bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strikes and the Australian Industrial Relations Commission
Authors: Hamilton Reg
Published: March 2007

The Australian Industrial Relations Commission is required to settle industrial disputes that come before it, including disputes involving industrial action. It has wide discretion in considering whether or not to take the various steps open to it under the statute constituting it, although it does invariably seek to bring industrial action to an end. It also appears concerned to ensure that the action it takes is proportionate to the industrial circumstances, and there is accordingly something of a hierarchy of remedies, with bans clauses and cancellation of award seen as serious steps often taken where other possible means of settling the dispute, including conciliation, commission directions, recommendations and orders, and general debate in the commission have been exhausted. An examination of commission decisions and orders issued indicates that the commission has been unwilling to establish definitive principles in relation to the exercise of its powers, although general commission policy directions appear to exist, ultimately deriving from the statute constituting the commission.
Industrial Relations and the Legacy of New Protection
Authors: Plowman David H.
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that public policy changes towards industry protection are the underlying causes of the major industrial relations changes that are currently taking place. The operation the tariff agencies and industrial tribunals gave rise to a New Protection environment that conditioned wage outcomes and employment relations. The reduction in industry protection has reduced the scope for New Protection processes and outcomes, and has necessitated a re-evaluation of wages policy and labour costs.
Opening the Black Box: Economic Analyses of Internal Labour Markets
Authors: Creedy John , Whitfield Keith
Published: March 2007

Recent years have seen the increasing interest of economists in the behaviour of firms in relation to their employees. The result is a reduction in the dichotomy of subject matter between industrial relations and labour economics. Despite this, substantial differences still exist, particularly between the approach of neoclassical economists and those (both economists and others) working outside this tradition. These differences are both theoretical and methodological and suggest a need for researchers examining the internal labour market to build bridges in their efforts to understand how firms price and allocate their labour. It is also suggested that a greater emphasis on the testing of competing hypotheses would be useful in this respect.
Natural Justice in the Australian Industrial Relations Commission
Authors: Naughton Richard
Published: March 2007

The Australian Industrial Relations Commission is under a statutorily imposed duty to act in afair manner, but with minimum resort to technical legal form. In addition, it is required to act promptly and effectively to prevent and settle industrial disputes. Some interesting questions arise concerning the relationship between this duty to act fairly and the common law principles of natural justice. This review of the subject area concludes that the two central natural justice principles (the right to a hearing and the rule against bias) are applied in a flexible manner in commission proceedings. The federal tribunal is often required to balance the strict application of these principles against a series of other factors. These might include, for example, matters like the expense, inevitable delay and procedural difficulties associated with a slavish adherence to the rules of natural justice.
Women's Productivity: Productivity Bargaining and Service Workers
Authors: Macdermott Kathy
Published: March 2007

The change in emphasis from centralized to decentralized bargaining has sharply increased the attention being paid to bargaining over productivity at the workplace level. Bargaining outcomes for womert may be adversely affected by the problem of defining productivity in service work, and by women's industrial weakness. In this paper both problems are examined, in isolation and as they may interact with each other. The experience of women with decentralized arrangements in the United States of America is used to illustrate the issues raised. Finally, the concerns identified in the paper are tested against early survey results of productivity measures and bargaining outcomes in Australian workplaces.
Managerial Disclosure of Financial Information To Employees: a Historical and Comparative Review
Authors: Brown Judy
Published: March 2007

In recent years there have been signs of developing interest in Australia and New Zealand in the voluntary disclosure of financial information to employees. Most recently, this bas manifested itself in financial 'information-sharing' in the context of consultative committees, staff briefings and other human resource management-style communications initiatives. Although frequently represented as indicative of a 'new' management style, such initiatives have a long historical legacy. This paper gives a background to the practice of 'employee reporting' and provides a critical analysis of employer perspectives on financial disclosure. It is argued that unitarist ideology has supplied much of the theoretical underpinning of managerial attitudes in this field, leading to a very particular view of accountancy's potential to contribute to 'good' industrial relations. The paper also examines labour reaction to voluntary disclosure initiatives and suggests that in accounting for the 'mixed success' of employer offerings insufficient attention has been paid to differences in underlying ideologies. The author rejects unitarist conceptualisations of the 'accounting and industrial relations' environ ment as both descriptively and normatively inadequate.
Testing the Limits of Corporatism: Industrial Relations in Suharto's Indonesia
Authors: Ford Michele
Published: March 2007

The concepts and structures of corporatism have been used by the governments of many industrialising states to barness workers in the name of 'development'. One such state was Subarto's New Order Indonesia, where tbe translation of corporatist structures of industrial relations through discourse into practice underpinned the much- vaunted 'success' of Indonesia's development-driven economy. Now, as Indonesians struggle with the socio-economic and political cballenges that have accompanied the bursting of the development bubble, it is timely to reflect on the insights the Indonesian corporatist experiment provides into the operation of corporatism in an industrialising economy.
Patterns of Diplomacy
Authors: Galtung Johan , Ruge Mari Holmboe
Published: March 2007

In this article the institution of diplomacy is examined in terms of its main functions: negotiation, representation and as a channel of information. Some theses about how diplomacy changes with growing internationalization, about changes in diplomatic style from elite-oriented via treaty-oriented to structure-oriented diplomacy, about the various effects the extraordinarily high rank of the diplomat has, about the types of contact diplomats usually have in the host-society and about the loyalty problems of diplomats, are advanced, illustrated with examples and discussed.

In the second part of the article the changes over time in one particular foreign service, that of Norway, are analyzed. The method used was to obtain all available information about the social backgrounds, education and diplomatic careers of the 398 who had been or still were members of the Norwegian foreign service as diplomats from the last century up to the end of 1964. Most of the article shows trends in these data when they are divided in five or six phases, defined by events in the history of Norway in general and its foreign service in particular. These trends are found to be consistent with the theory fragments advanced in the first part of the article, but other interpretations are also possible. Finally some predictions are made with regard to what future diplomacy will look like, and some major sources of conflict are pointed out.
Reliability and Validity of Some Patterns of International Interaction in an Inter-Nation Simulation
Authors: Nardin Terry , Cutler Meal E.
Published: March 2007

The study evaluates the reliability and validity of the Inter-Nation Simulation (INS) as an operating model of international interaction. Reliability is evaluated by comparing correlation coefficients describing patterns of interaction in one series of runs of the INS with coefficients generated during a second series of runs. Of 21 reliability comparisons, 2 were found to differ by a magnitude of .20 or more.

Validity is evaluated by comparing coefficients describing patterns of interaction in the combined runs of the INS with coefficients observed in data from the international system chosen as a referent. Of 21 validity comparisons, 10 were found to differ by a magnitude of .20 or more. These 10 comparisons, all involving relationships represented by high correlations in the referent system but low correlations in the INS, are interpreted as mispredictions of the INS—i. e., as relationships which exist in the referent system, but which the INS fails to gener ate. Further analysis aimed at isolating the particular relationships and variables involved in these mispredictions is reported as a basis for revising the INS model.
Un Peace-Keeping: the Cyprus Venture
Authors: Stegenga James A.
Published: March 2007

The United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) was established in March 1964 to help deal with the explosive communal violence that had racked the tiny Mediterranean island since the previous Christmas — violence that threatened to plunge NATO allies Greece and Turkey into a war that would inevitably have involved the great powers. This latest major UN military operation reveals a great deal about the limits and possibilities of UN peace- keeping in volatile Third World trouble spots.

Generally, UNFICYP has been a model of administrative efficiency. And the Force has ably, honorably, and imaginatively performed a wide array of helpful peace-keeping and civic-action functions.

On the other hand, it has become clear that a military operation, even one under United Nations auspices and encompassing extensive civic-action projects, has a limited capacity to mitigate civil conflict and is no substitute for traditional political settlement procedures. The UNFICYP experience serves to illustrate the peace-making limitations of even the most highly effective peace-keeping force to date.

Finally, UNFICYP seems to be a more likely model for possible future United Nations peace-keeping forces than either the Suez or Congo operations.
Economic and Power Frustrations as Predictors of Industrial an d pOlitical Con Flict Strategies
Authors: Talikka Annikki
Published: March 2007

The article is a precis of a thesis originally published in Finnish. The study aimed at elu cidating the connection between short term situations of economic and power frustration, and conflict strategies of different parties (Right, Center, and Left) in internal political conflict in countries with multiparty system and capitalistic economy.

The object of inquiry was primarily Finland 1919-1933. Material was gathered from sta tistics and comparable documents. Situations of economic frustration were measured by i. a. decrease of profits in agriculture, by bankruptcies in industry and commerce, and by price indexes for various products. Situations of power frustration were measured by the distribution of political power among parties in Parliament and communal councils during different election periods. Conflict strategies of the Left were measured by workers' membership in trade unions, and by union activity. Right and Center conflict strategies were measured by degree of organization of the employers and by activity of their organi zations, by propaganda competition and its prevention, by support given the armed bour geois militia, and by application of laws designed to criminalize the Left.

The analysis had two phases. Preliminary classification of variables was made by factor analysis, and the subsequent main analysis by canonical correlations, taking the frustration situations and the conflict strategies of the Left as prognostic factors and conflict strategies of the Right and Center as those to be predicted.

Our main hypothesis - that economic frustration leads to intensified conflict strategies against the opposing party - was completely supported. Generally we can say that in favour able economic conditions the conflicting parties choose a cooperative strategy advantageous to themselves; in situations of slight economic frustration they tend to choose a strategy of competition manifested in the use of money or other forms; while in situations of serious economic frustration they choose a strategy of suppression aimed at partial or total elimi nation of the opposition power. The hypothesis that situations of power frustration have a sharpening influence on conflict strategies, on the other hand, seemed valid only as far as the Center was concerned: according to our findings the Center is inclined to sharpen its strategies when its power diminishes, but the Right as its power increases. The explanation may lie in the powerful basic frustration of the Right consequent upon the realization of political democracy. Minor victories in elections were not able to eliminate the basic frus tration and therefore the Right, while in the ascendancy, strove in one way or another to undermine the power of its opponent, the Left, at least of the influence it had lost when political democracy was realized.
Institutionalized Racism: an Analytic Approach
Authors: Klitgaard Robert E.
Published: March 2007

Simple models are used to describe three kinds of racism: (1) irrational racism, bigotry which hurts both parties; (2) 'economically rational irra tional racism', where a stable, non-optimal, racist equilibrium exists in a community where no one is an irrational racist; and (3) 'fully rational racism', where past injustices have led to present inequalities between the races, and neither the 'rationality' of profit maximization nor of Ameri can political principles can avoid racist results. Examples from housing, education, and militant groups are given to illustrate the paradox of fully rational racism for the policy maker. Locating racism solely in the irrational neglects the more fundamental problem of institutionalized racism.
Peace and the Structure of the International Organization Network
Authors: Skjelsbæk Kjell
Published: March 2007

The point of departure of this article is a structural definition of peace. It is assumed that the network of international organizations (IGOs and INGOs) is peace-promoting to the extent that it transcends international conflict borders as reflected by the existence of opposing military alliances. The analysis shows that the network of international organizations has a greater transcending capability than several other forms of interaction. It is also assumed that the network's peace-promoting po tential is inversely related to the correlation be tween the number of involvements in international organizations and the degree of economic devel opment. In other words, poor states ought to be more involved in international organizations, to compensate for their low rank on the economic development dimension. Unfortunately, in reality nearly the opposite is the case, although IGOs fare somewhat better than INGOs. In the final section of the article, some suggestions for the improvement of the network of international orga nizations are set forth.
Peace and Security by Means of Arms Limitations — Six Imperatives of the German Grundgesetz to Orient Defense Policy towards its Consequences
Authors: Lutz Dieter S.
Published: March 2007

One of the imperatives binding the state's defense measures is the quest for peace in the Grundgesetz, especially as it is expressed in Articles 24-26, directed against any form of abstract endangerment of peace. The logic of these imperatives, intending to avoid all mea sures which might infringe upon peace, implies that the FRG is obliged to renounce every armament measure, insofar as defensive character of an arms system is not beyond doubt.

Moreover, we must keep in mind that it is not the German citizen, but man and his rights in general, who forms the focus of the Grundgesetz, insofar as there is a concept of peace, in positive terms, unequivocally underlying the Grundgesetz. Consequently, mea sures of defense against an external attack may never have the effect of retaliation. The parti cipation of the FRG in the system of deterrence is thus inhibited by the extent that she would have to threaten to retaliate upon potential external enemies to maintain her 'credibility'.
Nationalization of Oil in Venezuela
Authors: Bye Vegard
Published: March 2007

Venezuela has been one of the leading proponents of a new international economic order. As a major oil producer it was instrumental in the creation of OPEC. It has also realized a basic element of a NIEO — the nationalization of basic economic resources. The oil industry was nationalized on January 1, 1976, while the second-ranking export industry, iron and steel, had been expropriated one year earlier.

In this paper the effects of oil nationalization in Venezuela are studied to establish whether the previous structure of foreign dominance has been fundamentally altered. A set of dominance indicators is defined and applied to Venezuela before and after nationalization. The main conclusion is that dominance structures persisted, but with some differences between indicators. The expected long-term effect of increased oil prices, oil nationalization and the new development strategy, is that the degree of mono-production will be reduced, whereas economic and technological penetration as well as dependence on foreign trade will actually increase. This points to the need for more fundamental changes in power relation ships inside the country. Nationalization alone does not guarantee a development in the interests of the majority.
Social Carriers of Techniques for Development
Authors: Edquist Charles , Edqvist Olle
Published: March 2007

The main objective of this article is to contribute to a better understanding of the relationships between social change and technical change in developing countries. However, we believe that our approach and our concepts — with relevant modifications — are applicable to the industrialized countries as well.

Initially we distinguish between the concepts of technique and technology and discuss certain characteristic properties of techniques and their consequences for society. Thereafter we point to the fact that the structure of the socio-economic and political system conditions the choice of technique. Thus, this choice is not mainly a matter of conscious policy-making by certain decisionmakers (actors). However, social entities and institutions actually do make decisions to implement some techniques rather than others, and they do have some freedom of action. Therefore, if the relation between social and technical change is to be properly understood, we claim that an actor-oriented perspective is necessary as a supplement to the structural perspective.

Such an actor-oriented perspective is introduced through the presentation of the concept social carriers of techniques. A social carrier of a technique is a social entity which chooses and implements a tehnique: it 'carries' it into the society. Such a carrier may be a company, an agricultural cooperative, or an individual peasant. Every technique must have an actual social carrier in order to be chosen and implemented.

Finally we scrutinize the notion of 'appropriate technology', stressing the fact that the main — and disregarded — problem with implementation of these 'appropriate techniques' is that they have no social carriers. Even if they had, they would not in themselves solve the problem of widespread unemployment in developing countries.
The Correlation of World Forces: the Soviet Concept
Authors: Lider Julian
Published: March 2007

Four questions in the Soviet concept of the correlation of world forces are discussed: the actors, the forces, the character of the correlation, and the role of the correlation in world development. The discussion concludes with a comment on the differences between the Soviet and the Western approaches.

The Soviet concept differs from the traditional notion of the balance of power in three respects. First, it is based on the Marxist-Leninist philosophy, which sees the world as evolving according to the laws of history towards socialism; a favourable correlation of world forces is both the outcome of such a development and a condition of further progress. Secondly, Soviet politicians and scholars regard the international system as based on the interaction of two antagonistic camps, opposed to each other in their socio-economic and political systems, doctrines, and policies. Finally, the concept seems to entail three, or even four, kinds of correlation: 1) the correlation of power on the global scale; 2) the correlation on the highly important regional scale, i. e. which concerns the power of the Warsaw Treaty states and the NATO states in Europe; and 3) the correlation, within the socialist system, of the power of the Soviet Union and other states. Recently a fourth kind of correlation has been included: that between the Soviet Union and China, and it is regarded as playing a significant role in the world equation of power.

Balance of power theories and models based on the concept of the interplay of a number of great powers are dismissed by Soviet scholars as outmoded and artificial, distort ing the real correlation of forces between the actual competitors.

In spite of Soviet argumentation, the differences between Soviet and the traditional con cepts are not very clear. This is because the Soviet concept is treated as a means of policy rather than as a scientific construction. It is used to justify the status of the Soviet Union as one of the two leading world powers capable of backing by its military posture a widening range of interests; further to confirm Soviet predominance in the socialist camp; finally, to buttress the bargaining position of the Soviet Union in negotiations concerning arms control and regional cocrrelation of forces.
Accounting for International War: The State of the Discipline
Authors: Singer J. David
Published: March 2007

In studies of war it is important to observe that the processes leading to so frequent an event as conflict are not necessarily those that lead to so infrequent an event as war. Also, many models fail to recognize that a phenomenon irregularly distributed in time and space, such as war, cannot be explained on the basis of relatively invariant phenomena. Much research on periodicity in the occurrence of war has yielded little result, suggesting that the direction should now be to focus on such variables as diffusion and contagion. Structural variables, such as bipolarity, show contradictory results with some clear inter-century differences. Bipolarity, some results suggest, might have different effects on different social entities. A considerable number of studies analysing dyadic variables show a clear connection between equal capabilities among contending nations and escalation of conflict into war. Finally, research into national attributes often points to strength and geographical location as important variables. In general, the article concludes, there is room for modest optimism, as research into the question of war is no longer moving in non-cumulative circles. Systematic research is producing results and there is even a discernible tendency of convergence, in spite of a great diversity in theoretical orientations.
Understanding International Conflict: Some Theoretical Gaps
Authors: Nincic Miroslav
Published: March 2007

The purpose here is to consider some significant gaps in the theoretical bases with which we seek to under stand international conflict - either at the level of non-military hostility or at that of actual warfare. The in centives behind both levels of conflictive behavior are examined in terms of discrepancies between achieved and expected levels of attainment (attainment gaps) on relevant needs. Two general conflict-inducing situa tions at the level of non-violent hostility are identified: one where the attainment gap is causally attributable to the target of the hostility and another where such behavior might help narrow the gap even in the absence of external attributability. Although the properties of a nation which, in the second situation, might make it the object of another's hostility are not well understood, some tentative suggestions are advanced to account for this possibility. The differences in the incentives behind warfare and those that lead to simple hostility are considered, with particular attention to the relation between specific sorts of unsatisfied needs and war involvement. It is suggested that both the salience of certain needs and the range of strategies to enhance attainments thereon are factors which link given needs to armed conflict; both, it is argued, are shaped by the nature and structure of the societies within which the needs are experienced. Situations where the bene fits from simple hostility carry over into (or are amplified by) warfare are discussed, as are instances where the contrary occurs. Tentative explanations for these patterns are suggested. Finally, the impact of military capacity on the transition from hostility to warfare is examined, both from the point of view of the balance between potential antagonists and the nature of the actual weaponry involved.
Invulnerability without Threat
Authors: Fischer Dietrich
Published: March 2007

The notion of'military strength' must be divided into two different concepts. One is offensive power, the ability to inflict harm on others or to exert threats. This stimulates the arms race and is detrimental to international security. The other is defensive power, invulnerability, the ability to resist harm intended by others, which strengthens international security.

This paper classifies various measures, both military and non-military, intended to protect national security, along the offensive-defensive dimension. Among the defensive measures considered is the potential for self-sufficiency in vital sectors of the economy, such as food and energy, during an emergency, as an alternative to reliance on obtaining such supplies from abroad, if necessary by force. It is then examined to what extent the Swiss concept of general defense corresponds to a desirable model.

Ways are proposed in which a country can contribute to international peace, without risking its security through unilateral disarmament, through a form of 'transarmament', a shift to purely defensive measures, which do not reduce the security of others, but may indeed strengthen it as well.
A Game-Theoretic Evaluation of the Cease-Fire Alert Decision of 1973
Authors: Zagare Frank C.
Published: March 2007

This article uses a game-theoretic framework to evaluate the decision of the Nixon Administration to place United States forces on a world-wide alert to deter Soviet intervention in the October 1973 war in the Middle East. It finds that the alert decision can be justified and explained if the Nixon Administration's perception of the game is accepted, but only when the long-term rationality of Soviet decision-makers is assumed. It further finds that a less provocative strategy, such as approaching the Soviet leadership and reasserting an American willingness to compromise, would have produced a more tenuous stability than that produced by the alert decision, and that the equilibrium resulting from this alternative policy rested upon a view that the Soviets would not seek unilateral advantages in the conflict. Finally, it demonstrates that under certain con ditions, statesmen may have an incentive to create, rather than avoid, Prisoners' Dilemma games in interna tional crises.
The United States' Search for Security: A Psychotherapist's Viewpoint
Authors: Hall Francoise
Published: March 2007

The author endeavors to understand the United States' experienced need for more military defense in the same way as a psychotherapist would attempt to understand the actions of a patent already armed to 'overkill' capacity and yet intent on pursuing ever more and more efficient violent means of defense — despite the attendant increasing risk of self-maiming and even perhaps self-destruction. Analysis points to a rigid focus by the United States on the Soviet Union with an apparent lack of appreciation for the implications to itself of the limits of the earth's carrying capacity. The author suggests that this latter threat may play a major role in producing the country's deep feelings of victimization. The Government may lack a firm institutional base from which to have a broad perspective of all global trends and thus set the stage for a displacement of focus from ecological forces — little known, abstract, difficult to under stand — to the U.S.S.R., which is a more easily-defined, concrete, and hopefully more manageable target.
Image of the Peace Field: An International Survey
Authors: Kemp Anita
Published: March 2007

An international survey of individuals in the peace field was undertaken to determine whether there is similarity in the images belonging to the field. When examining peace concepts, significant contributors, mentors, optimism for peace and research areas, groups based on field identification, region, age and sex were compared. The 133 responses to the survey undertaken in 1982-83 indicate that none of the groups is isolated from the others. There is an established group of individuals who give coherence to the peace field as noted by responses to mentor and significant contributor questions. Outstanding among these is Johan Galtung. There is also a predominant definition of peace as negative and positive peace. Likewise, research areas for the different groups are interrelated. Given the results of this survey, there is ostensible similarity in images of the peace field. This allows for substantial communication and indicates a unified field rather than divisive schools.
Peace and Politics: The Danish Peace Movement and Its Impact on National Security Policy
Authors: Krasner Michael A. , Petersen Nikolaj
Published: March 2007

The rise of the peace movements in the West can be interpreted as a sign of weakness on the part of ex isting party systems, and in particular the Social Democratic parties. But the parties still control the policy-making process, and if they want to make an impact on official policy, the peace movements will therefore have to work, directly or indirectly, through the party system and especially through the Social Democratic parties. The question is whether the peace movements are optimally structured for influen cing the policy process. The present article discusses these paradoxes through an analysis of the political impact of the Danish peace movement. First a short sketch is presented of the century-old relationship between the movement and the Danish policy-making establishment. Next, a structural analysis of the 'new' peace movement discusses its strengths and weaknesses as well as its chosen strategies for in fluence. Finally, a case study is presented of the political impact of the peace movement on the policies of the Social Democratic party since 1980.
Cascaded VLSI neural network chips: Hardware learning for pattern recognition and classification
Authors: Brown T.X. , Tran M.D. , Duong T. , Daud T. , Thakoor A.P.
Published: March 2007

Currently map data is stored as high- resolution digitized pixel data on CD-ROM storage devices. The copious amount of data generated from the global map data base overwhelms even high-density optical storage methods. In addition, the map user is concerned not with the high-resolution image of the map, but the actual features such as roads and rivers. By classifying the map-image pixels into separate features, the dimensional ity of the data is dramatically reduced, the map is significantly decluttered, and the data is in the form most suitable for further analysis. Because of the extensive volume of the data already stored and its on-demand nature, classification speed must exceed the CD-ROM read speed so that access rates are unaffected. This paper describes a neural network approach to pattern classification applied to map pixel data. Software simulations of a sophisticated neural network show that neural networks are indeed equivalent to optimal statistical pattern classifiers. Furthermore, a fully parallel neural network hardware implementatiort developed at JPL, surpasses the necessary processing speed, and provides high classification accuracy. Our software as well a hardware results are presented in this paper along with a brief backgrourtd in pattern classification and neural networks.
Spreadsheet Simulation Model For Inventory Management
Authors: Przasnyski Zbigniew H.
Published: March 2007

A spreadsheet inventory management simulation model for a reorder cycle system with lost sales is developed. Three alternative implementations of the model are presented: a two dimensional model, a three dimensional model and a two dimensional model using the simulation add-in package @Risk. Tradeoffs of run time and memory requirements for the three implementations are discussed and extensions to the model implementations are presented.
Building A Port Simulator
Authors: Hayuth Y. , Pollatschek M.A. , Roll Y.
Published: March 2007

The development of a simulation software for port operation is described, with special emphasis on considerations for choosing both software and hardware. These consider ations, along with input and output requirements, led to a decision to write the software in C and to use simulation library SSS. The resulting software is portable, flexible and comprehensive, it addresses multiple port functions, various ship arrival patterns, fleet composition, labor and productivity issues. It is the only simulation model known to deal with coordination between terminals in more than one port.
The Performance Assessment of the Dead Reckoning Algorithms in DIS
Authors: Lin Kuo-Chi , Schab Daniel E.
Published: March 2007

Dead reckoning plays a vital role in the continaing development of Distributed Interactive Simulation. Dead reckoning algorithms, when formulated to suit the particular needs of a given simtciation network, offer optimal realism and speed through a reduction in update traffic within a network. The Dead Reckoning Assessment Tool, an innovative software program, accepts input from users concerning specifications unique to their exercise environments and allows them to quickly and easily evaluate promising dead reckoning algorithms.
The Use of Case Tools as an Aid to the Verification of Complex Software Systems
Authors: Gledhill David W.
Published: March 2007

The past several years have seen many technological advances in both computer hardware and software. Computer software is becoming very complex. Computer hardware and software have virtually taken over every aspect of our lives, both in the home and in the workplace. The Government is looking at computer modeling and simulation (M/S) as a way of predicting complex system behavior without having to construct expensive prototypes or conduct extensive field tests. Decision makers are demanding that the use of M/S be made an integral part of any major system acquisition.
Overview of the Air Vehicle Training Systems Demonstration Project
Authors: Gross David C. , Stuckey Lynn D.
Published: March 2007

STARS is an ARPA project aimed at advancing the management, quality, adaptability, and reliability of DoD software intensive systems. Over the years, the STARS project has gradually focused on enabling a paradigm shift of DoD software practices to megaprogramming. The central concept is a process-driven, two-life- cycle approach to software development. One life-cycle spans the creation and enrichment of an organization's capabilities for a family of related products, or domain engineering. The other life-cycle spans the construction and delivery of individual products from the domain, or application engineering. This approach may provide substantial opportunities for leveraged reuse, that is, planned use of adapted software components in multiple products. Much of the effort to date has been for developing tools and processes that support megaprogramming. The STARS project is now in a transition and demonstration phase. One of the demonstration projects is in the domain of simulator-based training, specifically the U.S. Navy's domain of Air Vehicle Training Systems. If mega programming proves useful in this domain, it promises dramatic increases in productivity along with corresponding reductions in the cost of building simulations .
EDFA Custom-Coded Simulation Block for Use in WDM Optical Fiber Communication System Studies
Authors: Zhang S.L. , O'Reilly J.J.
Published: March 2007

An Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) custom-coded block (CCB) for simulation of multichannel amplification has been created in the COMDISCO Signal Processing Worksystem. The resultant model can achieve accurate results with reasonable speed and can be used readily for a wide range of different situations. In the EDFA CCB both forward and backward amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) are considered. Practical application of the block is demonstrated in the analysis of a four node wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) optical fiber ring network using EDFAs to compensate the section losses. We find that for such a system non-uniform sampling of the ASE spectrum offers an advantage for reducing storage requirements and running time of the simulation compared with uniform sampling. The CCB is also used in the simulation of a WDM optical fiber communication system using 9 cascaded EDFAs, which are highly saturated, to compensate for the transmission loss of the fiber. We find that the simulation results of the output signal level and ASE spectrum exhibit the same general pattern as previously published results, demonstrating the applicability of the EDFA CCB for such highly saturated cases.
Analyzing Simulation Output Using the Bootstrap Method
Authors: Friedman Linda W. , Friedman Hershey H.
Published: March 2007

There are many situations in which parametric statistical techniques are less than ideal for evaluating a simulated system. For most simulation output, one must rely heavily on the central limit theorein in order to apply parametric statistical techniques. The bootstrap statistic is a nonparametric sample-resample technique that makes no distributional assumptions and may be used for estimation and hypothesis testing. The authors propose the bootstrap as a valuable tool for the analysis of simulation output data since it can be used in situations in which either the distribution is not known or normal approximations are inappropriate. Furthermore, since bootstrapping is itself a simulation technique it is inherently satisfying as a tool for the analysis of simulation output data. Illustrations are presented.
Bond Graphs: The Right Choice for Educating Students in Modeling Continuous-Time Physical Systems
Authors: Cellier François E.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a modeling technique that, better than alternative approaches, teaches the student to develop from the start valid models of physical continuous- time processes. Several examples of state- space models are presented that look very plausible, give seemingly plausible results, and yet are physically wrong. These examples may serve to illustrate the potential dangers behind state-space descriptions used as a modeling tool. It is our conviction that model validation should be integrated with model building, and should not be an afterthought. The bond graph modeling technique enables us to describe physical systems in terms that are much closer to physical reality than state-space modeling. Thereby many of the standard pitfalls in making models are avoided right from the beginning. Bad (i.e., non-physical) models have no chance of being created in the first place.
The Virtual Design Team: A Computer Simulation Framework for Studying Organizational Aspects of Concurrent Design
Authors: Jin Yan , Levitt Raymond E. , Kunz John C. , Christiansen Tore R.
Published: March 2007

Successful concurrent design requires a well organized design team. Without analysis tools for organization design, managers must rely on their experience or trial-and-error, rather on systematic generation and evaluation of alternatives, to design their organizations. The goal of the Virtual Design Team (VDT) research project is to develop computerized analysis tools to support the sys tema tic design of organ iza tion structures for complex, project-oriented tasks. The Virtual Design Team is a computational discrete event simulation model that incorporates qualitative reasoning concepts derived from Artificial Intelligence research. VDT explicitly incorporates information processing and communication models from organization theory and allows qualitative predictions of organizational performance. VDT's behavior has been validated extensively for internal consistency. We have also validated that its behavior compares well with theoretical predictions about, and the observed behavior of, real design project teams for petrochemical refinery, offshore oil systems, and power plant construction projects.
Maintaining Control of a Feebate System
Authors: Ford Andrew , Hojun Sun
Published: March 2007

This article explains an application of computer simulation tostudy the impact of a feebate proposal in which fees would be imposed on dirty vehicles to finance rebates for clean vehicles. Feebates are examined for the case of the south coast air basin in southern California which suffers from dangerously high levels of ozone concentration. The article describes a system dynamics model designed to simulate the impact of a variety of incentiveprograms that could lead togreatersales and use of electric vehicles. Simulation results are presen ted when the model is opera ted in a s tep-by- step manner from a special cockpit designed with theMicroWorlds Creator. The simulations address the question of whether a feebate system could be con trolled by the state official who would be charged with running the program in a financially prudent manner. The simulations demonstrate that feebates can be controlled by a backward looking strategy despite the many uncertainties in the system. The feebate strategy is then tested to learn if it is possible to maintain control over time even if consumer attitudes toward alternative vehicles turn out to be different from the attitudes expressed in recent surveys. The paper concludes with a discussion of the transferability of the results followed by a discussion of the "Mission Earth" initiative.
A Survey of TES Modeling Applications
Authors: Melamed Benjamin , Hill Jon R.
Published: March 2007

TES (Transform-Expand-Sample) is a versatile methodology for modeling general stationary time series, and particularly those that are autocorrelated. From the viewpoint of Monte Carlo simulation, TES represents a new and flexible input analysis approach. The salient feature of TES is its potential ability to simultaneously capture first-order and second-order properties of empirical time series (field measurements): Given an empirical sample, TES is designed to fit an arbitrary empirical marginal distribution (histogram) and to simultaneously approximate the leading empirical autocorrelations. Practical TES modeling is computationally intensive and can be effectively carried out only with computer support. A software modeling environment, called TEStool, has been designed and implemented to support the TES modeling methodology, through an interactive heuristic or algorithmic search approach employing extensive visualization. The purpose of this paper is to introduce TES modeling, and to offer some illustrative examples from a range of applications, including source modeling of compressed video and fault arrivals, financial modeling and texture generation. These examples demonstrate the efficacy and versatility of the TES modeling methodology, and underscore the high fidelity attainable with TES models.
Using Simulation for Robust System Design
Authors: Benjamin Perakath C. , Erraguntla Madhav , Mayer Richard J.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes an approach to design systems using computer simulation experiments. The distinguishing feature of the approach is to develop a strategy that considers system robustness as a major design criterion. Motivated by Taguchi's methods to design robust products, our research investigates the utility of this approach to design robust systems. Explicit consideration of robustness upfront in the design process represents a major paradigm shift for system design methodologies. Consequently, the results of our research have the poten tial to significantly impact future simulation- based system design methods.
A Simulation Modeling Methodology for Analyzing Large Complex Rail Networks
Authors: Dessouky Maged M. , Leachman Robert C.
Published: March 2007

As the congestion in the nation's freeways increases, the reliance on rail freight shipments is increasing. For this reason, models are needed to analyze the increased traffic burden on the rail networks. Compound delays and ripple effects from conflicts at complex junctions, terminals, and railroad-railroad crossings at grade and other factors in some rail networks make it difficult to develop analytical models to study delays and capacity. Therefore, a simulation modeling methodology for analyzing complex rail networks is proposed. The methodology considers both double-track and single-track lines and is insensitive to the size of the rail network. The proposed simulation modeling methodology is then used to analyze train movement from Downtown Los Angeles to the San Pedro Bay Ports.
Biological System Dynamics: From Personal Discovery to Universal Application
Authors: Gallaher Edward J.
Published: March 2007

Many biomedical problems, including diabetes, hypertension, and drug tolerance, are fundamentally problems of biological control systems. Computer modeling and simulation constitute an effective tool for the systematic study of such systems. In particular, System Dynamics provides a graphical interface which allows one to develop a model structure using a parsimo nious set of symbols. The structural diagram is linked with a set of equations to quantitatively describe each component in the system. Simulations can then be conducted to examine the behavior of the system under a variety of circumstances. Once models are developed, they may be used by a larger audience after only a few hours' training. It soon becomes evident that a given model may be applied to a surprisingly wide variety of biological systems. Finally, System Dynamics models may be readily modified, adapted, and expanded, leading to a growing body of models which are relevant to the biomedical community.
Comparative Study of Motion Control Methods: A Case Study for a Nonlinear System
Authors: Pack Daniel J.
Published: March 2007

In the context of controlling an inverted pendulum, the novel ideas presented in this paper relate to i) the design of a fuzzy logic controller; ii) the design of a neural-network controller; and iii) implementation of a nonlinear controller based on differential- geometric notions. These novel ideas are presented in a comparative setting where five different control schemes are compared: a proportional and derivative controller, a linear quadratic controller, a nonlinear controller, a neural network controller, and a fuzzy logic controller. The paper shows how the controllable portion of the four dimensional space of control variables changes with the different control schemes. This is done by defining an "effectiveness coefficient" that is the ratio of the portion of the size of the controllable region to the size of the overall space as spanned by the position variables. The overall conclusion may be summarized by the following values of the effectiveness coefficient for the five different control schemes: