bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ZnO nanoparticle surface acoustic wave UV sensor
Authors: Chivukula Venkata , Ciplys Daumantas , Shur Michael , Dutta Partha
Published: June 2010

The response to ultraviolet illumination of ZnO nanoparticles deposited on LiNbO3 substrate was investigated using surface acoustic waves (SAWs) in the wide range of UV wavelengths from 280 to 375 nm. Deposition of ZnO nanoparticles caused a SAW transmission loss of 27 dB at 64 MHz due to the acoustoelectric attenuation. Acoustoelectric change in the SAW velocity by 3.78×10−4 under 375 nm illumination led to downshift in transmitted SAW phase by 5.5° at UV power density of 691 μW/cm2. The spectral measurements show the peak response at 345 nm with corresponding sensitivity on the order of 2.8 ppm/(μW/cm2).
Work functions of capped (5, 5) and (9, 0) single-walled carbon nanotubes adsorbed with alkali-metal atoms
Authors: Xu Shun-Fu , Yuan Guang , Li Chun , Jia Zhi-Jun , Mimura Hitenori
Published: June 2010

The influence of alkali metal (Li or Cs) adsorption on the work functions of capped (5, 5) and (9, 0) single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was investigated using first-principles calculations. After Cs adsorption, the decrease in the work functions of (5, 5) and (9, 0) CNTs was more pronounced than that of Li-adsorbed CNTs. The decline in the work functions was due to the increase in Fermi levels and the decrease in vacuum levels induced by electrons transfer from the alkali atom to the CNTs. A vacancy defect raised the work functions of the pristine and alkali-metal-adsorbed CNTs.
The calculated thermodynamic properties of superfluid helium-4
Authors: Brooks James S. , Donnelly Russell J.
Published: June 2010

Comprehensive tables of the primary thermodynamic properties of superfluid helium-4, such as the specific heat and entropy, are presented as computed from the Landau quasiparticle model, with the aid of inelastic neutron scattering data. The neutron data are presented by continuous functions of temperature pressure, and wave number and certain excitation properties such as number density, normal and superfluid densities are calculated directly from it. A discussion of the methods used in our computations is included, and comparisons of computed and experimental results are made where applicable. Certain inadequacies of present theoretical methods to describe the thermodynamic properties are reported, and the use of an effective spectrum is introduced to offset some of these difficulties. Considerable experimental effort is also needed to improve the present situation.
Molten Salts: Volume 4, Part 3, Bromides and Mixtures; Iodides and mixtures—Electrical conductance, density, viscosity, and surface tension data
Authors: Janz G. J. , Tomkins R. P. T. , Allen C. B. , Downey J. R. , Singer S. K.
Published: June 2010

Data on the electrical conductance, density, viscosity, and surface tension of bromide mixtures and iodide mixtures have been systematically collected and evaluated. Results are given for eighty-five binary mixtures over a range of compositions and temperatures. Values of the above properties for twenty-three single bromide and iodide salts are also given.
Effects of isotopic composition, temperature, pressure, and dissolved gases on the density of liquid water
Authors: Kell George S.
Published: June 2010

A review is made of measurements of the effect of temperature, pressure, isotopic composition, and dissolved atmospheric gases on the density of liquid water at temperatures to 100°C. The molar volume is expanded as a multiple power series in the variables, and the coefficients determined. A number of gaps become evident in our knowledge of properties that are within the capacity of current measurements. For example, there appears to be no measurement of the effect of oxygen isotopes on the compressibility. Data on the thermal expansion of D2O are strikingly inconsistent. The partial molar volumes of dissolved gases are only sketchily known. At O°C, equilibration with the oxygen, nitrogen, and argon of the atmosphere lowers the density about 3 p.p.m., while atmospheric carbon dioxide raises it about 0.3 p.p.m. Appendix I discusses the care needed to obtain various degrees of precision in practical density measurements, and the effect of isotopic uncertainties on them. Appendix II treats the representation of the equation of state of water at slightly higher pressures.
A correlation of the existing viscosity and thermal conductivity data of gaseous and liquid ethane
Authors: Hanley H. J. M. , Gubbins K. E. , Murad S.
Published: June 2010

Data for the viscosity and thermal conductivity coefficients of ethane have been evaluated and represented by an empirical function. Tables of values have been prepared for the range 200–500 K, for pressure to 75 MPa(?750 atm). The tables include an estimate of the anomalous contribution to the thermal conductivity in the neighborhood of the critical point. The estimated uncertainties of the tabular values are ±5% and ±8% for the viscosity and thermal conductivity coefficient, respectively.
Energy levels of manganese, Mn I through Mn XXV
Authors: Corliss Charles , Sugar Jack
Published: June 2010

The energy levels of the manganese atom in all of its stages of ionization, as derived from the analyses of atomic spectra, have been compiled. In cases where only line classification are given in the literature, level values have been derived. The percentages for the two leading components of the calculated eigenvectors of the levels are given where available. Ionization energies and g-values are also given.
Densities of liquid CH4−aXa(X=Br,I) and CH4−(a+b+c+d)FaCIbBrcId halomethanes
Authors: Kudchadker A. P. , Kudchadker S. A. , Patnaik P. R. , Mishra P. P.
Published: June 2010

The available density data for the air-saturated liquid and for the liquid at its saturation vapor pressure have been critically reviewed and the ’’best’’ data selected for the following halomethanes: CHF2Cl, CHFCl2, CF3Cl, CF3Br, CF2Cl2, CFCl3, (data up to the critical point are available for these compounds); CH3Br, CH2Br2, CHBr3, CBr4, CH2I2, CH2FCl, (data up to the normal boiling point are available for these compounds); CHCl2Br (data over a small temperature range); CHI3, CI4, CH2Fl, CH2ClBr, CH2CH, CHF2Br, CHF2I, CHFBr2, CHFI2, CHCl2I, CHClBr2, CHClI2, CF3I, CF2Br2, CFBr3, CCl3Br, CCl3I, (few scattered data points are available for these compounds). The literature survey is complete up to June 1974. Selection of ’’best’’ data was arrived at by carefully evaluating each set of data for its accuracy, method of experimentation, sample purity, etc. The selection procedure is discussed. The uncertainty in the selected values is reported. For interpolation and limited extrapolation, the selected density data for each compound have been correlated through simple equations in temperature. The regression errors and the computed regression constants are reported in tables 2 and 4, respectively.
Microwave spectra of molecules of astrophysical interest XIII. Cyanoacetylene
Authors: Lafferty W. J. , Lovas F. J.
Published: June 2010

The microwave spectrum of cyanoacetylene is critically reviewed for information applicable to radio astronomy. Molecular data such as the derived rotational constants, centrifugal distortion parameters, hyperfine coupling constants, electric dipole moment and molecular structure are tabulated. The observed rotational transitions are presented for the astronomically interesting isotopic forms and low-lying vibrational states of cyanoacetylene. Calculated rotational transitions up to 300 GHz are presented for the ground vibrational state of H12C12C12C14N, H13C12C12C14N, H12C13C12C14N, H12C13C14N, HPu12C12C12C15N, and D12C12C12C14N, and for the vibrationally excited states ν5, ν6, ν7, 2ν7, and 3ν7 of H12C12C12C14N.
Viscosity of liquid water in the range −8 °C to 150 °C
Authors: Kestin Joseph , Sokolov Mordechai , Wakeham William A.
Published: June 2010

The paper re-analyzes the results of earlier, very precise measurements of the viscosity of water at essentially atmospheric pressure. This is done in terms of a new, theoretically-based equation for the operation of a capillary viscometer rather than in terms of semi-empirical equations used by the original authors. The new analysis eliminates possible systematic errors and permits the establishment of realistic error bounds for water in its role as a standard reference substance for viscosity. The latter are smaller than those embodied in the most recent International Formulation. Standard values of the ratio of viscosity at a temperature T to its value at 20 °C have been derived from the re-analyzed data because the uncertainty of this ratio is an order of magnitude smaller than that of the absolute values. The ratios are used to generate absolute values with the aid of the standard NBS datum μ=1002.0 μPa s at 20 °C. The viscosity ratios have been correlated with the aid of two empirical equations. The more accurate equation covers the range 0 °C?t ?40 °C with an uncertainty of ±0.05%. The less accurate equation covers the wider range −8 °C?t?150 °C with the more limited accuracy of ±0.2%. The two empirical equations are compatible with each other to 0.09%.
The molar volume (density) of solid oxygen in equilibrium with vapor
Authors: Roder H. M.
Published: June 2010

Data from the literature on the molar volume of solid oxygen have been compiled and critically analyzed. A correlated and thermodynamically consistent set of molar volumes, including the volume changes at the various solid phase transitions, is presented. Evidence for the existence of a δ-solid phase is reviewed. Uncertainties in the data and in the recommended set of values are discussed.
Molecular structures of gas-phase polyatomic molecules determined by spectroscopic methods
Authors: Harmony Marlin D. , Laurie Victor W. , Kuczkowski Robert L. , Schwendeman R. H. , Ramsay D. A. , Lovas Frank J. , Lafferty Walter J. , Maki Arthur G.
Published: June 2010

Spectroscopic data related to the structures of polyatomic molecules in the gas phase have been reviewed, critically evaluated, and compiled. All reported bond distances and angles have been classified as equilibrium (re), average (rz), substitution (rs), or effective (ro) parameters, and have been given a quality rating which is a measure of the parameter uncertainty. The surveyed literature includes work from all of the areas of gas-phase spectroscopy from which precise quantitative structural information can be derived. Introductory material includes definitions of the various types of parameters and a description of the evaluation procedure.
Critically evaluated rate constants for gaseous reactions of several electronically excited species
Authors: Schofield Keith
Published: June 2010

An extensive evaluation is presented of the available gas phase chemical kinetic rate constants for the interactions of the low lying electronic states of several atoms and molecules with numerous collision partners. These include the following excited states: C(21D2,21S0), N(22D3/2,5/2,22P1/2,3/2), P(32D3/2,5/2,32P1/2,3/2,), S(31D2,31S0). Se(43P0,41D2,41S0), Te(53P1,0,51D2,51S0), CO(a3Π,a′3Σ+,d3Δ,e3Σ−,A1Π), CS(a3Π,A1Π), OH(A2Σ+), OD(A2Σ+), O2(c1Σu−,C3Δu,A3Σu+,B3 Σu−), and S2(a1Δg,b1Σg+,A3Σu+, B3Σu−). Wherever possible, recommended values are suggested. Much of the data refers only to room temperature. To facilitate the evaluation, collision-free radiative lifetimes often have been required. These also have been evaluated and are presented. The mechanisms of the interactions and the various potential kinetic channels are discussed. These include such processes as chemical reactions, electronic quenching to the ground electronic state, electronic cross relaxation to an adjacent excited state, and for molecules, vibrational and rotational relaxation processes within the excited state. A complete coverage of the literature published prior to 1978 has been attempted.
Pair, Triplet, and Total Atomic Cross Sections (and Mass Attenuation Coefficients) for 1 MeV-100 GeV Photons in Elements Z=1 to 100
Authors: Hubbell J. H. , Gimm H. A. , O/verbo/ I.
Published: June 2010

Tables of photon cross sections and mass attenuation coefficients for all elements Z=1 to 100 are given for photo energies in the range 1 MeV to 100 GeV. The pair and triplet production cross sections take into account recent theoretical work, including atomic form factor and incoherent scattering function data, as well as extensive new total attenuation coefficient measurements at Mainz. Cross section values for the atomic photoeffect and coherent and incoherent (Compton) scattering are explicitly listed and are included in the total cross sections (excluding photonuclear) and mass attenuation coefficients.
An Improved Representative Equation for the Dynamic Viscosity of Water Substance
Authors: Watson J. T. R. , Basu R. S. , Sengers J. V.
Published: June 2010

Experimental evidence for steam and other fluids has demonstrated the existence of an anomalous enhancement of the dynamic viscosity in the close vicinity of the critical point. A re-analysis of the experimental evidence for the viscosity of steam indicates that the observed behavior of the critical viscosity enhancement is consistent with current theoretical predictions. An interpolating equation for the dynamic viscosity of water substance is presented which is in good agreement with the experimental viscosity data in a large range of temperatures and pressures. The equation contains a smaller number of coefficients than the current international equation for the viscosity of water substance and incorporates the enhancement of the viscosity in the close vicinity of the critical point.
Hsp 70/Hsp 90 organizing protein as a nitrosylation target in cystic fibrosis therapy
Authors: Marozkina Nadzeya V. , Yemen Sean , Borowitz Molly , Liu Lei , Plapp Melissa , Sun Fei , Islam Rafique , Erdmann-Gilmore Petra , Townsend R. Reid , Lichti Cheryl F. , Mantri Sneha , Clapp Phillip W. , Randell Scott H. , Gaston Benjamin , Zaman Khalequz
Published: June 2010

The endogenous signaling molecule S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and other S-nitrosylating agents can cause full maturation of the abnormal gene product ΔF508 cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). However, the molecular mechanism of action is not known. Here we show that Hsp70/Hsp90 organizing protein (Hop) is a critical target of GSNO, and its S-nitrosylation results in ΔF508 CFTR maturation and cell surface expression. S-nitrosylation by GSNO inhibited the association of Hop with CFTR in the endoplasmic reticulum. This effect was necessary and sufficient to mediate GSNO-induced cell-surface expression of ΔF508 CFTR. Hop knockdown using siRNA recapitulated the effect of GSNO on ΔF508 CFTR maturation and expression. Moreover, GSNO acted additively with decreased temperature, which promoted mutant CFTR maturation through a Hop-independent mechanism. We conclude that GSNO corrects ΔF508 CFTR trafficking by inhibiting Hop expression, and that combination therapies—using differing mechanisms of action—may have additive benefits in treating CF.
Allosteric inhibition of macrophage migration inhibitory factor revealed by ibudilast
Authors: Cho Yoonsang , Crichlow Gregg V. , Vermeire Jon J. , Leng Lin , Du Xin , Hodsdon Michael E. , Bucala Richard , Cappello Michael , Gross Matt , Gaeta Federico , Johnson Kirk , Lolis Elias J.
Published: June 2010

AV411 (ibudilast; 3-isobutyryl-2-isopropylpyrazolo-[1,5-a]pyridine) is an antiinflammatory drug that was initially developed for the treatment of bronchial asthma but which also has been used for cerebrovascular and ocular indications. It is a nonselective inhibitor of various phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and has varied antiinflammatory activity. More recently, AV411 has been studied as a possible therapeutic for the treatment of neuropathic pain and opioid withdrawal through its actions on glial cells. As described herein, the PDE inhibitor AV411 and its PDE-inhibition-compromised analog AV1013 inhibit the catalytic and chemotactic functions of the proinflammatory protein, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Enzymatic analysis indicates that these compounds are noncompetitive inhibitors of thep-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (HPP) tautomerase activity of MIF and an allosteric binding site of AV411 and AV1013 is detected by NMR. The allosteric inhibition mechanism is further elucidated by X-ray crystallography based on the MIF/AV1013 binary and MIF/AV1013/HPP ternary complexes. In addition, our antibody experiments directed against MIF receptors indicate that CXCR2 is the major receptor for MIF-mediated chemotaxis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Probing static disorder in Arrhenius kinetics by single-molecule force spectroscopy
Authors: Kuo Tzu-Ling , Garcia-Manyes Sergi , Li Jingyuan , Barel Itay , Lu Hui , Berne Bruce J. , Urbakh Michael , Klafter Joseph , Fernández Julio M.
Published: June 2010

The widely used Arrhenius equation describes the kinetics of simple two-state reactions, with the implicit assumption of a single transition state with a well-defined activation energy barrier Δ
E
, as the rate-limiting step. However, it has become increasingly clear that the saddle point of the free-energy surface in most reactions is populated by ensembles of conformations, leading to nonexponential kinetics. Here we present a theory that generalizes the Arrhenius equation to include static disorder of conformational degrees of freedom as a function of an external perturbation to fully account for a diverse set of transition states. The effect of a perturbation on static disorder is best examined at the single-molecule level. Here we use force-clamp spectroscopy to study the nonexponential kinetics of single ubiquitin proteins unfolding under force. We find that the measured variance in Δ
E
shows both force-dependent and independent components, where the force-dependent component scales with
F
2
, in excellent agreement with our theory. Our study illustrates a novel adaptation of the classical Arrhenius equation that accounts for the microscopic origins of nonexponential kinetics, which are essential in understanding the rapidly growing body of single-molecule data.
Ubuntu bashing: the marketisation of ‘African values’ in South Africa
Authors: McDonald David
                      A.
Published: June 2010

Broadly defined as an ‘African worldview’ that places communal interests above those of the individual, and where human existence is dependent upon interaction with others, ubuntu has a long tradition on the continent. This paper explores the ways in which the philosophy and language of ubuntu have been taken up and appropriated by market ideologies in post-apartheid South Africa. The literature on ‘ubuntu capitalism’ offers the most obvious illustration of this, but there are more subtle ways in which ubuntu theory and language have been (re)introduced to post-apartheid South Africa to support and reinforce neoliberal policymaking. But rather than reject ubuntu thinking outright as too compromised by this discursive shift, as much of the Left in South Africa has done, the paper asks if there is something potentially transformative about ubuntu beliefs and practices that can be meaningfully revived for more progressive change.
The acoustic identification of Atlantic mackerel
Authors: Korneliussen Rolf J.
Published: June 2010

Korneliussen, R. J. 2010. The acoustic identification of Atlantic mackerel. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1749–1758. Calibrated, digitized data from multifrequency echosounders working simultaneously with nearly identical and overlapping acoustic beams were used to generate new, synthetic echograms which allow Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) to be identified acoustically. The raw echosounder data were processed stepwise in a modular sequence of analyses to improve categorization of the acoustic targets. The relative frequency response measured over as many as six operating frequencies, 18, 38, 70, 120, 200, and 364 kHz, was the main acoustic feature used to characterize the backscatter. Mackerel seemed to have a frequency-independent backscatter below ∼100 kHz, but significantly higher levels of backscattered energy at 200 kHz. Synthetic echograms containing targets identified acoustically as mackerel are presented and evaluated against trawl catches. Although catching fast-swimming mackerel is difficult, trawl catches from three Norwegian research vessels confirmed that the targets identified acoustically as mackerel were indeed that species. Separate experiments performed on mackerel in pens support the findings.
Effect of Cross‐Linked Resistant Starch on Wheat Tortilla Quality
Authors: Alviola J. N. , Jondiko T. , Awika J. M.
Published: June 2010

Resistant starch (RS) ingredients are an attractive option to increase dietary fiber in baked products. This study determined the effect of two forms of cross‐linked and pregelatinized cross‐linked RS, Fibersym‐RW (Fsym) or FiberRite‐RW (FRite), respectively, from wheat on dough and tortilla quality and acceptability. Refined wheat tortillas with 0% (control) to 15% RS (flour basis) were made using a standard baking process. Tortillas with 100% whole white wheat were also made. Physical and rheological properties of dough and tortillas, and sensory profile of tortillas were evaluated. Dough with whole wheat and 15% FRite were significantly harder and less extensible than the control dough; this was related to high water absorption of these doughs. Tortillas with whole wheat and 10–15% FRite were less puffed and denser than the control; however these levels of FRite significantly increased tortilla weight (by up to 6.2%). Dough and tortillas with Fsym were comparable to the control. Dietary fiber (g/100 g, db) increased from 2.8 ± 0.3 in control to 14.3 ± 0.5 and 13.6 ± 0.5 in 15% Fsym and 15% FRite tortillas, respectively. Tortillas with whole wheat were less acceptable than the control in appearance, flavor, and texture, while tortillas with 15% Fsym had higher overall acceptability than the control. Incorporation of 15% cross‐linked wheat RS to increase tortilla dietary fiber is feasible without negatively affecting dough handling and tortilla quality.
Impact of Fat on Dough and Cookie Properties of Sugar‐Snap Cookies
Authors: Pareyt Bram , Brijs Kristof , Delcour Jan A.
Published: June 2010

Fat, one of the three major ingredients of sugar‐snap cookies, affects dough properties, changes in dough dimensions during baking, and in the end, the properties of the baked product. We studied the effect of reducing fat levels (from 15.8 to 8.7% on a dough basis) on dough and cookie properties and related it to the SDS extractable protein (SDSEP) levels. Reducing fat levels increased dough elasticity (from 0.19 to 0.60 MPa) and dough intrinsic hardness (from 8.6 to 27.5 N·cm3/g). Because no differences in dough SDSEP levels were noticed when fat levels were reduced, the increased dough elasticity and hardness were related to a more pronounced physical gluten entanglement. Reducing fat levels in the recipe decreased the SDSEP levels of the baked cookies, indicating more protein cross‐linking during baking with lower fat levels. Our data show that the dispersed fat phase interferes with the formation of a gluten network during baking. Reducing the fat level in the recipe increased the intrinsic cookie break strength (from 39.5 to 100.3 N·cm3/g), which was related to more gluten cross‐linking.
Circadian Clock Components Regulate Entry and Affect Exit of Seasonal Dormancy as Well as Winter Hardiness in Populus Trees
Authors: IbÁñez Cristian , Kozarewa Iwanka , Johansson Mikael , Ögren Erling , Rohde Antje , Eriksson Maria E.
Published: June 2010

This study addresses the role of the circadian clock in the seasonal growth cycle of trees: growth cessation, bud set, freezing tolerance, and bud burst. Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides (Ptt) LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL1 (PttLHY1), PttLHY2, and TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION1 constitute regulatory clock components because down-regulation by RNA interference of these genes leads to altered phase and period of clock-controlled gene expression as compared to the wild type. Also, both RNA interference lines show about 1-h-shorter critical daylength for growth cessation as compared to the wild type, extending their period of growth. During winter dormancy, when the diurnal variation in clock gene expression stops altogether, down-regulation of PttLHY1 and PttLHY2 expression compromises freezing tolerance and the expression of C-REPEAT BINDING FACTOR1, suggesting a role of these genes in cold hardiness. Moreover, down-regulation of PttLHY1 and PttLHY2 causes a delay in bud burst. This evidence shows that in addition to a role in daylength-controlled processes, PttLHY plays a role in the temperature-dependent processes of dormancy in Populus such as cold hardiness and bud burst.
A Vacuolar Arsenite Transporter Necessary for Arsenic Tolerance in the Arsenic Hyperaccumulating Fern Pteris vittata Is Missing in Flowering Plants
Authors: Indriolo Emily , Na GunNam , Ellis Danielle , Salt David E. , Banks Jo Ann
Published: June 2010

The fern Pteris vittata tolerates and hyperaccumulates exceptionally high levels of the toxic metalloid arsenic, and this trait appears unique to the Pteridaceae. Once taken up by the root, arsenate is reduced to arsenite as it is transported to the lamina of the frond, where it is stored in cells as free arsenite. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of two P. vittata genes, ACR3 and ACR3;1, which encode proteins similar to the ACR3 arsenite effluxer of yeast. Pv ACR3 is able to rescue the arsenic-sensitive phenotypes of yeast deficient for ACR3. ACR3 transcripts are upregulated by arsenic in sporophyte roots and gametophytes, tissues that directly contact soil, whereas ACR3;1 expression is unaffected by arsenic. Knocking down the expression of ACR3, but not ACR3;1, in the gametophyte results in an arsenite-sensitive phenotype, indicating that ACR3 plays a necessary role in arsenic tolerance in the gametophyte. We show that ACR3 localizes to the vacuolar membrane in gametophytes, indicating that it likely effluxes arsenite into the vacuole for sequestration. Whereas single-copy ACR3 genes are present in moss, lycophytes, other ferns, and gymnosperms, none are present in angiosperms. The duplication of ACR3 in P. vittata and the loss of ACR3 in angiosperms may explain arsenic tolerance in this unusual group of ferns while precluding the same trait in angiosperms.
Fishing for gaps in science: a bibliographic analysis of Brazilian freshwater ichthyology from 1986 to 2005
Authors: Azevedo P. G. , Mesquita F. O. , Young R. J.
Published: June 2010

To investigate Brazilian freshwater ichthyology, from 1986 to 2005, a bibliometric analysis was conducted using abstracts downloaded from The Web of Science database searching for the keywords ‘fish’, ‘pisces’, ‘teleostei’ and the address field having the word ‘Brazil’. The results of this study showed that Brazilian freshwater ichthyology publications have been increasing during the study period. This process is a consequence of a series of investments that the Brazilian Government has made. Furthermore, data analyses identified scientific areas where there was a lack of scientific knowledge (e.g. studies of species threatened with extinction and certain hydrologic basins). Research institutions from the north‐east and northern region of Brazil had the lowest participation in scientific productivity, which was a reflection of their regions poorer economic situation. This study showed that scientific productivity in Brazilian ichthyology was a direct reflection of state investment in research. Furthermore, data in this study follow expected statistical probabilities, for example, fishes from the most diverse families were the most studied. Thus, the study shows that great progress has been made by Brazilian ichthyologists in the last 20 years; however, due to the mega diversity of fishes in Brazil, much remains to be done if many species are to become known to science and to be saved from extinction. This it seems will depend on continued and further investment by Brazilian Government funding agencies, as Brazilian ichthyologists have demonstrated their capacity to generate high quality information about their study species.
Significance of integrin αvβ5 and erbB3 in enhanced cell migration and liver metastasis of colon carcinomas stimulated by hepatocyte‐derived heregulin
Authors: Yoshioka Toshiaki , Nishikawa Yuji , Ito Reiko , Kawamata Makiko , Doi Yuko , Yamamoto Yohei , Yoshida Masayuki , Omori Yasufumi , Kotanagi Hitoshi , Masuko Takashi , Enomoto Katsuhiko
Published: June 2010

To study the mechanisms of the highly liver‐metastatic character of colon carcinoma cells, we studied the expression pattern of surface integrins on LS‐LM6 (a highly liver‐metastatic human colon cancer cell line) and the effects of hepatocyte‐derived soluble factors on cell migration. LS‐LM6 showed significantly higher expression of integrin αvβ5, a ligand for vitronectin (VN), as compared with its parental cell line (LS174T). A conditioned medium of cultured mouse hepatocytes enhanced VN‐mediated cell migration of LS‐LM6, which was blocked by neutralizing antibody against integrin αvβ5, while the medium did not affect cell adhesion to VN‐coated plastic surfaces. The conditioned medium induced phosphorylation of erbB3 and its heterodimeric partner, erbB2. Heregulin (HRG), a ligand for erbB3, exerted similar effects on VN‐mediated cell migration and phosphorylation of erbB3 and erbB2. The conditioned medium contained HRG, and depletion of HRG from the medium by pre‐absorption with HRG antibody abolished its effects on cell migration. Heregulin (HRG) was expressed in some hepatocytes in the liver with carcinoma cell metastasis. Furthermore, knockdown of integrin αv and erbB3 by small‐interfering RNAs significantly inhibited cell migration induced by HRG as well as liver metastasis in vivo. Finally, we found that HRG‐induced cell migration was associated with marked phosphorylation of Akt and that cell migration was suppressed by treatment with specific inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase. Our study suggests that hepatocyte‐derived HRG might participate in a highly liver‐metastatic phenotype of LS‐LM6 through enhancement of integrin αvβ5‐mediated cell migration and erbB3/erbB2 signaling. (Cancer Sci 2010)
The silencing suppressor P25 of Potato virus X interacts with Argonaute1 and mediates its degradation through the proteasome pathway
Authors: CHIU MENG‐HSUEN , CHEN I‐HSUAN , BAULCOMBE DAVID C. , TSAI CHING‐HSIU
Published: June 2010

Previous evidence has indicated that the P25 protein encoded by Potato virus X (PVX) inhibits either the assembly or function of the effector complexes in the RNA silencing‐based antiviral defence system (Bayne et al., Cell‐to‐cell movement of Potato Potexvirus X is dependent on suppression of RNA silencing. Plant J.44, 471–482). This finding prompted us to investigate the possibility that P25 targets the Argonaute (AGO) effector nuclease of RNA silencing. Co‐immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis indicated that there is a strong interaction between P25 and AGO1 of Arabidopsis when these proteins are transiently co‐expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. P25 also interacts with AGO1, AGO2, AGO3 and AGO4, but not with AGO5 and AGO9. As an effective suppressor, the amount of AGO1 accumulated in the presence of P25 was dramatically lower than that infiltrated with HcPro, but was restored when treated with a proteasome inhibitor MG132. These findings are consistent with the idea that RNA silencing is an antiviral defence mechanism and that the counter‐defence role of P25 is through the degradation of AGO proteins via the proteasome pathway. Further support for this idea is provided by the observation that plants treated with MG132 are less susceptible to PVX and its relative Bamboo mosaic virus.
The Xanthomonas citri effector protein PthA interacts with citrus proteins involved in nuclear transport, protein folding and ubiquitination associated with DNA repair
Authors: DOMINGUES MARIANE NORONHA , DE SOUZA TIAGO ANTONIO , CERNADAS RAÚL ANDRÉS , DE OLIVEIRA MARIA LUIZA PEIXOTO , DOCENA CÁSSIA , FARAH CHUCK SHAKER , BENEDETTI CELSO EDUARDO
Published: June 2010

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri utilizes the type III effector protein PthA to modulate host transcription to promote citrus canker. PthA proteins belong to the AvrBs3/PthA family and carry a domain comprising tandem repeats of 34 amino acids that mediates protein–protein and protein–DNA interactions. We show here that variants of PthAs from a single bacterial strain localize to the nucleus of plant cells and form homo‐ and heterodimers through the association of their repeat regions. We hypothesize that the PthA variants might also interact with distinct host targets. Here, in addition to the interaction with α‐importin, known to mediate the nuclear import of AvrBs3, we describe new interactions of PthAs with citrus proteins involved in protein folding and K63‐linked ubiquitination. PthAs 2 and 3 preferentially interact with a citrus cyclophilin (Cyp) and with TDX, a tetratricopeptide domain‐containing thioredoxin. In addition, PthAs 2 and 3, but not 1 and 4, interact with the ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme complex formed by Ubc13 and ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme variant (Uev), required for K63‐linked ubiquitination and DNA repair. We show that Cyp, TDX and Uev interact with each other, and that Cyp and Uev localize to the nucleus of plant cells. Furthermore, the citrus Ubc13 and Uev proteins complement the DNA repair phenotype of the yeast Δubc13 and Δmms2/uev1a mutants, strongly indicating that they are also involved in K63‐linked ubiquitination and DNA repair. Notably, PthA 2 affects the growth of yeast cells in the presence of a DNA damage agent, suggesting that it inhibits K63‐linked ubiquitination required for DNA repair.
Blackcurrant seed oil for prevention of atopic dermatitis in newborns: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Linnamaa P. , Savolainen J. , Koulu L. , Tuomasjukka S. , Kallio H. , Yang B. , Vahlberg T. , Tahvonen R.
Published: June 2010

Background
The present increased incidence of atopic diseases has been associated with an altered intake of essential fatty acids (EFAs). The composition of blackcurrant seed oil (BCSO) corresponds to the recommended dietary intake of EFAs, and as a dietary supplement could, in small doses, modify the imbalance of EFAs in an efficient way.

Objective
To assess the effect of dietary supplementation with BCSO on the prevalence of atopy at 12 months of age.

Methods
Three hundred and thirteen pregnant mothers were randomly assigned to receive BCSO (151) or olive oil as placebo (162). The first doses were administered at 8th–16th weeks of pregnancy and were continued until the cessation of breastfeeding, followed by supplementation to the infants until the age of 2 years. Atopic dermatitis and its severity (SCORAD index) were evaluated, serum total IgE was measured and skin tests were performed at the age of 3, 12 and 24 months.

Results
Parental atopy was common (81.7%) among study subjects, making them infants with increased atopy risk. There was a significantly lower prevalence of atopic dermatitis in the BCSO group than in the olive oil group at the age of 12 months (33.0% vs. 47.3%, P=0.035). SCORAD was also lower in the BCSO group than in the olive oil group at 12 months of age (P=0.035). No significant differences in the prevalence of atopic dermatitis were observed between the groups at the age of 24 months (P=0.18).

Conclusion
Dietary supplementation with BCSO was well tolerated and it transiently reduced the prevalence of atopic dermatitis. It could therefore be one potential tool in the prevention of atopic symptoms when used at an early stage of life.

(Registration number SRCTN14869647, http://www.controlled‐trials.com)

Cite this as: P. Linnamaa, J. Savolainen, L. Koulu, S. Tuomasjukka, H. Kallio, B. Yang, T. Vahlberg and R. Tahvonen, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1247–1255.
Effect of an immunotoxin to folate receptor β on bleomycin-induced experimental pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Nagai T , Tanaka M , Hasui K , Shirahama H , Kitajima S , Yonezawa S , Xu B , Matsuyama T
Published: June 2010

It has been suggested that alveolar and interstitial macrophages play a key role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) by producing proinflammatory and/or fibrogenic cytokines. We showed that inflammatory macrophages expressed folate receptor β (FRβ) while resident macrophages in normal tissues expressed no or low levels of FRβ. In the present study, we examined the distribution of FRβ-expressing macrophages in the lungs of patients with usual idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (UIP) and mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and tested whether the depletion of FRβ-expressing macrophages could suppress bleomycin-induced PF in mice. Immunostaining with anti-human or -mouse FRβ monoclonal antibody (mAb) revealed that FRβ-expressing macrophages were present predominantly in fibrotic areas of the lungs of patients with UIP and mice with bleomycin-induced PF. Intranasal administration of a recombinant immunotoxin, consisting of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain Fv portions of an anti-mouse FRβ mAb and truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin A, increased survival significantly and reduced levels of total hydroxyproline and fibrosis in bleomycin-induced PF. In immunohistochemical analysis, decreased numbers of tumour necrosis factor-α-, chemokines CCL2- and CCL12-producing cells were observed in the immunotoxin-treated group. These findings suggest a pathogenic role of FRβ-expressing macrophages in IPF. Thus, targeting FRβ-expressing macrophages may be a promising treatment of IPF.
Reduced total testosterone concentrations in young healthy South Asian men are partly explained by increased insulin resistance but not by altered adiposity
Authors: Biswas Mousumi , Hampton David , Turkes Atilla , Newcombe Robert G. , Aled Rees D.
Published: June 2010

Objective  To compare ethnic differences in total, free and bioavailable testosterone amongst young healthy South Asian and Caucasian men.

Design and subjects  Cross‐sectional study of 134 healthy men (age 20–40 years) of South Asian (n = 67) or Caucasian (n = 67) origin, recruited from hospital staff and students working in Newport, UK. Subjects were excluded if they had a fasting plasma glucose >5·9 mmol/l, central obesity [waist circumference ≥94 cm (Caucasian) or ≥90 cm (South Asian)] or significant other disease.

Measurements  Fasting plasma glucose, total testosterone (determined by immunoassay and mass spectrometry), albumin, sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) and insulin were measured. Free and bioavailable testosterone were calculated using Vermeulen’s formula, and insulin resistance was estimated by HOMA‐IR.

Results  The South Asians were slightly older (P = 0·04), shorter (P < 0·001), lighter (P < 0·001), more insulin resistant (P = 0·006), and had a lower body mass index BMI (P = 0·012), waist circumference (P = 0·043) and SHBG (P = 0·001) than the Caucasians. Total testosterone was significantly lower in South Asians (mass spectrometry: geometric mean 16·3 nmol/l; 95% reference interval 9·3–28·6 nmol/l) compared with Caucasians (mass spectrometry: geometric mean 18·4 nmol/l; 95% reference interval 10·6–31·9 nmol/l; P = 0·015), but calculated free and bioavailable testosterone were not different between groups. Adjusting for HOMA‐IR, but not BMI or waist circumference, partly attenuated the differences in total testosterone.

Conclusions  Total, but not free, testosterone concentrations are lower in healthy South Asian men than in Caucasians. These differences are apparent at a young age and may be partly attributable to alterations in insulin sensitivity.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Should short children born small for gestational age with a distance to target height <1 standard deviation score be excluded from growth hormone treatment?
Authors: Lem Annemieke J. , De Kort Sandra W. K. , De Ridder Maria A. J. , Hokken‐Koelega Anita C. S.
Published: June 2010

Context  The criteria for starting growth hormone (GH), an approved treatment for short children born small for gestational age (SGA), differ between Europe and the USA. One European requirement for starting GH, a distance to target height (DTH) of ≥1 standard deviation score (SDS), is controversial.

Objective  To investigate the influence of DTH on growth during GH treatment in short SGA children and to ascertain whether it is correct to exclude children with a DTH <1 SDS from GH.

Patients  A large group of short prepubertal SGA children (baseline n = 446; 4 years GH n = 215).

Measurements  We analysed the prepubertal growth response during 4 years of GH. We investigated the influence of the continuous variable DTH SDS on growth response and a possible DTH SDS cut‐off level below which point the growth response is insufficient.

Results  Height gain SDS during 4 years of GH showed a wide variation at every DTH SDS level. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that, after correction for other significant variables, an additional DTH of 1 SDS resulted in 0·13 SDS more height gain during 4 years of GH. We found no significant differences in height gain below and above certain DTH SDS cut‐off levels.

Conclusions  DTH SDS had a weak positive effect on height gain during 4 years of GH, while several other determinants had much larger effects. We found no support for using any DTH cut‐off level. Based on our data, excluding children with a DTH <1 SDS from GH treatment is not justified.
Altered thyrotropic and lactotropic axes regulation in Huntington’s disease
Authors: Aziz N. A. , Pijl Hanno , Frölich Marijke , Roelfsema Ferdinand , Roos Raymund A. C.
Published: June 2010

Background  Recently, a loss of hypothalamic dopamine D2 receptors was demonstrated in Huntington’s disease (HD). Activation of dopamine D2 receptors is known to inhibit the function of both thyrotropic and lactotropic axes.

Objective  To assess whether the activity of the thyrotropic and lactotropic axes is disturbed in patients with HD, contributing to symptoms such as unintended weight loss.

Participants and methods  In nine medication‐free patients with early‐stage HD (six men, three women) and nine age‐, sex‐ and body mass index‐matched controls, we measured serum levels of thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin (men only) every 10 min for 24 h. Multiparameter auto‐deconvolution and approximate entropy analysis were applied to quantify basal, pulsatile and total TSH and prolactin secretion rates as well as the regularity of hormone release.

Results  Compared with controls, TSH and prolactin secretion tended to be slightly, but not significantly, higher in patients with HD (TSH: 1·13 ±0·14 vs 0·91 ± 0·19 mU/l, P = 0·40; prolactin: 213 ± 18 vs 209 ± 11 pmol/l, P = 0·87). However, in patients with HD, total T3 levels were significantly higher (1·60 ± 0·05 vs 1·35 ± 0·09, P = 0·045), while T4 levels tended to be higher as well (91·9 ± 3·9 vs 81·3 ± 3·1, P = 0·085). Prolactin secretion was significantly more irregular in patients with HD (Approximate entropy (ApEn): 1·06 ± 0·08 vs 0·80 ± 0·09, P = 0·037). Total T3 levels were negatively associated with motor impairment (r = −0·72, P = 0·030), whereas increasing free T4 levels were associated with a larger mutant cytosine‐adenine‐guanine (CAG) repeat size (r = +0·68, P = 0·044). Conclusion: Our findings indicate a mild hyperactivity of the thyrotropic axis and a disturbed regulation of the lactotropic axis in patients with early‐stage HD.
Morbidity and mortality in patients with craniopharyngioma after surgery
Authors: Crowley R. K. , Hamnvik O. P. , O’Sullivan E. P. , Behan L. A. , Smith D. , Agha A. , Thompson C. J.
Published: June 2010

Objective  Craniopharyngioma (CP) is a benign tumour of the suprasellar region that is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in comparison with other causes of hypopituitarism. We aimed to establish the rate and causes of mortality and morbidity in patients with CP who attended our centre.

Design  We performed a retrospective case note audit of patients with CP who were managed by our service. We established the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for patients with CP. We compared obesity prevalence with two other hypopituitary groups who are managed by our service.

Patients  We identified 70 patients with CP, 97% of whom had undergone surgery and 42% radiotherapy. We compared the prevalence of obesity with that of 89 patients with hypopituitarism secondary to surgery for nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma and 29 patients with post‐traumatic hypopituitarism (PTHP).

Measurements  Standardized mortality ratio for patients with CP was 8·75 (95% CI of 5·4–13·3); SMR for women was 10·51 (95% CI 5·04–19·3) and 7·55 (95% CI 3·77–13·52) for men. The rates of growth hormone (GH), gonadotrophin, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and TSH deficiencies were 91%, 93·5%, 92% and 86%, respectively. The rate of diabetes insipidus (DI) was 81%; 7·1% had adipsic DI. Dyslipidaemia was present in 46·9% and diabetes mellitus in 11·5%. Obesity affected 66% of patients with CP, 47% of patients with nonfunctioning adenoma and 31% of those with PTHP (P < 0·001).

Conclusions  Patients with CP suffer from high rates of mortality and morbidity. The underlying causes for mortality and for obesity in this population remain poorly understood.
Is acute supramaximal exercise capable of modulating lipoprotein profile in healthy men?
Authors: Lira Fabio Santos , Zanchi Nelo Eidy , Lima‐Silva Adriano Eduardo , Pires Flávio Oliveira , Bertuzzi Rômulo Cássio , Caperuto Erico Chagas , Kiss Maria Augusta , Seelaender Marília , Santos Ronaldo Vagner
Published: June 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (8): 759–765

Background  This study examined the effects of acute supramaximal exercise (∼115% VO2max) on the blood lipid profile for three different carbohydrate (CHO) storage levels (control, low and high).

Methods  Six male subjects were randomly divided into three different groups: control, low CHO and high CHO. These groups differed in the diet to which the subjects were submitted before each exercise session. The lipid profile [triglycerides (TG), very low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL)‐cholesterol, TG/HDL‐C ratio and total cholesterol) was determined at rest, immediately after exercise and 1 h after exercise bouts.

Results  The time to exhaustion was lower in the low CHO condition compared with the control and high CHO condition (3·59 ± 0·72; 2·91 ± 0·56; and 4·26 ± 0·69 min; P < 0·05). The energy expenditure (control: 251·1 ± 56·0 kJ; low CHO: 215·2 ± 28·6 kJ; and high CHO: 310·4 ± 64·9 kJ) was significantly different between the low and high CHO conditions (P < 0·05). There were no significant changes in the lipid profile for any of the experimental conditions (control, low and high; P < 0·05). Glucose and insulin levels did not show time‐dependent changes in any of the conditions (P > 0·05).

Conclusions  These results indicate that a supramaximal exercise session has no significant effects on lipid metabolism.
IntrinsicQpseismic attenuation from the rise time of microearthquakes: a local scale application at Rio‐Antirrio, Western Greece
Authors: Tselentis G.‐Akis , Paraskevopoulos Paraskevas , Martakis Nikos
Published: June 2010

We determine the attenuation structure of a three‐dimensional medium based on first pulse‐width measurements from microearthquake data. Ninety‐five microearthquakes from a seventy stations local network were considered in this study. Measurements of the first half cycle of the wave, the so‐called rise time τ were carried out on high quality velocity seismograms and inverted to estimate the P‐waves intrinsic quality factorQp. The results of this investigation indicate that first pulse width data from a local microearthquake network permit retrieval with sufficient accuracy of the heterogeneousQpstructure. The inferred attenuation variability corresponds to the known geological formations in the region.