bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trauma, PTSD and personality: the relationship between prolonged traumatization and personality impairments
Authors: Daud Atia , Klinteberg Britt af , Rydelius Per‐Anders
Published: February 2008

Objective:  Chronic post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with personality impairments involving externalized and internalized psychopathology. This study has explored the association between PTSD symptoms as consequences of prolonged torture experiences or early childhood trauma exposure and personality traits.

Method:  One hundred and sixty‐one men were included: 36 Iraqi men refugees (mean age = 43.9, SD = 8.7) who had longstanding torture experiences as adults; 42 Swedish prisoners (mean age = 33.8, SD = 7), with early childhood trauma exposure; 31 Arab men refugees (mean age = 41.8, SD = 8.9) without self‐reported torture or violence experiences; 52 non‐traumatized Swedish males (mean age = 39.3, SD = 5.5). They were assessed for symptoms of PTSD or PTSD hypothetical clusters. Personality profile was assessed by the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP). Factor analysis with varimax rotation was conducted and yielded three factors: externalized, internalized and avoidance domains.

Results:  Individuals who suffered prolonged torture experiences or had early childhood trauma exposure showed impaired personality profiles in internalized and externalized domains. Individuals with or without PTSD showed significant differences p < 0.05 concerning: internalized, externalized and avoidance. anova and post‐hoc analysis according to Scheffé showed that the prolonged torture group > early childhood trauma exposure > nontraumatized group.

Conclusion:  Prolonged torture experiences or early trauma exposure may impair personality formation by enhancing the effects of cognitive, affective and behavioural vulnerabilities.
Systematics of the extinct reed warblers Acrocephalus of the Society Islands of eastern Polynesia
Authors: CIBOIS ALICE , THIBAULT JEAN‐CLAUDE , PASQUET ERIC
Published: February 2008

In the Society archipelago (French Polynesia), Acrocephalus reed warblers are known only from four islands: Tahiti, Mo’orea, Huahine and Raiatea. All populations are now extinct except on Tahiti. Our knowledge of these birds is based on a small number of specimens preserved in museums, collected mostly during the 19th century. We present here a review of the past and present distribution, habitat and threats to the Society Islands reed warblers, including details on the specimens in museum collections. We compare the external morphology of the different populations, and use samples from museum specimens to propose a molecular phylogeny of all taxa based on partial cytochrome b gene sequences. The genetic data do not support the monophyly of the Society Islands reed warblers, which probably derived from three different lineages, found in Tahiti, Mo’orea and in the cluster Raiatea–Huahine. We outline the taxonomic consequences of this phylogeny. Our results support the hypothesis that evolutionary pattern, not distance between islands, shaped the long‐distance colonization of oceanic islands by reed warblers.
Formation of garnet polycrystals during metamorphic crystallization
Authors: WHITNEY D. L. , GOERGEN E. T. , KETCHAM R. A. , KUNZE K.
Published: February 2008

Garnet polycrystals may form throughout the metamorphic history of a rock, starting at the earliest stages of garnet growth when closely spaced nuclei coalesce. In mica schist from Townshend Dam, VT, electron back‐scattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis shows that garnet polycrystals possess two or more distinct lattice orientations separated by high‐angle boundaries (28–61°). The minimum rotational displacements required to bring these lattice orientations into concordance with each other are commonly normal to the same low‐energy planes that occur as crystal faces of euhedral garnet. There is no evidence for intracrystalline deformation, and the polycrystals therefore probably represent individual garnet crystals that coalesced during growth. The boundaries cross‐cut growth zoning and inclusion trails of the polycrystals, indicating that early‐formed polycrystals, once coalesced, behave chemically and physically as single crystals. Statistical analysis of a 3D, high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomographic data set of a large sample (912 cm3) of a Townshend Dam schist, combined with microprobe and EBSD analyses of garnet, are consistent with a high degree of clustering at all stages of garnet growth. The formation and prevalence of polycrystals implies that garnet nuclei impinged on each other and coalesced, and that coalescence was a common feature throughout garnet growth in the rock.
Entrepreneurship Research in Europe: Taking Stock and Looking Forward
Authors: Welter Friederike , Lasch Frank
Published: February 2008

With this article, as introduction to a special issue on entrepreneurship research in Europe, we hope to initiate a discussion about the importance of grounding entrepreneurship research in its national context. Different European researchers, all knowledgeable about the entrepreneurship research scene in their respective country, present the state of the research field for France, Germany, the United Kingdom (Blackburn & Smallbone, 2008); and Scandinavia. Two articles from U.S. authors complement this issue, reviewing differences in how entrepreneurship scholars measure the phenomenon and assessing the European approach(es). This special issue sets out to demonstrate the value of variety in the field—variety that very much depends on the different national, methodological, and thematic contexts entrepreneurship research takes place in.
Researching Small Firms and Entrepreneurship in the U.K.: Developments and Distinctiveness
Authors: Blackburn Robert A. , Smallbone David
Published: February 2008

This article charts the development of research on small firms and entrepreneurship in the U.K. over the last 30 years or so and identifies distinctive characteristics of the current orientation of the research field. The paper analyses the rapid increase in the number of researchers contributing to the field over the period, together with its growing legitimacy and institutionalization. One of the key underlying themes is the rich diversity of approaches, reflecting the origins and development path, with clusters of researchers ranging from those with normative objectives to those who view the phenomenon as an object of study. Specific features of the U.K. research field identified include its policy orientation; a rich empirical tradition, with methodological diversity; an emphasis on small firms, and entrepreneurship as a subject for study, rather than an object for promotion; aspects of the boundaries and language of small business and entrepreneurship research; and pre–paradigmatic and middle range theory development i.e., somewhere between grand theory and empirical findings.
Entrepreneurship Research in Germany
Authors: Schmude Jürgen , Welter Friederike , Heumann Stefan
Published: February 2008

This article explores entrepreneurship research in Germany, paying particular attention to its origins and current “re–emergence.” Since the late 1990s, the field has gained ground, as is reflected in an increasing number of entrepreneurship chairs at universities, and the establishment of an annual national entrepreneurship conference. A particular strength of the German approach to researching entrepreneurship, which can be traced back directly to the historical roots, is found to be its consideration of context specificity and embeddedness, going hand–in–hand with a strong multidisciplinary tendency. These are two features where entrepreneurship research in Germany could add a distinctive flavor to the current mainstream debate. In practice, the diffusion of this perspective is inhibited by an insufficient exchange with the international scientific community.
The Nature and Focus of Entrepreneurship Research in France over the Last Decade: A French Touch?
Authors: Lasch Frank , Yami Saïd
Published: February 2008

This article gives an overview of the specificities of entrepreneurship research in France, paying attention to its emergence, nature, and focus. Reviewing 253 articles and conference papers from two journals and two conferences, considered main outlets for research outcomes from French scholars, our findings reveal a distinctive “French touch” of entrepreneurship research. The main facets we were able to identify with our data for the 1995 to 2005 period are as follows. There is a preference for qualitative methods, conceptual contributions, and the entrepreneurial process as privileged research theme. A particular strength of the French approach is also a strong focus of small and medium–sized organizations. The “French touch” of entrepreneurship research could make a distinctive contribution to the international research community and the mainstream debate. However, mainly French–speaking dissemination of knowledge and (still) insufficient international journal–oriented output strategies limit the diffusion of French entrepreneurship research. Implications for academic institutions and future research are discussed.
Entrepreneurship—Hop
Authors: Gartner William B.
Published: February 2008

“The future is not coming to you. You fetch it! Or it goes away. Who wins and who gains from a failure Depends on who falls and who stays. It all has to do with perspective What prism that you use for a scatter. But remember: Humble or arrogant May be a bifocal matter.” (Wahlbin, 2005)

This is a “mash–up” of some ideas on entrepreneurship scholarship using rhymes. The challenge was to compare and contrast special issue articles along national lines. The pondering of each country's imperative comes out through this “hip–hop” perspective. Please be assured when you read this that these rhymes are serious. There are important issues that scholars’ interest must pay, so do not let this format get in the way, using this poem as a start, of exploring entrepreneurship as science and art. Ideas from each country are beyond differences in methods quantitative and quality: Issues philosophical, rhetorical, historical, and current are the basis for the entrepreneurship field's ferment.

Pay you back with interest (Clarke, Hicks, & Nash, 1966)
Migration pattern of silver eel (Anguilla anguilla, L.) in an obstructed river system
Authors: Acou A. , Laffaille P. , Legault A. , Feunteun E.
Published: February 2008

Abstract –  The downstream migration of European silver eels in the River Frémur was examined to determine the potential effects of the numerous migration barriers that exist on waterways in western France. The Frémur has a 14 m high dam which creates a 3 × 106 m3 water supply reservoir, 6 km from tidal limit. Based on 8‐year records (1996–2004) of migrant silver eels captured in a Wolf trap located about 1 km below the dam, the influence of this dam on the migration was examined. These records indicate that 91% of silver eels were captured when the dam was overtopped (i.e. when the water reservoir was full). The timings of the overflow periods varied greatly between years mainly because they are function of the duration of the filling period which in turn is dependent on the level of summer water abstraction and annual hydrological conditions. Consequently, migration periods occurred at variable dates (between November and April) which is late in comparison with nonobstructed European river systems (generally between August and December). During overflow periods the migration of silver eels increased markedly during rain events (increasing river flow). This indicates that flow flushes, are essential so that settled silver eels can orientate themselves and pass over the dam. The hypothesis of a ‘dam effect’ that could stop temporarily or permanently some of silver eels in the reservoir is discussed. Finally, the influence of the migration delays on the condition of silver eels is considered.
The Recognition and Retrotranslocation of Misfolded Proteins from the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Authors: Nakatsukasa Kunio , Brodsky Jeffrey L.
Published: February 2008

Secretory and membrane proteins that fail to fold in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are retained and may be sorted for ER‐associated degradation (ERAD). During ERAD, ER‐associated components such as molecular chaperones and lectins recognize folding intermediates and specific oligosaccharyl modifications on ERAD substrates. Substrates selected for ERAD are then targeted for ubiquitin‐ and proteasome‐mediated degradation. Because the catalytic steps of the ubiquitin–proteasome system reside in the cytoplasm, soluble ERAD substrates that reside in the ER lumen must be retrotranslocated back to the cytoplasm prior to degradation. In contrast, it has been less clear how polytopic, integral membrane substrates are delivered to enzymes required for ubiquitin conjugation and to the proteasome. In this review, we discuss recent studies addressing how ERAD substrates are recognized, ubiquitinated and delivered to the proteasome and then survey current views of how soluble and integral membrane substrates may be retrotranslocated.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene Polymorphisms and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Authors: Coulam Carolyn B , Jeyendran Rajasingham S
Published: February 2008

Problem

To be successful, pregnancy must induce its own blood supply through angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the best characterized regulator of angiogenesis and one polymorphism of the VEGF gene, −1154, has been suggested to be associated with recurrent spontaneous abortion. The aim of this study was to confirm or refute the relationship of VEGF −1154 to recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL).

Method of study

Buccal swabs were obtained from 152 women with history of two or more consecutive spontaneous abortions and 65 control women. DNA was extracted from the buccal swabs and analyzed for the presence of the VEGF −1154A/A gene.

Results

The frequency of homozygosity of the VEGF −1154A gene was significantly higher among women experiencing RPL compared with fertile control women (16%versus 6%, P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Homozygosity of the VEGF −1154A gene may serve as a susceptibility factor affecting for RPL.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: How Valuable is Measurement of Peripheral Blood Natural Killer Cells at the Time of Abortion?
Authors: Paparistidis Nikolaos , Papadopoulou Chryssa , Chioti Athanassia , Papaioannou Demetrios , Tsekoura Christina , Keramitsoglou Theodora , Kontopoulou‐Antonopoulou Virginia , Agapitos Emmanouel , Balafoutas Christos , Varla‐Leftherioti Marighoula
Published: February 2008

Problem  Increased peripheral blood natural killer (NK) cells are associated to immune‐mediated abortion, but their diagnostic value when measured at the time of miscarriage is unknown.

Method of study  In women with therapeutic (A = 79) or elective (C = 34) pregnancy termination, the NK‐cell percentage was measured before and 5 days after curettage. Additionally, immune‐mediated lesions (scored 0–3) and CD56+ and CD16+ decidual ΝΚs (scored 1–3) were detected on the abortion material.

Results  Aborters differed from controls in histological scores (P = 0.000) and in NK percentage (>12%) only in the measurement 5 days after the operation (P = 0.038). In comparison to histological lesions, NK measurement was found to have sensitivity 70%, specificity 73.68%, positive prognostic value 89.39% and negative prognostic value 43.75%.

Conclusion  An Increased NK‐cell percentage 5 days after the pregnancy termination could be a marker of immune aetiology of miscarriage, as the probability of an aborter with NK >12% to have an immune‐mediated abortion is almost 90%.
Oral mucosa lesions in hypereosinophilic syndrome – an update
Authors: Ionescu MA , Murata H , Janin A
Published: February 2008

Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a rare disorder characterized by persistent and marked eosinophilia. Some HES forms have a poor prognosis, either because of end‐organ damage (particularly endomyocardial fibrosis), or because of associated myeloid leukemia or malignant T‐cell lymphoma. Oral mucosa ulcerations can be early clinical signs in severe forms. They are discrete, round or oval, sometimes confluent ulcers or erosions, located on non‐keratinized, unattached oral mucosa. In the last 15 years a better understanding of eosinophil biology has led to a new clinical classification of HES. The lymphocytic form is characterized by T‐lymphocyte clonality, IL‐5 production, and a possible progression to T‐cell lymphoma. Oral lesions are more frequently associated with the myeloproliferative form, characterized by an increased risk of developing myeloid malignancies and a good response to a recent anti‐tyrosine kinase therapy (imatinib mesylate). The target of imatinib is a novel kinase resulting from an 800‐kb deletion on chromosome 4. Recently, the resulting FIP1L1‐PDGFRα fusion gene was characterized as a marker of response to imatinib. Exclusion of other erosive ulcerative oral disease and early recognition of HES in patients with oral ulcerations, and precise characterization of the lymphocytic or myeloproliferative form are therefore important to rapidly initiate an effective therapy.
Update on diabetes mellitus: prevention, treatment, and association with oral diseases
Authors: Skamagas M , Breen TL , LeRoith D
Published: February 2008

Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent disease that affects millions of people worldwide and has paralleled the growing population of overweight and obese individuals. Early detection of prediabetes and diabetes, as well as lifestyle interventions including diet and exercise, are the overarching objectives in preventing and managing diabetes. For individuals who do not achieve glycemic control with lifestyle modification, there are newer medication classes that assist with weight loss, more physiologic insulins with convenient delivery systems, and old standbys like metformin and thiazolidinediones. Glycemic control along with blood pressure and cholesterol management reduce microvascular and macrovascular disease including cardiovascular events.

Mounting evidence demonstrates that diabetes is a risk factor for periodontitis and possibly oral premalignancies and oral cancer. The systemic inflammatory response generated by inflamed periodontal tissue may in turn exacerbate diabetes, worsen cardiovascular outcomes, and increase mortality. Thus, oral medical and surgical physicians are vital in treating oral pathology, recognizing new cases of diabetes, and counseling people with diabetes to promote oral health. This article presents updates in the diagnosis, risk factors, prevention, management, and peri‐oral complications of diabetes to assist oral health professionals in providing optimal care to patients with diabetes.
Oral diseases associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Part 1. sialadenitis and salivary glands lymphoma
Authors: Carrozzo M
Published: February 2008

Morbidity associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is due not only to the sequelae of chronic liver disease, but also to a variety of extraheaptic manifestations (EHM). Some of the most frequently reported EHM of HCV infection involves the oral region predominantly or exclusively and they are the topics of this 2‐part review. The current part 1 discusses the evidences on the association of salivary glands disorders with HCV. HCV‐ infected patients may frequently have histological signs of Sjögren‐like sialadenitis with mild or even absent clinical symptoms. However, the pathogenetic role of HCV in Sjogren Syndrome (SS) development and the characteristics distinguishing classic SS from HCV‐related sialadenitis are still an issue. It is unclear if the virus may cause a disease mimicking primary SS or if HCV is directly responsible for the development of SS in a specific subset of patients. Notably, some patients may present a triple association between HCV, SS‐like sialadenitis and salivary gland lymphoma and the virus may be involved in the lymphomagenesis. The risk of having a salivary gland lymphoma is particularly high in patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia. Little attention has been paid to the effects of anti‐HCV treatment on sialadenitis or lymphoma development.
STUDIES IN BACTERIOSIS: XXI. AN INVESTIGATION OF MARSH SPOT OF PEAS: WITH A NOTE ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
Authors: LACEY MARGARET S. , GRIEVE BRIAN J.
Published: February 2008

A bacterial examination was made of the cotyledon lesions of 200 dried and 200 fresh green‐pea seeds. Cultures made from 60 per cent, of the dried and 80 per cent. of the fresh peas were sterile; the remainder yielded growths of micro‐organisms of which the two predominating species were a sporing bacillus of the B. subtilis or B. mesentericus type and a minute yellow rod, probably B. herbicola aureum.

These two types are often present on the outside of pea seeds, and were isolated in a few cases from the centres of the cotyledons of healthy peas.

Further proof of the saprophytic nature of these two types, and of the other organisms isolated in the cultural tests. was afforded by numerous inoculation experiments, which all gave negative results.

Tests on the germination of marsh‐spot seeds show that badly diseased seeds fail to germinate, while in less severe cases the primary shoot is frequently dead or dies soon after germination, the growth being continued by lateral development.

After the seedling stage in most seasons no difference can be detected between plants grown from marsh‐spot or healthy seeds.

No evidence was obtained of any increase of marsh spot in the progeny from diseased seeds as compared with that from healthy seeds grown under the same conditions.

Pot‐culture experiments on the effect of soil and of excessive watering on the development of marsh spot gave entirely negative results. Pot cultures are apparently unsuitable for the development of marsh spot.
DOLLARSPOT DISEASE OF TURF AND ITS CAUSAL ORGANISM, SCLEROTINIA HOMOEOCARPA N.SP.
Authors: BENNETT F. T.
Published: February 2008

The disease of fine turf known in America as “dollarspot” occurs in all parts of Great Britain but is less prevalent than some other turf diseases.

The causal organism exists as several strains which maintain their respective characteristics under natural and cultural conditions. The strains differ in capacity for spore production; one yields ascospores and conidia, another ascospores only, and others reduced sporiferous structures only.

The U.S.A. strain and an Australian strain, as also some British isolants, belong to the last‐mentioned group.

The organism is characterized by well‐developed aerial mycelium, parts of which become reddish brown or cinnamon in colour; by sclerotial structures of parchment‐like thickness, in size from small flakes to expansive areas, olivaceous to black in colour; and by sporiferous structures arising from sclerotial sources.

The ascigerous fructification is an apothecium which reaches full development with ascospores in spring; the conidiophore becomes cupulate and bears conidia toward autumn.

The rate of growth of the strains and germination of spores is recorded for the range pH. 4–8.

The optimum temperature for growth of British strains is 20–25° C, the minimum 0–1° C, and the maximum 35–37° C. The possible influence of temperature on the establishment of non‐sporing strains abroad is discussed.

The organism is named Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, and a Latin diagnosis is given.
THE PROBLEM OF THE EVALUATION OF ROTENONE‐CONTAINING PLANTS
Authors: TATTERSFIELD F. , MARTIN J. T. , COCHRAN W. G.
Published: February 2008

1. An account is given of the preparation and a few of the properties of a compound isolated from the extracts of Sumatra‐type derris root.

2. This compound although in the present investigation containing extraneous material, probably sumatrol, yields optically inactive toxi‐carol in high yield, and is characterized by the switch‐over from laevo‐to dextro‐rotation on the addition of caustic potash in methyl alcohol to its benzene solution. and is mainly responsible for this feature of the Sumatra‐type resins under similar treatment. The change‐over in rotation was followed by a gradual fall in rotation of a unimolecular type. The compound is laevo‐rotatory in benzene and dextro‐rotatory in alcohol.

3. The toxicities toAphis rumicisof rotenone, toxicarol precursor, sumatrol, toxicarol and the residual resins from the Sumatra‐type andDerris ellipticuroots have been determined. In our experiments the toxicity in descending order was Rotenone >D. ellipticaresin > Sumatra‐type resin > sumatrol = toxicarol precursor > inactive toxicarol.

4. The statistical method used in analysing the insecticidal data is described in an Appendix.
STUDIES ON AMERICAN FOUL BROOD OF BEES
Authors: TARR H. L. A.
Published: February 2008

American foul brood is not produced by direct inoculation of eggs, or larvae from the time of hatching to that just subsequent to sealing, by placing from 0.001 to 0.005 ml. of aqueous suspensions of washed spores ofBacillus larvae, obtained from natural sources, in their cells.

With this method of oral inoculation, larvae are rarely removed by the bees and mature normally when each receive from a few thousand to over 45 × 106spores ofB. larvae.

Feeding individual larvae with unwashed spores ofB. larvae, or with portions of crushed larvae recently affected with American foul brood, does not cause the disease.

Methods of inoculation, in which the adult bees are allowed access to relatively dilute suspensions ofB. larvaespores, form a satisfactory means of initiating American foul brood in colonies of bees.

It is inferred that adult bees play an important part in carrying American foul brood in the colony, and the possible role of the adult bee as “insect vector” of American foul brood is considered.
STUDIES ON AMERICAN FOUL BROOD OF BEES
Authors: TARR H. L. A. , Cochran W. G.
Published: February 2008

Summary

The tissues of the developing chicken embryo form a more suitable substrate for the germination of the endospores of Bacillus larvae than any medium so far described.

The addition of beef digest broth to a medium of minced chicken embryo hinders rather than promotes the germination of B. larvae spores.

Concentrations of reducing sugars as high as 12.5% cause no apparent hinderance in the germination of B. larvae spores in embryo medium.
The application of the probit method to toxicity test data adjusted for mortality in the controls
Authors: Finney D. J.
Published: February 2008

When data from toxicity tests have to be adjusted for a mortality rate amongst untreated controls, three modifications to the usual method of probit analysis need to be considered. The full solution is more laborious than that ordinarily used, as it requires the estimation of this mortality rate from the whole of the data. When the rate is. not high (e.g. up to 20 %) a satisfactory approximation may be obtained by a simple alteration in die weighting coefficients, especially if the precaution is taken of using two or three times as many test organisms as controls as for any dosage of the poison, thus decreasing the relative value of the information on natural mortality contributed by the treated batches. The modified weighting coefficients are tabulated for values of the natural mortality from zero to 20 %. An example of the more complex calculations required for the full maximum likelihood solution is discussed in detail.
The effect of eyespot (Cercosporella herpotrichoides Fron.) on wheat and the influence of nitrogen on the disease
Authors: Glynne Mary D. , Dion W. M. , Weil J. W.
Published: February 2008

The effect of eyespot throughout the season on wheat receiving different amounts of nitrogen was studied in pot experiments. Plants inoculated in December showed chlorosis of outer leaves in February. Among plants with high nitrogen, eyespot killed 11%, caused straggling of 31% and whiteheads in 14% of the surviving ear‐bearing straws, reduced yield of straw by 8% and of grain by 16%. The loss in straw yield was due to reduction in plant number, that of grain was about half due to reduction in number of ears and half to production of lighter grains. Among plants with low nitrogen the disease killed 23% of the plants, caused straggling of 86% and whiteheads in 18% of the surviving ear‐bearing straws, and reduced yield of straw by 23% and of grain by 44%. The loss in straw yield was due to death of plants, that of grain was about two‐thirds due to the production of fewer ears and one‐third to that of lighter grains. In the high‐nitrogen series the number of shoots at the time of maximum tillering was reduced by 29%; in the low‐nitrogen series the disease caused reduction in height, a very uneven crop, delay in ear and anther emergence, and an increase in tail corn from 4% in the controls to 30% in the inoculated plants.

All inoculated plants became infected, but those receiving high nitrogen had only 49% of the ear‐bearing straws with severe lesions at harvest, while those receiving low nitrogen had 86%. The larger number of tillers produced when nitrogen was applied may have enabled the less severely diseased shoots to survive and bear ears while the most severely infected died.
Studies on the Relationships Between Earthworms and Soil Fertility
Authors: Evans A. C.
Published: February 2008

The weight of wormcasts thrown on to the surface of eight fields of differing agricultural history depends on the numbers of Allolobophora longa Ude and A. nocturna Evans present and also on the mean size of the individuals of these two species. The weight of wormcasts produced per acre per annum on the different fields varied from 1 to 25 tons and it is calculated that from 4 to 36 tons of soil per acre per annum pass through the alimentary tracts of the total population of earthworms present. The percentage pore space of a soil containing a high population of wormcasting species is much greater than that of a field with a high population of worms which do not produce wormcasts. In two old pastures, the amount of coarse sand relative to silt and clay was found to increase appreciably with depth: this distribution is probably a result of the long‐continued activity of earthworms.
Physical Factors Affecting the Toxicity of Sprays to Stored Product Insects
Authors: Hewlett P. S.
Published: February 2008

The problem of whether a given amount of active ingredient is more effectively applied in concentrated or dilute form is discussed. If y is percentage mortality and x1 and x2 are respectively log‐concentration of active ingredient and log‐volume (or deposit) of insecticide applied, y may be regarded as a uniform, continuous function of x1 and x2. The amount of active ingredient is constant, i.e. x1+x2=k, so that

dx/dx1=−dy/dx2=δy/δx1−δy/δx2

Probit mortality, Y, can be substituted for y in (4). Thus, whether an active ingredient is better applied in concentrated or dilute form depends on the relative magnitudes of ∂y/∂x1 and ∂y/∂x2, or of ∂Y/∂x1 and ∂Y/∂x2. Equation (4) is true whenever an insecticide consists of an active ingredient in a diluent, whatever the dosage‐mortality relationship. Previous work is discussed in the light of (4) and its probit form, and it appears that the concentration at which an active ingredient is best applied can depend upon the nature and quantity of the active ingredient, and the method of application of the spray. There may be other facto*** The probit form of (4) is applied to the probit plane and confirmed experimentally. Flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum Herbst were sprayed with pyrethrins in Shell oil P 31, and it was found that ∂Y/∂x1 > ∂Y/∂x2, so that a given quantity of pyrethrins was more toxic in concentrated solution than in dilute.
AN AUTOMATIC VOLUMETRIC SPORE TRAP
Authors: HIRST J. M.
Published: February 2008

A suction trap has been made in which the spores entering a narrow orifice, directed into the wind, are impacted on a Vaseline‐coated microscope slide moved across the orifice at 2 mm./hr. Estimates of spore content of the air can be made, with higher efficiency than by previous traps, at different times of day and thus be more closely correlated with variations in weather.

Wind‐tunnel tests with spores of Lycopodium clavatum showed maximal and minimal efficiencies of 93.8 and 62.4% respectively, with a suction rate of 10.0 1./min., in the range of wind speeds from 1.5 to 9.3 m./sec.
BREAKDOWN OF TIMBER BY ASCOMYCETES AND FUNGI IMPERFECTI
Authors: SAVORY J. G.
Published: February 2008

Soft rot of wood is caused by certain species of Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti The fungal hyphae typically run spirally in the central zone of the secondary xylem walls, where they give rise to cavities with pointed ends.

The fungi causing soft rot are cellulose‐attacking species which initiate attack in the less heavily lignified parts of the walls of the wood elements. The rate of attack is increased when inorganic nutrient salts are added to the wood.

Under laboratory conditionsChaetomium globosumcan cause severe decay of hardwoods.

Soft rot causes serious deterioration of timber in water‐cooling towers and is therefore of considerable economic importance.
FIRST STEPS IN BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO POTATO‐ROOT EELWORM.
Authors: Jones Mr F. G. W.
Published: February 2008

In 1938 an expedition went from Great Britain to collect tuber‐forming species of Solanum from mountainous areas of south and central America, a region generally regarded as the cradle of potato species. The plants brought back by the expedition form the core of the Commonwealth Potato Collection, which has since been added to from various sources. In 1941 Dr Ellenby began screening the various species and varieties in the Collection for resistance to eelworm. Quite soon he was able to demonstrate resistance in S. ballsii (now known as vernei.) Later, after much labour and many disappointments, he also found evidence of resistance in a few lines of S. andigenum.
THE EFFECTS OF DEFOLIATION AND LOSS OF STAND UPON YIELD OF SUGAR BEET
Authors: JONES F. G. W. , DUNNING R. A. , HUMPHRIES K. P.
Published: February 2008

Seedling pests of sugar beet cause defoliation and loss of stand. Attempts were made to assess the effects of these types of injury by means of field trials in which the defoliation and loss of stand were produced artificially shortly after singling. The main effects of these treatments were to modify the size of the plants without greatly influencing their percentage sugar content. Little loss of crop resulted until 50% of the leaf area or 50% of the plant population had been destroyed. The yield from re‐sowing after removal of all the plants was inferior to that from stands depleted of half or two‐thirds of their initial plant population. The relation between the results of artificial injury and the injury produced by seedling pests is briefly discussed.
VARIATION IN PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICAE WORON.
Authors: MACFARLANE I.
Published: February 2008

Three races of Plasmodiophora brassicae were distinguished by their different capacities to form clubs on different hosts; one failed to club turnip and swede and the others were identified by their effects on different turnip and swede varieties.

In contrast to their effects on clubbing, these races caused equal numbers of root‐hair infections with zoosporangia, on all crucifers tested. It is evidently the later stages in the life cycle of the pathogen that cannot develop in clubroot‐resistant hosts.

Some partially resistant varieties became clubbed when spore concentrations were increased above the level necessary to cause complete infection of susceptible varieties.

Varieties susceptible to a particular race of P. brassicae do not seem to fall into any taxonomic group within the Cruciferae. Susceptible and resistant varieties may belong to the same species or may occur throughout a number of species and genera.
VIRUS DISEASES OF CACAO IN WEST AFRICA IX. STRAIN VARIATION AND INTERFERENCE IN VIRUS 1A
Authors: POSNETTE A. F. , TODD J. McA.
Published: February 2008

Cacao virus iA, the most important and prevalent of the viruses that attack cacao in the Gold Coast, occurs in strains that differ widely in their virulence towards cacao. Outbreaks usually contain trees infected with different strains and individual trees are often infected simultaneously with more than one strain; this can be demonstrated by coppicing the trees, and by inoculating sets of test plants with grafts from different parts of one tree. Neither mild nor virulent strains seemed to be consistently dominant in roots or in other parts of cacao trees.

Cacao plants infected with mild strains were nearly always protected against the effects of infection by virulent strains; however, virulent strains entered hosts already infected with mild strains, but usually without causing any symptoms unless the plants were coppiced. The severe symptoms that developed on new growth from such coppiced plants were seldom repeated in later growth. Mealybugs transmitted the virulent strains from leaves with symptoms characteristic of infection by the latter, but not from leaves free from such symptoms. These results suggest that the multiplication of a virulent strain is impeded in plants infected with a mild strain.

In the field, infection with a mild strain protected mature trees against the effects of virulent strains spread by mealybugs. During 3 years in which 273 out of 387 previously uninfected trees became severely diseased, only 35 out of 416 infected with themildstrain developed symptoms of infectionwiththevirulent strain. Five years after infection with the mild strain, trees were yielding I pod per tree more than in the year they were infected, whereas the decrease on trees infected with the virulent strain was 16 pods per tree. Some limitations in the practical application of protection by mild strains, and objections to its use as a control measure, are discussed.
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE SURVIVAL OF SEVERAL SPECIES OF FISH IN LOW TENSIONS OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Authors: DOWNING K. M. , MERKENS J. C.
Published: February 2008

The resistance to low tensions of dissolved oxygen over periods ranging from less than a day to a week was determined for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii Richardson), perch (Perca fluviatilis L.), roach (Rutilus rutilus (L.)), and mirror carp, a domestic form of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) at 10°, 16° and 20°C., tench (Tinea tinea (L.)) at 10° and 16°C., dace (Leuciscus leuciscus (L.)) at 16° and 20°C., chub (Squalius cephalus (L.)) at 20°C., and bleak (Alburnus alburnus (L.)) at 16°C.

At each temperature period of survival decreased with fall in oxygen tension.

Rise in temperature between 10° and 20°C. reduced resistance to lack of oxygen of all species except rainbow trout, in which there was no significant difference between resistance at 16° and 20°C. Rise in temperature between 10° and 16°C. did, however, lower resistance considerably.

Tench were the most resistant to lack of oxygen and, in general, trout were the most susceptible. At 20°C. mirror carp required a higher tension of oxygen to enable them to survive for a week than did rainbow trout, but for shorter periods could withstand much lower tensions than rainbow trout; at 10° and 16°C. their resistance was intermediate between that of tench and rainbow trout.
THE POTATO‐EELWORM HATCHING FACTOR
Authors: WIDDOWSON E. , WILTSHIRE G. H.
Published: February 2008

The hatching factor from potato root diffusate has many of the properties of eclepic acid from tomato root and Solanum nigrum (Russell, Todd & Waring, 1949), as well as the same biological activity. No comparison of the specific activity of the two products is possible because of differences in the assay techniques, but the best preparations of both showed maximal hatching activity at about 0.1 mg./1. It is found that the potato preparations, which are freely soluble in water, are simultaneously inactivated and rendered insoluble by brief exposure to caustic alkali. The product of alkali treatment has been crystallized.
STUDIES OF THE BIOLOGY OF SCLEROTIUM CEPIVORUM BERK.
Authors: COLEY‐SMITH J. R.
Published: February 2008

Sclerotia from 6‐week‐old pure cultures of Sclerotium cepivorum germinated immediately in soil only after abrasion of their rinds, but after burial in soil for a month or more, unabraded sclerotia became capable of germination.

Marked stimulation of germination occurred in the presence of host plants (onion, leek and shallot). Little or no germination occurred in soil alone or in the presence of non‐host plants (barley, cabbage, carrot and white clover). Sclerotial germination was observed in a number of soils of widely differing pH and over a wide range of soil water content. Germination of sclerotia on uninjured onion roots was greatest at the tip region. On artificially injured roots sclerotial germination was enhanced but the effect of position was lost.

Sclerotial germination was independent of contact between roots and sclerotia. It was induced by root extracts of all Allium spp. tested, but of no other plants. Boiling or autoclaving root extracts did not destroy the active principle and it is concluded that under field conditions sclerotia are induced to germinate by a thermostable chemical substance from Allium roots.

The process of germination of sclerotia is described.
THE RELATION BETWEEN INFESTATION BY THE STALK BORER, BUSSEOLA FUSCA, AND YIELD OF MAIZE IN EAST AFRICA
Authors: WALKER P. T.
Published: February 2008

The relation between yield and infestation by the maize stalk borer, Busseola fusca Fuller, is expressed as a series of regression lines for crops of different potential yields. The reasons are given for assuming that the regression is rectilinear, and that the regression coefficient b, or rate of fall in yield, is proportional to the maximum expected yield of the crop, that is that b

For the crops examined, the formula for a general regression line of yield, as hundreds of pounds of dry grain per acre, on infestation, as the percentage of plants attacked transformed to angles, is y= 45.1–0.55x for a high‐yielding area, and y= 14.55–0.23x for a lower yielding crop. This is equivalent to a 35 lb./acre increase in grain yield for every 1% decrease in infestation for the higher yielding group, and 17 lb. increase per 1% decrease for the lower.

The applications of the relationship are discussed, in particular to studies of the economics of control by insecticides, and of the accuracy of methods of sampling infestations.
Studies on parsnip canker
Authors: CHANNON A. G.
Published: February 2008

In Petri‐dish trappings in parsnip crops during the wet seasons of 1958 and 1960, ballistospores of Itersonilia pastinacae were first obtained in August and increased in number to a peak in October or November. In the dry seasons of 1959 and 1961 the spores were much fewer and appeared later. There was a diurnal periodicity in the numbers of spores trapped, the maximum concentration occurring around dawn and the minimum during the afternoon. The fungus occurred to only a small extent in the air over bare ground. The numbers of ballistospores of I. perplexans were lower than those of I. pastinacae, but showed somewhat similar seasonal and diurnal fluctuations.

I. pastinacae was isolated from parsnip leaves either at the same time as, or shortly after, the earliest trappings from the air.

Attempts to prevent the ballistospores of I. pastinacae reaching the roots, by raising ridges of soil or peat over them or by defoliating the plants, resulted in reductions in black canker on the roots.
The incidence and spread of viruses in sweet peas (Lathyrus odoratusL.) in relation to variety and the use of systemic insecticides
Authors: HULL ROGER , SELMAN I. W.
Published: February 2008

A detailed examination has been made of the natural infection in two field experiments with sweet peas. Common pea mosaic virus (CPMV) and pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) accounted for infection in most of the plants.

In the first experiment, evidence was found of differences in ‘field resistance’ of fifteen varieties to PEMV but not to CPMV.

The second experiment indicated that, though soil application of granular systemic insecticides rendered the plants toxic to aphids, it did not significantly reduce the spread of CPMV. The insecticides had no effects on the growth or flowering of the plants.

Incidence of CPMV infection was significantly correlated with trap catches ofAcyrthosiphon pisum, Myzus persicaeandAphis fabaeand PEMV infection withAcyrthosiphon pisumandMyzus persicae.CPMV was not transmitted mechanically by flower cutting but the rate of infection was increased when the plants were layered.

The epidemiology of CPMV and PEMV in relation to sweet peas is discussed.
The effects of different aphid foods on Adalia bipunctata L. and Coccinella 7‐punctata L
Authors: BLACKMAN R. L.
Published: February 2008

The influence of different aphid foods on larval development and adult fecundity of Adalia bipunctata L. and Coccinella 7‐punctata L. was investigated. Certain aphids such as Myzus persicae Sulz. and Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris were suitable for both species. Megoura viciae Buckt., was toxic to A. bipunctata but not to C. 7‐punctata. Aphis fabae Scop., although a common natural prey of A. bipunctata, slowed larval development, partly because it was nutritionally unsuitable. Fecundity of adults fed on A. fabae was also reduced to less than half. Larvae and adults of C. 7‐punctata developed and reproduced as well on A. fabae as on other suitable aphids.

C. 7‐punctata caught aphids more quickly than A. bipunctata. Larvae of both species given relatively unsuitable prey fed more slowly than normal and consumed less of each aphid. The toxic aphid M. viciae was rejected by A. bipunctata after a short period of feeding.
Detection of infection by Pseudomonas phaseolicola (Burkh.) Dowson in white‐seeded dwarf bean seed stocks
Authors: WHARTON A. L.
Published: February 2008

Seeds of white‐seeded varieties of dwarf beans infected with Pseudomonas phaseolicola may show fluorescent areas in the testa under ultra‐violet light. Fluorescence is not visible in seed with dark‐coloured testas and is masked by coloured seed dressings. Bacterial infection is not the only cause of fluorescence in testas and the type and colour of the fluorescence cannot be used to diagnose infection. Of 542 fluorescing seeds examined 112 were infected by the pathogen, and only six infected seeds were found in 495 non‐fluorescing seeds from the same samples. It is estimated that in two seed stocks used for these experiments 64 and 68 % of infected seeds were of the fluorescent type.

A 34 lb sample of seedstock has to be taken for examination to detect, with 95 % confidence, ten infected seeds in 1 cwt. The selection of all fluorescing seeds from such large samples effectively concentrates the infected seed into a sample small enough to be tested by bacteriological methods.

Test seeds are examined bacteriologically by enrichment‐culture in nutrient broth. Ps. phaseolicola is identified in these cultures from the diagnostic symptoms of halo‐blight disease induced in bean seedlings inoculated with aliquots of the cultures.
Studies on the fungitoxicity of captan
Authors: RICHMOND D. V. , SOMERS E.
Published: February 2008

The cellular distribution of 35S after incubating labelled captan with Neurospora crassa conidia has been determined. Nearly all the 35S in the spores is bound to the water‐soluble and protein fractions. Thin‐layer chromatography of the hot‐water extract of spores has shown that 35S occurs largely in oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and in a product tentatively identified as a thiazolidine derivative of glutathione. It is suggested that this derivative, which only forms above pH 6·5, is produced by reaction between glutathione (GSH) and the thiocarbonyl chloride liberated on the decomposition of captan.

Captan toxicity could not be completely reversed by pretreatment with thiols and disulphides capable of penetrating the cell membrane, confirming the previous hypothesis that fungitoxicity is due to irreversible changes following the oxidation of the protein thiols to disulphides.