bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How can mobile networks protect critical infrastructure?
Authors: Gent Andy
Published: January 2021

Critical infrastructure is being targeted by hostile states, terrorists and criminals for the purposes of disruption, espionage and financial gain.

Increasingly, these national infrastructure sites rely on technology to monitor, measure and manage activities. And one piece of technology that could play a significant role is the IMSI-catcher. By being able to detect mobile devices used by persons of interest, critical infrastructure organisations can throw up a defensive shield fine-tuned to provide geographical coverage of a specific location, explains Andy Gent of Revector.

Critical infrastructure such as oil refineries, nuclear power stations and dams could be targeted by hostile states, terrorists or criminals for the purposes of disruption, espionage and/or financial gain. However, the use of IMSI intelligence to analyse the behaviour and profile of devices in the proximity of potential targets could add a further level of protection to these high-risk sites.
Now is the time to move past traditional 3-2-1 back-ups
Authors: Malecki Florian
Published: January 2021

Strangely enough, we have a professional photographer to thank for the 3-2-1 back-up strategy that many organisations around the world employ today. Peter Krogh originally shared the concept in his 2009 book, The DAM Book: Digital Asset Management for Photographers . 1 This back-up strategy has helped to prevent data losses for an untold number of organisations. However, in the world of digital, 11 years is a very long time and, arguably, the strategy is now ripe for an update, particularly in the face of the ongoing and growing scourge of ransomware attacks.
Echinoderm Morphological Disparity: Methods, Patterns, and Possibilities
Authors: Deline Bradley
Published: January 2021

The quantification of morphology through time is a vital tool in elucidating macroevolutionary patterns. Studies of disparity require intense effort but can provide insights beyond those gained using other methodologies. Over the last several decades, studies of disparity have proliferated, often using echinoderms as a model organism. Echinoderms have been used to study the methodology of disparity analyses and potential biases as well as documenting the morphological patterns observed in clades through time. Combining morphological studies with phylogenetic analyses or other disparate data sets allows for the testing of detailed and far-reaching evolutionary hypotheses.
Science and Culture for Members Only
Authors: Mehos Donna C.
Published: January 2021

The Amsterdam zoo Artis was recognized as the preeminent cultural center of the city for much of the nineteenth century. Donna Mehos here examines the exclusive nature of Artis and how the Amsterdam middle class utilized it to cultivate a culture of science that would reflect well on the nation and its capital. This volume offers a fascinating study of the role of science in the development of Dutch national and class identities during a period of national and colonial expansion.
Reading Huizinga
Authors: Otterspeer Willem
Published: January 2021

Johan Huizinga, the Dutch founding father of cultural history, ranks among the most influential thinkers of the twentieth century. Perhaps best known is Huizinga's revolutionary insight into the formative role of play in human culture, a theory he espoused in the celebrated Homo Ludens, which was published in 1938. For Huizinga, philology was the mother of all interpretive endeavors, reading and writing were part of a collective ritual that channeled human passion into beautiful forms, and passion remained the fundamental fact of human life. In this clear, engaging study, the renowned Dutch scholar Willem Otterspeer paints an original portrait of Huizinga in the context of interwar Europe – and shares his subject's own hallmark passion for history.
UNHCR’s Parallel Universe
Authors: Zieck Marjoleine
Published: January 2021

UNHCR's parallel universe

Facts that Make one Wonder

Historical Background of the Contemporary International Refugee Law Regime

The Contemporary Regime in Conceptual Terms

Definitions Drifting Apart: Extensions of UNHCR's Mandate Ratione Personae

Meaning of the Expanded Definition

Opposability

UNHCR's Parallel Universe

Marking the Contours of a Problem

Acknowledgements

Notes
The Turkish and Moroccan Second Generation and Their Comparison Group Peers in Amsterdam and Rotterdam
Authors: Hornstra Nienke E. , Groenewold George , Lessard-Phillips Laurence
Published: January 2021

This report provides technical information from a study on the lives of the second generation of Turkish and Moroccan immigrants in the Netherlands today. Respondents provided detailed information on cultural, social, and economic aspects of integration in Dutch society. This report has a methodological focus and is important to those wishing to further explore the collected data and examine aspects of the survey's design and implementation.
Women from Traditional Islamic Educational Institutions in Indonesia
Authors: Srimulyani Eka
Published: January 2021

In this insightful book, Eka Srimulyani provides a new look at the role of women in Islamic educational institutions in Indonesia. Women at these traditional schools, called pesantren, play a significant role in the shaping of gender relations in the Indonesian Muslim community, and have not, until recently, garnered as much attention in the academic community as they undoubtedly deserve. This deeply informative study offers a new perspective on why Muslim feminism has found a powerful foothold in Indonesia, and it creates a vivid portrait of the lives of pesantren.
Two Cities, One Life
Authors: Engelen Theo , Ying-Hui Hsieh
Published: January 2021

Historical processes are the result of the behavior of countless individual actors. In this book, therefore, the authors compare the demography of the Taiwanese town Lugang and the Dutch town Nijmegen using data on the lifes of thousands of their inhabitants. The period covered is approximately 1850 to 1945. First, the standard demographic rates on nuptiality, fertility and mortality are calculated to test the Malthusian predictions on a so called 'positive' and a 'preventive' demographic regime. Next, the authors try to disentangle the individual rationality behind aggregated measures in order to find out how the inhabitants of the two towns used the one life they had. Unaware of each others existence, the people living in Nijmegen and Lu-kang had more in common than one would expect given the huge cultural differences.
Materialising Identity
Authors: Schueler Judith , Venbrux Eric , Lyddon Dave , Vandaele Kurt
Published: January 2021

Since its opening in 1882, the Gotthard Railway with its 15-kilometer long tunnel under the Gotthard Mountains, provides a crucial international link through the Swiss Alps, between North-Western Europe and Italy. In contrast to many other railway lines, its symbolic meaning has never sunk into oblivion. In Swiss society today, references to the Gotthard myth are multifaceted and omnipresent. Not only do they evoke images of a technological railway project, they also allude to Swiss history, alpine nature and national identity. Reading this book assists in understanding the old and contemporary discussions about the future of the Gotthard Railway, the regions in which it lies and the Swiss national identity. Curiosity-driven, this research combines viewpoints from the history of technology, cultural studies and cultural geography to grasp the intensity of the Gotthard as a national Swiss image. Whereas the relationship between the Gotthard Mountains and the Swiss national identity has received ample scholarly attention, the role of the Gotthard Railway remains largely unexplored. To illustrate to what extent historical actors co-constructed the railway and Swiss identity, the empirical chapters start with an analysis of an engineering discussion about tunneling methods. Hereafter, the book examines the reactions in Switzerland to the inauguration of the railway line. Subsequently, it describes the appreciation of the railway line portrayed in travel guides of the belle poque. The last chapter captures the glory days of the Gotthard myth, before and during the Second World War, with a focus on the novels and plays, in which the Gotthard Tunnel construction occurs. This historical overview offers insight into the multiple roles that technology plays in the construction of a sense of national identity as well as illustrating how identity has an effect on the appropriation of a technological railway project.
Solidarity between Parents and their Adult Children in Europe
Authors: Fokkema Tineke , Bekke Susan ter , Dykstra Pearl A. , Outmany Fouzia
Published: January 2021

At present, our knowledge of the current state of solidarity between parents and their adult children in Europe is limited. Insight into contemporary intergenerational solidarity is not only important for the well-being of individuals but is also of great interest to policy makers. Patterns of intergenerational solidarity are not only affected by social policies and services but also reveal a number of important social policy issues and dilemmas. Will encouraging labour force participation among women and older workers mean they have less time to care for their dependents? Should formal care services be further expanded to relieve the burden faced by family members with the risk that they start to replace informal care?This report aims to contribute to this insight by providing a more differentiated picture of the strength, nature and direction of solidarity between parents and their adult children, its variation among European countries and its determinants. Our findings indicate that parent-child ties are quite strong. The majority of Europeans aged 50 and over live in close proximity and are in frequent contact with at least one of the children. Moreover, strong family care obligations still exist and a substantial amount of support is being exchanged between parents and their non-co resident children. Interesting differences, however, emerge between individuals and countries. While fathers are more inclined to assist their children financially, mothers have more frequent contact and exchange more help in kind with their children. Being religious and having a large family have a positive impact on several dimensions of intergenerational solidarity. Parental divorce and a better socioeconomic position of parents and children, on the other hand, lead to a weakening of parent-child ties in many respects. Contrary to common belief, employed children show solidarity with their parents as much as those without a paid job. Differences in the nature of intergenerational solidarity between the European countries tend to follow the general division into an individualistic north and a familistic south.
Higher dietary fibre intake is associated with lower CVD mortality risk among maintenance haemodialysis patients: a multicentre prospective cohort study
Authors: Lin Zizhen , Qin Xianhui , Yang Yaya , Huang Yan , Wang Jieyu , Kong Yaozhong , Li Yumin , Yang Shenglin , Lu Yongxin , Zhao Yanhong , Li Youbao , Wan Qijun , Wang Qi , Huang Sheng , Liu Yan , Liu Aiqun , Liu Fanna , Hou FanFan , Liang Min
Published: January 2021

High fibre intake is associated with reduced mortality risk in both general and chronic kidney disease populations. However, in dialysis patients, such data are limited. Therefore, the association between dietary fibre intake (DFI) and the risk of all-cause and CVD mortality was examined in this study. A total of 1044 maintenance haemodialysis (MHD) patients from eight outpatient dialysis centres in China were included in this study. Data on DFI were collected using 24-h dietary recalls for 3 d in a week and were normalised to actual dry weight. The study outcomes included all-cause and CVD mortality. Over a median of 46 months of follow-up, 354 deaths were recorded, of which 210 (59 %) were due to CVD. On assessing DFI as tertiles, the CVD mortality risk was significantly lower in patients in tertiles 2–3 (≥0·13 g/kg per d; hazard ratio (HR) 0·71; 95 % CI 0·51, 0·97) compared with those in tertile 1 (<0·13 g/kg per d). A similar but non-significant trend was found for the association between DFI (tertiles 2–3 v. tertile 1; HR 0·83; 95 % CI 0·64, 1·07) and all-cause mortality. In summary, higher DFI was associated with lower CVD mortality risk among Chinese MHD patients. This study emphasises the significance of DFI in MHD patients and provides information that is critical for the improvement of dietary guidelines for dialysis patients.
Dietary strawberry improves cognition in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in older adults
Authors: Miller Marshall G. , Thangthaeng Nopporn , Rutledge Grant A. , Scott Tammy M. , Shukitt-Hale Barbara
Published: January 2021

Functional changes in the brain during ageing can alter learning and memory, gait and balance – in some cases leading to early cognitive decline, disability or injurious falls among older adults. Dietary interventions with strawberry (SB) have been associated with improvements in neuronal, psychomotor and cognitive functions in rodent models of ageing. We hypothesised that dietary supplementation with SB would improve mobility and cognition among older adults. In this study, twenty-two men and fifteen women, between the ages of 60 and 75 years, were recruited into a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which they consumed either freeze-dried SB (24 g/d, equivalent to two cups of fresh SB) or a SB placebo for 90 d. Participants completed a battery of balance, gait and cognitive tests at baseline and again at 45 and 90 d of intervention. Significant supplement group by study visit interactions were observed on tests of learning and memory. Participants in the SB group showed significantly shorter latencies in a virtual spatial navigation task (P= 0·020,ηp2= 0·106) and increased word recognition in the California Verbal Learning test (P= 0·014,ηp2= 0·159) across study visits relative to controls. However, no improvement in gait or balance was observed. These findings show that the addition of SB to the diets of healthy, older adults can improve some aspects of cognition, but not gait or balance, although more studies with a larger sample size and longer follow-up are needed to confirm this finding.
THE KITĀB AL-TURJUMĀN: A TWENTIETH-CENTURY HISTORIOGRAPHICAL (RE)MAPPING OF THE SOUTHERN SAHARA AND SAHEL
Authors: Mathee Mohamed Shahid
Published: January 2021

Numeroustārīḫs (chronicles) were written in Timbuktu and its surrounding world from the seventeenth to the twentieth century CE. They constitute the Timbuktutārīḫtradition. Thetārīḫs were embedded in different political projects, which became possible and necessary only under certain historical conditions. Hence,tārīḫs do not all belong to one single genre of historical literature. A chronicle that belongs to the Timbuktutārīḫtradition is the twentieth-centuryKitāb al-turjumān. It sheds light on history writing in the Sahel during a crucial time, namely European colonial rule and the political realities it gave birth to thereafter. One of modern historians’ most important tasks is precisely to identify, describe, and analyse the different genres within thetārīḫtradition. We attempt to do that in the case of theKitāb al-turjumān.
A PD Computed Torque Control Method with Online Self-gain Tuning for a 3U

P

S-

P

S Parallel Robot
Authors: Song Xiaogang , Zhao Yongjie , Chen Chengwei , Zhang Liang’an , Lu Xinjian
Published: January 2021

In this paper, an online self-gain tuning method of a PD computed torque control (CTC) is used for a 3UPS-PS parallel robot. The CTC is applied to the 3UPS-PS parallel robot based on the robot dynamic model which is established via a virtual work principle. The control system of the robot comprises a nonlinear feed-forward loop and a PD control feedback loop. To implement real-time online self-gain tuning, an adjustment method based on the genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed. Compared with the traditional CTC, the simulation results indicate that the control algorithm proposed in this study can not only enhance the anti-interference ability of the system but also improve the trajectory tracking speed and the accuracy of the 3UPS-PS parallel robot.
Patient involvement in relative effectiveness assessments in the European Network for Health Technology Assessment
Authors: Elvsaas Ida Kristin Ørjasæter , Ettinger Sabine , Willemsen Anne
Published: January 2021

Patient involvement in the process of producing health technology assessments has become increasingly important. In the European Network for Health Technology Assessment (EUnetHTA), several approaches to patient involvement were explored. The outcome was a document on “Patient Input in Relative Effectiveness Assessments” that is available for access and was published in 2019.

The aim of this article is to analyze the experience gained by EUnetHTA in patient involvement for EUnetHTA assessment production, describe and quantify the approaches used, and outline the challenges and avenues for the improvement of current processes.

Patients were involved in twenty-three of thirty-six pharmaceutical and other technology EUnetHTA assessments from June 2016 until the end of November 2019. Approaches to patient involvement included using a patient input template, one-on-one conversations, group conversations, scoping meeting with patients, and other approaches.

Although it is recognized that patient involvement is important to understand the needs of the target patient population, challenges remain with timely patient involvement. Additionally, further efforts are needed to guide assessment teams on how to implement and enhance the visibility of patient input in assessments.
Winners and Losers: Physician Assistant Medication Orders
Authors: Greenlaw Jane L.
Published: January 2021

The task that has perhaps most preoccupied professional nursing is that of defining itself. Over the years nursing has developed in such a way that currently there is a vast disparate group of individuals, each of whom may properly be called “nurse” — ranging from the licensed practical nurse to the nurse who holds a doctoral degree, with at least four levels of academic preparation between. It is evident that this situation poses problems, not only for nursing but also, and more importantly, for health care consumers who are unable to establish realistic expectations as to the knowledge and skills of “nurses.”
Toward a New Philosophy of Nursing
Authors: Gadow Sally
Published: January 2021

Anyone who has ever prepared a college of nursing catalogue has had to engage, if only briefly and superficially, in the development of a philosophy of nursing. I would like to carry that activity a little further here in order to propose and develop a particular philosophy of nursing.

I will describe what could be called the self care philosophy. But an important distinction must be made at the outset. “Self care” usually suggests the lay revolt against professional care; often, self care is billed as an alternative to rather than a philosophy of professional health care. What then do we mean by self care as a philosophy of nursing? The philosophy is this: that nursing have as its primary ideal active assistance to individuals, families, and communities in the development and exercise of their autonomy in health matters. The concept of self care, or patient autonomy, involves two dimensions, action and agency, and the nurse provides assistance in both of these. Self care action is the health behavior that is performed.
Medicaid Not Required to Fund Medically Necessary Abortions
Authors: Annas George J.
Published: January 2021

In an extraordinary and highly controversial 5-4 decision, the United States Supreme Court decided on June 30, 1980, that the United States Constitution does not require either the federal government or the individual states to fund medically necessary abortions for poor women who qualify for Medicaid.

At issue in this case is the constitutionality of the Hyde Amendment. The applicable 1980 version provides:

|N]one of the funds provided by this joint resolution shall be used to perform abortions except where the life of the mother would be endangered if the fetus were carried to term; or except for such medical procedures necessary for the victims of rape or incest when such rape or incest has been reported promptly to a law enforcement agency or public health service, (emphasis supplied)
On Concealing Mistakes
Authors: Greenlaw Jane
Published: January 2021

What happens when a nurse is ordered to do something illegal or unethical? What should a nurse do when ordered to falsify a patient's record? Is her behavior justified because she is following orders from a superior?

These important and troubling questions were raised but left unanswered by a recent Connecticut malpractice case. The case has received much attention because the verdict awarded the plaintiff— $3.6 million — is the largest in the history of the state. The case should interest nurses, not because of the record-making verdict, but because of ethical problems raised by the behavior of the attending staff.
Malpractice Screening Panels: Do Nurses Have a Role?
Authors: Greenlaw Jane
Published: January 2021

Increasing numbers of nurses are being sued for malpractice. Confirmation of this statement may be found by surveying the case law of the various jurisdictions (which reveals that lawsuits against nurses, while still not common, are more frequent) and the nursing literature (which recently evidences a marked increase in the percentage of articles dealing with professional liability and related issues).
Client-Centered Emergency Care
Authors: MacPherson Jennifer
Published: January 2021

Since Florence Nightingale, nurses have agreed that care should be individualized for each patient. Emergency care is no different and texts on this subject instruct the nurse to involve the client in his own care and to recognize that being an emergency victim is physically and psychologically difficult for the client. But just what is client-centered emergency care and are clients getting it?

A client is brought to the emergency room, unconscious, with severe head trauma resulting from a motorcycle accident. In this instance client-centered care consists of the nurse reacting swiftly and probably unemotionally. It is not in the client's best interest at this time for the nurse to try to ascertain that person's values and life views. Here client-centered care is compatible with the values and views of both the nurse and the institution.
Impact of a behaviourally focused nutrition education intervention on attitudes and practices related to eating habits and activity levels in Indian adolescents
Authors: Moitra Panchali , Madan Jagmeet , Verma Preeti
Published: January 2021

Objective:

To evaluate the effectiveness of a behaviourally focused nutrition education (NE) intervention based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) to improve knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) related to eating habits and activity levels in 10–12-year-old adolescents in Mumbai, India.

Design:

School-based cluster randomised controlled trial. The experimental group (EG) received weekly NE and three parent sessions over 12 weeks; no sessions were conducted for the control group (CG). The theoretical framework of HBM and focus group discussion results guided the development of behaviour change communication strategies and NE aids. KAP were measured using a validated survey instrument, administered at baseline and endline in EG and CG. Paired and independent t tests determined within-group and between-group changes in pre–post scores.

Setting:

Two aided and two private schools that were randomly allocated to either an EG or CG.

Participants:

Adolescent boys and girls (n 498; EG n 292 and CG n 206).

Results:

EG reported improvements in mean knowledge (39·3%), attitude (7·3 %), diet (9·6 %) and activity practice (9·4%) scores from pre to post intervention. No significant changes were observed in CG. Significant improvements in scores associated with perceived benefits, barriers and self-efficacy, breakfast and vegetable consumption, and moderate-to-vigorous activities were observed in EG.

Conclusions:

Integrating NE into the academic curriculum and adopting evidence-based lessons that entail targeted information delivery and participatory activities can improve knowledge, foster right attitudes and facilitate better eating and activity-related practices in Indian adolescents.
Affect and Personality
Authors: Park Jonathan J. , Chow Sy-Miin , Fisher Zachary F. , Molenaar Peter C. M.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The use of dynamic network models has grown in recent years. These models allow researchers to capture both lagged and contemporaneous effects in longitudinal data typically as variations, reformulations, or extensions of the standard vector autoregressive (VAR) models. To date, many of these dynamic networks have not been explicitly compared to one another. We compare three popular dynamic network approaches – GIMME, uSEM, and LASSO gVAR – in terms of their differences in modeling assumptions, estimation procedures, statistical properties based on a Monte Carlo simulation, and implications for affect and personality researchers. We found that all three dynamic network approaches provided yielded group-level empirical results in partial support of affect and personality theories. However, individual-level results revealed a great deal of heterogeneity across approaches and participants. Reasons for discrepancies are discussed alongside these approaches’ respective strengths and limitations.
“Make it Happen!”
Authors: Formanowicz Magdalena , Pietraszkiewicz Agnieszka , Roessel Janin , Suitner Caterina , Witkowska Marta , Maass Anne
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Verbs may be attributed to higher agency than other grammatical categories. In Study 1, we confirmed this hypothesis with archival datasets comprising verbs ( N = 950) and adjectives ( N = 2115). We then investigated whether verbs (vs. adjectives) increase message effectiveness. In three experiments presenting potential NGOs (Studies 2 and 3) or corporate campaigns (Study 4) in verb or adjective form, we demonstrate the hypothesized relationship. Across studies, (overall N = 721) grammatical agency consistently increased message effectiveness. Semantic agency varied across contexts by either increasing (Study 2), not affecting (Study 3), or decreasing (Study 4) the effectiveness of the message. Overall, experiments provide insights in to the meta-semantic effects of verbs – demonstrating how grammar may influence communication outcomes.
Correlations Between Sea‐Level Components Are Driven by Regional Climate Change
Authors: Lambert Erwin , Le Bars Dewi , Goelzer Heiko , van de Wal Roderik S.W.
Published: January 2021

The accurate quantification of uncertainties in regional sea‐level projections is essential for guiding policy makers. As climate models do not currently simulate total sea level, these uncertainties must be quantified through summation of uncertainties in individual sea‐level components. This summation depends on the correlation between the components, which has previously been prescribed or derived from each individual component's dependence on global mean surface temperature. In this study, we quantify, for the first time, regional correlations between sea‐level components based on regional climate change projections. We compute regional sea‐level projections consistent with climate projections from an ensemble of 14 Earth System Models. From the multi‐model spread, we estimate the uncertainty in the regional climate's response to greenhouse forcing. To quantify the total uncertainty, we add the uncertainty in the response of sea‐level components to this regional climate change. This approach reveals how regional climate processes impose correlations between sea‐level components, affecting the total uncertainty. One example is an anti‐correlation between North Atlantic sterodynamic change and Antarctic dynamic mass loss, suggesting a teleconnection established by the large‐scale ocean circulation. We find that prescribed correlations, applied in the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, lead to a global overestimation in the uncertainty in regional sea‐level projections on the order of 20%. Regionally, this overestimation exceeds 100%. We conclude that accurate uncertainty estimates of regional sea‐level change must be based on projections of regional climate change and cannot be derived from global indicators such as global mean surface temperature.
Plume‐Induced Sinking of Intracontinental Lithospheric Mantle: An Overlooked Mechanism of Subduction Initiation?
Authors: Cloetingh Sierd , Koptev Alexander , Kovács István , Gerya Taras , Beniest Anouk , Willingshofer Ernst , Ehlers Todd A. , Andrić‐Tomašević Nevena , Botsyun Svetlana , Eizenhöfer Paul R. , François Thomas , Beekman Fred
Published: January 2021

Although many different mechanisms for subduction initiation have been proposed, only few of them are viable in terms of consistency with observations and reproducibility in numerical experiments. In particular, it has recently been demonstrated that intra‐oceanic subduction triggered by an upwelling mantle plume could greatly contribute to the onset and operation of plate tectonics in the early and, to a lesser degree, modern Earth. On the contrary, the initiation of intra‐continental subduction still remains underappreciated. Here we provide an overview of 1) observational evidence for upwelling of hot mantle material flanked by downgoing proto‐slabs of sinking continental mantle lithosphere, and 2) previously published and new numerical models of plume‐induced subduction initiation. Numerical modeling shows that under the condition of a sufficiently thick (>100 km) continental plate, incipient downthrusting at the level of the lowermost lithospheric mantle can be triggered by plume anomalies of moderate temperatures and without significant strain‐ and/or melt‐related weakening of overlying rocks. This finding is in contrast with the requirements for plume‐induced subduction initiation within oceanic or thinner continental lithosphere. As a result, plume‐lithosphere interactions within continental interiors of Paleozoic‐Proterozoic‐(Archean) platforms are the least demanding (and thus potentially very common) mechanism for initiation of subduction‐like foundering in the Phanerozoic Earth. Our findings are supported by a growing body of new geophysical data collected in various intra‐continental areas. A better understanding of the role of intra‐continental mantle downthrusting and foundering in global plate tectonics and, particularly, in the initiation of “classic” ocean‐continent subduction will benefit from more detailed follow‐up investigations.
The Role of Fluid‐Related Heterogeneous Structures in Controlling the Fault Slip Behavior in the Slow‐Earthquake Source Region Along the Nankai Subduction Zone, Southwest Japan
Authors: Kurashimo Eiji , Iwasaki Takaya , Tsumura Noriko , Iidaka Takashi
Published: January 2021

A seismic array observation across the slow‐earthquake source region in the eastern Kii Peninsula, southwest Japan, reveal the detailed structure and seismicity along the upper boundary of the subducted Philippine Sea Plate. Tomography analysis and earthquake reflection imaging clarify the geometry of the upper boundary of the Philippine Sea Plate with a subduction angle of ∼15° at a depth range of 22–30 km. We observe intraslab low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) in and around the low‐Vp and high‐Vp/Vs zones, which are located above the intraslab earthquakes that are controlled by the dehydration embrittlement of serpentine. The intraslab LFE activity may be related to fluid movement. Fluids, which are derived from both dehydration of the serpentinized oceanic mantle and crustal eclogitization, may control the fault slip behavior. Therefore, the fluid behavior around the subducting plate boundary has an important role in controlling the downdip limit of the seismogenic zone.
Extensive Frost Weathering Across Unglaciated North America During the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Marshall J. A. , Roering J. J. , Rempel A. W. , Shafer S. L. , Bartlein P. J.
Published: January 2021

In unglaciated terrain, the imprint of past glacial periods is difficult to discern. The topographic signature of periglacial processes, such as solifluction lobes, may be erased or hidden by time and vegetation, and thus their import diminished. Belowground, periglacial weathering, particularly frost cracking, may have imparted a profound influence on weathering and erosion rates during past climate regimes. By combining a mechanical frost‐weathering model with the full suite of Last Glacial Maximum climate simulations, we elucidate the meters‐deep magnitude and continent‐spanning expanse of frost weathering across unglaciated North America at ∼21 ka. The surprising extent of modeled frost weathering suggests, by proxy, the broad legacy of diverse periglacial processes. Complementing previous studies that championed the role of precipitation‐driven changes in Critical Zone evolution, our results imply an additional strong temperature control on surficial process efficacy across much of modern North America, both during glacial periods and modern climes.
A Flux‐Based Threshold for Anaerobic Activity in the Ocean
Authors: Zakem Emily J. , Lauderdale Jonathan M. , Schlitzer Reiner , Follows Michael J.
Published: January 2021

Anaerobic microbial activity in the ocean causes losses of bioavailable nitrogen and emission of nitrous oxide to the atmosphere, but its predictability at global scales remains limited. Resource ratio theory suggests that anaerobic activity becomes sustainable when the ratio of oxygen to organic matter supply is below the ratio required by aerobic metabolisms. Here, we demonstrate the relevance of this framework at the global scale using three‐dimensional ocean datasets, providing a new interpretation of existing observations. Evaluations of the location and extent of anoxic zones and a diagnostic rate of pelagic nitrogen loss are consistent with previous estimates. However, we demonstrate that a threshold based on substrate‐supply fluxes is qualitatively different from a threshold based solely on the ambient oxygen concentration. This implies that use of the flux‐based threshold in global biogeochemical models can result in different predictions of anaerobic activity and nitrogen loss.
A 21st Century Warming Threshold for Sustained Greenland Ice Sheet Mass Loss
Authors: Noël B. , van Kampenhout L. , Lenaerts J. T. M. , van de Berg W. J. , van den Broeke M. R.
Published: January 2021

Under anticipated future warming, the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) will pass a threshold when meltwater runoff exceeds the accumulation of snow, resulting in a negative surface mass balance (SMB < 0) and sustained mass loss. Here, we dynamically and statistically downscale the outputs of an Earth system model to 1 km resolution to infer that a Greenland near‐surface atmospheric warming of 4.5 ± 0.3°C—relative to preindustrial—is required for GrIS SMB to become persistently negative. Climate models from CMIP5 and CMIP6 translate this regional temperature change to a global warming threshold of 2.7 ± 0.2°C. Under a high‐end warming scenario, this threshold may be reached around 2055, while for a strong mitigation scenario it will likely not be passed. Depending on the emissions scenario taken, our method estimates 6–13 cm sea level rise from GrIS SMB by the year 2100.
Deep Waters in British Columbia Mainland Fjords Show Rapid Warming and Deoxygenation From 1951 to 2020
Authors: Jackson Jennifer M. , Bianucci Laura , Hannah Charles G. , Carmack Eddy C. , Barrette Jessy
Published: January 2021

Many complex fjord systems cross British Columbia's coastline. A 70 year (1951–2020) time series analysis of temperature, salinity, and oxygen in four such fjords between ∼54 and 50oN (Douglas Channel, Rivers Inlet, Knight Inlet and Bute Inlet) shows that changes were greatest in deep waters between the sill and the bottom. In Rivers, Knight and Bute Inlet, the deep water temperature increased by 1.2–1.3°C over 70 years, up to two times the global average for open ocean waters at corresponding depths, while salinity increased by 0.1–0.2, and oxygen decreased by 0.4–0.7 mLL−1. The most northern inlet, Douglas Channel, showed a temperature increase of 0.8°C from 1951 to 2016, while trends in oxygen and salinity were not statistically significant. An analysis of Apparent Oxygen Utilization suggests that the deep waters in Douglas Channel are more readily exchanged with the outer coast than the three other fjords.
Reduced Lower Mississippi River Discharge During the Medieval Era
Authors: Wiman Charlotte , Hamilton Brynnydd , Dee Sylvia G. , Muñoz Samuel E.
Published: January 2021

Changes in climate are expected to influence discharge of the lower Mississippi River, but projections disagree on whether discharge will increase or decrease over the coming century. Using a reconstructed median peak annual flow for the past 1,500 years based on geomorphic scaling laws, we show that discharge on the lower Mississippi River decreased during the Medieval era (c. 1000–1200 CE)—a period of regionally warm and dry conditions that serves as a partial analog for projected warming. These changes in discharge inferred from channel morphology track discharge simulated in the Community Earth System Model Last Millennium Ensemble. Simulations show that decreased Medieval era discharge is driven primarily by regionally enhanced evapotranspiration. Our findings are consistent with 21st century projections of decreased discharge on the lower Mississippi River under moderate greenhouse forcing scenarios, and demonstrate consistency between reconstructed and simulated discharge over the last millennium.
Greenland Ice Sheet Mass Balance (1992–2020) From Calibrated Radar Altimetry
Authors: Simonsen Sebastian B. , Barletta Valentina R. , Colgan William T. , Sørensen Louise Sandberg
Published: January 2021

We present the first 1992–2020 record of Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) mass balance derived from multisatellite Ku‐band altimetry. We employ an empirical approach as an alternative detailed to radar‐propagation modeling, and instead convert elevation changes observed by radar altimetry into mass changes using spatiotemporal calibration fields. This calibration field is derived from a machine learning approach that optimizes the prediction of a previously published mass balance field as a function of ice sheet variables. Our mass balance record shows a GrIS contribution of 12.1 ± 2.3 mm sea‐level equivalent since 1992, with more than 80% of this contribution occurring after 2003. Our record also suggests that the 2017 hydrological year is the first year in the 21st century which, within uncertainties, the GrIS was in balance. Overall, the 28‐year radar‐derived mass balance record we present highlights the potential of the method to provide operational mass balance estimates derived from multisatellite Ku‐band altimetry.
Field Observation Evidence for Kink Points in the Vertical Kinetic Energy Flux Profiles of Wind‐Blown Sand Over Gobi and Its Significance
Authors: Tan Lihai , Qu Jianjun , Wang Tao , Zhang Kai , An Zhishan
Published: January 2021

Wind‐blown sand over Gobi can cause severe sand abrasion. The vertical flux profiles, especially that of the kinetic energy (KE), determine the erosion intensity. However, the vertical distribution of the KE flux of wind‐blown sand over Gobi remains poorly understood. Here, we report comprehensive field‐based measurements of the vertical flux profiles of wind‐blown sand over three typical Gobi surfaces during four transport events. The results show that unlike the exponential decrease in the particle count flux with height, the KE flux profile curve was non‐monotonic and could be well fitted by a Pearson VII function. The height where the maximum KE flux density occurred (kink points) ranged from 0.09 to 0.15 m above the ground. In addition, the non‐monotonic KE flux profiles primarily emerged during periods of strong transport and were mainly caused by large saltating sand particles due to their high KE as they rebounded from the grain‐bed collision.
GLONASS Observation of Artificial Field‐Aligned Plasma Irregularities Near Magnetic Zenith During EISCAT HF Experiment
Authors: Sato H. , Rietveld M. T. , Jakowski N.
Published: January 2021

We report on simultaneous observation of artificial plasma density irregularities near the magnetic zenith (MZ) by incoherent scatter radar and GNSS satellite in the high latitude. During an EISCAT (European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association) HF heating experiment, a GLONASS satellite signal intersected the disturbed ionospheric volume along the local magnetic field lines. The satellite signal amplitude and phase were simultaneously perturbed when the electron temperature increased in the F region through O‐mode HF waves. The field‐aligned irregularities (FAIs) and associated density perturbations are most significantly found in the MZ direction. The growth of FAI reached the saturation level in 30 s while large‐scale electron density perturbation on the order of 0.1 TECU developed in a few minutes. The observed density perturbations agree well with recent numerical studies of FAI generation due to the thermal self‐focusing process.
Constraining Southern Ocean CO2 Flux Uncertainty Using Uncrewed Surface Vehicle Observations
Authors: Sutton A. J. , Williams N. L. , Tilbrook B.
Published: January 2021

Remote, harsh conditions of the Southern Ocean challenge our ability to observe the region’s influence on the climate system. Southern Ocean air‐sea CO2 flux estimates have significant uncertainty due to the reliance on limited ship‐dependent observations in combination with satellite‐based and interpolated data products. We utilize a new approach, making direct measurements of air‐sea CO2, wind speed, and surface ocean properties on an Uncrewed Surface Vehicle (USV). In 2019, the USV completed the first autonomous circumnavigation of Antarctica providing hourly CO2 flux estimates. Using this unique data set to constrain potential error in different measurements and propagate those through the CO2 flux calculation, we find that different wind speed products and sampling frequencies have the largest impact on CO2 flux estimates with biases that range from −4% to +20%. These biases and poorly constrained interannual variability could account for discrepancies between different approaches to estimating Southern Ocean CO2 uptake.
A Novel Method for Deriving the Vary‐Chap Scale Height Profile in the Topside Ionosphere
Authors: Wang Sicheng , Huang Sixun , Fang Hanxian
Published: January 2021

The modeling of topside ionospheric electron density using height‐varying scale height methods have received increasing attention. The modified Chapman function with a variable scale height, known as Vary‐Chap function, can well represent the topside electron density profiles, and is considered as a promising direction to improve the International Reference Ionosphere model. In order to facilitate modeling, a new formula with four unknown coefficients is proposed to fit the Vary‐Chap scale height, and these unknowns can be determined by the least squares technique. The approximated electron density profile is reconstructed by using the fitted scale height, and its average percentage error relative to the measured electron density profile is quantitatively analyzed by using the Alouette/ISIS topside sounder data sets and COSMIC radio occultation databases, and the accuracies of five other approaches (i.e., Nava et al., 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2008.01.015; Nusmei et al., 2012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012RS004989; Porl et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-019-09521-3; Reinisch et al., 2007, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2006.05.032; Wu et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027637) to approximate the topside electron density profiles are also compared. From the perspective of average percentage error, our formula performs well to reconstruct the topside electron density profiles, especially at the altitudes between hmF2 and hmF2 + 1,200 km.
Compositional Mapping of the Nili Patera Feldspathic Unit: Extent and Implications for Formation
Authors: Eggers Gabriel L. , Wray James J. , Dufek Josef
Published: January 2021

Decades of study of the igneous martian crust concluded that it was primarily basaltic, but a range of new investigations find evidence of evolved compositions. Foremost of these is a highly feldspathic unit within the Nili Patera caldera of Syrtis Major, the only detection with preserved volcanic context but which nonetheless remains ambiguous in exact composition and formation. We conduct compositional mapping of this feldspathic unit via near‐infrared spectroscopy from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars instrument and find that the unit occupies at minimum 104 km2 at high confidence and an additional 41 km2 at moderately high confidence, meaning the unit is locally significant. We compare our mapping with that inferred from geomorphology and find that while texture and albedo are useful proxies, they are not perfectly reliable as substitutes for thorough compositional investigation. Study of the boundary between the feldspathic unit and surrounding mafic rock indicates the former formed early and may extend locally in the subsurface. We consider what compositional mixtures could explain the conflicting interpretations derived from visible/near‐infrared and thermal infrared spectroscopy, concluding it is likely due to thermophysical differences between the light‐toned feldspathic unit and the infilling dark mafic sand. We discuss proposed plutonic and volcanic formation scenarios for the feldspathic unit, considering Earth analogs and implications for the parent magmatic system, and offer observations in rock texture and composition that would clarify.
A Simple Correction Term to Model Infiltration in Water‐Repellent Soils
Authors: Abou Najm M. R. , Stewart Ryan D. , Di Prima Simone , Lassabatere Laurent
Published: January 2021

Soil water repellency can substantially alter hydrologic processes, particularly the ability of soils to infiltrate water. Water repellency often changes through time, making it difficult to simulate infiltration behaviors of water‐repellent soils using standard models. Here, we propose a simple rate‐based correction term that starts with a value of zero at the beginning of the infiltration process (t = 0) and asymptotically approaches 1 as time increases, thus simulating decreasing soil water repellency through time. The correction term can be used with any infiltration model. For this study, we selected a simple two‐term infiltration equation and then, using two data sets of infiltration measurements conducted in soils with varying water repellency, compared model error with versus without the added term. The correction substantially reduced model error, particularly in more repellent soils. At the same time, the rate constant parameter introduced in the new model may be useful to better understand dynamics of soil water repellency and to provide more consistent interpretations of hydraulic properties in water‐repellent soils.