bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic Review of the Prevalence of Tooth Wear in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Kreulen C.M. , Van ’t Spijker A. , Rodriguez J.M. , Bronkhorst E.M. , Creugers N.H.J. , Bartlett D.W.
Published: April 2010

Data on the prevalence of tooth wear among children and adolescents are inconsistent. Given the impact of extensive tooth wear for over a lifetime, evidence on the extent is required. The aim was to systematically review the literature on the prevalence of tooth wear in children and adolescents. A PubMed literature search (1980–2008) used the keywords ‘tooth’ AND ‘wear’; ‘dental’ AND ‘attrition’ AND ‘prevalence’; ‘dental’ AND ‘wear’ AND ‘prevalence’; ‘erosion AND prevalence’ AND ‘abrasion AND prevalence’. Following exclusion criteria, 29 papers were reviewed using established review methods. There was a total of 45,186 subjects (smallest study 80 and largest study 17,047 subjects) examined from thirteen multiple random clusters, eight multiple convenience clusters and eight convenience clusters. Nine different tooth wear indices were used, but the common denominator among studies was dentin exposure as an indicator of severe wear. Forest plots indicated substantial heterogeneity of the included studies. Prevalence of wear involving dentin ranged from 0 to 82% for deciduous teeth in children up to 7 years; regression analysis showed age and wear to be significantly related. Most of the studies in the permanent dentition showed low dentin exposure, a few reported high prevalence (range 0–54%); age and wear were not related (regression analysis). The results of this systematic review indicate that the prevalence of tooth wear leading to dentin exposure in deciduous teeth increases with age. Increase in wear of permanent teeth with age in adolescents up to 18 years old was not substantiated.
Age and Gender Differences in Hip Extension and Flexion Torque Steadiness
Authors: Grunte Iveta , Hunter Gary R. , McCurry Blaire Dagostin , Bolding Mark S. , Roy Jane L.P. , McCarthy John P.
Published: April 2010

Background: Lower extremity torque steadiness has been shown to be an independent predictor of functional performance in older women. Hip muscle function is crucial for many types of activities of daily living, yet existing studies investigating torque steadiness for lower extremities are limited to assessing steadiness at the knee and ankle. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare age and gender differences in hip extension (HE) and flexion (HF) strength, torque steadiness, and torque accuracy (TA). Methods: Twenty young adults (10 men, 10 women; age 24.0 ± 2.2 years) and 21 older adults (11 men, 10 women; age 65.4 ± 4.5 years) matched across age for height and body mass participated. Dominant leg HE and HF isometric strength was assessed by maximal voluntary contractions (MVC); relative (5, 25 and 50% MVC) and absolute (25 Nm) torque steadiness were assessed as standard deviation and coefficient of variation of torque fluctuations, and TA was determined as the mean deviation from target torque levels. Results: MVC was lower for HF than HE (p = 0.007), but HE had greater torque fluctuations (p < 0.05). For HE, the coefficient of variation of 5% MVC was greater for older than young adults (p < 0.05) and greater for women than men (p < 0.05). For HF torque steadiness there were no age or gender differences (p > 0.05). For both HE and HF, older adults were less accurate (higher TA) than their young counterparts at 25 Nm (p < 0.022). Conclusions: Our results indicate older as compared to young adults, and women as compared to men are less steady (greater torque fluctuations) in HE at 5% MVC target torque levels, but not at higher torque levels. For HF, torque steadiness is similar across low to high target torque levels in both genders and across younger and older adults. For both HE and HF, TA is impaired in older compared to young adults at absolute target torque levels, but not at relative torque levels.
The Influence of Culture on Parenting Practices of East Asian Families and Emotional Intelligence of Older Adolescents
Authors: Sung Helen Y.
Published: April 2010

Academic success among East Asian students is well known and almost stereotypical. Yet the attention to emotional well-being continues to be minimal. The discrepancy between academic success and social/emotional difficulties appears to be a problem among East Asian adolescents. This qualitative grounded theory study examines how the cultural influences in parenting practices of East Asian parents impact the different aspects of emotional intelligence in older adolescents. Twenty older adolescents (ages 16—19) and their mothers, from Chinese and Korean heritage, living in the Southern Bay area in California participated in the study. The main form of data collection was through formal, in-depth and open-ended interviews and administration of standardized emotional intelligence questionnaires. The findings suggest that East Asian beliefs in hierarchy in family order, ‘saving face’, hard work/education, respect for elders and sibling relations have an impact on parent/child interaction. In addition, acculturation and globalization contributed to the change in cultural norms. The repeating themes related to parenting practices were correlated with very low, low, medium and high emotional intelligence levels. Distinct attitudinal and perceptual differences between adolescents with very low and high EQ were found.
The Effect of Pupil Absenteeism on Literacy and Numeracy in the Primary School
Authors: Carroll H.C.M. (Tim)
Published: April 2010

Although school psychologists are involved in dealing with the problem of pupil absenteeism at both the individual child and whole school level, one of the possible reasons for their involvement, namely the belief that significant absence from school has an effect on attainments, is actually founded on weak evidence. The literature review presented in this article revealed that, in order to determine the effect of absence on attainments, no satisfactory study had hitherto been conducted in which attainments had been measured before and after a period of absence. However, the results of longitudinal research partially conducted by the present author, reported in this article, do show that absence from school has a significant effect on primary school attainments. In particular, it was found that an absence of half a year between the ages of 7- and 11-years-of-age resulted in a reduction of 0.7 of a year and 1 year in reading and mathematics test scores respectively. The article ends with a consideration of the kind of research which still needs to be conducted in order to provide school psychologists with the information they need to deal successfully with pupil absenteeism problems.
Organochlorine pesticide residue levels and oxidative stress in preterm delivery cases
Authors: Pathak Rahul , Suke Sanvidhan G , Ahmed Tanzeel , Ahmed Rafat S , Tripathi AK , Guleria Kiran , Sharma CS , Makhijani SD , Banerjee BD
Published: April 2010

A number of studies have focused attention on various biochemical abnormalities evoked due to exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The aim of the present study was to analyze the OCP residues in maternal and cord blood of women and assess the levels of different non-enzymatic oxidative stress markers as well as to establish correlation with OCP levels, if any. Thirty women in each group of full-term delivery (FTD; ≥37 weeks of gestation) and preterm delivery (PTD; <37 weeks of gestation) were enrolled in this study. Levels of OCPs like Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), endosulfan, p,p′ Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and p,p’ Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) were analyzed by gas chromatography. Non-enzymatic oxidative stress was measured by the quantification of malondialhyde (MDA), protein carbonyl, reduced glutathione (GSH) and ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP). MDA and protein carbonyl levels were increased significantly, while the levels of GSH and FRAP were decreased in PTD in comparison to FTD cases. We have observed higher levels of β-HCH and α-endosulfan and increased oxidative stress in PTD than FTD cases. In PTD cases, a significant positive correlation was observed between maternal blood levels of β-HCH and MDA (r = .78), β-HCH and GSH (r = —.65), γ-HCH and MDA (r = .89), γ-HCH and GSH (r = —.74) and α-endosulfan and MDA (r = .54) in PTD cases. We also found significant correlations between cord blood levels of β-HCH and MDA (r = .59), β-HCH and GSH (r = —.69), γ-HCH and MDA (r = .62) and α-endosulfan and MDA (r = .54) in PTD cases. In conclusion, our results suggest that higher levels of some of the OCP residues may be associated with PTD and increased oxidative stress.
Migration, small towns and social transformations in Pakistan
Authors: Hasan Arif
Published: April 2010

This paper derives from a longer IIED report and describes the close relationship between migration/emigration and the sociology/ecology of the different regions of Pakistan, and poverty-related issues in these regions. It also deals with the massive migrations from India to Pakistan (at the time of partition and as a result of three wars with India), the migration from Afghanistan (as a result of the prolonged Afghan war), and from Bangladesh (as a result of the creation of that country). The socioeconomic and political repercussions of these migrations are discussed, as well as rural—urban migration and its repercussions on both the urban and rural areas of Pakistan. The sections on emigration establish that, by and large, emigration has not benefited the emigrants and their families except in relation to building real estate. In addition, it has created severe strains on the extended family and has increased the rich—poor divide. However, worker’s remittances from abroad have played an important role in the growth of Pakistan’s GDP, and without them the exchange rate and monetary and fiscal policies would have come under greater pressure. The paper also deals with the legal and illegal processes of migration and emigration; the role of the informal and state agencies in the processes; the role of emigrant organizations in financing and in social projects and programmes; and suggestions for enhancing and improving these roles. Finally, the paper focuses on three very different small towns and discusses the impact of migration and emigration on their physical and socioeconomic development; also the fact that although the economy is dominated by the merchant classes, the political power rests firmly with the landed elite except where the state is the major landowner.
Employers as landlords for rural-to-urban migrants in Chinese cities
Authors: Bingqin Li  , Duda Mark
Published: April 2010

In Chinese cities, employer-provided housing has played an important part in accommodating low-income, rural-to-urban migrants. Employer housing is often used to study other problems such as management style or worker psychology. In this paper we intend to examine employer-provided housing for its own sake. We use two surveys in the cities of Taiyuan and Tianjin in China to understand the reasons why Chinese employers want to provide housing for employees, the conditions of this type of housing and whether workers are satisfied with it. In doing so, we may identify areas that suffer from serious market failure and will discuss possible solutions to the problems.
Is urbanization contributing to higher food prices?
Authors: Stage Jesper , Stage Jørn , Mcgranahan Gordon
Published: April 2010

Urbanization has been mentioned as one possible cause of higher food prices, and in this paper we examine some of the suggested links between urbanization and food prices. We conclude that urbanization, conventionally defined as the increasing share of the population living in urban settlements, is being conflated with related but separate processes, such as economic growth, population growth and environmental degradation. We discuss factors that affect food prices and conclude that the one important way in which urbanization in poor countries may affect food prices is that it increases the number of households that depend on commercial food supplies, rather than on own production, as their main source, and hence are likely to hoard food if they fear future price increases. One policy option for managing this is larger food reserves. Attempts to curb urbanization, on the other hand, would be ill-advised.
Watching the city grow: remittances and sprawl in intermediate Central American cities
Authors: Klaufus Christien
Published: April 2010

The largest share of Latin American population lives in cities with less than half a million inhabitants. Since the publication of the Brundtland Report in the 1980s, small and intermediate cities have been regarded as places that hold out a promise for sustainable urban development. This paper explores current urbanization trends in intermediate cities in Central America. It describes the construction boom of gated communities for the middle class, in majority people with access to migrant remittances. It is argued that sustainable urbanization is challenged by the privatization of urban planning. The lack of strong governmental coordination of the housing market along with urban growth puts pressure on natural resources and on the livability of cities that used to be characterized by their human scale and rich natural environment. It is suggested that the market of existing housing should be made more attractive in order to control urban growth and prevent an oversupply of new expensive middle-class homes in the periphery, paralleled by a large number of abandoned existing houses in the urban core.
An enumeration and mapping of informal settlements in Kisumu, Kenya, implemented by their inhabitants
Authors: Karanja Irene
Published: April 2010

This paper describes an enumeration of all households living in informal settlements in Kisumu, Kenya, implemented by their inhabitants and supported by savings groups, the Kenyan Homeless People’s Federation (Muungano wa Wanvijiji), of which they are members, and Pamoja Trust, a Kenyan NGO. This work included collecting data on each household, numbering each structure and providing photo identity cards to each household. It also included the preparation of detailed maps defining the boundaries of all house structures along with features of the site, with a level of accuracy and detail needed for upgrading and providing secure tenure. The data from the enumeration helped inform the residents of each settlement about their needs, and supported their collective discussions about priorities. The enumeration in Kisumu is part of a larger enumeration and mapping programme, both within Kenya and in many other nations, supported by organizations and federations of the urban poor.
Migratory patterns in small towns: the cases of Mazabuka and Kalomo in Zambia
Authors: Nchito Wilma S
Published: April 2010

There is a view that over the years, larger cities in Zambia have been experiencing a steady flow of out migration, and that the destinations of these out migrants are the smaller centres. However, although this could be true, it is unlikely that all small towns are attractive to migrants. This paper considers the employment opportunities in two towns in southern Zambia, and examines the conditions that may encourage migratory flows of labour between larger cities and surrounding rural areas and small towns. Small and intermediate centres offer different opportunities to migrants, and the level of services provided varies, thus encouraging or discouraging migrants to move. The paper also outlines the economic conditions in the two case study towns in order to explain what motivates migrants from either rural or urban areas to move, and looks at the different types of migrants found in these small centres.
Gender and class in urban transport: the cases of Xian and Hanoi
Authors: Hoai Anh Tran  , Schlyter Ann
Published: April 2010

This paper presents empirical findings of a study on the mobility situation of people of different gender, age and class in two residential areas each in two fast-growing Asian cities with high rates of motorization, Xian in China and Hanoi in Vietnam. Notable class and gender differences in travel patterns were found in both cities. Respondents in the old and poorer residential areas walk more, while better-off respondents in the new areas use motorized transport modes (car and motorbikes) to a greater extent. The main difference in travel modes between the areas in both cities is that non-motorized modes are used as a necessary means of travel for less well-off people in the old areas, while residents in the new (and better-off areas) can choose to switch to motorized modes for longer distance trips. Further class difference can be found in Hanoi in the use of buses and in Xian in the use of cars. The study found that the differences in travel patterns between women and men are similar to those found between the residents of poor and affluent areas: women walk more and men are more motorized. The study also confirms that in both Xian and Hanoi, despite women’s high rates of participation in the labour market, men still predominate in livelihood-related transport tasks whereas women are more involved in household-related transport tasks.
Some realities of the urban poor and their food security situations: a case study of Berta Gibi and Gemechu Safar in the city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Tolossa Degefa
Published: April 2010

This paper, based on qualitative research within two communities in Addis Ababa, identifies factors that impoverish households and expose them to chronic food shortages, and assesses their coping and survival strategies. A sustainable livelihood framework is used to explore how context, shocks, assets, institutions, activities and strategies interact in multiple ways to affect well-being and food security. Households were found to be vulnerable to a range of environmental factors and economic shocks, including poor sanitation, unhygienic environments, overcrowding, unemployment and limited access to financial capital. Their survival strategies include diversification of sources of income, living in slum areas and migration of household members.
Creative Arts Therapy Improves Quality of Life for Pediatric Brain Tumor Patients Receiving Outpatient Chemotherapy
Authors: Madden Jennifer R. , Mowry Patricia , Dexiang Gao  , McGuire Cullen Patsy , Foreman Nicholas K.
Published: April 2010

This mixed methods pilot study evaluated the effects of the creative arts therapy (CAT) on the quality of life (QOL) of children receiving chemotherapy. A 2-group, repeated measures randomized design compared CAT with a volunteer’s attention (n = 16). Statistical analysis of the randomized controlled phase of the study suggested an improvement in the following areas after the CAT: parent report of child’s hurt ( P = .03) and parent report of child’s nausea ( P = .0061). A nonrandomized phase, using a different instrument showed improved mood with statistical significance on the Faces Scale ( P < .01), and patients were more excited ( P < .05), happier ( P < .02), and less nervous ( P < .02). Provider focus groups revealed positive experiences. Case studies are included to exemplify the therapeutic process. With heightened interest in complementary therapy for children with cancer, future research with a larger sample size is needed to document the impact of incorporating creative arts into the healing process.
Music Therapy to Reduce Pain and Anxiety in Children With Cancer Undergoing Lumbar Puncture: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Thanh Nhan Nguyen  , Nilsson Stefan , Hellström Anna-Lena , Bengtson Ann
Published: April 2010

A nonpharmacological method can be an alternative or complement to analgesics.The aim of this study was to evaluate if music medicine influences pain and anxiety in children undergoing lumbar punctures. A randomized clinical trial was used in 40 children (aged 7-12 years) with leukemia, followed by interviews in 20 of these participants. The participants were randomly assigned to a music group (n = 20) or control group (n = 20). The primary outcome was pain scores and the secondary was heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation measured before, during, and after the procedure. Anxiety scores were measured before and after the procedure. Interviews with open-ended questions were conducted in conjunction with the completed procedures. The results showed lower pain scores and heart and respiratory rates in the music group during and after the lumbar puncture. The anxiety scores were lower in the music group both before and after the procedure. The findings from the interviews confirmed the quantity results through descriptions of a positive experience by the children, including less pain and fear.
Comparison of perceived support for physical activity and physical activity related practices of children and young adolescents in Hong Kong and Australia
Authors: Ha Amy , Abbott Rebecca , Macdonald Doune , Pang Bonnie
Published: April 2010

This study compared the self-reported physical activity, perceived social support for, and perceived barriers to, physical activity of primary and secondary school children from Hong Kong and Australia. Hong Kong boys and girls reported spending significantly less time, outside of school hours, on physical activity than their Australian contemporaries ( p < .05). There was significantly higher perceived support for activity from Australian parents ( p < .001), teachers ( p < .001) and peers ( p < .001) compared to their Hong Kong counterparts. Parental support significantly correlated with self-reported activity in Australia, but not in Hong Kong. These data add support to the notion that strategies to increase physical activity need to embed family and school.
Attitude to physical education and participation in organized youth sports during adolescence related to physical activity in young adulthood: A 10-year longitudinal study
Authors: Kjønniksen Lise , Fjørtoft Ingunn , Wold Bente
Published: April 2010

This study examined the relationship between participation in organized youth sport and attitude to physical education (PE) during adolescence and physical activity in young adulthood. The sample comprised 630 participants who completed questionnaires over a 10-year period. Analysis of variance and regression were used to examine the relationship between attitude to PE and participation in organized sport at age 13 years and physical activity at age 23 years. Both genders had a consistent and positive attitude toward PE at age 13—16 years. More boys participated in organized youth sport, and participation rates declined from age 13 to 16 years. Participation in organized sport was the strongest predictor of physical activity at age 23 years in males, whereas attitude to PE was the strongest predictor in females. Participation in sport and physical activity in different arenas during adolescence may affect participation differently in young adult men and women.
Being influenced or being an influence: New teachers’ induction experiences
Authors: Keay Jeanne
Published: April 2010

This article draws on and develops the outcomes of previous research which concluded that school subject departments provide the setting for influential professional development and that experienced teachers strongly influence their newly qualified colleagues. The findings of two subsequent research projects, which used this as a starting point, are examined through a figurational sociological perspective. The first project examines influences on professional development over five years with two participants and the second project, conducted with new teachers, takes the analysis a stage further to explore power relationships within new teachers’ ‘figurations’. The article asks whether it is inevitable that new recruits to the teaching profession are the victims of an unequal balance of power or whether they are able to exert professional influence over their colleagues. The research findings suggest that physical education (PE) subject communities in schools are strong and provide a context in which new teachers must often find ways to be accepted before they can influence practice. One of the outcomes of such a process is that new teachers perpetuate rather than challenge and improve current practice. If PE is to be progressive, experienced teachers must be aware of the strong influence they exert over new teachers, particularly during training and induction.
Tourism as a Small-State Development Strategy
Authors: Bishop Matthew Louis
Published: April 2010

There has been a shift in many developing countries, particularly Small Island Developing States (SIDS), towards tourism as the centrepiece of their development strategy. This occurs in the context of narrowing developmental options occasioned by the end of preferential access to metropolitan markets for agriculture and the attendant decline of the primary sector. This article draws on evidence from two case studies from the microstates of the Eastern Caribbean – St Lucia and St Vincent – and discusses the implications of their respective approaches and the ambiguous nature of tourism as a development strategy.
Development challenges for a resurgent African diaspora
Authors: Davies Rebecca
Published: April 2010

This article seeks to explore the politics of an increasingly prominent African diaspora. It does so by locating the growing debate on diasporas and development in a broader political economy context to provide a historical understanding of how the African diaspora, and its contribution to development outcomes, is shaped by Africa’s distinctive politics. In particular, the article considers the significance of neo-patrimonial systems of governance and the crisis of stateness in order to evaluate whether diaspora networks and income represent a significant opportunity to address long-standing problems on the continent.
Putting it in context: the use of vignettes in qualitative interviewing
Authors: Jenkins Nicholas , Bloor Michael , Fischer Jan , Berney Lee , Neale Joanne
Published: April 2010

The article draws on two separate studies employing developmental vignettes (hypothetical scenarios which unfold through a series of stages) to interview research participants. One study used the ‘Davie’ vignette, which was a conventional fixed narrative, while in the second, the ‘Jack and Jenny’ vignettes were made interactive by hyperlinking a series of PowerPoint scenarios and making the choice of the succeeding slide dependent on the interviewee’s reaction to its predecessor. Our analytic standpoint, in respect of both vignettes, is that of Schutzian phenomenology. We point to differences in both topical and motivational relevances in the processes of interpretation undergone by participants in considering the vignette scenario and in the situation of action. However, we show that research participants’ responses to vignettes can yield data of interest in their own right as participants perform ‘Thou-orientations’ and ‘They-orientations’ in their consideration of the stimuli. We close with a comparative evaluation of the fixed ‘Davie’ and the interactive ‘Jack and Jenny’ vignettes.
Producing children’s corporeal privacy: ethnographic video recording as material-discursive practice
Authors: Aarsand Pål , Forsberg Lucas
Published: April 2010

This article discusses the use of video cameras in participant observation drawing on approximately 300 hours of video data from an ethnographic study of Swedish family life. Departing from Karen Barad’s post-humanistic perspective on scientific practices, the aim is to critically analyse how researchers, research participants and technology produce and negotiate children’s corporeal privacy. Ethnographic videotaping is understood as a material-discursive practice that creates and sustains boundaries between private and public, where videotaping is ideologically connected to a public sphere that may at times ‘intrude’ on children’s corporeal privacy. The limits of corporeal privacy are never fixed, but open for negotiation; ethnographers may therefore unintentionally transgress the boundary and thus be faced with ethical dilemmas. The fluidity of privacy calls for ethical reflexivity before, during and after fieldwork, and researchers must be sensitive to when ethical issues are at hand and how to deal with them.
Powell’s point: ‘denial and deception’ at the UN
Authors: Finn Jonathan
Published: April 2010

This article examines the use of visual representation in Colin Powell’s speech to the United Nations on 5 February 2003. The article borrows from Charles Goodwin’s theory of professional vision to argue that Powell’s presentation failed to develop a shared vision of the material presented. The primary flaw in this regard was Powell’s failure to acknowledge and account for the differences between modes of visual representation. Projections of text, photographs, video, maps and computer-generated illustrations were presented as synonymous forms of visual evidence. By not accounting for the unique properties of these media, Powell failed to articulate the images as evidentiary statements. What was to be a convincing display of visual evidence was instead a weak and discontinuous PowerPoint slide show. Using Powell’s presentation as a case-study, the author stresses the need to be more critically aware of one’s representational choices in acts of communication.
Bicultural Individuals in Organizations
Authors: Brannen Mary Yoko , Thomas David C.
Published: April 2010

Cross-cultural management research typically assumes that individuals have only one cultural profile. However, given the changing patterns in the world’s workforce it is increasingly possible that more employees and managers will be bicultural. This special issue responds to the need to further our understanding of this emerging demographic in organizations. In this introductory article, we provide a brief review of what we know about bicultural individuals, point out some implications of our current knowledge for organizations, indentify opportunities for further exploration of these topics, and introduce the articles in the special issue.
Bicultural Competence and its Impact on Team Effectiveness
Authors: Hong Hae-Jung
Published: April 2010

This paper develops the concept of bicultural competence and explores its impact on multicultural team effectiveness. Biculturals are individuals who have deeply internalized two cultural schemas. A cultural schema is a set of knowledge about values, norms, and beliefs for a given culture. Biculturals are an increasing workforce demographic, and hence a growing part of multicultural teams. Their innate skills that result from being bicultural may help solve central problems in multicultural teams, including managing conflicts and boundary spanning across cultures. Specifically, this paper defines bicultural competence, determines its antecedents, specifies its impact on the two main roles bicultural individuals play in teams, and explores their impact on multicultural team effectiveness. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Bicultural-Bilinguals
Authors: Ringberg Torsten V. , Luna David , Reihlen Markus , Peracchio Laura A.
Published: April 2010

Cross-cultural management research suggests that bicultural-bilinguals are ideal cultural mediators as they are able to access dual cultural frameworks and seamlessly switch back and forth between these. The assumption is that this switching between cultural frameworks ensures equivalency in meaning across cultures. Yet previous research has only shown this effect at a between-subject level during which cultural variables were not controlled for. Our research controls for such influences by relying on a within-subject approach, illustrating that language triggers frame switching among bicultural-bilinguals and that the process is largely tacit. Moreover, such frame switching may lead to unintended consequences for organizations seeking to control a meaning across cultures as the meaning in the original language is uprooted to a point where it may no longer be recognizable within a different language. We illustrate this drift in meaning across both concrete and abstract concepts and discuss its managerial implications.
Diabetes mellitus and travel-related illnesses
Authors: Hakeem M. Lukman , Bhattacharyya Diptendu N , Campbell Ian W
Published: April 2010

International travel, including patients travelling with diabetes mellitus, is predicted to increase in the coming decades. These patients will require pre-travel education regarding adjusting insulin and oral antidiabetic agents during their journey especially if they fall ill. The spectrum of travel-related illnesses includes food and waterborne diseases, airborne and vector-borne diseases, zoonoses, sexually transmitted and blood-borne diseases, and diseases transmitted by soil. This article reviews the pre-travel vaccines and immunisations and infectious diseases of potential risk to diabetic travellers. Furthermore investigation of fever in returned diabetic travellers with particular reference to physical signs of common tropical illnesses is also discussed.
Quality and safety in NHS Scotland
Authors: Rooney Kevin D , Leitch Jason
Published: April 2010

If the 1990s was the decade of evidence-based medicine the following decade has seen a gradual move towards evidence-based care delivery. The translation of discovery research into actual improvements in care is a challenging transition. Quality improvement techniques developed in industry are an attempt to bridge this gap. Unprecedented improvements in the safety of air travel, oil exploration and nuclear power have occurred because of cultural change after major disasters. In contrast healthcare deals with life and death every day. The quality improvement movement has now reached healthcare. NHS Scotland has a long history of innovation in quality and safety. The most recent is the Scottish Patient Safety Programme, an initiative designed to reduce acute hospital mortality by 15% and adverse events by 30%. NHS Scotland is launching a Quality Strategy to lay the foundations for further improvements in safety, clinical effectiveness and patient centredness.
New imperialism
Authors: Fuchs Christian
Published: April 2010

This article explores whether contemporary society can be characterized as demonstrating a new form of the Marxist notion of imperialism and as informational/ media imperialism. In an attempt to answer this question, I employ Vladimir Lenin’s analysis of imperialism. Paying particular attention to the relevance of media and information, I test Lenin’s theories against macroeconomic statistical analysis of existing data. My analysis is structured according to Lenin’s five characteristics of imperialism: (1) the role of economic concentration; (2) the dominance of finance capital; (3) the importance of capital export; (4) the spatial stratification of the world as result of corporate dominance; and (5) the political dimension of the spatial stratification of the world. The results demonstrate that Lenin’s theories should be reloaded for contemporary media and communication studies.
A voice for the voiceless?
Authors: Figenschou Tine Ustad
Published: April 2010

Al-Jazeera English is the first English-language satellite news channel broadcasting globally from the Middle East. The channel aims to redress the balance of news flows, and the present article presents a comprehensive, quantitative content analysis of the channel’s news. The article finds that the channel airs more news items from and about the global South than the global North, and that the South is covered in more in-depth news formats, with more correspondents on the ground. Furthermore, it documents that male, independent elites are the most frequent and authoritative news sources on Al-Jazeera English. The article concludes that the channel represents a potential contra-flow of English-language satellite news, through its explicit Southern agenda, but that it continues the political bias and elite orientation characteristic of mainstream international news.
Exploratory study on the reversal of warfarin with rFVIIa in healthy subjects
Authors: Skolnick Brett E. , Mathews David R. , Khutoryansky Naum M. , Pusateri Anthony E. , Carr Marcus E.
Published: April 2010

The use of warfarin has a well-known bleeding risk. Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) is a non–plasma-derived, rapid-acting, and rapidly infused potential treatment. This randomized, single-center, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, dose-escalation, exploratory phase 1 trial assessed safety and effects of rFVIIa in reversing warfarin-induced changes in bleeding and coagulation parameters, using a punch biopsy–induced bleeding model in healthy subjects. The effects of warfarin (experiment 1) and rFVIIa (5-80 μg/kg; experiment 2) were evaluated. Outcomes were bleeding duration, blood loss, coagulation parameters, and safety. Warfarin treatment significantly increased bleeding duration and blood loss from pretreatment (experiment 1, 12 subjects). However, these parameters after rFVIIa treatment were not significantly different from placebo (experiment 2, 85 subjects). Mean activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and international normalized ratio were reduced from warfarin-elevated levels. rFVIIa (80 μg/kg) significantly reversed warfarin effects on all thromboelastography parameters, compared with placebo (P < .05), and returned the thrombin generation speed to baseline. There were no thromboembolic or serious adverse events. In this exploratory trial, the reversal of warfarin effects was observed in the thromboelastography, thrombin generation, and clotting assays. However, this reversal did not translate to improvements in the bleeding model parameters evaluated in the punch biopsy model. Trial registration is exempt (phase 1).
Highly Ordered Mesoporous α-Mn2O3 for Catalytic Decomposition of H2O2 at Low Temperatures
Authors: Park Jung-Nam , Shon Jeong Kuk , Jin Mingshi , Hwang Seong Hee , Park Gwi Ok , Boo Jin-Hyo , Han Tae Hee , Kim Ji Man
Published: April 2010

Highly ordered mesoporous α-Mn2O3 with well-defined mesopores, high surface area, and high oxygen vacancy exhibits excellent catalytic activity toward H2O2 decomposition at low temperature.
Conversion of Glycerol to Ethylene Glycol over Pt-modified Ni Catalyst
Authors: Ueda Naoyuki , Nakagawa Yoshinao , Tomishige Keiichi
Published: April 2010

In glycerol hydrogenolysis, Ni/γ-Al2O3 gave 1,2-propanediol mainly. In contrast, modification of the Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalyst with a small amount of Pt promoted the conversion to ethylene glycol and CH4 by hydrocracking. This property is related to the formation of a Pt–Ni alloy surface.
Telehealth readiness assessment tools
Authors: Légaré Émilie , Vincent Claude , Lehoux Pascale , Anderson Donna , Kairy Dahlia , Gagnon Marie-Pierre , Jennett Penny
Published: April 2010

In planning a telehealth project, a readiness assessment can help to improve the chances of successful implementation by identifying the stakeholders and the factors that should be targeted. We conducted a literature search and identified six questionnaires on readiness that can be used when implementing telehealth projects. Only one of them was sufficiently generic to be used with all kinds of telehealth projects and with different groups of participants (patients and public, health-care practitioners and organization personnel like health-care managers and technical support managers), but it had rather limited psychometric evaluation. Two of them had had good psychometric evaluation but they were specific to particular telehealth projects and groups of stakeholders. All six published questionnaires were in English. We have developed and validated a French-Canadian version of the practitioner and organizational telehealth readiness assessment tool.
A pilot study comparing the effectiveness of speech language therapy provided by telemedicine with conventional on-site therapy
Authors: Grogan-Johnson Sue , Alvares Robin , Rowan Lynne , Creaghead Nancy
Published: April 2010

We compared the progress made by school children in speech language therapy provided through videoconferencing and conventional face-to-face speech language therapy. The children were treated in two groups. In the first group, 17 children received telemedicine treatment for 4 months, and then subsequently conventional therapy for 4 months. In the second group, 17 children received conventional treatment for 4 months and then subsequently telemedicine treatment for 4 months. The outcome measures were student progress, participant satisfaction and any interruptions to service delivery. Student progress reports indicated that the children made similar progress during the study whichever treatment method was used. There was no significant difference in GFTA-2 scores (Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation) between students in the two treatment groups. Satisfaction surveys indicated that the students and parents overwhelmingly supported the telemedicine service delivery model. During the study, a total of 148 of the 704 possible therapy sessions was not completed (21%); the pattern of cancellations was similar to cancellations in US public schools generally. Videoconferencing appears to be a promising method of delivering speech language therapy services to school children.
A tele-assessment system for monitoring treatment effects in subjects with spinal cord injury
Authors: Yozbatiran Nuray , Harness Eric T , Le Vu , Luu Daniel , Lopes Crista V , Cramer Steven C
Published: April 2010

We developed a method for remote measurement of balance and leg force in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). In a group of 21 patients, both telemedicine and conventional clinical assessments were conducted at baseline and six months later. Telemedicine assessments were successfully acquired and transmitted at first attempt. The time required to set up the telemedicine equipment, position the subject, perform the measurements, and then send the data to the university laboratory was approximately 30 minutes. After six months, several motor and sensory functions showed significant changes. There were significant correlations between changes in remotely-measured leg force and changes in several of the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) sensory and motor scores. Changes in balance did not show any significant correlations with changes in the ASIA scores. Intra-rater reliability was better than inter-rater reliability. Use of telemedicine to remotely monitor changes in patients with SCI appears promising.
Effect of an education kiosk on patient knowledge about rapid HIV screening
Authors: Sun Benjamin C , Knapp Herschel , Shamouelian Albert , Golden Joya , Goetz Matthew Bidwell , Asch Steven M
Published: April 2010

Patient education is an important part of routine HIV screening. In a pilot study, we assessed the effect of a computer kiosk education module on patient knowledge about routine HIV screening. A systematic sample of walk-in clinic patients completed a questionnaire before and after using the education module. The primary outcome was a composite nine-point knowledge score. Secondary outcomes included willingness to undergo HIV screening and patient satisfaction. Of 185 patients who were eligible to participate, 100 completed the study. The median duration of kiosk interaction was 3.9 min. The median knowledge score increased from 7 to 8 ( P < 0.0001) after viewing the module. There was no significant change in the proportion of patients who were interested in HIV screening. The majority of patients expressed excellent (38%) or very good (39%) satisfaction with the kiosk module. The results suggest that a computer kiosk can deliver brief and targeted education to improve knowledge about HIV screening.
On the characteristic direction of real hypersurfaces in and a symmetry result
Authors: Martino Vittorio , Montanari Annamaria
Published: April 2010

In this paper we show the following property of a non Levi flat real hypersurface in : if the unit characteristic direction T is a geodesic, then it is an eigenvector of the second fundamental form and the relative eigenvalue is constant. As an application we prove a symmetry result of Alexandrov type for compact hypersurfaces in with positive constant Levi mean curvature.
Synthesis of global convergence and adaptivity for a hyperbolic coefficient inverse problem in 3D
Authors: Beilina Larisa , Klibanov Michael V.
Published: April 2010

A globally convergent numerical method for a 3-Dimensional Coefficient Inverse Problem for a hyperbolic equation is presented. A new globally convergent theorem is proven. It is shown that this technique provides a good first guess for the Finite Element Adaptive method (adaptivity) method. This leads to a synthesis of both approaches. Numerical results are presented.
N-Class Fire Resistant Divisions in U.S. Naval Ships
Authors: Sorathia Usman
Published: April 2010

The U.S. Navy has now developed an N-Class division system to classify fire resistant boundaries in accordance with MIL-STD-3020, fire resistance on U.S. naval surface ships. The N-Class division is analogous to the commercial International Maritime Organization (IMO) system (e.g., A-Class) division. The key difference is that N-Class divisions are designed to have satisfactory fire resistance when exposed to hydrocarbon pool fire (UL 1709 fire exposure) following a shock event. In addition, N-Class is applicable to fire resistant divisions constructed from polymer composites structures when they meet the requirements of DDS-078-1. MIL-STD-3020 requires a hydrocarbon pool fire exposure (UL-1709 fire exposure) which provides a minimum average total heat flux of 188 kW per square meter (kW/m2) (60,000 British thermal unit per square foot/hour (Btu/ft2∣h)) within the first 5 min of the test exposure. At all times after 5 min, the average temperature within the furnace shall be maintained at a minimum of 1038 °C (1900 °F) and a maximum of 1149 °C (2100 °F) for the duration of the test. These fire conditions simulate a post-flashover fire scenario for shipboard applications. Performance is defined as the time period during which assemblies will continue to perform their intended function when subjected to fire exposure. The minimum duration of fire exposure is 30 min. Shock testing prior to fire resistance test is performed to ensure that fire resistance of divisions, with fire insulation, penetrations, and associated attachment methods, is not degraded in a combat environment. Shock test specimen size of 1219 by 3048 mm (4 by 10 ft) was selected to reduce the cost of shipping a full size fire test specimen of 3048 by 3048 mm (10 by 10 ft) or greater to the fire test laboratory. A full scale fire resistance test is still required for qualification purposes after successful completion of the shock test prior to fire resistance test. MIL-STD-3020 also permits AN-Class fire resistant divisions when fire threat is from common combustibles (Class A) and where liquid flammable (Class B) fire threat is non-existent. AN-Class divisions are those divisions formed by bulkheads and decks that are designed to protect against structural failure and prevent the passage of flame or hot gases when exposed to IMO Resolution A.754(18) fire exposure after shock testing. For all AN-Class divisions, including those with penetrations, the fire test duration is a minimum of 60 min. This paper will discuss fire resistance test results conducted using steel, aluminum, and composite substrates.