bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consumo e digestibilidade de dietas formuladas com diferentes níveis de casca de café para vacas em lactação
Authors: Rocha Fernanda Cipriano , Garcia Rasmo , Freitas Acyr Wanderley de Paula , Souza Alexandre Lima de , Valadares Filho Sebastião de Campos , Pereira Odilon Gomes , Rigueira João Paulo Sampaio , Tonucci Rafael Gonçalves , Rocha Gabriel Cipriano
Published: January 2007

Avaliaram-se o consumo e a digestibilidade aparente da dieta, a produção e composição do leite e a economicidade de dietas formuladas com quatro níveis de casca de café na MS total (0, 5, 10, 15% da MS) em substituição ao milho no concentrado. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas da raça Holandesa, distribuídas em três quadrados latinos 4 x 4, de acordo com o período de lactação. As dietas (isoprotéicas, 15,5% de PB) foram constituídas de 60% de silagem de milho e 40% de concentrado, com base na MS. O consumo de EE não foi alterado, mas os de MS, MO, PB, carboidratos totais (CT) e carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF) e a concentração de NDT das dietas decresceram linearmente com adição de casca de café, elevando, também de forma linear, o consumo de FDN. As digestibilidades de MS, MO, PB, CT, FDN, CNF e a concentração de NDT das dietas reduziram linearmente com a adição de casca de café no concentrado. A produção de leite e as quantidades de gordura, proteína, sólidos totais, extrato seco desengordurado e suas concentrações no leite não foram alteradas pelos níveis de casca de café nas dietas. O saldo com alimentação por vaca e por litro de leite aumentou linearmente com o incremento de casca de café nas dietas. A substituição do milho do concentrado por casca de café pode ser feita em até 15% da MS total da dieta.
Endoprótese ramificada de artéria ilíaca interna no tratamento de aneurisma aórtico associado a aneurisma bilateral das artérias ilíacas comuns
Authors: Ferreira Marcelo Martins da Volta , Capotorto Luis Fernando , Rondon Giafar Abuhadba , Monteiro Marcelo Wiliams , Soares Cyntia de Moraes Rego , Azevedo Luiz Lanziotti
Published: January 2007

A embolização das artérias ilíacas internas é usualmente realizada durante a correção endovascular dos aneurismas aorto-ilíacos, visando prevenir a ocorrência de endoleak. Entretanto, é freqüente a associação desse procedimento com inúmeras seqüelas pós-operatórias, em decorrência da diminuição do fluxo sangüíneo pélvico. Em virtude disso, torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de dispositivos e estratégias para a preservação das artérias ilíacas internas durante a correção endovascular dos aneurismas aorto-ilíacos. Descrevemos aqui o emprego pioneiro de uma endoprótese ramificada Helical Sidebranch (Cook) para a artéria ilíaca interna, realizado com sucesso técnico imediato e controle pós-operatório satisfatório.
Push and park: uma opção técnica no tratamento do ateroembolismo agudo dos membros inferiores
Authors: Massière Bernardo , Ristow Arno von , Pedron Cleoni , Cury Filho José Mussa , Gress Marcus , Vescovi Alberto , Zucco Fabrício
Published: January 2007

A aterotrombose é uma doença multissistêmica associada a elevada morbidade e mortalidade. A manipulação das artérias com fios-guia ou cateteres pode gerar trauma mecânico, com conseqüente deslocamento de material ateromatoso da parede vascular. Um paciente de 82 anos, no qual uma ponte fêmoro-poplítea distal com veia safena in situ havia sido realizada por nós há 10 anos, apresentou dor, palidez, hipotermia, diminuição da sensibilidade e força do pé direito 6 horas após coronariografia com acesso pela artéria femoral direita (classe 2b de Rutherford). Arteriografia diagnóstica evidenciou perviedade do enxerto, com múltiplas irregularidades em seu terço distal, compatíveis com material ateroembólico, além de pobreza extrema de circulação distal. Optamos pela revascularização do membro inferior direito em caráter de urgência, associando técnicas convencionais a métodos endovasculares. Empregando a técnica de push and park, cruzamos a lesão ateroembólica com fio-guia e tratamos todo o eixo arterial acometido com manobras de angioplastia. O paciente apresentou boa evolução, boa perfusão distal, adequado enchimento capilar, eliminação da dor e melhora acentuada imediata do déficit motor e sensitivo.
Novel reconstruction of the orientation of the pectoral girdle in sauropods
Authors: Schwarz Daniela , Frey Eberhard , Meyer Christian A.
Published: January 2007

The orientation of the scapulocoracoid in sauropod dinosaurs is reconstructed based on comparative anatomical investigations of pectoral girdles of extant amniotes. In the reconstruction proposed here, the scapula of sauropods stands at an angle of at least 55° to the horizontal plane in mechanical coherence with the sternal apparatus including the coracoids. The coracoids are oriented cranioventrally to the rib cage and the glenoid is directed mediolaterally, which allows the humerus to swing in a sagittal plane. The inclination of the scapula to the horizontal plane is reconstructed for Diplodocus (60–65°), Camarasaurus (60–65°), and Opisthocoelicaudia (55–65°). The inclination of the scapulocoracoid has consequences for the overall body posture in Camarasaurus and Opisthocoelicaudia, where the dorsal contour would have ventrally declined toward the sacrum. Scapulocoracoid mobility depends on the arrangement of clavicles, the reconstruction of a coracosternal joint, and the reconstructed musculature of the shoulder girdle. In a crocodylian model of the shoulder musculature, m. serratus profundus and superficialis form a muscular sling, which suspends the trunk from the shoulder girdle and would allow a certain mobility of the scapulocoracoid. An avian model of the shoulder musculature would also mean suspension by means of the m. serratus complex, but indicates a closer connection of the scapula to the dorsal ribs, which would lead to more restricted movements of the scapulocoracoid in sauropods. Anat Rec, 290:32–47, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Out of the veil of death rode the one million! Neandertals and their genes
Authors: Weiss Kenneth M. , Smith Fred H.
Published: January 2007

Two recent papers1,2 report extensive nuclear DNA sequence from a 38,000‐year‐old Neandertal fossil, comparing it to modern humans and estimating when it diverged from, and whether it contributed to, our gene pool. Based on 65,250 and over a million base‐pairs of sequence across the genome, respectively, the groups arrived at slightly different interpretations. The data are an exciting and interesting new contribution, but are not surprising, and a sense of history and question helps put them in perspective. BioEssays 29: 105–110, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ein Modellversuch zur Wirkung sekundärer Aerosole in der Luft
Authors: Pietzner Verena , Burbat Benno
Published: January 2007

Die Wirkungen anorganischer Substanzen wie Stickoxide oder Schwefeldioxid in der Luft sind für die experimentelle Schulchemie bereits seit längerer Zeit gut erschlossen [1]. Dies gilt jedoch nicht für die Auswirkungen leichtflüchtiger organischer Substanzen, die ein hochaktuelles Thema der Forschung sind. In diesem Beitrag sollen ein Überblick über die Aerosolbildung insbesondere durch organische Verbindungen und deren Auswirkungen auf das Klima gegeben sowie Möglichkeiten der Thematisierung im Unterricht skizziert werden. Eine umfassende theoretische Betrachtung ist auf Grund der komplexen Zusammenhänge jedoch nicht möglich. Mit Limonen als Modellsubstanz wird schließlich ein einfacher, aber eindrucksvoller Modellversuch zur Wirkung sekundärer organischer Aerosole vorgestellt.
Wie der Chemieunterricht Geschlechterdifferenzen inszeniert
Authors: Prechtl Markus , Reiners Christiane S.
Published: January 2007

Der Chemieunterricht transportiert ‚Bilder’︁ von Weiblichkeit und Männlichkeit, die immer wieder an Differenzen im Verhalten der Geschlechter erinnern. Im Folgenden werden strukturelle Parallelen zwischen Systematisierungsprozessen in der Lehre von Chemie und Geschlechterdifferenzierungsprozessen aufgezeigt.
Breathing and calling: Neuronal networks in the Xenopus laevis hindbrain
Authors: Zornik Erik , Kelley Darcy B.
Published: January 2007

Xenopus laevis is an aquatic anuran with a complex vocal repertoire. Unlike terrestrial frogs, vocalizations are independent of respiration, and a single muscle group—the laryngeal dilators—produces underwater calls. We sought to identify the premotor neural network that underlies vocal behaviors. Vocal patterns generated by premotor networks control laryngeal motor neurons in cranial nucleus (n.) IX‐X. Glottal motor neurons, active during respiration, are also present in n.IX‐X. We used horseradish peroxidase (HRP), Lucifer yellow, and fluorescently conjugated dextrans to characterize the organization of n.IX‐X and to trace premotor neuron projections. Premotor nuclei include the inferior reticular formation (Ri) adjacent to n.IX‐X and the pretrigeminal nucleus of the dorsal tegmental area of the medulla (DTAM), the primary descending input to n.IX‐X. Intramuscular HRP injections revealed a spatially segregated pattern, with glottal motor neurons in anterior n.IX‐X and laryngeal motor neurons in the caudal portion of the nucleus. Dextran injections identified commissural n.IX‐X neurons that project to the contralateral motor nucleus and DTAM‐projecting n.IX‐X neurons. Both neuronal types are clustered in anteromedial n.IX‐X, closely associated with glottal motor neurons. Ri neurons project to ipsilateral and contralateral DTAM. Projections from DTAM target n.IX‐X bilaterally, and all four identified subtypes receive DTAM input. In contrast, Ri neurons receive little input from DTAM. We hypothesize that connectivity between neurons in n.IX‐X, Ri and DTAM may provide mechanisms to generate laryngeal and glottal activity patterns and that DTAM may coordinate vocal and respiratory motor pools, perhaps acting to switch between these two mutually exclusive behaviors. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:303–315, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nitric oxide synthase in crayfish walking leg ganglia: Segmental differences in chemo‐tactile centers argue against a generic role in sensory integration
Authors: Ott Swidbert R. , Aonuma Hitoshi , Newland Philip L. , Elphick Maurice R.
Published: January 2007

Nitric oxide (NO) is a diffusible signaling molecule with evolutionarily conserved roles in neural plasticity. Prominent expression of NO synthase (NOS) in the primary olfactory centers of mammals and insects lead to the notion of a special role for NO in olfaction. In insects, however, NOS is also strongly expressed in non‐olfactory chemo‐tactile centers of the thoracic nerve cord. The functional significance of this apparent association with various sensory centers is unclear, as is the extent to which it occurs in other arthropods. We therefore investigated the expression of NOS in the pereopod ganglia of crayfish (Pacifastacus lenisculus and Procambarus clarkii). Conventional NADPH diaphorase (NADPHd) staining after formaldehyde fixation gave poor anatomic detail, whereas fixation in methanol/formalin (MF‐NADPHd) resulted in Golgi‐like staining, which was supported by immunohistochemistry using NOS antibodies that recognize a 135‐kDa protein in crayfish. MF‐NADPHd revealed an exceedingly dense innervation of the chemo‐tactile centers. As in insects, this innervation was provided by a system of prominent intersegmental neurons. Superimposed on a putatively conserved architecture, however, were pronounced segmental differences. Strong expression occurred only in the anterior three pereopod ganglia, correlating with the presence of claws on pereopods one to three. These clawed pereopods, in addition to their role in locomotion, are crucially involved in feeding, where they serve both sensory and motor functions. Our findings indicate that strong expression of NOS is not a universal feature of primary sensory centers but instead may subserve a specific requirement for sensory plasticity that arises only in particular behavioral contexts. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:381–399, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vesicular Exocytosis under Hypotonic Conditions Shows Two Distinct Populations of Dense Core Vesicles in Bovine Chromaffin Cells
Authors: Amatore Christian , Arbault Stéphane , Bonifas Imelda , Lemaître Frédéric , Verchier Yann
Published: January 2007

Several previous reports have discussed the effects of external osmolarity on vesicular exocytotic processes. However, few of these studies considered hypotonic conditions on chromaffin cells. Herein, the exocytosis of catecholamines by chromaffin cells was investigated in a medium of low osmolarity (200 mOsm) by amperometry at carbon fiber microelectrodes. It is observed that the frequency of the exocytotic events is significantly higher under hypotonic conditions than under physiological conditions (315 mOsm). This further confirms that the swelling of the polyelectrolytic matrix (which follows ionic exchanges) contained in dense core vesicles is the energetic driving force of the exocytotic phenomenon, being favored by a lower osmolarity. The mean amount of catecholamines released during secretory events also increases importantly under the hypotonic condition. This may be rationalized by the coexistence of two distinct populations of dense core vesicles with a relative content ratio of 4.7. The larger content population is favored under hypotonic conditions but plays only a side role under isotonic conditions.
Molecular deformation and free‐solution electrophoresis of DNA‐uncharged polymer conjugates at high field strengths: Theoretical predictions. Part 1: Hydrodynamic segregation
Authors: McCormick Laurette C. , Slater Gary W.
Published: January 2007

Recent advancements in DNA sequencing by end‐labeled free‐solution electrophoresis (ELFSE) show the promise of this novel technique which overcomes the need for a gel by using a label (or drag‐tag) to render the free solution mobility of the DNA size‐dependent. It is the attachment of an uncharged drag‐tag molecule of a set size to various lengths of DNA in the sample that selectively slows down smaller DNA chains which have less force to pull the drag‐tag than larger DNA. So far, only globally random coil conformations have been associated with ELFSE, i.e., the DNA and the label together form a single, undeformed hydrodynamic unit. This paper investigates the conditions under which the DNA and label will segregate into two hydrodynamically distinct units, based on a theoretical approach developed for the electrophoresis of polyampholytes. Optimal experimental conditions tailored to the available label sizes and voltages are predicted along with insight into ideal label architecture.
UPFC sizing by means of an economically correct secure economic dispatch in a deregulated power market scenario
Authors: Menniti D. , Pinnarelli A. , Scordino N. , Sorrentino N.
Published: January 2007

In a deregulated power market scenario, the Independent System Operator (ISO) main problem is how to minimize the power system insecurity risk. To face this problem, in previous papers, assuming the insecurity risk as a part of the global cost, a model named Economically correct Secure Economic Dispatch (EcSED) has been proposed by the authors. Further, the EcSED has been improved considering the presence of an Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) device in the transmission network. In this paper, by means of an enhanced formulation of the improved EcSED, the size of an UPFC is determined, by including the UPFC investment cost within the objective function. Indeed, an UPFC installed in the transmission network may minimize the insecurity risk, hence the global cost, although its usage implies an expense, function of the size of the device itself. Some numerical experiments on a 5‐bus test system are also reported, to prove the effectiveness of the enhanced EcSED model formulation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Addressing the phenomenon of bypassing in Albania: the impact of a primary health care strengthening intervention
Authors: Hotchkiss David R. , Piccinino Linda , Malaj Altin , Berruti Andrés A. , Bose Sujata
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of a primary health care strengthening intervention on bypassing behavior in Albania, a middle‐income country that has experienced substantial structural changes that affect PHC and where bypassing among health care clients is common. The intervention aimed to improve the quality of health care in low‐level facilities through improved availability and use of health information, the adoption of clinical practice guidelines, and provider training. The study employs a quasi‐experimental research design to evaluate the impact of the intervention on health care utilization. The survey findings suggest that the pilot areas outperformed the control areas with respect to a number of key population‐based indicators of health care utilization. For example, in the 2‐year period between December 2002 and December 2004, bypassing for treatment of simple acute health problems during the month prior to the survey decreased by 47%, and the percentage of chronically ill health care clients who utilized PHC facilities for treatment in the month prior to the survey increased by 29%. These differences, which are statistically significant at the 10% level or better, suggest that the improved performance in the pilot areas is attributable to the intervention. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Repair of sheep long bone cortical defects filled with COLLOSS®, COLLOSS® E, OSSAPLAST®, and fresh iliac crest autograft
Authors: Huffer William E. , Benedict James J. , Turner A. S. , Briest Arne , Rettenmaier Robert , Springer Marco , Walboomers X. F.
Published: January 2007

COLLOSS® and COLLOSS® E are osteoinductive bone void fillers consisting of bone collagen and noncollagenous proteins from bovine and equine bone, respectively. The aim of this study was to compare COLLOSS, COLLOSS E, iliac bone autograft, sintered beta tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP; OSSAPLAST®), and COLLOSS E plus OSSAPLAST. Materials were placed for 4, 8, or 24 weeks in 5‐mm cortical bone defects in sheep long bones. Histological sections in a plane perpendicular to the long axis of the bone were used to measure the total repair area (original defect plus callus) and the area of bone within the total repair area. The incidence of defect union was also evaluated. At 4 and 8 weeks, defects treated with COLLOSS and COLLOSS E with or without OSSAPLAST had total repair and bone areas equivalent to autograft, and larger than OSSAPLAST‐treated defects. At 8 weeks, the incidence of defect union was higher in defects treated with autograft or COLLOSS E plus OSSAPLAST than in untreated defects. At 24 weeks, the incidence of union was 100% in all treatment groups and 0% in untreated defects. The incidence of union was related to the degree of remodeling between 8 and 24 weeks. This was greater in all treated than nontreated defects. In conclusion, COLLOSS and COLLOSS E were equivalent to each other and to autograft, and superior to β‐TCP, in this study model. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Diurnal variation of biopyrrin excretion in random urine specimens is not corrected by creatinine
Authors: Ihara Hiroshi , Matsumoto Takayuki , Morita Yoshikazu , Hirano Akiko , Okada Mitsumasa , Hashizume Naotaka , Shioji Izuru , Yoshimura Hajime
Published: January 2007

Circulating bilirubin is thought to function as a physiological antioxidant. One of the decomposition products of this process is the biopyrrins, which include two regioisomers: biotripyrrin‐a (1,14,15,17‐tetrahydro‐2,7,13‐trimethyl‐1,14‐deoxy‐3‐vinyl‐16H‐tripyrrin‐8,12‐dipropionic acid) and biotripyrrin‐b (1,14,15,17‐tetrahydro‐3,7,13‐trimethyl‐1,14‐deoxy‐3‐vinyl‐16H‐tripyrrin‐8,12‐dipropionic acid). We measured biopyrrins in random urine specimens and investigated whether the biopyrrin values obtained were valid when expressed as a ratio of the creatinine (Cr) concentrations. All of the random urine specimens collected over 48 hr were from presumably healthy adults. We measured the biopyrrins by means of an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using an anti‐bilirubin monoclonal antibody. When the values were expressed in terms of the ratio to Cr, the within‐day coefficient of variation (%CV) of the excretion of biopyrrins was reduced to 27%±10% (P<0.05) from 59%±27%. However, assay values on random or spot urine specimens were unreliable because of the large %CV. The biopyrrin concentrations only in the first‐morning‐urine specimens in terms of both absolute amounts and ratios to Cr significantly reflected those in a 24‐hr urine specimen (P<0.001). Concentrations in a random urine specimen voided at the second collection or later did not correlate with the concentration in a 24‐hr urine specimen (P>0.05), even if their values were corrected by Cr. The amounts of biopyrrins excreted in 24‐hr urine specimens were significantly correlated with the 24‐hr cortisol excretion (P<0.001) but not to uropepsin (P>0.05). J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 21:1–7, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Competitive ELISA studies of neural thread protein in urine in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Levy Susanna , McConville Matthew , Lazaro Glorie A. , Averback Paul
Published: January 2007

A specific and reliable competitive affinity assay kit has been developed to quantitatively measure neural thread protein (NTP) in first morning urine samples. This assay, called the urine neural thread protein test (UNTP), is a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) format affinity assay using 32‐well microtiter plates. The assay detects UNTP in the 10–60 µg/mL range (an improvement over earlier assays of 103 × ), is linear and more reproducible (average coefficient of variation [CV] 6.2% in precision studies).The utility of the assay has been demonstrated in urine samples from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and controls (sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 91%). Test–retest assays of subjects with AD and controls were comparatively stable at intervals of 2 days to 4.5 years, which suggests that positive (elevated) or negative (normal) NTP levels do not fluctuate significantly over time with respect to the cutoff. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 21:24–33, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adaptation and evaluation of the Randox full‐range CRP assay on the Olympus AU2700®
Authors: Dupuy A.M. , Michon A.L. , Badiou S. , Cristol J.P.
Published: January 2007

The implementation of a high‐sensitivity CRP (hs‐CRP) assay as a routine laboratory parameter may be necessary. A single CRP method that could yield reliable results for the whole concentration range (0.1–200 mg/L) would be the most practical solution for the laboratory setting. The aim of this study was to assess the Randox full‐range CRP assay on the Olympus AU2700® biochemistry analyzer and evaluate its analytical performance on serum and heparin plasma samples. The Randox CRP turbidimetric assay was compared with the existing CRP assay used routinely on the Olympus AU2700®. The analytical performance of the Randox CRP with both Olympus CRP reagents (CRP for normal application andhs‐CRP) was good. We found that the Randox CRP method in the range of 0.5–160 mg/L was closely correlated to the Olympus CRP and hs‐CRP for serum samples. According to a Bland‐Altman analysis, the serum and heparinized samples showed an excellent agreement in CRP concentrations throughout the entire range (mean difference = −0.035 ± 1.806 mg/L) as well as in CRP levels <10 mg/L. Our data indicate that Randox full‐range CRP measurements using an immunoturbidimetry assay on Olympus systems perform as well for routine diagnostics as other high‐sensitivity applications using serum or heparin plasma. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 21:34–39, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of increase in intracellular calcium concentration of embryonic cells and acceleration of morphogenetic cell movements during amphibian gastrulation by a 50‐Hz magnetic field
Authors: Komazaki Shinji , Takano Kazuhiro
Published: January 2007

The influence of an alternating electromagnetic field (EMF) on early development of amphibian embryos was examined. When the embryos developed under the influence of a low‐frequency EMF (50 Hz, 5–30 mT), the rate of early development was accelerated. The effect of EMF was exerted preferentially at the gastrula stage, and the period of gastrulation was shortened. Histological observations showed that EMF promoted morphogenetic cell movements during the gastrulation. The concentration of intracellular free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in the embryonic cells under the influence of EMF was analyzed using Fura‐2, an indicator of the intracellular concentration of calcium ions. The influence of EMF on [Ca2+]i was analyzed in embryonic cells isolated from blastula, gastrula, and neurula, EMF increased a [Ca2+]i particularly in the cells isolated from gastrula. Our results suggest that EMF specifically increased the [Ca2+]i of gastrula cells, thereby, accelerating the rate of morphogenetic cell movements during gastrulation. J. Exp. Zool. 307A, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The correlation of serum protein association and cellular uptake with lipophilicity and polarity of the backbone substituents of the technetium‐99m‐amine‐oxime chelates
Authors: Li Li , Xu Yong , Su Zifen
Published: January 2007

Detection of tumor hypoxia is of importance because hypoxic cancer cells can resist radiation therapy and also induce molecules to help them surviving and metastasizing. Our previous study has reported the development of technetium‐99m labeled amine‐oxime compounds containing 2‐nitroimidazoles to target hypoxic cells. In order to develop new generation of 99mTc, 64Cu, and 67Cu based amine‐oxime chelates with improved selectivity on tumor hypoxia in the future, it is important to understand the correlation of some structural parameters such as lipophilicity and polarity of the backbone ‐constituents of a radiochelate with its serum protein binding potential and cellular‐uptake‐level. The correlation is investigated in this work by using five 99mTc‐amine‐oxime chelates containing 2‐NI group and another five containing aniline group (as control). The results indicate that the level of protein‐and cellular‐binding of a radiochelate increased with their lipophilicity which generally correlates with the lengthening of the alkyl chains on the backbone of the radiochelates. The greater lipophilicity of a radiochelate, the higher percentage it bound to serum proteins and cellular membrane. Our study also indicates that, in addition to lipophilicity, polarity of the constituents is also an important factor of determining the levels of serum protein binding and cellular accumulation of a radiochelate. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Translation efficiencies of the 5′‐untranslated region of genotypes 1a and 3a in hepatitis C infected patients
Authors: Motazakker M. , Preikschat P. , Elliott J. , Smith C.A. , Mills P.R. , Oien K. , Spence E. , Elliott R.M. , McCruden E.A.B.
Published: January 2007

Differences between the translation efficiencies mediated by the 5′‐untranslated regions (5′‐UTR) of genotypes (gt) 1 and 3 of hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been reported but it is unknown if such differences are biologically significant. The 5′‐UTR was sequenced from paired serum and liver samples from 26 patients with chronic HCV hepatitis (11 gt 1a, 15 gt 3a). To determine whether there is a consistent difference between gts 1a and 3a translation efficiency, 5′‐UTR (nt 1–356) and 5′‐UTR plus core (nt 1–914) sequences were cloned into bicistronic, luciferase‐encoding constructs and relative translation efficiencies (RTE) measured in Huh7 cells and BHK cells. The relationships between viral load, liver biopsy Ishak scores, degree of steatosis and translational activity of the patient‐derived nucleotide sequence were examined. There were no differences in 5′‐UTR sequence between serum and corresponding liver samples. The mean RTE of 5′‐UTR sequences from gt 3a isolates was not significantly different from gt 1a whether or not the core encoding sequence was included, although inclusion of core led to a reduction in RTE by 93–97% for both genotypes. No correlation was found between RTE and serum HCV RNA levels, liver steatosis, inflammation, or fibrosis. However, a significant correlation was found between the presence of steatosis and infection with HCV gt 3a. It is concluded that there was no difference in translation efficiencies of 5′‐UTRs from patients infected with gts 1a and 3a, and translation activity measured in vitro does not correlate with viral load or severity of liver disease. J. Med. Virol. 79:259–269, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seroprevalence of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan analyzed by a recombinant nucleocapsid protein‐based enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Liu Li , Bastien Nathalie , Sidaway Fred , Chan Edward , Li Yan
Published: January 2007

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a newly identified respiratory virus associated with respiratory tract infection in both adults and children. Previous reports showed that infection of hMPV appeared to be ubiquitous. To determine the seroprevalence of hMPV, a total of 576 human sera from patients in Saskatchewan, Canada, were screened by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on expression of the nucleocapsid (N) protein of hMPV in recombinant baculovirus. The recombinant N protein with a molecular mass of 43.5 kDa was abundantly produced in insect cells. Moreover, the recombinant N proteins of the prototype viruses for the two major groups of hMPV have cross‐antigenicity. The seropositive rate for each age group was 13.5% (13/96) (0–5 years), 26.1% (25/96) (6–10 years), 32.3% (31/96) (11–15 years), 99.0% (95/96) (16–30 years), 91.7% (88/96) (31–60 years), and 93.8% (90/96) (61+ years), respectively. The data indicated that exposure to hMPV is a common phenomenon. The ELISA based on recombinant baculovirus produced N protein of hMPV provides a useful tool for seroepidemiological study of this virus. J. Med. Virol. 79:308–313, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rotavirus immunoglobulin levels among Indian mothers of two socio‐economic groups and occurrence of rotavirus infections among their infants up to six months
Authors: Ray Pratibha G. , Kelkar Shobhana D. , Walimbe Atul M. , Biniwale Vaishali , Mehendale Savita
Published: January 2007

Rotavirus specific immunoglobulin levels were estimated and compared between mothers undergoing delivery from two socio‐economic groups (n = 56 each) by direct/capture ELISA. IgG geometric mean titers (GMTs) of cord blood/mothers serum at delivery were significantly higher in the higher socio‐economic group (HSG) as compared to the lower socio‐economic group (LSG) (P < 0.01). Thirty‐four mother‐infant pairs (17 from each group) were followed‐up up to 6 months for the occurrence of rotavirus infections. All follow‐up LSG infants were low birth weight as against none from the HSG. Detection of virus by ELISA/RT‐PCR and considering IgM/IgA seroconversion as an index of infection, 11 and 17 infants from HSG and LSG respectively had rotavirus infections. Two infants from LSG were hospitalized for severe rotavirus diarrhea but none from the HSG. Lower IgG levels in the LSG mother‐infant pairs as compared to those of HSG, suggests a possible role of under nutrition in development of antibodies and immunity. Infants from the HSG who did not have rotavirus infections had significantly higher IgG GMTs in cord blood and serum samples at 6 months, than those HSG infants who had symptomatic/asymptomatic rotavirus infections (P < 0.05). In conclusion, fewer rotavirus infections occur when cord blood contains higher level of IgG antibodies, suggesting a role of protective immunity. J. Med. Virol. 79:341–349, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
2,5‐Substituted PPV‐Derivatives with Different Polarities: The Effect of Side Chain Polarity on Solubility, Optical and Electronic Properties
Authors: Van Severen Ineke , Breselge Martin , Fourier Sofie , Adriaensens Peter , Manca Jean , Lutsen Laurence , Cleij Thomas J. , Vanderzande Dirk
Published: January 2007

Three 2,5‐substituted polar PPV derivatives have been prepared using the sulfinyl precursor route and compared to the apolar MDMO‐PPV. All polymers were obtained in excellent yield and with improved purity as compared to other methods. The influence of the polarity of the side chains, i.e. oligo(oxyethylene) and alkyl substituents, on the optical and electronic properties were investigated. In thin films, the oligo(oxyethylene) substituents do not significantly alter the optical properties of the conjugated backbone and the field effect mobility. In contrast, other thin film electrical properties, such as relative permittivity and conductivity, are markedly affected by the polar substituents. This is also the case for their solubility and solution properties. The polar PPV‐derivatives are not only soluble in a wide range of solvents, but also exhibit aggregation phenomena.

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The effect of surface topography on weakly nonlinear roll waves
Authors: Kluwick Alfred
Published: January 2007

The propagation of short waves in turbulent single layer flows forming on inclined surfaces has received considerable interest in the past. It is well known that such flows on flat surfaces are unstable if the Froude number of the unperturbed uniform state exceeds a critical value. In the initial linear stage disturbances grow exponentially with propagation distance but it has been shown that weakly nonlinear effects may limit the maximum wave amplitude under strictly periodic conditions leading in turn to a train of permanent roll waves. The present study investigates how the flow behaviour is affected if the slope of the bounding surface is no longer constant but changing slowly in the streamwise direction. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Factorization of the Non‐stationary Heat Equation
Authors: Cerejeiras Paula
Published: January 2007

In this paper we describe a factorization of the heat operator Δx – ∂t based on methods of Clifford analysis, in order to reduce the non‐stationary Schrödinger equation to a first order differential equation, which is the direct n‐dimensional generalization of the ordinary differential Riccati equations. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Existence and uniqueness of solutions of stationary transport equations
Authors: Karabash Illya
Published: January 2007

We consider the abstract kinetic equation dψ /dx = –JLψ, x ∈ [0, τ ], in a Hilbert space H. It is supposed that J = J * = J–1, L = L * ≥ 0, ker L = 0. The following theorem is proved: if JL is similar to a self‐adjoint operator, then an associated boundary problem has a unique solution. We apply this theorem to the stationary equation of Brownian motion (sgn μ)|μ |α (∂ψ /∂x) (x,μ) = (∂2ψ /∂μ2) (x,μ), 0 < x < τ, μ ∈ ℝ. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A moving two‐reaction zones model: global existence of solutions
Authors: Muntean Adrian , Böhm Michael
Published: January 2007

We address some aspects concerning the analysis of a moving‐boundary system modeling concrete carbonation. The model is based on the fact that carbonation might be considered as a reaction which is localized on two distincta prioriunknown internal zones which progress into concrete. We report on the existence of local and global weak solutions. The main feature of the problem is that the nonlinear coupling of the system occurs due to the moving boundary and nonlinearity of the involved productions. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stochastic Particle Method for Nonlinear Hyperbolic Problems
Authors: Tyagi Manav , Jenny Patrick , Lunati Ivan , Tchelepi Hamdi
Published: January 2007

In this paper, we present a new method based on stochastic particles, which allows us to compute solutions of a system of nonlinear transport equations arising in the modeling of immiscible displacement in porous pedia. In this approach, we use different particles for different phases and move them according to the stochastic rules for which the probability density function depends on the spatial distribution of the particles. Our motivation for such a method is a Lagrangian modeling framework in which one can describe certain physical phenomena more naturally than in an Eulerian framework. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Generalized Intervals and the Dependency Problem
Authors: Krämer Walter
Published: January 2007

Computing enclosures of the range of functions using interval arithmetic often leads to overestimations due to variables (parameters) appearing more than once within the expression to be evaluated (dependency problem). An experimental implementation of a generalized interval arithmetic which has been proposed by Hansen [2] in 1975 is now available [1, 3]. In many cases generalized intervals are well suited to reduce the dependency problem and/or the so called wrapping effect. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Towards an Axiomatization of Interval Arithmetic
Authors: Markov Svetoslav
Published: January 2007

In this paper intervals are viewed as approximate real numbers. A revised formula for interval multiplication of generalized intervals is given. This formula will be useful for further axiomatization of interval arithmetic and relevant implementations within computer algebra systems. Relations between multiplication of numbers and multiplication of errors are discussed. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optimal Design of 2 DOF Parallel Kinematics Machines
Authors: Stan Sergiu‐Dan , Maties Vistrian , Balan Radu
Published: January 2007

The aim of this paper is to show the usefulness of the multicriteria approach to optimize the Parallel Kinematic Machines (PKM). Variations of the kinematic performances index remain not constant throughout workspace. Aiming to deal at the same time with multiple criteria in optimal design of PKM, we have developed a Multi‐Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) using concepts of Pareto optimality and niching techniques. The obtained results have shown that the use of MOGA in such kind of optimization problem enhances the quality of the optimization outcome, providing a better and more realistic support for the decision maker. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polynomial representations from abstract perturbed Krylov methods
Authors: Zemke Jens‐Peter M.
Published: January 2007

We present the framework of “abstract perturbed Krylov methods”, a new, unified point of view on different types of Krylov subspace methods. We give a brief informal sketch of polynomial representations of QOR approximations to solutions of linear systems and eigenvectors. The results are applicable to exact arithmetic, finite precision computations including semiduality approaches, and inexact methods. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Difference schemes for a general parabolic problem with interface
Authors: Jovanović Boško S. , Vulkov Lubin G.
Published: January 2007

Stability and convergence of finite difference schemes approximating a general parabolic partial differential equation with interface are examined. Convergence rate estimates compatible with the smoothness of the input data are obtained. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modeling and numerical analysis of the thread rolling process
Authors: Kukielka Krzysztof , Kukielka Leon
Published: January 2007

The paper presents the physical and mathematical models of deformations (displacements and strains) and the stress in the cold process of the thread rolling. The process is considered as a geometrical and physical nonlinear, initial as well as a boundary value problem. The phenomena of a typical incremental step were described using a step‐by‐step incremental procedure, in the updated Lagrangian formulation. The state of strains was described by Green‐Lagrange's tensor, while the state of stress was described by the second symmetrical Pioli‐Kirchhoff's tensor. The object was treated as an elastic (in the reversible zone) and visco‐plastic body (in the non‐reversible zone) with mixed hardening. The variational equation of the motion in three dimensions for this case was proposed. Then, the finite elements methods (FEM) and dynamic explicit method (DEM) were used to obtain the solution. In a numerical analysis, boundary condition for a displacement increment, was determined in the model investigation. The results of a numerical analysis were compared and verified in an experimental investigation. Examples of calculations of the influence of a friction coefficient on the state of the deformation and stress, and an example application for this method of thread rolling were presented. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Numerical Computation of Heat and Mass Transfer in Fluidized Beds with Liquid Injection
Authors: Nagaiah Chamakuri , Warnecke Gerald , Heinrich Stefan , Peglow Mirko
Published: January 2007

The goal of this work is the simulation of concentration and temperature distributions insides fluidized bed with a uniform liquid distribution. Further, a physically based 2D model is developed for the heat and mass transfer processes in fluidized beds with a spray nozzle. The model is a coupled and semi‐linear system of convection‐reaction‐diffusion equations. We considered the numerical solution of these semi‐linear partial differential equations with discrete boundary conditions using linear finite elements on an adaptive triangular grid in space and implicit methods in time. We present calculations using, semi implicit and implicit methods in time, and different solvers for solving the linear systems. The complex correlations of mass and liquid flow rates, mass transfer, heat transfer, drying, and transient two dimensional air humidity, air temperature, degree of wetness, liquid film temperature and particle temperature were simulated. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Radiation, Frequency Averaging and Proper Orthogonal Decomposition
Authors: Pinnau René , Schulze Alexander
Published: January 2007

We study proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) for frequency averaging in radiative heat transfer. Especially, we employ the method of snapshots to devise an automated a posteriori algorithm, which helps to reduce significantly the dimensionality for further simulations. The reliability of the surrogate models is tested and we present several numerical results underlining the feasibility of our approach. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Decoupling of Abstract DAEs
Authors: Reis Timo
Published: January 2007

We consider linear and time‐invariant abstract differential‐algebraic equations (DAEs) which are equations of the form E $ \dot x $(t) = Ax (t) + f (t), x (0) = x0. x (·) and f (·) are functions with values in Hilbert spaces X and Z and the operator E: X → Z is assumed to be bounded, whereas A is closed and defined on some dense subspace D (A). Motivated by the Kronecker normal form for the finite dimensional case, the decoupling of abstract DAEs is investigated. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical Stokes Flow Estimation: An Imaging‐Based Control Approach
Authors: Ruhnau Paul , Schnörr Christoph
Published: January 2007

We present an approach to particle image velocimetry based on optical flow estimation subject to physical constraints. Admissible flow fields are restricted to vector fields satifying the Stokes equation. The latter equation includes control variables that allow to control the optical flow so as to fit to the apparent velocities of particles in a given image pair. We show that when the real unknown flow observed through image measurements conforms to the physical assumption underlying the Stokes equation, the control variables allow for a physical interpretation in terms of pressure distribution and forces acting on the fluid. Although this physical interpretation is lost if the assumptions do not hold, our approach still allows for reliably estimating more general and highly non‐rigid flows from image pairs and is able to outperform cross‐correlation based techniques. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mechanical and morphological characterization of PVC plastisol composites with almond husk fillers
Authors: Crespo J.E. , Sanchez L. , Parres F. , López J.
Published: January 2007

The present study develops new composite materials derived from environmentally friendly material, based on lignocellulosic fillers combined with a thermoplastic matrix. Almond husk, obtained as a by‐product of the agri‐food industry, has been used as a filler, combined with PVC thermoplastic matrix. This composite type (lignocellulosic material/thermoplastic matrix) is the object of this work for the advantages that it offers in environmental protection terms. With a view to identifying the degree of influence of filler amount, plasticizer concentration, and filler particle size on the properties of this new composite, we tested its mechanical properties and analyzed tensile fracture surfaces using scanning electron microscopy. POLYM. COMPOS., 28:71–77, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Fluorescence quenching of phenanthrene and anthracene by maleic anhydride and n‐octadecenylsuccinic anhydride in solution and in bulk polypropylene
Authors: Fang Haixia , Mighri Frej , Ajji Abdellah
Published: January 2007

Fluorescence quenching of phenanthrene (Ph) and anthracene (An) fluorophores by maleic anhydride (MAH) and n‐octadecenylsuccinic anhydride (ODSA) quenchers in solid polypropylene (PP) films were studied. Results were compared with fluorescence quenching of the same fluorophores by MAH and ODSA quenchers in chloroform solution. Contrary to the results obtained in solution, it was observed that fluorescence emission of Ph fluorophore in PP films was more efficiently quenched by ODSA than by MAH. This was due to the better miscibility of Ph with ODSA than with MAH. When An fluorophore was used instead of Ph, it was observed that its fluorescence intensity in PP films was notably reduced by the addition of MAH. This was mainly due to the Diels–Alder reaction, which consumed a part of the An molecule. However, fluorescence intensity of An strangely increased with the addition of ODSA instead of MAH. Because of short lifetime of An (around 6 ns), ODSA had no quenching effect on An. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:192–199, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Perfectionism and depressive symptoms in early adolescence
Authors: Rice Kenneth G. , Leever Brooke A. , Noggle Chad A. , Lapsley Daniel K.
Published: January 2007

The Adaptive/Maladaptive Perfectionism Scale (AMPS; K.G. Rice & K.J. Preusser, 2002) was developed on samples of 9‐ to 11‐year‐old children. A primary purpose of the current research was to examine whether the AMPS could be useful in studies of adolescents, and in particular, studies of adolescent depression. This study of 145 early adolescents revealed (1) a somewhat different AMPS factor structure than has been evident in studies of younger children; (2) no significant mean differences between boys and girls on perfectionism, although girls were significantly more depressed than boys; (3) a pattern of perfectionism‐depression correlations that differed somewhat between boys and girls; and (4) several interactions of different dimensions of perfectionism in accounting for depression. Results are discussed by addressing differences between children and adolescents in school cultures, physical and psychological changes from childhood to adolescence, and the importance of considering the positive as well as the negative aspects of perfectionism among school‐age children. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 139–156, 2007.