bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of catalytic properties of Mucor racemosus lipase through immobilization in a biocompatible alginate gelatin hydrogel matrix for free fatty acid production: a sustainable robust biocatalyst for ultrasound-assisted olive oil hydrolysis
Authors: Abdel-Mageed Heidi Mohamed , Nada Dina , Radwan Rasha Ali , Mohamed Saleh Ahmed , Gohary Nesrine Abdelrehim E. L.
Published: September 2022

Immobilization is a key technology that improves the operational stability of enzymes. In this study, alginate-gelatin (Alg-Gel) hydrogel matrix was synthesized and used as immobilization support for Mucor racemosus lipase (Lip). Enzyme catalyzed ultrasound-assisted hydrolysis of olive oil was also investigated. Alg-Gel matrix exhibited high entrapment efficiency (94.5%) with a degradation rate of 42% after 30 days. The hydrolysis of olive oil using Alg-Gel-Lip increased significantly (P < 0.05) as compared to free Lip. Optimum pH and temperature were determined as pH 5.0 and 40 °C, respectively. The Vmax values for free and immobilized Lip were determined to be 5.5 mM and 5.8 mM oleic acid/min/ml, respectively, and the Km values were 2.2 and 2.58 mM/ml respectively. Thermal stability was highly improved for Alg-Gel-Lip (t1/2 650 min and Ed 87.96 kJ/mol) over free Lip (t1/2 150 min and Ed 23.36 kJ/mol). The enzymatic activity of Alg-Gel-Lip was preserved at 96% after four consecutive cycles and 90% of the initial activity after storage for 60 days at 4 °C. Alg-Gel-Lip catalyzed olive oil hydrolysis using ultrasound showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in hydrolysis rate compared to free Lip (from 0.0 to 58.2%, within the first 2 h). In contrast to traditional methodology, using ultrasonic improved temperature-dependent enzymatic catalyzed reactions and delivered greater reaction yields. Results suggest that Alg-Gel-Lip biocatalyst has great industrial application potential, particularly for free fatty acid production. In addition, the combined use of enzyme and ultrasound has the potential of eco-friendly technology.
Transportation of Hybrid $${\textbf {MoS}}_2$$–$${\textbf {SiO}}_2$$/EG Nanofluidic System Toward Radially Stretched Surface
Authors: Ahmad Iftikhar , Hussain Syed Ibrar , Raja Muhammad Asif Zahoor , Shoaib Muhammad , Qurratulain
Published: September 2022

A stochastic computing approach is implemented in the present work to solve the nonlinear nanofluidics system that occurs in the model of atomic physics. The process converts the partial differential nanofluidics system with suitable level of similarities transformation into nonlinear systems of differential equations. For the construction of datasets, finite difference scheme (Lobatto IIIA) is applied through different selection of collocation points for nonlinear nanofluidics system having accuracy of order four. Lobatto IIIA has a strong point to tackle extremely nonlinear systems of ordinary differential equations in smooth way. For different scenarios, datasets are well trained through computing scheme to investigate the heat transfer and thermal performance of nanofluidic transportation system of nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids toward stretching surfaces with variation of Biot number, Nusselt number and skin fraction. Furthermore, the reliability, accuracy and efficiency are endorsed through various statistical analysis and graphical illustrations of proposed computing scheme.
Institutional Capacity and the Roles of Key Actors in Fire Disaster Risk Reduction: The Case of Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Falola Olusegun Joseph , Agbola Samuel Babatunde
Published: September 2022

Inefficient and ineffective fire management practices are common to most urban areas of developing countries. Nigerian cities are typical examples of high vulnerability and low preparedness level for fire disaster. This study examined the institutional framework for fire disaster risk reduction (FDRR) and explored the roles of key actors in fire disaster preparedness in Ibadan, a large traditional city in Nigeria. The study was anchored on the concept of urban governance. A case study research design was adopted using primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through field observation aided by a structured checklist and key informant interview. Interviews were conducted on key officials of the major organs for FDRR—Oyo State Fire Service (OSFS) and Oyo State Emergency Management Agency (OYSEMA). The study identified a disjointed and fragmented approach to fire management. Matters relating to fire risk reduction and disaster recovery were domiciled under the OYSEMA, while emergency response to fire disasters was the prerogative of the OSFS. The results show that only five out of 11 local government areas had public fire stations; only three fire stations had an on-site water supply; three fire stations lacked firefighting vehicles; and distribution of fire stations and facilities was uneven. Two fire stations responded to 80% of all fire cases in 12 years. The study concluded that the institutional structure and resources for fire risk reduction was more empowered to respond to fire disaster, rather than facilitating preparedness capacity to reduce disaster risk.
Religious Education in Zambia: social justice
Authors: Carmody Brendan
Published: September 2022

Religious Education has long been part of Zambia’s primary and secondary education curriculum. Though it contains a social justice section, it has been weakly socially transformative. This could be seen to be a major challenge today if Religious Education is to be educational. With a swiftly expanding social situation placing increasing numbers at the margins, it is argued that this frail transformative element in Religious Education results primarily because Religious Education has been assimilated by the main inegalitarian education system, which continues to be misinterpreted as delivering social justice.
Essay: Künstliche Intelligenz und menschliche Würde – ein aporetisches Verhältnis?
Authors: Knell Sebastian
Published: September 2022

Der Essay beschreibt begriffliche Herausforderungen, mit denen die Entwicklung zukünftiger Roboter, die über künstliche Intelligenz verfügen, das traditionelle Konzept vernunftbasierter Menschenwürde konfrontieren könnte. Sollten entsprechende KI-Systeme eines Tages basale Formen genuiner Rationalität aufweisen, indem sie rational vernetzte intentionale Zustände durchlaufen, die als Gründe für ihr zielgerichtetes Verhalten fungieren, so scheinen sie damit auf den ersten Blick auch würdeverleihende Fähigkeiten zu besitzen. Hieraus ergeben sich zwei Probleme: Erstens erscheint ihre instrumentalisierende Indienstnahme für menschliche Zwecke dann problematisch. Gleichwohl stützen Gedankenexperimente, die sich an Robert Sparrows Turing Triage Test anlehnen, das intuitive Urteil, dass solchen Systemen keine wirkliche Würde zukommt, die ihre Instrumentalisierung verbietet. Diskutiert werden drei verschiedene Strategien, diese widerstreitende Intuition durch eine Präzisierung und Vertiefung des traditionellen Konzepts vernunftbasierter Würde zu rechtfertigen, wobei sich alle drei Vorschläge letztlich als problembehaftet erweisen. Hierdurch droht das fragliche Konzept jedoch in eine komplizierte Aporie zu geraten. Im Anschluss daran wird dann dargelegt, dass zweitens auch die althergebrachte Vorstellung einer kollektiven Würde der menschlichen Gattung, die sich dem exklusiven Besitz der Vernunftfähigkeit verdankt, angesichts zukünftiger elaborierter KI-Systeme ihre Grundlage zu verlieren droht.
Histone methyltransferase GLP epigenetically activates GPCPD1 to sustain cancer cell metastasis and invasion
Authors: Wen He , Shu Minghui , Chen Jia-Yi , Li Xiaofan , Zhu Qian , Zhang Jun , Tian Yuan , Lu Xiaopeng , Zhu Wei-Guo
Published: September 2022

Disordered choline metabolism is associated with tumor progression. Glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase 1 (GPCPD1) is critical for cleaving glycerophosphocholine (GPC) to produce choline. However, whether and how GPCPD1 is epigenetically regulated remains largely unknown. In the current study, we report that histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methyltransferase GLP (G9a-like Protein) is essential for transcriptional activation of GPCPD1 through H3K9me1 to promote tumor cell migration and invasion. Knocking down GLP or inhibiting its methyltransferase activity impaired GPCPD1 expression and decreased the choline levels. Importantly, we confirmed that both GPCPD1 and choline levels are positively correlated with cancer cell migration. The reduced migration and invasion of GPCPD1-knockdown cells were rescued by choline treatment. Interestingly, GPCPD1 gene expression was found regulated by transcription factor Krüppel-like Factor 5 (KLF5). KLF5 recruitment was GLP-dependent and was indispensable for GPC-induced GPCPD1 expression. These data suggest that GLP promotes tumor cell migration and invasion by transcriptionally activating GPCPD1. GLP and KLF5 are potential therapeutic targets in future cancer treatment.
Long-term biochar addition significantly decreases rice rhizosphere available phosphorus and its release risk to the environment
Authors: Chen Hao , Yuan Jiahui , Chen Guanglei , Zhao Xu , Wang Shenqiang , Wang Dengjun , Wang Lei , Wang Yujun , Wang Yu
Published: September 2022

Phosphorus (P) availability, diffusion, and resupply processes can be altered by biochar addition in flooded rice rhizosphere, which controls the risk of P release to the environment. However, there are few in-situ investigations of these rhizospheric processes and effects. To explore the effects of biochar addition on soil P availability, high-resolution dialysis (HR-Peeper), diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), and zymography techniques were used to provide direct evidence in the rice rhizosphere at the sub-millimeter scale. Long-term (9-years) field and greenhouse pot experiments demonstrated that biochar addition notably decreased the soluble/labile P and Fe concentrations in rice rhizosphere (vs. no biochar addition; CK) based on the results of Peeper, DGT, and two-dimensional imaging of labile P fluxes. DGT-induced fluxes in the soil/sediment (DIFS) model and sediment P release risk index (SPRRI) further indicated that biochar addition decreased the diffusion and resupply capacity of P from soil solid to the solution, thereby decreasing P release risk to the environment. These processes were dominated by Fe redox cycling and the hydrolysis of Al (hydro)oxides that greatly increased the unavailable P (Ca-P and residual-P). Additionally, greenhouse pot experiments (without additional biochar) showed that the previous long-term biochar addition significantly increased soil phosphatase activity, due to an adaptive-enhancing response to P decrease in the rhizosphere zone. The in-situ study on the biogeochemical reactions of P in the rice rhizosphere may provide a new and direct perspective to better evaluate the biochar addition and potential benefits to agricultural soils.

Graphical Abstract
Investigating local population dynamics of bottlenose dolphins in the northern Bahamas and the impact of hurricanes on survival
Authors: Coxon Jennifer , Arso Civil Mònica , Claridge Diane , Dunn Charlotte , Hammond Philip S.
Published: September 2022

Little Bahama Bank in the northern Bahamas supports several populations of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). We provide the first estimates of birth rate and age-class-specific apparent survival rates for the local South Abaco population using data from a long-term (1997–2014) photo-identification (photo-ID) study and use the estimated life history parameters in a population viability analysis (PVA) to predict future population trends. Hurricane events are predicted to become more intense due to climate change but knowledge of how hurricanes may impact cetacean populations is limited. Little Bahama Bank is subject to hurricane activity, so we also investigate the potential impact of hurricanes on calf, juvenile and adult survival. Photo-ID data confirmed the existence of a core adult population with relatively high site fidelity in South Abaco, but also evidence of transient animals. Estimated annual birth rate was 0.278 (95% CI: 0.241–0.337). We found strong support for a decline in apparent survival for all age-classes. Estimated survival declined by 9% in adults (0.941 in 1998, to 0.855 in 2013), 5% in juveniles (0.820 in 2000, to 0.767 in 2013) and 36% in calves (0.970 in 1997, to 0.606 in 2013). Evidence that survival was influenced by repeated hurricane activity leading to increased mortality and/or emigration was stronger for calves and juveniles than for adults. PVA simulations of an assumed isolated South Abaco population showed that declines would lead to extinction within decades, even under the most optimistic scenario. Future work should focus on establishing if South Abaco is part of natural source–sink metapopulation dynamics on Little Bahama Bank by assessing trends in abundance in local populations and establishing how they interact; this will be important for assessing their conservation status in a potentially increasingly changing environment.
Assessing the ethical and social concerns of artificial intelligence in neuroinformatics research: an empirical test of the European Union Assessment List for Trustworthy AI (ALTAI)
Authors: Stahl Bernd Carsten , Leach Tonii
Published: September 2022

Ethical and social concerns are a key obstacle to the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in the life sciences and beyond. The discussion of these issues has intensified in recent years and led to a number of approaches, tools and initiatives. Key amongst them is the idea of ex-ante impact assessments that aim to identify issues at the early stages of development. One prominent example of such ex-ante impact assessment is the European Union's (EU) Assessment list for Trustworthy AI (ALTAI). This article uses the findings of a large-scale application of the ALTAI to a large neuro-informatics project as an exemplar to demonstrate the effectiveness and limitations of the ALTAI in practice. The article shows that ex-ante impact assessment has the potential to help identify and address ethical and social issues. However, they need to be understood as part of a broader socio-technical ecosystem of AI. For ALTAI and related approaches to be useful in bio-medical research, they should be interpreted from a systems theory perspective which allows for their integration into the rich set of tools, legislation and approaches. The paper argues that ex-ante impact assessments have the best chance of being successful if seen applied in conjunction with other approaches in the context of the overall AI ecosystem.
Money-Pump Arguments
Authors: Gustafsson Johan E.
Published: September 2022

Suppose that you prefer A to B, B to C, and C to A. Your preferences violate Expected Utility Theory by being cyclic. Money-pump arguments offer a way to show that such violations are irrational. Suppose that you start with A. Then you should be willing to trade A for C and then C for B. But then, once you have B, you are offered a trade back to A for a small cost. Since you prefer A to B, you pay the small sum to trade from B to A. But now you have been turned into a money pump. You are back to the alternative you started with but with less money. This Element shows how each of the axioms of Expected Utility Theory can be defended by money-pump arguments of this kind. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Global Conjunctures and the Remaking of European Political History
Authors: Conrad Sebastian
Published: September 2022

Over the past decades, the writing of European history—in both its incarnations, as the history of Europe, and as the histories of nations in Europe—has seen fundamental transformations. Though it has been adapted in different ways, the global turn has deeply affected the historiography produced in many European countries. On the one hand, crucial watersheds of European history have been reinterpreted as part of larger configurations, and as responses to global challenges. On the other, it is now clear that Europe’s claim to unity and cohesion was reinforced, not least, by observers from without. In the late nineteenth century, in societies across Latin America, Africa, and Asia, contemporaries began to refer to a “Europe” that was less a specific location than a product of the imagination; the result less of geography or culture than of global geopolitics. What emerges, then, is an understanding of the history of the continent that places it firmly in the context of global conjunctures and repeated moments of re-territorialization.
Negative attitudes toward older adults: Subjective time to become older and “stereotype embodiment theory”-based intervention
Authors: Shimizu Yuho
Published: September 2022

Reducing negative attitudes toward older adults is an urgent issue. A previous study has conducted “stereotype embodiment theory”-based interventions (SET interventions) that present participants with the contents of SET and related empirical findings. I focus on the subjective time to become older (the perception of how long people feel it will be before they become old) as a mechanism for the effect of SET interventions. I make the SET intervention group and the control group in which the participants are presented with an irrelevant vignette. The data from 641 participants (M = 31.97 years) were analyzed. Consequently, the SET intervention shortened the subjective time to become older and reduced negative attitudes toward older adults. When considering SET interventions, it would be useful to focus not only on the self-interested motives to avoid age discrimination but also on the subjective time to become older.
Deportation, Diplomacy, and Defiance: New Research on Mexican Migration
Authors: Snodgrass Michael David
Published: September 2022

This essay reviews the following works:

They Should Stay There: The Story of Mexican Migration and Repatriation during the Great Depression. By Fernando Saúl Alanís Enciso. Translated by Russ Davidson. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017. Pp. xxvi + 272. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781469634265. (Original work published in 2007 as Que se queden allá: El gobierno de México y la repatriación de mexicanos en Estados Unidos, 1934–1940).

Deported Americans: Life after Deportation to Mexico. By Beth C. Caldwell. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2019. Pp. xii + 248. $25.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781478003908.

Outsourcing Welfare: How the Money Immigrants Send Home Contributes to Stability in Developing Countries. By Roy Germano. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018. Pp. x + 227. $33.95 hardcover. ISBN: 9780190862848.

The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Expelling Immigrants. By Adam Goodman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2020. Pp. ix + 336. $19.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780691204208.

Defiant Braceros: How Migrant Workers Fought for Racial, Sexual, and Political Freedom. By Mireya Loza. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016. Pp. xiii +254. $29.95 paperback ISBN: 9781469629766.

Risking Immeasurable Harm: Immigration Restriction and US-Mexican Diplomatic Relations, 1924–1932. By Benjamin C. Montoya. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2020. Pp. xiii + 342. $55.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781496201294.

Diplomacia migratoria: Una historia transnacional del Programa Bracero, 1947–1952. By Catherine Vézina. Mexico City: Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas, 2018. Pp. xi + 404. $13.99 e-book. ISBN: 9786078508082.
Modelling peptide–protein complexes: docking, simulations and machine learning
Authors: Mondal Arup , Chang Liwei , Perez Alberto
Published: September 2022

Peptides mediate up to 40% of protein interactions, their high specificity and ability to bind in places where small molecules cannot make them potential drug candidates. However, predicting peptide–protein complexes remains more challenging than protein–protein or protein–small molecule interactions, in part due to the high flexibility peptides have. In this review, we look at the advances in docking, molecular simulations and machine learning to tackle problems related to peptides such as predicting structures, binding affinities or even kinetics. We specifically focus on explaining the number of docking programmes and force fields used in molecular simulations, so a prospective user can have an educated guess as to why choose one modelling tool or another to address their scientific questions.
Cuba, Soviet Oil, and the Sanctions that Never Were: An Archival Investigation of Socialist Relations
Authors: Sanchez-Sibony Oscar
Published: September 2022

In the winter of 1968, tensions between Cuba and the Soviet Union boiled over as the Cuban leadership's mouthpiece, Granma, accused the Soviet Union of imposing oil sanctions on the island in order to subjugate it. Those accusations went on to become inscribed into the historiography of Soviet–Cuban relations. This intervention into that historiography is two-fold: on the one hand it uses recently declassified documents from the Soviet archives to show that there were no oil sanctions on Cuba, but rather a continuum of logistical and infrastructural challenges that created delays and tensions in the relations between these two socialist allies. On the other hand, the article contextualises the relationship within the capitalist institutions of exchange that in effect mediated it, finding in these not only part of the reason for the setbacks and tensions, but also a wider framework for better understanding the Soviet–Cuban economic relationship.
Seeking turbulence optimized configurations for the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator: ion temperature gradient and electron temperature gradient turbulence
Authors: Stroteich Sven , Xanthopoulos Pavlos , Plunk Gabriel , Schneider Ralf
Published: September 2022

We examine the turbulence driven by the ion and electron temperature gradients in selected magnetic configurations of the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator. The inherent flexibility in the configuration space of W7-X enables us to find candidate configurations manifesting low turbulent transport. We follow insights gained by stellarator optimization techniques, in order to identify key geometric features, which are directly related to the ion and electron heat fluxes produced by plasma turbulence. One such a feature is the flux expansion at locations where the curvature is particularly unfavourable. Starting from a configuration routinely used in the W7-X experiment, we end up with an optimized configuration. Based on this equilibrium, we select a configuration from W7-X configuration database with a similar feature as the optimized one. With the help of nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations, we show that the heat flux in this configuration is less stiff than in the initial configuration, both for ion temperature gradient and electron temperature gradient turbulence.
A measurement of the effective mean free path of solar wind protons
Authors: Coburn Jesse T. , Chen Christopher H.K. , Squire Jonathan
Published: September 2022

Weakly collisional plasmas are subject to nonlinear relaxation processes, which can operate at rates much faster than the particle collision frequencies. This causes the plasma to respond like a magnetised fluid despite having long particle mean free paths. In this Letter the effective collisional mechanisms are modelled in the plasma kinetic equation to produce density, pressure and magnetic-field responses to compare with spacecraft measurements of the solar wind compressive fluctuations at 1 AU. This enables a measurement of the effective mean free path of the solar wind protons, found to be

${\approx }4 \times 10^{5}$

km, which is approximately

$10^{3}$

times shorter than the collisional mean free path. These measurements are shown to support the effective fluid behaviour of the solar wind at scales above the proton gyroradius and demonstrate that effective collision processes alter the thermodynamics and transport of weakly collisional plasmas.
The bushmeat trade in northern Ghana: market dynamics, drivers of trade and implications for conservation
Authors: Sackey Hannah N.K. , McNamara James , Milner-Gulland E.J. , Ntiamoa-Baidu Yaa
Published: September 2022

Data on species trade profiles and volumes of wild animals on sale in local markets can provide useful insights into the bushmeat trade, enabling identification of priorities for management and conservation planning. We monitored bushmeat traded in three markets (Sandema, Chiana and Fumbisi) in the Upper East Region of Ghana during October 2018–October 2019. More than 80% of carcasses sold were amphibians (frogs). Species composition and volumes of bushmeat traded varied significantly across markets. Bushmeat sales were highest during the dry season (75% of total biomass traded). The bulk (60% of total biomass) traded in the local markets was transported long distances for resale in major urban markets in southern Ghana. Large-bodied species were comparatively low in number and sold almost exclusively for resale in southern markets. This study highlights the importance of frog meat as an affordable protein source for consumers and as income for traders in an economically deprived region. Seasonal fluctuations of bushmeat sales demonstrated the importance of bushmeat as part of a diversified livelihood strategy for hunters and traders. Furthermore, this study underscores the significant role that long-distance trade networks play as key drivers of the bushmeat trade in these parts of northern Ghana, and highlights the risks posed by current extraction levels for species conservation in this understudied region. Our recommendations include investigating the potential of sustainable amphibian production, improving protection of particular vulnerable species and of the protected areas in the region and exploring alternative livelihoods during the peak hunting season.
Associations of adverse and protective childhood experiences with thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and suicide risk among sexual minority men
Authors: Moody Raymond L. , Carter Joseph A. , Talan Ali , Sizemore K. Marie , Russell Stephen T. , Rendina H. Jonathon
Published: September 2022

Background

Sexual minority men (SMM) experience higher suicidal ideation and suicide attempts than the general population. We examined the associations of adverse childhood experiences (ACES) and protective and compensatory childhood experiences (PACES) with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in adulthood via thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness among SMM.

Methods

Data are from the UNITE study, a national longitudinal cohort study of HIV-negative SMM from the 50 U.S. states and Puerto Rico. Between 2017 and 2019, participants (N = 6303) completed web-based assessments at baseline and 12-month follow-up. ACES and PACES occurring before the age of 18, and current symptoms of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness were assessed at baseline. Past-week suicidal ideation and past-year suicide attempt were assessed at follow-up.

Results

424 (6.7%) participants reported past-week suicidal ideation and 123 (2.0%) reported a past-year suicide attempt. The results of our multivariate model suggest that each additional adverse childhood experience was prospectively associated with 14% higher odds of past-week suicidal ideation (AOR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.09–1.19) and 19% higher odds of past-year suicide attempt (AOR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.11–1.29). Each additional protective childhood experience was prospectively associated with 15% lower odds of past-week suicidal ideation (AOR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.81–0.90) and 11% lower odds of past-year suicide attempt (AOR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.82–0.98). Perceived burdensomeness partially mediated these prospective associations.

Conclusion

To reduce suicide, screening and treating perceived burdensomeness among SMM with high ACES may be warranted. PACES may decrease perceived burdensomeness and associated suicide risk.
A hybrid particle swarm optimization and recurrent dynamic neural network for multi-performance optimization of hard turning operation
Authors: Pourmostaghimi Vahid , Zadshakoyan Mohammad , Khalilpourazary Saman , Badamchizadeh Mohammad Ali
Published: September 2022

In the present work, a new hybrid approach combining particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with recurrent dynamic neural network (RDNN), which is described as PSO-RDNN algorithm, is proposed for multi-performance optimization of machining parameters in finish turning of hardened AISI D2. The suggested optimization problem is solved using the weighted sum technique. Process parameters including cutting speed and feed rate are optimized for minimizing operation cost, maximizing tool life, and producing parts with acceptable surface roughness. Based on experimental results, two neural network models were developed for predicting tool flank wear and surface roughness during the machining process. Based on trained neural networks and structured hybrid algorithm, optimum cutting parameters were obtained. The coefficient of determination for trained neural networks was calculated as R2 = 0.9893 and R2 = 0.9879 for predicted flank wear and surface roughness, respectively, which proves the efficiency of trained neural models in real industrial applications. Furthermore, the offered methodology returns a Pareto optimality graph, which represents optimized cutting variables for several various cutting conditions.
Habitat selection and ontogeny of habitat use by juvenile Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia revealed by GPS tracking
Authors: Rodrigues Manuela S. , Araújo Pedro M. , Silva João P. , Abad-Gómez José M. , Rodrigues Pedro C. , Ramos Jaime A. , Alves José A.
Published: September 2022

Despite the widely recognized value of wetlands in providing vital ecosystem services, these are presently being degraded and ultimately destroyed, leading to a decrease in the biodiversity associated with these areas. Some species inextricably linked to wetlands, however, have been increasing and (re)colonizing areas across their range; a notable example being the Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia. In this study we aimed to identify the most important habitats for juvenile spoonbills fledging from a traditional colony in Portugal, located in Ria Formosa, during the period of their life with the lowest survival rates: the first months after leaving the colony. We deployed 16 GPS/GSM tags on juveniles captured in different years (2016 to 2020) and tracked them during post-fledging dispersal and first winter (average 166.4 ± 29.2 SE days). Using Corine Land Cover data, we were able to identify which habitats were most important. Several habitats were used in variable proportions by individuals originating from the same colony, but there was a general trend towards using fewer habitats along the first months of life. Intertidal wetlands were the most used habitat, but anthropogenic habitats such as Wastewater Treatment Plants, saltpans and rice fields were identified as alternative habitats for young spoonbills, and may had contributed to the recent expansion of this species in Portugal.
From the Gilded Age to the Digital Age: The evolution of ICRC legal commentaries
Authors: Mohr Charlotte , Policinski Ellen
Published: September 2022

Legal commentaries are a type of secondary source that provides clarity about the meaning of treaty provisions so they can be appropriately interpreted and applied by practitioners. Since 1870, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has produced such commentaries on each successive international humanitarian law (IHL) treaty or update to an existing treaty. Over time, who drafts these commentaries and the methodology behind them has evolved, from early commentaries written by a single jurist who had participated in the drafting of the treaty to multi-authored works based on extensive research and the methodology found in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The ICRC Commentaries have always been geared towards those tasked with applying IHL, but this audience has expanded over time, giving them a more global reach, and their reception has evolved accordingly. The most recent iteration of the ICRC Commentaries on the 1949 Geneva Conventions and their 1977 Additional Protocols is currently being produced, with some changes in methodology to guarantee that they remain a practical tool for the interpretation and application of those instruments.
Exoworkathlon: A prospective study approach for the evaluation of industrial exoskeletons
Authors: Kopp Verena , Holl Mirjam , Schalk Marco , Daub Urban , Bances Enrique , García Braulio , Schalk Ines , Siegert Jörg , Schneider Urs
Published: September 2022

Industrial exoskeletons have recently gained importance as ergonomic interventions for physically demanding work activities. The growing demand for exoskeletons is leading to a need for new knowledge on the effectiveness of these systems. The Exoworkathlon, as a prospective study approach, aims to assess exoskeletons in realistic use cases and to evaluate them neutrally in their entirety. For this purpose, a first set of four realistic Parcours was developed with experts from relevant industries, the German Social Accident Insurance, and the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. In addition, a set of ratings was defined to assess subjective user feedback, work quality, and objective physiological parameters. Exoworkathlon aims to bring together developers, researchers, and end-users, strengthen collaborative exchanges, and promote a platform for the prospective holistic data collection for exoskeleton evaluation. In this article, the focus is on the background and methodology of Exoworkathlon.
Können psychiatrische Pflegekräfte nicht „verstehen“?
Authors: Pauge Matthias
Published: September 2022

Sabine Weißflog unternimmt in ihrem Beitrag „Von der Emanzipation des Verstehens in der psychiatrischen Pflege“ (Weißflog, 2021) den ambitionierten Versuch, eine Basis des „Verstehens“ für die psychiatrische Pflege zu entwickeln. Mit großer Sicherheit sind Modi des „Verstehens“ als Methode in der psychiatrischen Pflege lange Zeit vernachlässigt worden. Sie reihen sich damit in die lange Liste der Theoriedefizite pflegewissenschaftlicher Grundlagen ein. Um dem zu begegnen, bezieht sich Weißflog auf verschiedene theoretische Ansätze, die gleichzeitig als theoretische Analysewerkzeuge herhalten sollen.
Predicting Flight Training Performance From the Tabular Speed	Test
Authors: Damos Diane L. , Bittner Alvah C. , Niemczyk Mary
Published: September 2022

Abstract. This study determined the predictive validity for the number correct (COR) and the number wrong (WR) of a complex perceptual speed test at three milestones in a collegiate flight training program. Test–retest data were obtained at different intervals. COR predicted time to solo ( N = 119, r = −.15, p < .05) and time to the private pilot certificate ( N = 51, r = −.34, p < .01). WR did not correlate with any performance measure. Test–retest reliabilities averaged across 17 months were r = .604 for COR and r = .431 for WR, with p < .0001 for both. A factor analysis of the test–retest data demonstrated that WR and COR loaded on different factors, indicating that they assess different attributes.
Energized Oxygen in the Magnetotail: Onset and Evolution of Magnetic Reconnection
Authors: George Don E , Jahn Jörg‐Micha
Published: September 2022

Oxygen ions are a major constituent of magnetospheric plasma, yet the role of oxygen in processes such as magnetic reconnection continues to be poorly understood. Observations show that significant amounts of energized O+ can be present in a magnetotail current sheet (CS). A population of thermal O+ only has a relatively minor effect on magnetic reconnection. Despite this, published studies have so far only concentrated on the role of the low‐energy thermal O+. We present a study of magnetic reconnection in a thinning CS with energized O+ present. Well‐established, three‐species, 2.5D particle‐in‐cell (PIC) kinetic simulations are used. Simulations of thermal H+ and thermal O+ validate our setup against published results. We then energize a thermal background O+ based on published in situ measurements. A range of energization is applied to the background O+. We discuss the effects of energized O+ on CS thinning and the onset and evolution of magnetic reconnection. The presence of energized O+ causes a two‐regime onset response in a thinning CS. As energization increases in the lower‐regime, reconnection develops at a single primary X‐line, increases time‐to‐onset, and suppresses the rate of evolution. As energization continues to increase in the higher‐regime, reconnection develops at multiple X‐lines, forming a stochastic plasmoid chain; decreases time‐to‐onset; and enhances evolution via a plasmoid instability. Energized O+ drives a depletion of the background H+ around the central CS. As the energization increases, the CS thinning begins to slow and eventually reverses.
Flash Droughts Identification Based on an Improved Framework and Their Contrasting Impacts on Vegetation Over the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Zheng Xudong , Huang Shengzhi , Peng Jian , Leng Guoyong , Huang Qiang , Fang Wei , Guo Yi
Published: September 2022

Flash drought occurs in a short timescale and has more adverse impacts on society and ecosystems than regular drought. Considering flash drought as a special type of regular drought and identifying it by the rate of the first intensification period might ignore posterior intensification periods. To this end, we introduced the combinatorial decomposable flash drought identification framework (CDFDI) to identify flash drought from the perspective of regarding it as the subphase of drought and explore the characteristics and vegetation response of flash drought in the Loess Plateau (LP), China, where is prone to drought and its ecological environment is very fragile. The neffectiveness of the framework is evaluated through the comparison analysis with a preexisting identification method proposed by Li et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1217-2020). Results indicate that: (a) the CDFDI framework can better capture flash drought events than the Liu's method in terms of time series and spatial patterns, its rationality was further demonstrated by the obvious latitudinal pattern of correlation between flash drought and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI); (b) the correlation shows an southeast (positive) and northwest (negative) contrasting pattern in the LP; (c) such contrasting pattern was also found in the response time of GPP, which suggests a more rapid impact on vegetation of flash drought in the arid northwestern LP; and (d) flash drought shows an exacerbating trend across the LP under the background of climate warming and mainly concentrated in the southern part. In general, this study provides new insights on flash drought connotations in a changing environment.
Global and Regional Drivers of Power Plant CO2Emissions Over the Last Three Decades Revealed From Unit‐Based Database
Authors: Qin Xinying , Tong Dan , Liu Fei , Wu Ruili , Zheng Bo , Zheng Yixuan , Liu Jun , Xu Ruochong , Chen Cuihong , Yan Liu , Zhang Qiang
Published: September 2022

The past three decades have witnessed the dramatic expansion of global biomass‐ and fossil fuel‐fired power plants, but the tremendously diverse power infrastructure shapes different spatial and temporal CO2emission characteristics. Here, by combining Global Power plant Emissions Database (GPED v1.1) constructed in this study and the previously developed China coal‐fired power Plant Emissions Database (CPED), we analyzed multi‐scale changes and underlying drivers from the globe to the unit in generating capacities, age structure, and CO2emissions over the past 30 yr. Our estimates show global CO2emissions from the power sector increased from 7.5 Gt in 1990 to 13.9 Gt in 2019, and the growth of power demand meeting by large and young units mainly drives this increase for all stages. However, regional drivers were broadly different from those affecting global trends. For example, the critical roles of thermal efficiency improvement (accounting for 20% of the decrease in CO2emissions) by eliminating small and low‐efficient coal‐fired units and fossil fuel mix (61%) by developing natural‐gas‐ and oil‐fired units were identified in preventing CO2emission increases in the developed regions. By contrast, the decrease of fossil fuel share by speeding up the expansion of renewable power gradually demonstrates its importance in curbing emissions in the most of regions, especially including the developing economies (i.e., China and India) after 2010. Our multi‐scale results of 30 yr emission variations indicate the structure optimization and transformations of power plants is paramount importance to further curb or reduce CO2emissions from the power sector.
Estimating the Likelihood of GHG Concentration Scenarios From Probabilistic Integrated Assessment Model Simulations
Authors: Huard David , Fyke Jeremy , Capellán‐Pérez Iñigo , Matthews H. Damon , Partanen Antti‐Ilari
Published: September 2022

The climate scenarios that form the basis for current climate risk assessments have no assigned probabilities, and this impedes the analysis of future climate risks. This paper proposes an approach to estimate the probability of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration scenarios used in key climate change modeling experiments. It computes the CO2 emissions compatible with the concentrations prescribed by Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and CMIP6 experiments. The distribution of these compatible cumulative emissions is interpreted as the likelihood of future emissions given a concentration pathway. Using Bayesian analysis, the probability of each pathway can be estimated from a probabilistic sample of future emissions. The approach is demonstrated with five probabilistic CO2 emission simulation ensembles from four Integrated Assessment Models (IAM), leading to independent estimates of the likelihood of the CO2 concentration of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP). Results suggest that SSP5‐8.5 is unlikely for the second half of the 21st century, but offer no clear consensus on which of the remaining scenarios is most likely. Estimates of likelihoods of CO2 concentrations associated with RCP and SSP scenarios are affected by sampling errors, differences in emission sources simulated by the IAMs, and a lack of a common experimental framework for IAM simulations. These shortcomings, along with a small IAM ensemble size, limit the applicability of the results presented here. Novel joint IAM and the Earth System Model experiments are needed to deliver actionable probabilistic climate risk assessments.
L‐Value and Energy Dependence of 0.1–50 keV O+, He+, and H+ Ions for CME and CIR Storms Over the Entire Van Allen Probes Era
Authors: Pandya Megha , Bhaskara Veenadhari , Ebihara Yusuke , Reeves G. D.
Published: September 2022

Our studies report the first observation of L‐value and energy sorted correlation of differential fluxes of 0.1–50 keV O+, He+, and H+ ions with different geophysical parameters for 29 Coronal Mass Ejected (CME) and 40 Corotating Interaction Region (CIR)‐driven geomagnetic storms during the entire Van Allen Probes era. For both solar wind drivers, ions with ≥1 keV energies show more variability in response to the solar wind changes, while the lower energy (<1 keV) ions are relatively stable. During the in‐storm interval, O+ ions show maximum flux enhancement and become further prominent during CME storms. O+ ion (≥10 keV) fluxes show good correlation with − VswBz, and Sym‐H index during CME‐driven storms in the L ∼2.5–5.5. Apart from this, the average duration of persistence (〈Δt〉) for enhanced fluxes is higher for CIR‐driven storms with >> at E ≤ 50 keV in the L ∼2.5–5.5. Moreover, the observed value of 〈Δt〉i (where i is O+, H+ or He+) increases with the increasing L. We discuss the plausible mechanisms to provide a comprehensive overview of L‐values and energy sorted O+, He+ and H+ ion dynamics for two different categories of solar wind drivers.
NRLMSIS 2.1: An Empirical Model of Nitric Oxide Incorporated Into MSIS
Authors: Emmert J. T. , Jones M. , Siskind D. E. , Drob D. P. , Picone J. M. , Stevens M. H. , Bailey S. M. , Bender S. , Bernath P. F. , Funke B. , Hervig M. E. , Pérot K.
Published: September 2022

We have developed an empirical model of nitric oxide (NO) number density at altitudes from ∼73 km to the exobase, as a function of altitude, latitude, day of year, solar zenith angle, solar activity, and geomagnetic activity. The model is part of the NRLMSIS® 2.1 empirical model of atmospheric temperature and species densities; this upgrade to NRLMSIS 2.0 consists solely of the addition of NO. MSIS 2.1 assimilates observations from six space‐based instruments: UARS/HALOE, SNOE, Envisat/MIPAS, ACE/FTS, Odin/SMR, and AIM/SOFIE. We additionally evaluated the new model against independent extant NO data sets. In this paper, we describe the formulation and fitting of the model, examine biases between the data sets and model and among the data sets, compare with another empirical NO model (NOEM), and discuss scientific aspects of our analysis.
Nitrogen Sinks or Sources? Denitrification and Nitrogen Removal Potential in Riparian Legacy Sediment Terraces Affected by Milldams
Authors: Peck Erin. K. , Inamdar Shreeram , Sherman Melissa , Hripto Johanna , Peipoch Marc , Gold Arthur J. , Addy Kelly
Published: September 2022

Riparian zones are key ecotones that buffer aquatic ecosystems through removal of nitrogen (N) via processes such as denitrification. However, how dams alter riparian N cycling and buffering capacity is poorly understood. Here, we hypothesized that elevated groundwater and anoxia due to the backup of stream water above milldams may enhance denitrification. We assessed denitrification rates (using denitrification enzyme assays) and potential controlling factors in riparian sediments at various depths upstream and downstream of two relict U.S. mid‐Atlantic milldams. Denitrification was not significantly different between upstream and downstream, although was greater per river km upstream considering deeper and wider geometries. Further, denitrification typically occurred in hydrologically variable shallow sediments where nitrate‐N and organic matter were most concentrated. At depths below 1 m, both denitrification and nitrate‐N decreased while ammonium‐N concentrations substantially increased, indicating suppression of ammonium consumption or dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium. These results suggest that denitrification occurs where dynamic groundwater levels result in higher rates of nitrification and mineralization, while another N process that produces ammonium‐N competes with denitrification for limited nitrate‐N at deeper, more stagnant/poorly mixed depths. Ultimately, while it is unclear whether relict milldams are sources of N, limited denitrification rates indicate that they are not always effective sinks; thus, milldam removal—especially accompanied by removal of ammonium‐N rich legacy sediments—may improve riparian N buffering.