bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computed Tomography of the Brain in Children with Early Infantile Autism
Authors: Hoshino Yoshihiko , Manome Taei , Kaneko Motohisa , Yashima Yuko , Kumashiro Hisashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In order to examine the cranial CT of autistic children and investigate the etiological significance of CT scan findings, the CT of the brain was surveyed in 24 children with early infantile autism (3 to 17 years with a mean age of 7.6), and 179 children with the normal CT despite their medical histories such as headaches or febrile convulsions. According to their ages, the autistic and normal children were divided into the following three groups: Group I (age ranging from 3 to 5), Group II (age: 6 to 9) and Group 111 (age: 10 to 17). 1) There was no significant difference between the bifrontal CVI of the autistic children and that of the normal children. However, in Group III, the bifrontal CVI of the autistic children was significantly higher than that of the normal children. 2) There was no significant difference between the bicaudate CVL of the autistic children and that of the normal children. However, in Groups I and II, the bicaudate CVI of the autistic children was significantly lower than that of the normal children. 3) The maximum widths of the third ventricle showed no significant difference between the autistic and normal children. However, in Groups II and III(, those of the autistic children were wider than those of the normal children. In the autistic children, as the age increases, the difference becomes significantly wider. A positive correlation was observed between the width of the third ventricle and ages of the autistic children. 4) An examination of the right‐left ratio of maximum transverse diameter of the brain showed that there was no significant difference between the autistic and normal children. The above‐mentioned results (1)‐4)) might suggest a progressive disorder of the brain structure surrounding the third ventricle or lateral ventricles in the autistic children.
Simultaneous Measurement of Various Antidepressants in the Plasma of Depressed Patients by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Yufu Nobuo , Itoh Masatoshi , Notomi Akito , Nakao Hiroyuki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A simultaneous analytical method was reported for measuring the plasma levels of amitriptyline, imipramine, clomipramine, maprotiline, nor‐triptyline, desipramine, desmethylclomipramine, desmethylmaprotiline and amoxapine by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The total plasma levels of each parent drug plus its desmethyl metabolite were monitored in 29 depressed patients administered with amitriptyline, maprotiline or amoxapine using the present analytical method. There were significant linear correlations between the dose per kg body weight and the total plasma levels with amitriptyline and maprotiline, but no such correlation was found with amoxapine. The ratios of total plasma levels to dose per kg body weight of these three drugs were lower in outpatients than in inpatients. These results indicate that the monitoring of plasma levels of antidepressants is useful in treating depression.
Correlation between EEG and Clinicopathological Change in Neuro‐Behçet's Syndrome
Authors: Matsumoto Kanji
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The serial EEGs on 10 cases of neuro‐Behcet's syndrome have been investigated and were compared with the clinical symptomatology and autopsy findings in 4 cases. In 8 cases, the EEGs showed a mild to moderate increase in slowed alpha and theta waves and in 5 cases diffuse alpha patterns. In 2 cases, large slow wave patterns were observed and in Case 10, large slow waves changed into low voltage fast dominant patterns following the status epilepticus. In all the cases, the EEG changes seemed to be well correlated with the clinical symptoms. Our present study suggested that the diffuse alpha patterns were only seen in cases with the least affected brain stem diffuse projection system. From the investigation of the sequential alterations of large slow waves in Case 10, it was suggested that a synchronization mechanism would lie in the medulla oblongata.
Clinical Efficacy, Extrapyramidal Symptoms and Serum Levels: Influence of Administration Schedules and Concomitant Drugs on Serum Bromperidol Concentrations
Authors: Fujii Yasuo , Tateyama Masato , Kamisada Mamoru , Tanoue Akira , Takamiya Maki , Nakajima Seiichiro , Itoh Hitoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Bromperidol (4 or 12 mg per day) was administered to 18 newly admitted schizophrenics and 29 chronic schizophrenic inpatients once or four times a day and the two dose schedules were compared. The bromperidol levels in the four‐times‐a‐day group were significantly higher than those in the once‐a‐day group and the daily variation in the serum level of the agent was markedly wider in the latter than in the former patients. The incidence and severity of extrapyramidal symptoms were not significantly different between the two. A clear relationship was not present between the serum levels and the development of extrapyramidal symptoms. The bromperidol serum values were not correlated with the therapeutic response but, at more than 5 ng per ml, there might be a positive correlation between the bromperidol levels and clinical efficacy in the newly admitted schizophrenics. As for concomitant medication, levomepromazine may raise the bromperidol serum level. An anti‐parkinson drug failed to depress the bromperidol level.
Computed Tomography in Pick's Disease
Authors: Tobo Mizue , Fujii Isao , Hoaki Takayuki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Pick's disease is a rare cause of dementia. We studied two clinical cases of Pick's disease in its early stage. A computed tomography (CT) demonstrated lobar atrophy affecting primarily the anterior portions of the frontal lobes and the inferior portions of the temporal lobes. The fact that the characteristic pattern of lobar atrophy is already apparent in the early stage of the disease was demonstrated.
Treatment of Headache with Antidepressant
Authors: Tsuji Motohiro , Iida Hideharu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Headache was classified, in conformity to the classification of headache as specified by the Ad Hoc Committee, into migraine, contraction and combined types and others. Tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine having pharmacological properties, which are said to relatively and uniquely inhibit the reuptake of serotonin in the syeapses, was administered for headaches and the clinical effects on headaches were examined. Headaches assumed to be attributable to depression were excluded by means of quationing and Zung's self‐rating depression scale. Furthermore, the MMPI, MPI and MAS mentality tests were also employed to clarify the characters and traits of these patients with headache. Also, the biochemical mechanism playing a part in the occurrence of headache was conjectured from the pharmacological action pattern of the antidepressant.
Amygdaloid Kindling in Papio Cynocephalus and Subsequent Recurrent Spontaneous Seizures*
Authors: Corcoran Michael E. , Cain Donald P. , Wada Juhn A.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Three baboons, Papio cynocephalus, (two photosensitive and one nonphotosensitive) were subjected to amygdaloid kindling. Electroclinical profile of seizure development‐developed seizure compares very favourably to that described in photosensitive baboons, Papio papio, with rapid seizure progression and ultimate emergence of Stage 5 bisymmetrical and bisynchronous generalized convulsive state. In addition, one baboon developed spontaneous recurrent seizures which were identical to the kindled Stage 5 seizure. It is concluded that the state of exceptional seizure susceptibility observed in Papio papio is shared by Papio cynocephalus, although photosensitivity and kindled generalized convulsion appear to be independent variables.
Age‐Related Changes in the Purkinje's Cells in the Rat Cerebellar Cortex: A Quantitative Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: Ogata Ryo , Ikari Koichi , Hayashi Michihiko , Tamai Koh , Tagawa Kensuke
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The present study was undertaken to assess age‐related changes in the Purkinje's cells in the rat cerebellar cortex. The cellular and nucleolar volumes and the volume percentage of lipofuscin per cytoplasmaz were measured in six age groups. The number of Purkinje's cells was also counted. The cellular volume of rats aged 18, 24 and 30 months decreased significantly as compared with that of 3–month‐old rats. The nucleolar volume of rats aged 12, 18, 24 and 30 months decreased significantly as compared with that of 3–month‐old rats. The accumulation of lipofuscin in the cytoplasma of the Purkinje's cells was observed more or less in all ages. The degree of accumulation of lipofuscin in the Purkinje's cells increased with aging. The number of Purkinje's cells at the ages of 24 and 30 months decreased significantly as compared with that of 3–month‐old rats.
Frequency of Criteria‐Defined Borderline Patients among the First‐Visit Patients at a Psychiatric Clinic
Authors: Ota Toshio , Okazaki Yuji , Anzai Nobuo , Miyauchi Masaru , Ikebuchi Emi , Ozawa Michio , Suzuki Jun‐ichi , Machiyama Yukiteru
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Five trained psychiatrists evaluated 330 first‐visit patients aged from 12 to 30 at a psychiatric outpatient facility using the DSM‐III criteria (Axis‐I and Axis‐II). Seven cases were diagnosed as definite Borderline Personality Disorder and six cases as definite Schizotypal Personality Disorder. Hence, we had a total of 13 criteria‐defined borderline patients (3.9%). Discussions were held on some methodological problems involved in collecting information and making diagnostic judgments.
Assessment of P300 Latencies for Individual EEG Responses Employing an Adaptive Correlating Filter
Authors: Yamazaki Kiyoyuki , Akimoto Masaru , Hiramatsu Ken‐ichi , Niwa Shin‐ichi , Kameyama Tomomichi , Saitoh Osamu , Rymar Karen , Itoh Kenji
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Correlations between latencies of P300 components in evoked potentials and reaction times were investigated in two normal subjects. The subjects were required to perform choice reaction tasks, responding to particular tones among three tones with different frequencies. EEGs were recorded at the Pz region monopolarly. Latencies of P300 for individual EEG responses were measured employing an adaptive correlating filter. Cross‐correlation coefficients between the second templates employed to identify P300s and individual responses for the subjects ranged from 0.623 to 0.997, with the mean value being 0.931. The correlation coefficient between latencies of P300 and reaction times for the subjects was 0.659. Thus, the adaptive correlating filter was proved to be useful in psychophysiological studies.
Possible Relationship between Antimanic Effect and Activity of Zotepine to 5HT1 Receptor
Authors: Harada Toshiki , Ebara Takashi , Otsuki Saburo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Zotepine (ZTP), synthesized by Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. for possible use as an antipsychotic drug, clinically features a very rapid and potent antimanic effect. To elucidate the psychopharmacological mechanisms of zotepine, we have attempted to measure the potency of ZTP compared with other neuroleptic drugs in competing for binding sites in the brain associated with dopamine, serotonin (5–HT1, 5–HT2), noradrenaline (NA) and acetyl‐choline. Zotepine was found to have the most potent activity to the 5HT1 receptor among the test drugs. Chlorpromazine and thioridazine, which belong to phenothiazines and clinically have less potent antimanic effect, shared ZTP's potent activity to the NA receptor, while they were less potent than ZTP in activity to the 5HT1 receptor. These results show that the activity of the drugs to the 5HT1 receptor may be associated with the antimanic effect.
Myotonia Induced by Low Chloride Solution: Intracellular Studies by C1 Liquid Ion Exchanger Microelectrode
Authors: Kurihara Teruyuki , Tanaka Masayuki , Shioya Keiichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: By exposing the rat hemidiaphragm preparations to various low chloride solutions, it was demonstrated that myotonia can be induced when the extracellular chloride concentration was reduced below 82 mEq/L. Myotonia can be induced simply by reducing the extracellular chloride concentration without any significant reduction of RMP. The intracellular and extracellular chloride activity was measured by the liquid ion exchanger microelectrode. The control intracellular chloride activity was 10.8 mEq/L and that of myotonic specimen in a low chloride solution of 47 mEq/L was 4.4 mEq/L. Chloride conductance was closely related to the extracellular chloride concentration and myotonia was induced when gc1 was 38.3% of the control.
β‐Carbolines: Endogenous Ligands for the Benzodiazepine Receptor
Authors: Ogawa Norio , Mori Akitane
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The interaction of benzodiazepines (BDZ) and β‐carbolines with metal cations was investigated. Δmong the numerous transition metal cations, only four, Co2+, Ni2, Cu2+ and Zn2+, specifically affected the receptor binding of [3H]diazepam and [3H]β‐carboline‐3‐carboxylic acid ethyl ester (β‐CCE). The effects of these cations on [3H]diazepam binding were exactly opposite to those on [3H]β‐CCE binding. An intraperitoneal injection of β‐carboline‐3‐carboxylic acid methyl ester (β‐CCM) produced spike discharges and β‐CCM induced spike discharges were prevented by an intramuscular injection of BDZ. These findings suggest that β‐carbolines could be related to the proposed endogenous ligand and that BDZ might be antagonistic rather than agonistic of the naturally occurring ligand.
Seamless Transition from Recurrent Absence Seizures to a Generalized Tonic‐Clonic Convulsion with Focal Onset
Authors: Yagi Kazuichi , Seino Masakazu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: An unclassified seizure characterized by a seamless transition from a series of absence seizures to a generalized tonic‐clonic convulsion with an apparent focal onset was described in a 15‐year‐old male patient. At the beginning of a lengthy series of recurrent absences, the ictal EEGs showed diffuse 3 Hz spike‐and‐wave rhythms with a frontal dominancy. However, the frequency of the spike‐wave rhythms varied from 2 to 3 Hz 9 minutes after the onset. The intervals between each absence gradually shortened until the last absence abruptly developed into a versive movement of the head. While this transition occurred, the spike‐wave complexes became less rhythmic and synchronized and an abrupt occurrence of repetitive spiking ensued in the right frontal region immediately prior to the left‐sided head turning. The frontal focal spiking progressed to a high‐voltage spiking activity over the entire right and then both hemispheres corresponding to the appearance of a generalized tonic‐clonic convulsion. From the clinical and electrographic points of view, it was concluded that a secondarily generalized tonic‐clonic convulsion with a focal motor onset took place immediately following the lengthy series of absences. There were no focal epileptic abnormalities in the interictal EEGs before and after this ictal event. One explanation of this rare ictal phenomenon is the possibility that a dormant frontal epileptogenic focus was transiently activated through the continuous bombardment of generalized spike‐wave discharges.
Clinical Characteristics of Grand mal (Generalized Tonic‐Clonic Convulsion): A Contribution to the Ictal Symptomatology
Authors: Kakegawa Norio , Fukushima Katsuyuki , Ogata Akira , Morikawa Tateki , Higashi Takushi , Seino Masakazu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the possibilities of whether the long‐ranged clinical course of generalized tonic‐clonic convulsions (GTC) and the ictal symptomatology were modified in accordance with the patho‐etiological backgrounds of epilepsies as reflected by the International Classification (1970). The study consisted of two parts: 1) A transsectional survey of 1,896 patients dealing with the onset age and seizure frequency of GTCs, the time of occurrence in the sleeping‐waking cycle, the GTC monosymptomatic course in comparison with that of combined seizures and the seizure prognosis as a result of drug response. It was found that the mode of occurrence and the clinical course unequivocally differed in accordance with the type of epilepsies: primary (idiopathic) generalized, secondary (symptomatic) generalized and partial. 2) An analysis of the ictal symptomatology of GTC by the use of a simultaneous recording was conducted on 42 GTCs of 42 patients who were carefully selected based on the criteria the authors defined. The clinical features of the convulsive phenomena and concurrent seizure discharges enabled us to subclassify them into three groups; typical, atypical and secondarily generalized. GTCs in patients with partial epilepsies were, of course, all found in the secondarily generalized group while GTCs in patients with primary generalized epilepsies were typical. It was emphasized that atypical GTCs were found in patients either with the Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome or with other secondary generalized epilepsies, whereas there was no atypical GTC in patients either with primary generalized or partial epilepsies. The ictal EEG expressions were found crucial in differentiating these three groups in addition to the symmetry and asymmetry of GTCs. It has been discussed that such distinctly different ictal expressions of GTCs may reflect the pathoetiological backgrounds of epilepsies: primary (centrencephalic), secondary (diffuse or multifocal) and partial (localization‐related lesional).
Natural History and Prognosis of Partial Seizures Evolving to Secondarily Generalized Tonic‐Clonic Seizures
Authors: Yamaguchi Nariyoshi , Sano Joh
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A survey was conducted in order to obtain reliable information on the natural history and prognosis of partial seizures evolving to secondarily generalized tonic‐clonic seizures (GTC) under a modern treatment approach. One‐hundred and fifty‐one patients have had partial seizures evolving to secondarily GTC and the rate of patients with this seizure type was 32.1% out of 470 epileptic patients in the Outpatient Clinic of the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa University Hospital, in 1982. Out of the 151, 142 patients were successfully followed up. The rate of complete remission of seizures in those patients was 42.3%. The number of patients who were successfully followed up in the initial EEG and the present EEG together were 124 cases. The rate of complete improvement of EEG findings in those cases was 12.1%.
Mental Health of the Aged in the Depopulated Areas of Japan
Authors: Matsubara Taro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Over the past 20 years from 1961, we have been conducting research on the relation between the mental and physical state of old people and the depopulation process in the mountain areas of Japan. People over 65 years old have been studied annually, with the use of Hasegawa's method and Amako's scale of grading age and Zung's depression scale mentally. For their physical checkup, ECG and blood pressure, etc. were taken. In the early stages of our study, a significant difference was observed between the people in the depopulated areas and those living in the plains. However, we have been unable to find significant differences of the occurrence of senile dementia between these two areas since 1977, nor of the physical state of the elderly since 1981. We did observe more people with a higher level of Zung's depression scale in the depopulated areas in 1984. Since Japan's economic growth slowed down by the two oil shocks has never revitalized the depopulated areas, the old people are still left alone in the mountain areas. However, they now regularly receive good meal services by local welfare committees. Supermarkets have also appeared in some villages, so that the aged have easier access to nutritious food such as meats, fruits and milk. Still, we find bedridden elderly patients more often in these depopulated areas, as well as a statistically greater incidence of suicides (r =− 0.42, p < 0.01). It is our fervent desire that more psychological support should be given to the aged in the depopulated areas, such as visits to their homes by public nurses, or more frequent phone‐calls by volunteers.
Lymphocyte Subsets in HLA‐DR2‐Positive Narcoleptic Patients
Authors: Matsuki Kazumasa , Honda Yutaka , Naohara Tohru , Satake Masahiro , Someya Toshiyuki , Harada Seiichi , Juji Takeo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: On the basis of our recent finding that all narcoleptic patients were HLA‐DR2 positive, peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets were examined in 30 HLA‐DR2 positive narcoleptic patients by using monoclonal antibodies and a flow cytometry. The percentages of OKIa1+ cells and OKM1+ cells increased significantly, while no quantitative changes were observed in the T cell subsets examined in the present study. No major immunological abnormalities which altered the T cell subpopulations quantitatively were apparent in narcolepsy.
L‐Dopa‐Induced Asterixis
Authors: Kobayashi Itsuro , Osawa Mikio , Ohta Kohei , Maruyama Shoichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Three cases with the occurrence of asterixis during the administration of L‐dopa were reported. Liver and metabolic functions were normal in all the patients. Upon the appearance of asterixis no other involuntary movements probably resulting from an excess administration of L‐dopa were observed. Asterixis occurred accompanied by clinical symptoms such as hallucination and a mild clouding of consciousness by insomnia. Because of its reversal with drug withdrawal, asterixis seemed to be L‐dopa‐related. The biochemical basis of asterixis is not known but may involve the dopaminergic or serotonergic system.
Plasma Free Tryptophan Concentration in Children with Attention Deficit Disorder
Authors: Hoshino Yoshihiko , Ohno Yoshinori , Yamamoto Toshiaki , Kaneko Motohisa , Kumashiro Hisashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In order to examine the serotonin metabolism in children with attention deficit disorder (ADD), plasma tryptophan, which is the precursor of serotonin, was measured in 10 children with ADD and 12 normal children.

The mean plasma total tryptophan level in the children with ADD was not significantly different from that of the normal children.

The mean plasma free tryptophan level in the children with ADD was significantly higher than that in the normal children. There tended to be a positive correlation between the plasma free tryptophan level and the Werry‐Weiss‐Peters Activity Scale in children with ADD. In other words, the more severe the hyperactivity of ADD, the higher the plasma free tryptophan level.

The mean ratio of plasma free to total tryptophan levels in the children with ADD was significantly higher than that in the normal children, which means that the children with ADD showed a high amount of free tryptophan in the total tryptophan level.

These results suggest that there might be some disturbance in the tryptophan‐serotonin metabolism in the brain of a child with ADD.
Deposits of Neuronal Ceroid‐Lipofuscinosis in Transitional Structures—Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: Kurokawa Yasuo , Ueno Takeji , Nakamura Nishio , Kimura Naoki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Deposits of neuronal ceroid‐lipofuscinosis in two cases were studied using the electron microscopy. The structure most frequently observed in both cases was a curvilinear body containing fingerprint patterns. Other structures, such as the granular pattern, zebra body‐like structure and vacuole, were also observed less frequently. A loose pattern, which had an intermediate curvature between the fingerprint pattern and curvilinear body, was found for the first time. They might play an important role on the morphogenesis in the deposit of neuronal ceroid‐lipofuscinosis.
Olivary Hypertrophy in a Case with Palatal Myoclonus:Light‐ and Electron‐microscopic Study
Authors: Kurachi Masayoshi , Nakamura Ichiro , Katsukawa Kazuhiko , Kobayashi Katsuji , Sano Yuzuru , Isaki Kiminori , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This is a report on the ultrastructural finding of the olivary hypertrophy in a case with palatal myoclonus. By light microscopy two types of neuronal changes were observed in the inferior olivary nucleus, i.e. the central chromatolysis and cytoplasmic vacuolation. Both types were also recognized by electron microscopy and the cytoplasmic vascuolation was identified as the vesiculated endoplasmic reticulum. In the reactive astrocytes, mitochondria were strikingly proliferated.
A Study of EEG Activities during Sleep‐Wakefulness States in Rabbits by Autocorrelation and Power Spectrum Analyses
Authors: Miyara Tetsuo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A polysomnography was performed on nine rabbits with electrodes chronically implanted at the sensorimotor and visual corticies and hippocampus. The physiological sleep of the rabbits was divided into three stages:awake (W), slow wave sleep (SWS) and REM sleep (REM). For autocorrelation and power spectrum analyses, a transitional zone (T) from W to SWS was added to the fundamental three stages. No essential differences between the mean frequencies of the cortical and hippocampal EEGs were seen. The mean frequencies of hippocampal EEG were as follows:6.4 in W, 5.4 and 2.4 in T, 2.2 in SWS and 7.3 Hz in REM. The mean peak frequency of hippocampal EEG during REM was significantly higher than that during W.
Handedness Conversion in Children and Parental Handedness
Authors: Shimizu Akinori , Endo Masaomi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In order to find out which factor, genetic or environmental, is more involved in determining hand usage, the distribution of handedness in Japanese senior high school students and the success of their parents' attempts at conversion of handedness was investigated with respect to four pairings of parental handedness. When a child's handedness was related to that of the parent, children of a left‐handed parent were more likely to be non‐right‐handed than those of both right‐handed parents. There was no significant relation between parental handedness and the rate of handedness conversion of children. The results are in favor of the view that human handedness is genetically rather than forcibly determined by parents, although environmental factors such as parents' interference are involved in decreasing the incidence of non‐right‐handedness in Japan.
Risk Factors for the Increased Seizure Frequency during Pregnancy and Puerperium
Authors: Otani Koichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Possible factors affecting the seizure frequency during pregnancy and puerperium were prospectively studied on 125 cases, paying particular attention to the drug compliance and the antiepileptic drug disposition. Of the subjects, 27% were under the poor compliance category. As the reasons for the poor compliance, anxiety about the side effects of antiepileptic drugs including teratogenecity and the harmful effects on their newborns by breast feeding were found in about half of them. In the cases with regular drug taking, 80% showed no change in the seizure frequency whereas only 16% exhibited an increase and 4% a decrease. The apparent serum clearance of phenytoin, primidone, phenobarbitone derived from primidone and valproic acid increased during pregnancy and puerperium. In some cases, the lowering of the serum level of drugs was associated with the aggravation of seizures.
EEG Abnormalities in Nonepileptic Patients
Authors: Iida Norihiko , Okada Shigeko , Tsuboi Takayuki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A total of 202 nonepileptic patients (120 males and 82 females) who exhibited spike abnormalities at least twice in their EEG examinations were studied. The incidence of spike abnormalities among nonepileptic patients was 8.1% (847/10,473). The majority (90%) were under age 19. Headache, dizziness and vomiting, and abdominal pain were more frequently observed compared with controls. Mild paroxysmal EEG abnormalities such as diffuse irregular slow wave bursts with spike (27%), positive spikes (25%) or small spike (8.4%) were commonly detected.

In three patients who developed epileptic seizures during the follow‐up period, more specific EEG abnormalities were often exhibited. Other factors like the age at onset before 9, characteristic clinical symptoms or a positive family history of seizures were confirmed to be necessary for the manifestation of clinical seizures.
EEG Changes 24 Hours after Myelography with Metrizamide
Authors: Koshino Yoshifumi , Isaki Kiminori , Kihara Yoshiharu , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi , Yugami Hiroshi , Yamamoto Sekitoshi , Baba Hisatoshi , Umeda Shinichiro , Shima Iwao , Nomura Susumu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A prospective study of EEG changes following metrizamide myelography was made on 34 patients aged 17–79 years. EEGs were recorded just before and 22–26 hours after myelography. Usually 8–10 ml of metrizamide was injected by either lumbar or lateral cervical puncture. The concentration of metrizamide was relatively high. EEGs were abnormal in 15 out of the 20 patients whose baseline EEGs were normal. EEGs deteriorated in 10 of the 14 patients whose control tracings were abnormal. High voltage delta activity and/or a great deal of theta activity were common abnormalities. Three patients showed triphasic waves. No relationships were found between the EEG changes and clinical variables. But central nervous system involvements by metrizamide tended to be accompanied by a severe EEG slowing.
Sensory and Autonomic Polyneuropathy Associated with Hypergammaglobulinemia
Authors: Sugimoto Seiichiro , Yamamura Yoshinori , Tsuruta Kazuhito , Suzumiya Junji , Mitsukawa Tomohiro , Kurihara Teruyuki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Sensory and autonomic polyneuropathy is a rare disease characterized by a sensory nerve disorder and postganglionic autonomic dysfunction. The etiology of this disease is unknown. We described a 51‐year‐old woman who had a chronic sensory dominant polyneuropathy and dysautonomia associated with hypergammaglobulinemia. In the previous reports of sensory and autonomic polyneuropathy, not much attention was given to coexisting hypergammaglobulinemia. By reviewing the literatures, hypergammaglobulinemia was frequently present in these case reports. This fact leads us to consider that an immunological mechanism may be playing a role in the pathogenesis of this disorder.
Long‐Term Prognosis of Complex Partial Seizures in Childhood
Authors: Kimiya Satoshi , Seki Tohru
Published: March 2008

Abstract. We studied the long‐term prognosis of complex partial seizures in childhood including their electroencephalograms, behavioral problems and adaptation to school or society. In the clinical course, seizures were controlled in 25 cases out of 40 (62.5%). The rate of seizure control was significantly higher in cases with a past history of febrile convulsions, whose onset occurred before 6 years of age and in whom the CT scans were normal. Behavioral, motor and emotional problems included “clumsiness” in 25%, “poor athletes” in 22.5%, “hyperactivity” in 17.5% and “easily enraged” in 12.5% of the cases. The overall cooperation of the surroundings with the patients was thought to be as important a factor as the patients' IQ, motor or emotional problems so that they can get along in school or society.
Episodic Psychotic States in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: An Investigation on Their Physiopathogenesis
Authors: Sengoku Akira , Inoue Yushi , Seino Masakazu
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The discussion here is about the direct relationship of epileptic seizures to episodic psychotic states. The episodic psychotic states were divided into three groups: interictal, ictal and postictal. In each group, one representative case was described and the neurophysiological pathogenesis discussed according to a recent research, mainly depth‐electrode findings. It is believed that: 1) interictal psychotic state—limbic paroxysmal discharges play an important role in its pathogenesis, according to the theory of Geschwindt and others; 2) ictal psychotic state—repetitive auras develop to the psychotic state, and aura continua itself can be described as a psychotic state; and 3) postictal psychotic state—the increased limbic discharges might be responsible for the psychotic state. The common neurophysiological cause in all the three groups is due to the increased epileptic discharges in the limbic system. It is concluded that the episodic psychotic states in temporal lobe epilepsies are possibly of an epileptic nature in themselves.
A Study of Somatostatin Receptors in Amygdaloid‐Kindled Rat Brain
Authors: Higuchi Teruhiko , Kokubu Tomokuni , Sikand G.S. , Wada J.A. , Friesen H.G.
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The present study indicates that in kindled rats there are no differences in the total number or affinity of the binding sites in the temporal cortex and a slight increase in the total number of binding sites in the cortex when compared with controls. These results, in view of our other observations, suggest that in the kindled rat brain there may be an increased release of SRIF but no down‐regulation of SRIF receptors in the temporal cortex and cortex. There appears to be a significant decrease in the number of SRIF receptors in kindled hippocampus. The mechanism by which this occurs remains unclear.
Seizures and Thyrotropin‐Releasing Hormone (TRH) Neural System in the Rat Brain
Authors: Ogawa Norio , Kajita Saburo , Sato Mitsumoto , Mori Akitane
Published: March 2008

Abstract. In order to study the relationship between seizures and the thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) neural system, immunoreactive TRH (IR‐TRH) and TRH receptor binding activity were determined by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)‐induced seizures and amygdaloid (AM) kindling. IR‐TRH markedly increased in the septum 40 and 150 seconds after the PTZ injection. A significant increase in the IR‐TRH concentrations was also noted in the hippocampus and thalamus/midbrain 40 and 150 seconds after the PTZ injection, respectively. However, no significant changes were observed in the TRH receptor binding before, during or after the PTZ‐induced seizures. In addition, a lasting change in the striatal TRH receptors after AM kindling as well as a transient IR‐TRH increase in the limbic structures were seen 48 hours after AM‐kindled convulsions. TRH and its analog (DN‐1417) inhibited PTZ‐induced generalized seizures dose‐dependently. These findings indicate the involvement of the TRH neural system in seizure mechanisms, and suggest that endogenous TRH may be an antiepileptic substance in the brain.
Prevalence of Epilepsy in Okayama Prefecture: A Neuroepidemiologic Study
Authors: Ishida Sumio
Published: March 2008

On the prevalence day, 2,378 epileptic children were identified. Therefore, the prevalence rate for epilepsy was 8.2 per 1,000. The lowest prevalence rate was 1.2 in children under one year of age, and the highest was 11.0 at five years of age. The rate was higher for males than females.

The annual incidence rate for epilepsy was estimated at 145.0 per 100,000 for 1975.

The onset of seizures was high in the first three years, totaling 1,795 cases (77.7%), and this decreased after four years of age.

Primary generalized epilepsy was found in 577 cases (31.7%), secondary generalized epilepsy in 167 (9.2%), partial epilepsy with elementary symptomatology in 205 (11.3%), with complex symptomatology in 61 (3.3%) and partial seizures secondarily generalized in 801 (44.5%).

The study on such a number of cases had hitherto never been reported in the world.
Consultation Psychiatry in a Japanese General Hospital: Patients Referred to Psychiatric Consultation*
Authors: Hattori Takao
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A total of 164 (47%) out of 350 new psychiatric patients in a general hospital in Japan were those referred to psychiatric consultation. In 47% of the cases, concurrent physical and psychiatric disorders were reported. In the referred patients, neurosis (38%) was the most common psychiatric disorder, followed by other nonorganic psychoses (9%), schizophrenic psychoses (8%), alcoholic psychoses (8%), transient organic psychotic conditions (7%), affective psychoses (6%) and others. The high frequency of psychiatric emergency cases (23%) including cases with suicide attempts (12%) indicated that psychiatrists play an important role in psychiatric emergency crisis intervention in the general hospital emergency service. In suicide attempts, depression was most prominent, but schizophrenic psychoses were also involved in a third of the cases.
The Syndrome of Self‐Induced Water Intoxication in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Inoue Kazuomi , Tadai Toshiaki , Kamimura Hiroshi , Miki Hideki , Hashimoto Hiromichi , Nakajima Teruo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This is a report on six psychiatric patients who indulged in excessive ingestion of water and subsequently developed tonic‐clonic seizures in the course of the underlying mental disorders. On the basis of the DSM‐III criteria, they were diagnosed as follows: schizophrenic disorder, 4; schizoaffective disorder, 1; borderline personality disorder, 1. The levels of serum electrolytes were estimated during five episodes of seizures in three patients. Hyponatremia was a consistent finding (serum sodium: mean = 120.6 mEq/liter). Plasma osmolality and plasma levels of arginine vasopressin (AVP) were determined during two episodes in two patients. The inappropriately high circulating levels of AVP relative to plasma hypoosmolality were documented. However, the response to the overnight fluid deprivation and acute water load during the period of no seizures in two patients revealed no evidence of the persistent SIADH, suggesting the temporal association of hyponatremic encephalopathy with inappropriate AVP secretion. It is not conclusive whether the transient SIADH is the cause or the consequence of hyponatremic encephalopathy, although a delusion or an auditory hallucination could play a critical role in drinking water excessively in three patients.
Tokyo Child Development Schedule — I. Test‐Retest Reliability and Concurrent Validity —
Authors: Kurita Hiroshi , Uchiyama Tsutomu , Takesada Masashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The Tokyo Child Development Schedule (TCDS) consisting of 140 items divided into seven areas—gross motor, fine motor, self‐help, play, socialization, speech and comprehension‐cognition—was developed. Each item is checked by a caretaker of a child with a three‐point scale: pass, sometimes pass and fail. All of the seven areas and the entire portion of the TCDS exhibited a high grade of test‐retest reliability. All but two of the items showed good agreement between the results of the two‐time ratings. In 53 children with or without autistic features, the total scores on the TCDS and mental ages on the Japanese version of the Stanford‐Binet Intelligence Scale demonstrated the value of correlation coefficient (r) of 0.779.
Clinical and Biochemical Effects of Calcium‐Hopantenate on Neuroleptics‐Induced Tardive Dyskinesia
Authors: Kashihara Kenichi , Ebara Takashi , Yamamoto Mitsutoshi , Ogawa Toshihiko , Harada Toshiki , Otsuki Saburo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Calcium‐hopantenate (HOP A), a derivative of GABA, was administered to 9 psychiatric patients with neuroleptics‐induced tardive dyskinesia. In a clinical study, involuntary movements have improved significantly after a 4–8‐week medication. Although there was no correlation between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of HOPA, GABA, HVA or clinical response, the CSF HOPA levels significantly correlated with changes in the CSF GABA levels. These results suggest that HOPA alleviates the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia being mediated by the central GABAergic mechanisms.
Expectancy‐Related Cerebral Potentials Associated with Voluntary Time Estimation and Omitted Stimulus
Authors: Takasaka Yoichiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Expectancy‐related and nonexpectancy‐related cerebral potentials associated with stimuli and omitted stimuli were recorded in 7 normal subjects. The stimuli were constantly delivered to the right median nerve and the inter‐stimulus interval was set at 7 seconds.

When the subject counted to estimate the interstimulus interval correctly, a slow negative deflection appeared about one second prior to both the stimuli and the omitted stimuli. In the case of the omitted stimulus, this expectancy‐related negative potential (ENP) returned to the base line after several hundred msec. When the stimuli were delivered, the amplitude of the P300 was much higher when the subject was paying attention to the stimuli than when he was not.

The scalp distribution of the ENP was rather anterior to the P300. No ENP appeared when the subject was not paying attention to the stimuli or the omitted stimuli, or when the stimuli were delivered at a random rate.
On Latent School Refusal in Junior High School
Authors: Shimizu Masayuki , Yasuda Yoshihiro , Tanaka Tetsunori
Published: March 2008

Abstract: School refusal is a grave social problem for adolescents, their families, schools andsociety in Japan today as well as other developed countries. We researched the mentality of junior high school pupils about their feelings or moods toward school attendance with a set of questionnaires in order to know how much they were oppressed by daily schoolattendance.

From such a viewpoint, we tried the questionnaire program at seven public junior highschools in a small city in the suburbs that developed rapidly and located not far away from a big city. We selected our subjects at random from one class out of each grade of each junior high school. The number of the subject pupils was 838: 429 boys and 409 girls. We postulated that the latent school refusals were those who answered all “yes” to three items which was always the case by school refusals in our climical experience. We found 117 latent school refusals out of the 838: 65 boys and 52 girls.

We considered three factors–problems concerning school, family and other daily activities.

From our research, we recognize that there are many pupils attending school with the possibility of them becoming dropouts (14.0%). Their mentality is characteristic of school refusal itself while they attend school almost everyday. We clinicians should be aware of the social structure and make every effort to secure the healthy development of adolescents.
A Contribution to Rehospitalization of Schizophrenics
Authors: Kimura Sadamu , Kutani Naonori , Matsumoto Shinichirou , Nakanishi Kazuo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A statistical investigation of rehospitalization was carried out retrospectively on 148 schizophrenics who had been repeatedly admitted to our university clinic during a timespan of 24 years. The length of rehospitalizations as well as that of intervals were investigated in addition to the rehospitalization rate. These results were discussed chiefly in relation to sex and to the marital state. Finally, the relationship between relapses and rehospitalizations was surveyed on the patients who had been observed for more than 10years.
Studies on 3‐Methoxy‐4‐Hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and 3,4‐Dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) Levels in Human Urine, Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluids, and Their Significance in Studies of Depression
Authors: Tsuji Motohiro , Yamane Hideo , Yamada Naoto , Iida Hideharu , Taga Chiaki , Myojin Tetsuro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Both concentrations of total 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) in the human urine, plasma and CSF were determined with a high‐pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection in order to clarify the dynamic change in these noradrenaline metabolites. Three different biological fluids were collected simultaneously from 16 orthopedic patients who were regarded clinically as substitutes for normal subjects. In the urine, the MHPG concentrations were 1.67±0.65 μg/mg creatinine (mean±S. D.) and DHPG 0.39 μg/mg creatinine±0.21. The plasma levels were 21.16 ng/ml±9.58 for MHPG, and 19.58 ng/ ml±8.13 for DHPG. The CSF levels of MHPG and DHPG were 24.08 ng/ml±8.10 and 34.76 ng/ml±11.46, respectively. The CSF levels ofthese metabolites were correlated significantly with those in the plasma (r = 0.852, p <0.001 for MHPG; r = 0.799, p <0.001 for DHPG), while no significant correlations were found between the urinary levels and either the plasma or CSF levels of these metabolites. In the urine, the MHPG levels were proportional to the DHPG levels, while the former were inversely proportional to the latter in the plasma or CSF. Neither the MHPG nor DHPG levels in the urine from depressed patients revealed to have any significant correlation withtheir clinical assessments using the Hamilton Rating Scale Score (HRS). The patients weretreated with an antidepressant active selectively on the noradrenergic system, and no significant changes in urinary excretion of these metabolites were observed before and afterthe drug treatment. These findings suggest that in the case of psychiatric disorders suchas depression, these compound levels in the plasma or CSF would provide more important information than those in the urine.
Behavioral Hypersensitivity to Apomorphine after Chronic Methamphetamine–Intermittent vs. Continuous Regimen
Authors: Kashihara Kenichi , Sato Mitsumoto , Kazahaya Yasuko , Otsuki Saburo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The effects of chronic methamphetamine (MAP) on the behavioral response to apomorphine were examined in rats, treated with saline (control) or MAP for 14 days either intermittently (4 mg/kg/day, once daily) or continuously (subcutaneously implanted osmotic pumps releasing 56mg/kg/14 days). Following a 7‐day interval after discontinuing the MAP treatment, a challenge dose (0.5 mg/kg) of apomorphine was administered. The rats treated with MAP intermittently showed a marked augmentation in behavioral response to apomorphine than the continuous MAP group and control. It is presumed that the intermittent MAP administration may produce greater reactivity in the brain dopaminergic systems than the continuous administration.
Noonan's Syndrome with Syringomyelia
Authors: Kobayashi Itsuro , Aikawa Takashi , Takemiya Toshiko , Maruyama Shoichi , Takano Kazue
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A case of Noonan's syndrome with cervical syringomyelia is presented here representing the second reported instance of such association. A CT of metrizamide myelography revealed a high density in the middle subintradural space in the cervical region below C2. Sensory dissociation was minimal and localized in the left C4. It could not be determined whether this association between syringomyelia and Noonan's syndrome is related or represents a chance.
An Autopsied Case of Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis
Authors: Mitsuyama Yoshio , Fujimoto Shoichi , Kohno Tadashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This is a clinico‐pathological study of one case of acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis occurring in a patient with lung cancer. The main changes observed by light microscopywere in the white matter. All of these changes were the result of hemorrhage and demyelination around the venous vessels. Glial mesenchymal reactions were minimal. In view of these findings, this case supports the hypothesis that immune mechanisms play a role in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric symptoms during malignant illnesses. Here we will discuss the problem of differential diagnoses of acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis and its close morphologic similarities to perivenous encephalitis. Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis and perivenous encephalitis may be a single entity of a demyelinating disease.