bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconciliação no pensamento de Nietzsche?
Authors: Wienand Isabelle
Published: September 2013

O artigo procura responder à questão se a ideia de reconciliação encontra-se articulada no pensamento de Nietzsche. Esta abordagem é feita em três passos. A primeira parte apresenta a crítica de Nietzsche à motivação e aos objetivos da reconciliação (ou autorreconciliação) presentes em concepções religiosas, sociais e filosóficas. A segunda parte defende que Nietzsche desenvolve uma forma alternativa de reconciliação: a autossuperação. A terceira e última parte discute em que medida a insistência de Nietzsche no eu na autossuperação pode subtrair a figura do outro e assim borrar a linha entre autossuperação e auto-ilusão.
Relendo a perspectividade: algumas notas sobre "o perspectivismo de Nietzsche"
Authors: Dellinger Jakob
Published: September 2013

Este texto contrasta o entendimento comum do "perspectivismo de Nietzsche" com o seu uso da palavra "Perspektive" e termos semelhantes. As primeiras seções proporcionam uma breve pesquisa do desenvolvimento dos diversos significados através da carreira de Nietzsche e a influência de Gustav Teichmüller. As seções subsequentes revelam alguns problemas de leituras comuns do perspectivismo, como a teoria do conhecimento de Nietzsche. Discutindo os assuntos de falsificação, objetividade e autorreferência, as seções remanescentes levam à conclusão que o perspectivismo não deve ser entendido como a doutrina epistemológica de Nietzsche, mas como algo que não o deixa criar tal doutrina.
A questão da criação em Nietzsche e em Bergson
Authors: Dias Rosa Maria
Published: September 2013

O artigo tem por objetivo confrontar a filosofia de Nietzsche - da vontade criadora - com a filosofia de Bergson - da duração. Procura perscrutar a compreensão que este filósofo tem da noção de duração, pensada como criação, isto é, como movimento contínuo que traz o passado e gera o futuro no presente: "jorro ininterrupto de novidade".
Os pintores de Schopenhauer e Nietzsche
Authors: Barboza Jair
Published: September 2013

O artigo mostra como Schopenhauer e Nietzsche recorrem à pintura e à poesia para figurar os principais conceitos de suas filosofias. Aproximam assim filosofia e arte.
Política e decadência: o envolvimento crítico de Nietzsche com a modernidade européia
Authors: Conway Daniel
Published: September 2013

O artigo tem por objetivo investigar a presença de um realismo político no pensamento de Nietzsche, assim como analisar as relações existentes entre esse realismo e um modelo de natureza preconizado pelo filósofo.
Consideração tempestiva I: Nietzsche como jovem hegeliano e maître-à-penser
Authors: Souza José Crisóstomo de
Published: September 2013

Nietzsche vale-se nada extemporaneamente de uma ambiciosa narrativa histórico-dialética, tipicamente jovem hegeliana, para enquadrar/valorar a Modernidade, elevar sua própria filosofia a uma altura incontrastável e encontrar para si um lugar absolutamente superior e único, que lhe autorize como Crítico absoluto e Destino, tendo em última análise como alvo principal (típico do seu tempo alemão) o "filisteu", o indivíduo humano comum e aquilo que politicamente lhe corresponde: a sociedade civil e a democracia. O que não exclui nosso interesse por sua notável crítica da cultura, seu naturalismo não-reducionista, romântico, sua contribuição à crítica do "platonismo" e do "cartesianismo".
Nietzsche: sobre alguns problemas morais da democracia moderna
Authors: Delbó Adriana
Published: September 2013

Para compreender as análises da política por Nietzsche é necessário compreender sua análise da moral cristã. Limitadas concepções do que sejam "bom" e "mau" sustentam as demandas por proteção, paz, longevidade. Para ser avaliado como bom, o governo deve prometer o cuidado das condições da mera existência. Assim, Nietzsche avista a política de sua época conduzindo adiante homens debilitados. Por pensar a política como instrumento para elaboração de cultura, sua tarefa consistiria em fortalecer o homem e seus modos de organização do viver em comum. Neste sentido, a genealogia da moral e o projeto de transvaloração dos valores representam um desafio a todos que se propõem a pensar a política.
Quando a potência dá prova de espírito: origem e lógica da justiça segundo Nietzsche
Authors: Wotling Patrick
Published: September 2013

Contrapondo-se à concepção tradicional de justiça, esse trabalho visa a expor a maneira pela qual Nietzsche interpreta esta noção, tendo como parâmetro avaliativo a doutrina da vontade de potência.
Aprender a parar de ser humano: calar-se, não ter nome
Authors: Molder Maria Filomena
Published: September 2013

A partir da análise minuciosa de algumas partes do livro Aurora, este trabalho visa a mostrar a maneira pela qual Nietzsche reconfigura, a partir de novas bases, a compreensão do ser humano.
Mapeando o sujeito em Nietzsche: a distinção entre o Ich e o Selbst
Authors: Marques António
Published: September 2013

O artigo visa a analisar o estatudo do sujeito em Nietzsche. Para tanto, investiga o dispositivo de uma auto-observação exercida pelo "eu" que consiste num mapeamento do "si mesmo"; perscruta um "recuo", em relação a Kant, no plano teórico, quanto à dissolução do sujeito da tradição metafísica; e avança a tese de que o sujeito é a articulação entre o Ich e o Selbst, de modo que a compreensão do sujeito permite jogar luz sobre a relação específica entre essas duas realidades.
Early Detection of Recurrent Disease by FDG-PET/CT Leads to Management Changes in Patients With Squamous Cell Cancer of the Head and Neck
Authors: Kostakoglu Lale , Fardanesh Reza , Posner Marshall , Som Peter , Rao Srikar , Park Eunice , Doucette John , Stein Evan G. , Gupta Vishal , Misiukiewicz Krzysztof , Genden Eric
Published: September 2013

Objective.

The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of surveillance high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and physical examination/endoscopy (PE/E) with the efficacy of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)/HRCT for the detection of relapse in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) after primary treatment.

Methods.

This is a retrospective analysis of contemporaneously performed FDG-PET/HRCT, neck HRCT, and PE/E in 99 curatively treated patients with HNSCC during post-therapy surveillance to compare performance test characteristics in the detection of early recurrence or second primary cancer.

Results.

Relapse occurred in 19 of 99 patients (20%) during a median follow-up of 21 months (range: 9–52 months). Median time to first PET/HRCT was 3.5 months. The median time to radiological recurrence was 6 months (range: 2.3–32 months). FDG-PET/HRCT detected more disease recurrences or second primary cancers and did so earlier than HRCT or PE/E. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for detecting locoregional and distant recurrence or second primary cancer were 100%, 87.3%, 56.5%, and 100%, respectively, for PET/HRCT versus 61.5%, 94.9%, 66.7%, and 93.8%, respectively, for HRCT versus 23.1%, 98.7%, 75%, and 88.6%, respectively, for PE/E. In 19 patients with true positive PET/HRCT findings, a significant change in the management of disease occurred, prompting either salvage or systemic therapy. Of the 14 curatively treated patients, 11 were alive with without disease at a median follow-up of 31.5 months.

Conclusion.

FDG-PET/HRCT has a high sensitivity in the early detection of relapse or second primary cancer in patients with HNSCC, with significant management implications. Given improvements in therapy and changes in HNSCC biology, appropriate modifications in current post-therapy surveillance may be required to determine effective salvage or definitive therapies.
Aiming for a Better Understanding and Management of Cancer-Related Fatigue
Authors: Neefjes Elisabeth C.W. , van der Vorst Maurice J.D.L. , Blauwhoff-Buskermolen Susanne , Verheul Henk M.W.
Published: September 2013

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a serious symptom of patients with cancer and deteriorates their daily quality of life. Whereas fatigue is a common problem in the general population, with a prevalence of about 30%, up to 99% of patients with cancer have fatigue of more intense severity. CRF is directly related to the biology of cancer, but it can also be caused by anticancer treatment. We reviewed current evidence about the potential pathophysiological mechanisms causing CRF. Clinical methods to determine the presence and severity of CRF and potential treatment options to reduce CRF will be discussed. After reading this review, the reader will have knowledge of the current understanding of CRF and will be able to give evidence-based advice to patients with CRF.
PTEN Germline Mutations in Patients Initially Tested for Other Hereditary Cancer Syndromes: Would Use of Risk Assessment Tools Reduce Genetic Testing?
Authors: Mester Jessica L. , Moore Rebekah A. , Eng Charis
Published: September 2013

Learning Objectives

Cite the risk assessment tools available for several hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes. Describe ways in which use of these risk assessment tools can lead to cost savings and decreased time to correct diagnosis. Explain the impact of correct genetic diagnosis on the patient's medical management and on predictive testing for family members.
Effects of Sulfonylureas on Tumor Growth: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Pasello Giulia , Urso Loredana , Conte Pierfranco , Favaretto Adolfo
Published: September 2013

Learning Objectives

Describe possible opposite effects on tumor growth of different 2nd generation sulfonylureas and diarylsulfonylureas. Review preclinical and clinical studies investigating anticancer activity of different sulfonylureas and diarylsulfonylureas.
Design and static analysis of Guanyinyan Yangtze River Bridge, China
Authors: Wang Yingliang , Zhong Ning , Zhuang Weilin , Zheng Xufeng
Published: September 2013

The Guanyinyan Yangtze River Bridge is the key structure on the second ring highway of Chongqing City, southwest of China. The bridge is a cable-stayed bridge with a main span of 436 m. The main girder is a steel–concrete composite girder with a total width of 36ṡ2 m. The final design solution was based on an extensive comparison of proposals. The main bridge was constructed using the balanced cantilever method. This paper presents the challenges in design and static analysis of the bridge, including the detailed design, global static analysis, local finite element model analysis, the determination of the allowable maximum thickness of steel plate against fatigue and brittle fracture induced by low temperature.
DEM simulations of soil creep due to particle crushing
Authors: KWOK C.Y. , BOLTON M.D.
Published: September 2013

One mechanism that may contribute to creep in sand is that heavily loaded grains may progressively crush, following the growth of microcracks due to hydrolysis at crack tips. Weibull's statistical model of brittle failure can accommodate these time effects. Discrete-element modelling (DEM) simulations of the temporal deterioration of loaded grains were conducted using Robertson's bonded agglomerates of microspheres to represent the grains. A time-dependent failure equation that describes crack growth corresponding to increasing grain stress was developed. The equation was incorporated into a single DEM agglomerate to simulate the deterioration of loaded grains. It is found that a particular relationship can be derived between the rate of loss of bond strength at a contact and the tension carried at that contact, such that the Weibull modulus of this rate-dependent model matches that of short-term loading tests on individual sand grains. A strength–probability–time diagram was generated that enables estimation of delayed fracture. The predicted grain strength decreases in a nearly linear fashion with the logarithm of time, which is in good agreement with previous results for ceramics. This DEM technique was then applied to the simulation of creep in a triaxial test with 378 breakable grains. The DEM results show that crack growth can lead to softening of samples with volumetric contraction due to grain breakage accompanying dilation due to shearing. Creep-induced failure might be anticipated when the axial strain reaches about 5%.
A study of the mixing of cement and emulsified asphalt mortar
Authors: Zeng Xiaohui , Xie Youjun , Deng Dehua
Published: September 2013

Cement and emulsified asphalt (CA) mortar is a compound of cement, emulsified asphalt, sand, water and admixtures that is widely used in high-speed railway applications in China, Germany and Japan. Mixing to disperse the components and entrain air is very important in the production of CA mortar. In the study reported in this paper, the power consumption method was used to study the mixing kinetics of CA mortar. The theory of air entrainment was used to interpret the effects of mixing speed, fluidity and mixing time on the air content of the mortar. Based on the changes in power consumption, the results showed that the evolution of the paste during mixing can be divided into seven periods and, based on fluctuations of the power consumption, the evolution can be divided into three homogenisation zones. Exponential formulae are proposed to describe the effect of mixing time on air content. The experimental results agreed well with the formulae.
Corrosion monitoring of reinforced concrete beam using embedded cement-based piezoelectric sensor
Authors: Lu Youyuan , Zhang Jinrui , Li Zongjin , Dong Biqin
Published: September 2013

The corrosion of reinforcement is a well-recognised problem in the maintenance of concrete structures that can lead to reduction of the cross-section of the rebar, thus weakening the load-carrying capacity of the structure. Under ordinary design conditions, cracks are allowed to appear in concrete beams. However, the existence of cracks can speed up the corrosion rate of reinforcement significantly. In this study, the corrosion activities of reinforcement in concrete beams with or without cracks under accelerated corrosion conditions were monitored using embedded cement-based piezoelectric composite sensors and the acoustic emission (AE) technique. The AEs generated by the initiation of localised corrosion and subsequent concrete cracks were successfully detected and recorded by a home-programmed DEcLIN monitoring system. Based on frequency domain identification, useful information was extracted to explain the process of deterioration of concrete structures. It was found that cement-based piezoelectric sensors show a good capability in AE detection and the beam with cracks corroded much earlier than the case without cracking, consequently resulting in early deterioration.
Seismic While Drilling (SWD) with a Rotary Percussive Sounding System (RPSS)
Authors: Reppert Philip M
Published: September 2013

Seismic while drilling (SWD) with a rotary percussive drill used as the seismic source is presented. In addition to saving time by collecting seismic data while drilling, SWD also has the advantage of collecting a high data density with no additional effort and has a signal with a broad frequency spectrum. The only disadvantage is its signal-to-noise ratio is lower than many other seismic sources, although the signal-to-noise ratio is quite sufficient. The discussed methodology includes the triggering system and the stacking approach used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. An example of SWD data is presented and compared to traditional down-hole (check-shot) data. Other examples of SWD are presented to demonstrate some of the data acquisition possibilities.
Blind Test of Methods for Obtaining 2-D Near-Surface Seismic Velocity Models from First-Arrival Traveltimes
Authors: Zelt Colin A , Haines Seth , Powers Michael H , Sheehan Jacob , Rohdewald Siegfried , Link Curtis , Hayashi Koichi , Zhao Don , Zhou Hua-wei , Burton Bethany L , Petersen Uni K , Bonal Nedra D , Doll William E
Published: September 2013

Seismic refraction methods are used in environmental and engineering studies to image the shallow subsurface. We present a blind test of inversion and tomographic refraction analysis methods using a synthetic first-arrival-time dataset that was made available to the community in 2010. The data are realistic in terms of the near-surface velocity model, shot-receiver geometry and the data's frequency and added noise. Fourteen estimated models were determined by ten participants using eight different inversion algorithms, with the true model unknown to the participants until it was revealed at a session at the 2011 SAGEEP meeting. The estimated models are generally consistent in terms of their large-scale features, demonstrating the robustness of refraction data inversion in general, and the eight inversion algorithms in particular. When compared to the true model, all of the estimated models contain a smooth expression of its two main features: a large offset in the bedrock and the top of a steeply dipping low-velocity fault zone. The estimated models do not contain a subtle low-velocity zone and other fine-scale features, in accord with conventional wisdom. Together, the results support confidence in the reliability and robustness of modern refraction inversion and tomographic methods.
In Vivo Adeno-Associated Viral Vector–Mediated Genetic Engineering of White and Brown Adipose Tissue in Adult Mice
Authors: Jimenez Veronica , Muñoz Sergio , Casana Estefania , Mallol Cristina , Elias Ivet , Jambrina Claudia , Ribera Albert , Ferre Tura , Franckhauser Sylvie , Bosch Fatima
Published: September 2013

Adipose tissue is pivotal in the regulation of energy homeostasis through the balance of energy storage and expenditure and as an endocrine organ. An inadequate mass and/or alterations in the metabolic and endocrine functions of adipose tissue underlie the development of obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. To fully understand the metabolic and molecular mechanism(s) involved in adipose dysfunction, in vivo genetic modification of adipocytes holds great potential. Here, we demonstrate that adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, especially serotypes 8 and 9, mediated efficient transduction of white (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult lean and obese diabetic mice. The use of short versions of the adipocyte protein 2 or uncoupling protein-1 promoters or micro-RNA target sequences enabled highly specific, long-term AAV-mediated transgene expression in white or brown adipocytes. As proof of concept, delivery of AAV vectors encoding for hexokinase or vascular endothelial growth factor to WAT or BAT resulted in increased glucose uptake or increased vessel density in targeted depots. This method of gene transfer also enabled the secretion of stable high levels of the alkaline phosphatase marker protein into the bloodstream by transduced WAT. Therefore, AAV-mediated genetic engineering of adipose tissue represents a useful tool for the study of adipose pathophysiology and, likely, for the future development of new therapeutic strategies for obesity and diabetes.
Student Math Achievement and Out-of-Field Teaching
Authors: Hill Jason G. , Dalton Ben
Published: September 2013

This study investigates the distribution of math teachers with a major or certification in math using data from the National Center for Education Statistics’ High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 (HSLS:09). The authors discuss the limitations of existing data sources for measuring teacher qualifications, such as the Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS), and show how HSLS:09 can be used to analyze the distribution of qualified teachers in mathematics. The results demonstrate that ninth-grade students in most need of a qualified math teacher are least likely to have one.
Meta-Analysis With Complex Research Designs
Authors: Scammacca Nancy , Roberts Greg , Stuebing Karla K.
Published: September 2013

Previous research has shown that treating dependent effect sizes as independent inflates the variance of the mean effect size and introduces bias by giving studies with more effect sizes more weight in the meta-analysis. This article summarizes the different approaches to handling dependence that have been advocated by methodologists, some of which are more feasible to implement with education research studies than others. A case study using effect sizes from a recent meta-analysis of reading interventions is presented to compare the results obtained from different approaches to dealing with dependence. Overall, mean effect sizes and variance estimates were found to be similar, but estimates of indexes of heterogeneity varied. Meta-analysts are advised to explore the effect of the method of handling dependence on the heterogeneity estimates before conducting moderator analyses and to choose the approach to dependence that is best suited to their research question and their data set.
Editorial Vol.11(1)
Authors: Editor The
Published: September 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v11i1.8605   Journal of Forestry and Livelihood Vol.11(1) 2013
Integrating Climate Change Adaptation with Local Development: Exploring Institutional Options
Authors: Paudel Naya S , Khatri Dil B , Ojha Hemant , Karki Rahul , Gurung Niru
Published: September 2013

As the effects of climate change become increasingly evident in Nepal, development agencies and policy actors are experimenting with different ways to facilitate climate adaptive development at the local level. This paper analyses the current approaches to local-level adaptation planning and identifies the challenges to and opportunities for integrating climate change adaptation and local development in Nepal. Drawing on field research carried out in two districts of central Terai and two of western hills and supplemented by a review of adaptation plans and national climate change-related policies, this paper demonstrates that the current approach to mainstreaming adaptation in local development is institutionally fragmented and politically naive. There are attempts to involve some community groups, with weak links to local governments, and without enough thinking on how local development vision can be realised in the face of increasing climate risks. We argue that such approach is institutionally misplaced, as there is a tendency to focus certain aspects of adaptation and certain forms of institutions while ignoring others. More importantly, as most efforts are driven by non-state development agencies, there is little political ownership and accountable mechanism to integrate adaptation with local development. It shows that local governments are either ignored or at most marginally involved in the process of local-level adaptation planning. This paper concludes that the current approach—characterized by institutional fragmentation and token involvement of communities and local governments—could paradoxically lead to unaccountable climate governance at the local level. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v11i1.8606 Journal of Forestry and Livelihood Vol.11(1) 2013 1-13
How Climate Change Discourses are Negotiated at Meso Level: Revisiting Annual Development Planning in Nepal
Authors: Dhungana Sindhu Prasad , Wagle Radha
Published: September 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v11i1.8611 Journal of Forestry and Livelihood Vol.11(1) 2013 29-42
Enhancing REDD+ Outcomes through Improved Governance of Community Forest Groups
Authors: Poudyal Bishnu Hari , Paudel Govinda , Luintel Harisharan
Published: September 2013

Since forests are both source and sink of carbon, scholars have suggested reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, including conservation and sustainable management of forest and enhancement of forest carbon stock (REDD+) to be part of climate negotiation. Studies have shown that forests can play a role in reducing emissions in a cheaper, quicker and effective way, while generating important co-benefits, including biodiversity conservation and watershed management. However, governance that shapes relations between different stakeholders at grassroots level has been shown to be a crucial issue in managing local forests in a way that sequester more carbon from, and emit less of it to, the atmosphere. The authors of this paper argue that the lessons gained at community forest user group (CFUG) level regarding forest governance could be useful in designing a REDD+ governance structure at grassroots level. For this, both positive lessons and challenges faced so far could be documented, analyzed, synthesized and shared at broader level. REDD+, being an external intervention to local communities, can bring a range of challenges that influence the governance dynamics. However, if the programme is managed carefully, CFUGs are capacitated adequately and governed collaboratively, REDD+ may bring synergistic outcomes with existing community forestry at grassroots level, particularly by bringing both environmental and livelihood benefits.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v11i2.8618 Journal of Forestry and Livelihood Vol.11(2) 2013 14-26
What is REDD+ Additionality in Community Managed Forest for Nepal?
Authors: Karky Bhaskar Singh , Vaidya Rachita , Karki Seema , Tulachan Bikul
Published: September 2013

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is a policy currently under consideration by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This study carries out a Nepal-specific research to understand REDD+ policy’s potential role in carbon sequestration, by identifying the economic and preferential rationales that drive deforestation and degradation in community managed forests. The study explores four different land use options, making use of both community based survey and field data used to generate net present value (NPV). Both techniques give consistent results that, in the current economic situation, farmers prefer using land for livelihood purposes rather than solely for community forest management. This has a very strong implication for policymakers. First, the results imply that conversion and degradation are inevitable, thus placing community forest in imminent threat and making this risk reduction additionality in REDD+ terms. Furthermore, it shows that, to combat the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, policies such as REDD+ need to provide enough financial incentives that will incur the opportunity costs and direct farmers towards the efficient use of community managed forest. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v11i2.8620   Journal of Forestry and Livelihood Vol.11(2) 2013 37-45
Economics of REDD+ and Community Forestry
Authors: Bluffstone R
Published: September 2013

Journal of Forestry and Livelihood Vol.11(2) 2013 69-74
Experience of Nepali Indigenous Peoples on Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC)
Authors: Sherpa Pasang D , Rai Tunga B
Published: September 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v11i2.8626 Journal of Forestry and Livelihood Vol.11(2) 2013 82-86
Automated Inference of Linked Transit Journeys in London Using Fare-Transaction and Vehicle Location Data
Authors: Gordon Jason B. , Koutsopoulos Harilaos N. , Wilson Nigel H. M. , Attanucci John P.
Published: September 2013

Urban public transit providers historically have planned and managed their networks and services with little knowledge of their customers’ travel patterns. Although ticket gates and bus fareboxes yield counts of passenger activity in specific stations or vehicles, the relationships between these transactions—the origins, transfers, and destinations of individual passengers—typically have been acquired only through small, costly, and infrequent rider surveys. New methods for inferring the journeys of all riders on a large public transit network have been built on recent work into the use of automated fare collection and vehicle location systems for analysis of passenger behavior. Complete daily sets of data from London's Oyster farecard and the iBus vehicle location system were used to infer boarding and alighting times and locations for individual bus passengers and to infer transfers between passenger trips of various public modes, and origin–destination matrices of linked intermodal transit journeys that include the estimated flows of passengers not using farecards were constructed. The outputs were validated against surveys and traditional origin–destination matrices. The software implementation demonstrated that the procedure is efficient enough to be performed daily, allowing transit providers to observe travel behavior on all services at all times.
Estimating Service-Related Traffic Demand from Trip Chain Data
Authors: Schneider Sebastian , Wolfermann Axel
Published: September 2013

Commercial traffic constitutes a significant part of traffic. For long distances, goods traffic prevails, but in metropolitan areas, service-related traffic (traffic resulting from services delivered to customers at home, offices, constructions sites, and so forth) takes the lead and is growing. This latter kind of traffic is primarily passenger traffic with a commercial purpose. Although goods (e.g., tools) may be transported along with the person (e.g., agent, worker), the major purpose of service trips is the movement of the person. It is common practice to forecast transport demand for private passenger traffic and goods traffic. Dedicated models for service traffic are rare, not only because of a lack of recognition by transport planners of the particularities of service traffic but also because of the complexity of analyzing and depicting service traffic. One characteristic of service traffic is that it consists of tours that may connect more than one destination with the origin of the tour. Many trips are made by commercial vehicles that are registered to a company or an organization, but owners of private vehicles also use their cars for commercial trips. Because surveys can collect information on trip chains only for a sample population, a method is needed to derive the total demand from this sample. Surveys about private and commercial vehicles used for service trips are particularly useful. Such a methodology is introduced for extrapolating traffic demand from trip chain data. The method is applicable not only to service traffic but also to all tour-based traffic.
Increased Convergence Rates in Multiagent Transport Simulations with Pseudosimulation
Authors: Fourie Pieter J. , Illenberger Johannes , Nagel Kai
Published: September 2013

A multimodeling approach to large-scale, activity-based, multiagent simulation of travel demand is introduced. MATSIM is a full activity-based transport simulation. Its greatest current performance limitation is the network loading simulation, currently a queue simulation (QSim). QSim is iteratively executed for the entire agent population for evaluating the effects of random mutations on the activity plans of a fraction of the population. After each QSim, poorly performing plans are discarded, good plans are kept, and the agents slowly learn what works best for their individual activity needs. In the application presented, the system periodically replaces QSim for a number of iterations with a simplified pseudosimulation that runs approximately two orders of magnitude faster. The pseudosimulation uses travel time information from the preceding QSim iteration to estimate how well an agent day plan might perform. Repeated iterations of the pseudosimulation produce better-performing plans in a short time. These plans are passed to the QSim for updating of network travel time information, and the process repeats. The technique is tested in a scenario for Zurich, Switzerland, and incorporates mode choice, road pricing, secondary activity location choice, activity timing adjustment, and dynamic routing. The technique dramatically improves convergence rates for such complex, large-scale simulations and fully exploits modern multicore computer architectures.
Reliable Short-Term Traffic Flow Forecasting for Urban Roads
Authors: Xia Jingxin , Nie Qinghui , Huang Wei , Qian Zhendong
Published: September 2013

Short-term traffic flow forecasting has an essential role in advanced traveler information systems, route guidance systems, and proactive traffic signal control systems. Numerous univariate and multivariate models have been presented on both traffic flow level forecasting and traffic flow variance forecasting. However, few studies have incorporated the relationship between traffic parameters (such as volume and speed) into development of the traffic flow forecasting model. It is well known that there are inherent relationships between traffic parameters and that heteroscedasticity exists in traffic flow series. On this basis a vector autoregressive plus multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) method is proposed for reliable short-term traffic flow forecasting for urban roads. The vector autoregressive model is used as the mean equation of the multivariate GARCH model for modeling traffic flow levels, and the multivariate GARCH model is used to model the conditional traffic flow variances. Actual traffic volume and speed data are used to validate and evaluate the proposed method. Results show that the proposed method can generate workable performance in forecasting accuracy and forecast confidence intervals.
Modeling of Household Vehicle Type Choice Accommodating Spatial Dependence Effects
Authors: Paleti Rajesh , Bhat Chandra R. , Pendyala Ram M. , Goulias Konstadinos G.
Published: September 2013

Household vehicle ownership and fleet composition are choice dimensions that have important implications for policy making, particularly in the arena of energy and environmental sustainability. In the context of household vehicle ownership and type choice, it is conceivable that substantial spatial interaction effects are caused by both observed and unobserved factors. A multinomial probit model formulation is presented: it incorporates spatial spillover effects arising from both observed and unobserved factors. The model is estimated on the California add-on data set of the 2009 National Household Travel Survey. Model estimation results show that spatial dependency effects are statistically significant. The findings have important implications for model development and application in policy forecasting.
Relationship between Application Scale and Maximum Time Latency in Intelligent Transport Solutions
Authors: Knoop V. L. , van Lint J. W. C. , Vries J. , Kester L. , Passchier I.
Published: September 2013

Congestion is a major problem in large, urbanized areas. Intelligent transport solutions aim to reduce this problem. In general, traffic is monitored with the use of sensors, the resulting data are processed, a traffic state is estimated, and a control measure is computed and implemented. The availability and the quality of the data and the processing time of the algorithms are possible limiting factors in this pattern. The study reported in this paper examined the data requirements for various traffic control measures. In particular, the relationship between the spatial scale of the control measure and the time delay between the measurement and the control action, that is, the latency, was examined. A set of 17 applications showed that the larger the spatial scale of the control measure, the larger the latency could be. This relationship can be used to determine the latency quality criteria for a certain application. Alternatively, the relationship can be used to analyze which types of applications are possible when data with a specific quality can be collected. The latter analysis was carried out in the province of Delft, Netherlands. The analysis also showed the difference between the availability with respect to information and communication technology and useful data for applications. In particular, if no vehicles passed, information and communication technology systems were available, but no realistic measurements were produced.
Performance Characterization of Arterial Traffic Flow with Probe Vehicle Data
Authors: Remias Stephen M. , Hainen Alexander M. , Day Christopher M. , Brennan Thomas M. , Li Howell , Rivera-Hernandez Erick , Sturdevant James R. , Young Stanley E. , Bullock Darcy M.
Published: September 2013

Extensive literature in the adaptive control field uses local detection available from the traffic controller as input to various control models to adjust splits, cycle lengths, and offsets. All these models have implicit control objectives, which include facilitated progression, minimized stops, minimized delay, and equitable allocation of green time. Enormous opportunities exist to incorporate probe data into the decision process with respect to when and where adaptive control can be used and which operating objectives are most applicable to a corridor as well as to an outcome assessment tool to evaluate the effectiveness of adaptive control. The research reported in this paper compared how probe data sources could be used to identify appropriate adaptive control objectives and to assess the performance of adaptive systems. Four case studies demonstrated how travel time data could be used to evaluate existing conditions, to evaluate the outcome of a traditional signal retiming, and to assess the feasibility of adaptive control opportunities. Currently, the richest probe data sets are provided by agency-installed equipment. Given the increasing penetration of crowd-sourced probe data devices and the onset of connected vehicle infrastructure, however, these sources could provide similarly rich data. This paper recommends that commercial data providers begin to develop more detailed base maps. These maps would provide richer probe data information, such as hour-by-hour statistical distributions and approach delay for signalized arterials for which the segments did not span multiple intersections. This recommendation should motivate agencies to develop more detailed specifications for probe data that will better serve their needs.
State of the Practice on Use of Intelligent Transportation Systems at U.S.–Mexican Land Border Crossings
Authors: Rajbhandari Rajat , Villa Juan Carlos , Macias Roberto , Tate William
Published: September 2013

A research project was conducted to perform a borderwide assessment of the use of intelligent transportation system (ITS) technologies and operational concepts at and near U.S. international land border crossings. The work focused on tolling, traffic management and operations, and safety. The objectives of this project were to research, to assess, and to document how ITS technologies could be used in the following areas: (a) toll collection and management in border regions, including identification of technologies used, system components, and any special data-sharing arrangements between the United States and its two bordering neighbors; (b) transportation operations and traffic management in U.S.–Mexican border regions; (c) transportation safety policy and operations; (d) traffic management, traffic operation, and traffic enforcement on tolled roads and tolled border-crossing roads; and (e) archiving of toll and traffic management data. In the interest of brevity, this paper discusses the results of the study that pertained to the state of the practice on the use of ITS on the U.S.–Mexican border only.
Hybrid Work Zone Information System with Portable Changeable Message Signs and Dedicated Short-Range Communication
Authors: Ibrahim U. , Hayee M. I. , Kwon Eil
Published: September 2013

The future deployment of dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) technology requires that applications with their bases in DSRC be integrated with existing traffic management techniques so that vehicles not equipped with DSRC at the early stage of DSRC deployment can also reap the potential benefits of DSRC technology. A hybrid traffic information system was successfully developed; it combines DSRC technology and portable changeable message signs (PCMSs) for use in the work zone environment to improve traffic mobility and thereby driver safety. The developed system uses DSRC-based vehicle-to-infrastructure and vehicle-to-vehicle communication to acquire travel safety parameters, such as travel time (TT) and the starting location of congestion (SLoC), and to disseminate these parameters to DSRC-equipped vehicles and PCMSs, which are strategically placed along the roadside. Through the use of the DSRC-PCMS interface developed and demonstrated in this work, PCMSs can receive these travel safety parameters from nearby DSRC-equipped vehicles on the road through DSRC-based vehicle-to-vehicle communication, and display them for the drivers of vehicles that lack DSRC capability. Such a system can be useful during the early stage of DSRC deployment when DSRC market penetration is low. In addition, a rigorous analysis was conducted to investigate the minimum DSRC market penetration rate needed for successful functionality of the developed system with respect to both acquisition and dissemination of TT and SLoC. Through the use of a realistic traffic flow model, guidelines were developed to estimate a minimum DSRC penetration rate needed to deploy the developed system for a variety of traffic scenarios on a given work zone road.
Wavelet–k Nearest Neighbor Vehicle Classification Approach with Inductive Loop Signatures
Authors: Jeng Shin-Ting (Cindy) , Chu Lianyu , Hernandez Sarah
Published: September 2013

In this study, a new vehicle classification algorithm was developed with inductive loop signature technology. There were two steps to the proposed algorithm. The first step was to use the Haar wavelet to transform and reconstruct inductive vehicle signatures, and the second step was to group vehicles into FHWA vehicle types through the use of the k nearest neighbor (KNN) approach with a Euclidean distance classifier. To determine the proper proportion of the wavelet to apply for reconstruction and feature extraction, transformed signatures were examined with percentages of large components of their corresponding wavelets. To implement the KNN approach, a library of vehicle signature templates for each FHWA vehicle class was composed. The proposed vehicle classification algorithm demonstrated promising classification results, with a 92.4% overall accuracy. The algorithm can be applied to the real world without the concerns about recalibration and transferability that arise with the use of signature data from single loops. Two additional vehicle classification schemes were applied for performance evaluation. For the inductive signature performance evaluation classification scheme, which aimed to facilitate emission analysis and easy interpretation, the overall accuracy was 94.1%. For the axle-based vehicle classification scheme proposed in this project, which aimed to group vehicles by use and the number of axles, the overall accuracy was 93.8%. Future research will focus on refinement of the signature template library for each FHWA vehicle type to further improve the performance of the proposed vehicle classification algorithm. The selection of the value of k for the KNN approach will be investigated also.
Congestion Relief Based on Intelligent Transportation Systems in Florida
Authors: Ercan Tolga , Kucukvar Murat , Tatari Omer , Al-Deek Haitham
Published: September 2013

With the dramatic increase of traffic volume, traffic congestion has become a topic of considerable interest in the United States. Congestion has resulted in enormous economic and environmental losses, and the use of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) has been found to be an effective solution to relieve congestion in urbanized areas. The study presented in this paper aimed to advance the body of knowledge on sustainability impacts through a triple bottom line (TBL) evaluation of congestion relief in Florida. Rather than consider only the direct economic benefits as in traditional projects, this study strove to fill the gap for decision makers in the analysis of sustainability impacts from a holistic perspective. A critical approach to this research was to include both the direct and the indirect environmental, economic, and ecologic impacts associated with the chain of supply paths of ITS. To meet this goal, economic input-output tables, published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, were linked to various TBL sustainability indicators to gain better insight into the sustainability impact of congestion relief. Study results indicated that 1.38 E+05 tons of greenhouse gas emissions (tons of carbon dioxide equivalent) and 3.00 E+04 global hectares of carbon dioxide uptake land were saved in Florida in 2010. Moreover, annual delay reduction costs savings were $420 million, of which the net fuel-based savings were $17.2 million.
Evaluation of Wide-Area Traffic Monitoring Technologies for Travel Time Studies
Authors: Omrani Reza , Izadpanah Pedram , Nikolic Goran , Hellinga Bruce , Hadayeghi Alireza , Abdelgawad Hossam
Published: September 2013

Road agencies typically collect travel time information from their network to identify traffic bottlenecks and to quantify the effects of road improvement investments in terms of travel time improvements. Road agencies can benefit from newly emerging automated data collection technologies that acquire travel time information for a large geographical area at lower costs. The objective of the study presented in this paper was to evaluate travel time data obtained from three technologies (i.e., Bluetooth, in-vehicle navigation systems, and mobile phone probes) compared with travel time obtained from probe vehicles equipped with Global Positioning Systems (GPSs). Traffic data were obtained for road types (e.g., freeways, arterials, ramps) in the study area from commercial data providers for a relatively large study area in the Province of Ontario, Canada. A multicriteria methodology was developed to evaluate data from each data provider on the basis of accuracy, coverage, number of observations, and capability to provide data for special facilities such as high occupancy vehicle lanes. The findings of this research suggested that all three technologies could replace traditional, GPS-equipped probe vehicles. This paper offers several recommendations on the use of travel time data from different data providers.
Development of Biosensors for the Detection of Biological Warfare Agents: Its Issues and Challenges
Authors: Kumar Harish , Rani Renu
Published: September 2013

This review discusses current development in biosensors for the detection of biological warfare agents (BWAs). BWAs include bacteria, virus and toxins that are added deliberately into air, water and food to spread terrorism and cause disease or death. The rapid and unambiguous detection and identification of BWAs with early warning signals for detecting possible biological attack is a major challenge for government agencies particularly military and health. The detection devices – biosensors – can be classified (according to their physicochemical transducers) into four types:. electrochemical, nucleic acid, optical and piezoelectric. Advantages and limitations of biosensors are discussed in this review followed by an assessment of the current state of development of different types of biosensors. The research and development in biosensors for biological warfare agent detection is of great interest for the public as well as for governments.