bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on PECVD-hetero-grown β-Ga2O3 thin film and temperature-modulated solar-blind UV photodetection
Authors: Xi Zhaoying , Yang Lili , Liu Zeng , Yao Suhao , Shu Lincong , Zhang Maolin , Li Shan , Guo Yufeng , Tang Weihua
Published: November 2023

Using a convenient and low-cost plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique, uniform Ga2O3 thin films were hetero-grown on c-plane sapphire substrates at different temperatures, with a root mean square roughness as low as 2.71 nm and a growth rate of up to 1121.30 nm h−1; and then the solar-blind UV photodetection performances were discussed in detail. Metal-semiconductor-metal solar-blind UV photodetectors (PDs) based on the five Ga2O3 films prepared at different temperatures exhibit ultra-low dark currents (I
dark) ranging among 22–168 fA. Under the illumination of 254 nm UV light, the PD prepared by the film grown at 820 °C possesses the highest performance, with a high photo-to-dark current ratio of 1.47 × 105, a low rise/decay time of 0.067/0.13 s, a specific detectivity (D
*) of 3.56 × 1012 Jones, and a linear dynamic range of 92.89 dB. Overall, the results in this work may well provide a referable method for growing cost-effective and ultralow-noise Ga2O3 thin films, as well as achieving decent solar-blind UV sensing applications.
Low terahertz frequency on-chip multi-functional modulator with amplitude and phase modulation
Authors: Liang Huajie , Zeng Hongxin , Zhao Hanyu , Wang Lan , Liang Shixiong , Feng Zhihong , Yang Ziqiang , Zhang Yaxin
Published: November 2023

Terahertz amplitude and phase modulation technologies are crucial for terahertz communication, radar, and imaging. However, most current approaches can only achieve either amplitude or phase modulation. In this paper, we present a low terahertz frequency on-chip multi-functional modulator that consists of a hybrid coupler and reflection meta-structure. High-performance amplitude modulation is achieved by combining series resonant absorption of series coupling branch with resonance enhancement of parallel coupling branch in the reflection meta-structure. Meanwhile, the enhanced resonance provides a larger range of phase shifts, enabling effective amplitude and phase modulation in two different frequency regions. Therefore, we realize an amplitude modulation in the range of 115–135 GHz with a minimum transmission loss of 4 dB and a modulation depth of over 10 dB. At the same time, we achieved a continuous phase shift in the 103–113 GHz region, as well as a 180° two-bit phase shift in the 107–109 GHz range with only 5.7 dB transmission loss. Our simple method for terahertz amplitude and phase multi-functional modulation offers the potential to construe terahertz multifunctional integrated systems.
Energy and system size dependence of strongly intensive fluctuation measures in heavy-ion collisions at FAIR energies
Authors: Ali Bushra , Ahmad Shakeel , Ahmad A
Published: November 2023

Event-by-event fluctuations of multiplicity and transverse momentum of charged hadrons produced in heavy-ion collisions at FAIR energies, 10A, 20A, 30A, and 40A GeV are studied in the framework of relativistic transport model, URQMD. Dependence of two families of strongly intensive measures of multiplicity(N) and transverse momentum (p
T) fluctuations, Δ[p
T, N] and Σ[p
T, N], on collision centrality, centrality bin-widths and pseudorapidity windows are examined. Attempts are also made to study NN, N
p
T, and p
T
p
T fluctuations using two window analysis method. The findings suggest that the measure, Δ[p
T, N] be dealt with proper selection of centrality intervals. This measure also exhibits a strong dependence on the widths of η windows. The variable Σ[p
T, N], however, is observed to be insensitive to the centrality bin-widths and shows a variation of <5% with the widths of η windows. The analysis of data after event mixing gives Δ[p
T, N] and Σ[p
T, N] values as ∼1 irrespective of the widths of η windows and collision centrality, as predicted by a model of independent particle emission, IPM. The study of joint fluctuations of the two quantities on two η windows separated in η space, reveals that Σ[N
F, N
B] values are ∼1 irrespective of the position of η windows whereas, the values of

Σ
[

N

F

,

p

T

B

]

and

Σ
[

p

T

F

,

p

T

B

]

firstly increase with η
sep and later acquire saturations. The observed trend of centrality dependence of

Σ
[

N

F

,

N

B

]
,
Σ
[

N

F

,

p

T

B

]

and

Σ
[

p

T

F

,

p

T

B

]

agrees fairly well with those observed in MC simulated studies carried out for AA collisions at LHC energies in the framework model of string fusion.
Influence of magnetic field on the electronic ferroelectricity in the extended Falicov-Kimball model
Authors: Farkašovský Pavol
Published: November 2023

The density-matrix-renormalization-group method is used to study the influence of external magnetic field on the stability of the excitonic phase induced by local hybridization in the one-dimensional spin-1/2 Falicov-Kimball model. It is shown that a fine tuning of external magnetic field through the quantum critical point is able to induce significant changes (continuous as well as discontinuous) in the excitonic

⟨

d
+

f
⟩

expectation average providing new set of physical properties and technological applications, like possibilities of faster switching ferroelectrics and controlling their optical properties with magnetic fields. Moreover, effects of some other interactions (which may be present in real d-f materials) on the stability of excitonic phase are examined and it is shown that the Hubbard interaction in the d-electron subsystem, the interband d-f Coulomb interaction, as well as the exchange d-f interaction stabilize significantly excitonic correlations below the quantum critical point, while the anisotropic spin-dependent interaction of the Ising type between f and d electrons as well as the f-electron hopping suppress the excitonic correlations for magnetic fields below as well as above the quantum critical point.
Emulation of Pavlovian conditioning and pattern recognition through fully connected neural networks using Holmium oxide (Ho2O3) based synaptic RRAM device
Authors: Jetty Prabana , Kannan Udaya Mohanan , Narayana Jammalamadaka S
Published: November 2023

In this manuscript, we report on the paramagnetic Ho2O3-based synaptic resistive random-access memory device for the implementation of neuronal functionalities such as long-term potentiation, long-term depression and spike timing dependent plasticity respectively. The plasticity of the artificial synapse is also studied by varying pulse amplitude, pulse width, and pulse interval. In addition, we could classify handwritten Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology data set (MNIST) using a fully connected neural network (FCN). The device-based FCN records a high classification accuracy of 93.47% which is comparable to the software-based test accuracy of 97.97%. This indicates the highly optimized behavior of our synaptic device for hardware neuromorphic applications. Successful emulation of Pavlovian classical conditioning for associative learning of the biological brain is achieved. We believe that the present device consists the potential to utilize in neuromorphic applications.
Contact resonance atomic force microscopy using long elastic tips
Authors: Zimron-Politi Nadav , Tung Ryan C
Published: November 2023

In this work, a new theoretical model for contact resonance atomic force microscopy, which incorporates the elastic dynamics of a long sensing tip is presented. The model is based on the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and includes coupling effects from the two-beam structure, also known as an ‘L-shaped’ beam in the literature. Here, high-accuracy prediction of the sample stiffness, using several vibration modes with a relative error smaller than 10% for practical working ranges, is demonstrated. A discussion on the model’s capability to predict the dynamic phenomena of eigenmode veering and crossing, as the force applied to the sample increases, is presented. The L-shaped beam model presented here is also applicable for structural applications such as: micro-electro-mechanical systems, energy harvesting, and unmanned aerial vehicle landing gear.
Ultrahigh responsivity of non-van der Waals Bi2O2Se photodetector
Authors: Lakhchaura Suraj , Gokul M A , Rahman Atikur
Published: November 2023

Bismuth oxyselenide has recently gained tremendous attention as a promising 2D material for next-generation electronic and optoelectronic devices due to its ultrahigh mobility, moderate bandgap, exceptional environmental stability, and presence of high-dielectric constant native oxide. In this study, we have synthesized single-crystalline nanosheets of Bismuth oxyselenide with thicknesses measuring below ten nanometers on Fluorophlogopite mica using an atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition system. We transferred as-grown samples to different substrates using a non-corrosive nail polish-assisted dry transfer method. Back-gated Bi2O2Se field effect transistors showed decent field effect mobility of 100 cm2 V−1s−1. The optoelectronic property study revealed an ultrahigh responsivity of 1.16 × 106 A W−1 and a specific detectivity of 2.55 × 1013 Jones. The samples also exhibited broadband photoresponse and gate-tunable photoresponse time. These results suggest that Bi2O2Se is an excellent candidate for future high-performance optoelectronic device applications.
Path-dependent shrinking target problems in beta-dynamical systems
Authors: He Yubin
Published: November 2023

This paper is concerned with the path-dependent shrinking target problems in beta-dynamical systems. For β > 1 let T

β
be the β-transformation on

[
0
,
1
]

. Let

1
<

β
1

⩽

β
2

, and

f
,
g

be two positive continuous functions. For any

x
0

,

y
0

∈
[
0
,
1
]

, we show that the set

E

T

β
1

,

T

β
2

,
f
,
g

=

x
,
y

∈

0
,
1

2

:

|

T

β
1

n

x
−

x
0

|

<

e

−

S
n

β
1

f

x

|

T

β
2

n

y
−

y
0

|

<

e

−

S
n

β
2

g

y

 
 
 

for infinitely many

 
n
∈

N

has large intersection property under the condition

β
1

e

min
f
(
x
)

≥

β
2

, where

S
n
β

h
(
x
)

denotes the ergodic sum

∑

j
=
0

n
−
1

h
(

T
β
j

x
)

. Consequently, we can determine the Hausdorff dimension of

E
(

T

β
1

,

T

β
2

,
f
,
g
)

, which is the solution to some modified pressure function defined through singular value function.
Exploration of differentiability in a proton computed tomography simulation framework
Authors: Aehle Max , Alme Johan , Gábor Barnaföldi Gergely , Blühdorn Johannes , Bodova Tea , Borshchov Vyacheslav , van den Brink Anthony , Eikeland Viljar , Feofilov Gregory , Garth Christoph , Gauger Nicolas R , Grøttvik Ola , Helstrup Håvard , Igolkin Sergey , Keidel Ralf , Kobdaj Chinorat , Kortus Tobias , Kusch Lisa , Leonhardt Viktor , Mehendale Shruti , Ningappa Mulawade Raju , Harald Odland Odd , O’Neill George , Papp Gábor , Peitzmann Thomas , Pettersen Helge Egil Seime , Piersimoni Pierluigi , Pochampalli Rohit , Protsenko Maksym , Rauch Max , Ur Rehman Attiq , Richter Matthias , Röhrich Dieter , Sagebaum Max , Santana Joshua , Schilling Alexander , Seco Joao , Songmoolnak Arnon , Sudár Ákos , Tambave Ganesh , Tymchuk Ihor , Ullaland Kjetil , Varga-Kofarago Monika , Volz Lennart , Wagner Boris , Wendzel Steffen , Wiebel Alexander , Xiao RenZheng , Yang Shiming , Zillien Sebastian
Published: November 2023

Objective. Gradient-based optimization using algorithmic derivatives can be a useful technique to improve engineering designs with respect to a computer-implemented objective function. Likewise, uncertainty quantification through computer simulations can be carried out by means of derivatives of the computer simulation. However, the effectiveness of these techniques depends on how ‘well-linearizable’ the software is. In this study, we assess how promising derivative information of a typical proton computed tomography (pCT) scan computer simulation is for the aforementioned applications. Approach. This study is mainly based on numerical experiments, in which we repeatedly evaluate three representative computational steps with perturbed input values. We support our observations with a review of the algorithmic steps and arithmetic operations performed by the software, using debugging techniques. Main results. The model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) subprocedure (at the end of the software pipeline) and the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation (at the beginning) were piecewise differentiable. However, the observed high density and magnitude of jumps was likely to preclude most meaningful uses of the derivatives. Jumps in the MBIR function arose from the discrete computation of the set of voxels intersected by a proton path, and could be reduced in magnitude by a ‘fuzzy voxels’ approach. The investigated jumps in the MC function arose from local changes in the control flow that affected the amount of consumed random numbers. The tracking algorithm solves an inherently non-differentiable problem. Significance. Besides the technical challenges of merely applying AD to existing software projects, the MC and MBIR codes must be adapted to compute smoother functions. For the MBIR code, we presented one possible approach for this while for the MC code, this will be subject to further research. For the tracking subprocedure, further research on surrogate models is necessary.
High inductance magnetic-core coils have enhanced efficiency in inducing suprathreshold motor response in rats
Authors: Nguyen Hieu , Makaroff Sergey N , Li Charlotte Qiong , Hoffman Samantha , Yang Yihong , Lu Hanbing
Published: November 2023

Objective. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coil design involves a tradeoff among multiple parameters, including magnetic flux density (B), inductance (L), induced electric (E) field, focality, penetration depth, coil heating, etc. Magnetic materials with high permeability have been suggested to enhance coil efficiency. However, the introduction of magnetic core invariably increases coil inductance compared to its air-core counterpart, which in turn weakens the E field. Our lab previously reported a rodent-specific TMS coil with silicon steel magnetic core, achieving 2 mm focality. This study aims to better understand the tradeoffs among B, L, and E in the presence of magnetic core. Approach. The magnetic core initially operates within the linear range, transitioning to the nonlinear range when it begins to saturate at high current levels and reverts to the linear range as coil current approaches zero; both linear and nonlinear analyses were performed. Linear analysis assumes a weak current condition when magnetic core is not saturated; a monophasic TMS circuit was employed for this purpose. Nonlinear analysis assumes a strong current condition with varying degrees of core saturation. Main results. Results reveal that, the secondary E field generated by the silicon steel core substantially changed the dynamics during TMS pulse. Linear and nonlinear analyses revealed that higher inductance coils produced stronger peak E fields and longer E field waveforms. On a macroscopic scale, the effects of these two factors on neuronal activation could be conceptually explained through a one-time-constant linear membrane model. Four coils with different B, L, and E characteristics were designed and constructed. Both E field mapping and experiments on awake rats confirmed that inductance could be much higher than previously anticipated, provided that magnetic material possesses a high saturation threshold. Significance. Our results highlight the novel potentials of magnetic core in TMS coil designs, especially for small animals.
Ferroelectric film-based stretch sensor with successive stretch and release motions characterized by a combined piezoelectric and electrostrictive effect
Authors: Feng Guo-Hua , Yeh Chih-Ting
Published: November 2023

A stretch sensor fabricated from a hydrothermally grown ferroelectric PZT film on titanium foil was developed. The unique sensor structure effectively converts the stretching motion of the PZT film to an out-of-plane deformation with a linear strain variation. An experiment with a strain-stretch displacement of more than 10% was conducted using the sensor anchored on a silicone rubber plate. The induced polarization of the PZT film was linearly converted into a voltage output through the sensing circuit. The combined piezoelectric and electrostrictive effects are proposed to characterize the experimental results. Based on both the elastic Gibbs energy and piezoelectric theory, we derive a mathematical equation relating the strain and polarization of the PZT film. The measured stretch displacement and voltage data exhibited an excellent fit with the derived equation. An identical repeated motion can be sequenced by the memorized function of the sensor using the constant term of the fitting curve. With the characterized results, the computed displacement matched well with the measured displacement for repeated cyclic motions, with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.99. Compared with the simple piezoelectric effect, the more accurate displacement obtained via the detected voltage will significantly benefit wearable stretch sensors based on ferroelectric films.
Analysis of a non-integer order compartmental model for cholera and COVID-19 incorporating human and environmental transmissions
Authors: Usman Muhammad , Abbas Mujahid , Omame Andrew
Published: November 2023

Fractional differential operators have increasingly gained wider applications in epidemiological modelling due to their ability to capture memory effect in their definitions; an attribute which lacks in the concept of classical integer derivatives. In this paper, employing the Caputo fractional operator with singular kernel, the co-dynamical model for cholera and COVID-19 diseases is proposed and analyzed, incorporating both direct and indirect transmission routes for cholera. The necessary conditions for existence of the unique solution of the proposed model are studied. Using the results from fixed point theory, Ulam-Hyers stability analysis of the system is performed. The model is fitted to real data from Pakistan and the optimized order of the fractional derivative for which the system fits well to data is obtained. Other numerical assessments of the model are also executed. Phase portraits of the infected classes with different initial conditions and various order of the fractional derivative are obtained in the cases when the reproduction number



0

<
1

and



0

>
1

. It is observed that the trajectories for the infected compartments tend towards the infection-free steady state when



0

<
1

and the endemic steady state when



0

>
1

irrespective of the initial conditions and the order of the fractional derivative. Increment in the COVID-19 vaccine efficacy, keeping the vaccination rate fixed at

δ

1

ω

=
0.8

, resulted in a decline in the COVID-19 disease. Also, increasing the COVID-19 vaccination rate, keeping the vaccine efficacy for COVID-19 fixed at

ϕ

c

ω

=
0.85

, led to a decline in the COVID-19 associated reproduction number. The simulations also pointed out the impact of COVID-19 and cholera vaccinations, direct and indirect transmissions of cholera.
Qualitative aspects and sensitivity analysis of MERS-Corona epidemic model with and without noise
Authors: Alqahtani Hessah , Badshah Qaisar , Sakhi Shazia , ur Rahman Ghaus , Gómez-Aguilar J F
Published: November 2023

Background. MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) is a severe respiratory illness that poses a significant threat to the Arabic community and has the potential for global spread. In this paper, we present deterministic and stochastic models to study the dynamics of MERS infection within hosts. Objective. For the purpose of describing the dynamics of MERS transmission throughout host populations, a deterministic model is created. To gauge the likelihood of an epidemic spreading, the reproduction number is calculated. Furthermore, Lyapunov function theory is used to assess the stability of the deterministic model. In order to account for the intrinsic heterogeneity in the disease dynamics, a stochastic model is also developed. In order to verify the analytic conclusions and learn more about the behavior of the system, numerical simulations are carried out. Methods. Investigating the reproduction rate yields vital details about MERS’s capacity to start an outbreak. The stability analysis based on Lyapunov function theory sheds light on the deterministic model’s long-term behavior. The analytical results are supported by numerical simulations, which also provide a thorough insight into the dynamics of the disease. Conclusion. The deterministic and stochastic models for MERS infection inside hosts are thoroughly examined in this paper. Our knowledge of the dynamics of the disease and its potential for epidemic transmission is improved by the examination of the reproduction number and stability analysis. The combination of analytical and numerical approaches contributes to a more comprehensive assessment of MERS-CoV and aids in informing public health interventions and control strategies.
Six-element MIMO antenna structure with squared ring structure with multiband and high gain characteristics for C/X/Ku/K band applications
Authors: Almawgani Abdulkarem H M , Sorathiya Vishal , Dabhi Vipul M , Alhawari Adam R H , Salleh Mohd Fadzli Mohd
Published: November 2023

Using ring resonator structure, we have presented a structure of the six-element multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna structure. The proposed structure is numerically investigated and experimentally verified for antenna performance in the 1 to 25 GHz wideband frequency range. We have designed and verified the five antenna structure types, which consist of the various forms of ring/patch with different ground plane geometries. Various performance parameters like gain, directivity, reflections, and electric field distributions are analyzed for MIMO antennas. Essential performanceparameters observed for the MIMO antennas are also presented in this manuscript to identify the behaviour of the structure with different physical conditions. These parameters are also investigated for the identification of suitable ranges for the multi-channel transmission capability of the communication system. Return loss and Gain values are< −12 dB and ∼ 20 dBi achieved with ∼12 GHz of the operating bandwidth. Overall, the antenna offers minimum return loss values of −25 dB for the operating band of 19 to 25 GHz with anoperational bandwidth of 6 GHz. The designed antennas are tested using a ground patch and a rectangular patch in a scattered manner, and the obtained results are utilized in the Ultrawideband MIMO antenna applications. These antennas are also used in various band operations in satellite communication, including C/X/Ku/K bands.
Atomic structure calculations, and electron impact ionization cross-sections of W LXI
Authors: El-Maaref A A
Published: November 2023

The present study provides a wide range of calculations of atomic structure data for the tungsten ion W LXI, that belongs to the silicon isoelectronic sequence. The fully relativistic Multi-configuration Dira-Hartree–Fock (MCDHF) method including configuration interaction (CI) is applied to the current ion. Calculated results of energy levels, oscillator strengths, and radiative rates of W LXI are presented. A set of two configuration state lists including the configurations of 3s23p2, 3s3p3, 3s23p3d, and 3p4 at different angular momenta (J) and parity (P) are considered in the configuration interaction calculations of level energies and oscillator strengths. To increase the accuracy of the results, the electronic correlations from higher orbitals, i.e., 7l orbitals are included in the calculations. Quantum electrodynamics effects such as vacuum polarization and self-energy are recalled in the CI calculations. Many more transitions in the soft x-ray region (between 20 and 200 angstroms) have been identified. The flexible atomic code package has been used to compute the electron impact ionization cross-sections of 3s23p2 3P0,1, 1D2 levels in silicon-like tungsten. The cross-sections of the transitions from the ground level in W LXI to the first levels in the 61st ionization of tungsten have been computed using FAC code. The total ionization cross-sections of the 3s23p2 at electron energy range from 5–35 keV are evaluated as well.
Further monopole effects in neutron-rich Sb isotopes*
Authors: Wang 王 Han-Kui 韩奎 , Sun 孙 Yu-Le 雨乐 , Jiang 蒋 Bo-Wen 博文 , Zeng 曾 Fan-Fei 凡斐 , Liu 柳 Min-Liang 敏良
Published: November 2023

The level spectra of neutron-rich Sb isotopes have been investigated within a shell-model space containing cross-shell excitations and the intruder orbit

. High-spin levels (27/2

) and (29/2

) in

Sb are taken over by the monopole effect induced by orbit

. The ground state and excited levels in

Sb are well improved by considering the monopole correction between neutron orbits

and

. The energy shrinking of the first excited state 5/2

in

Sb isotopes is explained by the

shift due to the attractive

monopole interaction when increasingly more neutrons occupy orbit

. The ground state of

Sb is predicted as 5/2

owing to the shrinking of the 5/2

states in Sb isotopes that causes ground state inversion when N = 88. Further monopole effects extend the applicable range of the present Hamiltonian to nuclei with more neutrons above the N = 82 shell. This Hamiltonian will be public, and researchers are encouraged to contact the authors.
A computational model of surface electromyography signal alterations after spinal cord injury
Authors: Li Guijin , Balbinot Gustavo , Furlan Julio C , Kalsi-Ryan Sukhvinder , Zariffa José
Published: November 2023

Objective. Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause significant impairment and disability with an impact on the quality of life for individuals with SCI and their caregivers. Surface electromyography (sEMG) is a sensitive and non-invasive technique to measure muscle activity and has demonstrated great potential in capturing neuromuscular changes resulting from SCI. The mechanisms of the sEMG signal characteristic changes due to SCI are multi-faceted and difficult to study in vivo. In this study, we utilized well-established computational models to characterize changes in sEMG signal after SCI and identify sEMG features that are sensitive and specific to different aspects of the SCI. Approach. Starting from existing models for motor neuron pool organization and motor unit action potential generation for healthy neuromuscular systems, we implemented scenarios to model damages to upper motor neurons, lower motor neurons, and the number of muscle fibers within each motor unit. After simulating sEMG signals from each scenario, we extracted time and frequency domain features and investigated the impact of SCI disruptions on sEMG features using the Kendall Rank Correlation analysis. Main results. The commonly used amplitude-based sEMG features (such as mean absolute values and root mean square) cannot differentiate between injury scenarios, but a broader set of features (including autoregression and cepstrum coefficients) provides greater specificity to the type of damage present. Significance. We introduce a novel approach to mechanistically relate sEMG features (often underused in SCI research) to different types of neuromuscular alterations that may occur after SCI. This work contributes to the further understanding and utilization of sEMG in clinical applications, which will ultimately improve patient outcomes after SCI.
Design of passive and structural conductors for tokamaks using thin-wall eddy current modeling
Authors: Battey A.F. , Hansen C. , Garnier D. , Weisberg D. , Paz-Soldan C. , Sweeney R. , Tinguely R.A. , Creely A.J.
Published: November 2023

A new three-dimensional electromagnetic modeling tool (ThinCurr) has been developed using the existing PSI-Tet finite-element code in support of conducting structure design work for both the SPARC and DIII-D tokamaks. Within this framework a 3D conducting structure model was created for both the SPARC and DIII-D tokamaks in the thin-wall limit. This model includes accurate details of the vacuum vessel and other conducting structural elements with realistic material resistivities. This model was leveraged to support the design of a passive runaway electron mitigation coil (REMC), studying the effect of various design parameters, including coil resistivity, current quench duration, and plasma vertical position, on the effectiveness of the coil. The REMC is a non-axisymmetric coil designed to passively drive large non-axisymmetric fields during the plasma disruption thereby destroying flux surfaces and deconfining RE seed populations. These studies indicate that current designs should apply substantial 3D fields at the plasma surface during future plasma current disruptions as well as highlight the importance of having the REMC conductors away from the machine midplane in order to ensure they are robust to off-normal disruption scenarios.
Effects of strike point location on the divertor particle and energy flux decay widths on EAST by experiment and SOLPS modeling
Authors: Zhang Chen , Sang Chaofeng , Tao Yuqiang , Jia Guozhang , Meng Lingyi , Wang Liang , Zhang Bin , Xu Guosheng , Zhao Xuele , Wang Yiling , Wang Dezhen
Published: November 2023

The new lower tungsten divertor of EAST uses a right-angle shape consisted by horizontal and vertical targets, which has the capacity of increasing the divertor closure. The strike point (SP) sweeping experiment is carried out to (1) avoid long-term deposition of particle and heat flux at the same location, thus protecting the target, (2) study the dependence of power control capability on the SP location. The particle and energy flux densities to the target depends strongly on their decay width. Therefore, it is important to know how the SP location influences the outer target (OT) particle parallel λjs

,OT and OT parallel heat flux decay widths λq

,OT. In this work, SOLPS-ITER simulations combined with SP sweeping experiment are applied to study this issue. Four cases, which are taken from different time during SP sweeping (including both horizontal and vertical divertor) in L-mode experiment with high heating power, are selected for investigation. The simulation result is in satisfactory agreement with experiment data, suggesting the simulation is valid. The results indicate that the SP location can affect neutral particles accumulation and ionization positions, thus affecting λjs

,OT and λq

,OT. (1) When SP is located in horizontal target, the higher neutral particle ionization in common flux region leads to wider λjs

,OT than those of vertical target. (2) When SP is located on horizontal target, the divertor power radiation is higher than that of vertical target, resulting in wider λq

,OT. (3) Increasing upstream plasma density can effectively broaden λq

,OT, while λjs

,OT remains almost unchanged. This study improves the understanding of the influence of divertor shape on λjs

,OT and λq

,OT, and can be applied to heat flux control during long-pulse high-power discharges on EAST.
Photoluminescence Properties of Polythiophene/Tin Oxide (PTh/SnO2) Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Beelagi Darshana Upadhye , Horti N C , Kamatagi M D
Published: November 2023

In the present work, we have synthesized, polythiophene/tin oxide (PTh/SnO2) polymer nanocomposites through an in-situ chemical polymerization of thiophene monomers using anhydrous FeCl3 as an oxidant. The structural, thermal and optical characterization of PTh/SnO2 nanocomposites were investigated using X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analyzer and fluorescence emission spectroscopy. XRD spectra show the formation of pure polythiophene and incorporation of SnO2 nanofiller into the polythiophene matrix. FESEM images depict the formation of irregular rod and chain like structures with incorporation of SnO2 are noticed. TGA results reveal that the thermal stability of polymer nanocomposites is higher than that of pure polythiophene due to the strong interaction between nanofiller and polymer matrix. Fluorescence emission spectra show the emission intensity of polymer nanocomposites decreases as the concentration of SnO2 nanofiller increases due to the variation of rate of electron-hole recombination and conjugation length of polymer chain. Our results of fluorescence emission analyses suggest the PTh/SnO2 polymer nanocomposites could be a potential material for photonic devices.
The Versatility of Mannich Reaction: An Overview
Authors: Bilgaiyan P , Modi A , Shivhare N
Published: November 2023

- One of the most significant processes for creating carbon-carbon bonds in organic synthesis is the Mannich reaction. It offers amino carbonyl compounds, crucial synthetic building blocks for many medicines. This Mannich bases are made by combining primary and/or secondary amines, formaldehyde, and active hydrogen molecules. Among those that are active hydrogen compounds include an acid, phenol, ketone, amide, etc. contribution involved the synthesis of 3,5 dimethyl carboxamide using a number of biologically active sulphonamides, which was followed by analysis of elements and spectrum analyses techniques using, IR, UV and 1HNMR. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis were among the pathogenic microorganisms tested for the compounds’ antibacterial efficacy at different doses. We examined the bactericidal effectiveness of parent sulphonamides and derived Mannish bases. To establish whether synthetic Mannish bases were dangerous, the LD50 test was utilised.
Synthesis of tea tree oil microcapsules via microencapsulation using novel technique
Authors: Shelar Samidha , Madankar Chandu
Published: November 2023

Tea tree oil (TTO) is widely known essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia leaves naturally having antimicrobial and antibacterial activities. Due to its highly volatile nature it rapidly evaporates causing loss of efficiency and shorten the effects. Microencapsulation technique was incorporated to ensure the core material is being protected from the immediate contact with the environment and offers controlled release. In this study, microencapsulation of Tea Tree Oil was done by employing complex coacervation technique using Chitosan - Gum acacia system as the coating material and utilized tannic acid as the crosslinking agent. All the materials used in this process are from natural sources which are safe for the human and the environment. In designing the operating process condition for TTO encapsulation, we found that wall ratio of 2:5 and 3.6 pH gave the best yield along with better efficiency. The proposed method studied the surface morphology of the microcapsules with an efficiency and yield of 84.50% and 69.9 % respectively.
Optimization on the mechanical parameters and impact of welding parameters of pulsed TIG welding of Aluminium-Zinc-Magnesium alloy
Authors: Ponnusamy Prasanth , Maheskumar Pon. , Mohanraj A , Pradeep G M , Nanthakumar S , Ahammad Sk Hasane , Girimurugan R
Published: November 2023

As a function of pulsed Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) weld processing factor, authors have studied the relationship between dilution and mechanical qualities including impact toughness, notch tensile strength, hardness in the as-welded condition. Welds made with a pulsed TIG torch have a minimum notch tensile strength and impact toughness than the base metal (BM) because of the grains of the inter-dendritic network formed during the welding process. Weldments made from heat-treatable (Al-Zn-Mg) Aluminium alloys have their process parameters for pulsed TIG welding optimized employing the Taguchi analysis to get the best possible mechanical qualities. Notch tensile strength is shown to be inversely proportional to impact toughness.
Effect of Beam Velocity on Firehose Instability in Earth’s Magneto-plasma with General Loss-Cone Distribution Function
Authors: Tandon Neeti , Ahirwar Ganpat
Published: November 2023

The dynamics of firehose instability (FHI) in the presence of beams is investigated by applying kinetic theory and general loss cone distribution (GLCD) function. It is explained how ion/electron beams affect the growth rate and length of the FHI in low beta homogeneous plasma. The energy of the transversely heated ions is found to be reduced by the ion beam, whereas the temperature anisotropy arranges free energy, to begin with, and accelerates the growth rate of the instability. It has been discovered that the firehose instability results from the extraction of energy from ions heated perpendicularly in the presence of upflowing ion beams in the asymmetrical magneto-plasma. In the auroral acceleration region, the findings are expressed in terms of the firehose instability. The findings may be checked and then may be applied in dusty and multi-component space plasma also.
Study transmission characteristics of graded photonic crystal as low pass filter
Authors: Ankita  , Suthar Bhuvneshwer , Bissa Shivangi , Bhargava Anami
Published: November 2023

Here, we investigate propagation characteristics of graded thickness one-dimensional photonic crystal structure made of silicon and air. The optical transmission is obtained by transfer matrix method (TMM) and studied impact of graded index and refractive index variation on the transmission spectra. The optical transmission of suggested structure drops as frequency increases and falls to zero more rapidly as graded index increases. The graded index variable can be used to tune the suggested structure’s cut off frequency, which corresponds to half of the transmission value. So, such device has useful application as tunable optical low-pass filter.
Langevin’s Equation of Motion: Dynamical States and Stochastic Resonance
Authors: Bani Shesstarwell K. , Reenbohn W. L. , Kharkongor D. , Pohlong S. S.
Published: November 2023

In this present work, we numerically observe the existence of two dynamical states of trajectories in the underdamped motion of a particle in an inhomogeneous periodic bistable potential with high friction coefficient driven by a periodic force. The system is inhomogeneous in the sense that the coefficient of friction is periodic in space and with phase difference 'ϕ' with respect to the periodic bistable potential. Just like in sinusoidal potentials, the occurrence of stochastic resonance (SR) in the periodic bistable potential is due to the transitions between the dynamical states at an optimal (thermal) noise strength.
ZnO/Cellulose nanocomposite: Recent Developments and Future Prospects
Authors: Raina Bhoomika , Hazra Dr. Purnima
Published: November 2023

Biocomposites are the amalgamation of two or more biodegradable, eco-friendly materials with different chemical and physical properties. Cellulose-based biocomposites are highly in demand because of their good antibacterial activities as well as their high mechanical strength, thermal stability and flexibility properties. In this review paper, ZnO/cellulose biocomposites have been chosen to discuss in detail. ZnO is an n-type, nontoxic, low cost semiconductor with a band gap of 3.4 eV; hence, more preferable over other semiconductor materials for preparing semiconductor-cellulose biocomposites. In recent time, ZnO-cellulose biocomposites have attracted great research attention for optical (UV sensing, shielding, etc.), bioelectronics (antibacterial, drug uses, etc.), mechanical (toughness, etc.), electric (di-electric, etc.), and thermal applications. In the majority of literature, ZnO/cellulose biocomposites are either used in UV-related applications, like in cosmetic products to act as a protector or in antimicrobial activities like food packaging, fungus treatment, etc. In this paper, we have extensively included the literature reported till date on the preparation and characterization of ZnO-cellulose biocomposites. The preferable applications of the as-prepared biocomposites are also discussed in detail to find out the future scope of these biocomposites for practical applications.
Potential forensic applications of carbon nanodots
Authors: Sowmyya T
Published: November 2023

Nanotechnology is a flourishing branch of research due to the incredible properties nanomaterials exhibit over their massive counterparts. Carbon nanodots are the members of the carbon nanoparticle family with prominent properties like hydrophilicity, low toxicity, biocompatibility, increased stability and ease of functionalization. They are excellent replacement to metal based quantum dots which are highly toxic. Carbon nanodots are being used in the fields of medicine, environmental science, drug delivery and forensic science. Applications of carbon nanodots can be seen in bio imaging, bio sensing, cancer diagnosis and treatment, biological activities, solar cells and as photo catalysts. Forensic science is the science behind crime investigation and evidence analysis. Development of novel, rapid, on site testing materials for accurate, specific and sensitive detection of forensic evidences is required for delivery of justice to the victims of crime. Carbon nanodots have shown promising applications in the field of forensic science as well. Use of carbon nanodots as invisible ink for anti-counterfeiting application of currency and security documents and use of these nanomaterials in development of latent fingerprints are some forensic applications. Carbon nanodots based detection of food contaminants, heavy metal poisons, pesticides, illicit drugs and explosives are other forensic applications. Carbon nanodots are showing a future direction in development of on field testing kits for forensic evidences.
Mind the (spectral) gap: how the temporal resolution of wind data affects multi-decadal wind power forecasts
Authors: Effenberger Nina , Ludwig Nicole , White Rachel H
Published: November 2023

To forecast wind power generation in the scale of years to decades, outputs from climate models are often used. However, one major limitation of the data projected by these models is their coarse temporal resolution—usually not finer than three hours and sometimes as coarse as one month. Due to the non-linear relationship between wind speed and wind power, and the long forecast horizon considered, small changes in wind speed can result in big changes in projected wind power generation. Our study indicates that the distribution of observed 10 min wind speed data is relatively well preserved using three- or six-hourly instantaneous values. In contrast, daily or monthly values, as well as any averages, including three-hourly averages, are almost never capable of preserving the distribution of the underlying higher resolution data. Assuming that climate models behave in a similar manner to observations, our results indicate that output at three-hourly or six-hourly temporal resolution is high enough for multi-decadal wind power generation forecasting. In contrast, wind speed projections of lower temporal resolution, or averages over any time range, should be handled with care.
How to measure embodied intelligence?
Authors: Vihmar Marie , Valdur Kadri-Ann , Banerji Saoni , Must Indrek
Published: November 2023

Embodied intelligence (EI) summarizes design approaches that give robots efficient physical interaction with their surrounding environment. EI has, to date, found an extensive descriptive treatment yet lacks universal metrics. Could we quantify EI? What would be the EI analog to intelligence quotient (IQ) in humans? We first suggest an intelligent unit (intel-unit) as the smallest entity that displays program execution beyond simple stimuli-responsiveness. The emergence of EI by situatedness of encoded physical agents in an environment is explored in three case studies. First, an awn of a wild oat – a non-living structure in nature that satisfies all robot’s descriptions – is analyzed in terms of material-level intelligence. Next, a jocular quantitative scale found with a popular gadget – the ‘fortune teller fish’ – is given treatment in the EI context. Finally, the learned and summarized EI principles are tested on a well-known object with perceived intelligence yet lacking a consensual robotic description – a knitted woollen sweater. We confirm the necessity of treating environment interactions in expressions and definitions of EI, as situatedness is central in defining functionality. Universal metrics would identify non-intuitive representations of EI and lead from empirical to model-based design of unconventional robots. Robots that engage situatedness provide a physical interface to artificial intelligence, similar to our bodies communicating with our brains.
Mechanisms boosting material embodied intelligence to realize self-healing soft robots
Authors: Tabrizian Seyedreza Kashef , Terryn Seppe , Brancart Joost , Assche Guy Van , Vanderborght Bram
Published: November 2023

The recent introduction of self-healing soft materials in robotics is a major step towards sustainable next generation robots. By manufacturing soft robots out of these smart materials, we integrate a self-healing ability and increase the physical intelligence of these systems. However, the embodied intelligence in the material level needs to be augmented by incorporating assistive mechanisms in the system level with minimized control, enabling healing of damage in different sizes and in diverse working conditions. These assistive mechanisms can provide damage detection, damage closure, healing stimuli providing, health monitoring, or a combination of the previous. In this paper, we present two different mechanisms for an autonomous healing of damages; (i) Embedding a healable heater in a self-healing soft actuator to increase the temperature required for an efficient healing, while it allows detecting the damage and monitoring the health of the system. (ii) Incorporating shape memory alloy wires in a self-heling soft bending actuator, with simultaneous sealing through contraction and heating abilities. Apart from assisting in the healing action, both mechanisms play a part in the actuation of the bending robots as strain limiting elements. These assistive mechanisms will overcome the limitation on the material level, leading to robots that can self-heal in applications outside of laboratories and factories.
Embodied Active Tactile Perception
Authors: He Liang , Maiolino Perla
Published: November 2023

Tactile perception plays an important role in an agent safely interacting with the environment while acquiring information about it. Bio-inspired robotics opens up possibilities for a new paradigm leveraging the morphology of the body, which filters the tactile information in physical interactions and enables investigations of new designs for embodied active tactile perception. The subjects of morphology embodied active perception and motor embodied active perception is defined and discussed in this chapter. In the scope of morphology embodied active perception, sensor optimization and sensor adaptation are further defined to describe the change of sensor morphology in the design phase and the interacting phase, respectively. More specifically, the concept of online and offline sensor adjustment is presented. Sensor optimization is solely considered in the offline process for optimization and evolution design of the sensor structure and characteristics. Sensor adaptation and motor embodied active perception are considered in the online process to actively shape the sensing process with the morphology change of the sensors themselves and the action of the body where the sensors are placed, respectively. “Design as a whole” is proposed as an inverse problem to address the sensing tasks. The design of new tactile sensors should not focus on the sensor per se but should also include design parameters for sensor optimization, sensor adaptation, and motor actions.