bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testosterone Alters Maternal Vascular Adaptations
Authors: Chinnathambi Vijayakumar , Balakrishnan Meena , Ramadoss Jayanth , Yallampalli Chandrasekhar , Sathishkumar Kunju
Published: January 2013

Sex steroid hormones estradiol and progesterone play an important role in vascular adaptations during pregnancy. However, little is known about the role of androgens. Plasma testosterone (T) levels are elevated in preeclampsia, mothers with polycystic ovary, and pregnant African American women, who have endothelial dysfunction and develop gestational hypertension. We tested whether increased T alters vascular adaptations during pregnancy and whether these alterations depend on endothelium-derived factors, such as prostacyclin, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, and NO. Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were injected with vehicle (n=12) or T propionate [0.5 mg/Kg per day from gestation day 15–19; n=12] to increase plasma T levels 2-fold, similar to that observed in preeclampsia. Telemetric blood pressures and endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity were assessed with wire-myograph system. Phospho-endothelial NO synthase and total endothelial NO synthase were examined in mesenteric arteries. Mean arterial pressures were significantly higher starting from gestation day19 until delivery in T-treated dams. Endothelium-dependent relaxation responses to acetylcholine were significantly lower in mesenteric arteries of T-treated dams (pD
2
[−log EC
50
]=7.05±0.06; E
max
=89.4±1.89) compared with controls (pD
2
=7.38±0.04; E
max
=99.9±0.97). Further assessment of endothelial factors showed NO-mediated relaxations were blunted in T-treated mesenteric arteries (E
max
=42.26±5.95) compared with controls (E
max
=76.49±5.06); however, prostacyclin- and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor-mediated relaxations were unaffected. Relaxation to sodium nitroprusside was unaffected with T-treatment. Phosphorylations of endothelial NO synthase at Ser
1177
were decreased and at Thr
495
increased in T-treated mesenteric arteries without changes in total endothelial NO synthase levels. In conclusion, increased maternal T, at concentrations relevant to abnormal clinical conditions, cause hypertension associated with blunting of NO-mediated vasodilation. T may induce the increased vascular resistance associated with pregnancy-induced hypertension.
Automatic Design of Decision-Tree Algorithms with Evolutionary Algorithms
Authors: Barros Rodrigo C. , Basgalupp Márcio P. , de Carvalho André C. P. L. F. , Freitas Alex A.
Published: January 2013

This study reports the empirical analysis of a hyper-heuristic evolutionary algorithm that is capable of automatically designing top-down decision-tree induction algorithms. Top-down decision-tree algorithms are of great importance, considering their ability to provide an intuitive and accurate knowledge representation for classification problems. The automatic design of these algorithms seems timely, given the large literature accumulated over more than 40 years of research in the manual design of decision-tree induction algorithms. The proposed hyper-heuristic evolutionary algorithm, HEAD-DT, is extensively tested using 20 public UCI datasets and 10 microarray gene expression datasets. The algorithms automatically designed by HEAD-DT are compared with traditional decision-tree induction algorithms, such as C4.5 and CART. Experimental results show that HEAD-DT is capable of generating algorithms which are significantly more accurate than C4.5 and CART.
Learning with Boundary Conditions
Authors: Gnecco Giorgio , Gori Marco , Sanguineti Marcello
Published: January 2013

Kernel machines traditionally arise from an elegant formulation based on measuring the smoothness of the admissible solutions by the norm in the reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) generated by the chosen kernel. It was pointed out that they can be formulated in a related functional framework, in which the Green’s function of suitable differential operators is thought of as a kernel. In this letter, our own picture of this intriguing connection is given by emphasizing some relevant distinctions between these different ways of measuring the smoothness of admissible solutions. In particular, we show that for some kernels, there is no associated differential operator. The crucial relevance of boundary conditions is especially emphasized, which is in fact the truly distinguishing feature of the approach based on differential operators. We provide a general solution to the problem of learning from data and boundary conditions and illustrate the significant role played by boundary conditions with examples. It turns out that the degree of freedom that arises in the traditional formulation of kernel machines is indeed a limitation, which is partly overcome when incorporating the boundary conditions. This likely holds true in many real-world applications in which there is prior knowledge about the expected behavior of classifiers and regressors on the boundary.
Double-Gabor Filters Are Independent Components of Small Translation-Invariant Image Patches
Authors: Saremi Saeed , Sejnowski Terrence J. , Sharpee Tatyana O.
Published: January 2013

The analysis of natural images with independent component analysis (ICA) yields localized bandpass Gabor-type filters similar to receptive fields of simple cells in visual cortex. We applied ICA on a subset of patches called position-centered patches, selected for forming a translation-invariant representation of small patches. The resulting filters were qualitatively different in two respects. One novel feature was the emergence of filters we call double-Gabor filters. In contrast to Gabor functions that are modulated in one direction, double-Gabor filters are sinusoidally modulated in two orthogonal directions. In addition the filters were more extended in space and frequency compared to standard ICA filters and better matched the distribution in experimental recordings from neurons in primary visual cortex. We further found a dual role for double-Gabor filters as edge and texture detectors, which could have engineering applications.
Some Sampling Properties of Common Phase Estimators
Authors: Lepage Kyle Q. , Kramer Mark A. , Eden Uri T.
Published: January 2013

The instantaneous phase of neural rhythms is important to many neuroscience-related studies. In this letter, we show that the statistical sampling properties of three instantaneous phase estimators commonly employed to analyze neuroscience data share common features, allowing an analytical investigation into their behavior. These three phase estimators—the Hilbert, complex Morlet, and discrete Fourier transform—are each shown to maximize the likelihood of the data, assuming the observation of different neural signals. This connection, explored with the use of a geometric argument, is used to describe the bias and variance properties of each of the phase estimators, their temporal dependence, and the effect of model misspecification. This analysis suggests how prior knowledge about a rhythmic signal can be used to improve the accuracy of phase estimates.
Modular Encoding and Decoding Models Derived from Bayesian Canonical Correlation Analysis
Authors: Fujiwara Yusuke , Miyawaki Yoichi , Kamitani Yukiyasu
Published: January 2013

Neural encoding and decoding provide perspectives for understanding neural representations of sensory inputs. Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have succeeded in building prediction models for encoding and decoding numerous stimuli by representing a complex stimulus as a combination of simple elements. While arbitrary visual images were reconstructed using a modular model that combined the outputs of decoder modules for multiscale local image bases (elements), the shapes of the image bases were heuristically determined. In this work, we propose a method to establish mappings between the stimulus and the brain by automatically extracting modules from measured data. We develop a model based on Bayesian canonical correlation analysis, in which each module is modeled by a latent variable that relates a set of pixels in a visual image to a set of voxels in an fMRI activity pattern. The estimated mapping from a latent variable to pixels can be regarded as an image basis. We show that the model estimates a modular representation with spatially localized multiscale image bases. Further, using the estimated mappings, we derive encoding and decoding models that produce accurate predictions for brain activity and stimulus images. Our approach thus provides a novel means of revealing neural representations of stimuli by automatically extracting modules, which can be used to generate effective prediction models for encoding and decoding.
Optimality and Saturation in Axonal Chemotaxis
Authors: Yuan Jiajia , Chan Stanley , Mortimer Duncan , Nguyen Huyen , Goodhill Geoffrey J.
Published: January 2013

Chemotaxis (detecting and following chemical gradients) plays a crucial role in the function of many biological systems. In particular, gradient following by neuronal growth cones is important for the correct wiring of the nervous system. There is increasing interest in the constraints that determine how small chemotacting devices respond to gradients, but little quantitative information is available in this regard for neuronal growth cones. Mortimer et al. ( 2009 ) and Mortimer, Dayan, Burrage, and Goodhill ( 2011 ) proposed a Bayesian ideal observer model that predicts chemotactic performance for shallow gradients. Here we investigated two important aspects of this model. First, we found by numerical simulation that although the analytical predictions of the model assume shallow gradients, these predictions remain remarkably robust to large deviations in gradient steepness. Second, we found experimentally that the chemotactic response increased linearly with gradient steepness for very shallow gradients as predicted by the model; however, the response saturated for steeper gradients. This saturation could be reproduced in simulations of a growth rate modulation response mechanism. Together these results illuminate the domain of validity of the Bayesian model and give further insight into the biological mechanisms of axonal chemotaxis.
Anapidae (Arachnida: Araneae), a spider family newly recorded from Laos
Authors: LIN YUCHENG , LI SHUQIANG , JÄGER PETER
Published: January 2013

The spider family Anapidae is reported from Laos for the first time. One new species is described: Pseudanapis namkhan n. sp. from Nam Khan Valley, Luang Prabang Province. Another species is recorded for the first time from Champasak Province, Laos and the following new synonymy is proposed: Sinanapis thaleri Ono 2009 = Sinanapis crassitarsus Wunderlich & Song 1995 n. syn. Morphological descriptions, diagnoses and comparative illustrations are provided for the two species.
Ptyctimous mites (Acari, Oribatida) from Southern Vietnam with descriptions of three new species
Authors: NIEDBAŁA WOJCIECH , ERMILOV SERGEY G.
Published: January 2013

An annotated checklist of ptyctimous mite taxa from Southern Vietnam, including 18 species, 11 genera and seven families, is provided. Three new species.—Apoplophora minuscula Niedbała sp. nov., Acrotritia proxima Niedbała sp. nov. and Sabahtritia dongnaiensis Niedbała sp. nov.—are described. Some remarks on descriptions of Vietnamese Apoplophora pantotrema (Berlese, 1913) and Arphthiracarus tubulus (Hammer, 1972) are presented.
Chemical Characteristics of Aerosol Composition over the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in Autumn*
Authors: Zhang Hong-Hai , Yang Gui-Peng , Liu Chun-Ying , Su Lu-Ping
Published: January 2013

The total suspended particulate (TSP) samples over the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea were collected to determine the major compositions of water-soluble ionic species during two cruises in autumn 2007. The aerosol compositions exhibited an obvious regional variation between the two cruises, with higher concentrations (except Na+ and Mg2+) over the northern Yellow Sea during the first cruise. The concentrations of the secondary ions [non–sea salt sulfate (nss-), , and ] were 11 ± 4.9, 3.1 ± 2.1, and 3.7 ± 2.6 μg m−3, respectively, which together contributed over 72% of the total determined ion concentrations. Significant correlations between these secondary ions were found within each sampling period, while nss-K+ and nss-Ca2+ showed strong correlation with each other. The calculated results of equivalent concentrations of anions (nss- and ) and cations ( and Ca2+) showed that the acidic species were mostly neutralized with the alkaline species over the study areas. The mass ratio of nss-/ was 1.4 during the investigation period. In addition, the concentrations of MSA were 0.011 ± 0.044 and 0.0081 ± 0.0047 μg m−3 during the two cruises, respectively. Based on the measured MSA, nss-, and their ratios, the relative biogenic sulfur contribution to the total nss- was estimated to be only 2.0% during the two cruises, further suggesting the major contribution of anthropogenic source to sulfur budget over the marginal seas of China.
Transient Climate Response in Coupled Atmospheric–Ocean General Circulation Models
Authors: Liang Mao-Chang , Lin Li-Ching , Tung Ka-Kit , Yung Yuk L. , Sun Shan
Published: January 2013

The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) has a large uncertainty range among models participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) and has recently been presented as “inherently unpredictable.” One way to circumvent this problem is to consider the transient climate response (TCR). However, the TCR among AR4 models also differs by more than a factor of 2. The authors argue that the situation may not necessarily be so pessimistic, because much of the intermodel difference may be due to the fact that the models were run with their oceans at various stages of flux adjustment with their atmosphere. This is shown by comparing multimillennium-long runs of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies model, version E, coupled with the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (GISS-EH) and the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4) with what were reported to AR4. The long model runs here reveal the range of variability (~30%) in their TCR within the same model with the same ECS. The commonly adopted remedy of subtracting the “climate drift” is ineffective and adds to the variability. The culprit is the natural variability of the control runs, which exists even at quasi equilibration. Fortunately, for simulations with multidecadal time horizon, robust solutions can be obtained by branching off thousand-year-long control runs that reach “quasi equilibration” using a new protocol, which takes advantage of the fact that forced solutions to radiative forcing forget their initial condition after 30–40 yr and instead depend mostly on the trajectory of the radiative forcing.
The Atlantic Meridional Heat Transport at 26.5°N and Its Relationship with the MOC in the RAPID Array and the GFDL and NCAR Coupled Models
Authors: Msadek Rym , Johns William E. , Yeager Stephen G. , Danabasoglu Gokhan , Delworth Thomas L. , Rosati Anthony
Published: January 2013

The link at 26.5°N between the Atlantic meridional heat transport (MHT) and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is investigated in two climate models, the GFDL Climate Model version 2.1 (CM2.1) and the NCAR Community Climate System Model version 4 (CCSM4), and compared with the recent observational estimates from the Rapid Climate Change–Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heatflux Array (RAPID–MOCHA) array. Despite a stronger-than-observed MOC magnitude, both models underestimate the mean MHT at 26.5°N because of an overly diffuse thermocline. Biases result from errors in both overturning and gyre components of the MHT. The observed linear relationship between MHT and MOC at 26.5°N is realistically simulated by the two models and is mainly due to the overturning component of the MHT. Fluctuations in overturning MHT are dominated by Ekman transport variability in CM2.1 and CCSM4, whereas baroclinic geostrophic transport variability plays a larger role in RAPID. CCSM4, which has a parameterization of Nordic Sea overflows and thus a more realistic North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) penetration, shows smaller biases in the overturning heat transport than CM2.1 owing to deeper NADW at colder temperatures. The horizontal gyre heat transport and its sensitivity to the MOC are poorly represented in both models. The wind-driven gyre heat transport is northward in observations at 26.5°N, whereas it is weakly southward in both models, reducing the total MHT. This study emphasizes model biases that are responsible for the too-weak MHT, particularly at the western boundary. The use of direct MHT observations through RAPID allows for identification of the source of the too-weak MHT in the two models, a bias shared by a number of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) coupled models.
Control of Mode and Intermediate Water Mass Properties in Drake Passage by the Amundsen Sea Low
Authors: Close Sally E. , Naveira Garabato Alberto C. , McDonagh Elaine L. , King Brian A. , Biuw Martin , Boehme Lars
Published: January 2013

The evolution of the physical properties of Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) in the Drake Passage region is examined on time scales down to intraseasonal, within the 1969–2009 period. Both SAMW and AAIW experience substantial interannual to interdecadal variability, significantly linked to the action of the Amundsen Sea low (ASL) in their formation areas. Observations suggest that the interdecadal freshening tendency evident in SAMW over the past three decades has recently abated, while AAIW has warmed significantly since the early 2000s. The two water masses have also experienced a substantial lightening since the start of the record. Examination of the mechanisms underpinning water mass property variability shows that SAMW characteristics are controlled predominantly by a combination of air–sea turbulent heat fluxes, cross-frontal Ekman transport of Antarctic surface waters, and the evaporation–precipitation balance in the Subantarctic zone of the southeast Pacific and Drake Passage, while AAIW properties reflect air–sea turbulent heat fluxes and sea ice formation in the Bellingshausen Sea. The recent interdecadal evolution of the ASL is consistent with both the dominance of the processes described here and the response of SAMW and AAIW on that time scale.
Radiative and Dynamical Forcing of the Surface and Atmospheric Temperature Anomalies Associated with the Northern Annular Mode
Authors: Deng Yi , Park Tae-Won , Cai Ming
Published: January 2013

On the basis of the total energy balance within an atmosphere–surface column, an attribution analysis is conducted for the Northern Hemisphere (NH) atmospheric and surface temperature response to the northern annular mode (NAM) in boreal winter. The local temperature anomaly in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) is decomposed into partial temperature anomalies because of changes in atmospheric dynamics, water vapor, clouds, ozone, surface albedo, and surface dynamics with the coupled atmosphere–surface climate feedback–response analysis method (CFRAM). Large-scale ascent/descent as part of the NAM-related mean meridional circulation anomaly adiabatically drives the main portion of the observed zonally averaged atmospheric temperature response, particularly the tropospheric cooling/warming over northern extratropics. Contributions from diabatic processes are generally small but could be locally important, especially at lower latitudes where radiatively active substances such as clouds and water vapor are more abundant. For example, in the tropical upper troposphere and stratosphere, both cloud and ozone forcings are critical in leading to the observed NAM-related temperature anomalies. Radiative forcing due to changes in water vapor acts as the main driver of the surface warming of southern North America during a positive phase of NAM, with atmospheric dynamics providing additional warming. In the negative phase of NAM, surface albedo change drives the surface cooling of southern North America, with atmospheric dynamics providing additional cooling. Over the subpolar North Atlantic and northern Eurasia, atmospheric dynamical processes again become the largest contributor to the NAM-related surface temperature anomalies, although changes in water vapor and clouds also contribute positively to the observed surface temperature anomalies while change in surface dynamics contributes negatively to the observed temperature anomalies.
Precipitation Sensitivity to Surface Heat Fluxes over North America in Reanalysis and Model Data
Authors: Berg Alexis , Findell Kirsten , Lintner Benjamin R. , Gentine Pierre , Kerr Christopher
Published: January 2013

A new methodology for assessing the impact of surface heat fluxes on precipitation is applied to data from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) and to output from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory’s Atmospheric Model 2.1 (AM2.1). The method assesses the sensitivity of afternoon convective rainfall frequency and intensity to the late-morning partitioning of latent and sensible heating, quantified in terms of evaporative fraction (EF). Over North America, both NARR and AM2.1 indicate sensitivity of convective rainfall triggering to EF but no appreciable influence of EF on convective rainfall amounts. Functional relationships between the triggering feedback strength (TFS) metric and mean EF demonstrate the occurrence of stronger coupling for mean EF in the range of 0.6 to 0.8. To leading order, AM2.1 exhibits spatial distributions and seasonality of the EF impact on triggering resembling those seen in NARR: rainfall probability increases with higher EF over the eastern United States and Mexico and peaks in Northern Hemisphere summer. Over those regions, the impact of EF variability on afternoon rainfall triggering in summer can explain up to 50% of seasonal rainfall variability. However, the AM2.1 metrics also exhibit some features not present in NARR, for example, strong coupling extending northwestward from the central Great Plains into Canada. Sources of disagreement may include model hydroclimatic biases that affect the mean patterns and variability of surface flux partitioning, with EF variability typically much lower in NARR. Finally, the authors also discuss the consistency of their results with other assessments of land–precipitation coupling obtained from different methodologies.
Influence of Filter Band Function on Retrieval of Aerosol Optical Depth from Sunphotometer Data
Authors: Zhang Hao , Zhang Bing , Chen Dongmei , Li Junsheng , Zhao Guangning
Published: January 2013

Beer’s attenuation law is the basis for the retrieval of aerosol optical depth (AOD) from sunphotometer data. However, the filter band function causes uncertainty during the retrieval of AOD from sunphotometer data, particularly for channels covering spectral regions of strong gas absorption. In this work, the uncertainty in AOD retrieval due to the filter band function is systematically analyzed by employing fine spectral absorption cross sections obtained from the Molecular Spectroscopy and Chemical Kinetics Group and the line-by-line radiative transfer model (LBLRTM). The uncertainty in AOD retrieval includes the uncertainty due to the wings of the filter band function in the ultraviolet (UV) region and errors in the optical depth calculation for Rayleigh scattering and absorption of O3, NO2, H2O, CH4, and CO2. The results showed that 1) the uncertainty of AOD retrieval by this method, which is called the approximate AOD retrieval method, might become large when the filter band function is not well designed, particularly in the UV region; 2) in the case of a large zenith observation condition, the errors will be nonnegligible if the Rayleigh scattering optical depth is calculated at a central wavelength without including filter band function; 3) the band-weighted absorption coefficients of O3 and NO2 remain nearly constant when the gas amounts change, except in the case of questionably designed band filters; and 4) these weak-absorption optical depths for H2O, CH4, and CO2 cannot be ignored in the 1020- or 1640-nm channels, where an optical depth error of 0.01−0.02 may be introduced.
Bayesian Inference of Drag Parameters Using AXBT Data from Typhoon Fanapi
Authors: Sraj Ihab , Iskandarani Mohamed , Srinivasan Ashwanth , Thacker W. Carlisle , Winokur Justin , Alexanderian Alen , Lee Chia-Ying , Chen Shuyi S. , Knio Omar M.
Published: January 2013

The authors introduce a three-parameter characterization of the wind speed dependence of the drag coefficient and apply a Bayesian formalism to infer values for these parameters from airborne expendable bathythermograph (AXBT) temperature data obtained during Typhoon Fanapi. One parameter is a multiplicative factor that amplifies or attenuates the drag coefficient for all wind speeds, the second is the maximum wind speed at which drag coefficient saturation occurs, and the third is the drag coefficient's rate of change with increasing wind speed after saturation. Bayesian inference provides optimal estimates of the parameters as well as a non-Gaussian probability distribution characterizing the uncertainty of these estimates. The efficiency of this approach stems from the use of adaptive polynomial expansions to build an inexpensive surrogate for the high-resolution numerical model that couples simulated winds to the oceanic temperature data, dramatically reducing the computational burden of the Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling. These results indicate that the most likely values for the drag coefficient saturation and the corresponding wind speed are about 2.3 × 10−3 and 34 m s−1, respectively; the data were not informative regarding the drag coefficient behavior at higher wind speeds.
Contagious Rebellion and Preemptive Repression
Authors: Danneman Nathan , Ritter Emily Hencken
Published: January 2013

Civil conflict appears to be contagious—scholars have shown that civil wars in a state’s neighborhood make citizens more likely to rebel at home. However, war occurs when both rebels and the state engage in conflict. How do state authorities respond to the potential for civil conflict to spread? We argue that elites will anticipate the incentive-altering effects of civil wars abroad and increase repression at home to preempt potential rebellion. Using a Bayesian hierarchical model and spatially weighted conflict measures, we find robust evidence that a state will engage in higher levels of human rights violations as civil war becomes more prevalent in its geographic proximity. We thus find evidence that states violate rights as a function of the internal politics of other states. Further, we argue authorities will act not to mimic their neighbors but rather to avoid their fate.
Spatial, Temporal and Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Maritime Piracy
Authors: Marchione Elio , Johnson Shane D.
Published: January 2013

Objectives:

To examine patterns in the timing and location of incidents of maritime piracy to see whether, like many urban crimes, attacks cluster in space and time.

Methods:

Data for all incidents of maritime piracy worldwide recorded by the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency are analyzed using time-series models and methods originally developed to detect disease contagion.

Results:

At the macro level, analyses suggest that incidents of pirate attacks are concentrated in five subregions of the earth’s oceans and that the time series for these different subregions differ. At the micro level, analyses suggest that for the last 16 years (or more), pirate attacks appear to cluster in space and time suggesting that patterns are not static but are also not random.

Conclusions:

Much like other types of crime, pirate attacks cluster in space, and following an attack at one location the risk of others at the same location or nearby is temporarily elevated. The identification of such regularities has implications for the understanding of maritime piracy and for predicting the future locations of attacks.
Child Abuse and Neglect, Developmental Role Attainment, and Adult Arrests
Authors: Allwood Maureen A. , Widom Cathy Spatz
Published: January 2013

This study examines whether developmental role attainment in three areas (high school graduation, employment, and marriage) mediates the relationship between childhood abuse and neglect and adult arrest. Children with documented cases of physical and sexual abuse and neglect (before age 11) and a comparison group of nonabused or neglected children were matched on age, sex, race, and approximate socioeconomic status ( N = 1,169) and followed-up and interviewed at approximate age 29. Arrest records were collected from law enforcement agencies. Childhood abuse and neglect predicted decreased likelihood of graduating from high school, current employment, and current marriage and greater likelihood of juvenile and adult arrest. Each of these developmental roles partially mediated the relationship between childhood abuse and neglect and adult arrest. The importance of these three developmental milestones and implications of the results for intervening with abused and neglected youth are discussed.
Justice as Measure of Nongovernmental Organization Success in Postdisaster Community Assistance
Authors: Allen Barbara L.
Published: January 2013

Through exploring multiple contemporary conceptions of justice, this article illustrates that justice matters when considering outcomes in nongovernmental organization (NGO) assistance. In environmental justice (EJ) scholarship, the term justice has been underproblematized, assuming a tacit understanding of the concept as fairness or equitable distribution of environmental harms. Using the rebuilding of two heavily damaged poor and minority neighborhoods in post–Katrina New Orleans as case studies, this article makes evident the different conceptualizations of justice embedded within the strategies and techniques of NGOs and community organizations. Examining both practices and outcomes, I argue that the definition of justice that NGOs implicitly or explicitly adopt in their strategies and technologies of assistance can lead to very different results in postdisaster neighborhood revitalization. For science and technology studies, conceptions of justice can help articulate a more critical social science that opens up the descriptive/normative divide. This is important in thinking about equitable social change and allied policy—as it applies not only to NGO assistance but also to other science and technology issues that intersect with marginalized communities as well.
Beyond ‘the Relationship between the Individual and Society’: Broadening and Deepening Relational Thinking in Group Analysis
Authors: Roseneil Sasha
Published: January 2013

The question of ‘the relationship between the individual and society’ has troubled group analysis since its inception. This paper offers a reading of Foulkes that highlights the emergent, yet evanescent, psychosocial ontology in his writings, and argues for the development of a truly psychosocial group analysis, which moves beyond the individual/society dualism. It argues for a shift towards a language of relationality, and proposes new theoretical resources for such a move from relational sociology, relational psychoanalysis and the ‘matrixial thinking’ of Bracha Ettinger which would broaden and deepen group analytic understandings of relationality.
Non-destructive inspection of carbon-fibre-reinforced polymers using lock-in thermography
Authors: Wang Zijun , Dai Jingmin , Zhu Zhaoxuan
Published: January 2013

Development in composite materials technology has led to wide applications of such promising materials. The detection and characterisation of the wide range of defects requires a number of specialised non-destructive methods. In this article, lock-in thermography was used to identify defects in carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer specimens. The effects of modulation frequency and incident angle were discussed. The amplitude and the phase images were compared. A multi-objective evolutionary algorithm was used to optimise the experimental frequency, time and other parameters of infrared NDT. The temperature difference between the non-destructive and the defect regions was used as evaluation function. The results show this method can provide theoretical parameters for engineering inspection.
Deconstructing Correctional Officer Deviance
Authors: Ross Jeffrey Ian
Published: January 2013

This article reviews the scholarly research that has been conducted on the problem of correctional officer (CO) deviance. It then outlines the most dominant kinds of CO deviance and the solutions that have been proposed and, in part, implemented. In so doing, the author provides a typology of the categories of deviance and the variety of controls. The researcher concludes with several recommendations on how these findings might be utilized to further the research on this subject.
Vision Impairment Among Older Adults Residing in Assisted Living
Authors: Elliott Amanda F. , McGwin Gerald , Owsley Cynthia
Published: January 2013

Objective: To examine rates of visual impairment of older adults in assisted living facilities (ALFs). Methods: Vision screening events were held at 12 ALFs in Jefferson County, Alabama, for residents above 60 years of age. Visual acuity, cognitive status, and presence of eye conditions were assessed. Results: A total of 144 residents were screened. Of these 67.8% failed distance screening, 70.9% failed near screening, and 89.3% failed contrast sensitivity screening. A total of 40.4% of residents had cognitive impairment and 89% had a least one diagnosed eye condition. Visual acuities did not differ significantly between cognitive status groups or with greater numbers of eye conditions. Discussion: This study is the first to provide information about vision impairment in the assisted living population. Of those screened, 70% had visual acuity worse than 20/40 for distance or near vision, and 90% had impaired contrast sensitivity. Cognitive impairment accounted for a small percentage of the variance in near vision and contrast sensitivity.
Does Attachment Get Under the Skin? Adult Romantic Attachment and Cortisol Responses to Stress
Authors: Pietromonaco Paula R. , DeBuse Casey J. , Powers Sally I.
Published: January 2013

Although many studies have indicated that people in low-quality relationships are less healthy, precisely how relationships influence health remains unclear. We focus on one physiological pathway that may provide clues to the link between relationships and health: the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Evidence indicates that attachment processes in adult romantic relationships are associated with HPA responses to stress (assessed via cortisol levels). Specifically, attachment insecurity predicts different cortisol patterns in response to stress than does attachment security, especially when the stressor potentially threatens the relationship. Thus, attachment may get under the skin through biological responses to attachment-relevant stressors, but further work is needed to pinpoint the complete physiological and behavioral pathways through which attachment may influence health and disease outcomes.
Wishful Seeing
Authors: Dunning David , Balcetis Emily
Published: January 2013

People assume that they perceive the world as it really is. In this article, we review research that questions this assumption and instead suggests that people see what they want to see. We discuss classic and current research demonstrating wishful seeing across two perceptual tasks, showing that people categorize ambiguous visual information and represent their environments in ways that align with their desires. Further, we outline when and how wishful seeing occurs. We suggest directions for future research in light of historical trends and contemporary revisions of the study of wishful seeing.
Beyond Brain Mapping
Authors: Berkman Elliot T. , Falk Emily B.
Published: January 2013

One goal of social science in general, and of psychology in particular, is to understand and predict human behavior. Psychologists have traditionally used self-report measures and performance on laboratory tasks to achieve this end. However, these measures are limited in their ability to predict behavior in certain contexts. We argue that current neuroscientific knowledge has reached a point where it can complement other existing psychological measures in predicting behavior and other important outcomes. This brain-as-predictor approach integrates traditional neuroimaging methods with measures of behavioral outcomes that extend beyond the immediate experimental session. Previously, most neuroimaging experiments focused on understanding basic psychological processes that could be directly observed in the laboratory. However, recent experiments have demonstrated that brain measures can predict outcomes (e.g., purchasing decisions, clinical outcomes) over longer timescales in ways that go beyond what was previously possible with self-report data alone. This approach can be used to reveal the connections between neural activity in laboratory contexts and longer-term, ecologically valid outcomes. We describe this approach and discuss its potential theoretical implications. We also review recent examples of studies that have used this approach, discuss methodological considerations, and provide specific guidelines for using it in future research.
Cognition, Metacognition, and the Design of Maps
Authors: Hegarty Mary
Published: January 2013

With advances in information technologies, graphical displays are becoming increasingly complex and interactive, giving users flexibility to choose and design their own displays. But most people are not trained in graphic design. Do people intuitively choose or create the most effective displays for particular tasks? More generally, what defines an effective graphic? Recent research on cognition of geospatial displays (i.e., maps) has provided empirical validation of cartographic design principles. At the same time, research on metacognition has indicated that people’s preferences for displays do not always conform to the effectiveness of these displays for the task at hand. In this article, I highlight the importance of empirically testing principles of visual-display design and argue for broader education in visual literacy, including principles of graphic design.
Infants Are Rational Constructivist Learners
Authors: Xu Fei , Kushnir Tamar
Published: January 2013

What is the nature of human learning, and what insights can be gained from understanding early learning in infants and young children? This is an important question for understanding the human mind, the origins of knowledge, scientific reasoning, and how to best structure our educational environment. In this article, we argue for a new approach to cognitive development: rational constructivism. This view characterizes the child as a rational constructive learner, and it sees early learning as rational, statistical, and inferential. Empirical evidence for this approach has been accumulating rapidly, and a set of domain-general statistical and inferential mechanisms have been uncovered to explain why infants and young children learn so fast and so well.
‘Valour Knows Neither Age Nor Sex’: The Recueil des Actions Héroïques and the Representation of Courage in Revolutionary France
Authors: Clarke Joseph
Published: January 2013

The outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars prompted the production of wartime propaganda on an unprecedented scale. In France state-sponsored publications such as the mass-produced Recueil des Actions Héroïques et Civiques des Républicains Français reached an exceptionally wide audience throughout the Terror and inspired a variety of patriotic prints, plays, and paintings in the years that followed publication. This article argues that works such as this radically redefined the representation of courage in combat and left a lasting legacy on the representation of warfare well into the nineteenth century.
Courage and Cowardice on the First Crusade, 1096–1099
Authors: Kostick Conor
Published: January 2013

Previous surveys of medieval thinking with regard to courage and cowardice have concluded that the greatest opprobrium was reserved for those knights who turned and fled from battle. A close examination of the many sources for the First Crusade, however, indicates that such battlefield behaviour was far less of an issue than that of desertion from the campaign. There is no comparison between the anger and violent expression of dismay directed towards those who abandoned the crusade and that levelled at those who fled from fighting. What this suggests is that the all-or-nothing nature of the enterprise, once it was far from Christian territories, combined with a theology that equated leaving the army with the violation of a pilgrim’s oath, altered the participant’s concept of cowardice. Leaving the crusade was the highest form of cowardice and all other displays of fear were relatively excusable.
Courage and Cowardice in the Roman Imperial Army
Authors: Coulston Jon
Published: January 2013

This paper examines the courage and cowardice of Roman soldiers in the period from the late first century bc to the fourth century ad, set within a broader chronological context of service in standing armies. The specific sources for Roman warfare are evaluated together with features of service in the Roman armies. Discussion of courage is based on Roman concepts of virtus and disciplina, and examines religious and ritual observance, standing formations, regional cultural traditions, diet, medical support, training and skills development, military equipment, and service rewards. Cowardice and its consequences are investigated in the contexts of surrender, desertion, and enslavement, with particular reference to the literary sources and archaeological evidence for the defeat of Varus’ army in Germany (ad 9).
‘Sticking to a Hateful Task’: Resilience, Humour, and British Understandings of Combatant Courage, 1914–1918
Authors: Madigan Edward
Published: January 2013

In the years that immediately preceded the outbreak of the First World War, a willingness to die, and die well, in pursuit of a noble objective was lauded as the ultimate act of courage by a diverse range of commentators across the United Kingdom. The story of the deaths of Captain Robert Falcon Scott and his companions on their return from the South Pole in 1911 inspired effusive references to medieval chivalry and Christian sacrifice, and seemed to offer welcome proof that an ancient form of British courage was still very much alive in the twentieth century. This article explores British conceptions of combatant courage during the First World War as understood by the civilian population on the home front and the junior officers and men who bore the brunt of the fighting on the Western Front. Drawing on often overlooked sources that shed light on troop culture, it argues that while neither group rejected the pre-war paradigm, each embraced a conception of courage that was informed by its own distinctive needs and experiences. Chivalry and dignified self-sacrifice resonated strongly with civilians who suffered unprecedented levels of bereavement and understood their nation’s role in the war as righteous and just. For the soldiers who served in the front lines of an attritional trench war in which personal agency was greatly reduced, a robust rejection of victimhood and an emphasis on perseverance, articulately expressed through humour, became the new ideal of courage.
A two-armed embrace: The panentheistic trinitarianism of Rahner and Edwards
Authors: Conley Joseph
Published: January 2013

Denis Edwards relies heavily on Karl Rahner’s conception of the Trinity in his own construction of an ecological Trinitarian theology. However, he breaks from Rahner in the specific roles of each person of the Trinity. For Edwards, the Spirit is the immanent presence of God, while the Son is the exemplar for the unique identity of each creature. Conversely, for Rahner, the Son is categorical revelation and the Spirit is transcendental revelation. Thus, Rahner’s thought allows for an immanent Christ in a way that Edwards does not. Edwards’ ecological theology is weakened by this shift. By removing the imminent presence of Christ, he weakens the ability of the Trinitarian God to communicate about the here and now of creation.
Conceptualism, classicism and Bernard Lonergan’s retrieval of Aquinas
Authors: Olkovich Nick
Published: January 2013

Bernard Lonergan distinguishes the emergence of classical culture correlative with the ‘Greek discovery of mind’ from its classicist degeneration. Drawing on Lonergan’s Verbum: Word and Idea in Aquinas, I shall argue that the key to grasping the difference between the classical ideal and its classicist aberration lies in their respective cognitional theories, the former typified by an intellectualism traceable to Aristotle and Aquinas and the latter by an intuitionism traceable proximately to Scotus that Lonergan labels conceptualism. If a conceptualist account remains incapable of meeting the challenges concomitant with the emergence of modern science, historical scholarship and philosophy, Lonergan argues that an authentic retrieval of Aquinas provides the basis for responding to the breakdown of the classical control of meaning.
Theology and therapy: Maintaining the connection
Authors: Fergusson David
Published: January 2013

The important interaction of theology and psychotherapy in the mid-20th century is reviewed, with particular attention given to the formative role of personalist philosophy and its practical outcomes. After exploring the reasons for the relative decline in the interaction of these disciplines, at least as far as much mainstream theology is concerned, some proposals are offered for reinvigorating the links. These involve recognizing the therapeutic and liturgical significance of traditional theological themes such as self-love, providence and vocation.
Sex Differences in the Predictors of Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: Steketee Majone , Junger Marianne , Junger-Tas Josine
Published: January 2013

The goal of the article is to investigate whether well-established risk factors for delinquency among adolescents are equally important for males and females. The risk factors discussed here are derived from four theoretical approaches: social bonding/social control theory, self-control theory, routine activities/opportunity theory, and social disorganization theory. Data are drawn from the International Self-Reported Delinquency study (ISRD-2). The results show that the risk factors proposed by social bonding theory, social disorganization theory, routine activities/opportunity theory, and self-control theory are not equally related to delinquent behavior among males and females. When all the theoretically relevant factors are combined together, three interaction terms are found to be statistically significant; family disruption and deviant behavior of friends have more influence on delinquent behavior of females, whereas the lack of self-control is more strongly related to delinquency among males.