bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In the Driver's Seat: Chicago's Bus Drivers and Labor Insurgency in the Era of Black Power
Authors: Gellman Erik S.
Published: August 2014

During the summer of 1968, hundreds of black bus drivers initiated two wildcat strikes in Chicago. These actions crippled the city's bus routes and left hundreds of thousands of people without service. The strike was unusual because the drivers demanded more of their union than of the company. These Chicago Transit Authority employees protested the antidemocratic structure of the Amalgamated Transport Union, which they believed favored white employees and retirees despite a majority black workforce. As the strike made headlines and worried Mayor Richard J. Daley (and his plans for the Democratic convention), drivers formed alliances with community groups. Fusing the cause of economic justice with that of the Black Power movement, these drivers and their allies formed the Concerned Transit Workers (CTW) as a vehicle for their demands. In this article Erik Gellman addresses the following questions: How did Black Power advocates address economic injustice at work? And how does this case study change previous understandings of black and labor protests during the late 1960s? Historians have only begun to account for the late 1960s stream of black activism by focusing on affirmative action's history from the local level, and Chicago is a vital case study for this approach because it has come to symbolize how whites in the urban North stymied southern civil rights activists when they tried to apply their nonviolent activism above the Mason-Dixon line. Many of these activists saw transit as a key urban space and sought to reverse deindustrialization and persistent job discrimination through black working-class nationalism, which provides a more complex and more contested vision of working-class Black Power as a potential remedy to the growing urban crisis in modern American cities.
Phytoplankton diversity and community structure affected by oceanic dispersal and mesoscale turbulence
Authors: Lévy Marina , Jahn Oliver , Dutkiewicz Stephanie , Follows Michael J.
Published: August 2014

Lay Abstract

Phytoplankton are an extremely diverse set of floating, microscopic organisms, which are freely transported by water movements (current, eddies, etc.) and make up the base of the oceanic food web. This work explores how their diversity is affected by dispersal by different scales of motions in the ocean. Previous theoretical studies, based mostly on terrestrial ecosystems, have suggested that the number of phytoplankton types able to coexist at the same location should increase with increasing levels of dispersal. Here we test this hypothesis for a realistic range of oceanic conditions using a set of computer simulations of phytoplankton ecology coupled with a turbulent ocean circulation model. Our results indicate that oceanic communities become dominated by a smaller number of phytoplankton types as dispersal increases, but they have a larger ability for coexistence in larger home range areas. Dispersal due to oceanic eddies contributes significantly to these changes. Moreover, mixing of communities can only partially explain the increase in local coexistence, and we believe that dispersal allows more phytoplankton types to become equally competitive.
Signalling at tight junctions during epithelial differentiation and microbial pathogenesis
Authors: Zihni Ceniz , Balda Maria S. , Matter Karl
Published: August 2014

Tight junctions are a component of the epithelial junctional complex, and they form the paracellular diffusion barrier that enables epithelial cells to create cellular sheets that separate compartments with different compositions. The assembly and function of tight junctions are intimately linked to the actomyosin cytoskeleton and, hence, are under the control of signalling mechanisms that regulate cytoskeletal dynamics. Tight junctions not only receive signals that guide their assembly and function, but transmit information to the cell interior to regulate cell proliferation, migration and survival. As a crucial component of the epithelial barrier, they are often targeted by pathogenic viruses and bacteria, aiding infection and the development of disease. In this Commentary, we review recent progress in the understanding of the molecular signalling mechanisms that drive junction assembly and function, and the signalling processes by which tight junctions regulate cell behaviour and survival. We also discuss the way in which junctional components are exploited by pathogenic viruses and bacteria, and how this might affect junctional signalling mechanisms.
CFTR interacts with ZO-1 to regulate tight junction assembly and epithelial differentiation via the ZONAB pathway
Authors: Ruan Ye Chun , Wang Yan , Da Silva Nicolas , Kim Bongki , Diao Rui Ying , Hill Eric , Brown Dennis , Chan Hsiao Chang , Breton Sylvie
Published: August 2014

Mutations in CFTR lead to dysfunction of tubular organs, which is currently attributed to impairment of its conductive property. We now show that CFTR regulates tight junction (TJ) assembly and epithelial cell differentiation via modulation of the ZO-1/ZONAB pathway. CFTR co-localizes with ZO-1 in TJs of trachea and epididymis, and is expressed before ZO-1 in Wolffian ducts. CFTR interacts with ZO-1 via its PDZ binding domain. In a 3D epithelial cell culture model, CFTR regulates TJ assembly and is required for tubulogenesis. CFTR inhibition or knockdown reduces ZO-1 expression and induces the translocation of the transcription factor ZONAB from TJs to the nucleus, followed by up-regulation of CCND1 and down-regulation of ErbB2. The epididymal tubules of cftr−/− and cftrΔF508 mice have reduced ZO-1 levels, increased ZONAB nuclear expression, and decreased epithelial cell differentiation, illustrated by the reduced expression of apical AQP9 and V-ATPase. This study provides a new paradigm for the etiology of diseases associated with CFTR mutations, including cystic fibrosis.
Redox controls UPR to control redox
Authors: Eletto Davide , Chevet Eric , Argon Yair , Appenzeller-Herzog Christian
Published: August 2014

In many physiological contexts, intracellular reduction–oxidation (redox) conditions and the unfolded protein response (UPR) are important for the control of cell life and death decisions. UPR is triggered by the disruption of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, also known as ER stress. Depending on the duration and severity of the disruption, this leads to cell adaptation or demise. In this Commentary, we review reductive and oxidative activation mechanisms of the UPR, which include direct interactions of dedicated protein disulfide isomerases with ER stress sensors, protein S-nitrosylation and ER Ca2+ efflux that is promoted by reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, we discuss how cellular oxidant and antioxidant capacities are extensively remodeled downstream of UPR signals. Aside from activation of NADPH oxidases, mitogen-activated protein kinases and transcriptional antioxidant responses, such remodeling prominently relies on ER–mitochondrial crosstalk. Specific redox cues therefore operate both as triggers and effectors of ER stress, thus enabling amplification loops. We propose that redox-based amplification loops critically contribute to the switch from adaptive to fatal UPR.
Assessment of the Efficiency of Different Cardioplegic Solutions Based on the Study of Laboratory Parameters in Surgical Patients with Infectious Endocarditis of Left Parts of the Heart
Authors: Семенов  , Semenov P. , Малютин  , Malyutin V. , Ковалев  , Kovalev S. , Колмыков  , Kolmykov Evgeny , Грязнов  , Griaznov Dmitry , Кудаева  , Kudaeva I.
Published: August 2014

The study included 238 cases of surgical treatment of patients with infectious endocarditis of left parts of heart. The operations of single or multivalve reconstruction or restoration in conditions of artificial circulation were made to these patients. The patients were divided into groups depending on the type of cardioplegic solution. The influence of methods of cold crystalloid (extracellu-lar and intracellular), and blood cardioplegia on clinical and laboratory indices, which characterize the severity of myocardial damage in intra - and postoperative periods, was studied. The obtained results showed that the use of all types of cardioplegic solutions allows to provide the myocardial protection during the operation and to decrease the risk of life-threatening complications in this category of patients. The increase in the level of laboratory parameters of myocardial damage was registered in the use of all types of cardioplegic solutions in patients with long anoxia. The lowest intensity of changes in the levels of blood lactate marked using a solution for cold crystalloid intracellular cardioplegia. The greatest changes of this indicator were identified in patients receiving blood potassium cardioplegia. The use of cardioplegic solution "Custodial" caused the greatest intensity of acidosis in the intra-operative period.
А Comprehensive Analysis of Correlation of Bioeffective Epitelio-Connective-Tissue Interactions of Mucosa Jejunum Exposed to Pulses of Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Свиридова  , Sviridova O. , Воронцова  , Vorontsova Zoya , Черкасова  , Cherkasova Yu.
Published: August 2014

In numerous researches there is the confirmation of multidirectional changes of the morphological and functional parameters of jejunum mucous membrane at influence of the electromagnetic fields, which manifest by reactive processes and adaptation reactions depending on parameters of influencing sources of radiation: the impulses frequency, intensity and the influence duration. Their combination reveals various consequences of irradiated biological object. The experiment was made on white non-pedigree mail rats, with initial age 4 month, after 10-month’s exposure of the electromagnetic factor. The density of the directed currents in body of the experimental animals has compounded 0,8, 2,7 kA/m2 50, 100, 500 impulses per one week (i/w), independently of their divisibility on days and duration 15-40 ns. The comprehensive analysis of correlation of epitelio-connective-tissue interactions of mucosa jejunum allows to establish the morphological and functional interrelations between them, as the unified system which taking part in regulation of a fibrohomeostasis and reactions of adaptation in the conditions of electromagnetic radiation. The results of the analysis lead to the conclusion that participation of fat cells in the modification of bioeffective and EMF in relation to the processes of renewal of the villi epithelium.
Changes of Bacterial Composition of Root Dentine at Traditional Medicinal Treatment by means of Ultra-sound
Authors: Беленова  , Belenova I. , Красичкова  , Krasichkova Olga
Published: August 2014

Inflammatory diseases of the dental pulp and periodontal disease are the most frequent complications of caries. Chronic inflammatory processes in the periapical tissues are the most common cause of tooth extraction. Despite, the progress made in improving the various methods of conservative therapy, the granulating form of chronic periodontitis is difficult controlled pathological state in the bones of the jaw, which often leads to the development of extensive purulent-inflammatory complications. The close relationship periapical lesions with an organism, the possibility of sensitization and toxicity require active treatment of periodontitis. Periodontitis is widespread pathology that requires additional treatment, and sometimes extraction of the affected tooth. The problem of early diagnosis and complex treatment of chronic forms of periodontitis remains relevant because of its wide availability, variety of clinical manifestations and high re-use of patients.Application of ultrasonic method of treatment combined with conventional methods of endodontic treatment contributes to reduce the number of relapses and reduction of treatment terms, it gives a high economic effect. The proposed method allows successfully to cure chronic granulating periodontitis, and consequently, to maintain all necessary for prosthetics abutment teeth.
Evaluation of Napsin A, TTF-1, p63, p40, and CK5/6 Immunohistochemical Stains in Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Zhang Chen , Schmidt Lindsay A. , Hatanaka Kazuhito , Thomas Dafydd , Lagstein Amir , Myers Jeffrey L.
Published: August 2014

Objective:

A panel of immunohistochemical (IHC) stains frequently used to subclassify non–small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) includes napsin A, TTF-1, CK5/6, p40, and p63. The expression profiles of these stains in neuroendocrine tumors have not been systematically evaluated.

Method:

Sixty-eight resected pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors, including 52 typical carcinoids (TCs), eight atypical carcinoids (ACs), seven small cell carcinomas (SCLCs) and one large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), were stained for napsin A, TTF-1, p63, p40, and CK5/6. Tumors were scored as positive (>1% tumor cells reactive) or negative, and percentage of reactive tumor cells was recorded.

Results:

Napsin A, p63, p40, and CK5/6 were consistently negative in neuroendocrine tumors. TTF-1 was positive in 17 of 52 TCs, 4 of 8 ACs, 5 of 7 SCLCs, and 0 of 1 LCNECs.

Conclusion:

Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors have a distinct but nonspecific profile on IHC panel commonly applied to subclassify NSCLCs. They are napsin A−/p40−/p63−/CK5/6−/TTF-1±. Recognizing this profile may have value in separating neuroendocrine tumors from NSCLCs.
Significant Histologic Features Differentiating Cellular Fibroadenoma From Phyllodes Tumor on Core Needle Biopsy Specimens
Authors: Yasir Saba , Gamez Roberto , Jenkins Sarah , Visscher Daniel W. , Nassar Aziza
Published: August 2014

Objectives:

Cellular fibroepithelial lesions (CFELs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors encompassing cellular fibroadenoma (CFA) and phyllodes tumor (PT). Distinction between the two is challenging on core needle biopsy (CNB) specimens. The objective of this study was to evaluate histologic features that can help distinguish PT from CFA on CNB specimens.

Methods:

Records of all patients diagnosed with CFELs on CNB specimens with follow-up excision between January 2002 and December 2012 were retrieved. Histopathologic stromal features were evaluated on CNB specimens, including mitoses per 10 high-power fields (hpf), overgrowth, increased cellularity, fragmentation, adipose tissue infiltration, heterogeneity, subepithelial condensation, and nuclear pleomorphism.

Results:

Twenty-seven (42.2%) of 64 were diagnosed as PT (24 benign PTs and three borderline PTs) and 37 (57.8%) as CFA on excision. All features except for increased stromal cellularity were statistically significant. The average number of histologic features seen in PT and CFA was 3.9 and 1.4, respectively (odds ratio [OR], 7.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.44–21.69; P = .0004). The average number of mitoses per 10 hpf was 3.0 for PT compared with 0.8 for CFA (OR, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.18–3.86; P = .01).

Conclusions:

The presence of mitoses (three or more) and/or total histologic features of three or more on CNB specimens were the most helpful features in predicting PT on excision.
Determination of Glutamate Dehydrogenase Activity and Its Kinetics in Mouse Tissues using Metabolic Mapping (Quantitative Enzyme Histochemistry)
Authors: Botman Dennis , Tigchelaar Wikky , Van Noorden Cornelis J.F.
Published: August 2014

Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyses the reversible conversion of glutamate into α-ketoglutarate with the concomitant reduction of NAD(P)+ to NAD(P)H or vice versa. GDH activity is subject to complex allosteric regulation including substrate inhibition. To determine GDH kinetics in situ, we assessed the effects of various glutamate concentrations in combination with either the coenzyme NAD+ or NADP+ on GDH activity in mouse liver cryostat sections using metabolic mapping. NAD+-dependent GDH Vmax was 2.5-fold higher than NADP+-dependent Vmax, whereas the Km was similar, 1.92 mM versus 1.66 mM, when NAD+ or NADP+ was used, respectively. With either coenzyme, Vmax was determined at 10 mM glutamate and substrate inhibition was observed at higher glutamate concentrations with a Ki of 12.2 and 3.95 for NAD+ and NADP+ used as coenzyme, respectively. NAD+- and NADP+-dependent GDH activities were examined in various mouse tissues. GDH activity was highest in liver and much lower in other tissues. In all tissues, the highest activity was found when NAD+ was used as a coenzyme. In conclusion, GDH activity in mice is highest in the liver with NAD+ as a coenzyme and highest GDH activity was determined at a glutamate concentration of 10 mM.
Dossier Reviews: New Directors/New Films
Authors: Gammill Vincent , Gibbs Catelyn , Peerson Rane , Repass William , Shiffraw Adelia , Smith Emily , St. Laurent Lance
Published: August 2014

Küf (2012) Turkey/Germany Director Ali Aydin Runtime 94 minutes

Rengaine (2012) France Director Rachid Djaidani Runtime 75 minutes

A Hijacking (2012) Denmark Director Tobias Lindholm Runtime 99 minutes

The Act of Killing (2012) Denmark Director Joshua Oppenheimer Runtime 121 minutes

The Color of the Chameleon (2012) Bulgaria Director Emil Christov Runtime 114 minutes

Burn It Up Djassa (2012) Ivory Coast/France Director Lonesome Solo Runtime 70 minutes

The Shine of Day (2012) Austria Directors Tizza Covi and Rainer Frimmel Runtime 90 minutes
Books Reviews
Authors: Gamble Steven T. , Menjivar Jaime Carlos
Published: August 2014

Hitchcock: The Murderous Gaze 2nd Edition William Rothman, (2012) Albany: Suny Press, 501pp., ISBN: 9781438443164 (pbk), $29.95, ISBN: 9781438443171 (hbk), $95.00

Michael Mann: Crime Auteur Steven Rybin, (2013) Lanham: The Scarecrow Press Inc, 281 pp, ISBN: 9780810890831 (hbk), $75.00
Autismo: a educação infantil como cenário de intervenção
Authors: Nunes Débora , Araújo Eliana Rodrigues
Published: August 2014

Nas últimas décadas, a eficácia dos programas de intervenção, em autistas, na primeira infância, se constitui objeto de pesquisa amplamente investigado. Os pressupostos teóricos da neuroplasticidade e abordagens desenvolvimentistas são factuais quanto à importância do tratamento precoce e intensivo para essa população.  Nessa perspectiva, estudos indicam a necessidade de serem  incluídas crianças, antes dos cinco anos de idade, em programas de intervenção com carga-horária de, no mínimo, 25 horas semanais. No caso, o ensino infantil é um segmento educacional altamente promissor, na implementação de práticas interventivas focadas nesse contingente infantil. Além de atender alunos de 0 a 5 anos, em regime de horário integral ou parcial, o ensino infantil tem como propósito promover o desenvolvimento integral do educando, contemplando aspectos físicos, psicológicos, intelectuais e sociais. O presente artigo tem como objetivo descrever os fundamentos da intervenção precoce, com ênfase nas melhores práticas interventivas, direcionadas para populações com autismo. Como complemento, discute-se a relevância dessa modalidade de atendimento no contexto nacional da educação infantil.
INTERFACE ENTRE A EJA E EDUCAÇÃO ESPECIAL: O PROFESSOR E A INCLUSÃO DE JOVENS E ADULTOS COM DEFICIÊNCIA INTELECTUAL
Authors: Freitas Mariele Angélica de Souza , Campos Juliane Ap. de Paula Perez
Published: August 2014

Este estudo teve como escopo compreender as práticas de ensino e as condições de trabalho do professor da EJA junto aos estudantes com deficiência intelectual matriculados nesta modalidade de ensino, no período noturno, e ensino fundamental.  Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, com características de estudo de caso. Como procedimento de coleta de dados para a realização da pesquisa, optou-se por utilizar a entrevista semiestruturada, a qual respondeu adequadamente aos nossos objetivos de investigação. Os resultados das análises evidenciam a precariedade das condições de trabalho do professor da EJA e como esta precariedade implica na organização e planejamento dos conteúdos curriculares destinados aos alunos, inclusive aqueles que apresentam deficiência intelectual.
Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors and Hybrid Devices for Green Energy Applications
Authors: Maletin Y. , Stryzhakova N. , Zelinsky S. , Chernukhin S. , Tretyakov D. , Tychina S. , Drobny D.
Published: August 2014

Electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) and hybrid devices (HDs) become more and more popular solutions in various green energy technologies, in particular, in hybrid transport and wind power stations. After many years of research in EDLC and in HD technology we have developed some approaches and methods aimed at improving the performance of those devices. The results for EDLCs with the lowest inner resistance and highest power density, as well the results for HDs with the largest energy density as compared with the best similar competing devices are presented.
Association Mapping of Germination Traits inArabidopsis thalianaUnder Light and Nutrient Treatments: Searching for G×E Effects
Authors: Morrison Ginnie D , Linder C Randal
Published: August 2014

In the natural world, genotype expression is influenced by an organism’s environment. Identifying and understanding the genes underlying phenotypes in different environments is important for making advances in fields ranging from evolution to medicine to agriculture. With the availability of genome-wide genetic-marker datasets, it is possible to look for genes that interact with the environment. Using the model organism, Arabidopsis thaliana, we looked for genes underlying phenotypes as well as genotype-by-environment interactions in four germination traits under two light and two nutrient conditions. We then performed genome-wide association tests to identify candidate genes underlying the observed phenotypes and genotype-by-environment interactions. Of the four germination traits examined, only two showed significant genotype-by-environment interactions. While genome-wide association analyses did not identify any markers or genes explicitly linked to genotype-by-environment interactions, we did identify a total of 55 markers and 71 genes associated with germination differences. Of the 71 genes, four—ZIGA4, PS1, TOR, and TT12—appear to be strong candidates for further study of germination variation under different environments.
From Science to Science: Lessons Learned from the Disappearing Plastic Gyres
Authors: Xu Shiqin
Published: August 2014

In scientific age we are experiencing daily changes with unbelievable speed, yet we are also paying back for the sequence that science caused. It is may be a joke for our human being. When the first plastic bag was used in the supermarket decades ago, people appraised it as a record-broken invention. We must say yes that plastic products truly help us much in each field, but are the benefits of the plastic really overweigh the harmful effect on our daily life and health? The newly reported report said it was hard to give an in-depth evaluation of the long-term impact of plastic debris consumed by marine creatures on our ecosystems. It is only an example, but the real thing we today should consider is that what the potential effect of the science development on us, and on the whole biological system. If we need pay two dollars back to solve the problems arose from the one-dollar original cost, is it reasonable? The fact we now facing is exactly as this. Today’s scientific work potentiates us far more spending on the science-related acts.
Primavera urbana: a ilha deserta interroga as multidões
Authors: Silva Rodrigo Lages e , Baptista Luis Antonio dos Santos
Published: August 2014

Este artigo faz uma apreciação da imbricação da qual emergem a modernidade científica, o liberalismo e a racionalidade política clássica e suas relações com o modo de produção capitalista. Toma-se como ponto de partida a narrativa da vida numa ilha deserta apresentada pelo romance Robinson Crusoé, seja na sua versão original em Defoe ou na sua recontagem por Michel Tournier, com o objetivo de debater as implicações ético-políticas do fazer científico no campo das humanidades, mais especificamente na psicologia, frente às formas contemporâneas de resistência ao capitalismo, com destaque às possíveis conexões entre uma estética da existência, tal como proposta por Michel Foucault, e os movimentos coletivos que se vêm espalhando pelo mundo desde 2012.
Lixo, conduta humana e a gestão dos insuportáveis
Authors: Souza Ricardo Abussafy de , França Sonia Aparecida Moreira
Published: August 2014

O lixo, como experiência insuportável da vida urbana, aglutinadora de matérias pútridas, inúteis e de refugos da sociedade, traduz-se, a partir do método genealógico pautado nos estudos de Michel Foucault, na análise das formas de problematização sobre as condições de existência do sujeito moderno. Duas formas principais de aglutinação de discursos e práticas apresentam-se aliados aos modos de governo das condutas. Na primeira delas, a forma lixo compõe-se de restos, matérias pútridas e inúteis, cujas práticas, outrora dispersas no campo do real, são organizadas conforme a racionalidade da medicina-social. Em segundo, a forma resíduo, por sua vez registra um novo campo de visibilidades sobre os restos, apoiado pelo conjunto de práticas sociais e discursos ecológicos que o circunscrevem como objeto de políticas públicas e, portanto, de governamentalidade, tais como, os conceitos de reciclagem, inclusão social e preservação dos recursos naturais.
A narrativa como proposta metodológica para o estudo do Burnout
Authors: Dutra-Thomé Luciana , Alencastro Luciano da Silva , Koller Silvia Helena
Published: August 2014

A maioria dos estudos em Burnout tem priorizado a utilização de métodos e técnicas que definem a priori seus parâmetros de avaliação. Como uma alternativa a essa tendência, o presente artigo apresentará a perspectiva narrativa como um método que permite à pessoa a livre expressão de sua experiência de adoecimento. Essa ferramenta pode ampliar a compreensão teórica do fenômeno, tradicionalmente abordado pelas seguintes perspectivas: clínica; sócio-histórica e contextual; sociopsicológica; e trajetória de carreira. Após a descrição dessas abordagens, será apresentada a perspectiva narrativa - fornecendo uma visão do Burnout enquanto processo, pois o fluxo narrativo conecta e situa temporalmente elementos tradicionalmente referidos como exteriores (variáveis culturais e laborais) e interiores (valores e significados), superando dicotomias. Esses elementos potencialmente integrados em uma narrativa podem contribuir para a realização do diagnóstico diferencial da síndrome e para o aprimoramento das intervenções clínicas.
Instituição militância em análise: a (sobre)implicação de trabalhadores na Reforma Psiquiátrica brasileira
Authors: Vasconcelos Michele de Freitas Faria de , Paulon Simone Manieri
Published: August 2014

O artigo parte da problematização do conceito de instituição para propor um debate acerca do processo de institucionalização da Reforma Psiquiátrica em curso no Brasil. Tomando a própria Reforma como instituição, levanta possíveis processos conservadores operando no seio do movimento, o qual resultou na Lei que redireciona o modelo assistencial em saúde mental. Discute, a partir daí, a implicação de trabalhadores da rede de saúde, muitas vezes confundida com a militância que, na sua maioria, os mesmos também exercem no movimento antimanicomial. Finaliza explorando o conceito de sobreimplicação e os possíveis efeitos desse processo nos rumos que a Reforma Psiquiátrica vem tomando no país.
Viabilidade do reúso de água como elemento mitigador dos efeitos da seca no semiárido da Bahia
Authors: Schaer-Barbosa Martha , Santos Maria Elisabete Pereira dos , Medeiros Yvonilde Dantas Pinto
Published: August 2014

Este artigo tem o objetivo de avaliar a viabilidade de implantação do reúso agrícola de água como elemento mitigador dos efeitos da seca no semiárido baiano, analisando as razões para a implementação de políticas de reúso de água sob o ponto de vista de agricultores e de formuladores de política de recursos hídricos. A pesquisa foi localizada em São Domingos, município da região semiárida da Bahia e a metodologia consistiu na realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas e aplicação de questionários fechados. Os resultados indicam que a questão cultural se constitui em obstáculo importante, seja pelo sentimento de repulsa, ou pela crença de que a prática pode trazer riscos à saúde, entretanto, os principais fatores que dificultam a implantação de reúso são de ordem econômica, destacando-se o pouco valor da produção agrícola na referida região.
Agente comunitário de saúde: desafios do trabalho na zona rural
Authors: Baptistini Renan Almeida , Figueiredo Tulio Alberto Martins de
Published: August 2014

Estudo de abordagem qualitativa objetivando conhecer os desafios do trabalho dos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde na zona rural de Jerônimo Monteiro - ES e identificar se estes ACS, no atendimento das demandas dos usuários rurais, além de suas atividades instituídas, buscam formas diferenciadas de produzir a sua prática. A produção do material do estudo se deu através de entrevistas e da observação. A Análise Institucional norteou a análise deste estudo. O extenso território de abrangência das USF, a grande dispersão demográfica, os acessos distantes e difíceis aos domicílios, as formas de locomoção, os animais e as visitas domiciliares no período da colheita do café foram os principais desafios do cotidiano laboral do ACS rural. Diante destes desafios e na obrigação de cumprir as ações instituídas, os ACS rurais de Jerônimo Monteiro inovam e buscam formas diferenciadas de produzir a sua prática.
O desafio da conservação de ambientes aquáticos e manutenção de serviços ambientais em áreas verdes urbanas: o caso do Parque Estadual da Cantareira
Authors: Rares Cássia de Souza , Brandimarte Ana Lúcia
Published: August 2014

Este trabalho aborda a pressão antropogênica sobre corpos de água e de sua relação com os serviços ambientais associados a estes ambientes. Para tanto, toma como base a situação observada em um dos maiores remanescentes de floresta natural em área urbana do mundo, o Parque Estadual da Cantareira. Discute a relação entre a pressão antropogênica e a condição socioeconômica da população do entorno desta unidade de conservação de proteção integral ocupada por Mata Atlântica. Além disso, chama a atenção para o fato que a proteção da vegetação nem sempre resulta em proteção dos habitats aquáticos e da qualidade da água, o que interfere no uso de serviços ambientais legalmente permitidos.
Abordagens de conflitos socioambientais em casos de subsidência de minas de carvão no Brasil e EUA
Authors: Ruiz Mauro Silva , Correa Rosany , Gallardo Amarilis Lucia Casteli Figueiredo , Sintoni Ayrton
Published: August 2014

Este trabalho analisa os conflitos socioambientais relacionados aos impactos de minas subterrâneas de carvão em Santa Catarina, Brasil, e Illinois, EUA, visando identificar "lições apreendidas" por participantes do processo de implantação de regulamentações de subsidência naquele estado americano que possam ser relevantes para a gestão ambiental em áreas impactadas por este fenômeno no Brasil. Illinois tem uma vasta experiência no assunto por ter 2,8% do seu território minerado por carvão. No Brasil assume-se que os conflitos decorrentes de subsidência representam obstáculos ao desenvolvimento sustentável da região carbonífera catarinense. A metodologia do estudo consistiu em revisão da literatura, aplicação de questionários e realização de entrevistas com especialistas em mineração de carvão. As lições apreendidas mais importantes para Santa Catarina referem-se à necessidade de conhecer detalhadamente as áreas da região carbonífera que foram mineradas subterraneamente visando veicular informações claras e objetivas sobre os riscos da movimentação das superfícies, além de oferecer seguro de à população.
Grain boundary diffusion: non-random topology and effective medium approximation
Authors: Li Lin , Holland Sharniece
Published: August 2014

Driven by the success of grain boundary (GB) engineering, it is desirable to establish a relationship between the properties of polycrystalline materials and their GB network structures. Here we particularly explore GB diffusion using a two-dimensional GB network model to establish a connection between the effective diffusivity of GB networks and the network topology for random and two crystallographically consistent networks. For all the networks, the effective diffusivity against GB characters exhibits two distinct behaviours, that is, composite and percolation, based on the diffusivity contrast of individual GB properties. Generalised effective medium (GEM) equation, which combines the effective medium theory and the percolation theory, can be applied to predict the behaviour of crystallographically consistent networks when incorporating the shift of the effective diffusivity percolation threshold. The shift of the percolation threshold resulting from local constraints can be connected to the population of triple junctions. Notably, the population of J2 plays a key role in determining the shift by changing the connectivity of high-diffusivity boundaries.
Factors Affecting Utilization of Dental Services During Pregnancy
Authors: Amin Maryam , ElSalhy Mohamed
Published: August 2014

Background: The aim of this study is to identify and evaluate factors affecting utilization of dental services during pregnancy.

Methods: Participants in this cross‐sectional study were mothers visiting a community health center for their infants’/toddlers’ immunization. Data were collected through a questionnaire about demographics, oral health knowledge, attitude, and practices, as well as barriers to dental visits during pregnancy. Mean (SD) and frequencies were used for data description. Different factors were analyzed as predictors for utilization of dental services using multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results: In total, 423 mothers completed the study. Mean (SD) age at delivery was 29.5 (5.3) years. Almost all participants brushed their teeth at least once daily with toothpaste. During pregnancy, 19.2% of mothers reported difficulties with brushing, and 25% had dental/periodontal problems. Half of the participants had a dental visit during pregnancy; 93% were for dental checkups, 80.5% received preventive care, and 28.8% received dental/periodontal treatments. Canadian‐born women were 48% more likely to visit the dentist during pregnancy compared with non‐Canadian counterparts (P = 0.048). Level of education, dental insurance, and household income were also positively associated with usage (P <0.001). Mothers with more knowledge about possible connections between oral health and pregnancy and those who visited the dentist every 6 months had better odds of visiting the dentist during pregnancy (P <0.001).

Conclusion: Three major factors predicting the utilization of dental services during pregnancy were: 1) perceived need, 2) habit of regular dental visits, and 3) access to dental services.
Periodontal Disease as a Risk Indicator for Poor Physical Fitness: A Cross‐Sectional Observational Study
Authors: Oliveira Joao Augusto P. , Hoppe Carolina B. , Gomes Maximiliano S. , Grecca Fabiana S. , Haas Alex N.
Published: August 2014

Background: Physical inactivity has been associated with poor oral health. The aim of this study is to assess whether periodontal disease is a risk indicator for poor physical fitness.

Methods: This cross‐sectional study included 111 males who performed a physical fitness test (PFT) composed of four exercises: 1) push‐ups conducted by pushing the body up and lowering it down using the arms; 2) pull‐ups with the body suspended by the arms gripped on a bar; 3) sit‐ups in which the upper and lower vertebrae are lifted from the floor; and 4) running for 12 minutes. A PFT score (range of 1 to 300) was determined for each participant, with higher scores indicating better physical fitness. One periodontist assessed attachment loss (AL) and probing depth (PD). Physical fitness was dichotomized according to whether the highest PFT score was “achieved” or “not achieved.” Multivariable logistic models were fitted adjusting for age, overweight (body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2), and frequency of daily exercise.

Results: The mean age of the sample was 34.8 ± 10.3 years. Overweight individuals demonstrated significantly lower PFT scores (276.9 ± 24.1 points) than normal‐weight individuals (289.3 ± 16.8 points). Individuals presenting at least one tooth with AL ≥4 mm had significantly lower PFT scores (277.8 ± 23.6 points) compared with those without this status (285.9 ± 20.2 points). A 1‐mm increment in PD or AL significantly decreased the chance of reaching the highest PFT score by 69% or 75%, respectively.

Conclusion: Periodontal disease may be considered a risk indicator for poor physical fitness in males.
Adverse Outcomes Among Homeless Adolescents and Young Adults Who Report a History of Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Mackelprang Jessica L. , Harpin Scott B. , Grubenhoff Joseph A. , Rivara Frederick P.
Published: August 2014

Objectives. We examined the prevalence of self-reported traumatic brain injury (TBI) among homeless young people and explored whether sociodemographic characteristics, mental health diagnoses, substance use, exposure to violence, or difficulties with activities of daily living (ADLs) were associated with TBI.

Methods. We analyzed data from the Wilder Homelessness Study, in which participants were recruited in 2006 and 2009 from streets, shelters, and locations in Minnesota that provide services to homeless individuals. Participants completed 30-minute interviews to collect information about history of TBI, homelessness, health status, exposure to violence (e.g., childhood abuse, assault), and other aspects of functioning.

Results. Of the 2732 participating adolescents and young adults, 43% reported a history of TBI. Participants with TBI became homeless at a younger age and were more likely to report mental health diagnoses, substance use, suicidality, victimization, and difficulties with ADLs. The majority of participants (51%) reported sustaining their first injury prior to becoming homeless or at the same age of their first homeless episode (10%).

Conclusions. TBI occurs frequently among homeless young people and is a marker of adverse outcomes such as mental health difficulties, suicidal behavior, substance use, and victimization.
Systematic Review of the Effect of Pictorial Warnings on Cigarette Packages in Smoking Behavior
Authors: Monárrez-Espino Joel , Liu Bojing , Greiner Felix , Bremberg Sven , Galanti Rosaria
Published: August 2014

We used a structured approach to assess whether active smokers presented with pictorial warnings on cigarette packages (PWCP) had a higher probability of quitting, reducing, and attempting to quit smoking than did unexposed smokers.

We identified 21 articles from among nearly 2500 published between 1993 and 2013, prioritizing coverage over relevance or quality because we expected to find only a few studies with behavioral outcomes. We found very large heterogeneity across studies, poor or very poor methodological quality, and generally null or conflicting findings for any explored outcome.

The evidence for or against the use of PWCP is insufficient, suggesting that any effect of PWCP on behavior would be modest. Determining the single impact of PWCP on behavior requires studies with strong methodological designs and longer follow-up periods.
Assessment of radiation exposure of murine rodents at the EURT territories
Authors: Malinovsky Georgy , Yarmoshenko Ilia , Starichenko Vera , Lyubashevsky Naum
Published: August 2014

The study provides data on contemporary levels of radiation exposure of organs and tissues of murine rodents (several species of mice and voles) inhabiting the East-Ural Radioactive Trace. The estimation procedure involves the most advanced approach based on application of appropriate voxel phantom and biokinetic model. Input data for dose assessment are the results of measurements of skeletal 90Sr activity concentration. Maximal internal dose to skeleton, accumulated during 45 days, is 303 mGy. Median internal dose rates on the last day before trapping were 0.83, 0.092 and 0.023 mGy/day for animals trapped at the sites with initial (1957) 90Sr surface contamination >37 MBq/m2, 18.5–37 MBq/m2 and 0.074–18.5 MBq/m2 respectively. Taking to account internal and external exposures, upper boundary of the ICRP Derived Consideration Reference Level (DCRL) is exceeded on the territory with maximal level of the initial 90Sr surface contamination. On the territory with 18.5–37 MBq/m2, whole body mean dose rates to murine rodents exceed the lower boundary of DCRL. On the areas with lower level of surface contamination, even the 90-th percentile of dose rate is below the DCRL.
Hydrogen peroxide induced by modulated electromagnetic radiation protects the cells from DNA damage
Authors: Gapeyev Andrew , Lukyanova Nina , Gudkov Sergey
Published: August 2014

It is believed that non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and low-level hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) may change nonspecific resistance and modify DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation. To check this assumption, the combined effects of extremely high-frequency EMR (EHF EMR) and X-rays on induction of DNA damage in mouse whole blood leukocytes were studied. The cells were exposed to X-rays with or without preliminary treatment with EHF EMR or low-level H2O2. With the use of enhanced chemiluminescence, it was shown for the first time that pulse-modulated EHF EMR (42.2 GHz, incident power density of 0.1 mW/cm2, exposure duration of 20 min, modulation frequency of 1 Hz) induced H2O2 at a concentration of 4.6 ± 0.3 nM L−1 in physiological saline. With the use of an alkaline comet assay, it was found that the exposure of cells to the pulse-modulated EHF EMR, 25 min prior to treatment with X-rays at a dose of 4 Gy reduced the level of ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage. Continuous EHF EMR was inefficient. In turn, it was shown that low-level H2O2 (30–500 nM L−1) protected the cells against X-irradiation. Thus, the mechanisms of radiation protective effect of EHF EMR are connected with the induction of the adaptive response by nanomolar concentrations of reactive oxygen species formed by pulse-modulated EHF EMR.
Leucojum aestivum L. in vitro bulbs induction and acclimatization
Authors: Ptak Agata
Published: August 2014

The effects of growth retardants (paclobutrazol and ancymidol), sucrose, GA3 (gibberellic acid) and physical state of the medium (solid and liquid — Rita® temporary immersion system) on in vitro induction of Leucojum aestivum bulbs and their acclimatization were studied. Paclobutrazol, regardless of the physical state of the medium, stimulated the formation of bulbs (99.3%). Under the influence 90 g L−1 of sucrose or paclobutrazol the bulbs with the highest fresh weight (FW) were formed (250 mg and 208.8 mg, respectively). However, the addition of ancymidol to the liquid medium led to obtaining the bulbs showing the highest number of leaves and roots (63.2% and 91.7%, respectively). The scanning microscopy study proved that plants obtained in the medium containing GA3 produced the stomata which most closely resembled to the one observed in the mother plant. Cytometric analysis of all regenerants revealed absence of changes in the nuclear DNA content. The maximum survival rate (100%) was observed for plants derived from liquid medium containing 90 g L−1 of sucrose. Somewhat fewer plants were acclimatized after their cultivations in liquid medium enriched with paclobutrazol or ancymidol. The temporary immersion system led to perform successful ex vitro adaptation of Leucojum aestivum plants.
Silver nanoparticles augment releasing of pyrogenic factors by blood cells stimulated with LPS
Authors: Jedrzejewski Tomasz , Wrotek Sylwia , Piotrowski Jakub , Kozak Wieslaw
Published: August 2014

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have cytotoxic properties via generation of reactive oxygen species which are involved in the generalized sickness behavior of the host, including fever and lethargy among others. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of AgNPs on the ability of rat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to release fever mediating factors after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Body temperature and motor activity of the Wistar rats were measured by biotelemetry system. Rat PBMCs were stimulated with LPS and after that the cells were washed and incubated alone or with AgNPs. The final supernatants were injected intraperitoneally. The levels of endogenous pyrogens such as interleukin-1β (IL−1β), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) released from the PBMCs into the final supernatants were also estimated. The results indicated that injection of the supernatants from the cells stimulated with LPS induced fever and inhibited motor activity. These effects were potentiated by the presence of AgNPs during the final incubation. The presence of the AgNPs also resulted in significant increases in levels of endogenous pyrogens. The augmentation of fever in the rats by the AgNPs treatment of the cultures seemed to be primarily associated with the changes in interleukin-1β levels.
Current overview of colitis-associated colorectal cancer
Authors: Sobczak Marta , Wlazłowski Marcin , Zatorski Hubert , Sałaga Maciej , Fichna Jakub
Published: August 2014

Colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CACRC) constitutes a severe complication of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and occurs in more than one third of IBD patients. In this short review we focus on the mechanisms underlying CACRC pathogenesis, and discuss the approaches for prevention and therapy in CACRC.
Feline patent Toxoplasma-like coccidiosis among feral cats (Felis catus) in Doha city, Qatar and its immediate surroundings
Authors: Abu-Madi Marawan , Behnke Jerzy
Published: August 2014

Doha city has a high feral cat population and studies of hospital records in Doha have shown that human toxoplasmosis also occurs. Clearly, there is a need to understand the role of cats as vectors of human toxoplasmosis in the city and as a first step we assessed the extent of patent Toxoplasma-like coccidial infections among feral cats. Oocysts in cat faeces were detected between June 2008 and April 2010, from a range of locations radiating out of the city centre in concentric semi circular/elliptic rings and by north, west and south divisions within each of the rings. In total 4,652 cats were sampled and overall prevalence of oocysts was 9.1%. Prevalence was 10.1% in the first summer, and then dropped to 8.4% in the following winter and further to 6.8% in the next summer before rising to 10.6% in the final winter of the study; this interaction between annual period and season was significant. There were also significant changes in prevalence across each of the consecutive months of the study, but no clear pattern was evident. Prevalence did not vary significantly by city sector and there was no difference in prevalence between the host sexes. We conclude therefore, that despite minor and significant perturbations, the prevalence of patent Toxoplasma-like coccidial infections among cats in Doha is remarkably stable throughout the year, across years and spatially within the city’s districts.