bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-Injurious Behavior and Environmental Change in the Institutionalized Elderly
Authors: Mishara Brian L. , Kastenbaum Robert
Published: May 2005

Taking into account the quality of the environment on self-injurious behavior in the institutionalized elderly, this study showed a decrease in such behavior in a token economy program involving reinforcing, or rewarding individuals with tokens for engaging in desirable behaviors. This system of reinforcing or rewarding life enhancing behavior proved to be rehabilitative to a significant number of elderly.
Old Age Dependency in Historical Perspective
Authors: Evans Linda , Williamson John B.
Published: May 2005

In recent years much has been written about old age dependency and the need for greater emphasis on individual and familial responsibility for supporting elderly persons as opposed to state responsibility. We argue that old age dependency is not a new problem and that there was communal responsibility—as opposed to strictly privitized responsibility—for elderly persons in the past.
The Effect of Implicit and Explicit Motivation on Recall among Old and Young Adults
Authors: McClelland David C. , Scioli Anthony , Weaver Suzanne
Published: May 2005

Seventy-six elderly subjects aged sixty-five to eighty-seven and seventy-seven young adults aged twenty-five to forty were compared on implicit and explicit motive levels and on recall of introductions and working memory. Significantly fewer of the elderly than the young participants scored high in the implicit motives, n Affiliation and n Power, confirming results from U.S. national surveys. The surveys also demonstrated a significant decline with age in high levels of n Achievement, a decline not found here. The elderly participants showed major recall deficits on both tasks, but all three of the implicit motives studied were shown to enhance recall for the elderly, but not for the young adults. Eight elderly women scoring high on at least two of the three motives showed no recall deficits compared to the young women on two memory tasks. In old age implicit motive deficits contribute to poor memory but explicit commitments to have a good memory had no effect on recall.
Film Technique for Assessing Attitudes toward Drug Users
Authors: Ahlgren Andrew , Eburne Norman
Published: May 2005

A color, sound film depicting five young people discussing drug use was assembled and responses to each of the film characters were assessed by means of five semantic-differential scales. Factor analysis of the twenty-five responses established two scales: General Warmth, which related to all five characters, and Tolerance, which contrasted responses to users vs. non-users. The instrument was used to test participants in three workshops and two regular drug courses (and a non-drug comparison course). General Warmth was very stable in all groups. Tolerance changed significantly in all drug-training groups: the two short workshops showed increases but the longer workshop and the two courses showed decreases (which continued in delayed posttests). The results suggest that initial exposure to drug training increases acceptance of drug use, perhaps by dispelling fearsome myths, but extended training reinstates rejection, perhaps through more realistic understanding of its dangers.
A Role-Based Approach to Adult Development: The Triple-Helix Model
Authors: Juhasz Anne McCreary
Published: May 2005

The triple-helix role model presented in this article offers a synthesized developmental approach to the understanding and study of adulthood. It incorporates three major roles: family, work, and self, each powered by the drive for self-esteem. This conceptualization of adult development processes accommodates a wide range of possible patterns and varied timing of life events relative to career options, family and relationship choices, and emphasis on self-development. Because it is becoming increasingly difficult to designate with certainty age-stage periods, the triple-helix role model is proposed as a different frame of reference for the perception of acceptable developmental progress. It could offer insight into the complexities of adults' lives and free us from the restriction of viewing the life journey as “on or off time,” “in or out of harmony,” “normal or abnormal.”
Doctoral Student Attrition and Retention: A Study of a Non-Traditional Ed.D. Program
Authors: Pauley Rudy , Cunningham Michael , Toth Powell
Published: May 2005

This study examined the relationship between selected demographic and situational variables and the completion of the education administration doctorate from the West Virginia University—Marshall University Cooperative Doctoral Program. Surveys were sent to the 226 students who were admitted to the program between 1980 and the fall of 1993. Responses were received from 62 percent of those surveyed, and analysis revealed that a positive relationship existed between six of the twelve variables and the completion of the doctorate. Factors found to be positively related to the completion of the doctorate were the level of financial support available to the student, familial support, peer support, faculty support, chairperson support, and the motivation of the student.
Sex-Role Attitudes of Drug Abuse Treatment Counselors
Authors: Schor Carole
Published: May 2005

This study examined the sex-role attitude of the drug abuse treatment counselor as a function of the sex of the counselor, the sex of the client, and the treatment approach (drug free versus methadone maintenance). Two versions of a stimulus vignette depicting a typical client, identical except for the sex of the client, were developed. Counselors rated this hypothetical client on an author developed Attitude Toward Addiction Scale. Findings indicated that: 1) male counselors viewed clients of both sexes more negatively than did female counselors; 2) male clients were viewed more negatively than female clients by counselors of both sexes; 3) counselors in drug free treatment programs viewed clients more negatively than did counselors in methadone maintenance programs; and 4) counselors with less education had more negative attitudes.
Caregiving and Dementia: Predicting Negative and Positive Outcomes for Caregivers
Authors: Gold Dolores Pushkar , Cohen Carole , Shulman Ken , Zucchero Carla , Andres David , Etezadi Jamshid
Published: May 2005

A sample of 118 caregivers, maintaining relatives with dementia at home, were interviewed and completed questionnaires at initial and follow-up assessment six months later. All dependents received a cognitive assessment. The results of LISREL analysis of the data supported a model of caregiving in which negative outcomes of burden and impaired health reduced positive outcomes of enjoyment of aspects of caregiving. Caregivers with larger social support networks were more satisfied with their support, reducing feelings of impaired health, although as caregiving became more difficult, satisfaction with support decreased. The retrospective perception of the premorbid relationship as more difficult lead to the appraisal of the patient's symptoms as presently being more extensive and increased burden. Women caregivers repotted both greater feelings of burden and more aspects of caregiving as enjoyable.
An Assessment of the Influence of Peer Association and Identification on Drug Use among Rural High School Students
Authors: Napier Ted L. , Goe Richard , Bachtel Douglas C.
Published: May 2005

Data were collected in 1981 from 4,859 junior and senior high school students living in two counties in southern Georgia to examine the relationship of peer group influence and psychosocial identification with the frequency of drug use. Information regarding the type and extent of drug use was collected from the students as well as peer group relationships and psychosocial identification with various groups. These data provided the opportunity to examine the merits of a theoretical perspective developed from selected components of differential association and differential identification theories. The regression analyses revealed that eighteen variables explained 72.2 percent of the variance in soft drug use (4 variables explained 68.4 percent) while nine variables explained 62.6 percent of the variance in hard drug use (4 variables explained 61.4 percent). The findings basically support the theoretical perspective as stated.
Grandparents and Adult Grandchildren: What Do They Do for One Another?
Authors: Langer Nieli
Published: May 2005

This article reports findings from a study in which the functional exchange of services, emotional (expressive) and tangible (instrumental) between grandparents and adult grandchildren were examined. The reciprocal (equivalent) and nonreciprocal (excessive giving or receiving) exchange of services was measured by the frequency of exchange and perception of potential support between the dyad. Noninstitutionalized Jewish grandparents (118, 65+ years of age) with at least one adult grandchild (18+ years of age) were randomly selected from an apartment house in Miami Beach. The results showed that the majority of grandparent-adult grandchild relationships are not reciprocal in either expressive or instrumental support. Grandparents' perception of reciprocity is that they receive more than they give. Social-work knowledge of functional exchange between this dyad may strengthen the social-support network of the elderly.
The Impact of the “I'M Special” Program on Student Substance Abuse and other Related Student Problem Behavior
Authors: Kim Sehwan , McLeod Jonnie , Palmgren Charles L.
Published: May 2005

There has been a proliferation of school-based substance abuse prevention programs geared toward reducing or delaying the onset of student use of illegal drugs. But the field has shown a general absence of evaluation dealing with the behavior consequences of these practices. This article fiis this gap by using the case of the “I'm Special” Program (ISP) targeted for fourth grade students. Using a quasiexperimental design, a comparison is made between the substance using and other problem behavior of students who have been exposed to the ISP and those who have not during their later school years in grades S through 12. At the aggregate level, the proportions of current substance users and the incidence of their related problem behavior were significantly lower among the ISP graduates than those who have not been exposed to the program. In particular, there were consistently lower proportions of current substance users among the ISP recipients than the nonrecipients in grades 5–7. However, the impact of the ISP seems to diminish significantly in and around ninth grade. During the senior high level, the pattern revealed is almost random. And, in some drug categories, it has been speculated that the ISP students were trying to “catch up” with what they may have missed out on during earlier grade levels.
Electronic Student Journals: A Means to Enhance Classroom Communications
Authors: Von Holzen Roger
Published: May 2005

Written journals, as a means of enhancing communication between teachers and students, are espoused quite extensively in the literature. But on the university level, where classes do not usually meet every day, the rate of exchange of the journals between an instructor and his or her students can be slowed considerably, thus limiting the benefits usually associated with this form of communication. To increase the exchange rate of journals, it was proposed that electronic mail be utilized as the medium by which the journal entries were transmitted. Eighty students in three sections of a general education required computer literacy course participated in this study. Results from the study found that the students who used electronic journals wrote significantly longer entries than the students who wrote in traditional written journals. No differences were found, though, between treatment groups as to computer-related knowledge and attitudes.
Typical and Optimal Aging in Women and Men: Is There a Double Standard?
Authors: Canetto Silvia Sara , Kaminski Patricia L. , Felicio Diane M.
Published: May 2005

Gender stereotypes of typical and optimal, mentally healthy aging were examined with sixty-year-old and seventy-five-year-old women, men and gender-unspecified older people as target persons. Respondents were young adult individuals ( N = 232) and their older adult relatives/acquaintances ( N = 233). Perceptions of typical aging varied depending on the age of the respondent, the target gender and the target age. Gender stereotypes were more pronounced than age stereotypes: respondents described same-gender targets more similarly than same-age targets. Older women were rated higher on dimensions related to nurturance while older men were rated higher on intellectual competence and autonomy. Perceptions of optimal aging were not found to be affected by the gender of the respondent or target. Views of optimal aging, however, were influenced by respondent and target age. These findings suggest a double standard of aging for typical but not for optimal aging.
AIDS Education and Prevention Programs for Intravenous Drug Users: The California Experience
Authors: Jang Michael , Forst Martin , Moore Melinda , Gandelman Alice
Published: May 2005

The state of California, pursuant to 1985 legislation, established the California AIDS Program (CAP) within the state Office of AIDS. As part of this program, the Office of AIDS contracts with public and private agencies to provide AIDS education to specific target groups throughout the state. Intravenous drug users (IVDUs) constitute one of the target populations singled out for special attention by the state. This article, based on a statewide evaluation, describes the AIDS education programs for IVDUs funded by the Office of AIDS. The types of educational interventions used are presented, both for IVDUs in treatment and those not in treatment. The unique problems in reaching this target population are also discussed. The article concludes that the state is making a good effort to reach IVDUs, but that further educational and evaluative efforts are needed. Specifically, the individual educational programs must move beyond the transmission and evaluation of cognitive knowledge about AIDS to an assessment of the attitudes that impede behavior change.
Training the Staff of a Drug Addiction Treatment Facility: A Case Study of Hogar De Encuentro
Authors: Sorensen Andrew A. , Leske M. Cristina
Published: May 2005

A treatment program was established for Spanish-speaking (and other) drug addicts. A staff training program was established to: 1) Increase the trainees' knowledge of the etiology and treatment of drug addiction; 2) Challenge their attitudes regarding the use of licit and illicit drugs; 3) Increase their competence in counseling skills. An evaluation of the program indicated that there was improvement in the first and third of these three areas, but there was no perceptible change in the second area.
Assessment of the Older Person in the Community
Authors: Gurland Barry , Copeland John , Sharpe Lawrence , Kelleher Michael , Kuriansky Judith , Simon Robert
Published: May 2005

The Cross-National Geriatric Community study is being conducted by the United States-United Kingdom Cross-National Project. Semi-structured interviews have been completed with over 850 community residents over the age of sixty-five years randomly selected from the metropolitan regions of New York and London. The assessment techniques described in this section may be of interest not only to other research workers conducting geriatric community surveys but also to health professionals concerned with the clinical examination of the older ambulatory patient and the early detection and appropriate referral of the need for health and social services.
The Application of Autogenic Feedback Training in a Smoking Termination Program
Authors: Boullion Jean K. , Chen W. William
Published: May 2005

The tremendous potential for autogenic feedback training in helping smokers to deal with their anxiety before and after termination as well as the need to make autogenic feedback training in a practical method for smoking termination prompted this study which: (1) investigated the changes in smoking activity in subjects who have had autogenic feedback training and those who have not; (2) investigated the relationship between the success in performing autogenic feedback and the success in smoking termination; and (3) investigated the effect of autogenic feedback training on anxiety reduction before and after smoking termination.

Twenty-three subjects were randomly assigned to two groups. The first group received the autogenic feedback training initially while the second group served as the control. This control group became a second experimental group upon the completion of the first phase. The results of the study revealed that the autogenic feedback training was an effective adjunct to a smoking termination program. Eighty-one per cent reduction in smoking activity was found for the subjects that received the training.
Groupwork with Computers in British Primary Schools
Authors: Eraut Michael
Published: May 2005

This article summarizes work from nineteen case studies of sixteen classes in ten schools, in which children aged between eight and twelve were observed working in small groups (2 to 5 members) at a computer. The observations were made by a school colleague of the class teacher in naturalistic settings over several months. Few classes had more than one computer. The analysis of group processes covers pupil roles, decision making, turn taking, participation, argument and conflict. Collaboration is defined in terms of group ownership of the work, mutual help and synergy. Factors affecting both processes and outcomes are discussed in terms of the optimal size and composition of a group (ability factors and the distribution of expertise, personality and friendship factors), the nature of the software and the task, and teacher intervention. The evidence demonstrates how the complexity of the interaction of these factors limits generalization, but nevertheless offers strong support for a Vygotskian rather than cognitive conflict explanation of the benefits of groupwork.
Jim Tramel: Radical Southerner for Social Justice, RIP
Authors: Slatin Craig , Bruskin Gene
Published: May 2005

Jim Tramel, who died in December 2002, spent his life working for social justice. Here, friends and colleagues remember him as a Southern radical who organized on behalf of battles against classism, racism, and sexism.
Interpreting the Lack of Future Concerns among the Elderly
Authors: Kulys Regina , Tobin Sheldon S.
Published: May 2005

The lack of concern among the elderly with future crises has been related either to the presence of security or to the avoidance of threat. To explore these conflicting hypotheses a measure of anticipation, planning and preparation in the areas of health, living arrangements and finances (APP) was correlated with measures of demographic characteristics, functional status, past experience, emotional states, futurity, interpersonal relationships and self-in-interaction. For the sample of sixty, all seventy years or over, the security explanation was supported: low APP was associated, for example, with less anxiety, more perception of self as dominant and affiliative in interaction, and more appropriate expectations of responsible others. Concern with future adversities is apparently nonfunctional, reflecting a preoccupation with events that may not occur because of “event uncertainty” and “timing of event uncertainty.”
Alcoholism Education in the Undergraduate Curriculum
Authors: Thierman Toby , Kern Joseph C. , Paul Stewart R.
Published: May 2005

There is an absence of alcoholism education in the College and University undergraduate and graduate curriculum. This lack continues to breed ignorance and misconceptions regarding alcohol and the alcoholic. To remedy this situation, the authors constucted a curriculum for a Mini-Mester course in alcoholism at an area College. This paper describes the establishment of liaison between a publicly financed alcoholism treatment facility and an area College; development of curriculum and evaluation of results. It is concluded that there is a need for such curriculum and that the public and private sector can cooperate in it's establishment and execution.
Want to Combat Drugs? Try the PCT Approach
Authors: Ruíz Eleazar M.
Published: May 2005

The PCT Approach, through the ILP Model (Interactive Learning Process) [1], provides a philosophical orientation which allows viable communication to occur among parents, students, and teachers in resolving serious people-related drug problems. It focuses on the dilemma faced by youth who must adjust to their own peer group value system and also cope with that of the home and the school; these are the two most significant adult value systems affecting their daily lives.
Drug Education: The Prevention Issues
Authors: Goodstadt Michael S.
Published: May 2005

This article considers the major issues facing drug education by identifying and discussing eight dichotomies. These dichotomies capture the decisions faced by policy-makers, drug education planners, and practitioners. The dichotomies permit a cohesive, simplified, examination of the complex dilemmas currently faced by the field; they include: identification of the problems to be addressed, etiological underpinnings, program objectives, target audiences, and effective strategies.
An Evaluation of Computer-Assisted Instruction in Phonological Awareness with below Average Readers
Authors: Barker Theodore Allen , Torgesen Joseph K.
Published: May 2005

The use of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) to train phonological awareness skills in at-risk first graders was evaluated. Fifty-four children ranging in age from six years two months to seven years eight months participated in an eight-week training study. There were three experimental conditions. The first group received approximately twenty-five minutes a day, four days a week with two phonological awareness training programs. The second group received the same amount of training with a program designed to train alphabetic decoding skills. The third group served as an attentional control group and spent equal time on the computer with several programs designed to provide practice on basic math skills. The children exposed to the phonological awareness training programs made significantly greater improvements on several measures of phonological awareness and on a measure of word recognition, when compared to children in the other two groups. Tentative conclusions were drawn about the use of CAI as means of training phonological awareness skills with at-risk students.
Older Widows and the Transference of Home
Authors: Hartwigsen Gail
Published: May 2005

A relocation pattern, as indicated by a sample of older widows as they relocated from homes previously shared with their husbands to a metropolitan Phoenix life care facility, is presented. The suggested pattern is illuminated with quotes at each identified stage, revealing the individuals' inner feelings and motivations at those times. Characterized by relatively high income and educational levels, personal independence and prior careers, the sample is more representative of future women than those of their own age cohort. It is felt that these attributes were conducive to their apparently successful relocation.
Diminishing Adult Responsiveness to the Drug Problem: An Explanation and a Remedy
Authors: Ryan William P.
Published: May 2005

Fewer and fewer adults currently attend PTA, school board, church, and community meetings to discuss the problem of youthful drug abuse. Of several possible explanations for this phenomenon the one that is most plausible seems to be that feelings of impotence are engendered in adults by the failure of previous rallying meetings. Meetings focused around adult-adolescent interactions seem to produce greater response because of the hope they instill.
Oxford House: A Review of Research and Implications for Substance Abuse Recovery and Community Research
Authors: Jason Leonard A. , Davis Margaret I. , Ferrari Joseph R. , Bishop Peter D.
Published: May 2005

After treatment for substance abuse, whether it is in hospital-based treatment programs, therapeutic communities, or recovery homes, many patients return to former high-risk environments or stressful family situations. Returning to these settings without a network of people to support abstinence increases chances of a relapse. As a consequence, substance abuse recidivism following treatment is high for both men and women. Alternative approaches need to be explored, and there are some promising types of recovery homes. From a public health perspective, a series of studies conducted at DePaul University suggests that one type of recovery home for alcohol abuse recovery has much potential. For example, within this self-help communal living setting, recovering alcoholics were able to maintain employment, thereby reducing their need for government subsidies. Maintaining employment for recovering alcoholics may promote increased personal responsibility, which may impact self-efficacy beliefs. These pilot studies, then, raised both theoretical and practical issues needing further evaluation.
Work Security Impacts in Developing Countries: India
Authors: Joshi T. K.
Published: May 2005

Given the rapid pace of globalization, newly industrialized countries cannot adequately protect workers from emerging hazards. Only 5–10% of workers in developing countries have access to occupational health services. Work-related health problems are exacerbated by a scarcity of resources, socio-economic dislocation, and poor general health status. The author considers the case of India and looks at its background in occupational safety and health (OSH) regulation, national health policy, and recent experience. He notes the decline in trade unions and rise of hazardous industries, and presents a case study of the situation in the state of Delhi. He concludes that the progress of OSH has stalled since economic reform. The high rate of injury and illness is a bad omen for productivity. Lowering the guard on safety and health will ultimately harm the businesses that currently seek to profit from it. The well-being of workers may deteriorate further if poor enforcement and wide-spread ignorance of OSH persist. Labor standards must be reevaluated and responsible legislation must be developed. Training and nutrition subsidies should be offered to increase productivity and improve worker health.
The Role of the Computer in the School as Perceived by Computer Using Teachers and School Administrators
Authors: 'Yaghi Hussein
Published: May 2005

The academic capabilities of the computer and its social, cultural, and psychological impact within the school context were widely investigated by researchers throughout the world. The present study attempts to examine how the role of computers in the school is perceived by teachers and schools administrators in schools that use computers. Though some significant differences appeared in the views of the three groups to some issues related to computer usage in schools, the overall trend was an agreement on the necessity to train all teachers on computer skills, the motivational role of the computer, the integration of computer education into the regular curricula, and the necessity to have curriculum guidelines for computer education activities.
Identifying Consumption Differences between Social Groups
Authors: Groover Mark D.
Published: May 2005

Defining material differences between social groups has been a prevalent research topic among historical archaeologists. Previous artifact studies devoted to this subject typically adopt a qualitative approach, in which the extent of expensive consumer goods, such as porcelain or transfer-printed tableware, is viewed as a reliable indicator of socioeconomic status. In this article, an alternative method of exploring material differences between social groups, based on consumption levels, is proposed. Archaeological data from a sample of study sites suggest that the basic quantity, rather than quality, of material consumed and discarded by households in the past is a useful, although overlooked, measure of material differences between social groups.
Professional Advice and the Utilization of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs at Community Pharmacies in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Hasan M. Y. , Das M. , Bener A.
Published: May 2005

The present study examined the pattern of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in relation to the source of advice. Ten community pharmacies in the United Arab Emirates were randomly selected and patients visiting these sites were interviewed using a standard questionnaire. The interview covered “source of advice,” “name of medicine,” “type of disease,” “duration of disease,” and “knowledge of adverse effects and drug interactions.” After a month the patients were contacted. On average 22.7% of prescriptions contained NSAIDs and 17.5% of visits were for these drugs. Advice from physicians was given to 33.3%, from pharmacists 32.5%, from friends 18.8%, and 15.4% depended on themselves. Other medicines were taken by 14.5% and 12% suffered from gastrointestinal upsets. Paracetamol followed by ibuprofen and diclofenac were the most frequently utilized agents. Headache, fever, and musculoskeletal pain were the common complaints. A month later, 50.7% of the patients continued taking their medications. This study revealed an association between the source of advice and knowledge of side effects. It is argued that, although self-care is important, professional advice in its support is essential since unsupervised self-medication exposes the patient to harmful consequences.
Designer Drug Confusion: A Focus on MDMA
Authors: Beck Jerome , Morgan Patricia A.
Published: May 2005

This article discusses the competing definitions and issues surrounding the various desgner drugs, but is primarily devoted t o an examination of MDMA, an increasingly popular substance often labeled as a designer drug. Also known as “Ecstasy” or “Adam,” MDMA possesses both stimulant and psychedelic properties which combine to produce a unique effect desired by many users. The authors offer a rationale for why interest in MDMA will continue to grow despite the drug's recent illegality and the increasing evidence of neurotoxicity. MDMA's recreational attraction and therapeutic potential are discussed. Much more research is necessary to address both the potential benefits and risks of this controversial substance.
Exploring the Use of Animation Software with Young Bilingual Students Learning Science
Authors: García Carlos E.
Published: May 2005

This study investigates those practices associated with the design, creation, and revision of animated models that tell a science story. It reveals information about how animation software assists young bilingual children in science learning. The article argues that bilingual children benefit from the ability of animation software to displace and reassemble spatial and temporal relations in science (with the effect of shaping language). Evidence that animation software displaces and reassembles knowledge in science is exposed by 1) having accessibility to different worlds, 2) the capacity to manipulate science concepts, and 3) connecting structure and sequence to function. The study suggests that this type of visual displacement and reassembling is a starting point for the development of science discourse in English among bilingual children.
Therapeutic Uses of Oral History Techniques in Medicine
Authors: Harris Raymond , Harris Sara
Published: May 2005

Use of the oral history technique in clinical medicine supplies significant additional psycho-social and other data that supplement the regular medical history and illuminate the psychological, social, and spiritual background of healthy or ailing aging patients. This information enables the physician to become better acquainted with the effects of the major crises of living on his patients and to use this information and insight to help the patient and his family understand themselves better and to cope more successfully with the problems of living, aging, and illness. This presentation describes some practical applications of oral history techniques in clinical medical practice and discusses their usefulness for gerontological research.
A Psychological Process of College Student Dropout
Authors: Mashburn Andrew J.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this research was to propose and test a model of a psychological process of college student dropout that is adapted from a model of the psychological process of employee turnover presented by Hom, Caranikas-Walker, Prussia, and Griffeth (1992). In the proposed model, student satisfaction precedes withdrawal cognitions, which, in turn, precedes dropout behavior. A confirmatory factor analysis for the withdrawal cognitions construct confirmed the existence of this latent factor comprised of a student's thoughts of quitting, intentions to search for an alternative environment, and intentions to dropout. A test of the structural equations model for the psychological process of college student dropout revealed that this model provides a valid psychological explanation for college student dropout.
Youthful Drinking: Past and Present
Authors: Milgram Gail Gleason
Published: May 2005

The U.S.A. is an alcohol consuming country; our society considers the use of alcohol socially acceptable. It should not surprise us that the majority of our adolescent population consumes alcohol. In fact, the initial drinking experience usually takes place around thirteen years of age, in the home with parents or other adult authority figures (e.g., relatives) present The reasons for the initial consumption of alcohol are family reasons for alcohol use. As the adolescent matures, more and more drinking situations occur outside of the home with friends. This period of time is often characterized by drinking habits, patterns, and attitudes which are different from those of the parent population; the peer group and situational factors are significant influences on drinking behavior during this phase. Though alcohol use is usually motivated by the same reasons provided for most adult drinking (e.g., to be social, to consume a beverage, etc.), drinking to intoxication is often considered acceptable. As adolescents mature and develop into independent adult status, drinking often again resembles the drinking norms of the parent population. As in many life areas, we teach our children as we have been taught.
Drug Program Evaluation: Outcome Measures
Authors: Murphy John W.
Published: May 2005

This paper outlines a method of outcome evaluation which allows for a client to be tracked throughout a treatment episode, so that a client's behavioral status can be assessed while remaining in treatment. This method is congruent with the treatment philosophy which underpins most drug abuse programs. It is illustrated that the Client Oriented Data Acquisition Process (CODAP) which is currently employed to collect data to be used to evaluate the effectiveness of drug abuse therapy violates the theoretical assumptions of the out-patient treatment environment, which can result in the effectiveness of drug treatment being seriously underestimated. Since program evaluation is gaining in importance in drug abuse programs it is suggested that this tracking method be employed for that purpose, in that even as a “quickie” evaluation methodology it will produce more accurate data for evaluation purposes than the CODAP system, simply due to the fact that an internal tracking system is consistent with the treatment assumptions of the out-patient therapeutic environment.
Aging and Generational Patterns of Alcohol Consumption among Mexican Americans, Cuban Americans and Mainland Puerto Ricans
Authors: Black Sandra A. , Markides Kyriakos S.
Published: May 2005

The relationship between aging and drinking among U.S. Hispanics is not well understood. The present study used data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to describe life-course patterns of alcohol consumption among Mexican Americans, Cuban Americans, and Puerto Ricans residing in the mainland United States. Age differences in patterns of consumption among Mexican American and Puerto Rican males were found to reflect aging effects, as evidenced by increasing percentages of former drinkers coupled with consistently low percentages of abstainers at all ages. Among Cuban males, cohort effects were evidenced for middle-aged and older men by a continuation of low rates from younger years, as well as a sharp difference between the rates of the middle-aged and older cohorts and those of the younger cohort. Age differences among all three groups of females were found to reflect cohort effects, as evidenced by large proportions of life-long abstainers across all age cohorts.
Multidimensional Correlates of Falls in Older Women
Authors: Gill Diane L. , Williams Kathleen , Williams Lavon , Hale Wayne A.
Published: May 2005

Older women who had fallen within the last year (n = 63) were compared with those who had not fallen ( n = 67) on several psychological and motor measures. Both fallers and nonfallers demonstrated high levels of functioning. Discriminant analysis results indicated that a combination of variables, including physical activity and both psychological (general well-being, self-efficacy) and motor (functional reach, mobility) measures differentiated fallers and nonfallers. Results suggest that falling is a multidimensional phenomenon, that small declines on multiple factors may increase risk of falls, and that multifaceted interventions may help maintain high levels of functioning and prevent declines often associated with increased age.
Using Angels and Devils: A Board Game Developed for Play in Nursing Homes
Authors: Corbin Sandra , Nelson Thomas M.
Published: May 2005

The incidence of perceptual deprivation and social isolation effects, possible correlates of such effects, and the potential for remediation of effects was studied for thirty-two nursing home residents through playing a discussion-stimulating board game called Angels and Devils. Results indicate a high incidence of sensory deprivation and social isolation effects in the population, as measured by resident response to questionnaire items. These do not correlate with length of institutionalization, amount of social contact, or degree of medical restriction, and may be reduced by stimulating resident-staff discussion. Findings are interpreted as indicating the need for more research in application of board games to ameliorate negative effects emerging in institutional environments.
Application of a Cumulative Strategies Model for Drug Abuse Prevention: Exploring Choices for High Risk Children
Authors: Horn Kimberly , Kolbo Jerome R.
Published: May 2005

The current state of knowledge, as indicated by existing literature, is extremely limited in terms of published descriptions of drug abuse prevention programs targeting high risk children, such as children from drug abusing families. A Cumulative Strategies Model posits four basic principals for effective prevention for high risk children and guides prevention program design. Representing a Cumulative Strategies Model, described herein is a multicomponent prevention program that is theory-driven, risk-based, and targets children affected by familial alcohol abuse. Three components of this program and specific methods of implementing each component are discussed, and field reactions are reviewed.
Measuring Locus of Control in Elderly Persons
Authors: Shewchuk Richard M. , Foelker George A. , Niederehe George
Published: May 2005

Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the appropriateness of using with elderly persons Levenson's multidimensional locus of control (LoC) scale that measures beliefs in Internal Control (I), Control by Powerful Others (P), and Chance (C). Data were obtained from elderly individuals in Florida and Texas and reformulated to allow cross-validation at each step in a series of model evaluations. Results indicated that Levenson's three-factor specification of control was not a valid representation of the samples' responses. A model that specified the elimination of eleven unreliable items and the formation of a new external control factor that was based on the remaining C and P items provided an adequate fit to the data for both samples. The failure to confirm Levenson's three-factor structure poses a construct-validity and measurement-equivalence problem when making age-based comparisons of LoC scores.
College Student Interests in Drug Education Go Further Than Illicit Drugs
Authors: Gold Robert S. , Duncan David F. , Sutherland Mary S.
Published: May 2005

A survey of college student interests in drug information was conducted in 1977 with eighty-six undergraduate students at the SUNY campus at Brockport, New York. A questionnaire was constructed which specifically allowed students to write out questions they felt college students had about seven categories of drugs, including: herbal drugs, over-the-counter drugs, prescription drugs, unrecognized drugs, tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs. The current paper summarizes data on type and frequency of questions asked, as well as the relationship between the drug categories used.
College Persistence among Single Mothers after Welfare Reform: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Austin Sandra A. , McDermott Kathryn A.
Published: May 2005

This article examines barriers to college persistence for low-income, single mothers at a public university in the Northeast, and the strategies the women used in their efforts to overcome the barriers. Data for the study were drawn from in-depth interviews with 14 current and former university students. The women's strategies and resources for persistence included faith in the benefits of a college education, building of social networks among students, faculty relationships, university services such as child care and financial aid, strategic compliance with TANF requirements, choice of more flexible academic programs, and support from family and community. The article concludes with the recommendations for policies to enhance single parents' college persistence.
The Interdisciplinary Role of the School Psychologist with Student Drug Abusers
Authors: Kleinberg Norman
Published: May 2005

The school psychologist functions best as one member of a team working with students who are involved with drugs. Other members of the team include administrators, guidance counselors, teachers, drug educators, physicians, school nurses, psychologists, neurologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and others, both inside and outside the schools. How well the school psychologist is able to coordinate his efforts with those of the other professionals may determine the effectiveness of his intervention with student drug abusers. The role of the school psychologist is outlined in relation to other members of the mental health team involved with student drug abusers, and common problems are discussed.
A Rasch Analysis of a Measure of Computer Anxiety
Authors: King John , Bond Trevor
Published: May 2005

A number of tests have been constructed in an attempt to measure the psychological construct computer anxiety. Although some of these studies have reported dimensions of computer anxiety as a result of factor analyses, these dimensions have varied in their number and description. Other studies have assumed unidimensionality of this construct. The present study has tested the dimensionality of the computer-anxiety index (CAIN) by Rasch analysis of the responses of 372 eleven- to twelve-year-old elementary school students. Rasch analysis enabled the students' response patterns to each question to be compared with their responses for all other questions in the questionnaire to determine the extent to which that question measured the same underlying variable as the other questions. Results indicated that six of the twenty-six items did not measure the same underlying trait as the other twenty and that several of the accepted items were apparently redundant. The use of the shortened (20-item) CAIN is recommended.
Interactive Simulated Patient: Experiences with Collaborative E-Learning in Medicine
Authors: Bergin Rolf , Youngblood Patricia , Ayers Mary K. , Boberg Jonas , Bolander Klara , Courteille Olivier , Dev Parvati , Hindbeck Hans , Leonard Edward E. , Stringer Jennifer R. , Thalme Anders , Fors Uno G. H.
Published: May 2005

Interactive Simulated Patient (ISP) is a computer-based simulation tool designed to provide medical students with the opportunity to practice their clinical problem solving skills. The ISP system allows students to perform most clinical decision-making procedures in a simulated environment, including history taking in natural language, many hundreds of laboratory tests (e.g., images and endoscopy), and physical examination procedures. The system has been evaluated in a number of courses at three universities, Karolinska Institutet and Uppsala University in Sweden, and Stanford University in the United States. This article describes a study conducted in 2002, with an emphasis on results that pertain to collaboration between students. Results indicate that ISP is engaging and stimulates more active student involvement than traditional paper-based case presentation methods and that students seem to collaborate more easily when using ISP compared to traditional paper-based methods.
Retention Issues in Legal Education: The Roles of Undergraduate Educators and of Academic Support in the Law School
Authors: Cabrera Richard
Published: May 2005

Retention of law students, particularly minorities, is an issue for undergraduate schools as well as for law schools. This article looks at the decline in the number and quality of law school applications. It examines legal education literature and recent law school admissions statistics. The author concludes that the significant increase in academic support services over the last several years is not enough to improve student retention in law school. Preparation for graduate legal education must also be improved at undergraduate institutions, and law schools should be involved in that process.
Credentialing of Substance Abuse Counselors: A Field Evaluation
Authors: Arneson Andrew H. , Ruben Douglas H. , Husain Shaghil
Published: May 2005

Credentialing drug abuse counselors has been an increasing priority in state substance abuse programs aiming to establish minimal levels of competency in service providers. Current efforts by the State of Michigan to develop, implement, and evaluate three levels of credentials are reported from field test results. Candidates earning the “Apprentice-Counselor Credential” must pass a written examination based entirely on study objectives in an educational manual containing introductory information about pharmacology, treatment process, and client rights. Demographics of this candidate sample (counselors, students, and clients) are discussed in comparison to test score results. Qualified candidates were from different regional locations around Michigan and voluntarily participated in the field evaluation hoping to earn their credential before it was officially available. Phases in the evaluatory process involving preparation of manual, test construction, item analysis, and methodological concerns are elaborated. Educational goals ultimately achieved are concerning principles and concepts of drug and alcohol abuse counseling.