bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Greece: The History of the Classical Period
Authors: Hornblower Simon
Published: October 2023

The Athenians founded a naval empire in 478, thus replacing the Spartans as leaders of Greece. Their power expanded in the 470s and 460s, as they took the offensive against the Persians, the recent invaders of Greece. The climax of this offensive was reached in the early 460s when the Athenian commander Cimon won a battle in Pamphylia in southern Asia Minor, the battle of the Eurymedon. The suppression of a revolt from Athens by the northern Aegean island of Thasos in the mid 460s was another landmark: it led to a deterioration in relations with Sparta and her league, the Peloponnesian League. From c.460 to 446 a war, the so-called First Peloponnesian War, was fought between Athens and the Peloponnesian League; in the early phases of this war Corinth, not Sparta, was more obviously to the front in the fighting, though the Spartans did invade Attica in the last year of the war.
Life and Society in Classical Greece
Authors: Murray Oswyn
Published: October 2023

By the classical period of the fifth and fourth centuries BC there were hundreds of communities of Greeks living scattered around the shores of the Mediterranean ‘like frogs around a pond’, as Plato put it. From the central sea of the Aegean, with its island communities, and the coastal towns of Turkey and eastern and southern Greece, they had spread to north Greece, the Black Sea coast and southern Russia, to Sicily and south Italy, and as far as Provence, Spain, and north Africa. These communities regarded themselves as basically similar, as living in a polis, the only form of truly civilized life.
Introduction
Authors: Griffin Jasper
Published: October 2023

This book tells the story of the rise of Rome from its origins as a cluster of villages on the hills round the Forum to the possession of an empire which unified the Mediterranean world and a great deal besides. At its height the Roman Empire stretched from Northumberland to Algeria, from Portugal to Syria, from the Rhine to the Nile: it comprised the whole or part of the territory of what are now thirty sovereign states, and it was not until 1870 that Italy, for instance, achieved again the unity which Rome had imposed before the birth of Christ. The memory of that lost unity has haunted the mind of Europe.
Augustan Poetry and Society
Authors: Lyne R O A M
Published: October 2023

This perhaps the most eventful period of Roman history, witness to civil wars, revolution, and, eventually, an imposed peace: Republic becomes Empire. Meanwhile, Latin literature produces its greatest works; Italy produces poets destined to achieve immortality. The present chapter offers a sketch of this extraordinary time. First, three divisions within the period must be identified.
1917: The Revolutions of February and October
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: October 2023

In February 1917, the autocracy collapsed in the face of popular demonstrations and the withdrawal of elite support for the regime. In the euphoria of revolution, political solutions seemed easy. Russia’s future form of government would, of course, be democratic. The exact meaning of that ambiguous term and the nature of Russia’s new constitution would be decided by a Constituent Assembly, to be elected by the Russian people as soon as circumstances permitted.
The Civil War
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: October 2023

The October seizure of power was not the end of the Bolshevik Revolution but the beginning. The Bolsheviks had taken control in Petrograd and, after a week of street-fighting, in Moscow. But the soviets that had sprung up in most provincial centres still had to follow the capitals’ lead in overthrowing the bourgeoisie (often, at local level, this meant ousting a ‘Committee of Public Safety’ set up by the solid citizenry of the town); and, if a local soviet was too weak to take power, support was unlikely to be forthcoming from the capitals.
Divided Ulster: From Plantation to Partition
Authors: Mulholland Marc
Published: October 2023

Why have divisions dating from the Reformation of the sixteenth century and the plantations and religious wars of the seventeenth century persisted through Enlightenment, revolution, famine, Industrial Revolution, and mass democratic politics? Ulster is remarkable for the tenacity of its communal divide. Sectarian patterns of conflict have reproduced through time and adapted to changed circumstances. Postplantation there has been negligible migration into Ulster, and communities have maintained a remarkable level of integrity. Intermarriage is very rare.
Horne Rule in Ulster: Stormont’s Record
Authors: Mulholland Marc
Published: October 2023

Northern Ireland’s purpose-built parliament building at Stormont, near Belfast, was opened in 1932. Its neoclassical grandeur was overblown for the limited powers and importance of the statelet it represented. It reflected the desire of the Unionist establishment to present a stolid confidence to the world. The reality was very different.
Devious Decade
Authors: Robbins Keith
Published: October 2023

In August 1975 the ‘Final Act’ of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe was concluded in Helsinki. The conference had begun in the Finnish capital two years earlier. Whether the ‘Final Act’, adopted by some thirty European countries, the United States, the Soviet Union, and Canada, would indeed have lasting significance remained to be seen. At the time, the Helsinki Agreement marked an important turning point in East–West relations. The post-war boundaries of Europe were given international, rather than the previous bilateral recognition. ‘Confidence-building’ measures were set in train, including notification of military exercises close to borders. The Soviet Union accepted, with the other participating states, that it would respect human rights and fundamental freedoms.

The contemporary sense that detente was being achieved in the mid-1970s reflected certain comforting assumptions. It confirmed some observers in the belief that no world relationships could ever be permanent. There were pressures, either internal or external, which would inevitably modify the post-1945 pattern. On this analysis, by 1975, the very passage of time made change possible, though not inevitable. The Second World War could certainly not be ‘written out’ of the evolving history of the late twentieth century. Its outcome still shaped the fundamental power relationships of 1975.
Land Warfare
Authors: Robbins Keith
Published: October 2023

Despite the forecasts made by some strategists, the war was not over by Christmas 1914. It had appeared, for a time, that the British and French were going to be defeated in northern France and Belgium, with a similar fate awaiting the Germans on their Eastern front and the Serbs on their northern front, but in all cases the defenders had averted disaster. The fortunes of the Habsburg forces fluctuated, but they too had not been completely routed. For the moment, at any rate, the attackers had lost the upper hand and could not sustain their impetus. The ambitious initial plans of the commanders were in ruins and everybody had to begin again.

The German Schlieffen plan, named after a former chief of the general staff between 1891 and 1906, had been predicated on the assumption of a two-front war. Rapid mobilization would enable Germany to defeat one enemy and then turn upon the other. Since it was assumed that France would mobilize more quickly than Russia, that concentrated assault would have to be in the west. The French would not be able to retreat far, at least not without losing their capital city. France could only be knocked out in six weeks by an outflanking movement – which would entail the invasion of Belgium. Speed of assault and numerical superiority would bring success.
Modes of Warfare
Authors: Robbins Keith
Published: October 2023

Combined operations, the conscious welding together of land, sea and air activity in a co-ordinated plan, scarcely existed between 1914 and 1918. The Dardanelles operation was a conspicuous example of inadequate consultation. The British raid on Zeebrugge in April 1918, even though it was not a complete success in its objective of blocking the exit from the harbour, did give a glimpse of what an amphibious operation, with air support, might achieve. If full-scale joint planning was rarely attempted, the First World War was nevertheless the first major struggle in which all three modes of warfare were significant. It was also a contest which increasingly hinged upon scientific discovery and application, upon industrial capacity and upon intelligent use of manpower. The ‘Home front’ became almost as important as the scenes of actual battle. The ability to fight rested upon all of these interlocking factors. No belligerent could afford to show serious shortcomings in any major department of warfare, though in particular aspects the balance of advantage was constantly shifting. There was a continual race to perfect both new weapons and counter-measures that would neutralize their importance.
Home Management
Authors: Robbins Keith
Published: October 2023

The sombre scale of the war tempts every commentator to ponder over its various phases and compartments. Why did it not end earlier? Why did it end at all? Generals and admirals, private soldiers and able-bodied seamen, politicians and priests, industrialists and trade union leaders – all played their part in winning or losing the war. The ‘management’ of victory was a test of endurance and ingenuity, calling into play all the administrative skills that early-twentieth¬ century governments could muster. The orchestration of the war effort was as important as the myriad individual contributions in determining the final outcome. Normally, however, references to national harmony were not to be taken other than metaphorically. No country or army that lost its cohesion could survive and it was upon generals and statesmen that the task of nurturing this unity primarily fell. Such a statement has a deceptive simplicity. It was the nature of war to blur divisions of procedure and practice. It soon became clear that there were few areas of ‘normal life’ which would remain untouched by its tentacles. The war had to be managed, but the ancient problem of who managed the managers took a new turn.
The First March On Rome
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

AT the beginning of the month of August certain political intrigues went wrong, and hopes of concord or of dissension were frustrated. Brutus and Cassius did not return to Rome and the rival Caesarian leaders were reconciled through the insistence of the soldiery.
Princeps
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

N his sixth and seventh consulates C. Julius Caesar Octavianus went through a painless and superficial transformation. The process was completed in a session of the Senate on January 13th, 27 B.c., when he solemnly announced that he resigned all powers and all provinces to the free disposal of the Senate and People of Rome. Acclamation was drowned in protest. The senators adjured him not to abandon the Commonwealth which he had preserved. Yielding with reluctance to these manifestations of loyalty and patriotism, the master of the whole world consented to assume a special commission for a period of ten years, in the form of proconsular authority over a large provincia, namely Spain, Gaul and Syria. That and nothing more.1 For the rest, proconsuls were to govern the provinces, as before, but responsible only to the Senate; and Senate, People and magistrates were to resume the rightful exercise of all their functions.
The Working Of Patronage
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

HE Princeps and his friends controlled access to all positions of honour and emolument in the senatorial career, dispensing to their adherents magistracies, priesthoods and provincial commands. The quaestorship admitted a man to the highest order in state and in society, the consulate brought nobility and a place in the front ranks of the oligarchy.
Pax Et Princeps
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

When a party has triumphed in violence and seized control of the State, it would be plain folly to regard the new government as a collection of amiable and virtuous characters. Revolution demands and produces sterner qualities. About the chief persons in the government of the New State, namely the Princeps himself and his allies, Agrippa, Maecenas and Livia, history and scandal have preserved a sufficient testimony to unmask the realities of their rule. The halo of their resplendent fortune may dazzle, but it cannot blind, the critical eye. Otherwise there can be no history of these times deserving the name, but only adulation and a pragmatic justification of success.
The Great Captain-General 1702–1714
Authors: Chandler DaVid
Published: October 2023

Between the years 1702 and 1711 the army of Queen Anne—commanded in Flanders (and, in 1704, in the Danube valley) by its Captain-General, John Churchill, first Duke of Marlborough, earned a formidable reputation. The duke, enthused Captain Robert Parker ‘never fought a battle which he did not gain nor laid siege to a town which he did not take’. Marlborough’s four great battles, two actions, three passages of strong lines, and thirty sieges—all undertaken in the space of ten successive campaigns—brought English (and from1707, British) arms a degree of martial success and international recognition that they had not known since the Middle Ages. Few commanders born in the British Isles have achieved as much as Marlborough. None has achieved more.
The Transformation Of The Army 1783–1815
Authors: Gates DaVid
Published: October 2023

In the decade that elapsed between the end of the struggle for the American colonies in 1783 and the outbreak of war with republican France, the British army sank into dereliction. Defeated and demoralized, ‘Our army was lax in its discipline, entirely without system, and very weak in numbers’, recalled one contemporary soldier. ‘Each colonel of a regiment managed it according to his own notions, or neglected it altogether. There was no uniformity of drill or movement. Professional pride was rare; professional knowledge still more so.’ Yet, only a few years later, Britain’s land forces were the envy of Europe; they had emerged with scarcely a battle lost during the long, bitter contest with Napoleon and had crowned their many victories with the triumph of Waterloo.
The Army and The Home Front 1939–1945
Authors: Danchev Alex
Published: October 2023

When this regiment was formed our country was doing pretty badly. Napoleon’s armies were just across the Channel getting ready to invade us and a great many people thought we were finished. We weren’t. But not because we were lucky. When the first battalion of this regiment marched it was against Napoleon. Talavera,1809. That was the first battle they made their own. And they marched42 miles in 24 hours of a Spanish summer. And every man jack of ‘em carried a 60 lb pack. Talavera. Look at your cap badges, you’ll see the name on it . . . and the other battles too: Barrosa, Sabugal. At Sabugal they defeated five times the number of Napoleon’s troops. Salamanca, Orthez, Waterloo, Alma, Sebastopol, Tel-elKebir, Mons, Ypres, Somme . . . those are battle honours. You’re allowed to wear that badge with those names on it to show that you belong to the regiment that won them and that when the time comes, you’ll do as well as they did. Last year that badge was in France, this year in Libya. It hasn’t been disgraced yet. And now you’re wearing it .
Colonial and Postcolonial Literature
Authors: Boehmer Elleke
Published: October 2023

Wole Soyinka, Peter Carey, Margaret Atwood, V. S. Naipaul, J. M. Coetzee - postcolonial writers from around the world now enjoy wide popularity. In this book, Elleke Boehmer looks challengingly at the history of such writing, how it developed and how it departs from writing in the Empire in the Victorian period. Throughout this literature key themes and images - journeying, loss, the search for community, the arrival of the stranger - are expanded and redefined. Boehmer discusses these with reference to a broad range of texts, from Trollope, Kipling, Orwell, D. H. Lawrence and Katherine Mansfield, to authors as recent as Ben Okri and Michael Ondaatje, and the Aboriginal Australians Sally Morgan and Mudrooroo.
The Market Revolution
Authors: Sellers Charles
Published: October 2023

The of this broad studycentral thesis is that these were the years in which the Industrial Revolution had its full impact on America, and, largely because of this, the period saw the establishment of beliefs that capitalism created two societies in America: rich and poor, proprietors and workers, city dwellers and farmers. in sp doing he presents a major reinterpretation of the Jacksonian period and is certain to be recognized as the standard history for these years. It also presents fascinating portraits of such political figures as Henry Clay and John C Calhoun, a brilliant discussion of John Quincy Adams' diplomacy as Secretary of State that led to the Monroe Doctrine, and a knowledgeable assessment of Andrew Jackson and his Presidency — positive about his economic policies, negative about his pro-slavery views and vicious racism involving Indians. There are memorable discussions too, about the great depression of 1819 and its social effects, the religious movements of the times, Mormonism, the antislavery movement, and aspects of middle class society. This is a book of sweep and power that is certain to produce a reevaluation of Jacksonian America.
1920: A Beginning, a Middle, or an End Point
Authors: Chafe William H
Published: October 2023

Historians, by virtue of their focus on recognizable events and dates, some times become captives of a chronology that deceives more than it informs. Such may be the case in the natural tendency of women’s historians to zero in on victory for woman suffrage as a benchmark in women’s political and social experience. Because the Nineteenth Amendment was so long in coming and required such extraordinary struggle, it almost immediately assumed. near mythic proportions. Friends and foes alike ascribed a significance to the victory that generated expectations for women’s voting that may have borne no re lationship either to what had been achieved or to what might be forthcoming. Using 1920 as a measuring point for women’s status in America, therefore, may be more misleading than helpful.
The Only Verdict Possible
Authors: May Gary
Published: October 2023

The jury finally received the Remington case on Wednesday afternoon, February 7, 1951, six hours after court opened. They had listened patiently but uncomfortably through the attorneys’ five-hour summations and the judge’s brief instructions on how to render a verdict. Now it was up to them to determine what constituted membership in the Communist Party and whether Remington was guilty of perjury.1 At 4:20 P.M., the jury filed out of the courtroom to begin its deliberations. Once they were settled in the small jury room, Foreman David L. Jones, the Statler Hotel room clerk, asked his colleagues for an informal vote, just to see where things stood. They were asked to fill out a paper ballot, writing guilty, not guilty, or undecided. These were passed down the table to Jones, who called them out one by one: undecided, guilty, guilty, undecided, undecided, not guilty, guilty, guilty, guilty, undecided, guilty, and undecided. Leonard Booker, the power lineman, was annoyed. They were wasting their time, he said; both Remington and Bentley should have been shot long ago. They talked for a while. John Connors, a hospital attendant, was absolutely certain about Remington’s guilt; look at that statement by his own witness-David Stone Martin-everybody knew he was a Communist, or something like that. He asked the foreman to get the exhibit.
Problems of Structure, Finance and Program Quality in the French Audio-Visual System
Authors: Cayrol Roland
Published: October 2023

At the end of 1985 the French television system consisted of three national networks (all public)-TF 1, Antenne 2,and FR3-and a coded Hertzian network, Canal Plus.Stimulated by the decision to open television to private financing and because of the new perspectives offered by cable and satellite, issues of television financing and program quality became, at that time, a major subject of French political debate. Through the desire of President Mitterrand and the Socialist majority in Parliament, two new, completely private television networks, Channel 5and Channel 6, were born in the first quarter of 1986. The Conservative majority elected in March 1986 started the battle all over again and brought forth new basic questions about French television by assigning Channel 5and Channel 6 to new ownership and, especially, by deciding to let TF 1 go private. This decision took effect in the Spring of 1987.
Public-Service Broadcasting in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Schulz Winfried
Published: October 2023

The zero hour in recent German history was also the beginning of a new form of broadcasting. After the fall of the Nazi regime in 1945 the reorganization of the broadcasting system became a key concern of the Allied forces. Immediately after the war the still existing broadcasting facilities served as a mouthpiece of the Military Government and helped to get life going again in the destroyed country. But very soon broadcasting was gradually put back into German hands, though carefully watched and controlled by the military authorities.
Funding Down Under: The Australasian Experience
Authors: Barnett Steven
Published: October 2023

Geographic proximity dictates that Australia and New Zealand should be assessed together, but the starting point for this chapter must be the distinctive nature of their respective broadcasting structures. Some would argue that combining these two countries as if they were a single analyzable entity is as inappropriate as combining, say, Canada and the U.S.: next-door neighbors do not necessarily share the same values, history or method of financing their public broadcasters.
Contributions of Anthropology and Sociology to Alcohol Epidemiology
Authors: Murphy Jane m.
Published: October 2023

Culturally speaking, alcohol is not a neutral topic. As far as is known, all contemporary societies have knowledge of alcohol, either through their own fermentation and distilling techniques, or through contact with areas where alcoholic beverages are produced. Yet groups of people bound together by a shared belief system and a common cultural heritage often hold distinctive views about drinking (Marshall, 1979; Heath, 1986a, 1986b). Among some groups, the use of alcohol is highly valued for the ideologic and integrative role it plays in religious ceremonies and social festivals. Among others, its use is severely proscribed and sometimes legally prohibited.
Alcohol Use, Abuse, and Dependency in Shanghai
Authors: wang Changhua , Liu william t. , zhang ming-yuan , Yu elena s. H , xia zhengyi , fernandez marilyn , Lung Chingtung , Guangyaou Changlinxu
Published: October 2023

The use of alcohol for social and ceremonial occasions was recorded in Chinese history as early as 1760 B.C. during the Yin Dynasty (Ci-Hai Encyclopedia, 1979:936). The cultural tradition of ancient China placed alcoholic beverages at the center of social occasions, which presumably was the origin of the adage: “Without wine, there is no li (or etiquette).” Thus, the use of alcoholic beverages has always been accompanied by the concept of propriety and the discharging of one’s role obligations m social functions, rather than that of personal indulgence.
The Rebirth Of Feminism
Authors: Matthews Glenna
Published: October 2023

Baby boom-era men and women bought suburban homes by the millions, retreated to them, and procreated, while worrying about nuclear annihilation. The families they produced reversed a long-term American trend toward smaller numbers of children, a pattern that had been developing since the early nineteenth century. Yet even in this period of the celebration of “traditional” family values-when the stay-at-home television mom June Cleaver invariably yielded to her husband Ward’s superior wisdom and when Lucy Ricardo made a woman’s desire for a career seem preposterous-millions of women continued to be gainfully employed ·outside the home. Few women ran for electoral office, however-as late as 1969 only 4 percent of state legislators were female, for example. Clubs for middle-class white women were largely apolitical, which is not surprising given that their members were receiving messages from the culture to the effect that their experiences were valueless where the conduct of public business was concerned. Yet at the same time black women were joining clubs that aimed to transform American society.
The Divorce from “Afy Man”
Authors: Goldman Herbert G
Published: October 2023

Neither Ziegfeld nor any other producer could come up with a starring musical comedy for Fanny in the fall of 1923. Charlotte Greenwood’s Letty shows aside, comediennes like Fanny were not readily saleable as stars of Broadway shows. Beautiful Marilyn Miller, not Fanny Brice, was the top female musical comedy star of the 1920s.
Cardiovascular Physiology
Authors: Milnor William R
Published: October 2023

This well-written and carefully organized textbook describes the performance of the mammalian cardiovascular system and the physiological mechanisms that maintain normal function. The viewpoint ranges from the molecular and cellular level to the integrated function of the entire human organism. The author reviews historical developments in the field, and offers a detailed survey of hemodynamic variables and methods for measuring cardiovascular function.
Principles of Hemodynamics
Authors: Milnor William R
Published: October 2023

Physical principles are used extensively in analyzing cardiovascular function because the heart and blood vessels are a mechanical pumping system. Hemodynamics applies these principles to the circulation in order to relate the movement of blood and the strength of cardiac contraction to the physical properties of the structures involved. The tools employed are mainly the classical laws of force and motion described by Newton and Galileo, expressed in forms appropriate to the unusual nature of the pump, the circulating fluid, and the tubular conducting system.
Capillary and Lymphatic Systems
Authors: Milnor William R
Published: October 2023

The capillaries are the site of communication between the circulatory system and the fluid that bathes all the cells of the body. Through the capillary walls pass nutrients, waste products, and regulatory substances that are absorbed into the bloodstream and delivered to appropriate tissues elsewhere. The capillaries are tubes of very small diameter, and their walls consist of a single layer of flattened endothelial cells, 0.1 to 0.3 µmin thickness, with nuclei that some times bulge into the lumen.
The Second Reconstruction
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E
Published: October 2023

Justice Harlan’s secretary Ethel McCall and black messenger Paul Burke were the two permanent members of the Justice’s staff. Mrs. McCall’s tenure with Harlan apparently reached back to his service as chief counsel to the New York crime commission. Burke had joined him in 1957. “I would assume,” he recently remarked, “that if he was still living, I would still be there in a wheelchair with him.”1 The Justice’s clerks recall Paul Burke with fondness and respect. They remember Mrs. McCall, however, as a “tyrant” who attempted to deny them access to the lavatory in the Justice’s chambers and otherwise made life difficult. And while the recollections of most reflect the good-humored bemusement Marine recruits may have for their boot-camp drill instructors twenty to thirty years after the experience, others are less charitable.
Introduction: Enhancing Judicial Capacity
Authors: Diiulio John J
Published: October 2023

Judges are not wardens, but we must act as wardens to the limited extent that unconstitutional prison conditions force us to intervene when those responsible for the conditions have failed to act. -Harris v. Flemming, 839 F.2d 1232 (7th Cir. 1988) As late as 1970,judges played a negligible role in the administration of prisons. For most of the previous two centuries, prisoners were “slaves of the state.” A prisoner was beaten for minor rule infractions, worked mercilessly, starved, forced to live in filth, and made to suffer cruelties and hardships. Little or no help could be expected from the bench.
True Cues and Symbolic Validation
Authors: Franck Thomas M
Published: October 2023

In international law and diplomacy, a sovereign, a government or regime is recognized by other nations if it is legitimate and it is legitimate if it is recognized by other nations. Recognition not only “sees” legitimacy: it also confers it. Just as determinacy appeared perfectly straightforward, at first impression, but became more complex as one probed deeper, so too with symbolic validation. Sometimes cues succeed in communicating legitimacy; at other times, symbols fail to validate. Fortunately, these deviations occur in accordance with norms which are readily understood. To take what is perhaps the prime instance: the cues used to confer legitimacy succeed only when those addressed perceive them as symbolic of truth.
Community and Legitimacy
Authors: Franck Thomas M
Published: October 2023

As we have seen, it is a commonly held view, vigorously championed by John Austin, Hans Kelsen, and others, that law is “a coercive order” which characteristically employs “that specific social technique which consists in the attempt to bring about the desired social conduct of men through the threat of a measure of coercion which is to be taken in case of contrary, that is, legally wrong, conduct.” This belief-system holds that the coercive order is a hallmark of a developed social community, which is also marked by “the establishment of a special organ, a tribunal, competent to ascertain by a definite procedure the fact that a delict has been committed and to order the sanction provided for by the law; it consists also in the establishment of a special executive organ competent to carry out the sanction ordered by the tribunal.
Postlude: Why Not Justice?
Authors: Franck Thomas M
Published: October 2023

There are two reasons for not including justice among the factors making for legitimacy. One is operational, the other theoretical. The operational reason is that justice can only be said to be done to persons, not to such collective entities as states. Of course, it is possible to say that the Treaty of Versailles did an “injustice” to Germany at the end of the First World War. To the extent that all Germans suffered from the inflation, unemployment and social unravelling which followed the treaty’s imposition of huge reparations and their concomitant deprivations, the statement may be useful as metaphorical shorthand for the wrongs imposed on the people.
The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers
Authors: Srebnick Amy Gilman
Published: October 2023

In the summer of 1841, Mary Rogers disappeared without a trace from her New York City boarding house. Three days later, her body, badly bruised and waterlogged, was found floating in the shallow waters of the Hudson River just a few feet from the Jersey shore. Her story, parlayed into a long celebrated unsolved mystery, became grist for penny presses, social reformers, and politicians alike, and an impetus for popular literature, including Edgar Allen Poe's pioneering detective story "The Mystery of Marie Roget." In The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers, historian Amy Gilman Srebnick brilliantly recaptures the story of Mary Rogers, showing how Rogers represented an emerging class of women who took advantage of the greater economic and sexual opportunities available to them in urban America, and how her death became a touchstone for the voicing of mid-nineteenth century concerns over sexual license, the changing roles of women, law and order, and abortion. Rogers' death, first thought due to a murderous gang of rapists and later tacitly understood to be the result of an ill-performed abortion, quickly became a source of popular entertainment, a topic of political debate, and an inspiration to public policy. The incident and the city's response to it provides a fascinating window into the urban culture and consciousness of the mid-1800s. Indeed, in Rogers' name, and as a direct result of her death, two important pieces of legislation were passed in 1845: the New York City Police Reform Act which effectively modernized the city's system of policing, and the New York State law criminalizing abortion. The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers tells a story of a death, but more importantly it also tells the story of a life--that of Mary Rogers--and of the complex urban social world of which she was a part. Like the city in which she lived, Mary Rogers was a source of wonder, mystery, and fear, provoking desire, and inspiring narrative.
Prologue:The Mary Rogers Tragedy
Authors: Srebnick Amy Gilman
Published: October 2023

JN September 1841, Lydia Maria Child, the celebrated writer and JL abolitionist, visited the scene of what she and others described as the ̎Mary Rogers Tragedy.̎ The event she referred to was the mysterious death of Mary Cecilia Rogers, a young woman of New York City who had mysteriously disappeared on a hot Sunday in late July from the boardinghouse she ran with her elderly mother on Nassau Street, in the heart of the city. More commonly known as the ̎Beautiful Cigar Girl̎ when she had tended the counter at John Anderson’s popular cigar store, her body, badly bruised and waterlogged, had been found three days later, floating in the shallow waters of the Hudson River just a few feet from the shore, near Hoboken, New Jersey. Standing at this site, ̎the beautiful promontory near Sybil̕s cave where her body was found half in and half out of the water,̎ just a few weeks after the death, Child was struck by the beauty of the setting and overwhelmed by a complex mixture of thoughts, feelings, and associations.
Soviet Inferences from Their Victories in the Periphery: Visions of Resistance or Cumulating Gains?
Authors: Hopf Ted
Published: October 2023

Since World War II, American decision makers' perceived need to counter Soviet activities in peripheral areas of the globe has led the United States into a continual string of conflicts, from the Korean War to the Grenada operation. American statesmen did not perceive any strategic interests at stake in these conflicts, but instead, continue to be haunted by the“lessons of Munich,” which teach that any sign of weakness before a potential foe will lead to the latter's ultimate challenge for global hegemony.
The Cell Biology of the Sertoli Cell
Authors: Bardin C Wayne , Gunsalus, Glen L , Cheng C Yan
Published: October 2023

The testis can be divided functionally into interstitium and seminiferous tubules, which are responsible for the production of androgens and spermatozoa, respectively. The linkage of the androgen-producing cells with the germ cell-producing elements of the testis in vertebrates is, on one hand, a functional necessity, and, on the other, a regulatory paradox. The necessity for the Leydig cells to be adjacent to the seminiferous tubular epithelium derives from the notion that high concentrations of androgens are required for differentiation of spermatozoa. Such an idea is supported by numerous studies, including those showing that a large dose of androgens maintained spermatogenesis in hypophysectomized animals. The paradox of this association lies in the different pathways through which Leydig cells and seminiferous epithelium are regulated.
Sweden
Authors: Lundström Ragnhild
Published: October 2023

By 1870 most of the privileges and regulations of the “old society” had been done away with in Sweden. In some cases this had only implied a codification of what was already practiced. In many instances, however, it had been the result of a liberal policy embraced by a great number of the more influential Swedes, including the late king. The bank reform of 1864 contained both these elements. The ban on bank interest rates above 6 percent was abolished, but it had earlier been circumvented by banks charging commissions of various kinds and dealing in bills of exchange as sales and purchases instead of lending. The other part of this reform, which greatly facilitated the founding of note-issuing banks with unlimited liability, was the final result of a long political struggle concerning banks that dated from the early 1820s.
Banks and Banking in Canada and Australia
Authors: Drummond Ian M
Published: October 2023

In many respects Canada and Australia possessed similar financial systems. But in many ways the systems were very different. Our survey treats not only the commercial banks but also the “near-banks” and “semi-banks” that shared the field with the more conventional banking institutions; we also discuss the financial context, both domestic and international, in which these institutions worked. Summary financial data appear in Table 9-1.
Castelo Branco: The Attempt to Institutionalize
Authors: Skidmore Thomas E
Published: October 2023

With the Second Institutional Act (AI-2) in force, Castelo Branco ended his hopes that Brazil’ s political and economic ills could be cured in the short term. But the castelistas, as the moderate military came to be called, did not abandon their belief that they had the cure for turning Brazil into a stable, capitalist democracy. It might just take a little longer. Castelo Branco’ s remaining tenure as president is.the story of ever stronger doses of the same medicine. Meanwhile, the President defended his increasing political manipulation as short-term actions that would strengthen democ racy in the long run.1
Costa E Silva: The Military Tighten Their Grip
Authors: Skidmore Thomas E
Published: October 2023

It was a tense moment when Marshal Costa e Silva received the presidential sash on March 15, 1967. Castelo Branco and his allies had stubbornly fought Costa e Silva’ s nomination. Having lost that battle, they pushed through a welter of new laws and a new constitution, ostensibly to consoli date the Revolution, but also to box in the new government.
Médici:The Authoritarian Face
Authors: Skidmore Thomas E
Published: October 2023

General Emilio Garrastazu Medici was virtually unknown to the public when he assumed the presidency in October 1969. By contrast, his two predecessors had been major figures in the Revolution of 1964. Both had a strong following among the military and the public by the time they became president. And both were eager for the job. Medici, by contrast, was a soldier’ s soldier. He was dead set against becoming president and gave in only on grounds of military duty. Medici became President, not because he or his military electors thought he had the vision or the knowledge a president needed, but because he was the only four-star general who could stop the army from tearing itself apart.1
Introduction
Authors: Mayers David
Published: October 2023

Since Walter Lippmann blasted the policy of containment as a “strategic monstrosity” in 1947, George Kennan has been a controversial public figure alternately heralded and damned by numerous critics, including liberals and conservatives, diplomats, journalists, and scholars. To the historian Louis Halle, Kennan’s service during the Cold War was stunning and characterized by “Shakespearian insight and vision.” John Paton Davies, a career diplomat and one of the original members of the State Department’s Policy Planning Staff, has been especially impressed by Kennan’s “intuitive and creative mind, richly stored with knowledge, eloquent in expression, and disciplined by a scholarly respect for precision.” Though disappointed with some of his views, principally those regarding the Third World, the Harvard political scientist Stanley Hoffmann has likened Kennan’s mind to the exact mechanism of a fine watch. The trustees of the Albert Einstein Peace Prize and the German Booksellers Association have accorded him special recognition in the early 1980s as an outspoken, articulate opponent of the nuclear arms race. Yet, in the pages of The New Republic in 1977, Henry Fairlie has attributed Kennan’s advocacy of improved Soviet-US relations to advancing senility.
Nazi Germany and the Future of Europe
Authors: Mayers David
Published: October 2023

Kennan ’s despair in the late 1930s over what he viewed as the deplorable condition of American society and politics was moderated by a newfound higher regard in which he held his native Wisconsin. The disdain that he felt for it in his youth and at Princeton had been displaced during his years abroad by sentimental affection. His periodic visits to Wisconsin, particularly in 1938, affirmed in him an appreciation for the land and its inhabitants: he found them kindly, interested, and open-minded. He also entertained fanciful ideas about the political virtues Wisconsin embodied and the lessons it could teach the rest of the country.
Introduction
Authors: Conley Carolyn A
Published: October 2023

During the nineteenth century the British government made several attempts to reform and “regularize” the criminal justice system.1 But the reforms were often resisted as a threat to individual freedom and local autonomy. A major goal of this work will be to assess the degree to which the regularization of the criminal law actually determined the practices of local officials. Despite the new regulations and procedures, older, traditional patterns of judicial discretion and extra-legal community sanctions continued to be practiced with considerable support.
The Dark Side of the Civil War
Authors: Neely Mark E
Published: October 2023

Though military arrests of civilians increasingly brought Southern citizens into the infamous bastilles of the North, throughout the war some of the prisoners, of course, came from the North as well. Among the Northerners were businessmen, entrepreneurs, and peddlers who fell victim to the Lincoln admin istration’s policies, not because they dissented from the war effort but because they appeared to be trying to profit from it by shady exploitation. These Northerners sometimes suffered as harsh a treatment as any civilian, and, indeed, one group of Northern civilian prisoners received the harshest treatment meted out officially to any prisoners, civilian or military, Southern or Northern. To look at these arrests is to see a dark side to the Civil War rarely glimpsed in the numerous military histories of the conflict.
The Democratic opposition
Authors: Neely Mark E
Published: October 2023

The Milligandecision provided a victory after the fact for opponents of the internal security measures taken by the Lincoln administration. It was all the more surprising and telling because it came from a Republican court and yet judged a Republican president harshly. It stands to reason that its sources must have included something other than Democratic denunciation of the Lincoln administration, and indeed a survey of the debate over the issue of civil liberties in the Civil War reveals that some doubts had been expressed on the Republican side all along. But naturally, the main opposition to the policy came from the Democratic party. They proved slow to criticize at first, lacking leadership and motivated by patriotic concern to preserve the Union. Eventually, their protests were heard, but a survey of Democratic criticism reveals a lack of depth and sincerity.
Macroeconomic Policies, Competitiveness, and U.S. External Adjustment
Authors: Hooper Peter
Published: October 2023

The sharp decline in the U.S. external balance during the 1980s represents the acceleration of a downward trend that began three decades earlier. After being comfortably in surplus during the 1960s, the U.S. current account was about in balance, on average, during the 1970s, and fell steeply into deficit during the 1980s.
U.S. Competitiveness and the Exchange Rate: A General Equilibrium Analysis of the U.S. Economy, 1982-86
Authors: Adelman Irma , Robinson Sherman
Published: October 2023

Dramatic changes in the position of the United States in the world economy began to unfold in 1981. There has been a substantial acceleration in the loss of international competitiveness of the United States, resulting in a massive deterioration in the deficit in the U.S. balance of trade. By 1986, the U.S. trade deficit had quintupled relative to 1980, becoming the largest trade deficit ever run by the United States or any other nation.
Price and Output Adjustment in Japanese Manufacturing
Authors: Branson William H , Marston Richard C
Published: October 2023

Since the mid-1970s, manufacturing firms in the United States and Japan have had to cope with large fluctuations in real exchange rates. Firms in the two countries are said to have responded quite differently to these fluctuations. As shown in Branson and Love (1988), output and employment in U.S. manufacturing varied sharply in response to changes in the real value of the dollar.
The Trade and Industrial Policies of Postwar Japan: A Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Itoh Motoshige , Kiyono Kazuharu
Published: October 2023

Potwar economic growth has been stimulated worldwide by the remarkable development of capital- or technology-intensive industries that produce such goods as steel, automobiles, machinery, chemicals, semiconductors, and computers.
The Nature of the Firm: Influence
Authors: Coase R H
Published: October 2023

Because “The Nature of the Firm” had little or no influence for thirty or forty years after it was published, an assessment of its influence of necessity focuses on the recent past. But I will be interpreting what has been happening in the light of the thoughts and events of fifty years ago. The initial reception of my article by my elders and betters at the London School of Economics (LSE) was a complete lack of interest. Nor was the response of the rest of the economics profession very different. Stigler reprinted the article in 1952 in Readings in Price Theory, which he edited (along with Boulding) for the American Economic Association. This increased the number of footnote references but did not bring about any real interest in the questions raised in that article. The only serious discussion of the firm along somewhat similar lines of which I am aware to appear before the 1970s was the article by Malmgren, “Information, Expectations and the Theory of the Firm,” published in the Quarterly Journal of Economics in August 1961. The result was that when I was asked to present a paper in November 1970 as part of the fiftieth anniversary celebrations of the National Bureau of Economic Research, at a Roundtable on Policy Issues and Research Opportunities in Industrial Organization, I felt justified in referring to “The Nature of the Firm” as “much cited and little used.” I pointed to what I considered to be the parlous state of the study of industrial organization at that time. What was dealt with by economists under that heading had nothing to do with how industry was organized. It had become “a study of the pricing and output policies of firms, especially in oligopolistic situations.”
Antitrust Policy: An Economic and Legal Analysis
Authors: kaysen Carl , Turner donald f.
Published: October 2023

Antitrust policy may serve a variety of ultimate aims: ... the at­tainment of desirable economic performance by individual firms and ultimately by the economy as a whole; the achievement and maintenance of competitive processes in the market-regulated sec­tor of the economy as an end in itself; the prescription of a standard of business conduct, a code of fair competition; and the prevention of an undue growth of big business, viewed broadly in terms of the distribution of power in the society at large.