bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prosthetic Objects
Authors: Lin Lana
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines Freud’s ambivalent attachment to his prosthetic jaw, a result of his addiction to smoking. It argues that illness highlights the technological predicament in which humans as “prosthetic gods” are bound up. Exposing the contradiction between the promise of technology and its potential to fail, the prosthesis paradoxically represents both injury and reparation. The chapter provides a close reading of Freud’s medical case alongside his theories and relevant personal narrative. The uncanny repetitions of Freud’s prosthetic adjustment rhyme with the compulsive structure embedded in his theory of the death drives. The term “not-death” is proposed to describe the persistent entanglement of the life and death drives. Simultaneously creative and destructive, Freud’s inorganic and organic prosthetic dependencies mediate the ongoing contest that cancer perpetuates between life and death.
Keen for the First Object
Authors: Lin Lana
Published: May 2018

This chapter interprets Audre Lorde’s experience of cancer and racial injury through psychoanalyst Melanie Klein’s theories of sadistic aggression, mourning, and psychic reparation. Drawing on Klein’s theories of the maternal breast as the first part-object, the original lost object that initiates a cycle of destruction and reparation, the chapter considers the psychic consequences of losing the breast through the traumatic processes of weaning and invasive carcinoma. For Lorde, illness, racism, sexism, and homophobia are conjoined as objectifying forces. The chapter inquires into how psychoanalytic object relations theory contends with objectification—becoming the object of a fatal disease, racial hatred, or sexist assault. Indicating how destruction can play a part in reparation, Lorde described her own mastectomy as breaking off a piece of herself to make her whole. She rejects the breast prosthesis on the grounds that it enforces objectifying gender norms. Lorde’s critique of the “prosthetic pretense” is applied to contemporary breast cancer culture. The chapter proposes that one of the unconscious motivations behind the social pressure to reconstruct the breast stems from a fetishism of the first object.
A World Girded
Authors: Hanneken Jaime
Published: May 2018

This chapter analyzes the rhetoric of space popularized by Saint-Simonian thought and examines the way its main features shape narratives of imperialism and race through transatlantic discourses of Latinité between 1830 and World War I. Saint-Simonian space, which expresses the global scale of industrial capital through bodily metaphor, is instrumental both to France’s imperial endeavors in Africa and the Americas and to Latin American elites’ incorporation of racially marginalized populations into a hegemonic regional imaginary. In both contexts, the distortion of scale plays out in the tension between Fourierist conceptions of social organization and expansive Saint-Simonian networks of trade. This slippage between “embodied” and global, abstract space is tied to neocolonial arrangements of race and labor that traverse French colonial and Latin American social hierarchies, in a way that mirrors the evolution of “race war” discourse as understood by Michel Foucault.
Islands in Distress
Authors: Hemer Oscar
Published: May 2018

The short 1982 war between Argentina and Great Britain over the Malvinas/Falklands had far-reaching consequences for both countries. In Argentina, the disastrous defeat became the decisive blow to six years of military dictatorship. In Great Britain, the resounding victory was conceived as a personal triumph for the contested Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. This chapter interrogates the similarities of the symbolic significations attached to the islands (and the conflict), with mirroring myths of national renewal and adjoining crusade or romance-quest rescue scenarios, and argues that these have been more thoroughly scrutinised in Argentina than in the UK. Approaching the thirty-fifth anniversary of the war, the conditions on the islands and the South Atlantic regional context are resoundingly different, but the conflict remains unresolved.
A Sweet Sweet Tale of Terror
Authors: Horn Maja
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers how historically fraught Dominican-Haitian relations may be usefully approached through a Global South Atlantic framework. I analyze how the little-known performance piece and text “Sugar/Azúcal” (2003) by the Dominican writer and musician Rita Indiana Hernández (1977)—one of the most important creative and critical contemporary Dominican voices—articulates the complex South-South relation between the two nations of Hispaniola and Dominican racial beliefs through a Global South Atlantic lens. I argue that “Sugar/Azúcal” reveals some of the particularities of Atlantic history in the colonial and postcolonial South that places subjects and nations in a different, and in fact contradictory, relation to what has come to be known as Western modernity and the values attached to it. The particular ways in which the Global South Atlantic inhabits the insides and outsides of Western modernity, as Hernández’s performance piece reveals, produce distinct strategies of resistance and forms of politics that, as I show, differ from the critical-cultural strategies envisioned in Paul Gilroy’s seminal Black Atlantic.
Inventing Figures of Speech
Authors: Rosenfeld Colleen Ruth
Published: May 2018

This chapter is a study of the significance of figures of speech to humanist pedagogy’s attempt to divorce style from the invention of an argument and the judgment of its validity. The significance of figures to this attempt turned on a set of questions that preoccupied humanist teachers: Is language instrumental to thinking and do figures of speech act as constitutive structures of the mind? Or, is language simply ornamental to thinking? Is its work therefore dictated by mental operations from which these figures are excluded? Focusing on a series of pedagogical reforms adhering to the principles of Peter Ramus, it argues that a wide range of early modern teachers proposed an answer to these questions by subordinating the figures of elocutio to the places of inventio and inscribing the relative value of the one to the other into a paradigmatic account of the compositional process. Attending to the figure of epanodos in Book 2 of Edmund Spenser’s Faerie Queene, this chapter describes a counterfeit art of indecorous thinking in which figures of speech act as structures of the mind and establish the parameters of possibility for the imaginary worlds of early modern literature.
Fighting Words: Antithesis in Philip Sidney’s Arcadia
Authors: Rosenfeld Colleen Ruth
Published: May 2018

In Direction for Speech and Style (1601), John Hoskyns described the balancing of contraries characteristic of the figure of antithesis as a battle that takes place in language between words rather than people: “though each touch not the other, yet each affronts the other” with the result that the words of one clause “are aggravated by opposition to every word” in the other clause. Through a reading of the battle in the midst of which Sidney’s revised Arcadia breaks off (never to be ended), chapter five considers how the figure of antithesis and its relentless commitment to the coexistence of contraries constitutes a first principle in the world of the Arcadia. This figure’s ability to calibrate the relation between opposing entities (not unlike the force felt between reversed magnets) becomes both the defining stylistic and structural principle of the Arcadian world and its proof for the existence of God (or a Poet-Maker).
Our Mission is to Organize the World’s Information
Authors: Cassin Barbara
Published: May 2018

The first of two chapters that analyse in philological and philosophical detail each term of the claims made by Google with its two dominant mottos: “Our mission is to organize the world’s information” and “Don’t be evil.” This is seen as America’s “second mission,” in the context of George Bush’s post 9/11 declaration of “war on terror”, justified by the morality of America’s “first mission,” namely the fight of good against evil on a global scale.
Nicholas Cabasilas and Embodied Authority
Authors: Purpura Ashley M.
Published: May 2018

Cabasilas reflects the Dionysian conception of hierarchy in negotiating the theological and practical challenges of hierarchy in his own context. Cabasilas, however, is original in emphasizing the naming, expression, and application of hierarchy in terms of realizing and reflecting the Body of Christ. Cabasilas’s insight to issues of hierarchy, authority, and power provides room for speaking to both historical and contemporary ecclesiological concerns about sacramental validity, lay and priestly authority, and sacramental participation. Cabasilas’s emphasis on liturgical participation as unequivocally divinely communicative renders it hierarchical and allows him to make a distinction between authority in the context of the liturgy and the spiritual authority offered by individuals outside of the sacramental context. Much like Stethatos, when a hierarch or priest is not divinely imitative then the authority of the cleric is jeopardized. Consequently, the obedience of those who would be subordinate to such a spiritually impotent leader is no longer required.
Difficult Remainders
Authors: Francis X. Clooney S.J.
Published: May 2018

Francis X. Clooney, S.J., aims to break new ground in his ongoing series of instances of a Christian comparative theology engaging Hinduism, by showing how comparative theology, done in the particular and by way of example, can be fruitful even when difference trumps similarity and a common ground is hard to find. To accentuate these valuable difficulties, he undertakes to engage Hinduism’s Mīmāṃsā school of ritual analysis, a distinctive mode of ritual thinking that is clear and rational, but that also resistant to any easy borrowing by Christian comparativists. A particular set of Mīmāṃsā cases pertaining to the seemingly abstruse matter of ritual remainders exposes the possibilities and problems arising when we engage a religious other that is clear and logical, but at every step unfamiliar, its tenets articulated by a vocabulary novel (to us) even if quite rational, and its integral coherence nonetheless obscure to Christian theologians. Failure is a possible characteristic of difficult comparison. Yet we are still doing our theology well and constructively, even when the comparative project, grounded in reading rather than concern for doctrines, reaches its limits and remains incomplete, thwarted, on edge.
Sagi Nahor—Enough Light
Authors: Gordon-Guedalia Shoshana Razel
Published: May 2018

Shoshana Razel Gordan-Guedalia gives a juxtaposed reading of cases in Mīmāṃsā and Rabbinic legal reasoning that validates a sense of similarity in ritual-legal hermeneutics. She compares cases enunciated in verses of the fourteenth-century Garland of Jaimini’s Reasons with sixth-century Talmudic and twelth-century Maimonidean cases pertaining to the competing oughts of ritual agency and efficacy, and in doing so rethinks as complimentary several concepts formerly thought to have been singular to one or the other of these traditions. The deeper riches of these instances of legal reasoning become visible, although neither tradition is confined by inappropriate labels or antithetical categories. Such reading promises further opportunities for mutual text examination through fresh generative lenses. As a scholar with a passion for comparative ritual hermeneutical reasoning and as a woman of faith seeking understanding, Gordon-Guedalia seeks to show us how this quest for a deeper grasp of ritual and legal particulars, rather than doctrines, is a manner of doing comparative theology of potentially great significance.
Theologizing for the Yoga Community?
Authors: Corigliano Stephanie
Published: May 2018

Stephanie Corigliano addresses the issues of religious belonging and commitment by comparing and contrasting “rooted” and “aerial” modes of comparative theology. Corigliano first examines the “rooted” comparative theological methods of four founding scholar-practitioners and then attends to the differently configured experiences and theological potentials of a younger generation that is “aerial,” more agile, and fluid in its instincts. Even if initially religious commitment or “rootedness” sensibly formed a natural criterion for comparative theology, nevertheless, as the scope of the field expands, this criterion must cede some space to the fact of less rooted, more fluid realities in one’s own community and life, and in those of our religious others. Testing comparative theology in the classroom and using it as a tool for examining new religious and spiritual movements suggests that it can no longer be limited to exchanges between persons from established religious traditions.
“O Friends, There Are No Friends”: The Aesthetics of Avian Sympathy in Defoe and Sterne
Authors: Holm Melanie D.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the use of avian figures in eighteenth-century British literature, focusing on their role as interrogators of sympathy. Taking Daniel Defoe’s The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe and Laurence Sterne’s A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy as exemplary though opposing approaches, the chapter explores how the speech of each novel’s respective “mocking bird”—the parrot, Poll, and Yorick’s starling—raises questions about the imaginative and mimetic nature of sympathy, particularly as it is given expression by Adam Smith. Both birds, it is argued, unmask the subjectivity as well as the aesthetic and affective dimensions of sympathy for their listeners. However, the novels place an usually high value on these categories, proposing that that there are two ways to respond productively to the artifices of sympathy: the parrot’s way and the starling’s way.
The Avian Challenge of Cotton Mather’s Biblia Americana; or, The Pigeon Effect
Authors: Goldberg Shari
Published: May 2018

This chapter tracks a problem of reading posed by Cotton Mather’s Biblia Americana (1693–1728), notably his commentary on a “water-dove” simultaneously presented as the dove sent from Noah’s ark and an actual New England bird specimen in Mather’s study. Exploring how Mather’s reference to “This” bird poses an intractable problem of situating the text within its historical context, the chapter elaborates what Goldberg calls a “pigeon effect” whereby the challenge of reading birds is always a challenge of reading words.
A “Starling” Manifesto for Mocking Bird Technologies
Authors: GoGwilt Christopher
Published: May 2018

Reflecting back on the themes of the volume, this chapter discusses the “starling” form used as precis for each of the chapters. Described as a technology of the word emulating the technology of starling song, its form is explained (composed of twenty-seven words in three columns of nine words, in groups of three, written right to left, to be read in whatever way a reader chooses). Presented as in idiosyncratic invention, situated somewhere between the ambitions of poetry and theory, its technology turns out to be deeply embedded in prior philological and creative forms. The form is demonstrated through a reading and creative “starling” rewriting of Wallace Stevens’s “Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird.” This afterword provides an occasion to reflect on some of the key concerns of the volume as a whole: the question of citation and quotation; the problem of lyric form; the difference between overlapping but distinct literary traditions; the rhetoric of affect and address; the interrelation between the idioms of critical theory and creative practice; and the relation between classifications of birds and words.
Tornada, in Starling Form
Authors: Kay Sarah
Published: May 2018

Following the conventions of medieval tornada form, which echoes the song it concludes, this chapter explores the relevance of mocking bird (and especially starling) technologies for understanding the look and sound of troubadour songs. Focusing on Arnaut Daniel’s “L’aur’amara” and Raimbout d’Aurenga’s “Cars, douz,” the chapter discusses complex effects of versification and rhyme concealed by the way the stanzas are usually written. Adapting the “starling” form described in the “Afterword,” this Tornada presents an alternative way of displaying the troubadour songs to see and hear the way these poems track the bird sounds in their songs.
Un-homing Asian American Studies: Refusals and the Politics of Commitment
Authors: Mannur Anita
Published: May 2018

Conversant with the previous chapter’s emphasis on the corporate, neoliberal university, Chapter 5 meditates on the ways in which Asian American studies is often diluted at the curricular and programmatic levels. This chapter also considers how other interdisciplines—namely Women’s, Gender, and Sexualities Studies—face similar crises with regard to funding, appointments, and co-optations.
Transpacific Entanglements
Authors: Espiritu Yên Lê , Lowe Lisa , Yoneyama Lisa
Published: May 2018

Concentrated on U.S. militarization, U.S. war-making, and militarized refugees, this chapter contemplates the multivalent entanglements and interweavings that are part and parcel of U.S. empire over the course of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
Asian Americans, Disability, and the Model Minority Myth
Authors: Chang Yoonmee
Published: May 2018

Chapter 14 engages a sustained critique of the ableist aspects of Asian American studies. Such ableism, as Chang maintains, obscures through minoritized exceptionalism the possibility of a disabled Asian American personhood, rendering such bodies as “impossible subjects.”
An Ethics of Generosity
Authors: Song Min Hyoung
Published: May 2018

“An Ethics of Generosity” uses as a main contrapuntal premise the logics of neoliberal self-interest and its disastrous implications for Asian Americans and other groups of color. Song accordingly calls for a deconstruction of such logics as a means of militating against the disastrous legacies and consequences of neoliberalism; such resistance, Song successively maintains, demands a different relationship and reaction to various forms of systemic violence.
Introduction
Authors: Banki Peter
Published: May 2018

The book begins by looking at the arguments made by Holocaust survivors (such as Ruth Kluger, Simon Wiesenthal, and Primo Levi) for the impossibility of forgiveness beyond any subjective volition. As the drive towards closure and normalization, forgiveness has been interpreted, particularly since World War II, to be the enemy of justice. Against this background, Eva Mozes Kor’s Forgiving Doctor Mengele argues on the contrary that forgiveness is a means of self-empowerment of the individual. Through forgiveness, the individual can heal themselves from the traumas of the past. The introduction puts forward the thesis that what Eva Mozes Kor calls forgiveness is in fact not forgiveness, but a therapy of mourning in the name of forgiveness. What forgiveness is in relation to the Holocaust must be thought otherwise. It should be determined in relation to what Vladimir Jankélévitch calls the “inexpiable” character of Nazi crimes, i.e., a sphere foreign to any form of reconciliation, mediation, reparation, salvation, normalization, mourning, healing, apology, or excuse. If the value of forgiveness is not to be the philosophical and religious ally of the Nazi Final Solution, then it must be thought as irreducible to any pre-given finality or achieved normalization.
Crimes against Humanity or the Phantasm of “We, Men”
Authors: Banki Peter
Published: May 2018

In chapter one I also analysed in what sense the invention of the juridical concept of “crimes against humanity” in international law has been interpreted by Derrida as a sign of moral progress, a sign of history (Geschichtszeichen) in the Kantian sense. By virtue of this juridical concept, the international community recognizes—at least in principle—a crime whose seriousness is such that it remains universally and eternally open to prosecution. In this chapter, I analyse in what senses the concept of “crimes against humanity” remains, despite this moral advance, bound to a humanist metaphysics whose limits today need to be acknowledged. This chapter includes a reading of the statutes themselves in international law, as well as Robert Antelme’s The Human Race (L’espèce humaine (1948)): an autobiographical testimony of survival in the Nazi concentration camps where the humanist metaphysics underlying the concept of crimes against humanity is reaffirmed in a very memorable way. On the basis of the deconstruction of humanist metaphysics, I ask whether the Holocaust must be interpreted as something more or other than a ‘crime against humanity.’
A Hyper-Ethics of Irreconcilable Contradictions
Authors: Banki Peter
Published: May 2018

This chapter is a reading of Vladimir Jankélévitch’s Forgiveness (Le Pardon (1967)) in relation to what he wrote elsewhere on the topic of forgiveness and the Holocaust. The interest of Jankélévitch’s work is that he recognizes an irreconcilable contradiction between, on the one hand, the sacred absolute of love from which comes the duty to forgive even the unforgivable and, on the other hand, crimes against humanity, which attack “the very essence, the humanness of the human and constitute the most sacrilegious of all faults.” As early as 1948, Jankélévitch spoke of the possibility of forgiveness for Nazi crimes. Twenty-three years later, however, he declared forgiveness to be impossible and immoral, when he affirmed: “Forgiveness died in the death camps.” Jankélévitch is unable to maintain a coherent position with regard to forgiveness and the Holocaust. However, this should not be considered to be simply a fault, a lack of moral and/or intellectual probity. This chapter also raises the question of the ‘privilege’ given to the Holocaust over other comparable crimes against humanity.
Anthropology of Office
Authors: Heron Nicholas
Published: May 2018

The final chapter argues that the vicarious character of liturgical power entails a determinate shift in the ontology of power. If power is essentially liturgy and hierarchy, which is what the theory of the instrumental cause confirms, then it is irreducible to the nature of the one who exercises it. As such, it has no separate existence outside each concrete enactment. Since what defines the liturgical office is the fulfilment of a function and not the expression of a substance, its bearer emerges as a thoroughly paradoxical being which must act in order to be able to be. Liturgical power is thus not only constitutively vicarious; it is also necessarily industrious. A reappraisal of the genealogy of the office, which encompasses both classical and Christian sources, provides the historical and theoretical framework for the intimation of a paradoxical anthropology that accompanies this displacement in the history of the ontology of power.
The Idea of Tragedy in Arthur Miller’s The Crucible and A View from the Bridge
Authors: Li Hanyue
Published: May 2018

Arthur Miller is acknowledged as a heavyweight in portraying ordinary life’s tragedy in twentieth-century America. He believes that tragedy is no longer confined to the kingly man placed aloofness from others; he denies rigid definitions of traditional Greek tragedy and enriches them to keep abreast of the times in modern society. Most Miller scholars, unfortunately, are still preoccupying themselves with Death of a Salesman. Available criticism of these two plays is scant and not extensive. This paper studies both the ostensible structures of standardized Greek tragedy and the hidden ideas of modern tragedy as they are intertwiningly applied to the two texts to see how Miller expresses his idea of modern tragedy behind the shield of Greek tragedy and how it gives a new lease on the life of antiquated classical tragedy in modern society.
Characterization and Remediation of Karst Collapse Columns for Mining Safety and Environmental Protection: A Case Study in Renlou Coal Mine, China
Authors: Dong Shuning , Wang Hao , Zhou Wanfang
Published: May 2018

Karst collapse columns are unique collapse structures in karst terranes. Coal mining in China has exposed numerous such features of tens of meters in diameter and hundreds of meters in height. Hydraulically conductive collapses functioned as groundwater pathways between underground workings and aquifers, resulting in water inrushes during coal mining. Over the last 60 years, water inrushes through these collapses have caused fatalities, economic losses, and degradation in the environment. Determination of locations and hydrogeological characteristics of the karst collapse columns are essential in preventing water inrush incidents through them. Advanced geophysical prospecting, directional drilling, aquifer testing and accompanied dye tracing are effective approaches to detecting and characterizing these structures. Five geophysical techniques consisting of both surface and underground geophysical surveys and directional drilling of three exploratory boreholes up to 986 m deep identified a concealed collapse feature of more than 135 m high in Renlou Coal Mine, China. The roof of the collapse feature was at approximately 785 m deep, and there was an open void of 1.5 - 2 m high at the top. Geotechnical properties, results from packer testing and tracer testing, monitoring of potentiometric pressures, and geochemical fingerprinting suggested that this collapse column was hydraulically conductive and still actively developing. Water in the confined thin-bedded limestone and Ordovician limestone aquifer that either overlies or underlie coal seams could flow into the underground working areas if this feature were not identified in advance but encountered during mining. A grouting program was designed and implemented to construct a water plug in the collapse that effectively cut off the hydraulic connections from the aquifers to the underground workings. Successful construction of the water plug in the collapse was confirmed by performance monitoring of the aquifers.
Collusive Stability and Corporate Governance: The Case of UK Firms
Authors: Alawi Suha M.
Published: May 2018

UK firms have been involved in the price fixing crime that results into increased, decreased or even stabilization of the goods and services prices. The study aims to investigate the collusive behavior that is achieved on the basis of dynamics and stability of corporate governance among UK firms. A total of 150 firms have been included in the study. The study has collected information from multiple databases such as BoardsEx, ExecuComp, UK Companies House, Annual Reports and DataStream. It is associated with different databases that include board characteristics, CEO characteristics, and ownership structure between the collusive and non-collusive firms. A significant positive association has been observed between collusive behavior and qualities of corporate governance. Results have been represented as two tailed, showing different observations with their respective means and standard deviation. The study has provided brief summary of descriptive statistics, associated with the collusive behavior of collusive and non-collusive firms, in relation to the ownership structure, board characteristics, and CEO characteristics.
Dye Residue Analysis in Raw and Processed Aquaculture Products: Matrix Extension of AOAC INTERNATIONAL Official Method 2012.25
Authors: Andersen Wendy C , Casey Christine R , Nickel Tara J , Young Susan L , Turnipseed Sherri B
Published: May 2018

Background: Triphenylmethane dyes and metabolites are known or suspected mutagens and are prohibited in animals intended for human consumption. Despite toxicity, triphenylmethane dyes are used illegally as inexpensive treatments for fungal and parasite infections in aquatic animals. Objective: AOAC INTERNTIONAL Official Method 2012.25 for the LC-MS/MS determination of malachite green, crystal violet, brilliant green, and metabolites leucomalachite green and leucocrystal violet in seafood products was previously validated for finfish (trout, salmon, catfish, and tilapia) and shrimp, but had not been fully validated for other types of aquacultured products such as eel, molluscan shellfish, or frog or for processed seafoods. Methods: Method 2012.25 was applied to a wide scope of raw and processed aquaculture products including Arctic char, barramundi, eel, frog legs, hybrid striped bass, pompano, scallops, seabream, smoked trout, dried shrimp, and highly processed canned eel and dace products. The canned products contained oil, salt, sugar, flavorings, spices, sauces, and/or preservatives. Results: Dyes and metabolites were recovered with >85% accuracy and precision generally <20% relative standard deviation. The method detection limit was ≤0.60 μg/kg and LOQ was <1.0 μg/kg. Compounds were identified in 99% of 330 fortified and incurred samples. Conclusions: This study supports the use of Method 2012.25 for triphenylmethane dye residue analysis in a wide variety of aquacultured and seafood products. Highlights: Method 2012.25 performed well with results consistent with previous validation studies, regardless of presence of additional food ingredients or the type of processing.
Fury in the “Promised Land”
Authors: Tucker Terrence T.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the development of comic rage after the civil rights movement. These works push back against the popular narrative of America’s colorblindness and that the 1980s initiated a period in which racism had ceased to exist. As part of a new artistic wave known as the New Black Aesthetic, these younger writers used their perspectives as the first post-integration generation to chronicle the new challenges facing African Americans. The unprecedented willingness to use humor as a central element in their work created a perfect site for comic rage to flourish and expand. The works that emerge focus on how cultural mulattoes—as many refer to the post-integration generation—attempt to achieve equality in a country attempting to assimilate them and erase the distinctiveness of their cultural traditions and identities.
Direct from a Never Scared Bicentennial Nigger
Authors: Tucker Terrence T.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the work of Richard Pryor and his comic successors, who build on his work while taking it in dynamic and unprecedented directions. In particular, this chapter focuses its attention on comedy albums that combine the live stand-up of the comics with recorded bits that reinforce critiques in other forms. So, Pryor’s Bicentennial Nigger uses skits to help reject the romanticized narrative of the United States at the bicentennial. One of the most immediate successors to Pryor was Whoopi Goldberg, whose Direct from Broadway pulls from the template that Moms Mabley constructed by directly confronting the oppression that sits at the intersection of race and gender. However, Goldberg expands on Pryor’s work not through the inclusion of a female voice but by transforming the exploration of black life into a female-centric critique of white, Western, supremacist, patriarchal hegemony. This chapter argues that Chris Rock most effectively realizes Pryor’s legacy of comic rage. Rock’s work, from Bring the Pain (1996) to Never Scared (2004), engages directly with the historical moment of post–civil rights America and is most clearly represented in Rock’s infusion of hip-hop into the structure and style of mainstream stand-up comedy.
Conclusion
Authors: Tucker Terrence T.
Published: May 2018

This chapter concludes with a brief look at the continuing presence of comic rage in the twenty-first century. Whether in the literature of Percival Everett, the comedy of Wanda Sykes, or the comic strip/television show The Boondocks, comic rage continues to expand into new forms and new topics.
Life and Death on the Nile
Authors: Armelagos George J. , Van Gerven Dennis P.
Published: May 2018

Physical anthropology in Nubia has contributed to three intellectual movements, each of which was a result of archaeological surveys associated with the construction of successively higher dams at Aswan in Egypt. The analysis of human remains excavated by the first survey was guided by the then strongly held belief that the capacity for cultural achievement was determined by the racial attributes of Nubian populations. The role of the physical anthropologist was to establish the racial types associated with the rise and fall of Nubian civilizations. The second survey resulted in a critical reaction to racial determinism in which racial attributes were viewed as independent of cultural achievement. The third produced the third intellectual shift and informs the theoretical basis of this volume. Known as the biocultural perspective, the focus is on the interaction between the biology of human populations and the cultural and natural environments in which they exist.
Growth and Development
Authors: Armelagos George J. , Van Gerven Dennis P.
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents our studies of growth and development in Nubian infants and children. The study of growth in the Wadi Halfa children was one of the first of its kind, and it helped to establish the potential for growth studies using prehistoric remains. Our later studies include comparisons of growth patterns between both the Kulubnarti communities and the Wadi Halfa and Kulubnarti. Once again, our results demonstrated the health consequences of politics, social advantage, and economic opportunity. The chapter concludes with our investigations into the obstetric consequences of diminished growth on birthing and neonatal survival.
Health and Disease
Authors: Armelagos George J. , Van Gerven Dennis P.
Published: May 2018

We present our studies of the adults at Wadi Halfa and Kulubnarti from the perspective of three common pathologies: tooth wear (dental caries and abscess), age-related bone loss (osteopenia), and trauma (bone fractures). The comparison of wear, caries, and abscess at Wadi Halfa revealed a greater degree of dental pathology during X-Group times compared with the Meroitic period. This is consistent with a shift toward a more agrarian lifestyle and the consumption of less highly processed food.
The studies of age-related bone loss at Wadi Halfa were among the first to demonstrate a significant loss of bone among females as compared with males – this is a pattern consistent with male-female bone loss differences today. The osteopenia research was also among the first to demonstrate a pattern of pre-menopausal bone loss consistent with the dietary stresses faced by women during their reproductive years.
The studies of bone fractures at Kulubnarti showed a high frequency of forearm (ulna) fractures compared with bone fractures in other populations, both prehistoric and modern. This is consistent with the constant danger of falls while moving through the rocky and boulder-strewn terrain in a region described in Arabic as Batn el Hajar (belly of the rock).
Case Studies
Authors: Armelagos George J. , Van Gerven Dennis P.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 6 presents case studies of diseases that afflict individuals rather than their communities at large. The conditions are presented in these categories: neoplastic diseases (cancers), congenital defects, infectious diseases, and diseases of unknown etiology. A differential diagnosis is made for each disease using a combination of the skeletal and medical evidence. The diseases are then discussed in terms of their likely impact on the lives of the afflicted individual.
Criminal Conversation
Authors: Utell Janine
Published: May 2018

Utell treats marriage laws to read Joyce's scenes of what she calls "criminal conversation"—legally risky discursive interactions of married characters (not with their spouses). Her analysis assesses the legal implications of marital disquiet in the major Joyce texts and also in Giacomo Joyce and Exiles, arguing that these works are essential to understanding Joyce's critique of the legal boundaries of wedlock.
Joyce and British Finance Law
Authors: Mickalites Carey
Published: May 2018

Carey Mickalites reads select moments in Joyce’s fiction to show how it critically reflects that shady nature of British finance law from a distinctly Irish perspective. While most of Dubliners focuses on the lower middle class, in “After the Race” Joyce depicts the young and exuberant Jimmy Doyle as a reckless and feckless Irish newcomer to international company finance, virtually equating Doyle’s investment in a French auto firm under limited liability law with excessive gambling. In doing so, the story reflects long-standing English cultural anxieties about unregulated speculation and ties them to stereotypes of the Irish as irrational spendthrifts—rather than rational, law-abiding investors—subject to the risky allure of big returns. Joyce would radically complicate this picture in Ulysses. If we attend to the legal implications of Leopold Bloom’s financial assets and investment schemes, we see that he continually attempts to balance the conflicting impulses of investment fantasies that would capitalize on the vague nature of British finance law and a practical bourgeois realism associated with prudent participation in finance markets.
Joyce, the Aliens Act, and Immigration
Authors: Morrison Steven
Published: May 2018

This essay treats debates about immigration to the United Kingdom that came to a head with the passing of the Aliens Act of 1905. Morrison argues that in Ulysses, the terms of this debate offer a revealing context for Bloom's family, for the presence of large numbers of "foreigners" and for the anti-semitic and xenophobic language of Haines, Mr Deasy, the Citizen and others. In Finnegans Wake, the Act provides the impetus for Joyce's radical questioning about citizenship.
National Languages and Neutral Idioms
Authors: Mecsnóber Tekla
Published: May 2018

This essay considers laws governing display and use of languages in locales present to James Joyce—early twentieth-century Trieste, Zurich, and the British Empire—as well as attempts in the 1920s to have certain languages officially recognized by the League of Nations. Tekla Mecsnóber argues that these developments and statutes contribute to the polyglot sensibility of Joyce's work and the implications of political resistance in his language play.
Pro Bono Publico
Authors: Brazeau Robert
Published: May 2018

This essay reads the "Cyclops" episode of Ulysses in light of laws of alcohol consumption, specifically the 1900 act governing the licensing of pubs in Ireland. It uses the legal context to understand James Joyce's suggestion of public space as a discursive construction, made up of language and sociality.
Literature Meets Law in Court
Authors: Hassett Joseph M.
Published: May 2018

This essay critiques John Quinn—pillorying the lawyer's failed defense of Ulysses after U.S. Customs Agents confiscated the book—and lauds the work of the judges Augustus Hand and John Woolsey in the successful trials of James Joyce’s Ulysses's of the next decade.
The Prestige of the Law
Authors: Birmingham Kevin
Published: May 2018

This article examines Judge John Woolsey’s famous 1933 U.S. District Court decision declaring Ulysses not obscene, a ruling that legalized the novel’s importation into the U.S. and paved the way for Random House’s 1934 edition. “U.S.
v.
One Book Called ‘Ulysses’” was the third (and most important) in a trio of obscenity cases that Woolsey decided in the early 1930s, and in all three cases he heard arguments from ACLU lawyer Morris Ernst. A deeper understanding of Woolsey’s decision and its importance must restore its larger contexts, and this essay considers the decision’s unusual features—its sparse use of case history, its rhetorical flourishes, its outsize stature—through a detailed consideration of Judge Woolsey himself. Several unexamined documents (in archives and in private hands) help clarify our heretofore hazy picture of Woolsey, and a clearer image suggests that Woolsey’s decision relies not upon the standard authority of case law but upon what we might call prestige. What makes Judge Woolsey’s literary bent both compelling and “dangerous” (in the words of Judge Learned Hand) is that a decision like U.S. v. Ulysses highlights the resemblance between the prestige of literature and the authority of the law.
Ulysses as Deodand
Authors: Spoo Robert
Published: May 2018

Departing from critical predecessors, this essay treats Ulysses as the protagonist of sorts in James Joyce's battles against suppression. The essays shows that the material book "stood accused as a sort of dangerous instrumentality, a res or thing subject to the strictures of civil forfeiture" and treats it as a "defendant" and a "deodand"—an object removed from its context and put on trial. The essay valorizes the judicial daring that resisted and reversed such treatment.
When “Early” Modern Colonialism Comes Late
Authors: Flexner James L. , Spriggs Matthew
Published: May 2018

The Early Modern Period of world history is framed in terms of centuries1400–1800 CE. A host of major transformations occurred within global environments, economies, religions, and societies. Yet, these broad trends are countered by evidence for local dynamics that diverge from the grander sweep of history. This was true in Remote Oceania, where colonial encounters were few and far between prior to the later part of the eighteenth century. While acknowledging that there is a use for abstract periods and themes, archaeological materials provide a counterpoint to the stories that grow out of histories penned in broad strokes.
The Melanesian archipelago of Vanuatu provides a valuable case in point. Evidence from ethnohistory and archaeology counters the idea that early modern transitions were results of European cultural expansion. Local perspectives emphasize the centrality of Melanesian islanders in local and regional colonial history, especially in the adoption and adaptation of Christianity. The part of Vanuatu’s history that might be referred to as early modernity goes past the usual temporal boundaries of this period, since it was not until the early twentieth century that a formal” colonial regime was established in New Hebrides (as Vanuatu was called before its independence in 1980).
From First Encounters to Sustained Engagement and Alienation
Authors: Bedford Stuart , Abong Marcellin , Shing Richard , Valentin Frédérique
Published: May 2018

This chapter outlines an ongoing research program which investigates the evolving engagements between ni-Vanuatu and Europeans in the Port Sandwich region (in southern Malakula, Vanuatu) during the period from 1774 to 1915. The research has drawn on a multiplicity of sources—including oral traditions, historic documents, and archaeological surveys and excavations—in an attempt to provide new insights into the process of colonization from both an indigenous and European perspective.
For instance, James Cook visited the ‘ideal’ harbour in 1774. Following his positive report of the location, almost all foreign vessels visiting northern Vanuatu over the next 100 years would use Port Sandwich as a base. It became an early focus for sustained European settlement. Although Vanuatu (or the New Hebrides, as it was then known) became a formalized colony in 1906, land purchases in Port Sandwich began as early as the 1870s. Moreover, a French military camp was established earlier, in 1886, and Catholic missionaries arrived two years later. Increasing tensions developed and conflict inevitably erupted. Indigenous resistance continued for decades, and, by 1913, as evidence suggests there was massive depopulation.
Jesuit Missionary Work in the Mariana Islands (1668–1769)
Authors: Rosa Alexandre Coello De La
Published: May 2018

Placing the Jesuit missions into a global phenomenon that emphasizes economic and cultural relations between Europe and the East, this chapter analyzes the possibilities and limitations of religious conversion in the Micronesian islands of Guam and the Marianas. With the establishment of these strategic missions placed at the route of the Manila’s Galleon, Guam and the Marianas were drawn politically, ideologically, and economically into the larger Spanish colonial world. This chapter contributes to understanding both the role of the Jesuits’ global mission and the origins of global consciousness in the “Pacific world” from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. An understanding of the “Pacific world,” one of great diversity and territorial dispersion, will, as Professor John H. Elliot has argued, allow us to transcend anachronistic national and regional boundaries and write a transnational history on one of the most dynamic regions of the Hispaniarum Rex. In doing so, this chapter focuses not only on the archival research but also on the profiting of archaeological excavations—stone forts, churches, and shipwrecks—and cultural anthropology. This interdisciplinary approach helps us analyze and understand the effects of the evangelization process in the age of European colonial expansion and commercial capitalism.
Introduction
Authors: Berrocal María Cruz , Tsang Cheng-Hwa
Published: May 2018

We briefly review the topics that our case studies and note the value of these studies in framing a comparative approach to colonialism in the Asia-Pacific region. Each case study highlights different aspects in the colonial relationship. The chapters have been grouped following a geographical criterion, and the imbalance reflects the fact that some areas have been better studied than others, albeit with different perspectives. We express our hope that the book has gathered some previously little systematic or accessible evidence, offered comprehensive histories of some of the areas, and raised questions for the future.
A Geographic Analysis of Traders and Trade Goods in Japan’s Late Medieval Seto Inland Sea
Authors: Damian Michelle M.
Published: May 2018

Japan has traditionally been seen as an “isolated” country, often excluded from analyses of Asian trade and even ignored in its maritime influence on domestic trade. Examining both documentary and archaeological evidence in the late medieval periods (fourteenth to sixteenth centuries) reveals a thriving trade network of both domestic goods and items from the mainland. Analyzing this data through a Geographic Information System (GIS) provides important information about the transshipment hubs, the multidirectional flow of trade items between communities in the Inland Sea, and even the labor patterns of the captains that plied those waters. Those trade patterns were also influenced and used by domestic “pirates,” sometimes referred to as “sea lords,” who controlled certain areas in the Inland Sea. They were able to procure items for their own use, possibly outside of legitimate trade channels. The thriving domestic maritime trade revealed through this analysis paints a fuller picture of the networks within the Inland Sea before Japan’s contact with the West.
The Chronology and Significance of Ablation in the Later Stone Age Maghreb
Authors: De Groote Isabelle , Humphrey Louise T.
Published: May 2018

This chapter described the earliest evidence of the systematic practice of ablation. Purposeful removal of the upper central incisors became a widespread practice with the Iberomaurusian of the Later Stone Age in the Maghreb region—the area of current-day northern Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. During the Capsian times, ablation became less prevalent, but in some cases all incisors and canines were removed. During the Neolithic period the practice became even less frequent and in some areas disappeared completely. Nevertheless, in some regions of North Africa ablation remained common and may have been a way of identifying certain tribes or individuals within society. This chapter also considers possible causes for the origin of the practice.