bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statistical analysis of spatial and temporal variations in atmospheric electric fields from a regional array of field mills
Authors: Lucas G. M. , Thayer J. P. , Deierling W.
Published: January 2017

Electric fields and currents of the global electric circuit have been measured at different locations and time periods around the globe, but a long‐term analysis from a regional array of electric field mills has never been performed. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida has an array of over 30 electric field mills that have been continuously operating and archiving data for over 18 years. KSC is also instrumented with many meteorological towers. With this initial statistical analysis of a long‐term data set four unique observations are reported that encompass global as well as local effects. To quantitatively describe the effects, a model to determine near‐surface electric fields, incorporating space charge, and conductivity perturbations is developed. Statistical autonomous grouping of the mills using the spatial array demonstrates a greater than 50 V/m spatial variation from coastal to inland mills caused by wind‐advected space charge generated near the coast. A temporal analysis identified a strong, globally generated, diurnal signature, but only a weak annual signal is found. A realistic limit on conductivity reductions within clouds is estimated by analyzing overhead cloud cover in relation to near‐surface electric field strengths. The estimated in‐cloud conductivity reduction of approximately 1/3 is similar to observations but appreciably less than values estimated from microphysical cloud estimates. Finally, an enhancement in the electric field at sunrise is statistically well correlated with low wind speeds and high relative humidities. This paper provides a statistical description of local environmental effects on near‐surface electric fields by which to base future studies.
A predictive model for the spectral “bioalbedo” of snow
Authors: Cook J. M. , Hodson A. J. , Taggart A. J. , Mernild S. H. , Tranter M.
Published: January 2017

We present the first physical model for the spectral “bioalbedo” of snow, which predicts the spectral reflectance of snowpacks contaminated with variable concentrations of red snow algae with varying diameters and pigment concentrations and then estimates the effect of the algae on snowmelt. The biooptical model estimates the absorption coefficient of individual cells; a radiative transfer scheme calculates the spectral reflectance of snow contaminated with algal cells, which is then convolved with incoming spectral irradiance to provide albedo. Albedo is then used to drive a point‐surface energy balance model to calculate snowpack melt rate. The model is used to investigate the sensitivity of snow to algal biomass and pigmentation, including subsurface algal blooms. The model is then used to recreate real spectral albedo data from the High Sierra (CA, USA) and broadband albedo data from Mittivakkat Gletscher (SE Greenland). Finally, spectral “signatures” are identified that could be used to identify biology in snow and ice from remotely sensed spectral reflectance data. Our simulations not only indicate that algal blooms can influence snowpack albedo and melt rate but also highlight that “indirect” feedback related to their presence are a key uncertainty that must be investigated.
A new ionospheric storm scale based on TEC and foF2 statistics
Authors: Nishioka Michi , Tsugawa Takuya , Jin Hidekatsu , Ishii Mamoru
Published: January 2017

In this paper, we propose the I‐scale, a new ionospheric storm scale for general users in various regions in the world. With the I‐scale, ionospheric storms can be classified at any season, local time, and location. Since the ionospheric condition largely depends on many factors such as solar irradiance, energy input from the magnetosphere, and lower atmospheric activity, it had been difficult to scale ionospheric storms, which are mainly caused by solar and geomagnetic activities. In this study, statistical analysis was carried out for total electron content (TEC) and F2 layer critical frequency (foF2) in Japan for 18 years from 1997 to 2014. Seasonal, local time, and latitudinal dependences of TEC and foF2 variabilities are excluded by normalizing each percentage variation using their statistical standard deviations. The I‐scale is defined by setting thresholds to the normalized numbers to seven categories: I0, IP1, IP2, IP3, IN1, IN2, and IN3. I0 represents a quiet state, and IP1 (IN1), IP2 (IN2), and IP3 (IN3) represent moderate, strong, and severe positive (negative) storms, respectively. The proposed I‐scale can be used for other locations, such as polar and equatorial regions. It is considered that the proposed I‐scale can be a standardized scale to help the users to assess the impact of space weather on their systems.
Combating Established Mouse Glioblastoma through Nicotinylated‐Liposomes‐Mediated Targeted Chemotherapy in Combination with Dendritic‐Cell‐Based Genetic Immunization
Authors: Saha Soumen , Venu Yakati , Bhattacharya Dwaipayan , Kompella Shobha Deepthi , Madhusudana Kuncha , Chakravarty Sumana , Ramakrishna Sistla , Chaudhuri Arabinda
Published: January 2017

Accomplishing significantly enhanced overall survivability (OS) remains a formidable challenge in combating glioblastoma. The presence of the blood–brain barrier acts as the major biological barrier in delivering drugs to the brain. Herein, liposomal formulations of two novel nicotinylated amphiphiles are reported for targeting potent anticancer drugs to orthotopic mouse glioblastoma. It is shown that intravenous administration of the potent signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibitor (WP‐1066)‐loaded liposomes of nicotinylated amphiphiles in combination with in vivo dendritic cell (DC)‐targeted subcutaneous genetic immunization (using tyrosinase‐related protein‐2 encoded DNA vaccine) markedly enhances the OS of orthotopic glioblastoma‐bearing mice (by >500% compared to the OS for the control group). Notably, the overall survival benefits in orthotopic‐brain‐tumor‐bearing mice treated with only targeted chemotherapy or with only in vivo DC‐targeted genetic immunization are found to be significantly less. The presently described simple approach avoids the need of isolation of any autologous immune cells. In summary, the preclinical findings described herein open the door for combating glioblastoma in humans through harnessing synergistic effects of targeted chemotherapy and in vivo DC‐targeted genetic immunization.
Optimized Photoinitiator for Fast Two‐Photon Absorption Polymerization of Polyester‐Macromers for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Poocza Leander , Gottschaldt Michael , Markweg Eric , Hauptmann Nicole , Hildebrand Gerhard , Pretzel David , Hartlieb Matthias , Reichardt Christian , Kübel Joachim , Schubert Ulrich S. , Mollenhauer Olaf , Dietzek Benjamin , Liefeith Klaus
Published: January 2017

The efficiency of two‐photon polymerization (TPP) techniques depends on the photoinitiator (PI) systems. Objective of this study was to enhance the performance of a cyclopentanone‐based PI by introducing polar side chains in order to increase the solubility of the PI in the investigated macromonomers urethanedimethacrylate (UDMA) and lactide‐caprolactone‐methacrylate (LCM). The conditions for TPP were investigated in writing power/speed arrays. To confirm the high reactivity of the new PI a maximum speed experiment at a concentration of 2% was performed and a TPP structure in the dimensions of several centimeters could be written, which to our knowledge has not yet been reported elsewhere.
Arbitrary shaped ice particle melting under the influence of natural convection
Authors: Bansal Hemant , Nikrityuk Petr
Published: January 2017

This work is devoted to numerical simulations of an arbitrary shaped ice particle melting inside water under the influence of natural convection. Specifically, four different shapes of the ice particle have been studied: sphere, cylinder, cross shaped cylinder, and irregular sphere with radial bumps on its surface. A 2D axisymmetric particle‐resolved numerical model has been employed on a fixed grid to study the detailed melting dynamics of an ice particle. The solid‐liquid interface is treated as a porous medium characterized by the permeability coefficient which is used to damp the velocity values inside the interface. The model results have been compared with an existing experimental results produced by A. Shukla et al. (Metal Mater Trans B. 2011; 42(1):224–235). Very good agreement between our predictions and experimental data have been achieved. Based on the analysis of numerical simulation results, melting process is found to advance through two distinct regimes, namely, establishment of the natural convection and active melting of ice particle exhibiting substantial amount of fluid‐particle interactions. A set of dimensionless parameters have been identified to distinguish between regimes. Finally, we developed a semi‐empirical to predict the melting of any arbitrary shaped ice particle and validated it against the particle‐resolved numerical simulation and experimental results. The comparison showed good agreement. Finally, the presented semi‐empirical model can be used as sub‐grid model in Euler‐Lagrange based numerical models to study the phase change phenomena in particulate flow systems. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3158–3176, 2017
Recent advances in primate nutritional ecology
Authors: Righini Nicoletta
Published: January 2017

Nutritional ecology seeks to explain, in an ecological and evolutionary context, how individuals choose, acquire, and process food to satisfy their nutritional requirements. Historically, studies of primate feeding ecology have focused on characterizing diets in terms of the botanical composition of the plants consumed. Further, dietary studies have demonstrated how patch and food choice in relation to time spent foraging and feeding are influenced by the spatial and temporal distribution of resources and by social factors such as feeding competition, dominance, or partner preferences. From a nutritional perspective, several theories including energy and protein‐to‐fiber maximization, nutrient mixing, and toxin avoidance, have been proposed to explain the food choices of non‐human primates. However, more recently, analytical frameworks such as nutritional geometry have been incorporated into primatology to explore, using a multivariate approach, the synergistic effects of multiple nutrients, secondary metabolites, and energy requirements on primate food choice. Dietary strategies associated with nutrient balancing highlight the tradeoffs that primates face in bypassing or selecting particular feeding sites and food items. In this Special Issue, the authors bring together a set of studies focusing on the nutritional ecology of a diverse set of primate taxa characterized by marked differences in dietary emphasis. The authors present, compare, and discuss the diversity of strategies used by primates in diet selection, and how species differences in ecology, physiology, anatomy, and phylogeny can affect patterns of nutrient choice and nutrient balancing. The use of a nutritionally explicit analytical framework is fundamental to identify the nutritional requirements of different individuals of a given species, and through its application, direct conservation efforts can be applied to regenerate and protect specific foods and food patches that offer the opportunity of a nutritionally balanced diet.
Eye‐tracking–based assessment suggests preserved well‐being in locked‐in patients
Authors: Linse Katharina , Rüger Wolfgang , Joos Markus , Schmitz‐Peiffer Henning , Storch Alexander , Hermann Andreas
Published: January 2017

We assessed quality of life (QoL) and psychological well‐being in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis–induced locked‐in state and their next of kin in a fully unbiased manner using eye‐tracking computer systems. Eleven of 30 screened patients and 9 next of kin completed study procedures. Patients reported good QoL, which appeared to be at the cost of the QoL of their next of kin. Next of kin rated their own or patients’ QoL similarly, but they identified different areas as important as compared with patients. Our results are of importance for the discussion of end‐of‐life decisions and the evaluation of patients’ presumed wishes as well as for psychosocial interventions. Ann Neurol 2017;81:310–315
Epigenetic‐mediated immune suppression of positive co‐stimulatory molecules in chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells
Authors: Cacan Ercan
Published: January 2017

The immunological response against cancer is a critical balance between immune‐activating and immune‐suppressing mechanisms. Ovarian cancer creates a suppressive microenvironment to escape immune elimination; however, the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood, and it is unclear whether chemotherapeutic drugs exert an immunoreactive or immunosuppressive effect on the tumor microenvironment. 4‐1BB ligand (4‐1BBL/CD157) and OX‐40 ligand (OX‐40L/CD252) are important regulators of effector cytotoxic T‐cells activity. This study demonstrates that expression of positive co‐stimulatory molecules, OX‐40L and 4‐1BBL, is suppressed while expression of immunosuppressive molecule programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1/CD274) is enhanced in chemoresistant cells compared to parental chemosensitive ovarian cancer cells. Here, the molecular mechanisms of silencing of OX‐40L and 4‐1BBL expression were investigated in chemoresistant A2780‐AD ovarian cancer cells. The suppression of OX‐40L and 4‐1BBL are due to DNA hypermethylation and histone deacetylation, two important mechanisms that contribute to gene silencing during cancer progression. We identify important epigenetic regulators, histone deacetylase 1/3 (HDAC1/HDAC3) and DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), that exhibit aberrant association with OX‐40L and 4‐1BBL promoters in chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells. Knockdown of HDAC1 or DNMT1 expression, and pharmacological inhibition of DNMT or HDAC enzymatic activity, significantly increase OX‐40L and 4‐1BBL expression in chemoresistant cells. This study suggests that loss of histone acetylation and accumulation of DNA methylation correlates with suppressed expression of OX‐40L and 4‐1BBL in chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells. This study marks the first report of the regulation of these two molecules by histone deacetylation and DNA methylation in chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells.
SBA‐15‐Supported Metal Silicides Prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition as Efficient Catalysts Towards the Semihydrogenation of Phenylacetylene
Authors: Yang Kaixuan , Chen Xiao , Wang Lei , Zhang Liangliang , Jin Shaohua , Liang Changhai
Published: January 2017

Metal silicide (Pd2Si, Ni2Si, CoSi, FexSi, and Cu6.69Si) catalysts supported by SBA‐15 have been prepared by a chemical vapor deposition method under a H2 atmosphere using (CH3)2SiCl2 as the Si source. Of the SBA‐15‐supported metal silicide catalysts, Ni2Si/SBA‐15 presented a modest activity, notable selectivity to styrene (>90 %), and high stability with respect to the selective hydrogenation of phenylacetylene, which is attributed to the active‐site isolation and electron transfer in the silicide. Furthermore, Ni2Si/SBA‐15 also has a high selectivity to diphenylacetylene and 1,4‐butynediol, which demonstrates that Ni2Si/SBA‐15 is a promising, low‐cost catalyst alternative to noble‐metal catalysts as a selective hydrogenation catalyst.
Bioelectrocatalytic Reduction of Hydrogen Peroxide by Microperoxidase‐11 Immobilized on Mesoporous Antimony‐Doped Tin Oxide
Authors: Neumann Bettina , Kielb Patrycja , Rustam Lina , Fischer Anna , Weidinger Inez M. , Wollenberger Ulla
Published: January 2017

The heme‐undecapeptide microperoxidase‐11 (MP‐11) was immobilized on mesoporous antimony‐doped tin oxide (ATO) thin‐film electrodes modified with the positively charged binding promotor polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride. Surface concentrations of MP‐11 of 1.5 nmol cm−2 were sufficiently high to enable spectroelectrochemical analyses. UV/Vis spectroscopy and resonance Raman spectroscopy revealed that immobilized MP‐11 adopts a six‐coordinated low‐spin conformation, as in solution in the presence of a polycation. Cathodic reduction of hydrogen peroxide at potentials close to +500 mV versus Ag/AgCl indicates that the reaction proceeds via a Compound I‐type like intermediate, analogous to natural peroxidases, and confirms mesoporous ATO as a suitable host material for adsorbing the heme‐peptide in its native state. A hydrogen peroxide sensor is proposed by using the bioelectrocatalytic properties of the MP‐11‐modified ATO.
All‐Organic Rechargeable Battery with Reversibility Supported by “Water‐in‐Salt” Electrolyte
Authors: Dong Xiaoli , Yu Hongchuan , Ma Yuanyuan , Bao Junwei Lucas , Truhlar Donald G. , Wang Yonggang , Xia Yongyao
Published: January 2017

Rechargeable batteries with organic electrodes are preferred to those with transition‐metal‐containing electrodes for their environmental friendliness, and resource availability, but all such batteries reported to date are based on organic electrolytes, which raise concerns of safety and performance. Here an aqueous‐electrolyte all‐organic rechargeable battery is reported, with a maximum operating voltage of 2.1 V, in which polytriphenylamine (PTPAn) and 1,4,5,8‐naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA)‐derived polyimide (PNTCDA) serve as cathode and anode material, respectively. A key feature of the design is use of a “water‐in‐salt” electrolyte to bind “free” water; this impedes the side reaction of water oxidation, thereby enabling excellent reversibility in aqueous solution. The battery can deliver a maximum energy density of 52.8 Wh kg−1, which is close to most of the all‐organic batteries with organic electrolytes. The battery exhibits a supercapacitor‐like high power of 32 000 W kg−1 and a long cycle life (700 cycles with capacity retention of 85 %), due to the kinetics not being limited by ion diffusion at either electrode.
Correlation between cardiac rhythm, left atrial appendage flow velocity, and CHA2DS2‐VASc score: Study based on transesophageal echocardiography and 2‐dimensional speckle tracking
Authors: Zuo Kun , Sun Lanlan , Yang Xinchun , Lyu Xiuzhang , Li Kuibao
Published: January 2017

Background

The CHA2DS2‐VASc score is a classic predictor of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Decreased left atrial appendage flow velocity (LAA‐FV) reflects the blood stasis, and left atrial (LA) strain is a manifestation of atrial remodeling. This study aimed to explore the effects of AF rhythm and CHA2DS2‐VASc score in the development of thrombogenesis and their potential correlation with LAA‐FV and LA strain.

Hypothesis

AF rhythm and high CHA2DS2‐VASc score correlate independently with decreased LAA‐FV, which can be predicted by LA strain.

Methods

In 98 AF patients, LAA‐FV was measured by transesophageal echocardiography and LA strain was measured by transthoracic echocardiography.

Results

LAA‐FV decreased sharply in the AF rhythm group (26.22 vs 61.87 mm/s; P < 0.001), and CHA2DS2‐VASc score did not differ between the decreased and normal LAA‐FV groups in all patients (P = 0.289). However, in sinus rhythm (SR), LAA‐FV was associated with CHA2DS2‐VASc score (coefficient = −0.317, P = 0.013), and the CHA2DS2‐VASc score differed between the normal and decreased LAA‐FV groups (2 [0–7] vs 3 [0–6], respectively; P = 0.038). Moreover, LA strain was a predictor of LAA‐FV in both AF rhythm and SR, whereas a peak positive systolic strain divided by LA volume index <0.744 predicted decreased LAA‐FV.

Conclusions

AF rhythm caused a sharp decrease in LAA‐FV independent of CHA2DS2‐VASc score. In SR, the CHA2DS2‐VASc score correlated negatively with LAA‐FV. LA strain was a predictor of LAA‐FV in both SR and AF rhythm.
Visible‐Light‐Triggered Activation of a Protein Kinase Inhibitor
Authors: Wilson Danielle , Li Jason W. , Branda Neil R.
Published: January 2017

A photoresponsive small molecule undergoes a ring‐opening reaction when exposed to visible light and becomes an active inhibitor of the enzyme protein kinase C. This “turning on” of enzyme inhibition with light puts control into the hands of the user, creating the opportunity to regulate when and where enzyme catalysis takes place.
Evaluation of Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Lesinurad, a New Selective Urate Reabsorption Inhibitor, and Commonly Used Drugs for Gout Treatment
Authors: Shen Zancong , Tieu Kathy , Wilson David , Bucci Gail , Gillen Michael , Lee Caroline , Kerr Bradley
Published: January 2017

Lesinurad is a novel selective uric acid reabsorption inhibitor approved for treatment of hyperuricemia associated with gout in combination with xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOIs). Open‐label pharmacokinetic studies were performed in volunteers or subjects with hyperuricemia (serum uric acid ≥ 8 mg/dL) to investigate interactions of lesinurad (with and without concurrent XOIs) with colchicine and 2 nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs: naproxen and indomethacin. Colchicine studies included consecutive 7‐day treatment periods of (1) allopurinol 300 mg, allopurinol 300 mg plus lesinurad 400 or 600 mg, and continued lesinurad 400 or 600 mg; or (2) febuxostat 40 or 80 mg, febuxostat 40 or 80 mg plus lesinurad 400 mg, and continued febuxostat 40 or 80 mg plus lesinurad 600 mg. Naproxen and indomethacin studies included lesinurad 400 mg on day 1, naproxen 250 mg twice daily or indomethacin 25 mg twice daily on days 2–6, and lesinurad 400 mg plus continued naproxen or indomethacin on days 7–13 and the morning of day 14. Lesinurad did not alter the pharmacokinetics of naproxen and modestly altered exposure to colchicine (AUC decrease of ≤ 25%) and indomethacin (AUC increase of ∼35%). Indomethacin did not alter the pharmacokinetics of lesinurad, whereas naproxen modestly decreased the Cmax of lesinurad by ∼27%.
Simultaneous AuIII Extraction and In Situ Formation of Polymeric Membrane‐Supported Au Nanoparticles: A Sustainable Process with Application in Catalysis
Authors: Mora‐Tamez Lucía , Esquivel‐Peña Vicente , Ocampo Ana L. , Rodríguez de San Miguel Eduardo , Grande Daniel , de Gyves Josefina
Published: January 2017

A polymeric membrane‐supported catalyst with immobilized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was prepared through the extraction and in situ reduction of AuIII salts in a one‐step strategy. Polymeric inclusion membranes (PIMs) and polymeric nanoporous membranes (PNMs) were tested as different membrane‐support systems. Transport experiments indicated that PIMs composed of cellulose triacetate, 2‐nitrophenyloctyl ether, and an aliphatic tertiary amine (Adogen 364 or Alamine 336) were the most efficient supports for AuIII extraction. The simultaneous extraction and reduction processes were proven to be the result of a synergic phenomenon in which all the membrane components were involved. Scanning electron microscopy characterization of cross‐sectional samples suggested a distribution of AuNPs throughout the membrane. Transmission electron microscopy characterization of the AuNPs indicated average particle sizes of 36.7 and 2.9 nm for the PIMs and PNMs, respectively. AuNPs supported on PIMs allowed for >95.4 % reduction of a 0.05 mmol L−1 4‐nitrophenol aqueous solution with 10 mmol L−1 NaBH4 solution within 25 min.
Hypoxia‐independent mechanisms of HIF‐1α expression in astrocytes after ischemic preconditioning
Authors: Hirayama Yuri , Koizumi Schuichi
Published: January 2017

We recently demonstrated that ischemic tolerance was dependent on astrocytes, for which HIF‐1α had an essential role. The mild ischemia (preconditioning; PC) increased HIF‐1α in a biphasic pattern, that is, a quick and transient increase in neurons, followed by a slow and sustained increase in astrocytes. However, mechanisms underlying such temporal difference in HIF‐1α increase remain totally unknown. Here, we show that unlike a hypoxia‐dependent mechanism in neurons, astrocytes increase HIF‐1α via a novel hypoxia‐independent but P2X7‐dependent mechanism. Using a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of mice, we found that the PC (a 15‐min MCAO period)‐evoked increase in HIF‐1α in neurons was quick and transient (from 1 to 3 days after PC), but that in astrocytes was slow‐onset and long‐lasting (from 3 days to at least 2 weeks after PC). The neuronal HIF‐1α increase was dependent on inhibition of PHD2, an oxygen‐dependent HIF‐1α degrading enzyme, whereas astrocytic one was independent of PHD2. Astrocytes even do not possess this enzyme. Instead, they produced a sustained increase in P2X7 receptors, activation of which resulted in HIF‐1α increase. The hypoxia‐independent but P2X7‐receptor‐dependent mechanism could allow astrocytes to cause long‐lasting HIF‐1α expression, thereby leading to induction of ischemic tolerance efficiently. GLIA 2017;65:523–530
Postoperative iodine‐125 interstitial brachytherapy for the early stages of minor salivary gland carcinomas of the lip and buccal mucosa with positive or close margins
Authors: Wu Wen‐Jie , Shao Xiao , Huang Ming‐Wei , Lv Xiao‐Ming , Zhang Xin‐Na , Zhang Jian‐Guo
Published: January 2017

Background

The purpose of this study was to present our preliminary exploration of safety and efficacy of postoperative low‐dose‐rate brachytherapy for the early clinical stages of minor salivary gland carcinomas of the lip and buccal mucosa.

Methods

Twenty‐seven patients with the early stages of minor salivary gland carcinomas of the lip and buccal mucosa received postoperative 125I seed interstitial brachytherapy from March 2005 to May 2015. Actuarial likelihood estimates for local control, overall survival, and disease‐free survival were calculated by Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

The actuarial 3‐year, 5‐year, and 10‐year local control rates were 94.7%, 82.9%, and 82.9%, respectively. The actuarial 3‐year, 5‐year, and 10‐year overall survival rates were 93.3%, 93.3%, and 77.8%, respectively. No patient experienced toxicity above grade 2.

Conclusion

Postoperative 125I seed interstitial brachytherapy is an alternative to radical surgery for early stages of minor salivary gland carcinomas of the lip and buccal mucosa, which offers satisfactory cosmetic and functional outcomes. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 572–577, 2017
Transition to market economy promotes individualistic values: Analysing changes in frequencies of Russian words from 1980 to 2008
Authors: Velichkovsky Boris B. , Solovyev Valery D. , Bochkarev Vladimir V. , Ishkineeva Farida F.
Published: January 2017

Google Books Ngram was used to assess changes in frequency of usage in words corresponding to collectivistic and individualistic values in Russia during the time of economic changes. It was found that in many domains transition to market economy was associated with a rise in the use of words corresponding to individualistic values and a decrease in the use of words associated with collectivistic values. In several cases, words corresponding to collectivistic terms were used more often than words corresponding to individualistic values. The results suggest that economic changes lead to a change in values structure, but that individualistic and collectivistic values can co‐exist because of the transitional sate of the Russian society.
Genital Tract Obstruction and Endometriosis
Authors: Rodeck Charles , Craft Ian , Dewhurst C. J.
Published: January 2017

Rodeck, Ch., Craft, I. and Dewhurst, C. J. (Institute of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Chelsea Hospital for Women, London, England). Genital tract obstruction and endometriosis.

Int J Gynaecol Obstet 13: 197–200, 1975.

The clinical features and modes of treatment of nine patients with obstruction of the genital tract are described. Three had endometriosis confirmed histologically; one of these had no macroscopic evidence of the disease. While retrograde menstruation is the most likely explanation for the development of endometriosis, it can apparently be influenced by the level of obstruction in the genital tract, the length of time during which endometrial reflux occurs, and the quantity involved. Treatment and results are discussed and it is noted that the prognosis worsens in proportion to the length of vagina occluded and in the presence of abnormality of the cervix.
Use of Prostaglandin F2α in the Management of Missed Abortion
Authors: Foroohar Heshmatollah , Behjatnia Yahya
Published: January 2017

Foroohar, H. and Behjatnia, Y. (Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, J. S. Saleh Hospital, Razi Medical School, Tehran University, Tehran). Use of prostaglandin F2α in the management of missed abortion.

Int J Gynaecol Obstet 14: 541–544, 1976.

Intravenous infusion of PG F2α was used to induce uterine contractions in 9 cases of missed abortions. Except for one case which was an extra uterine pregnancy, all of the patients aborted successfully. There were no major complications. The use of PG is suggested as a method of choice in the management of missed abortion specially in the second trimester.
The Evolution of Laparoscopic Sterilization
Authors: Phillips Jordan , Keith Louis
Published: January 2017

Historical and technical considerations pertaining to laparoscopic sterilization techniques, including changes that have occurred in the use of some laparoscopic techniques, are presented. Methods of tubal occlusion applicable with laparoscopy are outlined, and rates of selected complications associated with different laparoscopic procedures are reviewed. The future development of laparoscopic sterilization techniques is considered.
Laparoscopy for the Confirmation and Prognostic Evaluation of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Authors: Chaparro Mario V. , Ghosh Snehanshu , Nashed Adel , Poliak Aaron
Published: January 2017

A presumptive diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is usually made in our gynecologic clinics when obscure, acute lower abdominal pain is accompanied by fever and abnormal vaginal discharge, urinary and rectal discomfort, marked tenderness of the pelvic organs to palpation, or pelvic masses. In the present study, during a 2‐year period, 223 women underwent laparoscopy to confirm this diagnosis. PID was confirmed in 103 (46.2%) of the cases; other serious conditions were diagnosed in 69 (30.9%) of the cases; and no evidence of disease was found in 51 (22.9%) of the cases. The authors conclude that laparoscopy is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of PID.
Hospital Counseling in Khartoum: A Study of Factors Affecting Contraceptive Acceptance After Abortion
Authors: Rushwan Hamid E. , Ferguson James G. , Bernard Roger P.
Published: January 2017

This study examines the impact of contraceptive counseling on 3 263 women hospitalized in Khartoum for treatment of incomplete abortion. The analysis, which focused on education and parity/child desire, revealed that the counseling program produced contraceptive acceptance among 47.0% of those followed up. In spite of the counseling efforts, half of the women in this study did not accept contraception following the abortion—regardless of education or parity/child desire. It is difficult to determine why 50% of those who had recently undergone an incomplete abortion were willing to put themselves at risk again. Apparently, future efforts to increase the impact of counseling programs must also examine patients' motivation to accept (or not to accept) contraception.
Effects of Monitoring High‐Risk Pregnancies and Intrapartum FHR Monitoring on Perinates
Authors: Hamilton Lewis A. , Gottschalk William , Vidyasagar Dharmapuri , Horn Charles , Wynn Ralph M.
Published: January 2017

A protocol of chronic antepartum surveillance was initiated at the University of Illinois hospitals in 1973 to assess the impact on perinatal mortality. At the same time, a policy of unselected fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring was initiated to judge the effect on the intrapartum stillbirth rate. The impact of both programs played a significant role in the decline of perinatal mortality rates for infants weighing more than 1 500 g, from 21.1/1 000 births in 1970–1971 to 14.4/1 000 births in the monitored years 1973 and 1974 (p<0.02).
Concurrent Use of PGF2α, Vibrations to the Cervix Uteri and Amniotomy to Induce Labor After Intrauterine Fetal Death
Authors: Sorbe Bengt
Published: January 2017

A triad consisting of (a) prostaglandin F2α infusion, (b) dilation of the uterine cervix by low frequency vibrations and (c) early low amniotomy was used to induce labor in ten women after intrauterine fetal death had occurred. Vaginal delivery was successful in all cases, with a mean induction‐to‐delivery interval of 5.4 ± 0.8 hours. Vibratory dilation effectively prepares the cervix for the intense prostaglandin‐induced uterine contractions and thereby reduces the risk of cervical laceration and fistula. The dilation of the cervical canal also makes an early low amniotomy possible and easy. This study demonstrates a highly effective, safe and relatively nontraumatic method for uterine evacuation after intrauterine fetal death.
Amniotic Fluid Levels of α‐Fetoprotein and Other Proteins in a Case of Turner's Syndrome of the Fetus
Authors: Cederqvist Lars L. , Cole John T. , Rothe Desider J. , Derman Richard J.
Published: January 2017

A 34‐year‐old primigravida underwent genetic amniocentesis at 20 weeks' gestation and the fetus was diagnosed as having Turner's syndrome. The concentration of α‐fetoprotein in amniotic fluid was greatly elevated. Normal concentrations of amniotic fluid total protein, albumin and immunoglobulin indicated that the elevated level of α‐fetoprotein was not the result of leakage through a hygroma, which has been previously suggested without supporting data in cases of Turner's syndrome of the fetus.
Fibrinolytic Activity of Menstrual Blood in Normal and Menorrhagic Women and in Women Wearing the Lippes Loop and the Cu‐T(200)
Authors: Hefnawi F. , Saleh A. , Kandil O. , El‐Sheikha Z. , Hassanein M. , Askalani H.
Published: January 2017

Assessment was made of the fibrinolytic activity in menstrual and peripheral blood of 30 normally menstruating and 30 menorrhagic patients and of 30 women wearing Lippes Loops and 15 wearing CU‐T(200)s. Assessment was performed by measuring the area of lysis on heated and unheated fibrin plates. Also, histochemical identification of fibrin fibrils in the menstrual endometrium was performed by Mallory's phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin method. Results in the normally menstruating group were compared to those of the menorrhagic women, and together these were compared with results in the groups of women wearing intrauterine devices. The fibrinolytic activity in menstrual blood was significantly increased in menorrhagic patients compared to that in normally menstruating patients, but no significant difference was detected in the plasma of either group. The histochemical study of the normally menstruating endometrium revealed dense intravascular and extravascular deposits of fibrin. Less dense intravascular fibrin deposits, but no extravascular ones, were present in the menorrhagic patients. The increase in the fibrinolytic activity of menstrual blood and the decrease in the density of fibrin deposits in the menstrual endometrium of the menorrhagic women were thus associated and were probably involved in the excessive menstrual loss. The fibrinolytic activity of menstrual blood in women wearing Lippes Loops was higher than that in women with Cu‐T(200)s and was associated with decreased density of fibrin fibrils in the menstruating endometrium. This may explain the increased blood loss associated with the use of the Lippes Loop.
Studies in Menorrhagia: (a) Mefenamic Acid, (b) Endometrial Prostaglandin Concentrations
Authors: Haynes P. J. , Flint A. P. F. , Hodgson Helen , Anderson Anne B. M. , Dray F. , Turnbull A. C.
Published: January 2017

Twenty‐two women with unexplained heavy menstrual blood loss (average loss for two cycles of >80 ml) were treated with the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor mefenamic acid during two consecutive menstruations. There was a significant reduction in menstrual blood loss on mefenamic acid therapy, the median loss being 137 ml before treatment and 76 ml while on treatment. Reduction in menstrual loss was achieved in 20 of the 22 patients but varied from a 2% to 78% reduction. The greater the menstrual loss before treatment, the more it was reduced on mefenamic acid therapy. Endometrial concentrations of prostaglandins E2 and F2α in the follicular phase of the cycle were similar whether or not patients had menorrhagia. In the luteal phase, however, 6 of 14 patients with menorrhagia had higher endometrial prostaglandin E2 and F2α concentrations than all 13 controls.
Cortical Blindness in Preeclampsia
Authors: Grimes David A. , Ekbladh Lamar E. , McCartney William H.
Published: January 2017

A 15‐year‐old primigravida with severe preeclampsia at term developed blindness. Following delivery by cesarean section, her visual acuity returned promptly. Computerized tomography demonstrated bilateral cerebral lesions in the occipital cortex, which resolved partially by five days and completely by seven months after delivery. Persistent electroencephalogram abnormalities and transient episodes of blindness suggest the presence of residual cerebral damage.
Obstetric Neuropraxia in the Nigerian African
Authors: Bademosi O. , Osuntokun B. O. , van de Werd H. J. , Bademosi A. K. , Ojo O. A.
Published: January 2017

The results of a prospective study of 34 Nigerian women with obstetric neuropraxia (puerperal paresis of the lower limbs) seen at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, are presented. The height of 29 (84%) was under 62 in (1.58 m). All were younger than 45, and 41% (14) were primiparous. Lumbosacral plexus injury with a foot‐drop was the most frequent presenting feature (88%), bilateral involvement was observed in 13 patients (38%), femoral neuropathy was observed in nine (26%) and the ankle tendon jerks were absent in 35%. Spastic paraparesis was not uncommon (15%). Results of electromyographic examination and determinations of conduction velocities were consistent with proximal neuropraxia of the lumbosacral trunk in many of them (88%). The presentation of the fetus was cephalic in 97% of the women. The major predisposing factor was prolonged labor. Among the complications associated with the neuropraxia were hydrometers above the pelvic brim and vesico‐ and rectovaginal fistulae. Perinatal mortality was high particularly with labor of more than 18 hours. Recovery from the neuropraxia was complete for 76% of the patients. It is concluded that direct pressure on the lumbosacral plexus and nerve trunks by the presenting fetal part is the major factor in the pathogenesis of obstetric neuropraxia encountered in Nigerians.
Acute Uterine Inversion: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Opaneye A. A.
Published: January 2017

Acute inversion of the uterus is a serious but rare complication of the third stage of labor. The exact frequency of the complication is not known. Two cases seen and managed in the Obstetric Department of a district hospital are reported. The literature on this subject is reviewed; the possible causative factors and management techniques are discussed.
Neural Tube Defects in Association with Copper Intrauterine Devices
Authors: Graham David , Enkin Murray , deSa D.
Published: January 2017

Copper‐bearing intrauterine devices are being increasingly used for contraception. A growing number of pregnancies, which may subsequently carry to term, are therefore being exposed to high levels of copper at the critical period of organogenesis, with risk of possible teratogenesis. Two cases of anencephaly occurring in association with these devices are reported.
Oral Contraceptive Use and Diseases of the Circulatory System in Taiwan: An Analysis of Mortality Statistics
Authors: Chow L. P. , Nair N. K.
Published: January 2017

Whether or not increased prevalence of oral contraceptive use in developing countries is associated with increased morbidity and mortality from circulatory system diseases is a serious concern for health and family planning administrators. An analysis of Taiwan's mortality statistics to determine whether such an association existed was undertaken, taking advantage of the excellent vital statistics and medical care systems existing there. The analysis failed to demonstrate that death rates from circulatory system diseases among Taiwanese women of childbearing age have increased since the promotion of oral contraceptive use began in 1967. In fact, mortality from all forms of circulatory system diseases has generally declined since 1967, and the slopes of declines for females of childbearing age who were exposed to oral contraceptives were somewhat greater than those of males of the corresponding age groups.
Polyurethane conjugating TGF‐β on surface impacts local inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in skeletal muscle
Authors: Shi Dandan , Xiao Jiangwei , Gu Ruicai , Wu Gang , Liao Hua
Published: January 2017

The synthesized short peptide‐polymers would provide key functions for tissue regeneration and repair, through enriching bioactive molecules on polymers or releasing these molecules pre‐conjugated on the materials. We have developed a degradable polyurethane (PU) bearing HSNGLPL peptide, which has affinity binding ability to transforming growth factor‐betas (TGF‐β). For deeply understanding spatial release of TGF‐β from the PU polymers and its localized bioactivity, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and Elisa test were used to verify TGF‐β binding capacities in vitro and in vivo. The PU polymers, with or without pre‐conjugating of TGF‐β, were implanted into gastronomies muscle (GN) of C57BL/6 mice, for addressing TGF‐β release from the polymers and its bio‐regulating function in vivo. QCM result shows that PU bearing HSNGLPL peptide has affinity binding ability to TGF‐β in vitro. Intramuscular implanting experiment further supports the enrichment efficiency of TGF‐β on PU polymers in vivo. The detecting data involving intramuscular inflammatory infiltration triggered by the implants, myofiber regeneration, muscular fibrosis degree, and activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress), evidence TGF‐β can be released from PU polymers, and exerts regulating effects on the material‐induced inflammation. Thus, our present results suggest it is feasible to improve biocompatibility of PU polymers in vivo, by pre‐bearing bioactive molecules on materials before the implanting. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1156–1165, 2017.
Current Status and Prospective Regarding the Therapeutic Potential of Natural Autoantibodies in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Ebrahimnezhad Salimeh , Jazayeri MirHadi , Hassanian Seyed Mahdi , Avan Amir
Published: January 2017

The presence of natural auto‐antibodies (NAbs) in normal range/activity in healthy individuals is essential for body to maintain hemostasis, which are directed to self and altered self‐components, while abnormal activity of this system can be associated with several health related diseases. It has been shown that NAbs regulate immune system, and can be changed during the individual's life. In other word, the level and pattern of Nabs is among the main factors to define the state of the body, suggesting their prognostic values as markers of immune system impairment such as autoimmunity and cancer. Such NAbs have gained substantial attention because several of them, including their recombinant forms, have therapeutic potential (e.g., programmed cell death‐1 [PD‐1, Pdcd1], which some of its inhibitors have been approved by FDA for cancer therapy). Whereas a large number of IgM and IgG NAbs have a key role in tissue homeostasis, while others modulate cellular and enzyme properties. The aim of current review is to give an overview about some of these NAbs and how these low‐titer/affinity interact with Ag in homeostasis, with particular emphasis on related diseases such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome and cancer, and their application as potential therapeutic target for cancer therapy.
Exosomes: Nanoparticulate tools for RNA interference and drug delivery
Authors: Shahabipour Fahimeh , Barati Nastaran , Johnston Thomas P. , Derosa Giuseppe , Maffioli Pamela , Sahebkar Amirhossein
Published: January 2017

Exosomes are naturally occurring extracellular vesicles released by most mammalian cells in all body fluids. Exosomes are known as key mediators in cell‐cell communication and facilitate the transfer of genetic and biochemical information between distant cells. Structurally, exosomes are composed of lipids, proteins, and also several types of RNAs which enable these vesicles to serve as important disease biomarkers. Moreover, exosomes have emerged as novel drug and gene delivery tools owing to their multiple advantages over conventional delivery systems. Recently, increasing attention has been focused on exosomes for the delivery of drugs, including therapeutic recombinant proteins, to various target tissues. Exosomes are also promising vehicles for the delivery of microRNAs and small interfering RNAs, which is usually hampered by rapid degradation of these RNAs, as well as inefficient tissue specificity of currently available delivery strategies. This review highlights the most recent accomplishments and trends in the use of exosomes for the delivery of drugs and therapeutic RNA molecules.
PCSK9 at the crossroad of cholesterol metabolism and immune function during infections
Authors: Paciullo Francesco , Fallarino Francesca , Bianconi Vanessa , Mannarino Massimo R. , Sahebkar Amirhossein , Pirro Matteo
Published: January 2017

Sepsis, a complex and dynamic syndrome resulting from microbial invasion and immune system dysregulation, is associated with an increased mortality, reaching up to 35% worldwide. Cholesterol metabolism is often disturbed during sepsis, with low plasma cholesterol levels being associated with poor prognosis. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) promotes degradation of the low‐density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), thus regulating intracellular and plasma cholesterol levels. PCSK9 is often upregulated during sepsis and might have a detrimental effect on immune host response and survival. Accordingly, PCSK9 reduces lipopolysaccharide uptake and clearance by human hepatocytes. Moreover, PCSK9 upregulation exacerbates organ dysfunction and tissue inflammation during sepsis, whereas a protective effect of PCSK9 deficiency has been documented in septic patients. Although a possible detrimental impact of PCSK9 on survival has been described, some beneficial effects of PCSK9 on immune response may be hypothesized. First, PCSK9 is associated with increased plasma cholesterol levels, which might be protective during sepsis. Second, PCSK9, by stimulating LDLR degradation and inhibiting reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), might promote preferential cholesterol accumulation in macrophages and other immune cells; these events might improve lipid raft composition and augment toll‐like receptor function thus supporting inflammatory response. Hence, a more clear definition of the role of PCSK9 in septic states might provide additional insight in the understanding of the sepsis‐associated immune dysregulation and enhance therapeutic outcomes.