bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robust Assessment of Uncertain Freshwater Changes: The Case of Greece with Large Irrigation—and Climate-Driven Runoff Decrease
Authors: Destouni Georgia , Prieto Carmen
Published: November 2018

We develop a data-driven approach to robustly assess freshwater changes due to climate change and/or human irrigation developments by use of the overarching constraints of catchment water balance. This is applied to and tested in the high-uncertainty case of Greece for five nested catchments of different scales across the country and for freshwater changes from an early period (1930–1949) with small human influences on climate and irrigation to a recent period (1990–2009) with expected greater such influences. The results show more or less equal contributions from climatic decrease in precipitation and from human irrigation development to a considerable total decrease in runoff (R) over Greece. This is on average −75 ± 10 mm/year and is greatest for the Ionian catchment in the west (−119 ± 18 mm/year) and the Peloponnese catchment in the south (−91 ± 16 mm/year). For evapotranspiration (ET), a climate-driven decrease component and an irrigation-driven increase component have led to a net total increase of ET over Greece. This is on average 26 ± 7 mm/year and is greatest for the Mainland catchment (29 ± 7 mm/year) and the Aegean catchment in the east (28 ± 6 mm/year). Overall, the resulting uncertainties in the water-balance constrained estimates of R and ET changes are smaller than the input data uncertainties.
Microbiological and Physicochemical Water Quality Assessments of River Water in an Industrial Region of the Northwest Coast of Borneo
Authors: Leong Sui S. , Ismail Johan , Denil Nurdiyana A. , Sarbini Shahrul R. , Wasli Wafri , Debbie Arlene
Published: November 2018

Urbanization and ever increasing socioeconomic activities have degraded natural resources globally. This study monitored water quality (WQI) based on physicochemical and microbial qualities of river water in an industrial region northwest coast of Borneo. Microbiological parameters tested included total viable count (TVC), coliform count (TC), faecal coliform count (FC), and Escherichia coli confirmation. Physicochemical constituents evaluated included water temperatures (T), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS). The mean microbial counts of samples were: TVC (3.9 × 102–3.0 × 104 cfu mL−1), TC and FC (23–>1600 MPN 100 mL−1) (MPN: the most probable number) and Escherichia coli growth was confirmed. The mean values of pH, TDS, salinity, EC and BOD are significantly different (p < 0.05) between the rivers ranged: pH (5.05 ± 0.03–6.10 ± 0.10), TDS (0.0 ± 0.0–38,600 ± 50 mg L−1), salinity (0.01 ± 0.0–3.07 ± 0.07%), EC (650 ± 25–19,566.67 ± 251.66 µS cm−1), and BOD (0.23 ± 0.10–3.12 ± 0.02 mgO2 L−1). The tested parameters of samples exceeded international limits with the exception of COD and TSS. The WQI of river water tested ranged from 65–73 under class III. Most of the river water was slightly polluted and a potential threat to public health.
Irrigation in the Ili River Basin of Central Asia: From Ditches to Dams and Diversion
Authors: Pueppke Steven G. , Zhang Qingling , Nurtazin Sabir T.
Published: November 2018

Central Asia’s Ili River is fed by mountain streams that flow down into an isolated and arid basin that today is shared by Kazakhstan and China. Agriculture in the basin is dependent upon irrigation, which was practiced as long ago as the Iron Age, when early pastoralists constructed ditches to channel water from streams onto nearby fields. Irrigation had become much more common by the 18th century, when the region was controlled by the Dzungarian Khanate. The khanate was toppled by the Qing Chinese in the 1750s in the first of a series of confrontations that destroyed and then rebuilt the basin’s agricultural economy. The region has since been dominated by a succession of Chinese and Russian (and later Soviet and independent Kazakh) governments, each of which recognized the essential role of irrigated agriculture in maintaining control. Thus every cycle of destruction led to reclamation of new lands, resettlement of farmers and upgrading of infrastructure to expand irrigation. This allowed an impressive diversity of fruits, vegetables and field crops to be grown, especially on loess soils of the more fertile upper basin, where tributaries could be easily tapped by gravity flow. Many of these tributaries were entirely diverted by the 19th century, so that they no longer reached the Ili. Large scale irrigation commenced in the 1960s, when the Soviets built Kapchagai dam and reservoir in the lower part of the basin and installed pumps to raise water from the Ili River onto nearby reclaimed sierozem soils, mostly for cultivation of rice. China later constructed a cluster of small- and medium-sized dams that enabled expansion of agriculture in the upper part of the basin. Many irrigated areas along the lower reaches of the Ili in Kazakhstan have been abandoned, but irrigation in the upper basin continues to expand. Declining soil fertility, salinization, pollution, insufficient inflows and adverse economic conditions currently challenge irrigation across the entire basin. Investments are being made in new technologies as a means to sustain irrigated agriculture in the basin, but it remains to be seen if these strategies will be successful.
Integration of a Parsimonious Hydrological Model with Recurrent Neural Networks for Improved Streamflow Forecasting
Authors: Tian Ye , Xu Yue-Ping , Yang Zongliang , Wang Guoqing , Zhu Qian
Published: November 2018

This study applied a GR4J model in the Xiangjiang and Qujiang River basins for rainfall-runoff simulation. Four recurrent neural networks (RNNs)—the Elman recurrent neural network (ERNN), echo state network (ESN), nonlinear autoregressive exogenous inputs neural network (NARX), and long short-term memory (LSTM) network—were applied in predicting discharges. The performances of models were compared and assessed, and the best two RNNs were selected and integrated with the lumped hydrological model GR4J to forecast the discharges; meanwhile, uncertainties of the simulated discharges were estimated. The generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation method was applied to quantify the uncertainties. The results show that the LSTM and NARX better captured the time-series dynamics than the other RNNs. The hybrid models improved the prediction of high, median, and low flows, particularly in reducing the bias of underestimation of high flows in the Xiangjiang River basin. The hybrid models reduced the uncertainty intervals by more than 50% for median and low flows, and increased the cover ratios for observations. The integration of a hydrological model with a recurrent neural network considering long-term dependencies is recommended in discharge forecasting.
Responses of Water Fluxes and Water-Use Efficiency of Maize to Warming Based on Water Transformation Dynamical Processes Experimental Device (WTDPED) Experiment
Authors: Wu Yali , Ma Ying , Song Xianfang , Yang Lihu , Yang Shengtian
Published: November 2018

Evaluating the impacts of warming on water balance components in the groundwater–soil–plant–atmosphere continuum (GSPAC) and crop growth are crucial for assessing the risk of water resources and food security under future global warming. A water transformation dynamical processes experimental device (WTDPED) was developed using a chamber coupled with a weighing lysimeter and groundwater supply system, which could simultaneously control both climatic and ground-water level conditions and accurately monitor water fluxes in the GSPAC. Two experiments with maize under increased temperature by 2 °C (T-warm) and ambient temperature (T-control) scenarios were conducted via the WTDPED. The duration of growing season decreased from 125 days under T-control to 117 days under 2 °C warming. There was little difference of total evapotranspiration (ET) (332.6 mm vs. 332.5 mm), soil water storage change (∆W) (−119.0 mm vs. −119.0 mm), drainage (D) (−13.6 mm vs. −13.5 mm) between T-control and T-warm experiments. The average daily ET for maize significantly increased by approximately 6.7% (p < 0.05) in the T-warm experiment, especially during the sixth leaf to tasseling—silking stage with an increase of 0.36 mm with respect to the T-control experiment. There were evident decreases in LAI (leaf area index), whereas non-significant decreases in mean stem diameter, crop height and leaf chlorophyll content under T-warm compared to T-control experiment. However, the chlorophyll content increased by 12% during the sixth leaf to tasseling–silking stage under 2 °C warming, which accelerated the photosynthesis and transpiration rate. The grain yield and water-use efficiency (WUE) for maize increased by 11.0% and 11.1% in the T-warm experiment, respectively, especially due to enhanced growth during the sixth leaf to tasseling–silking stage. This study provided important references for agricultural planting and water management to adapt to a warming environment.
Le concept d'entreprise patrimoniale
Authors: Ody Baptiste
Published: November 2018

When first introduced to the public during the mid-1990s, the concept of «patrimonial firm » offered an innovating new approach of enterprises otherwise qualified (sometimes without distinction) as «family businesses » or «small and medium enterprises ». Defined by Y von Gattaz as a firm whose «managers are significant shareholders », the «patrimonial firm » finally gave a name to a category which lack of terminology made hard to perceive and therefore to consider. It was all the more incomprehensible that the «patrimonial firm » appears to remain -even today -the most common form of economic activity. Nearly twenty years later, the «patrimonial firm » did not have quite the impact it could have had. Progressively, quantitative or partial concepts became of more frequent usage. The purpose of this paper is to consider the concept of «patrimonial firm » as a whole in order to understand all of what it covers and how it differs.
Une analyse du transfert intergénérationnel des connaissances dans les PME familiales du secteur textile au Maroc
Authors: Younoussi Adama Tahirou
Published: November 2018

The aim of this paper is to present the results of research conducted on the intergenerational transfer of knowledge in the family SMEs of Moroccan textile industry. If SMEs are an important part of family firms, they are nevertheless the most vulnerable and at risk of bankruptcy for poor organization or even ineffective knowledge transfer process. With an analytical model developed, we study the characteristics of this process in a Moroccan context, taking into account local cultural variables that influence it greatly. The four case studies can also explore the risks of sustainability associated with the knowledge transfer modes used.
La normalisation comptable et les petites entreprises patrimoniales et familiales en France des années 1920 aux années 1970, un rendez-vous manqué ?
Authors: Touchelay Béatrice
Published: November 2018

Jusqu'aux années 1970 et malgré leur importance économique, les petites et parfois les moyennes entreprises françaises, majoritairement familiales et patrimoniales, sont laissées libres de se plier aux règles du Plan comptable général pour déclarer leurs bénéfices aux services fiscaux. Imposés au forfait, leurs dirigeants vont négocier périodiquement le montant de l'impôt direct avec le contrôleur et, même s'il n'échappe pas à l'obligation de collecter une partie de l'impôt indirect (la taxe sur le chiffre d'affaires après 1920 et la TVA depuis 1968), ses obligations en matière de tenue des comptes sont beaucoup plus légères que celles des entreprises de plus grande taille. Héritées d'une longue tradition reposant sur l'idée d'un Etat protecteur des familles françaises et des plus faibles, ces particularités pallient à la fois l'incapacité du fisc à collecter l'impôt et les insuffisances de la profession comptable. Elles conduisent à un système fiscal à deux vitesses. Ce régime participe à l'histoire de la normalisation comptable et fiscale française qui, à partir de 1917, distingue les contribuables passibles de l'impôt sur les bénéfices selon le volume de leurs affaires et autorise les petites entreprises à se contenter d'un minimum de contraintes. Sous prétexte de les protéger de la concurrence, ce système les dissuade de tenir leurs comptes de façon rigoureuse, ce faisant, il les condamne à naviguer à vue et limite leurs capacités d'adaptation aux évolutions économiques.
L'entreprise familiale pérenne : entre tradition et innovation ?
Authors: Saibi Mohand
Published: November 2018

La présente contribution, à portée théorique aborde le thème de l'innovation dans les entreprises familiales pérennes. Il s'agit d'abord de montrer l'existence d'un particularisme de l'entreprise familiale pérenne en matière d'innovation plus communément appelé «modèle d'innovation prudentiel ». Notre recherche a pour objectif d'apporter un éclairage nouveau sur cette question de l'innovation dans les entreprises familiales pérennes et de proposer un cadre d'analyse pour s'en saisir. Pour ce faire, on mettra en évidence la contradiction au sein des entreprises familiales pérennes qui semble contenue dans le couple «tradition-innovation » en associant la tradition aux mécanismes d'exploration de routines existantes et l'innovation à l'exploration de nouvelles routines en se basant sur la création de compétences nouvelles. En nous appuyant sur l'approche ambidextre nous tenterons de répondre ou tout au moins d'apporter des éléments de réponses à la gestion de ce paradoxe afin de parvenir à concilier ces deux logiques qui de prime à bord paraissent antagonistes.
Les entreprises familiales face à la responsabilité sociale de l'entreprise (RSE) : une étude de leurs comportements dans le contexte tunisien post révolution
Authors: Turki Ahmed
Published: November 2018

Family businesses are now called to play their social role especially with the development of social movement. New behaviors should be implementing giving new actions. This study explores the social behavior adopted by the family business after the Tunisian revolution. A survey was conducted on nine family business shows the adoption of «attentiste » behavior characterized by the negligence of the social dimension before the revolution. After the revolution, the adaptive behavior is adopting by the family business. With more experience in managing social affairs, these family business move to the proactive behavior. This study proposes an evolutionary process of social behavior.
La République révolutionnaire -Modernité et archaïsme constitutionnels des premières institutions républicaines de France (1792-1799)
Authors: Barraud Boris
Published: November 2018

La présente étude est une analyse juridique, apolitique, objective et critique des deux premières Constitutions républicaines à avoir succédé à la Révolution française et à l’abolition, en 1792, de la monarchie. À l’aune des enseignements permis par plus de deux siècles d’histoire constitutionnelle, sont soulignés les moments de lucidité et d’égarement institutionnels qui ont marqué ces textes ainsi que leurs contextes, leurs esprits et leurs réalités. Chacun apparaît, sous certains aspects, moderne, mais aussi, sous de nombreux autres, archaïque, que ce soit dans sa lettre ou dans sa pratique. Cela ne retire évidemment rien au fait que la décennie 1790 est le moment le plus fondateur (en ce qu’il est premier) de l’histoire moderne du droit public, donc le plus infiniment digne d’intérêt.
CSR ACTIVITIES AND CONSUMER LOYALTY: THE EFFECT OF THE TYPE OF PUBLICIZING MEDIUM
Authors: Mercadé-Melé Pere , Molinillo Sebastian , Fernández-Morales Antonio , Porcu Lucia
Published: November 2018

This research develops a model to predict the effect of advertising a socially responsible activity on perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR) and its influence on consumer loyalty. It examines the relationships between company-cause congruence, corporate credibility, altruism attribution and perceived CSR, and CSR with consumer loyalty, and analyzes the moderating effect of the type of communication medium (i.e. traditional medium vs. social medium). This study is original because it fills the gap in the CSR communication literature in the evaluation of how the use of one or another type of medium to advertise a cause related marketing activity influences the effect of perceived CSR on consumer loyalty. An empirical study was conducted with two samples of consumers, each of which was exposed to the same advertisement, inserted in either a newspaper or posted on a social network. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results carry implications for CSR activities and communications management as they validate the proposed model that integrates the antecedents of perceived CSR and its influence on loyalty, and show that the traditional medium model has a better fit and its overall effect is greater than the social medium model. From a practical perspective, this study has several implications regarding the importance of communicating CSR activities.
Does Misalignment between Magnetic Field and Angular Momentum Enhance or Suppress Circumstellar Disk Formation?
Authors: Tsukamoto Y. , Okuzumi S. , Iwasaki K. , Machida M. N. , Inutsuka S.
Published: November 2018

The effect of misalignment between the magnetic field

and the angular momentum

of molecular cloud cores on the angular momentum evolution during the gravitational collapse is investigated by ideal and non-ideal MHD simulations. For the non-ideal effect, we consider the ohmic and ambipolar diffusion. Previous studies that considered the misalignment reported qualitatively contradicting results. Magnetic braking was reported as being either strengthened or weakened by misalignment in different studies. We conducted simulations of cloud core collapse by varying the stability parameter α (the ratio of the thermal to gravitational energy of the core) with and without including magnetic diffusion. The non-ideal MHD simulations show the central angular momentum of the core, with θ = 0° (

) being always greater than that with θ = 90° (

), independently of α, meaning that circumstellar disks form more easily in a core with θ = 0°. The ideal MHD simulations, in contrast, show the central angular momentum of the core with θ = 90° being greater than with θ = 0° for small α and smaller for large α. Inspection of the angular momentum evolution of the fluid elements reveals three mechanisms contributing to the evolution of the angular momentum: (i) magnetic braking in the isothermal collapse phase, (ii) selective accretion of the rapidly (for θ = 90°) or slowly (for θ = 0°) rotating fluid elements to the central region, and (iii) magnetic braking in the first core and the disk. The difference between the ideal and non-ideal simulations arises from the different efficiencies of (iii).
The H0 Tension in Non-flat QCDM Cosmology
Authors: Miao Haitao , Huang Zhiqi
Published: November 2018

The recent local measurement of the Hubble constant leads to a more than 3σ tension with Planck + ΛCDM. In this article we study the H
0 tension in non-flat QCDM cosmology, where Q stands for a minimally coupled and slowly or moderately rolling quintessence field ϕ with a smooth potential

, and CDM refers to cold dark matter. By generalizing the QCDM one-parameter and three-parameter parameterizations in Huang et al. to a non-flat universe and using the latest cosmological data, we find that the H
0 tension remains above the 3.2σ level for this class of model.
Super-Eddington Accretion in the WISE-selected Extremely Luminous Infrared Galaxy W2246−0526
Authors: Tsai Chao-Wei , Eisenhardt Peter R. M. , Jun Hyunsung D. , Wu Jingwen , Assef Roberto J. , Blain Andrew W. , Díaz-Santos Tanio , Jones Suzy F. , Stern Daniel , Wright Edward L. , Yeh Sherry C. C.
Published: November 2018

We use optical and near-infrared spectroscopy to observe rest-UV emission lines and estimate the black hole mass of WISEA J224607.56−052634.9 (W2246−0526) at z = 4.601, the most luminous hot, dust-obscured galaxy yet discovered by WISE. From the broad component of the Mg ii 2799 Å emission line, we measure a black hole mass of log(M
BH/M
☉) = 9.6 ± 0.4. The broad C iv 1549 Å line is asymmetric and significantly blueshifted. The derived M
BH from the blueshift-corrected broad C iv line width agrees with the Mg ii result. From direct measurement using a well-sampled SED, the bolometric luminosity is 3.6 × 1014
L
☉. The corresponding Eddington ratio for W2246−0526 is λ
Edd = L
AGN/L
Edd = 2.8. This high Eddington ratio may reach the level where the luminosity is saturating due to photon trapping in the accretion flow and may be insensitive to the mass accretion rate. In this case, the M
BH growth rate in W2246−0526 would exceed the apparent accretion rate derived from the observed luminosity.
Bipolar Ionization Cones in the Extended Narrow-line Region of Nearby QSO2s
Authors: Storchi-Bergmann T. , Dall’Agnol de Oliveira B. , Micchi L. F. Longo , Schmitt H. R. , Fischer T. C. , Kraemer S. , Crenshaw M. , Maksym P. , Elvis M. , Fabbiano G. , Colina L.
Published: November 2018

We have used narrowband [O iii] λλ4959, 5007 and Hα+[N ii] λλ6548, 84 Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images of nine luminous (L[O iii] > 1042 erg s−1) type 2 QSOs with redshifts 0.1 < z < 0.5 in order to constrain the geometry of their extended narrow-line regions (ENLRs), as recent ground-based studies suggest that these regions become more spherical at high luminosities due to destruction of the torus. We instead find elongated ENLRs reaching 4–19 kpc from the nucleus and bipolar ionization cones in [O iii]/(Hα+[N ii]) excitation maps indicating that the torus survives these luminosities, allowing the escape of ≈10 times higher ionizing photon rates along the ionization axis than perpendicular to it. The exceptional HST angular resolution was key to our success in arriving at these conclusions. Combining our measurements with previous ones based on similar HST data, we have revisited the relation between the ENLR radius R
maj and L[O iii] over the range 39 < log(L[O iii]) < 43.5 (L in erg s−1): log(R
maj) = (0.51 ± 0.03) log(L[O iii])−18.12 ± 0.98. The radius of the ENLR keeps increasing with L[O iii] in our data, implying that the ENLR can extend to distances beyond the limit of the galaxy if gas is present there—e.g., from active galactic nucleus (AGN) outflows or interactions, seen in six objects of our sample. We attribute the flattening previously seen in this relation to the fact that the ENLR is matter-bounded, meaning that ionizing photons usually escape to the intergalactic medium in luminous AGNs. Estimated ionized gas masses of the ENLRs range from 0.3 to 2 × 108
M
⊙, and estimated powers for associated outflows range from <0.1% to a few percent of the QSO luminosity.
A Concordance Picture of FRB 121102 as a Flaring Magnetar Embedded in a Magnetized Ion–Electron Wind Nebula
Authors: Margalit Ben , Metzger Brian D.
Published: November 2018

The fast radio burst FRB 121102 has repeated multiple times, enabling the identification of its host galaxy and of a spatially coincident, compact, steady (“persistent”) radio synchrotron source. It was proposed that FRB 121102 is powered by a young flaring magnetar, embedded within a decades-old supernova remnant. Using a time-dependent one-zone model, we show that a single expanding magnetized electron–ion nebula (created by the same outbursts likely responsible for the fast radio bursts) can explain all of the basic properties of the persistent source (size, flux, self-absorption constraints) and the large but decreasing rotation measure (RM) of the bursts. The persistent emission is powered by relativistic thermal electrons heated at the termination shock of the magnetar wind, while the RM originates from non-relativistic electrons injected earlier in the nebula’s evolution and cooled through expansion and radiative losses. The model contains few free parameters, which are tightly constrained by observations: the total energy injected into the nebula over its history, ∼1050−1051 erg, agrees with the magnetic energy of a millisecond magnetar; the baryon loading of the magnetar outflow (driven by intermittent flares) is close to the neutron star escape speed; the predicted source age ∼10–40 yr is consistent with other constraints on the nebula size. For an energy input rate

following the onset of magnetar activity, we predict secular decay of the RM and persistent source flux, which approximately follow RM ∝ t
−(6+α)/2 and

, respectively.
Phylogeny and taxonomic synopsis of Poa subgenus Pseudopoa (including Eremopoa and Lindbergella) (Poaceae, Poeae, Poinae)
Authors: Gillespie Lynn J. , Soreng Robert John , Cabi Evren , Amiri Neda
Published: November 2018

Eremopoais a small genus of annual grasses distributed from Egypt to western China. Phylogenetic analyses of plastid and nuclear ribosomal DNA show thatEremopoaspecies, together with the monotypic genusLindbergellaand a single species ofPoa(P.speluncarum), are nested within the genusPoa, in a clade that we accept as Poasubg.Pseudopoa. Here we accept seven species, four subspecies and four varieties in Poasubg.Pseudopoa. Five new combinations are made:Poaattalica, P.diaphoravar.alpina, P.diaphoravar.songarica, P.nephelochloidesand P.persicasubsp.multiradiata;P.milliiis proposed as a replacement name forE.capillaris; andPoasectionsLindbergellaandSpeluncaraeare proposed. We provide a diagnosis for Poasubg.Pseudopoa, synonymy for and a key to the taxa. Eight lectotypes are designated:EragrostisbarbeyiPost,EremopoanephelochloidesRoshev.,GlyceriatauricaSteud.,NephelochloatripolitanaBoiss. & Blanche,PoacilicensisHance,PoaparadoxaKar. & Kir., Poapersicavar.alpina Boiss and Poapersicasubsp.cypria Sam.Eremopoamedicais re-identified as a species ofPuccinellia.
Industrial Clusters and Economic Resilience
Authors: Marius Kamala , Venkatasubramanian Govindan
Published: November 2018

Some recent studies on urbanisation in India referring to Ananya Roy’s theory, focused on informalisation and the impossibility of governance, have put the spotlight back on the peripheralisation of industry (Coelho and Vijayabaskar, 2014), keeping small industrial towns at low levels of dynamism and social welfare. In contrast to those approaches, this paper examines the resilience of a small industrial town (Ranipet – Tamil Nadu), which has been well integrated in global networks since colonial times. It resonates with the framework of subaltern urbanisation1 (Denis and Zérah, 2017) involving the strong agency of local actors (social capital, business families, and women workers) in spite of global circuits of capital.
La socio-anthropologie dans un projet d’intervention en santé
Authors: Ouattara Fatoumata , Zongo Sylvie
Published: November 2018

La demande sociale adressée à la socio-anthropologie a inscrit celle-ci dans des cadres d’application et de collaboration avec d’autres disciplines. Cette dimension de la recherche orientée sur l’action impose de restituer des résultats d’études. Dans le domaine de la santé publique, la restitution est un des lieux de contribution des socio-anthropologues dans le champ de l’action. Cet article décline des moments de restitution dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche dédié in fine à la transformation des conduites des prestataires et des usagers de services de santé publics au Burkina Faso. Il s’agit moins d’une description linéaire des attentes de ces rencontres que des enjeux d’implication de l’anthropologie dans une recherche destinée à accompagner une recherche-action. Notre propos consiste à faire de ces temps de restitution des aspects constitutifs de la réflexivité nécessaire à la pratique anthropologique quels que soient les cadres de son exercice. La dynamique des échanges autour de l’apport anthropologique révèle des effets significatifs qui conduisent à nuancer le terme générique de restitution et des questions qu’il recouvre.
Tools to measure the technological capabilities of the aerospace industry
Authors: Castillón-Barraza Acela , González-Angeles Alvaro , Lara-Chavez Fernando , Mendoza-Muñoz Ismael
Published: November 2018

Purpose: The following article describes steps along with a mathematical model to determine the technological capability of the aerospace industry of Mexicali in the area of design (ICTD) and manufacturing (ICTM).Design/methodology/approach: This model was performed by weighted variables using factor analysis to identify technological capacities of Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and compare them with those that must be accomplish to become suppliers for transnational industry (TNCs).Findings: The results suggest that SMEs must realize a comparative table QFD of their current capabilities and the requirements established by transnational corporations, to create a strategic plan that includes; certifications (AS 9000, NAP CAP, Belts, ISO, Six Sigma), software acquisition and updated equipment necessary for reducing the technological gap. Additionally, it is recommended the integration of clusters of enterprises SMEs for the strengthening of technological capacities.Originality/value: Up to we know, there is not similar model for measuring technological capabilities of aerospace industry.
Subscapularis-Sparing Total Shoulder Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Double-Blinded, Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Kwon Young W. , Zuckerman Joseph D.
Published: November 2018

Although total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) is generally associated with good to excellent outcomes in most patients, the integrity and function of the subscapularis tendon (SSC) is of paramount importance because SSC rupture after TSA can lead to inferior outcomes. Therefore, the efficacy of a SSC-sparing TSA procedure was evaluated through a prospective, double-blinded, randomized study. Patients with end-stage osteoarthritis of the shoulder were randomized into 2 groups. Group 1 patients were treated with TSA in which the prosthesis was inserted entirely through the rotator interval without violating the SSC tendon (SPARING). Group 2 patients were treated with TSA using the SSC tenotomy approach (STANDARD). Both the patients and the evaluators remained blinded to the surgical approach throughout the study. Outcome data collected included the visual analog scale score for pain and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons outcome score. Complete 2-year outcome data were collected from 32 SPARING and 38 STANDARD patients at a mean follow-up of 31.1 and 33.4 months, respectively. The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons and visual analog scale scores improved significantly for both groups. Differences between groups did not reach statistical significance. Complication profiles were similar for the 2 groups, with 3 patients in the SPARING group and 2 patients in the STANDARD group requiring revision surgery during the study. At short-term follow-up, the outcome of TSA using the SSC-sparing surgical approach was similar to the outcome of TSA using the standard approach. Studies with longer follow-up are required to document the potential benefits of this surgical technique. [
Orthopedics
. 2019; 42(1):e61–e67.]
Femoral Cortical Button Malposition Rates in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Retrospective Review
Authors: Toftoy Andrew C. , Rud Christopher T. , Deden Alice A. , Macalena Jeffrey A.
Published: November 2018

The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of malposition of the femoral cortical button during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and to present a classification system of femoral cortical button positioning that is both accurate and reproducible. A total of 361 patients undergoing primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction during a 5-year period were identified, and postoperative button position was graded as follows: reduced and congruent (entirety of button <2 mm from cortex); reduced and incongruent (part of button <2 mm from cortex, part of button >2 mm from cortex); displaced (entirety of button >2 mm from cortex); intraosseous (all or part of button remains within bone); or ungradable. Radiographs were evaluated by 2 orthopedic surgeons at 2 time points to define interrater and intrarater reliability. A total of 312 buttons (86.43%) were reduced and congruent, 18 (4.99%) were reduced and incongruent, 10 (2.77%) were displaced, 13 (3.60%) were intraosseous, and 8 (2.21%) were ungradable based on the available postoperative imaging. There was outstanding interrater reliability, with an overall kappa value of 0.84. Intrarater reliability for raters 1 and 2 was 0.77 and 0.83, respectively, representing excellent intrarater reliability for both observers. Cortical button placement during femoral fixation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is variable. This study presents a classification system for grading femoral cortical button placement that is accurate and reproducible. An organized grading scheme may be useful for future studies of the effect of cortical button malposition on stability and durability of fixation. [
Orthopedics
. 2019; 42(1):e56–e60.]
Age-Related Changes in Corneal Spherical Aberration
Authors: Kemraz Dhanishta , Cheng Xue-Ying , Shao Xu , Zhou Kai-Jing , Pan An-Peng , Lu Fan , Yu A-Yong
Published: November 2018

PURPOSE:

To analyze the age-related changes in corneal spherical aberration (CSA) and higher order aberrations (HOAs) and to develop a novel model to estimate the change in CSA with age.

METHODS:

This was a cross-sectional study of the right eyes of 3,769 patients. Anterior corneal spherical aberration (ASA), posterior corneal spherical aberration (PSA), total corneal spherical aberration (TSA), and the root mean square of corneal HOAs were measured using a Scheimpflug tomographer. Smoothed fitting curves were plotted as a function of age and the average change in spherical aberration was calculated for different ages.

RESULTS:

The mean magnitude of ASA, PSA, TSA, and HOAs (6 and 4 mm) were 0.270 ± 0.111, −0.144 ± 0.031, 0.228 ± 0.120, 0.453 ± 0.194, and 0.141 ± 0.075
µ
m, respectively. All parameters showed a statistically significant non-linear change with age. The age after which the aberrations increased at a faster rate, namely the turning points of age, were 39 years for ASA, PSA, TSA, and 6-mm HOAs (95% confidence interval [CI]: 35 to 42, 36 to 41, 36 to 42, and 35 to 56 years, respectively) and 46 years for 4-mm HOAs (95% CI: 36 to 56 years). There were significant increases in increment rates after the turning points. The average change of TSA was −0.013
µ
m/10 years from 18 to 39 years and 0.057
µ
m/10 years after 39 years. There were statistically significant correlations between ASA and TSA (
r
= 0.976,
P
< .001) and PSA and TSA (
r
= 0.192,
P
< .001), but not between ASA and PSA (
r
= −0.003,
P
= .835).

CONCLUSIONS:

CSA and HOAs increased non-linearly with age and became more positive after 39 and 46 years of age, respectively. Based on the increment rates and turning points of age, a novel model is provided to help calculate the value required to compensate for the increasing CSA associated with the aging cornea.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2018;34(11):760–767.]
New species and combinations of Apocynaceae, Bignoniaceae, Clethraceae, and Cunoniaceae from the Neotropics
Authors: Morales Juan Francisco
Published: November 2018

Mandevilla arenicola J.F.Morales sp. nov. from Brazil, Clethra secazu J.F.Morales sp. nov. from Costa Rica, and Weinmannia abstrusa J.F.Morales sp. nov. from Honduras are described and illustrated and their relationships with morphologically related species are discussed. Lectotypes are designated for Anemopaegma tonduzianum Kraenzl., Bignonia sarmentosa var. hirtella Benth. and Paragonia pyramidata var. tomentosa Bureau & K. Schum., as well as these last two names have been combined.
Euphorbia paniculata subsp. calcicola U.Schwarzer & Vicens subsp. nov. (Euphorbiaceae), a new taxonof the southwestern Portugal
Authors: Schwarzer Udo , Fandos Josep Vicens
Published: November 2018

A new subspecies of E. paniculata Desf., E. paniculata subsp. calcicola U.Schwarzer & Vicens subsp. nov., is described. It grows in the proximity of the town of Sagres —southwestern Portugal— on calcareous substrate.
La tecnología constructiva andalusí: obra encofrada y revestimientos en la arquitectura militar (ss. XI-XIII). El ejemplo de las torres
Authors: Márquez Bueno Samuel
Published: November 2018

Se plantea el estudio de las fábricas encofradas desde las taifas hasta los almohades, por considerarse tal lapso cronológico el período en el que se desarrolla y consolida la tecnología constructiva mediante tapiales. Para ello, se propone un recorrido evolutivo en torno a la puesta en obra de uno de los principales y omnipresentes elementos poliorcéticos: la torre de flanqueo.
Indole-3-Pyruvic Acid, an Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activator, Suppresses Experimental Colitis in Mice
Authors: Aoki Reiji , Aoki-Yoshida Ayako , Suzuki Chise , Takayama Yoshiharu
Published: November 2018

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonists are promising immunomodulators that potentially maintain immune tolerance. In this study, we examined the ability of indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA), a major precursor of microbiota-derived AHR agonists and a proagonist of AHR, to activate AHR. The anti-inflammatory effects of IPA were also evaluated in a mouse model of colitis in comparison with other aromatic pyruvic acids (phenylpyruvic acid and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid). Among them, IPA showed the strongest ability to activate AHR in vitro and in vivo, and only IPA improved chronic inflammation in an experimental colitis model. IPA attenuated the expression of genes encoding Th1 cytokines and enhanced Il-10 gene expression in the colon. Oral administration of IPA decreased the frequency of IFN-γ+ IL-10− CD4+ T cells and increased that of IFN-γ− IL-10+ CD4+ T cells in the colon lamina propria in a T cell–mediated colitis model. IPA directly promoted the differentiation of type 1 regulatory T cells in vitro. Furthermore, IPA administration attenuated the ability of dendritic cells (DCs) in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) to induce IFN-γ–producing T cells, increased the frequency of CD103+ CD11b− DCs, and decreased the frequency of CD103− CD11b+ DCs in the MLN. Adoptive transfer of MLN CD103+ CD11b− DCs significantly improved the severity of colon inflammation. Treatment with an AHR antagonist inhibited IPA-induced differentiation of type 1 regulatory T cells and the IPA-induced increase in CD103+ CD11b− DCs and attenuated the anti-inflammatory effect of IPA. These findings suggest that IPA potently prevents chronic inflammation in the colon by activating AHR.
Predicting Humoral Alloimmunity from Differences in Donor and Recipient HLA Surface Electrostatic Potential
Authors: Mallon Dermot H. , Kling Christiane , Robb Matthew , Ellinghaus Eva , Bradley J. Andrew , Taylor Craig J. , Kabelitz Dieter , Kosmoliaptsis Vasilis
Published: November 2018

In transplantation, development of humoral alloimmunity against donor HLA is a major cause of organ transplant failure, but our ability to assess the immunological risk associated with a potential donor–recipient HLA combination is limited. We hypothesized that the capacity of donor HLA to induce a specific alloantibody response depends on their structural and physicochemical dissimilarity compared with recipient HLA. To test this hypothesis, we first developed a novel computational scoring system that enables quantitative assessment of surface electrostatic potential differences between donor and recipient HLA molecules at the tertiary structure level [three-dimensional electrostatic mismatch score (EMS-3D)]. We then examined humoral alloimmune responses in healthy females subjected to a standardized injection of donor lymphocytes from their male partner. This analysis showed a strong association between the EMS-3D of donor HLA and donor-specific alloantibody development; this relationship was strongest for HLA-DQ alloantigens. In the clinical transplantation setting, the immunogenic potential of HLA-DRB1 and -DQ mismatches expressed on donor kidneys, as assessed by their EMS-3D, was an independent predictor of development of donor-specific alloantibody after graft failure. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the translational potential of our approach to improve immunological risk assessment and to decrease the burden of humoral alloimmunity in organ transplantation.
Deregulated AUF1 Assists BMP-EZH2–Mediated Delayed Wound Healing during Candida albicans Infection
Authors: Mahadik Kasturi , Yadav Preeti , Bhatt Bharat , Shah Riyaz Ahmad , Balaji Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy
Published: November 2018

Tissue repair is a complex process that necessitates an interplay of cellular processes, now known to be dictated by epigenetics. Intriguingly, macrophages are testimony to a large repertoire of evolving functions in this process. We identified a role for BMP signaling in regulating macrophage responses to Candida albicans infection during wound repair in a murine model. In this study, the RNA binding protein, AU-rich element–binding factor 1, was posttranslationally destabilized to bring about ubiquitin ligase, NEDD4-directed activation of BMP signaling. Concomitantly, PI3K/PKCδ mobilized the rapid phosphorylation of BMP-responsive Smad1/5/8. Activated BMP pathway orchestrated the elevated recruitment of EZH2 at promoters of genes assisting timely wound closure. In vivo, the repressive H3K27 trimethylation was observed to persist, accompanied by a robust upregulation of BMP pathway upon infection with C. albicans, culminating in delayed wound healing. Altogether, we uncovered the signaling networks coordinated by fungal colonies that are now increasingly associated with the infected wound microbiome, resulting in altered wound fate.
The Length Distribution and Multiple Specificity of Naturally Presented HLA-I Ligands
Authors: Gfeller David , Guillaume Philippe , Michaux Justine , Pak Hui-Song , Daniel Roy T. , Racle Julien , Coukos George , Bassani-Sternberg Michal
Published: November 2018

HLA-I molecules bind short peptides and present them for recognition by CD8+ T cells. The length of HLA-I ligands typically ranges from 8 to 12 aa, but variability is observed across different HLA-I alleles. In this study we collected recent in-depth HLA peptidomics data, including 12 newly generated HLA peptidomes (31,896 unique peptides) from human meningioma samples, to analyze the peptide length distribution and multiple specificity across 84 different HLA-I alleles. We observed a clear clustering of HLA-I alleles with distinct peptide length distributions, which enabled us to study the structural basis of peptide length distributions and predict peptide length distributions from HLA-I sequences. We further identified multiple specificity in several HLA-I molecules and validated these observations with binding assays. Explicitly modeling peptide length distribution and multiple specificity improved predictions of naturally presented HLA-I ligands, as demonstrated in an independent benchmarking based on the new human meningioma samples.
Complement Inhibitor CRIg/FH Ameliorates Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury via Activation of PI3K/AKT Signaling
Authors: Hu Chao , Li Long , Ding Peipei , Li Ling , Ge Xiaowen , Zheng Long , Wang Xuanchuan , Wang Jina , Zhang Weitao , Wang Na , Gu Hongyu , Zhong Fan , Xu Ming , Rong Ruiming , Zhu Tongyu , Hu Weiguo
Published: November 2018

Complement activation is involved in the pathogenesis of ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), which is an inevitable process during kidney transplantation. Therefore, complement-targeted therapeutics hold great potential in protecting the allografts from IRI. We observed universal deposition of C3d and membrane attack complex in human renal allografts with delayed graft function or biopsy-proved rejection, which confirmed the involvement of complement in IRI. Using FB-, C3-, C4-, C5-, C5aR1-, C5aR2-, and C6-deficient mice, we found that all components, except C5aR2 deficiency, significantly alleviated renal IRI to varying degrees. These gene deficiencies reduced local (deposition of C3d and membrane attack complex) and systemic (serum levels of C3a and C5a) complement activation, attenuated pathological damage, suppressed apoptosis, and restored the levels of multiple local cytokines (e.g., reduced IL-1β, IL-9, and IL-12p40 and increased IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13) in various gene-deficient mice, which resulted in the eventual recovery of renal function. In addition, we demonstrated that CRIg/FH, which is a targeted complement inhibitor for the classical and primarily alternative pathways, exerted a robust renoprotective effect that was comparable to gene deficiency using similar mechanisms. Further, we revealed that PI3K/AKT activation, predominantly in glomeruli that was remarkably inhibited by IRI, played an essential role in the CRIg/FH renoprotective effect. The specific PI3K antagonist duvelisib almost completely abrogated AKT phosphorylation, thus abolishing the renoprotective role of CRIg/FH. Our findings suggested that complement activation at multiple stages induced renal IRI, and CRIg/FH and/or PI3K/AKT agonists may hold the potential in ameliorating renal IRI.
Overexpression of kynurenic acid and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid after rat traumatic brain injury
Authors: Mangas Arturo , Heredia Margarita , Riolobos Adelaida , De la Fuente Antonio , Criado José María , Yajeya Javier , Geffard Michel , Coveñas Rafael
Published: November 2018

Using an immunohistochemical technique, we have studied the distribution of kynuneric acid (KYNA) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) in a rat brain injury model (trauma). The study was carried out inducing a cerebral ablation of the frontal motor cortex. Two mouse monoclonal specific antibodies previously developed by our group directed against KYNA and 3-HAA were used. In control animals (sham-operated), the expression of both KYNA and 3-HAA was not observed. In animals in which the ablation was performed, the highest number of immunoreactive cells containing KYNA or 3-HAA was observed in the region surrounding the lesion and the number of these cells decreased moving away from the lesion. KYNA and 3-HAA were also observed in the white matter (ipsilateral side) located close to the injured region and in some cells placed in the white matter of the contralateral side. The distribution of KYNA and 3-HAA perfectly matched with the peripheral injured regions. The results found were identical independently of the perfusion date of animals (17, 30 or 54 days after brain injury). For the first time, the presence of KYNA and 3-HAA has been described in a rat trauma model. Moreover, by using a double immunocytochemistry protocol, it has been demonstrated that both metabolites were located in astrocytes. The findings observed suggest that, in cerebral trauma, KYNA and 3-HAA are involved in tissue damage and that these compounds could act, respectively, as a neuroprotector and a neurotoxic. This means that, in trauma, a counterbalance occurs and that a regulation of the indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) pathway could be required after a brain injury in order to decrease the deleterious effects of ending metabolites (the neurotoxic picolinic acid). Moreover, the localization of KYNA and 3-HAA in the contralateral side of the lesion suggests that the IDO pathway is also involved in the sprouting and pathfinding that follows a traumatic brain injury.