bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does agricultural use of azole fungicides contribute to resistance in the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus?
Authors: Hollomon Derek
Published: May 2017

Azole resistance in human fungal pathogens has increased over the past twenty years, especially in immunocompromised patients. Similarities between medical and agricultural azoles, and extensive azole (14α‐demethylase inhibitor, DMI) use in crop protection, prompted speculation that resistance in patients with aspergillosis originated in the environment. Aspergillus species, and especially Aspergillus fumigatus, are the largest cause of patient deaths from fungi. Azole levels in soils following crop spraying, and differences in sensitivity between medical and agricultural azoles (DMIs), indicate weaker selection in cropping systems than in patients receiving azole therapy. Most fungi have just one CYP51 paralogue (isozyme CYP51B), but in Aspergillus sp. mutations conferring azole resistance are largely confined to a second paralogue, CYP51A. Binding within the active centre is similar for medical and agricultural azoles but differences elsewhere between the two paralogues may ensure selection depends on the DMI used on crops. Two imidazoles, imazalil and prochloraz, have been widely used since the early 1970s, yet unlike triazoles they have not been linked to resistance in patients. Evidence that DMIs are the origin, or increase the frequency, of azole resistance in human fungal pathogens is lacking. Limiting DMI use would have serious impacts on disease control in many crops, and remove key tools in anti‐resistance strategies. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Robotic guided waterjet cutting technique for high tibial dome osteotomy: A pilot study
Authors: Suero Eduardo M. , Westphal Ralph , Zaremba David , Citak Musa , Hawi Nael , Citak Mustafa , Stuebig Timo , Krettek Christian , Liodakis Emmanouil
Published: May 2017

Background

Oscillating saws generate high levels of heat (up to 150°C), which can lead to tissue necrosis, delayed healing and infection. Abrasive waterjet‐cutting techniques have been described as a new tool to perform bone cuts, with less heat generation.

Methods

Four lower‐limbs of four human alcohol conserved cadavers were tested. Navigation references were attached to the tibia and an intraoperative fluoroscopy‐based 3D scan was obtained. A 1.2 mm diameter nozzle was attached to a robotic arm, which was guided to follow a pre‐specified path. In addition, a self‐designed jet‐absorber was applied to protect the posterior neurovascular structures. Magnesium was added as an abrasive substance to improve the cutting ability of the waterjet.

Results

In all four cadavers, the osteotomies could be carried out as planned, resulting in smooth cut surfaces. No damage to the soft‐tissues was observed.

Conclusions

The advantages of abrasive waterjet‐cutting give it great potential in orthopaedic surgery. A current disadvantage is the amount of magnesium solute that is left on the surgical field and can be harmful to the patient.
A scoping review of research on play‐based pedagogies in kindergarten education
Authors: Pyle Angela , DeLuca Christopher , Danniels Erica
Published: May 2017

Across a number of countries, play‐based learning is the mandated pedagogy in early years’ curricula. However, a lack of consensus remains both in research and practice regarding the value and role of play in children's learning. This scoping review analyses 168 articles addressing play‐based learning for 4–5 year old children divided into three categories: research on play for developmental learning, research on play for academic learning and factors influencing play in kindergarten classrooms. Much of the research endorsed play as fulfilling an important role in early learning. However, two disparate perspectives concerning the role of play for developmental versus academic learning demonstrate different orientations towards the value and potential benefits of play. Research focused on developmental learning endorsed the use of free play and a passive teacher role, while research focused on academic learning endorsed teacher‐directed and mutually directed play where the teacher fulfills an active play role. A similar lack of consensus was found among research with educators regarding the role and benefits of play. These findings indicate a need to move away from a binary stance regarding play and towards an integration of perspectives and practices, with different types of play perceived as complementary rather than incompatible.
Physicochemical Nature of Perfluoroalkyl Compounds Induced by Fluorine
Authors: Hasegawa Takeshi
Published: May 2017

Perfluoroalkyl (Rf) compounds have unique characters represented by a significantly high hydrophobic property, which often makes us consider that Rf groups should be interacted with each other via the ‘hydrophobic interaction’ as found for a normal hydrocarbon. Due to a similar intuitive and simplistic speculation, the Rf‐specific material properties have long been enveloped in darkness for comprehensive understanding, which should lucidly be discussed within a framework of physical chemistry. Here, we show studies on the stratified dipole arrays (SDA) theory, which readily explains the Rf‐specific material characters in a comprehensive manner based on only a few fundamental physical parameters of fluorine. The SDA theory encompasses some conventional theories that account for only a part of material properties. In addition, we show that the concept of vibrational spectroscopy of Rf compounds should also be revised, since the mass of fluorine is larger than that of carbon, which is opposite to the hydrocarbon case. In this manner, chemistry of Rf compounds needs another fully revised concept, which cannot be replaced by an extended concept of normal hydrocarbon compounds.
Fault modeling on complex field using least‐square circle fitting for linear analog circuits
Authors: Xiong Jian , Tian Shulin , Yang Chenglin
Published: May 2017

A new fault modeling method using least‐square circle fitting (LSCF) for linear analog circuits is proposed in this paper. In this method, Monte Carlo simulation is used to obtain the output voltage values when the parameter of one faulty component is changed while those of the other components vary within their tolerance limits. All the output response voltage values for every faulty circuit statue are decomposed into real and imaginary parts on a complex field. Then, LSCF method is adopted to match these data, yielding a corresponding circular curve on complex plane, which also can be expressed with a circular function. Its center coordinates and radius are established as the fault features. During measurements, by calculating the distance from one real output to each circular center coordinate and comparing the distance with each circular radius, a faulty component can be diagnosed. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified by experiments. The results show that (i) the proposed fault modeling can accurately locate the fault component, and (ii) it can also simply be a fault dictionary. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Corruption-oriented model of governance in contemporary Russia
Authors: Pavroz Alexander
Published: May 2017

This article reveals Russian paradox: the combination of high level of corruption with strong and relatively effective government. In the focus of attention lies the examination of relations between the corruption and the processes of socio-political transformations of the end of the XX — beginning of the XXI centuries and the particularities of the corruption integration into the government of Russia. Basing upon the concept of the corruption as a political and administrative rent the author arrives to the conclusion about the formation of the corrupt model of governance in Russia. The article analyses factors which give relative efficiency to the Russian model of corrupt governance as well as the costs and contradictions of it. The author also reaches the conclusion that corruption-oriented model of governance is prospectless and makes a point that effective anti-corruption measures in Russia can be carried out only in case of current regime change and consequent realization of democratic, market and administrative reforms.
Britain's Political Economies
Authors: Hoppit Julian
Published: May 2017

The Glorious Revolution of 1688–9 transformed the role of parliament in Britain and its empire. Large numbers of statutes resulted, with most concerning economic activity. Julian Hoppit here provides the first comprehensive account of these acts, revealing how government affected economic life in this critical period prior to the Industrial Revolution, and how economic interests across Britain used legislative authority for their own benefit. Through a series of case studies, he shows how ideas, interests, and information influenced statutory action in practice. Existing frameworks such as 'mercantilism' and the 'fiscal-military state' fail to capture the full richness and structural limitations of how political power influenced Britain's precocious economic development in the period. Instead, finely grained statutory action was the norm, guided more by present needs than any grand plan, with regulatory ambitions constrained by administrative limitations, and some parts of Britain benefiting much more than others.
Purpose and Cognition
Authors: Carroll David W.
Published: May 2017

This book discusses the development of Edward Tolman's purposive behaviourism from the 1920s to the 1950s, highlighting the tension between his references to cognitive processes and the dominant behaviourist trends. It shows how Tolman incorporated concepts from European scholars, including Egon Brunswik and the Gestalt psychologists, to justify a more purposive form of behaviourism and how the theory evolved in response to the criticisms of his contemporaries. The manuscript also discusses Tolman's political activities, culminating in his role in the California loyalty oath controversy in the 1950s. Tolman was involved in a number of progressive causes during his lifetime, activities that drew the attention of both state legislators in California and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. It treats Tolman's theoretical and political activities as emanating from the same source, a desire to understand the learning process in a scientific manner and to apply these concepts to improve the human condition.
Women Writing the English Republic, 1625–1681
Authors: Gillespie Katharine
Published: May 2017

Scholars have fiercely debated the causes of the English Civil Wars and the rise of anti-monarchical and republican thought a century before the American Revolution. This ambitious and highly original book is the first to argue that women played a significant role in formulating and enacting English republican precepts. Even as feminists contend that republicanism's division of the private from the public sphere excluded women from political power, Gillespie demonstrates how seventeenth-century Englishwomen articulated republicanism's key insight: meaningful action, political or otherwise, does and should take place outside the purview of government, in spheres that not only include women, but that women helped construct. Drawing on the works of six women writers of the period, the book examines their writings and explores the key themes and concepts that they build upon.
FEASTING, RITUAL PRACTICES, SOCIAL MEMORY, AND PERSISTENT PLACES: NEW INTERPRETATIONS OF SHELL MOUNDS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Gamble Lynn H.
Published: May 2017

Shell mounds have not been investigated as prominent ritual features in southern California, despite evidence to the contrary. The largest extant shell mound in the region is on Santa Cruz Island, measures 270 by 210 m (44,532 m² in area), is 8 m higher than the terrace it rests on, is covered with 50 house depressions, and dates to 6000–2500 B.P. In the 1920s, three cemeteries were excavated at the top of El Montón; one young woman stood out among the over 200 individuals in that she was buried with 157 stone effigies. Analysis of multiple lines of evidence, including stratigraphic profiles of features, 85 radiocarbon dates, ground penetrating radar, and mortuary data, supports my claim that the mound was a persistent place where early visitors had significant feasts, constructed dwellings, buried their dead, and performed ceremonies where select groups of infants, children, and adults were revered. These mortuary rites conveyed the symbolic power of the place and created a history of events that became part of a mythical and real past that was repeatedly visited, modified, and (re)interpreted as social relationships were reinforced. This study supports the idea that shell mounds are socially constructed landscapes, not just accumulations of refuse.
Advancing Network Analysis of Chinese Businesses: Commentary on Burt and Burzynska
Authors: Lin Nan
Published: May 2017

Burt and Burzynska (2017) have produced a very significant and innovative study on social networks among Chinese entrepreneurs. As the authors claim, this may be an exceptional dataset with certain unique features. It is a comparative study between Chinese and American entrepreneurs. While the American data is rather limited in scope, it does provide valuable theoretical and measurement information by which to examine possible similarities and differences of the private enterprises and entrepreneurs in these two societies. Second, it examines two general network principles, namely the association between brokerage and success, and between closure and trust. In general, the study affirms comparable results in the two societies, though somewhat different measurements require cautious interpretation. Third, the authors explore two innovative notions worthy of our attention. They employ events as the frames on which social ties (contacts) were generated (Table A1). This turns out to be very fruitful. For example, the founding event provided interesting social network information, more so than current and other events. The event-name generators reveal the time-related dynamics of network stability and changes, and alert us to possible underestimation of network effects if only the current event or the present time is examined. Finally, the authors attempt possible network measures for the notion of guanxi. This exploration sets the initial stage for more rigorous measures of guanxi in future studies of entrepreneurs in China and other societies.
Collaborative Workspaces to Accelerate Discovery
Authors: Meade Bernard , Fluke Christopher , Cooke Jeff , Andreoni Igor , Pritchard Tyler , Curtin Christopher , Bernard Stephanie R. , Asher Albany , Mack Katherine J. , Murphy Michael T. , Vohl Dany , Codoreanu Alex , Kotuš Srđan M. , Rumokoy Fanuel , Horst Chuck , Reynolds Tristan
Published: May 2017

By applying a display ecology to the Deeper, Wider, Faster proactive, simultaneous telescope observing campaign, we have shown a dramatic reduction in the time taken to inspect DECam CCD images for potential transient candidates and to produce time-critical triggers to standby telescopes. We also show how facilitating rapid corroboration of potential candidates and the exclusion of non-candidates improves the accuracy of detection; and establish that a practical and enjoyable workspace can improve the experience of an otherwise taxing task for astronomers. We provide a critical road test of two advanced displays in a research context—a rare opportunity to demonstrate how they can be used rather than simply discuss how they might be used to accelerate discovery.
High dietary arachidonic acid levels induce changes in complex lipids and immune-related eicosanoids and increase levels of oxidised metabolites in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Adam Anne-Catrin , Lie Kai K. , Moren Mari , Skjærven Kaja H.
Published: May 2017

This study explores the effect of high dietary arachidonic acid (ARA) levels (high ARA) compared with low dietary ARA levels (control) on the general metabolism using zebrafish as the model organism. The fatty acid composition of today’s ‘modern diet’ tends towards higher n-6 PUFA levels in relation to n-3 PUFA. Low dietary n-3:n-6 PUFA ratio is a health concern, as n-6 PUFA give rise to eicosanoids and PG, which are traditionally considered pro-inflammatory, especially when derived from ARA. Juvenile zebrafish fed a high-ARA diet for 17 d had a lower whole-body n-3:n-6 PUFA ratio compared with zebrafish fed a low-ARA (control) diet (0·6 in the control group v. 0·2 in the high-ARA group). Metabolic profiling revealed altered levels of eicosanoids, PUFA, dicarboxylic acids and complex lipids such as glycerophospholipids and lysophospholipids as the most significant differences compared with the control group. ARA-derived hydroxylated eicosanoids, such as hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids, were elevated in response to high-ARA feed. In addition, increased levels of oxidised lipids and amino acids indicated an oxidised environment due to n-6 PUFA excess in the fish. To conclude, our results indicate that an ARA-enriched diet induces changes in complex lipids and immune-related eicosanoids and increases levels of oxidised lipids and amino acids, suggesting oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation.
Penitents and Their Proxies: Penance for Others in Early Medieval Europe
Authors: Fort Gavin
Published: May 2017

This article investigates the religious practice of suffering for others in the early Middle Ages. In proxy penance, one person completed a penitential work for another, who received the spiritual benefit. This practice was based on the idea that one person could stand in for another to bear his burden. Using penitential, conciliar, liturgical, and epistolary sources, I uncover two types of proxy penance. First, priests shared in the penance of those who confessed to them. Liturgical texts include Masses in which the priest completes the penance for someone who could not complete it himself. Penitential texts admonish the priest to “share in the foulness” with the sinner in order to bring about the remission of his sin. Second, there was both a promotion and a criticism of proxy fasting among the laity. Thissic et nonrhythm shows that early medieval penitential culture could not control the demand for proxy penance. Some attention is also paid to the practice of proxy penance in the eleventh-century monastic milieu of Peter Damian. This article broadens the scope of current scholarship on penance by focusing on its substitutionary ability. Also, this article explores the changing notions of and metaphors about sin in this period—from medical to economic—that fueled proxy activity.
The Unending Korean War in Film: From The Bridges at Toko-Ri to Welcome to Dongmakgol
Authors: EPERJESI JOHN R.
Published: May 2017

Korean War films from the US and South Korea provide one cultural site through which scholar–teachers working in American studies, and the humanities in general, can intervene in the unending Korean War. An emergent peace movement has organized around term unending Korean War in order to educate the public both about the history of the three-year period of active combat, and about the repercussions of the fact that the Armistice Agreement, signed on 27 July 1953, stopped the shooting but did not end the war. In the US context, the Korean War is described as a forgotten war. When the war is remembered, it has often been interpreted as a limited, defensive, or static war – a war fought in the trenches – a perspective that tends to occlude the air war. Through a comparative study of the Hollywood film The Bridges at Toko-Ri (Mark Robson, 1954) and the South Korean film Welcome to Dongmakgol (Park Kwang-hyun, 2005), I explore conflicting ways of representing and remembering the air war: as limited to an interdiction campaign in the former, as the cause of civilian casualties in the latter. The friction that results from viewing Welcome to Dongmakgol against the grain of The Bridges at Toko-Ri provides one starting point for a discussion of the unending Korean War, a discussion which has yet to appear in the field of transnational American studies. My hope is that greater understanding of the devastating air war can contribute to the struggle for peace on the Korean peninsula.
The Anniversary of a Massacre and the Death of a Monarch
Authors: Haberkorn Tyrell
Published: May 2017

As part of this year's anniversary of the October 6, 1976, massacre at Thammasat University, an outdoor exhibit of photographs of the violence and the three preceding years of student and other social movements was displayed upon the very soccer field in the center of campus where students were beaten, shot, lynched, and murdered forty years prior. Several of the photographs were printed on large sheets of acrylic and positioned such that the images of the buildings in the photographs were aligned with the actual buildings, which remain largely unchanged. The most striking of these was a photograph of hundreds of students stripped to the waist who were lying face down on the soccer field prior to being arrested and taken away. At the edge of the image was the top of the university's iconic dome building, which lined up with the existing building. The organizers explained that their intention was “to reflect a perspective on the past through the eyes of people in the present in order to show the cruelty of humans to one another.” The proximity generated by the image was underlined by the fact that the fortieth anniversary of the massacre and coup in 1976 that led to twelve years of dictatorship was taking place under yet another dictatorship, that of a military junta calling itself the National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO), which seized power on May 22, 2014, in the twelfth coup since the end of the absolute monarchy on June 24, 1932. Suchada Chakphisut, founding editor ofSarakadeemagazine and Thai Civil Rights and Investigative Journalism, who was a first-year Thammasat student during the massacre, began her autobiographical account of the day, written for the anniversary this year, by writing: “We meet every year when 6 October comes around, and with it an inexplicable sadness always takes hold of my psyche. It has grown even more devastating since the 22 May 2014 coup, in which we must face the news of the arrest and detention of activists and those who oppose dictatorship.” This was not a commemorationafterdictatorship such as those of the same era held in Argentina or Chile during recent years of democratization, but memories of dictatorship in situ.
Infection with cerebral metacercariae of microphallid trematode parasites reduces reproductive output in the gammarid amphipodGammarus insensibilis(Stock 1966) in UK saline lagoons
Authors: Gates Andrew R. , Sheader Martin , Williams John A. , Hawkins Lawrence E.
Published: May 2017

Saline lagoons are priority habitats in the United Kingdom supporting several protected specialist species. One specialist, the amphipodGammarus insensibilis, is infected with behaviour-altering microphallid trematodes such asMicrophallus papillorobustus. In saline lagoons around the coast of England (Gilkicker and Lymington–Keyhaven on the Hampshire coast and Moulton Marsh in Lincolnshire) there is variation in the prevalence of this parasite in the gammarid populations (0 at Salterns in the Lymington–Keyhaven lagoon system to 98% at Gilkicker). Infection intensity ranged from 0 to 20 metacercariae in individual amphipods. Higher infection intensity can alter the shape of the amphipod's head. Under experimental conditions respiration rate is significantly reduced in infected animals and reproductive output (expressed as early stage embryos mg g dry weight−1) is significantly lower in infected females. It is important to consider the role of host–parasite interactions in order to understand the ecology of specialist lagoon species such asG. insensibilisand their lagoon habitats.
Intra- and interspecific similarity in species composition of helminth communities in two closely-related rodents from South Africa
Authors: SPICKETT ANDREA , JUNKER KERSTIN , KRASNOV BORIS R. , HAUKISALMI VOITTO , MATTHEE SONJA
Published: May 2017

To reveal factors responsible for spatial variation in parasite community composition we studied patterns of similarity in helminth species composition in two closely-related rodents (Rhabdomys pumilioandRhabdomys dilectus) that differ in their social and spatial behaviour and live under different environmental conditions across 20 localities in South Africa. We asked whether the two hosts harbour similar assemblages, whether these are more dissimilar between than within hosts and if host social structure, behaviour or environment affects similarity patterns in helminth infracommunities within and among localities. We also investigated whether similarity in species composition of helminth component communities decreases with an increase of geographic distance between host populations. We found that the pattern of space use by the hosts rather than their social behaviour promotes differences in helminth species composition between host species as well as among host populations from different localities. The rate of distance decay of similarity in species composition of helminth component communities differed between the two hosts due to difference in the degree of environmental variation across their geographic ranges. We conclude that patterns of spatial variation in helminth species composition are driven mainly by host spatial behaviour and, to a lesser extent, by environment-associated factors.
First Polish Greenland Expedition 1937: on the 80th anniversary of the event
Authors: Migała Krzysztof , Sawiński Tymoteusz , Piasecki Jacek
Published: May 2017

This paper describes the first Polish expedition to Greenland in 1937. The fieldwork was carried out in western Greenland at the eastern edge of Arfersiorfik Fjord between Disko Bay in the north and Nordre Strömfjord in the south. The main goal was to undertake a comprehensive study of a fragment of the Greenland ice sheet edge and its foreland focusing on a cartographic survey. The first ever map of this region entitled The Polish expedition to give new names. In the post-war history, expedition members exerted great influence on the development of Polish polar research.
The role of cognitive control in anaphor resolution in children with specific language impairment
Authors: LADÁNYI ENIKŐ , KAS BENCE , LUKÁCS ÁGNES
Published: May 2017

We studied anaphor resolution and its relationship with cognitive control abilities in children with specific language impairment (SLI) and typically developing (TD) children. In a sentence–picture verification task assessing anaphor interpretation, the SLI group was less successful than age-matched TD peers, and displayed similar performance patterns as younger TD children in previous studies. The SLI group showed weaknesses in nonlinguistic cognitive control tasks, which were associated with anaphor interpretation results. These findings are in contrast with the view that proposes a grammar-specific deficit behind anaphor resolution problems in SLI. We suggest that anaphor interpretation in this population is delayed but not atypical, and this delay can be partly explained by weaker cognitive control abilities.
Validity of new measures of implicit knowledge: Distinguishing implicit knowledge from automatized explicit knowledge
Authors: SUZUKI YUICHI
Published: May 2017

Accumulating evidence suggests that time-pressured form-focused tasks like grammaticality judgment tests (GJTs) can measure second language (L2) implicit knowledge. The current paper, however, proposes that these tasks draw on automatized explicit knowledge. A battery of six grammar tests was designed to distinguish automatized explicit knowledge and implicit knowledge. While three time-pressured form-focused tasks (an auditory GJT, a visual GJT, and a fill in the blank test) were hypothesized to measure automatized explicit knowledge, three real-time comprehension tasks (a visual-world task, a word-monitoring task, and a self-paced reading task) were hypothesized to measure implicit knowledge. One hundred advanced L2 Japanese learners with first language Chinese residing in Japan took all six tests. Confirmatory factor analysis and multitrait-multimethod analysis provided an array of evidence supporting that these tests assessed two types of linguistic knowledge separately with little influence from the method effects. The results analyzed separately by length of residence in Japan (a proxy for the amount of naturalistic L2 exposure) showed that learners with longer residence in Japan can draw on implicit knowledge in the real-time comprehension tasks with more stability than those with shorter residence. These findings indicate the potential of finely tuned real-time comprehension tasks as measures of implicit knowledge.
ON NONPARAMETRIC INFERENCE IN THE REGRESSION DISCONTINUITY DESIGN
Authors: Kamat Vishal
Published: May 2017

This paper studies the validity of nonparametric tests used in the regression discontinuity design. The null hypothesis of interest is that the average treatment effect at the threshold in the so-called sharp design equals a pre-specified value. We first show that, under assumptions used in the majority of the literature, for any test the power against any alternative is bounded above by its size. This result implies that, under these assumptions, any test with nontrivial power will exhibit size distortions. We next provide a sufficient strengthening of the standard assumptions under which we show that a version of a test suggested in Calonico, Cattaneo, and Titiunik (2014) can control limiting size.
The Coinage System in the Arthaśāstra and Commentarial Strategies in the Cāṇakyaṭīkā by Bhikṣu Prabhamati: Issues on the Textual Authority of Manu's Code
Authors: PETROCCHI ALESSANDRA
Published: May 2017

TheCāṇakyaṭīkāby Bhikṣu Prabhamati is a Sanskrit commentary on theArthaśāstra(1st– 3rdcenturyce), the most celebrated Sanskrit text on governance. The Cāṇakyaṭīkā has not yet been fully studied nor translated into English. This paper presents the first English translation and analysis of the passages in which Prabhamati comments upon the activities of the “superintendent of the mint”(lakṣaṇādhyakṣa)and of the “examiner of coins” (rūpadarśaka). His exposition onArthaśāstra2.12.24–25 provides an interesting example of what can be defined as a “textual variation”; by means of commentarial techniques and literary devices the author stretches the structure of the root-text. On the basis of a broad analysis, this research demonstrates that the commentator quotes a passage on the coinage system from an unnamed source which, I shall argue, is the authoritative treatise on law Mānava Dharmaśāstra (2nd– 3rdcenturyce). This represents further evidence of the relationship between theArthaśāstraand Manu's code. Finally, I shall suggest Bhikṣu Prabhamati's date and place of origin.
Energy contribution of sugar-sweetened beverage refills at fast-food restaurants
Authors: Breck Andrew , Cantor Jonathan H , Elbel Brian
Published: May 2017

Objective

To identify demographic and consumer characteristics associated with refilling a soft drink at fast-food restaurants and the estimated energy content and volume of those refills.

Design

Logistic and linear regression with cross-sectional survey data.

Setting

Data include fast-food restaurant receipts and consumer surveys collected from restaurants in New York City (all boroughs except Staten Island), and Newark and Jersey City, New Jersey, during 2013 and 2014.

Subjects

Fast-food restaurant customers (n 11795) from ninety-eight restaurants.

Results

Thirty per cent of fast-food customers ordered a refillable soft drink. Nine per cent of fast-food customers with a refillable soft drink reported refilling their beverage (3 % of entire sample). Odds of having a beverage refill were higher among respondents with a refillable soft drink at restaurants with a self-serve refill kiosk (adjusted OR (aOR)=7·37, P<0·001) or who ate in the restaurant (aOR=4·45, P<0·001). KFC (aOR=2·18, P<0·001) and Wendy’s (aOR=0·41, P<0·001) customers had higher and lower odds, respectively, of obtaining a refill, compared with Burger King customers. Respondents from New Jersey (aOR=1·47, P<0·001) also had higher odds of refilling their beverage than New York City customers. Customers who got a refill obtained on average 29 more ‘beverage ounces’ (858 ml) and 250 more ‘beverage calories’ (1046 kJ) than customers who did not get a refill.

Conclusions

Refilling a beverage was associated with having obtained more beverage calories and beverage ounces. Environmental cues, such as the placement and availability of self-serve beverage refills, may influence consumer beverage choice.
Teaching an Old Material New Tricks: Easy and Inexpensive Focused Ion Beam (FIB) Sample Protection Using Conductive Polymers
Authors: Taillon Joshua A. , Ray Valery , Salamanca-Riba Lourdes G.
Published: May 2017

This letter describes an innovative spin-coating system, built from off-the-shelf components, that can easily and inexpensively be integrated into any laboratory environment. Combined with a liquid suspension of conductive polymer, such a “rotary coater” enables simple coating of planar samples to create a physical protective barrier on the sample surface. This barrier aids in charge dissipation during scanning electron microscope and focused ion beam (FIB) imaging and provides wide-scale protection of the sample surface from ion bombardment during FIB imaging and gas-assisted deposition. This polymer layer replaces the localized and time-consuming electron beam deposition step typically performed during transmission electron microscopy lamella preparation. After observation, the coating can be easily removed, if desired. The described spin-coating procedure has minimal cost while providing repeatable positive results, without the need for expensive commercial coating instrumentation.
Inherent uncertainty involved in six-dimensional shift determination in ExacTrac imaging system
Authors: Giri Upendra Kumar , Pradhan Anirudh
Published: May 2017

Objective

This study was conducted for the assessment of in-built systematic and random errors in the ExacTrac imaging system due to the software of Brainlab, on that basis; recommending a new quality control programme for ExacTrac imaging system.

Methods

A program was developed to compare the image dataset of real time anthropomorphic pelvic phantom using ExacTrac with the reference image dataset from computed tomography. Images were acquired 20 times in a day, on single sitting for 20 conjugative days. On the basic of these translational and rotational shifts, systematic and random errors were calculated that had arisen due to multiple time image acquisition and image registration between acquired and reference image dataset of the phantom.

Results

Random errors were found as 0·006 cm in right-left (Rt-Lt) direction, 0·008 cm in superior-inferior (Sup-Inf) direction and 0·012 cm in anterior-posterior (Ant-Post) direction. On this basic, margins were calculated using Van Herk formula; it was found that there were 0·02 cm inherent shift in Rt-Lt direction, 0·03 cm in Sup-Inf direction and 0·03 cm in Ant-Post direction.

Conclusion

This study concluded that there was inherent error in ExacTrac system which can be quantified and used as a quality assurance tool for the ExacTrac system.
A Return of ‘the Strong Man's Daughter’: Modernization, Democratization, and Social Divisions in Korea
Authors: JOO HYUNG-MIN
Published: May 2017

On 19 December 2012, Park Geun-Hye won the presidential election in Korea. How should we understand the surprising comeback of ‘the strong man's daughter’ in a country that has been touted as having experienced a successful transition from dictatorship to democratization? To answer this question, it is necessary to reformulate modernization theory, of which Korea has been cited as a ‘dream case’. Modernization theory is overly process-oriented; a process of economic growth leads to a successful democratization with a temporal gap. However, when we take into account the question of agency, which was missing in modernization theory, a series of interesting questions arise. First, who led the process of modernization in the Korean case? Second, who led the process of democratization? Finally, what happens if the temporal gap between modernization and democratization is relatively short so that ‘modernizers’ and ‘democratizers’ occupy the same political landscape? In such a scenario, we should expect a society deeply divided between the two agencies of modernization theory. The recent return of ‘the strong man's daughter’ is the latest symptom of increasing social divisions between modernizers and democratizers in contemporary Korean society.
The controversy of compassion as an awakening to our conflicted social condition
Authors: Wilkinson Iain
Published: May 2017

The study of law and emotion is now established as a distinct field of study in its own right. In this respect, legal studies has shared in a wider ‘affective turn’ that has involved twenty-first-century social science in a new concern to explain the contribution of emotional feelings to human thought, motivation and behaviour. This development has been accompanied by a pronounced debate over how emotion should be rendered accountable within a rational frame of analysis. On the one hand, it is possible to portray this as being sustained by a movement to make us more emotionally literate and more sensitive to the ways people act and think through feeling. On the other hand, it might be interpreted as being rooted in a concern to make matters of emotion more amenable to rational discipline and the sanction of reason. In this paper, I contend that, where a focus is brought to the experience of ‘compassion’, the volume is raised on these conflicts of interpretation. I further argue that opposing and contested points of view on the experience and value of ‘compassion’ provide us with valuable insights into the wider dynamics of social and cultural change that have inspired the ‘affective turn’. These arguments are developed with reference to the social theories of Max Weber and Norbert Elias. Moreover, in taking note of Hannah Arendt's thinking on the cultural politics of compassion, I attend not so much to how the controversy of compassion might be resolved, but rather to its potential to awaken critical humanitarian concern. Compassion is hereby celebrated as an inherently ‘unstable emotion’ that brings debate to the condition and bounds of human care and social justice.
Increased birth weight is associated with altered gene expression in neonatal foreskin
Authors: Reynolds L. J. , Pollack R. I. , Charnigo R. J. , Rashid C. S. , Stromberg A. J. , Shen S. , O’Brien J. M. , Pearson K. J.
Published: May 2017

Elevated birth weight is linked to glucose intolerance and obesity health-related complications later in life. No studies have examined if infant birth weight is associated with gene expression markers of obesity and inflammation in a tissue that comes directly from the infant following birth. We evaluated the association between birth weight and gene expression on fetal programming of obesity. Foreskin samples were collected following circumcision, and gene expression analyzed comparing the 15% greatest birth weight infants (n=7)v.the remainder of the cohort (n=40). Multivariate linear regression models were fit to relate expression levels on differentially expressed genes to birth weight group with adjustment for variables selected from a list of maternal and infant characteristics. Glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2), leptin receptor (LEPR), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) were significantly upregulated and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and thioredoxin (TXN) downregulated in the larger birth weight neonatesv. controls. Multivariate modeling revealed that the estimated adjusted birth weight group difference exceeded one standard deviation of the expression level for eight of the 10 genes. Between 25 and 50% of variation in expression level was explained by multivariate modeling for eight of the 10 genes. Gene expression related to glycemic control, appetite/energy balance, obesity and inflammation were altered in tissue from babies with elevated birth weight, and these genes may provide important information regarding fetal programming in macrosomic babies.
Neuroprotective Role of Trolox in Hippocampus after Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Mouse
Authors: Sarveazad Arash , Babahajian Asrin , Yari Abazar , Goudarzi Farjam , Soleimani Mansoureh , Nourani Mohammadreza
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Cerebral ischemia is worldwide the third largest cause of mortality and disability in old people, and oxidative stress plays a considerable role in this process. In this study, for the fi rst time, we evaluated the effects of Trolox as an antioxidative agent in ischemia induced by reperfusion. Twenty-four Syrian male mice were randomly divided into the 3 groups. Both common carotid arteries of Syrian mice were ligated bilaterally for 20 min, blood fl ow was restored and Trolox (50 mg/kg) was immediately injected after induced ischemia. Shuttle box results showed an improvement in memory in the Trolox group compared to the ischemia group, however, these improvements were not signifi cant. Histopathological results showed a signifi cant increase in the number of healthy cells in the hippocampal CA1 region in the Trolox group compared to the ischemia group (p < 0.001). Also, caspase-3, as an apoptosis marker, was signifi cantly decreased in the Trolox group compared to the ischemia group (p < 0.01). Ultimately, as an anti-apoptotic factor, c-JUN was increased statistically in the Trolox group compared to the ischemia group (p < 0.01). Our study showed that after cerebral ischemia reperfusion, Trolox prescription increased anti-apoptotic proteins and decreased proapoptotic proteins thus protects neurons of the hippocampus and caused improvement of memory. Ultimately, these results would suggest some important treatment strategies after cerebral ischemia reperfusion.
Diagnostik und Behandlung nichtsuizidaler Selbstverletzungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Authors: In-Albon Tina , Becker Katja , Brunner Romuald , Brown Rebecca C. , Kaess Michael , Kapusta Nestor D. , Klein-Heßling Johannes , Merod Rudi , Plener Paul L.
Published: May 2017

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Nichtsuizidales Selbstverletzendes Verhalten (NSSV) ist insbesondere im Jugendalter häufig und klinisch bedeutsam. Die Entwicklung einer konsensbasierten Leitlinie verfolgt das Ziel, die Diagnostik und die Behandlung von NSSV zu optimieren und Impulse für die Forschung zu geben. Als Leitlinie der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Gesellschaften (AWMF) wurde diese erste Leitlinie zu NSSV verabschiedet und publiziert. Fragestellung und Methode: Die wichtigsten Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik und Behandlung von NSSV werden zusammengefasst und Forschungslücken aufgezeigt. Ergebnisse: In der Diagnostik von NSSV ist insbesondere die Einschätzung der Suizidalität zu berücksichtigen. Als erster Schritt ist die somatische Abklärung der Verletzungen und ggf. eine medizinische Erstversorgung zu nennen. Für die Evaluation des NSSV sind Häufigkeit, Methoden, Schmerzempfinden, Motive, Impulsivität als auch weitere familiäre und außerfamiliäre Einflussfaktoren zu erheben. Den Schwerpunkt der Behandlung bildet die Psychotherapie, insbesondere die kognitive Verhaltenstherapie, die Dialektisch-Behaviorale Therapie für Adoleszente und die Mentalisierungsbasierte Therapie für Adoleszente. Eine evidenzbasierte Indikation zur spezifischen Pharmakotherapie von NSSV existiert nicht. Schlussfolgerung: Die Leitlinie umfasst evidenz- und konsensusbasierte Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik und Therapie von NSSV. Die Implementierung soll zu einer Verbesserung der Versorgung von Patienten mit NSSV dienen.
Scale Effects in Moral Relevance Assessment
Authors: Nagel Jonas , Rybak Andrej
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Research on moral judgment often employs bipolar rating scales to assess whether the difference between two contrasted options is judged to be morally relevant. We give an account of how different numbers of response options provided on such scales (odd vs. even) change the meaning of the test question by communicating different implicit presuppositions. We demonstrate experimentally that these changes can qualitatively affect the moral relevance judgments that subjects express in response to a given judgment problem. Several alternative explanations in terms of trivial measurement distortion are tested and refuted, and we present suggestive evidence as to what kind of factors might be prone to scale effects. The findings underscore that expressed moral judgments are constructed ad hoc and do not necessarily reflect the content of underlying stable moral commitments. We discuss implications for theories and methodology in moral psychology and in judgment and decision-making research more generally.
Plague Bug May Have Lurked in Medieval England Between Outbreaks
Authors: den Hond Bas
Published: May 2017

A new analysis of climate records in England and Europe’s Low Countries suggests that the disease-causing bacterium persisted in rodents between recurrences in people.
Single‐cell profiling of lineage determining transcription factors in antigen‐specific CD4+ T cells reveals unexpected complexity in recall responses during immune reconstitution
Authors: Phetsouphanh Chansavath , Xu Yin , Munier Mee Ling , Zaunders John J , Kelleher Anthony D
Published: May 2017

Recent studies of protein and gene expression at the single‐cell level have revealed that the memory T‐cell compartment is more heterogeneous than previously acknowledged. Identifying different T helper subsets involved in memory responses at the single‐cell level is thus necessary to understand the level of heterogeneity within this population. Antigen‐specific CD4+ T cells were measured using the CD25/OX40 assay together with a qualitative multiplex single‐cell RT‐PCR assay. Transcription profiles and subset proportions within the antigen‐specific CD4+ T‐cell population were dissected. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐specific CD4+ T‐cell responses skewed toward a Th1 response, whereas Tetanus toxoid responses skewed toward a Th2 type response. Fluctuations in CD4+ T‐cell subsets were observed within the HIV‐Gag‐specific response during ongoing antiretroviral therapy. Strong effector responses (Th1) were observed in early treatment, however with ongoing therapy this effector response significantly decreased in combination with an increase in Tregs and circulating Tfh‐like BCL‐6+ memory cells. The apparent increase in Tcm in peripheral blood after a several weeks of antiretroviral therapy may be due to Tfh‐like cell egress from germinal centers into the periphery.