bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sodium Sulfates and Sulfides
Authors: Butts David , Bush David R. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: January 2006

Sodium sulfate, Na
2
SO
4
, is principally used as a filler in soaps and detergents and in the manufacturing process of kraft paper. These uses consume about 80% of the world’s production. It is also used in glassmaking, in textiles, glass, and carpet fresheners. Both sodium sulfate and sodium bisulfate, NaHSO
4
, are used to adjust the pH of various solutions and to dilute certain dyes. Sodium bisulfate is a mild acid safe for household cleaning and where a mild acid is needed. About half of the sodium sulfate production is derived from naturally occurring salts and brines. The other half is produced as a by‐product in the manufacture of rayon, sodium dichromate, resorcinol, and silica pigments.

Sodium hydrosulfide, sodium sulfide, and sodium tetrasulfide are somewhat interchangeable in many applications. Uses range from ore flotation to leather tanning and from pulp processing in kraft pulping to lubricant manufacture. The processes used to manufacture these compounds are described. Sulfide solubilities are discussed.
Sodium Nitrate and Nitrite
Authors: Pokorny Ludwik , Maturana Ignacio , Bortle Walter H. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: January 2006

Most of the worldwide sodium nitrate production is supplied from natural deposits in Chile, South America; the rest is provided essentially as a by‐product from nitric acid plants. Sodium nitrate is used as a fertilizer and in a number of industrial applications, primarily as an oxidizing agent. These latter include the manufacture of glass, explosives, and charcoal briquettes, and the production of potassium compounds. Consumption of sodium nitrate for industrial uses has been rather steady, but production for use as fertilizer has declined. Various technical and industrial grades are available, in addition to the agricultural grade. Surface mining methods are used to mine the Chilean nitrate ore. Mineral recovery and processing procedures are described, as are the various purification steps. Synthetically produced sodium nitrate results from absorption of waste nitrous oxide gases in an alkaline solution.

Sodium nitrite, NaNO
2
, is a versatile industrial chemical having applications that are widely based on its oxidizing properties or its ability to yield nitrous acid on acidification. It is hygroscopic and quite soluble in water, but not in most organic solvents. Sodium nitrite is a moderately strong oxidizer and toxic by ingestion. It can react violently with some chemicals, evolves toxic NO

x

on decomposition, and can promote burning when exposed to fire. It may be derived from the reduction of sodium nitrate, but is typically manufactured by the absorption of nitrogen oxides into solutions of sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate. Dry and liquid forms of the product in several grades are offered in bulk and a variety of packaging options. Dry products may be treated with an anticake. Typical assays are 99% NaNO
2
for dry and 42% NaNO
2
for liquid products. The product is used in azo dyes, rubber chemicals, heat treating and heat‐transfer salts, some meat curing, metal finishing, organic chemical syntheses, and as a corrosion inhibitor.
Strontium and Strontium Compounds
Authors: Hibbins Stephen G.
Published: January 2006

The main application for strontium, an alkaline‐earth metal, is in the form of strontium compounds. The carbonate, used in cathode ray tubes (CRTs) for color televisions and color computer monitors, is used both in the manufacturing of the glass envelopes of CRTs and in the phosphors which give the color. Owing to use as a eutectic modifier in aluminum–silicon casting alloys, rapid growth of metal production has occurred. The addition of strontium changes the microstructure of the alloy, resulting in improved ductility and strength in cast aluminum automotive parts such as wheels, intake manifolds, and cylinder heads. Strontium metal is also used as an inoculant in ductile iron castings. Other applications include modifying the structure of 6000 series aluminum extrusion alloys, reducing the shrinkage microporosity in magnesium gravity‐casting alloys, and as an addition to lead alloys used for starting, lighting, and ignition batteries. Economic data and health and safety information are included. Chemical and physical properties and discussions of specific strontium compounds are provided.
Solar Energy Materials
Authors: Granqvist Claes G.
Published: January 2006

Solar energy materials have properties tailored to meet requirements set by the spectral distribution, angle of incidence, and intensity of the electromagnetic radiation prevailing in our natural surroundings. Specifically, the optimization can be performed with regard to solar irradiation, thermal emission, atmospheric absorption, visible light, and photosynthetic efficiency. Materials for thermal and electrical conversion of solar energy in manmade collectors, as well as for energy‐efficient passive design in architecture, are typical examples. This article reviews solar energy materials with emphasis on thermal applications of a variety of kinds. Electrical applications are given a more cursory exposition, the reason being that a systems perspective, rather that a materials perspective, is most fruitful in this case.
Enhanced performance of polymer light‐emitting device via optimization of processing conditions and device configuration
Authors: Lee Rong Ho , Lee Yuh Zheng , Chao Ching‐Ian
Published: January 2006

The improved performance of polyalkylfluorene light‐emitting device has been achieved through the optimization of processing conditions and device configuration. The current density, brightness, power efficiency, and operation lifetime of polymer light‐emitting device (PLED) were strongly dependent on the surface treatment of anode, the film thickness of light‐emitting polymer (LEP), and the cathode configuration. The anode surface treated with O2 plasma exhibited a higher current density and brightness than the CF4 plasma treated device. However, better operation stability was obtained for the CF4 plasma treated device than for the O2 plasma treated device. The maximum of brightness and power efficiency has been achieved for the PLED with an LEP thickness of 80 nm. The PLED with LiF/Ca/Al cathode possesses a better power efficiency and operation stability than does the Ca/Al or LiF/Al based PLED. The influences of device fabrication conditions and device configuration on the performance of a polyalkylfluorene‐based PLED are discussed in detail. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 133–141, 2006
A comparative study of structure–property relationships in highly oriented thermoplastic and thermotropic polyesters with different chemical structures
Authors: Karacan Ismail
Published: January 2006

Structure and properties of commercially available fully oriented thermoplastic and thermotropic polyester fibers have been investigated using optical birefringence, infrared spectroscopy, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and tensile testing methods. The effect of the replacement of p‐phenylene ring in poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with stiffer and bulkier naphthalene ring in Poly(ethylene 2,6‐naphthalate) (PEN) structure to result in an enhanced birefringence and tensile modulus values is shown. There exists a similar case with the replacement of linear flexible ethylene units in PET and PEN fibers with fully aromatic rigid rings in thermotropic polyesters. Infrared spectroscopy is used in the determination of crystallinity values through the estimation of trans conformer contents in the crystalline phase. The analysis of results obtained from infrared spectroscopy data of highly oriented PET and PEN fibers suggests that trans conformers in the crystalline phase are more highly oriented than gauche conformers in the amorphous phase. Analysis of X‐ray diffraction traces and infrared spectra shows the presence of polymorphic structure consisting of α‐ and β‐phase structures in the fully oriented PEN fiber. The results suggest that the trans conformers in the β‐phase is more highly oriented than the α‐phase. X‐ray analysis of Vectran® MK fiber suggests a lateral organization arising from high temperature modification of poly(p‐oxybenzoate) structure, whereas the structure of Vectran® HS fiber contains regions adopting lateral chain packing similar to the room temperature modification of poly(p‐oxybenzoate). Both fibers are shown by X‐ray diffraction and infrared analyses to consist of predominantly oriented noncrystalline (63–64%) structure together with smaller proportion of oriented crystalline (22–24%) and unoriented noncrystalline (12–15%) structures. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 142–160, 2006
Surface designing of polypropylene by critical monitoring of the grafting conditions
Authors: Anjum Nishat , Moreau Olivier , Riquet Anne Marie
Published: January 2006

The grafting of acrylic acid onto electron beam‐irradiated polypropylene was carried out using preirradiation method. The stability of peroxy radicals was investigated by electron spin resonance. It was found that the decay of peroxy radicals is much faster at 70°C than at 40°C and ambient temperature. The grafting has been observed to be strongly dependent on the monomer dilution in the reaction medium. The grafting was ascertained by attenuated total reflectance (ATR). The distribution of grafts across the samples was monitored by infrared microscopy. It was found that the graft management is considerably influenced by composition of the grafting medium. The grafting involving pure monomer leads to the surface enrichment with the polyacrylic acid chains. The samples grafted in pure monomer led to much lower contact angles as compared to the diluted monomer solution. The swelling of the grafted samples also showed a trend that was governed by the graft management. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 546–553, 2006
Negative effect of zebra mussels on foraging and habitat use by lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens)
Authors: McCabe D.J. , Beekey M.A. , Mazloff A. , Marsden J.E.
Published: January 2006

Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) are threatened or endangered throughout much of their range. Juvenile sturgeon utilize sandy and silty habitats extensively during their growth. Invasive zebra mussels change the nature of sandy and silty habitats because they settle on and coat the habitat with the shells of living and dead individuals. The potential impacts of this increased habitat complexity on lake sturgeon is unknown.

Juvenile lake sturgeon habitat choice was assessed in laboratory experiments, and zebra mussel impact on the foraging success of juvenile lake sturgeon on three different prey species was measured.

Sturgeon foraging on chironomids was virtually eliminated by 95% zebra mussel cover of the sand floor of the foraging arena, and 50% cover reduced foraging significantly. Foraging on more mobile prey items (amphipods and isopods) was essentially eliminated by either 95% or 50% zebra mussel cover of the arena floor. In habitat choice experiments, sturgeon avoided the zebra‐mussel‐covered habitat more than 90% of the time.

This combination of zebra mussel avoidance and reduced foraging in the presence of zebra mussels may be detrimental to sturgeon restocking programmes utilizing smaller sturgeon in zebra‐mussel‐infested waterways.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene expression and survival changes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during suspension culture
Authors: Johanson Kelly , Allen Patricia L. , Gonzalez‐Villalobos Romer A. , Baker Chasity B. , D'Elia Riccardo , Hammond Timothy G.
Published: January 2006

This study explores the connection between changes in gene expression and the genes that determine strain survival during suspension culture, using the model eukaryotic organism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae homozygous diploid deletion pool (HDDP), and the BY4743 parental strain were grown for 18 h in a rotating wall vessel (RWV), a suspension culture device optimized to minimize the delivered shear. In addition to the reduced shear conditions, the RWVs were also placed in a static position or in a shaker in order to change the amount of shear stress on the cells. Using simple linear regression, it was found that there were 140 differentially expressed genes for which >70% of the variation can be explained by shear stress alone. A significant number of these genes are involved in catalytic activity. In the HDDP, shear stress was associated with significant survival changes in 15 deletion strains (R2> > 0.7) Interestingly, both analyses uncovered changes in the ribosomal protein machinery. Comparing the changes in gene expression and strain survival under the different shear conditions allows for the insights into the molecular mechanisms behind the cells response to shear stress. This in turn can provide information for the optimization of suspension culture. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of different options for harvest of a therapeutic protein product from high cell density yeast fermentation broth
Authors: Wang Alice , Lewus Rachael , Rathore Anurag S.
Published: January 2006

Recovery of therapeutic protein from high cell density yeast fermentations at commercial scale is a challenging task. In this study, we investigate and compare three different harvest approaches, namely centrifugation followed by depth filtration, centrifugation followed by filter‐aid enhanced depth filtration, and microfiltration. This is achieved by presenting a case study involving recovery of a therapeutic protein from Pichia pastoris fermentation broth. The focus of this study is on performance of the depth filtration and the microfiltration steps. The experimental data has been fitted to the conventional models for cake filtration to evaluate specific cake resistance and cake compressibility. In the case of microfiltration, the experimental data agrees well with flux predicted by shear induced diffusion model. It is shown that, under optimal conditions, all three options can deliver the desired product recovery ( >80%), harvest time ( <15 h including sequential concentration/diafiltration step), and clarification ( <6 NTU). However, the three options differ in terms of process development time required, capital cost, consumable cost, ease of scale‐ability and process robustness. It is recommended that these be kept under consideration when making a final decision on a harvesting approach. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protein instability during HIC: Describing the effects of mobile phase conditions on instability and chromatographic retention
Authors: Xiao Yunzhi , Freed Alexander S. , Jones Tara Tibbs , Makrodimitris Kostantinos , O'Connell John P. , Fernandez Erik J.
Published: January 2006

Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) is known to be potentially denaturing to proteins, but the effects of mobile phase conditions on chromatographic behavior are not well understood. In this study, we apply a model describing the effects of secondary protein unfolding equilibrium on chromatographic behavior, including the effects of salt concentration on both stability and adsorption. We use α‐lactalbumin as a model protein that in the presence and absence of calcium, allows evaluation of adsorption parameters for folded and unfolded species independently. The HIC adsorption equilibrium under linear binding conditions and solution phase protein stability have been obtained from a combination of literature and new experiments. The effect of salt concentration on protein stability and the rate constant for unfolding on the chromatographic surface have been determined by fitting the model to isocratic chromatography data under marginally stable conditions. The model successfully describes the effects of added calcium and ammonium sulfate. The results demonstrate the importance of considering the effects on stability of mobile phase modifiers when applying HIC to marginally stable proteins. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the influence of oxygen and cell concentration in an SFPR whole cell biocatalytic Baeyer–Villiger oxidation process
Authors: Hilker Iris , Baldwin Chris , Alphand Véronique , Furstoss Roland , Woodley John , Wohlgemuth Roland
Published: January 2006

Efficient whole cell biotransformations, in particular microbial whole cell Baeyer–Villiger oxidation with molecular oxygen, demand comprehension and optimization of the process details involved. Optimal provision of oxygen and control of bioprocess parameters are pivotal for their success. The interrelation of cell density and oxygen supply in an in situ substrate feeding and product removal (SFPR) whole cell Baeyer–Villiger oxidation process was investigated in detail. Both parameters were optimized with respect to practical considerations. The outcome of this study supports a schematic process model, allows estimation of optimum process conditions and exploration of its limits. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Covalently immobilized enzyme gradients within three‐dimensional porous scaffolds
Authors: Vepari Charu P. , Kaplan David L.
Published: January 2006

Horseradish peroxide (HRP) was covalently coupled to three‐dimensional (3D) silk fibroin scaffolds using water‐soluble carbodiimide. Stable, bilaterally symmetrical immobilized HRP gradient patterns were generated within 3D silk fibroin scaffolds using the principles of diffusion. Gradients of immobilized HRP activity were controlled using variables of volume and concentration of HRP solution activated by the carbodiimide. The method developed can be extended to immobilize a variety of proteins and small molecules on several types of porous, interconnected materials. This technique of patterning enzymes and proteins in a gradient manner offers new options in the field of chemotaxis, tissue engineering, and biosensors. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recovery of Homogeneous Polyoxometallate Catalysts from Aqueous and Organic Media by a Mesoporous Ceramic Membrane without Loss of Catalytic Activity
Authors: Roy Chowdhury Sankhanilay , Witte Peter T. , Blank Dave H. A. , Alsters Paul L. , ten Elshof Johan E.
Published: January 2006

The recovery of homogeneous polyoxometallate (POM) oxidation catalysts from aqueous and non‐aqueous media by a nanofiltration process using mesoporous γ‐alumina membranes is reported. The recovery of Q12[WZn3(ZnW9O34)2] (Q=[MeN(n‐C8H17)3]+) from toluene‐based media was quantitative within experimental error, while up to 97 % of Na12[WZn3(ZnW9O34)2] could be recovered from water. The toluene‐soluble POM catalyst was used repeatedly in the conversion of cyclooctene to cyclooctene oxide and separated from the product mixture after each reaction. The catalytic activity increased steadily with the number of times that the catalyst had been recycled, which was attributed to partial removal of the excess QCl that is known to have a negative influence on the catalytic activity. Differences in the permeability of the membrane for different liquid media can be attributed to viscosity differences and/or capillary condensation effects. The influence of membrane pore radius on permeability and recovery is discussed.
Polymorphism Versus Thermochromism: Interrelation of Color and Conformation in Overcrowded Bistricyclic Aromatic Enes
Authors: Biedermann P. Ulrich , Stezowski John J. , Agranat Israel
Published: January 2006

The nature of the thermochromic form of overcrowded bistricyclic aromatic enes (BAEs) has been controversial for a century. We report the single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis of the deep‐purple and yellow polymorphs of 9‐(2,7‐dimethyl‐9H‐fluoren‐9‐ylidene)‐9H‐xanthene (11), which revealed the molecules in a twisted and a folded conformation, respectively. Therefore, the deeply colored thermochromic form B of BAEs is identified as having a twisted conformation and the ambient‐temperature form A as having a folded conformation. This relationship between the color and the conformation is further supported by the X‐ray structures of the deep‐purple crystals of the twisted 9‐(9H‐fluoren‐9‐ylidene)‐9H‐xanthene (10), and of the yellow crystals of the folded 9‐(11H‐benzo[b]fluoren‐11‐ylidene)‐9H‐xanthene (12). Based on this conclusive crystallographic evidence, eleven previously proposed rationales of thermochromism in BAEs are refuted. In the twisted structures, the tricyclic moieties are nearly planar and the central double bond is elongated to 1.40 Å and twisted by 42°. In the folded structures, the xanthylidene moieties are folded by 45° and the fluorenylidene moieties by 18–20°. Factors stabilizing the twisted and folded conformations are discussed, including twisting of formal single or double bonds, intramolecular overcrowding, and the significance of a dipolar aromatic “xanthenylium‐fluorenide” push–pull structure.
Anellated N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes: 1,3‐Dineopentylnaphtho[2,3‐d]imidazol‐2‐ylidene: Synthesis, KOH Addition Product, Transition‐Metal Complexes, and Anellation Effects
Authors: Saravanakumar Shanmuganathan , Oprea Anca I. , Kindermann Markus K. , Jones Peter G. , Heinicke Joachim
Published: January 2006

Two novel anellated N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHC), 1,3‐dineopentylnaphtho[2,3‐d]imidazol‐2‐ylidene, and 1,3‐dineopentyl‐2‐ylido‐imidazolo[4,5‐b]pyridine were obtained by reduction of the respective thiones with potassium, the former also by deprotonation of the corresponding naphthimidazolium hexafluorophosphate by using excess KH in THF. The use of equimolar amounts of KH provided an unexpected formal addition product of this NHC with KOH. X‐ray crystal structure analysis of the adduct provided evidence for a distorted tetrameric N‐heterocyclic alkoxide, stabilized by two THF molecules. In C6D6 the compound undergoes disproportionation. Transition‐metal complexes [(NHC)AgCl], [(NHC)Rh(cod)Cl], and (E)‐[(NHC)2PdCl2] of the novel naphthimidazol‐2‐ylidene were synthesized. X‐ray crystal structures and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data provided detailed structural information. Comparing characteristic data with those of nonanellated and differently anellated NHCs or their complexes provides information on the influence of the extended anellation.
Electronic Properties and Reactivity of Short‐Chain Oligomers of 3,4‐Phenylenedioxythiophene (PheDOT)
Authors: Perepichka Igor F. , Roquet Sophie , Leriche Philippe , Raimundo Jean‐Manuel , Frère Pierre , Roncali Jean
Published: January 2006

The dimer and trimer of 3,4‐phenylenedioxythiophene (PheDOT) have been synthesized. Unlike the parent systems based on 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), these compounds are quite stable under atmospheric conditions. The electronic absorption spectra of di‐ and tri‐PheDOT exhibit a well‐resolved vibronic fine structure indicative of self‐rigidification of the conjugated structure by noncovalent intramolecular sulfur–oxygen interactions. Comparison of UV‐visible data for the PheDOT oligomers with those of the corresponding EDOT oligomers reveals a faster decrease of the HOMO–LUMO gap with chain length for the former. Cyclic voltammetric data show that whereas PheDOT oxidizes at a lower potential than EDOT, the PheDOT dimer and trimer exhibit much higher oxidation potentials than their EDOT‐based analogues. A comparative analysis of the electropolymerization of the three PheDOT‐based systems shows that although PheDOT is very difficult to polymerize, its dimer and trimer can be readily electropolymerized. This unexpected increase of reactivity with chain extension is discussed with the aid of theoretical calculations.
The Importance of Alkali Cations in the [{RuCl2(p‐cymene)}2]–Pseudo‐dipeptide‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones
Authors: Västilä Patrik , Zaitsev Alexey B. , Wettergren Jenny , Privalov Timofei , Adolfsson Hans
Published: January 2006

We studied the role of alkali cations in the [{RuCl2(p‐cymene)}2]–pseudo‐dipeptide‐catalyzed enantioselective transfer hydrogenation of ketones with isopropanol. Lithium salts were shown to increase the enantioselectivity of the reaction when iPrONa or iPrOK was used as the base. Similar transfer‐hydrogenation systems that employ chiral amino alcohol or monotosylated diamine ligands are not affected by the addition of lithium salts. These observations have led us to propose that an alternative reaction mechanism operates in pseudo‐dipeptide‐based systems, in which the alkali cation is an important player in the ligand‐assisted hydrogen‐transfer step. DFT calculations of the proposed transition‐state (TS) models involving different cations (Li+, Na+, and K+) confirm a considerable loosening of the TS with larger cations. This loosening may be responsible for the fewer interactions between the substrate and the catalytic complex, leading to lower enantiodifferentiation. This mechanistic hypothesis has found additional experimental support; the low ee obtained with [BnNMe3]OH (a large cation) as base can be dramatically improved by introducing lithium cations into the system. Also, the complexation of Na+, K+, and Li+ cations by the addition of [15]crown‐5 and [18]crown‐6 ethers and cryptand 2.1.1 (which selectively bind to these cations and, thus, increase their bulkiness), respectively, to the reaction mixture led to a significant drop in the enantioselectivity of the reaction. The lithium effect has proved useful for enhancing the reduction of different aromatic and heteroaromatic ketones.
Implications for clinical staging of metastatic cutaneous squamous carcinoma of the head and neck based on a multicenter study of treatment outcomes
Authors: Andruchow Jennifer L. , Veness Michael J. , Morgan Gary J. , Gao Kan , Clifford Anthony , Shannon Kerwin F. , Poulsen Michael , Kenny Lizbeth , Palme Carsten E. , Gullane Patrick , Morris Christopher , Mendenhall William M. , Patel Kepal N. , Shah Jatin P. , O'Brien Christopher J.
Published: January 2006

BACKGROUND

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck is a common cancer that has the potential to metastasize to lymph nodes in the parotid gland and neck. Previous studies have highlighted limitations with the current TNM staging system for metastatic skin carcinoma. The aim of this study was to test a new staging system that may provide better discrimination between patient groups.

METHODS

A retrospective multicenter study was conducted on 322 patients from three Australian and three North American institutions. All had metastatic cutaneous SCC involving the parotid gland and/or neck and all were treated for cure with a minimum followup time of 2 years. These patients were restaged using a newly proposed system that separated parotid disease (P stage) from neck disease (N stage) and included subgroups of P and N stage. Metastases involved the parotid in 260 patients (149 P1; 78 P2; 33 P3) and 43 of these had clinical neck disease also (22 N1; 21 N2). Neck metastases alone occurred in 62 patients (26 N1; 36 N2). Ninety percent of patients were treated surgically and 267 of 322 received radiotherapy.

RESULTS

Neck nodes were pathologically involved in 32% of patients with parotid metastases. Disease recurred in 105 (33%) of the 322 patients, involving the parotid in 42, neck in 33, and distant sites in 30. Parotid recurrence did not vary significantly with P stage. Disease‐specific survival was 74% at 5 years. Survival was significantly worse for patients with advanced P stage: 69% survival at 5 years compared with 82% for those with early P stage (P = 0.02) and for those with both parotid and neck node involvement pathologically: 61% survival compared with 79% for those with parotid disease alone (P = 0.027). Both univariate and multivariate analysis confirmed these findings. Clinical neck involvement among patients with parotid metastases did not significantly worsen survival (P = 0.1).

CONCLUSIONS

This study, which included a mixed cohort of patients from six different institutions, provides further information about the clinical behavior of metastatic cutaneous SCC of the head and neck. The hypothesis that separation of parotid and neck disease in a new staging system is supported by the results. The benefit of having subgroups of P and N stage is uncertain, but it is likely to identify patients with unfavorable characteristics that may benefit from further research. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Disease‐free and overall survival after pathologic complete disease remission of cytologically proven inflammatory breast carcinoma axillary lymph node metastases after primary systemic chemotherapy
Authors: Hennessy Bryan T. , Gonzalez‐Angulo Ana Maria , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Cristofanilli Massimo , Kau Shu Wan , Broglio Kristine , Fornage Bruno , Singletary S. Eva , Sahin Aysegul , Buzdar Aman U. , Valero Vicente
Published: January 2006

BACKGROUND

Breast carcinoma axillary lymph node (ALN) pathologic complete response (pCR) after primary chemotherapy is associated with significantly higher recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) rates. The purpose of the current study was to determine long‐term outcome in patients achieving a pCR of cytologically proven inflammatory breast carcinoma ALN metastases after primary chemotherapy.

METHODS

Patients with cytologically documented ALN metastases from inflammatory breast carcinoma were treated in three prospective primary chemotherapy trials. After surgery, patients were subdivided into those patients with and those patients without residual ALN carcinoma. Survival was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method.

RESULTS

Of 175 patients treated, 61 had cytologically confirmed ALN metastases. Fourteen patients (23%) achieved a pCR of the ALNs after primary chemotherapy. The 5‐year OS and RFS rates were found to be improved in those patients achieving a pCR of the ALNs (82.5% [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 62.8–100%] and 78.6% [95%CI, 59.8–100%], respectively, vs. 37.1% [95%CI, 25.4–54.2%] and 25.4% [95%CI, 15.5–41.5%], respectively) (P = 0.01 [for OS] and P = 0.001 [for RFS]). Combination anthracycline and taxane‐based primary chemotherapy resulted in significantly more patients achieving an ALN pCR (45% vs. 16%; P = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

pCR of ALN metastases is associated with an excellent prognosis in patients with inflammatory breast carcinoma. The rates of ALN pCR are nearly 50% in patients with inflammatory breast carcinoma who are treated with anthracyclines and weekly paclitaxel before surgery. However, those patients with residual ALN disease at the time of surgery greatly require the introduction of novel therapeutic strategies. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
The end of the MFA and apparel exports: has good CSR allowed Cambodia to hold steady against China in a quota free environment?
Authors: Frost Stephen , Ho Mary
Published: January 2006

In the lead up the end of the Multi‐Fiber Arrangement (MFA), commentators routinely argued that Chinese apparel exports would surge in a quota‐free environment. It was also expected that Southeast Asian apparel exporting nations would suffer declines, leading to job and economic losses. Of particular concern was Cambodia, a country that relies almost exclusively on apparel exports for foreign earnings. By mid‐2005, as trade data started to filter in, the doomsday scenario for countries like Cambodia seemed less clear cut. Although China's apparel exports had indeed soured, a surprising outcome was that exports to the US from Cambodia (and several other neighbours such as Indonesia and Vietnam) had also increased. This article focuses specifically on Cambodia (which of all the Southeast Asian countries surveyed has shown the greatest growth in apparel exports) and examines some of the CSR initiatives that help explain why gloomy prognostications have not yet become true. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Tbx1 is regulated by forkhead proteins in the secondary heart field†
Authors: Maeda Jun , Yamagishi Hiroyuki , McAnally John , Yamagishi Chihiro , Srivastava Deepak
Published: January 2006

Transcriptional regulation in a tissue‐specific and quantitative manner is essential for developmental events, including those involved in cardiovascular morphogenesis. Tbx1 is a T‐box–containing transcription factor that is responsible for many of the defects observed in 22q11 deletion syndrome in humans. Tbx1 is expressed in the secondary heart field (SHF) and is essential for cardiac outflow tract (OFT) development. We previously reported that Tbx1 is regulated by sonic hedgehog by means of forkhead (Fox) transcription factors in the head mesenchyme and pharyngeal endoderm, but how it is regulated in the SHF is unknown. Here, we show that Tbx1 expression in the SHF is regulated by Fox proteins through a combination of two evolutionarily conserved Fox binding sites in a dose‐dependent manner. Cell fate analysis using the Tbx1 enhancer suggests that SHF‐derived Tbx1‐expressing cells contribute extensively to the right ventricular myocardium as well as the OFT during early development and ultimately give rise to the right ventricular infundibulum, pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary valves. These results suggest that Fox proteins are involved in most, if not all, Tbx1 expression domains and that Tbx1 marks a subset of SHF‐derived cells, particularly those that uniquely contribute to the right‐sided outflow tract and proximal pulmonary artery. Developmental Dynamics 235:701–710, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Newt orthologue of Growth arrest‐specific 6 (NvGas6) is implicated in stress response during newt forelimb regeneration
Authors: Beug Shawn , Vascotto Sandy G. , Tsilfidis Catherine
Published: January 2006

Red‐spotted newts are capable of regenerating various structures and organs through the process of epimorphic regeneration. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and their ligands are important for normal cellular development and physiology but most have not yet been characterised during regeneration. We have isolated a newt orthologue of Growth arrest‐specific 6 (NvGas6), and examined its expression during forelimb regeneration and within a blastema cell line (B1H1). During limb regeneration, NvGas6 expression increases upon amputation, peaks during maximal blastema cell proliferation, and is subsequently downregulated during redifferentiation. Transcripts are localised to the wound epithelium and distal mesenchymal cells during dedifferentiation and proliferative phases, and scattered within redifferentiating tissues during later stages. In B1H1 cultures, NvGas6 is upregulated under reduced serum conditions and myogenesis. Treatment with mimosine and colchicine or exposure to heat shock or anoxia results in upregulation of NvGas6 expression. Taken together, our findings suggest that during regeneration, NvGas6 expression may be upregulated in response to cellular stress. Developmental Dynamics 235:711–722, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two New CuII Coordination Polymers: Studies of Topological Networks and Water Clusters
Authors: Yang Jin , Ma Jian‐Fang , Liu Ying‐Ying , Ma Ji‐Cheng , Jia Heng‐Qing , Hu Ning‐Hai
Published: January 2006

Two new CuII coordination polymers, namely [Cu2(BDC)2(L)4(H2O)2]·14H2O (1) and [Cu1.5(BTC)(L)1.5(H2O)0.5]·2H2O (2), where L = 1,1′‐(1,4‐butanediyl)bis(imidazole), BDC = 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate, and BTC = 1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylate, have been synthesized at room temperature. Complex 1 exhibits an unusual, square‐planar, four‐connected 2D 264 net, which has been predicated by Wells. Interestingly, three types of water clusters, namely (H2O)6, (H2O)8, and (H2O)10, are observed in the hydrogen‐bonded layers constructed by the BDC ligands and water molecules. The BTC anion in compound 2 is coordinated to the CuII cation as tetradentate ligand to form a (66)2(426484)2(64810) net containing three kinds of nonequivalent points. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and IR spectra for 1 and 2 are also discussed in detail. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Alkoxyamine C–ON Bond Homolysis: Stereoelectronic Effects
Authors: Beaudoin Emmanuel , Bertin Denis , Gigmes Didier , Marque Sylvain R. A. , Siri Didier , Tordo Paul
Published: January 2006

Alkoxyamines and persistent nitroxides are important regulators of nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization (NMP) reactions. Because polymerization times decrease with an increase in the rate constant for the homolysis of the C–ON bond between the polymer chain and the nitroxyl moiety, the factors influencing the cleavage rate constant are of considerable interest. Therefore, it was interesting to check whether the methyl effect (+17 kJ/mol for each methyl added onto the carbon atom of the C–ON bond) observed in the TEMPO‐based alkoxyamine series was also observed in the SG1 [N‐tert‐butyl‐N‐(1‐diethoxyphosphoryl‐2,2‐dimethylpropyl)aminoxyl] series. Moreover, we extended the incremental substituent scale proposed earlier and confirmed the versatility of the multiparameter analysis developed in previous work. X‐ray and natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses of several SG1‐CHMeCOOR alkoxyamines showed that the difference in reactivity between the (RR/SS) and (RS/SR) diastereoisomers is caused by a nσ→σ* interaction between the nσ lone pair of the oxygen atom of the ester bond and the σ* orbital of the cleaved O–C bond. Furthermore, a compilation of the effects — steric, polar, stabilizing, long‐distance polar and long‐distance reverse steric — of the leaving alkyl radical on the value of kd for C–ON bond homolysis led us to question the one‐step mechanism. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A Facile Stereoselective Synthesis of (2E)‐3‐Silylallylic Alcohols by Hydromagnesiation of 1‐Aryl‐2‐silylacetylenes
Authors: Cai Mingzhong , Zhou Zhou , Jiang Jianwen
Published: January 2006

Hydromagnesiation of 1‐aryl‐2‐silylacetylenes 1 in diethyl ether gave (1E)‐2‐silylvinyl Grignard reagents 2, which reacted with aldehydes or ketones 3 to afford stereoselectively (2E)‐3‐silylallylic alcohols 4 in good to high yields. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Platinum group metallodrug‐protein binding studies by capillary electrophoresis – inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry: A further insight into the reactivity of a novel antitumor ruthenium(III) complex toward human serum proteins
Authors: Polec‐Pawlak Kasia , Abramski Jan K. , Semenova Olga , Hartinger Christian G. , Timerbaev Andrei R. , Keppler Bernhard K. , Jarosz Maciej
Published: January 2006

Biochemical speciation analysis has become a hot area of CE research due largely to growing emergence of inductively coupled plasma (ICP)‐MS as a proper detection technique. A benefit of CE–ICP‐MS coupling in species‐selective analysis of anticancer metal‐based drugs is the possibility of distinguishing the signals of the intact drug and its metabolites and hence of quantifying them independently. This advantage (over CE with UV‐vis detection) was exploited here in order to gain better knowledge about the rate and degree of the transformation of indazolium [trans‐tetrachlorobis(1H‐indazole)ruthenate(III)] (KP1019), a promising tumor‐inhibiting agent that successfully finished phase I clinical studies, upon its binding toward individual serum transport proteins. At increasing the KP1019/protein molar ratio, the reaction rate expressed by an evolving peak of the protein adduct became faster, with the equilibrium state being reached after about 40 and 60 min of incubation at 37°C for transferrin and albumin, respectively. The binding reaction was shown to obey the first‐order character that enabled for reliable calculation of the corresponding rate constants as (28.7 ± 1.5)×10−4 and (10.6 ± 0.7)×10−4/s, respectively. When incubated with a ten‐fold excess of KP1019, albumin and transferrin bound, respectively, up to 8 and 10 equiv. of ruthenium (Ru). Relative affinity of KP1019 toward different proteins under simulated physiological conditions was also characterized in terms of the overall binding constants (5600 and 10 600/M, respectively). To emphasize the difference in the protein‐binding behavior, a competitive interaction of KP1019 was followed by CE–ICP‐MS at the actual molar ratio of proteins in blood, i.e. a ten‐fold excess of albumin over transferrin. The fact that KP1019 binds to albumin stronger than to transferrin was manifested by finding almost all ruthenium (98–99%) in the albumin fraction.
Molecular classification of mucoepidermoid carcinomas—Prognostic significance of the MECT1–MAML2 fusion oncogene
Authors: Behboudi Afrouz , Enlund Fredrik , Winnes Marta , Andrén Ywonne , Nordkvist Anders , Leivo Ilmo , Flaberg Emilie , Szekely Laszlo , Mäkitie Antti , Grenman Reidar , Mark Joachim , Stenman Göran
Published: January 2006

Mucoepidermoid carcinomas (MECs) of the salivary and bronchial glands are characterized by a recurrent t(11;19)(q21;p13) translocation resulting in a MECT1–MAML2 fusion in which the CREB‐binding domain of the CREB coactivator MECT1 (also known as CRTC1, TORC1 or WAMTP1) is fused to the transactivation domain of the Notch coactivator MAML2. To gain further insights into the molecular pathogenesis of MECs, we cytogenetically and molecularly characterized a series of 29 MECs. A t(11;19) and/or an MECT1–MAML2 fusion was detected in more than 55% of the tumors. Several cases with cryptic rearrangements that resulted in gene fusions were detected. In fusion‐negative MECs, the most common aberration was a single or multiple trisomies. Western blot and immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that the MECT1–MAML2 fusion protein was expressed in all MEC‐specific cell types. In addition, cotransfection experiments showed that the fusion protein colocalized with CREB in homogeneously distributed nuclear granules. Analyses of potential downstream targets of the fusion revealed differential expression of the cAMP/CREB (FLT1 and NR4A2) and Notch (HES1 and HES5) target genes in fusion‐positive and fusion‐negative MECs. Moreover, clinical follow‐up studies revealed that fusion‐positive patients had a significantly lower risk of local recurrence, metastases, or tumor‐related death compared to fusion‐negative patients (P = 0.0012). When considering tumor‐related deaths only, the estimated median survival for fusion‐positive patients was greater than 10 years compared to 1.6 years for fusion‐negative patients. These findings suggest that molecularly classifying MECs on the basis of an MECT1–MAML2 fusion is histopathologically and clinically relevant and that the fusion is a useful marker in predicting the biological behavior of MECs. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk of depression in patients with chronic respiratory diseases: results from two large cohort studies in Chinese elderly from Hong Kong
Authors: Wong Samuel Y. S. , Woo Jean , Lynn Henry S. H. , Leung Jason , Tang Y. N. , Leung P. C.
Published: January 2006

Objective

Although it has been suggested that depression is common in patients with chronic respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), few studies on the association between chronic respiratory diseases and depression have been conducted in the community.

Method

Data from the baseline examination of two cohort studies, Mr and Ms Os, Hong Kong were used. Three thousand nine hundred and ninety‐eight Hong Kong men and women aged 65 to 92 were recruited. Depression was assessed by face‐to‐face interview, using the short‐form of a validated Chinese version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Chronic respiratory disease was assessed by subjects' self reports of chronic respiratory disease (chronic bronchitis, emphysema and asthma) diagnosed by medical doctors. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for depression among subjects with chronic respiratory diseases relative to those without (controls) were calculated, after adjustments were made for potential confounders.

Results

Chronic respiratory disease was associated with a higher prevalence of depressive disorders with an odds ratio of 1.58 (95% CI = 1.12–2.13) after adjustment was made for age, sex, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and history of cardiovascular diseases when compared with controls. For those subjects with self report of chronic respiratory disease and who screened positive for depression (n = 44), none were on antidepressants. Among subjects who screened positive for depression without self‐report of chronic respiratory disease (n = 328), only 2.74% (n = 9) were on antidepressants.

Conclusions

We conclude that chronic respiratory disease is independently associated with depression in Chinese elderly. Moreover, depression in the elderly is under‐treated in those with and without chronic respiratory disease. Clinicians, especially primary care physicians in the community, should be more aware of increased prevalence of depression in patients with chronic respiratory disease. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Organic Brain Syndrome (OBS) scale: a systematic review
Authors: Björkelund Karin Björkman , Larsson Sylvia , Gustafson Lars , Andersson Edith
Published: January 2006

Background/Objective

The Organic Brain Syndrome (OBS) Scale was developed to determine elderly patients' disturbances of awareness and orientation as to time, place and own identity, and assessment of various emotional and behavioural symptoms appearing in delirium, dementia and other organic mental diseases. The aim of the study was to examine the OBS Scale, using the eight criteria and guidelines formulated by the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Medical Outcomes Trust (SAC), and to investigate its relevance and suitability for use in various clinical settings.

Method

Systematic search and analysis of papers (30) on the OBS Scale were carried out using the criteria suggested by the SAC.

Results

The OBS Scale in many aspects satisfies the requirements suggested by the SAC: conceptual and measurement model, reliability, validity, responsiveness, interpretability, respondent and administrative burden, alternative forms of administration, and cultural and language adaptations, but there is a need for additional evaluation, especially with regard to different forms of reliability, and the translation and adaptation to other languages.

Conclusions

The OBS Scale is a sensitive scale which is clinically useful for the description and long‐term follow‐up of patients showing symptoms of acute confusional state and dementia. Although the OBS Scale has been used in several clinical studies there is need for further evaluation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tightly regulated induction of the adhesion molecule necl-5/CD155 during rat liver regeneration and acute liver injury
Authors: Erickson Briana M. , Thompson Nancy L. , Hixson Douglas C.
Published: January 2006

TuAg1/TagE4, the rat ortholog of the human poliovirus receptor CD155, is expressed on a high percentage of rat hepatocellular carcinomas. Recent studies have shown that TuAg1/TagE4/CD155 is a member of the nectin family of immunoglobulin (Ig)-like cell adhesion molecules, designated necl-5. Necl-5 is present at exceedingly low levels in adult epithelial tissues but is upregulated in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, suggesting that disruption of liver architecture triggers its expression. To explore this possibility, we examined expression of necl-5 after two-thirds partial hepatectomy or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)–induced acute injury. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QPCR), we found that necl-5 mRNA levels increased 15-fold by 9 hours, and decreased to 4-fold above baseline by 24 hours after partial hepatectomy. Necl-5 mRNA levels increased over 100-fold 6 hours after treatment with CCl4, reaching a peak of 140-fold above baseline by 10 hours, and thereafter rapidly declining. Necl-5 was localized at the membrane of midlobular and centrilobular hepatocytes 10 to 48 hours after CCl4 exposure. Northern blot analysis demonstrated a close correlation between the kinetics of necl-5 expression and the immediate–early response gene c-
myc

. Subconfluent cultures of the non-transformed liver epithelial cell line WB-F344 expressed high levels of necl-5, which was down-regulated as cells approached confluence. The transformed WB-F344 line GP7TB did not demonstrate density-dependent regulation of necl-5 expression.

In conclusion,

we report the

in vivo

induction of necl-5 in rat hepatocytes and provide evidence that both necl-5 mRNA and protein are tightly regulated in adult epithelial cells and tissue. (Hepatology 2006;43:325–334.)