bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Portlock Carol S. , Kumar Anita , Armitage James
Published: March 2017

Overview

This chapter provides a historical perspective on the marked advances in radiotherapy and chemotherapy that have contributed to significant improvements in the curability of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) over the past several decades. The classic features and new insights into the epidemiology, biology, and pathologic characteristics of HL are described. With emphasis on the modern clinical approach to the staging, imaging, and treatment of HL, the chapter highlights how current management approaches, such as refined risk stratification, use of PET imaging, and the reduction of radiation field and dose, seek to limit long‐term toxicities of therapy while maintaining excellent cure rates. Finally, the authors describe how the development of novel, biologically targeted therapies has contributed to significant changes in the therapeutic landscape for patients with relapsed, refractory HL.
Mycosis Fungoides andSézary Syndrome
Authors: Hoppe Richard T. , Kim Youn H. , Advani Ranjana H.
Published: March 2017

Overview

Mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome (MF/SS) is the most common cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. It originates in the skin and its presentation may range from very limited patch disease to wide‐spread cutaneous tumors. When there is peripheral blood involvement, usually in conjunction with erythroderma, it is known as the SS. Although patients with limited patch disease have a very long natural history, respond to a variety of topical therapies, and even enjoy a survival similar to age‐matched control populations, patients who present with cutaneous tumors or extracutaneous disease have a relentless progressive course of disease. Treatments for patients with limited disease are primarily topical and include topical chemotherapy (nitrogen mustard), radiation therapy, and phototherapy. When the disease is advanced, topical therapies are still often needed, but systemic treatment becomes essential. Conventional chemotherapy (single agent or combination) is often not effective. However, systemic biologics such as histone deacetylase inhibitors, the interferons, photopheresis, alemtuzumab, and brentuximab vedotin may achieve responses. Most recently, hematopoietic cell transplant, especially with nonablative conditioning regimens, has shown promising results in a cohort of patients with advanced MF or SS.
Skeletal Complications
Authors: Via Michael A. , Iofin Ilya , Mechanick Jeffrey I.
Published: March 2017

Overview

Metabolic bone disease is highly prevalent among cancer patients, owing to the systemic effects of malignancy, the humoral response, and to commonly prescribed cancer therapies. Surgical approaches to acute fracture can drastically impact quality of life. The use of bone antiresorptive agents can prevent fractures in this population and can reduce bone pain in patients with skeletal metastases.
Hematologic Complications and Blood Bank Support
Authors: Kaufman Richard M. , Anderson Kenneth C.
Published: March 2017

Overview

Many of the fundamental therapies used to treat cancer (chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation) disrupt normal hematopoiesis in the bone marrow. As a result, blood transfusion for patients with cancer is an essential supportive modality. The primary focus of this chapter is on “classical” blood component support: how red cells, plasma, platelets, and granulocytes are collected, tested, stored, and administered to address specific deficiencies in patients with cancer. Particular attention is paid to studies of prophylactic platelet transfusion, which over the past several decades has been critical in allowing myelosuppressive treatments to be applied to a variety of malignant disease states. Current infectious risks of blood products are reviewed.
Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Complications in Cancer Patients
Authors: Bresalier Robert S. , Herlong H. Franklin , Blechacz Boris
Published: March 2017

Overview

Gastrointestinal and hepatic complications represent some of the most common and potentially life‐threatening disorders associated with treatment of the cancer patient. The expansion of therapeutic options for these patients has been accompanied by a growing number of direct and indirect consequences that effect the rapidly dividing cells of the GI tract. Cytotoxic, immunologic, and infectious insults often combine to increase toxicity. Recognition of these complications, together with proper evaluation and management, is key to the well being of these patients.
Prospective associations between peer victimization and social‐psychological adjustment problems in early childhood
Authors: Kamper‐DeMarco Kimberly E. , Ostrov Jamie M.
Published: March 2017

The present short‐term longitudinal study examined prospective associations between two forms of peer victimization (i.e., physical, relational) and both externalizing and internalizing problems in early childhood. The study assessed 97 children (42 girls; M age = 45.22 months, SD = 6.99) over the course of one school year with assessments occurring at the end of each semester (approximately 6 months apart). Multiple methods were used to collect data over the course of one school year to test theoretically driven hypotheses. Cross‐lagged path analyses were conducted, revealing significant associations between relational victimization and increases in depressive symptoms. On the other hand, relational victimization was also significantly associated with decreases in externalizing problems (e.g., inattention, deception/lying) and increases in prosocial behavior. Physical aggression predicted increases in physical victimization, supporting hypotheses that children displaying physically aggressive behavior are likely to be reactive to negative peer interactions and endure future victimization.
Reduction in stray radiation dose using a body‐shielding device during external radiation therapy
Authors: Zhang Shuxu , Jiang Shaohui , Zhang Quanbin , Lin Shengqu , Wang Ruihao , Zhou Xiang , Zhang Guoqian , Lei Huaiyu , Yu Hui
Published: March 2017

With the purpose of reducing stray radiation dose (SRD) in out‐of‐field region (OFR) during radiotherapy with 6 MV intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), a body‐shielding device (BSD) was prepared according to the measurements obtained in experimental testing. In experimental testing, optimal shielding conditions, such as 1 mm lead, 2 mm lead, and 1 mm lead plus 10 mm bolus, were investigated along the medial axis of a phantom using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). The SRDs at distances from field edge were then measured and analyzed for a clinical IMRT treatment plan for nasopharyngeal carcinoma before and after shielding using the BSD. In addition, SRDs in anterior, posterior, left and right directions of phantom were investigated with and without shielding, respectively. Also, the SRD at the bottom of treatment couch was measured. SRD decreased exponentially to a constant value with increasing distance from field edge. The shielding rate was 50%–80%; however, there were no significant differences in SRDs when shielded by 1 mm lead, 2 mm lead, or 1 mm lead plus 10 mm bolus (P>0.05). Importantly, the 10 mm bolus absorbed back‐scattering radiation due to the interaction between photons and lead. As a result, 1 mm lead plus 10 mm bolus was selected to prepare the BSD. After shielding with BSD, total SRDs in the OFR decreased to almost 50% of those without shielding when irradiated with IMRT beams. Due to the effects of treatment couch and gantry angle, SRDs at distances were not identical in anterior, posterior, left and right direction of phantom without BSD. As higher dose in anterior and lower dose in posterior, SRDs were substantial similarities after shielding. There was no significant difference in SRDs for left and right directions with or without shielding. Interestingly, SRDs in the four directions were similar after shielding. From these results, the BSD developed in this study may significantly reduce SRD in the OFR during radiotherapy, thus decreasing the risk of secondary cancers.
Perturbation effects of the carbon fiber‐PEEK screws on radiotherapy dose distribution
Authors: Nevelsky Alexander , Borzov Egor , Daniel Shahar , Bar‐Deroma Raquel
Published: March 2017

Radiation therapy, in conjunction with surgical implant fixation, is a common combined treatment in cases of bone metastases. However, metal implants generally used in orthopedic implants perturb radiation dose distributions. Carbon‐Fiber Reinforced Polyetheretherketone (CFR‐PEEK) material has been recently introduced for production of intramedullary nails and plates. The purpose of this work was to investigate the perturbation effects of the new CFR‐PEEK screws on radiotherapy dose distributions and to evaluate these effects in comparison with traditional titanium screws. The investigation was performed by means of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations for a 6 MV photon beam. The project consisted of two main stages. First, a comparison of measured and MC calculated doses was performed to verify the validity of the MC simulation results for different materials. For this purpose, stainless steel, titanium, and CFR‐PEEK plates of various thicknesses were used for attenuation and backscatter measurements in a solid water phantom. For the same setup, MC dose calculations were performed. Next, MC dose calculations for titanium, CFR‐PEEK screws, and CFR‐PEEK screws with ultrathin titanium coating were performed. For the plates, the results of our MC calculations for all materials were found to be in good agreement with the measurements. This indicates that the MC model can be used for calculation of dose perturbation effects caused by the screws. For the CFR‐PEEK screws, the maximum dose perturbation was less than 5%, compared to more than 30% perturbation for the titanium screws. Ultrathin titanium coating had a negligible effect on the dose distribution. CFR‐PEEK implants have good prospects for use in radiotherapy because of minimal dose alteration and the potential for more accurate treatment planning. This could favorably influence treatment efficiency and decrease possible over‐ and underdose of adjacent tissues. The use of such implants has potential clinical advantages in the treatment of bone metastases.
A comparison between hydrogel spacer and endorectal balloon: An analysis of intrafraction prostate motion during proton therapy
Authors: Hedrick Samantha G. , Fagundes Marcio , Robison Ben , Blakey Marc , Renegar Jackson , Artz Mark , Schreuder Niek
Published: March 2017

The purpose of this study was to evaluate intrafraction prostate motion in patients treated with proton therapy and an endorectal balloon or a hydrogel spacer using orthogonal x‐rays acquired before and after each treatment field. This study evaluated 10 patients (662 fields throughout treatment) treated daily with an endorectal balloon (ERB) and 16 patients (840 fields throughout treatment) treated with a hydrogel spacer (GEL) without an ERB. Patient shifts were recorded before and after each treatment field, correlated with a treatment time, using x‐ray imaging and implanted fiducial alignment. For each shift, recorded in X, Y, and Z, a 3D vector was calculated to determine the positional change. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean vector shift between ERB (0.06 cm) and GEL (0.09 cm), (P < 0.001). The mean includes a large number of zero shifts, but the smallest non‐zero shift recorded was 0.2 cm. The largest shifts were, on average, in the Z direction (anterior to posterior). The average Z shift was +0.02 cm for both ERB and GEL. There was no statistical difference between ERB and GEL for shifts greater than 0.3 cm (P = 0.13) or greater than 0.5 cm (P = 0.36). For treatment times between 5 and 9 min, a majority of shifts were less than 0.2 cm, 85.9% for ERB and 73.2% for GEL. There was a significant positive correlation between the vector shifts and field time for both ERB (r = 0.2, P < 0.001) and GEL (r = 0.07, P < 0.04). We have shown that prostate motion is clinically comparable between an ERB and a hydrogel spacer, and the time dependencies are similar. A large majority of shifts for both ERB and hydrogel are well within a typical robust planning margin. For GEL patients, we chose to maintain slightly larger planning margins than for ERB due to already improved rectal sparing with GEL.
Activation of hip prostheses in high energy radiotherapy and resultant dose to nearby tissue
Authors: Keehan Stephanie , Smith Ryan L. , Millar Jeremy , Esser Max , Taylor Michael L. , Lonski Peta , Kron Tomas , Franich Rick D.
Published: March 2017

High energy radiotherapy can produce contaminant neutrons through the photonuclear effect. Patients receiving external beam radiation therapy to the pelvis may have high‐density hip prostheses. Metallic materials such as those in hip prostheses, often have high cross‐sections for neutron interaction. In this study, Thackray (UK) prosthetic hips have been irradiated by 18 MV radiotherapy beams to evaluate the additional dose to patients from the activation products. Hips were irradiated in‐ and out‐of field at various distances from the beam isocenter to assess activation caused in‐field by photo‐activation, and neutron activation which occurs both in and out‐of‐field. NaI(Tl) scintillator detectors were used to measure the subsequent gamma‐ray emissions and their half‐lives. High sensitivity Mg, Cu, P doped LiF thermoluminescence dosimeter chips (TLD‐100H) were used to measure the subsequent dose at the surface of a prosthesis over the 12 h following an in‐field irradiation of 10,000 MU to a hip prosthesis located at the beam isocenter in a water phantom. 53Fe, 56Mn, and 52V were identified within the hip following irradiation by radiotherapy beams. The dose measured at the surface of a prosthesis following irradiation in a water phantom was 0.20 mGy over 12 h. The dose at the surface of prostheses irradiated to 200 MU was below the limit of detection (0.05 mGy) of the TLD100H. Prosthetic hips are activated by incident photons and neutrons in high energy radiotherapy, however, the dose resulting from activation is very small.
A Cycle‐Etching Approach Toward the Fabrication of Superamphiphobic Stainless Steel Surfaces With Excellent Anticorrosion Properties
Authors: Wen Ni , Peng Shan , Yang Xiaojun , Long Mengying , Deng Wanshun , Chen Gongyun , Chen Jiaqi , Deng Wenli
Published: March 2017

In this paper, a facile approach is developed for preparing superamphiphobic surfaces with excellent anticorrosion properties on 304 stainless steel (SS) substrates. This proposed methodology involves fabrication of micro/nano‐scale binary structures on SS substrates by a cycle‐etching approach (cycles of hydrofluoric acid etching and ultrasonic cleaning), and final fluoroalkylsilane modification. Wettability measurements reveal that the fabricated SS surfaces become super‐repellent toward water and peanut oil. By varying the times of cycle‐etching, the authors compare the relationship between morphological change and wettability. The potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy suggest that the fabricated SS surfaces have superior corrosion resistance.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Dearomatizing Alkoxydiarylation of Furan Rings by Coupling with Arylboronic Acids: Access to Polysubstituted Oxabicyclic Compounds
Authors: Li Jiuyi , Lu Lin , Pan Qi , Ren Yanwei , Liu Bo , Yin Biaolin
Published: March 2017

We report a protocol for palladium‐catalyzed dearomatizing alkoxydiarylation of furan rings via aerobic oxidative coupling between arylboronic acids and 5‐aryl‐2‐hydroxyalkylfurans. This green protocol starting from furan derivatives, which can be sustainably sourced, provides rapid access to polysubstituted 2,3,3a,6a‐tetrahydrofuro[3,2‐b]furans and hexahydrofuro[3,2‐b]furans, oxabicyclic frameworks that are shared by various natural products and synthetic molecules with important biological activities.

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(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)cobalt(III)‐Catalyzed C–H Bond Functionalization: From Discovery to Unique Reactivity and Selectivity
Authors: Yoshino Tatsuhiko , Matsunaga Shigeki
Published: March 2017

High‐valent (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)cobalt(III) [Cp*Co(III)] catalysts were found as inexpensive alternatives to (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium(III) [Cp*Rh(III)] catalysts in the field of C—H bond functionalization, and applied to a variety of transformations. In this review, after the discovery and early examples of Cp*Co(III)‐catalyzed C—H bond functionalization are summarized, the unique reactivity and selectivity of Cp*Co(III) and the differences between the cobalt and rhodium catalysis are intensively discussed. Such differences are assumed to be caused by the lower electronegativity, hard nature, and smaller ionic radius of cobalt.

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Soft Carbon as Anode for High‐Performance Sodium‐Based Dual Ion Full Battery
Authors: Fan Ling , Liu Qian , Chen Suhua , Xu Zhi , Lu Bingan
Published: March 2017

Sodium‐based dual ion full batteries (NDIBs) are reported with soft carbon as anode and graphite as cathode for the first time. The NDIBs operate at high discharge voltage plateau of 3.58 V, with superior discharge capacity of 103 mA h g−1, excellent rate performance, and long‐term cycling stability over 800 cycles with capacity retention of 81.8%. The mechanism of Na+ and PF6− insertion/desertion during the charging/discharging processes is proposed and discussed in detail, with the support of various spectroscopies.
Baby boomers in the United States: Factors associated with working longer and delaying retirement
Authors: Dong Xiuwen Sue , Wang Xuanwen , Ringen Knut , Sokas Rosemary
Published: March 2017

Objectives

This study estimated the self‐reported probability of working full‐time past age 62 (P62) or age 65 (P65) among four cohorts of Americans born between 1931 and 1959.

Methods

Data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) were analyzed. Respondents in four age cohorts were selected for comparison. Multivariable linear regression models were used to assess cohort differences in P62 and P65 while adjusting for covariates.

Results

P62 and P65 increased among boomers despite worsened self‐rated health compared to the two preceding cohorts, with 37% and 80% increases among mid‐boomers in construction trades. Cohort differences in P62 and P65 remained after controlling for covariates. Changes in pensions, income inequity, and education were significantly associated with work expectations, but SSA policy was not.

Conclusions

Baby boomers expect to work longer than their predecessors. Efforts to improve work quality and availability for older workers are urgently needed, particularly in physically demanding occupations. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:315–328, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ontogenetic changes in limb postures and their impact on effective limb length in baboons (Papio cynocephalus)
Authors: Zeininger Angel , Shapiro Liza J. , Raichlen David A.
Published: March 2017

Objectives

Digitigrade hand and foot postures and extended elbows and knees are considered adaptations to running in cursorial mammals because they increase effective limb lengths (ELLs). However, the relationship between digitigrady and ELL in primates is not well understood. We documented the ontogeny of limb postures in baboons to better understand the function of digitigrady during walking. We hypothesized that the hand and foot would become more elevated and the elbow and knee more extended, leading to increased relative ELLs throughout ontogeny.

Materials and Methods

Longitudinal kinematic data were collected on four infant yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) as they aged from two to nine months, and again at two to three years. Hand/foot postures, elbow/knee angles, relative fore/hind limb ELLs, and dimensionless velocity were measured for 404 symmetrical walking strides.

Results

Digitigrade hand and foot postures were preferred at all ages. The elbow extended slightly and the knee flexed slightly with age. Elevated proximal hands, extended elbows, and extended knees were associated with long relative ELLs. For a given age, relative hind limb ELL was longer than relative forelimb ELL.

Discussion

In the forelimb, digitigrade hand postures and extended elbows function to increase relative ELL at slow walking velocity. Increased forelimb ELL may be an attempt to equalize forelimb and hind limb ELLs in baboons with an absolutely longer hind limb. Pedal digitigrady is not a main contributing factor to hind limb ELL. Results suggest that manual and pedal digitigrady in terrestrial cercopithecoids does not function to increase velocity.
Age‐related changes of sulcal imprints on the endocranium in the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Van Minh Nguyen , Hamada Yuzuru
Published: March 2017

Objectives

The degree of expression of sulcal patterns on endocasts of nonhuman primates has been shown to depend primarily on species (brain size) and age of the individual. It has been suggested that brain details on endocasts are reproduced better in juvenile than adult primates. Here, we investigated age‐related changes in the imprint of the major sulci on the endocranium of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) from the juvenile period to adulthood.

Materials and methods

Using CT scans of 25 (12 males, 13 females) cranial specimens from macaques, we generated virtual endocasts to assess imprints of the seven main sulci on the endocranial surface. Expression of each sulcal imprint was evaluated by imprint score method.

Results

The degree of expression of sulcal imprints differed between sulci. Arcuate, superior temporal, and principal sulci were well defined, whereas lunate and intraparietal sulci were poorly represented. Sulcal imprints showed significant age‐related changes in Japanese macaques from juvenile to elderly. Sulcal imprints showed a slight decrease in degree of expression from the juvenile period (2–4 years) to adolescence (4–6 years), and then remained unchanged until mid‐adulthood (15–16 years). The degree of expression of the sulcal imprints significantly decreased from mid‐adulthood to old age (>20 years).

Conclusions

The degree of expression of the sulcal imprints (relief forms) in inner table bone surface (endocranium) reveals significant age‐related decreases in adults. The great decrease starts at around 20 years of age. The endocranial volume showed a significant age‐related increase, and thus, it is suggested that the endocranial surface in macaques may be resorbed with advancing age.
The observation of PP/EVA blends in which isotactic PP was preradiated with different radiation absorbed doses
Authors: Zhang Yicheng , Li Jianxi , Shen Liguo , Lin Hongjun , Shan Yongdong
Published: March 2017

Isotactic polypropylene (PP) was preradiated by γ ray with different absorbed doses and subsequently blended with ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) co‐polymer to prepare PP/EVA blends. The average molecular weight (Mn) of isotactic PP decreased with the increasing radiation absorbed dose, which indicated that high energy radiation of γ ray broke the isotactic long PP chains into shorter ones. The melt flow rate results evidenced that the processing ability of PP/EVA blends was continuously promoted with the increasing absorbed dose. The β crystal was obtained in the PP/EVA blends by the radiation method. The onset temperatures and peaks of crystallization of PP/EVA blends decreased slightly with the increasing radiation absorbed dose, while high energy radiation was inclined to enhance the crystallinity of PP/EVA blends. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) tests confirmed an interesting phenomenon that PP tended to move to the surface of the PP/EVA blends with the increasing radiation absorbed dose. Mechanical tests proved that the PP/EVA blends remained a comparative stable mechanical property under the absorbed dose of 30 kGy. The experimental results indicated that PP/EVA blend was a potential candidate for industrial applying. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45057.
Whale‐watching trips in Peru lead to increases in tourist knowledge, pro‐conservation intentions and tourist concern for the impacts of whale‐watching on humpback whales
Authors: García‐Cegarra Ana M. , Pacheco Aldo S.
Published: March 2017

Since the implementation of the commercial whaling ban in the 1980s, whale‐watching has become the most important economic activity involving whales worldwide.

Whale‐watching is promoted as a platform for education and conservation awareness of marine biodiversity. In Peru, where cetacean species are still in jeopardy, whale‐watching may play an important part in promoting the protection of these species.

This study aimed to determine the degree of whale‐watching tourists' knowledge regarding cetacean ecology and conservation status and to evaluate if whale‐watching tours could serve as platforms for educating the public and raising conservation awareness.

The results of 196 closed‐ended questionnaires and 20 open‐ended interviews conducted before and after whale‐watching tours, during the humpback whale season (winter–spring 2014) in northern Peru, revealed an overall lack of knowledge concerning the presence of species of cetaceans in Peruvian waters and threats to marine biodiversity. However, after the whale‐watching excursion, participants said they would be more willing to change their behaviour with respect to cetacean conservation and marine environment protection.

This study suggests that whale‐watching platforms, when implemented with adequate interpreters, can serve as a source of environmental education and can raise conservation awareness. This is an important conservation strategy to consider in countries, such as Peru, where by‐catch and direct hunting are decimating local cetacean populations.
Amorphous Hole‐Transporting Material based on 2,2′‐Bis‐substituted 1,1′‐Biphenyl Scaffold for Application in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Magomedov Artiom , Sakai Nobuya , Kamarauskas Egidijus , Jokubauskaitė Gabrielė , Franckevičius Marius , Jankauskas Vygintas , Snaith Henry J. , Getautis Vytautas
Published: March 2017

Perovskite solar cells are considered a promising technology for solar‐energy conversion, with power conversion efficiencies currently exceeding 20 %. In most of the reported devices, Spiro‐OMeTAD is used for positive‐charge extraction and transport layer. Although a number of alternative hole‐transporting materials with different aromatic or heteroaromatic fragments have already been synthesized, a cheap and well‐performing hole‐transporting material is still in high demand. In this work, a two‐step synthesis of a carbazole‐based hole‐transporting material is presented. Synthesized compounds exhibited amorphous nature, good solubility and thermal stability. The perovskite solar cells employing the newly synthesized material generated a power conversion efficiency of 16.5 % which is slightly lower than that obtained with Spiro‐OMeTAD (17.5 %). The low‐cost synthesis and high performance makes our hole‐transport material promising for applications in perovskite‐based optoelectronic devices.
Three‐Component Asymmetric Mannich Reaction Catalyzed by a Lewis Acid with Rhodium‐Centered Chirality
Authors: Feng Lihe , Dai Xuemei , Meggers Eric , Gong Lei
Published: March 2017

A highly efficient direct asymmetric three‐component Mannich reaction of an N‐acylpyrazole, an aldehyde and a primary or secondary amine, was enabled by a rhodium‐based Lewis‐acid catalyst with metal‐centered chirality. Excellent enantioselectivities were achieved for a variety of substrates at a typical catalyst loading of merely 0.5 mol % (23 examples, up to 98 % ee).
Sequence‐Dependent Self‐Assembly of Chiral Polyimides
Authors: Yan Jijun , Kang Chuanqing , Bian Zheng , Jin Rizhe , Ma Xiaoye , Du Zhijun , Yao Haibo , Gao Lianxun
Published: March 2017

Sequence‐defined chiral polyimides comprising identical asymmetric diamine monomers arranged in different directions along the main chain were designed and prepared. These new sequence‐defined polymers exhibit sequence‐dependent self‐assembly behaviors and responses to ibuprofen enantiomers, as revealed by their chiroptical spectra and gelation properties. For the first time, the self‐assembly of polymers and their interactions with guest molecules have been successfully controlled by means of the directional arrangement of the monomers in their polymer backbones.
Age‐specific autistic‐like behaviors in heterozygous Fmr1‐KO female mice
Authors: Gauducheau Manon , Lemaire‐Mayo Valerie , D'Amato Francesca R. , Oddi Diego , Crusio Wim E. , Pietropaolo Susanna
Published: March 2017

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a major developmental disorder and the most frequent monogenic cause of autism. Surprisingly, most existing studies on the Fmr1‐KO mouse model for FXS have focused on males, although FX women, who are mostly heterozygous for the Fmr1 mutation, are known to exhibit several behavioral deficits, including autistic‐like features. Furthermore, most animal research has been carried out on adults only; so that little is known about the age progression of the behavioral phenotype of Fmr1 mutants, which is a crucial issue to optimize the impact of therapeutic interventions. Here, we performed an extensive analysis of autistic‐like social behaviors in heterozygous (HET) Fmr1‐KO females and their WT littermates at different ages. No behavioral difference between HET and WT mice was observed at infancy, but some abnormalities in social interaction and communication were first detected at juvenile age. At adulthood some of these alterations disappeared, but avoidance of social novelty appeared, together with other FXS‐relevant behavioral deficits, such as hyperactivity and reduced contextual fear response. Our data provide for the first time evidence for the presence of autistic‐relevant behavioral abnormalities in Fmr1‐HET female mice, demonstrating the utility of this mouse line to model autistic‐like behaviors in both sexes. These results also highlight the importance of taking into account age differences when using the Fmr1‐KO mouse model, suggesting that the early post‐natal phases are the most promising target for preventive interventions and the adult age is the most appropriate to investigate the behavioral impact of potential therapies. Autism Res 2017. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1067–1078. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Shorter sleep duration is associated with social impairment and comorbidities in ASD
Authors: Veatch Olivia J. , Sutcliffe James S. , Warren Zachary E. , Keenan Brendan T. , Potter Melissa H. , Malow Beth A.
Published: March 2017

Sleep disturbance, particularly insomnia, is common in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Furthermore, disturbed sleep affects core symptoms and other related comorbidities. Understanding the causes and consequences of sleep disturbances in children with ASD is an important step toward mitigating these symptoms. To better understand the connection between sleep duration and ASD severity, we analyzed ASD‐related symptoms using the Autism Diagnostic Interview‐Revised (ADI‐R), Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), IQ scores, and parent reports of the average amount of time slept per night that were available in the medical histories of 2,714 children with ASD in the Simons Simplex Collection (SSC). The mean (SD) sleep duration was 555 minutes. Sleep duration and severity of core ASD symptoms were negatively correlated, and sleep duration and IQ scores were positively correlated. Regression results indicated that more severe social impairment, primarily a failure to develop peer relationships, is the core symptom most strongly associated with short sleep duration. Furthermore, increased severity for numerous maladaptive behaviors assessed on the Child Behavior Checklist, as well as reports of attention deficit disorder, depressive disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder were associated with short sleep duration. Severity scores for social/communication impairment and restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRB) were increased, and IQ scores were decreased, for children reported to sleep ≤420 minutes per night (lower 5th percentile) compared to children sleeping ≥660 minutes (upper 95th percentile). Our results indicate that reduced amounts of sleep are related to more severe symptoms in children with ASD. Autism Res 2017. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1221–1238. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous determination of piperaquine and its N‐oxidated metabolite in rat plasma using LC‐MS/MS
Authors: Liu Huixiang , Zang Meitong , Yang Aijuan , Ji Jianbo , Xing Jie
Published: March 2017

A sensitive and efficient liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of piperaquine (PQ) and its N‐oxidated metabolite (PQ‐M) in plasma. A simple protein precipitation procedure was used for sample preparation. Adequate chromatographic retention was achieved on a C18 column under gradient elution with acetonitrile and 2 mm aqueous ammonium acetate containing 0.15% formic acid and 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid. A triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray source was set up in the positive ion mode and multiple reaction monitoring mode. The method was linear in the range of 2.0–400.0 ng/mL for PQ and 1.0–50.0 ng/mL for PQ‐M with suitable accuracy, precision and extraction recovery. The lower limits of detection (LLOD) were established at 0.4 and 0.2 ng/mL for PQ and PQ‐M, respectively, using 40 μL of plasma sample. The matrix effect was negligible under the current conditions. No effect was found for co‐administrated artemisinin drugs or hemolysis on the quantification of PQ and PQ‐M. Stability testing showed that two analytes remained stable under all relevant analytical conditions. The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study performed in rats after a single oral administration of PQ (60 mg/kg).
Variation in Phenolic Profile, β‐Carotene and Flavonoid Contents, Biological Activities of Two Tagetes Species from Pakistani Flora
Authors: Ayub Muhammad Adnan , Hussain Abdullah Ijaz , Hanif Muhammad Asif , Chatha Shahzad Ali Shahid , Kamal Ghulam Mustafa , Shahid Muhammad , Janneh Omar
Published: March 2017

The objective of present study was to evaluate the variation in phenolic profile, β‐carotene, flavonoid contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Tagetes erecta and Tagetes patula (T. erecta and T. patula) through different in vitro assays. Antioxidant activity was determined through 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation assays and antibacterial and antifungal activities studied using the disc diffusion and resazurin microtiter‐plate assays against bacterial and fungal strains. Moreover, total phenolics (TP), total carotenoids (TC) and total flavonoids (TF) were also determined. Highest (TP 35.8 mg GAE/g) and TF (16.9 mg CE/g) contents were found in MeOH extract of T. patula. T. erecta extract showed higher TC contents (6.45 mg/g) than T. patula extract (6.32 mg/g). T. erecta exhibited the highest DPPH radical‐scavenging activity (IC50) (5.73 μg/mL) and inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation (80.1%). RP‐HPLC revealed the presence of caffeic acid, sinapic acid and ferulic acid in Tagetes extracts, m‐coumaric acid in T. erecta whereas chlorogenic acid in T. patula extract only. Both extracts possessed promising antimicrobial activity compared to the ciprofloxacin and flumequine (+ve controls) against Bacillus subtilis and Alternaria alternate. Both extract were rich source of polyphenols exhibiting excellent biological activities.
Inducing Hetero‐aggregation of Different Azo Dyes through Electrostatic Self‐Assembly
Authors: Mariani Giacomo , Kutz Anne , Di Zhenyu , Schweins Ralf , Gröhn Franziska
Published: March 2017

Combining chemically different building blocks in supramolecular nanoparticles is a promising key to tailored structures and functionalities. π–π heterostacks of dye molecules form upon electrostatic self‐assembly with a polyelectrolyte, resulting in stable ternary nano‐assemblies in aqueous solution. Core‐shell spheres, cylinders, and flexible cylinders result, which exhibit new shapes different from the binary systems. Particle shapes can be tuned through the dye composition.
Thermally Induced Crystallization of High Quality CH3NH3PbI3 Film with Large Grains for Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Hou Yu , Yang Shuang , Chen Xiao , Li Chunzhong , Zhao Huijun , Yang Hua Gui
Published: March 2017

Recently, fully covered and smooth perovskite films could be fabricated by optimized coating methods; however, it is still hard to prepare perovskite films with large grain sizes and high crystallinity. Given the fact that thermal energy can promote crystallization, we combine high‐temperature crystallization with the application of a solvent featuring a high boiling point, in order to produce high quality perovskite films with micrometer‐sized grains. We further investigated the temperature dependence of the thermally induced synthetic strategy, whereby the grains become larger as the temperature is elevated. After solar cell device fabrication, the efficiency of the best cell can attain a high value of 15.53 % with reduced hysteresis behavior.
A Highly Effective Strategy for Encapsulating Potassium Cations in Small Crown Ether Rings on a Dinuclear Palladium Complex
Authors: Lucio‐Martínez Fátima , Bermúdez Brais , Ortigueira Juan M. , Adams Harry , Fernández Alberto , Pereira M. Teresa , Vila José M.
Published: March 2017

The potential of 15‐crown‐5 ethers to link large cations, such as potassium, is limited by the quasi‐parallel arrangement of two oxygen donor moieties upon appropriate orientation of the corresponding ether‐ring‐containing molecules. Substrates bearing the two crown ethers that are capable of achieving such coordination are hitherto unknown. The synthesis and isolation of a tailor‐made dinuclear palladacycle bearing 15‐crown‐5 ether rings on the metallated phenyls offers such a possibility, providing the adequate environment for the formation of the sandwiched [K(metallacycle‐15‐crown‐5)2] moiety. This synthetic strategy also culminates in the isolation of the first palladacycle able to entrap a potassium cation through bonding to two 15‐crown‐5 ether rings in a single molecule.
Enantiopure versus Racemic Naphthalimide End‐Capped Helicenic Non‐fullerene Electron Acceptors: Impact on Organic Photovoltaics Performance
Authors: Josse Pierre , Favereau Ludovic , Shen Chengshuo , Dabos‐Seignon Sylvie , Blanchard Philippe , Cabanetos Clément , Crassous Jeanne
Published: March 2017

Impact of the enantiopurity on organic photovoltaics (OPV) performance was investigated through the synthesis of racemic and enantiomerically pure naphthalimide end‐capped helicenes and their application as non‐fullerene molecular electron acceptors in OPV devices. A very strong increase of the device performance was observed by simply switching from the racemic to the enantiopure forms of these π‐helical non‐fullerene acceptors with power conversion efficiencies jumping from 0.4 to about 2.0 % in air‐processed poly(3‐hexylthiophene)‐based devices, thus highlighting the key role of enantiopurity in the photovoltaic properties.
The density matrix theory of triple‐quantum filtered COSY (TQF‐COSY) NMR experiments applied to an AX system of spins S=1: An example of passive coupling in two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Kempgens Pierre , Pinchuck Andrew L.
Published: March 2017

The 2D Triple‐Quantum Filtered (TQF) COSY NMR spectrum of an AX spin system of spin‐1 has been calculated by numerical density matrix calculations. The basic phase cycle to achieve triple quantum filtration and phase‐modulation of the signal during t1 consists of 12 steps. If nuclei A and X are not coupled, the calculations predict no peaks at all. If nuclei A and X are coupled and the multiplets are not resolved in the conventional 1D spectrum, two diagonal peaks are detected. If nuclei A and X are coupled and the multiplets are resolved in the conventional 1D spectrum, only diagonal and near‐diagonal peaks are detected. One does not observe cross peaks if nuclei A and X are coupled because the coupling is passive. It is believed that the calculations presented here will be needed to calculate the Exclusive Correlation Spectroscopy (E.COSY) of an AX system of spins S=1.
Toward recording 33S NMR spectra of cross‐linked elastomers: Relaxation dynamics perspective
Authors: Marhabaie Sina , Tekely Piotr
Published: March 2017

We discuss from the perspective of relaxation dynamics the feasibility of recording NMR spectra of 33S nuclei bound to cross‐link junctions in cross‐linked elastomers (i.e. vulcanized rubber). Assuming the quadrupolar relaxation mechanism due to fluctuating electric field gradients, the calculations of transverse and longitudinal 33S relaxation times encompassing a large range of correlation times, static magnetic fields, and quadrupolar coupling constants reveal that both relaxation processes will constitute significant bottlenecks in recording the 33S spectra of cross‐linked elastomers inherently endowed with a large distribution of motional modes. In the rubbery state, the observable 33S NMR signal will result from motionally averaged, central transition magnetization of the 33S nuclei in cross‐link junctions involved in large amplitude, high‐frequency motions.
The early adoption of intensity‐modulated radiotherapy and stereotactic body radiation treatment among older Medicare beneficiaries with prostate cancer
Authors: Jacobs Bruce L. , Yabes Jonathan G. , Lopa Samia H. , Heron Dwight E. , Chang Chung‐Chou H. , Schroeck Florian R. , Bekelman Justin E. , Kahn Jeremy M , Nelson Joel B. , Barnato Amber E.
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND

Several new prostate cancer treatments have emerged since 2000, including 2 radiotherapies with similar efficacy at the time of their introduction: intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). The objectives of this study were to compare their early adoption patterns and identify factors associated with their use.

METHODS

By using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare database, patients who received radiation therapy during the 5 years after IMRT introduction (2001‐2005) and the 5 years after SBRT introduction (2007‐2011) were identified. The outcome of interest was the receipt of new radiation therapy (ie, IMRT or SBRT) compared with the existing standard radiation therapies at that time. The authors fit a series of multivariable, hierarchical logistic regression models accounting for patients nested within health service areas to examine the factors associated with the receipt of new radiation therapy.

RESULTS

During 2001 to 2005, 5680 men (21%) received IMRT compared with standard radiation (n = 21,555). Men who received IMRT were older, had higher grade tumors, and lived in more populated areas (P < .05). During 2007 through 2011, 595 men (2%) received SBRT compared with standard radiation (n = 28,255). Men who received ng SBRT were more likely to be white, had lower grade tumors, lived in more populated areas, and were more likely to live in the Northeast (P < .05). Adjusting for cohort demographic and clinical factors, the early adoption rate for IMRT was substantially higher than that for SBRT (44% vs 4%; P < .01).

CONCLUSIONS

There is a stark contrast in the adoption rates of IMRT and SBRT at the time of their introduction. Further investigation of the nonclinical factors associated with this difference is warranted. Cancer 2017;123:2945–54. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Economic evaluation of nivolumab as a second‐line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma from US and Chinese perspectives
Authors: Wan Xiao Min , Peng Liu Bao , Ma Jin An , Li Yuan Jian
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND

Nivolumab is a new standard of care for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) and provides an overall survival benefit of 5.40 months in comparison with everolimus. This study evaluated the cost‐effectiveness of nivolumab for the second‐line treatment of mRCC from the perspective of US payers and identified the range of drug costs for which the addition of nivolumab to standard therapy could be considered cost‐effective from a Chinese perspective.

METHODS

A partitioned survival model was constructed to estimate lifetime costs, life‐years, and quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs). Costs were estimated for the US and Chinese health care systems. One‐way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed.

RESULTS

Nivolumab provided an additional 0.29 QALYs at a cost of $151,676/QALY in the United States. The probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that at a willingness‐to‐pay threshold of $100,000/QALY, at the current cost of nivolumab, the chance of nivolumab being cost‐effective was 3.10%. For China, when nivolumab cost less than $7.90 or $9.70/mg, there was a nearly 90% likelihood that the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio for nivolumab would be less than $22,785 or $48,838/QALY, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

For the United States, nivolumab is unlikely to be a high‐value treatment for mRCC at the current price, and a price reduction appears to be justified. In China, value‐based prices for nivolumab are $7.90 and $9.70/mg for the country and Beijing City, respectively. This study could and should inform the multilateral drug‐price negotiations in China that may be upcoming for nivolumab. Cancer 2017;123:2634‐41. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Modeling and simulation of large memristive networks
Authors: Biolek Dalibor , Kolka Zdeněk , Biolková Viera , Biolek Zdeněk , Potrebić Milka , Tošić Dejan
Published: March 2017

The paper deals with the modeling of memristors operating in extremely large memristive networks such as crossbar structures for memory and computational circuits, memristor‐based neural networks or circuits for massively parallel analog computations. Because the non‐convergence and other numerical problems increase with increasing complexity of the simulated circuit, suitable models of the individual memristors need to be choicely developed and optimized. Three different models are considered, each representing a specific trade‐off between speed and accuracy. Benchmark circuits for testing the applications of various complexities are used for the transient analysis in HSPICE. It is shown how the models can be modified to minimize the simulation time and improve the convergence. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel no‐equilibrium hyperchaotic multi‐wing system via introducing memristor
Authors: Zhou Ling , Wang Chunhua , Zhou Lili
Published: March 2017

In this paper, a new multi‐wing chaotic attractor is constructed. Based on the proposed multi‐wing system, the paper presents a novel method to generate hyperchaotic multi‐wing attractors. By introducing a flux‐controlled memristor into the proposed multi‐wing system, hyperchaotic multi‐wing attractor is observed in new memristive system. At the same time, the new memristive system has no equilibrium. The phase portraits and Lyapunov exponents are used to analyze the dynamic behaviors of the no‐equilibrium memristive system. Moreover, we analyze the influence on multi‐wing system when adding the memristor in different position. The electronic circuit is realized by using off‐the‐shelf components. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.