bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Central giant cell granulomas of the jaws stromal cells harbour mutations and have osteogenic differentiation capacity, in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Miguita Lucyene , de Souza Juliana Cristina , Bastos Victor Coutinho , Pereira Nubia Braga , de Freitas Raphaela Alvarenga Braga , Guimarães Leticia Martins , de Avelar Gleide Fernandes , Andrade Luciana Oliveira , Dutra Walderez Ornelas , Nunes Fábio Daumas , Castro Wagner Henriques , de Lacerda Julio Cesar Tanos , Reis Amanda Maria Sena , Bernardes Vanessa Fátima , Diniz Marina Gonçalves , Gomez Ricardo Santiago , Gomes Carolina Cavalieri
Published: January 2022

Background

Central giant cell granulomas (CGCG) of the jaws are osteolytic lesions that may behave aggressively and respond poorly to surgery. Microscopically, in addition to giant cells, there is a mononuclear cell population composed of macrophage/monocytic cells and spindle‐shaped cells of mesenchymal origin. Seventy two percent of these tumours harbour mutually exclusive TRPV4, KRAS and FGFR1 mutations. We aimed to assess the mutational status of mononuclear and giant cells and the osteogenic potential of stromal cells in vitro and in vivo.

Methods and Results

We screened CGCG for signature mutations and used laser‐capture microdissection to demonstrate that the mutations are restricted to the mononuclear cells. Additionally, we established CGCG primary cell culture and observed that the cells retained the mutations throughout passages. By flow cytometry, we observed predominance of CD14−CD51−CD61− cells, consistent with the expected profile for stromal cells. Considering the mesenchymal origin of stromal cells, we assessed the osteogenic differentiation potential of CGCG cells in culture by cytochemistry (von Kossa and alizarin red staining), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay and gene expression of osteogenic markers. CGCG cells presented self‐capacity to increase ALP levels in a time‐dependent manner and under osteogenic induction presented increasing number of calcium deposits, and overall higher expression of osteocalcin, RUNX2, ALPL and osteopontin than cells without osteogenic induction. A patient‐derived xenograft model for CGCG was established, and osteoid material deposition was observed.

Conclusion

Collectively, the results confirm that the signature mutations are restricted to stromal cells in CGCG, and the in vitro and in vivo results support that these cells have the capacity to differentiate into osteoblasts, in line with the bone formation often observed in the stroma of these lesions.
Ethnic‐Racial Socialization Among Mothers of Black and Black‐White Biracial Daughters During the Pubertal Transition
Authors: Carter Rona , Flewellen Ayana Omilade
Published: January 2022

Ethnic‐racial socialization is a salient component of parenting in Black families. What is less clear is how Black families discuss ethnicity‐race and social inequalities with pubescent children. We examined associations between pubertal timing and ethnic‐racial socialization among mothers (Mage = 42) of Black (n = 286) and Black‐White biracial (n = 233) girls aged 9–12. Moderation by maternal stress about puberty was also examined. Results indicated mothers of Black girls who were stressed about puberty reported more preparation for bias; whereas both groups of mothers reported more cultural socialization. Early pubertal timing and high maternal stress about puberty predicted more cultural socialization among both groups and more egalitarian beliefs among only mothers of Black‐White biracial girls. The findings highlight the importance of ethnic‐racial socialization during puberty.
Effects of histidine on growth performance of North American Atlantic salmon
Authors: Peterson Brian C. , Burr Gary S. , Gaylord Gibson T.
Published: January 2022

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) producers harvest over 2.4 million metric tons each year. Salmon feed producers are now including higher levels of alternative proteins due to fish meal production limits and consumer demand for more efficient and sustainable ingredients. We examined the effects of histidine in smolt (~355 g/fish) and juvenile (~600 g/fish) North American St. John River strain Atlantic salmon. Salmon were fed graded levels of histidine (0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, and 1.5%) to determine optimum levels necessary to support growth. In the first trial, only percent gain was ranged between 157 to 225%, while thermal growth coefficient (TGC) 1.6–2.0, and FCR ~1 were similar. In the smolt first trial, the final percent gain ranged between 157 and 225%, thermal growth coefficient (TGC) was 1.6–2.0, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was approximately 1.0. Regression analysis indicated that maximum growth occurred at a dietary histidine level of 0.9% (p = .0012). In the juvenile trial, percent weight gain ranged 35–45%, TGC ranged from 1.4 to 1.9, and FCR ranged from 1.1 to 1.3; these responses were not different between diets. Cataracts were observed in only 3 fish between both studies (3% of the total population). Using regression analysis, both studies suggest histidine levels of at least 0.9% of the diet adequately support Atlantic salmon growth.
Embracing the unpredictable effect of one person: an interview with Professor Keri Facer
Authors: Facer Keri , Parry Becky , Taylor Lucy , Bradley Jessica , Little Sabine
Published: January 2022

It was a keynote presentation by Professor Keri Facer at the United Kingdom Literacy Association (UKLA) international conference and subsequent article in Literacy that sparked the discussions which inspired the focus of this special issue. In July 2021, with a mix of end of term exhaustion and intellectual exhilaration, we gathered online to interview Keri and do that important activity we rarely manage to achieve in our performative academic culture, that is, to talk and think together. We wanted to share this process with you, and so we present our questions and Keri's responses with minimal editing and with the ‘epistemic hope’1 we felt in that moment and want to share.
A bridge across our fears: understanding spoken word poetry in troubled times
Authors: Curwood Jen Scott , Jones Katelyn
Published: January 2022

Spoken word poetry encourages youth to engage in identity construction, resist oppression and construct counternarratives. Through participating in community‐based slams, school workshops and online events, young people can take part in visible activism through exploring their own identity, power and agency and seeing themselves as change agents. In this article, we share longitudinal case studies of two youth poets based in Sydney, Australia. As young women of colour coming of age in troubled times, we consider how poetry offers them a way to engage in story telling and to create counternarratives. We also explore how spoken word allows them to explore their cultural identities, offer testimony about their lived experiences and participate in activism. We situate our research within the COVID‐19 pandemic and critically reflect on how the shift online has offered new opportunities whilst also presenting unexpected challenges for youth poets.
Non‐selective beta‐blockers in patients with ascites: The complex interplay among the liver, kidney and heart
Authors: Téllez Luis , Albillos Agustín
Published: January 2022

Non‐selective beta‐blockers (NSBBs) are the cornerstone of the primary and secondary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients. They additionally prevent ascites development and death in compensated patients with clinically significant portal hypertension. After ascites onset, NSBBs remain beneficial for preventing further decompensations. However, as the cirrhosis progresses, the inflammation increases, systemic vasodilatation worsens, ascites turns refractory and cardiodynamic equilibrium becomes extremely fragile. In this scenario, NSBBs can critically impair the cardiac reserve and facilitate a haemodynamic breakdown, imperilling renal perfusion. Consequently, NSBB treatment should be carefully monitored or even avoided in such patients, and other options for portal hypertension management should be considered. In the present review, we explore the effects of NSBBs in patients with ascites and discuss the complex interplay among their hepatic, systemic and renal haemodynamic effects in this scenario.
Lived experiences of frontline nurses and physicians infected by COVID‐19 during their activities: A phenomenological study
Authors: Simeone Silvio , Ambrosca Rossella , Vellone Ercole , Durante Angela , Arcadi Paola , Cicolini Giancarlo , Simonetti Valentina , Alvaro Rosaria , Pucciarelli Gianluca
Published: January 2022

We analyzed the lived experiences of frontline nurses and physicians who were affected by COVID‐19 through a phenomenological approach, using Cohen's methodology with interview data. The participants were enrolled in the study in May 2020 during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Italy. The inclusion criteria were (i) being a nurse or physician employed full time caring for COVID‐19 patients before falling ill; (ii) contracting SARS‐CoV‐2 between February 2020 to May 2020; (iii) having recovered before enrollment; and (iv) providing informed consent to participate. Sixteen participants (60% nurses) with an average age of 45 years were included. The following main themes were extrapolated from our data analysis: “fear of diagnosis,” “loneliness (as isolation),” “touch of nurses,” and “feeling guilty of abandonment.” Several aspects emerging from our study highlight the strong emotional impact of COVID on nurses and physicians infected during their activities, such as feelings of fear and loneliness on the one hand, and of impotence and guilt for not being able to help on the other.
Comparative risk of anemia and related micronutrient deficiencies after Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy in patients with obesity: An updated meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Kwon Yeongkeun , Ha Jane , Lee Yong‐Hoon , Kim Dohyang , Lee Chang Min , Kim Jong‐Han , Park Sungsoo
Published: January 2022

Although Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) are the most prevalent bariatric surgical procedures, high‐level evidence is scarce regarding the assessment of postoperative nutritional risk in RYGB versus SG. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis to compare the risk of anemia and related micronutrient deficiencies after RYGB and SG. We analyzed 10 randomized controlled trials that compared RYGB and SG with reported incidence of postoperative anemia and/or anemia‐related micronutrient deficiencies (iron, vitamin B12, or folate). There were no significant differences in the risk of postoperative anemia (moderate level of evidence), iron deficiency (high level of evidence), or folate deficiency (moderate level of evidence). Patients undergoing RYGB had a higher risk of postoperative vitamin B12 deficiency than those undergoing SG (relative risk, 1.86; 95% confidence interval, 1.15–3.02; p = 0.012; high level of evidence). Our findings imply that patients undergoing RYGB require more stringent vitamin B12 supplementation and surveillance than those undergoing SG. Additionally, our results may aid patients with high concern for anemia and related micronutrient deficiencies in making informed decisions regarding surgical methods based on nutritional risk.
The clinical utility of steroids in facial trauma: A retrospective study of 638 patients
Authors: Tiwari Preeti , Bera Rathindra Nath , Chauhan Nishtha
Published: January 2022

Glucocorticosteroids reduce post‐operative swelling, trismus and pain after third molar extraction, maxillofacial trauma and orthognathic surgery. Steroids may affect immune system and retard wound healing. However, the use of steroids may or may not lead to infection. Patients were divided into two groups based on steroid therapy. The minimum follow‐up was for 6 months. Independent t‐test and chi‐square statistics were used for quantitative and categorical data respectively. A p < 0.05 was considered significant at 95% confidence interval. A total of 638 patient records were divided into two groups; group A (steroid group) and group B (non‐steroid group). After 6 months 45% of group A patients and 2% of group B patients had infection (p value‐0.077). The mean duration of analgesic requirement in group A was 3.9 ± 1.5 days compared to 4.4 ± 2.1 days in group B (p = 0.01). Oedema was present in 9% of patients in group A compared to 12.5% in group B after 1 week (p < 0.0001). The mean VAS score at 1 week was 0.03 ± 0.18 in group B compared to 0 in group A (p < 0.001). Use of steroids does not increase the risk of infection. It significantly reduces the duration of analgesic requirement with the reduction in oedema and pain.
Presidential Patronage and Executive Branch Appointments, 1925–1959
Authors: Rogowski Jon , Simko Tyler
Published: January 2022

We study presidential patronage as a form of distributive politics. To do so, we introduce comprehensive data on supervisory personnel in the executive branch between 1925 and 1959 and link each bureaucrat to the congressional representative from their home district. We identify testable hypotheses regarding the impact of electoral considerations, partisanship, and legislative support on the distribution of bureaucratic appointments across districts. Results from a variety of fixed‐effects estimation strategies are consistent with several forms of presidential patronage. Our results provide initial evidence about the mechanisms through which patronage appointments are administered in the executive branch and illustrate how presidential politics affects the composition of the federal government.
Interaction between arteriosclerosis and the APOE4 gene in cognitive decline in older adults: a cross‐sectional study in rural minority areas in western China
Authors: Qu Fang , Yang Xing , Yang Jingyuan , Zhou Quanxiang , Yang Xi , Chen Mingyan , Xiong Yan , Hu Yuxin
Published: January 2022

Background

Numerous studies have confirmed that the apolipoprotein E4 allele (APOE4) gene and arteriosclerosis (AS) have a combined effect on the occurrence of cognitive function impairment, and dyslipidaemia levels are significantly correlated with APOE4 levels and AS. Few studies have focused on the combined effect of the APOE4 gene and AS on cognitive function. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of APOE4 gene and AS acting together on cognitive function through dyslipidaemia levels, which could provide certain scientific research value for future studies.

Methods

A multi‐stage cluster sampling method was used to investigate older adults aged 60 years and above in rural areas of Guizhou, China. The demographic sociological characteristics were collected, and laboratory tests, blood lipid measurements, and physical examinations were performed. Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to determine cognitive function. Analysis of variance with two‐factor factorial design was used to analyse the interaction between the APOE4 gene and AS on cognitive function and its domains.

Results

A total of 549 elderly subjects were eligible for this study. The result of the factorial design analysis revealed there was a significant interaction between the APOE4 gene and AS in terms of attention and numeracy (F = 6.878, P = 0.009).

Conclusions

The combination of the APOE4 gene and AS leads to a decrease in the level of attention and numeracy domains, and certain attention should be focused on such populations in the future.
Blind faith or hard evidence? Exploring the indirect performance impact of design thinking practices in R&D
Authors: Robbins Peter , Fu Na
Published: January 2022

Design thinking has recently been the subject of considerable attention from academics and practitioners. In management discourse, design thinking is a creative and human‐centred problem‐solving approach based on designers’ practices, used mainly in the pursuit of product, service and process innovation. Despite being increasingly promoted and adopted as an approach to innovation, we know little about whether and how design thinking influences firm performance. Drawing upon the resource‐based view of the firm and dynamic capability theory, this paper answers these questions via a two‐study approach in the context of R&D. Study 1 explores the perceived performance impact of design thinking in a descriptive way. Study 2 investigates the mediating role of organizational innovative capability in design thinking and organizational innovative performance relationship. The results from these two studies shed light on design thinking’s performance impact. In addition, they add evidentiary support to the contention that design‐thinking practices applied in R&D help develop organizational innovative capability, which in turn increases organizational innovative performance. This research adds welcome evidentiary support to the contention that design thinking practices, applied in R&D, help develop organizational innovative capability, which in turn increases organizational innovative performance. Our study offers a theory‐based and actionable approach which explains the underlying mechanism through which a firm can boost its innovation performance by the adoption of design thinking.
Correcting hyponatremia by fluid sodium modulation in continuous renal replacement therapy with regional citrate anticoagulation
Authors: Anantharaman Saradha , Chionh Chang Yin
Published: January 2022

A 40‐year‐old man presented with severe hyponatremia with a serum sodium of 102 mmol/L and concomitant acute kidney injury complicated by severe acidosis. He was started on continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) with regional citrate anticoagulation. We present the equations and strategy used to calculate and adjust the sodium concentration of the dialysate and replacement fluids to increase serum sodium levels by ≤8 mmol/L/day. The equations were based on fundamental chemistry principles and applicable to common CRRT solutions with 140 mmol/L of sodium. This simple strategy for CRRT fluid sodium titration required only one adjustment per day, and the serum sodium levels increased safely within the daily targets set. Although the citrated‐replacement fluid was diluted for sodium adjustment, the citrate anticoagulation protocol was still able to achieve the targeted circuit ionized‐calcium levels and provided adequate anticoagulation without issues related to frequent clotting and other electrolyte abnormalities.
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYMPOSIUM ON ISLAM AND EVOLUTION
Authors: Malik Shoaib Ahmed
Published: January 2022

This introduction provides an overview of the significance of the Symposium on Islam and evolution that results from a conference hosted by the Leiden University Shīʿī Studies Initiative (LUSSI) in July 2021. The objective of this conference was to stimulate further research in the area. Scientists, theologians, and philosophers participated in the conference to discuss the topic from various angles. The selected articles that were accepted for this thematic section are summarized.
Jewish Primitivism
Authors: Spinner Samuel J.
Published: January 2022

Around the beginning of the twentieth century, Jewish writers and artists across Europe began depicting fellow Jews as savages or “primitive” tribesmen, using ethnographic and folkloristic tropes as a way of negotiating their position as insider-outsiders in Europe. Samuel Spinner argues that in literature, graphic art, and photography, Jewish modernists developed a distinct primitivist aesthetic that, by locating the savage present in Europe, challenged the idea of the threatening savage other from outside Europe on which much primitivism relied: in Jewish primitivism, the savage is already there. Jewish Primitivism introduces this concept to the existing body of scholarship on modern Hebrew, Yiddish, and other Jewish literature and culture. Drawing on works from Franz Kafka, Y.L. Peretz, Elsa Lasker-Schüler and others, Spinner investigates the relationship between Jewish artistic production and modernism, and reorients the scholarly understanding of primitivism and “otherness” in European modernity.
Networked Nonproliferation
Authors: Onderco Michal
Published: January 2022

The Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) had many opponents when, in 1995, it came up for extension. The majority of parties opposed extension, and experts expected a limited extension as countries sought alternative means to manage nuclear weapons. But against all predictions, the treaty was extended indefinitely, and without a vote.
Networked Nonproliferation offers a social network theory explanation of how the NPT was extended, giving new insight into why international treaties succeed or fail. The United States was the NPT's main proponent, but even a global superpower cannot get its way through coercion or persuasion alone. Michal Onderco draws on unique in-depth interviews and newly declassified documents to analyze the networked power at play. Onderco not only gives the richest account yet of the conference, looking at key actors like South Africa, Egypt, and the EU, but also challenges us to reconsider how we think about American power in international relations.
With Networked Nonproliferation, Onderco provides new insight into multilateral diplomacy in general and nuclear nonproliferation in particular, with consequences for understanding a changing global system as the US, the chief advocate of nonproliferation and a central node in the diplomatic networks around it, declines in material power.
A Two-Experiment Approach to Scaling in Biomechanics
Authors: Ochoa-Cabrero Raul , Alonso-Rasgado Teresa , Davey Keith
Published: January 2022

A new approach to scaled experimentation has recently appeared in the open literature where hitherto unknown similitude rules have been discovered. The impact of this discovery on biomechanics is the focus of this paper, where rules for one and two scaled experiments are assessed. Biomechanical experimentation is beset by problems that can hinder its successful implementation. Availability of resources, repeatability and variability of specimens, ethical compliance and cost are the most prominent. Physical modeling involving synthetic composite materials can be used to advantage and circumvent ethical concerns but is presently impeded by cost and the limited scope of standardized geometries. The increased flexibility of the new approach, combined with the application of substantially cheaper three-dimensional printed materials, is investigated here for bone biomechanical experiments consisting of mechanical tests for the validation of finite element models by means of digital image correlation. The microstructure of the scaled materials is analyzed using a laser confocal microscope followed by the construction and validation of numerical models by means of a Bland–Altman statistical analysis. Good agreement is obtained demonstrated with means under 18 microstrains (μϵ) and limits of agreement below 83 μϵ. Consequently, numerical results for the new similitude approach shows an average percentage error of 3.1% and 4.8% for the optimized results across all values. The two-scaled experiment approach results in a sevenfold improvement for the average difference values of strain when compared to the single-scaled experiment, so demonstrating the potential of the new approach.
Tutorials in vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy. II. Designing a broadband vibrational sum frequency generation spectrometer
Authors: Pickering James D. , Bregnhøj Mikkel , Chatterley Adam S. , Rasmussen Mette H. , Roeters Steven J. , Strunge Kris , Weidner Tobias
Published: January 2022

In this Tutorial series, we aim to provide an accessible introduction to vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy, targeted toward people entering the VSFG world without a rigorous formal background in optical physics or nonlinear spectroscopy. In this article, we describe in depth how a broadband VSFG spectrometer is designed and constructed, using the instrument in SurfLab, Aarhus University, as an illustrative case. Detailed information about specific instrumentation (together with reasons why things are the way they are) is given throughout. This information is often omitted in other descriptions of such instrumentation and so will be invaluable to people new to the field.
Understanding How Preservice Teachers Interpret Early Field Experiences at the Secondary Level
Authors: Washburn Nicholas S. , Gaudreault Karen Lux , Mellor Christopher , Olive Caitlin R. , Lucero Adriana
Published: January 2022

Purpose: Grounded in self-determination theory, this study examined factors of secondary early field experiences that preservice teachers consider significant and how these experiences impact them as educators. Method: Preservice teachers (N = 13) completed two 10-week early field experiences, one at each level—middle school and high school. Data sources included weekly reflections, interviews, emails, and nonparticipant observations. Data were analyzed inductively through constant comparison and deductively to establish meaning through self-determination theory. Results: The cooperating teachers were substantially influential for the preservice teachers, as were establishing connections with concepts learned in methods courses and tending to students’ well-being. The way the early field experiences influenced the preservice teachers as educators was unique to the individual, as negative experiences were channeled positively for some and negatively for others. Conclusion: Early field experiences are quite influential, thus physical education teacher education programs should strongly consider vetting placements or strategically pairing students with placements, particularly at the secondary level, to optimize professional development.
We Are Not Who We Thought We Were: A Case Study of Race in Intercollegiate Athletics
Authors: Stensland Peyton J. , Brown Christopher M. , Cintron Alicia M.
Published: January 2022

The case study is guided by Bell’s critical race theory as a lens for understanding racial discrimination. Critical race theory was used at a collegiate institution that served as a representation of a larger societal pattern throughout the United States. A hypothetical university was created, and scenarios were integrated based on actual events that took place at various intercollegiate institutions across the country in recent years. Ashley Miller, the athletic director at the University of Southeast Illinois, was facing an incredible challenge after a transfer football player posted allegations of racism within the University of Southeast Illinois football program. The university hired an outside law firm to investigate the climate of the football program and the athletics department as a whole. The law firm provided a report identifying specific incidents and concerns. Students will review the findings of the law firm and provide specific recommendations to the athletics department to address the allegations of racial inequities and promote diversity and inclusion in the football program and athletics department moving forward.
Structural and functional insight into regulation of kinesin-1 by microtubule-associated protein MAP7
Authors: Ferro Luke S. , Fang Qianglin , Eshun-Wilson Lisa , Fernandes Jonathan , Jack Amanda , Farrell Daniel P. , Golcuk Mert , Huijben Teun , Costa Katelyn , Gur Mert , DiMaio Frank , Nogales Eva , Yildiz Ahmet
Published: January 2022

Microtubule (MT)–associated protein 7 (MAP7) is a required cofactor for kinesin-1–driven transport of intracellular cargoes. Using cryo–electron microscopy and single–molecule imaging, we investigated how MAP7 binds MTs and facilitates kinesin-1 motility. The MT-binding domain (MTBD) of MAP7 bound MTs as an extended α helix between the protofilament ridge and the site of lateral contact. Unexpectedly, the MTBD partially overlapped with the binding site of kinesin-1 and inhibited its motility. However, by tethering kinesin-1 to the MT, the projection domain of MAP7 prevented dissociation of the motor and facilitated its binding to available neighboring sites. The inhibitory effect of the MTBD dominated as MTs became saturated with MAP7. Our results reveal biphasic regulation of kinesin-1 by MAP7 in the context of their competitive binding to MTs.
Protecting connectivity promotes successful biodiversity and fisheries conservation
Authors: Fontoura Luisa , D’Agata Stephanie , Gamoyo Majambo , Barneche Diego R. , Luiz Osmar J. , Madin Elizabeth M. P. , Eggertsen Linda , Maina Joseph M.
Published: January 2022

The global decline of coral reefs has led to calls for strategies that reconcile biodiversity conservation and fisheries benefits. Still, considerable gaps in our understanding of the spatial ecology of ecosystem services remain. We combined spatial information on larval dispersal networks and estimates of human pressure to test the importance of connectivity for ecosystem service provision. We found that reefs receiving larvae from highly connected dispersal corridors were associated with high fish species richness. Generally, larval “sinks” contained twice as much fish biomass as “sources” and exhibited greater resilience to human pressure when protected. Despite their potential to support biodiversity persistence and sustainable fisheries, up to 70% of important dispersal corridors, sinks, and source reefs remain unprotected, emphasizing the need for increased protection of networks of well-connected reefs.
Conformal quantum dot–SnO
2
layers as electron transporters for efficient perovskite solar cells
Authors: Kim Minjin , Jeong Jaeki , Lu Haizhou , Lee Tae Kyung , Eickemeyer Felix T. , Liu Yuhang , Choi In Woo , Choi Seung Ju , Jo Yimhyun , Kim Hak-Beom , Mo Sung-In , Kim Young-Ki , Lee Heunjeong , An Na Gyeong , Cho Shinuk , Tress Wolfgang R. , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Hagfeldt Anders , Kim Jin Young , Grätzel Michael , Kim Dong Suk
Published: January 2022

Improvements to perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have focused on increasing their power conversion efficiency (PCE) and operational stability and maintaining high performance upon scale-up to module sizes. We report that replacing the commonly used mesoporous–titanium dioxide electron transport layer (ETL) with a thin layer of polyacrylic acid–stabilized tin(IV) oxide quantum dots (paa-QD-SnO
2
) on the compact–titanium dioxide enhanced light capture and largely suppressed nonradiative recombination at the ETL–perovskite interface. The use of paa-QD-SnO
2
as electron-selective contact enabled PSCs (0.08 square centimeters) with a PCE of 25.7% (certified 25.4%) and high operational stability and facilitated the scale-up of the PSCs to larger areas. PCEs of 23.3, 21.7, and 20.6% were achieved for PSCs with active areas of 1, 20, and 64 square centimeters, respectively.
How privacy’s past may shape its future
Authors: Acquisti Alessandro , Brandimarte Laura , Hancock Jeff
Published: January 2022

An account of privacy’s evolutionary roots may hold lessons for policies in the digital age
Three-dimensional direct lithography of stable perovskite nanocrystals in glass
Authors: Sun Ke , Tan Dezhi , Fang Xinyuan , Xia Xintao , Lin Dajun , Song Juan , Lin Yonghong , Liu Zhaojun , Gu Min , Yue Yuanzheng , Qiu Jianrong
Published: January 2022

Material composition engineering and device fabrication of perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) in solution can introduce organic contamination and entail several synthetic, processing, and stabilization steps. We report three-dimensional (3D) direct lithography of PNCs with tunable composition and bandgap in glass. The halide ion distribution was controlled at the nanoscale with ultrafast laser–induced liquid nanophase separation. The PNCs exhibit notable stability against ultraviolet irradiation, organic solution, and high temperatures (up to 250°C). Printed 3D structures in glass were used for optical storage, micro–light emitting diodes, and holographic displays. The proposed mechanisms of both PNC formation and composition tunability were verified.
Genome Sequences of Gordonia rubripertincta Bacteriophages AnarQue and Figliar
Authors: Curran Ethan , Callaway Sabrina E. , Dumanlang Ramel R. , Harshaw Anna V. , Palacio Paula N. , Nakamura Yuta , Kimberley Kendra W. , Theoret James R. , Yoon Earl J. , Windsor Erin J. , McKenna Chelsey C.
Published: January 2022

AnarQue and Figliar are bacteriophages identified from the host bacterium
Gordonia rubripertincta
NRRL B-16540. AnarQue is circularly permuted and has a length of 61,822 bp; it is assigned to cluster DR. Figliar has a 3′ sticky overhang and a length of 61,147 bp; it is assigned to cluster DJ.
Whole-Genome Sequence of Paenibacillus polymyxa Strain SRT9.1, a Promising Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterium
Authors: Mamphogoro Tshifhiwa P. , Kamutando Casper N. , Maboko Martin M. , Babalola Olubukola O. , Aiyegoro Olayinka A.
Published: January 2022

Paenibacillus polymyxa
SRT9.1 is an epiphytic bacterium capable of inhibiting plant-pathogenic bacteria. The strain has potential for development as a biocontrol agent for use in agriculture. We report the whole-genome sequence of
Paenibacillus polymyxa
SRT9.1, consisting of 6,754,470 bp and 7,878 coding sequences, with an average G+C content of 45%.
Associations of body composition with regional brain volumes and white matter microstructure in very preterm infants
Authors: Bell Katherine Ann , Matthews Lillian G , Cherkerzian Sara , Prohl Anna K , Warfield Simon K , Inder Terrie E , Onishi Shun , Belfort Mandy B
Published: January 2022

Objective

To determine associations between body composition and concurrent measures of brain development including (1) Tissue-specific brain volumes and (2) White matter microstructure, among very preterm infants at term equivalent age.

Design

Prospective observational study.

Setting

Single-centre academic level III neonatal intensive care unit.

Patients

We studied 85 infants born <33 weeks’ gestation.

Methods

At term equivalent age, infants underwent air displacement plethysmography to determine body composition, and brain MRI from which we quantified tissue-specific brain volumes and fractional anisotropy (FA) of white matter tracts. We estimated associations of fat and lean mass Z-scores with each brain outcome, using linear mixed models adjusted for intrafamilial correlation among twins and potential confounding variables.

Results

Median gestational age was 29 weeks (range 23.4–32.9). One unit greater lean mass Z-score was associated with larger total brain volume (10.5 cc, 95% CI 3.8 to 17.2); larger volumes of the cerebellum (1.2 cc, 95% CI 0.5 to 1.9) and white matter (4.5 cc, 95% CI 0.7 to 8.3); and greater FA in the left cingulum (0.3%, 95% CI 0.1% to 0.6%), right uncinate fasciculus (0.2%, 95% CI 0.0% to 0.5%), and right posterior limb of the internal capsule (0.3%, 95% CI 0.03% to 0.6%). Fat Z-scores were not associated with any outcome.

Conclusions

Lean mass—but not fat—at term was associated with larger brain volume and white matter microstructure differences that suggest improved maturation. Lean mass accrual may index brain growth and development.
Mitral valve replacement due to Libman-Sacks endocarditis: lower limb cellulitis as a red herring
Authors: Sexton Gerard , McLoughlin Joseph , Burke Louise , Doddakula Kishore
Published: January 2022

A 56-year-old woman was admitted due to new ulceration and acute digital ischaemia on a background of chronic leg ulcers bilaterally. Vasculitis screening returned strongly positive lupus anticoagulant levels and elevated anticardiolipin antibodies; these remained elevated at repeat testing. A diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome was made. Transthoracic echocardiogram identified a mitral valve lesion suggestive of vegetation and mild mitral valve regurgitation. Blood cultures taken throughout her inpatient admission were negative. Mechanical mitral valve replacement was performed 3 months later, and subsequent culture of the excised tissue returned as sterile. Histological examination showed no morphological signs of infective endocarditis.
The Canadian National Vaccine Safety Network: surveillance of adverse events following immunisation among individuals immunised with the COVID-19 vaccine, a cohort study in Canada
Authors: Bettinger Julie A , Sadarangani Manish , De Serres Gaston , Valiquette Louis , Vanderkooi Otto G , Kellner James D , Muller Matthew P , Top Karina A , Isenor Jennifer E , McGeer Allison , Marty Kimberly
Published: January 2022

Introduction

COVID-19 vaccines require enhanced safety monitoring after emergency approval. The Canadian National Vaccine Safety Network monitors the safety of COVID-19 vaccines and provides enhanced monitoring for healthy, auto-immune, immunocompromised, pregnant and breastfeeding populations and allows for the detection of safety signals.

Methods and analysis

Online participant reporting of health events in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals 12 years of age and older is captured in three surveys: 1 week after dose 1, 1 week after dose 2 and 7 months after dose 1. Medically attended events are followed up by telephone. The number, percentage, rate per 10 000 and incident rate ratios with 95% CIs are calculated by health event, vaccine type, sex and in 10-year age groups.

Ethics and dissemination

Each study site has Research Ethics Board approvals for the project (UBC Children’s & Women’s, CIUSSS de l'Estrie—CHUS, Health PEI, Conjoint Health Research Ethics Board, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, IWK Health, Unity Health Toronto and CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Ethics Boards). Individuals are invited to participate in this active surveillance and electronic consent is given before proceeding to each survey. Weekly reports are shared with public health and posted on the study website. At least one peer-reviewed manuscript is produced.
Patient experience of diagnosis and management of spontaneous intracranial hypotension: a cross-sectional online survey
Authors: Cheema Sanjay , Joy Clare , Pople Jenny , Snape-Burns Jessica , Trevarthen Tamsin , Matharu Manjit
Published: January 2022

Objectives

To present the results of a survey of patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) secondary to spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, documenting the patient experience of its diagnosis and management as well as quantifying its impact on quality of life.

Design

A cross-sectional anonymous online survey was designed in conjunction with the CSF Leak Association patient charity. The survey included questions on diagnosis, investigations and treatments received, as well as validated disability and quality of life questionnaires.

Participants

Sixty-four patients with a confirmed diagnosis of SIH who were receiving treatment within the UK were included in the analysis. The mean age was 42.8 years, 94% were female and 43 had ongoing symptoms of SIH.

Results

Patients who presented to their general practitioner with symptoms of SIH were seen an average three times before being referred to a specialist, and in just under half of patients, the diagnosis was not made by the first specialist they saw. There was variability in which investigations were performed and how urgently they were organised. The mean EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L) Visual Analogue Scale score was 36.4/100 and median Headache Impact Test-6 score was 68/78 (very severe impact). More than half of the respondents reported that they had to amend work duties due to SIH, more than a quarter reported that they had lost their job and two-thirds reported that their condition had affected their financial health. Only 23.4% of patients felt that they had received enough help and advice to manage their pain due to SIH.

Conclusions

SIH is a highly disabling disorder, affecting multiple domains, including pain, mobility, activities of daily living, financial circumstances and employment. Diagnostic delay and misdiagnosis are common, and currently there is a lack of consistency in the investigation and management of SIH in the UK.
Child pedestrian and cyclist injuries, and the built and social environment across Canadian cities: the Child Active Transportation Safety and the Environment Study (CHASE)
Authors: Rothman Linda , Schwartz Naomi , Cloutier Marie-Soleil , Winters Meghan , Macarthur Colin , Hagel Brent E , Macpherson Alison K , El Amiri Nisrine , Fuselli Pamela , Howard Andrew William
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Traffic injury is a leading and preventable cause of child death and disability, with child pedestrians and cyclists particularly vulnerable. Examining built environment correlates of child pedestrian and cyclist motor vehicle collisions (PCMVC) in different settings is needed to promote an evidence-based approach to road safety.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study across multiple urban/suburban environments in Canada (Calgary, Toronto, Montreal, Laval, Peel Region). All public elementary schools were included (n=1030). We examined the role of land use/social environments, road environments and traffic safety interventions on the rates of child PCMVC within 1000 m of schools. Multivariable negative binomial regression was conducted for all cities and by individual city. In a subset of schools (n=389), we examined associations when controlling for active school transportation (AST).

Results

Mean PCMVC rate per school ranged from 0.13 collisions/year in Peel to 0.35 in Montreal. Child PCMVC were correlated with land use, social and road environments and traffic safety interventions. In fully adjusted models, social and land use features remained the most important correlates. New immigrant population had the largest positive association with child PCMVC (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 1.26, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.50), while old housing (pre-1960) density was most protective (IRR: 0.83, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.90). AST was associated with PCMVC, but it had no effect on the relationships between PCMVC and other social/environmental correlates.

Conclusion

The built environment and social factors influence rates of child PCMVC. Opportunities to reduce child PCMVC exist through modifications to city design and road environments and implementing traffic safety interventions.
Survival estimates of free-living arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii): effects of sex and biologging
Authors: Wilbur Sara M. , Deane Cody E. , Breed Greg A. , Buck C. Loren , Williams Cory T. , Barnes Brian M.
Published: January 2022

Hibernation is associated with long lifespan: on average, hibernating mammals live 15% longer than nonhibernators of equivalent mass. We investigated how survival varies with sex, season, and the deployment of biologgers in arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii (Richardson, 1825)), a widely distributed northern hibernator. The duration of hibernation in arctic ground squirrels differs markedly by sex: females hibernate 30% longer each year than males, a behavioural trait that could positively affect female survival. Additionally, males engage in aggressive territorial and food cache defense in spring and fall, which may decrease survival in this sex. From 13 years of mark–recapture data, we estimated apparent survival of arctic ground squirrels in Arctic Alaska (USA) using Cormack–Jolly–Seber models in program MARK. We found that females had higher annual survival ([Formula: see text] (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.469, 0.913)) than males ([Formula: see text] (95% CI: 0.416, 0.670)), with a maximum observed lifespan (10 years) that exceeded that of males (6 years). We also show that biologger use and implantation did not significantly impact survival. Quantifying basic arctic ground squirrel demographics from this well-studied population illustrates how sex-specific hibernation parameters may influence lifespan differences in male and female arctic ground squirrels and provides support for the safety of biologging devices.
High-energy elastic diffractive scattering of nucleons in the framework of the two-Reggeon eikonal approximation (from U-70 to LHC)
Authors: Godizov A. A.
Published: January 2022

Elastic diffractive scattering of nucleons is described in terms of Regge-eikonal approach. It is demonstrated that, in a wide kinematic region (starting from the U-70 energies), the eikonal of proton–proton scattering can be approximated by the sum of two Reggeon exchange terms (namely, the so-called soft Pomeron and f-Reggeon contributions). The range of applicability of the considered approximation is determined. The predictive value of the proposed phenomenological scheme is verified.
Enhancement of near-field subwavelength focusing using a solid immersion Fresnel zone plate with radially polarized incidence
Authors: Zhang Yaoju , Yu Qiong , Chen Xinyi , Zhang Bo
Published: January 2022

A solid immersion Fresnel zone plate (SI-FZP) is designed, and its near-field diffraction characteristics are analyzed using the vector angular spectrum (VAS) method. The analytical VAS model of formulism for the electric field vector transmitted from a binary amplitude and/or phase circular SI-FZP is obtained for any polarization of incidence. Numerical calculations show that, when the solid film immersing a high-numerical-aperture FZP is truncated close to the FZP’s focus in a single homogeneous medium, the focusing intensity in the vicinity of the SI-FZP–air interface can be improved dozens of times in magnitude for radially polarized incidence, compared with the FZP’s far-field focusing in the single medium without an interface. The validity of the proposed analytical VAS model of formulism to analyze SI-FZP’s diffraction problems has been affirmed by comparison with numerical results obtained by the finite-difference time-domain simulation.
Strata separation for the Weil–Petersson completion and gradient estimates for length functions
Authors: Bridgeman Martin , Bromberg Kenneth
Published: January 2022

In general, it is difficult to measure distances in the Weil–Petersson metric on Teichmüller space. Here we consider the distance between strata in the Weil–Petersson completion of Teichmüller space of a surface of finite type. Wolpert showed that for strata whose closures do not intersect, there is a definite separation independent of the topology of the surface. We prove that the optimal value for this minimal separation is a constant [Formula: see text] and show that it is realized exactly by strata whose nodes intersect once. We also give a nearly sharp estimate for [Formula: see text] and give a lower bound on the size of the gap between [Formula: see text] and the other distances. A major component of the paper is an effective version of Wolpert’s upper bound on [Formula: see text], the inner product of the Weil–Petersson gradient of length functions. We further bound the distance to the boundary of Teichmüller space of a hyperbolic surface in terms of the length of the systole of the surface. We also obtain new lower bounds on the systole for the Weil–Petersson metric on the moduli space of a punctured torus.