bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utilization of dicarboxylic acids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Tiwari N. P. , Campbell J. J. R.
Published: February 2010

Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 has been found to lack NAD- or NADP-linked L-malic dehydrogenase. Studies of cell fractions have shown that a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) independent, particulate L-malic dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidation of L-malic acid to oxalacetic acid. The labeling pattern of citric acid obtained from succinate-1,4-14C and succinate-2,3-14C in the wild type and its mutant lacking α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase have demonstrated involvement of particulate malic dehydrogenase and have excluded any other possibility. The results suggest that the possession of this enzyme rather than the NAD-linked soluble malic dehydrogenase is an advantage to the organism.
Method for determining Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis Berliner in soil
Authors: Saleh S. M. , Harris R. F. , Allen O. N.
Published: February 2010

A plate dilution frequency technique was developed for determination of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis Berliner in soil. Confirmation of B. thuringiensis colonies was achieved by microscopic examination of stained smears for the presence of characteristic parasporal crystals. Competitive growth of B. thuringiensis relative to soil microorganisms was promoted by use of nutrient agar amended to contain 5 p.p.m. polymyxin B sulfate and 4 p.p.m. penicillin G, and incubation at 37 °C for 48 hours. Limits of detection were 600 to 1000 B. thuringiensis propagules/g soil, depending on the soils and the ratio of total soil microorganisms to B. thuringiensis present.
D-Amino acids in yeast cell pool
Authors: Bhattacharyya S. K. , Banerjee A. B.
Published: February 2010

Hot alcohol-extractable amino acid cell pools of 15 different yeast strains were tested for the presence of D-isomers. Candida guilliermondii, C. pulcherrima, and Torulopsis globosa were found to contain freely extractable D-amino acids in their cell pools.
Lysogeny in the mycobacteria. II. Alterations of bacterial antigens mediated by mycobacteriophage
Authors: Jones Jr. Wilbur D. , Beam R. Edward
Published: February 2010

Using the agglutination test and the indirect fluorescent antibody test it was demonstrated that lysogenization of the rough variant of Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607 by mycobacteriophages D29 and B4 was accompanied by the appearance of new bacterial antigens. Each phage mediated a different bacterial antigen. That the new bacterial antigens were phage mediated was demonstrated by the loss of the new antigens when the bacterial culture was "cured" of the prophage.
Preferential utilization of the methane component of natural gas by a mixed culture of bacteria
Authors: Mueller J. C.
Published: February 2010

A mixed culture of bacteria was grown on natural gas for 6 months. When tested at this time, the culture was found to use methane as the preferred carbon source. No selective enrichment of ethane or propane utilizers was observed.
Apparent transformation of growth-temperature character in Micrococcus cryophilus
Authors: Tai P-C. , Jackson H.
Published: February 2010

The apparent transformation of growth temperature character in Micrococcus cryophilus and mesophilic mutants is described.
Antigenic and chromatographic identity of two apparently distinct toxins of Clostridium botulinum type A
Authors: Hauschild A. H. W. , Hilsheimer R.
Published: February 2010

Two toxic components (I and II) of Clostridium botulinum type A were separated by chromatography on Sephadex G–200. The relationship between these components was investigated. Antisera prepared against either component I or II cross-neutralized both toxins. The neutralizing values of each antiserum were the same when tested at the L+/50 level against components I and II, and unfractionated toxin.Component I was associated with hemagglutinating activity. Toxin and hemagglutinin were separated by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose. Rechromatography of the toxin on Sephadex G–200 showed a reduction in molecular weight from 450 000 to 140 000. Component II was free of hemagglutinin, but its molecular weight shifted from 190 000 to 140 000 and its Stokes radius from 5.8 mμ to 4.8 mμ upon chromatography on DEAE cellulose.It is concluded that components I and II have similar or identical antigenic sites, and it appears that their toxic moieties are also similar or identical in composition.
Infection thread formation as a basis of nodulation specificity in Rhizobium – strawberry clover associations
Authors: Li Diana , Hubbell D. H.
Published: February 2010

The basis for determination of nodulating specificity in Rhizobium–clover associations was investigated. Thirteen strains of rhizobia from eight different cross-inoculation groups were used to inoculate aseptically grown strawberry clover seedlings in slide culture. Microscopic observation revealed that each strain produced characteristic root hair deformation but infection threads and nodules were observed only in the homologous combination. It is concluded that, in rhizobia–clover combinations which nodulate via infection threads, specificity is determined at or before infection thread initiation. Observations of other workers that rhizobia produce a strain-specific substance affecting growth and morphology of legume root hairs were confirmed by results of this study.
Serological characteristics of particulate antigens of Dermatophilus
Authors: Kwapinski J. B. G.
Published: February 2010

Particulate antigens were prepared in the form of mycelial fragments and spores, or as cell walls from 24 strains of Dermatophilus and from 22 strains of other actinomycetes. The antigen preparations were tested with either non-labeled or fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled antisera or antiserum globulins. Seven particulate antigen groups of Dermatophilus were distinguished. The particulate antigen preparations of Dermatophilus revealed considerable similarity to the serological reaction patterns of endoplasms and exoantigens. No serological relationship was discovered between the particulate antigens of Dermatophilus and of other actinomycetes.
Growth and nutrition of extremely halophilic bacteria
Authors: Gochnauer M. B. , Kushner D. J.
Published: February 2010

Growth of Halobacterium cutirubrum, H. salinarium, and H. halobium was followed by viable counts and optical density measurements. The last species, which grows most vigorously, was most intensively studied.The increase of optical densities and the increase in viable counts corresponded through the exponential growth phase. Dead cells did not lyse, and viable counts were needed to show that after the stationary phase was reached some cultures died off rapidly. Others remained stable for several days. Potassium can limit growth in synthetic media; in all media abundant growth could be obtained only when about 1 mg/ml K+ was present. Growth was stimulated by glycerol, certain carbohydrates, related metabolites, and vitamins. The most effective growth-promoting vitamins tested were thiamine, folic acid, biotin, and vitamin B12. Metabolites that stimulated growth were galactose, glucose, sodium lactate, and glutamine. One-tenth percent glycerol, sodium succinate, and sodium pyruvate were stimulatory, although 2.0% concentrations were inhibitory. Though carbohydrates may stimulate growth, the medium does not become acid; this may explain why standard bacteriological tests indicate that many extreme halophiles do not "utilize" carbohydrates. H. halobium produced considerable acid only when grown in the presence of 2% glycerol.
Properties of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage ϕ-MC
Authors: Chow C. T. , Yamamoto T.
Published: February 2010

Base analysis of ϕ-MC deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) revealed the presence of equimolar amounts of adenine and thymine, and of guanine and cytosine; the latter two comprising 45.5% of the bases. The thermal denaturation profile of the isolated DNA indicates that ϕ-MC DNA is double stranded and has a melting temperature of 87.8°. Neither an unusual base nor glucose was detected in ϕ-MC DNA.The origin of phage ϕ-MC DNA in mitomycin C induced cultures of P. aeruginosa cells has been studied. About 74% of the viral DNA was derived from the medium after induction. This result was compared with that of a virulent phage, ϕ-2 infection in the same host, and it was found that about 55% of the ϕ-2 DNA was derived from the medium.The primary adsorption sites for ϕ-MC were at the terminal ends of host cells. This characteristic appeared to be a unique property of this phage, since other Pseudomonas phages attached uniformly over the entire surface of the cell.
Graphical evaluation of the kinetic parameters for bacterial growth
Authors: Stratton Frank E. , McCarty Perry L.
Published: February 2010

Kinetic rate parameters governing the rates of growth and substrate use by bacteria may be estimated by a graphical method which makes use of the bacterial substrate oxidation curve. The method is simple and rapid and may be used to estimate rate parameters in situations in which more precise computer estimates cannot be performed.
Changes in activity of certain enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the glyoxylate cycle during the initiation of conidiation of Aspergillus niger
Authors: Galbraith J. C. , Smith J. E.
Published: February 2010

The activities of certain enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the glyoxylate cycle (GLC) varied during growth of Aspergillus niger as a function of the stage of the life cycle and of the growth medium. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (carboxylating) and isocitrate lyase each showed a marked increase in activity prior to sporulation. There were no similar increases in vegetative cultures. It is proposed that isocitrate lyase is functional in glycine synthesis and that a source of glyoxylate may be indispensable to the expression of sporulation.
Alternate pressurization–depressurization effects on growth and net protein, RNA and DNA synthesis by Escherichia coli and Vibrio marinus
Authors: Albright Lawrence J.
Published: February 2010

The effects on growth and net protein, ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis of alternately pressurizing and depressurizing exponentially growing cells of Escherichia coli B/r and Vibrio marinus MP-1 between 1 atm and 544 atm of hydrostatic pressure were studied. The application of 544 atm to these 1 atm exponentially growing cultures caused an almost immediate cessation or lowering in the rates of cell division, absorbance changes, and net protein and RNA synthesis. The cells of E. coli B/r, however, in some manner adapted to 544 atm, since cell division, absorbance, and synthesis of protein and RNA, within minutes, resumed exponential increases but at much lower rates. V. marinus MP-1 did not display this pressure adaption upon the first application of 544 atm. Upon pressure release both cultures resumed the 1-atm exponential increases with respect to cell division and absorbance, and net protein and RNA synthesis. A second application of 544 atm, however, had a less drastic influence on cell division and the rates of increase of absorbance and net protein and RNA synthesis. Both cultures immediately shifted to lower synthetic rates. There was no immediate effect upon DNA synthesis in these two bacteria upon application of 544 atm, but this synthetic process slowed and ceased with time. The data indicate a reversible sensitivity to 544 atm in the order protein > RNA > DNA synthesis and that the cells can in some fashion adapt to pressure resistance.
Effects of two mutations on production of a red plasmodial pigment in the myxomycete Didymium iridis
Authors: Collins O'Neil Ray , Erlebacher Beverly A.
Published: February 2010

Spectrophotometric and chromatographic studies reveal that two unlinked mutant genes, b1 and b2, partially block production of a red plasmodial pigment. As a result, mutant Plasmodia are cream-colored instead of brown.
α-Glutamic acid-β-naphthylamidase from Neisseria catarrhalis
Authors: Cox Sidney T. , Behal Francis J.
Published: February 2010

A second bacterial peptidase-like enzyme, arylamidase-II, has been isolated from cell free extracts of Neisseria catarrhalis. Arylamidase-II action is limited primarily to the hydrolysis of α-glutamic acid and α-aspartic acid derivatives of β-naphthylamine and short peptides of glutamic acid. The enzyme was purified 450-fold by gel filtration, ion exchange, and calcium phosphate chromatography. Its pH optimum and molecular weight were 7.7 and 170 000, respectively. Aside from its restricted substrate specificity, arylamidase-II has been found to be closely related in its mechanism of action, molecular weight, pH optimum, and metal ion dependence to arylamidase-I, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of neutral amino acid derivatives of β-naphthylamine. Arylamidase-II exhibits aminopeptidase activity, requiring the amino acid residues in the N-terminal and penultimate position to be of the L-configuration in order for hydrolysis to occur.
Observations on the decreasing frequency of multiply resistant strains of Shigella sonnei
Authors: Zajc-Satler Jadranka , Grabnar M. , Banič S.
Published: February 2010

In our study of the transferable nature of the multiple resistance of Shigella sonnei strains isolated in the period from 1963 to the end of 1967, it was found that at least 63.1% of the multiply resistant strains possessed the transmissible type of resistance. Contrary to expectation, no continuous increase in the percentage of multiply resistant strains was observed; rather the percentage of resistant strains fluctuated. The highest percentage (12%) was observed in 1961, 1962, 1963. In 1966 the percentage decreased to 1.3% and in 1967 increased again to 4.2%. Until June 1968 no single multiply resistant strain has been isolated. There was a decrease rather than an increase in the number of multiply resistant strains of Shigella sonnei. The authors explain this by the fact that in the period of observation no epidemic of shigellosis occurred.
Soluble reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase from Bacillus cereus T spores and vegetative cells. I. Purification
Authors: Ashton D. H. , Blankenship L. C.
Published: February 2010

Spores and vegetative cells of Bacillus cereus T were disrupted by two procedures and soluble extracts prepared from the ruptured cells. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH2) oxidases were purified from the extracts by ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange on hydroxylapatite, and preparative acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The electrophoresis step revealed the presence of two distinct components with NADH2 oxidase activity in soluble extracts of spores while vegetative cell extracts contained only one. The faster moving component in spore extracts constituted about 30% of the NADH2 oxidase activity recovered and was identical with the vegetative cell enzyme in electrophoretic mobility on acrylamide gel. The slower moving spore component accounted for 70% of recovered activity and was found in soluble extracts regardless of the procedure used to rupture spores.
Soluble reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase from Bacillus cereus T spores and vegetative cells. II. Properties
Authors: Ashton D. H. , Blankenship L. C.
Published: February 2010

Two soluble reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH2) oxidases purified from extracts of Bacillus cereus T spores were compared with vegetative ceil soluble NADH2 oxidase. The minor spore component and vegetative cell soluble NADH2 oxidase reacted equally well with riboflavin or flavin mononucleotide (FMN), were inhibited by 15 mM dipicolinic acid (DPA), and possessed similar thermal inactivation characteristics at 80 °C. Activity of the major spore component was stimulated by a factor of 3.6 when riboflavin replaced FMN as the coenzyme. The major spore component was not inhibited by DPA and resisted heat treatments which inactivated vegetative cell soluble NADH2 oxidase. These observations indicate that the minor spore component and vegetative cell soluble NADH2 oxidase are identical while the major spore component is a distinct protein.
Polyphosphate and other phosphorus compounds during growth and differentiation of Physarum polycephalum
Authors: Goodman E. M. , Sauer H. W. , Sauer L. , Rusch H. P.
Published: February 2010

Polyphosphate has been isolated from the Plasmodium of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum, and its metabolic role during growth and spherulation (differentiation) has been studied. The results of this investigation indicate that Physarum contains two types of polyphosphate distinguished by their solubilities in acid. Comparisons of both acid-soluble and acid-insoluble polyphosphate revealed the latter to be the more metabolically active form. The variability found in the amount of acid-insoluble polyphosphate appeared to be correlated with the metabolic states of the Plasmodium. In addition, changes in the amounts of other phosphorus compounds were also determined during growth and spherulation.
Serological relationships in the Pycnoporus complex
Authors: Madhosingh C.
Published: February 2010

The comparisons of serological reactions between antigenic extracts and immune sera of the three species Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Jacq. ex Fr.) Karst, P. sanguineus (L. ex Fr.) Murr., and P. coccineus (Fr.) Bond & Sing., by both the analytical double-diffusion in agar technique and the quantitative turbidimetric estimation of total precipitins, have indicated a closer relationship between P. coccineus and P. sanguineus than between either of these species and P. cinnabarinus. Serological similarities of the three species were indicated by the heterologous reactions whereas the species specific reactions in the homologous reactions denoted species uniqueness in the agar double-diffusion experiments. The turbidimetric technique for estimating total reactive proteins provided a means for estimating the relationship between the three species quantitatively.
Degradation of benzene hexachloride by a soil bacterium
Authors: Sethunathan N. , Bautista E. M. , Yoshida T.
Published: February 2010

Attempts to characterize the breakdown product formed during the anaerobic degradation of the gamma isomer of benzene hexachloride (γ-BHC, C6H6Cl6) by the Clostridium sp. were made. Analysis by gas chromatography and thin-layer chromatography indicated that the degradation product of γ-BHC and α-BHC differed from γ-pentachlorocyclohexene (C6H5Cl5), a direct product of dehydrochlorination of γ-BHC. The ability of the bacterium to convert DDT to DDD by reductive dechlorination suggested that a similar mechanism might degrade γ-BHC to γ-pentachlorocyclohexane (C6H7Cl5). Potassium nitrate inhibited the bacterial degradation of γ-BHC whereas potassium sulfate and potassium chloride enhanced it.
Intracerebral mouse protection test for pertussis vaccine. II. Immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide
Authors: Blake H. E. , Wardlaw A. C.
Published: February 2010

In confirmation of earlier studies of Evans and Perkins, we have found that mice given a single intraperitoneal injection of pertussis vaccine developed a significant resistance to intracerebral challenge with live pertussis organisms as early as 1 day, or even 6 hours, after vaccination, although this early immunity was weaker than that present 14–21 days after vaccination. Cyclophosphamide, given to mice close to the time of vaccination and in doses just below the toxic level, suppressed both the early and late immunity, but with the latter the suppression was less complete. We suggest that the early resistance to challenge is probably a true immune response and not an interference reaction as postulated by Evans and Perkins.Cyclophosphamide also reduced the passive protective activity, in mice, of rabbit hyperimmune antipertussis serum. This suggests that the process by which the passively immunized mouse overcomes intracerebral challenge with virulent pertussis involves antibody plus some cyclophosphamide-sensitive agent normally present in the mouse.
Isolation and identification of rumen bacteria capable of anaerobic rutin degradation
Authors: Cheng K. -J. , Jones G. A. , Simpson F. J. , Bryant M. P.
Published: February 2010

Fifteen strains of bacteria capable of degrading rutin anaerobically were isolated from bovine rumen contents and identified by morphological and biochemical evidence as strains of Butyrivibrio sp. Three cultures from a laboratory collection of 53 strains of rumen bacteria also used rutin anaerobically. Two, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens D1 and Selenomonas ruminantium GA192, cleaved the glycosidic bond of rutin and fermented the sugar but did not degrade the insoluble aglycone produced; the third strain, Peptostreptococcus sp. B178, degraded the substrate to soluble products. Butyrivibrio sp. C3 degraded rutin, quercitrin, and naringin to water-soluble products, showing that the organism cleaved the heterocyclic ring of these compounds. Butyrivibrio sp. C3 fermented the sugar moiety of hesperidin but did not cleave the heterocyclic ring. It did not attack quercetin, taxifolin, protocatechuic acid, or phloroglucinol. In a medium containing rumen fluid, Butyrivibrio sp. C3 degraded rutin more than twice as fast as it did in a medium containing enzymatic casein hydrolyzate, volatile fatty acids, yeast extract, and hemin in place of rumen fluid.The observations reported in this paper are believed to represent the first recorded demonstration of degradation of the heterocyclic ring structure of rutin and other bioflavonoids in pure cultures of anaerobic bacteria.
Changes produced in hop extract components by yeasts
Authors: Spencer J. F. T. , Rudloff E. von , Westlake D. W. S.
Published: February 2010

A number of yeasts, many of which were originally isolated from spoiled beer and similar sources, were tested for their ability to degrade or modify some of the components of hop extract. The yeasts could be divided into three major groups: those which caused little change in the composition of the steam-distillable components of the hop extract – yeast extract medium; those which apparently modified one or more components as determined by the shifting of a major peak on the gas–liquid chromatogram; and those which caused extensive degradation and complete disappearance of the major steam-distillable components of the hop extract medium.
Germination of Macrophomina phaseoli sclerotia as effected by Pinus lambertiana root exudate
Authors: Smith William H.
Published: February 2010

The germination of sclerotia of Macrophomina phaseoli was found to be less than 5% in soil. The germination of sclerotia on silica gel, silica gel plus soil leachate, or potato dextrose agar was found to be in excess of 90%. Germination in soil could be increased to over 50% by the addition of natural or synthetic sugar pine root exudate. The amino acid fraction of the synthetically prepared root exudate was most effective in increasing sclerotial germination.
Localization of Powassan virus in Dermacentor andersoni ticks by immunofluorescence
Authors: Chernesky M. A. , McLean D. M.
Published: February 2010

Diverticula cells of larval, nymphal, and adult Dermacentor andersoni (Stiles) ticks demonstrated a non-infective phase of 7 to 11 days after engorgement of blood containing Powassan virus. Other organs such as salivary glands, Gené's organ glands, and accessory glands supported virus multiplication. This was demonstrated by infectivity titrations and observations of fluorescent foci when the tissues were stained with Powassan virus antiserum conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). Transstadial transfer of virus was observed through ecdysis of larvae to nymphs and from nymphs to adults. This occurred both after the ticks had fed on hamsters (which produced a substantial viremia) and guinea pigs (which did not become viremic). Virus was detected only in larval gut and invaded nymphal salivary glands during ecdysis. Infection localized in gut and salivary glands of engorged nymphs and adults and was not detected in adult female accessory and Gené's glands until repletion. Adult males maintained high virus titers (106.0 mouse LD50 per milliliter) in salivary glands only. Transovarial transfer was not detected, although infectivity was present on the surface of eggs laid by the mediation of an infected Gené's organ gland. Powassan virus was detected in salivary gland secretions, and transmission of virus to hamsters and guinea pigs was demonstrated by the bite of D. andersoni nymphs and adults which were infected by ingestion of infective blood by their antecedent larvae.
Temperature-sensitive mutation. III. Temperature-sensitive catalase reaction of a ts-mutant in Paramecium aurelia
Authors: Igarashi Satomi J.
Published: February 2010

The mechanism of temperature sensitivity of induced temperature-sensitive mutations was studied in Paramecium aurelia, syngen 4.The catalase reaction of crude preparations was compared at various temperature ranges between wild type and ts mutant stocks. One ts mutant out of 100 stocks showed a catalase reaction labile at 35.5 °C unlike that of the wild type as well as the other ts mutants.Genetic tests revealed that this heat-labile catalase reaction was controlled genetically and was recessive.
Immunological analysis of spores of Clostridium botulinum type E
Authors: Law Simon W. T. , Hawirko R. Z.
Published: February 2010

High spore yields (>90%) of C. botulinum type E were obtained by a pseudosynchronous growth in trypticase peptone glucose broth. Clean spore suspensions of eight type E strains were prepared by enzymatic digestion of the vegetative components followed by differential centrifugation. Agglutination tests of hyperimmune spore antiserum against type E 070 strain showed significant titers with spore suspensions of eight strains. Immunodiffusion tests with homologous antisera showed a multiplicity of antigens present in spore extracts of the Beluga and 070 strain. Some of the antigens appeared to be strain specific whereas others were shared by several strains. The precipitating antigens appeared to be type specific since precipitin lines did not form with spore extracts of C. botulinum types A and B. A line of identity was formed with spore extracts of seven toxigenic and one nontoxigenic strains, indicating the presence of a common spore antigen specific to type E strains.
Gas chromatographic analysis of amines and other compounds produced by several species of Clostridium
Authors: Brooks J. B. , Moore W. E. C.
Published: February 2010

Whole cultures grown in 6 ml of chopped meat – glucose medium (CMG) were acidified and extracted with ethyl ether or chloroform to obtain organic acids, and neutral compounds including alcohols, phenols, ketones, aldehydes, and mercaptans. The residual broth was then made basic and extracted with chloroform to obtain amines. For chromatographic analyses, alcohols and amines were converted to trifluoroacetyl derivatives. Organic acids were converted to their methyl esters. Analyses were made by a temperature-programmed gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionization detectors.Cultures of 62 strains of clostridia, representing 13 species, were examined. Many amines were found and total amine concentrations in the broth exceeded 0.5% (weight) in cultures of several species examined. Neutral products were found to be major products of several species. Both short- and long-chain alcohols were detected and were valuable in differentiation of some groups.The 13 species could be divided into 7 groups on the basis of fatty acids and neutral products; into 10 groups on the basis of amine products; into 12 groups on the basis of alcohol and neutral products; and into 13 groups on the basis of amine, alcohol, and neutral products.
Enhanced resistance to arboviruses of mice with persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection
Authors: Lewis Vester , Clayton Diane
Published: February 2010

Mice with persistent infection by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus were shown to be slightly more resistant than uninfected mice to three arboviruses of public health significance.
Influence of temperature upon levels of virus and an induced antiviral principle in tomato plants systemically infected with tobacco mosaic virus
Authors: Chadha K. C. , MacNeill B. H.
Published: February 2010

The levels of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and an associated antiviral principle (AVP) in infected tomato plants incubated at temperatures ranging from 15.5 C to 32 C were determined. Yield of TMV, as measured spectrophotometrically, reached a maximum at 26.5 C, but fell off markedly at 32 C. Infectivity, as indicated by local-lesion counts on Nicotiana glutinosa, reached its maximum at 23 C then declined substantially at the higher incubation temperatures. Production of AVP in the diseased plants reached a maximum at 26 C and was maintained at a high level at 32 C. Temperatures most favorable for the induction of AVP had an influence both on the quantity and the quality of the virus produced. It is suggested that the presence of a critical level of AVP in the diseased plant not only lowers the yield of TMV, but profoundly reduces the infectivity of the virus which is present.
The growth inhibition of Azotobacter chroococcum by Pseudomonas sp.
Authors: Chan E. C. S. , Basavanand Pramila , Liivak Tiiu
Published: February 2010

When Azotobacter chroococcum and Pseudomonas sp. were grown together on nitrogen-deficient azotobacter agar medium, the growth of the azotobacter was inhibited. Studies were undertaken to explain this microbial interaction. No demonstrable active diffusible factor was found in cell-free filtrates (neutralized) and extracts. Experiments with indicator agar plates and HEPES-buffered liquid medium suggested that the interaction was attributable to the transformation by the pseudomonad of metabolic intermediates of azotobacter to inhibitory acidic end products. The high sensitivity of A. chroococcum to acidity resulted in the inhibition phenomenon. This microbial association is discussed briefly from the point of view of the ecology of the two species.
Regulation of proteolytic enzyme production by Aeromonas proteolytica. II. Extracellular aminopeptidase
Authors: Litchfield Carol D. , Prescott J. M.
Published: February 2010

In media containing simple nitrogen sources, the highest yields of aminopeptidase were obtained from Aeromonas proteolytica Merkel et al. when the organism was grown in asparagine or sodium nitrate supplemented with glycerol; growth in a medium containing enzymatically hydrolyzed casein, however, produced 10 times more enzyme than that observed with the best simple nitrogen sources. The presence of glycerol (0.4%) in a 0.2% asparagine medium resulted in 2.5 times more enzyme although growth was not similarly stimulated. When acid-hydrolyzed casein was the nitrogen source, aminopeptidase synthesis was about three times greater than that obtained with asparagine and glycerol but only one-third of that observed when enzymatically hydrolyzed casein was used. The production of aminopeptidase was greatly enhanced by the addition of small quantities of peptide mixtures to media containing either acid-hydrolyzed casein or asparagine as the primary nutrient source. The data suggest that the synthesis of aminopeptidase is under multiple controls which involve the action of short chain compounds and peptides.
Catabolite-controlled regulation of glutamate dehydrogenases of Neurospora crassa
Authors: Kapoor M. , Grover A. K.
Published: February 2010

The effect of the presence of catabolites in the growth medium on the synthesis of the two glutamate dehydrogenases of Neurospora crassa is reported. It has been demonstrated that the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) specific glutamate dehydrogenase is subject to repression by sucrose and glucose. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) specific glutamate dehydrogenase, on the other hand, is induced by increasing concentrations of the catabolite. These data suggest that a reciprocal relationship exists between these two enzymes during synthesis in the presence of catabolites. Growth in higher concentrations of sucrose led to the formation of two isoenzymes of the NADP-specific enzyme; the second or the minor isozyme is not produced at very low catabolite concentrations. The catabolite effects produced by sucrose are overcome by glutamate, if the latter is incorporated into the growth medium. Glutamate represses both the isozymes of NADP-specific enzyme.
β-Oxidation of fatty acids by Leptospira
Authors: Henneberry R. C. , Cox C. D.
Published: February 2010

The oxidation of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids by a water isolate and a pathogenic leptospire is reported. Evidence is presented for the existence of an adenosine triphosphate dependent fatty acid activating enzyme in the water isolate, and measurement of the reactions of β-oxidation in cell-free extracts of both strains is described. It was concluded that fatty acid degradation by β-oxidation constitutes a major catabolic pathway in Leptospira.
Preparation of a stable noninfective diagnostic antigen for herpes simplex prepared from chick embryo tissue cultures
Authors: Guerin Muriel M. , Polley John R.
Published: February 2010

The virus of herpes simplex was propagated in chick embryo tissue cultures. The rates of inactivation by gamma radiation of the infectivity and of the specific antigenicity of the infected fluid were determined. It was found that it was possible to destroy the infectivity of the bulk fluid and still retain specific complement-fixing activity. A diagnostic antigen of excellent potency and specificity can then be prepared by concentrating the irradiated fluid about 40-fold by ultrafiltration. After the addition of peptone to a concentration of 2% or arginine monohydrochloride to a concentration of 5%, the antigen can be lyophilized for stable storage. This diagnostic antigen can be produced more readily in quantity and with less exposure of personnel to infectious material than that prepared from infected chorioallantoic membranes.
Use of autocytotoxic β-D-galactosides for selective growth of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence of coliforms
Authors: Johnston M. A. , Pivnick H.
Published: February 2010

Selective inhibition of lactose-fermenting coliforms in the presence of Salmonella typhimurium was obtained by growing the mixed culture in media containing certain synthetic β-D-galactosides. The inhibition resulted from autocytotoxicity affecting the coliforms but not S. typhimurium, and occurred with phenyl-(PG), phenethyl-(PEG), and 4-chloro-2-cyclopentylphenyl-(CPPG) β-D-galactosides. Strains of coliforms which were capable of undergoing autocytotoxicity yielded cell-free extracts that hydrolyzed PEG and CPPG, and these extracts also hydrolyzed the galactosidase assay compound, o-nitrophenyl β-D-galactoside (ONPG).They did not, however, hydrolyze o-nitrophenyl β-D-galactoside-6-phosphate (ONPG-6-PO4).A few strains of Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae, although they fermented lactose, were not subject to autocytotoxicity. Cell-free extracts of these strains did not hydrolyze PEG, CPPG, or ONPG. They did, however, hydrolyze ONPG-6-PO4. In this respect, their galactosidase system resembles that of Staphylococcus aureus: extracts of S. aureus hydrolyze ONPG-6-PO4, but not ONPG.
Components in brain heart infusion selective for chromogenic variants of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Parisi Joseph T. , Kiley Michael P.
Published: February 2010

Large numbers of chromogenic variants were isolated from cultures of a parent strain of Staphylococcus aureus growing in the dialysate but not in the residue of brain heart infusion (Difco). Gas–liquid chromatographic analysis of the dialysate detected 18 amino acids in this medium. Large numbers of chromogenic variants also were isolated from 13 of 18 synthetic media deficient in a single amino acid but not in the complete synthetic medium containing all 18 amino acids. Gas–liquid chromatographic analysis detected marked quantitative differences in the amino acid metabolites present in a complete synthetic medium and the synthetic medium deficient in arginine after growth for 12 days. The data suggest that differences in the amino acid metabolism of the parent and chromogenic variants could account for the population changes observed in brain heart infusion.
Soil bacteria: a principal component analysis and guanine–cytosine contents of some arthrobacter–coryneform soil isolates and of some named cultures
Authors: Skyring G. W. , Quadling C.
Published: February 2010

A two-stage principal component (P.C.) procedure was applied in a comparison of the nature and properties of 19 named cultures of Arthrobacter and 77 arthrobacter–coryneform soil isolates: cultures of Brevibacterium linens, Nocardia cellulans, Corynebacterium michiganense, and Jensenia canicruria were also studied. These cultures were characterized in terms of their reaction to a set of 98 tests. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was isolated from 55 of the cultures and the moles % guanine + cytosine (% GC) content determined by thermal denaturation and ultracentrifugation methods. The P.C. analysis resulted in the recognition of 13 groups of cultures. Twelve of the Arthrobacter cultures (representing nine species) were contained in two groups, one of which contained only Arthrobacter cultures. Arthrobacter citreus, A. duodecadis, A. flavescens, and A. terregens were contained in another group with 13 soil isolates. Arthrobacter simplex and A. tumescens were located in separate groups which also included B. linens and N. cellulans respectively; otherwise these groups contained soil isolates. C. michiganense was located in a group of four soil isolates which was spatially related to the two groups of Arthrobacter cultures. Twenty-five characteristics were considered important for differentiating the groups of cultures and they were concerned with nutritional requirements, use of carbon compounds, catalase production, nitrate reduction, antibiotic sensitivity, and the Gram reaction. Most of the named Arthrobacter cultures were located in groups which were separated from the groups of the soil isolates. The DNA of the 55 cultures examined contained from 40 to 74% GC: for 32 of these cultures the GC content of DNA was between 59 and 66% and for 19 cultures the GC content was between 66 and 74%. With few exceptions cultures grouped together by the numerical method had similar GC contents.
Yeasts isolated from bumblebee honey from Western Canada: identification with the aid of proton magnetic resonance spectra of their mannose-containing polysaccharides
Authors: Spencer J. F. T. , Gorin P. A. J. , Hobbs G. A. , Cooke D. A.
Published: February 2010

Yeasts were isolated from bumblebee honey collected in the Pincher Creek region of southwestern Alberta and the Melfort and Saskatoon regions of central Saskatchewan. The predominant species isolated were Torulopsis bombicola n. sp., which produces hydroxy fatty acid sophorosides, a Candida species which resembles it in its assimilatory reactions but which does not produce sophorosides, and Saccharomyces rouxii. A few cultures of Debaryomyces phaffii and Candida reukaufii were isolated. The mannans or galactomannans formed by representatives of each group were extracted and their proton magnetic resonance spectra determined and used as an aid in identification of the different species.
Attempted infection of Erysiphe polygoni DC. hyphae by its own mycelium
Authors: Leong P. C. , McKeen W. E. , Smith R.
Published: February 2010

Erysiphe polygoni DC., a powdery mildew fungus, produces penetration pegs which pass through the adjacent hyphal wall of its own mycelium and develop to a limited extent in it. Electron micrographs indicate that entrance to "host" is gained by dissolution of cell wall and not by mechanical means.
An evaluation of fungal enzymes for the solubilization of wheat bran constituents
Authors: Neudoerffer T. S. , Smith R. E.
Published: February 2010

Cellulolytic fungi were evaluated for their ability to use wheat bran and produce extracellular enzymes capable of solubilizing carbohydrate and protein fractions from wheat bran. Trichurus cylindricus grew better than all other organisms tested and excreted an extracellular enzyme system which was distinguished by high C1 and Cx cellulase and proteolytic activity. Evidence was also obtained for the existence of a partially extracellular lignolytic enzyme system. The extracellular enzyme system possessed high activity towards wheat bran and the dilute enzyme was able to bring about a 28% weight loss from the insoluble fraction of the wheat bran substrate in 24 h. The extracellular enzyme system from Trichoderma viride and Myrothecium verrucaria were also studied but they were found to be inferior to those of Trichurus cylindricus for the solubilization of wheat bran. However, the crude enzyme preparation from Trichurus cylindricus had a lower activity towards purified cellulose than the enzyme from Trichoderma viride.
Morphological parameters and macromolecular organization of gas vacuole membranes of Microcystis aeruginosa Kuetz. emend. Elenkin
Authors: Jost Michael , Jones Daniel D.
Published: February 2010

The morphological parameters of the cylindrical gas vacuoles in the blue-green alga, Microcystis aeruginosa, were investigated by quantitative electron microscopy. The gas vacuoles are made up of a single layer of particles of 2.8 × 4.2 × 3 nm size. The particles are linearly arrayed in ribs that wind helically around the main axis of the organelle. The diameter of the cylinders is 71.1 ± 2.7 nm and their length is in the range of 360 ± 90 nm. The gas vacuoles can be flattened out under hydrostatic pressure.
Temperature-sensitive mutation. IV. Induction and characterization of a ts-mutation in RNA-containing bacteriophage R17
Authors: Igarashi S. J. , Elliott J. F. , Bissonnette R. P.
Published: February 2010

Temperature-sensitive mutants of the RNA phage R17 were induced by treatment with 10−5 M 5-fluorouracil. One of the temperature-sensitive mutants, ts24, was studied and the following facts were discovered: (1) ts24 undergoes eclipse at the non-permissive temperature, 43 °C. (2) If the temperature is increased to non-permissive levels before 60 min of postinfection culture, phage multiplication ceases. (3) At 43 °C, ts24 cannot synthesize progeny viral RNA. (4) Upon decreasing the temperature to permissive levels during the first 60 min of postinfection culture, RNA replication resumes almost instantaneously. It was concluded from these facts that ts24 contains a temperature-sensitive mutation in the RNA replicating function.
Metabolism of chloramphenicol by the producing organism
Authors: Malik V. S. , Vining L. C.
Published: February 2010

When 14C-labeled chloramphenicol was added to chloramphenicol-producing cultures of Streptomyces strain 13s, radioactive p-nitrophenylserinol, N-acetyl-p-nitrophenylserinol, p-nitrobenzyl alcohol, and p-nitrobenzoic acid were formed. The rate of catabolism varied with culture conditions. It was fastest during rapid growth on a medium supporting low chloramphenicol production. Periodic analysis of cultures indicated that p-nitrophenylserinol accumulated only transitorily and was rapidly N-acetylated. In support of this conclusion 14C-labeled p-nitrophenylserinol was rapidly and completely metabolized, giving mainly the N-acetyl derivative. p-Nitrobenzyl alcohol and p-nitrobenzoic acid were formed in only small amounts during catabolism of chloramphenicol or p-nitrophenylserinol. Chloramphenicol inhibited growth of Streptomyces strain 13s by increasing the lag phase. It also appeared to inhibit antibiotic synthesis. However, cultures supplemented with D-glucose-U-I4C produced radioactive chloramphenicol even when exposed to high concentrations of the antibiotic, and the titer at any time thus represents the product of both catabolic and biosynthetic reactions.
Respiratory enzymes in Venturia inaequalis
Authors: Scoyoc S. W. Van , Kuć J. , Williams E. B.
Published: February 2010

Enzymes of the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas, tricarboxylic acid, glyoxylate, and pentose phosphate pathways were detected in Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint. grown in potato dextrose broth.
Effects of chemicals on Fischerella muscicola (Thuret) Gom.
Authors: Singh R. N. , Subbaramaiah K.
Published: February 2010

Fischerella muscicola (Thuret) Gom. was isolated in axenic culture, from the roof of a building. Effects of the incorporation of manganous chloride, caffeine, lanthanum acetate, maleic hydrazide, coumarin, thioglycollic acid, colchicine, and uranyl nitrate in the culture medium on the alga was investigated. The sublethal and lethal concentrations of chemicals were manganous chloride 5.0 mM and 7.5 mM; caffeine 5.0 mM and 10.0 mM; lanthanum acetate 0.7 mM and 1.5 mM; maleic hydrazide 2.0 mM and 4.0 mM; coumarin 1.4 mM; thioglycollic acid 1.0 mM; colchicine 10.0 mM; and uranyl nitrate 0.5 mM and 1.0 mM. The sublethal concentrations thus determined were higher than those found in bacteria.Among the effects, the killing of a few cells, lag in division of cells, cell enlargement or elongation, and formation of irregular clusters of cells were temporary in nature. On the other hand, the changes in pigment composition, vacuolization, production of gas vacuoles, increase in frequency of heterocysts, suppression of akinete formation, and formation of uniseriate prostrate branches were permanent.
Transduction in group A streptococci by ultraviolet-irradiated bacteriophages
Authors: Colón Alba E. , Cole Roger M. , Leonard Carmen Gomez
Published: February 2010

Thirteen strains of five group A streptococcal serotypes were efficiently transduced to streptomycin resistance by ultraviolet-irradiated virulent bacteriophages.
Enhancing effect of proteolytic enzymes on interferon production
Authors: Joshi N. , Robitaille G.
Published: February 2010

Chick embryo tissue cultures were infected with an inducer virus (Chikungunya virus) to produce interferon. Twenty-four hours after infection the medium was removed and this constituted the first interferon harvest. A second harvest was obtained by reincubating these tissue cultures with fresh medium: pretreatment with several proteolytic enzymes improved the yields of interferon in second harvest.
The detection of Clostridium botulinum type E in smoked fish products in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Hayes Sidney , Craig James M. , Pilcher K. S.
Published: February 2010

A total of 240 samples of smoked fish products, including salmon, sturgeon, black cod, and others, produced by 28 small processors in the Pacific Northwest, were purchased from retail outlets and examined culturally for the presence of Clostridium botulinum. The culture filtrates from 47 of the samples (19.6%) were toxic to mice and in 11 samples (4.6%) type E botulinal toxin was identified by means of specific antitoxin. No other type of botulinal toxin was found. Pure cultures of the organism were isolated from three samples.
Effect of citrate on use of glucose by resting cells of Corynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Birnbaum Jerome , Demain Arnold L.
Published: February 2010

The addition of citrate to the growth medium of Corynebacterium glutamicum results in the production of resting cells with enhanced ability to convert glucose to extracellular glutamate. This stimulation is due to an increased ability of the cells grown in citrate to use glucose.
Effect of substrate on fatty acid production in Nocardia asteroides
Authors: Farshtchi David , McClung N. M.
Published: February 2010

Cellular fatty acids of the six Nocardia asteroides strains grown on glucose, glucose and amino acids, glycerol, and Dubos oleic albumin complex were determined by gas–liquid chromatography. Cells grown on each medium contained saturated, unsaturated, and branched-chain fatty acids. The fatty acids consisted of normal saturated C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, and C18; monoenoic C16 and C18; branched-chain C14, C15, and 10-methyl C18. Composition of the media affected cellular fatty acid content of N. asteroides strains qualitatively and quantitatively. Five of the six strains closely resembled each other, but one strain appeared to be different. The fatty acid pattern of Nocardia may be a useful criterion in differentiation of this genus from the closely related Mycobacterium and Streptomyces, which have a different fatty acid composition.