bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Omsorgens moralske pionerer
Authors: Andersen Rikke Sand , Offersen Sara Marie Hebsgaard
Published: June 2023

I denne artikel undersøger vi ældre, alene-boende menneskers erfaringer med at bo alene og have brug for omsorg på grund af kræftsygdom. Vi har særligt fokus på at undersøge foran- dringer i den danske velfærdsstats politiske økonomi, herunder hvordan forventninger om at involvere familie i omsorgsarbejde, udfolder sig i konkrete hverdagssituationer. Med ud- gangspunkt i detaljerede beskrivelser af informanterne Lise og Henriks erfaringer foreslår vi, at vi ved at betragte omsorg som generativt arbejde (Buch, 2018) bliver opmærksomme på de mange forskelligartede praksisser, der knytter sig til syge, alene-boende menneskers livsopretholdelse. Gennem beskrivelser af omsorg som udveksling og kropsarbejde, bliver det tydeligt, at omsorg forhandles i krydsfeltet mellem velfærdsstatens politiske økonomi og moralske forestillinger om forbundethed og selvstændighed. Vi konkluderer at alene- boende mennesker, når de bliver syge, kastes ud i moralsk pionerarbejde (Rapp, 1999), der indebærer inter-generationelle forhandlinger, og som afspejler forandringer i den danske velfærdsstats historisk store opmærksomhed mod omsorgserhvervet.
A natureza em Goethe
Authors: Mühl Eldon Henrique , Marangon Márcio Luiz
Published: June 2023

A natureza exerce em Goethe uma função determinante na formação humana. O poeta alemão tem uma cosmovisão monista da realidade, considerando não existir matéria sem espírito e espírito sem matéria, opondo-se, portanto, à visão mecanicista, fragmentária e manipulativa expressa na visão cientificista da modernidade. A unidade entre natureza e espírito cumpre um papel nodal na sua teoria, pois parte da compreensão do mundo de uma forma abrangente e totalizadora. Em razão disso, a interação com a natureza não pode ser ignorada ou compreendida como uma ação manipulativa do sujeito sobre a mesma. O conhecimento nasce da inter-relação recíproca entre sujeito e natureza e a formação do ser humano depende do procedimento participativo que envolve a interação intensa e sensível com ela. Para tanto, o poeta afirma que é necessário desenvolver uma reflexibilidade criativa e crítica sobre a experiência em desenvolvimento. Considera que a Urform, a forma básica de que todas as coisas se originam, pertence à natureza, trazendo assim, uma importante e desafiadora contribuição para uma revisão da relação entre natureza e formação humana. O resgate da compreensão da natureza de Goethe implica em discutir o próprio conceito de ser humano que está implícito em seus estudos e em sua arte.
Artes visuais e educação Ambiental
Authors: Geraldo Sonia Mara Samsel , Iared Valeria Ghisloti
Published: June 2023

Diante da perspectiva de que a educação ambiental é um importante campo de pesquisa e prática pedagógica e que, apesar dos documentos oficiais e da vasta literatura acadêmica, entendemos que ainda é silenciada em vários espaços. Partindo deste contexto, o presente artigo apresenta pesquisa que objetivou evidenciar as potencialidades das artes visuais para a educação ambiental sob o viés da ecofenomenologia. Caracterizando-se como qualitativa, a investigação foi realizada com nove profissionais da educação do município de Campo Magro/PR. Por meio de um curso de extensão com trinta horas de duração, buscou-se a formação desses profissionais, sensibilizando para as maneiras de ser e se relacionar no e com o mundo humano e mais que humano. Os procedimentos para a produção de dados foram a observação participante, que consistiu no envolvimento intenso com os/as participantes, diários de bordo elaborados pelos/as cursistas no decorrer da formação e mapa artístico realizado após uma caminhada pela região. As contribuições das artes visuais para a educação ambiental se evidenciaram pelos três aspectos que emergiram: imagens, múltiplas camadas; sensibilização; emaranhados do mundo mais que humano. São elementos que permitiram demonstrar que as artes visuais contribuíram para a educação ambiental, sensibilizando para as formas de atuação no mundo, entendendo as relações de horizontalidade nesse espaço de vida compartilhado.
“Cuidar, Conhecer e Agir”: uma proposta de contextualização do Ensino de Química a partir da poluição do Rio Pavuninha
Authors: Pereira Larissa Baruque , Struchiner Miriam , Rubilar Cristian Merino
Published: June 2023

Este artigo apresenta uma Pesquisa em Design Educacional (PDE) articulada à perspectiva de Escolarização Aberta, que envolveu a construção e implementação colaborativa de um artefato pedagógico para contextualizar o Ensino de Química, a partir de uma questão sociocientífica (QSC) que afeta a vida cotidiana dos alunos e de sua comunidade local: a poluição do Rio Pavuninha. O estudo foi implementado em uma escola pública do Rio de Janeiro, a partir da parceria entre três pesquisadores da universidade, uma professora de Química e seus 33 alunos do ensino médio. A pesquisa adotou um cenário aberto e participativo e o modelo "Care, Know, Do" para formular e desenvolver as atividades, que envolveram roda de conversa, exibição de filme, recurso de geolocalização Google Street View, palestras com pesquisadores, e projetos, elaborados e apresentados pelos alunos, com diferentes iniciativas de intervenção em sua comunidade. Os alunos se sentiram motivados e se engajaram em todo o processo. Além disso, integraram cultura científica e consciência cidadã, gerando relatos positivos sobre o aprendizado de Química, bem como soluções para os problemas ambientais vivenciados em seu território. Seguindo os pressupostos da abordagem metodológica da PDE, todo o processo de planejamento e implementação foi documentado e analisado, gerando a presente narrativa de design.
disciplinas eletivas no Novo Ensino Médio
Authors: Sachinski Gabriele , Pasternak Glitz Kowalski Raquel , Lupion Torres Patricia
Published: June 2023

O presente estudo busca refletir sobre como as disciplinas eletivas propostas pelo Novo Ensino Médio podem contribuir para tornar a Escolarização Aberta uma realidade na educação brasileira. Para isso, toma-se como ponto de partida os pressupostos Archer et al. (2015), Kowalski et al. (2021) e Okada e Sherborne (2018) para a conceitualização de Escolarização Aberta e para a apresentação do Projeto CONNECT. Além disso, faz-se uma análise dos documentos oficiais que regem a educação brasileira, em especial a Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC) (BRASIL, 2018). O objetivo desta pesquisa é refletir sobre as contribuições das disciplinas eletivas para a discussão de temas atuais e pertinentes ao contexto dos estudantes. Para tanto, toma-se como objeto de análise as reflexões possibilitadas pelo relato de experiência das atividades realizadas durante uma disciplina intitulada “Entre utopias e distopias faz-se história”, ofertada em caráter eletivo para estudantes da 1ª série do Novo Ensino Médio de um colégio da rede privada de ensino, localizado na região metropolitana de Curitiba, Paraná. Também são analisadas as respostas de 18 estudantes dessa disciplina, coletadas via formulário online. As reflexões realizadas e os resultados alcançados demonstram que as disciplinas eletivas, por serem mais flexíveis e partirem de assuntos do interesse, permitem uma maior abertura do processo de ensino-aprendizagem.
Escolarização aberta
Authors: Furlani Juliana Maria Sampaio , Matta Cláudia Eliane da , Costa Matheus Custódio da
Published: June 2023

Realizou-se uma pesquisa em materiais didáticos produzidos por docentes em formação continuada, em um curso a distância ofertado na plataforma Moodle, em 2021, como parte das ações de um projeto de extensão universitária. Os materiais didáticos produzidos foram objetos de aprendizagem (OA) com o objetivo de serem recursos educacionais abertos (REA). Fez-se um recorte para os trabalhos da área das ciências da natureza. O objetivo deste artigo foi verificar e compreender, por meio dos objetos de aprendizagem produzidos pelos professores que realizaram o curso Ferramentas Colaborativas, quais foram as propostas de uso das tecnologias digitais em sala de aula e se esses OA podem ser classificados como REA. Para isso, foi utilizada uma ferramenta analítica para verificação dos REA. A pesquisa é qualitativa e descritiva. Os resultados apresentados são avaliações a priori, pois não foram estudadas as situações de aplicação em sala de aula. Ressalta-se que os trabalhos tiveram avaliação positiva nos aspectos didático-pedagógicos, porém os OA analisados não podem ser considerados REA, em especial porque não foram publicados e não continham licença de uso. Dessa forma, concluiu-se que o curso ofertado está contribuindo para a superação do problema da lacuna teoria-prática nos cursos de formação de continuada de professores. Contudo, enfrentou dificuldades para a produção de recursos educacionais abertos. Os caminhos para o estabelecimento de uma educação aberta ainda precisam ser mais bem trilhados.
Non-monotonic current dependence of intersystem crossing and reverse intersystem crossing processes in exciplex-based organic light-emitting diodes
Authors: Zhao Xi , Chen Jing , Peng Teng , Liu Jun-Hong , Wang Bo , Chen Xiao-Li , Xiong Zu-Hong ,   Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Structure Optoelectronics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
Published: June 2023

Intersystem crossing (ISC) and reverse ISC (RISC) between singlet and triplet polaron-pair and exciplex state are important spin-mixing processes in exciplex-based organic light-emitting diodes (EB-OLEDs). These two processes usually show normal current dependence which weakens with the increase of bias-current. This is because the bias-current increases by improving the device bias-voltage. When the bias-voltage rises, the electric field within the device is enhanced, which facilitates the electric-field-induced dissociation of polaron-pair and exciplex states and then reduces their lifetime. That is, less polaron-pair and exciplex states participate in the ISC process and RISC process, leading these two processes to weaken. Here, magneto-electroluminescence (MEL) is used as a fingerprint probing tool to observe various current-dependent ISC and RISC processes in EB-OLEDs with different charge balances via modifying the device hole-injection layer. Interestingly, current-dependent MEL traces of the unbalanced device display a conversion from normal ISC (1–25 μA) process to abnormal ISC (25–200 μA) process, whereas those of the balanced device show conversions from normal ISC (1–5 μA) into abnormal RISC (10–50 μA) and then into normal RISC (50–150 μA) and finally into abnormal ISC (200–300 μA) process. By fitting and decomposing the current-dependent MEL traces of the unbalanced and balanced devices, we find that the ISC process and RISC process in these two devices first increase then decrease as the bias-current increases. These non-monotonic current-dependent ISC process and RISC process are attributed to the competition between the increased number and the reduced lifetime of polaron-pair state and exciplex state during improving the bias-current. Furthermore, the RISC process in the balanced device is stronger than that in the unbalanced device. This is because the balanced carrier injection can facilitate the formation of triplet exciplex states and weaken the triplet-charge annihilation (TQA) process between triplet exciplex states and excessive charge carriers, which leads the number of triplet exciplex states to increase. That is to say, more triplet exciplex states can be converted into singlet exciplex states through the RISC process, causing the external quantum efficiency of the balanced device to be higher than that of the unbalanced device. Obviously, this work not only deepens the understandings of current-dependent ISC and RISC processes in EB-OLEDs, but also provides an insight into the device physics for designing and fabricating high-efficiency EB-OLEDs.
A method of real-time monitoring beam output stability of intense pulsed ion beam
Authors: Xu Mo-Fei , Yu Xiang , Zhang Shi-Jian , Gennady Efimovich Remnev , Le Xiao-Yun ,   School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China,   Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China,   Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Materials and Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China,   National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
Published: June 2023

Intense pulsed ion beam (IPIB) technology has made remarkable progress in surface modification, mixing, polishing, film deposition, and nano powder synthesis in recent years. However, the surface properties of materials under IPIB irradiation are highly sensitive to beam intensity variations. Deviations from acceptable parameter range can change the surface characteristics and increase prevalence of defects. Consequently, the real-time online monitoring of beam stability during irradiation experiments and promptly identifying of pulses exhibiting significant parameter jitter are of significance in accurately analyzing results and optimizing surface modification. This study presents a fast-response pulse X-ray diagnostic system by employing EJ-200 plastic scintillator, 9266FLB photomultiplier tube, and Tektronic TDS 2024 four-channel oscilloscope. Single particle test demonstrates that the system achieves a time resolution of 6 ns, meeting the requirements for temporal response to detecting pulse X-ray signals with a half-width of ~80 ns. By adjusting the insulation magnetic field strength of the ion diode, the IPIB output level is regulated. The diagnostic system successfully captures X-rays emitted by the external magnetic insulated ion diode operating at different output levels. Simultaneously, the ion beam energy density is measured by using an infrared camera. To mitigate diagnostic errors stemming from target ablation, the maximum energy density is controlled to be below 1.32 J/cm2. Analysis results establish a positive correlation between X-ray intensity and ion beam energy density. This relationship arises from the influence of the insulating magnetic field adjustment on the diode's operating voltage, which subsequently affects the bremsstrahlung radiant intensity and ion beam emission intensity. This correlation offers the potential for the real-time monitoring of IPIB beam output stability by utilizing X-ray signals. To further corroborate the synchronized changes in pulse X-ray intensity and ion beam intensity, Faraday cup is employed as an alternative to infrared imaging method for measuring ion current density. Results demonstrate that the amplitude of the X-ray signal changes synchronously with fluctuations of ion current density. It is worth noting that when the output intensity of ion beam deviates significantly (more than 10% of the preset value), the diagnostic system will respond quickly. These findings validate the efficacy of the proposed non-interceptive diagnostic method of real-time monitoring the intense pulsed ion beam output stability.
Action-sequence learning, habits and automaticity in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: Banca Paula , Ruiz Maria Herrojo , Gonzalez-Zalba Miguel Fernando , Biria Marjan , Marzuki Aleya A. , Piercy Thomas , Sule Akeem , Fineberg Naomi Anne , Robbins Trevor William
Published: June 2023

Enhanced habit formation, greater automaticity and impaired goal/habit arbitration in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are key hypotheses from the goal/habit imbalance theory of compulsion which have not been directly investigated. This article tests these hypotheses using a combination of newly developed behavioral tasks. First, we trained patients with OCD and healthy controls, using a novel smartphone app, to perform chunked action sequences, previously shown to engage habit brain circuitry. The motor training was daily over one month period. There was equivalent procedural learning and attainment of habitual performance (measured with an objective criteria of automaticity) in both groups, despite greater subjective habitual tendencies in patients with OCD, self-reported via a recently developed questionnaire. We then used a combination of follow-up behavioral tasks to further assess the arbitration between previous automatic and new goal-directed action sequences. We found no evidence for impairments of goal/habit arbitration in OCD following re-evaluation based on monetary feedback, although there was a greater preference for engaging in the trained habitual sequence under certain conditions which may have derived from its intrinsic value. These findings may lead to a reformulation of the goal/habit imbalance hypothesis in OCD. Finally, OCD patients with higher compulsivity scores and habitual tendencies showed more engagement with the motor habit-training app and reported symptom alleviation, with implications for its potential use as a form of habit reversal therapy.
The relation between human papillomavirus (HPV) and oropharyngeal cancer: a review
Authors: Ferreira Chrystiano Campos
Published: June 2023

Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC) represent a major public health challenge. In 2020, the international agency for research on cancer (IARC) recorded 98,421 cases of OPSCC worldwide. Over the past decade, the epidemiological profile of patients with OPSCC has shifted, mainly due to a change in etiological factors. Previously, alcohol and tobacco were considered the primary contributors, but the human papillomavirus (HPV) is now recognized as the leading cause of these tumors. This study aimed to conduct a literature review on the relationship between OPSCC and HPV for the general practitioner. The review examined the primary clinical differences between HPV+ and HPV− OPSCC, their prognosis and treatment. In addition, the various HPV diagnostic methods were analyzed. Although there is a vast amount of literature on HPV, this review is unique in its ability to present the key information in an organized and accessible way and enables healthcare professionals to gain a better understanding of the relationship between HPV and oropharyngeal cancer. This, in turn, can contribute to the prevention of various cancers caused by the HPV virus, including oropharyngeal cancer.
A review of the impact of maize-legume intercrops on the diversity and abundance of entomophagous and phytophagous insects
Authors: Pierre Jacques Fils , Jacobsen Krista L. , Latournerie-Moreno Luis , Torres-Cab Walther J. , Chan-Canché Ricardo , Ruiz-Sánchez Esau
Published: June 2023

In many parts of the world, chemical pesticides are the primary method of pest control in maize (Zea mays L.) crops. Concerns about the negative consequences of chemical pesticide use on people’s health and the environment, as well as the emergence of insecticide resistance, have accelerated attempts to discover alternatives that are effective, low-risk, and cost-effective. Maize-legume intercropping systems are known to have multiple benefits to agroecosystem functioning, including pest regulation. This review focuses on the influence of maize-legume intercropping systems on insect diversity and abundance as a mechanism for insect pest regulation in maize crops. First, this review combines knowledge of maize-legume intercrops, with a particular emphasis on the mechanism by which this practice attracts beneficial insects (e.g., predators, parasitoids) to reduce pest damage in intercropping systems. In addition, the pairings of specific legume species with the greatest potential to attract more beneficial insects and therefore reduce maize pests are also discussed. Finally, future research needs are also recommended. Findings are reviewed in the context of looking for long-term management strategies that can increase the adoption of integrated pest management programs in maize-based production systems.
Comparison of General Anaesthesia and Epidural Anaesthesia in Lumbar Microdiscectomies- A Prospective Comparative Study
Authors: Jose Dona Elsa , Mathew Litha Mary , Koshy Ivan , Mathew Anita , Ganapathi P
Published: June 2023

Introduction: Lumbar Microdiscectomy (LMD) is most commonly performed under General Anaesthesia (GA). Regional techniques are being used more widely now, with Epidural Anaesthesia (EA) being safer than Spinal Anaesthesia (SA). Regional anaesthetic methods are being used increasingly, with EA being less harmful than spinal with respect to cardiac and neurological complications. Aim: To compare the intraoperative and postoperative outcomes of GA and EA in single level lumbar microdiscectomies. Materials and Methods: This prospective comparative study was conducted at a single tertiary care centre between April 2014 to April 2018 and Study was conducted among 40 patients who were posted for single level lumbar microdiscectomies. The patients underwent surgery under group GA and group EA. Intraoperatively, parameters like Heart Rate (HR), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), Surgical Onset Time (SOT), Surgical Time (ST), Total Operating room Time (TOT) and postoperatively Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain, the Total Analgesic Dose (TAD) of fentanyl, Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) and the level of satisfaction with regard to pain relief (4-point Likert scale) for the first 24 hours were compared. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 18 software. Mean, percentage, student’s t-test, χ2 test, Mann-whitney test and appropriate statistical tests were used. Results: A total of 40 patients were enrolled in the present study with rather similar demographic characteristics in both groups. The SOT was significantly more in the EA group (24.30±2.958 min) when compared to the GA group (14.05±2.259) minutes. However, the ST and TOT did not show much of a difference. Intraoperatively, group GA showed significantly high HR and MAP values when compared to group EA (p<0.001). Postoperatively, VAS for pain and the TAD of fentanyl were found to be significantly lesser in the EA group, when compared to GA group. The incidence of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) was less in EA group. The level of satisfaction with regard to pain relief at the end of first 24 hours was more among patients in EA group. Conclusion: The present study concludes that, EA may be used as an alternative to GA in single level lumbar microdiscectomies.
Review of Green Technologies Use by Farmers: Implications for Environmental Sustainability in Nigeria
Authors: Anagah Francis I.
Published: June 2023

Background: The study reviewed green technologies used by farmers. It specifically reviewed what green technology is all about in farming; green technologies used by farmers and its role on environmental sustainability and challenge to use of green technology in farming.

Materials and Methods: The author reviewed books, journals, bulletin theses, dissertations, research reports etc.

Results: Findings show that solar photovoltaic, wind energy, biofuel, biogas, biomass, organic farming, integrated pest management, mixed farming, etc. are the most common green technologies use by farmers in Nigeria. The findinds further showed that the adverse effect of conventional technology and modern farming practice on the natural environment were environmental degradation, global warming, climate change, reduction in biodiversity, destruction of soil health and natural habitat, economic loss to farmers, which can be addressed by green technologies use with its potentials of healing damaged natural environments and ensuring profitability as cost of production is reduced by 67% and sustainability of environment in the production process. The benefits of green technologies are quality natural environment, healthy farm produce and sustainable biodiversity while challenges to its use are cost intensive, lack of technical know-how, illiteracy of the farmers, inadequate information on the potentials and limitation of its application. Green technology is the path of rapid agricultural development and welfare improvement as it increases profitability and health of farmers and guarantees environmental sustainability. The study recommends policy measures promoting use of green technologies by farmers for environmental sustainability and profit maximization.
Medicare Advantage Disenrollment Patterns Among Beneficiaries With Multiple Chronic Conditions
Authors: Raver Eli , Jung Jeah , Xu Wendy Y.
Published: June 2023

This study examines whether Medicare Advantage (MA) enrollees with more chronic conditions were more likely to disenroll when MA enrollment grew rapidly from 2009 to 2019.
US Food and Drug Administration Review Time of Supplemental New Indication Approvals of Drugs and Biologics, 2017 to 2019
Authors: Dhodapkar Meera M. , Ross Joseph S. , Ramachandran Reshma
Published: June 2023

This cross-sectional study examines US Food and Drug Administration regulatory review time of supplemental new indication approvals of drugs and biologics between 2017 and 2019.
Functional inhibition of the RNA‐binding protein HuR sensitizes triple‐negative breast cancer to chemotherapy
Authors: Wei Lanjing , Zhang Qi , Zhong Cuncong , He Lily , Zhang Yuxia , Armaly Ahlam M. , Aubé Jeffrey , Welch Danny R. , Xu Liang , Wu Xiaoqing
Published: June 2023

Chemotherapy remains the standard treatment for triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC); however, chemoresistance compromises its efficacy. The RNA‐binding protein Hu antigen R (HuR) could be a potential therapeutic target to enhance the chemotherapy efficacy. HuR is known to mainly stabilize its target mRNAs, and/or promote the translation of encoded proteins, which are implicated in multiple cancer hallmarks, including chemoresistance. In this study, a docetaxel‐resistant cell subline (231‐TR) was established from the human TNBC cell line MDA‐MB‐231. Both the parental and resistant cell lines exhibited similar sensitivity to the small molecule functional inhibitor of HuR, KH‐3. Docetaxel and KH‐3 combination therapy synergistically inhibited cell proliferation in TNBC cells and tumor growth in three animal models. KH‐3 downregulated the expression levels of HuR targets (e.g., β‐Catenin and BCL2) in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. Moreover, KH‐3 restored docetaxel's effects on activating Caspase‐3 and cleaving PARP in 231‐TR cells, induced apoptotic cell death, and caused S‐phase cell cycle arrest. Together, our findings suggest that HuR is a critical mediator of docetaxel resistance and provide a rationale for combining HuR inhibitors and chemotherapeutic agents to enhance chemotherapy efficacy.
Assessment of a self‐inspection method and reporting measured electrometer correction factors for reference‐class electrometers in radiotherapy
Authors: Kawashima Motohiro , Varnava Maria , Ozawa Shuichi , Okada Hiroki , Higuchi Hiromitsu , Hoshino Yoshihiko , Tashiro Mutsumi
Published: June 2023

Background and purpose

The standard dosimetry system of medical accelerators in radiotherapy consists of an ionization chamber, an electrometer, and cables. Guidance for TG‐51 reference dosimetry reported that the electrometer correction factor (Pelec) should be checked every few years. Therefore, continuous Pelec measurements have not been reported. The purpose of this study is to measure the Pelec with a charge generator at our institution and to evaluate variations over time. The measurements are compared with calibration data given by an Accredited Dosimetry Calibration Laboratory (ADCL).

Materials and methods

We used four reference‐class electrometers: RT521R (RTQM system/EMF Japan), Model 35040 (FLUKE), RAMTEC Duo (Toyo medic), and UNIDOS‐E (PTW). Each electrometer was connected to the charge generator, and the required charge was applied. The measurement points used were the same as those used for calibration by the ADCL. From the measured charges at each point, the Pelec was obtained from the slope of the linear regression function. The measurements were repeated over a 3‐month period to evaluate variations over time for each electrometer. Additionally, error budgets for the Pelec measurements were estimated, and the overall uncertainty was determined.

Results

The measured Pelec values were 1.0000, 0.9995, 1.0009/0.9999, and 0.9995/0.9998 for RT521R, Model 35040, the low/medium (L/M) ranges of RAMTEC Duo, and the L/M ranges of UNIDOS‐E, respectively. The measured Pelec values agreed within 0.1% with those given by the ADCL. We found a small drift in the measurements for one electrometer. Additionally, the uncertainty considered was 0.26% for k = 2 (k, coverage factor).

Conclusion

In this study, stable Pelec values were obtained for four electrometers using a charge generator over a three‐month period. The measured Pelec values were within the overall uncertainty stated in the electrometer guidelines. However, performing periodic measurements for the Pelec was able to help in detecting small errors.
A Selective, Hydrogel‐Based Prodrug Delivery System Efficiently Activates a Suicide Gene to Remove Undifferentiated Human Stem Cells Within Neural Grafts
Authors: Law Kevin C. L. , Mahmoudi Negar , Zadeh Zahra E. , Williams Richard. J. , Hunt Cameron P. J. , Nagy Andras , Thompson Lachlan H. , Nisbet David R. , Parish Clare L.
Published: June 2023

The directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into defined populations has advanced regenerative medicine, especially for Parkinson's disease where clinical trials are underway. Despite this, tumorigenic risks associated with incompletely patterned and/or quiescent proliferative cells within grafts remain. Addressing this, donor stem cells carrying the suicide gene, thymidine kinase (activated by the prodrug ganciclovir, GCV), are employed to enable the programmed ablation of proliferative cells within neural grafts. However, coinciding the short half‐life of GCV with the short S‐phase of neural progenitors is a key challenge. To overcome this, a smart hydrogel delivery matrix is fabricatedto prolong GCV presentation. Following matrix embedment, GCV retains its functionality, demonstrated by ablation of hPSCs and proliferating neural progenitors in vitro. A prolonged GCV release is measured by mass spectrometry following the injection of a GCV‐functionalized hydrogel into mouse brains. Compared to suboptimal, daily systemic GCV injections, the intracerebral delivery of the functionalized hydrogel, as a “one‐off treatment”, reduce proliferative cells in both hPSC‐derived teratomas and neural grafts, without affecting the graft's functional unit (i.e., neurons). It is demonstrated that a functionalized biomaterial can enhance prodrug delivery and address safety concerns associated with the use of hPSCs for brain repair.
Nanotargeted Delivery of Immune Therapeutics in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Jung Sungwook , Ben Nasr Moufida , Bahmani Baharak , Usuelli Vera , Zhao Jing , Sabiu Gianmarco , Seelam Andy Joe , Naini Said Movahedi , Balasubramanian Hari Baskar , Park Youngrong , Li Xiaofei , Khalefa Salma Ayman , Kasinath Vivek , Williams MacKenzie D. , Rachid Ousama , Haik Yousef , Tsokos George C. , Wasserfall Clive H. , Atkinson Mark A. , Bromberg Jonathan S. , Tao Wei , Fiorina Paolo , Abdi Reza
Published: June 2023

Immune therapeutics holds great promise in the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Nonetheless, their progress is hampered by limited efficacy, equipoise, or issues of safety. To address this, a novel and specific nanodelivery platform for T1D that targets high endothelial venules (HEVs) presented in the pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs) and pancreas is developed. Data indicate that the pancreata of nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and patients with T1D are unique in their expression of newly formed HEVs. Anti‐CD3 mAb is encapsulated in poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid)–poly(ethylene glycol) nanoparticles (NPs), the surfaces of which are conjugated with MECA79 mAb that recognizes HEVs. Targeted delivery of these NPs improves accumulation of anti‐CD3 mAb in both the PLNs and pancreata of NOD mice. Treatment of hyperglycemic NOD mice with MECA79‐anti‐CD3‐NPs results in significant reversal of T1D compared to those that are untreated, treated with empty NPs, or provided free anti‐CD3. This effect is associated with a significant reduction of T effector cell populations in the PLNs and a decreased production of pro‐inflammatory cytokine in the mice treated with MECA79‐anti‐CD3‐NPs. In summary, HEV‐targeted therapeutics may be used as a means by which immune therapeutics can be delivered to PLNs and pancreata to suppress autoimmune diabetes effectively.
Ion‐Diffusion Management Enables All‐Interface Defect Passivation of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Shen Lina , Song Peiquan , Zheng Lingfang , Wang Lipeng , Zhang Xiaguang , Liu Kaikai , Liang Yuming , Tian Wanjia , Luo Yujie , Qiu Jianhang , Tian Chengbo , Xie Liqiang , Wei Zhanhua
Published: June 2023

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have demonstrated over 25% power conversion efficiency (PCE) via efficient surface passivation. Unfortunately, state‐of‐the‐art perovskite post‐treatment strategies can solely heal the top interface defects. Herein, an ion‐diffusion management strategy is proposed to concurrently modulate the top interfaces, buried interfaces, and bulk interfaces (i.e., grain boundaries) of perovskite film, enabling all‐interface defect passivation. Specifically, this method is enabled by applying double interactive salts of octylammonium iodide (OAI) and guanidinium chloride (GACl) onto the 3D perovskite surface. It is revealed that the hydrogen‐bonding interaction between OA+ and GA+ decelerates the OA+ diffusion and therefore forms a dimensionally broadened 2D capping layer. Additionally, the diffusion of GA+ and Cl− determines the composition of the bulk and buried interface of PSCs. As a result, n–inter–i–inter–p, i.e., five‐layer structured PSCs can be obtained with a champion PCE of 25.43% (certified 24.4%). This approach also enables the substantially improved operational stability of perovskite solar cells.
Direct Observation of Atomic Step‐Assisted Stabilization of Polar Surfaces
Authors: Wang Zhipeng , Byun Jinho , Wang Zhen , Xing Yaolong , Seo Jinsol , Lee Jaekwang , Oh Sang Ho
Published: June 2023

Polar surfaces are intrinsically unstable and thus highly reactive due to the uncompensated surface charges. The charge compensation is accompanied by various surface reconstructions, establishing novel functionality for their applications. The present in situ atomic‐scale electron microscopy study directly shows that the atomic step and step‐assisted reconstruction play central roles in the charge compensation of polar oxide surfaces. The flat (LaO)+‐terminated LaAlO3 (001) polar surface, when annealed at high temperature in vacuum, transits to the (015) vicinal surface via the dynamic motion and interaction of atomic steps. While the (015) vicinal surface possesses zero polarization along the surface normal, a thermodynamic ground state is achieved when the in‐plane polarization is fully compensated via the reconstruction of step‐edge atoms; the step‐edge La atoms are displaced from their ordinary atomic sites toward the adjacent Al step‐edge sites, resulting in the formation of negatively charged La vacancies at the corresponding step edges. As confirmed by first‐principles calculations, the observed step reconstruction of (015) vicinal surface can completely cancel both out‐of‐plane and in‐plane electric fields. This hitherto unknown mechanism reveals the central role of step reconstruction in stabilizing a polar surface, providing valuable insights for understanding the novel charge compensation mechanism accompanied by the step reconstruction.
Triiodide Attacks the Organic Cation in Hybrid Lead Halide Perovskites: Mechanism and Suppression
Authors: Hu Junnan , Xu Zhaojian , Murrey Tucker L. , Pelczer István , Kahn Antoine , Schwartz Jeffrey , Rand Barry P.
Published: June 2023

Molecular I2 can be produced from iodide‐based lead perovskites under thermal stress; triiodide, I3−, is formed from this I2 and I−. Triiodide attacks protic cation MA+‐ or FA+‐based lead halide perovskites (MA+, methylammonium; FA+, formamidinium) as explicated through solution‐based nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies: triiodide has strong hydrogen‐bonding affinity for MA+ or FA+, which leads to their deprotonation and perovskite decomposition. Triiodide is a catalyst for this decomposition that can be obviated through perovskite surface treatment with thiol reducing agents. In contrast to methods using thiol incorporation into perovskite precursor solutions, no penetration of the thiol into the bulk perovskite is observed, yet its surface application stabilizes the perovskite against triiodide‐mediated thermal stress. Thiol applied to the interface between FAPbI3 and Spiro‐OMeTAD (“Spiro”) prevents oxidized iodine species penetration into Spiro and thus preserves its hole‐transport efficacy. Surface‐applied thiol affects the perovskite work function; it ameliorates hole injection into the Spiro overlayer, thus improving device performance. It helps to increase interfacial adhesion (“wetting”): fewer voids are observed at the Spiro/perovskite interface if thiols are applied. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) incorporating interfacial thiol treatment maintain over 80% of their initial power conversion efficiency (PCE) after 300 h of 85 °C thermal stress.
Revealing Low Amplitude Signals of Neuroendocrine Cells through Disordered Silicon Nanowires‐Based Microelectrode Array
Authors: Maita Francesco , Maiolo Luca , Lucarini Ivano , Del Rio De Vicente Josè Ignacio , Sciortino Antonio , Ledda Mario , Mussi Valentina , Lisi Antonella , Convertino Annalisa
Published: June 2023

Today, the key methodology to study in vitro or in vivo electrical activity in a population of electrogenic cells, under physiological or pathological conditions, is by using microelectrode array (MEA). While significant efforts have been devoted to develop nanostructured MEAs for improving the electrophysiological investigation in neurons and cardiomyocytes, data on the recording of the electrical activity from neuroendocrine cells with MEA technology are scarce owing to their weaker electrical signals. Disordered silicon nanowires (SiNWs) for developing a MEA that, combined with a customized acquisition board, successfully capture the electrical signals generated by the corticotrope AtT‐20 cells as a function of the extracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration are reported. The recorded signals show a shape that clearly resembles the action potential waveform by suggesting a natural membrane penetration of the SiNWs. Additionally, the generation of synchronous signals observed under high Ca2+ content indicates the occurrence of a collective behavior in the AtT‐20 cell population. This study extends the usefulness of MEA technology to the investigation of the electrical communication in cells of the pituitary gland, crucial in controlling several essential human functions, and provides new perspectives in recording with MEA the electrical activity of excitable cells.
Toward Practical Solid‐State Polymer Lithium Batteries by In Situ Polymerization Process: A Review
Authors: Liu Qi , Wang Li , He Xiangming
Published: June 2023

Although there are various strategies for solid‐state polymer lithium batteries (SSPLBs) manufacturing, the most promising is the in situ polymerization process. The in situ polymerization process inherits good liquid electrolyte/electrode interfacial contact and is compatible with existing lithium‐ion batteries manufacturing processes, making it easy to achieve scale‐up production. However, most of the current studies on the in situ polymerization process are based on lab‐level coin cells, while practical pouch cells are much less studied. There is a huge difference between lab‐level coin SSPLBs and practical pouch SSPLBs. Here, as a complement to the existing reports and reviews, a systematic review of the challenges and design principles of in situ polymerization process for fabricating practical pouch SSPLBs is provided to enable a comprehensive understanding and strategic guidance for practical SSPLBs applications. This review thoroughly discusses recent advances regarding the fabrication of SSPLBs using in situ polymerization process and presents the existing challenges and future outlook for the fabrication of practical SSPLBs by in situ polymerization processes. Furthermore, the critical issues of electrode materials for manufacturing practical SSPLBs are highlighted during the in situ polymerization process, and an attempt is made to call more attention to the performance of the practical pouch SSPLBs.
Optimizing road underpass design to maximize use by a freshwater turtle (Chelodina oblonga)
Authors: Santoro Anthony , Newsome Rachel , Regan Zoe , Chambers Jane M. , Beatty Stephen J.
Published: June 2023

Roads affect the connectivity of habitat and inhibit movements of animals as a result of road avoidance and road‐related mortalities. Freshwater turtles are particularly vulnerable to mortality on roads, as females must often cross them when they leave the aquatic environment to nest. Ecopassages designed to enable safe movement across roads by wild animals may be an effective measure to reduce adverse impacts. Limited information exists, however, on effective design criteria for freshwater turtles.

A willingness‐to‐utilize study was used to assess factors that may influence the use of a tunnel underpass by the southwestern snake‐necked turtle (Chelodina oblonga), a species whose populations are declining, in part, through road‐related mortalities of nesting females. Female C. oblonga were sourced from an urban wetland and placed in an enclosure with exits of varying tunnel lengths (12 and 25 m) and lighting treatments (‘light’ and ‘dark’) to assess the conditions that would promote successful passage.

Generalized linear modelling showed that light treatments had a significantly increased likelihood of successful and faster passage for both 12 and 25 m tunnels than the dark treatments. Tunnel length had no effect either on success or rate of passage.

This study provides the first account of the factors that may optimize successful tunnel passage by C. oblonga to reduce road‐related mortality, contributing to the conservation and management of the species and freshwater turtles more generally.
A new species of a giant tortoise from Sandelzhausen (MN5, Burdigalian/Langhian boundary, Early/Middle Miocene, South Germany)
Authors: Pappa Irena , Vlachos Evangelos , Moser Markus
Published: June 2023

We describe a new species of a giant tortoise of the genus Titanochelon from the locality of Sandelzhausen in south Germany (MN5, Burdigalian/Langhian boundary, Early/Middle Miocene). The material comprises at least two different individuals, one of which is a male individual preserving large parts of the carapace and plastron and several appendicular elements. The second individual is quite fragmented, preserving parts of the bridge and the posterior rim of the carapace. The new species, Titanochelon schleichi sp. nov., is the first species of a giant tortoise named from Germany and allows reconstructing an important diversity and expansion of titanochelones in the Western Palaearctic during the earlier parts of the Neogene.
Event‐triggered adaptive fuzzy control for nonstrict‐feedback nonlinear systems with output hysteresis
Authors: Li Zheng , Wang Fang , Ren Pengxu , You Zhaoyang
Published: June 2023

This paper concentrates upon the issue of adaptive fuzzy tracing control for a class of nonstrict‐feedback nonlinear systems output with hysteresis via an event‐triggered strategy. To handle the difficulty caused by the nonstrict nonlinear systems, the variable separation technique is introduced. The design difficulty of output hysteresis is addressed by employing a hysteresis inverse function and Nussbaum function to compensate unmeasurable state signal. Meanwhile, the fuzzy logic system (FLS) is used to estimate the unknown function at each step of recursion. Moreover, by devising the relative threshold event‐triggered mechanism (ETM), the frequency of actuators and controllers can be largely decreased. Thus, the adaptive fuzzy event‐triggered tracing control strategy is proposed by combining the barrier Lyapunov function and backstepping technique. With the proposed scheme, it is theoretically demonstrated that all signals in the closed‐loop system are bounded, and the tracing errors are driven to a small neighborhood of the origin under the output constraint. Eventually, two examples demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed control strategy.
A randomized parent‐mediated physical activity intervention for autistic children
Authors: Prieto Laura A. , Meera Benazir , Barry Ashlyn , Swarup Gayatri , Asmus Jennifer , Ku Byungmo , Roth Kristi , Foley John T. , Columna Luis
Published: June 2023

The purpose of this study was to examine the immediate and post effects of a parent‐mediated physical activity intervention on the fundamental motor skills of autistic children. We randomly assigned parent‐child dyads (n = 31) of autistic children aged 4–11 years into three groups (workshop, an online, or control group). Each dyad participated in a 12‐week intervention and was given adapted physical activity equipment and over 200 activities via a mobile application. Children were tested at the start and end of the intervention. The effect size (Cohen's ) of the control group for pre‐post locomotor and ball skill scores were 0.12 and 0.06, respectively, indicating small effect size. The effect size of the online group for pre‐post locomotor and ball skill scores were 49 and 0.26, respectively, indicating medium and small effect sizes. The effect size of the in‐person group for pre‐post locomotor and ball skill scores were 1.18 and 0.82, respectively, indicating large effect sizes. The outcomes of this physical activity intervention suggest that parents may facilitate the acquisition of fundamental motor skills of their autistic children. Although these results are positive, there is a need to further identify effective interventions for fundamental motor skill development in autistic children. Clinical Trials ID: NCT05159102.
Photoautotrophic microorganisms from mangroves: a review of the ecological role and bioproducts of commercial interest
Authors: Borrego Bruna Bacaro , Melo Letícia Beatriz Ueda , Gracioso Louise Hase , Cardoso Letícia Oliveira Bispo , Perpetuo Elen Aquino
Published: June 2023

Photoautotrophic microorganisms, such as microalgae and cyanobacteria, are known to perform an essential role in ecological functions. Besides, they are considered cell factories, producing various bioproducts of commercial interest. In mangroves, these microorganisms are primarily responsible for the ecosystem's high productivity. Moreover, the unique natural characteristics of mangroves, coupled with the intense pressure from anthropic activities that these ecosystems typically experience, make mangrove photoautotrophic microbiota biotechnologically attractive. In this work, the ecological role and biotechnological potential of photoautotrophic mangrove microorganisms worldwide were evaluated, highlighting, their ecosystem services and bioproducts with environmental and commercial appeal, as well as their strategic and technological application through patent analysis. © 2023 Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.