bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Establishment by virtue of the law of land easement with the content corresponding to transmission easement in the light of the resolution of the Supreme Court of June 5, 2018, in case III CZP 50/17
Authors: Barańska Anna Maria
Published: March 2020

The subject of this article is the resolution of the enlarged composition of the Supreme Court of June 5, 2018, which resolves the issue of acquiring by land easement with the content corresponding to transmission easement together with the acquisition by a state-owned company of transmission facilities developed on State Treasury properties. As a result of granting property rights to state-owned companies of state property in the early 1990s, the ownership of the transmission infrastructure and the property on which they were situated were separated.In the judicature, divergent concepts emerged regarding the solution of the issue of  further use of this land by transmission companies. According to the first one, the transfer of property rights was accompanied by the creation by law of a land easement with the content corresponding to a transmission easement. On the other hand, according to the second concept, obtaining a legal title for further use of the property was possible only through contractual acquisition or prescription of transmission easement. Powstanie z mocy prawa służebności gruntowej o treści odpowiadającej służebności przesyłu w świetle uchwały Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 5 czerwca 2018 roku, sygn. akt III CZP 50/17 Tematem artykułu jest uchwała powiększonego składu Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 5 czerwca 2018 roku, która rozstrzyga kwestię nabycia z mocy prawa służebności gruntowej o treści odpowiadającej służebności przesyłu wraz z nabyciem przez przedsiębiorstwo państwowe własności urządzeń przesyłowych posadowionych na nieruchomościach Skarbu Państwa. W wyniku uwłaszczenia mienia państwowego na początku lat dziewięćdziesiątych ubiegłego wieku doszło do rozdzielenia własności infrastruktury przesyłowej oraz nieruchomości, na której były one posadowione. W judykaturze pojawiły się rozbieżne koncepcje odnośnie do rozwiązania kwestii dalszego korzystania przez przedsiębiorstwa przesyłowe z tych gruntów. Zgodnie z pierwszą z nich przeniesieniu prawa własności towarzyszyło powstanie z mocy prawa służebności gruntowej o treści odpowiadającej służebności przesyłu. Na podstawie drugiej — uzyskanie tytułu prawnego do dalszego korzystania z nieruchomości było możliwe wyłącznie w drodze umownego nabycia albo zasiedzenia służebności przesyłu.
Between consensus and the “tax agreement” provided for in the draft of the Tax Ordinance of June 4, 2019
Authors: Tsima Maria
Published: March 2020

A change in the perception of the relationship between the tax debtor and the tax creditor is necessary. The regulation of non-governing forms of operation of tax authorities is the normative basis that determines the change in the way in which tax matters are dealt with. This article reviews the proposal for consensual resolution of disputes contained in the draft of the Tax Ordinance of March 8, 2019. In this draft, a chapter entitled “Tax agreement” was included, which is devoted entirely to the structure of the tax agreement. However, to what extent does the outlined legal structure of the tax agreement make it possible to create a negotiating space between the taxpayer and the tax authority? The consensuality that the parties strive for should foster the pursuit of the private interest in the optimal dimension and, at the same time, should not affect the public interest. This is possible. In this way, the equality of parties manifests itself in the framework of consumer contracts where the entrepreneur’s party is stronger or on the level of repressive law for example, in criminal law — where, as indicated, the consensual way of settling the matter should not disqualify the aspiration to equalize the position of all participants of this consensus. The position defended by the present author is that obtaining a contractual agreement in tax law based on a consensus assuming the parity of parties does not exclude the possibility of pursuing a fiscal interest.Między konsensusem a „umową podatkową” przewidzianą projektem Ordynacji Podatkowej z dnia 4 czerwca 2019 rokuKonieczna jest zmiana postrzegania relacji dłużnik podatkowy–wierzyciel podatkowy. Regulacja niewładczych form działania organów podatkowych stanowi bowiem podstawę normatywną warunkującą przeprowadzenie zmiany sposobu załatwiania spraw podatkowych. W artykule analizie poddano propozycję konsensualnego rozwiązywania sporów podatkowych zawartą w projekcie Ordynacji podatkowej z 8 marca 2019 roku. W projekcie tym ujęto rozdział poświęcony w całości konstrukcji umowy podatkowej. Na ile jednak zarysowana konstrukcja prawna umowy podatkowej umożliwia zaistnienie przestrzeni negocjacyjnej między podatnikiem a organem podatkowym? Warto, by konsensualność, do której dążyłyby strony takiej umowy, sprzyjała realizacji interesu prywatnego w wymiarze optymalnym i jednocześnie nie godziła w interes publiczny. Jest to możliwe. W taki sposób równość stron przejawia się w ramach umów konsumenckich w których strona przedsiębiorcy jest wyjściowo stroną silniejszą czy na płaszczyźnie prawa represyjnego przykładowo w prawie karnym — gdzie jak się wskazuje, konsensualny sposób załatwienia sprawy nie powinien dyskwalifikować dążenia do zrównywania pozycji wszystkich uczestników tego konsensu. Autorka niniejszego artykułu broni stanowiska, że uzyskanie w podatkach umownego uzgodnienia na podstawie konsensusu zakładającego równorzędność stron nie wyklucza możliwości realizacji interesu fiskalnego.
The purposes of interpersonal communication: A survey to find the most likely general reasons why people engage in communication
Authors: Jensen Mikael
Published: March 2020

The purpose underlying this paper is to find out what purposes/functions people from a diverse background assess to be more important and central to human interpersonal communication. A list of 17 possible purposes and functions of interpersonal communication was derived from a literature review and used in a survey study. The questionnaire was filled out by 313 participants international students being in Sweden from diverse cultural backgrounds. The findings from this study suggest that the participants acknowledge very central aspects of human life to be the reason for communicating. The most agreed upon reasons why we communicate is to share and enhance enjoyment share positive emotions and to create and strengthen social bonds manage relationships.
Surpassing the era of disengaged acceptance: The future of public discourse on nuclear energy
Authors: Sarlós Gábor , Fekete Mariann
Published: March 2020

Both the United Kingdom and Hungary run ambitious nuclear power plans to keep nuclear power as an important element of their energy mixes. The objective of the analysis is to identify if there is the intent and the possibility for a different form of public engagement in shaping the nuclear future. The study builds on the comparative analysis of the cases of Hungary and the United Kingdom. The ‘communication packages’ theory serves as reference of comparison. The study finds that changing social value sets and communication technology developments create challenges to governments in securing support for the nuclear agenda. Th is challenge creates an opportunity for members of the public with ‘reluctant acceptance’ of the nuclear agenda. Building on global uncertainty, challenges to the prevailing political and economic status quo, together with the growing influence of social media might assist the public to become vocal in their opinions about nuclear energy.
Media populism in Macedonia: Right-wing populist style in the coverage of the “migrant crisis”
Authors: Bosilkov Ivo
Published: March 2020

The communicative style used to exclude immigrants from the idea of “the people” is the scope through which right-wing media populism is measured in a case study of Macedonia, a post-communist country on the Balkan migrant route. Quantitative content analysis of articles from four Macedonian right-wing partisan news outlets N = 409, demonstrates a clear change in tone in coverage of migration, marked by an increase of populism as the “migrant crisis” intensified. Logistic regression confirms that  incivility, as a proxy for the intensity of partisan bias, is a significant predictor of populism, and opinion pieces have a significantly stronger populist tendency than news reports. The findings show that online news outlets, however, are not more populist than traditional print media.
Nuclear media discourses after the closure of the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant: Is the game over?
Authors: Mažeikienė Natalija , Kasperiūnienė Judita , Tandzegolskienė Ilona
Published: March 2020

The article presents a critical discourse analysis of media coverage of the most important Lithuanian strategic object — the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant INPP — in the three biggest news portals. Media news focuses mostly on certain aspects of decommissioning of the INPP management issues and the transparency of financing mechanisms. Environmental and social aspects of the decommissioning are not sufficiently disclosed and discussed. The community of Visaginas the satellite town for the workers of the INPP remains an invisible and silent actor of the discourse. In the media news portals, the town is portrayed as disconnected from the INPP. This divide could be explained by assuming that after the closure of the INPP as a major feeding enterprise the town must search for a re-definition of its identity and construct this identity without nuclear energy and without the INPP. On the other hand, such a divide reflects a common trend characteristic of the entire nuclear discourse — to disempower communities and the public, create a boundary between the industry and the public, between the experts and ordinary citizens.
Wybrane przykłady komercjalizacji symboli narodowych i patriotycznych w Polsce
Authors: Pokojowa Natalia
Published: March 2020

Selected examples of commercialization of symbols of national and patriotic significance in PolandIn recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in interest in patriotic or national clothing and accessories. The use of specific symbols that have a historical heritage is interpreted in different, often extreme ways. The author attempted to analyze this phenomenon, not only in terms of the possible depreciation of national symbols. In this paper the author will briefly present the results of research conducted for an unpublished master’s thesis in 2017 on people wearing identity clothing.
Wizerunek Polski i polskich marek w oczach obcokrajowców mieszkających w Polsce
Authors: Borek Agata
Published: March 2020

Image of Poland and Polish brands in the eyes of foreigners living in PolandThe nation branding discipline, which has gained so much popularity over the last decade, aims to build a positive image of the country. The image of a country translates into its perception and treatment by the world. Ultimately, a product from a not positively associated country may be unknowingly deleted from our shopping list. The article presents the results of research conducted over the past 20 years concerning the condition of the Polish national brand. A detailed analysis of the image of Poland and Polish brands was made from the unfamiliar perspective of foreigners living in Poland. The summaries include conclusions and recommendations for building a strong national branding strategy.
„Oczy szeroko zamknięte” — czyli o tym, co jest , a czego nie widać w nowych polskich muzeach o II wojnie światowej
Authors: Lorenc Magdalena
Published: March 2020

“Eyes wide shut”: On what there is and what cannot be seen in new Polish Second World War museumsMuseums have always been political institutions. Owing to this engagement, they are not neutral and they should not claim objectivity. Facts and artefacts at an exhibition exemplify the assumed hypotheses. This means that visitors are objects of manipulation. In case of the Warsaw Rising Museum, which was the first narrative museum in Poland, World War II was a trial, which the first victim of the German aggression — the Polish nation en bloc — underwent successfully. Th at was a time of heroes who should be imitated. The decision about the rising was right, even though the capital and its population were annihilated as a result of it. In contrast, in the Museum of World War II in Gdańsk, the war was a tragedy for the whole humanity and a hecatomb of the civilian population, with the presentation of the history of Poland nation as just one of many. If there were heroic deeds, they were individual and exceptional. Heroism was not only combat. Survival was the aim.This means that the first museum is about “men’s adventure”, which is fighting among faithful comrades — it’s a hymn of praise to the valour of the Poles under German occupation. The more innocent the victims, the higher the factor of heroism. By contrast, the other museum is a warning — every war is first of all a failure of humanity. These two interpretations of the events of World War II differ from each other as the target groups of both exhibitions are different. Supporters of the Warsaw Rising Museum do not accept the Museum of World War II and vice versa; they often voice opinions about something they did not have a chance or did not even feel like to see. These institutions are reflections of political disputes which divide Poles into supporters and opponents of certain historical policies which are pursued by making use of museums and in relation to them.
Wstrząsająca treść jako manipulacyjny element dyskursu konfliktu
Authors: Hłuszko Anna
Published: March 2020

Shock content as a manipulative component of conflict discourseDifficult socio-political situation in Ukraine creates specific media discourse, which in turn gives rise to a number of phenomena, connected to information war categories, war of meanings, hate speech etc. Active entry of military issues into web news content affects traditional approach to the media-text drafting. The report examines the trends of shock visual content and its announcement in the web headlines. The influence of the content emotionalization, which is one of the common features for conflict discourse, not only on text style, but also on features of page making, selection and use of photo illustrations, headline creation, is studied. The material covering military developments usually involve deaths, injuries, loss, destruction of settlements as a result of hostilities, that is, they focus on information on suffering of both military and civilians. This results in stronger integration of shock visual content into the news, which in turn may be used as manipulation and propaganda tool. On the one hand it is used to demonstrate crimes of the enemy, on the other — as an evidence of Ukrainian military success. From the point of view of ethic and humanism the justification of such tactic is doubtful in both cases. However, the study shows that open image of death, blood, injuries in the materials and the announcement of such content in headlines are the cause of high popularity of such publications, and this mainstreams the problem of dehumanizing impact both on material’s subjects and on media audience.
Z idiograficzności zmagań z twórczością Andrzeja Stasiuka
Authors: Dębicki Marcin
Published: March 2020

On idiographism of the struggle with Andrzej Stasiuk’s outputThe aim of the paper is to present a set of individual experience by the author of the article concerning the ways in which he has read out and interpreted the output of one of the most widely read contemporary Polish writer — Andrzej Stasiuk. The consideration is thus an attempt at recog­nizing and grasping one’s own approach that is the reason why idiographicity appears in the title to Stasiuk’s books; an attempt put within the frames of social sciences, treated here as theoretic­al-methodological background for these endeavors, as well as the researcher’s individual travelling practices obviously, filled with the writers’ inspirations. At the crossing point of these phenom­ena there appeared my own consideration on this literature, and the reconstruction of its course as well as its results in the form of some scientific publications concerning this prose became the point of departure for the article.
Ukryta strona fandomu – rzadkie i nienormatywne motywy seksualne w sztuce i literaturze fanowskiej
Authors: Bajor Jan
Published: March 2020

The hidden side of the fandom — rare and nonnormative sexual themes in the fan-created art and literatureFor a few decades now amateur erotic art and literature is present on large scale in many fan communities, showing great diversity in forms of expression and subjects. Significant portion of them includes rare or nonnormative sexual themes. The goal of this article is to pinpoint main caus­es of this exceptional popularity of such themes in online fandom. Doing this, I will focus on two aspects of the problem: general characteristics of fandoms as internet communities and the specifi­city of the media fan culture, as it developed during half a decade of its existence.
Media społecznościowe jako przestrzeń eksponowania ciała
Authors: Surendra Sebastian
Published: March 2020

Social media as a space for displaying the bodyIn this text, I analyze various aspects of exhibiting the body in social media focusing on Instagram and Facebook. I examine the rules of insertion the images depicting naked and half-naked body, and social actions contesting these regulations. I also examine the level of social ap­proval of publishing photos marked by sexual abuse. Moreover, I show some examples of displaying the naked body having no sexual connotation.
Decyzje konsumenckie w dobie rewolucji cyfrowej i sztucznej inteligencji — przegląd trendów
Authors: Modliński Artur
Published: March 2020

Consumer decisions in the era of digital revolution and artificial intelligence: A review of trends  In the era of digital revolution, customers gained access to almost unlimited sources of information about products and services. The article presents selected trends influencing the shape of purchasing decisions and their impact on customer empowerment: mobile applications, chat­bots, forums and social media, as well as artificial intelligence and the Internet of things. The au­thor points out both the positive and the negative impact of technological trends on consumer decisions: decrease of trust in companies, overload of information and problems with their verification, too high level of automation. The basic conclusion coming from the analysis is that de­spite the advent of numerous technological innovations, consumers are closing themselves in fil­tering bubbles, losing chances of new experiences, as well as confidence in subsequent information sources, which has negative impact on their relationship with both companies and other customers.
Prawicowy ekstremizm w Niemczech na początku XXI wieku
Authors: Kochan Gabriela
Published: March 2020

DER RECHTSEXTREMISMUS IN DEUTSCHLAND AM ANFANG DES 21. JAHRHUNDERTSDer Rechtsextremismus in Deutschland ist keine ideologisch einheitliche Struktur. Er ist eine Kombination diverser Haltungen: des Nationalismus, der Diktatur, des Rassismus und Antisemitismus. Die Mitglieder dieser Szene zeichnen sich durch Ethnozentrismus und Diskriminierung derjenigen aus, die ihrer Meinung nach dem Muster nicht entsprechen, das sie vertreten. Sein Merkmal ist das Bedürfnis der „Volksgemeinschaft“. Nach Meinung der Aktivisten von dem Wert des Menschen zeugt seine Herkunft.In der Fachliteratur wird oft als Synonym für den Extremismus der Begriff Radikalismus angewandt, jedoch im Falle des zweiten Begriff s sprechen sich seine Befürworter nicht eindeutig gegen die Verfassungsgrundsätze und die demokratisch-liberale Ordnung aus. Die Grenze zwischen dem Rechtsextremismus und dem Radikalismus ist jedoch verschwommen. Bei der Schilderung dieses Phänomens sollte die Aufmerksamkeit auch auf sein Verhältnis zu dem Populismus gelenkt werden. Zwar ist er keines antidemokratischen Charakters, aber durch die angestrebte Einschränkung des Pluralismus, fehlendes Übereinkommen und fehlender Kompromiss sowie die Einwände gegen das aktuelle System, kann es sich diesem nähern.Im Jahre 2015 machte sich in Deutschland die Eskalation der Gewalt unter den Aktivisten der radikalen Rechtsszene bemerkbar. Verzeichnet wurden mehrere Angriff e auf die Stellen, wo die Flüchtlinge untergebracht wurden. Die Regierung und die Bürger sind entschieden gegen die Maßnahmen der Mitglieder dieses politischen Spektrums und versuchen, sie zu bewältigen.Zu den rechtsextremen Parteien gehören die National-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands, Bürgerbewegung pro NRW, Die Rechte und Der III. Weg. Die erste — gegründet in 1964 — ist die älteste und stärkste Gruppierung dieses Teiles der politischen Bühne. Für die NPD stellt die 2012 gegründete „Rechte“ die größte Konkurrenz dar, mit ihrem geänderten und modernisierten Programm. Einige Mitglieder dieser Partei zeigen Neonazicharakterzüge. Eine weitere Partei, die zum Schutz des Vaterlandes aufruft, ist Der III. Weg, gegründet im Jahre 2013. Sie ist die jüngste politische Gruppierung dieses Teils des Spektrums. Eine Partei dieses Profi ls ist die 2007 gegründete Bürgerbewegung pro NRW. Ihre Mitglieder warnen vor „fremden Einfl üssen“ und der Islamisierung.Der Kampf mit dem Rechtsextremismus in der Bundesrepublik stellt ein Element der politischen Bildung dar. Es werden hier diverse Mittel angewandt. Daran nehmen sowohl Parteien als auch Behörden, Sicherheitsdienste und die Bürger teil. Die deutschen Staatsmänner betonen oft, dass es in der BRD keinen Platz für die Xenophobie und Gewalt gibt.
Aspectos de la traducción al español del lexema polaco „trzeba”
Authors: Głowicka Monika
Published: March 2020

Aspects of translation of the Polish verb trzeba into SpanishThe main purpose of this study is to analyze the Polish impersonal verb trzeba one must and to compare it with corresponding Spanish equivalents. We examine this verb in terms of translation study: we search for this Polish lexeme in the original texts Polish novels of prominent writers, then we search for its equivalents in translation and describe them with the objective to present some comparative observations. We try to analyze the expression of necessity in both languages and semantic values of the lexeme trzeba since it has an interesting structure and use and is considered a problematic verb.
“Cruzar la frontera del norte”: el exilio de los “indocumentados” en el teatro mexicano Hugo Salcedo, Víctor Hugo Rascón Banda, Jaime Chabaud
Authors: Falska Maria
Published: March 2020

“Crossing the Northern Border”: illegal immigration depicted in Mexican drama Hugo Salcedo, Víctor Hugo Rascón Banda, Jaime ChabaudThis paper presents a comparative study of three Mexican dramas: Los ilegales 1979 by Víctor Hugo Rascón Banda, El viaje de los cantores 1988 by Hugo Salcedo, and Oc ye nechca érase una vez 2008 by Jaime Chabaud. These plays share the theme of Mexican citizens’ immi­gration to the USA. The ways in which parts of a dramatic play such as character, time and set­ting are constructed, will be examined to decipher how the authors’ focus on the most alarming feature of the Mexican reality, namely mass migration. The reasons behind the mass emigration from Mexico to the USA are both economy and people’s lack of sense of security. As this study delineates, the mass emigration depicted in the presented dramas is characterized as illegal and inhumane. The analysis of the three dramas demonstrates that their dramatic structures convey a definite ideological message.
Fantasmas en un desierto que brilla o la soledad del lector de palimpsestos. Los relatos del regreso en Max Aub, Francisco Ayala y Arturo Barea
Authors: Peris Llorca Jesús
Published: March 2020

Ghosts in a shining desert or the solitude of the palimpsests reader. Stories of the return in Max Aub, Francisco Ayala and Arturo Barea worksDuring the long years of exile, writers like Max Aub, Francisco Ayala or Arturo Barea wrote stories in which they fictionalized the returns of the exiles before their own returns occurred. This is the case of the works collected in Las vueltas 1965 originally written in 1947, 1960 and 1964, and of Max Aub’s story “El remate” 1965, of “El regreso”, by Francisco Ayala 1948 and of the novel La raíz rota by Arturo Barea 1951. In this article I intend to draw the common lines of meaning between all these fictions and compare them with La gallina ciega. Diario español, written by Max Aub during his trip to Spain in 1969, the first time he visited since his departure in 1939 by Cerbère. We will check there the confirmation of some of the fears of the exiles expressed in the anticipatory works, the strangeness in the new country, the tendency to read its landscapes and its cities like palimpsests inhabited with ghosts and the impossibility to trace a membership to any community other than that of exile.
De mestre d’aixa a Banyalbufar a president de Cuba. Mateu Mir Albertí Mateito : una construcció biogràfica a partir de l’oralitat
Authors: Vibot Railakari Tomàs
Published: March 2020

From shipwright in Banyalbufar to President of Cuba. Mateu Mir Albertí Mateito : A biographical construction from oralityThe purpose of the study is to analyse a case of biographical creation based on orality. To do this, interviews have been used with seven witnesses through the programme on autonomous television of the Balearic Islands IB3, L’Hora D, entitled “Vox Populi”. The study is based on the modal classification and ethnopoetic genres proposed by Heda Jason in his Motif, type and genre 2000. Two narrative levels are analysed: the anecdotes and the story of personal experiences. The result of the application of this methodology leads to a biography, whose limits are never clear, which evidently creates affirmations, negations and contradictions in multiple directions. The result, therefore, leads to a story that is still unfinished today.
Como preservar a memoria coa música – tradicións de Galicia e música de Luar na Lubre
Authors: Pawlikowska Marta
Published: March 2020

How to preserve memory with music — Galician traditions and the music of Luar na LubreMusic has been and still is a basic medium through which mankind preserves its traditions, history and habits. Nowadays, oral traditions have different ways of spreading, for example, through the Internet, social media or music platforms, but they still need musicians and people who will create the content. Luar na Lubre is one of the most important Galician folk groups, which unites traditional Galician music with Celtic instruments but at the same time rooting it in medieval traditions of Galicia and combining it with Portuguese and Latin-American elements. Through the analysis of Luar na Lubreʼs releases from 2005 to 2012 it is possible to observe how the different parts of wide Galician patrimony unites in their music to help preserve it for new generations by recreating it.
Las brujas y la mitología vasca en El guardián invisible de Fernando González Molina: de la tradición oral al lenguaje cinematográfico
Authors: Gajewska Magdalena Anna
Published: March 2020

Witches and Basque mythology in El guardián invisible by Fernando González Molina: From the oral tradition to cinematographic languageThe article investigates the way the oral tradition of Basque mythology and folkloric tales of witches resonate in the cinematographic language of the film El guardian invisible by Fernando Gonzalez Molina, which presents the investigation of the killings of young girls in Navarra. The study is based on anthropological and morphological analysis which intends to find the meanings expressed by means of filmic expression related to the contents and topics of our interest. The world presented in the film is marked by the presence of supernatural powers, the quality of which may be observed in both the contents and form of the film. The motives of the mythology correspond to the way of presenting them in an oral story. Regarding the image of witchery, it seems to be inspired by the vision which led the inquisitioners to the zone in question. The film refers to the stories of the trials of witches and presents both witch-hunting and genocide of free women. At the same time, it criticises popular culture and its negative influence on creating the prejudicial image of witches.
Funkcjonowanie dorosłych osób z niepełnosprawnością w Niemczech
Authors: Komorowska Olga
Published: March 2020

Functioning adults with disabilities in GermanyIn Germany, the issue of prevention of social exclusion of people with disabilities is treated as the primary task of public policy. This article presents German solutions for adults with disabilities thanks to they are integrated into professional and social life. Among these solutions are own budget, job’s assistant, work in the professional workshop, support in accomodation, tax breaks, subsidies for rehabilitation equipment.
Rejoinder to Guenzl on Theft and the Return of Private Property
Authors: Block Walter E.
Published: March 2020

Rejoinder to Guenzl on Theft and the Return of Private PropertySuppose A is the rightful owner of some property, B steals if from him, and C, in turn, relieves B of his ill-gotten gains. What next? Under just law, must C return the item to A? If not, is C guilty of a crime? If C does return this resource to its initial rightful? owner, does A owe C a percentage of its value, as under salvage law? These are some of the questions to be wrestled with in the present paper.
When more competition may damage welfare with socially responsible firms
Authors: Fanti Luciano , Buccella Domenico
Published: March 2020

When more competition may damage welfare with socially responsible firmsConsidering a Cournot monopoly/duopoly model with linear/quadratic production costs and Cor­porate Social Responsibility CSR activities, this note shows that, in contrast to the common view, entry may reduce social welfare. Moreover, we remark that the higherthe CSR activities are, the more likely the welfare-damaging entry effect may occur, and thesocial welfare changes following a firm’s entry crucially depend on the degree of convexity of the cost function.
Uprawnienia kredytobiorcy zaciągającego kredyt denominowany lub indeksowany do waluty innej niż polska w świetle ustawy antyspreadowej
Authors: Paleczna Magdalena , Rutkowska-Tomaszewska Edyta
Published: March 2020

Rights of the borrower committing denominated or indexed loan in a foreign currency in light of the Anti-spread ActIn 2004–2008 banks offered consumer denominated loan in a foreign currency, which was a competitive position in relation to a PLN credit facility. Banks had not informed about foreign exchange differences, therefore had caused increase in household indebtedness. Banks also had reserved that consumer has to buy currency only from the bank-lender. In 2011 the Anti-spread Act was adopted, which amended banking law and consumer credit law. Creditors were obligated to inform consumer about rules of determining the manners and dates of fixing the currency exchange rate on the basis of which in particular the amount of credit, its tranches and principal and interest instalments are calculated, and the rules of converting into the currency of credit disbursement or repayment. That information and information about the rules of opening and operating the account shall be concluded in a credit contract. Borrower can repay principal and interest instalments and prepay the full or partial amount of the loan directly in that currency.
Problematyka konfliktu interesów w funkcjonowaniu rynku kapitałowego
Authors: Parkitna Agnieszka , Górski Arkadiusz
Published: March 2020

Problems of conflicts of interest in the functioning of the capital marketThe study refers to the occurrence of conflicts of interest on the capital market, which negatively affects the functioning of the capital market, limits its development potential, and may even affect the outflow of investors, particularly those providing liquidity in the market. Today, the social responsibility of business entities becomes something important. It is a specific determinant of the company’s image and the basis of its operation. Word = Institution “brokerage house” should be associated with competence, honesty, or righteousness resulting from observance of the law and ethics principles of conducted business. The existence of a set of regulations the Code of Good Practice for Brokerage Houses, the Act on Counteracting Unfair Market Practices relating to the functioning of brokerage houses, there are situations in business practice that are not used to develop a capital market, based on a conflict of interest. Brokerage firms are obliged, on the one hand, to: sell shares and, on the other hand, recommend buying them. “Manipulation on the market” would mean entering into transactions that give false, misleading signals about supply, demand, and prices of equity instruments. To avoid conflicts of interest, there are special procedures in brokerage offices that prevent co-operation between competing departments: chinese walls.Each office additionally has rules governing the flow and control of confidential information. Such information may not be available, for example, between primary and secondary market forces, between sales departments and analysis departments.The indicated issues were brought together, focusing on the possible consequences of conflicts of interest. It emphasizes the difficulty of bringing justice through the necessity of showing the causal link between the conflict of interest and the possible loss of the investor. Then solutions were identified to protect against the negative aspects of the conflict of interest, and the proposals were presented in their conclusions.
Health-resort industry in Ukraine: The underlying causes of changes
Authors: Nestorenko Tetyana , Tokarenko Olena , Nestorenko Oleksandr
Published: March 2020

Health-resort industry in Ukraine: The underlying causes of changesUkraine has great potential for the development of the health-resort industry, as there are rich natural complexes on the coast of the Black and Azov Seas, as well as the mountainous massifs of the Carpathians and Crimea. However, in recent years, the health-resort industry of Ukraine has been influenced by factors that negatively affected its development. The purpose of this research is to investigate the consequences for health-resort complexes of Ukraine of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and of an anti-terrorist operation being conducted in the east of the country.The paper analyzes the current state of the health-resort industry of Ukraine. Also, the authors discuss their distribution across the territory of Ukraine. They consider how changes in the state financing of health-resort treatment have affected the condition of the health-resort industry. Special attention is paid to the state of the health-resort complex of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, as parts of these territories are outside the control of the Ukrainian authorities. Based on data from open sources of information, the structure of health-resort complexes has been studied for the years 2013–2016.
„Na przełęczy” Stanisława Witkiewicza w syntezach dziejów literatury polskiej
Authors: Wójcik Wiesław A.
Published: March 2020

Stanisław Witkiewicz’s Na przełęczy in histories of Polish literatureThe overview, presented in the article, of opinions by historians of Polish literature about Witkiewicz’s writings about the Tatras, especially his flagship work — Na przełęczy [On a Mo­untain Pass] — clearly shows that most of them, comparing Witkiewicz’s oeuvre to that of other Polish writers at the time, appreciated his artistic and social significance, his role in building readers’ sensitivity to the beauty of the Tatra landscape, to the exoticism of the culture of Podhale highlanders. This seems to be the central idea of fragments of these studies cited in the article as examples. In addition, all of them — indirectly or explicitly — point to the untypical structure Witkiewicz’s book of the Tatras, hindering its genological typology and making it impossible to unequivocally assign it to a specific kind or genre of literature.
Transgresyjna „europeizacja” karpackiej puszczy: rozwój uzdrowisk na Huculszczyźnie przed pierwszą wojną światową
Authors: Dabrowski Patrice M.
Published: March 2020

THE TRANSGRESSIVE "EUROPEIZATION" OF CARPATHIAN WILDERNESS: RESORT DEVELOPMENT IN THE HUTSUL REGIN BEFORE WORLD WAR IThe development of resorts and spas in the Hutsul region before World War I has been a blank spot in Polish and Ukrainian historiography. This chapter presents the state of current research. Development in the region began for good after 1894, the year the Stanisławów-Körösmezö railway was opened. Built by the Austrian authorities with military and strategic aims in mind, the railway nonetheless made this beautiful but wild borderland region accessible to masses of guests from the cities of Eastern Galicia who sought to breathe the fresh highland air, take baths of various kinds as well as relax and vacation. This chapter focuses on the activities of a series of entrepreneurial individuals who revolutionized the region by building villas and hotels, establishing restaurants and stores as well as supplying the high-altitude resorts with the necessary infrastructure — whatever was needed to create resorts on a “European” level. This rapid “europeanization” of the Carpathian wilderness was transgressive in that it violated the status quo and turned local norms upside down. This had implications for ethnic relations in the region, with Ukrainians and Hutsuls as well as Poles, Jews and Germans involved.
Das alles ist Teil einer Reise zu sich selbst“ — Grenzerfahrungen als identitätsstiftendes Moment in zeitgenössischen Autobiographien von Bergsteiger*innen
Authors: Ismer Sven , Peter Nina
Published: March 2020

"IT'S ALL PART OF THE JOURNEY TO YOURSELF": LIMINAL EXPERIENCES AS IDENTITY-CREATIG MOMENTS IN CONTEMPORARY CLIMBERS' AUTOBIOGRAPHIESExperiencing physical and mental boundaries has always been part of mountaineering. However, over the last 150 years we have witnessed a process in which, in climbers’ accounts, mountaineering and climbing become more and more important as liminal experiences. While in the so-called “golden age” of mountaineering 1850–1865 the authors focused on the first ascents of well-known summits and during the “heroic mountaineering” stage 1930s they described primarily traverses of increasingly difficult routes, what comes to the fore in contemporary autobiographical works of professional climbers is the representation of subjective and individual liminal experiences. In recent autobiographies climbing gains importance as an individual quest for experiences and is presented as a form of self-fulfilment: liminal experiences of climbers become moments shaping their identity. The process is reflected in the style of climbing, which has evolved from collective expeditions to radical solo climbs. Speed or free solo climbs are an example of such an individualistic approach, in which grappling with oneself gets at least as much attention as grappling with the mountain. The authors of the article explore, from the perspective of literary studies and sociology, the representation of liminal experiences as identity-shaping moments in contemporary autobiographical works by Lynn Hill Climbing Free, 2002, Catherine Destivelle Ascensions, 2003, Alex Honnold Alone on the Wall, 2015 and Andy Kirkpatrick Psychovertical, 2008.]]>
„To wszystko jest częścią podróży do samego siebie” — doświadczenia graniczne jako moment kształtujący tożsamość we współczesnych autobiografiach wspinaczy
Authors: Ismer Sven , Peter Nina
Published: March 2020

"IT'S ALL PART OF THE JOURNEY TO YOURSELF": LIMINAL EXPERIENCES AS IDENTITY-CREATIG MOMENTS IN CONTEMPORARY CLIMBERS' AUTOBIOGRAPHIESExperiencing physical and mental boundaries has always been part of mountaineering. However, over the last 150 years we have witnessed a process in which, in climbers’ accounts, mountaineering and climbing become more and more important as liminal experiences. While in the so-called “golden age” of mountaineering 1850–1865 the authors focused on the first ascents of well-known summits and during the “heroic mountaineering” stage 1930s they described primarily traverses of increasingly difficult routes, what comes to the fore in contemporary autobiographical works of professional climbers is the representation of subjective and individual liminal experiences. In recent autobiographies climbing gains importance as an individual quest for experiences and is presented as a form of self-fulfilment: liminal experiences of climbers become moments shaping their identity. The process is reflected in the style of climbing, which has evolved from collective expeditions to radical solo climbs. Speed or free solo climbs are an example of such an individualistic approach, in which grappling with oneself gets at least as much attention as grappling with the mountain. The authors of the article explore, from the perspective of literary studies and sociology, the representation of liminal experiences as identity-shaping moments in contemporary autobiographical works by Lynn Hill Climbing Free, 2002, Catherine Destivelle Ascensions, 2003, Alex Honnold Alone on the Wall, 2015 and Andy Kirkpatrick Psychovertical, 2008.]]>
Szczyt górski jako miejsce transgresji. Wersja romantyczna
Authors: Kolbuszewska Ewa
Published: March 2020

MOUNTAIN PEAKS AS PLACES OF TRANSGRESSION. A ROMANTIC VERSIONThe author of the article uses Mircea Eliade’s and Yi Fu-Tuan’s methodological concepts concerning interpretation and poetics of space to apply them in her analysis of characteristic forms of reaction and behaviour of Romantic tourists in the mountains. She discusses the frenetic, fantastic and phantasmagorical visions evoked by the landscape in the mountains. What became a carrier of important meanings in interpretations of landscape was the top-bottom/high-low opposition. The vastness of mountain landscape seen from a high mountain peak the highest peak in a given area stimulated the imagination to see it not only in the physical sense but also through the “eyes of the soul”, going beyond the horizon. This created a possibility of attributing important symbolic meanings to landscape.
Teatr Nasz w Michałowicach, czyli teatr rodzinny i wiejski
Authors: Gołaczyńska Magdalena
Published: March 2020

Teatr Nasz in Michałowice or a family and village theatre companyThe note concerns Jadwiga and Tadeusz Kuta private theatre, Teatr Nasz Our theatre, which performs in the Karkonosze village of Michałowice. The actors sold their possessions in the city and decided to settle in the mountains, giving up their comfortable jobs in an institutional theatre. Twenty-five years ago they erected a wooden theatre building, a restaurant and cottages for guests in Michałowice. Their spectators flee cities in order to find some rest in Michałowice, and watch cabaret, comedy and musical shows. They also undergo a humor therapy, as it were, and experience the refreshing influence of the mountains.
Problematyka przemocy w rodzinie w świetle wybranych uregulowań międzynarodowych
Authors: Olszewska Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

The issues of domestic violence in the context of chosen international regulationsIn the article the problem of domestic violence in the context of legal regulations relating to the protection of human rights is discussed. Reference was made to the historical origins of activities related to the legal protection of fundamental rights and freedoms. A distinction of women’s rights, children and domestic violence in relation to the practice of the United Nations, the Council of Europe and the European Union is considered as a tool to present arguments. The article describes the most important documents regarding the rights of women and children and domestic violence; the rights and duties imposed on signatories in the context of protection of rights and the development of regulations and methods of their implementation referring also to Polish law. The discussion that took place in the public debate prior to ratification of the Convention of the Council of Europe is also touched. The article is an attempt to indicate a significant space they occupy on the issues of domestic violence and their protection in the listed international regulations.
Tendencje prywatyzacji prawa karnego a ujmowanie społecznej szkodliwości jako podstawy kryminalizacji
Authors: Gruszecka Dagmara
Published: March 2020

Tendencies to privatise criminal law and recognition of social harm as the basis of criminalisationIn the changing social reality, the classic scheme of criminal liability with its characteristic relationship between the state and the parties involved no longer meets the needs of effective but fair response to the criminal acts. Consequently, the object of the scientific and legislative debate becomes the phenomenon of privatisation also called in the literature the civilization phenomenon of criminal law. With the acceptance of the assumption that the basis for the criminalisation of any conduct must be its social harmfulness, the paper concerns the problem of the impact which re-evaluation of the role of the state and the concept of discourse and restorative justice have on the above mentioned criterion. The author tries to demonstrate that these phenomena and introduction to the criminal law elements of private law must be reflected also with respect to the understanding and evaluation of social harmfulness.
Polish Judiciary and the Constitutional Fidelity. „In Judges We Trust”?
Authors: Koncewicz Tomasz Tadeusz
Published: March 2020

Polish Judiciary and Constitutional Fidelity. „In Judges We Trust”?As the Polish government continues to strike at the very heart of the rule of law by refusing to implement, and publish, the judgments of the Constitutional Court, the issue of legal consequences of a judgment delivered, but unpublished and/or unimplemented, comes to the fore. The primary objective of the analysis is to show how disabling the Constitutional Court and constitutional capture of checks-and-balances should translate into the case law of ordinary judges. This latter aspect received only scant attention from the academia. Ordinary courts have their own promises to fulfill when faced with the all-out capture of constitutional essentials making up Polish legal order. As we move forward, these courts should be ready to take on the mantle of quasi-constitutional courts and defend the integrity of the system. Whether they are ready to perform such systemic function is a different question altogether.