bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ecological Distribution of some South American Grass and Sugar-cane Borers (Diatraea spp., Lep., Pyralidae)
Authors: Myers J. G.
Published: July 2009

1. The survey of Diatraea spp. in their primitive habitats has been extended to cover the interior Guiana plateau, the Rio Branco, the lower Rio Negro and the lower Amazon.

2. The greatest practical result has been the discovery and introduction into British Guiana of the Amazon fly parasite (Metagonistylum minense) of D. saccharalis.

3. The most interesting ecological result was the finding of several Diatraea spp. as original members of a true savannah association.

4. The twelve species considered are grouped as forest, riparian, savannah and domestic species.

5. The two forest species are D. bellifactella and D. brunnescens.

6. Riparian grass associations are developed over huge areas on the lower Amazon, where they may be divided roughly into three main zones, dominated by Paspalum repens, Echinochloa polystachya and Paspalum fasciculatum, respectively.

7. The chief, and in fact only Diatraea of the first and second zones, is D. saccharalis, which is occasionally abundant.

8. The P. fasciculatum zone is colonised by D. amazonica and D. myersi.

9. The pure savannah species are D. canella, D. impersonatella, D. savannarum and D. cayennella.

10. D. lineolata is practically confined to maize, and no wild host-plants, either naturalised or indigenous, are known.

11. Five species attack cane, namely, saccharalis, busckella, impersonatella, canella and albicrinella, and all except the latter are major pests over considerable areas.
An improved Air-pump for Use in the Preservation of Larvae
Authors: Miller N. C. E.
Published: July 2009

The air-pump which is described in the present paper was designed in order to replace the rubber double-bellows type of inflator supplied with apparatus for use in the preservation of larvae. In the tropics, the life of articles manufactured from rubber is a comparatively short one, since rubber perishes if frequently handled, or even if stored, in spite of being packed in French chalk. The only rubber article necessary for use with this pump is tubing, which is easily replaceable. In Malaya, it has been found that the double-bellows type of inflator is unsatisfactory, owing to its rapid deterioration.
A new Disease of Cardamom (Elatteria cardamomi) apparently due to Insect Damage in South India
Authors: Ramakrishna Ayyar T. V. , Kylasam M. S.
Published: July 2009

So far as the writers are aware, there is very little on record regarding insect pests of cardamom, especially of those affecting the growing crop, in India. This is chiefly due to the fact that this crop is grown only in some select forest areas, and we get very few opportunities of studying its diseases. The only insects so far recorded as casual pests of cardamom appear to be (1) the shoot-borer caterpillar (Dichocrocis punctiferalis, Guen.) recorded by Macmillan in 1925 ; this is a well-known pest of castor, turmeric and ginger in the plains. (2) A capsule-boring Scolytid beetle, a minute dark brown insect boring in the capsules like the rice weevil; it is not quite clear from the available information in the records from Coorg whether this was noted as a pest of the growing crop or only in the stored dry capsules. (3) The cardamom borer, Lampides elpis, Godt., the pinkish caterpillar of a small blue Lycaenid butterfly which has been noted to attack the flowers and pods to a certain extent but not seriously. (4) A swarming caterpillar (Eupterote sp.) which was once noted as causing substantial defoliation of the crop. (5) A white delicate lace-wing bug (Stephanitis typicus, Dist.), a minor pest also found on turmeric and ginger. A few others, like Ischnodemus vochus, Tol. (a bug) and Hilarographa caminodes, Meyr. (a root-boring caterpillar), have also been noted off and on ; but none of them has ever attained the status of a serious pest.
New Hypogeic Mealybugs (Coccidae) from East Africa
Authors: James H. C.
Published: July 2009

The following addition to the Coccidae consists of eleven new species which are assigned to the Pseudococcine genera Rhizoecus and Ripersia. A number of indigenous species of root-infesting mealybugs have been implicated with fungoid associates in the causation of certain root diseases of important economic plants in East Africa and the systematic description of hypogeic Coccidae in that area cannot fail to have economic significance.
Eggs of Ficalbia minima, Theo., and Notes on Breeding Habits of three Species of Ficalbia
Authors: Iyengar M. O. T.
Published: July 2009

In this article is recorded the finding of eggs of Ficalbia (Ficalbia) minima, Theo., which were hitherto unknown. A description of these eggs is given and they are compared with eggs of Mansonioides which occur in a similar situation.
The Lily Thrips (Liothrips vaneeckei, Priesner)
Authors: Hodson W. E. H.
Published: July 2009

1. Attention is drawn to the presence of Liothrips vaneeckei upon lilies in this country and reference is made to its known distribution and host plants.

2. The various stages of the thrips are described and figured.

3. The life-history and habits, together with the injury caused, are discussed.

4. Control measures are considered. A method of fumigation with paradichlorbenzene is described, and the necessary apparatus to employ and technique to observe when fumigating upon a commercial scale are outlined.
The economic Possibilities of Aeroplane Dusting against Forest Insects
Authors: Trägårdh Ivar
Published: July 2009

Ten years have now elapsed since the first dusting operations by aeroplanes were carried out against forest insects in Germany. It is therefore a tempting task to try to review the development of this modern method of fighting forest insects and to formulate, at least tentatively, some fundamental conceptions regarding the specific conditions which must be fulfilled before this method is resorted to.
Phase Variation in non-swarming Grasshoppers
Authors: Rubtzov I. A.
Published: July 2009

1. All the species of Siberian grasshoppers that have been studied in sufficient detail consist of a series of races exhibiting parallel coloration, structure and behaviour characters.

2. Every race ofChorthippus albomarginatus, Zett.,Aeropus sibiricus, L., and of other species, has in its hopper and adult stage a series of colour forms analogous in their characters to the phasessolitaria, transiensandgregariaof swarming locusts.

3. These colour forms are very unstable and undergo changes during the individual life due to the conditions of breeding.

4. Breeding in crowded conditions results in the predominance of dark-coloured forms, with black and sometimes with orange spots. Breeding in isolation, on the contrary, results in light forms of various colours.

5. No complete transformation of all the individuals in a population is observed in Siberian grasshoppers, and the intermediate forms represent a considerable portion of every population.

6. These colour forms, which can be considered as phases, differ also in their structural characters. Phasegregariais larger and more long-winged than phasesolitaria.

7. The phases differ further in their behaviour, ph.gregariabeing more mobile and inclined to migrations, than ph.solitaria.

8. Every species and every race which have been studied exhibit a potential ability to produce phases, but this ability is not equal in all species and races. Those species and races which, owing to their habits and to the conditions of their habitats, can multiply in masses in restricted areas are more inclined to phase variability.
Further Notes on the Geographical Distribution of Old World Species ofOrnithodoros(Acarina)
Authors: Leeson H. S.
Published: July 2009

Since the publication of the previous paper (Leeson, 1953), additional information has been accumulated on the geographical distribution of some of the Old World ticks of the genusOrnithodorosand two new species (zumptiandarenicolous) have been described. Much of this additional matter has been communicated to me by correspondents who have been kind enough to give permission for its publication here. Their names are enclosed in brackets after the new data to indicate the source and to these workers I tender my sincere thanks.
A Method of Marking Isolated Adult Locusts in Large Numbers as an Aid to the Study of their Seasonal Migrations
Authors: Davey J. T.
Published: July 2009

A method of marking adult locusts, particularly useful when numbers are low and hand marking would be difficult, is described. It involves the use of a small hand spray gun from which a jet of paint can be directed at the locusts in spurts at ranges up to about 15 ft. The paints tested consisted of suspensions of pigments in light oil.

The paints are of low toxicity and the marks remain visible for many weeks. By the use of this method far more locusts can be marked in a given time than could be marked by hand. The efficiency of the method is reduced by high winds and dense vegetation, and it is more costly than hand marking. Most of the marked locusts cannot be recognised as such without being captured.

Some results obtained with this method in the French Sudan are given. In two months more than 50,000 locusts, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R. & F.), were marked with a red paint; four were recovered 60 kilometres or more from the area in which they were marked, and the paint was clearly visible after five weeks.

Ways of improving the technique, and other possible methods of marking, are discussed.
The Nomenclature and Life-cycle of the European Tarnished Plant Bug,Lygus rugulipennisPoppius (Hem., Miridae)
Authors: Southwood T. R. E.
Published: July 2009

Recent taxonomic studies have recognised thatLygus pratensis(L.) consists of several species and other workers have shown that the Tarnished Plant Bug of N. America isL. lineolaris(P. de B.), a species confined to that continent. Although it is impossible to be certain what species is referred to in all of the earlier works on biology and pest incidence ofL. pratensisin the Palaearctic region, evidence is given which shows thatL. rugulipennisPopp. is the more important pest in this region and it is to this species that the name European Tarnished Plant Bug should be applied. Observations on the life-cycle ofL. rugulipennisin England have been carried out and they show that there are normally two generations per year; the second generation becomes adult in the autumn and overwinters in this stage, egg-laying occurring the following spring. This agrees in general with that previously described forL. pratensis, sens. lat.
Biology of Phlebotomus sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in two contrasting leishmaniasis foci of south-west Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Zahrani M. A. , Lane R. P. , Chin I. Ching , Asiry M. A. , Peters W.
Published: July 2009

In south-west Saudi Arabia two forms of leishmaniasis occur. Visceral disease (VL) due to Leishmania infantum affects humans (mainly infants) in lowland areas and cutaneous disease (CL) due to L. tropica affects a broader age group in highland areas. Leishmania infantum is common in dogs and may occasionally infect man. Longitudinal sampling of sandflies in two foci with matched sticky and light traps inside and outside houses demonstrated that, although the species composition was very similar, the dominant species in the highlands (Phlebotomus sergenti Parrot) was different from that in the lowlands (P. bergeroti Parrot). In both habitats there was a marked seasonal variation in abundance, peak levels in the lowlands preceding the highlands, as did sandfly numbers inside houses compared to outside houses.

Phlebotomus sergenti were found infected with L. tropica in June and July which, together with its endophilic behaviour, incriminated this species as the vector of cutaneous disease. The vector of visceral disease in humans is suspected to be either P. alexandri Sinton or P. orientalis Parrot, but not P. arabicus Theodor as previously suggested.
Oviposition pattern and behaviour of the pine sawfly Neodiprion sertifer (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Blümke A. , Anderbrant O.
Published: July 2009

The potential role of oviposition deterrents in the egglaying behaviour of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) females was studied by investigation of natural egg distribution, and by a laboratory study of potential oviposition deterrents. Pine shoots were sampled from different whorls on the sun-exposed and the shaded side of trees. More shoots with eggs from two or more females were found than would be expected if each female laid eggs on a randomly chosen shoot. The anti-predatory larval oral secretion of N. sertifer had no effect on N. sertifer egglaying but acted as an oviposition deterrent to Diprion pini in laboratory experiments. The different responses may be due to differences in the species' life-cycles. In other experiments, the effect of the presence of N. sertifer eggs, extracts obtained from eggs or from needles with eggs, were all tested on N. sertifer egg laying. None of the treatments had any inhibitory effect on egglaying. Thus, neither the natural pattern of egg distribution nor the results of the laboratory experiments indicated that an oviposition deterring pheromone is used by N. sertifer. Results from earlier studies, showing a deterrent effect of larval oral secretion in D. pini, were confirmed.
Population genetics of redlegged earth mitesHalotydeus destructorandH. anthropus(Acarina: Penthaleidae) from Australia and or South Africa
Authors: Qin T.-K.
Published: July 2009

A population genetic study ofHalotydeus destructor(Tucker) andH. anthropusQin & Halliday was undertaken using allozyme electrophoresis. Allele frequency data were collected from five polymorphic loci (Gpi—glucose phosphate isomerase,G6pd—glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,Idh— isocitrate dehydrogenase,Mdh— malate dehydrogenase, andPgm–phosphoglucomutase) to determine genetic variability and levels of gene flow among Australian and South African populations. The two species could be distinguished by the most common allele atGpiand usuallyPgm. There was no evidence for subdivision among the Australian populations ofH. destructor, but the levels of substructuring among the South African populations ofH. destructorand those ofH. anthropuswere high. The geographic origin ofH. destructoris discussed; the evidence suggests that the original source of the Australian populations ofH. destructorwas from Cape Town, South Africa.
Characterization of a microsatellite locus in the parasitoid waspAphelinus abdominalis(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
Authors: Vanlerberghe-Masutti F. , Chavigny P.
Published: July 2009

Primers for DNA amplification using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were synthesized for a microsatellite locus isolated from a partial genomic library of the aphid parasitoidAphelinus abdominalis(Dalman). Screening for genetic polymorphism at this locus in two laboratory strains of this wasp revealed the presence of two alleles different in the number of (GT) and (GGC) repeats. The relative frequencies of the two alleles were not significantly different between the two strains or between diploid females and haploid males. Heterozygosity at this microsatellite locus was estimated to be 0.40 which is within the range in other hymenopterous species. Given thatA. abdominalisis a good candidate for augmentative release programmes in greenhouses against aphids, we suggest that microsatellite markers may have application in discriminating among aphelinid sibling species and strains. The markers provide a means for studying the performance and impact of selected parasitoid lines on pest dynamics in field release experiments.
A summary of our knowledge of Insect Vectors of Disease
Authors: MacGregor Malcolm Evan
Published: July 2009

So much has been said about insects since the War began that it is, I think, advisable that some attempt should be made to summarise our knowledge of the more important insect-borne diseases and their vectors. While insects have long been suspected of being responsible for the transmission of serious diseases, it may be said that practically the whole of our knowledge of insects in this rôle has been acquired within the past twenty years. So rapidly, however, has the charge on this offence been made out against them that, although it is common knowledge that they have been proved guilty, it is not generally realised upon how many counts the verdict rests.
The western and northern limit of Glossina morsitans in Northern Katanga
Authors: Schwetz
Published: July 2009

The hypothesis which I have previously suggested, that the limit of morsitans coincides more or less with that of the park (at least in Katanga), has just been confirmed by several new observations.. But sometimes the range of the fly terminates before the disappearance of the park. This double disappearance is generally gradual.

Between 9° and 5° S. Lat. the western limits of the park and of G. morsitans coincide roughly with the Lualaba-Lomami watershed, but most frequently they disappear a little to the east of this line, that is to say, they do not quite reach the Lomami basin.

In this region, between the Lualaba and the Lomami, the park and morsitans gradually disappear in the neighbourhood of 5·30° S. Lat., that is, a little south of Kongolo.
A new Weevil pest of Sweet Potatoes in Jamaica
Authors: Marshall Guy A. K.
Published: July 2009

The Imperial Bureau of Entomology has recently received from Mr. A. H. Ritchie, Government Entomologist in Jamaica, specimens of a weevil which he found to be doing serious injury to the tubers of a crop of sweet potatoes. The insect belongs to the sub-family Cryptorrhynchinae and proves to be an undescribed species of the genus Palaeopus, Fst. (Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1896, p. 51 & 60).
On the Mosquitos of Macedonia
Authors: Waterston James
Published: July 2009

This report, which is of a preliminary nature, deals with the species of Culicidae met with in Macedonia by the British Malaria Commission during the latter half, of 1917. The collections of the Commission have been augmented by material forwarded from time to time to the Malaria Enquiry Laboratory, Salonika, by various Medical Officers and others in the field. While engaged in working out these and other blood-sucking Arthropods, I had the privilege of examining, through the kindness of Dr. Joyeux, of the Mission Antipaludique, samples of species taken within the areas under French control. As our reports are to appear almost simultaneously, and as my colleague has devoted special attention to the larval morphology of these insects, I have confined myself here mainly to the adults, and field notes. I desire to thank heartily the following officers for material and notes supplied—Majors Bissett and Armour; Captains Boyd, Candler, Peacock and Carnwath. I have also been indebted in many ways to the kindness of Lt.-Col. C. M. Wenyon, O.C. the Malaria Enquiry Laboratory. For the work of identification the Trustees of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) have afforded every facility, and in this connection my best thanks are due to Mr. Lang of the Museum Staff. Again, as on many another occasion, it is a pleasure to acknowledge the assistance ungrudgingly rendered by Dr. G. A. K. Marshall, Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology.
On Two Species of Physothrips (Thysanoptera) injurious to Tea in India
Authors: Bagnall Richard S.
Published: July 2009

The two species of thrips described in the following pages have been found on tea in sufficient numbers as to be regarded as pests, and they should therefore be made known to economic biologists. A member of the sub-order Tubulifera (Haplothrips sp.) was also found both by Prof. Maxwell Lefroy and Mr. Andrews on tea, but it seems to occur also on other plants; I have not yet had the opportunity of studying it.

P. lefroyi is a strongly characterised species both in structure and coloration; whilst P. setiventris, when both sexes are taken, should be easily recognised by the black “ tail ” of the ♂. The former species may ultimately be removed from the genus Physothrips, with advantage.
On the Rubber Thrips (Physothrips funtumiae, Bagn.) and its Allies
Authors: Bagnall Richard S.
Published: July 2009

The rubber thrips deserves to be more widely known, not only on account of its economic importance, but because it forms the type of a small group of the genus Physothrips, separated at once by the structure of the sternites 3 to 7 in the ♂. In some species the sternites are simple, but in most they are characterised by one well-formed and defined thinly chitinised area in the centre of each, either round, transverse or oviform, generally largish but sometimes reduced to a small puncture-like depression. These male features are found also in other genera. In P. funtumiae and its allies however the sternites 3 to 7 have numerous, usually irregular, depressions, smaller or greater, arranged in 2 to 4 more or less regular or defined, transverse rows. In one species (P. funtumiae) the anterior row of areas is characterised by the possession of a long, transverse, median area; but this is occasionally broken up to a greater or less degree.
Descriptions of some Capsidæ from the Belgian Congo
Authors: Distant W. L.
Published: July 2009

Lycidocoris, Reut. & Popp., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 409; Popp., Acta Soc. Scient. Fenn., xli, p. 182 (1912).
The Coccidae of South Africa-II
Authors: Brain Chas. K.
Published: July 2009

Although a large variety of plant-galls are known in South Africa, only four have so far been determined to be caused by Coccids. These are of particular interest because no two of them are similar, and more remarkable still is the fact that no two of the insects belong to the same genus, nor apparently to the same sub-family. Under these circumstances it has been thought advisable to group them together without reference to their systematic position in this paper. The characters of the galls and insects may be seen from Plates iii and iv.
Further Notes on the Food-plants of Nigerian Insects. III
Authors: Golding F. D.
Published: July 2009

In 1927 and 1931 the writer published two papers on the food-plants of some Nigerian insects; the present paper contains additional data obtained since 1931. The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to the Imperial Institute of Entomology and the specialists of the Department of Entomology in the British Museum for identifying the insects mentioned and to Messrs J. West and O. J. Voelcker for supplying him with many of the Lepidopterous larvae.
Ecological Studies of the Greenhouse Thrips, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, in Palestine
Authors: Rivnay E.
Published: July 2009

1. The effects of humidity upon the rate of development of the egg, larva and pupa of Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, Bché., is quite negligible.

2. The rate of development and reproduction primarily depends upon the temperature.

3. The larva and adult are more resistant to the ill effects of combined temperature and relative humidity than are the egg and pupa.

4. Humidity of above 87 per cent. is the safe zone for the development of the pupa.

5. A temperature-activity scale for Heliothrips is given.

6. The plant tissue wherein the egg is laid may have a detrimental effect upon the egg under certain conditions.

7. The effects of the particular climatic conditions of Palestine on the seasonal abundance of the insect are described.
Incidence of Attack by the Pin-hole Borer, Platypus cylindrus, F., in English Ash
Authors: Fisher Ronald C.
Published: July 2009

Pin-hole borer damage to timber, caused by beetles of the families Scolytidae and Platypodidae, is associated chiefly with recently felled logs and occasionally with standing trees which are in an unhealthy condition. Information collected within recent years by the Forest Products Research Laboratory, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, suggests that attack in standing trees may, however, be of more frequent occurrence than has been commonly supposed. In this connection, an interesting case of damage to English ash by the Platypodid beetle, Platypus cylindrus, F., is worthy of record.
The Food of Tsetse-flies (Glossina swynnertoni and G. palpalis) as determined by the Precipitin Test
Authors: Symes C. B. , McMahon J. P.
Published: July 2009

1. The main food hosts of Glossina swynnertoni in a district of Tanganyika appear to be (a) one or more Bovids, perhaps kudu or roan, exhibiting a close blood relationship to ox or buffalo ; (b) giraffe ; (c) pig. There is evidence that monkey or baboon is also made use of and that zebra definitely is not.

2. With regard to G. palpalis on Maboko Island, crocodile and hippopotamus are important hosts. But they are far less important than we had supposed. The majority of flies appear to have fed on some animal not yet determined.
The Mechanism of Respiration of Locusts and its Bearing on the Problem of Inhalation of Poison Dusts
Authors: Hamilton A. G.
Published: July 2009

1. Measurements of the spiracles and the tracheae of 5th instar hoppers and adults ofLocustaand adults ofSchistocercahave been made (see Tables I, II and IV). These measurements show that particles of dust which had passed a 300 B.S. Sieve (i.e., under 0·053 mm. in diameter) are small enough to enter all the spiracles and that the particles which had passed a 150 B.S. Sieve (i.e., under 0·104 mm. in diameter) could enter spiracles 1 to 4 and 10.

2. It has been proved by the presence of particles of dust in the respective spiracles, that spiracles 1 to 4 are inspiratory in function and spiracles 5 to 9 expiratory under all conditions, while the function of spiracle 10 is expiratory when the locust is flying and inspiratory when it is motionless.

3. The quantity of dust present in the tracheae increases with the length of exposure to the cloud of dust ; the quantity present after 10 seconds exposure is not regarded as sufficient to kill the locust.

4. The action of external poisons is thought to be by direct penetration of the integument or through the nerve endings or both.

5. The results given in this paper suggest that further work on the action of poison dusts should be concentrated on the investigation of direct penetration of the integument and of the nerve action, rather than poisoning through the respiratory system.
The Distribution of Tsetse-flies in Tanganyika Territory
Authors: Potts W. H.
Published: July 2009

1. Details are given of the distribution of the eight species of tsetse occurring in the Tanganyika Territory (G. brevipalpis, G. longipennis, G. fuscipleuris, G. palpalis, G. morsitans, G. swynnertoni, G. pallidipes, and G. austeni).

2. The effect of past climatic changes on the present distribution of some of the species is discussed in a somewhat speculative manner.

3. The detailed information is summarised in a general description and map of the fly-belts of the Territory.

4. The effect of certain broad vegetation types and major topographical features on the distribution of species of tsetse in Tanganyika are discussed.

5. The effect of the major topographical features in limiting the distribution of the fly is always found to reside in some accompanying vegetative or climatic feature.

6. Possible and likely extensions of the fly-belts are briefly indicated ; if these should take place, but little of Tanganyika Territory would remain uninfested by tsetse-fly. The possibility of natural retreat of fly-belts is also discussed.

7. A few details are given of the habits and habitats of some of the lesser known species (G. longipennis, G. fuscipleuris and G. austeni).
A Study of spontaneous Locomotor Activity inLocusta migratoria migratorioides(R. & F.) by the Actograph Method
Authors: Edney E. Berry
Published: July 2009

An actograph apparatus is described for recording in 24-hour periods, under controlled conditions, the activity ofLocusta migratoria migratorioides(R. & F.) in terms of distance travelled.

Great variation was observed in the amount of activity shown by different individuals and the activity of any one individual is shown to vary considerably over each stadium, the highest level occurring about half-way between moults, and falling off towards the beginning and end of each stadium.

An insect is shown to be capable of very intense activity immediately before a moult if no convenient moulting place is found.

No significant difference is found between the activity of males and females, but the average distance travelled in a 24-hour period in the 4th and 5th stadia is shown to be greater than that in the 2nd or 3rd.

The daily activity of adults is shown to vary considerably from day to day, and the diurnal distribution of the activity of adults up to seven days old is shown to be similar to that of nymphs.

The unequal distribution of activity over each 24-hour period is shown to be due to absence of fresh food in the second half of each record, and the effect of this starvation is shown to vary according to the stage of development of the insect.

The effects of changes in relative humidity on the amount and distribution of activity are shown to be very slight or none.

A diurnal periodicity is shown to be induced in the insects when reared under alternating 12-hour periods of light and dark. The longer the conditioning lasts, the more clear-cut is the periodicity. In constant darkness the periodicity is retained for only a few days and gradually disappears.

A tendency for periods of high activity to recur every 2–2½ hours is demonstrated in certain records. In the other records, constituting actually the majority, it is suggested that the periodicity is masked or that the locust's nervous mechanism is inadequate to maintain it.

Preliminary experiments with a form of trophograph suggest that the 2–2½ hour periodicity may be associated with a hunger rhythm.
Evidence for a possible fitness trade-off between insecticide resistance and the low temperature movement that is essential for survival of UK populations of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Foster S. P. , Harrington R. , Devonshire A. L. , Denholm I. , Clark S. J. , Mugglestone M. A.
Published: July 2009

Apterous aphids need to move from ageing to younger leaves in order to survive UK winters. This behaviour was studied at low temperatures in field and laboratory trials using Myzus persicae (Sulzer) clones representing all five recognized categories of esterase-based insecticide resistance found in UK populations. Both studies showed that the tendency of aphids to move from deteriorating leaves was inversely related to their insecticide resistance level. This maladaptive behaviour associated with greater insecticide resistance could lead to increased risks of aphids becoming separated from plants after leaf fall, and subsequent death from starvation when adverse cold and wet conditions prevent return. Revertant clones, that had spontaneously lost extreme resistance to insecticides by ceasing to express their amplified esterase genes, tended to show similar behaviour to aphids that had retained their high resistance phenotypes. This implies that rates of movement were not related directly to esterase production.
The Insect Parasites of the Spruce Sawfly (Diprion polytomum, Htg.) in Europe
Authors: Morris K. R. S. , Cameron E. , Jepson W. F.
Published: July 2009

A severe outbreak of the Spruce Sawfly (Diprion polytomum, Htg.) in Eastern Canada led to a request to Farnham House Laboratory to investigate, and if possible collect and export, the parasites of this insect in its native home in Europe.

Work started in 1932 and it was found thatD. polytomumwas a comparatively rare insect in Europe, though widely distributed. It is heavily parasitized, 31 species of Hymenopterous and Dipterous parasites having been found up to the present. Nearly twenty-eight million parasitized cocoons and eggs of this and other species ofDiprionhave been collected and despatched from Europe, and work is still continuing.

Previous to the present work only 13 species of parasites, a list of which is given, were recorded from this host.

Of the 31 species now known, 15 are primary, 5 can be primary or secondary, and 9 secondary only; in 2 cases the status is not known.

Descriptions of all the species are given and in the case of the obligatory and facultative primaries, the biology and immature stages are also described and notes added on their suitability for introduction into Canada. A key to the adult parasites is given, and a key to the larval stages of the primary and facultative primary parasites. Some practical notes are also given, including methods of accelerating the emergence of parasites in winter and methods of preparing parasite larvae for examination and identification.
Annotated List of Insects injurious to Native Food Crops in Tanganyika
Authors: Harris W. Victor
Published: July 2009

These crops are all either indigenous or of early introduction, except in the case of special varieties and they have achieved within the limits of their present distribution an equilibrium with their insect pests. Where there is no reasonable chance of a return for his labours, the native has ceased to grow a particular crop. This equilibrium is unstable, since pests increase in numbers at intervals owing to a variety of causes. For example, the introduction of cassava into new areas to prevent famine during the locust invasions brought to light the stem-borer moth, Opogona chlorophanes Meyr. In some cases cassava could not be grown and sweet potato had to be substituted. Acridids such as Eupropacris uniformis suddenly appear in great numbers at long intervals and do. considerable damage, then disappear just as suddenly. Similarly the adverse effect of climate on the crop will render it susceptible to particular pests, especially Aphids, during periods of drought. Agricultural practice is also concerned in this equilibrium, as for example where the time of planting legumes is governed by the attacks of various Galerucid beetles, particularly Ootheca bennigseni, Wse., which are most active during the early rains.
A revision of the north-western European species of thevitripennis, pallipes, octonarius, triangulator, fraternus, formosus, parasitellae, metacarpalisandcircumscriptus-groups ofApantelesFörster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)
Authors: Nixon G. E. J.
Published: July 2009

The north-western European species of thevitripennis, pallipes, octonarius, triangulator, fraternus, formosus, parasitellae, metacarpalisandcircumscriptus-groups ofApantelesare revised. Sixty-five species are dealt with, of which twenty-four are described as new. One species,A. exiguus(Haliday), is lifted from synonymy. Brief notes are added on North American species of thecircumscriptus-group in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) to assist their eventual correlation with the European species. Reference is also made to two species ofHypomicrogaster.
An alcohol dehydrogenase in the mosquito Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Dipt., Culicidae)
Authors: Sakai Richard K. , Iqbal M. Perwaiz , Baker Richard H. , Tahir Muhammad K.
Published: July 2009

A survey of alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) in Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles has uncovered five electrophoretic variants among laboratory strains. Detailed genetic analysis revealed that these variants are inherited as codominant alleles at a single locus. The Adh locus has been assigned to linkage group III between s and cl. A survey of a natural population from Lahore, Pakistan, revealed the presence of four of the five variants and suggests the possibility of using this enzyme polymorphism to monitor a release programme. Substrate specificity tests suggest that this enzyme can utilize almost any aliphatic primary alcohol as a substrate.
Within-plant distribution of thrips and their predators: effects of cotton variety and developmental stage
Authors: Atakan Ekrem , Coll Moshe , Rosen David
Published: July 2009

Plant characteristics often influence the distribution of herbivores and natural enemies. In turn, the degree of their spatial association is likely to influence the ability of natural enemies to control pests. Also, an understanding of pest distribution patterns is important for the development of reliable and cost-effective sampling protocols. In this study, we assessed the effect of cotton variety and developmental stage on the within-plant distribution and degree of spatial overlap between populations of two thrips species and their predators. In the two studied varieties, cv. Pima and Acala, almost all Thrips tabaci Lindeman inhabited the leaves, while Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) colonized only the flowers. With respect to the predators, most Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) were found on the leaves of both varieties, whereas predatory Orius spp. colonized mainly the flowering structures on Pima plants but the leaves on Acala. This variability in prey and predator distribution resulted in a significant and positive correlation between thrips and predator populations on Pima but not on Acala plants. The results also suggest that, overall, thrips are most likely to be preyed upon on squares and to be relatively safe in flowers. An intermediate but relatively high risk of predation apparently occurs on the leaves. The significance of these within-plant distribution patterns for the monitoring of thrips populations is discussed.
Weather associated with spring and summer migrations of rice pests and other insects in south-eastern and Eastern Asia
Authors: Mills A. P. , Rutter J. F. , Rosenberg L. J.
Published: July 2009

Trajectory analysis of the windfields at 10 m and 1.5 km was used to determine the direction and extent of windborne movements of insects trapped in spring and summer in south-eastern and eastern Asia for the period 1968 to 1985. Approximately 2500 trajectories, depicting the movements of airborne particles, were constructed where temperatures were high enough (>=10°C) to allow flight and where wind speeds (> =5 kmh−1) were expected to lead to downwind displacements. Trap catches were dominated (97%) by delphacid species (e.g. Nilaparvata lugens Stål and Sogatella furcifera (Horváth)), with Cicadellidae (1.1%) and Diptera (0.7%) as the next most numerous. Very few Lepidoptera were reported. Most trajectories were less than or equal to 40 h in duration. The previously recognized northwards migration along a broad front in prevailing Summer Monsoon and Trade winds was confirmed, as was the important role of frontal depressions in the windborne migration of insects in temperate areas. Nearly 50% of the trajectories were constructed in mobile weather systems which both disturbed and strengthened the prevailing winds and led to pronounced differences in the direction and distance of sources for insects caught at any catching site. Similarly, fluctuations in position of quasi-stationary fronts induced considerable mixing of populations from different sources and influenced the northern extent of each phase of rice pest migration. The results supported earlier findings that migrations occurred between the tropics and temperate areas during the spring and summer, but also indicated that migrations within the tropics at this time of year were a more frequent occurrence than had been considered previously.
Description of EuropeanChamaespheciaspp. (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) feeding onEuphorbia(Euphorbiaceae), and their potential for biological control of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) in North America
Authors: Tosevski I. , Gassmann André , Schroeder D.
Published: July 2009

The description of the tenChamaespheciaspecies associated withEuphorbiain eastern and south-eastern Europe is based on external adult morphology, male and female genitalia, and the structure of the egg chorion. These species can be divided into two groups according to the shape of the setae of the dorso-basal part of the valvae in the male genitalia. MostChamaespheciaspecies are associated with one species of host-plant and all are closely tied to one habitat type. The host-plant and the structure of the egg chorion are fundamental characteristics for the determination of a few species, and very helpful for the others. All species bore into the main root of their host-plant and overwinter as larvae. With the exception of two species which have an annual or biennial life cycle, all species are univoltine. The larvae of three of the eightChamaespheciaspp. investigated feed and develop in the roots of North American leafy spurge,Euphorbia esulasensu lato. Of these, the best candidate for the biological control of leafy spurge isC. crassicornis, because the larvae have a similar survival rate on the target weed and the European host-plant,E. virgata.
A survey of insecticide resistance in Helicoverpa armigera in the Indian subcontinent
Authors: Armes Nigel J. , Jadhav Deepak R. , DeSouza Kenneth R.
Published: July 2009

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) larvae were collected from field crops and wild hosts in India, Nepal and Pakistan from 1991 to 1995, and ninety eight laboratory cultures established. Cypermethrin, fenvalerate, endosulfan, quinalphos, monocrotophos and methomyl insecticides were topically applied to 30–40 mg, first laboratory generation larvae and resistance determined from log dose probit bioassays. Significant levels of cypermethrin and fenvalerate resistance were found in all field strains, demonstrating that resistance to at least some pyrethroids is now ubiquitous in H. armigera populations in the Indian subcontinent; cypermethrin and fenvalerate resistance levels ranged from 5– to 6500–fold and 16– to 3200–fold respectively. Pyrethroid resistance levels were highest in the intensive cotton and pulse growing regions of central and southern India where excessive application of insecticide is common. In all field strains assayed, pre-treatment with the metabolic synergist piperonyl butoxide (pbo), resulted in significant suppression of pyrethroid resistance. However, in nearly all cases, full suppression of resistance was not achieved. This residual non-pbo-suppressible resistance was most likely due to a nerve-insensitivity resistance mechanism. Pbo-insensitive resistance was highest in regions of India where insecticides were frequently applied to cotton and legume crops. In some regions where insecticides were heavily overused, a second high order nerve-insensitivity mechanism (possibly a Super -Kdr type mechanism), may have been present. Incipient endosulfan resistance (1–28-fold), was present throughout India, Nepal and Pakistan. Low to moderate levels of resistance (2–59–fold), were reported to the phosphorothionate group organophosphate, quinalphos, in India and Pakistan, but there was no evidence of significant resistance (0.4–3–fold), to the phosphate group organophosphate, monocrotophos, under our bioassay conditions between 1993 and 1994. H. armigera strains collected in Nepal in 1993 and 1994 were susceptible to quinalphos, but by 1995, 4–5–fold resistance was detected. It is probable that much of the resistance to pyrethroid, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in the Indian subcontinent can be attributed to an inherited or inducible mixed function oxidase complex. Non-pbo-suppressible resistance becomes significant in regions and periods in the season when insecticide selection pressure on resistant H. armigera larvae on cotton and legume crops is very high.
Response of strains of housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) to commercial bait formulations in the laboratory
Authors: Learmount Jane , Chapman Paul A. , Morris Alan W. , Pinniger David B.
Published: July 2009

Field strains of housefly collected from animal units were exposed to the insecticide baits, Golden Malrin and Alfacron in laboratory cage tests. Flies were exposed to each bait alone in no-choice tests and to the bait plus sugar in choice tests. Golden Malrin was generally effective against the strains tested in no-choice tests; the lowest recorded knockdown after exposure for 48 h was 82%. Eight strains, however, gave a reduced knockdown when exposed in choice tests (between 60 and 87%). Golden Malrin was ineffective against one strain in choice tests with 7% knockdown at 48 h. With Alfacron 12 strains exhibited knockdown responses between 57 and 87% at 48 h in no-choice tests. In choice tests, 17 strains gave knockdown responses of less than 50% at 48 h. Correlation coefficients were calculated for results from cage tests and levels of resistance to the active ingredients assessed using topical application and feeding test methods. There was a positive correlation between cage and feeding test results. Correlation was, however, less significant with choice test results than with no-choice results. There was no correlation between cage test and topical results. It is suggested that behavioural resistance was responsible for the reduced responses shown by some strains in choice tests compared to no-choice tests. The results demonstrate the importance of using a laboratory method which allows for behavioural differences when monitoring for resistance to insecticides formulated as baits. Behavioural differences in housefly strains should be considered when testing the efficacy of new bait formulations. It is also suggested that insecticide baits should not be used continuously and exclusively to control houseflies in intensive animal units.
The Pattern of Glossina morsitans Communities
Authors: Jackson C. H. N.
Published: July 2009

Tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans Westw.) were marked and released at Daga-Iloi, in Tanganyika on four or, usually, six days weekly for over 15 months, at 75 catching points situated 100 yards apart on an “octagonal spiral” whose successive rings were separated by 250 yards. Outer “spirals” were also traversed occasionally.

The country was hilly and dominated by woodland of Brachystegia tamarindoides, broken by more open grassland with Combretum on the one hand and by thicketed ravines on the other. The ungulate animals included zebra, buffalo, bushbuck, roan antelope, hartebeest, reedbuck, duiker, wart-hog and bushpig, with very occasional elephant, rhinoceros, waterbuck and klipspringer. Baboons and Cercopithecus monkeys were also present. Spoors of the ungulates were recorded on the daily rounds: bushbuck were most common about the ravines, but in general the ungulates tended to be most common in the open grassland with Combretum.

G. morsitans was most numerous in tall Brachystegia woodland where the slope was moderate, and where open grasslands were not too far away. Thicketed ravines were avoided. The highest apparent densities were observed on the outer “spirals”, perhaps because of disturbance on the inner one traversed almost every day.

During the rains, well-marked concentrations of flies occurred in certain parts of the Brachystegia woodland, and these re-formed in the second year. The hungriest flies were always found outside the Brachystegia, and hunger was higher in the dry season. Hunger was measured objectively by the proportion of non-teneral males alighting head-upwards on members of the catching party, which hungry flies mostly do.

There was a negative correlation between numbers of flies and numbers of ungulates, and a positive correlation between the numbers of ungulates and hunger of the flies. This is in accordance with the feeding-ground theory, and is very generally observed with G. morsitans in East Africa. Certain movements of individual flies also accorded with the theory, against which, however, the suggestion has now been made that flies caught in the putative feeding grounds have not ventured out into them until attracted there by the sight of the catching party. This suggestion is to some extent countered by quotations from previous work, but it deserves further thought, and carefully planned experiments.

Passage of large herds of buffalo through portions of the “spiral” were not apparently accompanied by mass movements of flies, even when the animals passed by day and many flies fed on them.