bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CPS-SPWM Implementation Based on Multi - Controller Collaboration
Authors: Dang HongShe , Li JunDa
Published: November 2021

In order to improve the modularization degree of cascaded H-bridge converter and reduce the development cost, a modularized carrier phase shifted sine pulse width modulation (CPS-SPWM) based on multi-controller is proposed in this paper, which can easily increase or decrease the number of submodules in cascaded H-bridge. In order to solve the problem of coordination in multi-controller structure, a two-stage control structure is proposed, which uses the master controller to carry out closed-loop control for multiple slave controllers, and uses the approximate natural sampling method to realize digital CPS-SPWM modulation, which reduces computation and makes full use of controller resources. The experimental result shows that the stepped voltage waveform output by the proposed method at the AC side is of high quality and H bridge submodule is easy to be increased and decreased.
A condition based maintenance system for important auxiliary equipment of thermal power unit
Authors: Li Cunlin , Qian Zhong , Shen Wenling , Yao Shengping , Shi Xiaoxi , Yu Xiaoben , Bian Shaoshuai
Published: November 2021

Through the research and development of key technologies of condition-based maintenance for power generation equipment, a set of important auxiliary equipment condition-based maintenance system for thermal power unit has been developed, which realizes the functions of integrated display of equipment-related data, equipment modeling configuration tool, equipment condition monitoring, equipment deterioration trend warning, equipment fault diagnosis, equipment health status evaluation, maintenance decision-making and so on. By studying the comprehensive assessment model of health state of power generation equipment, the equipment can be analyzed and evaluated scientifically and comprehensively, and the health state of equipment can be controlled step by step, thus improving the reliability of equipment operation.
Application of VSG technology based on flexible parameter adjustment in PV unit grid-connected inverter
Authors: Zhao Penghui , Wu Peng , Zhang Shuai , Wang Ning , Li Yan , Hu Yuan
Published: November 2021

As a clean and effective renewable energy source, PV has been widely used in power systems. The application of VSG technology can effectively improve the system inertia reduction problem caused by the grid connection of PV and energy storage units. The virtual inertia and damping coefficient in VSG control have the unique advantages of being flexible and controllable. This paper designs a control strategy in which the virtual inertia and damping coefficient can be flexibly adjusted according to the system frequency, which further improves the operating performance of the PV and energy storage units based on VSG control. The frequency quality of the system is maintained. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed flexible parameter adjustment strategy was verified through the simulation platform, which played a role in popularizing the application of the proposed strategy in engineering.
Heteroatom-doped hollow carbon material as an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Sun Tiantian , Wang Heng-guo
Published: November 2021

The development of highly efficient and stable non-precious metal electrocatalysts is essential for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). In this study, a simple polymerization pyrolysis method is proposed to prepare heteroatom-doped hollow carbon nanospheres (NPSC-800) by using Fe-BDC and phosphorus-containing polymers as precursors. The unique structure allows the catalyst to show good catalytic performance (Initial potential of 0.8786 V, a half-wave potential of 0.7576 V, and a diffusion-limited current density of 4.48 mA cm-2). This research provides an effective strategy for the synthesis of heteroatom-doped carbon materials with good ORR catalytic performance.
Evolution of Unidirectional Solidification Microstructure and Hydrogenated Treatment of Nb-Ti-Co Quasiperitectic Alloys
Authors: Wang Hao , Yan Erhu , Liu Wei , Di Chongbo , Cheng Jian , Huang Renjun , Ge Xiaoyu , Chu Hailiang , Zou Yongjin , Xu Fen , Sun Lixian
Published: November 2021

Titanium alloys have a wide range of applications, and the internal placement of hydrogen into them can modulate the microstructure of the alloys and thus have great potential for further development. However, few studies have been reported on the application of this technique to Nb-Ti-Co ternary alloys, which needs to be urgently investigated. In this paper, four types of alloys (Nb10Ti61Co29, Nb15Ti55Co30, Nb20Ti50Co30, and Nb25Ti50Co25) are selected near the eutectic point of the phase diagram to study their placement of hydrogen by both static and dynamic processes of hydrogen’s placements, focusing on the effects of the temperature, time, and hydrogen-flow rate of such processes on the amount of hydrogen placements. The relationship between the hydrogen replacement parameters and the mechanical properties of the alloys is constructed. The results show that the placed-hydrogen amount of Nb-Ti-Co as-cast alloy grows with the increase of hydrogen-flow rate and soaking (or holding) time, with an upper limit of the placed-hydrogen amount, and the pattern of the directionally- solidified alloys is similar to that of the as-cast alloys; however, at a certain soaking time and hydrogen- flow rate, although the placed hydrogen amount of both alloys rises with the increase of temperature, the placed-hydrogen amount of Nb-Ti-Co directionally-solidified alloys is always larger than that of the as-cast alloys. However, the amount of hydrogen placement in the Nb-Ti-Co directionally-solidified alloys is always larger than that in the as-cast alloys, and the amount of hydrogen placement decreases significantly as the growth rate of the alloys increases. In addition, the microhardness decreases with increasing growth rate in the directionally-solidified specimens, and the amount of hydrogen placement and microhardness increase with growing Nb content.
Mathematical modeling and experiment for hydraulic ejecting system of ceramic brick press
Authors: Zheng HongBo , Li MingJun , Bian QingQing
Published: November 2021

Taking the ejecting system of hydraulic system of 7200t ceramic brick press as the research object, the basic constitution and working principle of the hydraulic ejecting system are described, and its mathematical model is established and calculated. In order to verify the accuracy of the mathematical model, the experiment was carried out, and the experimental results were compared with the calculated according to the mathematical model. The two results were basically consistent, indicating that the mathematical model is accurate, and providing a theoretical basis for further research on the ceramic brick press.
The novel image encryption scheme based on three- dimentional coupled chaotic system
Authors: Ren Xudong , Yu Wanbo
Published: November 2021

In order to improve the complexity of chaotic mapping and the security of image encryption algorithms, this paper proposes a new coupled three-dimensional chaotic system based on sine mapping and lorenz mapping. Based on this chaotic system, a new color image encryption algorithm is proposed, which performs index position scrambling and Arnold scrambling on the bit plane of the plaintext image, and then performs an XOR diffusion operation on the scrambled ciphertext to obtain the final ciphertext image. Simulation experiments show that the algorithm has a large key space, a small image correlation coefficient, an information entropy value of 7.9921, and a good encryption effect.
Research and Application of Network Trusted Interconnection Technology
Authors: Xie Wenjia , Wang Zhe , Tang Ping , Zhang Zhongmin , Chen Longsheng
Published: November 2021

In order to solve the problem of reliable information transmission between data centers and data sources, between data sources and between data centers, as well as the "network island" communication problem, a dynamic MPLS VPN method is proposed, the principle and steps of the method are introduced, and how to apply the method to the supporting platform is explained in detail.
An effective approach for CT lung segmentation using region growing
Authors: Yang Xi , Xu Guanyu , Zhou Teng
Published: November 2021

X-ray is an important means of detecting lung diseases. With the increasing incidence of lung diseases, computer-aided diagnosis technology is of great significance in clinical treatment. It has become a hot research direction to use computer-aided diagnosis to recognize chest radiography images, which can alleviate the uneven status of regional medical level. For clinical diagnosis, medical image segmentation can enable users to timely obtain the target region they are interested in and analyze it, which is significant to be used as an important basis for auxiliary research and judgment. In this case, a region growing algorithm based on threshold presegmentation is selected for lung segmentation, which integrates image enhancement, threshold segmentation, seed point selection and morphological post-processing, etc., to improve the segmentation effect, which also has certain reference value for other medical image processing.
Research on Carbon Emissions of Electric Vehicles by Constructing Mathematical Model Based on Big Data
Authors: Ren Mu-zhen , Wang Yi-xiao
Published: November 2021

After the “3060” carbon peak and neutrality strategic goal was put forward, various industries actively responded to find new ways for energy conservation and emission reduction. In the field of automobile manufacturing, the transition from traditional fuel vehicles to electric vehicles is an inevitable trend. This paper builds a mathematical model that uses the three major indicators of carbon emissions per 100 kilometers, energy-saving emission reduction coefficients, and annual carbon emissions as parameters to measure carbon emissions benefits, and combines survey data to conduct empirical analysis to explore the advantages of electric vehicles in energy saving and emission reduction compared with traditional fuel vehicles under different power supply structures. At the same time, based on the existing data and conclusions, the research is extended to the analysis of carbon emissions prospects in decades, and the possible contribution of future electric vehicles in energy utilization and environmental protection is predicted, to explore its role in promoting the achievement of the double-carbon goal, and put forward corresponding recommendations based on the research results.
An improved Vision Transformer-based method for classifying surface defects in hot-rolled strip steel
Authors: Feng Xinglong , Gao Xianwen , Luo Ling
Published: November 2021

A new Vision Transformer(ViT) model is proposed for the classification of surface defects in hot rolled strip, optimizing the poor learning ability of the original Vision Transformer model on smaller datasets. Firstly, each module of ViT and its characteristics are analyzed; Secondly, inspired by the deep learning model VGGNet, the multilayer fully connected layer in VGGNet is introduced into the ViT model to increase its learning capability; Finally, by performing on the X-SDD hot-rolled steel strip surface defect dataset. The effect of the improved algorithm is verified by comparison experiments on the X-SDD hot-rolled strip steel surface defect dataset. The test results show that the improved algorithm achieves better results than the original model in terms of accuracy, recall, F1 score, etc. Among them, the accuracy of the improved algorithm on the test set is 5.64% higher than ViT-Base and 2.64% higher than ViT-Huge; the accuracy is 4.68% and 1.36% higher than both of them, respectively.
Research on Big Data Computing Model based on Spark and Big Data Application
Authors: Chen Sida
Published: November 2021

Under the background of the information age, with the rapid development of cloud computing and Internet of things technology, all kinds of data information grow rapidly. How to transform massive data information into effective resources is the key point of big data technology research. This paper introduces the inherent laws of big data mining technology, determine and use valuable information data, which can open a new thinking and cognitive perspective, and it is of great significance to the development of the social economy. It can be concluded that the big data ecosystem based on spark platform and application of big data still have a lot of room for development, but there are also some problems. Nowadays, as a low latency cluster distributed computing system for big data collection, spark platform can provide more support for improving the efficiency of big data mining, but some of its methods are not perfect.
A systematic study of LYSO:Ce, LuAG:Ce and GAGG:Ce scintillating fibers properties
Authors: Rusiecka K. , Hetzel R. , Kasper J. , Kazemi Kozani M. , Kohlhase N. , Kołodziej M. , Lalik R. , Magiera A. , Migdał W. , Rafecas M. , Stahl A. , Urbanevych V. , Wong M.L. , Wrońska A.
Published: November 2021

Properties of different scintillating fibers were examined
and compared, as a part of the design optimization of the SiFi-CC
detector, currently under development for proton therapy monitoring.
Three scintillating materials were considered as candidates to
constitute the active part of the detector: LYSO:Ce, LuAG:Ce and
GAGG:Ce. All investigated samples had an elongated, fiber-like shape
and were read out on both ends using silicon photomultipliers
(SiPMs). Samples of LYSO:Ce material provided by four different
manufacturers were included in the survey. Additionally, different
types of optical coupling media, wrapping and coating materials were
investigated. The following properties of the scintillating fibers
were determined: attenuation length, position-, energy-, timing
resolution and light collection. Two models were used to describe
the propagation of scintillating light in the fiber and quantify the
light attenuation: exponential light attenuation model (ELA) and
exponential light attenuation model with light reflection
(ELAR). Energy and position reconstruction were also performed using
the two above methods. It was shown, that the ELAR model performs
better in terms of description of the light attenuation
process. However, energy and position reconstruction results are
comparable for the two proposed methods. Based on the results of
measurements with scintillating fibers in different configurations
we concluded that LYSO:Ce fibers wrapped in Al foil (bright side
facing towards the fiber) provided the best trade-off between the
energy- (8.56% at 511 keV) and position (32 mm) resolutions and
thus will be the optimal choice for the SiFi-CC
detector. Additionally, the study of different optical coupling
media showed, that the silicone pads coupling ensures good stability
of the system performance and parameters.
Model adaptation mechanisms of cultivated plants in extreme conditions
Authors: Anikieva E N , Anikiev A A
Published: November 2021

This study presents a new mathematical model of the physiology of the plant open system development in the conditions far from equilibrium. Unlike existing approaches, our model is based on the equations describing competition for the substrate between the three main compartments of cultivated plants - the root, stem and leaf system in extreme conditions. Exchange with the external environment occurs through two channels - through the leaves and the root system. The internal control channel is defined as a function of limiting the plant biomass through the biomass of the individual structural parts. The model viability was tested on the example of physiological model of tomato development. The system’s behavior was studied under two varieties of extreme conditions - a lack of nutrients in the soil and a low level or lack of solar radiation. In the first case, the model shows the restructuring of the system after several levels of vibrations to a stable state with a low consumption of substrate and a redistribution of the leaves, stem and root masses. In the second case, the calculations show a significant suppression of leaf cover biomass and mass redistribution in favor of the stem and root. However, even in this case, after a period of instability, the system comes to a stable state with the mass of the stem exceeding the mass of other structures. For each case, phase trajectories of the biomass and substrates behavior are constructed.
Biochemical and technological evaluation of peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) for functional food products
Authors: Medelyaeva A Yu , Bukharov A F , Trunov Yu V , Lisova E N
Published: November 2021

Pepper is one of the main nightshade vegetables in open and protected ground. There are a large number of varieties and hybrids that differ in agrotechnological characteristics and biochemical composition of fruits (content of dry substances, sugars, vitamins and other biologically active substances). However, not all varieties are suitable for being processed into functional food products. The article considers the assortment of sweet and hot peppers for open ground in terms of yield, commercial qualities and biochemical composition of fruits: the content of dry substances, sugars, vitamin C. Comprehensive assessment of 8 varieties of sweet peppers and 5 varieties of hot peppers identified the varieties Spartak, Kvazar and Pleiades (sweet pepper) and varieties G-1713 and Debut (hot pepper), which have high yields, marketability, vitamin value and suitability for processing into functional products. In breeding work, varieties of sweet pepper are of interest for use as sources of the main economically valuable traits: by yield – Spartak, Pleiades; by weight of fruits – Kvazar; pericarp wall thickness – Spartak, Kvazar; by the content of sugars and dry substances – Spartak, Biktash; by the content of vitamin C – Spartak, Biktash, Kvazar, Pleiades; hot pepper varieties: by yield – G-1713; by weight of fruits – Debut, Kozerog, G-1713; by the content of dry matter and vitamin C – Kozerog, G-1713; by vitamin C content – Debut.
Cytoanatomical marker traits of the ploidy level in fruit and berry crops
Authors: Dubrovsky M L , Papikhin R V , Muratova S A
Published: November 2021

For use in breeding work, the methods of complex accelerated cytological diagnosis of genotypes of fruit and berry crops with an altered ploidy level were optimized. The proposed diagnostic method was tested on polyploids of the genus Malus, Fragaria, Ribes, Rubus, rowan-pear hybrids and is recommended for wide scientific and practical application in the plant breeding and cytology. The effectiveness of this method is ensured by its availability and reliable statistical differences in accounting parameters. In a comprehensive cytological diagnosis of forms of fruit and berry crops with an increased level of ploidy, it is proposed to first study the morphoanatomical traits (sizes and proportions of stomatal guard cells, the number of chloroplasts in them, the diameter of pollen grains). This will significantly reduce the time of laboratory analysis and field assessment by deleting forms with unchanged indicator values.
Stabilization methods and biochemical parameters of drone brood
Authors: Budnikova N V , Mitrofanov D V
Published: November 2021

The range of practical use of bee products is constantly expanding. Among the large assortment of these products, in recent years, drone brood larvae have received great attention, which can be obtained without harming the bee colony during the active period of the beekeeping season. Drone brood contains a complex of biologically active substances, including unique fatty acids, vitamins, essential amino acids, steroid hormones. The content in the drone brood of a large amount of nutritious and biologically active components serves as the basis for its inclusion in the diet of animal feeding and the diet of people in order to improve the body’s health. Drone brood homogenate is a new beekeeping product, which is a biomass obtained from homogenized drone larvae. This product is a biologically active raw material with a rich composition necessary for the normal functioning of the body. Once removed from the hive, the brood must be stabilized for further use. In this work, the following methods of stabilization of the drone brood homogenate have been studied: freezing, adsorption using a lactose-glucose adsorbent, and lyophilization. The use of stabilization of drone brood by means of freeze-drying (freeze-drying) allows preserving some biologically active compounds in the brood. But freeze-dried products actively adsorb moisture from the environment, which stimulates the development of reactions that lead to a decrease in the quality of the product. Adsorption, in comparison with freeze drying, makes it possible to better preserve biologically active substances in a homogenate obtained from drone larvae. Stabilization of drone brood by freezing provided the most complete fixation of the most important components of drone brood in contrast to other stabilization methods.
The breeding of spring rapeseed and brown mustard for resistance to Fusarium blight
Authors: Serdyuk O A , Trubina V S , Gorlova L A
Published: November 2021

During the growth season, the plants of rapeseed (Brassica napusL.) and brown mustard (Brassica junceaL.) are affected by various diseases: Fusarium blight, Verticillium blight, Alternaria blight, and others. The cultivation of rapeseed and mustard varieties resistant to diseases is a cost-effective and environmentally safe way to protect plants from diseases. The aim of the work was to evaluate the new breeding material of spring rapeseed and brown mustard for resistance to Fusarium blight in the form of tracheomycotic wilting of plants to continue breeding work to develop varieties of these crops. In 2017-2020, we carried out a phytopathological evaluation of new breeding samples of rapeseed and brown mustard for resistance to Fusarium blight. As a result, we selected a valuable breeding material of spring rapeseed and brown mustard resistant to Fusarium blight infection, which also exceeds the standard by economic characters. The productivity of the best selected samples is higher than the varieties Tavrion and Nika by 0.13-0.59 and 0.18-0.28 t/ha, respectively, the oil content of seeds – by 0.2-2.0 and 1.2-2.1 %, respectively. These samples will be used as donors of Fusarium blight resistance in breeding work during development of new varieties of spring rapeseed and brown mustard in the central zone of Krasnodar region.
Anatomical and morphological traits of the okra root system and the growing practice in plastic-covered greenhouses
Authors: Terekhova V I , Konstantinovich A V
Published: November 2021

The article presents studies of the anatomical and morphological traits of the okra root system and elements of the okra growing practice in plastic-covered greenhouses. The studies were carried out in 2018–2020 on the territory of the Educational and Scientific Production Center “Vegetable Experimental Station named after V. I. Edelstein”, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. The two ways of formation were studied (1 and 2 stems). As a result of the research, the anatomical and morphological traits of the okra root system were clarified, the highest yield of okra fruits of the Lady’s Finger variety was established when plants were formed in two shoots. To obtain the highest yield of fruits, we recommend growing the Lady’s Finger variety, forming plants in 2 shoots, while the yield is 1.6 kg/m2, which is 0.2 kg/m2higher than the yield of this variety obtained when plants were formed in 1 shoot.
Evaluation of Hermetia illucens fly maggots zoocompost influence on some agrophysical parameters of soil
Authors: Pendyrin E A , Starostina I V , Solntsev P I
Published: November 2021

Nowadays the application of intensive agriculture methods, based on using mineral fertilizers, plant-protecting agents, cultivating operations, has resulted in soil cover degradation. The usage of organic fertilizers can improve the structure and agrochemical characteristics of soil. As organic fertilizers the composts of various compositions are used, including those based on poultry-farming and stock-raising enterprises’ waste with the use of other components – peat, sapropel, wood processing waste and food production waste. The application of composts represented with vermiculture products is also known – the organic matter vermicomposting products, or those formed at rearing insects, for example, Hermetia illucens fly. As a result of organic waste bioconversion by feeding it to Hermetia illucens fly maggots a zoocompost is formed, which is a mix of maggots’ excrements and undigested waste residues. In this work we researched the influence of zoocompost, formed at rearing maggots of a fly of the dipteran order – Hermetia illucens, – its amount, conditions and methods of its application on physical characteristics of soil fertility – granulometric texture and moisture deposit at the end of growing season. The evaluation was performed by results of a micro-plot field experiment on a specially allotted plot. The research findings have demonstrated that zoocompost in its nutrient elements content corresponds to organic fertilizers, and by its physical parameters it can be used as soil loosener. The application of zoocompost to soil samples in amount of 5 t/ha increases the moisture deposit by 28.4% and improves the structural state of soil to the «good» grade in comparison with the control plot.
Role of kura clover (Trifolium Ambiguum bieb.) of Vys variety in the growth of the forage base of the Tambov region
Authors: Arkova Z A , Arkov K A , Aliev T H-H
Published: November 2021

In the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Central Black Earth region, the issue of the sustainable development of forage production, which can be increased through the expansion of the range of cultivated species of perennial legumes, has become relevant. The need to increase the share of areas of perennial grasses is connected with the fact that natural lands and annual forage crops have low productivity. Forage grasses are characterized by a number of unique economically valuable properties and characteristics. In this regard, there is an urgent need to increase their sown areas, as well as to improve natural lands, create hayfields and pastures. One of the limiting factors is the insufficient provision of seeds for a new fodder crop - Vys clover of a kura variety. It is kura clover that plays an important role in the creation of a solid forage base for animal husbandry in the Tambov region. Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum Bieb) is characterized by a number of valuable traits and properties. In this regard, for the first time in the Central Black Earth Region, its biology and morphological development began to be studied and the optimal terms and methods of sowing this perennial legume crop are being developed. It will allow obtaining stable seed yields. The technology for obtaining seeds of this forage crop of the Vys variety in the forest-steppe conditions of the Central Black Earth Region is currently in the process of development. Therefore, the ongoing research on agrotechnical methods of the cultivation of kura clover seeds is very relevant and the development of individual agricultural methods of its cultivation technology of seeds is one of the important tasks of forage production.
Development of adaptive technology for cultivation and processing of rosebay willow-herb (Chamaenérionangustifolium)
Authors: Danilin S I , Kuzmenko S L , Rodionov Yu V , Kargin E I
Published: November 2021

The propagation methods of rosebay willow-herb were studied on the basis of theoretical and experimental studies, the optimal size of the feeding area of one plant in a field was described and established. The efficiency of cultivating these plants depending on the time of sowing in winter greenhouses and the field planting scheme was determined, scientific and practical justification of the feasibility of cultivating rosebay willow-herb as a raw material for the processing industry in the North-Eastern part of Tambov Region was given in order to obtain dry vegetable concentrate for the production of soft drinks, syrups, natural additives for functional enrichment of food products. A non-waste concentrate production technology was developed and implemented using gentle modes and intensive processes, such as two-stage vacuum-pulse drying, vacuum extraction.
New fish product enriched with essential micronutrients
Authors: Suhareva T N , Toporkova K I , Yu Tolstova N
Published: November 2021

In order to improve the nutritional value of fish products and intensify metabolic processes, various micronutrients are added into fish products. They enrich the products with proteins, vitamins and minerals and reduce the calorie content. When developing a recipe for fish products, the possibility of partial replacement of wheat bread with flaxseed bran with seeds and water with turnips was analyed. The addition of flaxseed bran with seeds and turnips can enrich the product with dietary fiber, micro - and macroelements, vitamins. To determine the optimal percentage of plant raw materials, samples with the addition of linseed bran with seeds and turnips (10, 20 and 30%) were analyzed. A higher percentage has a negative effect on the organoleptic properties of the product.
Modeling the productivity of intensive and super-intensive apple orchards in the midland of Russia
Authors: Trunov Yu V , Solovyev A V , Zavrazhnov A A , Tarova Z N
Published: November 2021

It is known that the main trend in the development of modern world gardening is the creation of intensive and super-intensive gardens, and the degree of intensity of the garden increases with an increase in the number of trees per unit area (compaction of tree layout). The paper considers the patterns of productivity of intensive apple orchards during the reproductive cycle depending on tree planting density. The paper presents the models of apple tree productivity in intensive and super-intensive orchards representing regression equations approximated by polynomials of 2 and 3 degree with determination coefficients R2=0.97-0.99. According to the above models, a total yield of up to 516 ton/ha may be obtained in an intensive garden with a tree planting density of up to 1500 wood/ha for 18 years of commercial fruiting, a total yield of up to 790 ton/ha may be obtained in a super-intensive garden with a planting density of more than 9,500 wood/ha for 16 years of commercial fruiting (an increase in the total productivity of planted vegetation of more than 1.5 times). The models (dependencies) of development of industrial apple orchards of different planting scheme are obtained, approximated by sigmoidal logistic functions defining three stages of logistic yield growth at the beginning of garden development (“growing up”), having exponential, linear and hyperbolic nature respectively. Logistics trends of the relative yield of the garden and the relative productivity of trees were established, according to which an increase in the yield of industrial gardens due to an increase in planting density is accompanied by a decrease in the productivity of fruit trees.
Effect of potassium supply on content of apple leaf phosphorus
Authors: Kuzin A I , Solovchenko A E , Karpukhina S A , Ya Kashirskaya N , Kochkina A M , Artsybasheva N S
Published: November 2021

Well-balanced mineral nutrition of apple trees is critical for fruit quality and storability. The seasonal changes of phosphorus and potassium leaf content were studied in the pot sand culture during the seasons of 2019 and 2020. The treatments comprised the application of the nutrient solution with different concentrations (0.00; 0.68; 1.36; 1.70; 2.04; 2.72; 3.40 g l-1). Leaves were analyzed on potassium and phosphorus content. The increase in potassium supply led to a striking increase in the content of apple leaf phosphorus above the optimal level. An approach to non-invasive detection of the impact of the nutrient imbalance based on hyperspectral reflectance imaging has been proposed.
Current state and problems of development of organic gardening in Russia
Authors: Sokolov OV , Castornov N P , Zhilyakov D I
Published: November 2021

Currently, there is a clear overproduction of apples in the world. This dictates to commodity producers the need to use innovative approaches to the development of horticulture in order to increase the competitiveness of their products in the market. Modern approaches to the conduct of world agriculture are based on the principles of the development of organic production. The overseas markets for environmentally friendly products are developing rapidly. Much attention is paid to the promotion of organic fruits on the market. In Russia, organic gardening is just gaining ground. The regulatory and legal framework for organic production is being developed, conversion processes are being carried out at producers of horticultural products, and environmentally friendly production of fruits is created and certified. Currently, only a few horticultural organizations have passed the certification procedure and are engaged in the production of environmentally friendly products. The development of the process of organizing organic fruit production is constrained by a number of factors, the main of which are the lack of domestic experience in organizing and conducting organic gardening, the underdevelopment of the market for organic products, and the lack of state support for the industrial production of organic fruits. The article discusses the importance of organic gardening, the state and problems of the development of environmentally friendly fruit production in Russia, the features of organic gardening, the efficiency of the production of environmentally friendly gardening products. The main directions for the development of organic gardening in the country are proposed, the main of which are technological and technical support for the development of the industry, information support for commodity producers, marketing of organic products, effective government support for organic gardening.
Agrophysical properties of soil and yield of spring barley for various predecessors and mineral fertilizers in the Central Black Earth Region
Authors: Ermolaev S N , Smurov S I , Grigorov O V , Naumkin V N , Naumkina L A , Kryukov A N
Published: November 2021

The research is devoted to the study of the influence of precursors and mineral fertilizers, applied in various doses, on the agrophysical properties of the soil, the value of the grain yield of spring barley in the soil and climatic conditions of the Central Black Earth region. The field experiment was based on the long-term hospital of Belgorod State Agrarian University named after V. Ya. Gorin. As an object, the variety of spring barley Knyazhich, recommended for the region, was chosen. The soil of the experimental plot is typical chernozem, medium loamy granulometric composition on loess-like loam. The experiment scheme (4×4) provided for the study of four gradations of factor A (predecessors: corn for grain - control, sunflower, sugar beet, soybeans) and factor B (doses of mineral fertilizers: N10P10K10 - control, N30P30K30, N50P50K50, N70P70K70). Growth and development of spring barley plants in 2018-2020 took place in meteorological conditions characterized as arid with a predominance of elevated temperatures and insufficient precipitation during the critical phases of plant vegetation. The results of field experiments established that the water and agrophysical properties (density and structural-aggregate composition) of the soil under the influence of previous crops approached the optimal values and changed insignificantly. Increased doses of mineral fertilizers had a positive effect on the value of the yield of barley grain according to the studied predecessors. The highest grain yield over the years of research was obtained at high N50P50K50 and intensive N70P70K70 backgrounds for the predecessors of soybeans and sugar beets and amounted to 5.48 and 5.03 t/ha and 5.33 and 5.32 t/ha, respectively. This was higher than the control of corn for grain 0.82 and 0.37 t/ha and 0.62 and 0.61 t/ha, while for sunflower it decreased to 4.06 and 4.71 t/ha and was at the level with the control.
Assessment of economically valuable traits of apple varieties and features of the main elements of the technology for their cultivation in an arid climate
Authors: Mushinskiy A A , Merezhko O E , Aminova E V , Fomin S D
Published: November 2021

The purpose of the research is to create winter-hardy, large-fruited, high-yielding, high-quality varieties of apple trees of different ripening periods and their growing technology (use of a biological product) in the South Urals. The research was carried out on the basis of Orenburg Experimental Station of Horticulture and Viticulture - a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Selection and Technology Center for Horticulture and Nursery ” from 1999 to 2020. Research objects were summer apple varieties – “Orenburgskoe”, “Orenburgskoe krasnoe”, “Solntsedar” (K); winter – “Orenburgskoe pozdnee”, “Zimnee”, “Yuzhnouralskoe” (K). The counts and observations were carried out according to generally accepted methods. As a result of the studies, the data obtained showed that the property of short stature as a genetic trait of resistance is transmitted to the offspring during hybridization. The varieties “Orenburgskoe pozdnee”, “Zimnee” and “Yuzhnouralskoe” showed the greatest increase in productivity embodiment experience “Evrikor Forte + 7” 2.5 l / ha by 25.4%, 24.3% and 22.2% respectively. Thus, the application of “Eurikor-Forte + 7” increased both the number of fruits and their weight, and also increased the yield of the studied varieties.
The influence of agrotechnical methods on the formation of the harvest of potatoes of the early variety
Authors: Dyikanova M E , Gasparyan I N , Levshin A G , Deniskina N F , Gasparyan Sh V
Published: November 2021

The article presents the results of research on agrotechnical methods of growing potatoes of the early Meteor variety in the conditions of the Non-Chernozem zone. To obtain products in the early stages, the following were used: covering materials of various density and light transmission (white and black) 17 g-m-2 and 30 g-m-2, germination of tubers, the influence of the fraction of the planting material on the formation of the crop. The Moscow region is characterized by extreme weather conditions in the early spring period, which often leads to a delay in the development and formation of the harvest of early potato production. For the implementation of research tasks, an early potato variety “Meteor” for table use was used - with good taste and recommended for obtaining ultra-early products. The variety has a high declared yield, resistance to diseases widespread in research conditions. The aim of the research was to obtain an increase in yields without the use of growth stimulants and chemical fertilizers, which is important for the modern buyer. According to the research results, we noted the effect of the covering material in combination with the germination of tubers on the early emergence of seedlings and a long growing season before the first and second harvesting. The maximum difference in yield was noted at 15.07 in relation to the control in variants with a covering material of 17 g-m-2 and 30 g-m -2 in combination with germination, as well as in the variant: tubers of a large fraction in combination with germination that amounted to 27 … 25%. The average increase for the first harvest was noted in variants with a covering material without germination of tubers that amounted to 8 … 11% in relation to the control. When cleaning, the gap between control and options decreased by 2 … 3% compared to the first harvest, and the total yield increased by 5 … 8% in all variants of the experiment in relation to the first harvest.
Dependence of the content of microbial biomass in typical black soil on agrogenic factors and year season
Authors: Kaluzhskikh A G , Belyaev A G , Dolgopolova N V , Timofeeva N M , Malysheva E V
Published: November 2021

The authors of the paper found that the nature and direction of the seasonal dynamics of the content of microbial biomass in typical black soil in grain-fallow crop rotation differ depending on the slope direction, the cultivation system and the soil layer. The characteristics of the dynamics of the content of microbial biomass in typical black soil in the agroecosystem of grain-fallow crop rotation, depending on the slope direction and the type of soil cultivation are revealed. The influence of the slope direction on the dynamics of the microbial biomass in the soil is more pronounced in the layer of 10-20 cm. The need to ensure the supply of a sufficient amount of post-harvest residues and organic fertilizers to the soil is shown. The increase in the uniformity of the upper layer of typical black soil is associated with the constant mechanical man-made impact on it. The obtained results about the nature of the impact of the studied factors on the seasonal and spatial variability of microbial biomass can be used in the development of systems for the management of the biological activity and reproduction of organic matter in black soils in order to improve their ecological state. The results of studies of the ecologically and agronomically important soil component i.e. microbial biomass are necessary for the development of systems for the regulation of soil fertility in order to increase their productivity, as well as for the development of a control system for the content of microbial biomass in black soils. The experimental data can serve as the basis for a database on the microbial pool of various soils and ecosystems, which is advisable to use for model predictive calculations, including in different ecological scenarios. The assessment of the state of organisms living in the soil and their biodiversity are important in the solution of the problems of environmental practice: identification of zones of ecological disadvantage, calculation of damage caused by man-made activities, determination of the stability of the ecosystem and the impact of certain anthropogenic factors.
Influence of technology on the quality indicators of the composition of drone brood and royal jelly
Authors: Mitrofanov D V , Budnikova N V
Published: November 2021

Drone brood homogenate and compositions based on it are gaining popularity as functional food products and biologically active food additives. It has antioxidant, androgenic, anabolic, sedative, antidepressant, immunotropic, cosmetic and other properties. Royal jelly and drone brood have a pronounced biological activity, as they contain a large amount of decenoic acids, sulfhydryl groups, proteins, peptides and other biologically active substances. The possibility of expanding the spectrum of biological activity determines the relevance of developing a product containing a composition of drone brood and royal jelly. A significant superiority of the safety of biologically active substances in adsorbed drone brood and royal jelly in comparison with lyophilized ones was shown, which indicates the preferred method of stabilizing the combined product. The purpose of the work was to compare two technological methods for preparing a combined product. The first method consisted in the joint adsorption of royal jelly and drone brood, and the second - in separate adsorption and drying, followed by joint dry granulation of the components. It is shown that the differences in the physicochemical characteristics of products obtained by different methods are insignificant. The composition has intermediate values of physicochemical indicators between drone brood and royal jelly.
Screening economically important features of spring common wheat varieties of CIMMYT breeding in the central Russia
Authors: Rubets V S , Pylnev V V , Voronchihina I N , Kotenko Yu N , Taranova D D
Published: November 2021

Creating of populations with wide genotypic diversity is the basis of successful selection of promising lines. This can be achieved by involving breeding material from various ecological and geographical origins, as well as interspecific hybrids, in crossing. 14 spring common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties of CIMMYT breeding (Mexico) were researched to identify the genetic sources of economically important features. A number of these varieties proved to be the sources of adaptability to biotic and abiotic stresses and high grain quality. The yield properties of the Mexican varieties in the central Russia were at or below the standard – the ‘Zlata ’ wheat variety.
Justification of the need to protect wheat crops against disease agents in the North–Eastern part of the Central Chernozem region
Authors: Zeleneva Yu V , Sudnikova V P , Lavrinova V A , Polunina T S
Published: November 2021

To develop and optimize protective measures in the CCR conditions, an analysis of the epidemic resistance of zoned varieties and hybrid lines of spring wheat to the causative agents of septoria, brown and yellow rust was carried out; the effect of fungicides, biological agents, their binary mixtures was studied for wheat crops. Among the selection material of spring wheat, lines and numbers were identified and selected as potential genetic sources and donors, combining resistance to environmental stress factors (brown and yellow rust, septoria blight) with productivity and adaptability to the conditions of the Central Black Earth Region. Using DNA markers, Lr genes in the lines selected as potential donors of leaf rust resistance were identified. In the genotypes of selection lines, the Lr19 gene dominance was revealed in combination with the weakly effective genes Lr10, Lr 20, and Lr 26. It was observed that the combination of Lr19 + Lr26 increases the level of resistance. All zoned varieties were affected by diseases, which indicates the need for protective measures. The biological effectiveness of chemical and biological agents against aerogenic diseases was established in the range of 82.1-100%. Amistar Extra was effective against septoria, perenophorosis and leaf rust, Rex Duo was effective against leaf rust, Title Duo was effective against powdery mildew. Amist Extra 0.7 l / ha + Biostim 2.0 l / ha was effective against leaf rust (99.4%) and powdery mildew (98.9%). A mixture of Amistar Extra 0.7 l / ha and Alfastim 30 ml / ha was effective against septoria (93.0%) and pyrenoforosis (100%). Mixed forms of Amistar Extra 0.7 l / ha + Alfastim 30 ml / ha (91.3-95.7%) and Amistar Extra 0.7 l / ha + Healthy yield 0.9 l / ha (91.0-95.7%) were effective against septoria spot and brown rust.
Intensification of lamb salting process with low frequency ultrasound
Authors: Krasnikova E S , Morgunova N L , Krasnikov A V , Rykhlov A S , Babushkin V A , Sukharev M I
Published: November 2021

Young lamb has high nutritional properties due to its high protein, amino acids, vitamins and microelements content. However, the specific odor and the high fat pour point are the main obstacles to the industrial use of lamb. The purpose of our research was to study the physical and chemical characteristics of raw lamb after ultrasonic salting and to select the optimal processing conditions and their economic justification. Experimental samples were salted in the devices UOM - 2 and PSB - Gals at 35 kHz ultrasound frequency, as well as using an ultrasonic submersible emitter at 26 kHz. Ultrasonic treatment has led to an increase in the pH and moisture content of the raw material, as well as in product yield. With an increase in the salting time, the water activity (Aw) decreased. Based on the results of physicochemical samples studies and comparative analysis of the economic efficiency, a submersible ultrasonic emitter with an ultrasonic frequency of 26 kHz and a salting duration of 12 hours was recommended for lamb delicacies salting.