bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Service Encapsulation-Based Model for Smart Campus
Authors: Chen Ying , Zhang Runtong , Zhang Shouyi
Published: November 2012

Currently, many universities are equipping information facilities, the informatization construction on which the basis of Internet and the information service in the campus begins. The smart campus is an advanced stage in the construction of campus informatization, which can make the daily life in a campus more convenient. This paper analyzes the current construction of campus informatization, proposes an intelligent campus space model, and discusses key technologies based on the idea of object-oriented technique and service encapsulation. This model can support most campus activities, such as access control, e-commerce, and e-services.
The Analysis of the Logistics Mode Decision to E-Commerce
Authors: Xiao Xiao , Liu Yu , Zhang Zhenji
Published: November 2012

E-commerce is a complete process that consists of information flow, capital flow, business flow, and logistics. With the development of network and electronic technology, the information flow, capital flow, and business flow can be momentarily available through computer and network communication equipment. The logistics that must be achieved in reality become a key part in influencing the efficiency of E-commerce. Therefore, for portals, manufacturers, retailers, and logistics companies in E-commerce, the primary problem is the choice of a logistics mode. They must choose the most appropriate logistics mode according to practical situation in different environments. To B2C, this paper uses the logistics mode decision of Jingdong to find a solution for the choice of logistics mode in E-commerce and verifies the feasibility of AHP on such solution. To C2C, this paper introduces Taobao Logistics Po and other logistics modes.
Modeling Service Data Objects (SDOs) to the Entity-Relationship (ER) Model
Authors: Bagui Sikha , Sweetman Richard
Published: November 2012

In this paper the authors present a conceptual framework for translating Service Data Objects (SDOs) and XML’s SDOs to the Entity Relational (ER) Model. With the increasing dependence on service oriented architectures and the increasing need for SDOs in service oriented architectures (SOA), it is important to have a good understanding of SDOs in terms of the ER model so that SDOs can be easily converted to the relational model. In this paper they show how common SDO constructs and XML’s SDO constructs conceptually map to the ER model.
Human-Centered Design in Mobile Application Development
Authors: Eshet Eyal
Published: November 2012

Mobile platforms (e.g., Google Android, Apple iOS) and their closely integrated app stores transformed the mobile industry and opened the market for mobile application developers. Consequently, applications for smartphones quickly soared to phenomena levels. As mobile technology continues to evolve and shape human interaction with technology, human-centered design (HCD) methods adapt to the capabilities of technology and to the needs of mobile application development. This study presents a preliminary review of 79 research papers on the practice of HCD in mobile application development for the smartphone touch era. The aim of the study is to highlight emerging methods and their implications for mobile application development. The methods discovered by this study assist mobile application developers to better understand their target users. Further research is needed, particularly in exploring what user research and evaluation methods are the most effective in the context of mobile application development.
Model Based Process to Support Security and Privacy Requirements Engineering
Authors: Islam Shareeful , Mouratidis Haralambos , Kalloniatis Christos , Hudic Aleksandar , Zechner Lorenz
Published: November 2012

Software systems are becoming more complex, interconnected and liable to adopt continuous change and evolution. It’s necessary to develop appropriate methods and techniques to ensure security and privacy of such systems. Research efforts that aim to ensure security and privacy of software systems are distinguished through two main categories: (1) the development of requirements engineering methods, and (2) implementation techniques. Approaches that fall in the first category usually aim to address either security or privacy in an implicit way, with emphasis on the security aspects by developing methods to elicit and analyse security (and privacy) requirements. Works that fall in the latter categories focus specifically on the later stages of the development process irrespective of the organisational context in which the system will be incorporated. This work introduces a model-based process for security and privacy requirements engineering. In particular, the authors’ work includes activities which support to identify and analyse security and privacy requirements for the software system. Their purpose process combines concepts from two well-known requirements engineering methods, Secure Tropos and PriS. A real case study from the EU project E-vote, i.e., an Internet based voting system, is employed to demonstrate the applicability of the approach.
Clinical and Hematological Features of 335 Patients of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Diagnosed at Single Centre in Northern Pakistan
Authors: Bhatti F.A. , Ahmed S. , Ali N.
Published: November 2012

There are no studies regarding analysis of clinical and haematological features of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) from Pakistan. This study analyzes the data of patients suffering from CML, reporting to a major referral Institute in Northern Pakistan in the past 6 years and 3 months. CML constitutes approximately 80% of all myeloproliferative disorders, with a peak incidence between 21-50 years of age, and a male:female ratio of 2:1. Anaemia and massive splenomegaly were the main clinical features found in 92% and 47% patients respectively. There was significant correlation between anaemia and WBC counts with degree of splenomegaly. Three percent of all CML patients presented as de novo accelerated phase, and another 3% presented as blast crises without any previous history of chronic phase. The ratio of myeloid and lymphoid blast crisis was 2:1. Median duration of chronic phase in patients on hydroxyurea treatment was 6 years. Thirty six percent of patients in chronic phase of CML belonged to intermediate and high risk according to Sokal and Hasford scoring systems. In contrast to the Caucasian populations where the peak incidence of the disease is in 6th to 7th decade, CML occurs in Pakistan in a much younger population, with a broad peak between 21-50 years of age. Patients present in fairly advanced disease because of poor access to health care facilities, due to non-affordability and lack of health insurance coverage.
Dimethylsulphide (DMS) emissions from the West Pacific Ocean: a potential marine source for the stratospheric sulphur layer
Authors: Marandino C. A. , Tegtmeier S. , Krüger K. , Zindler C. , Atlas E. L. , Moore F. , Bange H. W.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Sea surface and atmospheric measurements of dimethylsulphide (DMS) were performed during the TransBrom cruise in the West Pacific Ocean between Japan and Australia in October 2009. Air-sea DMS fluxes were computed between 0 and 30 μmol m−2 d−1, which are in agreement with those computed by the current climatology, and peak emissions of marine DMS into the atmosphere were found during the occurrence of tropical storm systems. Atmospheric variability in DMS, however, did not follow that of the computed fluxes and was more related to atmospheric transport processes. The computed emissions were used as input fields for the Langrangian dispersion model FLEXPART, which was set up with actual meteorological fields from ERA-interim data and different chemical lifetimes of DMS. A comparison with aircraft in-situ data from the adjacent HIPPO2 campaign revealed an overall good agreement between modeled versus observed DMS profiles over the tropical West Pacific ocean. Based on observed DMS emissions and the meteorological fields over the cruise track region, the model projected that up to 30 g S per month in the form of DMS can be transported above 17 km in this region. This surprisingly large DMS entrainment into the stratosphere is disproportionate to the regional extent of the cruise track area and mainly due to the high convective activity in this region as simulated by the transport model. Thus, we conclude that the considerably larger area of the tropical West Pacific Ocean can be an important source of sulphur to the stratospheric persistent sulphur layer, which has not been considered as yet.
Re-analysis of ground-based microwave ClO measurements from Mauna Kea, 1992 to early 2012
Authors: Connor B. J. , Mooney T. , E Nedoluha G. , Barrett J. W. , Parrish A. , Koda J. , Santee M. L.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. We present a re-analysis of upper stratospheric ClO measurements from the ground-based millimeter-wave instrument from January 1992 to February 2012. These measurements are made as part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) from Mauna Kea, Hawaii, (19.8° N, 204.5° E). Here, we use daytime and nighttime measurements together to form a day-night spectrum, from which the difference in the day and night profiles is retrieved. These results are then compared to the day-night difference profiles from the UARS and Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instruments. We also compare them to our previous analyses of the same data, in which we retrieved the daytime ClO profile. The major focus will be on comparing the year-to-year and long-term changes in ClO derived by the two analysis methods. We conclude that the re-analyzed data set has less short-term variability and exhibits a more constant long-term trend. Data from 1995–2012 indicate a linear decline of mid-stratospheric ClO of 0.64 ± 0.08% yr−1.
Using particle filter to track horizontal variations of atmospheric duct structure from radar sea clutter
Authors: Zhao X. F. , Huang S. X. , Wang D. X.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. This paper addresses the problem of estimating range-varying parameters of the height-dependent refractivity over the sea surface from radar sea clutter. In the forward simulation, the split-step Fourier parabolic equation (PE) is used to compute the radar clutter power in the complex refractive environments. Making use of the inherent Markovian structure of the split-step Fourier PE solution, the refractivity from clutter (RFC) problem is formulated within a nonlinear recursive Bayesian state estimation framework. Particle filter (PF), which is a technique for implementing a recursive Bayesian filter by Monte Carlo simulations, is used to track range-varying characteristics of the refractivity profiles. Basic ideas of employing PF to solve RFC problem are introduced. Both simulation and real data results are presented to confirm the feasibility of PF-RFC performances.
Multispectral information for gas and aerosol retrieval from TANSO-FTS instrument
Authors: Herbin H. , Labonnote L. C. , Dubuisson P.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. The Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) mission and in particular TANSO-FTS instrument has the advantage to measure simultaneously the same field of view in different spectral ranges with a high spectral resolution. These features are promising to improve, not only, gaseous retrieval in clear sky or scattering atmosphere, but also to retrieve aerosol parameters. Therefore, this paper is dedicated to an Information Content (IC) analysis of potential synergy between thermal infrared, shortwave infrared and visible, in order to obtain a more accurate retrieval of gas and aerosol. The latter is based on Shannon theory and used a sophisticated radiative transfer algorithm developed at "Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique", dealing with multiple scattering. This forward model can be relied to an optimal estimation method, which allows simultaneously retrieving gases profiles and aerosol granulometry and concentration. The analysis of the information provided by the spectral synergy is based on climatology of dust, volcanic ash and biomass burning aerosols. This work was conducted in order to develop a powerful tool that allows retrieving simultaneously not only the gas concentrations but also the aerosol characteristics by selecting the so called "best channels", i.e. the channels that bring most of the information concerning gas and aerosol. The methodology developed in this paper could also be used to define the specifications of future high spectral resolution mission to reach a given accuracy on retrieved parameters.
Encrustation and trace element composition of Neogloboquadrina dutertrei assessed from single chamber analyses – implications for paleotemperature estimates
Authors: Jonkers L. , de Nooijer L. J. , Reichart G.-J. , Zahn R. , Brummer G.-J. A.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Crust formation is a common phenomenon in planktonic foraminifera. Because of their different formation mechanism and hence composition, crusts affect the overall test composition and therefore complicate the use of crust-bearing foraminifera in paleoceanography. Such species are often used to estimate subsurface paleotemperatures, and although the influence of encrustation on the trace element/Ca ratio is recognised, it has not been systematically explored between and within tests. Here we use laser ablation ICP-MS to assess the variability in trace element composition of the crust of Neogloboquadrina dutertrei within individual chambers, as well as the effect of compositional heterogeneity of the crust on whole test chemistry. Compositionally, the outer crust differs from inner layer by lower Mg/Ca and Mn/Ca, but is indistinguishable in Sr/Ca. Crust thickness decreases towards the younger chambers, and it may be entirely absent from the last chamber. In contrast to Mn/Ca and Sr/Ca, crustal Mg/Ca ratios show a tendency towards higher values on the younger chambers. These patterns in crust thickness and in crust Mg/Ca indicate that temperature is not the dominant factor controlling crust composition. Temperature estimates based on N. dutertrei, and presumably other crust-forming species too, are therefore biased towards too low values. Through comparison of modern and glacial tests, we show that this bias is not constant and that changes in crust thickness and/or in Mg/Ca values can spuriously suggest temperature changes.
Deep-sea scavenging amphipod assemblages from the submarine canyons of the Western Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Duffy G. A. , Horton T. , Billett D. S. M.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Submarine canyons have often been identified as hotspots of secondary production with the potential to house distinct faunal assemblages and idiosyncratic ecosystems. Within these deep-sea habitats, assemblages of scavenging fauna play a vital role in reintroducing organic matter from large food falls into the wider deep-sea food chain. Free-fall baited traps were set at different depths within three submarine canyons on the Iberian Margin. Amphipods from the traps were identified to species level and counted. Scavenging amphipod assemblages were compared at different depths within each canyon and between individual canyon systems. Using data from literature, abyssal plain assemblages were compared to submarine canyon assemblages. Samples from canyons were found to contain common abyssal plain species but in greater than expected abundances. It is proposed that this is a result of the high organic carbon input into canyon systems owing to their interception of sediment from the continental shelf and input from associated estuarine systems. Community composition differed significantly between the submarine canyons and abyssal plains. The cause of this difference cannot be attributed to one environmental variable due to the numerous inherent differences between canyons and abyssal plains.
Exploring the physical controls of regional patterns of flow duration curves – Part 1: Insights from statistical analyses
Authors: Cheng L. , Yaeger M. , Viglione A. , Coopersmith E. , Ye S. , Sivapalan M.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. The flow duration curve (FDC) is a classical method used to graphically represent the relationship between the frequency and magnitude of streamflow. In this sense it represents a compact signature of temporal runoff variability that can also be used to diagnose catchment rainfall-runoff responses, including similarity and differences between catchments. This paper is aimed at extracting regional patterns of the FDCs from observed daily flow data and elucidating the physical controls underlying these patterns, as a way to aid towards their regionalization and predictions in ungauged basins. The FDCs of total runoff (TFDC) using multi-decadal streamflow records for 197 catchments across the continental United States are separated into the FDCs of two runoff components, i.e., fast flow (FFDC) and slow flow (SFDC). In order to compactly display these regional patterns, the 3-parameter mixed gamma distribution is employed to characterize the shapes of the normalized FDCs (i.e., TFDC, FFDC and SFDC) over the entire data record. This is repeated to also characterize the between-year variability of "annual" FDCs for 8 representative catchments chosen across a climate gradient. Results show that the mixed gamma distribution can adequately capture the shapes of the FDCs and their variation between catchments and also between years. Comparison between the between-catchment and between-year variability of the FDCs revealed significant space-time symmetry. Possible relationships between the parameters of the fitted mixed gamma distribution and catchment climatic and physiographic characteristics are explored in order to decipher and point to the underlying physical controls. The baseflow index (a surrogate for the collective impact of geology, soils, topography and vegetation, as well as climate) is found to be the dominant control on the shapes of the normalized TFDC and SFDC, whereas the product of maximum daily precipitation and the fraction of non-rainy days was found to control the shape of the FFDC. These relationships, arising from the separation of total runoff into its two components, provide a potential physical basis for regionalization of FDCs, as well as providing a conceptual framework for developing deeper process-based understanding of the FDCs.
Exploring the physical controls of regional patterns of flow duration curves – Part 2: Role of seasonality, the regime curve, and associated process controls
Authors: Ye S. , Yaeger M. , Coopersmith E. , Cheng L. , Sivapalan M.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. The goal of this paper is to explore the process controls underpinning regional patterns of variations of streamflow regime behavior, i.e., the mean seasonal variation of streamflow within the year, across the continental United States. The ultimate motivation is to use the resulting process understanding to generate insights into the physical controls of another signature of streamflow variability, namely the flow duration curve (FDC). The construction of the FDC removes the time dependence of flows. Thus in order to better understand the physical controls in regions that exhibit strong seasonal dependence, the regime curve (RC), which is closely connected to the FDC, is studied in this paper and later linked back to the FDC. To achieve these aims a top-down modeling approach is adopted; we start with a simple two-stage bucket model, which is systematically enhanced through addition of new processes on the basis of model performance assessment in relation to observations, using rainfall-runoff data from 197 United States catchments belonging to the MOPEX dataset. Exploration of dominant processes and the determination of required model complexity are carried out through model-based sensitivity analyses, guided by a performance metric. Results indicated systematic regional trends in dominant processes: snowmelt was a key process control in cold mountainous catchments in the north and north-west, whereas snowmelt and vegetation cover dynamics were key controls in the north-east; seasonal vegetation cover dynamics (phenology and interception) were important along the Appalachian mountain range in the east. A simple two-bucket model (with no other additions) was found to be adequate in warm humid catchments along the west coast and in the south-east, with both regions exhibiting strong seasonality, whereas much more complex models are needed in the dry south and south-west. Agricultural catchments in the mid-west were found to be difficult to predict with the use of simple lumped models, due to the strong influence of human activities. Overall, these process controls arose from general east-west (seasonality) and north-south (aridity, temperature) trends in climate (with some exceptions), compounded by complex dynamics of vegetation cover and to a less extent by landscape factors (soils, geology and topography).
Exploring the physical controls of regional patterns of flow duration curves – Part 4: A synthesis of empirical analysis, process modeling and catchment classification
Authors: Yaeger M. , Coopersmith E. , Ye S. , Cheng L. , Viglione A. , Sivapalan M.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. The paper reports on a four-pronged study of the physical controls on regional patterns of the flow duration curve (FDC). This involved a comparative analysis of long-term continuous data from nearly 200 catchments around the US, encompassing a wide range of climates, geology, and ecology. The analysis was done from three different perspectives – statistical analysis, process-based modeling, and data-based classification – followed by a synthesis, which is the focus of this paper. Streamflow data were separated into fast and slow flow responses, and associated signatures, and both total flow and its components were analyzed to generate patterns. Regional patterns emerged in all aspects of the study. The mixed gamma distribution described well the shape of the FDC; regression analysis indicated that certain climate and catchment properties were first-order controls on the shape of the FDC. In order to understand the spatial patterns revealed by the statistical study, and guided by the hypothesis that the middle portion of the FDC is a function of the regime curve (RC, mean within-year variation of flow), we set out to classify these catchments, both empirically and through process-based modeling, in terms of their regime behavior. The classification analysis showed that climate seasonality and aridity, either directly (empirical classes) or through phenology (vegetation processes), were the dominant controls on the RC. Quantitative synthesis of these results determined that these classes were indeed related to the FDC through its slope and related statistical parameters. Qualitative synthesis revealed much diversity in the shapes of the FDCs even within each climate-based homogeneous class, especially in the low-flow tails, suggesting that catchment properties may have become the dominant controls. Thus, while the middle portion of the FDC contains the average response of the catchment, and is mainly controlled by climate, the tails of the FDC, notably the low-flow tails, are mainly controlled by catchment properties such as geology and soils. The regime behavior explains only part of the FDC; to gain a deeper understanding of the physical controls on the FDC, these extremes must be analyzed as well. Thus, to completely separate the climate controls from the catchment controls, the roles of catchment properties such as soils, geology, topography etc. must be explored in detail.
A critical discussion of the electromagnetic radiation (EMR) method to determine stress orientations within the crust
Authors: Krumbholz M. , Bock M. , Burchardt S. , Kelka U. , Vollbrecht A.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. In recent years, the electromagnetic radiation (EMR) method has been used to detect faults and to determine main horizontal stress directions from variations in intensities and directional properties of electromagnetic emissions, which are assumed to be generated during micro-cracking. Based on a large data set taken from an area of about 250 000 km2 in Northern Germany, Denmark, and southern Sweden with repeated measurements at one location during a time span of about 1.5 yr, the method was systematically tested. Reproducible observations of temporary changes in the signal patterns, as well as a strongly concentric spatial pattern of the main directions of the magnetic component of the EMR point to very low frequency (VLF) transmitters as the main source and hence raise serious concerns about the applicability of the method to determine recent crustal stresses. We conclude that the EMR method, at its current stage of development, does not allow determination of the main horizontal stress directions.
Subduction to the lower mantle – a comparison between geodynamic and tomographic models
Authors: Steinberger B. , Torsvik T. H. , Becker T. W.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. It is generally believed that subduction of lithospheric slabs is a major contribution to thermal heterogeneity in Earth's entire mantle and provides a main driving force for mantle flow. Mantle structure can, on the one hand, be inferred from plate tectonic models of subduction history and geodynamic models of mantle flow. On the other hand, seismic tomography models provide important information on mantle heterogeneity. Yet, the two kinds of models are only similar on the largest (1000 s of km) scales and are quite different in their detailed structure. Here, we provide a quantitative assessment how good a fit can be currently achieved with a simple viscous flow geodynamic model. The discrepancy between geodynamic and tomography models can indicate where further model refinement could possibly yield an improved fit. Our geodynamical model is based on 300 Myr of subduction history inferred from a global plate reconstruction. Density anomalies are inserted into the upper mantle beneath subduction zones, and flow and advection of these anomalies is calculated with a spherical harmonic code for a radial viscosity structure constrained by mineral physics and surface observations. Model viscosities in the upper mantle beneath the lithosphere are ~1020 Pas, and viscosity increases to ~1023 Pas in the lower mantle above D". Comparison with tomography models is assessed in terms of correlation, both overall and as a function of depth and spherical harmonic degree. We find that, compared to previous geodynamic and tomography models, correlation is improved, presumably because of advances in both plate reconstructions and mantle flow computations. However, high correlation is still limited to lowest spherical harmonic degrees. An important ingredient to achieve high correlation – in particular at spherical harmonic degree two – is a basal chemical layer. Subduction shapes this layer into two rather stable hot but chemically dense "piles", corresponding to the Pacific and African Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces. Visual comparison along cross sections indicates that sinking speeds in the geodynamic model are somewhat too fast, and should be 2 ± 0.8 cm yr−1 to achieve a better fit.
Swelling of Elastomers in Solutions of TiO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Vinches Ludwig , Perron Gérald , Dolez Patricia , Wilkinson Kevin J. , Hallé Stéphane
Published: November 2012

Elastomers used in protective gloves can be sensitive to the action of solvents used to disperse commercial solutions of nanoparticles. These effects may include the swelling of the polymer, leading to a modification of its mechanical and chemical properties. Modifications to the properties of the polymer will impact the protection provided by the protective gloves. The goal of this work was therefore to study the swelling of several elastomers when exposed to commercial solutions of nanoparticles. The study involved four elastomers and three commercial solutions of colloidal titanium dioxide (TiO2). Swelling was assessed by measurements of mass gain and length change. Tests were also performed with technical and ultrapure solvents corresponding to the liquid carriers. The solutions had a significant effect on the swelling of nitrile rubber, latex, and neoprene. A large mass gain was recorded for short immersion times, indicating a possible penetration of the nanoparticle liquid carrier into these elastomers. Length change measurements revealed a swelling anisotropy effect with nitrile rubber and latex in the solutions of colloidal TiO2. No effect was measured with butyl rubber. The results show that great care must be taken when selecting protective gloves for the handling of nanoparticle dispersions.
The Political Economy of SOE Privatization and Governance Reform in the MENA Region
Authors: Akoum Ibrahim
Published: November 2012

The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the political economy aspects of state-owned-enterprises (SOEs) governance and privatization in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. In particular, the paper presents an overview of privatization in the region and examines the extent to which SOEs operate at arm's length from the public sector and the motives for this behavior. Showing empirically the region’s relative reticence on privatizing public assets, the paper highlights the political economy aspects contributing to this impasse, offers Lebanon as a case study, and suggests a policy framework for successful reform of SOEs. Highlighting the lack of sustainable drives for SOEs reform and privatization in the region and the need for better governance systems based on the rule of law, property rights protection, and combating corruption, the paper proposes policy options to deal with privatization and improve the governance of SOEs through advocating a state-owned enterprise governance framework. This framework suggests subjecting SOEs to regulation and supervision of more than one government entity as opposed to only one ministry of custody. This should help to ensure a level-playing field in the industry and reduce the pressure on SOEs to heed to political pressures.
A Social Ecological Approach to Exploring Barriers to Accessing Sexual and Reproductive Health Services among Couples Living with HIV in Southern Malawi
Authors: Chimphamba Gombachika Belinda , Fjeld Heidi , Chirwa Ellen , Sundby Johanne , Malata Address , Maluwa Alfred
Published: November 2012

With wide access to antiretroviral therapy, people living with HIV are living longer. The reduction in the mother-to-child transmission of HIV has encouraged some people living with HIV to have children and remarry. However, some continue to have limited access to sexual and reproductive health services. The study explores barriers encountered by couples living with HIV in accessing sexual and reproductive health services using the social ecological model. Data were collected using in-depth interviews with twenty couples purposively sampled in matrilineal Chiradzulu and patrilineal Chikhwawa communities in Malawi from July to December 2010. Data were analyzed using framework analysis method. The study findings identify barriers across the five levels of the social ecological model indicating that the use of sexual and reproductive health services is influenced by diverse factors. We suggest three main areas for primary intervention: services must be located closer to their communities and integrated with existing antiretroviral services. In addition, information gatekeepers, both formal and informal, should be empowered with knowledge about sexual and reproductive health, including HIV and AIDS. Finally, there is a need to coordinate the flow of reproductive health, HIV, and AIDS information between Malawi Ministry of Health and formal and informal organizations.
Chord-Length Shape Features for Human Activity Recognition
Authors: Sadek Samy , Al-Hamadi Ayoub , Michaelis Bernd , Sayed Usama
Published: November 2012

Despite their high stability and compactness, chord-length shape features have received relatively little attention in the human action recognition literature. In this paper, we present a new approach for human activity recognition, based on chord-length shape features. The most interesting contribution of this paper is twofold. We first show how a compact, computationally efficient shape descriptor; the chord-length shape features are constructed using 1-D chord-length functions. Second, we unfold how to use fuzzy membership functions to partition action snippets into a number of temporal states. On two benchmark action datasets (KTH and WEIZMANN), the approach yields promising results that compare favorably with those previously reported in the literature, while maintaining real-time performance.
Biomass Composition of Blue Mussels, Mytilus edulis, is Affected by Living Site and Species of Ingested Microalgae
Authors: Pleissner Daniel , Eriksen Niels Thomas , Lundgreen Kim , Riisgård Hans Ulrik
Published: November 2012

We have investigated changes in specific contents of protein, glycogen and lipid, and fatty acids of blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, under different conditions in the field and in laboratory feeding experiments using different microalgae. Specific contents of glycogen and lipid increased in mussels relocated to net bags at a location in Kerteminde Bay (Great Belt, Denmark) in contrast to mussels relocated to a location in Sallingsund (Limfjorden, Denmark). The polyunsaturated fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, reached 3 times higher values in the mussels in Kerteminde Bay. Mussels fed pure cultures of Crypthecodinium cohnii, which is rich in the polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and glycogen, gained the highest specific contents of this fatty acid and glycogen. Mussels feeding on the most protein rich of the microalgae, Bracteacoccus sp., gained the highest protein contents. The specific glycogen content of the mussels was influenced by their “condition” (body dry weight/shell length ratio) while specific protein and lipid contents were not. Starvation affected mainly the specific glycogen content. These results show that biomass composition of blue mussels is affected by living site and local phytoplankton species and that the fatty acids composition of mussels reflects the content of fatty acids in the diet.
Perceptions of the Built Environment in Relation to Physical Activity and Weight Status in British Adolescents from Central England
Authors: Duncan Michael J. , Birch Samantha , Woodfield Lorayne , Al-Nakeeb Yahya
Published: November 2012

The built environment may influence physical activity (PA) behaviour in young people. However, there is a dearth of data examining this issue in young people which considers weight status, physical activity, and environmental perceptions in the same analysis. Four hundred and five Year 10 pupils (223 boys, 182 girls, mean age years), from central England, completed self-report measures of PA and perceptions of the built environment. Additionally, body mass index (BMI) was determined from height and weight. PA (MET/Min week−1) was positively related to environmental perceptions () and negatively related to BMI (). PA was significantly greater in boys () and normal weight children compared to girls and overweight/obese children, respectively (). Perception of the built environment was significant as a covariate () with a one-unit increase on this measure associated with a 141 MET/Min week−1 increase in PA. This study, therefore, supports claims that the built environment, and perceptions of it, can have an impact on health indices.
Comparing Drug-Drug Interaction Severity Ratings between Bedside Clinicians and Proprietary Databases
Authors: Armahizer Michael J. , Kane-Gill Sandra L. , Smithburger Pamela L. , Anthes Ananth M. , Seybert Amy L.
Published: November 2012

Purpose. The purpose of this project was to compare DDI severity for clinician opinion in the context of the patient’s clinical status to the severity of proprietary databases. Methods. This was a single-center, prospective evaluation of DDIs at a large, tertiary care academic medical center in a 10-bed cardiac intensive care unit (CCU). A pharmacist identified DDIs using two proprietary databases. The physicians and pharmacists caring for the patients evaluated the DDIs for severity while incorporating their clinical knowledge of the patient. Results. A total of 61 patients were included in the evaluation and experienced 769 DDIs. The most common DDIs included: aspirin/clopidogrel, aspirin/insulin, and aspirin/furosemide. Pharmacists ranked the DDIs identically 73.8% of the time, compared to the physicians who agreed 42.2% of the time. Pharmacists agreed with the more severe proprietary database scores for 14.8% of DDIs versus physicians at 7.3%. Overall, clinicians agreed with the proprietary database 20.6% of the time while clinicians ranked the DDIs lower than the database 77.3% of the time. Conclusions. Proprietary DDI databases generally label DDIs with a higher severity rating than bedside clinicians. Developing a DDI knowledgebase for CDSS requires consideration of the severity information source and should include the clinician.
Usefulness of Change in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate as a Predicting Factor of Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Maeda Kunimi , Hamada Chieko , Horikoshi Satoshi , Tomino Yasuhiko
Published: November 2012

Purpose. To explore factors contributing to chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression and change in estimated glomerular filtration rate over time (ΔeGFR) as a risk factor in predialysis patients under multidisciplinary managements. Methods. Among 113 CKD patients, eGFR, serum creatinine, total protein, albumin, urea nitrogen, uric acid, calcium, inorganic phosphate, total cholesterol, urinary creatinine, urinary protein (UP), hemoglobin A1c, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were analyzed. Results. ΔeGFR analysis in the first six months presented a positive slope (remission group) in 43 patients (38%) and a negative slope (no-remission group) in 70 patients (62%). Three-year dialysis-free rate was 89.4% in the remission group and 39.3% in the no-remission group, with a significant difference (). To explore factors contributing to dialysis initiation by stepwise Cox regression, baseline eGFR (HR 0.706, ) and ΔeGFR in the first six months of treatment (HR 0.075, ) were identified. To investigate factors affecting remission and no remission by stepwise logistic regression, age (odds ratio 1.06, ) and UP excretion (odds ratio 1.223, ) were identified. Conclusion. Monitoring of ΔeGFR and UP is not only useful in suppressing CKD 3 progression, but also in deciding strategies to achieve remission in individual patients.
Flocking for Multiple Ellipsoidal Agents with Limited Communication Ranges
Authors: Do K. D.
Published: November 2012

This paper contributes a design of distributed controllers for flocking of mobile agents with an ellipsoidal shape and a limited communication range. A separation condition for ellipsoidal agents is first derived. Smooth step functions are then introduced. These functions and the separation condition between the ellipsoidal agents are embedded in novel pairwise potential functions to design flocking control algorithms. The proposed flocking design results in (1) smooth controllers despite of the agents’ limited communication ranges, (2) no collisions between any agents, (3) asymptotic convergence of each agent’s generalized velocity to a desired velocity, and (4) boundedness of the flock size, defined as the sum of all distances between the agents, by a constant.
Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense JT1, a Plant Pathogenic Fungus
Authors: Thakker Janki N. , Dalwadi Pranay , Dhandhukia Pinakin C.
Published: November 2012

The development of reliable processes for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles is an important aspect of current nanotechnology research. Recently, reports are published on the extracellular as well as intracellular biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using microorganisms. However, these methods of synthesis are rather slow. In present study, rapid and extracellular synthesis of gold nanoparticles using a plant pathogenic fungus F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense JT1 (FocJT1) is reported. Incubation of FocJT1 mycelium with auric chloride solution produces gold nanoparticles in 60 min. Gold nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, and particle size analysis. The particles synthesized were of 22 nm sized, capped by proteins, and posed antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas sp.
Disease Control in Age Structure Population
Authors: Kouokam Etienne , Zucker Jean-Daniel , Fondjo Franklin , Choisy Marc
Published: November 2012

We combine the Leslie model and its derivatives with the classical compartmental SIRS models to build a model of transmission of infected diseases, in a population of hosts, whether opened or closed systems. We calculate the basic reproductive rate R0. Under certain conditions, when R0<1, there is a disease-free equilibrium that is locally asymptotically stable. In contrast, when R0>1, this equilibrium is unstable. Then, through an example, we show how we can define public health strategies to tackle an endemic. Finally we carry a global sensitivity analysis based on this basic reproduction rate to exhibit the most influential parameters of our model that are applied to influenza.
Effects of Heat Treatment on the Mechanical and Degradation Properties of 3D-Printed Calcium-Sulphate-Based Scaffolds
Authors: Zhou Zuoxin , Mitchell Christina A. , Buchanan Fraser J. , Dunne Nicholas J.
Published: November 2012

Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has been employed to fabricate scaffolds with advantages of fully controlled geometries and reproducibility. In this study, the scaffold structure design was established through investigating the minimum feature size and powder size distribution. It was then fabricated from the 3DP plaster-based powders (CaSO4·1/2H2O). Scaffolds produced from this material demonstrated low mechanical properties and a rapid degradation rate. This study investigated the effects of heat treatment on the mechanical and in vitro degradation properties of the CaSO4 scaffolds. The occurrence of dehydration during the heating cycle offered moderate improvements in the mechanical and degradation properties. By using a heat treatment protocol of 200°C for 30 min, compressive strength increased from 0.36 ± 0.13 MPa (pre-heat-treated) to 2.49 ± 0.42 MPa (heat-treated). Heat-treated scaffolds retained their structure and compressive properties for up to two days in a tris-buffered solution, while untreated scaffolds completely disintegrated within a few minutes. Despite the moderate improvements observed in this study, the heat-treated CaSO4 scaffolds did not demonstrate mechanical and degradation properties commensurate with the requirements for bone-tissue-engineering applications.
East African pholcid spiders: an overview, with descriptions of eight new species (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Authors: Huber Bernhard A. , Warui Charles M.
Published: November 2012

This paper summarizes current knowledge about East African pholcids. East Africa is defined as the area from 12°S to 5°N and from 28° to 42°E, including all of Uganda, Kenya, Burundi, Rwanda, and Tanzania. An annotated list of the 15 genera and 87 species recorded from this area is given, together with distribution maps and an identification key to genera. Most East African species (90%) belong to one of only six genera: Buitinga Huber, 2003 (21 species); Smeringopus Simon, 1890 (18); Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805 (17); Spermophora Hentz, 1841 (12); Leptopholcus Simon, 1893 (5) and Quamtana Huber, 2003 (4). Eight species for which DNA sequence data have been published recently are newly described: Buitinga batwa sp. nov., B. wataita sp. nov., Spermophora mau sp. nov., S. maathaiae sp. nov., S. bukusu sp. nov., S. kirinyaga sp. nov., S. kyambura sp. nov. and Quamtana nyahururu sp. nov. Crossopriza johncloudsleyi Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten, 2001, previously only known from Yemen, is redescribed based on specimens from Kenya. Additional new records are given for 21 previously described species.
Faith, Hope, and Charity
Authors: Wilcock Douglas , Haynes Mary
Published: November 2012

On the outer arm of Cape Cod, a series of lighthouses was built in 1838 to warn mariners of the dangers of running aground. One, consisting of three towers, was built in North Eastham as a triple light to differentiate it from the single light at Highland (Truro) and the double light at Chatham. The three towers were called the Three Sisters because their white bases and black tops recalled ladies in white formal dress with black hats (see photograph 1). By 1911 a change in technology allowed a triple signal from a single tower, and two of the “sisters” were moved from the coast to their present location in North Eastham. The National Park Service bought the third sister in 1983 and relocated it next to its sisters.
December 21, 2012: A Date of Opportunity
Authors: Gray Shirley B. , Rice Zebanya
Published: November 2012

Mathematics teachers have a rare chance to appreciate the ancient Mayan culture and to investigate mathematics not derived from Western civilization.
Authentic Tasks in a Standards-Based World
Authors: Edwards Michael Todd , Harper Suzanne R. , Cox Dana C.
Published: November 2012

The Meeting for Lunch problem exemplifies how standards provide more than an outline of daily activities for an entire school year.
Effective Instruction: A Mathematics Coach's Perspective
Authors: Nebesniak Amy L.
Published: November 2012

When it comes to student achievement, teachers and instruction matter most.
Technology Tips: Squaring the Circle with The Geometer's Sketchpad
Authors: Livermore John M.
Published: November 2012

The study of the history of mathematics can be an important approach to engaging students in learning mathematics. At the same time, mathematics history provides a context that will help students understand how and why certain types of mathematics were developed and used. The study of p has as rich a history as any mathematical topic.
Teaching with Technology and iBooks Author
Authors: Parrott Cindy , Holvig Ken
Published: November 2012

iBooks Author, an Apple app, can be used successfully when writing in math class.
Factor Groups
Authors: Bair Sherry L. , Mooney Edward S.
Published: November 2012

An open-ended problem that elicits creative student thinking
Palette of Problems – December 2012/January 2013
Authors: Rock David , Amidon Joel
Published: November 2012

A monthly set of problems is aimed at a variety of ability levels.
Proportional Reasoning and the Visually Impaired
Authors: Hilton Geoff , Hilton Annette , Dole Shelley L. , Goos Merrilyn , O'Brien Mia
Published: November 2012

A hands-on activity helps promote sight-impaired students' understanding of relative and comparative sizes.
Math: More than black and white
Authors: Gimmestad Katherine D. , Huey Maryann E.
Published: November 2012

Share news about happenings in the field of elementary school math education, views on matters pertaining to teaching and learning mathematics in the early childhood or elementary school years, and reactions to previously published opinion pieces or articles.
Disney in December
Authors: Hoge Sue E. , Perry Karin E.
Published: November 2012

Math by the Month is a regular department of the journal. It features collections of short activities focused on a monthly theme. These articles aim for an inquiry or problem-solving orientation that includes at least four activities each for K–Grade 2, Grades 3–4, and Grades 5–6. This month's problem set aligns with the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, includes factual data from Disney Parks, and makes connections between mathematics and real-life applications.
Choreographing Patterns and Functions
Authors: Hawes Zachary , Moss Joan , Finch Heather , Katz Jacques
Published: November 2012

Young students dance their way through a multifaceted differentiated approach to early algebra instruction.
Tales, Tasks, Tools, and Talk
Authors: McKeny Timothy S. , Foley Gregory D.
Published: November 2012

Engage children in literature to pique their interest in quantity concepts, develop their fluency in measurement processes, and establish their quantitative literacy.