bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detention Outlet Retrofit Improves the Functionality of Existing Detention Basins by Reducing Erosive Flows in Receiving Channels
Authors: Hawley Robert J. , Goodrich James A. , Korth Nora L. , Rust Christopher J. , Fet Elizabeth V. , Frye Craig , MacMannis Katherine R. , Wooten Matthew S. , Jacobs Mark , Sinha Rajib
Published: July 2017

By discharging excess stormwater at rates that more frequently exceed the critical flow for stream erosion, conventional detention basins often contribute to increased channel instability in urban and suburban systems that can be detrimental to aquatic habitat and water quality, as well as adjacent property and infrastructure. However, these ubiquitous assets, valued at approximately $600,000 per km2 in a representative suburban watershed, are ideal candidates to aid in reversing such cycles of channel degradation because improving their functionality would not necessarily require property acquisition or heavy construction. The objective of this research was to develop a simple, cost‐effective device that could be installed in detention basin outlets to reduce the erosive power of the relatively frequent storm events (~ < two‐year recurrence) and provide a passive bypass to maintain flood control performance during infrequent storms (such as the 100‐year recurrence). Results from a pilot installation show that the Detain H2O device reduced the cumulative sediment transport capacity of the preretrofit condition by greater than 40%, and contributed to reduced flashiness and prolonged baseflows in receiving streams. When scaling the strategy across a watershed, these results suggest that potential gains in water quality and stream channel stability could be achieved at costs that are orders of magnitude less than comparable benefits from newly constructed stormwater control measures.
Grexit, Brexit, Fixit … The Dynamics of Division in the Age of Trump
Authors: Galbraith James K.
Published: July 2017

This essay discusses the drift toward European disunion in the wake of the Athens Spring and its repression, through the Brexit vote, the French elections, and the new political context of the administration of Donald Trump. I argue that certain dynamics of division, rooted in the creditor‐debtor relationship, apply both to Europe and to the United States.
Solitary splenic metastasis from lung adenocarcinoma: A case report
Authors: Hara Kantaro , Izumi Nobuhiro , Tsukioka Takuma , Komatsu Hiroaki , Toda Michihito , Miyamoto Hikaru , Suzuki Satoshi , Kimura Takuya , Shibata Toshihiko , Nishiyama Noritoshi
Published: July 2017

Solitary splenic metastasis is extremely rare, with only 27 reported cases in the literature. An 81‐year‐old woman was referred to our hospital for treatment of pulmonary and splenic lesions. Chest computed tomography showed a small lung nodule in the right upper lobe, abdominal computed tomography showed an 8 cm splenic mass with abnormal accumulation, and positron emission tomography revealed a maximum standardized uptake value of 7.9. She had elevated serum cancer antigen 19‐9 (1847 U/mL) and carcinoembryonic antigen concentrations (17.9 ng/mL). She underwent laparoscopic splenectomy. Pathological examination revealed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. We performed partial lung resection and diagnosed the small lung lesion as lung adenocarcinoma. Both lesions were positive for thyroid transcription factor 1. Thus, primary lung adenocarcinoma and solitary splenic metastasis were diagnosed. The patient was still alive without recurrence four years postoperatively. Herein, we report a rare case of lung adenocarcinoma with solitary splenic metastasis and review the literature.
Injustice Abroad, Authority at Home? Democracy, Systemic Effects, and Global Wrongs
Authors: Nili Shmuel
Published: July 2017

Multiple normative theorists currently link political authority to democratic political procedures. I explore how proponents of this influential view can address a fundamental, but overlooked, puzzle. The puzzle begins from the firm judgment that even a government that keeps democratic procedures intact loses its general authority if it enacts abhorrent major laws. This judgment means that the moral failure of some laws can dissolve the moral authority of other laws—even ones that are quite distinct in their content. But how can we explain these systemic effects of specific laws? I confront this challenge by introducing a global perspective into the discussion of political authority. First, I suggest that we should only adopt an account of systemic effects that can explain how the worst global conduct dissolves a government's general authority. Second, after developing such an account, I use it to reflect on thornier global cases.
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is present in human spermatozoa and is related with sperm motility. The use of recombinant FGF2 to improve motile sperm recovery
Authors: Garbarino Azúa D. J. , Saucedo L. , Giordana S. , Magri M. L. , Buffone M. G. , Neuspiller F. , Vazquez‐Levin M. H. , Marín‐Briggiler C. I.
Published: July 2017

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) regulate several functions of somatic cells. In a previous work, we reported FGFR expression in human spermatozoa and their involvement in motility. This study aimed to evaluate the presence and localization of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) in human spermatozoa, to determine the relationship of FGF2 levels with conventional semen parameters and to assess the effect of recombinant FGF2 (rFGF2) on sperm recovery in a selection procedure. Western immunoblotting analysis using an antibody against FGF2 revealed an 18‐kDa band in sperm protein extracts. The protein was immunolocalized in the sperm flagellum and acrosomal region, as well as in all germ cells. Sperm FGF2 levels, assessed by flow cytometry, showed a positive (p < 0.05) correlation with sperm concentration, motility, total sperm number and total motile cells per ejaculate. Moreover, samples with abnormal motility depicted diminished (p < 0.01) FGF2 levels compared to those with normal motility. Spermatozoa exposed to rFGF2 bound the protein, exhibited higher (p < 0.05) total and motile sperm recoveries, and increased (p < 0.01) kinematic parameters after the swim‐up. Findings herein presented lead to consider sperm FGF2 level as a potential marker of sperm quality, and rFGF2 as a supplement for improving sperm recovery in selection techniques.
Hypothermia at neonatal intensive care unit admission was not associated with respiratory disease or death in very preterm infants
Authors: Jensen CF , Ebbesen F , Petersen JP , Sellmer A , Bach CC , Henriksen TB
Published: July 2017

Aim

This study investigated the association between hypothermia and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or death in very preterm infants admitted to a Danish neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Methods

We studied 675 infants born at Aalborg University Hospital before 32 weeks and admitted to the NICU from April 1997 to December 2011. Hypothermia was defined as a core temperature of <36.5°C on admission. The primary outcome was severe RDS or death within the first three days of life, and the secondary outcome was BPD or death before 36 postmenstrual weeks. The multivariable logistic regression was adjusted for early‐onset infection, gestational age, Apgar score, sex, treatment year and birth weight.

Results

Infants with hypothermia had a twofold increase (OR) in the odds for RDS or death (2.03), but the adjusted OR was not statistically significant (1.36). They also demonstrated a twofold increase (OR) in the odds for BPD or death (2.28), but again the adjusted OR was not statistically significant (1.03).

Conclusion

After adjusting for confounders, we found that the association between hypothermia on admission to the NICU and RDS or death, or BPD or death was statistically insignificant.
Relationships among muscle fiber type composition, fiber diameter and MRF gene expression in different skeletal muscles of naturally grazing Wuzhumuqin sheep during postnatal development
Authors: Siqin Qimuge , Nishiumi Tadayuki , Yamada Takahisa , Wang Shuiqing , Liu Wenjun , Wu Rihan , Borjigin Gerelt
Published: July 2017

The aim of this study was to determine the relationships among muscle fiber‐type composition, fiber diameter, and myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) gene expression in different skeletal muscles during development in naturally grazing Wuzhumuqin sheep. Three major muscles (i.e. the Longissimus dorsi (LD), Biceps femoris (BF) and Triceps brachii (TB)) were obtained from 20 Wuzhumuqin sheep and 20 castrated rams at each of the following ages: 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months. Muscle fiber‐type composition and fiber diameter were measured using histochemistry and morphological analysis, and MRF gene expression levels were determined using real‐time PCR. In the LD muscle, changes in the proportion of each of different types of fiber (I, IIA and IIB) were relatively small. In the BF muscle, a higher proportion of type I and a 6.19‐fold lower proportion of type IIA fibers were observed (P < 0.05). In addition, the compositions of type I and IIA fibers continuously changed in the TB muscle (P < 0.05). Moreover, muscle diameter gradually increased throughout development (P < 0.05). Almost no significant difference was found in MRF gene expression patterns, which appeared to be relatively stable. These results suggest that changes in fiber‐type composition and increases in fiber size may be mutually interacting processes during muscle development.
Fiber characteristics of pork muscle exhibiting different levels of drip loss
Authors: Koomkrong Nunyarat , Gongruttananun Nirat , Boonkaewwan Chaiwat , Noosud Jatuporn , Theerawatanasirikul Sirin , Kayan Autchara
Published: July 2017

The present study aimed to investigate the fiber characteristics of pork muscle exhibiting different levels of drip loss during storage. The samples were taken from Longissimus dorsi muscle to evaluate drip loss (n = 100). Fifteen muscles per group (low and high drip loss) were selected to evaluate the histological characteristics at 0 and 72 h of storage time. The statistical analysis revealed that a high drip loss group had greater endomysium thickness than a low drip loss group at 0 h of storage time (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in total number of fibers, fiber diameter, fiber area and perimysium thickness at 0 h of storage time (P > 0.05). At 72 h of storage time, a high drip loss was evident in higher total number of fibers (P < 0.01), but smaller fiber diameter (P < 0.05), fiber area (P < 0.01) and endomysium thickness (P < 0.01) than a low drip loss group. There was no significant difference in perimysium thickness (P > 0.05). In conclusion, drip loss might be affected by muscle structural characteristics during storage.
Investigation of genetic diversity and inbreeding in a Japanese native horse breed for suggestions on its conservation
Authors: Onogi Akio , Shirai Kouichi , Amano Tomoko
Published: July 2017

Because native breeds can serve as genetic resources for adapting to environment changes, their conservation is important for future agroecosystems. Using pedigree analysis, we investigated genetic diversity and inbreeding in Japanese Hokkaido native horses, which have adapted to a cold climate and roughage diet. Genetic diversity was measured as the number of founders and the effective number of founders, ancestors and genomes. All metrics imply a decrease in genetic diversity. A comparison of these metrics suggested that pedigree bottlenecks contributed more than did random gene losses to the reduction of genetic diversity. Estimates of marginal contributions of ancestors suggest that the bottlenecks arose mainly because related stallions had been used for breeding. A tendency for an increase in inbreeding coefficients was observed. F‐statistics revealed that a small effective population size majorly contributed to this increase, although non‐random mating in particular regions also contributed. Because the bottlenecks are thought to have reduced the effective population size, our results imply that mitigation of bottlenecks is important for conservation. To this end, breeding should involve genetically diverse stallions. In addition, to prevent non‐random mating observed in particular regions, efforts should be made to plan mating with consideration of kinships.
Nonresidential fathers with children in foster care: A descriptive study in the United States
Authors: Lee Yookyong , Fagan Jay S. , Icard Larry D.
Published: July 2017

This study used the data from 64 nonresidential fathers who had their children placed in foster care to describe their characteristics. The survey included questions about demographic background and personal challenges, the father's involvement with his child in foster care, the father's relationship with the mother, barriers to the father's involvement, and the relationship with child welfare agencies and workers. The average age of the participants was about 39 years, and the majority of them were African American. About 70% of the fathers reported low levels of education. Almost 69% of fathers reported frequent face‐to‐face contact with their children. On average, the participants were arrested 2.6 times, and it ranged from 0 to 34. More research is necessary to learn more about these fathers, develop programs to help them become a viable source for permanency option, and become more involved in their children's lives.
Patch testing in non‐immediate cutaneous adverse drug reactions: value of extemporaneous patch tests
Authors: Assier Haudrey , Valeyrie‐Allanore Laurence , Gener Gwendeline , Verlinde Carvalh Muriel , Chosidow Olivier , Wolkenstein Pierre
Published: July 2017

Background

Patch testing following a standardized protocol is reliable for identifying the culprit drug in cutaneous adverse drug reactions (CADRs). However, these patch tests (PTs) require pharmaceutical material and staff, which are not always easily available.

Objectives

To evaluate an extemporaneous PT method in CADRs.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed data for all patients referred to our department between March 2009 and June 2013 for patch testing after a non‐immediate CADR. The patients who supplied their own suspected drugs were tested both with extemporaneous PTs and with conventional PTs. Extemporaneous PTs involved a nurse crushing and diluting the drug in pet. in a ratio of approximately one‐third to two‐thirds. Standardized PTs were performed according to guidelines, with commercial drugs diluted to 30% or with active ingredients diluted to 10%. We analysed the data for the two PT methods in terms of the number of positive test reactions, drugs tested, and type of CADR for patients in whom the two PT methods were used.

Results

In total, 75 of 156 patients underwent the two PT procedures, including 91 double tests. Overall, 21 tests gave positive reactions with the two methods, and 69 other tests gave negative results with the two methods.

Conclusion

Our series yielded results similar to those of published series concerning the types of CADR and the drugs responsible. Our results suggest that, for CADRs, if a patient supplies a suspected drug but if the pharmaceutical material and staff are not available for conventional PTs, extemporaneous PTs performed by the nurse with the commercial drug used by the patient can be useful and reliable.
DRIVERS OF PAYMENT PATTERNS AT THE POINT OF SALE: STABLE OR NOT?
Authors: van der Cruijsen Carin , Plooij Mirjam
Published: July 2017

This research shows that it is key to have up‐to‐date information on payment behavior per type of point of sale (POS) and on how this behavior is driven by sociodemographic factors and perceived payment instrument attributes. Based on 2004 and 2014 data of the Netherlands, we find substantial shifts in the drivers of payment behavior. The sociodemographic factors behind the adoption of the credit card and debit card have changed, especially for the latter payment card. In addition, there are substantial shifts in the effects of sociodemographic factors and perceived relative payment attributes on which payment instrument consumers most often use. Shifts in payment behavior depend on the type of POS. Overall, we find that safety has become more important for payment behavior. The extent to which payment behavior depends on user‐friendliness and speed has somewhat decreased. (JEL C25, D12, E42)
Improved mechanism of polyester dyeing with disperse dyes in finite dyebath
Authors: Mu Bingnan , Xu Helan , Yang Yiqi
Published: July 2017

A new sorption mechanism of polyester dyeing with disperse dyes in water is proposed. It is considered dye aggregates could not be sorbed unless they turn into single molecules. However, this theory could not explain numerous sorption phenomena: sorption continues when equilibrium dye concentration exceeds its solubility; dyeing at long liquor ratio, using microencapsulated or crystal‐modified dyes do not change concentration of single dye molecules or dye solubility, but increase sorption rate and quantity in a fixed time. We demonstrate that both single and aggregated dye molecules could be sorbed using CI Disperse Blue 56. Because of the large size and low diffusion rate, dye aggregates could temporarily block sorption channel and prevent entry of other dyes. Therefore, only using extra more dyes could get a dark colour. Series of approaches could be proposed to reduce or eliminate the sorption problems caused by aggregates using the new sorption mechanism.
miR‐181d regulates human dendritic cell maturation through NF‐κB pathway
Authors: Su Xian Wei , Lu Gang , Leung Chi Kwan , Liu Qiang , Li Yi , Tsang Kam Sze , Zhao Shi Dou , Chan Danny Tat Ming , Kung Hsiang Fu , Poon Wai Sang
Published: July 2017

Objectives

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are considered as the cellular regulators which post‐transcriptionally modulate gene expression in diverse biological processes including cell development and immunity. In this study, we investigated functions of miR‐181d in dendritic cells (DCs) maturation, and the underlying mechanisms were also explored.

Materials and methods

Here we did the miRNA screening in human DCs in response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) by quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR). The expressions of DCs maturation markers were measured after miRNA mimics transfections. The pharmacological inhibitors of signalling pathways were applied to examine miR‐181d effect on DCs maturation by Western blot. Luciferase assay and mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) were also performed to reveal the target gene of miR‐181d and test the viability of T cells treated with miR‐181d transfected DCs.

Results

Overexpression of miR‐181d per se is sufficient to promote DCs maturation, and up‐regulate CD80 and CD83 expressions without LPS. Besides, we showed that miR‐181d activated NF‐κB pathway and also promoted the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokine IL12 and TNF‐α. Inhibition of NF‐κB pathway suppressed DCs maturation. Luciferase reporter assay and target gene knockdown assay indicated that miR‐181d targets regulator cylindromatosis (CYLD), a primary negative regulator of NF‐κB pathway. MLR assay showed that miR‐181d‐transfected DCs could promote T‐cell proliferation than iDCs in vitro.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that miR‐181d is required for DCs maturation through the activation of NF‐κB pathway by targeting CYLD.
Chest wall lymphomas: Fine needle aspiration cytodiagnosis and review of the literature
Authors: Das D. K. , Pathan S. K. , Al‐Waheeb S. K. M. , Ali A. E. , Joneja M. , Al‐Kanderi M. G. , John B. , Mallik M. K.
Published: July 2017

Objective

Compared to other chest wall malignancies, lymphoma is a common disease. However, published literature on a series of lymphoma cases involving the chest wall is scarce. The aim of the present study, was to describe experience with chest wall swellings diagnosed as lymphoid neoplasms on fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology.

Methods

Eleven chest wall swellings were diagnosed as lymphoid neoplasms on FNA over a period of 15 years (January 2000‐December 2014). The age of patients ranged from 19 to 73 years (median, 46). The male‐to ‐emale ratio was 7:4. Ten cases had an anterior or lateral chest wall mass, and one swelling was in the scapular region. Six cases had concurrent lymphadenopathy, and one had bone involvement. The FNA smears were reviewed and classified under WHO Classification of Hematopoietic Neoplasms. The histopathological diagnoses were available in eight cases.

Results

The preliminary cytodiagnoses in 11 cases of chest wall lymphoid neoplasms were anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) in two cases, and ALCL/malignant melanoma, ALCL/T‐cell‐rich‐B‐cell lymphoma (TCRBCL)/Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), plasmacytoma/neuroendocrine carcinoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, small cell NHL/CLL, NHL, suggestive of NHL, post‐transplant peripheral T‐cell lymphoma (PTCL), and a malignant plasma cell tumour in one case each. The reviewed cytodiagnoses of lymphoid neoplasms were as follows: ALCL ( five cases), centroblastic lymphoma (two cases), and small cell lymphoma/CLL, post‐transplant peripheral T‐cell lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma and plasmacytoma (one case each). Histopathological diagnoses available in eight cases confirmed the presence of lymphoid neoplasms.

Conclusion

A variety of lymphoid neoplasms involved the chest wall, and among them, ALCL was a common form.
The ATHENA HPV study underrepresents “other” high‐risk HPV genotypes when compared with a diverse New York City population
Authors: Ramos Rivera G. , Khader S. N. , Lajara S. , Schlesinger K. , Goldstein D. Y. , Naeem R. C. , Suhrland M. J. , Fox A. S.
Published: July 2017

Objective

Persistent infection with oncogenic high risk HPV (hrHPV) types causes virtually all cases of cervical cancer. HPV 16 and 18 have been targeted for individual genotyping and vaccination because of their presence in 71% of invasive cervical cancers worldwide. Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York serves a population known for ethnic and racial diversity. Given this diversity it is possible that HPV genotypes not individually detected by current testing are causing significant disease.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of liquid based cervicovaginal cytology and Cobas HPV results reported between October 5, 2015 and March 30, 2016. This included 20 483 samples from patients aged 16‐95 (average age 42), with racial distribution including: African‐American 32.4%, Other (includes denied, unknown, mixed, Hispanic) 52.1%, Caucasian 14.5%, Asian 0.7%, American Indian/Alaskan Native 0.3%. In all, 14 938 samples (72.9%) were submitted for clinically requested COBAS 4800 HPV testing, which separately reports HPV 16, 18 and a pool of 12 other hrHPV.

Results

A total of 3180 (21.5%) tested hrHPV positive. The percentage of patients with cytologic diagnosis of HSIL (high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) that were positive only for HPV 16 was 19.4% vs 1.8% for all cytologic diagnoses. However, only one of the HSIL cases was HPV 18 positive along with other hrHPV (OHR). Surprisingly, a majority (64.5%) was positive for only OHR.

Conclusions

Further evaluation is needed to determine if this pool of other hrHPV includes individual genotypes that in our population carry a higher risk of persistence and progression to cancer.
In vivo diagnosis of early‐stage gastric cancer found after Helicobacter pylori eradication using probe‐based confocal laser endomicroscopy
Authors: Horiguchi Noriyuki , Tahara Tomomitsu , Yamada Hyuga , Yoshida Dai , Okubo Masaaki , Nagasaka Mitsuo , Nakagawa Yoshihito , Shibata Tomoyuki , Tsukamoto Tetsuya , Kuroda Makoto , Ohmiya Naoki
Published: July 2017

Background and Aim

Early‐stage gastric cancer (EGC) found after Helicobacter pylori (Hp) eradication often displays non‐tumorous regenerative epithelium and/or maturated tumorous epithelium overlying the cancerous tissue, which may confuse endoscopic and histological diagnosis. Probe‐based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) enables in vivo real‐time optical biopsy. We compared the diagnostic yields for these EGC cases using conventional white light endoscopy (WL), magnifying endoscopy with narrow‐band imaging (ME‐NBI), pCLE, and endoscopic biopsy; we also compared the accuracy of the horizontal extent diagnosis between ME‐NBI and pCLE.

Methods

This study enrolled 30 patients with 36 EGC lesions after successful Hp eradication. Diagnostic yields of WL, ME‐NBI, pCLE, and endoscopic biopsy were prospectively compared. Four points of cancerous margins (oral, anal, anterior, and posterior sites) were also prospectively evaluated with M‐NBI and pCLE to determine the horizontal extent of the EGC.

Results

Diagnostic yield was significantly higher with pCLE than with WL and endoscopic biopsy (97 vs 72%, 97 vs 72%, P = 0.0159, 0.0077, respectively), whereas it did not differ from ME‐NBI (88.9%, P = 0.371). Height of non‐tumorous regenerative epithelium or maturated atypical glands was 104.7 ± 34.2 μm in the pCLE‐positive cases, whereas it was 188.3 ± 27.1 μm in a pCLE‐negative case (P = 0.0004). Diagnostic accuracy of the horizontal margin of EGC was significantly higher with pCLE than with ME‐NBI (92 vs 70%, P = 0.0159).

Conclusion

pCLE may be helpful for the diagnosis of ambiguous ECG found after Hp eradication because it enables real‐time scanning throughout the lesion and detection of subsurface microstructure.
Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and safety of multiple ascending doses of the novel dual glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon‐like peptide‐1 agonist RG7697 in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Schmitt Christophe , Portron Agnès , Jadidi Shirin , Sarkar Neena , DiMarchi Richard
Published: July 2017

Aims

To investigate the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and safety of multiple ascending doses of RG7697, a dual glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon‐like peptide‐1 agonist, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).

Methods

A total of 56 patients with T2D received once‐daily subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of RG7697 (0.25‐2.5 mg) or placebo for 14 days in a randomized, double‐blind, dose‐escalation study. Adverse events (AEs), vital signs, ECGs and routine laboratory variables were intensively monitored. Drug concentrations, fasting glycaemic variables, 24‐hour glucose profiles, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and antibody formation were measured. Several meal tolerance and gastric emptying tests were performed during the study.

Results

Daily s.c. injections of RG7697 were well tolerated by the majority of participants with T2D. The most frequently reported AEs with RG7697 were diarrhoea, nausea and decreased appetite. Asymptomatic events of hypoglycaemia were relatively uniformly distributed across dose groups including placebo. Pharmacokinetic steady‐state was achieved within 1 week. Meaningful reductions in fasting, postprandial and 24‐hour plasma glucose profile were observed at doses ≥0.75 mg, and were associated with numerical decreases in HbA1c (−0.67% [2.5‐mg dose] vs −0.21% [placebo]). Decrease in postprandial insulin at doses ≥1.1 mg suggested improvement in insulin sensitivity. Minimum delay in gastric emptying and body weight reductions numerically greater than placebo (− 3.0 kg vs −0.9 kg) were seen at the highest dose of 2.5 mg.

Conclusions

Daily doses of RG7697 for 2 weeks were well tolerated by the majority of patients with T2D. Pharmacokinetic data supported once‐daily dosing and pharmacodynamic effect displayed dose‐dependent reductions in fasting and postprandial plasma glucose, without increasing the risk of hypoglycaemia.
In the Event of Death: Lesbian Families' Plans to Preserve Stepparent–Child Relationships
Authors: Acosta Katie L.
Published: July 2017

Objective

This study explores the plans women in same‐sex stepfamilies make to preserve stepparent–child relationships in the event of an origin parent's death.

Background

The incomplete institutionalization of stepparent–child relationships leaves them legally vulnerable, and this vulnerability may be compounded for lesbian stepparent families given that existing policies (such as second‐parent or joint adoption) are not accessible to them.

Method

This study is based on in‐depth phone interviews with 39 birth, adoptive, and stepparents residing in 17 states. All were raising children from previous relationships and did so for at least one year before study participation. Some grounded theory strategies were adopted to code the transcribed data.

Results

Findings indicate that three approaches were used: (a) relying solely and informally on family members, (b) outlining in‐the‐event‐of‐death wishes in wills for extended family to follow, and (c) assuming that the children were old enough to choose for themselves.

Conclusion

Findings suggest that existing family policies leave stepparent–child relationships legally vulnerable in the event of the origin parent's death.

Implications

The three plans participants articulated may promote division rather than unify a support network for children at a time when they are most needing stability. Family life educators can play a key role in mitigating these divisions by teaching families tools to foster harmonious coparenting relationships among multiple parents.
Parental Participation in the Process of Youth Joining a Program: Perspectives from Adolescents and Parents
Authors: Kang Hyeyoung , Raffaelli Marcela , Bowers Jill , Munoz Lorraine , Simpkins Sandra
Published: July 2017

Objective

This study examined the nature and extent of parental participation in the process of adolescents joining an organized program and identify factors underlying variations in overarching patterns of participation.

Background

Adolescents become increasingly interested in making their own choices and decisions. Thus, families must balance parental goals and adolescents' desire for autonomy in their social activities.

Method

Interviews were conducted with 62 adolescent program participants and 52 parents. Data analyses followed an inductive approach to identify emergent patterns in the data.

Results

We identified four roles parents played at the time their adolescent joined a program: emotional supporter, manager, informant, and instrumental supporter. Further, analyses revealed variations in roles and level of involvement related to adolescent age and ethnicity, as well as gaps between adolescent and parent perspectives. Overarching variations in parental engagement (the extent to which parents exerted influence during the joining process) were linked to parent, adolescent, and program factors.

Conclusion

Findings indicate that a multitude of factors intersect and shape whether and how parents attempt to influence the joining process and manage adolescents' social activities.

Implications

Our findings can be used by program administrators and youth leaders to strengthen outreach and recruitment efforts with adolescents from ethnically and socioeconomically diverse family backgrounds.
Changes of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of sugarcane under elevated concentration of atmospheric CO2
Authors: da Costa Diogo P. , Dias Armando C. F. , Cotta Simone R. , Vilela Daniella , de Andrade Pedro A. M. , Pellizari Vivian H. , Andreote Fernando Dini
Published: July 2017

It is believed that climate change will influence most of interactions that sustain life on Earth. Among these, the recruitment exerted by plants in their roots vicinity can change, leading to differential assemblages of microbiomes in the rhizosphere. We approached this issue analyzing the variations in the composition of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of sugarcane cultivated under two concentrations of atmospheric CO2 (350 or 700 ppm). In addition to the analysis of bacterial community, the use of DNA‐SIP allowed the comparison of bacterial groups assimilating roots exudates (based on 13C‐labeled DNA) in both conditions, in a period of 8 days after the CO2 pulse. The separation of 13C‐DNA indicated the low but increasing frequency of labeling in the rhizosphere, as averages of 0.6, 2.4 and 5.0% of total DNA were labeled after 2, 4, and 8 days after the 13CO2 pulse, respectively. Based on large‐scale sequencing of the V6 region in the gene 16S rRNA, we found an increase in the bacterial diversity in the 13C‐DNA along the sampling period. We also describe the occurrence of distinct bacterial groups assimilating roots exudates from sugarcane cultivated under each CO2 concentration. Bacilli, Gammaproteobacteria, and Clostridia showed high affinity for the C‐sources released by sugarcane under 350 ppm of CO2, while under elevated concentration of CO2, the assimilation of roots exudates was prevalently made by members of Bacilli and Betaproteobacteria. The communities became more similar along time (4 and 8 days after CO2 pulse), in both concentrations of CO2, electing Actinobacteria, Sphingobacteriia, and Alphaproteobacteria as the major cross‐feeders on sugarcane exudates. In summary, we described the bacterial groups with higher affinity to assimilate roots exudates in the rhizosphere of sugarcane, and also demonstrated that the rhizosphere community can be differentially assembled in a future scenario with increased contents of CO2.
Human Preferences and Belief Patterns Mimic Ecosystem Hysteresis
Authors: Glodzik Katie M.
Published: July 2017

Article impact statement: Neurological and social variables lead us to fixate on beliefs and resist change, potentially biasing stakeholders, scientists, and modelers.
Radiative heat transfer in processing of glass‐forming melts
Authors: Choudhary Manoj K. , Purnode Bruno , Lankhorst Adriaan Marinus , Habraken Andries F.J.A.
Published: July 2017

The paper summarizes the findings of a study on mathematical modeling of heat transfer in glass melts using the commonly employed diffusion or Rosseland approximation (R) for optically thick media and the more general, spectral discrete ordinates (DO) approach. The systems considered were the melting of an ultra‐clear glass in a furnace (optical thickness ~ 10) and heat transfer in 2 glass melts with different levels of iron oxide flowing through a delivery channel (optical thicknesses of ~17 and ~80). The results showed that the use of the R approach for modeling heat transfer in the ultra‐clear glass will lead to serious errors in the prediction of important practical parameters such as the refractory temperature, energy efficiency, and the quality of glass melt. The results for the channels showed that differences between the 2 thermal radiation models began to narrow as the optical thickness value approached 17. The paper also presents brief reviews of high‐temperature absorption spectra of commercial glass melts and the theoretical background on thermal radiation in participating media. In addition, a relatively simple system involving 1‐dimensional radiation heat transfer in a participating medium is used to illustrate the implications of using the diffusion approximation.
The prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization: evidence from 70 studies
Authors: Zhao Dongdong , Dong Bao , Yu Dandan , Ren Qiongqiong , Sun Yehuan
Published: July 2017

Objective

A growing number of studies have investigated the prevalence of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) around the world. The aim of this study was to systematically estimate the pooled prevalence ofMIH.

Methods

A comprehensive literature research was completed in English and Chinese databases. Random effect models were used to calculate the pooled prevalence. To address the heterogeneity, meta‐regression, and sensitivity analyzes were conducted. Publication bias was estimated by trim and fill method.

Results

Seventy eligible studies were included. The pooled prevalence ofMIHwas 14.2% globally. In subgroup analysis, South America (18.0%, 95%CI: 13.8–22.2) and Spain (21.1%, 95%CI: 17.7–24.6) had the highest prevalence. There was no significant difference between males (14.3%, 95%CI: 12.0–16.6) and females (14.4%, 95%CI: 12.8–15.9). The prevalence ofMIHamong children 10 years of age or younger (15.1%, 95%CI: 12.1–18.2) was much higher than the prevalence ofMIHamong older children (12.1%, 95%CI: 8.0–16.3). Sample size explained 15.7% heterogeneity.

Conclusion

MIHhas a high incidence globally, especially among children <10 years old. It is, therefore, imperative to develop more appropriate dental healthcare strategies to care for these children and to identify the etiology ofMIHto prevent it occurring.
Effects of indenter angle on micro‐scale fracture toughness measurement by pillar splitting
Authors: Ghidelli Matteo , Sebastiani Marco , Johanns Kurt E. , Pharr George M.
Published: July 2017

We present improvements to a recently developed pillar splitting technique that can be used to characterize the fracture toughness of materials at the micrometer scale. Micro‐pillars with different aspect ratios were milled from bulk Si (100) and TiN and CrN thin films, and pillar splitting tests were carried out using four different triangular pyramidal indenters with centerline‐to‐face angles varying from 35.3° to 65.3°. Cohesive zone finite element modeling (CZ‐FEM) was used to evaluate the effect of different material parameters and indenter geometries on the splitting behavior. Pillar splitting experiments revealed a linear relationship between the splitting load and the indenter angle, while CZ‐FEM simulations provided the dimensionless coefficients needed to estimate the fracture toughness from the splitting load. The results provide novel insights into the fracture toughness of materials at small‐scales using the pillar spitting technique and provide a simple and reliable way to measure fracture toughness over a broad range of material properties.
Slow conduction through an arc of block: A basis for arrhythmia formation postmyocardial infarction
Authors: Patterson Eugene , Scherlag Benjamin J. , Berbari Edward J. , Lazzara Ralph
Published: July 2017

Introduction

The electrophysiologic basis for characteristic rate‐dependent, constant‐late‐coupled (390 + 54 milliseconds) premature ventricular beats (PVBs) present 4–5 days following coronary artery occlusion were examined in 108 anesthetized dogs.

Methods and results

Fractionated/double potentials were observed in injured zone bipolar and composite electrograms at prolonged sinus cycle lengths (1,296 ± 396 milliseconds). At shorter cycle lengths, conduction of the delayed potential decremented, separating from the initial electrogram by a progressively prolonged isoelectric interval. With sufficient delay of the second potential following an isoelectric interval, a PVB was initiated. Both metastable and stable constant‐coupled PVBs were associated with Wenckebach‐like patterns of delayed activation following an isoelectric interval. Signal‐averaging from the infarct border confirmed the presence of an isoelectric interval preceding the PVBs (N = 15). Pacing from the site of double potential formation accurately reproduced the surface ECG morphology (N = 15) of spontaneous PVBs. Closely‐spaced epicardial mapping demonstrated delayed activation across an isoelectric interval representing “an arc of conduction block.” Rate‐dependent very slow antegrade conduction through a zone of apparent conduction block (N = 8) produced decremental activation delays until the delay was sufficient to excite epicardium distal to the original “arc of conduction block,” resulting in PVB formation.

Conclusion

The present experiments demonstrate double potential formation and rate‐dependent constant‐coupled late PVB formation in infarcted dog hearts. Electrode recordings demonstrate a prolonged isoelectric period preceding PVB formation consistent with very slow conduction (<70 mm/s) across a line of apparent conduction block and may represent a new mechanism of PVB formation following myocardial infarction.
Thermodynamic Approach to Evaluate the Criticality of Raw Materials and Its Application through a Material Flow Analysis in Europe
Authors: Calvo Guiomar , Valero Alicia , Valero Antonio
Published: July 2017

This paper makes a review of current raw material criticality assessment methodologies and proposes a new approach based on the second law of thermodynamics. This is because conventional methods mostly focus on supply risk and economic importance leaving behind relevant factors, such as the physical quality of substances. The new approach is proposed as an additional dimension for the criticality assessment of raw materials through a variable denoted “thermodynamic rarity,” which accounts for the exergy cost required to obtain a mineral commodity from bare rock, using prevailing technology. Accordingly, a given raw material will be thermodynamically rare if it is: (1) currently energy intensive to obtain and (2) scarce in nature. If a given commodity presents a high risk in two of the three dimensions (economic importance, supply risk, and thermodynamic rarity), it is proposed to be critical. As a result, a new critical material list is presented, adding to the 2014 criticality list of the European Commission (EC) Li, Ta, Te, V, and Mo. With this new list and using Sankey diagrams, a material flow analysis has been carried out for Europe (EU‐28) for 2014, comparing the results when using tonnage and thermodynamic rarity as units of measure. Through the latter, one can put emphasis on the quality and not only on the quantity of minerals traded and domestically produced in the region, thereby providing a tool for improving resource management.
Is DNA ploidy related to smoking?
Authors: Lima Celina Faig , Alves Monica Ghislaine Oliveira , Carvalho Bruna Fernandes do Carmo , de Lima Thaynara Alves , Coutinho‐Camillo Cláudia Malheiros , Soares Fernando Augusto , Scholz Jaqueline , Almeida Janete Dias
Published: July 2017

Background

In the oral cavity, genomic instability is caused by long‐term exposure to carcinogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between smoking and DNA ploidy.

Methods

Cytological material was obtained from patients participating in the Outpatient Smoking Treatment Program of the Heart Institute (INCOR‐HCFMUSP), and of the Discipline of Oral Medicine (ICT‐UNESP). The inclusion criteria for all groups were the absence of a history of malignant tumors, absence of clinical signs of changes in the selected area, and alcohol consumption of less than 3 units per week. Group 1:30 smokers before smoking cessation treatment; Group 2:30 non‐smokers; Group 3:30 ex‐smokers abstinent for at least 1 year. Cytological smears were collected from the floor of the mouth and border of the tongue and stained by Feulgen. Aneuploidy was evaluated using the ACIS® III system.

Results

The Kruskal‐Wallis test showed no statistically significant difference (P = .4383) between the groups studied. No association between tobacco consumption and aneuploidy was observed in group 1 (P = 1) or group 2 (P = .68; Fisher's exact test).

Conclusion

Smoking was not associated with changes in DNA content or the incidence of aneuploidy in normal oral mucosa.
Participation of osteoclastogenic factors in immunopathogenesis of human chronic periapical lesions
Authors: Santos S. C. L. T. , Couto L. A. , Fonseca J. M. , Xavier F. C. A. , Figueiredo A. C. L. , Freitas V. S. , Freitas R. A. , Santos J. N. , Henriques A. C. G.
Published: July 2017

Background

Chronic periapical lesions (CPLs) are common lesions of the oral cavity and are the result of caries, tooth fracture, iatrogenic causes, or factors causing contamination and pulp necrosis. Inflammatory cells participate in the expansion of CPLs by releasing factors that stimulate or inhibit osteolytic activity. The objective of this study was to investigate the participation of RANKL, TNF‐α, cathepsin K, IL‐33, and OPG in the development of radicular cysts (RCs) and periapical granulomas (PGs).

Methods

Paraffin‐embedded sections of 30 RCs and 22 PGs were submitted to immunohistochemistry.

Results

Immunoexpression of the proteins studied was observed in the epithelium and capsule of RCs, as well as in connective tissue of PGs. The expression of the osteoclastogenic factors studied differed significantly in RCs and PGs (P < .001), with lower expression of OPG in RCs. In PGs, the lowest expression was observed for cathepsin K. Comparison of the 2 lesions showed a similar participation of RANKL and IL33, while a significant difference was observed for OPG (P < .001), TNF‐α (P = .002), and cathepsin K (P = .016). No association of the expression of the proteins with lesions size was observed.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated the participation of RANKL, TNF‐α, IL‐33, cathepsin K, and OPG in the development of RCs and PGs, with emphasis on the highest immunoreactivity of cathepsin in RCs and TNF‐α and OPG in PGs. OPG possibly determines the slower growth of PGs compared to RCs.
Reciprocal feedback between self‐concept and goal pursuit in daily life
Authors: Wong Alexander E. , Vallacher Robin R.
Published: July 2017

Objective

We hypothesized that self‐knowledge and goal perseverance are mutually reinforcing because of the roles of self‐knowledge in directing goal pursuit, and of goal pursuit in structuring the self‐concept.

Method

To test this hypothesis, we used a daily diary design with 97 college‐aged participants for 40 days to assess whether daily self‐concept clarity and grit predict one another's next‐day levels. Data were analyzed using multilevel cross‐lagged panel modeling.

Results

Results indicated that daily self‐concept clarity and grit had positive and symmetric associations with each other across time, while controlling for their respective previous values. Similar crossed results were also found when testing the model using individual daily self‐concept clarity and grit items.

Conclusions

The results are the first to indicate the existence of reinforcing feedback loops between self‐concept clarity and grit, such that fluctuations in the clarity of self‐knowledge are associated with fluctuations in goal resolve, and vice versa. Discussion centers on the implications of these results for the functional link between mind and action and on the study's heuristic value for subsequent research.
Prediction model of rice eating quality using physicochemical properties and sensory quality evaluation
Authors: Kim Hoon , Kim Oui‐Woung , Kwak Han Sub , Kim Sang Sook , Lee Hyo‐Jai
Published: July 2017

The objective of this study was to develop a prediction model for rice eating quality, which is one of the main factors considered by customers at the time of milled rice (MR) purchase. The overall sensory quality (OSQ) of 533 samples of MR on the market was analyzed by a trained panel from the Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI). Among the quality characteristics of MR, the moisture content (r = .375) and damaged kernels (DA) (r = .446) showed a correlation with the OSQ. In the case of cooked rice (CR), the a‐value (.438) and hardness (HA; .443) presented correlations with the OSQ. Each quality factor for MR and CR was not appropriate for estimating OSQ by itself. Three eating quality prediction models were developed using the MR and CR quality factors for 400 rice samples. The prediction model from a combination of MR and CR quality parameters had higher coefficients of determination (R2 = .657) than the models developed from MR (R2 = .358) or CR (R2 = .555). The model validations with 133 rice samples showed similar coefficients of determination for these prediction models.

Practical applications

Developed models is an appropriate to be a basic method for install sensory evaluation machinery for rice. The results will cover various rice cultivars and freshness because models were derived from properties of milled rice and cooked rice together. This study will be more useful with study of rough rice freshness according to storage conditions.