bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Influenza A Virus PB1-F2 Protein on Polymerase Activity Are Strain Specific and Do Not Impact Pathogenesis
Authors: McAuley Julie L. , Zhang Kelly , McCullers Jonathan A.
Published: October 2009

The influenza A virus PB1-F2 protein has been implicated as a virulence factor, but the mechanism by which it enhances pathogenicity is not understood. The PB1 gene segment of the H1N1 swine-origin influenza virus pandemic strain codes for a truncated PB1-F2 protein which terminates after 11 amino acids but could acquire the full-length form by mutation or reassortment. It is therefore important to understand the function and impact of this protein. We systematically assessed the effect that PB1-F2 expression has on viral polymerase activity, accumulation and localization of PB1, and replication in vitro and in mice. We used both the laboratory strain PR8 and a set of viruses engineered to study clinically relevant PB1-F2 proteins. PB1-F2 expression had modest effects on polymerase activity, PB1 accumulation, and replication that were cell type and virus strain dependent. Disruption of the PB1-F2 reading frame in a recent, seasonal H3N2 influenza virus strain did not affect these parameters, suggesting that this is not a universal function of the protein. Disruption of PB1-F2 expression in several backgrounds or expression of PB1-F2 from the 1918 pandemic strain or a 1956 H1N1 strain had no effect on viral lung loads in mice. Alternate mechanisms besides alterations to replication are likely responsible for the enhanced virulence in mammalian hosts attributed to PB1-F2 in previous studies.
Analyses of water diversion along inclined covers with capillary barrier effects
Authors: Aubertin M. , Cifuentes E. , Apithy S. A. , Bussière B. , Molson J. , Chapuis R. P.
Published: October 2009

Various types of cover systems can be used to control water infiltration into waste disposal sites. One promising option is to combine different types of soil to create a layered cover with capillary barrier effects (CCBE). A CCBE basically involves the placement of a relatively fine-grained soil, which acts as a water-retention layer, over a coarser capillary break material. On slopes, a CCBE promotes lateral water diversion. Inclined CCBEs, however, are relatively complex, as their behaviour is influenced by numerous factors. In this paper, the authors present the key results obtained from a numerical investigation into the response of steeply inclined CCBEs. The study evaluates the behaviour of covers under dry and humid climatic conditions. After a review of the physical processes and background studies, the paper presents simulation results that demonstrate the effect of key factors on the diversion length of covers, including layer thicknesses, material properties, and recharge rates. The results shown here indicate that increasing the thickness of the cover may improve its efficiency, but only up to a certain maximum beyond which the gain becomes minimal. These results should be of help to those involved in the design of inclined CCBEs.
Analysis of active earth pressure against rigid caissons backfilled with crushed rock and sand
Authors: Paik Kyuho , Sagong Myung , Lee Hyungjoo
Published: October 2009

Arching effects in backfill materials generate a nonlinear active earth-pressure distribution behind a rough, rigid retaining wall. There are several analyses for estimating the nonlinear active earth pressures on a retaining wall exerted by a homogeneous backfill in the presence of arching. However, it is not possible to use these analyses for a caisson backfilled with crushed rock and sand, which is common in marine structures. In this study, a new formulation is proposed for calculating the nonlinear active earth pressure acting on a caisson backfilled with crushed rock and sand. The new formulation allows important insights, including the dependence of the slope angle of the crushed rock – sand interface that minimizes the active force and overturning moment on the caisson on the shear strengths of the crushed rock and sand and the geometry of the problem.
Shear strength testing of intact and recompacted samples of municipal solid waste
Authors: Singh Manoj K. , Sharma Jitendra S. , Fleming Ian R.
Published: October 2009

This paper presents results of shear strength testing of intact and recompacted samples of municipal solid waste (MSW). A method for in situ sampling of MSW from landfills using a push-in sampler was developed and used to obtain intact samples of MSW from a large municipal landfill. Shear strength testing of MSW was carried out using a large triaxial compression apparatus as well as a large direct shear apparatus. The results are presented in terms of cohesion intercept (c′) and angle of shearing resistance ([Formula: see text]) and are compared with those available in published literature. Based on these results and their favourable comparison with this literature, it can be concluded that meaningful shear strength parameters for MSW can be obtained using consolidated undrained triaxial tests on large-diameter intact and recompacted samples. A fairly consistent picture of the shear behaviour of MSW obtained from effective stress paths in triaxial tests appears to suggest that shear behaviour of MSW can be explained using the effective stress principle. It is suggested that recompacted samples could be used for obtaining reasonable estimates of c′ and [Formula: see text] for MSW; however, it may be necessary to use intact samples to establish the pre-failure deformation behaviour of MSW.
TIME-DEPENDENT WIGNER DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION EMPLOYED IN SQUEEZED SCHRÖDINGER CAT STATES: |Ψ(t)〉 = N-1/2(|β〉+eiϕ|-β〉)
Authors: CHOI JEONG RYEOL , YEON KYU HWANG
Published: October 2009

The Wigner distribution function (WDF) for the time-dependent quadratic Hamiltonian system is investigated in the squeezed Schrödinger cat states with the use of Lewis–Riesenfeld theory of invariants. The nonclassical aspects of the system produced by superposition of two distinct squeezed states are analyzed with emphasis on their application into special systems beyond simple harmonic oscillator. An application of our development to the measurement of quantum state by reconstructing the WDF via Autler–Townes spectroscopy is addressed. In addition, we considered particular models such as Cadirola–Kanai oscillator, frequency stable damped harmonic oscillator, and harmonic oscillator with time-variable frequency as practical applications with the object of promoting the understanding of nonclassical effects associated with the WDF.
MULTISCALE MODELING OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
Authors: BAFFICO LEONARDO , GRANDMONT CÉLINE , MAURY BERTRAND
Published: October 2009

We propose here a decomposition of the respiratory tree into three stages which correspond to different mechanical models. The resulting system is described by the Navier–Stokes equation coupled with an ODE (a simple spring model) representing the motion of the thoracic cage. We prove that this problem has at least one solution locally in time for any data and, in the special case where the spring stiffness is equal to zero, we obtain an existence result globally in time provided that the data are small enough. The behavior of the global model is illustrated by three-dimensional simulations.
STRONG SOLUTIONS FOR STOCHASTIC POROUS MEDIA EQUATIONS WITH JUMPS
Authors: BARBU VIOREL , MARINELLI CARLO
Published: October 2009

We prove global well-posedness in the strong sense for stochastic generalized porous media equations driven by a square integrable martingale with stationary independent increments.
DELTA FUNCTIONS OF OBSERVABLES AND RADON–NIKODYM DERIVATIVES OF SPECTRAL MEASURES
Authors: WANG CAISHI
Published: October 2009

In this paper, we study the mapping r ↦ δr(Q), where Q is an observable satisfying mild conditions and δr(Q) is the delta function of Q with r ∈ ℝ. We find that, under certain integrable conditions, the mapping r ↦ δr(Q) is just the Radon–Nikodym derivative of Q 's spectral measure with respect to Lebesgue measure and, moreover, Q can be represented as an integral of the mapping r ↦ rδr(Q) with respect to Lebesgue measure. An example is also given.
HOPF-ALGEBRAIC ASPECTS OF ITERATED STOCHASTIC INTEGRALS
Authors: HUDSON R. L.
Published: October 2009

An explicit formula is found for the antipode in Itô–Hopf algebras. The Hopf algebra structure is extended to iterated classical and quantum stochastic integrals. The antipode is related to change of orientation in the simplicial domains of such integrals.
USE OF B-SPLINE FUNCTION IN ELEMENT FREE GALERKIN METHOD FOR NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Authors: SANDEEP K. , KAMAL KUMAR K.
Published: October 2009

The paper presents application of a B-spline function in place of a shape function obtained by using moving least square approximant with B-spline weight and linear basis. The piecewise polynomial function of B-spline with C2 and lower order continuity is efficiently used in element free Galerkin (EFG) method to generate a new fast algorithm for the solution of one-dimensional partial differential equation. The support of B-spline function is assumed as the domain of influence of EFG method. The results of bar deflection are compared with those obtained by other researchers.
Aerobic oxidation of α-pinene catalyzed by nano-titania-supported manganese tetraphenylporphyrin
Authors: Yang Wei-Jun , Guo Can-Cheng , Li Zi-Yang , Tao Neng-Ye
Published: October 2009

Manganese tetraphenylporphyrin supported on nano- TiO2 has been synthesized and structurally characterized. It has been shown to have excellent catalytic activity for the aerobic oxidation of α-pinene. Experimental results showed that this much-enhanced activity could arise from possible co-catalysis between metalloporphyrin and the nano- TiO2 support. The catalyst can be reused several times with minor loss to its catalytic activity.
Distorted forms of metalloporphyrins probed by methods of highly resolved spectroscopy
Authors: Starukhin Aleksander , Kruk Mikalai
Published: October 2009

The spectral manifestations of the distorted forms of sterically unconstrained metallocomplexes of porphyrin in rare gas and Shpol'skii matrices at cryogenic temperatures were detected. The planar and two kinds of distorted conformations of the Mg - and Zn -porphyrins in rare gas matrices have been measured simultaneously in the fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra due to external heavy atom effect. The distinctly different frequencies of the vibronic transitions have been revealed for planar and distorted forms. In the phosphorescence spectra of the Pd -porphyrin the manifestation of the two forms in the ground state has been proven also, with one of them being planar and the other being saddle-type distorted. The ratio of the planar and non-planar forms was shown to depend on the deuteration of both meso-positions of the porphyrin and n-alkane matrix. The appearance of the out-of-plane modes in the phosphorescence spectra of the Pd - and Pt -porphyrin has been demonstrated.
On a Protrusion of Silurian Rock in the North of Ayrshire
Authors: Moore J. C.
Published: October 2009

The productive coal-fields of Ayrshire terminate abruptly to the north at the town of Ardrossan, from whence, for some miles along the coast, red sandstones and conglomerates prevail. These are correctly coloured in the maps of Phillips and of Sharpe as Old Red Sandstone, though I am not aware upon what precise grounds. At Ardrossan, and for two or three miles at least to the north, the two formations are caused by a fault to abut against each other; so that proof by superposition is wanting: no fossils, I believe, have been found in the red sandstones; and the coast of Arran opposite gives an example of sandstones and conglomerates indistinguishable in mineral type, some superior to, and others underlying the coal-measures. Having lately discovered a patch of Silurian rock in this district, which appears to me conclusive of the age of the sandstone series, it may be worth while to give details of the section.

From Saltcoats to Ardrossan (see fig.) the coal-measures are seen on the shore, dipping S.E., and consisting of the usual alternations of sandstones and shales with imbedded plants, beds of coal, and limestone. Approaching the harbour of Ardrossan, these beds dip S.E. at an angle of 45°, when a mass of trap sets in, which, running out to sea, forms a natural breakwater. To the north of the trap begin the red sandstones, also dipping S.E., but at a lower angle. They are well exhibited in a quarry immediately north of the town. The top
On a Section of a part of the Fifeshire Coast
Authors: Brown Thomas
Published: October 2009

This section of the Carboniferous strata, as exposed on the northern shore of the Firth of Forth, from Anstruther to Burntisland, represents the strata, at about high-water mark, arranged as occupying the space due to their real thickness only.

The Carboniferous rocks in this section present three great natural groups:—1, the Lower Carboniferous; 2, the Mountain-limestone; and 3, the Upper Carboniferous, or the workable coal-measures.

From Anstruther, on the cast, to beyond Pittenweem the sequence of strata is clear, exhibiting a magnificent series of the Lower Carboniferous rocks (approximately 3800 feet thick), consisting of freshwater or estuarine shales and sandstones, with a few bands of limestone, one of which latter is of marine origin. The comparative abundance of
Sphenopteris affinis
characterizes the upper portion of this inferior group; and of
Cyclopteris
, its lower portion. The Burdiehouse limestone belongs to the upper portion; and, like the other calcareous bands, gets thinner eastwardly. The Granton beds, on the contrary, appear to belong to the lower portion.

The lowest portion of this Lower Carboniferous series has
Cyclopteris
,
Stigmaria
,
Carpolithes
, and
Cypridœ
. The marine band—an argillaceous limestone, in the middle of the series—has
Encrinites
,
Fenestella
,
Nucula tumida
,
N. attenuata
, and
Productus semirecticulatus
. The upper half of the series contains
Sphenopteris affinis
,
Cypridœ
in abudance, and
Palœoniscus
.

The strata have a westward inclination, with a gradually increasing angle of dip, which is still greater towards St. Monance, as the section traverses the “Mountain-limestone” series. This consists of sandstones and shales, with five or six beds
On an Experiment in Melting and Cooling some of the Rowley Rag
Authors: Hawkes W.
Published: October 2009

About 31 cwt. of basalt was melted in a large double reverberatory furnace; and after a slow cooling during thirteen days, it presented an upper stratum of stony vesicular matter about 1 inch thick, next a layer of black glass from 2 to 8 inches deep on that side of the mass which was exposed to the air from the door of the furnace; elsewhere, immediately under the vesicular layer, was solid stone, interspersed here and there with air-bubbles. Mr. Hawkes added some observations relating to the results of experiments which he had made to ascertain the temperature of melted cast iron, and of melted basalt.
On Arborescent Native Copper in the Llandudno Mine, near Great Ormshead, North Wales
Authors: Vivian William
Published: October 2009

It is well known that copper, like some other native metals, sometimes crystallizes in filiform and arborescent shapes; but in these forms they are mostly diffused through masses of mineral gauge, or spread out upon the matrix, apparently unable to bear their own weight. The symmetrical forms, however, to which we now refer are seen by a microscope to stand up like a crystalline grove of trunks and branches.

The entire group is composed of separate crystals, strung out in axial lines; the crystals under high magnifying powers show the flat wedge-like octahedron; but there is no uniformity; each crystal, or spike of crystals, varies more or less in size and modification. In the small cavities containing these crystallizations, are associated crystals of ruby copper; the latter never run out into spikes or branching forms, but exist in single perfect or modified octahedrons, or are dotted about in irregular clusters of crystals.

The whole of these minute crystallizations occur in a bed of brown limestone, yielding a soft, rich, yellow bisulphuret of copper, —the rich ore, however, being very intimately mixed up with the crystalline limestone, something like the material of a fine-grained granite or porphyry. The ore contained in this bed seems to be a medium or transition between the harder and more sulphureous ore of the bed below and the carbonates and oxides of copper of the bed above. The copper crystallizations here are peculiar to this bed alone, and are doubtless the result of the decomposition of
On an Outlier of Lias in Aberdeenshire
Authors: Jamieson T. F.
Published: October 2009

In a cutting of the Banff, Macduff, and Turriff Extension Railway, about four miles to the north of the latter town, close beside the turnpike-road at the Plaidy toll-bar, there has been exposed a mass of a very tenacious clay, blue in colour, and of homogeneous texture, which contains many
Ammonites, Belemnites
, and other fossils characteristic of the Lias, such as
Gryphæa, Plagiostoma,
and possibly others; these I have got myself. I also saw in the possession of one of the “navvies” a fragment of a shell resembling a
Nerinæa
, in remarkably fine preservation.

The altitude of the railway-cutting above the level of the sea, as I learn from the engineer on the line, is 250 feet. At the time of my visit the excavation had reached a depth of from 10 to 15 feet, and the “navvies” were busy at work in the “gullet,” filling their waggons with the clay, which is a mass of a fine greenish-blue colour, very compact and tenacious, and unlike any other clay in this part of the country. It consists of a fine impalpable mud, devoid of all manner of stones or pebbles, save occasionally a hard greenish nodule, enclosing the remains of a large Ammonite.

This clay is covered by a stratum of the Pleistocene Drift, of a brownish-grey colour, very sandy in some places, and of a more clayey nature in others. In this drift I found many striated fragments of clay-slate, together with bits of other primary rocks. The line
Notice of the Occurrence of an Earthquake along the Northern Edge of the Granite of the Dartmoor District on the 28th of September, 1858.
Authors: Ormerod G. Wareing
Published: October 2009

On the evening of Tuesday, the 28th Sept. last, a slight shock of an earthquake was felt in the district adjoining the northerly edge of Dartmoor; and it appears to have been almost entirely confined to the vicinity of the junction of the granite and the Carbonaceous rocks. Crediton is the most north-easterly point at which, as far as I can gain information, the occurrence was noticed. No vibration of the ground was there felt, but a rumbling noise was heard, attributed at the time to a supposed explosion of the Gunpowder Mills on Dartmoor. No such explosion, however, had taken place. Crediton is on the spur of New Red Sandstone that extends thence in a westerly direction, by Bow and North Tawton, to Exbourne; this last place is situated about four miles to the north of Okehampton. No vibration or sound was noticed at either of the three last-named places, or to the south of Crediton, at Exminster, Kenton, Star Cross, or Teignmouth, all on the same geological formation. The Carbonaceous rocks lie to the west, between the New Red Sandstone and the granite of Dartmoor, which they adjoin on the east, north, and west sides. .At Chudleigh and Hennock, both onthe Carbonaceous rocks, no sound nor vibration was perceived on the 28th; but at Trusham, to the north of Chudleigh, on the same formation, on the evening of Thursday the 30th, a noise was heard,which a person who had resided in a country subject to earthquakes immediately recognized
On some Fossils from South Africa
Authors: Stow C. W.
Published: October 2009

A
t
the close of 1850 Mr. Stow and his party fell back into the interior to avoid the Kaffirs; in making the journey he collected largely the fossils on his route, and succeeded, with much trouble, in preserving them on his return.

In a plain at the foot of the Rhenosterberg, a branch of the Sneewbergen Range (of which latter the Spitzkop is the culminating point), the author met with patches of ground strewed with nodular concretions and fossil wood (specimens 2 to 63) over an extent of about two miles in length and one in width. These fossils were on the surface, and had been probably derived from the neighbouring mountains.

The plain was of a lozenge-shape, about twelve miles broad and twenty long; and was one of several of a similar kind that he had travelled through. It was bounded by the Rhenosterberg Mountains on the N.E., on the S.W. by a nearly parallel range, and on the S.E. was contracted to a narrow valley between low rocky hills. Two low volcanic dykes crossed the plain, one on the north-western, and the other on the south-eastern side.

The strata forming the mountains are horizontal. There are about eight strata of sandstone forming the lower part of the Rhenosterberg. Immediately above there is a limestone full of rounded fragments of other calcareous and non-calcareous rocks, and sometimes containing bones (specimens 64, 65, 66). Of this pebbly limestone, or calcareous grit, there are four layers, separated one from another by several yards of strata, and varying in thickness from a few inches to about a foot.

The mountains on the opposite side of the plain are apparently composed of the same strata as the Rhenosterberg; for, taking a commanding position on one of the dykes, one can distinctly count the strata in the mountains on either side ; and so uniform are they in colour and thickness, so alike in height, and equally horizontal in position, that the idea at once forces itself upon the mind that they must at one time have been continuous.

At one spot on the side of the Rhenosterberg is a Kloof where the author found some fossils imbedded in the rock; and he often regretted when visiting the spot that the Kaffirs had left him nothing but a hammer and old chisel that were thrown into the waggon at starting, as with better tools he might have obtained many more specimens. Here he found the specimens 68, 69, which appear to be casts of stems of plants in sandstone.

The first bones he here discovered were those of the skeleton, specimen No. 83 (a small Dieynodon). They were directly in the water-course, and only a small piece of one part was at first visible. By dint of hammering and chiseling each succeeding portion revealed itself to view. Unfortunately the skull was wanting. Underneath a large part of it there was a whitish scaly appearance on the rock, which might have been the remains of the covering that the animal had when alive.

Many portions of the strata here were matted together with the stem-like fossils, such as specimens 70-75. Specimens 76 to 82 (nodular concretions)appear to have been washed from the same strata.
On the Palæozoic Basin of the State of New York. Part III. An Inquiry into the Sedimentary and other External Relations of the Palæozoic Fossils of the State of New York
Authors: Bigsby J. J.
Published: October 2009

The objects proposed in this inquiry are—to give more precision to facts as yet imperfectly ascertained, and to discover, if possible, new materials for the history of these early times, and new points of connexion between the palæozoic basins of the State of New York and of Wales—countries which are therefore the subject of frequent comparison in these pages.

This communication is divided into four parts. The first part, after a few preliminary observations on the agencies by which the sediments or sea-bottoms were laid down, will treat of their mineral character. The second will be devoted to the distribution and immediate relations of animal life to the strata which the fossil remains occupy. The third will deal with the “recurrence” or vertical range of these fossil species,—their order of precedence, duration, increment, and decrement throughout the older palæozoic epochs. The fourth, and concluding, part will consist of general statements and inferences.

By the expression “external relations” is meant such as do not directly lead us to the consideration of structural or physiological distinctions; the latter belong to a separate and very important field of investigation.

§ 1.

Conditions and characters of Sediments
.—It being a generally received fact that palæozoic fossils usually passed their lives in and about the sedimentary strata in which they are found, some very brief remarks on the origin and nature of the latter may be excused. The agents concerned in the formation of strata may be divided into two great classes :—1st. The constant and superficial, often
On the Veins of Tin-ore, at Evigtok, near Arksut, Greenland
Authors: Tayler J. W.
Published: October 2009

The area over which the veins of tin extend is about 1500 feet in length, by 80 in breadth; their
number is eighteen or twenty; and they run in various directions, some E. and W., others N.E. and
S.W., or N. and S. The tin occurs also disseminated in crystals through the rocks, and accompanying
the finer-grained galena and tantalite. The appearance of the veins at the surface is not very
promising, the tin being in small detached crystals, scattered through the gangue (which is mostly
quartz). The widest of those veins is 10 inches,—the tin being 1 or
1 ¼ inch, occupying one side of the vein. The gangue here is felspar, quartz, sparry
iron (carbonate of iron?), and fluor-spar. This vein runs E. and W., into the white cryolite.
Another vein, about 200 feet west from the cryolite, is visible for about thirty paces; at the
surface it is not more than ⅓ of an inch thick, but at a depth of 6 feet it is 3 inches thick. Other veins are,
at the surface, mere strings, varying from ½ to ¼ of an inch thick. Nearly all these veins occur in a large vein or bed of felspar
and quartz, some of the crystals of the latter having a diameter of 18 inches. This mass contains,
in a limited space, various other minerals, such as galena, blende, copper-, iron-, and
arsenical-pyrites, fluor-spar, black cryolite, tantalite, molybdena, sparry iron, zircon,
&c.

There are some peculiarities connected with these tin-veins, which deserve consideration, and
would lead one to expect that at a greater depth they might afford a large produce. The only
surface-vein which can be seen sectionally 9 (no sinkings having yet been made) widens rapidly as
it descends; and in other spots sectional
On the Permian Chitonidæ
Authors: Kirkby J. W.
Published: October 2009

The discovery of
Chiton Loftusianus
at Tunstall Hill, in 1844, by Messrs. Loftus and King, introduced the family
Chitonidæ
into the List of the Permian Fauna*. For several years this species remained its sole representative; but in 1856 another species was found in the same locality, and in the course of the next year it was described in this Journal under the name of
Chiton Howseanus
. Until a recent date these were the only Permian species that were known to belong to this group. In the present communication, however, it is intended to describe four additional members, three of which appear to belong to the subgenus
Chitonellus
, and one, probably, to
Chiton
proper; so that instead of two, the
Chitonidæ
will have six representatives in the fauna of the Permian epoch. The two species already known will also be noticed, as a few characters pertaining to them seem to have been overlooked in the descriptions and critical observations of which they have already been the subject.

In the spring of the present year (1858), while pursuing palæontological researches in the shell-limestone of Tunstall Hill, I found some obscure fossils associated with others which I referred to the
Calyptræa antiqua
of Mr. Howse. for some time the true nature of the former was a great puzzle to me; and it was not until a month or two ago that I became aware that both those which I had referred to
C. antiqua
and
C. antiqua
itself were all plates of various
On the Pebble-bed of Budleigh Salterton
Authors: Vicary W.
Published: October 2009

The south coast of Devonshire from Petit Tor, near Babbacombe Bay, to a little beyond Sidmouth,exhibits cliffs of New Red Sandstone, one of the beds of which, near Budleigh Salterton, is composed of pebbles of all sizes and of a flattened oval form; this bed attains a maximum thickness of about 100 feet, and some of the pebbles composing it were found by Mr. Vicary to contain peculiar fossils.
On the recent Earthquake at Manila
Authors: Farren J. W.
Published: October 2009

In two letters to Earl Russell the author described the damage done by this earthquake, observing that 289 persons were killed, and a large number more or less injured.
On some Recent Discoveries of Flint Implements in Drift-deposits in Hants and Wilts
Authors: Evans John
Published: October 2009

Having within the last few days visited, in company with Mr. Prestwich, the scenes of two recent discoveries of Flint Implements in gravel in the south of England, I think a few notes upon the subject may be of interest to this Society.

The discoveries in question have taken place, the one on the seashore, about midway between Southampton and Gosport, where Implements have been found by Mr. James Brown, of Salisbury; and the other at Fisherton, near Salisbury, where they have been discovered by Dr. H. P. Blackmore, of that town.
On Missing Sedimentary Formations, from Suspension or Removal of Deposits
Authors: Bigsby J. J.
Published: October 2009

Conclusion

Missing formations are among the several consequences of emergence and immersion, themselves the effects of one of the great cosmic agencies—oscillation of level—which may be gradual or paroxysmal, through all the degrees of velocity and energy.

Oscillation is, in a sense, universal in time and place; but, apparently, its action is irregular. While its influence is felt in most places, as well in the interior of continents as in the ocean depths, it is most easily detected near great waters; and there seem to be both great and small breadths of country which are at least places of
comparative
rest. The most conspicuous of these are the axial lines of Scandinavia and the South Seas; but Egypt, parts of the Danubian Valley, of Borneo, and Venice (E. de Beaumont) all seem to have been long stationary. Oscillation is the result of a power which operates from beneath through all existing groups of strata. It necessitates and facilitates the emigration of animals and plants, kills or multiplies life, driving it far and wide in search of proper pressure, food, shelter, and such like. Great elevation conduces to variety in life, and great depression extinguishes the higher forms of life.
On some New Fossils from the Lingula-flags of Wales
Authors: Salter J. W.
Published: October 2009

When the imperfect fragments of a great Trilobite were discovered by myself in the Lingula-flags of St. David's, and brought before the Society in February 1863 (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xix. p. 275), I had no reason to suppose there was a chance of obtaining more specimens. The occurrence of so conspicuous and characteristic a genus as
Paradoxides
in our Primordial zone was, however, worthy of record, though the description was necessarily incomplete.

But by the cooperation of Professor Griffiths, of Liverpool, and particularly the zealous examination of the beds by Mr. Henry Hicks, surgeon at St. David's, we are now in possession of much more abundant and perfect materials.
On the Geology of Arisaig, Nova Scotia
Authors: Honeyman D.
Published: October 2009

Conclusion

I have thus directed attention to the results of a detailed examination of the Silurian strata of Arisaig. This being the undoubted type of a very considerable proportion of our Nova-Scotian Silurian system, and bearing so striking a resemblance, as regards its fauna, to the British Upper Silurian, is a sufficient reason for so directing attention to the subject.

The conclusion thus arrived at is, that the members of the series are respectively the approximate equivalents of the Mayhill Sandstone, Lower Ludlow, Aymestry Limestone, and Upper Ludlow. Mr.Salter suggested to me the propriety of distinguishing the respective members of our series by local names. I have not been able to act on the suggestion, on account of the mode of distribution of the several members of the group. I have therefore distinguished them as Arisaig A, B, B′, C, and D. I have not yet attempted to measure the entire thickness of the several strata. Supposing Dr. Dawson's estimate of the thickness of the groups B′, C, D to be correct, although I consider it much below the reality, we have of them about 500 feet; I found the thickness of B 170 feet, and of A 200 feet; total, 870 feet.
Facts and Observations connected with the Earthquake which occured in England on the morning of the 6th of October, 1863
Authors: Austin Thomas
Published: October 2009

Earthquakes in the British Isles, though not quite such rare events as generally supposed, usually attract but little notice, but that which shook the country and alarmed the people on the 6th of October 1863, from its greater amount of violence, has aroused attention to the subject.

The disturbance may be defined as extending from a point in St. George's Channel 40 or 50 miles to the north-west of Pembrokeshire (it was felt by the captains and crews of more than one vessel when off the Welsh coast), to its eastern limit in Yorkshire, though there is some doubt if it extended quite so far in an easterly or northerly direction. It was certainly not felt at Scarborough in Yorkshire, nor at Ashford in Kent; but it was felt at Gad's Hill, near Rochester, which may therefore be considered as its eastern limit in the southern counties. The northern limit was not much beyond Clay Cross, near Chesterfield.
On the Rhætic Beds and White Lias of Western and Central Somerset; and on the Discovery of a new Fossil Mammal in the Grey Marlstones beneath the Bone-bed
Authors: Dawkins W. Boyd
Published: October 2009

In the year 1861 I spent some time in examining the interval between the Red Marls and the Upper Lias in Central and Western Somerset, taking, in the course of my examination, upwards of seventy sections. The results of this exploration, so far as relates to the Rhætic beds and the White Lias, are embodied in the following paper.

The suites of fossils collected, and numbered on the spot, have been examined by my friend Mr. Etheridge, F.G.S., without whose able assistance and corrections I should have felt diffident in my own determination of the Invertebrata.
On the Geological Structure of the Malvern Hills and adjacent District
Authors: Holl Harvey B.
Published: October 2009

The object of this communication was threefold, namely, (1) to discuss the structure and origin of the crystalline rocks of the Malvern Hills; (2) to give the results of an examination of the superposed Palæozoic strata; (3) to state the chronological relationship of the several events in their geological history.
On the Carboniferous Rocks of the Valley of Kashmere
Authors: Godwin-Austen H.
Published: October 2009

The district or Pergunah of Vihi is situated on the right bank of the Jhelum, above Srinagar, and is bounded on the N.W. by Zebanwan (8813 feet), on the S.E. by Wasterwan.

The rough panoramic sketch (fig. 2) of the hills which surround this valley, as seen from the line of the river looking east, indicate the positions of the several places at which the following sections were taken. The distance from Zéwan to Reshpur is about 8 miles. The level plain consists of the lacustrine and alluvial deposits of the Kashmere valley, through which the streams from the hills have cut deep courses. The Jhelum flows between high banks of the same formation.

Everywhere, both in Kashmere and Thibet, a Palæozoic series underlies the Mesozoic formations. The age of the Palæozoic rocks is that of the Carboniferous series of Europe, but as yet fossils have not occurred to enable me to distinguish any formations of older date. As, however, Lower Silurian fossils from the Khyber Hills were found by Dr. Falconer in the gravel of the Cabul River, as also by Colonel Strachey on the Niti Pass, the great masses of slaty and metamorphosed rocks, which in this part of the Himalayan chain underlie the Carboniferous beds, may be referred to a Lower Palæozoic series.

The Carboniferous formation may be traced all along the range of mountains on the north side of the Kashmere valley, where, in conjunction with Dr. Vercher, I met with its characteristic fossils in great
On the so-called “Eozoonal Rock”
Authors: King William , Rowney T. H.
Published: October 2009

Although zealous advocates at one time for the organic origin of “eozoonal” Ophite, we now, after a prolonged investigation, and after, as we believe, leaving no point unnoticed, feel ourselves under the necessity of totally relinquishing that opinion.

It has been seen (1) that the “chamber-casts” or granules of serpentine are more or less simulated by chondrodite, coccolite, pargasite, &c., also by the botryoidal configurations common in Permian Magnesian Limestone; (2) that the “intermediate skeleton” is closely represented, both in chemical composition and other conditions, by the matrix of the above and other minerals; (3) that the “proper wall” is structurally identical with the asbestiform layer which frequently invests the grains of chondrodite—that, instead of belonging to the skeleton, as must be the case on the eozoonal view, it is altogether independent of that part, and forms, on the contrary, an integral portion of the serpentine constituting the “chamber-casts,” under the allomorphic form of chrysotile—and that perfectly genuine specimens of it, completely simulating
casts
of separated nummuline tubules, occur in true fissures of the serpentine-granules; (4) that the “canal-system” is analogous to the imbedded crystallizations of native silver and other similarly conditioned minerals, also to the coralloids imbedded in Permian Magnesian Limestone—that its typical Grenville form occurs as metaxite, a chemically identical mineral imbedded in saccharoidal calcite; (5) that the type examples of “casts of stolon-passages” are isolated crystals apparently of pyrosclerite. Furthermore, considering that there has been a complete failure to explain the characters of the so-called internal casts of the “pseudopodial tubules” and other “passages” on the hypothesis of ordinary mechanical or chemical infiltration, also bearing in mind the significant fact that the “intermediate skeleton,” in Irish and other varieties of “eozoonal rock,” contains modified examples of the “definite shapes” more or less resembling the crystalline aggregations and prismatic lumps in primary saccharoidal marbles—that “eozoonal” structure is only found in metamorphic rocks belonging to widely separated geological systems, never in their unaltered sedimentary deposits,—taking all these points into consideration, also the arguments and other evidences contained in the present memoir, we feel the conclusion to be fully established, that every one of the specialities which have been diagnosed for “
Eozoon Canadense
” is solely and purely of crystalline origin: in short, we hold, without the least reservation, that, from every available standing point—foraminiferal, mineralogical, chemical, and geological—the opposite view has been shown to be utterly untenable.
Further Documents relating to the Formation of a New Island in the neighbourhood of the Kaimeni Islands
Authors: Tryon G.
Published: October 2009

An abstract of this communication was published in Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. No. 87, p. 319, by order of the Council.
Remarks on the Copper-mines of the State of Michigan
Authors: Bauerman Hilary
Published: October 2009

The remarks contained in the following pages are the results of a general examination of the mines of Keweenau Point, made during the summer of 1865; and although the subject is not a new one, having been elaborately treated by Professor Whitney in two different works, and having received subsequent notices from Messrs. Rivot, Borie, and others, still the progress of mining enterprise has opened up some new features which have not as yet received any notice, and may be of interest to the Society.

The copper-mining district of Michigan is situated in the upper peninsula, or north-western portion of that State, forming a narrow belt of country about 140 miles in length, extending in a north-easterly and easterly direction, from the boundary of the State of Wisconsin to the end of Keweenau Point, the promontory of which projects into Lake Superior on the southern shore, about midway between Fond du Lac and the outlet of the lake at Sault S. Marie.

2. Structure of the District.—The rocks of the district consist of coarse sandstones and conglomerates, occupying either shore, with a central mass of trappean rocks, which forms the mineral range proper. The sandstones on the eastern side have a south-easterly dip, while the traps, which axe well stratified, and include several conformable beds of conglomerate, together with the overlying sandstones and conglomerates of the western and northern shores of Keweenau Point, dip towards the north and north-west, or generally at right angles to the trend of the land.
Additional Observations on the Geology of the Lake-country
Authors: Harkness R. , Nicholson Henry
Published: October 2009

Recent investigations among the Skiddaw slates have made important additions to the fauna of this portion of the Lower Silurian series: the fossils which have been obtained have, for the most part, come from the Coldale valley, from strata which form the lowest rocks of the Lake-country. There have now to be added to the fossils of this portion of the Skiddaw slates two Trilobites, namely a new form of
Phacops
, found at Whiteside, near Coldale, and
Æglina binodosa
. To these have to be added perfect tails of
Caryocaris Wrightii
, the portion which had not been discovered when Mr. Salter's figure was published; and these bear out in every respect the restoration of this Crustacean by that palæontologist.

The lower beds of the Skiddaw slates have recently furnished other fossils, among which is a small
Lingula
nearly allied to
L. brevis
, Port., according to Mr. Davidson, and some small oval bodies arranged in a ribbon-shaped form. These latter appear to be ova, and they occur in the greatest quantities where
Caryocaris Wrightii
abounds.

The branching Bryozoon figured in the Memoir referred to in the note has also recently been met with in greater perfection among the “Screes” on the sides of Frozzengill. As figured in Mr. Salter's note, it is represented as small dichotomously branching stems. The portions which have recently been obtained show stronger stems than the original fossils, and these stronger stems have anastomosing thinner portions, giving the fossil an aspect very like the corneous axis of a
On the Metamorphic and Fossiliferous Rocks of the county of Galway
Authors: Harkness R.
Published: October 2009

The portion of the county of Galway which lies between Killery Harbour on the north and Galway Bay on the south, includes Connemara and Joyce's country, one of the wildest and most mountainous districts of Ireland.

A section of the geology of this district is given in Sir Richard Griffith's Geological Map of Ireland; and the rocks of the country have been generally alluded to by Sir Roderick I. Murchison in the last edition of ‘Siluria.’

The rugged Connemara district is for the most part made up of metamorphic rocks, among which patches of granite occur; and this latter rock is found occupying a considerable area on the south of the metamorphic series, and extending to the northern boundary of Galway Bay. It also constitutes the rocky and moory country known as Moycullen, which lies on the west side of Lough Corrib.

The metamorphic rocks, as they are seen on the northern margin of the granitic area, consist of gneissose strata, which strike east and west, and which, although much contorted, have a prevailing southerly dip, or incline towards the granitic area. On their northernside rocks occurs a band of hmestone, which can be traced westwards from a few miles west of Oughterard, on the shores of Lough Corrib, for a considerable distance, as quarries of it are seen near the road leading from Oughterard to Clifden. One of these appears near where the Maame Road leaves the Clifden Road, at a spot called Butler's Lodge; and here the limestone
A Description of some remarkable “Heaves” or Throws in Penhalls Mine
Authors: Pike J. W.
Published: October 2009

This mine is situated in the parish of St. Agnes, in the county of Cornwall, and stands on the sea-coast, three or four hundred yards from the edge of a bold precipitous cliff rising to a height of 300 feet above the sea-level.

Pryce, in his valuable old book ‘Mineralogia Cornubiensis,’ and Carne and Hawkins in papers read some forty years ago before the Royal Cornwall Geological Society, together with many other writers, refer to the heaves of the celebrated Pink lode, which is now a part of Penhalls Mine.

A paper was also read in 1815 before this Society, by Mr. John Williams, entitled “Account of some Remarkable Disturbances in the Veins of the Mine called Huel Peever,” the appearance of the lodes in which mine present the nearest approach to the dislocations in the Penhalls district.

The nature of the ground or “country” is a light-grey, distinctly stratified “killas” (the clay-slate of many geological writers, though not a cleaved rock) with a pretty regular dip towards the north of from 20° to 25°.

In the.immediate neighbourhood of the workings the ground is traversed by:—

1. Four or five tin-lodes, varying from 4 feet to a few inches in width, dipping north at about the same angle as the killas, and composed of the oxide of tin, with a little iron and copper pyrites in the middle,—the walls or outsides, locally called eapel, being a hard grey killas with quartz and schorl. The only distinction between the different lodes
On some Flint Implements lately found in the Valley of the Little Ouse River, near Thetford
Authors: Flower J. W.
Published: October 2009

The sands and flint-gravel on the right bank of the river Ouse at Thetford form a terrace 8 to 10 yards above the river, and about 40 yards distant from it. At a spot called Red Hill a large number of flint implements have lately been obtained from this gravel, at from 12 to 15 feet below the surface, and within a foot or less of the chalk on which the gravel rests; and some were found in the same gravel filling pot-holes in the chalk.

The author pointed out the exact correspondence, as regards geological position and relations, between the Thetford gravels and the flint-implement-bearing beds of Amiens, Abbeville, Fisherton, Icklingham, Hoxne, &c. He further noticed the close resemblance which these implements and some others discovered in England bear to those of the valley of the Somme; and concluded by expressing his dissent from Mr. Prestwich's conclusions, and stating his own views on their mode of accumulation, remarking that, in his opinion, these implements were manufactured prior to the severance of this island from the continent.
On the Discovery of new Gold-deposits in the District of Esmeraldas, Ecuador
Authors: Neale Edward St. John
Published: October 2009

Within the last few weeks unworked and hitherto unknown gold-deposits have been discovered in the district of Esmeraldas; and I am informed by the President, who has received specimens of the gold of a very pure quality, that it is the intention of the Government to send a scientific Commission, at the head of which will be Dr. Jameson, a British subject who has been many years in Quito, to report upon the probable yield of the gold-district.

Should this survey prove satisfactory, as anticipated, I am informed that the Government of this Republic will be prepared to enter into engagements with foreign speculators and capitalists.