bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF α-QUANTIZED PARTICLE LIFETIMES AND MASSES: PARTICLE MASS GENERATION WITHOUT THE HIGGS
Authors: MAC GREGOR MALCOLM H.
Published: February 2007

The lifetimes of the long-lived threshold-state elementary particles exhibit a clear-cut spacing in powers of the fine structure constant α. The uncertainly principle leads to a reciprocal 1/α ≃ 137 quantization of the mass-widths, and hence the masses, of these particles, which is evident in the experimental data. This empirical α-dependence includes all types of particle states — leptons, quarks, hadrons, and gauge bosons — and reveals that they share a common mass structure. The masses of the threshold-state particles (where the various quark combinations first appear) are accurately reproduced as multiples of three basic α-generated mass quanta: the first-order boson and fermion α-masses m b ≃ 70 MeV and m f ≃ 105 MeV , and the second-order fermion α-mass [Formula: see text] (which is produced at the Tevatron). By adding distinctively-patterned multiples of these masses to the electron ground state, we reproduce the isospin-averaged masses of the mu and tau leptons, the Standard Model constituent quarks (including the t), the proton, the B c and Upsilon mesons, and the WZ gauge boson doublet, to better than 1% accuracy.
STATUS OF WASA AT COSY
Authors:   FOR THE WASA AT COSY COLLABORATION., FRANSSON KJELL
Published: February 2007

The WASA detector built and operated at the storage ring CELSIUS in Uppsala, was during 2005 moved to the COoler SYnchrotron COSY in Jülich where it is now being reassembled. The main physics concerns decays of η and η′ mesons and isospin violation in deuteron-deuteron interactions. Several modifications and upgrades are planned to adapt the WASA detector to the COSY environment and beam energy. The first commissioning run is scheduled to start August 2006. Here we report on the status of the installation work and upgrades planned for the WASA detector at COSY.
HADRON PROPERTIES IN THE NUCLEAR MEDIUM — THE PANDA PROGRAM WITH $\overline{\rm p} \rm{A}$ REACTIONS
Authors:   FOR THE PANDA COLLABORATION., HARTMANN OLAF N.
Published: February 2007

The PANDA experiment at FAIR comprises the possibility to study antiproton annihilations on nuclear targets. Such reactions are ideally suited to investigate the in-medium-potential of hadrons – charmed mesons, charmonium, antikaons, antibaryons – making use of the PANDA detector system to detect the final state particles. The paper discusses connected experimental results, predictions i.a. for the so far unexplored region of the charm quark mass, and the intended experimental procedure.
FORWARD PION PRODUCTION AT LARGE TRANSVERSE MOMENTA IN pp COLLISIONS AND BEYOND
Authors: SCHÄFER WOLFGANG
Published: February 2007

The inclusive production of high-p⊥ particles (pions) in the beam fragmentation regions of high–energy hadronic collisions is driven by the breakup of valence constituents of the beam hadrons into their two–body Fock–state components,and their subsequent fragmentation. We briefly discuss an approach, that allows the consistent inclusion of intrinsic and radiatively generated transverse momenta of initial state partons, and describe an extension of our approach to nuclear targets.
ADVANCES IN A FIELD-THEORETIC UNDERSTANDING OF PION PRODUCTION IN NUCLEON–NUCLEON COLLISIONS
Authors: LENSKY VADIM , HAIDENBAUER JOHANN , HANHART CHRISTOPH , BARU VADIM , KUDRYAVTSEV ALEXANDER , MEIßNER ULF-G.
Published: February 2007

We study the production amplitude for the reaction NN → NNπ up to next-to-leading order in chiral perturbation theory. We show that the irreducible chiral loops at this order exactly cancel those terms that arise from the off-shell parts of the πN rescattering vertex. This cancellation is required for formal consistency of the whole scheme. The net effect of the inclusion of all next-to-leading order loops is to enhance the leading rescattering amplitude by a factor of 4/3 compared to phenomenological studies, bringing its contribution to the cross section for pp → dπ+ close to the experimental value.
DIELECTRON PRODUCTION IN C+C AT 1 AGeV WITH HADES
Authors:   FOR THE HADES COLLABORATION: supp. by BMBF, GSI, KBN, INFN, CNRS/IN2P3, GA, UCY, MCYT, XUGA, INTAS and EC., CHRIST TASSILO
Published: February 2007

The production of e+e- - pairs has been measured for C + C collisions at a beam energy of 1 AGeV. Preliminary invariant pair mass spectra are constructed utilizing a probabilistic analysis method for the identification of single e+/e- tracks. The results are compared to predictions based on sources with known production cross sections, and to earlier measurements.
SEARCH FOR RESONANT STRUCTURE IN THE PION PRODUCTION REACTION ON THE NUCLOTRON INTERNAL BEAM
Authors: Livanov A. N. , Anisimov Yu. S. , Gmuca S. , Gurchin Yu. V. , Janek M. , Kiselev A. S. , Kizka V. A. , Krasnov V. A. , Kuznetsov S. N. , Ladygin V. P. , Malakhov A. I. , Kliman J. , Matoushek V. , Morkhac M. , Plekhanov E. B. , Turzo I. , Kurepin A. B. , Vasiliev T. A.
Published: February 2007

We have searched for an enhancement in the excitation function of the yield of pions in the pion production reaction by protons and deutrons at bombarding energies near 350 MeV/nucleon. The measurements was carried out on the JINR Nuclotron internal beam and target in March and June 2004 Nuclotron Runs for Ag , Cu , Al and C targets.
FLOW OF STRANGE PARTICLES FROM FOPI AT SIS
Authors:   FOR THE FOPI COLLABORATION., KIM YOUNG JIN
Published: February 2007

Study of strange particles produced at (sub)threshold energies in nucleus-nucleus collisions can deliver insights into fundamental questions about the in-medium properties of hadrons in dense baryonic matter. Many theoretical calculations for the production and propagation of strangeness at SIS energies lead to various predictions concerning the existence and the magnitude of in-medium effects for strange particles in nuclear matter. FOPI measured the flow of strange particles in Ni + Ni collisions at 1.93A GeV and the results are compared with transport models which are favorable to in-medium effect.
OBSERVATION OF THE ABC EFFECT IN THE FIRST EXCLUSIVE MEASUREMENTS OF pn → dπ0π0
Authors:   CELSIUS-WASA COLLABORATION., Khakimova O. , Bashkanov M. , Skorodko T. , Bargholtz C. , Bogoslowsky D. , Calén H. , Cappellaro F. , Clement H. , Ekström C. , Fransson K. , Geren L. , Gustafsson L. , Höistad B. , Ivanov G. , Jacewicz M. , Jiganov E. , Johansson T. , Kaskulov M. M. , Keleta S. , Koch I. , Kren F. , Kullander S. , Kupść A. , Kuznetsov A. , Lindberg K. , Marciniewski P. , Meier R. , Morosov B. , Oelert W. , Pauly C. , Petukhov Y. , Povtoreyko A. , Ruber R. J. M. Y. , Schwick A. , Scobel W. , Shafigullin R. , Shwartz B. , Sopov V. , Stepaniak J. , Tegner P.-E. , Tchernyshev V. , Thörngren-Engblom P. , Tikhomirov V. , Turowiecki A. , Wagner G. J. , Wolke M. , Yamamoto A. , Zabierowski J. , Zartova I. , Złomanćzuk J.
Published: February 2007

The reaction pn → dπ0π0 constitutes the most fundamental system for the study of the ABC effect - a puzzling threshold enhancement in the ππ invariant mass spectrum of the ππ system in double-pionic fusion to nuclear bound states. The first exclusive measurements of this reaction have now been carried out at CELSIUS-WASA. They exhibit a striking low-mass enhancement in the ππ invariant mass spectrum, prove it to be a σ-channel phenomenon and falsify conventional theoretical models, which predict an associated high-mass enhancement not present in the new exclusive data. In the kinematically complete data sample we observe a ΔΔ excitation, where the interaction between the two Δ obviously plays a crucial role for the generation of the ππ low-mass enhancement.
ω MESON PRODUCTION IN PROTON-PROTON COLLISIONS
Authors:   COSY-TOF COLLABORATION., Ullrich W. , Abdel-Bary M. , Brinkmann K.-Th. , Clement H. , Dietrich J. , Doroshkevich E. , Dshemuchadse S. , Ehrhardt K. , Erhardt A. , Eyrich W. , Freiesleben H. , Gillitzer A. , Jäkel R. , Karsch L. , Kilian K. , Kuhlmann E. , Marcello S. , Morsch H. P. , Pizzolotto C. , Ritman J. , Roderburg E. , Schroeder W. , Schulte-Wissermann M. , Teufel A. , Ucar A. , Wenzel R. , Wintz P. , Wüstner P. , Zupranski P.
Published: February 2007

One of the experimental programs at the TOF spectrometer located at the COSY-accelerator (Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany) is the study of ω-meson production in proton proton collisions (pp → ppω). Recently, a measurement was performed with a polarized beam at an excess energy of ∊ = 129 MeV , which offers the possibility to analyze polarization observables of this reaction channel for the first time. The analyzing power (Ay) of the pp → ppω-reaction was determined to be compatible with zero.
DYNAMICS OF DEEPLY BOUND ${\bar K}$ STATES
Authors: MAREŠ JIŘI , FRIEDMAN ELIAHU , GAL AVRAHAM
Published: February 2007

Dynamical effects for [Formula: see text] deeply bound nuclear states are explored within a relativistic mean field (RMF) model. Varying the strength of [Formula: see text] - nucleus interaction, we cover a wide range of binding energies in order to evaluate the corresponding widths. A lower limit [Formula: see text] is placed on the width expected for binding energy in the range of [Formula: see text]. Substantial polarization of the core nucleus is found in light nuclei. We discuss the results of the FINUDA experiment at DAΦNE which presented evidence for deeply bound K- pp states in Li and 12 C .
FORM FACTORS IN B → f0(980) AND D → f0(980) TRANSITIONS FROM DISPERSION RELATIONS
Authors: El-BENNICH B. , LEITNER O. M. A. , LOISEAU B. , DEDONDER J. P.
Published: February 2007

Within the dispersion relation approach we give the double spectral representation for space-like and time-like B → f0(980) and D → f0(980) transition form factors in the whole q2 range. The spectral densities, being the input of the dispersion relations, are obtained from a triangle diagram of relativistic constituent quarks.
MASSES OF [70,ℓ+] BARYONS IN LARGE Nc QCD
Authors: MATAGNE NICOLAS , STANCU FLORENCE
Published: February 2007

Previous work is extended from SU (2) to SU (3) and we present results for the mass spectrum of the [70,ℓ+] (ℓ = 0,2) nonstrange and strange baryons in the 1/Nc expansion. We show that the dominant term is the spin-spin interaction and its contribution vanishes at large excitations.
DIFFRACTIVE DOUBLE-ELASTIC PRODUCTION OF η′ AND ηc IN THE pp → pXp REACTION
Authors: SZCZUREK ANTONI
Published: February 2007

I discuss double-diffractive (double-elastic) production of the η′ and ηc mesons in the pp → pXp reaction within the formalism of unintegrated gluon distribution functions (UGDF). The contribution of γ*γ* → η′ fusion is estimated. The distributions in the Feynman xF (or rapidity), transferred four-momenta squared between initial and final protons (t1, t2) and azimuthal angle difference between outgoing protons (Φ) are calculated and discussed. The results are compared with the WA102 data. Predictions at higher energies are presented.
MICROSTRUCTURE OF PLASMA-SPRAYED Al2O3–ZrO2 COMPOSITE COATINGS
Authors: CHEN LUBIN , CHEN CHUANZHONG , ZHANG LIANG , QI BIAO , LEI TING-QUAN
Published: February 2007

Thermal barrier coatings of Al 2 O 3– ZrO 2 were prepared by air plasma spraying on the surface of 20G steel. Phase constitution, microstructures and elemental distributions of the coatings were studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The results show that the plasma spray coating mainly consists of α- Al 2 O 3, c - ZrO 2, and t - ZrO 2. The bond state of the interface between the top layer and bond layer is fine, and the bond layer has a good combination with the substrate. ZrO 2 and Al 2 O 3 structures can closely integrate together and form compact top layer system.
CHARACTERIZATION OF ISOTHERMAL OXIDATION OF AIR PLASMA SPRAYED NiCrAlY COATINGS
Authors: CHEN LUBIN , CHEN CHUANZHONG , ZHANG LIANG , TIAN YONGSHENG , LEI TING-QUAN
Published: February 2007

The oxidation behavior of the coatings at 1100°C in air was investigated using electron probe microanalyzer, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffractometer. Compacted oxide scales, mainly consisting of oxides of Al and Y , were formed on the coating surface, and thus the oxidation resistance of the coatings was enhanced. Cone oxides are formed on the scale surface and normal to the coating surface due to the characterization of preferential growth.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OBTAINED FROM MEASURED THERMAL PROFILES IN THE FILM/SUBSTRATE BIMATERIAL SYSTEM
Authors: MALDONADO R. D. , OLIVA A. I. , RIVEROS H. G.
Published: February 2007

The microelectronic devices are formed by a substrate that supports the functional thin film material. The thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of the system depend strongly on the interfacial properties between a film and a substrate. The interfacial nature in a film/substrate system originates the thermal contact resistance (R tc ). We discuss the thermal and the electrical behavior in a film/substrate system (bimaterial system) making emphasis on the R tc of the interface. Au /glass samples with different thicknesses were prepared by thermal evaporation for experimentation. The bimaterial system was heated by a DC electrical current to obtain thermal profiles. Film and substrate thermal profiles acquired with high resolution combined with a developed bimaterial model are used as an alternative method to estimate the R tc value at atmospheric pressure, the electrical resistivity ρ, and the thermal resistive coefficient α r in the bimaterial system. The calculated R tc values ranged from 7.7 × 10-4 to 1.2 × 10-3 m2 K/W for the Au /glass system, in good agreement with previously reported values. The ρ values obtained from the thermal profile data present a more reliable value due to the global character than the local values measured by the four-probe technique. Dependence on film thickness was also found in the α r coefficient determination.
GROWTH OF ZIRCONIUM SILICATE THIN FILM BY PULSED-MOCVD USING ZTB AND TDEAS
Authors: KIM JAEHYUN , YONG KIJUNG
Published: February 2007

Zirconium silicate ( Zr x Si 1-x O 2) thin films were deposited by pulsed metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) using zirconium tert-butoxide (ZTB) and tetrakis-diethylamido silane (TDEAS). The growth temperature of 200–300°C was used to deposit films with uniform thickness. The grown films showed the Zr -rich composition, which is thought to induce the Zr -silicide formation at the interface of the silicate and Si substrate. The film composition and chemical binding states were investigated by XPS depth profiling measurements.
THE RAMAN SPECTRA CHARACTERISTICS OF a-CNx FILMS GROWN ON QUARTZ SUBSTRATES BY NEWLY DEVELOPED SURFACE WAVE MICROWAVE PECVD
Authors: RUSOP M. , ABDULLAH S. , ADHIKARI S. , OMER A. M. M. , SOGA T. , JIMBO T. , UMENO M.
Published: February 2007

Amorphous carbon nitride ( a - CN x) films were deposited on quartz substrates by newly developed surface wave microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (SWMP-CVD) of alcohol camphoric carbon plasma source at room temperature. Then the a - CN x films were heat-treated at various annealing temperatures (AT) in the 100–500°C range. The effects of heat treatment on the structural modifications were studied by Visible-Raman spectroscopy through the evolution of D and G peaks. The spectral evolution observed on heat-treated a - CN x shows progressive formation of crystallites. Raman spectra have revealed the amorphous structure of as-grown a - CN x films and the growth of nanocrystallinity upon increase of AT. These structural changes were further correlated with optical band gap and fraction of sp3 bonded carbons present, derived respectively from the UV-visible and photoelectron spectroscopy. The wide range of optical absorption coefficient characteristics is observed depending on the AT. The optical band gap of as-grown a - CN x films is found to be approximately 2.8 eV; it gradually decreases to 2.5 eV for the films heat-treated at 300°C and then it decreases rapidly to 0.9 eV at 500°C. The results obtained are discussed and compared with the literatures.
THE CHARACTERISTIC OF AS-GROWN AND POST-ANNEALED NITROGEN DOPED AMORPHOUS CARBON THIN FILMS DEPOSITED BY SURFACE WAVE MICROWAVE PLASMA ENHANCED CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION METHOD
Authors: RUSOP M. , ABDULLAH S. , ADHIKARI S. , OMER A. M. M. , SOGA T. , JIMBO T. , UMENO M.
Published: February 2007

Nitrogen doped amorphous carbon ( a - C : N ) thin films were deposited on silicon and quartz substrates by microwave surface-wave plasma chemical vapor deposition (SWMP-CVD) technique at low temperatures (<100°C). We used argon ( Ar ), camphor dissolved in alcohol, and nitrogen ( N ) as carrier, source, and dopant gases, respectively. Optical band gap (Eg) decreased from 4.1 to 2.4 eV when the N gas concentration increased from 0% to 4.5%. The films were annealed at different temperatures ranging from 150°C to 450°C in Ar gas environment to investigate the optical and electrical properties of the films before and after annealing. Both Egand electrical resistivity (ρ) decreased dramatically up to 0.95 eV and 57×103Ω cm at 450°C annealing. The structural modifications of the films leading them to become more graphitized as a function of the annealing temperature were confirmed by the characterization of Raman spectra.
EX SITU ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY STUDIES OF SURFACE MORPHOLOGY ON {001} FACES OF MMTWD CRYSTALS
Authors: LIU X. J. , WANG X. Q. , WANG Z. Y. , XU D. , YU G. W. , SONG Y. Y. , GENG Y. L. , ZHANG H. B.
Published: February 2007

Surface morphology of the {001} faces of MMTWD crystals grown from by the temperature-lowering method has been studied. Monolayer and multilayer steps elongate along the a direction, which is determined by the crystal structure. Apart from that, the elementary steps have narrower terraces than the bunched ones, which may be resulting from the faster growth rates of the former than the latter. The formation of the protuberances at the step fronts is primarily associated with the uneven growth rates. The hollow cavities also elongate along the a direction, which demonstrates that the formation of them is also restricted by the crystal structure. Cracks are supposed to occur during harvesting, handling, or temperature stress afterwards. Growth of the 3D hillocks in high density can probably cause large stress and induce structure mismatch and serious cracks at the later stage.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON EFFECTS OF IMPACT VELOCITY AND SPRAY ANGLE OF PARTICLE ON ITS DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR IN COLD SPRAYING
Authors: ZHANG XINPING , WANG XUEZHENG , LI YUXUAN , CHEN GUANG
Published: February 2007

The cold spraying process is analyzed by numerical modeling of the impact between a single spherical particle and a substrate; the effects of impact velocity and spray angle of a particle on the particle and substrate deformation behavior were investigated. It was found that much localized stress, localized strain, and localized heating are present near the particle/substrate interface. When impact velocity exceeds a critical velocity, a jet-type flow of material at the interface was formed. High particle/substrate contact pressures and better developed interfacial jets appear to be the major factors controlling the strength of interfacial bonding. As the particle impact velocity or spray angle increases, the length of interfacial jets increases and it may strengthen the bonding of the particle and the substrate.
DEVELOPMENT OF LASER CLADDING WEAR-RESISTANT COATING ON TITANIUM ALLOYS
Authors: BAO RUILIANG , YU HUIJUN , CHEN CHUANZHONG , QI BIAO , ZHANG LIJIAN
Published: February 2007

Laser cladding is an advanced surface modification technology with broad prospect in making wear-resistant coating on titanium alloys. In this paper, the influences of laser cladding processing parameters on the quality of coating are generalized as well as the selection of cladding materials on titanium alloys. The microstructure characteristics and strengthening mechanism of coating are also analyzed. In addition, the problems and precaution measures in the laser cladding are pointed out.
BONDING ZONE MORPHOLOGIES CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER REMELTED HA COATINGS
Authors: WANG DIANGANG , CHEN CHUANZHONG , BAO QUANHE , ZHANG LIANG , LEI TINGQUAN
Published: February 2007

The low bonding strength between plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings and substrates is one of the problems, which should be solved. In this paper, the as-sprayed HA coatings were retreated by laser remelting. The microstructure and element analysis in coatings were studied by electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) and the accessory of energy spectrum analyzer. The results show that the bonding state can be improved greatly after laser remelting and it is a metallurgical combination between transition layers and substrates. Generally, with the increase of laser power and the decrease of scanning speed, the bonding state between the surface and transition layer will be improved much more, but the value of Ca / P ratio will deviate much more from 1.67. In this experiment, the optimum technological parameter is that the laser power is 600 W and the scanning speed is 11.2 mm/s.
SURFACE TEMPERATURE FIELD MODEL AND INFLUENCE FACTORS OF HF CVD DIAMOND FILMS ON WC–Co ALLOYS
Authors: LIU SHA , ZHANG JING QIU
Published: February 2007

The surface temperature field model of hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HF CVD) diamond films on WC – Co alloys was constructed and calculated by taking into account the influences of both thermal source properties and physical properties of substrates. Under the certain conditions of some parameters, the effects of the influence factors such as the maximum specific heat flux (q m ), the heat conductivity coefficient (λ) of the substrate and the substrate height (h) on the surface temperature field were exhibited quickly and clearly by the computer modeling. The theoretical calculating data are close to the experimental results. It is found that the influences of the thermal source parameter, the substrate height, and the heat conductivity coefficient of the substrate materials on the surface temperature field of diamond films on WC – Co alloys are almost equally important.
ADSORPTION AND DISSOCIATION OF O/O2 ON FLAT AND STEPPED PALLADIUM SURFACES
Authors: CHEN SHOUGANG , WANG DAOPING , YU SHUAIQIN
Published: February 2007

The 5-parameter Morse potential (5-MP) of an O – Pd system and the improved extended LEPS potential of an O 2– Pd system were constructed. The adsorption and dissociation of oxygen atoms and oxygen molecules on flat and stepped palladium single crystal surfaces were studied detailedly, and the data of adsorption sites, adsorption geometry, binding energy, eigenvibration, dissociative mechanism, etc. were obtained. Theoretical results show that the high-symmetry sites are the preferred adsorption sites for tilted adsorption of oxygen molecules, and the tilted angle depends on the number of atoms per unit surface area. Meanwhile, a variety of dissociation pathways are analyzed in detail related to the O 2– Pd (111) system. These results show that the adsorptive dissociation of oxygen molecules on the Pd (111) hollow site is precursor-mediated, on the Pd (111) bridge site is direct dissociation and on the Pd (111) top site is not only depended on the translational energy, but also depended on the vibrational energy. Moreover, the role of the step defect for oxygen atoms and oxygen molecules is also discussed related to flat surface. Theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental results, and explain well the divergence [N. Salanov and V. N. Bibin, Surf. Sci.441 (1999) 399; P. D. Nolan, B. R. Lutz, P. L. Tanaka and C. B. Mullins, Surf. Sci.419 (1998) L107] related to the O 2 dissociation mechanism.
EFFECTS OF TECHNICAL PARAMETERS ON THE PULSED LASER DEPOSITED FERROELECTRIC FILMS
Authors: ZHAO YAFAN , CHEN CHUANZHONG , SONG MINGDA , MA JIE , WANG DIANGANG
Published: February 2007

Pulsed laser deposition (PLD), which is a novel technique in producing thin films in the recent years, shows unique advantages for the deposition of ferroelectric films. Effects of technical parameters on the pulsed laser deposited ferroelectric films, including substrate temperature, oxygen pressure, post-annealing, buffer layer, target composition, energy density, wavelength, target-to-substrate distance, and laser pulse rate, are systematically reviewed in order to optimize these parameters. Processing-microstructure-property relationships of ferroelectric films by PLD are discussed. The application prospect is pointed as well.
YTTRIA-STABILIZED ZIRCONIA THERMAL BARRIER COATINGS — A REVIEW
Authors: CHEN L. B.
Published: February 2007

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), which protect metallic components from high-temperature environments, have been widely applied to the fields of high-temperature and corrosion-resistant structural parts such as gas turbine engines, diesel engines, and power generation systems. Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is one of the most widely used materials for TBCs owing to its excellent shock resistance, low-thermal conductivity, and relatively high coefficient of thermal expansion. In this paper the properties of YSZ and the recent developments of YSZ-TBCs are reviewed. The failure mechanism of YSZ-TBCs and corresponding methods for lengthening the lifetime of YSZ-TBCs are discussed. The advantages of graded thermal barrier coatings and the problems in processing are elucidated.
THE STUDY OF SURFACE SEGREGATION, STRUCTURE, AND VALENCE BAND DENSITY OF STATES OF Pt3Ni(100), (110), AND (111) CRYSTALS
Authors: MUN B. S. , WATANABE M. , ROSSI M. , STAMENKOVIC V. , MARKOVIC N. M. , ROSS P. N.
Published: February 2007

The surface segregation, structure, and valence band density of states of Pt 3 Ni (100), (110), and (111) single crystals are characterized with low energy ion scattering (LEIS), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS). The results of LEIS clearly reveal the complete surface segregation of Pt to the top layer on all crystal alloys. LEED indicates the (5 × 1) surface reconstruction on the Pt 3 Ni (100), while (110) and (111) surfaces show (2 × 1) and (1 × 1) patterns, respectively, identical to Pt single crystals. The valence bands density of states on Pt 3 Ni alloys are compared to those of Pt single crystals via UPS measurements.
A PRACTICAL APPROACH FOR SENSING SURFACE NANOSTRUCTURES IN ELECTROCHEMICAL EXPERIMENTS
Authors: EFTEKHARI ALI , KAZEMZAD MAHMOOD , KEYANPOUR-RAD MANSOOR
Published: February 2007

Fractal analysis of electrode surfaces by means of electrochemical techniques is an efficient tool to reveal surface structures via a geometrical model. Since this is based on the concept of "diffusion toward electrode surfaces", detectable scale depends on the diffusion coefficient, and it is in the range of 1–100 μm for conventional electrochemistry. By taking this issue into account, a simple approach is proposed to perform fractal analysis at nanoscale, which is an important requirement in surface studies. Increasing the electrolyte viscosity and decreasing the environment temperature lead to slower diffusion. Thus, the detectable fractality scale, which is proportional to the square root of diffusion coefficient, can be reduced. This provides an opportunity for fractal analysis at nanoscale. In this case, the possible errors due to natural convection (i.e., an important obstacle in this method) will also be significantly reduced. This simple approach in company with the previously developed gold-masking approach provides an acceptable generality for fractal analysis of electrode surfaces.
Divergent response of metabolite transport proteins in human skeletal muscle after sprint interval training and detraining
Authors: Burgomaster Kirsten A. , Cermak Naomi M. , Phillips Stuart M. , Benton Carley R. , Bonen Arend , Gibala Martin J.
Published: February 2007

Skeletal muscle primarily relies on carbohydrate (CHO) for energy provision during high-intensity exercise. We hypothesized that sprint interval training (SIT), or repeated sessions of high-intensity exercise, would induce rapid changes in transport proteins associated with CHO metabolism, whereas changes in skeletal muscle fatty acid transporters would occur more slowly. Eight active men (22 ± 1 yr; peak oxygen uptake = 50 ± 2 ml·kg−1·min−1) performed 4–6 × 30 s all-out cycling efforts with 4-min recovery, 3 days/wk for 6 wk. Needle muscle biopsy samples (vastus lateralis) were obtained before training (Pre), after 1 and 6 wk of SIT, and after 1 and 6 wk of detraining. Muscle oxidative capacity, as reflected by the protein content of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 (COX4), increased by ∼35% after 1 wk of SIT and remained higher compared with Pre, even after 6 wk of detraining ( P < 0.05). Muscle GLUT4 content increased after 1 wk of SIT and remained ∼20% higher compared with baseline during detraining ( P < 0.05). The monocarboxylate tranporter (MCT) 4 was higher after 1 and 6 wk of SIT compared with Pre, whereas MCT1 increased after 6 wk of training and remained higher after 1 wk of detraining ( P < 0.05). There was no effect of training or detraining on the muscle content of fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) or plasma membrane associated fatty acid binding protein (FABPpm) ( P > 0.05). We conclude that short-term SIT induces rapid increases in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity but has divergent effects on proteins associated with glucose, lactate, and fatty acid transport.
Exercise, MAPK, and NF-κB signaling in skeletal muscle
Authors: Kramer Henning F. , Goodyear Laurie J.
Published: February 2007

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and NF-κB are two major regulators of gene transcription and metabolism in response to oxidative, energetic, and mechanical stress in skeletal muscle. Chronic activation of these signaling pathways has been implicated in the development and perpetuation of various pathologies, such as diabetes and cachexia. However, both MAPK and NF-κB are also stimulated by exercise, which promotes improvements in fuel homeostasis and can prevent skeletal muscle atrophy. This review will first discuss the major MAPK signaling modules in skeletal muscle, their differential activation by exercise, and speculated functions on acute substrate metabolism and exercise-induced gene expression. Focus will then shift to examination of the NF-κB pathway, including its mechanism of activation by cellular stress and its putative mediation of exercise-stimulated adaptations in antioxidant status, tissue regeneration, and metabolism. Although limited, there is additional evidence to suggest cross talk between MAPK and NF-κB signals with exercise. The objectives herein are twofold: 1) to determine how and why exercise activates MAPK and NF-κB; and 2) to resolve their paradoxical activation during diseased and healthy conditions.
Effects of age on pulmonary perfusion heterogeneity measured by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Levin David L. , Buxton Richard B. , Spiess James P. , Arai Tatsuya , Balouch Jamal , Hopkins Susan R.
Published: February 2007

Normal aging is associated with a decline in pulmonary function and efficiency of gas exchange, although the effects on the spatial distribution of pulmonary perfusion are poorly understood. We hypothesized that spatial pulmonary perfusion heterogeneity would increase with increasing age. Fifty-six healthy, nonsmoking subjects (ages 21–76 yr) underwent magnetic resonance imaging with arterial spin labeling (ASL) using a Vision 1.5-T whole body scanner (Siemens Medical Systems, Erlangen, Germany). ASL uses a magnetically tagged bolus to generate perfusion maps where signal intensity is proportional to regional pulmonary perfusion. The spatial heterogeneity of pulmonary blood flow was quantified by the relative dispersion (RD = SD/mean, a global index of heterogeneity) of signal intensity for voxels within the right lung and by the fractal dimension ( Ds). There were no significant sex differences for RD ( P = 0.81) or Ds ( P = 0.43) when age was considered as a covariate. RD increased significantly with increasing age by ∼0.1/decade until age 50–59 yr, and there was a significant positive relationship between RD and age ( R = 0.48, P < 0.0005) and height ( R = 0.39, P < 0.01), but not body mass index ( R = 0.07, P = 0.67). Age and height combined in a multiple regression were significantly related to RD ( R = 0.66, P < 0.0001). There was no significant relationship between RD and spirometry or arterial oxygen saturation. Ds was not related to age, height, spirometry, or arterial oxygen saturation. The lack of relationship between age and Ds argues against an intrinsic alteration in the pulmonary vascular branching with age as being responsible for the observed increase in global spatial perfusion heterogeneity measured by the RD.
Coincident Glutamatergic and Cholinergic Inputs Transiently Depress Glutamate Release at Rat Schaffer Collateral Synapses
Authors: Gipson Keith E. , Yeckel Mark F.
Published: February 2007

The mammalian hippocampus, together with subcortical and cortical areas, is responsible for some forms of learning and memory. Proper hippocampal function depends on the highly dynamic nature of its circuitry, including the ability of synapses to change their strength for brief to long periods of time. In this study, we focused on a transient depression of glutamatergic synaptic transmission at Schaffer collateral synapses in acute hippocampal slices. The depression of evoked excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) amplitudes, herein called transient depression, follows brief trains of synaptic stimulation in stratum radiatum of CA1 and lasts for 2–3 min. Depression results from a decrease in presynaptic glutamate release, as NMDA-receptor–mediated EPSCs and composite EPSCs are depressed similarly and depression is accompanied by an increase in the paired-pulse ratio. Transient depression is prevented by blockade of metabotropic glutamate and acetylcholine receptors, presumably located presynaptically. These two receptor types—acting together—cause depression. Blockade of a single receptor type necessitates significantly stronger conditioning trains for triggering depression. Addition of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor enables depression from previously insufficient conditioning trains. Furthermore, a strong coincident, but not causal, relationship existed between presynaptic depression and postsynaptic internal Ca2+ release, emphasizing the potential importance of functional interactions between presynaptic and postsynaptic effects of convergent cholinergic and glutamatergic inputs to CA1. These convergent afferents, one intrinsic to the hippocampus and the other likely originating in the medial septum, may regulate CA1 network activity, the induction of long-term synaptic plasticity, and ultimately hippocampal function.
Suicide Attempts among Norwegian Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Youths
Authors: Hegna Kristinn , Wichstrøm Lars
Published: February 2007

The aim of the study was to identify the specific factors that affect the risk of attempted suicide in Norwegian gay, lesbian and bisexual (GLB) youths beyond the effect of general risk factors presumed to be of importance irrespective of sexual orientation. The national non-probability sample included 407 GLB youths aged between 16 and 25 years of age, among whom 26 per cent of both genders reported a previous suicide attempt. General risk factors for attempted suicide among GLB youths were: lack of parental contact, internalizing problems (depression/anxiety), low self-esteem, regular smoking and victimization. The following risk factors specific for GLB youths increased the risk of attempted suicide even when controlling for general risk factors: currently being in a steady heterosexual relationship, early heterosexual debut (<16), young age of coming out (<15), infrequent contact with heterosexual friends and openness to all heterosexual friends. For practitioners engaged in social work among young people in general or GLB youths in particular, these results show that while coming out is a vital aspect of sexual identity formation that enhances psychological well-being and should be celebrated, in another sense it is a serious stressor with potentially negative consequences unless a strong social support network is there to be relied upon.
Effects of Immigrant Parents' Participation in Society on Their Children's School Performance
Authors: Driessen Geert , Smit Frederik
Published: February 2007

Integration of ethnic minorities into society is often operationalized as participation in various societal institutions. Examples are cultural, political and labour participation. On the basis of the theoretical concepts of social and cultural capital as proposed by sociologists Bourdieu and Coleman, it is often hypothesized that greater parental participation in society will generally lead to a better educational position for the children of such parents. To test this hypothesis, descriptive and multi-level analyses were conducted using data from the Dutch cohort study Primary Education. The sample included information on nearly 11,000 kindergarten students (6-year-olds) from almost 600 primary schools. In the analyses, ethnic minority parents and their children were compared to native Dutch parents and their children. After controlling for parental socio-economic and ethnic background, the results showed an effect of cultural participation only on language and mathematics skills. No effects on non-cognitive outcomes, such as social position, individual well-being or self-confidence, were found.
Communities Versus Networks
Authors: Fiore Filippo Dal
Published: February 2007

In literature about knowledge management and sociology of innovation, the concepts of community and network are often superimposed if not used in an undifferentiated way. This deprives them of part of their heuristic power. In this article, the two concepts are revisited under a common framework of reference: placing them at the two extremes of a continuum of the different possible relationships (hetero directed vs. self-directed) between an agent and the environment in which it operates. Communities are social containers for incremental innovation, whereas networks are the place for boundary-spanning learning and as a consequence, for radical innovation.
Verba Volant, Scripta Manent
Authors: Venturini Tommaso
Published: February 2007

It is commonly recognized that different social configurations tend to be associated with different innovation styles. Linear innovations are more likely to be produced by communities of strong and homogeneous ties, whereas radical innovations tend to originate from networks of weak and diverse connections. Yet there is a second and subtler linkage between social patterns and innovation types: a junction that depends on the nature of the media available to different groups. The key role is played by explicitness. Communities, being relatively homogeneous, can rely on implicit forms of communication, whereas networks require explicit channels and languages to relate highly diverse components. This difference in explicitness tends to produce different innovation styles: The more explicit are the media available to a group, the more discontinuous and radical will be the innovation generated. Empirical ground for this hypothesis is provided through analysis of a much-discussed case of biopiracy.
The Territorial Dimension of the Knowledge Economy
Authors: Cappellin Riccardo
Published: February 2007

Cities are the core of the far-reaching sectoral transformation of the national and international economy into the model of the “knowledge economy,” and the competitive advantage of cities and regions is determined by a faster adoption of innovation. This article considers the relationships between the changes in the spatial structure and the transition to the knowledge economy, as innovation affects the structure of the territory at the regional, national, and international level, but also how territorial structure and policies affect the patterns of innovation. It first illustrates the differences between the related concepts of information, knowledge, and learning economy. Then it defines the systemic and interactive nature of the process of knowledge creation and illustrates the methodology of territorial knowledge management. That highlights how spatial planning may affect the innovation potential of a region and the differences with respect to the traditional approach in industrial and innovation policies.
Midlife Communities of Practice
Authors: Kranendonk Remco P. , Kersten Paul H.
Published: February 2007

Several of the communities of practice (CoPs) managed by the authors have reached their midlife. Designed CoPs have come to life and have achieved alignment from which we can learn. The authors signal a growing interest in using CoPs as management instruments and in governance. Governments are seeking new ways in policy making and new steering instruments. Using the case of agrologistics, the authors describe how the Dutch government has used a CoP for complex planning and organizational problems. The social design, planning, and management of a new CoP have linked together a wide range of stakeholders to establish an operational CoP. Alignment is a key factor in this transition to self-steering; the value of belonging is very powerful. Masters play an important role in setting up and in steering a CoP. CoPs can be developed as new instruments of governance based on the theoretical concept of CoP.
The Symbolic Dimension of Innovation Processes
Authors: Cavalli Nicola
Published: February 2007

The sociology of technology and the sociology of science still make little use of findings in rhetorical and linguistic fields. This article analyzes the conditions under which an invention might become an innovation, paying particular attention to the symbolic level. The article, thus, analyzes the role of communication in the social process of innovation and proposes to use the concepts of discourse community and communicative genre to tackle the symbolic dimension of innovation processes, applying them to the case of e-books, taken as an invention that has not yet become a true social innovation. A textual analysis, together with the discussion of the results of two empirical studies, is proposed to analyze the social, linguistic, and communicative aspects of the innovation process.
Critique of teleology in Kant and Dworkin
Authors: Lefebvre Alexandre
Published: February 2007

In the Critique of Judgment Kant proposes a unique and necessary presupposition of our faculty of judgment. Empirical nature, together with its diverse laws, must be judged as if it were a coherent unity. In a teleological judgment, we add that nature must be judged as if it were purposively designed for our faculty of judgment. In this article, I argue that Kant's insights on reflective teleological judgment - the least commentedupon element of the Critical philosophy - are adopted by Dworkin towards a philosophy of law and adjudication. I claim Dworkin's concept of ‘integrity’ strictly, but tacitly, partakes of the structure of Kant's teleological judgment in its presumption of systematicity in juridical laws and unity of community which designs and abides its own principles. Throughout, I draw on Gilles Deleuze - a philosopher who complains of being ‘against judgment’ and wishes ‘to have done with judgment’ - to critique both the presuppositions and effects of such teleological judgment and the image of law it proposes. Using Deleuze I hope to characterize and criticize the teleological theory of judgment and also fruitfully engage Deleuze with problems of law scarcely addressed either by himself or by commentary.
The Heavenly Council and its Type-scene
Authors: Kee Min Suc
Published: February 2007

This article proposes that the visual descriptions of the outlook, the process and the location of the members are particular characteristics of the ‘heavenly council’ in the Mesopotamian, Ugaritic and ancient Israelite texts. Generally, the heavenly council descriptions include ‘the high god at the centre of the council, surrounded by its members’. This type-scene employs common phrases, such as ‘to sit down’ and ‘to stand’, which are widely attested in the ancient Near Eastern texts. Accordingly 1 Kgs 22.19-23; Isaiah 6; Job 1 and 2; Psalm 82; Zechariah 3, and Dan. 7.9-14 are to be categorized as the major type-scenes of the heavenly council in the Hebrew Bible.
Deuteronomistic History or Deuteronomic Debate? (A Thought Experiment)
Authors: Noll K. L.
Published: February 2007

This study intends to replace Martin Noth’s Deuteronomistic History hypothesis with an approach that makes better use of all available data. Three thesis statements establish a new paradigm for future research. First, to the extent that they have Deuteronomy in view, the Former Prophets represent not a deuteronomistic ideology, but a Deuteronomic debate. Second, the like-minded intellectuals who produced these scrolls did not intend to create authoritative scripture because their writings were not intended for mass consumption. Third, each book of the Former Prophets presents a distinctive pattern of response to Deuteronomy, usually negative but occasionally positive. In sum, what we have in the Former Prophets is a conversation with Deuteronomy. What we do not have, except for a few late glosses, is deuteronomism.
Obeying the First Part of the Tenth Commandment: Applications from the Levirate Marriage Law
Authors: Matlock Michael D.
Published: February 2007

Within the last thirty years, a handful of scholars have cogently argued on the basis of ancient Near Eastern law codes and literary structure that the legal applications in Deuteronomy 6-26 are structured in roughly the same sequence as the Ten Commandments in ch. 5. Even more pertinent for understanding the meaning of chs. 6-26 and the Decalogue, Dennis Olson argues for a correlative interpretation between the two legal corpora. The present study examines possible correlations between the first part of the tenth commandment (Deut. 5.21a) and the so-labeled ‘levirate marriage’ law (Deut. 25.5-10) to address whether levirate marriage is an institutionalized exception to the tenth commandment against desiring a neighbor’s wife or whether it is more properly viewed as a way to obey the commandment.
Is There a Parallel between 1 Samuel 3 and the Sixth Chapter of the Egyptian Book of the Dead?
Authors: Lewis Peter E.
Published: February 2007

This article offers a comparison of the accounts in 1 Samuel 3 and the Sixth Chapter of the Egyptian Book of the Dead and leads to the conclusion that they may be parallel accounts. The background to the Egyptian text is explained, and it is suggested that the Hebrew author used the Egyptian account in writing this important chapter in the Deuteronomistic History.
Ideology, Geography, and the List of Minor Judges
Authors: Nelson Richard D.
Published: February 2007

This article proposes that the list of the minor judges found in Judg. 10.1-5 and 12.7-15 originated as an anti-monarchic scribal construction composed in the territory of the Northern Kingdom. The list reflects an anti-monarchic ideology and was modeled on the scribal conventions for summarizing royal succession that appear in the regnal formulas in the book of Kings. It locates the minor judges in the territory of the northern tribes outside of Ephraim.
Current Concepts Review
Authors: Bicos James , Fulkerson John P. , Amis Andrew
Published: February 2007

Awareness of the medial patellofemoral ligament has increased markedly over the past decade. Previously, this structure, which was delineated in anatomical studies, had been little recognized and underestimated with regard to its importance in stabilizing the patella. The goal of this review of the medial patellofemoral ligament is to develop a current understanding of how this ligament functions in patellofemoral stability and to review the current treatment options for medial patellofemoral ligament disruption.