bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychological need satisfaction, control, and disordered eating
Authors: Froreich Franzisca V. , Vartanian Lenny R. , Zawadzki Matthew J. , Grisham Jessica R. , Touyz Stephen W.
Published: November 2016

Objectives

Unfulfilled basic psychological needs have been associated with disordered eating behaviours, but the mechanisms underlying that associations are not well understood. This study examined a two‐stage path model linking basic psychological need satisfaction to disordered eating behaviours via issues of control.

Methods

Female university students (N = 323; Mage = 19.61), community participants (N = 371; Mage = 29.75), and women who self‐reported having been diagnosed with an eating disorder (ED; N = 41; Mage = 23.88) completed measures of psychological need satisfaction (i.e., autonomy and competence), issues of control (i.e., feelings of ineffectiveness and fear of losing self‐control [FLC]), and ED pathology.

Results

Path analysis revealed that unsatisfied needs of autonomy and competence were indirectly related to disordered eating behaviours through feelings of ineffectiveness and FLC.

Conclusions

The results indicate that issues of control might be one of the mechanisms through which lack of psychological need satisfaction is associated with disordered eating. Although the model was constructed using cross‐sectional data, these findings suggest potential targets for prevention and treatment efforts aimed at reducing disordered eating in young females.

Practitioner points

Our results indicate that young women with chronically unfulfilled basic psychological needs might be vulnerable to developing disordered eating behaviours.

The observed patterns suggest that persistent experience of need frustration may engender an internal sense of ineffectiveness and lack of control, which then compels individuals to engage in disordered eating behaviours in an attempt to regain autonomy and competence.

Interventions for eating disorders may be most effective when emphasizing the promotion of people's needs for autonomy and competence.

Limitations

The model was constructed using cross‐sectional data. Future experimental and longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the temporal sequence from basic psychological needs to issues of control.

The sample only consisted of young women. Further research should explore how thwarting of psychological need satisfaction functions in men.

Our clinical sample was small and diagnosis was not confirmed through clinical interview; therefore, those data should be interpreted with caution.
ASP5878, a selective FGFR inhibitor, to treat FGFR3‐dependent urothelial cancer with or without chemoresistance
Authors: Kikuchi Aya , Suzuki Tomoyuki , Nakazawa Taisuke , Iizuka Masateru , Nakayama Ayako , Ozawa Tohru , Kameda Minoru , Shindoh Nobuaki , Terasaka Tadashi , Hirano Masaaki , Kuromitsu Sadao
Published: November 2016

FGF/FGFR gene aberrations such as amplification, mutation and fusion are associated with many types of human cancers including urothelial cancer. FGFR kinase inhibitors are expected to be a targeted therapy for urothelial cancer harboring FGFR3 gene alternations. ASP5878, a selective inhibitor of FGFR1, 2, 3 and 4 under clinical investigation, selectively inhibited cell proliferation of urothelial cancer cell lines harboring FGFR3 point mutation or fusion (UM‐UC‐14, RT‐112, RT4 and SW 780) among 23 urothelial cancer cell lines. Furthermore, ASP5878 inhibited cell proliferation of adriamycin‐resistant UM‐UC‐14 cell line harboring MDR1 overexpression and gemcitabine‐resistant RT‐112 cell line. The protein expression of c‐MYC, an oncoprotein, in gemcitabine‐resistant RT‐112 cell line was higher than that in RT‐112 parental cell line and ASP5878 decreased the c‐MYC expression in both RT‐112 parental and gemcitabine‐resistant RT‐112 cell lines. Once‐daily oral administration of ASP5878 exerted potent antitumor activities in UM‐UC‐14, RT‐112 and gemcitabine‐resistant RT‐112 xenograft models without affecting body weight. These findings suggest that ASP5878 has the potential to be an oral targeted therapy against urothelial cancer harboring FGFR3 fusion or FGFR3 point mutation after the acquisition of gemcitabine‐ or adriamycin‐resistance.
Role of ROCK2 in CD4+ cells in allergic airways responses in mice
Authors: Kasahara D. I. , Mathews J. A. , Ninin F. M. C. , Wurmbrand A. P. , Liao J. K. , Shore S. A.
Published: November 2016

Background

Rho kinases (ROCKs) contribute to allergic airways disease. ROCKs also play a role in lymphocyte proliferation and migration.

Objective

To determine the role of ROCK2 acting within CD4+ cells in allergic airways responses.

Methods

ROCK2‐haploinsufficient (ROCK2+/−) and wild‐type mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA). ROCK2+/− mice then received either CD4+ cells from ROCK2‐sufficient OVA TCR transgenic (OT‐II) mice or saline i.v. 48 h before challenge with aerosolized OVA. Wild‐type mice received saline before challenge. Allergic airways responses were measured 48 h after the last challenge. Allergic airways responses were also assessed in mice lacking ROCK2 only in CD4+ cells (ROCK2CD4Cre mice) vs. control (CD4‐Cre and ROCK2flox/flox) mice.

Results

OVA‐induced increases in bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytes, eosinophils, IL‐13, IL‐5, and eotaxin were reduced in ROCK2+/− vs. wild‐type mice, as were airway hyperresponsiveness and mucous hypersecretion. In ROCK2+/− mice, adoptive transfer with CD4+ cells from OT‐II mice restored effects of OVA on lymphocytes, eosinophils, IL‐13, IL‐5, and mucous hypersecretion to wild‐type levels, whereas eotaxin and airway hyperresponsiveness were not affected. ROCK2 inhibitors reduced IL‐13‐induced release of eotaxin from airway smooth muscle (ASM), similar to effects of these inhibitors on ASM contractility. Despite the ability of adoptive transfer to restore allergic airways inflammation in ROCK2‐insufficient mice, allergic inflammation was not different in ROCK2CD4Cre vs. control mice.

Conclusion

ROCK2 contributes to allergic airways responses likely via effects within ASM cells and within non‐lymphocyte cells involved in lymphocyte activation and migration into the airways.
Evaluation of the safety and adjuvant effect of a detoxified listeriolysin O mutant on the humoral response to dengue virus antigens
Authors: Hernández-Flores K G , Calderón-Garcidueñas A L , Mellado-Sánchez G , Ruiz-Ramos R , Sánchez-Vargas L A , Thomas-Dupont P , Izaguirre-Hernández I Y , Téllez-Sosa J , Martínez-Barnetche J , Wood L , Paterson Y , Cedillo-Barrón L , López-Franco O , Vivanco-Cid H
Published: November 2016

Listeriolysin O (LLO) has been proposed as a potential carrier or adjuvant molecule in the vaccination field. However, the cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects of LLO are the major limitations for this purpose. Here, we have performed a preclinical safety evaluation and characterized a new potential adjuvant application for a non-cytolytic LLO mutant (dtLLO) to enhance and modulate the immune response against the envelope (E) protein from dengue virus. In addition, we have studied the adjuvant effects of dtLLO on human immune cells and the role of membrane cholesterol for the binding and proinflammatory property of the toxoid. Our in-vivo results in the murine model confirmed that dtLLO is a safer molecule than wild-type LLO (wtLLO), with a significantly increased survival rate for mice challenged with dtLLO compared with mice challenged with wtLLO (P < 0·001). Histopathological analysis showed non-toxic effects in key target organs such as brain, heart, liver, spleen, kidney and lung after challenge with dtLLO. In vitro, dtLLO retained the capacity of binding to plasma membrane cholesterol on the surface of murine and human immune cells. Immunization of 6–8-week-old female BALB/c mice with a combination of dtLLO mixed with E protein elicited a robust specific humoral response with isotype diversification of immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies (IgG1 and IgG2a). Finally, we demonstrated that cholesterol and lipid raft integrity are required to induce a proinflammatory response by human cells. Taken together, these findings support a potential use of the dtLLO mutant as a safe and effective adjuvant molecule in vaccination.
Transanal minimally invasive rectal resection for deep endometriosis: a promising technique
Authors: Vlek S. L. , Lier M. C. I. , Koedam T. W. A. , Melgers I. , Dekker J. J. M. L. , Bonjer J. H. , Mijatovic V. , Tuynman J. B.
Published: November 2016

Aim

Surgical management of patients with deep endometriosis (DE) of the rectum is difficult. Inflammation and subsequent adhesions due to DE impede access to the lower pelvis and may lead to complications during laparoscopic low anterior resection (LAR). Transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) is an alternative to an abdominal approach with potential advantages. The aim of this study was to provide a description of the TAMIS technique and to present the perioperative results of TAMIS and of conventional LAR in patients with DE.

Method

A prospective consecutive cohort of patients undergoing rectal resection for DE had either conventional laparoscopic LAR or TAMIS rectal excision. Pre‐, intra‐ and postoperative parameters, such as patient symptomatology, operating time and postoperative complications were compared between the groups. Quality of life was assessed using the EORTC‐QLQ‐29/30 questionnaires.

Results

Between May 2014 and March 2016 a total of 11 rectal resections were performed, including five TAMIS procedures. No differences were found in the pre‐, intra‐ or postoperative parameters. Two major complications occurred after conventional LAR and none after TAMIS. No differences in quality of life were found between the groups.

Conclusion

Transanal minimally invasive surgery for DE of the rectum is feasible. Potential advantages include better surgical access to the pelvis, possibly fewer complications than LAR and no extraction incision with no difference in quality of life. Larger prospective studies are required to compare TAMIS with conventional rectal resection.
Incidence and classification of cutaneous manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Ziemer Mirjana , Müller Anne‐Katrin , Hein Gert , Oelzner Peter , Elsner Peter
Published: November 2016

Background and objective

There have only been few studies examining rheumatoid arthritis (RA)‐related skin manifestations in larger patient populations. Herein, we present current data on the prevalence and spectrum of cutaneous lesions in RA, addressing disease activity scores, anti‐CCP antibodies as well as novel pharmacological approaches.

Patients and methods

Between November 2006 and July 2007, 214 patients with RA treated at the Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Jena, Germany, were prospectively examined.

Results

27.5 % of patients exhibited RA‐related skin manifestations, almost all of which were rheumatoid nodules. These lesions occurred significantly more frequently in patients with longstanding disease, those testing positive for rheumatoid factor and anti‐CCP‐antibodies, as well as individuals on leflunomide and TNF‐alpha antagonists. Comparatively lower prevalence rates were observed for palisading neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis and rheumatoid vasculitis.

Conclusions

Despite increasingly early treatment of RA and use of novel pharmacological agents, there is a high prevalence of rheumatoid nodules, which represent the most common cutaneous manifestation in RA. The higher prevalence of rheumatoid nodules in patients on leflunomide and TNF‐alpha antagonists might be an indication that pharmacological treatment has only limited effects on their formation, possibly due to pathogenetic pathways that are only inadequately affected by drug therapies. By contrast, palisading neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis and rheumatoid vasculitis appear to respond better to novel pharmacological agents.
Long‐term excess risk of stroke in people with Type 2 diabetes in Sweden according to blood pressure level: a population‐based case–control study
Authors: Hedén Ståhl C. , Lind M. , Svensson A.‐M. , Kosiborod M. , Gudbjörnsdottir S. , Pivodic A. , Clements M. , Rosengren A.
Published: November 2016

Aims

To estimate the risk of stroke in people with Type 2 diabetes with different blood pressure levels compared with the risk in the general population in Sweden.

Methods

This prospective case–control study included 408 076 people with Type 2 diabetes, aged ≥ 18 years, and free of prior stroke, registered in the Swedish National Diabetes Register 1998–2011. Age‐ and sex‐matched control subjects (n = 1 913 507) without stroke from the general population were included. Stroke diagnoses were retrieved using International Classification of Disease codes from the Swedish patient and death registers. Cox hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated at six different blood pressure levels.

Results

During a median follow‐up of 4 years, 19 548 (4.8%) people with Type 2 diabetes and 61 690 (3.2%) without diabetes were diagnosed with stroke, corresponding to an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.43 (95% CI 1.41–1.46) for people with Type 2 diabetes as a group. Compared with people without diabetes, the risk of stroke for people with Type 2 diabetes with different blood pressure levels was significantly higher, starting at blood pressure levels > 130/80 mmHg. Hazard ratios for stroke were 1.20 (95% CI 1.16–1.24), 1.47 (95% CI 1.43–1.50), and 1.97 (95% CI 1.90–2.03) for blood pressure categories of 130–139/80–89 mmHg, 140–159/90–99 mmHg and ≥ 160/≥ 100 mmHg, respectively, after adjustment for age, sex, diabetes duration, being born in Sweden, maximum education level and baseline comorbidities.

Conclusions

People with Type 2 diabetes and blood pressure < 130/80 mmHg had a risk of stroke similar to that of the general population.
Prevalence of granulocyte antibodies in never allo‐exposed female and male donors
Authors: Middelburg Rutger A. , Vrielink Hans , Porcelijn Leendert
Published: November 2016

Background

Foetal/neonatal allo‐immune neutropenia (FNAIN) is a serious condition usually resulting from immunisation of the mother to paternally inherited neutrophil antigens of the foetus. Understanding the biology of female immunisation against neutrophils could help predict or prevent FNAIN.

Objectives

To quantify differences in the prevalence of specific and pan‐reactive granulocyte antibodies, between allo‐exposed and never allo‐exposed male and female blood donors.

Methods/Materials

We previously reported the prevalence of granulocyte antibodies in healthy male and female blood donors. Here, we compare specific vs. pan‐reactive antibodies.

Results

The prevalence of specific granulocyte antibodies was similar in male [1.0%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.70–1.4] and female nulliparous blood donors (0.87%; CI: 0.029–1.7) and doubled after pregnancies (1.8%; CI: 0.52–3.0). In contrast, pan‐reactive antibodies were almost three times less common in male (0.81%; CI: 0.50–1.1) compared to female nulliparous blood donors (2.3%; CI: 0.91–3.8) and were half as high after pregnancies (1.1%; CI: 0.58–1.7).

Conclusion

We found unexpected differences between male and female blood donors. Determining the clinical relevance of the pan‐reactive antibodies requires further research, but none of the tested blood donors experienced any symptoms of neutropenia.
Viral skin diseases in the Netherlands
Authors: Sloet van Oldruitenborgh‐Oosterbaan M. M. , Grinwis G. C. M.
Published: November 2016

The most common viral skin problems are discussed in the third article in our equine dermatology series.
A whole animal chemical screen approach to identify modifiers of intestinal neutrophilic inflammation
Authors: Oehlers Stefan H. , Flores Maria Vega , Hall Christopher J. , Wang Liuyang , Ko Dennis C. , Crosier Kathryn E. , Crosier Philip S.
Published: November 2016

By performing two high‐content small molecule screens on dextran sodium sulfate‐ and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid‐induced zebrafish enterocolitis models of inflammatory bowel disease, we have identified novel anti‐inflammatory drugs from the John Hopkins Clinical Compound Library that suppress neutrophilic inflammation. Live imaging of neutrophil distribution was used to assess the level of acute inflammation and concurrently screen for off‐target drug effects. Supporting the validity of our screening strategy, most of the anti‐inflammatory drug hits were known antibiotics or anti‐inflammatory agents. Novel hits included cholecystokinin (CCK) and dopamine receptor agonists. Using a pharmacological approach, we show that while CCK and dopamine receptor agonists alleviate enterocolitis‐associated inflammation, receptor antagonists exacerbate inflammation in zebrafish. This work highlights the utility of small molecule screening in zebrafish enterocolitis models as a tool to identify novel bioactive molecules capable of modulating acute inflammation.
Environmental effects on the spatio‐temporal patterns of abundance and distribution of Sardina pilchardus and sardinella off the Mauritanian coast (North‐West Africa)
Authors: Bacha Mahmoud , Jeyid Mohamed Ahmed , Vantrepotte Vincent , Dessailly David , Amara Rachid
Published: November 2016

From 1998 to 2011, the effects of environmental conditions on the spatial and temporal trends of sardine and sardinella catch rates in the Mauritanian waters were investigated using generalized additive models. Two models were used: a global model and an oceanographic model. The global models explained more of the variability in catch rates (60.4% for sardine and 40% for sardinella) than the oceanographic models (42% for sardine and 32.4% for sardinella). Both species showed clear and inverse seasonal variations in abundances corresponding to their main spawning activities and the hydrologic seasons off the Mauritanian waters. Sardine prefer colder waters and seem to occupy the ‘gap’ in the northern part of the Mauritanian waters as soon as sardinella has left the area because of to lower water temperatures. Unlike sardinella, sardine showed a gradual southward extension between 2002 and 2009. The oceanographic model revealed that a high proportion of catch variability for the two species could be explained by environmental variables. The main environmental parameters explaining the variability are sea surface temperature (SST) and the upwelling index for sardinella, and the chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) concentration, the upwelling index and SST for sardine. The sardinella spatio‐temporal variations off Mauritania seem to be more controlled by thermal than productivity gradients, probably linked to the species physiological constraints (thermal tolerance) whereas sardine seems to be more controlled by an ‘optimal upwelling and temperature’ windows. The results presented herein may be useful for understanding the movement of these species along the Mauritanian coast and hence their management under a changing climate.
Marine assemblages respond rapidly to winter climate variability
Authors: Morley James W. , Batt Ryan D. , Pinsky Malin L.
Published: November 2016

Even species within the same assemblage have varied responses to climate change, and there is a poor understanding for why some taxa are more sensitive to climate than others. In addition, multiple mechanisms can drive species' responses, and responses may be specific to certain life stages or times of year. To test how marine species respond to climate variability, we analyzed 73 diverse taxa off the southeast US coast in 26 years of scientific trawl survey data and determined how changes in distribution and biomass relate to temperature. We found that winter temperatures were particularly useful for explaining interannual variation in species' distribution and biomass, although the direction and magnitude of the response varied among species from strongly negative, to little response, to strongly positive. Across species, the response to winter temperature varied greatly, with much of this variation being explained by thermal preference. A separate analysis of annual commercial fishery landings revealed that winter temperatures may also impact several important fisheries in the southeast United States. Based on the life stages of the species surveyed, winter temperature appears to act through overwinter mortality of juveniles or as a cue for migration timing. We predict that this assemblage will be responsive to projected increases in temperature and that winter temperature may be broadly important for species relationships with climate on a global scale.
Effects of flaxseed oil on blood hepcidin and hematologic factors in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Tabibi Hadi , Mirfatahi Maryam , Hedayati Mehdi , Nasrollahi Alireza
Published: November 2016

Introduction: In hemodialysis (HD) patients, one of the common complications is renal anemia. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of flaxseed oil consumption on blood hepcidin and hematologic factors in HD patients.

Methods: In this randomized, double‐blind, clinical trial, 38 HD patients were randomly assigned to either the flaxseed oil or the control group. The patients in the flaxseed oil group received 6 g/d flaxseed oil for 8 wk, whereas the control group received 6 g/d medium chain triglycerides (MCT) oil. At baseline and the end of week 8, serum hepcidin, and blood hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cells (RBCs), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were measured after a 12‐ to 14‐h fast.

Findings: Flaxseed oil consumption significantly reduced serum hepcidin concentration up to 25% during 8 weeks, and the reduction was significant in comparison with the MCT oil group. In addition, the number of RBCs, blood hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCH and MCHC increased significantly in the flaxseed oil group up to 6%, 10%, 6%, 5%, and 2%, respectively, and these elevations were significant in comparison with the MCT oil group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in mean changes of MCV.

Discussion: This study indicates that daily consumption of 6 g flaxseed oil reduces serum hepcidin and improves hematologic factors in HD patients.
Diet flexibility in a declining long‐distance migrant may allow it to escape the consequences of phenological mismatch with its caterpillar food supply
Authors: Mallord John W. , Orsman Christopher J. , Cristinacce Andrew , Stowe Tim J. , Charman Elisabeth C. , Gregory Richard D.
Published: November 2016

Climate‐driven shifts in prey phenology may lead to asynchrony with the timing of peak resource requirements of their predators, leading to a reduction in productivity and population declines. Migrant species that cannot adjust their arrival times may be particularly at risk, especially those that breed in seasonal environments and for which a temporarily super‐abundant prey source is important, such as insectivorous passerine birds that take advantage of the seasonal flush of caterpillars to feed their young. We assess whether population declines of the trans‐Saharan migratory Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix are likely to have been caused by phenological mismatch. We measured seasonal invertebrate biomass and various fitness parameters, including the timing of breeding and breeding success, in two time periods: 1982–1984, prior to the species’ decline in the UK, and 2009–2011, as the reduction in numbers continued. Although birds bred on average a week earlier in 2009–2011 than in 1982–1984, this was not adequate to track the more rapid advancement of peak caterpillar biomass, which advanced by 12 days and was closely correlated with spring temperatures. Moreover, although caterpillars were the dominant prey fed to nestlings, there was only limited evidence that productivity was positively related to caterpillar biomass in the environment. Considering only successful nests, synchrony with the food peak did not produce heavier nestlings and had only a small positive effect on fledging success, although there was a seasonal decline in productivity when all nests were considered. We conclude that the lack of a marked effect of the observed mismatch is due to Wood Warblers’ generalist diet, enabling them to breed successfully on prey other than caterpillars. Although other studies have demonstrated that climate‐driven asynchrony of predator and prey populations can have impacts on avian demography, this study highlights the importance of investigating the generality of those findings.
Mate and territory availability affect breeding dispersal and divorce in a resident Southern House WrenTroglodytes aedon musculuspopulation
Authors: Carro Mariana E. , Llambías Paulo E. , Fernández Gustavo J.
Published: November 2016

Breeding dispersal is the movement of an individual between breeding attempts and is usually associated with the disruption of the social pair bond, although mates may disperse together as a social unit. In monogamous territorial species, the decision to disperse may be affected by individual attributes such as sex, age and condition of the disperser. However, environmental and social contexts may also play a crucial role in the decision to disperse. We analysed capture‐resighting data collected over 9 years to study breeding dispersal and divorce rates of a Southern House WrenTroglodytes aedon musculuspopulation in South Temperate Argentina. Between‐season dispersal was more frequent than within‐season dispersal, with females dispersing more often than males, both between and within seasons. Both within‐season and between‐season breeding dispersal probability was affected by territory availability, but not by previous breeding success. When the adult sex ratio (ASR) was more skewed towards males, male between‐season dispersal was also affected by mating status, with widowed and single males dispersing more often than paired males. Within‐season divorce increased the reproductive success of females but not males, and was affected by the availability of social partners (with increasingly male‐skewedASR). Our results suggest that territorial vacancies and mating opportunities affect dispersal and divorce rates in resident Southern House Wrens, highlighting the importance of social and environmental contexts for dispersal behaviour and the stability of social pair bonds.
The “ideal” food consumer in Home Economics: A study of Swedish textbooks from 1962 to 2011
Authors: Eriksson Lolita , Hjälmeskog Karin
Published: November 2016

Is the ideal food consumer, educated in Home Economics in Sweden, one who makes sustainable choices? By examining Home Economics textbooks for lower secondary school published from 1962 to 2011, we explored what kind of food consumers emerged and thus open up a discussion on sustainability and food consumption. One standard textbook from each decade, in total six, was included in the study, and the passages dealing with food, as core content, were analyzed. Discourse analysis was used to reveal different characterizations of the ideal consumers, specifically in relation to sustainable food consumption. Three different discourses emerged: (a) the healthy and obedient consumer, (b) the healthy, thrifty, and caring consumer, and (c) the healthy, thrifty, and environmentally conscious consumer. There were both similarities and differences among these consumers, specifically regarding what knowledge they are shown to need and how they are supposed to learn. All three consumers are primarily motivated by health arguments, even though health is related to finances in the second and to both finances and environment in the third case. Furthermore, we found a common tendency for textbooks to express knowledge in a prescriptive way, with the implied belief that people are rational food consumers. This tendency leads us to suggest that the discussion about future consumer education and textbooks could be broadened and strengthened by the inclusion of a participative and critical approach and social responsibility.
Neural network models for growth of Salmonella serotypes in ground chicken subjected to temperature abuse during cold storage for application in HACCP and risk assessment
Authors: Oscar Thomas. P.
Published: November 2016

Predictive microbiology models are valuable tools for helping to assess and manage the risk of illness from food contaminated with human pathogens, such as Salmonella. However, multiple versions of a model may be needed for different food safety applications, such as hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) programs and risk assessment. A neural network model for growth of Salmonella in ground chicken as a function of time (0 to 8 days) at 16 °C and serotype (n = 8) was developed. The proportion of residuals in an acceptable prediction zone (pAPZ) from −1 log (fail‐safe) to 0.5 log (fail‐dangerous) was 0.948 for training data (n = 192) and 0.988 for testing data (n = 84). A pAPZ ≥0.7 indicated that the model provided predictions with acceptable bias and accuracy. Thus, the model was successfully validated. Different versions of the model were developed for application in HACCP and risk assessment.
Isolation of peptides from a novel brewers spent grain protein isolate with potential to modulate glycaemic response
Authors: Connolly Alan , O'Keeffe Martina B. , Nongonierma Alice B. , Piggott Charles O. , FitzGerald Richard J.
Published: November 2016

The in vitro dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV (DPP‐IV) inhibitory activity of a Brewers’ spent grain protein‐enriched isolate (BSG‐PI) Alcalase™ hydrolysate (AlcH), which had previously been identified as a relatively potent angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, was determined. The half maximal DPP‐IV inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of AlcH following 240‐min digestion was 3.57 ± 0.19 mg mL−1. Ultrafiltration fractionation did not significantly increase the DPP‐IV inhibitory activity of the AlcH fractions. Subjection of AlcH to simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID), which yielded SAlcH, resulted in a significant increase in DPP‐IV inhibitory activity (P < 0.05), particularly after the intestinal phase of digestion. Following semi‐preparative reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) fractionation of SAlcH, fraction 28 was identified as having highest mean DPP‐IV inhibitory activity. Two novel DPP‐IV inhibitory peptides, ILDL and ILLPGAQDGL, with IC50 values of 1121.1 and 145.5 μm, respectively, were identified within fraction 28 of SAlcH following ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)‐tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). BSG protein‐derived peptides were confirmed as having dual ACE and DPP‐IV inhibitory activities.
Catheter Ablation in the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Associated With Occlusion of Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery
Authors: BENHAYON DANIEL , NOF EYAL , CHIK WILLIAM W. , MARCHLINSKI FRANCIS
Published: November 2016

Catheter Ablation

Major vessel injury during right ventricular outflow tract ablation is not something widely recognized, and routine evaluation of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery location in relation to the septal right ventricle is not routinely performed. In the present article, we report a case of acute LAD occlusion after right ventricular outflow tract ablation and then illustrate the intimately close relationship of the LAD artery to the anterior septal site of the RVOT (approximately 2–3 cm under the pulmonic valve), using a combination of intracardiac echocardiography and 3‐dimensional electroanatomical mapping recorded during a second case, in order to specifically point to the area at risk.
Biophysical Modeling to Determine the Optimization of Left Ventricular Pacing Site and AV/VV Delays in the Acute and Chronic Phase of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Authors: LEE ANGELA W. C. , CROZIER ANDREW , HYDE EOIN R. , LAMATA PABLO , TRUONG MICHAEL , SOHAL MANAV , JACKSON THOMAS , BEHAR JONATHAN M. , CLARIDGE SIMON , SHETTY ANOOP , SAMMUT EVA , PLANK GERNOT , RINALDI CHRISTOPHER ALDO , NIEDERER STEVEN
Published: November 2016

Device Optimization for Acute and Chronic CRT

Background

Cardiac anatomy and function adapt in response to chronic cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). The effects of these changes on the optimal left ventricle (LV) lead location and timing delay settings have yet to be fully explored.

Objective

To predict the effects of chronic CRT on the optimal LV lead location and device timing settings over time.

Methods

Biophysical computational cardiac models were generated for 3 patients, immediately post‐implant (ACUTE) and after at least 6 months of CRT (CHRONIC). Optimal LV pacing area and device settings were predicted by pacing the ACUTE and CHRONIC models across the LV epicardium (49 sites each) with a range of 9 pacing settings and simulating the acute hemodynamic response (AHR) of the heart.

Results

There were statistically significant differences between the distribution of the AHR in the ACUTE and CHRONIC models (P < 0.0005 in all cases). The site delivering the maximal AHR shifted location between the ACUTE and CHRONIC models but provided a negligible improvement (<2%). The majority of the acute optimal LV pacing regions (76–100%) and device settings (76–91%) remained optimal chronically.

Conclusion

Optimization of the LV pacing location and device settings were important at the time of implant, with a reduced benefit over time, where the majority of the acute optimal LV pacing region and device settings remained optimal with chronic CRT.
Exaggerated Reactivity of Parasympathetic Nerves Is Involved in Ventricular Fibrillation in J‐Wave Syndrome
Authors: SHINOHARA TETSUJI , KONDO HIDEKAZU , OTSUBO TOYOKAZU , FUKUI AKIRA , YUFU KUNIO , NAKAGAWA MIKIKO , TAKAHASHI NAOHIKO
Published: November 2016

Reactivity of Vagal Nerves Is Involved in VF

Introduction

Brugada syndrome (BrS) and early repolarization syndrome (ERS) are termed the J‐wave syndrome. In most cases of J‐wave syndrome, ventricular fibrillation (VF) often occurs around midnight or in the early morning when parasympathetic tone is augmented.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between VF and autonomic nervous activity in patients with J‐wave syndrome.

Methods and Results

We enrolled 28 consecutive patients with J‐wave syndrome (20 BrS and 8 ERS) in whom implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) were implanted between January 2002 and December 2014. Eleven patients (39%) experienced ICD shock delivery due to VF recurrence after ICD implantation (recurrent‐VF group). We investigated baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) using the phenylephrine method, heart rate variability (HRV) with Holter electrocardiography, plasma levels of norepinephrine, and cardiac 123I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy to estimate autonomic nervous function. Upon measurement of HRV, plasma levels of norepinephrine, and 123I‐MIBG testing, there was no significant difference between recurrent‐VF and nonrecurrent‐VF groups. However, BRS was significantly higher in the recurrent‐VF group than in the nonrecurrent‐VF group (P = 0.03). Kaplan–Meier curves suggested that high‐BRS patients had higher VF recurrence than those with nonhigh‐BRS (P = 0.04). Cox proportional hazards regression analyses showed that high BRS was associated independently with VF recurrence (P = 0.002).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that exaggerated reactivity of parasympathetic nerves, as represented by increased BRS, may underlie VF in patients with J‐wave syndrome.
A multicomponent quality improvement intervention to improve blood pressure and reduce racial disparities in rural primary care practices
Authors: Cené Crystal W. , Halladay Jacqueline R. , Gizlice Ziya , Donahue Katrina E. , Cummings Doyle M. , Hinderliter Alan , Miller Cassandra , Johnson Larry F. , Garcia Beverly , Tillman Jim , Little Edwin P. , Rachide Marjorie R. , Keyserling Thomas C. , Ammerman Alice , Zhou Haibo , Wu Jia‐Rong , DeWalt Darren
Published: November 2016

The Southeastern United States has the highest prevalence of hypertension and African Americans have disproportionately worse blood pressure control. The authors sought to evaluate the effect of a multicomponent practice‐based quality improvement intervention on lowering mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 12 and 24 months compared with baseline among 525 patients, and to assess for a differential effect of the intervention by race (African Americans vs white). At 12 months, both African Americans (−5.0 mm Hg) and whites (−7.8 mm Hg) had a significant decrease in mean SBP compared with baseline, with no significant between‐group difference. Similarly, at 24 months, mean SBP decreased in both African Americans (−6.0 mm Hg) and whites (−7.2 mm Hg), with no significant difference between groups. Notably, no significant racial disparity in mean SBP at baseline was shown. The intervention was effective in lowering mean SBP in both African Americans and whites but there was no differential effect of the intervention by race.
A novel P53/POMC/Gαs/SASH1 autoregulatory feedback loop activates mutated SASH1 to cause pathologic hyperpigmentation
Authors: Zhou Ding'an , Wei Zhiyun , Kuang Zhongshu , Luo Huangchao , Ma Jiangshu , Zeng Xing , Wang Ke , Liu Beizhong , Gong Fang , Wang Jing , Lei Shanchuan , Wang Dongsheng , Zeng Jiawei , Wang Teng , He Yong , Yuan Yongqiang , Dai Hongying , He Lin , Xing Qinghe
Published: November 2016

p53‐Transcriptional‐regulated proteins interact with a large number of other signal transduction pathways in the cell, and a number of positive and negative autoregulatory feedback loops act upon the p53 response. P53 directly controls the POMC/α‐MSH productions induced by ultraviolet (UV) and is associated with UV‐independent pathological pigmentation. When identifying the causative gene of dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria (DUH), we found three mutations encoding amino acid substitutions in the gene SAM and SH3 domain containing 1 (SASH1), and SASH1 was associated with guanine nucleotide‐binding protein subunit‐alpha isoforms short (Gαs). However, the pathological gene and pathological mechanism of DUH remain unknown for about 90 years. We demonstrate that SASH1 is physiologically induced by p53 upon UV stimulation and SASH and p53 is reciprocally induced at physiological and pathophysiological conditions. SASH1 is regulated by a novel p53/POMC/α‐MSH/Gαs/SASH1 cascade to mediate melanogenesis. A novel p53/POMC/Gαs/SASH1 autoregulatory positive feedback loop is regulated by SASH1 mutations to induce pathological hyperpigmentation phenotype. Our study demonstrates that a novel p53/POMC/Gαs/SASH1 autoregulatory positive feedback loop is regulated by SASH1 mutations to induce pathological hyperpigmentation phenotype.
Permanent tooth loss and sugar‐sweetened beverage intake in U.S. young adults
Authors: Kim Sunkyung , Park Sohyun , Lin Mei
Published: November 2016

Objective

In young adults, sugar‐sweetened beverage (SSB) intake is associated with dental caries, which in turn is a major contributor to tooth loss. The independent role of SSB intake on tooth loss, however, has not been well‐described. This cross‐sectional study examined associations between tooth loss and SSB intake among U.S. young adults.

Methods

The outcome was number of permanent teeth lost because of dental caries or periodontal disease (0, 1–5, ≥6 teeth). Data from the 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were used. The 22,526 adults aged 18‐39 years completed the Sugar Drink Module. The exposure variable was daily frequency of SSB intake. We used multinomial logistic regression to examine the adjusted associations between tooth loss and daily SSB consumption (0, >0 to <1, 1–2, >2 times/day).

Results

Approximately, 26% of young adults reported losing at least one permanent tooth. Tooth loss was positively associated with SSB intake frequency; the odds of losing 1–5 teeth were higher among adults drinking SSBs >0–<1 times/day (OR = 1.44, 95%CI = 1.16–1.79), 1–2 times/day (OR = 1.58, 95%CI = 1.25–1.99), and >2 times/day (OR = 1.97, 95%CI = 1.51–2.58) than non‐SSB consumers. The odds of losing ≥6 teeth were higher among adults drinking SSBs 1–2 times/day (OR = 2.20, 95%CI = 1.15–4.22) and >2 times/day (OR = 2.81, 95%CI = 1.37–5.76) than non‐SSB consumers.

Conclusions

Frequency of SSB consumption was positively associated with tooth loss among young adults even when the average SSB intake was less than one time per day. This study suggests that efforts to reduce SSB intake among young adults may help to decrease the risk of tooth loss.
Pharmacokinetics of oral terbinafine in adult horses
Authors: Younkin T. J. , Davis E. G. , Kukanich B.
Published: November 2016

The primary study objective was to compare the pharmacokinetics of p.o. terbinafine alone to p.o. terbinafine administered with p.o. cimetidine in healthy adult horses. The second objective was to assess the pharmacokinetics of terbinafine when administered per rectum in two different suspensions at 30 mg/kg to adult horses. Six healthy adult horses were included in this crossover study. Plasma terbinafine concentrations were quantified with liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The half‐life (geometric mean) was 8.38 and 10.76 h, for p.o. alone and p.o. with cimetidine, respectively. The mean maximum plasma concentrations were 0.291 μg/mL at 1.54 h and 0.418 μg/mL at 1.28 h for p.o. alone and p.o. with cimetidine, respectively. Terbinafine with cimetidine had an average CMAX 44% higher and the relative F was 153% compared p.o. terbinafine alone, but was not statistically different (P > 0.05). Terbinafine was infrequently detected when administered per rectum in two different suspensions (water or olive oil). Minor adverse effects included oral irritation, fever, and colic. All resolved spontaneously. More pharmacokinetic studies are indicated assessing drug–drug interactions and using multiple dosing intervals to improve our knowledge of effective oral dosing, the potential for drug accumulation, and systemic adverse effect of terbinafine in horses.
Professionalizing Prison: Primitive Professionalization and the Administrative Defense of Eastern State Penitentiary, 1829–1879
Authors: Rubin Ashley T.
Published: November 2016

This article describes the process of “primitive professionalization”—the efforts of a small set of actors to claim professional status before their field has professionalized. Using a case study of Eastern State Penitentiary (1829–1879), I examine the strategies by which one prison's administrators claimed status as professionals—those whose command of a specialized knowledge grants authority within their domain. Eastern's administrators deployed a series of evolving discursive strategies aimed at establishing themselves as professionals long before more formal, field-wide efforts to professionalize criminal justice. These strategies allowed Eastern's administrators to establish their professional status without traditional status markers of national networks, college degrees, or special training, which emerged later. Beyond illustrating a new pathway to professionalization, examining criminal justice professionalization at this early stage illuminates the early prison's precarious position and the internecine warfare among actors competing to control its meaning.
An approach for identifying cryptic barriers to gene flow that limit species' geographic ranges
Authors: Micheletti Steven J. , Storfer Andrew
Published: November 2016

Species' geographic range limits are most often not demarcated by obvious dispersal barriers. Poor‐quality habitat at the edge of a species' range can prevent range expansion by preventing outward migration or through reducing adaptive potential resulting from decreased genetic diversity. We identified habitat variables that constrain gene flow across the entire geographic range of an endemic salamander (Ambystoma barbouri) in the eastern United States, and we tested whether increased resistance resulting from these variables provides cryptic dispersal barriers at the range edges. Using polymorphic microsatellite loci, we first identified three genetic clusters that are separated by the Ohio and Kentucky rivers. Through a combination of landscape genetic analyses and generalized dissimilarity modelling, we then classified variables that (i) restrict gene flow in each of the genetic clusters across the geographic distribution of A. barbouri and (ii) become more common towards the peripheries of the distribution. A decrease in limestone availability and an increase in growing season precipitation were correlated with high resistance to gene flow across the range, and both became more common at the edges of the species' distribution. However, other landscape variables were more important for explaining variation in geneflow rates in different portions of the range, such as increased mean annual temperature and frost‐free period in the south vs. growing season precipitation in the north. Taken together, these results suggest that there are both range‐wide and regionally specific cryptic habitat barriers preventing geographic range expansion. Species ‘geographic range limits are probably governed by a set of ecological and evolutionary factors, and our landscape genetic approach could be applied to gain additional insight into many systems.
Essential role of Bordetella NadC in a quinolinate salvage pathway for NAD biosynthesis
Authors: Brickman Timothy J. , Suhadolc Ryan J. , McKelvey Pamela J. , Armstrong Sandra K.
Published: November 2016

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is produced via de novo biosynthesis pathways and by salvage or recycling routes. The classical Bordetella bacterial species are known to be auxotrophic for nicotinamide or nicotinic acid. This study confirmed that Bordetella bronchiseptica, Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis have the recycling/salvage pathway genes pncA and pncB, for use of nicotinamide or nicotinic acid, respectively, for NAD synthesis. Although these Bordetellae lack the nadA and nadB genes needed for de novo NAD biosynthesis, remarkably, they have one de novo pathway gene, nadC, encoding quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase. Genomic analyses of taxonomically related Bordetella and Achromobacter species also indicated the presence of an ‘orphan’ nadC and the absence of nadA and nadB. When supplied as the sole NAD precursor, quinolinate promoted B. bronchiseptica growth, and the ability to use it required nadC. Co‐expression of Bordetella nadC with the nadB and nadA genes of Paraburkholderia phytofirmans allowed B. bronchiseptica to grow in the absence of supplied pyridines, indicative of de novo NAD synthesis and functional confirmation of Bordetella NadC activity. Expression of nadC in B. bronchiseptica was influenced by nicotinic acid and by a NadQ family transcriptional repressor, indicating that these organisms prioritize their use of pyridines for NAD biosynthesis.
‘Flipping’ Lessons in a Multi‐Section Spanish Course: Implications for Assigning Explicit Grammar Instruction Outside of the Classroom
Authors: MORANSKI KARA , KIM FREDERIC
Published: November 2016

Flipped or inverted classroom (IC) models are promising for foreign language instruction in that they appear to promote well‐regarded practices that bridge both sociocultural and cognitive theoretical frameworks, such as allowing for higher degrees of learner agency and facilitating deeper levels of processing. To date, the majority of work on IC models for language learning has been instructional rather than empirical in nature. By contrast, this study examined the impact of IC lessons on 14 intact third‐semester Spanish classes (N = 213). Instructors were randomly assigned to either an IC or an in‐class presentational (CP) condition for lessons and accompanying assignments on 2 uses of the Spanish pronoun se. An attitudinal inventory indicated that learners in the IC condition rated their assignments significantly higher in terms of perceived comfort, enjoyment, and subsequent confidence in the material. However, regression analysis showed that ratings were stratified based upon several predictor variables. For measures of L2 knowledge, learners in the IC condition performed significantly better than those in the CP when identifying grammatical uses of the target structure on a grammaticality judgment test. No significant differences were found between the groups’ performance on a rule description task or a chapter test. Implications for implementing IC models are discussed.