bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long term characterization of organic and elemental carbon in the PM2.5 fraction: the case of Athens, Greece
Authors: Paraskevopoulou D. , Liakakou E. , Gerasopoulos E. , Theodosi C. , Mihalopoulos N.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and main ions were measured in a total of 1510 PM2.5 daily aerosol samples collected from May 2008 to April 2013, in Athens, Greece. OC and EC concentrations were 2.1 ± 1.3 μg m−3 and 0.54 ± 0.39 μg m−3, accounting for 11 ± 3% and 3 ± 1% of PM2.5 mass respectively, with an average OC/EC ratio of 4.7 ± 3.1. Significant correlation was found between OC and EC during the whole period, indicating emissions by common primary sources at a~regional scale. WSOC concentration ranged from 0.03 to 10.6 μg m−3, with an average of 1.5 ± 0.9 μg m−3. By considering Finokalia (Crete) station as a reference, it was estimated that during the warm season in Athens 67 ± 7% of emitted OC and 53 ± 12% of emitted EC is regional, while during cold months, the regional contribution for OC is only 33 ± 7% and for EC 29 ± 8%. Furthermore, secondary organic carbon (SOC) was calculated for the warm period of the year (April to October). The estimated SOC constituted about 75 ± 6% of PM2.5 organic carbon in Athens, highlighting significant aging processes, at a regional scale. In the period 2011–2013 and during wintertime, an increase in OC and EC levels was observed, attributed to increase of wood burning for domestic heating due to the economic crisis.
Climate-relevant physical properties of molecular constituents relevant for isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosol material
Authors: Upshur M. A. , Strick B. F. , McNeill V. F. , Thomson R. J. , Geiger F. M.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles, formed from gas-phase biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), contribute large uncertainties to the radiative forcing that is associated with aerosols in the climate system. Reactive uptake of surface-active organic oxidation products of BVOCs at the gas–aerosol interface can potentially decrease the overall aerosol surface tension and therefore influence their propensity to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Here, we synthesize and measure some climate-relevant physical properties of SOA particle constituents consisting of the isoprene oxidation products α-, δ-, and cis- and trans-β-IEPOX (isoprene epoxide), as well as syn- and anti-2-methyltetraol. Following viscosity measurements, we use octanol-water partition coefficients to quantify the relative hydrophobicity of the oxidation products while dynamic surface tension measurements indicate that aqueous solutions of α- and trans-β-IEPOX exhibit significant surface tension depression. We hypothesize that the surface activity of these compounds may enhance aerosol CCN activity, and that trans-β-IEPOX may be highly relevant for surface chemistry of aerosol particles relative to other IEPOX isomers.
Particle tracking modeling of sediment-laden jets
Authors: Chan S. N. , Lee J. H. W.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. This paper presents a general model to predict the particulate transport and deposition from a sediment-laden horizontal momentum jet. A three-dimensional (3-D) stochastic particle tracking model is developed based on the governing equation of particle motion. The turbulent velocity fluctuations are modelled by a Lagrangian velocity autocorrelation function that captures the trapping of sediment particles in turbulent eddies, which result in the reduction of settling velocity. Using classical solutions of mean jet velocity, and turbulent fluctuation and dissipation rate profiles derived from computational fluid dynamics calculations of a pure jet, the equation of motion is solved numerically to track the particle movement in the jet flow field. The 3-D particle tracking model predictions of sediment deposition and concentration profiles are in excellent agreement with measured data. The computationally demanding Basset history force is shown to be negligible in the prediction of bottom deposition profiles.
Magnetospheric magnetic field modelling for the 2011 and 2012 HST Saturn aurora campaigns – implications for auroral source regions
Authors: Belenkaya E. S. , Cowley S. W. H. , Meredith C. J. , Nichols J. D. , Kalegaev V. V. , Alexeev I. I. , Barinov O. G. , Barinova W. O. , Blokhina M. S.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. A unique set of images of Saturn's northern polar UV aurora was obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2011 and 2012 at times when the Cassini spacecraft was located in the solar wind just upstream of Saturn's bow shock. This rare situation provides an opportunity to use the Kronian paraboloid magnetic field model to examine source locations of the bright auroral features by mapping them along field lines into the magnetosphere, taking account of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) measured near simultaneously by Cassini. It is found that the persistent dawn arc maps to closed field lines in the dawn to noon sector, with an equatorward edge generally located in the inner part of the ring current, typically at ~ 7 Saturn radii (RS) near dawn, and a poleward edge that maps variously between the centre of the ring current and beyond its outer edge at ~ 15 RS, depending on the latitudinal width of the arc. This location, together with a lack of response in properties to the concurrent IMF, suggests a principal connection with ring-current and nightside processes. The higher-latitude patchy auroras observed intermittently near to noon and at later local times extending towards dusk are instead found to straddle the model open–closed field boundary, thus mapping along field lines to the dayside outer magnetosphere and magnetopause. These emissions, which occur preferentially for northward IMF directions, are thus likely associated with reconnection and open-flux production at the magnetopause. One image for southward IMF also exhibits a prominent patch of very high latitude emissions extending poleward of patchy dawn arc emissions in the pre-noon sector. This is found to lie centrally within the region of open model field lines, suggesting an origin in the current system associated with lobe reconnection, similar to that observed in the terrestrial magnetosphere for northward IMF.
Faraday rotation effects for diagnosing magnetism in bubble environments
Authors: Ignace R.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Faraday rotation is a process by which the position angle (PA) of background linearly polarized light is rotated when passing through an ionized and magnetized medium. The effect is sensitive to the line-of-sight magnetic field in conjunction with the electron density. This contribution highlights diagnostic possibilities of inferring the magnetic field (or absence thereof) in and around wind-blown bubbles from the Faraday effect. Three cases are described as illustrations: a stellar toroidal magnetic field, a shocked interstellar magnetic field, and an interstellar magnetic field within an ionized bubble.
Ionisation as indicator for cosmic ray acceleration
Authors: Schuppan F. , Röken C. , Fedrau N. , Becker Tjus J.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Astrospheres and wind bubbles of massive stars are believed to be sources of cosmic rays with energies E ≲ 1 TeV. These particles are not directly detectable, but their impact on surrounding matter, in particular ionisation of atomic and molecular hydrogen, can lead to observable signatures. A correlation study of both gamma ray emission, induced by proton-proton interactions of cosmic ray protons with kinetic energies Ep ≥ 280 MeV with ambient hydrogen, and ionisation induced by cosmic ray protons of kinetic energies Ep < 280 MeV can be performed in order to study potential sources of (sub)TeV cosmic rays.
Incorporating magnetic field observations in wind models of low-mass stars
Authors: Vidotto A. A.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Stellar winds of cool, main-sequence stars are very tenuous and difficult to observe. Despite carrying away only a small amount of the stellar mass, they are important for regulating the rotation of the star and, consequently, its activity and magnetism. As it permeates the interplanetary space, the stellar wind interacts with any exoplanet encountered on its way, until it reaches the interstellar medium (ISM). These interactions can result in complex physical processes that depend on the characteristics of the wind. To better constrain the wind characteristics, more realistic wind models that account for factors such as stellar rotation and the complex/diverse observationally-derived stellar magnetic field configurations of cool stars are required. In this paper, I present a three-dimensional model of the wind of cool stars, which adopt as boundary condition observationally-derived magnetic maps. I also discuss how these studies are relevant for, e.g., the characterisation of the interaction between stellar winds and planets/ISM, and the propagation of cosmic rays.
Spatial genetic structure of the Sea Sandwort on Surtsey: an immigrant's journey
Authors: Árnason S. H. , Thórsson Ǽ. Th. , Magnússon B. , Philipp M. , Adsersen H. E. , Anamthawat-Jónsson K.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Sea Sandwort (Honckenya peploides) is one of the first plants to successfully colonize and reproduce on the volcanic island Surtsey, formed in 1963 off the southern coast of Iceland. Using amplified fragment length polymorphic (AFLP) markers we examined levels of genetic variation and differentiation among populations of H. peploides on Surtsey in relation to populations on the nearby island Heimaey and from the southern coast of Iceland. Selected populations from Denmark and Greenland were used for comparison. In addition, we tested whether the effects of isolation by distance can be seen in the Surtsey populations. Using two primer combinations, we obtained 173 AFLP markers from a total of 347 plant samples. The resulting binary matrix was then analyzed statistically. Main results include the followings: (i) Surtsey has the highest proportion of polymorphic markers as well as a comparatively high genetic diversity (55.5% PLP; 0.1974 HE) and Denmark the lowest (31.8% PLP; 0.132 HE), indicating rapid expansion during an early stage of population establishment on Surtsey and/or multiple origins of immigrants; (ii) the total genetic differentiation (FST) among Surtsey (0.0714) and Heimaey (0.055) populations was less than half of that found among the mainland populations in Iceland (0.1747), indicating substantial gene flow on the islands; (iii) most of the genetic variation (79%, p<0.001) was found within localities, possibly due to the outcrossing and subdioecious nature of the species; (iv) a significant genetic distance was found within Surtsey, among sites, and this appears to correlate with the age of plant colonization; and (v) the genetic structure analysis indicated multiple colonization episodes on Surtsey, whereby H. peploides most likely immigrated from the nearby island of Heimaey and directly from the southern coast of Iceland.
Morphological and sedimentological response of a mixed-energy barrier island tidal inlet to storm and fair-weather conditions
Authors: Herrling G. , Winter C.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The environment of ebb-tidal deltas between barrier island systems is characterized by a complex morphology with ebb- and flood-dominated channels, shoals and swash bars connecting the ebb-tidal delta platform to the adjacent island. These morphological features reveal characteristic surface sediment grain-size distributions and are subject to a continuous adaptation to the prevailing hydrodynamic forces. The mixed-energy tidal inlet Otzumer Balje between the East Frisian barrier islands of Langeoog and Spiekeroog in the southern North Sea has been chosen here as a model study area for the identification of relevant hydrodynamic drivers of morphology and sedimentology. We compare the effect of high-energy, wave-dominated storm conditions to mid-term, tide-dominated fair-weather conditions on tidal inlet morphology and sedimentology with a process-based numerical model. A multi-fractional approach with five grain-size fractions between 150 and 450 μm allows for the simulation of corresponding surface sediment grain-size distributions. Net sediment fluxes for distinct conditions are identified: during storm conditions, bed load sediment transport is generally onshore directed on the shallower ebb-tidal delta shoals, whereas fine-grained suspended sediment bypasses the tidal inlet by wave-driven currents. During fair weather the sediment transport mainly focuses on the inlet throat and the marginal flood channels. We show how the observed sediment grain-size distribution and the morphological response at mixed-energy tidal inlets are the result of both wave-dominated less frequent storm conditions and mid-term, tide-dominant fair-weather conditions.
Morphological, hydrological, biogeochemical and ecological changes and challenges in river restoration – the Thur River case study
Authors: Schirmer M. , Luster J. , Linde N. , Perona P. , Mitchell E. A. D. , Barry D. A. , Hollender J. , Cirpka O. A. , Schneider P. , Vogt T. , Radny D. , Durisch-Kaiser E.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. River restoration can enhance river dynamics, environmental heterogeneity and biodiversity, but the underlying processes governing the dynamic changes need to be understood to ensure that restoration projects meet their goals, and adverse effects are prevented. In particular, we need to comprehend how hydromorphological variability quantitatively relates to ecosystem functioning and services, biodiversity as well as ground- and surface water quality in restored river corridors. This involves (i) physical processes and structural properties, determining erosion and sedimentation, as well as solute and heat transport behavior in surface water and within the subsurface; (ii) biogeochemical processes and characteristics, including the turnover of nutrients and natural water constituents; and (iii) ecological processes and indicators related to biodiversity and ecological functioning. All these aspects are interlinked, requiring an interdisciplinary investigation approach. Here, we present an overview of the recently completed RECORD (REstored CORridor Dynamics) project in which we combined physical, chemical, and biological observations with modeling at a restored river corridor of the perialpine Thur River in Switzerland. Our results show that river restoration, beyond inducing morphologic changes that reshape the river bed and banks, triggered complex spatial patterns of bank infiltration, and affected habitat type, biotic communities and biogeochemical processes. We adopted an interdisciplinary approach of monitoring the continuing changes due to restoration measures to address the following questions: How stable is the morphological variability established by restoration? Does morphological variability guarantee an improvement in biodiversity? How does morphological variability affect biogeochemical transformations in the river corridor? What are some potential adverse effects of river restoration? How is river restoration influenced by catchment-scale hydraulics and which feedbacks exist on the large scale? Beyond summarizing the major results of individual studies within the project, we show that these overarching questions could only be addressed in an interdisciplinary framework.
New baseflow separation and recession analysis approaches for streamflow
Authors: Stewart M. K.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Understanding and modelling the relationship between rainfall and runoff has been a driving force in hydrology for many years. Baseflow separation and recession analysis have been two of the main tools for understanding runoff generation in catchments, but there are many different methods for each and no consensus on how best to apply them. A new baseflow separation method is presented, which is justified by being based generally on the more objective tracer separation methods and by being optimised by fitting to the recession hydrograph. Using this baseflow separation method, the thesis is advanced that recession analysis should be applied to the separated components (quickflow and baseflow), because of their very different origins and characteristics, rather than to the streamflow itself because analysing the latter alone gives misleading results. Applying baseflow separation before recession analysis sheds new light on water storage in catchments and may resolve some current problems with recession analysis. It may also have implications for rainfall–runoff modelling. Among other things it shows that both quickflow and baseflow reservoirs have non-linear (quadratic) characteristics in the studied catchment (Glendhu, New Zealand).
Assessment of sea ice simulations in the CMIP5 Models
Authors: Shu Q. , Song Z. , Qiao F.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The historical simulations of sea ice during 1979 to 2005 by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) are compared with satellite observations and Global Ice–Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (GIOMAS) data in this study. Forty-nine models, almost all of the CMIP5 climate models and Earth System Models, are used. For the Antarctic, multi-model ensemble mean (MME) results can give good climatology of sea ice extent (SIE), but the linear trend is incorrect. The linear trend of satellite-observed Antarctic SIE is 1.56 × 105 km2 decade−1; only 1/7 CMIP5 models show increasing trends, and the linear trend of CMIP5 MME is negative (−3.36 × 105 km2 decade−1). For the Arctic, both climatology and linear trend are better reproduced. Sea ice volume (SIV) is also evaluated in this study, and this is a first attempt to evaluate the SIV in all CMIP5 models. Compared with the GIOMAS data, the SIV values in both Antarctic and Arctic are too small, especially in spring and winter. The GIOMAS SIV in September is 16.7 × 103 km3, while the corresponding Antarctic SIV of CMIP5 MME is 13.0 × 103 km3, almost 22% less. The Arctic SIV of CMIP5 in April is 26.8 × 103 km3, which is also less than the GIOMAS SIV (29.3 × 103 km3). This means that the sea ice thickness simulated in CMIP5 is too thin although the SIE is fairly well simulated.
Poor Outcome of a Spherical Pressfit cup with a Modern Ceramic Liner: A Prospective Cohort Study of 181 Cups
Authors: Ilchmann Thomas , Zwicky Lukas , Gersbach Silke , Clauss Martin
Published: June 2014

A spherical pressfit cup with a new ceramic liner was introduced in a clinical trial in order to improve range of motion and reduce wear induced problems. The early clinical and radiological outcome was assessed.

In a prospective cohort study 181 hips received a seleXys TH+® cup (Mathys, Bettlach, Switzerland) in combination with a third generation ceramic liner (ceramys®, Mathys, Bettlach, Switzerland). The Harris Hip Score (HHS), pain (VAS) and range of motion (ROM) were recorded, cup migration and inclination were measured. Experience of any noise was documented.

Fourteen hips were radiologically loose, seven of them were revised. Two-year survival of the cup was 92% with radiological loosening as the endpoint. There was no correlation between head size and ROM, no patient had a dislocation. There were no ceramic fractures. Two patients experienced squeaking and three clicking at final follow-up.

Reasons for loosening might have been multifactorial but the rate of failure was unacceptably high. The use of large heads did not improve the ROM and development of noise could not be prevented with the modern ceramic. We abandoned the use of this implant system.
Hip Muscle Strength Recovery after Hip Arthroscopy in a Series of Patients with Symptomatic Femoroacetabular Impingement
Authors: Casartelli Nicola C. , Maffiuletti Nicola A. , Item-Glatthorn Julia F. , Impellizzeri Franco M. , Leunig Michael
Published: June 2014

Purpose

The aim of the study was to prospectively evaluate hip muscle strength in a series of patients with symptomatic FAI after hip arthroscopy.

Methods

Hip muscle strength of eight patients (age: 29 ± 10 years) was evaluated preoperatively and 2.5 years after hip arthroscopy, and was compared to eight matched controls. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) strength was measured for all hip muscle groups. At follow-up, we used the symptom-specific well-being outcome to assess the acceptability of the health state related to the hip.

Results

Patients showed MVC strength increases for all hip muscles (9-59%, P<.05). At follow-up, only hip flexor MVC strength was lower for patients than controls (-18%, P<.05). At follow-up, four patients (out of eight) were “neither satisfied nor dissatisfied” with the health state of their operated hip.

Conclusions

Patients with symptomatic FAI recovered their hip muscle strength to normal levels 2.5 years after hip arthroscopy, except for hip flexors. Although all patients showed good hip muscle strength at follow-up, half of them were not completely satisfied with their health state related to the hip.
A New Technique for Closed Reduction of Traumatic Posterior Dislocations of the Hip: The ‘PGI Technique’
Authors: Sharma Siddhartha , Kumar Vishal , Dhillon Mandeep S.
Published: June 2014

Many techniques have been described for closed reduction of posterior hip dislocations, but most require forceful and sustained traction, assistants to stabilise the pelvis and awkward positioning of the surgeon and/or the patient. We describe a new technique of closed reduction that does not need traction-countertraction or special positioning and can be safely and effectively performed by one surgeon.

Fifteen patients, mean age 36.4 years, were subjected to reduction. There were five type I, four type II and six type III dislocations; ipsilateral injuries included one knee dislocation with patellar fracture, and two cases of tibia fracture. Closed reduction was achieved in 14 (93.3%) hips, with single attempt successful in 13 cases, while one needed two attempts. One hip could not be reduced due to incarceration of a posterior wall fragment and was managed by open reduction and internal fixation.

Our new technique has proved to be a reliable, safe and effective alternative for closed reduction of posterior hip dislocations. It can be carried out by one surgeon, does not need traction and can be especially beneficial in polytrauma patients and also in those patients who have pelvic fractures and ipsilateral lower limb injuries.
Arthroscopic Treatment of Femoroacetabular Impingement: Minimum Five-Year Follow-up
Authors: Polesello Giancarlo C. , Lima Filipe R. , Guimaraes Rodrigo P. , Ricioli Walter , Queiroz Marcelo C.
Published: June 2014

Purpose

To evaluate the clinical outcomes of an arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement at a minimum of a five-year follow-up.

Methods

A case series with 24 subjects (26 hips) was conducted. Subjects that were submitted to an arthroscopic procedure for the treatment of femoroacetabular impingement, at a minimum of five years, were evaluated. Subjects completed the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), the pain numeric rating scale and a general questionnaire accessing sports practice and satisfaction.

Results

Twenty-one of the 24 subjects (87.5%) were male and the average age at the time of surgery was 34.6 ± 9.5 years old (range 13-51). Of the 27 subjects submitted to hip arthroscopy, three (11.1%) could not be contacted. Follow-up was 6.1 ± 0.8 years, and at this time the average mHHS was 90.6 ± 11.6. Pain numeric rating scale was 2.6 ± 1.9 and 11 hips (42.3%) reported no pain. Of the 14 subjects that complained of hip pain during sports activities prior to surgery, 10 (71.4%) returned to normal sports activities while four (28.6%) subjects could not return to preoperative activities. Three patients had to be submitted to a new surgical procedure. All 24 subjects were satisfied with their procedure and would repeat it if necessary.

Conclusions

Arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement, at five years follow-up, revealed good results in terms of improved function, pain relief and satisfaction.
Do Hardened Femoral Heads Reduce Blood Metal Ion Concentrations after Hip Resurfacing?
Authors: Le Duff Michel J. , Johnson Alicia J. , Amstutz Harlan C.
Published: June 2014

Background

Elevated cobalt and chromium ion concentrations have been associated with the use of metal-on-metal bearings in hip arthroplasty. The use of a differential hardness bearing may reduce metal particle release. The aim of our study was to compare circulating cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) ion levels between patients treated with a standard all ‘as-cast’ heat treated bearing and a differential hardness bearing.

Materials and methods

One hundred and thirty-two patients implanted with unilateral hip resurfacing arthroplasties and having had blood metal ion studies performed between one and six years after surgery were retrospectively selected. There were 73 patients in the standard all ‘as cast’ heat treated bearing group (group 1) and 59 in the differential hardness bearing group (group 2).

Results

Clinical and quality of life scores were comparable between groups. The median Co in group 1 was 1.01 µg/L and 1.23 µg/L in group 2 (p = 0.0566). The median Cr in group 1 was 1.60 µg/L and 1.34 µg/L in group 2 (p = 0.0505).

Conclusion

Compared with conventional heat-treated CoCr bearings, differential hardness metal-on metal bearings do not confirm in vivo the hopes of a substantial reduction in circulating metal ions concentrations suggested by in vitro wear studies.
Changes in Hip Geometry after Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy in Children with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Floeter Nicola , Lebek Susanne , Bakir Mustafa S. , Sarpong Akosua , Wagner Christiane , Haberl Ernst Johannes , Funk Julia F.
Published: June 2014

Purpose

Hip development in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) may be different in comparison to that of typical developing children due to impaired motor function and altered lever arms. Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) is known to reduce spasticity. It is postulated that it also improves mobility. Its influence on hip development is unclear. The aim of this study is to evaluate changes in hip geometry before and after selective dorsal rhizotomy.

Methods

Conventional radiographs (Rippstein I and II) of 33 ambulatory children aged 2.67 to 11.75 years who underwent SDR were analysed pre- and postoperatively at a mean of 18 months (range 12-29 months). Migration percentage, acetabular index, and anteversion were evaluated. The reduction of spasticity was measured with the modified Ashworth scale. A priori power analysis was performed. As data was normally distributed statistical analysis was performed applying the t-test for paired variables.

Results

Radiographic parameters concerning hip geometry improved significantly after SDR. The spasticity of adductors and hamstrings was significantly reduced through SDR from on average 1.7 to 0.8 on the modified Ashworth scale (p<0.001). The acetabular index decreased from 19° to 17° (p = 0.001), the migration percentage improved from 24% to 21% (p<0.001). Anteversion was also significantly reduced from 41° to 38° (p<0.001). Function improved significantly from 80% to 85% when measured with the GMFM-88 (p<0.001).

Conclusions

The results confirm that SDR improves hip geometry as well as function in ambulatory CP children. Long-term studies need to show whether this radiographic improvement has clinical relevance with regard to pain and function.
Cement-in-cement femoral revisions using a specially designed polished short revision stem; 24 consecutive stems followed for five to seven years
Authors: te Stroet Martijn A.J. , Moret-Wever Sander G. , de Kam Daniël C.J. , Gardeniers Jean W.M. , Schreurs B. Willem
Published: June 2014

Femoral cement-in-cement revisions are attractive if the cement bone mantle is well fixed. However, most available cemented stems are too long to fit in the existing cement mantle. We evaluated the medium-term outcomes of the 125 mm short tapered polished stem (Exeter Short Revision Stem (SRS)) with a 44 mm offset specifically designed to facilitate cement-in-cement revisions of hip arthroplasties. The Exeter SRS was clinically and radiographically evaluated in 24 consecutive femoral cement-in-cement revisions (11 men, 13 women) between July 2005 and February 2008 after a mean follow-up of six years (5-7). The mean age at operation was 67 years (54-83). No hip was lost to follow-up, but two patients (two hips) died. None of the deaths were related to the surgery. Kaplan Meier survival analysis was performed.

Four femoral components (17%) were removed for septic loosening after a mean of 2.4 years (0.8-4.9). Three of these hips were revised again in a two-stage revision, and one was converted to a permanent excision arthroplasty. The probability of survival with re-revision for any reason was 82% (95% CI: 58-93) and survivorship with aseptic loosening as the endpoint was 100% at six years. There were no additional radiological failures.

The Exeter Short Revision Stem is a valuable option for simplifying cement-in-cement revisions. Despite the short stem length, at mid-term there were no signs of instability or aseptic loosening.
N-compound accumulation and carbohydrate shortage on N2 fixation in drought-stressed and rewatered cowpea plants
Authors: Silveira J.A.G. , Costa R.C.L. , Viegas R.A. , Oliveira J.T.A. , Figueiredo M.V.B.
Published: June 2014

In this study nodulated cowpea plants were exposed to a progressive drought-stress followed by rewatering in orderto establish mechanisms related to the nodule sensitivity to N2 fixation. Water stress caused a prominent decreasein the dry matter of leaf and nodule in contrast to the root growth that was stimulated. The drought-stressed plantsshowed a great decline in the ureide concentration of xylem sap whilst the concentration of the nodule leghaemoglobindecreased slightly. The stressed-nodules had significant accumulation of soluble carbohydrates in parallel to intenseincrease in the concentration of ureide, total amino acid and proline. After two days rewatering, the leaf growthshowed a significant enhancement whereas in nodules a poor recovery was observed. In addition, the nodule N2 fixationcapacity did not improve after rehydration whereas the sap ureide experienced only a slight recovery and surprisinglythe content of nodule soluble protein continued to drop. In contrast, a significant recovery in the nodule leghaemoglobincontent was observed. Rewatering greatly induced depletion of both sucrose and total soluble sugarcontents of nodules that were associated to a great decrease in the concentration of ureide, proline and amino acids,especially in leaves. Conversely the poor recovery of cowpea nodules after rehydration was apparently related to a carbohydrateshortage.
Direct corn seedling. Effects of residue clearance on implant efficiency
Authors: Tourn M. , Soza E. , Botta G. , Mete A.
Published: June 2014

This article describes the effects of three seeding unit designs on plant residue clearance along the central line ofdirect corn (Zea Mays L.) seeding and the subsequent influence on crop emergence. The equipment assemblies testedwere three different combinations of the implements turbo coulter blade (TCB), double disc opener with a seed presswheel and covering/packing wheels (DDO), notched disc row cleaner with a track wheel or floating star cleaner (RC)as follows: (1) TCB+DDO, (2) RC+TCB+DDO and (3) TCB+RC+DDO. Under the field conditions tested, residueclearance before the cutting action of the turbo coulter blade (combination 2) gave rise to the best crop stand and cropuniformity. The seeding assembly that moves soil and clears away plant debris along the seeding furrow shows a directeffect on seed emergence.
Field-grown maize (Zea mays L.) with composted sewage sludge. Effects on soil and grain quality
Authors: Cuevas G. , Martínez F. , Walter I.
Published: June 2014

Management of various biosolids rates on a corn silage (Zea mays L.) crop was studied to determine its effects onthe main characteristics of soil and on corn grain yield and quality. Results obtained showed that both corn grain yieldsand corn grain quality harvested in the amended soil were similar to the results obtained with the traditional mineralfertiliser. There were no significant differences among treatments over the two years of study. The mean values ofCu and Zn in the grain (1.95 and 33.4 mg kg-1, respectively) obtained in the amended plots were far below the tolerancethreshold for livestock and the toxicity values for plants. Treatment T4 (60 Mg ha-1 applied once in seedbed)showed the highest values for both the electrical conductivity (0.330 dS m-1) and the amount of NO3-N (28.5 mg kg-1).Although neither of these values was dangerous, this treatment is not recommended to avoid groundwater contaminationrisk. The available heavy metals extracted with diethylentriaminepentaacetic acid were not significantly differentamong treatments and a reduction in their availability over time was observed, mainly due to the physical and chemicalsoil properties.
Efeitos da terapia manual e eletroterapia na osteoartrite de joelho
Authors: Amorim Juleimar Soares Coelho , Rossetti Márcia Braz , Braga Natália Hermeto Mendes
Published: June 2014

Introdução: A terapia manual e TENS são recursos fisioterapêuticos utilizados para analgesia em disfunções articulares. Objetivo: Comparar a efetividade da terapia manual e TENS na hipoalgesia e funcionalidade na osteoartrite de joelhos. Métodos: Trata-se de um ensaio clínico aleatório randomizado, duplo-cego, com 24 voluntários divididos em grupo experimental (Terapia Manual) e controle (TENS), submetidos a 12 intervenções durante quatro semanas. Os dados foram analisados através do teste “t” de Student bicaudal pareado (p
Influência do treinamento muscular inspiratório em idosas hipertensas com fraqueza muscular inspiratória
Authors: Souza Lillian Meirelly Cunha de , Nogueira Ivan Daniel Bezerra , Guerra Ricardo Oliveira , Ferreira Gardênia Maria Holanda , Nogueira Patrícia Angélica de Miranda Silva
Published: June 2014

Introdução: É comum ao processo de envelhecimento a perda de força muscular respiratória e em cardiopatas esse processo é mais evidente. Objetivos: Mensurar os efeitos de um protocolo de treinamento muscular inspiratório em idosas hipertensas com fraqueza muscular respiratória. Métodos: Trata-se de uma série de casos, em que se aplicou um protocolo utilizando o Threshold IMT® durante cinco semanas consecutivas. A avaliação incluiu os exames de manovacuometria, espirometria e TC6M, bem como a aplicação dos questionários Minichal e IPAQ (versão curta). Para estatística utilizou-se o teste “t” de Student. Resultados: A eficácia do treinamento quanto ao aumento da força muscular inspiratória foi constatada indiretamente pela diferença entre os valores de PImáxA (antes) e PImáxD (depois) do treinamento (p = 0,004). Conclusão: O treinamento contribuiu para o aumento da força muscular inspiratória, demonstrada pelo aumento da PImáx, mas sua relação com as demais variáveis mensuradas não está clara.
Efeitos da hospitalização na capacidade funcional e na qualidade de vida de pacientes cardiometabólicos
Authors: Dorneles Silvia De Quadro , Signori Luis Ulisses , Corrêa Leandro Quadro , Silveira Daniel Fossati , Guerreiro Luis Fernando , Teixeira André Oliveira
Published: June 2014

Introdução: A hospitalização pode provocar alterações nas capacidades físicas e funcionais dos indivíduos. Objetivos: Identificar os efeitos da hospitalização na capacidade funcional e na qualidade de vida de pacientes cardiometabólicos. Métodos: Dez voluntários foram avaliados em dois períodos (Coleta 1: internação) e (Coleta 2: alta), e as variáveis avaliadas foram força de preensão manual, velocidade de reação, equilíbrio estático, aptidão física aeróbia, índices de atividades física e da vida diária e avaliação da qualidade de vida. Resultados: A internação hospitalar provocou declínio nas variáveis, força de preensão manual e velocidade de reação; entretanto, as atividades da vida diária e a qualidade de vida apresentaram melhora. Conclusões: Os achados identificam as limitações da clínica, quanto à atenção integral, verificando a necessidade da abordagem ampliada da assistência em saúde na prática hospitalar.
Treinamento físico militar modifica parâmetros antropométricos e funcionais
Authors: Lemes Brunno , Vieira Stella S. , Silva Jr. José Antônio , Carvalho Paulo de Tarso Camillo de , Costa Wellington Oliveira , Bocalini Danilo Sales , Serra Andrey Jorge
Published: June 2014

Introdução: O treinamento físico militar (TFM) é utilizado em muitos países. Todavia, há achados discordantes sobre seus efeitos na biometria corporal e aptidão funcional. Assim, estudos novos são necessários para validá-lo. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos de 21 semanas de TFM adotado pela Polícia Militar de São Paulo na composição corporal, resistência muscular localizada, potência de corrida anaeróbia e aeróbia. Métodos: O TFM foi conduzido em 88 homens por 21 semanas (2xsemana; 120 min/sessão). Avaliações foram conduzidas antes e ao final do treinamento. Resultados: Houve redução significativa da massa corporal e da plicatura tricipital, após treino. Verificou-se aumento de 34%, 16% e 13% no desempenho no teste de barra fixa, flexão abdominal e VO2máx, respectivamente, também observou-se redução de 20% na frequência cardíaca de repouso. Conclusão: O TFM modificou positivamente a composição corporal e induziu expressivo aumento da resistência muscular localizada e aptidão aeróbia.
Des femmes colosses : performer la virilité? Martin Schoeller, « Female Bodybuilders »
Authors: Bilot Mylène
Published: June 2014

L’étude de l’oeuvre de Martin Schoeller, exclusivement photographique, se révèle particulièrement intéressante dans la perspective de l’exploration de l’ambivalence au coeur du modèle de virilité que donne à voir l’artiste. Dans son article, l’auteure propose une analyse esthétique de cette oeuvre, tout en utilisant le prisme d’une lecture genrée afin de confronter cette ambivalence aux questions de rapports sociaux de sexes qu’elle implique. L’auteure se fonde sur une approche transdisciplinaire centrée sur l’époque contemporaine. Après avoir abordé, dans une perspective esthétique, la question de la représentation du corps extrême, l’auteure parcourt, de ruptures en corrélations, les enjeux engagés par la performance de virilité.
Les politiques « Chyennes1 » du rap féminin hardcore
Authors: Djavadzadeh Keivan
Published: June 2014

En 1991, Bytches With Problems (BWP), groupe de rap fémininhardcore, sort son unique album,The Bytches. Cet article se propose d’analyser les « politiques Chiennes » à l’oeuvre dans cet album. Il s’agit d’examiner comment des rappeuses ont investi un genre éminemment masculin, legangsta-rap, et ont performé une image de féminitéhors norme, celle de la « Chienne » (Bitch). En rejouant l’injure « chienne », en vidant ce mot de son pouvoir de blesser et en le dotant d’attributs « capacitants », les rappeuses ont donné à entendre un discours singulier et subversif dans le rap.
La superwoman est-elle antiféministe?
Authors: Cardoso Auréline
Published: June 2014

Enjeu de luttes féministes, la question de la difficile articulation entre vie familiale et vie professionnelle pour les femmes s’invite également dans les magazines féminins. L’analyse détaillée de deux articles des magazines Elle et Marie-Claire sur ce sujet montre la manière dont l’antiféminisme imprègne ces discours. S’éloignant des analyses féministes matérialistes, les deux magazines privilégient les arrangements individuels à la lutte collective, tout en incitant leurs lectrices à se conformer au modèle de la superwoman, qui articule avec brio vie professionnelle et vie familiale.
Nous sommes les freebirthers
Authors: St-Amant Stéphanie
Published: June 2014

L’accouchement non assisté (freebirth) est la démarche qui consiste à donner naissance sans assistance professionnelle, par choix. Né au milieu du xxe siècle, le mouvement a pris son essor et obtenu de la visibilité à la faveur de l’arrivée d’Internet et d’un climat périnatal de plus en plus restrictif, voire judiciarisé. Selon un point de vue de critique féministe à la fois académique (inspiré des rares études sur le sujet) et personnel (l’auteure a été freebirther), l’article trace un portrait du phénomène et rend compte du cadre de référence revendiqué par les femmes qui se posent à la marge des pratiques périnatales alternatives.
Les artistes femmes
Authors: Spettel Elisabeth
Published: June 2014

Le xxe siècle, qualifié par Felix Hobsbawm d’« âge des extrêmes », a été particulièrement marqué par le désir de repousser les limites, qu’elles soient politiques, morales ou esthétiques. Ces dernières sont transgressées par les avant-gardes artistiques qui cherchent à subvertir les codes classiques. Parmi elles, les artistes femmes remettent en question plus particulièrement le genre avec une certaine radicalité grâce à l’invention de procédés spécifiques. Cet article porte sur la pratique du photomontage par Hannah Höch (artiste dadaïste berlinoise) et Wangechi Mutu (artiste contemporaine kenyane) dans des contextes différents. Les deux créatrices font du collage une véritable technique féministe ayant pour objet de déconstruire les catégories et tendant à une forme d’universalité. Dans leur production, l’extrême qualifie la relation entre l’artiste, l’oeuvre et le spectateur ou la spectatrice et il inclut paradoxalement une limite, celle du regard.
Gender inequality and HIV transmission: a global analysis
Authors: Richardson Eugene T , Collins Sean E , Kung Tiffany , Jones James H , Tram Khai Hoan , Boggiano Victoria L , Bekker Linda‐Gail , Zolopa Andrew R
Published: June 2014

Introduction

The HIV pandemic disproportionately impacts young women. Worldwide, young women aged 15–24 are infected with HIV at rates twice that of young men, and young women alone account for nearly a quarter of all new HIV infections. The incommensurate HIV incidence in young – often poor – women underscores how social and economic inequalities shape the HIV epidemic. Confluent social forces, including political and gender violence, poverty, racism, and sexism impede equal access to therapies and effective care, but most of all constrain the agency of women.

Methods

HIV prevalence data was compiled from the 2010 UNAIDS Global Report. Gender inequality was assessed using the 2011 United Nations Human Development Report Gender Inequality Index (GII). Logistic regression models were created with predominant mode of transmission (heterosexual vs. MSM/IDU) as the dependent variable and GII, Muslim vs. non‐Muslim, Democracy Index, male circumcision rate, log gross national income (GNI) per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP), and region as independent variables.

Results and discussion

There is a significant correlation between having a predominantly heterosexual epidemic and high gender inequality across all models. There is not a significant association between whether a country is predominantly Muslim, has a high/low GNI at PPP, has a high/low circumcision rate, and its primary mode of transmission. In addition, there are only three countries that have had a generalized epidemic in the past but no longer have one: Cambodia, Honduras, and Eritrea. GII data are available only for Cambodia and Honduras, and these countries showed a 37 and 34% improvement, respectively, in their Gender Inequality Indices between 1995 and 2011. During the same period, both countries reduced their HIV prevalence below the 1% threshold of a generalized epidemic. This represents limited but compelling evidence that improvements in gender inequality can lead to the abatement of generalized epidemics.

Conclusions

Gender inequality is an important factor in the maintenance – and possibly in the establishment of – generalized HIV epidemics. We should view improvements in gender inequality as part of a broader public health strategy.
Global distribution maps of the leishmaniases
Authors: Pigott David M , Bhatt Samir , Golding Nick , Duda Kirsten A , Battle Katherine E , Brady Oliver J , Messina Jane P , Balard Yves , Bastien Patrick , Pratlong Francine , Brownstein John S , Freifeld Clark C , Mekaru Sumiko R , Gething Peter W , George Dylan B , Myers Monica F , Reithinger Richard , Hay Simon I
Published: June 2014

The leishmaniases are vector-borne diseases that have a broad global distribution throughout much of the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Despite representing a significant public health burden, our understanding of the global distribution of the leishmaniases remains vague, reliant upon expert opinion and limited to poor spatial resolution. A global assessment of the consensus of evidence for leishmaniasis was performed at a sub-national level by aggregating information from a variety of sources. A database of records of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis occurrence was compiled from published literature, online reports, strain archives, and GenBank accessions. These, with a suite of biologically relevant environmental covariates, were used in a boosted regression tree modelling framework to generate global environmental risk maps for the leishmaniases. These high-resolution evidence-based maps can help direct future surveillance activities, identify areas to target for disease control and inform future burden estimation efforts.
Perception-Based Effects of Clinical Exposure to Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment on First- and Second-Year Osteopathic Medical Students
Authors: Vazzana Kathleen M. , Yao Sheldon C. , Jung Min-Kyung , Terzella Michael J.
Published: June 2014

Context: Little research has been done regarding osteopathic medical students' clinical exposure to osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT). Most existing research focuses on third- and fourth-year students.

Objective: To determine the effects of clinical exposure to OMT on first- and second-year osteopathic medical students by assessing the same population's perceptions of OMT.

Methods: In the present survey-based study, conducted at the New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, first- and second-year osteopathic medical students were administered an electronic survey containing 18 multiple-choice questions. The first 2 questions were demographic. The next 6 questions had participants identify what, if any, clinical exposure to OMT they had, including clinical shadowing, the MedPrep program, and the Summer Student American Academy of Osteopathy Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine Preceptorship program. The 10 questions that followed assessed the participant's perception of OMT: (1) understanding, (2) attitude toward OMT, (3) scope of practice of OMT, and (4) intention to use OMT in future clinical practice. The survey used the statistically validated Likert scale for all of the scaled questions. Analysis was performed using the Pearson χ2 test and the Fisher exact test.

Results: Of the 600 students who were sent surveys, 364 replied, for a response rate of 60.7%. There was an association with students' anticipated use of OMT in their future clinical practice and the following types of clinical exposures to OMT: MedPrep (P=.04), Summer Student American Academy of Osteopathy Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine Preceptorship (P=.04), extracurricular OMT didactics (P=.048), and shadowing a physician performing OMT before attending osteopathic medical school (P=.007). Being treated with OMT had no association with anticipated future use of OMT. More OMT clinical exposures were associated with more positive responses to the perception questions (

χ
1
2

=
13.8

$\chi _1^2 = 13.8$

, P<.001).

Conclusion: Participants with clinical exposure to OMT before entering clinical training were more likely to plan to use OMT in future practice. Early clinical exposure to OMT before or during the first 2 years of osteopathic medical school was associated with a positive perception of OMT.