bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE FATE OF TYPHOID BACILLI WHEN INJECTED INTRAVENOUSLY INTO NORMAL RABBITS
Authors: Bull Carroll G.
Published: June 2004

Typhoid bacilli are agglutinated promptly in the circulating blood of normal rabbits and quickly removed from the blood stream.

The clumped bacilli accumulate in the organs and are taken up by assembled polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the liver, spleen, and possibly other organs.

The phagocyted clumps of bacilli are digested and destroyed by the phagocytes.

Hence, destruction of typhoid bacilli intra vitam is brought about by an entirely different process than is the destruction by serum and whole blood in vitro. While the latter is caused by bacteriolysis, the former results from agglutination and intraphagocytic digestion.

Lysis by fresh blood serum is not appreciably affected by spleen or kidney pulp, but it is inhibited by liver pulp. The action of the liver is referable to its biliary constituents, which exert anticomplementary action.

Probably in certain examples of typhoid fever in man the typhoid bacilli in the circulating blood being inagglutinable cannot be removed by the organs and hence are not phagocyted and destroyed.

The observed disparity between the ready destruction of typhoid bacilli by serum and shed blood and the resistance sometimes offered by the bacilli in the infected body is explained by the essential differences in the destructive processes in operation within and without the body.
CHEMOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES WITH COMPOUNDS OF ARSENIC
Authors: Pearce Louise , Brown Wade H.
Published: June 2004

1. All arsenical compounds do not produce the same type of renal injury.

2. In general, there are two broad groups of kidneys produced, the red and the pale, with a variety of subdivisions of each group depending upon modifications in the chemical constitution of the compound, dosage, and length of survival of the animal.
A FURTHER STUDY OF THE BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF ETHYLHYDROCUPREIN ON PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Moore Henry F.
Published: June 2004

1. The serum of rabbits which have been previously treated with a single dose of ethylhydrocuprein (optochin) exerts a bactericidal action on, and, later, inhibits the growth of pneumococci in the test-tube.

2. These actions are most evident in the serum of rabbits when the base (optochin base) is given in oil subcutaneously; somewhat less when the hydrochloride of the drug is given in water subcutaneously; slight when the base is given in oil intramuscularly; and least evident, or absent, when the hydrochloride in water is introduced directly into the stomach. To get these effects by the intravenous route, toxic doses must be given, and, even with toxic non-fatal doses, the effects do not last long.

3. In the case of the base given in oil subcutaneously to rabbits in a dosage of 0.1 gram per kilo of body weight, the bactericidal action of the serum is at its maximum about one hour after administration, and it passes into an inhibitory effect about four hours after the drug has been given.

4. In man the same inhibitory and bactericidal actions of the serum are present when a single dose of 0.5 gram of the hydrochloride of the drug is given by the mouth or subcutaneously, but the bactericidal action is not so marked as in rabbits.

5. When the optochin concentration in the serum has, apparently,. diminished to a certain point in relation to the number of pneumococci present, the pneumococci which have survived the bactericidal action for a few hours acquire the power of growing freely.
THE EFFECT OF PROTEIN SPLIT PRODUCTS ON THE SERUM FERMENTS AND ANTIFERMENT
Authors: Jobling James W. , Petersen William , Eggstein A. A.
Published: June 2004

1. In dogs the toxic effect of primary proteoses is usually associated with the following serum changes: (a) an increase in serum antiferment, with a following fall in titer; (b) some increase in serum protease; (c) an increase in serum lipase; (d) a decrease in serum proteoses and amino nitrogen.

2. Secondary proteoses produce (a) less marked changes in the antiferment titer; (b) a marked increase in serum protease; (c) an increase in serum proteoses; (d) only a slight change in serum lipase; (e) a primary decrease in amino nitrogen.

3. The peptone which we have used (prepared from dog muscle) caused (a) a change in antiferment titer similar to that produced by the primary proteoses; (b) a marked increase in serum protease; (c) only a slight increase in serum lipase; (d) a primary decrease in proteoses, followed by an increase later; (e) an increase in amino-acids.

4. A very small dose of peptone resulted in a decrease in antiferment titer, together with a primary decrease in serum protease.

5. The peptone preparation was non-toxic when introduced into the stomach or rectum, while the intestinal injection was followed by an immediate intoxication.
THE EFFECT OF KILLED BACTERIA ON THE SERUM FERMENTS AND ANTIFERMENT
Authors: Jobling James W. , Petersen William , Eggstein A. A.
Published: June 2004

1. The intravenous injection of killed organisms is followed by the mobilization of a non-specific protease and lipase; the rapidity and extent of this reaction depend upon the toxicity of the organism and on the resistance of the organism to proteolysis.

2. The temperature and leucocytic curve bear no relation to the ferment changes.

3. The serum antiferment is usually increased after the injection.

4. Of the organisms studied, the typhoid bacilli produced the most marked ferment changes, and the tubercle bacilli the least.

5. The toxicity of the dried organisms cannot depend wholly upon proteolysis in vivo, but must depend in part on the preformed toxic substances liberated on lysis.

6. Serum protease should not be considered as the sole exciter of intoxication through the production of protein split products; it seems possible that its function may in part be one of detoxication.
THE ACCELERATION OF ESTERASE ACTION
Authors: Jobling James W. , Eggstein A. A. , Petersen William
Published: June 2004

1. Potassium citrate, potassium oxalate, and calcium lactate accelerate the action of tissue and serum esterases.

2. Intravenous and intraperitoneal injections of large amounts of sodium citrate do not cause a definite increase in the activity of the serum esterase.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF BLOOD GLYCOLYSIS. THE EFFECTS OF THYROID AND ADRENAL EXTRACTS AND PHLORHIZIN ON GLYCOLYSIS IN VITRO
Authors: Mackenzie George M.
Published: June 2004

1. Blood glycolysis in vitro during a period of three hours' incubation proceeds at practically the same rate under sterile conditions and when no effort is made to prevent contamination.

2. Fresh thyroid extract, adrenalin, and phlorhizin do not contain any substances which have a constant effect upon the rate of blood glycolysis outside of the body. No evidence of the presence of an antiferment was found.
OBSERVATIONS ON ANTITYPHOID VACCINATION
Authors: Nichols Henry J.
Published: June 2004

1. Metchnikoff and Besredka's living sensitized vaccine produces a typhoid cholecystitis when injected directly into the gall bladder of rabbits. It is therefore infectious.

2. Rabbits cannot be successfully immunized with this vaccine against direct gall bladder infections. Accordingly, rabbits cannot be used to test immunity in this way.

3. The strain used in the Army vaccine is pathogenic, relatively avirulent, and distinctly toxic. Its efficacy is believed to depend on its toxicity.

4. Vaccinations in those who have had typhoid and revaccinations produce more severe local reactions than original vaccinations in some instances.

5. The typhoidin skin test is not believed to be an index of true immunity, but rather an indication of typhoid proteid sensitization, which is not so complete, so permanent, or so specific as true immunity.
A FURTHER STUDY ON THE BIOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION OF PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Avery Oswald T.
Published: June 2004

1. At least three subgroups of Pneumococcus Type II may be recognized by specific immune reactions. They have been called Subgroups II A, II B, and II X.

2. That the organisms of these three subgroups are biologically related to Pneumococcus Type II is shown by the following facts:

(a) Agglutination with Antipneumococcus Serum II. (b) Protection with Antipneumococcus Serum II, except Subgroup II X. (c) Absorption of Antipneumococcus Serum II with typical Type II pneumococcus removes the antibodies for all subgroups, (d) Absorption of Antipneumococcus Serum II with a member of Subgroups II A or II B removes only the antibodies for the homologous subgroup. Absorption of Antipneumococcus Serum II with any given member of Subgroup II X removes the antibodies for that particular strain only.

3. That the three subgroups, although biologically related to Pneumococcus Type II, possess, nevertheless, specific differential characterswhich separate them one from another, is evidenced by thefollowing facts: (a) The organisms of any subgroup are not agglutinated bythe antisera of the other two subgroups. (b) They are not protected against by the sera of the other subgroups. (c) They do not absorb from Antipneumococcus Serum II the specific immune bodies of the other subgroups.

4. Subgroups II A and II B are characterized by immunity reactions identical within the respective group.

5. Subgroup II X consists of heterogeneous strains which do not cross in their immunity reaction with each other or with Subgroups II A or II B.
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES IN PNEUMONIA
Authors: Weil Richard , Torrey John C.
Published: June 2004

The serum derived from human cases of pneumonia has been used to sensitize guinea pigs passively. As antigen an autolysate of a pneumococcus culture was employed. By means of Dale's method it has been possible to show with considerable regularity that the blood contains sensitizing antibodies during the course of pneumonia, but none after the crisis. Patients suffering from other diseases have failed to give this reaction, as have also normal individuals.
THE RELATION OF THE SPLEEN TO BLOOD DESTRUCTION AND REGENERATION AND TO HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE
Authors: Krumbhaar Edward B. , Musser John H.
Published: June 2004

1. Dogs whose splenic veins or portal vein (Eck fistula) have been transplanted into the inferior vena cava, or whose splenic veins have been ligated, show a lessened tendency to jaundice similar to that exhibited by splenectomized animals.

2. Although the previously existing anemia and the concomitant increased resistance of the red cells of these animals are undoubtedly factors in the greater resistance to hemolytic agents, the lessened tendency to jaundice is, in part at least, due to a mechanical factor dependent on the course of the blood supply to the liver.

3. The additional anemia caused in the test animals by hemolytic agents is usually less than in the controls, although the total fall from the original normal may be greater. This applies to the splenectomized as well as the other test animals and is a modification of our former statements in regard to the severity of the anemia in splenectomized dogs.

4. Although the destruction of blood in these animals is less than in the normal controls, the repair of the same takes considerably longer than in the controls. This confirms similar results previously obtained in splenectomized animals.

5. The white cells exhibit much the same changes as they do following the administration of hemolytic agents to splenectomized or normal animals. As these changes are not unlike those following uncomplicated splenectomy or the operations here discussed, they cannot be considered as characteristic of any of the above procedures, but perhaps as an accompaniment of any temporary increased blood destruction.

6. The reaction of test and control animals is substantially the same, whether the jaundice is caused by toluylenediamin or hemolytic immune serum.
STUDIES ON TREPONEMA PALLIDUM AND SYPHILIS
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Hopkins J. G. , McBurney Malcolm
Published: June 2004

1. As regards these strains, at least, there is no consistent change, either increase or decrease, of rabbit pathogenicity during progressive rabbit passage.

2. There is no difference in pathogenicity between these different strains, although some of them were isolated from condylomata, some from chancres, one from a mucous patch, and one by Nichols from the nervous system.

3. We do not believe that there is any consistency of difference in speed of incubation between these various strains.

4. We think that the nature of the lesion produced by any individual strain, and the incubation time as well, are dependent upon the fortuitous factors incident to the nature of the material used, the technique of injection, and the size of rabbit in which the injection is made.

As to the tendency to generalize possessed by one strain or another, we are not prepared to make a statement. We have not inspected as carefully as we might all our rabbits in regard to the more obscure syphilitic lesions such as small nodules on the eyebrows, nodules on the nasal bones, and internal lesions of the eye. As a matter of fact, we have noticed three cases of keratitis, probably syphilitic, and a number of preputial metastases, we have seen occasional nodules about the anus, and in one case a peritonitis in the fluid of which living treponemata were found on examination. There has not been in our series an extensive number of generalizations. We attribute this largely to the fact that all the studies here recorded were made on rabbits intratesticularly inoculated. It appears from the writings of other investigators that intravenous and intracardial injection of rabbits leads to a more extensive metastatic or general distribution. Two of the few rabbits inoculated intravenously showed testicular lesions. A series of rabbits intracerebrally inoculated through trephine openings showed nothing definite on autopsy, though one of them showed interference with reflexes and rigidity of the limbs for a time which seemed significant of pathological change. This rabbit, however, recovered entirely.
KLOSSIELLA INFECTION OF THE GUINEA PIG
Authors: Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

We have found in the kidneys of twelve supposedly normal guinea pigs, coming from Pennsylvania and New Jersey, a parasite that closely resembles in some of its phases Klossiella muris, described by Smith and Johnson, and the renal parasite of two West African guinea pigs, described by Seidelin.

The forms most commonly found by us and described as the sporoblast cycle, are evidently similar to those described by Smith and Johnson and by Seidelin. There are certain discrepancies of measurement between the parasite described by Seidelin and the one here described, but the most important difference between the two is the different number of sporozoites resulting from a final division of the daughter sporoblasts. Seidelin has found thirty sporozoites; we have found from eight to twelve, while the usual number is eight. Further, we have found a ring form which is unlike any of the stages in either the sporoblast or schizogonic cycle, and which we interpret tentatively as the male element or microgamete. In addition, we have found a tubular form which resembles the glomerular body of Klossiella muris and which we think is the schizogonic phase of this parasite.
SERUM CHANGES FOLLOWING THYROPARATHYROIDECTOMY
Authors: Petersen William , Jobling James W. , Eggstein A. A.
Published: June 2004

1. In thyroparathyroidectomized dogs the onset of tetany bears no constant relation to the ferment-antiferment balance of the serum.

2. The serum lipase titer remains at a low level throughout.

3. A progressive increase in non-coagulable nitrogen and proteoses is observed in the serum following the removal of the glands.

4. The amino nitrogen of the serum is usually increased at the time when tetany is most marked.
THE DISAPPEARANCE OF DEXTROSE FROM THE BLOOD AFTER INTRAVENOUS INJECTION
Authors: Kleiner Israel S.
Published: June 2004

1. As has been found by other investigators, when a large amount of dextrose is injected intravenously into a normal dog it disappears from the circulating blood in about 90 minutes after the end of the injection. Varying amounts (an average of 60 per cent) are excreted in the urine.

2. Even in nephrectomized animals the same quantity will leave the circulation in the same length of time as in normal animals.

3. This phenomenon seems to be, at least to a great extent, independent of vital processes, since dextrose, after intravenous injection into dead animals, is found to leave the blood rapidly.

4. The phenomenon is independent of the important abdominal organs, for it also occurs in animals (living or dead) in which the aorta and inferior vena cava have been ligated near the diaphragm, thus abolishing most of the circulation posterior to the diaphragm.

5. The fact that a considerable amount of the sugar passes from the circulation into the surrounding tissues was established by finding an increase in the carbohydrates of the muscle tissue. This was done in the case of the living anterior animals and in the whole and anterior dead animals. In most of these experiments there was also evidence of the formation of polysaccharides in the muscle tissue.
THE FUNCTION OF THE KIDNEY WHEN DEPRIVED OF ITS NERVES
Authors: Quinby William C.
Published: June 2004

1. By means of vascular suture it is possible to remove the dog's kidney from the body and later to restore it to its former position.

2. Such a kidney is removed from the control of the nervous system, at least for a time.

3. Examination of the function of a kidney so treated shows an initial period of overaction, as compared with that of the normal kidney.

4. This is followed by balanced action.

5. The more recent tests of renal function show that a single, reimplanted kidney is able to maintain normal life indefinitely.

6. The results of these experiments, together with the evidence already at hand, suggest strongly that secretory nerves to the kidney do not exist.
THE PURE CULTIVATION OF SPIROCHÆTA ICTEROHÆMORRHAGIÆ (INADA)
Authors: Ito Tetsuta , Matsuzaki Haruichiro
Published: June 2004

Pure cultures of the spirochætal causative agent of the disease known as Weil's disease, or febrile icterus, in Japan, have been obtained by us in a solid, a semisolid, and a fluid medium. The spirochæta thus isolated remains pathogenic for guinea pigs for many generations. Up to the present time we have succeeded through the courtesy of Professor Nagayo, Dr. Konuma, and Dr. Ishihara, in cultivating three different strains.

The spirochæta is a facultative anaerobe.

The solid and semisolid culture media possess one disadvantage, in that they are opaque on account of the addition of red blood corpuscles; but it is hoped that this drawback may soon be overcome by further studies. We shall report later the results of investigations regarding various questions in immunity as well as further details regarding the biological properties of the spirochæta.
THE PRODUCTION OF AMYLOID DISEASE AND CHRONIC NEPHRITIS IN RABBITS BY REPEATED INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF LIVING COLON BACILLI
Authors: Bailey C. H.
Published: June 2004

The repeated intravenous injection of rabbits with living Bacillus coli communior over long periods has resulted in the formation of amyloid deposits in the spleen, liver, and kidneys. Suppurative lesions were not present in most cases and therefore not a factor in its production. The results have been constant in that amyloid was found in all rabbits, eight in number, which were injected over a period of 88 days or more. Eight rabbits showed amyloid in the spleen, six of these in the kidneys also, and three in the liver.

The kidneys of these eight rabbits also showed as a result of the injections a subacute and chronic glomerulitis, parenchymatous degeneration, some interstitial infiltration with round cells, and a slight cellular proliferation of connective tissue, thus resembling the chronic parenchymatous nephritis of man which is so commonly associated with amyloid disease.
BACTERIOLOGICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON GASTRIC ULCER
Authors: Celler Herbert L. , Thalhimer William
Published: June 2004

It must be assumed that some cause is operative in certain cases preventing the healing of defects in the gastric mucosa and is inoperative in others. Even though anhemolytic streptococci are present in practically all gastric ulcers, we cannot convince ourselves that these organisms have been proven as yet to be the factor which either initiates the ulceration or prevents healing. Nevertheless, the constant presence of streptococci in this type of lesion is a suggestive fact and further experiments to determine their significance are being undertaken.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE CHEMOTHERAPY OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Koga Gensaburo
Published: June 2004

Judging from the macroscopic and microscopic study of the animals treated with the liquid, its action upon the tubercular lesions seems to be about as follows: The effect of a single injection upon the lesions is either negative or inconspicuous. But after repeated injections of the preparation the congestion and leukocytic infiltration about the lesions are markedly decreased, the cheesy material resulting from degeneration of the lesions and other degeneration products are in process of absorption, and young connective tissue is being actively produced in the periphery. While these changes are taking place the number of the bacilli is also being reduced until finally they can no longer be detected on microscopic examination.

Hence it appears that while the preparation may lack bactericidal action in vivo powerful enough to destroy all the bacilli at one injection, yet repeated infusions may nevertheless bring about the destruction of all the bacilli and the modification of the tubercular lesion into that of the suspended stage or even into the healed condition. Whether, therefore, the preparation brings about these results directly by killing the bacilli or indirectly by favoring the healing processes of the body, nevertheless it has power to inhibit the growth of or annihilate entirely the bacilli in vivo.

The experiments reported leave no doubt that Liquid D is capable of bringing about the healing of experimental tubercular lesions; but thus far that most important problem in chemotherapeutics, namely, the extent of the cure produced, has not been solved. The experiments indicate that sterility of the tissues as far as microscopic examinations go has been secured; but microscopic examination is not after all an absolute test of sterility.

In order to test this point, emulsions were made of the lungs, liver, spleen, and other organs of Treated Animals 134 and 135 (Table VII), and they were inoculated into the abdominal cavity of guinea pigs. Some of the animals receiving the emulsion developed tuberculosis, and therefore absolute sterility of the treated animals had not been obtained in these instances.

The problem of the destination and distribution of the preparation in the body of the treated animal, as well as its action against the tubercle bacilli, lesions, and the tubercular organs of the infected guinea pigs, is now being studied further with results to be reported at some future time.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE CHEMOTHERAPY OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Koga Gensaburo
Published: June 2004

A general review of the cases will, I think, indicate that the preparation greatly improves or apparently cures pulmonary and surgical tuberculosis in the first and second stages, and that it seems also to produce beneficial effects upon the disease in the third stage. The duration of these beneficial effects is still to be established by more numerous trials and many years of observation.

The preparation must be given intravenously, and the doses must be increased or decreased according to the age and constitution of each patient (page 156). Moreover, it should be borne in mind that the pathological phenomena and the constitution of each patient have much to do with the determination of the dose. The manner of action of the preparation is not yet entirely clear. But if it acts primarily upon the tissues which bear the tubercular lesions and then indirectly against the germ, as I assume at present, the activity which the tissues exert will have much to do with the efficacy of the preparation. If this hypothesis is correct, the minimum doses (10 to 12 mg.) will be best suited to a patient who is greatly emaciated, and should be gradually increased as the reactions, pathological processes, nutrition, etc., indicate. In any case, the dose of the preparation must be determined by the condition and constitution of the patient. In animal experiments I have been fortunate enough to obtain results which no other preparation has given. The clinical application and the establishment of its full efficacy in human cases must be left to the physician.
STUDIES ON HETEROGENEOUS HEMOLYTIC SERA
Authors: Kritchevsky I. L.
Published: June 2004

Red corpuscles with nuclei contain heterogeneous sheep antigen when the organs of the same animal possess it.

The sera in question contain not only heterogeneous hemolysins but also heterogeneous agglutinins.

The hemolytic sera of rabbits immunized with hen red corpuscles are toxic to guinea pigs and kill them, the clinical picture being that of anaphylactic shock.

Heterogeneous hemolysins are obtained by means of non-toxic antigen (hen red corpuscles injected into veins of rabbits). This fact refutes the theory of Friedberger, who attributed the antigenic power of a suspension of organs to its toxic character.
CICATRIZATION OF WOUNDS
Authors: Du Noüy P. Lecomte
Published: June 2004

The first article of this series showed that it was possible to express mathematically the phenomenon of cicatrization. The principal point consisted in determining by means of an equation, a constant, or index, characterizing each wound. The calculation had to be made for each patient for each wound, and required two observations, 4 days apart.

The index having proved to be a continuous function of the size of the wound and of the age of the patient, of the form

See PDF for Equation

where S is the area, i the index, a a decimal exponent, and K a constant, it was then possible to draw a chart by means of which this index i could be obtained without calculation.

The advantage of the new way of determining the index is, above all, that this index is a general, average, normal index, and no longer an individual index. Hence, the differences between the observed rate of cicatrization of man and the normal rate may give some indication of the general state of the patient. Another advantage is that the determination of the index is no longer controlled by the temporary accidents which may happen between the two observations of S and S'.
THE SERUM TREATMENT OF WEIL'S DISEASE (SPIROCHÆTOSIS ICTEROHÆMORRHAGICA)
Authors: Inada Ryokichi , Ido Yutaka , Hoki Rokuro , Ito Hiroshi , Wani H.
Published: June 2004

Horses immunized with cultures of Spirochæta icterohæmorrhagiæ yield an immune serum having therapeutic properties.

With rare exceptions the serum destroys completely the spirochetes contained in the circulating blood.

The development of antibodies is promoted by the serum injections.

The number of spirochetes in the organs is reduced by the treatment.

Secondary manifestations due to the serum are slight and disappear promptly.

The ultimate effects of the serum treatment on the symptoms and final outcome of the disease have still to be determined.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE VAGUS NERVES UPON CONDUCTION BETWEEN AURICLES AND VENTRICLES IN THE DOG DURING AURICULAR FIBRILLATION
Authors: Robinson G. Canby
Published: June 2004

The experiments that have been reported indicate that stimulation of either the right vagus or the left vagus nerve is equally effectual in blocking impulses from the auricles to the ventricles when auricular fibrillation is present. Stimulation of the left vagus nerve is as effectual in blocking impulses from the normally beating auricles as from the auricles when in a state of fibrillation, and the type of auricular activity has apparently no influence on the effect which stimulation of the left vagus has on auriculoventricular conduction.
THE INTERRELATION OF THE SURVIVING HEART AND PANCREAS OF THE DOG IN SUGAR METABOLISM
Authors: Clark Admont H.
Published: June 2004

The experiments indicate that the pancreas, when perfused aseptically with Locke's solution containing physiological concentrations of dextrose, does not alter the reducing properties of the perfused solution. The pancreas, however, seems to supply something to the Locke's solution circulating through its arteries which in some way brings about a utilization of sugar by the living heart to an extent that does not occur with the heart alone. This pancreatic substance possesses some of the characteristics of an enzyme. It is inactivated by boiling; it is unstable, rapidly becoming inactive on standing; it acts in small amounts; it causes a great acceleration in the rate of a reaction which otherwise proceeds slowly, and the rate of reaction diminishes as the reaction proceeds. Thus this substance has more of the characteristics of an enzyme than of a stable internal secretion like that of the adrenal glands. The disappearance of sugar was dependent upon the presence of living heart tissue, and it ceased as soon as the perfusate was removed from the heart-pancreas circulation and did not occur at all when a pancreatic perfusate was passed through a non-beating heart. This result indicates that the reaction is not similar to that obtained when muscle and pancreas extracts act on more concentrated solutions of dextrose.

The living heart in the presence of the pancreatic factor and dextrose, is responsible for two effects. First, a condensation of the sugar to a non-reducing form that yields again a simple sugar on hydrolysis or by simply standing, with a preservative, at 37°C. for 24 hours. Second, a disappearance of sugar which is probably due to its destruction by hydrolysis or oxidation. After deducting the reducing sugar in the heart-pancreas perfusions which could be recovered by hydrolysis, the amount of sugar which had actually disappeared exceeded that which was used by the heart when perfused with dextrose alone. As to the fate of this portion of the sugar, no definite evidence was obtained.

The question arises as to whether this substance obtained from the perfused pancreas is identical with the hypothetical internal secretion of the pancreas so essential in sugar metabolism. That there is an internal secretion of the pancreas which can be obtained by this method, and that in some way it accelerates the utilization of sugar by the living heart, seems evident. Though the conclusions are based on the heart and pancreas isolated from the numerous interrelating factors occurring in the body, the evidence suggests, at least, that the substance or substances obtained by perfusing the pancreas may be concerned in the normal activity of the pancreas upon sugar metabolism.
THE VARIOUS FACTORS OF RESPIRATION IN PERSONS WITH PNEUMOTHORAX
Authors: Means J. H. , Balboni G. M.
Published: June 2004

It may be said that at rest all the factors of respiration, gaseous exchange, carbon dioxide tension, and the mechanical factors, are normal in persons with a collapsed lung, that the reaction to carbon dioxide is normal up to the point at which the respiration is trebled, or sometimes quadrupled, but that beyond that point a limit may be reached.

The ventilation of the lungs can be accomplished in an entirely normal manner in spite of a greatly reduced vital capacity. The only difference between normal persons and persons with a collapsed lung is that the latter when called upon to increase their ventilation reach their limit a little sooner than the former.

From these findings we might deduce that there will be no dyspnea except after moderate exertion. And this deduction is borne out by the histories of the patients.

In other words, in the lungs, as in other organs, there is a large factor of safety, one lung being as efficient as two, except when the work done calls for more than a threefold increase in the normal ventilation.
CHANGES IN PIGMENT EPITHELIUM CELLS AND IRIS PIGMENT CELLS OF RANA PIPIENS INDUCED BY CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Uhlenhuth Eduard
Published: June 2004

1. Retina pigment epithelium cells and iris pigment cells are placed in an identical medium.

2. The differentiation into two different parts, as well as the pigment strains of the migrating pigment epithelium cells, is lost. The normally highly specialized cuticular structures disappear. The cells begin to move and assume a spindle shape, thus losing their original hexagonal shape.

3. The migrating iris pigment cells begin to show a distribution of the pigment, similar to that exhibited by the migrating pigment epithelium cells. The cuticular structures of this cell type also disappear. These cells also assume the ability of free movement and become spindle-shaped.

4. By means of these changes both cell types not only become more similar to the ordinary culture cell type, but also in certain respects, more like each other, whereas before explantation they were very unlike. In order to accomplish this the pigment epithelium cells must change much more thoroughly than the iris pigment cells.

5. The changes, particularly those of the pigment epithelium cells, show a definite relation to the changes of external factors, as they are the expression of the transmission from dissimilar conditions existing on different sides of the cells into conditions which are uniform on all sides.
THE PRODUCTION OF ARTERIOSCLEROSIS AND GLOMERULONEPHRITIS IN THE RABBIT BY INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF DIPHTHERIA TOXIN
Authors: Bailey C. H.
Published: June 2004

There may be produced in rabbits by the intravenous injection of large doses of diphtheria toxin a vascular degeneration involving the entire aorta, the carotids to the base of the skull, the subclavians, and iliacs, and, for a varying distance distally, the brachials, femorals, and large abdominal vessels. The first part of the pulmonary artery is sometimes affected. The lesion is practically diffuse throughout the aorta and vessels mentioned, consisting of a fatty degeneration and necrosis of the smooth muscle in a wide zone of the media and a crowding together of the elastic fibers in the region affected, resulting in an irregular thinning of the vessel walls and many small aneurysmal pouchings. In rabbits which received pituitrin with the diphtheria toxin extensive calcification occurred throughout this degenerated zone, both in the aorta and other large vessels. It is believed, however, that pituitrin is not essential to the calcification and that if it is of any importance it is because an extreme fatty degeneration is produced more quickly in the media of the vessels when it is administered simultaneously with the toxin.

Diphtheria toxin, given in large doses intravenously, produces in the kidneys of the rabbit a pronounced vascular and parenchymatous degeneration. The former consists of a swelling and desquamation of the endothelial cells of the arterioles and small veins with the formation of fibrinous thrombi, a necrosis and thrombosis of the capillaries of the tufts with hemorrhage and the formation of fibrinous and hyaline masses, and in some of the affected glomeruli considerable collections of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
STUDIES ON THE BLOOD PROTEINS
Authors: Hurwitz S. H. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

The intoxication which develops as the result of a simple obstruction or a closed intestinal loop is accompanied by definite changes in the coagulable proteins of the blood serum. These changes consist essentially in an alteration in the normal albumin-globulin ratio; the globulin fraction is greatly increased and at times the normal relation of the two fractions may show a complete inversion.

The increase in the globulin content of the blood serum is most marked in the animals which show some of the complications met with in loop animals,—rupture of the loop and peritonitis. In the latter conditions especially, the globulin increase is rapid and large. We believe this reaction to be of diagnostic value in acute infections attended by the sudden liberation and absorption of a toxic exudate.

Infections and intoxications produced by inflammatory irritants are also accompanied by a rise in the blood globulins. This observation suggests that tissue disintegration with absorption of toxic products is responsible for the changes noted, and that bacterial invasion is important only in as far as it gives rise to toxic substances.

Animals which have developed a tolerance to proteose intoxication following the periodic injection of small doses of proteose do not show a globulin increase. These experiments do not support the view that the rise in globulins observed in these experimental conditions is an expression of a resistance or tolerance developed by the animal.

From the experimental evidence it seems more probable that the alteration in the partition of the blood protein fractions is one of the results of the metabolic disturbance which has been shown to occur in these conditions.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE EPITHELIAL CELLS AND SAPROPHYTES IN SPUTUM
Authors: Otani Morisuke
Published: June 2004

1. Microscopical examination of sputum that has been washed with isotonic salt solution indicates its source. Sputum from above the vocal cords contains polygonal flat epithelial cells and numerous species of non-pathogenic microorganisms. Sputum from below the cords is clear of saprophytes, although it sometimes contains bronchoalveolar cuboidal cells.

2. The source of the sputum can be determined by the erythrocytes and the bacilli that are contained in it, and the site of the lesion can also be ascertained.

3. In every instance I found erythrocytes in the pulmonary sputum after severe pulmonary hemorrhage.

4. Six of the cases of laryngeal affection referred to in the presentpaper had had no subjective symptoms, but microscopical examination showed tubercle bacilli in the laryngeal sputum. All the six cases were examined by Dr. Tanaka and were found to have tuberculous lesions in the larynx. In the laryngeal sputum of most cases of laryngeal tuberculosis with symptoms, tubercle bacilli have been frequently demonstrated, while in some cases contaminated laryngeal sputum was obtained only after a long series of examinations.

5. Microscopical examination of the sputum plays a significant part in the diagnosis of tuberculosis.
THE DRUG-FASTNESS OF SPIROCHETES TO ARSENIC, MERCURIAL, AND IODIDE COMPOUNDS IN VITRO
Authors: Akatsu Seinai , Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

In the foregoing experiments we attempted to determine whether or not, by subjecting several varieties of spirochetes to increasing doses of certain chemotherapeutic agents, a gradual increase of resistance to the latter could be shown. For this purpose, pure cultures of Treponema pallidum, Treponema microdentium, and Spirochœta refringens were used against the action of salvarsan, neosalvarsan, bichloride of mercury, and iodine-iodide potassium solution in vitro. For culture media, the usual ascites-broth-tissue medium as well as solid ascites-agar-tissue medium was used. After permitting the spirochetes to grow for a fortnight in media containing certain quantities of each drug, transfers were made from tubes showing various degrees of growth to the next series of tubes containing the same drug in still higher concentrations, and similar transfers repeated every 2 weeks. The results of the experiments may be briefly summarized as follows:

1. Treponema pallidum and Treponema microdentium have, within 3 to 4 months, increased their tolerance to salvarsan and neosalvarsan to five and one-half times their original mark. With Spirochata refringens the increase was about three times.

2. Against the action of bichloride of mercury, the amount of increased tolerance of Treponema pallidum was about 35 to 70 times the original, while that of Treponema microdentium was about 10 times as much and was reached within 10 weeks. Spirochata refringens resisted 30 times the original dose.

3. There was an unmistakable increase of resistance of these spirochetes to the action of the iodine-iodide solution (Lugol's solution) when they were grown for several generations in fluid media containing the iodine solution, but the rate of increase between the initial and the acquired tolerance was slight. In general, the addition of Lugol"s solution to fluid media has a weak inhibitory influence upon the growth of the spirochetes, requiring for the total suppression of growth a quantity of over 0.7 cc. to 5 cc. of the culture media. The tolerance reached was for about three times that amount.

4. A similar tolerance phenomenon has not been established when employing a solid instead of a fluid medium containing the drugs. No explanation is offered except a suggestion that the drugs held in the agar do not enter into combination with certain tissue constituents of the medium as they are able to do with tissue elements in fluid media. This may be a factor necessary for inducing drug tolerance in these organisms in vitro.

5. The increased drug-fastness in vitro has a limit beyond which no further advance can be made. This limit varies with different species of spirochetes.

6. The acquired drug-fastness in vitro gradually disappears when the spirochetes are cultivated again in the drug-free media for several generations.
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Dragstedt Lester R. , Moorhead James J. , Burcky Fred W.
Published: June 2004

1. Closed intestinal loops in which bacteria are first removed are compatible with life.

2. Closed intestinal loops in which bacteria are present but in which tissue necrosis is prevented, are compatible with life.

3. Closed aseptic intestinal loops in which the blood supply is completely occluded are compatible with life.

4. The normal secretions and bacterial products of the duodenum and jejunum are not sufficiently toxic to produce any symptoms when allowed to drain into the abdominal cavity.

5. Our results do not support the theory of Draper of a normal toxic secretion of the duodenal mucosa, neutralized by the jejunal mucosa, or the perverted secretion theory of Whipple.

6. Bacterial activity plus necrotic tissue, or the absorption of toxic products resulting from the action of putrefactive bacteria on necrotic tissue is the important factor in the rapid death in simple closed intestinal loops.
THE INFLUENCE OF CERTAIN ORGANIC SUBSTANCES ON THE GROWTH OF THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS
Authors: Lewis Paul A.
Published: June 2004

The power of a large number of aniline dyes to restrain the growth of Bacillus tuberculosis and Bacillus typhosus has been determined. Many substances have been found with especial restraining power for the tubercle bacillus under the conditions of the test. This capacity to restrain growth in the case of the tubercle bacillus apparently bears no simple relation to true disinfectant action. Opinion as to whether the active substances exert a truly specific activity against the tubercle bacillus or whether the activity is determined by the peculiar conditions imposed by the growth of this bacterium as a surface membrane are left for future consideration.
PROTEOSE INTOXICATIONS AND INJURY OF BODY PROTEIN
Authors: Whipple G. H. , Cooke J. V.
Published: June 2004

Proteose injections in dogs cause vomiting, diarrhea, temperature reactions, low blood pressure, prostration, and, after large doses, an excess of antithrombin with incoagulable blood.

A single proteose injection, for example one-half a lethal dose, causes abrupt clinical reactions in a normal dog with apparent complete recovery within 24 to 48 hours.

The nitrogen elimination curve in a fasting dog under such conditions shows a great rise in total urinary nitrogen. The apex of the curve usually falls during the second 24 hour period following the injection. This rise may be over 100 per cent increase above the mean base-line nitrogen level. It does not fall promptly to normal but declines slowly in 3 to 5 days or more toward the original base-line (Text-fig. 1). This speaks for a definite cell injury with destruction of considerable protein substance due to a single proteose injection. The disturbance of cell equilibrium is not rapidly or promptly restored to normal.

A dog which has received previous proteose injections is partially immune or tolerant to subsequent injections of proteose. These dogs, as a rule, show less intense clinical reactions and less rise in the curve of nitrogen elimination following a unit dose of standard proteose as compared with normal or non-immune controls.

The proteose used in these experiments was prepared as described from material obtained in cases of intestinal obstruction or of closed intestinal loops.

These experiments explain the sharp rise in blood non-protein nitrogen which follows within a few hours the injection of a toxic proteose. They also point to the correct explanation of the high non-protein nitrogen of the blood found in intestinal obstruction or with closed intestinal loops.
THE PASSAGE OF NEUTRALIZING SUBSTANCES FROM THE BLOOD INTO THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IN POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Flexner Simon , Amoss Harold L.
Published: June 2004

The cerebrospinal fluid taken very early and quite late in the course of acute poliomyelitis exhibits no neutralizing action on filtered poliomyelitic virus.

The blood serum on the 6th day of the disease already contains the neutralizing principles.

The injection of sterile horse serum into the cerebrospinal meninges in monkeys increases their permeability, so that they permit the immunity neutralizing principles passively injected into the blood to pass into the cerebrospinal fluid.

The passage in passively immunized monkeys takes place during a relatively brief space of time and apparently only while the inflammatory reaction produced by the horse serum is at its height.

It is established for monkeys and rendered probable for man that the intraspinal injection of immune serum in poliomyelitis is curative. In monkeys normal serum exerts no such action, and at present nothing can be stated definitely regarding the therapeutic effect of normal serum in man except that probably any benefits which may arise from its employment would be attributable not to the action of the serum as such, but to the escape of circulating immunity principles in the blood made possible by the aseptic inflammation set up by it in the meninges.

As the immunity principles appear in the blood only after several days, and the reported favorable effects of the immune serum treatment relate to the first days of illness, the employment of normal serum is thus not indicated, while that of an immune serum is.