bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning from the past to envision the future: a five-year review 2005-2009
Authors: Crocitto Madeline
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze the topics published in the journal in the five-year period from 2005 to 2009.

Design/methodology/approach

– A qualitative examination of content by year identifies prevalent themes.

Findings

– The beginning and ending of the time period demonstrate continued interest in major figures of our field and the context of their thinking. Quality, excellence and continuous improvement were recurrent topics as were those of business in society, ethics and social responsibility. The value of historical analysis with suggested methodologies for further study was included.

Research limitations/implications

– The paper is limited to the topical papers within this five-year timeframe and a qualitative analysis of themes. Fewer than expected papers were published on leadership and international subjects given their important to the field.

Practical implications

– Aspiring authors may find the historical background for the current topics of entrepreneurship, quality, ethics and social responsibility convenient. Helpful advice from experts about how to study management history is highlighted. Cross-cultural and international historical linkages on themes and concepts are identified as areas in need of additional research.

Social implications

– The social construction of studying and teaching history is discussed. The context in which major writers lived and events occurred is recognized as a major factor in interpreting situations.

Originality/value

– The paper reviews over 100 articles to categorize the historical origins of current and recurring topics into major themes. Papers are organized by topic, person or event into a chart by year.
The reestablishment of the Journal of Management History
Authors: Steele Logan M. , McIntosh Tristan , Mulhearn Tyler J. , Watts Logan L. , Anderson Heather J. , Hill Desiree , Lin Li , Matthews Samuel H. , Ness Alisha M. , Buckley M. Ronald
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to provide a review of the reinstitution of the Journal of Management History (JMH) following its five-year merger with Management Decision. In this review, the final issue of the merger in 2005 is examined through the four volumes of JMH that were published after the separation. Across this time period, trends in topics and approaches, as well as identify particularly impactful work, were investigated.

Design/methodology/approach

– With a taxonomy developed in a previous review of JMH (Hardy et al., 2015), articles were sorted by independent raters for the following dimensions: focus (i.e. person, topic or event), historical approach (i.e. an account or analysis) and readership (i.e. public policy or management). After full consensus was reached, these categories were examined to identify themes and shifts in trends over the target time period. Finally, the impact of articles published between 2005 and 2009 was evaluated by using citations provided by Google Scholar.

Findings

– In the years following the separation of JMH from Management Decision, a few notable shifts were observed in the journal’s focus, approach and readership. This time period was first characterized by a heavy emphasis on topic-based articles. The emphasis subsequently shifted to strike a balance between focusing on people and topics. There was also fairly balanced use of historical analysis and historical account approaches. The final shift led to a majority of articles having a person-based focus. Interestingly, the largest impacts were made all by articles with a focus on particular management topic.

Originality/value

– This quantitative review provides insight into the development of JMH following its reestablishment as independent publication outlet.
Accessible tourism futures: the world we dream to live in and the opportunities we hope to have
Authors: Michopoulou Eleni , Darcy Simon , Ambrose Ivor , Buhalis Dimitros
Published: October 2015

Purpose

Accessible tourism is evolving as a field of academic research and industry practice, set within a dynamic social context. The field is interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary. The purpose of this paper is to examine key concepts and global initiatives that will shape accessible tourism futures.

Design/methodology/approach

Three of the authors have extensive academic experience in the area and the fourth author is the Managing Director of the pre-eminent European Network for Accessible Tourism. In taking a limited Delphi approach to canvassing key areas likely to shape accessible tourism futures, the following concepts and policy initiatives were examined: motivations, dreams and aspirations of people with disability; demography; UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; destination competitiveness; universal design (UD); and the UN Sustainable Development Goals for 2030.

Findings

A discussion of each of the above areas was placed in context to accessible tourism futures and to contextualise the papers that were selected for the special issue. The latter part of the paper outlines the contribution of each empirical paper to the issue discussing the approach, findings and implications. Stakeholder collaboration was identified as the key common theme of the papers and the factor for developing accessible tourism solutions, recognising the value of the market and capitalising on it. A collaborative approach is required to recognise the complementary nature of the different paradigms; to re-shape and transform the future of the accessible tourism industry. To assist in the development of accessible tourism futures, UD principles should provide a foundation to enhance the future competitiveness of tourism destinations and organisations.

Originality/value

The paper’s examination of the concepts and global policy considerations provides a strong academic and practitioner foundation for considering accessible tourism futures. In doing so, accessible tourism futures are shown to be affected by key concepts related to core tourism considerations and major policy initiatives on accessibility and sustainability. Yet, accessible tourism futures also have the potential to create their own momentum and contribute unique learnings on the diversity of tourism markets that will shape tourism concepts and global policy initiatives in their own right.
Image retrieval with SINCERITY
Authors: Ménard Elaine , Girouard Vanessa
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to develop a search engine dedicated to image retrieval in a bilingual (French and English) context. This paper presents the first phase of user testing that was carried out to validate and refine SINCERITY, the new search device.

Design/methodology/approach

– This first phase of the search engine testing involved a small group of image searchers (10 French-speaking and 10 English-speaking participants) who were asked to retrieve a sample of images (30) using the new tool. A questionnaire was also developed to compile the comments of the users.

Findings

– The results of this first phase of testing revealed that even though image indexing was sometimes problematic, the participants did not encounter major difficulties retrieving images with SINCERITY. Comments and suggestions received will be taken into consideration to improve the performance and aesthetics of the search engine.

Originality/value

– Once fully operational, SINCERITY will allow users to search images in an attractive and user-friendly manner. Eventually, other types of images (documentary and artistic) will be added to the image database linked to the image search engine, as well as other languages.
Scratch adhesion characteristics of PVD Cr/CrAlN multilayer coating deposited on aerospace AL7075-T6 alloy
Authors: Mehran Q.M , Bushroa A.R , Fazal M.A , Quazi M.M.
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to design and develop a new functional coating system for aerospace AL7075-T6 alloy that would evaluate the mechanical properties of the coating.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper outlines the scratch adhesion characterisation of Cr/CrAlN coating using a combination of radio frequency (RF) and direct current (DC) physical vapour deposition (PVD) magnetron sputtering. The surface morphology, microstructure and chemical composition of the Cr/CrAlN film were evaluated by optical microscopy (OM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) integrated with energy-dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The film-to-substrate adhesion was measured by a scratch test machine manufactured with a detection system, motorized stages, penetration depth sensors, optical microscope and tangential frictional load sensors.

Findings

– The AFM and ultra-micro hardness results showed an increase in surface roughness to about 20 per cent and hardness to about 74 per cent. Moreover, the film-to-substrate adhesion strength of 1,814 mN was obtained with PVD deposition process.

Research limitations/implications

– The main limitation of this work is caused by PVD deposition process. Besides, surface defects such as pinholes contribute to a decrease in adhesion strength.

Practical implications

– The higher hardness of CrAlN coating is used to improve the properties of softer aluminium substrates. This hardness prevents ploughing-induced wear and provides greater adhesion strength by preventing coating delamination.

Originality/value

– Until now, CrAlN is coated only on ferrous alloys. It has not yet been tried on aluminium alloys. Moreover, coating functionality depends on higher adhesion and failure mechanisms involved in the film-to-substrate system, which is significant in aerospace applications.
Seen and unseen: using video data in ethnographic fieldwork
Authors: Hackett Abigail , Pool Steve , Rowsell Jennifer , Aghajan Barsin
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to report on video making in two different contexts within the Community Arts Zone research project, an international research project concerned with the connections between arts, literacy and the community.

Design/methodology/approach

– At one project site, researchers and parents from the community filmed their children making dens with an artist. At another site, a professional film crew filmed young people engaged in arts practice in school settings.

Findings

– In both cases, researchers, artists and community participants collaborated to do research and make video. This paper discusses the ways that this work was differently positioned at the two sites. These different positionings had implications for the meaning ascribed to video making from the point of view of the participants, researchers and artists involved.

Originality/value

– By drawing on perspectives of researchers and artists, the paper explores implications for video making processes within ethnographic research. These include a need for awareness of the diversity and fragmentation of the fields of both visual research and visual arts practice. In addition, the relationship between research and the visual is unfolding in a context in which the digital is increasingly ubiquitous in everyday life. Therefore the authors argue for the need for researchers and artists to explore their epistemological assumptions with regards to video and film, and to consider the role of the digital in the lives of their participants. The coming together of these positions and experiences is what constructs the meaning of the digital and visual in the field.
When the workshop is working
Authors: Graham Helen , Hill Katie , Holland Tessa , Pool Steve
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– This paper comes from workshop activities and structured reflection by a group of artists and researchers who have been using artistic practice within research projects aimed at enabling researchers to collaborate with communities. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– Three out of four in the group have a practicing creative background and their own studio/workshop space.

Findings

– Artists are often employed – whether in schools or research projects – to run workshops; to bring a distinctive set of skills that enable learning or collaboration to take place. In this paper the authors reflect on the different meanings and connotations of “workshop” – as noun (as a place where certain types of activity happen, a bounded space) and a verb (to work something through; to make something together). From there the authors will then draw out the different principles of what artistic practice can offer towards creating a collaborative space for new knowledge to emerge.

Research limitations/implications

– Key ideas include different repertories of structuring to enable different forms of social interaction; the role of materal/ality and body in shifting what can be recognised as knowing; and the skills of “thinking on your feet”, being responsive and improvising.

Originality/value

– The authors will conclude by reflecting on aspects to consider when developing workshops as part of collaborative research projects.
Joint 3D inversion of multiple electromagnetic datasets
Authors: Meqbel Naser , Ritter Oliver
Published: October 2015

Electromagnetic methods are routinely applied to image the subsurface from shallow to regional structures. Individual electromagnetic methods differ in their sensitivities towards resistive and conductive structures and in their exploration depths. If a good balance between different electromagnetic data can be be found, joint 3D inversion of multiple electromagnetic datasets can result in significantly better resolution of subsurface structures than the individual inversions. We present a weighting algorithm to combine magnetotelluric, controlled source electromagnetic, and geoelectric data. Magnetotelluric data are generally more sensitive to regional conductive structures, whereas controlled source electromagnetic and geoelectric data are better suited to recover more shallow and resistive structures. Our new scheme is based on weighting individual components of the total data gradient after each model update. Norms of individual data residuals are used to assess how much of the total data gradient must be assigned to each method to achieve a balanced contribution of all datasets for the joint inverse model. Synthetic inversion tests demonstrate advantages of joint inversion in general and also the influence of the weighting. In our tests, the controlled source electromagnetic data gradients are larger than those of the magnetotelluric and geoelectric datasets. Consequently, direct joint inversion of controlled source electromagnetic, magnetotelluric, and geoelectric data results in models that are mostly dominated by structures required by the controlled source electromagnetic data. Applying the new adaptive weighting scheme results in an inversion model that fits the data better and resembles more the original model. We used the modular system electromagnetic as a framework to implement the new joint inversion and briefly describe the new modules for forward modelling and their interfaces to the modular system electromagnetic package.
Global analysis of seagrass restoration: the importance of large‐scale planting
Authors: van Katwijk Marieke M. , Thorhaug Anitra , Marbà Núria , Orth Robert J. , Duarte Carlos M. , Kendrick Gary A. , Althuizen Inge H. J. , Balestri Elena , Bernard Guillaume , Cambridge Marion L. , Cunha Alexandra , Durance Cynthia , Giesen Wim , Han Qiuying , Hosokawa Shinya , Kiswara Wawan , Komatsu Teruhisa , Lardicci Claudio , Lee Kun‐Seop , Meinesz Alexandre , Nakaoka Masahiro , O'Brien Katherine R. , Paling Erik I. , Pickerell Chris , Ransijn Aryan M. A. , Verduin Jennifer J.
Published: October 2015

In coastal and estuarine systems, foundation species like seagrasses, mangroves, saltmarshes or corals provide important ecosystem services. Seagrasses are globally declining and their reintroduction has been shown to restore ecosystem functions. However, seagrass restoration is often challenging, given the dynamic and stressful environment that seagrasses often grow in.

From our world‐wide meta‐analysis of seagrass restoration trials (1786 trials), we describe general features and best practice for seagrass restoration. We confirm that removal of threats is important prior to replanting. Reduced water quality (mainly eutrophication), and construction activities led to poorer restoration success than, for instance, dredging, local direct impact and natural causes. Proximity to and recovery of donor beds were positively correlated with trial performance. Planting techniques can influence restoration success.

The meta‐analysis shows that both trial survival and seagrass population growth rate in trials that survived are positively affected by the number of plants or seeds initially transplanted. This relationship between restoration scale and restoration success was not related to trial characteristics of the initial restoration. The majority of the seagrass restoration trials have been very small, which may explain the low overall trial survival rate (i.e. estimated 37%).

Successful regrowth of the foundation seagrass species appears to require crossing a minimum threshold of reintroduced individuals. Our study provides the first global field evidence for the requirement of a critical mass for recovery, which may also hold for other foundation species showing strong positive feedback to a dynamic environment.

Synthesis and applications. For effective restoration of seagrass foundation species in its typically dynamic, stressful environment, introduction of large numbers is seen to be beneficial and probably serves two purposes. First, a large‐scale planting increases trial survival – large numbers ensure the spread of risks, which is needed to overcome high natural variability. Secondly, a large‐scale trial increases population growth rate by enhancing self‐sustaining feedback, which is generally found in foundation species in stressful environments such as seagrass beds. Thus, by careful site selection and applying appropriate techniques, spreading of risks and enhancing self‐sustaining feedback in concert increase success of seagrass restoration.
Thromboelastography predicts risks of obstetric complication occurrence in (hypo)dysfibrinogenemia patients under non‐pregnant state
Authors: Zhou Jingyi , Xin Yu , Ding Qiulan , Jiang Linlin , Chen Yaopeng , Dai Jing , Lu Yeling , Wu Xi , Liang Qian , Wang Hongli , Wang Xuefeng
Published: October 2015

Congenital (hypo)dysfibrinogenemia patients may have obstetric complications during their pregnancies. This study aimed to evaluate thromboelastography (TEG) as a potential tool for assessing the tendency for obstetric complications in those patients in a non‐pregnant state. A total of 22 female subjects with congenital (hypo)dysfibrinogenemia were recruited. Nine subjects had histories of obstetric complications and the other 13 subjects had at least one uneventful pregnancy without obstetric complications as yet. Detailed clinical investigation and phenotype/genotype detection were carried out, and both kaolin‐activated TEG and functional fibrinogen TEG (FF‐TEG) were applied in all subjects. Significant differences were identified in all TEG parameters except for R and angle between these two groups (P < 0.05) by covariance analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of discrimination between these two groups of patients was performed for TEG parameters. Significantly high odds ratio (OR) of obstetric complications occurrence were demonstrated in K ≥ 3.8 min, maximum amplitude (MA) ≤ 54.2 mm, comprehensive index (CI) ≤ −3 (11.67, 95% CI 1.527–89.121, P < 0.05 in all), and MA‐CFF ≤ 12.1 mm (20.00, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.967–203.322, P = 0.002). Moreover, MA‐CFF had better prognostic performance, with a corresponding area under the receiver operating curve of 0.923 (range 0.815–1.031, P = 0.001). This study suggests that (hypo)dysfibrinogenemia patients with values outside of the cut‐off values of TEG assays under non‐pregnant state may have a higher risk of obstetric complications occurring when they are pregnant. No parameters under non‐pregnant state in clinical laboratory have ever been reported to be risk factors for obstetric complication occurrence in (hypo)dysfibrinogenemia patients. This study explored such parameters in TEG assays and found that parameters of TEG assays under non‐pregnant status might predict the occurrence of obstetric complications, which could provide physicians with important information about whether fibrinogen replacement therapy is required, so as to prevent the occurrence of obstetric complications, especially for patients who are asymptomatic in daily life.
Acid‐sensing ion channels in trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the orofacial region contribute to orofacial inflammatory pain
Authors: Fu Hui , Fang Peng , Zhou Hai‐Yun , Zhou Jun , Yu Xiao‐Wei , Ni Ming , Zheng Jie‐Yan , Jin You , Chen Jian‐Guo , Wang Fang , Hu Zhuang‐Li
Published: October 2015

Orofacial pain is a common clinical symptom that is accompanied by tooth pain, migraine and gingivitis. Accumulating evidence suggests that acid‐sensing ion channels (ASICs), especially ASIC3, can profoundly affect the physiological properties of nociception in peripheral sensory neurons. The aim of this study is to examine the contribution of ASICs in trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons to orofacial inflammatory pain. A Western blot (WB), immunofluorescence assay of labelled trigeminal ganglion neurons, orofacial formalin test, cell preparation and electrophysiological experiments are performed. This study demonstrated that ASIC1, ASIC2a and ASIC3 are highly expressed in TG neurons innervating the orofacial region of rats. The amplitude of ASIC currents in these neurons increased 119.72% (for ASIC1‐like current) and 230.59% (for ASIC3‐like current) in the formalin‐induced orofacial inflammatory pain model. In addition, WB and immunofluorescence assay demonstrated a significantly augmented expression of ASICs in orofacial TG neurons during orofacial inflammation compared with the control group. The relative protein density of ASIC1, ASIC2a and ASIC3 also increased 58.82 ± 8.92%, 45.30 ± 11.42% and 55.32 ± 14.71%, respectively, compared with the control group. Furthermore, pharmacological blockade of ASICs and genetic deletion of ASIC1 attenuated the inflammation response. These findings indicate that peripheral inflammation can induce the upregulation of ASICs in TG neurons, causing orofacial inflammatory pain. Additionally, the specific inhibitor of ASICs may have a significant analgesic effect on orofacial inflammatory pain.
Dividend payout determinants for Australian Multinational and Domestic Corporations
Authors: Akhtar Shumi
Published: October 2015

I investigate the determinants of dividend payments for Australian Multinational Corporations (MCs) and Domestic Corporations (DCs). Six measures of dividend payout ratios are investigated, and five international factors are employed in addition to traditional factors. I find: MCs pay significantly less regular cash, special cash, total dividends and net dividends relative to DCs; the degree of foreign involvement is important in determining special cash and net dividend payments; MCs are more active than DCs in dividend increasing activities; and MCs are significantly less likely to be a dividend payer relative to DCs due to tax disadvantages coupled with unfavourable foreign risk exposures.
New GABAergic Neurogenesis in the Hippocampal CA1 Region of a Gerbil Model of Long‐Term Survival after Transient Cerebral Ischemic Injury
Authors: Lee Jae‐Chul , Park Joon Ha , Ahn Ji Hyeon , Kim In Hye , Cho Jeong Hwi , Choi Jung Hoon , Yoo Ki‐Yeon , Lee Choong Hyun , Hwang In Koo , Cho Jun Hwi , Kwon Young‐Guen , Kim Young‐Myeong , Kang Il Jun , Won Moo‐Ho
Published: October 2015

We investigated the probability of newly generated neurons that could survive and mature in the ischemic hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) of a gerbil model of transient cerebral ischemia. Neuronal death was shown in the stratum pyramidale (SP) from 4 days post‐ischemia, and a significant increase in NeuN‐positive (+) neurons was found in the SP at 180 days post‐ischemia. 5‐Bromo‐2‐deoxyuridine (BrdU)+ cells were co‐stained with NeuN and glutamic decarboxylase 67 (GAD67). Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) immunoreactivity and protein level was shown in nonpyramidal cells from 4 days post‐ischemia, and the immunoreactivity was strong at 30 days post‐ischemia and not significantly changed until 180 days post‐ischemia. Furthermore, TrkB immunoreactivity was co‐stained with GAD67 when we examined at 180 days post‐ischemia. Myelin basic protein (MBP)+ nerve fibers were reduced at 4 days post‐ischemia and maintained until 60 days post‐ischemia, and MBP immunoreactivity and levels were significantly increased at 180 days post‐ischemia. In the passive avoidance test, cognitive dysfunction was improved at 180 days post‐ischemia. These results suggest that the differentiation of neural progenitor cells into new GABAergic neurons may be promoted via BDNF in the ischemic CA1 and that the neurogenesis may partially mediate the recovery of cognitive impairments via increasing myelinated nerve fibers.
Analysis of Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Children Highlights the Role of Genotype × Environment Interaction
Authors: Molenaar Dylan , Middeldorp Christel , van Beijsterveldt Toos , Boomsma Dorret I.
Published: October 2015

This study tested for Genotype × Environment (G × E) interaction on behavioral and emotional problems in children using new methods that do not require identification of candidate genes or environments, can distinguish between interaction with shared and unique environment, and are insensitive to scale effects. Parental ratings of problem behavior from 14,755 twin pairs (5.3 years, SD = 0.22) indicated G × E interaction on emotional liability, social isolation, aggression, attention problems, dependency, anxiety, and physical coordination. Environmental influences increased in children who were genetically more predisposed to problem behavior, with ~20% of the variance due to G × E interaction (8% for anxiety to 37% for attention problems). Ignoring G × E interaction does not greatly bias heritability estimates, but it does offer a comprehensive model of the etiology for childhood problems.
Impacts of a Comprehensive School Readiness Curriculum for Preschool Children at Risk for Educational Difficulties
Authors: Lonigan Christopher J. , Phillips Beth M. , Clancy Jeanine L. , Landry Susan H. , Swank Paul R. , Assel Michael , Taylor Heather B. , Klein Alice , Starkey Prentice , Domitrovich Celene E. , Eisenberg Nancy , de Villiers Jill , de Villiers Peter , Barnes Marcia ,   The School Readiness Consortium
Published: October 2015

This article reports findings from a cluster‐randomized study of an integrated literacy‐ and math‐focused preschool curriculum, comparing versions with and without an explicit socioemotional lesson component to a business‐as‐usual condition. Participants included 110 classroom teachers from randomized classrooms and approximately eight students from each classroom (N = 760) who averaged 4.48 (SD = 0.44) years of age at the start of the school year. There were positive impacts of the two versions of the curriculum on language, phonological awareness, math, and socioemotional outcomes, but there were no added benefits to academic or socioemotional outcomes for the children receiving explicit socioemotional instruction. Results are discussed with relevance to early childhood theory, policy, and goals of closing the school readiness gap.
Human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells promote interleukin-17 production from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy donors and systemic lupus erythematosus patients
Authors: Ren S , Hu J , Chen Y , Yuan T , Hu H , Li S
Published: October 2015

Inflammation instigated by interleukin (IL)-17-producing cells is central to the development and pathogenesis of several human autoimmune diseases and animal models of autoimmunity. The expansion of IL-17-producing cells from healthy donors is reportedly promoted by mesenchymal stem cells derived from fetal bone marrow. In the present study, human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) were examined for their effects on lymphocytes from healthy donors and from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Significantly higher levels of IL-17 were produced when CD4+ T cells from healthy donors were co-cultured with hUC-MSCs than those that were cultured alone. Blocking experiments identified that this effect might be mediated partially through prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and IL-1β, without IL-23 involvement. We then co-cultured hUC-MSCs with human CD4+ T cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Ex-vivo inductions of IL-17 by hUC-MSCs in stimulated lymphocytes were significantly higher in SLE patients than in healthy donors. This effect was not observed for IL-23. Taken together, our results represent that hUC-MSCs can promote the IL-17 production from CD4+ T cells in both healthy donor and SLE patients. PGE2 and IL-1β might also be partially involved in the promotive effect of hUC-MSCs.
Bakkenolide‐IIIa Protects Against Cerebral Damage Via Inhibiting NF‐κB Activation
Authors: Jiang Qian , Li Run‐Ping , Tang Ying , Wang Ye‐Qing , Liu Chong , Guo Mei‐Li
Published: October 2015

Aims

This study was designed to examine the neuroprotective effects of bakkenolide‐IIIa, a major novel compound extracted from the rhizome of P. trichinous.

Methods

Transient focal cerebral damage model in rats and oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) in cultured hippocampal neurons were performed. The amount of apoptotic neurons was determined using TUNEL assay. The expressions of Bcl‐2, Bax, Akt, ERK1/2, IKKβ, IκBα were measured using Western blot. The nuclear translocation and activation of NF‐κB was measured using a fluorescence microscope and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA).

Results

Bakkenolide‐IIIa (4, 8, 16 mg/kg; i.g.) was administered immediately after reperfusion could reduce the brain infarct volume, and the neurological deficit, as well as a high dose of bakkenolide‐IIIa, increases the 72 h survival rate in cerebrally damaged rats. In vitro data demonstrated that bakkenolide‐IIIa could increase cell viability and decrease the amount of apoptotic cells in cultured primary hippocampal neurons exposed to OGD. Bakkenolide‐IIIa also dose‐dependently increased the ratio of Bcl‐2 to Bax. These results indicated that inhibition of apoptosis partly mediated the neuroprotection of bakkenolide‐IIIa. Furthermore, bakkenolide‐IIIa inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2, IKKβ, IκBα, and p65 in cultured hippocampal neurons exposed to OGD. Bakkenolide‐IIIa not only inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF‐κB in cultured neurons exposed to OGD, but also inhibited the activation of NF‐κB in peri‐infarct area in cerebrally damaged rats.

Conclusion

Collectively, our findings indicated that bakkenolide‐IIIa protects against cerebral damage by inhibiting AKT and ERK1/2 activation and inactivated NF‐κB signaling.
Gaining Visitor Consent for Research III: A Trilingual Posted‐Sign Method
Authors: Sindorf Lisa , Gutwill Joshua , Garcia‐Luis Veronica
Published: October 2015

When studying museum visitors, researchers sometimes collect data by video‐ and audio‐taping large high‐traffic areas. In order to inform visitors that they are being recorded, researchers post signs in the area. This article describes the Exploratorium's efforts to design and test trilingual signs that would effectively inform visitors when video‐based research is in progress. Interviews with 255 adult museum visitors, conducted across six versions of the recording area's setup and signage, revealed several effective design elements. The posted sign was more noticeable and welcoming when it included a large headline, a realistic camera icon, and a colorful background. The most effective setup of the area contained many cues to videotaping beyond the large posted sign, such as visible recording equipment and small signs on exhibits and cordons. In the most successful trilingual setup we tested, 92% of visitors leaving the research area knew they had been videotaped.
Telling the Story of Welsh Art—But Is Anyone Listening?
Authors: Howell David R.
Published: October 2015

Since the devolution of political authority was introduced to Wales, the museums and culture sector has been increasingly influenced by the political sector. One aspect of the culture sector to become a focus for Welsh politicians has been the idea of establishing a National Gallery for Wales. This has increased pressure on the National Museum Wales, the body which would be responsible for creating a National Gallery, to revisit its approach to the display of national art collections and associated narratives. However, in an effort to create something resembling a National Gallery, has National Museum Wales ultimately fallen short in achieving wider goals of developing a Welsh narrative through the nation's art holdings? This paper explores how effective the National Museum has been in exploring national narratives through its displays, by focusing on audience engagement with exhibitions. A visitor study, conducted between 2012 and 2014, explored the way in which visitors engaged with works of art that might be classified as being “Welsh.” Following this three year period, it became clear that visitors were not viewing Welsh art work as a viewing priority, and tended to not enter the one exhibition area to present a strong Welsh narrative connected to the display of art. In a context where visitors appear to systematically disengage with a national narrative—a narrative seen to be a priority by Welsh politicians and the museum hierarchy—why is this failure occurring? How might it be confronted? And ultimately does, or should, this emphasis matter in the first place?
THE GENUS WISTERIA NUTTALL
Authors: Compton James
Published: October 2015

Wisteria Nutt. is a conserved generic name for a group of five currently recognized species distributed in North America, China, Japan and Korea. The history of the genus is discussed and a diagnostic description and key to the species is provided.
A VIGNETTE OF BOTANY IN THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT: THE STORY OF CATESBY'S CLIMBER OR THE CAROLINA KIDNEY BEAN TREE,WISTERIA FRUTESCENS
Authors: Compton James A.
Published: October 2015

The history ofWisteria frutescens(L.) Poir. is discussed, with particular reference to those associated with its discovery in South Carolina, its transmission to Europe, and its initial cultivation in England and the Dutch Republic. A brief appraisal is given of those natural historians associated with the species in the interconnected worlds of medicine, botany, botanical art and horticulture in the early 18th century whose efforts enabled the Carolina kidney bean tree to be discovered, described and distributed. A description ofWisteria frutescens,with a key to the two varieties, is provided. A lectotype is chosen for the nameGlycine frutescensvar.magnificaHérincq and neotypes are selected for the namesDiplonyx elegansRaf. andThyrsanthus floridanaCroom.
Phrynoderma and acquired acrodermatitis enteropathica in breastfeeding women after bariatric surgery
Authors: Monshi Babak , Stockinger Theresa , Vigl Kornelia , Richter Leo , Weihsengruber Felix , Rappersberger Klemens
Published: October 2015

Background and objectives

Women who have undergone bariatric surgery are susceptible to nutritional deficiencies in subsequent pregnancies. We highlight the importance of dermatologists in the early recognition of cutaneous signs of malnutrition occurring in this specific clinical setting.

Patients and methods

We compare clinical characteristics of two young women with dermatological signs of combined post‐gestational nutritional deficiencies following Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery.

Results

Patient 1 exhibited follicular papules on the extremities, perianal eczema, perlèche, alopecia, and depigmentation of hair. Patient 2 showed erythematous plaques in genitoanal and acral areas, perlèche, diffuse alopecia, and depigmentation of hair. Based on clinical and histopathological findings, decreased vitamin A (patient 1) and zinc levels (patient 2), we diagnosed phrynoderma and acquired acrodermatitis enteropathica, respectively. Comparison of the two patients revealed that both (i) were lacking follow‐up after gastric bypass surgery, (ii) developed skin lesions as primary symptoms with (iii) mixed clinical manifestations due to combined deficiencies, and (iv) experienced initial symptoms during lactation suggesting a causal relationship.

Conclusions

Our observations highlight the potentially increased risk of women to develop post‐gestational dermatological manifestations of malnutrition following bariatric surgery. The awareness of dermatologists with respect to this emerging, susceptible patient group may help avert damage to mother and child.
Preschool children's control of action outcomes
Authors: Freier Livia , Cooper Richard P. , Mareschal Denis
Published: October 2015

Naturalistic goal‐directed behaviours require the engagement and maintenance of appropriate levels of cognitive control over relatively extended intervals of time. In two experiments, we examined preschool children's abilities to maintain top‐down control throughout the course of a sequential task. Both 3‐ and 5‐year‐olds demonstrated good abilities to access goals at the lowest level of the representational hierarchy. However, only 5‐year‐olds consistently aligned their response choices with goals at superordinate levels. These findings suggest that the ability to maintain top‐down control and adjust behavioural responses according to goals at multiple levels of abstraction undergoes a marked improvement throughout the preschool period. Results are discussed in relation to current accounts of cognitive control and the monitoring of conflict in sequential action.
Parent‐reported multi‐national study of the impact of congenital and childhood onset myotonic dystrophy
Authors: Johnson Nicholas E , Ekstrom Anne‐Berit , Campbell Craig , Hung Man , Adams Heather R , Chen Wei , Luebbe Elizabeth , Hilbert James , Moxley Richard T , Heatwole Chad R
Published: October 2015

Aim

The frequency and impact of symptoms experienced by patients with congenital, childhood, and juvenile‐onset myotonic dystrophy (CDM/ChDM/JDM) is not documented. This report identifies symptomatic areas with the greatest disease burden in an international population of patients with early‐onset myotonic dystrophy type‐1 (DM1).

Method

We distributed surveys to parents of patients with CDM/ChDM/JDM. Patients with CDM/ChDM/JDM were members of the US National Registry of DM1 Patients and Family Members, the Canadian Neuromuscular Disease Registry, or the Swedish Health System. Surveys inquired about 325 symptoms and 20 themes associated with CDM/ChDM/JDM. Parents identified the importance of each symptom and theme to their affected child. The prevalence of each symptom and theme were compared across subgroups of patients. The statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact and Kruskal–Wallis tests.

Results

One hundred and fifty parents returned surveys. The most frequently reported symptomatic themes in children were issues involving communication (81.7%) and problems with hands or fingers (79.6%). Problems with communication and fatigue were the issues that were reported to have the greatest impact on childrens’ lives, while 24.1% of children reported cardiac disorders and 15.8% had problems with anesthesia.

Interpretation

A range of symptoms contribute to the burden of disease faced by children with DM1. Many of these symptoms are under‐recognized.
Hypoglycaemia after gastric bypass: mechanisms and treatment
Authors: Ritz P. , Vaurs C. , Barigou M. , Hanaire H.
Published: October 2015

Hypoglycaemia after gastric bypass can be severe, but is uncommon, and is sometimes only revealed through monitoring glucose concentrations. The published literature is limited by the heterogeneity of the criteria used for diagnosis, arguing in favour of the Whipple triad with a glycaemia threshold of 55 mg/dl as the diagnostic reference. Women who lost most of their excess weight after gastric bypass, long after the surgery was performed, and who did not have diabetes before surgery are at the greatest risk. In this context, hypoglycaemia results from hyperinsulinism, which is either generated by pancreas anomalies (nesidioblastosis) and/or caused by an overstimulation of β cells by incretins, mainly glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1). Glucose absorption is both accelerated and increased because of the direct communication between the gastric pouch and the jejunum. This is a post‐surgical exaggeration of a natural adaptation that is seen in patients who have not undergone surgery in whom glucose is infused directly into the jejunum. There is not always a correspondence between symptoms and biological traits; however, hyperinsulinism is constant if hypoglycaemia is severe and there are neuroglucopenic symptoms. The treatment relies firstly on changes in eating habits, splitting food intake into five to six daily meals, slowing gastric emptying, reducing the glycaemic load and glycaemic index of foods, using fructose and avoiding stress at meals. Pharmacological treatment with acarbose is efficient, but other drugs still need to be validated in a greater number of subjects (insulin, glucagon, calcium channel blockers, somatostatin analogues and GLP‐1 analogues). Lastly, if the surgical option has to be used, the benefits (efficient symptom relief) and the risks (weight regain, diabetes) should be weighed carefully.
Mixed‐effects modelling to quantify the effect of empagliflozin on renal glucose reabsorption in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Mondick J. , Riggs M. , Sasaki T. , Sarashina A. , Broedl U. C. , Retlich S.
Published: October 2015

Aims

To quantify the effect of the sodium‐glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitor, empagliflozin, on renal glucose reabsorption in patients with type 2 diabetes, and to evaluate covariate effects, using a mechanistic population pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) model.

Methods

Four phase I/II trials were used for model development. Empagliflozin's PK characteristics were characterized by a two‐compartmental model with sequential zero‐ and first‐order absorption. Urinary glucose excretion (UGE) was described as dependent on renal glucose filtration and reabsorption; splay of the glucose reabsorption/excretion curves was considered. The modelling assumed that empagliflozin lowers the maximum renal glucose reabsorption capacity and, thereby, the renal threshold for glucose (RTg). Covariate effects were investigated using a full covariate modelling approach, emphasizing parameter estimation.

Results

The PK–PD model provided a reasonable description of the PK characteristics of empagliflozin and its effects on UGE across a range of renal function levels. Its parameters are consistent with reported values for renal physiology. Using this model, the effect of empagliflozin on renal glucose reabsorption was quantified. Steady‐state empagliflozin doses (1, 5, 10 and 25 mg) reduced RTg from 12.5 mmol/L [95% confidence interval (CI) 12.0, 13.1] to 5.66 (95% CI 4.62, 6.72), 3.01 (95% CI 2.33, 3.69), 2.53 (95% CI 1.83, 3.14) and 2.21 (95% CI 1.47, 2.84) mg/dl, respectively. Covariate analysis showed the effect of empagliflozin on UGE was not influenced, to a clinically relevant extent, by sex, age or race.

Conclusions

A method for characterizing renal glucose reabsorption was developed that does not require complex glucose clamp experiments. These analyses indicate that empagliflozin provided concentration‐dependent RTg reductions, with 10 and 25 mg providing near‐maximum RTg‐lowering.
Relationship of glycaemic control and hypoglycaemic episodes to 4‐year cardiovascular outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes starting insulin
Authors: Freemantle N. , Danchin N. , Calvi‐Gries F. , Vincent M. , Home P. D.
Published: October 2015

Aims

To examine the relationships between glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and cardiovascular (CV) events in people beginning insulin in routine clinical practice in Europe, North America and Asia in a non‐interventional study, the Cardiovascular Risk Evaluation in people with Type 2 Diabetes on Insulin Therapy (CREDIT) study.

Methods

Data on 2999 people were collected prospectively over 4 years from physician reports. The primary outcome was the composite of stroke or myocardial infarction (MI) or CV‐specific death. Events were blindly adjudicated. The relative hazards of CV events were described from Cox proportional hazards models incorporating patient risk factors, with updated average HbA1c as a time‐dependent covariate. The relationship of severe and symptomatic hypoglycaemia (collected during the 6 months before yearly ascertainment) with CV and all‐cause mortality was examined.

Results

A total of 147 primary events were accrued during up to 54 months of follow‐up. In all, 60 CV‐specific deaths, 44 non‐fatal MIs and 57 non‐fatal strokes occurred, totalling 161 events. There was a significant positive relationship between updated mean HbA1c and primary outcome: hazard ratio (HR) 1.25 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12–1.40; p < 0.0001]. CV death [HR 1.31 (95% CI 1.10–1.57); p = 0.0027] and stroke [HR 1.36 (95% CI 1.17–1.59); p < 0.0001] were both strongly associated with HbA1c, while MI was not [HR 1.05 (95% CI 0.83–1.32)]. One or more severe hypoglycaemic episodes affected 175 participants, while 1508 participants experienced one or more symptomatic hypoglycaemic events. We found no relationship between severe/symptomatic hypoglycaemic events and CV‐specific/all‐cause death.

Conclusions

Ongoing poorer glucose control was associated with CV events; hypoglycaemia was not associated with CV‐specific/all‐cause death.
Temporal metabolic profiling of the Quercus suber–Phytophthora cinnamomi system by middle‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Hardoim P. R. , Guerra R. , Rosa da Costa A. M. , Serrano M. S. , Sánchez M. E. , Coelho A. C.
Published: October 2015

The oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi is an aggressive plant pathogen, detrimental to many ecosystems including cork oak (Quercus suber) stands, and can inflict great losses in one of the greatest ‘hotspots’ for biodiversity in the world. Here, we applied Fourier transform‐infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics to disclose the metabolic patterns of cork oak roots and P. cinnamomi mycelium during the early hours of the interaction. As early as 2 h post‐inoculation (hpi), cork oak roots showed altered metabolic patterns with significant variations for regions associated with carbohydrate, glycoconjugate and lipid groups when compared to mock‐inoculated plants. These variations were further extended at 8 hpi. Surprisingly, at 16 hpi, the metabolic changes in inoculated and mock‐inoculated plants were similar, and at 24 hpi, the metabolic patterns of the regions mentioned above were inverted when compared to samples collected at 8 hpi. Principal component analysis of the FT‐IR spectra confirmed that the metabolic patterns of inoculated cork oak roots could be readily distinguished from those of mock‐inoculated plants at 2, 8 and 24 hpi, but not at 16 hpi. FT‐IR spectral analysis from mycelium of P. cinnamomi exposed to cork oak root exudates revealed contrasting variations for regions associated with protein groups at 16 and 24 h post‐exposure (hpe), whereas carbohydrate and glycoconjugate groups varied mainly at 24 hpe. Our results revealed early alterations in the metabolic patterns of the host plant when interacting with the biotrophic pathogen. In addition, the FT‐IR technique can be successfully applied to discriminate infected cork oak plants from mock‐inoculated plants, although these differences were dynamic with time. To a lesser extent, the metabolic patterns of P. cinnamomi were also altered when exposed to cork oak root exudates.