bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DISPUTE SETTLEMENT WITH SECOND‐ORDER UNCERTAINTY
Authors: Beshkar Mostafa , Park Jee‐Hyeong
Published: May 2021

The literature on pretrial dispute settlement has focused on the effect of first‐order uncertainty on bargaining, while assuming common knowledge about higher‐order beliefs. We study the effect of higher‐order uncertainty and show that the existence of such uncertainty improves the efficiency of settlement bargaining by expanding the set of strategies implementable in the equilibrium. We introduce uncertainty about higher‐order beliefs by assuming that one player privately observes an imperfect signal of the other player's type. We show that such signals could improve the efficiency only if they are privately observed: The signal's informational value disappears if it is publicly observable.
MAKE YOURSELVES SCARCE: THE EFFECT OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE ON THE RELATIVE WAGES AND EMPLOYMENT RATES OF EXPERIENCED WORKERS
Authors: Böhm Michael J. , Siegel Christian
Published: May 2021

This article studies the impact of demographic change on experienced workers' relative wages and employment rates. We investigate empirical predictions from a framework of supply and demand for experience skill, using variation across U.S. local labor markets (LLMs) over the last decades and instrumenting experience skill supply by the LLMs' age structures a decade earlier. We find that aging substantially reduces experienced workers' relative wages and full‐time employment rates, and also their labor market participation rates. Our results imply that the effect of demographic change on labor markets might be more severe than previously recognized, as it reaches beyond wages.
WHY DO AMERICANS SPEND SO MUCH MORE ON HEALTH CARE THAN EUROPEANS?
Authors: He Hui , Huang Kevin X.D. , Ning Lei
Published: May 2021

Empirical evidence shows that both leisure and medical care are important in maintaining health and taxation may affect the allocation of these two inputs. We highlight this point using an analytical setting whose implications conform to micro‐ and macro‐data. We then quantify these implications using a life‐cycle overlapping generations model where taxation and relative health‐care price are key determinants of the composition of the two inputs in the endogenous accumulation of health capital. We find that differences in taxation alone explain 44.7% of U.S.–EU differences in health expenditure–GDP ratio and more than 70% of their differences in time allocation.
Morphology of alumina granules obtained by spray freeze drying with twin‐fluid atomization
Authors: Kuzmin Ruslan , Veselov Sergey , Cherkasova Nina , Bataev Vladimir
Published: May 2021

This study presents the results of the morphological dependence of alumina granules obtained by spray freeze drying (SFD) with twin‐fluid atomization. It is shown that the introduction of 1‐, 2‐ and 4‐wt.% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a binder in an alumina suspension leads to the formation of irregular granules. Depending on atomization conditions, spherical, “tadpole‐like,” granule‐satellite and granule aggregates may form during SFD. Increasing the flight time of droplets before the fixing of their shape when they come in contact with liquid nitrogen effectively contributes to the spheroidization of alumina granules. Compacting PVA‐free SFD granules leads to the formation of diagonal flaws in a green‐body structure. Adding PVA prevents the abovementioned defects by increasing the strength of alumina granules. Increasing the amount of PVA leads to an increase in “tadpole‐like” granule content and, consequently, a decrease in a green‐body density.
They are a different breed aren’t they? Exploring how experts by experience influence students through mental health education
Authors: Happell Brenda , O'Donovan Aine , Sharrock Julie , Warner Terri , Gordon Sarah
Published: May 2021

Experts by Experience (EBE) in mental health are increasingly becoming involved in the education of health professionals. In response, research findings suggest positive attitudinal change towards people who experience mental distress and enhanced appreciation of recovery and person‐centred approaches to practice. However, this growing body of evidence has not resulted in the broad adoption of these roles in academia. The perspectives of academics instrumental in implementing academic positions for EBE (referred to as allies) have not yet been articulated. Acknowledging this gap, the aim of this research was to explore experiences of allies involved in implementing EBE positions in academia regarding the impact of EBE led education on students. Qualitative exploratory methods were used involving in‐depth interviews with allies. Data were analysed thematically. Participants observed significant positive impacts on students, as evidenced through four themes: contextualized learning, enhancing reflection, feedback from the clinical field, and students’ own lived experience. The fifth sub‐theme, Challenging experiences were observed to potentially detract from the student experience in some instances. Overall, participants were very supportive of EBE involvement and were confident this approach produced more person‐centred and recovery‐oriented clinicians, with the skills, knowledge and attitudes needed to work as practitioners. These findings support previous research and suggest positive implications for clinical practice and for students with their own mental health challenges.
The impact of negotiators’ motivation on the use of decision support tools in preparation for negotiations
Authors: Roszkowska Ewa , Kersten Gregory E. , Wachowicz Tomasz
Published: May 2021

Thorough preparation for a negotiation is considered critical for the achievement of successful relational and substantive results. Careful specification of preferences and determining the negotiation offer scoring systems is one of the most important preparation activities. To facilitate this process, preference elicitation aids have been designed and implemented in decision and negotiation support systems (NSSs). This paper shows that negotiators’ motivation affects the use of simple elicitation aid and elicited preferences. We identify three types of motivations: epistemic, social, identity, and assign the factors that describe them. Then, using the dataset from electronic negotiation experiments, we apply logistic regression to identify those motivations that allow distinguishing negotiators who make errors in the determination of the scoring systems from those who do not make them. The key result allows us to identify relational‐ and learning‐oriented goals of the identity motivation as having a significant and direct impact on the negotiators’ classification. Accommodating and competing approaches of social motivation impact agents' accuracy with the differences observed for gender. Surprisingly, epistemic motivation represented by rationality and experientiality factors does not affect users’ accuracy in the prenegotiation phase. The results obtained can be used to design decision support tools adjusted to the motivational profiles of the NSS users.
Lactobacilli reduce recurrences of vaginal candidiasis in pregnant women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Authors: Ang X.-Y. , Chung F.-Y.-L. , Lee B.-K. , Azhar S.N.A. , Sany S. , Roslan N.S. , Ahmad N. , Yusof S.M. , Abdullah N. , Nik Ab Rahman N.N. , Abdul Wahid N. , Deris Z.Z. , Oon C.-E. , Wan Adnan W.F. , Liong M.-T.
Published: May 2021

Aims

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of lactobacilli strains in preventing the recurrences of vaginal candidiasis (VC) in 78 pregnant women with VC (lactobacilli, n = 39; placebo, n = 39) and the potential benefits on quality of life.

Methods and Results

The lactobacilli putative probiotic (SynForU-HerCare; two capsules/day of 9·5 log CFU per capsule) or placebo was administered for 8-weeks in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Subjects were assessed for vaginal and gut health conditions at baseline, week-4 and week-8 via questionnaires. The vulvovaginal symptom questionnaire not only covered aspects pertaining to vulvovaginal symptoms but also the quality of life impacts such as emotional, social and sexual. The administration of lactobacilli reduced symptoms of irritation (P = 0·023) and discharge (P = 0·011) starting week-4 and continued after week-8 (P < 0·05), accompanied by reduced symptoms for burning after week-8 (P = 0·046) as compared to the placebo. Patients consuming lactobacilli also showed reduced concern about symptoms after week-4 (P = 0·010) and continued after week-8 (P = 0·001), accompanied by reduced impairment of daily activities attributed to vulvovaginal symptoms (P = 0·012) and continued after week-8 (P = 0·026). Insignificant differences were observed for sexual impacts between treatment groups. The administration of lactobacilli also reduced recurrences of both emotional and social stress as compared to the placebo at both week-4 and week-8 (P < 0·05). Patients consuming lactobacilli showed higher defecation times per week at week-4 (P = 0·010) and week-8 (P = 0·001) as compared to the placebo group, indicating the potential to reduce risks of pregnancy-induced constipation.

Conclusions

Lactobacilli probiotics are beneficial towards pregnant women, especially in reducing vulvovaginal symptoms and recurrences of VC, accompanied by improved emotional and social distress attributed to VC.

Significance and Impact of the Study

The study demonstrated the preventive and modulatory roles of lactobacilli strains against VC in pregnant women. Taken altogether, our present data illustrated that lactobacilli probiotics are beneficial towards pregnant women, especially in reducing vulvovaginal symptoms and recurrences of VC, accompanied by improved emotional and social distress attributed to VC, thus could be a potential strategy for the maintenance of vaginal health during pregnancy.
Effects of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists on secretions of insulin and glucagon and gastric emptying in Japanese individuals with type 2 diabetes: A prospective, observational study
Authors: Kuwata Hitoshi , Yabe Daisuke , Murotani Kenta , Fujiwara Yuuka , Haraguchi Takuya , Kubota Sodai , Kubota‐Okamoto Saki , Usui Ryota , Ishitobi Minori , Yamazaki Yuji , Hamamoto Yoshiyuki , Kurose Takeshi , Seino Yusuke , Yamada Yuichiro , Seino Yutaka
Published: May 2021

Aims/Introduction

Differences in the glucose‐lowering mechanisms of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs) have been noted. Clarifying these differences could facilitate the choice of optimal drugs for individuals with type 2 diabetes and requires investigation in a clinical setting.

Materials and Methods

A single‐arm, prospective, observational study was conducted to evaluate the effects of various GLP‐1RAs on postprandial glucose excursion, secretions of insulin and glucagon as well as on the gastric emptying rate. Participants were subjected to meal tolerance tests before and 2 weeks and 12 weeks after GLP‐1RA initiation. Effects on postprandial secretions of glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and apolipoprotein B48 were also investigated.

Results

Eighteen subjects with type 2 diabetes received one of three GLP‐1RAs, i.e., lixisenatide, n = 7; liraglutide, n = 6; or dulaglutide, n = 5. While 12‐week administration of all of the GLP‐1RAs significantly reduced HbA1c, only lixisenatide and liraglutide, but not dulaglutide, significantly reduced body weight. Postprandial glucose elevation was improved by all of the GLP‐1RAs. Postprandial insulin levels were suppressed by lixisenatide, while insulin levels were enhanced by liraglutide. Postprandial glucagon levels were suppressed by lixisenatide. The gastric emptying rate was significantly delayed by lixisenatide, while liraglutide and dulaglutide had limited effects on gastric emptying. GIP secretion was suppressed by lixisenatide and liraglutide. Apolipoprotein B48 secretion was suppressed by all of the GLP‐1RAs.

Conclusions

All of the GLP‐1RAs were found to improve HbA1c in a 12‐week prospective observational study in Japanese individuals with type 2 diabetes. However, differences in the mechanisms of the glucose‐lowering effects and body weight reduction were observed.
Systematic review of single and combined treatments for different types of striae: a comparison of striae treatments
Authors: Seirafianpour F. , Sodagar S. , Mozafarpoor S. , Baradaran H.R. , Panahi P. , Hassanlouei B. , Goodarzi A.
Published: May 2021

Striae distensae (SD) or stretch marks are among the most common forms of atrophic scarring and cosmetic problems, especially in women, that negatively affect quality of life. The main causes of SD vary widely, but the most significant ones include obesity, pregnancy, high corticosteroid levels, weight changes, endocrine disorders and genetic predispositions. Various modalities are available for the treatment of SD; however, there is still no gold standard therapy for this condition. Given the many questions concerning the preferred therapeutic modalities for SD or their overall cost‐effectiveness, this comprehensive systematic review discusses the most prevalent, recent and promising therapies for SD in three main categories, including single therapy, therapeutic comparisons and combination therapy. A systematic search was carried out in Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar for original articles published on the treatment of SD by 20 May 2019. One hundred articles were reviewed and divided into three categories. In the single therapy category, we found that laser and other light‐based devices and topical treatments are the most commonly applied interventions. In the therapeutic comparison category, we found that most of the common therapeutic modalities are equally effective and there is no significant difference between them in side‐effects and treatment duration. In the combination therapy category, we found that the combination of two or more modalities is usually better than using each one alone.
Reassessment of suitable markers for taxonomy of Chaetophorales (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) based on chloroplast genomes
Authors: Liu Benwen , Zhu Huan , Dong Xiaoqi , Yan Qiufeng , Liu Guoxiang , Hu Zhengyu
Published: May 2021

Filamentous green algae Chaetophorales present numerous taxonomic problems as many other green algae. Phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear genes have limited solutions. Studies with appropriate chloroplast molecular markers may solve this problems; however, suitable molecular markers for the order Chaetophorales are still unknown. In this study, 50 chloroplast genomes of Chlorophyceae, including 15 of Chaetophorales, were subjected to single protein‐coding gene phylogenetic analyses, and substitution rate and evolutionary rate assays, and PCR amplification verification was conducted to screen the suitable molecular markers. Phylogenetic analyses of three chloroplast representative genes (psaB, tufA, and rbcL) amplified from 124 strains of Chaetophorales showed that phylogenetic relationships were not improved by increasing the number of samples, implying that the genes themselves, rather than limited samples, were the reason for the unsupported Topology I. Seven genes (atpF, atpI, ccsA, cemA, chlB, psbB, and rpl2) with robust support were selected to be the most suitable molecular markers for phylogenetic analyses of Chaetophorales, and the concatenated seven genes could replace the time‐consuming and labor‐intensive phylogenetic analyses based on chloroplast genome to some extent. To further solve the taxonomic problems of Chaetophorales, suitable chloroplast markers combined with more taxon‐rich approach could be helpful and efficient.
Notes on age determination, size and age structure, longevity and growth of co‐occurring macrourid fishes
Authors: Bergstad Odd Aksel , Hunter Rebecca H. , Cousins Nicola J. , Bailey David M. , Jørgensen Terje
Published: May 2021

Nineteen species of the deep‐water fish family Macrouridae inhabit the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (MAR) of the North Atlantic. Size and age structure, longevity and length at age were explored for seven of the more abundant species: Coryphaenoides armatus, Coryphaenoides brevibarbis, Coryphaenoides carapinus, Coryphaenoides guentheri, Coryphaenoides mediterraneus, Coryphaenoides rupestris and Macrourus berglax. The otoliths from these species had growth increments resembling those accepted as annuli in other deep‐water species for which validation experiments have been conducted. Based on the counts of these growth increments, age estimates were derived as the basis for studies of age structure, growth and longevity. All the species appeared to have relatively low growth rates, but the interspecific variation in longevity illustrates that there is a considerable variation within the family and among species inhabiting the same deep‐sea environment. Most of the species likely complete full life cycles on the MAR, but it is probable that both the youngest and the largest‐oldest individuals of some of the species were not sampled adequately.
The real effects of earnout contracts in M&As
Authors: Barbopoulos Leonidas G. , Danbolt Jo
Published: May 2021

Earnouts address merger valuation risk by deferring payment of a large part of deal consideration and making it contingent on targets’ future performance. We find acquirers of unlisted targets using earnouts gain more (less) than those making full up‐front payments in cash (stock). Larger and older acquirers benefit more from earnout‐based deals, as do foreign acquirers and acquirers advised by top‐tier or boutique advisors. We address identification through the propensity score matching method and a quasi‐natural experiment. Acquirers realize the highest returns from earnouts when the deferred payment is around 30% of deal value. Deferred payments are larger after the SFAS 141(R) reform.
Quantifying early gastric cancer in Australia: What is the opportunity for gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection?
Authors: Yang Linda S , Taylor Andrew C F , Thompson Alexander J V , Desmond Paul V , Holt Bronte A
Published: May 2021

Background and Aims

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is the recommended treatment for early gastric cancer (EGC). However, there are challenges in attaining expertise in ESD in countries where the incidence of gastric cancer and proportion diagnosed at an early stage of disease are relatively low. This study aims to establish the proportion of gastric cancer meeting histological criteria for EGC, which may be suitable for ESD, in a Western population.

Methods

Gastric cancers reported to the Victorian Cancer Registry between January 2011 and December 2016 were analyzed. EGC was defined as tumor confined to mucosa (T1a) or submucosa (T1b). Histology reports were analyzed using Japanese and European guidelines to identify potential ESD candidates. Criteria for extended ESD were based on grade of differentiation, tumor depth, lymphovascular and perineural invasion, and ulceration.

Results

Twenty percent of 1217 gastric cancers was EGC (237 cases), with detailed histopathology reports suitable for evaluating ESD criteria recorded in 182 cases. Standard and extended ESD criteria were met in 46% (84/182) and 75% (132/182), respectively. Actual treatment of the 237 EGC was endoscopic in 14% (n = 33) and surgery in 86% (n = 204). Endoscopically treated EGCs were more likely to be stage T1a and located in the proximal stomach.

Conclusions

EGCs represented 20% of reported gastric adenocarcinomas with the majority fulfilling criteria for ESD. ESD should be considered in the management algorithm and discussed at tumor board meetings involving interventional endoscopists. To increase utilization of ESD, systems need to be implemented to improve training, accreditation, and access to ESD.
The communicative paradigm shift of the digital age: The skinny on social media
Authors: Eid Edward S. , Khoury Dana M. , Vashi Neelam A. , Saade Dana S.
Published: May 2021

In this editorial, we explore several relevant issues pertaining to social media use including influencers and photo‐editing software. The aforementioned topics are discussed vis‐à‐vis their profound positive and negative effects on both patients and aesthetic physicians. The reader is invited to appreciate the importance of social media use in aesthetic medicine and the pitfalls its use presents.
Retrospective study on the safety and tolerability of clinical treatments with a novel Thermomechanical Ablation device on 150 patients
Authors: Judodihardjo Harryono , Rajpar Sajjad
Published: May 2021

Introduction

There are currently not many publications on the safety of thermomechanical ablation (TMA) devices, and those that are published only have small numbers of subjects. This treatment is gaining popularity in Europe and Asia, and thus there is a need to look at the safety of this treatment.

Objective

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the safety of the clinical use of the novel TMA system (Tixel, Novoxel, Israel) for facial rejuvenation and treatment of acne scars.

Methods

We did a retrospective review of our first 150 patients who were treated with the TMA device.

Results

One hundred and fifty consecutive patients aged 20 years to 82 years with Fitzpatrick skin types I to V treated with the TMA device were included in this study. The total number of treatment sessions was 327 (average 2.18 treatment per patient). The total number of pulses delivered to these patients was 1 48 856 (average 455 pulses per session). The indications for the treatment were photodamaged skin (n=145) and acne scarring (n=5). All patients were able to use makeup immediately after the treatment at lower settings, thus needing no real recovery time. Patients treated at higher settings were able to use makeup after 2 days. There were four reported complications: post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation (n=2), impetigo (n=1), and dermatitis (n=1).

Conclusions

Using the TMA device in the treatment of photodamage and acne scarring is safe in skin types I to V and has a low incidence of temporary side effects with no permanent side effects.
Development and cosmeceutical evaluation of topical emulgel containing Albizialebbeck bark extract
Authors: Tasneem Rabia , Khan Haji Muhammad Shoaib , Zaka Hafiz Saqib , Khan Palwasha
Published: May 2021

Background

Antioxidants are widely used in cosmetic products as they have beneficial effects on skin and prevent skin from harmful effects of environment. Albizia lebbeck has a significant potential to be used in cosmeceuticals due to its antioxidant activity.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to formulate a stable and effective o/w emulsion‐based emulgel containing Albizia lebbeck bark extract, which have considerable antioxidant activity.

Methodology

Antioxidant activity of Albizia lebbeck bark extract was determined by DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) method. Emulgel containing 3% extract was developed by mixing o/w emulsion in Carbopol gel along with a placebo emulgel without extract (base). In vitro evaluation of these emulgels, that is, liquefaction, color, phase separation, centrifugation, and pH change were carried out for a period of 8 weeks at different storage conditions, that is, 8ºC, 25ºC, 40ºC, and 40ºC & 75% relative humidity (RH). In vivo evaluation of emulgels was carried out on 13 healthy female volunteers by measuring various parameters of skin, that is, melanin level, erythema level, moisture content, sebum content, and elasticity at regular time intervals after applying emulgel (both base and test formulation) for 8 weeks.

Results

Antioxidant activity of Albizia lebbeck bark extract was 84.7%. Both emulgels (base and test formulation) were stable at all storage conditions. Statistical analysis showed that test formulation produced significant effects (p < 0.05) on melanin, erythema level, moisture content, sebum level, and elasticity of skin.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that a stable topical emulgel containing 3% Albizia lebbeck bark extract has significant antioxidant effects on human skin.
Demodex infestation as a cause of sensitive skin in a dermatology outpatient clinic
Authors: Yasak Guner Rukiye , Tosun Mustafa , Akyol Melih , Hayta Sibel Berksoy
Published: May 2021

Background

Sensitive skin is subjective cutaneous hyperreactivity to environmental factors. Demodicosis is a skin disorder caused by Demodex mites. There may be a link between demodicosis and sensitive skin.

Aim

This study aimed to examine facial Demodex mites density and other factors associated with sensitive skin in patients.

Methods and methods

A total of 349 randomly selected patients presented to the dermatology department. The research data were collected using a questionnaire form that included the participants’ sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics, a sensitive skin questionnaire, the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), and European Health Interview Survey (EHIS). Patients underwent standardized superficial skin surface biopsy of 4 areas of the face. D. folliculorum count greater than 5 mites/cm2 was considered positive.

Results

In relation to Demodex, there was an increase in skin sensitivity with higher Demodex density (p = 0.04). There was a statistically significant, weak positive correlation between skin sensitivity and DLQI score (r = 0.33, p = 0.00), and there was also a significant but very weak negative correlation between skin sensitivity and EUROHIS (r = −0.164, p = 0.002). Skin sensitivity was more common in patients with a concomitant dermatological disease (p = 0.01) and increased with more frequent cosmetic use (p = 0.00).

Conclusion

Alongside other risk factors, for the patients presenting with complaints of sensitive skin, investigating Demodex population density may help alleviate sensitive skin symptoms with appropriate therapies and preventive measures.
After the Temporal Lifting Technique—What comes next?
Authors: Hernandez Claudia A. , Schneider Carolina , Gold D Michael H. , Muniz Mariana , Green Jeremy B. , Alfertshofer Michael , Frank Konstantin , Cotofana Sebastian
Published: May 2021

Background

The temporal lifting technique can provide lateral facial lifting when administering hyaluronic acid (HA)‐based soft tissue fillers into the subdermal plane of the temple. However, the central facial oval is not influenced by this technique.

Objectives

To identify the safety and esthetic effectiveness of additional midfacial injection points (in addition to the temporal lifting technique) that can volumize the medial midface, lift the lateral face, and increase jawline contouring when included into a full‐face injection algorithm.

Methods

The patient records of nine consecutive patients (all females) with a mean age of 35.0 (8.4) years and a mean body mass index of 21.7 (2.4) kg/m2 were retrospectively analyzed after a full‐face injection algorithm was performed using HA‐based fillers. The additional injection points target the supraperiosteal plane of the medial zygomatic arch, the lateral infraorbital region, and the pyriform fossa using both needles and cannula.

Results

No adverse events were observed during the 6‐month retrospective observational period. The volume of the medial midface increased, the volume of the lateral midface decreased, and the contour of the jawline improved; all effects reached a highly statistically significant level with p < 0.001.

Conclusion

Despite each individual injection is currently performed on a daily clinical basis the evaluated injection algorithm following the temporal lifting technique shows some evidence that it is safe and esthetically effective. Future studies will need to confirm the results presented herein in a larger sample and with objective outcome measures to guide safe and effective esthetic outcomes.
Recommendations for the use of corrective makeup after dermatological procedures
Authors: Araviiskaia Elena , Le Pillouer Prost Anne , Kosmadaki Marita , Kerob Delphine , Roo Elia
Published: May 2021

Introduction

The number of dermatological or cosmetic procedures carried out has continuously increased over the last decades. Almost all may cause transient local skin reactions such as erythema, blistering, crusts, scaling, hypo‐ or hyperpigmentation, or hemorrhagic lesions. One issue of dermatological procedures is the downtime, during which patients need to hide their skin, due to these local reactions.

Aim

To provide dermatologists with easy‐to‐follow recommendations for the right timing of use of corrective makeup for patients who have undergone or who plan to undergo dermatological procedures, according to the invasiveness of the dermatological procedure chosen.

Methodology

A group of experts in dermatological procedures met in 2019 and at the beginning of 2020 to discuss the different procedures, their local reactions and downtime, and the opportunities to use specific corrective makeup in order to hide these transient reactions.

Results

As a result of the discussions, the experts proposed a tabulated algorithm of use based on a classification of the different dermatological procedures according to their invasiveness and recommended timing of the first post‐procedure corrective makeup application.

Conclusion

Corrective makeup may be considered as a complement to certain dermatological procedures in order to minimize downtime. However, its use is conditioned by the correct understanding of skin barrier alteration and recovery time. The proposed algorithm of use of corrective makeup after procedures may help the practitioner to indicate his patient the right moment for applying corrective makeup in order to avoid local tolerance issues and post‐procedure complications.
A prospective, open‐label, multicentric, single‐arm, post‐marketing clinical study to evaluate effectiveness and safety of Cross‐Linked Sodium Hyaluronate 24mg with Lidocaine 3mg Injection in subjects undergoing treatment for facial wrinkles and lip augmentation
Authors: Shome Debraj , Shah Radha Atal , Gowda Dinesh , Vadera Sapna , Kumar Vaibhav , Raj Manish , Atif Ali , Doshi Komal , Vekaria Mrudul , Pathak Meghna , Kapoor Rinky
Published: May 2021

Background

Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers are quite commonly used since several years for soft tissue augmentation.

Aim

The purpose of this study was to evaluate primarily the safety and secondarily the clinical effectiveness of Cross‐Linked Sodium Hyaluronate 24 mg with Lidocaine 3 mg (Jeunesso 24L) injection, in subjects undergoing treatment for facial wrinkles and lip augmentation.

Method

Patients between the age groups of 18 and 75 years, who were seeking soft tissue augmentation treatment on the face and with wrinkle severity score (WSS) ≥2 for bilateral Nasolabial Folds (NLF), were included in the study. The appropriate quantity of the filler was injected at the treatment site. Clinical efficacy assessments were conducted independently at 3 and 6 months after baseline. Clinical efficacy was assessed using Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale (WSRS) and a Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS).

Results

The mean pain score was found to be 2.57 ± 2.06 immediately after injection which was reduced to 0.1 ± 0.675 at 15 min and this further subsided to “No Pain” in any of the participants at 60 min post the injection. WSRS mean score before treatment was 2.76, which were significantly reduced to 2.14, at 3 months. Majority of participants found an improvement in the marionette line severity. Also, significant improvements were seen in the perioral and lip areas. The Study filler was well‐tolerated and no side effects were reported.

Conclusion

The study indicates that this particular filler, HA+L, is useful for cosmetic improvements in the nasolabial folds and for enhancement of the lips.
Nurse bias and nursing care disparities related to patient characteristics: A scoping review of the quantitative and qualitative evidence
Authors: Groves Patricia S. , Bunch Jacinda L. , Sabin Janice A.
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Investigations of healthcare workers’ implicit attitudes about patient characteristics and differences in delivery of healthcare due to bias are increasingly common. However, there is a gap in our understanding of nurse‐specific bias and care disparities.

Aims

To identify (a) the types of available evidence, (b) key factors and relationships identified in the evidence and (c) knowledge gaps related to nurse bias (nurse attitudes or beliefs towards a patient characteristic) and nursing care disparities (healthcare disparities related specifically to nursing care).

Methods

Authors completed a scoping review using the Joanne Briggs Institute method and PRISMA‐SCR checklist. Five databases were searched. After screening, 215 research reports were included and examined. Data were extracted from research reports and assessed for thematic patterns and trends across multiple characteristics.

Results

Nurse bias and/or care disparity investigations have become increasingly common over the 38‐year span of included reports. Multiple patient characteristics have been investigated, with the most common being race and/or ethnicity, gender and age. Twenty‐nine of 215 studies identified a potential relationship between nurse bias regarding a characteristic and nursing care of individuals with that characteristic. Of these studies, 27 suggested the bias was associated with a negative disparate impact on nursing care. Only 12 reports included evaluating an intervention designed to reduce nurse bias or nursing care‐related healthcare disparities.

Conclusions

Despite increasing research focus on individual bias and disparities in healthcare, the accumulated knowledge regarding nurses has not significantly advanced past a descriptive, exploratory level. Nor has there been a consistent focus on the role of nurses, who represent the largest component of the professional healthcare workforce.

Relevance to clinical practice

National and international codes of ethics for nurses require provision of care according to individual, unique patient need, disregarding bias and incorporating patient characteristics into their plan of care.
Out‐of‐Town Home Buyers and City Welfare
Authors: FAVILUKIS JACK , VAN NIEUWERBURGH STIJN
Published: May 2021

Many cities have attracted a flurry of out‐of‐town (OOT) home buyers. Such capital inflows affect house prices, rents, construction, labor income, wealth, and ultimately welfare. We develop an equilibrium model to quantify the welfare effects of OOT home buyers for the typical U.S. metropolitan area. When OOT investors buy 10% of the housing in the city center and 5% in the suburbs, welfare among residents falls by 0.61% in consumption‐equivalent units. House prices and rents rise substantially, resulting in welfare gains for owners and losses for renters. Policies that tax OOT buyers or mandate renting out vacant property mitigate welfare losses.
Comparison of Post Space Volume Changes Following Fiber Post Removal Using Er,Cr:YSGG Laser Versus Ultrasonic Instrument
Authors: Cho Juyeon , Liu Jie , Bukhari Esraa A. , Zheng Fengyuan , Kim Do‐Gyoon , Lee Damian J.
Published: May 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the post space volume changes following removal of glass fiber posts in endodontically treated teeth by using erbium, chromium:yttrium‐scandium‐gallium‐garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser to the conventional ultrasonic method.

Materials and Methods

Twelve single‐root human extracted teeth were cut into 13 mm near cementoenamel junction (CEJ), and then underwent endodontic treatment. The post spaces were prepared to 8 mm in length. Glass fiber posts were inserted with self‐curing resin cement. Specimens were randomly assigned to laser or ultrasonic methods for their post removal. Post space volumes were measured using microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) before post cementation and after post removal. Dentin thickness was measured after post removal at coronal, middle, and apical third of the root canal space. Paired t‐test and t‐test were used to compare space volumes between before post cementation and after post removal, and between laser and ultrasonic groups, respectively.

Results

Six specimens were tested for each group. The average volume change was 6.499 mm3 in laser and 7.418 mm3 in ultrasonic method. There was not a significant difference between laser and ultrasonic group in respect of post space volume changes (p = 0.71). Both methods showed significant volume increase following post removal (p < 0.05). Significantly less dentin was lost when laser was used for post removal in the coronal portion of the post space (p = 0.002).

Conclusions

Er,Cr:YSGG laser can be used as effective option, comparable to the conventional ultrasonic method when removing posts in endodontically treated teeth. Laser has the potential to provide conservative post removal.
Vertical Load and Torque during Postspace Preparation and Their Influence on Microcrack Development
Authors: Jamleh Ahmed , Alghilan Maryam , Alsharif Asma , Alqahtani Nouf , Aloqayli Abdulrahman , Aljarrah Abdulkader
Published: May 2021

Purpose

To investigate, in vitro, the magnitudes of vertical load and torque generated during post space preparation of root canal treated teeth and their influence on microcrack development.

Materials and Methods

Forty extracted premolars with single canals were decoronated. The roots were prepared using ProTaper Next system (Dentsply Sirona) to X3 file, obturated, and provisionalized. After a 3‐week incubation period, the roots were distributed into 2 groups according to the post drill system used (ParaPost fiber post and RelyX fiber post). During post space preparation, the vertical load, torque, and preparation time were recorded. Before and after the post space preparation, the roots were imaged with micro‐computed tomography (SkyScan 1172; Bruker micro‐CT) to detect new microcracks. The data were analyzed using the Mann‐Whitney U‐test and chi‐square test.

Results

In ParaPost and RelyX, the post space was prepared in 48.31 ±25.28 and 47.71 ±13.36 seconds, respectively (p = 0.360). The peak vertical load generated with ParaPost (20.23 ±7.80 N) was significantly lower than that of RelyX (29.43 ±5.82 N) (p = 0.010). The maximum torque attained with ParaPost (1.42 ±0.61 N.cm) was found to be significantly lower than that of RelyX (3.23 ±1.58 N.cm) (p = 0.000). No post drill fracture or visible deformation was noticed throughout the experiment. New microcracks were found in three ParaPost samples only.

Conclusions

The choice of postdrill influenced the loads and torques generated during postspace preparation. The ParaPost system showed favorably lower load and torque values during the postspace preparation compared with the RelyX system.
Hepatic lead and copper concentrations in dogs with chronic hepatitis and their relationship with hematology, serum biochemistry, and histopathology
Authors: Gori Eleonora , Pierini Alessio , Meucci Valentina , Abramo Francesca , Muscatello Luisa V. , Marchetti Veronica
Published: May 2021

Background

Although the influence of copper ([Cu]) on chronic hepatitis (CH) has been widely studied in dogs, little information is available about the accumulation of other metals.

Hypothesis/Objectives

We assessed the concentration of lead ([Pb]) in the livers of dogs with CH with or without abnormal hepatic [Cu] to establish if any association existed between [Pb] and either hematologic or biochemical variables, fibrosis, necrosis and inflammation of the liver on histology.

Animals

Thirty‐four dogs with CH that had hepatic [Cu] and [Pb] determined.

Methods

Retrospective review of medical records of dogs with CH and hepatic [Cu] and [Pb]. Chronic hepatitis was defined using current American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement guidelines. Hepatic [Cu] and [Pb] were determined using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Dogs were divided into 2 groups based on [Cu]: <400 ppm (LoCu) and ≥400 ppm (HiCu).

Results

The median [Cu] and [Pb] were 357 ppm (range, 100‐7743 ppm) and 58.7 (range, 6.89‐224.4 ppm), respectively. Nineteen dogs had LoCu and 15 dogs had HiCu. Median [Pb] was significantly higher in HiCu compared to LoCu dogs (P < .001). Hepatic [Pb] and [Cu] were significantly correlated (rho = 0.7; P < .001). Dogs with microcytosis had higher [Pb] than did dogs with normal red cell volume (P = .02). Hepatic [Pb] was not correlated with either necroinflammatory or fibrosis scores.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Although additional studies are needed to better understand the clinical role of hepatic [Pb], dogs with abnormal hepatic [Cu] may also have higher hepatic [Pb]. In addition, in dogs with high hepatic [Pb], microcytosis may be present.
A Twitter discourse analysis of negative feelings and stigma related to NAFLD, NASH and obesity
Authors: Lazarus Jeffrey V. , Kakalou Christine , Palayew Adam , Karamanidou Christina , Maramis Christos , Natsiavas Pantelis , Picchio Camila A , Villota‐Rivas Marcela , Zelber‐Sagi Shira , Carrieri Patrizia
Published: May 2021

Background

People with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are stigmatized, partly since ‘non‐alcoholic’ is in the name, but also because of obesity, which is a common condition in this group. Stigma is pervasive in social media and can contribute to poorer health outcomes. We examine how stigma and negative feelings concerning NAFLD/NASH and obesity manifest on Twitter.

Methods

Using a self‐developed search terms index, we collected NAFLD/NASH tweets from May to October 2019 (Phase I). Because stigmatizing NAFLD/NASH tweets were limited, Phase II focused on obesity (November‐December 2019). Via sentiment analysis, >5000 tweets were annotated as positive, neutral or negative and used to train machine learning–based Natural Language Processing software, applied to 193 747 randomly sampled tweets. All tweets collected were analysed.

Results

In Phase I, 16 835 tweets for NAFLD and 2376 for NASH were retrieved. Of the annotated NAFLD/NASH tweets, 97/1130 (8.6%) and 63/535 (11.8%), respectively, related to obesity and 13/1130 (1.2%) and 5/535 (0.9%), to stigma; they primarily focused on scientific discourse and unverified information. Of the 193 747 non‐annotated obesity tweets (Phase II), the algorithm classified 40.0% as related to obesity, of which 85.2% were negative, 1.0% positive and 13.7% neutral.

Conclusions

NAFLD/NASH tweets mostly indicated an unmet information need and showed no clear signs of stigma. However, the negative content of obesity tweets was recurrent. As obesity‐related stigma is associated with reduced care engagement and lifestyle modification, the main NAFLD/NASH treatment, stigma‐reducing interventions in social media should be included in the liver health agenda.
Evolutionary dynamics of bipartite begomoviruses revealed by complete genome analysis
Authors: Xavier César A. D. , Godinho Márcio T. , Mar Talita B. , Ferro Camila G. , Sande Osvaldo F. L. , Silva José C. , Ramos‐Sobrinho Roberto , Nascimento Renato N. , Assunção Iraildes , Lima Gaus S. A. , Lima Alison T. M. , Murilo Zerbini F.
Published: May 2021

Several key evolutionary events marked the evolution of geminiviruses, culminating with the emergence of divided (bipartite) genomes represented by viruses classified in the genusBegomovirus. This genus represents the most abundant group of multipartite viruses, contributing significantly to the observed abundance of multipartite species in the virosphere. Although aspects related to virus‐host interactions and evolutionary dynamics have been extensively studied, the bipartite nature of these viruses has been little explored in evolutionary studies. Here, we performed a parallel evolutionary analysis of the DNA‐A and DNA‐B segments of New World begomoviruses. A total of 239 full‐length DNA‐B sequences obtained in this study, combined with 292 DNA‐A and 76 DNA‐B sequences retrieved from GenBank, were analysed. The results indicate that the DNA‐A and DNA‐B respond differentially to evolutionary processes, with the DNA‐B being more permissive to variation and more prone to recombination than the DNA‐A. Although a clear geographic segregation was observed for both segments, differences in the genetic structure between DNA‐A and DNA‐B were also observed, with cognate segments belonging to distinct genetic clusters. DNA‐B coding regions evolve under the same selection pressures than DNA‐A coding regions. Together, our results indicate an interplay between reassortment and recombination acting at different levels across distinct subpopulations and segments.
Comparative analysis of the corneal birefringence pattern in healthy children and adults
Authors: Sobczak Marcelina , Asejczyk Magdalena , Kalinowski Kamil , Pierścionek Barbara
Published: May 2021

Purpose

To undertake a comparative analysis of the corneal shape, thickness and isochromatics in the eyes of children and adults in order to determine the extent of similarities and differences between the cohorts.

Methods

The study involved 24 children (aged 8 years) and 37 young White adults (aged between 22–24 years) with no apparent or known health or ocular conditions. Measurements were made of corneal radius of curvature, both central (CCT) and paracentral (PCT) corneal thickness and intraocular pressure (IOP). Images of the isochromatics were captured using a slit lamp and a circular polarizer. The geometry of fringe I and II of the isochromatics was analysed.

Results

Statistically significant differences were found between CCT and PCT in nasal and temporal regions for both the children and adult cohorts. The same trends were observed in the radii of the cornea. Statistically significant differences between side lengths and angles of isochromatic fringes were found. No differences in asymmetry of shape for fringe I between adults and children were detected; greater symmetry was seen in fringe II in children than for adults.

Conclusions

The asymmetry in corneal shape and curvature contributes to the shape of the isochromatic fringes. This is likely linked to the orientation and parameters of the collagen fibres and to the muscles’ forces, and be relevant for surgical procedures such as corneal transplantation.
Impact of the COVID‐19 lockdown on the arrhythmic burden of patients with implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators
Authors: Sassone Biagio , Virzì Santo , Bertini Matteo , Pasanisi Giovanni , Manzoli Lamberto , Myers Jonathan , Grazzi Giovanni , Muser Daniele
Published: May 2021

Background

In Italy, a nationwide full lockdown was declared between March and May 2020 to hinder the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. The potential individual health effects of long‐term isolation are largely unknown. The current study investigated the arrhythmic consequences of the COVID‐19 lockdown in patients with defibrillators (ICDs) living in the province of Ferrara, Italy.

Methods

Both the arrhythmias and the delivered ICD therapies as notified by the devices were prospectively collected during the lockdown period (P1) and compared to those occurred during the 10 weeks before the lockdown began (P2) and during the same period in 2019 (P3). Changes in outcome over the three study periods were evaluated for significance using McNemar's test.

Results

A total of 413 patients were included in the analysis. No differences were found concerning either arrhythmias or shocks or anti‐tachycardia pacing. Only the number of patients experiencing non‐sustained ventricular tachycardias (NSVTs) during P1 significantly decreased as compared to P2 (p = 0.026) and P3 (p = 0.009). The subgroup analysis showed a significant decrease in NSVTs during P1 for men (vs. P2, p = 0.014; vs. P3, p = 0.040) and younger patients (vs. P2, p = 0.002; vs. P3, p = 0.040) and for ischemic etiology (vs. P2, p = 0.003). No arrhythmic deaths occurred during P1.

Conclusions

The complete nationwide lockdown, as declared by the Italian government during the first COVID‐19 pandemic peak, did not impact on the incidence of arrhythmias in an urban cohort of patients with ICDs.