bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASSESSMENT OF PATIENT-CARE, FACILITY CARE, AND COMPLEMENTARY DRUG USE INDICATORS AMONG ELDERLY PATIENTS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF WESTERN NEPAL
Authors: GIRI SAGARANANDA , DULAL PARBATI , KHAN GULAM MUHAMMAD
Published: August 2020

Objective: The current study aims to determine the pattern of drug usage in terms of patient-care, facility care, and complementary drug use indicators among elderly people.

Methods: The study was a prospective cross-sectional study that was conducted in the outpatient department. Patient-care, facility care, and complementary drug use indicators were assed as per the WHO/INRUD indicators. Patient/patient party knowledge of correct dose was analyzed by the information; time of administration (when) and quantity of drugs to be taken (how much).

Results: The duration of consultation in the ophthalmology department was comparatively longer (30.33 min) than in other departments. The dispensing time of the medicine department was 126.60 s which was higher than other departments. Among the total medicines, 88.58% were dispensed, 21 (1.06%) of the total drugs had the patient’s name labeled on the envelope while 1430 (81.53%) of the drugs had drug name and 1617 (92.19%) only had the administration time labeled on the envelope. On interviewing patients/patient parties, 240 (59.55%) knew both the time of administration and the number of drugs to be taken. The average medicine cost encountered per patient was found to be Nepalese rupees (NRs.) 1353±1079 NRs. (US$ 11.57±9.23).

Conclusion: It is concluded that systematic changes need to be applied to improve the patient knowledge, to deliver quality advice to the patients, and to maintain the process of adequate labeling in medications.
THE ASSOCIATION OF HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS WITH QUALITY OF LIFE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENT IN WANGAYA REGIONAL GENERAL HOSPITAL, DENPASAR
Authors: DANIELLA DIAN , MARIANTO MARIANTO , SUNAKA I WAYAN
Published: August 2020

Objective: Anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) contributes in decreasing quality life, but specific hemoglobin associated with quality of life is still in debate. Anemia was thought to be one of contributing factors of low physical activity in CKD, but this finding is inconsistent across studies. This research study aims to investigate the association of hemoglobin levels with quality of life and physical activity in hemodialysis patients in our settings.

Methods: This study was conducted between March 30, 2020, and April 30, 2020, in hemodialysis unit, Wangaya Regional General Hospital, Bali. The study included 50 subjects on regular hemodialysis. Subject-reported quality of life was evaluated by interview, based on Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL)-36TM questionnaire. Self-reported physical activity level was assessed by International Physical Activity Questionnaires (IPAQ).

Results: Quality of life in burden of kidney disease categories is different significantly between hemoglobin levels group (*p=0.034). There is significant difference between hemoglobin levels < 8 g/dL with 8.1–12 g/dL (**p=0.01) and hemoglobin levels < 8 g/dL with > 12 g/dL (*p=0.034). For self-reported physical activity, hemoglobin level was not associated with physical activity in Fisher’s exact test analysis (p=1.000).

Conclusion: We found that hemoglobin levels > 8 g/dL were associated with higher quality of life in hemodialysis patient. Hemoglobin levels were not associated with physical activity. Recommended hemoglobin levels to support the best quality of life and physical activity without increasing mortality rate are still in need to be further evaluated.
PHENOTYPIC AND GENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF FLUOROQUINOLONE DRUG RESISTANCE AMONG STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
Authors: NAMEIRAKPAM SHELINA , SSM UMA MAGESWARI , M KALYANI
Published: August 2020

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether recent use of topical fluoroquinolones is a risk factor for in vitro fluoroquinolone resistance in Staphylococcus aureus ocular isolates. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin (CIP) are useful drugs against infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and mutations in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) gyrase which control bacterial DNA topology, can be one of the reasons of occurrence resistance to this class of antibiotics. Therefore, finding new mutations and study of the quinolone interaction with mutated GyrA can provide important issues for explanation resistance.

Methods: Bacterial identification was confirmed by appropriate morphological, cultural, and biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined for all isolates. The possible involvement of efflux pumps in mediating fluoroquinolone resistance as well as changes in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of gyrA gene was investigated.

Results: Differences in methicillin resistance among staphylococci were observed based on patient age, with higher rates observed in older patients (p<0.0001). Out of 91 isolates, 77 (84.61%) were resistant to CIP and 47 (51.65%) were resistant to ofloxacin (OF). Confirmation with agar dilution test showed that 57 samples were resistant to CIP, 38 samples were resistant to OF, and 29 samples were resistant to both CIP and OF. By polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, gyrA genes in resistance strains were amplified. All the five resistant isolates were found to be positive for the presence of a fluoroquinolones resistance gene (gyrA gene) and the two sensitive isolates were found to be negative. Resistance among CIP and OF in isolated harboring a mutation GyrA was of statistical significance among S. aureus (p<0.001).

Conclusion: The result of this study will be useful to update the antibiotic policy in our hospital set up and controlling the irrational use of antibiotics among health care workers. The information obtained will provide a baseline data that can be used to design further research for prevention of drug resistance caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
IN VITRO SCREENING FOR ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ENZYME INHIBITION POTENTIAL OF MUTHU PARPAM – THERAPEUTIC LEAD FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
Authors: N SABARI GIRIJA , S GUPTAJ , MA SINEKHA , L SAKTHIMANIPRIYA , P SHANMUGAPRIYA
Published: August 2020

Objective: Siddha system is an ancient traditional system of medicine treats many chronic ailments and neurological disorders. Muthu parpam is one of the herbo marine Siddha drugs which have the indication for neurocognitive dysfunction. The main objective of this current study was to evaluate the acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibition of Muthu parpam.

Methods: AChE activity was evaluated using a modified 96-well microplate assay based on Ellman’s method. Physostigmine (5, 10, 20, and 40 μg/ml) was used as the positive control.

Results: The result of this study clearly indicates that the test drug Muthu Parpam was effective in inhibiting AChE enzyme at the specified concentration dose dependently. Maximum percentage inhibition of about 71.68% was observed at 500 μg/ml when compared to that of the Physostigmine, a known AChE inhibitor with the maximum inhibition 84.87% at the concentration of 40 μg/ml.

Conclusion: Hence, this preliminary screening has proven the efficacy of Muthu parpam through AChE inhibition potential in the management of Alzheimer disease.
EVALUATION OF IN VITRO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF CITRUS MACROPTERA MONTR
Authors: BHUTIA SONAM
Published: August 2020

Objective: The use of naturally occurring medicines dependent on essential oils (EOs) is nowadays of great interest. In addition, within the human body, EO shows high efficacy as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory drugs. The present experiment was conducted to access the anti-inflammatory activity of EO obtained from the fruit peels of Citrus macroptera Montr. (Rutaceae) against the denaturation of protein in vitro model.

Methods: The test sample (EO) was incubated under controlled laboratory conditions at varying concentrations with egg albumin and was subjected to absorbance determination for the anti-inflammatory property analysis. Diclofenac sodium was used as the standard reference drug for the experiment.

Results: The results show a concentration-dependent inhibition of protein (albumin) denaturation by the test oil. This was concluded by comparing their IC50 average values. Citrus macroptera Montr. EO possessed IC50 average value 54.6+0.07 μg/mL, whereas that of diclofenac sodium was found to be 52.89+0.06 μg/ml. The result shows that the test oil is more effective than the standard drug.

Conclusion: From the above experimental finding, it can be concluded that Citrus macroptera Montr. EO has significance anti-inflammatory effect against the denaturation of the protein in vitro model. The activity may be due to the presence of terpene polyphenolic component or some other active compound present in the oil. The provided information was first of its kind of knowledge to keep the scientific data for future reference.
A DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY ON MIGRAINE
Authors: MAMINDLA POOJITHA , MOGILICHERLA SHARANYA , ENUMULA DEEPTHI , PRASAD OM PRAKASH
Published: August 2020

Objective: The main objective was to carry out the observational study in migraine patients.

Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted for 6 months in 415 migraine patients with the prior approval from the Institutional Ethical committee. A predesigned pro forma was used to collect data such as socio-demographics of the patients, different types of migraine, triggering factors, and prescription pattern.

Results: Among 415 patients, the female patients (n=356, 86%) outnumbered male patients (n=95, 14%). The mean age of the study population was found to be 59±54 years. In our study, we found that migraine without aura (79%) was most common, followed by probable migraine without aura (13.3%), chronic migraines (5%), and migraine with aura (0.3%). Grading is done according to International Headache Society into 0, mild, moderate, and severe.

Conclusion: Compared to migraine with aura, migraine without aura is mostly seen in females than males due to fluctuating hormone levels, rural area is most effected due to exposure to triggers. Management includes pharmacological and non-pharmacological. Pharmacological therapy included nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs agents, Triptans, and prophylactic therapy, and adjunctive therapy also prescribed.
ASSESSMENT OF ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL AND ANTIGENOTOXICITY ANALYSIS THROUGH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN TERMINALIA PANICULATA ROTH
Authors: P ASWATHI , ERNEST THOPPIL JOHN
Published: August 2020

Objective: The present study is mainly focused on the antigenotoxicity and antioxidant potential of the fruit extract of an important dye yielding plant Terminalia paniculata Roth.

Methods: Genoprotective activity of the fruit extract was studied by Allium cepa root tip assay. Three modes of treatment were used to perform the antigenotoxicity, that is, pre-treatment, post-treatment, and simultaneous treatment. For the study of antioxidant potential, four different assays were performed.

Results: Antigenotoxicity studies revealed the protective role of the extract in chromosomal aberrations induced by 2% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on A. cepa root tip meristem. The fruit extract showed a significant modulatory effect by means of an inhibition percentage and also it showed a characteristic reversing of chromosomal aberrations induced by H2O2. While in the case of antioxidant activity, the plant extract showed an appreciable antioxidant potential. Four different assays were used to determine the antioxidant potential of T. paniculata. Of these 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate radical scavenging activity revealed almost equal effect to that of the standard.

Conclusions: In the present investigation, it has been found that the important dye yielding plant T. paniculata has a significant role in various commercial industries such as food, cosmetics, clothes, and pharmaceutics due to its efficient protective role.
IMPACT OF BEETROOT (BETA VULGARIS RUBRA) AND/OR SWISS CHARD (BETA VULGARIS CICLA) JUICES ORAL ADMINISTRATION AGAINST BARIUM CHLORIDE-INDUCED HYPOKALEMIA, ATPASE DISTURBANCE, AND HEART AND LUNG TOXICITY IN RATS
Authors: S GABAL ALYAE M , M MORSY GEHAN
Published: August 2020

Objective: The research designed to explore, for the 1st time, the probable antioxidant activity and protective effect of oral administration of beetroot (Beta vulgaris Rubra) and Swiss chard (B. vulgaris Cicla) juices against barium chloride (BaCl2)-induced toxicity in rats through investigating the changes on complete blood picture, heart and lung oxidative biomarkers, cardiac function tests, inflammatory markers as well as adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity, hypokalemia, and electrolyte disturbances.

Methods: Seventy-five adult male albino rats of Sprague-Dawley strains (150±5 g) were divided into five groups (15/each) except healthy control group which contains 10 rats, and BaCl2 control group that contains 20 rats as follows: Group I: Healthy control; Group II: BaCl2 control, and Groups III, IV, and V: BaCl2 intoxicated groups supplemented with 1 ml of beetroot, Swiss chard, and combination of both juices, respectively/kg body weight 3 times per week orally.

Results: Results explored that beetroot and Swiss chard juices contain significant amount of polyphenols and flavonoids as well as macro- and micronutrients that improved the complete blood picture, heart and lung oxidative stress parameters, cardiac function tests, inflammatory markers, ATPase activity, hypokalemia, and also electrolyte balance in supplemented groups compared to BaCl2 control group.

Conclusion: This search illustrated that fresh beetroot and Swiss chard juices can improve various biochemical abnormalities resulted from BaCl2 toxicity. BaCl2 intoxicated rats that were supplemented with combination of juices showed the most significant improvements.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF REVERSE-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF OLANZAPINE AND ARIPIPRAZOLE IN SYNTHETIC MIXTURES
Authors: PATEL MEGHA , PATEL PARESH , PATEL DHARA
Published: August 2020

Objective: A simple, rapid, accurate, precise, specific, and sensitive reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of olanzapine (OLZ) and aripiprazole (APR) in synthetic mixtures.

Methods: The stationary phase used for chromatographic separation was Phenomenex C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d, particle size 5 μm) and mobile phase used for separation was methanol: Phosphate buffer (pH 3) taken in ratio of 75:25 %v/v. The flow rate was used 1.0 ml/min at room temperature and drugs detected at 240 nm with injection volume 20 μL.

Results: The retention time for OLZ and APR was found to be 4.231 and 6.523 min, respectively. The linearity was performed using a concentration range of 0.5–3.0 for both drugs. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.999 for OLZ and APR. The % purity of both the drug was found to be 98–102%. The proposed RP-HPLC method has been validated, according to International council on harmonization Q2 (B) guidelines.

Conclusion: There was no interference of any diluents and excipients in the determination of drugs from synthetic mixture. Hence, the developed method can be used for routine quality control analysis.
A REVIEW ON THE ANTIPARASITIC DRUG IVERMECTIN FOR VARIOUS VIRAL INFECTIONS AND POSSIBILITIES OF USING IT FOR NOVEL SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS 2: NEW HOPE TO TREAT CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-2019
Authors: JABEEN TALHA , KHADER MOHD ABDUL , JABEEN SHAYESTHA
Published: August 2020

The novel coronavirus infection has spread all over the world. With no specific drug or vaccine, the process of “drug repurposing” becomes a feasible solution. As severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has 80% sequence similarity with the SARS-CoV, the nuclear import inhibitor “Ivermectin” (IVM) has recently been studied as a possible treatment option for coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The article aims to provide a review on structure and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2, indications of IVM for viral diseases, its possible mechanism on COVID-19 with a brief discussion on IVM structure, pharmacokinetics, adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, and contraindications. Further, we made possible comparisons of IVM with solidarity trial drugs and analyzed its major advantages, limitations and gave necessary recommendations for its use in future in vivo studies in the treatment of COVID-19.
DELIBERATE SELF-POISONING IN SOUTH ODISHA: STUDY OF ITS CLINICAL PROFILE AND OUTCOME
Authors: NAYAK SACHIDANANDA , BEHERA BIJAYA KUMAR , BUDULA KESHABA  CHANDRA , ACHARYA SRITAM
Published: August 2020

Objective: Deliberate self-poisoning is a serious global issue that contributes to significant morbidity and mortality all over the world. The present study was conducted with an objective to identify the common agents used for self-poisoning prevalent in South Odisha and to determine the common clinical features and outcome of such cases.

Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 200 patients with deliberate self-poisoning belonging to the age group of 15–70 years over a period of 2 years from August 2017 to September 2019 in Maharaja Krishna Chandra Gajapati Medical College and Hospital, Berhampur, Odisha, India. All the above-mentioned patients admitted to the hospital, were treated with specific antidotes according to the poison ingested. Results were analyzed using appropriate standard statistical methods such as mean, standard deviation, and percentage.

Results: Out of 200 patients, majority were female (65%, n=130) and 35% (n=70) were male; mean age was 38.9 (±16.8) years. Organophosphates, aluminum phosphide, glyphosate, organochlorines, and carbamates were the most common pesticides used as poisoning agents (74.5%, n=149) followed by plant poisons (7%, n=14) which included yellow oleander seed. Overall mortality in our study was 12.5%.

Conclusion: Pesticides and plant poisons were the common agents used in our study for deliberate self-poisoning. Young persons, illiterates, and housewives were commonly involved in suicide attempts. Organophosphate caused majority of deaths.
El activismo de los inversionistas institucionales en el gobierno de las grandes sociedades
Authors: Arcudia Hernández Carlos Ernesto
Published: August 2020

El movimiento del gobierno corporativo ha propuesto una serie de medidas que buscan resolver los problemas de separación entre el control y la gestión de las sociedades anónimas –los problemas de agencia. En este trabajo analizamos el activismo de los inversionistas institucionales como medio de control a la administración de sociedades de capital disperso. Los inversionistas institucionales en Estados Unidos han actuado por vía extraorgánica y por vía orgánica para controlar la gestión de las grandes sociedades de ese país. Si bien este activismo es una posible solución, la estructura de capital de las grandes sociedades anónimas mexicanas y los intereses de los inversores institucionales hacen un tanto difícil su actuación en nuestro país.Poner aquí el resumen español.
El éxito del mantenimiento productivo total y su relación con los factores administrativos
Authors: García Alcaraz Jorge Luis , Romero González Jaime , Noriega Morales Salvador Anacleto
Published: August 2020

El mantenimiento productivo total es una herramienta ampliamente usada en las áreas productivas, la cual está encaminada a incrementar la disponibilidad de la maquinaria y equipo de producción, así como los beneficios económicos de las empresas. Sin embargo, no se conocen los factores administrativos que aseguren su éxito de implantación. En este artículo se presentan los resultados de una encuesta —que fue aplicada a 203 gerentes y supervisores de mantenimiento de empresas localizadas en Ciudad Juárez— que constó de veinte actividades y tres beneficios, y que debía ser respondida en una escala Likert. El cuestionario se validó mediante el índice alfa de Cronbach y se aplicó un análisis factorial exploratorio mediante el método de componentes principales y se determinó que solamente tres factores podían explicar el 66.06% de la varianza total, mientras que la relación entre los factores, las actividades y beneficios se obtuvieron mediante modelos de ecuaciones estructurales.
Cómo seleccionar y contratar empresas en el outsourcing.Utilizando la metodología de números borrosos
Authors: Guerrero Dávalos Cuauhtémoc , Terceño Gómez Antonio
Published: August 2020

En este trabajo se propone una metodología de subconjuntos borrosos, en la cual se construye un coeficiente de adecuación con el fin de enfrentar la incertidumbre en la selección de empresas que surge de los contratos de outsourcing. Asimismo, en el artículo se lleva a cabo un análisis sobre algunas de sus potencialidades como estrategia de negocios, la que para muchas empresas es actualmente una de las principales herramientas para establecer ventajas competitivas.
El Outsourcing en el desempeño de las exportaciones de las empresas
Authors: Garcilazo Lagunes Sergio
Published: August 2020

En este artículo se examina el efecto del outsourcing en el desempeño de las exportaciones de las empresas. El análisis se basa en las teorías de los negocios internacionales y el punto de vista de los recursos y la economía de los costos de transacción, según los cuales el outsourcing en el extranjero ayuda a las empresas —directa o indirectamente— a exportar más, a reducir sus costos de producción y a aumentar la flexibilidad de la empresa; además, puede proporcionar nuevos recursos y conocimientos del mercado. Sin embargo, el impacto del outsourcing internacional depende de los recursos y las capacidades de las empresas para gestionar una red de proveedores extranjeros y para absorber los conocimientos extranjeros. Usando una base de datos de alrededor de mil empresas de fabricación en México de 2007, se encontró que las operaciones de outsourcing en el extranjero aumenta el rendimiento de la exportación, los efectos son más fuertes en los mercados de exportación de donde las empresas importan los bienes intermedios. Los resultados también muestran que el tamaño de la empresa, la organización de las importaciones intrafirma y la experiencia en la exportación moderan los efectos del outsourcing de manera positiva. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones para las empresas y los políticos responsables del diseño de políticas.
Impacto de la crítica cinematográfica sobre la demanda de cine
Authors: Azuela-Flores José Ignacio , Fernández-Blanco Víctor , Sanzo-Pérez María José
Published: August 2020

La mayoría de las investigaciones que analizan los efectos de la información sobre la demanda de cine se han realizado a través de datos agregados; esto es, analizan una serie de películas y su recaudación en taquilla. Sin embargo, desde este análisis, no se observa el comportamiento individual frente a la información especializada. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste precisamente en cubrir este hueco metodológico mediante el análisis de los efectos de las fuentes de información, concretamente de la crítica cinematográfica sobre la asistencia al cine. Para lograrlo, el modelo de la demanda del aprendizaje a través del consumo fue extendido, incorporando los efectos de las críticas cinematográficas. Usando la información contenida en la encuesta de hábitos y prácticas culturales en España, hemos estimado un modelo probit ordenado. Los resultados muestran que la lectura de críticas incrementa la frecuencia de asistencia al cine, no importa si la crítica es positiva o negativa. Según nuestro resultados, concluimos que la peor crítica es la que no se hace y que una mala crítica es lo mejor después de una buena crítica.
Un enfoque gerencial de factores críticos para el éxito de los sistemas de información en la Pyme
Authors: Calderón Amaya José Luis , Rodríguez Monroy Carlos
Published: August 2020

Informes oficiales de países en desarrollo señalan, en general, significativas deficiencias en el tratamiento de la información en las pequeñas y medianas empresas (Pyme). Contar con sistemas de información automatizados (SI) es ineludible, pero es más importante que sean exitosos, para lo cual la satisfacción del usuario final es el factor clave que llevará a obtener los beneficios esperados. Los niveles gerenciales y los profesionales de informática deben estar familiarizados con los principales factores relacionados para asegurar su adecuado tratamiento. Este estudio evaluó la satisfacción del usuario final y varios factores críticos de éxito relacionados en una muestra de empresas industriales medianas (Pymi).

Para ello, se utilizó uno de los modelos de éxito más reconocidos por la comunidad investigadora del área. Realizados los análisis cuantitativo/cualitativo y comparados los resultados se concluye que el principal factor relacionado con la satisfacción del usuario final es la calidad de la información, lo cual puede ser suficiente para considerar como exitoso un SI; con esto los demás factores quedan en segundo lugar.

El beneficio práctico de esta investigación es reflexionar sobre estos factores, contribuir a reforzar la efectividad y calidad de los procesos de desarrollo o adquisición de un SI y reducir su índice de fracasos.
Valuación financiera de proyectos de inversión en nuevas tecnologías con opciones reales
Authors: Álvarez Echeverría Francisco Antonio , López Sarabia Pablo , Venegas-Martínez Francisco
Published: August 2020

La valuación financiera de proyectos de inversión que involucran nuevas tecnologías requiere de cierto grado de flexibilidad en la implementación de estrategias futuras de negocio como son la expansión, contracción, posposición y abandono del proyecto; asimismo, incorporar la creciente incertidumbre que presentan las nuevas tecnologías a través de tasas de descuento que tengan una dinámica estocástica y que pueden ser simuladas con diversos modelos de tasas de interés como el de Vasicek y CIR que permiten hacer escenarios alternos para evaluar un proyecto de inversión.

En este trabajo se desarrolla y aplica la metodología de opciones reales para la adopción de una tecnología del tipo Wi-Fi; para ello se considera una opción real de expansión con el objeto de estimar los flujos de efectivo esperados, así como la rentabilidad del proyecto dentro de un intervalo de tiempo determinado en comparación con la técnica tradicional del valor presente neto (VPN).

La tasa de descuento utilizada en la valuación se desprende de la estructura de plazos estimada mediante los modelos Vasicek (1977) y CIR (1985).

Los resultados de la valuación reflejan que desde el tercer periodo los flujos de efectivo con opciones reales son positivos, mientras que el VPN lo hace hasta el séptimo periodo, situación que incrementa la probabilidad de tener un VPN negativo que rechace el proyecto, a pesar de que éste tiene viabilidad financiera, si incorporamos el valor de la flexibilidad en el proyecto, el cual no es cuantificado por las técnicas tradicional como el VPN; por lo tanto, se debe complementar el análisis incluyendo una opción real.
Las alianzas interempresariales en el estado de Mérida, Venezuela
Authors: Peñaloza Marlene
Published: August 2020

Frente a los retos de los mercados mundializados reaparecen las alianzas o acuerdos interempresariales, que son frecuentemente utilizados por empresas de gran tamaño aun cuando no excluye a las de pequeñas dimensiones.

Esta investigación se desarrolló con el propósito de caracterizar las alianzas existentes entre las empresas del estado de Mérida, Venezuela.

Para tal efecto, se aplicó un cuestionario a 228 propietarios/gerentes mediante entrevista personal y se contrastó una hipótesis de trabajo.

El análisis de los resultados indica baja propensión a establecer alianzas, predominio de las alianzas de naturaleza vertical y en el área de marketing. Prevalecen las none equity alliances y las coaliciones como formas de cooperación.

Las formas legales más utilizadas son el outsourcing y la franquicia. Entre los motivos para no aliarse resaltan la falta de confianza y el temor a perder independencia.

Finalmente, se encontró una relación moderada entre tamaño relativo de la empresa y la conformación de alianzas.
Institutional investors’ response to improved corporate governance: Evidence from the brazilian capital market
Authors: Schiehll Eduardo , Gerhard Melissa , Macagnan Clea Beatriz
Published: August 2020

This study examines whether normative pressures from stock market regulators to improve the governance quality of Brazilian listed firms influence the participation and activism of institutional investors. More specifically, we investigate the association between institutional investor’s ownership and firm’s voluntary adhesion to the São Paulo Stock Exchange (B3) differentiated levels of corporate governance quality. Empirical testing is performed on a ten-year (2002–2011) panel data set from a sample of 439 firms listed on the B3. Our findings suggest that firms in differentiated corporate governance levels, that is, with better level of transparency and commitment to monitoring, are more attractive to institutional investors. We interpret this result as evidence supporting the shareholder activism movement, attributed by several scholars to institutional shareholders. Our study contributes to the governance literature on the firm’s response to normative pressures and the ability of internal governance mechanisms to signal lower agency cost to capital market. Our evidence also contributes to the ongoing discussion about the role and influence of institutional investors in the functioning of capital markets, and more specific in emerging market like Brazil.
Factores tradicionales de gobierno corporativo y rentabilidad de la banca comercial en México
Authors: Chavarín Rodríguez Rubén
Published: August 2020

El objetivo del presente trabajo es estudiar el impacto de un índice de gobierno corporativo sobre la rentabilidad de una muestra de bancos que operan en el mercado bursátil de México, durante el periodo 2007-2017. El índice estudiado agrupa las funciones básicas o tradicionales del gobierno corporativo. En particular, se estiman dos tipos de modelos de panel: a) dinámico, mediante un estimador del tipo system GMM combinado con el procedimiento de Roodman para reducir el número de instrumentos; y b) estático, de efectos aleatorios. La evidencia aquí presentada indica que el cumplimiento de las prácticas recomendadas de gobierno corporativo en general no beneficia la rentabilidad de los bancos. Al analizar los subíndices que componen el índice general, se encuentra evidencia de cierta relevancia en las funciones de auditoría y las actividades de evaluación y compensación, sugiriendo que los bancos sólo le otorgan importancia a algunos factores del gobierno corporativo.
El perfil emprendedor y la intensidad competitiva del mercado como predictores de supervivencia en microempresas mexicanas
Authors: Segura Mojica Francisco Javier
Published: August 2020

En este trabajo se muestran los resultados de una investigación realizada en 93 microempresas de la zona conurbada de San Luis Potosí-Soledad de Graciano Sánchez, México, con el objetivo de encontrar factores que influyen sobre sus posibilidades de supervivencia a largo plazo. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística logit para estimar la forma en que la intensidad competitiva de un sector, la localización geográfica, el perfil del emprendedor, la realización de estudios de mercado y la concentración geográfica de competidores influyen sobre las probabilidades de sobrevivencia o cierre de un negocio. Entre los hallazgos relevantes destacan una mayor importancia relativa de las variables independiente perfil del emprendedor y estudio de mercado.
Sucesión y desempeño de las empresas familiares listadas en la bolsa mexicana de valores
Authors: Watkins Fassler Karen , Briano Guadalupe Del Carmen
Published: August 2020

Este trabajo analiza el impacto de los reemplazos de los Directores Generales (CEOs) en la rentabilidad de las empresas familiares listadas en la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores, durante el período 2009-2016. Se construye una base de datos de panel, integrada por 69 firmas familiares no financieras. Se encuentra que el desempeño financiero cae significativamente una vez que se da el traspaso del mando, el cual no se recupera del todo en los años posteriores a este cambio. Esto deja de manifiesto debilidades importantes en el proceso de sucesión de las empresas familiares. Se indaga sobre los efectos moderadores y agravantes en la rentabilidad empresarial, de ciertas características de estos nuevos CEOs. Se estudian variables tales como la naturaleza familiar del nuevo CEO, su edad, número de años laborando en la empresa, educación y presencia en redes empresariales. Los hallazgos señalan la conveniencia de contratar CEOs externos a las familias empresarias, que cuenten con extensos vínculos empresariales. La educación y experiencia de los CEOs no tienen injerencia alguna sobre la rentabilidad empresarial, a partir del momento en que se da el traspaso del mando. Esto tiene implicaciones importantes para los planes de sucesión, para incrementar las posibilidades de éxito y sobrevivencia en el tiempo de estas empresas.
A Bayesian study of changes in volatility of Bitcoin
Authors: Rojas Omar , Coronado Semei
Published: August 2020

This paper is aimed at studying a MS-GARCH model applied to Bitcoin. The Bayesian estimation of the model shows that Bitcoin’s volatility can be modelled using two states of volatility, high and low. The modelled volatility is not stable over time. Twenty eight periods of high volatility were found, the largest period of volatility occurred during 2013. The findings help explain what happened during these high volatility periods.

 

 
Automobile manufacturers, marketing channels and consumer loyalty
Authors: García Sara , Carrete Lorena , Arroyo Pilar
Published: August 2020

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of cooperation between manufacturers of durable goods, specifically cars, and their marketing channels to accomplish strategic goals such as customer retention. A survey was administered to 644 owners of sub-compact cars manufactured by the three lead automakers in Mexico—Nissan, GM and Volkswagen. Based on this data, multi-scales measuring key concepts were validated and a regression analysis applied to test the research hypotheses. Results indicate satisfaction with the car brand and satisfaction with the after-sales services equally contribute to customer loyalty. Meanwhile brand and dealer image directly and indirectly affect loyalty through the mediation of satisfaction. This study adds to the extant literature that recognises the importance of pursuing a joint strategy between manufacturers and retailers to enhance the loyalty of consumers of durable goods. Car manufacturers have an opportunity to increase customer satisfaction and loyalty and consequently their own profitability by being aware of the importance after-sale service has in the intentions of repurchasing the same auto brand.
El rendimiento financiero explicado a través de los principios cooperativos. Un estudio en las cooperativas de ahorro y crédito del Ecuador
Authors: Coba Molina Edisson , Díaz Córdova Jaime , Tapia Panchi Erika , Mansilla Sepúlveda Juan
Published: August 2020

El objetivo del artículo es analizar la influencia que tiene la aplicación de los principios cooperativos de la ACI en el rendimiento financiero de las cooperativas de ahorro y crédito de la zona centro del Ecuador en el 2017. Para ello se aplicó una encuesta a los socios de las cooperativas y la información financiera se obtuvo de la Superintendencia de Economía Popular y Solidaria. Se evidencia que con la mayor participación económica de socios la rentabilidad mejorará. En cambio, las actividades de autogestión e independencia pueden generar altos costos asumidos por las cooperativas, disminuyendo la rentabilidad y suficiencia patrimonial.
mundo sostenible, una pedagogía de la alimentación integrada
Authors: Zafra Aparici Eva
Published: August 2020

Para garantizar la salud y la seguridad alimentaria es necesario garantizar la sostenibilidad del planeta. Sostenibilidad, salud y seguridad alimentaria están intrínsecamente relacionadas ya que para erradicar el hambre en el mundo y tener acceso a una alimentación saludable, es necesario que la base del sistema de producción alimentaria sea sostenible, y a la inversa. Una forma de promover cambios al respecto es la educación alimentaria que, ofrecida desde cortas edades y de un modo integral, sea capaz de fomentar formas de pensar y hacer la alimentación más justas, tanto desde el punto de vista de la salud como medioambiental. En este sentido, el artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación cualitativa cuyo objetivo ha sido conocer y analizar socio-antropológicamente los conflictos y controversias que aparecen en el proceso de transmisión y aprendizaje alimentario infantil. Concretamente, el artículo presenta los principales conflictos socio-alimentarios que los niños y niñas declaran tener en cuanto al consumo de alimentos (qué comemos), pero también se ha investigado si estos conflictos, controversias y preocupaciones plantean dudas sobre otras fases de la cadena alimentaria como la producción y la distribución (cómo y por qué comemos lo que comemos). Igualmente, se muestra hasta qué punto dichas controversias y conflictos alimentarios giran alrededor del ámbito de la salud individual, o también sobre otros aspectos colectivos y medioambientales. Todo ello permite, por un lado, conocer qué tipo de Educación Alimentaria se está implementando en nuestro contexto actual. Por otro lado, ofrece la oportunidad de proponer un modelo pedagógico más integral que eduque a las persones en la capacidad de reflexionar y ser críticas sobre su propio sistema alimentario para que ellas mismas puedan promover cambios â€“a nivel social y políticoâ€“ hacia prácticas y actitudes alimentarias más saludables y sostenibles. Prácticas y actitudes que minimicen los impactos negativos en el medioambiente y,consecuentemente, garanticen recursos para la salud de las generaciones futuras.
A New Two-Parametric ‘Useful’ Fuzzy Information Measure and its Properties
Authors: Sofi Saima Manzoor , Peerzada Safina , Baig Mirza Abdul Khaliq
Published: August 2020

A ‘useful’ fuzzy measure of order α and type β is developed. Its validity established with a numerical example.
A Review on Macroscopy, Microscopy and Pharmacological Activity of Cayratiatrifolia Linn.
Authors: Sharma Kapil , Salvi Lavish , Gupta Ravi , Meghani Monika , Nagar Pradhuman Kumar , Dubey Chetan Kumar , Nagar Jagdish Chandra
Published: August 2020

Cayratiatrifolia (Linn.)Domin is a perennial climber, family Vitaceae, found in India, Asia and Australia. The plant is found in hilly regions as well as the hotter part of India from Jammu and Rajasthan to Assam. It is commonly known as fox grape in English, Amalbel, Ramchana in Hindi and Amlavetash in Sanskrit.   The plant has trifoliated leaves with (2-3cm) long petioles and ovate to oblong-ovate leaflets. Flowers are small greenish white and brown in colour. Fruits are fleshy, juicy, spherical, about 1 cm in diameter of dark purple or black colour.The stem composed of cork cells on the outer side and composed of small size sclerenchymatous cells. The cortex is wide and has parenchymatous cells. Numbers of sclereids are widely distributed in the cortex region. Cortex also shows the presence of calcium oxalate crystals.The leaf surface shows the stomata covered with guard cells followed by epidermis layer (Figure2A). Epidermal cells are rectangular, thin and straight walled cells. Stomata are anisocytic or unequal celled stomata, three subsidiary cells, one is smaller than other two. Leaf surface analysis also shows the presence of veins, vein islet and vein termination (Figure2B). Transverse section of leaf shows the epidermis layer followed by cuticle layer and vascular bundles (xylem and phloem).The leaf powder is pale green in color, with a characteristic odour and bitter taste.This plant also contains kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, triterpenes and epifriedelanol. Whole plant of Cayratiatrifolia has been reported to contain yellow waxy oil, steroids/terpenoids, ﬂavonoids, tannins. Plant shows the antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiviral and anticancer activity.
Regulatory outlook from concept to commercialization of Biosimilars in Brazil market
Authors: Shekhar Raj , Muralidharan P , Hallur Namrata , Puranik Sangamesh B
Published: August 2020

Biological products or biopharmaceuticals are medicinal products derived from living organism systems and manufactured by using modern biotechnology that differ widely from the conventional synthetic drugs. They are much larger and more complex molecules with inherent diversity; hence, different manufacturers cannot produce identical biological products, even with the same type of host expression system and equivalent technologies. Thus, biologics manufactured and marketed after patent expiration are usually referred to as biosimilars. Biosimilars endeavor to copy the original technology leading to the production of innovative biotechnological medicines to obtain a product which is similar to the reference product. These products reported to improve the treatment landscape for multiple diseases, particularly in the areas of oncology, blood disorders, rheumatology, endocrinology and are becoming choice of treatment regimen due to policy push by governments for it’s affordability without comprising on quality, safety and efficacy. Pharmaceutical exports from Brazil increased by around 41% between 2009 and 2013, touching a high of U.S. $1.516 billion. The valuation of Brazilian pharma markets has shown double digit growth in the past decade. Between 2012 and 2015, market valuations have increased from U.S. $25.2 billion to U.S. $35.3 billion.

Biosimilarity is based on a comprehensive comparability exercise wherein unavoidable clinical differences are evaluated and must meet equivalence or non-inferiority criteria. Biosimilars need to comply with different regulatory requirements for market authorization in different sites. There are several other related issues that need to be defined by the national authorities, such as interchangeability, labeling and prescribing information. The Brazilian health surveillance agency shadows the key principles established by the World Health Organization for the assessment of biosimilarity. However, the regulations also widen the gap by having standalone application pathway that does not require the usual comparability exercise with the reference product, originating non-biosimilar copies. Interchangeability and the use of nonproprietary names are not regulated. The objective of this manuscript is to explore the Brazilian Regulatory outlook from concept to commercialization of Biosimilars.
Regulatory Pathway for Registration of Biosimilars in Russia
Authors: Shekhar Raj , Hallur Namrata , Muralidharan P , Puranik S B
Published: August 2020

Biological products or biopharmaceuticals are medicinal products derived from living organism systems and manufactured by using modern biotechnology that differ widely from the conventional synthetic drugs. According to some estimates, Russia is poised to be among the top five global pharmaceutical Markets in terms of value in the next couple of years. Due to the impetus shown by the government regarding the evolution of the Russian regulatory framework for pharmaceutical products, this and other market trends suggest that Russia will soon become a powerhouse destination for pharmaceutical manufacturers and contract research organizations.

Russian law allows the registration of biological drugs defined as medicinal products containing a biological active substance. A bio­logical active substance is a substance that is produced by or extracted from a biological source and requires physical, chemical and biologi­cal testing, characterization of its quality, along with its production process and control. It does not define a biosimilar, nor it provides a regulatory framework for the biosimilar approval; this implies that a full clinical developmental program, similar to the innovator biologi­cal product, must be completed even for a biosimilar. An applicant must submit a registration dossier to the Ministry of Health (MoH), the regulatory body for drugs evaluation, with its affiliation Federal State Budgetary Institution - Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products (FSBI-SCEMP). The complete dossier in Russian must be submitted to the MoH, and should include administrative doc­uments, description of pharmaceutical properties and data about the manufacturing process, quality control, preclinical studies (pharmaco­logical and toxicological) and clinical studies regarding the biological drug. Russia follows the European Guidelines for biosimilars for data requirements for the registration of a biological drug. Today, Russia stands on the verge of becoming a major force in the global pharmaceutical market. The exact contours of its future are as yet undefined; challenges and opportunities co-exist in equal measure. The Russia of today is not the Russia of yesteryears, and tomorrow’s Russia will take yet a different face again.

The objective of this manuscript is to explore the Regulatory pathway for registration of Biosimilars in Russia.
A Synthesis, Properties and Application as a Possible Drug Delivery Systems Dendrimers – A Review
Authors: Salvi Lavish , Dubey Chetan Kumar , Sharma Kapil , Nagar Devendra , Meghani Monika , Goyal Saloni , Nagar Jagdish Chandra , Sharma Archana
Published: August 2020

Dendrimer is derived from the Greek word “dendron” which is used for tree and from the Greek suffix “mer” (segment) which describes the synthetic, three-dimensional molecules having branching parts.“A dendrimer is generally described as a macromolecule, which is characterized by its dendritic and hyper branched 3D structure that offers a high degree of surface functionality and versatility.” Dendrimers possess three distinguishable architectural components i.e. an interior core, interior layer(generations) composed of repeating units radially attached to the interior core, and exterior (terminal functionality) attached to outermost interior generation (Fig. 1). The higher generation dendrimers, due to their globular structure, occupy a smaller hydrodynamic volume compared to the corresponding linear polymers. The dendritic structure is characterized by layer between each generation.Dendrimers are generally prepared using either a divergent method or a convergent one. There is a fundamental difference between these two construction concepts. Dendrimers shows the various properties such as structure, shape, aqueous solubility, non-polar solubility, &architecture. Dendrimer can be classification on the basis of their shape, structure, branching, solubility, chirality and attachment. Dendrimer can be differentiated on the basis of their shape, end functional groups and internal cavities.