bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Circulating catecholamines partially regulate T-wave morphology but not heart rate variability during repeated umbilical cord occlusions in fetal sheep
Authors: Lear Christopher A. , Beacom Michael J. , Kasai Michi , Westgate Jenny A. , Galinsky Robert , Magawa Shoichi , Miyagi Etsuko , Ikeda Tomoaki , Bennet Laura , Gunn Alistair J.
Published: June 2020

Fetal heart rate (FHR) variability (FHRV) and ST segment morphology are potential clinical indices of fetal well-being during labor. β-Adrenergic stimulation by circulating catecholamines has been hypothesized to contribute to both FHRV and ST segment morphology during labor, but this has not been tested during brief repeated fetal hypoxemia that is characteristic of labor. Near-term fetal sheep (0.85 gestation) received propranolol (β-adrenergic blockade; n = 10) or saline ( n = 7) 30 min before being exposed to three 2-min complete umbilical cord occlusions (UCOs) separated by 3-min reperfusions. T/QRS ratio was calculated throughout UCOs and reperfusion periods, and measures of FHRV (RMSSD, SDNN, and STV) were calculated between UCOs. During the baseline period, before the start of UCOs, propranolol was associated with reduced FHR, SDNN, and STV but did not affect RMSSD or T/QRS ratio. UCOs were associated with rapid FHR decelerations and increased T/QRS ratio; propranolol significantly reduced FHR during UCOs and was associated with a slower rise in T/QRS ratio during the first UCOs, without affecting the maximal rise or T/QRS ratio during the second and third UCO. Between UCOs propranolol reduced FHR and T/QRS ratio but did not affect any measure of FHRV. These data demonstrate that circulating catecholamines do not contribute to FHRV during labor-like hypoxemia. Furthermore, circulating catecholamines did not contribute to the major rise in T/QRS ratio during labor-like hypoxemia but may regulate T/QRS ratio between brief hypoxemia.
Innovative Methodology
Authors: Matteucci Giulio , Riggi Margherita , Zoccolan Davide
Published: June 2020

Knowing the depth and laminar location of the microelectrodes used to record neuronal activity from the cerebral cortex is crucial to properly interpret the recorded patterns of neuronal responses. Here, we present an innovative approach that allows inferring such properties with high accuracy and in an automated way (i.e., without the need of visual inspection and manual annotation) from the evoked response potentials elicited by sensory (e.g., visual) stimuli.
Homeostatic mechanisms may shape the type and duration of oscillatory modulation
Authors: Peterson Erik J. , Voytek Bradley
Published: June 2020

The intricate interplay of neuromodulators, like acetylcholine, with homeostasis is well known. The interplay between oscillatory modulation and homeostasis is not. We studied oscillatory modulation and homeostasis for the first time using a simplified model of hippocampus. We report a paradoxical result: Ca-mediated homeostasis causes AMPAergic oscillations to become effectively inhibitory. This result, along with other new observations, means homeostasis might be just as complex and important for oscillations as it is for other neuromodulators.
Motor imagery enhances corticospinal transmission mediated by cervical premotoneurons in humans
Authors: Irie Shun , Nakajima Tsuyoshi , Suzuki Shinya , Ariyasu Ryohei , Komiyama Tomoyoshi , Ohki Yukari
Published: June 2020

Imaging movement has positive effects on the reacquisition of motor functions after damage to the central nervous system. This study shows that motor imagery facilitates oligosynaptic corticospinal excitation that is mediated via cervical premotoneurons, which may be important for motor recovery in monkeys and humans. Current findings highlight how this imagery might be a beneficial tool for movement disorders through effects on premotoneuron circuitry.
Immune Response to the Enteric ParasiteEntamoeba histolytica
Authors: Uribe-Querol Eileen , Rosales Carlos
Published: June 2020

Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite responsible for amoebiasis, a disease with a high prevalence in developing countries. Establishing an amoebic infection involves interplay between pathogenic factors for invasion and tissue damage, and immune responses for protecting the host. Here, we review the pathogenicity of E. histolytica and summarize the latest knowledge on immune response and immune evasion mechanisms during amoebiasis.
A Necessary Condition for Optimal Control of Forward-Backward Stochastic Control System with Lévy Process in Nonconvex Control Domain Case
Authors: Huang Hong , Wang Xiangrong , Li Ying
Published: June 2020

This paper analyzes one kind of optimal control problem which is described by forward-backward stochastic differential equations with Lévy process (FBSDEL). We derive a necessary condition for the existence of the optimal control by means of spike variational technique, while the control domain is not necessarily convex. Simultaneously, we also get the maximum principle for this control system when there are some initial and terminal state constraints. Finally, a financial example is discussed to illustrate the application of our result.
Voltammetric Determination of Rhodamine B Using a ZIF-67/Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified Electrode
Authors: Ngo Huynh Truong , Nguyen Vo Thang , Manh Tran Duc , Toan Tran Thanh Tam , Triet Nguyen Thi Minh , Binh Nguyen Thanh , Hoan Nguyen Thi Vuong , Thien Tran Vinh , Khieu Dinh Quang
Published: June 2020

In the present article, the synthesis of zeolite imidazolate framework-67/reduced graphene oxide (ZIF-67/rGO) and voltammetric determination of Rhodamine B (RhB) are demonstrated. The obtained materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms. It was found that the ZIF-67/rGO composite consists of ZIF-67 nano-particles highly dispersed on the rGO matrix and possesses a high specific surface area. Because of the synergistic effect of good conductivity of rGO and high surface area of ZIF-67, the ZIF-67/rGO—modified glassy carbon electrode exhibits good electrochemical behavior toward Rhodamine B (RhB) oxidation. The use of this electrode to quantitate RhB with differential pulse voltammetric method was successful with a broad linear range, from 0.96 to 44.07 μg.L-1 of RhB and a low limit of detection of 1.79 μg.L-1. The procedure was able to be applied to quantitatively determine RhB content in several food samples with an exceptional recovery rate (98-103%). The quantitative results highly agreed with that provided by high-performance liquid chromatography, revealing that this material is promising in in situ monitoring of other illegal additives in food.
Lp,q-Label Coloring Problem with Application to Channel Allocation
Authors: Liu Zhenbin , Wu Yuqiang
Published: June 2020

In this paper, the Lp,q-coloring problem of the graph is studied with application to channel allocation of the wireless network. First, by introducing two new logical operators, some necessary and sufficient conditions for solving the Lp,q-coloring problem are given. Moreover, it is noted that all solutions of the obtained logical equations are corresponding to each coloring scheme. Second, by using the semitensor product, the necessary and sufficient conditions are converted to an algebraic form. Based on this, all coloring schemes can be obtained through searching all column indices of the zero columns. Finally, the obtained result is applied to analyze channel allocation of the wireless network. Furthermore, an illustration example is given to show the effectiveness of the obtained results in this paper.
Hidradenitis Suppurativa Recurrence in a Caesarean Scar
Authors: Darch K. M. , Holland T. L. , Spelman L. J.
Published: June 2020

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), also known as acne inversa, is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin condition characterised by the presence of painful nodules, abscesses, and sinus tracts or scarring. Affecting up to 4% of the population, it is not uncommon and is seen predominantly in females at a ratio of 3 : 1. HS carries a substantial burden for those who suffer from it, from the significant psychosocial impact, to the cost of the multitude of topical and systemic treatments which often do not successfully control its symptoms. In this case report, we discuss a 33-year-old female known to our clinic, who presented with a recurrence of her HS in a caesarean scar, with otherwise silent disease. From our review of the literature, this appears to be only the second case of recurrence of HS in a caesarean scar reported to date. With a predilection for females of reproductive ages, involvement of sensitive areas, and an average of greater than seven years from onset of symptoms until diagnosis, the ability to recognise HS and ensure referral for specialist management is essential for all who are regularly involved in the management of this patient group.
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis after Chronic Abscesses of Silicone Fluid Fillers in a Case of Gluteal Augmentation
Authors: Alahmari Hana S. , Alarfaj Abdurhaman S. , Aljohani Tariq E.
Published: June 2020

Filler injection or implantation is a progressing revolutionary subject. Although the widely available kinds in many implications are considered safe, post filler adverse events are not uncommon. These reactions range from mild reactions such as edema or erythema to detrimental reactions such as recurrent infected granuloma or vascular occlusion, which are predominantly related to non-FDA approved materials. Here, we presented a patient with a significant history of gluteal augmentation using unlicensed silicone who developed extensive retroperitoneal fibrosis complicated by deep venous occlusions and obstructive uropathy.
Pluchea indica (L.) Less. Tea Ameliorates Hyperglycemia, Dyslipidemia, and Obesity in High Fat Diet‐Fed Mice
Authors: Sirichaiwetchakoon Kittipot , Lowe Gordon Matthew , Kupittayanant Sajeera , Churproong Seekaow , Eumkeb Griangsak
Published: June 2020

Pluchea indica (L.) Less. (P. indica) tea has been used for a health‐promoting drink, especially in Southeast Asia. The effect of P. indica tea (PIT) on amelioration of hyperglycemia; dyslipidemia that was total cholesterol (TC), LDL‐cholesterol (LDL‐C), HDL‐cholesterol (HDL‐C), and triglyceride (TG); and obesity in high fat diet‐induced (HFD) mice was investigated. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) displayed that PIT at 400 and 600 mg/kg orally ameliorated hyperglycemia with a dose‐dependent manner compared to the untreated group. Moreover, PIT at these dosages exhibited significantly lower TC, LDL‐C, TG, and perigonadal fat weight in HFD treated mice compared to HFD mice (P < 0.05) with a dose‐dependent manner. In contrast, HDL‐C was higher than in the HFD group, but not a significant difference (P > 0.05). The PIT chemical analysis results demonstrated that PIT contained total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 4‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid (4‐CQ), 5‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid (5‐CQ), 3,4‐O‐dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,4‐CQ), 3,5‐O‐dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5‐CQ), 4,5‐O‐dicaffeoylquinic acid (4,5‐CQ), beta‐caryophyllene, and gamma‐gurjunene that may play an important role in inhibiting hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia. Also, histological analysis expressed that the mean area and amount of perigonadal fat adipocytes of PIT treated groups were significantly lower and higher than the HFD group (P < 0.05), respectively. The toxicity test of PIT at 600 mg/kg/day in mice showed that serum creatinine, alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and complete blood count (CBC) levels of HFD and PIT treated groups were not significantly different compared to the normal control diet group (NCD) (P > 0.05). These results suggest that PIT does not become toxic to the kidney, liver, and blood. In conclusion, PIT has the potential to develop into healthy food supplement or medicine for the prevention and treatment of hyperglycemic, hyperlipidemic, and obese patients.
Stromal CAVIN1 Controls Prostate Cancer Microenvironment and Metastasis by Modulating Lipid Distribution and Inflammatory Signaling
Authors: Low Jin-Yih , Brennen W. Nathaniel , Meeker Alan K. , Ikonen Elina , Simons Brian W. , Laiho Marikki
Published: June 2020

Lipid uptake occurs through caveolae, plasma membrane invaginations formed by caveolins (CAV) and caveolae-associated protein 1 (CAVIN1). Genetic alterations of CAV1N1 and CAV1 modify lipid metabolism and underpin lipodystrophy syndromes. Lipids contribute to tumorigenesis by providing fuel to cancer metabolism and supporting growth and signaling. Tumor stroma promotes tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, but how stromal lipids influence these processes remain to be defined. Here, we show that stromal CAVIN1 regulates lipid abundance in the prostate cancer microenvironment and suppresses metastasis. We show that depletion of CAVIN1 in prostate stromal cells markedly reduces their lipid droplet accumulation and increases inflammation. Stromal cells lacking CAVIN1 enhance prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. Remarkably, they increase lipid uptake and M2 inflammatory macrophage infiltration in the primary tumors and metastasis to distant sites. Our data support the concept that stromal cells contribute to prostate cancer aggressiveness by modulating lipid content and inflammation in the tumor microenvironment.

Implications:

This study showed that stromal CAVIN1 suppresses prostate cancer metastasis by modulating tumor microenvironment, lipid content, and inflammatory response.
How Much Liver Tissue Is Required for Sufficient Histological Staging in Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis?
Authors: Vetter Marcel , Kremer Andreas E. , Agaimy Abbas , Pfeifer Lukas , Neurath Markus F. , Siebler Jürgen , Zopf Steffen
Published: June 2020

Introduction: Histological alterations in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) are heterogeneously distributed throughout the liver. Thus, the quality of histological staging is probably dependent on the available amount of liver tissue. The goals of this study were to test this hypothesis and to define biopsy conditions for obtaining sufficient tissue. Methods: In this retrospective analysis, we investigated 34 patient cases who fulfilled the criteria of the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) for PBC and underwent a mini-laparoscopic liver biopsy between 2011 and 2018 using 16 or 18G needles. For histological assessment of fibrosis, we used the Ishak score, and the amount of tissue was measured by the number of portal fields. Histological staging was compared with the macroscopic mini-laparoscopic fibrosis score (MLFS), and non-invasive liver stiffness measurements using acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging and the FIB-4 score. Results: Biopsy was successful in 33 of 34 patients (97%). Fibrosis assessment by MLFS and ARFI correlated strongly with each other (r = 0.7088, p = 0.000017). However, the correlation of both methods with the histological staging was weaker (MLFS vs. histology: r = 0.4231, p = 0.0142; ARFI vs. histology: r = 0.3564, p = 0.0577). The correlation of ARFI and MLFS with the histological staging was better in the subgroup of biopsies with at least 10 portal fields (= SG≥10PF) (MLFS vs. histology: r = 0.6369, p = 0.006; ARFI vs. histology: r = 0.7538, p = 0.0012). FIB-4 correlated weakly with the histological staging, which was statistically not significant (all samples: r = 0.2693, p = 0.1296; SG≥10PF: r = 0.2244, p = 0.3866). The number of portal fields correlated well with the length of the samples (r = 0.6436, p = 0.00012). The probability to attain at least 10 portal fields depended on the needle diameter and number of samples (1 × 16G or 18G [n = 10]: 30.0%; 2 × 18G [n = 15]: 53.3%; 2 × 16G [n = 5]: 100%; p = 0.0414). Conclusion: ARFI and MLFS are probably well suited for the assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with PBC. A minimum of 10 portal fields could improve the histological assessment in PBC and can probably be achieved by obtaining two 16G biopsies.
Endoscopic Lung Volume Reduction in Relation to Body Mass Index in Patients with Severe Heterogeneous Emphysema
Authors: Fernandez-Bussy Sebastian , Kornafeld Anna , Labarca Gonzalo , Abia-Trujillo David , Patel Neal M. , Herth Felix J.F.
Published: June 2020

Background: In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), body mass index (BMI) is significantly lower in the emphysema-dominant type. Endoscopic lung volume reduction (ELVR) is an innovative way of treating severe emphysema. However, the specific associations of low BMI values and outcomes of ELVR is not well-studied. Objectives: We evaluated associations between initial BMI and changes in major outcomes after endobronchial valve (EBV) placement in patients with heterogeneous severe emphysema. Methods: In a retrospective cohort study, patients were divided into 2 groups based on their baseline BMI (higher BMI ≥21 kg/m2 [n = 18] and lower BMI <21 kg/m2 [n = 63]). Demographics, procedure data, pulmonary function test and 6-min-walk test (6MWT), dyspnea score (according to the modified Medical Research Council [mMRC] scale), BODE (BMI, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, exercise capacity) index, and complications were recorded. After 6 months, changes in variables (dWeight and dBMI) were recorded. Results: Comparing the 2 groups, we found the following: a dWeight of –2.34 kg and +3.39 kg (p value <0.01) and a dBMI of –0.74 and +1.99 kg/m2, in the higher BMI and lower BMI group, respectively (p value <0.01). Changes in forced expiratory volume <1 s (FEV1), 6MWT, mMRC score, and BODE index were not statistically significant. The most common complication was pneumothorax. The lower BMI group experienced more complications than the higher BMI group (40 vs. 24%). Conclusion: Baseline BMI is relevant when selecting candidates for ELVR. Our results show that the COPD patients with a lower BMI gained a significant amount of weight, thus increasing their BMI after the procedure. The rate of complications was higher in the lower BMI group. These findings should alert physicians and encourage nutritional assessment in this population.
Prädiktoren des Lernerfolges eines erfahrungsbasierten Trainingsseminars zu psychodynamischen Interventionen
Authors: Ehrenthal Johannes C. , Nikendei Christoph , Huber Julia , Schultz Jobst-Hendrik , Friederich Hans-Christoph , Dinger Ulrike
Published: June 2020

Hintergrund: Psychodynamische Psychotherapien spielen eine wichtige Rolle im deutschen Gesundheitssystem. Der Nachweis ihrer Lehrbarkeit bekommt vor dem Hintergrund des neuen Psychotherapiestudiums eine neue Bedeutung. Dies bezieht sich insbesondere auf erfahrungsbasierte di­daktische Modelle und auf das spezifische Üben von Interventionen. Hier ist bisher unklar, welche Aspekte kompetenz­orientierter psychodynamischer Lehre mit dem subjektiven Lernerfolg zusammenhängen. Methode: In einer Stichprobe mit 47 Kandidatinnen und Kandidaten eines Ausbildungsinstitutes wurden psychodynamische Interventionen mit ­Videofeedback, Peer-Rollenspielen und Simulationspatientinnen und -patienten unterrichtet. Der subjektive Kompetenzgewinn von Prä zu Post wurde in Bezug auf die Interventionen Klarifizieren, Konfrontieren und Deuten mithilfe von t-Tests abgebildet. Zudem wurden in einer multiplen linearen Regression verschiedene Prädiktoren für den subjektiven Lernerfolg getestet. Ergebnisse: Die subjektive Kompetenz nahm für die Interventionen Klarifizieren und Konfrontieren mit großen Effekten, für Deuten mit einem kleinen bis ­mittleren Effekt zu. Der Lernerfolg war korreliert mit einem antizipierten Transfer in den therapeutischen Alltag, einem positiven Erleben der Arbeit mit den Simulationspatientinnen und -patienten sowie mit hilfreich erlebtem Feedback durch die Dozentinnen und Dozenten. Schlussfolgerungen: Psychodynamische Interventionen sind mit erfahrungsbasierten und kompetenzorientierten Unterrichtsformaten lehrbar. Dabei ist wichtig, dass praxisorientierte Formate eine Lernumgebung schaffen, in der die Arbeit mit Simulationspatientinnen und -patienten und das Feedback als konstruktiv und hilfreich erlebt werden. Zukünftige Untersu­chungen sollten den Transfer in den Alltag sowie longitudinale Curricula in den Fokus nehmen.
Baseline Serum Bilirubin and Risk of First Stroke in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Wang Jiancheng , Zhang Xianglin , Zhang Zhuxian , Zhang Yuanyuan , Zhang Jingping , Li Huan , Li Youbao , Wang Binyan , Nie Jing , Liang Min , Wang Guobao , Cai Yefeng , Li Jianping , Zhang Yan , Huo Yong , Cui Yimin , Xu Xiping , Qin Xianhui
Published: June 2020

Background

Data on the association between serum bilirubin and the risk of stroke are limited and inconclusive. We aimed to evaluate the association between serum bilirubin and the risk of first stroke and to examine any possible effect modifiers in hypertensive patients.

Methods and Results

Our study was a post hoc analysis of the CSPPT (China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial). A total of 19 906 hypertensive patients were included in the final analysis. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for the risk of first stroke associated with serum bilirubin levels. The median follow‐up period was 4.5 years. When serum total bilirubin was assessed as tertiles, the adjusted HR of first ischemic stroke for participants in tertile 3 (12.9–34.1 μmol/L) was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.59–0.96), compared with participants in tertile 1 (<9.3 μmol/L). When direct bilirubin was assessed as tertiles, a significantly lower risk of first ischemic stroke was also found in participants in tertile 3 (2.5–24.8 μmol/L) (adjusted HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.60–0.98), compared with those in tertile 1 (<1.6 μmol/L). However, there was no significant association between serum total bilirubin (tertile 3 versus 1: adjusted HR, 1.45; 95% CI, 0.89–2.35) or direct bilirubin (tertile 3 versus 1: adjusted HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 0.76–2.11) and first hemorrhagic stroke.

Conclusions

In this sample of Chinese hypertensive patients, there was a significant inverse association between serum total bilirubin or direct bilirubin and the risk of first ischemic stroke.
Temporal Trends and Familial Clustering of Ideal Cardiovascular Health in Parents and Offspring Over the Life Course: An Investigation Using The Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Muchira James M. , Gona Philimon N. , Mogos Mulubrhan F. , Stuart‐Shor Eileen , Leveille Suzanne G. , Piano Mariann R. , Hayman Laura L.
Published: June 2020

Background

Evidence suggests familial aggregation and intergenerational associations for individual cardiovascular health (
CVH
) metrics. Over a 53‐year life course, we examined trends and association of
CVH
between parents and their offspring at similar mean ages.

Methods and Results

We conducted a series of cross‐sectional analyses of the FHS (Framingham Heart Study). Parent‐offspring pairs were assessed at exams where their mean age distributions were similar. Ideal
CVH
was defined using 5
CVH
metrics: blood pressure (<120/<80 mm Hg), fasting blood glucose (<100 mg/
dL
), blood cholesterol (<200 mg/
dL
), body mass index (<25 kg/m
2
), and non‐smoking. Joinpoint regression and Chi‐squared test were used to assess linear trend; proportional‐odds regression was used to examine the association between parents and offspring
CVH
. A total of 2637 parents were paired with 3119 biological offspring throughout 6 exam cycles. Similar patterns of declining ideal
CVH
with advancing age were observed in parents and offspring. Small proportions of parents (4%) and offspring (17%) achieved 5
CVH
metrics at ideal levels (
P
‐trend <0.001). Offspring of parents with poor
CVH
had more than twice the odds of having poor
CVH
(pooled odds ratio, 2.59; 95%
CI,
1.98–3.40). Over time, elevated glucose levels and obesity doubled among the offspring and were the main drivers for declining ideal
CVH
trends.

Conclusions

Parental
CVH
was positively associated with offspring
CVH
. However, intergenerational
CVH
gains from declining smoking rates, cholesterol, and blood pressure were offset by rising offspring obesity and elevated glucose levels. This suggests an intergenerational phenotypic shift of risk factors and the need for a family‐centered approach to cardiovascular care.
Implications of Easter Island Protests – Breach of Rapa Nui Rights by Chile in the Context of National, American and Universal Legal Systems
Authors: Siekiera Joanna
Published: June 2020

The aim of the article is to present, as well as to analyse legally, the situation of the indigenous population of Rapa Nui in the territory of Chile. Rapa Nui, officially called Easter Island, is an island in the Pacific Ocean basin. It was illegally annexed by Chile in 1888; since then, violations of the rights of native peoples have been observed. The legal-political situation of Rapa Nui (also the name for the inhabitants of Easter Island) is challenging due to the Chilean government’s actions towards them. Instances of human rights breaches can be seen in, inter alia, the failure to respect the right to self-determination as well as the right to environmental protection. The article will also consider breaches of very basic human rights by the Chilean government such as the rights to freedom of speech and assembly. The article firstly examines the actual situation in which the indigenous people of Rapa Nui find themselves. Secondly, such analysis will consider the legal situation, in light of both regional (i.e. American) and universal norms. These legal frameworks provide an explicit legal basis that can be used to improve the problematic position of Rapa Nui. The American regional norms, however, are still at the stage of creation and execution. There are a series of judgments from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, which de jure can help the people of Rapa Nui in regaining their freedoms, primarily their right to protest.
Domination and Resistance: Lamin Sanneh, Eboussi Boulaga, and the Reinterpretation of Christianity in Africa
Authors: Ngong David Tonghou
Published: June 2020

This article engages the work of two prominent but recently deceased scholars of African Christianity—the Gambian Lamin Sanneh and the Cameroonian Fabien Eboussi Boulaga. It argues that their reinterpretation of Christianity is designed to develop an imagination of resistance in the context of western domination in Africa. Sanneh approaches the matter from a historical perspective through which he narrates the emergence of a new form of Christianity, leading to his important distinction between “world Christianity” and “global Christianity.” Boulaga approaches the issue from the perspective of philosophical theology, through which he developed the “Christic model” as central to appropriating the Christian faith in Africa. The paper argues that one can hardly understand why Sanneh distinguishes between global and world Christianity and why Boulaga develops the radical Christic model, if one fails to locate their work within the framework of problematizing dynamics of western domination in Africa.
Assessment into Feasibility of Ratifying the OP-icescr from the Context of Justiciability of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in Bangladesh
Authors: Mollah Md Al Ifran Hossain
Published: June 2020

Justiciability of Economic, Social and Cultural (esc) rights has been a long drawn contested topic in the legal discourse of Bangladesh. Though the emancipation from social and economic exploitation was one of the driving factors behind the emergence of Bangladesh as an independent nation, esc rights are not adequately protected under its Constitutional framework and have received scant judicial protection. Despite the coming into force of the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (OP-icescr) in 2013 and the mounting pressure from global community, Bangladesh seems to have made an unflinching vow of continuing the legacy of denial towards judicial enforcement of esc rights. This article examines the feasibility of ratifying the OP-icescr for Bangladesh.
Non-universal Human Rights? How Article 6 (2) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Undermines Human Rights
Authors: Holmes Billy
Published: June 2020

Article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights facilitates inequality regarding the imposition of the death penalty and thus, it cannot ensure universality for the protection of the right to life. Paragraph two of this article states: ‘sentence of death may be imposed only for the most serious crimes.’ This article argues that the vagueness of the phrase ‘the most serious crimes’ allows states to undermine human rights principles and human dignity by affording states significant discretion regarding the human rights principles of equality and anti-discrimination. The article posits that this discretion allows states to undermine human dignity and the concept of universal human rights by challenging their universality; by facilitating legal inequality between men and women. Accordingly, it asserts that the implications of not expounding this vague phrase may be far-reaching, particularly in the long-term. The final section of this article offers a potential solution to this problem.
Auditory Enhancement of Illusory Contour Perception
Authors: Tivadar Ruxandra I. , Gaglianese Anna , Murray Micah M.
Published: June 2020

Illusory contours (ICs) are borders that are perceived in the absence of contrast gradients. Until recently, IC processes were considered exclusively visual in nature and presumed to be unaffected by information from other senses. Electrophysiological data in humans indicates that sounds can enhance IC processes. Despite cross-modal enhancement being observed at the neurophysiological level, to date there is no evidence of direct amplification of behavioural performance in IC processing by sounds. We addressed this knowledge gap. Healthy adults () discriminated instances when inducers were arranged to form an IC from instances when no IC was formed (NC). Inducers were low-constrast and masked, and there was continuous background acoustic noise throughout a block of trials. On half of the trials, i.e., independently of IC vs NC, a 1000-Hz tone was presented synchronously with the inducer stimuli. Sound presence improved the accuracy of indicating when an IC was presented, but had no impact on performance with NC stimuli (significant IC presence/absence × Sound presence/absence interaction). There was no evidence that this was due to general alerting or to a speed–accuracy trade-off (no main effect of sound presence on accuracy rates and no comparable significant interaction on reaction times). Moreover, sound presence increased sensitivity and reduced bias on the IC vs NC discrimination task. These results demonstrate that multisensory processes augment mid-level visual functions, exemplified by IC processes. Aside from the impact on neurobiological and computational models of vision, our findings may prove clinically beneficial for low-vision or sight-restored patients.
The species of Tigrideae (Iridaceae) in the Sierra of Nanchititla, State of México, Mexico, and description of the new species Tigridia nanchititlensis

Authors: RODRÍGUEZ AARÓN , SZESZKO DENNIS , MUNGUÍA-LINO GUADALUPE
Published: June 2020

The Sierra of Nanchititla Natural Park is located in central Mexico. It occupies the southwestern corner of the State of México, within the municipality of Luvianos at the border with the states of Michoacán and Guerrero. It is part of the Balsas Basin biogeographical province. The sierra is a topographically complex region, isolated from the neighboring sierras, harboring several endemic species. Here, Tigridia nanchititlensis is described and illustrated as a new species. Morphologically, this taxon pertains to the subgenus Hydrotaenia. It is a rupicolous and pendulous plant characterized by its horizontal flowers and upright fruits. It is most closely related to T. meleagris, and co-occurs in the studied area with other species of Tigrideae, such as Cardiostigma longispatha, Cipura campanulata, Tigridia meleagris, T. mortonii, and T. pavonia. Two of them, Tigridia nanchititlensis and T. mortonii are endemic to the Sierra of Nanchititla.
Italian alien species in Caryophyllaceae: nomenclatural remarks

Authors: IAMONICO DUILIO
Published: June 2020

The typification of the names Cerastium biebersteinii, Dianthus glumaceus, D. plumarius, Gypsophila collina, and G. elegans is discussed. Specimens from the herbaria G, LE, LINN, and P are designated as lectotypes, or neotype (G. elegans) of the concerned names.
The curious, and incorrect, case of “St. Martin’s Falls”, a type locality for many insect species described by Francis Walker
Authors: HANDFIELD LOUIS , HANDFIELD DANIEL
Published: June 2020

The curious case of “St. Martin’s Falls”, Hudson’s Bay, Canada, as referred to by Francis Walker and other authors as type locality for many insect species, is resolved for being Martin’s Falls and the history of that misleading name is explained.
A new species of the genus Nipponorthezia (Hemiptera: Coccidomorpha: Ortheziidae) from China, with an identification key to all the species
Authors: ZHENG XINYI , XING JICHUN
Published: June 2020

The adult female of Nipponorthezia guizhouensis sp. n. (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Ortheziidae) is described and illustrated based on specimens extracted from Chinese forest litter using Berlese funnels. An identification key to all the species in the genus is provided. The type specimens of the new species are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.
Discovery of the ichneutine genus Paroligoneurus Muesebeck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from the Indian subcontinent with the description of a new species from Northwest India
Authors: RANJITH A.P. , VAN ACHTERBERG CORNELIS , SANKARARAMAN H. , NASSER M.
Published: June 2020

The small braconid subfamily, Ichneutinae is one of the least studied groups within the Braconidae. Old world species of the widely distributed ichneutine genus, Paroligoneurus (unknown from the Neotropical region) is revised along with description of a new species, P. harishi Ranjith & van Achterberg sp. nov. We reinstate the genera Anaprixia Mason and Muesebeckia Mason based on the following characters; exodont mandibles and absence of spiracles in the alternate tergites (in Anaprixia) and presence of carinae on propodeum and anterior subalar depression with carina (in Muesebeckia). Five species, Paroligoneurus cosmopterygivorus (He, 2000), P. crassicornis (He, 2000), P. flavifacialis (He, 2000), P. sinensis (He, 2000) and P. songyangensis (He, 2000) were described from the Oriental part of China are transferred from Oligoneurus to Paroligoneurus. A taxonomic key to the Old world species Paroligoneurus and a provisional checklist of extant species are provided.
A new termitophilous species of Tribasodites Jeannel from Taiwan and southern China (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)
Authors: INOUE SHOTA , MARUYAMA MUNETOSHI
Published: June 2020

A new species, Tribasodites sugayai sp. nov., from Taiwan and southern China is described and illustrated. This new species was collected from colonies of the Hodotermopsis sjostedti Holmgren, 1912 termite. It is the first exact record of a termitophilous species in this genus.
A literature revision of Pararhyacodrilus Snimščikova, 1986, with the erection of a new genus, Semernodrilus gen. nov. (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae, Rhyacodrilinae)
Authors: TIMM TARMO
Published: June 2020

The aquatic oligochaete genus Pararhyacodrilus Snimščikova, 1986 included four species, P. aspersus Snimščikova, 1986, the type species, P. palustris (Ditlevsen, 1904), P. ekmani (Piguet, 1928), and P. confusus Semernoy, 2004. Rhyacodrilus palustris (Ditlevsen, 1904) and R. ekmani var. profundalis Lastočkin, 1937, have been associated with Pararhyacodrilus, as a result of different nomenclature-related confusions. A new taxon, Semernodrilus gen. nov., is erected for the Baikalian Pararhyacodrilus confusus Semernoy, 2004. As a result, Pararhyacodrilus includes two species, P. aspersus and P. ekmani.
“When I’m not angry I am anxious”: The lived experiences of individuals in a relationship with a non-help-seeking problem gambler—A hermeneutic phenomenological study
Authors: Riley Ben J. , Lawn Sharon J. , Crisp Beth R. , Battersby Malcolm W.
Published: June 2020

Although the negative effects of problem gambling (PG) are well-documented in respect of gamblers themselves, less research has focused on the experiences of their partners, particularly in situations where the gambler is not help-seeking. Data were drawn from 15 in-depth interviews of partners living with a non-help-seeking problem gambler. Through a hermeneutical-phenomenological analysis, nine central themes emerged: social activity, realization, role conflict, stigma, denial, health issues, disconnectedness, hypervigilance, and security. Findings indicated that living with a non-help-seeking PG partner was characterized by chronic worry, exhaustion, relationship conflict, and an overwhelming sense of isolation. Partners found it exceedingly difficult to reliably detect their partners’ gambling behavior, resulting in chronic hypervigilance, and were reluctant to seek help due to stigma. There is a need for programs that provide both guidance for partners to help protect their well-being and evidence-based strategies to help motivate non-help-seeking problem gamblers to acknowledge their problem and seek help.
Cytokine clusters as potential diagnostic markers of disease activity and renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Park Joonhong , Jang Woori , Park Hye Sun , Park Ki Hyun , Kwok Seung-Ki , Park Sung-Hwan , Oh Eun-Jee
Published: June 2020

Objective

To describe interactions among cytokines and to identify subgroups of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients based on cytokine levels using principal component analysis and cluster analysis.

Methods

Levels of 12 cytokines were measured using sensitive multiplex bead assays and associations with SLE features including disease activity and renal involvement were assessed.

Results

In a group of 203 SLE patients, strong correlations were observed between interleukin (IL)6 and interferon (IFN)γ levels (r = 0.624), IL17 and IFNγ levels (r = 0.768), and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)1α and MIP1β levels (r = 0.675). Cluster analysis revealed two distinct patient groups characterized by high levels of IL8, MIP1α, and MIP1β (group 1) or of IL2, IL6, IL10, IL12, IFNγ, and tumor necrosis factor α (group 2). Active disease was more common in group 1 (49/88, 55.7%) than in group 2 (40/115, 34.8%). More patients in group 2 had renal involvement (42/115, 36.5%) than in group 1 (22/88, 25%).

Conclusions

Assessment of cytokine profiles can identify distinct SLE patient subgroups and aid in understanding clinical heterogeneity and immunological phenotypes.
Reproductive Coercion, Intimate Partner Violence, and Unintended Pregnancy Among Latina Women
Authors: Grace Karen Trister , Decker Michele R. , Alexander Kamila A. , Campbell Jacquelyn , Miller Elizabeth , Perrin Nancy , Glass Nancy
Published: June 2020

Reproductive coercion (RC) describes a range of behaviors that restrict reproductive autonomy including pregnancy coercion, birth control sabotage, and controlling the outcome of a pregnancy. RC is associated with pregnancies that are mistimed and unwanted (i.e., unintended). Past research demonstrates that Latina women have higher risk for RC and for unintended pregnancy. This cross-sectional descriptive study with Latina women ( n = 482) examined prevalence and risk factors for RC, evaluated the association of RC and unintended pregnancy among women with a past-year pregnancy, and explored use of safety and harm reduction strategies. A tablet survey was administered to women attending a community health center, between the ages of 15 and 45, who self-identified as Latina and who had a dating or sexual partner in the past year. Approximately one in six (16.8%) experienced past-year RC and risk factors included younger age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.91, 1.00], p = .038) and concurrent intimate partner violence (IPV; AOR = 4.47, 95% CI = [2.06, 9.70], p < .001). IPV questions were specific to the partner involved with RC behaviors. For the 185 participants who reported a past-year pregnancy, RC was associated with lower pregnancy planning scores (β = –.27, 95% CI = [–0.41, –0.13], p < .001). The combination of experiencing RC and IPV appeared particularly potent in lowering pregnancy planning scores (β = –.15, 95% CI = [–0.29, 0.00], p = .052). Approximately 10.6% of participants engaged in harm reduction strategies, most commonly ending an unhealthy or abusive relationship (6.1%) and using less detectable methods of contraception so that partners would not find out (3.4%). The study articulates the risk of RC and its intersection with IPV and unintended pregnancy for Latina women. Providers working with racially and ethnically marginalized women have an important role in promoting safety and harm reduction strategies that include offering less detectable methods of contraception and support in leaving unhealthy and abusive relationships.
Friends through school and family: Refugee girls’ talk about friendship formation
Authors: Bergnehr Disa , Aronson Olov , Enell Sofia
Published: June 2020

This article explores refugee girls’ talk about friendship formation. Friendship is a complex process and a subjective experience. The study participants stressed similarity and cultural affinity as important criteria of forming friendships. Those who attended schools with a mixture of students described their native peers as having different temperaments and interests. Relatives were referred to as being best friends who one could trust and confide in. This suggests the need for a broad conceptualisation of friendship in research and practice.
Influence of exercise training on diabetic kidney disease: A brief physiological approach
Authors: Amaral Liliany Souza de Brito , Souza Cláudia Silva , Lima Hernando Nascimento , Soares Telma de Jesus
Published: June 2020

Sedentary lifestyle is associated with increased incidence of diabetes mellitus, whereas exercise training improves metabolic control and therefore may contribute to prevention of various chronic complications. Diabetic kidney disease is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, and is associated with increased mortality from cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients. The literature highlights oxidative stress, renal inflammation, and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system as the main pathophysiological mechanisms underlying tissue damage, extracellular matrix accumulation, and renal function deficit. Unfortunately, although the benefits of exercise training on cardiovascular diseases are well established, their impact on the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development and progression of diabetic kidney disease is not well understood. In addition, standardization of experimental models and physical rehabilitation programs in diabetic kidney disease are scarce. In this article, we present a brief review of the pathogenesis and pathophysiological mechanisms of diabetic kidney disease,and bring to light the latest findings in the literature on the impact of exercise training on diabetic kidney disease progression.

Impact statement

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is associated with increased mortality in diabetic patients and has a negative impact on public health. The identification of potential therapies that help the management of DKD can contribute to the improvement of health and quality of life of patients. Thus, this paper is timely and relevant because, in addition to presenting a concise review of the pathogenesis and major pathophysiological mechanisms of DKD, it addresses the most recent findings on the impact of exercise training on this disease. Thus, since non-pharmacological interventions have gained increasing attention in the fight against chronic diseases, this paper appears as an important tool to increase knowledge and stimulate innovative research on the impact of exercise on kidney disease.
Corruption research: A need for an integrated approach
Authors: Zimelis Andris
Published: June 2020

This article reviews the main corruption literature trends and theoretical foundations and points out the challenges of existing explanations of corruption. The emphasis on broad national-level variables limits our understanding of corruption and anti-corruption processes at the local level. Corruption studies also suffer from the bias of focusing on developing countries and nation-states. These shortcomings can be remedied by using an integrated approach to studying corruption in western countries and cities.
Exploiting geometric similarity for statistical quantification of fluorescence spatial patterns in bacterial colonies
Authors: Espeso David R. , Algar Elena , Martínez-García Esteban , de Lorenzo Víctor
Published: June 2020

Background

Currently the combination of molecular tools, imaging techniques and analysis software offer the possibility of studying gene activity through the use of fluorescent reporters and infer its distribution within complex biological three-dimensional structures. For example, the use of Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CSLM) is a regularly-used approach to visually inspect the spatial distribution of a fluorescent signal. Although a plethora of generalist imaging software is available to analyze experimental pictures, the development of tailor-made software for every specific problem is still the most straightforward approach to perform the best possible image analysis. In this manuscript, we focused on developing a simple methodology to satisfy one particular need: automated processing and analysis of CSLM image stacks to generate 3D fluorescence profiles showing the average distribution detected in bacterial colonies grown in different experimental conditions for comparison purposes.

Results

The presented method processes batches of CSLM stacks containing three-dimensional images of an arbitrary number of colonies. Quasi-circular colonies are identified, filtered and projected onto a normalized orthogonal coordinate system, where a numerical interpolation is performed to obtain fluorescence values within a spatially fixed grid. A statistically representative three-dimensional fluorescent pattern is then generated from this data, allowing for standardized fluorescence analysis regardless of variability in colony size. The proposed methodology was evaluated by analyzing fluorescence from GFP expression subject to regulation by a stress-inducible promoter.

Conclusions

This method provides a statistically reliable spatial distribution profile of fluorescence detected in analyzed samples, helping the researcher to establish general correlations between gene expression and spatial allocation under differential experimental regimes. The described methodology was coded into a MATLAB script and shared under an open source license to make it accessible to the whole community.