bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One step catalytic oxidation process of methane to methanol at low reaction temperature : A Brief Review
Authors: Anggoro D D , Chamdani F T , Buchori L
Published: February 2021

Methanol has good combustion properties, so it is projected to be a profitable alternative for future fuel. Single step oxidation of methane to methanol can be chosen as an alternative process, because this process is more economical than the conventional two-step process. Although in the thermodynamic analysis shows that partial oxidation of methane to methanol can be carried out at room temperature, but the low selectivity and side reactions are still to be challenge. To getting the methanol as a product or intermediate, it is important to determine the suitable materials that can activate methane in an efficient way at low temperatures. This is difficult because the C-H bond in CH4 has the highest bond energy (104 kcal / mol) among other organic compounds. Some oxide and metal oxide surfaces can dissociate CH4 at room temperature, which opens the possibility for a direct conversion methane to methanol. And the addition of water to the system causes a big change in the selectivity of methane activation yielding which only produces adsorbed CHx fragments. In this paper we will review one step catalytic oxidation process basicly, solid heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of methane, and some suitable catalysts and materials that can support the reaction of the conversion of methane into methanol.
Performance of free standing TiO2 nanostructures (FSTNS) photocatalysis for batik industry wastewater treatment
Authors: Ariyanti Dessy , Purbasari Aprilina , Widiyanti Marissa
Published: February 2021

In this work, the effectiveness and reusability of free standing TiO2 nanostructures (FSTNS) for batik industry wastewater treatment were investigated. The FSTNS photocatalyst were prepared via hydrothermal process at 180°C for 18 hours in the presence of acetone (5% v/v) as oxidation agent. Batik industry wastewater used in this study were analysed prior the photocatalysis, thus contained organic pollutants including dyes and phenolic compound with chemical oxygen demand (COD) 303.7 mg/L; total phenol 0.8 mg/L and measured pH 5.84. The results show FSTNS is able to degrade the majority of dyes which leads to the reduction of COD value up to 56,7 mg/L, total phenol to 0.3 mg/L and acidity level to 7.15. It is also found out that the effectiveness of FSTNS reduce less than 20% after it is reuse in three times cycles, confirming its fair reusability as photocatalyst for batik wastewater treatment.
Synthesis of Sodium Lignosulfonate (SLS) Surfactant and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) as Surfactants in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
Authors: Dasilva Teodora , Sudrajat Ronny Windu , Kasmiyatun Mega , Priyanto Slamet , Suherman  , Pramudono Bambang , Elmushidi Azka Donan , Fauzan Ahmad
Published: February 2021

The process of extracting oil from oil wells still uses the premier and secondary methods, another method that is not optimal is the tertiary method to increase oil recovery. The tertiary method is by chemical injection with surfactants, polymers, and alkalis, among others. Surfactants (surface active agents) can change the interface tension of insoluble liquids. One of the surfactants that can be used is sodium lignosulfonate (SLS). In this study, sodium lignosulfonate surfactant was made from lignin as raw material isolated from black liquor. In this study, the surfactant sodium lignosulfonate was reacted with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a polymer so that it became a polymeric surfactant. The surfactant polymer that has been synthesized can control oil mobility due to its viscous nature in aqueous solutions. This study examines the effect of the molecular weight of polyethylene glycol and sodium lignosulfonate, temperature, the concentration of ammonium persulfate catalyst, the weight ratio of polyethylene glycol and sodium lignosulfonate. FTIR test results on sodium lignosulfonate surfactant have a wavelength of 3369 cm−1 hydroxyl groups -OH, 1593 cm−1 -C=O aromatic groups, 1456 cm−1 -S = O groups, 1423 cm−1 -CH aromatic groups, 1216 cm−1 asymmetric SO2 groups, =C= S, and 1102cm−1 symmetric groups SO2=C=S. The compatibility test of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) shows that SLS is compatible with the formation of water. Filtration test of enhanced oil recovery shows that SLS using membrane 42 produces greater FR solution.
Kinetics of Gliserolysis Reaction of Silkworm Pupae Oil on Synthese Surfactant Biodegradable
Authors: Purwaningtyas Ery Fatarina , Kasmiyatun Mega
Published: February 2021

Continuing previous research entitled “The Innovation of Making MAG-DAG Biodegradable Surfactants Based on Silkworm Waste: Raw Material for Animal Oil”. So this study aims to determine the kinetics of the reaction. Determining the order of the reaction can only be done experimentally, the second-order reaction is not always bimolecular, but the bimolecular reaction must be of second order. The reaction is carried out at various temperature variations namely 65°C, 75°C, and 85°C at 1 atm pressure. Each interval of one hour, samples were taken from the process up to 4 hours of reaction time, to then be analyzed the residual content of triglycerides in each sample. The results showed that the higher the reaction temperature, the faster the reaction. Further analysis showed that the reaction that occurred was an alternating second-order reaction, the deviation was respectively 8.84% and 16.71%, with the values of k1 and k2 :

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The general equation for the reaction speed of pupa oil glycerolysis is r = k1 (CA) (CB) – k2 (CC) (CD)
Effect Soursop Leaf Extract For Oxidation Stability Of Palm Oil Biodiesel and Soybean Oil Biodiesel
Authors: Akbar Addin , Akli Khairul , Youfa Rita
Published: February 2021

Biodiesel is one of the alternative energy sources for diesel oil substitutes. However, the unsaturated fatty acid contains in vegetable oils leads to the poor oxidation stability of biodiesel. One of the potential methods used to prevent or delay the oxidation reaction is the addition of antioxidants because the process is much more straightforward and efficient. Soursop leaf was reported to have the potential to be used as a natural antioxidant. Soursop leaf extracted using solvent n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The crude extract with concentration 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 ppm tested to palm oil and soybean oil biodiesel. Oxidation stability of biodiesel analyzed using the 873 Rancimat instrument biodiesel. The results show that a concentration of 100 ppm soursop leaf extracted with both n-hexane and ethyl acetate increased the Induction Period (IP) of palm oil biodiesel more than 16 h. This result meets the SNI biodiesel requirements in which the IP minimum for biodiesel is eighth.
A brief review on the characteristics, extraction and potential industrial applications of citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oils
Authors: Kumoro A C , Wardhani D H , Retnowati D S , Haryani K
Published: February 2021

Essential oils can be extracted from the leaves and stalk of aromatic grass plants, namely the citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), which grow primarily in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The word lemon denotes its unique lemon-like aroma, which is largely contributed by the existence of citral. This organic compound is an amalgamation of two stereoisomeric monoterpene aldehydes, in which the trans isomer geranial content is predominant over its cis isomer neral. The essential oil of lemongrass has been utilised since the old-times in traditional medicine as a natural remedy to improve circulation, control menstrual cycles, enhance digestion or improve immunity. It is also used to produce perfumes, flavours, detergents, and pharmaceuticals. Basically, citronella grass and lemongrass essential oil can be obtained by various extraction methods, such as conventional solvent extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), steam distillation, hydrodistillation (HD), microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2. SFE is considered as the most selected consumer and environmentally friendly essential oil extraction method because its traceless solvent in the product. The quality of the essential oil from aromatic grass strongly depends on the extraction method and operating conditions. However, the chemical composition of the essential oil of C. nardus and C. citratus also varies with the geographical origin, cultivation practices, plant age, photoperiod, harvest period, cultivars, and extraction methods. The chemical markers which have consistently been identified in the essential oil of aromatic grass are aldehydes, hydrocarbon terpenes, alcohols, ketones, and esters. This article presents the recent information on extraction methods of aromatic grass essential oil, chemical composition and its potential in industrial applications.
Optimization of Essential Oil Extraction from Dried Clove Leaves (Syzgium aromaticum) using Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction by Face-Centered Central Composite Design
Authors: Nurmitasari Yurie , Mahfud Mahfud
Published: February 2021

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) leaves are agricultural waste of clove plants which can still be valorised by extracting their essential oil. The the aim of this research is to perform the extraction process of clove essential oil using Solvent free microwave extraction by studying the effects of extraction parameters, such as microwave power, feed to distiller ratio and extraction time and finding optimal conditions with the response surface methodology using FCCD design. The operating parameters of this experiments are microwave power (300 -600 W), feed to distiller ratio (0.06 - 0.14 g/mL), and extraction time (20 - 60 minutes). The existence of analysis of variance values (ANOVA) which indicates an important factor that determines the results of the study. From the analysis results obtained 4 parameters that have a significant effect (p-value <0.05), these parameters are microwave power (A), F/D ratio (B), Extraction Time (C) and the effect of extraction time squared (C2). The results showed that the optimum conditions were at microwave power 542,04 W, F/D ratio 0.07 g / mL, extraction time 44.5 minutes. From this optimum condition, the maximum prediction result is 4.45%. It can be neglected that these results indicate the suitability of the model used in the extraction of dry clove leaf essential oil (R2 = 0.8906). Chemical analysis was also carried out using GC-MS. The results showed that the largest component was Eugenol 95.68%. While the physical properties, specific gravity 1.62 and solubility 1: 2. The results of the value analysis are in accordance with the range of quality standards SNI 06-2387-2006.
Microwave Hydrodistillation of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) Seed Essential Oil Using Box-Behnken Design
Authors: Panjaitan R , Mahfud M
Published: February 2021

Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) is a unique Indonesian spice that grows in North Sumatra. It has the potential to be the material source of essential oil. Andaliman essential oil has not available as a market commodity yet or still in the research extent where even the study of it is limited. This research has carried out the extraction of essential oil through one of the advanced extraction processes, namely microwave hydrodistillation. The experiment was designed using Box-Behnken to obtain an equation model of its process extraction. In this study, the effects of extraction parameters, such as microwave power, F/S ratio, and extraction time, were analyzed. From this research, a reduced quadratic model was obtained that could represent the extraction of andaliman essential oil using microwave hydrodistillation, where all three parameters had a significant effect on the yield of andaliman oil. Besides, the optimization of the model obtained the optimum condition of the andaliman essential oil extraction process. Also, the analysis of the sample product revealed that it was miscible in alcohol and had a relative density value of 0.8861 gr/ml (20°C). The main components of the sample consisted of dl-limonene, geranyl acetate, carvone, and citronella.
Extraction Bioactive Compound of Pegagan (Centella Asiatica L.) using Solvent-Free Microwave-Assisted Extraction
Authors: Rahmawati A , Fachri B A , Oktavia S , Abrori F
Published: February 2021

Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica L.), known as pegagan is a plant with many benefits, including used to repair burns, hypertrophic wound healing, and as an inflammatory agent. C. asiatica grows in tropical Asia and grows in various countries such as Indonesia, Philippines, China, India, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar. C. asiatica has four bioactive components, namely asiatic acid, asiaticoside, madecassic acid, and madecassoside. Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) is one of the methods for extracting bioactive compounds of pegagan leaf. In this study, the extraction of pegagan bioactive compounds carried out using the Solvent-Free Microwave-Assisted Extraction (SFME) method. This research used a box-behnken design model for the optimization process. The variables used are mass of material (20, 40, 60 g), power (150, 300, 450 W), and time of extraction (30, 60, 90 min). The highest yield is 4,5474% at 450 watt microwave power, 20 g mass pegagan leaves, and 60 min extraction time. Mass of material is the factor that has significant effect on yield. Modelling from this research is appropriate which has lack-of-fit > 0,1, and R2 89,67%. The content of bioactive compounds carried out by analyzing the total phenolic content of the product. The most substantial phenol content is 2398,649 μgAGE/ml.
Experimental study on thermoelectric module’s heating and cooling performance
Authors: Sasongko Setia Budi , Buchori Luqman , Sanyoto Gelbert Jethro
Published: February 2021

Experimental study and investigation on heating and cooling performance of a thermoelectric module have been conducted. A thermoelectric heating and cooling device, also known as Peltier, presented itself as a potential alternative of commercial distillation system by exploiting its unique nature of generating “hot-side” and “cold-side” similar to a heat pump. Looking at the fact that distillation utilizes heat to vaporize specific compounds and turns it back into a liquid by condensation, Peltier may provide both of these processes, using only a single thermoelectric unit. This simplicity and efficiency make a strong ground for further study and practical application of the thermoelectric module, especially in a distillation system. One problem is that previous studies on thermoelectric module application are not sufficient and need more analysis regarding the performance of individual module. Therefore, this research aims to study the application of thermoelectric module in order to obtain experimental and performance data. Several electrical control and Arduino® sensors are applied in this study for real-time data collection with a variation of supplied voltage and current in an adiabatic closed system. Experimental results showed that there were distinctions of module’s performances at different current and temperature difference over time with the maximum power, 10V, 5A, reached up to 80 °C for hot side and 50 °C for cold side. This data then was further analyzed by curve fitting to perceive the specific statistical model which was found to be the rational model.
Plant-based coagulants for water treatment
Authors: Shabaa Ghusoon J. , Al-Jboory Wael S. H. , Sabre Hala M. , Alazmi Abdulaziz , Kareem Mohanad M. , AlKhayyat Ahmed
Published: February 2021

The use of coagulants that are derived from natural material has significantly increased over the last decades due to the safety and cost-effectiveness use of such coagulants. Therefore, the current study aims to use a plant-based coagulant namely Moringa Oleifera seeds to remove the water turbidity. During the experimental work, samples of water of 250 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) were mixed with various amounts of Moringa Oleifera seeds in the laboratory at room temperature (20 ± 1 °C) for 90 minutes. Every 10 minutes, 5.0 ml samples were collected using a plastic container and filtered to be checked using a spectrophotometer for the removal of turbidity. Besides, the impact of mixing time, dose of Moringa Oleifera, and pH on the removal of the turbidity was investigated. The outcome showed that the turbidity of the treated water decreases with the increase in the dosage of Moringa Oleifera and the mixing time. However, it was noticed that the removal efficiency of the turbidity decreases when the pH value is more than 7. The removal of the water turbidity of 92% was achieved using 8 g/l of Moringa Oleifera for 80 minutes.
Phosphate removal from water using low-cost dolomite filters
Authors: Hamoodi Faris M. , Mohammed Mohammed Ibrahim , Alwash Reham S. , Kot Patryk
Published: February 2021

The extensive usage of phosphate in different industries, such as detergents and fertilizers, remarkably increased its concentration in water bodies. Moreover, the weathering of phosphate-containing geochemical deposits represents another source of water pollution with phosphate. This pollutant has significant impacts on water quality, aquatic life, and the cost of the water treatment process. Therefore, the current project investigates the applicability of calcium-rich dolomite as a filtration media to remove phosphate from water. Firstly, the chemical and physical properties of dolomite samples were examined to check the suitability of these samples for phosphate removal. Then, several batch flow experiments were carried out at a water/solid ratio of 1.77, taking into accounts the influence of some key operating parameters such as treatment time, and the initial concentration of phosphate. The obtained results showed that the longer the treatment time was, the higher the removal of phosphate was. It was found that the calcium-rich dolomite removes about 30 percent of initial phosphate concentration (10 mg/L) within 120 min. Additionally, the results obtained from the application of the Langmuir isothermal model, and the separation factor indicate a good affinity between dolomite and phosphate atoms.
Removal of bacterial pollution from municipal wastewater using electrocoagulation technique
Authors: AL-Jaryan Israa L. , Al-Jaryan Rand L. , Jouda Sarab A. , Alotaibi Shmlan , Abdellatif Mawada , AlKhayyat Ahmed
Published: February 2021

Bacterial pollution in water sources is one of the most dangerous forms of water pollution because the bacterial can breed in the aqueous media, which could result in the pollution of the whole water body. Besides, bacterial pollution possesses severe health problems. Thus, several sterilization methods were used for the removal of bacterial cells from water, such as filtration and chemical additives. However, the majority of these methods are either slow, such as filtration methods, or unsafe, such as chemical additives. Electrocoagulation (EC) has recently brought a good deal of attention for bacterial pollution in water and wastewater because it is environmentally safe and it has low a relatively low operating cost. In this research, the effects of the current density on the ability of the aluminium-based EC unit (Al-EC) for the deactivation of bacterial pollution (E. colias a case study) in municipal wastewater have been investigated at three 0.5, 1, and 2 mA/cm2. The obtained results proved that increasing the current density was useful forE. coliremoval, and the best deactivation (85.6%) was achieved at a current density of 2 mA/cm2.
Ultra High Performance Concrete Preparation Technologies and Factors Affecting the Mechanical Properties: A Review
Authors: Jabbar Adil M. , Hamood Mohammed J. , Mohammed Dhiyaa H.
Published: February 2021

Ultra-High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) is a superior type of concrete. It has ultra-high strength, ductility and durability. Despite the large number of researches that have been performed to study it, no perfect approach has been determined yet to identify the proportion of materials involved in its composition, nor ideal curing methods after casting with the possibility of performing effectively. Also, there is no uniform technique for pouring concrete to ensure that fibres are spread properly. This paper focuses on the review of techniques carried out to choose the quality and quantity of materials used for UHPFRC with the analysis and comparison of the researchers’ findings to identify optimal proportions, pouring and treatment regimens to attain the best results of mechanical properties of UHPFRC. The optimum packing density resulting from high cement content, using silica fume, fine aggregate, low w/cm ratio and high dosage of HRWRA are the key factors to reach ultra-high strength. Incorporation of short steel fibres leads to improving ductility, tensile strength and enhance strain hardening of UHPFRC. Heat treatment or steam curing stimulates the reaction between SiO2 in cementitious materials and Ca(OH)2 produced on cement hydration which results in rising strength.
Seismic performance of gravity quay wall
Authors: Aldelfee Alaa N. , Aldefae Asad H.
Published: February 2021

Understanding the mechanism of the damages that occurs and the amount of displacement due to sliding in the gravity quay wall in ports during earthquakes are important factors because of the increase in the incidence of seismic disasters during recent decades. For this purpose, the investigation was performed using a shaking table test for two models of the quay wall in dry and saturated conditions. Cohesionless soil is used as a foundation for the quay wall and rubble soil used as a filter behind the quay wall and underneath. The dynamic performance of the quay wall is assessed in terms of both of the acceleration response and the seismic displacement. The results showed that the seismic wave amplification is increased significantly from the foundation of the gravity quay wall to the surface of the model, in which the highest amplification happened at the top of the quay wall model, thus, the design of this part of the gravity quay wall type caisson needs a great amount of the care and accurateness because the possibility of generating and propagating the cracks in this zone are very high.
Decays in strength, ductility, stiffness, and toughness of RC corbels due to fire exposure
Authors: Mhalhal Jasim M. , Alawsi Manal A. , Al-Gasham Thaar S.
Published: February 2021

This paper presents an experimental study to explain the effect of high fire flame temperatures on the behavior of reinforced concrete corbels. Five reinforced concrete corbels were made using the same concrete grade. All specimens were comparable in geometry and reinforcement details. The key parameter of this study was the temperature of the fire. Therefore, four corbels were exposed to 300, 500,700, and 900 ° C fire flame, respectively, while the fifth was the reference sample kept without burning. All specimens were posteriorly tested by applying gradual three-point loading till collapse. The results revealed that the exposure to fire flame resulted in a significant deterioration in the strength, ductility, stiffness, and toughness of burned corbels touched 17.7%-47.3%, 39.25%-47.08%, 5.62%-22.5%, and 20.19%-70.8%, respectively.
The Influence of Exciting Vibrational Force on the Performance of Evacuated Tube Heat Pipe Solar Collector
Authors: Ali Sarah H. , Eidan Adel A. , Sahlani Assaad Al , Hayder Ali Mohammed
Published: February 2021

In this research paper, it examined the effect of excitation vibration force on the thermal performance of the heat pipe evacuated tube solar collector (HPET-SC). The main target of this work is to predict the temperatures of the water when applied different values of excitation vibration force (frequency). In order to achieve these tasks, it was designed and implemented a new test rig (HPET-SC) from scratch, that containing the vibration unit to generate the excitation vibration force. We added a control board to regulate the magnitude of frequency of the excitation vibration force. The range of the vibration frequency is from 6 to 14 V. All results were compared with the reference case study (static case). All tests were done in Iraq during the winter season. It was found based on the obtained results, that the vibration has a influence on the performance of the heat pipe evacuated tube solar collector, especially when applied the vibration force with high frequency.
Dynamic response of different bridge piers
Authors: Alaayedi Husam K. , Aldefae Asad H. , Shamkhi Mohammed S. , Humaish Wissam H.
Published: February 2021

Throughout their construction period and service lifespan, the piers of bridges that built in earthquake zones are susceptible to abrupt earthquake. Thus, during their design period, all the possible circumstances must be taken into consideration because they are strategic infrastructures. Basically, the piers can be considered as the major part of the bridges. This paper presents an experimental work to investigate how the earthquakes influence on the seismic behavior of the selected concrete bridge piers. Physical modeling principals were applied to prepare three models of piers and table of shaking (1-g tests). The piers models were tested under 0.8g waveform for three cases, a rectangular pier constructed on a saturated cohesionless layer of soil, a hexagonal pier constructed over a saturated cohesionless layer and a circular pier installed on saturated cohesionless layer. The obtained results involved the time-acceleration measurement from the accelerometers throughout the shacking, the dynamic earth pressure, and the seismic displacement piers models. Basically, the obtained results of the experiments revealed that the acceleration amplification enhanced greatly at the pier top. The seismic displacement increased sharply because of the strong motion. The rectangular pier exhibited the highest values of the dynamic earth pressure.
Quick Review of Seismic Behavior of Gravity Quay Wall
Authors: Aldelfee Alaa N. , Aldefae Asad H. , Humaish Wissam H.
Published: February 2021

Earthquakes are one of the worst natural disasters that effect directly both human life and infrastructures around the world. The seismic behavior of a gravity quay wall has been outlined from art-of-literature in this review paper. Based on previous studies available on the subject, the paper includes a simplified introduction of gravity quay walls structures followed by the loads acting on the quay wall which are used in the design, modes of failure, forces generated during earthquakes, method of evaluation of displacement of gravity quay wall and the techniques that used to reduce the damage caused by liquefaction during earthquakes. Through the discussion, it was concluded that when shaking amplitude is high at low frequency and the soil of the foundation underneath the quay wall is loose, an increases in the distortion of the wall is noticed. Pore water pressure increasing in the soil and backfill soil leads to an increase in the amount of deformation twice the case of constant pore water pressure. The sliding of the caisson is greatly increased when liquefaction occurs in the backfill soil and the different used techniques to reduce the liquefaction damage during the earthquake had good results in several locations.
Two-hybrid sine cosine algorithm based on Invasive weed optimization algorithm and Bat algorithm
Authors: Khalaf Ayad Hamad , Mitras Ban Ahmed
Published: February 2021

This research paper takes two hybrids. First hybrid is a sine cosine algorithm with evolution algorithm invasive weed optimization (IWO) resulting that improved algorithm has highly properties that we so called SCA-IWO. Second hybrid is a sine cosine algorithm (SCA) with Bat algorithm optimization (BA). Which is considered one of the intelligent swarm algorithms related to intelligent arithmetic branches and have got on hybrid algorithm, so called SCA-BA. In these two improved algorithms that we have gained which have high properties that they can overcome over the problems that confront the SCA, IWO and BA, each separately. In addition to that, it can pass the falling in local solutions and slow converge, so they gained the global value in vast majority of numerical calculation. SCA-IWO and SCA-BA haven been applied on set of function by specialists in testing optimization that has high measurement with certain iterations. Numerical results proved the efficiencies of hybrids of SCA-IWO and SCA-BA with excellent results compared with original SCA, as well as getting a global and minimum value in many used functions.
Urban changes and its impact on the tangible and intangible heritage of City’s Centre: Najaf City as a Case Study
Authors: Farhan Sabeeh Lafta , Samir Hamed Hyab , Adelphi Hussam S.
Published: February 2021

This paper focusing on the recent transformations that happened on the urban landscape of the traditional city centres which threatens the local identity of these centres. Thus, the aim of the research is to clarify the impact of the transformations on the urban landscape in order to benefit from transformations to recreate a traditional future sight for the historical centre of Najaf city. The research concluded that the absence of the modular unit that connecting the composition of the urban landscape, in addition to the absence of the urban regeneration concept in the whole context, led to decay and threatens the historical value of the traditional city centres. The paper recommended that the supporting of the tangible and intangible heritage is a necessity to preserving the traditional value of the city centre. Moreover, creating new activities that considering the urban transformations, should be done within social sustainable planning, and activating the environmental and economic aspects in built environment.
Conservation Approach as an Architectural Instrument to reviving Historical Cities; technical analysis for multi international cases
Authors: Farhan Sabeeh Lafta , Alyasari Haider I , Samir Hamed Hyab , Zubaidi Salah L , Hashim K S
Published: February 2021

The conservation of historical and heritage buildings depends on its ability to meet the immediate and future requirements of society, maintains the balance of system shape and values within the urban landscape and its ability to succeed economically and environmentally through the building and functional works. The research aims to uncover contemporary modern procedures and techniques to conserve historical buildings that would define historic city centres. A descriptive and analytical approach was adopted, which included building a cybernetic theoretical framework about historical buildings, extracting the most important variables and indicators for each individual and comparing these variables with selected examples from the United Kingdom, the United States and Iraq. It is recommended to take advantage of important international experiences and studies to increase awareness and understanding of the correct methods of dealing with and conserving historical buildings. That includes cooperation with international organizations in providing international expertise to identify the best means of rehabilitation in accordance with nature, quality and style of our heritage buildings in particular, and heritage of architectural centre in traditional urban centres in general.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Naproxen using Metol reagent by Oxidative Coupling Reaction
Authors: Hasan Ghania Abed , Bakir Mohsin Hamza
Published: February 2021

A new and simple spectrophotometric method was used for the determination naproxen by oxidative coupling with metol the presence of N –Bromosuccinimide in acid medium, Absorbance of the obtained colored products was measured at the corresponding optimum wavelengths 535 nm, Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration of 0.8-17.6 μg/ml, and The molar absorptivity of 9.07×103L/mole.cm, Sandal’s sensitivity index of 0.02538 μg.cm-2. The detection limits were 0.1730 μg/ml and the quantitative limit 0.5768/ml, the correlation coefficient of 0.9981and recovery range from 100.21 – 98.27%. The method was successful to determine naproxen in drug tablets formulation.
Evaluation of some Food Poisoning Bacterial Inhibition from ZnO and Ag Nanoparticles that Synthesized by Aspergillus niger
Authors: Ahmed Khalaf N. , Thalij Karkaz M. , Mohammed Mohammed J.
Published: February 2021

The biosynthesis of ZnO and Ag nanoparticles (NPs) was conducted by using Aspergillus niger and determine the ability on the inhibition of E. coli and S. aureus. The morphology and particles sizes were found that ZnO and AgNPs at a rod to globular shapes, and the dimensions which were between 30 to 60 and 12 to 40 nm respectively. Also, determine the NPs synthesis absorbance of ZnO and AgNPs were to be at 368 and 420 nm respectively. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) assay was at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0 10 and 20 % from each ZnO and AgNPs against S. aureus and E. coli have appeared that MIC act on inhibition for each bacterial growth at 1.2 %. and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) appeared at 20 mg/ml. The tested of 10, 15, 20 and 25 % from each ZnO and AgNPs on S. aureus and E. coli inhibition used wells method assay appear that inhibition diameter zone (IDZ) against S. aureus at 12, 13, 16 and 18 mm and 10, 14, 18 and 27mm respectively, While the IDZ against E. coli at 8, 10, 15 and 17 mm and 14, 16, 22 and 30 mm respectively. Thus, the ability of A.niger to synthesis of ZnO and AgNPs and these nanoparticles have the activity against bacterial species of S.aureus and E.coli.
Adaptive Tuning of PID Controller using Crow Search Algorithm for DC motor
Authors: Alkrwy Amer , Hussein Arkan Ahmed , Atyia Thamir H. , Khamees Muntadher
Published: February 2021

The DC motor has been commonly utilized in the industry although its maintenance is costly, more than the induction motor. Consequently, speed control of DC motor has attracted considerable researches and different algorithms have evolved. All the traditional algorithms for the Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller provide initial practical values for (kp, ki, and kd) PID parameters, which are manually tuned to achieving the desired performance. The manual tuning is inaccurate and a hard job, which requests comprehensive experience of the problem domain. in this paper we proposed a new method to adjustment of the PID parameters to improve tracking performance of DC motor, also provides optimal stability through creating a hybrid PID-CSA predictive model for tuning parameters of the PID controller of DC motors based on Crow search algorithm. The empirical results are compared with four type of proposed PID-CSA versions [ Integral Squared Error (ISE), Integral Absolute Error (IAE), Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE), and Integral Time Squared Error (ITSE) ] that based on the type of error indicator functions and with other previously techniques including the Ziegler-Nichols method and PSO Optimization. The PID-CSA is more adapt in improving the steady-state error, the controller step response stability, overshoot, the rising time and settling time this give rise. The performance of the DC motor is not affected by these disturbances.
PWM Inverter with Digital Microcontroller for Speed Control Applications
Authors: Jumaa Fadhel A , Aljanabi Mohanad , Duhis Ahmed hussein , Abed Jameel Kadhim
Published: February 2021

Inverters are the record significant device to apply renewable energy resourcefully. A planned technique is used to control the output voltage and frequency. This method depends on- offline designs of the width of the signals for only the first quarter cycle and stores. The residual pulses, for comprehensive sequence, are generated by using the values of the first quarter for there are situations of quarter and half–wave symmetry. The chief structures of microcontroller 8951 constructed PWM inverter are simpler strategy, small price, extreme choice of voltage control and compressed in size. This outcome in a large saving of microcontroller time and memory. These groups of firing angles(α) are designed which characterize the expected voltage difference. The microcontroller notices the peak of the output voltage to sense the voltage variation and then implement the suitable table to keep the voltage within the required value. The programmable timer sets the necessary 120° phase shift between the three phases. This paper observes several guidelines to select a technique suitable for application at a specified power level, switching frequency and dynamic response. Simulation outcomes are gotten for success of the test.
Assessing of renewable energy for electrical household ancillary based on photovoltaics and wind turbines
Authors: Hassan Qusay
Published: February 2021

The importance of renewable energy provides a great opportunity to meet the demand for household electricity located in Baqubaha, Diyala, Iraq. Intentionally, there are to renewable energy components have been selected wind turbine (1 kW) and photovoltaic array (1.65 kW) for assessing the sources of renewable energy to serve household desired load. The current work analysis is executed by using experimental data for the load demand, solar irradiance, ambient temperature and wind speed for the selected site. The work targeted to shed light on the technical and economic feasibility of integrating renewable sources to feed the desired load by renewable energy. The results show that the renewable energy system based on grid connection can feed the desired electrical load by about 90% as well as a support grid system by renewable energy by about 3114 kWh/year. The system economic aspects show the initial capital cost, net present cost and cost of energy are $2615; $53449; $0.25 respectively, for 25 years project lifespan. The results are very encouraging to use renewable energy resources in the selected site.
Optimal Placement of Statcom for Iraqi National (400kV) Super High Voltage Grid System Genetic Algorithm Based Approach
Authors: Salbi Hassan A , Tuaimah F M
Published: February 2021

The Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is one of the most currently used Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices utilized to control the voltage and power flow. This work proposed an application of the STATCOM devices to maintain the voltages within the specified limits and enhancing voltage deviation, as well as reducing the apparent power losses. The STATCOM device has been chosen using the minimum possible size of the reactive power injected or absorbed by the STATCOM devices while satisfying the stability limits. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) is one of the Evolutionary Computation Techniques used to optimally determine the best locations and sizes of the STATCOM devices to be installed. The proposed approach has been examined and tested first on a 14-bus IEEE test system; the results obtained encouraged us to implement the same approach on the 27-bus Iraqi National (400kV) Super High Voltage Grid (INSHVG) System (part of the Iraqi power network), with different power system load conditions for all season in the year such as summer, winter, spring, and autumn to find the impact of the best location and size of each STATCOM device. A computer program, written in MatLab environment, was developed to represent the proposed method.
Collective Memory as a Source of Knowledge in Architectural Education
Authors: Hamza Shaimaa M. , Kadhim Al-Yousif Ibrahim Jawad , Salman Abdullah Saadoon
Published: February 2021

The research deals with the concept of collective memory as one of the influential concepts produced in the process of architectural design, which is defined as the symbolic system and the creative process in the architectural product and linked to the identity needs of the individual and society, through its various media that represent the criteria for collective remembering of the student of architecture establishes the collective identity, through studying the architectural products For architecture students, we note the student’s poor knowledge of the concept of collective memory, and thus the research problem is the lack of knowledge in investing the collective memory of the student of architecture in architectural products, so the research aims to clarify the sources of knowledge of collective memory in architectural education and how to invest it by the student of architecture. By analysing the graduation projects of architecture students at Al-Mustansiriya University, the research concludes the weak sources of collective memory in architectural products and its strong focus on the physical aspects of historical structures as a source of collective memory because of the presence of this source in architectural approaches, especially in the lessons of the history of architecture in its various stages. The research recommends the introduction of educational programs for collective memory within the curricula of architectural education to increase the architectural knowledge of students in the field of collective memory and the revival of heritage and archaeology and benefit from them in developing cognitive and intellectual capabilities and creating a collective identity using virtual media and digital technologies.
Liquid Architecture
Authors: Al Asadi Daood S , Al Greiza Abbas A
Published: February 2021

The general intellectual positions in the architecture diversified to produce many concepts and indicators for dealing with, to present a new vision that documents the technical development and methods of adaptation within the architectural field, which is the vision of liquid architecture, which represented a new intellectual position in architecture. It must be studied and studied in relation to the architecture and indicators of its public and private construction, and the tendency was to clarify these frameworks and indicators intellectually, conceptually, technically and practically within the general architectural field. This research aims to define and study the general frameworks of the basic research concept, the liquid state and liquidity within architectural propositions in order to define their basic indicators in a specific theoretical framework that is formed for this purpose after proposing the research problem that was represented by weak clarity of cognitive perception about the concept of liquidity and the effect of that in clarifying liquid architecture, up to the application Vocabulary and indicators of the theoretical framework on the product of an elected and specific architecture, and then putting forward, analysing and discussing the results of that application and reaching the final conclusions that strongly specialized in the presence of design features within the architectural reality of liquid architecture at a detailed level more than a general level and finally recommendations.
Tertiary amine blend for CO2 capture: A kinetic investigation using Monoethanolamine, Triethanolamine and Piperazine
Authors: Shakir Safa Waleed , Wiheeb Ahmed Daham , Ahmed Sahar Adnan
Published: February 2021

The kinetics reaction of the tertiary amine blend of monoethanolamine (MEA), triethanolamine (TEA), and piperazine (PZ) with carbon dioxide (CO2) considered in a packed bed. The mechanism of reaction and kinetics of this tertiary amine were studied at (298-308) K and 1atm with total blend concentration varied from (4-6) molars. The current experiments revealed a new good absorbent of (MEA, TEA, PZ ) blend to capture CO2, due to it is potential upon CO2. Therefore, the proposed mechanism found to be suitable in determining the kinetics of the involved reactions. The reaction mechanism was defined using a mechanism of zwitterion and termolecular. It’s found that the absorption follows the fast kinetic reaction with first-order kinetics for CO2 and second-order for the blend concentration. The rate constant value k2 (m3/kmol.s) of the tertiary blend of (MEA, TEA, PZ )found to be (8050) that is greater than that of commonly used amine MEA(7500). Also, the activation energy was calculated and found to be 24 kJ/mol.
Removal of Ciprofloxacin from Aqueous Solution Using Prepared Biodegradable Potato Cross-linked Starch Ester
Authors: Al-Jubory F K , Mujtaba I M , Abbas A S
Published: February 2021

Potato starch was modified chemically to prepare an adsorbent that is efficient for removing the ciprofloxacin antibiotic from its aqueous solution. The chemical modification process of potato starch involved cross-linking and esterification steps. The high-resolution X-ray diffraction characterization shows that the modification processes do not damage the starch crystal but reduces the crystallinity and the crystal size. In addition to that, holes on the surface of the round and oval shapes of the modified starch were noticed via scanning electron microscope. The parameters that could affect ciprofloxacin removal efficiency on cross-linked potato starch ester were investigated in detail, which included initial concentration of ciprofloxacin in aqueous solution, pH and temperature. The removal efficiency of ciprofloxacin increased with the increase in the initial pH value of the aqueous solution and reached the highest value of removal at a pH of 7, after which it was noticed that the removal efficiency decreased. The removal efficiency was decreased with increasing initial concentration of ciprofloxacin (expressed as chemical oxygen demand) from 25 to 125 ppm. Finally, the results showed that the increase in the temperature treatment from 25 to 45 °C negatively affected the removal efficiency.
Multi-Criteria Decision Support System for Lung Cancer Prediction
Authors: Al-Bander Baidaa , Fadil Yousra Ahmed , Mahdi Hussain
Published: February 2021

Lung cancer is one of the most common deadly malignant tumours, with the most rapid morbidity and death worldwide. Cancer risk prediction is a challenging and complex task in the field of healthcare. Many studies have been carried out by researchers to analyse and establish lung cancer symptoms and factors. However, further improvements are vital and required to be conducted in order to overcome the persistent challenges. In this study, a multi-criteria decision support system for lung cancer risk prediction based on a web-based survey data has been presented and realised. The proposed framework aims to incorporate the powerful of analytical hierarchy process (AHP) with artificial neural network for constituting lung cancer prediction model. The multiple criteria decision-making strategy (AHP) assigns a weight to each individual cancer symptom feature from survey data. The weighted features are then used to train multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network (ANN) to build a disease prediction model. Experimental analysis and evaluation performed on 276 subjects revealed promising prediction performance of developed lung cancer prediction framework in terms of various classification metrics.