bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taxpayers’ attitudes, behavior, and perception of fairness
Authors: Seidl Christian , Traub Stefan
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates taxpayers’ attitudes, behavior, and perception of fairness with respect to taxation using data drawn from a survey among German employees. It is shown that there is a large gulf between subjects’ attitudes towards taxation and their behavior. Although most subjects profess that their own taxation is either too high or far too high, up to 60 percent of them judge tax burdens to be fair which exceed actual taxation by far. Moreover, the great majority of those subjects opting for a proportional tax scale implicitly state tax burdens which are consistent with a progressive tax scale only. Finally, we find overwhelming rejection of one of the core elements of the German income tax system, namely spouse tax splitting.
On What We See
Authors: Noë Alva
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the idea that perception can be, at once, a mode of direct awareness of the world and an encounter, in the first instance, with mere appearances. In developing this point, I introduce a sensorimotor account of perception according to which the senses are ways of exploring the environment mediated by different patterns of sensorimotor contingency (i.e. by the distinctive ways in which what the perceiver does affects how things appear).
Education and Morality in Africa
Authors: Adeyinka Augustus A. , Ndwapi Gaolekwe
Published: March 2003

This paper examines briefly the major concepts in education and morality in Africa, focusing on the moral education of the African child. This is with particular reference to the child’s obligations and duties to self, family, local community and the nation. It is argued that education today has been reduced to no more than schooling, which focuses mainly on literacy and numeracy. The politicization of institutionalized education in post‐colonial Africa has led to an explosion in the schooling process, a high turnout of unemployed youths, and a questionable abandonment of the major values of indigenous education. It is recommended that in the new millennium, what is good in African indigenous education should be synthesized with the valuable aspects of Western culture. This would ensure that we move closer to the standard of morality and life in the traditional African education system.
Alcoholism and Criminal Liability
Authors: Tolmie Julia
Published: March 2003

Having examined the question of whether alcoholism should be regarded as a disease or habitual and learned behaviour, the article assesses from a comparative law perspective the effect of alcoholism as a defence to criminal responsibility. The article proposes a ‘disease’ model of alcoholism for the purpose of criminal law, and criticises its handling through the law of diminished responsibility.
‘The Lady Doth Protest Too Much’ Kosovo, and the Turn to Ethics in International Law
Authors: Koskenniemi Martti
Published: March 2003

Most international lawyers approved of the 1999 bombing of Serbia by the members of the North Atlantic alliance. But most of them also felt that it was not compatible with a strict reading of the UN Charter. The article describes the argumentative techniques through which international lawyers tried to accommodate their moral intuitions with their professional competence. The urge to achieve this, the article argues, arose from a general turn to ethics in the profession that has been evident since the end of the Cold War. This has often involved a shallow and dangerous moralisation which, if generalised, transforms international law into an uncritical instrument for the foreign policy choices of those whom power and privilege has put into decision‐making positions.
The Unfreedom of the Moderns in Comparison to Their Ideals of Constitutional Democracy
Authors: Tully James
Published: March 2003

The paper is a critical survey of the last ten years of research on the principles of legitimacy of constitutional democracy and their application in practice in Europe and North America. A constitutional democracy is legitimate if it meets the test of two principles: the principles of democracy or popular sovereignty and of constitutionalism or the rule of law. There are three contemporary trends which tend to conflict with the principle of democracy and thus diminish democratic freedom. There are three responses to the lack of legitimacy of these three trends. The first is to downplay the principle of democracy in order to endorse the three trends. The second is to uphold the principle of democracy, in the form of deliberative constitutional democracy, in order to criticise aspects of the three trends and to call for further democratisation. The third trend deepens this critical response by tying the test of democratic legitimacy more closely to case studies of attempts by citizens to exercise their democratic freedom.
Constitutional Legitimation for Political Acts
Authors: Michelman Frank I.
Published: March 2003

The question of legal legitimacy, liberally understood, is that of whether anyone has a morally justified complaint about impressment into compliance with a particular law or set of laws. A good constitution may possibly contribute towards a liberally legitimate practice of national politics. This essay is concerned with one way in which a constitution, no matter how excellent, cannot thus contribute. We cannot use judgments regarding constitutionality to bridge the gap that must always exist between judgments regarding the validity of controversial laws and judgments regarding their legitimacy. We cannot hope to solve in that ‘contractual’ or ‘procedural’ way the riddle of government by consent in modern social conditions of deep ethical plurality and conflict, because we cannot successfully combine a proceduralist idea of constitutional legitimacy with a content‐based conception of the binding virtue for constitutions.[O]ur exercise of political power is proper and hence justifiable only when it is exercised in accordance with a constitution the essentials of which all citizens may reasonably be expected to endorse in the light of principles and ideals acceptable to them as reasonable and rational. This is the liberal principle of legitimacy.1
Prelude to Victory: the Battle for Convoy HX 231, 4–7 April 1943
Authors: Syrett David
Published: March 2003

This article describes and analyses a critical convoy battle at the darkest period of the Battle of the Atlantic.
The Politics of Religious Conformity and the Accession of James I
Authors: Questier Michael
Published: March 2003

The issue of conformity in religion is crucial for historians who want to describe how religion worked politically in the English Church during the period of the Reformation. This article takes one aspect of conformity—the struggle by self‐consciously Protestant authorities to force Catholics in the North of England to conform before and after the accession of James'VI in their country. It appeared to some Protestants (as well as to some Catholics) that James's accession might lead to changes in the established order of religion in England. Some papists in the North were very enamoured of James. Protestants tried to cool their ardour in part by using statutory conformity to emasculate their political activism. Yet some Catholics who expressed their hatred of the Elizabethan regime by and in separation from its Church became less determined to stand out against conformity when James's accession seemed assured. The very mechanism by which papists were to be controlled no longer worked as Protestant activists intended. In short, the politics of conformity explains many of the puzzling features of Catholicism (particularly of ‘church papistry’) at this time and in this region—why some people moved between nonconformity and compliance, and why strict recusancy might not always be an article of faith even for the most belligerent of Roman dissidents.
Businessmen and Landowners Re‐engaged
Authors: Spring Eileen
Published: March 2003

In his latest work on the relations—or on the non‐relations—between businessmen and landowners, Professor W. D. Rubinstein has challenged his critics to prove him wrong. Accordingly, this article analyses the statistical arguments in Rubinstein's work, and shows that they do not prove what they are claimed to prove. In the course of its analysis the article undertakes to explore the problem inherent in using the probate accounts to discuss the purchase of land, suggesting that that problem cannot be dismissed as Rubinstein has dismissed it, but showing that its seriousness alters with the level of wealth‐holders considered.
Sir Horace Vere in Holland and the Rhineland, 1610–12*
Authors: Trim D. J. B.
Published: March 2003

The article presents and interprets (based on primary as well as secondary sources) transcriptions of five letters of Sir Horace Vere, written from the Netherlands to the Stuart court in 1610 and 1612. The letters reveal new data about the 1610 Cleves–Ju¨lich War, a precursor of the Thirty Years War; cast new light on the Arminian crisis, especially in the Netherlands; and illustrate in detail the workings of military patronage in early seventeenth‐century England and Holland.
The Origins of English Feudalism? An Episcopal Land‐Grant Revisited*
Authors: Purser T. S.
Published: March 2003

The debate over whether English feudalism developed immediately after the Norman Conquest or early in the twelfth century is still very much alive. The wealth of information contained in Domesday Book actually tells little of the nature of land‐holding. Only three private land‐grants survive from the reign of the Conqueror. One, the 1085 grant from Bishop Losinga of Hereford to Roger de Lacy, was the subject of a celebrated article by V. H. Galbraith in 1929, in which he argued that the grant was a prime example of the new feudalism developing in the wake of the Conquest. However, recent writings have challenged that traditional view. This article re‐examines the grant in the light of those new views and assigns it a rather different significance.
The fall of the English gentleman: the national character in decline, c.1918–1970
Authors: Collins Marcus
Published: March 2003

The figure of the gentleman and his allied qualities of amateurism, sportsmanship and self-control dominated public discussions of Englishness in the half century after the Great War. From 1918 to the mid nineteen-fifties, gentlemanliness enjoyed strong, although by no means unanimous, support among commentators on national character. Subsequently, however, the reputation of the gentleman suffered irreparable damage at the hands of a post-war generation seeking scapegoats for the country's perceived economic, geopolitical and moral decline. This article seeks to explain when and why gentlemanliness lost its reputation as the exemplar of Englishness, and the consequent effects on national culture and identity.
The Revival of Lotteries in Britain: Some International Comparisons of Public Policy
Authors: Munting Roger
Published: March 2003

Lotteries were used frequently for public revenue purposes in Britain in the eighteenth century, but were abandoned in the 1820s. Before its introduction in 1994, a national lottery in some form was considered in Britain several times: in the 1930s, 1960s (it was even proposed in the budget of 1968), 1970s and 1990s. In the USA, and to a lesser extent Australia and New Zealand, lotteries had also had some historical significance which was overridden in the nineteenth century. In much of continental Europe, this provision was not altogether dismissed as a policy but, in all cases, gambling was restricted. Renewed ‘liberalization’ in the twentieth century was brought about by the pressure of popular demand and, more important, governments seeking revenue. Thus, lotteries were revived and extended in the post‐war years as supplementary sources of government finance. The political acceptability of state‐sponsored or supported gambling in turn led to the growth of other gambling media. In Britain, by contrast, almost all forms of gambling were gradually permitted in law, under strict controls, before a national lottery was revived. Thus, the social acceptability of gambling was well established beforehand. The major reason for a return to a lottery, however, was to raise money for public expenditure as a politically acceptable tax. For government to support and to depend on revenue from gambling marks a major turning point in public policy and control.
The Republics of Ideas: Venice, Florence and the Defence of Liberty, 1525–1530
Authors: Bowd Stephen D.
Published: March 2003

The sixteenth century has often been regarded as a crucial period in the history of political events in Italy, and in the history of political ideas. The contributions of Florence and Venice to this process have long been acknowledged. Florentine admiration for the Venetian political system reflected internal political instability in the former city. The evidence for Venetian‐Florentine contacts, and for a Venetian concern or admiration for Florence has been less noted. This article aims to show that there is evidence that Venetian concern for the defence of republican liberty after 1525 was allied to an awareness of Florentine political events and their significance for Venetian political practices. This awareness was stimulated by the pressure of imperial intervention on the peninsula after 1525. Florence and Venice were allies under the treaty of Cognac, and diplomats in both cities articulated a concern for republican libertas in Italy and an antipathy towards imperial rule. The work of Gasparo Contarini can be placed in this context, and as a result the critical point in the development of his arguments about Venetian political stability can be placed in the 1520s rather than in the years around 1509. The politics and political ideas of both cities were therefore developed in a wider context than has hitherto been supposed.
Love‐making and Diplomacy: Elizabeth I and the Anjou Marriage Negotiations, c.1578–1582
Authors: Mears Natalie
Published: March 2003

The marriage negotiations between Elizabeth and Francis, duke of Anjou, have provided an important lens for exploring the nature of the Elizabethan polity. Conyers Read argued that Elizabeth deliberately exploited courtship rituals to gain ascendancy over ministers and foreign princes. Wallace MacCaffrey and Susan Doran argued that Elizabeth's commitment to the match was genuine, but that she was prevented from concluding the match because she lacked conciliar support. This article re‐examines these arguments in the light of recent research on the language of courtship and archival study into the nature of the political agenda and crown‐council relations. It suggests that English interest in the negotiations evolved from growing anxiety about the unresolved succession and that the relationship between Elizabeth and her councillors, especially over her marriage, was more nuanced than has been conventionally thought. Courtship rituals were adopted to express relationships between Elizabeth and her courtiers, but these reflected a revival of chivalric court culture and were not adopted as forms of political action. The article suggests that the twists and turns of the negotiations have to be seen in the context of the active role that Elizabeth took in policy‐making, the personal and political issues the marriage raised and Elizabeth's own conception of how effectively an alternative (political) resolution would work. Elizabeth was shrewd enough to see that rules framed for chivalrous love‐making might very aptly be applied to diplomatic purposes, and very probably for that reason she always liked to mingle an element of love‐making in her diplomacy.
Kaiser Wilhelm II and the British Royal Family: Anglo‐German Dynastic Relations in Political Context, 1890–1914
Authors: McLean Roderick R.
Published: March 2003

Recent research has proved that Kaiser Wilhelm II played a decisive role in initiating the policies of naval and colonial expansion which caused a rapid deterioration in Germany's relations with Britain before 1914. However, scholars have devoted much less attention to the study of the role of the British monarchy in Anglo‐German relations in the quarter of a century before the outbreak of the First World War. This article provides a corrective by analysing the attitudes of British monarchs towards the kaiser and Germany,and the impact of their attitudes and actions on Britain's relations with Germany. The first section shows that the actions of British monarchs did influence Anglo‐German relations, if only to a limited extent. The article then examines the factors that constrained the influence of the British monarchy on British policy towards Germany. It concludes with an analysis of the perceptions of the kaiser and the German leadership towards the political role of the British monarchy. This section argues that Wilhelm II and his advisers consistently overestimated the influence of the British monarchy on British poicy towards Germany and proves that this had fateful consequences for German policy towards Britain.
Performing on the Beaches of the Mind: An Essay
Authors: Dening Greg
Published: March 2003

History—the past transformed into words or paint or dance or play—is always a performance. An everyday performance as we present our selective narratives about what has happened at the kitchen table, to the courts, to the taxman, at the graveside. A quite staged performance when we present it to our examiners, to the collegiality of our disciplines, whenever we play the role of “historian.” History is theater, a place of thea (in the Greek, a place of seeing). The complexities of living are seen in story. Rigidity, patter, and “spin” will always destroy the theater in our history performances. That is because we are postmodern. The novelists, the painters, the composers, the filmmakers give us the tropes of our day, alert us to the fictions in our non‐fiction, and give us our freedoms.

How do I persuade anyone that the above theory is true? By thea, by seeing its truth. By performing. I have a true story to tell about beaches and those who cross them—Paul Gauguin, Herman Melville, and I.
The Psychological Basis of Historical Explanation: Reenactment, Simulation, and the Fusion of Horizons
Authors: Stueber Karsten R.
Published: March 2003

In this article I will challenge a received orthodoxy in the philosophy of social science by showing that Collingwood was right in insisting that reenactment is epistemically central for historical explanations of individual agency. Situating Collingwood within the context of the debate between simulation theory and what has come to be called “theory theory” in contemporary philosophy of mind and psychology, I will develop two systematic arguments that attempt to show the essential importance of reenactment for our understanding of rational agency. I will furthermore show that Gadamer’s influential critique of the reenactment model distinguishes insufficiently between the interpretation of certain types of texts and the explanation of individual actions. In providing an account of individual agency, we are committed to a realistic understanding of our ordinary scheme of action‐explanations and have thus to recognize the centrality of reenactment. Nevertheless, Collingwood’s emphasis on reenactment is certainly one‐sided. I will demonstrate its limitations even for accounting for individual agency, and show how it has to be supplemented by various theoretical considerations, by analyzing the different explanatory strategies that Christopher Browning and Daniel Goldhagen use to explain the behavior of the ordinary men in Reserve Battalion 101 during World War II.
Does a Filmic Writing of History Exist?
Authors: Rosenstone Robert A.
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Natalie Zemon Davis, Slaves on Screen: Film and Historical Vision
Family Group Conferences in Youth Justice: The Issues for Implementation in England and Wales
Authors: Jackson Shirley E.
Published: March 2003

This article examines current concerns with youth crime in England and Wales and offers an innovative approach to the prevailing options being proposed. It encourages the use of family group conferences, an internationally developing model applied both to child welfare and youth justice. This article outlines the origins and principles of the model and addresses the issues for implementation in the youth justice system in England and Wales. It concludes with a warning about hasty introductions without due consideration of the relevant issues. Please note that towards final submission of this article, a number of important developments in the debate around youth justice were presented in the Audit Commission (1996) Report Misspent Youth: Young People and Crime, and in the new government’s proposals. It is hoped that readers will appreciate the difficulties of continuing revisions to an article in the light of new material and read it with appreciation of the considerable time lag between first submission, acceptance and publication.
Transfer of System Knowledge Across Generations in New Product Development: Empirical Observations from Japanese Automobile Development
Authors: Aoshima Yaichi
Published: March 2003

The objective of this article is to explore effective ways of retaining knowledge involved in new product development. Although human–based mechanisms, such as the direct transfer of project members, more effectively convey knowledge required in design integration at the higher level of product systems, the article shows that standardized mechanisms are more appropriate for retention of lower–component knowledge. However, it is also argued that product architecture affects these relationships through its impact on a locus of design change in a product system. Such argument is partially tested in the context of the Japanese automobile industry.
Time Series Analysis of Deregulatory Dynamics and Technical Efficiency: The Case of the U.S. Airline Industry
Authors: Semenick Alam Ila M. , Sickles Robin C.
Published: March 2003

As markets worldwide become less regulated, it becomes increasingly possible and timely to establish the presence of an empirical relationship between technical efficiency and market forces compelling agents to economize. This article, taking an innovative approach to test the hypothesis that competitive pressure enhances efficiency, constructs a methodology to examine time series of technical efficiency indices for cointegration and convergence. A panel of U.S. airlines, observed quarterly between 1970 and 1990, is used as a case study. Cointegration results are suggestive of long‐run relationships between carriers; furthermore, convergence tests document less dispersion in firm performance over time.
Estimation of Structural Nonlinear Errors‐in‐Varibles Models by Simulated Least‐Squares Method
Authors: Hsiao Cheng , Wang Q. Kevin
Published: March 2003

This article proposes a simulation approach to obtain least‐squares or generalized least‐squares estimators of structural nonlinear errors‐in‐variables models. The proposed estimators are computationally attractive because they do not need numerical integration nor huge numbers of simulations per observable. In addition, the asymptotic covariance matrix of the estimator has a simple decomposition that may be used to guide selection of appropriate simulation sizes. The method is also useful for models with missing data or imperfect surrogate covariates, where application of conventional least‐squares and maximum‐likelihood methods is restricted by numerical multidimensional integrations.
Finite Sample Limited Information Inference Methods for Structural Equations and Models With Generated Regressors
Authors: Dufour Jean‐Marie , Jasiak Joann
Published: March 2003

We propose exact tests and confidence sets for various structural models typically estimated by IV methods, such as models with unobserved regressors, which remain valid despite the presence of identification problems or weak instruments. Two approaches are considered: (1) an instrument substitution method, which generalizes the Anderson–Rubin procedure, and (2) a sample‐split method, that allows the use of “generated regressors.” Projection techniques are also proposed for inference on general parameter transformations. The asymptotic theory of the tests under weaker assumptions is discussed. Simulation results are presented. The suggested techniques are applied to a model of Tobin's q and to a model of academic performance.
INTERTEMPORAL COURNOT AND WALRAS EQUILIBRIA: AN ILLUSTRATION*
Authors: CORDELLA TITO , DATTA MANJIRA
Published: March 2003

In an intertemporal general equilibrium framework, we compare a Cournot equilibrium to the Walras equilibrium. The Cournot agents trade and invest less than the Walras agents. This generates an inefficiency that does not vanish as the number of Cournot agents tends to infinity. A larger number of strategic Cournot agents implies that the amount of trade (relative to their aggregate consumption) increases (i.e., it moves towards the Walrasian amount), but their investment (relative to the stock) decreases (i.e., it moves away from the Walrasian amount). "S'il y avait 3, 4, ...n producteurs en concurrence [...] la valeur de p, qui en résulte, diminuerait indéfiniment par l'accroissement indéfini du nombre n,”A. A. Cournot (1838, p. 63)."
EDUCATIONAL VOUCHERS WHEN THERE ARE PEER GROUP EFFECTS—SIZE MATTERS*
Authors: CAUCUTT ELIZABETH M.
Published: March 2003

In this article, I study the effects various educational voucher policies have on the sorting of children across schools and the per‐student expenditure levels at these schools, when a child's peer group matters and students differ over income and ability. I find that, depending on the magnitude of the voucher, switching from a public system to a voucher system could entail either welfare gains or losses. All voucher policies under consideration lead to greater inequality than the public system; however, these increases are not monotone in the voucher size.
Monetary policy regimes and beliefs*
Authors: Andolfatto David , Gomme Paul
Published: March 2003

This article investigates the role of beliefs over monetary policy in propagating the effects of monetary policy shocks within the context of a dynamic, stochastic general equilibrium model. In our model, monetary policy periodically switches between low and high money growth regimes. When individuals are unable to observe the regime directly, they form inferences over regime‐type based on historical money growth rates. For an empirically plausible money growth process, beliefs evolve slowly in the wake of a regime change. As a result, our model is able to capture some of the observed persistence of real and nominal variables following such a regime change.
Exchange Rate Pass‐Through And The Welfare Effects Of The Euro*
Authors: Devereux Michael B. , Engel Charles , Tille Cédric
Published: March 2003

This article explores the implications of the European single currency within a simple sticky price intertemporal model. We focus on the question of how the euro may change the sensitivity of consumer prices in Europe to exchange‐rate changes. Our central conjecture is that the acceptance of the euro will lead European prices to become more insulated from exchange‐rate volatility. We find that this affects both the volatility and levels of macroeconomic aggregates in both the U.S. and Europe. We find that European welfare is enhanced, and the U.S. shares in Europe's good fortune.
The Taylor Rule: A Useful Monetary Policy Benchmark for the Euro Area?
Authors: Peersman Gert , Smets Frank
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the Taylor rule – defined as an instrument rule linking the central bank's policy rate to the current inflation rate and the output gap – as a benchmark for analysing monetary policy in the euro area. First, it analyses the stabilization properties of the Taylor rule in a closed economy model of the euro area, estimated using aggregate data from five EU countries. An optimized Taylor rule performs quite well compared to the unconstrained optimal feedback rule. Second, the robustness of these results to estimation error in the output gap and model uncertainty is examined
The Economic, Business, and Policy Components of Political and Country Risk Management
Authors: Léonard J. Marc Michel
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article

Philipp Harms, International Investment, Political Risk, and Growth

Michael Alan Hamlin, The New Asian Corporation; Managing for the Future in Post‐Crisis Asia

Fernando Fernandez‐Arias and Ricardo Hausmann (eds), Wanted: World Financial Stability
Fiscal Policy and Uncertainty
Authors: Auerbach Alan J. , Hassett Kevin A.
Published: March 2003

Government fiscal aggregates are often manipulated over the course of the business cycle in order to provide counter–cyclical stimulus. Changes that are not discretionary – the so–called ‘built–in stabilizers’– also significantly vary over the business cycle, in a manner that is even more predicatable than the periodic discretionary measures.

Such measures introduce important bi–directional interactions between policy and uncertainty. On the one hand, activist policy may heighten the general level of uncertainty in the economy, by adding policy ambiguity to the more fundamental sources of uncertainty. On the other hand, the design of optimal policy itself depends crucially on levels of uncertainty concerning the state of the economy in the short and long run. In this paper we review recent work that explores the impact of uncertainty on optimal policy design, proceeding from the short to the long run.
Measuring progress and evolution in science and technology – II: The multiple uses of technometric indicators
Authors: Debackere Koenraad , Verbeek Arnold , Luwel Marc , Zimmermann Edwin
Published: March 2003

Science and technology development have become critical instruments in the public policy arena given their demonstrated impact on economic progress. As a consequence, a wide array of indicators for measuring and mapping scientific and technological activity, their progress and their outcomes, has been developed over recent decades (see for instance, European Commission, 2nd Report on S&T Indicators, 1997). The majority of these indicators relate to measuring and mapping the published journal and patent literature. In the second part of this review, we focus on a state‐of‐the‐art overview of patent indicators and their multiple uses in supporting the development of science and technology policy. We also discuss the limitations and the pitfalls related to their use.
Assessment of Potential, from Assessment Centers to Development Centers
Authors: Tillema Harm H.
Published: March 2003

Are organizations interested in realizing the potential of their employees? How far have they progressed in utilizing performance assessment instruments for developmental purposes? There is a growing need for redirecting organizations towards greater knowledge productivity and using the competencies of their employees in a knowledge‐productive way. Development centers provide possibilities for analyzing and diagnosing the relevant competencies of personnel whilst at the same time, providing a match with further development.

This study examines managers’ attitudes towards assessment centers and their potential to be used for developmental purposes. The problems and processes involved in using assessment centers in this way were studied within a representative set of large, Dutch organizations. In addition, the conceptions of management and the implementation conditions needed for the introduction of development centers were examined. The advantages of development centers as a knowledge‐productive tool for assessment in organizations are discussed to help managers decide about developmental programs.
Recruiting and Selecting Professionals: Context, Qualities and Methods
Authors: Scholarios Dora , Lockyer Cliff
Published: March 2003

Evidence based on a survey of professional firms and in‐depth interviews with decision‐makers responsible for selection examines the most frequently used and valued methods for hiring qualified professional staff in a sample of Scottish accountancy, architecture, law, and surveying practices. The survey suggests an emphasis on personality, work experience and general attributes for senior posts, and that high value is placed on interviews and informal sources of information in assessing these qualities. Firm characteristics and context, particularly size of practice, the role of the partner in the selection process, labour supply, and perception of recruitment difficulties are shown to be related to the type of selection method used. Consistent with the view of selection as a social process, the case study evidence suggests that ‘informality’ may play an important role when partners responsible for selection have long tenure with their firm and when firms experience recruitment difficulties. More generally, informal networks and interview processes may act as effective information and communication vehicles for small and medium‐sized professional practices.
Practice and Coaching on IQ Tests: Quite a Lot of g
Authors: Te Nijenhuis Jan , Voskuijl Olga F. , Schijve Natasja B.
Published: March 2003

In the present research two studies are used to investigate the relation between g loading of tests and practice (test‐retest) and coaching (active teaching) effects. The data on practice do not support the hypothesis that the higher a test’s g loading, the less susceptible it is to preparation, but the data on coaching support the hypothesis. There is evidence that practice and coaching reduce the g‐loadedness of a collection of tests. The implications of these results for predictive validity, practical usability of the tests, the relevance of traditional intelligence taxonomies, and for future research are discussed.
Financing health services for pensioners in Argentina: a salutary tale
Authors: Lloyd‐Sherlock Peter
Published: March 2003

The article examines the problems facing a programme to finance health care for pensioners in Argentina, known as PAMI. The programme is accumulating large deficits and many of its services are of doubtful quality. PAMI's problems and its resistance to reforms are put in the wider context of Argentina's liberalised health‐care system, neo‐liberal adjustment and flawed governance. The Argentine experience has relevance for other developing countries with weak state regulatory capacity, and points to the dangers of delegating health financing of older people to the private sector.
Breaking the Matthew Effect – on Women Leaving Prostitution
Authors: Månsson S‐A. , Hedin U‐C.
Published: March 2003

Although the body of research literature on prostitution is extensive, systematic research on why and how women break with prostitution is lacking. The purpose of this paper is to report some empirical findings from a Swedish study of women leaving a life in the sex trade. In a broader perspective the study ties into a social psychological research tradition which focuses on illuminating individuals’ processes of change, turning points, role changes and exit behaviours.

The study comprises life‐story interviews with 23 women who exited prostitution during the years 1981–1995. Half of the women were referred to us via a special social outreach operation within the social services in a major Swedish city, the other half were recruited via newspaper and tabloid announcements. The majority of the women had been active in the sex trade for more than five years, thus classifying them as “long‐term residents”. The majority had experiences exclusively of street prostitution, the most common form in Sweden.

Our analysis shows a number of different exit courses, ranging from breakaways that happened quickly and were executed primarily by women who were relatively loosely integrated in the milieu, to breakaways that were made by women who, after many years of being exploited in prostitution, had reached the limit of the existentially bearable. In our account, we also identify four main challenges which the women have been faced with after leaving the trade: (1) working through and understanding the experiences of a life in prostitution, (2) dealing with shame, (3) living in a marginal situation, and (4) dealing with intimate and close relationships. Finally, we present an integrated exit model which combines structural, situational, interpersonal and individual factors in explaining how and why women leave prostitution. The purpose of our model is to create a general understanding of why certain people not only survive a difficult life situation, but are able to grow and develop further during the course of the process.
Determinants of the timing of social insurance legislation among 18 OECD countries
Authors: Kim Kyo‐seong
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to determine which theory best explains the development of social insurance programs. The survival analyses of 4 social insurance programs in 18 OECD countries present mixed results. The adoption of each social insurance program is developed and related to a combination of industrialism, modernization, left‐wing participation, state autonomy, and international environment. Based on these findings, it is concluded that no single paradigm adequately explains the adoption of each of the social insurance programs. However, the combination of two society‐centered approaches – namely, logic of industrialism and political conflict explanation – and a state‐centered approach better explains the origin and development of modern social policy than does the international diffusion theory.
Embracing change: a leadership model for the learning organisation
Authors: Johnson James R.
Published: March 2003

Accelerating environmental change has allowed theorists and practitioners to envision an organisational entity known as the learning organisation. The phrase ‘learning organisation’ has existed in the literature for several decades. More than other writers, Senge has popularised the term in the 1990s. However, other writers have made significant contributions to this topic. Woolner, for example, developed a model that identified five distinct stages through which organisations progress on the way to becoming learning organisations. A needed link in the literature should portray a model of leadership and the stages of a learning organisation. The model proposed by this author utilises the three leadership behaviours of visioning, empowerment, and leading‐learning, and is offered as a catalyst for improved practice as well as food for thought for researchers who aspire to build theoretical relationships between the topics.
Post‐Thatcherite Urban Planning and Politics: a Major Change?
Authors: Allmendinger Philip , Tewdwr‐Jones Mark
Published: March 2003

The political ideology driving urban statutory planning in the United Kingdom has held a central place within planning literature during the 1980s and 1990s. The distinctiveness of leadership style and political ideology associated with the Thatcher governments have been widely recognized both in practice and academia. However, the distinctiveness of political ideology to determine the form and status of statutory urban planning since John Major acceded to the prime ministership in 1990 has not been assessed so markedly. Questions emerge on whether Thatcherite ideology is continuing in the 1990s within the realm of planning and environment, of whether a watered down version of New Right policies are being implemented, or whether central government policies towards planning over the last six years marked a change in ideological direction. This paper examines statutory planning during the Major years with reference to the ideological components of Thatcherism. From this assessment, a comparative analysis is undertaken of both political administrations. The paper concludes by finding that although elements of Thatcherite ideology are continuing, there have been initiatives that move away from the primacy of the market. However, these do not form any ‘big theory’: the differences between Thatcher and Major are more related to style than substance. Thatcherism is continuing but in a neo‐Thatcherite way.
The Rise of Manufacturing Towns: Externally Driven Industrialization and Urban Development in the Pearl River Delta of China
Authors: Eng Irene
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the forces that are shaping recent urban development in the economically most prosperous region of China — the Pearl River Delta. It shows that economic reform since 1978 has accelerated the pace of industrialization in the region and thereby led to the rise of a growing number of new urban centers. While public policies of the government continue to play a central role in defining the patterns of urbanization, they are increasingly localized and heavily influenced by the imperative of promoting externally‐oriented economic growth. As a result, the prioritization of resource allocation for urban development is tilted toward the need of attracting and retaining foreign investment, and the formation of the emergent urban social space follows closely the interplay between the interests of dominant players in the increasingly marketized economic process. A major consequence of this is a segregation of urban life along the lines of international and domestic division of labor, where the benefits of urban development accrue differentially to various urban residents according to the relative scarcity of the economic factors that they possess.

Cet article examine les forces qui façonnent le développement urbain récent dans la région la plus prospère de Chine — le delta de la rivière Pearl. Il démontre que la réforme économique depuis 1978 a accéléré le rythme de l’industrialisation dans la région et, de ce fait, a produit l’essor d’un nombre croissant de nouveaux centres urbains. Bien que la politique d’intérêt public du gouvernement continue à jouer un rôle central dans le choix des modèles d’industrialisation, ils sont de plus en plus localisés et fortement influencés par la nécessité de promouvoir la croissance économique orientée vers l’extérieur. Conséquemment, les priorités dans l’affectation des ressources pour le développement urbain sont influencées par le besoin d’attirer et de conserver les investissements étrangers, et la création d’un nouvel espace social urbain suit de près les effets réciproques des intérêts des partis dominants dans un processus économique de plus en plus commercialisé. Une conséquence importante est la ségrégation de la vie urbaine suivant une division du travail internationale et domestique, dans laquelle les avantages du développement urbain s’accroient différentiellement pour les résidents urbains selon leur manque relatif de facteurs économiques.
Evaluation of urban land supply policy in Iran
Authors: Azizi Mohammad Mehdi
Published: March 2003

Since the Islamic revolution of 1979, several urban land laws and regulations, as well as a new urban land development policy, have been initiated in Iran. The implementation of these policies was mainly based on public land ownership as a fundamental principle. This paper evaluates the process of recent urban land development policy and focuses on the effectiveness of the policy in terms of land supply. It includes a discussion on the issue of public land ownership, an investigation of post‐revolutionary urban land policies in Iran, a discussion on the evaluation of urban land development policy in terms of land supply, and finally, presents an argument on the relationship between public land ownership and urban development. The paper argues that alongside the primary advantages of public land ownership, such as urban growth control, preventing land speculation and providing land for various social needs, the land policy has succeeded to some extent in meeting residential land demand in the study period. However, in terms of the effectiveness of the land supply policies, the paper raises some concerns such as the centralized nature of the land development process, land wastage and isolation from the general process of planning.
Local Impacts of the Post‐Mao Development Strategy: The Case of the Zhujiang Delta, Southern China
Authors: Weng Qihao
Published: March 2003

The spatial impacts of the post‐Mao development strategy are examined at the local level from various perspectives using the Zhujiang Delta, southern China as a case. The findings of this article suggest that the overall growth performance during the period from 1978 to 1992 has been extremely strong, in spite of fluctuating and uneven development between industrial and agricultural sectors. As a result of economic reform and the open door policy, particularly of free market forces, the spatial economic pattern changed from one in which Guangzhou monopolized the development to one that became dominated by two core areas after 1985. Moreover, the spatial relationship between the industrial and agricultural sectors has evolved into a new, balanced sectoral development pattern from place to place. Finally, in keeping with Chinese classical socialist development objectives, regional disparity in the delta since 1978 has shown a tendency to decline.

Les effets spatiaux de la stratégie de développement d’après Mao sont examinés au niveau local sous des angles divers, utilisant the delta Zhujiang en Chine du Sud comme cas d’étude. Les résultats suggèrent que la performance générale de croissance durant la période 1978–1992 a été extrêmement bonne en dépit de développements variables et inégaux entre les secteurs industriel et agricole. A la suite des réformes économiques et de la politique de portes ouvertes, particulièrement des forces du marché libre, le modèle spatial économique est passé après 1985 de Guangzhou monopolisant le développement à une domination par deux régions centrales. De plus, la relation spatiale entre les secteurs industriel et agricole a ici et làévolué vers un nouveau modèle équilibré de développement par secteurs. Enfin, en accord avec les objectifs du développement socialiste classique chinois, les disparités régionales dans le delta ont tendance àêtre en déclin depuis 1978.
Jews, Arabs, Russians and Foreigners in an Israeli City: Ethnic Divisions and the Restructuring Economy of Tel Aviv, 1983–96
Authors: Menaham Gila
Published: March 2003

This article examines the role of urban economic restructuring in the emerging new ethnic division of labor in Tel Aviv, in the context of large waves of migration to and from the city. The occupational structures of four groups – veteran Jews, Israeli Arab citizens, new immigrants from the former USSR who are Israeli citizens, and non‐citizen foreign workers – are analyzed. Study of the evolution of polarized occupation and income levels in the city of Tel Aviv relative to the rest of Israel shows that both aspects of polarization widened in the city of Tel Aviv as the restructuring process advanced. The findings are discussed in view of the theoretical debates regarding polarization, professionalization and the emergence of a new urban ‘underclass’. The data are based on Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) censuses and labor force surveys.

Cet article examine le rôle de la restructuration économique urbaine dans la nouvelle division ethnique du travail à Tel Aviv dans le contexte des grandes vagues de migration vers la cité et loin de la cité. Les structures professionnelles de quatre groupes – les vétérans juifs, les citoyens israéliens arabes, les nouveaux immigrants de l'ancienne URSS qui sont des citoyens israéliens, et les travailleurs étrangers qui ne sont pas des citoyens – sont analysées. Une étude de l'évolution de l'occupation et du niveau des revenus polarisés dans la ville de Tel Aviv par rapport au reste d'Israël montre que les deux aspects de la polarisation se sont agrandis dans la cité de Tel Aviv durant la progression du processus de restructuration. Les résultats sont discutés par rapport aux débats théoriques sur la polarisation, la professionnalisation et l'émergence d'une nouvelle ‘sous‐classe’ urbaine. Les données sont basées sur les recensements du Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) et sur des enquÃtes sur les travailleurs.