bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial dysfunction in uremic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Taylor David , Bhandari Sunil , Seymour Anne-Marie L.
Published: January 2015

Uremic cardiomyopathy (UCM) is characterized by metabolic remodelling, compromised energetics, and loss of insulin-mediated cardioprotection, which result in unsustainable adaptations and heart failure. However, the role of mitochondria and the susceptibility of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) formation in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in UCM are unknown. Using a rat model of chronic uremia, we investigated the oxidative capacity of mitochondria in UCM and their sensitivity to ischemia-reperfusion mimetic oxidant and calcium stressors to assess the susceptibility to mPTP formation. Uremic animals exhibited a 45% reduction in creatinine clearance ( P < 0.01), and cardiac mitochondria demonstrated uncoupling with increased state 4 respiration. Following IRI, uremic mitochondria exhibited a 58% increase in state 4 respiration ( P < 0.05), with an overall reduction in respiratory control ratio ( P < 0.01). Cardiomyocytes from uremic animals displayed a 30% greater vulnerability to oxidant-induced cell death determined by FAD autofluorescence ( P < 0.05) and reduced mitochondrial redox state on exposure to 200 μM H2O2 ( P < 0.01). The susceptibility to calcium-induced permeability transition showed that maximum rates of depolarization were enhanced in uremia by 79%. These results demonstrate that mitochondrial respiration in the uremic heart is chronically uncoupled. Cardiomyocytes in UCM are characterized by a more oxidized mitochondrial network, with greater susceptibility to oxidant-induced cell death and enhanced vulnerability to calcium-induced mPTP formation. Collectively, these findings indicate that mitochondrial function is compromised in UCM with increased vulnerability to calcium and oxidant-induced stressors, which may underpin the enhanced predisposition to IRI in the uremic heart.
ADAMTS‐7 Exhibits Elevated Expression in Cartilage of Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head and Has a Positive Correlation with TNF‐α and NF‐κB P65
Authors: Li Jing-kun , Cheng Lei , Zhao Yun-peng , Guo Ying-jun , Liu Yi , Zhang Wei , Wang Shuai-shuai , Zhang Yuan-qiang , Pan Xin , Nie Lin
Published: January 2015

ADAMTS‐7 has been reported to exaggerate cartilage degeneration and to be associated with TNF‐α and NF‐κB signaling pathway. In this study we compared the expression of ADAMTS‐7, TNF‐α, and Phospho‐NF‐κB in patients with femoral neck fracture (FNF) and osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH) at different stages. We found that expression of ADAMTS‐7, TNF‐α, and Phospho‐NF‐κB was significantly upregulated in ONFH patients’ articular cartilage and related to the pathogenesis of ONFH. Thus we conclude that ADAMTS‐7 level appears to be positively associated with expression of TNF‐α and Phospho‐NF‐κB P65 in cartilage, which may imply its association with cartilage destruction of ONFH.
A Rumor Spreading Model considering the Cumulative Effects of Memory
Authors: Zhang Yi , Xu Jiuping
Published: January 2015

This paper proposes a rumor spreading model which examines how the memory effects rate changes over time in artificial network and a real social network. This model emphasizes a special rumor spreading characteristic called “the cumulative effects of memory.” A functionp(t)reflecting the cumulative memory effects is established, which replaces the constant rate of memory effects in the traditional model. Further, rumor spreading model simulations are conducted with different parameters in three artificial networks. The results show that all the parameters but the initial memory rate of memory effects function have a significant impact on rumor spreading. At the same time, the simulation results show that the final size of the stiflers is sensitive to the average degreekwhen it is small but is not sensitive tokwhen the average degree is greater than a certain degree. Finally, through investigations on the Sina Microblog network, the numerical solutions show that the peak value and final size of the rumor spreading are much larger under a variable memory effects rate than under a constant rate.
Acute Toxicity Comparison of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Various Freshwater Organisms
Authors: Sohn Eun Kyung , Chung Young Shin , Johari Seyed Ali , Kim Tae Gyu , Kim Jin Kwon , Lee Ji Hyun , Lee Yong Hwa , Kang Sung Wook , Yu Il Je
Published: January 2015

While the commercialization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is rapidly expanding, the environmental impact of this nanomaterial is not well understood. Therefore, the present study evaluates the acute aquatic toxicity of SWCNTs towards two freshwater microalgae (Raphidocelis subcapitata and Chlorella vulgaris), a microcrustacean (Daphnia magna), and a fish (Oryzias latipes) based on OECD test guidelines (201, 202, and 203). According to the results, the SWCNTs inhibited the growth of the algae R. subcapitata and C. vulgaris with a median effective concentration (EC50) of 29.99 and 30.96 mg/L, respectively, representing “acute category 3” in the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of classification and labeling of chemicals. Meanwhile, the acute toxicity test using O. latipes and D. magna did not show any mortality/immobilizing effects up to a concentration of 100.00 mg/L SWCNTs, indicating no hazard category in the GHS classification. In conclusion, SWCNTs were found to induce acute ecotoxicity in freshwater microalgae, yet not in D. magna and medaka fish.
Solving Delay Differential Equations by an Accurate Method with Interpolation
Authors: Akgül Ali , Kiliçman Adem
Published: January 2015

We use the reproducing kernel method (RKM) with interpolation for finding approximate solutions of delay differential equations. Interpolation for delay differential equations has not been used by this method till now. The numerical approximation to the exact solution is computed. The comparison of the results with exact ones is made to confirm the validity and efficiency.
Characteristics of Jerk Response Spectra for Elastic and Inelastic Systems
Authors: He Haoxiang , Li Ruifeng , Chen Kui
Published: January 2015

Jerk is the time rate of acceleration and mainly represents the nonstationary component in high frequency band of the earthquake wave. The study on jerk and its response spectra can enhance the recognition of the nonstationary ground motion. The mechanical meaning and research value of jerk are described. Jerk is recommended to be solved by establishing state-space equations and Runge-Kutta method. The solution method of elastic and inelastic jerk response spectra under ground motion is established, and the accurate jerk spectrum should be calculated directly according to numerical computing instead of pseudo-acceleration spectrum. The characteristics of jerk response spectra are studied according to the influencing factors, such as site condition, amplification factor, ductility factor, and reduction factor. The concept of impact reduction factor is presented. The statistical results show that the jerk spectrum has similar rules as the acceleration spectrum, and the amplitude is relative to the predominant period, especially for structures with short or medium period. If the ductility is improved, the effective jerk will reduce obviously, and the impact reduction factor will be enhanced. Different from the strength reduction factor, the impact reduction factor is nearly not relevant to the period.
Metabolism of Albumin after Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration in Patients with Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
Authors: Chen Yu , Ren Jianan , Qin Xiaodong , Li Guanwei , Zhou Bo , Gu Guosheng , Hong Zhiwu , Aa JiYe , Li Jieshou
Published: January 2015

Background. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is characterized by a hypercatabolic state induced by inflammatory mediators. Continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) stabilizes the internal environment but also aggravates loss of amino acids. The effect of CVVH on protein dynamics is largely unknown. We adopted the stable isotopic tracer technology to investigate how CVVH changed serum albumin metabolism.Methods. Twenty SIRS patients were randomized into low- (2000 mL/h) and high- (4000 mL/h) volume CVVH groups according to the rate of replacement fluid. Eight patients with abdominal infection matched for age, sex, and laboratory index served as controls. Consecutive arterial blood samples were drawn during a primed-constant infusion of two stable isotopes to determine the albumin fractional synthesis rate (FSR) and fractional breakdown rate (FBR).Results. Before treatment, there was no significant difference of FSR and FBR among 3 groups. After CVVH, the albumin FSR in high- and low-volume groups was 7.75 ± 1.08% and 7.30 ± 0.89%, respectively, both higher than in the control (5.83 ± 0.94%). There was no significant difference in albumin FBR after treatment.Conclusions. Protein dynamic indicators could reflect protein synthesis and breakdown state directly and effectively. CVVH increased albumin synthesis, while the breakdown rate remained at a high level independently of the CVVH rate.
Association of the Colorectal CpG Island Methylator Phenotype with Molecular Features, Risk Factors, and Family History
Authors: Weisenberger Daniel J. , Levine A. Joan , Long Tiffany I. , Buchanan Daniel D. , Walters Rhiannon , Clendenning Mark , Rosty Christophe , Joshi Amit D. , Stern Mariana C. , Le Marchand Loic , Lindor Noralane M. , Daftary Darshana , Gallinger Steven , Selander Teresa , Bapat Bharati , Newcomb Polly A. , Campbell Peter T. , Casey Graham , Ahnen Dennis J. , Baron John A. , Haile Robert W. , Hopper John L. , Young Joanne P. , Laird Peter W. , Siegmund Kimberly D.
Published: January 2015

Background: The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) represents a subset of colorectal cancers characterized by widespread aberrant DNA hypermethylation at select CpG islands. The risk factors and environmental exposures contributing to etiologic heterogeneity between CIMP and non-CIMP tumors are not known.

Methods: We measured the CIMP status of 3,119 primary population-based colorectal cancer tumors from the multinational Colon Cancer Family Registry. Etiologic heterogeneity was assessed by a case–case study comparing risk factor frequency of colorectal cancer cases with CIMP and non-CIMP tumors using logistic regression to estimate the case–case odds ratio (ccOR).

Results: We found associations between tumor CIMP status and MSI-H (ccOR = 7.6), BRAF V600E mutation (ccOR = 59.8), proximal tumor site (ccOR = 9; all P < 0.0001), female sex [ccOR = 1.8; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.5–2.1], older age (ccOR = 4.0 comparing over 70 years vs. under 50; 95% CI, 3.0–5.5), and family history of CRC (ccOR = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.5–0.7). While use of NSAIDs varied by tumor CIMP status for both males and females (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.02, respectively), use of multivitamin or calcium supplements did not. Only for female colorectal cancer was CIMP status associated with increased pack-years of smoking (Ptrend < 0.001) and body mass index (BMI; Ptrend = 0.03).

Conclusions: The frequency of several colorectal cancer risk factors varied by CIMP status, and the associations of smoking and obesity with tumor subtype were evident only for females.

Impact: Differences in the associations of a unique DNA methylation–based subgroup of colorectal cancer with important lifestyle and environmental exposures increase understanding of the molecular pathologic epidemiology of this heavily methylated subset of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(3); 512–9. ©2015 AACR.
LEF1 Targeting EMT in Prostate Cancer Invasion Is Regulated by miR-34a
Authors: Liang Jiaqian , Li Yirong , Daniels Garrett , Sfanos Karen , De Marzo Angelo , Wei Jianjun , Li Xin , Chen Wenqiang , Wang Jinhua , Zhong Xuelin , Melamed Jonathan , Zhao Jun , Lee Peng
Published: January 2015

The microRNA-34a (miR-34a), a tumor-suppressive microRNA (miRNA), is implicated in epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells. Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-1 (LEF1) is a key transcription factor in the Wnt signaling pathway, and has been suggested to be involved in regulation of cell proliferation and invasion. Here, the molecular mechanism of miR-34a and LEF1 in cooperatively regulating prostate cancer cell invasion is described. Molecular profiling analysis of miRNA levels in prostate cancer cells revealed a negative correlation between miR-34a and LEF1 expression, and the downregulation of LEF1 by miR-34a was confirmed by luciferase assays. Furthermore, miR-34a specifically repressed LEF1 expression through direct binding to its 3′-untranslated regions (3′-UTR). miR-34a modulated the levels of LEF1 to regulate EMT in prostate cancer cells. Functionally, miR-34a negatively correlated with the migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells through LEF1. An analysis of miR-34a expression levels in matched human tumor and benign tissues demonstrated consistent and statistically significant downregulation of miR-34a in primary prostate cancer specimens. These data strongly suggest that miR-34a/LEF1 regulation of EMT plays an important role in prostate cancer migration and invasion.

Implications: The miR-34a–LEF1 axis represents a potential molecular target for novel therapeutic strategies in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 13(4); 681–8. ©2015 AACR.
Involvement of Epigenetics and EMT-Related miRNA in Arsenic-Induced Neoplastic Transformation and Their Potential Clinical Use
Authors: Michailidi Christina , Hayashi Masamichi , Datta Sayantan , Sen Tanusree , Zenner Kaitlyn , Oladeru Oluwadamilola , Brait Mariana , Izumchenko Evgeny , Baras Alexander , VandenBussche Christopher , Argos Maria , Bivalacqua Trinity J. , Ahsan Habibul , Hahn Noah M. , Netto George J. , Sidransky David , Hoque Mohammad Obaidul
Published: January 2015

Exposure to toxicants leads to cumulative molecular changes that overtime increase a subject's risk of developing urothelial carcinoma. To assess the impact of arsenic exposure at a time progressive manner, we developed and characterized a cell culture model and tested a panel of miRNAs in urine samples from arsenic-exposed subjects, urothelial carcinoma patients, and controls. To prepare an in vitro model, we chronically exposed an immortalized normal human bladder cell line (HUC1) to arsenic. Growth of the HUC1 cells was increased in a time-dependent manner after arsenic treatment and cellular morphology was changed. In a soft agar assay, colonies were observed only in arsenic-treated cells, and the number of colonies gradually increased with longer periods of treatment. Similarly, invaded cells in an invasion assay were observed only in arsenic-treated cells. Withdrawal of arsenic treatment for 2.5 months did not reverse the tumorigenic properties of arsenic-treated cells. Western blot analysis demonstrated decreased PTEN and increased AKT and mTOR in arsenic-treated HUC1 cells. Levels of miR-200a, miR-200b, and miR-200c were downregulated in arsenic-exposed HUC1 cells by quantitative RT-PCR. Furthermore, in human urine, miR-200c and miR-205 were inversely associated with arsenic exposure (P = 0.005 and 0.009, respectively). Expression of miR-205 discriminated cancer cases from controls with high sensitivity and specificity (AUC = 0.845). Our study suggests that exposure to arsenic rapidly induces a multifaceted dedifferentiation program and miR-205 has potential to be used as a marker of arsenic exposure as well as a maker of early urothelial carcinoma detection. Cancer Prev Res; 8(3); 208–21. ©2015 AACR.
Vagotomy Induces Deregulation of the Inflammatory Response during the Development of Amoebic Liver Abscess in Hamsters
Authors: Sánchez-Alemán Esperanza , Quintanar-Stephano Andrés , Escobedo Galileo , Campos-Esparza María del Rosario , Campos-Rodríguez Rafael , Ventura-Juárez Javier
Published: January 2015

Background: The parasympathetic nervous system modulates the immune response in the abdominal-pelvic gut through the vagus nerve, which releases acetylcholine. This endogenous ligand acts on a7 nicotinic receptors expressed on immune cells. Objective: To study the mechanism of the production and regulation of cytokines in parasympathectomized and control hamsters during the development of amoebic liver abscesses (ALA) caused by Entamoeba histolytica.Methodology: Six- to 8-week-old male hamsters with and without vagotomy were used in a model of ALA. The animals were infected with trophozoites (350,000; HM1:IMSS strain) via the intrahepatic route and sacrificed at 6, 12, and 24 h and at 2, 4, and 7 days postinfection. Immune parameters were recorded at each time point using morphometric techniques including immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry assays. These parameters included signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) levels, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, and nuclear factor-γB (NFγB) activation in neutrophils and macrophages. Results: Compared to the control groups, the vagotomized (VAG) hamsters showed a significant increase in NFγB activation in neutrophils and macrophages, and higher levels of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-a. VAG hamsters showed an increase in the expression of IL-8 and phosphorylated STAT3 during the first 24 h postinfection as well as slightly increased levels of transforming growth factor-ß on days 2-7 postinfection. No significant differences were demonstrated in the levels of IL-10. Conclusions: These results suggest that the vagus nerve plays an important role in the regulation of inflammation during ALA formation.
Neuro-Immuno-Endocrine Modulation in Marathon Runners
Authors: Bachi Andre L. L. , Rios Francisco J.O. , Vaisberg Pedro Henrique Carr , Martins Marcia , Cavalcante de Sá Matheus , Victorino Angélica B. , Foster Roberta , Sierra Ana Paula R. , Dal'Molin Kiss Maria Augusta P. , Vaisberg Mauro
Published: January 2015

Objective: Sports practice alters the homeostasis of athletes. To achieve homeostatic equilibrium, the integrated action of the neuroendocrine and immune systems is necessary. Here we studied the relation between cytokines, hormones and mood states in marathon runners. Methods: A total of 20 male recreational marathon runners (mean age = 35.7 ± 9 years) and 20 male sedentary individuals (mean age = 35.5 ± 7 years) were recruited. We compared the serum levels of growth hormone (GH), cortisol and interleukins 8 and 10 and the amounts of these two cytokines spontaneously produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Blood samples of the sedentary group were collected at rest. Blood from the marathon runners was collected at rest (baseline: 24 h before the race), immediately after a marathon and 72 h after a marathon. Mood state analysis in both groups was performed using the 24-item Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS). Results: Our results showed that, at rest, levels of interleukins 8 and 10 in the supernatant of culture cells, the serum concentration of GH, and tension and vigour (evaluated using the BRUMS), were significantly higher in athletes compared to sedentary people. Immediately after the race all serum parameters analysed were statistically higher than baseline values. At 72 h after the marathon, serum levels of hormones and interleukins returned to values at rest, but the concentrations of interleukins in the supernatant of culture cells showed a significant reduction compared to values at rest. Conclusion: The higher serum levels of GH in athletes at rest and the higher production of cytokines in culture without previous stimulus suggest that marathon runners present mechanisms that may be associated with preparing the body to perform prolonged strenuous exercise, such as a marathon.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide-Deficient Mice Exhibit Reduced Pathology in Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid-Induced Colitis
Authors: Abad Catalina , Cheung-Lau Gardenia , Coûté-Monvoisin Anne-Claire , Waschek James A.
Published: January 2015

Objectives: Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is an immunomodulatory neuropeptide with therapeutic properties in multiple murine models of inflammatory disease including the trinitrobenzene-sulfonic acid (TNBS)-colitis model of Crohn's disease. Understanding the spectrum of biological actions of endogenously produced VIP may help us dissect the complex and multifactorial pathogenesis of such inflammatory diseases. Our goal was to determine the contribution of endogenously produced VIP to TNBS-colitis by using VIP knockout (KO) mice. Methods: TNBS was intracolonically administered to wild-type (WT) and VIP KO mice, and weight loss and colitis were assessed over time. Colon histopathological changes and myeloperoxidase activities were analyzed and the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 in colon and serum quantified. The proliferative response in vitro of splenocytes from TNBS WT and VIP KO administered mice to anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 was determined. Results: VIP KO mice did not exhibit the predicted exacerbated response to TNBS. Instead, they developed a milder clinical profile than WT mice, with lower TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Such potential defects seem selective, because other parameters such as the histopathological scores and the cytokine levels in the colon did not differ between the two strains of mice. Moreover, splenocytes from TNBS-treated VIP KO mice exhibited an enhanced proliferative response to anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation in vitro. Conclusion: Chronic loss of VIP in mice leads to a disruption of certain but not all immunological compartments, corroborating recent findings that VIP KO mice exhibit reduced mortality in the lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia model and attenuated clinical development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis while developing robust T-cell responses.
Endometriosis and Perceived Stress: Impact of Surgical and Medical Treatment
Authors: Lazzeri Lucia , Orlandini Cinzia , Vannuccini Silvia , Pinzauti Serena , Tosti Claudia , Zupi Errico , Nappi Rosella Elena , Petraglia Felice
Published: January 2015

Background: The aim of the study was to investigate the levels of perceived stress in a group of women with a long-term history of endometriosis in conjunction with surgical and/or medical treatments. Methods: A clinical trial was conducted at the Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, in collaboration with a non-profit association of women with endometriosis, A.P.E. Onlus. Patients (n = 204) with a previous diagnosis of endometriosis (for at least 3 years) were included in this study. Each patient completed a semi-structured questionnaire and a validated scale to assess perceived stress, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) by e-mail. Results: The study showed that in women with a long-term history of endometriosis, the level of perceived stress was increased by repeated surgical treatments and reduced by some medical treatments. The median PSS value was 23 (range 9-36) and 30.6% of the study population were included in the highest stress category (>26). The highest levels were found in patients who had undergone the most surgery. The use of progestins was associated with a lower perceived stress (p = 0.004) than in the patients treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormones. Conclusions: Long-term endometriosis has a relevant impact on perceived stress, in particular in those undergoing repeated surgery.
Visually Evoked Potentials in a Patient with a Fyodorov-Zuev Keratoprosthesis
Authors: Schwartz Roy , Barak Adiel , Newman Hadas
Published: January 2015

Purpose: To describe a visually evoked potential (VEP) examination performed on a patient with a keratoprosthesis. Methods: We report the case of a 60-year-old patient with a Fyodorov-Zuev keratoprosthesis in the right eye complained of gradual visual deterioration in that eye. His past medical history consisted of failed corneal graft procedures due to corneal dystrophy and an Ahmed valve implantation due to secondary glaucoma. A clinical examination and an ultrasound demonstrated vitreal opacities. In order to assess the visual status, a flash VEP test was conducted. Results: VEP recorded from the right eye consisted of a broadened and poorly formed positive P1 wave, with a subnormal amplitude, but a normal latency. Consequently, the patient underwent a pars plana vitrectomy. Conclusion: This case demonstrates the viability of VEP exams in patients with keratoprostheses.
Brain Abscess due to Staphylococcus lugdunensis in the Absence of Endocarditis or Bacteremia
Authors: Matas Andreia , Veiga Andreia , Gabriel João Paulo
Published: January 2015

Staphylococcus lugdunensis has been recognized to be a microorganism potentially more virulent than other coagulase-negative staphylococci. We report the case of a patient who presented with a single, large, right, frontoparietal abscess that evolved despite conventional antibiotic treatment. Bacteremia and endocarditis were excluded. After surgical treatment, S. lugdunensis sensible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was isolated, and the patient responded favorably to treatment. Although the ability of S. lugdunensis to produce brain abscesses has been recognized, we report a case of a brain abscess in the absence of bacteremia or endocarditis.
A Novel Case of Superior Rectus Injury and Its Subsequent Surgery
Authors: Javed Ahmed , Wong Vicki , Young Jane , Durnian Jon
Published: January 2015

We report a presumed damage to the left superior rectus (SR) muscle following a dog bite injury that resulted in a marked weakness of elevation and vertical diplopia. A 30-year-old male presented in October 2010 following a dog bite around his left superotemporal orbit. An ophthalmic examination was unremarkable. The patient immediately complained of vertical diplopia, which did not settle during a period of observation lasting approximately 9 months following the attack. An orthoptist examination confirmed a marked restriction of upgaze. A diagnosis of isolated SR injury, secondary to the dog bite, was suspected. A left Knapp procedure was performed. The surgery was uneventful with scar tissue found around the SR. Three months following his surgery, the patient was orthophoric in both primary positions and in the downgaze with a residual 20-prism dioptre hypotropia in the upgaze. Our patient was unusual in that the bite weakened the SR in isolation. We also show the successful management of this novel case using a simple Knapp procedure.
A Case of Orbital Metastasis as Disease Progression of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase-Positive Lung Cancer Treated with Crizotinib
Authors: Sakata Yoshihiko , Kawamura Kodai , Ichikado Kazuya , Yoshioka Masakazu
Published: January 2015

Orbital metastasis of lung cancer is rare. It often causes visual disorder. To date, there are only a few case reports. Crizotinib is an anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase inhibitor that leads to responses in most patients with ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. Visual disorder is one of the popular adverse events of crizotinib, but the symptom almost decreases over time. We report a case of orbital metastasis as the disease progression of ALK-positive lung cancer treated with crizotinib. It should be kept in mind that orbital metastasis can be the disease progression of lung adenocarcinoma with ALK translocation treated with crizotinib. When physicians encounter a patient receiving crizotinib with visual disorder, we must distinguish between adverse events and orbital metastasis.
Merkel Cell Carcinoma Concomitant with Invasive Bowen's Disease: Immunohistochemical Investigation of Tumor-Infiltrating Leukocytes
Authors: Tono Hisayuki , Fujimura Taku , Iwama Eimei , Kusakari Yoshiyuki , Furudate Sadanori , Kambayashi Yumi , Haga Takahiro , Hashimoto Akira , Aiba Setsuya
Published: January 2015

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive, cutaneous, neuroendocrine carcinoma and, in rare cases, occurs with Bowen's disease (BD). In this report, we describe a case of MCC concurrent with invasive BD and compare the profiles of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes in the lesional skin of MCC and invasive BD. Interestingly, immunohistochemical study revealed significant numbers of CD8+ cells and caspase 3-expressing cells in the same areas of invasive BD and MCC. Our present case suggests that MCC concurrent with invasive BD might have a good prognosis because of the substantial number of CD8+ cells in the tumor.
Does Somatostatin or Gastric Inhibitory Peptide Receptor Expression Correlate with Tumor Grade and Stage in Gut Neuroendocrine Tumors?
Authors: Körner Meike , Waser Beatrice , Reubi Jean Claude
Published: January 2015

Background/Aims: Important characteristics of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) for prognosis and therapeutic decisions are the MIB-1 proliferative index (tumor grade) and tumor stage. Moreover, these tumors express peptide hormone receptors like somatostatin and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) receptors which represent important established and potential future targets, respectively, for molecular imaging and radiotherapy. However, the interrelation between tumor proliferation, stage, and peptide receptor amounts has never been assessed. Methods: In 114 gastrointestinal and bronchopulmonary NEN, the proliferative rate assessed with MIB-1 immunohistochemistry and tumor stage were compared with the somatostatin type 2 receptor (sst2) and GIP receptor expression measured quantitatively with in vitro receptor autoradiography. Results: NEN generally showed high sst2 and GIP receptor expression. GIP receptor but not sst2 expression correlated with the MIB-1 index. GIP receptor levels gradually increased in a subset of insulinomas and nonfunctioning pancreatic NEN, and decreased in ileal and bronchopulmonary NEN with increasing MIB-1 rate. MIB-1 levels were identified, above which GIP receptor levels were consistently high or low. These MIB-1 levels were clearly different from those defining tumor grade. In grade 3 NEN, GIP receptor levels were always low, while sst2 levels were variable and sometimes extremely high. Conversely, sst2 expression correlated more frequently with tumor stage than GIP receptor expression, with metastasized NEN showing higher sst2 levels than localized tumors. Conclusions: sst2, a clinically crucial molecular target, shows variable and unpredictable expression in NEN irrespective of tumor grade. Therefore, each NEN should be tested for sst2 if clinical applications with somatostatin analogs are considered. Conversely, the potential future role of GIP receptors as molecular targets in NEN may be dependent on the MIB-1 level.
“Stay Behind”: A Clandestine Cold War Phenomenon
Authors: Riste Olav
Published: January 2015

This article gives an overview of what we now know from trustworthy sources about the origins, character, and development of the “stay-behind” networks established in Western Europe during the early Cold War in preparation for a possible Soviet invasion and occupation. The article critically examines and refutes several notions about Stay Behind that have tended to dominate writings on the subject, such as allegations that the networks in Italy and other West European countries were mere creations of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and the British Secret Intelligence Service; that they were controlled by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization as its “secret army”; and that in at least some countries they pursued terrorist activities directed against left-wing groups suspected of working to overthrow the established order.
Some Willowsia from Nepal and Vietnam (Collembola: Entomobryidae) and description of one new species
Authors: ZHANG FENG
Published: January 2015

Willowsia bartkei Stach, 1965 and W. pseudosocia Stach, 1965 from Vietnam are redescribed based on type material. Willowsia cassagnaui sp. nov. from Nepal is described here and is similar to another Nepalese species, W. ieti Yosii, 1971, but differs from the latter in colour pattern and mouthparts. Additions are given here to the original description of W. ieti.
Connecting NASA Science and Engineering with Earth Science Applications
Authors: Moran M. Susan , Doorn Bradley , Escobar Vanessa , Brown Molly E.
Published: January 2015

The National Research Council (NRC) recently highlighted the dual role of NASA to support both science and applications in planning Earth observations. This article reports the efforts of the NASA Applied Sciences Program and NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission to integrate applications with science and engineering in prelaunch planning. The SMAP Early Adopter program supported the prelaunch applied research that comprises the SMAP Special Collection of the Journal of Hydrometeorology. This research, in turn, has resulted in unprecedented prelaunch preparation for SMAP applications and critical feedback to the mission to improve product specifications and distribution for postlaunch applications. These efforts have been a learning experience that should provide direction for upcoming missions and set some context for the next NRC decadal survey.
Hearing in Static Unilateral Vestibular Schwannoma Declines More Than in the Contralateral Ear
Authors: Patel Neel B. , Nieman Carrie L. , Redleaf Miriam
Published: January 2015

Objective:

To determine the effect of static vestibular schwannomas on hearing.

Study Design:

Retrospective review of audiometric measures in 15 patients with documented nongrowth of internal auditory canal and cerebellopontine angle enhancing masses.

Methods:

Data from patients seen in an ambulatory tertiary care setting between the years of 2002 and 2012 with a diagnosis of acoustic neuroma or vestibular schwannoma were reviewed. Exclusion criteria included preexisting otologic disease, prior therapy for the schwannoma, and tumor growth. Radiology reports were reviewed to ensure nongrowth and were confirmed by taking magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements ourselves. Audiologic measurements included pure tone average, enhanced pure tone average (average of .5, 1, 2, and 4 KHz thresholds), 4 KHz threshold, 8 KHz threshold, and speech discrimination. The data were analyzed using mixed effect model with unstructured variance-covariance structure.

Results:

Difference in audiometric measures between ears significantly ( P < .05) increased for all measures except 8 KHz.

Conclusion:

Spontaneous decline in hearing relative to time is exaggerated in the affected ear despite no vestibular schwannoma growth. This finding can be useful for patient counseling and treatment decision making.
Cardiovascular risk factor associations in adults with psychosis and adults in a national comparator sample
Authors: Foley Debra L , Mackinnon Andrew , Morgan Vera A , Watts Gerald F , Shaw Jonathan E , Magliano Dianna J , Castle David J , McGrath John J , Waterreus Anna , Galletly Cherrie A
Published: January 2015

Objective:

Antipsychotic drug treatment alters status on key risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to test whether cardiovascular risk factor associations differ in adults with psychosis and adults from the general community.

Method:

Data were analysed for those aged 25–64 years from a nationally representative psychosis sample ( n = 1,457) and a national comparator sample ( n = 8,866). The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to estimate the association among tobacco use, body mass index, waist circumference, diastolic and systolic blood pressure and fasting total-, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and plasma glucose. The robust Levene test was used to test for sample differences in variance.

Results:

Correlations among cardiovascular risk indicators and between cardiovascular risk indicators and age were often significantly weaker in those with psychosis than in those from the national comparator sample. This was not due to a reduction in variance within the psychosis sample.

Conclusions:

Risk prediction that synthesizes multivariate risk indicator data needs to be connected to verified cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in those with psychosis to determine if standard risk calculators adequately discriminate those at high, medium and low future risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Until then the clinical implications of low or absent correlations among cardiovascular risk indicators and their low or absent association with increasing age is unclear but may indicate that risk equations commonly used in the general population may not be applicable for those with treated psychosis.
Riflessioni settecentesche sul romanzo. Un inedito di Giuseppe Maria Galanti
Authors: Falardo Domenica
Published: January 2015

Incentrato sul ruolo che Giuseppe Maria Galanti (1743–1806), importante esponente dell’Illuminismo meridionale, attribuisce alla letteratura e, in particolare, al genere narrativo nell’ambito della sensibilità illuministica, l’articolo propone la lettura e l’analisi dei tratti fondamentali di un testo inedito, vergato dall’autore, che costituisce un interessante lavoro preparatorio probabilmente relativo alla quarta edizione, allestita ma mai approdata alla stampa, delle Osservazioni intorno a’ romanzi, alla morale e a’ diversi generi di sentimento, una delle opere più ampie e articolate di teoria e critica del romanzo apparse in Italia nel Settecento.
Shyness and Unsociability and Their Relations With Adjustment in Chinese and Canadian Children
Authors: Liu Junsheng , Chen Xinyin , Coplan Robert J. , Ding Xuechen , Zarbatany Lynne , Ellis Wendy
Published: January 2015

The goal of this study was to examine relations between different forms of social withdrawal (shyness, unsociability) and indexes of adjustment in Chinese and Canadian children. Participants were fourth- to eighth-grade students in urban China ( n = 787) and Canada ( n = 1,033). Data on social withdrawal and adjustment were obtained from multiple sources, including peer nominations, child self-reports, teacher ratings, and school records. Multigroup tests indicated that relations between shyness and adjustment did not differ in Chinese and Canadian children. However, relations between unsociability and adjustment variables were significantly different across the countries, with unsociability more strongly associated with adjustment difficulties in China than in Canada. Results are discussed in terms of historical and cultural backgrounds related to values of group orientation and individuality.
Comparison of haematopoietic stem cell engraftment through the retro-orbital venous sinus and the lateral vein: alternative routes for bone marrow transplantation in mice
Authors: Leon-Rico D , Fernández-García M , Aldea M , Sánchez R , Peces-Barba M , Martinez-Palacio J , Yáñez RM , Almarza E
Published: January 2015

Bone marrow transplantation in mice is performed by intravenous administration of haematopoietic repopulating cells, usually via the lateral tail vein. This technique can be technically challenging to carry out and may cause distress to the mice. The retro-orbital sinus is a large area where there is a confluence of several vessels that provides an alternative route for intravenous access. Retro-orbital injection, although aesthetically unpleasant, can be performed rapidly without requiring mechanical restriction or heat-induced vasodilation. In addition, this technique can be easily learned by novice manipulators. This route of administration has been reported for use in bone marrow transplantation but there is no comparison of retro-orbital and tail vein injections reported for this specific purpose, although both routes have been compared for many other applications. Here, we provide for the first time a comprehensive comparison between tail vein and retro-orbital injections for two different bone marrow transplant scenarios in P3B and B6D2F1 mice. In both cases, no significant differences regarding donor engraftment were observed between mice transplanted using each of the techniques. Haematological counts and leukocyte subpopulation distribution were practically identical between both animal groups. Moreover, donor engraftment levels were less homogenous when cells were transplanted by tail vein injection, probably due to a higher risk of failure associated with this technique. All these data suggest that retro-orbital injection is a compelling alternative to conventional tail vein injection for bone marrow transplant in mice, providing similar and more homogenous haematopoietic reconstitution.
The Changing Face of Language Learning: Learning Beyond the Classroom
Authors: Richards Jack C.
Published: January 2015

There are two important dimensions to successful second language learning: what goes on inside the classroom and what goes on outside of the classroom. While language teaching has always been seen as a preparation for out-of-class uses of language, much of the focus in language teaching in the past has typically been on classroom-based language learning. At the same time the limitations of classroom-based learning have been frequently acknowledged. The opportunities for learning or ‘affordances’ available in the classroom are hence quite restricted, consisting of a limited range of discourse and literacy practices. Today, however, the internet, technology and the media, and the use of English in face-to-face as well as virtual social networks provide greater opportunities for meaningful and authentic language use than are available in the classroom. In view of the growing range of opportunities and resources available to support out-of-class learning the paper examines what some of these opportunities are, how they are used, the kinds of learning affordances they provide, and the issues they raise for classroom based teaching as well as second language teacher education.
Interactional pattern analysis of mother–baby pairs: Kangaroo mother care versus incubator care
Authors: Green Sian L , Phipps Warwick D
Published: January 2015

Within the field of neonatal care, two approaches have gained prominence – incubator care and kangaroo mother care. Each contributes to a baby’s physiological well-being. The aim of this study was to conduct an investigation into the effects of incubator care and kangaroo mother care from a psychological perspective – specifically an interactional approach – by undertaking interactional pattern analyses of mother–baby pairs receiving incubator care and kangaroo mother care, respectively. Person-centred interviews were conducted and audio recorded with 17 mothers whose babies were receiving either incubator care or kangaroo mother care at the Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital in Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa. Each interview was studied by an independent clinical psychologist trained in observation and, in particular, the interactional pattern analysis and who then completed an adapted interactional pattern analysis questionnaire. The procedure yielded standardised interactional pattern analyses for the mother–baby pairs. Mann–Whitney U tests revealed that, in relation to their babies, the mothers in the kangaroo mother care group yielded significantly more effective interactional patterns than those in the incubator care group, highlighting that, in terms of the interactional approach, kangaroo mother care may be the preferred method of neonatal care.
Forced Relocation, Language Use, and Ethnic Identity of Koreans in Central Asia
Authors: Yoon In-Jin
Published: January 2015

This article deals with the current situation of language use, ethnic identity, and ethnic relations of Koreans in Central Asia. The primary set of data for this study came from a sample survey of 1,302 Koreans in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Moscow, Sankt Perterburg, and Sakhalin done in July 1997 through March 1998. Raymond Breton's concept of institutional completeness proved to be useful in explaining the regional and temporal differences in the level of assimilation of Koreans to Russian culture and society. High levels of education and occupational upward mobility of Koreans in urban areas, historical experiences and structural conditions have contributed to the assimilation of Koreans in Russian society. Nonetheless, Koreans have maintained high levels of ethnic identity primarily because ethnicity is a socially imposed and recognized marker, differentiating Koreans from others and limiting their life chances.
Nationhood and Transborder Labor Migrations: The Late Twentieth Century from a Late Nineteenth-Century Perspective
Authors: Aguilar Filomeno V.
Published: January 2015

This paper seeks to provide a perspective on contemporary Philippine labor migrations by viewing this phenomenon in light of analogous transborder movements of workers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Based on information about so-called Manilla men in Australia and British Malaya, the paper discusses living and working conditions of migrant workers in the earlier period. The paper takes up the broader context of indentured work in the nineteenth century and the reaction by such countries of origin as China and Japan to interrogate the pervasive sense of shame and victimization felt in present-day Philippines arising from the export of labor. The broad parameters of the Philippine national narrative are explored in view of the continuities and changes in the relationship between national identity and long-distance movements of workers.
Regional Cooperation on Labor Issues
Authors: Huang Fung-Yea
Published: January 2015

Globalization in the past few decades has facilitated the growth of economies and individuals that possess mobile capital and knowledge. However, the situation of less educated workers did not improve as expected because the possibilities for employers to adopt technology, outsourcing, or moving elsewhere serve to keep their bargaining power low. Gaps are widening between less educated and educated workers and between developing and developed economies. This paper suggests that a closer cooperation among Japan, the newly industrial economies and Southeast Asia in monitoring and facilitating short-term labor migration can be a positive factor in narrowing the gaps. Enhancing the skill formation functions of the migration process and upgrading the skills of workers in labor importing economies are among the critical areas that would benefit from regional cooperation.
Immigrants in Japan
Authors: Komai Hiroshi
Published: January 2015

This paper discusses the history of immigration in Japan, the situation of immigrants, and the factors that shape immigrants' rights. The last issue is particularly relevant because of observable tendencies towards settlement and the formation of ethnic communities in some areas. It will take time before Japanese and immigrants can co-exist on equal terms, but there are some indications that the presence and settlement of newcomers in Japan could lead to changes in Japanese society. Immigrants, thus, are turning into more than just a source of labor for Japanese society.
A Study of Asian Immigrants in Global City Tokyo
Authors: Tajima Junko
Published: January 2015

Based on a ten-year research project, this paper examines the process of Asian immigration in Tokyo's inner city areas. Between 1988 and 1998, Asian immigrants have changed from sojourners to settlers. Three distinct stages of Asian immigration had been observed. The first stage was marked by the growing concentration of Asian immigrants in the inner city, the majority of whom were young, unmarried Chinese. During the second stage, those already in Japan started to send for other family members and friends to join them. In the process, ethnic communities spilled over to the adjoining suburbs; social services and support systems also developed to meet the needs of the growing communities. Some of the processes observed during the third stage are increasing diversification of the inner city and the acquisition of Japanese citizenship for some groups such as the Chinese and Taiwanese. New phases of Asian immigration are likely to emerge which may imply further changes for Japanese urban society.