bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increasing the Value of Airline Passenger Data
Authors: Casson John J.
Published: March 2008

Airline passenger data are useful in forecasting events in the travel and hospitality industries. This article presents numerous applications of these data to the uncertain environment of the tourist industry.
Gasoline Prices and Discretionary Auto Travel: Evidence from a Panel Survey
Authors: Trent Roger B. , Pollard Cecil
Published: March 2008

This article reports on a five-year consumer panel study which demonstrated that vacation travel is affected by gasoline shortages and price increases and that, in coping with higher prices in the long-term, driving less is preferred to other economy strategies. Implications for vacation travel and tourism are discussed.
Highlights of the 14th Annual TTRA Conference Banff, Alberta, Canada, June 12-15, 1983
Authors: Duea Karen P. , Guernsey Cindy E.
Published: March 2008

The following paragraphs briefly summarize the 14th Annual Conference of the Travel and Tourism Research Association held in Banff, Alberta, Canada. Conference registrants and members of TTRA will automatically receive a copy of the conference proceedings when they are published. Other readers who wish to receive a copy of the proceedings may order copies for $45 from Mari Lou Wood, Executive Director, TTRA, Bureau of Economic and Business Research, University of Utah, P.O. Box 8066, Foothill Station, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108.
Assessing the Impact of Hallmark Events: Conceptual and Research Issues
Authors: Brent Ritchie J.R.
Published: March 2008

This article examines the numerous impacts of hallmark events on the destination area which has generated the event. These effects include not only the economic results but also the physical, socio-cultural, psychological, and political impacts such events have.
How to Detect Travel Market Segments: A Clustering Approach
Authors: Mazanec Josef A.
Published: March 2008

A cluster-analytic approach to benefit segmentation is described using an illustrative empirical example drawn from the Austrian domestic travel market. The results demonstrate that some benefits are incompatible with each other at the segment level, and that the "average" vacationer may be only a statistical artifact.
Fly-Drive Tourists: Motivation and Destination Choice Factors
Authors: Henshall Brian D. , Roberts Rae , Leighton Andy
Published: March 2008

Research is usually concentrated on those tourists who actually visit a given country. This work attempts to research the characteristics of the far greater number of "potential tourists" in a given country (e.g., Australia) who recently chose to visit one destination (Tasmania) rather than another (New Zealand) at directly comparable overall costs. Factors affecting these choices were identified and the results are presented.
Attitudes About a Resort Area: A Comparison of Tourists and Local Retailers
Authors: Witter Brenda Sternquist
Published: March 2008

Attitudes about a resort area were compared for a sample of tourists and a sample of local retailers. Retailers evaluated their resort area significantly more favorably than did the tourists. Segment profiles of tourists were developed from the responses of tourists and compared with retailer's perceptions of tourist segments. The results indicate that retailer residents of the resort area and tourists have different perspectives of what tourists seek in a vacation destination.
Highlights from the Tourism Services Marketing Conference
Authors: Snepenger David J.
Published: March 2008

The papers presented at the Tourism Services Marketing Conference, sponsored by the Academy of Marketing Science and the Department of Marketing at Cleveland State University, are summarized. Those desiring a copy of the conference proceedings, "Tourism Services Marketing: Advances in Theory and Practice, " should contact the Academy of Marketing Science Central Office, School of Business Administration, P.O. Box 24805, Coral Gables, Florida 33124. The cost is $15 for individuals and $25 for libraries.
Profiling the Heavy Traveler Segment
Authors: Woodside Arch G. , Cook Victor J. , Mindak William A.
Published: March 2008

The evidence presented in this article supports and extends Twedt's heavy user propo sition to the travel industry and tourism industry: in 1984 a small share of U.S. adults (17%) made over two-thirds of all trips; 70% of the airline trips were made by 4% of U.S. adults. Comparisons of annual national survey data indicate a stable share of travel con sumption by heavy users, except for airline travelers where heavy airline travelers have increased their share of airline travel consumption dramatically. The heavy traveler can be identified easily by readily available demographic and media usage data. Details of the heavy traveler profiles for different travel services are presented.
Market Sensitivity of U.S. And Mexican Border Travel
Authors: Gibbons Jean D. , Fish Mary
Published: March 2008

This article explores the reaction of Mexican-U.S. border travel expenditures to movements in the Mexican and U.S. cost ofliving index and the peso-dollar exchange rate. Border travel patterns between 1970 and 1985 are studied by converting expenditures to real dollars using an interrelationship among these three variables. The Mexican government's devaluations of the peso between 1976 and 1985 improved Mexico's border travel balance.
A Decision Design For Tourism CEOs
Authors: Shafer Elwood L.
Published: March 2008

A process is describedfor ranking a wide range ofbudget items in tourism planning and development activities when the anticipated combined social, economic, managerial, environmental, and political benefits of those items cannot be adequately described in economic terms and budgetary constraints do notpermitfunding all items under consid eration. The process accounts for subjective judgment and contains a formal rigorous decision strategy that takes the place of intuition when qualitative and quantitative tourism values need to be evaluated.
Segmenting the Vacation Market by Novelty-Seeking Role
Authors: Snepenger David J.
Published: March 2008

Segmenting the Alaska vacation market using novelty-seeking roles resulted in both theoretical and managerial insights. The three novelty-motivated segments differed with respect to travel-group characteristics, behaviors, and attitudes. The results indicated that Cohen's tourist role typology, the social group concept, and Clawson and Knetsch'sfive stage model of the travel experience furnish useful constructs for formulating models of tourism behavior. The segmentation model also yielded actionable information for tourism marketers.
Consumer Decision Making And Competitive Marketing Strategies: Applications For Tourism Planning
Authors: Woodside Arch G. , Carr Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2008

Evidence is presented on the concurrent validity of three individual-level measures of consumer decision-making variables. The results of a small-scale empirical study support the hypotheses that first-destination awareness (measured using unaided awareness), preference (measured using a constant-sum scale), and choice (measured using conjoint analysis) are related positively. Support of the hypotheses indicates that vacation travelers can be segmented meaningfully by consumer decision-making variables. Travel and tour ism marketing strategistsfor specific state, province, city, and local destinations may want to consider doing annual tracking studies using unaided awareness, constant-sum prefer ence, and conjoint analysis measures.
The Impact Of World Events On Travel To Europe During The Summer Of 1986
Authors: Bradyand John , Widdows Richard
Published: March 2008

Using consumer demand analysis to separate the factors affecting travel, this paper analyzes the impact of on-going and one-time events on travel from the U. S. to Europe in the summer of 1986. The results suggest that, barring the dramatic one-time deterrents to travel in that year, travel to Europe in 1986 would have exceeded 1985 levels.
Emerging Trends In Trans-Pacific Air Routes
Authors: Boberg Kevin , Choy Dexter J.L.
Published: March 2008

Changes in trans-Pacific airline service are analyzed from 1979, the start of airline deregulation, to 1985. (Analysis of rate structure is excluded.) Shifts in availability of ser vices and capacity are presented and the conclusion is that rapid growth in trans-Pacific service means that long-haul, non-stop service between the perimeters of the Pacific may become very important in the future.
Travel 1987: The Year In Review
Authors: Goeldner C.R.
Published: March 2008

This report presents the highlights of the Second Annual Travel Review Conference co-sponsored by the United States Travel and Tourism Administration (USTTA) and the Travel and Tourism Research Association (TTRA), February 22, 1988 in Washington, D. C. Proceedings will be published and can be ordered from Mari Lou Wood, Executive Director, TTRA, Bureau of Economic and Business Research, University of Utah, P. O. Box 8066, Foothill Station, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108.
Urban Tourism: An Analysis Of Visitors To New Orleans And Competing Cities
Authors: Woodside Arch G. , Pearce Bill , Wallo Matt
Published: March 2008

Insight regarding urban tourism by Americans to seven U.S. cities is provided by analyzing data from the Canadian "U.S. Pleasure Travel Market Study. " A detailed analysis of the data for the City of New Orleans is offered. Past and future traveler responses concerning demographics and city factors yielded three implications for New Orleans' tourism strategy: (1) the New Orleans tourism target market should consist of nearby, upscale travelers; (2) New Orleans should be marketed as a "Weekend Getaway; " and (3) New Orleans should be positioned as an exciting, "swinging"city, offering unusual cultural and dining experiences.
Tourism: A Vital Force For Peace
Authors: Goeldner C.R.
Published: March 2008

A unique and significant tourism event tookplace October23-27, 1988 in Vancouver, British Columbia when more than 500 participants from 64 countries and 33 U. S. states attended the conference, Tourism—A Vital Force for Peace. The conference featured five plenary sessions with illustrious speakers and 75 concurrent sessions and idea exchanges. Some of the conference highlights are contained in the report which follows.
Future Encounters With Science And Technology
Authors: Shafer Elwood L.
Published: March 2008

Science and technology outside the normal sphere oftourism research can dramatically affect demand and supply patterns within the tourism phenomena. Science and technology are often the wild cards in the tourism strategic planning game—appearing unexpectedly, creating entirely new markets, or causing further segmentation of current ones. Coping with the uncertainty ofscience and technology is an essential aspect of tourism planning. This article describes some of those science and technology wild cards that were gleaned from over 100 popular and scientific articles involving video, transportation, medicine, recreation equipment, the natural sciences, the built environment, and computers, robotics, and space.
Accountability Marketing Research: An Increasingly Vital Tool For Travel Marketers
Authors: Davidson Thomas Lea , Wiethaupt Warren B.
Published: March 2008

This article on marketing research in the travel industry is the first in a series of articles written under the auspices of the U. S. Department of Commerce and authored by travel marketing and research professionals working in the travel business. The thrust of the article is to provide some "real world" help for managers in destination marketing who would like to better understand and use marketing research as a planning and evaluation tool.
Appraising An Econometric Forecasting Model
Authors: Witt Christine A. , Witt Stephen F.
Published: March 2008

This article examines whether the information obtained on estimating an econometric model of international tourism demand is sufficient to enable conclusions to be drawn regarding theforecastingperformance ofthe model. It appears that criteria such as model goodness offit and statistical significance of the coefficients of the explanatory variables give little guidance with regard to relative forecasting ability.
A Psychographic And Sociodemographic Analysis Of State Park Inn Users
Authors: Gladwell Nancy J.
Published: March 2008

This study of Indiana state park inn usersfound evidence to suggest identifiable groups ofusers with significant differences in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, behavior predispositions, vacation behaviors, and sources of vacation information. Three groups of users are described: Knowledgeable Travelers, Budget-Conscious Travelers, and Travel Planners. The effects ofthefindings on the Indiana state parks inns' marketing efforts are also described.
Economic Impact Studies: Relating The Positive And Negative Impacts To Tourism Development
Authors: Fleming William R. , Toepper Lorin
Published: March 2008

This article is the sixth in a series prepared by the U. S. Department of Commerce Task Force on Accountability Research to examine the issues of accountability and evaluation in travel research. An important issue in any tourism development effort is the estimation of total economic impact of the programs conducted by state and local tourism offices as well as by the private sector. This article focuses on the increasing need to conduct detailed economic impact studies and discusses some of the basic approaches to measuring both the positive and negative economic impacts.
Airport Expansion, Direct Flights, and Consumer Choice of Travel Destinations: The Case of Hawaii's Neighbor Islands
Authors: Fuj Edwin , Im Eric , Mak James
Published: March 2008

This article reports a time series analysis of the impact of direct flights on tourism to Hawaii's Neighbor Islands beginning in 1983. Direct flights resulted in a modest gain in tourism and diverted travelers away from Oahu, and relieved congestion at Honolulu International Airport. To the extent that travelers were diverted from Oahu to the Neighbor Islands, income was redistributed as well.
Tourism in Antarctica: Activities, Impacts, and Management
Authors: Hall C. Michael
Published: March 2008

This research examines tourism in Antarctica, one of the world's last tourism fron tiers. The article provides an overview of the development of tourism in Antarctica, visitor activity, and the impacts of sea, air, and land-based tourism. The article indicates that a number of management options are available but the legal and policy dimensions surround ing Antarctica demand the establishment of an international Antarctic tourism convention.
Factors Affecting Customer Evaluation of Service Quality in Travel Agencies: An Investigation of Customer Perceptions
Authors: Leblanc Gaston
Published: March 2008

This article presents the results of an exploratory study on customer perceptions of service quality in travel agencies, using data collected from 277 respondents. Six factors that explain service quality are identified. In order of importance, these factors are corporate image, competitiveness, courtesy, responsiveness, accessibility, and compe tence. Implications for developing marketing strategy and controlling service quality are given.
Communities as Destinations: A Marketing Taxonomy for the Effective Implementation of the Tourism Action Plan
Authors: Go Frank M. , Milne David , Whittles Lorne J.R.
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the need for the effective implementation of tourism marketing strategy which is often lacking, especially in small towns. Tourism strategy should be analyzed at the action, program, system and policy levels to determine its effectiveness. Effective strategy implementation is achieved by appropriately managing the interaction, allocation, organization, and monitoring of tourism processes on each level. Alberta Tourism's Community Tourism Action Plan program is used to exemplify and support issues brought forward in this article.
The Travel Motivations of Canadian Ecotourists
Authors: Eagles Paul F.J.
Published: March 2008

This article reports on the grouped findings of three studies that have taken an in-depth look at the travel motives of Canadian ecotourists. The results from these studies are compared to the general Canadian traveler population. These studies indicate that the ecotourists are much more likely to have social motives that put stress on physical activity, meeting people with similar interests and seeing the maximum possible in the time available, than is the general Canadian traveler. The ecotourist is also much more likely to be interested in the destinations that contain wilderness, lakes and streams, rural areas, parks, mountains and oceanside, than is the general traveler.
Tourism Intensity as a Function of Accommodations
Authors: Potts Thomas D. , Uysal Muzaffer
Published: March 2008

This study uses the tourist function index to analyze the spatial composition of the tourism supply resources with special reference to accommodations in the eight coastal counties of South Carolina. The article concludes with management and marketing implications as suggested by the study findings.
Price Value Perceptions of Travelers
Authors: Stevens Blair F.
Published: March 2008

This article identifies the role price plays in travel decision making and examines pleasure traveler perceptions of the price and quality of Canadian tourism products compared to those of other countries. Pleasure travel is described as an experience, the value of which requires a subjective assessment to be made by travelers. Perceptions as the subjective reality of individuals are the key. The author suggests that information gathered from travelers on their perceptions of price, quality, and value can be used to competitive advantage by a country.
Evaluating the Economic Impact of Travel Information Provided at Indiana Welcome Centers
Authors: Fesenmaier Daniel R. , Vogt Christine A.
Published: March 2008

This study evaluates the effectiveness of travel information provided at Indiana state-operated welcome centers in modifying travel behaviors. The travel behaviors consid ered were the extension of time spent in Indiana, selection of alternative attractions, and incremental expenditures produced by longer visits or visiting different places. The findings suggest motorists can be influenced to extend their stay and select alternative attractions which translate into substantial direct economic impact to the state.
Rural Residents' Attitudes Toward Recreation and Tourism Development
Authors: Allen Lawrence R. , Hafer Harry R. , Long Patrick T , Perdue Richard R.
Published: March 2008

This study investigates residents' attitudes toward recreation and tourism development in 10 rural Colorado towns. Two-per capita ratios based on tourism retail sales and total retail sales were developed and the communities were grouped into high and low tourism and high and low economic categories. These two ratios as grouping variables and length of residence as a covariate formed the basis for 2 x 2 ANCOVA conducted to determine any significant differences for eight recreation attitudes and 18 tourism development attitude statements. Generally, it was found that residents' attitudes towards tourism development in communities with both high economic and tourism development and low economic and tourism development were more positive than those residents of the low/high or high/low economic and tourism development communities. Further, recreation attitudes were affected by level of economic activity but not level of tourism development. Additionally, length of residence was found to have no significant effect on the residents' attitudes towards tourism development.
The Determinants of Expenditures by Canadian Visitors to the United States
Authors: Di Matteo Livio , Di Matteo Rosanna
Published: March 2008

The quarterly expenditures of Canadian visitors to the United States over the period 1979 to 1989 are analyzed using regression analysis. Both real per capita same day and one or more nights trip expenditures are positively and significantly related to real per capita income and negatively and significantly related to the real exchange rate expressed as Canadian dollars per U.S. dollars. Both same-day and one or more night expenditures demonstrate strong seasonal variation. Only one or more nights automobile trip expendi tures are positively and significantly related to the exchange rate adjusted ratio of Canadian to U.S. gasoline prices. The exchange rate is a key determinant of expenditures by Canadians visiting the United States. Same-day automobile trip expenditures, which can be taken as a proxy for cross-border shopping, exhibit a real exchange rate elasticity of -2.31%.
Ski Area Commercial Space Distribution Estimation
Authors: Tyrrell Tim , Williams Peter , Okrant Mark
Published: March 2008

This study suggests use of a two-part mathematical model for analyzing patterns in land use, illustrated by data for ski areas in New England and British Columbia. The model describes lift ratios and allocation of commercial space, and results suggest that the ratio of total commercial space to lift capacity increases with lodging capacity. Similarly, the ratio increases with the distance to urban areas and decreases with the distance to an interstate highway. Specific uses of commercial space were found to respond differently to growth in total commercial space. Among six categories of space use, bars received the largest proportional increase in space when total commercial space increased, whereas space devoted to skier services received the smallest proportional increase. Restaurant, retail, and office space all received a relatively constant share of total space at each level of total commercial space.
Travel by Excursion Coach in the United Kingdom
Authors: Dean Christopher J.
Published: March 2008

For a number of reasons the contribution of excursion coaches to the overall pattern of travel for leisure purposes has not been greatly studied so far by transport and tourism researchers. This inquiry reviews the available evidence on the use of coach trips and then reports on a new study conducted in central-southern England, which shows that these excursions offer a most cost-effective way of making leisure trips and that they greatly improve the community's access to recreational attractions. Environmental advantages are also identified which suggest that government agencies might attempt more than they currently manage to develop the public's use of coach trips.
Economic Impacts of Civil War Battlefield Preservation: An Ex-Ante Evaluation
Authors: Johnson Daniel G. , Sullivan Jay
Published: March 2008

The economic impacts of preserving two individual Civil War battlefield sites in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia and establishing a Valley-wide battlefield park were as sessed. Battlefield preservation options for the individual sites were compared with agricultural use to determine the cost of foregone economic opportunities on the sites. Results indicate that battlefield preservation can generate positive impacts and that it can compare favorably with agriculture in generating economic activity. However, results also indicate a shift in activity from agriculture to service sectors of the economy.
Residents' Strategies for Responding to Tourism Impacts
Authors: Ap John , Crompton John L.
Published: March 2008

This article reports four strategies that comprise a continuum for responding to tourism impacts: embracement, tolerance, adjustment, and withdrawal. The behaviors seem to result from reactions to tourists' numbers and behavior rather than from a cultural gap. Two directions for future research are suggested: to relate residents' perceptions of tourism impacts to the behavioral strategies they adopt, and to develop an instrument for measuring the strategies continuum described.
Marketing Research Theory and Methodology and the Tourism Industry: A Nontechnical Discussion
Authors: Baker Kenneth G. , Hozier George C. , Rogers Robert D.
Published: March 2008

This article reviews travel research efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability issues from an academic perspective with direct practitioner applications.
Community Attachment and Attitudes Toward Tourism Development
Authors: McCool Stephen F. , Martin Steven R.
Published: March 2008

This research examined relationships between tourism attitudes, length of residency, level of tourism development, and feelings of community attachment in the state of Montana. A significant relationship was found between length of residency and attachment, but people living in the communities with higher levels of tourism development have the shortest tenure in their community.
Geographic and Seasonal Variation in the Concentration of Travel in the United States
Authors: Uysal Muzaffer , Fesenmaier Daniel R. , O'Leary Joseph T.
Published: March 2008

Several tourism and related studies have used length of stay in their survey instruments and have reported related findings in the context of travel expenditures and visitor behavior. However, they have not provided much information regarding the destination's importance and seasonal variation in relation to the amount of vacation time spent. This study is an attempt to examine the relative importance and seasonal variation of length of stay in the 48 contiguous United States. The results of this study show that there are substantial differ ences among states in the degree to which they attract destination-oriented travel.
Tourism and Politics:
Authors: Perry Hobson J.S. , Ko Goldwyn
Published: March 2008

Hong Kong is a world renowned city and tourism destination. Its growing tourism industry is now a vital part of its economy. Intraregional tourism has been increasing rapidly, and Hong Kong is receiving more short-haul regional tourists. Furthermore, the rapproche ment between Taiwan (ROC) and China (PRC) and the booming economy of China have led to dramatic changes in the composition of visitor arrivals to the territory in recent years. However, the current political environment and the 1997 change in sovereignty from Britain to China will inevitably impact Hong Kong's current markets and its future market position and strategies. These issues are discussed and the likelihood of a cooperative marketing strategy for the emerging greater Hong Kong area is presented.
Using Inferential Evidence to Determine Likely Reaction to a Price I ncrease at a Festival
Authors: Crompton John L. , Love Lisa L.
Published: March 2008

This article reports an attempt to use an inferential approach to assess the likely reaction of festival visitors to a price increase. Reactions were evaluated from a historical analysis of visitation reaction to price increases and responses to six questions pertaining to substi tution opportunities, strength of reference price, distribution of trip costs, affluence of the target market, and value for money. As a result of the findings, a decision was made to raise the admission price by one-third.
Souvenirs and Tourism Styles
Authors: Litirell Mary Ann , Baizerman Suzanne , Kean Rita , Gahring Sherry , Niemeyer Shirley , Reilly Rae , Stout Janeann
Published: March 2008

Tourism souvenirs hold strong symbolic value related to pleasurable travel experiences in people's lives. Using principal component analysis and ANOVA techniques, profiles of tourists were developed based on their souvenir buying and tourism styles. Four distinct and integrated patterns of behavior emerged related to tourists' preferences for travel activities, souvenir products, and shopping. Results provide support for hypotheses that souvenir buying and tourism styles are associated.
The Study of International Tourism Demand: A Review of Findings
Authors: Crouch Geoffrey I.
Published: March 2008

An article in the Spring 1994 issue of this journal reported the results of a survey that examined the practices of 85 empirical studies of international tourism demand. This article reports a review of the findings of these studies. It concludes that findings vary widely and points to research that may clarify results.
A Normative Approach to Tourism Growth to the Year 2000
Authors: Wang Philip , Godbey Geoffrey
Published: March 2008

This study examined experts' perceptions of future tourism growth in three Pennsylvania tourist regions by applying an exploratory research design and a qualitative data analysis. The findings included typologies of growth areas, of experts' attitudes toward growth, and of the experts themselves.
Traveler Use of Visitor Information Centers: Implications for Development in Illinois
Authors: Fesenmaier Daniel R.
Published: March 2008

A key goal of tourism marketing is to use information to modify travelers' behavior to increase the number of days spent in a state as well as the level of visitor expenditures. Many tourism promoters are concerned about the efficiency of alternative locations and forms of tourist information centers in meeting the information needs of visitors traveling in the state. Consistent with previous studies, results indicate the large majority of respondents stopped to use restrooms, stretch and exercise, and obtain refreshments. However, almost 32 % of the respondents indicated they stopped to pick up travel and tourist information. Ease of access, availability of restrooms, and convenience were the most common reasons for stopping at the tourist information center rather than leaving the interstate. Fifty-two percent of the respondents appear willing to consider alternative off-interstate tourist information locations. The service setting is the single most important aspect affecting respondents' decisions concerning off-interstate locations; access (being located on a frontage road next to the interstate) is the second most important element. The findings indicate the tourist information center acts as one of the most important communication channels with which to attract and educate travelers about the benefits of visiting the state. The results also provide encouraging support for locating and developing an alternative system for meeting the information needs of visitors to the state.
Skiing Constraints for Women
Authors: Williams Peter W. , Lattey Christine
Published: March 2008

Understanding tourism behavior patterns requires an appreciation of not only what enables involvement in specific activities, but also what constrains participation. This study identifies some of the reported constraints that are particularly associated with low levels of skiing participation among females. More importantly it offers insights into why these constraints have been reported. It suggests that there is a critical need to appreciate female interpretations of leisure when developing and marketing skiing experiences, as it is within this context that females decide whether or not to pursue the activity. While focused specifically on alpine skiing, this perspective concerning constraint applies equally to the manage ment of other tourism products and environments.
Art and Tourism in Santa Fe, New Mexico
Authors: Kimmel James R.
Published: March 2008

Santa Fe, New Mexico, is known as both an art center and a major tourist destination. This article explores relationships between art and tourism in Santa Fe and offers recommendations for communities that might consider featuring art as part of their tourism development.
The Age of Aquariums: A Need for Focused Marketing
Authors: Deeter-Schmelz Dawn R. , Solomon Paul J. , Pettegrew Loyd S.
Published: March 2008

This exploratory study was undertaken to investigate visitor expectations of aquariums. Specifically, differences between (1) tourists and residents and (2) "experienced " and "inexperienced" aquarium visitors were examined. The data indicate that differences in expec tations exist between groups. The results reveal implications for the marketing of aquariums.
Development of an Instrument for Identifying Community Reasons for Staging a Festival
Authors: Mayfield Teri L. , Crompton John L.
Published: March 2008

Focus group interviews and a literature review were used to identify an initial comprehensive set of 60 items describing why nonprofit and government entities stage festivals. After pretesting and subsequently testing the items on a sample of 291 festival organizers, a 30-item instrument consisting of eight domains was demonstrated to be reliable and valid. The eight generic reasons for staging festivals were recreation/socialization, culture/ education, tourism, internal revenue generation, natural resources, agriculture, external revenue generation, and community pride/spirit.
Conference Report... The 1995 Travel Outlook
Authors: Goeldner C.R.
Published: March 2008

This report briefly summarizes the 1995 Travel Outlook Forum, cosponsored by the Travel and Tourism Research Association, the U.S. Travel Data Center, and the Travel Industry Association of America. Copies of the 1995 Outlook for Travel and Tourism are available from the U.S. Travel Data Center, 1100 New York Avenue, NW, Suite 450, Washington, DC 20005-3934 for $145.
Consumer Choice in Context: The Decoy Effect in Travel and Tourism
Authors: Josiam Bharath M. , Hobson J.S. Perry
Published: March 2008

The decoy effect, a model of consumer behavior, hypothesizes that the introduction of a carefully constructed "decoy" into a choice set will result in a segment of consumers shifting their choice to a higher priced targeted item. The decoy is a high-price, low-value product compared to other items in the choice set. This study tested the decoy effect, using choices of tour packages to Las Vegas, Nevada, and Disney World, Florida. The introduc tion of decoy packages resulted in some consumers shifting their preferences to higher priced packages. Implications for travel marketers are suggested.
Designing the Four-Year Tourism Management Curriculum: A Marketing Approach
Authors: Koh Khoon
Published: March 2008

The literature indicated that most four-year tourism management programs in the United States were designed by educators with very little or no empirical input from the industry. As such, the undergraduate tourism curriculum lacks standardization and relevance to the needs of the industry. Like any entity in a market-driven economy, departments offering four-year tourism management education must base their offerings on a marketing approach instead of a selling approach if they want to remain sustainable. Accordingly, a two-stage study was undertaken to determine necessary elements in the undergraduate tourism management curriculum. The results indicated that the curriculum should comprise four educational clusters; 15 subjects were judged as very important.
A Study of Pleasure Travelers' Cognitive Distance Assessments
Authors: Ankomah Paul K. , Crompton John L. , Baker Dwayne A.
Published: March 2008

Distance was cited by respondents as their most important consideration when selecting a destination to which to drive for a seven-day pleasure vacation. Their cognitive distance estimates to 14 potential destinations were substantially different from the actual distances to those destinations. As actual distance increased, respondents' estimates of cognitive distance increased, but less than proportionately. Hypotheses postulating the direction of cognitive distance distortion were derived from the hierarchical theory, but they were not supported. In contrast, the results supported hypotheses derived from the nonhierarchical theory, postulating that active travelers, males, and longer-tenured residents in a commu nity would exhibit less cognitive distance distortion.
Measuring Tourism Performance Using a Shift-Share Analysis: The Case of South Carolina
Authors: Sirakaya Ercan , Uysal Muzaffer , Toepper Lorin
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this study was twofold: to illustrate the utility of shift-share analysis in examining the performance of the tourism industry in South Carolina and to compare industry performance with other South Atlantic states of the United States. The study assessed competitive advantages of tourism industry sectors. Results suggest that South Carolina's core tourism industries have not kept pace with the nation's core tourism industries, mainly because the air passenger transportation sector lacks regional advantage. The total tour ism industry improved, however, primarily due to the competitive advantage of supportive tourism industries. The contribution of supportive tourism industries (Tier 2) to the core tourism industries (Tier 1) revealed a paradox.
Urban Riverboat Casino Planning: Including the African American Perspective
Authors: Wicks Bruce E. , Norman Kathryn A.
Published: March 2008

Casino tourism should receive the same thorough planning as other economic development initiatives. This article examines the attitudes of residents in a Midwestern city considering the possible introduction of a riverboat casino in their community. In addition to surveying the general population, a subsample of 104 African American households was contacted to ensure that this population's views would be represented. Similar data from the African American and white samples were compared using t-tests and chi-square statistics. Results indicate that the minority population were somewhat more ambivalent toward and less opposed to the proposed casino and were generally less likely to gamble themselves. Furthermore, they indicated a preference for new tax revenues to be allocated to social programs.
Local Economic Impacts of Tribal Casinos: The Minnesota Case
Authors: Gabe Todd , Kinsey Jean , Loveridge Scott
Published: March 2008

This study examined the economic effects of Native American casinos on their surrounding rural counties. The relationship between the presence of a casino and four measures of per capita income was analyzed using econometric methods. The study's data are from Minnesota, a state in which 16 casinos opened between 1990 and 1993. In their first two years (1990 and 1991), casinos were significantly correlated with an increase in income earned by workers in the eating and drinking industry, and somewhat correlated with income earned by hotel and amusement industry workers. They had no significant effect on overall per capita income in their counties.
An Examination of Plog's Psychographic Travel Model within a Student Population
Authors: Griffith David A. , Albanese Paul J.
Published: March 2008

Correlation analysis is used to examine the association between Plog's instrument, underlying theoretical constructs, and actual travel behavior. Cross-validation of Plog's model was achieved through three personality trait measures and a modified Nickerson scale. This study broadens the behavioral foundations of psychographic research within the travel literature.
Sixteen versus Nine Expenditure Categories in Tourism Surveys: Is There a Difference?
Authors: Yuan Michael S. , Yuan Susan M.
Published: March 2008

This study examined differences in response rates and data reliability between two self-responding expenditure survey designs containing 16 and 9 expenditure categories, respectively. Four test indicators were used: initial response rate, overall usable response rate, number of group expenditures per day, and average daily group expenditures. These results suggest that using 9 instead of 16 expenditure category scales may produce equally reliable economic estimates and reduce visitor burden, therefore potentially increasing overall response rates and reducing survey costs.
An Empirical Research Study on Japanese Sport Tourism in Sport-for-All Events: Case Studies of a Single-Night Event and a Multiple-Night Event
Authors: Nogawa Haruo , Yamaguchi Yasuo , Hagi Yumiko
Published: March 2008

Two empirical research studies were conducted on sport-for-all events to explore sport tourism in Japan. On the basis of survey results, Japanese sport tourists in sport-for-all events were found to be somewhat different from general tourists regarding expenditure patterns, but they showed the potential to become active tourists.
Effects of Service Climate on Managers' and Employees' Rating of Visitors' Service Quality Expectations
Authors: Baker Dwayne A. , Fesenmaier Daniel R.
Published: March 2008

This study examined service quality expectation differences among three stakeholder groups involved in the tourism service encounter (visitors, employees, and managers) and the degree to which service climate may explain these differences. A case study was con ducted that consisted of a survey of visitors, frontline employees, and managers at a Midwest theme park. Managers and employees rated their visitors' service quality expec tations significantly higher than the visitors themselves. Organizational barriers that may underlie these differences were explored. Analyses revealed that two out of seven management barriers significantly impacted managers' perceptions of visitors' expectations. The results also indicated that six out of nine employee barriers significantly impacted frontline employees' perceptions of visitors' expectations .
Leisure Traveler Choice Models of Theme Hotels Using Psychographics
Authors: Zins Andreas H.
Published: March 2008

A great variety of partial models exist for explaining con sumer behavior. Model selection, specification, and evaluation often lack theory orientation and sufficient criteria. Compared with demographic or socioeconomic variables, psychographic concepts supposedly offer the highest predictive power for consumer behavior. This study examined four psychographic tools in tourism behavior models: personal values, lifestyle, vacation style, and benefits sought. A rank order of predictive superiority was determined for particular theme hotel choice variables. The second research objective aimed to validate the systematic relationships between the four latent constructs. Several concepts of validity are discussed for evaluating the results claiming a consecutive influence from values to lifestyle, to vacation-style attitudes, and to benefits sought. Path analyses for each of the hotel themes try to condense and summarize the entire result.
The Conduct of Marketing Research in Tourism
Authors: Yaman H. Ruhi , Shaw Robin N.
Published: March 2008

This article reports on a study of some aspects of the marketing research (MR) practices of more than 300 tourism organizations. The characteristics examined included organi zational MR structure, MR expenditure, MR employees, MR activities conducted, tourism sector, organizational revenue, and organizational employees. The results were compared with those of a continuing study of the MR activities of ap proximately 400 members of the American Marketing Association (AMA). Tourism organizations tended to conduct pricing research more often than AMA members, while both sets of respondents reported low levels of promotional research. Relationships between the variables were examined. According to several measures, the travel sector tended to conduct less research than the hospitality or other tourism sectors. Some managerial and theoretical implications of this benchmarking study are discussed.
Ecotourists' Motivational and Demographic Characteristics: A Case of North Carolina Travelers
Authors: Meric Havva J. , Hunt Judith
Published: March 2008

Ecotourism is currently a growing segment of tourism. This study reports results of a mail survey concerning moti vational and demographic characteristics of nature tourists who had recently traveled in North Carolina. While the majority of studies have focused on general tourist characteristics, few have tried to identify characteristics of nature-based travelers. This study confirmed previous findings regarding demographic characteristics of ecotourists: that ecotourists tend to be middle age with higher education and income lev els than general travelers and the general population. It also identified general and specific activity preferences of ecotourists. The top five general activity preferences were observing wildlife; visiting state parks, national wildlife refuges, and historic sites; and hiking wetland trails. The top five specific travel attractions were First Colony and Revolutionary War sites, Native American centers, camping and hiking tours, cultural tours to archaeological centers, and flora and fauna tours. Information source preferences of ecotourists were also examined.
Tourism in Former Eastern European Societies: Ideology in Conflict with Requisites
Authors: Kreck Lothar A.
Published: March 2008

Ideologies in the former Eastern bloc countries deter mined all activities, including tourism. This article, written by an author who lived for several years in East Germany, is first of all a historical reflection. It is also an attempt to preserve information from that time period (i.e., information published in the mid-1980s is apparently considered embarrassing, and efforts were made to restrict its further use). These historical reflections will examine the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and the German Democratic Republic. The following topics are discussed: organizations of tourism, handling of statistics and budgets, ideologies, and barriers erected against Western travelers.
The Role of Ethnographic Techniques in Tourism Planning
Authors: Sandiford Peter John , Ap John
Published: March 2008

This article discusses ethnography and its application as a tool for tourism planning. It is suggested that different methodologies can complement each other in complex plan ning situations and that ethnography offers advantages at particular stages of the planning process. Furthermore, planners can better understand planning issues by using eth nographic techniques.
Profiling the Nature-Based Tourist: A Multinomial Logit Approach
Authors: Luzar E.Jane , Diagne Assane , Ecgan Christopher , Henning Brenda R.
Published: March 2008

Nature-based tourism, also known as ecotourism and green tourism, is a rapidly expanding area in the U.S. tourism travel sector. States with a well-established urban-based tourism industry, such as Louisiana, may have expansion opportuni ties through development of complementary nature-based tourism. This study used a multinomial logit analysis and a primary data sample of 1,579 individuals to evaluate deci sions to participate in Louisiana tourism (including nature- based tourism). This research presents an economic frame work for simultaneously evaluating multiple travel choices and empirically identifies factors, including psychographic, that appear to influence Louisiana tourists' decision to par ticipate in nature-based tourism. Empirical results support the hypotheses that upper-income ecotourists do not select Louisiana as a green tourism destination, while family size and proximity to Louisiana positively influence the decision to participate in Louisiana ecotourism. As hypothesized, en vironmental attitudes also influence tourism decisions.
Planning to Tourism Capacity in a Crisis
Authors: Clements Mike
Published: March 2008

Centralized planning established a successful tourism in dustry in Cyprus, but more recent problems of excess capac ity, poor product performance, and declining numbers have called into question the flexibility of a centralized planning function to first identify and then positively respond to changes in the pattern of tourism demand. Questions are raised as to how close a tourism planning body should be to central government decision making.
Service Quality and Tourism
Authors: Augustyn Marcjanna , Ho Samuel K.
Published: March 2008

The aim of this article is to emphasize the importance of quality improvement in tourism. To this end, literature re lated to the changing scenario of the tourism industry, the ever-increasing expectations from tourists, and the tools for measuring perceived service quality is reviewed. The value of the tourism industry is revisited, and the SERVQUAL model is used as a framework for defining the real meaning of customer satisfaction in tourism. Gap analysis is used to illustrate how tourism-related organizations can improve their service quality. Finally, this article concludes that serv ice quality is a necessary and winning strategy in the tourism industry for the new millennium.