bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reverse Osmosis Coupled with Ozonation for Clean Water Recovery from an Industrial Effluent: Technical and Economic Analyses
Authors: Montero-Guadarrama Ivette , Muro Urista Claudia , Roa-Morales Gabriela , Gutiérrez Segura Edith Erialia , Díaz-Blancas Vianney , Dévora-Isiordia Germán Eduardo , Álvarez-Sánchez Jesús
Published: January 2025

Technical and economic criteria were used to evaluate the feasibility of the treatment of an industrial effluent (10 m3/h) for water recovery and reuse. The treatment evaluation included the following: (1) effluent characteristic determination; (2) selection and evaluation of the effluent treatment at lab scale, establishing operating conditions and process efficiency; (3) scaling up the treatment process to the industrial level; (4) treatment plant design and commercial availability analysis of the required equipment; and (5) the costs of the inversion and operation of the plant treatment, cost/m3 for water recovery, and time of investment recovery. The physicochemical characteristics of the effluent exposed the polluted wastewater with sodium chloride salts and colourants, predominating a mixture of tartrazine, Red 40, and brilliant blue from the synthesis of food additives. Other contributions of organic compounds and salts could be in minor content. According to the effluent conditions, a coupled process, integrated with ozonation and reverse osmosis, was indicated to be a treatment for water recovery. Scaling up the plant treatment design resulted in 130 m2 of area, producing 7.7 m3/h of clean water. The cost of the effluent treatment was 1.4 USD/m3, with an inversion return of 3.4 years and cost investment of USD 860,407. The treatment process resulted a viable project for water recovery.
The Defect Structure Evolution in MgH2-EEWNi Composites in Hydrogen Sorption–Desorption Processes
Authors: Kudiiarov Viktor N. , Kenzhiyev Alan , Elman Roman R. , Kurdyumov Nikita , Ushakov Ivan A. , Tereshchenko Andrei V. , Laptev Roman S. , Kruglyakov Mark A. , Khomidzoda Parvizi I.
Published: January 2025

This paper presents the results of the study of the composite based on magnesium hydride with the addition of nanosized nickel powder, obtained by the method of an electric explosion of wires. The obtained MgH2-EEWNi (20 wt.%) composite with the core-shell configuration demonstrated the development of a defect structure, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the hydrogen desorption temperature from 418 °C for pure magnesium hydride to 229 °C for hydride with the addition of nickel powder. In situ studies of the evolution of the defect structure using positron annihilation methods and diffraction methods made it possible to draw conclusions about the influence of the Mg2NiH0.3 and Mg2NiH4 phases on the sorption and desorption properties of the composite. The results obtained in this work can be used in the field of hydrogen energy in mobile or stationary hydrogen storage systems.
Role of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) Storage Roots in Drought Stress Adaptation: Hormonal Regulation and Metabolite Accumulation
Authors: Geem Kyoung Rok , Lee Ye-Jin , Lee Jeongmin , Hong Dain , Kim Ga-Eun , Sung Jwakyung
Published: January 2025

Background: Drought stress has become one of the biggest concerns in threating the growth and yield of carrots (Daucus carota L.). Recent studies have shed light on the physiological and molecular metabolisms in response to drought in the carrot plant; however, tissue-specific responses and regulations are still not fully understood. Methods: To answer this curiosity, this study investigated the interplay among carrot tissues, such as leaves (L); storage roots (SRs); and lateral roots (LRs) under drought conditions. This study revealed that the SRs played a crucial role in an early perception by upregulating key genes, including DcNCED3 (ABA biosynthesis) and DcYUCCA6 (auxin biosynthesis). The abundance of osmolytes (proline; GABA) and carbohydrates (sucrose; glucose; fructose; mannitol; and inositol) was also significantly increased in each tissue. In particular, LRs accumulated high levels of these metabolites and promoted growth under drought conditions. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the SR acts as a central regulator in the drought response of carrots by synthesizing ABA and auxin, which modulate the accumulation of metabolites and growth of LRs. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms of tissue-specific carrot responses to drought tolerance, emphasizing that the SR plays a key role in improving drought resistance.
Colostrum-Derived Melatonin Plus PEG Microspheres Modulate the Oxidative Metabolism of Human Colostrum Phagocytes
Authors: Silva Caroline G. , Luz Viviane F. , Nunes Victor L. , Verzoto Ana B. M. , Cotrim Aron C. de M. , dos Santos Wagner B. , França Eduardo L. , Honorio-França Adenilda C.
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Exogenous melatonin adsorbed onto PEG microspheres can modulate the functional activity of phagocytes in colostrum, but no data are available on the activity of melatonin found in colostrum. Therefore, the objective of this study was to extract melatonin from human colostrum, develop and characterize PEG microspheres with the extracted melatonin adsorbed onto them, and evaluate the effects of this system on the oxidative metabolism of colostrum phagocytes. Methods: Thirty colostrum samples were collected; ten were used for melatonin extraction, while twenty were used to obtain phagocytes. Melatonin was extracted from the colostrum supernatant through affinity chromatography and quantified by ELISA. The polyethylene glycol microspheres produced were analyzed using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Oxidative metabolism was assessed by measuring the release of the superoxide anion and superoxide enzymes. A control was conducted using commercial melatonin. Results: The fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analyses demonstrated that PEG microspheres can adsorb melatonin. There was an increase in superoxide release in phagocytes incubated with colostrum-derived or synthetic melatonin. When exposed to bacteria, colostrum phagocytes treated with colostrum melatonin adsorbed to PEG microspheres exhibited increased superoxide, accompanied by a decrease in the release of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and a lower SOD-to-superoxide ratio. In contrast, synthetic melatonin reduced the release of superoxide and increased the release of the enzyme and the SOD-to-superoxide ratio. Conclusions: These data highlight the importance of melatonin on cellular metabolism and suggest that colostrum-derived melatonin may be a more effective option for controlling oxidative metabolism, particularly during infectious processes.
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Single-Center, Crossover Study to Evaluate the Effects of Pre-Meal Whey Protein Microgel on Post-Prandial Glucometabolic and Amino Acid Response in People with Type 2 Diabetes and Overweight or Obesity
Authors: Neeland Ian J , de Gregório Luiz H , Zagury Roberto , Ahrén Bo , Neutel Joel , Darimont Christian , Corthesy John , Grzywinski Yohan , Perrin Emilie , von Eynatten Maximilian , Johansen Odd Erik
Published: January 2025

Purpose: Whey protein (WP) consumption prior to a meal curbs appetite and reduces postprandial glucose (PPG) through stimulating endogenous GLP-1 secretion and insulin. Methods: We assessed the metabolic effects of a concentrated WP, using a new micelle-technology (WPM), in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and overweight or obesity (NCT04639726). In a randomized-crossover design, participants performed two 240 min lunch meal (622 kcal) tests 7 ± 4 days apart. After an overnight fast and a standardized breakfast, 10 g (125 mL) WPM (40 kcal) or placebo (125 mL water, 0 kcal) was consumed 15 min ahead of the mixed-nutrient meal. Effects on PPG (primary endpoint), insulin, GLP-1, and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) were evaluated with frequent blood sampling. Changes in incremental areas under the concentration curve (iAUC) were compared using a mixed model. Results: Twenty-six individuals (14 females, mean ± SD age 62.0 ± 8.3 years, HbA1c 58 ± 12 mmol/mol/7.5 ± 1.1%, BMI 29.2 ± 4.8 kg/m2) completed both tests. WPM significantly reduced PPG iAUC0–2h by 22% (p = 0.028), and iAUC0–3h numerically by −18% (p = 0.090) vs. placebo. WPM also increased insulin iAUC0–1h by 61% (p < 0.001), and iAUC0–3h by 30% (p = 0.004), respectively. Total GLP-1 iAUC0–2h was enhanced by 66% (p < 0.001). Postprandial plasma BCAA patterns were characterized by a rapid increase and larger iAUC0–2h (all p < 0.001) after WPM. No adverse events were ascribed to consuming WPM. Conclusions: A 125 mL pre-meal drink containing just 10 g WPM before a mixed meal reduced PPG and increased insulin, GLP-1, and BCAAs. WPM may therefore serve as a metabolic modulator in people with T2D living with overweight or obesity.
Recent Advances in Electromagnetic Devices: Design and Optimization
Authors: Kang Chanik , Chung Haejun
Published: January 2025

Electromagnetic devices are a continuous driving force in cutting-edge research and technology, finding applications in diverse fields such as optics [...]
Clonality and the Phenotype–Genotype Correlation of Antimicrobial Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates: A Multicenter Study of Clinical Isolates from Romania
Authors: Pană Adrian-Gabriel , Șchiopu Pavel , Țoc Dan Alexandru , Neculicioiu Vlad Sever , Butiuc-Keul Anca , Farkas Anca , Dobrescu Matei-Ștefan , Flonta Mirela , Costache Carmen , Szász Izabella Éva , Junie Lia-Monica
Published: January 2025

Antibiotic resistance is on the WHO’s top 10 list of global public health threats due to its rapid emergence and spread but also because of the high morbidity and mortality associated with it. Amongst the main species driving this phenomenon is A. baumannii, a member of the ESKAPE group of medical assistance-associated infections causing species famous for its extensively drug-resistant phenotypes. Our findings note a 91.52% frequency of extensively drug-resistant carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (XDR CRAB) phenotype amongst clinical isolates from multiple hospitals in two major cities from northwestern and central Romania, harboring multiple antibiotic resistance genes such as blaOXA-23-like in 108 (91.5%) isolates, blaOXA-24/40-like in 88 (74.6%) isolates, blaNDM in 29 (25%) isolates, ArmA in 75 (63.6%) isolates, and ant(3″)-I in 69 (58.5%) isolates and sul1 in 113 (95.76%) isolates. The isolates, although nearly identical in phenotype, displayed different genotypical profiles, with varying degrees of similarity across hospitals and cities, raising the possibility of both local outbreaks of a single clone and widespread dissemination of resistant isolates.
Staphylococcus aureus Proteins Implicated in the Reduced Virulence of sarA and sarA/agr Mutants in Osteomyelitis
Authors: Beenken Karen E. , Campbell Mara J. , Byrum Stephanie D. , Edmondson Rick D. , Mackintosh Samuel G. , Tackett Alan J. , Smeltzer Mark S.
Published: January 2025

Using a murine osteomyelitis model, we recently demonstrated that Staphylococcus aureus sarA and sarA/agr mutants generated in the USA300 strain LAC are attenuated to a greater extent than an isogenic agr mutant and that this can be attributed to a significant extent to the increased production of extracellular proteases in both mutants. Based on this, we used a mass-based proteomics approach to compare the proteomes of LAC, its isogenic agr, sarA, and sarA/agr mutants, and isogenic derivatives of all four of these strains unable to produce the extracellular proteases aureolysin, SspA, SspB, ScpA, or SplA-F. This allowed us to identify proteins that were present in reduced amounts in sarA, and sarA/agr mutants owing to the increased production of extracellular proteases. A total of 1039 proteins were detected in conditioned media (CM) from overnight cultures of LAC, and protease-mediated degradation was shown to contribute to the reduced abundance of 224 of these (21.6%) in CM from the sarA and sarA/agr mutants. Among these were specific proteins previously implicated in the pathogenesis and therapeutic recalcitrance of S. aureus osteomyelitis. This demonstrates that the ability of sarA to limit protease production plays a key role in post-translational remodeling of the S. aureus proteome to a degree that can be correlated with reduced virulence in our osteomyelitis model, and that it does so irrespective of the functional status of agr. This also suggests that at least some of these 224 proteins may be viable targets for prophylactic or therapeutic intervention.
Interdigital and Plantar Foot Infections: A Retrospective Analysis of Molecularly Diagnosed Specimens in the United States and a Literature Review
Authors: Gupta Aditya K. , Wang Tong , Lincoln Sara A. , Bakotic Wayne L.
Published: January 2025

Up to one-quarter of the United States population is affected by tinea pedis (athlete’s foot). Tinea pedis of the web space (interdigital tinea pedis) is a common clinical presentation causing skin macerations and fissures. A “dermatophytosis complex” (i.e., concomitant bacterial colonization) further complicates treatment. Here, we examined records of 14,429 skin specimens taken from the feet of dermatology and podiatry outpatients over a 4.6-year period; all specimens were subjected to multiplex qPCR diagnosis for the detection of dermatophytes, Candida, Corynebacterium minutissimum, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus aureus. A literature search was conducted to review the reported prevalence of fungal and bacterial agents. In both interdigital and plantar foot specimens, dermatophytes (33.3–33.8%) and S. aureus (24.3–25%) were found to be the predominate pathogens. In the interdigital space, a higher prevalence of C. minutissimum (15.7% vs. 7.9%) and Pseudomonas (23.5% vs. 9.6%) was found. The detection of Pseudomonas was more likely to be observed in the presence of Candida, reflecting a higher risk of mixed infection. In dermatophyte-positive specimens, the “dermatophytosis complex” variant was observed at 45.5% (SD: 2.3). An analysis of patient characteristics showed male patients exhibiting higher likelihoods for dermatophyte, C. minutissimum, Pseudomonas and S. aureus detections. The elderly were disproportionately infected with Candida. In children, an S. aureus detection was more common, which could be attributed to impetigo. The recent literature lacks reporting on concomitant bacterial colonization in tinea pedis patients, likely due to the reliance on fungal culture supplemented with antibiotics. Geographical variation has been identified in the detection of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex. In conclusion, PCR diagnosis serves as a valuable tool for the management of tinea pedis. An accurate and timely detection of fungal pathogens and concomitant bacterial colonization can better inform healthcare providers of appropriate treatment selection.
Synthesis of Indole Derivatives via Aryl Triazole Ring-Opening and Subsequent Cyclization
Authors: Burcevs Aleksejs , Sebris Armands , Novosjolova Irina , Mishnev Anatoly , Turks Māris
Published: January 2025

A metal-free two-step synthetic approach for obtaining indole derivatives from aryl triazole fragment-containing compounds has been developed. In the first step, the Dimroth equilibrium, followed by nitrogen extrusion, Wolff rearrangement, and amine nucleophile addition, leads to the formation of N-aryl ethene-1,1-diamines. In the second step, the latter intermediates are cyclized into the target 1H-indoles in the presence of iodine. The developed method ensures the synthesis of indoles that possess N-substituents at the indole C2 position. Depending on the applied N-nucleophile, the indolization step provides a selectivity either towards 1H-indoles or 1-aryl-1H-indoles.
Synthesis of Alkyl α-Amino-benzylphosphinates by the Aza-Pudovik Reaction; The Preparation of the Butyl Phenyl-H-phosphinate Starting P-Reagent
Authors: Bajusz Bence , Nagy Dorka , Tóth Regina , Szalai Zsuzsanna , Gömöry Ágnes , Takács Angéla , Kőhidai László , Keglevich György
Published: January 2025

Butyl phenyl-H-phosphinate that is not available commercially was prepared from phenyl-H-phosphinic acid by three methods: by alkylating esterification (i), by microwave-assisted direct esterification (ii), and unexpectedly, by thermal esterification (iii). Considering the green aspects, selectivity and scalability, the thermal variation seemed to be optimal. However, there was need for prolonged heating. The butyl phenyl-H-phosphinate, along with the ethyl analogue, was utilized in the synthesis of alkyl (α-alkylamino-arylmethyl-)phenyl phosphinates in the aza-Pudovik reaction with imines obtained from primary amines and substituted benzaldehydes. The aminophosphinates were obtained as diastereomeric mixtures in 65–92% yields. The aza-Pudovik approach was more efficient than the Kabachnik–Fields condensation. Interestingly, one aminophosphinate, the butyl (α-butylamino-benzyl-)phenylphosphinate, was of significant cytotoxic activity on the PANC-1 pancreas cell line. Another derivative, ethyl (α-benzylamino-benzyl-)phenylphosphinate, revealed a selective toxic activity on U266 myeloma cells.
Study of Ultrasound-Assisted Low-Pressure Closed Acid Digestion Method for Trace Element Determination in Rock Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Tan Xijuan , Ren Yunxiu , Liang Ting , Wang Denghong
Published: January 2025

In this paper, a method of ultrasound-assisted low-pressure closed acid digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis was proposed for trace element quantification in rock samples. By using 1.5 mL of a binary acid mixture of HNO3–HF with a ratio of 2:1, rock powder samples of 50 mg were completely decomposed in 12 h at 140 °C after 4 h of ultrasonic treatment with or without pressure relief procedure. The element extraction efficiency of this method was evaluated via the yielded relative errors (REs) of the trace elements in a series of geological standard reference materials (SRMs) with compositions from basic to acidic. It was found that the contents of trace elements (i.e., 36 metal elements from Li to U) in basalt BCR-2, diabase W-2a, andesite AGV-2, granodiorite GSP-2, and granite GSR-1 were comparable with the reported reference values, giving REs with absolute values less than 10%. It was also found that clear solutions without sample powder residues by naked-eye observation can be obtained when using the low-pressure closed decomposition method without ultrasonic pretreatment. The quantification results, however, were found to be negatively biased for most of the studied trace elements, and, in particular, the content bias of Zr in SRM GSP-2 was down to −86.28% due to the low extraction efficiency of refractory minerals of the low-pressure closed digestion method. By applying this proposed digestion strategy, the decomposition property of the ternary combination of HNO3–HF–mannitol in terms of trace element quantification accuracy was also investigated. Results showed that the concentrations of trace elements in the studied SRMs were consistent with the reference values, giving REs within ±6.94%, which revealed that there was no deterioration of extraction efficiencies of trace elements and neglected mass interferences from mannitol. This study demonstrated the essential role of ultrasound irradiation in rock sample decomposition to achieve the high extraction efficiency of trace elements under a low-pressure environment, and the developed approach with promising future applications in geoscience exhibited considerable merits, including a high extraction efficiency, feasible digestion process, less time consumption, and lower safety associated risks.
New Long-Term Use Solid Bismuth Microelectrode Arrays for Rapid and Sensitive Determination of Sunset Yellow in Isotonic Beverages and Water Samples by Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry
Authors: Korolczuk Mieczyslaw , Gęca Iwona , Mazurek Artur , Mrózek Paulina
Published: January 2025

This article reports on the long-term use, solid bismuth microelectrode arrays for the first time. The presented working microelectrode is characterized by particular advantages compared to bismuth film electrodes and solid single bismuth microelectrodes; these advantages include environmentally friendly properties and the amplification of recorded currents, which are subsequently more resistant to interference. The proposed solid bismuth microelectrode array was applied to develop an adsorptive stripping voltammetric procedure for Sunset Yellow determination. The main experimental parameters were optimized. The calibration graph was linear from 5 × 10−9 to 1 × 10−7 mol L−1 (time of accumulation, 60 s). The detection limit was equal to 1.7 × 10−9 mol L−1. The relative standard deviation for a concentration of Sunset Yellow of 2 × 10−8 mol L−1 was 4.1% (n = 7). Potential interference effects were examined. The presented analytical procedure was applied for the determination of Sunset Yellow in isotonic beverages and the results were confirmed by HPLC as a comparative method. The correctness of the presented procedure was also confirmed by satisfactory recovery values obtained during the analysis of spiked environmental water samples.
Characterization and Analysis of 2-(2-Phenylethyl)chromone Derivatives and Sesquiterpenoids from Agarwood of Four “Qi-Nan” Clones (Aquilaria sinensis) with Different Induction Times
Authors: Li Ming , Hong Zhou , Wang Shengjie , Xu Daping , Yang Zinong , Li Zhihui , Hu Houzhen , Li Suxin
Published: January 2025

In recent years, some new “Qi-Nan” clones of Aquilaria sinensis with the characteristics of easy induction and high-quality agarwood have been obtained, through the cultivation and propagation of grafted seedlings. These clones are used for the intensive production of high-quality agarwood. The speed of resin formation and yield are crucial for the development of the agarwood industry. The differences in yield and chemical composition among different Qi-Nan clones and induction times are worth investigating. While the chemical composition differences between Qi-Nan and ordinary A. sinensis have been extensively studied, the effects of induction time coupled with different Qi-Nan clones on the chemical composition of Qi-Nan agarwood remain insufficiently explored. This study compared the changes in the chemical composition of four “Qi-Nan” clones of A. sinensis after 6, 12, and 24 months of induction through GC-QTOF-MS, the chemical composition and structure types of the four “Qi-Nan” clones were mainly 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone derivatives (PECs) and Sesquiterpenoids (SESs), with the prolongation of induction time, the content of SESs increased, while the content of PECs decreased. Both the differences among clones and the induction time of “Qi-Nan” agarwood influence its chemical composition, which in turn affects the quality of the agarwood. Among these factors, induction time has a greater impact on the production of PECs in agarwood. The prolongation of induction significantly enhanced the yield of “Qi-Nan” agarwood and exhibited an inducing effect on the production of 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone and 2-(2-4 phenylethyl)chromone. Compared with the agarwood obtained after 6 and 12 months of induction, the agarwood of “Qi-Nan” after 24 months of induction exhibited superior quality. The induction time for high-quality agarwood from the XGY clone was shorter (12 months) compared to the RH, YYZ, and AS clones (24 months). The study underscores that optimizing induction time and selecting suitable “Qi-Nan” clones can significantly enhance agarwood yield, quality, and production efficiency.
Data Checking of Asymmetric Catalysis Literature Using a Graph Neural Network Approach
Authors: Aguilar-Bejarano Eduardo , Deorukhkar Viraj , Woodward Simon
Published: January 2025

The range of chemical databases available has dramatically increased in recent years, but the reliability and quality of their data are often negatively affected by human-error fidelity. The size of chemical databases can make manual data curation/checking of such sets time consuming; thus, automated tools to help this process are highly desirable. Herein, we propose the use of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) to identifying potential stereochemical misassignments in the primary asymmetric catalysis literature. Our method relies on the use of an ensemble of GNN models to predict the expected stereoselectivity of exemplars for a particular asymmetric reaction. When the majority of these models do not correlate to the reported outcome, the point is labeled as a possible stereochemical misassignment. Such identified cases are few in number and more easily investigated for their cause. We demonstrate the use of this approach to spot potential literature stereochemical misassignments in the ketone products resulting from catalytic asymmetric 1,4-addition of organoboron nucleophiles to Michael acceptors in two different databases, each one using a different family of chiral ligands (bisphosphine and diene ligands). Our results demonstrate that this methodology is useful for curation of medium-sized databases, speeding this process significantly compared to complete manual curation/checking. In the datasets investigated, human expert checking was reduced to 2.2% and 3.5% of the total data exemplars.
Effects of Annealing Conditions on the Catalytic Performance of Anodized Tin Oxide for Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction
Authors: Monti Nicolò B. D. , Zeng Juqin , Castellino Micaela , Porro Samuele , Bagheri Mitra , Pirri Candido F. , Chiodoni Angelica , Bejtka Katarzyna
Published: January 2025

The electrochemical reduction of CO2 (CO2RR) to value-added products has garnered significant interest as a sustainable solution to mitigate CO2 emissions and harness renewable energy sources. Among CO2RR products, formic acid/formate (HCOOH/HCOO−) is particularly attractive due to its industrial relevance, high energy density, and potential candidate as a liquid hydrogen carrier. This study investigates the influence of the initial oxidation state of tin on CO2RR performance using nanostructured SnOx catalysts. A simple, quick, scalable, and cost-effective synthesis strategy was employed to fabricate SnOx catalysts with controlled oxidation states while maintaining consistent morphology and particle size. The catalysts were characterized using SEM, TEM, XRD, Raman, and XPS to correlate structure and surface properties with catalytic performance. Electrochemical measurements revealed that SnOx catalysts annealed in air at 525 °C exhibited the highest formate selectivity and current density, attributed to the optimized oxidation state and the presence of oxygen vacancies. Flow cell tests further demonstrated enhanced performance under practical conditions, achieving stable formate production with high faradaic efficiency over prolonged operation. These findings highlight the critical role of tin oxidation states and surface defects in tuning CO2RR performance, offering valuable insights for the design of efficient catalysts for CO2 electroreduction to formate.
Nano-Oncologic Vaccine for Boosting Cancer Immunotherapy: The Horizons in Cancer Treatment
Authors: Chen Chao , Xu Yue , Meng Hui , Bao Hongyi , Hu Yong , Li Chunjian , Xia Donglin
Published: January 2025

Nano-oncologic vaccines represent a groundbreaking approach in the field of cancer immunotherapy, leveraging the unique advantages of nanotechnology to enhance the effectiveness and specificity of cancer treatments. These vaccines utilize nanoscale carriers to deliver tumor-associated antigens and immunostimulatory adjuvants, facilitating targeted immune activation and promoting robust antitumor responses. By improving antigen presentation and localizing immune activation within the tumor microenvironment, nano-oncologic vaccines can significantly increase the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, particularly when combined with other treatment modalities. This review highlights the mechanisms through which nano-oncologic vaccines operate, their potential to overcome existing limitations in cancer treatment, and ongoing advancements in design. Additionally, it discusses the targeted delivery approach, such as EPR effects, pH response, ultrasonic response, and magnetic response. The combination therapy effects with photothermal therapy, radiotherapy, or immune checkpoint inhibitors are also discussed. Overall, nano-oncologic vaccines hold great promise for changing the landscape of cancer treatment and advancing personalized medicine, paving the way for more effective therapeutic strategies tailored to individual patient needs.
Temperature Sensing in Agarose/Silk Fibroin Translucent Hydrogels: Preparation of an Environment for Long-Term Observation
Authors: Micheva Maria , Baluschev Stanislav , Landfester Katharina
Published: January 2025

Environmental changes, such as applied medication, nutrient depletion, and accumulation of metabolic residues, affect cell culture activity. The combination of these factors reflects on the local temperature distribution and local oxygen concentration towards the cell culture scaffold. However, determining the temporal variation of local temperature, independent of local oxygen concentration changes in biological specimens, remains a significant technological challenge. The process of triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC), performed in a nanoconfined environment with a continuous aqueous phase, appears to be a possible solution to these severe sensing problems. This process generates two optical signals (delayed emitter fluorescence (dF) and residual sensitizer phosphorescence (rPh)) in response to a single external stimulus (local temperature), allowing the application of the ratiometric-type sensing procedure. The ability to incorporate large amounts of sacrificial singlet oxygen scavenging materials, without altering the temperature sensitivity, allows long-term protection against photo-oxidative damage to the sensing moieties. Translucent agarose/silk fibroin hydrogels embedding non-ionic micellar systems containing energetically optimized annihilation couples simultaneously fulfill two critical functions: first, to serve as mechanical support (for further application as a cell culture scaffold); second, to allow tuning of the material response window to achieve a maximum temperature sensitivity better than 0.5 K for the physiologically important region around 36 °C.
Intensive Speech Therapy for Hypokinetic Dysarthria in Parkinson’s Disease: Targeting the Five Subsystems of Speech Production with Clinical and Instrumental Evaluation
Authors: Gison Annalisa , Ruggiero Marco , Tufarelli Davide , Proietti Stefania , Moscariello Daniela , Valente Marianna
Published: January 2025

Background: Hypokinetic dysarthria is a speech disorder observed in almost 90% of PD patients that can appear at any stage of the disease, usually worsening as the disease progresses. Today, speech therapy intervention in PD is seen as a possible therapeutic option to alleviate and slow down the progression of symptoms. This study aims to investigate the validity of traditional speech therapy in dysarthria with the aim of improving the quality of life of PD patients, by comparing subjective clinical assessment with objective instrumental measures (IOPI and voice analysis). Methods: This is an observational study of 30 patients with hypokinetic dysarthria due to PD. The patients underwent speech therapy treatment with a frequency of three times per week for 12 consecutive weeks. Patients were evaluated at the time of enrollment (T0), at the start of treatment (T1), and at the end of the same (T2). Six months after the end of treatment (T3), a follow-up was performed based on disability and phonatory evaluation. Results: This study showed significant improvements (<0.001) from the start (T1) to the end of treatment (T2), with increases in the Barthel Index score, Robertson Dysarthria Profile, and IOPI measurements for tongue and lip strength, along with enhanced phonometer scores and tongue endurance. Correlations highlighted that tongue endurance decreased with age, CIRS, and MDS-UPDRS, while showing a positive association with MoCA scores. Conclusions: Significant improvements were observed in tongue and lip strength, phonatory duration, intensity, and vocal quality between pre- (T1) and post-treatment (T2). This study underscores the importance of early and continuous speech therapy treatment for comprehensive speech function enhancement.
In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant and Immune Stimulation Activity of Wheat Product Extracts
Authors: Mengoni Beatrice , Armeli Federica , Schifano Emily , Prencipe Sabrina Antonia , Pompa Laura , Sciubba Fabio , Brasili Elisa , Giampaoli Ottavia , Mura Francesco , Reverberi Massimo , Beccaccioli Marzia , Pinto Alessandro , De Giusti Maria , Uccelletti Daniela , Businaro Rita , Vinci Giuliana
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Inflammation and oxidative stress are the main pathogenetic pathways involved in the development of several chronic degenerative diseases. Our study is aimed at assessing the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from wheat and its derivatives. Methods: The content of total phenolic and total flavonoid compounds and antioxidant activity were carried out by ABTS and DPPH assays. The ability of wheat extracts to promote microglia polarization towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype was evaluated analyzing the increased expression of anti-inflammatory markers by real-time qPCR and immunofluorescence assays. Antioxidant activity of all the extracts was evaluated in C. elegans by analyzing ROS levels and the expression of the antioxidant enzymes GST-4 and SOD-3 by real-time qPCR and fluorescence experiments. The expression of key genes involved in the innate immune response and stress resistance pathways—daf-16, sek-1, and pmk-1—was evaluated by real-time qPCR. Results: Wheat extracts showed the ability to polarize microglia cells towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype, even after the addition of LPS. An antioxidant response was detected both in microglia and in Caenorhabditis elegans nematode, where the extracts also implemented an anti-stress resilience response and stimulated the innate immunity. Conclusions: The present study shows that wheat seeds, flour, chaff, and pasta present anti-inflammatory as well as antioxidant activities and may be considered as prospective positive health agents for the preparation of functional foods. Moreover, the valorization of by-products from agricultural and agro-industrial activities would also have significant implications in terms of circular economy.
Associations of Maternal Prenatal Zinc Consumption with Infant Brain Tissue Organization and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes
Authors: Berger Paige K. , Bansal Ravi , Sawardekar Siddhant , Monk Catherine , Peterson Bradley S.
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: While studies in rat pups suggest that early zinc exposure is critical for optimal brain structure and function, associations of prenatal zinc intake with measures of brain development in infants are unknown. This study aimed to assess the associations of maternal zinc intake during pregnancy with MRI measures of brain tissue microstructure and neurodevelopmental outcomes, as well as to determine whether MRI measures of the brain mediated the relationship between maternal zinc intake and neurodevelopmental indices. Methods: Forty-one adolescent mothers were recruited for a longitudinal study during pregnancy. Maternal zinc intake was assessed during the third trimester of pregnancy using a 24 h dietary recall. Infant MRI scans were acquired at 3 weeks postpartum using a 3.0 Tesla scanner to measure fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). Cognitive, language, and motor skills were assessed at 4, 14, and 24 months postpartum using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Results: Greater prenatal zinc intake was associated with reduced FA in cortical gray matter, particularly in the frontal lobe [medial superior frontal gyrus; β (95% CI) = −1.0 (−1.5, −0.5)], in developing white matter, and in subcortical gray matter nuclei. Greater prenatal zinc intake was associated with reduced MD in cortical gray matter and developing white matter [superior longitudinal fasciculus; −4.4 (−7.1, −1.7)]. Greater maternal zinc intake also was associated with higher cognitive development scores at 14 [0.1 (0.0, 0.1)] and 24 [0.1 (0.0, 0.2)] months of age; MRI indices of FA and MD did not mediate this relationship. Conclusions: Maternal prenatal zinc intake was associated with more favorable measures of brain tissue microstructural maturation and cognitive development during infancy.
Specific Physical and Nutritional Preparation of a Professional Kata Karate Athlete: A Case Study with a Bronze Medallist from the Pan American Games
Authors: García-De Frutos José Manuel , López-Plaza Daniel , Martínez-Noguera Francisco Javier , Sanz-Matesanz Manuel , Martínez-Rodríguez Alejandro , Martínez-Aranda Luis Manuel
Published: January 2025

Background and objectives: In karate, particularly in the kata discipline, there is a notable lack of studies focused on specific physical preparation for competitions. This highlights an urgent need for more in-depth research into this crucial aspect of athletic training to optimize performance and athlete preparation. The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of a dietary plan combined with specific physical preparation on the performance and body composition of a professional kata athlete preparing for a Pan American championship. Methods: A 20-year-old elite female karateka (60.7 kg, 165.4 cm) followed a nutritional plan with an isocaloric diet. The strength and power of the upper and lower limbs were evaluated through countermovement jump (CMJ) and one-repetition maximum (1RM) tests in bench press and free squat over a five-month period before the competition. Results: Following the nutritional plan and physical preparation, the athlete’s body composition improved in terms of fat loss (from 12.17% to 10.68%) and increased muscle mass (from 51.45% to 53.09%). Moreover, these improvements translated into better performance in tests such as CMJ (from 38.29 cm to 44.14 cm), 1RM bench press (from 54.5 kg to 67.6 kg), and 1RM free squat (from 65.1 kg to 78.4 kg). Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a comprehensive approach to personalized physical, technical, and nutritional preparation over 16 weeks significantly improves muscle strength and performance in karate kata. The novelty of this intervention lies in the detailed description of the total workload, encompassing both physical and technical performance, with a specific plan tailored to the athlete’s needs. Additionally, the preparation was precisely designed for a specific tournament, addressing the sport’s unique demands.
The HIBEAM Experiment
Authors: Burgman Alexander
Published: January 2025

The violation of baryon number is an essential ingredient for baryogenesis—the preferential creation of matter over antimatter—needed to account for the observed baryon asymmetry in the universe. However, such a process has yet to be experimentally observed. The HIBEAM/NNBAR program is a proposed two-stage experiment at the European Spallation Source to search for baryon number violation. The program will include high-sensitivity searches for processes that violate baryon number by one or two units as follows: free neutron–antineutron oscillation via mixing, neutron–antineutron oscillation via regeneration from a sterile neutron state, and neutron disappearance; the effective process of neutron regeneration is also possible. The program can be used to discover and characterize mixing in the neutron, antineutron, and sterile neutron sectors. The experiment addresses topical open questions such as the origins of baryogenesis and the nature of dark matter, and it is sensitive to scales of new physics that substantially exceed those available at colliders. A goal of the program is to open a discovery window to neutron conversion probabilities (sensitivities) by up to three orders of magnitude compared with previous searches, which is a rare opportunity. A conceptual design report for NNBAR has recently been published.
ABCB1 Polymorphism Is Associated with Higher Carbamazepine Clearance in Children
Authors: Djordjevic Natasa , Cukic Jelena , Dragas Milovanovic Dragana , Radovanovic Marija , Radosavljevic Ivan , Vuckovic Filipovic Jelena , Obradovic Slobodan , Baskic Dejan , Milovanovic Jasmina R. , Jankovic Slobodan , Milovanovic Dragan
Published: January 2025

The aim of our study was to investigate the role of ABCB1 polymorphism in the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine (CBZ) in children. The study enrolled 47 Serbian pediatric epileptic patients on CBZ treatment. Genotyping for ABCB1 1236C<T (rs1128503), 2677G<A/T (rs2032582) and 3435C<T (rs1045642) was carried out using the TaqMan method. Steady-state CBZ serum concentrations were available from our previous study, determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The NONMEM software and one-compartment model were used for pharmacokinetic analysis. ABCB1 1236C<T, 2677G<A/T and 3435C<T variations were found at the frequencies of 47.9%, 48.9% and 52.1%, respectively. The equation that described population clearance (CL) was CL (L/h) = 0.175 + 0.0403 × SEX + 0.0332 × ABCB1 + 0.0176 × CYP1A2 + 0.000151 × DD where SEX has a value of 1 if male and 0 if female, ABCB1 has a value of 1 if C-G-C/T-T-T and 0 if any other ABCB1 diplotype, CYP1A2 has a value of 1 if −163A/A and 0 if −163C/C or C/A, and DD is the total CBZ daily dose (mg/day). The presence of the ABCB1 1236T-2677T-3435T haplotype is associated with an increased clearance of CBZ in pediatric epileptic patients.
The Role of Endogenous Beta-Endorphin and Enkephalins in the Crosstalk Between Ethanol and Morphine
Authors: Tseng Andy , Ahmad Syed Muzzammil , Hamid Abdul , Lutfy Kabirullah
Published: January 2025

Background: There is clinical concern about the combined use of alcohol and opiates. Several lines of evidence support an interaction between alcohol and the endogenous opioid system. Thus, we hypothesized that ethanol, by causing the release of opioid peptides, may sensitize the system to the action of exogenous opioids such as morphine. Objectives: In this study, using the place conditioning paradigm, a model of reward, we determined whether a morphine challenge would alter the pre-established preference induced by ethanol conditioning in mice, and whether this response was mediated by the mu opioid receptor (MOP). Given that ethanol exposure stimulates the release of opioid peptides, we also assessed the role of beta-endorphin (β-END) and enkephalins (ENKs) in this response. Methods: Mice lacking MOPs, β-END, and/or ENKs, and their respective wild-type controls were tested for preconditioning place preference on day 1. Mice were then conditioned with ethanol (2 g/kg) versus saline on days 2 to 4 and then tested under a drug-free state for postconditioning place preference on day 5. On day 8, mice received a single injection of morphine (5 mg/kg) and were tested for place preference. On the test days, mice were placed in the central chamber and allowed to explore the chambers. The amount of time that mice spent in the drug-paired chamber was recorded. Results: We found that a challenge dose of morphine given on day 8 enhanced the conditioned place preference (CPP) response in mice previously conditioned with ethanol. This response was abolished in MOP-null mice, confirming the role of MOPs in this response. Although this enhanced response was not altered in mice lacking either β-END or ENKs compared to their wild-type littermates/controls, it was completely blunted in mice lacking both β-END and enkephalins. Conclusions: Together, these results suggest that these opioid peptides jointly mediate the crosstalk between the rewarding actions of morphine and ethanol.
Syringaldehyde Alleviates Cardiac Hypertrophy Induced by Hyperglycemia in H9c2 Cells Through GLP-1 Receptor Signals
Authors: Li Yingxiao , Hsu Chao-Tien , Yang Ting-Ting , Cheng Kai-Chun
Published: January 2025

Background: Cardiac hypertrophy is a significant complication of diabetes, often triggered by hyperglycemia. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists alleviate cardiac hypertrophy, but their efficacy diminishes under GLP-1 resistance. Syringaldehyde (SA), a natural phenolic compound, may activate GLP-1 receptors and mitigate hypertrophy. This study explores SA’s therapeutic potential in hyperglycemia-induced cardiac hypertrophy in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Methods: H9c2 cells were exposed to high glucose to induce hypertrophy. Cells were treated with varying SA concentrations, and hypertrophic biomarkers were analyzed using ELISA, qPCR, and Western blot. Results: SA reduced cell size and hypertrophic biomarkers in a dose-dependent manner while increasing GLP-1 receptor expression and cAMP levels. These effects were attenuated in GLP-1-resistant cells, highlighting the role of GLP-1 receptor activation. AMPK activation was essential, as its inhibition abolished SA’s effects. SA also decreased O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) expression via AMPK activation, contributing to reduced hypertrophy. Conclusions: SA alleviates hyperglycemia-induced cardiac hypertrophy in H9c2 cells by activating the GLP-1 receptor and AMPK signaling pathway.
Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as Therapy After Surgical Detachment of the Quadriceps Muscle from Its Attachments for Muscle-to-Bone Reattachment in Rats
Authors: Matek Danijel , Matek Irena , Staresinic Eva , Japjec Mladen , Bojanic Ivan , Boban Blagaic Alenka , Beketic Oreskovic Lidija , Oreskovic Ivana , Ziger Tihomil , Novinscak Tomislav , Krezic Ivan , Strbe Sanja , Drinkovic Martin , Brkic Filip , Popic Jelena , Skrtic Anita , Seiwerth Sven , Staresinic Mario , Sikiric Predrag , Brizic Ivica
Published: January 2025

Background: This is a novel rat study using native peptide therapy, focused on reversing quadriceps muscle-to-bone detachment to reattachment and stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 per-oral therapy for shared muscle healing and function restoration. Methods: Pharmacotherapy recovering various muscle, tendon, ligament, and bone lesions, and severed junctions (i.e., myotendinous junction), per-oral in particular (BPC 157/kg/day 10 µg, 10 ng), provides muscle-to-bone reattachment after quadriceps muscle detachment, both complete (rectus muscle) and partial (vastus muscles). Results: Immediately post-injury, and at 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, 60, and 90 days post-injury, quadriceps muscle-to-bone detachment showed definitive healing failure (impaired walking and permanent knee flexure). Contrarily, macro/microscopic, ultrasonic, magnetic resonance, biomechanical, and functional assessments revealed that BPC 157 therapy recovering effects for all time points were consistent. All parameters of the walking pattern fully improved, and soon after detachment and therapy application, muscle approached the bone, leaving a minimal gap (on ultrasonic assessment), and leg contracture was annihilated. The healing process occurs immediately after detachment from both sides: the muscle and the bone. The reattachment fibers from the ends of the muscle could be traced into the new bone formed at the surface (note, at day 3 post-detachment, increased mesenchymal cells occurred with periosteum reactivation). Consequently, at 3 months, the form was stable, and the balance between the muscle and bone was the following: well-organized bone, newly formed as more cortical bone providing a narrower bone marrow space, and the muscle and mature fibers were oriented parallel to the bone axis and were in close contact with bone. Conclusions: Therefore, to achieve quadriceps muscle-to-bone reattachment, the BPC 157 therapy reversing course acts from the beginning, resolving an otherwise insurmountable deleterious course.