bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anisotropy of (partial) isothermal remanent magnetization: DC-field-dependence and additivity
Authors: Biedermann Andrea R , Jackson Mike , Bilardello Dario , Feinberg Joshua M
Published: May 2019

Anisotropy of isothermal remanent magnetization (AIRM) is useful for describing the fabrics of high-coercivity grains, or alternatively, the fabrics of all remanence-carrying grains in rocks with weak remanence. Comparisons between AIRM and other measures of magnetic fabric allow for description of mineral-specific or grain-size-dependent fabrics, and their relation to one another. Additionally, when the natural remanence of a rock is carried by high-coercivity minerals, it is essential to isolate the anisotropy of this grain fraction to correct paleodirectional and paleointensity data. AIRMs have been measured using a wide range of applied fields, from a few  mT to several T. It has been shown that the degree and shape of AIRM can vary with the strength of the applied field, for example, due to the contribution of separate grain subpopulations or due to field-dependent properties. To improve our understanding of these processes, we systematically investigate the variation of AIRM and the anisotropy of partial isothermal remanence (ApIRM) with applied field for a variety of rocks with different magnetic mineralogies. We also test the additivity of A(p)IRMs and provide a definition of their error limits. While A(p)IRM principal directions can be similar for a range of applied field strengths on the same specimen, the degree and shape of anisotropy often show systematic changes with the field over which the (p)IRM was applied. Also, the data uncertainty varies with field window; typically, larger windows lead to better-defined principal directions. Therefore, the choice of an appropriate field window is crucial for successful anisotropy corrections in paleomagnetic studies. Due to relatively large deviations between AIRMs calculated by tensor addition and directly measured AIRMs, we recommend that the desired A(p)IRM be measured directly for anisotropy corrections.
Site-specific abnormalities in the visual system of a mouse model of CDKL5 deficiency disorder
Authors: Lupori Leonardo , Sagona Giulia , Fuchs Claudia , Mazziotti Raffaele , Stefanov Antonia , Putignano Elena , Napoli Debora , Strettoi Enrica , Ciani Elisabetta , Pizzorusso Tommaso
Published: May 2019

CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a severe global developmental delay and early-onset seizures. Notably, patients show distinctive visual abnormalities often clinically diagnosed as cortical visual impairment. However, the involvement of cerebral cortical dysfunctions in the origin of the symptoms is poorly understood. CDD mouse models also display visual deficits, and cortical visual responses can be used as a robust biomarker in CDKL5 mutant mice. A deeper understanding of the circuits underlying the described visual deficits is essential for directing preclinical research and translational approaches. Here, we addressed this question in two ways: first, we performed an in-depth morphological analysis of the visual pathway, from the retina to the primary visual cortex (V1), of CDKL5 null mice. We found that the lack of CDKL5 produced no alteration in the organization of retinal circuits. Conversely, CDKL5 mutants showed reduced density and altered morphology of spines and decreased excitatory synapse marker PSD95 in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and in V1. An increase in the inhibitory marker VGAT was selectively present in V1. Second, using a conditional CDKL5 knockout model, we showed that selective cortical deletion of CDKL5 from excitatory cells is sufficient to produce abnormalities of visual cortical responses, demonstrating that the normal function of cortical circuits is dependent on CDKL5. Intriguingly, these deficits were associated with morphological alterations of V1 excitatory and inhibitory synaptic contacts. In summary, this work proposes cortical circuit structure and function as a critically important target for studying CDD.
Challenges in IBD Research: Environmental Triggers
Authors: Ho Shuk-Mei , Lewis James D , Mayer Emeran A , Bernstein Charles N , Plevy Scott E , Chuang Emil , Rappaport Stephen M , Croitoru Kenneth , Korzenik Joshua R , Krischer Jeffrey , Hyams Jeffrey S , Judson Richard , Kellis Manolis , Jerrett Michael , Miller Gary W , Grant Melanie L , Shtraizent Nataly , Honig Gerard , Hurtado-Lorenzo Andrés , Wu Gary D
Published: May 2019

Environmental triggers is part of five focus areas of the Challenges in IBD research document, which also includes preclinical human IBD mechanisms, novel technologies, precision medicine and pragmatic clinical research. The Challenges in IBD research document provides a comprehensive overview of current gaps in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) research and delivers actionable approaches to address them. It is the result of a multidisciplinary input from scientists, clinicians, patients, and funders, and represents a valuable resource for patient centric research prioritization. In particular, the environmental triggers section is focused on the main research gaps in elucidating causality of environmental factors in IBD. Research gaps were identified in: 1) epidemiology of exposures; 2) identification of signatures of biological response to exposures; and 3) mechanisms of how environmental exposures drive IBD. To address these gaps, the implementation of longitudinal prospective studies to determine disease evolution and identify sub-clinical changes in response to exposures is proposed. This can help define critical windows of vulnerability and risk prediction. In addition, systems biology analysis and in silico modeling were proposed as approaches to integrate the IBD exposome for the identification of biological signatures of response to exposures, and to develop prediction models of the effects of environmental factors in driving disease activity and response to therapy. This research could lead to identification of biomarkers of exposures and new modalities for therapeutic intervention. Finally, hypothesis-driven mechanistic studies to understand gene-environment interactions and to validate causality of priority factors should be performed to determine how environment influences clinical outcomes.
Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy and Systemic Inflammation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Results From the META Longitudinal Cohort Study
Authors: Siedner Mark J , Bwana Mwebesa Bosco , Asiimwe Stephen , Amanyire Gideon , Musinguzi Nicholas , Castillo-Mancilla Jose , Tracy Russell P , Katz Ingrid T , Bangsberg David R , Hunt Peter W , Orrell Catherine , Haberer Jessica E ,   META study investigators, Ware Norma , Elioda Tumwesigye , Tsai Alexander C , Matthews Lynn , Wyatt Monique
Published: May 2019

Chronic inflammation predicts complications in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection. We compared D-dimer, soluble CD14, and interleukin 6 levels before and 12 months after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation, among individuals starting ART during earlier-stage (CD4 T-cell count >350/µL) or late-stage disease (CD4 T-cell count <200/µL). Female sex, older age, viral load, and late-stage disease were associated with pre-ART biomarkers (n = 661; P < .05). However, there were no differences in biomarkers by disease stage after 12 months of ART (n = 438; P > .05), owing to loss from observation and greater declines in biomarkers in late-stage initiators (P < .001). Earlier initiation of ART is associated with decreased inflammation, but levels seem to converge between earlier and later initiators surviving to 12 months.
Sorting Out the Genetic Background of the Last Surviving South China Tigers
Authors: Zhang Wenping , Xu Xiao , Yue Bisong , Hou Rong , Xie Junjin , Zou Zheng-Ting , Han Yu , Shen Fujun , Zhang Liang , Xie Zhong , Yuan Yaohua , Yin Yuzhong , Fu Wenyuan , Chen Daqing , Huang Wei , Liu Zaoyang , Tang Yao , Zhao Bo , Zhang Qiang , Chen Wu , Zhang Rongying , Chen Jun , Luo Shu-Jin , Zhang Zhihe
Published: May 2019

The South China tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis) is endemic to China and also the most critically endangered subspecies of living tigers. It is considered extinct in the wild and only about 150 individuals survive in captivity to date, whose genetic heritage, however, is ambiguous and controversial. Here, we conducted an explicit genetic assessment of 92 studbook-registered South China tigers from 14 captive facilities using a subspecies-diagnostic system in the context of comparison with other voucher specimens to evaluate the genetic ancestry and level of distinctiveness of the last surviving P. t. amoyensis. Three mtDNA haplotypes were identified from South China tigers sampled in this study, including a unique P. t. amoyensis AMO1 haplotype not found in other subspecies, a COR1 haplotype that is widespread in Indochinese tigers (P. t. corbetti), and an ALT haplotype that is characteristic of Amur tigers (P. t. altaica). Bayesian STRUCTURE analysis and parentage verification confirmed the verified subspecies ancestry (VSA) as the South China tiger in 74 individuals. Genetic introgression from other tigers was detected in 18 tigers, and subsequent exclusion of these and their offspring from the breeding program is recommended. Both STRUCTURE clustering and microsatellite-based phylogenetic analyses demonstrated a close genetic association of the VSA South China tigers to Indochinese tigers, an issue that could only be elucidated by analysis of historical South China tiger specimens with wild origin. Our results also indicated a moderate level of genetic diversity in the captive South China tiger population, suggesting a potential for genetic restoration.
Conservation of the Threatened Species, Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. (Pasqueflower), is Aided by Reproductive System and Polyploidy
Authors: Gargiulo Roberta , Worswick Gemma , Arnold Corinne , Pike Lindsay J , Cowan Robyn S , Hardwick Kate A , Chapman Ted , Fay Michael F
Published: May 2019

Population loss due to habitat disturbance is a major concern in biodiversity conservation. Here we investigate the genetic causes of the demographic decline observed in English populations of Pulsatilla vulgaris and the consequences for conservation. Using 10 nuclear microsatellite markers, we compare genetic variation in wild populations with restored and seed-regenerated populations (674 samples). Emergence of genetic structure and loss of allelic variation in natural populations are not as evident as expected from demographic trends. Restored populations show genetic variation comparable to their source populations and, in general, to the wild ones. Genetic homogeneity is observed in regeneration trials, although some alleles not captured in source populations are detected. We infer that polyploidy, longevity, and clonal reproduction have provided P. vulgaris with the standing genetic variation necessary to make the species resilient to the effects of demographic decline, suggesting that the use of multiple sources for reintroduction may be beneficial to mimic natural gene flow and the availability of multiple allele copies typical of polyploid species.
Dispersal of the Mosquito Aedes vigilax (Diptera: Culicidae) From Urban Estuarine Wetlands in Sydney, Australia
Authors: Webb Cameron E , Russell Richard C
Published: May 2019

Aedes vigilax (Skuse) is a pest and vector species associated with coastal wetlands and the abundance of this mosquito has been identified as contributing to increased risk of mosquito-borne disease outbreaks. As urban development continues to encroach on these coastal wetlands, pest and public health impacts are becoming of increasing concern and in the absence of broadscale mosquito control. Urban planners are looking to buffer zones and other land use planning options to minimize contact between mosquitoes and humans but gaps in the understanding of dispersal ranges of mosquitoes hamper the adoption of these strategies. A mark-release-recapture experiment was conducted to measure the dispersal of this mosquito from an urban estuarine wetland in Sydney, Australia. An estimated total of over 150,000 wild caught female mosquitoes were marked with fluorescent dust and then released. A network of 38 traps was then operated for 5 d within an area of 28 km2. A total of 280 marked mosquitoes was recaptured, representing less than 1% of the estimate 250,000 marked mosquitoes released. Marked mosquitoes were recaptured up to 3 km from the release point, providing an insight into the dispersal range of these mosquitoes. The mean distance traveled by marked mosquitoes was 0.83 km, a result reflecting the greater proportion of marked mosquitoes recaptured near release point. The findings of this study indicate that effective buffer zones between estuarine wetlands and high-density urban developments would be an impractical approach to minimizing pest and public health impacts associated with this mosquito.
Article 1—Scope of These Rules
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the scope of application of the ICDR Rules. Within its four paragraphs, Article 1 of the ICDR Rules introduces the ICDR’s mandate; sets the boundaries for institutional jurisdiction and delegates authority to the Administrator; provides for the ICDR to be the exclusive administrator of all international arbitrations under the auspices of the AAA; prescribes the ICDR Rules’ scope of application; declares the ICDR Rules subject to any mandatory laws; and deems smaller disputes to be handled pursuant to the new International Expedited Procedures. Importantly, Article 1(1) provides that the ICDR Rules will be applied in either of two ways: (i) with an agreement to arbitrate ‘under these International Arbitration Rules’; or (ii) if the parties have provided ‘for arbitration of an international dispute by the [ICDR] or the [AAA] without designating particular rules’. In either scenario, the parties agreed to institutional as opposed to ad hoc arbitration.
Article 11—Number of Arbitrators
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M
Published: May 2019

This chapter assesses Article 11 of the ICDR Rules. One of the first questions that parties in arbitration must consider when constituting a tribunal is the number of arbitrators that will resolve their dispute. In most cases, this will be addressed either by an explicit agreement between the parties or, failing that, by the parties’ adoption of institutional rules that cover this issue. Where the parties do not select the number of arbitrators by agreement and also do not select a set of governing institutional rules, they will face default provisions of national arbitration laws. Article 11 provides a straightforward default rule that respects party autonomy but, absent party agreement, vests the determination of the number of arbitrators in the Administrator. In that respect, the presumption is that for reasons of procedural efficiency there will be a sole arbitrator unless the ‘size, complexity or other circumstances’ dictate that three arbitrators is appropriate.
Article 14—Challenge of an Arbitrator
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M
Published: May 2019

This chapter studies Article 14 of the ICDR Rules, which sets forth a procedure for challenging arbitrators for lack of impartiality or independence. Article 14 provides that one may challenge an arbitrator ‘whenever circumstances exist that give rise to justifiable doubts as to the arbitrator’s impartiality or independence’ and establishes the challenge procedure itself. If the parties do not agree on the merits of the challenge and if the arbitrator does not voluntarily withdraw, it is for the ICDR, in its sole discretion, to decide the challenge. After the ICDR reviews the parties’ submissions and arbitrator’s comments, the Administrator ordinarily resolves the challenge quickly. If the challenge is rejected, the arbitration will proceed. If the challenge is granted, the arbitrator will be replaced pursuant to Article 15. Typically, the ICDR’s decision is final and the parties have no ability to object.
Article 17—Place of Arbitration
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M
Published: May 2019

This chapter details Article 17 of the ICDR Rules, which presumes that the parties to an arbitration will choose the place or seat of arbitration in the arbitration agreement. Parties are well advised to do so due to the important role that the seat of arbitration plays in any arbitration. In practice, a majority of arbitration agreements specifically designate a seat of arbitration; for ICDR arbitrations, the US remains the most popular host country, and New York the most popular seat. Importantly, Article 17 provides for the situation in which the parties have failed to agree on a place of arbitration, authorizing the ICDR administrator initially to determine the place of arbitration for the parties, but with the final determination resting with the tribunal.
Article 20—Conduct of Proceedings
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M
Published: May 2019

This chapter assesses Article 20 of the ICDR Rules, which regulates the procedure by which the parties will conduct their arbitration before the tribunal. Article 20 is said to grant the tribunal more discretion in this regard than the majority of other institutional rules. Still, in practice, the parties have significant influence over the process. The tribunal’s discretion is, of course, subject to the explicit directive of Article 20 that the parties be provided due process and a fair opportunity to be heard. Moreover, Article 20 mandates the tribunal to expedite the procedure to the extent possible. The 2014 amendments to the ICDR Rules added several provisions to Article 20 to further that mandate. The revised Rules also require the parties to ‘make every effort to avoid unnecessary delay and expense in the arbitration’.
Article 30—Time, Form, and Effect of the Award
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores Article 30 of the ICDR Rules, which prescribes the basic requirements for the time, form, and effect of any ICDR arbitral award. The Article does not provide a comprehensive list of requirements for a valid award; rather, it prescribes certain general minimum standards, while also giving some deference to the potential application of the parties’ agreement and the specific demands of the law at the place of arbitration or where enforcement is sought. The text of Article 30 received a number of revisions during the 2014 amendments to the ICDR Rules. Many of these revisions were aimed at streamlining and internationalizing the language, but others incorporated existing ICDR practices such as review of the draft award by the ICDR or expanded the previous provisions such as establishing a deadline by which the award must be rendered.
Article 32—Settlement or Other Reasons for Termination
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses Article 32 of the ICDR Rules. Article 23 addresses within its three paragraphs at least four situations in which the arbitration may be terminated other than by provision of a final award: termination upon settlement; termination upon settlement, but where the parties request that a ‘consent award’ be issued; termination because the continuation of the proceeding has become unnecessary or impossible due to non-payment; and termination because the continuation of the arbitration has become unnecessary or impossible for any other reason. The first scenario is probably the most typical, but in all scenarios—except for non-payment—the tribunal is likely to terminate the proceeding subject to payment of any outstanding fees or costs. Article 32(2), concerning suspension or termination for non-payment, is a new provision that was added to the text of this rule with the 2014 amendments.
Articles E-7 to E-9—The Proceedings Under the Expedited Procedures
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at Articles E-7 through E-9 of the ICDR Rules, which set out some basic procedural guidance for an arbitration proceeding the Expedited Procedures once the case has been transferred to the sole arbitrator. These articles grant the arbitrator with discretion to set the procedure and timetable for the arbitration. Unlike the comparable provisions in the main ICDR Rules, however, this provisions presume certain limitations on the procedure to promote the efficiency goals of the Expedited Procedures. Perhaps most notable is the presumption that an expedited arbitration will be decided on documents only, without an oral hearing. Other limitations include time limits on certain procedural benchmarks, such as the issuance of a procedural order, completion of written submissions, and time for an oral hearing, where necessary.
Part II Evolution and Theoretical Bases of the Law of International Watercourses, 5 The Contribution of the Law of Navigation
Authors: Stephen C McCaffrey
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the law of navigation on international waterways, its development, and the contribution it has made to the law of international watercourses more generally. The rules of international law regarding navigation on international waterways are most highly developed in Europe. The development occurred—to some extent—bilaterally but was consolidated and widely dispersed by the major peace treaties beginning with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. These rules provided broadly for freedom of navigation, first for riparians then for all nations. In the absence of a contrary treaty regime or inconsistent state practice regarding a particular waterway or area, the principle of freedom of navigation for states riparian to an international waterway should be presumed to be the prevailing standard under general international law. The content of this principle is that which has developed through the consistent practice of states over nearly two centuries.
Article 1
Authors: Murray Rachel
Published: May 2019

This section is about Article 1 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights dealing with Obligations of Member States.
Article 2
Authors: Murray Rachel
Published: May 2019

This section is about Article 2 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights dealing with Non-Discrimination.
Article 3
Authors: Murray Rachel
Published: May 2019

This section is about Article 3 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights dealing with Equality Before the Law and Equal Protection of the Law.
Article 14
Authors: Murray Rachel
Published: May 2019

This section is about Article 14 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights dealing with Right to Property.
Article 22
Authors: Murray Rachel
Published: May 2019

This section is about Article 22 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights dealing with Right to Development.
Article 25
Authors: Murray Rachel
Published: May 2019

This section is about Article 25 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights dealing with Human Rights Teaching, Education and Publication.
Articles 60 and 61
Authors: Murray Rachel
Published: May 2019

This section is about Articles 60 and 61 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights dealing with Applicable Principles.
Non-dissipative photospheres in GRBs: spectral appearance in the Fermi/GBM catalogue
Authors: Acuner Zeynep , Ryde Felix , Yu Hoi-Fung
Published: May 2019

A large fraction of gamma-ray burst (GRB) spectra are very hard below the peak. Indeed, the observed distribution of sub-peak power-law indices, α, has been used as an argument for a photospheric origin of GRB spectra. Here, we investigate what fraction of GRBs have spectra that are consistent with emission from a photopshere in a non-dissipative outflow. This is the simplest possible photospheric emission scenario. We create synthetic spectra, with a range of peak energies, by folding the theoretical predictions through the detector response of the FERMI/GBM detector. These simulated spectral data are fitted with typically employed empirical models. We find that the low-energy photon indices obtain values ranging −0.4 < α < 0.0, peaking at around −0.1, thus covering a non-negligible fraction of observed values. These values are significantly softer than the asymptotic value of the theoretical spectrum of α ∼ 0.4. The reason for the α values to be much softer than expected, is the limitation of the empirical functions to capture the true curvature of the theoretical spectrum. We conclude that more than a quarter of the bursts in the GBM catalogue have at least one time-resolved spectrum, whose α values are consistent with spectra from a non-dissipative outflow, releasing its thermal energy at the photosphere. The fraction of spectra consistent with emission from the photosphere will increase even more if dissipation of kinetic energy in the flow occurs below the photosphere.
Maintenance of translational elongation rate underlies the survival of Escherichia coli during oxidative stress
Authors: Zhu Manlu , Dai Xiongfeng
Published: May 2019

To cope with harsh circumstances, bacterial cells must initiate cellular stress response programs, which demands the de novo synthesis of many stress defense proteins. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a universal environmental stressor for both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. However, the physiological burden that limits the survival of bacterial cells during oxidative stress remains elusive. Here we quantitatively characterize the cell growth and translational elongation rate of Escherichia coli cells treated with different doses of hydrogen peroxide. Cell growth is immediately arrested by low to moderate levels of hydrogen peroxide, but completely recovers after a certain lag time. The lag time depends positively on the dose of hydrogen peroxide. During the lag time, translational elongation rate drops by as much as ∼90% at initial stage and recovers to its normal state later, a phenomenon resulting from the dramatic alteration in cellular tRNA pools during oxidative stress. However, translational elongation is completely stalled at a certain threshold-level of hydrogen peroxide, at which cells ultimately fail to resume growth. Although the mRNA transcription of oxidative defense genes in oxyR regulon is dramatically induced upon hydrogen peroxide treatment, the extreme slow-down of translational elongation during high levels of hydrogen peroxide has severely compromised the timely synthesis of those oxidative defense proteins. Our study demonstrates that the tRNA-limited translational elongation is a key physiological bottleneck that the bacteria must overcome to counteract ROS, and the maintenance of translational elongation rate for timely synthesis of stress defense proteins is crucial for cells to smoothly get over the oxidative stress.
Church-based interventions to address obesity among African Americans and Latinos in the United States: a systematic review
Authors: Flórez Karen R , Payán Denise D , Palar Kartika , Williams Malcolm V , Katic Bozena , Derose Kathryn P
Published: May 2019

Context

Multilevel church-based interventions may help address racial/ethnic disparities in obesity in the United States since churches are often trusted institutions in vulnerable communities. These types of interventions affect at least two levels of socio-ecological influence which could mean an intervention that targets individual congregants as well as the congregation as a whole. However, the extent to which such interventions are developed using a collaborative partnership approach and are effective with diverse racial/ethnic populations is unclear, and these crucial features of well-designed community-based interventions.

Objective

The present systematic literature review of church-based interventions was conducted to assess their efficacy for addressing obesity across different racial/ethnic groups (eg, African Americans, Latinos).

Data Sources and Extraction

In total, 43 relevant articles were identified using systematic review methods developed by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)’s Task Force on Community Preventive Services. The extent to which each intervention was developed using community-based participatory research principles, was tailored to the particular community in question, and involved the church in the study development and implementation were also assessed.

Data Analysis

Although 81% of the studies reported significant results for between- or within-group differences according to the study design, effect sizes were reported or could only be calculated in 56% of cases, and most were small. There was also a lack of diversity among samples (eg, few studies involved Latinos, men, young adults, or children), which limits knowledge about the ability of church-based interventions to reduce the burden of obesity more broadly among vulnerable communities of color. Further, few interventions were multilevel in nature, or incorporated strategies at the church or community level.

Conclusions

Church-based interventions to address obesity will have greater impact if they consider the diversity among populations burdened by this condition and develop programs that are tailored to these different populations (eg, men of color, Latinos). Programs could also benefit from employing multilevel approaches to move the field away from behavioral modifications at the individual level and into a more systems-based framework. However, effect sizes will likely remain small, especially since individuals only spend a limited amount of time in this particular setting.
Resilience Policing: An Emerging Response to Shifting Harm Landscapes and Reshaping Community Policing
Authors: Mutongwizo Tariro , Holley Cameron , Shearing Clifford D , Simpson Nicholas P
Published: May 2019

This article situates contemporary developments in policing in the context of an emerging cross-disciplinary focus on ‘resilience’. We argue that an inchoate reimagining of how police, as security professionals, are engaging, and might engage, in the governance of safety with communities in response to emerging ‘harmscapes’ might be, and should be, conceptualized as ‘resilience policing’. We situate our analysis within the context of developments in community policing.
Biomarkers in systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease: review of the literature
Authors: Bonhomme Olivier , André Béatrice , Gester Fanny , de Seny Dominique , Moermans Catherine , Struman Ingrid , Louis Renaud , Malaise Michel , Guiot Julien
Published: May 2019

SSc is a rare disease of unknown origin associated with multiple organ involvement. One of the major complications that drives the mortality of SSc patients is interstitial lung disease. The course of SSc-interstitial lung disease progression has a wide spectrum. Since the treatment is based on aggressive immunosuppression it should not be given to stable or non-progressing disease. The correct identification of disease with high risk of progression remains a challenge for early therapeutic intervention, and biomarkers remain urgently needed. In fact, eight categories of biomarkers have been identified and classified according to the different biological pathways involved. The purpose of this article is to describe the main biomarkers thought to be of interest with clinical value in the diagnosis and prognosis of SSc-interstitial lung disease.
APPLICATION OF TIME-AVERAGED AND INTEGRAL-BASED MEASURE FOR MEASUREMENT RESULTS VARIABILITY REDUCTION IN GSM/DCS/UMTS SYSTEMS
Authors: Šuka Darko , Pejović Predrag , Simić-Pejović Mirjana
Published: May 2019

Since EMF levels from wireless telecommunication networks are non-stationary and exhibit large temporal variations, the use of continuous measurements during extended periods (preferably 24 h or longer) with a data-logging system is required. Because of the short-term variations of E field, the 6-min measurements and 6-min averaged results to obtain the mean level strength at a given place appear to be dependent on the time of measurements during the day. This paper presents a new (integral-based) measure to evaluate electromagnetic exposure. The new measure is a pure physical descriptor of the amount of exposed energy density (a parameter accumulated from instantaneous power density values in time). To confirm previous observations, continuous measurements with personal exposure metre were recorded 24 h a day for two weeks at every location in urban area, 14 different locations in total. Additionally, to check temporal variations and repeatability of exposure assessment, a week of prolonged measurements was taken 6 months later, making in total three weeks of measurements at 2 locations. Day-to-day repeatability of RF-EMF exposure was analysed through the time-averaged and integral-based measure. The analysis is based on approximately 5.1 million data samples (1.7 million for each band). The ratio between the maximum and minimum instantaneous (maximum and minimum 6-min averaged) E field values during the day could reach up to 25 dB (20 dB). Therefore, great variability in the results may occur. By applying the 24 h time-averaged and integral-based measure on a 24 h data set of measurements, the variability of daily exposure could stay within ±20% of the week mean level obtained either with the time-averaged or integral-based measure. Both, the time-averaged E field and integral-based power density exposures of the general public in all locations were found to be well below the general public exposure limits of the ICNIRP guidelines.
Age-related decline in positive emotional reactivity and emotion regulation in a population-derived cohort
Authors: Schweizer Susanne , Stretton Jason , Van Belle Janna , Price Darren , Calder Andrew J ,   Cam-CAN, Dalgleish Tim
Published: May 2019

Human older age ushers in functional decline across the majority of cognitive domains. A notable exception seems to be affective processing, with older people reporting higher levels of emotional well-being. Here we evaluated age-related changes in emotional reactivity and regulation in a representative subsample (N = 104; age range: 23–88 years) of the population-derived Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience cohort. Performance on a film-based emotion reactivity and regulation task in the magnetic resonance imaging scanner showed an age-related decline in positive reactivity, alongside a similar decline in the capacity to down-regulate negative affect. Decreased positivity with age was associated with reduced activation in the middle frontal gyrus. These findings, from the largest neuroimaging investigation to-date, provide no support for age-related increases in positive emotional reactivity.
The Hyperfocusing Hypothesis: A New Account of Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia
Authors: Luck Steven J , Hahn Britta , Leonard Carly J , Gold James M
Published: May 2019

Impairments in basic cognitive processes such as attention and working memory are commonly observed in people with schizophrenia and are predictive of long-term outcome. In this review, we describe a new theory—the hyperfocusing hypothesis—which provides a unified account of many aspects of impaired cognition in schizophrenia. This hypothesis proposes that schizophrenia involves an abnormally narrow but intense focusing of processing resources. This hyperfocusing impairs the ability of people with schizophrenia to distribute attention among multiple locations, decreases the number of representations that can simultaneously be maintained in working memory, and causes attention to be abnormally captured by irrelevant inputs that share features with active representations. Evidence supporting the hyperfocusing hypothesis comes from a variety of laboratory tasks and from both behavioral and electrophysiological measures of processing. In many of these tasks, people with schizophrenia exhibit supranormal effects of task manipulations, which cannot be explained by a generalized cognitive deficit or by nonspecific factors such as reduced motivation or poor task comprehension. In addition, the degree of hyperfocusing in these tasks is often correlated with the degree of impairment in measures of broad cognitive function, which are known to be related to long-term outcome. Thus, the mechanisms underlying hyperfocusing may be a good target for new treatments targeting cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
Food insecurity and caregiver perceptions of food allergen risk by food purchase location in children with food allergies
Authors: Tackett Alayna P , Roberts Caroline M , Farrow Michael , McQuaid Elizabeth L
Published: May 2019

Meeting nutritional needs of children with food allergy (FA) may be challenging without affordable, quality foods. Food purchase location may impact availability of FA-safe foods; however, no research examining food purchase location in families of children with FA exists. This study compared caregiver report of food insecurity (FIS; food insecure vs. food secure), FA risk, and history of food-induced anaphylaxis (FIA) in families of children with FA, who primarily purchase food items at grocery/supermarkets (n = 140) or convenience marts/bodegas (CB; n = 32). Caregivers (N = 172; 49% mothers, 49% fathers, 2% grandparent/other relative) of children with FA (57% male; Mage = 7.5 years; 66% White [22% Latinx and 44% non-Latinx] and 23% Black) completed an online survey. Variables included demographics, history of FIA, and caregiver perceptions of FIS and FA risk. Caregivers who purchased food items from CB versus supermarkets reported higher perceived risk of accidental ingestion (χ2 = 20.49, p < .001, 94% vs. 50%), severe reaction (χ2 = 15.05, p < .001, 97% vs. 61%), death (χ2 = 27.48, p < .001, 91% vs. 49%), FIS (χ2 = 21.69, p < .001, 94% vs. 49%), and FIA (χ2 = 11.96, p = .001, 94% vs. 32%). Effect sizes were small–moderate (Cramer’s V = .26–.40). Families who purchased food at CB reported greater food allergen concerns and FIS than families who purchased food at supermarkets. Differences in FA-related perceived risks may reflect the health disparity and adversity these families face to meet basic nutritional needs, such as FA-related constraints. Point-of-care efforts are needed to provide early screening for families who may be at risk for experiencing FIS.
Planthopper Transmission of Ramu Stunt Virus, a Tenuivirus Causing the Sugarcane Disease Ramu Stunt, and its Distribution in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Braithwaite Kathryn S. , Tom Leka , Kuniata Lastus S.
Published: May 2019

Ramu stunt is a serious disease of sugarcane, currently only reported from Papua New Guinea. It is found in both commercial sugarcane grown on the Ramu Agri Industries Limited (RAIL) estate and in chewing canes (Saccharum officinarum L.) grown in village gardens. The vector of Ramu stunt disease is the island sugarcane planthopper, Eumetopina flavipes Muir. Here we report on the successful transmission of Ramu stunt using E. flavipes and verify that the disease is caused by Ramu stunt virus, a virus with homology to the genus Tenuivirus. Diagnostic reverse transcription PCR screening, with partial genome sequencing and viral protein characterization, was used for confirmation. Disease surveys were undertaken on the RAIL estate, along roadsides, and in village gardens in parts of Papua New Guinea. When the disease was identified, partial genome sequencing of the virus was performed to assess the extent of genome variability among isolates. The disease was less common than predicted from early surveys based on symptoms alone, and genotypic variation was associated with geographic location.
A Survey of Declining Palms (Arecaceae) With 16SrIV-D Phytoplasma to Evaluate the Distribution and Host Range in Florida
Authors: Bahder Brian W. , Soto Noemi , Helmick Ericka E. , Dey Kishore K. , Komondy Lidia , Humphries Alessandra R. , Mou De-fen , Bailey Richard , Ascunce Marina S. , Goss Erica M.
Published: May 2019

The 16SrIV-D phytoplasma was first identified in Florida in 2006. Since its discovery, it has spread throughout most of the state. It is most prevalent in the central part of Florida, from Hillsborough County on the west coast to St. Lucie County on the east coast. The 16SrIV-D phytoplasma is the causal agent of lethal bronzing disease (LBD), which is also known as Texas Phoenix palm decline (TPPD). It affects a variety of common and economically important ornamental palm species as well as the native and ecologically important species, Sabal palmetto. It has spread into the southern portions of Florida, where the palm species diversity is higher. The aims of this survey were to document the spread of disease in terms of geographic and host range one decade after its introduction into Florida, and to assess the risk that LBD poses to the nursery and landscaping industries. The survey included samples received from stakeholders throughout the state, covering 18 counties, as well as a systematic sampling of palms at the Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center (FLREC), where the disease is spreading actively. The findings of this survey resulted in the detection of LBD in eight new counties, including Collier, Hernando, Jefferson, Martin, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Seminole, and St. Johns, and the expansion of LBD into four new host species, Cocos nucifera, Livistona chinensis, Butia capitata, and Carpentaria acuminata. These findings are crucial for stakeholders because they highlight new hosts of 16SrIV-D phytoplasma and the geographic expansion of the disease, indicating that vigilance is needed when surveying declining palms.
Resistance to Quinone Outside Inhibitor Fungicides Conferred by the G143A Mutation in Cercospora sojina (Causal Agent of Frogeye Leaf Spot) Isolates from South Dakota Soybean Fields
Authors: Mathew Febina M. , Byamukama Emmanuel , Neves Danilo L. , Bradley Carl A.
Published: May 2019

Resistance to quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides was detected in Cercospora sojina (causal agent of frogeye leaf spot) isolates collected from soybean (Glycine max) fields in four South Dakota counties during the 2018 growing season. A discriminatory dose assay was used to detect QoI-resistant isolates, and a follow-up polymerase chain reaction assay was used to determine the presence of the G143A mutation in QoI-resistant isolates. This is the first report of resistance to QoI fungicides in C. sojina isolates from South Dakota.
Adaptation of Phytophthora sojae to Rps Resistance Genes over the Past Two Decades in North Dakota
Authors: Yan Hui , Nelson Berlin
Published: May 2019

Phytophthora root rot, caused by Phytophthora sojae, is a major disease of soybean in North Dakota, especially in the Red River Valley (RRV). Planting resistant cultivars is the primary management. The resistance genes Rps 1c, 1k, 3a, and 6 are the most common genes deployed in this region. To determine the efficacy of these genes and document the pathotype changes in the population of P. sojae over several decades, a survey of pathotypes was conducted in 2015 in three counties in the southern RRV and compared with similar surveys conducted in 1991 to 1994 and 2002 to 2004 in the same area. The results showed that from 1991 to 1994 when 6% of the pathotypes could defeat the Rps1c gene, by 2004 it was 57% of the pathotypes, and that percentage remained the same in 2015. However, in 1994 no pathotype could defeat Rps 1k, but by 2004 it was 12% and in 2015 it was 41%. Pathotypes that defeat Rps 3a and 6 have been few over the years. Pathotypes that defeat both 1c and 1k increased from none to 31% between 1994 and 2015. With the increasing complexity of P. sojae pathotypes, new strategies for managing this pathogen in the future will be needed.
Scaling Up a Global Health and Disparities Path of Excellence Pilot Program at the University of Michigan Medical School
Authors: Hughey Katherine L. , Bell Jason D. , Mullan Patricia B. , Rana Gurpreet K. , Wagenschutz Heather M. , Skye Eric P. , Kolars Joseph C. , Mangrulkar Rajesh S. , Williams Brent C.
Published: May 2019

Problem

Transforming medical school curricula to train physicians to better address society’s needs is a complex task, as students must develop expertise in areas other than clinical medicine.

Approach

In 2010, the University of Michigan Medical School (UMMS) launched the Global Health and Disparities (GHD) Path of Excellence as part of a larger curriculum transformation. The GHD Path is a co-curriculum with the goal of ameliorating health disparities in the United States and abroad. It was developed iteratively based on student and faculty feedback. Student feedback emphasized the value of the relationships with faculty and other students, the capstone project, and exposure to role models and professional networks. Faculty described the joy of interacting with students and the desire for recognition by their departments for their role as an advisor.

Outcomes

Informed by the GHD Path experience, UMMS embraced the Path model, which emphasized professional relationships, career development, and high-impact scholarly work, making it different from the traditional medical curriculum, and the school implemented 7 other Paths between 2013 and 2018. Elements common to all Paths include a capstone project, a longitudinal advisor separate from the capstone advisor, exposure to role models and leaders, and the dissemination of scholarly work to promote networking.

Next Steps

Next steps for the Paths of Excellence include developing methods to systematically monitor students’ progress, facilitating mentoring skills in and recognizing faculty advisors, and measuring the long-term impact of the Paths on students and society.
Dynamic Tensions Following New Pedagogy in Undergraduate Medical Education
Authors: Daneman Denis , Benatar Solomon
Published: May 2019

The authors draw on their many decades of combined experience with medical students, observing their maturation into practice in widely differing contexts, to reaffirm some of the essential goals of medical education. They briefly review curricular changes in medical education over the past 100 years, then focus on the dynamic tension in undergraduate medical education (UME) resulting from new pedagogy. Specifically, these tensions arise from the differing trajectories and directions of the 3 traditional pillars of academic medicine: clinical excellence, state-of-the-art education, and cutting-edge research. The authors highlight the role of generalism as an essential foundation of UME, as well as the dilemma of a shrinking cadre of medical students choosing a generalist career path. To address challenges stemming from pedagogical changes, the authors offer 4 observations. First, a more condensed approach to faculty development may be to ensure that bringing teachers up to speed on the new curriculum is not excessively burdensome. Second would be a more gradual introduction of the proposed changes. Third, some discussion about medical education pedagogy and curricular development ought to have a place in UME to prepare the next generation of physicians for ongoing changes in accreditation and in approaches to education. Finally, more appropriate funding of medical education would alleviate some of the burden and anxiety by acknowledging its nonmaterial value.