bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Brigade of the Great Hungarian Plain The crimes of the most notorious military detachment during the wave of paramilitary violence called the Hungarian White Terror in 1919–1921, and the further life of a radical right-wing paramilitary commander
Authors: Balázs Kántás
Published: January 2022

In 1919–1920s, paramilitary violence was an almost natural phenomenon in Hungary, like in many other countries of Central Europe. After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire the new right-wing government, establishing its power with the help of the Entente powers, could difficulty rule the quasi anarchistic conditions. In 1919–1921, Hungary was terrorized by irregular military formations that were formally part of the National Army, and radical right-wing soldiers committed serious crimes frequently by anti-Semitic motivations. One of the most notorious military detachment was organised by young first lieutenant of the Air Force Iván Héjjas, who, with the help of his armed militiamen, abusing the anarchistic conditions due to civil war, build up his own quasi private state in the town of Kecskemét and in its neighbourhood, the Great Hungarian Plain. His rule lasted for two years, his subordinates murdered and/or robbed hundreds of people, mainly of Jewish origin, but later they were given amnesty. Héjjas later became an influential radical right-wing politician of the Hungarian political scene in the period between the two world wars. The present research article makes an attempt to reconstruct the wave of paramilitary violence of Iván Héjjas’s detachment, and also examines of the further life of a used-to-be radical right-wing paramilitary commander and politician who gradually became member of the Hungarian political elite, despite his notorious past.
PERSEPSI MASYARAKAT AWAM TERHADAP STANDAR DESAIN DAN KESIAPAN NEW-NORMAL PADA BIOSKOP DI INDONESIA
Authors: Laksmiyanti Dian Pramita Eka , Nareswarananindya Nareswarananindya , Hidayat Mochamad Junaidi
Published: January 2022

Wabah COVID 19 telah membuat banyak perubahan di segala sektor. Demi tetap berjalannya perekonomian, beberapa tempat usaha dan ruang publik lainnya dibuka di akhir tahun 2020, walau dalam kenyataannya Indonesia masih dalam status darurat COVID 19. Pemerintah sudah menyatakan ”berkawanlah dengan covid”, namun hal ini bukan berarti masyarakat menjadi tidak hati-hati dan tidak peduli dengan isu kesehatan. Segala aktifitas di ruang publik tetap perlu dibatasi dan disesuaikan dengan standar protokol kesehatan yang baru. Salah satu ruang publik yang akan beroperasi akhir tahun ini adalah bioskop. Sebagian masyarakat sudah merasa aman, namun beberapa juga masih meragukan mengingat persyaratan ruang bioskop yang harus tertutup, tidak ada pencahayaan dan penghawaan alami demi kualitas visual dan akustik di dalamnya, serta kemungkinnan berkumpulnya banyak orang dalam satu ruangan tertutup dalam durasi dua hingga tiga jam. Kurangnya sirkulasi udara juga menjadi salah satu penyebab sick building syndrome, namun bukan berarti hal ini tidak dapat diatasi dengan desain arsitektural.Metode yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini secara umum deskriptif kuantitatif dengan menyebarkan quisioner pada 117 responden yang usianya berkisar antara 17-59 tahun. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk merangkum persepsi masyarakat awam mengenai standar new normal, penerapan protocol kesehatan, serta desain interior bioskop yang memberikan kenyamanan dan rasa aman bagi pengguna
MONTAGE AS SPATIAL RECONSTRUCTION OPERATION METHOD IN DESIGNING CINEMATIC ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Lestari Neneng Rika , Paramita Kristanti Dewi , Atmodiwirjo Paramita
Published: January 2022

This article investigated montage to understand and arrange cinematic architecture through operations of spatial reconstruction to present a sequence of spatial experiences. Montage is a part of discourses related to cinematic, film, and architecture. This article explored the montage approach as the primary basis in the architectural design process through spatial experience. The discussion is based on the idea that montage is emphasized in three things, i.e., sequence, multiple layers of meaning, and movement. These three aspects were further observed through the montage precedent comprising various cinematic precedents based on montage in architecture, i.e., Manhattan Transcripts and Parc de La Villette from Bernard Tschumi, Villa Savoye from Le Corbusier, and Maison Bordeaux from Rem Koolhaas. The finding of this study is a synthesis of some of these precedents that resulted in an understanding of space reconstruction operations, i.e., dismantlement, disappearance, and reassembly, all three of which exist as strategies that will be part of the production process to develop montage-based cinematic architectural design, creating new spatial sequence that provide alternative spatial experience. This article expands the knowledge regarding montages that cinematics and films can be a development in architectural design.
Horse Assisted Education (,,Učení s asistencí koní“) a jeho potenciál v oblasti pedagogiky a environmentální výchovy
Authors: Janáková Monika
Published: January 2022

Předkládaný text má ambici představit čtenáři v obecnější rovině proud výchovného a vzdělávacího působení označovaného jako Horse Assisted Education. Text je snahou o představení možnosti jak lze metodu HAE (Horse Assisted Education) reflektovat v pedagogice a jak ji uvést do školní a volnočasové praxe dětí. Autorka textu vidí potenciál HAE v oblasti environmentální výchovy. Tento proud je možné začlenit do široké skupiny metod a přístupů zážitkové pedagogiky využívající programy se zvířaty pro podporu rozvoje přírodovědné a environmentální gramotnosti a také osobnostního rozvoje.
Obsceniczne, obraźliwe czy „śmieszne”? O odbiorze społecznym kilku typów nazw miejscowych pogranicza polsko-wschodniosłowiańskiego
Authors: Koper Mariusz
Published: January 2022

This article examines local place names which may, due to their form or their use in a wider context of a speech act, be considered to be obscene, offensive or funny. The first group includes names that evoke troublesome associations, even though they are not, etymologically speaking, connected with the taboo sphere (e.g. Gacie, Hujsko, Podupce). The second group consists of place names whose obscene or humorous character is recognisable only by those with relevant linguistic knowledge and awareness (e.g. Przedrzymiechy, Pukarzów, Tarzymiechy). The third and final group contains names whose potentially ridiculous and humorous character is present only when accompanied by a broader text and context of an utterance (e.g. Nielisz, Niemce, Cyców).
Współczesny stosunek do normy językowej w świetle memów internetowych
Authors: Niekrewicz Agnieszka Anna
Published: January 2022

The aim of the article is to present how the approach towards linguistic correctness of current users of the Polish language is reflected in Internet memes. The starting point is the assumption that language norms in online communication are treated in a different manner than usual. However, the high frequency of deviations from norms in online texts (especially in memes) does not mean a simple neglecting of the rules of linguistic correctness, as it includes both unintentional and accidental breaches of norms (coming from ignorance, lack of knowledge of rules or carelessness) and intentional actions of functional character, dictated mostly by treating the language in a ludic manner. In this article, the analysis of deviations from norms in memes is subordinated to presenting their purpose, which could be one of the following: linguistic fun, satire, anarchist defiance or provocation, attracting attention of recipients in order to distinguish the meme among massive amounts of information, and the diagnosis of linguistic correctness of specific people or representatives of various social groups (e.g. junior high school students, sports fans, blokers, sports commentators, teachers, elderly women). Moreover, creating negative protagonists of memes by attempting to imitate their language, which consists mostly of repeating their linguistic errors, allowed for the recreation of linguistic awareness of Internet users, e.g. for indicating the most ridiculed types of errors (spelling, phonetic and lexical). The key conclusion from the analysis is the indication of memes exemplifying the alignment with norms as a value, even if its appreciation is preceded by the (apparent) rejection of all rules.
Tezauronimiczny „skarbczyk” sztucznej biżuterii. Kilka uwag o nazwach własnych „drugorzędnych klejnotów”
Authors: Węgorowska Katarzyna
Published: January 2022

Imitation jewellery, also known as “secondary gems”, has been people’s companion from antiquity. Its representative objects, however, have rarely been assigned their individualised proper names – thesauronyms. As an answer to the appeal of Polish art historians and museologists: Ewa Letkiewicz, Katarzyna Kluczwajd, Monika Paś and Dorota Zahel, this study is an attempt at a linguistic and culturological presentation of thesauronyms that signify: a pair of earrings, collar, ring, fur fastener clip, necklaces, brooches, duette brooches, jewellery series, collections, lines, sets, limited edition. The attention is also drawn to the specificity of thesauronyms distinguishing similar jewellery items and thesauronyms denoting many various and completely different referents. Moreover, motivation analysis, semantic and motivation analysis, and structural analysis of the names of imitation jewellery names has been conducted. The findings allowed for redefining, verifying, supplementing and extending the term thesauronym.
Speleonymia Slovenského rudohoria z pohľadu teórie modelovania
Authors: Rožai Gabriel
Published: January 2022

The article presents model analysis of non-standardized names of caves and chasms of the Slovenské rudohorie mountains which follows the model analysis of anoikonyms by Jana Pleskalová, as well as the work devoted to modelling of Slovak hydronymy. The model analysis pointed out the dominance of the relational model C which expresses “properties, symptoms (and circumstances)” and the relational model A which is associated with the expression of “position, the location of underground object in the field”. The most common structural model in the given relational models is the two-member ADd+S, consisting of a derivative adjective and a noun such as Jelšavská jaskyňa, Gajdova štôlňa. Relational models (VM) referring to possessivity (VM D), especially to the immediate expression of the type of object (VM B), only have a marginal position in the proposed model analysis.
Density and Extension of Differentiable Functions on Metric Measure Spaces
Authors: García Rafael Espínola , González Luis Sánchez
Published: January 2022

We consider vector valued mappings defined on metric measure spaces with a measurable differentiable structure and study both approximations by nicer mappings and regular extensions of the given mappings when defined on closed subsets. Therefore, we propose a first approach to these problems, largely studied on Euclidean and Banach spaces during the last century, for first order differentiable functions de-fined on these metric measure spaces.
Nonlinear cosmogony of the spiral galaxy bulges
Authors: Botirov Farkhod , Nuritdinov Salakhutdin
Published: January 2022

In this paper, we develop an early idea of one of the authors (Nuritdinov 1992a,b), who was the first to propose the mechanism of instability of the warp perturbation mode on the background of a nonstationary disk. For this aim, we have studied a model of a nonlinearly non-stationary self-gravitating disk with an anisotropic velocity diagram. The model has a composite nature, or rather, it is a superposition of isotropic and anisotropic states of the disk. In the general case, it is obtained a nonstationary analogue of the dispersion equation of this composite model. We have also investigated the behavior of the domed perturbation mode, the instability of which leads to the formation of a classical bulge in the central region of the disk. In addition, we considered the critical diagrams of the dependence of the virial ratio on the rotation rate of the system for various values of the superposition parameter and the corresponding diagrams for the increments of instability.
Admission Groups and Academic Performance: A Study of Marginal Entrants in the Selection to Higher Education
Authors: Karlsson Linn , Wikström Magnus
Published: January 2022

The purpose of this paper is to study whether Swedish admission policies successful in selecting the best-performing students. The Swedish universities select students based on two different instruments, which each form a separate admission group. A regression model is recommended to estimate the achievement differences for the marginally accepted students between the admission groups and is applied to a sample of 9024 Swedish university entrants in four different fields of education. Marginally accepted students in the group selected by school grades on average perform better than students accepted by an admission test, suggesting that a small reallocation of study positions towards the grade admission group may increase overall academic achievement. However, the achievement difference appears to vary concerning university programme selectivity. We found that increasing selection by grades in less competitive programmes would improve overall achievement, while we do not find any effect for highly competitive programmes.
Energy-saving investigation of vacuum reactive distillation for the production of ethyl acetate
Authors: Patil Ganesh N. , Gnanasundaram Nirmala
Published: January 2022

Ethyl acetate (EtAc) reactive distillation (RD) configurations often use atmospheric pressure, and this operating pressure can be reduced further to conserve energy based on the condenser cooling water temperature. Using the Aspen Plus simulator, two proposed configurations, RD column with stripper and pressure swing reactive distillation (PSRD), were simulated at lower operating pressure. The impact of RD column operating pressure on total energy usage and total annual cost (TAC) was studied. All design parameters were optimized using sequential iterative optimization procedures and sensitivity analysis to minimize the energy cost while maintaining the required product purity at 99.99%. The simulation results showed that the RD column with a stripper is better than PSRD with a saving of 23.17% in TAC and 31.53% in the specific cost of EtAc per kg. Compared to literature results, the proposed configurations have lower reboiler duty requirements and lower cost per kg of EtAc.
Affective influences on clinical reasoning and diagnosis: insights from social psychology and new research opportunities
Authors: Liu Guanyu , Chimowitz Hannah , Isbell Linda M.
Published: January 2022

Psychological research consistently demonstrates that affect can play an important role in decision-making across a broad range of contexts. Despite this, the role of affect in clinical reasoning and medical decision-making has received relatively little attention. Integrating the affect, social cognition, and patient safety literatures can provide new insights that promise to advance our understanding of clinical reasoning and lay the foundation for novel interventions to reduce diagnostic errors and improve patient safety. In this paper, we briefly review the ways in which psychologists differentiate various types of affect. We then consider existing research examining the influence of both positive and negative affect on clinical reasoning and diagnosis. Finally, we introduce an empirically supported theoretical framework from social psychology that explains the cognitive processes by which these effects emerge and demonstrates that cognitive interventions can alter these processes. Such interventions, if adapted to a medical context, hold great promise for reducing errors that emerge from faulty thinking when healthcare providers experience different affective responses.
Market structure and horizontal growth strategies – A case study of the container shipping industry
Authors: Tran Nguyen Khoi
Published: January 2022

This article aims to review the structural transformation in the container shipping industry from 1995 to 2020 and identify the growth strategies of global carriers to enhance their market presence. Along with large investments in mega vessels, the growing deployment of charter capacity in all ship sectors has been a prominent trend in fleet expansion. The waves of mergers/acquisitions and bankruptcies have narrowed the group of global carriers. In addition to internal and external growth, they have been increasingly involved in strategic alliances to expand service coverage and compete well with powerful rivals. A few mega carriers have progressively captured the industry. In 2020, the Top 12 controlled 88 % of the global supply, and nearly 56 % was in the hands of the Top 4. Besides the substantial expansion of the four biggest carriers, we can identify the de-concentration within this gigantic group through the less inequality between their market shares.
Slavery in Achaemenid-Period Babylonia: The Social World of Rībat, Son of Bēl-erība
Authors: King Rhyne , Pirngruber Reinhard
Published: January 2022

This paper argues for a historically grounded view of slavery in Achaemenid-period Babylonia by examining the life of one particular individual, Rībat son of Bēl-erība, an ardu of the Murašû family (whose archive spans c. 454–404 BCE). In contrast to other studies which focus on the terminology or legal aspects of slavery, we examine the lived experience of Rībat. We do this in two ways. First, we study all of Rībat’s attested business ventures and demonstrate that, although Rībat occasionally acted under the direct orders of his masters, he more often pursued activities ancillary to those of the core Murašû business. Secondly, we use social network analysis of over 700 Murašû texts to demonstrate that, although Rībat was crucial in linking distinct individuals to the Murašû business, he lay outside his masters’ group of core associates. We then compare Rībat’s social position to that of other known Murašû subordinates to argue that Rībat’s experience was representative of that of other Murašû subordinates. We conclude by arguing for more social-historical studies of Babylonian servitude in the future.
Psychophysiological Transcendentalism in Friedrich Albert Lange’s Social and Political Philosophy
Authors: Widmer Elisabeth Theresia
Published: January 2022

In recent literature, it has been suggested that Lange’s social and political philosophy is separate from his neo-Kantian program. Prima facie, this interpretation makes sense given that Lange argues for an account of social norms that builds on Darwin and Smith rather than on Kant. Still, this paper argues that elements of psychophysiological transcendentalism can be found in Lange’s social and political philosophy. A detailed examination of the second edition of the History of Materialism, Schiller’s Poems, and the second edition of The Worker’s Question reveals that Lange sought to develop a systematic foundation of psychophysiological transcendentalism that is presupposed in his social and political philosophy. This allows for a more detailed understanding of Lange’s practical philosophy and assures him a position in the tradition of neo-Kantian socialism.
Factors influencing the success of capturing European brown bears with foot snares
Authors: Pereira Joana , Rosalino Luís Miguel , Reljić Slaven , Babic Natarsha , Huber Djuro
Published: January 2022

Management of free-ranging wildlife may include the capture of animals, with the implication that the capture process is optimized, both logistically and economically and in a way that avoids animal suffering, injury or accidental mortality. Studies targeting the optimization of trapping techniques are scarce, especially when focusing on large European mammals. Therefore, to fill this knowledge gap, we aimed to evaluate key factors that help determine brown bear capture success. This was done by analysing a complete data set from 23 years of capturing free-living Eurasian brown bears in Croatia by using Aldrich-type foot snares. Results showed significantly higher capture efficiency when traps were located at permanent feeding sites when compared to temporary feeding sites. Also, the use of a trail trap design was significantly more efficient in capturing bears than using a cubby set. Finally, results showed that trapping was more efficient when we bait the traps more frequently and when we implemented longer trap-sessions, with at least 14 days.
Synthesis, characterization and anticancer activities of silver nanoparticles from the leaves of Datura stramonium L.
Authors: Chandan Gourav , Pal Soumya , Kashyap Sheetal , Siwal Samarjeet Singh , Dhiman Shakti K. , Saini Adesh K. , Saini Reena V.
Published: January 2022

In recent years, a wide range of studies has pointed out the role of nanoparticles as reservoirs of therapeutics for several diseases, including cancer. Nowadays, cancer research is focused on the development of novel treatment approaches to fight this dreadful disorder. Based on the evidential research and applications of nanoparticles, it is expected that green synthesized nanoparticles may show a prominent role, especially in the biomedical field. The present work is centered on the preparation and characterization of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) from the aqueous (AQ) extract and non-alkaloidal (NA) fraction of Datura stramonium leaves and to evaluate their anticancer potential against mammalian cell lines. The biogenic Ag-NPs are characterized by UV-vis spectra, FTIR DLS, UV-Vis, SEM, and TEM. SEM and TEM analysis reveals the spherical morphology of NPs. The Ag-NPs exhibit cytotoxicity against various mammalian cell lines (A549, HCT-116, PANC-1, SHSY5Y, and U87), which indicate that the AQ and NA based NPs are highly potent to cause cancer cell death. To the best of our knowledge, the present report, for the first time, describes the green synthesis of Ag-NPs from the NA fraction of the D. stramonium and provides pieces of evidence for its anticancer potential.
Image polaritons in van der Waals crystals
Authors: Menabde Sergey G. , Heiden Jacob T. , Cox Joel D. , Mortensen N. Asger , Jang Min Seok
Published: January 2022

Polaritonic modes in low-dimensional materials enable strong light–matter interactions and the manipulation of light on nanometer length scales. Very recently, a new class of polaritons has attracted considerable interest in nanophotonics: image polaritons in van der Waals crystals, manifesting when a polaritonic material is in close proximity to a highly conductive metal, so that the polaritonic mode couples with its mirror image. Image modes constitute an appealing nanophotonic platform, providing an unparalleled degree of optical field compression into nanometric volumes while exhibiting lower normalized propagation loss compared to conventional polariton modes in van der Waals crystals on nonmetallic substrates. Moreover, the ultra-compressed image modes provide access to the nonlocal regime of light–matter interaction. In this review, we systematically overview the young, yet rapidly growing, field of image polaritons. More specifically, we discuss the dispersion properties of image modes, showcase the diversity of the available polaritons in various van der Waals materials, and highlight experimental breakthroughs owing to the unique properties of image polaritons.
The crystal structure of 1,4-bis((1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl)-piperazine-2,5-dione dihydrate, C20H22N6O4
Authors: Jia Aijun , Gong Zhihai , Li Ji
Published: January 2022

C20H22N6O4, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 11.2208(8) Å, b = 6.0358(4) Å, c = 14.6702(10) Å, β = 92.565(1)°, V = 992.57(12) Å3, Z = 2, R

gt
(F) = 0.0639, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.1726, T = 296(2) K.
Charitable Organizations in Singapore: From Clan Based to State Facilitated Endeavors
Authors: Tang Hang Wu
Published: January 2022

Singapore, with a five million population, has a vibrant charitable sector with over 2000 registered charities attracting approximately USD$2.18 billion in annual donations. How did Singapore’s charitable sector achieve its current level when it has been, in the past, segregated along mainly religious, race and clan-based communities? This paper explores this question by piecing together the current ecosystem, regulatory and tax infrastructure which facilitates the charitable sector in Singapore. Central to the development of the charitable sector has been the Singapore government’s role of being a gatekeeper, regulator and enabler of charities. In analysing the government’s role in the charitable sector, this paper locates Singapore’s charitable sector within the literature on government and nonprofit organization relations which has been described at times being cooperative, complementary, confrontational, and co-optive. These astute observations ring true with respect to the Singapore government’s relationship with the charitable sector. For organizations which pursue purposes consistent with state’s vision of public good, the state’s relationship with these charities has been largely cooperative and complementary. However, even within charities considered by the state to further public good, there is a strong element of co-optation where the state wields significant direct and indirect power over the charitable sector by way of provision of funding and board composition. In contrast, nonprofit organizations which engage in aims inconsistent with the state’s perceived public interest are, by law, unable to register itself as charities and enjoy corresponding fiscal benefits. Such nonprofit organizations also typically do not receive state funding. This demonstrates the confrontational nature of the state’s relationship with these nonprofit organizations. Through a close analysis of the laws, codes, media reports and academic literature on the charitable sector, the central thesis of this paper is that the charitable sector in Singapore is essentially a state facilitated endeavor.
Opportunities of using Spirulina platensis as homemade natural dyes for textiles
Authors: Ciptandi Fajar , Susilowati Tri Hastuti , Ramadhan Mochammad Sigit
Published: January 2022

Some previous studies on Spirulina platensis show that this species contains pigments that can be used as natural dyes in textiles. However, research on the usage of spirulina natural pigment in certain types of conventional textile handicraft home industries in Indonesia has not been conducted. The purpose of this study is to utilize the potential of Spirulina platensis as homemade natural dyes for the development of designs in textiles. Through an experimental methodology, various experiments starting from the extraction process and dyeing were conducted to find out the right way to produce home dyes using spirulina and techniques of surface textile design to apply them in textiles. This is useful as one of the solutions today, since an increasing number of consumers are consciously seeking sustainable products, with no exception to the types of textile products. Therefore, this will provide an opportunity for business collaboration ideas in agribusiness and craft textiles. Additionally, it can add to the nature of textile natural dyes derived from various plant species in Indonesia.
Preparation of hydrophilic modified polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) ultrafiltration membranes by polymer/non-solvent co-induced phase separation: effect of coagulation bath temperature
Authors: Zhang Xiaoming , Lu Qingchen , Li Nana
Published: January 2022

Membrane separation technology is widely used in wastewater purification, but the issue of membrane fouling could not be ignored. Hydrophilic modification is an effective method to reduce membrane fouling. Therefore, in this work, a hydrophilic modified polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) ultrafiltration membrane was prepared by polymer/non-solvent co-induced phase separation, and the effect of coagulation bath temperature on the membrane structure and performance was systematically investigated based on the previous study. With the increased of the coagulation bath temperature, the phase separation process changed from delayed to instantaneous, and the membrane surface changed from porous to dense, while the macropore structures and sponge-like pores appeared on the cross-section. Meanwhile, the pure water flux decreased from 229.3 L/(m2·h) to 2.08 L/(m2·h), the protein rejection rate increased from 83.87% to 100%, and the surface water contact angle increased from 63° to 90°. Thus, excessively high coagulation bath temperature adversely affected the permeate and separation performance, as well as antifouling performance of the membrane. This study enriched the research for preparing separation membranes by polymer/non-solvent co-induced phase separation and provided a practical and theoretical reference for controlling the membrane structure and properties by changing the coagulation bath temperature.
Toughened poly(lactic acid)/thermoplastic polyurethane uncompatibilized blends
Authors: Rodolfo Mateus Garcia , Costa Lidiane Cristina , Marini Juliano
Published: January 2022

Poly(lactic acid), PLA, is a biodegradable polymer obtained from renewable sources with similar properties when compared with petroleum-based thermoplastics but with inherent brittleness. In this work, the use of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) as toughening agent was evaluated. PLA/TPU blends with 25 and 50 wt% of TPU were produced in an internal mixer without the use of compatibilizers. Their thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties were analyzed and correlated with the developed morphology. Immiscible blends with dispersed droplets morphology were obtained, and it was observed an inversion between the matrix and dispersed phases with the increase of the TPU content. The presence of TPU altered the elasticity and viscosity of the blends when compared to PLA, besides acting as a nucleating agent. Huge increments in impact resistance (up to 365%) were achieved, indicating a great potential of TPU to be used as a PLA toughening agent.
Európai Újraélesztési Tanács (European Resuscitation Council, ERC) 2021-es irányelveinek áttekintése
Authors: Bánfai-Csonka Henrietta , Betlehem József , Musch János , Bánfai Bálint
Published: January 2022

Az Európai Újraélesztési Tanács (European Resus citation Council, ERC) hivatalos irányelvei nagy általánosságban – érthető módon – a keringésmegállás és ennek ellátását helyezik a fő fókuszba. Ennek ellenére számos más kórfolyamat is előfordul, melyek azonnalibeavatkozást igényelnek, hiszen enélkül – sőt sajnos bizonyos esetekben ezzel együtt is – súlyos, életet közvetlenül veszélyeztető helyzetek alakulnak ki. Ezen kórfolyamatok ellátása az elsősegélynyújtás tárgyköréb tartozik. Az ERC 2015-ben kiadott hivatalosajánlásában foglalkozott először külön fejezetben az elsősegélynyújtással [1]. Az ERC 2021-ben megjelent új ajánlásában ez újra megfi gyelhető, az elsősegélynyújtás ismét külön fejezetet kapott. A következőkben tételesen szeretnénk bemutatni azokat a helyzeteket és ezek javasolt ellátási módjait, melyek a jelenlegi ERC ajánlásban tárgyalásra kerülnek [2].

Az itt összefoglalt ajánlás vázlata a jelenleg elérhető tudományos bizonyítékok alapján [3], az „Elsősegélynyújtás munkabizottság” által került megfogalmazásra, majd a nyilvánossá tételt követő megjegyzések mérlegelése és beépítése után került véglegesítésére.

Az ajánlásban tárgyalt témakörök két fő kategóriába kerültek besorolásra: nem traumás eredetű, sürgősségi ellátást igénylő kórképek, illetve traumás eredetű események. Az ezekbe sorolt kórfolyamatokat a következőkben részletesen tárgyaljuk. Ugyanakkor hangsúlyozzuk, hogy az összefoglalónk egy kivonat, melyben a szerzők igyekeztek bemutatni a legfontosabbinformációkat, de az itt feltüntetett kutatásokon és eredményeken túl további érdekes adatok érhetők el az eredeti publikációban, így összefoglalónk elolvasása nem képes kiváltani annak áttekintését.
Transvaginal ultrasonography versus hysteroscopy in endometrial pathology diagnosis among women with abnormal uterine bleeding
Authors:   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India, Vijayan Rupalakshmi , Kamath Rajalakshmi ,   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India, Pandav Krunal ,   Department of Internal Medicine, Smolensk State Medical University, Smolensk, Smolensk Oblast, Russia, Mehendale Meghana ,   Department of Internal Medicine, Smolensk State Medical University, Smolensk, Smolensk Oblast, Russia
Published: January 2022

Objective: Abnormal uterine bleeding is any deviation from a normal menstrual pattern. Transvaginal ultrasonography is useful in determining endometrial thickness but cannot conclusively exclude sessile and pedunculated lesions. Hysteroscopy is an invasive procedure that detects discrete lesions. This study was aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 2-dimensional transvaginal ultrasonography and hysteroscopy in evaluating endometrial lesions in women with abnormal uterine bleeding, by determining the sensitivity and specificity of the two methods in diagnosing the lesions. Methods: Eighty-four cases of abnormal uterine bleeding were chosen based on inclusion criteria. The patients were subjected to routine investigations. The findings of transvaginal ultrasonography, hysteroscopy, and dilatation and curettage were compared and analyzed. Results: Maximum incidence of abnormal uterine bleeding was observed in women between 41 and 50 years of age (73.8%). The most common presenting complaint was menorrhagia (76.1%). 76% of patients experienced symptoms for less than six months. The sensitivity and specificity of transvaginal ultrasonography were 60% and 96.3%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of hysteroscopy were 80.4% and 93.1%, respectively. The accuracy of transvaginal ultrasonography was 60.3%, and that of hysteroscopy was 83.3%. Conclusion: Transvaginal ultrasonography and hysteroscopy can be used as first-line diagnostic modalities to rule out and find the causes of abnormal uterine bleeding, which can aid in instituting prompt and appropriate medical treatment.
Wypowiedzi wartościujące jako istotny aspekt dyskursu wideoblogowego na przykładzie kanału „Stanowo” o tematyce kryminalnej
Authors:   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Gorlewska Ewa
Published: January 2022

The subject of the paper is valuation statements present in videoblog discourse. The material is based on audiovisual recordings broadcast on the “Stanowo” channel. The aim of the analysis is to explore the way in which judgements are expressed that relate crime seen as a sensitive aspect of social life. It has been shown that the author rarely uses messages marked axiologically in her material. Her priority is to present facts accurately rather than to make judgements. Statements involving valuation of facts do appear in her statements, especially in those in which the author manifests her emotional involvement in the story. This leads to a conclusion that there is a close relationship between expressiveness and valuing, as revealed in the material studied. Irony, contrasting and comparisons are the most common linguistic tool used by the author to express value judgements. The use on names is a metaphorical sense also plays an important role. Three pillars of the stories presented are assessed: the event itself and its circumstances, the victim and the perpetrator. It has been shown that valuation of the facts discussed has two objectives: the presentation of personal positions, which facilitates the creation of a kind of sender-receiver relationship, and the release of tension generated by the absorption of information about violent events. In the conclusion it has been stated that the way reality is valued by a popular video blogger may cause her axiological perspective to be adopted especially by young, morally unformed viewers. Therefore, it should be regarded as positive that the author does not deviate from generally accepted patterns of assessing the behaviour of victims and perpetrators. On the other hand, the style of the presented valuation statements can be assessed negatively – the author uses colloquial style, however, this form of language is out of keeping with the solemnity of the events under discussion.
Największe dzieła polskiej leksykografii XVIII wieku (Nowy dykcjonarz Michała Abrahama Troca oraz Nowy wielki dykcjonarz Piotra Daneta i Dymitra Koli) z perspektywy współczesnych badań historycznojęzykowych: nowe wyzwania i potrzeby badawcze
Authors:   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Kuryłowicz Beata
Published: January 2022

The paper presents fundamental achievements of the 18th century Polish lexicography: Nowy dykcjonarz (New Dictionary) by M.A. Troc and Nowy wielki dykcjonarz (New Great Dictionary) by P. Danet and D. Kola, in the context of contemporary research needs (especially those pertaining to historical linguistics) as well as the challenges faced by Polish lexicography (historical lexicography in particular). The primary objective is the identification of lexis comprised in both dictionaries – the linguistic material is reliable and representative of the status and condition of the Polish language of the day. A more profound insight into lexical structure, the analysis of word meanings along with the examination of the frequency of words in particular lexico-semantic fields may be a major contribution to the knowledge of the Polish lexis of mid 18th century and a promising scientific springboard for further research into the development of lexical system of the epoch that still remains a blank spot in Polish lexicology. The two works are also interesting for their cultural value. The units recorded in both lexicons not only show the richness of Polish vocabulary, but they also shed light on the Polish culture. Behind these words are two worlds – the material and the mental/spiritual, the latter hidden beneath the former. The aforementioned challenges for historical lexicography include the need for digitization of the contents of the dictionaries under study. Although they have already been digitized, the present version is far from being easy to use, with the Polish material (especially that in Danet-Kola’s lexicon) still remaining inaccessible.
O pojęciach historia i społeczeństwo w polskim dyskursie parlamentarnym (na podstawie korpusu stenogramów parlamentarnych z lat 1918–2018)
Authors:   Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Szczyszek Michał
Published: January 2022

The work conducted for over ten months at IPI PAN has resulted in the creation of a working (and still further developed) corpus of the 20th-century Polish parliamentarisms. The corpus was created using parliamentary transcripts from the years 1918–2018 and as for now it contains nearly 200 million segments. On this basis, a preliminary analytical work on the language of the Polish parliamentarism of the twentieth century is being conducted. One of the first issues is the preliminary lexicographical and lexicological analysis of the assembled corpus. In order to show the extent of the corpus and its chronological complexity, a lexical and semantic analysis will be subjected to, for example, such lexemes as historia (history) and społeczeństwo (society). The analysis of the usage of these items in the Polish parliamentary discourse has shown that they are high frequency words, and that their meanings are subject to “specific pressures of parliamentarism” and slightly differ (depending on a particular period in history) from the meanings traditionally assigned to them in Polish lexicography.
Jakie jest pochodzenie wyrazów kozytać ‘łaskotać, łechtać’, kozytki ‘łaskotki’?
Authors:   Uniwersytet Warszawski, Siatkowski Janusz
Published: January 2022

The article discusses characteristic features of the words kozytać ‘to tickle’, and kozytki ‘tickling’, that have a limited, regional distribution in Slavic languages and are present in Belarusian, Russian and Polish. A thorough analysis of dialectal data was conducted in an attempt to identify the origin and geographical markedness of these items. It has been revealed that *kozitati was most frequently used in North Belarus and was most probably a historic Belarusian-Polish innovation.
Канстанцыя Буйло: шлях да мастацкай незалежнасцi
Authors:   Narodowa Akademia Nauk Bialorusi, Mińsk, Kaladka Światlana
Published: January 2022

The article discusses the life and creative path of Constance Bouylo under the influence of its social mythologization. The role of the poetry collection “Mound Flower” and the poem “I love” in the creative biography of the author has been determined. It tells about the poetess’s friendship with Yanka Kupala, Vladislava Frantsevna Lutsevich, Nina Taras. The influence of the biography on the changes of the artistic paradigm, the creative method, the picture of the world and, in general, the art world of Constance Buylo have been analyzed. The author of the article presents the processes of socialization, ideologization, mythologization, schematization in the writing of poetry.
Эга-дакумент як камунiкатыўная падзея ў лiтаратурным працэсе (на прыкладзе аўтабiяграфiчнай аповесцi Алеся Адамовiча “Vixi”)
Authors:   Białoruski Państwowy Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny, Mińsk, Gubskaja Wolga
Published: January 2022

The article uses narrative techniques to explore the role of a fact in literary works. A. Adamovich’s autobiographical novel “Vixi” that serves as illustrative material has been analyzed. The purpose of the article is to examine a literary work at several textual levels: “event – naration – discourse”, “events in the novel – historical context (internal and external chronotope)”, the relationship of “author – narator – reader”. It is argued that the fact in the process of a narrative story cannot remain unchanged – a subjective interpretation of the writer expressed by narrator’s words changes it explicitly. It is emphasized that the fact can be used as a trigger for deploying the main action or changing the style of writing. For A. Adamovich self-reflection as the way of understanding reality is a means to create the world model which represents clear polarization.
Iдэйна-мастацкiя пошукi паэтаў беларуска-польскага памежжа: творчасць Адама Плуга
Authors:   Grodzieński Uniwersytet Państwowy im. Janki Kupały, Brusewicz Anatol
Published: January 2022

This article is devoted to the study of the ideological and aesthetic foundations of Adam Ploug’s poetry in organic correlation with the artistic experience of other representatives of the Belarusian-Polish literary borderland (A. Mitskevich, J.I. Krashevsky, etc.). It is worth noting that the formation of A. Ploug’s creative consciousness took place under the direct influence of a number of ideas of Western European Romanticism, including the sacralization of the homeland and its past (historical memory), the idealization of freedom, Christian humanism and non-conformism, the idea of the timelessness of art. At the same time, both the concept of the lyrical hero and the artistic space in A. Ploug’s works are all built on the basis of the traditions of the Belarusian folk culture, which makes it possible to assert that the poet belongs primarily to Belarusian Romanticism.
Паэма Янкi Купалы “Сон на кургане”: асаблiвасцi мастацкага свету
Authors:   Uniwersitet Państwowy im. A. Kulaszowa w Mohylewie, Makarevich Aleś
Published: January 2022

In the poem “Son na kurganye” by Yanka Kupala the author uses symbolic form and content (dream, night dream) in order to present the existence of man from the perspective of his entitled fate and hostility of existential space. The author of the article directs his attention to the presence of poet’s social predictions for Belarusians. Symbolic form and content, conventionality of artistic form and its elements (mysticism, recurrence, analogy of events, etc.), semantic code, problems, combination of the past, present and future in the space of dream-code have been analyzed. In order to reinforce conclusions about the conceptual way of artistic presentation of reality in Y. Kupala’s oeuvre, the author compares the poem “Son na kurganye” to other poems (“Razlad”, “Son”, “Syabroutsam na doli”, “Prystal k žit’..”, “Prarok”, “Uwies da dna”, “Viečarynka”, “Adviečnaya piesnya”, “Kurgan”, “Yana i ya”, tragycomedy “Tuteyšija”).
Погляды Кузьмы Чорнага на лiтаратурны працэс 1920-х – 1930-х гадоў
Authors:   Narodowa Akademia Nauk Białorusi, Mińsk, Haradnicki Jaugen
Published: January 2022

In order to reveal the completeness of the literary process of a certain epoch, not only the researches of literary critics, but also writers’ non-artistic texts, which reveal their views on literature expressing attitudes to the phenomena and trends of literary development are essential. Kuzma Chorny, the classic of Belarusian literature, left many texts of different genres, which belonged to non-artistic heritage and in which his views on the literary process of that time were expressed. In his texts (autobiographies, articles) Chorny draws attention to the social status of the writer and conditions of his work. He gives the utmost importance to the artistic aspects of literary art as well as to the linguistic and stylistic expressiveness of a literary work.
Ценные предметы в белорусских народных песнях с родины Адама Мицкевича
Authors:   Państwowy Białoruski Uniwersytet Kultury i Sztuki, Mińsk, Kazanina Viola
Published: January 2022

The article provides a description and an analysis of the literary context of valuable items in the well-known lyrics of national folk songs of the Belarusian Ponemania. A romantic poet Adam Mitskevich (1798–1855) was born in the land of Ponemania, not far from the town of Novogrudok and Lake Svityaz. In his poems, he borrowed a lot from local folklore – fairy tales, legends, and songs. The article aims to characterize the valuable items described in Belarusian folk songs, recorded in the homeland of Adam Mitskevich, from the perspective of the history of art and antiques.
Problem religijnego wychowania dzieci w poniemieckim prawie II Rzeczypospolitej
Authors:   Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie, Tarkowski Bartłomiej Władysław
Published: January 2022

We are witnessing mass migrations. Far more than a million Ukrainians, people close to Poles, ethnically and culturally, constantly live and work in Poland. Likewise, the multitude of Poles are continually abroad. Frequently members of different religions marry each other (or analogous informal relationships are established), they have children and want to raise them religiously or instil them a different worldview. What religion or worldview should their mutual children receive in case of their parents’ differences in beliefs? Paternalistic Prussia issued casuistic regulations regarding this. Initially, they were based on rather just assumptions, but quickly took the anti-Polish form. The reborn Second Republic of Poland decided that until the implementation of the Polish law, unified in the scale of the entire country, the post-annexation regulations should apply temporarily in the areas of their existing application. No unequivocal answer how religiously (ideologically) mixed marriages should raise their children in this respect has been provided in Polish law since 1946, that is, from the unification of Polish family law. In order to find a solution of this issue within comparative law studies, we should look at post-German law and jurisprudence of the Second Republic of Poland, particularly at indirectly assessing them judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Hoffmann v. Austria. This ruling shaped the current line of jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. It was issued by a minimal majority of votes: 5 to 4, with 4 dissenting opinions. The point of view presented in it has been more widely accepted with time. The Court’s ruling in the case of Palau-Martinez v. France, which repeatedly invoked this judgment, was adopted by 6 votes to 1, with only 1 dissenting opinion.