bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brief communication (Original). The effect of physical activity on 6-minute walked distance among niqab wearing healthy Saudi women
Authors: El-Sobkey Salwa B. , Aly Farag A. , Alghadir Ahmad H.
Published: August 2015

Background: Wearing a face veil (niqab) was found to have a negative effect on the ventilatory function of Saudi adult women, which may challenge their functional exercise capacity.

Objectives: To investigate the effect of physical activity on a 6-minute walked distance (6-MWD) among young adult niqab-wearing healthy Saudi women.

Materials and Methods: Forty healthy young Saudi women were recruited for this study. The study participants (aged 22.8 ± 2.5 years) were selected from students and administrative staff at King Saud University. They were normotensive, nonsmokers, and of normal or mildly overweight. They were divided into 2 groups on basis of niqab wearing. A 6- minute walk test was implemented as measure of the participant’s functional exercise capacity. Their physical activity level was expressed as low, moderate, or high levels using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form. Comparisons between the basal physiological characters of the 2 groups, 6-MWD, and physical activity level were conducted. A two-way independent ANOVA was used to study the interaction of niqab wearing and the physical activity level on the 6-MWD for niqab wearing women.

Results: Women in the niqab wearing group had a significantly higher physical activity level and longer 6-MWD than those in the niqab nonwearing group (370.7 ± 62.95 and 510.0 ± 81.75 m (mean ± SD) respectively).

Conclusion: A physically active lifestyle improves and preserves the functional exercise capacity reflected by longer 6-MWD among the physically active niqab-wearing Saudi adult healthy women compared with less active women who did not wear the niqab.
Validation and application of hair analysis for the detection of methamphetamine in young Thai adults
Authors: Junkuy Anongphan , Pengwong Monnatee , Aramrattana Apinun , Celentano David , Sribanditmongkol Pongruk
Published: August 2015

Background: To date, blood and urine analyses have been the major methods of detecting methamphetamine (MA) use in Thailand. Recently, hair analysis has been introduced as an alternative and complementary procedure.

Objectives: To validate a simple, rapid, and economical method of analyzing hair for MA and its metabolite, amphetamine (AM).

Methods: The analysis employed solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Simplicity, rapidity, and economy were achieved, in part, by optimizing SPME conditions and by eliminating deuterated reagents and the derivatization step in GC-MS. The validated method was employed to detect and quantify MA in 1,111 hair samples of young Thai research volunteers who reported using MA in the form of so-called “yaba” tablets at least 3 times during the previous 3 months.

Results: Validated data from the study indicated that the method’s linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) met international standards for hair analysis of MA. Expressed as ng of MA per mg of hair (ng/mg), the LOQ was 0.5 ng/mg (102.39% accuracy, 5.46% precision). The method was less sensitive for quantification of AM in hair, with a LOQ of 2.5 ng/mg (103.41% accuracy, 6.95% precision). Using 0.5 ng/mg as a cutoff in the analysis of samples provided by admitted MA users, the study yielded an overall detection rate for MA of 35.5%, with a range of 0.51-54.61 ng/mg; the mean MA level was 4.90 ± 6.78 (±SD) ng/mg. Thirty-one percent of the participants reported they had consumed fewer than 10 yaba tablets during the previous 3 months. Of this group, 29% had hair samples that tested positive for MA. Detection rates trended upwards with increased yaba use. No relationship was found between the number of yaba tablets reportedly consumed and the concentration of MA detected in hair.

Conclusions: This study validated a rapid, simple, and economical SPME/GC-MS technique for quantification of MA in hair. The method was less sensitive for quantification of AM.
Clinical implications of normal B-type natriuretic peptide levels in patients with severe chronic heart failure
Authors: Gao Changzheng , Lu Qi , Guo Suxia , Yang Zhenyu , Li Kulin , Wang Qiang , Wang Ruxing
Published: August 2015

Background: High plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in patients with severe chronic heart failure (CHF) often indicate poor ventricular function and poor prognosis. However, in some such patients plasma BNP levels are normal.

Objective: To investigate the clinical implications of BNP levels in patients with severe CHF.

Methods: Fifty-seven patients with severe CHF were divided into group A (13 normal plasma BNP level) and 44 patients (high plasma BNP levels) group B. Diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (or angiotensin II receptor antagonist, e.g., metoprolol) and digitalis were used as conventional treatment. The clinical characteristics of all patients in two groups were analyzed and compared.

Results: At the first admission, left ventricular end diastolic diameter in group B was significantly lower than group A (p < 0.05), and the plasma BNP level in group B was significantly higher than group A (p < 0.05). When metoprolol was used, 6 and 5 patients in group A and B could not tolerate the initial dose. In other cases using metoprolol at average maximum tolerance dose of metoprolol 12.5-6.25 and 24.20-11.22 mg/day in group A and B, respectively, there was a significant difference between them (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in plasma BNP levels between two groups during stable period. The plasma BNP level in group B during acute worsening stage was significantly higher than in the remission stage (962.73-165.00 ng/L vs 876.24-167.70 ng/L, p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between group A (74.03-11.18 ng/L) and group B (71.38-11.68 ng/L) (p > 0.05). The mobility of group A was higher than group B (11/12 vs 6/44, p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that, the plasma BNP level was the independent risk factor for predicting cardiac death (regression coefficient, 3.817; OR, 45.488; 95% CI, 5.322ʺ388.791).

Conclusion: In patients with severe CHF, normal plasma BNP level suggests depletion of BNP secretion and further deterioration of cardiac function, indicating a poor prognosis.
A retrospective study of gynecomastia in male patients referred to Hatyai Hospital with breast lesions
Authors: Kotepui Manas , Piwkham Duangjai , Chupeerach Chaowanee , Songsri Apiram
Published: August 2015

Background: Gynecomastia is a common benign lesion of the male breast and accounts for up to 80% of male patients referred with beast lesions.

Objective: To examine the pattern of breast lesions in male patients who underwent breast biopsy.

Methods: All male patients referred to Hatyai Hospital with breast complaints were included in the study. Histopathology reports were retrospectively reviewed during 2004-2011.

Results: In 77 male patients diagnosed with breast lesions, the most common lesion was gynecomastia (49/77, 64%), followed by fibrocystic changes (7/77, 9%), and breast cancer (6/77, 8%). Gynecomastia was commonly found in male patients less than 40 years of age, while other breast lesions are seen in male patients over 40 years of age (P = 0.036, OR = 2.842, 95% CI = 1.085-7.447).

Conclusion: Gynecomastia was the most common diagnosis among breast lesions in male patients referred to the Hatyai Hospital during 2004-2011. Gynecomastia was more common in the patients less than 20 years old.
Long-term outcome following bilateral lateral rectus recession for intermittent exotropia
Authors: Patlidanon Jutima , Pukrushpan Parnchat , Jariyakosol Supharat , Praneeprachachon Pokpong
Published: August 2015

Background: Bilateral lateral rectus recession is the most common surgical treatment of intermittent exotropia in children. Success rates in previous studies differ because longer follow-up periods may change success rate as the eyes drift out with time. Initial overcorrection was thought to be appropriate management, but the preferred initial postoperative deviation has not been well quantified.

Objective: To study long-term outcomes (≥3 years) of bilateral lateral rectus recession for intermittent exotropia and to evaluate factors influencing long-term success.

Methods: This retrospective descriptive study reviews patients with intermittent exotropia who underwent bilateral lateral rectus recession with a minimum follow up of 3 years. Long-term motor outcome was classified as good (within 8 prism diopters (PD) of esodeviation and 10 PD of exodeviation), acceptable (exodeviation 11-20 PD), and poor (esotropia >8 PD or exotropia >20 PD). Stereoacuity testing pre- and postoperatively was used to evaluate sensory outcome. Correlation between long-term outcome and various pre- and postoperative factors were analyzed.

Results: A total of 59 patients met the selective inclusion criteria. The mean age at time of surgery was 7.1 years with a mean follow-up time of 4.5 years. At the time of the last visit, 69% (41 patients) had good outcomes, 24% (14 patients) had acceptable outcomes, and 7% (4 patients) had poor outcomes. Initial postoperative ocular deviation significantly correlated with long-term outcome (P < 0.05). Mean initial postoperative ocular deviation of patients with good outcome was esodeviation 12.7 PD (range ortho to esodeviation 25 PD). In 45 patients whose stereoacuity could be assessed, 58% (26 patients) had stereoacuity improvement.

Conclusion: Good long-term motor outcome can be achieved in 69% of patients following bilateral lateral rectus recession for intermittent exotropia. Initial postoperative ocular deviation correlated with long-term motor success.
Biomass of external mycelium of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Norway spruce stands in Poland
Authors: Karliński Leszek , Rudawska Maria , Leski Tomasz , Kieliszewska-Rokicka Barbara
Published: August 2015

Biomass of extramatrical mycorrhizal mycelium (EMM) was examined under canopies of mature Norway spruce trees grown in different forest stands in Poland. Two mountain forest sites (Brenna and Salmopol), one upland site (Zwierzyniec) and one lowland site (Mirachowo) have been investigated, using sand-filled mesh-bags method. The in-grow mesh-bags were buried in the soil for 12 months (since October up to the next October) or for 4 months (since June up to October) at four depths at each site: 5, 15, 30 and 45 cm (Brenna and Salmopol) or 60 cm (Zwierzyniec and Mirachowo). The mycelium biomass was estimated from the ergosterol content determined in the mesh-bags. The results indicated significant differences in EMM production and their vertical distribution between the mountain and the upland and lowland forest sites. The lowest EMM biomass was found at the experimental plot in the mountainious site Brenna. Considerable decrease of EMM biomass with the soil depth was recorded after 12 months of the mesh-bags incubation in soil in the upland and lowland sites, while in the mountain forests decrease of the EMM biomass in the lower soil depths diminished more gradually EMM biomass determined in the mesh-bags placed in soil at the upper 5 and 15 cm tended to be higher after 4 months than after 12 months of incubation period. Such results suggest that the time necessary for evaluation of EMM biomass in soil may be limited to the summer–autumn months, when the production of EMM is the highest. Variable stress factors can influence decreased ectomycorrhizal mycelium production and/or their destruction. Further research in different forest types and regions are needed for better understanding factors determining EMM biomass production and surviving in soil.
Education in the works of Vićentije Rakić
Authors: Parlić-Božović Jasna
Published: August 2015

The movement for a 'new school and modern education', whose representative was Vićentije Rakic, included all the European coun­tries between the two world wars. It was also influential in our country. At that time it was felt that there were deficiencies and poor educational effects in our schools, and that there was a need for a modern contemporary pedagogical reform. Increasingly there was a need to adapt our schools to the requirements of the new time and to the developmental and educational needs of our country. It was necessary to implement contemporary educational methods for our new school to be more successful. In this paper, the author attempts to present Vićentije Rakić, one of the representatives of that new pedagogical orientation, through the analysis of the concepts of education in his works.
Place of psychotherapy in psychology movement toward cognitivism
Authors: Todorović Milorad
Published: August 2015

Psychology striving to make us more aware of our own nature dominantly, if not exclusively, is realized through psychotherapy. Psychotherapy as a praxis of psychology, which only follows the psychological theory and without it we can hardly call it that, is largely dependent on the prevailing social trends and the dominant form of pathology that can occur in them. That theoretical aspects of many forms of pathology are not completely understood and not give the right to cancel the search for the unconscious forces that determine the subject. Dominant tendencies in contemporary psychology not only do not favor psychotherapy, but are directly aimed against it. At least against that psychotherapy which is based on the split subject, the interior space in which the physical and perceptual sensations, moral rules, mood depression and everything else that we call 'mental'. The great danger that is above psycho­therapy activity comes by pharmacology and cognitivism (lat. Cognitio 'knowledge') and the intellectual soul. Equating the mind and the brain makes psychotherapy unnecessary in relation to the pharmacology whose power impact becomes decisive on each deviation and every suffering. The fact that in the psychology shortens the long and uncertain path of mental knowledge that does not correspond to the nature of 'psychological' seems to be replaced by those efforts which are only concerned with the question of science. The fact that there is no comprehensive theory of emotions that can not be resolved by cognitivism which is opposite to emotional. Rorty's cynicism towards such efforts, which emphasize that the spirit is the same as that stimulate the brain and that the theorem symphonies and excreted in the same way that the spleen is excreted dark juices (Rorty 1990: 54) exhorts the psychology of the fact that instead of being which has a spirit, that is different from the 'physical body', 'matter', the central nervous system, has been the equalization of the spirit with this case of positivist science study. Consciousness, which turns psychology, becomes infinite, and non spatial, or posses­sion of a non spatial bodies or elements almost disappears. The most controversial consequence of this is that possessing inner life is not relevant for understanding. Dynamic psychology is targeted by those who want to replace it with chemical treatment, which is more effective than psychotherapy because it affects cerebral causes of strife and suffering. Passion, death, madness, unconsciousness, sexuality, object relations, which shape each subjectivity, in such a psychology will be made redundant, or will be, like previous experiences, translate into the language of the new psychological school. However, the survival of the unconscious in psychological theory, the unique psychological theory, psychotherapy life will depend on the ability that man, freeing of the self-deception, reach his freedom.
Lexicology of potters in Podujevo
Authors: Jašović Golub
Published: August 2015

This paper deals with the lexicology of potters in Podujevo. Materials have been recorded from the interview with a Serbian resident from Podujevo. Revisions and supplementations of the recorded materials have been conducted in 2003rd, in Trstenik, where Nedeljko, a potter, lived with his family. After living Podujevo he retired and quitted making pottery. A list of pottery names have also been done, as well as the Dictionary of the examined lexemes. Each entry was defined, grammatical and accentually. Semantic and lexical analyses of pottery terms have also been done.
Concentrações de IL-6, TNF-α e MCP-1 em crianças com excesso de massa corporal
Authors: Guedes Juliano Magalhães , Mamêde Neto José Botempo , Santos Jéssica de Fátima Xavier dos , Cândido Rafael Frata , Andaki Alynne Chrystian Ribeiro , Mendes Edmar Lacerda
Published: August 2015

O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi verificar a relação das concentrações de IL-6, TNF-α e MCP-1 em crianças com excesso de massa corporal. As bases de dados investigadas PUBMED, SciELO, LILACS e Periódico Capes foram consultadas retrospectivamente para os últimos seis anos (2009 a 2014) utilizando combinações de palavras chaves como inflamação, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1 combinadas com crianças e escolares. Foram analisados 21 artigos. Foi encontrado associação entre sobrepeso/obesidade com IL-6, TNF-α e MCP-1 em 73,3% (11/15), 80% (12/15) e 60% (3/5) dos estudos que analisaram tais marcadores, respectivamente. Crianças com excesso de massa corporal possuem concentrações elevadas de IL-6, TNF-α e MCP-1 resultando em inflamação sistêmica crônica e aumentando o risco de desenvolvimento de outras doenças cardiovasculares.
“Blockbuster movie, blockbuster location”: cineturismo e costruzione dell’immagine dell’Italia per il pubblico indiano
Authors: Stefania Cavaliere  , Luigi Barletta
Published: August 2015

Combining the reputation of the Italian cultural heritage with the popularity of the Indian Film Industry, Italy and India have been collaborating to strengthen their economic relationships using the media as a spur for cultural exchange and a key-tool to enlarge the tourist market target. Many Italian Film Commissions have invested in supporting Indian productions, understanding the benefits of film-induced tourism. Specialised supplies and equipment have been provided to facilitate the incoming of Indian companies and organize educational tours to promote the locations of the Italian Peninsula. On the Indian side, the Made in Italy brand fascinates the upper-middle class interested in luxury products and the Italian life style. The settings of romantic movies promote the idea of Italy as a land to fulfil one’s own love story imitating the Bollywood stars. It is no surprise that honeymoon holiday packages are nowadays very popular and many sumptuous Indian weddings are celebrated in Italy. The paper analyses the representation strategies of Italy for the Indian audience as used both by tour operators, to enhance film-induced tourism, and by institutions, to enhance the cultural and economic exchanges between our countries.
Gazing at Italy from the East: A Multimodal Analysis of Malaysian Tourist Blogs
Authors: Olga Denti
Published: August 2015

This paper investigates Malaysian tourist perceptions about Italy and their crosscultural representations (Hall 2002) through blogs. Bloggers hold a dynamic role in communicating the cultural meanings they build through both tourist texts and images. Therefore, the analysis starts by focusing on the features of blogs as a new digital genre, as they have emerged with the development of the Internet, displaying an intermingling of posts, commentaries and links, thus building a sense of community through interpersonal communication (Garzone 2012). To this purpose, it examines the textual organisation, the participant relationships and the communicative purposes of the tourist blogs taken into account (Orlikowski and Yates 1994; Bhatia 2005; Lemke 2005 and 2009). It looks at the language used to portray Italy, together with its semiotic patterns, in order to identify the image of the land, beliefs, ideas and impressions inherent in the relationship between the Malaysian tourist and the destination itself. Particular attention is devoted to the analysis of the perception of authenticity.
Word-formation in the Arabic Language of Tourism
Authors: Cristina Solimando
Published: August 2015

The tourist flows between the Arabic-speaking world and the West have strengthened the need to develop several Arabic websites, brochures, guidebooks etc. in order to be closer to Arabic speaking visitors to Western countries. In the field of tourism, English has a predominant role and the Arabic language, through different strategies of word-formation, is reacting to Western influence by generating new lexicon that needs to be analyzed in depth. This article aims at examining the challenge tourism poses for the Arabic language: the creation of technical terminology encounters some difficulties such as recourse to different terms to refer to the same concept. Despite the lack of terminological standardization, the vitality of Arabic is evident in the efforts made to bridge communication gaps caused by different cultural contexts: for instance, semantic translation often seems necessary in order to make a foreign term understandable to Arabs. This contribution is the starting point of an indispensable deeper examination of the neologisms and the word-formation strategies in the field of tourist discourse.
Finding a worm's internal compass
Authors: Rankin Catharine H , Lin Conny H
Published: August 2015

A pair of neurons is required for nematodes to be able to navigate using the Earth's magnetic field.
Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assays
Authors: Hornbeck Peter V.
Published: August 2015

This unit describes six different ELISA systems for the detection of specific antibodies, soluble antigens, or cell‐surface antigens. In all six systems, soluble reactants are removed from solution after specifically binding to solid‐phase reactants. In the first four protocols, solid‐phase reactants are prepared by adsorbing an antigen or antibody onto plastic microtiter plates; in the next two protocols, the solid‐phase reactants are cell‐associated molecules. In all protocols, the solid‐phase reagents are incubated with secondary or tertiary reactants covalently coupled to an enzyme. Unbound conjugates are washed out and a chromogenic or fluorogenic substrate is added. As the substrate is hydrolyzed by the bound enzyme conjugate, a colored or fluorescent product is generated. Finally, the product is detected visually or with a microtiter plate reader. The amount of product generated is proportional to the amount of analysate in the test mixture. One of the support protocols can be used to optimize the different ELISAs. A second support protocol presents a method for preparing alkaline phosphatase conjugates. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Small phytoplankton drive high summertime carbon and nutrient export in the Gulf of California and Eastern Tropical North Pacific
Authors: Puigcorbé Viena , Benitez‐Nelson Claudia R. , Masqué Pere , Verdeny Elisabet , White Angelicque E. , Popp Brian N. , Prahl Fredrick G. , Lam Phoebe J.
Published: August 2015

Summertime carbon, nitrogen, and biogenic silica export was examined using 234Th:238U disequilibria combined with free floating sediment traps and fine scale water column sampling with in situ pumps (ISP) within the Eastern Tropical North Pacific and the Gulf of California. Fine scale ISP sampling provides evidence that in this system, particulate carbon (PC) and particulate nitrogen (PN) concentrations were more rapidly attenuated relative to 234Th activities in small particles compared to large particles, converging to 1–5 µmol dpm−1 by 100 m. Comparison of elemental particle composition, coupled with particle size distribution analysis, suggests that small particles are major contributors to particle flux. While absolute PC and PN export rates were dependent on the method used to obtain the element/234Th ratio, regional trends were consistent across measurement techniques. The highest C fixation rates were associated with diatom‐dominated surface waters. Yet, the highest export efficiencies occurred in picoplankton‐dominated surface waters, where relative concentrations of diazotrophs were also elevated. Our results add to the increasing body of literature that picoplankton‐ and diazotroph‐dominated food webs in subtropical regions can be characterized by enhanced export efficiencies relative to food webs dominated by larger phytoplankton, e.g., diatoms, in low productivity pico/nanoplankton‐dominated regions, where small particles are major contributors to particle export. Findings from this region are compared globally and provide insights into the efficiency of downward particle transport of carbon and associated nutrients in a warmer ocean where picoplankton and diazotrophs may dominate. Therefore, we argue the necessity of collecting multiple particle sizes used to convert 234Th fluxes into carbon or other elemental fluxes, including <50 µm, since they can play an important role in vertical fluxes, especially in oligotrophic environments. Our results further underscore the necessity of using multiple techniques to quantify particle flux given the uncertainties associated with each collection method.
A global assessment of accelerations in surface mass transport
Authors: Wu Xiaoping , Heflin Michael B.
Published: August 2015

Water mass transport in the Earth's dynamic surface layer of atmosphere, cryosphere, and hydrosphere driven by various global change processes has complex spatiotemporal patterns. Here we determine global patterns and regional mean values of accelerations in surface mass variations during the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission's data span from 2002.2 to 2015.0. GRACE gravity data are supplemented by surface deformation from 607 Global Navigation Satellite System stations, an ocean bottom pressure model, satellite laser ranging, and loose a priori knowledge on mass variation regimes incorporating high‐resolution geographic boundaries. While Greenland and West Antarctica have strong negative accelerations, Alaska and the Arctic Ocean show significant positive accelerations. In addition, the accelerations are not constant in time with some regions showing considerable variability due to irregular interannual changes. No evidence of significant nonsteric mean sea level acceleration has been found, but the uncertainty is quite large.
Atlantic opportunities for ENSO prediction
Authors: Martín‐Rey Marta , Rodríguez‐Fonseca Belén , Polo Irene
Published: August 2015

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant mode of interannual climate variability with worldwide impacts. The knowledge of ENSO drivers and the underlying mechanisms is crucial to improve ENSO prediction, which still remains a challenge. The recently discovered connection between an Atlantic Niño (Niña) and a Pacific Niña (Niño), through an air‐sea coupled mechanism during the first and last decades of the twentieth century, highlights an opportunity for ENSO prediction. Here a statistical cross‐validated hindcast of ENSO along the twentieth century is presented, considering the Atlantic sea surface temperatures as the unique predictor field, and a set of atmospheric and oceanic variables related to the Atlantic‐Pacific connection as the predictand field. The observed ENSO phase is well reproduced, and the skill is enhanced at the beginning and the end of the twentieth century. Understanding this multidecadal modulation of the Atlantic‐Pacific connection could help to improve seasonal‐to‐decadal forecasts of ENSO and its associated impacts.
Temporal variation in the magnitude‐frequency distribution during the Guy‐Greenbrier earthquake sequence
Authors: Huang Yihe , Beroza Gregory C.
Published: August 2015

The recent increase in earthquake activity in the central U.S. has led to concerns about the hazard posed by induced earthquakes. Understanding earthquake phenomena and monitoring in all settings can be improved by the detection of small events; however, the catalog of induced earthquakes is incomplete for small events due to the sparse instrumentation. This is particularly true in settings of low background seismicity, like the central U.S. We apply single‐station template matching to detect small earthquakes during the Guy‐Greenbrier sequence in central Arkansas and find over 100 times more earthquakes than are registered in the Advanced National Seismic System catalog between July 2010 and October 2011. A complete catalog over nearly 4 units of magnitude enables us to analyze the magnitude‐frequency distribution of induced earthquakes. We find that earthquakes deviated from the Gutenberg‐Richter statistics during the operation of nearby injection wells but returned to Gutenberg‐Richter statistics after the wells were shut in.
The more extreme nature of U.S. warm season climate in the recent observational record and two “well‐performing” dynamically downscaled CMIP3 models
Authors: Chang Hsin‐I , Castro Christopher L. , Carrillo Carlos M. , Dominguez Francina
Published: August 2015

Arid and semiarid regions located in subtropical zones are projected to experience the most adverse impacts of climate change. During the warm season, observations and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change global climate models generally support a “wet gets wetter, dry gets drier” hypothesis in these regions, which acts to amplify the climatological transitions in the context of the annual cycle. In this study, we consider changes in U.S. early warm season precipitation in the observational record and regional climate model simulations driven by two “well‐performing” dynamically downscaled Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) models (Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3 and Max Planck Institute (MPI) European Centre/Hamburg Model 5) that have a robust climatological representation of the North American Monsoon System (NAMS). Both observations and model results show amplification in historical seasonal transitions of temperature and precipitation associated with NAMS development, with Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)‐MPI better representing the observed signal. Assuming the influence of remote Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) forcing associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Variability (ENSO‐PDV) on U.S. regional climate remains the same in the 21st century, similar extreme trends are also projected by WRF‐MPI for the next 30 years. A methodology is also developed to objectively analyze how climate change may be synergistically interacting with ENSO‐PDV variability during the early warm season. Our analysis suggests that interannual variability of warm season temperature and precipitation associated with Pacific SST forcing is becoming more extreme, and the signal is stronger in the observed record.
Airborne radar evidence for tributary flow switching in Institute Ice Stream, West Antarctica: Implications for ice sheet configuration and dynamics
Authors: Winter Kate , Woodward John , Ross Neil , Dunning Stuart A. , Bingham Robert G. , Corr Hugh F. J. , Siegert Martin J.
Published: August 2015

Despite the importance of ice streaming to the evaluation of West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) stability we know little about mid‐ to long‐term dynamic changes within the Institute Ice Stream (IIS) catchment. Here we use airborne radio echo sounding to investigate the subglacial topography, internal stratigraphy, and Holocene flow regime of the upper IIS catchment near the Ellsworth Mountains. Internal layer buckling within three discrete, topographically confined tributaries, through Ellsworth, Independence, and Horseshoe Valley Troughs, provides evidence for former enhanced ice sheet flow. We suggest that enhanced ice flow through Independence and Ellsworth Troughs, during the mid‐Holocene to late Holocene, was the source of ice streaming over the region now occupied by the slow‐flowing Bungenstock Ice Rise. Although buckled layers also exist within the slow‐flowing ice of Horseshoe Valley Trough, a thicker sequence of surface‐conformable layers in the upper ice column suggests slowdown more than ~4000 years ago, so we do not attribute enhanced flow switch‐off here, to the late Holocene ice‐flow reorganization. Intensely buckled englacial layers within Horseshoe Valley and Independence Troughs cannot be accounted for under present‐day flow speeds. The dynamic nature of ice flow in IIS and its tributaries suggests that recent ice stream switching and mass changes in the Siple Coast and Amundsen Sea sectors are not unique to these sectors, that they may have been regular during the Holocene and may characterize the decline of the WAIS.
Culture and Isolation of Brain Tumor Initiating Cells
Authors: Vora Parvez , Venugopal Chitra , McFarlane Nicole , Singh Sheila K.
Published: August 2015

Brain tumors are typically composed of heterogenous cells that exhibit distinct phenotypic characteristics and proliferative potentials. Only a relatively small fraction of cells in the tumor with stem cell properties, termed brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs), possess an ability to differentiate along multiple lineages, self‐renew, and initiate tumors in vivo. This unit describes protocols for the culture and isolation BTICs. We applied culture conditions and assays originally used for normal neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro to a variety of brain tumors. Using fluorescence‐activated cell sorting for the neural precursor cell surface marker CD133/CD15, BTICs can be isolated and studied prospectively. Isolation of BTICs from GBM bulk tumor will enable examination of dissimilar morphologies, self‐renewal capacities, tumorigenicity, and therapeutic sensitivities. As cancer is also considered a disease of unregulated self‐renewal and differentiation, an understanding of BTICs is fundamental to understanding tumor growth. Ultimately, it will lead to novel drug discovery approaches that strategically target the functionally relevant BTIC population. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
QSARand Molecular Modeling Approaches for Prediction of Drug Metabolism
Authors: Braga Rodolpho C. , Alves Vinicius M. , Silva Flavia C. , Andrade Carolina H.
Published: August 2015

Many drug candidates fail during the drug development process due to an inappropriate pharmacokinetic profile. Biological evaluations are expensive and time consuming, thus, there is a strong need to develop cheap and fast alternatives. Computational methods have earned prestige the last decades as reliable tool to predict biological properties. In this chapter, we present commonly usedin silicostrategies (both ligand‐ and structure‐based) to evaluate the site of metabolism (SOM) of compounds that lack of experimental information.
ansa‐Ruthenium(II) Complexes of R2NSO2DPEN‐(CH2)n(η6‐Aryl) Conjugate Ligands for Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Aryl Ketones
Authors: Kišić Andrea , Stephan Michel , Mohar Barbara
Published: August 2015

New 3rd generation designer ansa‐ruthenium(II) complexes featuring N,C‐alkylene‐tethered N,N‐dialkylsulfamoyl‐DPEN/η6‐arene ligands, exhibited good catalytic performance in the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of various classes of (het)aryl ketones in formic acid/triethylamine mixture. In particular, benzo‐fused cyclic ketones furnished 98 to >99.9% ee using a low catalyst loading.

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A Self‐Aligned Strategy for Printed Electronics: Exploiting Capillary Flow on Microstructured Plastic Surfaces
Authors: Mahajan Ankit , Hyun Woo Jin , Walker S. Brett , Rojas Geoffrey A. , Choi Jae‐Hong , Lewis Jennifer A. , Francis Lorraine F. , Frisbie C. Daniel
Published: August 2015

Printing is a promising route for high‐throughput processing of electronic devices on large‐area, flexible substrates by virtue of its integration into roll‐to‐roll production formats. However, multilayered electronic devices require materials registration with micrometer‐level tolerances, which is a serious challenge for continuous manufacturing. Here, a novel, self‐aligned manufacturing approach is introduced that allows precision patterning of multilayered electronic devices by inkjet printing on microimprinted plastic substrates. Materials registration is achieved automatically by sequential deposition of liquid inks into multilevel trench networks on the substrate surface using capillary forces. By creating suitable multitier capillary networks, fully self‐aligned fabrication of all the major building blocks of an integrated circuit, including resistors, capacitors, transistors, and crossovers, with excellent yields and performance metrics is demonstrated. The current status of inkjet and imprint technologies suggests that this self‐aligned manufacturing strategy can be scaled up to large‐area substrates with integration densities greater than 1000 devices cm−2.
Unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of non‐malignant genetic diseases: An alemtuzumab based regimen is associated with cure of clinical disease; earlier clearance of alemtuzumab may be associated with graft rejection
Authors: Abdel‐Azim Hisham , Mahadeo Kris Michael , Zhao Quan , Khazal Sajad , Kohn Donald B. , Crooks Gay M. , Shah Ami J. , Kapoor Neena
Published: August 2015

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) with matched unrelated donors (MUD), offers potentially curative therapy for patients with non‐malignant genetic diseases. In this pilot study conducted from 2006 to 2014, we report the outcomes of 15 patients with non‐malignant genetic diseases who received a myeloablative regimen with a reduced cyclophosphamide dose, adjunctive serotherapy and MUD HSCT [intravenous alemtuzumab (52 mg/m2), busulfan (16 mg/kg), fludarabine (140mg/m2), and cyclophosphamide (105 mg/kg)]. Graft‐versus‐host‐disease (GVHD) prophylaxis consisted of tacrolimus/cyclosporine and methylprednisolone. Median (range) time to neutrophil engraftment (>500 cells/µL) and platelet engraftment (>20,000/mm3) were 15 (12–28) and 25 (17–30) days, respectively. At a median follow‐up of 2 (0.2–5.4) years, the overall survival (OS) was 93.3% (95% CI: 0.61–0.99) and disease‐free survival (DFS) was 73.3% (95% CI: 0.44–0.89). Among this small sample, earlier alemtuzumab clearance was significantly associated with graft rejection (P = 0.047), earlier PHA response (P = 0.009) and a trend toward earlier recovery of recent thymic emigrants (RTE) (P = 0.06). This regimen was associated with durable donor engraftment and relatively low rates of regimen related toxicity (RRT); future alemtuzumab pharmacokinetic studies may improve outcomes, by allowing targeted alemtuzumab clearance to reduce graft rejection and promote more rapid immune reconstitution. Am. J. Hematol. 90:1021–1026, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Classroom segregation: where do students sit and how is this related to group relations?
Authors: McKeown Shelley , Stringer Maurice , Cairns Ed
Published: August 2015

With increasing ethnic and racial diversity in the classroom, understanding classroom dynamics and the use of space has become increasingly important. In particular, when theoretical perspectives, such as that offered by intergroup contact research, promotes the importance of contact between competing groups to improve relations. Adopting a behavioural approach, the research presented here observed intergroup behaviour between Protestants and Catholics, through seating choice, in three integrated secondary schools in Northern Ireland. In addition, it considered the use of classroom seating plans by teachers. The sample involved students from Year 8 (aged 11–12) and Year 10 (aged 13–14), and their teachers. For observations of seating behaviour, data collection took place at three time points in the school year (September, January and June). Teachers were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding their use of seating plans during the January data collection phase. Seating choice was analysed using a statistical index of segregation. Results found persistent religious segregation over time, despite intergroup contact potential. In addition, the use of teacher enforced seating plans was examined and evaluated, suggesting that they may be restricting natural opportunities for intergroup friendship formation. Findings are discussed in relation to implications for theoretical understandings of contact theory, research methods and policy.
Negotiating the risk of debt‐financed higher education: The experience of lone parent students
Authors: Hinton‐Smith Tamsin
Published: August 2015

Widening participation has opened higher education (HE) to diverse learners, but in doing so has created challenges negotiating situations of disadvantaged positioning compared with peers conforming more closely to the ideal ‘bachelor boy’ student. As one of the most financially vulnerable groups of students, lone parents occupy a doubly precarious position negotiating the challenges, including financial constraints, of both university participation and raising children alone. Their experiences of HE participation are particularly important to understand as increasing financial precariousness of both studentship and lone parenthood squeezes them further through concurrent rising university fees and welfare cuts. This paper draws on insights from longitudinal qualitative research with 77 lone mothers in England to explore the negotiation of social and economic risks and rewards involved in their undertaking of a debt‐financed higher education.
Analysis of Live Modeling Plus Prompting and Video Modeling for Teaching Imitation to Children with Autism
Authors: McDowell Logan S. , Gutierrez Anibal , Bennett Kyle D.
Published: August 2015

Previous researchers have demonstrated that training in imitation can significantly improve the learning capabilities of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and that children within this population show a preference for video presentations. Video‐based instruction has been used to teach a variety of behaviors to individuals with ASD. However, only a small number of studies have examined the use of video modeling to teach initial imitation. Furthermore, there are limited and conflicting data on the effectiveness of a video modeling procedure that does not incorporate prompting when used to teach imitation to young children with ASD. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate a video‐modeling‐alone procedure and a live‐modeling‐with‐prompting procedure for teaching imitation to young children with ASD. The results suggest that the live modeling with prompting procedure was more effective, and implications related to this finding are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing Taxonomies: Beyond Card Sorting
Authors: Soranzo Alberta , Cooksey Dave
Published: August 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

Whether created by user experience designers or information specialists, taxonomies should always be subjected to evaluation processes. The taxonomy's terms and relationships must be assessed in the context of its implementation as part of information architecture. Traditional card sorting in a face‐to‐face setting can be performed by any number of testers working independently; delphi‐method card sorting involves iterative review by a succession of testers. Each requires advance preparation of cards showing candidate terms to be arranged in a way that makes sense to each tester. Dialogue with testers during the process provides qualitative insight into their thinking and logic, and data analysis sheds light on users' mental models of the taxonomy. Usability studies then reveal how testers use the taxonomy to navigate, search and tag content. With similar preparation, online sorting methods facilitate testing and provide rich results for analysis. Regardless of the method used, testers should be selected with care, and terms must be distinguished from navigation and context. Testing should be performed early, using small studies to focus on key areas and larger samples for quantitative analysis.
Data Management Plans as a Research Tool
Authors: Rolando Lizzy , Carlson Jake , Hswe Patricia , Parham Susan Wells , Westra Brian , Whitmire Amanda L.
Published: August 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

The growing recognition of and demand for formal data management plans (DMPs) is spurring academic and research libraries to consider how they can serve researchers to meet this need. Research data management services may include training in data management, consultation for plan writing and support with metadata elements and data repository choice. Libraries must develop expertise in research data management in the absence of clear or consistent guidance or practice, but useful direction is available through researchers' DMPs. The authors, representing several universities, collaborated on the development of a rubric to analyze and evaluate DMPs required by the National Science Foundation. Analysis of these DMPs, drawn from varied institutions, illustrates existing practices and has led to an assessment tool that can help libraries determine the services they should be able to offer researchers.
Tau hyperphosphorylation in synaptosomes and neuroinflammation are associated with canine cognitive impairment
Authors: Smolek Tomas , Madari Aladar , Farbakova Jana , Kandrac Ondrej , Jadhav Santosh , Cente Martin , Brezovakova Veronika , Novak Michal , Zilka Norbert
Published: August 2015

Canine cognitive impairment syndrome (CDS) represents a group of symptoms related to the aging of the canine brain. These changes ultimately lead to a decline of memory function and learning abilities, alteration of social interaction, impairment of normal housetraining, and changes in sleep–wake cycle and general activity. We have clinically examined 215 dogs, 28 of which underwent autopsy. With canine brains, we performed extensive analysis of pathological abnormalities characteristic of human Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration, including β‐amyloid senile plaques, tau neurofibrillary tangles, and fused in sarcoma (FUS) and TAR DNA‐binding protein 43 (TDP43) inclusions. Most demented dogs displayed senile plaques, mainly in the frontal and temporal cortex. Tau neurofibrillary inclusions were found in only one dog. They were identified with antibodies used to detect tau neurofibrillary lesions in the human brain. The inclusions were also positive for Gallyas silver staining. As in humans, they were distributed mainly in the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and temporal cortex. On the other hand, FUS and TDP43 aggregates were not present in any of the examined brain samples. We also found that CDS was characterized by the presence of reactive and senescent microglial cells in the frontal cortex. Our transcriptomic study revealed a significant dysregulation of genes involved in neuroinflammation. Finally, we analyzed tau phosphoproteome in the synaptosomes. Proteomic studies revealed a significant increase of hyperphosphorylated tau in synaptosomes of demented dogs compared with nondemented dogs. This study suggests that cognitive decline in dogs is related to the tau synaptic impairment and neuroinflammation. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:874–895, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.