bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Модели регионализации в АТР
Authors: Арапова Екатерина , Хохлова Наталья
Published: September 2020

Статья посвящена изучению особенностей процессов регионализации в АТР в рамках теории формирования в регионе мегапартнерств. Регион становится полем конкуренции двух супердержав – США и Китая – за глобальное и региональное лидерство, и это обусловливает сложность и многоуровневость региональных процессов, формирование сразу нескольких моделей регионализации, которые идут параллельно друг другу. Цель статьи состоит в том, чтобы сопоставить подходы США и Китая к формированию в АТР региональных мегапартнерств и выявить особенности каждого подхода, а также обозначить позицию АСЕАН. Авторы приходят к выводу, что в основе американского подхода к формированию мегапартнерств лежат более жесткие формы институционализации, их противопоставление существующей системе глобального торгового регулирования во главе с ВТО и принцип закрытости, тогда как китайский подход заключается в сочетании формальной интеграции с гибкими формами сотрудничества по отдельным направлениям, опоре на принципы ВТО, открытости к вовлечению новых членов. Конкуренция двух супердержав ведет к усложнению и фрагментации процессов и тенденций регионализации в АТР и стимулирует региональных игроков к поиску новых форм стратегического взаимодействия.
Эволюция правовых представлений россиян: законопослушность или справедливость?
Authors: Козырева Полина , Смирнов Александр
Published: September 2020

В статье анализируются характер и тенденции изменения отношения россиян к исполнению требований законов. Исследуется эволюция представлений граждан разных возрастов, в которых отражаются особенности их правосознания, с акцентом на молодежь, о верховенстве закона, законопослушности, справедливости. Анализ опирается на данные Российского мониторинга экономического положения и здоровья населения НИУ ВШЭ (RLMS-HSE). Результаты исследования свидетельствуют о признании все большим числом россиян подлинной ценности закона и повышении готовности законопослушной части населения выполнять правовые предписания. Но, несмотря на эти позитивные изменения, правосознание россиян остается нечетким, размытым, а законопослушное поведение еще не превратилось в личностно значимую, жизненно необходимую ценность, разделяемую большинством граждан. Молодежь готова скорее поддерживать справедливость, являющуюся для нее весомой моральной ценностью, чем законопослушность и защиту порядка. Эволюция представлений российских граждан о верховенстве закона и законопослушности в течение последнего кризисного десятилетия демонстрирует существенное влияние внешнего контекста на развитие их правового сознания, тогда как возраст, образование, гендерные различия оказываются гораздо менее значимыми факторами. Соблюдение требований законов как важный принцип социального общежития встречает растущее понимание граждан, но эта позитивная тенденция не подкрепляется повышением доверия россиян к способности государства обеспечить верховенство закона и единый правопорядок.
Ethnic Fractionalization, Corruption, and Trust in the Courts
Authors: Nadarevic Sinan
Published: September 2020

Prior research has examined the effects of ethnic fractionalization on trust
in political institutions. However, most of the literature focuses on a general
understanding of political trust, disregarding the relationship between ethnic
fractionalization and individual trust in the legal system. I argue that high
levels of ethnic fractionalization decrease trust in the courts. To provide
empirical support for my theory, I use individual-level survey data from 32
African and Latin American countries from 2013 and I produce two findings. First,
using multiple OLS fixed effects regression analysis, I find that ethnic
fractionalization decreases trust in the courts. Second, using mediation analysis,
I find that ethnic fractionalization indirectly decreases trust in the courts
through the mediation effect of corruption. Consequently, ethnic fractionalization
is essential to understanding trust in the courts and democratic institutions in general.
Design of an Offline Handwriting Recognition System Tested on the Bangla and Korean Scripts
Authors: Majid Nishatul
Published: September 2020

This dissertation presents a flexible and robust offline handwriting recognition system which is
tested on the Bangla and Korean scripts. Offline handwriting recognition is one of the most
challenging and yet to be solved problems in machine learning. While a few popular scripts (like
Latin) have received a lot of attention, many other widely used scripts (like Bangla) have seen
very little progress. Features such as connectedness and vowels structured as diacritics make it
a challenging script to recognize. A simple and robust design for offline recognition is presented
which not only works reliably, but also can be used for almost any alphabetic writing system. The
framework has been rigorously tested for Bangla and demonstrated how it can be transformed to apply
to other scripts through experiments on the Korean script whose two-dimensional arrangement of
characters makes it a challenge to recognize.

The base of this design is a character spotting network which detects the location of different
script elements (such as characters, diacritics) from an unsegmented word image. A transcript is
formed from the detected classes based on their corresponding location information. This is the
first reported lexicon-free offline recognition system for Bangla and achieves a Character
Recognition Accuracy (CRA) of 94.8%. This is also one of the most flexible architectures ever
presented. Recognition of Korean was achieved with a 91.2% CRA. Also, a powerful technique of
autonomous tagging was developed which can drastically reduce the effort of preparing a dataset
for any script. The combination of the character spotting method and the autonomous tagging brings
the entire offline recognition problem very close to a singular solution.

Additionally, a database named the Boise State Bangla Handwriting Dataset was developed. This is
one of the richest offline datasets currently available for Bangla and this has been made publicly
accessible to accelerate the research progress. Many other tools were developed and experiments
were conducted to more rigorously validate this framework by evaluating the method against external
datasets (CMATERdb 1.1.1, Indic Word Dataset and REID2019: Early Indian Printed Documents). Offline
handwriting recognition is an extremely promising technology and the outcome of this research moves
the field significantly ahead.
Redeeming the Monster
Authors: Sanders Mario
Published: September 2020

In a 2019 documentary on the development of the video game God of War (2018) for the
Playstation 4, Cory Barlog, the game’s creative director, openly discusses his desire to give
the toxic, hypermasculine protagonist, Kratos, a “second chance” after nearly a decade since
the franchise’s previous installment. In giving Kratos his second chance, Barlog decided to
make him a father, claiming that becoming a father changes one’s perspective on everything.
Video games scholars have argued that games are a noteworthy element of players’ identities
and interactions due to their promotion of the manufacture of player narratives. The following
research is a virtual ethnography of the God of War subreddit community where I seek
to understand how God of War’s (2018) ludonarrative, the intersection between a game’s
narrative and gameplay elements, serves as a sense-making resource for players to defend
hegemonic masculinity. Through a textual analysis of God of War subreddit threads, I
identify and discuss the implications of the community’s construction of three narratives
(“Disparaging His Past;” “Affirming His Struggle;” and “Acknowledging His Embrace”) that support
and defend Kratos’s “second chance” from feminist critique.
Improving Spellchecking for Children
Authors: Downs Brody
Published: September 2020

Children commonly use software applications such as search engines and word processors
in the classroom environment. However, a major barrier to using these programs successfully
is the ability of children to type and spell effectively. While many programs make use of
spellcheckers to provide spelling corrections to their users, they are designed for more
traditional users (i.e., adults) and have proven inadequate for children. The aims of this
work is twofold: first, to address the types of spelling errors children make by researching,
developing, and evaluating algorithms to generate and rank candidate spelling suggestions; and
second, to evaluate the impact interactive elements have on children's spellchecking behaviors
seeking to improve their user experience.

Motivated by children's phonological strategies to spell, a phonetic encoding strategy is used
to map words and misspellings to phonetic keys to effectively and efficiently provide spelling
correction candidates. Machine learning methods, including Learning to Rank, are used to rank
candidates effectively and reveal the importance of phonetic features. Experimental results show
this method is able to more accurately provide and rank spelling corrections when handling
misspellings generated by children in both essay writing and web search settings when compared
to state-of-the-art baselines. The design of an interactive spellchecker reveals children's
propensity towards visual and audio cues. A study on visual and audio cues show an influence on
children's selection habits and a positive impact on assisting children in selecting correct
spelling suggestions.
Snow Depth Distribution Patterns and Consistency from Airborne Lidar Time Series
Authors: Mason Megan A.
Published: September 2020

Snow provides fresh meltwater to over a billion people worldwide. Snow dominated watersheds
drive western US water supply and are increasingly important as demand depletes reservoir and
groundwater recharge capabilities. This motivates our inter- and intra-annual investigation of
snow distribution patterns, leveraging the most comprehensive airborne lidar survey (ALS)
dataset for snow. Validation results for ALS from both the NASA SnowEx 2017 campaign in
Grand Mesa, Colorado and the time series dataset from the Tuolumne River Basin in the Sierra
Nevada, in California, are presented. We then assess the consistency in the snow depth patterns
for the entire basin (at 20-m resolution) and for subbasin regions (at 3-m resolution) from
a collection of 51 ALS that span a six-year period (2013-2018) in the Tuolumne Basin. Strong
correlations between ALS from different years near peak SWE confirm that spatial patterns
exist between snow seasons. Year-to-year snow depth differs in absolute magnitude, but relative
differences are consistent spatially, such that deep and shallow zones occur in the same
location. We further show that elevation is the terrain parameter with the largest correlation
to snow depth at the basin scale, and we map the expected pattern distribution for periods
with similar snow-covered extents. Lastly, we show at a subbasin scale that distribution
patterns are more consistent in vegetation-limited areas (bedrock dominated terrain and
open meadows) compared to vegetation-rich zones (valley hillslopes and dense canopy cover).
The maps of snow patterns and their consistency can be used to determine optimal locations
of new long-term monitoring sites, design sampling strategies for future snow surveys, and
to improve high resolution snow models.
Learning from Chemical Coping Behaviors of Wildlife to Discover New Approaches for Pest Management
Authors: Pendleton Britt
Published: September 2020

Pests, such as parasites and pathogens, persist throughout time and space as threats
to public health and food security. The need for novel and sustainable approaches to
managing these threats are in high demand. The current approach of discovering and
developing chemical treatments to manage pests is tedious, not efficient, and often
outpaced by traits of resistance in pests. Here, we propose a new approach to discovering
new chemical pest management solutions by observing chemical coping behaviors in wildlife.
We define a chemical coping behavior as the exploitation of naturally occurring chemicals
within a host's environment to manage pests. Specifically, the use of greenery in
nests by avian species may provide clues to plants that can deter ectoparasites. Plants
use chemical defenses to cope with their own parasites, pathogens, and herbivores, which
avian hosts can exploit to combat pests in nests. A local host-pest-plant interaction was
investigated to discover the potential chemical diversity and bioactivity of greenery found
in nests of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos). We found that each plant offered
unique chemicals, but that the plant species underrepresented in nests compared to availability
in the landscape provided greater diversity in volatile chemicals whereas overrepresented plant
species provided greater diversity in water-soluble chemicals compared to other plants.
Furthermore, we tested how concentration and diversity of volatile and water-soluble
chemicals in plant species found in nests of golden eagles affected the behavior of a
hematophagous parasite (Cimex lectularius, the common bed bug). We found that bed
bugs spent less time resting and transitioned from grooming to exploration at an increased
frequency with high concentration and diversity of volatiles from plants found in nests of
golden eagles. Observing the chemical coping behaviors in the wild could provide a sustainable
framework for discovering diverse and robust sources of chemicals and modes of action that
can used to manage pests of human concern.
Communication in Healthcare Settings
Authors: Schniedewind Elizabeth
Published: September 2020

Deaf persons who use American Sign Language (ASL) as their primary form of
communication are members of a cultural and linguistic minority that experiences
significant health disparities yet are not recognized as a health disparity population
by the National Institutes of Health. Studies have reported ineffective communication
in healthcare interactions and reduced access to care experienced by Deaf patients.
Requests for sign language interpreters in healthcare encounters are frequently
denied, despite federal mandates to provide effective communication. Comprised of
three articles, this dissertation investigates the diminished access to communication
in healthcare settings experienced by Deaf patients and qualitative research methods
when working with Deaf communities.

Chapter One provides an overview of the dissertation purpose along with authorship
and statement contributions for each article. Chapter Two features an autoethnographic
study which recommends specific research methods and paradigms researchers who can hear
should consider when conducting research with Deaf people. Reflections on the process of
qualitative data analysis in this context is provided. Chapter Three reports the results
in article form from a mixed-method, bilingual, and online survey which received 170
responses from Deaf respondents in 42 states. The survey provides a deeper understanding
of the communication barriers experienced by Deaf patients than has been available or
documented previously. Chapter Four documents the diminished access to care experienced
by Deaf patients as documented in a "secret shopper" study. Appointment success rates of
Deaf simulated patients compared to success rates of simulated patients who can hear, and
reasons associated with denials are reported from a field-experiment audit study of a
stratified random sample of primary care and general dentistry clinics throughout Idaho.
Chapter Five provides a summary of the dissertation findings, action and policy recommendations,
planned and completed dissemination of the research results, and areas of future research.
Safety reporting study of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in a tertiary care teaching hospital, SIMS, Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Dey Saborni , Kumar Harsh , Shukla Anand Kumar
Published: September 2020

Background: The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most frequently used drugs to treat pain and inflammation. Although NSAIDs are having enormous clinical use, but are not devoid of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) as peptic ulcer, gastritis, renal, neurological reactions etc. So, this pilot study is intended to assess the incidence and pattern of ADRs of the NSAIDs in a tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods: Total 600 Orthopaedic out-patients of SIMS, Hapur were enrolled in the study to observe the risk of ADRs due to NSAIDs. All the ADRs were further analysed in relation to age, sex, types of drug and its pattern etc. The causality was analysed by using Naranjo’s Algorithm and severity was analysed by using the Hartwing and Siegel scale.Results: Out of the 600 patients with NSAID therapy, 35 patients (5.83%) experienced total 10 types of ADRs. The adverse drug reactions observed by the patients were gastric symptoms, headache, urticaria, oedema etc. The most frequently observed ADR was gastritis. With all the prescribed drugs Tab Diclofenac sodium accounted for 57.14% and Paracetamol for 11.42% of all the ADRs. According to Naranjo’s Algorithm 62.87% ADRs were possible’ and 37.14% were of probable type and ADRs were mostly mild in severity.Conclusion: In this study, incidence of adverse reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was 5.83 and the most common implicated drug for the ADRs were Diclofenac sodium. Most of the adverse effects were mild and tolerable.
Effect of ethanolic extract of Centella asiatica on pentylene tetrazol induced seizure in albino mice
Authors: Kannoor Ahmed A. , T. Ramani P.
Published: September 2020

Background: Various preparations of the plant Centella asiatica were used in traditional medicine for treating memory disorders, insanity, epilepsy, headache, fever and dysentery. Hence this study was conducted to test the effect of Centella asiatica on classical animal model of epilepsy.Methods: First the ethanolic extract of Centella asiatica was subjected to acute toxicity study. Intraperitoneal injection of pentylene tetrazol in albino mice produces seizure. Plant extract was evaluated for protection from these experimental seizures. Four groups of animals were given the extract orally at 100mg, 200mg, 500mg and 1000mg per kilogram body weight. One group received phenobarbitone as standard drug and another group received distilled water as control. Time of onset of clonus is the study parameter. Statistical analysis of data was done using analysis of variance followed by Dunnet's test.Results: Various doses of plant extract ranging from 100mg to 1000mg/kg exhibited protection from experimentally induced seizures. Compared to control, the plant extract showed statistically significant delay in time of onset of clonus.Conclusions: Centella asiatica is potential source of anti-epileptic drug. Detailed phytochemical studies and animal experiments are recommended.
Injection ranitidine induced death
Authors: Anandhi S. , Mani R.
Published: September 2020

Ranitidine is a histamine-2-receptor antagonist. It was a commonly used drug. It holds excellent safety record. Anaphylactic reactions to ranitidine is uncommonly encountered. Death due to ranitidine is extremely a rare event and very few cases are reported world-wide. Clinical history, Lab investigations and histological data of a 43-Years old woman with negative history of allergic events, who died suddenly after the intra-venous administration of 50mg of intravenous ranitidine which was prescribed as a routine pre medication prior hysterectomy is presented below. Though the incidence of anaphylactic reactions is less with ranitidine, precautions to be taken prior administration of the drug and when such an event is encountered it should be promptly managed.
Clinical profile of ischemic stroke and its correlation with serum uric acid: a cross sectional study
Authors: Lakhmawad Hemant , Humaney Nalini
Published: September 2020

Background: Stroke is the third most common cause of mortality if considered separately from other cardiovascular diseases across the world. Uric acid also has neuro protective effect and has been postulated in increased risk of insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk. With this background, conducted a study to understand the clinical profile of ischemic stroke and its correlation with serum uric acid in setup.Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital from October 2016 to September 2018. A total of 75 patients with history of acute stroke were included in the study after obtaining informed consent. Clinical data including demographic data, age and sex of the patients was taken. Also, history of diseases like diabetes mellitus, hypertension and Ischemic Heart Disease was noted. Relevant investigations were done and noted.Results: The mean age of the study subjects was 57.53 ± 10.23 years with male preponderance. The mean body mass index was 26.58 ± 2.86 in our study. Risk factors like hypertension were present in 70.67%, TIA was present in 6.67%, 22.67% had diabetes mellitus and smoking was present in 48% of the patients. About 54.67% of the subjects had high uric acid levels in our study. Not found any significant relation between the uric acid levels and different risk factors.Conclusion: The average age of the ischemic stroke incidence was between 5th to 6th decades in the present study. Males had higher risk when compared females which were consistent with various studies conducted across the world. Not found any significant association between the uric acid levels and various risk factors for ischemic stroke. Uric acid was found to higher among these patients.
Hemarthrosis in hemoglobin E beta thalassemia: a rare clinical scenario
Authors: Garg Malini , Mandal Prakas K. , Shekhawat Prakash S. , Dolai Tuphan K.
Published: September 2020

Hemorrhagic joint effusions are rarely seen in patients with haemoglobinopathies. Joint effusions often develop in association with deferiprone-related arthropathy in beta thalassaemia patients. Here we report a very rare case of bilateral knee and hip joint effusions in a case of hemoglobin E (HbE) beta thalassemia patient.
Transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: a puzzle
Authors: Sengupta Soumish , Basu Supriya , Ghosh Kadambari
Published: September 2020

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the upper urinary tract has a puzzling presentation. This is a case report of a 44 year old male with history for smoking 20 pack years presenting with cough, haemoptysis and microscopic haematuria. His sputum was positive for acid fast bacilli. He was treated as pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) but had gross haematuria a month after initiation of anti-tubercular drugs (ATD). He was investigated with computed tomography (CT) imaging and was found to have thickened renal pelvis and ureter. It was initially thought as a case of genito-urinary tuberculosis (GUTB). Expectant management for gross haematuria failed. The patient was stabilised and taken up for open nephroureterectomy under general anaesthesia (GA). Histopathological report suggested it to be high grade TCC of the left renal pelvis extending to upper ureter. He did well with completion of ATD. He was not started on adjuvant chemotherapy for fear of exacerbation of PTB. He is under regular and uneventful follow up in the outpatient department (OPD).
A case report of elimination of alveolar cleft defects by secondary bone grafting
Authors: Vemagiri Charan Teja , Damera Srikanth , Pamidi V. R. Chandrababu , Pampana Siva Ganesh
Published: September 2020

The secondary alveolar bone grafting is an integral component of contemporary rehabilitation of the patients with cleft lip and palate with alveolar defects. Iliac bone graft is frequent secondary graft used in the correction of alveolar defects. There is successful rehabilitation of osseous component post operatively.
A morphological study on variation in branching pattern of dorsalis pedis artery and its clinical perspectives
Authors: Vengadesan B.
Published: September 2020

Background: The study of dorsalis pedis artery and variations in its branching pattern has been reported sporadically. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the arterial. Supply on the dorsum of the foot. Methods: The study was carried out of forty dissected limbs of unknown sex and age from the department of Anatomy, Aarupadai veedu Medical College, Pondicherry.Results and Discussion: The incidence of classical text-book description was found to be very less in present study. In 5% of cases the dorsalis pedis artery was replaced by the peroneal artery. In 5% of cases the anterior tibial artery was found on lateral side of leg, dorsalis pedis artery is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery seen passing above lateral malleolus and then it passes forwards along the lateral side of the dorsum of the foot.Conclusion: The findings suggest that the lateral aspect of the dorsum of the foot has a poor nourishment.
The impact of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on COVID-19 patients, especially those admitted to the intensive care unit
Authors: Alipour Rasoul , Mikaeili Fariba
Published: September 2020

Physiotherapy and early mobilization are necessary to treat COVID-19 patients. Physiotherapy is effective in strengthening of respiratory muscles, reduction of inflammation, and enhanced immune function in COVID-19 patients. Physiotherapy can relieve various symptoms of COVID-19. TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) is a kind of physiotherapy that uses electric current to activate nerves for therapeutic reasons. It passes electrical currents across the intact surface of the skin to activate underlying nerves. There are many studies that shown that TENS can alleviate dyspnea and lung function and improve FEV1 in patients with COPD and asthma, which is a more common complication in COVID-19 patients. TENS is effective in the treatment of muscle weakness and able to preserve protein synthesis in muscle in admitted patients, especially those admitted to ICU. Because of those reasons mentioned in the article, we recommend to investigate TENS effects on COVID-19 patients.
Biotechnology and Social Aspect
Authors: Hoseini Elham , Zare Forouzan
Published: September 2020

This article is a Letter to Editor and does not include an Abstract.
Airborne Particulate Matter Density in Traditional Bakeries of Saveh, Central of Iran, in 2020
Authors: Hoseinzadeh Edris , Ghorbani Mehrzad , Safari Mahdi , Ebrahimi Najmeh
Published: September 2020

Introduction: High concentration of inhalable airborne particles can increase the risk of lung disease in exposed people. This study aimed to determine the respirable particulate matter (PM5) concentration in traditional bakeries of Saveh in 2020.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 25 bakeries where the samples were collected by cyclone and teflon filter equipped by air sampling pump. Later, the respirable particulate matter concentration was measured using gravimetric method. The collected PM5 was scanned using a FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) with regard to flour dust. In addition, size and shape of the collected PM5 were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Results: Findings showed that the Lavash bakery had the highest PM5 concentration (9.15 mg/m3) in comparison with two other bakeries (Sangak and Barbari). However, an inverse relationship was observed between RH and particle concentration. In addition, the results demonstrated that increasing RH decreased the particle concentration, but the relationship was not significant (P = 0.052, Spearman's rho = -0.393). Furthermore, Lavash bakery had the lowest average size of PM5 (0.63 ± 0.32 μm). However, the FTIR scans confirmed that the flour dust had the predominant amount of PM5.
Conclusion: Based on the findings, the density of respirable PM5 has a high level in Saveh bakeries and workers  are exposed to high levels of PM.
Landfill Site Selection Using Geographic Information System and Fuzzy-AHP Model: A Case Study of Ilam Township, Iran
Authors: Ahmadi Mehdi , Nikseresht Mehdi , Najafi Esmaeil , Morshedi Behzad
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Landfill siting is a difficult, complex, and protracted process, which requires evaluating different criteria. A suitable site should be located to dispose the municipal solid wastes hygienically (sanitary landfill), which is one of the fundamental subjects related to the environmental stability of the human settlements. The aim was to select a suitable waste disposal area using fuzzy-Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) models.
Materials and Methods: To conduct this study, the information about elevation, slope, soil, drainage, vegetation, land use, population, and roads were produced and corrected in layers called shape files using the Geographic Information System (GIS) software. Finally, weights were applied in expert choice software by combining and overlapping information layers in GIS.
 Results: Based on the fuzzy-AHP model, 6 sites were identified as suitable areas for municipal waste disposal. Among the selected sites, one site was highly suitable, two were suitable, and three sites were moderately suitable. These areas with an area of 83.8 km2 are located along the west part of the city adjacent to the Iraqi border. The unsuitable sites for municipal waste disposal were located in the eastern and northeastern areas.
Conclusion: However, applying fuzzy-AHP model provides the necessary conditions for assessing effective relationships among discrete criteria. In the end, combining these models and their findings represented advantages of this kind of modeling and improved scoring in all of these pixels.
Application of pH Indicator Label based on Beetroot Color for Determination of Milk Freshness
Authors: Eshaghi Razieh , Khalili Sadrabad Elham , Jebali Ali , Hekmatimoghaddam Seyedhossein , Akrami Mohajeri Fateme
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Applying of a new indicator in food packaging can be effective to inform consumers about the freshness and quality of the products.
Material and Methods: In the current study, a new milk freshness label was investigated containing beetroot color and multi layers of polystyrene. The label characteristics were investigated by estimating color number, release test, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The total bacterial count, pH, lactic acid concentration in milk, and label color number were measured using standard plate count, pH meter, titration of acidity, color analysis software, and UV spectrophotometry on days 0, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 at refrigerator temperature (4 ± 0.2°C).
Results: The label reacted to total bacterial count and pH changes with a visible color during milk spoilage. A positive correlation was found between the label color changes, total bacterial count, and pH. The color of label turned from dark red to light brown, which was related to the chemical changes and bacterial count of milk.
Conclusion: According to this simple, visible, and affordable label, the shelf life of pasteurized milk was estimated as five days.
Indoor and Outdoor Air Fungus Bioaerosols in Khorramabad Day Care Child Centers Western of Iran, 2018
Authors: Sepahvand Asghar , Salim Katayan , Hoseinzadeh Edris , Jafari Khadijeh , Mohammadrezaei Khorramabadi Rezvan
Published: September 2020

Introduction: the aim of this study was to determine the quantity and quality of indoor and outdoor air fungus bioaerosols in Khorramabad day care child centers.
Materials and Methods: A total of 180 air samples were collected from 10 centers in 2018. The samples included 7 indoor and 2 outdoor sampling points. The total number of children was 580. Sampling of fungal bioaerosols was performed by the ZEFON pump (ZEFON factory, USA) with a flow rate of 28.3 L/min. The Sabouraud Dextrose Agar containing chloramphenicol was used as the culture medium. Relative humidity and temperature were measured by a Hygro-Thermometer (TES-1360A- Taiwan-made Humidity and temperature meter).
Results: The results showed that 96.1 % of the samples were positive and had grown colonies. The highest amount of fungal agents in the indoor air and outdoor air were 175.58 CFU/m3 and 274.56 CFU/m3 in May, while the lowest rates were 3.4 CFU/m3 and 7.8 CFU/m3 in July, respectively. Aspergillus niger and Mucor were the most highly abundant fungus genera, while Fusarium was the lowest one. In all samples, the I/O (indoor/outdoor) ratio was more than 1; so, fungal bioaerosols in indoor environments were dominant than the outdoor fungal bioaerosols. The relationship of fungal bioaerosols with RH and T)°C( was significant (P-value = 0.001).
Conclusion: Generally, the amount of contamination is considerable in the studied day care child centers. Therefore, ventilation modification is recommended by a purifier filter. Moreover, the ventilation conditions and favorable air standards should be monitored continuously by supervisory authorities.
Microbial Community Analysis Using MiSeq Sequencing and Pathway of Methane Production in Tehran WWTP: A Full-Scale Anaerobic Digester
Authors: Barati Rashvanlou Reza , Farzadkia Mahdi , Moserzadeh Abbas Ali , Riazati Asghar , Wei Chiang , Hoseinzadeh Edris
Published: September 2020

Introduction: One of biological wastewater treatment methods that utilizes to both digesting waste activated sludge and methane production is anaerobic digestion (AD). It is believed to be most effective solution in terms of energy crisis and environmental pollution issues.
Materials and Methods: In this study the sludge was digested anaerobically sampled from a full-scale WWTP, located at south of Tehran, Iran for evaluation. To study the microbial community within the sludge the MiSeq Sequencing method utilized. Based on our field data (data not shown) and microbial community data, a schematic diagram of probable leading pathways was made in the studied digester.
Results: At first, the community variety in the bulk sludge and richness were enhanced followed by loading increasing. Meanwhile, the loading change enhanced the community richness and variety of the sludge. By comparing the rank-abundance distributions, a shallow gradient would show high evenness since the abundances of diverse species are alike. The results showed all the communities were extremely diverse and 15 phyla were distinguished in the sludge sample. The dominant phyla of the community were Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and quantity of the two phyla were 21% and 11%, respectively. Anaerobaculum, Acinetobacter, Syntrophomonas, and Coprothermobacter were the chief genera for the microbial communities and the sum of four genera were 7%, 3%, 3%, and 2%, respectively.
Conclusion: It was shown that syntrophic acetate oxidizing bacterias (SAOBs) metabolized acetate through hydrogen trophic methanogenesis in the digester. Generally, the findings may be useful to help the wastewater operators to utilize an effective method that able to treat waste sludge plus methane production, simultaneously.
Bacterial Biofilm Formation in Milking Equipments in Lilongwe, Malawi
Authors: Banda R. , Nduko J. , Matofari J.
Published: September 2020

Background: Some microorganisms can adhere to food handling surfaces forming biofilms that pose a safety challenge. This study was done to evaluate bacterial biofilm formation in milking equipments in Lilongwe, Malawi.
Methods: Pooled milk (n=54) and water (n=60) samples were collected from households and milk bulking groups in Lilongwe, Malawi. Swabbing (n=46) and rinsing (n=16) were done on milk handling containers after cleaning. Biofilm determination on the containers was done by detecting biofilm indicator bacteria, including Bacillus spp., Salmonella spp., and Pseudomonas spp. The strength of biofilm was determined by the tube method. Data were analyzed by SAS software version 9.1.3.  
Results: Prevalence rates of Gram-negative rods were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the Gram-positive rods and the Gram-positive cocci. Of the 176 cases, contamination rates were 36 (20.4%), 32 (18.2%), and 18 (10.2%) for Salmonella spp., Bacillus spp., and Pseudomonas spp., respectively. The biofilm indicator organisms were significantly (p<0.05) more prevalent in dairy farmer households compared with the milk bulking centers. Fourteen out of 86 (16.3%) microbial isolates formed strong/high biofilms, whereas 18 out of 86 (20.93%) of isolates did not form any biofilm. The rate of isolates forming strong/high biofilms in households (17.6%) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of milk bulking centers (11.1%).
Conclusion: Biofilm formation on milk handling container surfaces in Lilongwe, Malawi could serve as a source of microbial pathogens and spoilage organisms.
A Review on Application of Three Dimensional Culture and Testicular Scaffolds to Induction of in-Vitro Spermatogenesis
Authors: Majidi Gharenaz Nasrin , Movahedin Mansoureh , Majidi Samiyeh , Mazaheri Zohreh
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Induction of in vitro spermatogenesis can be useful for infertility treatment in azoospermic patients and those undergoing chemotherapy. Different culture systems have been used to achieve this goal. This review study was performed with the aim to evaluate the application of 3D culture and testicular scaffolds in the establishment of in vitro spermatogenesis. In this review study, the information on the application of 3D culture and testicular scaffolds in induction of in vitro spermatogenesis was searched in databases such as SID, Magiran, PubMed, Irandoc, Iranmedx Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science using the keywords of three dimensional culture, testicular scaffold, spermatogenesis, spermatogonial stem cells without time limitation. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively. Finally, 35 papers in English and Persian were used to compile the article. In order to induce of in vitro spermatogenesis, three-dimensional culture methods such as testicular tissue culture, soft agar culture system, natural biomaterial scaffolds such as collagen, and scaffolds derived from decellularized testis have been used.
Conclusion: Three-dimensional culture using spermatogonial stem cells and scaffolds can be used in vitro for induction of spermatogenesis, but there are further technical and ethical challenges in the path of fertile sperm production for the treatment of infertility.
Factors Affecting the Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Burn Patients in Iran: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Rezaee Reza , Raadabadi Mehdi , Nazari Hamed
Published: September 2020

Introduction: After traffic accidents and falls, burns are the third leading cause of accident deaths. Burns are one of the most devastating forms of injuries, and survivors after recovery need many years of rehabilitation and emotional, physical, and economic support. The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting a comprehensive management system for the treatment of burn patients with qualitative content analysis approach.
Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using content analysis method in 2018. The sample consisted of 20 experts in burn scope who were selected through purposeful sampling. Data were collected using a semi-structured face-to-face interview. Content analysis method and MAXQDA 10.0 software were used for data analysis.
Results: Analysis of qualitative findings showed that factors affecting burn treatment management included 6 categories of pre-hospital care (5 subcategories), hospital care (12 subcategories), rehabilitation services for burn patients (5 subcategories), medical equipment (1 subcategory), prevention (3 subcategories) and human resources (3 subcategories).
Conclusion: According to the results, corrective actions in the field of prevention, pre-hospital, treatment and rehabilitation should be considered. Actions such as home changes, safe child monitoring, burn prevention while cooking, equipping all ambulances with basic equipment related to various types of burns, providing training to pre-hospital ambulance staff on care of burn patients, standardizing bed facilities, the burn section and attention to social skills promotion program is suggested.
A Study of Occupational Exposure to Patient's Blood and Saliva among Dental Students of Shahid Sadoughi Yazd University in 2016-2017
Authors: Vaziri Farzane , Rashidi Maybodi Fahimeh , Akhavan-Karbassi Mohammad Hasan , Mansoori Elahe , Faal Rastegar Nasrin
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Occupational exposure in dentistry is defined as exposing the skin or mucosa to blood, saliva, or infectious discharge of the patient. Dentists are in contact with sharp and high-speed rotary devices that increase the chance of occupational exposure. The purpose of this study was to determine the occupational exposure to blood and saliva of patients in dental students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciencesin 2016-2017.
Methods: A descriptive analytical study was conducted on 70 senior dental students at the School of Dentistry of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd, Iran. A standard questionnaire was used for collecting the data. After collecting the data, they were coded and entered into the SPSS 20 software and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square and Fisher exact test.
Results: Based on the results, 49 (70%) of 70 students have been suffered from sharp devices. The skin or mucosa of the 62 students (88.6%) infected with saliva or other body fluids of the patients. Only 15.7% of the injuries were reported with sharp objects and 14.3% of mucosal-skin contamination with blood or saliva.
Conclusion: Occupational exposure in dentistry environment is a common problem and many cases, which are related to these subjects were not reported. In order to reduce the risks of this, infection control issues should be taught to dental students. Therefore, occupational exposure management, follow-up centers and guidelines should be established for dental schools.
Comparison of the Effect of 6 Weeks of Balancing and Hopping Strengthening Training on the Kinematics of the Lower Extremities of Athletes with Functional Ankle Instability while Running: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Kordi Ashkezari Mohammad Hasan , Sahebozamani Mansur , Daneshjoo Abdolhamid , Abbasi Bafghi Hamid
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Ankle sprains are one of the most common sports injuries. This injury can affect the kinematics of the athlete's lower extremities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of 6 weeks of balancing and hopping strengthening training on the kinematics of the lower extremities of athletes with functional ankle instability while running.
Methods: The present study  was a randomized clinical trial on 36 athletes with functional ankle instability who were randomly divided into three groups: hopping training, balance strengthening and control. The training lasted for six weeks and 3 sessions per week. Kinematic data were recorded by 3D OptiTrack camera while running at 10 km/h before and after training. SPSS software version 20 and ANCOVA test were used to compare the effect of exercises.
Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference among the 3 groups in dorsiflexion (P = 0.009), inversion (P = 0.001) and knee flexion (P = 0.001). The results of Benferoni test also showed that hopping training in dorsiflexion, ankle inversion and knee flexion were significantly different from the control group (P = 0.009, P = 0.001, P = 0.001). The results also showed that balance strengthening training in the above movements were significantly different from the control group (P = 0.005, P = 0.002, P = 0.006) and in knee flexion, hoping training showed a significant difference compared to balance strengthening training (P =0.012). The results showed that both hopping and balance strengthening training improved the dorsiflexion, inversion and knee flexion angles in the initial contact in running. However, hopping exercises is better than balance strengthening in improving knee flexion angles.
Conclusion: Therefore, according to the presented results, it can be concluded that the rehabilitation course of ankle sprains in athletes, coaches and sports rescue specialists should use a combination of balance strengthening training and hopping as a comprehensive program. In addition, hopping training can be used as a good alternative to balance training in places where there is not enough equipment.
RELIGION, WILLIAM E . PADEN DAN KEBERAGAMAAN DI INDONESIA
Authors: ALMALACHIM AINUL CHURRIA
Published: September 2020

This paper examines how to view the religion of William E. Paden's perspective in his work entitled "Interpreting The Sacred: Ways Of Viewing Religion". In this discussion, one of the most important contemporary thinkers with a new comparative approach, based on the hermeneutic approach and creating a broad scope for cross-culture, the comparison of the forms of religiosity, is the American philosopher and religious theorist, William E. Paden (1939). He showed that the religion with proper terms such as Islam, Catholicism, Protestantism, Hinduism and Buddhism was very easy, but what was most basic was what was the abstract form of the various religions? In his book Interpreting the Sacred: Ways of Viewing Religion this Paden offers a method of viewing religion through interpretations that are full of frames from interpreters
The relationship of food behavior and vascular aging on the example of a population selection of residents of St. Petersburg
Authors: Paskar N. A. , Parizhskaya E. N. , Rotar O. P. , Boyarinova M. A. , Erina A. M. , Alieva А. S. , Kolesova E. P. , Mogychaya Е. V. , Konradi A. O.
Published: September 2020

Background. Diet and nutrition can favorably modulate arterial function during vascular aging, and therefore the search for their relationship is important.

Objective. To study the relationship between eating behavior and markers of early vascular aging in patients with prehypertension and arterial hypertension.

Design and methods. The respondents from the population sample of the epidemiological observational study ESSE-RF were questioned. 477 questionnaires were selected for further analysis of the respondents’ eating habits and the prevalence of early vascular aging among them. Inclusion criteria were age over 40 years to assess the risk of developing cardiovascular complications using the SCORE and ASCORE scales; lack of criteria for high and very high risk on the SCORE scale. A standard questionnaire was used, developed on the basis of adapted and validated international methods, with 12 modules. In the answers of the respondents, the amount and frequency of consumption of table salt, sugar, animal fats, meat and processed meat products, vegetables and fruits, poultry and fish were analyzed. The estimated vascular age of all respondents was assessed using the ASCORE scale.

Results. In total, the responses on eating behavior were analyzed in 295 women and 182 men aged 40 to 65 years; the estimated vascular age (ASCORE) was 55.5 ± 9.6 years. For respondents with healthy vascular aging, compared to respondents with premature vascular aging, significantly less salt (57.2% versus 70.6%), sausages (44.1% versus 27%) and higher consumption of poultry meat are typical (44.1% versus 13.9%), dairy products (73.6% versus 41.4%) and fresh vegetables / fruits (88.2% versus 58%). The group of people with healthy vascular aging showed a higher level of daily consumption of sweets (55.9% versus 30.5%).

Conclusion. Based on the results of a questionnaire survey of the population sample, it can be assumed that there is a connection between the peculiarities of the food pattern and vascular aging. Express assessment of eating behavior and calculation of vascular age can be used in outpatient practice for preventive counseling.