bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Arrhenius Equation
Authors: Cantor Brian
Published: September 2020

The Arrhenius equation describes the way in which the speed of a chemical reaction varies exponentially with temperature. This chapter describes the thermodynamics of chemical reactions, the complexity of chemical kinetics, their explanation in terms of atomic and molecular collisions and transitionary activated states, and the concepts of molecularity, reaction order and collision and reaction cross section. Svante Arrhenius was the son of an estate manager at Uppsala University. He was tremendously innovative scientifically, inventing the interdisciplinary fields of physical chemistry, the ionic theory of acids and bases, environmental science, global warming and immunochemistry. He had longstanding feuds with many, more conventional, scientists, particularly his doctoral supervisors, who nearly failed him because they thought his development of ionic theory was neither ‘proper’ physics nor ‘proper’ chemistry. He became Director of the Swedish Academy of Sciences Högskola in Stockholm, where he oversaw the initiation of the Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature and Peace.
Interstellar Overdrive
Authors: Mee Nicholas
Published: September 2020

Kepler sought patterns and symmetry in the laws of nature. In 1611 he wrote a booklet, De Niva Sexangular (The Six-Cornered Snowflake), in which he attempted to explain the structure of familiar symmetrical objects. Almost 300 years before the existence of atoms was definitively established, he concluded that the symmetrical shape of crystals is due to the regular arrangement of the atoms of which they are formed. He also investigated the structure of geometrical objects such as the Platonic solids and the regular stellated polyhedra, known today as the Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra. Like Kepler, today’s theoretical physicists are seeking patterns and symmetries that explain the universe. According to string theorists, the universe includes six extra hidden spatial dimensions, forming a shape known as a Calabi–Yau manifold. No-one knows whether string theory will revolutionize physics like Kepler’s brilliant insights, or whether it will turn out to be a red herring.
There’s Magic in the Air
Authors: Mee Nicholas
Published: September 2020

Carl Friedrich Gauss showed remarkable mathematical ability from a young age. As a child he found a formula for calculating the sum of sequences of consecutive numbers, a type of arithmetic progression. The formula is explained and used in the text. The mythological origins of the 3x3 magic square known to the Chinese as the Luo Shu are discussed. Larger magic squares were introduced to Europe through the book Shams al-Ma’arif, written by sufi mystic al-Buni. In this work, the magic squares were associated with astrology. This association was perpetuated by European writers such as Cornelius Agrippa, and Luca Pacioli included magic squares in his book De Viribus Quantitatis (On the Power of Numbers). The most famous use of a magic square in art is in Albrecht Dürer’s engraving Melancholia I. Here the meaning of this enigmatic work is discussed.
Into the Fourth Dimension
Authors: Mee Nicholas
Published: September 2020

Hinton used the hypercube, or tesseract, to explain four-dimensional geometry. Chapter 18 takes a detailed look at the hypercube and shows how its geometry can be understood through its cross-sections, its projections, and its nets. Albrecht Dürer introduced the idea of the net of a polyhedron in a treatise published in 1525. Just as a polyhedron can be unfolded into a two-dimensional net, so a hypercube can be unfolded into a three-dimensional figure. The painting Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus) by Salvador Dali uses the net of a hypercube to depict the crucifixion. Robert Heinlein’s short story And He Built A Crooked House relates the tale of an architect who designs a house in the shape of a hypercube.
The Bride Stripped Bare
Authors: Mee Nicholas
Published: September 2020

Hinton’s writing on higher dimensions influenced artists as well as writers. Chapter 19 looks at how higher-dimensional geometry influenced the development of the visual arts in the twentieth century. Hinton’s influence was both direct through his own books and through the spiritual movement known as the Theosophists who latched onto his more mystical ideas. The cubists were the first modern artists to abandon the use of traditional perspective, and they were rapidly followed by other art movements. A number of the pioneers of abstract art were influenced by the Theosophists, including Kandinsky, Mondrian, and Malevich. Marcel Duchamp played a key role in determining the future direction of the visual arts, and some of his major works were developed around ideas of higher dimensions. These include Nude Descending a Staircase and Bride Stripped Bare By Her Bachelors, Even. Duchamp also led the way toward today’s conceptual art.
Aunt Alice in Wonderland
Authors: Mee Nicholas
Published: September 2020

George and Mary Everest Boole’s daughter Alicia learnt Hinton’s methods for visualizing hypercubes during her teens and developed an incredible facility for four-dimensional geometry. As a housewife and without any formal training in mathematics she discovered all six regular four-dimensional polytopes (the four-dimensional Platonic solids) and made models of their three-dimensional sections. The regular polytopes had previously been discovered by Ludwig Schläfli and William Irving Stringham, but their work had received little attention and was probably unknown to Alicia Stott Boole. Alicia later worked for a time with the Dutch mathematician Pieter Hendrik Schoute. When she was in her 70s, her nephew, later Professor Geoffrey Ingram Taylor, introduced her to a young Cambridge student called Donald Coxeter. Coxeter developed her ideas further, and in 1948 published the first edition of his book Regular Polytopes. Coxeter is now recognized as the greatest classical geometer of the twentieth century.
The Churchill Myths
Authors: Fielding Steven , Schwarz Bill , Toye Richard
Published: September 2020

This is not yet another biography of Winston Churchill. It is instead an innovative study of how and why we think what we do about the figure we call ‘Winston Churchill’—and how generations of politicians, historians, and dramatists have manipulated this figure for their own ends. It is a book for those interested in ‘Churchill’ and how this figure has been put to use—as well as Britain’s past, present, and future.
Persistence and Change in Churchill’s Mythic Memory
Authors: Fielding Steven , Schwarz Bill , Toye Richard
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores Churchill’s various afterlives as a figure in the popular media taking the field of ‘the popular’ as a site where different Churchills jostle for pre-eminence. In this sense it works with the idea of ‘dead body politics’. The emphasis falls on the various competing figures of Churchill which reverberated through popular life in the second half of the twentieth century and start of the twenty-first across a range of different genres of popular media: at the imagining of Churchill as ‘Great Man’ and from a competing perspective those interventions which sought to dismantle the association of Churchill and ‘greatness’. The chapter finally considers the relations between these remembered Churchills and the continuing significance of the monarchy in British life.
The Syrian–Palestinian Milieu in Late Antiquity
Authors: Pregill Michael E.
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on a unique corpus of early Christian literature in Syriac that reflects a synthesis of older patristic views of the Calf episode with specific themes that seem to have circulated widely in the Eastern Christian milieu, shared in common between communities of Jewish and Christian exegetes in this period. While continuing the tradition of anti-Jewish arguments predicated on the abiding impact of Israel’s sin with the Calf, authors such as Ephrem, Aphrahat, and Jacob of Serugh also developed a unique view of Aaron that dictated a more apologetic position regarding his culpability; this precisely paralleled the development of similar views of Aaron in Jewish tradition. This material provides us with a lens through which to examine the phenomenon of exegetical approaches that are held in common by different communities, yet deployed for opposite purposes. The chapter concludes by considering a possible historical context to Syrian Christian polemic against Jews based on the Calf narrative: the revival of priestly leadership, or at least interest in the priesthood and its role, among contemporary Jewish communities, especially in late antique Palestine.
British Gods
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: September 2020

The product of a forty-year career of sociological research, British Gods is a comprehensive survey of contemporary Britain’s faith climate. Bruce has returned to a number of towns and villages that were the subject of detailed community studies in the 1950s and 1960s to see how the status, nature, and popularity of religion have changed. Those restudies—supported by a large body of survey data and statistical evidence on such measures of religious interest as baptisms, church weddings, church membership, and church attendance—provide a springboard for exploring such general issues as the status of the clergy, the churches’ attempts to find new roles, the growth of non-Christian religions, the changing nature of superstition, links between religion and violence, the impact of the charismatic movement, the ordination of women, New Age spirituality, arguments over moral issues such as abortion and gay rights, the effect of social class on belief, the impact of religion on British politics, and the ways that local social structures strengthen or weaken religion. The final chapter considers the obstacles to any religious revival and concludes that the current stock of religious knowledge is so depleted, religion so unpopular, and committed believers so scarce that any significant reversal of religion’s decline in Britain is unlikely.
The Problem of Mathematical Objects
Authors: Hale Bob
Published: September 2020

If fundamental mathematical theories such as arithmetic and analysis are taken at face value, any attempt to provide an epistemological foundation—roughly, an account which explains how we can know standard mathematical theories to be true, or at least justifiably believe them—must confront the problem of mathematical objects—the problem of explaining how a belief in the existence of an infinity of natural numbers, an uncountable infinity of real numbers, etc., is to be justified. One small but fundamental part of the problem is discussed: whether we can be justified in believing that there is a denumerable infinity of natural numbers, or, more generally, an infinity of objects of any kind. The chapter considers two broad approaches to this problem—what are called object-based and property-based approaches.
Introduction
Authors: Ahdar Rex
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines four distinctive features that mark competition law in New Zealand (NZ). Some of these (the first and fourth) are unique to NZ while others (the second and third) are common to all antitrust regimes. The first characteristic is the close relationship with Australian competition law and policy. Being modelled upon Australian legislation, NZ law tracks Australian developments, although the pattern is not one of slavish adherence. A second motif is the ongoing tension between competition law as law and competition law as applied to industrial organization economics. NZ courts have consistently held that economics plays an important but supplemental and subsidiary role. The concepts of “competition” and “market” are discussed. Third, there is ambivalence over the ambit of competition law. This chapter examines both exemptions from the Commerce Act 1986 and the extension of competition law to give it a limited extraterritorial effect. Fourth, another recurring theme is the prevalence of the small, isolated economy argument (NZ is a small fish in the global pond) in the development of policy, doctrine, and the interpretation of the law.
Horizontal Arrangements: From Price-Fixing and Boycotts to Cartel Conduct
Authors: Ahdar Rex
Published: September 2020

Horizontal anticompetitive arrangements law has been marked by major legislative turning points. The prohibition upon group boycotts was first weakened and then abolished. Having been amended on two occasions (1990 and 2001) to restrict its field of operation, the coup de grace was administered in 2017 when s 29 was repealed outright. More regulation of other horizontal anticompetitive arrangements followed Australia’s lead in the steady stream of cases involving collusive understandings that have the purpose, effect, or likely effect of substantially lessening or hindering competition in terms of the key prohibition in s 27. The task of separating collusion by consensus from “conscious parallelism” has not proved easy. Cases involving joint ventures and information sharing have seldom come before the courts. In 2017 the law was remodelled so that “price-fixing” was re-cast as “cartel” activity. The substance did not change for cartels of the price-setting variety; bid rigging, market division, and output restriction arrangements had also been caught under the original 1986 wording. Very recently, cartel conduct has been criminalized.
Enforcement and Remedies
Authors: Ahdar Rex
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the range of remedies and the approach to public and private enforcement of the Commerce Act 1986. Over time, the need for private antitrust suits has become even more pressing as the Commission’s workload has expanded greatly. The “light-handed” regulation experiment proved disastrous, and thus the revival of industry-specific regulation was added to the Commission’s duties. The early years were marked by very lenient penalties because judges were sympathetic to businesses falling afoul of the Act. It took the better part of 20 years for tougher deterrent penalties to be realized. The significantly higher penalties introduced in 2001 were the signal for the courts to belatedly give the Act more “bite,” and so it has proved. This chapter also surveys injunctions, damages, and the ill-fated cease and desist orders. After a protracted gestation, the legislature recently introduced the criminalization of cartel conduct.
Stems
Authors: Zamponi Raoul , Comrie Bernard
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the nature of Akabea roots and of stem-forming processes involving derivational affixes. Special attention is paid to the rich system of somatic (body-part) prefixes, to multicategorial stems, and to the typologically highly unusual phenomenon of Verb Root Ellipsis.
Discourse phenomena
Authors: Zamponi Raoul , Comrie Bernard
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents the limited available material on various discourse phenomena: variable clausal constituent order, topicalization, ellipsis, afterthought additions, idioms, and formulaic expressions.
Conclusion and prospects
Authors: Zamponi Raoul , Comrie Bernard
Published: September 2020

This chapter summarizes the achievements and limitations of the grammatical analysis.
Nineteenth-Century Psychophysics
Authors: Narens Louis , Skyrms Brian
Published: September 2020

Weber and Fechner found psychophysics on a probabilistic notion of just noticeable differences. Wundt studies psychophysics of pleasure and finds that too much is a bad as too little. Von Kries finds a hidden convention behind the foregoing. Peirce and Jastrow point to subliminal pleasures.
Dynamics of Convention
Authors: Narens Louis , Skyrms Brian
Published: September 2020

Interpersonal comparisons of utility can be conventional. Alternative conventions are possible. The (conventional) aggregate utility can be used for equilibrium selection. This solves the old Utilitarian problem of conflict between maximizing individual and group utility. Conditions on an equilibration dynamics leading to such a convention are given.
Objects
Authors: Kahn Andrew
Published: September 2020

In the early 1930s, Mandelstam wrote a set of short poems about objects. These lyrics, read here from the perspective of modern thing-theory as well as early Soviet writings on ‘the thing’, occasion meditations on questions of aesthetics: What is the difference between a thing and an object? How much work should the viewer be expected to do to recover the original intention of the craftsman? Does social utility spoil beauty? These questions impinge on the value of found things like stones used by Mandelstam as metaphors for the kind of beautiful object that might look found rather than made, that is, anonymous and formally perfect. Should texts be written this way? Would that solve the problem of uncontrollable thought? The chapter concludes with a discussion of lyrics that, as pure poems, seek to operate according to an independent musical language. Can they remain aloof from the world and poetic biography?
Introduction
Authors: Windell Maria A.
Published: September 2020

It is nearly impossible to talk about US sentimentalism without talking about Harriet Beecher Stowe’s influential 1852 best-selling novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin. The Introduction thus discusses US reactions to an 1887 Mexican theatrical performance of Uncle Tom’s Cabin to illustrate how Transamerican Sentimentalism dislocates familiar scholarly narratives about US literary sentimentalism as a New England or abolitionist mode. The Introduction links transamerican and sentimental scholarship through questions of incommensurability before elaborating on how US sentimentalism connects to a broader Americas tradition. It then delineates the parameters of a transamerican sentimentalism by articulating the implications of reorienting such an important national and transatlantic mode. Finally, the Introduction offers an overview of how persistent recurrences of transamerican sentimentalism enabled African American, Native American, and Latinx writers to navigate the violent, multivalent realm of the nineteenth-century Americas.
Shakespeare Before Shakespeare
Authors: Parry Glyn , Enis Cathryn
Published: September 2020

This book puts William Shakespeare’s Stratford upbringing into significant historical context for the first time and provides new ways of thinking about Warwickshire and Elizabethan England. It uses new archival discoveries about three families: the Shakespeares, the brothers Ambrose and Robert Dudley, earls of Warwick and Leicester, and the Arden family headed by Edward Arden. It shows that as he grew up William Shakespeare was exposed to the Dudleys’ political, legal, historical, and genealogical claims for their authority in Warwickshire and Stratford, an assault on the county’s collective memory resisted by the Ardens and other gentry. As her proxies, the Dudleys established Elizabeth I’s Protestant regime in the west Midlands, culminating in Edward Arden’s destruction on false treason charges in 1583. By then the Shakespeares also had direct experience of the London government’s power in the localities. From 1569 Exchequer informers, backed by influential politicians at Court, accused William’s father John of illegal wool-dealing and usury. Contrary to previous claims that he had escaped these charges by 1572, new sources show how the Exchequer’s continuing demands undermined John’s credit rating by 1577, forcing his withdrawal from Stratford politics, and curtailing his business career in the early 1580s. In the fallout from Arden’s destruction the Elizabethan regime also punished the Shakespeares’ friends and neighbours, the Quineys for their alleged financial links to the traitorous Ardens, despite local knowledge to the contrary, confirming Shakespeare’s sceptical understanding of the realities of power that we find in his later plays.
The Shakespeares
Authors: Parry Glyn , Enis Cathryn
Published: September 2020

This chapter uses new evidence to put John Shakespeare’s business career into a national political context for the first time, presenting a completely new narrative of his well-known Exchequer Court cases. It explains the overlooked limitations of the Exchequer documents previously used to describe his prosecutions for wool-dealing and usury from 1569 to 1572, and introduces an entirely different series of documents, the Exchequer writ files, which reveal that two significant cases against John continued into the 1580s. Other records show that by 1572 John had defaulted on a bond to the Exchequer for £133. Though they require careful interpretation, and through losses may underestimate the extent of John’s problems, the writ files connect his troubles to a national and parliamentary political scandal, which prompted Lord Burghley and others to seek to ‘reform’ the corrupt informer system, against the opposition of vested interests at Court, including the queen, and in the Exchequer. Really designed to protect the queen’s financial interests, Burghley’s administrative changes deepened John’s financial predicament by diminishing his chances of bribing his way out of trouble. By 1577 John was publicly identified as a Crown debtor, unable to pay his bond and therefore unable to participate in the local credit system, which led to his social and political decline in Stratford. Records from the early 1580s, when William became an adult, show how far his father had declined under assault from a system intended to protect the interests of the wealthy and powerful rather than equitable justice.
‘Peace and Tranquillity’
Authors: Robinson D.H.
Published: September 2020

This chapter recounts the gestation of English and British foreign policy into two competing strategies between 1689 and 1739: the interventionist continentalism of the Court Whigs and the blue-water policy of the Tory and Country Whig factions, each of which was accompanied by a distinctive attitude towards the relationship between British and European culture. It shows how, in parallel with the consolidation of Court Whig supremacy in England, continentalism had triumphed in British America by the end of the Wars of the Grand Alliance (1689–1714) and continued to hold sway throughout the interwar years 1714–39.
For Fear of “Drifting Unconsciously”: Marlow Goes to a Wedding
Authors: Levin Yael
Published: September 2020

The chapter tests the relation between the novel’s titular theme, its handling of plot, and its commercial appeal. The emphasis on chance serves Conrad’s attempt to performatively resist the pervasiveness of determinism in nineteenth-century thought. At the same time, a set of motifs that serve as counter-indications to contingency offer coherence and the familiar. The ambivalent treatment of chance is read as an indication of Conrad’s oscillation between two different artistic commitments and the philosophical paradigms that generate them. What is at stake is not only the nature of the audience he chooses to address and the authorial responsibilities that such a choice dictates, but the very question of his artistic legacy. The method with which chance is to be treated in the novel will determine if Conrad is a “modern” writer or a panderer to public opinion; whether he chooses an art of Becoming or of Being.
Balance laws for small deformations
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: September 2020

For solids it is often a good approximation to assume that the displacement and displacement gradient are small everywhere in the body. In this setting the basic laws for balance of mass, the balance laws for forces and moments, and the two laws of thermodynamics --- the balance of energy and the imbalance of entropy --- take on simpler forms which are derived and discussed in this chapter.
Constitutive equations for linear elasticity
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: September 2020

In this chapter the constitutive equations for linear elasticity in which the free energy is a quadratic function, and the stress a linear function, of the small strain tensor are introduced. In general, the fourth-order linear elasticity tensor which relates the stress to the strain has twenty-one independent elastic constants. Most solids, however, exhibit some symmetry, the effect of which is to reduce the number of elastic constants. Forms of the linear elasticity tensor for some anisotropic materials, as well as the widely-used forms for an isotropic material, which has only two independent elastic constants, are discussed. The engineering elastic moduli known as the shear modulus and the bulk modulus, as well as the Young’s modulus and the Poisson’s ratio for isotropic linear elastic materials are introduced. Considerations of temperature changes necessitate the introduction of another tensorial material property called the thermal expansion tensor, which for an isotropic material reduces to a scalar coefficient of thermal expansion.
Solutions to some classical problems in linear elastostatics
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents and discusses the solution of several classical problems in linear elastostatics, including thick-walled spheres and cylinders under external and internal pressure; bending and torsion of prismatic bars of arbitrary cross section; and the use of Airy’s stress function method to solve several two-dimensional plane strain and plane stress traction boundary value problems, including a demonstration of the extent of the Saint-Venant effect. The discussion also includes an analysis of the asymptotic stress and deformation fields near the tips of sharp cracks, and a discussion of stress intensity factors which are of importance in linear elastic fracture mechanics.
Linear poroelasticity
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents the theory of linear poroelasticity. The formulation is modeled after the theory of Biot and has applications in geomechanics, petroleum engineering, and hydrogeology. Relations for force and fluid balance are presented along, with constitutive relations coupling mechanical skeletal motion to fluid pore pressure and vice versa. Microstructural considerations are discussed, and the theory is demonstrated via application to geomechanical consolidation and to incompressible gels.
Becoming a Man: A Duboisian Examination of the Experiences of Black Men Who Have Sex with Men
Authors: Barnes Sandra L
Published: September 2020

W.E.B. Du Bois developed a thesis on the formation of Black manhood that includes key characteristics of this identity and dynamics that can foster or undermine its development. Yet his framework does not directly reference sexual minorities. Is Du Bois’ thesis relevant today for Black men who have sex with men (BMSM)? Do they espouse similar traits and experience similar challenges? Are their masculinity tropes nuanced based on racial, gender, and/or sexual identities? Informed by a New Millennium Du Boisian Mode of Inquiry and qualitative analyses, this study considers whether and how key aspects of Du Bois’ understanding of the formation of Black manhood are evident among 168 BMSM who reside in the South. Moving beyond a focus on HIV/AIDS for this demographic, the article notes that three themes emerge linked to embracing, essentializing, and extending Du Bois’ thesis on Black manhood that illustrate whether and how his views on Black masculinity are apparent and relevant among Black men excluded from his original work.
Intermetatarsal Reduction Screw: A Novel Closed Reduction Technique for Isolated Lateral and Divergent Lisfranc Injuries of the Foot
Authors: Mundargi Abhishek V. , Subramanyam Koushik N.
Published: September 2020

The classical treatment of isolated lateral or divergent Lisfranc injuries of the foot is open reduction and internal fixation. Closed reduction techniques reported in literature don’t give consistently optimum outcome. Open reduction has its own share of complications, especially related to the soft tissue condition. We present a novel closed reduction technique using intermetatarsal reduction screw, followed by temporary internal fixation. We could achieve good clinico-radiological outcome without any complications in all the eight cases that we performed. We recommend this technique in all cases of isolated lateral and divergent Lisfranc injuries of the foot.
Ankle Arthroscopy in Acute Ankle Fractures: Does It Make Sense?
Authors: Carulli Christian , Scalici Gianluca , Lazzarini Francesco , Monteleone Nicola , Macera Armando , Innocenti Massimo
Published: September 2020

Introduction:

Displaced ankle fractures require surgery, bone healing generally occurs with satisfactory outcomes. In some cases, poor results are recorded related to posttraumatic arthritis or other complications. Occult lesions (osteochondral lesions, loose bodies, impingement syndrome) may be among the common causes of unsatisfactory outcomes. Most of them may be detected by a computed tomography (CT) scan at the emergency room; however, such evaluation is not routinely performed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical results of patients undergoing open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and ankle arthroscopy for fractures associated with intra-articular lesions.

Materials and Methods:

Among 397 patients evaluated for displaced ankle fracture, we selected 13 patients who also presented with intra-articular alterations at the CT scan performed in the Emergency room. All subjects underwent ORIF and arthroscopy. Patients were evaluated by NRS and AO-FAS score for at least of 1-year of follow-up.

Results:

The mean follow-up was 2.7 years; all fractures fully healed. The mean age at the time of surgery was 33.5 years. A single complication was recorded (complex regional pain syndrome, healed 6 months after surgery). All subjects reported satisfaction with improvements of the scores and return to their daily life activities.

Discussion:

Occult injuries associated with ankle fractures should be suspected and ruled out by a CT scan at the emergency room. Probably many occult injuries are underestimated because CT scan is not commonly performed, explaining cases of bone healing but poor functional results. In case of confirmation, these alterations should be treated in association with ORIF; arthroscopy may represent a valid and minimally invasive procedure, with low rates of complications.
Consequences and Prognosis of Running-Related Knee Injuries Among Recreational Runners
Authors: Cloosterman Kyra L.A. , Fokkema Tryntsje , de Vos Robert-Jan , Bierma-Zeinstra Sita M.A. , van Middelkoop Marienke
Published: September 2020

Objective:

To investigate the consequences and prognostic factors of running-related knee injuries (RRKIs) among recreational runners.

Design:

Prospective cohort study.

Setting:

This study is part of a randomized-controlled trial (RCT) on running injury prevention among recreational runners. At baseline during registration for a running event (5-42 km), demographic and training variables were collected. Participants who reported a new RRKI during follow-up were sent a knee-specific questionnaire at 16 months (range 11.7-18.6) after baseline.

Participants:

One hundred thirty-eight runners who reported a new RRKI during the RCT on injury prevention responded to the knee-specific questionnaire.

Assessment of Risk Factors:

To determine the association between potential prognostic factors and time to recovery of an RRKI, a Cox regression analysis was performed.

Main Outcome Measures:

Time to recovery and prognostic factors of RRKIs.

Results:

At 16 months after registration, 71.0% of the participants reported full recovery, with a median time to recovery of 8.0 weeks. Most participants reported iliotibial band syndrome (23.2%) or osteoarthritis (OA)/degenerative meniscopathy (23.2%) as cause of their injury. Male sex was associated with a shorter time to recovery [hazard ratio (HR) 1.84; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.14-2.97], while suffering knee OA was associated with a longer time to recovery (HR 0.17; 95% CI, 0.06-0.46).

Conclusions:

Nonrecovered participants adjusted running speed more often and had knee imaging more often than recovered participants. At follow-up, one-third of the participants were not recovered. This emphasizes the need for injury prevention programs for runners. More knowledge on the role of running in knee OA seems important, given the high number of participants with knee OA symptoms.
Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening is Independently Associated With Concussion Symptom Severity in Youths
Authors: Babicz Michelle A. , Woods Steven Paul , Cirino Paul , Presley Chase , Colton Zachary , Podell Kenneth
Published: September 2020

Objective:

To examine the independent contributions of the Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) to concussion symptom severity in youths while controlling for computerized neurocognitive screening performance, demographics, and medical history.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional.

Setting:

Concussion specialty clinic.

Participants:

A retrospective review of 278 concussed youths clinical charts resulted in a total of 158 participants (16.5 ± 2.8 years, 46.8% women, 4.3 ± 3.3 days post-injury) when exclusionary criteria (ie, neurological or substance use disorders, age >21, >14 days since injury, and missing/incomplete data) were applied.

Independent Variables:

Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening items and computerized neurocognitive test scores.

Main Outcome Measures:

Standardized postconcussion symptom scale scores.

Results:

At the univariate level, all VOMS items were positively associated with concussion symptom severity at small to medium effect sizes (r range 0.26-0.42). Women and individuals with a concussion history and/or Attention Deficit Disorder/Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder diagnosis reported higher VOMS item scores (Ps < 0.10). In a multiple hierarchical regression, the contribution of VOMS item scores was significant and explained 9.6% of the variance in concussion symptom severity after adjustment for sex, baseline VOMS symptom ratings, and ImPACT scores [F(6, 141) = 3.90, P = 0.001]. Vertical saccades (b = 2.22, P = 0.003) and vertical vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR; b = −1.46, P = 0.004) VOMS items significantly contributed to concussion symptom severity in the multivariable model.

Conclusions:

Findings from this study provide support for the independent contributions of the VOMS items, particularly vertical saccades and vertical VOR, to acute concussion symptom severity in youths. Further work is warranted for a comparison of the VOMS to the full gold standard of concussion testing (ie, clinical interview, physical examination, balance testing, and neurocognitive assessment).
Age-Group Differences and Annual Variation in Return-To-Play Practices After Sport-Related Concussion
Authors: Kerschner Anna E. , Huber Daniel L. , Brett Benjamin L. , Meier Timothy B. , Nelson Lindsay D. , McCrea Michael A.
Published: September 2020

Objective:

To examine return-to-play (RTP) practice differences between high school and collegiate athletes, as well as the stability (ie, year-by-year) in these practices over a 5-year period. We hypothesized that similar protocols for treatment will be comparable across competition levels and that these practices will vary year-to-year.

Design:

Prospective cohort study.

Setting:

Nine high schools and 4 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III colleges in Southeastern Wisconsin.

Participants and Independent Variables:

Two-hundred seventy-three (N = 273) athletes with sport-related concussions (SRCs). Independent predictors included competition level (high school, n = 88 vs collegiate, n = 185) and year-of-injury.

Outcome Measures:

Athletes were evaluated prospectively for differences in symptom duration, symptom free waiting period (SFWP), and time to RTP, as well as longitudinal changes in management.

Results:

High school and collegiate athletes experienced comparable median symptom duration (high school, 6.0 days, interquartile range (IQR) = 3.5-11.0; college, 6.0 days, IQR = 4.0-9.0, P = 0.95), SFWP (high school, 5.0 days, IQR = 3.0-8.0; college, 5.0 days, IQR = 3.0-7.0, P = 0.12), and total time to RTP (high school, 10.5 days, IQR = 7.0-16.0; college, 11.0 days, IQR = 8.0-14.0 days, P = 0.94). A Cox regression analysis revealed a nonsignificant trend toward longer SFWPs in high school athletes (P = 0.055; hazard ratio = 1.347, confidence interval = 0.99-1.83). Among football players, SFWPs in 2017 (Median = 3.5 days, IQR = 1.5-5.0 days) were significantly longer than those in 2014 (Median = 5.0 days, IQR = 4.0-8.5 days, P = 0.029) after correction for multiple comparisons.

Conclusion:

Similar postinjury and RTP management practices were observed at the high school and collegiate levels after SRCs. Symptom duration and time from injury to unrestricted RTP were comparable, although high school athletes may have longer SFWPs.
Fair Play as an Injury Prevention Intervention: Do Yellow Card Accumulation Policies Reduce High School Soccer Injuries?
Authors: Kriz Peter K. , Yang Jingzhen , Arakkal Alan , Keeley Timothy , Comstock R. Dawn
Published: September 2020

Objectives:

Evaluate yellow card policies' (YCPs) effectiveness in reducing competition contact injuries (CCIs).

Design:

Retrospective cohort.

Setting:

High schools.

Participants:

Soccer players from High School (HS) Reporting Information Online participating schools, 2005/06 to 2017/18.

Independent Variables:

Athlete exposure (AE), CCIs from HS competitions collected from states with/without YCPs.

Main Outcome Measures:

Rate and rate ratio (RR) of athlete–athlete CCIs recorded by athletic trainers were compared between states with/without YCPs and pre-YCPs/post-YCPs among the states with YCPs using Poisson regressions. Proportions of severe athlete–athlete CCIs were also described in states with/without YCPs.

Results:

Fifteen states implemented YCPs between 2005/06 and 2017/18; 901 athlete–athlete CCIs occurred during 352 775 competition AEs in states with YCPs, and 3525 injuries during 1 459 708 competition AEs in states without YCPs. There was no significant difference in injury rates between schools in states with/without YCPs (RR 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.97-1.17). Among state with YCPs, injury rates were not significantly different between pre-YCP and post-YCP implementation (RR 1.15; 95% CI: 0.98-1.34). Although a significantly lower proportion of injuries resulting in >3 weeks' time loss (TL) occurred in states with YCPs (injury proportion ratio 0.81; 95% CI: 0.66-0.997), no significant differences were observed in proportions of other severe athlete–athlete CCIs between states with/without YCPs.

Conclusions:

Yellow card policies were ineffective in lowering HS soccer athlete–athlete CCI rates, although injuries resulting in >3 weeks' TL were less prevalent in states with YCPs. Implementation of YCPs alone, without proper enforcement, may not be a sufficient injury prevention strategy.
Case Report: What Are We Doing for Our “20/20 Unhappy” Scleral Lens Patients?
Authors: Nguyen Lan Chi , Kauffman Matthew J. , Hastings Gareth D. , Applegate Raymond A. , Marsack Jason D.
Published: September 2020

SIGNIFICANCE

Scleral lenses (SLs) partially mask higher-order aberrations (HOAs) in highly aberrated eyes. Although visual acuity (VA) may show satisfactory quantitative clinical outcomes during SL wear, residual (uncorrected) HOAs can leave subjective visual quality goals unmet.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to report a case where a “20/20 unhappy” patient with SLs was able to meet visual goals with wavefront-guided SLs.

CASE REPORT

A 40-year-old male with bilateral keratoconus, whose Snellen VA with SLs was 20/20+2 right eye (OD) 20/16+2 left eye (OS), reported halos and glare at night and perceptual smearing. When viewing a point of light, a “Ferris wheel” shadowing was observed OD and a U-shaped shadowing OS. Residual higher-order root mean square wavefront error was 0.49 μm OD and 0.39 μm OS; visual image quality measured by visual Strehl ratio was 0.067 OD and 0.092 OS (pupil size, 4.00 mm). Wavefront-guided SLs reduced residual higher-order root mean square to 0.19 μm OD and 0.25 μm OS, VA improved to 20/10 OD and 20/13 OS, and visual Strehl improved to 0.150 OD and 0.121 OS. The patient reported reduced smearing, shadowing, and night vision concerns, meeting his visual expectations and goals.

CONCLUSIONS

Wavefront sensing quantifies both lower and HOAs, which can cause visual dissatisfaction in individuals with highly aberrated eyes, despite sometimes reaching typical levels of VA. As wavefront-guided SLs targeting these residual aberrations to improve visual image quality become more available, they should be considered for 20/20 unhappy patients when conventional clinical options are unsatisfactory.
Manipulation of Front-Surface Profile of Scleral Contact Lenses to Alter Peripheral Refraction
Authors: Peguda Rajini , Kang Pauline , Swarbrick Helen A.
Published: September 2020

SIGNIFICANCE

The front optic zone diameter of scleral contact lenses was manipulated to mimic the central treatment zone induced by orthokeratology contact lens wear, to explore potential effects on the peripheral refraction profile.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects on the peripheral refraction profile of changing front optic zone diameters of scleral contact lenses.

METHODS

Twelve young adults were fitted with scleral contact lenses (diameter, 16.5 mm) with two front optic zone diameters (6 and 4 mm) on one eye only on 2 separate days. Both lenses were fabricated with front optic zone power of −3.00 D and plano power outside the optic zone to mimic the orthokeratology treatment effect. All lenses had the same spherical back-surface design with a toric lens periphery. Peripheral refraction was measured at 10° increments along horizontal (±35°) and vertical (±30°) meridians before lens insertion and after 10 minutes of lens wear. Mixed-model analysis and post hocttests with Bonferroni correction were performed.

RESULTS

Compared with baseline, no significant change in relative spherical equivalent refractionMwas observed with 6-mm optic zone lenses along the horizontal meridian. However, a significant difference in relativeMprofile was found with 4-mm optic zone lenses (P= .009).Mbecame myopic at all locations in the nasal visual field (P< .05) except at 35°. In contrast, compared with baseline, no significant changes in relativeMwere found with either 6- or 4-mm optic zone lenses along the vertical meridian.

CONCLUSIONS

The greater myopic shift in relative peripheral refraction with 4-mm compared with 6-mm front optic zone lenses suggests that a reduced treatment zone diameter in orthokeratology may induce more myopic peripheral refraction changes. This may guide us toward novel orthokeratology lens designs for more effective myopia control.
Underemployment of Female Surgeons?
Authors: Chen Ya-Wen , Westfal Maggie L. , Chang David C. , Kelleher Cassandra M.
Published: September 2020

Objective:

To compare the complexity of operations performed by female versus male surgeons.

Background:

Prior literature has suggested that female surgeons are relatively underemployed when compared to male surgeons, with regards to operative case volume and specialization.

Methods:

Operative case records from a large academic medical center from 1997 to 2018 were evaluated. The primary end point was work relative value unit (wRVU) for each case with a secondary end point of total wRVU per month for each surgeon. Multivariate linear analysis was performed, adjusting for surgeon race, calendar year, seniority, and clinical subspecialty.

Results:

A total of 551,047 records were analyzed, from 131 surgeons and 13,666 surgeon-months. Among them, 104,424 (19.0%) of cases were performed by female surgeons, who make up 20.6% (n = 27) of the surgeon population, and 2879 (21.1%) of the surgeon months. On adjusted analysis, male surgeons earned an additional 1.65 wRVU per case, compared to female surgeons (95% confidence interval 1.57–1.74). Subset analyses found that sex disparity increased with surgeon seniority, and did not improve over the 20-year study period.

Conclusions:

Female surgeons perform less complex cases than their male peers, even after accounting for subspecialty and seniority. These sex differences are not due to availability from competing professional or familial obligations. Future work should focus on determining the cause and mitigating this underemployment of female surgeons.
Rubrobacter tropicus sp. nov. and Rubrobacter marinus sp. nov., isolated from deep-sea sediment of the South China Sea
Authors: Chen Rou-Wen , Li Cun , He Yuan-Qiu , Cui Lin-Qing , Long Li-Juan , Tian Xin-Peng
Published: September 2020

Two novel Gram-stain-positive bacteria, designated as SCSIO 52909T and SCSIO 52915T, were isolated from a deep-sea sediment sample collected at about 3448 m water depth of the South China Sea. Phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic characteristics were investigated. These strains were aerobic and tested positive for catalase activity, oxidase activity and nitrate reduction. Optimal growth occurred at 28 °C, pH 7 and 3% salinity over 14 days cultivation. Its peptidoglycan structure was type A3α (l-Lys–l-Ala) and the only menaquinone was MK-8. Both strains possessed diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified phosphoglycolipid, an unidentified glycolipid and an unidentified phospholipid. Their major fatty acids differed, but both contained iso-branched components of C16 : 0 12-methyl. Genome sequencing revealed two large genomes of 4.58 Mbp with G+C content of 67.0 mol% in SCSIO 52909T and of 4.42 Mbp with G+C content of 69.1 % in SCSIO 52915T. The two novel strains encoded genes for metabolism that are absent in most other

Rubrobacter

species, and possessed many more gene copy numbers of alkaline phosphatase and thioredoxin reductase. Results of gANI and 16S rRNA gene analyses suggested that the two strains represent two new species, with 74.9, 95.0 % pairwise similarity between each other, and less than 74.3 and 93.5 % to other recognized

Rubrobacter

species, respectively. In the phylogenetic analysis, strains SCSIO 52909T and SCSIO 52915T were separately clustered together and formed a well-separated phylogenetic branch distinct from the other known species in the genus

Rubrobacter

. Based on the data presented here, these two strains should be recognized as two new species in the genus

Rubrobacter

, for which the names Rubrobacter tropicus sp. nov., with the type strain SCSIO 52909T (=KCTC 49412T=CGMCC 1.13853T), and Rubrobacter marinus sp. nov., with the type strain SCSIO 52915T (=KCTC 49411T=CGMCC 1.13852T), are proposed.