bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Determines Water Temperature Dynamics in the San Francisco Bay‐Delta System?
Authors: Vroom J. , van der Wegen M. , Martyr‐Koller R. C. , Lucas L. V.
Published: October 2017

Water temperature is an important factor determining estuarine species habitat conditions. Water temperature is mainly governed by advection (e.g., from rivers) and atmospheric exchange processes varying strongly over time (day‐night, seasonally) and the spatial domain. On a long time scale, climate change will impact water temperature in estuarine systems due to changes in river flow regimes, air temperature, and sea level rise. To determine which factors govern estuarine water temperature and its sensitivity to changes in its forcing, we developed a process‐based numerical model (Delft3D Flexible Mesh) and applied it to a well‐monitored estuarine system (the San Francisco Estuary) for validation. The process‐based approach allows for detailed process description and a physics‐based analysis of governing processes. The model was calibrated for water year 2011 and incorporated 3‐D hydrodynamics, salinity intrusion, water temperature dynamics, and atmospheric coupling. Results show significant skill in reproducing temperature observations on daily, seasonal, and yearly time scales. In North San Francisco Bay, thermal stratification is present, enhanced by salinity stratification. The temperature of the upstream, fresh water Delta area is captured well in 2‐D mode, although locally—on a small scale—vertical processes (e.g., stratification) may be important. The impact of upstream river temperature and discharge and atmospheric forcing on water temperatures differs throughout the Delta, possibly depending on dispersion and residence times. Our modeling effort provides a sound basis for future modeling studies including climate change impact on water temperature and associated ecological modeling, e.g., clam and fish habitat and phytoplankton dynamics.
Mesoscale Eddies Control the Timing of Spring Phytoplankton Blooms: A Case Study in the Japan Sea
Authors: Maúre E. R. , Ishizaka J. , Sukigara C. , Mino Y. , Aiki H. , Matsuno T. , Tomita H. , Goes J. I. , Gomes H. R.
Published: October 2017

Satellite Chlorophyll a (CHL) data were used to investigate the influence of mesoscale anticyclonic eddies (AEs) and cyclonic eddies (CEs) on the timing of spring phytoplankton bloom initiation around the Yamato Basin (133–139°E and 35–39.5°N) in the Japan Sea, for the period 2002–2011. The results showed significant differences between AEs and CEs in the timing and initiation mechanism of the spring phytoplankton bloom. Blooms were initiated earlier in CEs which were characterized by shallow mixed‐layer depths (< 100 m). The early blooming preceded the end of winter cooling (i.e., while net heat flux (Q0) is still negative) and is initiated by the increased average light within the shallow mixed‐layer depth. Conversely, blooms appeared in the AEs despite deeper mixed‐layer depth (> 100 m) but close to the commencement of positive Q0. This suggests that the relaxation of turbulent mixing is crucial for the bloom initiation in AEs.
Subduction Initiation With Vertical Lithospheric Heterogeneities and New Fault Formation
Authors: Mao Xiaolin , Gurnis Michael , May Dave A.
Published: October 2017

How subduction initiates with mechanically unfavorable lithospheric heterogeneities is important and rarely studied. We investigate this with a geodynamic model for the Puysegur Incipient Subduction Zone (PISZ) south of New Zealand. The model incorporates a true free surface, elasto‐visco‐plastic rheology and phase changes. Our predictions fit the morphology of the Puysegur Trench and Ridge and the deformation history on the overriding plate. We show how a new thrust fault forms and evolves into a smooth subduction interface, and how a preexisting weak zone can become a vertical fault inboard of the thrust fault during subduction initiation, consistent with two‐fault system at PISZ. The model suggests that the PISZ may not yet be self‐sustaining. We propose that the Snares Zone (or Snares Trough) is caused by plate coupling differences between shallower and deeper parts, the tectonic sliver between two faults experiences strong rotation, and low‐density material accumulates beneath the Snares Zone.
Feedback of Atmosphere‐Ocean Coupling on Shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone
Authors: Schneider Tapio
Published: October 2017

It is well known that the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) shifts in response to remote perturbations in the atmospheric energy balance, with shifts roughly in proportion to changes in the cross‐equatorial atmospheric energy flux. However, atmospheric and oceanic energy fluxes in low latitudes are mechanically coupled, and the oceanic energy flux dominates the atmospheric energy flux. Here a quantitative framework is derived that shows how Ekman coupling of atmospheric and oceanic energy fluxes damps the perturbation response of the atmospheric energy flux, energy flux equator (EFE), and ITCZ. To first order, Ekman coupling alone mutes the response of EFE and ITCZ in the coupled atmosphere‐ocean system by a factor γ = 1+O0/NEI0, where O0 is the ocean energy uptake and NEI0 is the net energy input into the atmosphere at the equator. In the current climate in the zonal and annual mean, this factor is about γ≈3.
Orbital Signals in Carbon Isotopes: Phase Distortion as a Signature of the Carbon Cycle
Authors: Laurin Jiří , Růžek Bohuslav , Giorgioni Martino
Published: October 2017

Isotopic mass balance models are employed here to study the response of carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of the ocean‐atmosphere system to amplitude‐modulated perturbations on Milankovitch time scales. We identify a systematic phase distortion, which is inherent to a leakage of power from the carrier precessional signal to the modulating eccentricity terms in the global carbon cycle. The origin is partly analogous to the simple cumulative effect in sinusoidal signals, reflecting the residence time of carbon in the ocean‐atmosphere reservoir. The details of origin and practical implications are, however, different. In amplitude‐modulated signals, the deformation is manifested as a lag of the 405 kyr eccentricity cycle behind amplitude modulation (AM) of the short (~100 kyr) eccentricity cycle. Importantly, the phase of AM remains stable during the carbon cycle transfer, thus providing a reference framework against which to evaluate distortion of the 405 kyr term. The phase relationships can help to (1) identify depositional and diagenetic signatures in δ13C and (2) interpret the pathways of astronomical signal through the climate system. The approach is illustrated by case studies of Albian and Oligocene records using a new computational tool EPNOSE (Evaluation of Phase in uNcertain and nOisy SEries). Analogous phase distortions occur in other components of the carbon cycle including atmospheric CO2 levels; hence, to fully understand the causal relationships on astronomical time scales, paleoclimate models may need to incorporate realistic, amplitude‐modulated insolation instead of monochromatic sinusoidal approximations. Finally, detection of the lagged δ13C response can help to reduce uncertainties in astrochronological age models that are tuned to the 405 kyr cycle.
On MIMO‐UFMC in the Presence of Phase Noise and Antenna Mutual Coupling
Authors: Chen Xiaoming , Zhang Shuai , Zhang Anxue
Published: October 2017

The universal filtered multicarrier (UFMC) technique has been proposed as a waveform candidate for the fifth generation (5G) communications and beyond 5G. Compared with conventional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), UFMC has lower out‐of‐band emission and is also compatible with the multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) technique. However, like other multicarrier waveforms, it suffers from phase noise of imperfect oscillator. In contrast to the rich literature on phase noise effect on MIMO‐OFDM (where the antenna mutual coupling effect is usually omitted though), there is little work investigating the phase noise effect on MIMO‐UFMC. In this paper, we study the MIMO‐UFMC systems in the presence of phase noise and with/without mutual coupling effect. A phase noise mitigation scheme for MIMO‐UFMC systems is presented. The scheme does not require detailed knowledge of the phase noise statistics and can effectively mitigate the phase noise within each UFMC symbol. Moreover, it is shown that at small antenna separations, the performance of the MIMO‐UFMC system taking the mutual coupling effect into account is better than that when the mutual coupling effect is overlooked.
Multiple Scattering in Discrete Random Media Using First‐Order Incoherent Interactions
Authors: Muinonen K. , Markkanen J. , Väisänen T. , Peltoniemi J. I. , Penttilä A.
Published: October 2017

We consider scattering of electromagnetic waves by a finite discrete random medium composed of spherical particles. The size of the random medium can range from microscopic sizes of a few wavelengths to macroscopic sizes approaching infinity. The size of the particles is assumed to be of the order of the wavelength. We extend the numerical Monte Carlo method of radiative transfer and coherent backscattering (RT‐CB) to the case of dense packing of particles. We adopt the ensemble‐averaged first‐order incoherent extinction, scattering, and absorption characteristics of a volume element of particles as input for the RT‐CB. The volume element must be larger than the wavelength but smaller than the mean‐free path length of incoherent extinction. In the radiative transfer part, at each absorption and scattering process, we account for absorption with the help of the single‐scattering albedo and peel off the Stokes parameters of radiation emerging from the medium in predefined scattering angles. We then generate a new scattering direction using the joint probability density for the local polar and azimuthal scattering angles. In the coherent backscattering part, we utilize amplitude scattering matrices along the radiative‐transfer path and the reciprocal path and utilize the reciprocity of electromagnetic waves to verify the computation. We illustrate the incoherent volume element scattering characteristics and compare the dense‐medium RT‐CB to asymptotically exact results computed using the Superposition T‐matrix method (STMM). We show that the dense‐medium RT‐CB compares favorably to the STMM for the current cases of sparse and dense discrete random media studied.
SWMF Global Magnetosphere Simulations of January 2005: Geomagnetic Indices and Cross‐Polar Cap Potential
Authors: Haiducek John D. , Welling Daniel T. , Ganushkina Natalia Y. , Morley Steven K. , Ozturk Dogacan Su
Published: October 2017

We simulated the entire month of January 2005 using the Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF) with observed solar wind data as input. We conducted this simulation with and without an inner magnetosphere model and tested two different grid resolutions. We evaluated the model's accuracy in predictingKp,SYM‐H,AL, and cross‐polar cap potential (CPCP). We find that the model does an excellent job of predicting theSYM‐Hindex, with a root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of 17–18 nT.Kpis predicted well during storm time conditions but overpredicted during quiet times by a margin of 1 to 1.7Kpunits.ALis predicted reasonably well on average, with an RMSE of 230–270 nT. However, the model reaches the largest negativeALvalues significantly less often than the observations. The model tended to overpredict CPCP, with RMSE values on the order of 46–48 kV. We found the results to be insensitive to grid resolution, with the exception of the rate of occurrence for strongly negativeALvalues. The use of the inner magnetosphere component, however, affected results significantly, with all quantities except CPCP improved notably when the inner magnetosphere model was on.
Salinisphaera
Authors: Antunes André , Simões Marta F. , Crespo‐Medina Melitza , Vetriani Costantino , Shimane Yasuhiro
Published: October 2017

Sa.li.ni.sphae'ra, L. adj.salinus, saline; N.L. fem. n.sphaera, a sphere;Salinisphaera, coccoid microorganism, capable of growth at high salt.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Halothiobacillaceae / Salinisphaera

The genusSalinisphaera, classified within the familySalinisphaeraceae, orderXanthomonadalesin the classGammaproteobacteria, consists of Gram‐negative cocci‐ or short rod‐shaped cells. Strains produce colonies with a variety of pigmentations. Strains are either strictly aerobic or facultative anaerobic and heterotrophic.Salinisphaera hydrothermalisandS. shabanensisare also capable of growth onn‐alkanes and acetate as sole carbon and energy sources and chemolithoautotrophically in the presence of thiosulfate. Some are facultative chemolithoautotrophic or able to grow withn‐alkanes as sole carbon and energy sources. Members of this genus usually do not reduce nitrate.Salinisphaeraspp. are halophilic or halotolerant and mesophilic. Furthermore,S. shabanensishas been reported as piezotolerant andS. japonicaas acidophilic. Poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is produced by several strains. All strains possess ubiquinone Q‐8. The major fatty acids (detected at >10% in at least two species) are C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1ω7c, and C19:0ω8ccyclo. The major polar lipids include diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol. Six species of the genusSalinisphaerahave been described to date; all of them isolated from hypersaline and marine environments.

DNA G + C content (mol%): 61.8–69.5 (HPLC/ fluorimetry).

Type species:Salinisphaera shabanensisAntunes, Eder, Fareleira, Santos and Huber 2003b, 1219VP(Effective publication: Antunes, Eder, Fareleira, Santos and Huber 2003a, 32).
Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) for Gamma Knife radiosurgery
Authors: Xu Andy Yuanguang , Bhatnagar Jagdish , Bednarz Greg , Flickinger John , Arai Yoshio , Vacsulka Jonet , Feng Wenzheng , Monaco Edward , Niranjan Ajay , Lunsford L. Dade , Huq M. Saiful
Published: October 2017

Purpose

Gamma Knife radiosurgery is a highly precise and accurate treatment technique for treating brain diseases with low risk of serious error that nevertheless could potentially be reduced. We applied the AAPM Task Group 100 recommended failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) tool to develop a risk‐based quality management program for Gamma Knife radiosurgery.

Methods

A team consisting of medical physicists, radiation oncologists, neurosurgeons, radiation safety officers, nurses, operating room technologists, and schedulers at our institution and an external physicist expert on Gamma Knife was formed for the FMEA study. A process tree and a failure mode table were created for the Gamma Knife radiosurgery procedures using the Leksell Gamma Knife Perfexion and 4C units. Three scores for the probability of occurrence (O), the severity (S), and the probability of no detection for failure mode (D) were assigned to each failure mode by 8 professionals on a scale from 1 to 10. An overall risk priority number (RPN) for each failure mode was then calculated from the averaged O, S, and D scores. The coefficient of variation for each O, S, or D score was also calculated. The failure modes identified were prioritized in terms of both the RPN scores and the severity scores.

Results

The established process tree for Gamma Knife radiosurgery consists of 10 subprocesses and 53 steps, including a subprocess for frame placement and 11 steps that are directly related to the frame‐based nature of the Gamma Knife radiosurgery. Out of the 86 failure modes identified, 40 Gamma Knife specific failure modes were caused by the potential for inappropriate use of the radiosurgery head frame, the imaging fiducial boxes, the Gamma Knife helmets and plugs, the skull definition tools as well as other features of the GammaPlan treatment planning system. The other 46 failure modes are associated with the registration, imaging, image transfer, contouring processes that are common for all external beam radiation therapy techniques. The failure modes with the highest hazard scores are related to imperfect frame adaptor attachment, bad fiducial box assembly, unsecured plugs/inserts, overlooked target areas, and undetected machine mechanical failure during the morning QA process.

Conclusions

The implementation of the FMEA approach for Gamma Knife radiosurgery enabled deeper understanding of the overall process among all professionals involved in the care of the patient and helped identify potential weaknesses in the overall process. The results of the present study give us a basis for the development of a risk based quality management program for Gamma Knife radiosurgery.
Ultra‐Smooth, Chemically Functional Silica Surfaces for Surface Interaction Measurements and Optical/Interferometry‐Based Techniques
Authors: Dobbs Howard A. , Kaufman Yair , Scott Jeff , Kristiansen Kai , Schrader Alex M. , Chen Szu‐Ying , Duda Peter , Israelachvili Jacob N.
Published: October 2017

The study of interfacial phenomena is central to a range of chemical, physical, optical, and electromagnetic systems such as surface imaging, polymer interactions, friction/wear, and ion‐transport in batteries. Studying intermolecular forces and processes of interfaces at the sub‐nano scale has proven difficult due to limitations in surface preparation methods. Here, we describe a method for fabricating reflective, deformable composite layers that expose an ultra‐smooth silica (SiO2) surface (RMS roughness < 0.4 nm) with interferometric applications. The robust design allows for cleaning and reusing the same surfaces for over a week of continuous experimentation without degradation. The electric double‐layer forces measured using the composite surfaces are within 10% of the theoretically predicted values. We also demonstrate that standard chemisorption and physisorption procedures on silica can be applied to chemically modify the surfaces; as a demonstration of this, the composite surfaces are successfully modified with octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) to study their hydrophobic interactions in water using a surface force apparatus (SFA). These composite surfaces provide a basis for the preparation of a variety of new surfaces, and should be particularly beneficial for the SFA and colloidal probe methods that employ optical/interferometric and electrochemical techniques, enabling characterization of previously unattainable surface and interfacial phenomena.
Thermogelling, ABC Triblock Copolymer Platform for Resorbable Hydrogels with Tunable, Degradation‐Mediated Drug Release
Authors: Gupta Mukesh K. , Martin John R. , Dollinger Bryan R. , Hattaway Madison E. , Duvall Craig L.
Published: October 2017

Clinical application of injectable, thermoresponsive hydrogels is hindered by lack of degradability and controlled drug release. To overcome these challenges, a family of thermoresponsive, ABC triblock polymer‐based hydrogels has been engineered to degrade and release drug cargo through either oxidative or hydrolytic/enzymatic mechanisms dictated by the “A” block composition. Three ABC triblock copolymers are synthesized with varying “A” blocks, including oxidation‐sensitive poly(propylene sulfide), slow hydrolytically/enzymatically degradable poly(ε‐caprolactone), and fast hydrolytically/enzymatically degradable poly(d,l‐lactide‐co‐glycolide), forming the respective formulations PPS135‐b‐PDMA152‐b‐PNIPAAM225 (PDN), PCL85‐b‐PDMA150‐b‐PNIPAAM150 (CDN), and PLGA60‐b‐PDMA148‐b‐PNIPAAM152 (LGDN). For all three polymers, hydrophilic poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) and thermally responsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) comprise the “B” and “C” blocks, respectively. These copolymers form micelles in aqueous solutions at ambient temperature that can be preloaded with small molecule drugs. These solutions quickly transition into hydrogels upon heating to 37 °C, forming a supra‐assembly of physically crosslinked, drug‐loaded micelles. PDN hydrogels are selectively degraded under oxidative conditions while CDN and LGDN hydrogels are inert to oxidation but show differential rates of hydrolytic/enzymatic decomposition. All three hydrogels are cytocompatible in vitro and in vivo, and drug‐loaded hydrogels demonstrate differential release kinetics in vivo corresponding with their specific degradation mechanism. These collective data highlight the potential cell and drug delivery use of this tunable class of ABC triblock polymer thermogels.
Incorporation of a Ligand Peptide for Immune Inhibitory Receptor LAIR‐1 on Biomaterial Surfaces Inhibits Macrophage Inflammatory Responses
Authors: Kim Yoon Kyung , Chu Shu‐Hui , Hsieh Jessica Y. , Kamoku Cody M. , Tenner Andrea J. , Liu Wendy F. , Wang Szu‐Wen
Published: October 2017

Leukocyte‐associated immunoglobulin‐like receptor‐1 (LAIR‐1) is an inhibitory receptor broadly expressed on immune cells, with its ligands residing within the extracellular matrix protein collagen. In this study, surfaces are modified with a LAIR‐1 ligand peptide (LP), and it is observed that macrophages cultured on LAIR‐1 LP‐conjugated surfaces exhibit significantly reduced secretion of inflammatory cytokines in response to proinflammatory stimuli that reflect an injured environment. These downregulated mediators include TNF‐α, MIP‐1α, MIP‐1β, MIP‐2, RANTES, and MIG. Knockdown of LAIR‐1 using siRNA abrogates this inhibition of cytokine secretion, supporting the specificity of the inhibitory effect to this receptor. These results are the first to demonstrate that integration of LAIR‐1 ligands with biomaterials could suppress inflammatory responses.
Iridium‐Based Multimetallic Porous Hollow Nanocrystals for Efficient Overall‐Water‐Splitting Catalysis
Authors: Feng Jianrui , Lv Fan , Zhang Weiyu , Li Peihao , Wang Kai , Yang Chao , Wang Bin , Yang Yong , Zhou Jinhui , Lin Fei , Wang Gui‐Chang , Guo Shaojun
Published: October 2017

The development of active and durable bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting is mandatory for renewable energy conversion. This study reports a general method for controllable synthesis of a class of IrM (M = Co, Ni, CoNi) multimetallic porous hollow nanocrystals (PHNCs), through etching Ir‐based, multimetallic, solid nanocrystals using Fe3+ ions, as catalysts for boosting overall water splitting. The Ir‐based multimetallic PHNCs show transition‐metal‐dependent bifunctional electrocatalytic activities for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic electrolyte, with IrCo and IrCoNi PHNCs being the best for HER and OER, respectively. First‐principles calculations reveal a ligand effect, induced by alloying Ir with 3d transition metals, can weaken the adsorption energy of oxygen intermediates, which is the key to realizing much‐enhanced OER activity. The IrCoNi PHNCs are highly efficient in overall‐water‐splitting catalysis by showing a low cell voltage of only 1.56 V at a current density of 2 mA cm−2, and only 8 mV of polarization‐curve shift after a 1000‐cycle durability test in 0.5 m H2SO4 solution. This work highlights a potentially powerful strategy toward the general synthesis of novel, multimetallic, PHNCs as highly active and durable bifunctional electrocatalysts for high‐performance electrochemical overall‐water‐splitting devices.
Fully Inkjet‐Printed Thin‐Film Transistor Array Manufactured on Paper Substrate for Cheap Electronic Applications
Authors: Mitra Kalyan Yoti , Polomoshnov Maxim , Martínez‐Domingo Carme , Mitra Dana , Ramon Eloi , Baumann Reinhard R.
Published: October 2017

Over the past decade, inkjet technology has been well recognized for the manufacturing of products that include “printing beyond colors.” This micrometer‐scale precise technology provides a straightforward approach toward judicious deposition of electronically functional material inks on various substrates over relatively large areas, for printed/flexible electronics. The technology promotes upscalability and has become a renowned process tool for fabricating electronic devices in the field of printed/flexible electronics. Here, the fabrication of printed thin‐film transistors (TFT) on cheap coated paper substrate using inkjet technology is reported. For developing the TFT layer stack conductive nanoparticle inks, a polymeric dielectric ink and a p‐type organic semiconductor ink are employed. The coating on the paper provides several advantages for fabrication process of TFTs; for example, control over ink spreading. This control of ink spreading can directly influence the fabrication of interdigitated source/drain (S/D) electrodes for TFTs, when a top gate bottom contact architecture is considered. This results in better manufacturing yields and promising electrical performance, which are also the focus of this research. The all inkjet‐printed TFTs on paper exhibit electrical performance with maximum S/D current ranging to 170 nA, charge carrier mobility of 0.087 cm2 V−1 s−1, and current on/off ratio of 330.
Insight in kinetics from pre‐edge features using time resolved in situ XAS
Authors: Dharanipragada N.V.R.A. , Galvita Vladimir V. , Poelman Hilde , Buelens Lukas C. , Marin Guy B. , Longo Alessandro
Published: October 2017

The kinetics of reduction of a 10 wt %Fe2O3‐MgAl2O4 spinel were investigated using XRD and time resolved Fe‐K QXANES. The Rietveld refinement of the XRD pattern showed the replacement of Al with Fe in the spinel structure and the formation of MgFeAlOx. The XANES pre‐edge feature was employed to study the reduction kinetics during H2‐TPR (Temperature Programmed Reduction) up to 730°C. About 55% of the Fe3+ in MgFeAlOx was reduced to Fe2+. A shrinking core model, which takes into account both solid‐state diffusion via an oxygen diffusion coefficient, and gas‐solid reaction through a reaction rate coefficient, was applied. The activation energy for chemical reaction showed a linear dependence on the conversion, increasing from 104 to 126 kJ/mol over the course of material reduction. The good accordance between the shrinking core model description and the experimental data indicates that XANES pre‐edge features can be used to correlate changes in material structure and reaction kinetics. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 1339–1349, 2018
The applicability of dental wear in age estimation for a modern American population
Authors: Faillace Katie E. , Bethard Jonathan D. , Marks Murray K.
Published: October 2017

Objectives

Though applied in bioarchaeology, dental wear is an underexplored age indicator in the biological anthropology of contemporary populations, although research has been conducted on dental attrition in forensic contexts (Kim et al.,, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 45, 303; Prince et al.,, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53, 588; Yun et al.,, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 52, 678). The purpose of this study is to apply and adapt existing techniques for age estimation based on dental wear to a modern American population, with the aim of producing accurate age range estimates for individuals from an industrialized context.

Materials and methods

Methodologies following Yun and Prince were applied to a random sample from the University of New Mexico (n = 583) and Universidade de Coimbra (n = 50) cast and skeletal collections. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between tooth wear scores and age.

Results

Application of both Yun et al. () and Prince et al. () methodologies resulted in inaccurate age estimates. Recalibrated sectioning points correctly classified individuals as over or under 50 years for 88% of the sample. Linear regression demonstrated 60% of age estimates fell within ±10 years of the actual age, and accuracy improved for individuals under 45 years, with 74% of predictions within ±10 years.

Discussion

This study demonstrates age estimation from dental wear is possible for modern populations, with comparable age intervals to other established methods. It provides a quantifiable method of seriation into “older” and “younger” adult categories, and provides more reliable age interval estimates than cranial sutures in instances where only the skull is available.
High‐resolution mitochondrial DNA analysis sheds light on human diversity, cultural interactions, and population mobility in Northwestern Amazonia
Authors: Arias Leonardo , Barbieri Chiara , Barreto Guillermo , Stoneking Mark , Pakendorf Brigitte
Published: October 2017

Objectives

Northwestern Amazonia (NWA) is a center of high linguistic and cultural diversity. Several language families and linguistic isolates occur in this region, as well as different subsistence patterns, with some groups being foragers and others agriculturalists. In addition, speakers of Eastern Tukanoan languages are known for practicing linguistic exogamy, a marriage system in which partners are taken from different language groups. In this study, we use high‐resolution mitochondrial DNA sequencing to investigate the impact of this linguistic and cultural diversity on the genetic relationships and population structure of NWA groups.

Methods

We collected saliva samples from individuals representing 40 different NWA ethnolinguistic groups and sequenced 439 complete mitochondrial genomes to an average coverage of 1,030×.

Results

The mtDNA data revealed that NWA populations have high genetic diversity with extensive sharing of haplotypes among groups. Moreover, groups who practice linguistic exogamy have higher genetic diversity, while the foraging Nukak have lower genetic diversity. We also find that rivers play a more important role than either geography or language affiliation in structuring the genetic relationships of populations.

Discussion

Contrary to the view of NWA as a pristine area inhabited by small human populations living in isolation, our data support a view of high diversity and contact among different ethnolinguistic groups, with movement along rivers probably facilitating this contact. Additionally, we provide evidence for the impact of cultural practices, such as linguistic exogamy, on patterns of genetic variation. Overall, this study provides new data and insights into a remote and little‐studied region of the world.
Efficient Water Reduction with sp3‐sp3 Diboron(4) Compounds: Application to Hydrogenations, H–D Exchange Reactions, and Carbonyl Reductions
Authors: Flinker Mathias , Yin Hongfei , Juhl René W. , Eikeland Espen Z. , Overgaard Jacob , Nielsen Dennis U. , Skrydstrup Troels
Published: October 2017

A series of crystalline sp3‐sp3 diboron(4) compounds were synthesized and shown to promote the facile reduction of water with dihydrogen formation. The application of these diborons as simple and effective dihydrogen and dideuterium sources was demonstrated by conducting a series of selective reductions of alkynes and alkenes, and hydrogen–deuterium exchange reactions using two‐chamber reactors. Finally, as the water reduction reaction generates an intermediate borohydride species, a range of aldehydes and ketones were reduced by using water as the hydride source.
Lead‐ and Iodide‐Deficient (CH3NH3)PbI3 (d‐MAPI): The Bridge between 2D and 3D Hybrid Perovskites
Authors: Leblanc Antonin , Mercier Nicolas , Allain Magali , Dittmer Jens , Fernandez Vincent , Pauporté Thierry
Published: October 2017

3D and 2D hybrid perovskites, which have been known for more than 20 years, have emerged recently as promising materials for optoelectronic applications, particularly the 3D compound (CH3NH3)PbI3 (MAPI). The discovery of a new family of hybrid perovskites called d‐MAPI is reported: the association of PbI2 with both methyl ammonium (MA+) and hydroxyethyl ammonium (HEA+) cations leads to a series of five compounds with general formulation (MA)1−2.48x(HEA)3.48x[Pb1−xI3−x]. These materials, which are lead‐ and iodide‐deficient compared to MAPI while retaining 3D architecture, can be considered as a bridge between the 2D and 3D materials. Moreover, they can be prepared as crystallized thin films by spin‐coating. These new 3D materials appear very promising for optoelectronic applications, not only because of their reduced lead content, but also in account of the large flexibility of their chemical composition through potential substitutions of MA+, HEA+, Pb2+ and I− ions.
Rational Design of Single Molybdenum Atoms Anchored on N‐Doped Carbon for Effective Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Chen Wenxing , Pei Jiajing , He Chun‐Ting , Wan Jiawei , Ren Hanlin , Zhu Youqi , Wang Yu , Dong Juncai , Tian Shubo , Cheong Weng‐Chon , Lu Siqi , Zheng Lirong , Zheng Xusheng , Yan Wensheng , Zhuang Zhongbin , Chen Chen , Peng Qing , Wang Dingsheng , Li Yadong
Published: October 2017

The highly efficient electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) provides a promising pathway to resolve energy and environment problems. An electrocatalyst was designed with single Mo atoms (Mo‐SAs) supported on N‐doped carbon having outstanding HER performance. The structure of the catalyst was probed by aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (AC‐STEM) and X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy, indicating the formation of Mo‐SAs anchored with one nitrogen atom and two carbon atoms (Mo1N1C2). Importantly, the Mo1N1C2 catalyst displayed much more excellent activity compared with Mo2C and MoN, and better stability than commercial Pt/C. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation revealed that the unique structure of Mo1N1C2 moiety played a crucial effect to improve the HER performance. This work opens up new opportunities for the preparation and application of highly active and stable Mo‐based HER catalysts.
Soft Electrochemical Probes for Mapping the Distribution of Biomarkers and Injected Nanomaterials in Animal and Human Tissues
Authors: Lin Tzu‐En , Lu Yu‐Jen , Sun Chia‐Liang , Pick Horst , Chen Jyh‐Ping , Lesch Andreas , Girault Hubert H.
Published: October 2017

Monitoring biomarkers and injected theranostic nanomaterials in tissues and organs plays a pivotal role in numerous medical applications ranging from cancer diagnostics to drug delivery. Scanning electrochemical microscopy has been demonstrated as a powerful tool to create highly resolved maps of the distributions of relevant biomolecules in cells and tissues without suffering from the optical interferences of conventional microscopy. We demonstrate for the first time the application of soft microelectrodes brushing in contact mode over large and thick tissues as well as organs that were immersed in an electrolyte solution. Amperometric currents were recorded based on the local flux of redox‐active species locally and specifically generated by the biomarkers and nanomaterials to create maps of the biodistribution of graphene oxide nanoribbons in mouse livers, prognostic protein biomarkers in human melanoma and redox‐active proteins in mouse heart.
Systemic Delivery of Bc12‐Targeting siRNA by DNA Nanoparticles Suppresses Cancer Cell Growth
Authors: Rahman Mohammad Aminur , Wang Pengfei , Zhao Zhixiang , Wang Dongsheng , Nannapaneni Sreenivas , Zhang Chao , Chen Zhengjia , Griffith Christopher C. , Hurwitz Selwyn J. , Chen Zhuo G. , Ke Yonggang , Shin Dong M.
Published: October 2017

Short interfering RNA (siRNA) is a promising molecular tool for cancer therapy, but its clinical success is limited by the lack of robust in vivo delivery systems. Rationally designed DNA nanoparticles (DNPs) have emerged as facile delivery vehicles because their physicochemical properties can be precisely controlled. Nonetheless, few studies have used DNPs to deliver siRNAs in vivo, and none has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy. Herein, we constructed a number of DNPs of rectangular and tubular shapes with varied dimensions using the modular DNA brick method for the systemic delivery of siRNA that targets anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl2. The siRNA delivered by the DNPs inhibited cell growth both in vitro and in vivo, which suppressed tumor growth in a xenograft model that specifically correlated with Bcl2 depletion. This study suggests that DNPs are effective tools for the systemic delivery of therapeutic siRNA and have great potential for further clinical translation.
An efficient catalytic method for the synthesis of pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidines as biologically drug candidates by using novel magnetic nanoparticles as a reusable catalyst
Authors: Moradi Saeid , Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Zarei Mahmoud , Alonso Diego A. , Khoshnood Abbas , Tajally Aria
Published: October 2017

A convenient method for the synthesis of pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidines by using the novel nano‐magnetic silica‐bonded S‐sulfonic acid[Fe3O4@SiO2@(CH2)3S–SO3H] as an efficient and recyclable catalyst under neat conditions is described. The major advantages of the present methodology are high yield, short reaction time, and reusability of the catalyst. Furthermore, the nano‐magnetic silica‐bonded S‐sulfonic acid was fully characterized by using various techniques such as FT‐IR, TG/DTG, DTA, EDX, μXRF, XRD, HRTEM, SEM, SEM elemental mapping, XPS, and N2 physisorption. The results obtained from this research support the idea of rational design, synthesis, and applications of task‐specific and reusable catalysts for the preparation of various polynitrogenated heterocyclic compounds containing 1,4‐dihydropyridine moieties.
BiOCl/UiO‐66 composite with enhanced performance for photo‐assisted degradation of dye from water
Authors: Tong Xiaowen , Yang Zhiquan , Feng Jinna , Li Ying , Zhang Hongguo
Published: October 2017

Semiconductor‐based photocatalysis is an environmental friendly and cost‐effective technique for water treatment. Due to their unique properties, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered as ideal platform to develop composite photocatalyst. In this study, Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) was first attempt to be incorporated with highly stable MOFs, UiO‐66(Zr) by hydrothermal reaction. Different characterization methods including X‐ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscope, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy had been used to prove the successful synthesis of composite photocatalyst. The resultant BiOCl/UiO‐66 composite showed higher photodegradation performance of Rhodamine B (RhB) under ultraviolet and visible light irradiation than that of pristine materials and their mechanically mixed sample. In addition, the composite exhibited good structural stability and reusability. The photocatalytic mechanism of RhB degradation over the composite under visible light proceeded via a photosensitization process. A better adsorptivity of RhB and effective electron transfer within the hybrid material might be responsible for the enhanced photocatalytic performance.
Ruthenium NNN complexes with a 2‐hydroxypyridylmethylene fragment for transfer hydrogenation of ketones
Authors: Shi Jing , Shang Shu , Hu Bowen , Chen Dafa
Published: October 2017

Four NNN tridentate ligands L1–L4 containing 2‐methoxypyridylmethene or 2‐hydroxypyridylmethene fragment were synthesized and introduced to ruthenium centers. When (HOC5H3NCH2C5H3NC5H7N2) (L2) and (HOC5H3NCH2C5H3NC6H6N3) (L4) reacted with RuCl2(PPh3)3, two ruthenium chloride products Ru(L2)(PPh3)Cl2 (1) and Ru(L4)(PPh3)Cl2 (2) were isolated, respectively. Reactions of (MeOC5H3NCH2C5H3NC5H7N2) (L1) and (MeOC5H3NCH2C5H3NC6H6N3) (L3) with RuCl2(PPh3)3 in the presence of NH4PF6 generated two dicationic complexes [Ru(L1)2][PF6]2 (3) and [Ru(L3)2][PF6]2 (4), respectively. Complex 1 reacted with CO to afford product [Ru(L2)(PPh3)(CO)Cl][Cl]. The catalytic activity for transfer hydrogenation of ketones was investigated. Complex 1 showed the highest activity, with a turnover frequency value of 1.44 × 103 h−1 for acetophenone, while complexes 3 and 4 were not active.
Effect of ketene additive and Si/Al ratio on the reaction of methanol over HZSM‐5 catalysts
Authors: Hassanpour Javad , Zamani Mehdi , Dabbagh Hossein A.
Published: October 2017

The influence of ketene as possible intermediate for the reaction of methanol to aromatics was investigated over HZSM‐5 catalysts (Si/Al ratio of 15 and 9) using diketene‐acetone (2,2,6‐trimethyl‐4H‐1,3‐dioxin‐4‐one) as ketene precursor under atmospheric pressure at 300 °C. The physicochemical properties of HZSM‐5 catalysts were investigated by NH3‐TPD, BET, XRD and ICP analysis. The distribution of products was measured by GC‐Mass spectrometer. These catalysts exhibit high reactivity and selectivity for the conversion of methanol and/or ketene to hydrocarbons (mostly high octane number xylenes, trimethylbenzenes, tetramethylbenzenes and ≤1.5% benzene). The conversion of neat diketene‐acetone over these catalysts produced aromatics compounds and significant amounts of oxygenated compounds (ketone, carboxylic acid, phenol, furan, pyran and others) depending on Si:Al ratio. These catalysts with high acid content produced small amount of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons without releasing significant amount of gas. The ketene and produced oxygenates from ketene appears to act as intermediates for the formation of aromatic compounds.
Highly efficient electrically conductive networks in carbon‐black‐filled ternary blends through the formation of thermodynamically induced self‐assembled hierarchical structures
Authors: Zhang Qiyan , Zhang Bo‐Yuan , Wang Wei‐Jia , Guo Zhao‐Xia , Yu Jian
Published: October 2017

Highly efficient electrical conductive networks were constructed in carbon‐black (CB)‐filled polyoxymethylene (POM)–thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)–polyamide 6 (PA6) ternary blends through the formation of a hierarchical structure composed of a minor PA6 phase as droplets inside one major phase (TPU) and CB particles localized at the TPU–PA6 interface by thermodynamically induced self‐assembly. The hierarchical structure was thermodynamically predicted on the basis of the minimization of total interfacial energies and confirmed by electron microscopy. The degrees of the TPU phase continuity before and after the addition of PA6 were determined by solvent‐extraction experiments. The percolation threshold of CB decreased by 50% compared to that in the POM–TPU binary blend because of the more efficient formation of a CB conductive network through CB‐covered PA6 domains inside the TPU phase. The hierarchical structure not only increased the electrical conductivity of the composites but also improved their thermal stability in comparison with the simple structure formed by the homogeneously dispersed CB particles in POM. The method reported in this article can offer possibilities for improving the comprehensive properties of the conductive composites and the widening of their applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45877.
Properties of (meth)acrylate copolymer grafted with long fluorinated side chain prepared by “graft onto” strategy
Authors: Lin Zhancong , Liu Weiqu , Tan Jianquan
Published: October 2017

A (meth)acrylate copolymer grafted with long fluorinated side chains (AGLF) was synthesized successfully through a two‐step procedure. First, a carboxyl terminated fluoropolymer, poly(2,2,3,4,4,4‐hexafluorobutyl methacrylate) was synthesized by conventional radical polymerization in the presence of 3‐mercaptopropionic acid as chain transfer agent. And then the fluoropolymer was grafted to the in‐house synthesized polyacrylate (MMA‐r‐BA‐r‐GMA). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were employed to verify the synthesis of AGLF. Moreover, the surface properties were investigated by contact angle measurement and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results proved that a small amount of poly(2,2,3,4,4,4‐hexafluorobutyl methacrylate) addition can create a hydrophobic surface effectively. Furthermore, the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results showed that it is the AGLF grafted with longer fluorinated side chain that have more fluorine atoms enriched on the surface and thus performed better hydrophobicity and lipophobicity. Testified by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, it was found that AGLF films have excellent thermal properties. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45894.
Determinants and outcomes of price premium and loyalty: A food case study
Authors: Gómez Mar , Martín‐Consuegra David , Díaz Estrella , Molina Arturo
Published: October 2017

This paper examines determinants and outcomes of price premium and loyalty on a food product. The study attempts to fill this gap by offering new insights into consumer's perspectives, as concerns food marketing, and to empirically test a model that includes five determinants or drivers: awareness, corporate social responsibility, origin, quality, and positioning. Furthermore, the greater or weaker impact of price premium and loyalty on their outcomes have been also studied, specifically, the influence that word‐of‐mouth has on people's opinions. This study uses a survey research design, and the data were collected from 278 consumers of a specific food product: olive oil. Structural equation modeling with partial least squares regression technique was used to test the hypotheses. The results provide empirical support for the proposed differences on the relationships of price premium and loyalty with their determinants and outcomes. Positioning is the strongest and unique element of the determinants of price premium. Awareness, corporate social responsibility, and quality are the drivers of loyalty. Both constructs have a positive influence on word‐of‐mouth. The findings reveal important practical implications for food managers, in terms of making a proper design of strategies from the analysis of consumer's behavior. To stay competitive, practitioners should work in an ongoing process. Specifically, they should pay attention to quality, sustainable olive oil, locally made products, or food marketing.
Understanding the Colloidal Stability of Nanoparticle–Ligand Complexes: Design, Synthesis, and Structure–Function Relationship Studies of Amphiphilic Small‐Molecule Ligands
Authors: Okada Yohei , Ishikawa Kodai , Maeta Naoya , Kamiya Hidehiro
Published: October 2017

For effective application of nanoparticles, their amenability to in‐solution processing must be addressed, and stable, homogeneous solvent conditions are required. Although organic ligands have been used as surface‐modifying reagents for nanoparticles to increase their colloidal stability and homogeneity in solution, the structure–function relationships of nanoparticle–ligand complexes remain elusive and controversial. Herein, a series of novel amphiphilic small‐molecule ligands were designed, synthesized, and applied as surface‐modifying reagents for aqueous, transparent TiO2 and ZrO2 nanoparticles. The colloidal stability of the resulting nanoparticle–ligand complexes was found to depend not only on the chain length, but also on the relative balance between hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity. The structure of the ligands can be fine‐tuned to achieve “flexible colloidal stability”, thus significantly increasing complex stability in a variety of organic solvents.