bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REVIEW
Authors: Maddock Kenneth
Published: February 2015

Life Before Genesis: A Conclusion ‐ An Understanding of the Significance of Australian Aboriginal Culture. By David H. Turner New York: Peter Land. 1985. Pp vii + 181.
REVIEW
Authors: McCall Grant
Published: February 2015

New Caledonia or Kanaky? The Political History of a French Colony By John Connell Pacific Research Monograph 16. Canberra: National Centre for Development Studies, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University. 1987. Pp. xx + 493. 6 figures, 22 tables, 18 maps, appendices, bibliograph. ISSN 0155 9060, ISBN 07315 0512 3.
REVIEW
Authors: Young Michael W.
Published: February 2015

The Fame of Gawa: A Symbolic Study of Value Transformation in a Massim (Papua New Guinea) Society By Nancy D. Munn Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1986. Pp. xviii + 331. Price A$ 92.50.
REVIEWS
Authors: Aldrich Robert
Published: February 2015

Nan'yo: The Rise and Fall of the Japanese in Micronesia, 1885–1945. By Mark R. Peattie. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 1988. Pp. xxii + 382. Price $US30.00.
REVIEWS
Authors: Lederman Rena
Published: February 2015

Mountain Papuans: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Edited by James Weiner Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1988. Pp. 230. Price US$32.50 (hardcover), US$12.95 (papercover).
REVIEWS
Authors: Clegg John
Published: February 2015

Native Arts of North America, Africa, and the South Pacific: An Introduction By George A. Corbin New York: Harper and Row. 1988. Pp. xxxviii + 313, 354 mono + 16 colour pictures. US$45.00 ‐ A$100.50.
REVIEWS
Authors: Strathern Andrew
Published: February 2015

The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies. By D.K. Feil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1987. Pp xxi + 313, maps, tables, illustrations. Price: $70.
REVIEWS
Authors: Keane Webb
Published: February 2015

To Speak in Pairs: Essays on the Ritual Languages of Eastern Indonesia. By James J. Fox (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1988. Pp. xi + 338, 5 photographs, 6 figures.
REVIEWS
Authors: Shaw Bruce
Published: February 2015

Reaching Back: Queensland Aboriginal People Recall Early Days at Yarrabah. By Judy Thomson (ed.). Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press. 1989. Pp. xi + 136.
REVIEWS
Authors: Thomas Nicholas
Published: February 2015

Land and Differentiation in Rural Fiji. By John Overton. Canberra: Australian National University National Centre for Development Studies. Pacific Research Monograph. 1989. Pp. xii + 152.
REVIEWS
Authors: Read Peter
Published: February 2015

We are Staying: The Alyawarre Struggle for Land at Lake Nash. By Pamela Lyon and Michael Parsons. Alice Springs: Institute of Aboriginal Development. Pp. viii +239. Index, photos, biblio.
REVIEWS
Authors: Bushell Lydia
Published: February 2015

The Hawaiian Calabash. By Irving Jenkins. London: Kegan Paul International. 1989. Pp. xii +269.
ONABASULU MALE HOMOSEXUALITY: Cosmology, Affect and Prescribed Male Homosexual Activity among the Onabasulu of the Great Papuan Plateau
Authors: Ernst Thomas M.
Published: February 2015

This paper examines what has been called ‘ritualized homosexuality’ in a single ethnic group in the Strickland‐Bosavi region of Papua New Guinea. Prescribed male homosexual practices are examined in the context of cosmology and the context of affect in the ‘everyday’ rather than ritual life of the Onabasulu. The perspective is derived from a more general interest in the social construction of the ‘world’ in everyday social life.
ARID‐LAND FORAGING AS SEEN FROM AUSTRALIA: ADAPTIVE MODELS AND BEHAVIORAL REALITIES
Authors: Gould Richard A.
Published: February 2015

This paper reviews assumptions guiding earlier models of social and economic behavior among arid land hunter‐gatherers, especially those models that argued for the ‘original affluent society’ and concepts requiring groups of fixed size and composition operating within stable, bounded territories. A close look at socioeconomic behavior among ethnographic Ngatatjara Aborigines of the Western Desert challenges these assumptions and introduces an adaptive model based on ‘strategy switching’. In order to minimize risks imposed by droughts, the Ngatatjara responded in their movements and group composition by means of two alternative strategies: drought escape and drought evasion. Drought escape involved temporary abandonment of entire areas by individual households or by individuals to distant, better‐favored areas. Drought evasion involved retreat by small family groups into areas within their ‘home’ country where relatively dependable water resources were available. Drought escape and drought evasion strategies are briefly considered as factors in early plant domestication in the context of prehistoric arid‐land foraging societies in places like the Tehuacan Valley on the Mexican Plateau.
CONTRASTS MARRIAGE AND IDENTITY IN WESTERN FIJI
Authors: Thomas Nicholas
Published: February 2015

You see how people get married here, how much work it involves. The mats, the drums, the animals, it's murder! If it's a woman, that's all right, you just go and eat. But if you've got a young man, you have to start raising cattle. With you foreigners, it's easy. You have a small party and that's it. It's better that way, here it is just too much.

You know how the Indians get married, Niko? The man goes to the woman's father and says, ‘Here's a thousand dollars. How about it?’ He says, ‘That's not much.’ Then the man offers fifteen hundred, he says ‘Ummm.’ Then when the man offers two thousand, he says, ‘All right.’ Different customs, say!
REVIEW
Authors: Campbell I.C.
Published: February 2015

Tongan Culture and History: Papers from the 1st Tongan History Conference held in Canberra 14–17 January, 1987. Edited by Phyllis Herda, Jennifer Terrell and Niel Gunson. Canberra: Department of Pacific and Southeast Asian History, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. 1990.
REVIEW
Authors: McCall Grant
Published: February 2015

Te Iwi Maori. A New Zealand Population Past and Present. By Ian Pool. Auckland: Auckland University Press. 1991. Pp. xvi + 271. Price US $35.00, US $15.95 (paperback).
Other messages, other missions; or, Sahlins among the Melanesians
Authors: Mosko Mark S.
Published: February 2015

Responding to a number of developing critiques, Sahlins (1991) has recently adapted his ‘structural history’ model to accommodate endogenous change in pre‐colonial conditions. His reformulation, however, critically restricts the model's applicability to mythopraxis of a specific sort, viz. the historical actions of divine heroes in societies structured along Dumontian lines of ‘hierarchy’ as supposedly exemplified in Fiji and Polynesia generally. This article examines certain implications of this new structural history – particularly Sahlins's revision of the ‘structure of the conjuncture’ notion – by analyzing a case of relatively late historical contact and change involving exogenous Europeans as well as Melanesians (i.e. the later phases of the so‐called Yali movements of post‐World War II Papua New Guinea). Here, neither ‘heroic history’ nor ‘hierarchy’ as Sahlins has incorporated them into his new model are evident. What is apparent instead is a dialectical interplay of articulated messages and enacted missions on the part of a complex and shifting multiplicity of both expatriate as well as indigenous constituencies.
Essentialism, Memory and Resistance: Aboriginality and the Politics of Authenticity
Authors: Lattas Andrew
Published: February 2015

This paper is about how the discourses of white intellectuals operating in Aboriginal Studies create a knowledgeable gaze which seeks to police the cultural practices through which Aborigines produce themselves. Aborigines have become the focus of a gaze which analyses, questions, and problematises their resistances and even their identities. Determining the boundaries of Aboriginal authenticity has become the preoccupation of some European intellectuals whose concern with situating the culture of Aborigines is at the expense of acknowledging the positioning power of their own cultural practices. This paper seeks to reverse this knowledge‐power relationship by focusing on discourses operating in Aboriginal Studies and the effects of power created by the custodial pastoral roles which some white intellectuals have taken on.
REVIEW
Authors: Glass Patrick
Published: February 2015

Surviving Fieldwork: A Report of the Advisory Panel on Health and Safety in Fieldwork. By Nancy Howell. Washington: American Anthropological Association. 1990. Pp. 217.
REVIEW
Authors: Fernandez James W.
Published: February 2015

The Empty Place: Poetry, Space and Being Among the Foi of Papua New Guinea. By James F. Weiner. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1991. Pp. 218. Price $US14.95.
REVIEW
Authors: Redmond Anthony
Published: February 2015

Anthropology, Art and Aesthetics. Edited by J. Coote and A. Shelton. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1992. Pp. xi + 265. Price $A103.
On Female Presences and Absences in Heavenly Places
Authors: Valeri Valerio
Published: February 2015

James (Oceania 1991) criticizes some of my interpretive proposals on the political ideology of ancient Tonga, claiming that my emphasis on predominantly male relationships in the titular system reduces ‘Polynesian truths’ to ‘Freudian dogma‘. James sees Tonga as a ‘markedly bilateral’ rather than ‘patrilineal’ society, manifesting symptoms of Malinowski's ‘matrilineal complex’, particularly an incestuous fixation on the sister rather than the mother, correlated with the importance of the brother/sister relationship in social structure, and the alleged transmission of rank through females only.

James attempts to find evidence for her claims in the origin myth of the titular system. I show that — contrary to her interpretation — no brother/sister incest can be found in this myth, where, moreover, the female presence is subdued and desexualized. My rejoinder raises issues of general anthropological interest in the realms of symbolism, gender, the analysis of political myth, and of the interrelationship of psychological and cultural processes.
REVIEW
Authors: Morton John
Published: February 2015

A Place for Strangers: Towards a History of Australian Aboriginal Being. By Tony Swain. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. 1993. Pp. 303. Price $A29.95 paperback.
REVIEW
Authors: Alexander Paul
Published: February 2015

Adat and Dinas. Balinese Communities in the Indonesian State. By Carol Warren. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. 1993. Pp xxviii + 358. 13 tables, 4 figs, 2 maps, 25 b/w illustrations.
Revisioning the Past, Remembering the Future: Duna Accounts of the World's End
Authors: Haley Nicole
Published: February 2015

Taking as my example, the memories of Duna people at Lake Kopiago, who inhabit the northwestern part of the Southern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea, I illustrate some of the ways events, and memories of them, have been constructed, manipulated and recast over the last twenty five years. By paying particular attention to a well known originary narrative, I show that space, the revelation of new knowledge via a spirit medium and the reinterpretation and negotiation of the meanings attached to events can result in the production of new memories about the past and the future.
Body, Vision and Movement: in the Footprints of the Ancestors
Authors: Tamisari Franca
Published: February 2015

Ethnographic writings on Australian Aboriginal ontology and epistemology have overlooked the phenomenological significance of the body and notions of embodiment in the relationship between people and land. In focusing on the body as a spatio‐temporal ‘hinge’ between people and place, I explore the pervasive images of bodily transformations, directional movement and traces, in the cosmogony, cosmology and life‐world of the Yolngu people of Northeast Arnhem Land. The image of the footprint as a synthesis of living body, vision and movement, perception and intentionality, embodies the dynamic and creative nature pertaining to the fashioning and negotiation of group identity.
Where to Next?: Garden Site Selection in the Papua New Guinea Highlands
Authors: Sillitoe Paul
Published: February 2015

The Wola speakers of the Southern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea are nominally shifting cultivators. The question asked here is how do they decide, when they periodically abandon gardens, where to establish new ones. The answer is framed in terms of an investigation of knowledge largely in action rather than as discourse. Several factors are postulated as influencing site selection, among them distance to location, ease of enclosing it, site topography (including aspect, slope and altitude), its vegetation cover, and finally social considerations that might inform gardeners' choices. It includes a critique of materialistic assumptions in respect of social status and access to productive resources. It is noteworthy that these decisions are made in a context where there is currently no pressure on arable land resources, the region having large forested reserves. A review of data collected from a sample of gardens in the Wage valley (presented in terms of both numbers of gardens and their areas), suggests that farmers skillfully draw on their experiential knowledge in balancing consideration of various factors, none necessarily predominating in their decision making.
Bringing the Art Inside: a Preliminary Analysis of Black Linear Rock‐art from Limestone Caves in Erromango, Vanuatu
Authors: Wilson Meredith
Published: February 2015

While surveying and recording rock‐art on Erromango over two field‐seasons in 1996 and 1997, I had the pleasure of working with Vanuatu Cultural Centre (VCC) fieldworkers Jerry Taki and Sophie Nempan Sei. During this time, both Jerry and Sophie constructed a context of ‘meaning’ for the ‘black linear’ pictures that predominate in the rock‐art of the island. Their ideas were highly influential in determining the direction of my research. Jerry spoke of the association of rock‐art with warfare and women. Sophie identified certain motifs as clan designs, particularly those located in sites close to where she lives, at Happyland village in the south of the island. The aim of this paper is to understand more about the rock‐art of Erromango by combining local knowledge and archaeological techniques of rock‐art analysis. I focus on the black linear rock‐art, describing its temporal placement and context of production. Temporal information is gleaned from patterns of superimposition among particular rock‐art techniques and motif forms, as well as from independent archaeological and ethnographic contexts. It is proposed that black linear rock‐art belongs to the most recent period of rock‐art production on Erromango, likely within the last 400 years. Rock‐art production and use is explored through artistic motifs evident on other items of material culture, including objects which are known, from ethnographic records, to be produced by either women or men. I suggest that black linear motifs were at least in part produced by women, perhaps to register their connection to place during periods of displacement. In accordance with Jerry's statements, ethnographic and archaeological evidence indicates that a salient feature of the island's social landscape over the last 400 years was small and large‐scale intra‐ and inter‐island wars. The black linear rock‐art is interpreted in relation to this unstable social context.
Not Feasting with Friends: the Meaning of Meat in Anganen
Authors: Nihill Michael
Published: February 2015

There are two general ways that meat is deployed in exchange among the Anganen of the Southern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea. One is communion that forges co‐identification between those eating together. The other is effectively the antithesis of communion. Food is given in formal prestation but explicitly through taboo or as an emergent property of how the exchange takes place; food giver and receiver do not consume meat from the same animal. These emergent properties variously come about through the meat being given raw, undercooked, or in portions far too large for the receiver to consume. My main interest is how these taboo or emergent acts of non‐communion effectively involve non‐food. Certainly part of the meaning of meat is that it will eventually be eaten. However, in the act of exchange because meat cannot be immediately eaten or shared that gives rise to its meaning. Part of this meaning is the degree of what I call politicisation. Acts of non‐communion are politically charged events, be they aggressive or motivated by men seeking prestige. A number of different types of exchange are compared to explore the role of meat in Anganen politics.
Review
Authors: Cushnahan Gavan
Published: February 2015

Converging Interests: Traders, Travellers, and Tourists in Southeast Asia. By Jill Forshee, Christina Fink, and Sandra Cate. Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley Centre for Southeast Asia Studies Monograph no. 36. 1999. Pp. x+328. Price: US $25.95.
REVIEW
Authors: Mosko Mark
Published: February 2015

Property, Substance and Effect: Anthropological Essays on Persons and Things. By Marilyn Strathern. London: The Athlone Press 1999. Pp. xii+336
Review
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey
Published: February 2015

Cargo Cult as Theatre: political performance in the Pacific By Dorothy K. Billings. Lanham: Lexington Books. 2002. Pp. x + 267. Price: unknown.
Review
Authors: Lattas Andrew
Published: February 2015

The Cunning of Recognition: Indigenous Alterities and the Making of Australian Multiculturalism. By Elizabeth Povinelli. Durham: Duke University Press. 2002. Pp xi + 338. Price: US$21.95 (paper).
Review
Authors: Mimica Jadran
Published: February 2015

The Double Twist: From Ethnography to Morphodynamics. Edited by Pierre Maranda. Toronto, Buffalo, London: University of Toronto Press, 2001. Price US$ 65.00. hardbound.
Thick Decisions: Expertise, Advocacy and Reasonableness in the Federal Court of Australia
Authors: Edmond Gary
Published: February 2015

Drawing from the litigation around the Hindmarsh Island Bridge (especially Chapman v Luminis Pty Ltd 2001) this article provides an analysis of judicial responses to anthropological expertise. Sensitive to the institutional responsibilities of judges, as well as rules of evidence, procedures and legal causes of action, it examines the strategic representation and appropriation of anthropological knowledge and practice. In exploring the relations between law and expertise the article illustrates how their combination shapes outcomes. In the process it explains how the judge could have produced a range of (in)consistent outcomes through the modulation of legal categories and their relations with prevalent images of anthropological expertise. This analysis positions the article to critically reflect on some of the implications for anthropologists working in and around legal or quasi‐legal settings as well as those commenting on that participation.
Of Winds, Worms and Mana: the Traditional Calendar of the Torres Islands, Vanuatu
Authors: MondragóN Carlos
Published: February 2015

This paper explores how the expression of ‘capacity’ (mena, more commonly known as mana in other Oceanic settings) and the evocation of abundance are played out in relation to seasonal change and human‐environmental relations, as observed in the Torres Islands, Vanuatu. It considers the importance for communities of North and Central Vanuatu of the appearance of a ubiquitous sea worm known as the Palolo, in combination with the regular motions of the sun and the moon, the prevaling winds and various other ecological patterns. While human‐environmental relations are often mediated by the idea of mena, this also constitutes a basic social value that informs local senses of place and belonging. The study of temporality and environmental knowledge can help to de‐centre territorial notions of ‘place’ by situating this concept within the broader context in which people experience it. Finally, because these data bear on macro comparisons that span the Western Pacific, this article is aimed in part at putting the interpretation of time and calendrics within the Indo‐Pacific frame of reference that they should begin to take.
Feared Rumours and Rumours of Fear: The Politicisation of Ethnicity During the Fiji Coup in May 2000
Authors: Emde Sina
Published: February 2015

In this article I explore rumour and fear as crucial to the politicisation of ethnicity and the attempt of ethno‐nationalists to gain political hegemony during the coup in Fiji in May 2000. I discuss rumours during the Fiji crisis as emotional discourses articulating fears and anxieties that have influenced interethnic relations in Fiji since the indenture of Indian labour. I argue that these feelings of fear and insecurity are linked historically to issues of land, demography and race and investigate how the George Speight Team and Fijian ethno‐nationalists aimed at reinforcing and foregrounding these emotions to mobilise support. I also look at the role of rumours and fear in the silencing of dissent and opposing voices. I ask how rumours were in dialogue with other discourses circulating at the height of the crisis and how they complemented ethno‐nationalist political strategies. I suggest that part of the political success of the George Speight Team stems from their effective engagement of different local, national and global levels to reinforce an old discourse of ethnic Fijian unity and fear of Indo‐Fijian colonisation around which they mobilised ethnically based political support. The effect of this ‘indigenous articulation’ was a polarisation of Fijian and Indo‐Fijian positionings in the nation.
Strathern's Melanesian ‘dividual’ and the Christian ‘individual’: a Perspective from Vanua Lava, Vanuatu
Authors: Hess Sabine
Published: February 2015

What happens to people's concept of the person when their ‘dividuality’ engages with the Christian concept of the ‘individual’? According to Vanua Lava kastom, when people die they go to sere timiat, the place of the dead. But do they still go there when the person had been a Christian during their life time? Where is the Christian heaven and hell? Is there a separate Christian ‘soul’? Will the dead be eternally separated from each other and their ancestors? Can kastom and Christian concepts be reconciled? Depending on denomination and degree of conversion (devout, nominal, or ‘back‐slider’) people have found multiple answers that help them conceptualise their final resting place. Their answers are of relevance for theoretical debates in anthropology about dividuality, individuality and engagement with modernity.
Evaluation of nanostructure and microstructure of bone regenerated by BMP‐2‐porous scaffolds
Authors: Del Rosario Carlos , Rodríguez‐Evora Maria , Reyes Ricardo , González‐Orive Alejandro , Hernández‐Creus Alberto , Shakesheff Kevin M , White Lisa J , Delgado Araceli , Evora Carmen
Published: February 2015

In this study, three systems containing BMP‐2 were fabricated, including two electrospun sandwich‐like‐systems of PLGA 75:25 and PLGA 50:50 and a microsphere system of PLGA 50:50 to be implanted in a critical size defect in rat calvaria. The in vivo BMP‐2 release profiles of the three systems were similar. The total dose was released during the first two weeks. To evaluate the nano and microstructure of the regenerated bone a multi‐technique analysis was used, including stereo microscope, X‐Ray; AFM, micro‐CT, and histological analyses. The progression of bone regeneration was followed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the microsphere system implantation whereas the two electrospun systems were evaluated at fixed 12 weeks. All the techniques applied showed high bone regeneration. The average values of bone volume density, bone mineral density, Young's modulus, and the percent of bone repair were ∼70% of the values of the native bone. Besides, SEM‐EDX analysis indicated that the main chemical elements in the new bone were oxygen, calcium, and phosphorus in a ratio similar to that of native bone. In comparison, the micro‐CT may provide an alternative to histology for the evaluation of bone formation at the defect size. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2998–3011, 2015.
Modulation of biomechanical properties of hyaluronic acid hydrogels by crosslinking agents
Authors: Choi Sung Chul , Yoo Mi Ae , Lee Su Yeon , Lee Hyun Ji , Son Dong Hoon , Jung Jessica , Noh Insup , Kim Chan‐Wha
Published: February 2015

Modulation of both mechanical properties and biocompatibilities of hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels is very importance for their applications in biomaterials. Pure HA solution was converted into a hydrogel by using butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) as a crosslinking agent. Mechanical properties of the HA hydrogels have been evaluated by adding up different amount of BDDEs. While the mechanical properties of the obtained HA hydrogels were evaluated by measuring their crosslinking degrees, elastic modulus and viscosity, their in vitro biocompatibilities were done by measuring the degrees of anti‐inflammatory reactions, cell viabilities and cytotoxicity. The degrees of anti‐inflammatory reactions were determined by measuring the amount of nitric oxides (NOs) released from lipopolysaccharide(LPS)(+)‐induced macrophages; cell viability was evaluated by observing differences in the behaviors of fibroblasts covered with the HA hydrogels, compared with those covered with the films of Teflon and Latex. Cytotoxicity of the HA hydrogels was also evaluated by measuring the degrees of viability of the cells exposed on the extracts of the HA hydrogels over those of Teflon, Latex and pure HA solutions by the assays of thiazoly blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), neutral reds, and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). The results showed that employment of BDDEs beyond critical amounts showed lower biocompatibility of the crosslinked HA hydrogels but higher crosslinking degrees and mechanical properties, indicating the importance of controlling the HA concentrations, BDDE amounts and their reaction times for the synthesis of the crosslinked HA hydrogels for their clinical applications as biomaterials. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part: 103A: 3072–3080, 2015.
Osteoblast biocompatibility of novel chitosan crosslinker, hexamethylene‐1,6‐diaminocarboxysulfonate
Authors: Beringer Laura T. , Kiechel Marjorie A. , Komiya Yuko , Donius Amalie E. , Habas Raymond , Wegst Ulrike G. K. , Schauer Caroline L.
Published: February 2015

Chitosan is a naturally occurring polysaccharide, which has proven to be an attractive candidate for bone tissue engineering, due to its ability to promote osteoblast mineralization. Electrospinning has become a well‐established cell scaffold processing technique, as it produces a high surface area to volume fibrous material that can mimic the three dimensionality of the extracellular matrix of a cell. In this study, we have investigated the osteoblast response to two different chemically crosslinked (hexamethylene‐1,6‐diaminocarboxysulfonate (HDACS) and genipin) electrospun chitosan scaffolds and their film counterparts in order to determine how material chemistry influences cellular behavior in conjunction with material topology. In addition, material properties of each fiber scaffold such as porosity and tensile strength were considered. MLO‐A5 osteoblast cells grown on chitosan‐HDACS scaffolds were found to display a more organized cellular network, along with significantly more filopodia extensions, compared to those grown on chitosan‐genipin scaffolds. After 2 days of growth on chitosan‐HDACS fibers, a higher level of alkaline phosphatase expression in MLO‐A5 cells was reported compared to that of either chitosan‐genipin fibers or films. These results indicate that not only chemistry, but also surface topology is an important effecter of cellular behavior. Ultimately, chitosan‐HDACS fiber scaffolds provided an adequate substrate for osteoblast attachment and proliferation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 3026–3033, 2015.
Oxidation of the emerging contaminants amitriptyline hydrochloride, methyl salicylate and 2‐phenoxyethanol by persulfate activated by UV irradiation
Authors: Real Francisco J , Acero Juan L , Benitez Javier F , Roldan Gloria , Casas Francisco
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUND

Despite the small concentration of emerging contaminants (ECs) in water systems, in recent years numerous works have reported potential toxicological risks associated with their presence in the environment, and recommending their elimination by different procedures, such as chemical oxidation processes.

RESULTS

The elimination of three selected ECs, amitriptyline hydrochloride, methyl salicylate and 2‐phenoxyethanol in aqueous solutions by photochemically activated persulfate has been investigated. The main operating conditions, such as persulfate dose, temperature, pH and buffer used, were varied and efficiencies of elimination and apparent pseudo‐first‐order rate constants of the oxidation reactions were determined for comparison purposes. The role of reactive oxygen species generated in the system, such as SO4·− and HO·, in the overall oxidation of the ECs was determined by using suitable scavenger compounds. Moreover, thermally activated persulfate was around 15–50 times less reactive than the UV/persulfate system. Finally, second‐order rate constants for the reaction between sulfate radical and each EC were determined by competition kinetics, and the values obtained were (4.8 ± 0.6) × 109 M−1 s−1 for amitriptyline hydrochloride, (9.2 ± 0.9) × 108 M−1 s−1 for methyl salicylate, and (1.38 ± 0.02) × 109 M−1 s−1 for 2‐phenoxyethanol.

CONCLUSION

Both radical species SO4·− and HO· play important roles in the oxidation of the ECs investigated when using the UV/persulfate system, with the contribution of sulfate radicals predominating for those compounds with low reactivity towards HO radicals. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Tips and tricks in endoscopic papillectomy of ampullary tumors: single‐center experience with large case series (with videos)
Authors: Tsuji Shujiro , Itoi Takao , Sofuni Atsushi , Mukai Shuntaro , Tonozuka Ryosuke , Moriyasu Fuminori
Published: February 2015

Endoscopic papillectomy (EP) has been recognized as a safe and reliable treatment for ampullary adenomas. In this article, we describe important tips and tricks in EP of ampullary tumors on the basis of our large case series outcome. Between May 1999 and April 2014, 115 patients underwent EP at Tokyo Medical University hospital. The mean tumor diameter was 16.2 (6–35) mm. The final pathological diagnoses were adenoma, cancer in adenoma, cancer, and hyperplasia in 85, 13, 10, and seven patients, respectively. “En bloc” or “piecemeal” EP was performed with a polypectomy snare forceps using “Endocut® mode”. Prophylactic pancreatic duct stents were placed after EP. Consequently, a single treatment session was possible in 93 (80.9%) patients. Additional treatment was required in the remaining 22 (19.1%) patients. For these 22 patients, the postresection pathological diagnoses were adenoma in 15 patients and cancer in seven patients. Two patients with cancer and venous permeation required surgical operation. The final complete resection rate was 98.2%. Several complications observed included pancreatitis (10.4%), bleeding (18.2%), perforation (2.6%), cholangitis (1.7%), and papillary stenosis (4.3%). One patient died of procedure‐related complications. In conclusion, endoscopic papillectomy showed a high technical success rate. However, possible complications and occasional fatal complications should be considered when using EP.
Chondrocyte clusters adjacent to sites of cartilage degeneration have characteristics of progenitor cells
Authors: Hoshiyama Yoshiaki , Otsuki Shuhei , Oda Shuhei , Kurokawa Yoshitaka , Nakajima Mikio , Jotoku Tsuyoshi , Tamura Ryuichi , Okamoto Yoshinori , Lotz Martin K. , Neo Masashi
Published: February 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the site‐specific characteristics and roles of chondrocyte clusters in human knee osteoarthritis. Cartilage explants were obtained from 45 knees undergoing total knee replacement surgery. The explants were taken from 4 locations in the knee: the medial femoral condyle, the medial posterior femoral condyle (MPC), the lateral femoral condyle, and the lateral posterior femoral condyle (LPC). Cartilage degeneration, cell density, and cell arrangement were compared histologically. A live/dead cell viability assay and immunohistochemical analyses using antibodies against STRO‐1, FGF2, and Ki‐67 were performed. Cell proliferation and cartilaginous nodule production in MPC and LPC explants in monolayer culture were compared. Finally, MPC cartilage explants were cultured to observe histological changes. The cell density of the MPC explants was higher than that of the LPC because of clustering. MPC explants contained more live cells than the LPC did, and the expression of IHC markers in MPC explants was higher than that in LPC. Chondrocytes from MPC proliferated faster and produced more nodules in monolayer culture than those from the LPC and MPC explants were repaired during organ culture. In conclusion, chondrocyte clusters adjacent to severe cartilage degeneration have specific characteristics, with progenitor and proliferative potential. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:548–555, 2015.
Evaluation of different drying temperatures on physico‐chemical and antioxidant properties of water‐soluble tomato powders and on their use in pork patties
Authors: Kim Hyeong Sang , Chin Koo Bok
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUND

Tomato and tomato products provide various antioxidant activities, which could be changed by the processing method. This study was performed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of water‐soluble tomato powder (WSTP) as affected by different oven temperatures (60, 80 and 100°C), and to evaluate the physico‐chemical properties and antioxidative activities of pork patties containing these powders.

RESULTS

The contents of total phenolic compounds of WSTP ranged from 22.2 to 69.6 g kg−1 dry matter. The antioxidant activities increased significantly with increasing drying temperatures (P < 0.05). The physico‐chemical properties of pork patties containing tomato powders were also evaluated. WSTP at 100°C showed the highest redness value compared to those dried at 60 and 80°C. Lipid oxidation of pork patties was retarded by 7 days with the addition of WSTP. In particular, pork patties containing WSTP showed antimicrobial activity at 14 days of refrigerated storage, regardless of drying temperatures.

CONCLUSION

WSTP, especially prepared at 100°C, could be used as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in meat products. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Contemporary diagnostics: Sarcoma pathology update
Authors: Brooks John S.J. , Lee Solomon
Published: February 2015

Sarcoma diagnosis continues to evolve as new information is discovered. Certain tumors have been downgraded (dermal leiomyosarcoma) and an atypical category designed for others. Recently entities include myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma, myoepithelioma, and pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma. The terms malignant fibrous histiocytoma and hemangiopericytoma are outdated. New immunostains (STAT6, SOX10, ERG) add diagnostic specificity, and new risk assessment models are described for sarcomas where grading and staging has failed to provide adequate prognosis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:513–519. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contemporary applications of frontal sinus trephination: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Patel Alpen B. , Cain Rachel B. , Lal Devyani
Published: February 2015

Our objective was to perform a systematic review of the literature on contemporary indications and outcomes for frontal sinus trephination and present an illustrative case of an endoscopically assisted repair of a subcutaneous frontal sinus fistula by trephination technique. PubMed and Ovid databases were used as data sources. A systematic review of the English literature was completed to review reports of frontal trephination from 1980 to 2014. Articles meeting inclusion criteria for inflammatory and noninflammatory indications were reviewed. Articles were systematically reviewed and graded by evidence‐based medicine level. An illustrative case from our institution is then presented. The systematic review identified 2,621 published studies. Thirty‐eight studies were identified for inclusion. The indications, techniques, outcomes, safety, and complications were reviewed for noninflammatory and inflammatory conditions. There were 32 retrospective case series, reports, or cohort studies (level 4), four systematic reviews (level 3), one prospective analysis (level 3), and one meta‐analysis (level 2). Due to the heterogeneity of study cases and inclusion criteria, a meta‐analysis was not feasible. We also present a novel closure of an anterior skull base defect resulting in a subcutaneous fistula with use of a frontal trephination approach. The frontal sinus trephination should not be regarded as a procedure of the past, as it useful in the armamentarium of the modern sinus and skull base surgeon. This approach provides access for instrumentation for hard‐to‐reach frontal sinus disease either purely through a trephination approach or as a supplementation to the transnasal endoscopic approach. Evidence supporting frontal sinus trephination is of levels 2, 3, and 4.

Level of Evidence

NALaryngoscope, 125:2046–2053, 2015
Comparison of the effect of non‐polluted and underwater‐volcano‐polluted seawater on the corrosion resistance of different stainless steels
Authors: Fernández‐Domene R. M. , Sánchez‐Tovar R. , Escrivá‐Cerdán C. , Leiva‐García R. , García‐Antón J.
Published: February 2015

This work compares the effect of non‐polluted and underwater‐volcano‐polluted seawater on the electrochemical behavior of two different alloys, notably an austenitic stainless steel (SS) and a duplex stainless steel. Polarization measurements, potentiostatic passivation tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and capacitance measurements were performed. Results show that the composition of the polluted seawater negatively affects the passivation kinetics of both AISI 316 SS and Alloy 900, decreasing the corrosion resistance of both alloys. Additionally, when both steels are compared, it can be concluded that passive films formed on Alloy 900 presented better protective properties than those on AISI 316 SS.
A randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of AFQ056 for the treatment of chorea in Huntington's disease
Authors: Reilmann Ralf , Rouzade‐Dominguez Marie‐Laure , Saft Carsten , Süssmuth Sigurd D. , Priller Josef , Rosser Anne , Rickards Hugh , Schöls Ludger , Pezous Nicole , Gasparini Fabrizio , Johns Donald , Landwehrmeyer Georg Bernhard , Gomez‐Mancilla Baltazar
Published: February 2015

Background

This study investigated the hypothesis that AFQ056 (mavoglurant), a selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist, reduces chorea in Huntington's disease (HD).

Methods

This 32‐day randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group, proof‐of‐concept study investigated AFQ056 (25‐150 mg [incremental doses], twice‐daily) versus placebo in patients with HD. Primary efficacy assessments were the chorea‐sum score and orientation index (nondominant hand) from the quantitative motor (Q‐Motor) grasping task at day 28. Key secondary efficacy assessments included finger‐tapping in the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale–Total Motor Score and Q‐Motor measures. Safety and tolerability were assessed.

Results

Overall, 42 patients were randomized. At day 28, no improvement was observed on the primary efficacy assessments (P > 0.10) with AFQ056 versus placebo. The Q‐Motor speeded‐tapping interonset interval variability was reduced with AFQ056 versus placebo for the nondominant hand (P = 0.01). The incidence of adverse events was 66.7% with AFQ056 and 57.1% with placebo.

Conclusions

AFQ056 did not reduce choreatic movements in HD, but was well tolerated. The clinical relevance of the Q‐Motor findings (speeded‐tapping) are unknown and may warrant further investigation. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Design of Novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pantothenate Synthetase Inhibitors: Virtual Screening, Synthesis and In Vitro Biological Activities
Authors: Devi Parthiban Brindha , Jogula Sridhar , Reddy Asireddy Parameshwar , Saxena Shalini , Sridevi Jonnalagadda Padma , Sriram Dharmarajan , Yogeeswari Perumal
Published: February 2015

Pantothenate synthetase (PS) enzyme involved in the pantothenate biosynthetic pathway is essential for the virulence and persistent growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). It is encoded by the panC gene, and has become an appropriate target for developing new therapeutics for tuberculosis. Here we report new inhibitors active against MTB PS developed using energy based pharmacophore modelling of the available proteininhibitor complex (3IVX) and virtual screening of a large commercial library. The e‐pharmacophore model consisted of a ring aromatic (R), negative ionizable (N) and acceptor (A) sites. Compounds 5 and 10 emerged as promising hits with IC50s 2.18 µM and 6.63 µM respectively. Further structural optimization was attempted to optimize lead 10 using medicinal chemistry approach and six compounds were found to exhibit better enzyme inhibition compared to parent compound lead 10 (<6 µM).
The effect of moist convection on thermally induced mesoscale circulations
Authors: Rieck Malte , Hohenegger Cathy , Gentine Pierre
Published: February 2015

A basic understanding of the mechanisms controlling the characteristics of thermally induced mesoscale circulations rests primarily on observations and model studies of dry convection, whereas the influence of moist convection on these characteristics is not well understood. Large‐eddy simulations are used to investigate the effect of moist convection on an idealized mesoscale circulation. Sensitivity studies show that moist convection has a significant influence on the characteristics of the mesoscale circulation. We identify three distinct convective phases that influence the mesoscale circulation within the diurnal cycle: firstly, dry convective onset, with a weak circulation and a breeze front that propagates slowly from the cold region into the warmer fluid as a result of the surface discontinuity; secondly, a deep convective phase, where the circulation intensifies and the breeze front propagates faster; and finally a precipitating phase, where strong cold pools develop at the breeze front and accelerate the propagation speed further. Classical density‐current theory fails to represent the second phase and is extended using the cloud‐base mass flux to account for the observed effects of moist non‐precipitating convection on the propagation speed. We demonstrate the applicability of this theory to the results from large‐eddy simulations, identify the subtle role of cold pools on density‐current propagation and highlight implications for numerical weather prediction.
What controls the size of a tropical cyclone? Investigations with an axisymmetric model
Authors: Frisius Thomas
Published: February 2015

Control mechanisms of tropical cyclone size are investigated with the axisymmetric cloud model HURMOD. In agreement with preceding HURMOD studies, the model results exhibit the existence of a fixed‐point attractor associated with a tropical cyclone. From the non‐dimensionalized model equations, a similarity law is derived, which relates six model parameters to the horizontal extent of the tropical cyclone in a steady state. Each parameter is associated with one of the following processes: planetary rotation, condensation time‐scale, radiative relaxation time‐scale, horizontal diffusion, vertical diffusion, and surface transfer. Individual variation of the parameters reveals that the radius of maximum horizontal wind speed is very sensitive to the Coriolis parameter, the mixing lengths and the radiative relaxation time‐scale, whereas the radius of minimum tangential wind merely depends on the Coriolis parameter, the surface transfer coefficients, and the radiative relaxation time‐scale. The increase of the radius of maximum horizontal wind speed with vertical eddy diffusivity goes along with an enhancement of the overturning mass flux within the secondary circulation. This agrees with the Hadley cell theory by Held and Hou who also emphasized the relevance of vertical diffusion. The strengthening of the overturning mass flux follows a power law similar to that found in an ocean modelling study. Moreover, TC size is found to be sensitive to environmental conditions comprising the prescribed sea‐surface temperature, tropopause height and static stability, while the sensitivity with respect to relative humidity is relatively small in the model. When the torque due to the upper sponge layer is switched off, the model exactly fulfills in the long run the steady state angular momentum budget equation.
Moisture diffusion through (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide ‐ Indian bentonite)/(vinylester) nanocomposites in artificial seawater and demineralized water
Authors: Raghavendra N. , Narasimha Murthy H. N. , Firdosh Salim , Sridhar R. , Angadi Gangadhar , Vishnu Mahesh K. R. , Krishna M
Published: February 2015

This paper compares the moisture diffusion properties of organomodified (Indian Bentonite nanoclay)/vinylester containing different amounts of nanoclay on exposure to demineralized water and artificial seawater at room temperature. Moisture uptake behavior of (Indian Bentonite)/vinylester was investigated and compared with that of neat vinylester. Addition of 5 wt% nanoclay decreased the diffusivity and permeability of vinylester in artificial seawater medium, but these diffusion parameters increased in demineralized water medium. Degradation in glass transition temperature and microhardness of the nanocomposites were much greater in specimens aged in demineralized water than in those in artificial seawater medium. Moisture diffusion behavior of the specimens was analyzed by Fick's law and the Langmuir model. The aged specimens were chemically analyzed by using infrared spectroscopy after aging for 146 days. A significant amount of leached organic species was detected in the demineralized water–aged specimens but the same was absent in those aged in artificial seawater. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 22:441–451, 2016. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
A practical model for economic evaluation of tissue‐engineered therapies
Authors: Tan Tien‐En , Peh Gary S. L. , Finkelstein Eric A. , Mehta Jodhbir S.
Published: February 2015

Tissue‐engineered therapies are being developed across virtually all fields of medicine. Some of these therapies are already in clinical use, while others are still in clinical trials or the experimental phase. Most initial studies in the evaluation of new therapies focus on demonstration of clinical efficacy. However, cost considerations or economic viability are just as important. Many tissue‐engineered therapies have failed to be impactful because of shortcomings in economic competitiveness, rather than clinical efficacy. Furthermore, such economic viability studies should be performed early in the process of development, before significant investment has been made. Cost‐minimization analysis combined with sensitivity analysis is a useful model for the economic evaluation of new tissue‐engineered therapies. The analysis can be performed early in the development process, and can provide valuable information to guide further investment and research. The utility of the model is illustrated with the practical real‐world example of tissue‐engineered constructs for corneal endothelial transplantation. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2015, 7:91–100. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1292

This article is categorized under:

Translational, Genomic, and Systems Medicine > Translational Medicine