bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Conflict Resolution Method in Fuzzy Reasoning
Authors: Sun Hui Ran , Yin Ke Xin
Published: April 2014

Conflict among knowledge is commonly seen during fuzzing reasoning. By far, some effective methods have been available for eliminating the conflict among knowledge, they are referred to as conflict resolution methods or conflict resolution strategies. The methods of sorting method according to average with weight and sorting in generalizing sequential relation are new methods proposed in recent year. As verified by researches, sometimes these two methods cannot calculate accurate matching degree in fuzzy reasoning. Therefore, this article proposes a new conflict resolution strategy, i.e., sorting method for approximate matching. The results show that this method is consistent with Hamming distance which is recognized worldwide, thus proving the effectiveness of this method.
Fire Seat Intelligent Identification System
Authors: Zheng Jun Hui , Li Bing
Published: April 2014

Current fire alarm system can only send fire alarms but failed to report accurately ignition point. So a fire seat intelligent identification system was designed based on wireless sensor networks. The system collects data from wireless sensors using ZigBee wireless communication technology, and carries on cluster analysis on the data set using the improved fuzzy kernel clustering algorithm, and gets accurate clustering results. Finally the ignition source location information is reported to the fire alarm control center. The experimental results show that, compared with other methods, this system realizes real-time monitoring and automatic identification of fire seats, which has virtues of high sensitivity and accuracy and high-speed data transfer.
A Method of Fast Weighted Evidence Combination Exhibited by Compound Conflict
Authors: Bai Dong Ying , Han Jun , Wang Jian , Li Song
Published: April 2014

Aiming at the paradox of D-S evidence theory and computations exponential growth in dealing with large scale conflict evidence combination, a new weighted evidence combination method was proposed, which used conflict coefficient and evidence distance in order to measure the conflict. Through the analysis of single conflict representations weaknesses, compound conflict coefficient has been put forward, meanwhile, the evidence center and current center distance were defined, evidence weight was determined with current center distance and conflict coefficient. The experiment results show that the algorithm settles the paradox effectively, at the same time, computing speed has been greatly enhanced.
The Application of Immune Genetic Algorithm in Parallel Sorting
Authors: Xu Bai Quan
Published: April 2014

Taking an immune operator added to the framework of the genetic algorithm, individuals vaccinated to further enhance the survival ability of the individual, the immune genetic algorithm as a set of immune mechanisms and evolutionary mechanisms in one of the new evolutionary algorithm is applied to reverse genome rearrangement problem is a new attempt, the genetic algorithm can be avoided premature shortcomings, while the immune genetic algorithm parallelization can improve convergence speed.
Knowledge-Base Constrained Optimization Evolutionary Algorithm and its Applications
Authors: Long Wen
Published: April 2014

The most existing constrained optimization evolutionary algorithms (COEAs) for solving constrained optimization problems (COPs) only focus on combining a single EA with a single constraint-handling technique (CHT). As a result, the search ability of these algorithms could be limited. Motivated by these observations, we propose an ensemble method which combines different style of EA and CHT from the EA knowledge-base and the CHT knowledge-base, respectively. The proposed method uses two EAs and two CHTs. It randomly combines them to generate novel offspring individuals during each generation. Simulations and comparisons based on four benchmark COPs and engineering optimization problem demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Research on Key Technology and Algorithm of Open Government Data
Authors: Wang Zhao Jing , Dai Xue Bing , Zhang Yan , Jia Dong Ning , Wei Zhi Qiang
Published: April 2014

This paper studies the key technologies and algorithms for open government data platform, presents data visualization of multi dimension report based on data mining, model, showing relationships based on semantic analysis based on the data analysis of large data, and based on the open platform construction of Qingdao City Hall data, will have a theoretical and technical reference results the research and construction.
Study on the Management System Model and Key Technology of Government Information Resources Based on Value Chain
Authors: Wang Zhao Jing , Dai Xue Bing , Zhang Yan , Jia Dong Ning , Wei Zhi Qiang
Published: April 2014

we analyzed the fruits and the existing problems of the management of government information resources in China and abroad, studied the management system model of government information resources based on the model theory and the analysis method of the value chain, innovated and optimized the key technologies and standards concerning the links such as collection (acquisition), integration (warehousing), presentation (organization), sharing (exchange) and utilization (analysis) of information. We combined the fruits of theoretical research with the planning and construction of the sharing and management platform of government information resources and the government data opening platform of Qingdao and to realize highly integrated management in the whole process of sharing and utilization of government information resources. The fruits of research and construction will play an important role of reference in terms of theory and technology.
Design of an Intelligent Home System Based on Linux and Qt
Authors: Xu Bai Quan
Published: April 2014

According to the characteristics and the application background of the intelligent home, designs the multi function control system of a family. The system uses Freescale i.MX51 processor Carle company ARM Cortex series A8 as MCU, the embedded Linux as the software development platform, and design a friendly user interface based Qt technology, realizes the ARM plate of each function module and server interaction. System with digital video intercom, messaging, appliance control, security alarm, home entertainment and other functions.
A Research on Active Storage Task Allocation Strategy Based on MMC
Authors: Wei Xiong , Wang Zhi Ying , Jiang Min Hua
Published: April 2014

the processing capacity of a server is unable to satisfy the parallel processing of mass data and also improves data transmission in storage system. This paper has adopted active storage system to transfer calculation task and management ability to data end, improving the parallel processing capability of application program and reducing the data transmission rate in the system. During processing arriving process, this research has complied with Poisson flow, and the service time for each processor is negative exponential distribution and task service rule is the mixing model of “first come, first served”. Through experiment, it is proved that the data transmission rate within MMC system is reduced by 15% than random allocation of task on average and the system speed-up ratio is improved by 2.1 than average.
A Review of Hierarchical Fixed Priority Scheduling
Authors: Zhang Feng Xiang
Published: April 2014

This paper focus on two level hierarchical scheduling where several real-time applications are scheduled by the fixed priority algorithms. The application with its real-time tasks is bound to a server which can be modeled as a sporadic task with special care for the schedulability analysis. Different scheduling policies and servers can be applied for hierarchical fixed priority systems, this paper gives a closer review of schedulability analysis for applications and tasks when the global and local schedulers of a system are fixed priority.
Application of Excel VBA in Score Analysis for Specialty Accreditation
Authors: Wang De Ling , Shen Jiang Hai
Published: April 2014

In the standard target system of specialty accreditation, assessed results of teaching process are required to reflect students level of mastering related knowledge. Examination score is the most direct and important reflection. In this paper, VBA programming was applied to generate score sheet of main curriculums in recent years which is required in self-assessment report for specialty accreditation. Firstly, original data were obtained from information management system of teaching affairs. They are teaching task files and class score sheet, which are all Excel files. Secondly, original data were handled by VBA according to requirement. Compulsory courses for civil engineering class and scores for first exams were selected. Thirdly, average scores and first passing rates were calculated. At last, a summary score sheet was produced which is helpful to analyze students learning effect and to find out reasons. Therefore, the efficiency of analyzing teaching results for specialty accreditation is greatly improved.
Authorship Identification of Chinese E-Mail Based on Form Features for Computer Forensic
Authors: Chang Shu Hui , Teng Gui Fa , Ma Jian Bin
Published: April 2014

E-mail has become one of the most important applications on the Internet. At the same time, computer crimes involving e-mail increases rapidly. To prevent these phenomena from happening, the authorship identification methods for Chinese e-mail documents were described in this paper, which could provide evidence for the purpose of computer forensic. E-mail form features to classify authorship were extracted. To classify the author of Chinese e-mail, the SVM(support vector machine) algorithm was adopted to learn the authors features. Experiments gained satisfactory results on limited dataset. The accuracy of dataset for four authors was 92.56%. The satisfactory results showed that it was feasible to apply to computer forensic.
Design on Experience Virtual Tour System
Authors: Liu Yu Mei , Dong Yu Dan , Wu Jing
Published: April 2014

According to the characteristics and needs of virtual scenic roaming system, select the appropriate modeling techniques. By using the modeling platform scenic entity object model structure, and then build virtual tourist attractions, we propose hierarchical collision detection methods. This method actually meets the accuracy requirements under the premise, greatly reducing the number and complexity of collision detection; effectively improve the system in real time.
How to Design the E-Government 2.0 Used in Chinese Grassroots Public Service
Authors: Tao Tao , Liu Bang Fan , Xiao Qiao
Published: April 2014

In recent years, the development of e-government construction in China has made great strides. The development of e-government from1.0 to 2.0 had played an important role in integrating and promoting the public service and management capacity of government. Grassroots government is one of the main supplies of public services. It is an important mean for grassroots government to improve service quality and efficiency by providing and promoting the public service. But in practice, e-government 2.0 in grassroots government still has many obstacles in ideas, institutions and resources. Eliminating these barriers and promoting the role of e-government 2.0 will further improve the efficiency of public services and the level of grass-roots government.
On the Application of the Cloud Technology to Technical System of the Digitalized College Campus
Authors: Cheng Man Ling , Sun Zhi Hua
Published: April 2014

Through the introduction of the cloud technology as well as raising some problems in the construction of the digitalized campus, analyzing the technologies of compiling the cloud technology with virtualization, cluster technology and SOA standard, the essay proposes that make use of the logical construction, the physical construction and the application distribution of cloud platforms during the course of constructing the digitalized campus. The essay provides accordingly feasible suggestions and solutions for building of a individualized cloud platform in digitalized campus.
Reliability Evaluation System and its Application of Internet of Things
Authors: Li Xue Mei , Chen Chuan
Published: April 2014

This paper studies the general model of Internet of Things reliability, investigated factors affecting the reliability Internet of Things, the reliability evaluation method proposed Internet of Things from network connectivity and networking information transfer material aspects, and for the general model make reliability simulation. Research results can be used to guide the planning Internet of Things, layout and construction stages of the reliability of the forecast; reference can be used to improve the overall reliability of the study; also provides guidance on the management of network reliability.
Software Product Line Measurement Process Capability Maturity Model
Authors: Ding Jian Jie
Published: April 2014

Software product line has been a key area of concern in software industry due to its advantage on the productivity and quality of software products. At same time, both software organizations and the academic community are aware that the software measurement is necessary in software product line. However, there are many problems: what is difference in software product line measurement, how about their measurement process in the end, etc. It addresses this problem by creating a specialized Software Product Line Measurement Process Capability Maturity Model (SPLMP-CMM). SPLMP-CMM including five maturity levels: initial, tentatively, defined, compesive and optimized. The model focus on the basic practice areas which should be implementing of every level, it helps the originations to assess their measurement process and provides guidance for them to a higher maturity level.
Virtual Machine Migration Based on Trust Measurement of Computer Node
Authors: Liang Zhi Hong , Liang Zhi Qiang , Tan Yi Ming , Lv Xue Cheng
Published: April 2014

Currently, the study of virtual machine migration in cloud computing platform which usually did not consider the trustworthiness of target physical machine. For this, the paper proposes a trusted virtual machine migration with performance constraints algorithm (TVM2PC). The trustworthiness of target physical machine includes direct trustworthiness and indirect trustworthiness. By this method, a virtual machine will be migrated to a trusted physical machine. A large of experiment shows that the proposed method can give a better result than the existing method in load balancing and trustworthiness.
Design of Communication Module Based on GPS/GPRS
Authors: Ge Ming Jie , Jiang Ping , Shen Wei , Yuan Yuan
Published: April 2014

With the number of the city vehicle increasing, traffic congestion has become a big problem. Thus the demand for vehicle accurate monitoring and scheduling is increasingly urgent. A wireless communication module based on GPS/GPRS has been designed in this paper, which is used to transmit the vehicle position information and other related data to the server wirelessly by GPRS. The STM8S207 microcontroller produced by the STMicroelectronics is used as the controller which is adopted as the communication module. The NEO-6M module and the wireless module MG323 with embedded TCP/UDP protocol are combined to acquire and monitor the vehicle data. The communication module designed in this paper can ensure the accuracy of GPS data and the real-time of GPRS transmission.
Routing Protocol Security Strategies of Non-Uniform Energy Distribution Wireless Network
Authors: Zeng Tao
Published: April 2014

Unlike other networks based on wireless sensor networks, such as the characteristics of Ad hoc network design algorithm to reduce the energy consumption of wireless sensor networks. The main study of wireless sensor networks in a variety of energy-saving protocols and algorithms, analyze the impact of these agreements on energy saving in different environments, MAC protocol for wireless sensor network design energy efficient use of its improvement, based on the maximum advantage disjoint approximate area set covering algorithm. Energy efficient or superior energy savings in the paper can prolong survival time of the network to provide scientific reference.
Low Cost AHRS Aids GPS Attitude Navigation System
Authors: Gao Tong Yue , Ge Hai Lang
Published: April 2014

Recently, the SUAV has become the research focus at home and abroad. There is a new aircraft type: double ducted tilting Subminiature UAV system, this paper put forward a new attitude navigation system:AHRS-based low-cost GPS carrier phase orientation Navigation System. AHRS aids GPS fastly fix the attitude.This article proposed application the constraint solving the ambiguity basic model, which is based on the double differential equations of the carrier phase measurement. Then we use baseline length and the inaccurate attitude angle constraint to solver integer ambiguity. By the static experimental results show that this method is fast, effective, the AHRS-GPS system can provide high accuracy navigation for SUAV.
A Dynamic Adjustment Algorithm of Slow-Start Threshold Based on RTT
Authors: Niu Lei , Wang Feng , Liu Dong Dong , Guo Bo
Published: April 2014

The slow-start threshold in the current TCP Reno algorithm is a fixed value, and it does not change with the current network congestion status, which is prone to end the slow-start course too early or too late. Round-trip time (RTT) can reflect the current network status better. The paper presents a dynamic adjustment algorithm of slow-start threshold based on RTT, by which the value of slow-start threshold is dynamically adjusted according to the current RTT. Simulation results show that it effectively reduces congestion collapse in congestion state, and throughput is further improved under ideal network status.
A New Solution of Highway Automotive Collision Avoidance
Authors: Jiang Wei , Li Yan Yan , Long Wei , Yang Guo Tao
Published: April 2014

There exists many shortcomings in automotive collision avoidance system, signal interference is very serious, which led to false frequently, this is an important reason why the perfect vehicle collision avoidance system is not consummate and widely popular. We study and propose a new solution of highway automotive collision avoidance, by the control of time the precise synchronization, interaction between the vehicle lane, speed, time, and other information, which solve the problem of signal interference greatly. Thus, his new solution provides a split-new thinking and research direction for highway automotive collision avoidance.
Research on Path Planning Algorithm in Intelligent Transportation
Authors: Tang Jin Peng , Li Ling Lin
Published: April 2014

Path planning is a key factor in intelligent transportation vehicle navigation system, compared to a variety of advantages and disadvantages of the path planning optimization algorithm. According obstacle distribution characteristics similar characteristics to the grid circuit resistor, proposed a Circuit Map path planning algorithm. The city's roads each segment was mapped to the circuit network, and the resistance of the resistor were mapped to with the Weighted sum of road length and width, and traffic density. This can be achieved by solving the circuit that intelligent transportation systems path planning and navigation services.
Research on Special Vehicle Road Navigation Algorithm
Authors: Tang Jin Peng , Li Ling Lin
Published: April 2014

In order to guarantee the special vehicle capacity, quality of service protocol in computer network is referred, travel characteristics of special vehicle is analyzed. Put forward the special vehicle operation control scheme based on agent, analyzes the functions of each agent and collaborative way. Finally on the basis of this design the special vehicle priority security algorithm.
Research on Evaluation of Urban Road Congestion
Authors: Gao Yi Dan
Published: April 2014

The samples marked bottlenecks and imbalanced protocol flows restrict the development of the network traffic classification technology, to solve this problem a semi-supervised machine learning traffic identification method is presented. Employ K-means algorithm to partition a training datasets that consists of a few labeled flows combined with abundant unlabeled flows.Then, identify the unlabeled samples using the labeled samples in the cluster based on k Nearest Neighbor algorithm. The theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the algorithm can improve the recognition rate of minority flows in the case of the imbalanced protocol flows.
Multi-Factor Model Simulation on Dynamics of Population Movements
Authors: Du Zhen Hu , Du Jin Feng , He Xiao Jun
Published: April 2014

Based on PN junction population, flow model is set up to consider the amount of land to simulate the population migration, and take into account the level of economic development, the factors combine and incorporated into the analytical framework of a model derived the probability of a combination of multiple factors under conditions of population migration. The results of this simulation model can effectively explain the process of urbanization of the population flow problems, is an innovative model generality, there is some reference in the theoretical study.
A Distributed Multi-Robot Map Fusion Algorithm
Authors: Zhang Liang , Shen Pei Yi , Song Juan , Dong Luo Bin , Zhang Yan Zheng , Zhang Xiao Xi , Zhang Jie Qiong
Published: April 2014

This paper proposes a new approach to the multi-robot map fusion algorithm that enables a team of robots to build a joint map without initial knowledge of their relative pose. First, the relative distance and bearing measurements between two robots are fused together by the covariance intersection method after they detect each other. Second, the transformation equations among multi robots coordinates are derived based on their relative distance and bearing measurements. Third, all the multi robots local maps are merged into one global map by unscented transform based on the transformation equations. Fourth, the possible duplicate features are filtered out by the robots maximal detection area and the features coordinate range, then the Mahalanobis distance is computed to decide the duplicate features correspondence through unscented transform, and the Kalman Filter is used while fusing the duplicate features information. As a means of validation for the proposed method, experimental results obtained from the two robots are presented.
Analysis on Oscillating Tail to Rolling Stability of Water-Running Robots
Authors: Kim Hyun Gyu , Lee Dong Gyu , Jeong Kyung Min , Seo Tae Won
Published: April 2014

This paper presents a theoretical analysis on a performance of an oscillating tail for water-running robots. Generally, tails are used to enhance the mobility and stability of a living creature. In this research, theoretical model is derived for an oscillating tail, and numerically solve the equations to determine the effect of the tail to the stability and lifting force. We expect the enhancement of the stability and lifting force by using the oscillating tail and results of the simulation is well-coincident with our hypothesis. The concept of oscillating tail can be extended to enhance pitching and yawing stabilities.
Cooperative Obstacle Avoidance of Multiple Robotic Fishes Based on Grids Method
Authors: Jiang Yu Lian
Published: April 2014

To resolve the problem of obstacle avoidance and path planning of multiple robotic fishes, this paper proposes a new approach which uses collaboration mechanism based on grids method. The proposed approach splits the workspace of those robotic fishes using grids method, identifies each grid with serial number, designs the cooperative mechanism to avoid collision among these fishes, and plans the path for each fish. This method was applied in the obstacle avoidance competition of multiple robotic fishes which happening in a field with obstacle in it. The experimental results show the new method is more effective, can get more optimal path, and avoid the local minima issue which arises frequently in the A-star algorithm and genetic algorithm. It significantly improves the ability of the multiple robotic fishes system on the aspect of path planning and coordination.
Design on the Distributed Controller of Underwater Profile Monitoring Vehicle
Authors: Yuan Jian , Zhou Zhong Hai , Xu Juan , Jin Guang Hu , Zang He Chao , Li Jun Xiao
Published: April 2014

The design on distributed controller of underwater profile monitoring vehicle is investigated. We foucs on the characteristics on voltage transmission, communication and motion control precision of the vehicle, and then design a distributed controller on Underwater Profile Monitoring Vehicle. Experiment results show the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Quantitative Analysis on Workspace Influence of Robot Structural Parameters
Authors: Li Jin Quan , Ren Wei , Zhu Su Xia
Published: April 2014

As the research object to IRB660 palletizing robot, its workspace is calculated. On this basis, the concept of workspace area influence coefficient and direction influence coefficient is brought forward and defined. The relationship map of coordinate plane projection area caused by robot structural parameters is drawn by MATLAB GUI programming, and the influence degree and influence direction caused by the change of unit length of the robot structural parameters is calculated precisely and quantified, which will provide a solid basis for its structural optimization and design from kinematic view.
Clonal Selection Algorithm Based on Manifold Distance for Image Compression
Authors: Zhao Meng Ling , Yin Xin Yu
Published: April 2014

In this paper for LBG algorithm is very sensitive to initial code book, clonal selection algorithm is introduced and splitting method is adopted to generate the initial code book. Besides, because similarity metric based on euclidean distance can only reflect local consistency of the clustering instead of the clustering global consistency, clonal selection clustering method in terms of manifold distance is put forward to produce and optimize the final code book. Furthermore, it is proved through the experiment that algorithm of clonal selection code book design based on themanifold distance(MDCSA) is characterized by better performance .
The Research on Visual Navigation of AGV in Outdoor Environment
Authors: Wang Bing Xin , Song Bin , Wang Sun An , Yu De Hong
Published: April 2014

Rapid and high-accuracy guidance line identification and tracking are the keys to ensure AGV’s real-time control performance. Analyzing outdoor environment under different lighting conditions, we proposed a feature extraction method which could guarantee the efficiency and stability of line recognition for different surroundings; analyzing how angular deviation and distance deviation affect AGV posture, we designed a subdivision-control tracking strategy. The results show that the algorithm has achieved effective identification and tracking with an error less than ±5cm.
Improving access to new diagnostics through harmonised regulation: priorities for action
Authors: McNerney Ruth , Sollis Kimberly , Peeling Rosanna W.
Published: April 2014

A new generation of diagnostic tests is being developed for use at the point of care that could save lives and reduce the spread of infectious diseases through early detection and treatment. It is important that patients in developing countries have access to these products at affordable prices and without delay. Regulation of medical products is intended to ensure safety and quality whilst balancing the need for timely access to beneficial new products. Current regulatory oversight of diagnostic tests in developing countries is highly variable and weak regulation allows poor-quality tests to enter the market. However, inefficient orover zealous regulation results in unnecessary delays, increases costs and acts as a barrier to innovation and market entry. Setting international standards and streamlining the regulatory process could reduce these barriers. Four priority activities have been identified where convergence of standards and protocols or joint review of data would be advantageous: (1) adoption of a common registration file for pre-market approval; (2) convergence of quality standards for manufacturing site inspections; (3) use of common evaluation protocols, aswell as joint review of data, to reduce unnecessary duplication of lengthy and costly clinical performance studies; and (4) use of networks of laboratories for post-market surveillance in order to monitor ongoing quality of diagnostic devices. The adoption and implementation of such measures in developing countries could accelerate access to new diagnostic tests that are safe and affordable.
Challenges encountered by critical care unit managers in the large intensive care units
Authors: Matlakala Mokgadi C. , Bezuidenhout Martie C. , Botha Annali D.H.
Published: April 2014

Background: Nurses in intensive care units (ICUs) are exposed regularly to huge demands interms of fulfilling the many roles that are placed upon them. Unit managers, in particular, are responsible for the efficient management of the units and have the responsibilities of planning, organising, leading and controlling the daily activities in order to facilitate the achievement of the unit objectives.Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore and present the challenges encountered by ICU managers in the management of large ICUs.Method: A qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study was conducted at five hospital ICUs in Gauteng province, South Africa. Data were collected through individual interviews from purposively-selected critical care unit managers, then analysed using the matic coding.Results: Five themes emerged from the data: challenges related to the layout and structure of the unit, human resources provision and staffing, provision of material resources, stressors in the unit and visitors in the ICU.Conclusion: Unit managers in large ICUs face multifaceted challenges which include the demand for efficient and sufficient specialised nurses; lack of or inadequate equipment that goes along with technology in ICU and supplies; and stressors in the ICU that limit the efficiency to plan, organise, lead and control the daily activities in the unit. The challenges identified call for multiple strategies to assist in the efficient management of large ICUs.
The radiological appearance of intracranial aneurysms in adults infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Authors: Blignaut Gerrit , Loggenberg Eugene , De Vries Coert
Published: April 2014

Background: The global prevalence of intracranial aneurysms is estimated at 2.3%. Limited literature is available on intracranial aneurysms in HIV-infected patients.Objectives: To describe the radiological appearance of intracranial aneurysms in HIV-positive adults.Method: In this retrospective analysis of data, 23 HIV-positive patients, of which 15 (65.2%)were female, with a total of 41 aneurysms were included. The mean age was 38 years, and their median CD4 count was 305 x 106/L. Inclusion criteria comprised subarachnoid haemorrhage and confirmed intracranial aneurysms on four-vessel angiography.Results: Fifteen (65.2%) patients had a single aneurysm, of which 12 (80.0%) had a saccular appearance. Seven (46.7%) of the single aneurysms had a neck width larger than 50% of the transverse aneurysm sac size. The mean longitudinal diameter of the aneurysm sac was 4.9 mm and the transverse diameter 4.4 mm. More than half of these aneurysms occurred at the anterior communicating artery. The median CD4 count of single-aneurysm patients was 319 x 106 /L. Eight patients (34.8%) had multiple aneurysms, with a total of 26 aneurysms (range 2–6 aneurysms per patient), of which 13 (50.0%) had a complex appearance. Twenty-four (92.3%) of the multiple aneurysms had a neck width larger than 50% of the transverse aneurysm sac size. The mean longitudinal diameter of the aneurysm sac was 4.0 mm and the transverse diameter 3.9 mm. The multiple aneurysms occurred more commonly in the internal carotid artery. These patients had a median CD4 count of 294 x 106/L.Conclusion: HIV-associated intracranial aneurysms occur at a younger age, appear to be saccular and complex in shape, with a wide neck, and might rupture at small sizes.
Sparse Grid Collocation Method for an Optimal Control Problem Involving a Stochastic Partial Differential Equation with Random Inputs
Authors: Kim Nary , Lee Hyung-Chun
Published: April 2014

In this article, we propose and analyse a sparse grid collocation method to solve an optimal control problem involving an elliptic partial differential equation with random coefficients and forcing terms. The input data are assumed to be dependent on a finite number of random variables. We prove that an optimal solution exists, and derive an optimality system. A Galerkin approximation in physical space and a sparse grid collocation in the probability space is used. Error estimates for a fully discrete solution using an appropriate norm are provided, and we analyse the computational efficiency. Computational evidence complements the present theory, to show the effectiveness of our stochastic collocation method.
A Third-Order Accurate Direct Eulerian GRP Scheme for One-Dimensional Relativistic Hydrodynamics
Authors: Wu Kailiang , Yang Zhicheng , Tang Huazhong
Published: April 2014

A third-order accurate direct Eulerian generalised Riemann problem (GRP) scheme is derived for the one-dimensional special relativistic hydrodynamical equations. In our GRP scheme, the higher-order WENO initial reconstruction is employed, and the local GRPs in the Eulerian formulation are directly and analytically resolved to third-order accuracy via the Riemann invariants and Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions, to get the approximate states in numerical fluxes. Unlike a previous second-order accurate GRP scheme, for the non-sonic case the limiting values of the second-order time derivatives of the fluid variables at the singular point are also needed for the calculation of the approximate states; while for the sonic case, special attention is paid because the calculation of the second-order time derivatives at the sonic point is difficult. Several numerical examples are given to demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of our GRP scheme.
Randomized Controlled Trial of RSS Reader Use and Resident Familiarity With Primary Literature
Authors: Jenssen Brian P. , Desai Bimal R. , Callahan James M.
Published: April 2014

Background

Awareness of the primary literature is important for clinicians. Lack of time, poor access to information, and lack of personal initiative may be barriers for some trainees. Really Simple Syndication (RSS) readers aggregate web content, such as journal abstracts, in a single location for easy viewing.

Objective

We assessed whether use of an RSS reader would increase resident reading frequency, familiarity, and understanding of the primary literature.

Methods

We conducted a single-center, prospective, randomized, nonblinded, controlled trial of the effect of RSS reader use on knowledge of recent literature among pediatrics residents. Residents were randomly assigned to the RSS group (education in RSS use and receipt of the Pediatrics RSS feed) or a control group that followed standard reading practices. Outcome measures were differences on baseline and monthly surveys of reading frequency, familiarity with recent publications, and knowledge of recent articles (familiarity validation).

Results

Of 144 eligible residents, 79 (55%) were enrolled in the survey, with 81% (64 of 79) of participants completing all surveys. The RSS reader use was correlated with greater familiarity with selected articles, but not with improved understanding (as measured by ability to answer multiple-choice questions about content). Participants reported satisfaction with the RSS reader based on its ease of use, accessibility, and as an aid in supplementing reading.

Conclusions

The RSS reader use was accepted by residents and associated with increased familiarity with the primary literature but not with increased understanding.
Dermatology Curriculum for Internal Medicine Residents: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Cayce Rachael , Bergstresser Paul , Hesterman Kathleen , Condie Daniel
Published: April 2014

Background

Physicians in specialties other than dermatology care for the majority of patients with skin diseases, yet most physicians receive little training in dermatology.

Objectives

The primary objective of this study was to determine whether there would be a sizable (20%) improvement in posttraining scores for internal medicine residents after completing 1 of 3 assigned curricula. A secondary objective was to determine whether there were significant differences in improvement among the 3 resident cohorts after completing their curriculum. Finally, we explored the residents' change in perceived clinical knowledge postcurriculum.

Methods

Thirty-six postgraduate year 2 internal medicine residents were randomized to complete 1 of 3 one-month dermatology curricula (didactic, clinical, or combined). The main outcome measure was performance on different sets of Medical Knowledge Self-Assessment Program (MKSAP)-15 questions at study entry and completion. A secondary outcome was self-rated performance in 3 clinical domains.

Results

All participants completed the study. All curricula led to an improvement in MKSAP-15 scores, but only students who completed the didactic curriculum demonstrated a 20% improvement in posttraining scores. A larger number of residents completing the clinical and didactic curricula rated their clinical performance as improved compared to those who completed the combined curriculum.

Conclusions

While all 3 curricula led to improvement, as measured by a standardized assessment, a didactic curriculum in dermatology resulted in the largest improvement in knowledge as measured by a multiple-choice test.
Perceptions of Internal Medicine Residency Program Candidates on the Use of Simulation in the Selection Process
Authors: Cannon Keith , Hartsell Zachary , Ivanov Ilko , Charles Joseph , Joshi Harshad , Blair Janis , Geyer Holly
Published: April 2014

Background

The recruitment of skilled candidates into internal medicine residency programs has relied on traditional interviewing techniques with varying degrees of success. The development of simulated medical technology has provided a new arena in which to assess candidates' clinical skills, knowledge base, situational awareness, and problem-solving dexterities within a standardized environment for educational and assessment purposes.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the interest of program candidates in incorporating simulation medicine into the internal medicine residency interview process.

Methods

As a prospective, survey-based analysis, potential candidates who completed an interview between October 2012 and January 2013 with an accredited internal medicine residency program were sent a postmatch survey that incorporated 3 additional questions relating to their prior experience with medical simulation and their views on incorporating the technology into the interview format.

Results

Of the 88 candidates who completed an interview, 92% (n  =  81) were scheduled to graduate medical school in 2013 and were graduates of a US medical school. All survey responders described previous experience with medical simulation. Fifty-eight percent (n  =  51) of responders described being “less likely” to interview with or join a residency program if they were required to participate in a 10-minute medical simulation during the interview process.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that despite the increasing role of technology in medical education, its role in high-stakes evaluations (such as residency interviews) requires further maturation before general acceptance by residency candidates can be expected.
Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors Standardized Letter of Recommendation Writers' Questionnaire
Authors: Hegarty Cullen B. , Lane David R. , Love Jeffrey N. , Doty Christopher I. , DeIorio Nicole M. , Ronan-Bentle Sarah , Howell John
Published: April 2014

Background

The Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors (CORD) Standardized Letter of Recommendation (SLOR) has become the primary tool used by emergency medicine (EM) faculty to evaluate residency candidates. A survey was created to describe the training, beliefs, and usage patterns of SLOR writers.

Methods

The SLOR Task Force created the survey, which was circulated to the CORD listserv in 2012.

Results

Forty-six percent of CORD members (320 of 695) completed the survey. Of the respondents, 39% (125 of 320) had fewer than 5 years of experience writing SLOR letters. Most were aware of published guidelines, and most reported they learned how to write a SLOR on their own (67.4%, 182 of 270). Sixty-eight percent (176 of 258) admitted to not following the instructions for certain questions. Self-reported grade inflation occurred “rarely” 36% (97 of 269) of the time and not at all 40% (107 of 269) of the time.

Conclusions

The CORD SLOR has become the primary tool used by EM faculty to evaluate candidates applying for residency in EM. The SLOR has been in use in the EM community for 16 years. However, our study has identified some problems with its use. Those issues may be overcome with a revised format for the SLOR and with faculty training in the writing and use of this document.
Analysis of the PKT correction for direct CO2 flux measurements over the ocean
Authors: Landwehr S. , Miller S. D. , Smith M. J. , Saltzman E. S. , Ward B.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Eddy covariance measurements of air–sea CO2 fluxes can be affected by cross-sensitivities of the CO2 measurement to water vapour, resulting in order-of-magnitude biases. Well-established causes for these biases are (i) cross-sensitivity of the broadband non-dispersive infrared sensors due to band-broadening and spectral overlap (commercial sensors typically correct for this) and (ii) the effect of air density fluctuations (removed by determining the dry air CO2 mixing ratio). Another bias related to water vapour fluctuations has recently been observed with open-path sensors, attributed to sea salt build-up and water films on sensor optics. Two very different approaches have been used to deal with these water vapour-related biases. Miller et al. (2010) employed a membrane drier to physically eliminate 97% of the water vapour fluctuations in the sample air before it entered a closed-path gas analyser. Prytherch et al. (2010a) employed the empirical (Peter K. Taylor, PKT) post-processing correction to correct open-path sensor data. In this paper, we test these methods side by side using data from the Surface Ocean Aerosol Production (SOAP) experiment in the Southern Ocean. The air–sea CO2 flux was directly measured with four closed-path analysers, two of which were positioned down-stream of a membrane dryer. The CO2 fluxes from the two dried gas analysers matched each other and were in general agreement with common parameterisations. The flux estimates from the un-dried sensors agreed with the dried sensors only during periods with low latent heat flux (≤7 W m−2). When latent heat flux was higher, CO2 flux estimates from the un-dried sensors exhibited large scatter and an order-of-magnitude bias. Applying the PKT correction to the flux data from the un-dried analysers did not remove the bias when compared to the data from the dried gas analyser. The results of this study demonstrate the validity of measuring CO2 fluxes using a pre-dried air stream and show that the PKT correction is not valid for the correction of CO2 fluxes.
On the temperature dependence of organic reactivity, nitrogen oxides, ozone production, and the impact of emission controls in San Joaquin Valley, California
Authors: Pusede S. E. , Gentner D. R. , Wooldridge P. J. , Browne E. C. , Rollins A. W. , Min K.-E. , Russell A. R. , Thomas J. , Zhang L. , Brune W. H. , Henry S. B. , DiGangi J. P. , Keutsch F. N. , Harrold S. A. , Thornton J. A. , Beaver M. R. , St. Clair J. M. , Wennberg P. O. , Sanders J. , Ren X. , VandenBoer T. C. , Markovic M. Z. , Guha A. , Weber R. , Goldstein A. H. , Cohen R. C.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The San Joaquin Valley (SJV) experiences some of the worst ozone air quality in the US, frequently exceeding the California 8 h standard of 70.4 ppb. To improve our understanding of trends in the number of ozone violations in the SJV, we analyze observed relationships between organic reactivity, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and daily maximum temperature in the southern SJV using measurements made as part of California at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change in 2010 (CalNex-SJV). We find the daytime speciated organic reactivity with respect to OH during CalNex-SJV has a temperature-independent portion with molecules typically associated with motor vehicles being the major component. At high temperatures, characteristic of days with high ozone, the largest portion of the total organic reactivity increases exponentially with temperature and is dominated by small, oxygenated organics and molecules that are unidentified. We use this simple temperature classification to consider changes in organic emissions over the last and next decade. With the CalNex-SJV observations as constraints, we examine the sensitivity of ozone production (PO3) to future NOx and organic reactivity controls. We find that PO3 is NOx-limited at all temperatures on weekends and on weekdays when daily maximum temperatures are greater than 29 °C. As a consequence, NOx reductions are the most effective control option for reducing the frequency of future ozone violations in the southern SJV.
Airborne verification of CALIPSO products over the Amazon: a case study of daytime observations in a complex atmospheric scene
Authors: Marenco F. , Amiridis V. , Marinou E. , Tsekeri A. , Pelon J.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. A daytime underflight of CALIPSO with the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements has been performed on 20 September 2012 in the Amazon region, during the biomass burning season. The scene is dominated by a thin elevated layer (aerosol optical depth 0.03 at 532 nm) and a moderately turbid boundary layer (aerosol extinction coefficient ∼110 Mm−1). The boundary layer is topped with small broken stratocumulus clouds. In this complex scene, a comparison of observations from the airborne and spaceborne lidars reveals a few discrepancies. The CALIPSO detection scheme tends to miss the elevated thin layer, and also shows several gaps (∼30%) in the boundary layer. The small clouds are not correctly detected in the atmospheric volume description flags, and are therefore not removed from the signals; this causes the CALIPSO aerosol subtype to oscillate between smoke and polluted dust and may introduce distorsion in the aerosol retrieval scheme. The magnitude of the average extinction coefficient estimated from CALIPSO level 2 data in the boundary layer is as expected, when compared to the aircraft lidar and accounting for wavelength scaling. However, when the gaps in aerosol detection mentioned above are accounted for, we are left with an overall estimate of aerosol extinction for this particular scene that is of the order of two thirds of that determined with the airborne lidar.