bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le gouvernement de Robert Bourassa et la culture, 1970-1976
Authors: Harvey Fernand
Published: March 2019

Slogan électoral ou politique culturelle? La souveraineté culturelle mise de l’avant par le premier ministre Robert Bourassa a suscité d’importants débats à caractère politique, social et culturel au cours des deux mandats du gouvernement libéral, de 1970 à 1976. Ce débat met à l’avant-scène différents acteurs: deux ministres du gouvernement Bourassa – Jean-Paul L’Allier aux Communications et Denis Hardy aux Affaires culturelles –, des membres de l’opposition à Québec, le ministre Gérard Pelletier au niveau fédéral et un regroupement issu de la société civile, le Tribunal de la culture, présidé par l’anthropologue Marcel Rioux. En relation avec ce débat se profile un élargissement de la notion même de culture qui ne se limite plus aux arts, aux lettres et au patrimoine. La recherche d’une politique culturelle pour le Québec est ainsi étroitement liée à l’affirmation d’une politique des communications, laquelle soulève des obstacles constitutionnels avec le gouvernement fédéral.
Particle Swarm Optimization of PID Controller under Constraints on Performance and Robustness
Authors: Bošković Marko , Rapaić Milan , Jeličić Zoran
Published: March 2019

This paper presents a design procedure of the PID controller where optimal parameters of controller * * * *p i d f (k ,k ,k ,T ) areobtained by solving the constrained optimization problem. The objective function is given in the form of the Integral of Absolute Error(IAE) under specifications to achieve predictable performance and robustness. The constraints within the optimization problem setupare desired maximum sensitivity, desired maximum complementary sensitivity and maximum sensitivity to measurement noise underhigh frequencies. The optimization problem is transformed to an unconstrained problem using penalty function approach. Solution tothe optimization problem is obtained using Particle Swarm algorithm (PSO) which leads to an efficient suppression of disturbance aswell as an adequate reference tracking performance of the closed-loop system with negligible overshoot. The suggested method isapplicable to the large class of stable, integral and unstable processes, processes with oscillatory dynamics with and without dead-time.Effectiveness of the proposed design procedure is verified via numerical simulations on test batch consisting of processes typicallyencountered in industry. Paper also provides two another solutions of the defined optimization problem using genetic algorithm (GA)and fminunc trust region based approach (TR). Performance of the PSO, GA, and TR based control system is compared with thoseusing recently proposed maximization of proportional gain denoted with max(kp) method. Although the present paper is focused to tunethe PID controller, the same procedure may be used to design PI controller, lead and lag compensators, high-order controllers as well asfractional-order controllers.
An analysis of the mechanism of aging: endogenous viral stimulus and the deleterious effect of chronic inflammation
Authors: Ochirov Chingis
Published: March 2019

This article describes a putative mechanism of aging based on the interaction of endogenous viral particles with the receptors of the innate immune system leading to producing pro-inflammatory cytokines. The innate immune response induces a complex of signaling pathways leading to senescence or tumorigenesis. The fate of a cell is depended on the activity of the p53 tumor-suppressive signaling pathway. Chronic inflammation is characterized by upregulation of the NF-kB signaling. The NF-kB protein stimulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) leading to remodeling of extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix alterations induce the loss of stem cell environment and their depletion. The innate immune system also mediates the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway that inhibits autophagy and transforms energy metabolism providing cell senescence, high level of blood glucose, high lipid synthesis and mitochondrial alterations. The STAT3-HIF1 signaling pathway suppresses oxidative phosphorylation increasing ROS production and promoting the MAPK pathway leading to excessive cell proliferation. The increased ROS production causes the global DNA and histone demethylation contributing to retrotransposon reactivation whose activity leads to genome instability. However, the activity of retrotransposons may be partly explained by their role in adaptation. Among retrotransposons, endogenous retroviruses may be considered as an intrinsic stimulus for the innate immune system and are also able to avoid the adaptive immune system. Therefore, I consider endogenous retroviruses as promising targets in anti-aging therapies
Potentials of Egg Shell and Snail Shell Powder in Sorghum Beer Clarification
Authors: Iwouno Jude O. , Ofoedu Chigozie E. , Ofoedum Arinze F.
Published: March 2019

Aim: Turbidity is one of the integral parameters used to ascertain beer quality and clarity. This has been achieved through a combination of filtration processes and utilization of kieselghur as filter aid. Kieselghur on the other hand is expensive and not readily available; therefore there is need to find potential filter aids from locally available materials. The aim of this research is to determine the effectiveness of egg shell powder and snail shell powder in sorghum beer clarification.  

Study Design: This study was made to fit into using a combination of T-test and one way Analysis of Variance.

Place and Duration of Study: The research was carried out at Department of Food Science and Technology Laboratory, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria, between May 2018 and November 2018.

Methodology: Sorghum grains were malted by adoption of barley malting protocols while snail shells and egg shells obtained from the market were processed into powders. Temperature programmed infusion mashing method was used to produce wort from sorghum malt that was germinated for 2 days and 3 days. The resulting worts were fermented using Saccharomyces carlsbergensis to obtain sorghum beer and the beer was clarified with kieselghur, egg shell powder and snail shell powder. Turbidity and other quality analyses were carried out on the sorghum wort, sorghum beer and clarified sorghum beer.

Results: The results showed that beers clarified with Kieselghur had better clarity than egg shell powder and snail shell powder clarified sorghum beers. Egg shell powder showed better clarification potentials than snail shell powder. There is a correlation between total solids and turbidity. Germination period significantly influenced the turbidity of sorghum beer.

Conclusion: This study showed that egg shell powder can serve as potential filter aid in beverage clarification.
Characterization and Evolution of Dishevelled Genes in Paralichthys olivaceus
Authors: Wu Xiaolong , Li Rui , Peng Meiting , Wang Zhigang
Published: March 2019

The study examined the key gene Dishevelled (Dvl or Dsh) in Wnt (Wingless and INT-1) signaling pathways. The gene (Dvl) was characterized in the flat fish Paralichthys olivaceus for its expression pattern structure and phylogenetics at the Ocean University of China in Qingdao, China in 2018. Three gene paralogues (Dvl1, Dvl2 and Dvl3) of the Dvl family were cloned in P. olivaceus and a N-terminal DAX domain, a central PDZ domain and a C-terminal DEP domain were discovered in all three protein paralogues. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Dvl genes in P. olivaceus are most closely related to those in marine teleosts Larimichthys crocea and Stegastes partitus, followed by those in Cynoglossus semilaevis. For each Dvl gene, the genes in teleosts fall into a clade independent from the ones in other vertebrates, suggesting that the duplication of Dvl genes occurred prior to the divergence of vertebrates. The temporal expression patterns of the three Dvl genes were characterized during the embryonic development of teleosts. In P. olivaceus, all three Dvl genes remain at low expression levels during the early stages of development until gastrula stage, when the expression of Dvl1 was significantly up-regulated. The research revealed vastly different temporal expression patterns of Dvl genes and suggested that the structure of Dvl proteins is conserved, but the expression patterns of Dvl genes vary significantly among different classes.
Influence of the Potato Production System in the Soil Suppressiveness to Bacterial Wilt
Authors: Zucolotto Juliana , Ragassi Carlos F. , Lopes Carlos A. , Piotto Fernando A. , De Melo Paulo C. T.
Published: March 2019

The potato crop is highly affected by soil-borne diseases motivating its continuous migration to non-cultivated areas. Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia spp. is one of the main diseases affecting the potato crop in Brazil, since the conventional production system, used throughout the country, promotes an ideal environment for proliferation of members of this pathogen complex. Studying alternative potato production systems aiming to improve the soil biological properties is necessary in order to avoid the continuous migration of the potato crop to new areas. The objective of this work was to evaluate different potato production systems, namely, the Paces an alternative potato production system and the organic potato production systems in contrast to the conventional production system, a soil from the Paces system sterilized through autoclaving and an undisturbed Atlantic rainforest soil regarding the soil suppressiveness to bacterial wilt caused by R. solanacearum. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replications, arranged in a 4 x 4 + 1 factorial scheme, the main factor being the production system and the secondary factor corresponding to the doses of soil contaminated with R. solanacearum added to each treatment (0, 25, 50 and 75%). The additional treatment corresponded to the soil of the conventional system with high incidence of R. solanacearum. The soil suppressiveness to bacterial wilt is a biological process inhibited by autoclaving. The Paces and the organic potato production systems have a significant potential to suppress R. solanacearum in infested soil.
Effect of Packaging Materials and Storage Periods on the Vigor Parameters of Some Selected Varieties of Soybeans in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
Authors: Obute J. O. , Irtwange S. V. , Vange T.
Published: March 2019

This study was carried out in 2017 at the Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi Nigeria. The study was aimed at evaluating the effect of packaging materials and storage period on the vigor parameters of some selected varieties of soybeans in Makurdi. The experimental design was 3x5x6 factorial CRD comprising 3 varieties, 5 storage periods and 6 packaging materials by 3 replicates. Samples were collected from National Cereal Research Institute, Yandev sub-station. The soybeans were cleaned, dried and the moisture content noted. Five hundred grams was measured into the various packaging material stored and at Strategic Grains Reserve, Federal Ministry of Agriculture Makurdi. The seeds in storage was sampled periodically (2, 4, 6 and 8 months) to determine quality by conducting standard germination test with 100 seeds (100 seeds/rep). The investigation revealed that V3 (TGx 1448-2E) stored for 2 months had the highest Shoot seedling length while V1 (TGx 923-3F) stored for 8 months had the least shoot seedling length. Soybeans stored in cloth had a very high Shoot seedling length at 2 months but dropped thereafter and turned out to be the lowest at the end of the storage period. V2 (TGx 1904-6F) stored in laminate paper produced the longest Shoot seedling length and also produced the shortest with V1. The seedling root length was longest in V3 stored for 2 months and least in V1 stored for 8months.Soybeans stored in cloth for 2 months produced very high SRL 2 months but dropped to 0.00 at the end of the storage period. V2 did better in LDPE than all the packaging materials. V1 had the shortest SRL in soybeans stored in bottle. The highest seedling vigor was recorded in V3 stored for 2 months while the lowest seedling vigor was recorded in V1 stored for 8 months. V2 in plastic container had the highest seedling vigor whileV1 in plastic had the lowest. However, significant differences were observed at (P< 0.05) in the interaction effect. In the present study, LDPE proved to be the best packaging material and the variety that had more resistance to deterioration was V2 (TGx 1904-6F). Soybeans that are stored at ambient should be in storage material that are impervious to air and moisture otherwise the seeds will lose viability and vigor. In addition, varieties that are prone to fast deterioration should not be stored longer.
Initial Value Problems for Second Order Neutral Impulsive Integro-differential Equations with Advanced Argument
Authors: Ye Guobing , Wang Xuebin , Ye Xuan , Liu Chen
Published: March 2019

This paper discusses initial value problems for second order neutral impulsive integro-differential equations with advanced argument. By using the fixed point theorem of either Leray-Schaude or Banach, two existence results are obtained. By comparison, each of them has his own strong and weak points. If appropriate changes are made to some conditions for two results, the same results can be got. Two examples to illustrate our main results are given, which are compared with the existence results for impulsive differential equations from existing literature.
Clonal Propagation of Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) through In vitro Runner Tip Culture through Incorporation of Growth Hormones
Authors: Badal Md. Nasir Uddin , Shoyeb Md. , Sarkar Md. Abdur Rauf , Rahman Md. Shahedur , Rahman Shaikh Mizanur
Published: March 2019

Runner tips explants of strawberry give rise to multiple shoots when cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of BAP with KIN or NAA or GA3.The highest response of shoot multiplication was obtained on MS containing 2.5 mgl-1 BAP + 0.5 mgl-1 Kin + 0.5 mgl-1 GA3. The maximum frequency of rooting (83%) and highest number of roots (3.49) was produced in medium containing 1.0 mgl-1 IBA. The well grown rooted plantlets were acclimatized and successfully established in autoclaved vermiculate soil and as well as natural condition. Using our established protocol, it is also possible to provide large numbers of micropropagated plantlets of this cultivars to produce high quality strawberry fruit for commercial cultivation practices.
Method Validation for Determination of Metformin Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulations by Capillary Electrophoresis with Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection
Authors: Ben-Hander Gazala Mohamed , Abdusalam Ashraf Ahmed Ali , Saad Bahruddin , Makahleh Ahmad , Salhimi Salizawati Muhamad
Published: March 2019

A method for the determination of metformin hydrochloride (MH) in pharmaceutical formulations by capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity (C4D) detection was investigated. The separation was achieved under normal polarity mode at 17.5°C, 30 kV, hydrodynamic injection (50 mbar for 8 s) and using a bare fused silica capillary 72 cm × 75 µm i.d. (detection length, 10.5 cm from the outlet end of the capillary). The optimized background electrolyte consisted of 10 mM 2-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid and 10 mM histidine, pH 6.8. C4D parameters were set at fixed amplitude of 100 V and frequency of 650 kHz. Under the optimum conditions, the method shows good linearity over the range of 10-30 µg mL-1 MH (r2=0.9971). Limits of detection and quantitation based on S/N ratio of 3 and 10 were 0.049 and 0.15 µg mL-1, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the assay of MH in pharmaceutical formulations and establishing the dissolution profiles for both immediate and extended release formulations of MH.
Methanol Toxicity Presenting as Acute Abdomen: Case Report
Authors: Ali Yasser , Ismail Mazen , Shareif Maher , El-Din Mohanmmad Hosam , Taha Inass
Published: March 2019

Background: Acute methanol poisoning is a fatal illness. Several Atypical presentations could make it difficult to suspect the diagnosis.

Case Report: A 50 years old male known chronic alcoholic presented to the emergency department with severe acute abdominal pain nausea and vomiting. He rapidly deteriorated within 2 hours to develop confusion and seizures, was found to have double gap severe metabolic acidosis and elevated serum methanol. The patient was managed with Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) and supportive measures. He gradually improved and was discharged with no neurological or visual complications.

Conclusion and Recommendations: Acute methanol toxicity should be expected if the alcoholic patient develops a rapid neurological deterioration and shows double anion gap acidosis.

Health authorities should provide the serum formic acid test for diagnosis and the fomepizole as a preferable antidote. Until then, supportive treatment, intravenous ethanol and CRRT should be immediately started in these patients.
Long Term Fertilizer Management Effect on Nutrient Dynamics in Rainfed Rice-lentil System in Transect 4 of IndoGangetic Plain
Authors: Kumar Jitendra , De Nirmal , Meena R. S. , Sharma Pallab , Pradhan A. K. , Chari G. Ravindra
Published: March 2019

The present study analyzed the effect of different organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil nutrient dynamics in a long-term field experiment under rainfed rice-lentil system. The experiment was operative at Agricultural Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, B.H.U Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. Carbon dynamics was investigated on surface soil on the basis of distribution of Walkley & Black Carbon, in active pool (AP) or labile carbon (oxidisable at low concentration of H2SO4) in relation to passive pool (PP) or non labile carbon (oxidisable at high concentration of H2SO4) and its indices carbon management index (CMI). The effect of eight different treatments including unfertilized, 100% N from farm yard manure, 100% recommended dose of fertilizer, 50% RDF + 50% N Foliar), 50% RDF, 50% RDF + 50% N FYM),  50% N FYM and Farmers practices i.e. application of 20kg N ha-1 The availability & uptake of major nutrients were studied. The results revealed: That mixed application of inorganic fertilizers and FYM substantially increase the soil organic carbon pool, sustainability index over remaining treatments. Higher fertilizer application rates resulted in higher and sustained crop yields which had been reflected in sustainability yield index. A significant Pearson correlation was found between SOC, AP, PP, exchangeable K2O content, soil microbial biomass carbon and SYI. (The result indicated to adopt conjunctive use of nutrient management which promote the SOC more labile and, induce availability of other nutrients coupled with SMBC that translate into higher crop yields.
Occurrence of Anthracnose Disease of Turkey Berry (Solanum torvum) at Bunso, Eastern Region, Ghana
Authors: Adongo B. A. , Akrofi S. , Osei-Owusu E. , Ahiatsi E. N.
Published: March 2019

Aims: To identify the causal agent of anthracnose disease of Solanum torvum, determine whether the pathogen is seedborne and also to ascertain the cross infection potential of the pathogen on other Solanaceous crops of economic importance.

Place and Duration of Study:  Bunso, in the East Akim District of the Eastern Region of Ghana, between January and October, 2017.

Methodology: The disease symptoms on matured fruits, leaves, stems and flowers of Solanum torvum were carefully observed for documentation with magnifying glasses and the naked eyes. The pathogen was isolated on PDA after incubation for five days and the identification was based on the colony, morphology and conidial characteristics with reference to laboratory manuals. The virulence of the fungal isolates from the S. torvum fruits was determined through pathogenicity tests. A seed health test was conducted in accordance with the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) to determine whether the pathogen is seedborne. Conidial suspension of Colletotrichum acutatum (1×103 per ml) was used to inoculate pepper and eggplant fruits in a cross infectivity test.

Results: Colletotrichum acutatum was repeatedly isolated and identified as the causal agent of the disease on the fruits and was also seedborne. In cross infectivity studies, the pathogen produced characteristic anthracnose symptoms on both eggplant and pepper which happens to belong to the same Solanaceae family just as the turkey berry.

Conclusion: The anthracnose disease of Solanum torvum at Bunso, in the Eastern Region of Ghana is caused by Colletotrichum acutatum that has the potential to cross infect other Solanaceous species. This study is the first scientific report of the occurrence of anthracnose disease of S. torvum in Ghana.
The Existence of Blow-up Solution to Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations with First-order Spatial Derivative Terms
Authors: Yang Jingsong
Published: March 2019

In this paper, we study the existence of blow-up solution to nonlinear Schrodinger equations withrst-order spatial derivative terms at nite time.
Corn Cultivation for Silage: Evaluation of Elemental Composition in the Soil and Plants by Neutron Activation Analysis
Authors: Da Silva Wellington Ferrari , B. C. Menezes Maria Ângela de , Marques Douglas José
Published: March 2019

Corn cultivation for silage requires special soil management and constant applications of fertilizers and agricultural pesticides to achieve satisfactory yield levels. This study was carried out on a farm that has grown corn for several years. The soil does not have adequate management in terms of fertility and fertilization. The matrices collected were soil, roots, leaves and grains in a corn silage area to investigate which chemical elements are present and their concentrations. The neutron activation analysis (NAA) by k0-standardization method was applied on elemental concentration determination. In this technique, the sample is submitted to a neutron flux, in order to produce radioactive isotopes of the nuclei present in the original sample. In the k0 method, the sample is irradiated together with a neutron flux monitor, usually gold (Au), in the same irradiation position and standards of the interested element are not necessary. Several samples can be irradiated simultaneously when stacked inside the irradiation vessel, intercalated with neutron flux monitors. The irradiations were carried out in the TRIGA MARK I IPR-R1 research reactor at Nuclear Technology Development Centre/Brazilian Commission for Nuclear Energy (CDTN / CNEN). In the analysis, As, Ba, Br, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Eu, Fe, Hf, K, La, Mo, Na, Nd, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Ta, Tb, Th, U, Yb and Zn were identified in the samples. Although the site studied lacks adequate management of soil fertility and fertilization, Ca, Cu, K, Mo and Zn were determined and their presences are important because they are essential for corn development. Adequate content for the cultivation of silage corn were verified by assessing these nutrients and their translocation in the plant.
Effect of Angled Submerged Vanes on Bed Morphology Downstream Sluice Gate
Authors: Ibrahim M. M.
Published: March 2019

Scour is a characteristic marvel caused because of the erosive activity of flowing stream on alluvial beds which expels the silt around or close structures situated in streaming water. In this paper, an experimental study was directed to foresee the impact of oriented vanes introduced on level stilling basin downstream a sluice gate on bed material planning to limit the local geometry of scour and silting. The considered shape in this exploration is easy to be utilized as an additional component to be implemented on the stilling basin of any current water structures. Two hundred and sixty runs were executed using 10 models of stilling basins considering different heights and angles of vanes under various flow conditions including the discharges and tail gate water depths. An instance of level floor without vanes was incorporated into the test program to foresee the impact of vanes establishment. The experimental outcomes were accounted for 2 distinctive bed materials. Results were analyzed and graphically introduced. Simple formulas were given to estimate the geometry of the local scour and silting.
Analytic flexibility in laboratory aggression paradigms: Relations with personality traits vary (slightly) by operationalization of aggression
Authors: Hyatt Courtland S. , Chester David S. , Zeichner Amos , Miller Joshua D.
Published: March 2019

Competitive reaction time tasks (CRTTs) have been used widely in social science research, but recent criticism has been directed at the flexible quantification strategies used with this methodology. A recent review suggests that over 150 different quantification strategies have been used in this literature, and there is evidence to suggest that different operationalizations can affect the results and interpretations of experiments using CRTTs. In the current investigation, we reanalyze data from four existing samples from two different sites (total N = 600) to examine how the relations between a range of personality traits and aggression vary based on how aggression is operationalized. Our results suggest that there is a modest degree of heterogeneity in effect size and direction for these relations, and that effect size and direction were most consistent for traits more generally related to lab aggression (e.g., psychopathy, low Five‐Factor Model agreeableness). In addition, profile matching analyses suggest that different operationalizations yield empirical correlates that are quite similar to one another, even when quantifying absolute rather than relative similarity. These results were consistent across site, methodology, and type of sample, suggesting that these issues are likely generalizable across most labs using CRTTs. We conclude with suggestions for future directions, particularly emphasizing the need for adequately‐powered samples, and for researchers to preregister a plan for how CRTT data will be analyzed.
Plasma α‐synuclein levels are increased in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
Authors: Sun Hao‐Lun , Sun Bin‐Lu , Chen Dong‐Wan , Chen Yang , Li Wei‐Wei , Xu Man‐Yu , Shen Ying‐Ying , Xu Zhi‐Qiang , Wang Yan‐Jiang , Bu Xian‐Le
Published: March 2019

Objective

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by nocturnal intermittent hypoxemia and can increase the risk of Parkinson's disease. This study aimed to investigate the association between plasma α‐synuclein levels and hypoxia in the patients with OSAS.

Methods

We recruited 42 OSAS patients and 46 controls with simple snoring matched for age and gender. OSAS was diagnosed on the basis of the clinical symptoms as well as the nighttime polysomnography. Plasma total α‐synuclein and phosphorylated α‐synuclein levels were measured by ELISA kits.

Results

The OSAS patients had significant higher levels of plasma total α‐synuclein and phosphorylated α‐synuclein levels. Both of the above indexes were positively correlated with the apnea–hypopnea index and the oxygen desaturation index, while they were negatively correlated with the mean and lowest oxyhemoglobin saturations.

Interpretation

This study suggests that chronic intermittent hypoxia can increase the α‐synuclein levels, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
Advanced Functional Biomaterials for Stem Cell Delivery in Regenerative Engineering and Medicine
Authors: Wang Xinlong , Rivera‐Bolanos Nancy , Jiang Bin , Ameer Guillermo A.
Published: March 2019

Stem cell–based therapies can potentially regenerate many types of tissues and organs, thereby providing solutions to a variety of diseases and injuries. However, acute cell death, uncontrolled differentiation, and low functional engraftment yields remain critical obstacles for clinical translation. Advanced functional biomaterial scaffolds that can deliver stem cells to the targeted tissues/organs and promote stem cell survival, differentiation, and integration to host tissues may potentially transform the clinical outcome of stem cell–based regenerative therapies. In this review, the authors briefly summarize sources of stem cells for transplantation, present the current state of the art in biomaterial design for stem cell delivery, and provide critical analysis for existing materials. Applications to the cardiovascular, neural, and musculoskeletal systems are highlighted with recent nonclinical studies and clinical trials. The authors also discuss how advances in biomaterials research can contribute to regenerative medicine research and stem cell therapies.
Flexible and Ultrasoft Inorganic 1D Semiconductor and Heterostructure Systems Based on SnIP
Authors: Ott Claudia , Reiter Felix , Baumgartner Maximilian , Pielmeier Markus , Vogel Anna , Walke Patrick , Burger Stefan , Ehrenreich Michael , Kieslich Gregor , Daisenberger Dominik , Armstrong Jeff , Thakur Ujwal Kumar , Kumar Pawan , Chen Shunda , Donadio Davide , Walter Lisa S. , Weitz R. Thomas , Shankar Karthik , Nilges Tom
Published: March 2019

Low dimensionality and high flexibility are key demands for flexible electronic semiconductor devices. SnIP, the first atomic‐scale double helical semiconductor combines structural anisotropy and robustness with exceptional electronic properties. The benefit of the double helix, combined with a diverse structure on the nanoscale, ranging from strong covalent bonding to weak van der Waals interactions, and the large structure and property anisotropy offer substantial potential for applications in energy conversion and water splitting. It represents the next logical step in downscaling the inorganic semiconductors from classical 3D systems, via 2D semiconductors like MXenes or transition metal dichalcogenides, to the first downsizeable, polymer‐like atomic‐scale 1D semiconductor SnIP. SnIP shows intriguing mechanical properties featuring a bulk modulus three times lower than any IV, III‐V, or II‐VI semiconductor. In situ bending tests substantiate that pure SnIP fibers can be bent without an effect on their bonding properties. Organic and inorganic hybrids are prepared illustrating that SnIP is a candidate to fabricate flexible 1D composites for energy conversion and water splitting applications. SnIP@C3N4 hybrid forms an unusual soft material core–shell topology with graphenic carbon nitride wrapping around SnIP. A 1D van der Waals heterostructure is formed capable of performing effective water splitting.
Bioprinting of Cell‐Laden Microfiber: Can It Become a Standard Product?
Authors: Shao Lei , Gao Qing , Xie Chaoqi , Fu Jianzhong , Xiang Meixiang , He Yong
Published: March 2019

Hydrogel microfibers have many fascinating applications as microcarriers for drugs, factors, and cells, such as 3D cell culture, building micro‐organoids, and transplantation therapy due to their simple structures. It is unknown whether cell‐laden fiber can become a standard‐use product like woundplast. Here, from the technical and practical view, the elements required for user‐oriented microfibers are first discussed: i) the materials used should promote cell functionalization and be easily processed; ii) follow a manufacturing method for mass fabrication; iii) have the ability to be stored long‐term and be available for immediate use. Here, it is demonstrated that bioactive microfibers can be simply fabricated with coaxial bioprinting using gelatin methacrylate due to its tunable biological and mechanical properties. Additionally, programmed microfibers and 3D constructs with controllable composition can also be fabricated. These microfibers can be used to directly build organoids and complex co‐culture tissue models. In the present study, vascular organoid, angiogenic sprouts, and tumor angiogenesis are demonstrated. It is also demonstrated, for the first time, that the cell‐laden microfibers can be stored long‐term via cryopreservation. These results show that cell‐laden structures can be developed as a novel type of organoid product, which will open more avenues for tissue engineering and clinical organ repair.
The Critical Role of Electron‐Donating Thiophene Groups on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Donor–Acceptor Semiconducting Polymers
Authors: Zhang Song , Ocheje Michael U. , Huang Lifeng , Galuska Luke , Cao Zhiqiang , Luo Shaochuan , Cheng Yu‐Hsuan , Ehlenberg Dakota , Goodman Renée B. , Zhou Dongshan , Liu Yi , Chiu Yu‐Cheng , Azoulay Jason D. , Rondeau‐Gagné Simon , Gu Xiaodan
Published: March 2019

Organic semiconducting donor–acceptor polymers are promising candidates for stretchable electronics owing to their mechanical compliance. However, the effect of the electron‐donating thiophene group on the thermomechanical properties of conjugated polymers has not been carefully studied. Here, thin‐film mechanical properties are investigated for diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)‐based conjugated polymers with varying numbers of isolated thiophene moieties and sizes of fused thiophene rings in the polymer backbone. Interestingly, it is found that these thiophene units act as an antiplasticizer, where more isolated thiophene rings or bigger fused rings result in an increased glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer backbone, and consequently elastic modulus of the respective DPP polymers. Detailed morphological studies suggests that all samples show similar semicrystalline morphology. This antiplasticization effect also exists in para‐azaquinodimethane‐based conjugated polymers, indicating that this can be a general trend for various conjugated polymer systems. Using the knowledge gained above, a new DPP‐based polymer with increased alkyl side chain density through attaching alky chains to the thiophene unit is engineered. The new DPP polymer demonstrates a record low Tg, and 50% lower elastic modulus than a reference polymer without side‐chain decorated on the thiophene unit. This work provides a general design rule for making low‐Tg conjugated polymers for stretchable electronics.
A three‐zone mass transfer model for a rotating packed bed
Authors: Sang Le , Luo Yong , Chu Guang‐Wen , Sun Bao‐Chang , Zhang Liang‐Liang , Chen Jian‐Feng
Published: March 2019

A rotating packed bed (RPB) is recognized for its merits in chemical process intensification. In most studies of RPB mass transfer modeling, however, the effects of the end and cavity zones have not been taken into consideration, since it was very difficult to distinguish the end and bulk zones by hydrodynamics and mass transfer process. In this work, the radial thickness of the end zone was obtained by developing a probability method and imaging experiments to separate the end and bulk zones. A three‐zone model, including end, bulk, and cavity zones, of the overall gas‐side volumetric mass transfer coefficient (KGa)t was first established. Experiments of dissolved MEA chemisorption of CO2 were carried out to validate the proposed three‐zone mass transfer model. The results of the MEA‐CO2 absorption experiments showed that the experimentally obtained values of CO2 absorption efficiency were in agreement within ±20% with the model predictions.
Alkylation, Annulation, and Alkenylation of Organic Molecules with Maleimides by Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed C‐H Bond Activation
Authors: Manoharan Ramasamy , Jeganmohan Masilamani
Published: March 2019

Maleimide and succinimide core moieties are present in various natural products and pharmaceuticals. In addition, these derivatives can be readily modified into biologically important organic molecules including pyrrolidines and γ‐lactams. A transition‐metal‐catalyzed chelation‐assisted functionalization of inert C−H bond of organic molecules with electrophiles or nucleophiles is one of the efficient methods to construct chemical bonds in a highly atom‐ and step‐economical manner. The present review describes the recent advances in the reaction involving maleimides with organic molecules by a chelation‐assisted inert C−H bond activation methodology. The reaction involving maleimides with organic molecules having directing groups, such as ketone, acyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, oxime, amide, imidate, chromone, azo, N‐sulfonyl ketimine, carboxylic acids, and aldimines, were described. The scope, limitation and mechanistic investigation of the alkylation, annulation and alkenylation reactions were discussed elaborately. This review article includes the entire report on the chemical bond‐forming reaction of maleimides with organic molecules by the C−H bond activation strategy until the end of 2018.
Palladiumkatalysierte decarboxylierende γ‐Arylierung: Ein Zugang zu tetrasubstituierten chiralen Allenen
Authors: Scheipers Ina , Mück‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Studer Armido
Published: March 2019

Eine enantiospezifische Pd‐katalysierte decarboxylierende Kupplungsreaktion von acyclischen β,γ‐Alkinsäuren mit verschiedenen Aryliodiden zu chiralen tetrasubstituierten Allenen wird beschrieben. Die Kupplungsreaktion umfasst eine decarboxylierende γ‐Palladierung von α,α‐disubstituierten Carbonsäuren, um tetrasubstituierte Allene mit vollständiger Übertragung von Punkt‐zu‐axialer Chiralität in exzellenten Ausbeuten aufzubauen.
Simplicity Beneath Complexity: Counting Molecular Electrons Reveals Transients and Kinetics of Photodissociation Reactions
Authors: Ruddock Jennifer M. , Zotev Nikola , Stankus Brian , Yong Haiwang , Bellshaw Darren , Boutet Sébastien , Lane Thomas J. , Liang Mengning , Carbajo Sergio , Du Wenpeng , Kirrander Adam , Minitti Michael , Weber Peter M.
Published: March 2019

Time‐resolved pump–probe gas‐phase X‐ray scattering signals, extrapolated to zero momentum transfer, provide a measure of the number of electrons in a system, an effect that arises from the coherent addition of elastic scattering from the electrons. This allows to identify reactive transients and determine the chemical reaction kinetics without the need for extensive scattering simulations or complicated inversion of scattering data. We examine the photodissociation reaction of trimethylamine and identify two reaction paths upon excitation to the 3p state at 200 nm: a fast dissociation path out of the 3p state to the dimethyl amine radical (16.6±1.2 %) and a slower dissociation via internal conversion to the 3s state (83.4±1.2 %). The time constants for the two reactions are 640±130 fs and 74±6 ps, respectively. Additionally, it is found that the transient dimethyl amine radical has a N−C bond length of 1.45±0.02 Å and a C−N−C bond angle of 118°±4°.
Strategies towards Low‐Cost Dual‐Ion Batteries with High Performance
Authors: Zhou Xiaolong , Liu Qirong , Jiang Chunlei , Ji Bifa , Ji XiuLei , Tang Yongbing , Cheng Hui‐Ming
Published: March 2019

Rocking‐chair based lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have extensively applied to consumer electronics and electric vehicles (EVs) for solving the present worldwide issues of fossil fuel exhaustion and environmental pollution. However, due to the growing unprecedented demand of LIBs for commercialization in EVs and grid‐scale energy storage stations, and a shortage of lithium and cobalt, the increasing cost gives impetus to exploit low‐cost rechargeable battery systems. Dual‐ion batteries (DIBs), in which both cations and anions are involved in the electrochemical redox reaction, are one of the most promising candidates to meet the low‐cost requirements of commercial applications, because of their high working voltage, excellent safety, and environmental friendliness compared to conventional rocking‐chair based LIBs. However, DIB technologies are only at the stage of fundamental research and considerable effort is required to improve the energy density and cycle life further. We review the development history and current situation, and discuss the reaction kinetics involved in DIBs, including various anionic intercalation mechanism of cathodes, and the reactions at the anodes including intercalation and alloying to explore promising strategies towards low‐cost DIBs with high performance.
V2O5 based quadruple nano‐perovskite as a new catalyst for the synthesis of bis and tetrakis heterocyclic compounds
Authors: Khatab Tamer K. , Abdelghany Amr Mohamed , Soliman Hanan A.
Published: March 2019

In this article, we presented a novel, efficient and facile approach for using strontium titanate supported catalyst in organic synthesis. Bis and tetrakis of coumarin, indole and xanthene derivatives can effortlessly have prepared using V2O5/perovskite nanoparticles (NPs) under solvent‐free condition. V2O5/perovskite in (NPs) was prepared and identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope supported with energy dispersive X‐ray (SEM/EDAX). Calculated crystal size was from the intense XRD peaks was found to range between 50–60 nm in agreement with that obtained from the transmission electron microscopic investigation. EDAX analysis and mapping images reveal a homogenous distribution of all constituents with their calculated ratios in the synthesized catalyst.
Phosphomolybdic acid supported on Schiff base functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets: Preparation, characterization, and first catalytic application in the multi‐component synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene‐11‐ones
Authors: Rohaniyan Marziyeh , Davoodnia Abolghasem , Beyramabadi S. Ali , Khojastehnezhad Amir
Published: March 2019

New Schiff base (SB) functionalized graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets containing phosphomolybdic counter‐anion H2PMo12O40¯ (H2PMo) were successfully prepared by grafting of 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) on GO nanosheets followed by condensation with benzil and finally reaction with phosphomolybdic acid (H3PMo12O40, denoted as H3PMo) and characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), particle size distribution, energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis, EDX elemental mapping, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES). The prepared new nanomaterial, denoted as GO‐SB‐H2PMo, was shown to be an efficient heterogeneous catalyst in one‐pot, three‐component reaction of β‐naphthol, aldehydes, and dimedone, giving high yields of tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene‐11‐ones within short reaction times. The catalyst is readily recovered by simple filtration and can be recycled and reused several times with no significant loss of catalytic activity.
Understanding Rechargeable Li−O2 Batteries via First‐Principles Computations
Authors: Zhang Xu , Chen An , Jiao Menggai , Xie Zhaojun , Zhou Zhen
Published: March 2019

Driven by the growing demand of energy storage devices, rechargeable Li−O2 batteries, especially non‐aqueous ones, are considered as one of the most promising technologies due to their ultrahigh energy density. However, there are still many challenges, including poor catalytic activity, low conductivity and solvent degradation, to be overcome before their implementation in practical applications. Over decades, first‐principles computations have made great progress and become a powerful tool to predict key performances of various components in rechargeable Li−O2 batteries at atomic level. In this review, we introduce first‐principles approaches, and summarize the recent advancement in computational investigations on cathode catalysts, products and solvents for rechargeable Li−O2 batteries. In addition, the challenges and potential research directions are also briefly discussed.
Liver resection versus transarterial chemoembolization for the treatment of intermediate‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Chen Shuling , Jin Huilin , Dai Zihao , Wei Mengchao , Xiao Han , Su Tianhong , Li Bin , Liu Xin , Wang Yu , Li Jiaping , Shen Shunli , Zhou Qi , Peng Baogang , Peng Zhenwei , Peng Sui
Published: March 2019

Background

The role of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) as the standard treatment for intermediate‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is being challenged by increasing studies supporting liver resection (LR); but evidence of survival benefits of LR is lacking. We aimed to compare the overall survival (OS) of LR with that of TACE for the treatment of intermediate‐stage HCC in cirrhotic patients.

Methods

A Markov model, comparing LR with TACE over 15 years, was developed based on the data from 31 literatures. Additionally, external validation of the model was performed using a data set (n = 1735; LR: 701; TACE: 1034) from a tertiary center with propensity score matching method. We conducted one‐way and two‐way sensitivity analyses, in addition to a Monte Carlo analysis with 10 000 patients allocated into each arm.

Results

The mean expected survival times and survival rates at 5 years were 77.8 months and 47.1% in LR group, and 48.6 months and 25.7% in TACE group, respectively. Sensitivity analyses found that initial LR was the most favorable treatment. The 95% CI for the difference in OS was 2.42‐2.46 years between the two groups (P < 0.001). In the validation set, the 5‐year survival rates after LR were significantly better than those after TACE before (40.2% vs. 25.9%, P < 0.001) and after matching (43.2% vs 30.9%, P < 0.001), which was comparable to the model results.

Conclusions

For cirrhotic patients with resectable intermediate‐stage HCC, LR may provide survival benefit over TACE, but large‐scale studies are required to further stratify patients at this stage for different optimal treatments.
Early‐onset triple‐negative breast cancer in multiracial/ethnic populations: Distinct trends of prevalence of truncation mutations
Authors: Liu Qian , Yao Song , Zhao Hua , Hu Qiang , Kwan Marilyn L. , Roh Janise M. , Ambrosone Christine B. , Kushi Lawrence H. , Liu Song , Zhu Qianqian
Published: March 2019

Young black women are at higher risk of triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC); however, a majority of the genetic studies on cancer predisposition were carried out in White populations. The underrepresentation of minority racial/ethnic populations in cancer genetic studies may have led to disproportionate gaps in our knowledge of cancer predisposition genes in these populations. We surveyed the protein‐truncating mutations at the exome‐wide scale and in known breast cancer predisposition genes among 170 patients of multiple racial/ethnic groups with early‐onset (≤age 50) TNBC from two independent cohorts. Black patients, on average, had a higher number of truncating mutations than Whites at the exome‐wide level, but fewer truncating mutations in the panel of known breast cancer genes. White TNBC patients showed a strong enrichment of truncating variants in known breast cancer genes, whereas no such enrichment was found among Black patients. Our findings indicate likely more breast cancer disposition genes yet to be discovered in minority racial/ethnic groups, and the current multigene panels may result in unequal benefits from cancer genetic testing.