bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring noise, degeneracy and determinism in biological networks with the einet package
Authors: Klein Brennan , Swain Anshuman , Byrum Travis , Scarpino Samuel V. , Fagan William F.
Published: January 2022

Understanding noise in networks and finding the right scale to represent a system are important problems in network biology. Most research focuses on the raw, micro‐scale network from data/simulations and seldom explores the scale dependence of properties.

Here, we introduce the einet package, which looks at the most informative scale in a biological network using recent concepts from information theory and network science.

einet uses two metrics: Effective information, which measures the interplay between degeneracy and determinism in a network’s edges, and causal emergence, which finds the scale of the network with the highest effective information.

einet is available in R and Python and provides tools to explore noise and scale dependency in networks as well as compare information flow and noise across networks.
Repeated blast mild traumatic brain injury and oxycodone self‐administration produce interactive effects on neuroimaging outcomes
Authors: Muelbl Matthew J. , Glaeser Breanna L. , Shah Alok S. , Chiariello Rachel A. , Nawarawong Natalie N. , Stemper Brian D. , Budde Matthew D. , Olsen Christopher M.
Published: January 2022

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and drug addiction are common comorbidities, but it is unknown if the neurological sequelae of TBI contribute to this relationship. We have previously reported elevated oxycodone seeking after drug self‐administration in rats that received repeated blast TBI (rbTBI). TBI and exposure to drugs of abuse can each change structural and functional neuroimaging outcomes, but it is unknown if there are interactive effects of injury and drug exposure. To determine the effects of TBI and oxycodone exposure, we subjected rats to rbTBI and oxycodone self‐administration and measured drug seeking and several neuroimaging measures. We found interactive effects of rbTBI and oxycodone on fractional anisotropy (FA) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and that FA in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was correlated with drug seeking. We also found an interactive effect of injury and drug on widespread functional connectivity and regional homogeneity of the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response, and that intra‐hemispheric functional connectivity in the infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex positively correlated with drug seeking. In conclusion, rbTBI and oxycodone self‐administration had interactive effects on structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures, and correlational effects were found between some of these measures and drug seeking. These data support the hypothesis that TBI and opioid exposure produce neuroadaptations that contribute to addiction liability.
Communication and collaboration skills training in Radiation Oncology in Australia and New Zealand: A qualitative study
Authors: Levy David C. , Naehrig Diana , Sullivan Lisa , Chin Yaw S.
Published: January 2022

Purpose

Effective communication and collaboration with patients, carers and between healthcare professionals improves patient management. This study aimed to explore essential communication and collaboration skills training (CCST) for a radiation oncologist (RO) to inform competencies, learning outcomes and enhance curriculum training methods.

Materials and Methods

Eight focus group discussions with 10 fellows and 14 trainees of the Faculty of Radiation Oncology, Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists (FRO RANZCR) were conducted face to face between October 2018 and March 2019. Participants included doctors from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, working in public and private, metropolitan, and rural sectors. Data were recorded, transcribed verbatim, managed in Excel, and coded using a qualitative content analysis framework. The study was approved by South Eastern Sydney Local Health District HREC (18/186). Participants provided informed written consent.

Results

After achieving thematic saturation, four predominant themes emerged. These were as follows: (1) Enablers and barriers to effective communication and collaboration; (2) written communication; (3) communicating bad news; and (4) multidisciplinary team meeting collaboration. Managing uncertainty and workplace culture emerged as interconnected sub‐themes.

Conclusions

There is a current lack of CCST in radiation oncology in Australia and New Zealand. The most common theme that emerged to improve CCST focused on increasing the exposure to a variety of communication and collaboration clinical scenarios, which are observed and upon which immediate structured feedback is given. Consultants and trainees offered tangible suggestions on how to improve the curriculum. These findings underscore the importance of using a combination of structured teaching methods and work‐based assessments. CCST templates are recommended.
State Support for Rebels and Interstate Bargaining
Authors: Qiu Xiaoyan
Published: January 2022

Since the end of World War II, leaders have frequently supported rebel groups in other countries as a coercive strategy in international disputes. However, the strategic rationale by which rebel groups gain international support is non‐obvious. Many recipient groups are too weak to viably win and are hostile to the sponsoring state's goals. Using a formal model, I explain that the fundamental objective of transnational rebel support is to gain bargaining leverage against a rival state by depleting its resources to counter internal and external challenges. This subversive effect provides a sufficient incentive for sponsoring the rebels even when favourable conditions suggested by previous studies are absent. Sponsoring rebels is attractive even if conventional warfare is not comparatively costly and even if rebel and sponsor preferences diverge. Moreover, given the goal of destabilizing rival regimes, potential sponsors prefer to support weaker rebel groups and provide more support to them.
Reflections on using mobile GPS with young informal vendors in urban Tanzania
Authors: Salvidge Nathan
Published: January 2022

This paper will explore how mobile‐based GPS methods can advance insights into young itinerant vendors' informal livelihood mobilities. It examines the practicalities of using a GPS‐based method in a Majority World context whilst also discussing the merits of combining this approach with mobile methods. The ethical issues of using GPS technology ‘on the move’, and the impact that my presence had whilst I accompanied participants, is also discussed.
Mammals' humoral immune proteins and peptides targeting the bacterial envelope: from natural protection to therapeutic applications against multidrug‐resistant Gram‐negatives
Authors: Escobar‐Salom María , Torrens Gabriel , Jordana‐Lluch Elena , Oliver Antonio , Juan Carlos
Published: January 2022

Mammalian innate immunity employs several humoral ‘weapons’ that target the bacterial envelope. The threats posed by the multidrug‐resistant ‘ESKAPE’ Gram‐negative pathogens (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) are forcing researchers to explore new therapeutic options, including the use of these immune elements. Here we review bacterial envelope‐targeting (peptidoglycan and/or membrane‐targeting) proteins/peptides of the mammalian immune system that are most likely to have therapeutic applications. Firstly we discuss their general features and protective activity against ESKAPE Gram‐negatives in the host. We then gather, integrate, and discuss recent research on experimental therapeutics harnessing their bactericidal power, based on their exogenous administration and also on the discovery of bacterial and/or host targets that improve the performance of this endogenous immunity, as a novel therapeutic concept. We identify weak points and knowledge gaps in current research in this field and suggest areas for future work to obtain successful envelope‐targeting therapeutic options to tackle the challenge of antimicrobial resistance.
HSP90 promotes radioresistance of cervical cancer cells via reducing FBXO6‐mediated CD147 polyubiquitination
Authors: Song Qi , Wen Juyi , Li Weiping , Xue Janxin , Zhang Yufei , Liu Hongyan , Han Jixia , Ning Tao , Lu Zejun
Published: January 2022

HSP90 inhibition might be a promising strategy to overcome the radioresistance of some cancers. In the current study, we further explored the mechanisms of HSP90 in regulating the radiosensitivity of cervical cancer cells. Bioinformatic analysis was performed based on data from TCGA‐CESC. Cellular and molecular studies were conducted using CaSki and SiHa and the derived radioresistant (RR) subclones. Through a proteomics screen, we identified HSP90 chaperones (both HSP90α and HSP90β) as CD147‐binding partners supporting its stabilization. Targeting HSP90 sensitized CaSki‐RR and SiHa‐RR cancer cells to irradiation partially through CD147 destabilization. Mechanistically, HSP90 interacts with FBXO6 and reduces FBXO6‐mediated proteasomal degradation of CD147. Enforced FBXO6 overexpression also sensitized CaSki‐RR and SiHa‐RR cancer cells to irradiation. These effects were enhanced using 17‐AAG treatment but were weakened by CD147 overexpression. Survival analysis further confirmed the association between high FBXO6 expression and favorable progression‐free survival among patients with cervical cancer. In conclusion, this study showed that HSP90 promotes radioresistance of cervical cancer cells partially via reducing FBXO6 mediated CD147 polyubiquitination. These findings help to explain why HSP90 inhibitor exerts radio‐sensitizing effects in cervical cancer.
HSP90/IKK‐rich small extracellular vesicles activate pro‐angiogenic melanoma‐associated fibroblasts via the NF‐κB/CXCL1 axis
Authors: Tang Hokeung , Zhou Xiaocheng , Zhao Xiaoping , Luo Xinyue , Luo Tingting , Chen Yang , Liang Weilian , Jiang Erhui , Liu Ke , Shao Zhe , Shang Zhengjun
Published: January 2022

Hypoxia is a main feature of most solid tumors, but how melanoma cells under hypoxic conditions exploit tumor microenvironment (TME) to facilitate tumor progression remains poorly understood. In this study, we found that hypoxic melanoma‐derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) could improve the proangiogenic capability of cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs). This improvement was due to the activation of the IKK/IκB/NF‐κB signaling pathway and upregulation of CXCL1 expression and secretion in CAFs. By proteomic analysis, we verified that hypoxia could promote enrichment of chaperone HSP90 and client protein phosphorylated IKKα/β (p‐IKKα/β) in melanoma‐derived sEVs. Delivery of the HSP90/p‐IKKα/β complex by sEVs could activate the IKK/IκB/NF‐κB/CXCL1 axis in CAFs and promote angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these findings deepen the understanding of hypoxic response in melanoma progression and provide potential targets for melanoma treatment.
Dermoscopic features of actinomycetoma: a case series
Authors: Guerrero-Putz María D. , Gómez-García Luis Álvaro , Regalado-Ceballos Airam , Pérez-Romero Ana G. , Moreno Dilia , Villarreal-Martinez Alejandra , Chavez-Alvarez Sonia , Ocampo-Candiani Jorge , Cuellar-Barboza Adrian
Published: January 2022

Dermoscopy of mycetoma has white structures as the predominant feature, while white scale and yellowish structures were also consistent in our findings with available literature.
Tinea auricularis: a neglected tinea incognito
Authors: Zhi Hui-Lin , Xia Xiu-Jiao , Liu Ze-Hu
Published: January 2022

Ultraviolet dermoscopy is a rapid and noninvasive diagnosis tool for tinea auricularis caused by Microsporum canis, which facilitated early treatment with systemic antifungals.
The need to be alert to complications of peri‐lead cerebral edema caused by deep brain stimulation implantation: A systematic literature review and meta‐analysis study
Authors: Tian Yu , Wang Jiaming , Jiang Lei , Feng Zhaohai , Shi Xin , Hao Yujun
Published: January 2022

Background

The compatibility of deep brain stimulation (DBS) hardware and MRI scans has greatly improved the diagnostic rate of postoperative peri‐lead edema (PLE). However, the etiology, incidence, and prognostic outcomes of this complication have not been established.

Objective

The incidence of PLE and associated symptoms, the process of occurrence and progression of this complication, as well as treatment strategies were evaluated.

Methods

We conducted a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses compliant systematic review of all studies that reported on incidences of PLE and associated symptoms after DBS implantation. Through systematic literature review, we evaluated its causes, neuropsychiatric symptoms, duration, treatment methods, and prognostic outcomes.

Results

Our search retrieved 10 articles, including 5 articles on PLE and 10 articles on symptomatic PLE. The incidence of PLE was 35.8% (95% CI: 17.0%–54.6%), while the incidence of symptomatic PLE was 3.1% (95% CI: 1.5%–4.7%) accounting for 8.7% of PLE.

Conclusions

This complication is not as rare as previously reported. Therefore, it requires significant attention after DBS implantation. The correlation between its causes, duration, symptoms, and the area involved in edema should be assessed in long‐term prospective clinical studies with large sample sizes.
Factors associated with telemedicine utilization among post‐transplant patients at a university kidney and pancreas transplant center
Authors: Wei Tina Ruoting , Berner Eta S. , Qu Haiyan , Agarwal Gaurav
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Telemedicine has become prevalent during the novel‐coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. The study explored patient factors associated with telemedicine utilization among post‐kidney and pancreas transplant patients at a university center.

Methods and Results

After analyzing 2801 patients and their visits using chi‐square test and logistic regression, we found that government‐insured (P < .0001) post‐kidney and pancreas transplant patients were less likely to use telemedicine. Sex (P = .748), patient race (P = .920), age groups (P = .812), and traveling distance (P = .837) were not associated with telemedicine use.

Conclusion

Centers should consider focusing on the subgroup of government‐insured patients to improve telemedicine use and future studies should consider exploring barriers for underutilization of telemedicine in this population.
Increased left atrial volume index is associated with more cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome: HIJ‐PROPER study findings
Authors: Ri Tonre , Saito Chihiro , Arashi Hiroyuki , Yamaguchi Junichi , Ogawa Hiroshi , Hagiwara Nobuhisa
Published: January 2022

Aim

To investigate the association between the left atrial volume index (LAVI) and the incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who did not have atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods

In this sub‐analysis of the HIJ‐PROPER study, 226 ACS patients who did not have a history of AF were enrolled. Participants were divided into two groups according to the LAVI cut‐off level calculated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to predict the primary endpoint, and cardiovascular events were compared between groups. The primary endpoint was the first occurrence of all‐cause death, non‐fatal myocardial infarction, non‐fatal stroke, and hospitalization for heart failure.

Results

ROC curve analysis for the occurrence of composite of cardiovascular events indicated a LAVI cut‐off point of 34 mL/m2. Based on this, 131 patients (58.0%) were in the LAVI < 34 mL/m2 group and 95 (42.0%) were in the LAVI ≥ 34 mL/m2 group. Over a median follow‐up period of 4.0 years [interquartile range: 3.2, 5.1], cardiovascular events were noted in 7 and 15 patients in the LAVI < 34 mL/m2 and LAVI ≥ 34 mL/m2 groups, corresponding to an incidence rate of 5.3% and 15.8%, respectively. Patients with a LAVI value ≥ 34 mL/m2 had a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular events than those with a LAVI value < 34 mL/m2 (hazard ratio: 2.93; 95% confidence interval: 1.19–7.22; P = .014). The tendency was similar after adjusting for several confounders (P = .025).

Conclusion

In ACS patients without AF, elevated LAVI was associated with increased cardiovascular events.

Clinical trial registration

International standard randomized controlled trial (URL: https://www.umin.ac.jp; UMIN000002742).
Imperial preference before the Ottawa Agreements: Evidence from New Zealand's Preferential and Reciprocal Trade Act of 1903
Authors: Varian Brian D.
Published: January 2022

In the Edwardian era, the British Dominions adopted policies of imperial preference amid a period of rising imports from the United States and industrial continental Europe. Hitherto, there has been no econometric assessment of whether these policies diverted the Dominions’ imports towards the Empire, as was intended. This article focuses on New Zealand's initial policy of imperial preference, codified in the Preferential and Reciprocal Trade Act of 1903. New Zealand's policy was unique insofar as it extended preference to only certain commodities and not others. Using propensity score matching, this study exploits the cross‐commodity variation in the extension of preference and finds that, on the whole, the Preferential and Reciprocal Trade Act did not divert New Zealand's imports towards the Empire. However, for those few commodities receiving very high absolute margins of preference (20 per cent ad valorem), a statistically significant effect of the preferential policy is found. Altogether, this case study of New Zealand reveals a contrast between the Edwardian system of imperial preference and the trade‐diverting system of imperial preference that resulted from the Ottawa Agreements of the interwar era.
Transgender parenthood, participation in children's lives, and association with discrimination experiences: An exploratory study
Authors: de Brito Silva Bruno , Vaitses Fontanari Anna Martha , Seibel Bruna Larissa , Chinazzo Ítala Raymundo , Luxion Kate , Rodrigues Lobato Maria Inês , Nardi Henrique Caetano , Koller Silvia Helena , Costa Angelo Brandelli
Published: January 2022

Objective

To describe general characteristics of transgender parents, highlight aspects of their relationship with their children, and explore experiences with discrimination, compared with transgender nonparents.

Background

Few studies have investigated families headed by transgender individuals, and even fewer in contexts where there are no specific policies for family planning in this group, as is the case in Brazil.

Methods

A hospital and web‐based cross‐sectional survey recruited transgender individuals from two Brazilian states during July–October 2014 and January–March 2015. The survey was designed based on a cross‐cultural adaptation of the TransPULSE project.

Results

From 670 participants, 44 reported being parents, were older, had more years of education, and were more likely to be in a relationship than the transgender nonparents. Controlling for age, transgender parents reported suffering more discrimination than those who have no children. Among them, most became parents through biological means, 17.06% reported having lost or having the custody reduced for being transgender, and 48.07% suspected or were told that their ability to see their children less was due to their gender identity.

Conclusion

The key effect of discrimination that transgender parents faced was not having access or having reduced access to their children.
Fatigue failure risk evaluation of bimetallic rolls in four‐high hot rolling mills
Authors: Aridi Mohd Radzi , Noda Nao‐Aki , Sano Yoshikazu , Takata Kakeru , Sun Zifeng , Takase Yasushi
Published: January 2022

In hot rolling mills, bimetallic rolls are used because of the excellent hardness and wear resistance by applying high‐speed steel (HSS) and ductile casting iron (DCI). Because most of the previous studies focused on surface spalling, almost no study is available for internal fatigue failure based on the stress during the rolling. In this study, therefore, a three‐dimensional finite element method is applied to investigate the rolling stress of the work roll in the four‐high rolling mill. A suitable chamfer geometry in the backup roll is discussed as well as the standard wear profile by considering those effects on the fatigue. Then, to evaluate the fatigue risk under compressive mean stress, the fatigue limit lines in the stress amplitude versus mean stress diagram are newly discussed. With the aid of previous experience in industries, the fatigue fracture risk is discussed by focusing on three critical points inside the work roll.
Second‐language acquisition behavior and hegemonic language
Authors: Hatsumi Kentaro
Published: January 2022

We construct a game‐theoretic model in which there are multiple countries with their own languages and each citizen can gain from additional communication in her secondarily acquired language. We demonstrate that in any equilibrium, a hegemonic language, which is a language that all citizens in other countries want to study, emerges. Such an equilibrium is more likely to exist if the size of the population of a country that is not the largest increases, or if the ratio of the gain from the additional communication in the second language to the cost of acquisition increases.
How asynchronous video interviews are used in practice: A study of an Australian‐based AVI vendor
Authors: Dunlop Patrick D. , Holtrop Djurre , Wee Serena
Published: January 2022

With an archival data set from an Australian‐based asynchronous video interview (AVI) vendor, we examined how employers implemented AVI features as a step toward understanding how AVIs can be more optimally designed. The multilevel data contained information about 2,550,105 responses from 627,999 candidates to 52,623 questions, nested within 12,105 interview templates. We found that AVIs were often used for small applicant pools (Mdn = 10 candidates per AVI) and that a majority of the AVIs comprised four to five questions, with candidates typically given 30 seconds to prepare a response, and 2 minutes to record it. Only rarely were candidates permitted to preview questions or re‐record responses. Finally, we noted that the settings typically applied were highly consistent with platform's default settings.
Eroticism in the Kenotic God: On the Psychological Ontology of the Christic Person
Authors: Pârvan Alexandra
Published: January 2022

The article offers a theory of eroticism; a reading of Bruce McCormack’s kenotic model through it; and a new, interauctorial, eroticist construction of kenōsis. It aims for a varied readership, inside, outside and in‐between strict specialisms. The eroticist theory applied to the God‐human results from and combines reflection in philosophy and art theory; in addition, it is partially developed and illustrated on the basis of Lionel Messi’s style of playing football. The analysis of McCormack’s divine ontology is done through the culturally definable Romanian word dor. And, throughout, all matters regarding trinitarian ontology are addressed by means of the specific method of ‘psychological ontology’ co‐authored with McCormack and which grounds ontological discourse on God in the psychology (the feeling, knowing, willing, etc.) of Christ’s person.
Longitudinal effects of one‐leg standing time on neuropathy outcomes in association with glycemic control in non‐elderly patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Sugimoto Kazuhiro , Sozu Takashi , Hoshino Takehiko , Watanabe Yuko , Tamura Akira , Yamazaki Toshiro , Ohta Setsu , Suzuki Susumu , Shimbo Takuro
Published: January 2022

Aims/Introduction

Diabetic neuropathy leads to postural instability. This study compared longitudinal changes in neuropathy outcomes relative to long‐term glycemic control in patients aged <60 years with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes with and without a short one‐leg standing time (OLST <60 s).

Materials and Methods

In this retrospective study, 58 hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] >7.0%; aged 17–59 years), who underwent re‐evaluation of neuropathic sensory symptoms, ankle reflexes and nerve conduction attributes, and cardiac autonomic function (R‐R interval), >1 year after discharge were divided into OLST <60 and ≥60 s groups. Patients were followed up every 2–3 months for HbA1c levels for up to 8 years. Neuropathy outcomes relative to OLST and HbA1c levels at baseline and over follow up were compared.

Results

Additional development of sensory symptoms (one patient) and abnormal ankle reflexes (five patients) were identified during follow up, and decreased peripheral and cardiac autonomic function at both baseline and follow up, only in patients with OLST <60 s. Mean HbA1c levels were significantly higher in patients with OLST <60 s versus ≥60 s (7.8 ± 0.9% vs 7.2 ± 1.2%; P = 0.022). Better glycemic control during follow up was associated with better neuropathy outcomes only in patients with OLST ≥60 s.

Conclusion

Non‐elderly type 2 diabetes patients with OLST <60 s and decreased peripheral nerve function at baseline are at increased risk for intractable diabetic neuropathy. Better glycemic control alone might not improve neuropathy outcomes in these patients.
Peri‐implant soft‐tissue esthetic outcome after immediate implant placement in conjunction with xenogeneic acellular dermal matrix or connective tissue graft: A randomized controlled clinical study
Authors: Happe Arndt , Schmidt Alexander , Neugebauer Jörg
Published: January 2022

Objectives

This randomized comparative study evaluated the clinical esthetic outcome of the peri‐implant mucosa following extraction and immediate implant placement in conjunction with anorganic bovine bone mineral (ABBM) and the use of a porcine acellular dermal matrix (pADM) versus an autogenous connective tissue graft (CTG) in the anterior maxilla.

Materials and methods

Twenty patients (11 men, 9 women) with a mean age of 48,9 years (range 21–72) were included in the study and randomly assigned to either the test (pADM) or control group (CTG). They underwent extraction and immediate implant placement together with ABBM for socket grafting and either pADM or CTG for soft tissue augmentation. Twelve months after implant placement color measurements of the peri‐implant mucosa and a reference tooth were performed using a spectophotometer and the color difference (ΔE) was calculated. The overall esthetic appearance of the peri‐implant soft tissue was evaluated using the Pink Esthetic Score (PES). Statistical analysis was performed using Student's T‐Test, the alpha was set to 0.05.

Results

All implants received osseointegration and were restored. The mean color difference of the peri‐implant mucosa 1 year after surgery amounted ΔE 4.06 ± 1.6 for the test group (pADM) and ΔE 3.58 ± 1.36 mm for the control group (CTG), showing no statistically significant difference (p = 0.47). The mean PES of the pADM group was 11.4 ± 1.4 and for the CTG group 10.7 ± 1.5, showing no statistically significant difference (p = 0.29).

Conclusion

Twelve months after surgery, a porcine acellular dermal matrix for soft tissue augmentation in conjunction with immediate implant placement showed no difference in the overall esthetic appearance regarding color match and Pink Esthetic Score in comparison to autogenous soft tissue graft.

Clinical Significance

Connective tissue grafts have become a standard in order to enhance the soft tissue quality and esthetic appearance in immediate implant placement. The use of new biomaterials like porcine acellular dermal matrices may avoid the need to harvest autogenous grafts resulting in simplified treatment and less postoperative morbidity.
South Brazil pre‐colonial sharks: Insights into biodiversity and species distributions
Authors: Burg Mayer Guilherme , de Souza Elisa Cristina Santos , Gilson Simon‐Pierre , de Freitas Renato Hajenius Aché
Published: January 2022

South Brazil's archaeological coastal sites (shellmounds and middens) show a diverse collection of shark faunal remains, some of which belong to species considered rare nowadays for the region. However, shark archaeological remains identification in this region has been historically insufficient and prone to mistakes. This study identified shark fauna and estimated body size (total length) present at two archaeological sites: Rio do Meio (1220‐977 Cal B.P.) and Enseada II (4286‐3783 Cal B.P.), located in Santa Catarina, South of Brazil. Here, 1600 teeth and 3588 vertebrae were analysed and identified. We showed higher historical shark species richness than previously reported for South Brazil in historical and archaeological studies. In total, we identified at least 15 species of sharks (11 species and four identifications at the genus level). The presence of juvenile shark remains adds to the evidence of pre‐colonial fishing impacts in local shark populations. The consistent recovery of adults and juveniles of Carcharias taurus points to a possible nursery area on the mouth of Babitonga bay. The high teeth frequency (43%) of C. taurus suggests the South Brazil coastline was once home to abundant populations of this critically endangered species. Furthermore, we discuss the presence of rare species nowadays, suggesting a possible historical residency for adult populations of Carcharodon carcharias based on the presence of juveniles and young‐of‐the‐year on archaeological sites. The occurrence of Negaprion brevirostris, a tropical species, might have been facilitated by ocean current variations.
Hypocretins (orexins): The ultimate translational neuropeptides
Authors: Jacobson Laura H. , Hoyer Daniel , de Lecea Luis
Published: January 2022

The hypocretins (Hcrts), also known as orexins, are two neuropeptides produced exclusively in the lateral hypothalamus. They act on two specific receptors that are widely distributed across the brain and involved in a myriad of neurophysiological functions that include sleep, arousal, feeding, reward, fear, anxiety and cognition. Hcrt cell loss in humans leads to narcolepsy with cataplexy (narcolepsy type 1), a disorder characterized by intrusions of sleep into wakefulness, demonstrating that the Hcrt system is nonredundant and essential for sleep/wake stability. The causal link between Hcrts and arousal/wakefulness stabilisation has led to the development of a new class of drugs, Hcrt receptor antagonists to treat insomnia, based on the assumption that blocking orexin‐induced arousal will facilitate sleep. This has been clinically validated: currently, two Hcrt receptor antagonists are approved to treat insomnia (suvorexant and lemborexant), with a New Drug Application recently submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration for a third drug (daridorexant). Other therapeutic applications under investigation include reduction of cravings in substance‐use disorders and prevention of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, given the apparent bidirectional relationship between poor sleep and worsening of the disease. Circuit neuroscience findings suggest that the Hcrt system is a hub that integrates diverse inputs modulating arousal (e.g., circadian rhythms, metabolic status, positive and negative emotions) and conveys this information to multiple output regions. This neuronal architecture explains the wealth of physiological functions associated with Hcrts and highlights the potential of the Hcrt system as a therapeutic target for a number of disorders. We discuss present and future possible applications of drugs targeting the Hcrt system for the treatment of circuit‐related neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions.
Sounds of Healing: Qualia and Medical Efficacy in a Traditional Korean Medicine Clinic
Authors: Lee Hyemin
Published: January 2022

In traditional Korean medicine (TKM) clinics in South Korea, acupuncture is a popular therapeutic practice to remove physical discomforts. This paper examines the cultural‐semiotic rendering of an abstract, kinesthetic quality called “shiwŏnham” into medical efficacy through acupuncture treatments, observed through ethnographic fieldwork in a TKM clinic. By employing the conceptual framework of qualia, I argue that shiwŏnham in TKM clinic is the sign of efficacyexpressedthrough the body, both in linguistic and synesthetic forms. The analysis of shiwŏnham also reveals the semiotics of change: the qualitative dynamics of changes‐of‐state and the cultural change across generations in Korean society.

I examine an extended interaction observed in a TKM clinic, during which a young patient learns to experience and interpret the senses and sounds of shiwŏnham as a sign of efficacy through conversations with an older family member and the doctor. This interaction illustrates how participants attempt to bridge their intergenerational, interpretative gaps about the relevant qualia and the conventional qualisign of shiwŏnham. Together through this semiotic analysis of shiwŏnham, I show how central shiwŏnham is to the expressive evidence for TKM, that is, culturally legible evidence of efficacy reflecting modes of awareness, expression, and the value of a sensation.
From Boundary Spanning to Intergroup Knowledge Integration: The Role of Boundary Spanners’ Metaknowledge and Proactivity
Authors: Mell Julija N. , van Knippenberg Daan , van Ginkel Wendy P. , Heugens Pursey P. M. A. R.
Published: January 2022

Intergroup knowledge integration, that is the acquisition, processing, and utilization of knowledge across group boundaries, is a critical source of competitive advantage in modern organizations. Prior research has highlighted the important role of boundary spanning knowledge exchange for intergroup knowledge integration, neglecting, however, the question of what makes individual boundary spanners more effective in fostering intergroup knowledge integration. Integrating boundary spanning literature with theories of group information processing, we hypothesize that the effect of individual boundary spanning ties on intergroup knowledge integration depends on the boundary spanners’ levels of metaknowledge, i.e., knowledge of who knows what in their respective groups, and proactivity. We find general support for our predictions in a study of 457 engineering consultants nested in 22 interdependent business units within an organization. Additional criterion analyses confirm the material importance of intergroup knowledge integration for group performance. Our findings have implications for literatures on intergroup effectiveness, team cognition, and proactivity.
COVID‐19‐associated acute invasive fungal sinusitis: Clinical and imaging findings
Authors: Elmokadem Ali H. , Bayoumi Dalia , Mansour Manar , Ghonim Mahitab , Saad Eman A. , Khedr Doaa
Published: January 2022

Background and Purpose

The purpose is to provide a comprehensive report describing the clinical and imaging features of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19)‐related acute invasive fungal sinusitis (AIFS) and associated comorbidities.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted on 25 patients (12 males and 13 females, mean age of 53.9±9.1 years). All patients had positive polymerase chain reaction test for COVID‐19 and histopathological proof of AIFS. Patients underwent computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance examinations to assess sinonasal, orbital, and cranial spread.

Results

The most prevalent comorbidity among the study cohort was diabetes mellitus (DM). Twenty‐one patients (84%) were diagnosed in the post‐COVID‐19 period after hospital discharge, with a mean interval of 19.1±9.2 days. Steroid treatment was given to 19 patients (76%). Orbital manifestations were the presenting symptoms in all patients, followed by facial edema, nasal discharge, and neurological symptoms. Sinonasal involvement ranged from mucosal thickening to complete sinus opacification by a predominant isodensity on CT, low T1, and high T2 signal intensity with variable enhancement patterns. Twenty‐four patients had a unilateral orbital extension, and 12 patients showed signs of intracranial extension. Bone involvement was detected in 16 patients (64%). Follow‐up scans in 18 patients (72%) showed rapid progression of the disease. Eight patients (32%) died, six from neurological complications and two from severe respiratory failure.

Conclusion

Steroids, DM, and severe COVID‐19 are the major risk factors of AIFS in the post‐COVID‐19 era. Imaging scans in all patients revealed different sinonasal, facial, orbital features, and intracranial involvement with rapid progression of the findings on follow‐up scans.
Dynamic causal modeling of sensorimotor networks elicited by saltatory pneumotactile velocity in the glabrous hand
Authors: Wang Yingying , Oh Hyuntaek , Barlow Steven M.
Published: January 2022

Background and Purpose

The effective connectivity of neuronal networks during passive saltatory pneumotactile velocity stimulation to the glabrous hand with different velocities is still unknown. The present study investigated the effectivity connectivity elicited by saltatory pneumotactile velocity arrays placed on the glabrous hand at three velocities (5, 25, and 65 cm/second).

Methods

Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) was used on functional MRI data sampled from 20 neurotypical adults. Five brain regions, including the left primary somatosensory (SI) and motor (M1) cortices, bilateral secondary somatosensory (SII) cortices, and right cerebellar lobule VI, were used to build model space.

Results

Three velocities (5, 25, and 65 cm/second) of saltatory pneumotactile stimuli were processed in both serial and parallel modes within the sensorimotor networks. The medium velocity of 25 cm/second modulated forward interhemispheric connection from the contralateral SII to the ipsilateral SII. Pneumotactile stimulation at the medium velocity of 25 cm/second also influenced contralateral M1 through contralateral SI. Finally, the right cerebellar lobule VI was involved in the sensorimotor networks.

Conclusions

Our DCM results suggest the coexistence of both serial and parallel processing for saltatory pneumotactile velocity stimulation. Significant contralateral M1 modulation promotes the prospect that the passive saltatory pneumotactile velocity arrays can be used to design sensorimotor rehabilitation protocols to activate M1. The effective connectivity from the right cerebellar lobule VI to other cortical regions demonstrates the cerebellum's role in the sensorimotor networks through feedforward and feedback neuronal pathways.
Coping with Ethnic–racial Discrimination: Short‐term Longitudinal Relations Among Black and Latinx College Students
Authors: McDermott Elana R. , Zeiders Katharine H. , Landor Antoinette M. , Carbajal Selena
Published: January 2022

Little is known about how Black and Latinx young adults cope with experiences of ethnic–racial discrimination, particularly over short periods of time. A multigroup path model examined the relations between discrimination and five strategies for coping with ethnic–racial discrimination (talking with others, being proud, working hard, being rude, and ignoring) among Black and Latinx young adults (N = 145) at two time points over a six‐week period. Experiences of discrimination were positively associated with the coping strategies of being proud of oneself and working hard to prove discriminatory people wrong. There was moderate stability in coping strategy use over time. Models did not vary by race–ethnicity, suggesting discrimination related to coping in similar ways among Black and Latinx young adults.
The Validity of the Salivary Cortisol Analysis Method Using the Cube Reader in Japanese University Students
Authors: Mitsuishi Hisashi , Okamura Hisayoshi , Moriguchi Yusuke , Aoki Yoshiko
Published: January 2022

The assessment of salivary cortisol is considered a noninvasive method for measuring stress. The validity of the SOMA Cube Reader method to measure salivary cortisol was evaluated by comparing the results with those of the long‐used enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method (ELISA) in 18 healthy Japanese university students (including non‐athletes). We measured diurnal salivary cortisol levels (immediately post‐awakening, 30 min post‐awakening, and at 11:00, 14:00, and 17:00). Measurements obtained by both methods were compared using analyses of variance. No significant main effects or interactions were demonstrated. Significant positive correlations were noted between the ELISA and Cube Reader measurements across all five testing points, the cortisol awakening response, the daily output, and the diurnal cortisol slope (rs = .50–.75). Moreover, the limits of agreement between the Cube Reader and the ELISA results were assessed via a Bland–Altman graph, showing good agreement with no bias. The results obtained with the Cube Reader method correlated with values obtained using the ELISA method, confirming the potential to use the Cube Reader for measuring diurnal salivary cortisol levels in healthy Japanese university students, including non‐athletes.
Establishment and characterization of a cell line from ictalurid catfish
Authors: Aarattuthodi Suja , Dharan Vandana , Khoo Lester , Bosworth Brian
Published: January 2022

The catfish industry is integral to the economy of the southern United States contributing >70% of the total U. S. finfish production. Intensive catfish production systems are more vulnerable to infectious disease outbreaks resulting in significant economic losses. Viruses are a major concern especially in the hatchery and nursery phases of catfish rearing. These infectious agents require host cell machineries to replicate. The ability to propagate fish viruses in vitro using cell cultures is imperative in advancing virus research and facilitating disease management strategies. Several viruses show host‐ or even tissue‐specificity. Scarcity of host‐specific fish cell lines forces researchers to rely on general cell lines that might not be conducive for the replication of some viruses, thus hindering their isolation, identification, and characterization. The ictalurid cell line (channel catfish ovary [CCO‐ATCC® CRL‐2772]) previously available from cell repository (ATCC) has recently been reported as cross‐contaminated by brown bullhead (BB) cells. Lack of host‐specific cell cultures and contamination issues necessitated initiation of cell cultures from the fin tissues of hybrid catfish (♀ channel catfish × ♂ blue catfish). A combination approach involving tissue explantation and enzymatic digestion methods were used to develop catfish fin cell cultures. These cultures were passaged over 100 times and transitioned into an established cell line. The hybrid catfish fin (HCF) cell line was characterized, growth conditions optimized, species of origin molecularly authenticated, and the susceptibility to fish viruses evaluated. This catfish cell line could serve as an efficient tool for virus studies, antiviral agent screening, and vaccine development benefitting catfish aquaculture.
TypeIIIsecretion byYersinia pseudotuberculosisis reliant upon an authentic N‐terminalYscXsecretor domain
Authors: Gurung Jyoti M. , Amer Ayad A. A. , Chen Shiyun , Diepold Andreas , Francis Matthew S.
Published: January 2022

YscX was discovered as an essential part of theYersiniatype III secretion system about 20 years ago. It is required for substrate secretion and is exported itself. Despite this central role, its precise function and mode of action remain unknown. In order to address this knowledge gap, this present study refocused attention on YscX to build on the recent advances in the understanding of YscX function. Our experiments identified an N‐terminal secretion domain in YscX promoting its secretion, with the first five codons constituting a minimal signal capable of promoting secretion of the signal less β‐lactamase reporter. Replacing the extreme YscX N‐terminus with known secretion signals of other Ysc‐Yop substrates revealed that the YscX N‐terminal segment contains non‐redundant information needed for YscX function. Further, bothin cisdeletion of the YscX N‐terminus in the virulence plasmid and ectopic expression of epitope‐tagged YscX variants again lead to stable YscX production but not type III secretion of Yop effector proteins. Mislocalisation of the needle components, SctI and SctF, accompanied this general defect in Yops secretion. Hence, a coupling exists between YscX secretion permissiveness and the assembly of an operational secretion system.
Cerebellar liponeurocytoma: clinical, histopathological and molecular features of a series of three cases, including one recurrent tumor
Authors: Broggi Giuseppe , Tirrò Elena , Alzoubi Hiba , Arcella Antonietta , Gianno Francesca , Antonelli Manila , Minasi Simone , Vigneri Paolo , Certo Francesco , Altieri Roberto , Barbagallo Giuseppe Maria Vincenzo , Miele Evelina , Caltabiano Rosario , Giangaspero Felice
Published: January 2022

Cerebellar liponeurocytoma (CL) is an unusual tumor, histologically composed of a mixture of small to medium‐sized, rounded neurocytic cells and a variable lipomatous component. Although CL was originally considered as a subtype of medulloblastoma, subsequent molecular studies demonstrated that this tumor was a distinct entity, exhibiting the tumor protein p53 gene (TP53) missense mutations in 20% of cases, chromosome 17 deletion, and the absence of mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli gene (APC), the protein patched homolog gene (PTCH), the kinase insert domain receptor gene (KDR), and the β‐catenin gene (CTNNB). Apart from these molecular features, little is known about the pathogenesis and the genetic landscape of CL to date. In order to characterize the mutational landscape of CL and identify alterations that are driving tumorigenesis, we report a series of three cases, including one recurrent tumor, analysed by next‐generation sequencing (NGS), which identified a total of 22 variants, of which four were missense mutations, nine were synonymous variants, and nine were located on intronic regions. In particular, DNA sequencing identified missense mutations in APC, KDR, and TP53 that could be implicated in promoting tumor progression and angiogenesis of CL. Furthermore, the NGS analysis revealed that recurrent CL did not have additional genetic changes compared with the primary tumor. Moreover, the high frequencies of detected mutations suggested that the identified alterations are germline variants. Indeed, an additional NGS on the genomic DNA obtained from one of the three patients confirmed the presence of the variants in the germline DNA. In conclusion, the obtained data support the hypothesis that CL is a distinct pathological entity that does not show specific somatic alterations driving tumorigenesis.
Extending beyond Gondwana: Cretaceous Cunoniaceae from western North America
Authors: Tang Keana K. , Smith Selena Y. , Atkinson Brian A.
Published: January 2022

Cunoniaceae are important elements of rainforests across the Southern Hemisphere. Many of these flowering plants are considered Paleo‐Antarctic Rainforest Lineages that had a Gondwanan distribution since the Paleocene. Fossils of several modern genera within the family, such as Ceratopetalum, have indicated biogeographical connections between South America and Australia in the Cenozoic.

Here, we report a dramatic geographical range extension for Ceratopetalum, and Cunoniaceae as a whole, based on two exceptionally preserved fossil winged fruits from Campanian (c. 82–80 Ma old) deposits on Sucia Island, Washington, USA. The fossils were studied using physical sectioning, light microscopy, micro‐computed tomography scanning and multiple phylogenetic analyses.

The fossil fruits share diagnostic characters with Ceratopetalum such as the presence of four to five persistent calyx lobes, a prominent nectary disk, persistent stamens, a semi‐inferior ovary and two persistent styles. Based on morphological comparisons with fruits of extant species and support from phylogenetic analyses, the fossils are assigned to a new species Ceratopetalum suciensis.

These fossils are the first unequivocal evidence of crown Cunoniaceae from the Cretaceous of North America, indicating a more complicated biogeographical history for this important Gondwanan family.