bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IFT80 Is Required for Fracture Healing Through Controlling the Regulation of TGF-β Signaling in Chondrocyte Differentiation and Function
Authors: Liu Min , Alharbi Mohammed , Graves Dana , Yang Shuying
Published: October 2019

Primary cilia are essential cellular organelles that are anchored at the cell surface membrane to sense and transduce signaling. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins are indispensable for cilia formation and function. Although major advances in understanding the roles of these proteins in bone development have been made, the mechanisms by which IFT proteins regulate bone repair have not been identified. We investigated the role of the IFT80 protein in chondrocytes during fracture healing by creating femoral fractures in mice with conditional deletion of IFT80 in chondrocytes utilizing tamoxifen inducible Col2α1-CreER mice. Col2α1creIFT80f/f mice had smaller fracture calluses than IFT80f/f (control) mice. The max-width and max-callus area were 31% and 48% smaller than those of the control mice, respectively. Col2α1creIFT80f/f mice formed low-density/porous woven bony tissue with significantly lower ratio of bone volume, Trabecular (Tb) number and Tb thickness, and greater Tb spacing compared to control mice. IFT80 deletion significantly downregulated the expression of angiogenesis markers-VEGF, PDGF and angiopoietin and inhibited fracture callus vascularization. Mechanistically, loss of IFT80 in chondrocytes resulted in a decrease in cilia formation and chondrocyte proliferation rate in fracture callus compared to the control mice. Meanwhile, IFT80 deletion downregulated the TGF-β signaling pathway by inhibiting the expression of TGF-βI, TGF-βR, and phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in the fracture callus. In primary chondrocyte cultures in vitro, IFT80 deletion dramatically reduced chondrocyte proliferation, cilia assembly, and chondrogenic gene expression and differentiation. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that IFT80 and primary cilia play an essential role in fracture healing, likely through controlling chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, and the TGF-β signaling pathway. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Nonremission and Recurrent Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Li Xiang , Jiang Yan , Huo Li , Wu Huanwen , Liu Yong , Jin Jin , Yu Wei , Lv Wei , Zhou Lian , Xia Yu , Wang Ou , Li Mei , Xing Xiaoping , Chi Yue , Jiajue Ruizhi , Cui Lijia , Meng Xunwu , Xia Weibo
Published: October 2019

Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome. It is curable by excision of the causative tumor. However, a few cases may persist or relapse after tumor resection. We aimed to investigate the rate of these events and related factors. We retrospectively studied TIO patients treated with surgery in a tertiary hospital. TIO was established based on a pathologic examination or the reversion of hypophosphatemia. Refractory TIO patients consisted of those with nonremission or recurrent hypophosphatemia after surgery. A total of 230 patients were confirmed as having TIO. After primary surgery, 26 (11.3%) cases persisted, and 16 (7.0%) cases recurred. The overall refractory rate was 18.3%. The median time of recurrence was 33 months. Compared with patients in the recovery group, patients in the refractory group were more likely to be female (59.5% versus 41.0%, p = .029) and have a lower serum phosphate level (0.44 ± 0.13 versus 0.50 ± 0.11 mmol/L, p = .002). The refractory rate was lowest in head/neck tumors (7.5%) and highest in spine tumors (77.8%). Regarding the tissue involved of tumor location, the refractory rate was higher in tumors involving bone than tumors involving soft tissue (32.7% versus 7.0%, p < .001). The outcomes of malignant tumors were worse than those of benign tumors (p < .001): nonremission rate, 21.4% versus 9.7%; recurrence rate, 28.6% versus 6.5%. In the multivariate regression analysis, female sex, spine tumors, bone tissue-involved tumors, malignancy, and low preoperation serum phosphorus levels were identified as risk factors for refractory outcomes. High preoperative fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels were also associated with refractory after adjusting for involving tissue and tumor malignancy. In summary, we are the first to report the rate and clinical characteristics of refractory TIO in a large cohort. For patients with multiple risk factors, especially spine tumors, clinical practitioners should be aware of a poor surgical prognosis. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
RETRACTED: 3‐Acetyl‐11‐keto‐β‐boswellic acid attenuated oxidative glutamate toxicity in neuron‐like cell lines by apoptosis inhibition
Authors: Rajabian Arezoo , Sadeghnia Hamid Reza , Hosseini Azar , Mousavi Seyed Hadi , Boroushaki Mohammad Taher
Published: October 2019

3‐Acetyl‐11‐keto‐β‐boswellic acid (AKBA), a pentacyclic triterpenic acid present in gum resin of Boswellia serrata, has been found to possess antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. In this study, we aimed to examine protective properties of AKBA against glutamate‐induced neuronal injury. To investigate the effects of AKBA (2.5‐10 µM) on glutamate injury in neuron‐like cells PC12 and N2a, two treatment regimens (incubation for 2 or 0 hours before glutamate exposure) were used. Then, the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide method was used to determine viability of the cells. Cellular redox status was evaluated using fluorimetry and comet assays. Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining and Western blot analysis of relative apoptotic proteins were conducted. Based on the results, 24 hours incubation with glutamate (8 mM) increased the cell mortality of PC12 and N2a (P < .001). However, AKBA (2.5‐10 µM) enhanced the cell viability in both treatment regimens (P < .001). Also co‐ and pretreatment with AKBA significantly attenuated lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species production, and DNA injury (P < .05 and P < .001). AKBA also restored the activity of cellular superoxide dismutase under glutamate toxicity; this effect was seen to be more significant during the pretreatment regimen (P < .001). Moreover, Western blot analysis indicated that AKBA inhibited glutamate‐induced programmed cell death through depressing the elevation of the expression ratio of Bax/Bcl‐2 and cleaved‐caspase‐3 proteins, concentration‐dependently. Overall, the present findings suggest the neuroprotective activities of AKBA against glutamate‐induced cell injury probably by inhibiting oxidative damage and reducing apoptotic cell death.
Optimizing cancer care for hepatocellular carcinoma at a safety‐net hospital: The value of a multidisciplinary disease management team
Authors: Duininck Grace , Lopez‐Aguiar Alexandra G. , Lee Rachel M. , Miller Lesley , Dariushnia Sean , Wu Christina , Alese Olatunji B. , Lin Jolinta Y. , Wedd Joel , Adams Andrew , Maithel Shishir K. , Russell Maria C.
Published: October 2019

Background

Hepatitis C (HCV) is the primary etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the US multidisciplinary disease management teams (DMT) that optimize oncologic care. The impact of DMT for HCC in safety‐net hospitals is unknown.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with HCC from 2009 to 2016 at Grady Memorial Hospital (GMH) were included. The primary aim was to evaluate referrals to care, receipt of therapy, and overall survival (OS) after DMT formation. Screening patterns of HCV patients for HCC were also examined.

Results

Of 204 HCC patients, median age was 58 years, with 81% male, 83% black. 46% presented with stage 4 disease, 53% had treatment with median OS 9.8 months. DMT formation was associated with increased referrals to surgery (49% vs 30%; P = .02), liver‐directed therapy (58% vs 31%; P = .001), and radiation (13% vs 3%; P = .019). Patients were also more likely to get treatment (59% vs 41%; P = .026), with improved median OS (30.7 vs 4.9 months; P < .001). DMT did not alter HCV screening for HCC (23%). HCV patients screened for HCC had earlier stage disease (P = .001).

Conclusion

Implementation of a DMT at GMH is associated with increased HCC patients referred for/receiving treatment, as well as improved survival. Few patients with HCV at risk for HCC are screened, despite DMT. Future efforts should aim to establish screening programs for HCV patients at risk for HCC.
Use of ultrasound findings to predict bowel ischemic changes in pediatric patients with intestinal volvulus
Authors: Hosokawa Takahiro , Hosokawa Mayumi , Tanami Yutaka , Sato Yumiko , Ishimaru Tetsuya , Tanaka Yujiro , Kawashima Hiroshi , Oguma Eiji
Published: October 2019

Objectives

Early diagnosis and prompt surgical intervention are important to prevent intestinal necrosis in patients with volvulus. The purpose of this study was to determine which ultrasound (US) findings may predict bowel ischemic changes in pediatric patients with intestinal volvulus.

Methods

Thirty‐one pediatric patients with surgically proven intestinal volvulus were retrospectively reviewed. We compared the demographics and US findings (eg, superior mesenteric artery collapse, ascites, echogenic ascites, and degree of intestinal twist) between patients with and without bowel ischemic changes during surgery. Data are presented as median and range. The Fisher exact test, Mann‐Whitney U test, and Wilcoxon signed rank sum test were used for statistical analyses.

Results

Eleven patients had bowel ischemic changes. Significant differences existed between patients with and without ischemic changes for age (2 days [range, 0–137 days] versus 6.5 days [range, 2–1618 days]; P = .02), superior mesenteric artery collapse (present/absent, 10/1 versus 9/11 patients; P = .02), the presence of ascites (present/absent, 8/3 versus 6/14 patients; P = .03), and intestinal twist degree on US imaging (540° [range, 180°–720°] versus 360° [range, 180°–720°]; P = .02). The groups did not significantly differ for sex, the time from the US examination to the operation, or echogenic ascites. The intestinal twist degree insignificantly differed between US and surgical findings (360° [range, 180°–720°] versus 360° [range, 0°–1080°]; P = .36).

Conclusions

The presence of superior mesenteric artery collapse, ascites, and a large intestinal twist on US imaging were significant predictors of intestinal ischemic changes. Pediatric surgeons should perform prompt surgical interventions in cases of volvulus with these US findings.
Reduction of miR‐212 contributes to pituitary adenoma cell invasion via targeting c‐Met
Authors: Wang Hong‐Yan , Gao Huai‐Qing
Published: October 2019

The current study aimed to evaluate the expression and role of miR‐212 in the progression of pituitary adenoma (PA), thereby providing a theoretical basis and potential therapy methods for PA patients. Our data showed that miR‐212 levels were significantly reduced in PA tissues than normal pituitary tissues. However, no significant difference was identified in the serum of PA patients and healthy control. In addition, the expression of miR‐212 in invasive PA was significantly lower than that in noninvasive and normal pituitary tissues. Moreover, the level of miR‐212 was decreased with the increase of tumor invasion. Meanwhile, the expression of miR‐212 in giant adenomas was significantly lower than that in macroadenomas and microadenomas. Furthermore, inhibition of miR‐212 significantly enhanced the proliferation and invasive capacity of GH3 cells. Dual luciferase reporter assay and western blot analysis confirmed that c‐Met was a target gene of miR‐212. More importantly, upregulation of c‐Met significantly prompted PA cell proliferation mainly as a result of the enhanced level of phosphorylation of AKT. This effect could be abolished when c‐Met was silenced in GH3 cells. In summary, reduced miR‐212 expression in PA contributed to abnormal cancer cell proliferation and invasion mainly by targeting c‐Met.
Aqueous extract of Dendrobium officinale confers neuroprotection against hypoxic‐ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats
Authors: Li Xiao‐Li , Hong Mei
Published: October 2019

Accumulating evidences have proved the protective role of traditional Chinese medicine in improving neurological damage induced by cerebral hypoxia‐ischemia. Herein, we hypothesized that Dendrobium officinale aqueous extract exerted neuroprotection against brain damage. Initially, a model of hypoxic‐ischemic brain damage (HIBD) was induced in neonatal rats, which were subsequently intragastrically administered with different doses of Dendrobium officinale aqueous extract. Next, the antioxidant capacity was examined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. 2,3,5‐Triphenyltetrazolium chloride and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end‐labeling staining assays were adopted to determine neuronal apoptosis in brain tissues. Furthermore, neurotrophic factors and hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) expression was identified by Western blot analysis. The neonatal rat models of HIBD presented impaired neurobehaviors and antioxidant capacity, increased neuronal apoptosis and expression of HIF‐1α and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), as well as diminished expression of neurotrophic factors and K+‐Cl−‐cotransporter 2 (KCC2). Notably, in response to different doses of Dendrobium officinale aqueous extract, the impairment on neurobehaviors and antioxidant capacity was alleviated, accompanied by reduced levels of nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde, and increased superoxide dismutase activity. Besides, the neuronal apoptosis was inhibited as reflected by down‐regulated cleaved caspase‐3 and Bax and up‐regulated Bcl‐2. Moreover, we also found accelerated expression of neurotrophic factors and KCC2 and diminished expression of HIF‐1α and HDAC1. Altogether, this present study highlights that the aqueous extract of Dendrobium officinale can suppress the neuronal apoptosis and enhance the expression of neurotrophic factors to protect neonatal rats against HIBD.
Comparison of legislative management for new psychoactive substances control among Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan
Authors: Feng Ling‐Yi , Wada Kiyoshi , Chung Heesun , Han Eunyoung , Li Jih‐Heng
Published: October 2019

For decades, the three United Nations drug conventions have served as the basis for member states' obligations and international cooperation on drug control. However, the emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) poses a new risk to public health and a challenge to drug policy because of their unknown toxicological effects and easy modification of chemical structures to shun legal control. So far, there is no international consensus on legislative control of NPSs. Therefore, we compared the legislative management on NPS control among Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan. Drug‐related information was obtained from the authorities of these three countries. The results indicate that despite geographic proximity and similar legal attitudes toward illegal drug use, the legislative criteria, and responses for NPS control in these three countries were quite different. Ketamine has been the major used NPS in Taiwan but seldom found in South Korea and Japan. The difference in the number of controlled NPSs in Taiwan (91) and South Korea (245) might be due to the implementation of temporary designation systems and analog controls in South Korea. The recent surge of newly controlled NPSs in Japan was because of the promulgation of designated drug regulation and subsequent control of “dangerous drugs.” Although NPS use has become a potential social and medical problem among these three countries, the outcomes of NPS legislation control remain to be scrutinized. To minimize harm from NPS use, development of legislative mechanism(s) on NPS scheduling is the first step for early identification and control of NPS problems.
Using a balanced scorecard to manage corporate social responsibility
Authors: Asiaei Kaveh , Bontis Nick
Published: October 2019

This conceptual paper aims to tie together the insights from the body of research on corporate social responsibility (CSR) and management accounting and control systems to investigate a model in which performance measurement systems (PMSs) can play a role in translating socially responsible initiatives into enhanced performance. The underlying assumption of the “fit‐as‐mediation” approach signifies that company practices can play a role in the determination of the structure and implementation of particular managerial processes, and this, in turn, may support information processing and lead to desirable results within organizations. Synthesizing theory from performance measurement and CSR, the paper's analysis and discussions elucidate how the implementation of an overarching PMS, that is, sustainability balanced scorecard (BSC), could translate the knowledge‐related factor, that is, CSR, into enhanced performance. The proposed model may inspire a new research agenda to show how socially responsible or sustainability initiatives are managed and measured in organizations and how they are properly aligned with specific managerial processes to deliver real value. Although the importance of CSR and its wide implications has long been appreciated in the literature, there still remains a paucity of information concerning the importance of particular managerial processes, for example, PMS, whereby organizations can translate their CSR into enhanced performance. This paper, therefore, seeks to bridge this gap by proposing a conceptual model in which an integrated PMS, that is, sustainability BSC, comes to play a role in the association between CSR and corporate performance.
Increased Expression of Estrogen Receptor Beta in Idiopathic Progressive Subglottic Stenosis
Authors: Damrose Edward J. , Campbell Ross David , Darwish Sonja , Erickson‐DiRenzo Elizabeth
Published: October 2019

Background/Objectives

Idiopathic progressive subglottic stenosis (IPSS) predominantly affects females in perimenopause. It has, therefore, been hypothesized that estrogen is involved in its pathogenesis. There are two main types of estrogen receptors: ER‐α and ER‐β. Abnormal variants of ER‐β have previously been shown to be associated with poor wound healing. Estrogen receptors have recently been identified in subglottic tissue samples, with elevated levels of ER‐α and progesterone receptors, and no expression of ER‐β, in stenotic specimens reported in one study. The objective of this study was to confirm the presence of estrogen receptors in the subglottis and investigate levels of expression and types of estrogen receptors in normal and stenotic subglottic tissue.

Methods

Subglottic tissue was obtained from three female and one male cadaver without laryngotracheal pathology to serve as controls. Subglottic tissue specimens from five female patients with IPSS were also analysed. Immunofluorescence stains for ER‐α and ER‐β were performed on specimens. Staining patterns were compared qualitatively and semi‐qualitatively between control and IPSS specimens.

Results

Immunofluorescence stains demonstrated the presence of both ER‐α and ER‐β in subglottic tissue. IPSS specimens demonstrated significantly greater staining intensity of ER‐α in the epithelium and ER‐β in glands and ducts compared to controls.

Conclusions

This study confirms the presence of estrogen receptors in the subglottis. Increased expression of ER‐α in the epithelium and ER‐β in glands and ducts in IPSS compared to controls may help to explain the predisposition to stenosis in these individuals.

Level of Evidence

3b Laryngoscope, 130:2186–2191, 2020
Effects of lipid and urea extraction on stable isotope values (δ13C and δ15N) of two batoids: A call for more species‐specific investigations
Authors: Crook Kevin A. , Barnett Adam , Sheaves Marcus , Abrantes Katya
Published: October 2019

The presence of lipids and urea in elasmobranch tissues can affect carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope values, introducing bias in food web interpretations. Information on how lipids and urea affect δ13C/δ15N is only available for < 5% of ~ 1150 described elasmobranch species and results are highly variable among existing studies. Here, we investigate the effects of lipid and urea extraction on δ13C, δ15N, and C:N ratios in muscle and blood plasma of two batoids (Pastinachus ater and Himantura australis) and examine the influence of lipid/urea extraction on isotopic niche size and overlap. Lipid extraction (LE) did not affect δ13C, δ15N, or C:N ratios, suggesting low lipid content. Urea extraction (UE), however, increased δ15N and C:N in muscle. The ~ 1‰ δ15N increase represents a shift of ~ 0.5 trophic levels relative to bulk samples, highlighting the importance of UE to accurately assess trophic positions. Although there was no effect of any treatment on niche size, the probability of P. ater occurring within the niche of H. australis increased following UE. Overall, results suggest that urea should be removed from muscle prior to analysis, but LE is not required. Given the interspecific variability in the effects of lipid/urea on elasmobranch δ13C/δ15N, more studies are needed to assess the effects of lipid and urea on a broader range of species to produce a generalized understanding. Where no species‐specific data are available, we recommend pilot samples are analyzed to determine if LE is needed prior to preparation of the overall sample set.
A Comprehensive Review of Optical Fiber Refractometers: Toward a Standard Comparative Criterion
Authors: Urrutia Aitor , Del Villar Ignacio , Zubiate Pablo , Zamarreño Carlos R.
Published: October 2019

Thanks to the peculiarities of optical fiber and its ability to be combined with nanotechnology, precise and accurate measurements of the changes in optical properties (i.e., refractive index) of the medium surrounding the fiber are becoming possible with a high degree of performance. Thus, optical fiber sensors (OFSs) are increasingly finding applications in biochemistry and biomedicine. Here, all types of optical fiber refractometers are covered, and they are classified into three main groups: interferometers, grating‐based structures, and resonance‐based structures (the resonance is induced by coating the optical fiber sensor with a thin film). The performance of these different structures is compared by means of the most common parameters: sensitivity, full width at half minimum or maximum, figure of merit, and quality factor. The aim here is to provide a reliable and easy‐to‐use tool to compare the performance of the most recent developments on fiber optic refractometers.
Improving the Acid and Base Resistance of Polyurethane Using Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Ata Seisuke , Yamane Shogo , Hayashi Yoshihiro , Kawauchi Susumu , Mizukado Junji , Yamada Takeo , Hata Kenji
Published: October 2019

This paper demonstrates that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be used as an effective filler for inhibiting the hydrolysis of polyurethane (PU) under acidic and basic conditions. Although it has been reported that CNTs can quench the radicals on its surface, for the first time, it is confirmed that CNTs undergo reactions that have an inhibiting effect on ion‐mediated hydrolysis. Attenuated total reflectance–infrared spectroscopy measurements on PU and PU–CNT samples reveal that CNTs inhibit the hydrolysis of PU in both acid and alkaline environments. Via quantum chemical calculations, it is shown that CNTs can trap H+ ions and OH− ions on their surface. It is also shown that CNTs can trap multiple ions, even though electrical repulsion is to be expected. The results reveal that CNTs can also function as a hydrolysis inhibitor in addition to their known functions as an antioxidant.
Structurally Distinct α‐Synuclein Fibrils Induce Robust Parkinsonian Pathology
Authors: Hayakawa Hideki , Nakatani Rie , Ikenaka Kensuke , Aguirre Cesar , Choong Chi‐Jing , Tsuda Hiroshi , Nagano Seiichi , Koike Masato , Ikeuchi Takeshi , Hasegawa Masato , Papa Stella M. , Nagai Yoshitaka , Mochizuki Hideki , Baba Kousuke
Published: October 2019

Objective

Alpha‐synuclein (α‐syn) is a major component of Lewy bodies, which are the pathological hallmark in Parkinson's disease, and its genetic mutations cause familial forms of Parkinson's disease. Patients with α‐syn G51D mutation exhibit severe clinical symptoms. However, in vitro studies showed low propensity for α‐syn with the G51D mutation. We studied the mechanisms associated with severe neurotoxicity of α‐syn G51D mutation using a murine model generated by G51D α‐syn fibril injection into the brain.

Methods

Structural analysis of wild‐type and G51D α‐syn‐fibrils were performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The ability of α‐syn fibrils forming aggregates was first assessed in in vitro mammalian cells. An in vivo mouse model with an intranigral injection of α‐syn fibrils was then used to evaluate the propagation pattern of α‐syn and related cellular changes.

Results

We found that G51D α‐syn fibrils have higher β‐sheet contents than wild‐type α‐syn fibrils. The addition of G51D α‐syn fibrils to mammalian cells overexpressing α‐syn resulted in the formation of phosphorylated α‐syn inclusions at a higher rate. Similarly, an injection of G51D α‐syn fibrils into the substantia nigra of a mouse brain induced more widespread phosphorylated α‐syn pathology. Notably, the mice injected with G51D α‐syn fibrils exhibited progressive nigral neuronal loss accompanied with mitochondrial abnormalities and motor impairment.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that the structural difference of G51D α‐syn fibrils plays an important role in the rapidly developed and more severe neurotoxicity of G51D mutation‐linked Parkinson's disease. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Outcome of Very Preterm Infants With Early Optimal Nutrition Strategy: A Comparative Cohort Study
Authors: Upadhyay Swati , Pournami Femitha , Nandakumar Anand , Prabhakar Jyothi , Nair Parameswaran Madhava Chandran , Jain Naveen
Published: October 2019

Background

Aggressive nutrition may benefit early growth; nevertheless, effects on neurodevelopmental outcomes are unclear. We planned a descriptive analytical study to compare survival without neurodevelopment disability (NDD) at 1 year in 2 groups during 2 time epochs—before and after implementation of early optimal nutrition strategies. NDD was defined as any one of the following: mental and/or motor development quotient < 85 at 12 months of age, corrected for prematurity; Denver Developmental Screening Test abnormal/suspect in even 1 domain out of the 4 domains; seizures; requirement of hearing aid; or blindness in 1 or both eyes. We also compared mortality, survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, sepsis, metabolic bone disease (MBD), and extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR).

Methods

Preterm neonates born between 27 and 32 weeks’ gestation were included. The prospective study group (AO) was recruited after implementation of early optimal nutrition policy. The comparative retrospective cohort (BO) received nutrition based on clinicians’ decisions. Both groups were followed up using a structured plan till 1 year corrected age.

Results

137 neonates were enrolled in AO and 151 in the BO cohort. There was no statistically significant difference in survival without NDD at 1 year—75.5% in AO vs 72.1% in BO, odds ratio 0.84 (95% CI 0.5–1.6). Babies who received early optimal nutrition had less NEC, EUGR, and ROP requiring laser therapy but more MBD.

Conclusion

There was no difference in survival without NDD in early optimal nutrition cohort compared to the cohort before implementation of the nutrition strategy. Short‐term benefits themselves may justify the need for early optimal nutrition.
Optimizing the Use of Human Milk Cream Supplement in Very Preterm Infants: Growth and Cost Outcomes
Authors: Knake Lindsey A. , King Brian C. , Gollins Laura A. , Hurst Nancy M. , Hagan Joseph , Ford Steven L. , Hair Amy B.
Published: October 2019

Background

An exclusive human milk–based diet has been shown to decrease necrotizing enterocolitis and improve outcomes for infants ≤1250 g birth weight. Studies have shown that infants who received an exclusive human milk diet with a donor‐human milk–derived cream supplement (cream) had improved weight and length velocity when the cream was added to mother's own milk or donor‐human milk when energy was <20 kcal/oz using a human milk analyzer. Our objective was to compare growth and cost outcomes of infants ≤1250 g birth weight fed with an exclusive human milk diet, with and without human milk cream, without the use of a human milk analyzer.

Methods

Two cohorts of human milk–fed premature infants were compared from birth to 34 weeks postmenstrual age. Group 1 (2010–2011) received a donor‐human milk fortifier, whereas Group 2 (2015–2016) received donor‐human milk fortifier plus the commercial cream supplement, if weight gain was <15 g/kg/d.

Results

There was no difference in growth between the 2 groups for weight (P = 0.32) or head circumference (P = 0.90). Length velocity was greater for Group 1 (P = 0.03). The mean dose of donor‐human milk fortifier was lower in Group 2 (P < 0.001). Group 2 saved an average of $2318 per patient on the cost of human milk products (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Infants receiving a human milk diet with cream supplementation for growth faltering achieve appropriate growth in a cost‐effective feeding strategy.
Seven Deadly Sins of Nutrition Therapy in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Loss Sérgio Henrique , Franzosi Oellen Stuani , Nunes Diego Silva Leite , Teixeira Cassiano , Viana Luciana Verçoza
Published: October 2019

This article presents 7 nutrition steps that, if not followed by the clinical staff, may be metaphorically considered as “7 deadly sins” of nutrition therapy. In this review, we suggest approaches that must be avoided or accomplished to increase compliance with the “Ten Commandments” of good nutrition practice in the intensive care setting. Multiple aggressive and simultaneous sets of therapies are implemented in the intensive care setting, which include nutrition and metabolic support as important components in these therapies. “Sins” should be remembered as a mnemonic device for nutrition standard care in the intensive care unit; this incorporates nutrition adequacy and protocol adherence.
Vibration of functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced quadrilateral plates using geometric transformation discrete singular convolution method
Authors: Civalek Ömer
Published: October 2019

Free vibration characteristics of thick skew plates reinforced by functionally graded carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced composite are presented. Discrete singular convolution (DSC) method is used for the numerical solution of vibration problems via geometric mapping technique. Using the geometric transformation via a four‐node element, the straight‐sided quadrilateral physical domain is mapped into a square domain in the computational space. Then the method of discrete singular convolution with some singular kernels such as Regularized Shannon's delta (RSD) and Lagrange's delta kernels (LDK) have been used for spatial discretizing of the resulting governing equation of motion. Calculated results have been presented in order to show the effects of volume fraction of CNT, skew angles, CNT distribution types, plate aspect ratio and length‐to‐thickness ratio on the frequency of CNT reinforced skew plate. The current results are compared with the related results available in the literature and obtained by different methods. It is shown that reasonable accurate results are obtained for free vibration of nanocomposite plates with less computational effort for higher modes. Several test examples for different plate have been selected to demonstrate the convergence properties, accuracy, and simplicity in numerical implementation of DSC procedures. This approach has verified the accuracy and applicability of DSC method to the class of problem considered in this study. Furthermore, in the numerical examples in the scope of the study, the results obtained with DSC method using a coarser grid are more accurate than the values obtained by finite elements and differential quadrature (DQ) methods. It is also revealed that the method of discrete singular convolution is a promising and potential approach for computational mechanics of nonrectangular plates with nanocomposite reinforced.
A reduced basis method for parametrized variational inequalities applied to contact mechanics
Authors: Benaceur Amina , Ern Alexandre , Ehrlacher Virginie
Published: October 2019

We investigate new developments of the reduced‐basis method for parametrized optimization problems with nonlinear constraints. We propose a reduced‐basis scheme in a saddle‐point form combined with the Empirical Interpolation Method to deal with the nonlinear constraint. In this setting, a primal reduced‐basis is needed for the primal solution and a dual one is needed for the Lagrange multipliers. We suggest to construct the latter using a cone‐projected greedy algorithm that conserves the non‐negativity of the dual basis vectors. The reduction strategy is applied to elastic frictionless contact problems including the possibility of using nonmatching meshes. The numerical examples confirm the efficiency of the reduction strategy.
Predicting intention to recycle on the basis of the theory of planned behaviour
Authors: Arli Denni , Badejo Abi , Carlini Joan , France Cassandra , Jebarajakirthy Charles , Knox Kathy , Pentecost Robin , Perkins Helen , Thaichon Park , Sarker Tapan , Wright Owen
Published: October 2019

Governments worldwide have launched various schemes to promote recycling by individuals, from legislation to voluntary and mandatory policies, waste charging, kerbside collection, waste separation bins, and promotional campaigns. Much remains to be done, however, in terms of understanding the psychological relationships among consumers' attitudes, intentions, and behaviours when it comes to recycling. This study was designed to examine recycling intention through the lens of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Using online survey, we recruited participants (n = 827) through an online survey platform (mturk.com). The results show that TPB can predict consumers' intention to recycle. It was further found, however, that attitude towards recycling did not predict intention to recycle. The findings presented here have significant implications for policymakers and practitioners who are interested in inculcating recycling intention and behaviours in members of the public. This study extends the TPB in the context of recycling. There is a need to examine the theories' explanatory power in different research settings and context. Moreover, regulations and policies on recycling continue to evolve. For example, recently in 2018, Australia is banning plastic bag. Consequently, the new policy will affect people's perception towards recycling. Hence, continued research on recycling is needed.
Answering key questions on green consumption: A qualitative study among Indian youth
Authors: Gupta Manish , Acharya Anitha
Published: October 2019

The main objectives of this study are to (a) comprehend the definition of green consumption, (b) identify the products that are considered green by consumers, (c) understand the reasons behind green product consumption, and (d) decipher the possible implications of consuming green. To achieve these objectives, information‐rich young consumers were depth interviewed. Subsequently, thematic maps were developed using thematic analysis technique. In that, three major themes emerged as (a) personal factors, (b) social factors, and (c) environmental factors. These findings have implications primarily for scholars as this paper advances prior literature on the theory of planned behavior by looking at green consumption through the lens of young Indians. Also, it has implications for marketers as they may formulate strategies to market their green products on the basis of the factors identified in the paper.
Flame retardancy and thermal decomposition behavior of TPU/chitosan composites
Authors: Jiao Chuanmei , Li Mingxin , Chen Xilei , Li Shaoxiang
Published: October 2019

The application of chitosan (CS) in new materials is a hot research topic. In this paper, CS was used alone as flame retardant to prepare thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) composites. Then, the flame retardancy and thermal decomposition behavior of TPU/CS composites were intensively investigated using cone calorimeter test (CCT), scanning electron microscope (SEM), microscale combustion colorimeter (MCC) test, thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG‐IR), and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The results showed that CS can reduce the fire risk of TPU; 2.0‐wt% CS could make the peak value of heat release rate (pHRR) decreased to 457.2 kW/m2, reduced by 65.9% compared with TPU. And the peak value of smoke production rate (pSPR) and total smoke release (TSR) of the same sample was decreased by 79.4% and 54.2%, respectively. The TG‐IR and GC‐MS results confirmed that CS could promote TPU decomposition in advance, reacting with the decomposition products of TPU. Therefore, the production of combustible gas was reduced. The GC‐MS results showed that the production of isocyanates and ethers was reduced with the addition of CS. The digital photographs of SEM for the samples after CCT were shown that the char residue layer of the sample containing 2.0‐wt% CS was fibrous in shape. It could be speculated that the thermal decomposition products from TPU could react with CS at low temperature, which reduced the production of flammable gases. So CS had a good prospect in reducing the fire hazard for TPU.
Polyethylene/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate and Ethylene Octene Copolymer/Clay Nanocomposite Films: Different Processing Conditions and Their Effect on Properties
Authors: Dagmar Merinska , Alice Tesarikova , Alena Kalendova
Published: October 2019

Polymer nanocomposites based on a layered clay used as nanofiller and copolymers ethylene and vinyl acetate matrix (EVA, the content of vinyl acetate (VA) component 19 wt% and 5 wt%) and ethylene octene copolymer (EOC, 17% and 45% of octene) were prepared. KO Buss kneader and double screw extruder were used. The MMT Na+ and four types of commercial products such as Nanofil N5 and N3000, Cloisite 93A and 30B were used as nanofillers—5 wt% in relation to the content of montmorillonite. The aim was to evaluate the influence of copolymer composition and processing on prepared nanocomposite properties. The morphology of samples was examined by means of X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electronic microscopy TEM. Furthermore, mechanical and especially barrier properties were observed. Despite the fact that the XRD and microscopy results have revealed that complete exfoliation did not take place in any case, mechanical properties as well as the permeability showed that used 5 wt% of clay was enough to achieve the improvement of properties. Cloisite 30B might be the most suitable for the polyethylene/EVA matrix. In case of EOC copolymer the nanofiller Nanofil N3000 and mainly Cloisite 93A seems to be more suitable. The better properties were achieved for the version of EVA with lower VA content and also for EOC 17, but not for each evaluated property. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:2514–2521, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Supramolecular assembly of poly(ionic liquid) nanogel driven by host‐stabilized charge transfer interaction
Authors: Tang Yuntao , Wang Ke , Zuo Yong , Chen Xi , Xiong Yubing , Yuan Yumin
Published: October 2019

Poly(ionic liquid) (PIL)‐based nanogels, functionalized by naphthyl (Np), are fabricated via a facile one‐step ternary crosslinking copolymerization in selective solvent. The size of PIL nanogels can be conveniently regulated through the feed ratio of IL monomer to crosslinker. The presence of Np groups in PIL nanogel is confirmed by using ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. Through introducing cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) and bisviologen compound (DEDV) as the host molecule and electron acceptor, respectively, host‐stabilized charge transfer (HSCT) interaction is achieved through utilizing Np containing PIL nanogel as the building block. The studies reveal that PIL nanogels can form schistose aggregates in the scale of micrometer via HSCT interaction. The aggregates will be broken in the presence a competitive guest molecule (amantadine) and can recover by adding another host molecule (CB[7]). HSCT interaction among CB[8], DEDV and PIL nanogel is investigated by dynamic light scattering, UV–vis, and Proton nuclear magnetic resonance. Our studies thus provided an applicable strategy for constructing dynamic polymer nanoparticles through noncovalent interaction. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 2251–2259
3D printing of conjugated polymers
Authors: Jordan Robert S. , Wang Yue
Published: October 2019

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing brings exciting prospects to the realm of conjugated polymers (CPs) and organic electronics through vastly enhanced design flexibility, structural complexity, and environmental sustainability. However, the use of 3D printing for CPs is still in its infancy and remains full of challenges. In this review, we highlight recent studies that demonstrate proof‐of‐concept strategies to mitigate some of these problems. Two general additive manufacturing approaches are featured: direct ink writing and vat photopolymerization. We conclude with an outlook for this thriving field of research and draw attention to the new possibilities that 3D printing can bring to CPs. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019, 57, 1592–1605
Maskless atmospheric pressure PECVD of SiOx films on both planar and nonplanar surfaces using a flexible atmospheric microplasma generation device
Authors: Wang Tao , Liu Jingquan , Shi Liping , Zhang Xingquan , Lv Li , Zhang Guotao , Wang Jun
Published: October 2019

This paper presents the use of a simple‐arranged, low‐cost, and flexible atmospheric pressure microplasma generation device (μPGD) with controlled gas discharge to achieve maskless atmospheric plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of SiOx films on both planar and nonplanar surfaces. The μPGD is mainly composed of a copper–polyimide–copper sandwich structure with predefined microfluidic channels. Uniform microplasmas of different shapes and dimensions were generated in the open air. SiOx films were masklessly deposited with well‐defined edges and good feature transfer fidelity. The SEM, EDS, XPS, and FTIR spectra of the deposited film confirm the SiOx structure. These results indicate that μPGD is able to achieve maskless PECVD of SiOx films in the open air, especially micropatterning on nonplanar surfaces.
The tripartite architecture of the eukaryotic integral membrane protein zinc metalloprotease Ste24
Authors: Goblirsch Brandon R. , Pryor Edward E. , Wiener Michael C.
Published: October 2019

Ste24 enzymes, a family of eukaryotic integral membrane proteins, are zinc metalloproteases (ZMPs) originally characterized as “CAAX proteases” targeting prenylated substrates, including a‐factor mating pheromone in yeast and prelamin A in humans. Recently, Ste24 was shown to also cleave nonprenylated substrates. Reduced activity of the human ortholog, HsSte24, is linked to multiple disease states (laminopathies), including progerias and lipid disorders. Ste24 possesses a unique “α‐barrel” structure consisting of seven transmembrane (TM) α‐helices encircling a large intramembranous cavity (~14 000 Å3). The catalytic zinc, coordinated via a HExxH…E/H motif characteristic of gluzincin ZMPs, is positioned at one of the cavity's bases. The interrelationship between Ste24 as a gluzincin, a long‐studied class of soluble ZMPs, and as a novel cavity‐containing integral membrane protein protease has been minimally explored to date. Informed by homology to well‐characterized soluble, gluzincin ZMPs, we develop a model of Ste24 that provides a conceptual framework for this enzyme family, suitable for development and interpretation of structure/function studies. The model consists of an interfacial, zinc‐containing “ZMP Core” module surrounded by a “ZMP Accessory” module, both capped by a TM helical “α‐barrel” module of as yet unknown function. Multiple sequence alignment of 58 Ste24 orthologs revealed 38 absolutely conserved residues, apportioned unequally among the ZMP Core (18), ZMP Accessory (13), and α‐barrel (7) modules. This Tripartite Architecture representation of Ste24 provides a unified image of this enzyme family.
The Effect of Inductively Coupled Plasma Etching on the I–V Curves of the Avalanche Photodiode with GaN/AlN Periodically Stacked Structure
Authors: Wu Xingzhao , Wang Lai , Hao Zhibiao , Han Yanjun , Sun Changzheng , Xiong Bing , Wang Jian , Li Hongtao , Luo Yi , Brault Julien , Khalfioui Mohamed Al , Nemoz Maud , Li Mo , Kang Jianbin , Li Qian
Published: October 2019

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is widely used in dry etching of III‐nitride materials, wherein the etching parameters of GaN and AlN are very different. Herein, the ICP dry etching process parameters of GaN/AlN periodically stacked structure (PSS) for avalanche photodiode (APD) fabrication are intensively studied and optimized. The flow rate ratio of Cl2/BCl3/Ar plasma, bias voltage, and the GaN‐to‐SiNx selectivity of ICP etching are optimized to achieve excellent surface morphology and nearly vertical sidewalls. It is found that the etching rate and the etched surface roughness of GaN/AlN material are significantly influenced by the flow rate of Cl2. After optimizing the etching procedure, the root‐mean‐square roughness of the etched surface is measured to be 1.46 nm, which is close to the as grown surface. By using the optimized ICP dry etching in the fabrication of the GaN/AlN PSS APD, the dark current is suppressed from 3.6 to 8.2 × 10−3 A cm−2 at −90 V.
Avalanche Multiplication Noise in GaN p–n Junctions Grown on Native GaN Substrates
Authors: Cao Lina , Ye Hansheng , Wang Jingshan , Fay Patrick
Published: October 2019

GaN p–n junction diodes grown on native GaN substrates have been fabricated and characterized. The devices exhibit a positive temperature coefficient of breakdown obtained from variable temperature current–voltage measurements, confirming the impact ionization avalanche. The low‐frequency noise characteristics of these devices have been measured under forward and reverse bias conditions. The forward bias noise spectra are dominated by the 1/f noise, and the current spectral density is proportional to I1.6. Under reverse bias, the noise spectra show 1/f noise at reverse biases below the avalanche threshold. However, at reverse biases in the avalanche regime, the multiplication noise overwhelms the 1/f noise, resulting in a white noise spectrum. To further characterize the avalanche process, the excess noise factor, F, is obtained from the measured noise spectra of diodes biased in reverse avalanche. For the case of pure hole injection (achieved by incorporating a thin pseudomorphic In0.07Ga0.93N layer at the cathode of the device and illuminating with 390 nm UV light), a low excess noise factor is achieved. The impact ionization ratio α/β extracted from the multiplication noise ranges from 0.07 to 0.38 over the electric field ranging from 2.8 to 3.7 MV cm−1, consistent with the impact ionization coefficients reported previously using the photomultiplication method.