bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macroregional sociolinguistics: Uses and preferences on null direct objects in Spanish
Authors: Moreno-Fernández Francisco
Published: August 2019

This article explores two fundamental dimensions in sociolinguistics: the dynamics of linguistic variation and change in international languages and the exploitation of data proceeding from significant countries. These issues will be addressed through examination of a particular syntactic feature and a possible change in progress: the occurrence of null direct objects in Spanish. It is shown that for Spanish, a widely used international language, social factors have not been decisive in explaining the distribution of the phenomenon under investigation. This study shows that while direct object omission is not conditioned by typical social variables such as sex, age, and gender, it is unevenly spread throughout the Spanish-speaking world: Mexico and the continental Caribbean use it more than other countries, such as Spain or Chile. Besides the relevance of geography, some semantic, discourse, and contextual factors are shown as determinant for the direct object omission. Finally, this paper reflects on methodology, specifically the use of a macroregional sociolinguistic method for data analysis as well as the advantages and shortcomings of a specific data collection technique that capitalizes on technological tools with global reach: the internet survey in an international scenario.
Dieta e isótopos estables de cazadores recolectores marinos en los canales occidentales de Patagonia, Chile
Authors: Reyes Omar , Tessone Augusto , San Román Manuel , Méndez César
Published: August 2019

Las excavaciones arqueológicas y los registros bioantropológicos realizados en el archipiélago de los Chonos (entre 43° 50’ y 46° 50’ S), a lo largo de los canales occidentales de Patagonia, permiten definir la ocupación de este sistema insular por parte de cazadores recolectores marinos desde el Holoceno medio hasta el contacto europeo. Sus conjuntos tecnológicos y arqueofaunísticos señalan una dependencia de recursos del medio litoral y marítimo. La información de isótopos estables del carbono y nitrógeno en restos humanos asociados a estos contextos provee una herramienta de análisis independiente para evaluar las interpretaciones realizadas sobre la base de otros conjuntos de datos arqueológicos. Este trabajo presenta los resultados de análisis de δ13C y δ15N de 38 individuos con edades en el rango entre 2300 y 200 cal aP (fechamientos directos 14C por AMS), así como de muestras complementarias de arqueofauna. El análisis de los valores isotópicos respalda la interpretación de una adaptación cazadora recolectora fundamentada en un patrón de subsistencia enfocado principalmente en recursos litorales y marinos. Los valores de δ13C y δ15N son comparados con los obtenidos de otros grupos canoeros de los canales centrales y meridionales de Patagonia, poniendo de relieve las diferencias en trayectorias de subsistencia entre las regiones involucradas.
Colonial Moments in Greenland: Mutable Tensions in the Contact Zone
Authors: Hastrup Kirsten
Published: August 2019

In 2009, Greenland obtained self-government, terminating Danish supremacy, which had taken many forms over the centuries. This article analyses significant moments in Greenlandic-Danish relations by unpacking distinct contact zones that have emerged through the many encounters between locals and newcomers. Contact zones are always emplaced and create their own logic, which is not always easily readable as “colonialism” in the sense of appropriating lands and extracting surplus. While wrongs may have been perpetrated and ill-informed actions towards the inhabitants taken, relations between Greenland and Denmark illustrate how “colonialism” is neither uniform nor scalable. The analytical focus on colonial moments stresses the nonlinearity of colonial relations and allows for a subtler understanding of the postcolonial remains.
Contraband Trade under Swedish Colours: St. Barthélemy's Moment in the Sun, 1793–1815
Authors: Wilson Victor
Published: August 2019

The article explores the emergence and workings of the free port of Gustavia, founded in 1785 shortly after the Swedish acquisition of its first Caribbean colony, St. Barthélemy. Its free trade policy was modelled closely after Dutch and Danish predecessors in the region, which had been successful for centuries as neutral marketplaces, especially during times of international conflict. An increasing field of scholars have begun reconsidering the significance of contraband trade in Caribbean and Atlantic history. Arguments have been made for a more nuanced understanding of Caribbean geopolitics, one that acknowledges the necessity of informal transnational trade networks. The history of Gustavia is poorly explored in this context. With the aid of new sources, it has become possible to assess the economic role of Gustavia in the Caribbean transit trade during the European conflict of 1793–1815; these sources show that the free port was of greater importance than previous research has found it to be. Through its creation, the Swedish government hoped to commercially exploit a colonial territory of marginal value. War was the primary catalyst that drew people as well as capital to the island, contributing to both its commercial strength and cultural diversity. Former inhabitants of Dutch and French colonies sought refuge there in the wake of the French Revolution and the subsequent wars. Albeit for a brief time, Gustavia gained the character of an international, polyglot merchant community and functioned as an imperial crossroads where business could be conducted as usual between allies, neutrals, and enemies.
Peer-Rated Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Authors: Doyle Kevin , Goffin Richard , Woycheshin David
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is valuable to organizations and has become an important focus of employee performance evaluation. Employees’ peers may be particularly well-situated to rate their OCB. We investigated the proportion of variance in peer-rated OCB attributable to the ratee (true score) versus the rater (rater bias). Furthermore, we investigated whether these proportions were affected by the familiarity of the peer with the ratee. We found that high familiarity was associated with a greater proportion of ratee variance (.43 vs. .18), and a lower proportion of rater bias (.30 vs. .51), than was the case with low-to-moderate familiarity. Thus, when choosing peers as raters of OCB, there may be value in carefully considering the peers’ familiarity with the ratees.
The Effect of Wind and Atmospheric Stability on the Morphology of Volcanic Plumes From Vulcanian Eruptions
Authors: Poulidis A. P. , Takemi T. , Iguchi M.
Published: August 2019

Volcanic plumes from small and moderate eruptions represent a challenge in the study of plume morphology due to eruption source parameter uncertainties and atmospheric influence. Sakurajima volcano, Japan, features such activity and due to its continuous eruptions in the recent years provides an ideal natural laboratory. A data set of 896 eruptions between 2009 and 2016 with well‐constrained plume heights, estimated erupted mass, and associated atmospheric conditions has been compiled. Plume heights ranged between 1,500 and 5,000 m and mainly developed under stable atmospheric stratification and low background wind speeds. The eruptions presented in the database were used to drive FPLUME, a 1‐D integral volcanic plume model, to study the simulated plume morphology. FPLUME was seen to provide consistent results under stable atmospheric stratification. A method for the real‐time monitoring of erupted mass used in the Sakurajima observatory was seen to provide appropriate first guess estimates for the eruptions, showing agreement with analytical and simulated mass flow rate calculations. Volcanic plumes from Sakurajima show significant influence by the atmospheric environment. The plume scaling parameter (Π) was used to characterize the expected degree of plume bending with results correlating well against modeled plume angles. The vertical wind profile was seen to have a significant impact on the resolved plume. Wind shear characteristics were seen to have a mechanical effect on the plume, aiding or inhibiting bending. Finally, potential issues were identified in simulations under unstable atmospheric conditions as the model either failed to provide a solution or overestimated the plume height.
Surface Evaporation in Arid Regions: Insights From Lysimeter Decadal Record and Global Application of a Surface Evaporation Capacitor (SEC) Model
Authors: Lehmann Peter , Berli Markus , Koonce Jeremy E. , Or Dani
Published: August 2019

Surface evaporation in arid regions determines the fraction of rainfall that remains to support vegetation and recharge. The surface evaporation capacitor approach was used to estimate rainfall partitioning to surface evaporation and leakage into deeper layers. The surface evaporation capacitor estimates a soil‐specific surface evaporation depth and critical storage capacitance that defines rainfall events that exceed local capacitance and result in leakage into deeper layers protected from surface evaporation. A decade‐long record of hydrologic observations in deep and barren lysimeters near Las Vegas revealed the dominance of a few large rainfall events in generating leakage and increasing interannual soil water storage. The surface evaporation capacitor was used to estimate mean annual surface evaporation and leakage protected from surface evaporation in all arid regions globally. About 13% of arid region rainfall contributes to soil water storage (in the absence of vegetation), similar to 11% found in the lysimeter study.
Jovian High‐Latitude Ionospheric Ions: Juno In Situ Observations
Authors: Valek P. W. , Allegrini F. , Bagenal F. , Bolton S. J. , Connerney J. E. P. , Ebert R. W. , Kim T. K. , Levin S. M. , Louarn P. , Mccomas D. J. , Szalay J. R. , Thomsen M. F. , Wilson R. J.
Published: August 2019

The low‐altitude, high‐velocity trajectory of the Juno spacecraft enables the Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment to make the first in situ observations of the high‐latitude ionospheric plasma. Ions are observed to energies below 1 eV. The high‐latitude ionospheric ions are observed simultaneously with a loss cone in the magnetospheric ions, suggesting precipitating magnetospheric ions contribute to the heating of the upper ionosphere, raising the scale height, and pushing ionospheric ions to altitudes of 0.5 RJ above the planet where they are observed by Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment. The source of the magnetospheric ions is tied to the Io torus and plasma sheet, indicated by the cutoff seen in both the magnetospheric and ionospheric plasma at the Io M‐shells. Equatorward of the Io M‐shell boundary, the ionospheric ions are not observed, indicating a drop in the scale height of the ionospheric ions at those latitudes.
Analysis of Individual Terrestrial Gamma‐Ray Flashes With Lightning Leader Models and Fermi Gamma‐Ray Burst Monitor Data
Authors: Mailyan B. G. , Xu W. , Celestin S. , Briggs M. S. , Dwyer J. R. , Cramer E. S. , Roberts O. J. , Stanbro M.
Published: August 2019

The Gamma‐ray Burst Monitor (GBM) onboard the Fermi spacecraft has observed many tens of sufficiently bright events, which are suitable for individual analysis. In our previous study, we fit individual, bright terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes (TGFs) with Relativistic Runaway Electron Avalanche (RREA) models for the first time. For relativistic‐feedback‐based models, the TGF‐producing electrons, which are seeded internally by a positive feedback effect, are usually accelerated in a large‐scale field with fully developed RREAs. Alternatively, lightning leader models may apply to either a large‐scale thunderstorm fields with fully developed RREAs or to inhomogeneous fields in front of lightning leaders where RREAs only develop partially. The predictions of the latter, inhomogeneous models for the TGF‐beaming geometry show some differences from estimations of the relativistic feedback models in homogeneous fields. In this work, we analyze a large sample of 66 bright Fermi GBM TGFs in the framework of lightning leader models, making comparisons with previous results from the homogeneous‐field RREA models. In most cases, the spectral analysis does not strongly favor one mechanism over the other, with 59% of the TGF events being best fit with the fully developed RREA mechanism, which corresponds to high‐potential leader models. The majority of the GBM‐measured TGFs can be best fit if the source altitude is below 15 km and 70% of events best fit by leader models cannot be satisfactorily modeled unless a tilted photon beam is used. For several spectrally soft TGFs, the tilted beam low‐potential leader model can best fit the data.
Variability and Trends of the Alaska Gyre From Argo and Satellite Altimetry
Authors: Hristova Hristina G. , Ladd Carol , Stabeno Phyllis J.
Published: August 2019

The interannual variability and trends of the Alaska Gyre and Gulf of Alaska (GOA) circulation are examined using meridional geostrophic transport from Argo temperature and salinity (2004–2017) and altimetric sea surface height (1993–2017). More than half of the top 1,500 m meridional transport variability in the Alaska Gyre is accounted for by a statistical mode strongly correlated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index, consistent with the PDO exerting a major influence on North Pacific sea surface temperature variability. During a positive phase of the PDO, the zero‐transport streamline separating the subtropical from the Alaska Gyre is shifted to the south from its mean position, while more transport is diverted northward, associated with a stronger and larger Alaska Gyre. Additionally, over the 25‐year altimetric record there is a linear, increasing trend in strength of the Alaska Gyre (but not in areal extent), accompanied by an increasing trend for the incoming North Pacific Current. The effect of the PDO transport mode on GOA circulation is weak. Temperature and salinity volume averaged for the GOA covary with the PDO index, with warmer and fresher waters during a positive phase. Despite correlated anomalies for temperature, salinity, and northward transport into the GOA, however, geostrophic advection from the south contributes only minimally to the interannual variations of water properties in the GOA. An exception was the marine heat wave of 2013/2014 and its aftermath when temperature advection from the south played a more appreciable role for warming and subsequent cooling of the GOA.
Global Spectral Properties and Lithology of Mercury: The Example of the Shakespeare (H‐03) Quadrangle
Authors: Bott N. , Doressoundiram A. , Zambon F. , Carli C. , Guzzetta L. , Perna D. , Capaccioni F.
Published: August 2019

The MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry and Ranging mission showed the surface of Mercury with an accuracy never reached before. The morphological and spectral analyses performed thanks to the data collected between 2008 and 2015 revealed that the Mercurian surface differs from the surface of the Moon, although they look visually very similar. The surface of Mercury is characterized by a high morphological and spectral variability, suggesting that its stratigraphy is also heterogeneous. Here, we focused on the Shakespeare (H‐03) quadrangle, which is located in the northern hemisphere of Mercury. We produced an 8‐color cube of this quadrangle at 450‐m per pixel spatial resolution and with a complete coverage. Various selected color maps based on this eight‐color cube were used to analyze the spectral properties of this region to define its compositional variability and identify some clear units constrained by relevant spectral parameters: for example, we identified a higher concentration of low reflectance material around three main craters of Shakespeare (Degas, Akutagawa, and Sholem Aleichem) and in the area to the south of Sobkou Planitia delimited by 24.4°N to 28.4°N and −140°W to −125°W. Moreover, we selected some regions of interest, which can be proposed as particularly interesting targets for the Visual and Infrared Hyper‐spectral Imager and Mercury Radiometer and Thermal Imaging Spectrometer instruments onboard the BepiColombo spacecraft. This work can help for the geological analysis of this quadrangle, by integrating information that are usually not derived with a single morphostratigraphic analysis.
Glacial Ice Sheet Extent Effects on Modeled Tidal Mixing and the Global Overturning Circulation
Authors: Wilmes S.‐B. , Schmittner A. , Green J. A. M.
Published: August 2019

At present, tides supply approximately half (1 TW) of the energy necessary to sustain the global deep meridional overturning circulation (MOC) through diapycnal mixing. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 19,000–26,500 years BP), tidal dissipation in the open ocean may have strongly increased due to the 120‐ to 130‐m global mean sea level drop and changes in ocean basin shape. However, few investigations into LGM climate and ocean circulation consider LGM tidal mixing changes. Here, using an intermediate complexity climate model, we present a detailed investigation on how changes in tidal dissipation would affect the global MOC. Present‐day and LGM tidal constituents M2, S2, K1, and O1 are simulated using a tide model and accounting for LGM bathymetric changes. The tide model results suggest that the LGM energy supply to the internal wave field was 1.8–3 times larger than at present and highly sensitive to Antarctic and Laurentide ice sheet extent. Including realistic LGM tide forcing in the LGM climate simulations leads to large increases in Atlantic diapycnal diffusivities and strengthens (by 14–64% at 32°S) and deepens the Atlantic MOC. Increased input of tidal energy leads to a greater drawdown of North Atlantic Deep Water and mixing with Antarctic Bottom Water altering Atlantic temperature and salinity distributions. Our results imply that changes in tidal dissipation need be accounted for in paleoclimate simulation setup as they can lead to large differences in ocean mixing, the global MOC, and presumably also ocean carbon and other biogeochemical cycles.
The Esmeraldas Canyon: A Helpful Marker of the Pliocene‐Pleistocene Tectonic Deformation of the North Ecuador‐Southwest Colombia Convergent Margin
Authors: Collot J.‐Y. , Ratzov G. , Silva P. , Proust J.‐N. , Migeon S. , Hernandez M.‐J. , Michaud F. , Pazmino A. , Barba Castillo D. , Alvarado A. , Khurama S.
Published: August 2019

Deciphering the migration pattern of the Esmeraldas submarine Canyon (EC) and its history of cut‐and‐fill allows constraining the Pliocene‐Pleistocene tectonic evolution of the Ecuador‐Colombia convergent margin. Swath bathymetry, multichannel seismic reflection, and chronological data show that the EC is a 143‐km‐long, shelf‐incising, river‐connected canyon that started incising slope apron deposits in the Manglares fore‐arc basin ~5.3 Ma ago. The EC inception appears contemporaneous with the subduction of the Carnegie Ridge that is believed to have initiated 5–6 Myr ago and is considered an indirect cause of the EC formation. During its two‐stage left‐lateral migration, the EC upper‐half scoured deep incisions providing evidences for uplift episodes in the Manglares Basin that are correlated with mid‐Pliocene and Pleistocene regional tectonic events. Glacioeustatic variations contributed significantly to shape the EC and its upslope tributaries by increasing the rate of canyon incision during rapid sea level falls. Faults, folds, and diapirs have structurally controlled the location of the EC and of its tributary canyons, including the Ancon Canyon, which served as the main spillway of the Manglares Basin prior to be cut from its source ~170 kyr ago by the growth of a fault‐related anticline. The margin wedge that hosts the EC is highly unstable as it is cut by active faults and shaken by large subduction earthquakes. Several mass transport deposits have dammed the EC, one of them between >~65 and ~37 kyr causing an impoverishment of detrital material in the trench sedimentation and a possible interruption of the paleoseismological record.
Spontaneous cationic ordering in chemical-solution-grown La2CoMnO6 double perovskite thin films
Authors: Wang Hailin , Gazquez Jaume , Frontera Carlos , Chisholm Matthew F. , Pomar Alberto , Martinez Benjamin , Mestres Narcis
Published: August 2019

Double perovskite oxides are of interest because of their electric, magnetic, and elastic properties; however, these properties are strongly dependent on the ordered arrangement of cations in the double perovskite structure. Therefore, many efforts have been made to improve the level of cationic ordering to obtain optimal properties while suppressing antisite defect formation. Here, epitaxial double perovskite La2CoMnO6 thin films were grown on top of (001)-STO oriented substrates by a polymer-assisted deposition chemical solution approach. Confirmation of the achievement of full Co/Mn cationic ordering was found by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) measurements; EELS maps indicated the ordered occupancy of B–B′ sites by Co/Mn cations. As a result, optimal magnetic properties (Msat ≈ 6 µB/f.u. and Tc ≈ 230 K) are obtained. We show that the slow growth rates that occur close to thermodynamic equilibrium conditions in chemical solution methods represent an advantageous alternative to physical deposition methods for the preparation of oxide thin films in which complex cationic ordering is involved.
The autism- and schizophrenia-associated protein CYFIP1 regulates bilateral brain connectivity and behaviour
Authors: Domínguez-Iturza Nuria , Lo Adrian C. , Shah Disha , Armendáriz Marcelo , Vannelli Anna , Mercaldo Valentina , Trusel Massimo , Li Ka Wan , Gastaldo Denise , Santos Ana Rita , Callaerts-Vegh Zsuzsanna , D’Hooge Rudi , Mameli Manuel , Van der Linden Annemie , Smit August B. , Achsel Tilmann , Bagni Claudia
Published: August 2019

Copy-number variants of theCYFIP1gene in humans have been linked to autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCZ), two neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by defects in brain connectivity. Here, we show that CYFIP1 plays an important role in brain functional connectivity and callosal functions. We find thatCyfip1-heterozygous mice have reduced functional connectivity and defects in white matter architecture, similar to phenotypes found in patients with ASD, SCZ and other neuropsychiatric disorders.Cyfip1-deficient mice also present decreased myelination in the callosal axons, altered presynaptic function, and impaired bilateral connectivity. Finally,Cyfip1deficiency leads to abnormalities in motor coordination, sensorimotor gating and sensory perception, which are also known neuropsychiatric disorder-related symptoms. These results show thatCyfip1haploinsufficiency compromises brain connectivity and function, which might explain its genetic association to neuropsychiatric disorders.
Reconfigurable soft body trajectories using unidirectionally stretchable composite laminae
Authors: Kim Sang Yup , Baines Robert , Booth Joran , Vasios Nikolaos , Bertoldi Katia , Kramer-Bottiglio Rebecca
Published: August 2019

Compliant, continuum structures allow living creatures to perform complex tasks inaccessible to artificial rigid systems. Although advancements in hyper-elastic materials have spurred the development of synthetic soft structures (i.e., artificial muscles), these structures have yet to match the precise control and diversity of motions witnessed in living creatures. Cephalopods tentacles, for example, can undergo multiple trajectories using muscular hydrostat, a structure consisting of aggregated laminae of unidirectional muscle fibers. Here, we present a self-adhesive composite lamina inspired by the structural morphology of the muscular hydrostat, which adheres to any volumetrically expanding soft body to govern its motion trajectory. The composite lamina is stretchable only in one direction due to inextensible continuous fibers unidirectionally embedded within its hyper-elastic matrix. We showcase reconfiguration of inflation trajectories of two- and three-dimensional soft bodies by simply adhering laminae to their surfaces.
Global labor flow network reveals the hierarchical organization and dynamics of geo-industrial clusters
Authors: Park Jaehyuk , Wood Ian B. , Jing Elise , Nematzadeh Azadeh , Ghosh Souvik , Conover Michael D. , Ahn Yong-Yeol
Published: August 2019

Groups of firms often achieve a competitive advantage through the formation of geo-industrial clusters. Although many exemplary clusters are the subjects of case studies, systematic approaches to identify and analyze the hierarchical structure of geo-industrial clusters at the global scale are scarce. In this work, we use LinkedIn’s employment history data from more than 500 million users over 25 years to construct a labor flow network of over 4 million firms across the world, from which we reveal hierarchical structure by applying network community detection. We show that the resulting geo-industrial clusters exhibit a stronger association between the influx of educated workers and financial performance, compared to traditional aggregation units. Furthermore, our analysis of the skills of educated workers reveals richer insights into the relationship between the labor flow of educated workers and productivity growth. We argue that geo-industrial clusters defined by labor flow provide useful insights into the growth of the economy.
Identification of a neurocircuit underlying regulation of feeding by stress-related emotional responses
Authors: Xu Yuanzhong , Lu Yungang , Cassidy Ryan M. , Mangieri Leandra R. , Zhu Canjun , Huang Xugen , Jiang Zhiying , Justice Nicholas J. , Xu Yong , Arenkiel Benjamin R. , Tong Qingchun
Published: August 2019

Feeding is known to be profoundly affected by stress-related emotional states and eating disorders are comorbid with psychiatric symptoms and altered emotional responses. The neural basis underlying feeding regulation by stress-related emotional changes is poorly understood. Here, we identify a novel projection from the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) to the ventral lateral septum (LSv) that shows a scalable regulation on feeding and behavioral changes related to emotion. Weak photostimulation of glutamatergic PVH→LSv terminals elicits stress-related self-grooming and strong photostimulation causes fear-related escape jumping associated with respective weak and strong inhibition on feeding. In contrast, inhibition of glutamatergic inputs to LSv increases feeding with signs of reduced anxiety. LSv-projecting neurons are concentrated in rostral PVH. LSv and LSv-projecting PVH neurons are activated by stressors in vivo, whereas feeding bouts were associated with reduced activity of these neurons. Thus, PVH→LSv neurotransmission underlies dynamic feeding by orchestrating emotional states, providing a novel neural circuit substrate underlying comorbidity between eating abnormalities and psychiatric disorders.
Understanding memristive switching via in situ characterization and device modeling
Authors: Sun Wen , Gao Bin , Chi Miaofang , Xia Qiangfei , Yang J. Joshua , Qian He , Wu Huaqiang
Published: August 2019

Owing to their attractive application potentials in both non-volatile memory and unconventional computing, memristive devices have drawn substantial research attention in the last decade. However, major roadblocks still remain in device performance, especially concerning relatively large parameter variability and limited cycling endurance. The response of the active region in the device within and between switching cycles plays the dominating role, yet the microscopic details remain elusive. This Review summarizes recent progress in scientific understanding of the physical origins of the non-idealities and propose a synergistic approach based on in situ characterization and device modeling to investigate switching mechanism. At last, the Review offers an outlook for commercialization viability of memristive technology.
Small molecule degraders of the hepatitis C virus protease reduce susceptibility to resistance mutations
Authors: de Wispelaere Mélissanne , Du Guangyan , Donovan Katherine A. , Zhang Tinghu , Eleuteri Nicholas A. , Yuan Jingting C. , Kalabathula Joann , Nowak Radosław P. , Fischer Eric S. , Gray Nathanael S. , Yang Priscilla L.
Published: August 2019

Targeted protein degradation is a promising drug development paradigm. Here we leverage this strategy to develop a new class of small molecule antivirals that induce proteasomal degradation of viral proteins. Telaprevir, a reversible-covalent inhibitor that binds to the hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease active site is conjugated to ligands that recruit the CRL4CRBN ligase complex, yielding compounds that can both inhibit and induce the degradation of the HCV NS3/4A protease. An optimized degrader, DGY-08-097, potently inhibits HCV in a cellular infection model, and we demonstrate that protein degradation contributes to its antiviral activity. Finally, we show that this new class of antiviral agents can overcome viral variants that confer resistance to traditional enzymatic inhibitors such as telaprevir. Overall, our work provides proof-of-concept that targeted protein degradation may provide a new paradigm for the development of antivirals with superior resistance profiles.
Novel data show expert wildlife agencies are important to endangered species protection
Authors: Evans Michael J. , Malcom Jacob W. , Li Ya-Wei
Published: August 2019

To protect biodiversity, conservation laws should be evaluated and improved using data. We provide a comprehensive assessment of how a key provision of the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) is implemented: consultation to ensure federal actions do not jeopardize the existence of listed species. Data from all 24,893 consultations recorded by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) from 2000–2017 show federal agencies and NMFS frequently agreed (79%) on how federal actions would affect listed species. In cases of disagreement, agencies most often (71%) underestimated effects relative to the conclusions of species experts at NMFS. Such instances can have deleterious consequences for imperiled species. In 22 consultations covering 14 species, agencies concluded that an action would not harm species while NMFS determined the action would jeopardize species’ existence. These results affirm the importance of the role of NMFS in preventing federal actions from jeopardizing listed species. Excluding expert agencies from consultation compromises biodiversity conservation, but we identify approaches that improve consultation efficiency without sacrificing species protections.
Benchmarks of nonclassicality for qubit arrays
Authors: Waegell Mordecai , Dressel Justin
Published: August 2019

We present a set of practical benchmarks for N-qubit arrays that economically test the fidelity of achieving multi-qubit nonclassicality. The benchmarks are measurable correlators similar to two-qubit Bell correlators, and are derived from a particular set of geometric structures from the N-qubit Pauli group. These structures prove the Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) theorem, while the derived correlators witness genuine N-partite entanglement and establish a tight lower bound on the fidelity of particular stabilizer state preparations. The correlators need only M ≤ N + 1 distinct measurement settings, as opposed to the 22N − 1 settings that would normally be required to tomographically verify their associated stabilizer states. We optimize the measurements of these correlators for a physical array of qubits that can be nearest-neighbor-coupled using a circuit of controlled-Z gates with constant gate depth to form N-qubit linear cluster states. We numerically simulate the provided circuits for a realistic scenario with N = 3, …, 9 qubits, using ranges of T1 energy relaxation times, T2 dephasing times, and controlled-Z gate-fidelities consistent with Google’s 9-qubit superconducting chip. The simulations verify the tightness of the fidelity bounds and witness nonclassicality for all nine qubits, while also showing ample room for improvement in chip performance.
Remission from antipsychotic treatment in first episode psychosis related to longitudinal changes in brain glutamate
Authors: Merritt Kate , Perez-Iglesias Rocio , Sendt Kyra-Verena , Goozee Rhianna , Jauhar Sameer , Pepper Fiona , Barker Gareth J , Glenthøj Birte , Arango Celso , Lewis Shôn , Kahn René , Stone James , Howes Oliver , Dazzan Paola , McGuire Philip , Egerton Alice
Published: August 2019

Neuroimaging studies in schizophrenia have linked elevated glutamate metabolite levels to non-remission following antipsychotic treatment, and also indicate that antipsychotics can reduce glutamate metabolite levels. However, the relationship between symptomatic reduction and change in glutamate during initial antipsychotic treatment is unclear. Here we report proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) measurements of Glx and glutamate in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and thalamus in patients with first episode psychosis (n = 23) at clinical presentation, and after 6 weeks and 9 months of treatment with antipsychotic medication. At 9 months, patients were classified into Remission (n = 12) and Non-Remission (n = 11) subgroups. Healthy volunteers (n = 15) were scanned at the same three time-points. In the thalamus, Glx varied over time according to remission status (P = 0.020). This reflected an increase in Glx between 6 weeks and 9 months in the Non-Remission subgroup that was not evident in the Remission subgroup (P = 0.031). In addition, the change in Glx in the thalamus over the 9 months of treatment was positively correlated with the change in the severity of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive, total and general symptoms (P<0.05). There were no significant effects of group or time on glutamate metabolites in the ACC, and no differences between either patient subgroup and healthy volunteers. These data suggest that the nature of the response to antipsychotic medication may be related to the pattern of changes in glutamatergic metabolite levels over the course of treatment. Specifically, longitudinal reductions in thalamic Glx levels following antipsychotic treatment are associated with symptomatic improvement.
Evolutionary mechanism leading to the multi-cagA genotype in Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Su Hanfu , Tissera Kavinda , Jang Sungil , Choi Yun Hui , Kim Aeryun , Cho Yong-Joon , Li Meiling , Gunawardhana Niluka , Merrell D. Scott , Ge Linhu , Cha Jeong-Heon
Published: August 2019

Infection with CagA+ Helicobacter pylori strains is linked to an increased risk for gastric diseases, including gastric cancer. Recent evidence indicates that dynamic expansion and contraction of cagA copy number may serve as a novel mechanism to enhance disease development. Herein, comparative genomic analysis divided hpEurope into two groups: hpEurope/type-A and type-B. Only hpEurope/type-B displayed the multi-cagA genotype. Further analysis showed that cagPAI appears to have been independently introduced into two different H. pylori types, termed pre-type-A and pre-type-B, which consequently evolved to cagPAI type-A and type-B, respectively; importantly, all multi-cagA genotype strains displayed cagPAI type-B. Two direct cagA-flanking repeats of a genetic element termed CHA-ud were essential for the multi-cagA genotype in strain PMSS1 (hpEurope/type-B and cagPAI type-B). Furthermore, introduction of this genetic element into strain G27 (hpEurope/type-A and cagPAI type-A) was sufficient to generate the multi-cagA genotype. The critical steps in the evolution of the multi-cagA genotype involved creation of CHA-ud at cagA upstream in cagPAI type-B strains followed by its duplication to cagA downstream. En masse, elucidation of the mechanism by which H. pylori evolved to carry multiple copies of cagA helps to provide a better understanding of how this ancient pathogen interacts with its host.
Learning to use vestibular sense for spatial updating is context dependent
Authors: Mackrous Isabelle , Carriot Jérôme , Simoneau Martin
Published: August 2019

As we move, perceptual stability is crucial to successfully interact with our environment. Notably, the brain must update the locations of objects in space using extra-retinal signals. The vestibular system is a strong candidate as a source of information for spatial updating as it senses head motion. The ability to use this cue is not innate but must be learned. To date, the mechanisms of vestibular spatial updating generalization are unknown or at least controversial. In this paper we examine generalization patterns within and between different conditions of vestibular spatial updating. Participants were asked to update the position of a remembered target following (offline) or during (online) passive body rotation. After being trained on a single spatial target position within a given task, we tested generalization of performance for different spatial targets and an unpracticed spatial updating task. The results demonstrated different patterns of generalization across the workspace depending on the task. Further, no transfer was observed from the practiced to the unpracticed task. We found that the type of mechanism involved during learning governs generalization. These findings provide new knowledge about how the brain uses vestibular information to preserve its spatial updating ability.
Microwave signal switching on a silicon photonic chip
Authors: Fang Cheng-Yi , Lin Hung-Hsi , Alouini Mehdi , Fainman Yeshaiahu , El Amili Abdelkrim
Published: August 2019

Microwave photonics uses light to carry and process microwave signals over a photonic link. However, light can instead be used as a stimulus to microwave devices that directly control microwave signals. Such optically controlled amplitude and phase-shift switches are investigated for use in reconfigurable microwave systems, but they suffer from large footprint, high optical power level required for switching, lack of scalability and complex integration requirements, restricting their implementation in practical microwave systems. Here, we report Monolithic Optically Reconfigurable Integrated Microwave Switches (MORIMSs) built on a CMOS compatible silicon photonic chip that addresses all of the stringent requirements. Our scalable micrometer-scale switches provide higher switching efficiency and require optical power orders of magnitude lower than the state-of-the-art. Also, it opens a new research direction on silicon photonic platforms integrating microwave circuitry. This work has important implications in reconfigurable microwave and millimeter wave devices for future communication networks.
Prediction of high bond-order metal–metal multiple-bonds in heterobimetallic 3d–4f/5f complexes [TM–M{N(o-[NCH2P(CH3)2]C6H4)3}] (TM = Cr, Mn, Fe; M = U, Np, Pu, and Nd)
Authors: Hu Shu-Xian , Lu Erli , Liddle Stephen T.
Published: August 2019

A relativistic quantum chemical study on hypothetical but potentially experimentally realisable TM–actinide and –neodymium complexes reveals the similarity in their structures but the differences in the multiplicity of the metal–metal bonds.
Antifolate SERS-active nanovectors: quantitative drug nanostructuring and selective cell targeting for effective theranostics
Authors: Fasolato Claudia , Giantulli Sabrina , Capocefalo Angela , Toumia Yosra , Notariello Daniele , Mazzarda Flavia , Silvestri Ida , Postorino Paolo , Domenici Fabio
Published: August 2019

Antifolate plasmonic nanovectors (NVs) are proposed. SERS and cytotoxicity studies on non-cancer and cancer cells reveal the efficient targeting and killing of cancer cells. The selectivity is optimized by coloading folate and antifolate on the NV.
o-Hydroxycinnamate for sequential photouncaging of two different functional groups and its application in releasing cosmeceuticals
Authors: Paul Amrita , Bera Manoranjan , Gupta Prakhar , Singh N. D. Pradeep
Published: August 2019

A new approach for the sequential photouncaging of two different functional groups upon in situ generation of the second phototrigger, applied to release two different cosmeceuticals, viz. ferulic acid ethyl ester (FEAA) and salicylic acid (SA).
A novel BODIPY-based photosensitizer with pH-active singlet oxygen generation for photodynamic therapy in lysosomes
Authors: Wang Chengjun , Qian Ying
Published: August 2019

A photosensitizer with protonation-enhanced 1O2 generation could undergo ISC to generate 1O2 and target lysosomes to achieve PDT.
Organocatalytic asymmetric spirocyclization reactions of cyclic 2,4-dienones with cyanoketones: synthesis of spiro-dihydropyrano cyclohexanones
Authors: Mondal Buddhadeb , Balha Megha , Pan Subhas Chandra
Published: August 2019

The first organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of spiro-dihydropyrano cyclohexanones has been developed via the cascade reaction between cyanoketones and cyclic 2,4-dienones.
Diverse π–π stacking motifs modulate electrical conductivity in tetrathiafulvalene-based metal–organic frameworks
Authors: Xie Lilia S. , Alexandrov Eugeny V. , Skorupskii Grigorii , Proserpio Davide M. , Dincă Mircea
Published: August 2019

We report three electrically conductive metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based on a tetrathiafulvalene linker and La3+.
Research on dual‐polarisation printed dipole antenna for spherical near‐field measurements
Authors: Zheng Pei , Liu JiaQi , Wang ShangYue , Zhang Ran , Fan Hu
Published: August 2019

Here a dual‐polarisation printed dipole antenna for spherical near‐field measurements is proposed. The printed dipole employs double‐layered structure to obtain low cross‐polarisation and uses irregular patch to get wide bandwidth. Two such dipoles are cross arranged to form a dual‐polarisation dipole antenna. Simulated results show that the bandwidth is over 72% when VSWR is less than 3, the cross‐polarisation ratio is better than 30 dB, the port isolation between two dipoles is better than −26 dB, while good radiation performance is also obtained. All the results above prove that the crossed arrangement structure will not affect the performance of the printed dipole, and the strength of mutual coupling between probes can be neglected.
Research on design and key technology of wideband radar intermediate frequency direct acquisition module based on Virtex‐7 series FPGA
Authors: Zhang Jian , Zhang Yue , Chen Zengping , Lin Qianqiang
Published: August 2019

The wideband radar intermediate frequency direct acquisition module is used to acquire, process and transmit data, which is an important part of radar system. Based on the current advanced Virtex‐7 FPGA board and high‐speed ADC card, this article designs the module from two aspects of hardware design and hardware development, including structure design, data flow design, and FPGA top‐level design. Then the article researches on some key technologies involved, including JESD204B protocol configuration, data flow transmission, DDR3 buffer design and clock optimisation. Practice has proved that the design of this article can accomplish the task well in practical engineering.
Mining change patterns in time series high‐resolution SAR images
Authors: Peng Dong , Pan Ting , Yang Wen , Li Heng‐Chao , Liao Mingsheng
Published: August 2019

Here, the authors use the K‐Shape algorithm, which is based on a z ‐normalised version of cross‐correlation distance measure, to extract change patterns from time series synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. These change patterns focus only on the shape of time series, rather than amplitude and phase. Besides, they employ a simple and elegant method to choose the optimal number of clusters. Experimental results on multi‐temporal SAR images of Shanghai indicate the effectiveness of their approach.
Static Leukoencephalopathy Associated with 17p13.3 Microdeletion Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Hirasawa-Inoue Ayaka , Takeshita Eri , Shimizu-Motohashi Yuko , Ishiyama Akihiko , Saito Takashi , Komaki Hirofumi , Nakagawa Eiji , Sugai Kenji , Inoue Ken , Goto Yu-ichi , Sasaki Masayuki
Published: August 2019

Background Leukoencephalopathy associated with dysmorphic features may be attributed to chromosomal abnormalities such as 17p13.3 microdeletion syndrome.

Case A 19-year-old female patient was referred to our hospital for diagnostic evaluation of her leukoencephalopathy. She demonstrated moderate intellectual disability, minor dysmorphic features, and short stature. Serial brain magnetic resonance images obtained within a 16-year interval revealed prolonged T2 signals in the deep cerebral white matter with enlarged Virchow–Robin spaces. A nonsymptomatic atlas anomaly was also noted. Using microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization, we identified a 2.2-Mb terminal deletion at 17p13.3, encompassing YWHAE, CRK, and RTN4RL1 but not PAFAH1B1.

Conclusion Except for atlas anomaly, the patient's clinical and imaging findings were compatible with the diagnosis of 17p13.3 microdeletion syndrome. The white matter abnormality was static and nonprogressive. The association between the atlas abnormality and this deletion remains elusive. We note the importance of exploring submicroscopic chromosomal imbalance when patients show prominent but static white matter abnormalities with discrepantly mild and stable neurological signs.
Transoral Penetrating Knife Injury in the Oral, Maxillofacial Region: A Case Report
Authors: Seifert Lukas B. , Thönissen Philipp , Teiler Anna M. , Nau Christoph , Thalhammer Axel , Eichler Kathrin , Sader Robert , Vogl Thomas , Marzi Ingo , Ghanaati Shahram
Published: August 2019

Penetrating injuries are a rare yet complex variety of oral and maxillofacial trauma and often require a multidisciplinary approach to treatment. The primary survey is always the first step in trauma management prior to proceeding with further evaluation and treatment. The following case report discusses the clinical strategy for a rare transoral and trans-spinal penetrating injury. A 42-year-old man presented with a penetrating metal injury through the oral cavity. A computed tomography scan revealed a 12.8-cm-long knife penetrating through the tongue, floor of the mouth, and hypopharynx reaching the spinal cord in close proximity to the right vertebral artery. The patient did not present with any neurological malfunctions. An emergency tracheotomy was performed for airway protection. A balloon catheter was inserted into the right vertebral artery using interventional angiography to prevent massive bleeding prior to extraction. The knife was then surgically removed, and soft tissue reconstruction was performed without major bleeding. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging angiography showed no bleeding of the right vertebral artery, but there was mild cerebellar infarction. Early isolated paresis of the right arm returned to nearly normal function within 1 week. This case demonstrates that complex penetrating injuries of the oral and maxillofacial region require a structured and multidisciplinary approach to prevent further side effects and obtain an ideal clinical outcome.
Improved upper bounds on the energy dissipation rate for shear flow with injection and suction
Authors: Lee Harry , Wen Baole , Doering Charles R.
Published: August 2019

Improved upper bounds on viscous energy dissipation rates of wall-driven shear flow subject to uniform injection and suction rates are computationally determined. The so-called “background” variational formulation is implemented via a time-stepping numerical scheme to determine optimal estimates. Shear flow Reynolds numbers range from 50 to 40 000 with injection angles up to 2°. The computed upper bounds for preselected angles of injection at high Reynolds numbers significantly improve the rigorously estimated ones. Our results suggest that the steady laminar flow is nonlinearly stable for angles of injection greater than 2°.