bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The TEPMA and the javelin in Pindar, Nemean vii 70–3, and Greek athletics
Authors: Lee Hugh M.
Published: May 2006

‘O Sogenes of the Euxenid clan, I swear that I did not, having stepped up to the line, hurl forth my tongue like a bronze-cheeked javelin which sends the neck and strength of limbs without sweat from the wrestling before the limb falls in the glare of the sun.’ Nem. vii 70–3)

In the passage given above, Pindar employs the image of the javelin thrower to describe the kind of poet which he is. Within the simile there occurs the participial phrase, τέρμα προβαίς, which I translate as ‘having stepped up to the line’, the line here being the one from which the athlete throws the javelin and over which he cannot step without being penalised. However, before I present my reasons for this interpretation of the phrase, it will be helpful to explain more fully the meaning of the simile.

First the image itself. The poet compares himself to a javelin thrower in order to assure the audience that his pronouncements do justice to the merits of the victor. In Greek athletics the javelin throw was one of the five contests which comprised the pentathlon, the other four event being the foot race, discus, long jump, and wrestling.
Attic Kinship Terminology
Authors: Thompson Wesley E.
Published: May 2006

Some years ago M. Miller began an article in this Journal with the statement, ‘Classical Greek kinship terminology, as it is used for example by Isaios, offers few difficulties of meaning in its terms.’ She then constructed a chart to show the ‘principal usages’. A review of the evidence indicates that this chart was probably based on Pollux’ discussion of kinship terms; at any rate it simply does not reflect the actual usage of Attic prose writers (the ten orators, Thucydides, Xenophon, Plato). For example the chart shows that the terms for uncle are μήτρως (maternal uncle) and πάτρως (paternal uncle). Neither of these terms is used in Attic prose at all, and there is only one occurrence in Attic poetry: μήτρωσιν (dative plural) in Euripides, referring to a maternal grandfather (plural for the singular) or maternal ancestors in general. The Attic term for uncle (either paternal or maternal) is simply θϵῖος. By way of comparison we may note that Herodotus always uses μήτρως and πάτρως, never θϵῖος. Again in the case of terms for one's male affines Miss Miller lists words which do not occur in Attic prose, πϵνθϵρός, πϵνθϵριδοῦς, and δαήρ, as well as γαμβρός, which occurs but once.
Types épidauriens de miracles dans la vie de Syméon Stylite le Jeune
Authors: Festugière A. J.
Published: May 2006

Les thèmes de folklore ont la vie dure. Chacun connaît les miracles d'Epidaure (v.gr. R. Herzog, Die Wunderbarheilungen von Epidauros, Leipzig, 1931). Or quelques uns de ces types de miracles se retrouvent dans la Vie, écrite quelque dix siècles plus tard, de Syméon Stylite le Jeune (521–592), éditée par Paul Van den Ven (Subsidia Hagiographica des Bollandistes, n° 32, 2 vol. Bruxelles, 1962 et 1970).

Ch. 41 (A). En tête de la première suite de miracles, accomplis par Syméon alors qu'il est encore sur sa colonne de 40 pieds dans le ‘monastère du bas’ (entre 533 et 541, Syméon ayant de 12 à 20 ans), vient une première liste du Trois anges, qui s'étaient mis à inscrire les noms des malades guéris par Syméon (40.16 ss.), lui annoncent qu' ils vont cesser de le faire: 41.7 ss. (parce que désormais toutes choses s'accompliront, grâce à toi, par la vertu de ta parole et de ta puissance)
Sparta and the First Peloponnesian War
Authors: Holladay A. J.
Published: May 2006

In JHS xcvii (1977) 54–63 I argued against the view that the prevalent Spartan attitude towards Athens throughout the Pentekontaetia was aggressive and that in the First Peloponnesian War Sparta was eager to engage and crush her, being prevented only by the barrier of Mt. Geraneia with its Athenian garrisons. There seemed to me to be four main difficulties in this view:

(a) The Corinthians succeeded in crossing Mt. Geraneia with their local allies early in the war, even though the Athenians were already present: so why not Sparta?

(b) A full Peloponnesian army was able to reach central Greece by sea after the war had been in progress for some three years, and their reluctance on that occasion to cross the northern frontier of Attica even after they had defeated the Athenians seems inexplicable on this view.
The devil in disguise: the end of George of Pisidia's: Hexaemeron reconsidered
Authors: Whitby Mary
Published: May 2006

In a recent article which does much to enhance understanding of an important but neglected work, David M. Olster has drawn attention to the historical and political background against which George of Pisidia, panegyrist of the Emperor Heraclius (AD 610–641), composed his major surviving poem, the Hexaemeron. Olster rightly casts doubt on the validity of the distinct categories of ‘panegyrical’ and ‘theological’ into which George's poetry has traditionally been classified, and illuminates the significance of the Creation theme as a metaphor for political renewal at a time when the Byzantines achieved great victories against Persia after a prolonged period of disaster in the first decades of the seventh century. These observations lead him to the view that all of George's poetry should be interpreted in political and panegyrical rather than theological or religious terms.
Ringing the changes on Gyges: philosophy and the formation of fiction in Plato'sRepublic
Authors: Laird Andrew
Published: May 2006

Glaucon's story about the ring of invisibility inRepublic359d-60b is examined in order to assess the wider role of fictional fabrication in Plato's philosophical argument. The first part of the article (I) looks at the close connections this tale has to the account of Gyges in Herodotus (1.8-12). It is argued that Plato exhibits a specific dependence on Herodotus, which suggests Glaucon's story might be an original invention: the assumption that there must be a lost ‘original’ to inspire Plato's story of the ring has never accommodated the possibility of Plato drawing, perhaps quite directly, from Herodotus. The next section (II) considers the function of that fable within the larger philosophical and aesthetic structure of theRepublic. Appreciation of the entire dialogue as an exercise in fiction, as well as philosophy, helps to reveal the ways in which philosophical argument and fictional invention are closely bound up in the formation of Glaucon's fabulous anecdote. Finally (III), a reading of Cicero's treatment of the story inDe Officiisconfirms the degree to which philosophical reasoning and fiction can be quite generally interdependent. Although the arguments in Sections II and III are consistent with the opening contention that the ring story was invented by Plato, they do not presuppose it.
‘Adopted Teians:’ a passage in the new inscription of Public Imprecations from Teos.
Authors: Graham A. J.
Published: May 2006

The new inscription of Public Imprecations from Teos, apart from many other interesting features, represents what is surely the most important new evidence to accrue for a generation on the relations between Greek colonies and their mother cities. The inscription was admirably published by P. Herrmann in the editio princeps, and helpful contributions followed from Merkelbach and Lewis before its republication in SEG xxxi (1981; appeared 1984) 985, and, most recently, by McCabe and Plunkett.
Aristotle on equality and market exchange
Authors: Meikle Scott
Published: May 2006

Commercial buying and selling had replaced mutual gift giving long before Aristotle's time, and he gives fair exchange primacy over the other forms of justice in book five of the Nicomachean Ethics just because it provided philia for an activity which he knew to be more basic than any other in the life of the polis. He calls it ‘the salvation of states’, and repeats the judgement in the Politics.

Yet the account of fair exchange in EN v 5 has a reputation for obscurity which ought to seem surprising. There is no agreed meaning for the formula ‘as builder to shoemaker, so many shoes to a house’ (1133a23-5, 32-3), and chapter 5 has become the poor relation in book five partly for this reason. The formula has a simple explanation, however, which has been overlooked because of a mistaken belief that inequality enters into it.
The construction of Xerxes' bridge over the Hellespont
Authors: Hammond N.G.L. , Roseman L.J.
Published: May 2006

The bridging of the Hellespont by Xerxes was a unique achievement. How was it done? The Chorus of Elders in Aeschylus' Persians expressed their wonder at ‘the flax-bound raft’, and Herodotus described the construction of the two bridges, each with warships as pontoons, with cables well over a kilometre long, and with a roadway capable of carrying a huge army. Classical scholars have generally found these accounts inadequate and even inexplicable, especially in regard to the relationship between the pontoons and the cables. The Hellespont has strong currents which vary in their direction, turbulent and often stormy waters, and exposure to violent winds, blowing sometimes from the Black Sea and sometimes from the Mediterranean. How were the warships moored in order to face the currents and withstand the gales? Did the warships form a continuous platform, or was each ship free to move in response to weather conditions? What was the function of the enormous cables? How and where were they made? Did they bind the pontoons together? Did they carry the roadway? How were they fixed at the landward ends? This article attempts an answer to these questions through the collaboration of a classical scholar and a mechanical engineer.
Herakles, Peisistratos and the Unconvinced
Authors: Boardman John
Published: May 2006

Robert Cook has again placed us in his debt by two characteristic Notes in JHS cvii (1987) 167–71 which sharply dissect, scrutinise and reject some recent hotheaded theories. Of one directed against a theory that I (with others) have proposed over recent years, he writes (n. 2) ‘and I think he [Boardman] agrees with much that I say’. In this he is correct.

The problem is the possibility of the political manipulation of myth in the archaic and classical periods in Athens. Cook admits some political allusions which reflect ‘results of political action [but] need not have political intent’ in the popularity of Theseus from the end of the sixth century on ‘with official encouragement it seems’.
BHPICOC
Authors: Huxley George
Published: May 2006

In Λ̅ 101-112 Agamemnon kills Isos and Antiphos, who were travelling on their chariot. They were sons of Priam, the former a νόθοс, the latter γνήсιοс. Agamemnon recognises them because earlier in the war they had been ransomed by Achilles, who, having captured them, bound them with withies on Mount Ida, where they had been tending their flocks of sheep.
Isocrates, the Chian intellectuals, and the political context of the Euthydemus
Authors: Dušanić Slobodan
Published: May 2006

In a brief digression near the end of the Euthydemus (305 b ff.), Socrates describes one of his anonymous critics, who rejects philosophy in general but imagines himself to be both an accomplished thinker and a successful politikos. Clearly, the portrait is that of Isocrates. The similarity between Isocrates' real character and Plato's stylization is so pronounced that we are tempted to describe 305 b ff. as one of Plato's intentional anachronisms (the dramatic date of the dialogue is earlier than the death of Alcibiades, 275 b). The portrait includes several noteworthy points. First, 305 b-c refers to Socrates' opponent as a writer of forensic speeches. To judge from the tone of the entire passage, which is not markedly hostile to the anonymous person (cf. 306 c 6 ff.), that would be an unfair description of Isocrates if written after the publication of the Panegyricus c. 380 BC. Second, Plato defines the unnamed person as both a speechwriter and a practical politician (306 b: ή πολιτικὴ πρᾶξις ‘the statesman's business’). The latter part of the definition does not square with Isocrates' career as schoolmaster and political adviser or, later on, as the author of political pamphlets. Unless it is assumed that 305 b ff. aims at Isocrates' dealing with Realpolitik, he would not have deserved Socrates' criticism that he ‘partakes’ of two different things. In that case, the same reproof for being ‘the border-ground between philosopher and politician’ might have been addressed to Plato himself as a dialectician and, concerning his other activities, as the head of the Academy and the author of such political dialogues as the Gorgias.
The campaign and the battle of Cynoscephalae in 197 BC
Authors: Hammond N. G. L.
Published: May 2006

Accounts of the campaign and the battle of Cynoscephalae in 197 BC have in general two serious defects: they do not consider the problems of supply on both sides, and they make no attempt to match the topographical details of the ancient accounts with the presumed scene of the engagement. When I came to study the problem of supply, I reached the conclusion that the place of the engagement had to be farther west than had hitherto been believed, and in October 1985 I visited that place and matched the details with it. The result is this article, which is divided into four parts: the campaign, my reconnaissance of the ground, the battle, and some criticisms of earlier interpretations. There are three Appendices: the Battle of 364 BC, ‘Dog-heads’ and the Roman Encampment.
Nigeria’s Petro-Political Fluctuation
Authors: Schatz Sayre P.
Published: May 2006

Oil has become Nigeria’s engine of growth, replacing peasant agriculture. But the transmission system has its own peculiar rhythm. As managed by government, the oil revenues have produced an economic fluctuation comparable to the business cycle in the more developed capitalist economies. As in the classic business cycle, there appears to be at work a cyclical process which I call the Nigerian petro-political fluctuation, such that one economic fluctuation produces conditions which generate the next. This article will present the workings of the petro-political fluctuation during the years 1973-79.
Nigerian Foreign Policy and Southern Africa: a Choice for the West
Authors: Spiliotes Nicholas J.
Published: May 2006

In the decade since Nigeria ended its civil war. Southern Africa has become the paramount concern of Nigerian foreign policy. No other foreign-relations issue generates such a unified Nigerian response as does opposition to White supremacy in the Southern redoubt. At the same time, extraordinary wealth from petroleum exports has provided a new capability to influence developments in Southern Africa and, ultimately, the outcome of the confrontation between Black and White in South Africa. With its strategic impact on the economies of the United Kingdom and the United States, Lagos has demonstrated a willingness to use its leverage to attain policy goals in the region. The Nigerian government appears to be offering the West a choice. It expects the Western nations to be more attentive to Nigerian concerns and demands on African issues if they are not to face economic retaliation. During the past four years Lagos began to define this choice in its relations with Great Britain. A consideration of these relations would be instructive for the United States; the political and economic implications of this policy should be clear to London and Washington as they piece together parallel approaches to Southern Africa.
The Fundamentals of Nigerian Foreign Policy
Authors: Stremlau John S.
Published: May 2006

Throughout nearly twenty years of often tumultuous post-colonial history, Nigerian foreign policy has been surprisingly consistent. It may be too early to judge the capabilities and determination of the new civilian government of Alhaji Shehu Shagari, but if the past is any guide, the basic concerns of Nigerian foreign policy are not likely to change.

Future decisions will probably continue to reflect the pursuit of three vital and interrelated domestic objectives: to build greater national unity by overcoming deep regional, ethnic, and religious differences; to achieve rapid economic development for a nation that, despite great oil wealth, has a per-capita income of less than $400; and to complete the process of full self-determination which has yet to encompass all sectors of the modern economy. Among the three, the quest for national integration has been of paramount concern.
“Homosexuality” in Africa: Issues and Debates
Authors: Amory Deborah P.
Published: May 2006

This article explores the recent emergence of a new subfield within African Studies: not just the study of sexuality in African contexts, but the study of “homosexuality,” or same-sex erotics and identities. I will outline some of the events that herald this new era of African Studies, and review some of the current research topics and debates. In the end, I hope to convince readers that this research deserves the support of all activist scholars within African Studies.
Ethnic Genocide
Authors: Lemarchand Rene
Published: May 2006

There are few parallels to the human holocaust that took place in Burundi in 1972 in the wake of a tortuous competitive struggle between the country’s two major ethnic groups, the Hutu and the Tutsi. Scarcely noticed (let alone understood) by public opinion anywhere, the killings are conservatively estimated to have caused between 80,000 and 100,000 deaths. Approximately 3.5 percent of the country’s total population (3.5 million) were physically wiped out in a period of a few weeks. In comparative terms this is as if England had suffered a loss of 2 million or the United States about 8 million people. To speak of “selective genocide” in describing the outcome of such large-scale political violence seems scarcely an exaggeration.
Mission To Renamo: The Militarization of the Religious Right
Authors: Askin Steve
Published: May 2006

A century ago, Cecil Rhodes told a Dutch Reformed missionary’s mother that “your son among the natives is worth as much to me as a hundred policemen.” He was referring, of course, to the role many missionaries played in turning Christianity into an ideology which could be used to convince Africans not to resist white domination.

Rhodes’ modern-day successors—South Africa’s white rulers and their allies—have gone one dangerous step further. For them, it is not enough to use the church as a kind of ideological cheering section for white domination. Instead they are quite literally using pastors and missionaries as soldiers and policemen.
Subjects of Concern: Rwanda, October 1994
Authors: Reyntjens Filip
Published: May 2006

Having recently returned from a short research trip to Rwanda (from October 15 to October 22), I want to comment on certain serious problems which threaten to weigh heavily on the immediate future of the country. I do not intend to judge the performance of the regime in power after only three months in power; it would be premature to do so, and in any case the administration lacks virtually all financial resources. Instead, I seek here only to share a few observations on the current situation.

Before this trip I believed that the essential problem faced by the country was the threat of renewed warfare by the armed forces of the former government, and their associated militias, now in exile in the neighboring countries. That is still a threat.
The Political Economy of African International Relations
Authors: Shaw Timothy M.
Published: May 2006

Our understanding of the international political economy of Africa is underdeveloped; we have inadequate data and theories about the development of underdevelopment on the continent. Even the orthodox study of international politics and foreign policy in Africa is largely a recent phenomenon, stimulated by the rise of new states in the last twenty years. This essay, then, can be no more than a review of the field and a lament over its deficiencies. In particular, we are concerned about: i) the relative inattention afforded the impact of international politics on the rate and direction of social change in African states; ii) the need for a new conceptual framework to advance our understanding of the linkage politics between African elites and external interests; and iii) the related growth and international inequalities on the continent. This essay proceeds therefore from a critical review of analyses of the international political economy of Africa to a tentative presentation of a new typology of states and regimes, regions and behavior, in Africa which reflects the importance of those variables on which students of political economy focus.
The Black Reaction
Authors: Tambo Oliver
Published: May 2006

Examination of the black reaction to apartheid during the period 1948-1973 is topical and should help us to understand what is now happening in South Africa. The black reaction is not merely to apartheid; it is to the whole social system imposed on the black people of South Africa from the moment the white man landed there in 1652. There has been a reaction over the succeeding centuries which has manifested itself in a variety of ways. For a long time this reaction assumed the form of armed resistance. When that was defeated, it took the form of political opposition.
Skeptical Notes on “Constructive Engagement”
Authors: Nolutshungu Sam C.
Published: May 2006

But do you not think that there is safety in the other course? For here also it is necessary since you have forced us to abandon considerations of justice and are persuading us to give ear to what is in your interests, for us to tell you what is to our advantage, and if our interests happen to be the same to try to persuade you.

There are many arguments advanced in support of “constructive engagement,” but the following claims are probably the most important. Apartheid is morally unacceptable. It creates difficulties in the West. It is in the interest of the West that it should come to an end with Western help. That interest coincides with that of most South Africans, except perhaps, an increasingly unrepresentative minority. Total disengagement, disinvestment, and trade boycotts are deemed impractical and unlikely, in any event, to succeed in supplanting the racist regime.
Raising Women’s Consciousness Towards Transformation in Nigeria: The Role of Literature
Authors: Okereke Grace E.
Published: May 2006

This paper illuminates the marginalization or absenting of the female from transformational processes in Nigeria evident in male-authored works, specifically the novel. This has engendered the woman writer’s creative response to the need for consciousness raising towards female capabilities, by redefining the female as an achiever in multiple transformational spaces—cultural, social, economic, educational, political. The paper argues that literature has played and is still playing a major role in female consciousness raising towards the transformation of Nigerian society.

Consciousness denotes awareness. Thus, to be conscious is to attain a state of awareness. Given that “the locus of consciousness [is] the psyche,” consciousness raising should re-educate and re-structure the psyche towards a growing awareness. Transformation connotes change in all spheres of life—the cultural, social, economic, educational, political, etc.
The Quest for Unity in the Zimbabwe Liberation Movement
Authors: Mubako Simbi
Published: May 2006

In the past fifteen years African heads of state and the Organization of African Unity have striven with little success to unite liberation movements fighting the settlers and colonialists in their countries in Southern Africa. The first attempt was made by Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana and other leaders, and was directed at uniting the Pan-Africanist Congress and its rival African National Congress of South Africa soon after both were banned and forced into exile following the Sharpeville demonstrations. When leaders of both parties fanned out into the world to solicit support, some of the would-be supporters forced them into a makeshift marriage of convenience.
South Africa: The Case for Sanctions
Authors: Wolpe Howard
Published: May 2006

There is a terrible tragedy in the making in South Africa. A blood-bath looms — and all of us are threatened by its consequences. The human costs of a prolonged and violent straggle in South Africa are incalculable both in terms of treasure and of lives — black and white — that it will consume. And the struggle for liberation in South Africa will increasingly affect the United States and the Western World. We cannot run and we cannot hide from the struggle or its consequences. All of our rationalizations for inaction will ring increasingly hollow and will only fuel racial division and conflict in America and throughout the world.
People’s Education for People’s Power
Authors: Zwelakhe Sisulu , Karis Thomas
Published: May 2006

When the 35-year-old Zwelakhe Sisulu arose to deliver the keynote address reproduced below, he stepped into a spotlight of national leadership toward which he had been moving for a decade. From an important role in the Black Consciousness Movement, he had become a leading strategic thinker for the United Democratic Front, South Africa’s most widely representative, nonracial coalition. Described by a colleague as “a charismatic, handsome figure with a resonant voice,” a man of “sharp intellect” and “sharp wit,” he is now recognized as one of the country’s outstanding younger leaders, comparable to Steve Biko, who died at the hands of the security police in 1977.
Democrazy—Dem Go Craze, O: Monitoring the 1999 Nigerian Elections
Authors: Kew Darren
Published: May 2006

In many respects, the least important part of the 1999 elections were the elections themselves. From the beginning of General Abdusalam Abubakar’s transition program in mid-1998, most Nigerians who were not part of the wealthy “political class” of elites—which is to say, most Nigerians— adopted their usual politically savvy perspective of siddon look (sit and look). They waited with cautious optimism to see what sort of new arrangement the military would allow the civilian politicians to struggle over, and what in turn the civilians would offer the public. No one had any illusions that anything but high-stakes bargaining within the military and the political class would determine the structures of power in the civilian government. Elections would influence this process to the extent that the crowd influences a soccer match.
Women in Southern Africa: A Note on the Zimbabwean “Success Story”
Authors: Made Patricia A. , Whande Nyorovai
Published: May 2006

Five years ago, women in Africa moved to the center stage of the continent. The U.N. Decade for Women Conference held in Nairobi brought together women from all over the world to exchange ideas and discuss future strategies. African women turned out for the meeting in force. Women representing governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and grass-roots women's clubs converged on Nairobi to tell their story to other women in the common struggle for equality, justice and peace.
The Prospects for Mathematical Logic in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Buss Samuel R. , Kechris Alexander S. , Pillay Anand , Shore Richard A.
Published: May 2006

The four authors present their speculations about the future developments of mathematical logic in the twenty-first century. The areas of recursion theory, proof theory and logic for computer science, model theory, and set theory are discussed independently.
Phases of Commercial Life in Roman Egypt
Authors: West Louis C.
Published: May 2006

The tables which follow need but a word or two of explanation. They are an attempt to show in a graphic way the extent of our knowledge concerning certain phases of the commercial activity of Egypt during the Roman and Byzantine periods, 30 B.C. to A.D. 640.
The speed of the Roman Imperial post
Authors: Ramsay A. M.
Published: May 2006

In attempting to estimate the rate of the Imperial Post in the first two centuries, two points must be borne in mind. The first of these is that the object chiefly aimed at was not speed, but the certainty of arrival within a reasonable and calculable time. It was as an instrument of government, and a means of centralising the administration of the Empire, that Augustus instituted the Imperial Post. This is clear enough from the whole scheme of his administrative system, and is accepted by ancient writers generally, though expressed most clearly by Procopius, in the period when the Byzantine government had demonstrated the full use which might be made of the institution. ‘The earlier Emperors, in order to obtain information as quickly as possible regarding the movements of the enemy in any quarter, sedition or unforeseen accidents in individual cities, and the actions of the governors or other persons in all parts of the Empire, and also in order that the annual tributes might be sent up without danger or delay, had established a rapid service of public couriers throughout their dominions according to the following system. As a day's journey for an active man they fixed eight ‘stages,’ or sometimes fewer, but as a general rule not less than five. In every stage there were forty horses and a number of grooms in proportion. The couriers appointed for the work, by making use of relays of excellent horses, when engaged in the duties I have mentioned, often covered in a single day, by this means, as great a distance as they would otherwise have covered in ten.’
Asia Minor, 1924.: III.—Monuments from Central Phrygia
Authors: Buckler W. H. , Calder W. M. , Cox C. W. M.
Published: May 2006

In July, 1924, we travelled from Afion-kara-hissar through the district of the Pentapolis to Dineir (Apameia), and thence to Chivril on the edge of the Eumeneian plain. After visiting most of the villages near Ishekli (Eumeneia) we went northward via Seljukler to join the railway at Ushak; the objects mentioned below were seen in the course of this journey.
A Roman arbitration of the Second Century B.C.
Authors: Cary M.
Published: May 2006

It is well known that in the second century B.C. the Roman Senate was frequently called upon to compose disputes between Greek states, but of its procedure in such cases there has hitherto been little to say. It is therefore a matter of some interest that fresh light is thrown on this question by a new inscription from Crete. The dispute which is here described arose between the towns of Hierapytna and Itanus, both of which claimed possession of an inland territory adjoining the sanctuary of Zeus Dictaeus, and of certain adjacent islands. The history of this quarrel was already known to us in part from an older inscription containing an arbitral award by the city of Magnesia-on-Maeander; but from the few stray references which that document made to the Romans it was impossible to reconstruct the account of their intervention. In future I propose to call the old inscription A, the new one B.
Notes on Some Recent Discoveries at Tivoli
Authors: Pacifici Vincenzo
Published: May 2006

In the course of some operations recently undertaken to preserve the ancient Ponderarium at Tivoli from the infiltration of moisture, the torso of a statue of excellent workmanship was discovered lying on a marble pavement. Good results being thus assured, the Ministry of Public Instruction decided to continue excavations on the site. The work was carried out under the supervision of Professor Alessio Valle and Cavaliere Silla Rosa de Angelio, Honorary Inspector of Ancient Monuments at Tivoli, and was speedily crowned with success. There came to light, besides, two other fragments of the statue, another part of the bust and a head of different proportions; and it was also ascertained that the pavement, made of slabs of white and violet-coloured marble, belonged to a rectangular chamber which showed traces of an apse let into one of the shorter sides and which was in an excellent state of preservation.
The Chronology of the Revolt of Pescennius Niger
Authors: Harrer G. A.
Published: May 2006

During the past six years the problem of the chronology of Niger's revolt in Syria has been studied in detail in three separate works. My own appeared in the United States in 1915, a book by Platnauer in England in 1918, and a work by Hasebroek in Germany in 1921. Due to poor means of communication during the war, Platnauer did not see my study, and Hasebroek saw neither Platnauer's nor mine. Since the appearance of his book Platnauer has also published a short paper in The Journal of Roman Studies, taking issue emphatically with my views. This paper, too, escaped Hasebroek's attention. The three studies independently produced are not in harmony. They agree very well on the beginning of the revolt, but differ concerning its course, and concerning the date of its end. Since my own view does not now coincide with either of the other two, but has been modified by both of them, it has seemed worth while to examine them carefully, to study again the available evidence, and, with what new evidence can be brought to bear, to suggest a solution of the problem.
The Obelisks of Augustus at Rome
Authors: Laistner M. L. W.
Published: May 2006

Among the monuments erected by Augustus at Rome were two obelisks, about which the elder Pliny gives fairly full information. They had originally been erected in Egypt by two different monarchs, and, when Augustus had them transported to Rome, the one was placed in the Circus Maximus, the other in the Campus Martius. Moreover, the latter was put to practical use by being an essential part of the large solarium erected by the Emperor. Somewhat earlier in the same book Pliny attributes the setting up of the first obelisk to Mespheres at Heliopolis. The king had been warned to do this in a dream. In his chapter on obelisks Isidore also attributes the institution of this form of monument to this king, whom he calls Mesfres. He further gives more precise reasons for the dedication, and then passes on to the obelisk in the middle of the Circus; though his description is somewhat obscure, it is implied that the obelisk was used for a sun-dial. This passage from Isidore is reproduced in the Liber Glossarum, together with a sentence which is not in the MSS. of Isidore, and which occurs between sections 1 and 2 of the chapter in question:– ‘unum quippe fecit pedibus septuaginta quinque, alterum septuaginta sex quos Augustus ab ultima Aegypto deportatos alterum ex his Circo, alterum in Campo Martio posuit.’
The Mining of the Romans in Spain
Authors: Rickard T. A.
Published: May 2006

During the Republican Period a number of mining districts were exploited in the territory that the Romans annexed. Mines in conquered countries that had belonged to the former rulers became the property of the Roman people, and others were acquired by confiscation or forced purchase from private owners. But the industry was not entirely a State monopoly: on the contrary, a number of mines remained in private hands, more particularly those yielding the base metals—copper, lead and tin—whereas those that yielded the precious metals—gold and silver—were retained by the State. Under the Empire the mines became a special object of bureaucratic concern: as mineral wealth had been the spoil of conquest, so in due course it became the prize of usurpation.
Inscriptions from Jerash
Authors: Jones A. H. M.
Published: May 2006

The following inscriptions, published by permission of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem and of Yale University, are all from Jerash, the ancient Gerasa, or the immediate neighbourhood. They range in date from the reign of Domitian to after that of Justinian. The language is almost always Greek; the few examples of Latin are, with one exception, memorials of members of the imperial civil service or the army. I here put the Latin inscriptions first (nos. 1–10); the Greek I have arranged as far as possible in their chronological order, leaving to the end those which I cannot date.

It may save repetition to note that Gerasa employed throughout her known history the Pompeian era, which was reckoned as beginning from about October 1, 63 B.C. (Brünnow, Die Provincia Arabia, iii, 304).
A Roman Senator under Domitian and Trajan
Authors: Dessau H.
Published: May 2006

Sir W. M. Ramsay has honoured me with a commission to publish in the Journal of Roman Studies the following fragmentary inscription which he discovered under various difficulties, in July, 1913, close to Yalowadj, the site of the ancient (originally Phrygian) Antiochia Caesarea, which belonged to the Roman province of Galatia. The text of the inscription is given on page 302; the circumstances of the discovery are thus described to me by the finder:

The inscription is on a block of stone built into the pier of a bridge at the village of Gemeu, about two hours by road south-east from Yalowadj. The stone is broken on the right, complete on the other three sides. When we found the stone it was almost wholly covered by the soil of the river-bank, but a few letters of the right-hand titulus stood clear. In front of the left-hand titulus is a column which forms part of the bridge. It was very difficult to cut away the soil, as the column stands close to the letters, and after the soil was removed, it was not easy to read the letters, as one had to look at them sideways from a little distance. The letters are, fortunately, as sharp and distinct as when they were first engraved; had it not been for this, it would not have been possible to attain certainty about many of the letters in the left-hand titulus. At least one line of each titulus has been lost at the top. The missing line or lines were engraved on another stone, which stood upon this one. Part of the left-hand titulus is lost; this also must have been engraved on an adjoining block. The entire inscription, therefore, was incised on a wall of some building.
Two Roman Portrait-Busts in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptothek1
Authors: Poulsen Frederik
Published: May 2006

Fig. I, on plate v, represents a female bust, acquired in 1888 at Hoffmann's sale in Paris and published in Arndt-Bruckmann, Griechische und römische Porträts, pl. 565, from which our illustration is reproduced. The height of the bust is cm. 46, or, including the modern foot, cm. 61. It is in excellent preservation; even the tip of the nose is original, and intact save for a little break on the top. The surface is slightly weathered, and is covered here and there with calcareous deposit; but some parts have still the fine porcelain-like surface which sculptors of the second and third centuries A.D. knew how to give to their marble by polishing. The person represented is a young woman, clad in a tunic and with a mantle thrown over her shoulders. The expression is weary, too melancholy and despondent for one so young, perhaps also a little haughty with the prominent upper lip. The features are delicate and noble. The head is quietly turned towards the left shoulder. The hair is separately carved and loosely added. Such wigs in stone appear frequently in portraits of the end of the second and the beginning of the third centuries A.D., but in earlier times we know at present of only one example, an interesting Hellenistic portrait from Pergamon in Berlin. The Glyptothek possesses also a female portrait of the beginning of the third century with removable wig, in the small head no. 733 (fig. 2, plate VI). A few years ago the French scholar Gauckler attempted to give a profound explanation of this ‘trépanation en effigie,’ his idea being that it owed its origin to a religious ceremony: that when the bust was made, it was desired to consecrate it by pouring holy oil into the hollow under the hair.
Confarreatio: a Study of Patrician Usage
Authors: Fowler W. Warde
Published: May 2006

In his first book Gaius writes of manus, and begins by telling us that while potestas is exercised over both males and females, women alone come under manus. Then he goes on to say that in old times there were three ways in which women could come under manus, viz. usu, farreo (or confarreatione) and coemptione: and proceeds to explain these three.
Tacitus during the late Roman Period and the Middle Ages
Authors: Haverfield F.
Published: May 2006

While lately engaged with an edition of the ‘Agricola,’ it occurred to me to enquire how far Tacitus was read, and his works copied, during the period between his lifetime and the introduction of printing. Such an enquiry is more necessary than is always realised, if one is to appreciate properly the character and importance of the manuscripts of an ancient author. One needs not only to know their dates, relationships and general merits or demerits, but also to understand what may be called their ‘background,’ that is to know how far the author in question was seriously studied and his works copied during the centuries between his own day and the Renaissance. I therefore tried to work out some account of the history of Tacitus in this respect. I have been able to do this only very briefly, but the sketch, though short, may interest some readers of our Journal, and, being more or less historical, is not alien to its proper scope. Moreover, no quite similar sketch seems to exist, either in English or, so far as I am aware, in any language.
Herodian's Method of Composition.
Authors: Roos A. G.
Published: May 2006

Whilst the Scriptores Historiae Augustae have given rise in the last twenty-five years to lively debate, and their historical value has been tested in various ways, the other authors who treat of the same period have less frequently been made the subject of investigation. In the discussions of the Historia Augusta they have been indeed commonly considered, but works of scholars who are mainly concerned with the corresponding parts of Dio Cassius' History or with Herodian's History of the Emperors, and who consequently make these authors the centre of their researches, are comparatively rare. Hence it is all the more gratifying that the history of Herodian at least should recently have been discussed in two elaborate monographs, one by Erich Baaz, and another by Dr. J. C. P. Smits. Unfortunately these two investigators in many respects arrive at greatly different results. The following remarks will, I hope, throw fresh light on at least one of the controversial points.
Roman Registers of Births and Birth Certificates
Authors: Schulz Fritz
Published: May 2006

Students of Ancient History and in particular of Roman Law will, I hope, welcome the following summary of a long discussion. The arduous but successful work which has been devoted to these documents since the beginning of this century is scattered and dispersed in various collections and periodicals, not easily accessible to everybody. A comprehensive and critical statement of what has been achieved so far will therefore be useful. Under war-time conditions it is impossible to reprint these texts here, though a handy and reliable collection of the texts would have been convenient for the reader. I must be content with giving a full list of the documents. I have arranged them in two groups, birth certificates of legitimate and of illegitimate children. Within each group the documents follow in chronological order, as far as possible according to the date of the entry in the register. I have given each a progressive number to facilitate citation.
The Freedman's Son in Municipal Life
Authors: Gordon Mary L.
Published: May 2006

Tacitus declares in a well-known passage that a large proportion of the nobility of the Roman Empire was descended from freedmen. The assertion, if true, is of great historical importance; indeed, it has recently been maintained that the penetration of Roman society by men of servile descent was one of the chief causes of the decline and fall of the Empire. Such an introduction of fresh blood from below is not in itself unusual or undesirable. What made it without parallel in the case of Rome was that this new blood was derived from foreigners and slaves. But the statement of Tacitus may be a rhetorical exaggeration, especially for the reign of Nero to which he ascribes it. We can to some extent test its truth by a study of the inscriptions relating to the lesser aristocracy of the Italian towns, since it was from this that the senatorial and equestrian orders were largely recruited, while in these small communities humble origin was less carefully and less easily concealed. The present discussion is based upon a collection of more than a thousand such inscriptions, which record the names of town-councillors and holders of municipal offices, including priesthoods other than those open to freedmen. The parts of Italy from which they are taken display the greatest diversity of local conditions.
Notes on Some Romano-British Pigs of Lead
Authors: Whittick G. Clement
Published: May 2006

Of the five great lead-producing districts of Roman Britain, the limestone uplands of the Mendips in Somerset have yielded evidence of Roman mining activities which, however incomplete, is still the richest and fullest from a material and chronological point of view so far discovered in this country. To the Mendip mines we owe not only the earliest and latest dated specimens in the British series of inscribed pigs of Roman lead, but also the heaviest. Since the appearance at the beginning of this century of the classic article by Gowland, the full number of the Mendip pigs has been listed by various authorities, but a recent examination of two of them shows that the existing accounts need supplementing and correcting in certain important details. Furthermore, a re-examination of the remains of Roman mining in another district, in the light of the evidence thus revealed, shows that some interesting features have hitherto escaped notice.
The First Roman Occupation of Scotland
Authors: Pryce T. Davies , Birley Eric
Published: May 2006

Introduction. Until recent years it was believed that the Roman rule north of Cheviot did not long survive the recall of Agricola. Then, as a result of the excavation of the fort at Newstead, Sir George Macdonald advanced the view that the early occupation was prolonged into the principate of Trajan. Subsequently, in a period when excavation was out of the question, Sir George, in an important and valuable paper on ‘The Agricolan Occupation of North Britain,’ published in this Journal in 1921, reviewed the evidence then available from a number of Scottish sites: the sequence of structural changes, the coin-series, and (though the material was not considered in detail) the proportions of pottery assignable definitely to one or other of the two main periods of occupation. His conclusion was that the first occupation must have been nearly as prolonged as the second, lasting well into the principate of Trajan, and even perhaps into the early years of Hadrian.
Pietas and Victoria: the Emperor and the Citizen
Authors: Charlesworth M. P.
Published: May 2006

In dealing with so wide-ranging a subject, a remark of an American scholar, Mr. Hoey, on the intimate connection between the titles pius, felix, and invictus provides a convenient starting-point.

The first observation I would make is to call your attention to the consecutive (and almost causal) connection of these adjectives : because the Emperor is pius the gods will render him felix (for felicitas is their gift to their favourites) and his felicitas is best demonstrated in his being invictus. Nearly every nation of antiquity believed and hoped that its gods would bring it success : the Roman People, with seven centuries of expansion and increasing power to look back on, were convinced that their scrupulous attention to the due performance of the proper rites had won them this success, that their pietas had secured to them victoria; if the Emperor could be termed pius felix invictus, it was because he summed up and incarnated there the Roman People.
Glevum and the Second Legion
Authors: Green Charles
Published: May 2006

This ware is both hard and heavy. Its colour varies from creamy-buff through shades of orange-buff to a dark buff. The surface is commonly burnished. This was frequently done with a fast-spinning wheel and is, in consequence, very smooth. A large number of vessels, however, are hand-burnished, which tends to produce a ‘furrowed’ surface. Sometimes a similar effect can be observed on a wheel-burnished pot, e.g. in the platters (fig. 4, 51-5). The fabric contains a considerable quantity of mica, which is responsible for a not uncommon semi-metallic lustre.