bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic Versus Social Values in Land and Property Management: Two Sides of the Same Coin?
Authors: Vries Walter Timo de , Voß Winrich
Published: September 2018

This article reviews and analyses how and why land-management practice draws on two contrasting value systems: economic and social. Land managers are at the crossroads of different value systems, which both overlap and contrast. The aim of this article is to provide an understanding of which aspects are crucial in each of the value systems, and to provide a basis for how and where the value systems can be connected and where they are contradictory. This is undertaken using an exploratory qualitative and descriptive comparison, which contrasts the epistemic logics of the value systems, the manner in which each system makes use of different scales, and the way in which decisions are made with each value system. Such an understanding is crucial to improve coherence in designing and predicting the future effects of land-management interventions. Currently, practitioners tend to design interventions based on single value systems, rather than on combining or integrating value systems. The discursive comparison provides the initial steps towards a more coherent understanding of the common ground and the missing links in value logics applied in land management. These results are relevant to provide better descriptions and predictions of the effects of land-use interventions and develop improved transdisciplinary models to predict changes and development in the utilization of land or property.
Poor Health Reporting? Using Anchoring Vignettes to Uncover Health Disparities by Wealth and Race
Authors: Rossouw Laura , Bago d’Uva Teresa , van Doorslaer Eddy
Published: September 2018

In spite of the wide disparities in wealth and in objective health measures like mortality, observed inequality by wealth in self-reported health appears to be nearly nonexistent in low- to middle-income settings. To determine the extent to which this is driven by reporting tendencies, we use anchoring vignettes to test and correct for reporting heterogeneity in health among elderly South Africans. Significant reporting differences across wealth groups are detected. Poorer individuals rate the same health state description more positively than richer individuals. Only after we correct for these differences does a significant and substantial health disadvantage of the poor emerge. We also find that health inequality and reporting heterogeneity are confounded by race. Within race groups—especially among black Africans and to a lesser degree among whites—heterogeneous reporting leads to an underestimation of health inequalities between richest and poorest. More surprisingly, we also show that the correction may go in the opposite direction: the apparent black African (vs. white) health disadvantage within the top wealth quintile almost disappears after we correct for reporting tendencies. Such large shifts and even reversals of health gradients have not been documented in previous studies on reporting bias in health inequalities. The evidence for South Africa, with its history of racial segregation and socioeconomic inequality, highlights that correction for reporting matters greatly when using self-reported health measures in countries with such wide disparities.
Looking at Population Health Beyond “Male” and “Female”: Implications of Transgender Identity and Gender Nonconformity for Population Health
Authors: Lagos Danya
Published: September 2018

Looking beyond binary measurements of “male” or “female” can illuminate health inequality patterns that correspond to gender identity rather than biological sex. This study examines disparities in overall health among transgender men, transgender women, gender-nonconforming adults, and cisgender (nontransgender) men and women in the U.S. population. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data from 32 U.S. states and territories between 2014 and 2016 yield an analytic sample that identifies 2,229 transgender and gender-nonconforming adults and 516,753 cisgender adults. Estimates from logistic regression models, using cisgender men as a reference group, show that gender-nonconforming respondents have significantly higher odds of reporting poor self-rated health than any other gender identity group. Transgender men also display higher odds of reporting poor health in some models, corresponding to their relative socioeconomic disadvantage. I find no apparent health disadvantage among transgender women and a persistent, if slight, disadvantage among cisgender women. Gender-nonconforming respondents’ predicted probabilities of reporting poor health remain nearly twice as high as those of cisgender men after adjustments for demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors. Their persistent patterns of health-related disadvantage underscore the need for higher-quality data on gender-nonconforming respondents that account for sex assigned at birth.
A longitudinal exploration of the relationship between pornography use and sexual permissiveness in female and male adolescents
Authors: Martyniuk Urszula , Štulhofer Aleksandar
Published: September 2018

Introduction

There are concerns that pornography use increases adolescents' sexual permissiveness, leading to sexual risk‐taking. In contrast to most longitudinal explorations of the relationship between adolescent pornography use and sexual permissiveness, which were carried out in highly liberal and permissive societies, we aimed to re‐assess the target relationship in a more traditional, highly religious society.

Methods

Informed by the social learning and selective exposure theoretical underpinnings, we used two independent panels of Croatian female and male adolescents (on average 16 years old) to assess the association over 18 and 24 months. Online surveying was used in the Zagreb (n = 372) and classroom‐based surveying in the Rijeka panels (n = 753).

Results

Participants reported relatively low levels of permissiveness, but substantial pornography use—particularly adolescent men. Contrary to earlier studies, we observed no significant paths leading from pornography use to sexual permissiveness. The paths leading from sexual permissiveness to pornography use were significant only among female participants in the Zagreb sample and male participants in the Rijeka sample. However, significant and positive covariances between the two constructs suggested the role of unobserved variables.

Conclusions

In line with the selective exposure hypothesis and the integrative models, this study's findings challenge the notion that pornography use increases sexual permissiveness among adolescents. Although this is reassuring, comprehensive sexuality education and media literacy programs remain important tasks for educational policy in the Information age.
Fasting glucose and its association with 20‐year all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality in Chinese general population
Authors: Zhou Long , Mai Jin‐Zhuang , Li Ying , Wu Yong , Guo Min , Gao Xiang‐Min , Wu Yang‐Feng , Zhao Lian‐Cheng , Liu Xiao‐Qing
Published: September 2018

Objective

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between fasting glucose levels and all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality in Chinese population.

Methods

The role of fasting blood glucose levels as a predictor of all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality was estimated in 9930 participants from four Chinese general populations with a 20‐year follow‐up. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify the relationship between fasting glucose and mortality.

Results

There were 1471 deaths after a median follow‐up of 20.2 years (a total of 187,374 person‐years), including 310 cardiovascular deaths, 581 cancer deaths, and 580 other‐cause deaths. After adjustment for age, sex, urban or rural, northern or southern of China, types of work, education level, physical exercise, smoking status, drinking status, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and serum total cholesterol at baseline, the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all‐cause mortality in the fasting blood glucose categories of <60, 60–69, 70–79, 90–99, 100–109, 110–125, and ≥126 mg/dl were 1.38 (1.04–1.84), 1.20 (1.01–1.43), 1.18 (1.03–1.36), 1.18 (0.99–1.41), 1.48 (1.16–1.88), 1.17 (0.84–1.62), and 2.23 (1.72–2.90), respectively, in contrast to the reference group (80–89 mg/dl). The HRs and 95% CIs for cardiovascular disease mortality in these groups were 2.58 (1.44–4.61), 1.41 (0.95–2.10), 1.56 (1.15–2.11), 1.29 (0.88–1.89), 1.36 (0.78–2.37), 1.05 (0.52–2.11), and 2.73 (1.64–4.56), respectively.

Conclusions

Both low and high fasting glucose were significantly associated with increased risk of all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality in Chinese general population.
An Interdisciplinary Approach to Reducing Opioid Prescriptions to Patients with Chronic Pain in a Spinal Cord Injury Center
Authors: Brose Steven W. , Schneck Heather , Bourbeau Dennis J.
Published: September 2018

Background

The increasing use of prescription opioids has contributed to the epidemic of opioid abuse in the United States. Efforts to reduce opioid prescriptions and offer alternatives for pain management are needed.

Objective

To determine the success of a multidisciplinary project to manage chronic pain while reducing reliance on opioids in a population of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI).

Design

Retrospective analysis.

Setting

This study was conducted in an SCI system of care in northeast Ohio.

Participants

Individuals with SCI receiving outpatient care were included.

Interventions

Clinicians in SCI and pain management specialties developed a plan to manage individuals with SCI, particularly for individuals using opioids, including physical, occupational, recreational, and vocational therapy. These services worked closely with the SCI physicians when chronic pain was identified to help better medically manage their pathology and support efforts to decrease opioid use in a multipronged approach.

Main Outcomes

The primary outcome measures from opioid prescription data from 2008 to 2016 were the percent of outpatients receiving opioids, opioid prescription rates, and opioid prescription doses over time.

Results

The percentage of outpatients receiving opioids and the number of opioid prescriptions through the outpatient service significantly decreased, from 39% to 16% and from 2.5 to 1.5 prescriptions per patient per quarter, respectively, correlating with the introduction of the multidisciplinary interventions. The total morphine equivalent quantities of prescription medications, particularly nonmethadone opioids, also decreased significantly.

Conclusions

The multidisciplinary interventional approach was associated with marked decreases in the percentage of patients receiving opioids and the amounts of opioids being prescribed. This reduction could have a significant impact on the opioid crisis.

Level of Evidence

IV
Environmental and Wilderness-Related Risk Factors for Histoplasmosis: More Than Bats in Caves
Authors: Diaz James H.
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus that causes histoplasmosis, a sporadic endemic mycosis with environmental, occupational, and wilderness exposure-related risk factors. The objectives of this review are to describe these risk factors, to alert clinicians to the different presenting manifestations of histoplasmosis, and to recommend effective management and prevention strategies.

Methods

Internet search engines were queried with keywords to select articles for review over the study period, 1950 to 2018. Articles selected for review included case series, epidemiologic analyses of surveillance data, clinical and laboratory updates, immunologic investigations, and observational and longitudinal studies. Articles excluded from review included systemic mycosis reviews and clinicopathologic conference reports.

Results

The principal transmission mechanism of histoplasmosis is by inhalation of spores aerosolized by soil disruption, resulting in pneumonic infections ranging from asymptomatic to disseminated. Although histoplasmosis is more common in endemic regions, nonendemic regions have reported increasing autochthonous and imported cases. Immunocompromised persons are at significantly increased risks of contracting histoplasmosis. Environmental and wilderness-related risk factors for histoplasmosis include bird and bat watching, cave and cave entrance exploration, and bamboo removal and burning. Occupational risk factors for histoplasmosis include road construction, roofing, bridge and water tower work, demolition, and masonry.

Conclusions

Histoplasmosis can result in considerable morbidity. Increased awareness of disease risk factors among the public and the international healthcare community will improve the timely diagnosis and treatment of histoplasmosis and prevent disease progression and dissemination.
Equivariant thinning over a free group
Authors: SOO TERRY , WILKENS AMANDA
Published: September 2018

We construct entropy increasing monotone factors in the context of a Bernoulli shift over the free group of rank at least two.
Renormalization in the golden-mean semi-Siegel Hénon family: universality and non-rigidity
Authors: YANG JONGUK
Published: September 2018

It was recently shown in Gaidashev and Yampolsky [Golden mean Siegel disk universality and renormalization. Preprint, 2016, arXiv:1604.00717] that appropriately defined renormalizations of a sufficiently dissipative golden-mean semi-Siegel Hénon map converge super-exponentially fast to a one-dimensional renormalization fixed point. In this paper, we show that the asymptotic two-dimensional form of these renormalizations is universal and is parameterized by the average Jacobian. This is similar to the limit behavior of period-doubling renormalizations in the Hénon family considered in de Carvalho et al [Renormalization in the Hénon family, I: universality but non-rigidity. J. Stat. Phys.121 (5/6) (2006), 611–669]. As an application of our result, we prove that the boundary of the golden-mean Siegel disk of a dissipative Hénon map is non-smoothly rigid.
Gender-informed psycho-educational programme to promote respectful relationships and reduce postpartum common mental disorders among primiparous women: long-term follow-up of participants in a community-based cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Fisher Jane , Tran Thach , Wynter Karen , Hiscock Harriet , Bayer Jordana , Rowe Heather
Published: September 2018

Background

What Were We Thinking (WWWT) is a gender-informed, psychoeducational programme to promote respectful relationships and skilled management of unsettled infant behaviours and thereby reduce postpartum common mental disorders. It comprises a highly structured seminar for couples and babies, usual primary care from a WWWT-trained nurse and take-home print materials. The aim was to assess long-term outcomes after a cluster randomised controlled trial of WWWT.

Method

Trial participants who consented completed a computer-assisted telephone interview 18 months postpartum. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and anxiety symptoms with the Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7). Impacts of baseline characteristics and trial arm on changes in scores from baseline to follow-up were calculated using Conditional Latent Growth Curve Models adjusting for prognostic indicators and controlling for clustering effects.

Results

Overall, 314/400 (78.5%) women contributed data at baseline (6 weeks postpartum), trial endline (26 weeks postpartum) and follow-up (12 months after trial endline). In intention-to-treat analyses, there was a significantly greater improvement in adjusted GAD-7 scores [regression coefficient (RC) −0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.94 to −0.17] and non-significant improvement (RC −0.27; 95% CI −0.63 to 0.08) in PHQ-9 scores from baseline to follow-up in the intervention than the control arm. In a per-protocol analysis, the proportion with GAD-7 scores ⩽4 (asymptomatic) improved 24.1% (55.7% baseline to 79.8% follow-up,p= 0.043) among women who received the full WWWT programme, which included the seminar, compared with 2.4% (77.1–79.5%,p= 0.706) among those who received the partial intervention (usual care from WWWT-trained nurse and print materials).

Conclusions

The WWWT programme has a significant sustained beneficial impact on postnatal generalised anxiety among primiparous women compared with usual care. The in-person seminar is the most influential component of the intervention. Psycho-educational programmes integrated into primary care appear promising as a strategy to reduce postpartum common mental disorders.
Using ‘Smart’ Technology to Aid in Cigarette Smoking Cessation: Examining an Innovative Way to Monitor and Improve Quit Attempt Outcomes
Authors: Morriscey Carol , Shephard Aaron , van Houdt Anouk , Kerr David , Barrett Sean P.
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Recently, smartphone applications (apps) have been used as smoking cessation aids. Interactive apps appear to more effective than non-interactive apps. SmokeBeat, a smartphone app used in conjunction with a smartwatch, aims to detect smoking events, interact with the user as they occur and potentially stop smoking events before they occur in the future.

Aims

The purpose of this feasibility study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of SmokeBeat in detecting smoking events.

Methods

The feasibility of using the app as a smoking cessation aid was tested over a 2-week period by daily, dependent smokers. SmokeBeat's cigarette detection rate was measured in laboratory sessions both before and after the 2-week period. Fisher's exact test was used to compare detection rates from each session.

Results/Findings

The detection rate was 22.5% during session 1 and 41.7% during session 2. Once technological issues were controlled for (i.e., signal loss between smartphone and smartwatch), SmokeBeat's detection rate improved over the 2-week period, resulting in a 100% detection rate.

Conclusions

Apps which can detect smoking events in real time present an opportunity for a proactive and interactive smoking cessation aid – a potentially useful tool for individuals attempting to quit smoking.
Testing Pollen Sorted by Flow Cytometry as the Basis for High-Resolution Lacustrine Chronologies
Authors: Zimmerman Susan R H , Brown Thomas A , Hassel Christiane , Heck Jessica
Published: September 2018

Documenting leads and lags in terrestrial records of past climate change is critical to understanding the behavior of Earth’s natural climate system and making reliable predictions of future climate conditions. However, uncertainties of several hundred years in age models make it difficult to distinguish synchronicity and feedbacks in paleo archives. In lakes this is often due to the lack of terrestrial macrofossils in climate-sensitive locations, such as high alpine or dryland settings. The potential of radiocarbon (14C) dating of pollen has long been recognized, but the difficulty of cleanly separating pollen from other kinds of organic carbon has limited its usefulness. Here we report14C ages on pollen separated by flow cytometry, from a set of closely spaced samples from Mono Lake, California. The accuracy of the pollen ages is tested using well-dated bracketing tephras, the South Mono and North Mono-Inyo tephras. In spite of the purity of the sorted samples, the pollen dates are older than the bounding tephras by ~400 yr, similar to some other pollen-dating studies. While improvements in sample preparation protocols are planned, understanding the geological processes involved in the production, preservation, and deposition of pollen at each site will be critical to developing robust high-resolution age models.
Conditions for Sylow 2-subgroups of the Fixed Point Subgroup Implying Solubility
Authors: Beltrán Antonio , Shao Changguo
Published: September 2018

Let A and G be finite groups and suppose that A acts via automorphisms on G with $(|A|, |G|)=1$. We study how certain conditions on the Sylow 2-subgroups of the fixed point subgroup of the action $C_G(A)$ may imply the non-simplicity or solubility of G.
Fitness for Modernity? The YMCA and physical-education schemes in late-colonial South Asia (circa1900–40)
Authors: FISCHER-TINÉ HARALD
Published: September 2018

Focusing particularly on the Madras College of Physical Education opened in 1919, this article reconstructs the role of the United States of America-dominated Indian Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in the spread of physical-education schemes in South Asia between the beginning of the century and the outbreak of the Second World War. American YMCA secretaries stressed the scientific, liberal, and egalitarian character of their ‘physical programme’ aiming at the training of responsible and self-controlled citizens and therefore supposedly offering an alternative to British imperial sports. The study demonstrates that the Y indeed exercised a considerable influence by acting as adviser to provincial and ‘princely’ governments as well as through the graduates of the Madras College of Physical Education (MCPE), many of whom became physical directors in educational institutions in India, Burma, Ceylon and other Asian countries. At the same time, it also makes clear that North American models could not be transplanted in a simple or straightforward manner to South Asian contexts. For one, in spite of its representation as a ‘school for democracy’, the Y's supposedly inclusive and emancipatory discourses and practices of physical fitness remained over-determined by the powerful influences of the colonial discourse of race, and the programme of the Indian Y continued to be rife with the imperial tropes ofsomatic Orientalismpredicated on the idea of fundamental difference between Westerners and South Asians. Likewise, the Y's sports mission turned out to be lessAmericanthan its advocates had hoped: ‘sportified’ versions of local games and physical exercises played an ever-increasing role in the numerous institutions of the Y in South Asia, leading eventually to a thorough ‘pidginization’ of its fitness regime.
Brown bear damage: patterns and hotspots in Croatia
Authors: Hipólito Dário , Reljić Slaven , Rosalino Luís Miguel , Wilson Seth M. , Fonseca Carlos , Huber Đuro
Published: September 2018

Human–bear conflicts resulting from livestock depredation and crop use are a common threat to the brown bearUrsus arctosthroughout its range. Understanding these conflicts requires the recording and categorization of incidents, assessment of their geographical distribution and frequency, and documentation of the financial costs and the presence of any preventative measures. Damage compensation schemes can help mitigate conflicts and, in some cases, improve acceptance of bears. This study aims to elucidate the major factors determining the patterns of damage caused by bears, examine the effectiveness of preventative measures in reducing such damage, and identify bear damage hotspots in Croatia. Our analysis is based on damage reports provided by hunting organizations to the Croatian Ministry of Agriculture during 2004–2014. The highest number of claims were made for damage to field crops and orchards. Damage to livestock, agricultural crops and beehives resulted in the highest total cost to farmers. Damage to beehives and to automatic corn feeders for game species incurred the highest cost per damage event. We identified a hotspot for bear damage claims in Croatia, located near Risnjak National Park and the border with Slovenia. Damage appears higher in areas that have more villages closer to protected areas and a greater per cent of forest cover, indicating a synergistic effect of protected environments that facilitate bear movements and the presence of human activities that provide easily accessible food for bears.
Divine intentions and the problem of evil
Authors: MOONEY JUSTIN
Published: September 2018

I develop a model of providence on which God brings about good states of affairs by means of evil states of affairs, but without intending the latter. The model's key ingredient is a backward-looking counterpart of the distinction between intended and merely foreseen consequences of an action: namely, a distinction between intended and merely foreseen means to an end. The model enables greater-good theodicies to avoid worries about whether a perfect being could intend evil.
Public–private pension mixes in East Asia: institutional diversity and policy implications for old-age security
Authors: Yeh Chung-Yang , Cheng Hyunwook , Shi Shih-Jiunn
Published: September 2018

Previous studies of East Asian welfare regimes focus on similarities between social security schemes. In contrast, this paper explores cross-national variations in public–private pension mixes in six welfare states: China, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. Our research echoes the pension policy analysis of international organisations but takes a step forward with emphasis on the historical and institutional characteristics of the respective pension systems. The analysis identifies three institutional patterns. First, the statist pension system (Taiwan and China) primarily relies on public pensions to provide old-age security, with private pensions playing a rather minor role. Second, in the dualist pension system (Japan and Korea) both public and private pensions work in parallel to ensure retirement income, though a clear security gap exists between workers in the formal and informal economies. Finally, the individualist pension system (Hong Kong and Singapore) is characterised by genuine fully funded individual accounts, emphasising citizens’ own responsibilities for ensuring old-age security. These three types of pension systems demonstrate distinct institutional characteristics and policy outcomes, illustrated by the juxtaposition of their institutional structures as well as by the comparison of key indicators collected from government reports and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development statistics. The paper concludes with a theoretical reflection of East Asian pension policies and a diagnosis of the distinct challenges confronted by each of the various pension patterns.
Combining user needs, lexicographic data and digital writing environments
Authors: Frankenberg-Garcia Ana
Published: September 2018

The past decades have seen dramatic improvements to dictionary content and format. Yet dictionaries – both paper-based and digital – remain disappointingly underused. As a result, it is widely acknowledged that more needs to be done to train people in dictionary-consultation skills. Another solution would be to build lexicographic resources that require little or no instruction. In this paper, I present the ColloCaid project, whose aim is to develop a lexicographic tool that combines user needs, lexicographic data and digital writing environments to bring dictionaries to writers instead of waiting for them to get the information they need from dictionaries. Our focus is on helping writers produce more idiomatic texts by integrating lexicographic data on collocations into text editors in a way that does not distract them from their writing. A distinguishing characteristic of ColloCaid is that it is not limited to providing feedback on miscollocations. It also aims to ‘feed forward’, raising awareness of collocations writers may not remember or know how to look up. While our initial prototype is being developed specifically for academic English, the implications of our research can be broadened to other languages and usages beyond academic.
Tularemia transmission to humans: a multifaceted surveillance approach
Authors: Akhvlediani N. , Burjanadze I. , Baliashvili D. , Tushishvili T. , Broladze M. , Navdarashvili A. , Dolbadze S. , Chitadze N. , Topuridze M. , Imnadze P. , Kazakhashvili N. , Tsertsvadze T. , Kuchuloria T. , Akhvlediani T. , McNutt L.-A. , Chanturia G.
Published: September 2018

Tularemia has sustained seroprevalence in Eurasia, with estimates as high as 15% in endemic regions. The purpose of this report is to characterise the current epidemiology of Francisella tularensis subspecies holarctica in Georgia. Three surveillance activities are summarised: (1) acute infections captured in Georgia's notifiable disease surveillance system, (2) infectious disease seroprevalence study of military volunteers, and (3) a study of seroprevalence and risk factors in endemic regions. Descriptive analyses of demographic, exposure and clinical factors were conducted for the surveillance studies; bivariate analyses were computed to identify risk factors of seropositivity using likelihood ratio χ2 tests or Fisher's exact tests. Of the 19 incident cases reported between 2014 and August 2017, 10 were confirmed and nine met the presumptive definition; the estimated annual incidence was 0.12/100 000. The first cases of tularemia in Western Georgia were reported. Seroprevalences of antibodies for F. tularensis were 2.0% for military volunteers and 5.0% for residents in endemic regions. Exposures correlated with seropositivity included work with hay and contact with multiple types of animals. Seroprevalence studies conducted periodically may enhance our understanding of tularemia in countries with dramatically underestimated incidence rates.
Childhood maltreatment affects adolescent sensitivity to parenting and close friendships in predicting growth in externalizing behavior
Authors: Tung Irene , Noroña Amanda N. , Lee Steve S.
Published: September 2018

Childhood maltreatment robustly predicts adolescent externalizing behaviors (EB; e.g., violence, delinquency, substance use) and may crystalize patterns of EB by influencing sensitivity to the social environment (e.g., parenting, friendships). In a nationally representative sample of 9,421 adolescents, we modeled latent growth curves of EB from age 13 to 32 years. Next, we explored whether maltreated youth differed from nonmaltreated youth in their sensitivity to parental closeness, friendship involvement, and polymorphisms from dopamine genes linked to EB (dopamine receptors D2 and D4, dopamine transporter). Overall, maltreated youth had significantly higher levels of EB across adolescence and adulthood; however, maltreated and nonmaltreated youth showed similar patterns of EB change over time: violent behavior decreased in adolescence before stabilizing in adulthood, whereas nonviolent delinquency and substance use increased in adolescence before decreasing in the transition to adulthood. Maltreatment reduced sensitivity to parental closeness and friendship involvement, although patterns varied based on type of EB outcome. Finally, none of the environmental effects on EB were significantly moderated by the dopamine polygenic risk score after accounting for multiple testing. These findings underline the enduring effects of early maltreatment and implicate that maltreatment may contribute to long-term risk for EB by influencing children's sensitivity to social relationship factors in adolescence.
Over-winter ecology and relative density of Canada Warbler Cardellina canadensis in Colombia: the basis for defining conservation priorities for a sharply declining long-distance migrant
Authors: CÉSPEDES LAURA N. , BAYLY NICHOLAS J.
Published: September 2018

The Canada Warbler Cardellina canadensis is a steeply declining Neotropical migratory bird and > 50% of its non-breeding range is within the Colombian Andes. Despite being an abundant migrant in Andean forests, the species’ elevational distribution and non-breeding ecology have yet to be studied, thereby precluding the design of effective conservation actions. During four non-breeding periods (2012–2016), we surveyed Colombia’s three Andean ranges, carrying out passive 5-minute point counts between 700 and 3,150 m asl in five habitats (mature forest, secondary growth, forest edges/riparian forest, shade coffee, sun coffee), recording the perpendicular distance, sex, foraging height, and association with mixed species flocks of Canada Warbler. Habitat variables were recorded at each point. Based on 819 passive point counts, Canada Warblers occupied elevations between 750 and 2,300 m, being more abundant between 1,000 and 2,200 m. Relative densities were higher in mature forest compared to shade coffee and secondary forest, and accordingly abundance increased with canopy height. There was no evidence for a difference in elevation or habitat use by males and females. Within forests, birds foraged at mid-levels, 5–15 m above the ground, and the probability of Canada Warblers occurring in mixed species flocks increased with elevation. Models of variation in relative density throughout the Eastern Andes showed a positive relation with cloud cover and above-ground forest biomass, implying a preference for humid, forested regions. Of the areas in the Eastern Andes with high predicted relative density, ∼ 14% overlapped with protected areas and we identify priority areas where protective measures could benefit the conservation status of the species. For maximum effectiveness, conservation actions should focus on protecting forest fragments and initiating reforestation projects at mid-elevations (1,000–2,200 m), as well as supporting agroforestry practices in humid regions of the Colombian Andes.
THE CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR SINGULAR FRACTIONAL-ORDER SYSTEMS WITH FRACTIONAL ORDER 0 <α< 1
Authors: ZHAN T. , MA S. P.
Published: September 2018

We study the problem of pseudostate and static output feedback stabilization for singular fractional-order linear systems with fractional order$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$when$0<\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}<1$. All the results are given by linear matrix inequalities. First, a new sufficient and necessary condition for the admissibility of singular fractional-order systems is presented. Then based on the admissible result, not only are sufficient conditions for designing pseudostate and static output feedback controllers obtained, but also sufficient and necessary conditions are presented by using different methods that guarantee the admissibility of the closed-loop systems. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated by numerical simulations and a real-world example.
Expanding Recognition for Contributions of Science to Society
Authors: Hanson Brooks , Pandya Raj , Stall Shelley , Tauxe Lisa
Published: September 2018

Scientists who engage with policy-makers, the public, community leaders, and the media deserve to be recognized and rewarded for their work.
North American Weather Regimes Are Becoming More Persistent: Is Arctic Amplification a Factor?
Authors: Francis J. A. , Skific N. , Vavrus S. J.
Published: September 2018

Rapid Arctic warming is hypothesized to favor an increased persistence of regional weather patterns in the Northern Hemisphere (Francis & Vavrus, 2012). Persistent conditions can lead to drought, heat waves, prolonged cold spells, and storminess that can cost millions of dollars in damage and disrupt societal and ecosystem norms. This study defines a new metric called long‐duration events (LDEs)—conditions that endure at least four consecutive days—and takes two independent approaches to assessing seasonal changes in weather‐pattern persistence over North America. One applies precipitation measurements at weather stations across the United States; the other is based on a cluster analysis of large‐scale, upper‐level atmospheric patterns. Both methods indicate an overall increase in LDEs. We also find that large‐scale patterns consistent with a warm Arctic exhibit an increased frequency of LDEs, suggesting that further Arctic warming may favor persistent weather patterns that can lead to weather extremes.
A New N+ Band of Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves in Multi‐Ion Cold Plasmas
Authors: Bashir M. F. , Ilie R.
Published: September 2018

The dispersion relation for electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves is analyzed for a multi‐ion cold plasma. Several cases accounting for the relative contribution of the nitrogen (N+) and the oxygen (O+) ions and wave normal angle (θ) are presented. It is found that the presence of N+ significantly changes the dispersion properties of EMIC waves, leading to a new frequency band with additional cutoff, crossover, and resonance frequencies just above the oxygen cyclotron frequency (
). The method for estimation of ions concentration from cutoff frequencies based on observation is also revisited, and N+ concentration is determined. The minimum resonant energy of N+ band is also calculated. This new N+ band is relevant to reduce the discrepancy in mode detection near
in the observed wave spectrum in order to quantify the transport and energization of N+, in addition to O+, for their relative contribution to the loss and/or scattering mechanisms.
Field Observation of Different Wind‐Induced Basin‐Scale Current Field Dynamics in a Large, Polymictic, Eutrophic Lake
Authors: Wu Tingfeng , Qin Boqiang , Ding Wenhao , Zhu Guangwei , Zhang Yunlin , Gao Guang , Xu Hai , Li Wei , Dong Baili , Luo Liancong
Published: September 2018

Basin‐scale current fields are fundamental to determining the environmental characteristics and ecological attributes of large polymictic lakes. However, little is known concerning the effects of different winds on the currents and further on ecological systems of these lakes. Therefore, synchronous meteorological and hydrological data were collected from Lake Taihu (China) during summer 2015. Time series analysis and stress calculations conducted to elucidate the basin‐scale current field revealed frequent occurrence of a bilayer current mode, comprising a wind‐driven surface current and bottom compensation current, under low or medium wind conditions. The main forcings of the lake currents are seasonal winds related to the East Asian monsoon, and the lake‐land thermal contrast wind with 24‐hr periodicity causes marked diurnal fluctuation. Inflows, outflows, the Coriolis force, and bottom frictional stress also make important contributions to the bilayer current mode, and weak temperature stratification can stabilize this mode. However, as wind speed increases, wind‐driven surface currents can develop downward to form uniform currents throughout the water depth, and water temperature stratification is destroyed during typhoon‐affected periods. During such short‐term strong wind events, the current structure mainly adopts a monolayer current mode and the incidence of the bilayer current mode decreases substantially. The monolayer current mode causes a clockwise circulation and a basin‐scale temporary oscillation with ~80‐hr periodicity. The influences of the monsoon and lake‐land thermal contrast wind on lake currents were masked by the pulse‐like strong winds. Both modes can contribute to persistent cyanobacterial blooms in the northwest of Lake Taihu.
Characterizing Upward Lightning With and Without a Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flash
Authors: Smith D. M. , Bowers G. S. , Kamogawa M. , Wang D. , Ushio T. , Ortberg J. , Dwyer J. R. , Stock M.
Published: September 2018

We compare two observations of gamma rays before, during, and after lightning flashes initiated by upward leaders from a tower during low‐altitude winter thunderstorms on the western coast of Honshu, Japan. While the two leaders appear similar, one produced a terrestrial gamma ray flash (TGF) so bright that it paralyzed the gamma ray detectors while it was occurring and could be observed only via the weaker flux of neutrons created in its wake, while the other produced no detectable TGF gamma rays at all. The ratio between the indirectly derived gamma ray fluence for the TGF and the 95% confidence gamma ray upper limit for the gamma ray quiet flash is a factor of 1.0 × 107. With the only two observations of this type providing such dramatically different results—a TGF probably as bright as those seen from space and a powerful upper limit—we recognize that weak, subluminous TGFs in this situation are probably not common, and we quantify this conclusion. While the gamma ray quiet flash appeared to have a faster leader and more powerful initial continuous current pulse than the flash that produced a TGF, the TGF‐producing flash occurred during a weak gamma ray glow, while the gamma ray quiet flash did not, implying a higher electric field aloft when the TGF was produced. We suggest that the field in the high‐field region approached by a leader may be more important for whether a TGF is produced than the characteristics of the leader itself.
The KPP Boundary Layer Scheme for the Ocean: Revisiting Its Formulation and Benchmarking One‐Dimensional Simulations Relative to LES
Authors: Van Roekel Luke , Adcroft Alistair J. , Danabasoglu Gokhan , Griffies Stephen M. , Kauffman Brian , Large William , Levy Michael , Reichl Brandon G. , Ringler Todd , Schmidt Martin
Published: September 2018

We evaluate the Community ocean Vertical Mixing project version of the K‐profile parameterization (KPP) for modeling upper ocean turbulent mixing. For this purpose, one‐dimensional KPP simulations are compared across a suite of oceanographically relevant regimes against horizontally averaged large eddy simulations (LESs). We find the standard configuration of KPP consistent with LES across many forcing regimes, supporting its physical basis. Our evaluation also motivates recommendations for KPP best practices within ocean circulation models and identifies areas where further research is warranted. The original treatment of KPP recommends the matching of interior diffusivities and their gradients to the KPP‐predicted values computed in the ocean surface boundary layer (OSBL). However, we find that difficulties in representing derivatives of rapidly changing diffusivities near the base of the OSBL can lead to loss of simulation fidelity. To mitigate this difficulty, we propose and evaluate two computationally simpler approaches: (1) match to the internal predicted diffusivity alone and (2) set the KPP diffusivity to 0 at the OSBL base. We find the KPP entrainment buoyancy flux to be sensitive to vertical grid resolution and details of how to diagnose the KPP boundary layer depth. We modify the KPP turbulent shear velocity parameterization to reduce resolution dependence. Additionally, an examination of LES vertical turbulent scalar flux budgets shows that the KPP‐parameterized nonlocal tracer flux is incomplete due to the assumption that it solely redistributes the surface tracer flux. This result motivates further studies of the nonlocal flux parameterization.
Effects of nutrient enrichment on surface microbial community gene expression in the oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
Authors: Robidart J C , Magasin J D , Shilova I N , Turk-Kubo K A , Wilson S T , Karl D M , Scholin C A , Zehr J P
Published: September 2018

Marine microbial communities are critical for biogeochemical cycles and the productivity of ocean ecosystems. Primary productivity in the surface ocean is constrained by nutrients which are supplied, in part, by mixing with deeper water. Little is known about the time scales, frequency, or impact of mixing on microbial communities. We combined in situ sampling using the Environmental Sample Processor and a small-scale mixing experiment with lower euphotic zone water to determine how individual populations respond to mixing. Transcriptional responses were measured using the MicroTOOLs (Microbiological Targets for Ocean Observing Laboratories) microarray, which targets all three domains of life and viruses. The experiment showed that mixing substantially affects photosynthetic taxa as expected, but surprisingly also showed that populations respond differently to unfiltered deep water which contains particles (organisms and detritus) compared to filtered deep water that only contains nutrients and viruses, pointing to the impact of biological interactions associated with these events. Comparison between experimental and in situ population transcription patterns indicated that manipulated populations can serve as analogs for natural populations, and that natural populations may be frequently or continuously responding to nutrients from deeper waters. Finally, this study also shows that the microarray approach, which is complementary to metatranscriptomic sequencing, is useful for determining the physiological status of in situ microbial communities.
Role of apurinic/apyrimidinic nucleases in the regulation of homologous recombination in myeloma: mechanisms and translational significance
Authors: Kumar Subodh , Talluri Srikanth , Pal Jagannath , Yuan Xiaoli , Lu Renquan , Nanjappa Puru , Samur Mehmet K. , Munshi Nikhil C. , Shammas Masood A.
Published: September 2018

We have previously reported that homologous recombination (HR) is dysregulated in multiple myeloma (MM) and contributes to genomic instability and development of drug resistance. We now demonstrate that base excision repair (BER) associated apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) nucleases (APEX1 and APEX2) contribute to regulation of HR in MM cells. Transgenic as well as chemical inhibition of APEX1 and/or APEX2 inhibits HR activity in MM cells, whereas the overexpression of either nuclease in normal human cells, increases HR activity. Regulation of HR by AP nucleases could be attributed, at least in part, to their ability to regulate recombinase (RAD51) expression. We also show that both nucleases interact with major HR regulators and that APEX1 is involved in P73-mediated regulation of RAD51 expression in MM cells. Consistent with the role in HR, we also show that AP-knockdown or treatment with inhibitor of AP nuclease activity increases sensitivity of MM cells to melphalan and PARP inhibitor. Importantly, although inhibition of AP nuclease activity increases cytotoxicity, it reduces genomic instability caused by melphalan. In summary, we show that APEX1 and APEX2, major BER proteins, also contribute to regulation of HR in MM. These data provide basis for potential use of AP nuclease inhibitors in combination with chemotherapeutics such as melphalan for synergistic cytotoxicity in MM.
The induction and consequences of Influenza A virus-induced cell death
Authors: Atkin-Smith Georgia K. , Duan Mubing , Chen Weisan , Poon Ivan K. H.
Published: September 2018

Infection with Influenza A virus (IAV) causes significant cell death within the upper and lower respiratory tract and lung parenchyma. In severe infections, high levels of cell death can exacerbate inflammation and comprise the integrity of the epithelial cell barrier leading to respiratory failure. IAV infection of airway and alveolar epithelial cells promotes immune cell infiltration into the lung and therefore, immune cell types such as macrophages, monocytes and neutrophils are readily exposed to IAV and infection-induced death. Although the induction of cell death through apoptosis and necrosis following IAV infection is a well-known phenomenon, the molecular determinants responsible for inducing cell death is not fully understood. Here, we review the current understanding of IAV-induced cell death and critically evaluate the consequences of cell death in aiding either the restoration of lung homoeostasis or the progression of IAV-induced lung pathologies.