bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monitoring forest degradation from charcoal production with historical Landsat imagery. A case study in southern Mozambique
Authors: Sedano F , Lisboa S N , Duncanson L , Ribeiro N , Sitoe A , Sahajpal R , Hurtt G , Tucker C J
Published: July 2019

We used historical Landsat imagery to monitor forest degradation from charcoal production in the main supplying region of the Mozambican capital, Maputo, during a ten-year period (2008–2018). We applied a change detection method that exploits temporal NDVI dynamics associated with charcoal production. This forest degradation temporal sequence exposes the magnitude and the spatial and temporal dynamics of charcoal production, which is the main forest degradation driver in sub-Saharan Africa. The annual area under charcoal production has been steadily increasing since 2008 and reached 11 673 ha in 2018. The total forest degraded extent in the study area during the 10-year study period covered 79 630 ha, which represents 68% of the available mopane woodlands in 2008. Only 5% of the available mopane woodlands area remain undisturbed in the study area. Total gross carbon emissions associated charcoal production during this 10-year period were estimated in 1.13 Mt. These results mark forest degradation from charcoal production as the main driver of forest cover change in southern Mozambique. They also denote that, while charcoal production may be relatively localized in space, its implications for forest cover change and carbon emissions in a sub-Saharan African context are relevant at larger geographical scales. This study represents a proof of concept of the feasibility of medium resolution Earth observation data to monitor forest degradation from charcoal production in the context of the growing urban energy demand. It also highlights the potential opportunities to improve REDD+ monitoring, reporting and verification efforts in sub-Saharan Africa as a first step toward designing effective management and policy interventions.
Increasing flooding tolerance in rice: combining tolerance of submergence and of stagnant flooding
Authors: Kato Yoichiro , Collard Bertrand C Y , Septiningsih Endang M , Ismail Abdelbagi M
Published: July 2019

Background and Aims

Rice ecosystems in the tropical coastal areas are subject to two types of flooding stress: transient complete submergence and long-term water stagnation (stagnant flooding). Here, we aimed to dissect the mechanisms for stagnant flooding tolerance of rice genotypes carrying SUB1, a quantitative trait locus for submergence tolerance.

Methods

We screened 80 elite genotypes under stagnant flooding stress in the lowland rice fields in the wet and dry seasons, and examined the tolerance mechanisms of promising genotypes for the two following seasons.

Key results

Yield reduction under stagnant flooding averaged 48 % in the dry season and 89 % in the wet season. Elite genotypes carrying SUB1 showed 49 % lower yield than those without SUB1 under stagnant flooding, with no differences under shallow water conditions. However, we identified a few high-yielding Sub1 genotypes that were as tolerant of stagnant flooding as a reference genotype that lacked SUB1. These genotypes had intermediate stature with more shoot elongation in response to rising water than a moderately tolerant Sub1 reference variety, resulting in greater canopy expansion and higher yield. It was important to increase lodging resistance, since plant height >140 cm increased lodging under stagnant flooding. The culm diameter was closely associated with culm strength; reduced aerenchyma formation and increased lignin accumulation in the culm should increase lodging resistance.

Conclusions

The study demonstrated a successful combination of submergence and stagnant flooding tolerance in a rice breeding programme, and identified elite Sub1 genotypes that also tolerate stagnant flooding. Our results will support genetic improvement of Sub1 varieties for stagnant flooding tolerance.
Circulating mRNA signature as a marker for high-risk prostate cancer
Authors: De Souza Marilesia Ferreira , Kuasne Hellen , Barros-Filho Mateus De Camargo , Cilião Heloísa Lizotti , Marchi Fabio Albuquerque , Fuganti Paulo Emilio , Rogatto Silvia Regina , Cólus Ilce Mara De Syllos
Published: July 2019

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men. The indolent course of the disease makes the treatment choice a challenge for physicians and patients. In this study, a minimally invasive method was used to evaluate the potential of molecular markers in identifying patients with aggressive disease. Cell-free plasma samples from 60 PCa patients collected before radical prostatectomy were used to evaluate the levels of expression of eight genes (AMACR, BCL2, NKX3-1, GOLM1, OR51E2, PCA3, SIM2 and TRPM8) by quantitative real-time PCR. Overexpression of AMACR, GOLM1, TRPM8 and NKX3-1 genes was significantly associated with aggressive disease characteristics, including extracapsular extension, tumor stage and vesicular seminal invasion. A trio of genes (GOLM1, NKX3-1 and TRPM8) was able to identify high-risk PCa cases (85% of sensitivity and 58% of specificity), yielding a better overall performance compared with the biopsy Gleason score and prostate-specific antigen, routinely used in the clinical practice. Although more studies are required, these circulating markers have the potential to be used as an additional test to improve the diagnosis and treatment decision of high-risk PCa patients.
The Autoimmune Protocol Diet Modifies Intestinal RNA Expression in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Chandrasekaran Anita , Molparia Bhuvan , Akhtar Ehsaan , Wang Xiaoyun , Lewis James D , Chang John T , Oliveira Glenn , Torkamani Ali , Konijeti Gauree Gupta
Published: July 2019

Lay Summary

Researchers from the Scripps Clinic in La Jolla, CA recently looked at gene expression to better understand the role that diet plays in inflammatory bowel disease. Their findings suggest that diet may help modify inflammatory pathways in people with ulcerative colitis.
Type 1 cluster of differentiation 36 deficiency-related cardiomyopathy accelerates heart failure with co-existing mitral valve prolapse: a case report
Authors: Miyazaki Midori , Suematsu Yasunori , Kato Seiya , Miura Shin-Ichiro
Published: July 2019

Background

Free fatty acid is a major energy source in the healthy heart and cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) partially regulates the rate of myocardial fatty acid uptake. Here, we report a case of CD36 deficiency-related cardiomyopathy with a unique pathophysiology. Heart failure was accelerated by co-existing mitral valve prolapse (MVP) without a distinct phenotype of hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy.

Case summary

A middle-aged man was aware of dyspnoea and hospitalized for heart failure with MVP. Cluster of differentiation 36 deficiency was found based on the absence of myocardial 123l-15-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(R,S)-methyl pentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) uptake by myocardial scintigraphy. Type I CD36 deficiency was further diagnosed by the lack of CD36 in both platelets and monocytes by flow cytometry. Left ventricular muscle was obtained intraoperatively, and a histological examination reflected compensative hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes with myofibrillar loss and reactive fibrosis. The microvascular structure around the cardiomyocytes was highlighted by immunohistochemical staining for CD31, while CD36 expression was absent. He had an operation of mitral valve replacement and improved heart failure.

Discussion

Cluster of differentiation 36 deficiency potentially mediates various pathological conditions in the heart. Incidental CD36 deficiency-related cardiomyopathy may accelerate heart failure in the presence of co-existing heart diseases. BMIPP scintigraphy might be helpful for predicting CD36 deficiency.
Outcome and presentation of heart failure in breast cancer patients: findings from a Swedish register-based study
Authors: Hedayati Elham , Papakonstantinou Antroula , Gernaat Sofie A M , Altena Renske , Brand Judit S , Alfredsson Joakim , Bhoo-Pathy Nirmala , Herrmann Jeorg , Linde Cecilia , Dahlstrom Ulf , Bergh Jonas , Hubbert Laila
Published: July 2019

Aims

Heart failure (HF) patients diagnosed with breast cancer (BC) may have a higher risk of death, and different HF presentation and treatment than patients without BC.

Methods and results

A total of 14 998 women with incident HF (iHF) or prevalent HF (pHF) enrolled in the Swedish HF Registry within and after 1 month since HF diagnosis, respectively, between 2008 and 2013. Patients were linked with the National Patient-, Cancer-, and Cause-of-Death Registry. Two hundred and ninety-four iHF and 338 pHF patients with BC were age-matched to 1470 iHF and 1690 pHF patients without BC. Comorbidity and treatment characteristics were compared using the χ2 tests for categories. Cox proportional hazard models assessed the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among HF patients with and without BC. In the pHF group, BC patients had less often myocardial infarction (21.6% vs. 28.6%, P < 0.01) and received less often aspirin (47.6% vs. 55.1%, P = 0.01), coronary revascularization (11.8% vs. 16.2%, P < 0.01), or device therapy (0.9% vs. 3.0%, P = 0.03). After median follow-up of 2 years, risk of all-cause mortality (iHF: HR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.83–1.29 and pHF: HR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.79–1.12), cardiovascular mortality (iHF: HR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.71–1.24 and pHF: HR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.71–1.10), and HF mortality (iHF: HR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.34–1.90 and pHF: HR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.43–1.29) were similar for patients with and without BC in the iHF and pHF groups.

Conclusion

Risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in HF patients did not differ by BC status. Differences in pre-existing myocardial infarction and HF treatment among pHF patients with and without BC may suggest differences in pathogenesis of HF.
Gorboduc Now! The First English Tragedy in Modern Print and Performance
Authors: Winston Jessica
Published: July 2019

This article surveys the modern reception of the first English tragedy Gorboduc, first reviewing references to Gorboduc in popular print and literature and then in performance. For a long time in the popular press, the play formed part of a framework of cultural knowledge that educated people were assumed to have or desire. Productions of Gorboduc grew out of that context. Implicitly hearkening back to the Renaissance ethos of ‘teach and delight’, they offered audiences an appealing way to reinforce their awareness of English drama. Beyond this dominant trend in the play’s reception, Gorboduc has circulated in another way – as a work that not only represents the past but which also speaks to contemporary times. While the play once represented general information that educated people ought to know, clearly this is no longer the case. Considering this fact, this article suggests that it is possible to rehabilitate the play by building on presentist understandings of the play already present in its modern reception in popular print and performance – that is, to emphasise why Gorboduc continues to be relevant by more explicitly framing it and other Tudor plays in relation to topics that dominate the sixteenth century and matter now, such as tyranny, counsel, and territorial disunion.
Roman Exempla in the Early Tudor Period
Authors: Kern Darcy
Published: July 2019

Roman exempla, or moralizing anecdotes, appear frequently in the English literature of the early Tudor period. Textual, authorial, and historical exempla offered a language people could use to counsel the king and their fellow Englishmen and women. As a teacher of individual virtue, Roman exempla remained fairly stable throughout the period, though translators themselves became more conscious of their role as counsellors and more visible in their texts through their prefatory material. As a political guide for England, Roman exempla became more problematic over the course of the early Tudor period. Authors increasingly discouraged kings and nobles from heeding popular counsel and encouraged them to rely more on printed Roman exempla and the translators who wrote them.
‘The earth … shall eat us all’: Exemplary History, Post-Humanism, and the Legend of King Ferrex in Elizabethan Poetry and Drama
Authors: Archer Harriet
Published: July 2019

The legend of King Ferrex was employed by Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville in their succession play, Gorboduc (first performed 1561), and by John Higgins in his Mirror for Magistrates (1574; 1587), to reflect on contemporary politics and offer topical warnings to Elizabeth I and her subjects based on legendary British history. However, as well as including a section specifically focused on environmental exploitation, Higgins imbues the earth with a destructive animism in his poem which stands apart as an anomaly in his collection of verse complaints and amongst wider treatments of the story. Higgins’s emphasis on the arbitrary amoral and areligious destruction of all by the agency of the earth and other non-human actors challenges the Mirror’s educative model, and renders the Gorboduc legend inert. Looking at various versions of the narrative in Gorboduc, Higgins’s Mirror, and William Warner’s Albion’s England (1586), and analogous uses of environmental discourse in other contemporary poetic and dramatic texts by Shakespeare, Spenser, and Marlowe, this article considers the role of the nonhuman, and specifically the earth itself, in early modern imaginative historiography and political commentary. In particular, it suggests that there are fruitful connections to be made between modern posthumanist theoretical approaches, and the post-humanism of Higgins’s approach to exemplary history, whereby his admonitory text appears to abandon its premise of human primacy and perfectability in response to the perceived failure of Elizabethan advice literature to effect political change.
The contemporary force balance in a wide accretionary wedge: numerical models of the southcentral Hikurangi margin of New Zealand
Authors: Ellis Susan , Ghisetti Francesca , Barnes Philip M , Boulton Carolyn , Fagereng Åke , Buiter Susanne
Published: July 2019

The southcentral Hikurangi subduction margin (North Island, New Zealand) has a wide, low-taper accretionary wedge that is frontally accreting a >3-km-thick layer of sediments, with deformation currently focused near the toe of the wedge. We use a geological model based on a depth-converted seismic section, together with physically realistic parameters for fluid pressure, and sediment and décollement friction based on laboratory experiments, to investigate the present-day force balance in the wedge. Numerical models are used to establish the range of physical parameters compatible with the present-day wedge geometry and mechanics. Our analysis shows that the accretionary wedge stability and taper angle require either high to moderate fluid pressure on the plate interface, and/or weak frictional strength along the décollement. The décollement beneath the outer wedge requires a relatively weaker effective strength than beneath the inner (consolidated) wedge. Increasing density and cohesion with depth make it easier to attain a stable taper within the inner wedge, while anything that weakens the wedge—such as high fluid pressures and weak faults—make it harder. Our results allow a near-hydrostatic wedge fluid pressure, sublithostatic fluid overpressure at the subduction interface, and friction coefficients compatible with measurements from laboratory experiments on weak clay minerals.
Identification and characterization of collagen-like glycosylation and hydroxylation of CCN1
Authors: Ishizawa Yudai , Niwa Yuki , Suzuki Takehiro , Kawahara Ryota , Dohmae Naoshi , Simizu Siro
Published: July 2019

CCN1 is a secreted protein and belongs to the CCN family of matricellular proteins. CCN1 binds to various cell surface receptors; thus, CCN1 has important functions in cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis through a variety of signaling pathways. We have reported that CCN1 is O-fucosylated and that this O-fucosylation regulates the secretion of CCN1 into the extracellular region. In this study, we detected collagen-like glycosylation and hydroxylation at Lys203 of recombinant CCN1 by mass spectrometry. We then examined the role of collagen-like glycosylation in the functions of CCN1. As a result, we found that a deficiency in collagen-like glycosylation decreased the secretion of CCN1 using wild-type CCN1- and collagen-like glycosylation-defective mutant CCN1-overexpressing cell lines. Further, knockout of lysyl hydroxylase3, a multifunctional protein with hydroxylase and glucosyltransferase activities, impaired the secretion and glycosylation level of recombinant CCN1. Previous studies reported that collagen glycosylation of Lys residues mediated by lysyl hydroxylase3 is glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylation, presuming that this collagen-like glycosylation detected at Lys203 of recombinant CCN1 in this study might be glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylation. Taken together, our results demonstrate the novel function of the collagen-like glycosylation of CCN1 and suggest that lysyl hydroxylase3-mediated glycosylation is important for CCN1 secretion.
Impact of sialyltransferase ST6GAL1 overexpression on different colon cancer cell types
Authors: Venturi Giulia , Gomes Ferreira Inês , Pucci Michela , Ferracin Manuela , Malagolini Nadia , Chiricolo Mariella , Dall’Olio Fabio
Published: July 2019

Cancer-associated glycan structures can be both tumor markers and engines of disease progression. The structure Siaα2,6Galβ1,4GlcNAc (Sia6LacNAc), synthesized by sialyltransferase ST6GAL1, is a cancer-associated glycan. Although ST6GAL1/Sia6LacNAc are often overexpressed in colorectal cancer (CRC), their biological and clinical significance remains unclear. To get insights into the clinical relevance of ST6GAL1 expression in CRC, we interrogated The Cancer Genome Atlas with mRNA expression data of hundreds of clinically characterized CRC and normal samples. We found an association of low ST6GAL1 expression with microsatellite instability (MSI), BRAF mutations and mucinous phenotype but not with stage, response to therapy and survival. To investigate the impact of ST6GAL1 expression in experimental systems, we analyzed the transcriptome and the phenotype of the CRC cell lines SW948 and SW48 after retroviral transduction with ST6GAL1 cDNA. The two cell lines display the two main pathways of CRC transformation: chromosomal instability and MSI, respectively. Constitutive ST6GAL1 expression induced much deeper transcriptomic changes in SW948 than in SW48 and affected different genes in the two cell lines. ST6GAL1 expression affected differentially the tyrosine phosphorylation induced by hepatocyte growth factor, the ability to grow in soft agar, to heal a scratch wound and to invade Matrigel in the two cell lines. These results indicate that the altered expression of a cancer-associated glycosyltransferase impacts the gene expression profile, as well as the phenotype, although in a cancer subtype-specific manner.
Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction by transatrial left ventricular cannulation
Authors: Nakahara Yoshinori , Kanemura Takeyuki , Shioya Masato , Yamana Koji
Published: July 2019

Transatrial cannulation of the left ventricle was introduced as a safe and easy cannulation method for antegrade arterial return in type A aortic dissection. However, because of the paucity of clinical reports, little is known about the complications or shortcomings of this technique. Herein, we report a case of pulmonary haemorrhage resulting from left ventricular outflow obstruction, necessitating the exchange of the arterial cannulation site. Monitoring the jet of the arterial cannula with transoesophageal echocardiography and pulmonary artery pressure is mandatory for early detection of complications.
Efficient optimized design of solar power tower plants based on successive response surface methodology
Authors: Luo Yan , Hu Yue , Lu Tao
Published: July 2019

Recently the optimal design of the solar power tower (SPT) plants have attracted increasing attention. In this paper, an improved algorithm combing the successive response surface methodology (SRSM) and simulated annealing (SA) global algorithm was proposed to achieve the efficient optimization design of the molten salt SPT plant with 2650 heliostats in Sevilla, Spain. Based on the traditional response surface methodology (RSM) and the adaptive domain reduction method, the SRSM was established to surrogate the complex thermo-economic model of the SPT plant to the updated approximation function, which was a high-order polynomial form to define the relationship between the objective parameter of the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and 12 design variables related to the 4 subsystems of the SPT plant. After that, the SPT plant optimization design was performed by the SA global algorithm on the basis of SRSM. According to a comparison between the results obtained by the proposed method and the actual model-based global algorithm, the high accuracy and low computation time of the proposed strategy was proved.
Description of a Bizarre New Genus and Species of Ambush Bugs from the Dominican Republic (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Phymatinae)
Authors: Masonick Paul K
Published: July 2019

Enigmatic and rarely collected, ambush bugs of the tribe Macrocephalini (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Phymatinae) encompass a diverse group of predatory bugs armed with subchelate raptorial forelegs, a greatly enlarged scutellum, and elongate head. Macrocephalini is the most specious of the four tribes of ambush bugs, consisting of 20 genera and 154 species. They are represented in the Caribbean by several remarkable taxa that bear foretarsi, a trait unassociated with macrocephalines found elsewhere in the world. I here describe a new genus and species of Macrocephalini, Capricephala chiaroscuro gen. et sp. nov., native to the island of Hispaniola and one that bears striking differences to other phymatines known from that region.
Opinion-Formation and Issue-Framing Effects of Russian News in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Chapman Hannah S , Gerber Theodore P
Published: July 2019

Powerful countries use foreign media broadcasts to enhance their soft power, yet there is scant empirical evidence as to whether such efforts actually sway public opinion abroad. Moreover, researchers have not specified conditions that may shape variations in the influence of foreign broadcasts and internet. We propose a theory that predicts, respectively, opinion-formation and issue-framing effects of foreign broadcasts as functions of the pervasiveness and familiarity of the issues they cover. We test our hypotheses by examining the potential effects of exposure to Russia-sourced broadcasts on views of Russia and other foreign policy issues in Kyrgyzstan, a most likely case of foreign media effects. Using an original, nationally representative survey conducted in Kyrgyzstan in 2015, we find that the influence of Russian media on Kyrgyzstani opinions varies according to the pervasiveness and familiarity of the issues at stake and is more limited than traditionally believed. The modest and conditional effects of foreign media in this particularly favorable environment cast doubt on the assumption that media are a soft-power tool “par excellence” and call for further research on how media can be used effectively for public diplomacy.
Use of darunavir in HIV-1-infected individuals in routine clinical practice from 2012 to 2016 in France
Authors: Potard Valérie , Canestri Ana , Gallien Sebastien , Costagliola Dominique ,   French Hospital Database on HIV, Abgrall S , Bernard L , Billaud E , Boué F , Boyer L , Cabié A , Caby F , Canestri A , Costagliola D , Cotte L , De Truchis P , Duval X , Duvivier C , Enel P , Fischer H , Gasnault J , Gaud C , Grabar S , Katlama C , Khuong M A , Launay O , Marchand L , Mary-Krause M , Matheron S , Melica-Grégoire G , Melliez H , Meynard J L , Nacher M , Pavie J , Piroth L , Poizot-Martin I , Pradier C , Reynes J , Rouveix E , Simon A , Slama L , Tattevin P , Tissot-Dupont H , Astier G , Kurth T , Jacquemet N , Costagliola D , Abgrall S , Grabar S , Guiguet M , Leclercq S , Lièvre L , Mary-Krause M , Roul H , Selinger-Leneman H , Potard V
Published: July 2019

Objectives

We assessed virological outcomes of darunavir use in France from 2012 to 2016, in three groups of people living with HIV (PLHIV): (i) antiretroviral (ARV)-naive PLHIV; (ii) ARV-experienced PLHIV switching to darunavir while failing therapy; and (iii) ARV-experienced PLHIV switching to darunavir while virologically controlled.

Methods

Virological success (VS) was defined as a plasma HIV-1 viral load (VL) <50 copies/mL and virological failure (VF) as two consecutive VL >50 copies/mL or one VL >50 copies/mL followed by a treatment switch prior to the next VL measurement. The cumulative incidence of VS was assessed considering darunavir discontinuation, loss to follow-up and death as competing risks, while estimates of cumulative incidence of VF accounted for loss to follow-up and death.

Results

Among the 3235 ARV-naive PLHIV initiating darunavir, the 4 year cumulative incidence of VS was 80.9% and was associated with lower VL and higher CD4 cell counts. Among the 3485 ARV-experienced PLHIV switching to darunavir while failing therapy, the 4 year cumulative incidence of VS was 82.2% and was associated with lower VL. Among the 3005 ARV-experienced PLHIV switching to darunavir while virologically controlled, the 4 year cumulative incidence of VF was 12.6%. The risk of VF was higher with darunavir monotherapy [subdistribution hazard ratio (sHR)=1.67, 95% CI 1.15–2.42] while no difference was observed with dual therapy (sHR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.71–1.42) relative to triple therapy or more.

Conclusions

Darunavir-containing regimens yielded similarly high rates of viral suppression in PLHIV whether they were ARV naive or ARV experienced switching to darunavir while failing therapy, or of maintaining VS in ARV-experienced PLHIV switching to darunavir while virologically controlled.
The impact of dietary supplementation of arginine during gestation in a commercial swine herd: I. Gilt reproductive performance
Authors: Hines Elizabeth A , Romoser Matthew R , Kiefer Zoë E , Keating Aileen F , Baumgard Lance H , Niemi Jarad , Gabler Nicholas K , Patience John F , Haberl Benjamin , Williams Noel H , Kerr Brian J , Touchette Kevin J , Ross Jason W
Published: July 2019

Supplemental arginine (Arg) during gestation purportedly benefits fetal development. However, the benefits of a gestational Arg dietary strategy in commercial production are unclear. Therefore, the objectives of this study examined Arg supplementation during different gestational stages and the effects on gilt reproductive performance. Pubertal gilts (n = 548) were allocated into 4 treatment groups: Control (n = 143; 0% supplemental Arg) or 1 of 3 supplemental Arg (1% as fed) treatments: from 15 to 45 d of gestation (n = 138; Early-Arg); from 15 d of gestation until farrowing (n = 139; Full-Arg); or from 85 d of gestation until farrowing (n = 128; Late-Arg). At farrowing, the number of total born (TB), born alive (BA), stillborn piglets (SB), mummified fetuses (MM), and individual piglet birth weights (BiWt) were recorded. The wean-to-estrus interval (WEI) and subsequent sow reproductive performance (to third parity) were also monitored. No significant effect of supplemental Arg during any part of P0 gestation was observed for TB, BA, SB, or MM (P ≥ 0.29). Offspring BiWt and variation among individual piglet birth weights did not differ (P = 0.42 and 0.89, respectively) among treatment groups. Following weaning, the WEI was similar among treatments (average of 8.0 ± 0.8 d; P = 0.88). Litter performance over 3 parities revealed a decrease (P = 0.02) in BA for Early-Arg fed gilts compared with all other treatments, whereas TB and WEI were similar among treatments over 3 parities (P > 0.05). There was an increased proportion of sows with average size litters (12 to 16 TB) from the Full-Arg treatment sows (76.8% ± 3.7%) when compared with Control (58.7% ± 4.2%; P = 0.01); however, the proportion of sows with high (>16 TB) and low (<12 TB) litters was not different among treatments (P = 0.20). These results suggest that gestational Arg supplementation had a minimal impact on reproductive performance in first parity sows. These data underscore the complexity of AA supplementation and the need for continued research into understanding how and when utilizing a gestational dietary Arg strategy can optimize fetal development and sow performance.
Peripheral Nerve Block and Ultrasound Images
Authors: Cheng Paul K. , Malik Tariq M. , Anitescu Magdalena
Published: July 2019

Ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks can be used as the primary anesthetic for surgery involving the extremities and trunk and as a modality for opioid-sparing postoperative pain management. Success of regional anesthesia is dependent upon depositing local anesthetics in the correct plane. Advent of ultrasound has made this process more efficient, safer, and less painful for the patient More prevalent use of regional anesthesia in the perioperative setting will limit opioid prescription, development of chronic post surgical pain and is known to improve patient satisfaction by improving pain. This chapter reviews the history of ultrasound use for nerve blocks and basics of ultrasound use. It also discusses common peripheral nerve blocks of the upper extremities, trunk area, and lower extremities and summarizes indications, techniques, and key complications. Included are ultrasound images for each block.
Auricular Cartilage
Authors: Sajjadian Ali
Published: July 2019

The ear is generally not a first choice as a cartilage graft donor site for several reasons, none of which is valid. When the graft is harvested anteriorly, the scar is well-concealed as long as the incision is placed within the rim of the conchal bowl. And, although no site can provide as much cartilage as the rib, the auricle can provide a surprisingly large amount of graft material. There is also characteristically minimal morbidity with the harvest of auricular cartilage. This distinguishes it from rib cartilage harvest, which may be accompanied by significant postoperative pain and occasionally pneumothorax. In addition, septal harvest may cause bleeding, saddling of the nose symptomatic of septal perforation, and other airflow disturbances. The most important and major problem with ear cartilage is the flaccidity inherent in its structure. This makes it a poor choice when significant structural support is mandatory.
Liposuction of the Hips and Thighs
Authors: Seify Hisham
Published: July 2019

Liposuction of the hips and thighs is one of the most requested areas in any cosmetic practice. Proper patient selection, planning, and precise execution of the surgical plan will avoid complications and unhappy patients. The main caveats is to think in a three-dimensional manner when marking the patient and performing the procedure. Using the prone, lateral, and supine positions allows a circumferential contouring of this area. Adequate compression postoperatively gives the best chance for skin contraction. Like any liposuction procedure, the plastic surgeon must remember that what matters is what is left behind to give an aesthetic contour and not how much fat is removed.
Brachioplasty
Authors: Aly Al
Published: July 2019

Massive weight loss (MWL) patients often present with fairly extensive excess skin of the upper arms. The excess is located in the posterior axillary roll and the Aly posterior brachioplasty technique is designed to eliminate as much excess tissue as is required to create an arm contour that follows the normal underlying musculoskeletal anatomy. One of the major contributions that the author feels he has made to brachioplasty surgery is the delineation of the posterior axillary fold and its extension onto the upper arm as the deformity encountered in all MWL patients. Presurgical assessment and markings, as well as execution pearls are shared with the reader. Sample results and potential complications are discussed.
Botulinum Toxins and Radio Frequency for Facial Rejuvenation
Authors: Kinney Brian M.
Published: July 2019

Botulinum toxins type A injections are likely exceeding 10 million yearly worldwide. While it is easy to “push the plunger” to achieve some result, precise, efficacious, and safe application for functional and aesthetic enhancement is deceptively more challenging. Accurate physical assessment is critical. Advanced techniques are surprisingly more difficult, and the pharmacology of toxins must be understood. Radio frequency nerve ablation is a newer approach that requires even more knowledge, precision, and preprocedure preparation while offering longer or permanent duration and the ability to achieve real-time results. In addition, it can be combined easily with surgical procedures.
Genioplasty
Authors: Urbinelli Leo J. , Khansa Ibrahim , Urata Mark M.
Published: July 2019

Osseous genioplasty is a powerful tool in the armamentarium of the craniofacial surgeon. Whether performed in isolation in patients with class I occlusion, or combined with a sagittal split osteotomy in patients with malocclusion, genioplasty can dramatically affect facial proportions and harmony. Genioplasty refers to the surgical or nonsurgical manipulation of the chin form or the mandibular symphysis. Genioplasty may alter the morphology of the anterior mandible through augmentation, reduction, or asymmetric recontouring, using either autologous techniques (bony reconstruction or autologous fat grafting) or alloplastic techniques (silicone implant or collagen/hyaluronic acid fillers). This chapter focuses on autologous manipulation of the mandibular symphysis through osseous genioplasty and presents an overview of patient assessment, indications, and technique for osseous genioplasty.
The Aging Neck
Authors: Matarasso Alan , Smith Darren M.
Published: July 2019

The isolated necklift is less frequently a focus of scholarly attention. The neck is generally considered to span from the jawline to the clavicle. Signs of aging in the neck often begin to show in the late 30s as the medial platysmal retaining ligaments become attenuated and muscular banding occurs as a result. Other changes of aging include growing prominence of pre- and subplatysmal fat, increasing skin laxity and texture changes, and hypertrophy of the digastric muscles and submandibular glands (which may also become ptotic). As reviewed in this chapter, the aging neck can be dealt with very effectively independently from the face. The ability to uncouple neck rejuvenation from facial rejuvenation is fortunate, as the aging of these regions may not coincide or be of equal concern to a given patient.
Nasolabial Flap
Authors: Budd Michael , Kanack Melissa , Lee Michael
Published: July 2019

The nasolabial flap is primarily used for nasal reconstruction and most frequently for full-thickness alar reconstruction due to the tissue’s location, texture, color, and bulk. The inferiorly based flap is most often used for alar reconstruction, while the superiorly based flap may also be used for nasal sidewall as well as alar reconstruction. Regardless of whether the flap will be superiorly or inferiorly based, the critical component of the patient marking is placement of the medial incision in the nasolabial or nasofacial crease. In the younger patient, consideration must be given to the donor site scar.
Parotidectomy
Authors: Tjoa Tjoson , Armstrong William B.
Published: July 2019

Parotidectomy is a surgical procedure performed for a variety of neoplastic, inflammatory, and infectious reasons. The key in parotid surgery is identifying and preserving the main trunk and branches of the facial nerve. While the pattern and course of the distal nerve branches can be quite variable, recognizing the landmarks used to identify the main trunk of the facial nerve allows the surgeon to complete the procedure in a safe and reproducible manner. Appropriate and complete diagnostic workup can direct preoperative counseling and inform patients of the expected course of treatment and outcomes.
Sphincter Pharyngoplasty for Velopharyngeal Dysfunction
Authors: Mowlds Donald S. , Vyas Raj M.
Published: July 2019

The surgical correction of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) seeks to augment the deficient aspect of the velopharyngeal apparatus. The objective of the sphincter pharyngoplasty is to narrow the velopharyngeal gap transversely by addressing lateral pharyngeal wall motion. Superiorly based lateral palatopharyngeus myomucosal flaps are transposed 90 degrees and inset into the posterior pharyngeal wall mucosa. Following sphincter pharyngoplasty, the patient is monitored overnight for impending airway compromise. If symptomatic VPI persists, repeat diagnostic evaluation is performed. Success is determined by acceptable perceptual oral resonance, adequate velopharyngeal closure on endoscopy, and the absence of upper airway obstruction or sleep apnea.
Cleft Nasal Deformity
Authors: McGrath Jennifer L. , Gosain Arun K.
Published: July 2019

While the lip deformity in unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and cleft palate patients may be the primary focus of parents, most surgeons agree that it is the stigmata of the cleft nasal deformity that is most conspicuous. The cleft lip nasal deformity has been a complex source of innovation for pediatric plastic surgeons for decades. Techniques have evolved as knowledge and experience have grown. Thoughtful surgeons continue to be critical of their outcomes and modify their technique throughout their careers. Here we discuss the fundamentals of the cleft lip nasal deformity and its primary and delayed repair.
Orthognathic Surgery
Authors: Moore Ryan M. , Vyas Raj M.
Published: July 2019

Orthognathic surgery restores the facial function and aesthetics affected by skeletal and dental deformities. A comprehensive preoperative evaluation, including cephalometric analysis, is essential to correcting facial skeletal imbalance and asymmetry. Operative planning must account for maxillary-to-mandibular occlusal relationship and dental compensations, as well as facial proportions in all dimensions. Virtual surgical planning has recently emerged as a way to facilitate more precise and accurate surgical planning. Operative techniques used to correct facial skeletal and dental deformities, broadly categorized as maxillary or mandibular excess or deficiency, include the LeFort I osteotomy, bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, and genioplasty.
Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures
Authors: Ettinger Russell E. , Buchman Steven R.
Published: July 2019

The zygomatic bone is a critical component of the midfacial complex. Its prominence within the face makes it susceptible to trauma and its intricate anatomy make posttraumatic repair of zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures challenging. The zygoma has a “tetrapod” structure with four key articulation points: the zygomaticomaxillary articulation and inferior orbital rim, zygomaticosphenoid articulation in the lateral orbital wall, zygomaticofrontal articulation and the lateral orbital rim, and the zygomatic arch. The zygoma is also a key contributor to several facial buttresses and a main determinant of malar projection and transverse facial width. Several approaches to the ZMC may be required to ensure appropriate reduction of each articulation site during operative repair. Concomitant injuries to other facial structures can be seen with ZMC fractures, given the zygomatic bones close association with the orbit, nasal bones, and the maxilla. Adequate ZMC fracture repair requires appropriate exposure of all involved fractures, robust mobilization of bone fragments, and application or rigid fixation while ensuring simultaneous reduction at all involved ZMC articulation points. Midface soft tissue resuspension should be performed following ZMC reduction and fixation to prevent unwanted soft tissue descent and lower lid malposition.
Breast Reconstruction with the Latissimus Dorsi Flap
Authors: Klebuc Michael , Killion Elizabeth , Selber Jesse , Evans Gregory R. D.
Published: July 2019

Latissimus dorsi muscle and myocutaneous flaps provide a versatile means of providing both implant-based and pure autologous breast reconstructions. The technique is well suited to lean patients and those with contraindications to the use of the lower abdomen as a donor site. The technique has been progressively refined over time to provide concealed scars and to reduce donor site morbidity. The use of endoscopic assistance, robotic flap harvest, muscle-sparing flap design, and perforator flaps based on the thoracodorsal vascular access (the thoracodorsal artery perforator flap or TAP-flap), continue to increase the utility of this donor site for breast reconstruction.
Gynecomastia
Authors: Unkart Jonathan T. , Suliman Ahmed , Wallace Anne M.
Published: July 2019

Gynecomastia is a common benign condition marked by male breast enlargement. It is usually caused by an increased estrogen-to-androgen ratio. Proper assessment requires a thorough history and physical examination to rule out physiologic and iatrogenic causes. It is critical to rule out male breast cancer. Surgical treatment for mild gynecomastia entails liposuction with glandular excision. More advanced gynecomastia may require staged surgical procedures and the use of techniques such as skin excision, breast reduction, subcutaneous mastectomy, and free nipple grafting. There are few contraindications, and patient satisfaction is typically high. To successfully treat gynecomastia, the clinician must have a full understanding of its pathogenesis.
Breast Reconstruction with Non-Abdominal–Based Free Tissue Flaps
Authors: Bartlett Erica , Spiegel Aldona J.
Published: July 2019

Abdominal-based free tissue transfer accounts for the majority of autologous breast reconstruction. In situations where abdominal sources are unavailable, other donor sites should be considered. In this chapter, alternative donor sites for autologous breast reconstruction are discussed, specifically, gluteal- and thigh-based flaps. The superior gluteal artery perforator (SGAP) and inferior gluteal artery perforator (IGAP) flaps are discussed from the gluteal donor site, and the transverse upper gracilis (TUG), profunda artery perforator (PAP), and the lateral thigh perforator (LTP) flaps are discussed from the thigh donor site. Relevant anatomy and surgical technique are discussed for each flap in order to enhance awareness of secondary flap options in the plastic surgeon’s armamentarium for breast reconstruction.
The Rectus Femoris Flap for Groin Reconstruction
Authors: Neligan Peter C.
Published: July 2019

The rectus femoris muscle is an important but expendable knee extensor. It is a bipennate muscle with a dense and strong fascia on its undersurface. This feature makes it extremely attractive for the repair of defects of the lower abdominal wall and groin as a pedicled flap. It is centrally located between the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis muscles. It is generally used as a pedicled muscle and usually taken as a muscle flap without a skin paddle. The muscle is then grafted. Following harvest, the extensor tendons need to be centralized and repaired for a distance of 6–8 cm above the knee. In many situations this flap has been superseded by the ALT flap.
Gracilis Flap for Perineal Reconstruction and Functional Restoration for the Treatment of Fecal Incontinence
Authors: Moore Ryan M. , Evans Gregory R. D.
Published: July 2019

Preoperative evaluation and management of complex perineal wounds must account for any history of previous surgery, radiation, or trauma; the size and surface area following resection or debridement; and the loss of function or structural integrity. The gracilis muscle or myocutaneous flap is a local, well-vascularized option suitable for perineal soft tissue reconstruction, particularly for moderately sized defects of the groin. The use of functional gracilis muscle for anal sphincter reconstruction may also be considered for the treatment of fecal incontinence due to significant neurologic, traumatic, or iatrogenic injury, as well as for congenital abnormalities.
Compression Neuropathies of the Upper Extremity
Authors: Ng Wendy Kar Yee
Published: July 2019

Compression neuropathies of the upper extremity are common, and these conditions can be symptomatically debilitating for patients. Although the author acknowledges that nerve compression can still occur at various sites from the neck proximally to the hand distally for all of the described nerves herein, the author aims with this chapter to describe a series of straightforward, reproducible, and reliable approaches to the evaluation and management of three upper extremity peripheral neuropathies to each of the three major nerves to the hand: carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome, and radial tunnel syndrome.
Tendon Transfers in Upper Extremity Reconstruction
Authors: Laurence Vincent G. , Rafijah Gregory
Published: July 2019

Tendon transfers, first performed more than 100 years ago, remain one of the most powerful tools in the hand surgeon’s repertoire for addressing chronic peripheral nerve palsies. Dozens of transfers have been described in the intervening years, but three sets of transfers to provide wrist, finger, and thumb extension after a high radial nerve injury remain among the most commonly performed. This chapter briefly discusses the history of tendon transfers; outlines the general principles, indications, and timing of transfers; and provides a detailed, step-by-step description of the authors’ preferred set of transfers (the FCR set) for a high radial nerve palsy.
Co-morbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF): hypertension
Authors: Paneni Francesco , Volpe Massimo
Published: July 2019

Hypertensive heart disease is a major cause of heart failure (HF) and mortality. Hypertension precedes HF occurrence in 75% of cases, and carries a sixfold increase in HF risk as compared to non-hypertensive individuals. Most importantly, a minority of patients survive 5 years after the onset of hypertensive HF. In hypertensive patients, the heart may present different patterns of adaptive remodelling: concentric remodelling, concentric hypertrophy, and eccentric hypertrophy. Although most hypertensive patients are at high risk of developing concentric hypertrophy, a growing proportion of subjects display a concentric-to-eccentric progression eventually leading to left ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction. Several factors including myocardial ischaemia, ethnicity, genetic background, history of diabetes, and blood pressure pattern may significantly influence the pathway from hypertension to left ventricular dilation. Patients with a concentric hypertrophy usually develop HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), whereas those with an eccentric (dilated) phenotype develop HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Lowering blood pressure has a striking effect in reducing the risk of HF. Although available antihypertensive drugs are all successful in lowering blood pressure, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blocker (ARBs), and diuretics are more effective than other drug classes in preventing HF. The combination of the neprilysin inhibitor sacubitril with the ARB valsartan (LCZ696) has recently been shown to be highly effective in reducing HF-related outcomes in hypertensive subjects. An individualized treatment scheme taking into account blood pressure levels, type of HF (HFpEF or HFrEF), and relevant co-morbidities (i.e. renal disease, diabetes) is currently the best approach to improve morbidity and mortality in hypertensive patients with HF.