bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Socialist is Solidaristic Social Policy? Swedish Postwar Reform as a Case in Point
Authors: Baldwin Peter
Published: December 2008

The postwar welfare state, as epitomized by Beveridge's Plan, seemed to mark a major departure from social policy's traditional Bismarckian ambition to ameliorate and preserve existing social circumstances. Many have found the reason for this turnabout in the power that parties of the Left achieved in the immediate postwar years, in Britain and especially in Scandinavia where reform was most pronounced. The article questions this political pedigree by examining the origins of postwar reforms, in this case in Sweden, in the ambitions and interests of the bourgeois parties and by analyzing the initial reluctance of the Social Democrats to follow the new reforming initiatives coming from the parties of the middle classes.
The Comparative View in Labour History
Authors: Eisenberg Christiane
Published: December 2008

Comparisons between the English and German labour movements have a long tradition in historiography. In Germany they were primarily discussed in the context of the “German Sonderweg”, a debate which was opened in the 1920s and continues in the 1980s. The article presented here analyzes the methodological problems ofSonderwegcomparisons of labour history and confronts the major arguments with the results of empirical research. It concludes that many oldSonderwegarguments can not withstand this confrontation. Nevertheless, the article proposes that the debate should be continued, since empirical research focuses on new aspects and supports the diagnosis of two different paths of labour history.
Peculiar Perquisites and Pernicious Practices
Authors: Randall Adrian J.
Published: December 2008

This paper examines the character and significance of embezzlement in the woollen industry of the West of England in the years from c. 1750 to 1840 in the light of the recent debate which sees the period as witnessing major developments in the eradication of perquisites and in the formulation of the wage. It examines the dimensions of embezzlement, its correlation with economic fluctuations and its importance for the economy of both the clothier and the embezzling worker. It shows that tighter legislative sanctions failed to check the illicit trade in embezzled wool, which by the early nineteenth century constituted a well-organised black market, and it considers the effect of this trade in “slinge” upon economic and social relations in the industry.
Militancy and Pragmatism
Authors: Broeze Frank
Published: December 2008

The militancy of maritime workers led worldwide to strikes of great magnitude, visibility and impact. In many countries these strikes had vast repercussions for the industrial and political development of the labour movement. As this comparative overview of maritime labour and unionism in some ten countries shows, however, after the first wave of strikes two conflicting tendencies arose which became a permanent feature of the maritime scene. The men themselves never lost their potential for militant action and adherence to radical ideologies. By contrast, many union leaders became increasingly pragmatic and even accommodationist. This article investigates the causes of this dichotomy and assesses the resulting tensions and conflicts. In many ports these led to break-away moves, spontaneous action and the replacement of moderate by radical leaders. In others the pragmatic tendency survived in power. This included a strong interest in alliances with adjacent unions and international unions.
White Building Workers and Coloured Competition in the South African Labour Market, c. 1890–1940
Authors: Duin Pieter Van
Published: December 2008

The article deals with “racial” aspects of the labour market and labour relations in South Africa's building industry, focussing largely, though not exclusively, on skilled building workers on the Witwatersrand (Southern Transvaal). Different trade-union strategies are examined, as pursued by building trade unions in the Transvaal as well as the Eastern Cape and Natal, in order to add a comparative dimension. In the latter areas, shortly after World War I, a white-exclusionist organizing policy was replaced in some urban centres by a pragmatic strategy of incorporating “coloured” artisans (Africans and Indians continued to be excluded). In the Transvaal, on the other hand, the relatively strong position of white building workers and a deeply-ingrained racism ensured the maintenance of racially-exclusive trade unionism in the building industry.
Culture, Subjectivity, and the Ethics of Patient-Centered Pain Care
Authors: GIORDANO JAMES , ENGEBRETSON JOAN C. , BENEDIKTER ROLAND
Published: December 2008

Even the most scientifically reductionist view of the individual reveals that we
are complex systems nested within complex systems. These interactions within and
among systems are based and depend on numerous variables of our (internal and
external) environment(s). If we define ethics as a system of moral
decision making, then it becomes clear that these decisions ultimately affect the
situation(s) of managing our activities and relationships with others in our
environment (in essence, our being in the world). Given that ecology literally means “a study or
system of wisdom and reasoning about the interrelation of organisms in their
environment or place of inhabitance,” Owen Flanagan's
description of ethics as “human ecology” takes on
considerable relevance and importance.
Skin-, nipple-, and areola-sparing mastectomy
Authors: Umoh E. M. , Arora N. , Simmons R. M.
Published: December 2008

Surgical management of breast carcinoma has evolved to include more breast conserving techniques such as skin-, nipple-, and areola-sparing mastectomies, as improved cosmesis becomes an increasing concern. However, the oncologic risk of these procedures must be strongly considered before such techniques can be widely adopted. Here we review available literature on these techniques and their associated clinical outcome. From our own experience, as well as from that reported, we conclude that nipple-, skin-, and areola-sparing mastectomies in carefully selected patients can have safe oncologic outcomes comparable to more traditional surgical techniques and therefore may be a feasible option for breast cancer management.
Der Amsterdamer Arbeiterbildungsverein von 1847 und die Vorläufer der modernen sozialen Bewegung in Westeuropa
Authors: Stein Hans
Published: December 2008

The aim of this study is to link up the general trend of Dutch and international political developments with certain events in the domain of social history, some of which are scarcely known and some exciting little attention, being regarded as of mere local interest.

A description of the organising methods and the political tactics of the early socialist movement in Western Europe forms an introduction to this enquiry. There are in the main three methods of proceeding in the matter and the one chosen is determined by the particular political conditions of a country at a given moment.

Educational societies for the working classes are being founded and the leading executive positions occupied by men belonging to socialist-communist secret societies. These, which are perfectly legal and in every sense public societies, serve as a means for collecting into a body the active-minded workers; at the same time they form a sieve for the selection of such elements as might seem useful and worthy of admittance to membership of the secret society.
Un plan socialiste sous la révolution française
Authors: Bernstein Léon
Published: December 2008

Among the projects for a new social organisation which were published during the French revolution a special place must be allotted to the scheme submitted in the work De la propriété ou la cause du pauvre, plaidée au Tribunal de la Raison, de la Justice et de la Vérité (Property, or the case of the poor man, presented before the Tribunal of Reason, Justice and Truth). This work, which appeared anonymously in 1791, was attributed by A. Aulard and by the catalogue of the National Library to the Abbé de Cournand, professor of literature at the Collège de France from 1784–1814, and best known during the revolution for his courageous advocacy of the marriage of priests.
Zum Verständnis der politischen Aktion Lassalles
Authors: Mayer Gustav
Published: December 2008

The present study is based on the vast number of letters written by and addressed to Lassalle, which have only been discovered during the last twenty years, and which have hitherto hardly been regarded seriously by historians. This study does not deal with the theories of the famous propagandist, but only with his political activity. It investigates his real motives for drafting the programme of the Allgemeine Deutsche Arbeiterverein; for what he was agitating; and why he failed to attain his object. A short analysis of the internal situation of Prussia adds to a better understanding of the real possibilities, of Lassalle's schemes.

Special attention has been paid to the arguments which Lassalle used to convince Bismarck of the necessity of granting a general suffrage—the principal item of his programme—, and the analysis of his attitude towards the monarchial system of Poland and the caesarism of Napoleon III. His friend Rodbertus wanted to persuade him that caesarism was the "signatura temporis" for future Europe, and that consequently the dictatorial system had far better chances to succeed in solving the problem of the proletariat than democracy. But Lassalle was too much of a politician to let himself be persuaded that in the long run it would be possible to divorce the social elements from politics.

Finally the author compares the way in which Lassalle tried to influence the political outlook of his age with that of his rivals Marx and Engels.
Hoofdtrekken der Nederlandsche arbeidersbeweging in de jaren 1876 tot 1886
Authors: Rüter A. J. C.
Published: December 2008

The present first volume of a study of the Dutch working-class movement between 1876 and 1886, covers the period from 1876 to 1883, in which each of the three currents of this movement found its definite course.

First of all the origin of the three large working men's organizations, their ideology and activity are sketched. In 1871 the A. N. W. V. (Algemeen Ncderlandsch Werklieden-Verbond — General Dutch Workers' Union) was founded in opposition to the First International, which had a small branch in Holland. This union was general in name, but liberal in character; it acknowledged private ownership and aimed at reconciliating the classes of society. In 1877 the Calvinist workmen, repelled by the Liberalism of the A. N. W. V., founded a society of their own, named Patrimonium. They also desired peace, but in a christianized, patriarchal society, in which the social distinctions ordained by God were mitigated by Christian love and fellow-feeling. In 1881 the S. D. B. (Sociaal Democratische Bond — Social Democratic Union) finally united all the scattered adherents of Socialism. This society soon came under the leadership of the ex-minister of religion Domela Nieuwenhuis. Though in its economic principles the influence of Marx was apparent, it was certainly not Marxist in character; in these years the socialists really lived in an eschatological expectation of salvation.
Der Bauernkrieg in Ostpreussen 1525
Authors: Carsten F. L.
Published: December 2008

The above article, a chapter from a larger work on the socio-historical foundation of Prussia, deals with the only peasants' revolt of importance that ever took place in Germany east of the Elbe. In September 1525, when in western Germany the after-effects of the great revolt were ebbing down, the peasants in the recently secularized dukedom of Prussia revolted against the rising nobility. The course of the peasants' action and the insufficient assistance they received from the town of Konigsberg and its citizens are sketched separately from material gathered from a contemporary chronicle. Already five days after the outbreak of the revolt and before serious acts of violence had occurred, the aristocratic town-council of Königsberg effected peace between the peasants and the nobility. After the return of the duke from Germany, severe punishments were inflicted, followed in the next year by the statutory regulation of all the new peasants' obligations.

Special attention deserve: the close connection between the peasant movement and contemporary unrests in Konigsberg; the influence that radiated from there; the lack of support from the towns as the cause of the speedy break-down of the revolt; its pronouncedly political character, hardly influenced by religious ideas and aiming at rooting out the aristocratic “weeds”. The leading elements of the revolt were the well-to-do, self-confident, free peasants—of German as well as of Polish descent—and not the mostly impoverished serfs, which proves that no peasants' revolts occurred east of the Elbe not because of the favourable condition of the peasants there, and that also in this one particular case socially higher situated elements were sooner inclined to revolt against suppression.
John Francis Bray
Authors: Jolliffe M. F.
Published: December 2008

Until 1916, though much had been written about Labour's Wrongs and Labour's Remedy), nothing was known of the life of its author John Francis Bray, except that he was a journeyman printer in Leeds. In December of that year John Edwards published in the Socialist Review the results of research that he had made into Bray's career based on letters discovered in Leeds which had been written to Bray by his brothers. With these, he described Bray's life up to 1850 and discoveries of other letters by Alfred Mattison of Leeds brought the story up to 1854 which is the last date mentioned by Max Beer in his article on Bray in the Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences.
Gall-Dokumente
Authors: Stein Hans
Published: December 2008

About Ludwig Gall (1791–1863), the first propagandist in Germany between 1825 and 1835 of the ideas of Owen, Saint-Simon and Fourier, no documents from public archives have until now been published. Nor were there any documents known before written by himself. This greatly adds to the value of the present publication.

The preface and the documents published throw some light on Gall's work as substitute secretary of the Gewerbeverein at Coblenz, on his travels in the countries of the Danube monarchy, and his relations with the Hungarian government. In the above article the author tells us something about this little-known period of Gall's life, sketching for example the part Gall played in the flight of Franz Pulszky's wife and his meeting with the authoress Malwida von Meysenbug.
Der Versuch einer berufständischen Gewerkschaft
Authors: Leichter Otto
Published: December 2008

The present article deals with the attempt made in Austria from 1934 to 1938 to found berufständische Gewerkschaften (corporative trade unions) within the framework of the autoritarian system of government. The Gewerkschaftsbund (league of trade-union societies) of the Austrian workmen and employees, whose constitution, structure, basic principles and internal development are being discussed here, was to organize the workmen and employees in compliance with the corporative social order, on the principles of the new social doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church. Since this attempt was made on the basis of former trade-unionistic organizations, the author dwells on the structure of the Austrian trade unions prior to the break-up of the greatest of the then existing organizations, viz. the “free trade unions”. Then follows a detailed examination of the principles of organization of the league of trade-union societies, founded by state decree in March 1934. As this league formed part of the corporative upbuilding initiated by the State, its position is sketched, both within the organization of the State, and as part of the corporative structure. This survey of the corporative structure of Austrian economic life raises the question to what extent the new economic methods are compatible with the basic principles of the Austrian league of trade-union societies. This leads up to the problem how far this league corresponds with the principles laid down by the encyclical Quadragesimo anno. Closely connected with this problem is another question, much contested in Austria between 1934 and 1938, i.e. whether in a completed corporative social order independent workers' associations can exist, separate from the employers' organizations.
Sustaining the benefits of rural water supply investments: Experience from Cochabamba and Chuquisaca, Bolivia
Authors: Davis Jennifer , Lukacs Heather , Jeuland Marc , Alvestegui Alfonso , Soto Betty , Lizárraga Gloria , Bakalian Alex , Wakeman Wendy
Published: December 2008

Many rural water supply interventions in developing countries have been marked by a poor record of sustainability. Considerable progress has been made over the past several decades on the development of lower‐cost technologies that are easier for communities in developing countries to maintain and also on improving project design and implementation to enhance sustainability of outcomes. Less attention has been given to the necessary and sufficient supports for water system maintenance in the postconstruction period. This study explores the contribution of various types of postconstruction support (PCS) to the sustainability of rural water supply systems in Bolivia. Using regression and matched pair statistical analyses, the effects of PCS on water system performance and user satisfaction with service are modeled. Communities that received management‐oriented PCS visits from external agencies, and those whose system operators attended training workshops, had better performing systems than communities that received no such support. Engineering‐oriented PCS visits to communities had no measurable impact on system functioning or user satisfaction.
Evidence of an extended electron current sheet and its neighboring magnetic island during magnetotail reconnection
Authors: Chen L.‐J. , Bessho N. , Lefebvre B. , Vaith H. , Fazakerley A. , Bhattacharjee A. , Puhl‐Quinn P. A. , Runov A. , Khotyaintsev Y. , Vaivads A. , Georgescu E. , Torbert R.
Published: December 2008

We have identified a spatially extended electron current sheet (ECS) and its adjacent magnetic island during a magnetotail reconnection event with no appreciable guide field. This finding is based on data from the four Cluster spacecraft and is enabled by detailed maps of electron distribution functions and DC electric fields within the diffusion region. The maps are developed using two‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell simulations with a mass ratio mi/me = 800. One spacecraft crossed the ECS earthward of the reconnection null and, together with the other three spacecraft, registered the following properties: (1) The ECS is colocated with a layer of bipolar electric fields normal to the ECS, pointing toward the ECS, and with a half width less than 8 electron skin depths. (2) In the inflow region up to the ECS and separatrices, electrons have a temperature anisotropy (Te∥/Te⊥ > 1), and the anisotropy increases toward the ECS. (3) Within about 1 ion skin depth (di) above and below the ECS, the electron density decreases toward the ECS by a factor of 3–4, reaching a minimum at edges of the ECS, and has a local distinct maximum at the ECS center. (4) A di‐scale magnetic island is attached to the ECS, separating it from another reconnection layer. Our simulations established that the electric field normal to the ECS is due to charge imbalance and is of the ECS scale, and ions exhibit electron‐scale structures in response to this electric field.
Multipoint in situ and ground‐based observations during auroral intensifications
Authors: Runov A. , Angelopoulos V. , Zhou X.‐Z. , Voronkov I. O. , Kubyshkina M. V. , Nakamura R. , Carlson C. W. , Frey H. U. , McFadden J. , Larson D. , Mende S. B. , Glassmeier K.‐H. , Auster U. , Singer H. J.
Published: December 2008

Analysis of in situ and ground‐based observations is performed to establish the precise timing of observed signatures during two successive auroral activations. The first, minor activation was interpreted as a pseudobreakup, while the second, major one was classified as a substorm. Timing of observations aboard four of the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) probes situated in the plasma sheet in the tail‐aligned conjunction indicates initial activity at XGSM ≈ −15 RE. Magnetic field variations, tailward fast flows, and signatures in particle behavior observed by two THEMIS probes in the midtail plasma sheet suggest magnetic reconnection as the source of the first activation. The substorm onset, detected 6 min after the pseudobreakup, was found to be associated with the rapid decrease of the magnetic field strength, dipolarization, and increase of plasma density and pressure, i.e., signatures of the cross‐tail current reduction (disruption), observed in the near‐Earth plasma sheet at XGSM > −10 RE. Thus, in this case, reconnection in the midtail preceded the near‐Earth current reduction. A scenario based on a model of the near‐Earth breakup triggered by the fast earthward flow, generated by preceding reconnection, is proposed.
Dark production of carbon monoxide (CO) from dissolved organic matter in the St. Lawrence estuarine system: Implication for the global coastal and blue water CO budgets
Authors: Zhang Yong , Xie Huixiang , Fichot Cédric G. , Chen Guohua
Published: December 2008

We investigated the thermal (dark) production of carbon monoxide (CO) from dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the water column of the St. Lawrence estuarine system in spring 2007. The production rate, Qco, decreased seaward horizontally and downward vertically. Qco exhibited a positive, linear correlation with the abundance of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). Terrestrial DOM was more efficient at producing CO than marine DOM. The temperature dependence of Qco can be characterized by the Arrhenius equation with the activation energies of freshwater samples being higher than those of salty samples. Qco remained relatively constant between pH 4–6, increased slowly between pH 6–8 and then rapidly with further rising pH. Ionic strength and iron chemistry had little influence on Qco. An empirical equation, describing Qco as a function of CDOM abundance, temperature, pH, and salinity, was established to evaluate CO dark production in the global coastal waters (depth < 200 m). The total coastal CO dark production from DOM was estimated to be from 0.46 to 1.50 Tg CO‐C a−1 (Tg carbon from CO a−1). We speculated the global oceanic (coastal plus open ocean) CO dark production to be in the range from 4.87 to 15.8 Tg CO‐C a−1 by extrapolating the coastal water‐based results to blue waters (depth > 200 m). Both the coastal and global dark source strengths are significant compared to the corresponding photochemical CO source strengths (coastal: ∼2.9 Tg CO‐C a−1; global: ∼50 Tg CO‐C a−1). Steady state deepwater CO concentrations inferred from Qco and microbial CO uptake rates are <0.1 nmol L−1.
Molecular structure and radiative efficiency of fluorinated ethers: A structure‐activity relationship
Authors: Young Cora J. , Hurley Michael D. , Wallington Timothy J. , Mabury Scott A.
Published: December 2008

Fluorinated ethers are receiving attention as possible replacements for ozone‐depleting substances. Accurate knowledge of their radiative forcing is required to assess the contribution of these compounds to climate change. Radiative efficiency is a metric used to determine the potential of long‐lived greenhouse gases to impact climate. A structure‐activity relationship (SAR) was derived that can estimate the majority of radiative efficiencies of fluorinated ether compounds within 25% of the published experimentally determined values. The SAR allows prediction of radiative efficiency solely from molecular structure and was developed from 154 calculated and 11 experimentally measured infrared spectra for fluorinated ethers. Stretching vibrations for C‐F bonds adjacent to an ether oxygen absorb at lower frequencies than those which are further removed from the ether moiety, which typically gives rise to a higher radiative efficiency. Molecular structure plays an important role in determining the radiative efficiency of fluorinated ethers. The SAR developed herein could be used in the design of new fluorinated ethers that have minimal climate impacts.
Light‐toned salty soils and coexisting Si‐rich species discovered by the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit in Columbia Hills
Authors: Wang Alian , Bell J. F. , Li Ron , Johnson J. R. , Farrand W. H. , Cloutis E. A. , Arvidson R. E. , Crumpler L. , Squyres S. W. , McLennan S. M. , Herkenhoff K. E. , Ruff S. W. , Knudson A. T. , Chen Wei , Greenberger R.
Published: December 2008

Light‐toned soils were exposed, through serendipitous excavations by Spirit Rover wheels, at eight locations in the Columbia Hills. Their occurrences were grouped into four types on the basis of geomorphic settings. At three major exposures, the light‐toned soils are hydrous and sulfate‐rich. The spatial distributions of distinct types of salty soils vary substantially: with centimeter‐scaled heterogeneities at Paso Robles, Dead Sea, Shredded, and Champagne‐Penny, a well‐mixed nature for light‐toned soils occurring near and at the summit of Husband Hill, and relatively homogeneous distributions in the two layers at the Tyrone site. Aeolian, fumarolic, and hydrothermal fluid processes are suggested to be responsible for the deposition, transportation, and accumulation of these light‐toned soils. In addition, a change in Pancam spectra of Tyrone yellowish soils was observed after being exposed to current Martian surface conditions for 175 sols. This change is interpreted to be caused by the dehydration of ferric sulfates on the basis of laboratory simulations and suggests a relative humidity gradient beneath the surface. Si‐rich nodules and soils were observed near the major exposures of S‐rich soils. They possess a characteristic feature in Pancam visible near‐infrared (Vis‐NIR) spectra that may be diagnostic of hydrated species, and this spectral feature can be used to search for additional Si‐rich species. The exposures of hydrated salty soils within various geomorphic settings imply the potential existence of hydrous minerals in similar settings over a much wider area. Hydrous sulfates represent one of the candidates that may contribute the high level of water equivalent hydrogen in equatorial regions detected by the Neutron Spectrometer on Mars Odyssey.
Palmitoylation of the TRAIL receptor DR4 confers an efficient TRAIL-induced cell death signalling
Authors: Rossin Aurélie , Derouet Mathieu , Abdel-Sater Fadi , Hueber Anne-Odile
Published: December 2008

S-palmitoylation is a lipid modification that regulates membrane–protein association and influences protein trafficking, stability or aggregation, thus playing an important role in protein signalling. We previously demonstrated that the palmitoylation of Fas, one of the DD (death domain)-containing members of the TNFR [TNF (tumour necrosis factor) receptor] superfamily, is essential for the redistribution of this receptor into lipid rafts, an obligatory step for the death signal transmission. Here we investigate the requirement of protein palmitoylation in the activities of other DD-containing death receptors. We show that DR4 is palmitoylated, whereas DR5 and TNFR1 are not. Furthermore, DR4 palmitoylation is required for its raft localization and its ability to oligomerize, two essential features in TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand)-induced death signal transmission.
Effect of intensive lipid-lowering therapy on telomere erosion in endothelial progenitor cells obtained from patients with coronary artery disease
Authors: Satoh Mamoru , Minami Yoshitaka , Takahashi Yuji , Tabuchi Tsuyoshi , Itoh Tomonori , Nakamura Motoyuki
Published: December 2008

Telomere erosion of EPCs (endothelial progenitor cells) may be a key factor in endothelial cell senescence and is highly dependent on cellular oxidative damage. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether LLT (lipid-lowering therapy) with statins could attenuate EPC telomere erosion in patients with CAD (coronary artery disease). The study included 100 patients with stable CAD and 25 subjects without CAD as controls. CAD patients were randomized to 12 months of intensive LLT with atorvastatin or moderate LLT with pravastatin. EPCs were obtained from peripheral blood at baseline and after 12 months of statin therapy. Telomere length in EPCs was measured by FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) and oxidative DNA damage by flow cytometry of oxidized DNA bases. EPC telomere length was shorter in the CAD group than in the controls, and oxidative DNA damage to EPCs was higher in the CAD group compared with controls. After 12 months of therapy, changes in lipid profiles were greater in the intensive LLT group than in the moderate LLT group. Intensive LLT markedly increased EPC number and decreased oxidative DNA damage in EPCs (both P<0.05), with no change in telomere length. In contrast, moderate LLT did not change EPC counts or oxidative DNA damage, but showed telomere shortening (P<0.05). There was a weak negative correlation between changes in EPC number and LDL (low-density lipoprotein)-cholesterol levels after intensive LLT, whereas there was no correlation between them after moderate LLT. With in vitro culturing of EPCs subjected to oxidative stress, atorvastatin led to the prevention of EPC telomere shortening compared with pravastatin. In conclusion, the present study has demonstrated that intensive LLT may prevent EPC telomere erosion in patients with CAD, possibly contributing to the beneficial effects of intensive LLT in this disorder.
Fabrication of poly-Si films by continuous local thermal chemical vapor deposition on flexible quartz glass substrate
Authors: Nakamura T. , Kuraseko H. , Hanazawa K. , Koaizawa H. , Uraoka Y. , Fuyuki T. , Mimura A.
Published: December 2008

The continuous deposition of polycrystalline silicon film on quartz fiber by local thermal chemical deposition was investigated. High-speed deposition owing to high temperature and locality was examined using fixed and moving substrates. We confirmed the high-speed deposition of polycrystalline silicon and achieved a maximum speed of over 1μm∕s. Furthermore, we succeeded in a continuous deposition of polycrystalline thin silicon with a thickness of 50–100nm on a quartz fiber with low roughness and low impurity content. Thin film transistor with a mobility more than 3.7cm2∕Vs was achieved by using this film.
Analysis of plasma profile over KTiOAsO4 surface produced by 532 and 1064 nm laser radiations
Authors: Sun Yuming , Chen Ming , Li Yufei , Qi Huanjun , Zhao Mingwen , Liu Xiangdong
Published: December 2008

Optical emission studies are carried out on the plasma generated by nanosecond radiation of the 532 and 1064 nm lasers on KTiOAsO4 (KTA) samples with the intensity of 108–109 GW/cm2. Our studies indicate that the amount of evaporated matter in plasma evolution depends on the laser wavelength. The dimension of the self-regulating region shows a clear laser-intensity dependence, which increases from 3 mm at 0.22 GW/cm2 to 8.5 mm at 1.72 GW/cm2. This work is expected be helpful for optimizing the experimental parameters of growing KTA thin films using pulsed laser deposition.
Diffraction contrast and Bragg reflection determination in forescattered electron channeling contrast images of threading screw dislocations in 4H-SiC
Authors: Picard Yoosuf N. , Twigg Mark E.
Published: December 2008

The experimental diffraction parameters and contrast features associated with electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) are determined by the study of threading screw dislocations (TSDs) in 4H-SiC. The images are recorded by forescatter diode detectors mounted on a commercial electron backscatter diffraction system. ECCI of TSDs penetrating the (0001) surface reveals dark-to-light contrast, the direction of which depends on the acting Bragg reflection, the deviation from the Bragg condition, and the dislocation Burgers vector. Burgers vector identification is confirmed through observations of the rotational direction of atomic step spirals associated with various screw dislocations. Dark “twin-lobed” features are observed when the incoming electron beam exactly satisfies the Bragg condition for various Bragg reflections. The experimentally observed behavior of channeling contrast features for screw dislocations in this study is found to be consistent with transmission electron microscopy diffraction contrast mechanisms.
Light extraction and optical loss mechanisms in organic light-emitting diodes: Influence of the emitter quantum efficiency
Authors: Nowy Stefan , Krummacher Benjamin C. , Frischeisen Jörg , Reinke Nils A. , Brütting Wolfgang
Published: December 2008

The internal quantum efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) can reach values close to 100% if phosphorescent emitters to harvest triplet excitons are used; however, the fraction of light that is actually leaving the device is considerably less. Loss mechanisms are, for example, waveguiding in the organic layers and the substrate as well as the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons at metallic electrodes. Additionally, absorption in the organic layers and the electrodes can play a role. In this work we use numerical simulations to identify and quantify different loss mechanisms. Changing simulation parameters, for example, the distance of the emitter material to the cathode or thicknesses of the various layers, enables us to study their influence on the fraction of light leaving the OLED. An important parameter in these simulations and for the actual device is the radiative quantum efficiency q, which is defined as the efficiency of radiative exciton decay in an unbounded space filled by the emitting dye and its matrix. The simulations show that due to microcavity effects the radiative decay channel can be considerably changed in an OLED as compared to free space emission of a dipole. Thus the knowledge of the radiative quantum efficiency is crucial for the optimization of OLEDs. As an example, we present simulations of bottom-emitting OLEDs based on the well-known green emitter tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum with transparent indium tin oxide anode and a calcium/aluminum cathode.
Enhanced efficiency and reduced spectral shift of green light-emitting-diode epitaxial structure with prestrained growth
Authors: Huang Chi-Feng , Liu Tzu-Chi , Lu Yen-Cheng , Shiao Wen-Yu , Chen Yung-Sheng , Wang Jyun-Kai , Lu Chih-Feng , Yang C. C.
Published: December 2008

The enhanced emission efficiency and reduced spectral shifts of a green InGaN/GaN quantum-well (QW) light-emitting-diode epitaxial structure by using the prestrained growth technique when compared with a control sample of the same emission spectrum with conventional growth are demonstrated. By adding an ∼7%-indium InGaN/GaN QW to the structure before the growth of designated emitting high-indium QWs, the growth temperature of the emitting QWs can be raised by 30 °C while keeping about the same emission wavelength around 544 nm in photoluminescence (PL) and 525 nm in electroluminescence (EL). The internal quantum efficiency, room-temperature PL intensity, and EL intensity at the injection current of 20 mA are increased by ∼167%, ∼140%, and ∼182%, respectively. Also, the spectral blueshift range in increasing injection current in the range of 50 mA is decreased by 46%. Based on the pump-power dependent PL measurement, it is found that the quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE) becomes weaker in the prestrained growth sample. Also, from the calibration of the Arrhenius plots, the carrier localization effect is observed to become weaker under prestrained growth. Therefore, the enhanced emission efficiency is mainly attributed to the decreased defect density and the reduced QCSE in the prestrained sample.
Suppression of charge ordering transition by the reduction in particle size in the manganite Bi0.2Ca0.8MnO3
Authors: Fang Jun , Wang Qiang , Zou Youming , Yu Xiaoman , Li Renwen , Zhang Yuheng
Published: December 2008

We have prepared a series of Bi0.2Ca0.8MnO3 samples with different particle sizes ranging from 60 to 1500 nm by the sol-gel method and systematically investigated their static and dynamic magnetic properties through dc magnetization, ac susceptibility, and electron spin resonance measurements. It was found that the reduction in particle size suppresses the charge ordering (CO) transition in this composition, resulting in the occurrence of the spin glass state in low temperatures. The observations have been interpreted in terms of martensitic strain and surface effect. Moreover a scenario has been posed for the waning process of the CO transition. With the reduction in the particle size, the CO phase transition survives only in the core regions until its complete disappearance, and connected with this, the magnetic cluster phenomenon becomes more pronounced.
Orientation dependence of dielectric behavior of ferroelectric bilayers and multilayers
Authors: Wu Huaping , Liu Aiping , Wu Linzhi , Du Shanyi
Published: December 2008

A thermodynamic model is presented to describe the dielectric response of ferroelectric bilayers and multilayers with different orientations. Numerical analyses for PbTiO3/SrTiO3 epitaxially heteroepitaxial bilayer films on thick substrates show that complete polarization suppression and gigantic dielectric response occur at approximately 46%, 50%, and 63% of SrTiO3 fraction in the bilayer structures with (111), (110), and (001) orientations, respectively. Our study indicates that the ferroelectric and dielectric performances of ferroelectric bilayers and multilayers can be modified by changing the thicknesses and orientations of component layers, which is an effective approach for the optimization of microwave devices.
Investigation on the origin of terahertz waves generated by dc-biased multimode semiconductor lasers at room temperature
Authors: Latkowski Sylwester , Surre Frederic , Maldonado-Basilio Ramon , Landais Pascal
Published: December 2008

A technique to measure a terahertz wave generated by spectrum tailored Fabry–Pérot lasers (FP) is assessed. A dc-biased and 25 °C temperature controlled FP is probed by a continuous wave signal, tuned at 20 nm away from its lasing modes. With a 0.02 nm resolution optical spectrum analyzer (OSA), the terahertz generated signal frequency is measured from the interval between the probe and its side-band modulations. The terahertz waves emitted by these FPs are measured at 370±5 GHz and at 1.157±0.005 THz, respectively, within a precision set by our OSA. The origin of the terahertz wave is due to passive mode-locked through intracavity four-wave-mixing processes.
Electrical strength of multilayer vacuum insulators
Authors: Harris J. R. , Kendig M. , Poole B. , Sanders D. M. , Caporaso G. J.
Published: December 2008

The electrical strength of vacuum insulators is a key constraint in the design of particle accelerators and pulsed power systems. Vacuum insulating structures assembled from alternating layers of metal and dielectric can result in improved performance compared to conventional insulators, but previous attempts to optimize their design have yielded seemingly inconsistent results. Here, we present two models for the electrical strength of these structures, one assuming failure by vacuum arcing between adjacent metal layers and the other assuming failure by vacuum surface flashover. These models predict scaling laws which are in agreement with the experimental data currently available.
Crossing the Threshold: Municipal Waste Policy and Household Waste Generation
Authors: Bulkeley Harriet , Gregson Nicky
Published: December 2008

This paper connects research on home-based consumption with research on waste policy and governance. We argue that, in order to meet the enhanced goals of waste reduction specified in Waste Strategy for England 2007, UK municipal waste policy needs a far closer engagement with the household, the primary unit of consumption. Opening-up the ‘black box’ of the household, we show why the potential for achieving enhanced rates of materials diversion through recycling is limited in certain neighbourhoods. We demonstrate the potential for furthering waste reduction through the intensification of existing practices with the ‘arts of transience’, and by engaging with the lumpiness of household-waste generation. The paper considers the policy implications of these findings and offers a number of suggestions as to how such insights might be taken up within UK municipal waste policy.
The Link between Devolution and Regional Disparities: Evidence from the Italian Regions
Authors: Calamai Lapo
Published: December 2008

This paper investigates the relationship between devolution and regional disparities by looking at the case of Italy. By integrating the relevant quantitative and qualitative evidence, it attempts to answer two questions. Did the devolutionary process exert a positive influence on regional convergence in Italy? And, if so, why have its beneficial economic effects been concentrated in the Mezzogiorno? A clear historical link between the upsurge of devolution and the reduction of spatial inequalities is identified. However, this relationship plays out in a rather indirect way, and is strongly influenced by a series of exogenous factors which are thoroughly analysed.
Exploring Hierarchies of Knowledge in Peru: Scaling Urban Grassroots Women Health Promoters' Expertise
Authors: Jenkins Katy
Published: December 2008

In this paper I engage with emerging debates around professionalisation and knowledge production in development, in order to explore how the diverse knowledges acquired by grassroots volunteer health promoters are situated, scaled, and understood. I consider how localised hierarchies of class and race limit the possibilities for grassroots women activists' knowledges to be recognised in the increasingly professionalised and transnational sphere of international development. The research engages with feminist conceptions of everyday knowledges, and highlights the importance of foregrounding the voices of women from the global south.
FastMap: Fast eQTL mapping in homozygous populations
Authors: Gatti Daniel M. , Shabalin Andrey A. , Lam Tieu-Chong , Wright Fred A. , Rusyn Ivan , Nobel Andrew B.
Published: December 2008

Motivation: Gene expression Quantitative Trait Locus (eQTL) mapping measures the association between transcript expression and genotype in order to find genomic locations likely to regulate transcript expression. The availability of both gene expression and high-density genotype data has improved our ability to perform eQTL mapping in inbred mouse and other homozygous populations. However, existing eQTL mapping software does not scale well when the number of transcripts and markers are on the order of 105 and 105–106, respectively.

Results: We propose a new method, FastMap, for fast and efficient eQTL mapping in homozygous inbred populations with binary allele calls. FastMap exploits the discrete nature and structure of the measured single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In particular, SNPs are organized into a Hamming distance-based tree that minimizes the number of arithmetic operations required to calculate the association of a SNP by making use of the association of its parent SNP in the tree. FastMap's tree can be used to perform both single marker mapping and haplotype association mapping over an m-SNP window. These performance enhancements also permit permutation-based significance testing.

Availability: The FastMap program and source code are available at the website: http://cebc.unc.edu/fastmap86.html

Contact:  iir@unc.edu; nobel@email.unc.edu

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Sensitive Questions, Truthful Answers? Modeling the List Experiment with LISTIT
Authors: Corstange Daniel
Published: December 2008

Standard estimation procedures assume that empirical observations are accurate reflections of the true values of the dependent variable, but this assumption is dubious when modeling self-reported data on sensitive topics. List experiments (a.k.a. item count techniques) can nullify incentives for respondents to misrepresent themselves to interviewers, but current data analysis techniques are limited to difference-in-means tests. I present a revised procedure and statistical estimator called LISTIT that enable multivariate modeling of list experiment data. Monte Carlo simulations and a field test in Lebanon explore the behavior of this estimator.
Relics of repeat-induced point mutation direct heterochromatin formation in Neurospora crassa
Authors: Lewis Zachary A. , Honda Shinji , Khlafallah Tamir K. , Jeffress Jennifer K. , Freitag Michael , Mohn Fabio , Schübeler Dirk , Selker Eric U.
Published: December 2008

Both RNAi-dependent and -independent mechanisms have been implicated in the establishment of heterochromatin domains, which may be stabilized by feedback loops involving chromatin proteins and modifications of histones and DNA. Neurospora crassa sports features of heterochromatin found in higher eukaryotes, namely cytosine methylation (5mC), methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me), and heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1), and is a model to investigate heterochromatin establishment and maintenance. We mapped the distribution of HP1, 5mC, H3K9me3, and H3K4me2 at 100 bp resolution and explored their interplay. HP1, H3K9me3, and 5mC were extensively co-localized and defined 44 heterochromatic domains on linkage group VII, all relics of repeat-induced point mutation. Interestingly, the centromere was found in an ∼350 kb heterochromatic domain with no detectable H3K4me2. 5mC was not found in genes, in contrast to the situation in plants and animals. H3K9me3 is required for HP1 localization and DNA methylation in N. crassa. In contrast, we found that localization of H3K9me3 was independent of 5mC or HP1 at virtually all heterochromatin regions. In addition, we observed complete restoration of DNA methylation patterns after depletion and reintroduction of the H3K9 methylation machinery. These data show that A:T-rich RIP'd DNA efficiently directs methylation of H3K9, which in turn, directs methylation of associated cytosines.