bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desempenho agronômico de milho consorciado com feijãode-corda em diferentes populações e arranjos de plantas no semiárido mineiro
Authors: Santos Márcio Adriano , Cardoso Batista Paulo Sérgio , Ferreira Lopes Maurício , De Morais Silva Marcelo Geraldo , Ferreira Berto Alberto Luiz
Published: February 2017

O cultivo do milho em consórcio com o feijão-de-corda é uma alternativa para o agricultor familiar, podendo proporcionar maior retorno econômico e aproveitamento da área de cultivo. Assim, objetivouse com este trabalho avaliar o desempenho agronômico do milho BRS Caatingueiro e do feijão-de-corda consorciados em diferentes densidades populacionais e arranjos de plantas. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo cada unidade experimental constituída por uma parcela de 4,0 x 4,0 m. Os tratamentos foram: MS – milho solteiro no espaçamento de 1,0 m; FS - feijão-de-corda solteiro no espaçamento de 0,5 m; MF - fileiras simples de milho espaçadas de 1,0 m, com uma fileira intercalar de feijão-de-corda; MFF - fileiras simples de milho espaçadas de 1,0 m, com duas fileiras de feijão-de-corda; MFF - fileiras duplas de milho espaçadas de 0,5 m, com 1,0 m entre as duplas, com uma fileira intercalar de feijão-de-corda; MMFF - fileiras duplas de milho espaçadas de 0,5 m, com 1,0 m entre as duplas, com duas fileiras intercalares de feijão-de-corda; MFC - milho espaçado de 1,0 m com plantio de feijão-de-corda na mesma cova. Os sistemas de consórcio avaliados afetaram a produtividade do milho BRS Caatingueiro e do feijão-de-corda. Os IEAs obtidos mostram que o consórcio entre milho e feijãode-corda, nos arranjos MFF, MMFF e MFC, é vantajoso do ponto de vista agronômico.
Caso Imatinib: análisis técnico y jurídico del trámite de patente en Colombia
Authors: Díaz Pinilla Luisa Fernanda , Guevara Rafael , Lamprea Natalia , Lizarazo-Cortés Óscar
Published: February 2017

Imatinib –comercialmente disponible como Gleevec® o Glivec®– es un medicamento empleado principalmente en el tratamiento de la leucemia mieloide crónica. La protección de este medicamento por patente en Colombia, en la forma de una entidad polimórfica denominada forma Beta (β) del mesilato de Imatinib, muestra un trámite muy divergente entre la postura de la Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio que en 2003 niega la patente, y la postura del Consejo de Estado que en 2012 revoca dicha negación y ordena conceder la patente. Se evalúan los aspectos técnicos que llevaron a la decisión en cada entidad y los temas jurídicos que definieron el caso, encontrando que el estudio de las pruebas testimoniales y de peritazgo que son presentadas por dos expertos de la técnica –donde uno de ellos es coinventor de la solicitud–, así como la valoración únicamente enfocada en el esfuerzo técnico que implica obtener un polimorfo, condujeron al Consejo de Estado a conceder la patente del polimorfo, aun cuando no fuese aparente o claro el nivel inventivo, especialmente referido al efecto técnico sorprendente del compuesto. Además, se presentan algunas comparaciones respecto a las instancias judiciales que estudian las decisiones de las oficinas de patentes en otras jurisdicciones y la protección que se les da o no a los polimorfos en otros países. Se indica que este caso no es representativo frente a los lineamientos actuales para examen de patentes en Colombia. Además, se sintetiza a septiembre de 2016 el estado de la solicitud de declaratoria de interés público inicialmente pedida con fines de licencia obligatoria, pero posteriormente expedida para fijación de precio bajo una metodología general para situaciones de interés público. Y se destaca la importancia de los lineamientos para el examen de patentes frente a otras medidas más mediáticas como las licencias obligatorias.
Studi Komparasi Pemahaman Konsep Sistem Pernapasan Manusia Melalui Penerapan Pembelajaran Konstruktivisme tipe Novick Dipadu Concept Map dan Ceramah Bervariasi
Authors: MASRUROH ROILA DEWI , KARYANTO PUGUH , INDROWATI METI
Published: February 2017

This research is aim to find out the different comprehension of human respiration system concept in the Novick type of constructivism learning with concept map and the varied lecturing learning. This study was a quasi-experimental research using Post-test Only With Nonequivalent Groups research design. The sampling technique used was Cluster Sampling one. The populations of this research were all of 11th degree students of science at SMA Negeri 2 Karanganyar in academic year 2012/2013. The samples of this research were the students of 11th Imersi I as experiment group and 11th Imersi II as control group. Technique of collecting data used was a  multiple choice test with reasoning, essay test, and observation sheet. The hypothesis testing was carried out using t-test. The conclusion of research that there isn’t different comprehension of human respiratory system concept between the Novick type of constructivism learning with concept map and the varied lecturing learning.
Individual and Contextual Factors Associated with Married Women’s HIV Status in India, National Family Health Survey- 3
Authors: Dutta Tapati , Singh S K , Mondal Subrato K , Paul Lopamudra
Published: February 2017

There are increasing concerns related to feminization of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in India especially its showing up among married women. Nuances of HIV related risk and vulnerability are myriad among them (married women) who are either oblivious to their partner’s risk behavior, unaware of their partners’ or own sero-status and often cannot negotiate safer sex. Dearth of evidence on HIV prevention programs indicating gendered outcomes further obscures the situation. National Family Health Survey- 3 data of India were reviewed to identify individual and familial correlates in their marital families, which might be associated with the HIV status among married women in India. Bivariate and regression methods were used. Findings indicated key factors which add to the vulnerability of married women’s risk-proneness to contract HIV. It calls for more socio-behavioral and implementation research addressing HIV transmission and prevention among married women in India, where typically the thrust has been mostly on HIV high risk populations like female sex workers, injecting drug users and men who have sex with men. 
Bioaccessibility of Polyphenols from Onion (Allium cepa) as Influenced by Domestic Heat Processing and Food Acidulants
Authors: Hithamani Gavirangappa , Srinivasan Krishnapura
Published: February 2017

Polyphenols are gaining importance in view of their health beneficial influences. Onion (Allium cepa) was analyzed for total polyphenol and flavonoid contents and their bioaccessibility as influenced by heat processing and food acidulants. Total polyphenols in raw onion (2.17 mg/g) were increased by 50% upon roasting. Total flavonoids in onion (0.27 mg/g) remained unchanged in heat processing. Bio accessible polyphenols and flavonoids from onion were 0.96 and 0.02 mg/g respectively and open-pan boiling increased the bio accessible polyphenols from onion. Addition of food acidulants to onion altered the composition and concentration of phenolic compounds. Total bio accessible polyphenols of onion decreased by 15% in presence of lime juice, while the same increased from microwave heated onions by 21% in presence of amchur. Presence of lime juice decreased bio accessible polyphenols in native and pressure-cooked onion, while the same increased by 37% in roasted onion in presence of amchur. Bioaccessibility of quercetin from onion increased 6-fold in presence of amchur, while a few polyphenols viz., protocatechuic acid, syringic acid, rutin and myricetin became bio accessible in presence of these food acidulants. Amchur enhanced the bio accessible polyphenols from onion more than lime juice. Concentration of bio accessible polyphenols was higher upon open-pan boiling of onion. There was a qualitative as well as quantitative change in the phenolic composition on addition of the food acidulants. Since amchur enhances the concentration of bio accessible polyphenols more than lime juice, its use in food preparations could be a strategy to maximize bioavailability of polyphenols, especially flavonoids from onion.
Obesity in Relation to Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases among Women from Low, Middle and High Income Groups
Authors: Aggarwal Shagun , Singla Neerja
Published: February 2017

A study was conducted to assess the prevalence of obesity and its relationship with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in women from low, middle and high income group. A total of 150 women in the age group of 40-50 years, belonging to low (LIG), middle (MIG) and high (HIG) income group were selected from sub-mountainous region of Hoshiarpur city. The Body Mass Index (BMI) criterion was used for the assessment of obesity. Twenty five normal (BMI 20-22.9 kg/m2) and 25 obese (BMI ≥ 27.5 kg/m2) women from each income group i.e. LIG, MIG and HIG were selected to study the relationship of obesity with CVD. The data on anthropometric measurements and blood lipid profile was collected. The obese subjects belonging to MIG and HIG were found to have higher risk factors of CVD such as total cholesterol, triglycerides was LDL as compared to subjects in LIG.
Effect of Meat Processing and Cooking on DNA Extraction and Detection of Meat Adulteration in Mutton Rista (Kashmiri Meat Product)
Authors: Bhat Mohammad Mansoor , Jalal Heena , Para Parveez Ahmad , Ganguly Subha
Published: February 2017

The processing and cooking of meat, during meat product preparation, affects the DNA quality and its concentration during DNA isolation. In this study, the effect of processing and cooking, during Rista preparation, on meat speciation of beef and buffalo meat in mutton Rista was studied. The study material involved three types of meat i.e. unprocessed meat, Rista emulsion and the final cooked Rista product. In each type of meat, pure meat samples of mutton, beef and buffalo meat were studied along with the adulterated mutton sample having 10% beef and 10% buffalo meat adulteration level. The meat samples were subjected to mtDNA isolation and multiplex PCR analysis. The results of this study showed that processing and cooking decreases the concentration of extracted DNAs but does not affect the detection of beef and buffalo meat in adulterated mutton Rista (unprocessed, processed and cooked) at 10% level of adulteration.
Development and Evaluation of Pearl Millet Based Novel Health Drink
Authors: Vanishree S. , Kammar M. R. , Nidoni Udaykumar
Published: February 2017

Malnutrition in general and nutritional anaemia in particular is a public health problem in India. The remedies for which lies with the people if they are educated to utilize the locally available nutrient rich food sources. In this background, an effort was made to develop a novel food product from bajra, an iron rich health drink as a supplementary food to combat malnutrition. Bajra or pearl millet is extensively grown in Raichur district, which is a rich source of iron, Ca, Zn and high level of fat. But its uses are limited. Novel health drink was prepared using sprouted and dried pearl millet flour, sprouted and dried finger millet powder, malted soya flour, sugar powder and milk powder, and popped and milled amaranth seed powder in different combinations. The pearl millet flour was fortified with other ingredients used in different combinations i.e., 50, 60,70 and 80% respectively along with other ingredients and 100% pearl millet flour was used as control. The effect of germination on nutritional composition in terms of proximate was assessed and sensory evaluation was done for all the fortified samples using 9 point hedonic scale. Sensory evaluation of fortified samples showed that 50 per cent bajra concentration sample was the most accepted sample with respect to all the qualities followed by 60%. Germination enhanced the protein and minerals especially iron content with the reduction in fat.
Fall Rye Reduced Residual Soil Nitrate and Dryland Spring Wheat Grain Yield
Authors: Thomas Ben W. , Larney Francis J. , Chantigny Martin H. , Goyer Claudia , Hao Xiying
Published: February 2017

Core Ideas

Fall rye reduced pre‐plant nitrate by 2 to 18 times compared with tillage radish.

Fall rye reduced dryland spring wheat grain yield by 38 to 58% compared with tillage radish.

Pre‐plant soil NH4–N plus NO3–N explained 93% of spring wheat grain yield variability.

Limited information about how cover crop management impacts the agronomic performance of succeeding annual crops in semiarid regions constrains cover crop utilization. Therefore, over 2 yr we quantified how cover crop species (fall rye [Secale cerealeL. ‘AC Remington’] or oilseed radish [Raphanus sativusL. ‘Tillage radish’]) and nutrient source (compost or inorganic fertilizer) affected cover crop biomass and N uptake, soil nitrate N (NO3–N) and ammonium N (NH4–N), and the agronomic performance of the succeeding spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) test crop. Fall rye reduced pre‐plant NO3–N by 2 to 18 times compared with oilseed radish, and reduced spring wheat grain yields by 38 to 58% compared with amended soils with no cover crop and oilseed radish. Inorganically fertilized soils led to 21% greater pre‐plant soil NO3–N concentrations than the compost‐amended soil in 2013–2014 but nutrient source did not significantly affect NO3–N concentrations in 2014–2015. A quadratic function explained 93% of the variability between pre‐plant soil NH4–N plus NO3–N (0–7.5‐cm depth) and spring wheat grain yield in 2014, indicating that the N supply limited spring wheat grain yield. We conclude that fall rye scavenged residual NO3–N better than oilseed radish during the non‐growing season, particularly during the spring period when this perennial species assimilates N, but under semiarid conditions it may decompose and mineralize too slowly to supply N at the right time for the subsequent crop, while oilseed radish tended to boost spring wheat grain yield.
Tumores Estromais Gastrointestinais (GIST): Relato de Caso e Revisão da Literatura
Authors: De Almeida Érica , Nigre Leonardo Baylão , Júnior Sebastião Dias Barboza
Published: February 2017

GIST (Gastrointestinal stromal tumor) é o tumor estromal do trato gastrointestinal que por muito tempo foi denominado “leiomioma” ou “leiomiossarcoma”. A partir da microscopia eletrônica e da imunohistoquímica, descobriu-se que é uma neoplasia que se origina das células intersticiais de Cajal e da expressão da proteína c-KIT. Embora raro, representa a maioria dos tumores mesenquimais do trato digestivo. Localiza-se preferencialmente no estômago e acomete principalmente indivíduos de meia-idade e idosos. Os exames de imagem, especialmente a tomografia computadorizada, permitem definir a localização, dimensão do tumor e sua relação com as estruturas vizinhas, embora a avaliação imunohistoquímica seja sempre necessária para o diagnóstico etiológico. A remoção cirúrgica é o tratamento de escolha. O tratamento farmacológico tem sido preconizado em casos avançados. Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar relato de um caso da INONCO em Vassouras e uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a doença, o diagnóstico e o tratamento do GIST.
PEMBENTUKAN KULTUR AKHLAK MULIA DI KALANGAN MAHASISWA UNY MELALUI PEMBELAJARAN PAI
Authors: Marzuki Marzuki
Published: February 2017

Abstract: Noble Character Culture Building Among Students of Yogyakarta StateUniversity Through PAI Learning. This study aims to reveal problems in PAIlearning in Yogyakarta State University and its role in building students’ noblecharacter. This study was a qualitative study. The data were obtained throughinterviews, questionnaires, and documents and were analyzed using qualitativeanalysis techniques with the inductive approach. The results show that PAIlearning has an important role in building students’ noble character if supported bycompetent lecturers, good inputs, adequate materials, and good processes.Conversely, if such supports are not available, the goal will be difficult to attain.Among the problems are diverse student abilities, students’ less attention tocharacter, the emphasis of PAI learning materials on cognitive aspects, anddifficulty in controlling students outside the class.Keywords: culture building, noble character, PAI learning
sampe
Authors: M Prasetyo
Published: February 2017

KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN DAN KEBUDAYAAN UNIVERSITAS NEGERI YOGYAKARTA
KEMAJUAN BELAJAR SISWA PADA GEOMETRI TRANSFORMASI MENGGUNAKAN AKTIVITAS REFLEKSI GEOMETRI
Authors: Albab Irkham Ulil , Hartono Yusuf , Darmawijoyo Darmawijoyo
Published: February 2017

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kemajuan belajar siswa pada materi geometri transformasi yang didukung dengan serangkaian aktivitas belajar berdasarkan Pendidikan Matematika Realistik Indonesia. Penelitian didesain melalui tiga tahap, yaitu tahapan perancangan desain awal, pengujian desain melalui pembelajaran awal dan pembelajaran eksperimental, dan tahap analisis retrospektif. Dalam penelitian ini, Hypothetical Learning Trajectory, HLT (HLT) berperan penting sebagai desain pembelajaran sekaligus instrumen penelitian. HLT diujikan terhadap 26 siswa kelas VII. Data dikumpulkan dengan teknik wawancara, pengamatan, dan catatan lapangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa desain pembelajaran ini mampu menstimulasi siswa untuk memberikan karakteristik refleksi dan transformasi geometri lainnya secara informal, mengklasifikasikannya dalam transformasi isometri pada level kedua, dan menemukan garis bantuan refleksi pada level yang lebih formal. Selain itu, garis bantuan refleksi digunakan oleh siswa untuk menggambar bayangan refleksi dan pola pencerminan serta memahami bentuk rotasi dan translasi sebagai kombinasi refleksi adalah level tertinggi. Keyword: transformasi geometri, kombinasi refleksi, rotasi, translasi, design research,HLT STUDENTS’ LEARNING PROGRESS ON TRANSFORMATION GEOMETRY USING THE GEOMETRY REFLECTION ACTIVITIES Abstract: This study was aimed at describing the students’ learning progress on transformation geometry supported by a set of learning activities based on Indonesian Realistic Mathematics Education. The study was designed into three stages, that is, the preliminary design stage, the design testing through initial instruction and experiment, and the restrospective analysis stage. In this study, Hypothetical Learning Trajectory (HLT) played an important role as an instructional design and a research instrument. HLT was tested to 26 seventh grade students. The data were collected through interviews, observations, and field notes. The findings of the study showed that this instructional design could stimulate students to provide reflection characteristics and other transformation geometry informally, to classify them in the transformation isometry in the second level, and to find the reflection supporting line in the more formal level. In addition, the reflection supporting line was used by the students to draw the reflection image and the mirroring pattern and to understand the rotation and translation shapes as a combination of reflection at the highest level. Keyword: geometric transformation, rotation, translation, and HLT
Intersubjetividade e Educação: O Estatuto do Olhar nas Relações Educativas. Uma Reflexão a partir da fenomenologia existencial de Sartre
Authors: Danelon Márcio
Published: February 2017

A educação é uma relação dialógica. Se é possível ao homem auto-instruir, não é, de outra forma, possível a ele auto-educar, pois a educação pressupõe uma alteridade que apresente o mundo da cultura historicamente produzida para o outro. À medida que a educação é relação intersubjetiva, o olhar presente nessas subjetividades se encontra na arena do mundo. Isso demarcado, constitui-se em nosso objetivo demarcar uma fenomenologia do olhar a partir do referencial teórico da filosofia existencial de Sartre, com a finalidade de constituí-la como ferramenta na nossa apreciação da educação como um momento privilegiado em que olhares emergem no cotidiano das experiências educativas. A partir da premissa de que olhar é apreender o outro, queremos potencializar a educação como um momento em que olhares se entrecruzam, conflitos aparecem, subjetividades são produzidas, consciências se formam, enfim, pessoas - educadores e educados – vivenciam, num horizonte de infinitos olhares, a experiência existencial do olhar e educar.
THE ROLE OF FIRST LANGUAGE IN EFL CLASSROOM
Authors: Zakaria Faishal
Published: February 2017

This paper gives an overview of some of basic arguments of the use of L1 in L2 classroom, either against or in favor of it, and will particularly review the use of L1 in classroom of EFL adult learners in Indonesia. Despite to opponent arguments of L1 use, there are a number of proponent arguments from ESL/EFL professionals of its use. They argue that L1 use is beneficial for both teacher and student if it isused appropriately at appropriate times. The use of L1 in classroom is particularly helpful for teacher when helping engender security, conveying meaning of words, checking for comprehension, and or explaining grammatical rules.
PEMBINAAN ANAK PADA MASA PUBERTAS MENURUT PENDIDIKAN ISLAM
Authors: Nya Dhin Cut
Published: February 2017

Puberty period is a transition time to look for the identity. This period is really sensitive that also determines the children’s personality in the future. One that develops during this transitional time is Juvenile deliquency which is one of many serious social problems for many parents nowadays. This problem arises due to the lack of attention and knowledge of parents, teachers, and surrounding society to guide those problematic children. An effective solution to overcome this problem is by implementing Islam ic education which is taken from some values of Al-Quran and Hadits. The aim of this research is to know the vision of Islam in education to guide teenagers during their puberty period. This is a library research that analyzes some references from books, magazines, newspaper and articles related to the topic of this research. The result showed that puberty period is really a decisive period to determine the children’s future education. In Islam ic education the children are trained to be qualified students and have a wider point of view. To reach this goal, Islam ic education has done some developments in the aspects of faith, moral, physic, and psychology.
Shareholder short-termism in the UK: The kay review and the potential role of corporate law
Authors: Kokkinis Andreas
Published: February 2017

This paper examines the notion of short-termism and assesses the potential impact of short-termist shareholder pressures on corporate governance in light of available empirical evidence on the effects of institutional shareholder ownership on corporate performance. Its main aim is to evaluate the adequacy of the recommendations included in the influential Kay Report and to assess the legal efficacy of the regulatory tools advocated by Kay. It is argued that although most of the Report’s recommendations are likely to alleviate the consequences of short-termism, the Report does not go far enough to ensure a definite change of culture and practice in equity markets. Therefore, further reforms are necessary in the area. In particular, it is expedient to robustly reform the structure of executive remuneration, facilitate a dialogue between companies and long-term investors, and reform shareholder voting rights to deter short-termist behavior and reward long-term investors
Standards on transparency of publicly listed corporations: Information owed to the public?
Authors: Euler Dimitrij
Published: February 2017

The paper is about domestic laws’ response to the greater need of publicly listed corporation to be accountable to the public in accordance with international law. The paper is dedicated to the transparency of multinational corporations listed and incorporated in Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States and Switzerland. Under these applicable laws, transparency of publicly listed corporations has significantly changed in the last decade. Some countries oblige corporations to disclose non-financial and financial information immediately; others merely require periodic reporting of financial information. In particular, the connection between Impact Investor, an investor that invests based on social or environmental criteria in addition to the financial performance, and the investment target, publicly listed corporations contributed to some change. The applicable law provides a minimum standard of transparency. This minimum standard defines how the reasonable investor invests in the publicly listed corporation. Depending on this standard, the responsibility owed by the publicly listed corporation extends from the shareholder, several stakeholders to the public. Reasons for these differences lie in the greater accountability of publicly listed corporations from shareholders, to stakeholders or even the public. The OECD’s different standard on Corporate Governance, the Ruggie principles and other recommendations of non-governmental organisations (NGO) keep shaping the accountability under the applicable law. These standards provide guidance to corporations to voluntarily implement greater responsibilities beyond the minimum standard in the form of Corporate Governance. However, once publicly listed corporations implement these standards, the applicable law seem to not adequately impose duties on publicly listed corporations to disclose the information under its self-imposed standard to stakeholders or even the public. The paper researches the problem of transparency of publicly listed corporations in European Union, in particular Germany and the United Kingdom, as well as the United States and Switzerland wither regard to impact investors. Its hypotheses is that the applicable law lacks clear wording that transfers voluntary standards into binding law. The paper will not focus on obligations of corporation established under contracts with groups of shareholders. It will also not focus on stock market programmes to audit corporations based on environmental and social criteria. The paper excludes inter partes obligations because they give the contracting party merely a right to rely on the disclosure. The paper will also not look at methods for evaluation of non-financial information with regard to publicly listed corporations.
Idiosyncrasies of taking risk: A case of a South-Asian context
Authors: Gamage Helan Ramya , Wickramasinghe Ananda
Published: February 2017

Risk taking is fundamental to entrepreneurial activities and a central theme of the entrepreneurship literature. However, research on the risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs has met with virtually no empirical evidence on how socio-cultural factors influence on taking entrepreneurial risk in the context of South Asia where entrepreneurs consistently face challenges of high uncertainty due to socio-cultural and politico-economic complexity and instability. Purpose of this paper is to address this paradox by examining entrepreneurial risk through the lenses of socio-cultural, politico-economic and decision making. Given the self-evident that nature of complexity, irrationality and uncertainty in this context, a sophisticated exploration of entrepreneurial social reality of risk taking and management requires the fundamental philosophy of subjectivism and therefore this study adopts qualitative inductive case study methods in a sample of Sri Lankan entrepreneurs. The study found that entrepreneurs do indeed use their social and cultural understanding to a great extent in their decision making.
Broken ties and corporate governance changes under uncertainty conditions. A longitudinal study of Italian boardroom network evolution
Authors: Romano Mauro , Favino Christian
Published: February 2017

The recent systemic crisis that has affected the financial markets and real economies of major industrialized countries has had significant effects on the corporate governance and key organizational choices of large firms. In this context, the present study aims to verify whether the international crisis has significantly changed the structure of the interlocking directorate network that links large firms in the regulated Italian market. Furthermore the paper, which is a development of a preceding research study, also investigates the changes that have occurred in the interpersonal network of directors of the same firms previously observed. To this end, we present a preliminary analysis of the evolution of corporate governance in the main European regulated markets through a dynamic comparison of some synthetic statistical data observed at the end of the years 2006, 2008 and 2010. In the second part, after framing the interlocking directorate concept, we examine the evolution of the interlocking directorate network during the aforementioned observation period (2006-2010) with respect to larger Italian listed companies (FTSE MIB) and their directors
Corporate payout policy in founder and family firms
Authors: Lau James , Block Joern H.
Published: February 2017

This paper investigates the tax and agency explanations of corporate payout policy by investigating the likelihood, the level and the method of payout in founder and family firms. Controlling founders and families are both subject to the tax disadvantage of dividends arising from their substantial shareholdings, but family firms are arguably subject to more severe agency conflicts than founder firms due to their susceptibility to wasteful expenditure and the adverse effects of intra-family conflicts. Results indicate that founder firms on average are less likely and pay a lower level of dividends than family firms. Moreover, founder firms prefer share repurchase over dividends as the main method of payout whereas family firms prefer dividends over share repurchase. Overall, our findings are consistent with the agency explanation of corporate payout policy.
Independent directors’ resource provision capability in publicly-listed companies in Malaysia
Authors: Sharif Saeed Pahlevan , Kyid Yeoh Ken
Published: February 2017

We explore the notion that independent directors’ primary role in developing capital markets is to act as key providers of distinctive resources and/or networks that are valuable to their respective firms. These resource provision capabilities become even more crucial in times of financial crisis. With a random sample of 289 companies listed on Bursa Malaysia, we test a set of hypotheses using paired sample t-test (for both pre-crisis (2007) and onset-of-crisis (2008) periods). Our results show that in times of crisis, companies exhibit a greater tendency to appoint more independent directors, especially those who (i) possess certain skills/resources that their firms specifically lack, and/or (ii) have strong political connections to secure government projects/funding/support.
Implications of ownership identity and insider’s supremacy on the economic performance of the listed companies
Authors: Yasser Qaiser Rafique , Al-Mamun Abdullah
Published: February 2017

We adopt a multi-theoretic approach to investigate a previously unexplored phenomenon in extant literature, namely the differential impact of ownership identity and director dominate shareholding on the performance of emerging market firms. The main research question addressed is, whether the impact of this relationship is conditional on the identity of the block investor. First, the relationship between overall block ownership and firm performance is tested by employing multiple regressions on 500 firm-year observations for the period from 2007 to 2011. Then, the block ownership is classified as the state, individuals, insiders, financial institutions, corporate and foreign investors and the influence of these identities on firm performance is examined. It was found that only the ownership categories such as the government, institutions and foreign ownership have positive influence on the firm performance. The results also indicate that high level of insider ownership also negatively associated with the firm performance. The main contribution of this paper is the examination of the relationship between block ownership and firm performance from the perspective of the identity of investors
How are strategy maps linked to strategic and organizational change? A review of the empirical literature on the balanced scorecard
Authors: Lueg Rainer , Julner Pernille
Published: February 2017

Proponents of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) emphasize that the BSC translates strategy into action, but that Strategy Maps are a crucial mean to sustainable change. This literature review investigates how Strategy Maps are linked to strategic and organizational change. We aim at a better understanding of BSC implementations, gaps in practice, as well as remedies. Built upon the theoretical framework of Kaplan and Norton, we conduct a systematic literature review of initially 332 empirical studies between 1992 and 2013. We find that only 15 studies have dealt with the topic of Strategy Maps. Yet, BSC implementations that actually use Strategy Maps appear to be rather successful. Strategy Maps induce sustainable change, foster a better understanding of the BSC, facilitate evaluations of the external environment, create greater commitment, lower resistance, and are superior to a stand-alone BSC in communicating strategy. Nevertheless, we identify the common measure bias as a usual pitfall that leads to inappropriate evaluations of lower-level actors. We assert that BSC implementations need a Strategy Map to be successful. We also highlight that there has been only little research on the topic, and that present findings might be inconclusive due to the confined range of methodology (single-organization case studies).
Corporate social responsibility in marketing researches: Literature review
Authors: Illiashenko Serhii , Peresadko Galina , Pidlisna Olga , Kovalenko Evgeniy
Published: February 2017

The meaning of corporate social responsibility and the rating results of the Global competitive index 2011- 2012 of the World economic forum are given in the article. The emphasizing of society responsibility and responsibility for marketing activity and its influence on the society are researched in the work. The socially responsible marketing of the company in the profile of marketing-mix elements are proposed. In the article is determined that implementation of the social responsibility must take place at three levels: primary, corporate and highest.
Hostile takeovers as corporate governance: a legal analysis of tender offer and proxy contest in China and Malaysia
Authors: Ali Hasani Mohd
Published: February 2017

This paper will specifically analyse from a legal perspective the applicability of tender offer and proxy contest as the most frequently used techniques in hostile takeovers in China and Malaysia. The purpose is to evaluate the adequacy of the related regulation and governance in place for companies in both jurisdictions. This paper unfortunately found that both China and Malaysia have not particularly adopted tender offer technique since in practice most hostile takeover cases were completed through mandatory offers triggered by negotiated purchases. Likewise, the existing Chinese and Malaysian laws are not supportive enough to supervise proxy contest exercises. As a result, they are losing the advantages that both techniques may offer to enhance corporate governance and promote fair competition. Both jurisdictions should consider putting on adequate laws and practices to better regulate hostile takeovers
Let’s face it: using Chernoff faces to portray social media brand image
Authors: Chan Anthony , Pitt Leyland F. , Nel Deon
Published: February 2017

The age of social media sees that brands are consciously utilizing social media to reach existing customers, acquire new ones, establish credibility, maintain reputation, or simply become part of the conversation. Those who manage brands need to understand the strategic importance of their visibility, the sentiment toward them, and the passion with which they are discussed in the most popular social media relative to competitors. This study describes a source of data of brand visibility in social media, and then presents a simple yet powerful graphical tool for portraying this information. This permits, it is contended, a means of quickly assimilating and understanding this information. The managerial implications of the approach are discussed, its limitations are acknowledged, and avenues for future research are identified.
Does industry-adjusted corporate governance matter in mergers and acquisitions?
Authors: Ismail Ahmad , Dbouk Wassim , Azouri Christina
Published: February 2017

This paper is the first to investigate the effect of firm governance characteristics on takeover premiums and returns using an industry-adjusted corporate governance measure. We demonstrate that the worse the governance characteristics of the target firm are, relative to the industry average, the more its efficiency is improved by the acquisition, and the greater the synergistic gains and target’s return are at the announcement of an acquisition. The study also finds a positive relation between the acquirer’s governance characteristics and the combined returns, supporting the management entrenchment hypothesis. Unlike prior research that does not control for industry average governance index, we do not find a relation between acquirer returns and the industry-adjusted governance characteristics of the acquirer or the target. Our results advocate the notion that firm-specific governance partially explains the returns of a merger as industry-specific characteristics play a major role in the determination of corporate governance quality
Shareholders profit maximization and stakeholders interests in corporate governance
Authors: Nwafor Anthony O.
Published: February 2017

Shareholders profit maximization is seen as the traditional role of corporations as directors appointed by the shareholders feel obliged to pursue the greatest benefit of their principals even at the expense of other stakeholders. But that view is gradually conceding ground to the enlightened shareholder value approach to corporate governance arising from over-whelming public pressure on the corporations to expand their scope of interests to reflect societal dynamics. The paper argues that this minimal concession is inadequate to afford the stakeholders a fair protection in the hazardous operations of some multinational corporations in the modern world. A case is made for a shift to the pluralist approach that gives equal consideration to the shareholders and other stakeholders interests in realization of the fact that the stakeholders contribute immensely to the success of the company and suffer enormously from neglect in the course of the company’s operations.
Impact of carbon emissions on total assets and operating costs: An analysis of the JSE100 companies
Authors: Bimha Alfred
Published: February 2017

There is a definite concern in the rise of carbon emissions globally from traditional methods of production (Stern, 2008; IPCC, 2007). More so it is now widely acclaimed that by adopting production processes that reduce carbon emissions to low levels, companies will succeed in reducing their operating costs (Dietz et.al, 2009; Sims et.al, 2003). There has been limited study in investigating how the present state of companies’ carbon emissions output is related to their operating costs and total assets. Therefore the study intends to establish the level of interactions between the carbon emissions, total assets and the operating costs they report annually. A panel data analysis was done on these three variables using a sample of the top 100 Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) reporting companies in South Africa. The study utilized the data of companies that report their emissions to the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) annually and are the top 100 JSE Companies by market capitalization and categorized the CDP reporting companies into 7 industrials sectors. The 7 industrial sectors are Consumer Discretionary, Consumer Staples, Energy and Materials, Financials, Health Care, Industrials and IT and Telecoms. The results indicate that in the short run there is no strong relationship between carbon emissions output and operating costs. More so, the carbon emissions have a very weak and statistically insignificant relationship with total assets.
Determinants of executive board remuneration new insights from Germany
Authors: Velte Patrick , Eulerich Marc
Published: February 2017

Board remuneration in German listed companies becomes more and more subject of public and political discussion, concerning the presumed lack of transparency and too short-term orientation. Besides the increasing regulatory activity, the arrangement of board compensation constitutes a focal economic issue of current empirical corporate governance research. The purpose of our analysis is to identify factors determining the amount and the structure of board compensation in Germany. Our study of 128 German listed companies for the business year 2011 investigates the impact of company-, performance and corporate governance-related factors on board remuneration by means of a multivariate-regression analysis. The analysis indicates that company size has a positive impact and leverage a negative on management board compensation. Furthermore, ROE and return on total capital, as indicators for performance-related variables, both have a positive impact on the average level of management remuneration. However, the corporate governance-related characteristics as ownership concentration and size of the supervisory board have no significant impact on management board remuneration.
Modeling regulatory and competitive business environments’ influence on tunneling behavior
Authors: Juliarto Agung , Tower Gregory , Van der Zahn Mitchell , Rusmin Rusmin
Published: February 2017

A comparative country analysis of regulatory and competitive business environments is generated using a synthesized multi-theoretical perspective combining agency, resource dependence, stakeholder, and institutional theories. The model posits that Indonesia, Philippines, China and India suffer from more tunneling behavior. Singapore and other well-known economically developed countries such as Australia, UK and USA are more likely to mitigate tunneling behavior.
Family ownership control and earnings management: Evidence from Hong Kong firms
Authors: Richardson Grant , Leung Sidney
Published: February 2017

This study examines the impact of family ownership control on earnings management for firms operating in Hong Kong. We find evidence that family-controlled firms are less likely to engage in earnings management activities in the earnings management settings to avoid reporting an earnings decline and to avoid reporting a loss than non-family-controlled firms. Additionally, we observe that deferred tax expense is useful in detecting earnings management in the earnings management settings to avoid reporting an earnings decline, to avoid reporting a loss, and to avoid failing to meet or beat the consensus analysts’ earnings forecast. Moreover, we find that the positive association between deferred tax expense and earnings management is weakened significantly by family ownership control. Overall, the empirical evidence indicates that lower earnings management is more prevalent in family-controlled firms compared to non-family-controlled firms. This finding is consistent with a greater alignment of interest between controlling and outside owners, rather than the expropriation by the controlling families which can be achieved by managing reported earnings.
The role of the independent director in CEO supervision and turnover
Authors: Stein Guido , Plaza Salvador
Published: February 2017

A considerable amount of research has been done on the figure of the CEO, approaching it from many angles. Our analysis focuses on the role played by the independent director in the supervision and turnover of the chief corporate executive. In the process, we have carried out a comprehensive reflection on the independent director, consulting the latest literature and including the results of the most recent empirical evidence. We have noticed that the role of the independent director often goes beyond the tasks that are usually considered specific to this function, namely, supervision of the company’s senior management. However, the directors’ independence cannot be built by requirements. It is a personal quality of the individual that transcends the various problems raised by agency theory. We believe that correct CEO supervision can only be effectively undertaken if the independent directors have these personal qualities. It seems that companies with a larger number of independent directors are more likely to replace the CEO when performance is not as expected. This can only happen if the independent directors enjoy effective independence.
The impact of financial structure on profitability of firms: a cross-sectional industry analysis of Nigerian quoted firms
Authors: Ekumankama Ogbuagu Onu
Published: February 2017

This study empirically examines the impact of financial structure decision on the profitability of Nigerian quoted firms. Cross-sectional time series data of 72 Nigerian quoted firms were collated and analysed. Two hypotheses were proposed for the study, while the ordinary least square (OLS), fixed-effects (FE) and the gerneralised least square (GLS) regression were used on pooled and panel data to estimate the relationship between financial leverage and the different measures of profitability in Nigeria quoted firms. In determining the extent of the influence of leverage on the dependent variables, most of the industrial groups showed evidence of sizable positive influence of leverage on profitability and earnings yield. This was significant and robust with all the measures of leverage.
Post-2001 corporate collapses: Is earnings quality more closely associated with various dimensions of corporate governance?
Authors: O’Sullivan Madonna , Percy Majella , Stevenson-Clarke Peta
Published: February 2017

We investigate the association between various dimensions of corporate governance and the quality of reported earnings for Australian companies in 2000 and 2002, before and after a number of large corporate collapses. We create four dimensions of corporate governance (board, committee, ownership and audit quality) using fifteen individual corporate governance attributes. We find only audit quality appears to improve earnings quality, and only in 2002. Further, we find earnings quality is positively related to firm size and information environment, and negatively related to firm leverage, for the combined 2000-2002 sample. We interpret these results as indicative of economic considerations having an overriding impact on earnings quality, compared to corporate governance, despite the shockwaves felt from recent high-profile corporate collapses