bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reflection, Nature, and Moral Law: The Extent of Catharine Cockburn's Lockeanism in her Defence of Mr. Locke's Essay
Authors: Sheridan Patricia
Published: October 2010

This essay examines Catharine Cockburn's moral philosophy as it is developed in her Defence of Mr. Locke's Essay on Human Understanding. In this work, Cockburn argues that Locke's epistemological principles provide a foundation for the knowledge of natural law. Sheridan suggests that Cockburn's objective in defending Locke's moral epistemology was conditioned by her own prior commitment to a significantly un-Lockean theory of morality. In exploring Cockburn's views on morality in terms of their divergence from Locke's, the author hopes to underscore the extent of Cockburn's intellectual independence and her philosophical creativity.
Reassessing the Foster-Care System: Examining the Impact of Heterosexism on Lesbian and Gay Applicants
Authors: Riggs Damien W.
Published: October 2010

In this essay, Riggs demonstrates how heterosexism shapes foster-care assessment practices in Australia. Through an examination of lesbian and gay foster-care applicants’ assessment reports and with a focus on the heteronormative assumptions contained within them, Riggs demonstrates that foster-care public policy and research on lesbian and gay parenting both promote the idea that lesbian and gay parents are always already “just like” heterosexual parents. To counter this idea of “sameness,” Riggs proposes an approach to both assessing and researching lesbian and gay parents that privileges the specific experiences of lesbians and gay men and resists the heterosexualization of lesbian and gay families by focusing on some potentially radical differences shaping lesbian and gay lives.
Recognizing the Passion in Deliberation: Toward a More Democratic Theory of Deliberative Democracy
Authors: Hall Cheryl
Published: October 2010

Critics have suggested that deliberative democracy reproduces inequalities of gender, race, and class by privileging calm rational discussion over passionate speech and action. Their solution is to supplement deliberation with such forms of emotional expression. Hall argues that deliberation already inherently involves passion, a point that is especially important to recognize in order to deconstruct the dichotomy between reason and passion that plays a central role in reinforcing inequalities of gender, race, and class in the first place.
Public Health, Private Parts: A Feminist Public-Health Approach to Trans Issues
Authors: Scott-Dixon Krista
Published: October 2010

This paper identifies and examines the possible contributions that emerging fields of study, particularly feminist public health, can make to enhancing and expanding trans/feminist theory and practice. A feminist public-health approach that is rooted in a tradition of political economy, social justice and equity studies, and an anti-oppression orientation, provides one of the most comprehensive “toolboxes” of perspectives, theoretical frameworks, methods, practices, processes, and strategies for trans-oriented scholars and activists.
When Strangers Call: A Consideration of Care, Justice, and Compassion
Authors: Frakes Chris
Published: October 2010

How ought we to respond to strangers in imminent need? Many people suggest that we need justice to temper the partiality of care. In this paper I argue that neither care nor justice adequately motivates attention to the suffering of strangers. Rather, a different virtue, compassion grounded in equanimity, is required. I demonstrate that the virtue of compassion allows the agent to sustain her engagement with suffering strangers without sacrificing her own flourishing.
Dependency in Justice: Can Rawlsian Liberalism Accommodate Kittay's Dependency Critique?
Authors: Bhandary Asha
Published: October 2010

This essay assesses the compatibility of Eva Kittay's dependency critique with Rawlsian political liberalism. I argue for the inclusion of a modified version of Kittay's revisions within Rawlsian theory in order to yield a theory that supports much of dependency work. Beyond these selected changes, however, I argue that Kittay's other proposed changes should not be included because they are incompatible with Rawls, and furthermore, their incorporation does not yield a theory that includes utter dependents.
That All Children Should Be Free: Beauvoir, Rousseau, and Childhood
Authors: Scholz Sally J.
Published: October 2010

Simone de Beauvoir offers one of the most interesting philosophical accounts of childhood, and, as numerous scholars have argued, it is one of the most important contributions that she made to existentialism. Beauvoir stressed the importance of childhood on one's ability to assume one's freedom. This radically changed how freedom was construed for existentialism. Rather than positing an adult subjectivity that tries to flee freedom through bad faith, Beauvoir's account forces a recognition of a situated freedom that itself is also developmentally achieved. In this article, I explore the influence of Jean-Jacques Rousseau on Beauvoir's discussion of childhood. By reading Beauvoir through Rousseau—who was one of her favorite authors—we see not just one but two accounts of childhood in Beauvoir's philosophical work. On the one hand is the idealistic childhood wherein the child is an apprentice to freedom. On the other is the constrained childhood whose product is apprenticed to the serious. I begin with a brief summary of Rousseau's Emile. Next, I offer some justification for reading Beauvoir alongside Rousseau before offering an account of Beauvoir's discussion of childhood. I end by exploring some of the implications of my reading for freedom.
Information and Communication Technology for Industrial Symbiosis
Authors: Grant Gabriel B. , Seager Thomas P. , Massard Guillaume , Nies Loring
Published: October 2010

Industrial symbiosis describes the mutualistic interaction of different industries for beneficial reuse of waste flows or energy cascading that results in a more resource‐efficient production system and fewer adverse environmental impacts. Research shows that many information and communication technology (ICT) tools for industrial symbiosis development have been created, but the results of those efforts are unclear. Drawing from advancements in knowledge‐based economics and management, this article applies a knowledge‐based framework to evaluate opportunities for ICT within industrial symbiosis development. ICT systems designed to enable industrial symbiosis are surveyed and evaluated within the proposed framework to identify strengths, trends, and opportunities for continued development. An appendix provides a capsule summary of the 17 ICT tools that are assessed in the article.
Sociology, Economics, and Gender
Authors: Nelson Julie A.
Published: October 2010

Abstract

This article explores the profoundly gendered nature of the split between the disciplines of economics and sociology that took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing implications for current efforts to bring the fields more closely together. Drawing on historical documents and feminist studies of science, it investigates the gendered processes underlying the divergence of the disciplines in definition, method, and degree of engagement with social problems. The recently developed field of economic sociology and other efforts to bridge the disciplinary gap have the potential to heal this disciplinary split, if they are broadened, deepened, and made wiser and more self‐reflective through the use of feminist analysis.
Robbins and Malthus on Scarcity, Abundance, and Sufficiency
Authors: Daoud Adel
Published: October 2010

Abstract

The problem of scarcity is often talked about, but it is rarely clearly defined. In this article, two different views of scarcity are outlined: absolute and relative scarcity. These two are respectively exemplified by Malthus's and Robbins's views of scarcity. However, both of these views tend to naturalize and universalize scarcity, and thus overlook abundance and sufficiency, which are important states in the social provisioning process. It is argued that this is due to ignorance of the sociocultural causal underpinnings of scarcity, abundance, and sufficiency (SAS). The introduction of these mechanisms enables further conceptual differentiation of SAS (e.g., quasi‐, artificial‐, natural‐).
The CAPITAL in Social Capital: An Austrian Perspective
Authors: Chalupnicek Pavel
Published: October 2010

Abstract

In recent decades economists started discovering the importance of the social dimension of economic interactions. Contemporary economics has borrowed several sociological concepts for its own use, among the most important being the concept of social capital. However, this transfer within disciplines did not occur without a loss—the nature of social capital in economics remains confused and obscure. The purpose of this article is to clarify it, specify the possibilities for its use, and discuss their limits. It is argued that economics once also possessed a view of human beings that was more “socialized” than the modern neoclassical Homo oeconomicus, and that this more “socialized” view still exists in the Austrian school of economics. Because this tradition of economic thought has also developed an elaborate capital theory, it can serve as an ideal source where we can look for inspiration in the current social capital debate. First, social capital is (re)defined along these lines as an individual's asset connected with recognized reciprocity (as opposed to interactions usually classified as “altruistic”). Then major critical claims about the relation between social and physical capital are answered and the connection between social capital, trust, and social norms is described.
The Economics and Ethics of Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Rockwell, Jr. Llewellyn H. , Block Walter E.
Published: October 2010

Abstract

How might free enterprise have dealt with Hurricane Katrina and her aftermath. This article probes this question at increasing levels of radicalization, starting with the privatization of several government “services” and ending with the privatization of all of them.
A Comparative Study of Assessment Grading and Nursing Students’ Perceptions of Quality in Sessional and Tenured Teachers
Authors: Salamonson Yenna , Halcomb Elizabeth J. , Andrew Sharon , Peters Kath , Jackson Debra
Published: October 2010

Purpose: Although the global nursing faculty shortage has led to increasing reliance upon sessional staff, limited research has explored the impact of these sessional staff on the quality of teaching in higher education. We aim to examine differences in (a) student satisfaction with sessional and tenured staff and (b) assessment scores awarded by sessional and tenured staff in students’ written assignments.

Design: A comparative study method was used. Participants were recruited from students enrolled in the three nursing practice subjects across the 3 years of the baccalaureate program in an Australian university during the second semester of 2008.

Methods: This study collected student data via an online version of the Perceptions of Teaching and Course Satisfaction scale and compared the grades awarded by sessional and tenured academics for a written assessment in a single assignment in each of the nursing practice subjects. Of the 2,045 students enrolled in the nursing practice subjects across the 3 years of the bachelor of nursing (BN) program, 566 (28%) completed the online teaching and course satisfaction survey, and 1,972 assignment grades (96%) were available for analysis.

Findings: Compared with tenured academics, sessional teachers received higher rating on students’ perception on teaching satisfaction by students in Year 1 (p= .021) and Year 2 (p= .002), but not by students in Year 3 (p= .348). Following the same trend, sessional teachers awarded higher assignment grades to students in Year 1 (p < .001) and Year 2 (p < .001) than tenured academics, with no significant disparity in grades awarded to students in Year 3.

Conclusions: The higher grades awarded by sessional teachers to 1st‐ and 2nd‐year students could be one explanation for why these teachers received higher student ratings than tenured teachers. Not discounting the possibility of grade inflation by sessional staff, it could be that tenured teachers have a higher expectation for the quality of students’ work, and hence were more stringent in their assessment grading. Sessional teachers did not receive a higher rating from 3rd‐year students, and this could be attributed to a change in student perception as they progress through the course, valuing a broader and more professional aspect of nursing knowledge, which is more likely to be the strength of tenured staff.

Clinical Relevance: These findings highlight a need for the development and implementation of strategies to facilitate the inclusion of sessional staff teaching in a BN program, in order to prepare graduate nurses that are well‐equipped for clinical practice.
Place, Landscape, and Environment: Anthropological Archaeology in 2009
Authors: Rodning Christopher
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT  Topics of current interest to anthropological archaeologists include the relationships between people and place, interactions between people and past environments, and responses by past societies to changes in the natural environment. In this article, I focus on recent considerations of past landscapes and the built environment. This research concentrates on such topics as architecture, the utilization of different environmental zones, and transitions from foraging to farming, one of the long‐standing topics of interest to anthropological archaeology. Recent archaeological research also emphasizes climate change and warfare, topics that have relevance to current events and conditions in the modern world.
Descent with Modification: Bioanthropological Identities in 2009
Authors: Rutherford Julienne
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT  In the year of Darwin, what were the emerging themes and events that united disparate manifestations of bioanthropological identities? In this review, I draw from conference proceedings, the literature, and electronic social networking to assess six major developments in 2009: the bioanthropological legacy of Darwin on the 200th anniversary of his birth; the efforts of primatologists from a multitude of backgrounds to grapple with the construction of a unified ethics; the remediation of philosophical tensions between field and captive primatology; the coalescence of an explicitly comparative evolutionary anthropology; the role of conference attendance and collaborations in forging disciplinary identity; and the provocative implications of the Ardipithecus ramidus story. The field of biological anthropology continues to evolve and diversify, obscuring a common identity, but as in other organic fractal systems, a common origin as anthropologists leads to descent with modification.
Practicing Anthropology in a Time of Crisis: 2009 Year in Review
Authors: Brondo Keri Vacanti
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT  The breadth and reach of practicing anthropologists in 2009 suggests that anthropology has entered a new phase of advanced engagement at local, national, and international levels. In this article, I review thematic areas in which practicing anthropologists made significant contributions in 2009, including fiscal crisis and business anthropology; U.S. race relations, civil rights, and policy reforms; human rights, environmental change, and displacement; global health and human rights; and war and peace. New areas of expansion are also discussed in the arenas of public archaeology, museums and heritage, and engaged scholarship. Innovations in anthropological research and communicating ethnographic findings with the broader public are reviewed.
Memory, Identity, and NAGPRA in the Northeastern United States
Authors: Beisaw April M.
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT Determinations of cultural affiliation in compliance with the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) often rely on culture history and the direct‐historical approach. Both methods ignore important developments in our understanding of identity. A recent NAGPRA claim illustrates an alternative. Using culture history and the direct‐historical approach, it was difficult to ascribe the Engelbert Site of New York State to a federally recognized tribe because it contained material from multiple culture‐historic taxa, often in the same feature. Taphonomic analyses of selected mixed deposits revealed a previously undocumented mortuary ritual that has since been found at other sites. Using memory as a framework for interpretation, this ritual appears reflective of a kinship‐based shared identity between culture‐historic taxa. The multivocality of this ritual provided an additional means for evaluating cultural affiliation by ascribing a consciousness of history to the subjects of this repatriation claim.
Description of Five New Loma (Microsporidia) Species in Pacific Fishes with Redesignation of the Type Species Loma morhua Morrison & Sprague, 1981, Based on Morphological and Molecular Species‐Boundaries Tests
Authors: BROWN AMANDA M. V. , KENT MICHAEL L. , ADAMSON MARTIN L.
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT. Five new species of Loma were described from five Pacific fishes using light‐microscopic and ultrastructural features along with phylogenetic analysis of the gene sequences of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and elongation factor 1‐alpha. Morphological data revealed both qualitative and quantitative differences in developmental stages and timing, vesicles, xenoma features, and spore sizes with statistical support that differentiated Loma pacificodae n. sp. in Pacific cod, Loma wallae n. sp. in walleye pollock, Loma kenti n. sp. in Pacific tomcod, Loma lingcodae n. sp. in lingcod, and Loma richardi n. sp. in sablefish from each other and other species in the genus. Phylogenetic analyses combined with monophyly tests supported species designations, but with low resolution in two cases perhaps due to rRNA paralogs or recent speciation. Loma branchialis in haddock was shown to be separate from Loma morhua in Atlantic cod, thereby making L. morhua, and not L. branchialis, the type species. A species from brook trout was shown to be a separate species from Loma salmonae, not a variant strain selected in the laboratory. By comparison with gadid host phylogeny, these Loma species appear to have coevolved with their hosts, first colonizing the Pacific basin about 12 million years ago.
Factors Associated with Escalation and Problematic Approaches Toward Public Figures*
Authors: Meloy J. Reid , James David V. , Mullen Paul E. , Pathé Michele T. , Farnham Frank R. , Preston Lulu F. , Darnley Brian J.
Published: October 2010

Abstract: Detailed comparison of factors associated with abnormal approach to the prominent and with escalation from communication to approach has not hitherto been undertaken. This partially reflects the failure of individual studies to adopt compatible terminologies. This study involves a careful dissection of six public figure studies, three involving U.S. politicians, two Hollywood celebrities, and one the British Royal Family. Common findings were unearthed across six headings. Approachers were significantly more likely to exhibit serious mental illness, engage in multiple means of communication, involve multiple contacts/targets, and to incorporate into their communication requests for help. They were significantly less likely to use threatening or antagonistic language in their communications, except in those cases involving security breaches. These results emphasize the importance of integrating mental health findings and preventive measures into risk management. Approach should not be regarded as a single behavioral category and has multiple motivations. Future studies should adopt standard terminology, preferably taken from the general stalking research.
Life history events of the Eurasian sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus in a changing climate
Authors: Lehikoinen Aleksi , Saurola Pertti , Byholm Patrik , Lindén Andreas , Valkama Jari
Published: October 2010

Current climate change has been found to advance spring arrival and breeding dates of birds, but the effects on autumn migration and possible responses in the distribution of wintering individuals are poorly known. To thoroughly understand the consequences of climate change for animal life histories and populations, exploration of whole annual cycles are needed. We studied timing of migration (years 1979–2007), breeding phenology (1979–2007) and breeding success (1973–2007) of Eurasian sparrowhawks Accipiter nisus in Finland. We also investigated whether the migration distance of Finnish sparrowhawks has changed since the 1960s, using ringing recovery records. Since the late 1970s Finnish sparrowhawks have advanced their spring arrival, breeding and autumn departure considerably, but the migration distance has not changed. Early migrants, who are the ones with the highest reproductive success, show the strongest advance in the timing of spring migration. In autumn, advanced departure concerns young sparrowhawks. Late autumn migrants, who are mainly adults, have not advanced their migration significantly. The sparrowhawk is the most common bird of prey and the main predator of most passerines in Finland. Therefore, changes in sparrowhawk migration phenology may affect the migration behaviour of many prey species. The breeding success of sparrowhawks has increased significantly over the study period. This is however more likely caused by other factors than climate change, such as reduced exposure to organochlorine pollutants.
Predictors of rehabilitation intention and behavior following anterior cruciate ligament surgery: an application of the Theory of Planned Behavior
Authors: Niven A. , Nevill A. , Sayers F. , Cullen M.
Published: October 2010

This study was guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to assess the predictors of rehabilitation intention and adherence following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructive surgery in athletes. Participants (n=87; mean age=28.95±7.7 years) volunteered to participate following their first post‐surgery physiotherapy session and completed the baseline measures of intention, attitudes, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, self‐efficacy, participation level, sport and age. At follow‐up, 48 participants returned completed rehabilitation diaries detailing adherence behavior every 2 weeks during an 8‐week period. Results indicated that there was no significant difference in rehabilitation behavior at weeks 2, 4, 6 or 8. A multivariate analysis of covariance indicated that sport type, sport level, intention and intention2 significantly predicted rehabilitation behavior, although the strength of relationship varied across the weeks. Self‐efficacy was a significant predictor of intention. These findings suggest that adherence behavior is predicted by sport type, participation level and curvilinearly by intention to adhere. Intention to adhere can be positively associated with enhanced self‐efficacy. The study has highlighted issues that practitioners should be aware of when encouraging rehabilitation adherence. However, the TPB provided a poor fit for understanding adherence behavior in this setting.
Gustducin is expressed in the taste buds of the chicken
Authors: KUDO Ken‐ichi , WAKAMATSU Kei‐ichi , NISHIMURA Shotaro , TABATA Shoji
Published: October 2010

We investigated the expression of gustducin in chicken taste buds using molecular biological, biochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. Expression of a gustducin‐like sequence was detected by RT‐PCR in the tissues containing taste buds, and corresponded to the predicted gustducin gene in the chicken. Expression of this sequence was not detected in the brain, heart, liver, pancreas, intestine, kidney and testis of the chicken. The expressed sequence had a high specificity for oral tissues that contained taste buds. These results suggest that the detected sequence was the chicken gustducin gene. Next, we generated a polyclonal antiserum against the chicken gustducin protein to observe its localization in the oral tissues. The results revealed that the chicken gustducin was specifically expressed in the taste buds. It is suggested that the chicken has a gustatory system mediated by gustducin, and chicken gustducin is a reliable marker for taste buds or taste cells. This is the first molecular biological, biochemical and immunohistochemical demonstration of the presence of gustducin in the chicken.
Evaluation of the potential effects of abortion on the productive performance of Iranian Holstein dairy cows
Authors: HOSSEIN‐ZADEH Navid Ghavi , ARDALAN Mehrnaz
Published: October 2010

Calving records from the Animal Breeding Center of Iran collected from January 1983 to December 2007 and comprising 1 163 594 Holstein calving events from 2552 herds were used to evaluate the potential effect of abortion occurrence on 305‐day milk yield, milk fat yield, fat percentage of milk and milk protein yield in Iranian Holsteins. Statistical analyses of production traits were performed using a linear mixed model procedure. Normal‐calved cows had greater 305‐day milk production, fat yield and protein yield of milk than abortive‐calved cows (P < 0.05). However, abortive‐calved cows had the greater milk fat percentage than normal calved cows (P < 0.05). The linear and quadratic effects of age of dam were significant on all of the studied traits (P < 0.05). The results of regression analysis showed that increase in the quadratic effect of age can cause an increase in the fat percentage of milk for all calvings including normal and abortive calvings. Because abortion is one of the most important conditions that limit a cow's ability to produce, maintaining the general health of cattle is important in minimizing the risk of abortion problems.
How a lipid mediates tumour suppression. Delivered on 29 June 2010 at the 35th FEBS Congress in Gothenburg, Sweden
Authors: Stenmark Harald
Published: October 2010

Phosphorylated derivatives of the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), known as phosphoinositides (PIs), regulate membrane‐proximal cellular processes by recruiting specific protein effectors involved in cell signalling, membrane trafficking and cytoskeletal dynamics. Two PIs that are generated through the activities of distinct PI 3‐kinases (PI3Ks) are of special interest in cancer research. PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, generated by class I PI3Ks, functions as tumour promotor by recruiting effectors involved in cell survival, proliferation, growth and motility. Conversely, there is evidence that PtdIns3P, generated by class III PI3K, functions in tumour suppression. Three subunits of the class III PI3K complex (Beclin 1, UVRAG and BIF‐1) have been independently identified as tumour suppressors in mice and humans, and their mechanism of action in this context has been proposed to entail activation of autophagy, a catabolic pathway that is considered to mediate tumour suppression by scavenging damaged organelles that would otherwise cause DNA instability through the production of reactive oxygen species. Recent studies have revealed two additional functions of PtdIns3P that might contribute to its tumour suppressor activity. The first involves endosomal sorting and lysosomal downregulation of mitogenic receptors. The second involves regulation of cytokinesis, which is the final stage of cell division. Further elucidation of the mechanisms of tumour suppression mediated by class III PI3K and PtdIns3P will identify novel Achilles’ heels of the cell’s defence against tumourigenesis and will be useful in the search for prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers in cancer.
Screening for type 2 diabetes with random finger‐prick glucose and bedside HbA1c in an Australian emergency department
Authors: Jelinek George A , Weiland Tracey J , Moore Gaye , Tan Grace , Maslin Marg , Bowman Kath , Ward Glenn , O'Dea Kerin
Published: October 2010

Objective:  To determine if screening for undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and pre‐diabetes is feasible in an Australian ED; to estimate the prevalence of T2DM and pre‐diabetes in the Australian ED population.

Methods:  Prospective cross‐sectional prevalence survey in the ED of St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, an adult, tertiary referral centre seeing approximately 40 000 patients annually. A convenience sample of adult patients was screened with finger‐prick random blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c); those over 6.0 mmol/L and 6.0% were referred for oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Diagnoses of T2DM and pre‐diabetes were made according to World Health Organization definitions. Those not attending for OGTT were contacted by phone, and interviewed about their reasons.

Results:  Seven hundred and twenty‐five patients were recruited; 135 (18.6%; 95% confidence intervals [CI] 15.9–21.6%) had known T2DM, leaving 590 screened, of whom 210 screened positive. Of the 192 referred for OGTT, 147 (77%) did not attend despite several telephone reminders. Of the 45 (23%) completing OGTT, pre‐diabetes was present in eight (17.8%; 95% CI 9.0–31.6%) and T2DM in six (13.3%; 95% CI 5.9–26.6%). Many people interviewed (18/86, 21%) did not attend for OGTT on the advice of their doctors.

Conclusions:  This inner city tertiary ED has a high prevalence of T2DM, diagnosed and undiagnosed, with as much as half our population possibly affected. Although ED screening might have a high yield, opportunistic screening is not feasible, with difficulties in staff engagement and patient follow up for diagnostic testing. Future studies might consider finger‐prick fasting blood glucose through a patient's general practitioner for diagnosis.
Protecting against ischemia‐reperfusion injury: antiplatelet drugs, statins, and their potential interactions
Authors: Ye Yumei , Perez‐Polo Jose R. , Birnbaum Yochai
Published: October 2010

Statins and antiplatelet agents are currently used as therapeutic agents for patients with acute myocardial infarction. Statins limit myocardial infarct size by activating phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K), ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase, Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and the downstream effectors inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2). Inhibition of PI3K, adenosine receptors, eNOS, iNOS, or COX‐2 abrogates the protective effects of statins. At >5 mg/kg, aspirin attenuates the myocardial infarct‐size‐limiting effect of statins. In contrast, the combination of low‐dose atoravastatin with either the phosphodiesterase‐III inhibitor cilostazol or the adenosine reuptake inhibitor dipyridamole synergistically limits infarct size. Low‐dose aspirin with dipyridamole started during ischemia augmented the infarct‐size‐limiting effects of simvastatin. In contrast, high‐dose aspirin blocked the protective effect of simvastatin. The combination of dipyridamole with low‐dose aspirin and simvastatin resulted in the smallest infarct size. According to the most current data available, we believe that antiplatelet regimens may require modification for patients who are receiving statins.
The role of the blood transcriptome in innate inflammation and stroke
Authors: Freedman Jane E. , Vitseva Olga , Tanriverdi Kahraman
Published: October 2010

Abstract  Cerebrovascular disease is a major cause of death and disability, with a poorer outcome in patients having select risk factors including diabetes and hypertension. Risk factors and the state of cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion associated with cerebrovascular occlusion are known to cause inflammatory changes. These events and the inflammatory state are reflected by transcript changes in various components of the blood and can be specifically measured. By defining these changes, new insight into cerebrovascular disease and its therapeutics is being achieved.
Innate inflammation as the common pathway of risk factors leading to TIAs and stroke
Authors: del Zoppo Gregory J. , Gorelick Philip B.
Published: October 2010

In the early moments of ischemic stroke, the processes of thrombosis, ischemia, and inflammation are intimately interrelated, setting in motion an injury that leads to infarction and permanent damage. Of these, the potential roles that innate inflammation can play in the evolution of brain tissue damage in response to the ischemic injury are not well understood. Observations in the settings of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and cerebral ischemia have much to teach each other. The following provides an introductory overview of the conference “Innate Inflammation as the Common Pathway of Risk Factors Leading to Transient Ischemic Attacks and Stroke: Pathophysiology and Potential Interventions,” which took place May 9–10, 2010 at the New York Academy of Sciences. This meeting was convened to explore aspects of the cellular and tissue responses to innate inflammation. A faculty of leading experts was assembled to discuss the role of inflammation in laboratory models of stroke and myocardial infarction, define possible novel means from laboratory evidence to alleviate or prevent inflammation underlying stroke and cardiovascular disease, and present information on current examples of clinical translation of these understandings in relation to human stroke and myocardial infarction.
Aroma Recovery from Roasted Coffee by Wet Grinding
Authors: Baggenstoss J. , Thomann D. , Perren R. , Escher F.
Published: October 2010

Abstract:  Aroma recovery as determined by solid phase microextraction‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (SPME‐GC‐MS) was compared in coffees resulting from conventional grinding processes, and from wet grinding with cold and hot water. Freshly roasted coffee as well as old, completely degassed coffee was ground in order to estimate the relationship of internal carbon dioxide pressure in freshly roasted coffee with the aroma loss during grinding. The release of volatile aroma substances during grinding was found to be related to the internal carbon dioxide pressure, and wet grinding with cold water was shown to minimize losses of aroma compounds by trapping them in water. Due to the high solubility of roasted coffee in water, the use of wet‐grinding equipment is limited to processes where grinding is followed by an extraction step. Combining grinding and extraction by the use of hot water for wet grinding resulted in considerable losses of aroma compounds because of the prolonged heat impact. Therefore, a more promising two‐step process involving cold wet grinding and subsequent hot extraction in a closed system was introduced. The yield of aroma compounds in the resulting coffee was substantially higher compared to conventionally ground coffee.
Coumarins in Phormium (New Zealand Flax) Fibers: Their Role in Fluorescence and Photodegradation
Authors: Smith Gerald J. , Tang Ying , Dyer Jolon M. , Scheele Sue M.
Published: October 2010

The genus Phormium (New Zealand flax) has fiber possessing a high content of lignin and, like other lignocellulosic materials, it is subject to photodegradation. Photoproducts in the fiber absorbing over a broad spectral region from ∼370 to 600 nm are observed as a result of exposure to near‐UV radiation from 350 to 400 nm. Irradiation was shown to produce hydrogen peroxide and this can account, at least in part, for the photo‐oxidation manifested in changes in the reflectance spectra of the fibers. Unirradiated solid fibers and their aqueous extracts exhibit fluorescence with excitation maxima at 350–360 nm and emission maxima at 440 nm. The fluorescence spectra of the fibers change following exposure to near‐UV radiation with the major fluorophore being substantially photodegraded, evidenced by a substantial loss of emission between 410 and 480 nm, which is largely responsible for the yellow and duller appearance of the fiber. Analysis of the aqueous extracts of the fibers, using electron‐spray ionization mass spectroscopy of aqueous extracts, showed the presence of coumarin, hydroxycoumarin and a number of substituted hydroxycoumarins. The spectral distributions of the fluorescence associated with the unirradiated fibers and their aqueous extracts are consistent with them originating from a number of 7‐hydroxycoumarins present.
Characterization of CdHgTe/CdS QDs for Near Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Spinal Column in a Mouse Model
Authors: Chen Haiyan , Cui Sisi , Tu Zhenzhen , Ji Jinzi , Zhang Jun , Gu Yueqing
Published: October 2010

Near infrared (NIR) CdHgTe/CdS quantum dots (QDs) were successfully prepared by a green synthetic route. The characteristics such as morphology, size, spectra, stability and toxicity were investigated in detail. The fluorescence wavelength of CdHgTe/CdS QDs could be adjusted to the NIR range (812 nm), which made the in vivo NIR imaging possible. The in vivo dynamic biodistribution of CdHgTe/CdS QDs in a mouse model was monitored by an NIR imaging system. Results indicated that CdHgTe/CdS QDs with a diameter of about 5.8 nm targeted to spinal column effectively. Further imaging of the dissected spine disclosed that QDs targeted to vertebra rather than spinal cord. The high fluorescence intensity together with targeting effect makes CdHgTe/CdS QDs particular candidates for imaging purposes in experimental animal models of vertebral injury.
DNA Photo‐oxidative Damage Hazard in Transfection Complexes
Authors: Rudiuk Sergii , Franceschi‐Messant Sophie , Chouini‐Lalanne Nadia , Perez Emile , Rico‐Lattes Isabelle
Published: October 2010

Complexes of DNA with various cationic vectors have been largely used for nonviral transfection, and yet the photochemical stability of DNA in such complexes has never been considered. We studied, for the first time, the influence of DNA complexation by a cationic lipid and polymers on the amount of damage induced by benzophenone photosensitization. The localization of benzophenone inside the hydrophobic domains formed by a cationic lipid, DOTAP (N‐[1‐(2,3‐dioleoyloxy)propyl]‐N,N,N‐trimethylammonium chloride), and close to DNA, locally increases the photoinduced cleavage by the reactive oxygen species generated. The same effect was found in the case of DNA complexation with an amphiphilic polymer (polynorbornenemethyleneammonium chloride). However, a decrease in DNA damage was observed in the case of complexation with a hydrophilic polymer (polyethylenimine). The DNA protection in this case was because of the absence of benzophenone hydrophobic incorporation into the complex, and to DNA compaction which decreased the probability of radical attack. These results underline the importance of the chemical structure of the nonviral transfection vector in limiting the risks of photo‐oxidative damage of the complexed DNA.
Genetic Diversity among Campylobacter jejuni Isolates from Healthy Livestock and Their Links to Human Isolates in Spain
Authors: Oporto B. , Juste R. A. , López‐Portolés J. A. , Hurtado A.
Published: October 2010

This study was aimed at determining the genetic diversity of Campylobacter jejuni from healthy ruminants and poultry, and study by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) their links to human isolates in Spain. MLST analysis of 160 animal isolates generated 45 sequence types (STs, nine of them new to this study), that clustered into 18 clonal complexes (CC) and nine singletons. The 71 isolates from humans generated 28 STs (13 CC plus four singletons). Only 11 STs and nine CCs were shared by humans and animals (particularly from dairy cattle and sheep), mainly corresponding to sporadic cases rather than outbreaks, probably as an adaptation of the general human population to the types commonly circulating in livestock. PCR analysis of the distribution of four virulence‐associated genes detected the cdtABC gene cluster in all 160 isolates but with a 700‐bp deletion in four of them, and amplified the virB11, cgtB and wlaN genes in 4.7%, 21.3% and 21.9% respectively. A subset of 87 C. jejuni animal isolates analysed using flaA PCR‐RFLP, MLST and pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis generated 31, 38 and 55 types respectively. The combined typing approach used provided reliable inter‐strain relationships, confirming the co‐existence of several strains in some farms, but also identifying identical genotypes sampled over a wide temporal span in different environments and hosts. Typing results confirmed a high genetic diversity of C. jejuni in our region and suggested that ruminants are also important sources for human infection. MLST data provided will help to obtain a more comprehensive image of the population structure of C. jejuni and establish reliable source attribution schemes.
Zoledronic acid delays disease progression of bone metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Katamura Yoshio , Aikata Hiroshi , Hashimoto Yoshimasa , Kimura Yuki , Kawaoka Tomokazu , Takaki Shintaro , Waki Koji , Hiramatsu Akira , Kawakami Yoshiiku , Takahashi Shoichi , Kenjo Masahiro , Chayama Kazuaki
Published: October 2010

Aim:  We conducted a retrospective cohort study to investigate the efficacy of combination therapy with radiotherapy (RT) and zoledronic acid for bone metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Additionally, we investigated the efficacy of zoledronic acid for non‐irradiated bone metastases.

Methods:  This study consisted of 31 patients who had received RT for bone metastases. Twelve of these patients with 23 sites of bone metastases were also treated with zoledronic acid (Z group). In the Z group, 14 sites received RT and nine sites did not. Nineteen patients with 38 sites of bone metastases were not treated with zoledronic acid (non‐Z group). In the non‐Z group, 22 sites received RT and 16 did not. We compared survival, pain response, time to pain progression, radiographic response, time to radiographic progression, and safety between groups.

Results:  While pain response rates were similar between the two groups, time to pain progression rates of irradiated and non‐irradiated bone metastases was significantly lower in the Z (0% and 20% at 6 months, respectively) than in the non‐Z group (34% and 66% at 6 months, respectively) (P = 0.045 and P = 0.005). Further, while radiographic response rates were similar between the two groups, time to radiographic progression rate of non‐irradiated bone metastases was significantly lower in the Z (29% at 3 months) than in the non‐Z group (91% at 3 months) (P = 0.009). No significant side‐effects were documented.

Conclusion:  Zoledronic acid delayed the pain progression of both irradiated and non‐irradiated bone metastases and the radiographic progression of non‐irradiated bone metastases from HCC.
CBM Nitrogen Expansion Liquefaction Processes Using Residue Pressure of Nitrogen From Adsorption Separation
Authors: Lin Wensheng , Gao Ting , Gu Anzhong , Gu Min
Published: October 2010

Coalbed methane (CBM) is a kind of important energy resources in the world. Liquefaction is a good option for recovery of CBM. Generally, CBM consists of a lot of nitrogen besides methane, which is usually required to be separated by adsorption before liquefaction, or by distillation after liquefaction. For the CBM adsorption-liquefaction processes, two novel processes are proposed, which integrate the two parts of adsorption and liquefaction together by utilizing the residue pressure of the waste nitrogen: the released nitrogen expanded directly to precool CBM or further compressed and then expanded to liquefy CBM. Taking the unit product liquefaction power consumption as the major index and the nitrogen content of CBM feed gas together with the residue pressure of waste nitrogen as variables, the system performance of these two integrated processes is studied and compared with that of the nitrogen expansion liquefaction process without integration. By simulation and calculation with HYSYS, it is confirmed that system power consumption can be reduced by both methods to utilize the residue pressure, and for CBM with high nitrogen content, the energy conservation effect is considerable; furthermore, it is better to use waste nitrogen to precool CBM than to liquefy it.
Theoretical Definition of Formation Damage Zone With Applications to Well Stimulation
Authors: Nunes M. , Bedrikovetsky P. , Newbery B. , Paiva R. , Furtado C. , de Souza A. L.
Published: October 2010

Flow of particulate suspension in porous media with particle retention and consequent permeability reduction is discussed. Using analytical model for suspension injection via single well, the permeability damage zone size was defined and expressed by transcendental equation. Analysis of field data shows that usually the size of damaged zone does not extend more than 1 m beyond the injector. The definition of damage zone size is used for design of well stimulation via deposition removal.
Influence of temperature on the hydrogenated amorphous carbon films prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Wu Jiung , Cheng Yi-Lung , Shiau Ming-Kai
Published: October 2010

Hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films were deposited in a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system. The substrate temperature at deposition was found to have significant effects on the film stoichiometry, sp2 phase, and optical properties. Raman spectroscopy reveals an increase in sp2-bonded carbon and a continual structure ordering of the sp2 phase with increasing substrate temperature at deposition. Thermal desorption spectroscopy analysis revealed that the onset temperature of CH4 effusion of PECVD a-C:H films increase with increasing substrate temperatures, implicating enhanced structural stability via elevating the substrate temperature at deposition. The extinction coefficient k measured from spectroscopic ellipsometry gradually increases with increasing substrate temperature at deposition, due possibly to the graphitization effect which decreases the optical gap resulting in higher k.
A Grand Tour in Its Historical Context
Voyager
Seeking Newer Worlds in the Third Great Age of Discovery

by Stephen J. Pyne

Viking, New York, 2010. 472 pp. $29.95, C$37.50. ISBN 9780670021833. eBook, $14.99. ISBN 9781101189757.
Authors: Stevenson David J.
Published: October 2010

Pyne blends a history of the Voyager project with reflections on the role of exploration in human society.
Surfing Chromosomes (and Survivin)
Authors: Musacchio Andrea
Published: October 2010

An enzyme that localizes to mitotic chromosomes phosphorylates histones, leading to the recruitment of proteins that ensure proper chromosome segregation.
Honor for Test Tube Baby Pioneer
Authors: Vogel Gretchen , Enserink Martin
Published: October 2010

Robert G. Edwards, the British physiologist who pioneered in vitro fertilization, was named the sole recipient of the 2010 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine on 4 October.
Still in Its Infancy, Two-Dimensional Crystal Claims Prize
Authors: Cho Adrian
Published: October 2010

Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov of the University of Manchester in the United Kingdom share the 2010 Nobel Prize in physics for their discovery in 2004 of graphene, a one-atom-thick material made of carbon.
Guatemala Study From 1940s Reflects A 'Dark Chapter' in Medicine
Authors: Minogue Kristen , Marshall Eliot
Published: October 2010

After making a public apology, the United States this week is launching two inquiries into a stunningly unethical U.S. medical study that was conducted in Guatemala 64 years ago in which hundreds of Guatemalan prisoners, soldiers, and mental health patients were infected with syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Giving Back the Bones
Authors: Kloor Keith
Published: October 2010

Stephen Lekson, curator of anthropology at the University of Colorado's Museum of Natural History, has overseen the repatriation of 553 human remains and 800 funerary objects to southwestern tribes. He shared his thoughts about repatriation in an interview for
Science
; the conversation has been edited for clarity and brevity.
A World of Graves
Authors: Lawler Andrew
Published: October 2010

Different cultures have wildly divergent views of their long-dead ancestors, with profound consequences for the kinds of research that can be done.
Science
gives a brief roundup of world attitudes toward the study of ancient human remains.
A Tale of Two Skeletons
Authors: Lawler Andrew
Published: October 2010

Researchers and Native Americans may be headed for clashes over ancient Paleoindian remains. But in at least one instance, the two communities collaborated—and produced good data to boot.