bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TECNOLOGIAS E EDUCAÇÃO ESCOLAR: A ESCOLA PODE SER CONTEMPORÂNEA DO SEU TEMPO?
Authors: Gonçalves Irlen Antônio , Faria Filho Luciano Mendes de
Published: August 2021

RESUMEN O texto reflete, numa perspectiva histórica, sobre a presença dos artefatos tecnológicos na escola e seus usos para escolarizar crianças e jovens. A partir de uma compreensão de que a escolarização se efetiva por meio dos usos de recursos diversos com os quais a escola interage, como os artefatos tecnológicos, a intenção é lançar luzes sobre a relação da escola com o seu tempo. Para isso, o início do século XIX é o ponto de partida de nossa digressão, tomando a proposição do método mútuo como referência principal, a qual se estende até ao final do XX, quando a tecnologia da informática foi incorporada às práticas escolares. Esse esforço reflexivo nos permitiu compreender que a escolarização, como tecnologia do poder, teve nos artefatos tecnológicos uma referência potencializadora das práticas escolares.
Padrão de utilização de espaços públicos abertos e nível de atividade física em São José dos Pinhais, Paraná
Authors: Custódio Iazana Garcia , Lopes Adalberto Aparecido dos Santos , Kopp Daniele , Silva Alice Tatiane da , de Chaves Raquel Nichele , Rodriguez-Añez Ciro Romelio , Fermino Rogério César
Published: August 2021

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a associação entre o padrão de utilização de espaços públicos abertos (EPA) e o nível de atividade física (AF) de intensidade moderada a vigorosa (AFMV) em São José dos Pinhais, Paraná. Sexo, faixa etária e AF foram identificados com o System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC). A AFMV foi analisada considerando as categorias de sexo, local, dia da semana, horário e período. Foram realizadas 2.591 observações de pessoas e a proporção de AFMV foi de 35%. O sexo feminino apresentou associação positiva com a AFMV (OR: 1,57; IC95%: 1,32-1,86), enquanto a utilização dos EPA no final de semana (OR: 0,55; IC95%: 0,46-0,65) e no período da tarde apresentou associação inversa com o desfecho (OR: 0,57; IC95%: 0,48-0,67). Conclui-se que mulheres e aqueles que utilizam os locais durante a semana ou pela manhã apresentam maiores chances de praticarem AFMV.
China in UN Peacekeeping Operations: A 30-Year Assessment (1990-2019)
Authors: Montenegro Renan Holanda
Published: August 2021

Abstract This article presents a broad assessment of Chinese personnel deployments to peacekeeping operations (PKOs) for the past three decades (1990-2019). To this end, an original dataset was built with data collected from the UN Department of Peace Operations. The following four indicators were considered in the analysis: (i) total personnel contribution per year; (ii) personnel contribution per mission; (iii) personnel contribution in relation to the mission’s total contingent; and (iv) personnel in a given mission in relation to the total personnel dispatched by China that year. Generally speaking, UN missions in Liberia (UNMIL) and South Sudan (UNMISS) have been the main destinations of Chinese peacekeepers in the 21st Century, while Cambodia (UNTAC) was by far the only place where China got deeply involved during the 1990s. In addition to displaying descriptive data, the paper also briefly analyses Chinese engagement in these operations.
Памяти Эдуарда Константиновича Алгазинова первого главного редактора — нашего журнала
Authors: Сирота Александр Анатольевич
Published: August 2021

Памяти Эдуарда Константиновича Алгазинова первого главного редактора — нашего журнала
Стегоанализ цифровых изображений с использованием методов поверхностного и глубокого машинного обучения: известные подходы и новые решения
Authors: Сирота А. А. , Дрюченко М.А. , Иванков А.Ю.
Published: August 2021

Рассматривается современное состояние проблемы стегоанализа цифровых изображений, направленной на исследование и разработку эффективных методов выявления стеганографически скрытых (визуально незаметных) сообщений в контейнерах-изображениях. В первой части статьи проводится общая классификация известных подходов и детальный обзор ранее полученных результатов в области стегоанализа на основе использования методологии поверхностного (shallow learning) и глубокого машинного обучения (deep learning). Описываются используемые в современных системах поверхностного машинного обучения системы признаков и реализуемые на их основе классификаторы (композиционные алгоритмы, алгоритмы на основе метода опорных векторов и др.). В качестве альтернативы рассматриваются возможности глубоких нейронных сетей с архитектурами, реализующими, в основном, сверточную обработку с различными модификациями (дополнительные слои обработки, функции активации специального вида и т.п.). Приводятся данные сравнительного анализа эффективности применения альтернативных подходов и архитектур нейронных сетей, применяемых для решения задач стегоанализа. Сравнение проводится для стандартных наборов изображений применительно к использованию при внедрении стегосообщений методов адаптивной пространственной стеганографии WOW, HUGO, S-UNIWARD. Отмечается высокая степень универсальности и эффективности глубокого машинного обучения как перспективного направления развития методологии стегоанализа. Во второй части статьи описывается предложенная авторами архитектура глубокой нейронной сети и результаты ее применения в задачах стегоанализа цветных изображений. Общей идеей реализуемого в этой части работы подхода является использование относительно простых сверточных сетей для последовательного анализа небольших фрагментов (блоков) исходных больших изображений с объединением получаемых результатов классификации как последовательности бинарных признаков по схеме наивного байесовского классификатора. Исследования проведены для базы цветных изображений PPG-LIRMM-COLOR database и алгоритмов WOW и S-UNIWARD, используемых для внедрения стегосообщений при различных объемах полезной нагрузки. Показано, что получаемая точность стегоанализа изображений большого размера сопоставима с результатами, полученными ранее другими авторами, а, в некоторых случаях, и превосходит их.
Методы применения клеточных автоматов в системах защиты информации
Authors: Кулешова Елена Александровна
Published: August 2021

В данной статье проведен обзор автоматных шифраторов, основанных на клеточных автоматах, областью применения которых являются системы защиты информации. Рассмотрены исследования, посвященные вариантам применения клеточных автоматов в системах симметричного шифрования и их практической реализации, а также вариантам построения криптосистем с открытым ключом на основе клеточных автоматов, использованию клеточных автоматов для генерации псевдослучайных чисел, а также исследования, в которых представлены методы построения криптографических хэш-функций с использованием клеточных автоматов. Представлено обобщенное понятие абстрактного автомата и более усовершенствованных моделей клеточных автоматов, проведен сравнительный обзор моделей клеточных автоматов с целевой функцией и клеточных автоматов с плавающим окном, включающий описание алгоритмов их работы и некоторую оценку стойкости. Рассмотрены методы применения клеточных автоматов при многопоточной обработке данных с возможностью применении паттернов, определяющих индивидуальную окрестность элементов при клеточном шифровании, возможностью использования справочника, содержащего набор правил обхода матрицы шифрования, а также метод одноключевого преобразования двоичных потоков данных с открытым параметром на базе клеточного автомата с плавающим окном и динамической матрицей, разделяющейся на элементарные сегменты. Рассмотрена возможность применения клеточных автоматов при многопоточной обработке данных в режиме реального времени. В заключении приведены рекомендации по повышению стойкости методов защиты информации, основанных на клеточных автоматах, одним из которых является метод использования расширенного ключа, определяющего псевдослучайную окрестность, с учетом положения обрабатываемого бита в матрице исходных данных.
Влияние подзадачи о раскрое при оценке целесообразности проведения закупок лесного сырья с товарно-сырьевых бирж
Authors: Рогулин Родион Сергеевич
Published: August 2021

В статье рассмотрена математическая модель, позволяющая найти оптимальный план закупок сырья с биржи по заранее известному распределению заявок во времени, определить план производства, вычислить оптимальный план доставки продукции, отличающуюся возможностью сформировать план раскроя плит ОСП на заготовки различных длин, а также наличием связи между ценой и объемом спроса на конечные товары. Целью работы является получение оценки экономической целесообразности взаимодействия предприятия лесопромышленной отрасли (при разных уровнях цен и спроса) и международной товарно-сырьевой биржи. Гипотеза заключается в том, что взаимодействие лесопромышленного комплекса с биржей может быть выгодным для предприятия. Актуальность исследования заключается в слабой проработке современной литературе вопроса взаимодействия лесопромышленного предприятия с биржей, где последняя выступает в роли источника сырья. При получении оценки были использованы разные методы моделирования: смешано-целочисленное линейное программирование — составление модели, которая находит оптимальные вектора раскроя, закупок сырья, производства товаров и способа транспортировки по графу, метод Монте Карло — генерирование начальных условий и параметров, имитационное моделирование — для каждого состояния решалась искомая поставленная задача. Основная вычислительная проблема модели заключается в значительном потребном объеме оперативной памяти компьютера для проведения исследования. Практическая значимость исследования заключается в доказательстве целесообразности закупа предприятием сырья с товарно-сырьевой биржи России. Теоретическая значимость исследования заключается в разработке новой модели по оценке целесообразности проведения закупок сырья с применением аппарата биржи. Научная новизна заключается в построенной математической модели формирования цепочек поставок, составления плана раскроя и объемов производства с учетом спроса на рынке и доступных объемов сырья. Апробация модели проведена на данных одного из предприятий лесопромышленной отрасли Приморского края. Оптимизация ведется по объему производимой продукции и закупаемого сырья из каждого региона, по количеству аскроев каждой из плит ОСП и по запасам сырья на складе производства. На основе апробации модели на данных биржи и предприятия лесопромышленной отрасли была дана оценка целесообразности сотрудничества компании и товарно-сырьевой биржи, которая отражает, что в 95 % случаев имеется высокий потенциал сотрудничества.
Inoculating a Liquid Bacterial Culture v1
Authors: The Nonprofit Plasmid Repository Addgene , A Kaczmarski Joe
Published: August 2021

This protocol is for inoculating a liquid bacterial culture. To see the full abstract and additional resources, visit https://www.addgene.org/protocols/inoculate-bacterial-culture/.
Isolation and Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds from Rheum emodi and their Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Properties
Authors: Park Sang Koo
Published: August 2021

Rheum emodi Wall. ex Meissn is a popular medicinal herb having wide application in traditional medicine for treating of several diseases. The present study was aimed to identify and isolate phytochemicals present in ethyl acetate extract fraction of R. emodi and to evaluate the anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of water/organic solvent fractions and isolated compounds of R. emodi rhizome extracts. Based on the structure, flavonoid compound i.e., Myricitrin (sym. Myricetin 3- rhamnoside), myricetin 3-galloylrhamnoside and myricetin were identified to be present in ethyl acetate extract. The molecular weight of compound 1 cannot be identified; while compound 5 remained unknown as there was not enough evidence to propose its structure. The isolated compounds and different solvent fractions were tested for their anticancer and antiinflammatory activities. Among Myricetins derivatives, particularly unknown compounds significantly induced the apoptosis and restrained the proliferation of cancer cell lines (A549 and MCF-7) and inhibited the LPS induced NO production (proinflammatory mediator), IL-6 activity, IL-1β and TNF-α (cytokines) activity in RAW 264.7 macrophages in a dose dependent manner and was effective even at lower concentration (50 µg/mL). Similarly, the higher concentration of aqueous and solvent fractions exhibited strong cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities. However, water and dichloromethane fractions were most effective in inhibiting the anticancer activities in A549 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines, respectively. At lower concentration (50 and 100 µg/mL), highest inhibition activity for NO, IL-6 and IL-1β was noted with ethyl acetate fractions and n-Hexane fractions; while water and n-Butanol (fractions) strongly inhibited the TNF-α activity at lower (100 µg/mL) and high (200 µg/mL) concentration, respectively. In conclusion, the isolated compounds from R. emodi rhizome extracts and its rhizome solvent fractions exhibit strong anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities and can be used to develop chemotherapeutics and anti-inflammation drugs. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
Identification of Drought-Responsive CircRNAs in Leaves of Brachypodium distachyon
Authors: Feng Yalan
Published: August 2021

Brachypodium distachyonis currently recognized as a model organism in Gramineae, especially for temperate grains. Research on its dehydrationresponse mechanism is beneficial for elucidating the complex drought regulation network in temperate grains. The circRNA is an important type of non-coding RNA in organisms, which could involve in various biological processes. By sequencing the transcriptome of the leaves of B. distachyonunder desiccationtreatmentand normal condition, a total of 737 circRNAs were obtained in this study, of which 332 and 265 were up-regulated and 265 down-regulated, respectively, with 140 insignificant differences. There were 229 and 303 circRNAs specifically expressed under CK and drought,respectively and 204 were co-expressed. Bioinformatics methods were used to identify potential miRNA targets of differentially expressed circRNAs. Among them, 150 differentially expressed circRNAs had putative miRNA binding sites. According to the predicted miRNA with binding site, the target genes downstream of the miRNA were screened. In terms of the functional annotation of target genes, they are divided into seven categories: hormone-related, photosystem, stress response, regulation factor, ion transport, TF and ribosomal protein. These circRNAs involved in water deficitresponse may play a significant role in the drought response and defense of B. distachyon. This also provides new insights for the improvement of the dehydration regulation mechanism of B. distachyonand even temperate grains.© 2021 Friends Science Publishers
In Planta Interaction and Transreplication of Distinct Begomoviruses and their Associated Components
Authors: Sattar Muhammad Naeem
Published: August 2021

The studies described here were intended to examine the transreplication and interactions abilities of a widespread ToLCNDV, and an emerging begomovirus PeLCV associated with its cognate betasatellite TbLCuB. PeLCV, a monopartite begomovirus, has been characterized from many important crops, vegetables and weeds along with its associated TbLCuB. The DNA-B of bipartite ToLCNDV genome has been successfully transreplicated by the DNA-A of different bipartite begomoviruses, albeit with low frequency. Whether PeLCV can transreplicate DNA-B of ToLCNDV is unknown. To unravel this notion, both these viruses were inoculated to the model Nicotiana benthamiana plants in all possible combinations and the in planta existence of viral components were verified by PCR and Southern blot hybridization. The results demonstrated that PeLCV transreplicated and maintained ToLCNDV DNA-B. Whereas, ToLCNDV DNA-A could not transreplicate TbLCuB. Analyses of Rep proteins structure of ToLCNDV and PeLCV revealed a structural resemblance, whereas putative iteron-binding sequences of PeLCV were compatible with the Rep-binding iterons of ToLCNDV-B. The results suggested that PeLCV and ToLCNDV DNA-B can interact synergistically and can be disastrous under field conditions. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
Strictosidine Synthase Coding Gene Expression towards Quinine Biosynthesis and Accumulation: Inconsistency in Cultured Cells and Fresh Tissues of Cinchona ledgeriana
Authors: Ratnadewi Diah
Published: August 2021

Strictosidine synthase, encoded by the gene STR, facilitates the regeneration of strictosidine, a critical intermediate for the synthesis of many plant alkaloids. The gene has, however, never been studied in Cinchona spp. The plants produce quinine alkaloid used for malaria medication, SARS-CoV-2 treatment and other industrial purposes. Cultured cells can produce the alkaloid but only at a much lower yield than the natural tree. This study describes STR expression and quinine content in various plant materials. Bioinformatic analyses were conducted on nine species of Rubiaceae to obtain reference sequences to design conservative primers for Cinchona ledgeriana STR (ClSTR). ClSTR expression was analyzed using qRT-PCR and quinine content was determined using HPLC. A complete coding sequence (CDS) of ClSTR was deposited in NCBI GenBank under the accession number MK422544.1. ClSTR was expressed in cultured cells, young and mature leaves, and stem bark. The elicited cells have higher expression than the control and they performed since the fourth week. However, the quinine content was greater in older cells. The gene expression in young leaves was superior, but quinine was most abundant in the stem bark. Every cell of C. ledgeriana, in culture or in the plant, expressed ClSTR and was capable of synthesizing the alkaloid quinine. The alkaloid from the leaves of the plant might be translocated and accumulated in the bark. No efflux of alkaloids from the confined cultured cells might contribute in triggering feedback inhibition in the biosynthetic pathway. This study revealed a critical obstacle in cell culture as a means of secondary metabolites production that needs further development of metabolic engineering. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
Expression Changes of Genes Related to Germination Based on EST Database under Priming Treatment by Gibberellic Acid in Perilla frutescens (Korean Perilla)
Authors: Seong Eun Soo
Published: August 2021

It is very important to establish an optimal seed priming process in order to increase the vitality of the seeds and promote the metabolism for the germination of the seeds. The optimum concentrations and species of priming agents to improve seed germination of both medicinal plants were also estimated. To improve the germination rate of Perilla frutescens(Korean perilla) seeds, various seed priming agents were used to analyze seed germination rates in the Saeyeopsil, Okdong and 141 collection Korean perilla cultivars. The agents used for seed priming were CaCl2, Ca(NO3)2, NaCl, K3PO4, polyethylene glycol, and gibberellic acid (GA3). When 0.1 mMGA3was used for seed priming, germination rates of Okdong, and the 141 collection showed a greater than 70% increase compared to the controls. Nine genes were selected for expression analysis by searching for genes related to seed germination and plant development in the EST(Expressed Sequence Tag) database of the Korean perilla cDNA library. GA3priming treatment for 1 d induced higher transcriptional levels of genes related to germination and plant developmentthan controls treated with water only. These genes were identified as protochlorophyllide reductase-like, magnesium-chelatase subunit ChlI, heme-binding protein 2-like, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase A, Chlorophyll a-b binding protein 6, B2 protein, 2-Cys peroxiredoxin BAS1, and 21 kDa protein. From these results, we suggest that when priming Korean perilla seeds with GA3, a large number of genes involved in plant development at early stages of seed germination play a role in improving the seed germination rate. Also, these induced genes are ideal candidate biomarkers for seed priming of Korean perilla. Specially, protochlorophyllide reductase-like is thought to be a potential gene for future molecular marker.© 2021 Friends Science Publishers
Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Salmonella typhimurium and Enteritidis Strains Isolated from Human, Food, and Environmental Samples of Broiler Meat Production Chain in Punjab
Authors: Sadiq Shakera
Published: August 2021

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a growing public health issue worldwide due to extensive use in agriculture, food, and veterinary medicine. The rate of antimicrobial resistance varies with different antibiotics and serotypes but Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of the most widespread serotypes which is comparatively more susceptible to antimicrobial resistance followed by S. Typhimurium. A total of 71 Salmonella strains (S. Typhimurium, n=45; S. Enteritidis, n=26) isolated from humans, food and the environment were used in the study. Both isolates were confirmed through PCR by targeting their specific spy and sdf genes respectively. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility against 10 antibiotics used. An exponentially high level of resistance was found in S. Typhimurium strains. The highest level of resistance was found against amoxicillin (97.78%) followed by tetracycline (95.56%), gentamicin (93.33%), trimethoprim (86.67%), streptomycin (84.44%), nalidixic acid (77.78%), sulphafurazole (64.44%), ampicillin (62.22%), chloramphenicol (46.67%) and least resistance was found against ciprofloxacin (31.11%). Four penta MDR (ACSSuT) and two tetra MDR (ASSuT) resistance patterns were found S. Typhimurium strains. In S. Enteritidis strains, a high level of resistance was found against sulphonamides and streptomycin (92.31%) with the least resistance against ciprofloxacin (11.54%). Two penta MDR (ACSSuT) and six tetra MDR (ASSuT) resistance patterns were found. The presence of high antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic S. Typhimurium and Enteritidis in the broiler meat production chain is alarming. Immediate action and appropriate measures are required to control over the counter and irrational use of antibiotics both in poultry and humans. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
Molecular and Phenotypic Analysis of Bread Wheat Varieties in Relation to Durable Rust Resistance
Authors: Intikhab Anisa
Published: August 2021

Global wheat production is constantly threatened by rust diseases. Identifying resistant genes is a useful tactic to control wheat rust pathogen. Twenty-six wheat varieties were screened with twelve Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) markers to detect rust resistant genes and the efficacy of genes was validated through field testing. The alleles Lr32, Lr39, Lr50, SrCad and SrWeb were not amplified in the varieties included in this study. The SSR markers indicated that the varieties viz., Chakwal-97, Bakhar-2002 and Lasani-2008 had a combination of 02 slow rusting alleles (Lr46/Yr29 and Yr18/Lr34). The adult plant resistance (APR) allele Yr17 was less prevalent and found only in BWL-97. However, Noshera-96 had a slow rusting combination of Lr67/Yr46 and Lr46/Yr46 alleles. The Lr46/Yr29 identified in 50% of the varieties, Yr18/Lr34 in 19.23%, Lr32 in 11.54%, and multiple APR alleles in 19.32%. Their resistance was validated through a field trap nursery for 3 consecutive seasons. The slow rusting combination of Lr46/Yr29 and Yr18/Lr34 was comparatively more effective than Lr67/Yr46 and Lr46/Yr29 alleles under field conditions. The varieties Yecora-70, Lylpure-73 and Tandojam-83 showed highly susceptible phenotype. The varieties Chakwal-86, Pirsabak-2005, Fareed-2006, and Sehar-2006 showed resistant to moderately resistant phenotype at high-temperature adult-plant stage. The cluster diagram divided the varieties into two distinct clades. The clade II depicted the abundance of APR allele Lr46/Yr29. The varieties contain valuable sources of durable rust resistant alleles that can be exploited to deploy rust resistance in future wheat cultivars. It has been observed that the varieties approved for commercial cultivation after 1990s and onwards contain APR alleles. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
The Influence of Course Community and Personal Community Support on Learner Engagement in Online Courses
Authors: Kipp Kristin
Published: August 2021

Borup, Graham, West, Archambault, and Spring (2020) theorized that a student’s level of engagement in an online course is influenced by course community support and personal community support, with both factors helping a student to achieve a level of engagement that is not possible independently. In other words, an individual student’s ability to engage in an online course can be explained by the kinds of community a student finds within a course and their social support from friends, family, and community as they take the class. The purpose of this study is to understand to what extent course community support and personal community support influence learner engagement. Students who have recently completed an online course were surveyed on their level of engagement in the course, experience of the course community of inquiry, and their level of personal social support. The survey responses were used in a stepwise multiple regression analysis to create a model that explains to what extent course community and personal community explain variations in learner engagement. The results are significant in that they help course designers, instructors, and university support staff understand the interaction between course community, personal community, and learner engagement. That understanding could be used to design both online course content and intervention strategies to maximize learner engagement.
Deep Convolutional Spiking Neural Networks for Image Classification
Authors: Vaila Ruthvik
Published: August 2021

Spiking neural networks are biologically plausible counterparts of artificial neural networks. Artificial neural networks are usually trained with stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and spiking neural networks are trained with bioinspired spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP). Spiking networks could potentially help in reducing power usage owing to their binary activations. In this work, we use unsupervised STDP in the feature extraction layers of a neural network with instantaneous neurons to extract meaningful features. The extracted binary feature vectors are then classified using classification layers containing neurons with binary activations. Gradient descent (backpropagation) is used only on the output layer to perform training for classification. Surrogate gradients are proposed to perform backpropagation with binary gradients. The accuracies obtained for MNIST and the balanced EMNIST data set compare favorably with other approaches. The effect of the stochastic gradient descent (SGD) approximations on learning capabilities of our network are also explored. We also studied catastrophic forgetting and its effect on spiking neural networks (SNNs). For the experiments regarding catastrophic forgetting, in the classification sections of the network we use a modified synaptic intelligence that we refer to as cost per synapse metric as a regularizer to immunize the network against catastrophic forgetting in a Single-Incremental-Task scenario (SIT). In catastrophic forgetting experiments, we use MNIST and EMNIST handwritten digits datasets that were divided into five and ten incremental subtasks respectively. We also examine behavior of the spiking neural network and empirically study the effect of various hyperparameters on its learning capabilities using the software tool SPYKEFLOW that we developed. We employ MNIST, EMNIST and NMNIST data sets to produce our results.
Studying the Electron Population Effects on Magnetron Oscillation via Particle-In-Cell Simulation
Authors: Yue Andong
Published: August 2021

This research examines magnetron physics via the Particle-In-Cell simulations of two magnetron models, the 2D Rising Sun magnetron model and the 3D L3Harris CWM-75kW magnetron model, by using new data analytic schemes. Two data analytic schemes are presented, the electron population analysis and the breadth ratio analysis; these schemes reveal insights into the magnetron physics that are not readily accessible otherwise. Both magnetron models were simulated a) without priming, b) with RF priming, and c) with modulated electron injection. The research found that the 2D Rising Sun magnetron model is sensitive to RF priming; a 50 ns RF priming at less than 1% of the magnetron operating power resulted in a dramatically faster oscillation startup (100 ns with RF priming vs. 350 ns. without). Modulated electron injection led to a fast oscillation startup (80 ns); however, analyses show the oscillation frequency was not stable with the current simulation setup. At the current stage, the model for the L3Harris CWM-75kW does not start oscillation without priming. Oscillations were reached with both RF priming and modulated electron injection in about 160 ns. Analyses based on the results from both simulation models suggest that the electron population became more cycloidal leading to oscillation startup. Although this increased cycloidal motion of the electron population before oscillation did not directly lead to net motion of the electron population toward the anode, a clear correlation was found between the increased electron cycloidal motion and expansion of the electron hub towards the anode. Net electron motion towards the anode does not occur until the electron hub reaches the anode and the device begins to oscillate. A strong correlation was also found between the stability of the oscillation and stability of the net electron motion in the radial direction.
Adolescent Substance Use
Authors: Woodward Tara
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND

Adolescent substance use has long been a global public health issue. In this study, we explored developmental contexts that correspond with protective and risk factors associated with adolescent substance use. The developmental contexts of interest are the family domain, the school domain, the peer domain, and the structured and unstructured leisure domains. The leisure domain is of particular interest as it often corresponds with protective and risk factors different from those associated with the other domains. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the identified domains are associated with adolescent alcohol use and cannabis use.

METHODS

This study used previously collected adolescent health and behavior surveillance data from (N = ~ 3,500) 7th-12th graders in a Northeastern
state in the fall of 2019. The data was used to assess whether the identified domains are associated with adolescent alcohol use and cannabis use. We analyzed each
outcome variable using separate hierarchical multiple regression models.

RESULTS

Each of the selected variables in our analysis: family, school, peer, structured and unstructured leisure domains were significantly associated with one or both of the dependent variables (alcohol or cannabis use). In our model, the peer domain was the strongest risk factor for adolescent substance use in our study, followed by the unstructured leisure domain. Family, structured leisure, and school offered similar levels of protection against substance use in per unit change.

CONCLUSIONS

Implications for utilizing the peer and leisure developmental contexts to prevent adolescent substance use and recommendations for further research and investment are discussed.
Employment and Drug-Related Mortality
Authors: Pham Trung Minh
Published: August 2021

In the last two decades, there has been a downturn in labor force participation. One research approach to explain the downturn is death by despair—a recent topic in economics on pain and preventable deaths caused by alcohol, drugs and suicide. This thesis hopes to add to the death by despair literature by exploring the effect of employment on drug-related mortality through empirical investigation across 17 demographic groups—accounting for age, education, gender, and race—from 2011 to 2018, and covering all 50 US states along with the District of Columbia. Different estimations of population (demographic groups, gender and state total) are used to explore the subtleties for each demographic group. Under the employment-to-population ratios using state total populations and logarithm considerations of employment, empirical results mostly align with existing literature; that is, increases to employment lowers mortality rate. The main approach of this thesis is the use of Bartik shift-share instruments to account for reverse causality of mortality on employment. Through this method, we find that demographic groups respond differently to the national average growth rate versus local growth rates of employment. This thesis aims to contribute to the literature with an example of how the Bartik instrument may be applied to identify differences between local and national employment growth rates and associated mortality.
Effects of a Mental Skills Training Program on Performance in Distance Runners
Authors: Bangs Neil Patrick
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Anxiety affects nearly 20% of the United States population and can have a
significant impact on athletic performance. However, athletes can mitigate the effects of performance
anxiety through the use of mental skills and mindfulness training. Purpose: The aim of this
study was to determine if a mental training and mindfulness intervention could reduce anxiety and enhance
performance in distance runners. Hypothesis: The hypothesis of the study was that athletes
would experience less anxiety, increased levels of mindfulness, and improved performance following a
four-workshop intervention. Methods: Distance runners engaged in a mental skills and mindfulness
training program where we measured pre, during and post-anxiety levels. Anxiety was measured on the Competitive
State Anxiety Scale-2 (CSAI-2) with modifications to the scale to measure intensity of cognitive and somatic
anxiety, and self-confidence, and mindfulness was measured with the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills
(KIMS). In addition, running performance and effort was measured pre, during and post intervention. Analysis: Means
and standard deviations were calculated to investigate variable-level differences. In addition, to investigate
participant-level effects, we created individual athlete narratives. Results: Overall, scores for
cognitive and somatic anxiety for all three athletes were below the midpoint of the scale indicating that the
athletes in general had low levels of both types of anxiety. Mindfulness scores stayed relatively
consistent during the program. Discussion: Changes in anxiety varied depending on
individual athletes while changes in mindfulness were minor for all participants. These relatively
small changes highlight that duration of the intervention may play a role in how effective an MST
and Mindfulness program may be for athletes and future studies should aim to extend the duration
of the intervention for both MST and Mindfulness past 4-weeks.
The political system of the Qing empire
Authors: Nepomnin Oleg E.
Published: August 2021

Nepomnin O. E. (1935-2020), sinologist and orientalist with wide research interests, belonged to the most prominent theorists of the development of Eastern societies. In April 2021, based on the Department of the History of the East of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the seminar named after Nepomnin O. E. — “Discussion problems of the history of the East” began its work. The seminar continues the tradition of scientific events dedicated to a broad discussion of controversial issues of Eastern history from ancient times to the present day. Continuing the topics raised by the author in previous issues: the cyclical nature of the historical process in China [Nepomnin, 2019] and its differences from the development of statehood in Japan [Nepomnin, 2020], this article is devoted to the analysis of the political structure in the Qing Empire. The author examines the despotism of imperial China, decomposing it into the components “power-property” and “class-state” and comparing it with political processes in the medieval West. The powerful state machine of the Qing Empire, suppressing any manifestations of the autonomy of the population, did not give a chance for the emergence of a class of active “private traders”, a religion that could be opposed to the state, or free cities. Nepomnin O. E. concludes that in the conditions of a ubiquitous state and an inert society, the Chinese despotism preserved itself — and the Western linear path of development was inaccessible to China for a long time. China walked in a circle, avoiding crises that allowed it to enter a new round of formational development.
Arabian City Phenomenon: Riadh
Authors: Yakovlev Alexander I.
Published: August 2021

The article follows the main stages in the development of Riyadh — the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The history of Riyadh is viewed in the context of the history of traditional Arabian cities and the new urban centers of Arabia. The great role of the creator of Saudi Arabia, King Ibn Saud and his sons in the development of the capital is indicated; in particular, the innovations of the current King of Saudi Arabia Salman ibn Abdel Aziz, who was the governor of Riyadh for about half a century. It was under Abdel Aziz that a large-scale reconstruction of the city began, as a result of which the city acquired its modern features. In addition, the article describes the layout of the city, shows its functions as the capital’s political, financial, economic and cultural center of the kingdom. Particular attention is paid to the modern architecture of the city, represented by the tower of the Radio Center, the water tower, the Faisalia towers and the “Center of the Kingdom (Burj al-Mamlaka)”. The author concludes that the city justifies its name, which in Arabic means “gardens”, differing from other cities by the presence of squares and parks with green lawns, greenery, and date palms.
Tribute to Bagrat G. Seyranyan, Our Dear Friend, Colleague, and Teacher!
Authors: Kuznetsov Vasily A.
Published: August 2021

On April 23, 2021, an outstanding Russian Arabist, Doctor of History, Principal Fellow of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences Bagrat Garegionovich Seyranyan celebrated his 90th birthday. His works on the recent history of Egypt and Yemen and the general problems of the socio-political development of the Arab countries in the 20th century have long become classic. Many of them were translated into Arabic and received well-deserved recognition abroad, and such books as “Egypt in the Struggle for Independence, 1945–1952” (Moscow, 1970) and “Evolution of the Social Structure of the Countries of the Arab East. Land Aristocracy in the 19th Century – the 60s of the 20th Century” (Moscow, 1991) entered the golden fund of world academy. The contribution of Bagrat Seyranyan to the training of new generations of orientalists is colossal. Under his leadership there were prepared more than 40 Ph.D. theses, he participated in authoring of numerous textbooks and teaching materials on the history of the Arab world. In this paper friends, colleagues and students address the hero of the day with words of recognition and gratitude.
The Goddess Spitting Fire: Myths and Reality of the Kangra Temple
Authors: Chelysheva Irina P.
Published: August 2021

The paper focuses on one of the most popular Hindu pilgrimage centers — Jwalamukhi temple, based in the Kangra district of the North-Western state of India, Himachal Pradesh. The temple is unique due to the absence of the main image. At the same time, people worship the deity as women’s energy Shakti in the form of a fire. The author draws attention to peculiar analogies traced by some research scholars between this temple and the fire temple named Surakhan Ateshgah near Baku in Azerbaijan. Considering this subject, the author analyses different versions of the origin of the fire temple in Azerbaijan, including the so-called “Indian angle”. Basing on the wide range of source material, including the reports of the Archaeological Survey of India established by the British colonial administration in 1861, the author evaluates and critically reviews various versions regarding possible dates of building this temple. Undertaken investigation allows concluding that the temple of Jwalamukhi could be founded in the 6th–7th centuries AD. However, the very cult of worshipping this goddess in Kangra might originate much earlier, in the first centuries BC. The article contains a cryptic narrative of the medieval history of the temple, supplemented by famous chronicles by Ferishta narrating how it was repeatedly subjected to devastating raids of Muslim armies, firstly led by the Delhi sultans and later by Mughal rulers. The description of the temple and religious rituals are based on the personal impressions of the author.
Godność człowieka źródłem celów wychowania i zadań szkoły
Authors: Chałas Krystyna
Published: August 2021

Godność osobowa jest wartością daną. Określa wartość człowieka jako osoby. Godność osobowościowa stanowi zadanie dla człowieka. Jest wartością zadaną, utracaną. U jej podstaw znajdują się działania moralnie wartościowe. Godność osobowa i osobowościowa są zintegrowane z rozumnością – mądrością, wolnością, odpowiedzialnością, ważnymi przymiotami osoby. Integracja ta generuje określane cele wychowania i zadania dla szkoły. Ich realizacja zapewnia integralny rozwój i integralne wychowanie.
Controlling Mini Exhaust Fan through Android-Based Smartphone for IoT-Based Smart Home System
Authors: Fuada Syifaul , Yusuf Fathany Maulana , Adiono Trio , Afifah Khilda
Published: August 2021

In this work, we present a control system for a mini electrical fan. The aim of this work is to design a controller prototype for an electrical fan within the smart home system. The system consists of an STM32L100 microcontroller for controlling the electrical fan using pulse-width modulation (PWM), TIP 102 BJT transistor for ‘off,’ and ‘on’ control of the fan, and 1N4007 fly-back diode. The PWM is generated by the STM32L100 microcontroller to control the Fan’s speed softly (25%, 50%, 75%, and 0% - 100% of speed). In addition, the system is equipped with a ZigBee module to support wireless communication with the host, which is required to receive and process commands from the Android application used for the user interface. Moreover, with the Zigbee module, the fan device enables be integrated wirelessly with other end devices in a smart home environment through a network (e.g., Mesh topology). Based on the testing performed, the system can work as intended, it can be controlled easily using Android smartphone and its speed, with the currents of 43.1 mA (idle mode) and 145.1 mA (processing mode) powered by 12 VDC.
Acculturation Coalesce Between Islamic Leadership with Minangkabau Local Wisdom
Authors: Robbie R. Iqbal , Saputra Andhika Rahmat , Afifah Yans Nur
Published: August 2021

The Minangkabau community has a long history of Islamic culture. This historical fact is assisted by the Minangkabau natural Tambo which contains philosophy, goals, ideals, normativity, regulations, and proverbs that presuppose consensus as to the goals of society. The purpose of this study, using the perspective of Jurgen Habermas, which is based on the theory of communicative action, the researcher is helped in studying the forms of deliberation from the democratic system of the Minangkabau natural society. Qualitative research is the research method used. The critical paradigm is the chosen solution. In this study, which is combined with the concepts of shari'a associated with communication theory, Habermas’ critical hermeneutic theory will be used. The results of this study show the discursive decision-making process in the Nagari, which is then questioned with the lareh dualism that gave birth to the Tuah sakato democracy. Then from a long study related to how the deliberation process in the Minang realm has the potential to be epistemic in the post-secular era, the researchers also found that the IKM regional organizations as developers of these potentials were outside the realm and had an impact on the Minang realm itself. The results of this study can trigger further researchers to participate in cultural studies and human resources related to the importance of epistemic attitudes in the post-secular era.
Pandangan Dunia Pengarang Dalam Novel Putri Karya Putu Wijaya
Authors: Hamidah Nur
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Putri is a novel by Putu Wijaya part two that focuses on issues of Indonesian tradition in a specially with a female sword.  This study was apply with genetic structuralism, to see the world view author. The method used in this research is the dialectical method. Data and source obtained from the words and paragraphs in the novel through the documentation process and interview with author and narasumber from Bali. The result and discussion of research inlcude, (1) novel structure, namely characters and themes. Characters in a Putri novel shows a picture social life of Balinese, while the theme is a Balinese tradition. (2) social life is influenced by family, education, where to live, and daily activity affect of  creation. (3) the world view by Putu Wijaya in a  Putri novel related with a traditions which grows and develops with the modernization. Putu Wijaya with a Balinese women succeede in making changes with the society’s view of Balinese tradition and women in the process totradition is in contact with the modernization of the realm, the freedom, social politic, and economic should be aligned and equal towards.

Keyword : Putri novels, novel structure, author’s social life, author world view
Women's Need of Men in Danielle Steel's First Sight
Authors: Qolbi Yusqi
Published: August 2021

This study aims to determine and analyze women's choices in the novel First Sight. This research focuses on the role of women who have high careers, and at the same time have feminine characteristics in themselves. Post-feminism theory is used to analyze elements related to women's choices in novels. This novel tells the story of a successful woman who tries to face and transcend her past in love as the background of the story. It shows the point of view of a successful woman in conquering her fears and getting her soul mate. Through this novel, Danielle Steel teaches us that women can have high careers and at the same time apply femininity to themselves. On the other hand, Steel also wants to answer women's concerns about women and mothers who have high careers in society.