bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN HELA CELL CULTURES: LACK OF PARALLELISM IN CELLULAR INJURY AND VIRUS INCREASE
Authors: Ackermann W. Wilbur , Rabson Alan , Kurtz Hilda
Published: June 2004

A detailed study of the cytological changes which are induced in HeLa cells by the Saukett strain of Type III poliomyelitis virus has been made. The observations were of cultures in which a single sequence of infection was induced. The cytological changes were examined in relation to the growth curve of the virus in the same type of culture. This curve showed a latent period of 4 to 5 hours, followed by a gradual release of virus over an interval of 6 to 7 hours. Changes in the staining character of the cells occurred before the major portion of the viral yield appeared. The infected cells exhibited a striking cytopathology with increased basophilia, nuclear pyknosis, and basophilic cytoplasmic granules. Individual cells showed characteristic differences in the rate at which the cytopathology progresses.

The multiplication of the virus in HeLa cells was inhibited by fluorophenylalanine. The inhibitory effectiveness of the antimetabolite was related to the age of the infection. It apparently inhibits only an early stage of viral development. The inhibition is completely reversed by phenylalanine if the amino acid is added within 6 hours, not later, after the induction of virostasis. The data are interpreted in terms of the rate at which the ability of the infected cell to support viral synthesis was lost. Flurophenylalanine also inhibited the multiplication of HeLa cells; however, the effect upon the uninfected cell was reversible after 3 days, as indicated by viability after such treatment.

While the fluoro derivative completely inhibited viral multiplication, it did not prevent the cytopathogenic effect of the virus. In the presence of fluorophenylalanine, the disintegration of an infected cell proceeded at what appeared to be the ordinary rate, without any increase of the infectious agent. Experimentally the processes leading to viral increase and to cellular injury have been shown to possess a significant degree of autonomy.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ANTITOXIN PRODUCED IN NORMAL AND ALLERGIC INDIVIDUALS HYPERIMMUNIZED WITH DIPHTHERIA TOXOID
Authors: Kuhns William J.
Published: June 2004

The method of filter paper electrophoresis was used to study proteins and protein-bound polysaccharides in sera obtained from subjects before and after a single booster dose of diphtheria toxoid, and in sera from allergic subjects.

The electrophoretic patterns of precipitating antitoxic sera resembled those found in normal non-immune sera. However, skin-sensitizing antitoxic sera were distinguished by a relatively large beta globulin component and a small or indistinct alpha2 globulin. Fusion of both components was present in some sera containing this variety of antitoxin. Considerable amounts of serum-bound polysaccharides in these sera migrated relatively slowly in contrast to the behavior of polysaccharides of precipitating antitoxic sera which migrated faster when tested under similar conditions. Alterations in proteins and carbohydrates were most readily observed in specimens containing high titers of antitoxin.

There were no demonstrable differences between the electrophoretic behavior of sera obtained from subjects before or after immunization with toxoid.

Electrophoretic patterns of serum from allergic subjects who developed marked eosinophilia showed attenuation of the alphas globulin associated with a relative preponderance of slow migrating protein-bound polysaccharides. These alterations were not present in sera obtained from the same persons before and after the development of eosinophilia.

Changes in the proteins and polysaccharides could not be demonstrated with consistency in subjects with mild to moderate hay-fever symptoms. One person who developed severe acute hay-fever symptoms showed alterations in the beta and alpha2 globulins.

Rheumatic fever subjects showed no unusual changes in the distribution of serum components. However, transition from the acute process to convalescence is graphically demonstrated by the marked decreases in gamma and alpha globulins and in protein-bound carbohydrates.
I. ANTIGENICITY OF OXYPOLYGELATIN AND GELATIN IN MAN
Authors: Maurer Paul H.
Published: June 2004

It has been demonstrated that there are normally occurring antibodies to gelatin in human sera. Immunization with gelatin can in many cases increase the antibody level. The presence of these antibodies does not result in cutaneous reactions of the wheal and erythema type after injection of antigen.

Many of the properties of the gelatin-antigelatin reaction and the precipitates formed are those of a truly specific antigen-antibody aggregate.

Explanations have been advanced both as to the possible sources of the gelatin antibody and its significance.
FORMATION OF NON-INFECTIOUS INFLUENZA VIRUS IN MOUSE LUNGS: ITS DEPENDENCE UPON EXTENSIVE PULMONARY CONSOLIDATION INITIATED BY THE VIRAL INOCULUM
Authors: Ginsberg Harold S.
Published: June 2004

Formation of non-infectious virus—particles which hemagglutinate red blood cells and react with antibody to fix complement but do not infect the chick embryo or mouse—occurred when large quantities of certain strains of influenza viruses were inoculated intranasally into mice. Dependent upon the agent employed, 106.5 to 108.5 E.I.D. was essential to elicit this phenomenon. To accomplish this unusual multiplication it was essential to use a strain of virus which effected extensive pulmonary consolidation; strains of virus which did not produce marked lung lesions, even when as much as 108.5 E.I.D. was inoculated, did not form non-infectious virus. The development of this viral form was directly dependent upon the extent of cell damage obtained: consolidation of more than 50 per cent of the lung volume was required. The majority of non-infectious particles developed during the initial cycle of viral multiplication, and concurrently with the formation of non-infectious virus there was a corresponding decrease in the number of infectious viral particles. Non-infectious virus could not be propagated on serial passage in mouse lungs: on second lung passage only fully infectious virus was detectable. The formation of the non-infectious viral form was not the result of interference with synthesis of infectious virus by inactivated virus in the inoculum; for inoculation of heated infected allantoic fluid which contained more than 99 per cent of non-infectious virus did not result in the development of new non-infectious virus. Although inoculation of a large quantity of virus resulted in infection which yielded a relatively low titer of infectious and high titer of non-infectious virus, inoculation of a small quantity of the agent resulted in a high yield of infectious virus and no non-infectious that was detectable. In both instances the total quantity of antigenic viral material synthesized in the mouse lungs was the same. These data do not support the hypothesis that the non-infectious virus formed consisted of immature or incomplete viral particles, but suggest instead that non-infectious virus is inactivated virus or some aberrant form of the agent.
THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON THE CHOLINE REQUIREMENT
Authors: Klatskin Gerald , Krehl Willard A.
Published: June 2004

The effect of alcohol on the choline requirement was assayed in weanling rats maintained on a basal diet of relatively low lipotropic activity containing the equivalent of 0.089 per cent choline. Alcohol was administered as a 15 per cent solution in lieu of drinking water. The incidence of renal cortical necrosis, the increase in kidney weight, and the mortality rate at the end of 14 days served as indices of choline deficiency. Under these conditions alcohol-fed animals developed more severe signs of choline deficiency than either pair-fed controls or pair-fed isocaloric controls receiving a sucrose supplement instead of alcohol. The addition of as little as 0.08 per cent of choline to the basal diet abolished these differences. It was concluded that (a) alcohol increases the choline requirement, and may, thus, induce a state of relative deficiency when the diet is marginal in lipotropic activity, and (b) this effect is independent of the caloric intake. The possible significance of these observations in relation to chronic alcoholism in the pathogenesis of Laennec's cirrhosis has been discussed.
A NON-TRANSMISSIBLE CYTOPATHOGENIC EFFECT OF INFLUENZA VIRUS IN TISSUE CULTURE ACCOMPANIED BY FORMATION OF NON-INFECTIOUS HEMAGGLUTININS
Authors: Henle Gertrude , Girardi Anthony , Henle Werner
Published: June 2004

Various strains of influenza virus produce a cytopathogenic effect in cultures of HeLa cells. The virus could not be passed in series. Virus partially or even completely inactivated with respect to infectivity by exposure to 37°C. or ultraviolet light retained some of its cytopathogenic effect.

No evidence has been obtained of an increase in infectious virus in HeLa cultures, but an increase in hemagglutinins and in both viral and soluble complement-fixing antigens became detectable during incubation. These virus materials apparently were not released from these cells prior to their destruction.

These results suggested that HeLa cells are capable of supporting an incomplete reproductive cycle of influenza virus. The fact that radioactive phosphorus was readily incorporated into the hemagglutinin supplies strong evidence for this interpretation.
IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE MYELOMA PROTEINS
Authors: Slater R. J. , Ward S. M. , Kunkel H. G.
Published: June 2004

An immunological study of 21 myeloma sera was carried out to determine their relationship to components of normal γ-globulin and to each other. Ten proteins were separated for detailed characterization.

Every one of the myeloma proteins studied was immunologically different, indicating individual specificity.

The γ-type myeloma proteins were all related to normal γ-globulin or a fraction thereof, and although each was distinct from the others, all were related.

The ß-type myeloma proteins likewise were related to one another, though individually specific.

Evidence was found favoring the view that some of the γ-type myeloma proteins are related to the ß-type myeloma proteins although most of them were completely unrelated. Likewise the results indicated a definite but distant relationship between the ß-myeloma proteins and normal γ-globulin.

Certain of the ß-myeloma proteins were more closely related to a fraction of normal serum of similar electrophoretic mobility.

It is suggested that most multiple myeloma proteins fall into two groups or families of cross-reacting abnormal proteins, one closely related to normal γ-globulin, the other distantly related to γ-globulin with marked individual specificities.
THE ROLE OF HOMOCYSTINE IN PROTECTING PROTEIN-DEPLETED DOGS EXPOSED TO FATAL DOSES OF CHLOROFORM
Authors: Vennart George P. , McKee Frank W.
Published: June 2004

In dogs maintained on low protein diets and subjected to phlebotomy over a long period of time, the inhalation of chloroform, for 30 minutes, produced uniform fatality within 48 hours. The histological changes of massive hepato-cellular destruction were observed at autopsy.

Homocystine, in the amount of 2.0 gm., given orally 2 hours after or 2 hours prior to the administration of chloroform, protected dogs against the lethal action of the toxin.

Inconstant changes in fibrinogen and icteric indices were observed in the protected animals, indicating some mild liver damage, but this was not correlated with the length of the previous depletion period, the phase of the experiment, or any other factor.

No evidence was obtained that methyl groups are necessary for the protection of the liver by homocystine.
THE MATURATION OF WESTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS AND ITS RELEASE FROM CHICK EMBRYO CELLS IN SUSPENSION
Authors: Rubin Harry , Baluda Marcel , Hotchin John E.
Published: June 2004

Experiments are presented in which the plaque assay technique was used to study the intracellular appearance and release of Western equine encephalomyelitis virus in suspensions of infected chick embryo fibroblasts.

No intracellular virus could be found during the 1st hour after adsorption in spite of the fact that more than 1014 cells per ml. proved to be infected. This is taken to indicate that the infecting particle loses its infectivity upon entering a susceptible cell.

The first progeny virus was detectable in the cells between 1 and 2 hours after infection, and it increased in amount exponentially during the following 3 hours. The released virus as measured in the supernatant fluid increased at the same rate as the intracellular virus but exceeded it in amount by a factor of about twenty at all times during the period of exponential increase. More than 100 particles were spontaneously released from each cell, by the end of the period of exponential increase, yet the maximum number of intracellular infective particles at any instant during this period was never more than an average of from 4 to 10 per cell. Calculations based on these findings indicate that, on the average, a virus particle is released from the cell within 1 minute after it gains the property of infectiousness.
THE EFFECT OF IONIZING RADIATION ON PHAGOCYTOSIS AND THE BACTERICIDAL POWER OF THE BLOOD
Authors: Fishman M. , Shechmeister I. L.
Published: June 2004

Rats irradiated with 600 r (total body) showed increased indices of both opsonophagic and surface phagocytosis 2, 12, and 24 hours after irradiation. The indices decreased 72 hours after exposure and returned to normal by the 4th to 5th postirradiation day.

Bactericidal power of the blood of irradiated animals was depressed when measured 3 and 6 days after exposure to x-rays.

Decomplemented serum from irradiated animals was more bactericidal against M. aureus than decomplemented serum from the control rats. This bactericidal substance was destroyed at 78°C. and was found not to require any complement or specific antibodies for action.

Extracts of leucocytes from animals 3 days after irradiation demonstrated no bactericidal activity against M. aureus, while extracts from the control animals or rats 1 day after irradiation were actively bactericidal. The extracts from leucocytes of non-irradiated animals were thermolabile, non-dialyzable, had a pH optimum of 7.5, and were capable of being precipitated by NH4SO4 and of calcium phosphate fractionation.

The observed increase in susceptibility of irradiated rats to infection with M. aureus was correlated not only with granulopenia but also with the alteration of the above indicated functions of the granulocytes of the irradiated animals.
STUDIES ON ENTRY AND EGRESS OF POLIOMYELITIC INFECTION
Authors: Faber Harold K. , Dong Luther
Published: June 2004

1. The effects of viremia on the CNS of cynomolgus monkeys were studied by comprehensive histological examination following inoculations of approximately equal amounts of the same strain of poliomyelitis virus into the femoral vein, carotid artery, and vertebral artery, respectively, of four animals in each case.

2. The intravenous injections failed to produce lesions in the CNS, indicating that an effective mechanism exists for the removal of virus from the blood stream. While not absolute, the degree of protection of the CNS afforded by this mechanism appears to be of major importance.

3. Inoculations into the carotid artery failed to produce significant lesions in the CNS in two animals; only a few minor lesions in one; and bulbar paralysis in one. The neuronal areas supplied by the carotid artery are in general those of low susceptibility to poliomyelitis virus.

4. Inoculations into the vertebral artery, which supplies neuronal areas of high susceptibility, produced in all four animals severe symmetrical and widely distributed lesions in the brainstem, chiefly the motor centers of the pons, medulla, and cord, and maximal in the cord. Involvement of all of the various affected areas appeared to be simultaneous.

5. Viremic invasion of the CNS appears to occur at many points by direct passage of virus from capillary to neuron, and not at a single area of specialized vascular permeability.

6. Comparison of the two routes of arterial inoculation indicates that: (a) the localizations of CNS lesions from viremia depend largely upon the susceptibilities of exposed nerve cells in a given region; (b) in areas of high neuron susceptibility the blood-neuron "barrier" does not present an obstacle of importance to the passage of virus.

7. Invasion of the CNS from the blood results in a notable difference in the initial localization of lesions from that produced by invasion by way of the peripheral nerves, the latter tending to occur in isolated nuclear groups, usually in the lower brainstem, related to the regional supply.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF THE SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON
Authors: Stetson Chandler A.
Published: June 2004

The cutaneous, ophthalmic, and systemic reactions of normal rabbits to Gram-negative bacterial endotoxins have been compared with the classical reactions of bacterial hypersensitivity, and in each case certain similarities have been found. It has also been shown that the Shwartzman phenomenon can be reproduced with tuberculin, in BCG-vaccinated rabbits, and with suspensions or extracts of heat-killed Group A streptococci in rabbits previously sensitized to these bacteria.

These considerations suggest the hypothesis that the biologic activity of endotoxins may be based on the existence in "normal" animals of delayed or tuberculin-type hypersensitivity to these materials.
PHASE AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDIES OF THE INTERRELATIONSHIP OF CYTOCHONDRIA AND MYOFIBRILS IN PIGEON BREAST MUSCLE
Authors: Weinreb Stanley , Harman John W.
Published: June 2004

Mitochondria in pigeon breast muscle are composed of two protein gels: a fibrous gel, in the form of a folded ribbon, enclosed within a non-fibrous matrix. An external limiting "membrane" is not demonstrated, and there is poor demarcation between the mitochondria and adjacent structures or sarcoplasm.

No internal structure has been determined for sarcosomes. These structures, however, are symplasmic with mitochondria and usually are located within mitochondrial depressions. They apparently have a high lipid content.

The myofibrils also have no external limiting "membranes" and the mitochondria and sarcosomes are symplasmic with them. The mitochondria normally lie in the intermyofibrillar sarcoplasm oriented with their longitudinal axes parallel to the myofibrils. Cross-sections show that the myofilaments are oriented into well defined sheets.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF TOXIC FRACTIONS OF A FILTRATE OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS TYPE A TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF CLOSTRIDIAL MYONECROSIS
Authors: Ganley Oswald H. , Merchant Donald J. , Bohr David F.
Published: June 2004

A crude filtrate from a culture of Clostridium perfringens, type A, was fractionated by a heavy metal-alcohol technique, and some degree of concentration of biologically active factors was achieved. Both the crude material and the fractions obtained were characterized in terms of their alpha toxin, theta toxin, hyaluronidase, and collagenase activities.

The filtrate and fractions were tested for their effect on the peripheral circulation of the rat, using the epinephrine threshold technique. The crude material and several fractions caused a sharp increase in epinephrine sensitivity of the capillary bed of the meso-appendix of the rat; fraction R3B1 giving an 86-fold increase in sensitivity. This reaction could be inhibited by specific antitoxic serums but not by normal serum. The "circulation factor" was shown to be heat-labile and appears to be independent of either the alpha or theta toxins. Bilateral nephrectomy greatly reduced, but did not abolish, the effect of the toxin, while the threshold response to epinephrine was not materially changed following bilateral adrenalectomy.

The crude filtrate and several fractions were shown to inhibit the phagocytosis of heat-killed B. anthracis to the extent of 40 to 50 per cent. Fraction R3C2 was devoid of all biological properties studied here, except phagocytosis inhibition, suggesting that the factor responsible for this activity is distinct from the "classical" toxins and the "circulation factor." Moreover, a 1:5000 dilution of an antiserum prepared against this fraction would completely neutralize the phagocytosis inhibition factor but failed to inhibit any of the other toxic activities.

Since cardiovascular collapse and absence of phagocytosis are two significant clinical findings in gas gangrene, the possible roles of the "circulation" and "phagocytosis inhibition" factors in the pathogenesis of this disease are discussed.
ANTIGENIC VARIANTS OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS (PR8 STRAIN)
Authors: Gerber Paul , Loosli Clayton G. , Hamre Dorothy
Published: June 2004

Antigenically different strains of mouse-adapted PR8 influenza A virus have been produced by 17 serial passages of the virus in the lungs of mice immunized with the homologous agent. Comparative serological tests show that the variant strains share antigenic components with the parent strain but the dominant antigen is different. By means of antibody absorption it was shown that the "new" antigenic component of the variant was already present in minor amounts up to the eighth passage and thereafter gained prominence with continued passage in vaccinated mice.

Groups of mice vaccinated with either the PR8-S or T21 virus and having comparable antibody titers showed no growth of virus in the lungs following aid-borne challenge with homologous strains. On the other hand, following heterologous air-borne challenge no deaths occurred, but virus grew in the lungs of both groups of vaccinated mice. Almost unrestricted virus multiplication took place in the lungs of mice vaccinated with the parent strain and challenged with the PR8-T21 virus which resulted in extensive consolidation. Less virus grew in the lungs of the mice vaccinated with the variant strains and challenged with the PR8-S virus. In these animals only microscopic evidence of changes due to virus growth in the lungs was observed.

The successful serial passage of PR8 influenza A virus in immunized animals was dependent on the initial selection of mice with uniformly low H.I. antibody titers as determined on tail blood, and the intranasal instillation of sufficient virus to favor the survival of those virus particles least related to the antibodies present. The epidemiological implications of these observations are discussed briefly.
VARIATION IN THE GROUP-SPECIFIC CARBOHYDRATE OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: McCarty Maclyn , Lancefield Rebecca C.
Published: June 2004

The phenomenon of apparent loss of group-specific carbohydrate in the course of mouse passage of group A streptococci has been subjected to further study, and several additional variants showing this property have been described. The loss of group reactivity is shown to be due to an alteration in the chemical structure and serological specificity of the cell wall carbohydrate. This alteration appears to be essentially the same in each of the variants available for study. The carbohydrate of the variant strains (V) contains the same two monosaccharide components as the group A carbohydrate (A), but they are present in different proportions. Precipitating sera reactive with V carbohydrate have been prepared, and the A and V carbohydrates have been compared by qualitative and quantitative precipitin analysis.

A second type of variation has been encountered during mouse passage. This variation is characterized by the occurrence of a cell wall carbohydrate (I) intermediate in chemical and serological properties between the A and V carbohydrates. The I carbohydrate reacts with both A and V antisera and does not appear to be a simple mixture of A and V carbohydrate. Similarly, antisera against the intermediate strain contain antibodies reactive with both A and V carbohydrates, and evidence is presented indicating that in part this represents antibody with double specificity.
THE SPECIFIC AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF A HUMAN CARCINOMA CELL (STRAIN HELA) IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Eagle Harry
Published: June 2004

The amino acid requirements of a human uterine carcinoma cell (HeLa strain) have been defined. The 12 compounds previously found to be essential for the growth of a mouse fibroblast proved similarly essential for this human epithelial cell. They included arginine, cyst(e)ine, histidine, and tyrosine, in addition to the eight amino acids required for nitrogen balance in man (isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine). Only the L-amino acids were active; the D-enantiomorphs had no demonstrable effect at physiologic concentrations.

The minimum concentrations required for survival and limited growth varied from 0.003 µM per ml. for L-tryptophan, to 0.1 µM per ml. for L-lysine. The concentrations permitting optimum growth similarly varied from 0.01 µM per ml. for tryptophan, to 0.1 µM per ml. for leucine, isoleucine, threonine, lysine, and valine. The latter optimum concentrations of the individual amino acids were closely correlated with their serum levels. With at least six of the amino acids, high concentrations, in the range 1 to 10 µM per ml., caused a definite growth inhibition.

In the absence of a single essential amino acid, degenerative changes occurred in the cells, culminating in their death and dissolution. In the early stages, however, these degenerative changes could be reversed by the restoration of the missing component.
EFFECT OF ETHIONINE-INDUCED PANCREATIC DAMAGE ON IRON ABSORPTION
Authors: Kinney Thomas D. , Kaufman Nathan , Klavins Janis
Published: June 2004

Groups of rats were fed a diet of the purified type which was supplemented by dl-ethionine to produce pancreatic damage. It was shown that animals with pancreatic damage absorbed more iron from the gastrointestinal tract than control animals without pancreatic damage. When iron was added to the diet the animals with pancreatic damage absorbed even greater quantities of iron. These findings in rats were corroborated by similar findings in mice.
STUDIES ON THE IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO FOREIGN TUMOR TRANSPLANTS IN THE MOUSE
Authors: Mitchison N. A. , Dube O. L.
Published: June 2004

The relation between serum antibody and resistance to tumor homografts in the mouse has been investigated. Production of serum antibody in response to homografts of a transplantable sarcoma (Sarcoma 1) was demonstrated, by cytotoxic action on the cells of the tumor, and also by a hemagglutinin test. The simpler and more repeatable hemagglutinin test was further investigated.

Peak hemagglutinin titres were reached after the immunizing homografts underwent breakdown. Following transfer of lymph node cells from immunized mice into hosts of the same strain, hemagglutinin could be detected in the host serum. The course of its production showed that this secondary antibody was not elicited by transferred antigen, nor could it be due to transfer of preformed antibody. The cells developed the capacity to transfer hemagglutinin production later than the power to transfer heightened graft resistance. Spleen cells also transferred hemagglutinin production, at a later stage after immunization and to a lesser extent than cells from the regional lymph nodes.

Implantation of the sarcoma in mice pretreated with certain preparations of lyophilized or frozen tissue stimulated hemagglutinin production, although the tumor grew progressively. The regional lymph nodes participated in the response: they could transfer hemagglutinin production into secondary hosts, but not graft resistance, and indeed appeared to diminish resistance. Lymph node cells from immunized donors conferred protection against the tumor on pretreated mice. Lymph nodes from normal donors also appeared in some experiments to confer protection although the effect was obscured by the rapidity with which the growing tumor became immunologically invulnerable.

The fate of lymph node cells stained with acriflavine was followed after transfer. No effect of the staining on the power of the cells to confer immunity could be detected. Cells transferred to the peritoneal cavity passed into various host tissues, but were not found in test homografts.

The conclusion is drawn that the hemagglutinating antibody is distinct from the antibody effective in combating homografts. The similarity in this respect between the homograft reaction and sensitization is emphasized in discussion.
STUDIES ON THE IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO FOREIGN TUMOR TRANSPLANTS IN THE MOUSE
Authors: Andreini P. , Drasher M. L. , Mitchison N. A.
Published: June 2004

A study was made of variation in weight of the host lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus, after implantation of transplantable tumors in susceptible and

See PDF for Structure

non-susceptible hosts. The lymph nodes and spleens of non-susceptible hosts increased in weight during the period when the organs were participating in the immunological response, though an increase also took place in susceptible hosts. Variations in protein nitrogen and pentose- and desoxypentosenucleic acid of the draining lymph nodes of non-susceptible mice were also studied. The protein nitrogen content increased with the weight of the nodes. Increase in the PNA/DNA ratio occurred while the lymph node cells were engaged in production of antibody. Increase in the PNA/DNA ratio was interpreted as an increase in PNA per cell, and therefore of the rate of protein synthesis.
ALLERGIC NEURITIS: AN EXPERIMENTAL DISEASE OF RABBITS INDUCED BY THE INJECTION OF PERIPHERAL NERVOUS TISSUE AND ADJUVANTS
Authors: Waksman Byron H. , Adams Raymond D.
Published: June 2004

In experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), produced by injecting rabbits with whole rabbit spinal cord together with tubercle bacilli and mineral oil, lesions comparable to those seen in the central nervous system are found in the nerve roots, spinal ganglia, and peripheral nerves. When special fractions of bovine white matter are used as antigen in rabbits, the same distribution of lesions is seen but peripheral nerve involvement is relatively less frequent.

When rabbit sciatic nerve or spinal ganglia are used as antigen in rabbits, lesions occur only in the roots, ganglia, and peripheral nerves. Lesions are not produced in the central nervous system, nor is there a meningitis. This disease picture has been called experimental allergic neuritis (EAN). The antigenicity of rabbit nerve is not impaired by autoclaving. Sciatic nerve of other mammalian species produces the same disease in rabbits as does rabbit nerve.

Optic nerve, used as antigen, produces the typical picture of EAE, not EAN. The optic nerves are not affected in EAN, whereas they commonly contain lesions in EAE.

There are differences of symptomatology, referable to the difference in distribution of lesions, between EAE and EAN. The spinal fluid of EAE shows an increase both in the number of cells and in the total protein content. In EAN, the same changes in protein are observed, but usually the cell count remains normal. The cell count appears to be related to the involvement of cerebral and spinal meninges, which is an almost invariable accompaniment of EAE. The skin tests and serologic studies made with homologous and heterologous antigens were essentially non-contributory, apparently as a consequence of the diversity of antigens present in the inoculated materials.

The similarity between EAN and certain of the human polyneuritides is indicated and discussed.
STUDIES ON THE INCREASE OF VACCINE VIRUS IN CULTURED HUMAN CELLS BY MEANS OF THE FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE
Authors: Noyes Wilbur Fiske , Watson Barbara K.
Published: June 2004

The specific detection of the antigens of vaccine virus in cultured human cells by means of fluorescent antibody is reported. The antigenic material occurred in the cytoplasm in progressively increasing amounts and in the early stages was in close contact with the nuclear membrane. The antigens were present in a finely particulate form, either as foci or loosely spread out, up to late stages of infection, at which time the staining assumed a homogeneous form due either to close packing of the particles or to soluble antigen, or both. In late stages, homogeneous collections of antigen were observed in the nucleus. They may have resulted from diffusion of soluble antigen through the nuclear membrane. The antigens were observed in situations which suggest a new method of spread from one to another of these cells, namely by transmission through cytoplasmic connections.
VISUALIZATION OF EGYPT 101 VIRUS IN THE MOUSE'S BRAIN AND IN CULTURED HUMAN CARCINOMA CELLS BY MEANS OF FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY
Authors: Noyes Wilbur Fiske
Published: June 2004

The antigens of the Egypt virus have been detected by means of the fluorescent antibody technique in the neurons of the brain and spinal cord, in both sensory and motor areas, of infected mice. The antigens have also been observed in infected human epidermoid carcinoma cells in culture. In both cases the antigens occurred in the cytoplasm of the cells exclusively. In the early stages of infection the antigen was localized about the nucleus of the human cultured cells. In some cases the staining of the antigens produced a sponge-like effect, probably because of the numerous vacuoles of lipid material. The antigens were observed in the protoplasmic connections between cells and they probably served as a main route of spread of the agent in these human cell cultures. The number of cells initially infected and showing antigen was proportional to the amount of virus added, and titration with one substrain of cells proved much more sensitive than intracerebral titration in the mouse.
STUDIES WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OF VIRUS-HOST RELATIONSHIPS IN EHRLICH ASCITES TUMOR CELLS
Authors: Friedlaender Marlene , Moore Dan H. , Love Robert , Brown Ray A. , Koprowski Hilary
Published: June 2004

Sections of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells infected with anopheles A virus revealed particles in the cytoplasm, which were identified as the virus on the basis of their consistent size and internal structure; their high opacity in the electron beam after fixation with osmic acid; the localized occurrence, within a certain time interval following infection, of high concentrations of such particles within the cell; the absence of similar particles in uninoculated tumor cells and cells infected with other viruses, and the appearance of such particles in infected chorioallantoic membrane.

The particles are spheroid, with a transparent 25 to 30 mµ core, surrounded by an opaque complex shell 12 to 17 mµ in thickness. Apparently "hollow," globular components of this shell have outer and inner diameters of approximately 12 mµ and 5 to 7 mµ respectively. The validity of an additional outer envelope is discussed.

Particles are frequently embedded in a matrix, and their alignment and grouping are discussed. Markedly dense populations are found near nuclear concavities. Some infective changes in the cell are described, for example the formation of newly observed virus-induced necrotic regions.
STUDIES ON SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION FOLLOWING IONIZING RADIATION
Authors: Gordon Lee E. , Ruml David , Hahne Helen Jo , Miller C. Phillip
Published: June 2004

In half of the normal mice examined, cultures of mesenteric lymph nodes were positive for enteric bacteria. When a non-pathogenic microorganism, Serratia marcescens, was established in the intestinal tract by administering it to mice in their drinking water, it, too, was recovered from the mesenteric lymph nodes of almost half of the normal mice examined. From these findings it was concluded that bacteria in small numbers were able to pass from the lumen of the unirradiated gut as far as the regional lymph glands. Such bacteria, except the pathogen, Salmonella, were rarely found in liver or spleen, never in the blood of the normal mice.

After x-irradiation with 700 r, the incidence of positive cultures showed the liver or spleen became infected with enteric microorganisms before the blood stream was invaded. It appears, therefore, that these elements of the reticulo-endothelial system were able for a time to maintain the sterility of the blood after failure of the more immediate defenses against bacterial invasion from the intestinal tract. It is concluded that if any increased migration of bacteria through the intestinal mucosa resulted from the radiation injury, the increase must have occurred very soon after irradiation.
STUDIES ON HYPERSENSITIVITY OF HUMAN TISSUES IN VITRO
Authors: Gangarosa Eugene J. , Inglefield Joseph T. , Thomas Cyril G. A. , Morgan Herbert R.
Published: June 2004

A new simple method of evaluating specific cytotoxicity to tuberculoprotein in the study of tuberculin hypersensitivity in vitro by comparing cell populations is presented. Utilizing this technic it was possible to reproduce Rich's results (1, 2) using human tissues of reticuloendothelial origin. The demonstration of the specific cytotoxic phenomenon in tuberculin-sensitive human tissues indicates that the principle elaborated by Rich (2) of specific changes in the individual fixed tissue cells in tuberculin hypersensitivity, possibly related to cellular antibodies, applies to human subjects as well as to the animals heretofore studied.

Preliminary observations suggest that macrophages from donors with clinically active tuberculosis are more sensitive to tuberculoprotein than macrophages from tuberculin-positive donors without clinically active disease.

Macrophages from tuberculin-positive donors appeared to be more sensitive to tuberculoprotein than fibroblasts derived from the same tissue. An inhibition of cell proliferation was seen when both cell types were exposed to PPD. In addition macrophages responded to tuberculoprotein with gross morphological changes and eventual cytolysis.
VIRUS PROLIFERATION IN HYPOXIC MICE AND CHICK EMBRYOS
Authors: Kalter Seymour S. , Prier J. E. , Zaman H.
Published: June 2004

Virus proliferation in hypoxic animals was markedly reduced. Little difference in this respect between influenza virus (PR8) and mouse encephalomyelitis virus (Theiler's GD VII) was observed except that there was a longer depression of the latter virus. The possible mechanisms involved are discussed.
THE SWINE LUNGWORM AS A RESERVOIR AND INTERMEDIATE HOST FOR SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

Twenty-five swine, infested with lungworms infected with masked swine influenza virus, were exposed to adverse weather conditions on one or more occasions. Of these, 4 came down with apparent swine influenza, while 6 others developed serological evidence of infection with swine influenza virus. The remaining 15 prepared swine, as well as 8 lungworm-free control swine, failed to show evidence of swine influenza virus infection, despite repeated exposures to adverse weather.

The data presented indicate that, in the 10 swine in which swine influenza virus infections were elicited, some feature of the weather to which the animals were exposed was responsible for provoking masked influenza virus to infectivity. The exact constituent of the meteorological complex comprising "weather", responsible for the provocation, cannot be determined from the data obtained.
THE GLOMERULUS IN EXPERIMENTAL RENAL DISEASE IN RATS AS OBSERVED BY LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Piel Carolyn F. , Dong Luther , Modern F.W.S. , Goodman Joseph R. , Moore Roger
Published: June 2004

Nephrotoxic serum disease in rats has been studied by light and electron microscopy from 1 hour to 10 weeks after production of the disease.

By light microscopy leucocytic infiltration of the glomerular capillary was observed between the 3rd and 6th hour. At 6 hours an increase in colloidal iron-positive material was observed coating the extraluminal surface of the capillaries. Also at this time swelling of the endothelial cells becomes prominent. By 72 hours, thickening of the basement membrane was observed. Glomerular capillary thrombi were observed in approximately half the tissue examined in the first 2 weeks of disease. 50 per cent of the animals showed severe chronic lesions, exudation into the capsular space, crescent formation, and obliteration of glomeruli.

At 1 hour electron microscopic pictures showed that osmophilic material may line the foot processes of the epithelial cells and obliterate all but narrow channels of the space between the feet. By 6 hours thickening of the basement membrane was prominent. This change persisted throughout 10 weeks of observation. The tissue from animals which had severe chronic alterations by light microscopy revealed changes which could not be interpreted at this time.
GLUTAMIC-OXALOACETIC TRANSAMINASE ACTIVITY OF SERUM IN MICE WITH VIRAL HEPATITIS
Authors: Friend Charlotte , Wróblewski Felix , La Due John S.
Published: June 2004

Experimental infectious mouse hepatitis is associated with an increase in glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity of the serum (SGO-T).

A relationship appears to exist between the rise in SGO-T activity and (a) the size of the virus inoculum, (b) the blood virus titer, and (c) the degree of liver necrosis.

Trauma to the liver following partial hepatectomy results in a rise in SGO-T activity in mice.

Although mouse hepatitis differs from human hepatitis in the incubation period, histological changes, and natural course, both infections bring about comparable changes in SGO-T activity.
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS PRODUCED IN DOGS BY SPECIFIC ANTISERA
Authors: Seegal Beatrice Carrier , Hasson Margo W. , Gaynor Evelyn C. , Rothenberg Mildred S.
Published: June 2004

The injection of rabbit antidog-placenta serum in 11 dogs resulted in an acute nephritis which was fatal within a month in 4, progressed to a chronic disease in 5, and healed in 2 animals. The nephritis produced in 5 dogs by the injection of rabbit antidog-kidney serum was comparable to that following the injection of antiplacenta serum.

The manifestations of the acute disease included edema, hypertension, proteinuria, cylindruria, hematuria, nitrogen retention, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and anemia. The non-fatal chronic nephritis was characterized by proteinuria, cylindruria, and hematuria. With the onset of renal failure elevation of the blood urea nitrogen again occurred.

Antiplacenta serum did not cause abortion when injected into pregnant dogs, nor did pregnancy modify the subsequent development of nephritis.
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS PRODUCED IN DOGS BY SPECIFIC ANTISERA
Authors: Bevans Margaret , Seegal Beatrice Carrier , Kaplan Ruth
Published: June 2004

The intravenous injection of rabbit antidog-placenta or antidog-kidney serum produced immediate evidence of glomerulonephritis in dogs. The lesions produced by the two agents were indistinguishable.

The glomerulonephritis so induced may terminate in death within 8 days, may progress to a chronic form or may heal. The acute phase of the nephritis was usually associated with severe exudative and necrotizing renal lesions, while the pathologic sequences in surviving dogs were essentially reparative. However, 1 dog of 8 in the chronic phase developed a progressive chronic nephritis and died in uremia.
THE EFFECT OF NUTRITIONAL DISTURBANCES ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MICE TO STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Smiths J. Maclean , Dubos René J.
Published: June 2004

The susceptibility of mice to intravenous injection of coagulase-positive hemolytic staphylococci was estimated by (a) observing the extent and time of mortality of infected animals; (b) determining the number of colonies of cocci that could be recovered from the liver and spleen at various intervals of time after infection.

Complete deprival of food for 36 to 48 hours immediately before infection was found to increase susceptibility. This infection-enhancing effect was further increased by allowing the animals to drink a 5 per cent glucose solution instead of water or saline during the fasting period. In contrast, sodium lactate partially corrected the effect of fasting. The infection-enhancing effect of fasting was reversible.

Mice prevented from gaining weight for several weeks either by restricting their daily food intake, or by feeding them ad lib. an inadequate diet, appeared just as resistant to staphylococcal infection as did mice that gained weight rapidly on an unrestricted, complete diet.
THE KINETICS OF IRON METABOLISM IN SWINE WITH VARIOUS EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED ANEMIAS
Authors: Bush J. A. , Jensen W. N. , Ashenbrucker Helen , Cartwright G. E. , Wintrobe M. M.
Published: June 2004

Ferrokinetic studies were performed on 3 swine given phenylhydrazine, 3 swine deficient in pyridoxine, and 3 swine deficient in pteroylglutamic acid. Body surface radioactivity was measured in 2 pteroylglutamic acid-deficient animals.

In the animals given phenylhydrazine, the mean erythrocyte survival time was 5 days. The plasma iron turnover rate was increased about fourfold, and the rate of erythropoiesis was four to five times greater than that in the control pigs.

In the pyridoxine-deficient swine, the mean erythrocyte survival time was within the limits of normal. The plasma iron turnover rate was increased fourfold, but the rate of erythropoiesis was approximately one-fourth the normal mean value. These data are interpreted as indicating that the anemia associated with this deficiency is a result of an inability of the bone marrow to produce a normal number of erythrocytes.

In the pteroylglutamic acid-deficient swine, the mean erythrocyte survival time was 17 days. The plasma iron turnover rate was 5 times the normal mean value. The rate of erythropoiesis was 1.6 times greater than the mean value in the control pigs. These data are interpreted as indicating that anemia develops in this deficiency as a result of a combination of a shortening of the erythrocyte survival time and a limitation of the capacity of the bone marrow to increase red cell production to the same degree as a normal marrow.

The radioactivity in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow of the pteroylglutamic acid-deficient swine, as determined by measurement of the radioactivity over the body surface, declined more slowly than in control pigs.
LATENT VIRAL INFECTION OF CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Morgan Herbert R. ,   With the Technical Assistance of John P. Bader
Published: June 2004

Chick embryo tissues maintained for from 11 to 28 days in Hank's balanced salt solution lost their capacity to support the multiplication of psittacosis virus. The virus however infected such cells, as active multiplication of the virus occurred on the addition of beef embryo extract to this nutritionally poor medium at any period up to 28 days of cultivation in balanced salt solution. The virus remained in a state of latency for as long as 15 days in these starved cells in a non-infectious phase.

These results obtained in this in vitro model system for the investigation of latent infections of cells with psittacosis virus suggest that cell nutrition as well as an alteration in the immunological defenses of the host may prove to be an important factor in the activation of latent viral infections.
REDUCTION OF EXCESS CHOLESTEROL IN THE RABBIT AORTA BY INHIBITION OF ENDOGENOUS CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS
Authors: Curran George L. , Costello Richard L.
Published: June 2004

Hepatic cholesterol synthesis in rabbits, as measured by the incorporation of C14-labelled acetate, was inhibited by addition of non-toxic amounts of vanadyl sulfate (0.05 per cent VOSO4·2H2O) to the diet. This diet reduced excess aortic cholesterol in cholesterol prefed rabbits when fed during the 6 weeks immediately following a 4 week period of cholesterol feeding.