bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A ternary phase‐field model for wetting of soft elastic structures
Authors: Aland Sebastian , Auerbach Paul
Published: April 2021

Soft wetting, that is, the interaction of liquid–fluid interfaces with deformable elastic structures, provides a rich variety of physical phenomena (stick‐slip motion, durotaxis, Shuttleworth effect, etc.) which are not yet understood. We propose a novel phase‐field approach to study such problems. The method uses two phase‐fields to describe the three domains (solid, liquid, ambient fluid) by the ternary Navier–Stokes Cahn–Hilliard equations. We use a recent phase‐field approach for fluid‐structure interaction to equip one phase with elastic properties. The resulting method is significantly simpler than all previous approaches for soft wetting, since no grids are used to represent the geometries. Accordingly, the method avoids grid‐based computation of interface curvature, mappings between different grids, complicated mesh generation, and retriangulation, while the elastic object can move freely through the computational domain. As a special feature, the elastic structure is for the first time represented as a neo‐Hookean Kelvin–Voigt–Maxwell material which makes it very versatile. The accuracy of the method is shown in a benchmark simulation of a droplet on an elastic substrate. The geometrical flexibility is illustrated by simulating a rotating solid object within a fluidic interface. Finally, we provide the first 3D simulations of soft wetting including solid surface tensions.
The role of electromagnetic induction in development planning: the case of the Grands Philambins enigma
Authors: Muller Frank , Dabas Michel
Published: April 2021

Spatial planning aims at constantly improving the distribution of people and activities within available space, especially near cities on ancient agricultural or industrial areas. However, a proper schedule of the development work necessitates the assessment, as precisely as possible, of the difficulties that would be encountered in terms of geotechnical abilities of the terrain and hazards resulting from previous use. In the Grands Philambins site, three different geophysical techniques were combined: multi‐depth resistivity; magnetic gradiometry; and electromagnetic induction. The aim of this study was to map, in a few days and with high measurement densities, all the electromagnetic properties of the terrain and to evidence metallic features. The acquired data were compared with prior documentation, mainly the aerial photos acquired since the middle of the 20th century. The terrain structure is complex, at the junction of geological formations composed of limestones and marls in different proportions, which were characterized by the geophysical survey. It also exhibits metallic features, among which an enigmatic 70 m diameter radially striped disc object, which was identified as non‐ferrous and corresponding to an ancient antenna earthed socket. This case study illustrates the relevance of the use of electromagnetic induction measurements in land planning studies as this method can map three independent underground properties and identify metallic features.
Prevalence and Tolerance of Prognostic Uncertainty Among Thoracic Oncologists
Authors: Habib Anand R. , Chen Richard , Magnavita Emily S. , Jaung Tim , Awad Mark M. , Odejide Oreofe , Abel Gregory A.
Published: April 2021

We undertook a cross-sectional survey of a random sample of thoracic oncologists from the American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical directory to characterize whether prognostic uncertainty has increased and if tolerance of uncertainty is associated with prognostic discussion practices. We also assessed the Physicians’ Reactions to Uncertainty Scale and presented a vignette about an incurable patient with uncertain life expectancy. One hundred and ninety-two of 438 surveys (43.8%) were received. Of the respondents, 52.1% agreed “there is more prognostic uncertainty in the management of lung cancer now than 10 years ago,” and 37.4% noted difficulty “staying up-to-date.” In multivariable analyses, physician-reported anxiety about uncertainty (p = .05) and reluctance to disclose uncertainty (p = .04) were inversely associated with reporting having prognostic discussions with most patients. For the vignette, 92.1% reported they would discuss incurability, but only 76.3% said they would discuss the patient's life expectancy. Our data suggest prognostic uncertainty has increased in thoracic oncology and oncologists’ tolerance of uncertainty may affect discussion practices.
Trend in Stereotactic Radiation Therapy Use for Management of Bone and Brain Metastases in Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma in Australia
Authors: Ong Wee Loon , Siva Shankar , Milne Roger L. , Foroudi Farshad , Millar Jeremy L.
Published: April 2021

Adding to the limited literature on the subject, this letter to the editor focuses on the trend in the use of stereotactic radiation therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
How we approach the diagnosis and management of complex lymphatic anomalies
Authors: Ricci Kiersten W. , Iacobas Ionela
Published: April 2021

Complex lymphatic anomalies (CLA) are congenital diseases of the lymphatic circulation system that are associated with significant morbidity and early mortality. While guidelines for the comprehensive evaluation of the CLA were recently published, the diagnostic approach and medical management are not standardized. This article presents the clinical features of four CLA: Gorham–Stout disease, generalized lymphatic anomaly, kaposiform lymphangiomatosis, and central collecting lymphatic anomaly. We also offer three cases from the authors’ practice and our views on diagnostic testing and disease management including supportive care, medical therapies, and other interventions.
Association of psychological distress and religious coping tendencies in parents of children recently diagnosed with cancer: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Dolan J. Gregory , Hill Douglas L. , Faerber Jennifer A. , Palmer Laura E. , Barakat Lamia P. , Feudtner Chris
Published: April 2021

Purpose

Parents of children with cancer exhibit high levels of psychological distress. Parents of children with serious illness report religion and spirituality are important coping resources. We sought to describe characteristics of religion, religious coping, social support, and resiliency in parents of children newly diagnosed with cancer and examine associations between psychological distress and self‐reported religious coping, religiosity, resiliency, and social support.

Patients and methods

Cross‐sectional observational study of 100 parents of 81 unique children recently diagnosed with cancer. Parents provided demographic information and completed measures of psychological distress, importance of religion, religious coping, resiliency, and social support. Patients’ type of tumor and intensity of treatment were collected by medical record abstraction.

Results

Compared to nationally reported data for adults, parents of children with cancer reported high scores for psychological distress but similar levels of religiosity, religious coping, and resiliency. Negative religious coping (feelings of negativity related to the divine) was associated with higher levels of psychological distress. This effect was most prominent in parents who reported the highest levels of religiosity. Positive religious coping, religiosity, and social support were not associated with levels of psychological distress.

Discussion

Findings confirm high levels of distress for parents of children with cancer. Negative religious coping was associated with higher levels of psychological distress but positive religious coping, religiosity, and other coping factors were not found to be significantly associated with distress. Further assessment of negative religious coping to inform interventions to promote resiliency is warranted as they may impact parental decision‐making and care.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in children and adolescents: The EXPeRT/PARTNER diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations
Authors: Ben‐Ami Tal , Kontny Udo , Surun Aurore , Brecht Ines B. , Almaraz Ricardo López , Dragomir Monica , Pourtsidis Apostolos , Casanova Michela , Fresneau Brice , Bisogno Gianni , Schneider Dominik T. , Reguerre Yves , Bien Ewa , Stachowicz‐Stencel Teresa , Österlundh Gustaf , Wygoda Marc , Janssens Geert O , Zsiros József , Jehanno Nina , Brisse Herve J , Gandola Lorenza , Christiansen Hans , Claude Line , Ferrari Andrea , Rodriguez‐Galindo Carlos , Orbach Daniel
Published: April 2021

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare pediatric tumor. Collaborative studies performed over the last decades showed improved results compared to historical data, but standardized guidelines for diagnosis and management of pediatric NPC are still unavailable. This study presents a European consensus guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric NPC developed by the European Cooperative Study Group for Pediatric Rare Tumors (EXPeRT). Main recommendations include induction chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5‐flurouracil, concomitant chemoradiotherapy in advanced disease, and to consider maintenance treatment with interferon beta (IFN‐β) for selected high‐risk patients. Dose adjustments of radiotherapy based on response to induction chemotherapy may decrease the rates of long‐term treatment‐related complications that affect most of the survivors.
Flame versus air atmospheric gliding arc plasma treatment of polypropylene‐based automotive bumpers: Physicochemical characterization and investigation of coating properties
Authors: Shabanpour Majid , Mohammadhosseini Babak , Khani Mohammad Reza , Khanjani Jaber , Shokri Babak , Ghassami Amirreza
Published: April 2021

In this research, the polypropylene (PP) sheets used for automotive bumper surface were treated using two methods: air atmospheric gliding arc plasma and flame modifications. Atomic force microscopy was applied to study the morphology of surfaces before and after treatment processes. While calculating the surface free energy (SFE), contact angle of the surfaces was measured, and the chemical composition of the PP surface was analyzed using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Surface modifications by gliding arc plasma increased the ratio of the oxygen and nitrogen atoms on the surface by 100%, indicating that polar chemical functionalities form on the surface. The surface morphology was highly affected by gliding arc plasma treatments, which triggered an impact on roughness and etching. It was also found that the SFE was drastically increased by certain modifications. Noticeable improvement was also observed in wettability by the gliding arc plasma technique. In the next stage, polyurethane paints were coated on the treated and untreated PP surfaces. Then, we examined the flame and gliding arc plasma treatments' effect on coating properties of PP bumper, adhesion analysis, water immersion resistance, and sulfuric acid resistance. Finally, high‐pressure carwash test and gloss analysis were conducted on the treated and untreated coated sheets, respectively.
The retrospective bullying experiences questionnaire (RBEQ): Its psychometric properties in Iranian University students
Authors: Noorazar Seyed Gholamreza , Mohebbi Mina , Alizadeh‐Maralani Fatemeh
Published: April 2021

Examining the long‐term impact of bullying can facilitate using retrospective bullying experiences questionnaire (RBEQ) which provides information regarding bystander, bully and victim through childhood to adolescence. This study aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of this questionnaire in Iranian samples. A total of 92 male and 283 female university students participated in this study. Factor structure of the questionnaire was investigated by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The results of principal components analyses showed that questionnaires' items in the primary, middle and high school parts consisted of three separate factors: bystander, victim and bully. However, bullying sub‐types could not be identified as separate components. Regarding confirmatory factor analyses, the extracted single‐factor models revealed optimal goodness of fit indexes and high loading factor. The results of the criterion validity of the RBEQ with the Buss–Perry aggression questionnaire showed positive significant correlations between all factors of the questionnaires. Reliability of the factors of bystander, victim and bully in three educational levels was also confirmed by internal consistency and split‐half coefficients. The results indicated that the Persian version of the RBEQ has appropriate validity and reliability in Iranian university students.
Scenario of carbon‐encapsulated particle synthesis by spark discharges in liquid hydrocarbons
Authors: Hamdan Ahmad , Liu Jing‐Lin
Published: April 2021

Discharges in liquid hydrocarbons produce submicrometric particles with a graphitic shell. In this study, discharges are generated between two Cu electrodes immersed in various liquid hydrocarbons, and the produced particles are characterized by various techniques. The obtained results indicate that the thickness of the particle shell increases with increasing particle size; for instance, it is ~4 nm for small particles (~25 nm) and ~30 nm for large particles (~1 µm). Such variation in shell thickness is attributed to variations in the thermal properties of different‐size particles. On the basis of qualitative analysis, we assume that shell growth is induced by local pyrolysis (or pyrolysis‐like process) of the liquid hydrocarbon due to the ejection of hot particles from the electrodes.
Effects of using montelukast during acute wheezing attack in hospitalized preschool children on the discharge rate and the clinical asthma score
Authors: Demet Akbaş Emine , Razi Cem H. , Andıran Nesibe
Published: April 2021

Background

In chronic asthma treatment, leukotriene receptor antagonists have been recommended, but it is not clear whether montelukast can be used in acute recurrent wheezing attacks in children.

Objective

To investigate the safety and effectiveness of oral montelukast in addition to standard treatment in hospitalized children aged between 6 and 72 months with acute recurrent wheezing attacks.

Method

One hundred patients aged between 6 and 72 months who had wheezing attacks with clinical asthma scores (CAS) ≥3 and were hospitalized were included in this randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group clinical trial. All the patients included in the study were given 0.15 mg/kg (maximum 5 mg) nebulized salbutamol (8 L/min and with 100% O2) with 4 h of intervals, 1 mg/kg prednisolone (maximum 5 days), nebulized ipratropium bromide (total eight doses) with 6 h of intervals. In addition to this treatment, one group received 4 mg montelukast, and the other group received a placebo. The CAS of the patients were evaluated with 4‐h intervals.

Results

Total hospital length of stay (LOS) was not different between the montelukast and placebo groups (p = 0.981). There was no statistically significant difference between the two treatment groups in terms of discharge time, CAS, and oxygen saturation (p ≥ 0.05).

Conclusion

Adding montelukast to standard treatment in patients hospitalized for moderate‐to‐severe wheezing attacks did not affect hospital LOS and CAS.
Tropical cyclone genesis over the western North Pacific impacted by SST anomalies from other basins while El Niño decays
Authors: Yu Jin‐Hua , Ou Lijian , Chen Lin , Li Laurent , Sun Ming , Zhong Xiaoyao , Zhang Xuyu
Published: April 2021

Tropical cyclone (TC) genesis over the western North Pacific (WNP) in the TC active season July–October after El Niño peaks in the preceding December is revealed to be either deficient or excessive, depending on how El Niño is able to remotely create and maintain sea‐surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the North Atlantic and Indian Ocean during spring while El Niño decays. A reduction of TC genesis (Group 1) is coincident with a warming in the Indian Ocean and a positive tripolar SST pattern in the North Atlantic, while enhanced TC genesis (Group 2) corresponds to the configuration without significant SST anomalies in the North Atlantic and in the Indian Ocean. Relevant physical mechanisms are investigated through observational data analysis and confirmed with model simulations. In Group 1, El Niño SST anomalies enhance convection over the central‐eastern equatorial Pacific. The related latent heat release excites Rossby wave trains which can efficiently propagate energy from the eastern tropical Pacific into Central America and further into the subtropical North Atlantic. The warm SST anomalies found in the Indian Ocean and in the North Atlantic can force robust anomalous easterlies in the tropical WNP, producing unfavourable dynamic and thermodynamic conditions for TC genesis. Group 2 shows a quite distinct situation. Actually, the late winter anomalous westerlies are much weaker over Central America in Group 2, providing a configuration of inhibition for an efficient wave energy propagation from the tropics into the subtropical North Atlantic. The warm SST over the Maritime Continent is then responsible for the increase of TC genesis over the South China Sea and around the Philippines by exciting a cyclonic circulation in the TC active season.
Multithreshold change plane model: Estimation theory and applications in subgroup identification
Authors: Li Jialiang , Li Yaguang , Jin Baisuo , Kosorok Michael R.
Published: April 2021

We propose a multithreshold change plane regression model which naturally partitions the observed subjects into subgroups with different covariate effects. The underlying grouping variable is a linear function of observed covariates and thus multiple thresholds produce change planes in the covariate space. We contribute a novel two‐stage estimation approach to determine the number of subgroups, the location of thresholds, and all other regression parameters. In the first stage we adopt a group selection principle to consistently identify the number of subgroups, while in the second stage change point locations and model parameter estimates are refined by a penalized induced smoothing technique. Our procedure allows sparse solutions for relatively moderate‐ or high‐dimensional covariates. We further establish the asymptotic properties of our proposed estimators under appropriate technical conditions. We evaluate the performance of the proposed methods by simulation studies and provide illustrations using two medical data examples. Our proposal for subgroup identification may lead to an immediate application in personalized medicine.
Evaluation of predictive model performance of an existing model in the presence of missing data
Authors: Li Pin , Taylor Jeremy M. G. , Spratt Daniel E. , Karnes R. Jeffery , Schipper Matthew J.
Published: April 2021

In medical research, the Brier score (BS) and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUC) are two common metrics used to evaluate prediction models of a binary outcome, such as using biomarkers to predict the risk of developing a disease in the future. The assessment of an existing prediction models using data with missing covariate values is challenging. In this article, we propose inverse probability weighted (IPW) and augmented inverse probability weighted (AIPW) estimates of AUC and BS to handle the missing data. An alternative approach uses multiple imputation (MI), which requires a model for the distribution of the missing variable. We evaluated the performance of IPW and AIPW in comparison with MI in simulation studies under missing completely at random, missing at random, and missing not at random scenarios. When there are missing observations in the data, MI and IPW can be used to obtain unbiased estimates of BS and AUC if the imputation model for the missing variable or the model for the missingness is correctly specified. MI is more efficient than IPW. Our simulation results suggest that AIPW can be more efficient than IPW, and also achieves double robustness from miss‐specification of either the missingness model or the imputation model. The outcome variable should be included in the model for the missing variable under all scenarios, while it only needs to be included in missingness model if the missingness depends on the outcome. We illustrate these methods using an example from prostate cancer.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 5′‐Arylspiro[piperidine‐4,3′‐pyrrolo‐[2,3‐b]pyridin] Analogues
Authors: Mudasani Gopal , Paidikondala Kalyani , Gundla Rambabu , Joseph Maddirala Shambabu , Das Viswanath
Published: April 2021

Spirooxindole motifs found in many natural products and biologically active molecules have become important skeletons given their promising therapeutic activities. In this study, we describe the synthesis of a novel series of spiro[piperidine‐4,3′‐pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyridin]‐2′(1′h)‐one analogues and present the in vitro antiproliferative activity of these compounds against four human cancer cell lines. Synthesis of analogues was done using a rational designing approach in a seven‐step sequence, and the characterization of compounds was performed using 1H‐NMR, LC‐MS, and 13C‐NMR. Thirteen novel compounds were synthesized in moderate to good yields. The anti‐proliferation activity of the compounds against human breast MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231, leukemic K‐562, and lung A549 cancer cells was determined by a standard 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide assay. Two compounds among all the synthesized compounds had moderate IC50 values in MCF‐7 cells and thus were identified to have better antiproliferative activity against estrogen‐receptor‐positive cancer cells.
Crystallization of Diamond from Graphene Oxide Nanosheets by a High Temperature and High Pressure Method
Authors: Fukuda Masahiro , Islam M. Saidul , Sekine Yoshihiro , Shinmei Toru , Lindoy Leonard F. , Hayami Shinya
Published: April 2021

Herein we report a high temperature and high pressure driven crystallization of two‐dimensional graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets to three‐dimensional diamond. The successful phase transformation was confirmed using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The phase transition platform will available to utilize for a wide variety of diamond doping employing, for example, nitrogen or other light elements, in which the correspondingly doped GO is used as the starting material.
Synthesis and Structural Characterisation of Dinuclear Aluminium Complexes Supported by NNO‐Tridentate Schiff‐Base Ligands and Their Catalysis in the Ring‐Opening Polymerisation of ϵ‐Caprolactone
Authors: Yu Xiaofeng , Wang Zhongxia , Han Zhiyong
Published: April 2021

In this study, we prepared a series of dinuclear aluminium complexes {Bis{2‐OAlMe2‐3‐CH=N[CH2CH2N(CH3)2]‐5‐CH3C6H2}CH2, Bis[2‐OAlMe2‐3‐CH=N(2‐PyCH2)‐5‐CH3C6H2]CH2, and Bis{2‐OAlMe2‐3‐CH=N[2‐N(CH3)2C6H4]‐5‐CH3C6H2}CH2} as well as their corresponding mononuclear aluminium compounds derived from NNO‐tridentate Schiff‐base ligands. The compounds were characterised by 1H and 13C spectroscopy and elemental analyses. Complexes 4 and 7 were additionally characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Their activities toward the ring‐opening polymerisation (ROP) of ϵ‐caprolactone (ϵ‐CL) were investigated. In the presence of benzyl alcohol (BnOH), these complexes are catalytically active for the ROP of ϵ‐CL. The kinetic studies for the polymerisation catalysed by these complexes indicated that the polymerisation was well controlled and produced polymers within a narrow molecular weight distribution. At low monomer concentrations, the catalytic activity of binuclear complexes is considerably greater than that of mononuclear complexes.
The detection rate of first trimester ultrasound in the diagnosis of congenital heart defects: A narrative review
Authors: Dudnikov Oleksandr , Quinton Ann Elizabeth , Alphonse Jennifer
Published: April 2021

Congenital Heart Defects (CHD) are the most common fetal abnormalities assessed by ultrasound during the second trimester. Improvements in ultrasound technology are allowing more thorough examinations of the fetal heart during the first trimester. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity of detecting CHDs during first trimester ultrasound scans. A search for related studies was conducted using MEDLINE, PubMed and Google Scholar databases. A total of n = 16 articles were included in the literature review, combining both retrospective and prospective studies throughout the high‐risk, low‐risk and unselected populations. An analysis of the studies found the detection rate of CHDs during the first trimester ultrasound scans was 77.5%. The mean sensitivity and the mean specificity across n = 10 articles that provided these values were 78.9% and 90.6% respectively, making CHD detection in the first trimester moderately sensitive and highly specific. This research demonstrates first trimester detection of CHD is possible, however, future research should assess detection rates by non‐cardiologists in low‐risk populations and should include the gestational age at which each CHD is detected and whether transabdominal or transvaginal approaches were used.
A previously missing link in the evolution of dasytine soft‐winged flower beetles from Cretaceous Charentese amber (Coleoptera, Melyridae)
Authors: Tihelka Erik , Huang Diying , Perrichot Vincent , Cai Chenyang
Published: April 2021

The soft‐winged flower beetles are a diverse cosmopolitan family of cleroid beetles with an unresolved higher classification, the adults of which feed on nectar and pollen. The fossil record of Melyridae is sparse, with only two described fossils known from the Mesozoic. Here we describe the first representative of the family from the Mesozoic of Europe, from early Cenomanian Charentese (French) amber. Due to the opaque nature of French amber, X‐ray microtomography was used to document fine morphological details of the fossil. Protodasytes cretaceus gen. et sp. nov. possesses a unique combination of characters within the subfamily Dasytinae, which is shared by the tribes Chaetomalachiini, Dasytini, and Listrini, namely the presence of a small antennal club, tarsomere 4 slightly shorter than 3 but not distinctly narrower, symmetrical claws, and a distinct pronotal and elytral fringe. This suggests that Dasytinae had begun to diversify by the Late Cretaceous, possibly in concert with the radiation of angiosperms. The fossil record of soft‐winged flower beetles is critically reviewed, and a checklist of extinct species is provided. The fragmentary Cenozoic fossils Troglops punctatissima and Malachius vertummni are removed from the family Melyridae, and the record of Attalus lusitanicus from Eocene–Oligocene Bembridge Marls is regarded as unlikely. The potential role of Protodasytes gen. nov. and Cretaceous melyrids as pollinators of early angiosperms is discussed.
Capillary electrophoresis method for simultaneous analysis of caffeine, vanillin and ethyl vanillin in beverages
Authors: Elbashir Abdalla Ahmed , Elgack Elgorashe Rafea Elamin , Alnajjar Ahmed O. , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y.
Published: April 2021

Fast and simple capillary electrophoresis method was proposed for the simultaneous determination of caffeine, vanillin, and ethyl vanillin in beverages. The optimal separation conditions were 25 mM phosphate buffer at pH 8.5, containing 10% (v/v) acetonitrile and UV‐absorption detection at the wavelength of 200 nm. Employing the optimum conditions, the three compounds were separated in less than 3 min. The procedure was validated with respect to linearity, limits of detection, limits of quantitation, (RSD%) accuracy (recovery), and precision (repeatability). Calibration curves with (r2 > 0.9986) in the concentration range of 5–80 μg/mL were obtained for the three analytes. The limits of detection and quantitation in the range of 2.6‐4.3 and 4.1‐5.2 μg/mL were obtained, respectively. Recoveries of analytes in range from 92.1 to 104.4%, (n = 3) were attained. The validated method was successfully utilized for the analysis of the analytes in beverage samples.
Structural behavior of prestressed self‐compacting concrete‐encased concrete‐filled steel tubes beams
Authors: Rahmani Zohreh , Naghipour Morteza , Nematzadeh Mahdi
Published: April 2021

Concrete‐encased concrete‐filled steel tubes (CFST) has extensive applications in the world. According to previous researches, if the CFST is placed in the compression zone, the confinement increases, and the compressive capacity of the concrete is completely used. The prestressed strands also increase the core concrete confinement and eliminate tension cracks. Therefore, in this paper, to achieve the benefits of CFST and prestressed strand, for the first time, a novel concept called prestressed concrete‐encased CFST (PCE‐CFST) beams were introduced. The main objective of the combination of steel tube and pre‐stressed strands is to increase the core concrete compressive strength and control the concrete crack in the tension zone. Six beams were constructed using self‐compacting concrete to investigate the influence of variations in the pre‐stressing force level of the pre‐stressed strands, the pre‐stressed strands eccentricity, and the steel tubes diameter‐to‐thickness ratio on the structural performance of these members. The specimens were tested under four‐point loading. The results showed that the pre‐stressed strands increased the confinement effect on the core concrete and improved the bearing capacity, ductility, and bending stiffness. The steel tubes improved the bearing capacity, ductility, and energy absorption, while they did not significantly affect the bending stiffness. Finally, it was shown that the pre‐stressed strands increased the bearing capacity, energy absorption, and bending stiffness in reinforced concrete beams.
π‐Conjugated Materials Derived From Boron‐Chalcogenophene Combination. A Brief Description of Synthetic Routes and Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Dhiman Ankita , Giribabu Lingamallu , Trivedi Rajiv
Published: April 2021

Functional materials composed of Boron‐chalcogenophene conjugates have emerged as promising ensemble featuring commendable optoelectronic properties. This review describes the categories, synthetic routes and optoelectronic applications of a range of boron‐chalcogenophene conjugates. Conjugation and linking of different types of tri‐ and tetra‐coordinated boron moieties with chalcogenophenes have remained an important strategy for constructing a range of functional materials. Synthetic protocols have been devised to efficiently prepare such chemically robust conjugates, often exhibiting a myriad of photophysical properties, redox capabilities and also solid‐state behaviors. Tin‐boron and silicon‐boron exchange protocols have been efficiently adapted to access these boron‐chalcogenophenes. Few other commonly used methods namely, hydroboration of alkynes as well as electrophilic borylations are also mentioned. The chemical and electronic properties of such boron‐chalcogenophene conjugates are directly influenced by the strong Lewis acid character of trivalent boranes which can further alter the intra‐ and inter‐ molecular Lewis acid‐base interactions. Apart from the synthetic protocols, recent advances in the application of these boron‐chalcogenophene conjugates towards analyte sensing, organic electronics, molecular switches and several other aspects will be discussed in this review.
On the function and relevance of alternative 3′‐UTRs in gene expression regulation
Authors: Pereira‐Castro Isabel , Moreira Alexandra
Published: April 2021

Messanger RNA (mRNA) isoforms with alternative 3′‐untranslated regions (3′‐UTRs) are produced by alternative polyadenylation (APA), which occurs during transcription in most eukaryotic genes. APA fine‐tunes gene expression in a cell‐type‐ and cellular state‐dependent manner. Selection of an APA site entails the binding of core cleavage and polyadenylation factors to a particular polyadenylation site localized in the pre‐mRNA and is controlled by multiple regulatory determinants, including transcription, pre‐mRNA cis‐regulatory sequences, and protein factors. Alternative 3′‐UTRs serve as platforms for specific RNA binding proteins and microRNAs, which regulate gene expression in a coordinated manner by controlling mRNA fate and function in the cell. Genome‐wide studies illustrated the full extent of APA prevalence and revealed that specific 3′‐UTR profiles are associated with particular cellular states and diseases. Generally, short 3′‐UTRs are associated with proliferative and cancer cells, and long 3′‐UTRs are mostly found in polarized and differentiated cells. Fundamental new insights on the physiological consequences of this widespread event and the molecular mechanisms involved have been revealed through single‐cell studies. Publicly available comprehensive databases that cover all APA mRNA isoforms identified in many cellular states and diseases reveal specific APA signatures. Therapies tackling APA mRNA isoforms or APA regulators may be regarded as innovative and attractive tools for diagnostics or treatment of several pathologies. We highlight the function of APA and alternative 3′‐UTRs in gene expression regulation, the control of these mechanisms, their physiological consequences, and their potential use as new biomarkers and therapeutic tools.

This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > 3′ End Processing

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein‐RNA Interactions: Functional Implications

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Metabolic-Endocrine
Authors: Bredella Miriam A. , Vande Berg Bruno C.
Published: April 2021

All components of the musculoskeletal system can be involved by metabolic disorders as a result of endocrine diseases, genetic alterations, and environmental or nutritional aspects, with important worldwide variations in prevalence and severity. Early detection of these disorders is crucial because of the efficacy of preventive measures and availability of treatments. The current chapter will focus on the imaging appearance of metabolic disorders of bone marrow and of the mineralized skeleton. Marrow and bone disorders in athletes, the elderly, and individuals with eating disorders will be reviewed.
Muscle Imaging
Authors: Palmer William , Jesse M. K.
Published: April 2021

Evaluation and characterization of skeletal muscle pathology is a frequently encountered indication for musculoskeletal imaging. Causes of muscle pathology are diverse and include traumatic, autoimmune, infectious, inflammatory, neurologic, and neoplastic. Each etiology while dramatically different in the pathophysiology may present with similar imaging features. An understanding of the subtle differences in imaging features between the pathologic conditions may serve to guide diagnosis and treatment in these often complex cases. In this section, we will discuss the various skeletal muscle pathologies and the imaging features associated with each.
Rotator Cuff
Authors: Llopis Eva , Perez Alexeys , Cerezal Luis
Published: April 2021

Shoulder pain accounts for 16% of the musculoskeletal complaints and represents an important cause of absenteeism of work. Abnormalities of the rotator cuff, including tears, are frequently seen on imaging studies. Unfortunately, asymptomatic tears are frequent, up to 60% in patients older than 60 years old; therefore clinical correlation is essential.

New anatomical concepts and new surgical techniques have evolved within the entire spectrum of lesions. It is essential to be aware of the information that is important for the decision-making as this information should stand out in our reports.

In this course we will therefore review the different rotator cuff tears and its differential diagnosis.
Ankle and Foot
Authors: Gyftopoulos Soterios , Woertler Klaus
Published: April 2021

The ankle and foot are anatomically complex areas with a broad spectrum of intra- and extra-articular pathologies. This chapter reviews basic anatomical features and gives an overview on common pathologic conditions with an emphasis on trauma/sports injuries and MR imaging.
The classical double copy for M-theory from a Kerr-Schild ansatz for exceptional field theory
Authors: Berman David S. , Kim Kwangeon , Lee Kanghoon
Published: April 2021

Abstract

We construct the classical double copy formalism for M-theory. This extends the current state of the art by including the three form potential of eleven dimensional supergravity along with the metric. The key for this extension is to construct a Kerr-Schild type Ansatz for exceptional field theory. This Kerr-Schild Ansatz then allows us to find the solutions of charged objects such as the membrane from a set of single copy fields. The exceptional field theory formalism then automatically produces the IIB Kerr-Schild ansatz allowing the construction of the single copy for the fields of IIB supergravity (with manifest SL(2) symmetry).
Renormalization group improvement of the effective potential: an EFT approach
Authors: Manohar Aneesh V. , Nardoni Emily
Published: April 2021

Abstract

We apply effective field theory (EFT) methods to compute the renormalization group improved effective potential for theories with a large mass hierarchy. Our method allows one to compute the effective potential in a systematic expansion in powers of the mass ratio, as well as to sum large logarithms of mass ratios using renormalization group evolution. The effective potential is the sum of one-particle irreducible diagrams (1PI) but information about which diagrams are 1PI is lost after matching to the EFT, since heavy lines get shrunk to a point. We therefore introduce a tadpole condition in place of the 1PI condition, and use the renormalization group improved value of the tadpole in computing the effective potential. We explain why the effective potential computed using an EFT is not the same as the effective potential of the EFT. We illustrate our method using the O(N) model, a theory of two scalars in the unbroken and broken phases, and the Higgs-Yukawa model. Our leading-log result, obtained by integrating the one-loop β-functions, correctly reproduces the log-squared term in explicit two-loop calculations. Our method does not have a Goldstone boson infrared divergence problem.
The R-matrix bootstrap for the 2d O(N) bosonic model with a boundary
Authors: Kruczenski Martin , Murali Harish
Published: April 2021

Abstract

The S-matrix bootstrap is extended to a 1+1d theory with O(N) symmetry and a boundary in what we call the R-matrix bootstrap since the quantity of interest is the reflection matrix (R-matrix). Given a bulk S-matrix, the space of allowed R-matrices is an infinite dimensional convex space from which we plot a two dimensional section given by a convex domain on a 2d plane. In certain cases, at the boundary of the domain, we find vertices corresponding to integrable R-matrices with no free parameters. In other cases, when there is a one-parameter family of integrable R-matrices, the whole boundary represents integrable theories. We also consider R-matrices which are analytic in an extended region beyond the physical cuts, thus forbidding poles (resonances) in that region. In certain models, this drastically reduces the allowed space of R-matrices leading to new vertices that again correspond to integrable theories. We also work out the dual problem, in particular in the case of extended analyticity, the dual function has cuts on the physical line whenever unitarity is saturated. For the periodic Yang-Baxter solution that has zero transmission, we computed the R-matrix initially using the bootstrap and then derived its previously unknown analytic form.
Low-Energy Effective Field Theory below the Electroweak Scale: dimension-8 operators
Authors: Murphy Christopher W.
Published: April 2021

Abstract

We construct a complete basis of dimension-8 operators in the Low-Energy Effective Field Theory below the Electroweak Scale (LEFT). We find there are 35058 dimension-8 operators in the LEFT for two generations of up-type quarks and three generations of down-type quarks, charged leptons, and left-handed neutrinos. The existence of this operator basis is a necessary prerequisite for matching to the Standard Model Effective Field Theory at the dimension-8 level.
Compartmentalized replication organelle of flavivirus at the ER and the factors involved
Authors: Ci Yali , Shi Lei
Published: April 2021

Flaviviruses are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that pose a considerable threat to human health. Flaviviruses replicate in compartmentalized replication organelles derived from the host endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The characteristic architecture of flavivirus replication organelles includes invaginated vesicle packets and convoluted membrane structures. Multiple factors, including both viral proteins and host factors, contribute to the biogenesis of the flavivirus replication organelle. Several viral nonstructural (NS) proteins with membrane activity induce ER rearrangement to build replication compartments, and other NS proteins constitute the replication complexes (RC) in the compartments. Host protein and lipid factors facilitate the formation of replication organelles. The lipid membrane, proteins and viral RNA together form the functional compartmentalized replication organelle, in which the flaviviruses efficiently synthesize viral RNA. Here, we reviewed recent advances in understanding the structure and biogenesis of flavivirus replication organelles, and we further discuss the function of virus NS proteins and related host factors as well as their roles in building the replication organelle.
Random attractors via pathwise mild solutions for stochastic parabolic evolution equations
Authors: Kuehn Christian , Neamţu Alexandra , Sonner Stefanie
Published: April 2021

We investigate the longtime behavior of stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) with differential operators that depend on time and the underlying probability space. In particular, we consider stochastic parabolic evolution problems in Banach spaces with additive noise and prove the existence of random exponential attractors. These are compact random sets of finite fractal dimension that contain the global random attractor and are attracting at an exponential rate. In order to apply the framework of random dynamical systems, we use the concept of pathwise mild solutions.
An axiomatic approach to existence and liveness for differential equations
Authors: Tan Yong Kiam , Platzer André
Published: April 2021

This article presents an axiomatic approach for deductive verification of existence and liveness for ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with differential dynamic logic (dL). The approach yields proofs that the solution of a given ODE exists long enough to reach a given target region without leaving a given evolution domain. Numerous subtleties complicate the generalization of discrete liveness verification techniques, such as loop variants, to the continuous setting. For example, ODE solutions may blow up in finite time or their progress towards the goal may converge to zero. These subtleties are handled in dL by successively refining ODE liveness properties using ODE invariance properties which have a complete axiomatization. This approach is widely applicable: several liveness arguments from the literature are surveyed and derived as special instances of axiomatic refinement in dL. These derivations also correct several soundness errors in the surveyed literature, which further highlights the subtlety of ODE liveness reasoning and the utility of an axiomatic approach. An important special case of this approach deduces (global) existence properties of ODEs, which are a fundamental part of every ODE liveness argument. Thus, all generalizations of existence properties and their proofs immediately lead to corresponding generalizations of ODE liveness arguments. Overall, the resulting library of common refinement steps enables both the sound development and justification of new ODE existence and of liveness proof rules from dL axioms. These insights are put into practice through an implementation of ODE liveness proofs in the KeYmaera X theorem prover for hybrid systems.
The African tragedy: the effect of democracy on economic growth
Authors: Khodaverdian Saeed
Published: April 2021

We estimate the effect of democracy on economic growth for the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa in comparison with other countries. We find that in contrast to other countries, democracy in Africa benefits neither GDP per capita nor total GDP. We explain the former by changes in the size of the population and the latter by changes in the age structure of the population. Both demographic changes relate to the finding that unlike in other countries, democracy does not reduce child mortality in Africa. The evidence suggests that without improvements in health, democracy puts Africa on a path toward a Malthusian trap.
Legitimate equilibrium
Authors: Flesch János , Vermeulen Dries , Zseleva Anna
Published: April 2021

We present a general existence result for a type of equilibrium in normal-form games, which extends the concept of Nash equilibrium. We consider nonzero-sum normal-form games with an arbitrary number of players and arbitrary action spaces. We impose merely one condition: the payoff function of each player is bounded. We allow players to use finitely additive probability measures as mixed strategies. Since we do not assume any measurability conditions, for a given strategy profile the expected payoff is generally not uniquely defined, and integration theory only provides an upper bound, the upper integral, and a lower bound, the lower integral. A strategy profile is called a legitimate equilibrium if each player evaluates this profile by the upper integral, and each player evaluates all his possible deviations by the lower integral. We show that a legitimate equilibrium always exists. Our equilibrium concept and existence result are motivated by Vasquez (2017), who defines a conceptually related equilibrium notion, and shows its existence under the conditions of finitely many players, separable metric action spaces and bounded Borel measurable payoff functions. Our proof borrows several ideas from (Vasquez (2017)), but is more direct as it does not make use of countably additive representations of finitely additive measures by (Yosida and Hewitt (1952)).
Nalmefene attenuates neural alcohol cue-reactivity in the ventral striatum and subjective alcohol craving in patients with alcohol use disorder
Authors: Karl Damian , Bumb J. Malte , Bach Patrick , Dinter Christina , Koopmann Anne , Hermann Derik , Mann Karl , Kiefer Falk , Vollstädt-Klein Sabine
Published: April 2021

Rationale

Alcohol use disorder is a common and devastating mental illness for which satisfactory treatments are still lacking. Nalmefene, as an opioid receptor modulator, could pharmacologically support the reduction of drinking by reducing the (anticipated) rewarding effects of alcohol and expanding the range of treatment options. It has been hypothesized that nalmefene acts via an indirect modulation of the mesolimbic reward system. So far, only a few imaging findings on the neuronal response to nalmefene are available.

Objectives

We tested the effect of a single dose of 18 mg nalmefene on neuronal cue-reactivity in the ventral and dorsal striatum and subjective craving.

Methods

Eighteen non-treatment-seeking participants with alcohol use disorder (67% male, M = 50.3 ± 13.9 years) with a current high-risk drinking level (M = 76.9 ± 52 g of pure alcohol per day) were investigated using a cue-reactivity task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study/design. In addition, self-reported craving was assessed before and after exposure to alcohol cues.

Results

An a priori defined region of interest (ROI) analysis of fMRI data from 15 participants revealed that nalmefene reduced alcohol cue-reactivity in the ventral, but not the dorsal striatum. Additionally, the subjective craving was significantly reduced after the cue-reactivity task under nalmefene compared to placebo.

Conclusion

In the present study, reduced craving and cue-reactivity to alcohol stimuli in the ventral striatum by nalmefene indicates a potential anti-craving effect of this drug via attenuation of neural alcohol cue-reactivity.