bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
No evidence of foliar disease impact on crop root functional strategies and soil microbial communities: what does this mean for organic coffee?
Authors: Gagliardi Stephanie , Avelino Jacques , Fulthorpe Roberta , Virginio Filho Elias de Melo , Isaac Marney E.
Published: February 2022

Global climate change is increasing pest and pathogen pressures on plant communities, deteriorating optimal plant functioning. In plant communities, root functional trait expression and microbial communities are important indicators of plant functioning belowground, and, when confronted with pathogens aboveground, can simultaneously reflect plant defence strategies. Yet, while research is continuing to emerge on the response of root functional traits and microbial processes to pathogens aboveground, little work has investigated these interactions in tree‐crops, or the role organic amendments play in moderating these relationships. The main objective of this study is to disentangle the dynamic effects of pathogens and amendments on root functional traits (i.e. specific root length and area, root diameter, root length density, root nitrogen and root carbon to nitrogen ratio) and root endophytic fungal communities. As a model, we use Coffea arabica (coffee) variety Caturra along a gradient of coffee leaf rust – a foliar disease prominent in coffee systems – under contrasting but widespread amendment regimes in biodiverse agroforestry systems. We found that root trait expression varies along established conservation and collaboration gradients, where fungal endophyte community composition varies significantly as a function of root traits. Belowground resource acquisition strategies do not change with foliar disease incidence, suggesting they may be decoupled. Rather, amendment regimes differentially shape root trait expression and microbial communities, where coffee plants under organic amendments, regardless of foliar disease incidence, expressed greater acquisitive traits and enhanced collaboration with symbiotic fungi. This is an important first step in disentangling the dynamic inter‐relationships between plant traits, endophytes and pathogens, generating new questions on the role of amendments in sustainable pathogen management in biodiverse agroecosystems.
Six Ways Population Change Will Affect the Global Economy
Authors: Mason Andrew , Lee Ronald ,   members of the NTA Network
Published: February 2022

New estimates of economic flows by age combined with population projections show that in the coming decades (1) global GDP growth could be slower by about 1 percentage point per year, declining more sharply than population growth; (2) GDP will shift toward sub‐Saharan Africa more than population trends suggest; (3) living standards of working‐age adults may be squeezed by high spending on children and seniors; (4) changing population age distribution will raise living standards in many lower‐income nations; (5) changing economic life cycles will amplify the economic effects of population aging in many higher income economies; and (6) population aging will likely push public debt, private assets, and perhaps productivity higher. Population change will have profound implications for national, regional, and global economies.
From core schemas about the self and others to voice phenomenology: Anxiety and depression affect voice hearers differently
Authors: Kusztrits Isabella , Toh Wei Lin , Thomas Neil , Larøi Frank , Meyers Denny , Hirnstein Marco , Rossell Susan
Published: February 2022

Objectives

Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) occur as a symptom in various mental disorders, and show different phenomenological aspects, depending on their underlying psychopathology. Anxiety and depression, which are known to be involved in the development of AVHs, are suggested to amplify a vicious cycle in which negative interpretations of daily experiences feed into the formation of negative core schemas about the self and others. However, the way in which these variables interrelate is still unknown. Therefore, our aim was to determine the specific roles of anxiety and depression in the relationship between core schemas and emotional aspects of AVHs for three groups (non‐clinical voice hearers, affective voice hearers and non‐affective voice hearers).

Methods

Positive and negative core schemas of the self and others were tested as predictors of emotional distress due to AVHs, examining anxiety and depression separately as potential mediators.

Results

Results showed full mediating effects of depression in non‐affective voice hearers in the relationship between negative core schemas and AVH distress, but not in affective voice hearers. Anxiety was not a mediator in any of the groups.

Conclusions

These findings suggest different emotional mechanisms depending on the underlying psychopathology.
Swayed by the reviews: Disentangling the effects of average ratings and individual reviews in online word‐of‐mouth
Authors: Lei Zhanfei , Yin Dezhi , Mitra Sabyasachi , Zhang Han
Published: February 2022

Online word‐of‐mouth studies generally assume that a product's average rating is the primary force shaping consumers’ purchase decisions and driving sales. Similarly, practitioners place more emphasis on average ratings by displaying them at more salient places than individual reviews. In contrast, emerging evidence suggests that individual reviews also affect the decision‐making of those consumers who consult both kinds of information. However, because average ratings and individual reviews are often correlated and confounded empirically, little research has attempted to disentangle their effects. To address this empirical challenge, we construct trade‐off situations in which the average ratings and top‐ranked reviews of different product options do not align with each other. We then investigate consumers’ preferences that can indirectly reveal the relative impact of average ratings versus top reviews. Through an archival analysis of a panel dataset and two laboratory experiments, we find consistent evidence for a swaying effect of individual reviews and reveal their textual content as a likely reason. These findings challenge the commonly accepted assumption of average ratings being the primary driver of consumers’ purchase decisions and suggest that consumers may not be as rational as previous literature assumed. In addition, this paper is the first to disentangle the effects of average ratings and individual reviews on consumer decision‐making and explore a possible reason for the swaying effect of individual reviews. Our paper illustrates the importance of information accessibility in consumers’ purchase decisions, and our findings offer valuable insights for product manufacturers, online retailers, and review platforms.
Point of emission air filtration enhances protection of healthcare workers against skin contamination with virus aerosol
Authors: Landry Shane A. , Subedi Dinesh , MacDonald Martin I. , Dix Samantha , Kutey Donna M. , Barr Jeremy J. , Mansfield Darren , Hamilton Garun S. , Edwards Bradley A. , Joosten Simon A.
Published: February 2022

See related Editorial
Adolescent suicide attempts in the United States: When suicide ideation and suicide capability interact
Authors: Vélez‐Grau Carolina , Romanelli Meghan , Lindsey Michael A.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Guided by the interpersonal theory of suicide, this study examined whether the relationship between level of suicide ideation and attempted suicide varies as a function of suicide capability.

Methods

Cross‐sectional data were obtained from the 2017 and 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey in which 28,442 respondents were sampled. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to create a latent suicide capability variable. Structural equation modeling was used to test the moderating effects of suicide capability on the relationship between level of suicide ideation and attempted suicide, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, sadness/hopelessness, and the sampling design.

Results

Compared to adolescent with no reported ideation, those reporting single and dual ideation experienced increased odds of attempted suicide. The relationship between level of suicide ideation and attempted suicide significantly varied as a function of capability. While adolescents with dual suicide ideation experienced higher rates of attempted suicide at increasing levels of capability, faster rates of change of attempted suicide at increasing levels of capability were observed among those with single and no reported ideation.

Conclusion

Capability may heighten the risk of suicide attempts among youth, suggesting that treatment efforts could be directed at reducing exposure to painful and provocative experiences associated with suicide behaviors.
A plate tectonic view from the top of the world
Authors: Larson Kyle P. , Cottle John M. , Kylander‐Clark Andrew , Lageson David
Published: February 2022

New U–Pb calcite geochronological analysis of shear veins in specimens collected from the summit pyramid of Mount Everest demonstrate that upper crustal deformation recorded in those rocks is Himalayan in age and was ongoing at 45.0 ± 5.4 Ma. This deformation precedes movement along the adjacent Qomolangma detachment by ~30 Myrs and coincides with metamorphism in nearby, structurally deeper, sillimanite‐migmatite gneisses and eclogite. The coeval record of deformation and metamorphism across all crustal levels further coincides with detachment of the Indian oceanic lithospheric slab, the inferred “main” collision and final closure of the Tethys ocean in multi‐collisional models of the Himalaya, and Eocene reorganization of tectonic plates in the South Pacific. This new dataset confirms that the summit rocks from Mount Everest preserve not only a complex, multi‐deformational record of Himalayan orogenesis, but also large‐scale changes in plate tectonics.
Demarcation without Dogmas
Authors: Hirvonen Ilmari , Karisto Janne
Published: February 2022

This paper reviews how research on the demarcation problem has developed, starting from Popper's criterion of falsifiability and ending with recent naturalistically oriented approaches. The main differences between traditional and contemporary approaches to the problem are explicated in terms of six postulates called thetraditional assumptions. It is argued that all of the assumptions can be dismissed without giving up on the demarcation problem and that doing so might benefit further discussions on pseudoscience. Four present‐day research movements on evaluating the boundaries of science are introduced: (1) philosophy of pseudoscience, (2) social epistemology of dissent, (3) agnotology, and (4) evaluation of expertise. Researchers working within these areas have abandoned some or all traditional assumptions.
A genealogy of the food bank: Historicising the rise of food charity in the UK
Authors: Williams Andrew , May Jon
Published: February 2022

It is widely supposed that food banks and key aspects of the UK's wider food banking system – referral networks, eligibility tests, food vouchers, corporate sponsorship, and the close entanglement of food charity with local and national government – are new to the UK, either imported from North America or emerging ex nihilio with the Trussell Trust in the early 2000s. Drawing on local and national newspaper archives and data from Companies House, the Charity Commission, and internet archiving website the WayBack Machine, we present a genealogy that challenges these origins and situates UK food banking in a set of historically contingent practices, alliances, and struggles, many of which are nowadays forgotten. Contributing to work on policy mobilities in the voluntary sector, we pay particular attention to the development of the UK's contemporary food banking system through the movement of ideas and practices between different organisations (for example, between food banks, corporate food retailers, and US tech companies) and different charitable fields (including overseas aid and homelessness), between the charitable sector and the state, and between different places both within and outside the UK. The resulting genealogy not only extends, and reframes, the history of British food banking – including claims as to the recent institutionalisation of food banks in a neoliberal state welfare apparatus – but works to disrupt the rationalities and ‘regime(s) of acceptability’ that underpin and maintain the modus operandi of many current‐day food banks.
NFTs Emergence in Financial Markets and their Correlation with DeFis and Cryptocurrencies
Authors: Alawadhi Khuloud M. , Alshamali Nour
Published: February 2022

Non-fungible tokens (NFT) have been defined as digital assets that encode items such as art, collectables, and in-game goods. They are often stored in smart contracts on a blockchain and are exchanged online, frequently using Bitcoin. As NFT became increasingly popular in the last few years, decentralized financial assets (DeFi) tokens also started receiving growing attention as financial instruments that differ from NFTs and cryptocurrencies. Based on data on NFTs, DeFi tokens, and cryptocurrency daily prices between January 15th and December 6th, 2021, we examine the correlation between NFTs, DeFi tokens and major cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. Using the volatility spillover matrix approach by Diebold and Yilmaz (2012) as applied by Dowling (2021) and including DeFis into the discussion, we find that there is very limited spillover to and from non-traditional financial markets. Also, DeFi assets appear to be relatively unconnected to cryptocurrency markets. Following the methodology by Karim, Lucey, Naeem and Uddin (2021) of the quantile connectedness approach and the cross-quantilogram model of Han, Linton, Oka and Whang (2016), we determine that positive DeFi and Crypto spillovers exceeded negative NFT spillovers. This paper concludes that both NFTs and DeFi assets show significant potential in terms of portfolio diversification since they display low correlation with cryptocurrencies, especially in the case of DeFis thanks to it being disconnected from other assets in the market, based on this year's data. This has significant implications for investors who seek to diversify their portfolios by including cryptocurrency, NFTs and DeFis as assets.
Molecular insight into coordination sites for substrates and their coupling kinetics in Na+/HCO3− cotransporter NBCe1
Authors: Wu Han , Liu Shiyong , Su Pan , Xie Zhang‐Dong , Gui Tian‐Xiang , Zhao Lei , Liu Ying , Chen Li‐Ming
Published: February 2022

The secondary active transporter NBCe1 couples the transmembrane movement of Na+ and carbonate species with an apparent stoichiometry of 1Na+:2HCO3− (the ‘influx’ mode) or 1Na+ :3HCO3− (the ‘efflux’ mode). Here, we employed molecular biology, electrophysiology and structural biology approaches to investigate the molecular mechanism for the transport coupling of Na+ and HCO3− in NBCe1. In Xenopus oocytes, decreasing extracellular [HCO3−] from 66 to 4 mm progressively decreases the Na+ affinity of NBCe1. However, decreasing [Na+] from 96 to 35 mm has little effect on the HCO3− affinity. The residues responsible for the coordination of Na+ and HCO3− in the substrate pocket of NBCe1 were respectively determined by mutational and molecular simulation studies. Mutation to the residues for HCO3− coordination decreased the affinities of NBCe1 for both Na+ and HCO3−. However, mutation to the residues for Na+ coordination decreased the affinity for Na+ but had little effect on the affinity for HCO3−. Molecular simulation showed that NBCe1 has the capacity to coordinate only two ions of HCO3− or CO32−. We propose that (1) NBCe1 has an ordered substrate‐binding kinetics with the binding of HCO3− preceding that of Na+; (2) NBCe1 operating in the influx mode moves 1Na+ + 2HCO3−, whereas NBCe1 in the efflux mode moves 1Na+ + 1HCO3− + 1CO32−. The substrate‐binding kinetics of NBCe1 is distinct from the known kinetics models of many other Na+‐coupled transporters with Na+ binding preceding the driven solute.

image

Key points

Under physiological conditions, the secondary active transporter NBCe1 can operate in the ‘influx’ mode with an apparent stoichiometry of 1Na+ :2HCO3− or in the ‘efflux’ mode with an apparent stoichiometry of 1Na+:3HCO3−.

NBCe1 has an ordered substrate‐binding kinetics with HCO3− preceding the binding of Na+. The kinetics of NBCe1 is distinct from the known kinetics of many other Na+‐driven cotransporters for which the binding of Na+ usually precedes the driven substrate.

The residues responsible for the coordination of Na+ and those for carbonate species in the substrate‐binding pocket of NBCe1 were determined by mutation and molecular simulation studies.

The substrate‐binding pocket of NBCe1 contains just two coordination sites for HCO3− or CO32−. It is proposed that NBCe1 in the influx mode moves 1Na+ + 2HCO3− across the plasma membrane, whereas NBCe1 in the efflux mode moves 1Na+ +1HCO3− +1CO32−.
Some Studies of Angle Relationships in Metal Cutting
Authors: Creveling J. H. , Jordan T. F. , Thomsen E. G.
Published: February 2022

Free-cutting steel, SAE 1113, in the annealed, and SAE 1115 and SAE 4135 in the cold-rolled condition were studied in orthogonal metal cutting. The feed was varied from 0.002 to 0.010 ipr and the rake angle from 20 to 40 deg, at a surface speed of 30 fpm, using several cutting fluids. This range of rake angles and feeds was in the practical region and permitted obtaining continuous chips. When examining the current theories on the shear angle ϕ, rake angle α, and friction angle β-relationships, it was found that none was in complete agreement with the experimental results. However, the equation λ = ϕ + β − α = const was found to hold approximately for the limited range of variables investigated. It was further found that the friction process on the tool face can be satisfactorily explained as a metal-shearing process, and that the ratio of the shearing stresses on the shear plane and tool face was approximately constant for the experimental data obtained.
Maintenance Factors Affecting Production Costs
Authors: Oberhuber W. F. , Watson C. W.
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this paper is to show how the study of maintenance costs may lead us to a reduction in the total production cost of energy. The major factors that we believe contribute to the level of these costs are discussed. Design, management, planning, organization, and an information-gathering system are the factors that separately and collectively contribute to the total effort. We would suggest that this subject be accorded the benefit of considerably greater open discussion. The results undoubtedly will be reflected in our over-all costs.
Convection Phenomena in Fluids Heated from Below
Authors: Ostrach Simon
Published: February 2022

A review of nearly a century’s research on the effects of heating a fluid from below in a body force field reveals many unusual aspects of the resulting flow which had previously been of meteorological interest only. For horizontal fluid layers, the flow was found to depend on a single parameter (the Rayleigh number). Below certain critical values of the Rayleigh number the configuration is in stable equilibrium; for Rayleigh numbers exceeding the critical either columnar or cellular flows occur with increased heat-transfer rates. It is pointed out herein that configurations with heating from below also are encountered in present-day problems in various fields. A recent experiment and an analysis of fluids heated from below in a vertical enclosure (which more closely simulates current configurations) are discussed and there appears to be a correlation between the previous research for meteorological purposes and new problems of current interest in fluid mechanics and heat transfer.
The Maximum Temperature Profile in Journal Bearings
Authors: Pinkus O. , Sternlicht B.
Published: February 2022

An expression for the circumferential temperature distribution in the mid-section of a journal bearing is derived which in implicit form presents temperature as a function of angle, with bearing geometry and operating conditions as parameters. This relation is obtained from an analysis of the energy balance between shear losses and heat storage in a hydrodynamic journal bearing under the assumption that no heat is lost to the surroundings. A discussion is given on how to locate the maximum temperature in bearings of common design.
Electrohydraulic Servomechanism With an Ultrahigh-Frequency Response
Authors: Eckman D. P. , Taft C. K. , Schuman R. H.
Published: February 2022

This paper presents an analysis of a positional servomechanism of very high performance. This control employs an electronic error transducer which actuates a pilot valve by means of an amplifier and a torque motor to position a hydraulic cylinder. The control was to have a frequency response whose amplitude ratio was nearly 1 to 200 cycles per sec (cps) at an amplitude of 0.001 in. with 100-lb dry friction and a load mass of 200 lb. These specifications were exceeded by the control described herein. The optimum open-loop gain and the closed-loop frequency response are determined by linearizing the system equations and using Laplace transform methods. The system also was analyzed by solving the nonlinear equations on an electronic analog computer to determine optimum gain, transient response, and frequency response. A comparison of the results indicates that for input signals which cause the control to operate outside the region in which the linearizing assumptions apply, the linear analysis still gives results which agree with those of the nonlinear analysis within a factor of three.
On the Analysis of Linear and Nonlinear Systems
Authors: Shinbrot Marvin
Published: February 2022

A general theory of a certain class of commonly used methods for the analysis of linear systems from measured response data will be described. It will then be shown that, when viewed from this general point of vantage, all of these linear techniques can be extended in a natural way to apply to nonlinear systems. In addition, through use of the general theory, a new method, possessing certain advantages over those used previously, will be derived. Finally, the effectiveness of the new method will be illustrated by several examples.
Nonlinear Integral Compensation of a Velocity-Lag Servomechanism With Backlash
Authors: Shen C. N. , Miller H. A. , Nichols N. B.
Published: February 2022

When backlash is encountered in a velocity-lag servomechanism, the system may become unstable. The loop-gain limitation imposed is becoming unacceptable with increasing requirements for following steep ramp inputs as in certain machine-tool control applications. Integral compensation is not applicable since, with backlash, oscillations result. This paper analyzes an attempt to overcome this difficulty by intentionally incorporating a second nonlinearity, a dead zone in the input to the integrator. Results are given which allow the approximate transient response of certain systems to be obtained quickly and the question of stability is considered. Finally, an example of its application is given along with a discussion of several practical factors involved.
Flow Through Annular Orifices
Authors: Bell K. J. , Bergelin O. P.
Published: February 2022

Coefficients for the annular orifice formed between a circular disk and a cylindrical tube are reported for twenty-one orifices having disk diameter to tube diameter ratios in the range of 0.95 to 0.996, and orifice length-to-width ratios from 0.118 to 33.3. The orifice Reynolds-number range is from 2.0 to 20,000 for both tangent and concentric orientations of the disk. Comparison with previous data indicates that the results also apply to the annular orifice formed when a rod extends through a circular hole in a plate. Theoretical and semi-empirical equations are developed to predict coefficients for annular orifices.
Tests of Free Convection in a Partially Enclosed Space Between Two Heated Vertical Plates
Authors: Siegel Robert , Norris R. H.
Published: February 2022

The free-convection heat-transfer coefficients were measured, as a function of spacing, for two parallel, electrically heated, vertical plates. The top of the rectangular space between the plates was left open, and during most of the tests the bottom and sides were closed. The heat input per unit area was substantially uniform, and the Grashof number, based on plate height, was of the order of 1010. The results demonstrate how the surface-temperature rise increases, or the local Nusselt number decreases, as either of the cross-section dimensions of the free-convection space is reduced. This decrease in Nusselt number is less rapid than was expected from purely two-dimensional flow considerations. This is ascribed to the effect of an asymmetrical flow pattern observed in the space. In some cases, a periodic reversal of this asymmetrical flow also was observed. When the space between plates was opened sufficiently at the bottom, the results were reasonably consistent with the correlation proposed by Jakob for a single vertical plate with a turbulent boundary layer; these results were almost independent of spacing between the heated surfaces down to the minimum spacing tested.
Criteria for Validity of Lumped-Parameter Representation of Ducting Air-Flow Characteristics
Authors: Stalzer T. R. , Fiedler G. J.
Published: February 2022

The dynamic characteristics of air flow in a section of ducting involve nonlinear partial differential equations in which the air pressure and weight flow vary with both space and time. Differential equations for the distributed-parameter and the lumped-parameter representations are derived. Using applicable linearizing assumptions, transfer functions are obtained for each representation. The two transfer functions are compared by applying them to a practical valve-and-ducting system selected from a control problem. Since the lumped-parameter representation is more convenient to use in controls design, a simple numerical criterion is developed to determine rapidly the conditions under which lumped representation of a distributed element is valid. Frequency-response and time-response plots for the lumped and distributed elements are included for comparison purposes.
Problems Encountered in the Translation of Compressor Performance From One Gas to Another
Authors: Hartmann M. J. , Wilcox W. W.
Published: February 2022

The problem of translating the performance of a continuous-flow compressor from one gas to another has become of increasing importance from several viewpoints: (a) Under certain circumstances it may be possible to test compressors in a special test medium which extends the useful range of test stand to high power or speed ranges. (b) It may be desirable to apply a given compressor of known performance to the compression of a different gas. (c) The fundametnal information that has been accumulated over the years for air compressors may be useful in improving the performance of compressors for other gases. For single or small numbers of stages the performance for geometrically similar flow at the compressor inlet can be translated rather easily from one gas to another. For large numbers of blade rows, however, the translation of the performance becomes much more difficult. The methods used, however, would indicate the changes necessary to keep the performance level up when a given compressor is applied to some other gas. The experimental methods used in testing compressors in a closed loop using Freon-12 on the test medium are given. The problems of indicating the purity of the test gas and maintaining the desired operating conditions indicate some of the problems compressor test stands using special test medium may encounter. It does appear that special test medium for compressors should be considered as a long-range fundamental study rather than a “quick-fix” extension of existing test facilities.
Noise, Vibration, and Measurement Problems, Resulting From Fluid-Flow Disturbances
Authors: Solnick R. L. , Bishop R. H.
Published: February 2022

This paper has been prepared to give the reader a general understanding of the noise, vibration, and measurement problems resulting from fluid-flow disturbances. The occurrence of these problems in power plants has been given particular attention.
Analysis of Journal Bearings With Arbitrary Load Vector
Authors: Pinkus O.
Published: February 2022

Starting with the Reynolds equation for finite bearings, a complete set of solutions for various combinations of the parameters α, μ, and L/D was obtained. These data were then used to obtain solutions for bearing operation in which the load vector is located at any arbitrary position with respect to the two oil grooves of a journal bearing. Plotted as functions of the load angle ψ are values for eccentricity, power loss, and oil flow. The plots also provide means of selecting an optimum load angle ψ to obtain highest load capacity, maximum lubricant flow, and least power loss.
On the Adiabatic Couette Flow of a Compressible Fluid
Authors: Hughes W. F. , Osterle J. F.
Published: February 2022

An investigation is made of the adiabatic flow of air between two parallel plates very close together in relative tangential motion with a pressure differential across the moving plate. The solution predicts the “thermal wedge” effect of hydrodynamically lubricated slider-pad bearings and gives a quantitative analysis of the more general problem where a pressure differential exists across the slider pad. The results indicate that the hydrodynamical pressure contribution is often negligible (for moderate speeds) in comparison to the hydrostatic pressures in the pressurized bearings. For the case of stationary plates, the adiabatic solution is identical with the isothermal solution and no temperature rise occurs.
Curved Beams With Eccentric Boundaries
Authors: Vidosic J. P. , Bogardus F. J. , Durden J. C.
Published: February 2022

A study of curved beams having eccentrically positioned circular-arc boundaries is reported upon in this paper. The study involves some mathematical considerations as well as a photoelastic investigation of the stresses in such beams. The results comprise a method of design using the ordinary straight-beam theory but involving stress factors. Both curves and expressions that can be used to obtain the required factors are presented.
Power From Solar Energy
Authors: Yellott J. I.
Published: February 2022

Following a brief historical introduction, the paper points out the need for solar energy to supplement fossil fuels and nuclear power. The nature of solar radiation is described, and methods are given for estimating the amount available at any particular location. Flat-plate and concentrating collectors are discussed, and recent technical advances are reported, including selective surface coatings and new tube-in-sheet materials. Cycles and prime movers are considered. Need for water in vapor-cycle condensers indicates usefulness of hot-air engines. High thermal efficiency is advocated as a means for reducing fixed charges by cutting size of collectors and rejectors.
Vibration Design Charts
Authors: MacDuff J. N. , Felgar R. P.
Published: February 2022

The charts, tables, and nomographs presented herewith were prepared to provide a quick procedure for estimating natural frequencies of uniform and nonuniform beams and uniform plates. This enables the designer to assess the effect of changing the dimensions, type of support, and material of the element.
The Effect of Condensate Reheat on Mean Temperature Difference in Feedwater Heater Subcooling Zones
Authors: Gardner Karl A.
Published: February 2022

Heat leakage through the subcooling zone wall in combination feedwater heaters tends to defeat one purpose of the zone; namely, to subcool the condensate. Equations are presented for the determination of the mean temperature difference, feedwater and condensate-outlet temperatures, and minimum subcooling terminal approach under such conditions. These are given in terms of parameter K = (UsAz/UsAs), the relative heat-transfer capability of the zone envelope as compared to the tube surface enclosed.
Fork-Truck Stability—A Study in Moments
Authors: Puder R. W. , Bogar W. H. , Jay R. D.
Published: February 2022

Previous practice has been to calculate fork-truck capacity ratings by considering the load to be supported on a simple cantilever system. The authors present an analysis which considers the effect of dynamic loads and a nomograph for rapid determination of truck capacity.
Pressure Drop for Parallel Flow Through Rod Bundles
Authors: Le Tourneau B. W. , Grimble R. E. , Zerbe J. E.
Published: February 2022

Friction factors for flow parallel to a rod bundle have been determined experimentally in a Reynolds-number range from approximately 5000 to 100,000. Three rod arrays were used; namely, a 1.20 pitch-to-rod diameter ratio on a square lattice, and a 1.12 pitch-to-rod diameter ratio on both square and equilateral triangular lattices. Entrance plus exit-loss coefficients, and joint loss coefficients between axially aligned rod bundles also were measured experimentally for tube-sheet end connections. For the square arrays, the effect of tube-sheet flow area on these loss coefficients was investigated. Results are presented in graphical form.
An Investigation of the End-Wall Boundary Layer of a Turbine-Nozzle Cascade
Authors: Turner J. R.
Published: February 2022

As a part of a research program aimed at an explanation of the low efficiencies measured near the casings of turbines, an experimental investigation of the flow through a rectilinear cascade of turbine nozzles was conducted to study the effects of the end-wall boundary layer on the flow pattern through the nozzles. Secondary flows in the boundary-layer fluid produce an accumulation of low-energy fluid in the cascade exit plane that is considerably different from the flow field of the two-dimensional wakes. To describe the effects of the secondary flows, detailed data are included showing blade-pressure-distribution variations through the end-wall boundary layer, flow directions, and total and static pressure at cascade discharge, both with and without an inlet boundary layer on the end wall. From these data, qualitative conclusions have been drawn concerning the nature and origin of these low-energy accumulations. The most significant of these conclusions are (a) that the end-wall boundary-layer behavior inside the nozzle passage is essentially independent of the boundary layer entering the cascade; (b) the low-energy fluid which appears in the suction-surface end-wall corner at cascade discharge has its origin only in the end-wall and suction-surface boundary layers.
Method for Presenting the Response of Temperature-Measuring Systems
Authors: Looney Robert
Published: February 2022

A single time-constant approximation of the lag of temperature-measuring systems is often adequate for evaluating the effect of the system lag on the control loop and for indicating the fidelity with which transients are recorded. The value of this approximate time constant is dependent upon the system and on the properties of the fluid whose temperature is being controlled. This paper suggests a method of presenting information on systems from which the user can determine the single time-constant approximation for his operating conditions. Experimental procedures for obtaining the necessary information are discussed.
The Phase-Space Method for Analysis of Nonlinear Control Systems
Authors: Ku Y. H.
Published: February 2022

This paper gives a general procedure for the analysis of a feedback system with a nonlinear control function. Taking the actuating signal as the dependent variable, a single nonlinear differential equation is obtained, the order of which depends upon the complexity of the linear transfer functions. This high-order nonlinear differential equation is then solvable by the phase-space method developed by the author and detailed in his previous papers (1, 2, 3). The method is further extended to the analysis of a system with one nonlinear controller in the forward branch and another nonlinear controller in the feedback branch. The two phase-plane equations obtained from the simultaneous differential equations are then solvable by the method given in reference (4).
The Flow and Fracture of Nodular Cast Iron
Authors: Clough W. R. , Shank M. E.
Published: February 2022

Combined stress tests on pearlitic nodular iron show this material possesses a constant valued modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio. The maximum shear criterion for yielding is conservative, but is sufficiently accurate for design purposes. In addition, it appears to yield in accordance with the distortion-energy theory, providing stress concentrations at the graphite nodules are taken into account. There is a density change with plastic deformation due to separation of the matrix from the graphite. Stress and strain variables may be reasonably correlated by plotting plastic work against octahedral shear stress. A smooth fracture envelope has been obtained, and fracture occurs in a direction normal to the greatest applied tensile stress. A considerable internal crack network may be opened up before fracture. Brittle cleavage facets in pearlitic nodular iron are revealed by the fractographic technique. Cleavage fracture is not obtained in ferritic nodular iron in tension, but may be obtained in the presence of notches or by low temperature of test.
Design and Development of a Two-Cycle Turbocharged Diesel Engine
Authors: Louzecky P. J.
Published: February 2022

The development of a successful design of two-cycle diesel engines for turbocharging involves many difficult problems, such as integrating the turbocharger to the engine, developing an exhaust manifold that will result in a minimum loss of heat energy, and making the engine components sufficiently rugged to carry the increase in engine loads. A solution to these problems, obtained by intensive study and testing, is presented in this paper. Also described are the favorable results achieved, which are improved fuel consumption, increased engine horsepower, and decreased engine size per horsepower as compared with nonturbocharged two-cycle diesel engines.
Media Presentations of Olympic Victories and Nation-Related Identification Among Viewers: The Influence of Emotions Induced by Sportscasts
Authors: Mutz Michael , Gerke Markus
Published: February 2022

This study uses experimental methods to assess the causal effect of media presentations on viewer’s emotions, national identification, and nation-related values. In three experiments covering marginal sports disciplines, viewers watched broadcasts of compatriots winning an Olympic gold medal, either featuring emotional and partisan reporting styles or a neutral audio commentary. Findings show that those exposed to the partisan commentary experienced heightened emotions; identified more strongly with their nation; exhibited more patriotism and nationalism; and ascribed positive values (e.g., achievement, diligence) more strongly to their home country than did viewers in the control group. These results suggest that the broadcasting styles influence viewers’ emotions, attitudes, and collective identifications beyond the effects of the sporting competition itself.
Adherence Enables Neisseria gonorrhoeae to Overcome Zinc Limitation Imposed by Nutritional Immunity Proteins
Authors: Ray Jocelyn C. , Smirnov Asya , Maurakis Stavros A. , Harrison Simone A. , Ke Eugene , Chazin Walter J. , Cornelissen Cynthia Nau , Criss Alison K.
Published: February 2022

Neisseria gonorrhoeae
(Gc) must overcome limitations of metals such as zinc to colonize mucosal surfaces in its obligate human host. While the zinc-binding nutritional immunity proteins calprotectin (S100A8/A9) and psoriasin (S100A7) are abundant in human cervicovaginal lavage fluid, Gc possesses TonB-dependent transporters TdfH and TdfJ that bind and extract zinc from the human version of these proteins, respectively.
Modern-like elevation and climate in Tibet since the mid-Miocene (ca. 15 Ma)
Authors: Xu Qiang , Li Shun , Bai Yan
Published: February 2022

When the modern-like geomorphology and climate pattern of the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau were established still remains unclear. In this study, we apply paired stable isotope compositions of carbonate (δ18Oc) and leaf waxderived n-alkanes (δ2Halk) from the upper Gazhacun Formation in the Namling Basin to reconstruct the middle Miocene elevation and climate of southern Tibet. Depositional age of the upper Gazhacun Formation has been precisely constrained to between 15.5 Ma and 15.1 Ma by zircon U-Pb ages of dacite interlayers. Paired carbonate derived δ18Ow values (–17.9 ± 1.3‰ to –18.3 ± 1.3‰) and leaf-wax derived δ2Hw values (–131.5 ± 20‰ to –145.7 ± 20‰) plot on or very close to the global meteoric water line suggesting that these samples experienced little evaporation enrichment and isotopic alternation. Based on these two independent proxies, paleoelevation estimates for the Namling Basin are consistently between 4.6+0.7/-0.8 km and 5.2+0.7/-0.8 km, supporting a high elevation for southern Tibet in the mid-Miocene. Integrated with published paleoelevation estimates for the Himalaya, central and northern Tibet in literature, a near-present elevation across the whole Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau has already been established since the middle Miocene (ca. 15 Ma). Besides, stable isotopic values across the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau show that the δ2Hw values gradually increase northward from the Himalaya to northeastern Tibet, quite similar to that of the present day. This pattern suggests that during the middle Miocene, the Himalaya-Gangdese system may have blocked southerly monsoonal moisture from reaching northern Tibet. Westerlies or local recycling of moisture might be the dominant moisture sources across northern Tibet, with enriched δ18Ow and δ2Hw precipitation values that could lead to erroneous paleoelevation estimates over central and northern Tibet.
Early Paleozoic Cascadia-type active-margin evolution of the Dunhuang block (NW China): Geochemical and geochronological constraints
Authors: Soldner Jérémie , Yuan Chao , Schulmann Karel , Jiang Yingde , Štípská Pavla , Zhang Yunying , Huang Zongying , Wang Xinyu
Published: February 2022

Origins of early Paleozoic metabasites (granulites and amphibolites) and their host metasedimentary rocks in the Dunhuang block, NW China, are addressed by new geochronological and geochemical data. The metabasites show back-arc basalt–like geochemical features, marked by high Zr/Nb ratios and Zr-Hf troughs, but they can be classified into two groups based on their dissimilar protolith ages and distinct Nd signatures. Most group I metabasaltic rocks were emplaced before 455 Ma and possess high Ba/Nb ratios (11.46–224), low (Nb/La)PM (0.10–0.71), and negative whole-rock εNd(t) values (−12.7 to −2.7), whereas group II rocks have protolith ages around 445 Ma, low Ba/Nb ratios (0.70–22.93), low (Nb/La)PM (0.78–1.51), and less evolved whole-rock Nd isotopic features (εNd[t]: −2.0 to +2.7). It is proposed that group I metabasites originated from an enriched lithospheric mantle, while group II metabasites were derived from the depleted asthenospheric mantle. The metasedimentary rocks received detritus mainly from the neighboring Cambrian magmatic arc, and they are compositionally similar to active-margin sediments. Metamorphic zircon U-Pb ages ranging 462–422 Ma from the investigated rocks together with prominent magmatism further suggest high-grade metamorphism prevailing during the Late Ordovician–early Silurian. Based on these data, a Cascadia-type evolution is proposed involving an Ordovician–early Silurian suprasubduction stretching of the Cambrian active continental margin, which culminated with mantle upwelling. Recent paleogeographic reconstructions support the evolution and assembly of interior Proto–Tethys-Ran oceanic and continental plates, including the Dunhuang block, between 510 and 440 Ma, followed by Panthalassan subduction beneath the Tarim–North China continental assemblage at 440–430 Ma.
Sertraline hydrochloride for reducing impulsive behaviour in male, repeat-violent offenders (ReINVEST): protocol for a phase IV, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial
Authors: Butler Tony , Schofield Peter W , Knight Lee , Ton Bianca , Greenberg David , Scott Rodney J , Grant Luke , Keech Anthony C , Gebski Val , Jones Jocelyn , Ellis Andrew , Weatherburn Donald , Wilhelm Kay , Jones Alison , Churchill Alison , Allnutt Stephen , Mitchell Philip B , Chappell Duncan , D'Este Catherine , Villa Dominic , Carr Vaughan
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Considerable evidence supports an association between poor impulse control (impulsivity) and violent crime. Furthermore, impulsivity and aggression has been associated with reduced levels of serotonergic activity in the brain. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of anti­depressants that aim to regulate brain serotonin concentrations. Several small studies in psychiatric populations have administered SSRIs to impulsive­–aggressive individuals, resulting in reduced impulsivity, anger, aggression and depression. However, no clinical trial has been undertaken in a criminal justice population. This protocol describes the design and implementation of the first systematic study of the potential benefits of SSRIs in impulsive­­–violent offenders who are at high risk of reoffending.

Methods and analysis

A randomised, double-blinded, multicentre trial to test the clinical efficacy of an SSRI, sertraline hydrochloride, compared with placebo on recidivism and behavioural measures (including impulsivity, anger, aggression, depression and self-reported offending) over 12 months. 460 participants with histories of violence and screening positive for impulsivity are recruited at several local courts and correctional service offices in New South Wales, Australia.

Ethics and dissemination

Results will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Possible implications of the effectiveness of this pharmacological intervention include economic benefits of reducing prison costs and societal benefits of improving safety. This study has received ethical approval from the University of New South Wales, Aboriginal Health & Medical Research Council, Corrective Services NSW and the NSW Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network.

Trial registration number

ACTRN12613000442707.