bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Japanese Encephalitis vector abundance and infection frequency in Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India: a five-year longitudinal study
Authors: Philip Samuel P. , Ramesh D. , Thenmozhi V. , Nagaraj J. , Muniaraj M. , Arunachalam N.
Published: March 2017

An entomological monitoring of Japanese encephalitis vectors from the Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu was undertaken at biweekly intervals for 1 hr after dusk for five years to find out the abundance and JE virus activity longitudinally in three villages. A total of 95,644 vectors belonging to 31 species constituted predominantly by Culex vishnui subgroup and Culex gelidus 98.5%. JE virus was identified from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (18), Cx. vishnui (1) and Cx. gelidus (6) giving infection rate of 0.482, 0.608 and 0.221 respectively. Abundance of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. gelidus differed significantly by area, season and year (P<0.05) whereas Cx. vishuni differed significantly by season and year (P<0.05). Transmission was not observed throughout all the seasons and the infection rate was recorded maximum during Hot-Wet season 0.46 (confidence interval: 0.17-1.02). Culex tritaeniorhynchus dominated the catch and the Culex gelidus steadily increased in its abundance during this period compared to the earlier studies conducted from these areas which acts as a secondary vector along with the major vector, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus.
Scythris clavella (Zeller, 1855) in Italy (Lepidoptera, Gelechioidea, Scythrididae)
Authors: Pinzari M.
Published: March 2017

During an extensive collection of Lepidoptera in Reatini Mountains (Central Apennines, Italy) a male of Scythris clavella (Zeller, 1855) was collected. This species is distributed in Central and Southern Europe and eastwards to Bulgaria, Greece, Southern Ural Mountains, Altai Mountains and Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kirgisia). It was cited for Italy; however, accurate data of its presence are not present in literature. Our data support the conclusion that it is the first record for Peninsular Italy.
Aggressive mosquito fauna and malaria transmission in a forest area targeted for the creation of an agro-industrial complex in the south of Cameroon
Authors: Ntonga Akono P. , Tonga C. , Ngo Hondt O.E. , Peka Nsangou M.F. , Ngaha R. , Tamdem Magne G. , Youmbi Enga L. , Yomon Kayoum A. , Nkouandou Mache P. , Djomi L.A. , Mbouangouro F.A. , Lehman L.G.
Published: March 2017

Baseline entomological information should be collected before the implementation of industrial projects in malaria endemic areas. This allows for subsequent monitoring and evaluation of the project impact on malaria vectors. This study aimed at assessing the vectorial system and malaria transmission in two ecologically different villages of the South-Cameroon forest bloc targeted for the creation of an agro-industrial complex. For four consecutive seasons in 2013, adult mosquitoes were captured using Human Landing Catch in NDELLE village (located along a main road in a degraded forest with many fish ponds) and KOMBO village (located 5km far from the main road in a darker forest and crossed by the Mvobo River). Morpho-taxonomic techniques were used alongside molecular techniques for the identification of mosquito species. ELISA test was used for the detection of circumsporozoite protein antigen of Plasmodium falciparum. Mosquito biting rate was higher in NDELLE than in KOMBO (28.18 versus 17.34 bites per person per night). Mosquitoes had a strong tendency to endophagy both in NDELLE (73.57%) and KOMBO (70.21%). Three anophelines species were identified; An. gambiae, An. funestus s.s and An. moucheti s.s.. An. gambiae and An. funestus s.s. represented the bulk of aggressive mosquitoes in NDELLE (n=10,891; 96.62%). An. gambiae was responsible for 62.6% and 77.72% of malaria transmission in KOMBO and NDELLE respectively. Mean entomological inoculation rate recorded in KOMBO and NDELLE were 4.82 and 2.02 infective bites per person per night respectively. Vector control was mainly based on the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying. The degraded forest environment added to the presence of fishponds resulted in the increase of aggressive mosquito density but not of malaria transmission. The managers should use these data for monitoring and evaluation of the impact of their project; malaria control strategies should be included in their project in order to mitigate the risk of increased malaria transmission as a result of the implementation of their projects.
Spinnerets and silk-producing system of Segestria senoculata (Araneae, Araneomorphae, Segestriidae)
Authors: Karschová S. , Hajer J.
Published: March 2017

The spinning apparatus and silk of Segestria senoculata were studied with the use of scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy, which confirmed the presence of four categories of spigots connected with four types of spinning glands (i.e., Glandulae ampullaceae major, Glandulae ampullaceae minor, Glandulae piriformes and Glandulae pseudaciniformes). New data about the morphology of spinnerets and spigots were obtained for both the adults and nymphal stages of both sexes. For the first time the silken threads of retreats, signal threads and attachment discs of the members of Segestria were subjected to a detailed SEM study. The data resulting from studying the spinning apparatus of S. senoculata was compared to current knowledge of the silk producing systems of families belonging to the Dysderoidea superfamily. Silks that are emitted from spigots in the course of retreat construction are not (similarly to the other dysderoids) processed by the spider’s legs during the subsequent process of hardening. Apart from the major ampullate glands/spigots, segestriids also possess developed minor ampullate glands. Minor ampullate threads are used by S. senoculata spiders when making their signal threads.
The effect of using interactive communication tools in adults with type-2 diabetes
Authors: Akritidou Sofia , Husted Gitte Reventlov , Kazakos Kyriakos , Olesen Kasper
Published: March 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether glycaemic control and diabetes self-management could be improved in patients with type-2 diabetes following education using the EMMA dialogue tools facilitated by a health care professional. Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and Summary of Diabetes Self Care Activities (SDSCA) scores were collected at baseline and three months after the intervention from 22 participating patients. Participants significantly improved self-reported foot care (P<0.001) and exercise (P<0.001) whereas no significant changes were found in HbA1c (P=0.606) blood sugar measurements (P=0.213), and diet (P=0.061). In conclusion, the dialogue tools had a positive effect by improving diabetes self-management regarding foot care and exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether glycaemic control and diabetes self-management could be improved in patients with type-2 diabetes following education using the EMMA dialogue tools facilitated by a health care professional. Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and Summary of Diabetes Self Care Activities (SDSCA) scores were collected at baseline and three months after the intervention from 22 participating patients. Participants significantly improved self-reported foot care (P<0.001) and exercise (P<0.001) whereas no significant changes were found in HbA1c (P=0.606) blood sugar measurements (P=0.213), and diet (P=0.061). In conclusion, the dialogue tools had a positive effect by improving diabetes self-management regarding foot care and exercise.
Symptomatic classic convergence insufficiency treated with dot card orthoptic exercise
Authors: Darko-Takyi Charles , Asiedu Kofi
Published: March 2017

Although lots of studies have been reported on convergence insufficiency (CI), no specific case of CI among African patients has been reported. We report a case of symptomatic classic convergence insufficiency in a female student who previously had been misdiagnosed and managed for refractive error. This case highlights the need for comprehensive binocular vision assessment, administration of validated symptom questionnaires in cases of suspicious CI, and the use of simple and inexpensive vision therapy procedures to manage CI in optometric centres in developing countries.
The treatment of periodontal disease using local oxygen-ozone
Authors: Sacco Gianluca , Campus Guglielmo
Published: March 2017

The objective was to clinically and microbiologically evaluate local oxygen-ozone therapy used in combination with traditional mechanical therapy versus the use of mechanical therapy alone in a group of patients with periodontal disease. To date, this study is the most representative investigation in the scientific literature as it has the largest sample (113 patients). The project was fully completed in the planning phase, the experimental research stage, the statistical analysis phase and the scientific article draft phase. The results of the study showed a sharp reduction in the clinical-microbiological parameters measured for both study groups. In particular, subjects in the group treated with oxygen-ozone therapy plus mechanical therapy showed a more marked improvement. Although it is possible to observe a general trend of improvement in oral hygiene in Western countries, periodontal health remains a goal yet to be achieved in many subjects. In Italy, roughly 60% of the population suffers from periodontal disease (from mild to severe) and roughly 10-14% exhibit fairly advanced forms. The latter group increases dramatically in the age group between 35 and 44 years. The main objective of the clinician who is faced with a patient with periodontal disease is to adopt an appropriate therapeutic approach to halt the progression of the disease and to prevent or reduce the occurrence of any relapses. Mechanical causal therapy is the treatment of choice. However, due to the early recolonization of periodontal pockets by bacteria, various studies are underway in order to find a valid aid to mechanical therapy. In this regard, oxygenozone therapy may be an economic, non-invasive and easy method to implement in the clinical management of the patient with periodontal disease. One immediate application is the opportunity to use the treatment in selected patients, such as those who present a recurrence of the disease. For example, systemic antibiotic therapy could be replaced with local oxygen-ozone therapy in patients with periodontal abscess. However, additional longitudinal studies are needed to assess any exact range, timing and method of application.
Broken Metallic Tracheostomy Tube Migrating into the Tracheobronchial Tree
Authors: Sathe Nilam U. , Priya Ratna , Shelke Sheetal , Krishnan Kartik
Published: March 2017

Foreign body aspiration can be a life-threatening emergency. Broken tracheostomy tube in tracheobronchial tree is one of the rarest types of foreign body reported. Here we report two cases of fracture of metallic tracheostomy tube, leading to foreign body in tracheobronchial tree. A 14-year-old girl presented to our Emergency Department with history of respiratory distress and violent bouts of cough since 2 days. Chest X-ray showed that the broken part of the tube was lodged in the right main bronchus. The presence of Parkinson’s disease in the patient and restricted neck flexion offered a challenge both for the anaesthetist and the surgeon. We were successful in removing the broken tube in 13 small pieces. Check bronchoscopy was clear and the procedure went uneventful. We would like to conclude that broken tracheostomy tube presenting as foreign body bronchus is infrequent but it is a preventable complication of tarcheostomy. The patient must be kept on regular follow up to check for signs of wear and tear. Timely and periodic replacement of tracehostomy tube should also be done, otherwise such life-saving surgery can become lifethreatening.
Incidental Detection of a Rare Hemoglobin Variant (Hemoglobin N Seattle) Leading to Undetectable Levels of HbA1c in a Diabetic Female: A Case Report
Authors: Pradhan Sarita , Chauhan Sima , Samal Priyanka
Published: March 2017

Glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) is routinely used to monitor glycemic control over past 2–3 months in diabetics. As per the recommendations of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologist, 2007 values should be maintained below 7% to prevent the risk of chronic complications. We report a case of a 55-year old female patient with spuriously low HbA1c values by high-performance liquid chromatography. Suspecting the presence of any abnormal hemoglobin, capillary zone electrophoresis was done which identified the presence of Hb variant corresponding to -Hb N Seattle. Our case highlights that clinical laboratories should be aware of limitations of their HbA1c assay methods as well as rule out any possible interfering Hb variants.
Tissue-specific cancer stem cells: reality or a mirage?
Authors: Regad Tarik
Published: March 2017

Equo ne credite, Teucri. Quidquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ferentes (Do not trust the horse, Trojans! Whatever it is, I fear the Greeks, even bringing gifts) said Laocoön (Virgil, the Aeneid book). Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are populations of cancer cells that can be found in different cancerous tissues and organs, and have properties that are similar to normal stem cells. They are thought to be chemo-resistant and radioresistant and are therefore responsible for cancer recurrence and relapse encountered in cancer patients following chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Although significant progress has been made to characterise CSCs, it is becoming clear that the failure of cancer therapies directed against certain types of aggressive cancers is due to the presence of these malignant cells. Cancer therapies that will rely on a combination of CSCs-targeted therapies, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are more likely to succeed in eradicating aggressive cancers and prevent recurrence in treated patients.
Biometric data assessment on Xenopus laevis tadpoles
Authors: Slaby S. , Hanotel J. , Bodart J.-F. , Lemiere S. , Trinel D. , Leprêtre A. , Spriet C. , Marin M.
Published: March 2017

Not available
Instructional Strategy: Didactic Media Presentation to Optimize Student Learning
Authors: Schilling Jim
Published: March 2017

Context:

Subject matter is presented to athletic training students in the classroom using various modes of media. The specific type of mode and when to use it should be considered to maximize learning effectiveness. Other factors to consider in this process include a student's knowledge base and the complexity of material.

Objective:

To introduce instructional strategies within the didactic component of an undergraduate or graduate athletic training program that effectively address split-attention, redundancy, and modality effects, which in turn will minimize extraneous cognitive load and optimize working memory storage capacity.

Background:

With technological advances in education, a vast assortment of content in athletic training programs, and inconsistency in student learning styles, a variety of modes through which to present course material should be implemented for optimal learning. Traditional instructional strategies do not always respect the limited capacity of working memory and present information using media in a way that negatively affects learning.

Description:

An explanation is given in the use of various media sources to present information within the classroom and to examine the impact they have on extraneous cognitive load and, ultimately, learning. Specific instructional strategies will be introduced that target the classroom presentation of information with the goal of minimizing split-attention and redundancy effects and optimizing the modality effect.

Clinical Advantage(s):

To optimize athletic training student learning effectiveness through considerations in the various modes of media presentation with course subject matter within the classroom.

Conclusion(s):

The presentation of material in athletic training education using a multimodal approach is essential to student interest and learning. Space occupied in working memory can be minimized when classroom presentation of material takes into consideration the split-attention and redundancy effects. Strategies consistent with the modality effect help expand the capacity to withhold information in working memory.
Antecedents and outcomes of meaningful work among school teachers
Authors: Fouché Elmari , Rothmann Sebastiaan , Van der Vyver Corne
Published: March 2017

Orientation: Quality education is dependent on the well-being, engagement, performance and retention of teachers. Meaningful work might affect these employee and organisational outcomes.Research purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate antecedents and outcomes of meaningful work among school teachers.Motivation for the study: Meaningful work underpins people’s motivation and affects their well-being and job satisfaction. Furthermore, it is a significant pathway to healthy and authentic organisations. However, a research gap exists regarding the effects of different antecedents and outcomes of meaningful work.Research approach, design and method: A cross-sectional survey was used with a convenience sample of 513 teachers. The Work-Life Questionnaire, Revised Job Diagnostic Survey, Co-worker Relations Scale, Work and Meaning Inventory, Personal Resources Scale, Work Engagement Scale, Turnover Intention Scale and a measure of self-rated performance were administered.Main findings: A calling orientation, job design and co-worker relations were associated with meaningful work. A low calling orientation and poor co-worker relationships predicted burnout. A calling orientation, a well-designed job, good co-worker relationships and meaningful work predicted work engagement. Job design was moderately associated with self-ratings of performance. The absence of a calling orientation predicted teachers’ intention to leave the organisation.Practical/managerial implications: Educational managers should consider implementing interventions to affect teachers’ calling orientation (through job crafting), perceptions of the nature of their jobs (by allowing autonomy) and co-worker relations (through teambuilding) to promote perceptions of meaningful work. Promoting perceptions of meaningful work might contribute to lower burnout, higher work engagement, better self-ratings of performance and retention of teachers.Contribution/value-add: This study contributes to scientific knowledge regarding the effects of three antecedents, namely a calling orientation, job design and co-worker relationships on meaningful work. It also contributed to knowledge about the effects of meaningful work on employee and organisational outcomes.
Co-constructing Appreciative Inquiry across disciplines: A duo-ethnography
Authors: Meier Corinne , Geldenhuys Dirk J.
Published: March 2017

Orientation: Appreciative Inquiry (AI) has become increasingly popular as a tool for change management in the world of business and is spilling over into a range of contexts, linking a diversity of disciplines. However, instances where management has used AI in consultation with education for collaborative purposes could not be traced as yet.Research purpose: The aim of this study was for two AI practitioners, one in the field of Industrial and Organisational Psychology and one in Education, to partake in a collaborative study proceeding from reflection on the said researchers’ experiences with facilitating AI in different contexts.Motivation for the study: With social constructionism as a core principle underlying AI, it is argued that sharing experiences across disciplines could enrich the literature and the application of AI in different contexts.Research design, approach and method: The research is based on a qualitative, empirical, duo-ethnography using self-reflective narratives of the experiences of facilitating AI in cross-disciplinary contexts.Main findings: Reflecting on experiences in various disciplines lead to the co-construction of new knowledge. Not only were similar experiences supported, validated and extended, thus affirming the strength-based principle of AI, but it also provided the opportunity for disciplinary cross-fertilisation by combining different perspectives regarding the formality of the AI process and the extent of the facilitator’s and participants readiness to work with AI methodology.Practical/managerial implications: The formality of the AI process and hence the extent of the facilitator’s involvement (signalling his or her readiness to participate actively and take the lead in co-creating a new reality) must be tempered by due allowance for the participant’s readiness to work with AI methodology. Furthermore, participants should be accommodated within the psychological space where they find themselves at the moment when the intended intervention is initiated.Contribution/value-add: Duo-ethnography provided the researchers with the opportunity to challenge the ‘other’ to reflect on their own discipline-related AI experiences, in a deeper, more relational and authentic way. The voices and ideas identified and presented counter narratives, also blended in unique ways to augment the definition of AI as a multidisciplinary force to co-create a better society. More specifically, the ‘readiness’ of the facilitator for an AI encounter was conceptualised and applied to the psychological and behavioural readiness of not only the participants, but also the facilitators of AI workshops.
Comparative evaluation of iodine-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine and 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in assessing neural crest tumors: Will they play a complementary role?
Authors: Kundu Soumyakanti , Kand Purushottam , Basu Sandip
Published: March 2017

Background: 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has established a role in the evaluation of several malignancies. However, its precise clinical role in the neural crest cell tumors continues to evolve. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare iodine-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine (131I-MIBG) and FDG-PET of head to head in patients with neural crest tumors both qualitatively and semiquantitatively and to determine their clinical utility in disease status evaluation and further management. Materials and Methods: A total of 32 patients who had undergone 131I-MIBG and FDG-PET prospectively were evaluated and clinicopathologically grouped into three categories: neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, and medullary carcinoma thyroid. Results: In 18 patients of neuroblastoma, FDG PET and 131I-MIBG showed patient-specific sensitivity of 84% and 72%, respectively. The mean maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of primary lesions in patients with unfavorable histology was found to be relatively higher than those with favorable histology (5.18 ± 2.38 vs. 3.21 ± 1.69). The mean SUVmaxof two common sites (posterior superior iliac spine [PSIS] and greater trochanter) was higher in patients with involved marrow than those with uninvolved one (2.36 and 2.75 vs. 1.26 and 1.34, respectively). The ratio of SUVmaxof the involved/contralateral normal sites was 2.16 ± 1.9. In equivocal bone marrow results, the uptake pattern with SUV estimation can depict metastatic involvement and help in redirecting the biopsy site. Among seven patients of pheochromocytoma, FDG-PET revealed 100% patient-specific sensitivity. FDG-PET detected more metastatic foci than 131I-MIBG (18 vs. 13 sites). In seven patients of medullary carcinoma thyroid, FDG-PET localized residual, recurrent, or metastatic disease with much higher sensitivity (32 metastatic foci with 72% patient specific sensitivity) than 131I-MIBG, trending along the higher serum calcitonin levels. Conclusions: FDG-PET is not only a good complementary modality in the management of neural crest cell tumors but also it can even be superior, especially in cases of 131I-MIBG nonavid tumors.
Assessment of stress changes in dentoalveolar and skeletal structures of the mandible with the miniplate anchored Forsus: A three-dimensional finite element stress analysis study
Authors: Patil Harshal Ashok , Tekale Pawankumar Dnyandeo , Kerudi Veerendra V. , Sharan Jitendra S. , Lohakpure Ratnadip Arunrao , Mude Nakul N.
Published: March 2017

Objective

The study conducted to assess the effects of a fixed functional appliance (Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device; 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) on the mandible with three-dimensional (3D) finite element stress analysis.

Materials and Methods

A 3D finite element model of mandible with miniplate at mandibular symphysis was prepared using SolidEdge software along with the plate geometry. The changes were deliberated with the finite element method, in the form of highest von Mises stress and maximum principal stress regions.

Results

More areas of stress were seen in the model of the mandible at cortical bone in canine region at bone and miniplate interface.

Conclusions

This fixed functional appliance studied by finite element model analysis caused more von Mises stress and principal stress in both the cortical bone and the condylar region.
Differentiating spontaneous vertical root fracture in endodontically treated tooth
Authors: Lim Myung-Jin , Kim Jung-Ae , Choi Yoorina , Hong Chan-Ui , Min Kyung-San
Published: March 2017

Although vertical root fracture (VRF) is mostly found in endodontically treated teeth, it also occurs spontaneously. If VRF is recognized after endodontic treatment, it is considered to be iatrogenic and can lead to legal trouble. However, legal problems can be averted if the dentist can prove that the VRF existed before endodontic treatment. This case report describes an unusual, spontaneous VRF in an endodontically treated tooth and presents a useful tip for determining whether a fracture is iatrogenic. We performed nonsurgical endodontic treatment on a mandibular first molar with irreversible pulpitis. After 6 months, the patient revisited with localized swelling, and we diagnosed VRF of the mesial root. We extracted the tooth and prepared it for microscopic examination. We found gutta-percha in the fracture line of the transversely sectioned root, and it appeared to have penetrated to the fracture line through the force generated from the filling. The patient was informed and agreed that the fracture occurred spontaneously before treatment. This case demonstrates the time point of VRF occurrence by identifying the presence of gutta-percha in the fracture line. We suggest that this procedure can be used to demonstrate whether VRFs in endodontically treated teeth are spontaneous or iatrogenic.
Effects of delivering the same radiant exposures at 730, 1450, and 2920 mW/cm2 to two resin-based composites
Authors: AlShaafi Maan M.
Published: March 2017

Objective: To evaluate the effects of curing two resin-based composites (RBC) with the same radiant exposures at 730, 1450, and 2920 mW/cm2. Materials and Methods: Two types of RBC, Filtek Supreme Ultra and Tetric-EvoCeram-Bulk Fill, were light-cured to deliver the same radiant exposures for 5, 10, or 20 s by means of a modified Valo light emitted diode light-curing unit with the light tip placed directly over each specimen. The RBC was expressed into metal rings that were 2.0 and 4.0 mm in thickness, directly on an attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared plate heated to 33°C, and the degree of conversion (DC) of the RBC was recorded. The specimens were then removed and the Knoop microhardness (KHN) was tested at both the bottom and the top of each specimen. The KHN was tested again after 24 h and 7 days of storage in the dark at 37°C and 100% humidity. The DC and KHN results were analyzed with Fisher's protected least significant difference at α = 0.05. Results: The DC values for the specimens cured at the three different irradiance levels were similar. However, at different depths, there were differences in the DC values. In general, there were no clear differences among the samples cured in the three different groups, and the KHN was always greater 24 h and 7 days later (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Despite the curing time, and as long as the samples were cured with the same radiant exposures, there were no significant effects on the DC and KHN of both RBCs.
Influence of reuse and cervical preflaring on the fracture strength of reciprocating instruments
Authors: Maniglia-Ferreira Claudio , de Almeida Gomes Fabio , Ximenes Tatyana , Neto Murilo Alves Teixeira , Arruda Thiane Elys , Ribamar Giovani Gonçalves , Herculano Luis Flávio Gaspar
Published: March 2017

Objective: This study sought to assess the influence of cervical preflaring and reuse after resterilization, on fracture strength and plastic deformation and/or surface cracking in reciprocating nickel–titanium [NiTi] endodontic instruments after root canal instrumentation of extracted human teeth. Materials and Methods: Forty engine-driven reciprocating NiTi instruments (20 Reciproc® [RC], VDW; 20 WaveOne® [WO], Dentsply) were used in root canal instrumentation of extracted human molars. A total of 485 human upper molars with similar anatomical features were selected and randomly distributed across four groups according to the instrumentation procedures performed (G1 and G3: RC; G2 and G4: WO). Reciprocating instruments were used as per manufacturer instructions. In groups G3 and G4, cervical preflaring was performed prior to instrumentation. After each use of each instrument, sterilization was repeated and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were obtained to check for plastic deformations and/or cracks on instrument surfaces. Each instrument was used repeatedly until fracture occurred. Results: Regardless of flaring, RC files exhibited greater fracture strength than WO instruments (P<0.01) with and without preflaring. Cervical preflaring significantly reduced the risk of instrument fracture (P<0.01). No plastic deformations were observed before fracturing. However, cracks were found on WO instruments shortly after their first use. RC and WO instruments resisted fracturing after autoclave sterilization. Conclusions: Cervical preflaring allowed a significant increase in the number of times RC and WO files could be reused safely.
Shifts of subgingival bacterial population after nonsurgical and pharmacological therapy of localized aggressive periodontitis, followed for 1 year by Ion Torrent PGM platform
Authors: Campisciano Giuseppina , Toschetti Annamaria , Comar Manola , Taranto Rosanna Di , Berton Federico , Stacchi Claudio
Published: March 2017

The possibility of targeting the hypervariable region V3 of the 16S rRNA gene using Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM) could provide a complete analysis of subgingival plaque samples, potentially able to identify microbiological species missed by culture-based methods. A 16-year-old female smoker patient, affected by localized aggressive periodontitis, underwent a full-mouth disinfection protocol and was inserted in a 3-month recall program. Microbiological samples were collected at baseline and at 30, 100, 365 days follow-up and analyzed by Ion Torrent PGM. Capnocytophaga, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, and Treponema were the most represented pathogens at baseline. Nonsurgical treatment and systemic antibiotics drastically lowered the anaerobic species, and their presence remained limited after 100 days, while a consistent recolonization by anaerobic bacteria was detected at 365 days. The patient showed a general improvement of periodontal conditions. Differently from polymerase chain reaction and other microarray techniques, Ion Torrent performs a quantitative analysis of the microbiota, irrespective of the searched species. An accurate definition of the shifts of the bacterial community might help periodontal researchers for a better understanding of the impact of different treatment approaches or in intercepting nonresponsive conditions.
Performance Characterization of Electrified Powertrain Motor-drive Subsystem
Authors:   Hybrid - EV Committee
Published: March 2017

This document was developed to provide a method of obtaining repeatable measurements that accurately reflects the performance of a propulsion electric drive subsystem, whose output is used in an electrified vehicle regardless of complexity or number of energy sources. The purpose is to provide a familiar and easy-to-understand performance rating. Whenever there is an opportunity for interpretation of the document, a good faith effort shall be made to obtain the typical in-service performance and characteristics and avoid finding the best possible performance under the best possible conditions. Intentional biasing of operating parameters or assembly tolerances to optimize performance for this test shall not be considered valid results in the scope of this document.
The Role of NGOs in Building CSR Discourse around Human Rights in Developing Countries
Authors: Noh Jae-Eun
Published: March 2017

As a response to increasing influences of transnational corporations (TNCs) over the lives of the poor, development NGOs have tried to promote their responsibility in cooperative ways: partnership in development projects and voluntary regulations. Notwithstanding some degree of success, these cooperative ways have failed to bring fundamental changes to TNCs. This article outlines the limitations of the mainstream corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the potential of grassroots social movements to make TNCs accountable. People in developing countries have been neglected in the CSR agenda; however, they have power to change corporations as labourers, consumers and citizens. Drawing on case studies, this article suggests that NGOs should support grassroots people in building global networks, constructing collective values and creating the information flow in order to overcome the current shortcomings of community-driven social movements. For these new roles as advocates and facilitators for grassroots movements, NGOs need to transform themselves by pursuing core values.
Bishnuprasad Rabha as Cultural Icon of Assam: The Process of Meaning Making
Authors: Hazarika Parismita , Nath Debarshi Prasad
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe term ‘cultural icon’ is generally used to refer to individuals or images, objects, visual sign, monuments, space etc. In semiotics the term ‘icon’ is used to refer to a sign that bears close resemblance to the object that it stands for. Icons are particularly influential signifiers because they are immediately identifiable and carry complex cultural codes in a compact image. In this paper the understanding of ‘cultural icon’ is not limited to semiotics. Following Keyan Tomaselli and David Scott in Cultural Icons (2009), we believe that cultural icons are purposive constructions. An attempt has been made in this paper to analyze the association of ‘desirable’ meanings to a cultural icon (while dropping ‘undesirable’ ones); thus, it is imperative that we look at the changing socio-political contexts behind such purposive constructions. With this in mind, we look at the iconic figure of Bishnuprasad Rabha who has been one of the most revered figures in the cultural history of Assam and has been appropriated as a cultural icon in different discourses of the national life of Assam that has emerged in recent times.
Nitrate transboundary heavy pollution over East Asia in winter
Authors: Itahashi Syuichi , Uno Itsushi , Osada Kazuo , Kamiguchi Yusuke , Yamamoto Shigekazu , Tamura Kei , Wang Zhe , Kurosaki Yasunori , Kanaya Yugo
Published: March 2017

Abstract. High PM2. 5 concentrations of around 100 µg m−3 were observed twice during an intensive observation campaign in January 2015 at Fukuoka (33.52° N, 130.47° E) in western Japan. These events were analyzed comprehensively with a regional chemical transport model and synergetic ground-based observations with state-of-the-art measurement systems, which can capture the behavior of secondary inorganic aerosols (SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+). The first episode of high PM2. 5 concentration was dominated by NO3− (type N) and the second episode by SO42− (type S). The concentration of NH4+ (the counterion for SO42− and NO3−) was high for both types. A sensitivity simulation in the chemical transport model showed that the dominant contribution was from transboundary air pollution for both types. To investigate the differences between these types further, the chemical transport model results were examined, and a backward trajectory analysis was used to provide additional information. During both types of episodes, high concentrations of NO3− were found above China, and an air mass that originated from northeast China reached Fukuoka. The travel time from the coastline of China to Fukuoka differed between types: it was 18 h for type N and 24 h for type S. The conversion ratio of SO2 to SO42− (Fs) was less than 0.1 for type N, but reached 0.3 for type S as the air mass approached Fukuoka. The higher Fs for type S was related to the higher relative humidity and the concentration of HO2, which produces H2O2, the most effective oxidant for the aqueous-phase production of SO42−. Analyzing the gas ratio as an indicator of the sensitivity of NO3− to changes in SO42− and NH4+ showed that the air mass over China was NH3-rich for type N, but almost NH3-neutral for type S. Thus, although the high concentration of NO3− above China gradually decreased during transport from China to Fukuoka, higher NO3− concentrations were maintained during transport owing to the lower SO42− for type N. In contrast, for type S, the production of SO42− led to the decomposition of NH4NO3, and more SO42− was transported. Notably, the type N transport pattern was limited to western Japan, especially the island of Kyushu. Transboundary air pollution dominated by SO42− (type S) has been recognized as a major pattern of pollution over East Asia. However, our study confirms the importance of transboundary air pollution dominated by NO3−, which will help refine our understanding of transboundary heavy PM2. 5 pollution in winter over East Asia.
Estimation of the fossil-fuel component in atmospheric CO2 based on radiocarbon measurements at the Beromünster tall tower, Switzerland
Authors: Berhanu Tesfaye A. , Szidat Sonke , Brunner Dominik , Satar Ece , Schanda Rudiger , Nyfeler Peter , Battaglia Michael , Steinbacher Martin , Hammer Samuel , Leuenberger Markus
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Fossil fuel CO2 (CO2ff) is the major contributor of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere, and accurate quantification is essential to better understand the carbon cycle. Since October 2012, we have been continuously measuring the mixing ratios of CO, CO2, CH4 and H2O at five different heights at the Beromünster tall tower, Switzerland. Air samples for radiocarbon (Δ14CO2) analysis have also been collected from the 212.5 m sampling inlet of the tower on a bi-weekly basis. A correction was applied for 14CO2 emissions from nearby nuclear power plants (NPPs), which have been simulated with the Lagrangian transport model FLEXPART-COSMO. The 14CO2 emissions from NPPs offset the depletion in 14C by fossil-fuel emissions resulting in an underestimation of the fossil-fuel component in atmospheric CO2 by about 16 %. An average observed ratio (RCO) of 13.4 ± 1.3 mmol/mol was calculated from the enhancements in CO mixing ratios relative to the clean air reference site Jungfraujoch (ΔCO) and the radiocarbon-based fossil-fuel CO2 mole fractions. This ratio is significantly higher than both the mean anthropogenic CO/CO2 emission ratios estimated for Switzerland from the national inventory (7.8 mmol/mol for 2013), and the ratio between in-situ measured CO and CO2 enhancements at Beromünster over the Jungfraujoch background (8.3 mmol/mol). Differences could not yet be assigned to specific processes and shortcomings of these two methods but may originate from locally variable emission ratios as well as from non-fossil emissions and biospheric contributions. By combining the ratio derived using the radiocarbon measurements and the in-situ measured CO mixing ratios, a high-resolution time series of CO2ff was calculated exhibiting a clear seasonality driven by seasonal variability in emissions and vertical mixing. By subtracting the fossil-fuel component and the large-scale background, we have determined the regional biospheric CO2 component that is characterized by seasonal variations ranging between −15 to +30 ppm. A pronounced diurnal variation was observed during summer modulated by biospheric exchange and vertical mixing while no consistent pattern was found during winter.
Simultaneous multicopter-based air sampling and sensing of meteorological variables
Authors: Brosy Caroline , Krampf Karina , Zeeman Matthias , Wolf Benjamin , Junkermann Wolfgang , Schäfer Klaus , Emeis Stefan , Kunstmann Harald
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The state and composition of the lowest part of the planetary boundary layer (PBL), i.e., the atmospheric surface layer (SL), reflects the interactions of external forcing, land surface, vegetation, human influence and the atmosphere. Vertical profiles of atmospheric variables in the SL at high spatial and temporal resolution increase our understanding of these interactions, but are still challenging to measure appropriately. Traditional ground-based observations include towers that often cover only few measurement heights on a fixed location. At the same time, remote sensing techniques and aircraft measurements are challenged to achieve sufficient detail close to the ground. Vertical and horizontal sounding of the PBL can be complemented by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Our aim in this case study is to assess the use of a multicopter-type UAV to simultaneously support the spatial sampling of air and the sensing of meteorological variables for the study of the surface exchange processes. To this end, a UAV was equipped with onboard air temperature and humidity sensors, while wind conditions were determined from the UAV’s flight control sensors. Further, the UAV was used to systematically change the location of a sample inlet connected to a sample tube, allowing the observation of methane abundance using a ground-based analyzer. Vertical methane gradients were found during stable atmospheric conditions with a gradient of about 300 ppb. Our results showed that both methane and meteorological conditions were in agreement with other observations at the site during the ScaleX-2015 campaign. The multicopter-type UAV was capable of simultaneous in situ sensing of meteorological state variables and sampling of air up to 50 m above the surface, which extended the vertical profile height of existing tower-based infrastructure by a factor of five.
Episodic Neoglacial expansion and rapid 20th Century retreat of a
small ice cap on Baffin Island, Arctic Canada and modeled
temperature change
Authors: Pendleton Simon L. , Miller Gifford H. , Anderson Robert A. , Crump Sarah E. , Zhong Yafang , Jahn Alexandra , Geirsdottir Áslaug
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Records of Neoglacial glacier activity in the Arctic constructed from moraines are often incomplete due to a preservation bias toward the most extensive advance, usually the Little Ice Age. Recent warming in the Arctic has caused extensive retreat of glaciers over the past several decades, exposing preserved landscapes complete with in situ tundra plants previously entombed by ice. The radiocarbon ages of these plants define the timing of snowline depression and glacier advance across the site, in response to local summer cooling. Although most dead plants recently exposed by ice retreat are rapidly removed from the landscape by erosion, where erosive processes are unusually weak, dead plants may remain preserved on the landscape for decades. In such settings, a transect of plant radiocarbon ages can be used to construct a near-continuous chronology of past ice margin advance. Here we present radiocarbon dates from the first such transect on Baffin Island, which directly dates the advance of a small ice cap over the past two millennia. The nature of ice expansion between 20 BCE and ~1000 CE is still uncertain, but episodic advances at ~ 1000, ~ 1200, and ~ 1500 CE led to the maximum Neoglacial dimensions ~ 1900 CE. We employ a two-dimensional numerical glacier model to reconstruct the pattern of ice expansion inferred from the radiocarbon ages and to explore the sensitivity of the ice cap to temperature change. Model experiments show that at least ~ 0.44 °C of cooling over the past 2 ka is required for the ice cap to reach its 1900 margin, and that the period from ~ 1000 to 1900 CE must have been at least 0.25 °C cooler than the previous millennium; results that agree with regional climate model simulations. However, ~ 3 °C of warming since 1900 CE is required to explain retreat to its present position, and, at the same rate of warming, the ice cap will disappear before 2100 CE.
Combining temperature rate and level perspectives in emission
metrics
Authors: Aamaas Borgar , Berntsen Terje K. , Fuglestvedt Jan S. , Peters Glen P.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The ultimate goal of the United Framework Convention on Climate Change, which is reconfirmed by the Paris Agreement, is to stabilize the climate change at level that prevents dangerous anthropogenic interference, and it should be achieved within a time frame that allow the natural systems to adapt. Numerous emission metrics have been developed and applied in relation to the first target, while very few metrics have focused on the second target regarding rate of change. We present here a simple and analytical physical emission metric based on the rate of global temperature change and link that to a metric based on a target for the temperature level. The rate of change perspective either can supplement the level target or can be considered together in one commitment that needs one combined metric. Both emission metrics depend on assumptions on a temperature baseline scenario. We give some illustrations on how this framework can be used, such as different temperature rate and level constraints based on the Representative Concentration Pathways. The selection of the time horizon, for what time period and length the rate constraint is binding, and how to weight the rate and level metrics are discussed. For a combined metric, the values for short-lived climate forcers are larger in periods where the critical rate is binding, with larger temporal increases during the rate constraint period as the atmospheric perturbation timescale of the species becomes shorter. Global CO2 emissions remain the most important, or among the most important, drivers of temperature rates even during periods of binding rate constraints.