bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A V2X-Assisted Intelligent Vehicle Target Tracking Method
Authors: Yu Lingling , Yang Fandi , Zhu Yunsheng , Cen Ming
Published: November 2020

In the target tracking scene of connected intelligent vehicles, besides onboard sensors, the V2X is an important approach to acquire target information. In this paper, a target tracking method which introduces the targets’ identity provided by V2X to improve the data association is proposed. The measurements are associated with targets according to conventional method firstly, and then the position data from V2X is used to update the association probability between tracks and measurements. The simulation results show that the proposed method can improve the performance of the target tracking.
Investigation on the Influence of Load on the Strength of Large Wind Turbine Hubs
Authors: Zhao Yang , Dai Pengzhu , Chen Zhixiang , Zhou Qinkai , Ma Ying
Published: November 2020

In order to study the influence of different direction loads on the strength of a 5 megawatt large-scale wind turbine hub, a three-dimensional finite element model of the wind turbine is established in this paper. Based on the wind turbine design software GH Bladed, the ultimate working load is extracted, and the numerical analysis method is used to analyze the ultimate strength of the hub. Furthermore, it discusses the sensitivity analysis of the hub’s ultimate stress to the change of the load, and provides guiding suggestions for the hub strength safety assessment and lightweight design.
State Recognition of Mill Load Based on Improved K-means Clustering Algorithm
Authors: Gao Yunpeng , Wu Cong , Peng Jizong , Lu Yuchen
Published: November 2020

In this work, a new identification method for the load identification of ball mill based on improved K-means clustering is proposed. Since the external device response signals of ball mill are closely related to its load during the operation, the appropriate parameters are selected. The number of clusters and initial clustering centers are meliorated based on their density and genetic algorithm. The dimensionality of input features are reduced with kernel principal component analysis (KPCA), and the final clustering centers are obtained by iterating in the space with reduced dimensionalities. Tests on datasets have demonstrated the higher accuracy and stability of our improved K-means method compared with other methods. The case-analysis results show that the mill load status can be identified clearly according to the displacement variations of cluster centers calculated by this method. Our research provides a new reference for mill load identification in the viewpoint of multi-source information fusion.
The design and implementation of "teaching-reproduction" algorithm for servo motor based on RFC 470 PLC
Authors: Xiao Yu , Kong Xiangyu , Zhang Yulin
Published: November 2020

Aiming at the characteristics of more swing and less rotation of the nozzle at the end of teaching-type sand-blasting robots, a motion control algorithm which can reproduce the swing and rotation trajectory of the servo motor is designed. The RFC 470 PLC of PHOENIX Contact is used as the control core to build the hardware experimental platform in this paper. In the process of teaching, the trajectories of the servo motor are saved to the data storage of the RFC 470 PLC by the algorithm and then the trajectories can be reproduced automatically. The experimental results show that the designed algorithm has high accuracy and can meet the needs of practical engineering application.
Cost-benefit analysis on remote maintenance for industrial robot
Authors: Zhi Hou , Nai-Yong Shi
Published: November 2020

The maintenance of industrial robots can be divided into two types: onsite maintenance and remote maintenance, each of which has its advantages and disadvantages. Firstly, the two types of maintenance modes, cost and benefit are analyzed and compared. While cost of on-site maintenance mainly includes downtime loss, maintenance cost and expert cost, downtime loss includes production loss and manpower waste, maintenance cost includes testing cost and material cost, and expert cost includes travel expense and labor cost. Cost of remote maintenance also includes downtime loss and maintenance cost, but does not include expert cost. Downtime loss and maintenance cost of remote maintenance is same as that of onsite maintenance, but the value is different. Then, cost-benefit method is used to analyze and establish cost-benefit model of two maintenance modes. Finally, an automobile manufacturing enterprise is taken as an example, and the cost and benefit of on-site maintenance and remote maintenance is analyzed and calculated to apply and verify the proposed method. The method proposed in this paper can provide help for the maintenance mode selection of industrial robots.
Model Error Analysis of Load Simulator System
Authors: Zheng Yanbin , Yu Zhenglin , Ma Guo Qing
Published: November 2020

The load simulator is the main semi-physical simulation equipment to detect the performance of the steering gear. Linear models or black box models are often used in load simulator modeling, but the modeling error needs to be further analyzed due to its prominent nonlinear and strong coupling characteristics. In this paper, the semi-physical simulation platform of the electric load simulator was built, and a linear model and a system identification model based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN) were established respectively. The error characteristics of the above models were further analyzed by statistical distribution and power spectral density. The research results can provide support for the controller design and the selection of state estimation method.
Buckling and Post-buckling Analysis of Flatness Deflects in High-strength automotive sheet
Authors: Jie-tao Dai , Feng Zhou , Huiyuan LI , Liejun Li
Published: November 2020

Shape defect is a common problem in the production of automobile plate. But, the wave type function used by previous scholars can not reflect the actual situation of the site well. To solve this problem, high-order trigonometric functions are used to describe wave patterns, it expresses the fact that the wave pattern does not cover the whole width. Based on the buckling theory of plates, the shape defect was investigated in this paper. Using S.Timoshenko principle of least work, a new mechanical model of longitudinal buckling was established. And the mathematic mode of critical buckling was achieved by Galerkin’s principle of virtual displacement, the path generation of post-buckling was found with Perturbation-Variational Method, and the mode of post-bucking was achieved. The rolling experiment was carried out in test rolling mill. In this experiment, variety of different shape defect model were obtained by designing different roll-shaped curves for work roll, and the mode was good in according to the analytical and numerical results.
Comparative Simulation Research on Stability of Layered and Homogeneous Surrounding Rocks
Authors: Zhou Heng , Huang Peng , Di Shengjie , Lu Xi
Published: November 2020

Layered surrounding rock mass is common in underground engineering, and it has obvious anisotropic mechanical properties. Therefore, the stability of the cavern excavation of layered surrounding rocks has always been a key issue in the engineering community. Based on an example of a hydraulic tunnel, the stability analysis of the excavation in cavern of the layered and homogeneous surrounding rocks are compared. The results show that the overall distribution of the stress field and displacement field of the layered and homogeneous surrounding rocks are basically the same. The stress field of the layered surrounding rocks has obvious discontinuous characteristics, and the deformation caused by excavation of the cavern is greater than the homogeneous surrounding rocks. The extent of the plastic zone along the joints of the layered surrounding rocks is also significantly larger than that of the homogeneous surrounding rocks.
Social partners and temperature jointly affect morning foraging activity of small birds in winter
Authors: Madsen Anastasia E , Vander Meiden Laura N , Shizuka Daizaburo
Published: November 2020

Daily foraging activity of small wintering birds is classically thought to be driven by the need to gather enough energy reserves to survive each night. A separate line of research has shown that sociality is a major driver in winter foraging activities in many species. Here, we used wintering birds as a study system to move toward an integrative understanding of the influence of energy requirements and sociality on foraging ecology. We used RFID-enabled feeders in Lincoln, Nebraska, USA in January–March 2019 to measure foraging activity in two species (downy woodpeckers, Dryobates pubescens, and white-breasted nuthatches, Sitta carolinensis). We analyzed the relationship between overnight temperature and morning foraging activity and found that lowest overnight temperature was weakly correlated with morning visitation at feeders. We then used a network approach to ask if flock associations explain similarity in birds’ foraging activity. In both species, individuals with stronger associations in a social network were more likely to share similar feeder activity, and an index of social partners’ activity explained foraging activity better than overnight temperature. This brings forth new questions about the interplay between individual response to temperature and social factors in shaping how small animals cope with harsh winter conditions.
FL-QSAR: a federated learning-based QSAR prototype for collaborative drug discovery
Authors: Chen Shaoqi , Xue Dongyu , Chuai Guohui , Yang Qiang , Liu Qi
Published: November 2020

Motivation

Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis is commonly used in drug discovery. Collaborations among pharmaceutical institutions can lead to a better performance in QSAR prediction, however, intellectual property and related financial interests remain substantially hindering inter-institutional collaborations in QSAR modeling for drug discovery.

Results

For the first time, we verified the feasibility of applying the horizontal federated learning (HFL), which is a recently developed collaborative and privacy-preserving learning framework to perform QSAR analysis. A prototype platform of federated-learning-based QSAR modeling for collaborative drug discovery, i.e. FL-QSAR, is presented accordingly. We first compared the HFL framework with a classic privacy-preserving computation framework, i.e. secure multiparty computation to indicate its difference from various perspective. Then we compared FL-QSAR with the public collaboration in terms of QSAR modeling. Our extensive experiments demonstrated that (i) collaboration by FL-QSAR outperforms a single client using only its private data, and (ii) collaboration by FL-QSAR achieves almost the same performance as that of collaboration via cleartext learning algorithms using all shared information. Taking together, our results indicate that FL-QSAR under the HFL framework provides an efficient solution to break the barriers between pharmaceutical institutions in QSAR modeling, therefore promote the development of collaborative and privacy-preserving drug discovery with extendable ability to other privacy-related biomedical areas.

Availability and implementation

The source codes of FL-QSAR are available on the GitHub: https://github.com/bm2-lab/FL-QSAR.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
From “Aha!” to “Haha!” Using Humor to Cope with Negative Stimuli
Authors: Wu Xiaofei , Guo Tingting , Zhang Chao , Hong Tzu-Yi , Cheng Chou-Ming , Wei Ping , Hsieh Jen-Chuen , Luo Jing
Published: November 2020

Humor has been considered an effective emotion regulation strategy, and some behavioral studies have examined its superior effects on negative emotion regulation. However, its neural mechanisms remain unknown. Our functional magnetic resonance imaging study directly compared the emotion regulation effects and neural bases of humorous coping (reappraisal) and ordinary reappraisal following exposure to negative pictures. The behavioral results suggested that humorous reappraisal was more effective in downregulating negative emotions and upregulating positive emotions both in the short and long term. We also found 2 cooperative neural pathways involved in coping with negative stimuli by means of humor: the “hippocampal–thalamic–frontal pathway” and the “amygdala–cerebellar pathway.” The former is associated with the restructuring of mental representations of negative situations and accompanied by an insightful (“Aha!”) experience, while the latter is associated with humorous emotional release and accompanied by an expression of laughter (“Haha!”). Furthermore, the degree of hippocampal functional connectivity with both the thalamus and frontal cortex was positively correlated with changes in positive emotion, and this result implied that the degree of emotion regulation could be strongly directly related to the depth of cognitive reconstruction. These findings highlight that regulating negative emotions with humor involves cognitive restructuring and the release of positive emotions.
How to perform a cardio-thoracic magnetic resonance imaging in COVID-19: comprehensive assessment of heart, pulmonary arteries, and lung parenchyma
Authors: Galea Nicola , Catapano Federica , Marchitelli Livia , Cundari Giulia , Maestrini Viviana , Panebianco Valeria , Mancone Massimo , Fedele Francesco , Catalano Carlo , Francone Marco
Published: November 2020

We proposed a combined cardiothoracic-MRI (CaTh-MRI) protocol for the comprehensive assessment of cardiovascular structures, lung parenchyma, and pulmonary arterial tree, in COVID-19 patients with progressive worsening of clinical conditions and/or suspicion of acute-onset myocardial inflammation. A 25-minutes fast protocol was also conceived for unstable or uncooperative patients by restricting the number of sequences to those necessary to rule out myocardial and to assess pulmonary involvement. In patients requiring CMR characterization of myocardial damage, the addition of lung and thoracic vessel evaluation is of clinical benefit at a minimal time expense.
Valve-in-valve transcatheter aortic valve implantation with fracturing of a failed small surgical aortic bioprosthesis: a case report
Authors: Bunc Matjaz , Cercek Miha , Podlesnikar Tomaz , Terseglav Simon , Steblovnik Klemen
Published: November 2020

Background

Failure of a small surgical aortic bioprosthesis represents a challenging clinical scenario with valve-in-valve (ViV) transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) often resulting in patient-prosthesis mismatch. Bioprosthetic valve fracture (BVF) performed as a part of the ViV TAVI has recently emerged as an alternative approach with certain types of surgical bioprostheses.

Case summary

An 81-year-old woman with a history of three surgical aortic valve procedures presented with heart failure. Aortic bioprosthesis degeneration with severe stenosis and moderate regurgitation was found. The patient was deemed a high-risk surgical candidate and the heart team decided that ViV TAVI was the preferred treatment option. Due to the very small 19 mm stented surgical aortic bioprosthesis Mitroflow 19 mm (Sorin Group, Italy) we decided to perform BVF as a part of ViV TAVI to prevent patient-prosthesis mismatch. Since this was the first BVF procedure in our centre, an ex vivo BVF of the same kind of bioprosthetic valve was performed first. Subsequently, successful BVF with implantation of Evolut R 23 mm (Medtronic, USA) self-expandable transcatheter valve was performed. Excellent haemodynamic result was achieved and no periprocedural complications were present. The patient had an immediate major improvement in clinical status and remains asymptomatic after 6 months.

Discussion

Bioprosthetic valve fracture together with ViV TAVI is a safe and effective emerging technique for treatment of small surgical aortic bioprosthesis failure. Bioprosthetic valve fracture allows marked oversizing of implanted self-expandable transcatheter aortic valves, leading to excellent haemodynamic and clinical results. An ex vivo BVF can serve as an important preparatory step when introducing the new method.
A case series of three patients with unilateral disconnected pulmonary artery supplied by an ipsilateral patent ductus arteriosus: neonatal ductal stenting as palliation to preserve pulmonary arterial patency
Authors: Ho Andrew B , Salmon Tony P , Hribernik Ines , Hayes Nicholas , Thomson John D , Bentham James R
Published: November 2020

Background 

Disconnected branch pulmonary arteries with a systemic arterial origin of the disconnected vessel is a rare, but well-described entity. Most will have ductal tissue connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta.

Case summary 

We describe in this paper the haemodynamic result in three neonates presenting with ductal origin of a single branch pulmonary artery in the context of trans-catheter stenting procedures to maintain or re-recruit vessel patency. All were faced with potential or actual ductal closure and proceeded to trans-catheter stenting to re-cannalate the duct-dependent pulmonary artery. Two patients with otherwise normal anatomy struggled post-procedure with pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular dilatation. Both required surgical re-anastomosis of the disconnected pulmonary artery during the same admission—one 26 days post-stenting following failure to wean from high-flow respiratory support and the second 8 days post-stenting following failed extubation. In contrast, a patient with tetralogy of Fallot born at 2.5 kg underwent sequential stenting of the right ventricular outflow tract and then the left-sided ductus. He had a good post-procedural course and thrived for several months before complete repair.

Discussion 

We describe the clinical courses and discuss the resultant haemodynamics, highlighting the importance of flow to each lung, the resulting haemodynamic implications and the compounding effects of additional lesions.
Salvage surgery, chylothorax and pneumonia are the main drivers of unplanned readmissions after oesophagectomy for cancer
Authors: Chen Yu-Ting , Wang Chen-Ti , Chiu Chien-Hung , Chao Yin-Kai
Published: November 2020

OBJECTIVES

Unplanned readmissions after surgery can be cumbersome to patients and costly on healthcare resources. The aim of this single-centre study was to identify the independent risk factors for unplanned readmissions in patients who had undergone oesophagectomy for cancer.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 526 consecutive patients with oesophageal cancer who received transthoracic oesophagectomy and were discharged home between 2006 and 2017. Risk factors for unplanned readmission within the first 30 days from discharge were identified by multivariable competing risk analysis.

RESULTS

The mean age of the study patients was 55.14 years and 93.7% were men. Squamous cell carcinoma was identified in 94.1% of the participants, and 68.0% received chemoradiotherapy. There were 299 (56.8%) patients who experienced at least 1 postoperative complication. Fifty-five patients (10.5%) experienced an unplanned readmission. The postoperative 90-day mortality rate among patients who experienced an unplanned readmission was significantly higher than that of cases who did not (9.1% vs 0.2%, respectively, P < 0.001). Multivariable analysis identified chylothorax [hazard ratio (HR): 3.86, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.89–7.91, P < 0.001], pneumonia (HR: 1.98, 95% CI 1.03–3.82, P = 0.042) and salvage surgery (HR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.10–4.69, P = 0.027) as independent risk factors for unplanned readmissions.

CONCLUSIONS

Salvage surgery, postoperative chylothorax and pneumonia are the main drivers of 30-day unplanned readmissions in patients who had undergone oesophagectomy for cancer. Patients who required unplanned readmissions showed increased early mortality rates.
Disability pension among persons with chronic disease: Differential impact of a Danish policy reform
Authors: Mathisen Jimmi , Jensen Natasja Koitzsch , Bjorner Jakob Bue , Brønnum-Hansen Henrik , Christensen Ulla , Thielen Karsten , Gadeberg Anne Kristine , Andersen Ingelise
Published: November 2020

Background

In 2013, Denmark implemented a reform that tightened the criteria for disability pension, expanded a subsidized job scheme (‘flexi-job’) and introduced a new vocational rehabilitation scheme. The overall aim of the reform was to keep more persons attached to the labour market. This study investigates the impact of the reform among persons with chronic disease and whether this impact differed across groups defined by labour market affiliation and chronic disease type.

Methods

The study was conducted as a register-based, nationwide cohort study. The study population included 480 809 persons between 40 and 64 years of age, who suffered from at least one of six chronic diseases. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of being awarded disability pension or flexi-job in the 5 years after vs. the 5 years prior to the reform were estimated.

Results

Overall, the probability of being awarded disability pension was halved after the reform (HR = 0.49, CI: 0.47–0.50). The impact was largest for persons receiving sickness absence benefits (HR = 0.31, CI: 0.24–0.39) and for persons with functional disorders (HR = 0.38, CI: 0.32–0.44). Also, the impact was larger for persons working in manual jobs than for persons working in non-manual jobs. The probability of being awarded a flexi-job was decreased by one-fourth (HR = 0.76, CI: 0.74–0.79) with the largest impact for high-skilled persons working in non-manual jobs.

Conclusion

Access to disability pension and flexi-job decreased after the reform. This impact varied according to labour market affiliation and chronic disease type.
Functional inhibition or genetic deletion of acid sphingomyelinase bacteriostatically inhibits Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in vivo
Authors: Naimi Waheeda A , Gumpf Jacob J , Cockburn Chelsea L , Camus Sarah , Chalfant Charles E , Li Pin-Lan , Carlyon Jason A
Published: November 2020

Anaplasma phagocytophilum infects neutrophils to cause granulocytic anaplasmosis. It poorly infects mice deficient in acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), a lysosomal enzyme critical for cholesterol efflux, and wild-type mice treated with desipramine that functionally inhibits ASM. Whether inhibition or genetic deletion of ASM is bacteriostatic or bactericidal for A. phagocytophilum and desipramine's ability to lower pathogen burden requires a competent immune system were unknown. Anaplasma phagocytophilum-infected severe combined immunodeficiency disorder (SCID) mice were administered desipramine or PBS, followed by the transfer of blood to naïve wild-type mice. Next, infected wild-type mice were given desipramine or PBS followed by transfer of blood to naïve SCID mice. Finally, wild-type or ASM-deficient mice were infected and blood transferred to naïve SCID mice. The percentage of infected neutrophils was significantly reduced in all desipramine-treated or ASM-deficient mice and in all recipients of blood from these mice. Infection was markedly lower in ASM-deficient and desipramine-treated wild-type mice versus desipramine-treated SCID mice. Yet, infection was never ablated. Thus, ASM activity contributes to optimal A. phagocytophilum infection in vivo, pharmacologic inhibition or genetic deletion of ASM impairs infection in a bacteriostatic and reversible manner and A. phagocytophilum is capable of co-opting ASM-independent lipid sources.
CMV-Specific Cell-Mediated Immunity Predicts a High Level of CMV Replication After Prophylaxis Withdrawal in Lung Transplant Recipients
Authors: Donadeu Laura , Revilla-López Eva , Jarque Marta , Crespo Elena , Torija Alba , Bravo Carles , Los Arcos Ibai , Meneghini Maria , Favà Alex , Román Antonio , Monforte Víctor , Bestard Oriol
Published: November 2020

Monitoring cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is useful in predicting late-onset CMV infection after solid organ transplantation, but few data have been reported after lung transplantation (LT). CMV CMI against 2 CMV antigens (IE-1, pp65) was evaluated in 60 seropositive LT at 6-month prophylaxis withdrawal. LT with late-onset CMV infection showed significantly lower (IE-1)CMV CMI than patients without (P = .045), and was more evident in patients developing high viral loads (P = .010). (IE-1)CMV CMI independently predicted high first late-onset viral replication (odds ratio, 4.358; 95% confidence interval, 1.043–18.215). CMV-specific CMI may be useful in CMV preventive strategies after LT.
Tumor-macrophage crosstalk: how to listen
Authors: Dey Tuli
Published: November 2020

The tumor microenvironment contains many cellular components influencing tumor behaviors, such as metastasis, angiogenesis and chemo-resistance. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are one of such components that can also manipulate the overall prognosis and patient survival. Analysis of tumor-macrophage crosstalk is crucial as tumor cells can polarize circulatory monocytes into TAMs. Such trans-polarization of macrophages support tumor mediated evasion and suppression of immune response. Additionally, such TAMs significantly influence tumor growth and proliferation, making them a potential candidate for precision therapeutics. However, the failure of macrophage-dependent therapies at clinical trials emphasizes the fault in current perception and research modality. This review discussed this field’s progress regarding emerging model systems with a focused view on the in vitro platforms. The inadequacy of currently available models and their implications on existing studies also analyzed. The need for a conceptual and experimental leap toward a human-relevant in vitro custom-built platform for studying tumor-macrophage crosstalk is acknowledged.
Lifecycle management of component catalogs based on a neutral model to support seamless integration with plant 3D design
Authors: Kim Byung Chul , Lee Hyunoh , Mun Duhwan , Han Soonhung
Published: November 2020

For performing design tasks in a process plant construction project using a three-dimensional (3D) computer-aided design system, it is necessary to build a library to save catalogs containing information on 3D shape, specifications, and ports for bulk materials, such as pipes and fittings, or custom-built equipment, such as large equipment and skids. Furthermore, a library must be effectively reused as the building process requires considerable time and cost. In this study, a system architecture that manages the entire lifecycle of a catalog is proposed for generating, saving, and managing a neutral catalog for components and for converting to a native format of a commercial system needed by users. Subsequently, detailed technologies required to implement such architecture are discussed. Lastly, experiments on building, searching, and exchanging are conducted for approximately 3000 catalogs provided by company P in Korea to verify the effectiveness of the proposed architecture for lifecycle management of a component catalog.
The Presence of Displacement: Object Deposit at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial
Authors: Hilker Anne
Published: November 2020

Visitors have left more than 400,000 objects at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial since its dedication in 1982. Memory, loss, and grief dislodge, but also re-settle here, these things in a practice that can result from three distinct kinds of separation. Objects—as do people—can suffer forced moves. The memorial, a product of excavation, opens a physical hollow that visually invites their addition. Their removal and storage by the National Park Service place them out of sight and off the market. Because the memorial space offers the stark contrast of stone and earth, the leaving of these things can mark merely the act of locating and sharing the presence of the unseen. They are the medium of exchange in a sacred, or separate, economy, one that lacks both deity and divinity. Displacement is a heuristic that permits analysis of an apparently random assemblage of people, things, and space as a system in which the purchase of presence consumes these objects.
Temporal evaluation of a woodrat (genusNeotoma) hybrid zone based on genotypic and georeferenced data
Authors: Mauldin Matthew R , Haynie Michelle L , Vrla Sarah C , Bradley Robert D
Published: November 2020

Mauldin et al. (2014) examined 103 woodrats collected in 1988 from a putative contact zone located in Major County, Oklahoma, and provided evidence for a substantial level of hybridization between Neotoma floridana and N. micropus. This site was resampled in 2010, with 42 woodrats collected, and again in 2011, when an additional 88 woodrats were collected from 11 localities along a transect extending northwest to southeast of the center of the hybrid zone. These specimens were examined to: 1) serve as independent data sets, separated by 22 years, for a temporal comparison of hybrid zone characteristics and 2) determine the geographic extent of genetic introgression between the two species. All individuals were genotyped at 11 genetic markers (eight microsatellite loci, one mitochondrial gene—Cytochrome b, and two nuclear introns—intron 2 of the vertebrate alcohol dehydrogenase gene and intron 7 of the beta-fibrinogen gene) that were shown to be informative in the original study. Levels of allelic introgression were assessed at 12 localities (11 new localities, as well as the previously sampled putative contact zone) to determine size and continuity of the hybrid zone. Expanded geographic sampling revealed evidence of genetic introgression at 11 of 12 localities, although only two localities were determined to be active areas of hybridization in 2011. The temporal comparison revealed that characteristics of the hybrid zone (i.e., frequency of hybridization, directionality, location of the zone, and ratios of hybrid classes) remained similar between sampling events. These findings suggest hybridization between these species is ongoing but is intermittent and potentially ephemeral in this region.
Oil Wealth, Risk Acceptance, and the Seizure of Power
Authors: Powell Jonathan , Schiel Rebecca , Ben Hammou Salah
Published: November 2020

Though oil wealth is associated with poor economic performance, repression, civil war, and other maladies, the resource is also associated with increased regime durability. We explore this paradox by investigating the influence of oil wealth on coups d’état. Prior findings on the relationship between oil and coups have been inconsistent, a trend we argue is attributable to the varied and sometimes invalid specification of the dependent variable. We theorize that the potential payoff of coups in oil-rich states incentivizes elites to be more risk acceptant when considering coup attempts. We consequently anticipate coup attempts are more likely in oil-rich states, but under conditions that are less likely to succeed. An assessment of a global sample offers strong evidence that oil-rich states are “cursed” with more attempted coups. However, oil rents are not associated with more successful coups. These results explain the curse/durability paradox and point to an understudied aspect of the oil curse and authoritarian survival.
Mental Adaptation to Capsule Work During COVID-19 Outbreak: The Case of Israeli Air Force Career Personnel
Authors: Gordon Shirley , Garbi Dror , Ben Bassat Shahar , Shapira Shachar , Shelef Leah
Published: November 2020

Objective

Dealing with the COVID-19 outbreak required a rapid adjustment to an unfamiliar and unique situation. The current study aimed to identify the challenges faced by Israeli Air Force (IAF) career personnel.

Method

A survey was conducted on 550 participants during the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak. The participants completed a questionnaire that dealt with unique challenges (personal, family, and command).

Results

Of 550 respondents, 54% reported low mood and irritability, 44% reported a constant feeling of anxiety, and 29% reported having sleep problems. Most of them (66%) were mainly concerned about infecting their family. The shift from normal work conditions to an unfamiliar capsule configuration concerned 58% of respondents. Functional continuity concerned 55% of respondents. Managing subordinates concerned 50% of the participants. Of the three types of challenges analyzed (personal, family, and command), the command challenge was the only one where the personal variables (military role, rank, and marital status) made no difference. Finally, about 30% of all respondents reported they needed professional support in dealing with the new circumstances. Their preferred platform was an easily accessible hotline.

Conclusions

Life under the COVID-19 threat increased stress factors in the military career population. While reporting greater challenges and higher levels of stress, most of the respondents preferred a brief, focused consultation adjusted to the situation rather than conventional psychological help. The command challenge and the perceived responsibility stood above and beyond all variables examined in the present study.
From core collapse to superluminous: the rates of massive stellar explosions from the Palomar Transient Factory
Authors: Frohmaier C , Angus C R , Vincenzi M , Sullivan M , Smith M , Nugent P E , Cenko S B , Gal-Yam A , Kulkarni S R , Law N M , Quimby R M
Published: November 2020

We present measurements of the local core-collapse supernova (CCSN) rate using SN discoveries from the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF). We use a Monte Carlo simulation of hundreds of millions of SN light-curve realizations coupled with the detailed PTF survey detection efficiencies to forward model the SN rates in PTF. Using a sample of 86 CCSNe, including 26 stripped-envelope SNe (SESNe), we show that the overall CCSN volumetric rate is $r^\mathrm{CC}_v=9.10_{-1.27}^{+1.56}\times 10^{-5}\, \text{SNe yr}^{-1}\, \text{Mpc}^{-3}\, h_{70}^{3}$ at 〈z〉 = 0.028, and the SESN volumetric rate is $r^\mathrm{SE}_v=2.41_{-0.64}^{+0.81}\times 10^{-5}\, \text{SNe yr}^{-1}\, \text{Mpc}^{-3}\, h_{70}^{3}$. We further measure a volumetric rate for hydrogen-free superluminous SNe (SLSNe-I) using eight events at z ≤ 0.2 of $r^\mathrm{SLSN-I}_v=35_{-13}^{+25}\, \text{SNe yr}^{-1}\text{Gpc}^{-3}\, h_{70}^{3}$, which represents the most precise SLSN-I rate measurement to date. Using a simple cosmic star formation history to adjust these volumetric rate measurements to the same redshift, we measure a local ratio of SLSN-I to SESN of ${\sim}1/810^{+1500}_{-94}$, and of SLSN-I to all CCSN types of ${\sim}1/3500^{+2800}_{-720}$. However, using host galaxy stellar mass as a proxy for metallicity, we also show that this ratio is strongly metallicity dependent: in low-mass (logM* < 9.5 M⊙) galaxies, which are the only environments that host SLSN-I in our sample, we measure an SLSN-I to SESN fraction of $1/300^{+380}_{-170}$ and $1/1700^{+1800}_{-720}$ for all CCSN. We further investigate the SN rates a function of host galaxy stellar mass, and show that the specific rates of all CCSNe decrease with increasing stellar mass.
Kink-driven magnetic reconnection in relativistic jets: consequences for X-ray polarimetry of BL Lacs
Authors: Bodo G , Tavecchio F , Sironi L
Published: November 2020

We investigate with relativistic MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) simulations the dissipation physics of BL Lac jets, by studying the synchrotron polarization signatures of particles accelerated by the kink instability in a magnetically dominated plasma column. The non-linear stage of the kink instability generates current sheets, where particles can be efficiently accelerated via magnetic reconnection. We identify current sheets as regions where s = Jδ/B is above some predefined threshold (where B is the field strength, J is the current density, and δ is the grid scale), and assume that the particle injection efficiency scales as ∝J2. X-ray emitting particles have short cooling times, so they only probe the field geometry of their injection sites. In contrast, particles emitting in the optical band, which we follow self-consistently as they propagate away from their injection sites while cooling, sample a larger volume, and so they may be expected to produce different polarimetric signatures. We find that the degree of polarization is roughly the same between X-ray and optical bands, because even the optical emitting particles do not travel far from the current sheet where they were injected, due to lack of sufficient kink-generated turbulence. The polarization angle shows a different temporal evolution between the two bands, due to the different regions probed by X-ray and optical emitting particles. In view of the upcoming IXPE satellite, our results can help constrain whether kink-induced reconnection (as opposed to shocks) can be the source of multiwavelength emission from BL Lacs.
Probing the impact of varied migration and gas accretion rates for the formation of giant planets in the pebble accretion scenario
Authors: Ndugu N , Bitsch B , Morbidelli A , Crida A , Jurua E
Published: November 2020

The final orbital position of growing planets is determined by their migration speed, which is essentially set by the planetary mass. Small mass planets migrate in type-I migration, while more massive planets migrate in type-II migration, which is thought to depend mostly on the viscous evolution rate of the disc. A planet is most vulnerable to inward migration before it reaches type-II migration and can lose a significant fraction of its semimajor axis at this stage. We investigated the influence of different disc viscosities, the dynamical torque, and gas accretion from within the horseshoe region as mechanisms for slowing down planet migration. Our study confirms that planets growing in low viscosity environments migrate less, due to the earlier gap opening and slower type-II migration rate. We find that taking the gas accretion from the horseshoe region into account allows an earlier gap opening and this results in less inward migration of growing planets. Furthermore, this effect increases the planetary mass compared to simulations that do not take the effect of gas accretion from the horseshoe region. Moreover, combining the effect of the dynamical torque with the effect of gas accretion from the horseshoe region, significantly slows down inward migration. Taking these effects into account could allow the formation of cold Jupiters (a > 1 au) closer to the water ice line region compared to previous simulations that did not take these effects into account. We, thus, conclude that gas accretion from within the horseshoe region and the dynamical torque play crucial roles in shaping planetary systems.
FITs: forest of imputation trees for recovering true signals in single-cell open chromatin profiles
Authors: Sharma Rachesh , Pandey Neetesh , Mongia Aanchal , Mishra Shreya , Majumdar Angshul , Kumar Vibhor
Published: November 2020

The advent of single-cell open-chromatin profiling technology has facilitated the analysis of heterogeneity of activity of regulatory regions at single-cell resolution. However, stochasticity and availability of low amount of relevant DNA, cause high drop-out rate and noise in single-cell open-chromatin profiles. We introduce here a robust method called as forest of imputation trees (FITs) to recover original signals from highly sparse and noisy single-cell open-chromatin profiles. FITs makes multiple imputation trees to avoid bias during the restoration of read-count matrices. It resolves the challenging issue of recovering open chromatin signals without blurring out information at genomic sites with cell-type-specific activity. Besides visualization and classification, FITs-based imputation also improved accuracy in the detection of enhancers, calculating pathway enrichment score and prediction of chromatin-interactions. FITs is generalized for wider applicability, especially for highly sparse read-count matrices. The superiority of FITs in recovering signals of minority cells also makes it highly useful for single-cell open-chromatin profile from in vivo samples. The software is freely available at https://reggenlab.github.io/FITs/.
Hit Me  with Your Best Shot
Authors: Brogaard Berit
Published: November 2020

In common parlance, “contempt” is often subsumed under “hate.” When we speak of group hate, hate groups, hate crimes, hate speech, hate campaigns, and hate mail, this is the sense of “hate” we have in mind. We can call this the “wide sense” of hate. This chapter offers an analysis of hate and contempt as complex emotions that have other emotions as proper parts. Contempt, it is argued, is composed of disgust and condemnation, which is a strong form of disrespect for or disapproval of a person for her failings overall or as engaged in a particular pursuit. Hate, in its narrow sense, is composed of resentment (or indignation), condemnation, and apprehension. Along the way, it is shown that disrespect is the component that unites what the author calls the “antagonistic emotions.” The latter include anger, resentment, indignation, envy, blame, contempt, and hate.
Bad to the Bone
Authors: Brogaard Berit
Published: November 2020

Hate and contempt are emotions. But hate- and contempt-proneness are personality traits, traits that are particularly common in borderlines, narcissists, and psychopaths, but also in far-right extremists and others who hate people on account of their group membership. Although both hate and contempt are sometimes morally defensible, the failure of people with hate- and contempt-proneness to adapt to situational factors make them prone to display hatred in ways that are morally inappropriate. This raises the question of whether hate- and contempt-prone people are responsible for their morally indefensible behaviors and to what extent they choose to act maliciously. This chapter argues that the malicious acts of hate- and contempt-prone people are grounded in their defective moral character but that they are nonetheless responsible for their abhorrent acts.
Killing in the Name Of
Authors: Brogaard Berit
Published: November 2020

This chapter grapples with the nature of group hate and collective hate. Group hate is hate targeted at groups or individuals because of their group membership. Collective hate is hate that a group has toward a common target or that group members have toward a target on behalf of their group. Collective hate is a special case of collective intentionality, the capacity of minds to be jointly directed toward objects, people, values, or goals. Collective hatred requires a joint commitment to hate or to act as if one hates a person or group. After fleshing out the concepts of group hate and collective hate, the chapter looks at the role of propaganda, fake news, and group polarization in securing a joint commitment to hate certain groups or people who belong to those groups.
Keep the Change, You Filthy Animal
Authors: Brogaard Berit
Published: November 2020

Far-right supporters paint a rosy image of the luxurious lifestyle of the 1950s white middle-class families or the Southern family living in peaceful agrarian communities in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In each imagined society traditional white American families lead satisfying, stress-free lives, which they built through honest hard work. The traditional values they embraced offered clear guidance on how to move up in society through hard work and willpower, unburdened by people of color, asylum seekers, illegal immigrants, homeless, or other “inferior free-riders.” This American Phantasy lies at the core of the nefarious ideology that underpins white nationalism in America today and makes far-right extremists look down on non-whites with dehumanizing contempt and explode in hateful fits of rage when they don’t acknowledge their “proper place” in society. The newfound confidence of far-right extremists is partially due to the fact that the president refuses to condemn their hate crimes, but also to the ease of recruiting new members among hard-working people who tire in their struggle against the tide and young people who are increasingly likely to harbor vulnerable dark personalities, making them so thirsty for accolade that extremists specializing in ego-stroking have a good chance of recruiting them.
A City of Saints
Authors: Calvillo Jonathan E.
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses how religion delineates boundary markers related to ethnic identity. It provides a snapshot of two of Santa Ana’s religious communities, one Catholic and one evangelical, to demonstrate the ritualized approaches of ethnic identity construction tied to each respective religious tradition. Critical differences between these two communities emerge in relation to understandings of the past, a dimension closely linked to ethnic identity construction. Distinct understandings of ethnic history, the author argues, lead to diverging patterns in how peoplehood is experienced across these groupings. Secondly, the author argues for a social boundary approach to explain how ethnic identity is maintained and negotiated, both within groups and across groups. That is, ethnic identity is significantly affected by in-group differences across religion. Finally, the author argues that intra-group boundaries between co-ethnic Catholics and evangelicals are consistently reproduced through face-to-face interactions in Santa Ana.
The Authentic Ethnic Self
Authors: Calvillo Jonathan E.
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines how Mexican immigrants in Santa Ana articulate notions of who they are ethnically. The author conceptualizes group differences in ethnic self-identification in relation to the boundary work being done among Catholics and evangelicals. Generally, most respondents, both Catholic and evangelical, identify as Mexican. A subset of respondents identifies using pan-ethnic labels such as Latino or Hispanic. Whereas both religious groups show similar patterns in the labels of ethnic self-identification that they select, Catholics and evangelicals employ diverging discursive strategies to qualify their responses. Catholics exhibit more confidence in their responses to questions of ethnic self-identification. Evangelicals engage in extended discursive labor to legitimate their ethnic labels. The author argues that these diverging discourses uncover contestations within the broader ethnic community about what legitimate ethnic identity should look like.
Defining Commitments through Spiritual Dialogue
Authors: Calvillo Jonathan E.
Published: November 2020

This chapter argues that religious commitments are often articulated by Santaneros as a sense of ongoing communication with divine and spiritual entities. This particular pattern signals commonality between Catholics and evangelicals in that members of both groups emphasize seeking spiritual guidance through their choices of religious commitments. Though Catholics and evangelicals differ in some of their respective practices related to communicating with spiritual entities, the expectations of divine guidance are similar. I argue that notions of spiritual dialogue are especially helpful to Santaneros as they evaluate the diverse religious options at their disposal. Santaneros concretize and affirm their religious commitments through practices of divine conversation. In navigating the ethnic space of Santa Ana, divine dialogue imbues the urban landscape with a sense of supernaturalism.