bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Producing Animal Originated Charcoal Production and its Characterization Analysis Compared to Brown Coal
Authors: Sukhbaatar Enkhtor , Ganbold Narkhajid , Saruultuya Baasanjargal , Norov Bilguun-Od , Ganbold Munkhjin , Dashzeveg Rentsenmyadag , Ganbold Erdene-Ochir , Bayarsaikhan Altankhuu , Tschaggelar Rene , Sambuu Munkhtsetseg
Published: September 2024

On place research was conducted on a farm where cows were fed by a mixture of traditional pasturing and feed supply. Pyrolysis was carried out directly on the farm to produce a ready-to-use biochar product. The product of biochar after pyrolysis was mixed with an organic adhesive dopant into 100 gram processed products for commercial use. This processed product was analyzed by elemental analysis, proximate analysis, TGA, FTIR and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Data from these analyses was compared to those of brown coal Aduunchuluun, which is originally from the same place as the bio waste. Heavy elements content in biochar such as silicon, aluminium, sulphur, etc. is significantly less than compared to the brown coal. TGA and DTG analysis on the biochar product showed a total weight loss of 0.87%, where nearly 0.26% of the moisture was released in the temperature interval of 30 - 300°C, 0.46% of devolatilization occurred in 300 - 600°C, and 0.15% of mass loss in combustion reaction in 600 - 700°C. The residue after the thermal processing was minimal and consisted of hemicellulose and cellulose after volatilization. From the FTIR analysis, we see a disappearance of hydroxyl group vibration around 3400 cm-1 and carbonyl C=O stretching 1733 cm-1 from the biochar product compared to brown coal. The aromatic absorption near 1600 cm-1 is shifted to 1392 cm-1 in biochar. EPR spectrum of bio product consists of two lines, broad and narrow in the resonance field of ≈ 3500 Gs. Corresponding g-factor of narrow line and broad line 2.0022. It is calculated the spin numbers in biochar sample, that is compared to brown coal related data.
Assessment of Mechanical Strength of A36 Steel with Flux Cored Arc Welding Process
Authors: Cabural Ralph Andrei S. , Garcia Francis Marcus J. , Rivera Paulo Gabriel I. , Valentino Dariusz Gabriel F. , Tayactac Reylina Garcia , Ang Edward B.O. , Umali Ricky D. , Escalona Gawayne M.
Published: September 2024

Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) is a popular welding technology in the construction and industrial sectors due to its ease of use. Flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) has gained popularity in the construction sector and industrial settings. The Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) restricts material compatibility for FCAW due to systematic selection and qualification. Penetrant Testing exposes damage to welded specimens, ensuring they meet the standard. Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) and mechanical tests like tensile and bending tests determine the mechanical strength and weld characteristics of steel using FCAW. The results show the effectiveness of pWPS and satisfy the code and standard. Dye Penetrant Test results show no cracks and acceptable criteria for both side A and side B of the steel plate. Bending test results show expected yield points, but failures occur due to discontinuities in break force and failures in tensile strength.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Mediates Host Necroptosis through Rhl-Pqs Quorum Sensing Interaction
Authors: Liu Zihao , Sun Lu , Li Lupeng , Miao Edward A , Amer Amal O , Wozniak Daniel J , Wen Haitao
Published: September 2024

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause serious infections in immunocompromised patients. Quorum sensing (QS), a communication system evolved by P. aeruginosa to survey its density, is well acknowledged to be involved in various activities during bacterial infection. Recent studies have revealed the link between P. aeruginosa QS and host innate immune response. Previous evidence suggests that programmed cell death exists in response to P. aeruginosa infection. However, it remains unclear whether QS plays a role in the host programmed cell death process during the infection. In this study, we found that the deficiency of one of QS subsystems, rhl, markedly increased mouse bone marrow macrophage cell death induced by P. aeruginosa, which was accompanied by elevated phosphorylation of RIPK3 and MLKL. This highly increased necroptosis activation was caused by the upregulation of another QS subsystem, pqs, because the deletion of pqs in rhl-deficient P. aeruginosa abolished macrophage necroptosis in vitro and in vivo. In sum, our data highlight the cross-talk between P. aeruginosa QS and host necroptosis, which is executed through the rhl–pqs axis.
Type I IFN Induces TCR-dependent and -independent Antimicrobial Responses in γδ Intraepithelial Lymphocytes
Authors: Fischer Matthew A , Jia Luo , Edelblum Karen L
Published: September 2024

Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) expressing the TCRγδ survey the intestinal epithelium to limit the invasion of microbial pathogens. The production of type I IFN is a central component of an antiviral immune response, yet how these proinflammatory cytokines contribute to γδ IEL effector function remains unclear. Based on the unique activation status of IELs and their ability to bridge innate and adaptive immunity, we investigated the extent to which type I IFN signaling modulates γδ IEL function. Using an ex vivo culture model, we find that type I IFN alone is unable to drive IFN-γ production, yet low-level TCR activation synergizes with type I IFN to induce IFN-γ production in murine γδ IELs. Further investigation into the underlying molecular mechanisms of costimulation revealed that TCRγδ-mediated activation of NFAT and JNK is required for type I IFN to promote IFN-γ expression in a STAT4-dependent manner. Whereas type I IFN rapidly upregulates antiviral gene expression independent of a basal TCRγδ signal, neither tonic TCR triggering nor the presence of a TCR agonist was sufficient to elicit type I IFN–induced IFN-γ production in vivo. However, bypassing proximal TCR signaling events synergized with IFNAR/STAT4 activation to induce γδ IEL IFN-γ production. These findings indicate that γδ IELs contribute to host defense in response to type I IFN by mounting a rapid antimicrobial response independent of TCRγδ signaling, and may produce IFN-γ in a TCR-dependent manner under permissive conditions.
Control and Performance Analysis of a Reconfigurable Multi-Copter
Authors:   Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Niemiec Robert ,   US Army, Singh Rajneesh , Gandhi Farhan
Published: September 2024

This paper presents a concept of a multi-copter that can be reconfigured between a quadcopter, hexacopter, octocopter and decacopter. The maximum useful weights of the octocopter, hexacopter and quadcopter, were 77%, 55% and 32% that of the decacopter. The controls for each of the configurations are identified and for the configurations with control redundancy, the power optimal controls are presented. A dynamic simulation model is implemented and used to compare the various configurations. Over a range of aircraft useful weights, it was observed that the decacopter required minimum power when the useful weight was greater than around 30% of its maximum, due to lower induced and profile power requirements of the lighter loaded slower spinning rotors. At lower useful weights, the hexacopter required less power due to its significantly lower empty weight. The octocopter and quadcopter did not emerge as low-power configurations of choice. Increasing the number of rotors increased the maximum hover endurance. At a useful weight corresponding to 53% of the decacopter's maximum useful weight, the decacopter's hover endurance time was 9% higher than that of the hexacopter. At low useful weights, the maximum pitch and yaw accelerations generated by the hexacopter were around 80-95% higher than the decacopter, but at higher useful weights the decacopter's accelerations were around 60% higher. All multi-copter configurations displayed a longitudinal and lateral phugoid mode in hover. Compared to the hexacopter, the phugoid modes for the decacopter had significantly higher components of surge rate compared to pitch rate, or sway rate compared to roll rate, while the modal damping ratios were 20-40% lower.
Unsteady Boundary Layer Transition Measurements on a Rotor in Forward Flight
Authors:   NASA Langley Research Center, Overmeyer Austin ,   NASA Ames Research Center, Heineck J.T. ,   German Aerospace Center (DLR), Wolf Christian
Published: September 2024

A proof of concept test to measure the unsteady boundary layer transition locations on the lower surface of a Machscaled rotor in forward flight was performed during the Summer of 2017 in the NASA Langley 14- by 22-Foot Subsonic Tunnel. The transition locations were measured using high-speed infrared thermography with a rotating mirror assembly that could be remotely actuated to acquire data at several rotor azimuths. Data were acquired for eight unique rotor flight conditions for a range of advance ratios (μ=0:10 : 0:38), thrust coefficients (CT/α =0:04 : 0:12) and rotor shaft angles (αs = -6 deg : 0 deg). This paper presents the transition locations as a function of azimuth and radius for an advance ratio of, μ, of 0.30, and thrust coefficent, CT/α, of 0.08. At this condition, the lower surface is fully laminar on the retreating side and mostly turbulent on the advancing side except near the tip. The tip airfoils were greater than 60 percent laminar on the lower surface advancing side. Capturing the location of natural transition on a rotating blade in forward flight represents a new advancement toward understanding the boundary layer state and its important contribution to rotor aerodynamics. Documentation of the boundary layer transition location during testing is critical to understanding scaling model to full-scale performance data, validation of newly developed turbulence models, and the design of the next generation of high performance rotor blades.
Full-Scale Reynolds Number Experiment on Interactional Aerodynamics Between Two Model Rotor Hubs and a Horizontal Stabilizer
Authors:   The Pennsylvania State University, Metkowski Leonard , Reich David , Sinding Kyle , Jaffa Nicholas , Schmitz Sven
Published: September 2024

A full-scale Reynolds number water tunnel experiment was performed to generate a data set used to analyze the effects of helicopter rotor hub wake impingement on a canonical horizontal stabilizer. The experiment was designed and performed in the Pennsylvania State University Applied Research Laboratory Garfield Thomas Water Tunnel, where a 10.5 inch constant chord stabilizer was placed in the 48-inch diameter test section downstream of a 1/4 scale helicopter hub. Two rotor hubs were tested, a baseline configuration and a low-drag model. The stabilizer was mounted in the long-age wake. Lift, pitching moments, and unsteady pressures were measured on the horizontal stabilizer at a Reynolds number of 0:9x10⁶, 1:8x10⁶ and 2:7x10⁶, corresponding to hub diameter-based Reynolds numbers of 2:2x10⁶, 4:3x10⁶, 6:5x10⁶ and rotor advance ratios of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3. The hub-wake interaction results were compared to a baseline airfoil test, which was performed without a hub upstream. Pressure sensors were used to evaluate wake unsteadiness impinging on the horizontal stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer in clean flow exhibited lift and pitching moment in agreement with XFOIL predictions. With the low-drag hub upstream it measured lift fluctuations at a frequency of 2/rev, 4/rev, 8/rev and 12/rev. Downstream velocity and pressure fluctuations of 2/rev 4/rev and notably 6/rev were measured with the baseline hub upstream. Drag reduction on the low-drag hub was measured to be >25% compared to the baseline hub at full-scale Reynolds number. Both drag and wake harmonics measured at the hub and downstream on the stabilizer were found to be dependent on the upstream hub geometry. Pressure frequencies taken on the horizontal stabilizer yielded similar results and were consistent with those measured via the force balance.
PIV and Performance Measurements on Rotors Hovering above Inclined Surfaces
Authors:   United States Naval Academy Rotorcraft Center, Milluzzo Joseph , Martinez Aaron , Drayton Scott , Davids Scott
Published: September 2024

Phase-resolved particle image velocity measurements were taken to document the wake generated by a rotor operating in ground effect above inclined surfaces. In particular, the current work focused on the average wake structure and axial velocity distribution through the rotor. A two-bladed rotor was operated at a height of one rotor radius above a ground plane, and ground plane angles from 0° to 30° were investigated. Rotor performance measurements were also taken, using a six-axis load cell, to examine the effect ground plane angle had on the thrust produced and power required. The wake structure was found to be very sensitive to ground plane angle causing the radial distribution of axial velocity through the rotor to increase inboard and decrease outboard with increasing ground plane angle. The peak figure of merit of the rotor decreased with increasing ground plane angle.
High Fidelity CFD Analyses of Dynamic Stall on a Four-Bladed Fully Articulated Rotor System
Authors:   Georgia Institute of Technology, Grubb Amanda ,   ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab, Castells Camille ,   US Army Aviation Development Directorate, Jain Rohit , Smith Marilyn , Richez Francois
Published: September 2024

Accurate prediction of dynamic stall is one of the most challenging problems in rotorcraft modeling. The large majority of dynamic stall studies in the past, both computational and experimental, have investigated only airfoils and finite wings. Such studies do not take into account rotational effects and interactional aerodynamics that could impact the onset and evolution of dynamic stall. This study investigates dynamic stall on a four-bladed fully articulated rotor system. It evaluates the ability of state-of-the-art computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solvers to capture not only the unsteady and largely separated flows associated with dynamic stall but also rotational and interactional aerodynamics effects specific to rotorcraft. Experimental data for the study were taken from a 1991 experimental test in the ONERA S1MA transonic tunnel in Modane, France. High-fidelity computations were performed at the experimental conditions using CREATETM-AV Helios with NASA OVERFLOW and NASA FUN3D near-body solver modules, and elsA. In each of the solvers, high-resolution grids with various turbulence models were used to best capture the unsteady, highly separated flows associated with dynamic stall. Results from the study indicate that the ability of CFD to capture separated flow and dynamic stall depends on the origin of the separated flow. Separation and stall events from blade vortex interactions, as well as trim conditions with the rotors at incipient stall are much more difficult to capture than classic (high-angle-of-attack induced) dynamic stall.
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among unvaccinated individuals in a primary care setting, Pretoria
Authors: Moeti Dikonketjo M.P. , Govender Indiran , Bongongo Tombo
Published: September 2024

Background: South Africa faced challenges while implementing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) measures such as mass vaccination. Some people rejected or were hesitant to receive government-recommended vaccines. This study explored COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy among unvaccinated individuals in a primary care setting in Pretoria, South Africa.Methods: This was an exploratory phenomenological study that included one-on-one interviews with 12 individuals at Temba Community Health Centre in Pretoria, South Africa.Results: The research revealed five themes: perceptions of COVID-19 disease, perceptions of COVID-19 vaccine, factors related to non-vaccination, information sources about the COVID-19 vaccine, and long-term vaccination decisions. There were seven linked sub-themes.Conclusion: Overall, participants had a good understanding of COVID-19 disease, but limited knowledge about the vaccine, causing hesitancy to get vaccinated. Reasons for not getting vaccinated included health-related concerns, safety concerns, personal experiences, and social and political factors. Safety and health-related concerns were prevalent, with adverse vaccine outcomes being the most common concern. Most participants had experienced a historic encounter with a vaccine-related death or illness.Contribution: Vaccine hesitancy should be viewed as a powerful concern from the community, and a key source of worry for the health authorities over any vaccine-related doubt.
From Pelvic Bone to Pleura: A Rare Metastatic Pathway in Osteosarcoma
Authors: Mallik Sonali , Mohanty Pranita , Kaur Amanpreet , Bharani Dogga Sri
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Osteosarcoma stands out as the predominant primary malignant bone tumor originating from primitive mesenchymal bone-forming cells. Its usual onset occurs in individuals aged 10–20 years, with occurrences beyond 40 years being rare, particularly in the absence of conditions such as Paget’s disease or osteogenesis imperfecta. Where lungs are the most common site for metastasis, the involvement of the pleura presents as an unusual aspect, given that pleural effusion and calcified thickening are not typical manifestations of osteosarcoma. This case involves a 61-year-old male who presented with osteosarcoma localized in the right pelvic bone, accompanied by concurrent right pleural effusion and calcified pleural thickening.
The Great Mimicker Unmasked: A Case Report of Cardiac Sarcoidosis Hidden by Myocardial Infarction and Colon Cancer
Authors: Alberti Mattia , Biondi Filippo , Barletta Valentina , Castiglione Vincenzo , Bort Ida Rebecca , Del Carlo Chiara , Tavoni Antonio , Grigoratos Chrysanthos , Todiere Giancarlo , De Caterina Raffaele , Aquaro Giovanni Donato
Published: September 2024

Cardiac sarcoidosis is an insidious condition with a highly variable clinical presentation that often mimics other diseases. Its diagnosis is particularly challenging, requiring a high index of suspicion and a comprehensive approach. Multimodality imaging plays a critical role in differentiating it from other conditions. We present a patient with cardiac sarcoidosis who also had concomitant coronary artery disease and colon cancer. The optimal therapeutic strategy for cardiac sarcoidosis remains uncertain. However, late gadolinium enhancement, a robust predictor of arrhythmic risk is crucial in guiding treatment decisions. This case report illustrates the risk of oversimplifying complex clinical scenarios by attributing signs and symptoms to a single disease, particularly in young, otherwise apparently healthy individuals. In such cases, clinicians must include rare diseases in their differential diagnosis.
A Rare Case of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy Presenting with Left Ventricular Thrombus
Authors: Ghosh Ratul , Majumder Biswajit , Sarkar Shibsankar , Maji Somnath
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is one of the important causes of heart failure that develops later months of pregnancy or in the first few months of postpartum period. Left ventricular (LV) thrombosis is one of the rare complications of PPCM with very few cases reported in the literature. Here, we report the case of a young female who presented with LV thrombosis as a complication of PPCM and was initially discharged in stable condition.
Middle-aged Man with Deformities, Discomfort in the Chest, and Dextrocardia
Authors: Veeraraghavan Sriram , Kidambi Bharath Raj , Balakrishnan Karthikeyan
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Congenital birth defects of brachy/polysyndactyly class can occur as isolated defects or as a part of syndromes and should raise suspicion of associated heart defects. Poland syndrome is one such congenital condition with its characteristic features. Although rare, it can significantly impact a patient’s quality of life due to its physical and psychological effects. This case report aims to contribute to the limited body of literature by detailing the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and cardiac defects associated with Poland’s syndrome.
Genetic Polymorphisms of 22 Novel Autosomal Short Tandem Repeat Loci in Sierra Leone Population
Authors: Liu Yi , Wang Chudong , Wen Dan , Qu Weifeng , Xing Hao , Jia Hongtao , Xu Ruyi , Tang Xuan , Chen Siqi , Li Jienan , Li Guanlin , Zha Lagabaiyila , Wang Yong
Published: September 2024

Background:

Exploring and identifying novel alleles of noncombined DNA Index System (CODIS) short tandem repeat (STR) loci in different ethnic groups is important for the establishment of forensic reference databases and study of population genetics.

Aim:

This study is aimed to explore the genetic polymorphism of 22 non-CODIS autosomal STR loci (D6S477, D18S535, D19S253, D15S659, D11S2368, D20S470, D1S1656, D22-GATA198B05, D8S1132, D4S2366, D21S1270, D13S325, D9S925, D3S3045, D14S608, D10S1435, D12S391, D7S3048, D17S1290, D5S2500, D2S1338, and D16S539) in Sierra Leone population and analyze the population genetic relationships in comparison with other populations.

Materials and Methods:

The samples of a total of 495 unrelated individuals (274 females and 221 males) from Sierra Leone were examined by the Microreader™ 23SP ID System, and their genetic polymorphisms and associated forensic parameters were calculated. The genetic relationships between Sierra Leone population and other populations were evaluated as well.

Results:

A total of 287 alleles were observed with allelic frequencies ranging from 0.001 to 0.399. The cumulative power of discrimination (CPD) of the 22 autosomal STR loci was 0.999999999999999 99999999999999538. The cumulative probability of exclusion (CPE) of the 22 autosomal STR loci was 0.9999998514 (CPEdous) and 0.999999 9999826 (CPEtrios). All of the STR loci reached the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni correction. The population genetics analysis results demonstrated that Sierra Leone population exhibited distinctive genetic characteristics compared to those of East Asian populations and it had relatively close genetic distances to the Uygur population.

Conclusion:

The results of this study could enrich the forensic databases with Sierra Leone population. The 22 STR loci are highly polymorphic and could be used for forensic practice and population genetics studies.
A Comparative Analysis on the Histomorphometric Pattern of Various Segments of Adult Male Long Bones: Forensic Implication
Authors: Orupabo Clinton David , Chijioke Joshua Oghenemiro
Published: September 2024

Background:

Human bone analysis is a useful tool in assessing and identifying skeletal remains. To make this easier, newer and modified approaches have often being documented.

Aims and Objectives:

The aim of this study is to analyze the histomorphometric features of various bone segments and its relevance in forensic case diagnosis.

Materials and Methods:

The human bones used were that of cadaveric bone samples harvested from three adult male Nigerians. The proximal, midshaft and distal segments of the femur, tibia, and humerus were utilized for the study. The bone sections were subjected to processing using Frost’s rapid manual preparation of ground sections techniques. Histomorphometric evaluation studied the number of primary osteons, secondary osteons, and osteon fragments, as well as the Haversian canal diameter (HCD).

Results:

The primary osteons, secondary osteons, osteon fragments, and HCD in each of the segments of the long bones show that the F values are less than the F critical for an alpha level of 0.05. This shows that there is no statistically significant (P > 0.05) variation in the histomorphometric pattern for the various segments of the bones studied. Again differences in the haversian canal diameter of the various segments of the long bones shows statistically significant variation (P< 0.05) among the long bones investigated.

Conclusion:

These findings have laid to rest the challenges with using the only available bone fragment for forensic case investigation as no notable variations exist across various segments.
An Analysis of Radiotherapy Machine Requirements in India: Impact of the Pandemic and Regional Disparities
Authors: Chauhan Rohit Singh , Munshi Anusheel , Pradhan Anirudh
Published: September 2024

Aim:

This article examines India’s present radiotherapy (RT) machine status and requirements, geographical distribution, and infrastructure need in six regional areas, which include 31 member states and union territories (UTs). It also considers the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on India’s teletherapy sector.

Materials and Methods:

Data from reliable resources, including Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Global Cancer Observatory, and Directory of Radiotherapy Centres databases, were used to analyze the current status of RT machine (RTM) density, regional disparity, and COVID-19 impact on infrastructure growth-rate.

Results:

In India, the number of functioning RTM and facilities are 823 and 554, respectively, with an average of 1.5 RTM per institute, of which 69.4% have only one RTM. Over the past 22 years, there has been a paradigm shift towards medical linear accelerator (linac) installation instead of telecobalt machines. Presently, there is a teletherapy density of 0.6 RTM per million population, and there is a shortfall of 1209 RTMs. There is a considerable regional disparity in the distribution of RTMs, ranging from (0.08 RTM/million–2.94 RTM/million) across different regions. There is a significant demand for RTMs in the Northern region (480) and the state of Uttar Pradesh (279). The COVID-19 pandemic temporarily impacted India’s RT growth rate, reducing it from 5% to 1.9% in 2020–2021.

Conclusions:

New policies must be established to accelerate the rate of RT installation growth. To better serve local populations and save patient costs, this article proposes that RT facilities be dispersed equitably across states.
Ultrasound-stimulated Microbubbles for Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer Cells with Radiation and Nanoparticles: In vitro Study
Authors: Nakayama Masao , Noda Ayaha , Akasaka Hiroaki , Tominaga Takahiro , McCorkell Giulia , Geso Moshi , Sasaki Ryohei
Published: September 2024

Purpose:

This study aims to investigate the radiation enhancement effects of ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles (USMB) with X-rays and nanoparticles on pancreatic cancer cells in
vitro.

Methods:

Sonazoid™ microbubbles were used for USMB treatment with a commercially available ultrasound unit. The characterization of the microbubbles before and after ultrasound exposure with different mechanical parameters was evaluated microscopically. Two pancreatic cancer cell lines, MIAPaCa-2 and PANC-1, were treated with different concentrations of microbubbles in combination with 150 kVp X-rays and hydrogen peroxide-modified titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Cell viability was evaluated using a water-soluble tetrazolium dye and a colony formation assay. In addition, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by the combined treatment were assessed.

Results:

The number of burst microbubbles increased with ultrasound’s higher mechanical index and the exposure time. A significant radiation enhancement effect with a significant increase in ROS levels was observed in MIAPaCa-2 cells treated with USMB and 6 Gy X-rays, whereas it was not significant in PANC-1 cells treated with the same. When a higher concentration of USMB was applied with X-rays, no radiation enhancement effects were observed in either cell line. Moreover, there was no radiation enhancement effect by USMB between cells treated with and without nanoparticles.

Conclusions:

The results indicate that USMB treatment can additively enhance the therapeutic efficacy of radiation therapy on pancreatic cancer cells, while the synergistic enhancement effects are likely to be cell type and microbubble concentration dependent. In addition, USMB did not improve the efficacy of nanoparticle-induced radiosensitization in the current setting.
Comparing the Performance of Scatter Correction Methods in Cardiac SPECT Imaging with Technetium-99m and Thallium-201 Radioisotopes
Authors: Noori-Asl Mahsa , Eghbal Maryam
Published: September 2024

Purpose:

This study aims to evaluate the performance of dual-energy window (DEW) and triple-energy window (TEW) scatter correction methods in cardiac SPECT imaging with technetium-99m (Tc-99m) and thallium-201 (Tl-201) radioisotopes.

Materials and Methods:

The SIMIND Monte Carlo program was used to simulate the imaging system and produce the required projections. Two phantoms, including the simple cardiac phantom and the NCAT phantom, were used to evaluate the scatter correction methods. The simulations were repeated 5 times for each phantom and finally, the mean values obtained from these 5 tests were used in the analysis of the results.

Results:

The obtained results from this study show that in the case of both investigated phantoms, the use of correction methods leads to improve the contrast of the images obtained from Tc-99m and Tl-201 radioisotopes. In the case of the simple cardiac phantom, the use of DEW and TEW correction methods leads to a relative increase in image contrast of about 23.88% and 12.23% for 99mTc radioisotope and about 29.19% and 20.98% for 201Tl radioisotope, respectively. This relative increase in the case of the NCAT phantom is about 22.48% and 19.43% for 99mTc radioisotope and about 27.74% and 24.74% for 201Tl radioisotope, respectively.

Conclusion:

According to the obtained results, despite the higher contrast of the noncorrected images of 99mTc radioisotope, the relative increase in contrast of the corrected images of 201Tl radioisotope is more than that of 99mTc radioisotope. Furthermore, for both radioisotopes, the relative increase related to the DEW method is higher than the TEW method.
Dosimetric Impact of Prescription Point Placement in Heterogeneous Medium for Conformal Radiotherapy Dose Calculation with Various Algorithms
Authors: Pandu Bharath , Khanna D. , Palanisamy Mohandass , Jacob Saro , Manichan Sherin
Published: September 2024

Objective:

The aim of the study is to compare the accuracy of dose calculation for different dose calculation algorithms with different prescription points (air, tissue, air–tissue interface in carcinoma lung patients and bone, tissue, and bone–tissue interface in carcinoma buccal Mucosa tumors).

Materials and Methods:

Forty-one patients with carcinoma lung and buccal mucosa were retrospectively selected for this study. A three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy reference plan was created using the prescription point in the tissue with Monte Carlo (MC) algorithms for both the groups of patients. The reference plan was modified by changing the prescription point and algorithms in the tissue, air, air–tissue interface for lung patients and tissue, bone, and bone–tissue interface for buccal mucosa patients. The dose received by the target volume and other organs at risk (OAR) structures was compared. To find out the statistical difference between different prescription points and algorithms, the statistical tests were performed with repeated measures ANOVA.

Results:

The target volume receiving 95% dose coverage in lung patients decreased to −3.08%, −5.75%, and −1.87% in the dose prescription point at the air–tissue interface with the dose calculation algorithms like MC, collapsed cone (CC), and pencil beam (PB), respectively, compared to that of the MC tissue. Spinal cord dose was increased in the CC and PB algorithms in all prescription points in patients with lung and buccal mucosa. OAR dose calculated by PB in all prescription points showed a significant deviation compared to MC tissue prescription point.

Conclusion:

This study will help demonstrate the accuracy of dose calculation for the different dose prescription points with the different treatment algorithms in radiotherapy treatment planning.
Role of Quercetin Supplementation on C-reactive Protein, Tumor Necrosis Factor, and Hepcidin in Blood Transfusion-dependent Thalassemia Patients
Authors: Sabri Raghad A. , Al-Qadhi Huda I.
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND:

Transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) requires regular blood transfusions, leading to iron overload, oxidative stress, and inflammation, marked by elevated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), C-reactive protein (CRP), and altered hepcidin levels. Quercetin (QC), with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, shows promise in reducing these inflammatory markers and regulating hepcidin, potentially alleviating TDT complications.

OBJECTIVE:

The objective of the study was to assess the role of QC on inflammatory markers in patients with thalassemia.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

The study, conducted from May to December 2023, utilized a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design to evaluate QC supplements in patients with blood TDT. Patients were randomly selected and divided into QC and placebo groups, with blood samples collected and analyzed.

RESULTS:

After 3 months of supplement, the QC group showed a decrease in CRP levels and TNF-alpha levels, whereas the placebo group exhibited an increase in these levels. In addition, the hepcidin levels increased in the QC group but decreased in the placebo group, with statistically significant differences observed between the two groups (P = 0.001).

CONCLUSION:

The study shows that QC significantly impacts iron overload markers in TDT patients, reducing ferritin, CRP, TNF-alpha, and normalizing hepcidin levels.
Challenges of Treating a Patient with Autism and Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Authors: Alzahrani Mohsen , Oliat Omar Ahmed Abu , Nihayah Mohammed Saeed
Published: September 2024

Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are a rare combination. Diagnosing and treating patients with this combination is challenging. Here, we report the case of a 19-year-old male with ASD and HL. Upon initial presentation to our clinic, the patient was very active with the clinical features of autism. Pathology confirmed stage IVBs HL of the mixed cellularity subtype. He received six cycles of Adriamycin, bleomycin sulfate, vinblastine sulfate, and dacarbazine and has been in remission for the last 4 years. This report presents the challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of a young patient with ASD and cancer and how to overcome them.
Association of NRAMP1 Gene Polymorphism with Hemoglobin and Iron Parameters in Patients with β-Thalassemia Major
Authors: Nahi Sameh M. , Jabir Ferdous A.
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND:

Thalassemia is an inherited disorder that is also called mediterranean anemia and is described by a lack of hemoglobin synthesis. β-thalassemia is more common in people of certain origins, particularly those from the Mediterranean region and Arabian Peninsula. The NRAMP1 protein in membranes catalyzes the exit of divalent metal ions from phagolysosomes and their entry into the cytoplasm, including iron and manganese.

AIMS:

To investigate the possible link between beta-thalassemia major (β-TM) illness and the single-nucleotide polymorphism (3′ untranslated region) rs3 of the NRAMP1 gene.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

To investigate the relationship between the condition β-TM and the NRAMP1 gene, the study used restriction fragment length polymorphisms-polymerase chain reaction. The enzyme-linked fluorescent assay was used to quantify the ferritin level. A hematology analyzer was used to quantify hemoglobin concentration. A spectrophotometer technique was used to assess the serum iron, serum total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and serum unsaturated iron-binding capacity.

RESULTS:

The results showed a difference in hemoglobin and serum iron levels, serum unbound iron-binding capacity, serum TIBC, and ferritin concentration between individuals suffering from β-thalassemia and healthy groups. In NRAMP1 gene polymorphism, a highly significant difference was observed between the distribution of two alleles (TG− 244 bp, and TG+ 211 bp).

CONCLUSION:

During an investigation of NRAMP1 gene polymorphism, a significant variance was observed between β-thalassemia and control groups. Those who carried the (244 bp −TG) allele were found to have a 3.6 times higher risk of developing complications of β-TM than those who carried the (211 bp −TG+) allele.
Blood Donor Characteristics at a Hospital Blood Bank in Saudi Arabia: A Trend-analysis
Authors: Almalki Daee , Badawi Maha A. , Elgemmezi Tarek , Alabdali Ahmad , Almutairi Meznah , Almogbel Alhanouf , Hindawi Salwa
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND:

Identification of blood donor profiles helps with recruitment and retention strategies.

OBJECTIVES:

To describe donor characteristics at a hospital blood bank and to describe any changes in donor characteristics throughout the study period.

METHODS:

In this retrospective observational study, we reviewed the blood bank records from 2005 to 2022. Characteristics of donors (age 18 or above) were collected. Percentages of donors according to various characteristics were described in 3-year intervals and compared using the Chi-square test.

RESULTS:

Over the study period, 226,576 blood donations were identified. Most donors were men, and half were non-Saudi nationals. Approximately two-thirds of the blood donors (145,794, 64.3%) were between 25 and 44 years old, and (59,650, 26.3%) were between 18 and 24 years old. When donors were compared across time intervals according to the age group, the percentage of donors 18–24 years old decreased over time from 31.4% in the interval 2005–2007 to 23.5% in the 2020–2022 interval. Significant changes were seen in the percentages of repeat donors as well.

CONCLUSIONS:

Donation trends showed significant changes related to donor age, gender, and nationality as well as donor type (new or repeat donor), the most notable being that donations by younger adults have decreased. Marketing plans must be implemented to target and retain this donor population. Further research is required for the detailed characterization of donors across the country to ensure the sustainability of the blood supply.
A Case-Control Study Examining the Relationship between Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Dental Caries
Authors: Suganya P , Nimmy P , Savitha S , Srutheesri R. P. , Anita M , Dhanushkodi Charumathi , Raghavan Savitha Lakshmi
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Aim:

This case-control study aims to assess the association between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and dental caries among individuals aged 18–35 years in Chennai city, India.

Materials and Method:

The study included 350 participants, divided equally into GERD and non-GERD groups, identified using a six-item GERD questionnaire. Dental caries was assessed using the DMFT index, and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated for each participant. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance.

Results:

Significant association was found between GERD and higher DMFT scores, with GERD patients exhibiting more decayed, missing, and total teeth compared to non-GERD patients.

Conclusion:

These findings underscore the need for integrated dental and medical care for GERD patients, emphasizing weight management to mitigate GERD symptoms. The study provides valuable insights into the interplay between GERD, dental caries, and BMI in a young adult population.
Laminar Architecture and Morphometry of Developing Human Fetal Cerebellum
Authors: Ahmad Nadia , Singh Deepa , Jethani Sunder Lal
Published: September 2024

Background:

One of the organs in the human fetus that starts to differentiate extremely early and keeps doing so throughout the postnatal period is the cerebellum. The goal of this study was to create a nomogram using the chronological events that were occurring and the relationship with progressing gestational age. Granule cells and Purkinje cells play a crucial role in the normal development of the cerebellum. Any disruption at the cellular level can lead to abnormal migration of these cells, potentially resulting in hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis.

Methodology:

Tissue specimens from 60 human fetuses were studied for histological changes after being grouped into four from 13th week to 32nd week. Fetuses with any neurological deficit were excluded from the study. Different layers were identified, and the thickness of each layer was noted.

Results:

The first two groups had three layers, but the composition was different in both. The marginal and mantle layers in the second group disappeared completely. The third group showed presence of five layers, with addition of lamina dissecans, appearing for a transient period. The fourth group had four layers. The thickness of external granular layer and internal granular layer (IGL) increased throughout, except that the IGL made an appearance from the second group only. Lamina dissecans appeared, causing a significant shift between 23 and 27 weeks. The fetus has a four-layered structure near term, with an external granular layer persisting throughout the early postnatal stage of life. Progression of pregnancy was positively connected with the molecular and Purkinje cell layer (PCL) thickness.

Conclusion:

Progression of pregnancy was positively connected with the molecular and PCL thickness. Age determination and neuropsychiatric disorders of the developing fetus may benefit from such a link.
The associations of cardiovascular and lifestyle factors with mortality from chronic kidney disease as the underlying cause: the JACC study
Authors: Guo Shuai , Sankai Tomoko , Yamagishi Kazumasa , Kihara Tomomi , Tamakoshi Akiko , Iso Hiroyasu ,   for the JACC Study Group
Published: September 2024

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated conventional cardiovascular and lifestyle risk factors affecting mortality from chronic kidney disease as the underlying cause in the general Japanese population.METHODS: We conducted an 18.8-year follow-up study of 44,792 men and 61,522 women aged 40-79 from the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk between 1986 and 1990. Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyze the association between risk factors and mortality from chronic kidney disease.RESULTS: During the follow-up period, 373 participants (185 men and 188 women) died from chronic kidney disease. A body mass index of ≥27.0 kg/m2 (hazard ratio [HR], 2.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19 to 3.36 for men and HR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.19 to 3.07 for women, compared with 23.0-24.9 kg/m2), a history of hypertension (HR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.67 to 3.22 for men and HR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.44 to 2.81 for women) and a history of diabetes mellitus (HR, 5.21; 95% CI, 3.68 to 7.37 for men and HR, 7.10; 95% CI, 4.93 to 10.24 for women) were associated with an increased risk of mortality from chronic kidney disease in both genders. In men, smoking was also associated with an increased risk (HR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.25 to 2.90), while current drinking (HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.98 for <23 g/day; HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.29 to 0.80 for 23-45 g/day and HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.32 to 0.86 for ≥46 g/day) and exercising ≥5 hr/wk (HR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.96) were associated with a lower risk. Similar but non-significant associations for smoking and drinking were observed in women.CONCLUSIONS: In addition to a history of hypertension and a history of diabetes mellitus, body mass index, smoking status, drinking status, and exercise habits were associated with the risk of mortality from chronic kidney disease.
Technological Innovations and Environmental Sustainability in Nigerian Sericulture: Pathways to Industry Revival
Authors: Ibitoye O. S. , Ayanniyi O. A. , Ayeni O. H. , Adekoya O. O. , Aremu E. A. , Muritala D. S. , Wealth A. S. , Murtala M. O.
Published: September 2024

The Nigerian silk industry, once a major economic contributor, has faced a significant decline due to various economic, environmental, and technological challenges. The objective of this review paper is to investigate the potential for technological innovations and provides a comprehensive pathway to revitalize the silk industry in Nigeria focusing on modern techniques in mulberry cultivation, biotechnological interventions for pest and disease management, and the impact of government policies in promoting eco-friendly technologies. The review also considers recent developments in automation and mechanization, highlighting their potential to boost productivity and sustainability. Case studies of successful technology and sustainability integration in sericulture from other countries are analyzed to draw relevant lessons for Nigeria. The review examines the environmental impact of traditional sericulture practices and how sustainable methods can mitigate these effects. Policy recommendations to support sustainable sericulture are discussed, emphasizing the role of public-private partnerships in driving industry innovation. By prioritizing recent literature, this review offers current insights into the industry's state and provides strategic recommendations for stakeholders to foster a sustainable and technologically advanced sericulture sector in Nigeria. The ultimate goal is to revive the Nigerian silk industry through a balanced approach that integrates modern technology with environmental sustainability, ensuring long-term viability and economic growth.
Influence of Mushroom Grown on Yam Peel, Palm chaff, Sawdust, and Oil Palm Empty Bunch as Poultry Feed Admixture for Broiler Chicks Growth Enhancer
Authors: Omowanle O. G. , Osu C. I. , Stanley H. O.
Published: September 2024

This study explores the viability of utilizing mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) grown on diverse organic wastes as an economical and nutrient-rich feed for poultry production. Hence, the objective of this paper was to investigate the effect of mushroom grown on yam peel, palm chaff, sawdust, and oil palm empty bunch as poultry feed admixture for broiler chicks’growth enhancer using appropriate standard methods with thirty (30) broiler chicks on three diets for six weeks: Mushroom Poultry Feed (MPF); Commercial Poultry Feed (CPF), and Mixed Feed (MPF + CPF) respectively. Data obtained show that MPF-fed chickens exhibited a lower growth rate than chickens fed with CPF and MPF + CPF, signifying relatively less efficient weight gain. However, no significant differences were observed among feeding treatments (p > 0.05). The digestibility of MPF, CPF, and MPF + CPF was 81.06%, 82.93%, and 85.86% respectively, suggesting the potential of mixed feed to provide superior nutrients for growth and energy. Regarding chicken meat composition, significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in proximate composition, vitamins, and minerals among various feed treatments, emphasizing their interplay. However, the feed type did not significantly impact vitamin content (p > 0.05), highlighting variations more attributable to vitamin types than feed treatments. These findings highlight the potential of valorizing organic waste through mushroom cultivation for sustainable and economically viable poultry feed production.
Utilization of Base and Acid Modified Rice Husk-Corncobs Composite for Removal of Chromium (VI) Ion in Simulated Tannery Wastewater
Authors: Alhassan A. S. , Olubajo O. O. , Ahmed M. M.
Published: September 2024

In the ever-increasing blind race of industrialization and urbanization environmental contamination by toxic heavy metal ions is becoming a serious issue for both scientists and masses. Hence, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the utilization of base (BMOD) and acid (AMOD) modified rice husk-corncobs composite for the removal of chromium (VI) Ion in simulated tannery wastewater using appropriate standard techniques. SEM-EDX, XRD and FTIR characterizations revealed the elemental composition, crystallographic structures and the chemical bonds respectively. The results of the sorption kinetic study showed that the data fitted well with the pseudo-second order model for both acid modified (AMOD) and base modified (BMOD) biosorbent with a maximum adsorption of 28.46 mg/g and 39.66 mg/g respectively. The results of the sorption isotherm study showed that they both fitted Freundlich isotherm model. From the results obtained, rice husk and corn cob were effective biosorbent for the removal of Cr (VI) ion from tannery effluent.