bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Motor complications in Parkinson's disease: Striatal molecular and electrophysiological mechanisms of dyskinesias
Authors: Picconi Barbara , Hernández Ledia F. , Obeso Jose A. , Calabresi Paolo
Published: December 2017

Long‐term levodopa (l‐dopa) treatment in patients with Parkinson´s disease (PD) is associated with the development of motor complications (ie, motor fluctuations and dyskinesias). The principal etiopathogenic factors are the degree of nigro‐striatal dopaminergic loss and the duration and dose of l‐dopa treatment. In this review article we concentrate on analysis of the mechanisms underlying l‐dopa–induced dyskinesias, a phenomenon that causes disability in a proportion of patients and that has not benefited from major therapeutic advances. Thus, we discuss the main neurotransmitters, receptors, and pathways that have been thought to play a role in l‐dopa–induced dyskinesias from the perspective of basic neuroscience studies. Some important advances in deciphering the molecular pathways involved in these abnormal movements have occurred in recent years to reveal potential targets that could be used for therapeutic purposes. However, it has not been an easy road because there have been a plethora of components involved in the generation of these undesired movements, even bypassing the traditional and well‐accepted dopamine receptor activation, as recently revealed by optogenetics. Here, we attempt to unify the available data with the hope of guiding and fostering future research in the field of striatal activation and abnormal movement generation. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Temperature index based snowmelt runoff modelling for the Satluj River basin in the western Himalayas
Authors: Tiwari Sarita , Kar S. C. , Bhatla R. , Bansal R.
Published: December 2017

The Satluj River is one of the main rivers in the western Himalayas. Snowmelt runoff substantially contributes to the streamflow of the river in the spring and summer months. The unavailability of observed meteorological data (precipitation, surface temperature) spread across the Satluj basin is a major problem for modelling snowmelt runoff there. Researchers have used station observations available at certain points in the basin for modelling snowmelt and rainfall runoff in Satluj and have obtained mixed results. For this study, a new meteorological dataset was prepared by merging gridded precipitation from India Meteorological Department (IMD) and Aphrodite as well as station observations of Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB) in the basin. Maximum and minimum temperatures from the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis were also used for the entire basin. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrology model was run using the new dataset to simulate runoff in the Satluj River and to evaluate the streamflow characteristics. Sensitivity experiments were carried out using temperature and precipitation lapse rates, routing methods (travel time vs Muskingum) and degree day factors to identify best suitable parameters for simulations. Three sets of calibration (1982–1992) and validation (1993–2003) simulations were carried out to estimate the performance of the SWAT model in simulating runoff in the Satluj basin. The experiment with precipitation data prepared using IMD, Aphrodite and BBMB stations provided the best performance with a Nash−Sutcliffe efficiency (NS) of 0.60 and R2 = 0.70, which is a major improvement on the use of Aphrodite data only (NS = 0.13 and R2 = 0.51). However, the model underestimates the streamflow in all seasons in all the simulations. It was found that the model is able to simulate the extreme streamflow cases in Satluj with reasonable skill.
Reconstruction of full‐thickness cheek defect with chimeric facial artery free flap: A case report
Authors: Massarelli Olindo , Vaira Luigi Angelo , Gobbi Roberta , Dell'aversana Orabona Giovanni , De Riu Giacomo
Published: December 2017

Full‐thickness cheek defects represent a difficult challenge for reconstructive surgeons. Multiple techniques have been described, including local, regional, and free flaps. In this report, the reconstruction of a through and through left cheek defect, resulting from a self‐inflicted gunshot injury, with a chimeric facial artery free flap is presented. The patient underwent reconstruction with a chimeric full‐thickness facial artery free flap, with 9 × 3 cm diameter skin paddle and a 6 × 5 cm myomucosal paddle, was harvested on the contralateral cheek with a 7‐cm length of facial pedicle. The flap was transferred via a microsurgical technique and an end‐to‐end microsurgical anastomosis was performed between the donor and the contralateral facial vessels. The flap was transplanted successfully and there were no donor or recipient site complications with a satisfactory esthetic result 5 years after surgery. This technique may be a good reconstructive option for medium size, full‐thickness, cheek defects allowing a “like with like” reconstruction with minimal donor‐site morbidity.
Inducing Subacute Enteritis in Yellowtail Kingfish Seriola lalandi: the Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Soybean Meal and Grape Seed Extract on Hindgut Morphology and Inflammation
Authors: Stone David A J , Bellgrove Emma J , Forder Rebecca E A , Howarth Gordon S , Bansemer Matthew S
Published: December 2017

In this 42-d trial, grape seed extract (GSE) was evaluated as a potential treatment for subacute enteritis in Yellowtail Kingfish Seriola lalandi induced by soybean meal (SBM) at winter water temperatures (12–15°C). Four diets were investigated: a fish meal control diet (46% fish meal, 0% SBM), a SBM diet (30% SBM with 0 mg/kg GSE), and two 30% SBM diets containing either 20 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg GSE. Yellowtail Kingfish growth performance was significantly reduced when fed 30% SBM. Fish fed 30% SBM exhibited a significant enlargement of the lamina propria, a sign of subacute enteritis, and a significant decrease in myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, compared with those fish fed the control diet. Dietary inclusions of GSE did not affect growth performance, intestinal morphology, or MPO activity. We recommend that SBM be excluded from Yellowtail Kingfish diets. We also recommend future studies investigate higher dietary GSE inclusions, other potential dietary additives, or more refined soy products, to alleviate subacute enteritis in Yellowtail Kingfish.
Decision making in pediatric hematopoietic cell transplantation: Influential factors vary among diseases
Authors: Schulz Ginny L. , Kelly Katherine P. , Holtmann Megan , Doering Michelle M. , Armer Jane M.
Published: December 2017

Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is not a trivial treatment decision in pediatrics. We sought to understand what influences this decision‐making process from the perspectives of the pediatric patients, their family, and physicians. Using integrative review methods, we identified 19 relevant studies: six qualitative, ten quantitative, and three mixed methods. Synthesis of the results revealed six themes describing patient, family, and provider decision‐making processes with distinct subthemes contrasting influential factors among malignant and nonmalignant diseases. Identification of what influences HCT decision making will aid in development of decision support, education, and communication strategies. The child/adolescent voice and provider perspective warrant more attention.
Predictors of hepatotoxicity and pancreatitis in children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated according to contemporary regimens
Authors: Denton Christopher C. , Rawlins Yasmin A. , Oberley Matthew J. , Bhojwani Deepa , Orgel Etan
Published: December 2017

Background

Hepatotoxicity and pancreatitis are common treatment‐related toxicities (TRTs) during contemporary treatment regimens for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Limited detailed data from Children's Oncology Group (COG) regimens has been previously reported to enable identification of patient and treatment risk factors for these toxicities and their impact on outcomes.

Procedure

We analyzed a retrospective pediatric ALL cohort treated at a single institution according to COG regimens from 2008 to 2015. The primary endpoint was cumulative incidence of study‐defined “severe” hepatotoxicity (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [CTCAE] Grade ≥ 4 transaminitis or Grade ≥ 3 hyperbilirubinemia) and clinically significant pancreatitis (any grade). Pancreatitis was additionally classified using the Ponte di Legno (PdL) toxicity criteria. Secondary endpoints were chemotherapy interruptions, early disease response (end of induction [EOI] minimal residual disease [MRD]), and event‐free survival (EFS).

Results

We identified 262 patients, of whom 71 (27%) and 28 (11%) developed hepatotoxicity and pancreatitis, respectively. Three cases of pancreatitis did not fulfill PdL criteria despite otherwise consistent presentations. Both TRTs occurred throughout therapy, but approximately 25% of hepatotoxicity (18/71) and pancreatitis (8/28) occurred during induction alone. Both obesity and age (≥10 years) were identified as predictors of hepatotoxicity (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] obesity = 1.75, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.04–2.96; SHR age ≥10 = 1.9, 95% CI 1.19–3.10) and pancreatitis (SHR obesity = 2.18, 95% CI 1.01–4.67; SHR age ≥ 10 = 2.76, 95% CI 1.19–6.39, P = 0.018). Dose interruptions were common but neither toxicity influenced EOI MRD nor EFS.

Conclusions

Obese and/or older children are particularly at risk for hepatotoxicity and pancreatitis, and may benefit from toxicity surveillance and chemoprotective strategies to prevent or mitigate associated morbidity.
“We just follow the patients’ lead”: Healthcare professional perspectives on the involvement of teenagers with cancer in decision making
Authors: Day Emma , Jones Louise , Langner Richard , Stirling L Caroline , Hough Rachael , Bluebond‐Langner Myra
Published: December 2017

Purpose

We report on an in‐depth interview and participant observation study that uses data from multiple sources to determine how the involvement of teenagers with leukaemia is understood and enacted in healthcare. In this article, we investigate healthcare professionals’ (HCP) views of teenagers’ involvement in decisions about their care and treatment for leukaemia.

Methods

We conducted participant observation at 98 multi‐disciplinary meetings and 95 open‐ended, semi‐structured interviews and informal conversations with clinical teenage cancer teams at one UK tertiary referral centre. Data were collected over a 9‐month period, audio‐recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using principles of grounded theory.

Results

HCP revealed principles relating to the involvement of teenagers with leukaemia in decision making: (1) do the ‘right thing’, (2) act on the care and treatment preferences of the teenager and (3) openly disclose information about the teenagers’ condition. These principles were prioritised and utilised uniquely in each situation, reliant on three mediating factors: (1) family communication styles, (2) stage of illness and (3) nature of the disease.

Conclusions

Specialist haematology teams are aware of the individual, and shifting and situational preferences of teenagers. They follow the lead which teenagers give them with regard to these preferences. If actual practice with regard to the involvement of teenagers is found to be wanting, this study refutes that this should be ascribed to insensitivity on the part of HCP about teenagers informational and decisional role preferences.
Loss of fundus view as an indication for secondary enucleation in retinoblastoma
Authors: Berry Jesse L. , Kogachi Kaitlin , Jubran Rima , Kim Jonathan W.
Published: December 2017

In this retrospective study, we evaluated loss of fundus view as an indication for secondary enucleation and associated histopathologic findings. Of 64 secondarily enucleated eyes, 24 were enucleated for loss of fundus view. Average time from loss of fundus view to enucleation was 4.7 months. Of these eyes, 22 had viable tumor cells on histopathology, but none had high‐risk features. Loss of fundus view was a common indication for secondary enucleation after chemoreduction. Given the high prevalence of viable histopathologic tumor cells, enucleation for loss of fundus view should not be significantly delayed to decrease risk of high‐risk tumor progression.
Poly(N‐vinyl imidazole) grafted silica nanofillers: Synthesis by RAFT polymerization and nanocomposites with polybenzimidazole
Authors: Kutcherlapati Satyanarayana Raju , Koyilapu Rambabu , Jana Tushar
Published: December 2017

In this report, we synthesized poly(N‐vinyl imidazole) (PNVI) grafted silica nanoparticles (SiNP) by using RAFT polymerization through grafting‐from approach to demonstrate that the self‐assembled structure of SiNP is the key diving force in improving physical properties of SiNP based nanocomposites. In a multistep synthetic process, well‐defined PNVI chains with tunable molecular weights and surface chain densities were grown from the RAFT agent anchored SiNP surface using N‐vinyl imidazole (NVI) as a monomer. Spectroscopic and thermal analysis confirmed surface grafting of PNVI on SiNP surface and the amount of grafted PNVI chins were also quantified. The mean diameter of the PNVI grafted SiNP (PNVI‐g‐SiNP) particles altered between 50 and 100 nm with the variation of PNVI chain lengths. The present approach is metal‐catalyst free, straight forward, and provides PNVI functionalized SiNP in a simple manner in comparison to the reported methods. Further, these PNVI‐g‐SiNP particles were used as a nanofiller to prepare nanocomposites with Poly(4,4′‐diphenylether‐5,5′‐bibenzimidazole) (OPBI). These nanocomposites displayed significantly higher mechanical, proton conductivity and less acid leaching properties than the pristine OPBI. The anisotropic self‐assembled ordered structure formation of nanofillers in the nanocomposites believed to be the driving force for the enhanced physical properties. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 365–375
Focus on Welfare “Reform”: More Thoughtful Analysis From a Conservative
Authors: Skidmore Max J.
Published: December 2017

Editor Max J. Skidmore continues the journal's analyses of TANF and other welfare programs, presenting additional penetrating evaluation from a conservative whose concern for accuracy leads him to take his fellow conservatives to task for erroneous reporting—reporting that incorrectly portrays “reform” as a success. The conservative, “Peter the Citizen,” adds to his previous comments on the subject.
Is Growth Pro‐Poor in Benin? Evidence Using a Multidimensional Measure of Poverty
Authors: Djossou Gbetoton Nadege , Kane Gilles Quentin , Novignon Jacob
Published: December 2017

In recent years, economic development discourse has moved beyond increasing economic growth to ensuring that growth also leads to reduction in poverty and inequality. This motivates the current study to examine the relationship between economic growth and poverty in Benin. We used data from the 2006 and 2011 Benin Demographic and Health Surveys and computed a multidimensional poverty index using multiple correspondence analysis. The distribution of growth pro‐poorness was analyzed using the Growth Incidence Curves and Non‐Income Growth Incidence Curve. Average multidimensional poverty rate was estimated to be about 55.3 percent. The findings show that while growth has generally been pro‐poor in Benin, there exist disparities across rural and urban households, and for women as well as the elderly. The findings reinforce the need for broader poverty measures and refocusing poverty reduction strategies to marginalized groups in Benin.
A stylized trend analysis approach for process monitoring and fault diagnosis
Authors: Fang Yan , Rasel M.A.K. , Richmond Peyton C.
Published: December 2017

A stylized trend analysis was developed to identify recurring or standard operating procedures (SOP) such as equipment switching or maintenance from plant process history data to detect faults and near misses due to operator errors or equipment failures. Trend based fault detection and diagnosis systems have not been implemented widely in the chemical process industries because known fault scenarios are typically required. Known fault scenarios were not required for the stylized trend analysis because faults and near misses were identified by comparing trends with normal SOP transition responses. Large volumes of historical data were processed automatically allowing corrective action to be taken prior to an incident. The stylized trend analysis was demonstrated to detect unsteady‐state transition faults on historical distributed control system data simulated for a continuous process ethylene plant dryer switching operation. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Process Saf Prog 37:411–418, 2018
Nanometer‐Scale Depth‐Resolved Atomic Layer Deposited SiO2 Thin Films Analyzed by Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy
Authors: Zhu Zhen , Modanese Chiara , Sippola Perttu , Di Sabatino Marisa , Savin Hele
Published: December 2017

In this contribution, pulsed radio frequency (rf) glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES) is used to investigate the film properties of SiO2 deposited by plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD), for example, the chemical composition, structural properties and film thickness. The total sputtering time until the interface between the SiO2 layer and the Si substrate is ≈13 s. The main impurities in the film, that is, H, C, and N, are detected. It is observed that both C and N intensities decrease with increasing plasma power during deposition of the thin film. The higher plasma power seems to increase the reactivity of the PEALD process and consequently, it might reduce the concentration of impurities in the deposited film. Moreover, the deviation of the GDOES sputtering rates on the film are related to the film density. The thickness of one‐hundred‐nanometer range SiO2 film is calculated from the GDOES silicon and oxygen emission profiles, and its difference from ellipsometry and X‐ray reflectivity measurements highlights the challenges for the GDOES technique for transparent thin films.
Characterization of oocyte retrieval cycles with empty zona pellucida
Authors: Oride Aki , Kanasaki Haruhiko , Hara Tomomi , Ohta Hiroko , Kyo Satoru
Published: December 2017

Purpose

To identify the factors that characterize cycles with empty zona pellucida (EZP).

Methods

Thirty‐six oocyte retrieval cycles from which EZP were collected and another 36 cycles from which no EZP was collected were compared. The patients were divided into three groups: those with no EZP collected during any cycle, those with EZP collected during all cycles, and those experiencing cycles both with and without EZP.

Results

The mean number of oocytes collected per cycle was higher in the cycles with EZP than without EZP. The fertilization rate of the collected oocytes and the rate of good embryo formation were significantly lower in the cycles with EZP. No significant difference was observed between the three groups in terms of age, number of oocytes collected, or hormone levels before and after the oocyte retrieval. The fertilization and pregnancy rates were highest in the patients with no EZP being collected during any cycle, followed by those experiencing cycles both with and without EZP, and then by those with EZP collected during all cycles.

Conclusion

The observation of lower fertilization, poor embryo formation, and a low pregnancy rate in the patients with EZP suggests the poor quality of oocytes that were collected with EZP in the same cycle.
Current status on the development of pseudoviruses for enveloped viruses
Authors: Li Qianqian , Liu Qiang , Huang Weijin , Li Xuguang , Wang Youchun
Published: December 2017

Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases have a strong negative impact on public health. However, because many of these pathogens must be handled in biosafety level, 3 or 4 containment laboratories, research and development of antivirals or vaccines against these diseases are often impeded. Alternative approaches to address this issue have been vigorously pursued, particularly the use of pseudoviruses in place of wild‐type viruses. As pseudoviruses have been deprived of certain gene sequences of the virulent virus, they can be handled in biosafety level 2 laboratories. Importantly, the envelopes of these viral particles may have similar conformational structures to those of the wild‐type viruses, making it feasible to conduct mechanistic investigation on viral entry and to evaluate potential neutralizing antibodies. However, a variety of challenging issues remain, including the production of a sufficient pseudovirus yield and the inability to produce an appropriate pseudotype of certain viruses. This review discusses current progress in the development of pseudoviruses and dissects the factors that contribute to low viral yields.
Towards actionable visualization for software developers
Authors: Merino Leonel , Ghafari Mohammad , Nierstrasz Oscar
Published: December 2017

Abundant studies have shown that visualization is advantageous for software developers, yet adopting visualization during software development is not a common practice due to the large effort involved in finding an appropriate visualization. Developers require support to facilitate that task. Among 368 papers in SOFTVIS/VISSOFT venues, we identify 86 design study papers about the application of visualization to relieve concerns in software development. We extract from these studies the task, need, audience, data source, representation, medium, and tool, and we characterize them according to the subject, process, and problem domain. On the one hand, we support software developers to put visualization in action by mapping existing visualization techniques to particular needs from different perspectives. On the other hand, we highlight the problem domains that are overlooked in the field and need more support.
Bioactive Starch Foam Composite Enriched With Natural Antioxidants from Spent Coffee Ground and Essential Oil
Authors: Trongchuen Khuanruthai , Ounkaew Artjima , Kasemsiri Pornnapa , Hiziroglu Salim , Mongkolthanaruk Wiyada , Wannasutta Rungnapha , Pongsa Uraiwan , Chindaprasirt Prinya
Published: December 2017

Starch foam composites containing extracted spent coffee ground and 10 wt% of spent coffee ground (SFE‐10) are prepared by compression molding. Four to ten weight percent of oregano essential oil (OEO) is added to the SFE‐10. Characterization by ATR‐FTIR and total phenolic assay confirms that bioactive compounds of OEO, spent coffee ground (SCG), and extracted spent coffee ground (ex‐SCG) penetrate into the samples. The minimum inhibitory concentration against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is investigated in SFE‐10 incorporated 8 wt% OEO. Synergism in antibacterial activity is also achieved from the starch foam incorporated combination of OEO, SCG, and ex‐SCG. The kinetics of polyphenol release in food simulants are observed, and the release rate increases when the polarity of aqueous simulants decreased. The water resistance of the samples improves with increasing OEO content, whereas the biodegradability and flexural strength slightly decrease. Based on the results, SFE‐10 containing OEO has a good potential for application as a bioactive packaging to preserve and maintain the quality of food.
A centralized demand response control strategy for domestic electric water heater group based on appliance cloud platform
Authors: Zeng Lukun , Sun Yi , Ye Qiuzi , Qi Bing , Li Bin
Published: December 2017

Motivated by the potential ability of the domestic electric water heater (EWH) in demand response (DR), this paper proposes a centralized DR control strategy to dispatch the EWH loads considering a domestic EWH group based on the appliance cloud platform. The objective is to solve the problem of water heater load control when the appliance cloud platform participates in DR of load curtailment. To solve the problem, first, a DR system model of the appliance cloud platform is presented. Second, a model of single EWH thermal dynamics in static mode of operation is built based on energy flow analysis. Third, based on the system model and the model of EWH thermal dynamics, a DR control strategy in the timescale of minutes is proposed to implement DR control of an EWH load group in a centralized way by the appliance cloud platform. Finally, simulation results confirm the viability and efficiency of the proposed control strategy.
A data‐driven design method of PID controller with noise filter
Authors: Saeki Masami , Hinokimoto Koki , Wada Nobutaka , Satoh Satoshi
Published: December 2017

When undesirable control actions are generated by measurement noise due to feedback, it is preferable to reduce the noise sensitivity to improve control performance and to extend the plant lifespan. In this paper, a data‐driven design method of a proportional—integral—derivative (PID) controller with a noise filter is proposed for stable single‐input single‐output plants using a one‐shot plant response. This method attains disturbance attenuation under constraints of stability margin and noise sensitivity. A novel data‐based constraint on the PID gains is derived to bound noise sensitivity. A solution can be searched for by solving a linear matrix inequality with respect to PID gains for several values of the filter parameter. Numerical examples demonstrate the adequacy.
Participatory culture as professional development: Preparing teachers to use Minecraft in the classroom
Authors: Kuhn Jeff , Stevens Vance
Published: December 2017

As computer‐based game use grows in classrooms, teachers need more opportunities for professional development aimed at helping them to appropriately incorporate games into their classrooms. Teachers need opportunities not only to learn about video games as software but also about video games as culture. This requires professional development that embeds educators in the social practice of games while they learn how to play and implement them in classroom practice. This article describes the design considerations around the ongoing TESOL Electronic Village Online (EVO) Minecraft Massively Open Online Course (MOOC) that mimics the social practices around video games by reimagining professional development as a participatory culture. This participatory‐culture approach anchors participants’ learning of the video game Minecraft in a multiyear community of educators who share ideas, post videos, blog, and play Minecraft together. This community of practice raises awareness among its participants of the participatory cultures in which our students play video games.
Mathematical model of working process of oil free scroll vacuum pump
Authors: Burmistrov A. , Salikeev S. , Raykov A. , Fomina M.
Published: December 2017

A mathematical model of oil free scroll machine working in vacuum conditions is considered. Differential equations and main assumptions in the model are presented. Four types of control volumes are specified. The model takes into consideration heat exchange between the pump working elements, change of clearances due to thermal deformations, and mobility of the scroll element wall in calculation of leakage. The comparison of the calculated values of the pumping speed with experimental values obtained at different rotation speed of the driveshaft is carried out.
Reliability assessment for Chinese domestic wind turbines based on data mining techniques
Authors: Su Chun , Hu Zhaoyong
Published: December 2017

In this work, based on the field operating data of a Chinese domestic wind farm, which came from the supervisory control and data acquisition system, data mining techniques are applied to analyze the reliability characteristics of wind turbines and their components. The reliability indexes including time among failures, failure rate, and downtime are analyzed. On that basis, the key components that influence the wind turbines' reliability most seriously are determined. The internal relation between the failure rate and the environmental temperature is identified with correlation function, and time series approach is used to analyze the seasonal feature of the wind turbines' failure rate. The results show that compared with the wind turbines mentioned in the literatures, the failure rate of the current sample is higher. Among the components, the failure rates of electrical and control systems are the highest, while the corresponding repair time is relatively short; on the contrary, the failure rates of main shaft, gearbox, and generator are relatively low, while the average time for maintenance is comparably long. Furthermore, there is an obvious dependency between the failure rate and environmental temperature, and the failure rate has a clear seasonal feature.
Review of DC fault protection for HVDC grids
Authors: Li Rui , Xu Lie
Published: December 2017

The development of modular multilevel converter (MMC) and the increased needs for long distance bulk power transmission using underground and subsea cables have promoted the rapid development and application of voltage source converter (VSC) based high‐voltage DC (HVDC) systems. In this paper, recent advances in the area of DC fault protection in VSC‐based HVDC systems are reviewed. The main characteristics during DC faults are described and various converter topologies, which have DC fault blocking capability, are introduced and compared in terms of efficiency, cost, and control flexibility. The development of DC circuit breaker is introduced and various methods for DC fault detection and system level protection approaches for large scale HVDC grids are also discussed. WIREs Energy Environ 2018, 7:e278. doi: 10.1002/wene.278

This article is categorized under:

Energy Infrastructure > Systems and Infrastructure

Energy Systems Economics > Systems and Infrastructure
Can Ultrasound Be Used to Improve the Palpation Skills of Physicians in Training? A Prospective Study
Authors: Woods Ryan , Wisniewski Steve J. , Lueders Daniel R. , Pittelkow Thomas P. , Larson Dirk R. , Finnoff Jonathan T.
Published: December 2017

Background

Accurate diagnosis of musculoskeletal disorders relies heavily on the physical examination, including accurate palpation of musculoskeletal structures. The literature suggests that there has been a deterioration of physical examination skills among medical students and residents, in part due to increased reliance on advanced imaging. It has been shown that knowledge of musculoskeletal anatomy and physical examination skills improve with the use of ultrasound; however, the literature is limited.

Objective

To determine whether ultrasound can improve the ability of physicians in training (residents) to palpate the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) in the bicipital groove.

Design

Prospective study design.

Setting

Tertiary care center.

Participants

Ten physical medicine and rehabilitation residents served as subjects. Exclusion criteria included the presence of any condition that precluded their ability to palpate. Three volunteers were used as models. Model exclusion criteria included anything that distorted normal shoulder anatomy or inhibited examiner palpation. Three investigators with experience performing diagnostic musculoskeletal ultrasound were used to confirm palpation attempts.

Methods

Subjects attempted to palpate the LHBT bilaterally in the bicipital groove of each model. Investigators assessed the accuracy of the palpation attempt using real‐time ultrasonography. Subjects participated in a 30‐minute ultrasound‐assisted training session learning how to palpate the LHBT in the bicipital groove with ultrasound confirmation. After the ultrasound training session, subjects again attempted to palpate the LHBT in the bicipital groove of each model with investigator confirmation.

Main Outcome Measurements

LHBT palpation accuracy rates preintervention versus postintervention.

Results

Pretraining LHBT palpation accuracy was 20% (12/60 attempts). Post‐ultrasound training session accuracy was 51.7% (31/60 attempts; P ≤ .001).

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that palpation accuracy improves after ultrasound assisted LHBT palpation training. These data suggest that the use of ultrasound may be beneficial when teaching musculoskeletal palpation skills to health care professionals.

Level of Evidence

II
Expanding the market for long fiber technology
Authors: Holmes Mark
Published: December 2017

Significant progress in processing long fiber reinforced plastics and advances in materials technology are providing new opportunities in the composites industry. Reinforced Plastics reviews some recent developments.
Light and wood: An intimate and human space within the art libraries of Louis I. Kahn
Authors: Binkowski Kraig
Published: December 2017

In the libraries of the Yale Center for British Art and the Kimbell Art Museum, Louis I. Kahn created spaces and atmospheres that are particularly conducive to reading about and viewing art. In these rooms, natural light combines with sympathetic materials and forms a timeless dance with thought and contemplation. This paper focusses on the unique library carrels which form the physical bridge between light and dark, inside and outside, and constitute a microcosm of Kahn's thoughts about reading, libraries and museums.
No More Itch (2 Tim 4.3)
Authors: den Dulk Matthijs
Published: December 2017

The majority of translations and commentaries render the phrase κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν in 2 Tim 4.3 as ‘having itching ears’ (or something to the same effect). Many commentaries and lexica claim, furthermore, that this figure of speech expresses curiosity. The present study demonstrates that the phrase found in 2 Tim 4.3 is an idiom that occurs quite frequently in first- and second-centuryceliterature. Contemporary usage of this expression suggests, first, that the translation at 2 Tim 4.3 should be ‘having their ears tickled’, rather than ‘having itching ears’, and, second, that the idiom refers primarily to the experience of pleasure rather than curiosity. This translation and interpretation of κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν fits the context of 2 Timothy better than other commonly proposed readings and is significant for how we understand the author's portrayal of his opponents and their appeal to the believers.
Wrecking rap's conventions: the cultural production of three daring Detroit emcees
Authors: Farrugia Rebekah , Hay Kellie D.
Published: December 2017

This article profiles the music of three politically motivated hip hop emcees. It combines textual and musicological analysis with ethnographic data to examine the ways in which these women use music to empower themselves and to contribute to meaningful, positive change in post-industrial, post-bankruptcy Detroit. These narratives are significant because they combat the dominant, hegemonic two-dimensional representations of African American women that are epitomised in commercial hip hop and popular culture at large. Further, in a context where art and activism are connected, their work challenges the current controlling images and sexual scripts that dominate both commercial music industry representations and scholarship on women in hip hop. The artists we profile exemplify a new kind of musical movement where women are agents and creative solutionaries. At times, they are explicitly critical of the narrow range of black womanhood presented in popular culture and in other instances, they focus on issues such as the environment, race relations, racialized bodies, poverty and abuse, all the while challenging the hip hop industry and popular culture norms that communicate who black women are and who they should be.
Looking Inward Together: Just War Thinking and Our Shared Moral Emotions
Authors: Morkevičius Valerie
Published: December 2017

Just war thinking serves a social and psychological role that international law cannot fill. Law is dispassionate and objective, while just war thinking accounts for emotions and the situatedness of individuals. While law works on us externally, making us accountable to certain people and institutions, just war thinking affects us internally, making us accountable to ourselves. Psychologically, an external focus leads to feelings of shame, while an inward focus generates feelings of guilt. Philosophers have long recognized the importance of these two moral emotions. Recently, psychologists have found that feelings of guilt are linked to positive social outcomes, such as the desire for reconciliation and reparation, while shame generates anger and hostility. Just war thinking, as an inward-looking tradition, has a special relationship with guilt. By focusing on moral emotions, just war thinking can move beyond the law in four ways, by developing an ethic of accountability, by providing a foundation for addressing moral injury, by providing a common language for discussing the costs of war, and for identifying ethical problems in radically new contexts.
MAYA ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS AND THE AGRICULTURAL CYCLE IN THE POSTCLASSIC MADRID CODEX
Authors: Milbrath Susan
Published: December 2017

Research presented here demonstrates that an unusual almanac in the Madrid Codex (pages 12–18) integrates observations of the Venus cycle with eclipse events in the context of the agricultural year. Imagery in the 260-day almanac represents eclipse glyphs associated with Tzolkin dates that coordinate with eclipses visible in Yucatan during the fifteenth century, indicating the almanac dates to the Late Postclassic. The almanac also depicts seasonal events in the context of a repeating pattern of paired solar eclipses associated with observations of Venus as the evening star. Quetzalcoatl-Kukulcan's counterpart in the Madrid almanac is the Chicchan serpent, who plays the role of Venus in a sequence showing a fertile aspect of the planet linked with the 260-day agricultural cycle and the Pleiades. Clearly, Venus positions and eclipse events were closely watched in relation to the planting cycle, reflecting a form of “agro-astronomy” that we are only now beginning to understand.
Higher Absorption of Vitamin C from Food than from Supplements by Breastfeeding Mothers at Early Stages of Lactation
Authors: Martysiak-Żurowska Dorota , Zagierski Maciej , Woś-Wasilewska Ewa , Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz Agnieszka
Published: December 2017

Abstract.The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of vitamin C supply in the diet of lactating women on vitamin C concentrations in human milk (n = 97) sampled at different stages of lactation. Vitamin C levels were measured by liquid chromatography. Dietary intake of vitamin C was determined based on 3-day food dairies kept by breastfeeding mothers. Maternal dietary intakes of vitamin C from natural sources on lactation day 90 (n = 18) were significantly higher than on lactation days 15 (n = 42) and 30 (n = 37). The number of women taking vitamin C supplements decreased in successive stages of lactation. The average daily intake of vitamin C was estimated at 119 mg, but nearly 20% of mothers consumed less than 50 mg of vitamin C per day. No significant correlations were observed between lactation stage and vitamin C levels in breast milk (r = 0.110, p = 0.064). The average vitamin C concentrations in human breast milk were determined at 50.9 mg / L, and were not higher than 80.6 mg / L regardless of lactation stage and maternal intake of vitamin C. Vitamin C excretion into breast milk is regulated to prevent exceeding saturation level. The vitamin C concentration in milk was positive correlated with maternal intake of vitamin C from food, in the case of non-supplemented diet (r = 0.402, p = 0.041). Our results suggest that vitamin C occurring in food is much better absorbed and passes into breast milk than vitamin C from supplements.
Explicit Motives, Antecedents, and Consequences of Direct Self-Injurious Behaviors
Authors: Snir Avigal , Apter Alan , Barzilay Shira , Feldman Dana , Rafaeli Eshkol , Carli Vladimir , Wasserman Camilla , Hadlaczky Gergö , Hoven Christina W. , Sarchiapone Marco , Wasserman Danuta
Published: December 2017

Abstract. Background: Self-injurious behaviors in adolescence are a serious public health concern. Aims: The current study aims to expand our understanding of motives for direct self-injurious behaviors (D-SIB). We examined the explicit motives but also the actual antecedents and consequences of D-SIB over time. Method: As part of the Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE) study, adolescents between the ages of 14 and 18 years from Israel completed self-report questionnaires at baseline, 3-month, and 12-month follow-ups. Results: Decreases in social support predicted later increases in D-SIB, an effect mediated by negative affect. Both peer and parental support also exerted quadratic effects on D-SIB. Thus, low as well as high support predicted subsequent D-SIB. In turn, D-SIB was followed by increased peer and parental support. Limitations: Our methodology relies on self-reports, affected by social desirability and recall biases. Conclusion: The findings support a causal path for the development of D-SIB: from interpersonal distress to emotional distress and then to D-SIB. They also point to interesting avenues regarding subgroupings of adolescents who self-injure depending on their motives. Finally, our results reveal that D-SIB, although of negative import, might paradoxically be effective in serving certain functions such as gaining support from parents and peers.
Retraining walking adaptability following incomplete spinal cord injury
Authors: Fox Emily J. , Tester Nicole J. , Butera Katie A. , Howland Dena R. , Spiess Martina R. , Castro-Chapman Paula L. , Behrman Andrea L.
Published: December 2017

Introduction

Functional walking requires the ability to modify one’s gait pattern to environmental demands and task goals—gait adaptability. Following incomplete spinal cord injury (ISCI), gait rehabilitation such as locomotor training (Basic-LT) emphasizes intense, repetitive stepping practice. Rehabilitation approaches focusing on practice of gait adaptability tasks have not been established for individuals with ISCIs but may promote recovery of higher level walking skills. The primary purpose of this case series was to describe and determine the feasibility of administering a gait adaptability retraining approach—Adapt-LT—by comparing the dose and intensity of Adapt-LT to Basic-LT.

Case presentation

Three individuals with ISCIs (>1 year, AIS C or D) completed three weeks each (15 sessions) of Basic-LT and Adapt-LT. Interventions included practice on a treadmill with body weight support and practice overground (≥30 mins total). Adapt-LT focused on speed changes, obstacle negotiation, and backward walking. Training parameters (step counts, speeds, perceived exertion) were compared and outcomes assessed pre and post interventions. Based on completion of the protocol and similarities in training parameters in the two interventions, it was feasible to administer Adapt-LT with a similar dosage and intensity as Basic-LT. Additionally, the participants demonstrated gains in walking function and balance following each training type.

Discussion

Rehabilitation that includes stepping practice with adaptability tasks is feasible for individuals with ISCIs. Further investigation is needed to determine the efficacy of Adapt-LT.
Early-life adversity and cortisol response to social stress: a meta-analysis
Authors: Bunea Ioana Maria , Szentágotai-Tătar Aurora , Miu Andrei C.
Published: December 2017

Early-life adversity has been associated with a life-long increased risk for psychopathology and chronic health problems. These long-term negative effects have been explained through stress sensitization, which may involve dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis through either increased or decreased reactivity. The present meta-analysis assessed for the first time the effect of early-life adversity on cortisol response to social stress. Thirty data sets were included in the meta-analysis, in which early-life adversity and salivary cortisol response to social stress were assessed in 4292 individuals of different ages. Results indicated a moderate effect size (g = −0.39) in overall cortisol levels across studies. Separate analyses of cortisol at different stages of response showed large effect sizes at peak and recovery, and a moderate effect at baseline. Heterogeneity was large in this sample of studies and several moderators were identified. The effect size was larger in studies that focused on maltreatment compared to those that included other adversities, and in adults compared to children and adolescents. Percent of women in each sample and methodological quality were positive predictors of the effect size. Publication bias may be present, but the analysis was hampered by the high heterogeneity. Therefore, these results support the association between early-life adversity and blunted cortisol response to social stress, and they suggest that the long-term negative effects of early-life adversity may reach maximum levels in adults.
RAS-pathway mutation patterns define epigenetic subclasses in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia
Authors: Lipka Daniel B. , Witte Tania , Toth Reka , Yang Jing , Wiesenfarth Manuel , Nöllke Peter , Fischer Alexandra , Brocks David , Gu Zuguang , Park Jeongbin , Strahm Brigitte , Wlodarski Marcin , Yoshimi Ayami , Claus Rainer , Lübbert Michael , Busch Hauke , Boerries Melanie , Hartmann Mark , Schönung Maximilian , Kilik Umut , Langstein Jens , Wierzbinska Justyna A. , Pabst Caroline , Garg Swati , Catalá Albert , De Moerloose Barbara , Dworzak Michael , Hasle Henrik , Locatelli Franco , Masetti Riccardo , Schmugge Markus , Smith Owen , Stary Jan , Ussowicz Marek , van den Heuvel-Eibrink Marry M. , Assenov Yassen , Schlesner Matthias , Niemeyer Charlotte , Flotho Christian , Plass Christoph
Published: December 2017

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is an aggressive myeloproliferative disorder of early childhood characterized by mutations activating RAS signaling. Established clinical and genetic markers fail to fully recapitulate the clinical and biological heterogeneity of this disease. Here we report DNA methylome analysis and mutation profiling of 167 JMML samples. We identify three JMML subgroups with unique molecular and clinical characteristics. The high methylation group (HM) is characterized by somatic PTPN11 mutations and poor clinical outcome. The low methylation group is enriched for somatic NRAS and CBL mutations, as well as for Noonan patients, and has a good prognosis. The intermediate methylation group (IM) shows enrichment for monosomy 7 and somatic KRAS mutations. Hypermethylation is associated with repressed chromatin, genes regulated by RAS signaling, frequent co-occurrence of RAS pathway mutations and upregulation of DNMT1 and DNMT3B, suggesting a link between activation of the DNA methylation machinery and mutational patterns in JMML.
Stochastic gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Araújo Ilka Schultheiß , Pietsch Jessica Magdalena , Keizer Emma Mathilde , Greese Bettina , Balkunde Rachappa , Fleck Christian , Hülskamp Martin
Published: December 2017

Although plant development is highly reproducible, some stochasticity exists. This developmental stochasticity may be caused by noisy gene expression. Here we analyze the fluctuation of protein expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using the photoconvertible KikGR marker, we show that the protein expressions of individual cells fluctuate over time. A dual reporter system was used to study extrinsic and intrinsic noise of marker gene expression. We report that extrinsic noise is higher than intrinsic noise and that extrinsic noise in stomata is clearly lower in comparison to several other tissues/cell types. Finally, we show that cells are coupled with respect to stochastic protein expression in young leaves, hypocotyls and roots but not in mature leaves. Our data indicate that stochasticity of gene expression can vary between tissues/cell types and that it can be coupled in a non-cell-autonomous manner.