bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Aspects of the Optimal Shape Design Problems
Authors: Butt Rizwan
Published: March 2007

In this paper, the author presents some results concerning the optimal shape design problem gov erned by the variational inequalities. The optimization techniques used for the solutions and present optimality conditions are also discussed. The computations are done by finite element methods, and the performance criterion is minimized by the gradient method. Some examples are used to clearly illustrate the essential elements of shape optimal design problems.
Passive Control of Overhead Cranes
Authors: Alli Hasan , Singh Tarunraj
Published: March 2007

The focus of this paper is on the design of optimal passive controllers for rest-to-rest maneuvers of flexible structures. The parameters of the passive controller are determined by formulating an optimization problem to minimize the integral of the time absolute error, subject to control constraints. Appropriate outputs are selected, resulting in passive input-output transfer functions for the plant. The design technique is first illustrated on the benchmark floating oscillator problem. This technique is then used to design dissipative controllers for two models of overhead cranes. In the first model, a crane has a cable/mass combination that is assumed to be a rigid link; in the second model, the wave equation is used to represent the dynamics of the cable. Numerical results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Reciprocity Between Individuals With Severe and Persistent Mental Illness and Their Family Members
Authors: Hamera Edna , Cobb Ann Kuckelman , Burris-Fish Jamey L.
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND: The focus of research on families of the severely and persistently mentally ill is on unidirectional caregivingfromfamily members to the ill individual (consumer). It seldom addresses whether the consumer also gives something to the family. Thus the concept of reciprocity was investigated in this context.

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to identify differences in families who report ed reciprocity from consumers with those who did not and to describe the kinds of rec iprocity perceived by these families.

DESIGN: The objectives were met with the use of responses from a mailed questionnaire to family members.

RESULTS: Reciprocity was reported more by women than men, by respondents who lived with the consumer, and by families who reported giving more assistance to the con sumer and who perceived the consumer as higher functioning. Neither age of family member or consumer nor type of family relationship was related to reciprocity. The kinds of reciprocity families perceived were categorized into instrumental tasks, caring, family solidarity, self-caring, peace of mind, family sensitization, and financial. CONCLUSION: The findings support the importance of planning nursing interventions that recognize that the severely and persistently mentally ill may give to their families as well as receivefrom them. (J Am Psychiatric Nurses Assoc [1998]. 4, 182-189)
404 File Not Found: Citing Unstable Web Sources
Authors: Griffin Frank
Published: March 2007

Researchers, including students, must accommodate to the mutating character of hyperlinks on the World Wide Web. A small study of citations in three volumes of BCQ demonstrates the phenomenon of " URL rot," the disappearance of sites cited in the sample articles. Digital technology itself is now being used to create pockets of permanence, but with the understanding that preservation of content is only one ingredient in the mix of media and format migration. Databases like JSTOR offer digitally preserved copies of many scholarly journals. Online journals and search engines may offer their own archives. In general, researchers should cite digital articles in databases where possible and consider avoiding references to online journals with print editions.
TRS-80/Electric Pencil Word Processing System
Authors: Hatch Richard A.
Published: March 2007

Since this article was written, Radio Shack has improved the TRS-80 in ways that make it more attractive for word processing. First, they have im proved the keyboard considerably. Keyboards on new units are entirely usable. Second, there is an official lower case modification that is installed by Radio Shack technicians, and it works well. Small Systems Software sells a version of the Electric Pencil that works with this lower case modification. Third, the cassette storage reliability has been improved so tapes are nearly always recorded suc cessfully. These improvements make the TRS-80/ Electric Pencil even more attractive.
Motivating Engineering Students to Publish in Professional Magazines
Authors: Estrin H.A.
Published: March 2007

I can honestly state that I was somewhat astonished when you handed me that letter from Editor Jay Gould indicating that he was considering publishing my article on technical writing. I don't think I really believed that it was going to happen until I received the copy proofs.

I remember a day some two years ago when a college friend and his wife paid Lenay and me a visit. They had not known that I was a published author; and when they spied my framed front page on an end table in the corner of our living room, they offered belated congratulations. I had the feeling that they were somewhat impressed and readily responded to all their questions. When asked how I felt about the article, I told them that next to marrying my wife it is the thing that I am most proud of in my short lifetime. Of course, our comtemplated arrival of children may push my article to third place, but still a proud third place.
Tapping Campus Talent for the Collegiate Business Communication Course: A Guide to Guest Speakers
Authors: Nourse Mary Ellen
Published: March 2007

Since "variety is the spice of life,"guest speakers can add an element of enthusiasm and interest in the business communication classroom. Individuals from departments as diverse as home economics, research and development, and academic computing can be approached as potential guest speakers for the undergraduate course. Experts from the campus community can be tapped to lend expertise and insights on many topics usually included in the business communication curriculum.
Business Etiquette: What Your Students Don't Know
Authors: Mausehund Jean , Neil Dortch R. , Brown Paula , Bridges Carl
Published: March 2007

Recent developments in the workplace have supported the need for more awareness of business etiquette, especially by new employees entering the workforce. This study was com pleted to determine the current level of etiquette awareness possessed by students enrolled in business communication courses at three AACSB institutions. The findings indicate that students are most concerned with issues related to job interviews, interpersonal relationships, and social issues and least concerned with intercultural issues.
Experiential learning, Cases, and Simulations in Business Communication
Authors: Saunders Peter M.
Published: March 2007

The inclusion of cases and simulations in our curricula may reflect a funda mental paradigm shift in American higher education. Now, colleges must do more than instruct; they must also prove that learning takes place. While the movement toward experiential learning has grown, surprisingly little mention has been made in the literature of the need to ground the use of cases and simulations in experiential learning theory. A basic understanding of the experiential learning process and the nature of cases and simulations as expe riential activities will help instructors of business communication develop, evaluate, and use these tools more effectively.
Teaching Students to Correspond Effectively Electronically
Authors: Extejt Marian M.
Published: March 2007

In their business careers, today's students will probably compose and send far more e-mail messages than memos or letters. Students should understand that e-mail messages have a unique place in the communications continuum and, therefore, their own rules. While the format of an e-mail message may resem ble that of a memo, each element presents special requirements in an elec tronic medium. The interactivity of e-mail offers both opportunities and constraints to writers and readers. A special etiquette also applies to e-mail, especially the need to avoid flaming and spamming and to check e-mail often. While writers often think their office e-mail is private, employers who own the systems have been upheld legally in their right to monitor e-mail for business reasons, and thus students should pay careful attention to the content and tone of their messages. Assigning e-mail projects in class helps students prepare for this important communications medium, work effectively in teams, and corre spond with corporations as part of their classroom research.
Teaching Field-specific Writing: Results of a WAC Survey
Authors: Epstein Molly Hill
Published: March 2007

In a recent survey, faculty in the College of Business Administration at Georgia State University recorded their perceptions of the effectiveness of both undergradu ate and graduate student writing. In general, respondents found students were able to design and present their documents well and to analyze and build common ground with the reader. They were less able to select and organize material, pres ent a plan of action, and express their message clearly. In further comments and follow-up discussions, respondents expressed frustration with their lack of time in class to teach both their areas of expertise and effective writing skills.

"Evaluating written assignments is time consuming, labor-intensive work, and our new faculty work load policy will not encourage the use of written assignments. "

"Writing is a skill that can be taught and we should be doing it. Unfortunately the move to larger class sizes is a disincentive for faculty to assign more written work."
Microbial hazards analysis in commercial processing of prepared and frozen hake fish fingers Análisis de los riesgos microbiológicos durante el proceso de elaboración de varitas de merluza
Authors: Córdoba M.G. , Jordano R. , Córdoba J.J.
Published: March 2007

Microbiological hazards were evaluated during processing of prepared and frozen hake fish fingers. Microbiological analyses of the pre-elaborated product, surfaces of equipment, and food handlers in the different steps of the process were performed. Both raw materials, hake and flour, were the main sources of microbial contamination. During the manufacturing process Clostridium perfringens and Staphylococcus aureus were detected. The frying step followed in the commercial processing, with a duration of 1-2 min at an oil temperature of 180 °C, appeared to be ineffective for removing the microbiological hazards. Increases in oil temperature and time of frying to 200°C and 3 min, respec tively, provoked an effective reduction of previous microbial hazards. This should be considered in the implementation of HACCP programs in the commercial processing of fish fingers.
Note. The ripening of Prunus persica fruits with a dominant flat allele Nota. Maduración de frutos de Prunus persica con un alelo dominante de la forma achatada
Authors: Martínez-Madrid M.C. , Serrano M. , Pretel M.T. , Martínez-Reina G. , Romojaro F.
Published: March 2007

The changes of peaches ( Prunus persica, L.) with a predominant flat allele were studied during their ripening on the tree. Physicochemical and physiological parameters were analyzed between days 101 and 121 after fruit set. During this period, the weight ranged from 65 g (corresponding to fruit growth stage III) up to a stabilized weight of 90 g when the fruit was ripe. The color changes that characterized fruit ripening began to appear on day 112 after fruit set, with a decrease in the hue angle value both in the skin and pulp. Firmness diminished along the experience from 6.75 to 3.03 Monet units in ripe state. Ripened fruit was also characterized by a soluble solid content of 13.43 °Brix and 0.178% malic acid as titratable acidity. The ripeness index increased throughout maturation from 25.41 at the outset to 44.42 on day 112 after fruit set, and 75.45 at the end of the experiment. The fruit showed a clear climacteric behavior with increased ethylene production and respiration rate. The onset in both processes started on day 112 after fruit set, reached a maximum on day 116, and decreased thereafter. Changes in the content of free and conjugated 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxy lic acid (ACC) were coincident with those of ethylene evolution throughout ripening. In regard to polyamine levels, putrescine showed a peak slightly later than that of ethylene and ACC.
Changes in volatile compounds during ripening of chorizo de Pamplona elaborated with Lactobacillus plantarum and Staphylococcus carnosus Cambios en los compuestos volátiles durante la maduración del chorizo de Pamplona elaborado con Lactobacillus plantarum y Staphylococcus carnosus
Authors: Ansorena D. , Astiasarán I. , Bello J.
Published: March 2007

The ripening of chorizo de Pamplona was followed through the changes of the volatile compounds extracted by a simultaneous destilation-extraction with dichloromethane. An increase of the number and concentration of compounds was detected during the maturation, ranging from 63 compounds (10.26 mg dodecane/g dry matter) to 98 substances (223.16 mg of dodecane/g dry matter) identified in the mixing and in the final product, respectively. Acids showed the highest increase during the ripening, reaching 90% of the total amount of compounds at the end of the process, followed by esters and aldehydes. Short chain fatty acids, which contributed to the typical organoleptic charac teristics of dry fermented sausages, became apparent from the 21st day and accounted for only 1.3 mg of the total of acids in final product (202 mg dodecane/g dry matter). Sulphur compounds decreased slightly during the ripening, a result of the decrease in the content of the disulphide di- 2-propenyl, a compound originated from garlic.
Colorimetry in Port wines / Colorimetría de vinos de Oporto
Authors: Echavarri J.F. , Ayala F. , Figueira A.R. , Negueruela A.I.
Published: March 2007

This paper sets out to establish a methodology for measuring the colour of Port wines that complies with both the EU Regulation and the Office Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin (OIV) guidelines using the simplest possible approach. Fifty six Port wines of various types have been utilized, namely Brancos, Aloirados, Tintos and Retintos. In order to determine the influence of the spec tral interval on the results, the colour coordinates have been calculated using spectral measure ments every 1, 5 and 10 nm. The colour differences between them were lower than 0.5 CIELAB units and, therefore the use of a spectral interval of 10 nm is sufficient, as the CIE recommends. Absorbance spectra were recorded with 2, 5 and 10 nm pathlength cells to test the validity of Beer's law for Port Wines. In general, they comply quite well with that law, but some precision problems arise in the measurements, in relation to the pathlength of the cell. We conclude that the best measurements are obtained with 2 mm pathlength cells for Tintos and Retintos Port wines, and with 10 mm pathlength cells for Aloirados and Brancos Port wines.
Revisión: Implicaciones toxicológicas y nutricionales de la toxina T-2 / Review: Toxicological and nutritional implications of T-2 toxin
Authors: Leal M. , González de Mejía E.
Published: March 2007

Trichothecenes are mycotoxins produced by species of the genus Fusarium. These toxins are associated with health problems in humans and animals. The most common trichothecenes in cereals are deoxynivalenol, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, nivalenol, neosolaniol and T-2 toxin; the latter is the most widely studied because it is easy to produce in the laboratory. The effects of T-2 toxicosis include dermatonecrosis, reduced body weight and efficiency of food utilization, severe diarrhoea, haemorrhage, necrosis of the upper alimentary tract, anaemia, immuno suppression ; and in birds, poor feathering. This paper reviews the latest information about the occurrence, chemical characteristics, toxicity, metabolic alterations, biotransformation and detoxifi cation methods of the T-2 toxin.
The structure-texture relationship of blanched and glucose-impregnated strawberries / Relación entre la textura y la estructura de fresas escaldadas e impregnadas de glucosa
Authors: Vidales S.L. , Castro M.A. , Alzamora S.M.
Published: March 2007

The effect of water or steam blanching, glucose impregnation to attain an equilibrium water activity ( aw) value of 0.93 or 0.95, and the addition of calcium on textural characteristics of strawberries was analysed. Strawberries were softened by blanching, varying the maximum extrusion force from 53 to 82% of the value of the fresh fruit for water or vapour treatment, respectively. Major changes in texture occurred during blanching, while the influence of the impregnation step depended on the previous treatment. Addition of 0.1% (w/w) calcium lactate during the impreg nation stage improved the textural characteristics of vapour-blanched glucose-treated fruits but was ineffective in preventing softening of water-blanched glucose-treated strawberries. Ultrastructural changes, studied by electron microscopy, correlated well with changes in texture.
Perceived intensity and persistence of heterogeneous taste mixtures
Authors: Calviño A.M. , García M.
Published: March 2007

Perceived intensity and persistence of single taste stimuli, binary and ternary heterogeneous taste mixtures in a sweet acidulated system were assessed. The effects of a sweetener, aspartame (APM) on sourness, and of citric acid (CA) buffered with different levels of its sodium salt (NaCit) on sweetness were examined. A sensory panel scored intensity and duration of single and mixed stimuli formulated with APM (0, 1, 2 or 4 mM), CA (50 mM) and NaCit (0, 10, 20 or 40 mM). The analysis of frequency of qualities assigned by subjects depicts a great similarity in the intensity as well as in the persistence attributes. All stimuli were perceptually measurable into the four taste qualities, but sour and sweet were the most frequent responses obtained when tasting solu tions. Perceived sourness dropped by adding NaCit or APM to the acid solution. Sour persistence showed roughly equivalent results. The intensity and duration of sweet quality rose with APM concentration. A drop in the pH of the solutions diminished sweet persistence but not intensity scores. These data suggested the operation of similar mechanisms for processing intensity and persistence in the present conditions.
Note. Fortification of some cereal foods with a chickpea protein concentrate / Nota. Enriquecimiento de varios productos de cereales con un concentrado proteico de garbanzo
Authors: Yañez-Farias G.A. , Bernal-Aguilar V. , Ramírez-Rodríguez L. , Barrón-Hoyos J.M.
Published: March 2007

A chickpea protein concentrate (HPP, 64% protein) obtained by a flat plate ultrafiltration system, was used as an ingredient to fortify cookies, pasta and a fried corn snack. The products were prepared from wheat, semolina and alkali-treated corn flours, respectively, and blended with 5, 10 and 15% (w/w) of the HPP. Pasta quality, corn snack fat absorption and cookie expansion factor were mea sured. All the products were sensory evaluated by trained panelists. Functional dough properties, final product quality parameters and sensory characteristics were not greatly affected by increasing amounts of HPP. However, the cereal foods fortified with 15% of HPP increased greatly their protein and lysine contents: 55 and 358% in cookies, 127 and 357% in corn snack, and 60 and 193% in pasta, respectively. In general, the use of HPP is recommended to fortify highly consumed cereal based food products.
Inhibición de proteasas en geles de surimi de jurel (Trachurus murphyi) / Inhibition of proteases in surimi gels from jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi)
Authors: Dondero C.M. , Concha S.P. , Curotto V.E.
Published: March 2007

The effects of 0-5% levels of beef plasma, egg white and potato extract as protease inhibitors of jack mackerel surimi (Trachurus murphyi) and their effects on functional properties were studied. Gel quality was evaluated measuring gel strength, deformation, rupture force, water holding capacity, color and sensory evaluation. Maximum proteolytic activity was found at 65 °C after 60 min where the gel quality was markedly deteriorated. At a level of 1% beef plasma, egg white or potato extract, pro tease inhibition of 91.9%, 82.7% and 74.4 %, respectively, was found. Beef plasma at 1% was the most effective protease inhibitor and was the most acceptable for the judges, but produced a gel with a yellow hue. SDS-electrophoresis verified the action of inhibitors in preventing degradation of high molecular weight proteins which form the gel network.
Note. Mesquite gum (Prosopis juliflora) and maltodextrin blends as wall materials for spray-dried encapsulated orange peel oil / Nota. Mezclas de goma de mezquite (Prosopis juliflora) y maltodextrina como material encapsulante de aceite esencial de naranja secado por aspersion
Authors: Beristain C.I. , García H.S. , Vernon-Carter E.J.
Published: March 2007

The performance of mesquite gum and maltodextrin mixtures in the preparation of encapsulated orange peel oil was evaluated. Emulsions of orange peel oil were prepared using an emulsifier for mulated with 1:4, 2:3, 3:2 and 4:1 (w/w) ratios of maltodextrins:mesquite gum solutions (30 %) and spray dried with a laboratory unit. The highest rate of oil encapsulation, 84.6 %, was achieved with the 3:2 ratio of maltodextrin:mesquite. Results showed no statistical difference ( p ≤ .05) in flavor intensity between samples prepared with all mesquite:maltodextrins mixtures and microcapsules made with gum Arabic only as wall material. The mixtures provided acceptable oil retention and could be an economic alternative to conventional encapsulating agents.
Review: Production and consumption of pork meat with different levels of boar taint / Revisión: Producción y consumo de carne de cerdo con diferentes niveles de olor sexual
Authors: Furnols M. Font i , Oliver M.A.
Published: March 2007

Boar taint or sexual odor is a sensorial defect (a disagreeable smell) that occurs in some meat from entire male pigs. The main compounds responsible are androstenone and skatole stored in the fat of the animal. The main technique for reducing the androstenone level in the meat is by castration, either surgically or by immunocastration. Recent studies in the field of immunocastration appear to provide a solution to the androstenone problem by reducing the levels of this substance while taking advantage of the yield and carcass quality of entire male pigs. The quantity of skatole is mainly affected by the diet and handling of the pigs. The consumer decides whether to accept or reject the meat from male pigs according to the presence or absence of boar taint. However, variations in the consumer response depending on country, preparation and type of product consumed, as well as the individual's sensitivity to sexual odor, can be observed by looking at different works. According to some of these studies, UK, Irish, Canadian and US consumers will more readily accept meat from entire male pigs than consumers from France, Sweden, the Netherlands and Spain.
Joe Learned to Cook
Authors: Biteman Patricia M. , Thobaben Marshelle
Published: March 2007

Home health nursing is a vital link between acute care and client wellness. Acute care provides treatment during the critical event, but it is home health that follows through and assures continued progress toward better health. Families and home care providers need the education and individual attention provided by nurses. In an era of multiple specialties the nurse is the central case manager. Patients and families can not sort out all of the information given to them without guidance. In this case study the nurse supports the family of a client newly diagnosed with chronic renal failure and anemia.
Maltreatment of the elderly in the home:A framework for prevention and intervention
Authors: Hackbarth Diana P. , Andresen Pamela , Konestabo Barbara
Published: March 2007

An informative review of the literature on elder abuse is provided along with a profile of the elder-at-risk. Multiple levels of intervention and prevention are discussed especially in relation to the stressed caretaker.
Understanding chemical abuse and dependence in the elderly
Authors: Seibert Janet
Published: March 2007

Chemical abuse is one of the most destructive forces in our society. The elderly population suffers from chemical abuse either by dependence or misuse. This article describes the emotional issues, suggests a mental health assessment, and gives a new awareness of the problem.
Establishing a community-based home transfusion program
Authors: Santiago Ofelia L.
Published: March 2007

Blood transfusions are now safely given in the home. The author gives practical information regarding this service. The blood bank, the home health agency, the physician, the patient, and the nurse are all members of the team involved in the administration of transfusions in the home setting. Included in this article are an outline of the nurse's role, a list of blood components suitable for home administration, a sample flow sheet, and a list of adverse reactions and symptoms.
Home nutrition support in HIV disease
Authors: Newman Cade Fields , Capozza Carol Mitchell
Published: March 2007

There exists a strong interrelationship between the nutritional status of PWAs and the effectiveness of the immune system. Nutritional deficiency or a malnutritioned state often accompanies AIDS, thus further compromising the function of the patient's immune system. Nutritional intervention is essential at all levels of the HIV/AIDS disease process, from the asymptomatic phase to the terminal. Each phase is compli cated by the involvement of various organ systems in the disease process. The authors offer information on additional variables to investigate during the nutritional assessment and on the importance of inclusion of the patient in the team planning process. The major roles of oral, enteral, and parenteral nutritional support are addressed, with a focus on the last two. The complexities of the ethics of the continuation/termination dilemma are concretely addressed. This article supports the vital role of the nutritionist in the home health care team.
Psychosocial aspects of diabetes
Authors: Nelson Joseph B.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the dilemmas that patients and health care professionals face as they attempt to deal with the psychologic issues inherent in diabetes care. It includes discussions of assessment of psychosocial functioning; type I and type II diabetes assess ment ; adherence and motivation; empowerment; and specific recommendations geared to help health care professionals care for the diabetic patient while avoiding frustration and burnout.
Performance evaluation: Triumph or torture?
Authors: Webb Peggie Reid , Cantone Josephine M.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses three areas that provide the framework for developing a shared vision, which is essential for successful employee performance appraisals: recruitment and hiring, job descriptions and standards of performance, and evaluation. The discus sion helps to take the mystery out of performance evaluations.
Patient care classification systems: A study in home care
Authors: Donohue Rebecca K.
Published: March 2007

The author shares the results of a study that was conducted to determine the relationship between complexity of patients at home, nurses' estimated level of complexity, and the length of time per visit. While the study results indicate the need for more investigation, they can help agencies distribute human resources more evenly.
It's hard to keep a good town down: local recovery efforts in the aftermath of toxic contamination
Authors: Aronoff Marilyn , Gunter Valerie
Published: March 2007

Our paper reports a toxic disaster in St Louis, Michigan and surrounding non- metropolitan Gratiot County that was linked to the contamination of Michi gan's human food chain with the fire retardant polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) in the 1970s. This case produced a resilient local response as area officials and residents worked to obtain outside resources for contamination problems with out destroying the fabric of community life. The Gratiot County case cautions against overgeneralizing about the inevitability of community conflict follow ing toxic disasters. Nevertheless, area strategies based on recognition of limi tations on the County's place in the larger political system defined an inher ently reactive response with long-term costs for area recovery.
Sensemaking, communicative distortion and the logic of public inquiry legitimation
Authors: Gephart Robert P.
Published: March 2007

This paper investigates the public inquiry as a ceremonial legitimator of state responses to technological disaster. The paper addresses: (1) the implications of welfare state theory for understanding the public inquiry; (2) the commu nicative validity claims and counter-claims made by inquiry participants; (3) how sensemaking practices are used to interpret and transform these claims into institutionally sensible accounts; and (4) how the inquiry legitimates state and corporate responses to technological disaster. To investigate these issues, the paper describes a public inquiry into a fatal pipeline accident and then analyses key segments of inquiry testimony. The paper demonstrates that the inquiry distorted local logics of safety used by members and transformed these into the top-down logics of safety regulators. This distortion preserved the vi ability of disaster control through state regulation and thereby legitimated state actions and control procedures. The paper concludes by addressing the practi cal implications of the research.
Preparing for the worst: the process of effective crisis management
Authors: Reilly Anne H.
Published: March 2007

This multi-method field study used interview and survey data from 71 top executive key informants and archival data from 35 organizations to explore the process of effective crisis management. The results provided support for a model proposing five activities as key in managing an organizational crisis effectively: problem sensing and diagnosis; decision response; resource mobilization and implementation; internal information flow; and external information flow. In addition, the study identified a set of 57 organizational attributes which were perceived by top managers as advantages and disad vantages for effective crisis management.
The Social Organization of Risk: Public Involvement in Federal Environmental Planning
Authors: Rossman Edwin J.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes how the social construction of risk has been institution alized by two U. S. Federal environmental programs. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund), and related regulations require public involvement in determining impacts, iden tifying threats and deciding on remedial environmental actions. Federal environmental planning is oriented towards allowing forums for airing pub lic concerns, without direct public control of decisions. The paper uses the sociology of risk literature to show how the actors and processes have been structured through law and regulation. Following Stallings's (1990) frame work of the social organization of risk discourse, this paper identifies the claims makers, stakeholders, and risk definers within the NEPA and CERCLA processes. The processes include definition soliciting, information dissemi nation, claims making and risk defining. The paper concludes by stressing the need for public involvement policy to be grounded theory and research.
The Measurement and Utility of the Opinion Leadership Concept for Family Planning Programs
Authors: Fisher Andrew A.
Published: March 2007

The objectives of family planning educational programs often include information diffusion as well as attitude and behavior change within a target population This paper suggests that working with opinion leaders might be one possible means of fulfilling these objectives. But in order to work with opinion leaders, it is necessary first to identify them For family planning studies, the operational indicators used in past studies do not appear to be adequate. These indicators do not accurately identify persons who will take an opinion leadership behavior in the future, do not measure knowledge by the opinion leader, do not distinguish positive from negative opinion leaders, and do not take account of the bi-directional flow of information and advice both to and from the opinion leader. Drawing upon data from a family planning study in Baltimore, various examples for inadequate opinion leadership indicators are given. The paper suggests the need to revise these indicators and then outlines a simple and inexpensive program that might be used to channel the energies and activities of family planning opinion leaders towards the fulfillment of program objectives.
The Ethics of Health Education as Public Health Policy
Authors: Faden Ruth R. , Faden Alan I.
Published: March 2007

The concept of voluntariness is central to an understanding of ethical considerations in two aspects of public health education practice: (1) the selection of appropriate interventions, and (2) the selection of appro priate targets for such interventions. Theposition is taken that most mass communications programs in public health education are persuasive as well as informative in intent. It is argued that the impact of such pro grams on voluntariness can be analyzed with regard to the rationality and resistibility of the persuasive appeals involved. Considerations of justice, as well as voluntariness and liberty, are reviewed in the discus sion of appropriate targets for intervention. The issue of victim-blaming in public health education is explored, and conditions under which behavioral public health programs may be morally justifiable are suggested.
Domain Decomposition Algorithms and Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Chan Tony F.
Published: March 2007

In the past several years, domain decomposition has been a very popular topic, partly because of the poten tial of parallelization. Although numerous theories and algorithms have been developed for model elliptic problems, they are only recently starting to be tested on realistic applications. This paper investigates the applica tion of some of these methods to two model problems in computational fluid dynamics: two-dimensional con vection-diffusion problems and the incompressible driven cavity flow problem. Our approach is the con struction and analysis of efficient preconditioners for the interface operator to be used in the iterative solution of the interface solution. For the convection-diffusion problems, we discuss the effect of the convection term and its discretization on the performance of some of the preconditioners. For the driven cavity problem, we dis cuss the effectiveness of a class of boundary probe preconditioners.
A Computational Fluid Dynamics Algorithm On a Massively Parallel Computer
Authors: Jespersen Dennis C. , Levit Creon
Published: March 2007

The discipline of computational fluid dynamics is de manding ever-increasing computational power to deal with complex fluid flow problems. We investigate the performance of a finite-difference computational fluid dynamics algorithm on a massively parallel computer, the Connection Machine. Of special interest is an implicit time-stepping algorithm; to obtain maximum perfor mance from the Connection Machine, it is necessary to use a nonstandard algorithm to solve the linear systems that arise in the implicit algorithm. We find that the Connection Machine can achieve very high computation rates on both explicit and implicit algorithms. The per formance of the Connection Machine puts it in the same class as today's most powerful conventional supercomputers.
Parallel Processing for Large-Scale Nonlinear Control Experiments in Economics
Authors: Amman Hans M. , Kendrick David A.
Published: March 2007

In general, the econometric models relevant for pur poses of evaluating economic policy contain a large number of nonlinear equations. Therefore, in applying optimal control techniques, computational difficulties are encountered. This paper presents the most common al gorithm for computing nonlinear control problems and investigates the degree to which vector processing and parallel processing can facilitate optimal control experiments.
Early Experience With the Intel iPsc/860 At Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Authors: Heath Michael T. , Geist George A. , Drake John B.
Published: March 2007

This report summarizes the early experience in using the Intel iPSC/860 parallel supercomputer at Oak Ridge Na tional Laboratory. The hardware and software are de scribed in some detail, and the machine's performance is studied using both simple computational kernels and a number of complete applications programs.
Achieving Content Validity in a Performance Appraisal Instrument
Authors: Umbreit W. Terry
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses how content validity can be achieved in the development of an appraisal instrument within the hospitality industry. Decision criteria for making employment decisions (e.g., select, promote, dismiss) constitute a "test" which, if challenged in court, must meet validation standards set forth in the Uniform Guidelines for Employee Selection. In the case of a performance rating used to promote or dismiss an employee, the rating must meet the minimal criterion of content validity.
The Computerized Case Study Shell: a New Tool for Integrating Hospitality Management Education
Authors: Gamble Paul R. , Lockwood Andrew J.
Published: March 2007

Conventional, paper-based cases can create administrative and pedagogical difficulties for both teachers and learners. They may also make open-ended problem solving more complex by obscuring the organization of data.

The EXMAN project has invested three years and about $100,000 to devise a method of exploiting the learning potential of case studies more effectively. The result has been a computerized case study shell that presents material to students structured as a series of frames. These frames may include power tools such as spreadsheets or tutorial advice in the form of expert systems. Realism is enhanced by the use of time and cost constraints for accessing data and by facilitating the dynamic updating of material. Student learning strategies can also be monitored more easily to identify where more guidance is needed.

This new tool seems to offer major advantages in terms of student motivation and learning.
Formulating and Evaluating Tou Rism Policy Using Importance-Performance Analysis
Authors: Evans Michael R. , Chon Kye-Sung
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to explore the applicability of Importance-Perform ance Analysis (IPA) technique in the formulation and evaluation of tourism policy. The authors discuss the use of this survey research technique and the key elements in the development of an effective research design using IPA. The paper illustrates how the IPA technique was used in two very different tourism destinations to solve problems and resolve tourism policy issues.
Professional Role Dilemmas and Our Teaching Mission
Authors: Cummings Pamela R. , Huffman V. Lynn
Published: March 2007

In an attempt to examine the varied roles of hospitality management educators, both faculty and administrators were surveyed. Faculty reported their teaching strategies and techniques. A "satisfaction/frustration" measure was included to examine attitudes regarding responsibilities faculty members are expected to fulfill and the support of institutions to help faculty meet their demands. Administrators reported on methods used to evaluate faculty and the relative importance of fulfillment of faculty activities as teachers, researchers and in service to the profession, university and industry.
What Is Television Doing To the Hospitality Industry's Image?
Authors: Palmer John D. , Bertsch Thomas M. , LaRocco Corbin Marianne
Published: March 2007

Television shows that feature hospitality settings may change viewers' inclinations to buy from or to work in the hospitality industry. Questionnaires were mailed to 512 heads of households to ask if viewing Cheers, Alice or Hotel had caused respondents to change their buying or working inclinations. Respondents also provided demographic and psychographic data which were correlated to self reported changes in these inclinations.
Opportunities and Challenges of Creating Hotel Management and Tourism Education Programs in Developing Countries
Authors: Ford Deane
Published: March 2007

The rapid expansion of Western hotel corporations into the international market and specifically into developing countries has created a demand for professionally educated and trained nationals with expertise in all areas of hotel and tourism management. Traditionally these academic programs have not been available in existing institutions. The growing reluctance of developing countries to grant work permits to foreign employees in the hotel industry, other than general managers and chef, has further complicated the problems caused by the lack of professionally educated local staff.

While there is still some disagreement on how schools can best prepare their students for the hospitality industry of the future, the problems facing an educator developing a new academic program in a developing country are first and foremost problems of immediacy. When the development of such a program has begun, it is usuallybecause the need forentrylevel professionals has become acute. This paper identifies the challenges facing the educatorattempting to establish an independent hotel management and tourism academic and training program in a developing country with a rapidly expanding tourism economy.

The program must serve a multitude of purposes and meet a variety of needs from different industry sectors. This factoralone makes the problem more complex. This paperjustifies the use of an industryneeds assessment approach to curriculum development and program design which might meet opposition from educators in a different setting. The experience outlined supports the view that concentrated skills training can exist in harmony with an academic program designed to fill long-term industry needs for graduates with supervisory and management skills.

The paper identifies the majorhurdles to success of such a program. These are program accreditation through a complex bureaucracy; limited English level of students; cultural variation in learning and study patterns; insufficient funds for necessary equipment in kitchen and service; the comparative high cost of imported textbooks, learning materials and library resources.

The biggest challenge is iden tified as the problem of finding qualified faculty for specialized courses in hotel management and tourism as well as business subjects and language. The difficulty in obtaining work permits for foreign faculty is noted as well as the problem of attracting qualified nationals away from industry when teaching salaries do not match those found in industry. Key Words: Curriculum Development, Industry Needs Assessment, International Hotel Management Edu cation, Cultural Variations in Learning Styles, Hotel Management Education in Developing Countries.
Using the Internet as a Pleasure Travel Planning Tool: an Examination of the Sociodemographic and Behavioral Characteristics Among Internet Users and Nonusers
Authors: Bonn Mark A. , Furr H. Leslie , Susskind Alex M.
Published: March 2007

A critical prerequisite for the formulation of effective travel marketing strategies in the next decade must include an understanding of the influence exerted through the Internet. The increasing presence of the Internet as an instrument for advertising travel destinations and travel-related services highlights its importance as a factor in travelers'decision-making processes. This exploratory investigation examined travelers who requested on-line infor mation about a potential vacation destination using the Internet. Results of this investiga tion suggest that Internet "users," when compared with "nonusers," are more educated, have higher household incomes, use commercial lodging accommodations while travel ing, tend to travel by air, and spend more money on travel-related expenses on a per diem basis. Implications for target marketing strategies designed for travel destination areas, services, and facilities are discussed.
Flash-Fire Propensity of Some Insulation and Building Materials
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Cumming Heather J. , Murphy Regina M.
Published: March 2007

Evaluation of a variety of insulation and building materials for flash-fire propensity, using a screening test method developed at the University of San Francisco, indicated that most of the materials had less flash-fire propensity than wood under these particular test conditions.
Flash-Fire Propensity of Cellulose Insulation Samples Containing Various Borate Fire Retardants
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Murphy Regina M. , Sprague Robert W.
Published: March 2007

Various samples of cellulose insulation were evaluated for flash-fire propensity, using the test method developed at the University of San Francisco. The samples included untreated cellulose insulation and insulation treated with various levels of 5-mol borax, boric acid, and mix tures of boric acid and 5-mol borax. Boric acid appeared to reduce flash- fire propensity most effectively, and a mixture of boric acid and 5-mol borax was less effective than either material used separately.
Thermal Protection Standards for Railroad Tank Cars
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Brauer Diana P.
Published: March 2007

As a result of a series of serious railroad accidents involv ing certain uninsulated pressure tank cars transporting hazardous materials, the specifications for railroad tank cars were amended in the interest of safety. Specification 112 and 114 tank cars used to transport flammable gases such as propane, butane, and vinyl chloride are required to have both thermal and tank head protection. Newly built cars must be so equipped starting on January 1, 1978, and existing cars must be retrofitted before December 31, 1981.
A Review of Some Full-Scale Fire Tests On Polyurethane Foam Insulated Pipes and Vessels
Authors: Hilado Carlos J.
Published: March 2007

With increasingly stringent air pollution control regulations, it has become more and more difficult to conduct full-scale fire tests to evaluate the effects of exterior fires on insulated pipes and vessels. The available information on such tests performed in the past therefore be comes increasingly valuable. This paper reviews some full-scale fire tests on polyurethane foam insulated pipes and vessels and discusses them in retro spect.
Thermal Performance of Low Emittance Building Sheathing
Authors: Palfey Albert J.
Published: March 2007

Large (3 by 4 m) residential building wall specimens were tested in a calibrated hot box to measure the thermal performance of vertical air spaces formed by siding and sheathing. Test results reveal that the irregular air space formed by beveled siding applied directly over sheathing does not significantly reduce wall heat transfer regardless of effective space emittance. On the other hand, plywood siding applied to sheathing over furring strips to form 19 mm (3/4") plane air spaces having effective emittances of 0.03'and 0.73, produced space thermal resistances (R-values) of 2.45 and 0.89 h-ft 2. F/Btu, respectively, at 5° C (40° F) wall mean emperature. These lower-than-tabulated ASHRAE R-values are attri buted to typical siding/sheathing system variables such as air convection and leakage.
Economic and Reliable Heat Tracer Systems for Piping
Authors: Turner William C.
Published: March 2007

The principles and economics of heat tracer systems for pip ing are discussed.