bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of grafted skin on the dorsum of the foot after car-tire friction injuries
Authors: Kim Shin Hyun , Lee Won Jai
Published: November 2021

Background A car-tire friction injury on the dorsum of a child’s foot often results in hypertrophic scarring of the wound margins. This study describes the clinical appearance of the injured areas and surgical complications that occurred during the follow-up period in a series of children with car-tire friction injuries who were treated with split-thickness skin grafts (STSGs). We describe the clinical features that we believe need to be highlighted when initially treating car-tire injuries in children.

Methods From May 2003 to June 2016, our retrospective study included 15 patients with car-tire injuries on the dorsum of the foot who were treated with surgical excision and STSG to cover the wound.

Results A total of 15 patients with car-tire injuries were treated. The average age was 6.26 years old. The average injury grade was 3.26. Two patients were treated using delayed repair, and 13 patients received STSG for initial management. Four patients experienced no complications, while 11 patients had hypertrophic scars and/or scar contracture after surgery.

Conclusions A car-tire friction injury on the dorsum of a child’s foot often results in hypertrophic scar formation or scar contracture even if proper management is undertaken. Since the occurrence of these complications in childhood can lead to a secondary deformity, it is important to properly treat car-tire friction wounds, inform patients and caregivers about potential complications, and ensure regular follow-up evaluations over a 12-month period following the initial surgery.
Violência obstétrica: percepção dos enfermeiros da estratégia de saúde a família
Authors: Silva Rosiéle Campos Brum da , Silva Joselaine Souto Hall , Souza Julia Salome de , De Oliveira Lima Natasha Rayane , Paz Kesia Marisla Rodrigues da , Aziz Amaly Vidal , Machado Vieira Noely , Alencar Bianca Teshima de
Published: November 2021

Identificar a percepção referente à Violência Obstétrica dos enfermeiros atuantes na atenção básica do município de Cáceres, do estado de Mato Grosso. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, exploratória de abordagem qualitativa, com os enfermeiros atuantes na Atenção Básica que realizam atendimentos com gestantes. A análise dos dados foi feita de acordo com a técnica de Análise de Conteúdo de Minayo, respeitando as 03 etapas de análise. Mediante as falas dos enfermeiros, foi possível observar que possuíam compreensão de que a Violência Obstétrica vai além da agressão física como também de ações psicológicas e são cientes que aspectos socioculturais de cada profissional influenciam nessa ocorrência. Porém é valido destacar também que alguns profissionais possuem certa fragilidade em identificar a Violência Obstétrica, fator preocupante, pois muitas vezes podem deixar passar despercebidos casos, por considerarem que somente ocorre a Violência Obstétrica no ambiente hospitalar. Conclui-se que os profissionais enfermeiros da rede da atenção básica vêm buscando compreender melhor sobre Violência Obstétrica, suas várias apresentações e formas de mitigação desta ocorrência com suas clientes assistidas. Ressalta-se que investir no treinamento dos profissionais que assistem à mulher em seu processo de parturição faz necessário.
Family Control and Corporate Social Responsibility: The Moderating Effect of the Board of Directors
Authors: Brahem Emna , Depoers Florence , Lakhal Faten
Published: November 2021

This paper examines the effect of family control on corporate social responsibility (CSR) in French-listed companies. Based on quantile regressions, our results show that family identity and involvement in capital and management positively influence CSR performance, particularly for low-CSR firms. These findings support the socio-emotional perspective of family firms. However, families with excess control engage less in CSR activities for expropriation purposes. Additional analysis shows that board size and gender diversity attenuate the negative effect of excess family control on CSR performance and help then mitigating the expropriation risk by family-controlled firms.
ODNOS POTROŠNIKOV DO OGLASNIH SPROÈIL
Authors: Grivec Malči , Starc Jasmina
Published: November 2021

Sodobno tržno gospodarstvo pred potrošnika vsakodnevno postavlja številne izzive, le-ta pa se mora nato med množico istovrstnih proizvodov in storitev odločiti prav za enega izmed njih. Kljub dostopnosti informacij v 21. stoletju odločitve niso lahke. Posameznik namreč težko pridobi in prouči vse potrebne informacije, saj za sprejemanje odločitev pogosto nima dovolj časa in bi odlašanje z odločitvijo povzročilo dodatne stroške. Seveda pa so odločitve tudi impulzivne. Vsega tega se zavedajo tudi ponudniki, ki skušajo s sporočili trženjskega komuniciranja pritegniti pozornost posameznika in ga popeljati skozi vse faze nakupnega procesa. Na trgu končnih potrošnikov je še vedno najpogosteje uporabljeno orodje trženjskega komuniciranja oglaševanje. Po kratki teoretični opredelitvi ključnih pojmov je v prispevku najprej predstavljen trg oglaševanja v Sloveniji v zadnjih letih, ki skozi celotno proučevano obdobje beleži rast. V nadaljevanju pa so predstavljeni rezultati raziskave med prebivalci Slovenije o njihovem odnosu do oglaševanja na splošno ter o informativni vrednosti oglasov. Pri tem avtorici posebno pozornost namenita proučevanju razlik v odnosu do oglasnih sporočil glede na spol in starost.
VAŽNOST POSLOVNE ETIKE I DRUŠTVENE ODGOVORNOSTI U OBLASTI FINANSIJA
Authors: Dušanić Gačić Svetlana , Agić Zorana
Published: November 2021

Savremeno poslovanje traži sve veću otvorenost, slobodu i liberalizam svih ekonomskih subjekata, a to podrazumijeva visok stepen povjerenja, odnosno pokreće veliku dilemu o odnosu između ekonomije i etike. Novija istraživanja u ovoj oblasti pokazuju da odsustvo etičkih normi i društvene odgovornosti u poslovanju nanosi veliku štetu preduzećima, a samim tim i ekonomiji u cjelini. Pitanje od kojeg se polazi prilikom analize odnosa poslovne etike i ekonomije jeste: gdje je granica koja određuje da li je nešto moralno ili nije? Određivanje ove granice predstavlja veliki izazov za rukovodioce, menadžere, ali i sve zaposlene. Autori su u radu prikazali teškoće i probleme sa kojima se suočavaju finansijski radnici, odnosno, pokušali su da ukažu na važnost poslovne etike i društvene odgovornosti u oblasti finansija.
MODELIRANJE EFEKATA INOVATIVNOG PRISTUPA KREIRANJU PONUDE USLUGA NA POSLOVNI REZULTAT PREDUZEĆA U OBLASTI TELEKOMUNIKACIJA
Authors: Bojanić Radmila , Landika Mirjana
Published: November 2021

Privredno-društveni sistem predstavlja kompleksnu strukturu interaktivne mreže brojnih diferentnih, ali međusobno korelirajućih sistema. Značajan segment privrednog sistema odnosi se na poslovne sisteme involvirane u privredni sistem sa ciljem adekvatnog tržišnog pozicioniranja. Konkretizacija poslovnih izazova u kontekstu tržišnog pozicioniranja sadržana je u inovativnom komponovanju izlaznog vektora kojim se efikasno prevazilazi sveprisutni jaz između resursnih mogućnosti i korisničkih preferencija uz obavezu i zahtjev da se inovativnom kompozicijom izlaznog vektora prevaziđu performanse konkurentskih. Objektivizacija navedenih aktivnosti zahtijeva dodatne napore u kontekstu prepoznavanja, kvantifikovanja, kvalifikovanja i kreiranja korisničkih očekivanja, kao iznalaženje inovativnih rješenja sa ciljem, uvećavanja i/ili postizanja prednosti u odnosu na konkurentske poslovne sisteme. Zahtjevi kao što su adaptivnost, fleksibilnost, aktuelnost i usaglašenost aktivnosti sa korisničkim potrebama i sistemskim okruženjem mogu se shvatiti kao opšti cilj poslovnog sistema, čime se postiže maksimalno moguć stepen korisnog dejstva izražen u obliku odnosa ostvarenog rezultata i resursnih mogućnosti, pri čemu je monetarni ekvivalent među njegovim značajnijim koordinatama. Kreiranje output vektora zahtijeva permanentne napore u izboru i aplikaciji adekvatnih modela praćenja i analize input vektora, sa ciljem realizacije output vektora željenih koordinata. Potrebne aktivnosti podrazumijevaju prepoznavanje, selekciju i obuhvatanje brojnih kvalitativnih i kvantitativnih faktora koji ih determinišu, uz neizostavno uvažavanje senzibiliteta poslovnog rezultata na njih. Ciljana kompozicija output vektora dodatno je otežana stohastičnošću internih i eksternih faktora koji utiču na njegovu strukturu. Izbor i aplikacija teorijskog modela saglasnog realnim okolnostima zasnovani su na simulacionim modelima u postupku teorijske verifikacije efekata izabranog poslovnog portfolija, u fazi pripreme poslovne odluke omogućava vjerodostojan proračun poslovnog rezultata.
Capping protein regulates endosomal trafficking by controlling F-actin density around endocytic vesicles and recruiting RAB5 effectors
Authors: Wang Dawei , Ye Zuodong , Wei Wenjie , Yu Jingting , Huang Lihong , Zhang Hongmin , Yue Jianbo
Published: November 2021

Actin filaments (F-actin) have been implicated in various steps of endosomal trafficking, and the length of F-actin is controlled by actin capping proteins, such as CapZ, which is a stable heterodimeric protein complex consisting of α and β subunits. However, the role of these capping proteins in endosomal trafficking remains elusive. Here, we found that CapZ docks to endocytic vesicles via its C-terminal actin-binding motif. CapZ knockout significantly increases the F-actin density around immature early endosomes, and this impedes fusion between these vesicles, manifested by the accumulation of small endocytic vesicles in CapZ-knockout cells. CapZ also recruits several RAB5 effectors, such as Rabaptin-5 and Rabex-5, to RAB5-positive early endosomes via its N-terminal domain, and this further activates RAB5. Collectively, our results indicate that CapZ regulates endosomal trafficking by controlling actin density around early endosomes and recruiting RAB5 effectors.
Sex differences in learning from exploration
Authors: Chen Cathy S , Knep Evan , Han Autumn , Ebitz R Becket , Grissom Nicola M
Published: November 2021

Sex-based modulation of cognitive processes could set the stage for individual differences in vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders. While value-based decision making processes in particular have been proposed to be influenced by sex differences, the overall correct performance in decision making tasks often show variable or minimal differences across sexes. Computational tools allow us to uncover latent variables that define different decision making approaches, even in animals with similar correct performance. Here, we quantify sex differences in mice in the latent variables underlying behavior in a classic value-based decision making task: a restless two-armed bandit. While male and female mice had similar accuracy, they achieved this performance via different patterns of exploration. Male mice tended to make more exploratory choices overall, largely because they appeared to get ‘stuck’ in exploration once they had started. Female mice tended to explore less but learned more quickly during exploration. Together, these results suggest that sex exerts stronger influences on decision making during periods of learning and exploration than during stable choices. Exploration during decision making is altered in people diagnosed with addictions, depression, and neurodevelopmental disabilities, pinpointing the neural mechanisms of exploration as a highly translational avenue for conferring sex-modulated vulnerability to neuropsychiatric diagnoses.
Enrichment of SARM1 alleles encoding variants with constitutively hyperactive NADase in patients with ALS and other motor nerve disorders
Authors: Gilley Jonathan , Jackson Oscar , Pipis Menelaos , Estiar Mehrdad A , Al-Chalabi Ammar , Danzi Matt C , van Eijk Kristel R , Goutman Stephen A , Harms Matthew B , Houlden Henry , Iacoangeli Alfredo , Kaye Julia , Lima Leandro ,   Queen Square Genomics, Ravits John , Rouleau Guy A , Schüle Rebecca , Xu Jishu , Züchner Stephan , Cooper-Knock Johnathan , Gan-Or Ziv , Reilly Mary M , Coleman Michael P
Published: November 2021

SARM1, a protein with critical NADase activity, is a central executioner in a conserved programme of axon degeneration. We report seven rare missense or in-frame microdeletion human SARM1 variant alleles in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or other motor nerve disorders that alter the SARM1 auto-inhibitory ARM domain and constitutively hyperactivate SARM1 NADase activity. The constitutive NADase activity of these seven variants is similar to that of SARM1 lacking the entire ARM domain and greatly exceeds the activity of wild-type SARM1, even in the presence of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), its physiological activator. This rise in constitutive activity alone is enough to promote neuronal degeneration in response to otherwise non-harmful, mild stress. Importantly, these strong gain-of-function alleles are completely patient-specific in the cohorts studied and show a highly significant association with disease at the single gene level. These findings of disease-associated coding variants that alter SARM1 function build on previously reported genome-wide significant association with ALS for a neighbouring, more common SARM1 intragenic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) to support a contributory role of SARM1 in these disorders. A broad phenotypic heterogeneity and variable age-of-onset of disease among patients with these alleles also raises intriguing questions about the pathogenic mechanism of hyperactive SARM1 variants.
Motor memories of object dynamics are categorically organized
Authors: Cesanek Evan , Zhang Zhaoran , Ingram James N , Wolpert Daniel M , Flanagan J Randall
Published: November 2021

The ability to predict the dynamics of objects, linking applied force to motion, underlies our capacity to perform many of the tasks we carry out on a daily basis. Thus, a fundamental question is how the dynamics of the myriad objects we interact with are organized in memory. Using a custom-built three-dimensional robotic interface that allowed us to simulate objects of varying appearance and weight, we examined how participants learned the weights of sets of objects that they repeatedly lifted. We find strong support for the novel hypothesis that motor memories of object dynamics are organized categorically, in terms of families, based on covariation in their visual and mechanical properties. A striking prediction of this hypothesis, supported by our findings and not predicted by standard associative map models, is that outlier objects with weights that deviate from the family-predicted weight will never be learned despite causing repeated lifting errors.
Climate change favours connectivity between virus-bearing pest and rice cultivations in sub-Saharan Africa, depressing local economies
Authors: Iannella Mattia , De Simone Walter , D’Alessandro Paola , Biondi Maurizio
Published: November 2021

Aims

Rice is a staple food for many countries, being fundamental for a large part of the worlds’ population. In sub-Saharan Africa, its importance is currently high and is likely to become even more relevant, considering that the number of people and the per-capita consumption are both predicted to increase. The flea beetles belonging to the Chaetocnema pulla species group (pulla group), a harmful rice pest, are an important vector of the Rice Yellow Mottle Virus, a disease which leads even to 80–100% yield losses in rice production. We present a continental-scale study aiming at: (1) locating current and future suitable territories for both pulla group and rice; (2) identifying areas where rice cultivations may occur without suffering the presence of pulla group using an Ecological Niche Modelling (ENM) approach; (3) estimating current and future connectivity among pulla group populations and areas predicted to host rice cultivations, based on the most recent land-use estimates for future agricultural trends; (4) proposing a new connectivity index called “Pest Aggression Index” (PAI) to measure the agricultural susceptibility to the potential future invasions of pests and disease; (5) quantifying losses in terms of production when rice cultivations co‐occur with the pulla group and identifying the SSA countries which, in the future inferred scenarios, will potentially suffer the greatest losses.

Location

Sub-Saharan Africa.

Methods

Since the ongoing climate and land-use changes affect species’ distributions, we first assess the impact of these changes through a spatially-jackknifed Maxent-based Ecological Niche Modelling in GIS environment, for both the pulla group and rice, in two climatic/socioeconomic future scenarios (SSP_2.45 and 3.70). We then assess the connectivity potential of the pulla group populations towards rice cultivations, for both current and future predictions, through a circuit theory-based approach (Circuitscape implemented in Julia language). We finally measure the rice production and GPD loss per country through the spatial index named “Pest Aggression Index”, based on the inferred connectivity magnitude.

Results

The most considerable losses in rice production are observed for Liberia, Sierra Leone and Madagascar in all future scenarios (2030, 2050, 2070). The future economic cost, calculated as USD lost from rice losses/country’s GDP results are high for Central African Republic (−0.6% in SSP_2.45 and −3.0% in SSP_3.70) and Guinea–Bissau (−0.4% in SSP_2.45 and −0.68% in SSP_3.70), with relevant losses also obtained for other countries.

Main conclusions

Since our results are spatially explicit and focused on each country, we encourage careful land-use planning. Our findings could support best practices to avoid the future settlement of new cultivations in territories where rice would be attacked by pulla group and the virus, bringing economic and biodiversity losses.
Commercial utilities and future perspective of nanomedicines
Authors: Malviya Rishabha , Fuloria Shivkanya , Verma Swati , Subramaniyan Vetriselvan , Sathasivam Kathiresan V. , Kumarasamy Vinoth , Hari Kumar Darnal , Vellasamy Shalini , Meenakshi Dhanalekshmi Unnikrishnan , Yadav Shikha , Sharma Akanksha , Fuloria Neeraj Kumar
Published: November 2021

The present review aims to describe the commercial utilities and future perspectives of nanomedicines. Nanomedicines are intended to increase precision medicine and decrease the adverse effects on the patient. Nanomedicines are produced, engineered, and industrialized at the cellular, chemical, and macromolecular levels. This study describes the various aspects of nanomedicine such as governing outlooks over high use of nanomedicine, regulatory advancements for nanomedicines, standards, and guidelines for nanomedicines as per Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). This review also focuses on the patents and clinical trials based on nanoformulation, along with nanomedicines utilization as drug therapy and their market value. The present study concludes that nanomedicines are of high importance in biomedical and pharmaceutical production and offer better therapeutic effects especially in the case of drugs that possess low aqueous solubility. The factual data presented in this study will assist the researchers and health care professionals in understanding the applications of nanomedicine for better diagnosis and effective treatment of a disease.
Real-world experience of switching from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to tenofovir alafenamide in patients with chronic hepatitis B: a retrospective study
Authors: Su Pei-Yuan , Su Wei-Wen , Hsu Yu-Chun , Huang Siou-Ping , Yen Hsu-Heng
Published: November 2021

Background

Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) has good viral suppression efficacy and less adverse effect than tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). Real-world studies on the antiviral efficacy and safety of switching from TDF to TAF in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) are limited.

Methods

This retrospective study included 167 nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA)-naive patients with CHB. All the patients received TDF at least 12 months before switching and TAF at least 12 months after switching at a single medical center. The Friedman test with Dunn–Bonferroni post hoc tests and repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the effect of complete viral suppression, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level normalization, renal function changes, body weight, and body mass index in the periods before and after switching.

Results

The mean age and TDF treatment duration were 52 ± 11 years and 2.8 years (interquartile range, 1.51–5.15 years), respectively. The complete viral suppression rate was similar between the time of switching and 48 weeks after switching to TAF (77.8% vs 76%, P = 1.000). The percentage of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normalization increased from 26.3% at TDF start to 81.4% (P < 0.001) at time of switching and 89.2% at 48 weeks after switching to TAF (P = 0.428). The median estimated glomerular filtration rate decreased from 100.09 mL/min/1.73 m² at TDF start to 91.97 mL/min/1.73 m² (P < 0.001) at the time of switching and stabilized at 48 weeks after switching to TAF (93.47 mL/min/1.73m², P = 1.000). The body weight decreased from 69.2 ± 12.2 kg at TDF start to 67.4 ± 12.1 kg (P < 0.001) at the time of switching to TAF and returned to 68.7 ± 12.7 kg (P < 0.001) 48 weeks thereafter. The body mass index (BMI) decreased from 25 ± 3.3 kg/m² at TDF start to 24.5 ± 3.3 kg/m² (P = 0.002) at the time of switching to TAF and returned to 25.1 ± 3.6 kg/m² (P < 0.001) 48 weeks thereafter.

Conclusions

Our study showed that switching to TAF from TDF had good antiviral effectiveness and stabilized renal function. The body weight and BMI decreased during TDF therapy and regained after switching to TAF.
Clinical, Angiographic Profile and Short-term Prognosis in Patients with ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction- A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Dash Bijay Kumar , Mohanty Nirmal Kumar , Satpathy Chhabi , Routray Satya Narayan , Shantanu .
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Acute Myocardial Infarction (MI) is one of the most common causes of death and disability throughout the world. The most common of all Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) in Indian patients is acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). Although acute MI more commonly occurs in patients older than 45 years of age, young men and women can also have MI. Aim: To study the risk factors, clinical presentation, angiographic profile and short-term prognosis in patients with STEMI with age <45 years. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Cardiology, SCB Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, Odisha, India. A total of 198 patients of age ≤45 years with acute STEMI, of both genders diagnosed based on symptoms, Electrocardiogram (ECG), Echocardiogram (Echo) and biomarkers were enrolled from June 2019 to November 2020. Categorical variables were tabulated in frequency with percentage distribution and continuous variables were summarised in mean±SD (Standard Deviation). Results: This study included 198 patients, aged ≤45 years, with STEMI. STEMI was more common in males. The mean age was 38.28 and 42.15 years for males and females, respectively. Smoking (63.5%) was the most common risk factor, followed by dyslipidemia (28.5%). Most of the patients (86.5%) presented with typical chest pain. Killip’s Class I was most common (92.5%) at the time of admission. Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction (AWMI) was the presentation in the majority (61%). Most patients (47%) had Single Vessel Disease (SVD). One third of the patients had re-canalysed vessels. Type A lesion was commonly seen (61%) and 60% patients underwent coronary angioplasty. Conclusion: In young STEMI patients males were commoner and smoking and dyslipidemia were found to be the common risk factors, smoking being twice more common than dyslipidemia. Typical chest pain of Killip Class I and AWMI were seen in majority. Half of the patients had SVD and one third was found to be re- canalysed. Type A was the commonest lesion and two thirds of the study population could undergo coronary angioplasty.
A Hybrid Approach Employing Neural Networks to Simulate the Elasto−Plastic Deformation Behavior of 3D‐Foam Structures
Authors: Malik Alexander , Abendroth Martin , Hütter Geralf , Kiefer Bjoern
Published: November 2021

Herein, a general methodology to describe the complex inelastic macroscale behavior of cellular media is presented. It is an important contribution toward establishing predictive computational tools to study the structure−property−performance relations in such materials. A particular challenge is given by the possible complexity of the inelastic macroscopic response, which makes it difficult to capture with classical phenomenological approaches. Numerical micro−macro transitions schemes, such as the FE2 method, have recently been used to address this problem but are computationally very costly. Building on earlier work, a 3D extension of an efficient hybrid scale‐bridging approach is therefore proposed that comprises the following key elements: 1) spatially fully resolved finite element analysis (FEA) of representative volume element (RVEs) approximating technologically relevant foam morphologies, with an associated plasticity model describing the bulk behavior at the microscale; 2) a hybrid material model for the macroscopic material behavior, which incorporates neural networks (NN) representing complex yield surfaces and flow directions into a nonassociative plasticity formulation; and 3) NN training via numerical homogenization involving off‐line RVE computations. A 3D Wheire−Phelan structure with elasto−plastic microscale behavior is chosen as an exemplary application. The requirements on training data sets and NN properties regarding approximation accuracy and numerical effort of the hybrid approach are carefully investigated.
Microstructural, Mechanical, and Tribological Evolution under Different Heat Treatment Conditions of Inconel 625 Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Ferraresi Riccardo , Avanzini Andrea , Cecchel Silvia , Petrogalli Candida , Cornacchia Giovanna
Published: November 2021

Additive manufacturing (AM) can be particularly advantageous to manufacture components designed to meet challenging structural requirements. Selective laser melting (SLM) microstructure is different than that obtained by traditional manufacturing process; in particular, mechanical and microstructural features achieved herein are influenced by the entire thermal history, including the manufacturing process and the heat treatment (HT) with relevant role of the slow cooling rate adopted. In fact, both the process and the HTs can significantly modify the microstructure and related mechanical and tribological properties. To better understand how mechanical response can be tuned to meet different requirements, in this article the effects of four different vacuum HTs on microstructures, mechanical properties, and wear behavior of Inconel 625 produced with SLM are deeply investigated. In general, the results confirm that HT can significantly change the microstructure and mechanical or tribological properties of Inconel 625. Among the examined HT, solution + aging and direct aging improve the strength of the alloy, whereas annealing leads to recrystallization, reducing strength in favor of ductility. Stress relieving does not significantly change the microstructure and mechanical properties. Considering tribological behavior, only direct aging HT leads to a remarkable improvement, with a reduction in friction coefficient and wear rate.
Analysis of Temperature, Displacement, and Stress in Shafts Made of Functionally Graded Materials with Various Grading Laws
Authors: Gayen Debabrata
Published: November 2021

An exact solution for thermo‐elastic analyses of radially graded circular hollow shafts made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) is studied. The material properties of functionally graded (FG) shafts are assumed to be temperature‐dependent (TD) and graded in the radial direction according to various grading patterns such as linear law of material gradation (LLMG), power law of material gradation (PLMG), and exponential law of material gradation (ELMG). Temperature fields of radially graded FG shafts are obtained analytically for the different grading patterns, using a steady‐state Fourier equation of heat conduction. Subsequently, based on linear strain‐displacement relations, thermo‐elastic equations are solved analytically to obtain displacement and stress fields as functions of radial distances, material gradient indices, and temperature gradients. The present mathematical derivations for thermo‐elastic analyses and solution methods are successfully validated by comparing with the results of published literature. Numerical results are presented to highlight the importance of material parameters, temperature distributions, radial distances, and aspect ratios on the temperature profiles, displacement, and stress fields of the FG shafts under thermal/mechanical loads. The numerical results have explicitly shown that the thermo‐elastic analyses of FG shafts are significantly influenced by material gradient indices, temperature gradients, and temperature‐dependent properties in high‐temperature environmental applications.
Biomimetic Porous Fluoropolymer Films with Brilliant Whiteness by Using Polymerization‐Induced Phase Separation
Authors: Yu Binhai , Huang Zijian , Fang Dong , Yu Shudong , Fu Ting , Tang Yong , Li Zongtao
Published: November 2021

Inspired by the Cyphochilus scale with extreme whiteness, fluoropolymer is used as the matrix to prepare highly scattering porous polymer films through polymerization‐induced phase separation (PIPS) method. The mixture used for the PIPS technique contains a fluoride monomer, a UV photoinitiator, and porogens (cyclohexanol and perfluorooctanol). By carefully tuning the mixture parameters (cyclohexanol–perfluorooctanol and monomer–porogen weight ratios), the porous morphology can be well tailored, which induces different scattering performances. With an optimized formulation (50 wt% monomer, 25 wt% cyclohexanol, and 25 wt% perfluorooctanol), the porous film with a thickness of 55 µm can achieve an average total reflectance of ≈90%, featuring a measured transport mean free path of 1.3–1.7 µm (comparable to the 1.5 µm of the benchmark Cyphochilus scale). Further, the porous films are applied to the light‐emitting diode (LED) device and it is demonstrated that they can effectively improve the light extraction efficiency of the LED and thus enhance the luminous performance. Due to the simplicity, cost‐effectiveness, and scalability of the PIPS method, the as‐developed porous fluoropolymer films with such excellent scattering ability can find many potential applications not only in the field of optoelectronics, but also in various complex scenarios, such as daytime passive radiative cooling.
Tumor‐Microenvironment‐Responsive Nanomedicine for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Peng Shaojun , Xiao Fengfeng , Chen Meiwan , Gao Huile
Published: November 2021

The past decades have witnessed great progress in cancer immunotherapy, which has profoundly revolutionized oncology, whereas low patient response rates and potential immune‐related adverse events remain major clinical challenges. With the advantages of controlled delivery and modular flexibility, cancer nanomedicine has offered opportunities to strengthen antitumor immune responses and to sensitize tumor to immunotherapy. Furthermore, tumor‐microenvironment (TME)‐responsive nanomedicine has been demonstrated to achieve specific and localized amplification of the immune response in tumor tissue in a safe and effective manner, increasing patient response rates to immunotherapy and reducing the immune‐related side effects simultaneously. Here, the recent progress of TME‐responsive nanomedicine for cancer immunotherapy is summarized, which responds to the signals in the TME, such as weak acidity, reductive environment, high‐level reactive oxygen species, hypoxia, overexpressed enzymes, and high‐level adenosine triphosphate. Moreover, the potential to combine nanomedicine‐based therapy and immunotherapeutic strategies to overcome each step of the cancer‐immunity cycle and to enhance antitumor effects is discussed. Finally, existing challenges and further perspectives in this rising field with the hope for improved development of clinical applications are discussed.
Lithium–Sulfur Batteries Meet Electrospinning: Recent Advances and the Key Parameters for High Gravimetric and Volume Energy Density
Authors: Zhang Yongshang , Zhang Xilai , Silva S. Ravi P. , Ding Bin , Zhang Peng , Shao Guosheng
Published: November 2021

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have been regarded as a promising next‐generation energy storage technology for their ultrahigh theoretical energy density compared with those of the traditional lithium‐ion batteries. However, the practical applications of Li–S batteries are still blocked by notorious problems such as the shuttle effect and the uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrites. Recently, the rapid development of electrospinning technology provides reliable methods in preparing flexible nanofibers materials and is widely applied to Li–S batteries serving as hosts, interlayers, and separators, which are considered as a promising strategy to achieve high energy density flexible Li–S batteries. In this review, a fundamental introduction of electrospinning technology and multifarious electrospinning‐based nanofibers used in flexible Li–S batteries are presented. More importantly, crucial parameters of specific capacity, electrolyte/sulfur (E/S) ratio, sulfur loading, and cathode tap density are emphasized based on the proposed mathematic model, in which the electrospinning‐based nanofibers are used as important components in Li–S batteries to achieve high gravimetric (WG) and volume (WV) energy density of 500 Wh kg−1 and 700 Wh L−1, respectively. These systematic summaries not only provide the principles in nanofiber‐based electrode design but also propose enlightening directions for the commercialized Li–S batteries with high WG and WV.
Cellulose for Sustainable Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Zhou Jiahui , Wang Hongbin , Du Chaochao , Zhang Desuo , Lin Hong , Chen Yuyue , Xiong Jiaqing
Published: November 2021

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are an emerging technology capable of converting the ambient mechanical energy into electricity, promising for complete utilization of the distributed energy to improve the quality of human life. However, realizing material innovation for good trade‐off between the high triboelectric output and environment friendliness remains huge challenge, but it is of great importance for sustainable development of TENGs. Cellulose is a typical natural polymer that promises to address the challenge. Herein, the sustainable TENGs that originate from cellulose and potentially back to the natural world are focused on, realizing on‐spot TENGs. First, the sources, forms, morphologies, structures, and modifications of cellulose are systematically summarized, indicating the commercial and noncommercial cellulose materials’ potential for TENGs’ application. Second, the dominating additive properties of cellulose such as hydrophobicity, self‐cleaning, corrosion resistance, optical transparency, electrical conductivity, and degradability are introduced, which can effectively steer the development of TENGs. Thereafter, the TENGs with tailorable functions enabled by less‐refined cellulose and various physical/chemical modified cellulose are reviewed, as well as plants‐supported on‐spot TENGs with environment adaptivity and transient property, embracing a sustainable future of versatile cellulose to adapt the distributed network of multiscenario TENGs for energy management and information communication.
3D Alk‐MXene@Fe3O4 as Cathode Additive for Rechargeable Lithium−Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Zhang Zekun , Wang Bo , Han Ruimei , Jin Fan , Zhang Nan , Zhang Tianren , Wang Dianlong
Published: November 2021

Lithium−sulfur battery (LSB) is one of the most promising next‐generation batteries due to its high energy density and low cost. However, the serious shuttle effect, large volume change, and poor conductivity have hindered their commercialization. Herein, alk‐MXene@Fe3O4 composite is synthesized through ultrasonic treatment of alkalized MXene and Fe3O4 and it is used as additive in the sulfur cathode. The results indicate that Alk‐MXene@Fe3O4 additive can anchor polysulfides by the strong polar adsorption and accelerate the conversion of the LiPSs. The cathode with Alk‐MXene@Fe3O4 retains a substantially stable discharge capacity of 681.7 mAh g−1 after 120 cycles at a rate of 0.2 C, which is equivalent to 58.6% of the initial discharge capacity (1163 mAh g−1), and the corresponding capacity decay per cycle is 0.35%. At a rate of 1 C, it can still retain 595 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles. It has important reference value for the development of cathode additives to improve the performance of active sulfur.
Spatial variability of maize leaf area and relationship with yield
Authors: Zhang Lingling , Yu Peng , Liu Jilong , Fu Qiang , Chen Junfeng , Wu Yaoyu , Wei Xinyu
Published: November 2021

Leaf area is an important factor affecting crop yield. However, leaf area has spatial variability and the relationship between leaf area and yield have scale dependence. For these reasons, we establish multifractal model of maize (Zea mays L.) leaf area and joint multifractal model of maize leaf area and yield. The experiment was carried at the Xiangyang base of Northeast Agricultural University. The size of experimental plot was 9,216 m2 which included 64 sampling points. The spatial and temporal variability of maize leaf area was studied with traditional statistics and multifractal methods, and the relationship between maize leaf area and yield at multiple scales was analyzed with the joint multifractal method. Multifractal theory can effectively characterize spatial and temporal variability of maize leaf area and multiscale relationship between leaf area and yield. Maize leaf area exhibited a moderate degree of variation which first decreased then increased with the change in the growth stage, and spatial variability at different growth stages was mainly caused by low leaf area values . At the observed scale, axis weight per ear, ear weight, and grain weight per ear were most significantly related to maize leaf area at the milk, filling, and jointing stages; at the multiscale level, axis weight per ear was most significantly related to maize leaf area at the tasseling, filling, milk, and jointing stages, and ear weight and grain weight per ear were most significantly related to maize leaf area at the tasseling, filling and ripening stages.
Free agents or cogs in the machine? Classed, gendered, and racialized inequities in hazardous working conditions
Authors: Eisenberg‐Guyot Jerzy , Prins Seth J. , Muntaner Carles
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Few epidemiologic studies have used relational social class measures based on control over productive assets and others' labor to analyze inequities in health‐affecting working conditions. Moreover, these studies have often neglected the gendered and racialized dimensions of class relations, dimensions which are essential to understanding population patterns of health inequities. Our study fills these gaps.

Methods

Using data from the 2002–2018 U.S. General Social Survey, we assigned respondents to the worker, manager, petit bourgeois, or capitalist classes based on their supervisory authority and self‐employment status. Next, we estimated class, class‐by‐gender, and class‐by‐race inequities in compensation/safety, the labor process, control, and conflict, using Poisson models. We also estimated gender‐by‐race inequities among workers.

Results

We identified substantial class inequities, with worse conditions for workers, which is the largest class within genders and racialized groups, but also disproportionately consists of women and people of color (POC), particularly women of color (WOC). For example, relative to workers, capitalists were less likely to report that safety is not a priority (prevalence ratio [PR]: 0.41, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.21, 0.82), repetitive tasks (PR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.61), and lacking freedom (PR: 0.11, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.24). We also identified inequities among workers, with women and POC, particularly WOC, reporting worse conditions than white male workers, especially greater discrimination/harassment (WOC PR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.36, 2.13).

Conclusion

We identified substantial inequities in working conditions across intersecting classes, genders, and racialized groups. These inequities threaten workers' health, particularly among women and POC.
De novo PBX1 variant in a patient with glaucoma, kidney anomalies, and developmental delay: An expansion of the CAKUTHED phenotype
Authors: Safgren Stephanie L. , Olson Rory J. , Pinto e Vairo Filippo , Bothun Erick D. , Hanna Christian , Klee Eric W. , Schimmenti Lisa A.
Published: November 2021

An infant was referred for evaluation of congenital glaucoma and corneal clouding. In addition, he had a pelvic kidney, hypotonia, patent ductus arteriosus, abnormal pinnae, and developmental delay. Exome sequencing identified a previously unpublished de novo single nucleotide insertion in PBX1 c.400dupG (NM_002585.3), predicted to cause a frameshift resulting in a truncated protein with loss of function (p.Ala134Glyfs*65). Identification of this loss of function variant supports the diagnosis of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract syndrome with or without hearing loss, abnormal ears, or developmental delay (CAKUTHED). Here, we propose glaucoma as an extra‐renal manifestation associated with PBX1‐related disease due to the relationship of PBX1 with MEIS1, MEIS2, and FOXC1 transcription factors associated with eye development.
Pain in the Ehlers–Danlos syndromes: Mechanisms, models, and challenges
Authors: Malfait Fransiska , Colman Marlies , Vroman Robin , De Wandele Inge , Rombaut Lies , Miller Rachel E. , Malfait Anne‐Marie , Syx Delfien
Published: November 2021

Chronic pain is one of the most common, yet poorly studied, complaints in people suffering from Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDS). This heterogeneous group of heritable connective tissue disorders is typically characterized by skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility, and generalized connective tissue fragility. Most EDS types are caused by genetic defects that affect connective tissue biosynthesis, thereby compromising collagen biosynthesis or fibrillogenesis and resulting in a disorganized extracellular matrix. Even though chronic pain is a major source of disability, functional impairment, and psychosocial suffering in EDS, currently used analgesics and other treatment strategies provide inadequate pain relief and thus represents an important unmet medical need. An important contributor to this is the lack of knowledge about the underlying mechanisms. In this narrative review, we summarize the current understanding of pain and the associated mechanisms in EDS based on clinical studies focusing on questionnaires and experimental pain testing as well as studies in animal models of EDS. In addition, we highlight the challenges, gaps, and opportunities in EDS‐pain research.
Visible Light‐Mediated, Iodine‐Catalyzed Radical Cascade Sulfonylation/Cyclization for the Synthesis of Sulfone‐Containing Coumarin under Photocatalyst‐Free Conditions
Authors: Yi Bing , Wang Qiang , Tan Jian‐Ping , Yi Ziqi , Li Daiguang , Kang Shiyuan , Zhang Wenhui , Tang Huan , Xie Yanjun
Published: November 2021

We have presented a visible‐light mediated, iodine catalyzed radical cascade sulfonylation/cyclization reaction by employing iodine as catalyst without addition of any of photocatalyst and oxidant. A number of sulfone‐containing coumarin derivatives with different substituent and functional groups were obtained in moderate to good yields. Besides, the practicality and utility of this protocol were demonstrated by the scale up synthesis. Furthermore, mechanistic investigations including control experiments and light on/off studies indicated that visible‐light irradiation and iodine catalyst were the essential elements to fulfill the radical cascade sulfonylation/cyclization process. This protocol featured green, economical and efficient, and opens a new opportunity for accessing to structurally diverse sulfone‐containing coumarin derivatives.
Synthese und Reaktivität eines Neutralen Homozyklischen Silylens
Authors: Keuter Jan , Hepp Alexander , Massolle Anja , Neugebauer Johannes , Mück‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Lips Felicitas
Published: November 2021

Herstellung des neutralen homozyklischen Silylens2erfolgt durch Aminabspaltung mit Kaliumgraphit (KC8) von dem bizyklischen Silicium(I)‐AmidJund anschließende Reaktion mit SiMe3Cl. Diese Reaktion verläuft über die anionische homoaromatische Siliciumringverbindung1. Das zweifachkoordinierte Siliciumatom im homozyklischen Silylen2wird durch eine allylartige π‐Elektronendelokalisation stabilisiert.2reagiert in einer oxidativen Addition mit zwei Äquivalenten MeOH und in Cycloadditionen mit Ethen, Phenylacetylen, Diphenylacetylen und mit 2,3‐Dimethyl‐1,3‐Butadien zu neuartigen funktionalisierten Ringverbindungen.
High‐Efficiency and Stable Li−CO2 Battery Enabled by Carbon Nanotube/Carbon Nitride Heterostructured Photocathode
Authors: Li Jiaxin , Zhang Kun , Zhao Yang , Wang Chuang , Wang Lipeng , Wang Lie , Liao Meng , Ye Lei , Zhang Ye , Gao Yue , Wang Bingjie , Peng Huisheng
Published: November 2021

Li−CO2 batteries are explored as promising power systems to alleviate environmental issues and to implement space applications. However, sluggish cathode kinetics of CO2 reduction/evolution result in low round‐trip efficiency and poor cycling stability of the fabricated energy‐storage devices. Herein, we design a heterostructued photocathode comprising carbon nanotube and carbon nitride to accelerate cathode reactions of a Li−CO2 battery under illumination. Benefiting from the unique defective structure of carbon nitride and favorable interfacial charge transfer, the photocathode effectively harvests ultraviolet‐visible light to generate abundant photoexcited carriers and coordinates energetic photoelectrons/holes to participate in the discharge/charge reactions, leading to efficient photo‐energy utilization in decreasing reaction barriers and enhancing thermodynamic reversibility of Li−CO2 battery. The resulting battery delivers a high round‐trip efficiency of 98.8 % (ultralow voltage hysteresis of 0.04 V) and superior cycling stability (86.1 % efficiency retention after 100 cycles).