bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International Aspects of Tobacco Control and the Proposed WHO Treaty
Authors: Sugarman Stephen D
Published: November 2023

In the past, national and local governments have been the primary sources of official policies aimed at tobacco control. Global and regional organizations have mainly served in advisory capacities. But changing perceptions of the “tobacco problem” have resulted in calls for the formal regulation of tobacco on a worldwide basis. Most significantly, the World Health Organization (WHO) has launched a major effort intended to culminate in the adoption of an international tobacco control treaty.

Section 1 of this chapter describes three global tobacco problems that together have prompted the proposed treaty: (1) the growing worldwide epidemic of tobacco-related diseases, (2) the growing economic and political power of the international tobacco companies, and (3) the growing “cross-border” tobacco peril, as exemplified by cigarette smuggling.

Section 2 examines the proposed treaty as a policy response to these problems. First, I consider the prospects for global tobacco control absent a treaty. Then I review the specifics of the proposed treaty and present optimistic scenarios that explore the ways in which the treaty could lead to the imposition of worldwide tobacco controls that nations acting without a treaty could not, or would not, otherwise achieve. That optimistic picture is followed by some cautionary scenarios that explore how the proposed treaty might fail.
Conclusion “An Element of Overwhelming Ruin to the Republic”
Authors: Silbey Joel H
Published: November 2023

The Rest Was Anticlimax, for the nation’s political pathway was now indelibly marked. “For my own part, Mr. President and Senators,” George Pugh, the staunch Ohio Democrat, told his colleagues in late 1856, “I desire and hope that the sectional contest in which we have indulged for almost three years will soon be hushed and forgotten.... Let us turn from the constant jealousies of the North toward the South, and the South toward the North, to proceed in that path of national achievement which now invites our care.”
Clinical Neurophysiology of the Vestibular System
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente
Published: November 2023

The vestibular system plays a crucial role in enabling a person to remain oriented and move through his environment successfully. Dysfunction of this complex system may leave a patient totally disabled. "Dizziness" is a complaint commonly heard by neurologists, otolaryngologists, and other health care providers, yet its origins are many and often difficult to pinpoint and to treat. Clinical Neurophysiology of the Vestibular System is a classic text that provides a framework for understanding the pathphysiology of diseases involving the vestibular system. Part I reviews the anatomy and physiology of the vestibular system, with emphasis on clinically relevant material. Part II outlines important features in the patient’s history, examination, and laboratory evaluation. Part III presents differential diagnostic points that help the clinician decide on the cause and treatment of the patient’s problem. Part IV is a new section on the symptomatic treatment of vertigo. The third edition is thoroughly revised and has been expanded, covering the rapid advances that have occurred in the field in the last ten years. There are new chapters on the laboratory diagnosis of vestibular dysfunction, migraine, immune-mediated disorders, inherited disorders, symptomatic treatment of vertigo, antiemetic and antivertigo drugs, and vestibular rehabilitation.
Clinical Evaluation of Hearing
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente
Published: November 2023

Hearing disorders can be classified as conductive, sensorineural, and central, based on the anatomic site of lesion. A battery of audiological tests can help localize the lesion within the anatomical pathways.1,2
Endolymphatic Hydrops (Meniere’S Syndrome)
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente
Published: November 2023

When Prosper Meniere described a series of patients with hearing loss and vertigo in 1861, he was not attempting to define a disease but rather to convince his medical colleagues that vertigo could be a symptom of damage to the inner ear.1,2 As director of a large deaf–mute institute in Paris, Meniere had seen many patients with the combination of deafness and vertigo. Prior to that time, the inner ear was known to be important for hearing but vertigo was thought to result from “apoplectiform cerebral congestion,” an excessive filling of the brain with blood. Treatment consisted of relieving the congestion with bleeding or leeches. Meniere argued that most of these patients with hearing loss and vertigo had a benign course and such drastic treatment did more harm than good.
Rhetorical Practice and the Ethnography of Class Culture
Authors: Lindquist Julie
Published: November 2023

At the Smokehouse Inn, a neighborhood lounge in south suburban Chicago, the talk flows as freely as the Old Style on tap. The bar at the Smokehouse is a place where working men and women congregate daily to seek sanctuary from the world of work and, with their words, forge an alternative space. Those who work behind the bar at the Smokehouse are in the business of producing leisure; those who play there spend what time and money they can afford to consume it. But for both producers and consumers, the real currency that drives the social economy of the Smokehouse is talk.
Sex, Religion, and the making of Modern madness
Authors: Goldberg Ann
Published: November 2023

How did the affliction we now know as insanity move from a religious phenomenon to a medical one? How did social class, gender, and ethnicity affect the experience of mental trauma and the way psychiatrists diagnosed and treated patients? In answering these questions, this important volume mines the rich and unusually detailed records of one of Germany's first modern insane asylums, the Eberbach Asylum in the duchy of Nassau. It is a book on the historical relationship between madness and modernity that both builds upon and challenges Michel Foucault's landmark work on this topic, a bold study that gives generous consideration to madness from the patient's perspective while also shedding new light on sexuality, politics, and antisemitism in nineteenth-century Germany. Drawing on the case records of several hundred asylum patients, Sex, Religion, and the Making of Modern Madness reconstructs the encounters of state officials and medical practitioners with peasant madness and deviancy during a transitional period in the history of both Germany and psychiatry. As author Ann Goldberg explains, this era witnessed the establishment of psychiatry as a legitimate medical specialty during a time of social upheaval, as Germany underwent the shift toward a capitalist order and the modern state. Focusing on such "illnesses" as religious madness, nymphomania, and masturbatory insanity, as well as the construct of Jewishness, she probes the daily encounters in which psychiatric categories were applied, experienced, and resisted within the settings of family, village, and insane asylum. The book is a model of microhistory, breaking new ground in the historiography of psychiatry as it synthetically applies approaches from "the history of everyday life," anthropology, poststructuralism, and feminist studies. In contrast to earlier, anecdotal studies of "the asylum patient," Goldberg employs diagnostic patterns to illuminate the ways in which madness--both in psychiatric practice and in the experience of patients--was structured by gender, class, and "race." She thus examines both the social basis of rural mental trauma in the Vormärz and the political and medical practices that sought to refashion this experience. This study sheds light on a range of issues concerning gender, religion, class relations, ethnicity, and state-building. It will appeal to students and scholars of a number of disciplines.
Religious Madness and the Formation of Patients
Authors: Goldberg Ann
Published: November 2023

If religious madness was integral to the professional interests of early psychiatry, its significance went beyond the goal of attaining institutional control over madness in “boundary disputes” with religious healers. For under lying the problem of the continued consultation by the sick and needy of nonmedical healers was the broader problem of culture: those masses of people whose supernatural understanding of mental afflictions remained far removed from the secular and naturalistic terms of mental medicine. It was this supernatural thinking that fed the continued use by communities of religious and magical “quacks”; and it was also this that made it sometimes impossible, as the Eberbach cases will show, to medically treat the religiously insane, since they refused to even see themselves as sick.
Masturbatory Insanity and Delinquency
Authors: Goldberg Ann
Published: November 2023

As argued in chapter 4, masturbatory insanity was closely linked to male identity and contemporary notions of masculinity. An additional factor contributing to the obsessive focus of medical practitioners on masturbation was the usefulness of the concept of masturbatory illness to the professional interests and aspirations of medicine and of alienists in particular, a group who embraced the notion of masturbatory illness with special fervor. 1 According to Gilbert, the masturbation diagnosis partly derived from a gap between the “prestige and skill level” of the medical profession. This disjuncture drove doctors “to explain diseases of which they had inadequate knowledge in terms of the moral feelings of their patients.”2 The issue for psychiatry, this chapter argues, was not so much a gap between prestige and knowledge as the use of a new type of knowledge to enhance the prestige of mental medicine. For it is surely not coincidental that the frenzy over masturbatory insanity coincided with the period in which a nascent psychiatry was struggling to establish itself as a legitimate medical specialty. The notion of masturbatory illness was also, as Foucault has pointed out, connected with the power relationships of nineteenth-century institutions, such as the school. the army, and the insane asylum.
Body-building, Character-building, and Nation-building: Gender and Military Service in Israel
Authors: Ben-Ari Eyal , Levy-Schreiber Edna
Published: November 2023

This article examines the relationship between gender and the military in contemporary Israel. By “gender,” we refer to a dominant system of meanings that a culture assigns to biological sex differences, thus influencing the way we interpret the world around us. In this system, human qualities are divided into hierarchically arranged sets of supposedly opposite (and mutually exclusive) categories of male and female: strong and weak, rational and emotional, or public and private. With regard to the “military,” we focus on social and cultural phenomena related to the armed forces, war, and “national security.” We begin with three theoretical formulations about the relationship between gender and the military in Israel in order to clarify our own position and show the ways in which we go beyond these other works.
Replaying the Rape of Dinah: Women’s Bodies in Israeli Cultural Discourse
Authors: Sered Susan
Published: November 2023

Throughout the day of July 14, 1998, a headline story on Israel’s hourly governmentrun radio news broadcasts reported that a Ministry of Transportation driving tester had refused to test a women whose clothing did not, to his sensitivities, sufficiently cover her body. News analysis shows were replete with discussion of exactly what the woman in question had worn; dignitaries gravely debated whether her shirt had exposed her navel or merely part of her midriff, her shoulders or only her upper arms. In the course of the day, Israel’s central labor organization, the Histadrut, was also drawn into the conflict, its spokespeople declaring that whereas women have the right to dress according to their taste, testers have the right to follow their religious dictates. This particular incident and its discursive aftermath were the only stories dealing with women to be broadcast that day on Israel’s hourly news programs.
The Generations of Corning
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel
Published: November 2023

This engrossing history of an extraordinary company, Corning Incorporated, chronicles how one of the oldest business enterprises in the world maintained its place as a global leader in technology for over 150 years. In the nineteenth century, Corning developed coloured signal lights for railroads. In the twentieth century, it created Pyrex and colour television tubes; today, it is a Fortune 500 company leading the international marketplace in areas such as fibre optics and photonics. If you use the Internet, drive a car, or simply turn on a light, then Corning is a part of your life. The Generations of Corning tells the fascinating stories of its founding family, the Houghtons, the inventors, and the adventures, behind Corning's remarkable achievements - from unexpected discoveries, like the laboratory mishap that led to Corning Ware, to the years of painstaking, often frustrating, research that led to its breakthrough in fibre optics. From 1851 to 1996, five generations of Houghtons made Corning a company that combined a culture of continuous innovation with a sense of loyalty to its employees and their community. Davis Dyer and Daniel Gross show how the critical changes in organization and leadership that accompanied each new generation helped Corning not just survive, but to prosper, and push itself to the cutting edge of materials technology in decade after decade. The Generations of Corning is a classic success story and a triumph of the inventive spirit.
Ambitious Expansion: TV Glass, Pyroceram, and Corning Ware, 1954-1960
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel
Published: November 2023

Nearly a decade after the war had ended, deep into a period of prosperity and relative stability, Corning was nonetheless entering yet another period of transformative change. With its dominance of the black-and white television bulb business, the works was in an enviable position. But in the years between 1954 and 1960, Corning would face substantial pressures to develop the next advances in the new medium: color television. In addition, the company’s scientists would successfully probe glass for the next big hit-a tough new form of glass that would find applications in military and consumer markets. In these years, as befitted a company firmly entrenched in the nation’s industrial establishment, Corning would continue to build new associations and relationships with entities far from the Chemung Valley. And its highest-ranking executive, Amory Houghton Sr., like his father before him, would move to Europe to serve as a diplomat. A confident company in a confident period, Corning entered the atomic age with a sense of purpose and urgency, intent on projecting its influence onto a wider stage.
International Growth and the Roots of Fiber Optics, 1966-1971
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel
Published: November 2023

As the turbulent 1960s wore on, many of the pillars undergirding American optimism began to erode. For the nation as well as the company, the years between 1966 and 1971 were full of frustration and turmoil. To a large degree, Corning and the other small towns that housed its factories were far removed from the unrest that rattled college campuses and inner city neighborhoods. Still, as a company that took its corporate citizenship seriously and as a large, diversified manufacturer, Corning was deeply affected by the economic and social upheavals of the late 196os-so much so that the ability of this large and established firm to continue to grow in its established markets came into question.
Refocusing and Reengineering, 1990-1996
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel
Published: November 2023

At the annual meeting in April 1989, Corning’s stockholders voted to approve a new identity for the corporation, replacing the 114-year-old name, Corning Glass Works with the simpler, more contemporary, and less specific, Corning Incorporated. Jamie Houghton announced several reasons for the change. First, the growth of its diversified interests, especially lab services, meant that Corning was no longer accurately called a glass works. Second, the company sought to recognize something fundamentally new in its own nature. Corning was not a traditional manufacturing corporation, explained Houghton, but rather “a global network... a closely knit web of businesses tied together by common interests.” In 1989, the network consisted of six operating divisions, 21 subsidiary companies, and 20 joint ventures. The new Corning spanned geographical and industry borders, mixed manufacturing and services, concerned itself with horizontal processes rather than hierarchical control, and managed itself through teams, partnerships, and alliances.
Introduction
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A
Published: November 2023

There was a great deal of excitement, both inside and outside the two organizations, when pharmaceutical company American Home Products and biotechnology company Monsanto announced merger plans on June 1,1998. After all, American Home offered a formidable marketing infrastructure, with a sales force of 10,000, to launch products emerging from Monsanto’s promising drug pipeline. Monsanto brought R&D expertise and an aggressive growth strategy, which American Home’s financial resources could support. The two companies anticipated saving $1.5 billion over three years by closing redundant facilities and halting redundant R&D efforts. But less than five months later, merger plans had been scrapped.
Integrate Deliberately and Swiftly
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A
Published: November 2023

In September 2001, Hewlett-Packard announced its intention to acquire Compaq Computer for $25 billion, the largest deal in tech history. In announcing the merger, Hewlett-Packard CEO Carly Fiorina and Compaq CEO Michael Capellas stressed the combined companies’ ability to deliver managed solutions to large customers around the world, with a focus on storage, software, and services. Combining the two computer giants would create a company second only to IBM in size and global scale.
Overview of brain development
Authors: Vaccarino Flora M , Leckman James F
Published: November 2023

What no one could have anticipated, however, are the implications for psychotherapy of the new evidence we have for neurogenesis and plasticity in the brain throughout life (Gross, 2000; Shin et al., 2000). Every day thousands of new neurons are added to the adult brain, some of them in circuits known to be crucial for learning and memory. Their actual number is small in proportion to the total population of neurons, but they may function in learning and memory by permitting the development of new connections as well as modulating older ones. Psychotherapy may literally alter brain structure by altering brain function (Eisenberg, 2000).
Neurobiology of attention regulation and its disorders
Authors: Arnsten Amy F T , Castellanos Francisco X
Published: November 2023

The word attention is an inadequate, singular term for a multitude of interrelated processes. We use a host of adjectives to describe attention—e.g. we say that attention can be divided, oriented, sustained, or focused— and many of these descriptions likely reflect underlying, dissociable neural processes. Complicating matters, attentional resources can be allocated to either external stimuli or to internal stimuli such as memories. Furthermore, we often confuse the regulation of attention (a covert behavior) with the regulation of movement (an overt behavior) when discussing an “attentional” disorder. This may be for good reason: the cortical mechanisms regulating movement are tightly tied to those regulating attention, as discussed below. Attentional processes are also intimately linked to motivation, salience, arousal, and stress, which may enhance or erode aspects of attention in complex ways. This chapter aims to illuminate some of these issues by reviewing what is currently known about brain networks underlying attentional processes, and then relating these mechanisms to attention disorders in children.
Neurobiology of immune-mediated neuropsychiatric disorders
Authors: et.al. Mary Lynn Dell
Published: November 2023

Obsessive-compulsive, tic, and movement disorders in childhood and adolescence are now recognized as relatively common neuropsychiatric disorders, varying in severity, duration of symptom exacerbations, and degree of disability. In some children, the symptoms of these disorders are distinct and easily defined, whereas others display ever-changing combinations of obsessions, compulsions, abnormal motor movements, and tics that may be a mix of transient, chronic, simple, complex, vocal, or motor tics. Epidemiological studies from the United States, Germany, New Zealand, and Israel have estimated the prevalence of childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to be from 0.5% to 4.0%, with an average of approximately 2.5% (Anderson et al., 1987; Zohar, 1988; Lewisohn et al., 1993; Reinherz et al 1993, Douglass et al., 1995; Wittchen et al., 1998). Affected males outnumber affected females in the prepubertal years, with an earlier age of onset, greater severity, and higher likelihood of comorbid tics and disruptive behavior disorders (Swedo et al., 1989b; Flament et al., 1990; Geller et al., 1996, 1998). After puberty and into adulthood, the gender ratio equalizes, then eventually demonstrates a higher incidence in females (Leonard et al., 1999).
Antidepressants I: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Authors: Chiu Sufen , Leonard Henrietta L
Published: November 2023

The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) have been used in adults for a wide variety of disorders, including major depression, social anxiety (social phobia), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), eating disorders, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic, obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD), trichotillomania, and migraine headaches. Some of the specific SSRI agents have an approved indication in adults for some of these disorders, as reviewed later in this chapter. The SSRIs have also been tried in children and in adults for symptomatic treatment of pain syndromes, aggressive or irritable (“short fuse”) behavior, and for self-injurious and repetitive behaviors. This chapter will review general aspects of the SSRIs and discuss their approved indications in children and adolescents.
Electroconvulsive therapy and Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Authors: Walter Garry , Rey Joseph M , Ghaziuddin Neera
Published: November 2023

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment that involves the production of a seizure through the brief passage of an electric current through the brain, via electrodes placed on the scalp. ECT in young persons remains an uncommon treatment that is usually administered as a last resort. However, the subject is attracting increasing attention because of its effectiveness in some severe illnesses (e.g., psychotic depression, mania, catatonia) and because of lay concerns about its use in the young. This chapter examines the treatment’s history, effectiveness and indications, adverse events, mode of administration (including legislative and ethical issues), and attitudes towards its use. We also describe the novel treatment of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and its potential usefulness in the treatment of children and adolescents.
Clinical assessment of children and adolescents treated pharmacologically
Authors: Hendren Robert L , Hamarman Stephanie
Published: November 2023

As many as 10% of children have a medicationresponsive psychiatric disorder (Riddle et al., 1998) and there has been a dramatic increase in the use of psychotropic medication to treat mental disorders in youth (Rappley et al., 1999). Multiple factors account for this increase, including scientific advances in fields such as epidemiology, nosology, neuroscience, drug development, and clinical measurements, and efforts to educate the public about the benefits of early, effective treatment. Despite large gaps between research and practice, many medications are used in children on the basis of a small amount of scientific data. Factors that contribute to this situation are societal desires for rapid, effective treatment, acceptance of medication as a therapeutic modality, and a reimbursement climate in which there is increased pressure for brief treatment. Clearly there is a need to balance clinical and administrative pressures with a resort to treatment based on the best available data.
Anxiety disorders
Authors: Labellarte Michael , Ginsburg Golda
Published: November 2023

Research on pediatric anxiety disorders, the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents, has burgeoned in the last 20 years. The rise in research on pediatric anxiety coincided with the establishment of the broad diagnostic category “Anxiety Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence” in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. (DSMIII; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1980). New knowledge on the validity of pediatric anxiety diagnoses spurred changes in the classification and criteria of pediatric anxiety disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Among the most significant changes were the elimination of the broad diagnostic category “Anxiety Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence,” and the elimination of the diagnostic categories “Avoidant Disorder” and “Overanxious Disorder,” which were subsumed under the “adult” disorders social phobia (SoP) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), respectively.
Substance-abusing youths
Authors: Waxmonsky James G , Wilens Timothy
Published: November 2023

Substance abuse continues to be one of the most common and serious mental health disorders, with a 27% lifetime prevalence in American society (Kessler et al., 1997). Substance use disorders (SUD) are increasingly conceptualized as having their developmental roots in childhood, as 30% to 50% of SUD begin in childhood or adolescence (Kandel, 1992; Kessler et al., 1997). According to the most recent epidemiological data presented in the 1999 Monitoring the Future Study, over half (55%) of all 12th graders have used at least one illicit substance in their lifetime, an 11% increase in just the last 8 years. Moreover, the data indicate an earlier onset of first use. For example, use in eighth graders has more than doubled in the past 8 years (Johnston et al., 2000).
The medically ill child or adolescent
Authors: Slater Jonathan A
Published: November 2023

Due both to the expansion of the psychopharmacological armamentarium and the advances in the medical treatment of severely ill pediatric patients, child and adolescent psychiatrists are increasingly being called upon to manage these patients adjunctively with psychiatric medication. This need has been tempered with concerns over the potential effects of psychotropic medications on the developing central nervous system (CNS) (Jensen, 1998; Vitiello, 1998). The management of these medically ill children and adolescents falls into several categories: A. Pediatric patients with comorbid psychiatric disorders requiring continued treatment for their psychiatric symptomatology (e.g., a schizophrenic patient admitted with an asthma exacerbation) B. Pediatric patients with psychiatric syndromes arising secondary to their medical condition (e.g. a hypoxic patient who becomes agitated secondary to delirium) C. Pediatric patients with psychiatric symptomatology secondary to medications being used to treat medical conditions (e.g., a transplant patient treated with high-dose corticosteroids for organ rejection who develops irritability) D. Pediatric patients who develop psychiatric syndromes following acute medical illness or injury or invasive procedures (e.g., a child who develops posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD] following a motor vehicle accident and trauma; a child who develops PTSD following stem cell transplantation) E. Pediatric patients who develop psychiatric syndromes in association with chronic illness (e.g., major depression in a patient with cystic fibrosis) F. Pediatric patients with complex syndromes involving both medical or neurological and somatoform symptoms (e.g., a patient with both seizures and pseudoseizures).
Agitation and aggression
Authors: Frazier Jean A
Published: November 2023

Violence and aggression are multifactorial in etiology, involving individual (genetic, brain) as well environmental and societal factors (Filley et al., 2001). The treatment of violence requires a multisystems approach, which in children and adolescents with clear neuropsychiatric conditions, may require psychopharmacologic intervention.
Civil Jurisdiction and The Clergy
Authors: Helmholz R H
Published: November 2023

Among the aspirations of the medieval canon law, one of the most emphatic was that the clergy should occupy a special place in the world. “There are two species of Christians,” proclaimed an ancient text that Gratian placed in his Decretum (C. 12 q. r c. 7). There was the clergy, and then there was everyone else. It was not doubted which of the two was meant to hold the preeminent place. As Professor C. R. Cheney once stated it, the law of the church encouraged the clergy “to take a high view of their office” and taught them the desirability of maintaining a certain “separateness from the rest of the world.” A distinctive style of dress is the most visible reminder of this status that is noticeable today, but during the Middle Ages there were others—the clerical tonsure being the most remarkable. Separation from lay society was also more than a matter of appearances. Prohibitions against bearing arms or carrying on a trade were part of it. Clerical celibacy was another, a strong statement of the distance meant to divide the clerical order from the society around it.
The Implosion of American Federalism
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

At a time of unprecedented national power, why do so many Americans believe that our nationhood is fragile and precarious? Why the talk--among politicians, academics, and jurists--of “coups d’etat,” of culture wars, of confederation, of constitutional breakdown? In this wide-ranging book, Robert Nagel proposes a surprising answer: that anxiety about national unity is caused by centralization itself. Moreover, he proposes that this anxiety has dangerous cultural consequences that are, in an implosive cycle, pushing the country toward ever greater centralization. Carefully examining recent landmark Supreme Court cases that protect states’ rights, Nagel argues that the federal judiciary is not leading and is not likely to lead a revival of the complex system called federalism. A robust version of federalism requires apprecation for political conflict and respect for disagreement about constitutional meaning, both values that are deeply antithetical to the Court’s function. That so many believe this most centralized of our Nation’s institutions is protecting, even overprotecting, state power is itself a sign of the depletion of those understandings necessary to sustain the federal system. Instead of a support for federalism, Nagel finds a commitment to radical nationalism throughout the constitutional law establishment. He traces this commitment to traditionally American traits like perfectionism, optimism, individualism, and legalism. Under modern conditions of centralization, these attractive traits are leading to unattractive social consequences, including tolerance, fearfulness, utopianism, and deceptiveness. They are degrading our political discourse. All this encourages further centralization and further cultural deterioration. This book puts the major federalism decisions within the framework of the Court’s overall record, including its record on individual rights in areas like abortion, homosexuality, and school desegregation. And, giving special attention to public debate over privacy and impeachment, it places modern constitutional law in the context of political discourse more generally.
Why There is No Right to Health Care
Authors: Baumrin Bernard H
Published: November 2023

The rhetoric of rights dominates discourse about the distribution of health care. Interested parties invoke the right to health care as justification for insisting on expanded access, enriched benefits, and limitless entitlements to special services. Such expansionist attitudes go back at least to the proclamation of the World Health Organization’s Preamble to its Constitution on July 22, 1946, where it declared: Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, political belief, economic or social condition. Moreover, as recently as 1997 the Council of Europe declared in its Preamble to its Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with Regard to the Application of Biology and Biomedicine: Resolving to take such measures as are necessary to safeguard human dignity and the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual with regard to the application of biology and medicine. Such claims to the existence of pre-existing fundamental and human rights to health care and health benefits have fed the fire of asserting unqualified entitlements to the concern and care of others. Ordinary people, and medical-care professionals, are called upon to satisfy these claims and feel justifiably uneasy about their failure to pitch in adequately to alleviate the suffering of those in need of various forms of health care-medications, rehabilitative services, long-term care for the disabled, nutritional supplements, prosthetics, and so on. If there were a fundamental right to health care such unease would be fully justified.
Rationing Decisions: Integrating Cost-Effectiveness with Other Values
Authors: Hope Tony , Reynolds John , Griffiths Sian
Published: November 2023

Health-care systems throughout the world face the problem of how the resources available should best be allocated. No system has sufficient funds to provide the best possible treatment for all patients in all situations. On average, three new pharmaceutical products are licensed each month in the United Kingdom. Almost all have some benefit over existing drugs. Many are expensive. When is the extra benefit worth the extra cost? Both managed-care systems in the United States and publicly funded systems such as the British National Health Service (NHS) face this fundamental issue. Philosophers and economists have struggled with the question of which principles should determine the allocation of healthcare resources. Various approaches have been proposed such as welfare theory (Williams, 1996; Edgar et al., 1998), needs theory (Daniels 1980, 1985), and the use of a lottery (Harris, 1985). Each theory faces difficulties, and none can be applied unambiguously to many of the allocation decisions that have to be made. Perhaps because of these apparent limitations to the various theories, recent philosophical attention has turned to the process by which allocation decisions are made, in contrast to the reasons for those decisions (Daniels and Sabin, 1997; Daniels, 2000). The hope may be that if we can specify the conditions required for a just decision-making process, then we can sidestep the difficulties in determining the principles that should be ap plied to individual decisions.
Philosophical Reflections on Clinical Trials in Developing Countries
Authors: Brody Baruch A
Published: November 2023

Ever since the publication of the results of the AIDS Clinical Trial Group (ACTG) 076 (Connor et al., 1994), it has been known that an extensive regimen of zidovudine provided to the mother and to the fetus can drastically reduce (25.5% to 8.3%) the vertical transmission of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Unfortunately, the regimen in question is quite expensive and beyond the means of most developing countries, some of which are the country’s most in need of effective techniques for reducing vertical transmission of HIV. This realization led to a series of important clinical trials designed to test the effectiveness of less extensive and less expensive regimens of antiretroviral drugs. These trials were conducted by researchers from developed countries in the developing countries that were in need of these less expensive regimens.
Bedside Justice and Disability: Personalizing Judgment, Preserving Impartiality
Authors: Silvers Anita
Published: November 2023

Commenting on changes in the culture of health care, Eric J. Cassell observed: “Although [I] could rise in outrage at the idea of the concept of justice at the bedside in 1981, less than twenty years later it has a secure place at the head of the patient’s bed” (Cassell, 2000, p. 21). Over the decades to which Cassell refers, an abundance of conversation has professed that health is good for justice, and justice is good for health. As a result, it hardly seems strange to think of justice as being an appropriate and important component of decisions that determine patient care. Nevertheless, the conduct of justice in the sick room remains troubling. Justice’s role at the bedside, Cassell (2000) says, is “to insure that the patient gets a fair share (but not more) of the medical resources and that the social system gets its money’s worth” (p. 21). But is justice, when conducted as usual, sufficient for\ these guarantees? A troublesome discrepancy appears as we consider whether procedures central to judgments about justice suit the delivery of health care. The traditional approach to dispensing justice is (figuratively) to don a blindfold. But it is not at all reassuring to envision the dispensing of medical treatment in a blindfold, even a figurative one.
Alternative Health Care: Limits of Science and Boundaries of Access
Authors: Morreim E Haavi
Published: November 2023

The past decade has witnessed a rapid growth of interest in complementary and alternative medicine-approaches to health, illness, and healing that often differ markedly from conventional Western medicine. The range is broad, from spiritual and mind-body approaches, to manual healing approaches, to dietary and nutritional emphases and beyond.Eisenberg and colleagues found that in 1990 Americans spent nearly $14 billion on such alternatives, three-quarters of that sum out of pocket. There were more visits to unconventional providers than to all primary care physicians combined, and the people most commonly using alternatives were relatively affluent and well educated. By the time Eisenberg and co-workers revisited the question in 1997, there had been a 47% increase in the number of visits to alternative practitioners, and a 45% increase in spending. The great majority of people declined to tell their regular physicians about their use of alternatives. Commentators point to a variety of factors behind this rising interest. Medical science achieves dazzling rescues for life threatening illnesses, but it offers rather less for debilitating chronic illnesses. More over, some of the alternatives at which Western medicine once scoffed are now seen to have merit, including acupuncture, chiropractic, guided imagery, support groups, nutrition, herbs, even leeches. Additionally, with managed-care organizations imposing “productivity” expectations, physicians have less time for the personal touch many patients deeply desire. Partly through these limits, and partly through headlines trumpeting medical errors and malpractice litigation, the physician’s halo seems a bit tarnished.
Premature and Compromised Neonates
Authors: Holzman Ian R
Published: November 2023

The world of neonatal intensive care strikes most people as foreign and somewhat unreal. Not unlike other intensive care units it is filled with monitors, alarms, flashing lights, and frenetic movement, but it also has rows of doll-like patients enclosed in plastic cocoons or splayed out on warming trays. The patients are often barely visible below the tubes, tape, and eye patches. It is in this setting that we confront the complex issues of resource allocation to infants with a wide array of problems-infants who are in no way responsible for their own decisions and may never reach a point of being held responsible. In this chapter I present an overview of the technical information necessary to understand the health care allocation issues relating to new borns and then discuss the complexity of ethical problems surrounding both personal and societal decisions for this unique population. For convenience, I have subdivided the salient problems into three separate areas: management at the lower limits of viability (the “tiny baby” problem), discontinuing intensive care support for a neonate, and the problems associated with infants having multiple congenital anomalies.
Verb Raising and Null Complementizers
Authors: Ogawa Yoshiki
Published: November 2023

Stowell (1981) and Kayne (1981) provided a principled account for the asymmetry between (la) and (le). In the framework of the principles and parameters theory (Chomsky 1981), they claimed that not only traces left by movement but also empty Cs must be licensed by Empty Category Principle (ECP). Stowell (1981) then attributed the asymmetry to ECP by claiming that the N is semantically in apposition to its sentential complement and does not assign a θ -role to it; since θ -role assignment is a prerequisite for proper head government, N cannot be qualified as a proper head governor. However, the sentential complement in (2) is clearly not in apposition to the N but should be regarded as the internal argument of the N, since it is the proposition to be proved and the proof can refer to the process of proving the proposition.
The Komplementizer in Noun Phrases
Authors: Ogawa Yoshiki
Published: November 2023

In chapter 3, I defended the hypothesis that noun phrases based on a derived nominal are headed by the functional category Nominalizer (Nz), which is the nominal counterpart of the light verb v. In Ogawa (l 996e, 1997), I argued for the parallelism between T(ense) and D(eterminer) in terms of definiteness.1 Our project naturally leads us to explore the possibility that noun phrases have a functional category corresponding to the C(omplementizer) in clauses.
Conclusion
Authors: Ogawa Yoshiki
Published: November 2023

One of the most significant ideas put forth in the history of generative grammar is that the syntactic structures of a clause and a noun phrase can be subsumed under an abstract phrase structure schema which we now call ‘X’-theory’. During the past two decades, the basic idea has been implemented in different forms, thanks to the elaboration of the X’-theory, its extension to functional categories, and the emergence of the bare phrase structure theory, though the idea itself has been left unchanged. In this book, maximally generalizing the basic idea, I have proposed that verbal and nominal projections are parallel in every respect, except for the parametric values of the functional categories that constitute them.
Introduction
Authors: Hoffman Alexander Von
Published: November 2023

On a sunny day in August 1980, California governor Ronald Reagan, campaigning for the presidency on the Republican ticket, stopped on Charlotte Street in New York’s South Bronx—the epitome of America’s desolated innercity neighborhoods and the place where President Jimmy Carter had famously visited three years earlier. Reagan stepped out of his limousine and took in the scene. He declared that it looked like London after the Blitz.
Conclusion
Authors: Hoffman Alexander Von
Published: November 2023

The revival of the inner city is under way across the United States. The changes taking place in New York, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Atlanta also have been occurring in Washington, D.C., Miami, Kansas City, San Antonio, Denver, San Francisco, Portland, Seattle, and elsewhere. In some cities the revival has just begun or is progressing slowly. Revitalization in Philadelphia and Detroit, for example, has been limited to a relatively small number of neighborhoods. Unlike other large cities, Philadelphia and Detroit are still evolving away from the original industrial economies that made them grow. As a result they continue to shed population, slowing the redevelopment of the neighborhoods. Yet even these lagging metropolises show signs of innercity revival.
“A White Wash Brush and a Big One in Operation in Tulsa “:Tulsa Interprets the Riot
Authors: Brophy Alfred L
Published: November 2023

As the fires cooled on the evening of June 1, Tulsa and the nation began to question ,what had happened. By the next Sunday, ministers were telling their congregations of the tragedy of Tulsa. In the newspapers and the pulpits, white Tulsans expressed remorse and promised to help rebuild.
Of Old Regimes and Reconstructions
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: November 2023

The long experience of slavery in America left its mark on the posterity of both slave and master and influenced relations between them more than a century after the end of the old regime. Slavery was only one of several ways by which the white man has sought to define the Negro’s status, his ‘place,’ and assure his subordination. Exploitation of the Negro by the white man goes back to the beginning of relations between the races in modern times, and so do the injustices and brutalities that accompany exploitation.
The Career Becomes Stranger
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: November 2023

Only five days after the signing of the Voting Rights Act, which marked the peak of optimism for the civilrights movement, the country was shaken by a terrible explosion on the West Coast that ranked with the worst racial violence in American history. On 11 August 1965 a riot broke out in Watts, a Negro district of Los An-geles, and raged for four days unchecked and three days longer in sporadic convulsions. More than 46 square miles had to be brought under military control before the violence was halted. Thousands of blacks in bands looted stores, set fires, burned cars, and stoned and shot at police and firemen. At the end of it 34 people, all but three of them Negroes, were dead, more than 1000 in¬jured, and nearly 4000 arrested. More than 600 build¬ings were damaged and a third of them completely destroyed by fire with property losses of about 40 million dollars.
Introduction
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Evans-Klock Christine , Terkla David G
Published: November 2023

The conventional wisdom among economists and business analysts is that new and more dynamic business organizations are replacing those of the “old” economy. The old economy specialized in the mass production of standardized products using narrowly skilled labor and machinery that were often dedicated to particular products. That economy was characterized by bureaucratic management practices and strong unions that raised wages and reduced workforce flexibility. The “new” economy produces a more diverse range of goods with shorter product cycles. Workers are more skilled and flexible and equipment is more adaptable. The new economy is relatively free of unions and is managed more nimbly. The old economy provided relatively high­ wage and secure jobs for high school graduates. As these high school jobs are being phased out, the new economy is generating jobs with higher real wages, particularly for those with college degrees.
High Performance Management and the Quality of Jobs
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Evans-Klock Christine , Terkla David G
Published: November 2023

Whether or not one believes fully in the thesis that America is deindustrializing, there is widespread evidence that the kinds of good jobs for high school graduates that were generated in large numbers by the postwar U.S. economy are declining (Borjas, Freeman, and Katz 1997; Mishel, Bernstein, and Schmitt 1999; Kletzer 1998). Because the economy continues to generate good jobs for workers with high levels of skill and education, wage differentials by education are widening (Berman, Bound, and Griliches 1994; Berman, Bound, and Machin 1998).