bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Achyranthes aspera Seed on the Immune System of Labeo rohita Fry
Authors: Chakrabarti R. , Srivastava P. Kumar
Published: February 2021

Labeo rohita (rohu) fry (0.547±0.01 g) were fed one of four diets containing 0 (control), 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0% Achyranthes aspera seed. After 30 days, the fry were immunized with chicken red blood cells (c-RBC). Blood samples were collected 7, 14, and 21 days after immunization. Significantly (p<0.05) higher average weight (2.565±0.02 g) and SGR were were obtained in fry fed the 1.0% diet compared to others. The increase in average weight was directly related to the increasing dose of seed. FCR was significantly (p<0.05) lower in fry fed the 1.0% diet while total serum protein, albumin, and globulin were higher in treated groups than in the unsupplemented control. The antigen-specific antibody titer level was significantly (p<0.05) lower in rohu fed the control diet than in rohu fed the supplemented diets. Titer levels were 32-128, 128-256, 256-1024, and 256-1024 in the 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% diets, respectively. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in rohu fed the control diet than in rohu fed the supplemented diets while myeloperoxidas was lower in the former. Among the treated groups, myeloperoxidase was significantly (p<0.05) higher in rohu fed the 1.0% diet (1.561-2.558, ? 450 nm) than in those fed other diets. The present study documents the immunostimulatory properties of A. aspera seed and finds that a dose of 1.0% might be suitable for rohu fry.
Zinc Supplementation and its Effect on Thermal Stress Resistance in Carassius auratus Fry
Authors: Babitha Rani A. Hasnat , Kohli M.P.S. , Chandraprakash G.
Published: February 2021

Goldfish (Carassius auratus) fry (80 mg) were fed purified diets based on casein as a protein source and containing different levels of supplementary zinc (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 mg Zn/kg diet) for nine weeks. There were overt signs of zinc deficiency (suppressed growth, high mortality) in fish fed the zinc-deficient control diet, while the highest growth was obtained in fish fed the 60 mg Zn/kg diet. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in the muscle and super-oxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the liver were highest in fish fed the 60 mg Zn/kg diet and did not significantly improve beyond this level. Muscle and whole body zinc concentrations increased proportionately with the dietary zinc supplementation but iron and copper concentrations in fish tissue were not affected by the supplementary zinc. After the 9-week trial, twelve fish were subjected to thermal stress (28-32°C) for another four weeks to observe growth and the physiological response of the stress enzyme, SOD. After thermal stress, growth improved with the increase in zinc. Likewise, SOD activity in the fish liver increased, indicating that fish utilize more zinc in high temperatures to counteract stress.
Polysaccharides, Saponins, and Water Decoction of Astragalus membranaceus Significantly Enhance the Non-Specific Immune Response of Spotted Maigre (Nibea albiflora)
Authors: Wang Xuepeng , Ding Lei , Yan Maocang , Chai Xueliang , Lu Rongmao , Wang Qishuo , Li Fuchang
Published: February 2021

The effects of polysaccharides, saponins, and water decoction of the Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus on the immune response of spotted maigre (Nibea albiflora) were investigated. Fish with an average initial weight of 49.6±5.5 g were fed a diet containing 2% extract for four weeks. The lysozyme and phagocytic activities of the fish were determined and compared with those of control fish fed an unsupplemented feed on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Both activities were significantly higher in groups fed the Astragalus extract than in the control group (p<0.01) but there were no differences between the three Astragalus-fed groups (p>0.05). Most important, the Astragalus-fed groups were significantly protected against Vibrio vulnificus challenge compared to the control group (p<0.01). Our results indicatd that polysaccharides and saponins are main active components of Astragalus extracts and can enhance the non-specific immune response in spotted maigre.
Effect of Marigold Flower and Beetroot Meals on Growth Performance, Carcass Composition, and Total Carotenoids of Snow Trout (Schizothorax richardsonii)
Authors: Jha Ghanshyam Nath , Sarma Debajit , Qureshi T.A. , Akhtar M.S.
Published: February 2021

A 60-day experiment was carried out to elucidate the effect of marigold (Tagetes erecta) flower and beetroot (Beta vulgaris) meals on growth performance, carcass composition, and total carotenoids of snow trout, Schizothorax richardsonii. Two hundred and seventy fingerlings (9.19±0.29 g) were randomly distributed into nine treatments in triplicate (10 fish per tank). Nine isonitrogenous (35.25±0.9% crude protein) diets were prepared with graded levels (3%, 5%, 7%, 10%) of either marigold flower meal or beetroot meal; the control diet contained neither marigold flower nor beetroot meal. Weight gain and specific growth rate were significantly (p<0.05) higher in fish fed the diet containing 10% beetroot meal than in those fed the control diet. Body carotenoid was significantly enhanced (p<0.05) by the dietary supplements and increased linearly with the increase of marigold flower meal (Y = 0.532x + 1.126, R2 = 0.9803) and beetroot meal (Y = 0.491x + 1.341, R2 = 0.9376). Results indicate that inexpensive and readily available natural carotenoid sources such as marigold flower and beetroot meals can be incorporated into diets for S. richardsonii to enhance pigmentation and ornamental value.
Effect of Dietary Protein and Lipid Levels on Growth and Nutrient Utilization of Freshwater Angelfish Pterophyllum scalare
Authors: Mohanta Kedar Nath , Subramanian Sankaran , Korikanthimath Veeratayya Sidweerayya
Published: February 2021

Nine semi-purified diets containing three levels of protein (300, 350, 400 g/kg) and three levels of lipid (60, 80, 100 g/kg) were fed ad libitum to juvenile freshwater angelfish Pterophyllum scalare (1.64±0.01 g) to determine the optimum dietary protein and lipid levels. Fish were stocked in 27 flow-through fiber-reinforced plastic tanks with 100 l water (10 fish/replicate) and fed 60 days. Fish were batch-weighed every 15 days to determine growth. The dietary protein level had a significant effect on protein efficiency rate (PER) but not on weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), or specific growth rate (SGR). In contrast, the dietary lipid level had a significant effect on weight gain, FCR, and SGR but not on PER. The interaction of dietary protein and lipid had a significant effect on weight gain, FCR, SGR, and PER. No protein-sparing effect of the lipid was observed. Fish fed the diet containing 300 g protein and 60 g lipid per kg diet had a significantly better weight gain, SGR, PER, and FCR.
Effect of Coriolus versicolor Supplementation on Hematology and Innate Immune Response in Olive Flounder against Pseudocohnilembus persalinus
Authors: Harikrishnan Ramasamy , Kim Man-Chul , Kim Ju-Sang , Balasundaram Chellam , Heo Moon-Soo
Published: February 2021

The effect of dietary Coriolus versicolor supplementation at 0%, 0.01%, 0.1%, and 1.0% on the hematology and innate immune response of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) against the ciliate Pseudocohnilembus persalinus was studied after one, two, and four weeks of feeding. White blood cells were significantly higher in fish fed the 0.1% and 1.0% diets than in those fed the control and 0.01% diets from week two onwards. Similarly, red blood cells were significantly higher in the 0.1% and 1.0% diets than the other diets at week 4. Hemoglobin was significantly highest in the 1.0% diet and hematocrit significantly highest in the 0.1% diet at weeks 2 and 4. Total protein, glucose, and calcium were significantly higher in fish fed the 0.1% and 1.0% supplementation diets from weeks 1 to 4. Scuticocidal and lysozyme activity were significantly enhanced in fish fed the 0.1% and 1.0% diets from week 1 to 4 while respiratory burst activity was significantly higher in fish fed the 0.1% and 1.0% diets from week 2 to 4. Cumulative mortality was lower in groups fed the 0.1% and 1.0% diets than in groups fed the control or 0.01% diets. The present study suggests that dietary supplementation with 0.1% or 1.0% C. versicolor protects hematological parameters, improves innate immune response, and affords protection from P. persalinus infection in olive flounder.
Inter-Species Transmission of the Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) Pathogen, Aphanomyces invadans, and Associated Physiological Responses
Authors: Baruah A. , Saha R.K. , Kamilya D.
Published: February 2021

The epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) pathogen was transmitted to catla (Catla catla) using two experimental infection models: intramuscular injection and cohabitation. Oomycetes, recovered from naturally infected ulcerated bata (Labeo bata), were identified as Aphanomyces invadans based on morphology and histopathology. Lesions typical of EUS were reproduced in the catla using an intramuscular injection of 1×105 zoospores/ml autoclaved water from a EUS-affected pond. Lesions were first visible six days after injection; all lesions were swollen and ulcerative 10 days after injection. In the cohabitation experiment with EUS-affected bata, apparently healthy catla exhibited lesions eight days after infection. Histopathology of the muscle and liver from experimentally-infected catla showed the presence of hyphae and granuloma. Twelve days after infection, immunological parameters (superoxide anion and nitric oxide production, leukocyte proliferation, lysozyme activity) of experimentally-infected catla were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the control. Among the hematological parameters, red and white blood cell counts were significantly altered (p<0.05) in infected groups whereas differences in hemoglobin content and packed cell volume were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Biochemical parameters (total serum protein, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, and serum alkaline phosphatase were significantly higher (p<0.05) in intramuscularly-injected catla than in apparently healthy fish, however, in catla infected by cohabitation, only total serum protein significantly differed from the control (p<0.05).
Saprolegnia Pathogen from Pengze Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus var. Pengze) Eggs and its Control with Traditional Chinese Herb
Authors: Cao H. , Xia W. , Zhang S. , He S. , Wei R. , Lu L. , Yang X.
Published: February 2021

In the present study, a pathogenic strain, JL, was isolated from Pengze crucian carp (Carassius auratus) eggs suffering from saprolegniosis. It was initially determined as Saprolegnia sp. strain JL. Saprolegnia species have been implicated for significant fungal contamination, involving both living and dead fish and their eggs. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum parsimony method. The tree shows that the JL strain was closely related to Saprolegnia parasitica isolate SAP171, isolated from Salmo trutta suffering from saprolegniasis in Laukaa, Finland. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 20 Chinese herbs was screened. Pseudolarix kaempferi Gord. (Pinaceae) was the most effective in inhibiting growth of the bacteria and was chosen for further trial. Significant protective efficacy of 52.63% and 73.68% was obtained against the JL strain in Pengze crucian carp eggs at P. kaempferi concentrations of 12.5 mg/ml and 25.0 mg/ml, respectively.
A Direct Spectrophotometric Assay for Evaluating Nitrate-Nitrogen in Intensive Aquaculture Systems
Authors: Cecchini Stefano , Rocchina Caputo Anna
Published: February 2021

This paper describes a simple spectrophotometric procedure for determining NO3–N in water samples. In the proposed method, NO2–N of a water sample is first removed from the water with sulfamic acid. Then, NO3–N is reduced to NO2–N using vanadium (III) chloride and a detection reagent is added. When rapid collection of data is necessary, this method can be adapted to a microtechnique using a 96-well microplate, resulting in a detection limit of 5 NO3–N mg/l. Using a larger volume spectrophotometer cell (5 cm) lowers the detection limit to 0.5 NO3–N mg/l. The proposed method is applicable for routine analysis of water in aquaculture systems and wastewaters in which medium-high NO3–N concentrations are expected. Benefits of the method are reduction of the laborious preparation and avoidance of contact with the harmful substances typical of the cadmium reduction method.
Survival of Juvenile Silver Pomfret, Pampus argenteus, Kept in Transport Conmditions in Different Densities and Temperatures
Authors: Peng Shiming , Chen Xuezhong , Shi Zhaohong , Yin Fei , Sun Peng
Published: February 2021

Optimum conditions for the transportation of juvenile silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen 1788) were investigated under simulated conditions. Juveniles (5.22±1.09 g) were kept in 10-l plastic bags containing oxygen and 3 l water at 15, 20, and 25°C in (a) low loading densities (5, 10, 20 g/l) for 8 h and (b) high loading densities (20, 30, 40 g/l) for 4 h. Following simulations, water was sampled to measure dissolved oxygen, pH, and total ammonia. Both survival rates and dissolved oxygen levels decreased when the temperature and loading density increased; pH decreased significantly under all transportation conditions. High loading density (30-40 g/l) and temperature (25°C) resulted in high total ammonia and mortality (54-64%). The ideal temperature for transporting juvenile silver pomfret in plastic bags was 15°C. At this temperature, the highest survival rate was recorded, even at loading densities of 40 g/l. Transport at high temperature (25°C) and loading density (20 g/l) should not exceed 8 h, due to raised mortality (>30%) and ammonia levels.
Effect of Dietary Fat Replacement on Body Composition of Intensively Reared Hybrids of Pikeperch and Volga Pikeperch
Authors: Müller Tamás , Pál László , Bódis Márk , Kucska Balázs , Wágner László , Bercsényi Miklós , Husvéth Ferenc , Szabó Gergely , Molnár Tamás
Published: February 2021

Juvenile hybrids (9.43±0.09 g) of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca ?) and Volga pikeperch (S. volgensis ?) were reared in a recirculation system for 54 days. Fish were fed one of four experimental diets in which the principal source of lipid was fish oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, or soy oil (5%), added to a basal diet (fat content 5.9%) and fed at a ratio of 2% of the body weight. The specific growth rate was moderate (0.47-0.66%/day) and did not differ between groups. Body composition traits (dry matter, crude protein, crude ash, crude fat, fillet fat content) were not affected by the different diets. However, the accumulation of oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) was significantly highest in the rapeseed group, and sunflower oil resulted in the highest proportion of linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6). Among the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, the a-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3) content in the fillet of fish fed the diet containing rapeseed oil was significantly higher than in the fillet of animals fed the diets with fish or sunflower oil and the eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3) content in the sunflower group was significantly lower than in the fish or rapeseed groups. Thus, some of the fatty acid muscle contents were influenced by their concentration in the feed.
Effect of Dietary Protein Level on Growth Performance and Nitrogen Excretion of the Yellow Tail Cichlid, Pseudotropheus acei
Authors: Güroy Derya , Sahin Izzet , Güroy Betül , Altin Aytaç , Merrifield Daniel Lee
Published: February 2021

A 12-week growth trial was conducted to determine the effects of dietary protein on the growth of the yellow tail cichlid, Pseudotropheus acei, and on water quality in closed recirculating systems. Six test diets were formulated to contain protein levels ranging 25-50% by substituting corn oil and a-starch for fishmeal. Diets were assigned to triplicate groups of 10 fish in a completely randomized design. The feed conversion ratios of fish fed the 35% and 50% crude protein diets were significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of fish fed the 30% protein diet. The protein efficiency ratio declined as the dietary protein level increased. Dietary protein levels significantly influenced total ammonia-nitrogen excretion (TAN); fish fed 50% protein excreted higher concentrations of ammonia-nitrogen than fish fed 25-35% dietary protein (p<0.05). Results suggest that inclusion of more than 35% protein in diets containing 10% crude lipid does not benefit juvenile yellow tail growth performance. Further, as TAN excretion and feed costs increased at protein levels beyond 35%, we recommend a diet containing 35% protein and 10% lipid for promoting good growth of juvenile yellow tail cichlids under the conditions used in the present trial.
Cellular Basis of Metallic Iridescence in the Siamese Fighting Fish, Betta splendens
Authors: Khoo Gideon , Lim Tit Meng , Phang Violet P.E.
Published: February 2021

The ultrastructural morphology of chromatophores that gives rise to the highly valued metallic iridescence in the Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Melanophores, iridophores, xanthophores, erythrophores, and leucophores were observed in the epidermis and dermis of B. splendens. Specific combinations of these chromatophores formed the pigmentation patterns of the dark blue, ultra-marine, turquoise-bronze, and golden strains. Under the TEM, large spherical melanosomes appeared which were highly electron dense in the cytoplasm of melanophores. These cells also possessed slightly electron dense organelles which could be partially melanized pre-melanosomes. The wide spectrum of metallic hues on the body of B. splendens is attributed to refraction, reflection, and thin-film interferences from reflecting platelets in iridophores that are closely associated with other chromatophore types. The designation “irido-melanophore unit” is proposed for one such close association which comprises an iridophore underlined by a melanophore. Varied inclination angles and thicknesses of reflecting platelets are elucidated to cause the iridescent sheen. Thin platelets oriented at small angles to the long axis of a cell produce purplish-blue hues whilst numerous thick and thin platelets at larger angles generate blue, green, and silvery-golden sheens
Effect of Bacillus circulans and fructooligosaccharide supplementation on growth and haemato-immunological function of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) fingerlings exposed to sub-lethal nitrite stress
Authors: Singh Soibam Khogen , Tiwari V K , Chadha N K , Prakash Chandra , Sukhamb Munilkumar , Das Pronob , Mandala S C , Chanu Thongam Ibemcha
Published: February 2021

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of a probiotic strain, Bacillus circulans (BC) and prebiotics fructooligosaccharide (FOS) supplementation in Labeo rohita fingerlings subjected to sub-lethal nitrite stress. Earlier a sixty days feeding trial was conducted using eight experimental diets viz. T1 (106 cfu/g BC+0%FOS), T2 (108 cfu/g BC+0% FOS), T3 (0BC+1%FOS), T4 (0BC+2%FOS), , T5 (106 cfu/g BC + 1% FOS), T6 (106 cfu/g BC+2% FOS), T7 (108 cfu/g BC+1%FOS), T8 (108 cfu/g BC+2%FOS) & control (0BC+0%FOS) assigned to triplicate groups. After the initial experiment, fishes were subjected to sub-lethal nitrite (1/5 96 h LC50 = 2.08 mg/L) for another 30 days. At the end of the experiment growth and feed utilization parameters viz. weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) & survival percentage were calculated. Haemato-immunological parameters viz. total leukocyte count (TLC), total erythrocyte count (TEC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct) values, lysozyme and respiratory burst activity were assayed after exposure to stress. Growth and feed utilization was significantly (p < 0.05) better in probiotic fed groups at all level of supplementation whereas prebiotics supplementation at 2% level had negative impact. Percentage survival was also better in the supplemented groups with highest survival observed in T4 group. Similarly, post challenge haemato-immunological parameters were better in supplemented group compared to control and higher levels were observed in combination groups (T4 and T5). From the present investigation, it can be concluded that probiotic B. circulans and prebiotics FOS supplementation improves immune status and thereby conferring better protection of L. rohita under sub-lethal nitrite stress.
Utilization of Mung Bean, Vigna radiata (Linnaeus) as a Novel Protein Source in Practical-Type Diets for Juvenile Milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskal): Effects on Growth, Feed Efficiency, Body Composition, and Histology of Gut and Liver
Authors: Apines-Amar Mary Jane S. , Coloso Relicardo M. , Amar Ma. Novie G. , Golez Ma. Shirley M. , Bunda Marj Gem B. , Jaspe Cecilia J.
Published: February 2021

A 15-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimum partial inclusion of mung bean protein in milkfish diet. Six isonitrogenous practical-type diets with mung bean included at 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20% of the diet equivalent to 0%, 3%, 7%, 10%, 13%, and 17% of the total dietary protein, respectively, were formulated. Milkfish with average body weight (ABW) of 8.5 ± 0.23g were distributed in eighteen tanks (6 treatments X 3 replications) with 10 fish each. The fish were fed the diets three times daily. Results showed that growth of milkfish was not adversely affected by the inclusion of mung bean protein at any dietary level. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly improved by the inclusion of mung bean at 20% of the diet. Nutrient compositions of the fish carcass were similar in all diets. Furthermore, no detrimental effects attributable to mung bean inclusion were seen in terms of protein retention, hepatosomatic index (HSI), and liver and midgut histology of the fish. Overall, mung bean is a promising protein source for milkfish and can be included up to 20% of the diet contributing as much as 17% of the total dietary protein without detrimental effects on growth, feed performance, PER, protein retention, HSI, and liver and intestinal histology.
New rRNA primers for the detection of Vibrio anguillarum
Authors: Avsever Meriç Lütfi , Tunalıgil Serra , Didinen Behire Işıl , Metin Seçil
Published: February 2021

In this work, 51 V. anguillarum isolates (42/51 of O1 serotype, 9/51 of O2) obtained from cultivated marine fish by Avsever and Ün (2015) were used. These isolates were confirmed with universal primers specific to amiB genes. They were also detected successfully at a rate of 100% with a new primer couple designed according to 16S ribosomal RNA sequence. The new primers were found to have a high sensitivity and specificity but were liable to give a cross-reaction with Vibrio ordalii.
The Effect of Different Tempos of Music During Feeding, on Growth Performance, Chemical Body Composition, and Feed Utilization of Turbot (Psetta maeotica, Pallas 1814).
Authors: Catli Tuba , Yildirim Onder , Turker Ali
Published: February 2021

The effects of different tempos of music on growth, body chemical composition and feeding parameters of turbot (Psetta maeotica, Pallas 1814) were investigated. Turbot (average weight 160.61±1.53 g) were reared in a circulating sea water system for 8 weeks with music playing for 5 hours at each feeding. The music treatments consisted of slow tempo music (adagio; metronome speed 66-76), medium tempo music (moderate; metronome speed 108-120), fast tempo music (allegro; metronome speed 120-168) and control group (no music). Results demonstated that the fast tempo music treatment (FTM, p<0.01) had a negative effect on fish growth, but when slow tempo music (STM) was transmitted, growth improved slightly. Best growth performance was observed when the fish were exposed to slow tempo music. The FTM group showed signs of stress and reduced feed intake. Music transmission significantly affected carcass fat content (p<0.05). No significant effect was observed on protein, ash or moisture content.
Ontogeny of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Immunoglobulin Type M Antibody Response
Authors: Kuendee Natthaporn , Klaynongsruang Sompong , Bunyatratchata Wandee , Tengjaroenkul Bundit , Ngamcharoen Kittipoj , Daduang Jureerut , Ungarreevittaya Piti , Daduang Sakda
Published: February 2021

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Cichlidae) are cultured worldwide, however, the study of humoral immunity in these fish has been neglected, leading to mismanagement of prevention of common diseases by vaccination. In this study we purified and characterized the Nile tilapia immunoglobulin type M (IgM). In addition, we have described the production of a mouse polyclonal antibody for the investigation of the onset of antibody responses. After one-step purification using protein G sepharose beads, SDSPAGE, and mass fingerprint analysis we found that the heavy chain of Nile tilapia IgM was 70 kDa, whereas the light chain was 27 kDa. Western immunoblotting techniques using mouse anti-Nile tilapia IgM antibody, produced by intraperitoneal injection with purified Nile tilapia IgM for 3, periods with booster inoculations every 10 days, could effectively detect the onset of antibody responses in Nile tilapia sera at 42 days post-hatch.
Triploidy Induction by Heat Shock in Mandarin Fish Siniperca chuatsi
Authors: Xu Peng , Zeng Shuang , Wang Pengfei , Tang Qindong , Zeng Lei , Zhou Lei , Li Guifeng
Published: February 2021

Mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi, is an economically important fish due to its large size, fast growth, and delicious flesh. It is widely cultured in China. In this paper, triploidy in mandarin fish S. chuatsi was induced by heat shock. The most effective triploidy induction was achieved at 41°C, 8 min after fertilization for 2 min resulting in 40% triploid fish. There were no significant differences in the survival rates among the three treatment groups. Ploidy of fish was determined with a flow cytometer and chromosome counting. In conclusion, this paper presents optimal conditions for triploidy induction in mandarin fish with heat shock. The results will contribute to enhancement of its production in culture.
Effect of Dietary Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides (GLP) on Cellular Immune Responses and Disease Resistance of Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)
Authors: Bai Dong-Qing , Xu Hai-long , Wu Xuan , Zhai Sheng-li , Yang Guang , Qiao Xiu-Ting , Guo Yong-jun
Published: February 2021

This study investigated the effects of dietary Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides (GLP) on cellular immune responses and disease resistance in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). For 8 weeks, 540 yellow catfish were fed different levels of GLP. The treatments were: 0-control group, 300-T1, 600-T2, 900-T3, 1200-T4, 1500-T5 mg/kg, respectively. After the 8 week feeding trial, the respiratory burst activity of head kidney macrophages, proliferation of peripheral blood leukocytes, and phagocytic activity were assayed. Both the control and treated groups of fish were then challenged with an intraperitoneal injection of Aeromonas hydrophila, and cumulative mortality was recorded for 6 days post-infection. Results showed that there was a significant increase in oxygen respiratory burst activity of head kidney macrophages (p<0.01), along with significant increases in proliferation of peripheral blood leukocytes (p<0.01) in the fish fed dietary GLP. In addition, the 1200-T4and 1500-T5 mg/kg groups also displayed significant increases in nitrogen respiratory burst activity (p<0.01). These data indicated that GLP may reduce mortality following A. hydrophila infection. The lowest mortality was observed in the T5-treated groups. In conclusion, dietary GLP may effectively enhance cellular immune responses and disease resistance in yellow catfish against Aeromonas hydrophila.
Molecular Cloning and Expression Analysis of Cyclin H from Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon)
Authors: Zhao Chao , Fu Mingjun , Jiang Shigui , Zhou Falin , Qiu Lihua
Published: February 2021

Cyclin H is an important cell protein that plays a crucial role in cell division. In the present study, the cDNA of cyclin H (designated as Pmcyclin H) was identified from black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) by expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis, and RACE techniques. The full length cDNA of Pmcyclin H is 1280bp, including a 5’-terminal un-translated region (5’UTR) of 63 bp, a 3’UTR of 218 bp with a poly (A) tail, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 999 bp encoding a polypeptide of 332 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 39 kDa, predicted pI of 6.39. Both Blast, and phylogenetic analysis, confirmed that Pmcyclin H is a new member of the shrimp cyclin H family. Using real-time PCR the mRNA expression of Pmcyclin H in eight tissues was examined, and mRNA transcript of Pmcyclin H was predominantly detectable in ovarian tissue, and to a lesser degree in the tissues of intestine, testis, stomach, and heart, but almost undetectable in the tissues of liver (hepar), brain, and muscle. The temporal expression of Pmcyclin H in different developmental stages of the ovaries was investigated by real-time PCR. During the six stages of ovarian development, one peak expression of Pmcyclin H was detected in stage II. All these results indicated that Pmcyclin H might be involved in the regulation of cell cycle and ovarian development of P. monodon.
Effects of Seminal Plasma Properties on Percentage and Duration of Shabut (Barbus grypus Heckel,1843) Sperm Motility
Authors: Güllü Kenan , İnanan Burak Evren , Öğretmen Fatih , Gölbaşı Selami , Yilmaz Fevzi
Published: February 2021

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effects of seminal plasma properties (Ca2+, Na+, K+ and Mg2+, glucose, urea, triglyceride, total protein concentrations, pH and osmolality) on progressive sperm motility percentage and duration in Barbus grypus. Osmolality (mOsmol/kg) ranged from 81-263, while ionic contents (mM) varied between 20-79 Na+, 1.2-58.4 K+, 0.50-1.05 Ca2+, and 0.51-1.44 Mg2+ respectively. Spermatozoa density was 15.12±1.11 x109/mL, semen volume 3.87±0.41 mL while total protein, urea triglyceride and glucose were 0.60±0.17 mg/mL, 4.08± 0.08 mg/dL, 8.42±0.62 mg/dL, 5.17±0.11 mg/dL respectively. The data obtained allows comparison of variations in semen parameters and enables us to determine how these parameters relate to motility characteristics. The groups formed by hierarchical cluster analysis (CA) based on the semen properties corresponded to sperm motility characteristics. According to principal component analysis (PCA) results, osmolality, protein concentration, Na+ and K+ were strongly correlated with motility characteristics and were responsible for total variation in data compared to other parameters. Multivariate statistical methods as well as ionic ratios were used to analyze the data.
Effects of Dietary Organic Selenium on Growth, Survival, Physiological and Hematology Conditions of Snub-Nose Dart (Trachinotus blochii Lacepide, 1801)
Authors: Sang Huynh Minh , Thuy Nguyen Thi Thanh , Hoang Do Huu
Published: February 2021

This study aimed to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of organic selenium (OS) on growth, survival, as well as the physiological and hematological status of snub-nose dart, Trachinotus blochii. Five diets supplemented with OS-Selplex (Selplex, Alltech, USA) at 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 g/kg were fed to fish (2.30 ± 0.28g, average wt) for 8 weeks. Survival was significantly highest (P < 0.05) when the fish were fed the 0.3 g/kg OS-Selplex supplemented diet. Growth, flesh protein, and liver lipids, were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fish fed all OS-Selplex supplemented diets compared to the control group. Flesh moisture content was lower (P < 0.05) in fish fed 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 g/kg OS-Selplex supplemented diets. Hematocrit values (Ht) of the fish fed 0.3 and 0.4 g/kg OS-Selplex supplemented diets were higher than in fish fed the other diets (P < 0.05). The highest proportions of monocytes were obtained in fish fed 0.2 and 0.3 g/kg OS-Selplex supplemented diets. The results suggest that feeding 0.3 g/kg of OS-Selplex in diets increases growth performance and health status of snub-nose dart.
Molluscicidal and Piscicidal Activities of Extracts of Castor (Ricinus communis) Bean for Aquaculture Management
Authors: Baleta Francis Nuestro , Ramos-Castro Marites M. , Canceran May Anne S.
Published: February 2021

The study assessed the molluscicidal and piscicidal activities of castor plant Ricinus communis using its fruit (dried and fresh) against large and small golden apple Snails (GAS) and mosquito fish. We focused on the laboratory determination of lethal concentrations LC50 and LC100 through a static bioassay test. Separate experiments were performed for GAS and mosquito fish and ten experimental animals where stocked in each experimental unit. Based on a 24-hour lethal concentration (LC100), the toxicity for large GAS was 96.21 ml/L for fresh fruits, 124.02 ml/L for dried beans. For small GAS, the toxic concentrations were 91.75 ml/L for dried beans, and 105.89 ml/L for fresh fruits. For the 24-h LC50, the toxicity to large GAS of the two extracts were 47.05 ml/L for dried beans, and 39.28 ml/L for fresh fruits, and for small GAS they were 44.87 ml/L for dried beans, and 51.17 ml/L for fresh fruit. The lethal concentration LC100 for mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis Baird and Gerard) was 2.08 ml/L for fresh extract and 1.71 ml/L for dried extract, while LC50 on the 24-hour basis was 0.88 ml/L for fresh extract, and 0.35 ml/L for dried extract.
Use of Herbal Extracts for Controlling Reproduction in Tilapia Culture: Trends and Prospects - a Review
Authors: Xu Pao , Kpundeh Mathew D. , Qiang Jun , Gabriel Ndakalimwe Naftal
Published: February 2021

The use of synthetic chemicals in the production of food for human consumption has been condemned by many nations, due to their potential health and environmental hazards. In tilapia farming in particular, synthetic sex reversal hormones have been commonly used to produce all male tilapia progenies. Recently, several herbal extracts have been reported to possess estrogenic properties, some of which are capable of inducing antifertility, abortifacient, and sex inversion in animals. Hence, herbal extracts could be used as safe alternative agents to control precocious tilapia maturity and prolific breeding in production systems. Dietary Basella alba, Quillaja saponaria, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Glycine max and Tribulus terrestris extracts have been reported to shift tilapia sex ratio in favor of males. Moreover, Moringa oleifera, Carica papaya, Aloe vera, Azadirachta indica, and Hibiscus rosasinesis extracts demonstrated a direct effect on gonad morphology and delayed maturation in some tilapia species. However, there are limitations, which make it hard for this novel development to progress from experimental trials to widespread adoption by farmers because of lack of adequate knowledge on phytoestrogen extraction methods, their extract concentrations, and identification methods. Hence, there is a need for more research to standardize every aspect concerning the use of phytoestrogens in tilapia culture. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the available studies on the use of herbal extracts as potential alternatives to control tilapia reproduction in aquaculture, while also discussing limitations in the existing knowledge and finding a way forward.
Control of Microcystis aeruginosa with Galla chinensis
Authors: Nie Jiangli , Shii Cong , Yi Pei , Qi Hongli
Published: February 2021

Galla chinensis (nutgall), used in traditional Chinese medicine, is a product extracted from nutgall trees in Chinese forests. In this study, Microcystis aeruginosa, a cyanobacterium, was exposed to different concentrations of nutgall extract obtained from Galla chinensis. With increased exposure concentration, and time, the cell density of M. aeruginosa was significantly reduced. After 72 h of exposure, the chlorophyll a content of M. aeruginosa significantly decreased; superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased at a low nutgall concentration but decreased at higher concentrations. Cellular ultrastructure was observed by electron microscopy. With increased nutgall concentrations, M. aeruginosa cell walls became wrinkled, collapsed, and ruptured. The photosynthetic thylakoid lamellae were fractured and dispersed, fewer phycobilisomes attached to the photosynthetic thylakoid membrane and were dispersed into the cytoplasm, and the number of lipid particles and cyanophycin granules increased. A large void appeared in the nuclear area and most of the algal cells died. In conclusion, these observations indicate that Galla chinensis has a significant allelopathic effect, and can effectively inhibit the growth of M. aeruginosa
Dietary effect of Quillaja saponaria and/or Yucca schidigera extract on growth and survival of common carp Cyprinus carpio, their antioxidant capacity and metabolic response to hypoxic condition
Authors: Angeles Isagani P. Jr , Chien Yew-Hu
Published: February 2021

This study evaluated dietary effects of extracts of Quillay Quillaja saponaria, and/or Yucca Yucca schidigera on growth and survival of juvenile common carp Cyprinus carpio, and their antioxidant capacity and metabolic response to low dissolved oxygen (DO) stress. For 8 weeks, fish were fed one of 4 different diets. The diets were supplemented with either 150 mg/kg Quillay (QS), 150 mg/kg Yucca (YS), the combination of 75 mg/kg Quillay and 75 mg/kg Yucca (M), or control diet (C) without addition of Quillay or Yucca. Growth and survival were monitored periodically. After rearing, fish were subjected to low DO stress, and after a week, antioxidant capacity (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase) and metabolic response (glucose, triglycerides and lactate) were analyzed. QSfed fish had the highest weight gain among all the treatments. Treatments did not affect fish survival a week after low DO stress. Among antioxidant capacity and metabolic response, significant effects were found only on superoxide dismutase and glucose. QS fed fish had 39% lower plasma superoxide dismutase than the C and M groups. QS and M groups exhibited 29% and 26% lower plasma glucose than the C group, respectively. Overall, the QS diet improved growth and exhibited favorable antioxidant capacity and metabolic response of carp to low dissolved oxygen environment.
Growth and Biochemical Composition of Navicula sp. Cultivated at Two Light Intensities and Three Wavelengths
Authors: Fimbres-Olivarría D. , López-Elías J.A. , Martínez-Córdova L.R. , Carvajal-Millán E. , Enríquez-Ocaña F. , Valdéz-Holguín E. , Miranda-Baeza A.
Published: February 2021

Many studies have reported that the exposure of microalgae cultures to red light increases the production of carbohydrates, while blue light promotes the production of protein. There are several studies about Navicula, however there are few, if any, studies of the combined effects of wavelength and light intensity on the biochemical composition of this genus In this study we evaluated the combined effect of three wavelengths: white (400-750nm), blue (430-480nm), and red (650-750nm), at two light intensities (50 and100 μmol/m2/sec) on the growth and biochemical composition of Navicula sp. cultured on a laboratory scale. The experiment was carried out under controlled conditions utilizing a factorial design 2x3 (light intensity and wavelength) with white light as the control. The cell concentration was measured daily. Dry biomass of filtered cells was incinerated at 450ºC in a muffle oven. The biochemical content was measured using micro methods. The cell concentration was higher with white light at both intensities (291,875 and 90,938 cells/mL at 50 and100 μmol photon/m2/sec, respectively). Microalgae grown under blue wavelengths at 100 μmol photon/m2/sec had the highest dry biomass (1607 pg/cell). The highest percentage of protein was obtained under the blue light (22.83%), carbohydrates under the white light (4.13) and lipids under the red light (35.25%) all these results were observed under the low light intensity (50 μmol photon/m2/sec). The highest cell concentration and growth rate was observed under the low light intensity the largest proportions of which were proteins produced under the blue light. Lipid composition was not affected by light intensity or wavelength.
Effects of Dietary Spirulina pacifica on Innate Immunity and Disease Resistance against Edwardsiella tarda in Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus
Authors: Kim Sung-Sam , Shin Seung-Jun , Han Hyon-Sob , Kim Jeong-Dae , Lee Kyeong-Jun
Published: February 2021

We tested the effects of short-term dietary supplementation of Spirulina pacifica on non-specific responses and disease resistance to Edwardsiella tarda in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Four isonitrogenous (46% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.3 MJ/kg dry mass) experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 3, 6 or 9% S. pacifica (designated SPI0, SPI3, SPI6 and SPI9, respectively). Three replicate fish groups (30 fish/tank) were fed one of the experimental diets for 15 days. After 15 days, healthy fish (30 per dietary treatment) of similar size were injected with 1 mL of E. tarda suspension to evaluate disease resistance. Dietary supplementation with spirulina resulted in significantly enhanced non-specific immune responses compared to the control groups. Cumulative mortality in the challenge test with E. tarda was significantly lower in fish fed diets containing spirulina compared to that of fish fed the control diet. These results indicate that dietary supplementation of spirulina can enhance non-specific immune responses and disease resistance of olive flounder even over a relatively short feeding period.
The Effect of Dietary Lipid Levels on Growth Performance, Lipid Deposition, and Antioxidant Status of Juvenile Turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, Fed Isonitrogenous and Isoenergetics Diets
Authors: Zhang Hongjuan , Sun Jingwu , Liu Haiyan , Zhao Wenqing , Yang Zhencai
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different lipid (fish oil/soybean oil=1:1, w/w) levels in diets with 45% crude protein on growth performance, body composition, and antioxidant status of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). 2040 turbot (39±0.2g) were randomly divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates and fed isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets with lipid levels of 6.0%(L6.0), 8.5%(L8.5), 11.0%(L11.0), and 13.5%(L13.5) for 56 days. Hepatic lipase (HL) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were evaluated, as well as lipid peroxidation measured as malondialdehyde (MDA). Results showed that no significant difference was observed in feeding rate (FR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and protein retention, while dietary lipid levels caused a significant increase (P<0.05) in specific growth rate (SGR) The L13.5 group showed the highest lipid and energy retention and this was significantly higher than in other groups; lipid content in whole body and liver increased significantly with increased dietary lipid (P<0.05); the HL and SOD activity, and MDA in the liver all increased significantly (P<0.05)with dietary lipid supplementation in L13.5. In general, high dietary lipid levels enhanced growth rate of turbot, but the increment of growth was due mainly to excessive lipid deposition. Oxidation stress was observed in fish fed the diet containing 13.5% lipid. The optimal level of dietary lipid for good growth and antioxidant status in turbot was found to be 11%.
Effect of Feeding Rate on Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, and Blood-Chemistry Indicators of Nutritional Status in Juvenile Gift Strain Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus L.)
Authors: Didlyn Kpundeh Mathew , Pao Xu , Jun Qiang , Hong Yang , Jie He
Published: February 2021

This study investigated the effect of feeding rates (2-10% of body weight), on the growth performance, feed utilization, and blood-chemistry indicators of nutritional status in juvenile GIFT strain tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus) initial weight 72.73±0.15g. The 56 day trial conducted in cages tested five groups, with three replicates each. Fish were fed twice a day. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA. Results showed that final body weight, food conversion rate (FCR), weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention efficiency (PRE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed intake, and condition factor (CF) were significantly affected by the feeding rates (P<0.05). The broken line method of linear regression analysis, y=17638x-217.9, R²=0.945; y=280x+860.6, R2=1, indicated that maximum weight gain occurred at 6.21% feeding rate. Insulin growth factor-one (IGF-I) level, hepatosomatic index (HSI), white blood cell (Wbc), red blood cell (Rbc), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Ht) parameters were not significantly affected by the feeding rates (P>0.05). Serum indicative parameters of liver-enzyme functions and food metabolism, including blood glucose (GLU), triglyceride (TG), total protein (TP) levels, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activities were assayed. Blood glucose level of the fish was significantly affected by the feeding rates (P<0.05). TG and TP levels; AST, ALT and ALP activities were not significantly affected by the feeding rates (P>0.05). Feed provided at a rate of 2%-10% of body weight may meet physiological wellbeing of GIFT strain tilapia, however growth performance and other endocrine functions (IGF-I) are affected by lower and higher feeding rates. Our findings could be very useful to tilapia farmers.
Immune Response in Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, Induced by the Surface Immunogenic Protein (Sip) of Streptococcus agalactiae
Authors: Wang Bei , Lu Yishan , Wu Zaohe , Jian Jichang
Published: February 2021

The main aim of this study was to demonstrate that the surface immunogenic protein (Sip) of the aquatic pathogen Streptococcus agalactiae is a potential candidate for vaccine development for Oreochromis niloticus. In this study, a Sip was identified. Alignment analysis indicated that the Sip protein was highly homologous with Sip proteins from other S. agalactiae isolated from humans (99%). SDS-PAGE procedure indicated that the Sip protein was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant Sip protein was purified by affinity chromatography, and the mouse anti-Sip serum was produced. Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus were vaccinated with Sip, and immunogenicity was confirmed by subsequent western blotting. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis demonstrated that Sip produced an observable antibody response in all sera of the vaccinated fish. The relative percentage survival (RPS) value for the Sip vaccine was 90.62. Tilapia vaccinated with Sip produced specific antibodies, and were highly resistant to infection by the virulent S. agalactiae. These results indicate that Sip is an effective vaccine candidate against S. agalactiae for tilapia, Oreochromisniloticus.