bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genomic and genetic relationships among species ofLeymus(Poaceae: Triticeae) inferred from 18S–26S ribosomal genes
Authors: Anamthawat‐Jónsson Kesara , Bödvarsdóttir Sigrídur K.
Published: February 2007

The 18S–26S ribosomal genes in three closely related species ofLeymus(Poaceae: Triticeae) were examined using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Both approaches revealed a close relationship betweenL. arenarius(8x= 56, northern European) andL. racemosus(4x= 28, central Eurasian), whereasL. mollis(4x= 28, northern American/Pacific) was distinct. Each species had three homologous pairs of major rDNA loci:a1, a2, anda3forL. arenarius;m1, m2, andm3forL. mollis; andr1, r2, andr3forL. racemosus. Leymus arenariushad in addition three minor loci,a4, a5, anda6.The major loci ofL. arenariusandL. racemosuswere identical, indicating that the former species could have originated from the latter, via interspecific hybridization and/or polyploidy. The rDNA‐RFLPs further indicated relationships of these species to other species ofLeymus(L. karellini, 8x= 56 andL. angustus, 12x= 84) andPsathyrostachys(P. fragilis, P. huashanica, P. juncea, andP. lanuginosa, which are all diploids). A phenogram constructed from 20BamHI,EcoRI, andDraI rDNA fragments revealed closer relationship between the two genera,LeymusandPsathyrostachys, than that among species within a genus.
Ontogenetic wood anatomy of tree and subtree species of NepaleseRhododendron(Ericaceae) and characterization of shrub species
Authors: Noshiro Shuichi , Suzuki Mitsuo
Published: February 2007

Ontogenetic trends in the wood structure of NepaleseRhododendronwere studied in 15 specimens of two tree and four subtree species. Average growth ring width was constant from pith to bark in spite of occurrences of extremely narrow, false, or discontinuous rings. Vessel density, vessel area, vessel element length, and multiseriate ray height generally had an initial increase or decrease to 1.5 cm radius and near plateau or slight decrease or increase outward. Multiseriate ray density and area percentage were variable between specimens without a clear pattern. Ontogenetic trends from pith to fully mature wood in trees plus subtrees were inferred by treating the measurements in the present study with those of mature individuals in a previous study. Comparison of trends in trees plus subtrees and those in shrubs lead to ecological or systematic groupings. Vessel features showed that alpine shrub species have distinctly small, numerous vessels composed of short vessel elements. Multiseriate ray features indicated a systematic difference between the trees plus subtrees of subgenusHymenanthesand the shrubs of subgenusRhododendron.Vessel features of alpine shrubs may be an adaptation against frequent freeze–thaw cycles or the result of growth stress imposed by the severe alpine environment.
Developmental morphology of ovules and seeds of Nymphaeales
Authors: Yamada Toshihiro , Imaichi Ryoko , Kato Masahiro
Published: February 2007

Ovule and seed development in six species of Nymphaeales was examined. In the Cabombaceae the two species studied resemble some extant basal angiosperms by having a hood‐shaped outer integument. A micropyle–hilum complex results when the outer integument and derived testa are lacking between the micropyle and the funiculus, thus the hood‐shaped appearance. In the Nymphaeaceae the outer integument is annular at an early stage and then cup‐shaped though it is semiannular at initiation in Nupar japonicum and Nymphaea alba. The micropyle and hilum are separated by an intervening testa. Developmental data on the formation of the outer integument, from semiannular to hood‐shaped vs. from annular to cup‐shaped, are useful for inferring the morphology of the outer integument from the relative position of the micropyle to the hilum in seed fossils. The oldest (early Cretaceous) probable nymphaealean seeds had the micropyle–hilum complex, suggesting that the hood‐shaped outer integument may be primitive in the Nymphaeales. This needs to be tested by examination of this feature in other groups of basal angiosperms.
Clinal differentiation and putative hybridization in a contact zone of Pinus ponderosa and P. arizonica (Pinaceae)
Authors: Epperson Bryan K. , Telewski Frank W. , Plovanich‐Jones Anne E. , Grimes Jill E.
Published: February 2007

The widely distributed Pinus subsection Ponderosae is a species complex that has a transition zone among taxa in the southwestern United States. In southern Arizona and New Mexico at least two recognized taxa, Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum and Pinus arizonica or P. ponderosa var. arizonica, are known to coexist in close proximity. In this study, we report the existence of populations where the taxa are sympatric. One of the key characteristics distinguishing taxa is the number of needles per fascicle; P. ponderosa typically has three, P. arizonica has five. We examined the spatial distribution of needle‐number types in a belt transect that covers a transition zone from nearly pure three‐needle types at the top of Mount Lemmon to five‐needle types downslope, in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. The spatial distribution is inconsistent with there being both free interbreeding among types and selective neutrality of types. Trees with intermediate types, having combinations of three, four, and five needles and/or mean numbers of needles between 3.0 and 5.0, are spatially concentrated in the middle of the transition zone. The spatial distribution supports the occurrence of hybridization and introgression, and this is consistent with reported crossabilities of the types. The results suggest that selection is acting, either on needle number per se or on other traits of the ecotype with which it may be in linkage disequilibrium, to maintain the observed steep clinal differentiation.
Phylogenetic relationships within Cornus (Cornaceae) based on 26S rDNA sequences
Authors: Fan Chuanzhu , Xiang (Jenny) Qiu‐Yun
Published: February 2007

Phylogenetic relationships within the dogwood genus Cornus have been highly controversial due to the great morphological heterogeneity. Earlier phylogenetic analyses of Cornus using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) data (including rbcL and matK sequences, as well as restriction sites) and morphological characters suggested incongruent relationships within the genus. The present study generated sequence data from the nuclear gene 26S rDNA for Cornus to test the phylogenetic hypotheses based on cpDNA and morphological data. The 26S rDNA sequence data obtained represent 16 species, 13 from Cornus and three from outgroups, having an aligned length of 3380 bp. Both parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of these sequences were conducted. Trees resulting from these analyses suggest relationships among subgroups of Cornus consistent with those inferred from cpDNA data. That is, the dwarf dogwood (subg. Arctocrania) and the big‐bracted dogwood (subg. Cynoxylon and subg. Syncarpea) clades are sisters, which are, in turn, sister to the cornelian cherries (subg. Cornus and subg. Afrocrania). This red‐fruited clade is sister to the blue‐ or white‐fruited dogwoods (subg. Mesomora, subg. Kraniopsis, and subg. Yinquania). Within the blue‐ or white‐fruited clade, C. oblonga (subg. Yinquania) is sister to the remainder, and subg. Mesomora is sister to subg. Kraniopsis. These relationships were also suggested by the combined 26S rDNA and cpDNA data, but with higher bootstrap and Bremer support in the combined analysis. The 26S rDNA sequence data of Cornus consist of 12 expansion segments spanning 1034 bp. These expansion segments evolve approximately four times as fast as the conserved core regions. The study provides an example of phylogenetic utility of 26S rDNA sequences below the genus level.
Chromosome numbers in Chihuahuan Desert Cactaceae. III. Trans‐Pecos Texas
Authors: Michael Powell A. , Weedin James F.
Published: February 2007

Chromosome numbers are reported for 112 collections of Cactaceae, including 102 collections of Opuntia. Reports are presented for 33 species in five genera and a total of 36 taxa. Two specimens were sterile. Emphasis was given to the documentation of intraspecific ploidy‐level consistencies and differences, because of the current poor state of knowledge about the populational integrity of chromosome numbers in Trans‐Pecos cacti and because information about ploidy levels is taxonomically significant particularly in certain genera of Cactaceae. First reports are presented for six taxa, including Opuntia aureispina (2n = 11 II), O. tortispina (2n = 33 II), and Ancistrocactus tobuschii (2n = 11 II). Chromosome numbers are now known for all but one or two of the ∼104 currently recognized cactus taxa in Trans‐Pecos Texas.
The effect of salinity on different developmental stages of an endemic annual plant,Aster laurentianus(Asteraceae)
Authors: Houle Gilles , Morel Loïc , Reynolds Christina E. , Siégel Julie
Published: February 2007

Salinity reduces substrate water potential, thereby restricting water and nutrient uptake by plants; salinity may also cause ionic imbalance and toxicity. Because substrate salinity fluctuates through the growing season, a plant may be exposed to different salinity levels, at various stages of development, with potentially significant consequences on population dynamics. Here, we present the results of a study of the effect of substrate salinity on seed germination, seedling emergence, and growth ofAster laurentianus, an annual marsh plant, endemic to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and potentially threatened. Seed germination was reduced in low salt concentration (10 g sea salt/L) and completely inhibited by salinity levels ≥20 g sea salt/L. However, this inhibiting effect was reversible: seeds from the salt treatments germinated readily after being washed in distilled water. Though seedling emergence was diminished at low salinity levels, postemergence survival was little affected. Plant growth was reduced, but net carbon assimilation rate was not affected by high salinity levels. Increased root respiration and respiratory costs associated with salt tolerance might have contributed to lower C accumulation at higher salinity levels. All developmental processes considered are thus negatively affected by substrate salinity, with potentially significant consequences on population abundance and distribution in salt marshes. Yet, the tolerance of this species to high salinity levels after seedling emergence is remarkable. Seed germination represents a major bottleneck in the species life cycle, potentially controlling local distribution and abundance in the natural habitat.
Microsatellite variation in cassava (Manihot esculenta, Euphorbiaceae) and its wild relatives: further evidence for a southern Amazonian origin of domestication
Authors: Olsen Kenneth M. , Schaal Barbara A.
Published: February 2007

Genetic variation at five microsatellite loci was used to investigate the evolutionary and geographical origins of cassava (Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta) and the population structure of cassava's wild relatives. Two hundred and twelve individuals were sampled, representing 20 crop accessions, 27 populations of cassava's closest wild relative (M. esculenta subsp. flabellifolia), and six populations of a potentially hybridizing species (M. pruinosa). Seventy‐three alleles were observed across all loci and populations. These data indicate the following on cassava's origin: (1) genetic variation in the crop is a subset of that found in the wild M. esculenta subspecies, suggesting that cassava is derived solely from its conspecific wild relative. (2) Phenetic analyses group cassava with wild populations from the southern border of the Amazon basin, indicating this region as the likely site of domestication. (3) Manihot pruinosa, while closely related to M. esculenta (and possibly hybridizing with it where sympatric), is probably not a progenitor of the crop. Genetic differentiation among the wild populations is moderately high (FST = 0.42, ρST = 0.54). This differentiation has probably arisen primarily through random genetic drift (rather than mutation) following recent population divergence.
Origin and conservation genetics of the threatened Ute ladies'‐tresses,Spiranthes diluvialis(Orchidaceae)
Authors: Szalanski Allen L. , Steinauer Gerry , Bischof Richard , Petersen Jessica
Published: February 2007

The Ute ladies'‐tresses,Spiranthes diluvialis, is listed as a threatened orchid in west‐central United States by the Federal government. Information on its origin and patterns of genetic variation is needed to develop effective conservation strategies for this species. DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) was used to evaluate genetic variation and structure of 23 populations ofS. diluvialis.In addition, four congeneric species were analyzed to determine possible origins of the putative allotetraploidS. diluvialis.DNA sequencing and PCR‐RFLP analysis of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA noncoding regions revealed no genetic variation within or among populations ofS. diluvialis.DNA sequencing revealed thatS. diluvialishas rDNA of bothS. magnicamporumandS. romanzoffiana, supporting the proposed origin of the allotetraploid. Parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of cpDNA and mtDNA sequences revealed that theseS. diluvialisorganellar sequences were most closely related to those ofS. romanzoffiana, providing evidence that the latter species is the maternal parent ofS. diluvialis.The lack of genetic diversity is significant for the development of a long‐term conservation strategy forS. diluvialis.
Visually Mapping the “Nation”: Swadeshi Politics in Nationalist India, 1920–1930
Authors: Trivedi Lisa N.
Published: February 2007

In the early years of mass nationalism in colonial South Asia, Mohandas Gandhi inaugurated aswadeshi(indigenous goods) movement, which aimed to achieveswaraj, or “home rule,” by establishing India's economic self-sufficiency from Britain. Invoking an earlier movement of the same name, Gandhi created a new form of swadeshi politics that encouraged the production and exclusive consumption of hand-spun, hand-woven cloth calledkhadi. The campaign to popularize this movement took many forms, including the organization of exhibitions that demonstrated cloth production and sold khadi goods. On the occasion of one such exhibition in 1927, Gandhi explained the significance of exhibitions for the movement:

[The exhibition] is designed to be really a study for those who want to understand what thiskhadimovement stands for, and what it has been able to do. It is not a mere ocular demonstration to be dismissed out of our minds immediately. … It is not a cinema. It is actually a nursery where a student, a lover of humanity, a lover of his own country may come and see things for himself.

(“The Exhibition,”Young India, 14 July 1927)
Potters' Progress: Hybridity and Accumulative Change in Rural Sri Lanka
Authors: Winslow Deborah
Published: February 2007

In a particularly influential paper in the critique of development literature in anthropology, Arturo Escobar once suggested that an underlying cause of the “crisis in developmentalist discourse” is our inability to imagine an alternative (1992, 21). The problem, he explains, is not a shortage of critics but, rather, a plethora who are content to operate within the “epistemological and cultural space” defined by the development discourse itself. Yet, he goes on in a subsequent work, “[t]he alternative is, in a sense, always there” (1995, 223), if not in the work of development professionals and critics, then in hybridizations constructed by local people to protect and to improve themselves (218–19). This paper is about such hybridized alternatives as they have developed over the past century among a group of pottery makers in rural Sri Lanka. These are not, however, the mass social movements to which Escobar was referring. Rather, they are everyday and, more important,ongoingrefashionings of economic and social assistance programs as these local people select from, remake, and reject opportunities that come their way. While Escobar describes grassroots resistance to the very discourse of “Third World development,” the Sri Lankan potters neither resist consistently nor accept consistently the developers' views of the world and the development gifts on offer. Instead, the potters work toward their own goals and make choices accordingly, both influenced by and influencing the shifting external discourses in which they participate (Woost 2000, 769).
The Cultural Cold War in Korea, 1945–1950
Authors: Armstrong Charles K.
Published: February 2007

By definition, the cold war was understood on both sides of the conflict to be a global struggle that stopped short of direct military engagement between the superpowers (the U.S. and the USSR). In Europe, the putative center ofthat struggle, the geopolitical battle lines were fixed after the early 1950s, or they at least could not be altered by normal military means without provoking World War III—which would result in mutual annihilation. Therefore, each side hoped to make gains over the other by using more subtle, political, and often clandestine methods, winning the “hearts and minds” of people in the other bloc (as well as maintaining potentially wayward support in one's own bloc), hoping to subvert the other side from within. The cold war was an enormous campaign of propaganda and psychological warfare on both sides. A vast range of cultural resources, from propaganda posters and radio broadcasts to sophisticated literary magazines, jazz bands, ballet troupes, and symphony orchestras, were weapons in what has recently come to be called the “Cultural Cold War” (Saunders 1999). Studies of the cultural cold war have proliferated since the late 1990s, most of which focus on U.S. cultural policy and are concerned with the European “theater” of this conflict (Hixson 1997; Fehrenbach and Poiger 2000; Poiger 2000; Berghahn 2001).
Restoration or Transformation?Traposversus NGOs in the Democratization of the Philippines
Authors: Eaton Kent
Published: February 2007

When the philippines returned to democratic rule in 1986, two images emerged of the new democracy that were vastly different and often hard to reconcile with each other. On the one hand, many observers commented on the great extent to which the new democracy appeared merely to restore the country's previous democratic regime from between 1946 and the establishment of martial law in 1972 (Anderson 1988; McCoy 1994, 19; Wurfel 1988, 323). In this earlier democratic period, traditional political clans dominated the country's policy-making institutions and successfully blocked equity-enhancing reforms. Over the course of these decades, elite-dominated parties mastered the politics of clientelism, in which local power brokers delivered vote blocs to national politicians in exchange for the granting of particularistic favors and the blocking of progressive legislation. Fears of a restoration in the mid-1980s appeared well founded, both in the significant presence in the reopened legislature of the country's most powerful economic elites and in the resistance to agrarian and other reforms by the new president, Corazon Aquino, herself a member of a prominent land-owning family. In many respects, democratization in the 1980s marked the return to power of traditional politicians, ortrapos, as they are popularly called, a word that also means “dishrag” in the Tagalog language.
Enemies of the State: The Interdependence of Institutional Forms and the Ecology of the Kibbutz, 1910–1997
Authors: Simons Tal , Ingram Paul
Published: February 2007

The kibbutz, once lauded as an exemplar of the Utopian organization, has been criticized recently as yet another illustration that socialist arrangements are inferior to capitalist ones. In this paper, we test a number of explanations of what happened to the kibbutz, using an analysis of the founding rate of the kibbutz population. We find support for popular accounts that the kibbutz stagnated partly as a result of the development in Israel of capitalism and of alternatives for structuring community relations. We also find that a less recognized influence, the state, was a critical determinant of favorable and unfavorable kibbutz outcomes. Our analysis shows that early in the twentieth century, the kibbutz flourished as a source of the order that the states to which it was subject were unable to provide. Over time, the states of Palestine and Israel developed more capacity to govern and displaced the kibbutz from the order-provision role. We also show an active rivalry, with the State of Israel attacking the kibbutz to shore up its own autonomy and in the process delegitimizing the kibbutz movement. These results suggest revisions to the conclusions that are typically drawn from the “kibbutz experiment.” They also suggest that some organizational forms may experience symbiosis, competition, and rivalry with the state and that these factors can be key determinants of the state's actions and the forms' evolution.
Development of sterile ovules on bisexual cones of Gnetum gnemon (Gnetaceae)
Authors: Haycraft Courtney J. , Carmichael Jeffrey S.
Published: February 2007

Angiosperms and Gnetales (Ephedra, Gnetum, Welwitschia) represent the only seed plants that regularly produce bisexual cones. Unfortunately, the fertility and function of ovules formed on bisexual cones of Gnetales have remained unclear. Some reports indicate that the ovules are sterile while others indicate that they may develop into seeds. This study demonstrates three different developmental patterns of ovules formed on bisexual cones of Gnetum gnemon. Type I ovules did not develop at all after pollination and represented the majority of ovules on each cone. Type II ovules enlarged slightly after pollination due to the enlargement of nucellar tissue. Type III ovules were typically found on the terminal whorl and developed into seed‐like structures. The enlargement was due to proliferation of megagametophyte tissue. Sectioned material revealed that megagametophytes show altered development compared to those found in functional female ovules. None of the ovules studied contained embryos, and thus all were sterile. Densitometry of 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI)‐ stained sections revealed that megagametophyte nuclei formed in the sterile ovules are unreduced (diploid) and thus do not form viable female gametes.
Characterization of mycobiont adaptations in the foliose lichen Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa (Parmeliaceae)
Authors: Clark Brett M. , St. Clair Larry L. , Mangelson Nolan F. , Rees Lawrence B. , Grant Patrick G. , Bench Graham S.
Published: February 2007

A cross section of the vagrant soil lichen Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa was analyzed using proton microprobe PIXE. Data were used to generate quantitative, two‐dimensional element distribution maps for Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, and Sr. Element maps show differential element partitioning between the stratified layers of the thallus. These data document transfer of inorganic nutrients across the thallus to the algal layer. Inorganic particle entrapment was also evident in the element maps. Dense accumulations of calcium oxalate at the junction of the medulla and the algal layer on the order of 10% by dry mass were discovered. Scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analyses were used to characterize the calcium oxalate region. These data provide evidence for possible functional roles of the calcium oxalate layer, including regulation of water and light. Data also provide support for a mutualistic interpretation of the lichen association.
Persistence of seed bank under thick volcanic deposits twenty years after eruptions of Mount Usu, Hokkaido Island, Japan
Authors: Tsuyuzaki Shiro , Goto Masaki
Published: February 2007

The topsoil that contained the seed bank became buried under thick tephra after the eruptions of Mount Usu during 1977 and 1978. To determine the seed bank potential of the topsoil 20 yr after the eruptions, i.e., in 1998, 408 100‐cm3 samples were excavated under 115–185 cm of volcanic deposits. The topsoil was collected at 10‐cm intervals along the horizontal scale and was divided into a 0–5 cm deep upper layer and a 5–10 cm deep lower layer. The seed bank was estimated by both the germination (GM) and flotation (FM) methods. In total, 23 species with an average seed density of 1317 seeds/m2 were identified by GM, and 30 species with a density of 2986 seeds/m2 were extracted by FM. The dominant species was Rumex obtusifolius, and perennial herbs, such as Carex oxyandra, Viola grypoceras, and Poa pratensis, were common. For nine species this study provided the first records for field seed longevity >20 yr. The seed density in the upper layer was double that in the lower layer, and the horizontal distribution was heterogeneous even at 10‐cm intervals. We concluded that the seed bank has retained the original structure of the seed bank under the tephra and will persist longer with soil water content between 20 and 40%, no light, and low temperature fluctuations (±0.17°C of standard deviation in a day).
Multiple origin of the tropical forest tree family Icacinaceae
Authors: Kårehed Jesper
Published: February 2007

Analyses of DNA sequences from four genes (ndhF, rbcL, atpB, and18SrDNA) and morphological data show that the members of the tropical forest tree family Icacinaceae do not have a common origin. All of the genera earlier placed in Icacinaceae are euasterids but placed in the following three different orders: Garryales, Aquifoliales, and Apiales.Icacinaand related genera are members of Garryales and, pending more data, are still best treated as Icacinaceae (sensu stricto). The genera related to Aquifoliales are placed in Cardiopteridaceae and a new family, Stemonuraceae. The genusPennantiais a member of Apiales and the family Pennantiaceae is recognized. Morphological characters delimiting these groups are discussed. Twenty‐six newndhFsequences were obtained for the study (25 from former Icacinaceae and 1 fromCardiopteris).
Phylogenetic relationships of Theaceae inferred from chloroplast DNA sequence data
Authors: Prince Linda M. , Parks Clifford R.
Published: February 2007

Tribal and generic relationships within Theaceae were investigated using cladistic analyses of chloroplast‐encoded rbcL and matK + flanking intergenic spacer region data. Molecular data were employed because recent morphological and anatomical studies of tea (Camellia sinensis) and related plant species provide conflicting support for tribal and generic relationships within the family. Parsimony analyses of separate and combined data consistently identify three strongly supported lineages: Theeae, Stewartieae, and Gordonieae. These data support the broad generic circumscription of Camellia and Stewartia but do not support the recognition of Gordonia sensu lato. Gordonia lasianthus and Gordonia brandegeei are the basal clade in Gordonieae, a position far removed from all other representatives of Gordonia sensu lato (Polyspora and Laplacea) included in this study. This phylogeny most closely mirrors Airy‐Shaw's tribe Camellieae [= Theeae] and his two subtribes Stewartiinae and Gordoniinae, first published in 1936. We recognize all three major lineages at the tribal level, although there is weak statistical support for a sister relationship between Gordonieae and Theeae. We also find statistical support for the recognition of the two former subfamilies Theoideae and Ternstroemioideae as two separate families, Theaceae and Ternstroemiaceae.
Generic circumscription and relationships in the tribe Melanthieae (Liliales, Melanthiaceae), with emphasis on Zigadenus: evidence from ITS and trnL‐F sequence data
Authors: Zomlefer Wendy B. , Williams Norris H. , Whitten W. Mark , Judd Walter S.
Published: February 2007

The circumscription and relationships of genera within the tribe Melanthieae (29 representative taxa) were evaluated using parsimony analyses of ITS (nuclear ribosomal) and trnL‐F (plastid) DNA sequence data, alone and in combination. Proposed new generic circumscriptions, strongly supported by the tree statistics and topologies in all analyses, are correlated with potential morphological synapomorphies at the proper level of universality. Based on the molecular cladograms, Stenanthium is biphyletic, and the traditional Zigadenus s.l. (sensu lato) is polyphyletic. Amianthium and Schoenocaulon are distinct entities; the Veratrum complex is conservatively treated as one large monophyletic genus (including Melanthium). Although some generic relationships are not highly resolved, the analyses provide strong support for Zigadenus glaberrimus as sister to the rest of the tribe, and Amianthium muscitoxicum as closely related to Veratrum s.l. As a result of these analyses, seven genera (some with novel circumscription) are recognized within the tribe Melanthieae: Amianthium, Anticlea, Schoenocaulon, Stenanthium, Toxicoscordion, Veratrum, and Zigadenus.
A molecular phylogeny of the endemic Australian genusGastrolobium(Fabaceae: Mirbelieae) and allied genera using chloroplast and nuclear markers
Authors: Chandler Gregory T. , Bayer Randall J. , Crisp Michael D.
Published: February 2007

Gastrolobium(Fabaceae: Mirbelieae) is an endemic Australian genus that produces toxic sodium monofluoroacetate. A phylogenetic reconstruction ofGastrolobiumand the related generaBrachysema, Callistachys, Jansonia, Nemcia, Oxylobium, andPodolobiumis presented, using sequence data from three regions—thepsbA‐trnHintergenic spacer and thetrnK5′ intron from chloroplast DNA and the 3′ end of the external transcribed spacer (ETS) from nuclear ribosomal DNA.Gastrolobiumis shown to be paraphyletic, withBrachysema, Jansonia, Nemcia, andOxylobium linearenesting within it, andNemciais shown to be polyphyletic withinGastrolobium.Past key morphological characters, such as fluoroacetate content and characters associated with pollination syndrome, are shown to be homoplastic, with fluoroacetate possibly a plesiomorphic condition lost in more derived species.Podolobiumis also shown to be polyphyletic, with theP. ilicifoliumgroup sister toGastrolobiumand theP. alpestregroup sister toCallistachys, a member of theOxylobiumgroup. It is recommended thatGastrolobiumbe expanded to includeBrachysema, Jansonia, Nemcia, andOxylobium lineare, while further work is required to test the sister‐group relationship betweenPodolobiums.s. (sensu stricto) andGastrolobium.
ADendroctonusbark engraving (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) from a middle EoceneLarix(Coniferales: Pinaceae): early or delayed colonization?
Authors: Labandeira Conrad C. , LePage Ben A. , Johnson Arthur H.
Published: February 2007

An engraving made by a scolytid bark beetle, assigned to the genusDendroctonusof the tribe Tomicini, has been identified on a mummified, middle Eocene (45 Ma) specimen ofLarix altoborealiswood from the Canadian High Arctic.Larix altoborealisis the earliest known species ofLarix, a distinctive lineage of pinaceous conifers that is taxonomically identifiable by the middle Eocene and achieved a broad continental distribution in northern North America and Eurasia during the late Cenozoic.Dendroctonuscurrently consists of three highly host‐specific lineages that have pinaceous hosts: a basal monospecific clade on Pinoideae (Pinus) and two sister clades that consist of a speciose clade associated exclusively with Pinoideae and six species that breed overwhelmingly in Piceoideae (Picea) and Laricoideae (PseudotsugaandLarix). The middle Eocene engraving inL. altoborealisrepresents an early member ofDendroctonusthat is ancestral to other congeneric species that colonized a short‐bracted species ofLarix.This fossil occurrence, buttressed by recent data on the phylogeny of Pinaceae subfamilies andDendroctonusspecies, indicates that there was phylogenetically congruent colonization by these bark‐beetle lineages of a Pinoideae + (Piceoideae + Laricoideae) host‐plant sequence. Based on all available evidence, an hypothesis of a geochronologically early invasion during the Early Cretaceous is supported over an alternative view of late Cenozoic cladogenesis by bark beetles onto the Pinaceae. These data also suggest that host‐plant chemistry may be an effective species barrier to colonization by some bark‐beetle taxa over geologically long time scales.
Phylogenetic relationships in Disa based on non‐coding trnL‐trnF chloroplast sequences: evidence of numerous repeat regions
Authors: Bellstedt Dirk U. , Linder H. Peter , Harley Eric H.
Published: February 2007

Sequence data from the intron and spacer of the trnL‐F chloroplast region elucidate the phylogenetic relationships of the tribe Diseae (Orchidoideae: Orchidaceae). Within Diseae, 41 species of Disa, two of Brownleea, three of Satyrium, and two of Corycium were included, with five species of Habenaria sensu lato (Orchideae) and one epidendroid as outgroups. The sequences revealed substitutions and considerable length variation, due mainly to the presence of repeat motifs. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony revealed five distinct clades. The branching order of the five weakly supported the paraphyly of Diseae, with the successive divergence of Brownleea, Corycium, Habenaria, Satyrium, and Disa. Within the monophyletic Disa, three main groupings appeared, two strongly supported clades representing sect. Racemosae and sect. Coryphaea and the third grouping containing several clades currently grouped into sections based on morphological phylogenies. Some discrepancies between the molecular phylogeny and the phylogeny based on morphological characters may require reevaluation of some of the morphological characters. The presence of different numbers of repeat motifs, both among different taxa and within taxa, indicates that these characters may be phylogenetically informative at the population level.
Geographic distribution of wild potato species
Authors: Hijmans Robert J. , Spooner David M.
Published: February 2007

The geographic distribution of wild potatoes (Solanaceae sect. Petota) was analyzed using a database of 6073 georeferenced observations. Wild potatoes occur in 16 countries, but 88% of the observations are from Argentina, Bolivia, Mexico, and Peru. Most species are rare and narrowly endemic: for 77 species the largest distance between two observations of the same species is <100 km. Peru has the highest number of species (93), followed by Bolivia (39). A grid of 50 × 50 km cells and a circular neighborhood with a radius of 50 km to assign points to grid cells was used to map species richness. High species richness occurs in northern Argentina, central Bolivia, central Ecuador, central Mexico, and south and north‐central Peru. The highest number of species in a grid cell (22) occurs in southern Peru. To include all species at least once, 59 grid cells need to be selected (out of 1317 cells with observations). Wild potatoes occur between 38° N and 41° S, with more species in the southern hemisphere. Species richness is highest between 8° and 20° S and around 20° N. Wild potatoes typically occur between 2000 and 4000 m altitude.
Productivity and species richness across an environmental gradient in a fire‐dependent ecosystem
Authors: Kirkman L. Katherine , Mitchell Robert J. , Helton R. Carol , Drew Mark B.
Published: February 2007

The fire‐dependent longleaf pine–wiregrass (Pinus palustrisMill.–Aristida beyrichianaTrin. & Rupr.) savannas of the southeastern United States provide a unique opportunity to examine the relationship between productivity and species richness in a natural ecosystem because of the extremely high number of species and their range across a wide ecological amplitude (sandhills to edges of wetlands). We used a natural gradient to examine how plant species richness and plant community structure vary with standing crop biomass (which in this system is proportional to annual net productivity) as a function of soil moisture and nitrogen mineralization rates in a frequently burned longleaf pine–wiregrass savanna. Highest ground cover biomass and highest species richness were found at the same position along the gradient, the wet‐mesic sites. Relative differences in species richness among site types were independent of scale, ranging from 0.01 m2to 100 m2. Nitrogen availability was negatively correlated with species richness. Dominance of wiregrass (in terms of biomass) was consistent across the gradient and not correlated with species richness. Regardless of site type, the community structure of the savannas was characterized by many perennial species with infrequent occurrences, a factor in the low temporal heterogeneity (percent similarity between seasons and years) and high within‐site spatial heterogeneity (percent dissimilarity of vegetation composition). The coexistence of numerous species is likely due to the high frequency of fire that removes competing hardwood vegetation and litter and to the suite of fire‐adapted perennial species that, once established, are able to persist. Our results suggest that soil moisture is an important factor regulating both the number of species present and community production within the defined gradient of this study.
Partitioning and diversity of nuclear and organelle markers in native and introduced populations ofEpipactis helleborine(Orchidaceae)
Authors: Squirrell Jane , Hollingsworth Peter M. , Bateman Richard M. , Dickson James H. , Light Marilyn H. S. , MacConaill Michael , Tebbitt Mark C.
Published: February 2007

Variability of allozymes (1170 individuals, 47 populations) and chloroplast DNA (692 individuals, 29 populations) was examined in native European and introduced North American populations ofEpipactis helleborine(Orchidaceae). At the species level, the percentage of allozyme loci that were polymorphic (P99) was 67%, with a mean of 2.11 alleles (A) per locus, and an expected heterozygosity (Hexp) of 0.294. At the population level, meanP99= 56%, meanA= 1.81, and meanHexp= 0.231. Although field observations suggest that self‐pollination occurs frequently, populations had a genetic structure consistent with Hardy‐Weinberg expectations and random mating (meanFIS= 0.002). There was significant deviation from panmixia associated with population differentiation (meanFST= 0.206). The distribution of two chloroplast haplotypes showed that 15 of the 29 populations were polymorphic. Using both nuclear and organelleFSTestimates, a pollen to seed flow ratio of 1.43 : 1 was calculated. This is very low compared with published estimates for other plant groups, consistent with the high dispersability of orchid seeds. Finally, there was no evidence for a genetic bottleneck associated with the introduction ofE. helleborineto North America.
Molecular systematics of the Asplenium nidus complex from Mt. Halimun National Park, Indonesia: evidence for reproductive isolation among three sympatric rbcL sequence types
Authors: Yatabe Yoko , Masuyama Shigeo , Darnaedi Dedy , Murakami Noriaki
Published: February 2007

Asplenium nidus is an epiphytic fern with large simple leaves. Because A. nidus lacks the good taxonomic characters available for species recognition, multiple cryptic species may exist within A. nidus. In Mt. Halimun National Park, West Java, Indonesia, three rbcL sequence types of A. nidus were recorded. All plants regardless of rbcL sequence were 2n = 144. Crossing experiments among these rbcL types were conducted, and it was observed that the molecularly distinct types were reproductively isolated because hybrids failed to form between at least two pairs of rbcL types. These results suggest that these rbcL types are cryptic species because they are reproductively isolated but they are difficult to distinguish morphologically. Thus, the characters of DNA sequences information are useful in the discovery of cryptic species in ferns.
The taxonomic value of fruit structure in the subfamily Saniculoideae and related African genera (Apiaceae)
Authors: Liu Mei (Rebecca) , van Wyk Ben-Erik , Tilney Patricia M.
Published: February 2007

All members of Saniculoideae sensu stricto are unique in their fruit structure, having the endocarp non­lignified, outgrowths on mericarps, usually prominent intrajugal secretory ducts, vallecular vittae totally absent, commissural vittae absent except in Lagoecia L. (which should be better placed in Apioideae), carpophore absent except in Alepidea F. Delaroche, and crystals dispersed throughout the mesocarp. The fruits of the African genus Lichtensteinia Cham. & Schltdl. are very similar to those of Saniculoideae, having very prominent intrajugal secretory ducts and lacking both vallecular and commissural vittae (the endocarp of one mericarp is lignified, the other not). Furthermore, scattered crystals are present in the mesocarp. Three other African genera (Arctopus L., Polemanniopsis B.L. Burtt and Steganotaenia Hochst.) also have some fruit characters that are similar to those of Saniculoideae, such as the total absence of vallecular and commissural vittae, combined with intrajugal cavities (which are enormous in the latter two genera). They differ in some respects, such as nearly always having lignified endocarps, non­functional intrajugal secretory ducts forming cavities, wings (in Polemanniopsis and Steganotaenia), and an absence of crystals. A cladistic analysis based on all anatomical characters shows that Lichtensteinia, Polemanniopsis and Steganotaenia are directly basal to the Saniculoideae, and that there is sufficient morphological evidence (in support of earlier molecular systematic studies) to expand the circumscription of the subfamily to include these genera.
Morphology, basiphyte range, and plastid DNA phylogeny of Campylaephora borealis stat. nov. (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Seo Kyung Suk , Cho Tae Oh , Park Ji Sun , Yang Eun Chan , Yoon Hwan Su , Boo Sung Min
Published: February 2007

The ceramiaceous red algal genus Campylaephora J. Agardh includes three species that occur exclusively in the northwest Pacific Ocean. We studied the morphology, basiphyte range, and molecular phylogeny of Campylaephora borealis, considered a variety of the C. crassa complex, using material collected over its geographic range. Samples of C. borealis, C. crassa, C. hypnaeoides, and putative relatives were taken from 43 locations in Korea, Japan, and Far–East Russia, including the type localities of the first two of these species. Campylaephora borealis is distinguished by proliferous branchlets on all sides of the main branches and an alternate branching pattern. It is characteristically epiphytic on diverse plants, such as Prionitis divaricata, and occurs mostly in exposed sites. It is distributed from Maengbang, Korea to Nakhodka, Far–East Russia. Based on pairwise divergences of the plastid RuBisCo spacer region and psbA sequences, C. borealis is more closely related to C. hypnaeoides than to C. crassa. The topology of the tree constructed using the combined data shows the monophyly of C. borealis, which is clearly separated from other Campylaephora species and putative relatives. Our molecular data together with the basiphyte range and a morphological reappraisal point to the independent taxonomic position of C. borealis, isolated from Campylaephora crassa. Therefore, we propose to raise Campylaephora crassa f. borealis to the rank of species: Campylaephora borealis (Nakamura) Seo et al., stat. nov. The phylogeny of Campylaephora is also discussed.
Stem anatomy is congruent with molecular phylogenies placing Hypericopsis persica in Frankenia (Frankeniaceae): comments on vasicentric tracheids
Authors: Olson Mark E. , Gaskin John F. , Ghahremani-Nejad Farrokh
Published: February 2007

Stem and root anatomy of Hypericopsis persica is evaluated in light of molecular data reconstructing Hypericopsis within a clade of Asian Frankenia. No anatomical information contradicts the idea that Hypericopsis should be subsumed within Frankenia. Anatomy in the two genera is comparable, taking into account the unusual habit of Hypericopsis, which consists of slender, short‐lived shoots from a long‐lived caudex, whereas most species of Frankenia are small shrubs with long‐lived shoots. Wood of the slender stems of Hypericopsis is similar to twig wood of the related Frankenia hirsuta in qualitative and quantitative features but differs from mature wood of other species of Frankenia described in previous studies in having smaller cells and little storying. Wood of Hypericopsis is rayless and is made up mostly of libriform fibers and vessel elements associated with vasicentric tracheids. Axial parenchyma is occasional at the margins of growth rings. We briefly evaluate wood characters in the context of Caryophyllales s.l. and suggest characters that may be synapomorphies of clades within this group, e.g., minute lateral wall pits apparently characterize the clade comprising Plumbaginaceae, Polygonaceae, Frankeniaceae, and Tamaricaceae. That vasicentric tracheids elongate considerably beyond the lengths of the vessel elements with which they are associated is cited as a distinct ontogenetic difference between these cell types. Likewise, numerous vessel elements comparable in diameter to vasicentric tracheids were observed. These observations are offered as reasons to reject the concept of vasicentric tracheids as simply vessel elements that are too narrow for the formation of perforation plates.
The correct author citation and date of publication of the name Agave wercklei (Agavaceae)
Authors: Smith Gideon F. , Steyn Elsie M. A.
Published: February 2007

The author of the species name Agave wercklei is Carlos Wercklé who validly published this name in 1907, not Frédéric Albert Constantin Weber as has been indicated in various botanical works. As Wercklé attributed the name to Weber, the full citation, retaining historical information linked to this name, is A. wercklei F. A. C. Weber ex Wercklé.
“In a Manner Befitting Soviet Citizens” An Uprising in the Post-Stalin Gulag
Authors: Barnes Steven A.
Published: February 2007

In May-June 1954, prisoners in the Kengir division of the Steplag special camp staged one of the longest and largest uprisings in gulag history. Steven A. Barnes considers the role played by the west Ukrainian and Baltic nationalists and Red Army veterans who comprised the Kengir pris oner population in an uprising strangely marked by moderate, even pro- Soviet, demands. Through a careful study of the propaganda war between prisoners and authorities and a consideration of the uprising's nominal leader, Red Army veteran Kapiton Kuznetsov, Barnes explores the possibilities and limits of resistance under Soviet rule and examines the gulag in its twilight as seen by both leadership and inmates.
Russian Colonialism and the Asiatic Mode of Production: (Post-)Soviet Ethnography Goes to Alaska
Authors: Luehrmann Sonja
Published: February 2007

This article discusses the concept of politarism (politarizm), developed by die Soviet ethnographer Iu. I. Semenov as an elaboration on Marx's Asiatic mode of production. Presenting both its origin in the revisionist debates of the Khrushchev and Brezhnev eras and its recent application in an innovative analysis of Russian colonialism in Alaska by the ethnohistorian A. V. Grinev, Sonja Luehrmann attempts to grasp the intellectual complexity of Semenov's work. While the Soviet debate on the Asiatic mode of production has been read as Aesopian criticism of the USSR, it may more fruitfully be seen as an argument against a strict five-stage scheme of historical evolution that opened up new possibilities of concrete empirical analysis and a new theoretical role for ethnography as the science of noncapitalist societies. Grinev's use of politarism in the 1990s shows the lasting explanatory value of the concept as well as the need to understand the origins of Soviet intellectual traditions in order to critically engage with them.