bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Chromenopyridine Scaffold: A Privileged Platform in Drug Design
Authors: Pedroso de Lima Fábio , Costa Marta , Sousa Ana , Proença Maria Fernanda
Published: June 2024

The chromenopyridine scaffold represents an important class of heterocyclic compounds exhibiting a broad spectrum of biological properties. This review describes novel and efficient procedures for the synthesis of this scaffold. Herein, several methods were detailed and grouped according to their starting material (e.g., salicylaldehydes, chromones, chromanones and coumarins) and respective biological activity, when reported. This review highlights the potential of the reported synthetic strategies for preparing chromenopyridine derivatives with promising biological activity, paving the way for further developments in drug discovery.
Synthesis and Enzymatic Evaluation of a Small Library of Substituted Phenylsulfonamido-Alkyl Sulfamates towards Carbonic Anhydrase II
Authors: Denner Toni C. , Heise Niels V. , Al-Harrasi Ahmed , Csuk René
Published: June 2024

A small library of 79 substituted phenylsulfonamidoalkyl sulfamates, 1b–79b, was synthesized starting from arylsulfonyl chlorides and amino alcohols with different numbers of methylene groups between the hydroxyl and amino moieties yielding intermediates 1a–79a, followed by the reaction of the latter with sulfamoyl chloride. All compounds were screened for their inhibitory activity on bovine carbonic anhydrase II. Compounds 1a–79a showed no inhibition of the enzyme, in contrast to sulfamates 1b–79b. Thus, the inhibitory potential of compounds 1b–79b towards this enzyme depends on the substituent and the substitution pattern of the phenyl group as well as the length of the spacer. Bulkier substituents in the para position proved to be better for inhibiting CAII than compounds with the same substituent in the meta or ortho position. For many substitution patterns, compounds with shorter spacer lengths were superior to those with long chain spacers. Compounds with shorter spacer lengths performed better than those with longer chain spacers for a variety of substitution patterns. The most active compound held inhibition constant as low as Ki = 0.67 μM (for 49b) and a tert-butyl substituent in para position and acted as a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme.
Atomistic Insight on Effect of Silica Fume on Intermolecular Interactions between Poly(carboxylate) Superplasticizer and Calcium Ions in Concrete
Authors: Rakhimbayev Berik , Mukashev Bulat , Kusherova Parasat , Serikkanov Abay , Kemelbekova Ainagul , Agybayev Kamil , Aldongarov Anuar , Almas Nurlan
Published: June 2024

Understanding how poly(carboxylate)s of chemical admixtures interact with calcium ions in cement pore solutions in the presence of silica fume is fundamental to developing better chemical admixtures for concrete production. In this work, the intermolecular interactions of calcium ions with a poly(carboxylate) superplasticizer type of chemical admixture was investigated via classical all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation methods in the presence of silica fume. The classical all-atom MD simulation and DFT calculation results indicate that calcium ions are interacting with oxygen atoms of the carboxylate group of PCE. The better interaction energy could mean an improved adsorption of the PCE segment with calcium ions. In this regard, it can be noted that the ester-based PCE segment could have a better adsorption onto calcium ions in comparison with the ether-based PCE segment. Moreover, the presence of silicon dioxide could improve the adsorption of the PCE segment onto calcium ions.
In Situ Synthesis of Cu2O Nanoparticles Using Eucalyptus globulus Extract to Remove a Dye via Advanced Oxidation
Authors: Salgado Pablo , Rubilar Olga , Salazar Claudio , Márquez Katherine , Vidal Gladys
Published: June 2024

Water pollution, particularly from organic contaminants like dyes, is a pressing issue, prompting exploration into advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) as potential solutions. This study focuses on synthesizing Cu2O on cellulose-based fabric using Eucalyptus globulus leaf extracts. The resulting catalysts effectively degraded methylene blue through photocatalysis under LED visible light and heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions with H2O2, demonstrating reusability. Mechanistic insights were gained through analyses of the extracts before and after Cu2O synthesis, revealing the role of phenolic compounds and reducing sugars in nanoparticle formation. Cu2O nanoparticles on cellulose-based fabric were characterized in terms of their morphology, structure, and bandgap via SEM-EDS, XRD, Raman, FTIR, UV–Vis DRS, and TGA. The degradation of methylene blue was pH-dependent; photocatalysis was more efficient at neutral pH due to hydroxyl and superoxide radical production, while Fenton-like reactions showed greater efficiency at acidic pH, primarily generating hydroxyl radicals. Cu2O used in Fenton-like reactions exhibited lower reusability compared to photocatalysis, suggesting deterioration. This research not only advances understanding of catalytic processes but also holds promise for sustainable water treatment solutions, contributing to environmental protection and resource conservation.
Quantum Dots as a Potential Multifunctional Material for the Enhancement of Clinical Diagnosis Strategies and Cancer Treatments
Authors: Guo Wenqi , Song Xueru , Liu Jiaqi , Liu Wanyi , Chu Xiaoyuan , Lei Zengjie
Published: June 2024

Quantum dots (QDs) represent a class of nanoscale wide bandgap semiconductors, and are primarily composed of metals, lipids, or polymers. Their unique electronic and optical properties, which stem from their wide bandgap characteristics, offer significant advantages for early cancer detection and treatment. Metal QDs have already demonstrated therapeutic potential in early tumor imaging and therapy. However, biological toxicity has led to the development of various non-functionalized QDs, such as carbon QDs (CQDs), graphene QDs (GQDs), black phosphorus QDs (BPQDs) and perovskite quantum dots (PQDs). To meet the diverse needs of clinical cancer treatment, functionalized QDs with an array of modifications (lipid, protein, organic, and inorganic) have been further developed. These advancements combine the unique material properties of QDs with the targeted capabilities of biological therapy to effectively kill tumors through photodynamic therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and other means. In addition to tumor-specific therapy, the fluorescence quantum yield of QDs has gradually increased with technological progress, enabling their significant application in both in vivo and in vitro imaging. This review delves into the role of QDs in the development and improvement of clinical cancer treatments, emphasizing their wide bandgap semiconductor properties.
Development of Focused Ultrasound-Assisted Nanoplexes for RNA Delivery
Authors: Ranjan Sanjeev , Bosch Stef , Lukkari Hannamari , Schirmer Johanna , Aaltonen Niina , Nieminen Heikki J. , Lehto Vesa-Pekka , Urtti Arto , Lajunen Tatu , Rilla Kirsi
Published: June 2024

RNA-based therapeutics, including siRNA, have obtained recognition in recent years due to their potential to treat various chronic and rare diseases. However, there are still limitations to lipid-based drug delivery systems in the clinical use of RNA therapeutics due to the need for optimization in the design and the preparation process. In this study, we propose adaptive focused ultrasound (AFU) as a drug loading technique to protect RNA from degradation by encapsulating small RNA in nanoliposomes, which we term nanoplexes. The AFU method is non-invasive and isothermal, as nanoplexes are produced without direct contact with any external materials while maintaining precise temperature control according to the desired settings. The controllability of sample treatments can be effectively modulated, allowing for a wide range of ultrasound intensities to be applied. Importantly, the absence of co-solvents in the process eliminates the need for additional substances, thereby minimizing the potential for cross-contaminations. Since AFU is a non-invasive method, the entire process can be conducted under sterile conditions. A minimal volume (300 μL) is required for this process, and the treatment is speedy (10 min in this study). Our in vitro experiments with silencer CD44 siRNA, which performs as a model therapeutic drug in different mammalian cell lines, showed encouraging results (knockdown > 80%). To quantify gene silencing efficacy, we employed quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Additionally, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques were employed to capture images of nanoplexes. These images revealed the presence of individual nanoparticles measuring approximately 100–200 nm in contrast with the random distribution of clustered complexes observed in ultrasound-untreated samples of liposome nanoparticles and siRNA. AFU holds great potential as a standardized liposome processing and loading method because its process is fast, sterile, and does not require additional solvents.
MXene/Carbon Dots Nanozyme Composites for Glutathione Detection and Tumor Therapy
Authors: Lu Xiaofei , Jia Jingjing , Wang Zonghua , Wang Wenjing
Published: June 2024

Co-N-CDs-based MXene nanocomposites (MXene@PDA/Co-N-CDs) were constructed by decorating Co-N-CDs on polydopamine-functionalized MXene nanosheets. Both Co-N-CDs and MXene nanosheets have peroxidase-like activity; when the two materials are combined to form MXene@PDA/Co-N-CDs nanocomposites, the peroxide-like activity can be further enhanced. MXene@PDA/Co-N-CDs could oxidize the substrate 3,3′5,5′-tetramethylbenziline (TMB) to form ox-TMB, as confirmed by detecting the absorption of the blue products. A highly selective colorimetric biosensor was developed for the determination of glutathione (GSH) in the concentration range of 0.3 to 20 µM with a lower detection limit (LOD) of 0.12 µM, which realized the accurate detection of GSH in human serum and urine samples. Moreover, in the tumor microenvironment, MXene@PDA/Co-N-CDs could catalyze hydrogen peroxide to produce hydroxyl free radicals and produce a photothermal effect under the exposure of NIR-I irradiation. The catalytic activity of MXene@PDA/Co-N-CD nanocomposites was fully achieved for the death of cancer cells through photothermal/photodynamic synergistic therapy. The MXene@PDA/Co-N-CDs nanozyme offers multiple applications in GSH detection and tumor therapy.
Exploring Zinc-Doped Manganese Hexacyanoferrate as Cathode for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries
Authors: Beitia Julen , Ahedo Isabel , Paredes Juan Ignacio , Goikolea Eider , Ruiz de Larramendi Idoia
Published: June 2024

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZiBs) have emerged as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries as energy storage systems from renewable sources. Manganese hexacyanoferrate (MnHCF) is a Prussian Blue analogue that exhibits the ability to insert divalent ions such as Zn2+. However, in an aqueous environment, MnHCF presents weak structural stability and suffers from manganese dissolution. In this work, zinc doping is explored as a strategy to provide the structure with higher stability. Thus, through a simple and easy-to-implement approach, it has been possible to improve the stability and capacity retention of the cathode, although at the expense of reducing the specific capacity of the system. By correctly balancing the amount of zinc introduced into the MnHCF it is possible to reach a compromise in which the loss of capacity is not critical, while better cycling stability is obtained.
Celiac Disease, Gluten-Free Diet and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
Authors: Cazac Georgiana-Diana , Mihai Bogdan-Mircea , Ștefănescu Gabriela , Gîlcă-Blanariu Georgiana-Emmanuela , Mihai Cătălina , Grigorescu Elena-Daniela , Onofriescu Alina , Lăcătușu Cristina-Mihaela
Published: June 2024

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder triggered by the ingestion of gluten-containing food by genetically predisposed individuals. Hence, treatment of CD consists of permanent avoidance of wheat, rye, barley, and other gluten-containing foods. Lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) improves the symptoms of CD, but recent evidence suggests it is also associated with a higher risk for hepatic steatosis and the coexistence or emergence of other cardiometabolic risk factors. Moreover, a higher risk for liver steatosis is also reported by some authors as a potential extraintestinal complication of the CD itself. Recent nomenclature changes designate the association between hepatic steatosis and at least one of five cardiometabolic risk factors as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). An extended network of potentially causative factors underlying the association between MAFLD and CD, before and after dietary therapy is implemented, was recently described. The individualized treatment of these patients is less supported by evidence, with most of the current recommendations relying on empiric clinical judgment. This review focuses on the causative associations between CD and hepatic injury, either as an extraintestinal manifestation of CD or a side effect of GFD, also referring to potential therapeutic strategies for these individuals.
Comparative Analysis of Myokines and Bone Metabolism Markers in Prepubertal Vegetarian and Omnivorous Children
Authors: Ambroszkiewicz Jadwiga , Gajewska Joanna , Szamotulska Katarzyna , Rowicka Grażyna , Klemarczyk Witold , Strucińska Małgorzata , Chełchowska Magdalena
Published: June 2024

The role of bone and muscle as endocrine organs may be important contributing factors for children’s growth and development. Myokines, secreted by muscle cells, play a role in regulating bone metabolism, either directly or indirectly. Conversely, markers of bone metabolism, reflecting the balance between bone formation and bone resorption, can also influence myokine secretion. This study investigated a panel of serum myokines and their relationships with bone metabolism markers in children following vegetarian and omnivorous diets. A cohort of sixty-eight healthy prepubertal children, comprising 44 vegetarians and 24 omnivores, participated in this study. Anthropometric measurements, dietary assessments, and biochemical analyses were conducted. To evaluate the serum concentrations of bone markers and myokines, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used. The studied children did not differ regarding their serum myokine levels, except for a higher concentration of decorin in the vegetarian group (p = 0.020). The vegetarians demonstrated distinct pattern of bone metabolism markers compared to the omnivores, with lower levels of N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (P1NP) (p = 0.001) and elevated levels of C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I) (p = 0.018). Consequently, the P1NP/CTX-I ratio was significantly decreased in the vegetarians. The children following a vegetarian diet showed impaired bone metabolism with reduced bone formation and increased bone resorption. Higher levels of decorin, a myokine involved in collagen fibrillogenesis and essential for tissue structure and function, may suggest a potential compensatory mechanism contributing to maintaining bone homeostasis in vegetarians. The observed significant positive correlations between myostatin and bone metabolism markers, including P1NP and soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (sRANKL), suggest an interplay between muscle and bone metabolism, potentially through the RANK/RANKL/OPG signaling pathway.
Exploring the Regulatory Effect of LPJZ-658 on Copper Deficiency Combined with Sugar-Induced MASLD in Middle-Aged Mice Based on Multi-Omics Analysis
Authors: Li Chunhua , Liu Ziqi , Wei Wei , Chen Chen , Zhang Lichun , Wang Yang , Zhou Bo , Liu Liming , Li Xiao , Zhao Cuiqing
Published: June 2024

Globally, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), previously termed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is one of the most common liver disorders and is strongly associated with copper deficiency. To explore the potential effects and mechanisms of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LPJZ-658, copper deficiency combined with a high-sugar diet-induced MASLD mouse model was utilized in this study. We fed 40-week-old (middle-aged) male C57BL/6 mice a copper-deficient and high-sugar diet for 16 weeks (CuDS), with supplementary LPJZ-658 for the last 6 weeks (CuDS + LPJZ-658). In this study, we measured body weight, liver weight, and serum biochemical markers. Lipid accumulation, histology, lipidomics, and sphingolipid metabolism-related enzyme expression were investigated to analyze liver function. Untargeted metabolomics was used to analyze the serum and the composition and abundance of intestinal flora. In addition, the correlation between differential liver lipid profiles, serum metabolites, and gut flora at the genus level was measured. The results show that LPJZ-658 significantly improves abnormal liver function and hepatic steatosis. The lipidomics analyses and metabolic pathway analysis identified sphingolipid, retinol, and glycerophospholipid metabolism as the most relevant metabolic pathways that characterized liver lipid dysregulation in the CuDS group. Consistently, RT-qPCR analyses revealed that the enzymes catalyzing sphingolipid metabolism that were significantly upregulated in the CuDS group were downregulated by the LPJZ-658 treatment. In addition, the serum metabolomics results indicated that the linoleic acid, taurine and hypotaurine, and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism pathways were associated with CuDS-induced MASLD. Notably, we found that treatment with LPJZ-658 partially reversed the changes in the differential serum metabolites. Finally, LPJZ-658 effectively regulated intestinal flora abnormalities and was significantly correlated with differential hepatic lipid species and serum metabolites. In conclusion, we elucidated the function and potential mechanisms of LPJZ-658 in alleviating copper deficiency combined with sugar-induced middle-aged MASLD and hope this will provide possible treatment strategies for improving MASLD.
Anabolic Strategies for ICU-Acquired Weakness. What Can We Learn from Bodybuilders?
Authors: Tarnawski Jakub , Czub Maja , Dymecki Marta , Sunil Medha , Folwarski Marcin
Published: June 2024

The study aimed to show the potential clinical application of supplements used among sportsmen for patients suffering from Intensive Care Unit-acquired Weakness (ICUAW) treatment. ICUAW is a common complication affecting approximately 40% of critically ill patients, often leading to long-term functional disability. ICUAW comprises critical illness polyneuropathy, critical illness myopathy, or a combination of both, such as critical illness polyneuromyopathy. Muscle degeneration begins shortly after the initiation of mechanical ventilation and persists post-ICU discharge until proteolysis and autophagy processes normalize. Several factors, including prolonged bedrest and muscle electrical silencing, contribute to muscle weakness, resulting from an imbalance between protein degradation and synthesis. ICUAW is associated with tissue hypoxia, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, reduced glucose uptake, lower adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased free-radical production. Several well-studied dietary supplements and pharmaceuticals commonly used by athletes are proven to prevent the aforementioned mechanisms or aid in muscle building, regeneration, and maintenance. While there is no standardized treatment to prevent the occurrence of ICUAW, nutritional interventions have demonstrated the potential for its mitigation. The use of ergogenic substances, popular among muscle-building sociates, may offer potential benefits in preventing muscle loss and aiding recovery based on their work mechanisms.
Assessment of Water Intake among Chinese Toddlers: The Report of a Survey
Authors: Zhuang Yiding , Xie Zhencheng , Fu Minghan , Luo Hongliang , Li Yitong , Ding Ye , Wang Zhixu
Published: June 2024

Toddlerhood (aged 13~36 months) is a period of dietary transition, with water intake being significantly influenced by parental feeding patterns, cultural traditions, and the availability of beverages and food. Nevertheless, given the lack of applicable data, it is challenging to guide and evaluate the water intake of toddlers in China. In this study, our objectives were to assess the daily total water intake (TWI), evaluate the consumption patterns of various beverages and food sources contributing to the TWI, determine the conformity of participants to the adequate intake (AI) recommendation of water released by the Chinese Nutrition Society, and analyze the various contributors to the daily total energy intake (TEI). The data for the assessment of water and dietary intake were obtained from the cross-sectional dietary intake survey of infants and young children (DSIYC, 2018–2019). A total of 1360 eligible toddlers were recruited in the analysis. The differences in related variables between two age groups were compared by Mann–Whitney U test and Chi-Square test. The potential correlation between water and energy intake was examined utilizing age-adjusted partial correlation. Toddlers consumed a median daily TWI of 1079 mL, with 670 mL (62.3%, r = 0.752) derived from beverages and 393 mL (37.7%, r = 0.716) from foods. Plain water was the primary beverage source, contributing 300 mL (52.2%, r = 0.823), followed by milk and milk derivatives (MMDs) at 291 mL (45.6%, r = 0.595). Notably, only 28.4% of toddlers managed to reach the recommended AI value. Among these, toddlers obtain more water from beverages than from foods. The median daily TEI of toddlers was 762 kcal, including 272 kcal from beverages (36.4%, r = 0.534) and 492 kcal from foods (63.6%, r = 0.894). Among these, the median daily energy intake from MMDs was 260 kcal, making up 94.6% of the energy intake from beverages (r = 0.959). As the pioneer survey on TWI of toddlers in China based on nationally representative data, attention to the quality and quantity of water intake and actions to better guide parents by both individuals and authorities are eagerly anticipated. Additionally, the revision of the reference value of TWI for Chinese toddlers is urgently required.
Exploring Vegetarian and Omnivorous Approaches to Cardiovascular Risk and Body Composition
Authors: Fontes Tatiana , Lopes Sofia , Menezes Regina , Esgalhado Marta , Monteiro Rodrigues Luís , Ferreira-Pêgo Cíntia
Published: June 2024

The role of nutrition in preventing non-communicable diseases has been widely studied in recent years, with indications that non-animal-based diets might improve body composition and therefore bring multiple health benefits. For all of these reasons, the main purpose was to compare body composition and metabolic status between vegetarian and omnivorous individuals and relate these values with cardiovascular risk. The present analysis included 176 participants (61 vegetarians and 115 omnivores). Body composition was assessed using a dual-energy X–ray absorptiometry, biochemical parameters obtained from capillary blood, and the 10-year cardiovascular risk (10RCVD) calculated by the QRISK3 score. No statistical differences were found between groups regarding body composition. Concerning metabolic markers, vegetarian individuals showed reduced values of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and non–HDL cholesterol (p < 0.05). There were no differences in 10RCVD between groups. In both diets, moderate correlations between groups were found for cardiovascular risk and visceral adipose tissue. Our results suggest that the vegetarian regimen might be associated with better cardiometabolic biomarkers and better cardiovascular health, although controversial with the body composition trends observed. In conclusion, the results suggest that cardiovascular risk appears to be more influenced by body composition, mainly fat tissue, over dietary patterns itself.
Effects of Particle Size on Mechanical Properties and Forming Accuracy of Prosopis chilensis Powder/Polyethersulfone Composites Produced via Selective Laser Sintering
Authors: Abdelmagid Alaaeldin A. A. , Idriss Aboubaker I. B. , Yang Chun-Mei
Published: June 2024

Wood–plastic composites are becoming increasingly recognized for their sustainability and their potential for use in various production processes. Nevertheless, enhancing their mechanical strength continues to be a difficult challenge. The objective of this research was to improve the mechanical strength of wood–plastic composite components manufactured through selective laser sintering (SLS). This was achieved by integrating a sustainable composite material, Prosopis chilensis (PCP), with polyethersulfone (PES) to form a composite referred to as PCPC. This study showcased the effect of various PCP particle sizes on mechanical strengths, dimensional accuracies (DAs), and surface roughness of PCPC parts manufactured using AFS-360 SLS. Single-layer sintering was employed to assess PCPC powder’s formability with varying PCP particle sizes, and various tests were conducted to understand the materials’ thermal properties and analyze particle dispersion and microstructure. The results demonstrated that PCP particle sizes ≤ 0.125 mm significantly enhanced the mechanical strength, forming quality, and DA compared to other particle sizes and pure PES. Key findings for PCPC parts with PCP ≤ 0.125 mm included a bending strength of 10.78 MPa, a tensile strength of 4.94 MPa, an impact strength of 0.91 kJ/m2, and a density of 1.003 g/cm3. Post-processing further improved these parameters, confirming that optimizing PCP particle size is crucial for enhancing the mechanical properties and overall quality of PCPC parts produced via SLS.
Electrospun Composites of Chitosan with Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles for Wound Healing Applications: Characterization and Biocompatibility Evaluation In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Petrova Valentina A. , Poshina Daria N. , Golovkin Alexey S. , Mishanin Alexander I. , Zhuravskii Sergei G. , Yukina Galina Y. , Naumenko Maria Y. , Sukhorukova Elena G. , Savin Nikita A. , Erofeev Alexander S. , Gofman Iosif V. , Ivan’kova Elena M. , Dubashynskaya Natallia V. , Yakimansky Alexander V. , Skorik Yury A.
Published: June 2024

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeONPs), as part of tissue regeneration matrices, can protect cells from reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. In addition, they can influence the properties of the scaffold, including its electrospinnability and mechanical strength. In this work, we prepared electrospun fiber mats from a chitosan and polyethylene oxide blend (CS-PEO) with the addition of ceria nanoparticles (CS-PEO-CeONP). The addition of CeONPs resulted in a smaller fiber diameter and higher swelling compared to CS-PEO fiber mats. CeONP-modified fiber mats also had a higher Young’s modulus due to the reinforcing effect of the nanoparticles. Both mats had comparable adhesion and cytocompatibility to mesenchymal stem cells, which had a more rounded morphology on CS-PEO-CeONP compared to elongated cells on the CS-PEO mats. Biocompatibility in an in vivo rat model showed no acute toxicity, no septic or allergic inflammation, and no rough scar tissue formation. The degradation of both mats passed the stage of matrix swelling. CS-PEO-CeONP showed significantly slower biodegradation, with most of the matrix remaining in the tissue after 90 days. The reactive inflammation was aseptic in nature with the involvement of multinucleated foreign-body type giant cells and was significantly reduced by day 90. CeONPs induced the formation of the implant’s connective tissue capsule. Thus, the introduction of CeONPs influenced the physicochemical properties and biological activity of CS-PEO nanofiber mats.
Natural Aging of Reprocessed Polypropylene Composites Filled with Sustainable Corn Fibers
Authors: Matos Antonio Zilverlan Germano , Dias Alisson Rodrigues de Oliveira , Rosa Ana Carolina Ferreira dos Santos , Nascimento Junior Renato de Sousa , Braz Cristiano José de Farias , Carneiro da Silva Lucas Rafael , de Oliveira Amanda Dantas , Barbosa Renata , Alves Tatianny Soares
Published: June 2024

Natural fiber reinforcements have the potential to enhance mechanical properties, thereby improving performance and durability in various applications. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated the impact of environmental degradation over 120 days on reprocessed polypropylene (PP) reinforced with corn husk fiber (CHF) composites. The manufactured systems underwent rigorous analysis using various techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and tensile testing. These analyses revealed that climatic conditions significantly influenced (p < 0.05) the mechanical properties of all systems. Photodegradation led to surface morphological changes and chemical structures. Regardless, adding CHF filler proved a key factor, as it allowed for less susceptibility to environmental degradation than the reprocessed matrix. These findings, therefore, provide robust evidence supporting the feasibility of using CHF composites for manufacturing agricultural containers.
Thermodynamic Coupling Forming Performance of Short Fiber-Reinforced PEEK by Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Sun Qili , Wen Xiaomu , Yin Guangzhong , Jia Zijian , Yang Xiaomei
Published: June 2024

In this work, the PEEK/short carbon fiber (CF) composites were prepared, a new thermodynamic coupling (preheating and impact compaction) process of the FDM method is proposed, and the warp deformation mechanism was obtained by finite element simulation analysis. Results show that a new method could improve the forming quality of an FDM sample. The porosity of FDM samples of the PEEK/CF composite gradually decreased from 10.15% to 6.83% with the increase in impact temperature and frequency. However, the interlayer bonding performance was reduced from 16.9 MPa to 8.50 MPa, which was attributed to the influence of the printing layer height change from the printhead to the forming layer. To explain the above phenomenon, a thermodynamic coupling model was established and a relevant mechanism was analyzed to better understand the interlayer mechanical and porosity properties of PEEK/CF composites. The study reported here provides a reference for improving the forming quality of fabricated PEEK/CF composites by FDM.
A New Approach in Part Design for Friction Stir Welding of 3D-Printed Parts with Different Infill Ratios and Colors
Authors: Koçar Oğuz , Anaç Nergizhan , Baysal Erhan
Published: June 2024

Parts produced using a 3D printer are combined with friction stir welding (FSW). In the FSW processing of parts with a low infill ratio, welding errors occur due to a lack of material. In this study, plates were created using two different-colored PLA Plus filaments with different infill ratios in the weld area (20%, 60%, and 100%). Triangular pin geometry, different feed rates (20, 40, and 60 mm/min), and different tool rotation speeds (1250, 1750, and 2250 rpm) were used as FSW process parameters. Tensile testing was performed to determine weld strength and hardness measurements, and visual inspections were performed. Color measurements were made on the test samples before and after the welding process, and the relationship between welding performance and color was evaluated. The best welding strength was obtained as 17.83 ± 0.68 MPa at a feed rate of 20 mm/min, a tool rotation speed of 1750 rpm, and a part with a 60% infill ratio in the welding zone. In the sample with the best weld strength, the temperature was measured as 198.97 °C. Color changes in the weld area of parts with 60% and 100% infill ratios were measured between 78.9–82.2 and 79.1–84.5, respectively. It was determined that the color change decreases as the weld strength increases in these parts. The results show that with the proposed new part design, the FSW method can be used at low infill ratios, and the weld strength can be evaluated based on the color changes in the weld zone.
Prolonged Lifespan of Superhydrophobic Thin Films and Coatings Using Recycled Polyethylene
Authors: Saleem Junaid , Moghal Zubair Khalid Baig , McKay Gordon
Published: June 2024

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) waste poses a significant environmental challenge due to its non-biodegradable nature and the vast quantities generated annually. However, conventional recycling methods are energy-intensive and often yield low-quality products. Herein, HDPE waste is upcycled into anti-aging, superhydrophobic thin films suitable for outdoor applications. A two-layer spin-casting method combined with heating-induced crosslinking is utilized to produce an exceptionally rough superhydrophobic surface, featuring a root mean square (RMS) roughness of 50 nm, an average crest height of 222 nm, an average trough depth of −264 nm, and a contact angle (CA) of 148°. To assess durability, weathering tests were conducted, revealing the films’ susceptibility to degradation under harsh conditions. The films’ resistance to environmental factors is improved by incorporating a UV absorber, maintaining their hydrophobic properties and mechanical strength. Our research demonstrates a sustainable method for upcycling waste into high-performance, weather-resistant, superhydrophobic films.
Enhancing the Forming Accuracy of CFRP through a Global Compensation Method by Introducing an Optimal Profile
Authors: Zhang Yongming , An Luling , Zhao Cong
Published: June 2024

Irreversible curing distortion represents a significant limiting factor in the application of high-performance composite structures. Curing distortion is the deviation of a component’s profile from the theoretical profile after demolding. Introducing the optimal compensation profile into the traditional compensation algorithm represents an effective method to enhance CFRPs’ forming accuracy. For this method, it is necessary to obtain the optimal compensating profile by establishing the coordinate model of the curing process parameter and mold profile compensation. The coordinated control model consists of four parameters: the mean value (Dav), root mean square value (Dmsr), minimum (Dmin), and maximum (Dmax) of curing distortion. Two sizes of composite structural parts are manufactured using the global compensation method. We investigate the influence mechanisms of heating, holding, and cooling times on curing distortion and residual stresses and develop a multi-field coupled finite element model. Strong agreement between the numerical and experimental findings serves as evidence for the effectiveness of the numerical model. The middle layer of the fabricated parts exhibit a reduction in residual stresses as the heating and holding times increase, while an opposite trend is noted with an increase in cooling time. Refining the design of curing process parameters can yield the minimum value of curing deformation within the specified resin system interval. Comparisons indicate that the distortion of the composite wall panel structure is reduced by 86.2% through the use of the global compensation method, demonstrating the validity of this approach for composite structures.
The Development of a 3D PET Fibrous Scaffold Modified with an Umbilical Cord dECM for Liver Tissue Engineering
Authors: Li Yang , Zhang Yang , Zhong Kebo , Liao Shuguang , Zhang Guifeng
Published: June 2024

Organ and tissue dysfunction represents a clinically significant condition. By integrating cell biology with materials science, tissue engineering enables the reconstruction and restoration of damaged tissues or organs, offering a noninvasive repair approach. In our study, we replicated the cellular growth environment by utilizing a human umbilical cord-derived decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) as a modifying agent for the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymeric fiber scaffold. This allowed us to create a dECM-coated polyester fiber-based scaffold, PET-dECM, tailored for liver tissue engineering purposes. We effectively produced a decellularized human umbilical cord-derived ECM through a combined decellularization process involving trypsin/EDTA, TritonX-100, and sodium deoxycholate. The application of the dECM coating onto the PET material was accomplished through several steps, such as ester hydrolysis, EDC/NHS-activated crosslinking, and dECM conjugation. The biological performance of the PET-dECM was validated using RG cell culture assays. Notably, the dECM coating significantly improved PET’s hydrophilicity and biocompatibility, thereby aiding cell adhesion, proliferation, and functional differentiation (p < 0.05). It was further found that the hepatocyte function of HepaRG was significantly enhanced on the PET-dECM, which may be attributed to the dECM’s ability to facilitate the restoration of cell polarity. The PET-dECM holds promise as an effective hepatocyte culture carrier and could potentially find application in liver tissue engineering.
Injection Molding of Polymers and Polymer Composites
Authors: Zhou Shengtai , Hrymak Andrew N.
Published: June 2024

Injection molding technology has been widely adopted to fabricate multifunctional polymeric components or structural parts for applications in fields such as automotives, electronics, packaging, aerospace, and many others [...]
Modification of a Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogel Film with Citric Acid and Glutaraldehyde Crosslink Agents to Enhance the Anti-Inflammatory Effectiveness of Triamcinolone Acetonide in Wound Healing
Authors: Pratinthong Kanticha , Punyodom Winita , Jantrawut Pensak , Jantanasakulwong Kittisak , Tongdeesoontorn Wirongrong , Sriyai Montira , Panyathip Rangsan , Thanakkasaranee Sarinthip , Worajittiphon Patnarin , Tanadchangsaeng Nuttapol , Rachtanapun Pornchai
Published: June 2024

Anti-inflammatory wound healing involves targeted drug delivery to the wound site using hydrogel materials to prolong drug effectiveness. In this work, hydrogel films were fabricated using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) crosslinked with citric acid (CA) and glutaraldehyde (GA) at different concentrations. The crosslinker densities were optimized with various CA (2–10% w/v) and GA (1–5% v/v) concentrations. The optimized crosslink densities in the hydrogel exhibited additional functional group peaks in the FT-IR spectra at 1740 cm−1 for the C=O stretching of the ester linkage in CA and at 1060 cm−1 for the C-O-C stretching of the ether group in GA. Significantly, the internal porous structures of hydrogel composite films improved density, swelling capacities, solubility percentage reduction, and decreased water retention capacities with optimized crosslinker densities. Therefore, these hydrogel composite films were utilized as drug carriers for controlled drug release within 24 h during medical treatment. Moreover, the hydrogel films demonstrated increased triamcinolone acetonide (TAA) absorption with higher crosslinker density, resulting in delayed drug release and improved TAA efficiency in anti-inflammatory activity. As a result, the modified hydrogel showed the capability of being an alternative material with enhanced anti-inflammatory efficiency with hydrogel films.
Enhancement in Sensitivity and Selectivity of Electrochemical Technique with CuO/g-C3N4 Nanocomposite Combined with Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Melamine Detection
Authors: Limthin Dalawan , Leepheng Piyawan , Tunhoo Benchapol , Klamchuen Annop , Suramitr Songwut , Thiwawong Thutiyaporn , Phromyothin Darinee
Published: June 2024

This study focused on enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity to detect melamine by utilizing a photoelectrochemical method. This was achieved by combining a melamine-imprinted polymer with a CuO/g-C3N4 nanocomposite, which was synthesized through chemical precipitation and calcination. The resulting nanocomposite exhibits improved carrier mobility and photoelectrochemical properties. A molecularly imprinted receptor for selective detection was created through bulk polymerization with methacrylic acid and a melamine template. The characterization of the nanocomposite was performed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for the chemical oxidation state, X-ray diffraction patterns for the crystalline structure, and ultraviolet/visible/near-infrared spectroscopy for optical properties. The CuO/g-C3N4 nanocomposite exhibits photoactivity under visible light. The modified electrode, incorporating the CuO/g-C3N4 nanocomposite and melamine-imprinted polymer, demonstrates a linear detection range of 2.5 to 50 nM, a sensitivity of 4.172 nA/nM for melamine, and a low detection limit of 0.42 nM. It shows good reproducibility and high selectivity to melamine, proving effective against interferences and real samples, showcasing the benefits of the molecularly imprinted polymer.
Study on Multi-Scale Cloud Growth Characteristics of Frustoconical Dispersal Devices
Authors: Zhou Weizhi , Li Qiang , Jiang Chunlan , Du Ye
Published: June 2024

This study aims to understand cloud growth behavior and enhance cloud safety and reliability by investigating the design of cloud dispersal devices. Based on the experimental results and simulation results, this study analyzes the dispersion characteristics of cloud materials within a frustoconical device with a semi-cone angle ranging from 0° to 10° across multiple scales. The collision aggregation model for cloud particles and the multi-scale coupling mechanism for cloud growth are established. The research shows that the semi-cone angle of the device extends the effective cloud growth duration and enlarges the cloud macroscopic size. At the mesoscopic scale, vortex phenomena are observed, causing particles to converge within the cloud, resulting in collisions and aggregation. The vortices enhance the continuity of the cloud concentration. The magnitude of these vortices demonstrates a positive correlation with the magnitude of the semi-cone angle of the dispersal device. For a macroscopically stable cloud, the high-concentration area within the cloud moves outward radially with an increase in the semi-cone angle. This study provides a theoretical foundation for cloud morphology control technology, contributing to enhancing the safety and reliability of cloud systems.
·OH Scavenger Optimized Grounding Electrode Atomization Corona Discharge Technology for Treatment of Coal Mine Acidic Wastewater
Authors: Yang Chaofen , Ma Xiaofeng , Zhang Lunqiu , Lu Guang , Geng Dantong , Zhang Yifan , You Xiaolong , Liu Huan , Tian Yueyao
Published: June 2024

Coal mine acid drainage is a type of industrial wastewater generated in the process of coal production and utilization that has a low pH and contains a small amount of organic matter and SO42−, which is harmful to the environment. The ·OH scavenger was used to optimize the grounded electrode atomized corona discharge (GEACD) technology for the treatment of coal mine acidic wastewater. The effects of various factors on the discharge effect were investigated, and the optimal operating scheme for the subsequent test was determined as 35 mm distance between barrel electrodes, 0.6 mm diameter of wire electrodes, and a flow rate of 45 mL/min. The effects of discharge voltage, discharge time, and ·OH scavenger on COD removal rate and pH in coal mine acid drainage were also investigated. The results showed that at the optimum discharge voltage of 12 kV, discharge time of 66 min, and SO42− to ethanol concentration ratio of 1, the COD value decreased from 152.84 mg/L to 43.27 mg/L, and the pH value increased from 5.6 to 6.1.
Seasonal–Longitudinal Variability of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles Observed by FormoSat-7/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate II and Relevant to the Rayleigh–Taylor Instability
Authors: Tsai Lung-Chih , Su Shin-Yi , Schuh Harald , Alizadeh Mohamad Mahdi , Wickert Jens
Published: June 2024

The FormoSat-7/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate II (FS7/COSMIC2) program has acquired over three hundred thousand equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) observations from 2019 to 2023 in the equatorial and near low-latitude regions. The huge FS7/COSMIC2 database offers an opportunity to perform statistical inspections of the proposed hypothesis on seasonal versus longitudinal variability of EPB occurrence rates relevant to the Rayleigh–Taylor (R-T) instability. The detected EPBs are distributed along the magnetic equator with a half width of ~20° in geomagnetic latitude. The obtained EPB occurrence rates in local time (LT) rose rapidly after sunsets, and could be deconstructed into two overlapped Gaussian distributions resembling a major peak around 23:00 LT and a minor peak around 20:20 LT. The two groups of Gaussian-distributed EPBs in LT were classified as first- and second-type EPBs, which could be caused by different mechanisms such as sporadic E (Es) instabilities and pre-reversal enhancement (PRE) fields. The obtained seasonal–longitudinal distributions of both types of EPBs presented two diffused traces of high occurrence rates, which happened near the days and longitudes when and where the angle between the two lines of magnetic declination and solar terminator at the magnetic equator was equal to zero. Finally, we analyzed the climatological and seasonal–longitudinal variability of EPB occurrences and compared the results with the physical R-T instability model controlled by Es instabilities and/or PRE fields.
Evolution and Driving Forces of Ecological Service Value in Response to Land Use Change in Tarim Basin, Northwest China
Authors: Mamat Aynur , Aimaiti Muhetaer , Saydi Muattar , Wang Jianping
Published: June 2024

The main objective of protecting ecosystems and enhancing the supply of ecosystem services (ESs) is to quantify the value of ecological services. This article calculates the ecological service value (ESV) of the Tarim Basin over the past 40 years using the improved benefits transfer method of satellite remote sensing data, such as Landsat, analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of ESV, and studies the driving mechanism of ESV changes using GeoDetector. Finally, the FLUS model was selected to predict the ecosystem service value until 2030, setting up three scenarios: the Baseline Scenario (BLS), the Cultivated Land Protection Scenario (CPS), and the Ecological Protection Scenario (EPS). The results indicate that (1) the ESV in the Tarim Basin decreased by USD 1248.21 million (−2.29%) from 1980 to 2020. The top three contributors are water bodies, wetlands, and grassland. (2) Waste treatment and water supply functions had the highest service value, accounting for 44.53% of the total contribution. The rank order of ecosystem functions in terms of their contribution to the total value of ESV was as follows, refining from high to low importance: water supply, waste treatment, biodiversity protection, climate regulation, soil formation, recreation and culture, gas regulation, food production, raw material. (3) The spatial differentiation driving factors of ESV were detected, with the following Q-values in descending order: net primary productivity (NPP) > normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) > precipitation > aspect > temperature > slope > soil erosion > GDP > land use intensity > per capita GDP > population > human activity index. (4) The ESVs simulated under the three scenarios (BLS, CPS, and EPS) for 2030 were USD 51,133.9 million, USD 53,624.99 million, and USD 54,561.26 million, respectively. Compared with 2020, the ESVs of the three scenarios decreased as follows: BLS (USD 4209.33 million), CPS (USD 1718.24 million), and EPS USD (−781.97 million). These findings are significant for maintaining the integrity and sustainability of the large-scale ecosystem, where socioeconomic development and the fragile features of the natural ecosystem interact. Additionally, the study results provide a crucial foundation for governmental decision-makers, local residents, and environmental researchers in northwest China to promote sustainable development.