bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution and solar wind control of compressional solar wind‐magnetic anomaly interactions observed at the Moon by ARTEMIS
Authors: Halekas J. S. , Poppe A. R. , Lue C. , Farrell W. M. , McFadden J. P.
Published: June 2017

A statistical investigation of 5 years of observations from the two‐probe Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) mission reveals that strong compressional interactions occur infrequently at high altitudes near the ecliptic but can form in a wide range of solar wind conditions and can occur up to two lunar radii downstream from the lunar limb. The compressional events, some of which may represent small‐scale collisionless shocks (“limb shocks”), occur in both steady and variable interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions, with those forming in steady IMF well organized by the location of lunar remanent crustal magnetization. The events observed by ARTEMIS have similarities to ion foreshock phenomena, and those observed in variable IMF conditions may result from either local lunar interactions or distant terrestrial foreshock interactions. Observed velocity deflections associated with compressional events are always outward from the lunar wake, regardless of location and solar wind conditions. However, events for which the observed velocity deflection is parallel to the upstream motional electric field form in distinctly different solar wind conditions and locations than events with antiparallel deflections. Consideration of the momentum transfer between incoming and reflected solar wind populations helps explain the observed characteristics of the different groups of events.
Evolution of permeability and microstructure of tight carbonates due to numerical simulation of calcite dissolution
Authors: Miller Kevin , Vanorio Tiziana , Keehm Youngseuk
Published: June 2017

The current study concerns fundamental controls on fluid flow in tight carbonate rocks undergoing CO2 injection. Tight carbonates exposed to weak carbonic acid exhibit order of magnitude changes in permeability while maintaining a nearly constant porosity with respect to the porosity of the unreacted sample. This study aims to determine—if not porosity—what are the microstructural changes that control permeability evolution in these rocks? Given the pore‐scale nature of chemical reactions, we took a digital rock physics approach. Tight carbonate mudstone was imaged using X‐ray microcomputed tomography. We simulated calcite dissolution using a phenomenological numerical model that stands from experimental and microstructural observations under transport‐limited reaction conditions. Fluid flow was simulated using the lattice‐Boltzmann method, and the pore wall was adaptively eroded at a rate determined by the local surface area and velocity magnitude, which we use in place of solvent flux. We identified preexisting, high‐conductivity fluid pathways imprinted in the initial microstructure. Though these pathways comprise a subset of the total connected porosity, they accommodated 80 to 99% of the volumetric flux through the digital sample and localized dissolution. Porosity‐permeability evolution exhibited two stages: selective widening of narrow pore throats that comprised preferential pathways and development and widening of channels. We quantitatively monitored attributes of the pore geometry, namely, porosity, specific surface area, tortuosity, and average hydraulic diameter, which we qualitatively linked to permeability. This study gives a pore‐scale perspective on the microstructural origins of laboratory permeability‐porosity trends of tight carbonates undergoing transport‐limited reaction with CO2‐rich fluid.
Emissions and topographic effects on column CO2 () variations, with a focus on the Southern California Megacity
Authors: Hedelius Jacob K. , Feng Sha , Roehl Coleen M. , Wunch Debra , Hillyard Patrick W. , Podolske James R. , Iraci Laura T. , Patarasuk Risa , Rao Preeti , O'Keeffe Darragh , Gurney Kevin R. , Lauvaux Thomas , Wennberg Paul O.
Published: June 2017

Within the California South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB),
varies significantly due to atmospheric dynamics and the nonuniform distribution of sources.
measurements within the basin have seasonal variation compared to the “background” due primarily to dynamics, or the origins of air masses coming into the basin. We observe basin‐background differences that are in close agreement for three observing systems: Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) 2.3 ± 1.2 ppm, Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2 (OCO‐2) 2.4 ± 1.5 ppm, and Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite 2.4 ± 1.6 ppm (errors are 1σ). We further observe persistent significant differences (∼0.9 ppm) in
between two TCCON sites located only 9 km apart within the SoCAB. We estimate that 20% (±1σ confidence interval (CI): 0%, 58%) of the variance is explained by a difference in elevation using a full physics and emissions model and 36% (±1σ CI: 10%, 101%) using a simple, fixed mixed layer model. This effect arises in the presence of a sharp gradient in any species (here we focus on CO2) between the mixed layer (ML) and free troposphere. Column differences between nearby locations arise when the change in elevation is greater than the change in ML height. This affects the fraction of atmosphere that is in the ML above each site. We show that such topographic effects produce significant variation in
across the SoCAB as well.
Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with cysts: theGlialcam‐null mouse model
Authors: Bugiani Marianna , Dubey Mohit , Breur Marjolein , Postma Nienke L. , Dekker Marien P. , ter Braak Timo , Boschert Ursula , Abbink Truus E. M. , Mansvelder Huibert D. , Min Rogier , van Weering Jan R. T. , van der Knaap Marjo S.
Published: June 2017

Objective

Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with cysts (MLC) is a genetic infantile‐onset disease characterized by macrocephaly and white matter edema due to loss ofMLC1 function. Recessive mutations in eitherMLC1orGLIALCAMcause the disease.MLC1 is involved in astrocytic volume regulation; GlialCAMensures the correct membrane localization ofMLC1. Their exact role in brain ion‐water homeostasis is only partly defined. We characterizedGlialcam‐null mice for further studies.

Methods

We investigated the consequences of loss of GlialCAMinGlialcam‐null mice and compared GlialCAMdevelopmental expression in mice and men.

Results

Glialcam‐null mice had early‐onset megalencephaly and increased brain water content. From 3 weeks, astrocytes were abnormal with swollen processes abutting blood vessels. Concomitantly, progressive white matter vacuolization developed due to intramyelinic edema.Glialcam‐null astrocytes showed abolished expression ofMLC1, reduced expression of the chloride channel ClC‐2 and increased expression and redistribution of the water channel aquaporin4. Expression of otherMLC1‐interacting proteins and the volume regulated anion channelLRRC8A was unchanged. In mice, GlialCAMexpression increased until 3 weeks and then stabilized. In humans, GlialCAMexpression was highest in the first 3 years to then decrease and stabilize from approximately 5 years.

Interpretation

Glialcam‐null mice replicate the early stages of the human disease with early‐onset intramyelinic edema. The earliest change is astrocytic swelling, further substantiating that a defect in astrocytic volume regulation is the primary cellular defect inMLC. GlialCAMexpression affects expression ofMLC1, ClC‐2 and aquaporin4, indicating that abnormal interplay between these proteins is a disease mechanism in megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with cysts.
Cantilever with High Aspect Ratio Nanopillars on Its Top Surface for Moisture Detection in Electronic Products
Authors: Van Toan Nguyen , Toda Masaya , Hokama Takumi , Ono Takahito
Published: June 2017

This work reports the patterning silicon pillars by metal‐assisted chemical etching (MACE) process as a post process on a silicon cantilever for a moisture detection. Although the cantilever is very fragile, the patterning of the pillar structures on the cantilever has been successfully demonstrated. The cantilever coated with a material absorbing water (such as polyimide and mesoporous silica) can use as a humidity sensor. Its bending is due to the surface stress change from water molecule absorption. However, the bending of the cantilever is usually at a small value. Here, the silicon cantilever with high aspect ratio pillars on its surface is proposed, which is expected for a larger bending of the cantilever during the water molecule absorption. The moisture detection utilizes the principle that the pillars stack together based upon the condensation behavior of a water vapor on their surfaces.
Plant‐Based Hollow Microcapsules for Oral Delivery Applications: Toward Optimized Loading and Controlled Release
Authors: Potroz Michael G. , Mundargi Raghavendra C. , Gillissen Jurriaan J. , Tan Ee‐Lin , Meker Sigalit , Park Jae H. , Jung Haram , Park Soohyun , Cho Daeho , Bang Sa‐Ik , Cho Nam‐Joon
Published: June 2017

Efficient oral administration of protein‐based therapeutics faces significant challenges due to degradation from the highly acidic conditions present in the stomach and proteases present in the digestive tract. Herein, investigations into spike‐covered sunflower sporopollenin exine capsules (SECs) for oral protein delivery using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model drug are reported and provide significant insights into the optimization of SEC extraction, SEC loading, and controlled release. The phosphoric‐acid‐based SEC extraction process is optimized. Compound loading is shown to be driven by the evacuation of air bubbles from SEC cavities through the porous SEC shell wall, and vacuum loading is shown to be the optimal loading method. Three initial BSA‐loading proportions are evaluated, leading to a practical loading efficiency of 22.3 ± 1.5 wt% and the determination that the theoretical maximum loading is 46.4 ± 2.5 wt%. Finally, an oral delivery formulation for targeted intestinal delivery is developed by tableting BSA‐loaded SECs and enteric coating. BSA release is inhibited for 2 h in simulated gastric conditions followed by 100% release within 8 h in simulated intestinal conditions. Collectively, these results indicate that sunflower SECs provide a versatile platform for the oral delivery of therapeutics.
Small‐Molecule Solar Cells with Simultaneously Enhanced Short‐Circuit Current and Fill Factor to Achieve 11% Efficiency
Authors: Nian Li , Gao Ke , Jiang Yufeng , Rong Qikun , Hu Xiaowen , Yuan Dong , Liu Feng , Peng Xiaobin , Russell Thomas P. , Zhou Guofu
Published: June 2017

High‐efficiency small‐molecule‐based organic photovoltaics (SM‐OPVs) using two electron donors (p‐DTS(FBTTh2)2 and ZnP) with distinctively different absorption and structural features are reported. Such a combination works well and synergically improves device short‐circuit current density (Jsc) to 17.99 mA cm−2 and fill factor (FF) to 77.19%, yielding a milestone efficiency of 11%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest power conversion efficiency reported for SM‐OPVs to date and the first time to combine high Jsc over 17 mA cm−2 and high FF over 77% into one SM‐OPV. The strategy of using multicomponent materials, with a selecting role of balancing varied electronic and structural necessities can be an important route to further developing higher performance devices. This development is important, which broadens the dimension and versatility of existing materials without much chemistry input.
Effect of visual feedback during laparoscopic basic training using a box trainer with a transparent top
Authors: Maemura Kosei , Mataki Yuko , Kurahara Hiroshi , Kawasaki Yota , Mori Shinichirou , Iino Satoshi , Sakoda Masahiko , Ueno Shinichi , Shinchi Hiroyuki , Natsugoe Shoji
Published: June 2017

Laparoscopic surgical training using a box trainer facilitates mastery of laparoscopic surgery. Few studies have investigated whether visualizing the surgical field in the box trainer improves performance of laparoscopic surgical procedures during laparoscopic training. An original box trainer equipped with a transparent top made of mesh covered with a latticed structure was developed and used for evaluation of novices during laparoscopic training. Three tasks (levels 1 to 3) involving organ handling while setting the surgical field were arranged to evaluate the efficacy of training. Forty‐five students were divided into three groups: group A, students without practical training; group B, students trained using the covered box trainer; and group C, students trained using the transparent box trainer. Completion time of each task before and after training was compared. Training significantly reduced the operating time, with a significant difference between the level 1 task and the levels 2 (P<.001) and 3 (P<.0001) tasks. There was no significant difference in operating time between the levels 2 and 3 tasks. Overall time reduction rate in group C was significantly shorter than that in group A, but not in group B. The time reduction rate for the level 3 task was lowest in group C, with a statistically significant difference existing in group A (P<.001). Visual feedback during surgery through the transparent top of the laparoscopic box trainer helped reduce the learning time required to carry out laparoscopic surgery.
Special Masters: How to Help Judges Extend Their Reach … And Exceed Their Grasp
Authors: Hirsh Merril
Published: June 2017

When Edmund Burke said that law “sharpens the mind by narrowing it,” he was not being kind. But it is difficult to deny there is some truth to it. Perhaps, by broadening our perspective on what judges can do with special masters, we can expand what our judges can do, period.
Arbitral Estoppel as an Alternative to the ‘Group of Companies’ Doctrine: The U.S. Approach
Authors: Khosa Ivan Singh , Khanna Parul
Published: June 2017

Modern commercial arbitration is facing its biggest challenge to date in the task of determining the actual parties to an arbitration agreement.
Polymerization of 1‐Phosphaisoprene: Synthesis and Characterization of a Chemically Functional Phosphorus Version of Natural Rubber
Authors: Dück Klaus , Rawe Benjamin W. , Scott Michael R. , Gates Derek P.
Published: June 2017

Macromolecules derived from 1,3‐dienes, such as polyisoprene (or natural rubber), are of considerable importance in polymer science. Given the parallels between P=C and C=C bonds, the prospect of polymerizing P‐containing 1,3‐dienes, such as 1‐phosphaisoprene, is intriguing due to the unique chemical functionality imparted by the heavier element combined with their structural relationship to natural rubber. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization and coordination chemistry of the first polymers derived from Mes*P=CR−CH=CH2 (Mes*=2,4,6‐t‐Bu3C6H2; R=H, Me). In the case of 1‐phosphaisoprene (R=Me), the monomer is isolable and its anionic polymerization affords a polymer that retains P=C bonds in its microstructure. The chemical functionality of these novel materials is demonstrated by forming the macromolecular gold(I) complex where the P=C bond is retained for further chemical elaboration.
Die Pyxipyrrolone: Strukturaufklärung und Biosynthese zytotoxischer myxobakterieller Sekundärmetabolite
Authors: Kjaerulff Louise , Raju Ritesh , Panter Fabian , Scheid Ullrich , Garcia Ronald , Herrmann Jennifer , Müller Rolf
Published: June 2017

Auf der Suche nach neuen Sekundärmetaboliten wurde ein Stamm des Genus Pyxidicoccus untersucht. Es gelang die Identifizierung und Strukturaufklärung einer strukturell neuartigen Naturstoffklasse mit interessanter Bioaktivität. Isolation und Strukturaufklärung führte zu zwei neuen Naturstoffen, Pyxipyrrolon A und B, die eine neuartige 3‐Methylen‐2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9‐octahydro‐1H‐benzo[e]isoindol‐1‐on Einheit enthalten. Kombinationen aus Moshers Methode und NMR‐Experimenten wurden genutzt, um die Konfiguration aller Stereozentren bis auf eines aufzuklären. Nach Genomsequenzierung konnte ein Genclusterkandidat für die Pyxipyrrolon‐Biosynthese gefunden und interpretiert werden. Die Verbindungen wirken gegen verschiedene Krebszelllinien zytotoxisch, wobei Pyxipyrrolon B um das 2‐ bis 11‐fache aktiver ist, obwohl es sich nur durch eine Methyleneinheit vom A‐Derivat unterscheidet.
Iron oxide on carbon‐based supports as efficient catalysts for organic compounds oxidation
Authors: Amini Mojtaba , Najafpour Mohammad Mahdi , Salimi Saeideh , Ramezani Sakine , Ashouri Fatemeh , Mahmoudi Ghodrat
Published: June 2017

For the first time, iron oxide on carbon aerogel, amine functionalized carbon nanotube, black carbon and carboxylic acid functionalized carbon nanotube in the presence of H2O2 was reported as an efficient and stable catalyst for the selective oxidation of sulfides and alcohols. The catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy. In the next step, catalytic reactivity toward sulfide to sulfoxide and alcohol to aldehyde/ketone oxidation in the presence of H2O2 was studied and discussed.
Controller Reset Strategy for Anti‐Windup Based on Switching Gain Analysis
Authors: Suyama K. , Sebe N.
Published: June 2017

When the calculated value of a control input approaches its limitations, resets of controllers are often used to prevent windup. However, an automatic reset should only be performed after confirmation that it will not adversely affect the transient performance and lead to another windup. In this study, we apply a switching
gain analysis to a more appropriate evaluation of transient responses after a reset in order to propose an improved strategy for the automatic resets of controllers, such that windup does not accompany resets.
The development and validation of a scale measuring teacher autonomous behaviour
Authors: Evers Arnoud T. , Verboon Peter , Klaeijsen Andrea
Published: June 2017

In the current study a multi‐dimensional scale that measures teacher autonomous behaviour is presented. The scale is applicable across the following educational sectors: primary education, secondary education and vocational education. Based on an elaborate literature study, four theoretically relevant dimensions of teacher autonomous behaviour were derived. Psychometric characteristics of the instrument (note that the terms ‘scale’ and ‘instrument’ are used interchangeably in this article) were tested among a sample of Dutch teachers working in primary, secondary and vocational education (N = 1111). The validity of our instrument was tested in several ways. First, by performing confirmatory factor analysis, we tested the factorial structure, which confirmed the hypothesised four dimensions: (1) primary work processes in the class; (2) curriculum implementation; (3) participation in decision making at school; (4) professional development. Thereafter, we calculated the scale's reliability, which appeared to be excellent. In addition, we tested for measurement invariance by cross‐validating the study in the educational sectors mentioned above. Also, the convergent, divergent and predictive validity was investigated. Teacher autonomy appeared to predict workplace learning, more specifically experimenting, reflecting and school development. Finally, we investigated whether transformational leadership can facilitate teacher autonomy, which appeared to be the case. The results empirically confirm the four dimensions of teacher autonomous behaviour, which we derived from theory, and offer solid proof of the psychometric properties of our instrument. The instrument can be used by school leaders and policy makers to monitor autonomous behaviour. More generally, the development and use of this instrument helps us understand teacher autonomous behaviour and teacher professionalism.
Experimentelle Validierung einer Plattenbalken‐Bahnbrücke aus bewehrtem UHFB
Authors: Borkowski Gregor , Thoma Karel , Brühwiler Eugen , Rupp Christoph
Published: June 2017

Der Werkstoff UHFB gehört im Brückenbau heutzutage noch nicht zu den Werkstoffen, die gewöhnlicherweise zum Einsatz kommen. Die Gründe hierfür sind fehlende Normen und zu geringe Anreize zur Innovation im Bauwesen. Dennoch bietet UHFB viele Vorteile, die im Rahmen des Ersatzes einer Bahnbrücke in der Schweiz gegenüber dem Betonbau überwogen. Dieser Aufsatz dokumentiert Versuche an zwei Plattenbalken aus bewehrtem UHFB, die im Rahmen der Bemessung und Herstellung dieser Bahnbrücke durchgeführt wurden: ein Biege‐ und ein Querkraftversuch. Es werden die Gründe für die Wahl von bewehrtem UHFB aufgezeigt, die gewählte Geometrie erläutert sowie die durchgeführten Versuche vorgestellt. Im Rahmen der Versuche wurden ebenfalls umfangreichen Materialversuche an UHFB durchgeführt, die im Weiteren vorgestellt werden. Schließlich werden die experimentell ermittelten Tragwiderstände der beiden Balken mit analytischen Widerstandsmodellen verglichen.
Gymnasium München‐Nord
Authors: Fahlbusch Mark , Freund Alexander
Published: June 2017

Zum Schuljahr 2016/17 wurde im Münchner Norden das neue staatliche Gymnasium München‐Nord an der Knorrstraße eröffnet. Das Schulgelände misst ca. 22 000 m2 und befindet sich im Bereich einer ehemaligen Kaserne. Das vierzügige Gymnasium ist für circa 100 Lehrer und 1 000 Schüler ausgelegt. Neben drei gewöhnlichen Zügen pro Jahrgangsstufe wird zusätzlich eine Klasse pro Stufe als „Sportklasse” geführt. Das Hauptaugenmerk dieses Artikels liegt auf der Tragwerksplanung des Hauptgebäudes, welches im Erdgeschoss eine Mensa und Aula und in den Obergeschossen Fachlehrsäle beherbergt. Die Lasten aus den Obergeschossen werden über eine auskragende Wandscheibe abgetragen, welche das Moment aus der Auskragung über die Decken in seitliche Wandscheiben einleitet.
Synthesis of a Bioreversibly Masked Lipophilic Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose Derivative
Authors: Pahnke Katharina , Meier Chris
Published: June 2017

The design of a bioreversibly protected lipophilic sugar nucleotide as a potential membrane‐permeable precursor of adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADPR) is described. ADPR is the most potent activator of the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) ion channel. Membrane‐permeable, lipophilic derivatives of ADPR are of great interest as tools for study of the mechanism of TRPM2. The approach described here was based on our recently disclosed “DiPPro” and “TriPPPro” prodrug approaches developed for the intracellular delivery of nucleotides. A lipophilic, bioreversibly masked ADPR analogue containing an enzymatically cleavable 4‐pentanoyloxybenzyl (PB) mask at the phosphate moiety next to the 5′‐position of adenosine, together with O‐acetyl groups, was prepared in high yields. Chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis studies in phosphate buffer (pH 7.3) were performed to assess chemical stability and possible (selective) enzymatic demasking of the ADPR analogue. HPLC‐MS revealed that the PB group was readily cleaved enzymatically. In addition, the formation of partially deacetylated ADPR compounds and also of fully unprotected ADPR was observed.
In Situ Construction of Globe‐like Carbon Nitride as a Self‐Cocatalyst Modified Tree‐like Carbon Nitride for Drastic Improvement in Visible‐Light Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Song Ting , Zhang Piyong , Zeng Jian , Wang Tingting , Ali Atif , Zeng Heping
Published: June 2017

Photogenerated carriers possess high recombination efficiency in carbon–nitrogen materials, which results in lower photocatalytic H2 evolution activity. By reviewing the literature, it was concluded that relying only on a structure‐controlled technique was insufficient to reduce the combination of photogenerated carriers without introducing a foreign material or element. Hence, bulk‐like g‐C3N4 [CN (B)], globe/strip‐like g‐C3N4 [CN (G/S)], and globe/tree‐like g‐C3N4 [CN (G/T)] were in situ obtained through a facile calcination method. Similar to platinum (Pt) as a cocatalyst, globe‐like carbon nitride as a self‐cocatalyst was found to improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers effectively. Interestingly, the hollow‐tree‐branch morphology of CN (G/T) effectively transmitted photogenerated holes, which thereby enhanced the photocatalytic H2 evolution activity. The H2 production rates of CN (G/S) and CN (G/T) were almost 10.7 and 18.3 times greater, respectively, than that of CN (B) without the addition of Pt as a cocatalyst. Notably, CN (G/S) and CN (G/T) displayed considerable rates of H2 production in water relative to that shown by CN (B) (no activity) without the use of any sacrificial agent and by using Pt as a cocatalyst. CN (G/T) showed outstanding long‐term stability, as evidenced by seven cycle tests performed over 28 h. The charge separation and transfer process of the compounds were verified by photoluminescence (PL), time‐resolved PL spectroscopy, and photocurrent measurements.
Simulation of a Bubble Column by Computational Fluid Dynamics and Population Balance Equation Using the Cell Average Method
Authors: Li Qian , Cheng Jingcai , Yang Chao , Mao Zai-Sha
Published: June 2017

An axisymmetric computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation coupled with a population balance equation (PBE) has been applied in simulating the gas‐liquid flow in a bubble column with an in‐house code. The novel feature of this simulation is the application of the cell average method in a CFD‐PBE coupled model for the first time. The predicted results by this method are compared with those by the traditional fixed pivot method and experimental data. For both methods, the simulated results are in reasonable agreement with the reported experimentally measured values. However, the bubble size distributions determined by the cell average method are slightly better than those found by means of the fixed pivot method, i.e., the latter provides a smaller peak value and a wider bubble size distribution, and the probability density function of large bubbles is higher.
Direct Functionalization of C−H Bonds by Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt Catalysis
Authors: Pototschnig Gerit , Maulide Nuno , Schnürch Michael
Published: June 2017

Non‐precious‐metal‐catalyzed reactions are of increasing importance in chemistry due to the outstanding ecological and economic properties of these metals. In the subfield of metal‐catalyzed direct C−H functionalization reactions, recent years have shown an increasing number of publications dedicated to this topic. Nickel, cobalt, and last but not least iron, have started to enter a field which was long dominated by precious metals such as palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, and iridium. The present review article summarizes the development of iron‐, nickel‐, and cobalt‐catalyzed C−H functionalization reactions until the end of 2016, and discusses the scope and limitations of these transformations.
Silyl Chalconium Ions: Synthesis, Structure and Application in Hydrodefluorination Reactions
Authors: Kordts Natalie , Künzler Sandra , Rathjen Saskia , Sieling Thorben , Großekappenberg Henning , Schmidtmann Marc , Müller Thomas
Published: June 2017

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Thomas Müller at the University of Oldenburg. The image depicts the allegorism of the studied reactions. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201700995.
Wenn aus einem elektrischen Leiter ein Isolator wird
Authors: Feil Sylvia
Published: June 2017

Der Wechsel eines elektrischen Leiters zu einem Isolator stellt einen Phasenübergang dar. Besonders starkes Interesse der Festkörperforschung gilt seit einigen Jahrzehnten dem Mott‐Metall‐Isolator‐Übergang. Dass an diesem Übergang nicht nur die Elektronen wesentlich beteiligt sind, sondern auch das Atomgitter, bedeutet einen Paradigmenwechsel der Festkörperforschung an Materialien mit stark wechselwirkenden Elektronen [1]"/>.
Wie Musik das Gehirn beeinflusst
Authors: Roy Soham
Published: June 2017

Die Geschichte von Musik und menschlichem Denken ist komplex und von Beginn an eng verbunden. Seit geschätzt fast 50 000 Jahren ist Musik bereits integraler Bestandteil der menschlichen Gesellschaft [1]. Musik hat schon immer Gefühle von Begeisterung und Sehnsucht geweckt – trotz ihrer nicht‐greifbaren Natur. Nun hat die Wissenschaft den Mechanismus dieser Wirkung entschlüsselt.
A Novel Sarsolenane Diterpene as a PTP1B Inhibitor from Hainan Soft Coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum Marenzeller
Authors: Liang Linfu , Wang Jinan , Shi Xiaoxuan , Zhu Yinghua , Li Jia , Zhu Weiliang , Wang Heyao , Guo Yuewei
Published: June 2017

A novel sarsolenane diterpene, named secodihydrosarsolenone (1), as a minor component was obtained from the South China Sea soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum Marenzeller. Its structure was elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis. Compound 1 exhibited moderate inhibitory activity (IC50=13.7 µmol•L−1) against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), a key target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, representing the first report of PTP1B inhibitory activity for sarsolenane diterpenes. This discovery promotes computational prediction of binding mode between the enzyme and the metabolite, suggesting a crucial role of the residues Tyr46, Ser216 and Arg221 in the binding action.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Electrophile Coupling of Aryl Bromides with Pyrimidin‐2‐yl Tosylates
Authors: Gong Chunyu , Huo Congde , Wang Xicun , Quan Zhengjun
Published: June 2017

A new protocol for the NiCl2‐catalyzed cross‐electrophile coupling of aryl bromides with pyrimidin‐2‐yl tosylates to give the corresponding C2‐arylation pyrimidine derivatives has been developed. This study provides an improvement over previous methods by using pyrimidin‐2‐yl tosylates instead of halides as coupling partners that are stable and easily available.
Generation of Nkx2‐5/CreER transgenic mice for inducible Cre expression in developing hearts
Authors: Ranjbarvaziri Sara , Park Shuin , Nguyen Ngoc B. , Gilmore William B. , Zhao Peng , Ardehali Reza
Published: June 2017

Nkx2‐5 is a homeobox‐containing transcriptional regulator that serves as one of the earliest markers of cardiac lineage commitment. To study the role of Nkx2‐5‐expressing progenitors at specific time points in cardiac development, we have generated a novel and inducible NKX2‐5 mouse line by knocking in a CreER cassette into the Nkx2‐5 genomic locus, while preserving the endogenous Nkx2‐5 gene to avoid haploinsufficiency. We evaluated the specificity and efficiency of CreER activity after 4‐OHT injection by crossing Nkx2‐5CreER/+ mice with a Rosa26tdT/+ reporter strain. Our immunohistochemistry results confirmed Cre‐induced tdTomato expression specifically in cells expressing Nkx2‐5. These cells were mainly cardiomyocytes and were observed in the embryonic heart as early as day 9.5. Additionally, quantitative polymerase chain reaction on postnatal hearts showed enriched expression of Nkx2‐5 in isolated tdTomato‐expressing cells. No tdTomato expression was observed in Nkx2‐5CreER/+;Rosa26tdT/+ mice in the absence of 4‐OHT, confirming the inducible nature of CreER activity. The Nkx2‐5/CreER mouse model described in this article will serve as an invaluable tool to trace myocardial lineage and to temporally induce genetic manipulation in a selective population of cardiac progenitors during embryonic development and in the adult heart.
Right ventricular involvement in cardiac sarcoidosis demonstrated with cardiac magnetic resonance
Authors: Smedema Jan‐Peter , van Geuns Robert‐Jan , Ainslie Gillian , Ector Joris , Heidbuchel Hein , Crijns Harry J.G.M.
Published: June 2017

Aims

Cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis is reported in up to 30% of patients. Left ventricular involvement demonstrated by contrast‐enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance has been well validated. We sought to determine the prevalence and distribution of right ventricular late gadolinium enhancement in patients diagnosed with pulmonary sarcoidosis.

Methods and results

We prospectively evaluated 87 patients diagnosed with pulmonary sarcoidosis with contrast‐enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance for right ventricular involvement. Pulmonary artery pressures were non‐invasively evaluated with Doppler echocardiography. Patient characteristics were compared between the groups with and without right ventricular involvement, and right ventricular enhancement was correlated with pulmonary hypertension, ventricular mass, volume, and systolic function. Left ventricular late gadolinium enhancement was demonstrated in 30 patients (34%). Fourteen patients (16%) had right ventricular late gadolinium enhancement, with sole right ventricular enhancement in only two patients. The pattern of right ventricular enhancement consisted of right ventricular outflow tract enhancement in 1 patient, free wall enhancement in 8 patients, ventricular insertion point enhancement in 10 patients, and enhancement of the right side of the interventricular septum in 11 patients. Pulmonary arterial hypertension correlated with the presence of right ventricular enhancement (P < 0.001). Right ventricular enhancement correlated with systolic ventricular dysfunction (P < 0.001), hypertrophy (P = 0.001), and dilation (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Right ventricular enhancement was present in 16% of patients diagnosed with pulmonary sarcoidosis and in 48% of patients with left ventricular enhancement. The presence of right ventricular enhancement correlated with pulmonary arterial hypertension, right ventricular systolic dysfunction, hypertrophy, and dilation.
Synergic Deoxy Reforming of Cellulose and Fatty Oil Using Molecular‐Sieve‐Supported Molybdenum Carbide and Tungsten Carbide towards Hydrocarbon‐Rich Oil for Fuels
Authors: Wang Chao , Gu Wenli , Li Jinhua , Huang Dayong , Lu Weipeng , Huang Yong , Wu Min
Published: June 2017

Cellulose with 15 % fatty oil is converted to a hydrocarbon‐rich oil comprised mainly of alkylbenzenes and aliphatic hydrocarbons through a synergic deoxy reforming (SDR) process. To further decrease the oxygen content and investigate the carbon distribution in the hydrocarbon oil, metal carbides (M2C, M=Mo, W) supported on molecular sieves (ZSM‐5, MCM‐41, SBA‐15) with different pore structures were synthesized and employed as catalysts. The impacts of the M2C particles on the pore size of the supports and the catalytic selectivity were investigated. The ZSM‐5 series of catalysts shows a relatively high selectivity for alkylbenzenes, especially Mo2C/ZSM‐5, because of the abundant acid sites on the catalyst surfaces, whereas the MCM‐41 and SBA‐15 series of catalysts, especially W2C/MCM‐41, show a relatively high selectivity for alkanes, which is attributed to their mesoporous structure. Additionally, Mo2C/MCM‐41 catalysts show the highest deoxygenation efficiency of 95.7 %. This research provides a rational catalyst design to control the carbon distribution and components in SDR oil and paves the way for the full utilization of biomass waste and waste/gutter oil.
Is there evidence for global‐scale forcing of Southern Hemisphere Quaternary desert dune accumulation? A quantitative method for testing hypotheses of dune system development
Authors: Thomas David S.G. , Bailey Richard M.
Published: June 2017

Luminescence dating of desert dune sediments has generated many hundreds of ages, many used in reconstructions of Quaternary environmental changes, others in attempts to elucidate dune processes. Environmental and climatic interpretations of these records have proved problematic and it remains challenging to test hypotheses of the systematic response of dunefields to changes in external forcing in the past and to make predictions of the future. We use a method that quantifies dune sediment accumulation to interpret dune luminescence age datasets, rather than simply using the ages themselves as proxies of change. The Accumulation Intensity method allows periods of dune sediment accumulation, here over the timescale 102–105 years, to be identified from compilations of dated sand sea stratigraphic sequences. We apply this approach to two of the largest dune age datasets, from southern Africa and Australia, testing whether or not dunefield accumulation has co‐varied in the Late Quaternary and whether systematic relationships to external drivers at global, hemispheric, regional and local scales can be identified. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study of a flowslide with significant entrainment in loess areas in China
Authors: Zhang Fanyu , Kang Chao , Chan Dave , Zhang Xiaochao , Pei Xiangjun , Peng Jianbing
Published: June 2017

Flowslides are a frequent type of natural disaster in loess areas and may result in the significant loss of properties and/or casualties. The Dagou flowslide is a typical event in a loess area and is accompanied by significant sediment entrainment. To analyze the mechanisms responsible for flowslides and to obtain the parameters for a runout analysis, a field investigation was conducted. Specimens were sampled on site to carry out laboratory tests, including a triaxial test, sieve analysis, and chemical component analysis. The parameters were used in the runout study employing an energy‐based runout model. An analytical entrainment model was adopted to calculate the entrainment after considering physical properties and the mechanism of the entrainment process of the loess. Finally, the entrainment model was incorporated into the runout model to simulate the post‐failure process of this case. Energy dissipation due to the deformation of slices was considered as it was thought to be important for a slide with a significant deformation. The simulation results were compared with the measurements, including runout distance, total volume, erosion depth, deposition height at different sections, and velocities at specific locations. The results indicate that the energy‐based runout model, together with the entrainment model, can capture the kinematic characteristics of the Dagou flowslide. Therefore, it is feasible to use this model to predict the runout characteristics of flowslides in similar areas. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outburst susceptibility assessment of moraine‐dammed lakes in Western Himalaya using an analytic hierarchy process
Authors: Prakash Chander , Nagarajan R.
Published: June 2017

Glacier retreat results in the formation and expansion, and sometimes outburst, of moraine‐dammed lakes worldwide. Sudden outburst floods from such lakes have caused enormous damage to settlements and infrastructure located downstream. Such lakes located in the Himalayan region are highly prone to outburst floods due to climatic conditions and geotectonic settings. In this study, multi‐temporal Landsat images from 2002–2014, digital elevation models (DEMs), geomorphic analysis and modelling were used to assess the changes in glacial lakes and the outburst susceptibility of moraine‐dammed lakes in the Chandra–Bhaga basin of the north‐western Indian Himalaya. An inventory of lakes was developed using satellite data, thematic maps and ground‐based investigations for the Chandra–Bhaga basin. The total area of all glacial lakes (size >5000 m2) increased by 47% from 2002 to 2014, with a pronounced increase of 57% for moraine‐dammed lakes. Sixteen moraine‐dammed lakes were identified and assessed for outburst susceptibility using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Forty‐one reported glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) events from moraine‐dammed lakes in Himalayan regions were analysed, culminating in the identification of 11 critical factors for assessing outburst susceptibility using the AHP, including those related to the lake area and change, surrounding terrain characteristics, dam geometry, regional seismicity and rainfall history. The past three GLOF events in the Himalayan region were used to validate the method and to classify moraine‐dammed lakes as having very high, high, medium or low outburst susceptibility. Eight lakes classified as very high and high outburst susceptibility should be further investigated in detail. The proposed AHP‐based approach is suitable for first‐order identification of critical lakes for prioritising future detailed investigation and monitoring of moraine‐dammed glacial lakes in the Himalayan region. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Particulate matter air pollution and liver cancer survival
Authors: Deng Huiyu , Eckel Sandrah P. , Liu Lihua , Lurmann Frederick W. , Cockburn Myles G. , Gilliland Frank D.
Published: June 2017

Particulate matter (PM) air pollution exposure has been associated with cancer incidence and mortality especially with lung cancer. The liver is another organ possibly affected by PM due to its role in detoxifying xenobiotics absorbed from PM. Various studies have investigated the mechanistic pathways between inhaled pollutants and liver damage, cancer incidence, and tumor progression. However, little is known about the effects of PM on liver cancer survival. Twenty thousand, two hundred and twenty‐one California Cancer Registry patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosed between 2000 and 2009 were used to examine the effect of exposure to ambient PM with diameter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) on HCC survival. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) relating PM2.5 to all‐cause and liver cancer‐specific mortality linearly and nonlinearly—overall and stratified by stage at diagnosis (local, regional and distant)—adjusting for potential individual and geospatial confounders.PM2.5 exposure after diagnosis was statistically significantly associated with HCC survival. After adjustment for potential confounders, the all‐cause mortality HR associated with a 1 standard deviation (5.0 µg/m3) increase in PM2.5 was 1.18 (95% CI: 1.16–1.20); 1.31 (95% CI:1.26–1.35) for local stage, 1.19 (95% CI:1.14–1.23) for regional stage, and 1.05 (95% CI:1.01–1.10) for distant stage. These associations were nonlinear, with substantially larger HRs at higher exposures. The associations between liver cancer‐specific mortality and PM2.5 were slightly attenuated compared to all‐cause mortality, but with the same patterns.Exposure to elevated PM2.5 after the diagnosis of HCC may shorten survival, with larger effects at higher concentrations.
Effect of carrageenans alone and in combination with casein or lipopolysaccharide on human epithelial intestinal HT‐29 cells
Authors: Sokolova E. V. , Kuz'mich A. S. , Byankina A. O. , Yermak I. M.
Published: June 2017

The research described here was focused on the effect on human intestinal epithelial cell monolayers of sulfated red algal polysaccharides (κ‐, λ‐, and κ/β‐carrageenans) alone and in combination with casein or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). HT‐29 cells were investigated under normal and stress conditions; stress was induced by exposure to ethanol. Cell viability was monitored with a real‐time system. The change in binding properties of negatively sulfated red algal polysaccharides assessed by the measurement of free carrageenans in mixtures with casein or McCoy's 5 A culture medium by means of toluidine blue O. Low sulfate content and the presence of 3,6‐anhydogalactose are prerequisites for the recovery of ethanol‐exposed HT‐29 cells by carrageenans. Analysis of carrageenan binding ability confirmed that casein and LPS should affect carrageenan activity. Whether the combined action of the mucin‐containing layer and carrageenans or the action of carrageenans alone was responsible for enhanced cell viability under stress conditions induced by ethanol is a subject for further research. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2843–2850, 2017.
Afatinib Decreases P‐Glycoprotein Expression to Promote Adriamycin Toxicity of A549T Cells
Authors: Zhang Yan , Wang Chang‐yuan , Duan Ying‐jie , Huo Xiao‐kui , Meng Qiang , Liu Zhi‐hao , Sun Hui‐jun , Ma Xiao‐dong , Liu Ke‐xin
Published: June 2017

We investigated the reversal effect of afatinib (AFT) on activity of adriamycin (ADR) in A549T cells and clarified the related molecular mechanisms. A549T cells overexpressing P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) were resistant to anticancer drug ADR. AFT significantly increased the antitumor activity of ADR in A549T cells. AFT increased the intracellular concentration of ADR by inhibiting the function and expression of P‐gp at mRNA and protein levels in A549T cells. Additionally, the reversal effect of AFT on P‐gp mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) might be related to the inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway. Cotreatment with AFT and ADR could enhance ADR‐induced apoptosis and autophagy in A549T cells. Meanwhile, the co‐treatment significantly induced cell apoptosis and autophagy accompanied by increased expression of cleaved caspase‐3, PARP, LC3B‐II, and beclin 1. Apoptosis inhibitors had no significant effect on cell activity, while autophagy inhibitors decreased cell viability, suggesting that autophagy may be a self protective mechanism of cell survival in the absence of chemotherapy drugs. Interestingly, when combined with AFT and ADR, inhibition of apoptosis and/or autophagy could enhance cell viability. These results indicated that in addition to inhibit P‐gp, ADR‐induced apoptosis, and autophagy promoted by AFT contributed to the antiproliferation effect of combined AFT and ADR on A549T cells. These findings provide evidence that AFT combined ADR may achieve a better therapeutic effect to lung cancer in clinic. J. Cell. Biochem. 119: 414–423, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The roles of signaling pathways in bone repair and regeneration
Authors: Majidinia Maryam , Sadeghpour Alireza , Yousefi Bahman
Published: June 2017

Regenerative medicine has sparked interest in potential strategies for bone repair. Bone defects are widespread and could be caused by trauma, congenital malformations, infections, and surgery. Although bone has a large self‐healing capacity, some defects or fractures are too big to regenerate. To regenerate bone structures which can be used for treatment of patients, bone growth must be induced by a number of bioactive implantable materials, cell types and intracellular, and extracellular molecular signaling pathways. Since mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their differentiation during remodeling processes have important roles in bone regeneration, it is believed that understanding molecular signaling pathways involved is crucial to the development of bone implants, bone substitute materials, and cell‐based scaffolds for bone regeneration. In this review, we briefly introduce concepts in fracture repair and regeneration following bone injuries, and then discuss the current clinical methods in bone regeneration. In the next section, we review the involvement of the various key signaling pathways in bone regeneration.
Optimization of Maternal Magnesium Sulfate Administration for Fetal Neuroprotection: Application of a Prospectively Constructed Pharmacokinetic Model to the BEAM Cohort
Authors: Brookfield Kathleen F. , Elkomy Mohammed , Su Felice , Drover David R. , Carvalho Brendan
Published: June 2017

The aim of the study was to identify the optimal therapeutic maternal magnesium drug exposure and maternal serum concentration to prevent cerebral palsy in the extremely preterm fetus. We applied a previously constructed pharmacokinetic model adjusted for indication to a large cohort of pregnant women receiving magnesium sulfate to prevent cerebral palsy in their preterm offspring at 20 different US academic centers between December 1997 and May 2004. We simulated the population‐based individual maternal serum magnesium concentration at the time of delivery and the total magnesium dose for each woman who received magnesium sulfate to determine the relationship between maternal serum magnesium level at the time of delivery and the development of cerebral palsy. Among 1905 women who met inclusion criteria, the incidence of cerebral palsy in the cohort was 3.6% for women who had received magnesium sulfate and 6.4% for controls. The simulated maternal serum concentration at delivery associated with the lowest probability of delivering an infant with cerebral palsy was 4.1 mg/dL (95%CI 3.7 to 4.4). Our population‐based estimates of magnesium disposition suggest that to optimize fetal neuroprotection and prevent cerebral palsy, magnesium sulfate administration should target a maternal serum magnesium level between 3.7 and 4.4 mg/dL at delivery.