First Report of Bud Rot of Canary Island Date Palm Caused by Phytophthora palmivora in Italy
Authors: Pane A. , Allatta C. , Sammarco G. , Cacciola S. O. 
Published: July 2007

Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis hort. ex Chabaud) is planted as an ornamental in Mediterranean climatic regions of the world. From 2004 to 2006, withering of the spear leaf was observed on screenhouse-grown potted plants of this palm in Sicily (Italy). The first symptom was a dark brown rot that extended from the petiole base of the spear to the adjacent youngest leaves and killed the bud. Dissection of plants revealed a foul-smelling internal rot. After the bud died, external older leaves remained green for months. As much as 10% of plants in a single nursery were affected. A Phytophthora species was consistently isolated from symptomatic plants on BNPRAH selective medium (4). Single zoospore isolates were obtained from the colonies. The species isolated was identified as Phytophthora palmivora (E. J. Butler) E. J. Butler on the basis of morphological and cultural characteristics (3). On V8 juice agar, the isolates produced elliptical to ovoid, papillate sporangia (33 to 77 × 22 to 38 μm) with a mean length/breadth ratio of 1.8. Sporangia were caducous with a short pedicel (mean pedicel length = 5 μm) and had a conspicuous basal plug. All isolates were heterothallic and produced amphigynous antheridia, oogonia, and oospores when paired with reference isolates of P. nicotianae and P. palmivora of the A2 mating type. The oogonium wall was smooth. Identification was confirmed by electrophoresis of mycelial proteins in polyacrylamide slab gels (1). The electrophoretic patterns of total mycelial proteins and four isozymes (alkaline phosphatase, esterase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase of the isolates) from Phoenix canariensis were identical to those of P. palmivora reference isolates, including four Italian ones, two from pittosporum and olive, respectively, and two (IMI 390579 and 390580) from Grevillea spp. Phoenix canariensis isolates were clearly distinct from those of other heterothallic papillate species including P. capsici, P. citrophthora, P. katsurae, P. nicotianae, and P. tropicalis. Pathogenicity of one isolate from Phoenix canariensis (IMI 395345) was tested on 10 2-year-old potted Canary Island date palm plants. An aqueous 105 zoospores per ml suspension (200 μl) was pipetted onto unwounded petiole bases of the three youngest central leaves of each plant. Sterile water was pipetted onto 10 control plants. All plants were incubated in 100% humidity at 24°C for 48 h and maintained in a greenhouse at 20 to 28°C. Within 3 weeks after inoculation, inoculated plants developed symptoms identical to those observed on plants with natural infections. Control plants remained healthy. P. palmivora was reisolated from symptomatic plants. Phytophthora bud rot is a common palm disease worldwide and Phoenix canariensis is reported as a host (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Phytophthora bud rot on Phoenix canariensis in Italy.

References: (1) S. O. Cacciola et al. EPPO Bull. 20:47, 1990. (2) M. L. Elliot et al., eds. Compendium of Ornamental Palm Diseases and Disorders. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2004. (3) D. C. Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1996. (4) H. Masago et al. Phytopathology, 67:425, 1977.