bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevention of Bronchial Hyperplasia by EGFR Pathway Inhibitors in an Organotypic Culture Model
Authors: Lee Jangsoon , Ryu Seung-Hee , Kang Shin Myung , Chung Wen-Cheng , Gold Kathryn Ann , Kim Edward S. , Hittelman Walter N. , Ki Hong Waun , Koo Ja Seok
Published: April 2011

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Early detection or prevention strategies are urgently needed to increase survival. Hyperplasia is the first morphologic change that occurs in the bronchial epithelium during lung cancer development, followed by squamous metaplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive tumor. This study was designed to determine the molecular mechanisms that control bronchial epithelium hyperplasia. Using primary normal human tracheobronchial epithelial (NHTBE) cells cultured by using the 3-dimensional (3D) organotypic method, we found that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands, EGF, TGF-α, and amphiregulin induced hyperplasia, as determined by cell proliferation and multilayered epithelium formation. We also found that EGF induced increased cyclin D1 expression, which plays a critical role in bronchial hyperplasia; this overexpression was mediated by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway but not the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. Erlotinib, an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and U0126, a MAP/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor, completely inhibited EGF-induced hyperplasia. Furthermore, a promoter analysis revealed that the activator protein-1 transcription factor regulates EGF-induced cyclin D1 overexpression. Activator protein-1 depletion by using siRNA targeting its c-Jun component completely abrogated EGF-induced cyclin D1 expression. In conclusion, we showed that bronchial hyperplasia can be modeled in vitro by using primary NHTBE cells maintained in a 3D organotypic culture. EGFR and MEK inhibitors completely blocked EGF-induced bronchial hyperplasia, suggesting that they have a chemopreventive role. Cancer Prev Res; 4(8); 1306–15. ©2011 AACR.
Apigenin Prevents Development of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate-Accelerated 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-Induced Mammary Tumors in Sprague–Dawley Rats
Authors: Mafuvadze Benford , Benakanakere Indira , López Pérez Franklin R. , Besch-Williford Cynthia , Ellersieck Mark R. , Hyder Salman M.
Published: April 2011

The use of progestins as a component of hormone replacement therapy has been linked to an increase in breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. We have previously shown that medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), a commonly administered synthetic progestin, increases production of the potent angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by tumor cells, leading to the development of new blood vessels and tumor growth. We sought to identify nontoxic chemicals that would inhibit progestin-induced tumorigenesis. We used a recently developed progestin-dependent mammary cancer model in which tumors are induced in Sprague–Dawley rats by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) treatment. The flavonoid apigenin, which we previously found to inhibit progestin-dependent VEGF synthesis in human breast cancer cells in vitro, significantly delayed the development of, and decreased the incidence and multiplicity of, MPA-accelerated DMBA-induced mammary tumors in this animal model. Whereas apigenin decreased the occurrence of such tumors, it did not block MPA-induced intraductal and lobular epithelial cell hyperplasia in the mammary tissue. Apigenin blocked MPA-dependent increases in VEGF, and suppressed VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) but not VEGFR-1 in regions of hyperplasia. No differences were observed in estrogen or progesterone receptor (ER/PR) levels, or the number of estrogen receptor–positive cells, within the mammary gland of MPA-treated animals administered apigenin, MPA-treated animals, and placebo treated animals. However, the number of progesterone receptor–positive cells was reduced in animals treated with MPA or MPA and apigenin compared with those treated with placebo. These findings suggest that apigenin has important chemopreventive properties for those breast cancers that develop in response to progestins. Cancer Prev Res; 4(8); 1316–24. ©2011 AACR.
Multiple Antigenic Peptides of Human Heparanase Elicit a Much More Potent Immune Response against Tumors
Authors: Wang Guo-Zhen , Tang Xu-Dong , Lü Mu-Han , Gao Jin-Hua , Liang Guang-Ping , Li Ning , Li Chang-Zhu , Wu Yu-Yun , Chen Ling , Cao Ya-Ling , Fang Dian-Chun , Yang Shi-Ming
Published: April 2011

Peptide vaccination for cancer immunotherapy requires an ideal immune response induced by epitope peptides derived from tumor-associated antigens (TAA). Heparanase is broadly expressed in various advanced tumors. Accumulating evidence suggests that heparanase can serve as a universal TAA for tumor immunotherapy. However, due to the low immunogenicity of peptide vaccines, an ideal immune response against tumors usually cannot be elicited in patients. To increase the immunogenicity of peptide vaccines, we designed three 4-branched multiple antigenic peptides (MAP) on the basis of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2–restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes of human heparanase that we identified previously as antigen carriers. Our results show that MAP vaccines based on the HLA-A2–restricted CLT epitopes of human heparanase were capable of inducing HLA-A2–restricted and heparanase-specific CTL in vitro and in mice. Moreover, compared with their corresponding linear peptides, heparanase MAP vaccines elicited much stronger lysis of tumor cells by activating CD8+ T lymphocytes and increasing the releasing of IFN-γ. However, these heparanase-specific CTLs did not lyse heparanase-expressing autologous lymphocytes and dendritic cells, which confirm the safety of these MAP vaccines. Therefore, our findings indicate that MAP vaccines based on CTL epitopes of human heparanase can be used as potent immunogens for tumor immunotherapy because of advantages such as broad spectrum, high effectiveness, high specificity, and safety. Cancer Prev Res; 4(8); 1285–95. ©2011 AACR.
Inhibition of PDE5 by Sulindac Sulfide Selectively Induces Apoptosis and Attenuates Oncogenic Wnt/β-Catenin–Mediated Transcription in Human Breast Tumor Cells
Authors: Tinsley Heather N. , Gary Bernard D. , Keeton Adam B. , Lu Wenyan , Li Yonghe , Piazza Gary A.
Published: April 2011

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) such as sulindac sulfide (SS) display promising antineoplastic properties, but toxicities resulting from COX inhibition limit their clinical use. Although COX inhibition is responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of SS, recent studies suggest that phosphodiesterase (PDE) 5 inhibition and activation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling are closely associated with its ability to induce apoptosis of tumor cells. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for apoptosis induction, factors that influence sensitivity of tumor cells to SS, and the importance of PDE5 for breast tumor cell growth have not been established. Here we show that SS can induce apoptosis of breast tumor cells, which predominantly rely on PDE5 for cGMP hydrolysis but not normal mammary epithelial cells, which rely on PDE isozymes other than PDE5 for cGMP hydrolysis. Inhibition of PDE5 and activation of protein kinase G (PKG) by SS was associated with increased β-catenin phosphorylation, decreased β-catenin mRNA and protein levels, reduced β-catenin nuclear localization, decreased T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (Tcf/Lef) promoter activity, and decreased expression of Wnt/β-catenin–regulated proteins. Suppression of PDE5 with siRNA or known PDE5 inhibitors was sufficient to selectively induce apoptosis and attenuate β-catenin–mediated transcription in breast tumor cells with minimal effects on normal mammary epithelial cells. These findings provide evidence that SS induces apoptosis of breast tumor cells through a mechanism involving inhibition of PDE5 and attenuation of oncogenic Wnt/β-catenin–mediated transcription. We conclude that PDE5 represents a novel molecular target for the discovery of safer and more efficacious drugs for breast cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Prev Res; 4(8); 1275–84. ©2011 AACR.
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Use and the Risk of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Manthripragada Angelika D. , Schernhammer Eva S. , Qiu Jiaheng , Friis Soren , Wermuth Lene , Olsen Jorgen H. , Ritz Beate
Published: April 2011

Background: Experimental evidence supports a preventative role for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Methods: We investigated associations between use of aspirin, nonaspirin NSAIDs, and acetaminophen and PD in a large population-based case-control study using Danish health and pharmacy registries. We identified 1,931 PD cases reported in hospital or outpatient clinic records who had received a primary diagnosis of PD between 2001 and 2006, and 9,651 age- and sex-matched controls from the Danish population register. Prescription medication use was documented in a pharmacy database covering all residents of Denmark since 1995. Results: Adjusting for age, sex, use of cardiovascular disease drugs, diagnosis of chronic pulmonary obstructive disorder, and Charlson comorbidity scores, and excluding prescriptions filled within 5 years before diagnosis, we found no evidence for an association between PD and either aspirin use (OR = 0.97; 95% CI 0.82, 1.14) or nonaspirin NSAID use (OR = 0.97; 95% CI 0.86, 1.09), regardless of intensity of use; further, there was no association between use of ibuprofen or acetaminophen and PD. Conclusion: Our findings provide no evidence for a protective effect of nonaspirin and aspirin NSAID prescription drug use shortly before PD onset.
Socioeconomic Position and Cognitive Function in the Seychelles: A Life Course Analysis
Authors: Kobrosly Roni W. , van Wijngaarden Edwin , Galea Sandro , Cory-Slechta Deborah A. , Love Tanzy , Hong Caroline , Shamlaye Conrad F. , Davidson Philip W.
Published: April 2011

Objective: Poorer socioeconomic conditions early in life have been linked with memory, attention and learning deficits in adulthood, as well as with specific areas of educational achievement. It remains unclear, however, whether these distal associations are mediated by more current socioeconomic factors. In this study, we sought to confirm the relation between early-life socioeconomic position (SEP) and adult cognitive function, and to examine potential mediation by contemporaneous SEP. Methods: Data from 463 young adults from the Main Cohort of the Seychelles Child Development Study were analyzed using subtests of the Cambridge Neurological Test Automated Battery and the Woodcock Johnson Test of Scholastic Achievement in relation to maternal Hollingshead Social Status Index scores at study enrollment (infancy), follow-up at 107 months, and follow-up at 17 years. Results: Findings include evidence of a link between infant-period SEP and 17-year memory, which was not mediated by childhood and 17-year SEP. Verbal and mathematical achievement at 17 years was associated with SEP at all points in the life course. Conclusions: SEP at different points during the young-adult life course may affect different cognitive domains later in life, which may provide targets for societal investment in ensuring adequate family resources throughout childhood and adolescence.
Severe Mitral Regurgitation and Heart Failure due to Caseous Calcification of the Mitral Annulus
Authors: Pozsonyi Zoltán , Tóth Attila , Vágó Hajnalka , Ádám Zsófia , Apor Astrid , Alotti Nasri , Sármán Pál , Merkely Béla , Karádi István
Published: April 2011

Caseous calcification is a rare form of mitral annular calcification. Echocardiography reveals an echodense mass in the inferior mitral annulus with smooth borders and an echolucent inner core. We present a case where caseous calcification of the mitral annulus caused severe mitral regurgitation, atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Transthoracic echocardiography, transesophageal echocardiography, cardiac mag- netic resonance and computed tomography were performed and ensured the diagnosis. The mass was surgically removed and a prosthetic valve was implanted. We conclude that caseous calcification of the mitral annulus should be considered not only in the differential diagnosis of cardiac masses but also in the background of mitral regurgitation, atrial fibrillation and heart failure. This case also represents the usefulness of multimodal imaging in identifying cardiac masses.
Evaluation of Recovery and Anesthetic Gas Consumption Using Remifentanil Combined with Low-Flow Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Tympanoplasty
Authors: Sert Hüseyin , Muslu Bunyamin , Gozdemir Muhammet , Kurtaran Hanifi , Usta Burhanettin , Kınacı Serengül , Demircioglu Rüveyda İrem
Published: April 2011

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of low-flow sevoflurane and low-flow sevoflurane supplemented with remifentanil anesthesia on the recovery time, consumption amount of the anesthetic drugs and hemodynamic differences. Materials and Methods: A prospective, randomized and double-blinded study with 50 patients was designed. Following intubation, group S received sevoflurane 1.8 vol%, oxygen, nitrous oxide at 4 l · min–1 and normal saline continuous infusion; group SR received sevoflurane 1.2 vol%, oxygen, nitrous oxide at 4 l · min–1 and 0.25 µg · kg–1 · min–1 remifentanil continuous infusions. Ten minutes after intubation the flow rates decreased to 1 l · min–1. Consumption of each drug, postoperative recovery characteristics and visual analog scale (VAS) scores for pain were recorded. Result: There were no significant differences in hemodynamic parameters, tramadol consumption and VAS scores for pain. The patients in group SR showed faster early recovery as compared to group S. The mean consumption of sevoflurane was 18 ml in group SR, while it was 25 ml in group S. Conclusions: Low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia combined with remifentanil regimen in patients undergoing tympanoplasty surgery resulted in a faster early recovery and decreased sevoflurane consumption.
Identification of human thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor in vascular and inflammatory cells
Authors: Lin Joellen , Garand Mathieu , Zagorac Branislava , Schadinger Steven , Scipione Corey , Koschinsky Marlys , Boffa Michael
Published: April 2011

TAFI (thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor) is a carboxypeptidase zymogen originally identified in plasma. The TAFI pathway helps to regulate the balance between the coagulation and fibrinolytic cascades. Activated TAFI (TAFIa) can also inactivate certain pro-inflammatory mediators, suggesting that the TAFI pathway may also regulate communication between coagulation and inflammation. Expression in the liver is considered to be the source of plasma TAFI. TAFI has also been identified in platelets and CPB2 (the gene encoding TAFI) mRNA has been detected in megakaryocytic cell lines as well as in endothelial cells. We have undertaken a quantitative analysis of CPB2 mRNA and TAFI protein in extrahepatic cell types relevant to vascular disease. Using RT-PCR and quantitative RT-PCR, we detected CPB2 mRNA in the human megakaryoblastic cell lines MEG-01 and Dami, the human monocytoid cell line THP-1 as well as THP-1 cells differentiated into a macrophage-like phenotype, and in primary human umbilical vein and coronary artery endothelial cells. CPB2 mRNA abundance in MEG-01, Dami, and THP-1 cells was modulated by the state of differentiation of these cells. Using a recently developed TAFIa assay, we detected TAFI protein in the lysates of the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 as well as in MEG-01 and Dami cells and in the conditioned medium of HepG2 cells, differentiated Dami cells, and THP-1 macrophages. We have obtained clear evidence for extrahepatic expression of TAFI, which has clear implications for the physiological and pathophysiological functions of the TAFI pathway.
High platelet reactivity and clinical outcome – Fact and fiction
Authors: Sibbing Dirk , Byrne Robert A. , Bernlochner Isabell , Kastrati Adnan
Published: April 2011

In patients suffering from acute coronary syndromes or undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, oral antiplatelet treatment is routinely administered with the primary aim of inhibiting platelet-mediated thrombus formation and subsequent abrupt vessel occlusion. Simultaneous inhibition of blood platelet cyclooxygenase-1 by aspirin and of the P2Y12 receptor by clopidogrel or prasugrel is currently recommended in this setting. Inter-individual response variability to aspirin and especially to clopidogrel is the subject of much debate as evidence has grown over the years linking an attenuated response to treatment with the occurrence of ischaemic events. Consequently, the clinical entity of high (on-treatment) platelet reactivity (HPR) was born and subsequently characterised in numerous studies over the last decade. Until recently, alternative treatment options were limited in patients exhibiting HPR. At present the antiplatelet therapy landscape is changing with the advent of prasugrel and ticagrelor as alternative and more potent treatment options. Different tests for monitoring platelet function are available and are being increasingly employed in research projects and clinical routine. These tests may prove useful for achieving optimal platelet inhibition for the individual patient, and several centres now incorporate such testing in day-to-day practice. Widespread adoption of this practice and incorporation into clinical guidelines awaits the results of ongoing trials in which treatment is changed based on platelet function monitoring. This review aims to summarise available facts and fiction in relation to platelet function testing and reactivity with a particular focus on P2Y12 receptor inhibition in patients undergoing coronary stent placement.
Short-term effects of the smoke-free legislation on haemostasis and systemic inflammation due to second hand smoke exposure
Authors: Cayla Guillaume , Sie Pierre , Silvain Johanne , Brugier Delphine , Cambou Jean-Pierre , Thomas Daniel , Pena Ana , O’Connor Stephen , Bura Alessandra , Ruidavets Jean-Bernard , Collet Jean-Philippe , Montalescot Gilles
Published: April 2011

It was the objective of this study to assess the effect of the implementation of the smoke-free legislation on haemostasis and systemic inflammation in second-hand smoking (SHS)-exposed healthy volunteers. Fibrin-rich clot properties, platelet reactivity and inflammatory biomarkers were measured before and four months following the implementation of the smoke-free legislation in gender and age-matched healthy volunteers exposed (n=23, exposed) and unexposed (n=23, controls) to occupational SHS. The primary objective was to compare fibrin-rich clot stiffness before and after implementation of the smoke-free legislation. There was 40% reduction in fibrin-rich clot stiffness following the implementation of the smoke-free legislation in SHS-exposed volunteers (17 ± 7 vs. 10.6 ± 7 dynes/cm², before and after, respectively, p=0.001). These dramatic changes were associated with a 20% reduction in fibrin fiber density (p<0.01) and a 20% reduction inclot lysis time (p=0.05). No change in fibrin properties was observed in the control group of SHS-unexposed volunteers related to the implementation of the smoke-free legislation. Of interest, neither platelet reactivity nor systemic inflammatory biomarkers were changed in either group. The smoke-free legislation is associated with significant changes in fibrin-rich clot properties toward a less thrombogenic conformation with a better fibrinolysis response while neither platelet reactivity nor systemic inflammatory biomarkers are modified. These improvements may explain the observed reduction in acute coronary syndrome following the implementation of the smoke-free legislation.
Prostaglandins and Inflammation
Authors: Ricciotti Emanuela , FitzGerald Garret A.
Published: April 2011

Prostaglandins are lipid autacoids derived from arachidonic acid. They both sustain homeostatic functions and mediate pathogenic mechanisms, including the inflammatory response. They are generated from arachidonate by the action of cyclooxygenase isoenzymes, and their biosynthesis is blocked by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, including those selective for inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. Despite the clinical efficacy of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, prostaglandins may function in both the promotion and resolution of inflammation. This review summarizes insights into the mechanisms of prostaglandin generation and the roles of individual mediators and their receptors in modulating the inflammatory response. Prostaglandin biology has potential clinical relevance for atherosclerosis, the response to vascular injury and aortic aneurysm.
Influence of Physical Activity and Screen Time on the Retinal Microvasculature in Young Children
Authors: Gopinath Bamini , Baur Louise A. , Wang Jie Jin , Hardy Louise L. , Teber Erdahl , Kifley Annette , Wong Tien Y. , Mitchell Paul
Published: April 2011

Objective—

It is not clear whether physical activity and sedentary behavior affect retinal microvascular caliber. We investigated associations among physical activity (outdoor and indoor sporting activities), sedentary behaviors (including screen time, television [TV] viewing, and computer and videogame usage), and retinal microvascular caliber in schoolchildren.

Methods and Results—

Six-year-old students (1765/2238) from a random cluster sample of 34 Sydney schools were examined. Parents completed questionnaires about physical and sedentary activities. Retinal images were taken, and retinal vessel caliber was quantified. After adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, eye color, axial length, body mass index, birth weight, and mean arterial blood pressure, children who spent more time in outdoor sporting activities (in the highest tertile of activity) had 2.2 μm (95% CI 0.65 to 3.71) wider mean retinal arteriolar caliber than those in the lowest tertile (
P
trend
=0.004). Increasing quartiles of time spent watching TV were associated with narrower mean retinal arteriolar caliber ≈2.3 μm (95% CI 0.73 to 3.92),
P
trend
=0.003.

Conclusion—

These data suggest that physical activity could have a beneficial influence, whereas screen time has a potential adverse influence on retinal microvascular structure. The magnitude of arteriolar narrowing associated with each hour daily of TV viewing is similar to that associated with a 10-mm Hg increase in systolic blood pressure in children.
Targeted Imaging of the Spatial and Temporal Variation of Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity in a Porcine Model of Postinfarct Remodeling
Authors: Sahul Zakir H. , Mukherjee Rupak , Song James , McAteer Jarod , Stroud Robert E. , Dione Donald P. , Staib Lawrence , Papademetris Xenophon , Dobrucki Lawrence W. , Duncan James S. , Spinale Francis G. , Sinusas Albert J.
Published: April 2011

Background—

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are known to modulate left ventricular (LV) remodeling after a myocardial infarction (MI). However, the temporal and spatial variation of MMP activation and their relationship to mechanical dysfunction after MI remain undefined.

Methods and Results—

MI was surgically induced in pigs (n=23) and cine magnetic resonance (MR) and dual-isotope hybrid single-photon emission CT (SPECT)/CT imaging obtained using thallium-201 and a technetium-99m-labeled MMP targeted tracer (
99m
Tc-RP805) at 1, 2, and 4 weeks post-MI along with controls (n=5). Regional myocardial strain was computed from MR images and related to MMP zymography and ex vivo myocardial
99m
Tc-RP805 retention. MMP activation as assessed by in vivo and ex vivo
99m
Tc-RP805 imaging and retention studies was increased nearly 4-fold within the infarct region at 1 week post-MI and remained elevated up to 1 month post-MI. The post-MI change in LV end-diastolic volumes was correlated with MMP activity (y=31.34e
0.48x
,
P
=0.04). MMP activity was increased within the border and remote regions early post-MI, but declined over 1 month. There was a high concordance between regional
99m
Tc-RP805 uptake and ex vivo MMP-2 activity.

Conclusions—

A novel, multimodality, noninvasive hybrid SPECT/CT imaging approach was validated and applied for in vivo evaluation of MMP activation in combination with cine MR analysis of LV deformation. Increased
99m
Tc-RP805 retention was seen throughout the heart early post-MI and was not purely a reciprocal of thallium-201 perfusion. The
99m
Tc-RP805 SPECT/CT imaging may provide unique information regarding regional myocardial MMP activation and predict late post-MI LV remodeling.
Real-World Lessons From the Implementation of a Depression Screening Protocol in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients
Authors: Smolderen Kim G. , Buchanan Donna M. , Amin Alpesh A. , Gosch Kensey , Nugent Karen , Riggs Lisa , Seavey Geri , Spertus John A.
Published: April 2011

Background—

The American Heart Association (AHA) statement has recommended routine screening for depression in coronary artery disease with a 2-stage implementation of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ). Because there is little evidence on feasibility, accuracy, and impact of such a program on depression recognition in coronary patients, the AHA recommendation has met substantial debate and criticism.

Methods and Results—

Before the AHA statement was released, the Mid America Heart and Vascular Institute (MAHVI) had implemented a depression screening protocol for patients with acute myocardial infarction that was virtually identical to the AHA recommendations. To (1) evaluate this MAHVI quality improvement initiative, (2) compare MAHVI depression recognition rates with those of other hospitals, and (3) examine health care providers' implementation feedback, we compared the results of the MAHVI screening program with data from a parallel prospective acute myocardial infarction registry and interviewed MAHVI providers. Depressive symptoms (PHQ-2, PHQ-9) were assessed among 503 MAHVI acute myocardial infarction patients and compared with concurrent depression assessments among 3533 patients at 23 US centers without a screening protocol. A qualitative summary of providers' suggestions for improvement was also generated. A total of 135 (26.8%) eligible MAHVI patients did not get screened. Among screened patients, 90.9% depressed (PHQ-9 ≥10) patients were recognized. The agreement between the screening and registry data using the full PHQ-9 was 61.5% for positive cases (PHQ-9 ≥10) but only 35.6% for the PHQ-2 alone. Although MAHVI had a slightly higher overall depression recognition rate (38.3%) than other centers not using a depression screening protocol (31.5%), the difference was not statistically significant (
P
=0.31). Staff feedback suggested that a single-stage screening protocol with continuous feedback could improve compliance.

Conclusions—

In this early effort to implement a depression screening protocol, a large proportion of patients did not get screened, and only a modest impact on depression recognition rates was realized. Simplifying the protocol by using the PHQ-9 alone and providing more support and feedback may improve the rates of depression detection and treatment.
Person Features and Pronominal Anaphora
Authors: Delfitto Denis , Fiorin Gaetano
Published: April 2011

This article aims at clarifying the role of person at the interface between syntax and the interpretive systems. We argue that first person interpretations of third person pronouns (de se readings) stem from the option of leaving the referential index underspecified on the pronoun, thus accounting for the interplay of this phenomenon with the anaphoric usage of first person indexicals (pronoun shifting) and logophoric pronouns. The results include proposals on the connection between the semantics of first person and the syntax of the left periphery, a neo-Davidsonian treatment of the semantics of first person indexicals, and a novel view of pronominal anaphora according to which Higginbotham's (1983) asymmetric relation of linking involves a mechanism of θ-role inheritance tied to the semantics of first person.
Conditions on Argument Drop
Authors: Sigurðsson Halldór Ármann
Published: April 2011

This article pursues the idea that null arguments are derived without any statement or parameter, instead following “naturally” from 3rd factor principles and effects (in the sense of Chomsky 2005). The article thus contributes to the program of eliminating statements in grammar in favor of general factors. More specifically, it develops a theory of C/edge linking in terms of syntactically active but silent C-features, where all referential definite arguments, overt and silent, must match these features in order to be successfully C/edge-linked (interpreted). On the approach pursued, radically silent arguments—such as Germanic zero topics and controlled 3rd person null subjects in Finnish—commonly raise across a lexical C (a complementizer or a verb-second (V2) verb) into the edge of the C-domain for the purpose of successful C/edge linking (circumventing C-intervention), thereby showing Ā-behavior not observed for other types of arguments (including the Romance type of pro). Silent arguments are universally available in syntax, whereas their C/edge linking is constrained by factors (such as Germanic V2) that may or may not be present or active in individual languages and constructions.
Tracking the Blogs: An Evaluation of Attacks, Acclaims, and Rebuttals Presented on Political Blogs During the 2008 Presidential Election
Authors: Wicks Robert H. , Bradley Amy , Blackburn Gregory , Fields Tiffany
Published: April 2011

This study employed Benoit’s functional theory of presidential discourse to examine the incidence of attacks, acclaims, and rebuttals on four politically aligned blogs and six politically nonaligned blogs. Results suggest that candidates use their own blogs for acclaims, political parties use their blogs to level attacks against opponents, and rebuttals on blogs are rare. These findings are contrasted with the entries on six politically nonaligned political blogs directed toward specialized audiences, such as conservatives, liberals, independents, women, African Americans, and Christians. Candidate blogs contained significantly more acclaims than did nonaligned blogs, but both were similar with respect to incidence of attacks and rebuttals.
Political Information Efficacy and Internet Effects in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election
Authors: Tedesco John C.
Published: April 2011

Despite the increase in young adult political engagement during the early part of the twenty-first century, young adult voting rates remain relatively low. This study explores the effects of Internet messages on young adult political efficacy and political information efficacy through a pretest/posttest experiment. Young voters ( N = 486) reported significantly increased political efficacy and political information efficacy following exposure to several experimental stimuli; however, young women in the sample lag behind their male counterparts with regard to the confidence in their political information. Perhaps not surprisingly, Democrat participants were significantly higher in political efficacy in the days prior to the 2008 U.S. presidential election as it seemed likely that their candidate would win the election. Exposure to a negative media presentation of young voters did not appear to thwart young adult political information efficacy. More research spanning citizen-citizen, candidate-citizen, media-citizen, and party-citizen online messages and their effects is warranted.
Nontax Revenue, Social Cleavages, and Authoritarian Stability in Mexico and Kenya: “Internationalization, Institutions, and Political Change” Revisited
Authors: Morrison Kevin M.
Published: April 2011

What determines how authoritarian regimes use internationally attained revenues such as natural resource rents to stay in power? The answer, this article argues, lies partly in the nature of the socioeconomic cleavages in the country. The article presents a comparison of Kenya and Mexico, two countries that experienced similar rises and falls in internationally derived nontax revenue in the context of similar political regimes. The countries differed, however, in their socioeconomic cleavages: In Mexico, cleavages were along sectoral or class lines, whereas in Kenya they were along ethnic lines. The author demonstrates how these differences led governments in the countries to use nontax revenues in different ways, with important consequences in particular for social spending. Despite the recent turn in the resource curse literature emphasizing domestic contextual factors, socioeconomic cleavages have been relatively ignored. The findings here begin to fill that gap, with important implications for several literatures.
Industrial Arbitration and the Single Purpose League
Authors: Plowman David H.
Published: April 2011

The early history of compulsory arbitration in Australia is one marked by employer hostility. Activities between 1890 and 1915 to prevent legislation and to constrain the role of arbitration courts proved futile. This futility, together with other factors, reduced employer associations’ efforts in countering compulsory arbitration. In 1922 the Single Purpose League (SPL) emerged to fill the void. Its architects were Hugh Victor McKay, owner of the Sunshine Harvester Company, and Guillaume Daniel Delprat, long-time Managing Director of BHP. Both men had unhappy dealings with industrial tribunals and espoused a voluntaristic approach to labour relations. They proved untiring apostles in the League’s cause. This was particularly so of Delprat, who used his oratorical skills; his BHP connections; his access to business, political and community leaders; and his frequent travels to advance the SPL cause. The ‘single purpose’ was initially the abolition of compulsory arbitration tribunals, but expanded to include any form of adjudication including wages boards. Though successful in having a Bill introduced into the South Australian Parliament to abolish arbitration, the inclusion of wages boards alienated would-be support. The League was not able to convince employer associations to join its cause. Though a number of these supported the League’s aims, they had concerns with the SPL’s inability to propose a viable alternative to the existing industrial arrangements. Unable to garner support, the League petered out in 1924.
Review Essay: Collective Bargaining for the 21st Century
Authors: Hayter Susan , Fashoyin Tayo , Kochan Thomas A.
Published: April 2011

Collective bargaining has served as a cornerstone institution for democracy, a mechanism for increasing workers’ incomes, improving working conditions and reducing inequality, a means for ensuring fair employment relations and a source of workplace innovation. However, the number of workers belonging to trade unions has declined in many countries and global economic integration has tipped bargaining power in favour of employers. This paper reviews recent trends and developments in respect of collective bargaining. It examines the evolution of collective bargaining institutions in different regions of the world. It highlights the manner in which collective bargaining structures have adapted to competitive pressures and the increasing coordination of bargaining practices both within and across borders. In a survey of collective bargaining agendas, the authors note the increasing diversity of issues on the bargaining agenda. They highlight particularly innovative practices in respect of the application of collective agreements to non-standard workers and the role that collective bargaining played in mitigating the effects of the recent economic crisis on workers and enterprises. They argue that the support of public policy is essential to promote and sustain collective bargaining. These developments and the ongoing challenges facing collective bargaining present a number of issues for future research.
Reading Intervention Outcomes for Adults With Disabilities in a Vocational Rehabilitation Setting
Authors: Vanderberg Laura E. , Pierce Margaret E. , Disney Laurel J.
Published: April 2011

This study reports on an examination of the effectiveness of a reading intervention for adults with disabilities in a vocational rehabilitation setting. Participants were 57 adults with disabilities and low reading skills enrolled at the Reading Clinic at the Michigan Career and Technical Institute. As part of a 3-year research and demonstration grant evaluation project, participants received an individualized reading intervention that targeted phonological processing, orthographic pattern recognition, and comprehension for adults with disabilities and low reading levels. The particular program incorporated fluency exercises at every level of the structured, explicit, and systematic intervention curriculum. Results showed that participants made moderate to large gains in passage reading accuracy and comprehension during the course of the intervention. Gains in passage reading rate were not statistically significant. Results are discussed in relation to theories of reading disability and intervention for adults with reading disabilities in vocational rehabilitation settings.
From Mouse to Man: Predictions of Human Pharmacokinetics of Orally Administered Docetaxel From Preclinical Studies
Authors: Koolen S. L. W. , van Waterschoot R. A. B. , van Tellingen O. , Schinkel A. H. , Beijnen J. H. , Schellens J. H. M. , Huitema A. D. R.
Published: April 2011

Intravenously administered docetaxel is approved for the treatment of various types of cancer. An oral regimen, in combination with ritonavir, is being evaluated in clinical trials. The pharmacokinetics of docetaxel are determined by the activity of the metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) and the drug efflux transporter P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp). The effects of these proteins on the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel were investigated in different mouse models that lack 1 or both detoxifying systems. Docetaxel was given to these mice orally or intravenously with or without a strong CYP3A inhibitor, ritonavir. The data of these 2 preclinical studies were pooled and analyzed using nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling. The results of the preclinical studies could be integrated successfully, with only a small difference in residual error (33% and 26%, respectively). Subsequently, the model was used to predict human exposure using allometric scaling and this was compared with clinical trial data. This model led to adequate predictions of docetaxel exposure in humans.
Comparison of physio ball and plinth trunk exercises regimens on trunk control and functional balance in patients with acute stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Karthikbabu S , Nayak Akshatha , Vijayakumar K , Misri ZK , Suresh BV , Ganesan Sailakshmi , Joshua Abraham M
Published: April 2011

Objective: To examine the effects of trunk exercises performed using the physio ball as against the plinth, on trunk control and functional balance in patients with acute stroke.

Design: An observer-blinded pilot randomized controlled trial.

Subjects: Thirty patients with acute stroke (mean post-stroke duration 12 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2–34) days) who had the first onset of unilateral haemorrhagic or ischaemic lesion and an independent ability to sit for 30 seconds.

Setting: Inpatient stroke rehabilitation centre.

Interventions: The experimental group performed task-specific trunk exercises on an unstable surface (physio ball) while the control group performed them on a stable surface (plinth). In addition to regular acute physiotherapy, both the groups underwent 1 hour of trunk exercises a day, four days a week for three weeks.

Main measures: Trunk Impairment Scale and Brunel Balance Assessment.

Results: The difference between the baseline characteristics of the patients belonging to both groups was not statistically significant. Post-intervention, both the groups improved on trunk control and functional balance but the experimental group improved more significantly than the control group (change scores of between-group comparison for the total Trunk Impairment Scale 3.06 (1.43), dynamic sitting balance 1.47 (1.36) and coordination 1.3 (0.67) subscales of Trunk Impairment Scale; the total Brunel Balance Assessment 1.8 (1.4) and stepping 1.87 (1.6) component of Brunel Balance Assessment). The level of significance was set at P < 0.05.

Conclusions: The trunk exercises performed on the physio ball are more effective than those performed on the plinth in improving both trunk control and functional balance in acute stroke patients, suggesting a task-specific effect and also a carry-over effect.
The development of a clinical management algorithm for early physical activity and mobilization of critically ill patients: synthesis of evidence and expert opinion and its translation into practice
Authors: Hanekom Susan , Gosselink Rik , Dean Elizabeth , van Aswegen Helena , Roos Ronel , Ambrosino Nicolino , Louw Quinette
Published: April 2011

Objective: To facilitate knowledge synthesis and implementation of evidence supporting early physical activity and mobilization of adult patients in the intensive care unit and its translation into practice, we developed an evidence-based clinical management algorithm.

Methods: Twenty-eight draft algorithm statements extracted from the extant literature by the primary research team were verified and rated by scientist clinicians ( n = 7) in an electronic three round Delphi process. Algorithm statements which reached a priori defined consensus – semi-interquartile range <0.5 – were collated into the algorithm.

Results: The draft algorithm statements were edited and six additional statements were formulated. The 34 statements related to assessment and treatment were grouped into three categories. Category A included statements for unconscious critically ill patients; Category B included statements for stable and cooperative critically ill patients, and Category C included statements related to stable patients with prolonged critical illness. While panellists reached consensus on the ratings of 94% (32/34) of the algorithm statements, only 50% (17/34) of the statements were rated essential.

Conclusion: The evidence-based clinical management algorithm developed through an established Delphi process of consensus by an international inter-professional panel provides the clinician with a synthesis of current evidence and clinical expert opinion. This framework can be used to facilitate clinical decision making within the context of a given patient. The next step is to determine the clinical utility of this working algorithm.
Feline Gastrointestinal Lymphoma
Authors: Moore P. F. , Rodriguez-Bertos A. , Kass P. H.
Published: April 2011

Gastrointestinal lymphomas were identified in 120 cats between 1995 and 2006. Lymphomas were classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) scheme. Cats with mucosal T-cell lymphoma ( n = 84) predominated and had a median survival of 29 months. Mucosal T-cell lymphoma matched WHO enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATCL) type II. Epitheliotropic T-cell infiltrates were present in 62% of cats and occurred as clusters or diffuse infiltrates of small to intermediate-sized T cells in villous and/or crypt epithelium. Similar lymphocytes infiltrated the lamina propria in distinctive patterns. Cats with transmural T-cell lymphoma ( n = 19) had a median survival of 1.5 months. Transmural T-cell lymphoma matched WHO EATCL type I. Epitheliotropic T-cell infiltrates were present in 58% of cats. Large lymphocytes ( n = 11), mostly with cytoplasmic granules (LGL–granzyme B+) ( n = 9) predominated. Transmural extension across the muscularis propria characterized the lesion. Both mucosal and transmural T-cell lymphomas were largely confined to the small intestine, and molecular clonality analysis revealed clonal or oligoclonal rearrangements of T-cell receptor-γ in 90% of cats. Cats with B-cell lymphoma ( n = 19) had a median survival of 3.5 months. B-cell lymphomas occurred as transmural lesions in stomach, jejunum, and ileo–cecal–colic junction. The majority were diffuse, large B-cell lymphomas of centroblastic type. In conclusion, T-cell lymphomas characterized by distinctive mucosal architecture, CD3 expression, and clonal expansion predominated in the feline gastrointestinal tract.
Arthroscopic Bankart Repair Combined with Remplissage Technique for the Treatment of Anterior Shoulder Instability with Engaging Hill-Sachs Lesion
Authors: Zhu Yi-Ming , Lu Yi , Zhang Jin , Shen Jie-Wei , Jiang Chun-Yan
Published: April 2011

Background

Engaging Hill-Sachs lesions are known to be a risk factor for recurrence dislocation after arthroscopic repair in patients with anterior shoulder instability. For a large engaging Hill-Sachs lesion, arthroscopic remplissage is a solution.

Hypothesis

Arthroscopic Bankart repair combined with the Hill-Sachs remplissage technique can achieve good results without significant impairment of shoulder function.

Study Design

Case Series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Forty-nine consecutive patients who underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair and Hill-Sachs remplissage for anterior shoulder instability were followed up for a mean duration of 29.0 months (range, 24-35 months). There were 42 males and 7 females with a mean age of 28.4 years (range, 16.7-54.7 years). All patients had diagnosed traumatic unidirectional anterior shoulder instability with a bony lesion of glenoid and an engaging Hill-Sachs lesion. Physical examination, radiographs, and magnetic resonance imaging were performed during postoperative follow-up. The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Constant score, and Rowe score were used to evaluate shoulder function.

Results

The active forward elevation increased a mean of 8.0° (range, -10° to 80°) postoperatively. However, the patients lost 1.9° (range, -40° to 30°) of external rotation to the side. Significant improvement was detected with regard to the ASES score (84.7 vs 96.0, P < .001), Constant score (93.3 vs 97.8, P = .005), and Rowe score (36.8 vs 89.8, P < .001). There were 1 redislocation, 2 subluxations, and 1 patient with a positive apprehension test; the overall failure rate was 8.2% (4 of 49). Successful healing of the infraspinatus tendon within the Hill-Sachs lesion was shown by magnetic resonance imaging.

Conclusion

Arthroscopic Bankart repair combined with Hill-Sachs remplissage can restore shoulder stability without significant impairment of shoulder function in patients with engaging Hill-Sachs lesions.
Cross-talk of the related bioactivity mediators in serum after injection of soluble TNF-α receptor on silicosis model of rats
Authors: Gao Hong-Sheng , Rong Xue  , Peng Ding  , Chen Nan-Fang , Bing Meng  , Zhao Hua-Bing , Zhen Yang  , Wang Shi-Xing
Published: April 2011

This study investigates cross-talk of the related bioactivity mediators in silica-induced pulmonary inflammatory and fibrosis on rats, which contributes to the preventive and therapeutic effect of soluble TNF-α receptor. Wistar rats received saline or 50 mg of quartz by intratracheal instillation. Rats in drug-treated groups were given soluble tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) receptor (500 μg) by hypodermic injection on days 1, 5 and 8 after operation. At 7 days or 14 days after instillation, rats were killed to observe the degree of injury and expression of the related bioactivity mediators including nuclear factor KB (NF-KB), nitric oxide, interleukin-1β, interleukin-10, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), TNF-α, interferon-Y (IFN-Y) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The area percentages of type I and III collagens in intervention group were lower than those in silica group. The expression of NF-κB, TGF-β1, and COL I were lower in intervention group than in silica group(p < 0.05) and GM-CSF was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at 7 days after instillation, however, NF-κB, TGF-β1, and COL I were identically lower in intervention group than in silica group, and TNF-α, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF were higher at 14 days after instillation. It may be concluded that soluble TNF-α receptor upregulating or downregulating the expression of the related bioactivity mediators results in decreasing lung injury induced by silica.