bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age-Related Change in Acid Mucopolysaccharides Level and Water Content in the Papillary Region of Human Kidneys
Authors: Inoue Gosuke , Sawada Terufumi , Yoshikawa Masaki
Published: April 2009

An attempt has been made to explore the interrelationship between the age-related changes in acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPS) and water content of the renal papilla. Water content of human renal papilla changes significantly with age but the correlation between AMPS and water content of this region is just below the 5% level. On the other hand, the ratio of water content to AMPS decreases significantly with advancing age. Since the change in the ratio of these two substances is interpreted to express mainly the alteration of the ground substance with age, the possibility is discussed that the age-related changes in AMPS and water content of the renal papilla might be related to the decrement in concentrating ability of urine in the elderly person.
Assessment of Biological Age
Authors: Heikkinen E. , Kiiskinen A. , Käyhty B. , Rimpelä M. , Vuori I.
Published: April 2009

Biological age was assessed in a methodological field study in two unselected Finnish populations which comprised 460 males aged 25–27, 35–37, 45–47 and 55–57 years. The test battery consisted of six tests which had the following correlations to chronological age: threshold for vibratory stimuli in ankle (0.624), digit symbol test (––0.588), vital capacity (––0.594), audiometry at 4,000 cps (0.563), simple reaction time (0.329), and index of cortical thickness of metacarpal bone (––0.299). Multiple correlations to chronological age ranged between 0.744 and 0.831, depending on the variables included in the index. The length of education, occupation and district of living explained partly the variation in some of the tests.
Ageing in Differentiated Cells
Authors: Franks L.M.
Published: April 2009

The effect of ageing on growth, function and cell loss in differentiated cells is reviewed briefly. Although there is some evidence of loss of function and of delay in the initiation of cell division in ageing cells, there is no evidence of massive cell loss. It is unlikely that an overall loss of cells or cell malfunction is responsible for limitation of total life-span of an individual. Although there seems to be a programmed life-span for some cells analogous to the 40–50 cell division cycles found in some tissue culture experiments, few normal mammalian cells undergo their total possible number of cell divisions. It is suggested that most of the widely varied age-associated changes which are found are due to random damage and that the total possible life-span of the individual may be controlled by small groups of essential cells in specific organs and tissues. The life-span of these cells could be programmed during development as part of the normal process of differentiation.
Age-Dependent Arginine Phosphokinase Activity Changes in Male Vestigial and Wild-Type Drosophila Melanogaster
Authors: Baker G.T.
Published: April 2009

The activity of arginine phosphokinase, an important muscle enzyme in insects, was investigated with age in vestigial-winged and wild-type Drosophila melanogaster. Identical patterns of age-dependent activity changes were observed in the vestigial-winged flies as in the wild-type, even though vestigial-winged flies exhibit a 50% mortality approximately two thirds that of the wild-type as well as being incapable of flight. Results indicate that the age-dependent changes in arginine phosphokinase activity are intrinsically regulated within the cells of the flight muscle.
Correlação entre composição das fôlhas e produção, e tamanho de frutos, em laranjeira baianinha
Authors: Gallo J. Romano , Hiroce Rúter , Rodriguez Ody
Published: April 2009

Dados de produção de 4 anos de colheita (1961-64) foram estudados em relação aos elementos minerais contidos nas fôlhas com 6 meses de idade, colhidas anualmente num ensaio fatorial NPK 3X3X3 de longa duração, com laranjeira baianinha (Citrus sinensisOsb.) enxertada sôbre cavalo de laranja caipira (C. sinensisOsb.). As análises da variância dos teores de N e K das fôlhas mostraram efeitos lineares, positivos e altamente significativos da adubação com os respectivos elementos. Êsse efeito, para P, ficou limitado a uma dose do fertilizante. A adubação com superfosfato provocou, ainda, aumento no teor de Ca das fôlhas, significativo ao nível de 1%. Os estudos efetuados revelaram que: o aumento do teor de nitrogênio nas fôlhas aumentou a produção (pêso e número) e diminuiu o tamanho (pêso médio) dos frutos; o aumento do teor de potássio aumentou o tamanho dos frutos; e o aumento do teor de cálcio aumentou a produção (pêso). O teor de fósforo não influiu significativamente na produção ou tamanho de frutos.
Situação da cafeicultura em alguns municípios da região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo, levantada com auxílio da fotografia aérea
Authors: Amaral Alvaro Zingra do , Verdade Francisco da Costa
Published: April 2009

Aproveitando a cobertura aerofotográfica do Estado de São Paulo em 1962, cujas fotografias estão na escala aproximada de 1:25.000, foi feito um estudo sôbre a distribuição da cultura cafeeira em 13 municípios da região Nordeste do Estado de São Paulo, na zona da baixa Mogiana. Foram feitas determinações do número de pés, de plantações, área ocupada, presença de práticas conservacionistas e correlação com o relêvo geral e tipos de solos. Foram encontrados cêrca de 12.700.000 pés de café, ocupando uma área de 12.650 hectares, distribuídos em 2.300 plantações. Na região predomina cafèzais com mais de 15 anos de idade (67%), e sòmente 20% são de culturas com práticas conservacionistas. É tendência geral reduzir o número de pés, visto que os novos plantios não superam os cafèzais erradicados ou abandonados.
Adubação mineral do feijoeiro: IV - Efeitos de N, P, K,da calagem e de uma mistura de enxôfre e micronutrientes, em Tietê e Tatuí
Authors: Miyasaka Shiro , Pettinelli A. , Freire E. S. , Igue Toshio
Published: April 2009

Em quatro experiências conduzidas em 1960-61 nos municípios de Tietê e Tatuí, estudou-se o efeito de várias adubações sôbre a produção do feijoeiro. O fósforo não a modificou nas duas localizadas em áreas já repetidamente adubadas com NPK, mas proporcionou aumentos substanciais na instalada em terreno de cerrado recém-desbravado e na realizada em área moderadamente adubada na cultura anterior. O efeito do nitrogênio foi favorável em duas experiências, e o do potássio, em uma. A resposta à adição, a NPK, de enxôfre e micronutrientes (Zn, Cu, B e Mo), foi negativa, em um caso, e práticamente nula nos demais. Conquanto os solos estudados tivessem pH de 5,0 a 5,6, a calagem só aumentou a produção em uma localidade.
Comportamento e ecologia do "mal-das-fôlhas" da seringueira nas condições climáticas do Planalto Paulista
Authors: Camargo A. Paes de , Cardoso Rosa Maria G. , Schmidt Nelson C
Published: April 2009

Foi estudado o comportamento do "mal-das-fôlhas" da seringueira, durante o ciclo fenológico anual da planta, nas condições climáticas do planalto paulista, particularmente do Vale do Paraíba. Durante quatro anos, seringueiras de progênie altamente suscetível à moléstia, plantadas em baixada úmida, numa condição topoclimática favorável à manifestação do fungo causador, foram observadas periódicamente. Anotaram-se o grau de incidência e severidade das lesões nos diferentes fluxos foliares, bem como as idades fenológicas dêstes. Em outras regiões do planalto foram feitas observações gerais sôbre a incidência do "mal". Verificou-se que a infecçâo generalizada se deu apenas nos lançamentos foliares brotados no período de janeiro a maio, quando as condições de umidade atmosférica se apresentam mais favoráveis. Normalmente, mostraram-se suscetíveis apenas dois ou três dos seis lançamentos foliares que as plantas podem emitir por ano. Nos dois primeiros lançamentos foliares, emitidos entre setembro e dezembro em plantas de baixada ou em qualquer dos lançamentos em plantas de terrenos elevados, mesmo em material suscetível à moléstia, não foram observadas lesões generalizadas, nas condições do planalto paulista.
Melhoramento do cafeeiro: XXXI - Ensaio de populações F2 de híbridos entre cultivares de Coffea arabica
Authors: Carvalho A. , Monaco L. C.
Published: April 2009

São apresentados dados referentes à produção de café cereja em seis anos consecutivos, de um ensaio em que seis populações F2 derivadas dos cultivares 'Mundo Novo', 'Bourbon Amarelo', 'Bourbon Vermelho', 'Caturra Amarelo' e 'Caturra Vermelho' são analisadas. Duas populações destacaram-se pela produtividade e tipo de planta, e alguns de seus representantes foram escolhidos para estudo da F3 e prosseguimento do plano de melhoramento. Dessas populações a mais promissora corresponde à F2 da hibridação entre a planta CP 374-19 de 'Mundo Novo' e CJ 24-6 de 'Bourbon Amarelo'. Analisaram-se as variações da produção em cada um dos seis anos consecutivos, separadamente e em conjunto, e também os dados referentes à produção acumulada de dois e quatro primeiros anos, a fim de compará-los com os dados de produção total dos seis anos de produções consecutivas. Os resultados mostram que a classificação das populações depois do quarto ano é bastante semelhante à obtida após a análise de seis anos de produção. A análise das plantas individuais mostrou que nas populações F2 estudadas é bastante reduzida a proporção de cafeeiros valiosos para prosseguimento da seleção.
Sistema radicular do Dolichos Lablabem um solo massapê-salmourão
Authors: Inforzato Romeu , Mascarenhas H. A. A.
Published: April 2009

Foi estudado o sistema radicular de Dolichos lablab em solo massapê-salmourão. Cêrca de 28% de suas raízes foram encontradas na primeira camada de 20 cm de profundidade do solo. Os 72% restantes, distribuiram-se homogeneamente até a profundidade de 3,40 m. A cultura, plantada no espaçamento de 20 x 50 cm, deixou no solo uma quantidade de raízes correspondente a 1,5 toneladas por hectare.
Efeito de adubos verdes na supressão de espécies de plantas daninhas
Authors: Monquero P.A. , Amaral L.R. , Inácio E.M. , Brunhara J.P. , Binha D.P. , Silva P.V. , Silva A.C.
Published: April 2009

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de adubos verdes na supressão de plantas daninhas. O experimento foi instalado no Centro de Ciências Agrárias/UFSCar, localizado no município de Araras, São Paulo. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial (3 x 4 x 2), com quatro repetições, avaliando-se os efeitos de três quantidades de massa verde (40, 50 e 80 t ha-1) das espécies Crotalaria juncea, Canavalia ensiformis, Mucuna aterrima e Pennisetum glaucum, sob dois tipos de manejo (dispostas na superfície e incorporadas ao solo), na emergência e biomassa seca de duas espécies de plantas daninhas (Ipomoea grandifolia e Brachiaria decumbens).Adicionalmente, foram avaliadas testemunhas sem cobertura vegetal e amostras de solo coletadas de área com alta infestação de Panicum maximum. As avaliações foram feitas até os 30 dias após semeadura, determinando-se as plantas daninhas emergidas e a biomassa seca. M. aterrima foi a espécie mais eficiente na redução da germinação de I. grandifolia em todos os manejos utilizados. Para a espécie E. heterophylla, destacaram-se os tratamentos com P. glaucum e M. aterrima, principalmente quando se utilizaram 80 t ha-1 de biomassa, independentemente da forma de manejo. Para B. decumbens e P. maximum, as espécies P. glaucum e C. juncea foram as mais eficientes na redução da germinação.
Composição química da cera epicuticular de biótipos de azevém resistente e suscetível ao glyphosate
Authors: Guimarães A.A. , Ferreira E.A. , Vargas L. , Silva A.A. , Viana R.G. , Demuner A.J. , Concenço G. , Aspiazu I. , Galon L. , Reis M.R. , Silva A.F.
Published: April 2009

Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar a composição química da cera epicuticular dos biótipos de azevém (Lolium multiflorum) resistente e suscetível ao glyphosate, buscando relações entre suas características e a resistência dos biótipos ao herbicida. A cera epicuticular foi extraída e quantificada e os seus constituintes analisados por cromatografia em fase gasosa, acoplada a espectrômetro de massa (CG-EM). Para determinação da composição química, amostras de lâmina foliar foram retiradas 30 dias após a emergência das plantas, coletando-se a primeira folha com lígula totalmente visível. A quantidade de cera epicuticular extraída não diferiu entre os biótipos. Entre os compostos que constituem a cera epicuticular, os álcoois são os mais abundantes, sendo representados por apenas um composto: o hexacosan-1-ol (46,80% no biótipo resistente e 52,20% no biótipo suscetível). Ao comparar a polaridade da cera epicuticular dos biótipos de azevém, constatou-se que tanto no biótipo resistente quanto no suscetível a cera epicuticular apresentou mais de 50% de componentes polares (álcoois e aldeídos) em sua constituição, sendo esse valor igual a 69,80% no biótipo resistente e 64,94% no biótipo suscetível. Por meio da caracterização apresentada, pode-se afirmar que existem pequenas diferenças na cera epicuticular dos biótipos de azevém resistente e suscetível ao glyphosate; o biótipo resistente apresentou grau de polaridade pouco superior ao do biótipo suscetível, porém essa diferença não pode ser considerada marcante a ponto de determinar maior ou menor tolerância de um biótipo ou outro ao herbicida glyphosate.
A complexidade de Volpi: notas sobre o diálogo do artista com concretistas e neoconcretistas
Authors: Naves Rodrigo
Published: April 2009

Em sentido oposto à crença segundo a qual Volpi seria um artista intuitivo, este artigo sustenta que o artista chegou às soluções de sua obra a partir de uma incorporação peculiar de toda a tradição moderna. O artigo mostra ainda como a experiência de Volpi com as discussões levantadas por concretos e neoconcretos contribuiu para suas novas articulações formais, ainda que com soluções bem distantes daquelas encontradas pelos artistas dos dois grupos.
O arroz no varejo e os fatores que influenciam o dispêndio das famílias consumidoras
Authors: Gameiro Augusto Hauber , Gameiro Mariana Bombo Perozzi
Published: April 2009

Apesar da idéia consagrada de que arroz é uma commodity e, portanto, pouco passível de diferenciação, há um grande número de produtos, com variação de tipo, classe, padrão, embalagem, marca etc. Observa-se significativa variabilidade nos preços, tanto entre diferentes marcas, fabricantes, lojas, como também para um mesmo produto, em um curto intervalo de tempo. Diante dessas constatações, questiona-se qual o efeito da estratégia de compra de arroz por parte dos consumidores sobre seus dispêndios. Este trabalho utiliza modelos matemáticos para simular o processo de decisão de compra dos consumidores com diferentes perfis de preferência, diante dos produtos nas gôndolas dos supermercados em uma cidade no estado do Rio Grande do Sul e outra em São Paulo.
Relação entre os índices de maturação das vértebras cervicais e os estágios de calcificação dentária
Authors: Vieira Clarissa Lopes , Oliveira Ana Emília Figueiredo de , Ribeiro Cecília Cláudia Costa , Jacintho Lima Andréa Arraes dos S.
Published: April 2009

OBJETIVO: avaliar a relação entre os diferentes índices de maturação óssea das vértebras cervicais e os estágios de calcificação dentária, bem como verificar as diferenças existentes entre os gêneros, em uma amostra de indivíduos de 10 a 14 anos de idade. MÉTODOS: a amostra consistiu de telerradiografias laterais e radiografias panorâmicas de 464 indivíduos de ambos os gêneros, classificadas de acordo com os índices de maturação das vértebras cervicais descritos por Hassel e Farman (1995) e os estágios de calcificação descritos por Nolla (1960). RESULTADOS: os resultados obtidos mostraram correlação entre as variáveis estudadas (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: confirmando dados da literatura, observou-se uma precocidade, tanto nos índices de maturação das vértebras cervicais quanto nos estágios de calcificação dentária para o gênero feminino em relação ao gênero masculino.
A lucratividade inerente e implícita no estoque na análise de liquidez estática
Authors: Silva Adail Marcos Lima da , Cavalcanti Guilherme de Albuquerque
Published: April 2009

O objetivo central deste trabalho é equacionar a perspectiva estática em um processo de aprimoramento da manipulação do estoque na tradicional análise de liquidez. Especificamente, a margem de lucratividade do estoque é utilizada para corrigir os saldos dos estoques, apregoando a substituição estática pela dinâmica. O artigo apresenta referencial teórico sobre análise de liquidez e solvência e a relação da lucratividade com esses fatores. O estudo é teórico e conduz a inserção da lucratividade em cálculos tradicionais de capital circulante líquido, liquidez geral, liquidez corrente e liquidez de Kanitz, que matematicamente modificados se adaptam à lógica dinâmica, o que permite o cálculo de valores mais confiáveis à mensuração da solvência de curto prazo.
Confiança, valor percebido e lealdade em trocas relacionais de serviço: um estudo com usuários de Internet Banking no Brasil
Authors: Brei Vinícius Andrade , Rossi Carlos Alberto Vargas
Published: April 2009

O presente trabalho desenvolve e testa um modelo teórico baseado em hipóteses que analisam a relação entre a confiança, o valor percebido e a lealdade de usuários de Internet Banking em situações de trocas relacionais de serviço no Brasil. Uma pesquisa em todo o País com 611 usuários de Internet Banking de um grande banco de varejo e as análises através da técnica de Modelagem em Equações Estruturais validam, de forma geral, o modelo testado. As relações testadas no modelo levam à conclusão de que a confiança tem forte impacto no valor percebido pelos clientes que, por sua vez, também têm forte impacto na lealdade desses clientes à empresa. Valor foi identificado como uma variável mediadora parcial da relação entre confiança e lealdade. São apresentadas, ainda, conclusões acerca da atuação das empresas e sugestões para pesquisas futuras.
Development and reproductive performance of Swiss mice in an enriched environment
Authors: Carvalho AFU. , Araújo AJ. , Farias DF. , Rocha-Bezerra LCB. , Cavalheiro MG.
Published: April 2009

The present study investigated the effects of environment enrichment on the development and reproductive performance of an outbred Swiss strain. Physical enrichment consisted of free access of animals to tubular devices of different shapes and sizes. The development evaluation was done by monitoring growth rate during 39 days, from weaning (21 days) to the onset of sexual maturity (60 days of age). Over five consecutive gestations (105 days), the following variables were monitored: litter size, number of animals born alive; number of pups alive at 12 hours and on days 4, 9, 12, 15 and 18; number of animals weaned per litter; average weight of litters on days 4, 9, 12, 15 and 18. The reproductive performance was then evaluated using the inclusion of these variables in the indices of gestation and birth, viability, lactation, survival success, mating success and production. The results showed that the environmental enrichment did not influence, in a significant way, the evaluated parameters. However, there is no reason to deprive the animals from an enriched environment where they can develop their natural instinctive behaviour and guarantee health and well-being.
Connecting Mathematics and Writing Workshop: It's Kinda Like Ice Skating
Authors: Carter Susan
Published: April 2009

Second‐grade students struggle with writing about mathematical topics during math class, so the teacher begins to integrate mathematical topics into their Writing Workshop. Content journals are used during math, and students are encouraged to write about personal connections to mathematical situations, as well as incorporate mathematical concepts into stories. As a result, the Writing Workshop is invigorated, and written answers during math class are improved and expanded.

يواجه طلاب الصف الثاني الابتدائي صعوبات في القيام بالكتابة عن مواضيع رياضية أثناء حصة الرياضيات فلذلك يبدأ المعلم بإدماج مواضيع رياضية في ورشتهم الكتابية. يتم استخدام يوميات المحتوى في مادة الرياضيات وكذلك يتم تشجيع الطلاب على الكتابة عن روابطهم الشخصية بالأوضاع الرياضية بالإضافة إلى إدماج المفاهيم الرياضية في قصصهم. ونتيجة لذلك يدب في ورشة الكتابة الحياة ويتم تحسين الأجوبة التحريرية وتوسيعها في مادة الرياضيات.

小学二年级学生在数学课堂上对有关数学课题的书写感到困难，因此教师开始把数学课题结合在书写工作坊里。教师在数学课堂上使用学科日记，鼓励学生书写个人与数学情境的关联，以及一些带有数学概念的故事。结果，学生在这个书写工作坊里得到激励，而他们在数学课堂上的书写作答也得到改进和扩展。

Les élèves de deuxième année ont des difficultés à écrire sur des sujets mathématiques pendant la classe de maths, si bien que l'enseignant entreprend d'intégrer des sujets d'ordre mathématique dans leur atelier d'écriture. Il se sert de revues pendant la classe de maths. Les élèves sont incités à faire des relations par écrit entre des questions d'ordre personnel et des situations mathématiques, ainsi qu'à incorporer des concepts mathématiques dans les histoires. De ceci résulte que l'atelier d'écriture est revigoré, et que pendant la classe de maths les réponses écrites se développent et s'étendent.

Второклассникам непросто овладеть навыками математической записи и писать о математических понятиях, поэтому учитель пробует сочетать математическое содержание и «мастерскую письма». В ходе урока математики ученики заносят в «бортовые журналы»‐дневники записи, посвященные своему личному отношению к математическим ситуациям, придумывают и записывают сюжеты, связанные с математическими понятиями. В итоге мастерская письма проходит с энтузиазмом, а ответы на уроках математики становятся глубже и разнообразнее.

Estudiantes de segundo grado tienen dificultades al tratar de escribir sobre las matemáticas durante la clase de matemática, así que el maestro empieza a incluir temas matemáticos en su Taller de Escritura. Usan diarios de contenido en la clase de matemáticas. Se anima a los estudiantes a escribir sobre su conexión personal a las situaciones matemáticas y a incorporar conceptos matemáticos en sus historias también. Como resultado, el Taller de Escritura se vuelve más animado y las respuestas escritas en la clase de matemáticas son mejores y más largas.
SITUATION-RELATED CHANGES OF CAUSAL STRUCTURES AND THE STRESS MODEL IN JAPANESE COLLEGE STUDENTS
Authors: Omura Kazufumi
Published: April 2009

Structural equation modeling was used to examine changes in the structural relationships between personality traits, social contexts, cognitive appraisals, and coping strategies in four different stressful situations. Five hundred and sixty-three Japanese college students completed
questionnaires related to four stressful situations, two less controllable (feeling sick condition; human relationship problem) and two more controllable (obtaining one's goal; social evaluation). Different causal structures were found between the two situations that had lower levels
of controllability and the two situations that had higher levels of controllability. The results confirm that personality determines a fundamental type of coping style, which is modified according to the social context. Our finding offers one explanation of how these factors associate across
different situations.
Clinical physicists’ perceptions of weekly chart checks and the potential role for automated image review assessed by structured interviews
Authors: Petragallo Rachel , Luximon Dishane C. , Neylon Jack , Bardach Naomi S. , Ritter Timothy , Lamb James M.
Published: April 2024

Background

This study utilizes interviews of clinical medical physicists to investigate self‐reported shortcomings of the current weekly chart check workflow and opportunities for improvement.

Methods

Nineteen medical physicists were recruited for a 30‐minute semi‐structured interview, with a particular focus placed on image review and the use of automated tools for image review in weekly checks. Survey‐type questions were used to gather quantitative information about chart check practices and importance placed on reducing chart check workloads versus increasing chart check effectiveness. Open‐ended questions were used to probe respondents about their current weekly chart check workflow, opinions of the value of weekly chart checks and perceived shortcomings, and barriers and facilitators to the implementation of automated chart check tools. Thematic analysis was used to develop common themes across the interviews.

Results

Physicists ranked highly the value of reducing the time spent on weekly chart checks (average 6.3 on a scale from 1 to 10), but placed more value on increasing the effectiveness of checks with an average of 9.2 on a 1–10 scale. Four major themes were identified: (1) weekly chart checks need to adapt to an electronic record‐and‐verify chart environment, (2) physicists could add value to patient care by analyzing images without duplicating the work done by physicians, (3) greater support for trending analysis is needed in weekly checks, and (4) automation has the potential to increase the value of physics checks.

Conclusion

This study identified several key shortcomings of the current weekly chart check process from the perspective of the clinical medical physicist. Our results show strong support for automating components of the weekly check workflow in order to allow for more effective checks that emphasize follow‐up, trending, failure modes and effects analysis, and allow time to be spent on other higher value tasks that improve patient safety.
Tandem Electrocatalytic Reduction of Nitrite to Ammonia on Rhodium–Copper Single Atom Alloys
Authors: Xiang Jiaqi , Qiang Chaofan , Shang Shiyao , Chen Kai , Kang Chaoyang , Chu Ke
Published: April 2024

Electrocatalytic reduction of NO2− to NH3 (NO2RR) presents a fascinating approach for simultaneously migrating NO2− pollutants and producing valuable NH3. In this study, single‐atom Rh‐alloyed copper (CuRh1) is explored as a highly active and selective catalyst toward the NO2RR. Combined theoretical calculations and in situ FTIR/EPR spectroscopic experiments uncover the synergistic effect of Rh1 and Cu to promote the NO2RR energetics of CuRh1 through a tandem catalysis pathway, in which Rh1 activates the preliminary adsorption and hydrogenation of NO2− (NO2− → *NO2 → *NOOH → *NO), while the generated *NO on Rh1 is then transferred on Cu substrate which promotes the rate‐determining step of *NO → *NHO toward the NH3 synthesis. As a result, CuRh1 equipped in a flow cell presents an unprecedented NH3 yield rate of 2191.6 µmol h−1 cm−2 and NH3‐Faradaic efficiency of 98.9% at a high current density of 322.5 mA cm−2, as well as long‐term stability for 100 h electrolysis.
Engineered Cell Membrane‐Coated Nanoparticles: New Strategies in Glioma Targeted Therapy and Immune Modulation
Authors: Ma Yilei , Yi Jia , Ruan Jing , Ma Jiahui , Yang Qinsi , Zhang Kun , Zhang Maolan , Zeng Guoming , Jin Libo , Huang Xiaobei , Li Jianshu , Yang Haifeng , Wu Wei , Sun Da
Published: April 2024

Gliomas, the most prevalent primary brain tumors, pose considerable challenges due to their heterogeneity, intricate tumor microenvironment (TME), and blood‐brain barrier (BBB), which restrict the effectiveness of traditional treatments like surgery and chemotherapy. This review provides an overview of engineered cell membrane technologies in glioma therapy, with a specific emphasis on targeted drug delivery and modulation of the immune microenvironment. This study investigates the progress in engineered cell membranes, encompassing physical, chemical, and genetic alterations, to improve drug delivery across the BBB and effectively target gliomas. The examination focuses on the interaction of engineered cell membrane‐coated nanoparticles (ECM‐NPs) with the TME in gliomas, emphasizing their potential to modulate glioma cell behavior and TME to enhance therapeutic efficacy. The review further explores the involvement of ECM‐NPs in immunomodulation techniques, highlighting their impact on immune reactions. While facing obstacles related to membrane stability and manufacturing scalability, the review outlines forthcoming research directions focused on enhancing membrane performance. This review underscores the promise of ECM‐NPs in surpassing conventional therapeutic constraints, proposing novel approaches for efficacious glioma treatment.
Hypoxia‐Responsive Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Framework‐Mediated Protein Delivery for Cancer Therapy
Authors: He Xu , Wang Jian , Liu Xiao , Niu Qingyu , Li Zhiqiang , Chen Banglin , Xiong Qingqing
Published: April 2024

The efficient delivery of therapeutic proteins to tumor sites is a promising cancer treatment modality. Hydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are successfully used for the protective encapsulation of proteins; however, easy precipitation and lack of controlled release of existing HOFs limit their further application for protein delivery in vivo. Here, a hypoxia‐responsive HOF, self‐assembled from azobenzenedicarboxylate/polyethylene glycol‐conjugated azobenzenedicarboxylate and tetrakis(4‐amidiniumphenyl)methane through charge‐assisted hydrogen‐bonding, is developed for systemic protein delivery to tumor cells. The newly generated HOF platform efficiently encapsulates representative cytochrome C, demonstrating good dispersibility under physiological conditions. Moreover, it can respond to overexpressed reductases in the cytoplasm under hypoxic conditions, inducing fast intracellular protein release to exert therapeutic effects. The strategy presented herein can be applied to other therapeutic proteins and can be expanded to encompass more intrinsic tumor microenvironment stimuli. This offers a novel avenue for utilizing HOFs in protein‐based cancer therapy.
Closed Twisted Hydrogel Ribbons with Self‐Sustained Motions under Static Light Irradiation
Authors: Zhu Qing Li , Liu Weixuan , Khoruzhenko Olena , Breu Josef , Bai Huiying , Hong Wei , Zheng Qiang , Wu Zi Liang
Published: April 2024

Self‐sustained motions are widespread in biological systems by harvesting energy from surrounding environments, which inspire scientists to develop autonomous soft robots. However, most‐existing soft robots require dynamic heterogeneous stimuli or complex fabrication with different components. Recently, control of topological geometry has been promising to afford soft robots with physical intelligence and thus life‐like motions. Reported here are a series of closed twisted ribbon robots, which exhibit self‐sustained flipping and rotation under constant light irradiation. Both Möbius strip and Seifert ribbon robots are devised for the first time by using an identical hydrogel, which responds to light irradiation on either side. Experiment and simulation results indicate that the self‐regulated motions of the hydrogel robots are related to fast and reversible response of muscle‐like gel, self‐shadowing effect, and topology‐facilitated refresh of light‐exposed regions. The motion speeds and directions of the hydrogel robots can be tuned over a wide range. These closed twisted ribbon hydrogels are further applied to execute specific tasks in aqueous environments, such as collecting plastic balls, climbing a vertical rod, and transporting objects. This work presents new design principle for autonomous hydrogel robots by benefiting from material response and topology geometry, which may be inspirative for the robotics community.
Manipulating Single‐Molecule Exciplex TADF and Deep‐Blue RTP Through Non‐Covalent π–π Interaction in a Molecular Foldamer
Authors: Huang Rongjuan , Yu Kaixin , Chen Shunwei , Chen Kuan , Luo Yanju , Lu Zhiyun , Dias Fernando B. , Zheng Xujun
Published: April 2024

Although the π–π stacking has been widely applied for constructing aggregated emitters in optoelectronics fields, the role of intramolecular non‐covalent π–π interactions has not been well studied. Here, a supramolecular foldermer M‐σ‐C, with the electron donor (D) and acceptor (A) units spatially separated with a non‐covalent bond at a close distance by methylene linker is designed and synthesized. This gives a face‐to‐face D/A stacking configuration with supramolecular π–π interactions. Temperature‐dependent nuclear magnetic resonance measurements and single crystal analyses confirm its folding configuration. In solutions, M‐σ‐C exhibits a single‐molecule exciplex thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) property ascribing to the efficient intramolecular through‐space charge transfer (CT) process. While single‐molecule deep‐blue room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) with a long afterglow lifetime of 236 ms is observed in a nonpolar matrix, which represents the record lifetime among current 3CT‐character featured RTP. This work indicates that intramolecular non‐covalent interactions play an important role in manipulating high‐performance single‐molecule exciplex TADF and RTP, and provide a feasible molecular design strategy for supramolecular chemistry involving the development of optoelectronic materials.
Access to γ‐Iodo‐gem‐Diborylated Cyclopentanes and to Bicyclic Cyclopropanes
Authors: Circule Dace , Dénès Fabrice , Renaud Philippe
Published: April 2024

A formal atom transfer radical [3+2] annulation (ATRAn) reaction between different homoallyl radical precursors and 1,1‐diborylethene was developed. It provides a rapid access to polysubstituted cyclopentanes containing a gem‐diboronic ester moiety. The synthetic utility of theses uniquely functionalized 5‐membered rings is highlighted by their easy conversion to attractive borylated building blocks such as 1‐borylated bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes. The ATRAn reaction was extended to homopropagylic radicals giving access to unique allylic gem‐diboronic esters that could be used in allylboration of aldehydes. Furthermore, this work highlights that 1,1‐diborylethene represents a synthetic equivalent to ketene, a so far elusive radical trap due to its daunting reactivity.
Engineering Photothermal Catalytic CO2 Nanoreactor for Osteomyelitis Treatment by In Situ CO Generation
Authors: Zhuang Fan , Jing Luxia , Xiang Huijing , Li Cuixian , Lu Beilei , Yan Lixia , Wang Jingjing , Chen Yu , Huang Beijian
Published: April 2024

Photocatalytic carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction is an effective method for in vivo carbon monoxide (CO) generation for antibacterial use. However, the available strategies mainly focus on utilizing visible‐light‐responsive photocatalysts to achieve CO generation. The limited penetration capability of visible light hinders CO generation in deep‐seated tissues. Herein, a photothermal CO2 catalyst (abbreviated as NNBCs) to achieve an efficient hyperthermic effect and in situ CO generation is rationally developed, to simultaneously suppress bacterial proliferation and relieve inflammatory responses. The NNBCs are modified with a special polyethylene glycol and further embellished by bicarbonate (BC) decoration via ferric ion‐mediated coordination. Upon exposure to 1064 nm laser irradiation, the NNBCs facilitated efficient photothermal conversion and in situ CO generation through photothermal CO2 catalysis. Specifically, the photothermal effect accelerated the decomposition of BC to produce CO2 for photothermal catalytic CO production. Benefiting from the hyperthermic effect and in situ CO production, in vivo assessments using an osteomyelitis model confirmed that NNBCs can simultaneously inhibit bacterial proliferation and attenuate the photothermal effect‐associated pro‐inflammatory response. This study represents the first attempt to develop high‐performance photothermal CO2 nanocatalysts to achieve in situ CO generation for the concurrent inhibition of bacterial growth and attenuation of inflammatory responses.
Bioinspired menstrual blood‐derived stem cells‐conditioned medium/polymersome nanoparticles for the treatment of carbon tetrachloride‐induced acute liver failure in mice
Authors: Li Zuhong , Li Qian , Ouyang Xiaoxi , Tang Shima , Liu Qiuhong , Zhang Yaqi , Zhang Yanhong , Yu Xiaopeng , Zhu Danhua , Mu Ying , Li Lanjuan
Published: April 2024

Acute liver failure is a life‐threatening syndrome, for which liver transplantation is presently the most effective treatment. Unfortunately, such treatment is extremely limited by a shortage of donor organs. Stem cell therapy offers a promising treatment strategy for acute liver failure. Yet, therapeutic efficacy and potential are hampered by administration route and safety concerns. In this work, we fabricated menstrual blood‐derived stem cells‐conditioned medium/polymersome hybrid nanoparticles that were self‐assembled from amphiphilic block copolymers via the direct hydration method and encapsulated therapeutic bioactive factors within the aqueous core of vesicles. The merit of vesicular architecture enabled the loading capacity of distinct proteins and the maintenance of biological activity. These hybrid nanoparticles can be steadily taken up into cytoplasm and promote hepatocyte proliferation in vitro. Prolonged in vivo circulation time brought higher accumulation in livers. The therapeutic nanoparticles alleviated hepatic injury and promoted liver recovery in mice with carbon tetrachloride‐induced liver failure. Considering the feasibility and benefit of the hybrid nanoparticle therapy, it provided a potential strategy to treat acute liver failure.
Discovery of Alloy Catalysts Beyond Pd for Selective Hydrogenation of Reformate via First‐Principle Screening with Consideration of H‐Coverage
Authors: Wang Jiayi , Xu Haoxiang , Zhang Yihao , Wu Jianguo , Ma Haowen , Zhan Xuecheng , Zhu Jiqin , Cheng Daojian
Published: April 2024

The highly selective hydrogenation to remove olefins is a significant refining approach for the reformate. Herein, a library of transition metal for reformate hydrogenation is tested experimentally to validate the predictive level of catalytic activity from our theoretical framework, which combines ab initio calculations and microkinetic modeling, with consideration of surface H‐coverage effect on hydrogenation kinetics. The favorable H coverage of specific alloy surface under relevant hydrogenation condition, is found to be determined by its corresponding alloy composition. Besides, olefin hydrogenation rate is determined as a function of two descriptors, i.e. H coverage and binding energies of atomic hydrogen, paving the way to computationally screen on metal component in the periodic table. Evaluation of 172 bimetallic alloys based on the activity volcano map, as well as benzene hydrogenation rate, identifies prospective superior candidates and experimentally confirms that Zn3Ir1 outperforms pure Pd catalysts for the selective hydrogenation refining of reformate. The insights into H‐coverage‐related microkinetic modelling have enabled us to both theoretically understand experimental findings and identify novel catalysts, thus, bridging the gap between first‐principle simulations and industrial applications. This work provides useful guidance for experimental catalyst design, which can be easily extended to other hydrogenation reaction.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Chemoselective Carbomagnesiation for Atroposelective Ring‐Opening Difunctionalization
Authors: Sun Tingting , Guo Linchao , Li Qi , Cao Zhi‐Chao
Published: April 2024

There is a pressing need for methods that can connect enantioenriched organic compounds with readily accessible building blocks via asymmetric functionalization of unreactive chemical bonds in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. Herein, the asymmetric chemoselective cleavage of two unactivated C(Ar)−O bonds in the same molecule is disclosed for the first time through an unusual nickel‐catalyzed carbomagnesiation. This reaction facilitates the evolution of a novel atroposelective ring‐opening difunctionalization. Utilizing readily available dibenzo bicyclic substrates, diverse valuable axially chiral biaryls are furnished with high efficiencies. Synthetic elaborations showcase the application potential of this method. The features of this method include good atom‐economy, multiple roles of the nucleophile, and a simple catalytic system that enables the precise magnesiation of an α‐C(Ar)−O bond and arylation of a β‐C(Ar)−O bond.
Noncovalent Interaction Guided Precise Photoluminescence Regulation of Gold Nanoclusters in Both Isolate Species and Aggregate States
Authors: Luo Xiaoxi , Kong Jie , Xiao Hang , Sang Dongmiao , He Kui , Zhou Meng , Liu Jinbin
Published: April 2024

Designing luminophores bright in both isolate species and aggregate states is of great importance in many emerging cutting‐edge applications. However, the conventional luminophores either emit in isolate species but quench in aggregate state or emit in aggregate state but darken in isolate species. Here we demonstrate that the precise regulation of noncovalent interactions can realize luminophores bright in both isolate species and aggregate states. It is firstly discovered that the intra‐cluster interaction enhances the emission of atomically precise Au25(pMBA)18 (pMBA=4‐mercaptobenzoic acid), a nanoscale luminophore, while the inter‐cluster interaction quenches the emission. The emission enhancing strategies are then well‐designed by both introducing exogenous substances to block inter‐cluster interaction and surface manipulation of Au25(pMBA)18 at the molecular level to enhance intra‐cluster interaction, opening new possibilities to controllably enhance the luminophore's photoluminescence in both isolate species and aggregate states in different phases including aqueous solution, solid state and organic solvents.
Acceptor‐Reactivity‐Controlled Stereoconvergent Synthesis and Immunological Activity of a Unique Pentasaccharide from the Cell Wall Polysaccharide of Cutibacterium acnes C7
Authors: Hao Tianhui , Feng Ke , Jin Hongzhen , Li Jiawei , Zhou Chenkai , Liu Xingbang , Zhao Wei , Yu Fan , Li Tiehai
Published: April 2024

Bacterial cell‐surface polysaccharides are involved in various biological processes and have attracted widespread attention as potential targets for developing carbohydrate‐based drugs. However, the accessibility to structurally well‐defined polysaccharide or related active oligosaccharide domains remains challenging. Herein, we describe an efficiently stereocontrolled approach for the first total synthesis of a unique pentasaccharide repeating unit containing four difficult‐to‐construct 1,2‐cis‐glycosidic linkages from the cell wall polysaccharide of Cutibacterium acnes C7. The features of our approach include: 1) acceptor‐reactivity‐controlled glycosylation to stereoselectively construct two challenging rare 1,2‐cis‐ManA2,3(NAc)2 (β‐2,3‐diacetamido‐2,3‐dideoxymannuronic acid) linkages, 2) combination use of 6‐O‐tert‐butyldiphenylsilyl (6‐O‐TBDPS)‐mediated steric shielding effect and ether solvent effect to stereoselectively install a 1,2‐cis‐glucosidic linkage, 3) bulky 4,6‐di‐O‐tert‐butylsilylene (DTBS)‐directed glycosylation to stereospecifically construct a 1,2‐cis‐galactosidic linkage, 4) stereoconvergent [2+2+1] and one‐pot chemoselective glycosylation to rapidly assemble the target pentasaccharide. Immunological activity tests suggest that the pentasaccharide can induce the production of proinflammatory cytokine TNF‐α in a dose‐dependent manner.
Coral‐Inspired Terahertz‐Infrared Bi‐Stealth Electronic Skin
Authors: Li Shangjing , Pan Kaichao , Du Jiang , Liu Zunfeng , Qiu Jun
Published: April 2024

The development of electronic skin with dual stealth functionality is crucial for enabling devices to operate effectively in dynamic electromagnetic environments, thereby facilitating intelligent electromagnetic protection for autonomous perception. However, achieving compatibility between terahertz (THz) and infrared (IR) stealth technologies remains largely unexplored due to their inherent contradictions. Herein, inspired by natural corals, a novel coral‐like multi‐scale composite foam (CMSF) was proposed that ingeniously reconciles these contradictions. The design capitalizes on the conductive network and heat insulation properties of the foam skeleton, the loss effects and low infrared emission of metal particles, and the infrared transparency of magneto‐optical materials. This approach leads to the realization of a THz‐IR bi‐stealth electronic skin concept. The CMSF exhibits a maximum reflection loss of 84.8 dB in the terahertz band, while its infrared stealth capability ensures environmental adaptability under varying temperatures. Furthermore, the electronic skin exhibits exceptional sensitivity and reliability as a wearable device for perceiving environmental changes. This advanced material, combining multispectral stealth with sensing capabilities, holds immense potential for applications ranging from camouflage technology to smart wearables.
Photocatalytic reduction of biomass‐derived aldehydes over Pt‐loaded on NiIn bimetallic oxides under light‐emitting diode lighting at mild conditions
Authors: Zhang Jia‐Xin , He Zhen‐Hong , Miao Run‐Qing , Sun Yong‐Chang , Tian Yue , Wang Kuan , Liu Zhao‐Tie
Published: April 2024

Photocatalytic conversion of renewable biomass‐derived aldehydes into high‐valued chemicals is a promising path to meet the growing demand for clean energy and chemical resources. However, the approach still faces challenges, such as limited reaction types and low utilization rates due to the complex functional groups and involved polytropic reaction. In the present work, we developed a catalyst of Pt nanoparticles (Pt NPs) supported on a NiO–In2O3 bimetallic oxide (denoted as Pt/NiInOx) for photocatalytic hydrogenation of furfural (FAL) to furfural alcohol (FOL). Owing to the excellent band structure and efficient internal charge transfer on the p–n heterojunction in the catalyst, the highest 99.9% yield to FOL was obtained over the Pt/NiInOx under a light‐emitting diode (LED) light at low temperatures as 273 K. The combination of ·H dissociated from H2 and oxygen vacancy work synergically to adsorb, activate, and converse C=O to the C–O group. The photocatalytic system presents a highly efficient approach for the rapid hydrogenation of biomass‐based aldehydes under a low LED light radiation intensity at a low temperature. The work is expected to serve as an important reference in constructing bimetallic oxide‐supported active metals, enabling efficient separation of photogenerated electrons and holes, and offering oxygen vacancies in various photocatalytic reactions.
Evaluating long‐term trends in annual precipitation: A temporal consistency analysis of ERA5 data in the Alps and Italy
Authors: Lussana Cristian , Cavalleri Francesco , Brunetti Michele , Manara Veronica , Maugeri Maurizio
Published: April 2024

Reanalyses are utilized for calculating climatological trends due to their focus on temporal consistency. ERA5 reanalysis family has proven to be a valuable and widely used product for trend extraction. This study specifically examines long‐term trends in total annual precipitation across two climatic hotspots: the Alps and Italy. It is acknowledged by reanalysis producers that variations in the observational systems used for data assimilation impact water cycle components like precipitation. This understanding highlights the need of assessing to what extent temporal variations in ERA5 precipitation amounts are solely a result of climate variations and the influence of changes in the observational system impacting simulation accuracy. Our research examines the differences between ERA5 and similar reanalyses against homogenized, trend‐focused observational datasets. We find that discerning the climatological signal within ERA5 adjustments for observational system variations is challenging. The trend in ERA5 from 1940 to 1970 shows distinct patterns over the Alps and, to a lesser extent, Italy, diverging from later ERA5 trends and those in other reanalyses. Notably, ERA5 shows an increasing, although nonlinear, trend in the deviation between ERA5 and the observational datasets. Improving future reanalysis interpretability could involve adopting a model‐only integration for the same period, akin to the ERA‐20C and ERA‐20CM approach.