bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Removal of Mn
2+
in geothermal water by manganese sand: process and mechanisms
Authors: Feng Wenchao , Wu Jun , Lu Jian
Published: January 2022

Geothermal water resources are being exploited widely in many areas to relieve pressure on water resources generally. Excessive Mn
2+
concentration in geothermal water will seriously reduce its utilization rate. Therefore, this study investigated the removal of Mn
2+
from simulated geothermal water by manganese sand. The Mn
2+
removal rate from simulated water with a concentration of 10 mg l
−1
by 2 g manganese sand at 298, 323, 343 and 363 K was more than 90%. The removal efficiency of Mn
2+
is influenced by adsorbent dosage, adsorbent particle size, initial Mn
2+
concentration and competing ions, and less so by a pH of 5–9. A pseudo-first-order kinetic model fits the adsorption data better than a pseudo-second-order model. The pseudo-first-order adsorption rate constants (K
1
) ranged from 0.14 to 0.5 h
−1
as the temperature increased from 298 to 363 K. The Langmuir isotherm model fits the adsorption data better than the Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities (
q
m
) obtained by the Langmuir isotherm model fitting were 0.91/1.02/1.22/1.23 mg g
–1
at 298/323/343/363 K. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption was endothermic and physical in nature. These findings suggest that the potential of manganese sand for removing Mn
2+
in geothermal water is considerable.

Thematic collection:
This article is part of the Hydrochemistry related to exploration and environmental issues collection available at:
https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/hydrochemistry-related-to-exploration-and-environmental-issues
Capacity Scaling Augmented With Unreliable Machine Learning Predictions
Authors: Rutten Daan , Mukherjee Debankur
Published: January 2022

Modern data centers suffer from immense power consumption. As a result, data center operators have heavily invested in capacity scaling solutions, which dynamically deactivate servers if the demand is low and activate them again when the workload increases. We analyze a continuoustime model for capacity scaling, where the goal is to minimize the weighted sum of flow-time, switching cost, and power consumption in an online fashion. We propose a novel algorithm, called the Adaptive Balanced Capacity Scaling (ABCS) algorithm, that has access to black-box machine learning predictions. ABCS aims to adapt to the predictions and is also robust against unpredictable surges in the workload. In particular, we prove that the ABCS algorithm is (1 + ")-competitive if the predictions are accurate, and yet, it has a uniformly bounded competitive ratio even if the predictions are completely inaccurate.
Electrodeposition of Silicon from Molten KCl-K2SiF6 for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Trofimov A. A. , Leonova A. M. , Leonova N. M. , Gevel T. A.
Published: January 2022

In this paper we report characteristics and electrochemical properties of silicon fibers used as lithium-ion battery anode. All samples were synthesized by potentiostatic electrodeposition from molten KCl–K2SiF6. From molten KCl–CsCl–K2SiF6 deposition was carried out in galvanostatic mode. Despite the synthesis in inert atmosphere and absence of oxygen containing compounds in the melt resulting silicon after washing contains at least 15 at% oxygen. Silicon fibers synthesized at −250 mV (vs Si) were the thinnest with diameter as small as 100 nm; average fiber length increased with increasing overvoltage. Addition of CsCl to the melt results in decrease of the average fibers diameter. Silicon fibers synthesized at −250 mV (vs Si) in KCl–K2SiF6 melt showed the best cycling performance with capacity of 1030 mAh·g−1 at 0.2 A·g−1 discharge current and capacity of 715 mAh·g−1 after 10 cycles. Lithium diffusion coefficients calculated from galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) are common for silicon-based anode. The highest initial diffusion coefficient value of 6.68·10−11 cm2·s−1 was achieved for silicon synthesized from melt with addition of CsCl. Low capacity and rapid capacity fading for all samples can be caused by high silicon dioxide content, further treatment of synthesized silicon is necessary to achieve higher performance.
Battery-like supercapacitive behavior of urchin-shaped NiCo2O4 and comparison with NiCo2X4 (X = S, Se, Te)
Authors: Aparna M. L. , Thomas Tiju , Rao G. Ranga
Published: January 2022

Bimetallic chalcogenides are promising as potential electrode materials for supercapacitors on account of their multiple oxidation states and better electroactivity. Anion effect on the electrochemical performance of urchin-shaped NiCo2X4, (X = O, S, Se, Te) is reported here. These materials crystallize in spinel cubic and monoclinic phases. Electron micrographs show that the materials possess a nanorod-like morphology that protrude from surfaces of microspheres. This gives it urchin-like appearance. Their structure enables ion permeability allowing for improved charge-discharge kinetics. The specific capacities obtained from 3-electrode electrochemical cell measurements are 137 mAh g−1 (492 C g−1), 108 mAh g−1 (390 C g−1), 76 mAh g−1 (272 C g−1) and 72 mAh g−1 (258 C g−1), respectively, for NiCo2O4, NiCo2S4, NiCo2Se4, and NiCo2Te4 at 2 A g−1. An asymmetric Swagelok device is fabricated for each chalcogenide material. Due to well-defined morphology and sufficient specific surface area, NiCo2O4 proved to be the best material delivering a maximum energy density of 34 Wh kg−1 and power density of 6 kW kg−1 followed by NiCo2Te4 delivering 22 Wh kg−1 and 11.25 kW kg−1. Higher electrical conductivity of the telluride-based materials makes them efficient supercapacitor electrodes. Selenium-based materials display better cyclic stability owing to the monoclinic phase.
Automated cross-sectional analysis of trained, severely atrophied, and recovering rat skeletal muscles using MyoVision 2.0
Authors: Viggars Mark R. , Wen Yuan , Peterson Charlotte A. , Jarvis Jonathan C.
Published: January 2022

We introduce new models for studying fiber-type-specific myonuclear dynamics in muscle training, detraining, retraining, disuse, and recovery. We show that the various fiber types do not respond identically and that myonuclear number changes during adaptation. We also critically assess an updated version of MyoVision automated image analysis software to quantify whole muscle immunofluorescent microscopical images in a faster and less computer intensive manner. MyoVision remains open source and freely available with more user-controlled features.
An Improved Model to Calculate Pullback Force of Trenchless Horizontal Directional Drilling Pipeline
Authors: Liang Xiao-qiang , Hu Da , Li Yong-suo , Yang Xian , Jiang Lei , Zhang Yun-yi
Published: January 2022

In the pullback operation of horizontal directional drilling pipeline crossing, the existing calculation and prediction models of pullback force are relatively simple. Each pullback force maze greatly simplifies the wellbore trajectory and fails to make a detailed analysis of the pipeline stress and external resistance when the pipeline is pulled back in each characteristic trajectory area. The factors considered are relatively simple. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the calculation method of pullback force. This paper aims to establish an improved model, enhancing the earth pressure calculation method of unloading arch and winch calculation method, and carries out an example calculation of the improved formula. Therefore, it is necessary to study the pullback process of horizontal directional drilling pipeline. Firstly, this paper analyzes the calculation method of pullback force in horizontal directional drilling; studies the calculation formula and principle of common pullback force through examples; obtains the advantages, disadvantages, and applicable scope of different formulas; and improves the calculation model of pullback force and step resistance. The numerical simulation of the step crossing process is carried out, and the variation law of local stress and strain of the pipeline and relevant conclusions are obtained. The results show that the estimates of the winch calculation method are close to the actual pullback load of the project. The earth pressure calculation method of the unloading arch and the winch calculation method are improved, and a more stable and reliable calculation formula is obtained, which provides more valuable calculation data for the actual project. In the process of pullback, the pipeline will encounter step resistance after passing through the soft and hard staggered stratum, which will suddenly increase the increment of pipeline pullback force and lead to engineering accidents. If the pullback load suddenly increases and then decreases, it may encounter similar pipeline collision accidents. At the same time, emergency measures can be taken to prevent the crossing accident and ensure the safe pullback of the pipeline.
Application of Intelligent Paradigm through Neural Networks for Numerical Solution of Multiorder Fractional Differential Equations
Authors: Khan Naveed Ahmad , Ibrahim Khalaf Osamah , Andrés Tavera Romero Carlos , Sulaiman Muhammad , Bakar Maharani A.
Published: January 2022

In this study, the intelligent computational strength of neural networks (NNs) based on the backpropagated Levenberg-Marquardt (BLM) algorithm is utilized to investigate the numerical solution of nonlinear multiorder fractional differential equations (FDEs). The reference data set for the design of the BLM-NN algorithm for different examples of FDEs are generated by using the exact solutions. To obtain the numerical solutions, multiple operations based on training, validation, and testing on the reference data set are carried out by the design scheme for various orders of FDEs. The approximate solutions by the BLM-NN algorithm are compared with analytical solutions and performance based on mean square error (MSE), error histogram (EH), regression, and curve fitting. This further validates the accuracy, robustness, and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
Measurement of Urinary Triclocarban and 2,4‐Dichlorophenol Concentration and Their Relationship with Obesity and Predictors of Cardiovascular Diseases among Children and Adolescents in Kerman, Iran
Authors: Nasab Habibeh , Mirzaee Moghaddameh , Hashemi Majid , Rajabi Saeed
Published: January 2022

Exposure to Endocrine‐Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) at an early age can lead to chronic diseases. 2,4‐Dichlorophenol (2,4‐DCP) and Triclocarban (TCC) are among EDCs that disrupt the endocrine system and alter the body's metabolism. In the present study, the hypothesis that exposure to 2,4‐DCP and TCC affects obesity and predictors of cardiovascular diseases was investigated. Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), Low‐Density Lipoprotein (LDL), High‐Density Lipoprotein (HDL (tests were performed on 79 children and adolescents. Also, blood pressure, Body Mass Index (BMI), and BMI z‐score were measured to examine the hypothesis. Urinary concentrations of TCC and 2,4‐DCP were measured by Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Mean concentrations of TCC and 2,4‐DCP (µg/L) were higher in obese individuals (5.50 ± 2.35, 0.29 ± 0.13, respectively). After adjusting for possible confounding factors, the results showed an increase in TCC concentration among girls and a decrease in 2,4‐DCP among boys with increasing age. The 2,4‐DCP concentration among girls increased by 0.007 and 0.01 units with a one‐unit increase in Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) and FBS, respectively. There was a significant relationship between TCC and TG (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.02, p‐value = 0.007), LDL (OR = 1.05, p‐value = 0.003), and HDL (OR = 0.88, p‐value = 0.002). There was also a significant relationship between 2,4‐DCP and TG (OR = 1.02, p‐value = 0.002), LDL (OR = 1.12, p‐value = 0.007), and HDL (OR = 0.92, p‐value = 0.02). Exposure to TCC and 2,4‐DCP can increase some heart risk factors and increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and obesity. However, to confirm the results of the present study, it is necessary to conduct further studies, such as cohort and case‐control studies, with a larger sample size to examine the causal relationships.
Sports Achievement Prediction and Influencing Factors Analysis Combined with Deep Learning Model
Authors: Zhou Qi
Published: January 2022

Scientific sports training plans are only possible if you can accurately predict a player's performance. Accurate prediction of sporting performance not only is useful for athletes, but also helps to guide the development of sports. Research methods used in traditional forecasting include the time series method, analogy method, regression analysis, and other methods of analysis. Most of the data used to make these projections are derived from a relatively small set of static problems. A sports performance prediction model based on deep learning is proposed to address the current model's low prediction accuracy. Deep learning models are more accurate at predicting sports performance than traditional methods, and the difference between the two is greater in this study. Also, it performs well when it comes to both convergence and robustness.
BMI, Blood Pressure, and Plasma Lipids among Centenarians and Their Offspring
Authors: Hai Peng-Cheng , Yao Dong-Xiao , Zhao Rui , Dong Chen , Saymuah Sara , Pan Yue-Song , Gu Zhi-Feng , Wang Yi-Long , Wang Chen , Gao Jian-Lin
Published: January 2022

Background. The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is increasing substantially due to population growth and aging. Determining effective prevention and understanding the underlying mechanisms remain desirable pursuits for increasing the quality of life. As centenarians and their offspring may have genetic advantages, they may present with healthier cardiovascular-related profiles. Methods. We launched a cross-sectional household-based survey of centenarian families, including 253 centenarians, 217 centenarian offspring, and 116 offspring spouses without centenarian parents from county-level Chinese longevity city Rugao. Among offspring and offspring spouses were the following arrangements: 101 paired offspring and offspring spouses who lived together, 116 unpaired offspring, and 16 unpaired spouses. We investigated their cardiovascular-related health status including waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and plasma lipids and compared results among centenarians, centenarian offspring, and offspring spouses. Results. Centenarians ranged from 99 to 109 years with a median age of 100 years. Centenarian offspring, with a median age of 70 years, and offspring spouses, with a median age of 69 years, shared similar age. Results of blood pressure, plasma lipid levels, and BMI displayed no significant difference between centenarian offspring and offspring spouses. However, centenarians appeared to have lower waist circumference, BMI, TC, LDL-C, TG, and diastolic blood pressure but higher levels of systolic blood pressure (

p
<
0.05

). Multivariate analysis showed the prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia was similar between centenarian offspring and offspring spouses, while centenarians appeared to have a lower prevalence of obesity and a higher prevalence of hypertension (

p
<
0.05

). Conclusions. Centenarians and centenarian offspring did not present healthier BMI, blood pressure, or plasma lipids than offspring spouses. Further research on longevity and cardiovascular diseases are desirable.
The Role of CD147 in Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy Is Regulated by Glycosylation
Authors: Zhong Fang-yuan , Zhao Yi-chao , Zhao Chen-xu , Gu Zhi-chun , Lu Xi-yuan , Jiang Wen-long , Gao Ling-chen , Li Wen-li , Qin Zi-han , Ge Heng , Pu Jun
Published: January 2022

CD147, also known as EMMPRIN or basigin, is a transmembrane glycoprotein receptor that activates matrix metalloproteinases and promotes inflammation. CD147 function is regulated by posttranslational modifications of which glycosylation has attracted the most attention. In this study, we demonstrated that glycosylated CD147 was the dominant form in heart tissue, and its levels were markedly elevated in response to transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Adeno-associated virus 9-mediated, cardiac-specific overexpression of wild-type CD147 in mice significantly promoted pressure overload-induced pathological cardiac remodeling accompanied by augmented oxidative stress and ferroptosis. By contrast, mutations of CD147 glycosylation sites notably weakened these detrimental effects of CD147. Mechanistically, CD147 exacerbated TAC-induced pathological cardiac remodeling via direct binding with the adaptor molecule TRAF2 and subsequent activation of TAK1 signalling, which was dependent on glycosylation of CD147. Collectively, our findings provide the first evidence that CD147 promoted pathological cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in a glycosylation-dependent manner through binding the adaptor protein TRAF2 and activating the downstream TRAF2-TAK1 signalling pathway. Thus, glycosylation of CD147 may be a potent interventional target for heart failure treatment.
Long Memory and Fractality in the Universe of Volatility Indices
Authors: Ghosh Bikramaditya , Bouri Elie
Published: January 2022

Unlike previous studies that consider the Chicago Board of Options Exchange (CBOE) implied volatility index (VIX), we examine long memory and fractality in the universe of nine CBOE volatility indices. Using daily data from October 5, 2007, to October 5, 2020, covering calm and crisis periods, we find evidence of long memory and fractality in all indices and a change in the degree of volatility persistence, which points to inefficiency. The long memory of the SKEW index is strong before the onset of three crisis periods, but eases afterwards. The findings provide new insights that matter to investment decisions and trading strategies.
Phytochemical Analysis, α-Glucosidase and Amylase Inhibitory, and Molecular Docking Studies on Persicaria hydropiper L. Leaves Essential Oils
Authors: Mahnashi Mater H. , Alqahtani Yahya S. , Alyami Bandar A. , Alqarni Ali O. , Ayaz Muhammad , Ghufran Mehreen , Ullah Farhat , Sadiq Abdul , Ullah Ihsan , Haq Ikram Ul , Khalid Mohammad , Murthy H. C. Ananda
Published: January 2022

Objective. Medicinal plants and essentials oils are well known for diverse biological activities including antidiabetic potential. This study was designed to isolate essential oils from the leaves of Persicaria hydropiper L. (P. hydropiper), perform its phytochemical analysis, and explore its in vitro antidiabetic effects. Materials and Methods. P. hydropiper leaves essential oils (Ph.Los) were extracted using a hydrodistillation apparatus and were subjected to phytochemical analysis using the gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Ph.Lo was tested against two vital enzymes including α-glucosidase and α-amylase which are important targets in type-2 diabetes. The identified compounds were tested using in silico approaches for their binding affinities against the enzyme targets using MOE-Dock software. Results. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 141 compounds among which dihydro-alpha-ionone, cis-geranylacetone, α-bulnesene, nerolidol, β-caryophyllene epoxide, and decahydronaphthalene were the most abundant compounds. Ph.Lo exhibited considerable inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase enzyme with 70% inhibition at 1000 μg mL−1 which was the highest tested concentration. The inhibitory activity of positive control acarbose was 77.30 ± 0.61% at the same tested concentration. Ph.Lo and acarbose exhibited IC50 of 170 and 18 µg mL−1 correspondingly. Furthermore, dose-dependent inhibitions were observed for Ph.Lo against α-amylase enzyme with an IC50 of 890 μg mL−1. The top-ranked docking conformation was observed for β-caryophyllene epoxide with a docking score of -8.3182 against α-glucosidase, and it has established seven hydrogen bonds and one H-pi interaction at the active site residues (Phe 177, Glu 276, Arg 312, Asp 349, Gln 350, Asp 408, and Arg 439). Majority of the identified compounds fit well in the binding pocket of Tyr 62, Asp 197, Glu 233, Asp 300, His 305, and Ala 307 active residues of α-amylase. β-Caryophyllene epoxide was found to be the most active inhibitor with a docking score of -8.3050 and formed five hydrogen bonds at the active site residues of α-amylase. Asp 197, Glu 233, and Asp 300 active residues were observed to be making polar interactions with the ligand. Conclusions. The current study revealed that Ph.Lo is rich in bioactive metabolites which might contribute to its enzyme inhibitory potential. Inhibition of these enzymes is the key target in reducing postprandial hyperglycemia. However, further detailed in vivo studies are required for their biological and therapeutic activities.
Ostrowski Type Inequalities for
s
-Convex Functions via
q
-Integrals
Authors: Khan Khuram Ali , Ditta Allah , Nosheen Ammara , Awan Khalid Mahmood , Mabela Rostin Matendo
Published: January 2022

The new outcomes of the present paper are

q

-analogues (

q

stands for quantum calculus) of Hermite-Hadamard type inequality, Montgomery identity, and Ostrowski type inequalities for

s

-convex mappings. Some new bounds of Ostrowski type functionals are obtained by using Hölder, Minkowski, and power mean inequalities via quantum calculus. Special cases of new results include existing results from the literature.
Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity of a New Ferruginan A from Olea ferruginea: In Vitro and In Silico Studies
Authors: Shah Zafar Ali , Mujawah Adil A. H. , Ullah Irfan , Rauf Abdur , Rashid Umer , Khalil Anees Ahmed , Shah Syed Muhammad Mukarram , Pervaiz Aini , Shaheen Farzana , Al-Awthan Yahya S. , Qureshi Muhammad Nasimullah , Al-Duais Mohammed A. , Bahattab Omar , Almarhoon Zainab M. , Mabkhot Yahia N. , Mubarak Mohammad S.
Published: January 2022

Studies of the ethyl acetate extract bark extract of Olea ferruginea led to the isolation of one new compound Ferruginan A (1) in addition to two known compounds, Ferruginan (2) and cycloolivil (3). Structures of the isolated compounds were confirmed by mass spectrometry (MS) and NMR spectral data. The ethyl acetate fraction and compounds (1–3) were evaluated against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and as antioxidants using the free radical scavenging assay. Results revealed that compound 2 exhibits significant antioxidant activity with an

I

C

50

value of 21.74 μg/mL. In addition, the ethyl acetate fraction showed good cytotoxic activity (79.31% inhibition at 250 μg/mL), whereas compounds 1–3 exerted mild cytotoxic activity (

I

C

50

=
8.03
–
12.01
 
μ
g
/
mL

) as compared to the standard (

I

C

50

=
4.41
 
μ
g
/
mL

) against MCF-7. Docking studies suggested that antioxidant activity is due to the chelation of compounds with copper present in the active site of tyrosinase. These results suggest that the extract exhibits considerable antioxidant activity, and the isolated compounds exert moderate anticancer activity.
Commutators of Pseudodifferential Operators on Weighted Hardy Spaces
Authors: Deng Yu-long
Published: January 2022

In this paper, we establish an endpoint estimate for the commutator, [b, T], of a class of pseudodifferential operators T with symbols in Hörmander class . In particular, there exists a nontrivial subspace of such that, when b belongs to this subspace, the commutators [b, T] is bounded from into , which we extend the well‐known result of Calderón‐Zygmund operators.
Construction and Application of Economic Management Fuzzy Decision Model Based on Fuzzy Relevance Method
Authors: Ouyang Zhaoying
Published: January 2022

Fuzzy mathematics has been used more and more extensively and deeply in various fields since its emergence, and it has been more and more recognized. However, there is less research on fuzzy mathematics in the field of economic management. This paper attempts to introduce fuzzy theories and methods into economic management. On the premise of introducing fuzzy decision‐making theories and methods, several fuzzy theories and methods that are commonly used in economic management are given. The fuzzy correlation method of economic phenomena is proposed, and the method is used to study the correlation between economic phenomena. Besides, this paper also uses fuzzy methods to analyze the relationship between economic phenomena—fuzzy relevance, and uses fuzzy two‐way decision‐making methods to carry out economic management and decision‐making so that the decision‐making results are more reasonable, scientific, and operability. In addition, this paper rationally explains the phenomena and laws existing in economic activities from a fuzzy perspective and gives models for fuzzy inference, diagnosis, and production decision‐making, which have important meaning and profound theoretical value and practical value.
Neonatal Resuscitation Practices in Europe: A Survey of the Union of European Neonatal and Perinatal Societies
Authors: Trevisanuto Daniele , Gizzi Camilla , Gagliardi Luigi , Ghirardello Stefano , Di Fabio Sandra , Beke Artur , Buonocore Giuseppe , Charitou Antonia , Cucerea Manuela , Degtyareva Marina V. , Filipović-Grčić Boris , Georgieva Jekova Nelly , Koç Esin , Saldanha Joana , Sanchez Luna Manuel , Stoniene Dalia , Varendi Heili , Vertecchi Giulia , Mosca Fabio , Moretti Corrado ,   on behalf of the Union of European Neonatal and Perinatal Societies (UENPS) Study Committee
Published: January 2022

Background: We aimed to evaluate the policies and practices about neonatal resuscitation in a large sample of European hospitals. Methods: This was a cross-sectional electronic survey. A 91-item questionnaire focusing on the current delivery room practices in neonatal resuscitation domains was individually sent to the directors of 730 European neonatal facilities or (in 5 countries) made available as a Web-based link. A comparison was made between hospitals with ≤2,000 and those with >2,000 births/year and between hospitals in 5 European areas (Eastern Europe, Italy, Mediterranean countries, Turkey, and Western Europe). Results: The response rate was 57% and included participants from 33 European countries. In 2018, approximately 1.27 million births occurred at the participating hospitals, with a median of 1,900 births/center (interquartile range: 1,400–3,000). Routine antenatal counseling (p < 0.05), the presence of a resuscitation team at all deliveries (p < 0.01), umbilical cord management (p < 0.01), practices for thermal management (p < 0.05), and heart rate monitoring (p < 0.01) were significantly different between hospitals with ≤2,000 births/year and those with >2,000 births/year. Ethical and educational aspects were similar between hospitals with low and high birth volumes. Significant variance in practice, ethical decision-making, and training programs were found between hospitals in 5 different European areas. Conclusions: Several recommendations about available equipment and clinical practices recommended by the international guidelines are already implemented by centers in Europe, but a large variance still persists. Clinicians and stakeholders should consider this information when allocating resources and planning European perinatal programs.
Ecology, Cognition, and the Hippocampus: A Tale of Two Frogs
Authors: Burmeister Sabrina S.
Published: January 2022

The underlying hypothesis that motivates research into the relationship between ecology, cognition, and the hippocampus is that selection to solve problems in nature shapes cognition through changes in the hippocampus. This hypothesis has been explored almost exclusively in mammals and birds. However, if one is interested in the principles that shape the evolution of vertebrate cognition, work in amphibians is essential. To address this gap, we have developed a research program contrasting cognitive abilities and hippocampal neurobiology in two species of frog with distinct social and spatial ecologies. We have found that the poison frog Dendrobates auratus, a diurnal species whose interactions with the physical and social environment are complex, is more adept and flexible at spatial learning and learned inhibition than the túngara frog, a nocturnal species that lacks complex interactions with the spatial and social environment. Because spatial learning and learned inhibition are closely associated with hippocampal function in other vertebrates, we used RNA sequencing to characterize molecular differences in the hippocampus of the two species. We have found that D. auratus has greater levels of expression of genes associated with neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and cellular activity, and lower levels of expression of genes associated with apoptosis, compared to the túngara frog. Our studies are consistent with the idea that D. auratus, with their more complex social and spatial ecology, have enhanced hippocampally dependent cognitive abilities compared to túngara frogs. Further characterization of the features of hippocampal neurobiology that confer distinctive cognitive abilities will help elucidate the neural features that are necessary for the evolution of enhanced hippocampally dependent cognition.
Multi-Level Effects Driving Cognitive and Behavioral Variability among Prairie Voles: Insights into Reproductive Decision-Making from Biological Levels of Organization
Authors: Forero Santiago A. , Ophir Alexander G.
Published: January 2022

Behavioral phenotypes play an active role in maximizing fitness and shaping the evolutionary trajectory of species by offsetting the ecological and social environmental factors individuals experience. How these phenotypes evolve and how they are expressed is still a major question in ethology today. In recent years, an increased focus on the mechanisms that regulate the interactions between an individual and its environment has offered novel insights into the expression of alternative phenotypes. In this review, we explore the proximate mechanisms driving the expression of alternative reproductive phenotypes in the male prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) as one example of how the interaction of an individual’s social context and internal milieu has the potential to alter behavior, cognition, and reproductive decision-making. Ultimately, integrating the physiological and psychological mechanisms of behavior advances understanding into how variation in behavior arises. We take a “levels of biological organization” approach, with prime focus placed on the level of the organism to discuss how cognitive processes emerge as traits, and how they can be studied as important mechanisms driving the expression of behavior.
Confiança na mídia durante a pandemia de covid-19 no Brasil: adesão às mídias tradicionais e digital, aspectos socioeconômicos e a intersecção com a avaliação de governo
Authors: Massuchin Michele Goulart , Cervi Emerson Urizzi
Published: January 2022

As últimas décadas indicam mudanças nos padrões de consumo de informação e na relação de con ança entre cidadãos e instituições, incluindo a imprensa tradicional e os meios digitais. Em meio a esse processo surge uma nova demanda por informação, a da pandemia de covid-19. Dessa forma, busca-se compreender o comportamento dos brasileiros em relação à con ança nas fontes de informações tendo como foco este contexto. Identificam-se as características socioeconômicas de quem confia nas RSO e meios tradicionais e veri ca-se como isso está relacionado às opiniões sobre o governo em respostas dadas a duas ondas de pesquisas. Trata- se de uma análise no nível individual, que veri ca mudanças e manutenções no comportamento em relação às duas pesquisas do projeto “Valores em Crise” (maio/2020 e janeiro/21).
Immunoglobulin E Sensitization to Mammalian Oligosaccharide Galactose-α-1,3 (α-Gal) Is Associated With Noncalcified Plaque, Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease, and ST-Segment–Elevated Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Vernon Stephen T. , Kott Katharine A. , Hansen Thomas , Finemore Meghan , Baumgart Karl W. , Bhindi Ravinay , Yang Jean , Hansen Peter S. , Nicholls Stephen J. , Celermajer David S. , Ward Michael R. , van Nunen Sheryl A. , Grieve Stuart M. , Figtree Gemma A.
Published: January 2022

Background:

Treating known risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) has substantially reduced CAD morbidity and mortality. However, a significant burden of CAD remains unexplained. Immunoglobulin E sensitization to mammalian oligosaccharide galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) was recently associated with CAD in a small observational study. We sought to confirm that α-Gal sensitization is associated with CAD burden, in particular noncalcified plaque. Additionally, we sort to assess whether that α-Gal sensitization is associated with ST-segment–elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI)

Methods:

We performed a cross-sectional analysis of participants enrolled in the BioHEART cohort study. We measured α-Gal specific-immunoglobulin E antibodies in serum of 1056 patients referred for CT coronary angiography for suspected CAD and 100 selected patients presenting with STEMI, enriched for patients without standard modifiable risk factors. CT coronary angiograms were assessed using coronary artery calcium scores and segmental plaque scores.

Results:

α-Gal sensitization was associated with presence of noncalcified plaque (odds ratio, 1.62 [95% CI, 1.04–2.53],
P
=0.03) and obstructive CAD (odds ratio, 2.05 [95% CI, 1.29-3.25],
P
=0.002), independent of age, sex, and traditional risk factors. The α-Gal sensitization rate was 12.8-fold higher in patients with STEMI compared with matched healthy controls and 2.2-fold higher in the patients with STEMI compared with matched stable CAD patients (17% versus 1.3%,
P
=0.01 and 20% versus 9%,
P
=0.03, respectively).

Conclusions:

α-Gal sensitization is independently associated with noncalcified plaque burden and obstructive CAD and occurs at higher frequency in patients with STEMI than those with stable or no CAD. These findings may have implications for individuals exposed to ticks, as well as public health policy.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.anzctr.org.au
; Unique identifier: ACTRN12618001322224.
Apo(a) and ApoB Interact Noncovalently Within Hepatocytes: Implications for Regulation of Lp(a) Levels by Modulation of ApoB Secretion
Authors: Youssef Amer , Clark Justin R. , Marcovina Santica M. , Boffa Michael B. , Koschinsky Marlys L.
Published: January 2022

Background:

Elevated plasma Lp(a) (lipoprotein(a)) levels are associated with increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic valve stenosis. However, the cell biology of Lp(a) biosynthesis remains poorly understood, with the locations of the noncovalent and covalent steps of Lp(a) assembly unclear and the nature of the apoB-containing particle destined for Lp(a) unknown. We, therefore, asked if apo(a) and apoB interact noncovalently within hepatocytes and if this impacts Lp(a) biosynthesis.

Methods:

Using human hepatocellular carcinoma cells expressing 17K (17 kringle) apo(a), or a 17KΔLBS7,8 variant with a reduced ability to bind noncovalently to apoB, we performed coimmunoprecipitation, coimmunofluorescence, and proximity ligation assays to document intracellular apo(a):apoB interactions. We used a pulse-chase metabolic labeling approach to measure apo(a) and apoB secretion rates.

Results:

Noncovalent complexes containing apo(a)/apoB are present in lysates from cells expressing 17K but not 17KΔLBS7,8, whereas covalent apo(a)/apoB complexes are absent from lysates. 17K and apoB colocalized intracellularly, overlapping with staining for markers of endoplasmic reticulum trans-Golgi, and early endosomes, and less so with lysosomes. The 17KΔLBS7,8 had lower colocalization with apoB. Proximity ligation assays directly documented intracellular 17K/apoB interactions, which were dramatically reduced for 17KΔLBS7,8. Treatment of cells with PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) enhanced, and lomitapide reduced, apo(a) secretion in a manner dependent on the noncovalent interaction between apo(a) and apoB. Apo(a) secretion was also reduced by siRNA-mediated knockdown of
APOB
.

Conclusions:

Our findings explain the coupling of apo(a) and Lp(a)-apoB production observed in human metabolic studies using stable isotopes as well as the ability of agents that inhibit apoB biosynthesis to lower Lp(a) levels.
Effects of PCSK9 Targeting: Alleviating Oxidation, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis
Authors: Punch Emily , Klein Justus , Diaba‐Nuhoho Patrick , Morawietz Henning , Garelnabi Mahdi
Published: January 2022

Characterized as a chronic inflammatory disease of the large arteries, atherosclerosis is the primary cause of cardiovascular disease, the leading contributor of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Elevated plasma cholesterol levels and chronic inflammation within the arterial plaque are major mediators of plaque initiation, progression, and instability. In 2003, the protein PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9) was discovered to play a critical role in cholesterol regulation, thus becoming a key player in the mechanisms behind atherosclerotic plaque development. Emerging evidence suggests that PCSK9 could potentially have effects on atherosclerosis that are independent of cholesterol levels. The objective of this review was to discuss the role on PCSK9 in oxidation, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. This function activates proinflammatory cytokine production and affects oxidative modifications within atherosclerotic lesions, revealing its more significant role in atherosclerosis. Although a variety of evidence demonstrates that PCSK9 plays a role in atherosclerotic inflammation, the direct mechanism of involvement is still unknown, driving a gap in knowledge to such a predominant player in cardiovascular disease. Investigation of proteins structurally related to PCSK9 may interestingly be the link in unveiling the mechanistic role of this protein’s involvement in oxidation and inflammation. Importantly, the unique structure of PCSK9 bears structural homology to a one‐of‐a‐kind domain found in the metabolic protein resistin, which is responsible for many of the same inflammatory outcomes as PCSK9. Closing this gap in knowledge of PCSK9`s role in atherosclerotic oxidation and inflammation will provide fundamental information for understanding, preventing, and treating cardiovascular disease.
2. Coloniality and Decoloniality in the Global South Higher-Education Context
Authors: Martinez-Vargas Carmen
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the complexities of investigating participatory approaches as a research field. The chapter divides the field into four major research areas (industrial, development, Indigenous, and educational) in order to clarify the diverse foundational assumptions of different practices and their distinct theoretical grounds.

After the exploration of these branches, the major challenges for the field are summarised. The chapter investigates issues around individual/collective practices, the contested terms and application of participation in different practices, credibility and validity within the academic context, and the challenges arising from embracing diverse practices. This chapter focuses on the gaps between each of the four proposed branches and decoloniality, highlighting spaces where we might usefully introduce the Capabilities Approach as a theoretical frame. Thus, this chapter provides the starting point for a conceptualisation of participatory capabilities-based research, in order to resolve certain limitations of these four branches.
AERA5-Asia: A Long-Term Asian Precipitation Dataset (0.1°, 1-hourly, 1951–2015, Asia) Anchoring the ERA5-Land under the Total Volume Control by APHRODITE
Authors: Ma Ziqiang , Xu Jintao , Ma Yaoming , Zhu Siyu , He Kang , Zhang Shengjun , Ma Weiqiang , Xu Xiangde
Published: January 2022

Accurate long-term precipitation information is critical for understanding the mechanisms behind how precipitation couples with Earth’s water fluxes, energy balances, and biogeochemical cycles across space–time scales under the changing climate. This study proposes a novel approach [daily total volume controlled merging and disaggregation algorithm (DTVCMDA)] for generating a new long-term precipitation dataset, AERA5-Asia (0.1°, 1-hourly, 1951–2015, Asia; “AERA5” is a combination of the “A” from APHRODITE and the “ERA5” from ERA5-Land), by comprehensively considering the characteristics of the high spatiotemporal resolutions and continuity of the ERA5-Land dataset and the high quality of the APHRODITE dataset. The main conclusions include, but are not limited to, the following: 1) AERA5-Asia provides time series of precipitation of sufficient resolutions, length, consistency, continuity, and quality over Asia. 2) AERA5-Asia substantially outperforms ERA5-Land and IMERG-Final in terms of both magnitudes and occurrences of precipitation events in Mainland China, especially the systematic biases. For instance, the bias of ERA5-Land, IMERG-Final, and AERA5-Asia against ground gauge-based observations in Mainland China are ∼20%, ∼11%, and ∼5%, respectively. 3) AERA5-Asia performs notably better than ERA5-Land and IMERG-Final against ground gauge-based observations in regional extreme rainfall systems (e.g., two typhoon events, Trami and Usagi). 4) AERA5-Asia should prove to be a useful precipitation dataset for addressing various key climatological and hydrological research questions that require precipitation data with longer spans and finer resolutions (0.1°, 1-hourly).
The Future Intensification of the North Atlantic Winter Storm Track: The Key Role of Dynamic Ocean Coupling
Authors: Chemke Rei , Zanna Laure , Orbe Clara , Sentman Lori T. , Polvani Lorenzo M.
Published: January 2022

Climate models project an intensification of the wintertime North Atlantic Ocean storm track, over its downstream region, by the end of this century. Previous studies have suggested that ocean–atmosphere coupling plays a key role in this intensification, but the precise role of the different components of the coupling has not been explored and quantified. In this paper, using a hierarchy of ocean coupling experiments, we isolate and quantify the respective roles of thermodynamic (changes in surface heat fluxes) and dynamic (changes in ocean heat flux convergence) ocean coupling in the projected intensification of North Atlantic transient eddy kinetic energy (TEKE). We show that dynamic coupling accounts for nearly all of the future TEKE strengthening as it overcomes the much smaller effect of surface heat flux changes to weaken the TEKE. We further show that by reducing the Arctic amplification in the North Atlantic, ocean heat flux convergence increases the meridional temperature gradient aloft, causing a larger eddy growth rate and resulting in the strengthening of North Atlantic TEKE. Our results stress the importance of better monitoring and investigating the changes in ocean heat transport, for improving climate change adaptation strategies.

Significance Statement

By the end of this century, the North Atlantic Ocean storm track is projected to intensify on its eastward flank. Such intensification will have large societal impacts, mostly over western Europe. Thus, it is critical to better understand the mechanism underlying the intensification of the storm track. Here we investigate the role of ocean coupling in the future intensification of the North Atlantic storm track and find that ocean heat transport processes are responsible for the strengthening of the storm track. Our results suggest that better monitoring the changes in ocean heat transport will hopefully improve climate change adaption strategies.
Climate Sensitivity is Sensitive to Changes in Ocean Heat Transport
Authors: Singh Hansi , Feldl Nicole , Kay Jennifer E. , Morrison Ariel L.
Published: January 2022

Do changes in ocean heat transport (OHT) that occur with CO2forcing, impact climate sensitivity in Earth system models? Changes in OHT with warming are ubiquitous in model experiments: when forced with CO2, such models exhibit declining poleward OHT in both hemispheres at most latitudes, which can persist over multicentennial time scales. To understand how changes in OHT may impact how the climate system responds to CO2forcing, particularly climate sensitivity, we perform a series of Earth system model experiments in which we systematically perturb OHT (in a slab ocean, relative to its preindustrial control climatology) while simultaneously doubling atmospheric CO2. We find that equilibrium climate sensitivity varies substantially with OHT. Specifically, there is a 0.6 K decrease in global mean surface warming for every 10% decline in poleward OHT. Radiative feedbacks from CO2doubling, and the warming attributable to each of them, generally become more positive (or less negative) when poleward OHT increases. Water vapor feedback differences account for approximately half the spread in climate sensitivity between experiments, while differences in the lapse rate and surface albedo feedbacks account for the rest. Prescribed changes in OHT instigate opposing changes in atmospheric energy transport and the general circulation, which explain differences in atmospheric water vapor and lapse rate between experiments. Our results show that changes in OHT modify atmospheric radiative feedbacks at all latitudes, thereby driving changes in equilibrium climate sensitivity. More broadly, they demonstrate that radiative feedbacks are not independent of the coupled (atmosphere and ocean) dynamic responses that accompany greenhouse gas forcing.
Model Uncertainty Representation in a Convection-Permitting Ensemble—SPP and SPPT in HarmonEPS
Authors: Frogner Inger-Lise , Andrae Ulf , Ollinaho Pirkka , Hally Alan , Hämäläinen Karoliina , Kauhanen Janne , Ivarsson Karl-Ivar , Yazgi Daniel
Published: January 2022

The stochastically perturbed parameterizations scheme (SPP) is here implemented and tested in HarmonEPS—the convection-permitting limited area ensemble prediction system by the international research program High Resolution Limited Area Model (HIRLAM) group. SPP introduces stochastic perturbations to values of chosen closure parameters representing efficiencies or rates of change in parameterized atmospheric (sub)processes. The impact of SPP is compared to that of the stochastically perturbed parameterization tendencies scheme (SPPT). SPP in this first version in HarmonEPS perturbs 11 parameters, active in different atmospheric processes and under various weather conditions. The main motivation for this study is the lack of variability seen in cloud products in HarmonEPS, as reported by duty forecasters. SPP in this first version is able to increase variability in a range of weather variables, including the cloud products. However, for some weather variables the root-mean-squared error of the ensemble mean is increased and the mean bias is impacted, especially in winter. This indicates that (some) parameter perturbation distributions are not optimal in the current configuration, and a further sensitivity analysis is required. SPPT resulted in a smaller increase in variability in the ensemble, but the impact was almost completely masked out when combined with perturbations of the initial state, lateral boundaries, and surface properties. An in-depth investigation into this lack of impact from SPPT is here presented through examining, among other things, accumulated tendencies from the model physics.

Significance Statement

Small inaccuracies, simplifications, or errors in any part of a complex and nonlinear system like a weather model can amplify and in a short time become significant. We wanted to introduce a physically consistent way of representing these uncertainties in a model that is used in several European countries. To do this we introduce variations in a few parameters that are used in the model description, and that we know are uncertain. By doing this we were able to increase the variability of the cloud products as desired. We see this as a promising approach for capturing the possibilities of fog occurring or not in this model. Further refinements are needed before it can be used in operational weather forecasts.