the larger task of interpretation (an underexploited resource for the biblical scholar). This article gives an example of how the rhythmic repetition of sound elements contribute to interpretation through the example of the richly alliterative phrase, peru urbu umil’u. The article examines its occurrences in Genesis. It is found ten times (in several grammatical forms), five in the Primeval History, five in the Patriarchal History. Close readings of these occurrences are used to show how the rhythmic arrangement of sounds contributes to the development of the themes at critical junctures of the narrative. When the phrase ‘be fruitful and multiply’ is found in direct speech by God to a human, the phrase is endowed with a tremendous amount of alliteration; when the phrase is found in human speech there is a great deal less. In this example, then, it would seem alliteration is being used to distinguish human from divine speech. As modern readers, it is very easy for us to forget the oral context in which these stories emerged, that most people heard, rather than read, them. So it seems completely reasonable to suggest that, in this one example, phonetic artistry is being used to make it easier for the listener of the text to understand that he has just heard the voice of God.
Divine Infinity in Thomas Aquinas: I. Philosophico‐Theological Background
Authors: Burns Robert M.
Published: March 2003

A reassessment of Aquinas’s doctrine of divine infinity, particularly in the light of the previous history of the concept within Western philosophy and theology. From the critical perspective provided by this history the central place which has been claimed for it in Aquinas’s thinking is questioned, as are also its originality and coherence. The notion that the doctrine of divine infinity was introduced to Western thought by Judaeo‐Christianity is rejected; from Anaximander onwards it had been a central concept in Greek philosophy. Aristotle however had rejected it so effectively that, for several centuries afterwards, it seems to have led an ‘underground’ existence until it finally surfaces again in ‘Gnostic’ and related currents of thought. It is from these circles that it finally, and after some resistance, patchily entered orthodox Christian thinking. Likewise Plotinus was not the source of the doctrine, as some have claimed; historical precedence must be given to the Gnostics. Neoplatonism never, despite the prestige of Plotinus, fully accepted the doctrine; in Proclus it is a subordinate emanation from the One, which is beyond Infinity and Infinitude. Nor, because of the influence of Aristotle, does Islamic Neoplatonized Aristotelianism endorse the doctrine. Aquinas’s commitment to it seems to stem from the impact of John of Damascus’s stress upon the doctrine, the translation of whose work greatly influenced Western theology from the late twelfth century onward, together with his need to distance himself from the restrictions of the divine power and freedom found in the Arabic Aristotelian philosophers, whom, in general, he regarded as philosophical authorities. But his position on the doctrine is flawed by equivocation and self‐contradiction, flowing from his attempt to reconcile Christian personalist theism with Neoplatonized Aristotleain necessitarian monism.
The Devil's Dilemma in Flaubert' Saint Antony
Authors: Jacquette Dale
Published: March 2003

In La Téntation de Saint Antoine Gustave Flaubert dramatizes a philosophical exchange about the nature of divine providence and the efficacy of petitionary prayer. The Devil and Antony consider the question of whether God can be called upon for relief from suffering. The Saint assumes as popular religion teaches that it is possible to ask for God's help in emergency situations, while the Devil poses a dilemma to challenge Antony's faith. The Devil seeks to expose contradictions in some of the beliefs Antony holds about God's infinite perfection. The Devil's argument purports to prove that God is not a person, and that for this reason God is inaccessible to human interaction. The Devil's dilemma is supposed to be this:

(1) If God as an infinitely perfect being created the universe, then divine providence is not needed [does not exist].

(2) If divine providence is needed [exists], then the universe is defective [not the creation of God as an infinitely perfect being].

Although these look at first to be the opposite poles of an excluded middle, propositions (1) and (2) are mere contrapositives. Since the Devil's propositions (1) and (2) are logically equivalent, the Devil can only proceed to the conclusion that God does not exist or that divine providence is not needed or does not exist paradoxically by assuming that God exists or that divine providence is needed or exists. Yet if divine providence is needed or exists, then God exists as its divine source. If the Devil is supposed to succeed by logic, his dilemma as Flaubert portrays it is powerless to prove that the only reasonable religious attitude is an impassionate metaphysical acknowledgement of the existence of an impersonal infinitely perfect Substance, which is absolute unchanging unmoveable Being.
Religious Experience: A Sociological Perspective
Authors: Hornsby‐Smith Michael P.
Published: March 2003

This paper draws on a wide range of researches to stress the importance of social context to the sociological understanding of religious experiences. It argues that individualistic definitions fail to take into account real group experiences such as those resulting from the reforms of Vatican II. For the sociologist, it is important to explore general patterns of group experiences and the meanings attributed to them. The paper discusses some of the methodological and conceptual problems in this area before considering evidence for the patterning of religious experience according to differences of generation, gender, class, level of urbanization, institutional involvement, and status inconsistency. The paper concludes by locating religious experiences in the context of modernity. In contrast to related theories of secularization, it draws attention to the recent work of Hervieu‐Léger which suggests that utopian future expectations create space which can only be met by new forms of religious experience.
Homo Orans: Von Balthasar's Christocentric Philosophical Anthropology
Authors: Harrison Victoria S.
Published: March 2003

Hans Urs von Balthasar's philosophical anthropology is the premise not only of his religious epistemology, but also of his whole theological enterprise. The importance of his anthropology to the rest of his theology is often overlooked, because its fundamentals are set out in an early work to which little critical attention has been given: Das Betrachtende Gebet– a work which emphasizes the “necessity of prayer”. According to von Balthasar, in praying, one encounters God, and it is through this encounter that one can attain authentic personal identity and genuine fulfilment. In short, what this early work indicates is a conception of humanity as homo orans.
Inscrutable Evil and Scepticism
Authors: Beaudoin John
Published: March 2003

Philosophical theologians have in recent years revived and cast in sophisticated form a non‐theodical approach to defeating probabilistic arguments from evil. In this article I consider and reject the claim that their emphasis on the epistemic gap separating us from God entails a radical form of scepticism. I then argue, however, that proponents of this view cannot escape and unattractive theological scepticism.
James Fodor's Christian Theory of Truth: Is it Christian?
Authors: Davis Richard
Published: March 2003

The ‘task confronting contemporary theology’, says James Fodor, ‘is that of the rehabilitation or recovery of a distinctively Christian vision of truth’ (Christian Hermeneutics[Oxford, 1995] p. 72). In this paper I examine Fodor's attempt to construct a Christian or transformational theory of truth. I argue that his analysis of truth in terms of transformation leads to a concept of truth which is both subjective and relative. I argue further that Fodor's truth theory is either committed to a version of creative anti‐realism, according to which the existence of basic structure of the world is determined by our linguistic activities, or it implies that although our language doesn't correspond to the world, we should go on making our theological truth claims anyway. I conclude that Fodor's Christian theory of truth is in most crucial respects not Christian at all.
Reality and Existence in Anselm
Authors: Priest Stephen
Published: March 2003

It is a premise of a widely endorsed putative refutation of Anselm's ontological argument that ‘exists’ is not a predicate. This Note argues that although ‘exists’ has the superficial grammatical appearance of a predicate in the Proslogion, Anselm does not in fact rely on the premise that ‘exists’ is a logical predicate (or that existing is a property) in his putative proof. It follows that even if some argument for the conclusion that ‘exists’ is not a predicate is sound, that argument is not a refutation of Anselm's argument.
Reconsidering Absolute Omnipotence
Authors: Groarke Louis
Published: March 2003

Philosophical debate about the problem of evil derives, in part, from differing definitions of almighty power or omnipotence. Modern atheists such as John McTaggart, J. L. Mackie, Earl Condee, and Danny Goldstick maintain that an omnipotent God must be able to accomplish anything, even if it entails a contradiction. On this account, the Christian God cannot be omnipotent and benevolent, for a benevolent, omnipotent God would have forced free agents to desist from evil and this prevented the introduction of suffering into the world. It does not matter if the idea of creating free agents that were forced to be good entails a contradiction. On this account, a God who is truly omnipotent can perform contradictory feats.

In this paper, I argue that the atheistic tradition is mistaken. In the first place, even an absolutely omnipotent God could, as an act of benevolence, create a world in which there is suffering. In the second place, I argue that the concept of absolute omnipotence is fatally flawed. An absolutely omnipotent God would lack, in a decisive sense, power. He would be weak rather than strong. So the atheist's argument fails when it is evaluated in light of a more rational account of omnipotence and when it is carefully considered on its own terms.
The Problem of Ontotheology: Complicating the Divide Between Philosophy and Theology
Authors: Robbins Jeffrey W.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the problem of ontotheology as it was defined by Martin Heidegger, and how it has subsequently been approached by those philosophers and theologians who have followed in his wake. It argues that Heidegger’s initial analysis of the onto‐theological condition was mistaken by its presumption of a radical divide between philosophy and theology. Furthermore, many of the key thinkers who have followed after Heidegger have merely reinscribed this supposed divide between thought and faith, rather than genuinely questioning the terms Heidegger thought self‐evident. The result, even among some of the most radical and influential contemporary thinkers such as Emmanuel Levinas, John Caputo, and Jean‐Luc Marion, has been a contemporary philosophy deprived of questions of faith and a theology unaccountable to its place in the world. In response to this shortcoming of contemporary philosophical and theological thought, Jacques Derrida has approached the problem of ontotheology from the dual perspective of both thought and faith, and thereby, has provided a new path of thought beyond the problem of ontotheology and towards a renewed appreciation for the possibilities for a genuine philosophical theology.
The Trinitarian Metaphysics of Jonathan Edwards and Nicolas Malebranche
Authors: Reid Jasper
Published: March 2003

This paper explores both the striking similarities and also the differences between Jonathan Edwards and Nicolas Malebranche’s philosophical views on the Holy Trinity and, in particular, the ways in which they both gave important roles to specific Persons of the Trinity in the various different branches of their respective metaphysical systems—ontological, epistemological and ethical. It is shown that Edwards and Malebranche were in very close agreement on ontological questions pertaining to the Trinity, both with respect to the internal, triune nature of the divine substance (characterising the Three Persons as the divine power, as the consubstantial idea of God which was generated as He eternally reflected on Himself, and as the mutual love which proceeded between the Father and this idea), and also with respect to the various roles these Three Persons played in the creation of the world. In epistemology, Malebranche postulated an illuminating union between the mind of man and the divine Word, insisting on an absolutely direct involvement of the Second Person in all human cognition, both intellectual and sensible. On this point Edwards did differ, endorsing instead an empiricist epistemology which left no room for such a direct union with the Word. However, when it came to ethics, Edwards and Malebranche both gave the Third Person an utterly central role, postulating much the same kind of union as Malebranche alone had postulated in the epistemological case, only now between the will of man and the Holy Spirit.
‘Tarrying with the Negative’: Bataille and Derrida’s Reading of Negation in Hegel’s Phenomenology
Authors: Foshay Raphael
Published: March 2003

Central to Bataille’s critique of Hegel is his reading in ‘Hegel, Death, and Sacrifice’ of ‘negation’ and of ‘lordship and bondage’ in the Phenomenology of Spirit. Whereas Hegel invokes negation as inclusive of death, Bataille points out (following his teacher Kojeve) that negation in the dynamic of lordship and bondage must of necessity be representational rather than actual. Derrida, in ‘From Restricted to General Economy’ sees in Bataille’s perspective an undercutting of the overall Hegelian project consonant with his own ongoing deconstruction of Hegelian sublation. I argue that not only does Hegel fail to adequately pursue his own best advice to ‘tarry with the negative,’ but Bataille and Derrida’s critique misconstrues the relation between sublation and dialectic in Hegel’s work. I explicate Adorno’s ‘negative dialectic’ by way of alternative both to Hegelian speculative dialectic and to its Bataillean–Derridean deconstruction.
Henry VII, Chamber Finance and the ‘New Monarchy’: some new Evidence*
Authors: Grummitt David
Published: March 2003

This article re‐examines Henry VII's use of the king's chamber as the principal means of managing royal revenue. This is done in the light of the rediscovery of a series of account books belonging to two clerks of John Heron, treasurer of the chamber. This article challenges the assumption that Heron's account books are straightforward ledgers of royal income and expenditure. It also argues that stories of Henry's great wealth were not fables of Tudor propaganda and that the machinery of the chamber allowed the first two Tudors to employ effectively the private, as well as public, revenues. Moreover, Henry VII's methods of revenue management were not merely developments of Yorkist innovations but a concerted attempt to address some of the deep‐rooted fiscal problems of late‐medieval monarchy.
Sports and celebrations in English market towns, 1660–1750*
Authors: Griffin Emma
Published: March 2003

This article explores the recreational uses of streets and squares in the early modern market town. Late seventeenth-century financial accounts reveal civic authorities spending small sums on plebeian recreations—bonfires and bull-baitings—usually located in the market square. However, they also reveal a steady decline in municipal support for such recreations in the century following the Restoration. The author uses this evidence to argue that the early modern market place was an important communal space with a cultural significance as well as practical commercial value, and that the century following the Restoration saw the beginning of moves to clear plebeian sports and celebrations out of the public streets and confine the market place to traffic and trading.
‘I Love the Scent of Cordite in Your Hair’: Gender Dynamics in Mixed Anti‐Aircraft Batteries during the Second World War
Authors: De Groot Gerard J.
Published: March 2003

During the Second World War, labour shortages forced the British government to introduce women from the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) into anti‐aircraft batteries. The decision was controversial since it brought women closer to active combat than they had ever been in the past. In order to preserve the non‐combatant status of women, the female recruits were not allowed to load or fire the guns. Their roles were instead restricted to plotting and aiming. Though there was at first some resistance to the idea of mixed batteries, this came not from the Royal Artillery, but rather from senior officers in the ATS. This article examines the experiences of the women concerned, and of the men who fought with them. Special attention is given to the ways in which women were prevented from being fully assimilated into gunner units. The article also assesses the effect which this experience had upon gender identity and relations, and upon the role of women in war. Primary source material is supplemented by interviews with former members of the mixed batteries.
Locality, Metropolis and Nation: The Impact of the Military Camps in England during the American War
Authors: Conway Stephen
Published: March 2003

The military camps established in England during the War of American Independence have been examined by historians as manifestations of anxiety about invasion, or as centres of intensive training, but no attempt has been made to consider them more fully. This article looks at the impact of the camps—economically, socially and culturally – on their immediate host localities, on London and on the nation as a whole. It is argued that, particularly in the years 1778–9, when fears of invasion were at their height, a veritable camp mania gripped the country. For the soldiers and militiamen who resided in the camps, for the thousands of civilian visitors, and even for the readers of contemporary periodicals and newspapers who devoured the regular columns of ‘Camp Intelligence’, the camps seem to have played an important role in increasing a sense of national consciousness.
Women's Place in the American Labour Force, 1870–1995
Authors: Walsh Margaret
Published: March 2003

A generation ago women's place in the American labour force was almost invisible and very insignificant in the history books. Stimulated by the emergence of modern feminism and the advent of a variety of ‘New Histories’ in the 1960s and 1970s, academics have created an extensive literature on women's labour history. They have not only discussed which women worked, and where and why they worked, but have investigated how women have been treated in the workplace. Many of their findings have revealed negative experiences, especially in the form of gender segregation and low pay. Recently historians have turned to more positive interpretations emphasizing female values and gender relationships. Yet even with these achievements the recognition of resegregation within racial and ethnic minorities reminds women how far there is to go before equality is achieved. Historians have made considerable progress in altering the structure and content of many strands of traditional labour history. Yet a considerable number of gaps within the field remain to be filled.
Cherchez la femme. Queens, Queens’ Landsand Nunneries: Missing Links in the Foundation of Reading Abbey
Authors: Stafford Pauline
Published: March 2003

In 1121 Henry I founded Reading abbey, an event closely connected in time to his second marriage. This article links the lands used to endow Reading with those of late Saxon queens and of female communities themselves linked to queens. It explores lay control of such communities and the circumstances in which such control came to be defined as unacceptable, and thus in which monastic reform advanced. The events of 1120‐21, after the tragic death of Henry'’ only legitimate son, are seen as constituting just such a circumstance. The foundation of Reading abbey, as a male Cluniac house, used former queens' lands and freed the lands of older religious communities. It was simultaneously an act of penance, a celebration of queenship and legitimate dynastic continuity, and an offering for the purification and fertility of the king’s new marriage.
The Courts of the Prior and the Bishop of Durham in the Later Middle Ages
Authors: Neville Cynthia J.
Published: March 2003

The operation of the common law in late medieval county Durham was characterized by several unique features. Among these were the independence of episcopal officials from interference from royal agents in the execution of the law, and the great variety of temporal courts found there. Within the lands of the palatinate, jurisdiction over suspects accused of felony was shared by both the bishop and the prior of Durham. The origins of this unusual division of judicial authority was an agreement dated c.1229, known as Le Convenit. It defined the relationship between the bishop, the temporal lord of the palatinate, and the prior of the Benedictine monastery in Durham who, as a landholder second only to the bishop, held a separate court for the suit of his free tenants. That relationship was often fraught with tension, for both lords were jealous of the prestige – and the revenues – incumbent on the exercise of judicial authority in their lands. This article examines the origins of Le Convenit, and the consequences of the agreement on criminal legal procedure in late medieval Durham. Successive priors of the monastery struggled tirelessly against the bishops to preserve the privileges they won in 1229, and Le Convenit remained throughout this period a potent weapon in their determination to give expression to lordly power and authority.
The Catholic Hierarchy and the Irish University Question,1880–1908
Authors: Paseta Senia
Published: March 2003

The ‘Irish university question’, as it came to be known, claimed the attention of the most powerful forces in Ireland: the Catholic church, British legislators and influential lay people, all of whom were aware of its potential impact on its beneficiaries, the future ruling class of Ireland. This article questions the simplistic terms in which the Irish university question is conventionally understood; it challenges the notion that the issue was simply a conflict between a succession of unyielding British governments and an intransigent Catholic hierarchy which refused to give up its demand for a state‐funded Catholic university. This understanding of the issue ignores the significant lay contribution to the debate and also obscures the intricacies of a highly complex political and social question. The Irish university question in fact prompted numerous attempted settlements, bitter debate and deep dissension within the Catholic hierarchy. It also led eventually to unprecedented compromise when all the major participants in the debate agreed finally in 1908 to the establishment of two new universities which reflected political and religious divisions in Ireland.
Walter Citrine and the British Labour Movement, 1925–1935
Authors: Riddell Neil
Published: March 2003

This article argues that the contribution of the TUC general secretary, Walter Citrine, to the British labour movement in the period 1925‐35 was of much greater substance than is credited generally. Citrine was a pivotal figure in redefining the role of the TUC. The general council came closer to providing a centralized leadership for the entire trade‐union movement, the TUC began to research economic and social issues wider than those of wages and conditions and laid the foundations for the post‐1939 ‘corporatist era’. After the uneasy relations of the 1920s, Citrine was central to the improved co‐ordination of the industrial and political wings of the labour movement in the 1930s and in limiting the extent of the Labour Party's move to the left after the 1931 political crisis. Finally, Citrine was to play a vital role in the reshaping of Labour's foreign policy from the mid‐1930s.
Bastard Feudalism, Overmighty Subjects and Idols of the Multitude during the Wars of the Roses
Authors: Hicks Michael
Published: March 2003

A handful of overmighty subjects exercised a disproportionate influence on the events of the Wars of the Roses. This article considers how and why. Circumstances were certainly propitious. Not only did the greatest noblemen command exceptional resources of their own, albeit always less than the king, but they deployed the principal military commands against the crown and sought to enlist the populace on their side. Successful overmighty subjects were also idols of the multitude. Generally they failed and almost all died violently. Their misfortunes, a recovery of royal power and the disappearance of the desire to disturb the realm all help to explain the demise of their type.
Women and Patronage in the Late Victorian Army
Authors: Beckett Ian F. W.
Published: March 2003

This article seeks to examine the degree to which officers’ wives in the late Victorian army influenced their husbands’ careers. It is set within the context of such concepts as ‘separate spheres’ and the ‘incorporation’ and ‘subordination’ of women within male‐dominated institutions. As an institution, the army embraced simultaneously both aristocratic and middle‐class ideals of women’s roles since military hierarchy frequently over‐rode class distinctions. Yet the army has been generally neglected as a means of investigating gender/power relations in Victorian Britain. After general observations on the role of the Victorian military wife, the article provides comparative case studies of the contrasting roles of the wives of four prominent soldiers: Wolseley, Roberts, Wood and Colley. It is argued that such wives played a significant role in the army’s patronage system. In so doing, they were not confined by perceptions of separate spheres, while incorporation neither implied subordination nor constrained their ambition.
Genoa and Livorno: Sixteenth and Seventeenth‐century Commercial Rivalry as a Stimulus to Policy Development
Authors: Kirk Thomas
Published: March 2003

During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, while Genoa was at the height of its colonial expansion, Livorno was little more than a fishing village. The Genoese had assembled a territorial state in Liguria, taken the island of Corsica and, as early as 1277, were sending ships directly to England and Flanders. All the while Livorno was merely a malaria‐infested appendix of Porto Pisano. Over the course of the sixteenth century, however, Livorno grew by leaps and bounds and by the end of the century concerns over the Tuscan city's growing importance as a commercial port had become a conditioningfactor in the establishment of Genoese maritime policy. The concern was well founded. An ever‐greater portion of trade in the western Mediterranean was to gravitate to Livorno during the seventeenth century, threatening to transform Genoa into a commercial satellite. The Republic of Genoa did not hesitate to react, and the subsequent rivalry between the two ports provided the principal stimulus in the experimentation of innovative fiscal policies in both cities and to the development of the modern free port. Indeed, the free port as it is known today, namely a specific port or area within a port where goods may transit duty free, emerged as the policies of the two cities slowly converged, formulating a single response to differing historical contingencies.
Defamation Cases against Historians
Authors: De Baets Antoon
Published: March 2003

Defamation is the act of damaging another’s reputation. According to recent legal research, defamation laws may be improperly used in many ways. Some of these uses profoundly affect the historian’s work: first, when defamation laws protect reputations of states or nations as such; second, when they prevent legitimate criticism of officials; and, third, when they protect the reputations of deceased persons. The present essay offers two tests of these three abuses in legal cases where historians were defendants. The first test, a short worldwide survey, confirms the occurrence of all three abuses; the second test (an empirical analysis of twenty–one cases (1965–2000) from nine western European countries) the occurrence of the third abuse. Both tests touch on problems central to the historical profession: living versus deceased persons; facts versus opinions; legal versus historical truth; the relationship between human dignity, reputation, and privacy; the role of politicians, veterans, and Holocaust deniers as complainants; the problem of amnestied crimes. The second test—the results of which are based on verdicts, commentaries, and press articles, and presented in a synoptic table—looks closely into the complainants’ and defendants’ profiles, the allegedly defamatory statements themselves, and the verdicts. All statements deemed defamatory were about such contemporary events as World War II (particularly war crimes, collaboration, and resistance) and colonial wars. Both tests amount to two conclusions. The first one is about historians’ professional rights and obligations: historians should make true, but privacy–sensitive or potentially offending, statements only when the public interest is served; otherwise, they should have a right to silence. The second conclusion concerns defamation itself: defamation cases and threats to sue in defamation have a chilling effect on the historical debate; they are often but barely veiled attempts at censorship.
Navigating The Social Sciences: A Theory For The Meta–History Of Emotions
Authors: Smith Allen James
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

William M. Reddy, The Navigation Of Feeling: A Framework For The History Of Emotions.
The Muse Of History
Authors: Rutland Peter
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Liah Greenfeld, The Spirit Of Capitalism: Nationalism And Economic Growth
Anglo‐American Approaches to Cumulative Sentencing and the Implications for UK Sentencing Policy
Authors: Henham Ralph
Published: March 2003

The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of the Conservative government’s proposed introduction of a limited form of cumulative sentencing in the case of burglary, Class A drug offenders, and, violent and sexual offenders. The paper focuses on the rationale for the introduction of a limited form of cumulative sentencing in the UK and includes an assessment of the implications of the proposed changes for existing sentencing practice and its significance in terms of existing and future sentencing policy, drawing specifically upon the American experience.
Rapists under 14 in the News
Authors: Soothill Keith
Published: March 2003

Following abolition in September 1993 of the common law presumption that a boy aged under 14 years is incapable of sexual intercourse, there were twelve prosecutions of boys aged 10 to under 14 years for rape and just two convictions (of which one was overturned on appeal) in 1993 and 1994. This study identifies and discusses newspaper reports of such cases coming to court in the period 1993 to 1995. It is suggested that the law change has not been helpful in dealing with serious sexual offences among this age group. In particular, victims are unlikely to have benefited. Confronting the reality that boys aged 10 to 13 years can indeed rape opens the window to another set of realities which also need to be confronted.