bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of high cortisol levels in pregnancy and poor postpartum mental health and altered fetal growth. Analysis in the MAASTHI cohort study, Bengaluru
Authors: Babu Giridhara R , Shriyan Prafulla , Sudhir Paulomi , Schayck Onno CP
Published: January 2022

Background: The role of maternal stress levels on mothers’ mental health and fetal growth has been previously studied. We aim to investigate the association of serum cortisol level in pregnancy with birth outcomes and postpartum depressive symptoms in a public health facility, India. Methods: The current study is a part of the MAASTHI prospective cohort that assessed the relationship between maternal psychosocial environment and adverse neonatal outcomes and maternal mental health after birth. We assessed serum cortisol levels in stored blood samples in 230 pregnant women as a biomarker for stress during pregnancy. Pregnant women between 18 and 45 years of age, presenting at ≥ 14 weeks of gestation and providing voluntary written informed consent were recruited in the study. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to assess postpartum depressive symptoms and detailed infant anthropometric measurements were carried out at birth. Results: A serum cortisol threshold value of >17.60 IU/L seemed to be associated with postpartum depressive symptoms, low birth weight, and lower weight for length/height z-score. No significant association was found between serum cortisol and infants reduced head circumference, the sum of skinfold thickness, and crown-rump length. Conclusion: Our results support the hypothesis that higher maternal cortisol levels may adversely affect a mother's mental health and birth outcomes. These findings have implications for understanding maternal mental health and early developmental psychopathology, both of which are well-known but understudied. Future studies should explore this association at various gestational ages and use epigenetic markers to determine hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA) activity during pregnancy and its effect on birth outcomes.
Unravelling the Effect of Climate Change on Fire Danger and Fire Behaviour in the Transboundary Biosphere Reserve of Meseta Ibérica (Portugal-Spain)
Authors: Aparício Bruno Almeida , Santos João A. , Freitas Teresa R. , Sá Ana C.L. , Pereira José M.C. , Fernandes Paulo M.
Published: January 2022

The impacts of wildfires are increasing in the Mediterranean Basin due to more extreme fire seasons that often overwhelm the response capacity of fire suppression forces. In this study, we quantified the effect of climate change on fire danger (components of the Canadian FWI System) and wildfire behaviour characteristics (rate of spread and fireline intensity) for the four major Mediterranean forest ecosystems in the transboundary biosphere reserve of the Meseta Ibérica under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The effect of climate change on wildfire behaviour was also complemented by considering changes in net primary production (NPP), and hence available fuel. Our results show that the meteorological fire season will start earlier and end later, leading to a significant increase in the number of days with weather conditions that promote large wildfires. For fire behaviour, the most relevant changes will occur in pine forests, where a wildfire with median fireline intensity will offer serious resistance to control from spring to autumn. The severity of fire behaviour in shrublands also increases substantially when considering climate change, with high-intensity wildfires potentially occurring in any time of the year. Both deciduous and evergreen broadleaves forests are predicted to typically generate wildfires that remain within suppression capability. By adjusting NPP to future climate conditions, the fireline intensity may not increase during summer in deciduous and evergreen broadleaves forests, and can even be significantly reduced in shrublands. This study suggests that improved fire planning and management of wildfire-prone landscapes will counteract the effect of climate change on fire behaviour and impacts.
High Temperature Inhibits The Differentiation of Spermatogonial Stem Cells
Authors: Gao Wei-Jun , Li Hui-Xia , Feng Juan , Jia Hua , Ma Wen-Zhi
Published: January 2022

Background
As one of the factors of male infertility, high temperature induces apoptosis of differentiated spermatogenic cells, sperm DNA oxidative damage, and changes in morphology and function of Sertoli cells. Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) is a kind of germline stem cells which maintain the spermatogenesis through self-renewal and differentiation. At present, however, the effect of high temperature on SSC differentiation in vitro has not been reported.
Methods
In the present study, we used in vitro differentiation model of SSCs to research the effect of heat stress treatment on SSC differentiation. Firstly, real-time PCR was used to detect the expression levels of self-renewal and differentiation marker genes in differentiation-cultured SSCs after heat stress treatment. Then, the effect of heat stress on the transcriptome of differentiation cultured SSCs was analyzed by RNA-seq. Enrichment of functions and signaling pathways analysis were performed based on Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database.
Results
We found that 2 days of 37℃ or 43℃ (30min/d) heat stress treatment significantly inhibited SSC differentiation. The differentiation related genes c-kit, stra8, Rec8, Sycp3 and Ovol1 were down-regulated after 2 days and 4 days of heat stress at 37℃. The transcriptome of SSCs was significantly differentially expressed on the second day and fourth day after heat stress treatment at 37℃. In total, 1660 and 7252 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by RNA-Seq in SSCs treated with heat stress at 37℃ for 2 days and 4 days respectively, compared with those cultured at 34℃. KEGG pathway analysis showed that P53, ribosome and carbon metabolism signaling pathways promoting stem cell differentiation were significantly enriched after heat stress treatment at 37℃.
Conclusion
These results indicate that high temperature at 37℃ significantly inhibits SSC differentiation and promotes enrichment of P53, ribosome and carbon metabolism signaling pathways in stem cell differentiation, providing a reference for the pathogenesis of heat-induced azoospermia.
Searching the Web Builds Fuller Picture of Arachnid Trade.
Authors: Marshall Benjamin , Strine Colin , Fukushima Caroline , Cardoso Pedro , Orr Michael , Hughes Alice
Published: January 2022

Wildlife trade is a major driver of biodiversity loss. Here we explore global patterns of trade in the arachnids. Trade in these groups exceeds millions of individuals, with 67% coming directly from the wild, and up to 99% of individuals in some genera. Up to 50% of species in popular taxa such as tarantulas are in trade, including 25% of species described since 2000. Overall, 1,264 species from 66 families and 371 genera were detected in trade. Threatened and potentially undescribed species were noted in trade. CITES only covers 30 (2%) of the species potentially traded. We mapped the percentage and number of species native to each country in trade. To enable sustainable trade better data on species distributions and better conservation status assessments are needed. The disparity between trade data sources highlights the need to expand monitoring if impacts on wild populations are to be accurately gauged.
The Immediate and Short-term Impact of COVID 19 Infections on Nurses in a UAE Hospital
Authors: Qawasmeh Khaled Al , Amiri Nabeel Al , Nuaimi Salma Al
Published: January 2022

Background/Aims: Nurses were on the front line against the COVID 19 pandemic, fighting to save human lives. Many nurses sacrificed their well-being and social life to win the battle. In consequence, many nurses have been infected with the virus around the Globe. This study aims to determine the immediate and short-term physical, psychological, and social impact of COVID 19 infection on nurses and midwives retrospectively. On the other hand, it aims to find the effect of COVID 19 stigma on the self-esteem of the infected nurses. Methods: To achieve this goal, the authors used an exploratory, mixed-method design with a sample of nurses and midwives working in a tertiary hospital in UAE who has been infected with the COVID 19 virus and recovered. Results: The careful exploration of the experiences of nurses infected with the COVID 19 virus suggested a simple model that manages the patients in hospitals and at homes, including improving self-efficacy and patient coping, providing the basic nursing skills to patients and families, providing continuous psychological support, and providing high standards of health care. Conclusion: This will maintain a positive status of wellbeing amongst infected patients during the infection time and in 3-6 months after the infection.
Uncertainty Analysis of Flow Resistance Modeling In Sewer Pipes With Different Bed Conditions Using KELM Method
Authors: Ghasempour Roghaye , Roushangar Kiyoumars , Azamathulla Hazi Mohammad , Alizadeh Farhad
Published: January 2022

An accurate prediction of flow resistance in channels or pipes which is used for carrying rain water or sewage is an important issue in hydraulic engineering. In this study, the capability of two artificial intelligence methods namely; Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN) and Kernel Extreme Learning Machine (KELM) was utilized for the Manning roughness coefficient modeling in circular sewer pipes with smooth and rough beds. During model developing process, at first the most effective variables related to hydraulic and sediment properties were selected using Factorial Analysis (FA) method, then, various models were developed based on the selected parameters. The models were tested using some available experimental datasets. The obtained results showed that there resulted high efficiency with FFNN and KELM methods in Manning coefficient modeling. It was found that both hydraulic and sediment properties were effective in modeling process. The sensitivity analysis results showed that d50/R variable (the ratio of median diameter of sediment size to the hydraulic radius) was the most significant parameter in modeling process. Finally, an uncertainty analysis was conducted to assess the dependability of the best applied ‎model, and the results revealed that the KELM model possesses an acceptable level of ‎uncertainty in roughness coefficient modeling.
Effects of Carbon Ion Beam-induced Mutagenesis for the Screening of RED Production-deficient Mutants of Streptomyces Coelicolor JCM4020
Authors: Yanagisawa Masaomi , Asamizu Shumpei , Satoh Katsuya , Oono Yutaka , Onaka Hiroyasu
Published: January 2022

Streptomyces lividans TK23 interacts with mycolic acid-containing bacteria (MACB), such as Tsukamurella pulmonis TP-B0596, and this direct cell contact activates its secondary metabolism (e.g., the production of undecylprodigiosin: RED). Here, we employed carbon (12C5+) ion beam-induced mutagenesis to investigate the signature of induced point mutations and further identify the gene(s) responsible for the production of secondary metabolites induced by T. pulmonis. We irradiated spores of the Streptomyces coelicolor strain JCM4020 with carbon ions to generate a mutant library. We screened the RED production-deficient mutants of S. coelicolor by mixing them with T. pulmonis TP-B0596 on agar plates, identifying the red/white phenotype of the growing colonies. Through this process, we selected 59 RED-deficient mutants from around 152,000 tested spores. We resequenced the genomes of 16 mutants and identified 44 point mutations induced by irradiation. The mutation signature of the 12C5+-irradiated samples differed from those of the UV-irradiated, NTG-treated, or reactive oxygen species-treated samples. Via gene complementation experiments, we also revealed that two genes—glutamate synthase (gltB) and elongation factor G (fusA)—are responsible for the reduced production of RED.
Oral SARS-CoV-2 Inoculation Causes Nasal Viral Infection Leading to Olfactory Bulb Infection: an Experimental Study
Authors: Ueha Rumi , Ito Toshihiro , Furukawa Ryutaro , Kitabatake Masahiro , Ouji-Sageshima Noriko , Ueha Satoshi , Koyama Misaki , Uranaka Tsukasa , Kondo Kenji , Yamasoba Tatsuya
Published: January 2022

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections can cause long-lasting anosmia, but the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which can spread to the nasal cavity via the oral route, on the olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) lineage and olfactory bulb (OB) remains undetermined. Using Syrian hamsters, we explored whether oral SARS-CoV-2 inoculation can lead to nasal viral infection, examined how SARS-CoV-2 affects the ORN lineage by site, and investigated whether SARS-CoV-2 infection can spread to the OB and induce inflammation. On post-inoculation day 7, SARS-CoV-2 presence was confirmed in the lateral area (OCAM-positive) but not the nasal septum of NQO1-positive and OCAM-positive areas. The virus was observed partially infiltrating the olfactory epithelium, and ORN progenitor cells, immature ORNs, and mature ORNs were fewer than in controls. The virus was found in the olfactory nerve bundles to the OB, suggesting the nasal cavity as a route for SARS-CoV-2 brain infection. We demonstrated that transoral SARS-CoV-2 infection can spread from the nasal cavity to the central nervous system and the possibility of central olfactory dysfunction due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The virus was localized at the infection site and could damage all ORN-lineage cells.
16-Ports Indoor Base Station MIMO Array for Sub-6 GHz 5G Applications
Authors: Abouelnaga Tamer Gaber , Zewail Ibrahim , Shokair Mona
Published: January 2022

A typical 5G multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) system must combine a high number of antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to realize spatial multiplexing capability. In this paper, a wideband 16- element indoor base station (BS) antenna array that can cover 3.3–6.0 GHz is proposed for 5G applications. A π-shaped monopole antenna is designed to cover the Lower band (LTE bands 42/43 - N77 - N78), the intermediate band (N79), and the higher band (LTE 46). The antenna elements are arranged in a limited space printed on a substrate takes the Hexakaidecagon Polygon shape. Where, the antenna elements are arranged with good isolation, achieving good polarization diversity. The proposed BS array is simulated, fabricated, and tested. The typical results, S- parameters, antenna efficiency, and radiation patterns are investigated. Moreover, to validate the MIMO performances, a very low envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) below 0.02, high antenna efficiency of about 82% - 93.2% are achieved. The calculated ergodic channel capacity of the 16×16 MIMO system reached up to 85 bps/Hz. A comparison between the proposed antenna array and some other 5G MIMO indoor base station antennas is studied.
Evaluation of clinical outcomes of antibiotic treatment and appendectomy for appendicitis: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Jia Zhe , Zhang Haitao , Bai Jie , Li Ning
Published: January 2022

Background and aims:
Studies have exhibited the superiority of appendectomy to antibiotics in acute appendicitis (AA) treatment for the overall effective rate and relapse. However, evidence to support the efficacy of appendectomy is lacking because limited randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been conducted. Thus, the present study attempted to compare the two treatment methods through the meta-analysis of RCTs.
Methods
Databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, and Web of Knowledge were searched. RCTs comparing conservative therapy and surgical treatment for AA and published in any language between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2020 were included in the study. The primary outcomes were 1-year efficiency and incidences of complications, whereas the secondary outcomes were length of stay and sick leave duration. The odds ratios (OR) and mean differences (MD) were combined, and the fixed- and random-effects models were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Results
The present study was conducted based on 12 studies involving 4195 patients and comparing appendectomy with antibiotic treatment. Of the total, 2135 patients had underwent appendectomy and 2060 were treated with antibiotics. The 1-year OR after antibiotic therapy and appendectomy was 0.03 (95% CI: 0.01–0.06). The MD for the two groups for length of stay was 0.38 (95% CI: 0.16–0.61). Appendectomy exhibited a significantly higher treatment efficiency at 1 year and shorter hospital stay than antibiotic treatment. However, antibiotic treatment exhibited lower incidences of treatment-related complications (RR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.37–0.74; P = 0.0002) and sick leave duration (P < 0.05) than appendectomy.
Conclusions
Antibiotics are not inferior to appendectomy for the treatment of uncomplicated appendicitis. However, patients with an appendicolith exhibited higher recurrence risk after conservative treatment, and surgery is a better option for such patients.
Identification of occult hepatitis B virus infection in blood donors with non-discriminated reactive in southwest China
Authors: Zhang Qiaolin , Yin Dan
Published: January 2022

Background
Since 2011, Chongqing Blood Center began routine screening of viral nucleic acid using a multiplex assay for simultaneous detection of HBV DNA, HCV RNA and HIV-1 RNA in blood donations. However, this multiplex nucleic acid testing (NAT) screening system introduced an intractable problem of non-discriminated reactive (NDR) donations, which were serologically nonreactive and reactive in multiplex NAT screening, but nonreactive in the following virus-specific discriminatory NAT assays. Some donations were considered to arise from the presence of low-level HBV DNA due to occult hepatitis B infection (OBI). We identified OBI among NDR donations in Chongqing area. In addition, rationality of the current blood screening strategy was evaluated.
Methods
From August 2017 to July 2018, 190 NDR blood donations were collected from 140577 volunteer blood donors at Chongqing Blood Center. Repeated discriminatory HBV (dHBV) testing, minipools-NAT (MPs-NAT), quantitative viral load determination and complementary serological testing were used to confirm OBI.
Results
Of 190 NDR donations, sixty-three (33.2%) were identified as OBI, sixty-one (32.1%) were repeatedly reactive in discriminatory HBV assay. Two (1.1%) were positive for HBV DNA in MPX assay on Roche Cobas s201 system. Of these sixty-three OBI donations, only thirteen (20.6%) were positive in Cobas AmpliPrep/TaqMan HBV DNA quantitative assay, which were all less than 20IU/ml. Anti-HBc and anti-HBs were detected in 85.3% and 58.4% of NDR donors, respectively. Anti-HBc and anti-HBs were detected in 96.8% and 47.6% of confirmed OBI donors in NDR group, respectively. Anti-HBc and anti-HBs were detected in 79.5% and 63.8% of unclassified donors in NDR group, respectively. There was no statistical difference in positive rate of anti-HBc between NDR donations and dHBV-initially-reactive donations (85.3% vs 90.0%). The male to female ratio was 2.2 of OBI donors in NDR group. The proportion of repeat-time OBI donors in NDR group was higher than that in dHBV-initially-reactive group (63.5% vs 50.0%). The median age of OBI donors was 45 years in NDR group.
Conclusion
A complicated OBI confirmatory procedure with labour-intensive and sophisticated equipment was implemented successfully. OBI with extremely low virus concentration is the main reason for discriminatory NAT nonreactive among blood donors in Chongqing area. The current blood screening strategy is a reasonable measure to reduce the risk of transfusion, which is able to maximize blood safety.
Anemia and Adverse Outcomes in Pregnancy: Subgroup analysis of the CLIP Cluster-Randomized Trial in India
Authors: Bone Jeffrey N. , Bellad Mrutyunjaya , Goudar Shivaprasad , Mallapur Ashalata , Charantimath Umesh , Ramadurg Umesh , Katageri Geetanjali , Lesperance Maria , Kinshella Mai-Lei Woo , Suleman Raiya , Sharma Sumedha , Vidler Marianne , Derman Richard , Magee Laura A , von Dadelszen Peter
Published: January 2022

BackgroundIron-deficiency anemia is a known risk factor for several adverse perinatal outcomes, but its impact on maternal morbidity is less certain. Further, data on associations between anemia in early pregnancy and subsequent outcomes are understudied. MethodsThe study population was derived from the Community Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) trial in Karnataka State, India (NCT01911494). Included were women who were enrolled in either trial arm, delivered by trial end date, and had a baseline measure of hemoglobin (Hb). Anemia was classified by WHO standards into four groups: none (Hb ≥ 11 g/dL), mild (10.0g/dL ≤ Hb < 11.0 g/dL), moderate (7.0g/dL ≤ Hb < 10.0 g/dL) and severe (Hb < 7.0 g/dL). Targeted maximum likelihood estimation was used to estimate confounder-adjusted associations between anemia and a composite (and its components) of adverse maternal outcomes, including pregnancy hypertension. E-values were calculated to assess robustness to unmeasured confounding.ResultsOf 11,370 women included, 10,066 (88.5%) had anemia, that was mild (3690, 32.5%), moderate (6023, 53.0%), or severe (68, 0.6%). Almost all women (>99%) reported taking iron supplements during pregnancy. Blood transfusions was more often administered to those with anemia that was mild (risk ratio [RR] 2.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.31-3.56), moderate (RR 2.37, 95% CI 1.56-3.59), and severe (RR 5.70, 95% CI 3.00-10.85). No significant association was evident between anemia severity and haemorrhage (antepartum or postpartum) or sepsis, but there was a U-shaped association between anemia severity and pregnancy hypertension and pre-eclampsia specifically, with the lowest risk seen among those with mild or moderate anemia.ConclusionIn Karnataka State, India, current management strategies for mild-moderate anemia in early pregnancy are associated with similar rates of adverse maternal or perinatal outcomes, and a lower risk of pregnancy hypertension and preeclampsia, compared with no anemia in early pregnancy. Future research should focus on risk mitigation for women with severe anemia, and the potential effect of iron supplementation for women with normal Hb in early pregnancy.FundingPRE-EMPT, a grant awarded to University of British Columbia by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (# OPP1017337).
Genome-wide identification, expression analysis and evolutionary relationships of the IQ67-domain gene family in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its progenitors
Authors: Ke Qinglin , Sun Huifan , Luo Ruihan , Zeng Yan , Wang Mengxing , Li Yihan , Li Zhimin , Cui Licao
Published: January 2022

BackgroundThe plant-specific IQ67-domain (IQD) gene family plays an important role in plant development and stress responses. However, little is known about the IQD family in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L), an agriculturally important crop that provides more than 20% of the calories and protein consumed in the modern human diet. ResultsWe identified 125 IQDs in the wheat genome and divided them into four subgroups by phylogenetic analysis. The IQDs belonging to the same subgroup had similar exon-intron structure and conserved motif composition. Polyploidization contributed significantly to the expansion of IQD genes in wheat. Characterization of the expression profile of these genes revealed that a few T. aestivum (Ta)IQDs are tissue-specific, but most are ubiquitously expressed. The stress-induced expression pattern also revealed a potential role of TaIQDs in environmental adaptation, as TaIQD-2A-2, TaIQD-3A-9 and TaIQD-1A-7 were significantly induced by cold, drought and heat stresses, and could be candidates for functional validation and further used for molecular breeding. In addition, IQD genes in the A, B and D subgenomes displayed an asymmetric evolutionary pattern, as evidenced by their different gain or loss of member genes, expression levels and nucleotide diversity. ConclusionsThis study elucidated the biological functions and evolutionary relationships of the IQD gene family in wheat and revealed the divergent fates of IQD genes during polyploidization.
Surgically Used Barrier Membranes Show Distinct Reaction Profiles in an Innovative Human Whole Blood Culture System
Authors: Klimosch Sascha , Caballé-Serrano Jordi , Knorpp Thomas , Munar-Frau Antonio , Schaefer Birgit , Schmolz Manfred
Published: January 2022

Background
Common in vitro cell culture systems for testing implant material immune-compatibility either employ immortal human leukocyte cell lines or use isolated primary cells. Compared to in vivo conditions, this generates an environment of substantially reduced complexity, often lacking important immune cell types, such as neutrophil granulocytes and others. This paper describes an innovative human whole blood culture model for in vitro testing of implant materials under in vivo-like conditions. The major goal of this culture model was to maintain as much of the naturally inherent complexity of immune cell interactions as possible and to avoid errors often caused by stressful conditions during cell preparation.
Methods
A closed, CO2-independent, tube-based culture vessel was used, containing one milliliter of freshly drawn human blood for each sample. The cultures were occasionally rotated to increase immune cell contacts with the test materials. Immune cell responses were examined by multiplexed cytokine analysis.
Results
Three different types of commercially available implant materials i.e. barrier membranes, used for dental, trauma and maxillofacial surgery, were examined for their potential interactions with immune cells. The barrier membranes were either of synthetic (i.e. the polymers polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE, and polycaprolactone, PCL), or of natural origin (porcine collagen membrane). The results identified characteristic differences in the overall activity profiles with very low immune cell responses for PTFE, intermediate ones for collagen, and strong reactions towards PCL.
Conclusions
This innovative human whole blood in vitro model, using a complex, organotypic matrix and all immune cells available in peripheral blood, is an excellent, easy to standardize tool to categorize immune cell responses to implant materials. Compared to in vitro cell culture systems used for material research, this new assay system provides a far more detailed picture of response patterns the immune system is able to develop when interacting with different types of materials and surfaces.
5G Communication Network Attack Prevention Using SDN Technology under Internet of Things
Authors: Li Tong , Zhao Hai , Song Shouyou , Yang Chao , Du Chunlai , Liu Yang
Published: January 2022

the purpose is to guarantee the security of 5G (5-Generation Mobile Networks) technology in IoT (Internet of Things) environment, and improve the ability of wireless network communication to resist attacks. First, in terms of attack prevention, the 5G network security structure is proposed to replace the plaintext information commonly used in the original system with Ciphertext based on SDN (Software Defined Networking), thereby alleviating the security risks of the data dimension. Second, concerning attack detection, the signal is identified by using the imperfections and differences of equipment manufacturing based on the above security structure, preventing the attacker from further harming the sensitive data leaked. It is found that the SDN-based 5G network attack prevention scheme avoids the centralized exposure of sensitive data, improves security, reduces computational overhead, and simplifies encryption logic. Without affecting the bandwidth, the existing 5G network system is greatly prevented from network attacks. The detection mechanism is not limited by the low-dimensional feature space, and has strong robustness and stability. It can effectively detect the network attacks that 5G network systems are suffering. This study provides an important reference for the protection of 5G communication network attacks under IoT.
Application of screw insertion using the attachment point of gluteus maximus as reference in closed reduction and internal fixation with hollow screw for femoral neck fracture
Authors: Chao XU , Wei WEI , ZHI Li-qiang , Zhao-yang WANG , Zhong QING , Jiu-min YE
Published: January 2022

Objective
To investigate the accuracy and reliability of applicating the attachment point of the gluteus maximus as the guide pin inserting reference in the closed reduction and internal fixation of femoral neck fracture with hollow screw.
Methods
A retrospective analysis was performed on 120 cases of femoral neck fracture treated by closed reduction and internal fixation with 3 hollow screws from January 2015 to August 2021. In observation group, guide pins and hollow screws were inserted in 60 cases using the attachment point of gluteus maximus as reference. In the control group, 60 patients were treated with Kirschner wire placed on the skin as a reference to insert guide pins and hollow screws. Operation time, the number of adjustments for the first guide pin and the frequency of intraoperative perspective were recorded to make comparisons between the two groups.
Results
The operation time of the observation group was significantly shorter than that of the control group, and the number of adjustments for the first guide pin and the frequency of intraoperative perspective was significantly less than that of the control group (P < 0.001). All 120 cases were followed up for an average of 27.81 (12-48) months. Postoperative radiographs showed good reduction for fracture and bone union in all patients, with an average healing time of 14.59 (12-20) weeks. During the follow-up, there were 2 cases of patient with Garden type Ⅳ fracture in the observation group and 3 cases of patients with Garden type IV fracture in the control group developed ischemic necrosis of femoral head.
Conclusion
During the surgery of femoral neck fracture treated by closed reduction and internal fixation with hollow screw, the insertion of the first guide pin using the attachment point of gluteus maximus muscle as reference can provide an accurate location for hollow screw and shorten the operation time, reduce the number of guide pin adjustments and the frequency of intraoperative perspective, which has high clinical practical value.
Oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate - dependent metabolic reprogramming induces skeletal muscle atrophy during cancer cachexia
Authors: Yang Quanjun , Hao Juan , Zhang Hong , Chi Mengyi , Wang Yaxian , Li Yu , Huang Jinlu , Wan Lili , Xu Rong , Zhao Xincai , Xin Bo , Sun Xipeng , Zhou Shumin , Chen Dongdong , Yuan Ting , Ding Jun , Zhen Shuier , Guo Cheng
Published: January 2022

Cancer cachexia is characterized by weight loss and skeletal muscle wasting. Based on the up-regulation of catabolism and down-regulation of anabolism, cachexia-associated metabolites and oncometabolites can accumulate in cancer patients. This study focused on genetic mutations-mediated metabolic reprogramming on cancer cachexia progression by screening for active metabolites and examined their direct effect on muscle atrophy. A total of 157 cachexia-associated metabolites and oncometabolites were selected based on literature collation, and 19 metabolites were screened with in vitro myotube differentiation model. D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D2HG) treatment led to a shorter myotube width and increased mRNA expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases Trim63 and Fbxo32, as well as distinct transcriptional and metabolic changes. Then, we collected 149 cancer patients and confirmed Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutation in 19 patients with higher D2HG than non-mutational patients. Moreover, 8 cancer patients with IDH1 mutation and cachexia syndrome had higher D2HG. Mutated IDH1 (R132H) in the CT26 cancer cells accelerated cachexia progression (cachexia first occurred at DPI 17 in mice bearing wild-type CT26 tumor vs DPI 22 with mutational IDH1 CT26 tumor) and worsened the overall survival in the murine cancer cachexia model. E3 ligase Trim63 and Fbxo32 were increased by 2.3 and 1.4 times in muscle gastrocnemius of mice bearing CT26 tumor, while mice bearing CT26 tumor with mutational IDH1 increased 3.4 and 2.3 times respectively. Furthermore, overexpressed D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (D2hgdh) in well-differentiated myotubes alleviated 93µM D2HG induced shorter myotube width and upregulated E3 ligases. Transcriptomics and metabolomics revealed a distinct D2HG induced metabolic disequilibrium. Additionally, IDH1 inhibitor ivosidenib treatment delayed the progression of cancer cachexia in murine cancer model bearing CT26 colon carcinoma and GL261 glioma cancer cells. In the cachexia model of mice bearing CT26 tumor, ivosidenib decreased 58.5% serum D2HG concentration, preserved 15.1% muscle gastrocnemius mass and 11.9% lean body weight, improved 35.6% area of muscle gastrocnemius, and inhibited the unregulated mRNA expression of Ube2d1, Trim63 and Fbxo32, when compared with NTC treated mice bearing CT26 tumor with IDH1 mutation. These results indicated the contribution of IDH1 mutation in mediating excessive D2HG accumulation in cancer cachexia progression and highlighted the possibility of individualized treatment for patients with cancer cachexia with an IDH1 mutation.
The Explanation of Adolescents' Delinquent Behaviors Based on Jessor's Problem Behavior Theory (PBT) in Iran: The Role of Individual Vulnerability, Opportunity Risk Availability, and Perceived Support
Authors: Darvishi Mona , Vahid Mohammad Kazem Atef , Athar Mojtaba Elhami , Trejos-Castillo Elizabeth , Asgarabad Mojtaba Habibi
Published: January 2022

Background: This study tested the generality of Problem Behavior Theory (PBT) in explaining adolescents' problem behavior in Iran.Methods: Data were collected from 392 adolescents (Mage = 15.97, SD = 1.12, 55.4% girls) who completed the Adolescent Health and Development Questionnaire (AHDQ) to assess the individual vulnerability, opportunity risk availability, perceived support, and delinquent behaviors.Results: Results indicated that individual vulnerability and opportunity risk availability had a significant relationship with delinquent behaviors and a significant interaction with perceived support in their influence on delinquent behaviors. Further, perceived support was negatively associated with delinquent behaviors.Conclusions: Our results were consistent with PBT's explanatory model for adolescents' problem behavior in Western countries and are informative about problem behavior involvement among Iranian adolescents and the design of interventions.
Cognitive-Motor Multitasking in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Study on the Effects of Individual Differences on Training Success
Authors: Mack Melanie , Stojan Robert , Bock Otmar , Voelcker-Rehage Claudia
Published: January 2022

Background
Multitasking is an essential part of our everyday life, but performance declines typically in older age. Many studies have investigated the beneficial effects of cognitive, motor and combined cognitive-motor training on multitasking performance in older adults. Previous work, however, has not regarded interindividual differences in cognitive functioning and motor fitness that may affect training benefits. The current study aims to identify whether different training programs may have differential effects on multitasking performance depending on the initial level of cognitive functioning and motor fitness.
Methods
We conduct a 12-week single-blinded randomized controlled trial. A total of N = 150 healthy older adults are assigned to either a single cognitive, a single motor, or a simultaneous cognitive-motor training. Participants are trained twice per week for 45 min. A comprehensive test battery assesses cognitive functions, motor and cardiovascular fitness and realistic multitasking during walking and driving in two virtual environments. We evaluate how multitasking performance is related not only to the training program, but also to participants’ initial levels of cognitive functioning and motor fitness.
Discussion
We expect that multitasking performance in participants with lower initial competence in either one or both domains (motor fitness, cognitive functioning) benefits more from single-task training (cognitive training and/or motor training). In contrast, multitasking performance in participants with higher competence in both domains should benefit more from multitask training (simultaneous cognitive-motor training). The results may help to identify whether tailored training is favorable over standardized one-size-fits all training approaches to improve multitasking in older adults. In addition, our findings will advance the understanding of factors that influence training effects on multitasking.
Trial registration:
DRKS (German Clinical Trials Register), DRKS00022407. Registered 26/08/2020 - Retrospectively registered at https://www.drks.de/drks_web/setLocale_EN.do
Near Infrared-Activatable Biomimetic Nanogels Enabling Deep Tumor Drug Penetration Completely Inhibit Orthotopic Glioblastoma
Authors: Zhang Dongya , Tian Sidan , Liu Yanjie , Zheng Meng , Zou Yan , Shi Bingyang , Luo Liang
Published: January 2022

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most fatal malignancies due to the existence of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the difficulty to maintain an effective drug accumulation in deep GBM lesions. Here we present a novel biomimetic nanogel system that can be precisely activated by near infrared (NIR) irradiation to achieve facilitated BBB crossing and deep tumor penetration of drugs. Synthesized by crosslinking pullulan and poly(deca-4,6-diynedioic acid) (PDDA) and loaded with temozolomide and indocyanine green (ICG), the nanogels are inert to endogenous oxidative conditions but can be selectively disintegrated by ICG-generated reactive oxygen species upon NIR irradiation. Camouflaging the nanogels with apolipoprotein E (ApoE) peptide-decorated erythrocyte membrane further allows prolonged blood circulation and active tumor targeting to secure sufficient tumor accumulation. The precisely controlled NIR irradiation on tumor lesions excites ICG and concurrently activates the cumulated nanogels by deforming the nanogels and triggering burst drug release for facilitated BBB permeation and infiltration into distal tumor cells. These NIR-activatable biomimetic nanogels showed a great potency in orthotopic GBM-bearing mouse models that completely suppressed the tumor growth with significantly extended survival.
How Observer Characteristics Affect How They Infer Personality Impressions of Faces
Authors: Xu Kuangzhe , Matsuka Toshihiko
Published: January 2022

Many previous studies on facial impression inference have focused on the physical features of the face. However, few have considered the effect of the observer on impression inference. Further, many studies have treated observers’ characteristics with regards to facial impression inference as errors or individual differences and thus largely excluded it from the explanatory variables. The present study, on the other hand, focused on the observers’ characteristics and examined whether the observers’ personality traits and observational behaviors influence the impression inferences of the faces. Experiment 1 examined the relationship between observer characteristics (observational behaviors and personality traits) and facial impression inferences. We found that the observers' personality traits strongly influence observational behaviors, but neither of those influences the impression inferences. Using hierarchical Bayesian models, we found a large proportion of faces’ random effect, confirming many previous studies that facial features indeed affect how the faces are seen. The results of Experiment 1 indicate there might have been an interactive effect of observational behaviors and faces’ physical features on impression inferences. To control the potential interactions, we instructed participants to look at particular areas of faces during impression inference tasks in Experiment 2. Although participants generally looked at the areas instructed to look at, we still found a robust relationship between participants' personality traits and observational behaviors. The results show that participants inferred different impressions, even for the same faces, when they were instructed to look at different areas of faces. We also found significant relationships between participants’ personality traits and impression inference ratings, suggesting people with different personality traits would have different impressions for the very same faces.
Discriminatory Value of Adiponectin to Leptin Ratio for Covid-19 Pneumonia
Authors: Tonon Federica , Bella Stefano Di , Giudici Fabiola , Zerbato Verena , Segat Ludovica , Koncan Raffaella , Misin Andrea , Toffoli Barbara , D’Agaro Pierlanfranco , Luzzati Roberto , Fabris Bruno , Bernardi Stella
Published: January 2022

Purpose
Obesity is a risk factor for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Circulating adipokines have been associated with inflammatory burden and amplified or dysregulated immune responses. This study aimed to evaluate the discriminatory ability of adipokines to identify Covid-19 pneumonia and to assess disease severity.
Methods
we conducted an observa-tional case-control study, with a prospective design, and recruited patients with diagnosis of Covid-19 pneumonia (n=48) and healthy controls (n=36), who were matched by age, sex and BMI. Leptin, adiponectin, IL-6 and TNF-α were measured by ELISA.
Results
patients with Covid-19 pneumonia had higher levels of leptin, lower adiponectin/leptin (Adpn/Lep) ratio, and higher expression of IL-6. Leptin had an acceptable discriminatory accuracy for Covid-19 pneumonia in patients with BMI >30 (AUC 0.74 [0.58, 0.90]) with a cutoff of 7852 pg/mL and it was associated with maximum respiratory support. By contrast, Adpn/Lep had an excellent discriminatory accuracy for Covid-19 pneumonia in patients with BMI <25 (AUC 0.9 [0.74, 1.06]) with a cutoff of 2.23.
Conclusion
Our data indicate that high Adpn/Lep (>2.23) in lean patients is con-sistent with a state of good health, which decreases in case of inflammatory states, ranging from adipose tissue dysfunction with low-grade inflammation to Covid-19 pneumonia.
Thoracoscopic Implantation of Epicardial Left Ventricular Lead for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Authors: Kim Hye Ree , Lim Kyunghee , Park Seung-Jung , Park Jong-Sung , Choi Ji-Hoon , Kwon Hee-Jin , Kim Ju Youn , Chung Suryeun , Jung Dong-Seop , Park Kyoung-Min , On Young Keun , Kim June Soo
Published: January 2022

Purpose Limited data exist on the safety and efficacy of epicardial left ventricular(LV) lead placement using video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery(VATS) for cardiac resynchronization therapy(CRT).Methods Acute and long-term outcomes of CRT were compared between patients with epicardial LV leads(Epicardial-LV group, n=13) and those with endocardial LV leads(Endocardial-LV group, n=243).Results Epicardial LV leads were implanted by VATS alone(n=8) or along with mini-thoracotomy(n=5) for failed endocardial implantation(n=11) or recurrent lead dislodgement(n=2). All epicardial procedures under general anesthesia with one-lung ventilation were successfully completed in 2.3±0.6 hours without phrenic nerve stimulation. LV pacing thresholds in the Epicardial-LV(1.5±1.0V) and Endocardial-LV(1.3±0.8V) were comparable(P=0.651). All patients were discharged alive post-VATS 8.8±3.9days. During the follow-up(34.3±28.6months), all patients with epicardial LV leads stayed alive except for one cardiac death post-CRT 14months and one heart transplantation post-CRT 30months. All epicardial LV leads maintained stable performance without dislodgement/significant changes in pacing threshold/impedance. LV lead dislodgement occurred only in endocardial-LV(7/243,2.9%). Efficacy in both groups was comparable in terms of QRS narrowing, increase in LV ejection fraction, and survival free of cardiac death, or heart failure-related hospitalization. Conclusion Epicardial LV lead placement using VATS can be a safe and effective alternative to endocardial implantation, with comparable long-term outcomes achieved by both approaches.
Predictors of Nonoperative Management Failure and Recurrence in Adults with Acute Appendicitis: A Single-Center Retrospective Study
Authors: Wakasa Yusuke , Toyoki Yoshikazu , Kameyama Yuma , Odagiri Tadashi , Jin Hiroyuki , Nakai Makoto , Aoki Kazunori , Kawashima Hiroaki , Endo Masaaki
Published: January 2022

[Purpose]
Failure and recurrence are concerns in nonoperative management (NOM) for acute appendicitis (AA) and interval appendectomy (IA). The goal of the study was to identify predictors of failure and recurrence in patients with AA who underwent NOM.
[Methods]
A total of 348 adults with appendicitis were treated in our department from April 2016 to October 2021. Among these patients, 337 who did not undergo emergency surgery were divided into those with failed NOM and unplanned surgery (n=28) and successful NOM (n=309). These groups were compared to identify predictive factors for NOM failure. In the NOM-success group, 195 patients were divided into non-recurrence (n=166) and recurrence (n=29) groups to identify predictive factors for recurrence of appendicitis.
[Results]
In multivariate analysis, post-treatment CRP level (odds ratio (OR)=1.126, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.076-1.179, P=0.000) and fecal stones with abscess formation (OR=5.530, 95% CI 2.081-14.691, P=0.001) were independently associated with NOM failure. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed an optimum cutoff CRP level of 10.46 mg/dl for failure appendicitis. The initial CRP level was significantly lower and the % CRP decrease was significantly higher in the recurrence group than in the non-recurrence group.
[Conclusions]
These findings suggest that the post-treatment CRP level and fecal stones with abscess formation are predictors of NOM failure, but that recurrence may not be affected by the severity of previous appendicitis.
Perceived Extrinsic Barriers Hinder Community Detection and Management of Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Cross-Sectional Study of General Practitioners in Shanghai, China
Authors: Lu Yuan , Liu Chaojie , Fawkes Sally , Wang Zhaoxin , Yu Dehua
Published: January 2022

Background

General practitioners (GPs) play a critical role in community detection and management of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Although adequate knowledge is essential, healthcare practice is shaped by many factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic. This study aimed to test the mediating effect of perceived extrinsic barriers on the associations between knowledge, attitudes and intended practice of GPs in community detection and management of MCI.
Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online survey of 1253 GPs sampled from 56 community health centres (CHCs) in Shanghai in 2021. Perceived extrinsic barriers were rated on a five-point Likert scale for patient engagement, working environment, and system context, respectively. A summed score was generated subsequently for each domain ranging from 0 to 100, with a higher score indicating higher barriers. The mediating effect of perceived extrinsic barriers (second-order) and the moderation effects of training and past experience on the association between MCI knowledge and practice scores were tested through structural equation modelling (SEM) with a partial least square (PLS) approach.
Results

The study participants reported an average barrier score of 65.23 (SD=13.98), 58.34 (SD=16.95) and 60.37 (SD=16.99) for patient engagement, working environment, and system context, respectively. Although knowledge had both direct and indirect (through attitudes) effects on intended practice, perceived extrinsic barriers negatively mediated (β=-0.012, p=0.025) the association between knowledge and practice. Training moderated the effect of knowledge on practice (β=-0.066, p=0.014).
Conclusions

Perceived extrinsic barriers have a detrimental effect on the translation of knowledge into practice for community detection and management of MCI. The effect of training on practice declines when knowledge scores become higher.