bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: SOME TRIMETHYLSILYLSULFENE CYCLOADDITION REACTIONS
Authors: SHIPOV A. G. , KISIN A. V. , BAUKOV YU. I.
Published: April 2016

Wird Trimethylsilylmethansulfonsäurechlorid (I) mit Triethylamin behandelt, dann entsteht das Trimethylsilyl‐sulfen (II), das sich ohne weitere Isolierung an Diethylketenacetal (III) oder 1‐N‐Morpholino‐2‐methyl‐1‐propen (V) anlagert.
ChemInform Abstract: FORMATION OF BIS(BIS(3,5‐DI‐TERT‐BUTYLCATECHOLATO)OXOMOLYBDENUM(VI)) AND RELATED STABLE MOLYBDENUM‐CATECHOL COMPLEXES
Authors: WILSHIRE J. P. , LEON L. , BOSSERMAN P. , SAWYER D. T.
Published: April 2016

Bis‐[acetylacetonato]‐dioxomolybdän(VI) reagiert mit 3,5‐Di‐tert.‐butylbrenzkatechin in Benzol oder anderen organischen Lösungsmitteln zu dem zweikernigen Titelkomplex (I), der mit einem Äquivalent NBu4OH zu einer Lösung reagiert, aus der (II) isoliert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF MOLYBDENUM‐ AND TUNGSTEN‐DINITROGEN COMPLEXES. 10. CONVERSION OF LIGATING DINITROGEN INTO HYDRAZINE WITH HYDRAZIDO(1‐) COMPLEXES AS INTERMEDIATES
Authors: TAKAHASHI T. , MIZOBE Y. , SATO M. , UCHIDA Y. , HIDAI M.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Einwirkung von HCl auf den Distickstoffkomplex (I) bzw. die Hydrazido(2‐)‐Komplexe (II) in 1,2‐Dimethoxyethan bei Raumtemp. und anschließender basischer Destillation werden Hydrazin und Ammoniak gebildet, wobei (II) bevorzugt zu N2H4 führt.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE LOW‐SPIN IRON(II)‐2,3,9,10‐TETRAMETHYL‐1,4,8,11‐TETRAAZACYCLOTETRADECA‐1,3,8,10‐TETRAENE COMPLEXES. AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SECONDARY THERMAL SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS BY LASER AND FLASH PHOTOLYSIS
Authors: FERRAUDI G.
Published: April 2016

Die photochemischen Eigenschaften der Titelkomplexe (I) werden durch Laser‐ und Blitzphotolyse untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOCHEMICAL CHANGES OF N‐(α‐PHENYLETHYL)DITHIOCARBAMATE COMPLEXES OF COBALT(III)
Authors: HAINES R. A. , CHAN S. M. F.
Published: April 2016

Die Umsetzung von Co(II)‐perchlorathexahydrat mit dem optisch aktiven (‐)‐ oder (+)‐AmmoniumN‐a‐phenylethyl‐dithiocarbamat in wäßriger Lösung führt stereoselektiv ausschließlich zu dem Ä‐Diastereomeren des (‐)‐ und dem A‐Diastereomeren des (+)‐Dithiocarbamato‐Co?II)‐Komp1exes (I).
ChemInform Abstract: GROUP V BORANES. 4. ICOSAHEDRAL STIBABORANES AND THEIR CYCLOPENTADIENYLCOBALT(III) COMPLEXES
Authors: LITTLE J. L.
Published: April 2016

Das B10H12As‐Anion (I) reagiert mit Sb‐trichlorid in Gegenwart von Triethylamin zu dem AsSb‐Boran (IIa).
ChemInform Abstract: SOME COBALT(II) COMPLEXES OF IMINOPHOSPHORANES
Authors: BRIGGS E. M. , BROWN G. W. , JIRICNY J.
Published: April 2016

Co(II)‐chlorid und‐bromid bilden mit den entsprechenden Aryliminophosphoranen die tetraedrischen Komplexe (I) und (II).
ChemInform Abstract: THE PREPARATION AND SOME CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF POLYMER‐SUPPORTED η5‐CYCLOPENTADIENYLRHODIUM AND ‐COBALT DICARBONYLS
Authors: CHANG B.‐H. , GRUBBS R. H. , BRUBAKER C. H. JUN.
Published: April 2016

Die an ein Divinylbenzol‐Polystyrol‐ Copolymer gebundenen Cyclopentadienylkomplexe (I) werden auf ihre katalytische Wirksamkeit bei verschiedenen Reaktionen untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: KINETIC STUDIES OF RING CLOSURES IN PLATINUM(II) CHELATES. RATE CONSTANTS AND ACTIVATION PARAMETERS FOR CHELATION OF PLATINUM(II) BY BIS(2‐AMINOETHYL) SULFIDE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: ALBERTIN G. , BORDIGNON E. , ORIO A. A. , PAVONI B. , GRAY H. B.
Published: April 2016

Der Komplex (I) wurde aus K2PtCl4 und dem Liganden bei einem pH‐Wert Ound der Komplex (II) analog bei pH l‐2 dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOSPHORUS‐CONTAINING TRIARYLMETHANE DYES
Authors: BOKANOV A. I. , BYCHKOV N. N. , NEGREBETSKII V. V. , STEPANOV B. I.
Published: April 2016

Das Phosphin (I) wird in die Grignard‐ Verbindung (II) übergeführt und diese mit Michlers Keton (III) zum Carbeniumperchlorat (IV) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: ASYMMETRIC TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE α‐CURCUMENE
Authors: TAMAO K. , HAYASHI T. , MATSUMOTO H. , YAMAMOTO H. , KUMADA M.
Published: April 2016

Die Grignardverbindung (I) wird mit Vinylmagnesiumbromid (II) in das Olefin (III) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TETRA‐Γ‐BENZYL‐L‐GLUTAMATES
Authors: OKAHASHI K. , IKEDA S.
Published: April 2016

Über die Kopplung von dimeren Glutamaten mit Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid erhält man die tetrameren Glutamate (I) und (II).
ChemInform Abstract: SIMPLE, HIGHLY SELECTIVE α‐ AND β‐DISACCHARIDE SYNTHESES FROM 1‐O‐METALIZED D‐RIBOFURANOSES
Authors: SCHMIDT R. R. , REICHRATH M.
Published: April 2016

Durch Umsetzung des K‐Salzes (II) der Ribose (Ia) mit den Ribofuranosiden.
ChemInform Abstract: BRANCHED‐CHAIN SUGARS. PART 14. SYNTHESIS OF NEW BRANCHED‐CHAIN CYCLITOLS HAVING MYO‐ OR SCYLLO‐, AND MUCO‐CONFIGURATION FROM 3‐O‐BENZYL‐5,6‐DIDEOXY‐5‐C‐(1,3‐DITHIAN‐2‐YL)‐6‐NITRO‐L‐IDOFURANOSE AND ‐D‐GLUCOFURANOSE
Authors: FUNABASHI M. , YOSHIMURA J.
Published: April 2016

Michael‐Addition des Li‐dithians (II) an die Nitrohexenofuranose (I) liefert die isomeren Nitrofuranosen (IIIa) und (IIIb).
ChemInform Abstract: UNSATURATED CARBOHYDRATES. PART 21. A CARBOCYCLIC RING CLOSURE OF A HEX‐5‐ENOPYRANOSIDE DERIVATIVE
Authors: FERRIER R. J.
Published: April 2016

Behandlung der Titelverbindung (II) mit methanolischem HCl führt nicht zur Ringöffnung, sondern gibt das cyclische Produkt (I).
ChemInform Abstract: STRUCTURES OF THE LICHEN DEPSIDONES GRANULATIN AND CHLOROGRANULATIN
Authors: GOH E. M. , WILKINS A. L.
Published: April 2016

Für die aus Pseudocyphellaria granulata‐bzw. P.faveolata isolierten Stoffe Granulatin bzw. Chlorgranulatin wurden die Depsidonstrukturen (Ia) bzw. (Ib) ermittelt.
ChemInform Abstract: AMIDE TRANSACYLATION IN PENICILLIN AND CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVES
Authors: BARRETT A. G. M.
Published: April 2016

Die Cephemsäurederivate (Ia) bzw. (Ic) werden durch Behandeln mit Trifluoracetanhydrid und anschließend mit Diazabicyclononen (DBN) zu den Trifluoracetamiden (Ib) bzw. ′ (Id) umacyliert.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Structure of the Magnetocaloric Compound AlFe2B2.
Authors: Cedervall Johan , Andersson Mikael Svante , Sarkar Tapati , Delczeg‐Czirjak Erna K. , Bergqvist Lars , Hansen Thomas C. , Beran Premysl , Nordblad Per , Sahlberg Martin
Published: April 2016

The crystal and magnetic structures of the title compound are investigated by powder X‐ray and neutron diffraction, magnetic measurements, and DFT electronic structure calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: M2Ca3B16O28(M: Rb, Cs): Structures Analogous to SBBO with Three‐Dimensional Open‐Framework Layers.
Authors: Zhang Xiangyu , Li Danni , Wu Hongping , Yang Zhihua , Pan Shilie
Published: April 2016

Single crystals of the new compounds M2Ca3B16O28 (M: Rb, Cs) are grown from melts containing Rb2CO3 or Cs2CO3, CaCl2, H3BO3, and PbO in the molar ratio of 1:1:14:5 (Pt crucible, fast cooling from 700 °C to 610 °C and then cooling to 550 °C at a rate of 2.5 °C/h).
ChemInform Abstract: Zintl Clusters as Wet‐Chemical Precursors for Germanium Nanomorphologies with Tunable Composition.
Authors: Bentlohner Manuel M. , Waibel Markus , Zeller Patrick , Sarkar Kuhu , Mueller‐Buschbaum Peter , Fattakhova‐Rohlfing Dina , Faessler Thomas F.
Published: April 2016

K4Ge9 is prepared by heating stoichiometric amounts of K and Ge (stainless steel tube, 650 °C, 20 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure of Three New Oxychalcogenides: A2O2Bi2Se3 (A: Sr, Ba) and Sr2O2Sb2Se3.
Authors: Panella Jessica R. , Chamorro Juan , McQueen Tyrel M.
Published: April 2016

The new title compounds are prepared by solid state reaction of SrO or BaO with BiSe3 and SbSe3, resp.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfur—Selenium Isomorphous Substitution in the AgAu(S,Se) Series.
Authors: Palyanova Galina A. , Seryotkin Yurii V. , Bakakin Vladimir V. , Kokh Konstantin A.
Published: April 2016

AgAuS1‐xSex (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) phases are prepared by solid state reaction of the elements (1050 °C, 12 h) and subsequent annealing (150—500 °C, 3—30 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic C—F Bond Activation of Geminal Difluorocyclopropanes by Nickel(I) Complexes via a Radical Mechanism.
Authors: Wenz Jan , Rettenmeier Christoph A. , Wadepohl Hubert , Gade Lutz H.
Published: April 2016

Hydrodefluorination of geminal difluorocyclopropanes results in ring‐opening reaction to form monofluoroalkenes with high (Z)‐selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of α,α‐Difluorocyclopentanone Derivatives: Domino Nickel‐Catalyzed Difluorocyclopropanation/Ring‐Expansion Sequence of Silyl Dienol Ethers.
Authors: Aono Tatsuya , Sasagawa Hisashi , Fuchibe Kohei , Ichikawa Junji
Published: April 2016

The utility of the method is demonstrated by further transformations of the products into α,α‐difluorocyclopentanone derivatives as well as mono‐ and difluoropentenone derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Arylation of Unactivated γ‐Methylene C(sp3)—H and δ‐C—H Bonds with an Oxazoline‐Carboxylate Auxiliary.
Authors: Ling Peng‐Xiang , Fang Sheng‐Long , Yin Xue‐Song , Chen Kai , Sun Bo‐Zheng , Shi Bing‐Feng
Published: April 2016

The arylation reactions are applicable to a wide range of substrates and tolerate different functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Z‐α,β‐Unsaturated Sulfones Using Peterson Reagents.
Authors: Ando Kaori , Wada Tomohiro , Okumura Miho , Sumida Hiroshi
Published: April 2016

New Peterson reagents bearing alkyloxy groups on the silicon atom are prepared in order to steady the sulfone anion conformation.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Decarboxylative Allylations of a Mixture of Allyl Carbonates and Allyl Esters: Total Synthesis of (‐)‐ and (+)‐Folicanthine.
Authors: Ghosh Santanu , Chaudhuri Saikat , Bisai Alakesh
Published: April 2016

Both allyl carbonates (I) as well as allyl esters (III) undergo enantioselective decarboxylative allylations to furnish the same products (II).
ChemInform Abstract: First Direct Access to 2‐Hydroxybenzophenones via Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of 2‐Hydroxybenzaldehydes with Aryl Iodides.
Authors: Nowrouzi N. , Zarei M. , Roozbin F.
Published: April 2016

The reaction works well for salicylaldehydes and aryl iodides.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Alternative Method for the Synthesis of Dithienylacetylenes.
Authors: Lvov Andrey G. , Milevsky Nikita A. , Shirinian Valerii Z. , Krayushkin Mikhail M.
Published: April 2016

A convenient two‐step approach to the formation of dithienylacetylenes (IV) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Unified Approach to the Spiro(pyrrolidinyl‐oxindole) and Hexahydropyrrolo[2,3‐b]indole Alkaloids: Total Syntheses of Pseudophrynamines 270 and 272A.
Authors: De Subhadip , Das Mrinal Kanti , Bhunia Subhajit , Bisai Alakesh
Published: April 2016

An enantioselective 3‐hydroxymethylation of 3‐substituted oxindoles is described.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Carbazoles via Tandem C—C Cross‐Coupling and Reductive Amination.
Authors: Goo Deuk‐Young , Woo Sang Kook
Published: April 2016

A synthetic route towards carbazoles, based on sequential C—C/C—N bond formation via Suzuki cross‐coupling and Cadogan cyclization is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: New Fluorescent 3H‐Imidazo[4,5‐e][2,1]benzoxazoles: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity.
Authors: Rezazadeh Mitra , Pordel Mehdi , Davoodnia Abolghasem , Saberi Sattar
Published: April 2016

Some new donor‐acceptor fluorescent heterocyclic compounds (II) are obtained via regioselective nitration of imidazo[2,1]benzoxazoles (I) at room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent Free One‐Pot Multi‐Component Synthesis of β‐Azaarene Substituted Ketones via a Sn‐Catalyzed C(sp3)—H Functionalization of 2‐Alkylazaarenes.
Authors: Chavan Santosh S. , Pathan Mohsinkhan Y. , Mulla Shafeek A. R.
Published: April 2016

For the first time, a direct access to 1,3‐diaryl‐4‐(benzothiazol‐2‐yl)butan‐1‐ones (IV) and (VIII) via a 3‐component cascade reaction of acetophenones (I), 2‐methylbenzothiazole (II) and aryl aldehydes (III) and (VII) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Scope of Successive C—H Functionalizations of the Methyl Group in 3‐Picolines: Intramolecular Carbonylation of Arenes to the Metal‐Free Synthesis of 4‐Azafluorenones.
Authors: Laha Joydev K. , Jethava Krupal P. , Patel Sagarkumar
Published: April 2016

Various 2‐aryl substituted 3‐picolines are efficiently transformed into 4‐azafluorenes and the products are isolated as single regioisomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Heck‐Type Reaction of Oximes with Allylic Alcohols: Synthesis of Pyridines and Azafluorenones.
Authors: Zheng Meifang , Chen Pengquan , Wu Wanqing , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: April 2016

The facile and efficient protocol provides a pathway for the insertion of alkenes into oximes to form pyridine derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Four‐Component Approach to N‐Substituted Phenothiazines under Transition‐Metal‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Chen Jinjin , Li Guozheng , Xie Yanjun , Liao Yunfeng , Xiao Fuhong , Deng Guo‐Jun
Published: April 2016

Starting from cyclohexanones, aromatic or aliphatic amines or diamines and elemental sulfur the title transformation is achieved in an efficient manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Instantaneous Click Chemistry by a Copper‐Containing Polymeric‐Membrane‐Installed Microflow Catalytic Reactor.
Authors: Yamada Yoichi M. A. , Ohno Aya , Sato Takuma , Uozumi Yasuhiro
Published: April 2016

Azide‐alkyne cycloaddition reactions are successfully carried out in very short reaction times using a novel polymeric membranous copper‐catalyst‐installed microflow device.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Phosphorylation of Aryl Mesylates and Tosylates.
Authors: Fu Wai Chung , So Chau Ming , Kwong Fuk Yee
Published: April 2016

The method has a broad substrate scope and tolerates various functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Influence of Magnetic Excitations on the Phase Stability of Metals and Steels
Authors: Koermann F. , Hickel T. , Neugebauer J.
Published: April 2016

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Environmental Photochemistry of Oxide Surfaces and the Nature of Frozen Salt Solutions: A New in situ XPS Approach
Authors: Ammann Markus , et al.
Published: April 2016

Review: 68 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Deoxygenation on Transition Metal Carbide Catalysts
Authors: Sullivan Mark M. , Chen Cha‐Jung , Bhan Aditya
Published: April 2016

Review: 110 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: When CuAAC ′Click Chemistry′ Goes Heterogeneous
Authors: Chassaing S. , Beneteau V. , Pale P.
Published: April 2016

Review: 281 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Consecutive Reactions of α‐Azido Ketones: A Review
Authors: Faiz Sadia , Zahoor Ameer Fawad , Rasool Nasir , Yousaf Muhammad , Mansha Asim , Zia‐Ul‐Haq Muhammad , Jaafar Hawa Z. E.
Published: April 2016

Review: 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Biosynthesis of Fungal Indole Diterpenes Using Cell Factories
Authors: Oikawa Hideaki , Minami Atsushi , Liu Chengwei
Published: April 2016

Review: [application of a newly developed method to reconstitute biosynthetic genes in a heterologous host, involving 17 enzymatic reactions; 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal Catalyzed C—N Bond Activation
Authors: Wang Quanjun , Su Yijin , Li Lixin , Huang Hanmin
Published: April 2016

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Branch Selective Murai‐Type Alkene Hydroarylation Reactions
Authors: Crisenza Giacomo E. M. , Bower John F.
Published: April 2016

Review: 36 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Multienzyme (OPME) Systems for Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Carbohydrates
Authors: Yu Hai , Chen Xi
Published: April 2016

Review: 89 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Rational Design of Benzodithiophene Based Conjugated Polymers for Better Solar Cell Performance
Authors: Pai Ranjith Krishna , Ahipa T. N. , Hemavathi B.
Published: April 2016

Review: 104 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Catalyzed Bond Formation Reactions; Part 2
Authors: Roese Philipp , Hilt Gerhard
Published: April 2016

Review: [339 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Bromination of Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Compounds
Authors: Voskressensky Leonid G. , Golantsov Nikita E. , Maharramov Abel M.
Published: April 2016

Review: [133 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Evolution of C—H Bond Functionalization from Methane to Methodology
Authors: Hartwig John F.
Published: April 2016

Review: 204 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyanoacetylation of Amines: Recent Advances in Preparation Methods and Their Synthetic Uses in the Formation of Biologically Active Compounds
Authors: Fadda Ahmed A. , Rabie Ramy
Published: April 2016

Review: 129 refs.
How do you write and present research well? 9—show and state what error bars represent
Authors: Patience Gregory S. , Srinivisan Bala , Perrier Michel , Boffito Daria C. , Patience Paul A.
Published: April 2016

What do error bars in graphs or uncertainty in variables () represent?[1] (Multiple answers)

Standard deviation,

Standard error of the mean,

Confidence interval,

Instrument resolution

Maximum and minimum of a range of measurements

The correct expression for sample standard deviation is s; it is for the standard error of the mean and for the confidence interval. Both (d) and (e) are acceptable together with s, , and , but we recommend the confidence interval.
Developing imidazoles as CEST MRI pH sensors
Authors: Yang Xing , Song Xiaolei , Ray Banerjee Sangeeta , Li Yuguo , Byun Youngjoo , Liu Guanshu , Bhujwalla Zaver M. , Pomper Martin G. , McMahon Michael T.
Published: April 2016

A series of intra‐molecular hydrogen bonded imidazoles and related heterocyclic compounds were screened for their N–H chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast properties. Of the compounds, imidazole‐4,5‐dicarboxamides (I45DCs) were found to provide the strongest contrast, with the contrast produced at a large chemical shift from water (7.8 ppm) and strongly dependent on pH. We have tested several probes based on this scaffold, and demonstrated that these probes could be applied for in vivo detection of kidney pH after intravenous administration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of marital status and economic resources on survival after cancer: A population‐based study
Authors: Gomez Scarlett Lin , Hurley Susan , Canchola Alison J. , Keegan Theresa H. M. , Cheng Iona , Murphy James D. , Clarke Christina A. , Glaser Sally L. , Martínez María Elena
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND

Although married cancer patients have more favorable survival than unmarried patients, reasons underlying this association are not fully understood. The authors evaluated the role of economic resources, including health insurance status and neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES), in a large California cohort.

METHODS

From the California Cancer Registry, we identified 783,167 cancer patients (386,607 deaths) who were diagnosed during 2000 through 2009 with a first primary, invasive cancer of the 10 most common sites of cancer‐related death for each sex and were followed through 2012. Age‐stratified and stage‐stratified Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for all‐cause mortality associated with marital status, adjusted for cancer site, race/ethnicity, and treatment.

RESULTS

Compared with married patients, unmarried patients had an elevated risk of mortality that was higher among males (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.26‐1.29) than among females (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.18‐1.20; Pinteraction < .001). Adjustment for insurance status and nSES reduced the marital status HRs to 1.22 for males and 1.15 for females. There was some evidence of synergistic effects of marital status, insurance, and nSES, with relatively higher risks observed for unmarried status among those who were under‐insured and living in high nSES areas compared with those who were under‐insured and living in low nSES areas (Pinteraction = 6.8 × 10−9 among males and 8.2 × 10−8 among females).

CONCLUSIONS

The worse survival of unmarried than married cancer patients appears to be minimally explained by differences in economic resources. Cancer 2016;122:1618–25. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
The Revised Neurobehavioral Severity Scale (NSS‐R) for Rodents
Authors: Yarnell Angela M. , Barry Erin S. , Mountney Andrea , Shear Deborah , Tortella Frank , Grunberg Neil E.
Published: April 2016

Motor and sensory deficits are common following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although rodent models provide valuable insight into the biological and functional outcomes of TBI, the success of translational research is critically dependent upon proper selection of sensitive, reliable, and reproducible assessments. Published literature includes various observational scales designed to evaluate post‐injury functionality; however, the heterogeneity in TBI location, severity, and symptomology can complicate behavioral assessments. The importance of choosing behavioral outcomes that can be reliably and objectively quantified in an efficient manner is becoming increasingly important. The Revised Neurobehavioral Severity Scale (NSS‐R) is a continuous series of specific, sensitive, and standardized observational tests that evaluate balance, motor coordination, and sensorimotor reflexes in rodents. The tasks follow a specific order designed to minimize interference: balance, landing, tail raise, dragging, righting reflex, ear reflex, eye reflex, sound reflex, tail pinch, and hindpaw pinch. The NSS‐R has proven to be a reliable method differentiating brain‐injured rodents from non‐brain‐injured rodents across many brain injury models. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The untapped potential of the GENSAT mice—A valuable resource for developmental biology
Authors: Condie Brian G.
Published: April 2016

Gene Expression Nervous System Atlas (GENSAT) transgenic mice express EGFP, tdTomato, or Cre recombinase in a wide range of cell types. The mice and the bacterial artificial chromosome transgenes are available from repositories (MMRRC or CHORI), thereby making these resources readily available to the research community. This resource of 1,386 transgenic lines was developed and validated for neuroscience research. However, GENSAT mice have many potential applications in other contexts including studies of development outside of the CNS. The cell type‐specific expression of fluorescent proteins in these mice has been used to identify cells in living embryos, in living embryo explants, and in stem or progenitor cell populations in postnatal tissues. The large number of fluorescent protein driver lines generated by GENSAT greatly expands the range of cell type markers that can be used for live cell sorting. In addition, the GENSAT project has generated 278 new Cre driver lines. This review provides an overview of the GENSAT lines and information for identifying lines that may be useful for a particular application. I also provide a review of the few published cases in which GENSAT mice have been used for studies of embryonic development or analysis of stem/progenitor cells in nonneural tissues. genesis 54:245–256, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nuclear introgression without mitochondrial introgression in two turtle species exhibiting sex‐specific trophic differentiation
Authors: Mitchell Sarah M. , Muehlbauer Laura K. , Freedberg Steven
Published: April 2016

Despite the presence of reproductive barriers between species, interspecific gene introgression has been documented in a range of natural systems. Comparing patterns of genetic introgression in biparental versus matrilineal markers can potentially reveal sex‐specific barriers to interspecific gene flow. Hybridization has been documented in the freshwater turtles Graptemys geographica and G. pseudogeographica, whose ranges are largely sympatric. Morphological differentiation between the species is restricted to females, with female G. geographica possessing large heads and jaws compared to the narrow heads of G. pseudogeographica females. If hybrid females are morphologically intermediate, they may be less successful at exploiting parental feeding niches, thereby limiting the introgression of maternally inherited, but not biparental, molecular markers. We paired sequence data with stable isotope analysis and examined sex‐specific genetic introgression and trophic differentiation in sympatric populations of G. geographica and G. pseudogeographica. We observed introgression from G. pseudogeographica into G. geographica at three nuclear loci, but not at the mitochondrial locus. Analysis of ∂15N and ∂13C was consistent with species differences in trophic positioning in females, but not males. These results suggest that ecological divergence in females may reduce the opportunity for gene flow in this system.
Contrasting genetic patterns between two coexisting Eleutherococcus species in northern China
Authors: Wang Sheng‐Hong , Bao Lei , Wang Tian‐Ming , Wang Hong‐Fang , Ge Jian‐Ping
Published: April 2016

Climate oscillations are the key factors to understand the patterns in modern biodiversity. East Asia harbors the most diverse temperate flora, largely because an extensive terrestrial ice cap was absent during repeated Pleistocene glaciation–interglacial cycles. Comparing the demographic histories of species that are codistributed and are close relatives may provide insight into how the process of climate change influences species ranges. In this study, we compared the spatial genetic structure and demographic histories of two coexisting Eleutherococcus species, Eleutherococcus senticosus and E. sessiliflorus. Both species are distributed in northern China, regions that are generally considered to be sensitive to climatic fluctuations. These regions once hosted temperate forest, but this temperate forest was replaced by tundra and taiga forest during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), according to pollen records. Using three chloroplast DNA fragments, we assessed the genetic structure of 20 and 9 natural populations of E. senticosus and E. sessiliflorus, respectively. Extremely contrasting genetic patterns were found between the two species; E. sessiliflorus had little genetic variation, whereas E. senticosus had considerably higher levels of genetic variation (15 haplotypes). We speculated that a recent severe bottleneck may have resulted in the extremely low genetic diversity in E. sessiliflorus. In E. senticosus, populations in Northeast China (NEC) harbored all of the haplotypes found in this species and included private haplotypes. The populations in NEC had higher levels of genetic diversity than did those from North China (NC). Therefore, we suggest that both the NC and NEC regions can sustain LGM refugia and that lineage admixture from multiple refugia took place after the LGM elevated the local genetic diversity in NEC. In NEC, multiple genetic hot spots were found in the Changbai Mountains and the Xiaoxing'an Range, which implied that multiple locations in NEC may sustain LGM refugia, even in the Xiaoxing'an Range.
The transcardiac gradient of cardio‐microRNAs in the failing heart
Authors: Marques Francine Z. , Vizi Donna , Khammy Ouda , Mariani Justin A. , Kaye David M.
Published: April 2016

Aims

Differential microRNA expression in peripheral blood has been observed in patients with heart failure, suggesting their value as potential biomarkers and likely contributors to disease mechanisms. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the transcardiac gradient of 84 cardio‐microRNAs in healthy and failing hearts to determine which microRNAs are released or absorbed by the myocardium in heart failure.

Methods and results

Eight healthy volunteers and nine patients with congestive heart failure were included. Arterial and coronary sinus blood samples were collected, and microRNAs were extracted. The expression of microRNAs was analysed using real‐time PCR by the miScript miRNA PCR Array Human Cardiovascular Disease. In coronary sinus samples, the microRNAs miR‐16‐5p, miR‐27a‐3p, miR‐27b‐3p, miR‐29b‐3p, miR‐29c‐3p, miR‐30e‐5p, miR‐92a‐3p, miR‐125b‐5p, miR‐140‐5p, miR‐195‐5p, miR‐424‐5p, and miR‐451a were significantly down‐regulated, and let‐7a‐5p, let‐7c‐5p, let‐7e‐5p, miR‐23b‐3p, miR‐107, miR‐155‐5p, miR‐181a‐5p, miR‐181b‐5p and miR‐320a were up‐regulated in heart failure. Left ventricular filling pressure was negatively correlated with miR‐195, miR‐16, miR‐29b‐3p, miR‐29c‐3p, miR‐451a, and miR‐92a‐3p. The failing heart released let‐7b‐5p, let‐7c‐5p, let‐7e‐5p, miR‐122‐5p, and miR‐21‐5p, and absorbed miR‐16‐5p, miR‐17‐5p, miR‐27a‐3p, miR‐30a‐5p, miR‐30d‐5p, miR‐30e‐5p, miR‐130a‐3p, miR‐140‐5p, miR‐199a‐5p, and miR‐451a. In silico analyses suggest that the transcardiac gradient of microRNAs in heart failure may target pathways related to heart disease.

Conclusion

We determined the transcardiac gradient of cardio‐microRNAs in failing hearts, which supports the use of these microRNAs as potential biomarkers. The microRNAs described here may have a role in the pathophysiology of heart failure as they might be involved in pathways related to disease progression, including fibrosis.
Zinc Scorpionate Complexes with a Hybrid (Thiopyridazinyl)(thiomethimidazolyl)borate Ligand
Authors: Tüchler Michael , Holler Stefan , Rendl Sarah , Stock Natascha , Belaj Ferdinand , Mösch‐Zanetti Nadia C.
Published: April 2016

Zinc complexes with the mixed scorpionate ligand (6‐tert‐butyl‐3‐thiopyridazinyl)bis(2‐thiomethimidazolyl)borate (PnBm) have been synthesized and characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy. The complexes, with the general formula [(PnBm)ZnX]2 [X = Br (1a), I (1b)], are dimeric in the solid state, as determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses. The zinc atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated by the halogen atom, two sulfur atoms of PnBm, and one sulfur atom from a bridging PnBm ligand. Variable‐temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy indicated dimeric structures also in solution. Upon abstraction of the bromine atom in 1a by thallium triflate, the zinc complex [(PnBm)Zn(OTf)]2 (2) was obtained and fully characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Multiscale coupling of compliant and rigid walls blood flow models
Authors: Dobroserdova Tatiana , Olshanskii Maxim , Simakov Sergey
Published: April 2016

Numerical methods based on geometrical multiscale models of blood flows solve for averaged flow statistics on a network of vessels while providing more detailed information about fluid dynamics in a specific region of interest. In such an approach, a 3D model based on the Navier–Stokes equations posed in a domain with rigid walls is often used to describe blood flow dynamics in the refined region. While ignoring elasticity effects in 3D models is plausible in certain applications and saves computational time significantly, coupling such models with 1D flow models may result in non‐physiological phenomena in the computed solutions. Thus, the immediate coupling conditions based on continuity of normal stresses, flow rate, pressure, or a combination of thereof do not account for the inconsistency between elasticity effects in the 1D model and the non‐compliance of the 3D model. In this paper, we introduce and study an auxiliary absorbing 0D model, which is placed at the interface between 1D and 3D models. A virtual device mimics the effect of the 3D model compliance and hence reduces pressure wave reflection and instabilities caused by the inconsistency. The absorbing model is developed from basic mechanical principles. As a result, parameters of the 0D model can be designed based on hemodynamic data. We analyze the stability of the geometrical multiscale model and perform several numerical experiments to assess its computational efficiency. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EEG‐based brain source localization using visual stimuli
Authors: Jatoi Munsif Ali , Kamel Nidal , Malik Aamir Saeed , Faye Ibrahima , Bornot Jose M. , Begum Tahamina
Published: April 2016

Electroencephalography (EEG) is widely used in variety of research and clinical applications which includes the localization of active brain sources. Brain source localization provides useful information to understand the brain's behavior and cognitive analysis. Various source localization algorithms have been developed to determine the exact locations of the active brain sources due to which electromagnetic activity is generated in brain. These algorithms are based on digital filtering, 3D imaging, array signal processing and Bayesian approaches. According to the spatial resolution provided, the algorithms are categorized as either low resolution methods or high resolution methods. In this research study, EEG data is collected by providing visual stimulus to healthy subjects. FDM is used for head modelling to solve forward problem. The low‐resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) and standardized LORETA (sLORETA) have been used as inverse modelling methods to localize the active regions in the brain during the stimulus provided. The results are produced in the form of MRI images. The tables are also provided to describe the intensity levels for estimated current level for the inverse methods used. The higher current value or intensity level shows the higher electromagnetic activity for a particular source at certain time instant. Thus, the results obtained demonstrate that standardized method which is based on second order Laplacian (sLORETA) in conjunction with finite difference method (FDM) as head modelling technique outperforms other methods in terms of source estimation as it has higher current level and thus, current density (J) for an area as compared to others.
Influence of powdered and granular activated carbon system as a pre‐treatment alternative for membrane filtration of produced water
Authors: Kose‐Mutlu Borte , Ersahin Mustafa Evren , Ozgun Hale , Kaya Recep , Kinaci Cumali , Koyuncu Ismail
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND

Membrane technology is used for the treatment of produced water enabling high permeate quality to meet discharge standards or potable and irrigation water quality standards. In this study, the effect of hybrid membrane‐activated carbon processes on the performance of nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane systems treating mixed oil and gas field produced water was investigated. Different pre‐treatment alternatives including combinations of microfiltration unit and powdered activated carbon (PAC) or granular activated carbon (GAC) systems were applied prior to nanofiltration and reverse osmosis processes.

RESULTS

The activated carbon process increased chemical oxygen demand (COD) and conductivity removal efficiencies due to the organic matter and ion adsorption capacity of activated carbon. PAC addition gave the best removal efficiencies for COD, whereas highest conductivity removals were obtained in studies with GAC addition.

CONCLUSION

Differences obtained in the performance of different pre‐treatment alternatives based on targeted pollutants and membrane characteristics confirmed synergetic/antagonistic effects between pre‐ and final membrane treatment. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Unfolding of membrane ruffles of in situ chondrocytes under compressive loads
Authors: Moo Eng Kuan , Herzog Walter
Published: April 2016

Impact loading results in chondrocyte death. Previous studies implicated high tensile strain rates in chondrocyte membranes as the cause of impact‐induced cell deaths. However, this hypothesis relies on the untested assumption that chondrocyte membranes unfold in vivo during physiological tissue compression, but do not unfold during impact loading. Although membrane unfolding has been observed in isolated chondrocytes during osmotically induced swelling and mechanical compression, it is not known if membrane unfolding also occurs in chondrocytes embedded in their natural extracellular matrix. This study was aimed at quantifying changes in membrane morphology of in situ superficial zone chondrocytes during slow physiological cartilage compression. Bovine cartilage‐bone explants were loaded at 5 μm/s to nominal compressive strains ranging from 0% to 50%. After holding the final strains for 45 min, the loaded cartilage was chemically pre‐fixed for 12 h. The cartilage layer was post‐processed for visualization of cell ultrastructure using electron microscopy. The changes in membrane morphology in superficial zone cells were quantified from planar electron micrographs by measuring the roughness and the complexity of the cell surfaces. Qualitatively, the cell surface ruffles that existed before loading disappeared when cartilage was loaded. Quantitatively, the roughness and complexity of cell surfaces decreased with increasing load magnitudes, suggesting a load‐dependent use of membrane reservoirs. Chondrocyte membranes unfold in a load‐dependent manner when cartilage is compressed. Under physiologically meaningful loading conditions, the cells likely expand their surface through unfolding of the membrane ruffles, and therefore avoid direct stretch of the cell membrane. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:304–310, 2017.
Simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetics of four triterpenoids by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry after the oral administration of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus (Rupr. et Maxim) Seem extract
Authors: Song Yang , Wang Zhibin , Feng Xuesong , Deng Xiaolan , Zhu Juan
Published: April 2016

A specific, simple, and sensitive ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method utilizing the Triple Quad system has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic study of four triterpenoid components of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus in rat plasma. The components are 22‐α‐hydroxychiisanogenin, chiisanogenin, (1R,11α)1,4‐epoxy‐11‐hrdroxy‐3,4‐secolupane‐20(30)‐ene‐3,28‐dioic acid, and 22‐α‐hydroxychiisanoside. Sample preparation involved a liquid–liquid extraction of the analytes with ethyl acetate. Chromatographic separation was accomplished using an Agilent SB‐C18 column (1.8 μm, 2.1 mm × 50 mm) with 2.0 min isocratic elution. The compounds were detected with a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring mode and an ESI source in negative mode. The method was linear for all analytes over the investigated range, with all determined correlation coefficients exceeding 0.9906. The limit of quantification of each analyte was lower than 1 ng/mL. The intraday and interday precisions were less than 14.9%, and the accuracy ranged from –10.2 to 11.8%. The mean recoveries of the analytes were higher than 80.0%, and the matrix effects were between 100.4 and 107.1%. These results may contribute to determining the mechanism of action and guiding the clinical application of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus.
On Martin's Axiom and Forms of Choice
Authors: Tachtsis Eleftherios
Published: April 2016

Martin's Axiom is the statement that for every well‐ordered cardinal , the statement holds, where is “if is a c.c.c. quasi order and is a family of dense sets in P, then there is a ‐generic filter of P”. In , the fragment is provable, but not in general in . In this paper, we investigate the interrelation between and various choice principles.

In the choiceless context, it makes sense to drop the requirement that the cardinal κ be well‐ordered, and we can define for any (not necessarily well‐ordered) cardinal the statement to be “if is a c.c.c. quasi order with , and is a family of dense sets in P, then there is a ‐generic filter of P”. We then define to be the statement that for every (not necessarily well‐ordered) cardinal , we have that holds. We then investigate the set‐theoretic strength of the principle .
Neuroimaging of classic neuralgic amyotrophy
Authors: Lieba‐Samal Doris , Jengojan Suren , Kasprian Gregor , Wöber Christian , Bodner Gerd
Published: April 2016

Introduction: Neuralgic amyotrophy (NA) often imposes diagnostic problems. Recently, MRI and high‐resolution ultrasound (HRUS) have proven useful in diagnosing peripheral nerve disorders. Methods: We performed a chart and imaging review of patients who were examined using neuroimaging and who were referred because of clinically diagnosed NA between March 1, 2014 and May 1, 2015. Results: Six patients were included. All underwent HRUS, and 5 underwent MRI. Time from onset to evaluation ranged from 2 weeks to 6 months. HRUS showed segmental swelling of all clinically affected nerves/trunks. Atrophy of muscles was detected in those assessed >1 month after onset. MRI showed T2‐weighted hyperintensity in all clinically affected nerves, except for the long thoracic nerve, and denervation edema of muscles. Conclusions: HRUS and MRI are valuable diagnostic tools in NA. This could change the diagnostic approach from one now focused on excluding other disorders to confirming NA through imaging markers. Muscle Nerve 54: 1079–1085, 2016
Physics‐based simulation of multiple interacting crack growth in brittle rocks driven by thermal cooling
Authors: Huang Hai , Meakin Paul , Malthe‐Sorenssen Anders
Published: April 2016

Crack growth in hot brittle rocks, driven by thermal cooling, was simulated using a coupled two‐dimensional discrete element and heat transport model that explicitly includes the random initiation and subsequent propagation of interacting cracks. The model clearly predicts that a quasi‐hierarchical array of subparallel cracks, oriented along the direction of the temperature gradient, is formed under small to moderately large thermally generated strain load conditions. The simulation results also demonstrate that, after an initial transient, thermal cracks propagate in a stable fashion with a velocity that scales with ~ t− 1/2. However, under large thermal strain loads, a more complicated geometry composed of cracks that curve and coalesce develops during the later stages of crack growth. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microscale modeling of effective mechanical and electrical properties of textiles
Authors: Queiruga Alejandro , Zohdi Tarek
Published: April 2016

A computational framework for assisting in the development of novel textiles is presented. Electronic textiles are key in the rapidly growing field of wearable electronics for both consumer and military uses. There are two main challenges to the modeling of electronic textiles: the discretization of the textile microstructure and the interaction between electromagnetic and mechanical fields. A director‐based beam formulation with an assumed electrical current is used to discretize the fabric at the level of individual fibrils. The open‐source package FEniCS was used to implement the finite element model. Contact integrals were added into the FEniCS framework so that multiphysics contact laws can be incorporated in the same framework, leveraging the code generation and automated differentiation capabilities of FEniCS to produce the tangents needed by the implicit solution method. The computational model is used to construct and determine the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of a representative volume elements of a plain woven textile. Dynamic relaxation to solve the mechanical fields and the electrical and thermal fields is solved statically for a given mechanical state. The simulated electrical responses are fit to a simplified Kirchhoff network model to determine effective resistances of the textile. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacological management of epilepsy
Authors: Brown Carole
Published: April 2016

There have been significant advances in the management of epilepsy since the appearance of bromide in 1857. In the last decade, many new drugs have been developed and general understanding of the condition has improved. Here, Pharmacist Epilepsy Practitioner, Carole Brown, considers the current choice of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), mode of action, newer AEDS, when to start treatment, epilepsy guidelines, adverse effects of AEDs, generic substitution, therapeutic drug monitoring, driving, contraception and bone health.
Highlights from the 2015 North American Cystic Fibrosis Conference
Authors: Zemanick Edith T. , Ong Thida , Daines Cori L. , Dellon Elisabeth P. , Muhlebach Marianne S. , Esther Charles R.
Published: April 2016

The 29th Annual North American Cystic Fibrosis Conference was held in Phoenix, Arizona on October 8–10, 2015. Abstracts were published in a supplement to Pediatric Pulmonology.1 In this review, we summarize presentations in several of the topic areas addressed at the conference. Our goal is to provide an overview of presentations with relevance to emerging or changing concepts in several areas rather than a comprehensive review. Citations from the conference are by first author and abstract number or symposium number, as designated in the supplement. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:650–657. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Business Cultural Intelligence Quotient: A Five‐Country Study
Authors: Alon Ilan , Boulanger Michele , Elston Julie Ann , Galanaki Eleanna , Martínez de Ibarreta Carlos , Meyers Judith , Muñiz‐Ferrer Marta , Vélez‐Calle Andrés
Published: April 2016

Cultural intelligence (CI) has often been linked to performance at the individual, team, and firm levels as a key factor in international business success. Using a new measure of CI, the business cultural intelligence quotient (BCIQ), our study provides empirical evidence on several key antecedents of CI using data on business professionals across five diverse countries (Austria, Colombia, Greece, Spain, and the United States). The findings suggest that the most important factors leading to cultural intelligence, in order of importance, are the number of countries that business practitioners have lived in for more than six months, their level of education, and the number of languages spoken. We find that cultural intelligence varies across countries, suggesting that some countries have a higher propensity for cross‐cultural business interactions. By teasing out the common antecedents of BCIQ among professionals, our findings may help with screening and training professionals for international assignments. Future research may examine the environmental (country‐specific) factors associated with a higher propensity for cultural intelligence (such as immigration, cultural diversity, languages spoken, and international trade) to explain the effect of country of origin on cultural intelligence in the professional community. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Micellar Properties for Propoxylated Surfactants in Water/Alcohol Solvent Mixtures and Their Antibacterial and Polyester Fabric Antistatic Performances
Authors: Sun Yongqiang , Wang Chao , Wang Wanxu , Yang Xiuquan , Di Serio Martino , Zhi Lifei
Published: April 2016

Two propoxylated quaternary amine surfactants characterized by two and six average PO adduct numbers (PO‐2 and PO‐6 QA surfactants) were synthesized to investigate the micellar properties of propoxylated cationic surfactants in water/alcohol mixtures. The effect of PPO groups on micelle formation was explored using conductivity, UV–vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering techniques. Regular or reverse micellization occur with water or alcohol rich solvent mixtures, respectively. For intermediate composition no micellization occurs. Also the performances in antibacterial and antistatic fabrics were studied. PO‐2 QA surfactant has excellent antibacterial activities against both the Gram‐negative bacterium Escherichia coli and the Gram‐positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus while both surfactants have good antistatic activity over polyester fabric.