bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
«Para reintegrar la Nación». El Perú en la política negociadora del Trienio Liberal con los disidentes americanos, 1820-1824
Authors: Martínez Riaza Ascensión
Published: December 2011

Durante el Trienio Liberal (1820-1823) el tratamiento de la cuestión americana tomó nuevos derroteros. La negociación con los disidentes fue la gran apuesta del segundo liberalismo para restaurar la unidad de la Nación española en un escenario de avance de la insurgencia. Desde la perspectiva de la política española se analiza cómo abordaron esta alternativa los poderes centrales. Se presenta el marco legislativo y su desarrollo y cuál fue la posición del Rey, el Gobierno, el Consejo de Estado y las Cortes. Se calibra su importancia en el contexto de las otras opciones que se barajaron, la solución militar y la mediación de Gran Bretaña. Se sigue la proyección del proceso negociador en América, con especial atención al Virreinato del Perú.
El Trienio Liberal en el Virreinato peruano: los ayuntamientos constitucionales de Arequipa, Cusco y Huamanga, 1820-1824
Authors: Sala i Vila Núria
Published: December 2011

El artículo profundiza en aspectos desconocidos de lo que fue la reimplantación del gobierno representativo en el Virreinato del Perú durante el Trienio Liberal. Para ello se seleccionan tres ciudades, el Cusco, Huamanga y Arequipa, que se mantuvieron hasta muy tarde leales a la Corona. La consulta de documentación generada por las tres corporaciones ha permitido reconstruir tres ejemplos de poder local a través de los procesos electorales, la composición de los ayuntamientos y el análisis de sus competencias. Se demuestra que el virrey La Serna gobernó según la Constitución de 1812 y se pone de manifiesto que existieron cambios y continuidades entre ayuntamientos españoles y municipalidades peruanas, porque permanecieron algunos actores y fórmulas de las instituciones hispanas.
La pluma contra las Cortes y el Trono. La prensa y el desmontaje del liberalismo hispánico en el Perú, 1821-1824
Authors: Peralta Ruiz Víctor
Published: December 2011

A través del análisis del discurso de la prensa del periodo de la independencia, básicamente publicada en Lima, se demostrará cómo pudo extirparse el liberalismo hispánico de la cultura política peruana. Se argumentará que el segundo constitucionalismo español conocido como Trienio Liberal fue fácilmente representado por los periódicos no solo como un periodo de intolerancia a la independencia hispanoamericana sino como un gobierno de la plebe dispuesta a acabar con la nobleza ilustrada y la religión y un sistema en que los serviles absolutistas y los liberales moderados y exaltados compartían con Fernando VII una congénita conducta despótica. El artículo se divide en tres partes que se corresponden, sucesivamente, con la etapa del Protectorado, el establecimiento del Congreso Constituyente y la dictadura de Simón Bolívar.
Guerra y economía en Arequipa: las actividades del español Lucas de la Cotera en una coyuntura de crisis, 1821-1824
Authors: Condori José Víctor
Published: December 2011

El presente artículo busca acercarse al contexto económico de una ciudad peruana durante la guerra de Independencia y a las consecuencias positivas y negativas que ella generó. Asimismo, por medio de la documentación principalmente notarial y de hacienda obtenida de archivos regionales, reconstruir las actividades políticas y empresariales del comerciante español Lucas de la Cotera, quien por diversas circunstancias, muchas de ellas favorables, se convirtió durante este breve periodo en el principal financista y abastecedor del último gobierno virreinal en el Perú.
The use of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to detect strontium marks in fish otoliths
Authors: Morales-Nin Beatriz , Fortuño José Manuel , Pérez-Mayol Sílvia , Grau Amalia
Published: December 2011

Otolith marking provides a reference point for otolith growth patterns by validating the temporal significance of growth increments. This widespread method is primarily implemented using fluorescent dyes. The incorporation of a trace element that appears naturally in otoliths offers an alternative approach. Diplodus annularis and Serranus scriba otoliths were marked with an intramuscular injection of SrCl2 diluted in 0.9% sterile saline solution (55 mg Sr ml-1 saline solution), given at a dose of 100 mg Sr kg-1 fish. At 277 to 366 days after marking, the fishes showed little or no mortality and experienced growth in length and weight. All of the otoliths analyzed showed a clear Sr mark detected with backscattered or secondary electron imaging during a scanning electron microsope (SEM) analysis. The mark was confirmed by Sr analysis using an X-ray detector and an energy dispersive spectrometer system with the SEM. The otoliths continued to grow after the mark, and background Sr values in this new growth were much lower than at the mark. This method was feasible and yielded good results. However, the method’s cost may limit its applicability to experimental studies.
From a DC-3 to BOSB: The Road to a Breakthrough in Military Safety Measures Against the Risks of Historic, Explosive Ordnance
Authors: Möller Gunnar
Published: December 2011

AbstractApproximately 175,000 mines were laid in the Baltic Sea during the world wars, and in former mined areas in general, 10‐30% of the mines remain sunken on the seabed. The search for a Swedish aircraft downed in 1952 led to the finding of previously unknown minefields
in the Baltic Sea. Subsequent historic research has identified approximately 1,985 minefields in the Baltic Sea and 4,400 minefields in the North Sea. These historic minefields present an impediment to the use of the Baltic and North Seas and are a real danger to the increasing shipping, fishery,
and exploration of the seabed. The Baltic Ordnance Safety Board (BOSB) was established in 2006 to assemble information on mines and other explosives in the Baltic Sea, to prioritize areas for mine clearance, and to coordinate multinational mine clearance efforts across the Baltic Sea. The
BOSB has improved the efficiency of mine clearance and the safety of seafarers and all those who have the seabed as their working ground.
Underwater Noise Pollution From Munitions Clearance and Disposal, Possible Effects on Marine Vertebrates, and Its Mitigation
Authors: Koschinski Sven
Published: December 2011

AbstractUnderwater detonations have the potential for serious injury in marine vertebrates such as fishes, reptiles, birds and mammals. The high detonation velocity creates a shock wave. The main reason for injury is the extremely short signal rise time combined with a high
overpressure. A negative pressure phase generating cavitation shortly after the peak overpressure can increase organ and tissue damage. Due to surface reflection generating a reversed phase replica of the detonation, this phenomenon is very pronounced in shallow waters. Organs most seriously
affected by detonations are those with gas/tissue interfaces (e.g., ears, lungs, swim bladders, air sacs, intestines). Observed injuries include disruption of cells and tissues by differential displacement, internal bleeding, embolism, and auditory damage. Furthermore, compression of the thorax
by the shock wave initiates a rapid increase in blood pressure, which can cause damage in the brain and ears. In order to protect marine life, all possible attempts should be made to avoid underwater detonations. For detonations that cannot be avoided due to safety considerations, a number
of mitigation measures are presented including bubble curtains, scaring devices, visual and acoustic monitoring, and seasonal and spatial planning. However, mitigation measures have varying degrees of efficiency. Low-order detonations are not a real alternative due to the release of toxic
munitions constituents to the environment. For each detonation, a proper site- and munitions-specific risk assessment and mitigation strategy must be developed.
Problems in Locating Historic, Unexploded Ordnance in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Wichert Uwe
Published: December 2011

AbstractThroughout history, the Baltic Sea has been the scene of wars and conflict. From the Middle Ages to the Cold War, countries have sent their warships and fleets to the Baltic Sea to fight. The relicts of conflicts before 1900 are interesting from an historical perspective,
but they are not dangerous. The ammunition used in World Wars I and II, especially from small, intensive battles with smaller forces, are dangerous relics that require special attention. The presence of various kinds of unexploded ordnance (UXO) is known, but their exact locations on the bottom
of the sea remain unknown. It is generally accepted that more than 175,000 mines were laid in the Baltic Sea and its approaches, the Skagerrak and Kattegat, during the world wars. Many of the mines have been swept or destroyed, and many more mines have been located during subsequent disposal
operations. Although documentation of munitions use is fragmented and is often incomplete, a comprehensive research effort has made operations in the Baltic Sea much more efficient and effective. Locating UXO in the Baltic Sea is aided by knowledge of historic sea charts, navigation procedures,
and the use of modern survey equipment.
Low grade fibromyxoid sarcoma presenting as a pelvic mass
Authors: Edelstein Robert A.
Published: December 2011

Low grade fibromyxoid sarcomas are rare lesions that typically develop in the soft tissue of the extremities and trunk. This patient presented with a somewhat unusual location in the mons pubis, and was treated by primary excision. She will require long term follow up, as local recurrences and late metastases are possible
Seasonal surface displacement derived from InSAR, Yellowknife and surrounding area, Northwest Territories
Authors: Short N , Stevens C W , Wolfe S
A
Published: December 2011

Seasonal surface displacement was mapped by the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing and the Geological Survey of Canada for Yellowknife and the surrounding area using satellite interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). RADARSAT-2 Ultra-fine scenes acquired
on May 21, July 8, August 1, August 25 and September 18, 2010, were interferometrically stacked and the total amount of summer vertical displacement was calculated. This open file presents the relative surface displacement in both map and digital ArcGIS form. The calculated values are portrayed in
terms of relative displacement that has been classified as stable, low and medium downward displacement and upward displacement. At some locations a significant change in surface characteristics results in a loss of interferometric coherence and no values were calculated. Surface displacement may be
from natural and human-induced processes.
This dataset provides spatial context for the variability and relative magnitude of seasonal surface displacement within the Yellowknife area.
Habitat and bathymetry influence the landscape‐scale distribution and abundance of drift macrophytes and associated invertebrates
Authors: Britton-Simmons Kevin H. , Rhoades Alison L. , Pacunski Robert E. , Galloway Aaron W. E. , Lowe Alexander T. , Sosik Elizabeth A. , Dethier Megan N. , Duggins David O.
Published: December 2011

We used a remotely operated vehicle to investigate landscape‐scale patterns of subtidal drift material and invertebrates within a 60‐km2 marine basin in Washington State. Specifically, we quantified the distribution and abundance of drift macrophytes (seaweed and seagrass) and four macroinvertebrate species across depth and habitat type to depths of 170 m. Drift macrophytes were present on 97% of all video segments deeper than 30 m, with large drift piles particularly associated with low‐angle habitats at depths exceeding 70 m. Two commercially harvested species (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and Pandalus platyceros) that feed directly on drift material appear to be distributed in space (depth and substrate type) so as to maximize access to drift macrophyte food resources, according to their respective feeding modes. Basin shape and depth drive the landscape‐scale distribution of drift material and indirectly the consumers that feed on it. The export of large amounts of detritus derived from nearshore macrophyte production into deep‐water habitats likely fuels extensive secondary production in these aphotic zones.
Incorporation of nitrogen from N2 fixation into amino acids of zooplankton
Authors: Loick-Wilde Natalie , Dutz Jö rg , Miltner Anja , Gehre Matthias , Montoya Joseph P. , Voss Maren
Published: December 2011

Eurytemora affinis (Copepoda) were fed 15N‐labeled Rhodomonas salina (Cryptophyta) or 15N‐labeled Nodularia spumigena (Cyanobacteria) in excess under controlled laboratory conditions. Zooplankton collected from the Baltic Sea were fed natural phytoplankton amended with 15N‐labeled N. spumigena. We quantified the direct incorporation of 15N tracer from N2‐fixing N. spumigena (diazotroph nitrogen) and ammonium‐utilizing R. salina into the amino acid nitrogen (AA‐N) of zooplankton using complementary gas chromatography‐combustion‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry, gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry approaches. Specific and mass‐specific TN and AA‐N incorporation rates of the 15N tracers were calculated for zooplankton. Highest incorporation of 15N was found in field zooplankton relying on N. spumigena and in E. affinis relying on R. salina. Lowest incorporation was found in E. affinis relying on N. spumigena. Decreasing specific and mass‐specific rates during field experiments possibly were due to food shortage, whereas decreasing rates in E. affinis grazing on R. salina were more likely due to satiation. Specific and mass‐specific rates were consistently low in E. affinis when exposed to N. spumigena, suggesting that these animals were reluctant to feed on N. spumigena. Essential isoleucine received most of the diazotroph nitrogen in field zooplankton, while nonessential amino acids received most 15N tracer in E. affinis. N. spumigena was clearly an important amino acid nitrogen source for Baltic Sea zooplankton.
Enhancing the Quality of Manuscripts Submitted to the Journal of Agricultural Education: Perceptions of Experienced Reviewers
Authors: Roberts T. Grady , Barrick R. Kirby , Dooley Kim E. , Kelsey Kathleen D. , Raven Matt R. , Wingenbach Gary J.
Published: December 2011

This project was undertaken at the request of the Journal of Agricultural Education editor and is presented as a resource for researchers to use in preparing manuscripts for submission to the journal. Five experienced reviewers were selected based on the thoroughness of the reviews they regularly provide. Each reviewer was asked to identify common problems and issues in the manuscripts he/she had reviewed. Additionally, the editor also provided a summary of common issues he had seen. The editor summarized and synthesized all the comments and then sent that document to all the reviewers for comments, edits, and suggestions. This process was repeated until a consensus was reached. The opinions expressed in this editorial belong to this group of scholars and are based on their collective research training and experiences.
Characteristics of Distinguished Programs of Agricultural Education
Authors: Birkenholz Robert J. , Simonsen Jon C.
Published: December 2011

Academic program rankings are highly anticipated by many university administrators, faculty, and alumni. This study analyzed the perceptions of agricultural education departmental contact persons to identify esteemed post-secondary agricultural education programs and the distinguishing characteristics of each program. The ten most distinguished programs were located at the University of Florida, Texas A&M University, The Ohio State University, University of Missouri, Iowa State University, Oklahoma State University, North Carolina State University, The Pennsylvania State University, Texas Tech University, and the University of Arizona. Faculty were cited as a distinguishing feature of each program. Other distinguishing characteristics included research, graduate programs, range of programs, communication program, and teacher education. Based on the conclusion that faculty are the most common distinguishing characteristic of highly regarded agricultural education programs, administrators should focus their efforts on recruiting, retaining, and continually developing talented faculty. Program administrators should also review other distinguishing characteristics cited in this study and consider strategies to enhance those features in their respective program. Recognizing that faculty and program changes occur frequently, there is a need to replicate this survey periodically to reflect such changes in order to acknowledge distinguished programs and the characteristics of those programs.
How Do Early Career Agriculture Teachers Talk About Their Time?
Authors: Lambert Misty D. , Henry Anna L. , Tummons John D.
Published: December 2011

This phenomenological study of early career agriculture teachers sought to determine the meaning early career agriculture teachers ascribe to their time. Seven teachers with a range of experience from mid- first year to beginning of sixth year were chosen. Interviews were used to make meaning of their time. Five themes were found in the information: (a) the day consists of patterns that vary depending upon the time of the year; (b) there is a conscious allocation of work time; (c) the process of managing time adapts and evolves over time; (d) personal and social time for the teacher is woven into or around work; and, (e) tensions exist between how teachers would like to spend their time and how they actually spend their time. Recommendations include taking stock of workload and personal time, identifying times that are most productive and adjusting their schedule to accommodate, developing a rhythm to their work, making decisions about how to spend time and realizing it is an evolving process.
Competency Modeling in Extension Education: Integrating an Academic Extension Education Model with an Extension Human Resource Management Model
Authors: Scheer Scott D. , Cochran Graham R. , Harder Amy , Place Nick T.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast an academic extension education model with an Extension human resource management model. The academic model of 19 competencies was similar across the 22 competencies of the Extension human resource management model. There were seven unique competencies for the human resource management model. The integration of the models was informative to support and confirm the educational directions of each model. The human resource management model provided information for potential areas to include in the academic preparation of entry-level educators and agents. The academic extension education model indicated possible educational opportunities for credit and non-credit course work.
Outcomes of Integrated Agriscience Processes: A Synthesis of Research
Authors: Wilson Elizabeth B. , Curry Jr.
Published: December 2011

As the trend to integrate science and agriculture education has reemerged, so has the research related to the integration of science into secondary agricultural education. The American Association of Agricultural Education responded to this trend by creating a special interest group called “Strengthening Academic Learning through Agricultural Education.” In 2005, Myers and Osborne developed the “Conceptual Model for Strengthening Academic Learning through Agricultural Education” to guide this group in identifying existing gaps in the literature and to help provide a directional path for future research. The purpose of this study was to use that conceptual model to review research, to make conclusions regarding the outcomes of efforts to integrate science and secondary agricultural education, and to identify gaps in the existing research. Recommendations and future questions for integrating science and agricultural education were posed by the authors.
Agricultural Education Teacher Leaders’ Development of Ownership and Responsibility for the Profession through Participation in Continuing Professional Education Program Planning: A Case Study
Authors: Westfall-Rudd Donna M.
Published: December 2011

Historically, planning and delivery of professional development for public school teachers was centralized in state departments of education and universities, with teachers having little input or control over the content. For many years the literature in adult and continuing education has reflected an emphasis on learner participation in program planning (Houle, 1980; Knowles, 1980; Richey, 1957). Contemporary adult learning theory holds that when adults are integral to the program planning process (Cervero & Wilson, 2006; Little, 1993) they are empowered to address their educational needs in the context of their practice (Cochran–Smith & Lytle, 1999). The purpose of this case study was to examine teacher participation in the planning of continuing professional education within the small field of agricultural education in New York. The over–arching theme that emerged from this study was that when the teachers took primary responsibility for planning their own professional development they, seemed to assume an increased sense of ownership for practice in their profession.
Perceptions and Barriers of Four Female Agricultural Educators Across Generations: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Baxter Linda , Stephens Carrie , Thayer-Bacon Barbara J.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this descriptive study was to discover the perceptions and barriers of four female agriculture educators across generations in a non–traditional field of agriculture. The United States Department of Labor (2006b) defined a non–traditional job as any occupation where one gender comprises 25% or less of the total employment. Four female agriculture teachers across three generations were interviewed with the open–ended question: “What have been your personal and professional experiences in teaching agricultural education?” The teachers selected were from three generations: early Baby Boomer (Vietnam Generation), late Baby Boomer (Me Generation), Generation Xer, and Millennial. The themes revealed in the study were: qualifications to teach agricultural education, challenges in teaching agricultural education, stress in teaching agricultural education, and stereotyping of agricultural education teachers. Females teaching high school agricultural education expressed they needed to prove they were qualified; prove women can perform agricultural education duties; overcome resentment from students; balance family and work; and break the stereotype of a high school agricultural education teacher.
Assessing the Learning Needs of Student Teachers in Texas Regarding Management of the Agricultural Mechanics Laboratory: Implications for the Professional Development of Early Career Teachers in Agricultural Education
Authors: Saucier P. Ryan , McKim Billy R.
Published: December 2011

Skills needed to manage a laboratory are essential knowledge for all school–based, agriculture teachers who instruct agricultural mechanics curriculum (Saucier, Terry, & Schumacher, 2009). This research investigated the professional development needs of Texas agricultural education student teachers regarding agricultural mechanics laboratory management. Data were collected with a mailed questionnaire to determine student teachers’ perceptions of the importance of 70 agricultural mechanics laboratory management competencies and their self–assessed ability to perform those competencies. The Borich (1980) Needs Assessment Model was used to assess and evaluate the professional development needs of these student teachers. The study found that these student teachers were in need of professional development in many areas of laboratory management, such as diagnosing malfunctioning laboratory equipment, repairing laboratory equipment, and administering first aid.
Undergraduate Research in Agriculture: Constructivism and the Scholarship of Discovery
Authors: Splan Rebecca K. , Porr C. A. Shea , Broyles Thomas W.
Published: December 2011

Experiential learning is a hallmark of undergraduate education programs in the agricultural sciences, and is aligned with constructivist learning theory. This interpretivist qualitative study used historical research methodology to analyze the epistemological underpinnings of constructivism and explore the construct’s relationship to undergraduate research, a particular experiential learning context which extends a student’s knowledge to scholarly application through discovery–based problem solving. Two pedagogical principles of constructivist learning theory emerged: that learning should be authentic, active and student–centered, and that it must also be facilitated through social negotiation. Both factors are inherent in the learning process when faculty mentors scaffold the creation of new knowledge via undergraduate research. Agricultural educators can take advantage of parallels between constructivism and the scholarship of discovery to enhance self–regulated learning of students and integrate institutional research and teaching missions.
Considering Professional Identity to Enhance Agriculture Teacher Development
Authors: Shoulders Catherine W. , Myers Brian E.
Published: December 2011

The professional identity secondary agriculture teachers display can affect their receptiveness and interest in different professional development events, yet is often overlooked when designing professional development because it is not included in the consensus of proven methods of professional development design and delivery (Desimone, 2009). Currently, there is a gap in determining the effects of addressing the professional identity of agriculture teachers in professional development. We posit that, due to its production–based history melding with recent reform efforts, many agriculture teachers have entered an era of professional development that centers around ideals that are inconsistent with those of their professional identity. This paper serves to identify areas of research still necessary in order to enhance the effectiveness of agriculture teacher professional development.
Agriscience Teachers’ Concern Profiles for Content Area Reading Strategies
Authors: Warner Anna J. , Myers Brian E.
Published: December 2011

Although students today will need to rely on text more than in the past, American students are struggling to read and comprehend text. Research has supported the ability of content area reading strategies (CARS) to increase students’ ability to read and comprehend text. The purpose of this research was to assess agriscience educators’ implementation of CARS in their classrooms. A descriptive, census survey of 371 Florida agriscience teachers was completed using a tailored–design, web–based questionnaire. Overall, agriscience teachers’ Stages of Concern profiles were non–user profiles. The researchers concluded CARS professional development programs are not meeting the needs of agriscience teachers; thus, these teachers are not progressing through the Stages of Concern and are not implementing CARS at a high level. Research should be completed to develop an Innovation Configuration which would provide a more unified vision for CARS implementation. Practitioners should develop and provide a consistent, in–depth professional development program to provide ongoing training and support of the innovation throughout a several year process.
Greenhouse Facility Management Experts Identification of Competencies and Teaching Methods to Support Secondary Agricultural Education Instructors: A Modified Delphi Study
Authors: Franklin Edward A.
Published: December 2011

In this study the Delphi technique has been used to develop a list of educational competencies for preparing secondary agricultural education instructors to effectively manage their school greenhouse facilities. The use of specialized facilities in agricultural education requires appropriate preparation of agricultural education teachers. The Delphi technique uses an anonymous panel of experts for suggestions and assessments aiming at consensus. Thirteen experts from multiple schools and universities took part in the investigation. The study used a series of three web–based questionnaires to determine competencies that teachers need to know, to be able to perform, and to identify effective teaching methods for teachers to obtain these competencies. The first round instrument consisted of three open–ended questions, and a series of questions to validate the background of the members of the panel. In the second round, respondents were asked to rate each competency and teaching method using a seven–point Likert–type scale. Median scores and interquartile values were calculated. Panel members were sent a copy of their individual responses as well as the group responses for review. In the third round, panel members were requested to indicate their level of agreement with each item using a five–point Likert–type scale.
TransCom model simulations of CH4 and related species: linking transport, surface flux and chemical loss with CH4 variability in the troposphere and lower stratosphere
Authors: Patra P. K. , Houweling S. , Krol M. , Bousquet P. , Belikov D. , Bergmann D. , Bian H. , Cameron-Smith P. , Chipperfield M. P. , Corbin K. , Fortems-Cheiney A. , Fraser A. , Gloor E. , Hess P. , Ito A. , Kawa S. R. , Law R. M. , Loh Z. , Maksyutov S. , Meng L. , Palmer P. I. , Prinn R. G. , Rigby M. , Saito R. , Wilson C.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. A chemistry-transport model (CTM) intercomparison experiment (TransCom-CH4) has been designed to investigate the roles of surface emissions, transport and chemical loss in simulating the global methane distribution. Model simulations were conducted using twelve models and four model variants and results were archived for the period of 1990–2007. All but one model transports were driven by reanalysis products from 3 different meteorological agencies. The transport and removal of CH4 in six different emission scenarios were simulated, with net global emissions of 513 ± 9 and 514 ± 14 Tg CH4 yr−1 for the 1990s and 2000s, respectively. Additionally, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) was simulated to check the interhemispheric transport, radon (222Rn) to check the subgrid scale transport, and methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3) to check the chemical removal by the tropospheric hydroxyl radical (OH). The results are compared to monthly or annual mean time series of CH4, SF6 and CH3CCl3 measurements from 8 selected background sites, and to satellite observations of CH4 in the upper troposphere and stratosphere. Most models adequately capture the vertical gradients in the stratosphere, the average long-term trends, seasonal cycles, interannual variations (IAVs) and interhemispheric (IH) gradients at the surface sites for SF6, CH3CCl3 and CH4. The vertical gradients of all tracers between the surface and the upper troposphere are consistent within the models, revealing vertical transport differences between models. An average IH exchange time of 1.39 ± 0.18 yr is derived from SF6 time series. Sensitivity simulations suggest that the estimated trends in exchange time, over the period of 1996–2007, are caused by a change of SF6 emissions towards the tropics. Using six sets of emission scenarios, we show that the decadal average CH4 growth rate likely reached equilibrium in the early 2000s due to the flattening of anthropogenic emission growth since the late 1990s. Up to 60% of the IAVs in the observed CH4 concentrations can be explained by accounting for the IAVs in emissions, from biomass burning and wetlands, as well as meteorology in the forward models. The modeled CH4 budget is shown to depend strongly on the troposphere-stratosphere exchange rate and thus on the model's vertical grid structure and circulation in the lower stratosphere. The 15-model median CH4 and CH3CCl3 atmospheric lifetimes are estimated to be 9.99 ± 0.08 and 4.61 ± 0.13 yr, respectively, with little IAV due to transport and temperature.
Impact of cloud processes on aerosol particle properties: results from two ATR-42 flights in an extended stratocumulus cloud layer during the EUCAARI campaign (2008)
Authors: Crumeyrolle S. , Weigel R. , Sellegri K. , Roberts G. , Gomes L. , Stohl A. , Laj P. , Bourianne T. , Etcheberry J. M. , Villani P. , Pichon J. M. , Schwarzenboeck A.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. Within the European Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions (EUCAARI) project, the Meteo France research aircraft ATR-42 was operated from Rotterdam airport during May 2008, to perform scientific flights dedicated to the investigation of aerosol-cloud interactions. Therein, the objective of this study is to illustrate the impact of cloud processing on the aerosol particles physical and chemical properties. The presented results are retrieved from measurements during a double-flight mission from Rotterdam (Netherlands) to Newcastle (UK) and back using data measured with compact Time of Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (cToF-AMS) and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS). Cloud-related measurements during these flights were performed over the North Sea within as well as in close vicinity of a marine stratocumulus cloud layer. Particle physical and chemical properties observed in the close vicinity (V), below and above the stratocumulus cloud show strong differences. Firstly, measurements at constant altitude above the cloud layer show decreasing mass concentrations with decreasing horizontal distance (210–0 km) to the cloud layer by a factor up to 7, whereas below the cloud and by same means of distance, the mass concentrations merely decrease by a factor of 2 on average. Secondly, the averaged aerosol size distributions, observed above and below the cloud layer, are of bimodal character with pronounced minima between Aitken and accumulation mode which is potentially the consequence of cloud processing. Finally, the chemical composition of aerosol particles is strongly dependent on the location relative to the cloud layer (vicinity or below/above cloud). In general, the nitrate and organic fractions decrease with decreasing distance to the cloud, in the transit from cloud–free conditions towards the cloud boundaries. The decrease of nitrate and organic compounds ranges at a factor of three to ten, affecting sulfate and ammonium compounds to be increasingly abundant in the aerosol chemical composition while approaching the cloud layer. Finally, the chemical composition of non-refractory evaporated cloud droplets measured within the cloud shows increased fractions of nitrate and organics (with respect to concentrations found below clouds), but also large amounts of sulfate, thus, related to activation of particles, made up of soluble compounds.
Stratosphere-troposphere ozone exchange from high resolution MLS ozone analyses
Authors: Barré J. , Peuch V.-H. , Attié J.-L. , El Amraoui L. , Lahoz W. A. , Josse B. , Claeyman M. , Nédélec P.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. We assimilate stratospheric ozone profiles from MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder) into the MOCAGE CTM model in order to study Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange (STE). This study uses two horizontal grid resolution of 2° and 0.2°. The combined impacts of MLS ozone assimilation and high horizontal resolution are illustrated in two case studies where STE events occurred (23 June 2009 and 17 July 2009). At high resolution the fine filamentary structures of stratospheric air which characterise STE events are captured by the model. To test the impact of the assimilation and the resolution, we compare model outputs from different experiments (high resolution and low resolution; MLS assimilation run and free run) with independent data (MOZAIC aircraft ozone data; WOUDC ozone sonde network data) not used in the assimilation. MLS ozone analyses show a better description of the UTLS region and the stratospheric intrusions than the free model run. In particular, at high horizontal resolution the high resolution MLS ozone analyses presents fine filamentary ozone structures at the UTLS and laminae structures in the tropospheric ozone profile. By using MLS ozone analyses and high resolution, ozone fluxes through the tropopause show a range of results that lie within the range of similar previous studies. Results from backward trajectories and forecasts results show that assimilation at high horizontal resolution of MLS ozone profiles between 10 hPa and 215 hPa has an impact on tropospheric ozone.
Aerosol optical depth retrieval in the Arctic region using MODIS based on prior knowledge
Authors: Mei L. , Xue Y. , de Leeuw G. , Hou T. , Guang J. , Yang L. , Li Y. , Xu H. , He X.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. The Arctic is especially vulnerable to the long-term transport of aerosols and other pollutants because aerosols can affect the albedo of the surface by deposition on snow and ice. However, aerosol observations for this area are sparse and hence there is considerable uncertainty in the knowledge on the properties of the Arctic aerosol. Arctic aerosol observations are needed to fill this gap because these are among the basic and most important parameters for researching the Arctic environment. Atmospheric remote sensing using satellites offers us an opportunity to describe the aerosol distribution in terms of both local, regional and global coverage. However, AOD retrieval over a bright surface remains a difficult task because it is hard to separate and explicitly describe the contribution of the observed signal reflected by the variable surface and back scattering by the semi-transparent aerosols, especially with a large solar or sensor zenith angle. In this paper, an approach using a synergetic approach with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data based on prior knowledge is presented. The detailed analysis of the model demonstrates that it is suitable for Arctic region AOD retrieval. Six AERONET stations at high latitude (Andenes, Barrow, Ittoqqortoormiit, OPAL, Thule, and Tiksi) were used for validation, and the correlation coefficient between retrieved AODs and AERONET AODs was 0.75 and the retrieval absolute error is approximately 0.1, while the relative error is 20% (at some stations with clear skies as low as 10% was found). Furthermore, the Russian wildfires that occurred in late July of 2010 and their effect on the Arctic environment is presented; Satellite retrieved AODs in the Arctic increased to 1.0 during 1 August and 15 August 2010, even 2.0, during the burning phase, and subsequently returned to normal values (lower than 0.1), which was fully in line with the AERONET observations. This indicates that the fire plumes were transported to the Arctic region.
Decadal variability of soil CO2 NO, N2O, and CH4 fluxes at the Höglwald Forest, Germany
Authors: Luo G. J. , Brüggemann N. , Wolf B. , Gasche R. , Butterbach-Bahl K.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. Besides agricultural soils, temperate forest soils have been identified as significant sources of or sinks for important atmospheric trace gases (N2O, NO, CH4, and CO2). Although the number of studies for this ecosystem type increased more than tenfold during the last decade, studies covering an entire year and spanning more than 1–2 yr remained scarce. This study reports the results of continuous measurements of soil-atmosphere C- and N-gas exchange with high temporal resolution carried out since 1994 at the Höglwald Forest spruce site, an experimental field station in Southern Germany. Annual soil N2O emission, NO emission, CH4 uptake, and CO2 emission (1994–2010) varied in a range of 0.2–3.2 kg N2O-N ha−1 yr−1, 6.4–11.4 kg NO-N ha−1 yr−1, 0.9–3.5 kg CH4-C ha−1 yr−1, and 7.0–9.2 t CO2-C ha−1 yr−1, respectively. The observed high fluxes of N-trace gases are most likely a consequence of high rates of atmospheric nitrogen deposition (> 20 kg N ha−1 yr−1) of NH3 and NOx to our site. For N2O cumulative annual emissions were > 0.8 kg N2O-N ha−1 yr−1 high in years with freeze-thaw events (5 out 14 yr). This shows that long-term, multi-year measurements are needed to obtain reliable estimates of N2O fluxes for a given ecosystem. Cumulative values of soil respiratory CO2 fluxes were highest in years with prolonged freezing periods e.g. the years 1996 and 2006, i.e. years with below average annual mean soil temperatures and high N2O emissions. The results indicate that long freezing periods may even drive increased CO2 fluxes not only during soil thawing but also throughout the following growing season. Furthermore, based on our unique database on GHGs we analyzed if soil temperature, soil moisture, or precipitation measurements can be used to approximate GHGs at weekly, monthly, or annual scale. Our analysis shows that simple-to-measure environmental drivers such as soil temperature or soil moisture are suitable to approximate fluxes of NO and CO2 in weekly and monthly scales with a reasonable uncertainty (accounting for up to 80 % of the variance). However, for N2O and CH4 we so far failed to find meaningful correlations and, thus, to provide simple regression models to estimate fluxes. This is most likely due to the complexity of involved processes and counteracting effects of soil moisture and temperature, specifically with regard to N2O production and consumption by denitrification and microbial community dynamics.
Improved convergence and stability properties in a three-dimensional higher-order ice sheet model
Authors: Fürst J. J. , Rybak O. , Goelzer H. , De Smedt B. , de Groen P. , Huybrechts P.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. We present a finite difference implementation of a three-dimensional higher-order ice sheet model. In comparison to a conventional centred difference discretisation it enhances both numerical stability and convergence. In order to achieve these benefits the discretisation of the governing force balance equation makes extensive use of information on staggered grid points. Using the same iterative solver, a centred difference discretisation that operates exclusively on the regular grid serves as a reference. The reprise of the ISMIP-HOM experiments indicates that both discretisations are capable of reproducing the higher-order model inter-comparison results. This setup allows a direct comparison of the two numerical implementations also with respect to their convergence behaviour. First and foremost, the new finite difference scheme facilitates convergence by a factor of up to 7 and 2.6 in average. In addition to this decrease in computational costs, the accuracy for the resultant velocity field can be chosen higher in the novel finite difference implementation. Changing the discretisation also prevents build-up of local field irregularites that occasionally cause divergence of the solution for the reference discretisation. The improved behaviour makes the new discretisation more reliable for extensive application to real ice geometries. Higher accuracy and robust numerics are crucial in time dependent applications since numerical oscillations in the velocity field of subsequent time steps are attenuated and divergence of the solution is prevented.
Are droughts occurrence and severity aggravating? A study on SPI drought class transitions using loglinear models and ANOVA-like inference
Authors: Moreira E. E. , Mexia J. T. , Pereira L. S.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. Long time series (95 to 135 yr) of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) computed with the 12-month time scale relative to 10 locations across Portugal were studied with the aim of investigating if drought frequency and severity are changing through time. Considering four drought severity classes, time series of drought class transitions were computed and later divided into 4 or 5 sub-periods according to length of time series. Drought class transitions were calculated to form a 2-dimensional contingency table for each period. Two-dimensional loglinear models were fitted to these contingency tables and an ANOVA-like inference was then performed in order to investigate differences relative to drought class transitions among those sub-periods, which were considered as treatments of only one factor. The application of ANOVA-like inference to these data allowed to compare the four or five sub-periods in terms of probabilities of transition between drought classes, which were used to detect a possible trend in time evolution of droughts frequency and severity that could be related to climate change. Results for a number of locations show some similarity between the first, third and fifth period (or the second and the fourth if there were only 4 sub-periods) regarding the persistency of severe/extreme and sometimes moderate droughts. In global terms, results do not support the assumption of a trend for progressive aggravation of droughts occurrence during the last century, but rather suggest the existence of long duration cycles.
History of EISCAT – Part 2: The early history of EISCAT in Finland
Authors: Oksman J.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. The idea of a Nordic incoherent scatter facility, proposed by Bengt Hultqvist, was for the first time discussed among representatives of the three Nordic countries Norway, Sweden and Finland in 1969 in Oulu, Finland. In the years to follow, when other countries joined in and the plans of the facility to be built gradually received concrete forms, Finland participated in the planning work, in spite of the large costs to be expected. When in negotiations with the Nordic partners in 1975 the share of Finland in EISCAT was reduced to five per cent and when the existing facilities and personnel at Sodankylä could be taken into account in the Finnish share, the Academy of Finland was finally ready to join EISCAT.
About the influence of elevation model quality and small-scale damage functions on flood damage estimation
Authors: Boettle M. , Kropp J. P. , Reiber L. , Roithmeier O. , Rybski D. , Walther C.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. The assessment of coastal flood risks in a particular region requires the estimation of typical damages caused by storm surges of certain characteristics and annualities. Although the damage depends on a multitude of factors, including flow velocity, duration of flood, precaution, etc., the relationship between flood events and the corresponding average damages is usually described by a stage-damage function, which considers the maximum water level as the only damage influencing factor. Starting with different (microscale) building damage functions we elaborate a macroscopic damage function for the entire case study area Kalundborg (Denmark) on the basis of multiple coarse-graining methods and assumptions of the hydrological connectivity. We find that for small events, the macroscopic damage function mostly depends on the properties of the elevation model, while for large events it strongly depends on the assumed building damage function. In general, the damage in the case study increases exponentially up to a certain level and then less steep.
Creation of a novel CRISPR‐generated allele to express HA epitope‐tagged C1QL1 and improved methods for its detection at synapses
Authors: Cheung Hiu W. , Schouw Alexander D. , Altunay Zeynep M. , Maddox J. Wesley , Kresic Lyndsay C. , McAllister Brenna C. , Caro Keaven , Alam Shahnawaz , Huang Angie , Pijewski Robert S. , Lee Amy , Martinelli David C.
Published: June 2024

C1QL1 is expressed in a subset of cells in the brain and likely has pleiotropic functions, including the regulation of neuron‐to‐neuron synapses. Research progress on C1QL proteins has been slowed by a dearth of available antibodies. Therefore, we created a novel knock‐in mouse line in which an HA‐tag is inserted into the endogenous C1ql1 locus. We examined the entire brain, identifying previously unappreciated nuclei expressing C1QL1, presumably in neurons. By total numbers, however, the large majority of C1QL1‐expressing cells are of the oligodendrocyte lineage. Subcellular immunolocalization of synaptic cleft proteins is challenging, so we developed a new protocol to improve signal at synapses. Lastly, we compared various anti‐HA antibodies to assist future investigations using this and likely other HA epitope‐tagged alleles.