bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rethinking the Making and Breaking of Traditional and Statutory Institutions in Post-Nkrumah Ghana
Authors: Stacey Paul
Published: August 2016

This article examines a complex dispute over the jurisdictions of traditional and statutory institutions that traversed shifts in forms of government in Ghana for nearly a decade following the ousting of Kwame Nkrumah in February 1966. The analysis emphasizes underlying processes of continuity and seeks to add nuance to familiar conceptualizations that view this period in terms of state weakness, crisis, and rupture. The article explores, in particular, a powerful category of chieftaincy defined in opposition to state logics that have escaped empirical investigation. It therefore invites a rethinking of the notion that the post-Nkrumah era heralded a state-initiated revival of traditional institutions.
Re-viewing Studies on Africa, #Black Lives Matter, and Envisioning the Future of African Studies
Authors: Adomako Ampofo Akosua
Published: August 2016

This article considers what African Studies needs to look like in order for it to retain its disciplinary relevance for the next generation and in the larger context of the Black Lives movement globally. It asks questions about where we have come from in terms of race consciousness in our discipline and why this issue matters today. It begins by tracing the development of African Studies’ epistemic journey, and follows this with an examination of the recent Black student movements in South Africa and the U.S. It concludes by suggesting where we should be going.
“We Are Not a Failed State, We Make the Best Passports”: South Sudan and Biometric Modernity
Authors: Markó Ferenc David
Published: August 2016

In January 2012, six months after the declaration of independence, South Sudan introduced a state-of-the-art biometric identity management system to handle its citizenship and passport databases. Scholars have shown that despite the remarkable failures of biometric schemes, states maintain their belief in high-modernist technologies. This article argues that South Sudan introduced biometrics to convey an image of a “non-failed” state to the international community, while effectively doubling the bureaucracy to keep all important decisions about inclusion and exclusion in the hands of the military elites. This duplication of the office reveals a great deal about the fundamental nature of the South Sudanese state. Citizens of any state tend to imagine the nation through their relations to bureaucracy, and identity documents act as a new kind of evidence of a successful negotiation between them and state agents. This situation creates a constant state of citizenship limbo for the South Sudanese.
High-Amplitude Atlantic Hurricanes Produce Disparate Mortality in Small, Low-Income Countries
Authors: Dresser Caleb , Allison Jeroan , Broach John , Smith Mary-Elise , Milsten Andrew
Published: August 2016

Objectives

Hurricanes cause substantial mortality, especially in developing nations, and climate science predicts that powerful hurricanes will increase in frequency during the coming decades. This study examined the association of wind speed and national economic conditions with mortality in a large sample of hurricane events in small countries.

Methods

Economic, meteorological, and fatality data for 149 hurricane events in 16 nations between 1958 and 2011 were analyzed. Mortality rate was modeled with negative binomial regression implemented by generalized estimating equations to account for variable population exposure, sequence of storm events, exposure of multiple islands to the same storm, and nonlinear associations.

Results

Low-amplitude storms caused little mortality regardless of economic status. Among high-amplitude storms (Saffir-Simpson category 4 or 5), expected mortality rate was 0.72 deaths per 100,000 people (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.16–1.28) for nations in the highest tertile of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) compared with 25.93 deaths per 100,000 people (95% CI: 13.30–38.55) for nations with low per capita GDP.

Conclusions

Lower per capita GDP and higher wind speeds were associated with greater mortality rates in small countries. Excessive fatalities occurred when powerful storms struck resource-poor nations. Predictions of increasing storm amplitude over time suggest increasing disparity between death rates unless steps are taken to modify the risk profiles of poor nations. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:832–837)
AN INCIDENCE CONJECTURE OF BOURGAIN OVER FIELDS OF POSITIVE CHARACTERISTIC
Authors: ELLENBERG JORDAN S. , HABLICSEK MÁRTON
Published: August 2016

In this note we generalize a recent theorem of Guth and Katz on incidences between points and lines in 3-space from characteristic 0 to characteristic $p$, and we explain how some of the special features of algebraic geometry in characteristic $p$ manifest themselves in problems of incidence geometry.
Standardized Infection Ratio for Surgical Site Infection after Colon Surgery: Discord in Models Measuring Healthcare Quality
Authors: Chinn Raymond , Lempp Jason M. , Huang Susan S. , Murthy Rekha , Torriani Francesca J. , Daley Jacqueline , Dekker Elaine , Goss-Bottorff Barbara , Kaler Wendy , Meyer Karen , Myers Frank , Nichols Amy , Kathleen Quan  , Birnbaum David
Published: August 2016

The government publishes 3 different public report surgical site infection (SSI) metrics, all called standardized infection ratios (SIRs), that impact perceived hospital quality. We conducted a non-random cross-sectional observational pilot study of 20 California hospitals that voluntarily submitted colon surgery and SSI data. Discordant SIR values, leading to contradictory conclusions, occurred in 35% of these hospitals.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2016;1–5
Maximum drop radius and critical Weber number for splashing in the dynamical Leidenfrost regime
Authors: Riboux Guillaume , Gordillo José Manuel
Published: August 2016

At room temperature, when a drop impacts against a smooth solid surface at a velocity above the so-called critical velocity for splashing, the drop loses its integrity and fragments into tiny droplets violently ejected radially outwards. Below this critical velocity, the drop simply spreads over the substrate. Splashing is also reported to occur for solid substrate temperatures above the Leidenfrost temperature, $T_{L}$, for which a vapour layer prevents the drop from touching the solid. In this case, the splashing morphology differs from the one reported at room temperature because, thanks to the presence of the gas layer, the shear stresses acting on the liquid can be neglected. Our purpose here is to predict, for wall temperatures above $T_{L}$, the critical Weber number for splashing as well as the maximum spreading radius. First, making use of boundary integral simulations, we calculate both the time evolution of the liquid velocity as well as the height of the sheet which is ejected tangentially to the substrate. These results are then used as boundary conditions for the one-dimensional mass and momentum equations describing the dynamics of the rim limiting the expanding liquid sheet. Our predictions for both the maximum spreading radius and for the critical Weber number for splashing are in good agreement with experimental observations.
Multiscale analysis of the topological invariants in the logarithmic region of turbulent channels at a friction Reynolds number of 932
Authors: Lozano-Durán A. , Holzner M. , Jiménez J.
Published: August 2016

The invariants of the velocity gradient tensor,$R$and$Q$, and their enstrophy and strain components are studied in the logarithmic layer of an incompressible turbulent channel flow. The velocities are filtered in the three spatial directions and the results are analysed at different scales. We show that the$R$–$Q$plane does not capture the changes undergone by the flow as the filter width increases, and that the enstrophy/enstrophy-production and strain/strain-production planes represent better choices. We also show that the conditional mean trajectories may differ significantly from the instantaneous behaviour of the flow since they are the result of an averaging process where the mean is 3–5 times smaller than the corresponding standard deviation. The orbital periods in the$R$–$Q$plane are shown to be independent of the intensity of the events, and of the same order of magnitude as those in the enstrophy/enstrophy-production and strain/strain-production planes. Our final goal is to test whether the dynamics of the flow is self-similar in the inertial range, and the answer turns out to be that it is not. The mean shear is found to be responsible for the absence of self-similarity and progressively controls the dynamics of the eddies observed as the filter width increases. However, a self-similar behaviour emerges when the calculations are repeated for the fluctuating velocity gradient tensor. Finally, the turbulent cascade in terms of vortex stretching is considered by computing the alignment of the vorticity at a given scale with the strain at a different one. These results generally support a non-negligible role of the phenomenological energy-cascade model formulated in terms of vortex stretching.
Oscillatory convection and limitations of the Boussinesq approximation
Authors: Wood T. S. , Bushby P. J.
Published: August 2016

We determine the asymptotic conditions under which the Boussinesq approximation is valid for oscillatory convection in a rapidly rotating fluid. In the astrophysically relevant parameter regime of small Prandtl number, we show that the Boussinesq prediction for the onset of convection is valid only under much more restrictive conditions than those that are usually assumed. In the case of an ideal gas, we recover the Boussinesq results only if the ratio of the domain height to a typical scale height is much smaller than the Prandtl number. This requires an extremely shallow domain in the astrophysical parameter regime. Other commonly used ‘sound-proof’ approximations generally perform no better than the Boussinesq approximation. The exception is a particular implementation of the pseudo-incompressible approximation, which predicts the correct instability threshold beyond the range of validity of the Boussinesq approximation.
Holocene landscape evolution of an estuarine wetland in relation to its human occupation and exploitation: Waasland Scheldt polders, northern Belgium
Authors: Missiaen T. , Jongepier I. , Heirman K. , Soens T. , Gelorini V. , Verniers J. , Verhegge J. , Crombé Ph.
Published: August 2016

This paper describes the landscape evolution of the Waasland Scheldt polders in the north of Belgium from the Late Glacial – early Holocene to the present time, and the effects of this changing landscape on the human settlement. The regional landscape evolution has been visualised in a series of palaeogeographical maps for successive time frames. Two different map series were produced: a series of Holocene palaeogeographical reconstructions (11,000–950 cal BP) based on geotechnical, geological and archaeological data, and a series of post-Medieval landscape reconstructions (16th- to 19th-century) based on historical maps, land registers and soil data. Additional palaeoenvironmental information from fossil pollen and plant remains allowed reconstruction of the vegetation and wetland changes, particularly for the middle to late Holocene. Peat growth was the main key to understanding the landscape evolution of the Waasland Scheldt polders. Whereas the landscape evolution during the Holocene was mainly sea-level driven, the transformation of the landscape during the last millennium was largely due to human interventions.
Self-Selection and Misreporting in Legislative Surveys
Authors: Bundi Pirmin , Varone Frédéric , Gava Roy , Widmer Thomas
Published: August 2016

This article discusses the methodological challenges of legislative surveys. Following an overview of different types of survey biases, the article argues that self-selection and misreporting are the most critical problems for legislative surveys. In order to identify the self-selection and misreporting biases, we compare the answers with a survey from Swiss members of parliament with their observed behavior in the parliament. The empirical analysis shows that the survey sample has a substantial misreporting bias. We conclude that the parliamentarian’s attitude toward the survey object is strongly linked to their response. These issues should be addressed to improve the design and quality of legislative surveys.
Radiocarbon Verification of the Earliest Astro-Chronological Datum
Authors: Marcus Ezra S , Dee Michael W , Ramsey Christopher Bronk , Higham Thomas F G , Shortland Andrew J
Published: August 2016

Papyri 10012A and 10012B from Illahun, Egypt, provide the earliest astro-chronological datum in history and, while calculated to various years in the 19th century BCE, have never been independently verified. As this datum enables the Middle Kingdom (MK) section of Egyptian historical chronology to be anchored in absolute time, it establishes the principal calendrical timeline for the eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE. AMS radiocarbon measurements of Papyrus 10012B establish its date range to 1886–1750 BCE, confirming the astronomical calculations and the essential reliability of Egyptian historical chronology for this period. Furthermore, all three leading estimates for the calendar year attribution of the document are supported by this analysis, with the role of a possible growing season effect determining which is most favored.
Hidden in Plain Sight: Stillbirths and Infanticides in Imperial Japan
Authors: Drixler Fabian F.
Published: August 2016

Around 1900, an extraordinary number of stillbirths appeared in Japan's statistical yearbooks. This article investigates possible biological explanations but concludes that Japan's anomalous stillbirth rates were primarily the result of the deliberate misreporting of infanticides and abortions. On the basis of an international comparison spanning five centuries, it estimates that between 1886 and 1940, Japanese parents filed between 1.7 and 2.8 million false stillbirth reports.
Medicolegal aspects of rhinology practice
Authors: Apaydin N , Çomoğlu S , Özer Y , Avci H , Eş H , Orhan K S
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To investigate rhinology-related malpractice claims with the aim of optimising safe practice.

Methods:

The database of the National Institute of Forensic Medicine was reviewed. In total, 241 otorhinolaryngology malpractice case reports dating from 2005 to 2012 were evaluated, and 83 malpractice cases related to rhinology treatments were separated.

Results:

There was no significant difference between the number of male (n = 42) and female (n = 41) claimants. The mean patient age was 32.07 ± 10.53 years (range, 10–75 years). Seventy-nine cases involved surgical treatment in rhinology. The most common complaints were: unsatisfactory cosmetic results (n = 30), optic nerve injury (n = 10), septal perforation (n = 9) and intracranial penetration (n = 4). Malpractice was detected in 21 cases (25.3 per cent). No delinquency was found in 62 cases (74.7 per cent).

Conclusion:

Physicians should be aware of legal consequences related to rhinology practice. Further study is needed on this topic, as well as interdisciplinary collaboration, to ensure best practices and to avoid litigation.
Haemolytic activity in different species of the genusPrymnesium(Haptophyta)
Authors: Seoane S. , Riobó P. , Franco J.
Published: August 2016

The genusPrymnesiumincludes several species that produce toxins with cytotoxic, ichthyotoxic, neurotoxic and haemolytic activity. Bloom episodes ofPrymnesiumspecies have been reported from several parts of the world (North America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia), especially from temperate and subtropical regions and most of them from brackish waters. Blooms cause great economic losses to aquaculture and fisheries around the world. The ichthyotoxic and allelopathic effects ofPrymnesiumhave been linked to the presence of Haemolysin 1, Prymnesins 1 and 2 and, more recently, fatty acids and fatty acid amides. The toxicology of this genus with regard to different growth conditions such as light, nutrients and other parameters has been well documented. It is unknown, however, whether different species and strains from thePrymnesiumgenus all produce the same types and level of toxins. In this study, we have determined the haemolytic activity of eight different strains from the genusPrymnesiumin both exponential and stationary phases of growth. We have also evaluated the efficiency of the extraction solvent.
Origin of a major infectious disease in vertebrates: The timing ofCryptosporidiumevolution and its hosts
Authors: GARCIA-R JUAN C. , HAYMAN DAVID T. S.
Published: August 2016

Protozoan parasites of the genusCryptosporidiuminfect all vertebrate groups and display some host specificity in their infections. It is therefore possible to assume thatCryptosporidiumparasites evolved intimately aside with vertebrate lineages. Here we propose a scenario ofCryptosporidium–Vertebrata coevolution testing the hypothesis that the origin ofCryptosporidiumparasites follows that of the origin of modern vertebrates. We use calibrated molecular clocks and cophylogeny analyses to provide and compare age estimates and patterns of association between these clades. Our study provides strong support for the evolution of parasitism ofCryptosporidiumwith the rise of the vertebrates about 600 million years ago (Mya). Interestingly, periods of increased diversification inCryptosporidiumcoincides with diversification of crown mammalian and avian orders after the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) boundary, suggesting that adaptive radiation to new mammalian and avian hosts triggered the diversification of this parasite lineage. Despite evidence for ongoing host shifts we also found significant correlation between protozoan parasites and vertebrate hosts trees in the cophylogenetic analysis. These results help us to understand the underlying macroevolutionary mechanisms driving evolution inCryptosporidiumand may have important implications for the ecology, dynamics and epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis disease in humans and other animals.
Rethinking the role of invertebrate hosts in the life cycle of the amphibian chytridiomycosis pathogen
Authors: BETANCOURT-ROMÁN CLARISSE M. , O'NEIL COLIN C. , JAMES TIMOTHY Y.
Published: August 2016

The amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has recently emerged as a primary factor behind declining global amphibian populations. Much about the basic biology of the pathogen is unknown, however, such as its true ecological niche and life cycle. Here we evaluated invertebrates as infection models by inoculating host species that had previously been suggested to be parasitized in laboratory settings: crayfish (Procambarus alleni) and nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans). We found neither negative effects on either host nor evidence of persistent infection despite using higher inoculum loads and more pathogen genotypes than tested in previous studies. In contrast, addition of Bd to C. elegans cultures had a slight positive effect on host growth. Bd DNA was detected on the carapace of 2/34 crayfish 7 weeks post-inoculation, suggesting some means of persistence in the mesocosm. These results question the role of invertebrates as alternative hosts of Bd and their ability to modulate disease dynamics.
Establishment of a murine model of cerebral malaria in KunMing mice infected withPlasmodium bergheiANKA
Authors: DING YAN , XU WENYUE , ZHOU TAOLI , LIU TAIPING , ZHENG HONG , FU YONG
Published: August 2016

Malaria remains one of the most devastating diseases. Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe complication ofPlasmodium falciparuminfection resulting in high mortality and morbidity worldwide. Analysis of precise mechanisms of CM in humans is difficult for ethical reasons and animal models of CM have been employed to study malaria pathogenesis. Here, we describe a new experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) model withPlasmodium bergheiANKA infection in KunMing (KM) mice. KM mice developed ECM after blood-stage or sporozoites infection, and the development of ECM in KM mice has a dose-dependent relationship with sporozoites inoculums. Histopathological findings revealed important features associated with ECM, including accumulation of mononuclear cells and red blood cells in brain microvascular, and brain parenchymal haemorrhages. Blood–brain barrier (BBB) examination showed that BBB disruption was present in infected KM mice when displaying clinical signs of CM.In vivobioluminescent imaging experiment indicated that parasitized red blood cells accumulated in most vital organs including heart, lung, spleen, kidney, liver and brain. The levels of inflammatory cytokines interferon-gamma, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-17, IL-12, IL-6 and IL-10 were all remarkably increased in KM mice infected withP. bergheiANKA. This study indicates thatP. bergheiANKA infection in KM mice can be used as ECM model to extend further research on genetic, pharmacological and vaccine studies of CM.
Eating Human Beings: Varieties of Cannibalism and the Heterogeneity of Human Life
Authors: Burley Mikel
Published: August 2016

Philosophy as well as anthropology is a discipline concerned with what it means to be human, and hence with investigating the multiple ways of making sense of human life. An important task in this process is to remain open to diverse conceptions of human beings, not least conceptions that may on the face of it appear to be morally alien. A case in point are conceptions that are bound up with cannibalism, a practice sometimes assumed to be so morally scandalous that it probably never happens, at least in a culturally sanctioned form. Questioning this assumption, along with Cora Diamond's contention that the very concept of a human being involves a prohibition against consuming human flesh, the present article explores how cannibalism can have an intelligible place in a human society – exemplified by the Wari’ of western Brazil. By coming to see this, we are enabled to enlarge our conception of the heterogeneity of possible ways of being human.
Post-traumatic stress disorder associated with natural and human-made disasters in the World Mental Health Surveys
Authors: Bromet E. J. , Atwoli L. , Kawakami N. , Navarro-Mateu F. , Piotrowski P. , King A. J. , Aguilar-Gaxiola S. , Alonso J. , Bunting B. , Demyttenaere K. , Florescu S. , de Girolamo G. , Gluzman S. , Haro J. M. , de Jonge P. , Karam E. G. , Lee S. , Kovess-Masfety V. , Medina-Mora M. E. , Mneimneh Z. , Pennell B.-E. , Posada-Villa J. , Salmerón D. , Takeshima T. , Kessler R. C.
Published: August 2016

Background

Research on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following natural and human-made disasters has been undertaken for more than three decades. Although PTSD prevalence estimates vary widely, most are in the 20–40% range in disaster-focused studies but considerably lower (3–5%) in the few general population epidemiological surveys that evaluated disaster-related PTSD as part of a broader clinical assessment. The World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys provide an opportunity to examine disaster-related PTSD in representative general population surveys across a much wider range of sites than in previous studies.

Method

Although disaster-related PTSD was evaluated in 18 WMH surveys, only six in high-income countries had enough respondents for a risk factor analysis. Predictors considered were socio-demographics, disaster characteristics, and pre-disaster vulnerability factors (childhood family adversities, prior traumatic experiences, and prior mental disorders).

Results

Disaster-related PTSD prevalence was 0.0–3.8% among adult (ages 18+) WMH respondents and was significantly related to high education, serious injury or death of someone close, forced displacement from home, and pre-existing vulnerabilities (prior childhood family adversities, other traumas, and mental disorders). Of PTSD cases 44.5% were among the 5% of respondents classified by the model as having highest PTSD risk.

Conclusion

Disaster-related PTSD is uncommon in high-income WMH countries. Risk factors are consistent with prior research: severity of exposure, history of prior stress exposure, and pre-existing mental disorders. The high concentration of PTSD among respondents with high predicted risk in our model supports the focus of screening assessments that identify disaster survivors most in need of preventive interventions.
War Outcomes and Leader Tenure
Authors: Croco Sarah E. , Weeks Jessica L. P.
Published: August 2016

A growing body of literature argues that war outcomes affect leaders’ tenure in office. But disagreement persists over how domestic political institutions translate performance in war into leader accountability. Some scholars argue that the tenure of democratic leaders is most sensitive to war outcomes, while others posit that autocratic leaders are more likely to be punished or rewarded for the outcomes of conflicts. The authors argue that existing research fails to take into account two important factors: whether the leader is viewed asculpablefor the country's entry into the conflict, and whether the country features domestic institutions that make the leadervulnerableto removal from office, which varies greatly across nondemocracies. After taking leaders’ culpability and vulnerability into account, the authors show that the tenures of culpable, democratic leaders and culpable, vulnerable, nondemocratic leaders are sensitive to war outcomes. By contrast, the tenures of nondemocratic leaders who are less vulnerable to removal are not sensitive to war outcomes, regardless of their culpability.
Random or Retributive?
Authors: Souleimanov Emil Aslan , Siroky David S.
Published: August 2016

This article provides a critical examination of the current theoretical debate concerning the effects of indiscriminate violence. It argues that indiscriminate violence has been treated as an essentially random counterinsurgency tactic, but that the important distinction between itsrandomandretributivevariations has been overlooked, along with critical issues of timing and location, which has made it difficult to evaluate its efficacy in quelling rebel violence. Prior research has shown that both random and retributive violence reduced insurgent activity in the targeted locations and in the short term, but it does not necessarily follow that indiscriminate violence is effective. This article uses microlevel ethnographic evidence from Chechen villages during the period from 2001 to 2005 to show that indiscriminate violence deployed retributively against village communities generated insurgent activity in other areas because local avengers and rebels from the targeted populations sought to avoid further retributive violence against their village communities. Moreover, the insurgent activity occurred at least nine months after the initial act of retributive violence. Indiscriminate violence deployed randomly against village communities generated insurgent activity within the same targeted area, since the insurgents did not fear retributive violence in retaliation, and occurred with a delay of at least six months. As a result, the rebel reaction to indiscriminate violence is not observed immediately or, in the case of retributive violence, in the same location. This finding has crucial implications for evaluating the efficacy of indiscriminate violence in counterinsurgency operations, and underscores the importance of understanding how the social and political context can shape the way populations react to different forms of violence.
Storytelling and audience reactions in social media
Authors: De Fina Anna
Published: August 2016

Storytelling is among the most common forms of discourse in human communication. The increasing influence of technology in our life is having a significant impact on the types of narrative that are told and on the way they are produced and received. In order to understand such impact we need to approach the discursive study of narrative from a perspective that privileges participant practices rather than texts. This is the approach taken in the present article, which analyzes a specific aspect of storytelling practice: audience participation within a blog open to comments. Using the notions of participation frameworks and frames as starting points, the analysis examines the frame focus of comments, the interactional dynamics established by participants among themselves, the tone of messages, and the media used in messages. Among the most important findings is a significant enhancement of reflexivity in comments as participants engage with the storytelling world much more than with the taleworld. (Narrative, story, storytelling, social media, participation frameworks, computer-mediated communication)*
Scale robust IMU-assisted KLT for stereo visual odometry solution
Authors: Chermak L. , Aouf N. , Richardson M. A.
Published: August 2016

We propose a novel stereo visual IMU-assisted (Inertial Measurement Unit) technique that extends to large inter-frame motion the use of KLT tracker (Kanade–Lucas–Tomasi). The constrained and coherent inter-frame motion acquired from the IMU is applied to detected features through homogenous transform using 3D geometry and stereoscopy properties. This predicts efficiently the projection of the optical flow in subsequent images. Accurate adaptive tracking windows limit tracking areas resulting in a minimum of lost features and also prevent tracking of dynamic objects. This new feature tracking approach is adopted as part of a fast and robust visual odometry algorithm based on double dogleg trust region method. Comparisons with gyro-aided KLT and variants approaches show that our technique is able to maintain minimum loss of features and low computational cost even on image sequences presenting important scale change. Visual odometry solution based on this IMU-assisted KLT gives more accurate result than INS/GPS solution for trajectory generation in certain context.
Styles of Knowledge Production in Colombia, 1850–1920
Authors: García Mónica , Pohl-Valero Stefan
Published: August 2016

Argument

Using the notion of styles of knowledge we refer to the ways diverse scientific communities claim to produce true knowledge, their understandings regarding the attitudes and values that scientists should have in order to grasp natural and social reality, and the practices and technologies developed within such styles. This paper analyzes scientific and medical enterprises that explored the relationship between environment, population, and society in Colombia between 1850 and 1920. We argue that similar styles of knowledge production were shared in human geography, medical geography, and climatic physiology at the mid-nineteenth century; and that some physicians working in bacteriology and physiology since the 1880s established epistemic boundaries between their work and earlier scientific activities, while others found these distinctions irrelevant. However, the historical actors committed to any of the styles of knowledge production explored in this article agreed on the local specificity of their objects of inquiry, therefore questioning European science. These styles of knowledge production also shaped different ways of perceiving and addressing national problems. Hence, this article is a contribution to the recent literature on both historical epistemology and social and cultural history of science and medicine.
Asymptotic behaviour of the lifespan of solutions for a semilinear heat equation in hyperbolic space
Authors: Wang Zhiyong , Yin Jingxue
Published: August 2016

This paper is concerned with the asymptotic behaviour of the lifespan of solutions for a semilinear heat equation with initial datum λφ(x) in hyperbolic space. The growth rates for both λ → 0 and λ → ∞ are determined.
A generalized dose-response relationship for adenovirus infection and illness by exposure pathway
Authors: TEUNIS P. , SCHIJVEN J. , RUTJES S.
Published: August 2016

Adenoviruses are found everywhere in the environment, and cause various health problems including symptoms of enteric illness, and respiratory illness. Despite their significance to public health, few studies have addressed the health risks associated with exposure to adenovirus. Human challenge studies have been published for a few adenoviruses, which involved exposure through oral ingestion, inhalation, intranasal and intraocular droplet inoculation. Nothwithstanding the different symptoms resulting from such exposures, infection can be defined as colonization of a corresponding mucosa. A two-level dose-response model was developed to describe the distributions of infectivity and pathogenicity in various challenge studies of adenovirus, incorporating differences in inoculation route as shift in average infectivity and pathogenicity. This dose-response model can be used to make predictions for the infectivity of adenovirus, specific to any of the four studied inoculation methods. The generalized adenovirus dose-response relationship for infection and acute illness takes into account variation in infectivity and/or pathogenicity across adenovirus types, as well as uncertainty due to limited data.
Asymptotic behaviour of solutions of free boundary problems for Fisher-KPP equation
Authors: CAI JINGJING , GU HONG
Published: August 2016

We study a free boundary problem for the Fisher-KPP equation: ut = uxx + f(u) (g(t) < x < h(t)) with free boundary conditions h′(t) = −ux(t, h(t)) − α and g′(t) = −ux(t, g(t)) + β for 0 < β < α. This problem can model the spreading of a biological or chemical species, where free boundaries represent the spreading fronts of the species. We investigate the asymptotic behaviour of bounded solutions. There are two parameters α0 and α* with 0 < α0 < α* which play key roles in the dynamics. More precisely, (i) in case 0 < β < α0 and 0 < α < α*, we obtain a trichotomy result: (i-1) spreading, i.e., h(t) − g(t) → +∞ and u(t, ⋅ + ct) → 1 with c ∈ (cL, cR), where cL and cR are the asymptotic spreading speed of g(t) and h(t), respectively, (cR > 0 > cL when 0 < β < α < α0; cR = 0 >cL when 0 < β < α = α0; 0 > cR > cL when α0 < α < α* and 0 < β < α0); (i-2) vanishing, i.e., limt→Th(t) = limt→Tg(t) and limt→T u(t, x) = 0, where T is some positive constant; (i-3) transition, i.e., g(t) → −∞, h(t) → −∞, 0 < limt→∞[h(t) − g(t)] < +∞ and u(t, x) → V*(x − c*t) with c* < 0, where V*(x − c*t) is a travelling wave with compact support and which satisfies the free boundary conditions. (ii) in case β ≥ α0 or α ≥ α*, vanishing happens for any solution.
Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery discovered following total anomalous pulmonary venous return repair: a rare entity
Authors: Patel Neil D. , Badran Sarah , Kung Grace
Published: August 2016

We describe a case of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in association with total anomalous pulmonary venous return. The infant was diagnosed with total anomalous pulmonary venous return at 6 weeks of age and underwent successful surgical repair. On routine follow-up, he was found to have an anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery without evidence of mitral regurgitation or left ventricular dysfunction. The presence of the left-to-right shunt and secondary elevation in pulmonary artery pressures likely masked the usual findings associated with this coronary anomaly.
“NO ARTIST HAS ETHICAL SYMPATHIES”: OSCAR WILDE, AESTHETICS, AND MORAL EVOLUTION
Authors: Sumpter Caroline
Published: August 2016

“There is no mode of action, no form of emotion, that we do not share with the lower animals” (137). This evolutionary claim is not attributable to Darwin, but to Oscar Wilde, who allows Gilbert to voice this bold assertion in “The True Function of Criticism.” While critics have long wrestled with the ethical stance and coherence of Wilde's writings, they have overlooked a significant influence on his work: debates concerning the evolution of morality that animated the periodicals in which he was writing. Wilde was fascinated by the proposition that complex human behaviours, including moral and aesthetic responses, might be traced back to evolutionary impulses. Significantly, he also wrote for a readership already engaged with these controversies.
Viability and resilience of small-scale fisheries through cooperative arrangements
Authors: Hardy P.-Y. , Béné C. , Doyen L. , Pereau J.C. , Mills D.
Published: August 2016

The small-scale fisheries sector in many Pacific islands is facing increasing challenges in relation to resource availability, economic opportunity, and demographic and social pressure. In particular, intensifying cash-oriented livelihood strategies can exacerbate existing vulnerabilities and threaten food security and resource conservation. In this paper the authors develop a bio-economic model and a quantitative measure of resilience in order to explore the interaction between socio-economic and ecological dynamics, and to analyze the potential role that cooperation and collective arrangements can play in this interaction to maintain the viability of the system. Based on the case of the system known aswantoktypically found in the Solomon Islands, numerical examples are used to explore the potential gain that cooperation between fishers can bring in terms of subsistence, profitability and ecological performances, as well as the resilience of the whole system to shocks.
How do we actually put smarter snacks in schools? NOURISH (Nutrition Opportunities to Understand Reforms Involving Student Health) conversations with food-service directors
Authors: Rosenfeld Lindsay E , Cohen Juliana FW , Gorski Mary T , Lessing Andrés J , Smith Lauren , Rimm Eric B , Hoffman Jessica A
Published: August 2016

Objective

In autumn 2012, Massachusetts schools implemented comprehensive competitive food and beverage standards similar to the US Department of Agriculture’s Smart Snacks in School standards. We explored major themes raised by food-service directors (FSD) regarding their school-district-wide implementation of the standards.

Design

For this qualitative study, part of a larger mixed-methods study, compliance was measured via direct observation of foods and beverages during school site visits in spring 2013 and 2014, calculated to ascertain the percentage of compliant products available to students. Semi-structured interviews with school FSD conducted in each year were analysed for major implementation themes; those raised by more than two-thirds of participating school districts were explored in relationship to compliance.

Setting

Massachusetts school districts (2013: n 26; 2014: n 21).

Subjects

Data collected from FSD.

Results

Seven major themes were raised by more than two-thirds of participating school districts (range 69–100 %): taking measures for successful transition; communicating with vendors/manufacturers; using tools to identify compliant foods and beverages; receiving support from leadership; grappling with issues not covered by the law; anticipating changes in sales of competitive foods and beverages; and anticipating changes in sales of school meals. Each theme was mentioned by the majority of more-compliant school districts (65–81 %), with themes being raised more frequently after the second year of implementation (range increase 4–14 %).

Conclusions

FSD in more-compliant districts were more likely to talk about themes than those in less-compliant districts. Identified themes suggest best-practice recommendations likely useful for school districts implementing the final Smart Snacks in School standards, effective July 2016.
Determinants of child wasting in Bhutan. Insights from nationally representative data
Authors: Aguayo Víctor M , Badgaiyan Nina , Dzed Laigden
Published: August 2016

Objective

To characterize the epidemiology of wasting and identify the main predictors of wasting, severe wasting and poor weight-for-height in children.

Design

We analysed a nationally representative sample of 2028 children (Multiple Indicator Survey, 2010).

Setting

Royal Kingdom of Bhutan.

Subjects

Children aged 0–23 months.

Results

Wasting prevalence was significantly higher among infants aged 0–11 months than among children aged 12–23 months (12·0 v. 6·7 %; P=0·004) and among boys than girls (11·0 v. 7·5 %; P=0·04). Children from the Western region had 63 % higher odds of being wasted than children from the Central/Eastern regions (adjusted OR (AOR)=1·63; 95 % CI 1·14, 2·34). Poor feeding practices were among the most significant predictors of wasting and severe wasting. Children who were given prelacteal feeds in the first days of life had 2·5 times higher odds of being severely wasted than those who were not (AOR=2·49; 95 % CI 1·19, 5·19); inadequate complementary feeding in children aged 0–23 months was associated with 58 % higher odds of being wasted (AOR=1·58; 95 % CI 1·02, 2·47) and 2·3 times higher odds of being severely wasted (AOR=2·28; 95 % CI 1·13, 4·58). The association of poor infant feeding practices with wasting and severe wasting was particularly significant in infants (0–11 months).

Conclusions

Programmes for the detection and treatment of severely wasted children need to prioritize very young children (0–11 months), particularly in the Western region. Programmes for the prevention of wasting need to prioritize the improvement of complementary foods and feeding practices in children aged 6–23 months.
Non-monotonic spatial reasoning with answer set programming modulo theories
Authors: WAŁĘGA PRZEMYSŁAW ANDRZEJ , SCHULTZ CARL , BHATT MEHUL
Published: August 2016

The systematic modelling ofdynamic spatial systemsis a key requirement in a wide range of application areas such as commonsense cognitive robotics, computer-aided architecture design, and dynamic geographic information systems. We present Answer Set Programming Modulo Theories (ASPMT)(QS), a novel approach and fully implemented prototype for non-monotonic spatial reasoning — a crucial requirement within dynamic spatial systems — based on ASPMT. ASPMT(QS) consists of a (qualitative) spatial representation module (QS) and a method for turning tight ASPMT instances into Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) instances in order to compute stable models by means of SMT solvers. We formalise and implement concepts of default spatial reasoning and spatial frame axioms. Spatial reasoning is performed by encoding spatial relations as systems of polynomial constraints, and solving via SMT with the theory of real non-linear arithmetic. We empirically evaluate ASPMT(QS) in comparison with other contemporary spatial reasoning systems both within and outside the context of logic programming. ASPMT(QS) is currently the only existing system that is capable of reasoning about indirect spatial effects (i.e., addressing the ramification problem), and integrating geometric and QS information within a non-monotonic spatial reasoning context.
Alcohol Homograph Priming in Alcohol-Dependent Inpatients
Authors: Woud Marcella L. , Salemink Elske , Gladwin Thomas E. , Wiers Reinout W. , Becker Eni S. , Lindenmeyer Johannes , Rinck Mike
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Aim: Alcohol dependency is characterized by alcohol-related interpretation biases (IBs): Individuals with high levels of alcohol consumption generate more alcohol-related than alcohol-unrelated interpretations in response to ambiguous alcohol-related cues. However, a response bias could be an alternative account, meaning that individuals with high levels of alcohol consumption generate more alcohol-related IBs because of a greater baseline tendency to endorse alcohol-related responses. Methods: To test this alternative explanation, the present study employed a homograph-priming task, reliability of which was also examined. The sample included 577 clinically diagnosed alcohol-dependent inpatients and 61 control inpatients. Participants completed a homograph priming task (primes: homographs with and without an alcohol-related meaning, target words: alcohol and soft drinks) before commencing their behavioral cognitive treatment at a rehabilitation clinic. Results: Contrary to our expectations, we did not find an enhanced priming effect in alcohol-dependent inpatients. Moreover, there was no correlation between the priming score and levels of harmful drinking (AUDIT scores). Conclusions: The data provide limited support for the existence of alcohol-related IBs, possibly because of the low reliability of the priming task, the features of the task, and the study’s design.
Takotsubo-Syndrom – ein häufig verkanntes Krankheitsbild
Authors: Schlossbauer Susanne A. , Ghadri Jelena-Rima , Templin Christian
Published: August 2016

Zusammenfassung. Das 1990 erstmalig beschriebene Takotsubo-Syndrom (TTS) fand weltweite Aufmerksamkeit als eine reversible Kardiomyopathie, ausgelöst durch ein emotionales Ereignis, die ältere Frauen betrifft und aufgrund ihrer Symptomatik einem akuten Koronarsyndrom gleicht. Heute weiss man, dass das TTS weitaus heterogener ist. Es kann beide Geschlechter und alle Altersgruppen betreffen und tritt in vier verschiedenen Formen auf. In der Akutphase können lebensbedrohliche Komplikationen auftreten und auch die Langzeitprognose ist nicht komplett benigne. Häufig geht ihm ein emotionales, häufig jedoch auch ein physisches Ereignis oder gar beide voraus. Allerdings kann die Erkrankung auch spontan auftreten. Bei bis zu 10 % der Patienten kommt es im Verlauf zu einem erneuten TTS, das durch die Einnahme von Betablockern nicht verhindert werden kann.
Photonic water dynamically responsive to external stimuli
Authors: Sano Koki , Kim Youn Soo , Ishida Yasuhiro , Ebina Yasuo , Sasaki Takayoshi , Hikima Takaaki , Aida Takuzo
Published: August 2016

Fluids that contain ordered nanostructures with periodic distances in the visible-wavelength range, anomalously exhibit structural colours that can be rapidly modulated by external stimuli. Indeed, some fish can dynamically change colour by modulating the periodic distance of crystalline guanine sheets cofacially oriented in their fluid cytoplasm. Here we report that a dilute aqueous colloidal dispersion of negatively charged titanate nanosheets exhibits structural colours. In this ‘photonic water’, the nanosheets spontaneously adopt a cofacial geometry with an ultralong periodic distance of up to 675 nm due to a strong electrostatic repulsion. Consequently, the photonic water can even reflect near-infrared light up to 1,750 nm. The structural colour becomes more vivid in a magnetic flux that induces monodomain structural ordering of the colloidal dispersion. The reflective colour of the photonic water can be modulated over the entire visible region in response to appropriate physical or chemical stimuli.
Relating structure and composition with accessibility of a single catalyst particle using correlative 3-dimensional micro-spectroscopy
Authors: Liu Yijin , Meirer Florian , Krest Courtney M. , Webb Samuel , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: August 2016

To understand how hierarchically structured functional materials operate, analytical tools are needed that can reveal small structural and chemical details in large sample volumes. Often, a single method alone is not sufficient to get a complete picture of processes happening at multiple length scales. Here we present a correlative approach combining three-dimensional X-ray imaging techniques at different length scales for the analysis of metal poisoning of an individual catalyst particle. The correlative nature of the data allowed establishing a macro-pore network model that interprets metal accumulations as a resistance to mass transport and can, by tuning the effect of metal deposition, simulate the response of the network to a virtual ageing of the catalyst particle. The developed approach is generally applicable and provides an unprecedented view on dynamic changes in a material’s pore space, which is an essential factor in the rational design of functional porous materials.