bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interactions between dentists and anxious child patients: a behavioral analysis
Authors: ter Horst Guusje , Prins Pier , Veerkamp Jaap , Verhey Hans
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of dentists' behavior on the (anxious) behavior of child patients. Twelve high‐anxious and a matched group of 12 low‐anxious children from 6 to 12 yr of age were selected and randomly assigned to one of six dentists: three with experience in treating fearful children and three without such experience. Each child was treated twice. The first treatment was prophylactic, the second, 2 wks later, consisted of preparation and restoration of a cavity (Class 1) under local anesthesia. While both treatment sessions were videotaped, only the latter one was used in this study. Data analysis which did not control for autocorrelations revealed 22 (out of 28) significant effects. Data analysis with a control for autocorrelations showed only two significant effects: ‘working contact’, which decreased fear‐related behavior and ‘no physical contact’, which increased fear‐related behavior.
Direct ratings of acceptance of dental treatment in Swedish children
Authors: Hoist Annalena , Crossner Claes‐Göran , Hoist A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aim of the present study was to bring forward data of acceptance of dental treatment for 3–16‐yr‐old children in a population with good dental health and annual dental care, and to evaluate the influence on acceptance of age, sex, residential area, and previous experience and present need of dental treatment. The material consisted of 2773 children. Direct ratings of behavior were made at each of 10 different treatment steps passed during dental appointments. The majority of children needed no more than one dental visit and 79% showed positive acceptance at all steps of treatment passed during dental visits. Eight percent of all children sometimes reacted in such a way that treatment could not be carried out without restraint or undue delay. Dental fear was diagnosed in 3% of all children.
Communication between a specialist dental hospital department and referring general dental practitioners: an attempt at clinical audit
Authors: Lamey Philip‐John , Samaranayake Lakshman P. , Glass Geoffrey W. J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A study of the communication between an Oral Medicine Unit and general dental practitioners (GDP) in the West of Scotland is reported. This investigation was done by means of a postal questionnaire aimed at identifying the factors affecting the efficiency of communication and possible ways of improving the communication. The authors were concerned that in correspondence sent back to the referring GDP there may be some factor involved in the patient's care which was being omitted and which GDPs would like to see included in future correspondence. In addition the authors wished to ascertain the familiarity of the GDP, with the procedure for referring a patient to the Unit. The final part of the questionnaire invited constructive comments and criticisms from the GDP. Fifty percent of GDPs who responded to the questionnaire thought that the information received on the diagnosis, details of drug therapy and follow‐up requirements of the patient was essential. Nearly all GDPs were familiar with the procedure for referring a patient to the clinic. However, only 57% were satisfied with the time lapse between the initial referral and receiving a reply. This data, together with other findings of the survey, is being actively employed to improve communication between the Oral Medicine Unit and GDPs in the West of Scotland.
Fluorosis and caries prevalence in a community drinking above‐optimal fluoridated water
Authors: Mann Jonathan , Tibi Munder , Sgan‐Cohen Harold D.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Fluorosis levels and caries prevalence were evaluated in 182 adolescents aged 15–16 yr residing from birth in an area with 5 ppm fluoride in the drinking water. The mean number of surfaces affected by caries in the total study population was 5.46 DMFS. The teeth most susceptible to caries were the first molars. The prevalence of fluorosis was 100% with 53 subjects demonstrating mild fluorosis (according to Dean's index), 83 demonstrating moderate fluorosis, and severe fluorosis diagnosed in 46 subjects. A statistically significant positive association was found between caries prevalence and fluorosis; the more caries experienced, the more severe the fluorosis level. Boys experienced significantly higher fluorosis levels than girls. Further research will investigate the possible variables which may explain this difference in fluorosis by sex.
Spontaneous recall as an indicator of the impact of dental complaints
Authors: Westert Gert P. , Oosterhaven Sietze P. , Schaub Rob M. H.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A hypothesis was developed that the impact or importance of oral health problems may be reflected in a person's ability to remember these problems occurring in a given period spontaneously. That means that the recollection should occur on a nonspecific stimulant, i.e. a general question regarding recall of health problems. This hypothesis was first tested on existing data. A representative sample (n = 1622) of the Dutch population was asked to list all the health problems they had experienced the preceding year. Only 13 persons mentioned an oral health problem. From more specific questions on dental matters it appeared that about 15% of the sample had experienced oral health problems in this period. One hundred and forty‐six respondents indeed had received dental care because of acute pain. These data indicate that the impact of oral health problems on a person's daily life is small. Otherwise the oral health problem would have been mentioned spontaneously more often. Three possible explanations for this phenomenon are discussed.
Factors influencing oral health in long term care facilities
Authors: MacEntee Michael I. , Weiss Rachel , Waxier‐Morrison Nancy E. , Morrison Brenda J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract In a stratified random sample of 41 long term care (LTC) facilities in Vancouver, 653 residents were chosen to investigate oral health needs and demands for treatment. All of the 603 dentists in the same area were questioned to assess their interest in attending the residents of the institutions. The information from each source was reviewed to identify factors influencing the oral health services to this predominantly elderly and medically compromised population. The majority (60%) of the residents were edentulous and they made infrequent demands on dentists. Two‐thirds of those interviewed said that there was nothing wrong with their mouths, but most of those who were aware of a problem wanted it treated, preferably within the institution. They complained about loose or uncomfortable dentures most frequently, and many were dissatisfied with previous dental treatment. The oral mucosal lesions seen on examination were usually symptomless and associated with poor hygiene, while structurally defective dentures and deep carious lesions were not uncommon. The responding 334 dentists indicated that they enjoyed treating elderly patients, 19% had attended an LTC facility, usually to provide an emergency service, and 37% were willing to provide this service if asked. Interest, however, in the service was curtailed by pressures from private practice, concerns about inadequate training and the small demand and poor conditions in the facilities. Although the demand for treatment was not extensive from the residents, they did have problems that were not receiving care.
Periodontal conditions in adolescents, 15–19 years of age: an overview ot CPITN data in the WHO Global Oral Data Bank
Authors: Pilot T. , Barmes D. E. , Leclercq M. H. , McCombie B. J. , Infirri J. Sardo
Published: May 2006

Abstract Results of 61 CPITN surveys in 39 countries for the age group 15–19 yr, stored in the WHO Global Oral Data Bank as of 1 July 1987, are assembled in an overview showing percentages of persons according to the highest score for each observed condition was score 2 (calculus with or without bleeding), although some shallow pocketing of 4 or 5 mm was present in most populations surveyed. It should thus be emphasized that the major thrust of activities in periodontal care should be in health promotion and education, leading to improved oral hygiene.
Effect of a mass media periodontal campaign upon preventive knowledge and behavior in Norway
Authors: Rise Jostein , Sögaard Anne Johanne
Published: May 2006

Abstract The present study set out to determine whether or not a mass media periodontal campaign had any effect upon preventive knowledge and behavior related to periodontal diseases. The campaign was denoted “The year against periodontal disease”, and launched by the Norwegian Dental Association. The empirical basis stemmed from nationwide interview surveys in February 1981 (prior to the campaign). 1982 (after the campaign), 1983, and 1985. Knowledge of how to prevent periodontal diseases and behavior in terms of daily use of dental floss and toothpicks increased from 1981 to 1985. However, the only campaign message which seemed to have reached the public was the most simple knowledge message: “Periodontal diseases are prevented by improved brushing”, and had been reinforced among those who had made a dental visit recently. However, behavioral changes which could be ascribed to the campaign did not seem to have occurred. This is consistent with empirical results from other mass media campaigns in health education.
Evaluation of governmental dental health services in rural health centers in Egypt
Authors: Wissa Amal Aziz , Zahran Mohamed Abd El Kader
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aim of the study was to identify and evaluate the existing utility of rural oral health services after 20 yr of implementing the compulsory law of rural health services in Egypt. Six out of 26 governorates present in Egypt were selected. Ten rural health centers from each governorate were visited. A review from each center was performed about the demographic features of the village, the dental manpower and type and condition of dental equipment. The existing records of the dental treatment performed per year from July 1980 to June 1981 were recorded. The general findings revealed that only 31% of rural health centers of the selected governorates had dental facilities. The demand for dental treatments in these centers varied between the six governorates and ranged between 12% in Alexandria to 1 % in Dakahlia of the population. Most of the treatments performed were extractions (52.52%), while conservative treatments were minimal (0.85%). Prosthetic treatments were not available in these centers.
Periodontal health in a group of industrial employees
Authors: Lie Tryggve , Due Nils‐Arne , Abrahamsen Björn , Böe Olav E.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the dental health conditions of male employees in a large aluminum factory. The present report deals only with the periodontal findings. Five percent of the 181 examined subjects between 25 and 60 yr were edentulous, and all dentate individuals had some degree of periodontal disease. Surfaces harboring stainable plaque were high in all age groups, varying between 65 and 85%. Surfaces without retention factors were 31% and decreased with increasing age. The percentage of sites with bleeding increased from about 40% in the lowest to about 60% in the highest age group. Teeth with probing depths 4 mm increased from about 30% in the age group 25–29 yr to about 45% in the age group 30–34 yr, after which it increased gradually with increasing age. The difference in bone scores (marginal bone loss) was the most extensive between the ages of 25 and 34 yr, but with a significant increase throughout the age groups. The administrators had a somewhat better oral hygiene, fewer retention factors, less bleeding, fewer pockets and some more marginal bone support than the workers. Still, the administrators had more missing teeth than the workers.
Clinical classification of 14–16‐year‐old Danish children according to functional status of the masticatory system
Authors: Nielsen Lisbeth , Melsen Birte , Terp Svend
Published: May 2006

Abstract The high prevalence of functional disturbances in the masticatory system and the tendency to increasing severity with duration stresses the necessity for a reproducible index. Clinical examination of the masticatory system was performed in 14–16‐yr‐old children. The sequence of examination, TMJ–muscles–opening capacity was chosen in order to minimize the bias. For the same reason, information on symptoms and occlusal conditions was not available for the examiner. According to the amount and character of the signs of dysfunction, the children were classified into three groups. Both single traits of dysfunction and the classification of the subjects were tested for reproducibility. The reproducibility of the compound clinical index was high. The ability to differentiate between children with moderate/severe signs and without signs was higher but the highest value was reached when differentiation was made between children with no/moderate signs and children with severe signs.
Influence of socioeconomic status on oral mucosa lesion prevalence in schoolchildren
Authors: Crivelli Maria R. , Aguas Silvia , Adler Isabel , Quarracino Cecilia , Bazerque Pablo
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aim of this survey was to determine the prevalence of oral mucosa lesions in children aged 4–13 yr from two schools, one (S1) having a higher socioeconomic status than the other (S2). In all, 846 children were examined, 463 from S1 and 383 from S2, of whom 555 were boys and 291 were girls. There were 359 boys and 104 girls in S1; 196 boys and 187 girls in S2. Fifteen different lesion types were discerned. The most frequent ones were recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAU) (92 cases); fissured cheilitis (54); herpes labialis (44); angular cheilitis (30); geographic tongue (25); smooth tongue (22); and plicated tongue (17). An outstanding finding was the contrasting distribution of certain lesion types in the two schools. RAU was observed in 19% of the children from SI, making up 50% of all lesions detected. However, in S2 only 2% exhibited RAU, making up less than 4% of observed lesions. On the other hand, herpes labialis was seen in 1% of S1 and 10% of S2 children, regardless of age or sex. Plicated tongue was found in 3.2% in S1 and 0.5% in S2; fissured cheilitis in 2.9% in S1 and 12.8% in S2: and angular cheilitis in 1.1% in S1 and 6.5% in S2. Therefore, there were no statistical differences between the schools in the ratio of total lesions observed to children examined, but a significant difference was apparent when individual lesions were taken into account.
Prevalence of torus palatinus and torus mandibularis in Germans and Thai
Authors: Reichart Peter A. , Neuhaus Frank , Sookasem Mallika
Published: May 2006

Abstract Torus palatinus (TP) was recorded in 13.5% of 1317 German patients (606 men, 711 women). There was no statistically significant difference between the sexes. Torus palatinus was found in 23.1% of 947 Thai (404 men. 543 women). The difference between the sexes was significant (P < 0.001); women were affected in 28.5%, men showed a TP in 15.8%. The differences in prevalence rates between Germans and Thai was also statistically significant (P < 0.001). Torus mandibularis (TM) was recorded in 5.2% of the German patients with 8.6% of the men and 2.4% of the women being affected (P < 0.001). In the Thai, 9.4% of the men and 9% of the women showed TM. The difference between the prevalence rates in Germans and Thai was significant (P < 0.001). While generally milder forms of tori were observed in German patients, marked forms of TM were also seen in this group. While the etiology of TP and TM is still not quite clear, racial factors must definitely be considered.
A 3‐year clinical trial to compare efficacy of dentifrices containing 1.14% and 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate
Authors: Conti Anthony J. , Lotzkar Stanley , Daley Richard , Cancro Lewis , Marks Ronald G. , McNeal Donald R.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A 3‐yr daily supervised toothbrushing study with a double blind design was conducted to evaluate the anticaries effectiveness of a 1.14% sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) dentifrice (1500 ppm F) compared to a 0.76% MFP dentifrice (1000 ppm F). This study began with nearly 4000 children, primarily aged 8–11, in grades 3–5. residing in a nonfluoridated community in Florida. A total of 2415 children completed 3 yr of the study, representing 61% of the children who began the study. The results indicate a statistically significant (P < 0.001) anticaries benefit was derived over a 3‐yr period from the use of the higher fluoride dentifrice (1500 ppm F) when compared to the positive control (1000 ppm F). Percent reductions in mean dental caries increments were 20.9%, 22.1%, 21.8%, 24.3%, and 35.2% for DM FT, DFT, DMFS, DFS, and DPS Interproximal, respectively.
General diseases and dental treatability of the institutionalized elderly Finnish population
Authors: Ekelund Raili
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between such general diseases and dental treatability' of the elderly living in municipal old people's homes in Finland. The sampling methods used were PPS sampling (probabilities proportionate to size), and non‐randomized and randomized sampling. The subjects were 480 residents of 24 municipal old people's homes in different parts of Finland. Of the subjects 153 were men and 327 women, and their ages ranged from 65 to 100 yr. Data on the general diseases was obtained from the subjects' medical histories. The assessment of dental treatability was based on the subjects' communicative ability and cooperation during interview, on a clinical oral examination, and on the subjects' ability to cope with the stress of an interview and examination. Eleven percent of the subjects had no diagnosed diseases, whereas 28% had three or more. The most common diseases in both men and women were cardiovascular diseases followed by respiratory disorders in men and endocrine disorders in women. The dental treatability was considered very poor or poor in 29% and good in 26% of cases. No clear statistical correlation was found between dental treatability and the number of diseases suffered by the subject. However, cardiovascular diseases and neurologic and mental disorders were found to reduce dental treatability more than other disorders.
A 12‐year cross‐sectional and longitudinal radiographic study of dental restorations in women in Gothenburg, Sweden
Authors: Ahlqwist Margareta , Bengtsson Calle , Gröndah Hans‐Göran , Lapidus Leif
Published: May 2006

Abstract A dental examination was included in a mainly medically oriented population study of women in Gothenburg. Sweden. From panoramic radiographs the numbers of remaining teeth, restored teeth (fillings and crowns), pontics, and endodontically treated teeth were assessed in 1968–69 and in a 12‐yr follow‐up study in 1980–8). Women aged 38, 46. 50. 54 and 60 yr were initially studied. In the follow‐up study, a group of 38‐yr‐old women was added. A comparison between cross‐sectional data in 1968–69 and in 1980–81 in women aged 38 and 50 yr showed some marked differences. Dentulous women of the same age had in 1980–81 a larger mean number of teeth and a larger number of restored teeth (including crowns). The number of restored teeth in relation to remaining teeth was the same in the 38‐yr‐old women in 1980–81 but had increased in the 50‐yr‐olds. The absolute and relative numbers (in relation to remaining teeth) of crowns (also studied separately), pontics. and endodontically treated teeth were about the same in 1968–69 and 1980–81 both for the 38‐yr‐olds and the 50‐yr‐olds. There was a slight but statistically significant increase only in the absolute number of crowns for the 50‐yr‐olds. The follow‐up study showed a moderate decrease of remaining teeth in all age groups. Related to remaining teeth, the number of restored teeth (including crowns), crowns, pontics, and endodontically treated teeth showed a statistically significant increase for all age groups except for the oldest, in which group a significant increase was only observed for crowns.
A 3‐year oral health dose‐response study of sodium monofluoro‐phosphate dentifrices with and without zinc citrate: anti‐caries results
Authors: Stephen Kenneth W. , Creanor Stephen L. , Russell Joyce I. , Burchell Charles K. , Huntington Eric , Downie Charles F. A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A 3‐yr clinical trial has been conducted on 3000 12‐yr‐old children in Lanarkshire, Scotland, with the aim of investigating the effects on oral health of toothpastes containing both sodium monofluorophosphate and zinc citrate, the former being present at fluoride levels of 1000. 1500, and 2500 ppm F. No significant difference in caries increments was found between the group of children using toothpastes incorporating zinc citrate and their counterparts using zinc‐free pastes. However, a significant anti‐caries dose‐response was demonstrated over the SMFP range used. This dose‐response was evident for boys and girls and also for the various types of teeth and tooth surfaces.
Effect of systematized “behavior shaping” on acceptance of dental treatment in children
Authors: Hoist Annalena , Ek Lars
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the acceptance level of children treated by dentists who had participated in a training program of psychologic care and systematized “behavior shaping”, with the acceptance level of children treated to a large extent by the same dentists before their training program. The material consisted of 2400 children treated by 149 dentists, to be compared with the material of 2773 children treated by 161 dentists in the “before training” study: 127 dentists took part in both studies. The training program included a video film, a manual, and a case form. Of the children treated before the dentists underwent the training program. 79% showed positive acceptance of all treatment steps encountered during dental visits. 13% reluctant acceptance, and 8% negative or no acceptance. The corresponding figures for children treated after the training program were 92. 6, and 2%. The distributions of overall positive acceptance in the two studies were compared by means of a logistic regression model. The level of overall positive acceptance was significantly increased after the dentists had participated in the training program. The improvement was most pronounced among the youngest children and children in need of restorative treatment or extraction. Of all the background variables studied, age, present need of treatment, and the before/after training variable had the greatest influence. The study shows that dentists can be trained to obtain significantly increased positive acceptance of dental treatment in children, and that the method does not require extra time in the dental chair.
Longitudinal study of dental health behaviors and other caries predictors in early childhood
Authors: Grytten Jostein , Rossow Ingeborg , Holst Dorthe , Steele Linda
Published: May 2006

Abstract This longitudinal study of 231 preschoolchildren from a medium sized Norwegian town had three aims: firstly, to examine the children's early dental behavior, secondly to study the variation of dental health behavior according to mother's education, mother's dental health, and her dental attendance pattern, and thirdly to identify any behavioral or social predictors of dental caries in 36‐month‐old children. Data were collected at health centers, using preceded questionnaires and examinations, when the children were 6. 18. and 36 months old. Data about the mothers were collected at the maternity ward. At 36 months of age, 80% of the children were caries free. Favorable dental behaviors were related to toothbrushing and use of fluorides. These behaviors were so well established and consistent at all ages that they can be regarded as norms for this community. The most unfavorable and inconsistent behavior was related to sugar consumption. Dental health education could be most usefully applied to this area, where the greatest potential for improvement in behavior exists. A relationship was found between the children's caries experience and the number of missing teeth of the mother, her dental attendance pattern and her level of education. None of the social or behavioral variables tested had a strong enough association with caries experience to justify their use as caries predictors in this age group.
Significance of dental problems to the public and their comparability with general health problems
Authors: Westert Gert P. , Oosterhaven Sietze P. , Bouma Jelte , Schaub Rob M. H.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A group of 109 subjects received a short questionnaire concerning their general health status. The subjects were invited to recall all the (health) problems experienced in the foregoing 6 months. Every participant in this study had visited the dentist, in the 6 months preceding the investigation, because of a dental problem. If these dental problems were important for the respondents they would recall them spontaneously, when a general question regarding health problems was posed. Only eight subjects mentioned dental problems spontaneously, of which seven concerned “pain‐complaints”. Only in two cases had the dental complaints been experienced more than 3 months ago. Eighteen respondents said that they could not remember the dental visit or their specific dental problem. Thirteen of these 18 persons visited their dentist because of an aesthetic problem. The results indicate that the impact of (some) dental problems on a person's feeling of being healthy was small. On the other hand, this study shows that the comparability of (most) dental problems and general health problems is limited. A typology of the significance of dental problems for the public and comparability with the concept of general health is presented and discussed in this study.
Dutch dentists' decisions to take bitewing radiographs
Authors: Mileman Philip , van der Weele Leo , van de Poel Fons , Purdell‐Lewis David
Published: May 2006

Abstract A postal questionnaire was sent to a 10% (n= 444) national random sample of Dutch dental practitioners. The response was 77% (n= 344). The practitioners prescribed bitewings on average for 57% of “new” 25‐yr‐old patients. Five significant (P < 0.05) variables explained 24% of the variation in bitewing prescribing for these “new” patients. These were, in declining level of importance: the initial dental condition of the patient, the proportion of restorative treatment decisions based solely on radiographs, the level of urbanization of the practice location, the technical level of the practice equipment and the importance attached by dentists to the diagnostic use of dental floss for imerproximal caries diagnosis. The low power of the regression model in explaining variation in the decision to take bitewings indicates an idiosyncratic use of bitewing radiographs for caries diagnosis. A weak tendency to adopt different diagnostic sets of procedures was demonstrated.
The practice of dentistry by male and female dentists
Authors: Spencer A. J. , Lewis J. M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Increasing numbers of women are entering the once male‐dominated dental profession in Australia. Determining what differences exist in the practice of dentistry between male and female dentists has therefore become an important task. The purpose of the present study was to examine differences in practice between male and female dentists. Data were available from a weighted, stratified random sample of 730 dentists (486 male and 294 female dentists) in each State or Territory of Australia. Using discriminant analysis age, practice setting, number of other dentists in the practice, inputs to the practice of dentistry either hired, acquired or contributed, direct demand and community size were all found significant in separating male and female dentists. It was more difficult to separate younger male and female dentists, indicating some convergence between the sexes. However, some differences persisted. Possible reasons for the differences are discussed and some implications noted.
Assessment of periodontal disease and dental caries in a population survey using the CPITN, GPM/T and DMF/T indices
Authors: Gaengler Peter , Goebel Gernot , Kurbad Andreas , Kosa Willfried
Published: May 2006

Abstract 2263 randomly selected subjects, aged 15–19, 20–24. 25–29. 30–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64 and > 64 yr, were assessed for periodontal status, caries status and treatment needs using the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), the ratio of Gingivitis: Periodontitis: Missing teeth (GPM/T index) and the DMF/T index. The advantages of full mouth examination were compared to partial recordings. The CPITN underestimated deep pocketing especially in older age groups and in younger groups overestimated the need for scaling. Although the mean GPM/T number of periodontally affected teeth is in the range of 9–13 teeth and stable throughout the age groups there were age‐dependent high risk groups for developing shallow pocketing (20–24 yr) and deep pocketing (45–54 yr), whereas adolescents were at high caries risk. The increase in the number of missing teeth was dramatic after the age of 54 yr only one decade after the high risk age for deep pathologic pockets.
Prevalence and severity of periodontal conditions among adults in urban and rural Morogoro, Tanzania
Authors: Lembariti B. S. , Frencken J. E. , Pilot T.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A study to assess the prevalence and severity of periodontal conditions among 809 adults in Tanzania was carried out in 1982 in Morogoro District. The prevalence of plaque (99.6%), calculus (95, 7%) and gingivitis (93.8%) among them was high. The mean number of teeth per person with pockets between 3.5 and 5.5 mm was 3.5 for the urban and 4.2 for the rural population. Pockets of more than 5.5 mm were found on average in 0.1 (urban) and 0.2 (rural) teeth per person. In the 45+ age group on average 3.0 teeth per person were missing in urban areas and 6.9 teeth in rural areas. There were no statistically significant differences found in periodontal conditions between urban and rural adults, except for the 45+ age group. In this age group a higher mean number of teeth per person with recession, calculus, pockets, gingivitis and missing were found among the rural than the urban population. The study suggests that high prevalence of plaque, calculus and gingivitis at a young age. if untreated, does not lead for all persons to severe periodontal breakdown with ultimately tooth loss in old age in this population. Effects of the study in terms of planning primary health care teaching programs have been presented.
Oral cancer after surgery for peptic ulcer
Authors: Mellström Dan , Öslerberg Tor
Published: May 2006

AbstractOral cancer was studied in a population of 3435 which constituted all persons who were operated upon because of peptic ulcer in Gothenburg 1952–61. This population formed a data base which was coordinated with the National Cancer Register and the Register of Causes of Deaths in Sweden. The expected number of oral cancers was 7.7 and the observed number was 17 (P<0.01). In gerontologic population studies of the elderly in Gothenburg it was shown that 70‐yr‐old men with a history of peptic ulcer surgery more often were tobacco smokers, edentulous and more often had sideropenic and megaloblastic anemia and also had a lower bone mineral content.
High‐frequency hearing of dental personnel Occupational Hazards
Authors: Rahko Alli AI‐L. , Karma Pekka H. , Rahko K. Tapani , Kataja Matti J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract 234 dentists and dental nurses were examined with a normal and a high‐frequency audiometer in high standard clinical conditions. Their ordinary and high‐frequency hearing as compared with the controls showed no significant differences. Thus, exposure to high‐frequency noise from high‐speed drills and other modern dental instrumentation does not appear to be harmful to one's hearing and does not necessitate audiologic screening procedures for dental personnel.
Oral health in SFR Yugoslavia in 1986
Authors: Vrbič Vito , Vulović Marko , Rajić Zdravko , Topić Berislav , Tatić Emil , Malić Mirjana , Milić Djordjije , Aurer‐Koželj Jelena , Nečeva Ljubinka , Redžepagić Slavica , Mratinković Dušan
Published: May 2006

Abstract A pilot oral health epidemiological survey using WHO assessment forms was conducted in Yugoslavia in the year 1986. The study population consisted of 2600 persons aged 6, 12, 15, 18, 35–4, and over 65 yr. The survey included 22 towns (11 developed and 11 underdeveloped) in the six Republics and two Provinces of Yugoslavia. The results showed the prevalence of dental caries in the Yugoslav population to be very high (98.7% in 12–yr‐olds). The mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMF) scores were as follows: 6.1 at age 12 yr, 9.6 at age 15, 10.9 at age 18, 18.0 at age 35–44, and 28.0 in persons aged over 65 yr. Assessment of the periodontal status showed calculus to be the predominant disorder in the age groups 18 and 35–44 yr, while loss of sextants prevailed in persons aged over 65 yr.
Traumatic dental injuries in nursery schoolchildren from Baghdad, Iraq
Authors: Yagot Kahtan Hameed , Nazhat Nehal Yahya , Kuder Sadik Aleas
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine, by age and sex, 1) the prevalence of traumatic injuries to primary incisors and canines, and 2) their distribution according to type in nursery schoolchildren from the city of Baghdad. The sample consisted of 2389 children aged l–4 yr enrolled in 39 nursery schools. The prevalence of injuries was 24.4% (24.5% in boys and 24.3% in girls). The largest percentage of injuries was demonstrated by the 4‐yr‐old children. There were no differences between boys and girls in their susceptibility to traumatic dental injuries. Combining both sexes, the most common type of injury was the enamel fracture (83.8%). followed by concussion (7.4%) and enamel‐dentin fracture (6.2%).
Incidence of dental trauma in the Western Australian School Dental Service
Authors: Stockwell Antony J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A prospective study was undertaken to determine the annual incidence of trauma to the anterior permanent teeth of children enrolled in the Western Australian School Dental Service. The population comprised 66500 6–12–yr‐old children. 1.66 children and 2.05 teeth per 100 children received trauma. Of the children incurring trauma the incidence per 100 erupted teeth was 11.7, 80.5% of children traumatised one tooth only per incident, but 35% of all teeth that were traumatised involved trauma to two or more teeth. 88% of all traumatised teeth were central incisors. Girls received proportionately more trauma to the maxillary dental arch than did boys. Fracture involving both the enamel and the dentine was the most commonly recorded class of trauma (42.7% of cases). There was no obvious pattern to the overall distribution of trauma through the week or the year. Approximately one‐third of all traumata occurred at school, one‐third at home, and the remainder elsewhere. Trauma to the maxillary dental arch occurred most frequently at home, while trauma to more than one tooth (multiple trauma) occurred most commonly at school. Trauma incidence resulting from falling or being pushed was almost twice as high among girls as among boys. Bicycle accidents caused a higher than average rate of multiple trauma and of pulpal exposure.
Prevalence of symptoms associated with temporomandibular disorders in a Canadian population
Authors: Locker David , Slade Gary
Published: May 2006

Abstract Few epidemiologic studies of TM disorders have used random samples drawn from the general population. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and distribution of symptoms commonly associated with such disorders among a sample of adults in Toronto, Canada. A random digit dialing technique was used to identify 1002 individuals aged 18 and over. A symptom questionnaire was completed by 67.7%. Overall, 48.8% responded positively to one or more of the nine questions concerning symptoms. Joint sounds, tiredness or stiffness of jaw muscles, and an uncomfortable bite were the symptoms most frequently reported. Functional pain or pain while at rest was reported by 12.9%. Sex and age differences were small although statistically significant, with women and the younger age groups more likely than men or the older age groups to report one or more symptoms. Significant associations were observed between the reporting of symptoms and potential risk factors such as parafunctional behaviours and reports of frequent stress. The proportion in need of treatment varied from 3.5% to 9.7% according to the case definition used.
Caries prevalence in 12‐year‐old children in Ljubljana in 1970 and 1985
Authors: Vrbič Vito
Published: May 2006

Abstract In Yugoslavia accurate data on the caries trend have not been available so far. In the present study, we have compared the caries status of 12–yr‐old children in the years 1970 and 1985. Dental examinations in both surveys were carried out by the same examiner. Each survey included about 150 children of similar socioeconomic background, attending the same three schools in Ljubljana. The average number of DMFT per child decreased from 8.15 in 1970 to 5.03 in 1985 (38.3%). and the average number of DMFS decreased from 17.25 in 1970 to 7.80 in 1985 (54.8%). The number of carious surfaces per tooth dropped from 2.12 in 1970 to 1.55 in 1985. The greatest decline occurred on the approximal surfaces (78.3%). whereas the involvement of occlusal, lingual, and buccal surfaces decreased by about 40%.
Long term results of chemotherapy on the developing dentition: caries risk and developmental aspects
Authors: Purdell‐Lewis David J. , Stalman Myrke S. , Leeuw Jan A. , Humphrey George B. , Kalsbeek Huib
Published: May 2006

Abstract
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The dental health of 45 children who had been placed on long term evaluation after chemotherapy treatment for malignancies was examined in this study. All children had received cytotoxic drugs during the period of tooth formation. It was found that they had more filled or diseased permanent teeth than control children. Their current caries activity as indicated by initial white spot lesions was also higher. Forty‐three of the children showed evidence of disturbed amelogenesis. This had resulted in aesthetically displeasing grooves, pits and discoloration. Twenty‐three of the children were counseled on the possibility of cosmetic dentistry. Delayed eruption and shortened, malformed roots were also found on several patients. It was concluded that these patients constitute a high risk dental care group.
Oral health concerns of an elderly population in England
Authors: MacEntee Michael I. , Dowell Tom B. , Scully Crispian
Published: May 2006

Abstract –A group of 437 subjects from a random sample of 737 persons, over 75 yr of age and living independently in the southwest of England, were interviewed about their oral health concerns and desires for dental treatment. Most of the subjects could have received dental treatment without unusual risk, although a third of the sample said they could not move around or attend a dentist without assistance. A dentist had visited the homes of only 2% of the sample, while 22% expressed a desire for this service. Nearly half of those interviewed complained of a mouth problem and a third were experiencing oral pain, yet the majority had not been to a dentist for at least 10 yr, and had no wish to see a dentist. Many of the subjects, even among those with complaints, said they had not visited a dentist recently because they had nothing wrong, while only a small proportion (3%) of the sample identified fear, expense or transport as a barrier to dental treatment. The results indicate that elderly people do not have many oral health concerns or expectations.
Longitudinal radiographic analysis of carious lesion progression
Authors: Berkey Catherine S. , Douglass Chester W. , Valachovic Richard W. , Chauncey Howard H.
Published: May 2006

Abstract –Information on the rate at which carious lesions progress through the enamel of human teeth in an adult population was obtained from dental radiographs taken at 3‐yr intervals, over a 10‐yr period on 602 men. Clinical measures of calculus deposition, plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, tooth mobility, periodontal pocket depth, and gingival recession were studied to find predictors that might be of value to the clinician for determining how frequently radiographs should be taken. We estimate that 50% of the enamel lesions on mesial and distal surfacess, if left untreated, would not progress into the dentin until 73 months had elapsed after the lesion was initiated. Significant differences in the progression rate were associated with the arch and tooth type. Patient age, number of decayed or filled surfaces, degree of gingival inflammation, amount of recession, and plaque accumulation were positively associated with more rapid caries progression, while greater numbers of teeth present were predictive of slower disease progression.
Analysis of repeated measures experiments on individuals subjected to different treatments
Authors: Lachapelle Diane , Desaulniers Gerard , Bujold Nérée
Published: May 2006

Abstract
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This article illustrates the ability of MANOVA to analyze the data of a doubly multivariate repeated measures design study using the multivariate set up. The advantage of this statistical method is to evaluate the effect of time and treatments, and their interaction on many combined dependent variables. The difference in the evolution of scores obtained by repeated measures may then be assessed statistically, thus permitting us to evaluate the longitudinal dimension of the study. This analysis allows for more global conclusions simultaneously taking into account the different aspects of the study. The limits and uses of this statistical technique are also discussed.
Comparative effects of a 4‐year fluoride mouthrinse program on high and low caries forming grade 1 children
Authors: Disney Judith A. , Graves Richard C. , Stamm John W. , Bohannan Harry M. , Abernathy James R.
Published: May 2006

Abstract This paper presents the comparative effectiveness of fluoride mouthrinse (FMR) on high and low caries forming children after a 4‐yr exposure to weekly rinse beginning in the first grade. Over 1200 grade 1 children drawn from both fluoride deficient and fluoridated sites were divided into treatment and concurrent, longitudinal control groups. After 4 yr these children were stratified according to caries increment; those above the 75th percentile were considered high caries formers, all others were designated low caries formers. After adjustment of the mean increments for differences in SES, age, race, and sex in rinse and control groups, high caries formers (approximately 25% of the children) in the rinse and control groups in fluoride deficient areas showed increments of 7.00 and 7.79 surfaces, respectively, indicating a savings of 0.79 surfaces. Low caries formers (approximately 75% of the children) demonstrated increments of 1.11 DMFS in the rinse group and 1.40 in the control group (savings 0.29 DMFS). The pattern was quite similar for children in fluoridated areas except that the increments, as well as the savings realized, were lower. The results raise questions as to the practical effectiveness of school based FMR programs even for high caries forming children
Association between cigarette smoking and prevalence of oral mucosal lesions among Malaysian army personnel
Authors: Bte Zain Rosnah , Abdul Razak Ishak
Published: May 2006

Abstract The association between cigarette smoking and the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was examined in 495 Malaysian army personnel. No associations between cigarette smoking and recurrent aphthous ulcerations, pre‐leukoplakia and frictional keratosis could be obtained in this study. Positive associations were found between cigarette smoking and leukoedema as well as denture stomatitis. There was a negative association between cigarette smoking and the presence of coated tongue
Guttman scale analysis of dental health attitudes and knowledge
Authors: Petersen Poul Erik
Published: May 2006

Abstract Indexes on attitudes and knowledge are very often used in community dentistry research. However, such indexes are seldom evaluated with respect to validity. In the social sciences, complicated and advanced scaling methods are widely used. One of the methods, The Guttman scaling, is a means of analyzing the underlying characteristics of several items in order to determine whether the scale is unidimensional and cumulative. The purpose of the present study was to develop and evaluate two Guttman scales: 1) attitudes to prevention of dental diseases and 2) knowledge about sugar and caries. The scales were evaluated on the basis of survey data on health behavior, dental attitudes and knowledge among parents of Danish children 6 years of age. A total of 193 parents (71% of original sample) responded to a postal questionnaire including questions on attitudes to prevention of dental diseases and knowledge about sugar and caries. In the analyses, the scales were evaluated according to standard criteria of scalability: Coefficient of Reproducibility. Minimal Marginal Reproducibility, and Coefficient of Scalability. The analyses showed that unidimensional and cumulative scale was indicated for attitudes to prevention while the scale on knowledge about sugar and caries failed on the criteria of validity. In community dentistry, future studies ought to be more concerned with the construction and testing of scaling models in order to provide valid analyses of dental health attitudes and knowledge
Second assessment of London children involved in a scheme of dental health education in infancy
Authors: Holt Ruth D. , Winter Gerald B. , Fox Brenda , Askew Rosalind
Published: May 2006

Abstract In the mid‐1970's, a scheme was set up providing dental health education at home visits to mothers with young children. A free supply of fluoride supplements for their children was offered to mothers in two of the three groups taking part. In the 10th year, 126 of the children were examined for caries and gingivitis. Few statistically significant results were seen in this small sample remaining from the scheme, but trends for better dental health amongst children whose mothers had been visited at home had been seen in a previous assessment and were seen again here
Dental fluorosis among participants in a non‐supervised fluoride tablet program
Authors: Larsen Mogens Joost , Kirkegaard Ejgil , Poulsen Sven , Fejerskov Ole
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aim of the present study was to describe the intraoral pattern of dental fluorosis among fluoride tablet consumers. One hundred and forty‐two children, of whom 56 had participated in a fluoride tablet program of 0.5/1.0 mg NaF per day were examined blindly for possible fluoride‐induced enamel changes. A low prevalence of dental fluorosis was found among non‐participants. The later in life the tooth was formed, the higher was the prevalence. The subjects who had participated in the fluoride tablet program showed a significantly higher prevalence of fluorosis. They could be divided into three groups: Group I exhibited a tooth prevalence pattern not statistically different from that of the non‐participants, group 2 showed dental fluorosis in almost all teeth except in those formed before the start of the tablet program. In group 3 the early and the late formed teeth showed very little fluorosis while those formed in the few years just after the initiation of the fluoride tablet intake were affected by fluorosis