bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From otium to imperium: Propertius and Augustus at Baiae
Authors: Leonard Amy
Published: July 2015

This article considers the military and political alterations to the land of Campania under Augustus through the lens of Roman elegist Propertius. Styling himself as the Roman Callimachus, Propertius gives voice to the transformation of Magna Graecia under the innovations of the Augustan regime, primarily the location of the imperial fleet at the lacus Lucrinus adjacent to the resort at Baiae. Elegies 1.11 and 3.18 accomplish a literary echo of the military might of Rome alongside the development of the imperial cult while mirroring the poet’s own self-aware evolution from a poet of love to a poet of state.
The Literary House of Mr. Octavius Quartio
Authors: Knox Peter E.
Published: July 2015

In the most prominent areas of the House of Octavius Quartio, the owner exhibited his interests in Greek and Roman literature and deployed poetic themes according to generic distinctions. The walls of the triclinium are decorated with a double frieze, depicting the life of Hercules and scenes from the Iliad. This choice of serious epic themes is consistent with other Pompeian homes. More uniquely, the garden on which this room opens displays scenes from Ovid’s Metamorphoses: Pyramus and Thisbe, Narcissus, and Actaeon. The House of Octavius Quartio therefore appears to have been home to a true fan of Ovid.
Sensory Comparison of Bread Crumb with and without Crust
Authors: Fuckerer Katharina , Hensel Oliver , Schmitt Joachim J.
Published: July 2015

Rye-bread belongs to traditional food in Europe and is preferred by elderly people in Germany. But those people often have difficulties with chewing the firm crust of those breads which, therefore, gets cut off. Current opinion suggests that flavor substances, produced during baking, diffuse from crust to crumb and therefore, bread baked with weak or without crust does not taste well. In present study, however, it was determined by triangle tests as well as color and firmness measurements, that crumb of crustless bread is nearly similar to crumb of bread with crust.
System Hazard Platform: Case Study NASA Field Joint Failure
Authors: Jenab Kouroush , Herrin Josh , Moslehpour Saeid , Khoury Sam
Published: July 2015

NASA became overconfident with consecutive successful flights with no major failures leading up to Flight 25 of the Space Shuttle Challenger and failed to correctly apply quality assurance to reanalyze the possibilities of failure when extreme cold weather was present for what would become the last Challenger launch. System Hazard Analysis applied correctly to analyze the failure rate patterns of the NASA Space Shuttle Challenger Solid Rocket Booster field joints may have prevented the launch of the tragic Flight 25, where there was a total loss of aircraft and seven astronauts were killed in the accident. The steps of System Hazard Analysis will be explained that if followed may have provided the data necessary for NASA to correct the field joint error prior to instead of after the Challenger explosion.
The Demise of the Term Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma
Authors: Butt Yasmeen M. , Allen Timothy Craig
Published: July 2015

Context

Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma is a term that has served lung pathology well for almost a century; however, more accurate terms have recently been suggested to better characterize the various lesions that have formerly all been considered bronchioloalveolar carcinoma.

Objectives

To evaluate the origin and history of the term bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and to compare the term's traditional uses with current understanding and terminology of lung lesions formerly termed bronchioloalveolar carcinoma.

Data Sources

Review of the literature pertaining to bronchioloalveolar carcinoma.

Conclusions

Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma has been an extremely useful term for many decades; however, it has now obtained respected obsolescence. Novel, more medically appropriate terms have been suggested for the group of lesions formerly termed bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, and these newer terms should now be routinely used.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Illness Perception in Young Survivors of Childhood Cancer
Authors: Kern de Castro Elisa , Klein Zancan Renata , Gregianin Lauro José
Published: July 2015

Objetivo

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a presença de Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático (TEPT) e a sua relação com a perceção da doença numa amostra de 65 jovens sobreviventes de cancro infantil, com uma média de idades de 19 anos (DP= 2,70) e que tinham terminado o tratamento, em média, há sete anos.

Método

Foram aplicados instrumentos para obtenção de dados sociodemográficos e clínicos, de sintomas de TEPT – “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist – Civilian” (PCL-C) e de perceção da doença – “Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire for Healthy People” (IPQ-RH).

Resultados

A presença de sintomas de TEPT variade 9,2% a 18,5% na amostra, e a perceção da doença esteve correlacionada com os sintomas deste transtorno. As subescalas Representação Emocional e Coerência da Doença (IPQ-RH), foram preditoras dos sintomas de Reexperiência (β = 0,0370; p < 0,01; β = 0,261; p<0,05, respetivamente). A subescala Representação Emocional (IPQ-RH) também foi preditora de sintomas de Esquiva (β = 0,330; p < 0,001).

Conclusão

Concluiu-se que a perceção da doença deve ser investigada para prevenir os sintomas de TEPT em sobreviventes de câncer infantil.
School Diagnostic: Perceptions of Educational Professionals
Authors: Caridade Sónia , Nunes Laura , Sani Ana
Published: July 2015

Aim

The school is a privileged context to prevent certain problems that may begin during the development of young students. The main objective is to assess the perceptions of educational professionals about the school structure, functioning, and organization, as well as students’ behaviors.

Method

We developed an exploratory study using a questionnaire, applied to a sample of 81 educational agents, teachers and non-teachers, aged between 25 and 62 years (M = 45.8, SD = 10.6).

Results

Despite the positive perception of the participants about the physical school environment, it is necessary to create spaces for leisure and sport, logistic conditions and multidisciplinary teams in order to maximize the overall good functioning of schools. Adding to this, participants described the participation of parents in the school life as negative; they also identified several disruptive behaviours among students and referred to a general lack of active participation in life school.

Conclusion

It is important to create action plans in schools, which should be multimodal and multi-agent in order to have intervention perspectives with connected actions developed by different educational agents.
In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Mondia whitei (Hook. f.) Skeels
Authors: Idayat Titilayo Gbadamosi  , Sakiru Morenikeji Erinoso
Published: July 2015

Mondia whitei (Periplocaceae)is an aromatic plant used as aphrodisiac and for the treatment of urinary infection, jaundice, headache and diarrhoea in Nigeria. The plant was screened for phytochemical components using standard techniques. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the plant were evaluated. The free radical scavenging activity was determined by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The antimicrobial activity of M. whitei extracts against nine clinical isolates was determined by agar well diffusion method. Data were statistically analysed. The root was richer in saponins and tannins than the leaf whereas the leaf contained more flavonoids. The root gave 47.23% inhibition against DPPH+. There was positive correlation between the polyphenolic content and the antioxidant activity of the plant parts. At 300mg/ml, the water extracts of both the leaf and root were more active than the ethanolic extracts. The higher antimicrobial activity of the water extract could be attributed to the solubility of active constituents of the plant in water. The root showed higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities than the leaf. M. whitei root could be very effective in the management of metabolic and infectious diseases. However, toxicological studies will confirm its safety in administration.
Enhancing on the Mineral Elements of Exposure to Magnetic Field in Plants Leave
Authors: Abdelaziz A.M. El Shokali  , Abdelrazig M. Abdelbagi  , M.D. Abdallah
Published: July 2015

The aim of this work was investigating the accumulation of the element's contents in plant leaves using magnetized and non-magnetized water for irrigation. Sunflower and tomato were irrigated using magnetized water conducted with magnetic field in the range of 250 mT and irrigate with normal water for comparison in an open land. The measurement of elements was performed using atomic absorption spectroscopy to identify the levels of Calcium, Iron, Potassium and Zinc in the leaves of the plants under survey. The results are evaluated using different statistical methods from data obtained to assess the levels of elements enhanced in these leaves. The leaf elements quantity in plants treatment with a magnetic field has a significant impact on plant yield and food quality.
Resection is responsible for loss of transcription around a double-strand break in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Manfrini Nicola , Clerici Michela , Wery Maxime , Colombo Chiara Vittoria , Descrimes Marc , Morillon Antonin , d'Adda di Fagagna Fabrizio , Longhese Maria Pia
Published: July 2015

Emerging evidence indicate that the mammalian checkpoint kinase ATM induces transcriptional silencing in cis to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through a poorly understood mechanism. Here we show that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae a single DSB causes transcriptional inhibition of proximal genes independently of Tel1/ATM and Mec1/ATR. Since the DSB ends undergo nucleolytic degradation (resection) of their 5′-ending strands, we investigated the contribution of resection in this DSB-induced transcriptional inhibition. We discovered that resection-defective mutants fail to stop transcription around a DSB, and the extent of this failure correlates with the severity of the resection defect. Furthermore, Rad9 and generation of γH2A reduce this DSB-induced transcriptional inhibition by counteracting DSB resection. Therefore, the conversion of the DSB ends from double-stranded to single-stranded DNA, which is necessary to initiate DSB repair by homologous recombination, is responsible for loss of transcription around a DSB in S. cerevisiae.
The Syrtis Major volcano, Mars: A multidisciplinary approach to interpreting its magmatic evolution and structural development
Authors: Lillis Robert J. , Dufek Josef , Kiefer Walter S. , Black Benjamin A. , Manga Michael , Richardson Jacob A. , Bleacher Jacob E.
Published: July 2015

Very weak crustal magnetic fields over the Syrtis Major volcanic complex imply almost total thermal demagnetization via magmatic intrusions over a large area less than ~4 Ga. We fit a model of these intrusions and the resulting thermal demagnetization to maps of crustal magnetic field strength at 185 km altitude. The best fits are most consistent with a “dog bone”‐shaped region of intrusive material, elongated approximately north‐south, with an area of ~350,000 km2 and an inferred volume of ~4–19 × 106 km3. Such a large volume is best explained by a long‐lived mantle plume beneath the Syrtis edifice. A free‐air gravity anomaly high over the Syrtis Major caldera is consistent with dense mafic residue remaining at depth following crystal fractionation that produced the silicic magmas seen at the surface. The elongation of this region is consistent with ascent and north‐south emplacement of magma enabled by structures parallel to and associated with the preexisting Isidis impact basin.
Internally driven large‐scale changes in the size of Saturn's magnetosphere
Authors: Pilkington N. M. , Achilleos N. , Arridge C. S. , Guio P. , Masters A. , Ray L. C. , Sergis N. , Thomsen M. F. , Coates A. J. , Dougherty M. K.
Published: July 2015

Saturn's magnetic field acts as an obstacle to solar wind flow, deflecting plasma around the planet and forming a cavity known as the magnetosphere. The magnetopause defines the boundary between the planetary and solar dominated regimes, and so is strongly influenced by the variable nature of pressure sources both outside and within. Following from Pilkington et al. (2014), crossings of the magnetopause are identified using 7 years of magnetic field and particle data from the Cassini spacecraft and providing unprecedented spatial coverage of the magnetopause boundary. These observations reveal a dynamical interaction where, in addition to the external influence of the solar wind dynamic pressure, internal drivers, and hot plasma dynamics in particular can take almost complete control of the system's dayside shape and size, essentially defying the solar wind conditions. The magnetopause can move by up to 10–15 planetary radii at constant solar wind dynamic pressure, corresponding to relatively “plasma‐loaded” or “plasma‐depleted” states, defined in terms of the internal suprathermal plasma pressure.
Aerosol transport and wet scavenging in deep convective clouds: A case study and model evaluation using a multiple passive tracer analysis approach
Authors: Yang Qing , Easter Richard C. , Campuzano‐Jost Pedro , Jimenez Jose L. , Fast Jerome D. , Ghan Steven J. , Wang Hailong , Berg Larry K. , Barth Mary C. , Liu Ying , Shrivastava Manishkumar B. , Singh Balwinder , Morrison Hugh , Fan Jiwen , Ziegler Conrad L. , Bela Megan , Apel Eric , Diskin Glenn S. , Mikoviny Tomas , Wisthaler Armin
Published: July 2015

Wet scavenging of aerosols by continental deep convective clouds is studied for a supercell storm complex observed over Oklahoma during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry campaign. A new passive‐tracer‐based transport analysis framework is developed to characterize convective transport using vertical profiles of several passive trace gases. For this case, the analysis estimates that observed passive gas mixing ratios in the upper troposphere convective outflow consist of 47% low level (<3 km) inflow air, 32% entrained midtroposphere air, and 21% upper troposphere air. The new analysis framework is used to estimate aerosol wet scavenging efficiencies. Observations yield high overall scavenging efficiencies of 81% for submicron aerosol mass. Organic, sulfate, and ammonium aerosols have similar wet scavenging efficiencies (80%–84%). The apparent scavenging efficiency for nitrate aerosol is much lower (57%), but the scavenging efficiency for nitrate aerosol plus nitric acid combined (84%) is close to the other species. Scavenging efficiencies for aerosol number are high for larger particles (84% for 0.15–2.5 µm diameter) but are lower for smaller particles (64% for 0.03–0.15 µm). The storm is simulated using the chemistry version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Compared to the observation‐based analysis, the standard model strongly underestimates aerosol scavenging efficiencies by 32% and 41% in absolute differences for submicron mass and number. Adding a new treatment of secondary activation significantly improves simulated aerosol scavenging, producing wet scavenging efficiencies that are only 7% and 8% lower than observed efficiencies. This finding emphasizes the importance of secondary activation for aerosol wet removal in deep convective storms.
Lewinella
Authors: Sly Lindsay I. , Fegan Mark
Published: July 2015

Le.win.el'la. L. fem. dim. ending ‐
ella
; N.L. fem. dim. n.
Lewinella
named after Ralph Lewin, who first isolated these organisms.

Bacteroidetes / Sphingobacteriia / Sphingobacteriales / Saprospiraceae / Lewinella

Unbranched
,
flexible rods or filaments 0
.
5–1
.
5
×
5–150
μ
m or longer
(up to several mm) consisting of individual cells 2–3 µm long.
Ensheathed
, although sheaths may be difficult to visualize. Filament breakage or cell lysis results in empty ends or spaces (necridia). Resting stages not known.
Motile by gliding
. Gram‐stain‐negative. Produce
orange or yellow carotenoid pigments
. Chemo‐organotrophic.
Aerobic
, having a respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Gelatin is hydrolyzed but not cellulose, chitin, or starch.
Seawater is required for growth
. Isolated from marine environments.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 44.9–53.1.

Type species
:
Lewinella cohaerens
(Lewin 1970) Sly, Taghavi and Fegan 1998, 735
VP
(
Herpetosiphon cohaerens
Lewin 1970, 518
AL
).
Simkania
Authors: Bavoil Patrik M. , Stephens Richard S. , Kaltenboeck Bernhard , Kuo Cho‐Chou
Published: July 2015

Sim.ka'ni.a. N.L. fem. n.
Simkania
arbitrary name formed from the personal name Simona Kahane, the discoverer of the type species.

Chlamydiae / Chlamydiia / Chlamydiales / Simkaniaceae / Simkania

Coccoid or slightly elongated
,
nonmotile
,
obligately intracellular organisms
,
0
.
2–0
.
7
μ
m in diameter
.
Cells grow in the cytosolic compartment of eukaryotic host cells within membrane‐bound vacuoles termed inclusions
. Organisms are differentiated from members of the
Chlamydiaceae
by their resistance to penicillin, the infectivity of both replicating and proposed differentiated forms toward eukaryotic cells, and their infectivity of amoebae.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 42.5.

Type species
:
Simkania negevensis
Everett, Bush and Andersen 1999, 435
VP
.
Heliothrix
Authors: Pierson Beverly K. , Castenholz Richard W.
Published: July 2015

He' li.o.thrix
. Gr. masc. n.
helios
sun; Gr. fem. n.
thrix
hair; M.L. fem. n.
Heliothrix
sun hair.

Chloroflexi / “Chloroflexi” / “Chloroflexales” / “Chloroflexaceae” / Heliothrix

Clearly septate filaments of indefinite length, unbranched and undifferentiated
. Cells about 1.5 µm in diameter, much longer than broad (Figure 1). Thin sheath present or not. Cell division by fission, in one plane only.
Gliding motility, rapid aggregation of suspended filaments into tight clumps, no flagella
. Cells granular, poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate inclusions present; gas vacuoles unknown. Cells stain Gram‐negative.

Bacteriochlorophyll
a
present, but no accessory bacteriochlorophylls or chlorosomes. Filaments orange; carotenoids abundant

. Internal membranous structures unknown.

Type species
:
Heliothrix oregonensis
Pierson, Giovannoni, Stahl and Castenholz 1986, 354 (Effective publication: Pierson, Giovannoni, Stahl and Castenholz 1985, 164).
Herpetosiphon
Authors: Holt John G. , Castenholz Richard W.
Published: July 2015

Her.pet.o' si' phon
. Gr. n.
herpeton
gliding animal, reptile; Gr. masc. n.
siphon
tube or cylinder; M.L. masc. n.
Herpetosiphon
gliding cylinder or tube.

Chloroflexi / “Chloroflexi” / “Herpetosiphonales” / “Herpetosiphonaceae” / Herpetosiphon

Herpetosiphon
is represented currently by two species that are
unbranched, flexible filaments or rods
, 0.5–1.5 × 5–150 µm or more (to several mm), consisting of individual cells 2–3 µm long. Appearance of short, transparent “sheaths” extending from ends of some filaments are termed sleeves by Reichenbach (1992) and are characteristic of
Herpetosiphon
. They may not be true sheaths, but rather the “ghosts” of necridial (dead) cells of the filament (Reichenbach, 1992). Since gliding motility of whole filaments occurs, it is unlikely that a true sheath could exist at that point. Resting stages are unknown. Gram‐negative. Cells contain

peptidoglycan in which
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid is replaced by l‐ornithine

. In addition,
the outer membrane is lacking (together with its lipopolysaccharide component). Motile by gliding
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 48–50.

Type species
:
Herpetosiphon aurantiacus
Holt and Lewin 1968, 2408.
Hyperthermus
Authors: Reysenbach Anna‐Louise , Zillig Wolfram
Published: July 2015

Hy.per.ther' mus
. Gr. prep.
hyper
above; Gr. fem. n.
therme
heat; M.L. masc. n.
Hyperthermus
an organism existing in a very hot environment.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Desulfurococcales / Pyrodictiaceae / Hyperthermus

Cells are
irregular cocci
about 1.5 µm in diameter. Reproduce by constriction. Gram negative. Envelope is a highly regular hexagonal S‐layer. Projections that resemble pili are present.
Obligately anaerobic heterotrophic hyperthermophile growing between 72 and 108
°
C
. Best growth occurs between 95 and 106°C at pH 7.0 and in the presence of 1.7% NaCl. Utilizes a mixture of peptides as carbon and energy sources.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 55.6.

Type species
:
Hyperthermus butylicus
Zillig, Holz and Wunderl 1991, 170.
Stygiolobus
Authors: Huber Harald , Stetter Karl O.
Published: July 2015

Sty
.
gi
.
o
.
lo
'
bus
. L. masc. n.
stygius
from hell; Gr. masc. n.
lobos
lobe; M.L. masc. n.
Stygiolobus
lobed organism from Hades (its habitat was the gate to hell in Dante's
Divina Commedia
).

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Sulfolobales / Sulfolobaceae / Stygiolobus

Cells coccoid
,
highly irregular
with a diameter from about 0.5 to 2 µm. Gram negative. Motile by possession of flagella.
Obligately anaerobic
,
chemolithoautotrophic
.

Growth by reduction of S
0
with molecular hydrogen

, production of H
2
S.
Optimal growth temperature around 80
°
C between pH 1 and 5
.
5
. Based on 16S rRNA sequence data,
Stygiolobus
clusters with
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
(Fuchs et al., 1996a).

Type species
:
Stygiolobus azoricus
Segerer, Trincone, Gahrtz and Stetter 1991, 497.
Thermofilum
Authors: Zillig Wolfram , Reysenbach Anna‐Louise
Published: July 2015

Ther.mo.fi' lum
. Gr. fem. n.
therme
heat; L. neut. n.
filum
thread, filament; M.L. neut. n.
Thermofilum
filament existing in a hot environment.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Thermoproteales / Thermofilaceae / Thermofilum

Cells 0
.
15–0
.
35
μ
m in diameter and 1 to
>
100
μ
m in length with terminal pili
. Only
rarely branched or with sharp bends
; often with terminal spherical protrusions on both ends; sometimes with swollen sections; ghosts become spiral shaped. Gram negative.

Type species
:
Thermofilum pendens
Zillig and Gierl 1983, 673 (Effective publication: Zillig and Gierl
in
Zillig, Gierl, Schreiber, Wunderl, Janekovic, Stetter and Klenk 1983a, 86).
Caldivirga
Authors: Itoh Takashi , Suzuki Ken‐ichiro , Sanchez Priscilla C. , Nakase Takashi
Published: July 2015

Cal.di.vir' ga
. L. adj.
caldus
hot; L. n.
virga
rod; M.L. fem. n.
Caldivirga
a hot rod.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Thermoproteales / Thermoproteaceae / Caldivirga

Straight or slightly curved rods, occasionally bent or branching, either singly or extensively
. Most cells are 0.4–0.7 × 3–20 µm. Often,
spherical bodies protrude at the end of the cells, or laterally
. Cells multiply by branching or budding, and divide by constriction. Pili attach to cells terminally or laterally. Nonmotile.
Grows anaerobically or microaerobically. Optimum growth at high temperature (85°C) and weakly acidic conditions (pH 3.7–4.2)
. Resistant to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, oleandomycin, and streptomycin. Sensitive to erythromycin, novobiocin, and rifampicin. Possesses at least five cyclized glycerol‐bisphytanyl‐glycerol tetraethers. The 16S rDNA is typical of a chrenarchaeote in the signature sequence analysis. Phylogenetically represents an independent lineage in the family
Thermoproteaceae
. Isolated from acidic hot springs. Monospecific at present.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 43.

Type species
:
Caldivirga maquilingensis
Itoh, Suzuki, Sanchez and Nakase 1999, 1162.
Thermoflavimicrobium
Authors: Goodfellow Michael , Jones Amanda L.
Published: July 2015

Ther'mo.fla.vi.mi.cro'bi.um. Gr. adj.
thermos
hot; L. adj.
flavus
yellow; Gr. adj.
mikros
small; Gr. n.
bios
life; N.L. neut. n.
Thermoflavimicrobium
a thermophilic yellow‐colored microbe.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / “Thermoactinomycetaceae” / Thermoflavimicrobium

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐fast chemo‐organotroph. Aerial and substrate mycelia are formed.
Aerial mycelium is abundant and yellow. Sessile endospores are produced on dichotomously branched sporophores. Thermophilic
. Growth occurs at 55°C but not at 30°C. The wall peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid but no characteristic sugars.

Predominant menaquinone is MK‐7. Major fatty acids are C
15:0 iso
, C
15:0 ante
, and C
16:0 iso

. The phylogenetically nearest neighbor is the genus
Planofilum
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 43.

Type species
:
Thermoflavimicrobium dichotomicum
(Krasil' nikov and Agre, 1964) Yoon, Kim, Shin and Park 2005, 399
VP
(
Actinobifida dichotomica
Krasil'nikov and Agre 1964, 939;
Thermoactinomyces dichotomicus
corrig. Cross and Goodfellow 1973, 77.).
Thermicanus
Authors: Drake Harold L.
Published: July 2015

Therm.i.ca'nus. Gr. adj.
thermos
hot; Gr. adj.
hikanos
; N.L. masc. adj.
icanus
capable; N.L. masc. n.
Thermicanus
the capable thermophile.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Incertae Sedis ‐ Family I / Thermicanus

Thermophilic, chemotrophic
, and
facultative microaerophile
. Cells are
weakly Gram‐stain‐positive
and
rod‐shaped
(Figure 85).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 50.3.

Type species
:
Thermicanus aegyptius
Gössner, Devereux, Ohnemüller, Acker, Stackebrandt and Drake 2000, 423
VP
(Effective publication: Gössner, Devereux, Ohnemüller, Acker, Stackebrandt and Drake 1999, 5131.).
Metal‐Doped Nitrogenated Carbon as an Efficient Catalyst for Direct CO2 Electroreduction to CO and Hydrocarbons
Authors: Varela Ana Sofia , Ranjbar Sahraie Nastaran , Steinberg Julian , Ju Wen , Oh Hyung‐Suk , Strasser Peter
Published: July 2015

This study explores the kinetics, mechanism, and active sites of the CO2 electroreduction reaction (CO2RR) to syngas and hydrocarbons on a class of functionalized solid carbon‐based catalysts. Commercial carbon blacks were functionalized with nitrogen and Fe and/or Mn ions using pyrolysis and acid leaching. The resulting solid powder catalysts were found to be active and highly CO selective electrocatalysts in the electroreduction of CO2 to CO/H2 mixtures outperforming a low‐area polycrystalline gold benchmark. Unspecific with respect to the nature of the metal, CO production is believed to occur on nitrogen functionalities in competition with hydrogen evolution. Evidence is provided that sufficiently strong interaction between CO and the metal enables the protonation of CO and the formation of hydrocarbons. Our results highlight a promising new class of low‐cost, abundant electrocatalysts for synthetic fuel production from CO2.
Iodine diffusion during iodine‐vapor curing and its effects on the morphology of polycarbosilane/silicon carbide fibers
Authors: Hong Junsung , Cho Kwang‐Youn , Shin Dong‐Geun , Kim Jung‐Il , Riu Doh‐Hyung
Published: July 2015

Iodine‐vapor curing is used to produce continuous SiC fibers from polycarbosilane (PCS), but attempts to limit the uptake of oxygen during the curing process result in SiC fibers with different morphologies and pore types. The cause of this distinct transformation in the morphology of the fibers is determined in this study by tracing the distribution of iodine in PCS fibers cured either at a set temperature or for a given period. The results reveal that the final morphology of the fibers is dependent on the degree of iodine diffusion, or on the extent of their cross‐linked area. Using this knowledge, fibers with three distinct morphologies are produced by controlling the curing conditions. Optimization of this curing process is shown to inhibit the formation of pores and retard the incorporation of oxygen, while still allowing the fibers to retain their cylindrical shape. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42687.
Simultaneous quantitation of acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel along with their metabolites in human plasma using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Chhonker Yashpal S. , Pandey Chandra P. , Chandasana Hardik , Laxman Tulsankar Sachin , Prasad Yarra Durga , Narain V. S. , Dikshit Madhu , Bhatta Rabi S.
Published: July 2015

The interest in therapeutic drug monitoring has increased over the last few years. Inter‐ and intra‐patient variability in pharmacokinetics, plasma concentration related toxicity and success of therapy have stressed the need of frequent therapeutic drug monitoring of the drugs. A sensitive, selective and rapid liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), salicylic acid, clopidogrel and carboxylic acid metabolite of clopidogrel in human plasma. The chromatographic separations were achieved on Waters Symmetry ShieldTM C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) using 3.5 mm ammonium acetate (pH 3.5)–acetonitrile (10:90, v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.75 mL/min. The present method was successfully applied for therapeutic drug monitoring of aspirin and clopidogrel in 67 patients with coronary artery disease. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Empirical Study of Phosphine Ligands for the Methoxycarbonylation of Medium‐Chain Alkenes
Authors: Holzapfel Cedric , Bredenkamp Tyler
Published: July 2015

The methoxycarbonylation reaction provides a route to the synthesis of esters from medium‐chain alkenes that may be used as fuel supplements. However, the known productive catalytic systems are expensive and/or unstable at elevated temperatures. Most of the data available on the methoxycarbonylation of alkenes is derived from ethylene and styrene as substrates. To broaden the scope, we conducted a comparative study of a range of phosphine ligands under comparable conditions for the methoxycarbonylation of 1‐octene. The results demonstrate that a number of ligand structural motifs facilitate the process effectually. Furthermore, the critical importance of alkene isomerization and the acid/ligand and Pd/ligand ratios are presented.
Digital Image Processing Technique to Investigate the Hydrodynamics of an Airlift Reactor with Double Downcomer
Authors: Behin Jamshid , Farhadian Negin
Published: July 2015

Digital image processing, an innovative cost‐effective technique, was employed to investigate the hydrodynamics of a rectangular internal loop airlift reactor with double downcomer. The whole reactor was divided into two downcomers and a riser by means of two vertical blades to achieve a new geometry. Air and water served as gas and liquid media. Experimental measurements were performed by visualizing the concentration of a colored tracer by a digital camera. The captured successive images at specified time intervals were analyzed by the ImageJ software to turn images into quantifiable data. For four reactor geometries, the residence time distribution curves in individual sections and the liquid mixing performance were determined by this noninvasive method. The speed of this technique to capture real‐time data of flow patterns may be one of the most important concerns for imaging multiphase flows in process industries.
Homogenous Core–Shell Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanotubes for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Liu Jiehua , Shen Anli , Wei Xiangfeng , Wang Shuangyin , Zhou Kuan , Xu Jiaqi
Published: July 2015

Nanoarchitectures provide a new impulse to develop highly efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Nitrogen‐doped 1D or 2D carbon‐based catalysts exhibit highly catalytic performances, owing to their distinctive features. Of great interest is the fabrication of novel nanostructures combining the advantages of 1D and 2D materials. To achieve this challenge, homogenous core–shell nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes were successfully prepared by using a simple one‐pot method. The unique structure possesses the features of common carbon nanotubes (core) and standing graphite (shell). The novel structure with a synergistic effect of 1D and 2D materials contributes to enhanced ORR activity. Moreover, the core–shell catalysts exhibit long‐term stability and high tolerance to methanol‐poisoning effects, which are shortfalls for commercial Pt/C electrocatalysts.
Corrosion Prevention Mechanism of Aluminum Metal in Superconcentrated Electrolytes
Authors: Yamada Yuki , Chiang Ching Hua , Sodeyama Keitaro , Wang Jianhui , Tateyama Yoshitaka , Yamada Atsuo
Published: July 2015

Metal corrosion is a serious problem that has beset various electrochemical systems. For lithium‐ion batteries, oxidative corrosion of an Al current collector has been a great challenge in designing new electrolyte materials, and only a few lithium salts (e.g. LiPF6) are in practical use. The present work shows effective suppression of Al corrosion up to 4.5 V versus Li+/Li by using a highly concentrated electrolyte of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (LiFSA). The corrosion prevention mechanism can be interpreted in relation to a remarkable change in solution structures at a certain threshold concentration. It is demonstrated that highly concentrated LiFSA/acetonitrile electrolyte enables highly reversible charge–discharge cycling of a 4 V‐class LiMn2O4/Li cell at a higher rate (ca. 50 % capacity retention at 20 C compared to C/2) than a state‐of‐the‐art commercial electrolyte (<20 %), thus providing a new design strategy for electrolyte materials in high‐rate lithium‐ion batteries.
Lanthanide Complexes with Multidentate Oxime Ligands as Single‐Molecule Magnets and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Fixation Systems
Authors: Hołyńska Małgorzata , Clérac Rodolphe , Rouzières Mathieu
Published: July 2015

The synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties of five lanthanide complexes with multidentate oxime ligands are described. Complexes 1 and 2 (1: [La2(pop)2(acac)4(CH3OH)], 2: [Dy2(pop)(acac)5]) are synthesized from the 2‐hydroxyimino‐N‐[1‐(2‐pyridyl)ethylidene]propanohydrazone (Hpop) ligand, while 3, 4, and 5 (3: [Dy2(naphthsaoH)2(acac)4H(OH)]⋅0.85 CH3CN⋅1.58 H2O; 4: [Tb2(naphthsaoH)2(acac)4H(OH)]⋅0.52 CH3CN⋅1.71 H2O; 5: [La6(CO3)2(naphthsao)5 (naphthsaoH)0.5(acac)8(CO3)0.5(CH3OH)2.76H5.5(H2O)1.24]⋅2.39 CH3CN⋅0.12 H2O) contain 1‐(1‐hydroxynaphthalen‐2‐yl)‐ethanone oxime (naphthsaoH2). In 1–4, dinuclear [Ln2] complexes crystallize, whereas hexanuclear LaIII complex 5 is formed after fixation of atmospheric carbon dioxide. DyIII‐based complexes 2 and 3 display single‐molecule‐magnet properties with energy barriers of 27 and 98 K, respectively. The presence of a broad and unsymmetrical relaxation mode observed in the ac susceptibility data for 3 suggest two different dynamics of the magnetization which might be a consequence of independent relaxation processes of the two different Dy3+ ions.
Formal Asymmetric (4+1) Annulation Reaction between Sulfur Ylides and 1,3‐Dienes
Authors: Rousseau Olivier , Delaunay Thierry , Dequirez Geoffroy , Trieu‐Van Tran , Robeyns Koen , Robiette Raphaël
Published: July 2015

A highly enantioselective synthesis of functionalized cyclopentanoids by a formal asymmetric (4+1) annulation strategy was developed. The methodology consists of a stereoselective cyclopropanation reaction between chiral sulfur ylides and 1,3‐dienes followed by a, in situ, stereospecific MgI2‐catalyzed rearrangement of vinylcyclopropanes. This method is distinguished by a remarkable compatibility with functional groups and a high stereocontrol.
Lehr‐ und Lernmaterialien zur Einführung naturwissenschaftlicher Arbeits‐ und Denkweisen bei Schülerinnen und Schülern mit Hörbeeinträchtigung
Authors: Adesokan Adejoke , Reiners Christiane S.
Published: July 2015

Die Forderung nach einem differenzierten Umgang mit heterogenen Lerngruppen und einem inklusiven Schulsystem hat insbesondere durch die zunehmende Pluralität in deutschen Schulklassen und die Unterzeichnung der Behindertenrechtskonvention an Bedeutung gewonnen. Deutschland befindet sich derzeit auf dem Weg in ein inklusives Schulsystem, in dem alle Lernenden unabhängig von ihren individuellen Fähigkeiten und Begabungen gemeinsam beschult werden sollen. Um eine angemessene Förderung aller Lernenden ermöglichen zu können, ist eine differenzierte Kenntnis über individuelle Lernvoraussetzungen zur Gestaltung entsprechender Lernarrangements notwendig. Vor welchen Herausforderungen allerdings Lernende mit Förderbedarf beim Lernen von Chemie stehen und welche konkreten Konzepte in einem inklusiven Unterricht eingesetzt werden könnten, dazu liegen in der Chemiedidaktik bisher nur wenige Studien vor. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt ein Projekt, dessen kurzfristiges Ziel es ist, spezifische Lernschwierigkeiten von Lernenden mit Förderbedarf im Chemieunterricht zu diagnostizieren. Um einen Einstieg in diese bisher kaum untersuchte Thematik zu finden, werden die Untersuchungen zunächst am Beispiel von Lernenden mit Hörbeeinträchtigung durchgeführt, um möglichst detaillierte und spezifische Erkenntnisse über diesen Förderschwerpunkt zu erzielen. Weiterhin zielt das Projekt auf die Entwicklung eines Förderkonzeptes zur Einführung naturwissenschaftlicher Arbeits‐ und Denkweisen ab, das auf die Bedürfnisse von Lernenden mit Hörbeeinträchtigung abgestimmt ist. Es steht zu erwarten, dass die entwickelte Konzeption langfristig einen Beitrag zur Entwicklung eines inklusiven Chemieunterrichtes leisten kann.
HPV DNA testing with cytology triage in cervical cancer screening: Influence of revealing HPV infection status
Authors: Richardson Lyndsay Ann , El‐Zein Mariam , Ramanakumar Agnihotram V. , Ratnam Samuel , Sangwa‐Lugoma Ghislain , Longatto‐Filho Adhemar , Cardoso Marly Augusto , Coutlée Francois , Franco Eduardo L. ,   The PEACHS (Pap Efficacy After Cervical HPV Status) Study Consortium
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUND

Knowledge of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) status might influence a cytotechnician's assessment of cellular abnormalities. The authors compared original cytotechnicians' Papanicolaou (Pap) readings for which HPV status was concealed with Pap rereads for which HPV status was revealed separately for 3 screening populations.

METHODS

Previously collected cervical Pap smears and clinical data were obtained from the Canadian Cervical Cancer Screening Trial (study A), the Democratic Republic of Congo Community‐Based Screening Study (study B), and the Brazilian Investigation into Nutrition and Cervical Cancer Prevention (study C). Smears were reread with knowledge of HPV status for all HPV‐positive women as well as a sample of HPV‐negative women. Diagnostic performance of Pap cytology was compared between original readings and rereads.

RESULTS

A total of 1767 Pap tests were reread. Among 915 rereads for HPV‐positive women, the contrast between “revealed” and “concealed” Pap readings demonstrated revisions from negative to positive results for 109 women (cutoff was atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or worse) and 124 women (cutoff was low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions [LSIL] or worse). For a disease threshold of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 or worse, specificity significantly declined at the atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance cutoff for studies A (86.6% to 75.3%) and C (42.5% to 15.5%), and at the LSIL cutoff for study C (61.9% to 37.6%). Sensitivity remained nearly unchanged between readings, except in study C, in which reread performance was superior (91.3% vs 71.9% for the LSIL cutoff).

CONCLUSIONS

A reduction in the diagnostic accuracy of Pap cytology was observed when revealing patients' cervical HPV status, possibly due to a heightened awareness of potential abnormalities, which led to more false‐positive results. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2015;123:745–754. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Faithful performance prediction of a dynamic task‐based runtime system for heterogeneous multi‐core architectures
Authors: Stanisic Luka , Thibault Samuel , Legrand Arnaud , Videau Brice , Méhaut Jean‐François
Published: July 2015

Multi‐core architectures comprising several graphics processing units (GPUs) have become mainstream in the field of high‐performance computing. However, obtaining the maximum performance of such heterogeneous machines is challenging as it requires to carefully off‐load computations and manage data movements between the different processing units. The most promising and successful approaches so far build on task‐based runtimes that abstract the machine and rely on opportunistic scheduling algorithms. As a consequence, the problem gets shifted to choosing the task granularity, task graph structure, and optimizing the scheduling strategies. Trying different combinations of these different alternatives is also itself a challenge. Indeed, obtaining accurate measurements requires reserving the target system for the whole duration of experiments. Furthermore, observations are limited to the few available systems at hand and may be difficult to generalize. In this article, we show how we crafted a coarse‐grain hybrid simulation/emulation of StarPU, a dynamic runtime for hybrid architectures, over SimGrid, a versatile simulator of distributed systems. This approach allows to obtain performance predictions of classical dense linear algebra kernels accurate within a few percents and in a matter of seconds, which allows both runtime and application designers to quickly decide which optimization to enable or whether it is worth investing in higher‐end graphics processing units or not. Additionally, it allows to conduct robust and extensive scheduling studies in a controlled environment whose characteristics are very close to real platforms while having reproducible behavior. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Acid/Base‐Regulated Recyclable Strategy for Homogeneous Cinchona Alkaloid‐Derived Primary Amine Organocatalysts in Aldol, Vinylogous Michael and Double‐Michael Cascade Reactions
Authors: Wan Jingwei , Zhao Zhiwei , Wang Falu , Ma Xuebing
Published: July 2015

A practical, recyclable strategy for homogeneous cinchona alkaloid‐derived primary amine organocatalysts was developed by controlling the solubilities in an aqueous/organic biphasic system through regulating the pH of the aqueous phase, effecting the protonation and deprotonation of primary amino, tertiary amino and pyridyl groups. By means of model aldol, vinylogous Michael and double‐Michael cascade reactions, the reusability of the organocatalysts epi‐CDNH2, DeMe‐QNNH2 and H‐CDNH2 over three cycles was investigated in detail. It was found that the organocatalysts were highly effective with respect to catalytic performance, including the yields and stereoselectivities. Furthermore, the recovered organocatalysts in the tenth cycle retained similar excellent enantioselectivities to fresh organocatalysts. However, the formation of inactive intermediates between organocatalyst and reactants resulted in decreased yields.
Insights into the Synthesis and the Solution Behavior of meso‐Aryloxy‐ and Alkoxy‐Substituted Porphyrins
Authors: Birin Kirill P. , Gorbunova Yulia G. , Tsivadze Aslan Yu. , Bessmertnykh‐Lemeune Alla G. , Guilard Roger
Published: July 2015

meso‐RO‐appended (R = alkyl, aryl) porphyrins bearing one or two OR substituents at the tetrapyrrolic macrocycle were synthesized in good yields from 5,15‐dibromo‐10,20‐diphenylporphyrins 2H(Br2DPP), Ni(Br2DPP) and Zn(Br2DPP) using an SNAr reaction. By varying the solvent, the base, the temperature, and the time of the reaction, the optimum conditions were established, and the selective introduction of one or two meso‐RO substituents at the periphery of the macrocycle was achieved. Moreover, monofunctionalization of Ni(Br2DPP) according to an SNAr reaction was used as a key step for the synthesis of rarely explored unsymmetrical porphyrinyl alkyl ethers. 1H NMR studies of these ethers in CDCl3 revealed concentration‐dependent aggregation of the zinc derivative through coordination of the central metal ion of one molecule to the peripheral oxygen atom of a second tetrapyrrolic macrocycle.
Iron‐Catalyzed Acylative Dealkylation of N‐Alkylsulfoximines
Authors: Lamers Philip , Priebbenow Daniel L. , Bolm Carsten
Published: July 2015

As a result of our recent investigations into the N‐functionalization of sulfoximines, an iron‐catalyzed dealkylative acylation of N‐alkylsulfoximines has been developed. This process involves a Polonovski‐type dealkylation of an N‐alkylated sulfoximine to afford a reactive intermediate that is trapped in the presence of a suitable aldehyde or anhydride to afford N‐acyl‐ and N‐aroylsulfoximine derivatives in one pot. Subsequent cleavage of the acyl or aroyl group under acidic conditions generates a synthetically valuable NH‐sulfoximine.
Coupled Gas–Liquid Two‐Phase Model in Perforated Vertical Wells for Petroleum and Natural Gas
Authors: Hu Jiancheng
Published: July 2015

A reservoir wellbore model that couples pressure drop and flow rate is developed based on a homogeneous model for a gas–liquid two‐phase flow in a perforated vertical well. The perforation pressure drop, liquid holdup, and inflow along the depth of the perforated vertical well are studied. The total pressure drop in a perforated vertical wellbore is made up of acceleration, wall friction, and gravity pressure drop. The model is applied to a high‐pressure, high‐temperature infinite and finite conductivity gas well, and an iterative scheme is employed to solve the coupling mode.
Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube/Indium Tin Oxide “Inverse Tandem” Absorbing Coatings with Tunable Spectral Selectivity for Solar–Thermal Applications
Authors: Bera Raj Kumar , Azoubel Suzanna , Mhaisalkar Subodh Gautam , Magdassi Shlomo , Mandler Daniel
Published: July 2015

We report the fabrication of a new selective “inverse tandem” absorbing coating based on carbon nanotube (CNT)/indium‐tin oxide (ITO) on aluminium (Al) for mid‐temperature solar–thermal application. The CNT layer is formed by spraying and functions as an excellent solar absorber whereas the ITO layer produced on top of the CNTs by sputtering serves as an IR reflector. The effect of the thickness of the ITO on the spectral selectivity of the absorbing coating was investigated. Controlling the thickness of ITO allowed the spectral selectivity of the coating to be tuned. The CNT/ITO solar coatings with optimized thickness of ITO showed excellent spectral selectivity values of absorptance (α) of 0.927 and emittance (ε) of 0.2. The performance of the coatings at high temperature after heating in air in the range of 25–300 °C for different durations was also investigated. The performance and structure of the CNT/ITO coating was also compared with the wet deposition method in which the ITO coating was formed by spraying.
The fluvial flux of particulate organic matter from the UK: the emission factor of soil erosion
Authors: Worrall Fred , Burt Tim P. , Howden Nicholas J.K.
Published: July 2015

Soil erosion has been identified as a potential global carbon sink since eroded organic matter is replaced at source and eroded material is readily buried. However, this argument has relied on poor estimates of the total fate of in‐transit particulates and could erroneously imply soil erosion could be encouraged to generate carbon stores. These previous estimates have not considered that organic matter can also be released to the atmosphere as a range of greenhouse gases, not only carbon dioxide (CO2), but also the more powerful greenhouse gases methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). As soil carbon lost by erosion is only replaced by uptake of CO2, this could represent a considerable imbalance in greenhouse gas warming potential, even if it is not significant in terms of overall carbon flux. This work therefore considers the flux of particulate organic matter through UK rivers with respect to both carbon fluxes and greenhouse gas emissions. The results show that, although emissions to the atmosphere are dominated by CO2, there are also considerable fluxes of CH4 and N2O. The results suggest that soil erosion is a net source of greenhouse gases with median emission factors of 5.5, 4.4 and 0.3 tonnes CO2eq/yr for one tonne of fluvial carbon, gross carbon erosion and gross soil erosion, respectively. This study concludes that gross soil erosion would therefore only be a net sink of both carbon and greenhouse gases if all the following criteria are met: the gross soil erosion rate were very low (<91 tonnes/km2/yr); the eroded carbon were completely replaced by new soil organic matter; and if less than half of the gross erosion made it into the stream network. By establishing the emission factor for soil erosion, it becomes possible to properly account for the benefits of good soil management in minimizing losses of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere as a by‐product of soil erosion. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.