bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current and Pending Legislation for Gaseous Fuels
Authors: Sagan V. R.
Published: September 2009

Treatment of LP-Gas under conventional tax codes is a barrier to development and pollution control. Tax revenue is minimal, and value vanishes when related to social value of environmental improvement. The states of New Jersey, Kentucky, and Washington have enacted specific legislation providing a tax break. Ten other states tax LP-Gas at a lower rate than diesel—with three using a lower plain than gasoline.

Unintentional prohibition of conversion to LP-Gas use in federal and state regulation, directed at preventing tampering with pollution control equipment has presented an initial problem, but has been corrected when brought to authority attention. Provision for federal certification of control devices, which could include LP-Gas conversion equipment, will prove helpful.

All gaseous fuels should be accorded a tax identity separate from liquid fuels. Pending federal legislation would accomplish this and equalize present Internal Revenue Service interpretative discrimination that favors compressed natural gas.
Safety Considerations in Using LP-Gas Engine Fuel
Authors: Schultz Don
Published: September 2009

Liquefied petroleum gas has been used commercially as an internal combustion fuel for over 50 years. During these 50 years, safety has been and remains to be of prime concern to the LP-Gas industry. In fact, for the past 32 years the LP-Gas industry has been guided by the safety recommendations of NFBU 58 and NFPA 58.

In order for the LP-Gas industry to continue this fine safety record consideration must be given to the type of containers and equipment used, as well as the proper installation of same. Contained in this paper are recommendations for the safe use of LP-Gas as an engine fuel.
The Use of a Field Vane Apparatus in Sensitive Clay
Authors: Eden W. J. , Hamilton J. J.
Published: September 2009

The extremely sensitive deposits of post-glacial marine clay in the St. Lawrence lowlands have presented major difficulties in obtaining adequate undisturbed samples for a reliable determination of shear strength. To overcome this problem, a simple field vane apparatus was devised which was readily adaptable to existing drilling equipment. This paper describes the apparatus and outlines the method of testing that has been used in the field. Shear strength values obtained are compared with those obtained from tube samples from several test holes of Leda clay. The influence of such factors as the area ratio of the vane and rod friction are discussed along with its use as a measure of sensitivity. It is concluded that the field vane device offers a more reliable criterion for shear strength of the clay than determinations made from tube samples. Advantages and restrictions on its use are also considered.
The Stability of Strain Gage Alloy Wires
Authors: Metcalfe Arthur G.
Published: September 2009

Another paper of this volume describes the work of the Armour Research Foundation on the development of iron-chromium-aluminum straingage alloy wires. In conjunction with this development an analysis was made of the causes of instability at high temperatures. This analysis is reported here and is applicable to any base metal alloy undergoing oxidation or to any alloy suffering preferential evaporation of one of the alloying constituents. Other causes of instability might be present such as phase transformations or the solution of one phase in another, but these were eliminated by careful choice of the alloy composition.
The Synthetic Mica Gage
Authors: Brewer G. A.
Published: September 2009

The synthetic mica gage was developed under the sponsorship of the Wright Air Development Center of the United States Air Force. The synthetic mica gage employs a Nichrome V foil of the HFN-3 type manufactured by Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton Corp. This foil is sandwiched between two thin sheets of synthetic mica that has been previously sintered at 2400 F. With the foil held between the two sheets of synthetic mica, the sandwich is raised to a temperature of 2200 F at 1000 psi. At this temperature the Nichrome V and the mica papers fuse together making an integral gage.
Brittle Fracture Strength of Metals
Authors: Wessel E. T.
Published: September 2009

The brittle fracture strength of a metal is described and discussed in terms of the following aspects: the origin of a metal's fracture strength; the mechanism of fracture initiation; the nature of the fracture strength of metals in simple tension as related to their resistance to plastic flow; the effect of various test conditions on the fracture strength of a given metal; the behavior of several metals under given severe test conditions; and the relationship of fracture behavior to conventional yield strength. It is demonstrated that while the theoretical strength of a metal is quite high, the presence of defects or imperfections results in failure at relatively low applied stresses. As measured in simple tension various metals or different lots of a given metal exhibit marked differences in fracture strength. These variations in fracture strength are related to differences in the resistance of metals to plastic flow. It is also shown that increasing the severity of the test conditions will cause brittle fractures to occur at higher temperatures and lower applied stresses. As tested under severe embrittling conditions various steels are found to exhibit consistent behavior trends, but their relative resistance to brittle fracture may be substantially different. For given test conditions the fracture resistance of several steels is shown to decrease markedly with increased yield strength. This correlation of yield strength with fracture resistance appears to be independent of such factors as chemistry, microstructure, tensile ductility, and conventional transition temperatures.
Fatigue Strength of Crystalline Solids
Authors: Sinclair G. M. , Feltner C. E.
Published: September 2009

Recent theoretical concepts and experimental studies of the nucleation and propagation of fatigue cracking in crystalline solids are reviewed. Additional details of the role of dislocation-motion and interaction in fatigue are becoming available through studies involving direct observation of individual dislocations. Results of current investigations of the effects of dislocation—impurity-atom interaction and surface chemical environment on fatigue strength are also discussed.
Formation of New Materials and Structures by High-Pressure Treatment
Authors: Bundy F. P.
Published: September 2009

A number of interesting materials have been prepared in recent years by processes using very high pressures. Some of these materials are diamond, cubic boron nitride, dense silicon and germanium, coesite and stishovite silicas, metallic indium antimonide, and omega titanium. Diamond abrasive is now being manufactured and used on a sizable commercial basis. Cubic boron nitride, which is diamond-like, may prove to have commercial significance as an abrasive. The usual diamond-cubic forms of silicon, germanium, indium antimonide, etc. convert to metallic denser forms when subjected to very high pressure. Upon decompression these metallic forms revert to semiconducting forms more dense than the original diamond cubic form. When metallic indium antimonide is decompressed at liquid-nitrogen temperature the metallic form persists, and it may be studied and worked as long as its temperature is kept below about −60 C. At high pressures and temperatures silica crystallizes into forms more dense than quartz, namely, coesite and stishovite. These three forms have densities of 2.65, 3.01, and 4.35 g per cm3, respectively. Ordinary hcp titanium converts to a more dense omega (bcc) form at pressures exceeding about 90 kilobars, and this form is retained after decompression at room temperature. The retained omega form reverts to the usual hcp upon heating to a few hundred degrees C at atmospheric pressure.
1-1 Some Aspects of the Surface Chemistry of Adhesion
Authors: Adamson A. W.
Published: September 2009

Ideal intrinsic adhesion is defined in terms of the calculated force required to separate two surfaces, and typical values are given, along with the very much smaller ones normally found in practical situations. A second kind of ideal adhesion is also defined, namely the work of adhesion, or the reversible work of separation of two phases. This second type of adhesion quantity can be small, and some of the interrelations between it and intrinsic adhesion are discussed.
1-5 The Contribution of Sputtering to Our Knowledge of Plasma-Surface Interactions
Authors: Wehner G. K.
Published: September 2009

When ions from a plasma or from an ion beam bombard a solid surface, many phenomena arise. Among those are the emission of electrons, chemical and catalytic surface reactions, lattice damage, surface migration of atoms, ion or neutralized ion scattering and reflection, ejection of neutral or excited or ionized lattice atoms (sputtering), desorption of surface layers, embedment of the bombarding ions, etc.
Artificial Roofing Slates and Shingles
Authors: Cash Carl G. , Condren Stephen J. , Gumpertz Werner H.
Published: September 2009

Early in the 1980s, manufacturers started to respond to the market desires for a Class A fire-rated steep-sloped roofing material. Other manufacturers sought slate-like roofs that were lower in cost than natural slate. Both groups tried a variety of materials and cellulose fibers including fibers recovered from newsprint, bundles of wood, and more fibrous or shredded wood to reinforce portland cement matrixes. Previously, asbestos fiber was used with cement to form very durable asbestos-cement shingles, sidings, and sheets. Many manufacturers felt they could replace asbestos with other materials and did so offering performance warranties of 25 to 50 years duration. The authors have investigated and tested eleven of these artificial shakes and slates manufactured by nine manufacturers. Hundreds of roofs have been examined in more than 20 states. Some products failed before the installation was completed. Few survived past their tenth year of exposure. None of the artificial shakes and slates investigated are currently manufactured in the United States. We provide data that were generated by our laboratory tests on thousands of specimens made by nine manufacturers (A through I), identify the reinforcements present, list some of the critical properties such as flexural strength, deflection at break, and water absorption, and the specific failure modes for each product. The principal recommendation to avoid failures of this kind is to use products that have a substantial history of effective performance in the environment to which they will be used. Proceed into a market place cautiously when formulation changes are made to products with successful track records.
Injury Trends in Norwegian Ski Resorts in the 10 Year Period 1996–2006
Authors: Ekeland Arne , Rødven Andreas
Published: September 2009

A central ski patrol-based registration of skiing and boarding injuries was performed by the Norwegian Ski Lift Association during the winter seasons 1996/1997–2005/2006. Totals of 31 175 injured skiers/boarders and 21.898 million skier/boarder days were recorded during the ten seasons, giving an injury rate of 1.4 injured per 1000 skier/boarder days. Most of the injuries occurred during alpine skiing (49–58 %). Snowboarding injuries peaked with 45 % in the middle of the period decreasing to 35 % the last two seasons. Telemark skiing and skiboarding each accounted for less than 10 % of the injuries. Wrist injuries were most common among injured snowboarders and knee injuries among injured alpine skiers. The percentage of knee injuries was almost twice as high for females compared to males throughout the period (p<0.001). The prevalence of lower leg fracture for injured alpine skiers ⩽12 years decreased from 20 % to 13 % in the period (p<0.001), whereas the corresponding prevalence for teenagers and adults was relatively stable at 3–5 %. Injuries in terrain parks increased to 20 % of all injuries at the end of the period. The use of helmets among injured skiers/boarders increased from 11 % to 44 % in the 10-year period (p<0.001), whereas the prevalence of head injuries decreased from 19 % to 17 % (p<0.003). In conclusion, the injury rate has been almost constant during the last six seasons in Norwegian ski resorts. The prevalence of lower leg fracture has decreased in injured alpine skiers ⩽12 years. The use of protective helmet has increased by injured skiers/boarders and the prevalence of head injuries has decreased.
Computer Simulation of Consecutive Ski Turns
Authors: Mössner Martin , Heinrich Dieter , Kaps Peter , Schretter Herwig , Nachbauer Werner
Published: September 2009

A computer model was developed to simulate consecutive ski turns. The model consists of a segment model for two skis and a single body for the skier. It was implemented in the multibody simulation software LMS Virtual.Lab. The interaction of ski and snow leads to a normal and a shearing force. For the normal force a hypoplastic relation between force and penetration depth was used. Hypoplasticity considers the effect that compacted snow is inelastic and deformations remain. For the shearing force orthogonal metal cutting theory was applied. During turns the skier has to keep balance. He leans inward to compensate centrifugal force. Neglecting angulation the complement of the inward lean angle is the mean value of the edge angles of the left and the right ski. With a suitable choice of the edge angles the skier kept the balance. Using this model the trajectory of the skier was simulated over four and a half turns. The first turn was rather carved, but in the last turn strong skidding was present. Due to increasing speed the centrifugal force considerably exceeded the shearing strength of snow. The hypoplastic force-penetration relation led to a reasonable penetration depth, which is a crucial factor for the shearing force. Based on this reference simulation the influence of edge angle and forward/backward lean was assessed by performing parameter studies. An increased edge angle caused smaller turn radii. Surprisingly, forward lean caused larger and backward lean smaller turn radii. This phenomenon could be explained by the turn moment of the skier. Both effects were more dominant when the skis skidded.
An Evaluation of Perceptual Experience of Skiers Using Quantitative Image Processing
Authors: Krauss David A. , Lieberman Daniel H. , Grossman Helene , Ray Rose , Scher Irving
Published: September 2009

We applied the principles of visual perception, light, and optics to quantify the influence of ambient sunlight on the ability of skiers and snowboarders to perceive ground contours on a ski slope. To this end, we systematically measured the visibility of the terrain on ski runs under a variety of lighting conditions at Mammoth Mountain in California. Recreational skiers, snowboarders, and ski patrol members were surveyed to determine their subjective ratings of visibility. These subjective visibility ratings for various weather/lighting conditions were compared to quantified on-slope visibility measurements that were obtained using quantitative contrast and luminance measurements. The preliminary results support the objective measure as a tool to objectively quantify on-slope visibility and suggest additional cues skiers/snowboarders may be using to assess visibility. The methodology presented in this paper provides a first step in using software-based image analysis as a tool to predict conditions under which the likelihood of injuries may increase. Ultimately, resorts could use these data to develop methods of enhancing visibility on poorly lit runs before injuries occur.
Safety in Big Jumps: Relationship Between Landing Shape and Impact Energy Determined by Computer Simulation
Authors: Böhm Harald , Senner Veit
Published: September 2009

With the increasing popularity of freestyle skiing and snowboarding many ski resorts constructed their own terrain parks including several jumps, rails, and pipes. In order to prevent risks of high-impact injuries in jumping, an adequate construction of the landing hill is very important. In professional ski jumping this can be achieved by designing the landing area profile so that its curvature follows the flight path of the jumping athlete. Classical kicker shapes do not follow this principle. They consist of a ramp subsequently followed by a flat table and a descending landing area. Construction of these kickers is commonly made by trial and error. To make the construction process safer and reduce unnecessary risks, a guideline for save kicker construction based on multiple simplifications of the real situation was published in the literature. The purpose of this study was to investigate how this guideline applies to the situation in a real kicker. Two skiers and three snowboarders performed a total of eleven jumps on one expert's kicker (table length 17 m, transition angle 20°, and kick-off height 2.5 m). Computer simulations, based on the take-off velocities of the eleven jumps measured, were used to calculate the impact energy during landing on different table lengths combined with different landing slopes. If the jumper fails to adjust take-off velocity to account for the shorter deck length, the sum of the impact energies of the simulated jumps will increase dramatically at table lengths smaller than 15 m combined with a landing steepness greater than 20. The predictions based on the guideline (16 m table length and 33° landing steepness) are within a safe region. The guideline is therefore applicable for the experts kicker investigated.
Water Dispersible Granule Formulations Containing a New Defoaming Agent
Authors: Kirby Andrew F. , Lavranos Alice L. , Elsik Curtis M.
Published: September 2009

A common problem found when water dispersible granule (WG) formulations are dispersed in water is the generation of high levels of a persistent foam layer. This high level of foaming causes many difficulties for the users of WG products in agricultural sprays. The development of foam may cause spillage and loss of product as well as cause problems for tank mixing with other products. There is also a risk of uneven coverage of a spray solution containing foam, and the time taken for foam to subside can be inconvenient as well as lead to a risk of sedimentation of the suspended solid. The persistent foam problem in WG formulations is a direct consequence of the presence of a surfactant wetting agent (wetter) which is used in the formulation to aid immersion and dispersion of the granule in water and to help evenly distribute water throughout the powder matrix during manufacture of the formulation. Various approaches have been tried to overcome persistent foam in WG formulations in the past. These approaches include the use of tank-added defoaming agents, the inclusion of silicone and other common defoamer types in the formulation, and use of lower foaming wetters which are generally nonionic surfactants. These approaches have generally met with limited success or led to other difficulties. In many cases using enough of these defoaming additives to be effective in defoaming leads to reduced dispersion properties. One class of defoaming agent commonly used in WG formulations is the salts of long chain fatty acids, or soaps. These are, however, only moderately effective. It has now been found that the combination of fatty acid salts together with chelating agents and a polyacid polymer leads to greatly enhanced foam reduction. This improvement in defoaming comes with no additional loss of dispersion performance of the WG. The optimized defoaming blend is effective in WG formulations at a use rate of around 2 % by weight and can be used with all the commonly used types of surfactant wetting agents and dispersants in a wide range of active ingredients.
Glyphosate Adjuvant Formulation with Glycerin
Authors: Elsik Curtis M. , Stridde Howard M. , Tann R. Scott
Published: September 2009

The development of many crops with glyphosate tolerance has created a large demand for glyphosate herbicide formulations. Commercial aqueous solution glyphosate formulations usually contain a surfactant along with other formulation additives. The surfactant can function to help the spray solution wet the weed surface, and can also help potentiate the active ingredient. The other formulation ingredients usually include materials that function as humectants, antigelling agents, and antifreeze agents. Various traditional petrochemical derivatives have been used to achieve these effects. In this paper glycerin, a renewable natural material provides all of the nonsurfactant excipient properties. The advent of biodiesel production has created a surge in the production of glycerin. It has been found that this crude glycerin can be incorporated into commercial aqueous glyphosate formulations and can replace the traditional petrochemical derivative constituents. The glycerin functions as the humectant, antigelling agent, and antifreeze agent. This paper deals with the modifications and specifications necessary to achieve a suitable finished glyphosate product, as well as the performance results observed from field trials with the final formulation.
Managing Aldicarb Application with GPS/GIS Systems
Authors: Salyani Masoud , Miller William M. , Buchanon Sherrie , Sweeb Roy D.
Published: September 2009

Aldicarb is a soil-applied pesticide that is widely used to control certain insects, mites, and nematodes of citrus and other crops. However, due to its high toxicity and leaching potential into ground-water, many states regulate its application. In Florida, aldicarb applications require a 91.4-m buffer zone around all drinking water wells and 304.8 m around wells located in certain sandy soils. To positively control and monitor the discharge of aldicarb in field conditions, the feasibility of using several electronic control systems on the granular applicator was investigated. The project involved fabricating a prototype machine that featured both ground- and motor-driven mechanisms commonly used in commercial aldicarb applications. A ground-driven power train operated one-half of the metering wheel through an electric clutch and a pulse-width modulation (PWM) motor powered the other half. The machine was equipped with various controllers and electronic circuits. Three DGPS-based approaches were considered. The first level consisted of a DGPS antenna and a low-cost data logger. It could provide records including position information (latitude and longitude) and status of the PWM controller and electric clutch (ON/OFF of the discharge system) for monitoring purposes. The second system (mid-range cost) utilized a hand-held computer and variable-rate-application (VRA) software to input prescription maps and provide an operator real-time screen interface. With this system, it was possible to provide ON/OFF control of both discharge drives and generate as-applied maps. The third level (highest-cost) involved the use of a more sophisticated VRA controller comprising modular components and CAN bus system. It allowed detailed operator-machine interface and could input variable rate maps and output information on application rate, acreage, and total material usage. The paper elaborates on the above technology solutions and provides test results of their evaluation under simulated field conditions. Each system had certain merits and limitations but all were capable of providing useful temporal and spatial information for aldicarb application.
Compilation of Chemical Compositions and Rupture Strengths of Super-Strength Alloys
Authors: Simmons Ward F. , Metzger M. C.
Published: September 2009

This compilation lists the name, nominal chemical composition, characteristic rupture strengths for rupture in 100 and 1000 hr, and identifies the patentee, assignee, or developer for approximately 215 domestic and 160 foreign alloys. The compilation includes the ferritic (martensitic) alloys and age-hardening stainless steels. It does not include the conventional austenitic stainless steels.
Compilation of Chemical Compositions and Rupture Strengths of Super-Strength Alloys
Authors: Simmons Ward F. , Metzger M. C.
Published: September 2009

This compilation lists the name, nominal chemical composition, characteristic rupture strengths for rupture in 100 and 1000 hr, and patentee for approximately 163 domestic and 114 foreign alloys. The compilation includes the ferritic (martensitic) alloys and age-hardening stainless steels. It does not include the conventional austenitic stainless steels.
Applying C1601-06 “Standard Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration of Masonry Wall Surfaces” in Practice
Authors: Dalrymple Gerald A. , Whitlock A. Rhett
Published: September 2009

Water permeance of exterior masonry wall systems drives masonry restoration and repair design decisions from selection of flashing replacement to pointing to application of water repellents. ASTM C1601 was first issued in August 2004 and has not been used extensively in service by professionals to evaluate masonry wall surfaces. ASTM C1601 provides a standard method of measuring water permeance that can be used to evaluate existing wall surfaces prior to specifying repair methods and as a tool to evaluate the overall effectiveness of repair methods so that efficient repair options can be selected. This paper reviews the requirements of the test method, application of the test method and interpretation of test results. Historical test data are presented that illustrate use of the test method to evaluate wall systems and expected range of test results for existing and repaired wall systems that can be used to select appropriate repair procedures.
The Identification of Corrosion-Related Damage from Cramp Anchors in a Limestone-Clad Building Façade Using NDE Techniques
Authors: VanOcker David A. , Johnson Erin M. , Marcotte Tracy D.
Published: September 2009

A recent restoration project on a 100-year-old, limestone-clad building provided an opportunity to evaluate the efficacy of certain non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques in identifying corrosion-related distress of embedded cramp anchors. After decades of service, progressive corrosion of the anchors had caused limestone delaminations and spalls, and presented a life-safety risk when fragments of limestone became dislodged and fell from the façade. Adding to this risk, it became clear early in the investigation that for certain areas of corrosion damage, stone cracking was not apparent on the surface or was otherwise difficult to detect. In an attempt to identify these pre-emergent cracks and delaminations, a range of NDE methods was considered to supplement the traditional techniques of visual identification and sounding. Of the NDE techniques implemented (i.e., ultrasonic pulse velocity surveys, infrared thermographic scans), infrared thermographic scans proved to be the more effective diagnostic tool to locate pre-emergent cracking and delamination sites, and showed promise as an early detection technique for similar buildings.
Proposed Procedure for Determination of Precision of Committee D-19 Methods
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

Each method of analysis, determination, or measurement requires a statement of the precision attainable by the method. For Committee D-19 methods, this statement must conform with the definition of precision in the Definitions of Terms Relating to Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water (ASTM Designation: D 1129). This means that the task group proposing a new or revised method must carry out suitably planned trials from which the precision (over-all, estimated standard deviation) of the method can be calculated. This method provides general guidance to task groups in planning and conducting such a determination of precision. Distribution of identical, stable samples is essential for this general plan; suggestions for methods for which such samples are impossible are given at the end of this procedure. Considerable pilot work on a method must precede the determination of its precision. This pilot work should explore such variables as reaction time and temperature, concentration of reagents, interferences, calibration, and sample size. All potentially significant factors must be prescribed and controlled closely in advance because cooperative identification and definition of them can be expensive. Disregard of such factors may introduce so much variation among co-operators that results are misleading or inconclusive. Only after a proposed method has been tried, proved, and reduced to unequivocal written form should a determination of its precision be attempted. The measure of precision that is sought is the over-all or total standard deviation of the results yielded by a method. Since no method can be tried in all conceivable applications, the standard deviation calculated from the results of any planned program can be only an estimate of the universe standard deviation. For this reason the symbol s (sample standard deviation) is used here. The total standard deviation, sT, of the planned sample is the result of many sources of variation—both recognized and unknown. The mathematical relationship is: sT2=sA2+sC2+sO2+sL2…+sX2 where the subscripts have the following significance: T = total, A = apparatus, C = cooperating laboratory, O = operator, L = level, and X = unknown.
D 514 - 47 Standard Method of Test for Hydroxide Ion in Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method covers the volumetric, differential titration of hydroxide ion. It is intended primarily for alkaline industrial waters, like boiler feedwaters and boiler waters, but is also applicable to industrial waste waters where interferences are not excessive.
D 516 - 59 T Tentative Methods of Test for Sulfate Ion in Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) These methods cover the determination of sulfate ion in industrial water and industrial waste water. Three methods are given as follows: (b) The Referee method is a primary-measure of sulfate ion in all industrial water. The Non-referee methods are less time-consuming but often more liable to interference than the Referee method. They are particularly useful in the lower sulfate range, below 20ppmSO4−−.
D 1127 - 50 T Tentative Methods of Test for Sodium and Potassium in Industrial Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

These methods cover the determination of sodium and potassium in industrial water. Flame photometric methods for these ions in industrial water and water-formed deposits are given in the Methods of Test for Sodium and Potassium Ions in Industrial Water and Water-Formed Deposits by Flame Photometry (ASTM Designation: D 1428).
D 1192 - 51 T Tentative Specifications for Equipment for Sampling Industrial Water and Steam
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

These specifications cover the basic requirements for equipment to be used for the collection of samples of industrial water and steam and for their handling from the time they are taken to the time of analysis.
D 1193 - 56 Standard Specifications for Reagent Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) These specifications cover requirements for water suitable for use in methods of chemical analysis and physical testing. Two grades of reagent water are specified: Referee Reagent Water Non-Referee Reagent Water (b) Reagent water may be prepared by distillation, by condensation of commercial steam, or by use of a suitable demineralization (cation and anion removal) process. (c) Referee reagent water is suitable for operations in referee analysis. Non-referee reagent water is suitable for use in general laboratory testing.
D 1252 - 60 Standard Method of Test for Chemical Oxygen Demand (Dichromate Oxygen Demand) of Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) This method describes a procedure for determining the quantity of oxygen which an industrial waste water will consume from a dichromate solution under specified conditions. (b) This method for chemical oxygen demand is recommended as a supplement to the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) test, but not as a substitute for it (Note 1). Note 1.—In spite of weaknesses inherent in a biological assay, the biochemical oxygen demand (B0D) is the only test which indicates directly the quantity of oxygen that will be utilized by natural agencies in stabilizing or ganic matter. However, the test for chemical oxygen demand (COD) may be used in evaluating the treatment and control of industrial waste water, and may be correlated with the BOD. Since these tests, COD and BOD, are not uniformly effective in oxidizing organic chemical compounds, there is no inherent constant relationship between the results of these tests for all industrial waste waters. If the basic composition of an industrial waste water continues to be relatively uniform, a fairly constant correlation may be expected between these parameters. (c) This method can be applied to individual concentrated industrial wastes and to the combined effluents from a chemical plant. Ferrous iron, nitrites, sulfites, Sulfides, halides, etc., are oxidized as well as organic constituents. Chlorides are quantitatively oxidized by this method, with 1 ppm of chloride as Cl− exerting the equivalent of 0.226 ppm chemical oxygen demand. Therefore, small amounts of organic matter cannot be reliably determined in the presence of a high chloride content, such as would be found in sea water. Furthermore, low results may be obtained under certain conditions, since not all organic compounds are completely oxidized (see Section 10).
D 1254 - 60 Standard Method of Test for Nitrite Ion in Industrial Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method covers a colorimetric procedure for the determination of nitrite ion. The method is applicable to industrial waters, except those highly polluted, that contain not more than approximately 0.5 ppm nitrite.
D 1255 - 59 Standard Method of Test for Sulfides in Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) This method covers a non-referee colorimetric procedure for the determination of total sulfides, dissolved sulfides, and hydrogen sulfide in industrial water and industrial waste water. (b) The method may be applied to the analysis of industrial waste water containing sulfide ion concentrations from 0.1 to 20 ppm. Greater concentrations of sulfide ion may result in color inhibition. However, this method may be applied to the analysis of water containing more than 20 ppm of sulfide ion by diluting the sample and correcting the final results to compensate for such dilution.
D 1291 - 57 Standard Method of Test for Chlorine Requirement of Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) This method describes a procedure for determining the quantity of chlorine required to obtain a specific objective in the treatment by chlorination of industrial water, including industrial waste water. (b) This method can be applied to all types of industrial water, including solutions of individual concentrated industrial wastes, and to the combined waste water effluents from an industrial plant. (c) This method is recommended as a means of establishing, prior to possible plant application, the quantity of chlorine required to achieve any of the following objectives: (1) Elimination of pathogens in the water, (2) Destruction or modification of decomposable organic substances so as to reduce the biochemical oxygen demand of the water, (3) Elimination or reduction of taste and odors in the water, (4) Separation of grease in waste water by eliminating the protective colloidal effect of proteins present, and (5) Destruction or modification of substances in the waste water that react directly with oxygen, such as ammonia, cyanates, cyanides, ferrous iron, nitrites, phenol, phosphorus, sulfides, sulfites, thiocyanates, and other oxidizable constituents.
D 1340 - 60 Standard Method of Test for Oily Matter in Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method covers the determination of oily matter content of industrial waste water. Note 1.—The Joint Committee on Uniformity of Methods of Water Examination has concluded that uniformity of methods for the determination of grease and oily matter is not practical on the basis of present technical knowledge. Commonly used solvents are hexane, petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride. These solvents exert selective extraction of specific greases and oily constituents. In addition, nonoily materials, such as phenolic type material and colloidal sulfur, are selectively extracted to varying degrees by these solvents. The selectivity of extraction is affected by the sample-to-solvent ratio. Oily matter and grease may be of mineral, animal, or vegetable origin. The solvent action exerted on material of such different chemical structure will vary to a marked degree. Thus application of a test method for oily matter or grease to such materials will necessarily produce a variety of results depending on the solvent used. In one case, a solvent may be an excellent extractant of mineral oil and a poor extractant of vegetable oil. In another case, a second solvent may be a poor extractant for mineral oil but excellent for extracting vegetable oil. The definition of grease and oily matter by necessity is based on the procedure used because of the above considerations. The source of the grease or oily matter, the solvent used, the sample-to-solvent ratio, the pH of the sample, and the inclusion of nonoily matter will dictate the material determined and influence the interpretation of the results obtained.
D 1496 - 57 T Tentative Methods of Sampling Homogeneous Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) These methods cover the sampling at atmospheric or higher pressures of homogeneous industrial waste water for physical and chemical tests. (b) These methods are applicable to sampling homogeneous industrial waste water from sources such as pipe lines and conduits, processing tanks and vats, spray ponds, towers, and filters, at atmospheric or higher pressures for chemical or physical tests. Certain test methods require special handling of samples. For additional information refer to sampling methods governing such test methods. (c) Normal variations in processes and in equipment from plant to plant preclude the possibility of specifying standard methods of sampling that are applicable in all cases. Definite principles have, however, been established as a basis for the formulation of procedures for sampling that are applicable in general and probably applicable in most specific cases. Where modifications of these procedures are necessary, they may be made by the exercise of trained judgment in each individual case. (d) Changes that may be necessary in these procedures under specific circumstances may be made in any particular case by mutual agreement of the parties concerned.
D 1497 - 57 T Tentative Method of Test for Iron in High-Purity Industrial Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method covers the determination of iron in high-purity industrial water. It is specifically applicable to the determination of low concentrations of iron (200 ppb and under) in industrial water, particularly high-purity water, and steam condensate.
D 1591 - 58 T Tentative Method of Test for Effect of Water in Tubular Heat Exchangers
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method covers the determination of the tendency of an industrial water to cause corrosion or to form deposits when flowing through a metallic tube in a heat exchanger.
D 1689 - 59 T Tentative Method of Test for Silica in High-Purity Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method covers the photometric determination of soluble silica in high-purity water, such as steam condensate, effluent from silica-removing ion-exchange beds, or any other high-purity water whose silica content does not exceed 1000 ppb. Note 1.—Samples containing more than 1000 ppb silica should be analyzed by one of the procedures described in the Methods of Test for Silica in Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water (ASTM Designation: D 859).
D 1782 - 60 T Tentative Method of Test for Operating Performance of Cation-Exchange Materials—Sodium Cycle
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method covers the determination of the operating capacity of cation-exchange materials when used for the removal of calcium and magnesium ions from industrial water. It is designed to simulate operating conditions on a sodium cycle and is intended for use in testing both new and used materials.
In Planta Mutagenesis Determines the Functional Regions of the Wheat Puroindoline Proteins
Authors: Feiz Leila , Beecher Brian S , Martin John M , Giroux Michael J
Published: September 2009

In planta analysis of protein function in a crop plant could lead to improvements in understanding protein structure/function relationships as well as selective agronomic or end product quality improvements. The requirements for successful in planta analysis are a high mutation rate, an efficient screening method, and a trait with high heritability. Two ideal targets for functional analysis are the Puroindoline a and Puroindoline b (Pina and Pinb, respectively) genes, which together compose the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Ha locus that controls grain texture and many wheat end-use properties. Puroindolines (PINs) together impart soft texture, and mutations in either PIN result in hard seed texture. Studies of the PINs' mode of action are limited by low allelic variation. To create new Pin alleles and identify critical function-determining regions, Pin point mutations were created in planta via EMS treatment of a soft wheat. Grain hardness of 46 unique PIN missense alleles was then measured using segregating F2:F3 populations. The impact of individual missense alleles upon PIN function, as measured by grain hardness, ranged from neutral (74%) to intermediate to function abolishing. The percentage of function-abolishing mutations among mutations occurring in both PINA and PINB was higher for PINB, indicating that PINB is more critical to overall Ha function. This is contrary to expectations in that PINB is not as well conserved as PINA. All function-abolishing mutations resulted from structure-disrupting mutations or from missense mutations occurring near the Tryptophan-rich region. This study demonstrates the feasibility of in planta functional analysis of wheat proteins and that the Tryptophan-rich region is the most important region of both PINA and PINB.
A Combinatorial Interplay Among the 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Isoforms Regulates Ethylene Biosynthesis inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Tsuchisaka Atsunari , Yu Guixia , Jin Hailing , Alonso Jose M , Ecker Joseph R , Zhang Xiaoming , Gao Shang , Theologis Athanasios
Published: September 2009

Ethylene (C2H4) is a unique plant-signaling molecule that regulates numerous developmental processes. The key enzyme in the two-step biosynthetic pathway of ethylene is 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS), which catalyzes the conversion of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) to ACC, the precursor of ethylene. To understand the function of this important enzyme, we analyzed the entire family of nine ACS isoforms (ACS1, ACS2, ACS4-9, and ACS11) encoded in the Arabidopsis genome. Our analysis reveals that members of this protein family share an essential function, because individual ACS genes are not essential for Arabidopsis viability, whereas elimination of the entire gene family results in embryonic lethality. Phenotypic characterization of single and multiple mutants unmasks unique but overlapping functions of the various ACS members in plant developmental events, including multiple growth characteristics, flowering time, response to gravity, disease resistance, and ethylene production. Ethylene acts as a repressor of flowering by regulating the transcription of the FLOWERING LOCUS C. Each single and high order mutant has a characteristic molecular phenotype with unique and overlapping gene expression patterns. The expression of several genes involved in light perception and signaling is altered in the high order mutants. These results, together with the in planta ACS interaction map, suggest that ethylene-mediated processes are orchestrated by a combinatorial interplay among ACS isoforms that determines the relative ratio of homo- and heterodimers (active or inactive) in a spatial and temporal manner. These subunit isoforms comprise a combinatorial code that is a central regulator of ethylene production during plant development. The lethality of the null ACS mutant contrasts with the viability of null mutations in key components of the ethylene signaling apparatus, strongly supporting the view that ACC, the precursor of ethylene, is a primary regulator of plant growth and development.
Interlock Formation and Coiling of Meiotic Chromosome Axes During Synapsis
Authors: Wang Chung-Ju Rachel , Carlton Peter M , Golubovskaya Inna N , Cande W Zacheus
Published: September 2009

The meiotic prophase chromosome has a unique architecture. At the onset of leptotene, the replicated sister chromatids are organized along an axial element. During zygotene, as homologous chromosomes pair and synapse, a synaptonemal complex forms via the assembly of a transverse element between the two axial elements. However, due to the limitations of light and electron microscopy, little is known about chromatin organization with respect to the chromosome axes and about the spatial progression of synapsis in three dimensions. Three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM) is a new method of superresolution optical microscopy that overcomes the 200-nm diffraction limit of conventional light microscopy and reaches a lateral resolution of at least 100 nm. Using 3D-SIM and antibodies against a cohesin protein (AFD1/REC8), we resolved clearly the two axes that form the lateral elements of the synaptonemal complex. The axes are coiled around each other as a left-handed helix, and AFD1 showed a bilaterally symmetrical pattern on the paired axes. Using the immunostaining of the axial element component (ASY1/HOP1) to find unsynapsed regions, entangled chromosomes can be easily detected. At the late zygotene/early pachytene transition, about one-third of the nuclei retained unsynapsed regions and 78% of these unsynapsed axes were associated with interlocks. By late pachytene, no interlocks remain, suggesting that interlock resolution may be an important and rate-limiting step to complete synapsis. Since interlocks are potentially deleterious if left unresolved, possible mechanisms for their resolution are discussed in this article.