bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The costs and efficacy of sediment mitigation measures for representative farm types across England and Wales
Authors: Collins A. L. , Zhang Y. , Naden P.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. A major collaborative research project in the UK is delivering new science to support improved targeting of on-farm pollution mitigation measures for the benefit of freshwater ecology. One important aspect of the project concerns a national scale evaluation of the costs and efficacy of packages of sediment mitigation measures which can be delivered over and above the existing implementation of abatement through various policy instruments including advice and new targeted agri-environment schemes. The assessment includes typical farm types present across England and Wales. Outputs from this assessment of costs and efficacy will eventually be used to help model the potential for closing the sediment pollution gap in those water bodies currently failing water quality targets due to sediment loss from agriculture. Some preliminary uncertainty ranges in costs (–£146,402 to £175,631) and effectiveness (0–80%) associated with a potential policy scenario implementing a large number (up to 93) of abatement measures at 95% uptake are presented in this paper.
Effects of human alterations on the hydrodynamics and sediment transport in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California
Authors: Marineau M. D. , Wright S. A.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, (Delta) has been significantly altered since the mid-nineteenth century. Many existing channels have been widened or deepened and new channels have been created for navigation and water conveyance. Tidal marshes have been drained and leveed to form islands that have subsided, some of which have permanently flooded. To understand how these alterations have affected hydrodynamics and sediment transport in the Delta, we analysed measurements from 27 sites, along with other spatial data, and previous literature. Results show that: (a) the permanent flooding of islands results in an increase in the shear velocity of channels downstream, (b) artificial widening and deepening of channels generally results in a decrease in shear velocity except when the channel is also located downstream of a flooded island, (c) 1.5 Mt/year of sediment was deposited in the Delta (1997–2010), and of this deposited sediment, 0.31 Mt/year (21%) was removed through dredging.
Effects of salinity and particle concentration on sediment hydrodynamics and critical bed-shear-stress for erosion of fine grained sediments used in wetland restoration projects
Authors: Ghose-Hajra M. , McCorquodale A. , Mattson G. , Jerolleman D. , Filostrat J.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Sea-level rise, the increasing number and intensity of storms, oil and groundwater extraction, and coastal land subsidence are putting people and property at risk along Louisiana’s coast, with major implications for human safety and economic health of coastal areas. A major goal towards re-establishing a healthy and sustainable coastal ecosystem has been to rebuild Louisiana’s disappearing wetlands with fine grained sediments that are dredged or diverted from nearby rivers, channels and lakes to build land in open water areas. A thorough geo-hydrodynamic characterization of the deposited sediments is important in the correct design and a more realistic outcome assessment of the long-term performance measures for ongoing coastal restoration projects. This paper evaluates the effects of salinity and solid particle concentration on the re-suspension characteristics of fine-grained dredged sediments obtained from multiple geographic locations along the Gulf coast. The critical bed-shear-stress for erosion has been evaluated as a function of sedimentation time. The sediment hydrodynamic properties obtained from the laboratory testing were used in a numerical coastal sediment distribution model to aid in evaluating sediment diversions from the Mississippi River into Breton Sound and Barataria Bay.
Microstructure-based modeling of snow mechanics: a discrete element approach
Authors: Hagenmuller P. , Chambon G. , Naaim M.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Rapid and large deformations of snow are mainly controlled by grain rearrangements, which occur through the failure of cohesive bonds and the creation of new contacts. We exploit a granular description of snow to develop a discrete element model based on the full three-dimensional microstructure captured by microtomography. The model assumes that snow is composed of rigid grains interacting through localized contacts accounting for cohesion and friction. The geometry of the grains and of the intergranular bonding system are explicitly defined from microtomographic data using geometrical criteria based on curvature and contiguity. Single grains are represented as rigid clumps of spheres. The model is applied to different snow samples subjected to confined compression tests. A detailed sensitivity analysis shows that artifacts introduced by the modeling approach and the influence of numerical parameters are limited compared to variations due to the geometry of the microstructure. The model shows that the compression behavior of snow is mainly controlled by the density of the samples, but that deviations from a pure density parameterization are not insignificant during the first phase of deformation. In particular, the model correctly predicts that, for a given density, faceted crystals are less resistant to compression than rounded grains or decomposed snow. For larger compression strains, no clear differences between snow types are observed.
Bridging the Gap between SERS Enhancement and Reproducibility by Salt Aggregated Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Mehigan Sam , Smyth Ciarán A. , McCabe Eithne M.
Published: March 2015

Silver colloid based nanostructures are a very common means of achieving strong SERS signals. This is due to the hot spots that are formed in between the nanoparticles, as well as their ease of synthesis. They are frequently dismissed, however, as irreproducible when compared to other metal nanostructures, due to the random nature of their formation in a solution. Silver nanoparticle substrates or carefully constructed arrays can be made to be uniform, but they often require a large amount of time to produce, as well as expensive equipment. We will show that by making some adjustments to the experimental setup, silver colloids that have been aggregated to form large flakes can offer both the enhancement factor and reproducibility of many other more expensive and complicated SERS techniques.

Silver colloids aggregated into large flake-like structures have been investigated for their surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) properties. These flakes have been imaged using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and have also been characterized using UV/Vis spectroscopy. They have been highlighted as a cheap and simple means or achieving large Raman enhancement with strong reproducibility, especially when compared to many common methods of substrate fabrication that are more difficult to fabricate. Detection of Rhodamine 6G at a concentration of 5×10−13M has been achieved, as well as xanthopterin at a concentration of 5×10−9M.
Recorregut de recerca geològica i geoambiental per la comarca de l’Anoia: des de Jorba a Saió, Sant Martí de Tous, Aguiló i a la Panadella
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: March 2015

Itinerari realitzat el 2 de febrer de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, es realitzarà un recorregut geològic a través de diferents indrets de la Depressió Geològica de l´Ebre; i més concretament pels sectors corresponents a la seva Depressió Central. Així, tot el recorregut transitarà entre afloraments dels materials terciaris (de l´Eocè i de l´Oligocè) i quaternaris que reblen aquesta depressió. Així, el recorregut l´iniciarem entre els afloraments cenozoics de la Formació Artés, situada al trànsit de l´Eocè a l´Oligocè, dintre de l´anomenat Complex Lacustre de l´Anoia (que trobarem entre Jorba i les immediacions de Sant Martí de Tous) i el finalitzarem entre els afloraments de la Formació Tàrrega, ja dintre de l´Oligocè, integrant del Complex Lacustre de la Segarra (que trobarem fonamentalment entre les immediacions d´Aguiló i la Panadella). Per altra banda, quasi la totalitat del recorregut transitarà per la comarca d´Anoia, integrant de la Catalunya Central. Tot això a excepció dels voltants d´Aguiló, per on es transitarà per la Conca de Barberà (encara que per la Baixa Segarra); i també pels voltants de Bellmunt de Segarra (situat dintre de la comarca de la Segarra).
Recorregut de recerca geològica i geoambiental per la comarca de l’Anoia: des d´Igualada a la Serra de Rubió, Sant Martí de Maçana, la Manresana i als Prats de Rei
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: March 2015

Itinerari realitzat el 25 de gener de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, es realitzarà un recorregut geològic que discorrerà en la seva totalitat per diferents indrets de la Depressió Geològica de l´Ebre; i més concretament pels sectors corresponents a la seva Depressió Central. D´aquesta manera, tot el recorregut transitarà entre afloraments dels materials terciaris (de l´Eocè i de l´Oligocè) i quaternaris que reblen aquesta depressió. Per d´altra banda, la totalitat del recorregut transitarà per la comarca de l’Anoia, integrant de la Catalunya Central, de principi a fi, des d´Igualada (la capital comarcal) fins arribar a les immediacions de Calaf (dintre dels sectors corresponents a la denominada Alta Segarra o Segarra Calafina).
Recorregut de recerca geològica i geoambiental per les comarques de l’Anoia i del Bages: des de la Serra de Rubió a Castellfollit del Boix i a Rajadell
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: March 2015

Itinerari realitzat el 26 de gener de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, es realitzarà un recorregut geològic que discorrerà en la seva totalitat per diferents indrets de la Depressió Geològica de l´Ebre; i més concretament pels sectors corresponents a la seva Depressió Central. D´aquesta manera, tot el recorregut transitarà entre afloraments dels materials terciaris (de l´Eocè i de ml´Oligocè) i quaternaris que reblen aquesta depressió. Així, durant tot el recorregut, anirem trobant afloraments que corresponen als materials de la Formació Artés, que inicialment seran de característiques molt detrítiques. Més endavant ja veurem, exclusivament els afloraments de les margues i dels gresos de tonalitats rogenques. Per altra banda, el recorregut transitarà inicialment per la comarca d´Anoia, pels sectors de la Serra de Rubió (dintre dels terme d´Òdena, fonamentalment; i ocasionalment pel de Rubió). Després, cap a ponent ja s´entrarà al Bages, transitant pels municipis de Castellfollit del Boix i Rajadell, exclusivament
Recorregut de recerca geològica i geoambiental per la comarca de l’Anoia: des de l´Espelt al Pla de Rubió, Copons, Els Prats de Rei i a Calaf
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: March 2015

Itinerari realitzat el 26 de gener de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, es realitzarà un recorregut geològic que discorrerà en la seva totalitat per diferents indrets de la Depressió Geològica de l´Ebre; i més concretament pels sectors corresponents a la seva Depressió Central, a l´igual que en els altres recorreguts que hem fet per la comarca de l’Anoia. D´aquesta manera, tot el recorregut transitarà entre afloraments dels materials terciaris (de l´Eocè i de l´Oligocè) i quaternaris que reblen aquesta depressió. Així, durant tot el recorregut, anirem trobant afloraments que corresponen als materials de la Formació Artés, que inicialment seran de característiques molt detrítiques. Més endavant ja veurem, exclusivament els afloraments de les margues i dels gresos de tonalitats rogenques. Per d´altra banda, en els trams finals del recorregut, trobarem els afloraments dels materials de la Formació Tàrrega, eminentment de caràcter carbonatat. Per altra banda, el recorregut transitarà inicialment per la comarca d´Anoia, pels sectors centrals de la comarca. S´iniciarà al terme d´Òdena, passant pels de Rubió, Jorba, Copons, els Prats de Rei i finalment pel de Calaf. Aquests darrers ja dintre de la subcomarca de l´Alta Segarra.
Recorregut peripatètic de recerca geològica per la comarca del Vallès Oriental: des de la urbanització del Farell a Sant Sebastià de Montmajor i al Turó del Vent
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: March 2015

Itinerari realitzat l’1 de febrer de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, el recorregut de l’itinerari discorrerà, en la seva quasi totalitat pel Sistema Mediterrani, i més concretament per la Serralada Prelitoral Catalana (la seva unitat més externa). Així doncs, la quasi totalitat del recorregut pel Farell, es realitzarà per aquesta unitat geològica Tot i així, en els trams entremitjos s’entrarà a la Depressió Geològica de l´Ebre, pels voltants de Sant Sebastià de Montmajor. Per d’altra banda, i com ja s’entreveu al títol, el recorregut de l’itinerari discorrerà sols per la comarca del Vallès Oriental.
Eating Empire in the Jequetepeque: A Local View of Chimú Expansion on the North Coast of Peru
Authors: Cutright Robyn E.
Published: March 2015

As the Chimú empire (ca. A.D. 900-1470) expanded along the north coast of Peru, it employed a mix of direct and indirect strategies to administer conquered populations. In order to investigate the extent to which Chimú conquest reshaped daily life in the provinces, I explore evidence from Pedregal, a rural farming village in the Jequetepeque Valley. I use cuisine as a window onto daily life at Pedregal, in order to construct a “view from the kitchen” of Chimú expansion. Excavation data from Pedregal households indicate that production of agricultural staples such as corn and cotton intensified during the Chimú period, but that while the focus of household culinary practice shifted, the overall range of household activities remained the same. The Chimú seem to have been able to establish political control and intensify agricultural production in conquered provinces without a radical reorganization of rural domestic economies. These findings have implications not only for emerging models of Chimú imperial expansion, but also for our understanding of how household-level change and continuity are articulated with regional political and economic processes.
Dust devil signatures in infrasound records of the International Monitoring System
Authors: Lorenz Ralph D. , Christie Douglas
Published: March 2015

We explore whether dust devils have a recognizable signature in infrasound array records, since several Comprehensive Nuclear‐Test‐Ban Treaty verification stations conducting continuous measurements with microbarometers are in desert areas which see dust devils. The passage of dust devils (and other boundary layer vortices, whether dust laden or not) causes a local temporary drop in pressure: the high‐pass time domain filtering in microbarometers results in a “heartbeat” signature, which we observe at the Warramunga station in Australia. We also observe a ~50 min pseudoperiodicity in the occurrence of these signatures and some higher‐frequency infrasound. Dust devils do not significantly degrade the treaty verification capability. The pipe arrays for spatial averaging used in infrasound monitoring degrade the detection efficiency of small devils, but the long observation time may allow a useful census of large vortices, and thus, the high‐sensitivity infrasonic array data from the monitoring network can be useful in studying columnar vortices in the lower atmosphere.
Toner Technology and Fusing Concepts
Authors: Tyagi Dinesh
Published: March 2015

From desktop printing at home and small offices to high speed commercial printing, toner applications and uses can be found in everyday life. Although all toner particles have to perform well in the electrophotographic system, the major requirements for toners are ultimately dictated by the end‐use application of the imaged substrate they help create. Hence, toner composition is often uniquely tailored to provide that function. In addition to a polymer binder, the composition of the toner typically includes colorant, charge control agent, and release additives. In most cases, the polymer binder is selected from styrene–acrylate or polyester resin. Both have their advantages but the toner manufacturing methods also dictate the binder choice. Toner particles are predominately manufactured by the conventional melt pulverized process but the use of chemical toners continues to increase in printers. Chemically prepared toners offer an easier way to produce smaller toner particles and allow control of toner shape to help simplify the printer design. For fixing a toner image to a substrate, heat is typically applied to fuse it to paper or other substrates. There are many different methods of fusing or fixing used, but a nip‐forming roller system is predominantly used in printers. The composition of the toner and degree of fusing determine many image qualities and print physical behaviors. Attempts are being made to make toner composition safer and environmentally responsible.
Inkjet Print Engines
Authors: Askeland Ronald A.
Published: March 2015

Piezoelectric, thermal, continuous, mechanical, and electrostatic drop ejectors are used in nonimpact digital printers for consumer, office, commercial, and industrial applications. Continuous inkjet generates a stream of droplets that are selectively used for printing. Drop on demand technologies use deflection of a piezoelectric material, superheating of a fluid, pressurized ink controlled by mechanical valves, or electrostatic forces to eject ink. An inkjet print engine consists of the printhead, ink supply, carriage, and service station. Essential components of an inkjet printer are the print engine, media transport, carriage motion, power supply, and data input. Consumer and office printers use piezoelectric or thermal inkjet technology to print with aqueous inks on office papers, whereas large format printers use a range of ink types to print across a wide media set. Continuous and mechanical inkjet are used in industrial applications. Continuous, piezoelectric, and thermal inkjet page wide arrays have recently been incorporated in high speed, single pass, web press configurations.
Physical Evaluation of the Quality of Color Halftone
Authors: Yang Li
Published: March 2015

This chapter presents the fundamental aspects for quantitative quality evaluations of color halftone. It begins with the basics of ink transfer and ink setting of printing technologies. Ink–paper interaction in the forms of ink spreading and ink penetration and their impacts on color reproduction are specially addressed. This is followed by brief description of color measurement, explaining the fundamental principles and devices. Then, a through illustration of how lateral light scattering inside a turbid substrate leading to the optical dot gain is given. Finally, details about how to determine physical dot gain and optical dot gain, by means of model‐aided approaches or imaging‐processing techniques, are presented.
Digital Photo Forensics
Authors: Krawetz Neal
Published: March 2015

The abundance of graphics applications has made it easy for anyone to modify digital pictures. However, modified pictures can cause problems for fields where altered photographs may give the wrong impression. Issues arise when altered images are used to convey misleading news, alter a product's performance in advertisements and scientific research, or are associated with identity theft or court proceedings. Forensic imaging provides algorithms, tools, and techniques for detecting image tampering. This chapter focuses on the problem space and some of the more common approaches to address problems in this field.
An association of 19p13.2 microdeletions with Malan syndrome and Chiari malformation
Authors: Shimojima Keiko , Okamoto Nobuhiko , Tamasaki Akiko , Sangu Noriko , Shimada Shino , Yamamoto Toshiyuki
Published: March 2015

Patients with microdeletions in the 19p13.2 chromosomal region show developmental delays, overgrowth, and distinctive features with big head appearances. These manifestations are now recognized as Sotos syndrome‐like features (Sotos syndrome 2) or Malan syndrome. We identified three female patients with 19p13.2 deletions involving NFIX, a gene responsible for Malan syndrome. We compared the genotypic and phenotypic data of these patients with those of the patients previously reported. The most of the clinical features were found to overlap; however, Chiari malformation type I was observed in two of the three patients evaluated in this study. Because Chiari malformation type I has never been reported in the patients with NSD1‐related Sotos syndrome, this finding indicates the possible role of 19p13.2 deletion in patients with mimicking features of Sotos syndrome but have negative NSD1 testing results. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Vocal repertoire of wild blonde capuchins (Sapajus flavius) and contextual use of calls
Authors: Bastos Monique , Souto Antonio , Jones Gareth , Eason Perri , Bione Camila , Schiel Nicola , Bezerra Bruna
Published: March 2015

Despite advances in the study of capuchin monkeys (Cebus and Sapajus), there is fairly limited information on their vocal communication systems. The present study focused on investigating the structure and use of vocalizations by wild blonde capuchin monkeys, Sapajus flavius. The study subjects produced 29 different call types, which we grouped into 10 categories according to their behavioral context. The number of call types per context varied from one to six. Some of the call types in the vocal repertoire were only produced by individuals of specific age classes. The “nhan” call, for instance, was only emitted by infants, whereas the “ghrr” call was specific to adults. Other call types had no age‐specificity and were produced by animals of two or more age categories. Discriminant Function Analysis correctly classified 77.4% of calls to type (n = 14 types). The “huh” and “huh‐1var” calls, which are food‐associated calls, were most commonly used, together representing approximately 52% of recorded vocalizations. Information on the vocal repertoire of blonde capuchins increases our knowledge of this very little known and Critically Endangered species. Ultimately, it may be used as a tool to help survey these animals in the wild and to assess welfare in captivity. Am. J. Primatol. 77:605–617, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Formation of a Fluorous/Organic Biphasic Supramolecular Octopus Assembly for Enhanced Porphyrin Phosphorescence in Air
Authors: Yang Chi , Arvapally Ravi K. , Tekarli Sammer M. , Salazar Gustavo A. , Elbjeirami Oussama , Wang Xiaoping , Omary Mohammad A.
Published: March 2015

The trinuclear triangle‐shaped system [tris{3,5‐bis(heptafluoropropyl)‐1,2,4‐triazolatosilver(I)}] (1) and the multi‐armed square‐shaped metalloporphyrin PtOEP or the free porphyrin base H2OEP serve as excellent octopus hosts (OEP=2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18‐octaethyl‐21H,23H‐porphine). Coupling of the fluorous/organic molecular octopi 1 and H2OEP or PtOEP by strong quadrupole–quadrupole and metal–π interactions affords the supramolecular assemblies [1⋅PtOEP] or [1⋅H2OEP] (2 a), which feature nanoscopic cavities surrounding the upper triangular and lower square cores. The fluorous/organic biphasic configuration of [1⋅PtOEP] leads to an increase in the phosphorescence of PtOEP under ambient conditions. Guest molecules can be included in the biphasic double‐octopus assembly in three different site‐selective modes.
A Defined α‐Helix in the Bifunctional O‐Glycosylated Natriuretic Peptide TcNPa from the Venom of Tropidechis carinatus
Authors: Reeks Timothy , Jones Alun , Brust Andreas , Sridharan Sindhuja , Corcilius Leo , Wilkinson Brendan L. , Thaysen‐Andersen Morten , Payne Richard J. , Kini R. Manjunatha , Daly Norelle L. , Alewood Paul F.
Published: March 2015

Natriuretic peptides (NP) play important roles in human cardiac physiology through their guanylyl cyclase receptors NPR‐A and NPR‐B. Described herein is a bifunctional O‐glycosylated natriuretic peptide, TcNPa, from Tropidechis carinatus venom and it unusually targets both NPR‐A and NPR‐B. Characterization using specific glycosidases and ETD‐MS identified the glycan as galactosyl‐β(1‐3)‐N‐acetylgalactosamine (Gal‐GalNAc) and was α‐linked to the C‐terminal threonine residue. TcNPa contains the characteristic NP 17‐membered disulfide ring with conserved phenylalanine and arginine residues. Both glycosylated and nonglycosylated forms were synthesized by Fmoc solid‐phase peptide synthesis and NMR analysis identified an α‐helix within the disulfide ring containing the putative pharmacophore for NPR‐A. Surprisingly, both forms activated NPR‐A and NPR‐B and were relatively resistant towards proteolytic degradation in plasma. This work will underpin the future development of bifunctional NP peptide mimetics.
Polymersomes Prepared from Thermoresponsive Fluorescent Protein–Polymer Bioconjugates: Capture of and Report on Drug and Protein Payloads
Authors: Wong Chin Ken , Laos Alistair J. , Soeriyadi Alexander H. , Wiedenmann Jörg , Curmi Paul M. G. , Gooding J. Justin , Marquis Christopher P. , Stenzel Martina H. , Thordarson Pall
Published: March 2015

Polymersomes provide a good platform for targeted drug delivery and the creation of complex (bio)catalytically active systems for research in synthetic biology. To realize these applications requires both spatial control over the encapsulation components in these polymersomes and a means to report where the components are in the polymersomes. To address these twin challenges, we synthesized the protein–polymer bioconjugate PNIPAM‐b‐amilFP497 composed of thermoresponsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and a green‐fluorescent protein variant (amilFP497). Above 37 °C, this bioconjugate forms polymersomes that can (co‐)encapsulate the fluorescent drug doxorubicin and the fluorescent light‐harvesting protein phycoerythrin 545 (PE545). Using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy and Förster resonance energy transfer (FLIM‐FRET), we can distinguish the co‐encapsulated PE545 protein inside the polymersome membrane while doxorubicin is found both in the polymersome core and membrane.
Transformation of Atmospheric CO2 Catalyzed by Protic Ionic Liquids: Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Oxazolidinones
Authors: Hu Jiayin , Ma Jun , Zhu Qinggong , Zhang Zhaofu , Wu Congyi , Han Buxing
Published: March 2015

Protic ionic liquids (PILs), such as 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]‐7‐undecenium 2‐methylimidazolide [DBUH][MIm], can catalyze the reaction of atmospheric CO2 with a broad range of propargylic amines to form the corresponding 2‐oxazolidinones. The products are formed in high yields under mild, metal‐free conditions. The cheaper and greener PILs can be easily recycled and reused at least five times without a decrease in the catalytic activity and selectivity. A reaction mechanism was proposed on the basis of a detailed DFT study which indicates that both the cation and anion of the PIL play key synergistic roles in accelerating the reaction.
Copper‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Carboetherification of Unactivated Alkenes by Alkyl Nitriles and Alcohols
Authors: Chatalova‐Sazepin Claire , Wang Qian , Sammis Glenn M. , Zhu Jieping
Published: March 2015

A three‐component carboetherification of unactivated alkenes has been developed allowing the rapid building of complexity from simple starting materials. A wide range of α‐substituted styrenes underwent smooth reactions with unactivated alkyl nitriles and alcohols to afford γ‐alkoxy alkyl nitriles with concomitant generation of a quaternary carbon center. A radical clock experiment provided clear‐cut evidence that the reaction proceeds through a tertiary alkyl radical intermediate.
In situ studies of bovine serum albumin adsorption onto functionalized polystyrene latices monitored with a quartz crystal microbalance technique
Authors: Beragoui Manel , Aguir Chadlia , Khalfaoui Mohamed , Enciso Eduardo , Torralvo Maria José , Duclaux Laurent , Reinert Laurence , Vayer Marylène , Ben Lamine Abdelmottaleb
Published: March 2015

The adsorbability of bovine serum albumin (BSA) onto poly(styrene‐co‐itaconic acid) (PS–IA), poly(styrene‐co‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PS–HEMA), poly(styrene‐co‐acrylic acid) (PS–AA), and poly(styrene‐co‐methacrylic acid) (PS–MAA) latices were investigated with a quartz crystal microbalance. The amount adsorbed onto the functionalized latices, except for PS–MAA, was greater than that adsorbed onto polystyrene (PS) latex. To explain this result, two kinds of interaction forces were considered, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, whereas electrostatic interaction was assumed to be small. When comparing the two extremes of hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding, the latter was stronger. The corrected adsorption mass suggested that the BSA molecules were adsorbed onto the PS–MAA latex in a side‐on mode. However, in the case of the PS, PS–IA, PS–HEMA, and PS–AA latices, the BSA molecules were probably adsorbed in multiple layers. The presence of the BSA in the latex particle surface was verified by attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42055.
Tongue and Hyoid Musculature and Functional Morphology of a Neonate Gray Whale (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Eschrichtius robustus)
Authors: Kienle Sarah S. , Ekdale Eric G. , Reidenberg Joy S. , Deméré Tom A.
Published: March 2015

Little is known about the anatomy and musculature of the gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), especially related to the anatomy of the tongue and hyoid region. The recovery of an extremely fresh head of a neonatal female gray whale provided an opportunity to conduct the first in‐depth investigation of the musculoskeletal features of the tongue and hyoid apparatus. Unlike other mysticetes, the gray whale tongue is strong, muscular, and freely mobile inside the buccal cavity. In particular, the genioglossus and hyoglossus muscles are extremely large and robust making up the majority of the body of the tongue. In addition, the genioglossus had a unique position and fiber orientation in the tongue compared to other mammals. The structure of the hyoid apparatus differs between E. robustus and other mysticete species, although there are similarities among individual elements. We provide the first documentation of fungiform papillae that may be associated with taste buds in Mysticeti. The highly mobile, robust tongue and the presence of well‐defined tongue and hyoid musculature are in keeping with observations of gray whale feeding that suggest this group of whales utilize oral suction to draw benthic prey into the buccal cavity. Anat Rec, 298:660–674, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the Anatomy of the Temporomandibular Joint and the Muscles That Act Upon It: Observations on the Gray Whale, Eschrichtius robustus
Authors: El Adli Joseph J. , Deméré Thomas A.
Published: March 2015

The temporomandibular joint and its associated musculature are described in a neonate gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) and serve as the basis for direct anatomical comparisons with the temporomandibular region in other clades of baleen whales (Mysticeti). Members of the right whale/bowhead whale clade (Balaenidae) are known to possess a synovial lower jaw joint, while members of the rorqual clade (Balaenopteridae) have a nonsynovial temporomandibular joint characterized by a highly flexible fibrocartilaginous pad and no joint capsule. In contrast, the gray whale possesses a modified temporomandibular joint (intermediate condition), with a vestigial joint cavity lacking a fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, and articular disk. In addition, the presence of a rudimentary fibrocartilaginous pad appears to be homologous to that seen in balaenopterid mysticetes. The intrinsic temporomandibular musculature in the gray whale was found to include a multibellied superficial masseter and a single‐bellied deep masseter. The digastric and internal pterygoid muscles in E. robustus are enlarged relative to the condition documented in species of Balaenoptera. A relatively complex insertion of the temporalis muscle on the dentary is documented in the gray whale and the low, knob‐like process on the gray whale dentary is determined to be homologous with the prominent coronoid process of rorquals. Comparison with the anatomy of the temporomandibular musculature in rorquals reveals an increased importance of alpha rotation of the dentary in the gray whale. This difference in muscular morphology and lines of muscle action is interpreted as representing adaptations for suction feeding. Anat Rec, 298:680–690, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Decreasing‐horizon Robust Model Predictive Control With Specified Settling Time To A Terminal Constraint Set
Authors: Yang Weilin , Feng Gang , Zhang TieJun
Published: March 2015

Robust model predictive control for discrete‐time linear systems with norm‐bounded disturbances is investigated in this paper. The control objective is to steer the system state to a terminal constraint set within specified number of steps. Meanwhile, the performance of the closed‐loop control system is optimized. A decreasing‐horizon predictive control strategy is proposed. Moreover, affine state‐feedback control laws with memory of prior states are adopted over the prediction horizon. To optimize the system performance, an
‐type cost function is considered in this paper. It is shown that finite settling time is achieved, if the optimization problem in the proposed control strategy is initially solvable. Some simulations are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Bayesian hierarchical modelling of continuous non‐negative longitudinal data with a spike at zero: An application to a study of birds visiting gardens in winter
Authors: Swallow Ben , Buckland Stephen T. , King Ruth , Toms Mike P.
Published: March 2015

The development of methods for dealing with continuous data with a spike at zero has lagged behind those for overdispersed or zero‐inflated count data. We consider longitudinal ecological data corresponding to an annual average of 26 weekly maximum counts of birds, and are hence effectively continuous, bounded below by zero but also with a discrete mass at zero. We develop a Bayesian hierarchical Tweedie regression model that can directly accommodate the excess number of zeros common to this type of data, whilst accounting for both spatial and temporal correlation. Implementation of the model is conducted in a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) framework, using reversible jump MCMC to explore uncertainty across both parameter and model spaces. This regression modelling framework is very flexible and removes the need to make strong assumptions about mean‐variance relationshipsa priori. It can also directly account for the spike at zero, whilst being easily applicable to other types of data and other model formulations. Whilst a correlative study such as this cannot prove causation, our results suggest that an increase in an avian predator may have led to an overall decrease in the number of one of its prey species visiting garden feeding stations in the United Kingdom. This may reflect a change in behaviour of house sparrows to avoid feeding stations frequented by sparrowhawks, or a reduction in house sparrow population size as a result of sparrowhawk increase.
Engineering superactive granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor transferrin fusion proteins as orally‐delivered candidate agents for treating neurodegenerative disease
Authors: Heinzelman Pete , Priebe Molly C.
Published: March 2015

Intravenously injected granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) has shown efficacy in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD) animal studies and is undergoing clinical evaluation. The likely need for dosing of GM‐CSF to patients over months or years motivates pursuit of avenues for delivering GM‐CSF to circulation via oral administration. Flow cytometric screening of 37 yeast‐displayed GM‐CSF saturation mutant libraries revealed residues P12, H15, R23, R24, and K72 as key determinants of GM‐CSF's CD116 and CD131 GM‐CSF receptor (GM‐CSFR) subunit binding affinity. Screening combinatorial GM‐CSF libraries mutated at positions P12, H15, and R23 yielded variants with increased affinities toward both CD116 and CD131. Genetic fusion of GM‐CSF to human transferrin (Trf), a strategy that enables oral delivery of other biopharmaceuticals in animals, yielded bioactive wild type and variant cytokines upon secretion from cultured Human Embryonic Kidney cells. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements showed that all evaluated variants possess decreases in CD116 and CD131 binding KD values of up to 2.5‐fold relative to wild type. Improved affinity led to increased in vitro bioactivity; the most bioactive variant, P12D/H15L/R23L, had a leukocyte proliferation assay EC50 value 3.5‐fold lower than the wild type GM‐CSF/Trf fusion. These outcomes are important first steps toward our goal of developing GM‐CSF/Trf fusions as orally available AD and PD therapeutics. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:668–677, 2015
Strong and Unexpected Effects of Diffusion Rates on the Generation of Electrochemiluminescence by Amine/Transition‐Metal(II) Systems
Authors: Svir Irina , Oleinick Alexander , Klymenko Oleksiy V. , Amatore Christian
Published: March 2015

This theoretical work examines some basic and overlooked concepts that sustain the efficiency of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) generated by co‐reactant systems such as the, nowadays classical, alkyl amine/transition metal(II) complex systems. Changes in the ECL intensities emitted by these systems are much more dependent on the relative diffusivities of the two co‐reactants than on the range of thermodynamic and kinetic rate constants that are possible to explore and vary. In particular, decreasing the diffusion coefficients of the metal complexes species (e.g. by adequate redox or photochemically inert large substituents) relative to that of the amine co‐reactant leads to a great enhancement in the ECL intensity of the first ECL wave, namely, that observed at the level of the amine oxidation peak. Though investigated by using simulations based on the thermodynamic and kinetic constants of the most common tri‐n‐propylamine/Ru(bpy)32+ system (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine), the conclusions of this work are more general.
Two‐Step Spin Transition in a 1D FeII 1,2,4‐Triazole Chain Compound
Authors: Dîrtu Marinela M. , Schmit France , Naik Anil D. , Rusu Ionela , Rotaru Aurelian , Rackwitz Sergej , Wolny Juliusz A. , Schünemann Volker , Spinu Leonard , Garcia Yann
Published: March 2015

A thermochromic 1D spin crossover coordination (SCO) polymer [Fe(βAlatrz)3](BF4)2⋅2 H2O (1⋅2 H2O), whose precursor βAlatrz, (1,2,4‐triazol‐4‐yl‐propionate) has been tailored from a β‐amino acid ester is investigated in detail by a set of superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), 57Fe Mössbauer, differential scanning calorimetry, infrared, and Raman measurements. An hysteretic abrupt two‐step spin crossover (T1/2↓=230 K and T1/2↑=235 K, and T1/2↓=172 K and T1/2↑=188 K, respectively) is registered for the first time for a 1,2,4‐triazole‐based FeII 1D coordination polymer. The two‐step SCO configuration is observed in a 1:2 ratio of low‐spin/high‐spin in the intermediate phase for a 1D chain. The origin of the stepwise transition was attributed to a distribution of chains of different lengths in 1⋅2 H2O after First Order Reversal Curves (FORC) analyses. A detailed DFT analysis allowed us to propose the normal mode assignment of the Raman peaks in the low‐spin and high‐spin states of 1⋅2 H2O. Vibrational spectra of 1⋅2 H2O reveal that the BF4− anions and water molecules play no significant role on the vibrational properties of the [Fe(βAlatrz)3]2+ polymeric chains, although non‐coordinated water molecules have a dramatic influence on the emergence of a step in the spin transition curve. The dehydrated material [Fe(βAlatrz)3](BF4)2 (1) reveals indeed a significantly different magnetic behavior with a one‐step SCO which was also investigated.
Role of the Bridge in Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Porphyrin–Fullerene Dyads
Authors: Pelado Beatriz , Abou‐Chahine Fawzi , Calbo Joaquín , Caballero Rubén , de la Cruz Pilar , Junquera‐Hernández José M. , Ortí Enrique , Tkachenko Nikolai V. , Langa Fernando
Published: March 2015

The role of π‐conjugated molecular bridges in through‐space and through‐bond electron transfer is studied by comparing two porphyrin–fullerene donor–acceptor (D–A) dyads. One dyad, ZnP–Ph–C60 (ZnP=zinc porphyrin), incorporates a phenyl bridge between D and A and behaves very similarly to analogous dyads studied previously. The second dyad, ZnP–EDOTV–C60, introduces an additional 3,4‐ethylenedioxythienylvinylene (EDOTV) unit into the conjugated bridge, which increases the distance between D and A, but, at the same time, provides increased electronic communication between them. Two essential outcomes that result from the introduction of the EDOTV unit in the bridge are as follows: 1) faster charge recombination, which indicates enhanced electronic coupling between the charge‐separated and ground electronic states; and 2) the disappearance of the intramolecular exciplex, which mediates photoinduced charge separation in the ZnP–Ph–C60 dyad. The latter can be interpreted as a gradual decrease in electronic coupling between locally excited singlet states of D and A when introducing the EDOTV unit into the D–A bridge.
An iGlu Receptor Antagonist and Its Simultaneous Use with an Anticancer Drug for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Tan Si Yu , Ang Chung Yen , Luo Zhong , Li Peizhou , Nguyen Kim Truc , Zhao Yanli
Published: March 2015

Glutamate receptor antagonists have been known to play a crucial role in the treatment of many neuronal diseases. Recently, these antagonists have also shown therapeutic effects in the treatment of cancer. In this study, an ionotropic glutamate (iGlu) receptor antagonist, 4‐hydroxyphenylacetyl spermine (L1), was used concurrently with a common anticancer drug, doxorubicin (Dox), for simultaneous cancer therapy. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) were employed as the delivery vehicle for both L1 and Dox by conjugating the iGlu receptor antagonist on the surface and encapsulating Dox within the mesopores. Dox was then trapped within the mesopores by functionalizing a redox‐cleavable capping group on the MSNP surface, and it could be released upon exposure to the reductive glutathione. In vitro studies on B16F10 and NIH3T3 cell lines revealed that the iGlu receptor antagonist L1 exhibited therapeutic as well as targeting effects. In addition, the simultaneous use of therapeutic L1 and Dox proved to be synergistic in the treatment of cancer. The present work demonstrated the feasibility of employing a delivery system to deliver both neuroprotective drug and anticancer drug for efficient anticancer treatment.
Pushing the Boundaries of Vinylogous Reactivity: Catalytic Enantioselective Mukaiyama Aldol Reactions of Highly Unsaturated 2‐Silyloxyindoles
Authors: Curti Claudio , Sartori Andrea , Battistini Lucia , Brindani Nicoletta , Rassu Gloria , Pelosi Giorgio , Lodola Alessio , Mor Marco , Casiraghi Giovanni , Zanardi Franca
Published: March 2015

The first example of catalytic, enantioselective hypervinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction (HVMAR) involving multiply unsaturated 2‐silyloxyindoles is reported. The reaction utilizes a chiral Lewis base‐catalyzed Lewis acid‐mediated technology to deliver homoallylic 3‐polyenylidene 2‐oxindoles with extraordinary levels of regio‐, enantio‐, and geometrical selectivity. This work highlights a subtle yet decisive influence of the indole N‐substituents on the propagation of the vinylogous reactivity space of the donor substrates up to ten bonds away from the origin of the vinylogy effect. Analysis of the 13C NMR chemical shifts of the C‐ω remote site within homologous silyloxyindole donors enabled rationalization of the results and easy qualitative prediction of the HVMAR reactivity/inertia toward a given aldehyde acceptor.
Furan‐Modified Spherosilicates as Building Blocks for Self‐Healing Materials
Authors: Engel Tom , Kickelbick Guido
Published: March 2015

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Guido Kickelbick at Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany. The cover image shows the molecular building block that plays the major role in the self‐healing processes of modern hybrid materials through crosslinking and de‐crosslinking reactions.
Two‐Dimensional Hybrid Materials: Transferring Technology from Biology to Society
Authors: Leroux Fabrice , Rabu Pierre , Sommerdijk Nico A. J. M. , Taubert Andreas
Published: March 2015

Hybrid materials are at the forefront of modern research and technology; hence a large number of publications on hybrid materials has already appeared in the scientific literature. This essay focuses on the specifics and peculiarities of hybrid materials based on two‐dimensional (2D) building blocks and confinements, for two reasons: (1) 2D materials have a very broad field of application, but they also illustrate many of the scientific challenges the community faces, both on a fundamental and an application level; (2) all authors of this essay are involved in research on 2D materials, but their perspective and vision of how the field will develop in the future and how it is possible to benefit from these new developments are rooted in very different scientific subfields. The current article will thus present a personal, yet quite broad, account of how hybrid materials, specifically 2D hybrid materials, will provide means to aid modern societies in fields as different as healthcare and energy.
Improving recognition of pain by calling attention to its various faces
Authors: Kunz M. , Lautenbacher S.
Published: March 2015

Background

The ability to accurately recognize facial expressions of pain is known to affect clinical decision making and delivery of care. Although recognition accuracy for facial expressions of pain is well above chance level, substantial shortcomings have also been reported which stress the need to look for methods to improve recognition accuracy. Based on findings that pain is encoded in different facial activity patterns, we wanted to investigate whether training observers to recognize these various faces of pain might improve their ability to accurately recognize pain.

Methods

Participants (55 male, 65 female) were randomly assigned to one of the three training groups: ‘different patterns group’ (calling attention to the various faces of pain); ‘prototypical group’ (calling attention to the prototypical expression of pain); and ‘control group’ (being informed about pain in general). For outcome assessments, participants viewed videos of individuals experiencing either pain, disgust or a neutral condition and had to infer what the individual in the video was experiencing. These videos were presented twice (before and after the training).

Results

The ‘different patterns group’ benefited the most from its training, with recognition accuracy for pain increasing significantly more compared to the other groups. The ‘prototypical’ group also showed improved recognition accuracy for pain, however, this improved recogntition was cancelled out by decreased recognition accuracy for disgust.

Conclusions

Raising awareness in observers that different combinations of facial movements (different faces of pain) are equivalent signals of pain through a brief training procedure can improve recognition accuracy for pain substantially.