bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regenerative Endodontic Treatment of an Infected Immature Dens Invaginatus with the Aid of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Kaya-Büyükbayram Işıl , Özalp Şerife , Aytugar Emre , Aydemir Seda
Published: October 2014

Dens invaginatus is a developmental anomaly that results in an enamel-lined cavity intruding into the crown or root before the mineralization phase. This report presents regenerative endodontic treatment of a necrotic immature tooth with Oehler’s type III dens invaginatus of a nine-year-old female patient. A diagnosis of dens invaginatus (Oehler’s type III) and a large periapical lesion was established with the aid of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). In the presented case contrary to the classic revascularization protocol, mechanical instrumentation was performed which apparently did not interfere with the regeneration process. After mechanical instrumentation of the invaginated canal by manual K-files, the invaginated canal space was disinfected by triple antibiotic paste followed by blood clot induction from the periapical tissues and the placement of mineral trioxide aggregate. At one-year follow-up, the tooth remained clinically asymptomatic. Radiographic examination revealed complete healing of the periapical lesion. At the 20-month follow-up, the radiographic examination also showed that the open apex was closed and the walls of the root canal were thickened.
Studies on Oligomer Metal Complexes Derived from Bisamic Acid of Pyromellitic Dianhydride and 4-Bromoaniline
Authors: Patel Yogesh S.
Published: October 2014

Novel oligomer metal complexes (2a–f) of the ligand 2,5-bis((4-bromophenyl)carbamoyl) terephthalic acid (1) were prepared using transition metal salts and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The geometry of oligomer metal complexes was carried out by electronic spectral analysis and magnetic measurement studies. Polymeric properties have also been carried out. Ligand was synthesized using pyromellitic dianhydride and 4-bromoaniline. It was duly characterized. All novel synthesized compounds 1 and 2a–f were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activity. The results showed significantly higher antibacterial and antifungal activity of oligomer metal complexes compared to the ligand.
Comparison of Two Methods for the Measurement of Medial and Lateral Metapodial Bones in Karagouniko Sheep (Ovis aries, L. 1758) and Hellenic Goat (Capra hircus, L. 1758)
Authors: Pourlis Aris , Chatzis Theodoros , Katsoulos Panagiotis
Published: October 2014

The objective of this study was to compare the metapodial lengths of sheep and goats measured with a caliper with those measured using a 2-dimensional digital method. Complementarily, the lengths of medial and lateral metapodials in these species were compared. The limbs of 30 ewes and 30 goats were used. After preparation, the lateral and medial length of the metacarpals and metatarsals were measured twice with a caliper. Afterwards, each bone was scanned and the same lengths were digitally measured twice using commercial software. Data analysis revealed strong linear relationship between the two methods but the absolute relative deviation of the measurements with the caliper was significantly higher than those with the 2-dimensional method (P<0.05). All lengths measured with the caliper were significantly higher compared to those measured with the 2-dimensional method (P<0.05). In goats, the lateral length of both metacarpals and metatarsals was significantly higher than medial length (P<0.05); in sheep the lateral length was significantly higher compared to the medial one only in metatarsal bones (P<0.05). In conclusion, the 2-dimensional method is more accurate for the measurement of the metapodials’ length than the caliper and there is asymmetry between the medial and lateral metapodials in these species.
Exploring the Impact of Prostitution on HIV/AIDS Transmission
Authors: Bhunu C. P. , Mhlanga A. N. , Mushayabasa S.
Published: October 2014

HIV/AIDS has been somehow linked to prostitution for decades now. A mathematical model is presented to assess the link between prostitution and HIV transmission. The epidemic thresholds known as the reproduction numbers and equilibria for the model are determined and stabilities analyzed. Analysis of the reproduction numbers suggests that HIV/AIDS control using antiretroviral therapy is more effective in the absence of prostitution. Numerical simulations further show high levels of HIV/AIDS when percentage of prostitutes in the community is high. Results from this study suggest that effectively controlling HIV/AIDS requires strategies that address both prostitution and HIV/AIDS transmission. Addressing HIV/AIDS through condom use and antiretroviral therapy may not be enough to stem HIV/AIDS in the community as some drug/alcohol misusing prostitutes may not be able to negotiate for safe sex while they are in drunken stupor. Furthermore, prostitutes are likely to get infected by different HIV strains some of which may be resistant to the antiretroviral therapy regimen in use.
Alpha Lipoic Acid Modulated High Glucose-Induced Rat Mesangial Cell Dysfunction via mTOR/p70S6K/4E-BP1 Pathway
Authors: Lv Chuan , Wu Can , Zhou Yue-hong , Shao Ying , Wang Guan , Wang Qiu-yue
Published: October 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate whether alpha lipoic acid (LA) regulates high glucose-induced mesangial cell proliferation and extracellular matrix production via mTOR/p70S6K/4E-BP1 signaling. The effect of LA on high glucose-induced cell proliferation, fibronectin (FN), and collagen type I (collagen-I) expression and its mechanisms were examined in cultured rat mesangial cells by methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, ELISA assay, and western blot, respectively. LA at a relatively low concentration (0.25 mmol/L) acted as a growth factor in rat mesangial cells, promoted entry of cell cycle into S phase, extracellular matrix formation, and phosphorylated AKT, mTOR, p70S6K, and 4E-BP1. These effects disappeared when AKT expression was downregulated with PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002. Conversely, LA at a higher concentration (1.0 mmol/L) inhibited high glucose-induced rat mesangial cell proliferation, entry of cell cycle into S phase, and extracellular matrix exertion, as well as phosphorylation of mTOR, p70S6K, and 4E-BP1 but enhanced the activity of AMPK. However, these effects disappeared when AMPK activity was inhibited with CaMKK inhibitor STO-609. These results suggest that LA dose-dependently regulates mesangial cell proliferation and matrix protein secretion by mTOR/p70S6K/4E-BP1 signaling pathway under high glucose conditions.
A Case of Newcastle Disease Virus in Red-Headed Lovebird in Sudan
Authors: Sidahmed Abdelrahim Egbal , Elhag Jedda
Published: October 2014

Two diseased red-headed lovebirds were presented for diagnosis to the Department of Avian Diseases and Diagnosis,Veterinary Research Institute, aged 37 days and 4 years. The symptoms were dyspnea, cyanosis of the comb, diarrhea, and fever. Postmortem lesions included pale liver and bloody enteritis. Newcastle disease virus was isolated from lungs, trachea, and intestines following inoculation in the allantoic cavity of 10-day-old fertile eggs; the NDV was identified by the means of HA&HI tests using specific NDV antisera (Lasota strain). The isolate agglutinated equine RBCs but failed to agglutinate sheep and bovine RBCs. The pathogenicity of the NDV isolate was studied, the mean death time was 96 hours, and the intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) value was 0.9, indicating the isolate of lentogenic type.
Serological and Histological Examination of a Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Mouse Model Created via the Administration of Monosodium Glutamate
Authors: Takai Atsuko , Kikuchi Kentaro , Kajiyama Yusuke , Sugiura Anna , Negishi Masatsugu , Tsunashima Hiromichi , Yamada Hanae , Matsumoto Kotaro , Tsuneyama Koichi , Moritoki Yuki , Hara Masumi , Miyakawa Hiroshi
Published: October 2014

The administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) to mice induces hepatic steatosis and inflammation. In this study, we investigated the metabolic features of MSG-treated mice and the histological changes that occur in their livers and adipose tissue. MSG mice were prepared by subcutaneously injecting MSG into newborn C57BL/6J male mice. The control mice were subcutaneously injected with saline. Another group of mice was fed a methionine- and choline-deficient diet (MCD). Compared with the control mice, the MSG mice had higher serum levels of insulin and cholesterol than the control mice, whereas the opposite was true for the MCD mice. Microvesicular steatosis and inflammatory cell infiltration were detected in both the MSG and MCD mouse livers. Enlarged adipocytes and crown-like structures were observed in the epididymal fat of the MSG mice, whereas neither of these features was seen in the MCD mice. Flow cytometric analysis revealed increased frequencies of monocytes and M1 macrophages in the livers and epididymal fat tissue of the MSG mice, respectively. The MSG mice exhibited the characteristic liver histopathology of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) as well as metabolic syndrome-like features, which suggested that MSG mice are a better model of human NASH than MCD mice.
Study on Antibacterial Activity of the Bark of Garcinia lanceifolia Roxb.
Authors: Bora Nilutpal Sharma , Kakoti Bibhuti Bhusan , Gogoi Barnali
Published: October 2014

Garcinia lanceifolia Roxb. is an important and endemic medicinal plant of Assam which has been used by various ethnic communities of Northeast India to treat various disorders like dysentery, dyspepsia, and biliousness. The plant is considered to be containing much medicinal value and is also eaten raw or made into pickles by the local people. Our present study has been focused on the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract of the bark of Garcinia lanceifolia which may lead us to a scientific evidence of the use of this plant in cases of dysentery and diarrhoea.
Study of Surface Displacements on Tunnelling under Buildings Using 3DEC Numerical Modelling
Authors: Rebello Nalini , Sastry V. R. , Shivashankar R.
Published: October 2014

Underground structures at shallow depths are often constructed for metro lines, either in loose or dense layered soils. Tunnelling in urban areas is predominantly under surface structures and on tunnelling, innumerable changes in the form of distortion take place in strata surrounding the tunnel. Extent of displacement/damage to buildings or the tunnel-soil structure interaction depends on the type of building and nature of strata. Effect on displacements has been less studied in granular soils compared to other types of soils like clays. In this paper, parametric studies are conducted to find the displacements at surface, in granular soil conditions, due to varying building storeys and building eccentricities from the tunnel centre line. Effect of presence of geosynthetic layer under footings is further studied. Prior to the parametric studies, validity of the model used is checked with field data available for a stretch of tunnel in South India. Results of simulation studies reveal that inclusion of building reduces displacements at the surface in the dense strata. In very dense strata, the displacements increase as compared to the case without a building. As the centre of the building moves away from the tunnel centre line, settlement above the tunnel matches displacements in the case without building. Applicability of 3DEC software is checked with respect to the present study.
Edge Preserved Speckle Noise Reduction Using Integrated Fuzzy Filters
Authors: Biradar Nagashettappa , Dewal M. L. , Rohit Manoj Kumar
Published: October 2014

Echocardiographic images are inherent with speckle noise which makes visual reading and analysis quite difficult. The multiplicative speckle noise masks finer details, necessary for diagnosis of abnormalities. A novel speckle reduction technique based on integration of geometric, wiener, and fuzzy filters is proposed and analyzed in this paper. The denoising applications of fuzzy filters are studied and analyzed along with 26 denoising techniques. It is observed that geometric filter retains noise and, to address this issue, wiener filter is embedded into the geometric filter during iteration process. The performance of geometric-wiener filter is further enhanced using fuzzy filters and the proposed despeckling techniques are called integrated fuzzy filters. Fuzzy filters based on moving average and median value are employed in the integrated fuzzy filters. The performances of integrated fuzzy filters are tested on echocardiographic images and synthetic images in terms of image quality metrics. It is observed that the performance parameters are highest in case of integrated fuzzy filters in comparison to fuzzy and geometric-fuzzy filters. The clinical validation reveals that the output images obtained using geometric-wiener, integrated fuzzy, nonlocal means, and details preserving anisotropic diffusion filters are acceptable. The necessary finer details are retained in the denoised echocardiographic images.
An Experimental Approach for Optimizing Coating Parameters of Electroless Ni-P-Cu Coating Using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm
Authors: Roy Supriyo , Sahoo Prasanta
Published: October 2014

This paper aims to present an experimental investigation for optimum tribological behavior (wear depth and coefficient of friction) of electroless Ni-P-Cu coatings based on four process parameters using artificial bee colony algorithm. Experiments are carried out by utilizing the combination of three coating process parameters, namely, nickel sulphate, sodium hypophosphite, and copper sulphate, and the fourth parameter is postdeposition heat treatment temperature. The design of experiment is based on the Taguchi L27 experimental design. After coating, measurement of wear and coefficient of friction of each heat-treated sample is done using a multitribotester apparatus with block-on-roller arrangement. Both friction and wear are found to increase with increase of source of nickel concentration and decrease with increase of source of copper concentration. Artificial bee colony algorithm is successfully employed to optimize the multiresponse objective function for both wear depth and coefficient of friction. It is found that, within the operating range, a lower value of nickel concentration, medium value of hypophosphite concentration, higher value of copper concentration, and higher value of heat treatment temperature are suitable for having minimum wear and coefficient of friction. The surface morphology, phase transformation behavior, and composition of coatings are also studied with the help of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and energy dispersed X-ray analysis, respectively.
Pancreatic Cancer–Derived Exosomes Cause Paraneoplastic β-cell Dysfunction
Authors: Javeed Naureen , Sagar Gunisha , Dutta Shamit K. , Smyrk Thomas C. , Lau Julie S. , Bhattacharya Santanu , Truty Mark , Petersen Gloria M. , Kaufman Randal J. , Chari Suresh T. , Mukhopadhyay Debabrata
Published: October 2014

Purpose: Pancreatic cancer frequently causes diabetes. We recently proposed adrenomedullin as a candidate mediator of pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in pancreatic cancer. How pancreatic cancer–derived adrenomedullin reaches β cells remote from the cancer to induce β-cell dysfunction is unknown. We tested a novel hypothesis that pancreatic cancer sheds adrenomedullin-containing exosomes into circulation, which are transported to β cells and impair insulin secretion.

Experimental Methods: We characterized exosomes from conditioned media of pancreatic cancer cell lines (n = 5) and portal/peripheral venous blood of patients with pancreatic cancer (n = 20). Western blot analysis showed the presence of adrenomedullin in pancreatic cancer-exosomes. We determined the effect of adrenomedullin-containing pancreatic cancer exosomes on insulin secretion from INS-1 β cells and human islets, and demonstrated the mechanism of exosome internalization into β cells. We studied the interaction between β-cell adrenomedullin receptors and adrenomedullin present in pancreatic cancer-exosomes. In addition, the effect of adrenomedullin on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response genes and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species generation in β cells was shown.

Results: Exosomes were found to be the predominant extracellular vesicles secreted by pancreatic cancer into culture media and patient plasma. Pancreatic cancer-exosomes contained adrenomedullin and CA19-9, readily entered β cells through caveolin-mediated endocytosis or macropinocytosis, and inhibited insulin secretion. Adrenomedullin in pancreatic cancer exosomes interacted with its receptor on β cells. Adrenomedullin receptor blockade abrogated the inhibitory effect of exosomes on insulin secretion. β cells exposed to adrenomedullin or pancreatic cancer exosomes showed upregulation of ER stress genes and increased reactive oxygen/nitrogen species.

Conclusions: Pancreatic cancer causes paraneoplastic β-cell dysfunction by shedding adrenomedullin+/CA19-9+ exosomes into circulation that inhibit insulin secretion, likely through adrenomedullin-induced ER stress and failure of the unfolded protein response. Clin Cancer Res; 21(7); 1722–33. ©2014 AACR.

See related commentary by Korc, p. 1508
Midbrain Hypometabolism in Fatal Familial Insomnia: A Case Report and a Statistical Parametric Mapping Analysis of a Korean Family
Authors: Lee Mi Ji , Shin Jisoo , Chung Eun Joo , Kim Sang-Jin , Kwon Soonwook , Kim Jung-Hyun , Seo Sang Won , Ki Chang-Seok , Na Duk L.
Published: October 2014

Background and Methods: Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) is a rare genetic disease characterized by intractable insomnia, dysautonomia, and dementia. Herein we describe a patient with FFI. In order to study brain glucose hypometabolism in the patient, we used statistical parametric mapping (SPM) analysis of [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). Case Report: The patient was a 34-year-old Korean man. He presented with intractable insomnia, rapidly progressive dementia and autonomic disturbances. A comprehensive clinical investigation was conducted, including brain MRI, electroencephalography, polysomnography, neuropsychological tests, FDG-PET and genomic tests. SPM analysis was performed using 7 healthy controls. Direct sequencing of the PRNP gene identified a heterozygous p.Asp179Asn mutation homozygous for methionine at codon 129 and for glutamate at codon 219. The results of the SPM analysis showed marked hypometabolism in the deep cerebral nuclei (including the bilateral thalami, caudate nuclei, and hypothalamus), association cortices (including the frontal, lateral temporal, inferior parietal lobule and posterior cingulate gyri), and midbrain. Conclusions: This is the first Korean report of FFI, in which the family showed male phenotypic predominance. The patient's SPM analysis demonstrated brain hypometabolism in the midbrain and the hypothalamus, as well as the thalami, caudate nuclei, and multiple cortical regions. These results contribute further to the overall understanding of the pathophysiology of FFI.
Genome-Wide Profiling of DNA Methylation and Tumor Progression in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Nishida Naoshi , Nishimura Takafumi , Nakai Takuya , Chishina Hirokazu , Arizumi Tadaaki , Takita Masahiro , Kitai Satoshi , Yada Norihisa , Hagiwara Satoru , Inoue Tatsuo , Minami Yasunori , Ueshima Kazuomi , Sakurai Toshiharu , Kudo Masatoshi
Published: October 2014

Objective: To clarify the progression pattern of abnormal DNA methylation during the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using a comprehensive methylation assay. Methods: We used an Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array that can analyze >485,000 CpG sites distributed throughout the genome for a comprehensive methylation study of 117 liver tissues consisting of 59 HCC and 58 noncancerous livers. Altered DNA methylation patterns during tumor progression were also analyzed. Results: We identified 38,330 CpG sites with significant differences in methylation levels between HCCs and noncancerous livers (DM-CpGs) using strict criteria. Of the DM-CpGs, 92% were hypomethylated and only 3,051 CpGs (8%) were hypermethylated in HCC. The DM-CpGs were more prevalent within intergenic regions with isolated CpGs. In contrast, DM-CpGs that were hypermethylated in HCC were predominantly located within promoter regions and CpG islands (p < 0.0001). The association between methylation profiles of DM-CpGs and tumor size was statistically significant, especially in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive cases (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: We clarified the unique characteristics of DM-CpGs in human HCCs. The stepwise progression of alterations in DNA methylation was a common feature of HCV-related hepatocarcinogenesis.
Radiofrequency Ablation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Measuring 2 cm or Smaller: Results and Risk Factors for Local Recurrence
Authors: Kono Masashi , Inoue Tatsuo , Kudo Masatoshi , Chishina Hirokazu , Arizumi Tadaaki , Takita Masahiro , Kitai Satoshi , Yada Norihisa , Hagiwara Satoru , Minami Yasunori , Ueshima Kazuomi , Nishida Naoshi , Murakami Takamichi
Published: October 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk factors for local recurrence with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) measuring ≤2 cm. Methods: This study involved 234 patients with 274 HCCs measuring ≤2 cm who had undergone RFA as the initial treatment. The mean tumor diameter was 1.478 cm. The median follow-up period was 829 days. We evaluated the post-RFA cumulative local recurrence rate and analyzed the risk factors contributing to clinical outcomes. Results: Cumulative local recurrence rates were 9, 19 and 19% at 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively. Among the 145 cases with a complete safety margin (SM) after RFA, only 4 developed local tumor recurrence and the cumulative rates of local tumor recurrence at 1, 2 and 3 years were 2, 3 and 3%, respectively. Among the 129 cases with incomplete SM, local tumor recurrence developed in 34 and the cumulative rates of local tumor progression at 1, 2 and 3 years were 14, 36 and 36%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, significant risk factors were tumor location (liver surface), irregular gross type and SM <5 mm. Conclusion: Even with HCC measuring ≤2 cm, location and gross type of tumor should be carefully evaluated before RFA is performed.
Ultrasound Fusion Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review of Current Evidence
Authors: Minami Yasunori , Kudo Masatoshi
Published: October 2014

With advances in technology, imaging techniques that entail fusion of sonography and CT or MRI have been introduced in clinical practice. Ultrasound fusion imaging provides CT or MRI cross-sectional multiplanar images that correspond to the sonographic images, and fusion imaging of B-mode sonography and CT or MRI can be displayed simultaneously and in real time according to the angle of the transducer. Ultrasound fusion imaging helps us understand the three-dimensional relationship between the liver vasculature and tumors, and can detect small liver tumors with poor conspicuity. This fusion imaging is attracting the attention of operators who perform radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for the treatment of hepatic malignancies because this real-time, multimodality comparison can increase monitoring and targeting confidence during the procedure. When RFA with fusion imaging was performed on small hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) with poor conspicuity, it was reported that the rates of technical success and local tumor progression were 94.4-100% and 0-8.3%. However, there have been no studies comparing fusion imaging guidance and contrast-enhanced sonography, CT or MRI guidance in ablation. Fusion imaging-guided RFA has proved to be effective for HCCs that are poorly defined on not only conventional B-mode sonography but also contrast-enhanced sonography. In addition, fusion imaging could be useful to assess the treatment response of RFA because of three-dimensional information. Here, we give an overview of the current status of ultrasound fusion imaging for clinical application in the liver.
Prognostic Values of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Radiotherapy
Authors: Suh Yang-Gun , Lee Eun-Jung , Cha Hyejung , Yang Seung-Hyun , Seong Jinsil
Published: October 2014

Objectives: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly vascularized tumor. In this study, we investigated the prognostic and predictive values of proangiogenic factors in HCC patients receiving radiotherapy. Methods: Between September 2008 and December 2009, a total of 50 patients treated with radiotherapy were prospectively enrolled in this study. Serum and urine samples were collected <1 week before and after radiotherapy. Results: After completion of radiotherapy, serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/platelet (Plt) levels were significantly increased (p < 0.01). Patients who experienced hepatic tumor recurrence outside the radiation field showed higher VEGF-A/Plt levels before and after radiotherapy than patients who did not (p = 0.04), whereas patients who had hepatic tumor recurrence inside the radiation field showed significantly higher matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 levels after radiotherapy (p = 0.04). On multivariate analyses, a high level of either VEGF/Plt or MMP-2 (≥median) before radiotherapy was a significant independent prognostic factor for a worse progression-free survival (p = 0.04). Conclusions: In HCC patients receiving radiotherapy, levels of VEGF/Plt and MMP-2 before radiotherapy can be useful to predict treatment outcome. This study also suggests the necessity of anti-angiogenic therapy, such as sorafenib, since radiotherapy increases VEGF/Plt levels, and higher levels of VEGF/Plt are associated with a poor outcome.
Considerations for Radiation Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Radiation Oncologists' Perspective
Authors: Yu Jeong Il , Park Hee Chul
Published: October 2014

Although the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system does not recommend radiation therapy (RT) as a locoregional modality in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), many prospective and retrospective studies have reported excellent local control with favorable survival rates after RT using modern techniques. Additionally, there have been several comparative or meta-analysis results reporting the superiority of RT in unresectable HCC. Therefore, it might be more reasonable to apply RT in unresectable HCC as an alternative locoregional modality to improve local control in HCC. However, several considerations for the application of RT in HCC exist. The considerations for RT in HCC are purpose, combination treatment and technique. The purpose of RT should be based on baseline liver status as well as tumor extent and location. There are several reasonable advantages in local, intrahepatic and extrahepatic control when combined with other modalities, but it could lead to overtreatment in some cases. The technical considerations according to the purpose and combination modality are the final step. For the application of RT in HCC, the purpose of RT, combination strategy and technical considerations should be taken into account.
2014 KLCSG-NCC Korea Practice Guidelines for the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: HCC Diagnostic Algorithm
Authors: Lee Jeong Min , Park Joong-Won , Choi Byung Ihn
Published: October 2014

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most commonly occurring cancer in Korea and typically has a poor prognosis with a 5-year survival rate of only 28.6%. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to achieve the earliest possible diagnosis of HCC and to recommend the most up-to-date optimal treatment strategy in order to increase the survival rate of patients who develop this disease. After the establishment of the Korean Liver Cancer Study Group (KLCSG) and the National Cancer Center (NCC), Korea jointly produced for the first time the Clinical Practice Guidelines for HCC in 2003, revised them in 2009, and published the newest revision of the guidelines in 2014, including changes in the diagnostic criteria of HCC and incorporating the most recent medical advances over the past 5 years. In this review, we will address the noninvasive diagnostic criteria and diagnostic algorithm of HCC included in the newly established KLCSG-NCC guidelines in 2014, and review the differences in the criteria for a diagnosis of HCC between the KLCSG-NCC guidelines and the most recent imaging guidelines endorsed by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS), the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) system, the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) and the Japan Society of Hepatology (JSH).
Longitudinal Changes in Body Mass Index in Children with Craniopharyngioma
Authors: Khan Muhammad Jaffar , Humayun Khadija Nuzhat , Donaldson Malcolm , Ahmed S. Faisal , Shaikh M. Guftar
Published: October 2014

Objective: We investigated the relationship of body mass index at presentation and pituitary status with long-term changes in BMI over a period of 5 years. Study Design: Craniopharyngioma patients (n = 25) attending a tertiary pediatric endocrine center were divided into three groups based on their BMI at presentation [BMI ≥2 standard deviation scores (SDS), 0-1.99 SDS, and <0 SDS) and then analyzed for trends of BMI over a period of up to 5 years. Results: Median (interquartile range) BMI SDS and hypopituitarism at presentation versus at the 5-year follow-up were as follows: BMI SDS ≥2 group (n = 10): 3.55 (0.68), 6/10 versus 3.76 (1.13), 8/10; BMI SDS 0-1.99 group (n = 11): 1.68 (1.05), 3/11 versus 1.64 (2.04), 7/11, and BMI SDS <0 group (n = 4): -0.23 (0.93), 2/4 versus 0.61, 4/4. At the 5-year follow-up, 10/10, 7/11, and 1/4 subjects when divided in groups according to BMI at presentation were obese. Conclusions: Our data indicate that obesity at presentation, rather than panhypopituitarism either at or after presentation, predicts obesity 5 years after diagnosis. However, obesity at presentation is not always associated with the subsequent development of panhypopituitarism. Pediatric craniopharyngioma subjects who have BMI SDS ≥2 at presentation require early and aggressive intervention to help prevent the complications of obesity.
Molecular simulation studies of human coagulation factor VIII C domain-mediated membrane binding
Authors: Du Jiangfeng , Wichapong Kanin , Hackeng Tilman M. , Nicolaes Gerry A. F
Published: October 2014

The C-terminal C domains of activated coagulation factor VIII (FVIIIa) are essential to membrane binding of this crucial coagulation cofactor protein. To provide an overall membrane binding mechanism for FVIII, we performed simulations of membrane binding through coarsegrained molecular dynamics simulations of the C1 and C2 domain, and the combined C-domains (C1+C2). We found that the C1 and C2 domain have different membrane binding properties. The C1 domain uses hydrophobic spikes 3 and 4, of its total of four spikes, as major loops to bind the membrane, whereas all four of its hydrophobic loops of the C2 domain appear essential for membrane binding. Interestingly, in the C1+C2 system, we observed cooperative binding of the C1 and C2 domains such that all four C2 domain spikes bound first, after which all four loops of the C1 domain inserted into the membrane, while the net binding energy was higher than that of the sum of the isolated C domains. Several residues, mutations of which are known to cause haemophilia A, were identified as key residues for membrane binding. In addition to these known residues, we identified residues from the C1 and C2 domains, which are involved in the membrane binding process, that have not been reported before as a cause for haemophilia A, but which contribute to overall membrane binding and which are likely candidates for novel causative missense mutations in haemophilia A.
New proposal for a detailed description of the dorylaim spicule (Nematoda: Dorylaimida)
Authors: Peña-Santiago Reyes , Abolafia Joaquín , Álvarez-Ortega Sergio
Published: October 2014

The morphology of dorylaimid spicules is richer than usually conceived and shows interesting interspecific variations that have not received much attention. New ideas are proposed to describe these structures, including a delimitation or definition of their parts and a series of morphometrics, either (absolute) measurements or ratios. Three descriptive examples are presented. Several morphological characters (head shape, development of the ventral hump,etc.) and a number of morphometric features (total and relative lengths, relative size of the median piece, terminal tip width,etc.) are especially useful for species characterisation and comparative purposes.
New legal texts from the Hermeneumata Pseudodositheana
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: October 2014

Several previously unnoticed texts concerning ancient lawcourts can be found in theColloquiaof theHermeneumata Pseudodositheana, a set of bilingual dialogues composed for language learners during the Roman empire. The texts describe court cases, both criminal and civil; their writers probably taught in law schools between the second and fourth centuries ad. Editions, translations, and summary information about these texts are provided.
Some remarks on the sources of an Anglo-Norman summa attributed to magister Honorius
Authors: Bónis Péter
Published: October 2014

Magister Honorius was an important Anglo-Norman canonist of the twelfth century. He probably spent the years 1185–1195 in Paris studying and perhaps teaching law, although he did witness a charter in England in 1192. He wrote the Summa ‘De iure canonico tractaturus’ in Paris around 1188 and the Summa quaestionum soon thereafter. In his Summa ‘De iure canonico tractaturus’ Honorius recounts a story about a Hungarian archbishop, who received an important privilege from the Roman pontiff in favour of his diocese. Nevertheless, he did not hesitate to throw it into the fire, because a fee of three solidi was paid for it. This article aims to investigate whether the sources of this historical recount originate from the medieval Kingdom of Hungary.
A consultation by Andrea Alciato on the laws of war
Authors: Mearns James
Published: October 2014

In 1550, Andrea Alciato wrote a consilium concerning a case in the Reichskammergericht, one of the so–called Reformationsprozesse, between Henry II (the Younger), Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, on the one hand, and the town of Goslar, together with the leaders of the Schmalkaldic League on the other. In the first question of this consilium, Alciato argues in favour of the Emperor’s legislative supremacy over the Reichskammer­gericht. In three other questions, he uses feudal law along with the ius commune. Alciato concludes that the Duke’s lands belong to the victors, that his children cannot be deprived of their father’s fiefs and that the League is under an obligation to sequester these. It can be seen that Alciato is legitimating the absolutism of Charles V and that some of his sources are cited for their authoritative nature rather than because they correspond with the political reality.
Synthesis in Motion
Authors: Goodman Karen
Published: October 2014

This paper discusses the importance of Russian-born choreographer, theatre director, and teacher Benjamin Zemach (1901-1997) to Los Angeles. It contextualizes the sustained influences of his Jewish heritage, his training with Stanislavsky and Vakhtangov in the Habima Theatre, Russian dance and theatre synthesis and early American modern dance. The article focuses on his work in Los Angeles during two different periods of American culture and politics preceding and following World War ii (1931-35 and 1946-71), examining closely his contributions to Los Angeles Jewish and mainstream dance and theatre through an analysis of his choreographies for the stage and film as well as his teaching methodologies.
“The Art of Concealing Imperfection”
Authors: Bowlt John E. , Durst Elizabeth
Published: October 2014

The focus of the essay is on Léon Bakst’s activities in the usa, especially in Los Angeles in 1924, when he lectured at the University of Southern California and at the Biltmore Hotel. The essay also touches on Bakst’s interest in Hollywood and cinema as the “new” medium and on his popularity as a dress and textile designer.
Revision of Chinese Dilaridae (Insecta: Neuroptera) (Part II): Species of the genus Dilar Rambur from Tibet
Authors: ZHANG WEI , LIU XINGYUE , ASPöCK HORST , ASPÖCK ULRIKE
Published: October 2014

Three species of the genus Dilar Rambur, 1838, are recorded and described from Tibet in southwestern China, including Dilar geometroides H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1968, Dilar harmandi (Navás, 1909), and Dilar tibetanus Yang, 1987, with the former two species recorded in Tibet for the first time. All three species are redescribed. Dilar aspersus Yang, 1988, and Dilar pusillus Yang, 1992, are synonymized with Dilar geometroides Aspöck & Aspöck, 1968, and Dilar tibetanus Yang, 1987, respectively. A key to the Dilar species from Tibet is provided.
Observation of Moisture Tendencies Related to Shallow Convection
Authors: Bellenger H. , Yoneyama K. , Katsumata M. , Nishizawa T. , Yasunaga K. , Shirooka R.
Published: October 2014

Tropospheric moisture is a key factor controlling the global climate and its variability. For instance, moistening of the lower troposphere is necessary to trigger the convective phase of a Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). However, the relative importance of the processes controlling this moistening has yet to be quantified. Among these processes, the importance of the moistening by shallow convection is still debated. The authors use high-frequency observations of humidity and convection from the Research Vessel (R/V) Mirai that was located in the Indian Ocean ITCZ during the Cooperative Indian Ocean Experiment on Intraseasonal Variability/Dynamics of the MJO (CINDY/DYNAMO) campaign. This study is an initial attempt to directly link shallow convection to moisture variations within the lowest 4 km of the atmosphere from the convective scale to the mesoscale. Within a few tens of minutes and near shallow convection occurrences, moisture anomalies of 0.25–0.5 g kg−1 that correspond to tendencies on the order of 10–20 g kg−1 day−1 between 1 and 4 km are observed and are attributed to shallow convective clouds. On the scale of a few hours, shallow convection is associated with anomalies of 0.5–1 g kg−1 that correspond to tendencies on the order of 1–4 g kg−1 day−1 according to two independent datasets: lidar and soundings. This can be interpreted as the resultant mesoscale effect of the population of shallow convective clouds. Large-scale advective tendencies can be stronger than the moistening by shallow convection; however, the latter is a steady moisture supply whose importance can increase with the time scale. This evaluation of the moistening tendency related to shallow convection is ultimately important to develop and constrain numerical models.
Bias Adjustment of AVHRR SST and Its Impacts on Two SST Analyses
Authors: Huang Boyin , Wang Wanqiu , Liu Chunying , Banzon Viva , Zhang Huai-Min , Lawrimore Jay
Published: October 2014

Sea surface temperature (SST) observations from satellite-based Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) instrument exhibit biases. Adjustments necessary for removing the AVHRR biases have been studied by progressive experiments. These experiments show that the biases are sensitive to various parameters, including the length of the input data window, the base-function empirical orthogonal teleconnections (EOTs), the ship–buoy SST adjustment, and a shift in grid system. The difference in bias adjustments due to these parameters can be as large as 0.3°–0.5°C in the tropical Pacific at the monthly time scale.

The AVHRR bias adjustments were designed differently in the daily optimum interpolation SST (DOISST) and the Extended Reconstructed SST datasets that ingest AVHRR SSTs (ERSSTsat). The different AVHRR bias adjustments result in the differences in SST datasets in DOISST and ERSSTsat. Comparisons show that the SST difference between these two datasets results largely from the difference in the AVHRR bias adjustments and little from SST analysis methods in the Niño-3.4 region, as well as in the global oceans. For example, the average difference of the Niño-3.4 SSTs between DOISST and ERSSTsat is approximately 0.12°C due to the bias adjustments and is about 0.01°C due to the analysis methods.

This study finds that the DOISST datasets can be improved by using the revised AVHRR bias adjustment of a wider input data window, updated EOTs, and a shifted grid system in DOISST. Improvements can also be made by including a ship–buoy SST adjustment, a zonal SST adjustment, or revised EOTs without damping in the high latitudes in ERSSTsat.
“Tell…the truth, but tell it slant”: Form and fiction in Rusva’s Umrao Jan Ada
Authors: Pillai Sharon
Published: October 2014

Mirza Muhammad Hadi Rusva is best remembered today for Umrao Jan Ada, his Urdu novel about a Lucknavi courtesan by the same name, published in 1899. More than a century on, Umrao Jan Ada is praised, on the one hand, for being the first proper novel in Urdu. On the other, the novel is lauded for its accomplished portrayal of Lucknow a few years before and after the watershed events of 1857. Much of the Anglophone critical evaluation of Umrao Jan Ada, however, displays a singular preoccupation with the question of realism. The critical consensus around realism has metamorphosed from a useful framework for parsing Rusva’s novel from multiple vantage points into a hardened carapace of convention that in fact obstructs fresh engagements with the text. This essay argues for the need to move beyond the debates around realism. It attempts to ask new questions and seek different narrative possibilities in Umrao Jan Ada. Its principal contention is that despite ostensible evidence to the contrary, Umrao Jan Ada is a consciously contrived text straining after a novel poetics of expression, a poetics of indirection, which given the character and the times makes especial historical and situational sense. The novel also constitutes a significant bid at aesthetic experimentation in the face of prevailing indigenous and colonial modes of narrativity, something for which Rusva is not always given nearly enough credit.
Predicting Severe Pain after Root Canal Therapy in the National Dental PBRN
Authors: Law A.S. , Nixdorf D.R. , Aguirre A.M. , Reams G.J. , Tortomasi A.J. , Manne B.D. , Harris D.R. ,   National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group
Published: October 2014

Some patients experience severe pain following root canal therapy (RCT) despite advancements in care. We sought to identify factors, which can be measured preoperatively, that predict this negative outcome so that future research may focus on preemptive steps to reduce postoperative pain intensity. Sixty-two practitioners (46 general dentists and 16 endodontists) who are members of the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network enrolled patients receiving RCT for this prospective observational study. Baseline data collected from patients and dentists were obtained before treatment. Severe postoperative pain was defined based on a rating of ≥7 on a scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (pain as bad as can be) for the worst pain intensity experienced during the preceding week, and this was collected 1 wk after treatment. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to develop and validate the model. A total of 708 patients were enrolled during a 6-m period. Pain intensity data were collected 1 wk postoperatively from 652 patients (92.1%), with 19.5% (n = 127) reporting severe pain. In multivariable modeling, baseline factors predicting severe postoperative pain included current pain intensity (odds ratio [OR], 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07 to 1.25; P = 0.0003), number of days in the past week that the subject was kept from their usual activities due to pain (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.13 to 1.55; P = 0.0005), pain made worse by stress (OR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.22 to 5.35; P = 0.0130), and a diagnosis of symptomatic apical periodontitis (OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.01 to 2.64; P = 0.0452). Among the factors that did not contribute to predicting severe postoperative pain were the dentist’s specialty training, the patient’s age and sex, the type of tooth, the presence of swelling, or other pulpal and apical endodontic diagnoses. Factors measured preoperatively were found to predict severe postoperative pain following RCT. Practitioners could use this information to better inform patients about RCT outcomes and possibly use different treatment strategies to manage their patients (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01201681).
Human Resources
Authors: Bloom Robert , Kamm Jacob
Published: October 2014

This article proposes that human resource costs incurred by organizations be capitalized. The authors analyze the current accounting treatment of such costs under U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and reflect the impact of the Balanced Scorecard and recent literature on the valuation of human capital. Also considered are alternative capitalization methods.
Energy-aware integrated process planning and scheduling for job shops
Authors: Dai Min , Tang Dunbing , Xu Yuchun , Li Weidong
Published: October 2014

Process planning that is based on environmental consciousness and energy-efficient scheduling currently plays a critical role in sustainable manufacturing processes. Despite their interrelationship, these two topics have often been considered to be independent of each other. It therefore would be beneficial to integrate process planning and scheduling for an integrated energy-efficient optimisation of product design and manufacturing in a sustainable manufacturing system. This article proposes an energy-aware mathematical model for job shops that integrates process planning and scheduling. First, a mixed integrated programming model with performance indicators such as energy consumption and scheduling makespan is established to describe a multi-objective optimisation problem. Because the problem is strongly non-deterministic polynomial-time hard (NP-hard), a modified genetic algorithm is adopted to explore the optimal solution (Pareto solution) between energy consumption and makespan. Finally, case studies of energy-aware integrated process planning and scheduling are performed, and the proposed algorithm is compared with other methods. The approach is shown to generate interesting results and can be used to improve the energy efficiency of sustainable manufacturing processes at the process planning and scheduling levels.
Production, Procurement and Inflation: A Market Model for Foodgrains
Authors: K.U. Gopakumar , Pandit V.
Published: October 2014

Rapid rise in the prices of foodgrains and their continued upsurge is a matter of concern not only for the government and policy makers but also for anyone concerned with social welfare. This is particularly so because the increased prices of basic food items cause great distress to the poor sections of society who spend a large part of their income on food. Thus, a clear understanding of the causes of inflation is necessary for framing the right policy to tackle the problem. The current study tries to examine how prices are determined in the Indian foodgrain market. This requires a slightly different approach from the conventional demand and supply framework as government intervenes in the market through open-market operations. To this end, we propose a structural model, explaining the behaviour of foodgrain prices for the period 1980–81 through 2011–12 incorporating the role of government interventions. Our results confirm that there is a strong impact of demand- as well as supply-side factors. However, when it comes to controlling inflation, demand-side management turns out to be highly significant. Under supply-side management, increased capital stock is found to be important, in so far as it significantly boosts production. Government intervention through procurement and off-take plays a stabilising role.

JELClassification: E31, Q11, Q18