bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La realidad de Corea del Norte reflejada en la novela Baridegi, de Hwang Sok-yong: una aportación desde el análisis del discurso crítico
Authors: Ryzhkov Andrii , López Rocha Nayelli
Published: August 2018

El artículo ofrece una visión de la realidad de Corea del Norte reflejada en la novela Baridegi, de Hwang Sok-yong. Se hace un seguimiento detallado de términos y expresiones específicos que se reproducen en la novela. Esas expresiones funcionan como indicadores que alertan a los lectores sobre un contexto más amplio que incluye los derechos humanos y las relaciones sociales en la República Popular Democrática de Corea. Por lo tanto, se evalúan las implicaciones de los términos y las expresiones relacionados con ese país utilizando el análisis del discurso crítico y vinculándolos a hechos descritos en documentos oficiales. Se estima que este análisis contribuye a percibir el fondo de la novela y sus contextos subyacentes desde un ángulo específico.
Significación semiótica del diseño del jardín el Laberinto, paradigma del Yuanming Yuan
Authors: Castilla Manuel V.
Published: August 2018

En el siglo XVIII, los jesuitas europeos construyeron, en el complejo de los palacios de estilo europeo en el noreste del jardín Yuanming Yuan, un Laberinto. Su destino fue un escenario al aire libre para disfrute del emperador Qianlong. Este artículo analiza el diseño del Laberinto desde el punto de vista del lenguaje visual. Se utilizaron estructuras y herramientas semióticas para interpretar la expresión de las formas arquitectónicas de esta obra de arte y formular su comprensión posterior convirtiendo cada elemento en herramienta de comunicación. Este original Laberinto fue codificado por la hibridación pictórico-arquitectónica desarrollada por los misioneros jesuitas en China.
Perbandingan Hasil Belajar Siswa Menggunakan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Lingkungan Dengan Media Internet Dalam Pembelajaran Asam Basa di MAN Indrapuri
Authors: Desriana Dara , Amsal Azhar , Husita Djamaludin
Published: August 2018

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hasil belajar siswa menggunakan media pembelajaran berbasis lingkungan dengan siswa yang menggunakan media internet dalam pembelajaran asam basa pada kelas XI MAN Indrapuri. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian quasi eksperimen. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas XI MIA dengan jumlah 84 siswa MAN Indrapuri. Kemudian yang menjadi sampel yaitu kelas XI MIA-2 dan XI MIA-3 dengan jumlah 55 siswa. Pengumpulan data yang digunakan berupa tes hasil belajar. Kemudian diolah menggunakan statistik uji-t taraf signifikan = 0,05. Berdasarkan perbandingan nilai rata-rata tes hasil belajar menunjukkan bahwa media internet memiliki nilai rata-rata lebih tinggi 84,94. Sedangkan media lingkungan memiliki nilai rata-rata 80,86 dengan standar deviasi 8,68. Ini menunjukkan bahwa nilai rata-rata media internet lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan media lingkungan
Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Animasi Pada Materi Larutan Elektrolit Dan Nonelektrolit Terhadap Kemampuan Berfikir Kritis Siswa SMA
Authors: Wahyuni Sri , Emda Amna , Zakiyah Hayatuz
Published: August 2018

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Animasi pada Materi Larutan Elektrolit dan Nonelektrolit terhadap Kemampuan Berfikir Kritis Siswa Kelas X di SMAN 1 Unggul Seulimeum Aceh Besar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat kemampuan berfikir kritis dan aktivitas belajar siswa setelah menerapkan pembelajaran menggunakan media animasi. Rancangan penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian eksperimen dengan desain kelompok tunggal pretest dan posttest. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas X SMAN 1 Unggul Seulimeum, sedangkan sampel penelitian diambil siswa kelas X-2 berjumlah 20 orang secara purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data menggunakan tes tertulis yang terdiri dari pretest, posttest, LKS, dan lembar observasi kegiatan siswa. Data observasi dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik persentase sedangkan hasil tes kemampuan berpikir kritis dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji normalitas dan uji-t menggunakan program SPSS20. Persentase aktivitas belajar siswa mencapai rata-rata 85% yang termasuk pada kategori baik sekali dan hasil kemampuan berpikir kritis dari hasil uji-t diperoleh Nilai sig sebesar 0,000 0.05. Berdasarkan penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa  H0 ditolak dan terjadi penerimaan H1, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh penggunaan media animasi pada materi larutan elektrolit dan non elektrolit terhadap kemampuan berfikir kritis dan aktivitas belajar siswa kelas X di SMAN 1 Unggul Seulimeum Aceh Besar.
Makanan Dan Minuman Yang Dikonsumsi Monyet Ekor Panjang (Macaca Fascicularis) Di Kawasan Wisata Ekosistem Manggrove Kuala Langsa Provinsi Aceh
Authors: M Ruhama Desy , Atmaja T. Hadi Wibowo
Published: August 2018

Penelitian dilakukan untuk menganalisis jenis makanan dan minuman yang dikonsumsi monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis) di Kawasan Wisata Hutan Mangrove Kuala Langsa Provinsi Aceh. Penelitian dilaksanakan di kawasan mangrove Kuala Langsa Kecamatan langsa Barat Provinsi Aceh. Kegiatan penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret, dan pengamatan dimulai pukul 08.00 sampai 10.30 WIB dengan interval 15 menit. Objek dalam penelitian ini adalah kera ekor panjang, dan subjek penelitian adalah kera ekor panjang yang terdapat sepanjang jalan hutan manggrove, sehingga ditetapkan Nasi, mie, martabak, roti, jagung, semangka, daun muda manggrove, bakal bunga manggrove, buah manggrove, batang muda jenis makanan dan Air kemasan seperti minuman soda, minuman teh kemasan, minuman ion kemasan, kopi, sirup, air mineral, air kelapa, air tebu, air sungai dan air sumur jenis minuman dengan metode one zero sampling dengan metode survei. Analisis data dilakukan dengan persentase. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis) mengkonsumsi jenis makanan adalah Nasi, mie, martabak, roti, jagung, semangka, daun muda manggrove, bakal bunga manggrove, buah manggrove, dan batang muda mangrove. Jenis minuman yang dikonsumsi  adalah Air kemasan seperti minuman soda, minuman teh kemasan, minuman ion kemasan, kopi, sirup, air mineral, air kelapa, air tebu, air sungai dan air sumur.semua jenis makanan baik itu makanan alami maupun olahan, sedangkan pada jenis minuman rata-rata untuk semua kategori sebesar 10% hanya pada minuman ion kemasan, dan air mineral.Kesimpulan diperoleh adalah (1) Monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis) memakan semua jenis makanan alami dan makanan olahan, (2) Jenis minuman yang dikonsumsi rata-rata untuk semua kategori sebesar 10% hanya pada minuman ion kemasan, dan air mineral, (3) Terjadi perubahan makanan dan minuman yang dikonsumsi oleh kera ekor panjang di kawasan ekosistem mangrove Kuala Langsa  Provinsi Aceh.
Avaliação funcional e os principais diagnósticos de enfermagem do idoso institucionalizado
Authors: Pereira Assis Gláucia Daniele , De Oliveira Flávia , Coelho Kellen Rosa , De Rezende e Silva Fernanda Marcelino , Padilha Éllen Bárbara , Ferreira Teles Sara Araújo
Published: August 2018

Introdução: O aumento da expectativa de vida, juntamente com a melhoria de indicadores de saúde, representam fatores determinantes para a mudança do perfil populacional, em que se observa o envelhecimento populacional. Este aumento da população idosa tem se tornado um grande desafio principalmente na área da saúde e sobre tudo ao aumento de doenças crônico-degenerativas e das incapacidades funcionais. Objetivo: Avaliar a capacidade funcional dos idosos institucionalizados e traçar os principais diagnósticos de enfermagem. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, descritivo, transversal. A coleta de dados foi realizada em uma ILPI filantrópica de Divinópolis/MG, por meio de questionários de identificação, instrumento sobre as necessidades humanas básicas, e da escala de Katz, com 37 idosos residentes nas enfermarias da ILPI. Os diagnósticos foram traçados de acordo com North American Association Diagnoses (NANDA). Resultados: A maioria dos idosos são mulheres (59,5%) e com idade entre 80 e 89 anos. Sobre a capacidade funcional: 19(51,3%) dependentes parcialmente, 13(35,2%) dependentes e 5(13,5%) independentes. Foram elencados 68 diagnósticos de enfermagem dentre eles: Risco de quedas(73%) , risco de Integridade da pele prejudicada(51%) e Déficit no autocuidado para banho(46%). Conclusão: Os idosos investigados demandam muitos cuidados e a equipe de enfermagem, por meio da identificação dos diagnósticos, pode contribuir para uma assistência mais efetiva e de qualidade aos idosos institucionalizados.
Estudio sobre la percepción de los estudiantes acerca del uso de las TIC’s
Authors: López Sepúlveda José Humberto
Published: August 2018

estudiantes con relación a la inserción de las TIC´s en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje. La investigación se realizó en el Colegio Salesiano de León XIII, ubicado en el sector de La Candelaria, en la Ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia, que corresponde al 60% de la población estudiantil de la comunidad Salesiana de León XIII, puesto que esta institución cuenta con la sección primaria en otro sector de Bogotá. En el proceso de enseñanza de las diferentes áreas del saber, en este Colegio se tienen para los cursos séptimos, las materias de español, Inglés, matemáticas, sociales, tecnología, religión y artística, orientadas mediante módulos con manuales escritos en cartillas o guías para el aprendizaje, elaborados por los docentes. Con este estudio se pudo concluir que si bien las TIC han entrado en el aula de clase, estas herramientas todavía tienen un espacio significativo por ocupar.
Aplicación del Estándar IEC 61850 en los Sistemas de Protecciones Eléctricas para Subestaciones de Alta Tensión
Authors: Molina Ochoa Eduardo José , Flórez Cediel Oscar David
Published: August 2018

En este documento se analiza la implementación de la metodología del nuevo estándar IEC 61850 GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Event) de manera que se compara la misma contra la metodología convencional en pruebas fundamentales de relés de protección aplicado a subestaciones de alto voltaje. Adicionalmente tambien se analiza el desempeño de este nuevo estándar con el nuevo concepto de mensaje de comunicación a nivel de IED (Intelligen Electronic Device). Se obtiene un alto rendimiento en la red de datos gracias al medio de transmisión que es inmune a los problemas de interferencia electromagnética característicos en estos sitios, ademas de la flexibilidad en la reconfiguración de los parámetros de operación del sistema de protecciones
El impacto económico sectorial e inflacionario producido en la reducción del precio de combustibles líquidos en Colombia
Authors: López Molina Saul , Duarte Cubides Luis Fredy
Published: August 2018

Los combustibles son uno de los principales insumos del servicio de transporte, y su precio es uno de los factores que más se ha cuestionado al momento de buscar medidas para aumentar la competitividad de una nación. Debido a esto, el presente documento analiza el impacto, en la economía colombiana, que ocasionaría la variación del precio de los combustibles en el sector productivo y en la inflación, a partir de un modelo Insumo Producto. El cambio del precio de un insumo produce efectos directos e indirectos en las relaciones de la cadena productiva que se ve reflejada en los costos de producción. Con base en la Matriz Insumo Producto del año 2010 para Colombia publicada por el DANE, si se tomara una reducción de $1.192.97 (equivalente a retirar el impuesto global y el IVA, cobrados ese año) en el precio máximo de venta de los combustibles con sobretasa para el año 2010, se tendría una deflación de 0.55%, un ahorro directo de $2.56 billones y un ahorro indirecto de $2.45 billones, los cuales generan un ahorro global de $5.01 billones en los 61 sectores productivos.
De la pedagogía en el diseño. En busca de la preparación de los jóvenes diseñadores para el siglo XXI
Authors: Sánchez Guerrero Alejandro
Published: August 2018

Este artículo muestra algunas de las características que debería poseer aquel docente que esta inmerso en el sistema educativo que forma los futuros diseñadores, así como las características de la metodología incluidas en el proceso de formación y su relación con el contexto donde se desarrolla el plan educativo, por ultimo pero no menos importante hace referencia a las condiciones ideales del contexto social y su implicación en el aspecto formativo, todo esto para conducirnos a la reflexión sobre el tipo de diseñador que deseamos formar para el siglo XXI.
Priorización del portafolio de proyectos tecnológicos de un plan estratégico de tecnologías de información y comunicación –PETIC
Authors: Buriticá Arboleda Clara Inés , Ramírez Escobar Carlos Arturo
Published: August 2018

En este trabajo se expone una propuesta metodológica para la priorización de proyectos. La metodología utilizada se basa en el análisis factorial multivariable sujeto a la identificación de características propias, comunes a cada uno de los proyectos de un portafolio; y, su definición como factores a fin de utilizarlos como referentes para el análisis comparativo y la priorización de proyectos. La sistematización de información y procesamiento se desarrolla utilizando una herramienta informática para análisis estadístico, que permite combinar criterios cualitativos con cuantitativos. Tal propuesta metodológica fue aplicada al portafolio de proyectos tecnológicos identificado y formulado en el Plan Estratégico de Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación – PETIC 2008-2012, de la Secretaría Distrital de Salud –SDS. Los resultados se exponen como un listado de 53 proyectos en un orden consecutivo de prioridad para su desarrollo, de mayor a menor.
Evaluación de métodos numéricos aplicados a la solución de ecuaciones diferenciales
Authors: Suárez Soler Henry Hernando , Gutiérrez Néstor Sergio , Ladino P. Rafael Eduardo
Published: August 2018

El presente artículo constituye un avance del proyecto de investigación, Evaluación y Comparación de Modelos de Solución a Problemas de Ingeniería, del grupo de Energética de la FUAC. En la formulación de modelos matemáticos para la descripción, simulación y análisis de variedad de fenómenos de interés en el campo de la ingeniería, se tiene predilección por sistemas de ecuaciones diferenciales, cuya validez en determinada región está sujeta a la observancia de condiciones límite o iniciales. No obstante la solución analítica de estos sistemas es posible solo para sus formas más simples o con límites triviales, teniendo por lo tanto que recurrir a soluciones aproximadas de las cuales su conformidad debe ser objeto de evaluación. En este trabajo se presentan y comparan entre sí dos métodos numéricos de aproximación, diferencias finitas y residuos ponderados, aplicados a la solución de modelos de problemas tipo ingeniería representados con ecuaciones diferenciales.
Clinical and epidemiological profile of children with burns in a reference hospital / Perfil clínico e epidemiológico de crianças com queimaduras em um hospital de referência / Perfil clínico y epidemiológico de niños con quemaduras en un hospital de referencia
Authors: DE SANTANA MARY ELISABETH , Dos SANTOS FABIO CONCEIÇÃO , DE SOUZA MARCELO WILLIAMS OLIVEIRA
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: delinear o perfil clínico e epidemiológico de crianças submetidas a tratamento de queimaduras. Metodologia: estudo descritivo-retrospectivo, quantitativo. Realizado no Serviço de Arquivo Médico do Hospital Metropolitano, Ananindeua-PA. A população estudada foi crianças com queimaduras e a amostra  constituiu-se por prontuários de 157 crianças. Estudo aprovado pelo comitê de ética em pesquisa, com número CAAE: 51729615.3.0000.5170. Utilizou-se um formulário para a coleta de dados e feita análise descritiva dos resultados. Resultados: a faixa etária mais frequente foi 1 mês a 2 anos de idade (54%); predominância de 59% do sexo masculino; 77% não possuíam escolaridade; 99% eram paraenses e 1% Tocantinenses. Ao total 96% das crianças sofreram de queimaduras por agente térmico; 62% sofreram de queimaduras de 2º; (79%) dos casos teve comprometimento de 10 a 25% da superfície corporal; no total ocorreram 83 queimaduras em tórax e 72 ocorridos nos membros superiores; em 41% dos casos queimaduras leves. Conclusão: o estudo demonstrou a equivalência de estudos feitos em outros serviços, portanto, ressalta-se a necessidade da elaboração e implementação de políticas públicas que visem a educação da população sobre a temática, objetivando o redução dos números de queimaduras em crianças.Descritores: Cuidados de Enfermagem; Criança; Enfermagem; Queimaduras.
Evaluation of patients overload degree in a emergency hospital service/ Avaliação do grau de superlotação de ¬serviço hospitalar de urgência / Evaluación del grado de superlotación de servicio hospitalario de urgencia
Authors: Da Silva Oliveira Adélia Dalva , Sousa Filipe Da Silva , Martins Igor Muniz , Cardoso Saraí De Brito , Rocha Francisca Cecilia Viana , Cordeiro Eduardo Cairo Oliveira
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: avaliar o grau de superlotação do serviço hospitalar de urgência do Piauí. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, prospectiva, transversal, desenvolvida por meio de dados coletados no serviço eletrônico e no Senso de internação de cada setor pesquisado no período de 30 dias no mês de maio do ano de 2017. Foram coletados 2624 registros de pacientes, respeitando os aspectos éticos e legais. Os dados foram importados para a National Emergency Department Overcrowding Study (NEDOCS) que calcula a pontuação da superlotação no serviço de emergência. Resultados: Os resultados apontaram que os 27 leitos credenciados na urgência não são suficientes para atender o número de pacientes admitidos e internados e que o tempo de atendimento ultrapassa o previsto para uma adequada atuação da equipe. Conclusão: O serviço hospitalar de urgência pesquisado encontra-se perigosamente superlotado, devido a uma série de fatores, dentre eles: a quantidade de leitos credenciados não acomodar o total de pacientes admitidos e internados e o tempo de atendimento que ultrapassa o preconizado como ideal.Descritores: Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência. Capacidade Operacional. Aglomeração. Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde.
Diagnosis and nursing interventions on elderly women who have undergone to mastectomy / Diagnósticos e intervenções de enfermagem em mulheres idosas mastectomizadas / Diagnósticos e intervenciones de enfermería en mujeres ancianas mastectomizadas
Authors: Soares Silva Ana Cristina , Cavalcante Cardoso Pereira Ana Hortência , Soares Dias Samya Raquel , Do Livramento Fortes Figueiredo Maria , Pereira Costa Jéssica
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: identificar os diagnósticos e intervenções de enfermagem em mulheres idosas submetidas à mastectomia em Teresina-PI de acordo com a classificação da North America Nursing Diagnosis Association. Metodologia: estudo descritivo de abordagem quantitativa, realizado com aplicação dos questionários do Mini exame do estado mental, Escala de depressão geriátrica na versão curta e formulário estruturado. A população do estudo foi composta por idosas mastectomizadas e amostra foi de 31 mulheres. A pesquisa atendeu aos preceitos éticos, foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética com parecer número 534.942. Resultados: destaca-se uma prevalência de idosas com idade entre 60-70 anos (58,07%), viúvas (48,38%), com renda menor ou igual a um salário (48,39%). Uma parcela significativa das idosas apresentaram depressão (35%) e os principais diagnósticos encontrados foram das necessidades psicobiológicas. Conclusão: evidenciou-se a importância de desenvolver a sistematização da assistência de enfermagem a esta clientela, contribuindo para uma melhor assistência e consequentemente para uma melhor qualidade de vida. O estudo reforça para a sensibilização dos profissionais de enfermagem, permitindo avaliar e assistir a mulher idosa integralmente.Descritores: Processo de Enfermagem. Mastectomia. Câncer de Mama.
An early start of West Nile virus seasonal transmission: the added value of One Heath surveillance in detecting early circulation and triggering timely response in Italy, June to July 2018
Authors: Riccardo Flavia , Monaco Federica , Bella Antonino , Savini Giovanni , Russo Francesca , Cagarelli Roberto , Dottori Michele , Rizzo Caterina , Venturi Giulietta , Di Luca Marco , Pupella Simonetta , Lombardini Letizia , Pezzotti Patrizio , Parodi Patrizia , Maraglino Francesco , Costa Alessandro Nanni , Liumbruno Giancarlo Maria , Rezza Giovanni ,   the working group
Published: August 2018

In Italy, the 2018 West Nile virus transmission season started early with a high number of cases reported. One-Health surveillance, within the Italian West Nile national preparedness and response plan, detected viral circulation 9 days before symptom-onset of the first confirmed human case; triggering timely implementation of blood and transplant safety measures. This is an example of how functional coordination allows health authorities to use early warning triggers from surveillance systems to implement preventive measures.
Automating the Diagram Method to Prove Correctness of Program Transformations
Authors: Sabel David
Published: August 2018

Our recently developed LRSX Tool implements a technique to automatically prove the correctness of program transformations in higher-order program calculi which may permit recursive let-bindings. The focused notion of correctness for program transformations is invariance with respect to the observational semantics of programs. The so-called diagram method is automated by combining unification, matching, and reasoning on alpha-renamings on the higher-order meta-language, and automating induction proofs via an encoding into termination problems of term rewrite systems. We explain the techniques, we illustrate the usage of the tool, and we report on experiments.
Fracture mechanic and charpy impact properties of a crack in weld metal, HAZ and base metal of welded armor steel
Authors: Čabrilo Aleksandar , Gerić Katarina
Published: August 2018

Welding of armored steel is complicated by the high percentage of carbon in the base metal, the presence of defects in the form of cracks and pores that occur in the weld metal and heat affected zone (HAZ) during the welding process. For heavy structural engineering such as military armored vehicles that are frequently under the influence of impact loads, it is important to know the fracture toughness in all zones of the welded joint. The crack formed in base metal or HAZ, due to dynamic or impact loads, can easily continue to propagate to the fusion line, after which its accelerated growth may occur. The fracture mechanics testing was applied to SEN (B) test specimens, which investigated cracks initiation and certain fracture mechanics parameters. Due to the significant interest in quantifying the resistance of material to initiation and propagation of cracks, the impact energy was measured with instrumented pendulum in the zone of base metal, weld metal and HAZ, at temperatures of -40 °C, -20 °C, 0 °C and 20 °C , while the fracture mechanics parameters in these zones were tested at room temperature. The impact energy tests showed high energy for initiation as well as crack propagation in weld metal and HAZ zones, while the lowest energy was in the base metal. The fracture toughness in the base metal is 86.1 MPa*m1/2, while in HAZ and weld metal zones is 286 MPa*m1/2 and 355 MPa*m1/2, respectively.
Peningkatan Hasil Belajar PKn Melalui Model Pembelajaran Picture And Picture Berbantuan Flash Card Siswa Kelas 2 SD Negeri Kenteng 01
Authors: Nurvita Senja Ayu , Slameto Slameto , Setyaningtyas Eunice Widyanti
Published: August 2018

Berdasarkan hasil observasi yang dilakukan peneliti di SDN Kenteng 01 ini masalah yang timbul adalah kurangnya minat siswa untuk mengikuti proses belajar karena cara mengajar guru yang masih dengan metode konvesional sehingga minat siswa menurun untuk mengikuti proses pembelajaran. Penelitian ini dilakukan di kelas 2 dengan jenis penelitian PTK model spiral yang dikemukakan C. Kemmis dan Mc. Taggart. Dalam penelitian menggunakan 2 siklus yaitu siklus 1 dan 2 yang terdiri dari tahapan perencanaan, tindakan dan observasi, serta refleksi. Data penelitian diperoleh dari hasil tes dan dianalisa menggunakan teknik diskriptif komparatif dengan membandingkan hasil belajar  mata pelajaran PKn pada 2 siklus berdasarkan ketuntasan hasil belajar yaitu ≥ 65. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan hasil belajar PKn yang dapat terlihat pada nilai hasil belajar mata pelajaran PKn berdasarkan ketuntasan belajar yaitu siklus I sebesar 66,77% dan siklus II sebesar 100%. Berdasarkan hasil perbandingan tersebut, penelitian ini telah berhasil meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran PKn.
Shorter Notices
Authors: Ibrahim Sabiba
Published: August 2018

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The Privatization of the Public Industrial Enterprises in
Pakistan
Authors: Naqvi Syed Nawab Haider , Kemal A. R.
Published: August 2018

The present study examines the case for the privatization of
public industrial enterprises in Pakistan, where the telDl
'privatization' is defined as a transfer of ownenhip from the public to
the private sector. The focus of lIlalysis is to compare the efficiency
levels in public IIld private enterprises producing similar goods. h has
been shown that, in general, allocative IIld productive efficiency is
primarily associated with the quality of management rather.than with the
locus of ownenhip. The study corrects a popular misconception by showing
that as some public enterprises showed losses, most of them made
sufficiently large profits, and that their high rates of profit cannot
be attributed to the high rates of protection. Indeed, the average rate
of effective protection for industries in the public sector, as a rule,
is lower th8Il that for the industries in the private sector.
FunhelDlore, the popular argument that the public enterprises indulge in
monopolistic practices cannot be sustained because they, in fact, face
competition both from the imports and the private investor; and because
they typically enjoy high rates of capacity utilization. The fiscal
argument in favour of privatization is also weak, because profit rates
in most public enterprises tend to exceed the interest rate OIl public
debt, so that their divestiture may increase the fiscal deficit rather
than reduce iL We also argue that privatization may not lay the
fOlDldation of the so-called people's capitalism in view of low incomes
of the wOlken and the practice of insider-trading in the stock
exchlllges of Pakistan. At any rate, the value-added by the public
industrial enterprises is such a small proportion of the Gross Domestic
Product that not many growth points can be added on account of
privatization.
Household Consumption Patterns in Pakistan: An Urban-Rural
Comparison Using Micro Data
Authors: Burney Nadeem A. , Khan Ashfaque H.
Published: August 2018

This paper examines the household consumption patterns
separately for the urban and the rural sectors in Pakistan by estimating
the marginal expenditure shares and expenditure elasticities, for twelve
broad commodity groups, using household level data for the year 1984-85.
At the sectoral level, the marginal expenditure shares are estimated
both with and without the 'community effect'. Furthermore, by dividing
households within each sector into different income groups,
income-specific marginal expenditure shares and elasticities are also
obtained. This level of disaggregation reveals much richer consumption
patterns as compared to the ones based on grouped data. The estimated
marginal expenditure shares indicate that in examining the household
consumption pattems one can safely assume that all the households in the
sample face the same price structure. While the fmdings of the paper
support the validity of Engel's Law, the estimates presented indicate
that expenditure elasticities for different commodity groups vary with
income and, in general, exhibit a cyclical pattern, which is explained
in terms of quantitative as well as qualitative changes in the
households' consumption basket. For a majority of the commodity groups,
both structural and behavioural differences in the consumption patterns
are found to exist between the urban and the rural households.
Furthermore, our results also confirm the existence of economies of
scale in the consumption of majority of the commodity groups. The
degrees of these economies of scale are not only different across
commodities but also between sectors and across the income groups within
each sector.
The 'Green Revolution' and Labour Absorption in Bangladesh
Agriculture: The Relevance of the East Asian Experience
Authors: Alauddin Mohammad , Tisdell Clem
Published: August 2018

The bulk of analytic/empiricalliterature following the 'Green
Revolution' contends that agricultural labour absorption in most, if not
all, contemporary Asian countries is likely to follow the historical
pattern of East Asia, especially Taiwan and Japan. This paper examines
the relevance of East Asian experience for increased labour intensity in
agriculture in Bangladesh in the post-'Green Revolution' period. Using
labour coefficient data for a wide range of crops, the analysis is
carried out on an annual basis as well as for crop seasons. Observed
pauerns are analysed and likely determinants are identified. The
findings of the paper indicate limited relevance of the East Asian
experience to Bangladesh, and highlight for South Asia the importance of
examining seasonal differences in labour absorption.
Aid-tying and the Real Value of Foreign Assistance: The Case of
the Sudan
Authors: Yassin Ibrahim Hassan
Published: August 2018

This paper assesses the excess cost which results from
aid-tying in some development projects in the Sudan. Tying can be of two
types, either by source or by end-use. In the fonner case, restrictions
are placed on where the recipients can spend the assistance. In the
latter case, assistance is limited to specific items or projects. Thus,
aid can be deemed to be doubly tied. In addition, there are other
unquantifiable costs of tying. For example, the project to which the
assistance will be tied might not suit the recipient's development
programme, or the technology used may be inappropriate. Eight
foreign-aided projects, which were tied by source as well as by end-use,
were analysed to estimate the excess cost which results from the tying
of aid. The overall weighted average of tying these projects appears to
be 74 percent higher than the international market. In addition, the
analysis shows that the tenns of borrowing for these projects were hard;
consequently, the grant element was low. Thus, if one takes into account
the estimated excess cost of the tied foreign credits, which was greater
than the commercial cost of borrowing at which these credits could have
been sought in the absence of aid, the real value of these credits, the
paper shows by using a shadow grant element approach, was
negative.
Anne O. Krueger, Constantine Michalopoulos and Vernon W. Ruttan.
Aid and Development. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
1989. xiv + 386 pp.Price: U.S. $ 52.00
Authors: Mahmood Mir Annice
Published: August 2018

Foreign aid has been the subject of much examination and
research ever since it entered the economic armamentarium approximately
45 years ago. This was the time when the Second World War had
successfully ended for the Allies in the defeat of Germany and Japan.
However, a new enemy, the Soviet Union, had materialized at the end of
the conflict. To counter the threat from the East, the United States
undertook the implementation of the Marshal Plan, which was extremely
successful in rebuilding and revitalizing a shattered Western Europe.
Aid had made its impact. The book under review is by three well-known
economists and is the outcome of a study sponsored by the Department of
State and the United States Agency for International Development. The
major objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of assistance,
i.e., aid, on economic development. This evaluation however, was to be
based on the existing literature on the subject. The book has five major
parts: Part One deals with development thought and development
assistance; Part Two looks at the relationship between donors and
recipients; Part Three evaluates the use of aid by sector; Part Four
presents country case-studies; and Part Five synthesizes the lessons
from development assistance. Part One of the book is very informative in
that it summarises very concisely the theoretical underpinnings of the
aid process. In the beginning, aid was thought to be the answer to
underdevelopment which could be achieved by a transfer of capital from
the rich to the poor. This approach, however, did not succeed as it was
simplistic. Capital transfers were not sufficient in themselves to bring
about development, as research in this area came to reveal. The
development process is a complicated one, with inputs from all sectors
of the economy. Thus, it came to be recognized that factors such as low
literacy rates, poor health facilities, and lack of social
infrastructure are also responsible for economic backwardness. Part One
of the book, therefore, sums up appropriately the various trends in
development thought. This is important because the book deals primarily
with the issue of the effectiveness of aid as a catalyst to further
economic development.
Ronald E. Ostman (ed). Communication in Indian Agriculture. New
Delhi: Sage Publications. 1989.319 pp.Bibliography. Price: Rs
225.00.
Authors: Malik Sohail J.
Published: August 2018

The editor of the book under review divides the process of
agricultural development into three crucial stages. The first two
stages, i.e., the basic scientific research to develop the crops, birds
and animals and the development of the technology to process the
increased yields, are essentially productivity-enhancing in nature and
are generally available in most developing countries or can be
transplanted. However, the third and most crucial stage is the
transferring of this knowledge from the educational centres to the
farmers' fields, which is generally neglected. This is, often, the
greatest single impediment to agricultural development. A host of
complex sociological, cultural, attitudinal, educational, economic, and
evolutionary factors have a direct bearing on the development of this
stage. It is this stage that is the focus of the book. There are several
areas where effective agricultural communicators can playa key catalytic
role in streamlining the eventual translation of new knowledge to the
farmers' fields. At the practical applied level, their role lies in
helping to improve communication with the government, university, or
research institute and between the research institute, the government
planners, and the farmers. At the theoretical and research level, their
role lies in the evaluation of the effectiveness of various
communication strategies in terms of the overall objectives, and in the
search for ways to improve interpersonal, organizational, and mass-scale
communications. Effective communicators also have a key role in the
dissemination of the results obtained at the research level about the
most expedient methods of communication amongst the users.
The Determinants of Interdistrict Labour In-migration in
Pakistan, 1971-1980
Authors: Barkley Andrew P.
Published: August 2018

The movement of labour from one location to another in
Pakistan has increased in recent years. This article begins by reviewing
the previous literature pertinent to labour migration within Pakistan.
Next, a migration equation at the aggregate level is specified, based on
the expected socio-economic determinants of labour migration and data
availability. Regression analysis was used to identify and quantify the
determinants of interdistrict migration in Pakistan during the period
1971-1980. The results demonstrate that one of the major determinants of
migration into a district was the percent of previous migrants in,.a
district's population. Interdistrict migration was also significantly
associated with the socio-economic variables of urbanization, population
density, ,and literacy rates. The research presented here provides
evidence that the movement of labour be~ween districts in Pakistan is
towards locations of superior socio-economic conditions. Migration was
found to become more responsive to urbanization, population density, and
literacy rates over time, and less responsive to previous migration over
time. Given the huge increase in productivity in the agricultural sector
brought about by the Green Revolution, the movement of workers out of
agricultural areas and into industrial areas is expected to con~inue
into the fl,lture. This rural-to-urban flow may be limited by the level
of population density; crowded living conditions were found to be
negatively associated with labour migration.
Ruth Meinzen-Dick and Mark Svendsen (eds). Future Directions for
Indian Irrigation: (Research and Policy). Washington, D. C.:
International Food Policy Research Institute. 1991. xiv + 333
pp.
Authors: Rana Zakir Hussain
Published: August 2018

The editors of the book have divided their subject matter into
four broad categories. The first category deals with irrigation
development in India, focusing on important issues confronting the use
of water resources and on alternate scenarios for future development.
The second category examines the improved performance of the existing
irrigation system and emphasizes the need for improvement. The third
part highlights the issues relating to the process and sustainability of
managerial improvement in system management. The last category pinpoints
the special problems related to irrigation in Eastern India. The book
comprises twenty chapters, with a brief chapter of introduction and four
others that present overviews of each of the categories. Fourteen of the
remaining chapters cover the main body of the text, with a concluding
chapter on a model that promises to resolve the irrigation issues. The
overview before each category is quite lucid and often critical, leaving
little room for review. However, brief comments are presented for the
interested readers.
Some Operational Issues and Institutional Constraints in Lending
to Small Farmers
Authors: Khan Rao Abdul Rauf
Published: August 2018

The small farmer, as is apparent from this term, is one who
does not have enough land to produce more or his family labour is
scarce, or he is using outdated modes of cultivation or his family feels
a compelling need for cash income from non-farming pursuits because of
strict adherence to the traditional cropping pattern. As such, it is
because of this typical socio-economic environment that limits the
possibility of raising his standard of living through the harnessing of
available limited resources to its maximum in a skillful manner.
However, there is quite a difference of opinion about the definition of
what is a small farmer. Usually, he is taken to be synonymous with a
poor farmer. A notable feature of the agrarian scene in Pakistan is the
predominance of small holdings. Small farmers, defined as those with
landholdings upto 5 hectares constitute 74 percent of the total number
of farmers in the country, though the area commanded by them is only 34
percent of the total cultivable area. As against Pakistan, in India
small farmers are those who own holdings upto 5 acres (or 2.02 hectare)
constituting 69.9 percent of the total number of farmers in the country,
though the area commanded by them is only about 21 percent of the total
area. The area of this size in Pakistan is adequate, from the viewpoint
of income and productivity, to support life at subsistence level. As per
information gathered from the field and evidence from research studies
the average income derived from 12.5 acres (5 ha) land, varies from 7000
to 16000 rupees and for land holdings of 25 acres (10 ha), it varies
from 19,000 to 25,000 rupees, depending on farm practices carried out
and the level of improved inputs used. This is the average income which
is earned by an extended family consisting of six members.
Prospects of Poverty Eradication Through the Existing " Zakat "
System in Pakistan
Authors: Mohammad Faiz
Published: August 2018

Zakat which literally means growth, extension and purification
is a premium (in most cases annual) on all forms of accumulated
productive wealth and on a variety of agricultural produce. It is
calculated at various rates according to the nature of the asset or
product, and is due to 'the needy' (Mustahqueen or Mustahiq for
singular) of the Muslim community.! It is one of the five basic tenets
of Islam and besides being an obligatory act of worship, it is a system
through which a Muslim society can eradicate poverty and inequalities
[Qardhani (1981)]. In Pakistan till recent years people used to pay
their zakat to the needy on self-assessed basis Without involving state
functionaries. However, following the Sunni Muslim view that collection
and disbursement of one of the functions of an Islamic state, a system
to this effect was introduced for the first time in Pakistan in 1980.
Accordingly the collection of zakat on non-agricultural assets started
in June 1980 (Ramdall 1400) and that of ushr (i.e. zakat on agricultural
produce) from Rabi season of 1983. The introduction of the zakat system
in Pakistan is indeed a unique experiment of transforming religious
ideals in practical institutions. Given the experience of one decade
now, it would, therefore, be useful to see as to what extent the system
as practiced in Pakistan has the potential to eradicate poverty from
society. The present paper is an attempt in this 'direction. It is drawn
from an overall study of the zakat system in Pakistan based on primary
data collected through a random sample survey.
Changes in Mortality in Pakistan 1960-88
Authors: Sathar Zeba A.
Published: August 2018

The relatively high levels of mortality in Pakistan compared
to the rest of the Asian region, particularly countries like Sri Lanka
and China, have kept population growth rates in check. However, on the
other hand, persistently high levels of infant-child mortality are more
than often argued to be a strong factor working against a fertility
decline in Pakistan. It is without doubt that bringing about further
mortality declines is most definitely desirable and government policy
has addressed this issue. However, the major thrust of official effort
in the past few decades has been towards the curtailment of high
fertility levels.
1rends and Patterns in Federal-Provincial Fiscal Flows in
Pakistan: A Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Qureshi Sarfraz Khan
Published: August 2018

An important aspect of the fiscal relations between the
federal and provincial governments is the command over resources,
expenditure responsibilities and the direction, size and form of fiscal
flows between different layers of government. In most federations,
revenue sources generally assigned to lower levels of governments often
fall short of adequately fulfllling the expenditure responsibilities of
such governments. Given this important feature, the identification of
the predominant central authority over the country's resources and the
implications for public policy of the restructuring of centre-state
fiscal relations to ensure balanced development of all provinces emerge
as important issues. This paper documents trends in centralization for
both the expendit!lre and revenue sides of the budget, traces the
evolution of revenue sharing and other federal transfers and delineates
some policy guidelines in the area of fiscal federalism for Pakistan.
Intra-provincial differences have not been highlighted as the analysis
is carried out at the level of all provinces.
Food Poverty and its Causes in Pakistan
Authors: Mahmood Shaheen , Sheikh Khalid Hameed , Mahmood Tallat
Published: August 2018

The issue of malnutrition is vital in Pakistan. Recent
empirical literature on this issue highlights some causes of poverty and
malnutrition such as lower purchasing power of money, larger household
size, low education, large number of dependents, age of the head of the
household etc. [See Ehtisham and Ludlow (1989) and Havinga et al.
(1989)]. But we feel that much more can be explored other than what
previous literature has contributed to explain the causes of poverty and
'malnutrition in Pakistan. For example how the poor perceive hunger or
starvation in society, the role of traditional diet patterns in
malnourishment and critical evaluation of poverty indices. Such
information is also important for the correct application of food
policies in the country. 1Wo steps are needed to explore this issue: 1.
Correct evaluation of the severity of poverty; and 2. To collect maximum
information about the causes of poverty.
Performance of Foreign and Local Firms in Pakistan: A
Comparison
Authors: Mahmood Zafar , Hussain Jafar
Published: August 2018

There is a little doubt in the argument that foreign-owned
(henceforth foreign) fIrms are more productive than local fIrms in
less-developed countries because the former use more capital-intensive
techniques, employ more qualifIed workers, and are able to reap the
economies of scale [see Blomstrom (1988); Chudnovsky (1979) and Willmore
(1986)]. Such arguments, however, do not ascertain whether effIciency of
foreign fIrms is due to any ownership-specifIc advantage or to other
factors such as industrial distribution (product mix), size of the fIrm,
capital intensity, skill intensity, market concentration, and export
orientation. To arrive at some conclusive empirical verifIcation
concerning the labour productivity differences between foreign and local
firms, it is essential to take into account the difference between
capital intensity and skill intensity, etc., and control the size and
products of fIrms. Most of the previous studies are aggregative and
failed to control for differences in size or type of products. Moreover,
the previous studies considered only a few aspects of
performance.
Employment and Manpower Information in Pakistan: Identification
of the "Invisibles"
Authors: Ghayur Sabur
Published: August 2018

Employment and manpower development (E&MD) considerations
are appearing in Pakisan's development plans since the Fifth Five-Year
Plan. These considerations, though improving upon earlier neglect and at
times indifference, however, did not go beyond mere projection
exercises-themselves point of considerable debate 1 - and calculations
of employment impact of investment plans and targeted sectoral growth
rates.2 These plans (manpower plans) besides being devoid of education
and training programmes also have no integration with the development
plans, a prerequisite for a meaningful development exercise. A general
lack of awareness amongst the planners and policy-makers about the vital
links between the E&MD and the development only partly explains the
existing scenario. Absence of a reliable and adequate data base on
E&MD related variables appear to be an important constraint for
undertaking any meaningful exercise of employment and manpower planning.
Existing institutional mechanism of the Labour Market Information System
(LMIS) in Pakistan is not responding adequately in addressing its three
functions, namely (i) Labour Market Information, (ii) Labour Market
Diagnosis, and (iii) Labour Market Intermediation.3 The first two
functions are required to provide detailed information on
E&MD-related variables a subject of discussion of this paper. This
non-responsiveness is mainly attributable to low E&MD considerations
in earlier policy formulations.