bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a certification methodology for “green” roofs
Authors: Lisienkova Liubov , Rekus Irina , Rodionova Svetlana
Published: November 2024

This study examines design solutions in construction aimed at creating ecosystems within urban environments. The focus of the study are”green” roofs as a part of “green” building practices (next – green). The problem lies in the lack of a certification methodology for green roofs. The challenge of designing and constructing green building elements is associated with the absence of a certification system for such structures. The aim of this work is to develop a certification methodology for green roofs, which will facilitate the active implementation of such structures in construction and positively impact the ecology of Russian cities. The study covers the analysis of green roofs design and construction, developmentof the stages for green roofs installation, formulating the nomenclature basis of quality indicators for roofing materials, shaping the requirements of normative-technical documentation for conformity assessment, and development of certification schemes for green roofs. The practical result of this work is the development of a certification methodology for green roofs. The methodology can standardize the procedure for conformity assessment to normative values and ensure the objectivity of quality control for green roofs during the design and construction process.
Influence agrotechnical factors vegetative and generative organs of cotton C-278 variety considered
Authors: Maksudova M.I. , Oripov R.O. , Abdurakhmanov H.E. , Abdumalikov J.K.
Published: November 2024

According to the experimental program, when we studied the effects of agrotechnical factors on the formation of vegetative and generative organs of the C-278 variety in the phases of cotton, flowering and ripening were obtained. In the ginning phase of cotton, the average weight of the above-ground part of 28-29 cm cotton was 27,7-32,6 grams. In relation to the weight of the vegetative and generative organs of the cotton, the weight of the cotton stem is 40,3-45,9 percent, and the weight of the cotton leaf is 52.9-56.4 percent, and it was observed that 1,0-5,0 percent of the weight of the cotton crop organs. In the flowering phase of cotton, the height of the plant was 57-69 cm according to the options. In the experiment, changing the preirrigation moisture of cotton had a significant effect on the formation of cotton stem mass, where the total weight of the stem, pre-irrigation moisture was 65-65-60 compared to LFMC averaged 119,0 grams under percent irrigation and averaged 140.0 grams under 70-70-60 percent irrigation compared to LFMC before irrigation.
The role of trace elements in Uzbekistan’s vegetation: A biogeochemical analysis
Authors: Boymurodova Gulzoda , Tosheva Nurzoda , Ashurova Xurshida
Published: November 2024

This study examines the biogeochemical role of trace elements in Uzbekistan’s vegetation, focusing on their impact on plant health, growth, and ecosystem stability. By analyzing the distribution and concentration of key trace elements within various plant species and soil types, the research highlights the interactions between these elements and local vegetation. Data collection involved soil and plant sampling across different ecological zones in Uzbekistan, alongside a review of relevant scientific literature. The findings reveal patterns in trace element accumulation and their effects on vegetation, offering insights into environmental health and resource management. This study provides valuable information for environmental scientists, agricultural experts, and policymakers, as it underscores the importance of trace elements in maintaining ecological balance and informs strategies for sustainable land use in Uzbekistan.
Sustainable development in the aspect of ecological and economic scientific concepts
Authors: Salamatov Artem , Gordeeva Daria , Egorova Alexandra
Published: November 2024

Old industrial regions, which include the Chelyabinsk region, are traditionally typical subjects of environmental problems accumulated over the period of their extensive development. Multiple problems of physical, mental, reproductive health and quality of life of the population of such regions originate from the negative consequences of “dirty” industrial production accumulated over several generations. Therefore, it is natural that the results of sociological research in the region show the primary (70.7% of respondents with the possibility of choosing several answers at the same time) importance of solving environmental problems. The regulatory acts adopted to date in protection of the environment and the modern industrial technologies being introduced, coupled with the reduction of “dirty” industries, certainly allow reducing environmental tension in the region, however, the inertia of the collective psychology of consumer and permissive attitude to the environment accumulated over the “Soviet” decades has not yet been overcome in different societies. Accordingly, the solution to these problems increasingly depends on the formation of environmentally friendly behavior of the region’s population both in the matter of personal culture of behavior and in the matter of forming an “atmosphere” of such behavior in places of stay and communication. Accordingly, methodological problems of studying environmentally friendly behavior naturally arise both from unresolved theoretical and methodological problems, and because of the debatable nature of methodological approaches and techniques and concepts for interpreting the expected and obtained research results. Problems of practical use of the results of research on environmentally friendly behavior are due to both the complexity of the subject of this behavior (a person) and the difficulties of determining the content, direction and effectiveness of measures to form environmentally friendly behavior in different categories of the population.
Influence of agro activities on the amount of nutrients in cotton irrigation
Authors: Mamadalieva Saidakhon , Zumaboyev Zukhriddin , Uljaboyev and Alijon
Published: November 2024

It was also observed in the movement of nitrogenous and phosphorous nutrients in the general form, and it was 0.069 and 0.162%, respectively, in the 0-30 cm soil driving layer at the beginning of the application period, and at the end of the application period, it increased by 0.003 and 0.002% in the double-planted variants, and by 0.001% in single rows. it was stated that a decrease was observed. In the options where seeds are planted under a transparent tape, it is worth noting another important aspect of the tape. As mentioned above, the movement of nutrients is accelerated due to the increase in moisture in the fields under the tape, while the watering intervals are longer due to the longer preservation of moisture in the 0-30 and 0-70 cm layers of the soil. and it was found that the irrigation rates are reduced by 1.5-2.0 times compared to the control option, and by 1.0-1.5 times compared to the options with a black tape between cotton rows.
Den selection and movement patterns in a tropical savanna population of the northern quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus)
Authors: Trewella Gavin J. , Cremona Teigan , Murphy Brett P.
Published: November 2024

Context Small mammals are undergoing significant declines across the tropical savannas of northern Australia despite a lack of widespread land clearing. The causes of these declines remain unresolved, but a growing body of evidence suggests that the structural simplification of savannas, namely the degradation of under- and overstorey vegetation by frequent fires and high densities of exotic megaherbivores, is likely to be a significant contributing factor. Aim We sought to investigate how declining mammals use critical denning resources in high-biomass mesic savannas to help explain drivers of mammal decline in more open and less mesic areas and inform management priorities. Methods We fitted VHF/GPS collars to nine northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus), an Endangered scansorial predatory mammal, from a remnant population located on bauxite plateaus on Cape York Peninsula, Australia, to monitor their nocturnal movement patterns and den use over 1 month. Key results During this period, northern quolls exclusively denned in trees (either standing hollow trees or fallen logs). The most frequently used den trees tended to be larger, with pronounced trunk leans and multiple hollow entrances from 5 to 20 cm in diameter, whereas the most frequently used den logs tended to be longer and had more hollow entrances from 10 to 20 cm in diameter. All home ranges were confined to the high-biomass savanna habitat found on the bauxite plateaus, with males having a mean home range almost double the size of the mean female home range. Conclusions The reliance of this population of northern quolls on large hollow-bearing trees for shelter may explain the regional contraction of the northern quoll to high-biomass mesic savannas with an abundance of large trees. Implications These high-biomass savanna habitats, such as the bauxite plateaus found on the Cape York Peninsula, are likely to be critical for the persistence of the northern quoll, and should be appropriately protected, through management of fire and avoidance of clearing and logging.
Emergent cosmological expansion in scalar–tensor theories of gravity
Authors: Briddon Chad , Clifton Timothy , Fleury Pierre
Published: November 2024

We consider the emergence of large-scale cosmological expansion in scalar–tensor theories of gravity. This is achieved by modelling sub-horizon regions of space-time as weak-field expansions around Minkowski space, and then subsequently joining many such regions together to create a statistically homogeneous and isotropic cosmology. We find that when the scalar field can be treated perturbatively, the cosmological behaviour that emerges is well modelled by the Friedmann solutions of the theory. When non-perturbative screening mechanisms occur this result no longer holds, and in the case of scalar fields subject to the chameleon mechanism we find significant deviations from the expected Friedmann behaviour. In particular, the screened mass no longer contributes to the Klein–Gordon equation, suppressing deviations from general relativistic behaviour.
Can ChatGPT pass a physics degree? Making a case for reformation of assessment of undergraduate degrees
Authors: Pimbblet K A , Morrell L J
Published: November 2024

The emergence of conversational natural language processing models presents a significant challenge for Higher Education. In this work, we use the entirety of a UK Physics undergraduate (BSc with Honours) degree including all examinations and coursework to test if ChatGPT (GPT-4) can pass a degree. We adopt a ‘maximal cheating’ approach wherein we permit ourselves to modify questions for clarity, split question up into smaller sub-components, expand on answers given—especially for long form written responses, obtaining references, and use of advanced coaching, plug-ins and custom instructions to optimize outputs. In general, there are only certain parts of the degree in question where GPT-4 fails. Explicitly these include compulsory laboratory elements, and the final project which is assessed by a viva. If these were no issue, then GPT-4 would pass with a grade of an upper second class overall. In general, coding tasks are performed exceptionally well, along with simple single-step solution problems. Multiple step problems and longer prose are generally poorer along with interdisciplinary problems. We strongly suggest that there is now a necessity to urgently re-think and revise assessment practice in physics—and other disciplines—due to the existence of AI such as GPT-4. We recommend close scrutiny of assessment tasks: only invigilated in-person examinations, vivas, laboratory skills testing (or ‘performances’ in other disciplines), and presentations are not vulnerable to GPT-4, and urge consideration of how AI can be embedded within the disciplinary context.
Microfluidic droplet generation: an experimental study of size distribution using probability density function analysis
Authors: Álvarez-Martínez J U , Medina-Cázares O , González-Vega A , Segura-Gómez G , Gutiérrez-Juárez G , Castro-Beltrán R
Published: November 2024

Controlling the volume and geometrical ratio of microdroplets offers numerous advantages, particularly in fields like pharmaceutics, photonics, soft electronics, and robotics. For microdroplets generated via microfluidics, precise control of their length-to-width (

L
w

) ratio enhances their overall performance and contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the results. Advanced experimental tools, including droplet generation systems, visualization techniques, digital processing algorithms, and analysis, are crucial, especially for in situ control of microdroplet size during generation. This study investigates the variation in microdroplet

L
w

ratio and their generation frequencies using two novel approaches: the probability density function (derived both from the Gaussian assumption and directly from experimental data distribution) and the fast Fourier transform. The configuration utilizing one syringe pump (1mp) and syringes (made entirely of plastic) demonstrated the best monodispersity in microdroplet generation with volume differences ranged from 40 ± 2.2 nl to 65 ± 6.7 nl, corresponding to coefficient of variation values of 5.5

%

and 11

%

, respectively. The analysis of ∼7 million

L
w

data points revealed different types of oscillation frequencies. Specifically, a frequency of around 1 mHz originated from the syringe pump, while frequencies between ∼0.5 and 3 Hz were attributed to the syringe materials and the interaction of a combination of syringe pumps. These results contribute to the phenomenological understanding and classification of droplet generation within the T-junction microfluidic system. Furthermore, they present an enhanced method for visualizing the geometrical variations of the generated microdroplets.
Universal trimers with p-wave interactions and the faux-Efimov effect
Authors: Chen Yu-Hsin , Greene Chris H
Published: November 2024

An unusual class of equal mass p-wave universal trimers with symmetry

L

Π

=

1

±

is identified, for both a two-component fermionic trimer with s- and p-wave scattering length close to unitarity and for a one-component fermionic trimer at p-wave unitarity. Moreover, fermionic trimers made of atoms with two internal spin components are found for

L

Π

=

1

±

, when the p-wave interaction between spin-up and spin-down fermions is close to unitarity and/or when the interaction between two spin-up fermions is close to the p-wave unitary limit. The universality of these p-wave universal trimers is tested here by considering van der Waals interactions in a Lennard–Jones potential with different numbers of two-body bound states; our calculations also determine the value of the scattering volume or length where the trimer state hits zero energy and can be observed as a recombination resonance. The faux-Efimov effect appears with trimer symmetry

L

Π

=

1

−

when the two fermion interactions are close to p-wave unitarity and the lowest

1

/

R
2

coefficient gets modified, thereby altering the usual Wigner threshold law for inelastic processes involving three-body continuum channels.
Impurity-induced vortex lattice melting and turbulence in rotating Bose–Einstein condensates
Authors: Boral Rony , Sarkar Swarup K , Muruganandam Paulsamy , Mishra Pankaj K
Published: November 2024

We numerically investigate the impact of various impurities on rotating Bose–Einstein condensates confined within two-dimensional harmonic and Gaussian distributed square lattice potentials. Without impurities, the rotating condensates display an organized square lattice pattern of vortices due to the influence of Gaussian distributed square lattice potential. The introduction of impurity potentials disrupts this lattice structure, inducing a phase transition from an ordered state to a disordered state. Our analysis encompasses both static and dynamic types of impurities. The static impurities are implemented using a randomly varying potential with a spatially random amplitude. The transformation of the vortex lattice structure, in this case, relies on the strength and lattice constant of the impurity potential. For dynamical impurities, we employ a Gaussian obstacle that orbits around the condensate at a specific distance from its center. In this scenario, the vortex lattice melting occurs beyond a certain threshold radius and frequency of oscillation of the rotating obstacle. We characterize the melting of the vortex lattice due to impurities using various quantities, such as the structure factor and angular momentum. Notably, in the vortex-melted state, the angular momentum follows a power-law dependence with an exponent of approximately 1.73, regardless of the type of impurity. Finally, we demonstrate the signature of the presence of a turbulent state within the vortex-melted state generated by both static and dynamical impurities.
Recent progress on photomultiplication type organic photodetectors
Authors: Li Zijian , Yang Yanfei , Wu Yun , Wang Yue , Zhang Xiangtong , Wang Lei , Liu Lina , Li Cunxia , Li Lianbi , Xia Caijuan , Han Xiaoxiang , Zhang Guoqing
Published: November 2024

Photodetectors are critical components for various electronic applications. Compared with traditional photodetectors based on inorganic materials, organic photodetectors have received an increasing amount of attention because of the features of tunable energy levels, solution-preparation, and flexibility. Owing to higher exciton binding energy and smaller carrier mobility, it is impossible to obtain photomultiplication type OPDs (PM-OPDs) directly using the same working mechanism of avalanche photodiodes or photomultiplier tubes. This review details the latest strategies for realizing the PM phenomenon in OPDs including doping to introduce traps, acceptor materials as traps, and the introduction of interfacial blocking layers. Afterwards, we detail the tuning strategies of the response spectra range of the PM-OPDs for different application scenarios.
Secondary electron emission from gold microparticles in a transmission electron microscope: comparison of Monte Carlo simulations with experimental results
Authors: Feng Wen , Schultz Johannes , Wolf Daniel , Pylypenko Sergii , Gemming Thomas , Weinel Kristina , Jácome Leonardo Agudo , Büchner Bernd , Lubk Axel
Published: November 2024

We measure the electron beam-induced current to analyze the electron-induced secondary electron (SE) emission from micron-sized gold particles illuminated by 80 and 300 keV electrons in a transmission electron microscope. A direct comparison of the experimental and simulated SE emission (SEE) employing Monte Carlo scattering simulations based on the GEANT4 toolkit yields overall good agreement with a noticeable discrepancy arising from the shortcoming of the GEANT4 scattering cross sections in the low-loss regime. Thus, the electron beam-induced current analysis allows to quantify the inelastic scattering including SEE in the transmission electron microscope and provides further insight into the charging mechanisms.
Incoherent scattering ion line spectra of vortex beams by magnetized ionospheric plasma with bi-Maxwellian distribution
Authors: Wu Songyang , Li Haiying , Xu Bin , Bai Lu , Shi Yu
Published: November 2024

Incoherent scattering theory is one of the important means of plasma parameter diagnosis. The incoherent scattering of vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum can bring new incremental information to plasma diagnosis. Based on the angular spectrum theory of Bessel vortex beams and the theory of incoherent scattering, this paper studies the incoherent scattering of the ionospheric magnetized plasma to vortex electromagnetic waves under the bi-Maxwellian distribution along the magnetic field drift. The numerical results show that when the angle between the scattering wave vector and the magnetic field direction is small, the ion spectral lines have an obvious frequency shift. When the angle is close to 90°, the ion line spectra produce harmonic oscillation, and the drift speed restrains this oscillation phenomenon. The linear Doppler shift will shift the spectral line as a whole, while the rotating Doppler shift of the vortex beam will weaken the spectral line oscillation. This work may provide a possibility for further research on the scattering of vortex beams by magnetized plasma and the development of ionospheric plasma irregularities parameter inversion.
Lattice reconstruction in twisted bilayer graphene
Authors: Fu Zhongqiu , Zhou Xiaofeng , He Lin
Published: November 2024

Twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) provides a tunable platform to study emergent properties that are absent in single-layer graphene by the van der Waals (vdW) interlayer interaction. The vdW interlayer interaction can also lead to notable lattice reconstruction at the interface, promoting interlayer commensurability while minimizing intralayer lattice distortion. The lattice reconstruction in TBG is a pivotal phenomenon that significantly influences the optical and electronic properties. Currently, the study of lattice reconstruction in TBG attracts much attention in condensed matter physics. In this article, we review the experimental advances in the field of TBG lattice reconstruction. The formation and atomic-scale characterization within reconstructed TBG are overviewed comprehensively. In addition, lattice reconstruction-induced electronic modulations are introduced. Moreover, coexistence and transition between reconstructed and unreconstructed phases within a critical transition regime are described. Furthermore, we discuss the prospects of tunable reconstruction within TBG and other 2D material heterostructures.
Margin and robustness settings for a library-of-plans IMPT strategy for locally advanced cervical cancer
Authors: Kuipers Sander C , Godart Jérémy , Negenman Eva M , Corbeau Anouk , Zolnay András G , Deuzeman Heloisa H , de Boer Stephanie M , Nout Remi A , Hoogeman Mischa S
Published: November 2024

Objective. This study aims to determine a margin and robustness setting for treating locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) with a library-of-plans (LoP) based online-adaptive intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT). Approach. We analyzed 13 LACC patients with delineated planning and weekly repeat CT scans (reCTs). For each patient, 120 IMPT treatments of 25 fractions were simulated with a LoPs approach. Six different robustness settings (2–7 mm set-up robustness (SR) plus 3% range robustness (RR)) were used to create those 120 IMPT plans. Each fraction was simulated with a weekly reCT, combined with the sampling of inter- and intrafraction treatment uncertainties. The fraction doses were accumulated to obtain a treatment dose to the target volumes, distinguishing between the low-risk clinical target volume (CTV-T-LR) and the elective CTV (CTV-E). If one of the two targets obtained an adequate coverage for more than 90% of the treatments, different anisotropic margins were sampled on top of the robustness setting to the other target to obtain the Pareto-optimal margin in terms of adequate coverage versus increase in target volume. Main results. The percentage of treatments that reach the dose criterion V
42.75Gy > 95% for the CTV-T-LR was 22.3%, 28.5%, 51.2%, 73.1%, 85.3%, and 90.0% for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 mm SR plus 3% RR and for the CTV-E, this percentage was 60.4%, 73.8%, 86.5%, 92.3%, 96.9%, and 98.5%. The Pareto-optimal margin combined with a 5 mm/3% robustness setting for the CTV-T-LR with an adequate coverage for >90% of the treatments was given by {0, 1, 0, 3, 3, 0} mm in the left, right, anterior, posterior, cranial, caudal direction. Significance. Our study evaluated combinations of robustness and anisotropic margin settings for IMPT for LACC. With 5 mm SR and 3% RR for CTV-E and CTV-T-LR plus a margin to the CTV-T-LR of {0, 1, 0, 3, 3, 0} mm in left, right, anterior, posterior, cranial, and caudal ensured an adequate coverage for >90% of the simulated IMPT treatments.
A wide angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD) study of thermal and chemical actuation of a shape memory polymer
Authors: Shen Yucen , Dumlu Hakan , Eggeler Gunther , Neuking Klaus
Published: November 2024

The one way effect of the shape memory polymer ESTANE ETE 75DT3 (abbreviation: SMP-E) can be chemically triggered by exposure to methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol. The present study uses wide angle x-ray diffraction to confirm that programming induces oriented structure in an initially amorphous state. During subsequent shape recovery the sharp diffraction intensity peaks of the programmed state weaken, and oriented amorphous structure is partly lost. This corresponds to the finding that initial shapes cannot be fully recovered. The present work shows that the uptake of small alcohol molecules not only triggers shape recovery but also weakens intermolecular bonds, which results in strength decreasing. From the alcohol concentrations that were measured by weight gain studies, it can be concluded that the key parameter that governs the mechanical and functional behavior of SMP-E is the number of C-atoms that the SMP-E takes up. It is shown that thermal shape recovery is more effective than chemical shape recovery. Chemically triggered shape recovery can be used to lift small end loads corresponding to stresses of up to 1 MPa. The results are discussed in the light of previous work published in the literature.
Polarizabilities as probes for P, T, and PT violation
Authors: Lahs Sebastian , Comparat Daniel
Published: November 2024

Searches for violations of the fundamental symmetries of parity P and time reversal T in atomic and molecular systems provide a powerful tool for precise measurements of the physics of and beyond the standard model. In this work, we investigate how these symmetry violations affect the response of atoms and molecules to applied electric and magnetic fields. We recover well-known observables such as the P -odd, T -odd spin-electric field coupling that is used for searches of the electron electric dipole moment or the effect of P-odd, T-even optical rotation in atomic gases. Besides these, we obtain several other possible observables. This includes, in particular, effects that can only be seen when using oscillating or inhomogeneous fields.
A novel visually meaningful image encryption algorithm using two-way intertwine scrambling and deep embedding
Authors: Huang Yuanyuan , Yu Beier , Yu Fei , Liang Diqing , Zeng Yeqi
Published: November 2024

Due to the insufficient visual security of encrypted images generated by conventional image encryption algorithms, it is easily recognized and decrypted or attacked by attackers in public channels. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a visually meaningful image encryption (VMIE) method based on a new chaotic map to improve the encryption complexity and unpredictability. Moreover, we design a two-way intertwine scrambling and deep embedding algorithm to protect the content of the image, and the encrypted image also has visual security. Firstly, a new one-dimensional chaotic map combining sine and tangent functions is designed to construct the measurement matrix, and then a new two-way intertwine scrambling algorithm is used to scramble the sparse matrix of the encrypted image. Secondly, the chaotic system generates measurement matrix and diffusion matrix for compressing and diffusing the scrambled image. Finally, a new embedding strategy is adopted to retain more information of the plain image and reduce information loss. The experimental results show that the average PSNR of the encrypted image is 38.96dB and that of the decrypted image is 34.59dB. Compared with the existing schemes, this algorithm has better visual quality and reconstruction quality.
Lump collision dynamics in the generalized (3 + 1)-dimensional variable coefficient B-type Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation
Authors: Siddique Imran , Zulqarnain Rana Muhammad , Akbar M Ali , Ali Sabila
Published: November 2024

This paper investigates the physical characteristics of different types of traveling wave solutions to the generalized (3 + 1)-dimensional variable coefficient B–type Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation. This equation plays a significant role in modeling nonlinear phenomena in fluid dynamics, mathematical physics, and engineering sciences. Using the Hirota bilinear method, we reveal distinctive solutions, including lump-periodic, two-wave, breathing wave, and rogue wave solutions. These wave phenomena are significant for understanding complex systems and hold practical significance in fields such as oceanography and nonlinear optics, where rogue waves make challenges due to their abrupt and daring nature. Through broad 3D and contour plots, we effectively illustrate the intricate physical properties of these solutions, underscoring their relevance in the study and prediction of nonlinear behaviors across various scientific domains. The results presented provide valuable paths for further research into the dynamic processes governing natural and engineered systems.
Parameter estimation of non-Hermitian coupling strength in whispering-gallery-mode microresonator
Authors: Li Rong , Tang Zhen-Jie , Peng Jia-Xin , Haq Inaam Ul , Li Dongke , Djorwe P , Emale Kongkui Berinyuy
Published: November 2024

We theoretically propose a scheme to perform quantum estimation of non-Hermitian coupling strength in a whispering-gallery-mode microresonator setup, the estimation precision is quantified through the quantum Fisher information. We systematically studied the impact of various important physical factors on estimation error, and discussed in detail the underlying physical mechanisms. We also explore the distribution of coupling parameter information in various subsystems, while considering the simultaneous estimation of the real and imaginary parts of non-Hermitian coupling parameter. We hope that this work will contribute to the understanding of non-Hermitian interactions and the design of quantum sensors based on whispering-gallery-mode microresonator systems.
Haar wavelet collocation method for linear and non-linear Schrödinger equation
Authors: Khan Muhammad Ubaid , Shah Syed Azhar Ali , Ahsan Muhammad , Alwuthaynani Maher
Published: November 2024

This paper explores the one-dimensional nonlinear time-dependent Schrödinger equation (NLSE) using the Haar wavelet approach. To approximate the derivatives in time and space, two distinct Haar series are employed. These series are used to linearize the NLSE through a straightforward iterative method, resulting in a set of linear equations. The proposed technique is structured to allow the numerical solution to be easily calculated at any arbitrary interval. The solution's behavior, particularly the movement of single and double solitons, is clearly observable at various stages of time. The greatest errors in the real and imaginary components are computed and compared with existing literature to assess the method's accuracy. To assess the accuracy, stability, and effectiveness of the proposed method, various test problems are presented.
Cosmological simulations of scale-dependent primordial non-Gaussianity
Authors: Baldi Marco , Fondi Emanuele , Karagiannis Dionysios , Moscardini Lauro , Ravenni Andrea , Coulton William R. , Jung Gabriel , Liguori Michele , Marinucci Marco , Verde Licia , Villaescusa-Navarro Francisco , Wandelt Benjamin D.
Published: November 2024

We present the results of a set of cosmological N-body simulations with standard ΛCDM cosmology but characterized by a scale-dependent primordial non-Gaussianity of the local type featuring a power-law dependence of the f
NL
loc(k) at large scales followed by a saturation to a constant value at smaller scales where non-linear growth leads to the formation of collapsed cosmic structures. Such models are built to ensure consistency with current Cosmic Microwave Background bounds on primordial non-Gaussianity yet allowing for large effects of the non-Gaussian statistics on the properties of non-linear structure formation. We show the impact of such scale-dependent non-Gaussian scenarios on a wide range of properties of the resulting cosmic structures, such as the non-linear matter power spectrum, the halo and sub-halo mass functions, the concentration-mass relation, the halo and void density profiles, and we highlight for the first time that some of these models might mimic the effects of Warm Dark Matter for several of such observables.
Towards unveiling the large-scale nature of gravity with the wavelet scattering transform
Authors: Valogiannis Georgios , Villaescusa-Navarro Francisco , Baldi Marco
Published: November 2024

We present the first application of the Wavelet Scattering Transform (WST) in order to constrain the nature of gravity using the three-dimensional (3D) large-scale structure of the universe. Utilizing the Quijote-MG N-body simulations, we can reliably model the 3D matter overdensity field for the f(R) Hu-Sawicki modified gravity (MG) model down to k
max = 0.5 h/Mpc. Combining these simulations with the Quijote
νCDM collection, we then conduct a Fisher forecast of the marginalized constraints obtained on gravity using the WST coefficients and the matter power spectrum at redshift z=0. Our results demonstrate that the WST substantially improves upon the 1σ error obtained on the parameter that captures deviations from standard General Relativity (GR), yielding a tenfold improvement compared to the corresponding matter power spectrum result. At the same time, the WST also enhances the precision on the ΛCDM parameters and the sum of neutrino masses, by factors of 1.2-3.4 compared to the matter power spectrum, respectively. Despite the overall reduction in the WST performance when we focus on larger scales, it still provides a relatively 4.5× tighter 1σ error for the MG parameter at
k
max =0.2 h/Mpc, highlighting its great sensitivity to the underlying gravity theory. This first proof-of-concept study reaffirms the constraining properties of the WST technique and paves the way for exciting future applications in order to perform precise large-scale tests of gravity with the new generation of cutting-edge cosmological data.
Measuring the speed of light with cosmological observations: current constraints and forecasts
Authors: Santos Jaiane , Bengaly Carlos , Morais Jonathan , Gonçalves Rodrigo S.
Published: November 2024

We measure the speed of light with current observations, such as Type Ia Supernova, galaxy
ages, radial BAO mode, as well as simulations of forthcoming redshift surveys and gravitational
waves as standard sirens. By means of a Gaussian Process reconstruction, we find that the
precision of such measurements can be improved from roughly 6% and to about 2–2.5% when the
gravitational wave simulations are considered, and to 1.5–2% when redshift survey are
included in the analysis as well. This result demonstrates that we will be able to perform a
cosmological measurement of a fundamental physical constant with significantly improved precision,
which will help us underpinning if its value is truly consistent with local measurements, as
predicted by the standard model of Cosmology.
Inflation with vector fields revisited: heavy entropy perturbations and primordial black holes
Authors: Chen Chong-Bin
Published: November 2024

We revisit inflation coupled with vector fields employing kinetic coupling in the comoving gauge. It is known that there is a cumulative effect IN
2 on the curvature power spectrum. For a large number of e-foldings N, this contribution is so significant that it could violate observational constraints when the ratio of kinetic energy between the vector fields and the inflaton I is not extremely small. In this paper, we explore a regime where I ≫ 1. This regime has not been extensively explored due to the limitations of perturbative methods. We found that the entropy perturbation becomes heavy in this regime and the cumulative effect decays away on super-horizon scales. Consequently, the power spectrum retains its scale invariance in the decoupling limit. By straightforwardly integrating out the heavy modes near horizon-crossing, we derive a low-energy effective field theory describing a massless adiabatic perturbation with an imaginary speed of sound c

s

2 = -1/3. Namely, the inflation with vector fields presents a potential mechanism for generating primordial black holes.
Parametric decay of a gyrotron beam due to a rotating magnetic island in ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Senstius M.G. , Ragona R. , Jacobsen A.S. , Rasmussen J. , Hansen S.K. , Stober J. , Salewski M. , Akers R. , Nielsen S.K. ,   the ASDEX Upgrade Team,   the MST1 Team
Published: November 2024

We investigate parametric decay instabilities (PDIs) of electron cyclotron waves due to a rotating neoclassical tearing mode (NTM) in ASDEX Upgrade. Strong scattering characteristic of PDIs is observed in a discharge where a (2,1) NTM has been identified. By mapping out the structure of the NTM toroidally, it is possible to determine the phases of the NTM which enable the decay to occur. Signatures of PDIs are seen when the edges of the magnetic island intersect the gyrotron beam path, but not when the O-point of the magnetic island is located directly in front of the gyrotron launcher. We propose an explanation using a simplified model, which reproduces features of the scattering in 1D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. The simulations show that a density perturbation caused by an NTM can give rise to a lowered PDI power threshold. The threshold is lowest in an intermediate density perturbation region where certain waves excited in PDIs can become trapped. The PIC simulations show that several decay and combination events involving approximately half frequency waves produce waves slightly downshifted from the main pump frequency of 140 GHz. This is the first time PIC simulations based on experimental profiles reproduce signals close to the pump frequency, which result from interactions with half frequency waves. The numerical results support previous observations from the tokamak TEXTOR.
Impurity effects on kinetic ballooning instability in high

q

regions of tokamak plasmas
Authors: Li J. , Dong J.Q. , Liu J.Y. , Wang Z.X. , Zhang X.R. , He R.
Published: November 2024

The impurity effects on kinetic ballooning modes (KBMs) in high

q

regions of tokamak plasmas are numerically investigated, using a full gyrokinetic description for main and impurity ions. The findings indicate that the critical plasma pressure ratio

β

c

for KBM is significantly lower (higher) than the first (second) stable threshold

β

MHD

predicted by MHD theory. The KBM exhibits stronger extended instabilities for low

q

, while the instability region of KBM becomes significantly narrow for high

q

, resulting in a more concentrated instability window (localized in narrow medium-

β

region). In addition, the contributions from electromagnetic effect and Shafranov shift are identified in detail, i.e. the electromagnetic destabilizing effect is suppressed by the Shafranov shift, and strong stabilizing effect of Shafranov shift for high

β

e

or

α

on KBM is pronounced. The impurity ions with negative gradient ratio

L

e

z

have stabilizing (destabilizing) effects on KBMs for high (low)

q

. Such distinct behaviors are demonstrated to be associated with the used parameters close to the second and first unstable

α

region, i.e. the instability reduces and enhances with the increase of

α

, respectively. Significantly, the presence of impurities, regardless of the peaking directions of their density profiles, serves to stabilize KBMs and reduce the window of extended instability for high

q

region, which is in significant contrast with the results for low

q

region. Furthermore, high concentration, steep negative gradient ratio

L

ez

, and high mass numbers of impurity ions as well as large temperature gradient

η

i

and

η

e

contribute to the stabilization of KBMs and improvement of confinement in high

q

regions of tokamaks. The region of stabilizing effect of magnetic shear on KBM, is found not belonging to the conventional magnetic shear region, but shows strong sensitivity to

q

value.
Simplified agricultural water use accounting in the Colorado River Basin using OpenET
Authors: Wobus Cameron , Nash Caroline , Culp Peter , Kelly Mary , Kennedy Kelly
Published: November 2024

Colorado River agricultural producers are facing the prospect of substantial water use reductions over the coming years in the face of overuse, drought, and the impacts of climate change. To inform management decisions and to ensure that water can be allocated efficiently and equitably, decisionmakers and stakeholders will require new methods of agricultural water use accounting (WUA) that are consistent, transparent, and fast. Here we provide estimates of agricultural water use across the entire Colorado River Basin using publicly available data from OpenET, and we demonstrate strong agreement with available WUA from the US Bureau of Reclamation. Crucially, the methods employed here allow basin-wide agricultural water accounting to be completed in a matter of hours—a process that currently takes months or even years. We demonstrate how these same data can also be used to inform water conservation strategies at the field scale, thereby synchronizing basin-scale water accounting with project-scale conservation planning. We discuss key sources of uncertainty inherent in the methodology, along with strategies for managing those uncertainties to improve agricultural water conservation planning.
The energy–population dividend: evidence from energy-specific population projections
Authors: Belmin Camille , Pichler Peter-Paul , Marois Guillaume , Pachauri Shonali , Weisz Helga
Published: November 2024

In a climate-constrained world, understanding the energy required to achieve universal access to modern energy is critical. This requires making assumptions on future population trajectories. Although access to modern energy can affect population dynamics, this feedback has not yet been accounted for in demographic models. Access to modern energy leads to fertility declines as it reduces child mortality, improves health, increases women’s access to information, education and employment. In this paper we present a demographic model that endogenizes the effect of increased access to modern energy on population dynamics and estimates the size of this effect on total final energy use by households for the case of Zambia. To do so, we built a microsimulation model to project future population size and composition, accounting for how fertility depends on access to modern energy and education. We used these population projections to then estimate household energy demand of the Zambian population until 2070, under different scenarios. We found that in 2070, while electricity consumption is higher in a universal access scenario compared to a baseline scenario, total energy demand is 29% lower, partly due to a strong decline in the use of inefficient traditional cooking fuels. We also found that reduced population growth due to universal energy access contributes to lowering the energy demand by 56% by 2050, compared to a more limited expansion in energy access, and this contribution increases over time. Although the challenge of achieving universal access to modern energy seems daunting, our results suggest that this could have co-benefits with achieving climate goals. Our study also reveals that accounting for the energy–population dividend in energy models will scale down the currently assumed energy needs to ensure a decent life for all.
Can household water sharing advance water security? An integrative review of water entitlements and entitlement failures
Authors: Beresford Melissa , Adams Ellis , Budds Jessica , Harris Leila M , Jepson Wendy , Marley Tennille , Nguyen Chloe , Pearson Amber , Roque Anaís Delilah , Rosinger Asher Y , Shah Sameer H , Stellbauer Matthew , Wutich Amber
Published: November 2024

An increasing number of studies find that water sharing—the non-market transfer of privately held water between households—is a ubiquitous informal practice around the world and a primary way that households respond to water insecurity. Yet, a key question about household water sharing remains: is water sharing a viable path that can help advance household water security? Or should water sharing be understood as a symptom of water insecurity in wait for more formalized solutions? Here, we address this question by applying Sen’s entitlement framework in an integrative review of empirical scholarship on household water sharing. Our review shows that when interhousehold water sharing is governed by established and well-functioning norms it can serve as a reliable transfer entitlement that bolsters household water security. However, when water sharing occurs outside of established norms (triggered by broader entitlement failures) it is often associated with significant emotional distress that may exacerbate conditions of water insecurity. These findings suggest that stable, norm-based water sharing arrangements may offer a viable, adaptive solution to households facing water insecurity. Nevertheless, more scholarship is needed to better understand when and how norm-based water transfer entitlements fail, the capacity of water sharing practices to evolve into lasting normative entitlements, and the impact of interhousehold water sharing on intrahousehold water security.
Comparative genomics analyses reveal selection on neuronal and cuticular hydrocarbon genes is associated with aggression in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Donaldson Mahalia L , Barkdull Megan , Moreau Corrie S
Published: November 2024

Aggression is an essential component of survival and fitness, although the expression of aggression behaviors can also carry fitness costs. As a result, aggressive behaviors vary significantly across animals and are likely acted on by natural selection to produce this variation. Aggression, and associated traits like nestmate discrimination, both complex traits, have well studied genetic components, with links to genes involved in processes like neuronal function, metabolism, and hormone and cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) production and reception. However, whether and how natural selection acts on these genes to produce variation across species is not fully understood. Using a comparative genomics approach, we analyzed natural selection in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with candidate genes previously linked to these traits. We find that aggression is associated with shifts in selection intensity, including positive selection on neurotransmitter receptors, and that ants with low levels of nestmate discrimination experience positive or relaxed selection on several CHC genes. Interestingly, we find that most candidate genes analyzed experience positive selection across ants, regardless of aggression level or discrimination ability. Our results shed new light on the means by which natural selection may act to produce variation in aggression across the ants.