bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dialects: Traditional Classification
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

Modern dialectology has added a fourth group to this trio, namely Arcado Cypriot. These regions were politically and culturally marginal in the classical period, which may explain the Greeks’ failure to integrate them properly into their ethnic and linguistic classification. Historical grammar: an overview of distinctive developments in Greek The schema provides a useful reference point for describing the dialects, so long as two related features of the classification are taken into account: (a)It is more or less inherited from the Greeks, and is therefore based on non-linguistic (cultural, political) as well as linguistic factors. (b) The grouping of the dialects is to a large extent historical, meaning that it indicates as much about the evolution of the dialects between the mid-second millennium ï¢ï£ and the end of the Dark Ages as it does about synchronic relations in the archaic and classical periods (cf. §8 above).
Morphology (general characteristics)
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

1. Thematic and athematic inflection of vowel-stem verbs Vowel-stem (contract) verbs in Greek come from disparate sources but form a synchronically coherent pattern in the present, which is thematic in most dialects. Lesb., Thess. and ArcCyp. show a long- vowel athematic pattern: the history of these competing types is disputed.
Morphology/Syntax
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

1.Third person med.-pass. ending in -()τ(§14.1). 2.Present infin. ending (thematic): Myc. e-ke-e[ekehen] suggests that Arc. -εis the result of common development with neighbouring
Attic-Ionic
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

Attic-Ionic shares a range of ‘East Greek’ features with Mycenaean and Arcado-Cypriot (§8, §25): there are also, however, a number of isoglosses with West Greek, which may indicate a period of contact in the post-Mycenaean era. These include a common innovation in middle endings (-ταfor -τ, etc.), thematic conjugation of vowel-stem verbs (§24.1), and a general vocalization in aof the vocalic resonants (§10.3, 26.3). Differences between Attic and Ionic are relatively small: the separation must have started in the XI cent. with migrations across the Aegean from the Greek mainland (§15).
Literary Languages
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

Greek literary language forces us to recognize that no society uses the same linguistic variety in oral literary texts, in written texts (whether literary or not), and in verbal interaction (the normal spoken language). A strict division between poetry and prose, fundamental in modern western thinking, has had an unhelpful effect on the appreciation of the literary languages of Greece (including the koiné). The various genres of ancient literature were all written in koinai: there is no a priori reason to expect that a historian would attempt to write his prose in the local vernacular any more than a poet would do so. It has long been recognized that poets wrote in a dialect associated with the genre they were working in, rather than their native idiom: the prose genres too were marked by a characteristic (and ‘artificial’) mixture of dialect forms. This implies not that all writers working within a tradition use an identical idiom, but that they refer back to a common idiom which their own production both represents and expands.
Lyric Poetry: The Archaic Period (VII–early V cent. BC)
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

The term ‘lyric’ often subsumes all the poetry which survives from the centuries following the introduction of alphabetic writing to Greece down to Pindar (518–c.445 BC). This classificatory imprecision is partly due to ancient vagueness on the subject, and partly to modern difficulties with the term lyric, and, in general, with ancient notions of genre. By way of shorthand lyric has been described as the poetry which follows epic, a characterization which needs to be treated with caution since it is not clear when Homeric and Hesiodic epic took their final form, and since other epic poetry (including the ‘Homeric Hymns’) continued to be composed. More- over, many of the disparate genres which constitute ‘lyric’ poetry must have been sung for centuries before the alphabetic period and the masters familiar to us from then. Lyric poetry was eclipsed (in Athens at any rate) by drama: if more non-dramatic poetry had survived from the V and IV cent. we would doubtless be able to see continuities between archaic and Hellenistic forms.
Greek Phonology in the Hellenistic Period.
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

Since the orthography is frozen it is difficult to trace precisely the phonological changes that were undoubtedly taking place in the vernacular. We may speculate whether in the recitalof formal literary texts an archaizing pronunciation was adopted. There are spelling errors in less formal documents (inscriptions and papyri) which give an indication of the phonology of the writer. The development is usually (but not always) in the direction of modern Greek: since the modern Greek language is a continuation of just one of the many varieties which constituted the vernacular koiné, it is to be expected that some regional features are not continued in any known variety of the modern language.
Consonants
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

1.Voiced stops β, δ, γbecome fricatives [v], [ә], [γ]. 2.Aspirated stops Ï†, θ, χ, become fricatives [f ], [θ], [x]. 3.The affricate/cluster ζbecomes a simple voiced fricative [z]. 4.The aspirate disappears (psilosis): §23.10. 5.Final -nbecomes weak or non-existent.
Minstrels and Masquers
Authors: Schuchard Ronald
Published: November 2023

When Yeats returned to London on November 12, he immediately joined Sturge Moore for a gathering at the Pye home in Limpsfield to discuss the progress of their theatrical project over the summer. He quickly discovered that the members of the Literary Theatre Club had been squabbling with Florence Farr: “Poor Mrs Emery is out of favour with all my psaltery people,” he wrote to Lady Gregory. “Dolmetsch I hear is angry because she takes money for lessens as he taught her for nothing. Sturge Moore is angry because she wont work & doesnt keep tune & he says his own pupils are better & Pixie Smith says I hear that Mrs Emery gossiped scandal about Mrs Dolmetsch” (CL3 253).
Thinking politically and thinking about politics: language, interpretation, and ideology
Authors: Freeden Michael
Published: November 2023

Everyone engages in political thinking at some level or other, although at different degrees of sophistication, intensity, and frequency. We are all concerned with our relationship to authority, with notions of good social arrangements, with hierarchies of urgency and significance in deciding whether to support or resist public policies, with ways of asserting our will over others, and with the need to succeed or defend ourselves when faced with competing views in those areas. But political theory has not always been at its best in identifying, capturing, interpreting, and analysing those ubiquitous thought-practices. Now matters have begun to change. The field of studying political thought has opened up considerably over the past decade, and the methods employed in its pursuit have become more diversified.
The Moment of Close Up
Authors: Marcus Laura
Published: November 2023

I was very glad to learn Close-Up is still remembered. There has never been anything like it since, alas, but I suppose that ‘s because it flowered at a time when the cinema itself was flowering, & that can happen (like first love) only once. ‘The admirable monthly publication Close Up ‘ In November 1930, The Architectural Review, a monthly journal which frequently included articles on film, ran a column entitled ‘Film Structure and the work of Close Up ‘. Its author wrote under the name of ‘Mercurius ‘, producing a regular film column at the end of the 1920s and into the early 1930s.
The reign of typicality in semantic memory
Authors: Patterson Karalyn
Published: November 2023

This paper begins with a brief description of a theoretical framework for semantic memory, in which processing is inherently sensitive to the varying typicality of its representations. The approach is then elaborated with particular regard to evidence from semantic dementia, a disorder resulting in relatively selective deterioration of conceptual knowledge, in which cognitive performance reveals ubiquitous effects of typicality. This applies to frankly semantic tasks (like object naming), where typicality can be gauged by the extent to which an object or concept is characterized by shared features in its category.
Neural correlates of the contents of visual awareness in humans
Authors: Rees Geraint
Published: November 2023

The immediacy and directness of our subjective visual experience belies the complexity of the neural mechanisms involved, which remain incompletely understood. This review focuses on how the subjective contents of human visual awareness are encoded in neural activity. Empirical evidence to date suggests that no single brain area is both necessary and sufficient for conscious- ness. Instead, necessary and sufficient conditions appear to involve both activation of a distributed representation of the visual scene in primary visual cortex and ventral visual areas, plus parietal and frontal activity.
Ecologic inference
Authors: Thomas Duncan C
Published: November 2023

As discussed in the previous chapter, most exposures studied in environmental epidemiology are geographically distributed and hence spatially correlated. Although the ideal would be to evaluate exposure individually (exploiting or adjusting for the spatial structure of the data as needed) this is not always feasible. Frequently exposure can only be assigned at some group level—by place of residence, job title, or other groupings. In such situations, most of the information about exposure–disease associations may come from comparisons between groups rather than between individuals.
Introduction
Authors: Grene Nicholas
Published: November 2023

‘I sometimes think we could try to codify the laws that govern the complexities of Yeats’s poetry.’ I came across this comment by Richard Ellmann in his essay ‘Yeats without Analogue’ well after embarking on Yeats’s Poetic Codes, having already chosen its title. While my book is experimental and exploratory and therefore attempts nothing so comprehensive as a codification of laws, it has been undertaken in the spirit of his remark. Ellman in 1964 was one of the leading figures in the first generation of Yeats scholarship.
Dates
Authors: Grene Nicholas
Published: November 2023

The text of ‘Easter 1916’ begins and ends with a date. The title names as the poem’s subject the transformative event of modern Irish history. It is the response of the national poet W. B. Yeats to the Rising, as it emerges into historical significance for his country. The date at the foot of the poem, September 25, 1916, simultaneously provides a perspective on the time of its composition. It has been written in the year of the event itself, but not in immediate reaction; this commemorative poem is a considered meditation on the Rising, taking months to complete.
Tense and Mood
Authors: Grene Nicholas
Published: November 2023

Joseph Adams cites these lines as an example of what he calls the ‘masks of syntax’ in Yeats, linguistic constructions that are undecidably am- biguous.1 For most of his book he concentrates on phrases and subordinate clauses that jump two ways, masquerading as one syntactical pattern while behaving like another—hence masks of syntax. His final chapter, however, is devoted to the ‘grammar of time’, the forms of grammatical tense, as with ‘recede’ here in the opening of ‘Byzantium’. He points to the fact that English normally uses the progressive form of the verb to convey a definite action simultaneous with the moment of speaking—’are receding’—as against the simple present form ‘recede’, which is normally reserved for indefinite actions that do not happen on just one occasion: ‘every night the unpurged images recede’.
Introduction
Authors: Glennerster Howard , Hills John , Travers Tony , Hendry Ross
Published: November 2023

The delivery of public social services in Britain over the last twenty years—and particularly in the 1990s—has been marked by a retreat from the ‘command economy’ of welfare under which elected or appointed bodies were directly responsible for welfare delivery. This is not just a question of ‘privatization’, although that has also occurred in different degrees and ways across most welfare services apart from non-pension social security (see Burchardt et al. 1999, for a detailed discussion). The reforms have a]so involved greater devolution of budgets to lower level units within the public sector and in some cases the creation of ‘quasi-markets’ in which what remain public providers compete with each other (Bartlett and Le Grand 1993; Bartlett et al. 1998; Glennerster 1996). In all these cases, central government retains its responsibility for providing the ultimate funding, but is no longer directly in control of those running and providing the service involved.
A Runaway Train? Housing Associations
Authors: Glennerster Howard , Hills John , Travers Tony , Hendry Ross
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the views of those in the housing association (or registered social landlord, RSL) sector about their funding system, paralleling the discussion of local authority funding in Chapter 10, and broken down between topics as shown in Table 10.1.

Central Housing Corporation officials were clear that the equity aims of the system were not to be seen in terms of distribution between intermediaries, but between their tenants: ‘The concern is not over an equitable distribution between RSLs, but over housing outcomes’ (HC). By contrast, some regional offices—predominantly concerned with the capital allocations side of the business (discussed below) —saw things differently:

Fairness in a political sense is presumably happiness for the greatest number of providers. (HCROl)

Not interested in equity between RSLs is the corporation’s public line, but there is an undeclared eye kept on the process to ensure that competition between RSLs is kept high. (HCR02)
Globalization and Integrated Area Development in European Cities
Authors: Moulaert Frank
Published: November 2023

In this book the author seeks to rebut the somewhat fatalistic argument that socio-economic prosperity in the cities can only be achieved by the application of global market-led policies. He argues that urban society and policy makers do have sufficient freedom of action to make local decisions on the economic and social development of deprived neighbourhoods. Drawing on evidence from six major European cities, he demonstrates that their 'Integrated Area Development' strategies, which rely on grassroots democracy and the empowerment of local communities, can deliver a social, economic, and cultural renaissance which meets the needs of the local population more effectively than the market-forces creed.
Theory and Measurement of Party Policy Positions
Authors: Budge Ian
Published: November 2023

Previous chapters have reviewed the results of coding party election programmes, and the various ways estimates have been applied. As we have pointed out however documents do not speak for themselves, at least if one wants to summarize them statistically as we have done. Assumptions have to be made about what is important in the text and what can be left out. These, if traced far enough back, turn out to involve a whole theory of party competition about what we think are the major aims of the party strategists writing these programmes and how they seek to effect them.
Cultivated Landscapes of Middle America on the Eve of Conquest
Authors: Whitmore Thomas M , II B L Turner
Published: November 2023

The human-environment conditions in the Americas on the eve of the sixteenth-century European conquest have of late attracted growing interest in both academic and public circles. Focusing on Middle America, this book completes a trilogy which has made the most comprehensive survey ever achieved of pre-Colombian agriculture and culture throughout the continents. It addresses the question of what lands were permanently occupied; how they were used; and what the environmental and social implications of this use were. The answers to these questions are central to such wide-ranging themes as indigenous land rights, the conservation and preservation 'ethic' of these native people, and the global carbon cycle. The kind, scale, and location of land use is documented and mapped in detail. The book not only demonstrates the sophistication of the agricultural landscapes and their local integration, but also investigates the omissions and land degradation of the native agriculturalists. Drawing on this wealth of data the authors make a stimulating contribution to the debate about resource, land, and population in the Americas.
Rainfed Cultivation
Authors: Whitmore Thomas M , II B L Turner
Published: November 2023

Rainfed cultivation is the most pervasive in areal expanse and the source of most production in the majority of the regions of the world, now and in the past. Pre-Hispanic Middle America was no exception (Palerm 1955, 1962; Price 1971; Sanders, Parsons, and Santley 1979). Despite recognition of their importance, rainfed systems fail to draw the amount of scholarly attention paid to irrigation and wetland cultivation in studies of the pre-Hispanic Americas. This apparent paradox fo11ows partly from the absence of substantia landscape imprints left by many rained systems, thus precluding detailed documentation.
Terrace Cultivation
Authors: Whitmore Thomas M , II B L Turner
Published: November 2023

Much of Middle America is marked by rugged terrain, and at contact, especia11y in Mesoamerica, the mountain and basin-va11ey lands teemed with occupance. Indeed, the Nahuatl (central Mexico) word for hill, tepetl, is the same as that used for community (Donkin 1979: 26). Throughout the high lands, river vaUeys tended to be narrow and interior drained basins suffered from poorly drained and frost-prone conditions due to cold air drainage.
Wetland Cultivation
Authors: Whitmore Thomas M , II B L Turner
Published: November 2023

Of all the forms of Amerindian cultivation, none were more elaborate, productive, or foreign to the Spaniards than those found in the wetlands terrain permanently or seasonally inundated by surface or near-surface water.1 Middle America, particularly the mainland, possesses a wide range of wetlands and by the fifteenth century Amerindians had developed a long and elaborate history of use of many of them, as did their brethren from the upper Mississippi watershed into the southern Andes (Denevan 1970; 1982; Turner and Denevan 1985). The Spaniards undoubtedly encountered various kinds of wetland cultivation once they penetrated the Gulf Coast region of Mesoamerica. Interpretations of a sparse archaeological record and inferences drawn from Spanish reports, such as that on the battle of Cintla above, suggest this encounter.
Europe
Authors: Smallman-Raynor M R , Cliff A D , Trevelyan B , Nettleton C , Sneddon S
Published: November 2023

The epidemic emergence of poliomyelitis in Europe between 1881 and 1920 forms the theme of this chapter. As we have seen, the endemic phase of the disease extended from antiquity to the nineteenth century AD. It was associated with sporadic and low-level occurrence of clinical sickness. This phase was superseded by the epidemic phase of the disease which continued into the middle of the twentieth century and was associated with the emergence of poliomyelitis outbreaks of ever-increasing magnitude and geographical extent. In the epidemic phase, the first region seriously affected was Scandinavia from the early 1880s, before Europe succumbed more generally. We begin in Section 4.2 by considering the causes of the transition from endemic to epidemic disease. Although case studies from a number of countries are discussed, particular attention is paid to Scandinavia (Sect. 4.3) and England and Wales (Sect. 4.4).
Preface
Authors: Ellis Roger
Published: November 2023

This volume aims to document the many ways in which medieval English literary culture, from its beginning in 597, when St Augustine arrived in Kent, to its ending in the sixteenth century, is the result of translation. (‘English’ properly includes the different varieties of English written throughout the British Isles, especially Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, though only Scots English features significantly here.) The cut-off point of 1550 is, to a degree, arbitrary: translators like Douglas, Wyatt, Surrey, Tyndale, and Coverdale, all discussed in this volume, and all working before 1550, have good claims to be considered in the Renaissance context of Volume 2 of the History. Some overlap in the treatment of such figures is therefore almost inevitable; as far as possible, it has been avoided.
The Developing Corpus of Literary Translation
Authors: Gillespie Stuart
Published: November 2023

This transitional chapter stands between the accounts of the literary translating ‘scene ‘ in Chapters 1–3 and detailed discussion of the resulting translations from the major world literatures, ancient and modern, in Chapters 5–9. Its two main functions are, first, to provide an analysis of activity over the period, seen in its full breadth; second, to offer a brief account of translations from those world literatures not figuring in the following chapters. It begins with some comparative perspectives, then surveys the two most extensive territories involved in this period: translation from the French, and from classical Greek and Latin.
Post-Classical Latin Literature
Authors: Cummings Robert
Published: November 2023

This necessarily imperfect survey of translations from Latin works of the 1,000 years following the fall of the Western Empire is arranged around prominent and mainly predictable categories of writing rather than by stages in a motivated history: one of the few safe generalizations about translation from medieval and modern Latin in the period 1660–1790 is that it did not proceed programmatically. In the first years of the Restoration, works on physics, chemistry, classical and oriental philology, theology, and history were routinely published in Latin. When addressing a continental readership on matters of intellectual interest, Latin was mandatory.
Greek and Latin Literature
Authors: France Peter , Haynes Kenneth
Published: November 2023

From the second half of the eighteenth century, there were signs that the dominant position which classics had maintained in British culture since the Renaissance was declining. Protests about the uselessness of teaching Latin in secondary schools became vigorous (Stray 1998: 21; Waquet 2001: 26). But the opposite happened, and in the nineteenth century classics experienced a large revival. This is peculiar, and the process by which Latin regained its status and Greek gained a new prominence, in the midst of large social and economic changes, is complex.
Literatures of Medieval and Modern Europe
Authors: France Peter , Haynes Kenneth
Published: November 2023

In the eighteenth century the great majority of translations were from the classical languages and from the modern Romance languages, above all French. While these continued to bulk large, the period covered by the present volume saw an increasing interest in the other literatures of Europe, from modern literature to the writings of the Middle Ages and the folk literature of countries from Portugal to Serbia.
Eastern Literatures
Authors: France Peter , Haynes Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Nineteenth-century British Orientalism was distinguished by an increasingly nuanced knowledge of the Orient and the expansion of curiosity into areas outside biblical and classical studies. The Orient, which in previous centuries primarily meant the home of the ‘other’ to the Christians, had been a landscape of fuzzy contours that might stretch all the way from Morocco to China; knowledge of the Orient and Orientals had come mainly from sources written in Latin or other European languages, and the majority of English translations of Oriental works were from other European languages.
Philosophy, History, and Travel Writing
Authors: France Peter , Haynes Kenneth
Published: November 2023

The translation of non-fiction (a category invented in the nineteenth century and developed for the use of libraries) is represented in this chapter by philosophy, history, biography, political and social criticism, and the literature of travel and exploration, the last being a capacious genre, combining science with historical and philosophical reflections. Such works accounted for more than a third of the published translations in the years examined in Chapter 4, above, and they include several popular and critical successes, such as the several histories by Guizot or Humboldt’s Cosmos. The discussion of classical philosophy in this first section, emphasizing the influence of ideas, is meant to complement the discussion in Chapter 5, which treats classical works as literature; Lucretius is discussed in both places.
The Poetics of Psychoanalysis
Authors: Jacobus Mary
Published: November 2023

The Poetics of Psychoanalysis: In the Wake of Klein explores the literary aspects of the twentieth-century psychoanalytic tradition that has come to be known as British Object Relations psychoanalysis. Focusing on Melanie Klein‘s legacy to psychoanalysis between the 1930s and 1970s, it deals with major figures such as Riviere, Isaacs, Winnicott, Milner, and Bion, as well as Klein's contemporary, Ella Sharpe. Mary Jacobus breaks new ground by giving a central place to the literary and aesthetic concerns of the British Object Relations tradition. Paying close attention to writing that is often side-lined by literary critics and theorists, she makes fruitful connections with particular works of literature and art, along with pressing contemporary issues. The three sections focus on the transitions, mediations, and transformations that took place in British Object Relations psychoanalysis as Klein's ideas were developed and transformed. Situating Kleinian thought in relation to later developments and differences, while making it accessible to non-psychoanalytic readers, The Poetics of Psychoanalysis argues against the separation of British and continental traditions and for the continuing links between psychoanalysis and aesthetics. Rather than applying psychoanalytic ideas to literature and aesthetics, the book traces the British Object Relations tradition as a form of proto-modernist discourse in its own right. Linked by a common thread of ideas and structured to reflect a roughly chronological trajectory, individual chapters can also be read as free-standing critical essays. Aimed at literary readers, this book will also be of interest to psychoanalytic practitioners and cultural theorists.
Body Poetics: Ella Sharpe
Authors: Jacobus Mary
Published: November 2023

What is the medium of dream-analysis? And what is the ‘stuff ‘ of dreams? One answer, at least since Freud ‘s Interpretation of Dreams, would be metaphor. But there are others. For D. W. Winnicott, it might be a holding medium, like oil, which helps the wheels of the dream to go round; for Wilfred Bion, alpha-function, making raw sensations and perceptions available for dreaming; or for Andre Green, negative states trying to accede to symbolization.2 Formulations such as these-whether visceral or highly abstract-offer ways to imagine the always.
Magical Arts: The Poetics of Play
Authors: Jacobus Mary
Published: November 2023

Is there such a thing as ‘art for art ‘s sake ‘? Freud evidently thought not; for him, art always had a psychic function. Freud ‘s comparison between magicians and artists has its parallel in the long-recognized link between magic and play. But here, too, from a psychoanalytic perspective, play seems never to be play for play ‘s sake. To take an obvious example: Melanie Klein ‘s ‘The Psycho-analytic Play-Technique: Its History and Significance ‘ (1955) looks back at her early work with children during the 1920s and relates how she first made use of a collection of small toys.
Communicating and Not Communicating: Wordsworth and Winnicott
Authors: Jacobus Mary
Published: November 2023

When it was pointed out to Winnicott that his view of the relations between infants and their mothers resembled Wordsworth ‘s in The Prelude, Winnicott replied cheerfully: ‘He seems to have read my books! ‘2 The comparison with Wordsworth has become a staple of Winnicottian approaches to literary criticism, as if their distinctive visions and idiolects are reassuringly mirrored in each other. But reading these two Cambridge-educated writers together-one a Romantic poet, the other a twentieth-century psychoanalyst-often produces an uncanny sense of reversed priority across the two hundred years that separate them.
Palinurus and the Tank: Bion ‘s War
Authors: Jacobus Mary
Published: November 2023

An unexpected feature linking psychoanalysis, military assault vehicles, and thinking is that all three elicit the idea of a container. To take tanks first, the lumbering prototype of the First World War was affectionately (or ironically) known as ‘Mother ‘ when it was first developed during 1915-16 (Figure 13).2 The term ‘tank ‘ emerged as a catchy shorthand-competing with ‘container’, ‘receptacle’, ‘reservoir’, or ‘cistern’ -designed to conceal the existence of a secret weapon.
Prometheus on the Couch: The Language of Terror
Authors: Jacobus Mary
Published: November 2023

Terror today can hardly be thought about separately from the threat of terrorist acts and the war on terror. But terror has long been recognized as a war of words as well as a form of psychological warfare. In an essay published in the year of his death, Wilfred Bion wrote: ‘In war the enemy ‘s object is so to terrify you that you cannot think clearly, while your object is to continue to think clearly no matter how adverse or frightening the situation. ‘4 For Bion, ‘thinking ‘ means retaining vital contact with an unwelcome reality-not just the bombardment that he had experienced during the First World War but states of nameless psychic dread, along with the proto-mental processes of the primordial mind.
Religious Change, 1550–1800¹
Authors: ‘Connor Thomas O
Published: November 2023

The press was an integral part of the religious revival that swept through early modern Ireland but the different doctrinal, political, and pastoral priorities that separated the reforming agencies, Catholic and Protestant, ensured that the book functioned in confessionally distinctive ways. For reforming Catholics, the encounter with God took place primarily through the sacraments, administered, in Latin, by a trained priest.² Here the potential of the press lay in modernizing the inherited devotional system, largely by providing the clergy with catechetical and homeletical material and supplying the laity with works of piety. For reforming Protestants, on the other hand, God was encountered in the Scriptures, a fact that tied the success of their mission to the provision of the vernacular Bible and form of service.
Political Publishing, 1700–1800
Authors: Kelly James
Published: November 2023

Ireland ‘s ‘print culture ‘ expanded at an accelerated pace in the eighteenth century. This was possible because the foundations previously laid proved enduring, but it could not have taken place in the absence of technological development, improvements in the level of literacy, enhanced systems of distribution, and greater political awareness and ‘self-consciousness ‘.¹ The relaxation of the King ‘s Printer monopoly was also significant, though this did not confer the right to freedom of expression. The parameters of permissible print were defined by what the dominant Protestant interest was prepared to allow, but since their anglophone public sphere grew in the course of the eighteenth century, it left considerable scope for the presentation and exchange of political opinions.
Historical Writing, 1750–1800
Authors: Rankin Deana
Published: November 2023

On Tuesday 1 May 1792, the library of the late Denis Daly, independent member of Parliament for County Galway, advisor and friend to Henry Grattan, and classical scholar, fell under the hammer in Dublin. The auction, handled by James Vallance, was publicized by an extensive, finely produced catalogue, printed by the Dublin bookseller and printer John Archer, who had joined with his colleague, William Jones, to purchase the library from the Daly family and offer it for public sale. Running to 152 pages, listing 1,441 items organized according to subject and size, Archer ‘s publication was rather more than a sales catalogue, for it also voiced a very personal appeal. In a preface steeped in the vocabulary of eighteenth-century discernment, praising ‘[t]he taste, the learning, and the liberality which the late Right Hon.
Making Connections: W. T. Stead’s Occult Economies
Authors: Luckhurst Roger
Published: November 2023

In many histories of the fin de siècle one dominant concern has been to outline the Modern formation of high and low culture-indeed, of the very terms ‘high’ and ‘low’ as discriminations. A new mass market serviced a burgeoning urbanized and literate population that had increasing surplus wages and leisure hours. Spectator sports, music halls, seaside resorts, cheap transport, and patterns of holidays generated new mass entertainment and rhythms of living. The economics of massification required heavy capitalization and triggered a revolution in consumption. The logic of mass production also prompted new types of politics. Spectacles of patriotic and imperial fervour in ceremonial marches, public exhibitions, and displays were shadowed by oppositional demonstrations, from anarchist ‘outrages’ and mass marches of the unemployed to socialist groups and trade unions.
Afterlives, 1901 1934
Authors: Luckhurst Roger
Published: November 2023

In this final chapter I want to explore the trajectory of psychical research in the wake of its most intensive phase of development. With the death of Henry Sidgwick in August 1900 and Frederic Myers injanuary 1901, the SPR lost its icon of probity and its most important theorist. Myers died a few days before Queen Victoria. Henry James reported to his brother that ‘We here … are plunged in universal mourning tokens ... I have folt more moved, much, than I should have expected (such is the community of sentiment).’
The Role of Corporate Leadership
Authors: Browne john
Published: November 2023

The title of this volume is Managing the Earth, which implies that the Earth can be managed and that a series of diverse issues can be reduced to a set of relationships which are susceptible to the discipline of management. That is a bold and brave assumption. I do not know if that is true, but I think testing that assumption is the right approach because it forces us to consider all the difficult questions on the basis of facts and logic and it avoids the risk of important arguments being lost in clouds of rhetoric and emotion. Emotion on environmental issues may be very understandable. People worry and feel angry but, if we are ever going to make progress, those concerns need to be subjected to rational analysis.
Introduction: From ‘Retreat of the State’ to ‘Retreat of the Market’?
Authors: Bakker Karen J
Published: November 2023

Control of water supply is an emotive subject, and privatization of water supply inevitably controversial. Around the world, reference is made to the British experiment with water privatization—in some cases as a salutary example, in others as a warning. Why is the British case of privatized water supply of such interest globally? In part, it has drawn attention because of its innovative model of privatization: vertically integrated, equity-financed, monopoly provision of water supply by private corporations. No other country has completely privatized its water supply and sewerage systems through the creation of publicly listed corporations of comparable size. The result is a unique industry: large, private monopolies organized at the scale of river basins, with some of the highest connection rates in the world. The dominance of English water supply companies in the rapidly growing global ‘private sector participation’ water supply sector has also drawn attention to their domestic market. Of equal importance is the unique regulatory framework applied to water (and other network utility industries); ‘price cap’ regulation, and comparative competition are regulatory techniques which are increasingly widely applied beyond Britain. Finally, the outcomes of privatization, and the criteria for evaluating the performance of the privatized companies, remain open to dispute.
Building the Networks
Authors: Bakker Karen J
Published: November 2023

For many people around the world, water is an artisanal product, drawn from local streams, wells, or ponds, or delivered by water vendors in jerry cans or tanker trucks to the home. A farmer in Cambodia, or a slum-dweller in Jakarta, might use 25 litres per day. In industrialized societies, consumption levels range from six to twelve times this amount; water supply is an industrial product; produced, distributed, and consumed in large quantities, to generic quality standards. Large amounts of water a substance we consume daily in greater volumes (indirectly as well as directly) than most other goods are taken for granted as a necessary requirement for daily life in modern, industrialized societies.
Commercializing water supply
Authors: Bakker Karen J
Published: November 2023

The progressive commercialization of the water industry is the subject of this chapter. Recall the definition of commercialization stated in Chapter 1: the introduction of markets and market-simulating techniques as allocation and decision-making mechanisms, and the application of commercial practices (for example, cost-benefit analysis) and commercial goals (for example, profit maximization). In general, the successful commercialization of a service has four key prerequisites: the creation of an effective demand (not applicable in the case of water supply, given that it is partially non-substitutable resource essential for life); the conversion of a good or a service into a saleable commodity; the conversion of the workforce into one oriented towards profits; and the underwriting of risk by the state (Leys 2001). Full commercialization requires the correct valuation of water and all of the externalities associated with its production, consumption, and disposal, in order to enable the correct pricing of water and communication of that price to consumers.
Thirsting for Equity: Consumers and the Contested Politics of Water Pricing
Authors: Bakker Karen J
Published: November 2023

Over the past three decades, the progressive commercialization of water management has gradually transformed consumers’ entitlements to water supply services in England and Wales. The business of domestic water supply, like other utilities, has been gradually evolving from the supply of a service to citizens at subsidized rates, towards the sale of a commodity to consumers on a full cost-recovery basis. This chapter analyses the implications of this on-going process for domestic water users. The first section contrasts concepts of economic and social equity, details the inter- and intraregional equalization that was characteristic of the early phase of nationalized management of the water industry, and traces the evolution of policy and regulatory priorities in water charges to domestic consumers over the same time period. Two specific developments are considered: the shift from policies promoting geographical equalization to those resulting in differentiation of water rates; and the trend away from rateable values (intended as a proxy, however poor, for wealth) and towards metering (i.e. charges related to consumption). The analysis does not measure relative efficiency of water companies, but rather focuses on the implications for consumers of the substitution of the yardstick of economic efficiency for the goal of equalization. The political implications of the associated displacement of a principle of social equity by a principle of economic equity in water charging are considered in the second section. In the third and final section of the chapter, the concepts of justice implicit in the recent reregulation of the water industry are analysed.
The Prospects for a Sustainable Development Rationality
Authors: Rydin Yvonne
Published: November 2023

The previous chapters have demonstrated the value of adopting an institution alist perspective in which a role for discourse is fully recognized. While this is a broader claim that could be adopted in relation to any policy arena, this book has particularly sought to examine environmental planning. In this context, it has explored the ways in which policy is legitimated, the interaction of different interests, the incentives facing planners, the prospects for expanding public participation, and the constraints on more radical deliberative processes.
Introduction: Opposing Europe The Politics of Euroscepticism in Europe
Authors: Taggart Paul , Szczerbiak Aleks
Published: November 2023

The development of European integration has relied on a more or less compliant European population. For the most part this has been a safe assumption. European elites have been largely very supportive of European integration and they have been able to assume at least mass quiescence, if not support, on this issue for many years. But this assumption in a larger and more integrated European Union (EU) has become harder to sustain.
Euroscepticism in France, 1992–2002
Authors: Grunberg Gérard
Published: November 2023

In the course of the last decade in France, the European question has become a major political issue and Euroscepticism has increased in public opinion. The French party system was partly altered by the emergence of new parties mainly crusading against ‘Maastricht Europe’. The cleavage between pro- and anti-Europeans appeared to be threatening the dominance of the left/right cleavage in the functioning of the French political system, and Eurosceptic parties made significant electoral gains.
Euroscepticism and Slovenian Political Parties: A Case of Weak Party-based Euroscepticism
Authors: Krašovec Alenka , Lipicer Simona Kustec
Published: November 2023

Academic and research practice in the last few years (e.g. Taggart and Szczerbiak 2001c, 2002b; Kopecký and Mudde 2002) has shown that the study of Euroscepticism as a type of citizen’s attitudes to Europeanization processes is very lively in both Western Europe and the post-socialist countries of Eastern and Central Europe. A synthesis of existing theoretical results on Euroscepticism is found in Taggart and Szczerbiak (2000, 2001c, 2002b) and Kopecký and Mudde (2002) and opens up a wide variety of aspects when studying this relatively new concept.
Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Medicine
Authors: Freeman Ray
Published: November 2023

Magnetic resonance (MR) measures the tiny radio frequency signals emitted by the nucleus of the atom when living or inanimate material is placed in a magnetic field. On the one hand, these signals allow scientists to picture the architecture of molecules too small to be seen under the most powerful microscope, while on the other hand they give medical doctors a detailed picture of the internal structure of the human body without resorting to surgery of any kind. These two applications (high-resolution NMR spectroscopy and the MRI scanner) seem to be worlds apart, but the underlying physical principles are the same, and it makes sense to treat them together. Chemists and clinicians who use magnetic resonance have much to learn about each other's specialities if they are to make the best use of magnetic resonance technology. Many in the medical fraternity will benefit from a general appreciation of how high-resolution NMR has advanced our understanding of human biochemistry, diagnostic medicine, and the search for new drugs. A broad general understanding of magnetic resonance should prove of interest to doctors who make use of the MRI scanner, and to those of their patients who wish to learn more about these daunting machines, even if it is only the question of their own personal safety. At the other end of the spectrum, chemists and biochemists who use high-resolution NMR spectroscopy in their everyday investigations will benefit by broadening their horizons to cover the exciting new developments in MR imaging and in vivo spectroscopy, as one justification for their research is the eventual benefit to health care. Finally, anyone interested in how the human mind works (cognitive neuroscience) will find a chapter devoted to the exciting new developments in functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Each disparate group has something useful to learn from the others. The treatment is pictorial rather than mathematical.
Eccentric Zion: Victorian Culture and the Jewish Restoration to Palestine
Authors: Bar-Yosef Eitan
Published: November 2023

Addressing the members of the Jewish Historical Society of England in 1925, David Lloyd George spoke candidly about the origins of the Balfour Declaration, that short, typed letter dated 2 November 1917, in which ‘one nation solemnly promised to a second nation the country of a third’. ‘It was undoubtedly inspired by natural sympathy, admiration, and also by the fact that, as you must remember, we had been trained even more in Hebrew history than in the history of our own country,’ Lloyd George said: ‘On five days a week in the day school, and on Sunday in our Sunday schools, we were thoroughly versed in the history of the Hebrews . . . We had all that in our minds, so that the appeal came to sympathetic and educated—and, on that question, intelligent— hearts.
Introduction
Authors: Shovlin Frank
Published: November 2023

For all the scholarly work around the field of Irish Studies since its inception, there continues to exist a relative critical neglect of Irish literature in the first forty years after Partition. Neglect of that period’s literary magazines has been especially acute. The most serious attempt at an in-depth survey of the periodical in Ireland was Richard Madden’s The History of Irish Periodical Literature which was published in two volumes in 1867. These volumes dealt chiefly with newspapers; Madden did not survive to finish a third volume which concentrated on magazines. In 1972 one American critic pointed out the unfortunate and inexplicable neglect of literary periodicals as a research tool for Irish scholars, calling them 𒀘 vast and untapped resource’.
Bockhampton
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

By 1840, when Hardy was born, there were seven or eight cottages scattered along Cherry Lane at Higher or, as it was often called, Upper Bockhampton, and some fifty people crowded into them. The hamlet had earlier been nicknamed ‘Veterans ‘ Valley ‘ on account of the military men who had retired to live along its single street,¹ and although Hardy himself would have known only one of these, a Lieutenant Thomas Drane who had fought at Trafalgar, his father told him highly coloured tales of an army officer, Captain Meggs, who had lived in the ‘house by the well ‘. This was in Hardy ‘s childhood the home of John Cox, the local relieving officer and registrar, and a note on his sketch plan of its ground floor indicates that he had it in mind when describing the house occupied by Clym and Eustacia in The Return of the Native.²