bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why don't people living in Hackney take more exercise?
Authors: Rayner Mike , Heughan Anne , Pearson Gwenda , Brunner Eric
Published: March 2007

LEVELS of exercise are low in the UK but there is a lack of research which could help to explain why this is so. A survey of residents in Hackney was under taken to relate reported physical activity and exer cise levels to attitudes, knowledge, perceived benefits and reported constraints to increased partic ipation. We found that while attitudes towards exer cise were generally positive and knowledge of its benefits was relatively high there were a range of factors which were perceived to constrain increased participation, including a lack of facilities, money and time.
You don't have to say you love me: an evaluation of a drama-based sex education project for schools
Authors: Blakey Virginia , Pullen Elaine
Published: March 2007

A DRAMA project for schools with a specific focus on sexuality-related issues was evaluated to gain in sights into the processes involved in developing the project and its reception by schools. Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were held with teachers and pupils from 7 of the 17 schools involved with the project. Findings emphasise the benefits of extensive preliminary consultation with schools and other agencies. Constraints of time- tabling and finance which may place limits on schools' use of visiting drama groups are identified, together with ways of minimising these. Issues re lating to the use of outside agencies in sex education are raised. Finally, the evaluation reaffirms the effec tiveness of a drama-based approach to health education.
Children's awareness of cigarette advertisements on television
Authors: Nelson Elizabeth , While David
Published: March 2007

THE results described in this paper are part of a wider survey of children and advertising. These results obtained in 1990, show that 35 per cent of a sample of 7047 children aged 11-16 years, reported they had seen cigarette advertisements on television. Although cigarette advertisements had in fact been seen in films, soaps and sponsored sports programmes, the majority of the children thought they had seen them in television commercial breaks ('adverts'). General awareness of cigarette advertisements in commercial breaks decreased significantly from 11 to 16 years, but increased significantly from 11 to 16 years in association with sports programmes. Non-smokers were significantly more likely than smokers to report seeing cigarette advertisements in commercial breaks, but children who smoked were more aware of advertisements in sports programmes and television soaps. There were clear differences between the brand names recalled in association with sports programmes and those seen in the other television programmes.
What life style advice on coronary care is given to older patients?
Authors: Cohen D.L. , Fowlie S.
Published: March 2007

OF 142 acute admissions to a coronary care unit dur ing 1990 (all people aged over 70), 95 survivors were interviewed a median of 8 months after their dis charge to find out what advice they recalled about smoking, diet and exercise. Eleven out of 15 smokers claimed to have given up or reduced consumption. Twenty-eight out of 42 patients recalling dietary ad vice said they had made positive changes, compared with 8/44 not recalling advice, (chi2=6.0, dof=1, p=0.009). However, only 9 of the 63 people whose serum cholesterol had been measured could recall having been told the result. Fit older people seem prepared to heed advice and change their life style after admission for suspected myocardial infarction.
Smoking before, during and after pregnancy in England
Authors: Campion Patrick , Owen Lesley , McNeill Ann
Published: March 2007

Separate surveys were conducted among pregnant women (N = 625) and new/recent mothers (N = 550) throughout England. Smoking prevalence among pregnant women was found to be linked to age, social grade, educational attainment, employment status, pregnancy planning and partner's smoking status. Possible links were also detected between smoking prevalence and number of previous pregnancies and number of miscarriages. Among those smoking during pregnancy or within 12 months before pregnancy, there was a greater likelihood of reducing consumption (35 per cent) than giving up altogether (26 per cent). Among those cutting down, consumption decreased from an average rate of 18.2 to 12 cigarettes/day. Thirty-five per cent of pregnant women in the home, and 45 per cent of pregnant women in the workplace, were exposed to passive smoking. Of children whose father or mother smoked, 44 per cent were exposed to passive smoking from their parents. The majority of both samples considered smoking to be dangerous to the foetus (86 per cent of pregnant women) and their newly born child (96 per cent of new/recent mothers) and were aware of passive smoking and its danger. Of the partners of pregnant women, and of new/recent mothers, 39 per cent and 36 per cent respectively were reported to be smokers.
Survey of knowledge, perceptions and behaviour related to smoking in young Asian women airline cabin crew
Authors: Li Cecilia , Fielding Richard , Hedley Anthony Johnson
Published: March 2007

Smoking habits, knowledge about the health consequences of smoking and the perception of developing risks of smoking were investigated among a group of Asian female airline cabin crew trainees working in Hong Kong (N = 409) who were compared with an earlier cohort of experienced Asian female airline cabin crew (N = 585). The instrument was a self- administered questionnaire worded in simple English. Results indicate that in general, smokers and non-smokers did not significantly differ in their level of awareness about the hazards of smoking. Perceived risks for non-smoking-related hazards did not differ between smokers and non smokers. However, smokers perceived a lesser risk of developing smoking- related disease and rated higher the likelihood of obtaining benefits from smoking than did non-smokers. This may contribute to, or be a conse quence of, smoking behaviour. If the latter, this questions the value of continuing education among smokers about the long-term health risks of smoking particularly for better-known risks. New directions for future smoking prevention education measures are suggested.
The social context of under-age smoking: a qualitative study of cigarette brand preference
Authors: Barnard Marina , Forsyth Alasdair
Published: March 2007

Survey data from 758 Dundee schoolchildren in 1994 were collected and revealed a majority preference for one brand of cigarettes (Embassy Regal), the reasons for which were explored in subsequent discussion groups in 1995. This paper considers the likely factors contributing to the dominance of one brand, especially that of advertising, given the 1993 withdrawal of the Embassy Regal 'Reg' campaign on the basis that it was particularly likely to be attractive to children. The study found that a positive association with the Embassy Regal brand had been achieved with this sample of 11-15-year-olds and this association was reinforced and sustained through the social interactions of the young smokers.
Methodological issues in surveys of physical activity: the case of the Trent Health Lifestyle Survey
Authors: Weller David , White John , Davies Patrick , Roberts Heather , Fentem Peter
Published: March 2007

This paper examines methodological issues in physical activity measure ment by examining the findings of the 1994 Trent Health Lifestyle Survey which reported physical activity participation levels in adult men and women in the Trent region of England. In the survey, individuals were sampled from FHSA registers across ten districts of Trent Regional Health Authority ( N=18,787), and results indicated that high proportions of males (44 per cent) and females (46 per cent) had not undertaken any occasions of moderate or vigorous physical activity of at least 20 minutes duration in the previous four weeks. When asked about accumulated time spent on physical activity, 65 per cent of males and 64 per cent of females reported participating in 30 minutes or more 'energetic' activity on most days. In order to examine methodological issues, results of the survey are compared with those from national physical activity prevalence surveys. This comparison illustrates that even small methodological differences between surveys can substantially influence results, and caution is required in making such comparisons.
Peer education as a means of drug prevention and education among young people: an evaluation
Authors: Ward Jennifer , Hunter Gillian , Power Robert
Published: March 2007

Peer education has become increasingly popular in Britain as a method of drug education and prevention for young people. Few initiatives nave undergone formal evaluation and the extent to which such programmes influence the drug use of young people is consequently unknown. The results from a process evaluation of a community based peer intervention are presented here. Research and evaluation took place between April 1995 and June 1996. Findings show that the intervention was successful in that drug information was disseminated to a wide cross-section of the target population including those who would Otherwise not have access to such information, for example parents and teachers. The evaluation found a considerable number of contacts made by the peer educators were through speaking to friends and distributing drug information leaflets. While it appears that contacts of this nature achieve increased levels of knowledge about drugs, it remains unclear how effective the intervention was in influencing the drug-using behaviour of young people currently involved in drug use. Until impact and outcome evaluations of peer intervention programmes have been completed, there is no clear evidence that peer education is a superior method of drug education and prevention in comparison to other approaches.
An evaluation of the 1996 No Smoking Day in Wales
Authors: Frith Caroline , Roberts Chris , Kingdon Anne , Tudor-Smith Chris
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on a panel survey undertaken by Health Promotion Wales to evaluate the impact that No Smoking Day 1996 had on smokers in Wales and to what extent the day met its main objectives. Baseline interviews with 829 smokers were conducted shortly before No Smoking Day and two follow-up surveys were conducted, one a week after and one three months after the day. The findings indicate a high level of awareness of No Smoking Day and an encouraging level of participation on the day. Longer-term impact on cessation is more difficult to assess but the findings indicate a quit rate at three months in the range of 0.3 to 1.8 per cent. Further analysis suggests that certain groups of smokers, and smokers at certain stages of quitting, are more likely to be motivated by the day, in particular those who had firm plans to quit at the time of the interviews.
Improvements in child pedestrian safety: have they been gained at the expense of other health goals?
Authors: Dixey Rachael
Published: March 2007

Data collected in 1995 and 1996 in seven Leeds primary schools in relatively disadvantaged areas show high rates of accompanied journeys to and from school. Parents responded to the perceived danger to children from traffic and other causes by increasing surveillance of children on journey and at play This paper presents the findings of the Leeds study and asks whether gains in terms of reductions in child pedestrian accidents have been at the expense of children's independent mobility and parents' time. Restrictions on children have consequences for their independent mobility and therefore on levels of physical activity, freedom and opportunities for learning.
Perceptions of self, self-esteem, and the adolescent smoker
Authors: May Carl
Published: March 2007

Adolescent tobacco use remains a key problem in health education and health promotion. The continuing growth of youthful smoking and other substance use is often explained by appeal to global psychological variables such as self- esteem, where the young smoker is assumed to smoke, drink, or take drugs to compensate for low levels of self-esteem. This paper sets out a brief critique of the deployment of 'self-esteem' as a global variable in understanding adolescent smoking, and argues for a more complex vision of self-identity as a means of connecting young people's ideas about themselves with their concrete health behaviours.
Addressing smoking and health among women living on low income I. Dean's Community Club: a mental-health project
Authors: McKie Linda , Gaunt-Richardson Paula , Barlow Joy , Amos Amanda
Published: March 2007

This is the first of three articles all of which are published in this issue of the HEJ on the Women, Low Income and Smoking Project. This ASH Scotland project was fuuded by the Health Education Board for Scotland (HEBS) and explored new ways of working to address smoking and health among women living on low incomes. Nineteen community-based initiatives, located across Scotland, were funded over three years to March 1999. In this first article we consider one initiative located in the Dean's Community Club in hivingston, a project which provides educational and recreational opportunities and emotional support for people recovering or suffering from mental-health prob lems. A group of women and three facilitators were successful with an appli cation for funds to run sessions over 26 weeks to include activities which were distracting, informative and enhanced self confidence. Through involvement in this initiative, wonlen reviewed the place of smoking in their lives and a number changed health and smoking behaviours. The shared experience of developing and running the initiative promoted self esteem and marked a growth point in the confidence of the women involved and in the Dean's Club more generally.
'White women degrading themselves to the lowest depths' : European networks of prostitution and colonial anxieties in British India and Ceylon ca. 1880-1914
Authors: Fischer-Tiné Harald
Published: March 2007

The international traffic in European prostitutes to South Asia became a matter of political debate both in Britain and India from the 1880s onwards. After discussing briefly the metropolitan obsession with the so-called 'White Slave Traffic', this article reconstructs the spread of the prostitution networks until WW I, gives a short account of the working conditions of the European prostitutes, and analyses the discourse it provoked around the topics of morality and racial prestige between various and often antagonistic sectors of colonial and metropolitan societies. By focusing on a group of 'white subalterns', this article challenges received notions af colonialism as an homogenous enterprise based on clear-cut racial distinctions and makes a strong argument for the introduction of 'class' as an important category for the understanding of the imperial project.
Psychosocial Profile of Suicide Ideators, Attempters and Completers in India
Authors: Bhatia Manjeet Singh , Aggarwal Narinder Kumar , Aggarwal B.B.L.
Published: March 2007

The study aims to determine the psychological profile of suicide ideators, attemp ters and completers in a tertiary care teaching hospital. A total of 260 suicidal ideators, 58 attempters and 55 completers were studied. The majority of ideators, attempters and completers were 26-35 years of age, males (except attempters who were predominantly females), married, literate up to high school, employed (ideators) or housewives (attempters and completers). The suicide ideators, attempters and completers who had a past history of attempt were 6.9%, 24.1 % and 18.2% respectively. Family history of attempted suicide or completed suicide was also common among patients suffering from depression. In suicidal ideators, mixed anxiety and depressive disorder was the most common psychiatric diagnosis followed by major depression and schizophrenia. Among suicide attempters, adjustment disorder with depression was the most common diagnosis. The most common method of suicide attempt was organophosphorus compound intake whereas in suicide completers, the most common method in use was hanging. The patients with suicidal ideation or attempt need careful evaluation, early intervention and long term follow up.
Mental Health Care in Italy: Organisational Structure, Routine Clinical Activity and Costs of a Community Psychiatric Service in Lombardy Region
Authors: Fattore Giovanni , Percudani Mauro , Pugnoli Carla , Contini Agostino , Beecham Jennifer
Published: March 2007

The Magenta Community Mental Health Centre (CMHC) is the public agency responsible for providing adult psychiatric care to about 85,000 adult residents. In 1995, it had 1,145 clients and incurred costs of Euro 1.9 millions. Average cost per patient and per adult resident were Euro 1,661 and Euro 22.2, respectively. These values mask large variation across diagnosis: while patients with schizophrenia and related disorders had an average cost of Euro 3,771, those with neurotic and related disorders had an average cost of Euro 439. Patients with schizophrenia and related disorders (28% of the patients) absorbed about 60% of total costs and made extensive use of several types of services (hospital, outpatient, domiciliary, social and rehabilitative care). Since integrating different types of services is the key element of Italian psychiatric care, the new fee-for-service system adopted by the NHS to fund providers does not appear appropriate, particularly for schizophrenic patients.
The Effects of Psychotherapies: a Study On Patients' Perception of Results in an Italian Public Setting
Authors: Fava E. , Pazzi E. , Arduini L. , Masserini C. , Lammoglia M. , Lomazzi L. , Landra S. , Pazzaglia P. , Carta I.
Published: March 2007

Enquiries centred on the perspective of users of psychiatric treatments and their families, has become an increasingly widespread method to improve the quality of treatments administered by health services. In this study, in particular, we examine the users' perception of the quality and variability of the effects of psychotherapies, the difficulties met, and the perceived help factors.

The sample consists of 216 users of psychotherapy and 223 patients in psychiatric treatment with psychological support. They are outpatients, managed by the public health service. The questionnaires included closed ended, open ended questions and scales that were previously tested on a sample of patients. The questionnaire for patients was anonymous and administered by researchers external to the medical staff.

Irrespective of the diagnosis or of a concurrent pharmacological therapy, a high percentage of patients (75%), in both groups, feel improved. Improvement consist of the decrease of symptoms, a sense of feeling better, but also feeling grown up, more mature, having higher self-esteem and feeling more adequate in inter personal relationships. This last type of result is significantly more frequent in the group of patients in psychotherapy. Besides these patients are faced with more difficulties and play more active a role while they are in treatment.

The main difference between patients in psychotherapy and those in psychiatric management with psychological support is not indeed the identification of different perceived therapeutic factors, but rather the different evaluation of their relative importance.

On the whole, the study seems to show that the effects of real psychotherapies include, beside an improvement of symptoms, the achievement of goals of personal growth and maturity, self-satisfaction and an increase in self-esteem, all in accordance with a conception of health as well-being and self-satisfaction rather than as absence of illness.
Mental Health Act Assessments: Does a Community Treatment Team Make a Difference?
Authors: Dunn Louise M.
Published: March 2007

There is an extensive body of research into home treatment for acute mental illness, but this is the first one to examine any association with Mental Health Act Assessments. It examines the question of whether there is any impact of a home treatment team on the numbers and circumstances of Mental Health Act Assess ments in its area. The 1983 Mental Health Act created the role of the Approved Social Worker, among whose duties is that of ensuring that any disposal is the least restrictive possible. For this duty to be carried out meaningfully, as wide a range of alternatives as possible needs to be available. The move from institutional to community care for the mentally ill which has been the 'big idea' of recent decades has given rise to intense interest in home treatment for acute mental illness, which can offer a potential alternative at a time of crisis for ASWs and thus patients.

This study examined over 200 reports written by ASWs following Mental Health Act Assessments in the two areas, and it was found that the home treatment team appeared to have an impact. it was hypothesised that such a team might have an effect on the sorts people presenting for assessment. It was conduded that area with the team had an absolute and a relative reduction in the numbers of assessments. It was also found that there was a decrease in the likelihood of detention under Section 3 of the Act for people living in the area of the team. Finally it was found that the involvement of the team in an assessment reduced the likelihood of a Section 3 decision even further. Analysis indicated that the home treatment team was able to absorb some of the people, mainly male, who were suffering from a psychotic illness, and who were inclined to re-present on more than one occasion.
Initiating Care for Untreated Schizophrenia Patients and Results of One Year Follow-Up
Authors: Srinivasan T.N. , Rajkumar S. , Padmavathi R.
Published: March 2007

A number of schizophrenia patients live untreated in the community in the developing countries. There is little recorded experience of how such patients would respond to treatment after years of untreated illness. A cohort of 72 never-treated chronic schizophrenia patents in Chennai, India were directed to attend a health facility. A substantial proportion of them (68%) came for treatment. Unemployed status of male patients, living in a joint family setting and families initially unaware of the psychiatric nature of the problem were the factors that related to failure to seek treatment. Patients sex, age, education, marital status, economic status, age at onset and duration of illness, degree of disability and clinical symptoms (except self-neglect) were not related to taking treatment. Those who attended were treated with typical antipsychotic drugs and followed up for one year. Evaluation was done using the Present State Examination and Psychiatric History and Sociodemographic Schedule and Disability Assessment Schedule. The clinical outcome was good (Best Remission) in 29%. There was no impairment in social functioning in 35% and 51 % has no impairment in occupational functioning at the end of one year.
Social Networks of Nigerian Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Famuyiwa O.O. , Olatokunbo M.A.
Published: March 2007

Despite the indubitable cohesiveness of their community life, Nigerian psychiatric patients had social networks with deficiencies not dissimilar to those reported for patients in the industrialised societies. Interactions between these Nigerian patients as focal persons and other members of their network, were found to be intense, but seemed to lack a strong affectional core. As expected, the separated, and the divorced patients scored less than the married patients on intensity of social relationships, but the two groups were not significantly different on all other network parameters examined.

These findings should constitute a substratum of a kinship community-based counselling service with the goal of providing individual-oriented support for the psychiatrically disabled persons. It is believed that this may be realised by the relevant training and utilisation of para-professionals; effective liaison with families and special attention to prevailing concepts and socio-cultural norms.
Psychiatric Day Hospitals: the Patients and their Preferences in Treatment
Authors: Baker G.H.B. , Gardiner B.M. , Perez-Gil J. , Wood R.J.
Published: March 2007

One hundred and sixty-five patients were seen after one week of day-hospital attendance, and 82 of them four weeks later. Their demographic characteristics, and their preferences in day-hospital treatment are described. Non specific factors of getting out of the home and mixing with other people, the opportunity to discuss problems, and taking part in various occupational activities concerned with improving coping skills were seen by the patients as valuable. Staff visits to the patient's home, family interviews and ward rounds were much less supported.
Determinants of Emergency Room Visits for Psychological Problems in a General Hospital
Authors: Adityanjee  , Mohan D. , Wig N.N.
Published: March 2007

Determinants of emergency room visits for psychological reasons were studied pro spectively for a four month period in an Indian General Hospital. Psychiatric emergen cies constituted only 2% of all emergency visits. Most of the patients were new except for 7.4% who were already registered with the outpatient services of the psychiatry department. Males outnumbered females in a ratio of 2:1. Self-referrals constituted 77% of the samples; 21 % of patients were brought by police. Two-thirds of the patients were brought owing to the severity of their clinical condition and the rest, one-third, for medico-legal and social reasons. Approximately 80% of the patients sought con sultation within one month of the onset of illness episode. First episode of mental illness was within last one year of the emergency room visit in 60% patients. Past history of hospitalization for mental illness was obtained only in 10% of cases. The pattern suggested that there was no misuse of emergency services by psychiatric patients although 20% of the patients presented with social problems only which required social rather than psychiatric intervention.
No-Shows At a Community Mental Health Clinic: a Pilot Study
Authors: Allan Andrew T.
Published: March 2007

Potential patients who do not show up for their first appointments at a mental health clinic represent a puzzling and important phenomenon. When the setting, as in this study, is a multi-ethnic community, the psychosocial determinants for such behaviour are complex indeed. The author presents preliminary data relating clinic no-show rate to the variables of age, sex, presenting problem, and referral source. From the patterns which emerge from the data, certain possible explanations and tentative hypotheses are discussed in relation to previous reports in the literature. Some prac tical, clinical implications of these findings are considered. The results of this pilot project indicate some directions for future investigation in this area.
Narcissistic Rage in Leaders: the Intersection of Individual Dynamics and Group Process
Authors: Horowitz Mardi J. , Arthur Ransom J.
Published: March 2007

Power corrupts in terms of both grandiose inflations and threatened narcissistic injuries. This paper deals with the rage states that may ensue in leaders. After explain ing the individual psychodynamics of self-righteous rages in executives, this paper describes inferences about the group processes set in motion by such leaders and the reactions of subordinates. Independent thinkers in subordinate groups are both especially vulnerable to harm and especially important to preventing disasters within the group. The variable action of such persons leads to a sequence of possible phases. In bad scenarios the last phase is one containing institutional ruin, bloodbaths, or mutinies. Understanding the inference of individual and group dynamics on a theme of narcissistic injury may help prevent such disasters.
An Investigation Into the Relationship Between Hostility and Criminality in Schizophrenia
Authors: Zoghes D. , Liakos A. , Potamianos G.
Published: March 2007

The possible relationship between hostility and criminality was investigated in a sample of 134 schizophrenic patients at the public psychiatric hospital in Athens.

The sample consisted of two groups of patients (n = 67 each); an offenders groups and a non-offenders group. No significant differences in hostility were found between the groups. Moreover, degree of hostility bore no relationship to severity of criminal offence.
Life Events and Onset of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Khanna Sumant , Rajendra P.N. , Channabasavanna S.M.
Published: March 2007

Life events were evaluated for a period of one year prior to onset of obsessive com pulsive disorder in 32 subjects with a maximum duration of illness of two years and compared with a matched healthy volunteer group. There was a significant excess of life events in the six months prior to the onset of the illness. Undesirable, uncon trolled life events in the area of health and bereavement occurred more commonly in obsessive compulsive disorder.
Towards Culture- and Population-Specific Norms for Self-Reported Depressive Symptomatology
Authors: Fugita Stephen S. , Crittenden Kathleen S.
Published: March 2007

This paper: (1) reviewed and integrated the small body of cross-cultural literature on Zung SDS scores among college students and (2) reported new SDS data on students in four countries. Its purpose was to facilitate the development of population- and culture-specific norms for the measurement of depression and to identify pat terns in the data available at this time.

The results indicated considerable culture and gender specificity. Females had higher SDS scores in all but one group. There was a slight tendency for scores to increase over time. The pattern of mean scores across cultural groups was somewhat inconsistent. Korean and Philippine students had the highest scores, Caucasian Americans the lowest. There was moderate concordance of ranked symptoms across eleven samples. This concordance increased within cultural groups and especially within nations. Finally, two specific methodological problems were discussed. First, nine of ten of the highest ranked symptoms were stated in negative form, which sug gests that negative wording biases symptom means. Second, there appear to be addi tional problems in the specific wording of the libido and diurnal variation items as applied to college students.
Mental Health and Primary Care in Ethnic Groups Greek Cypriots in London: a Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Adamopoulou A. , Garyfallos G. , Bouras N. , Kouloumas G.
Published: March 2007

The psychiatric symptoms of 50 consecutive Greek Cypriot attenders at a primary health care centre in North London were compared with 50 consecutive native English attenders using the 28 item General Health Questionnaire. No differences were identified between the two ethnic groups. However, the less 'acculturated' Greek Cypriot patients manifested a higher level of psychological disturbance.
Community Mental Health Care: Clients' Perceptions of Services and an Evaluation of a Voluntary Agency Support Scheme
Authors: Handyside Liz , Heyman Bob
Published: March 2007

A questionnaire assessment of mental health and of perceptions of formal care was conducted with a sample of clients before they received a voluntary agency mental health intervention in addition to normal community psychiatric and social services. The assessment was repeated three months later. A matched control group who received only the normal services were also assessed twice over a period of three months. Both groups improved significantly on the mental health measure over the three months and there was little difference between the treatment and control group. Clients in the voluntary agency group were less satisfied with community psychiatric services and may have chosen the voluntary agency as an alternative source of help. Women in both groups showed less improvement in measured mental health than men.

Community Psychiatric Nurses (CPNs) were seen more than social workers, psychoiogists and psychiatrists. Contacts with CPNs and social workers were rated most favourably.
Cultural Differences in Interpersonal Responses to Depressives' Nonverbal Behaviour
Authors: Summerfield Angela B. , Rosen B.K. , Watson J.P.
Published: March 2007

The Social Impression and Interpersonal Attraction of British depressed patients was rated by British and German subjects on the basis of the patients' video- recorded nonverbal behaviour. Depressives were rated negatively by all subjects. Males in both cultural groups agreed in their ratings of depressives but German females expressed a more negative attitude than British females. This is attributed to cultural differences in sex-appropriate interactive behaviour. The importance of studying the expression of depression and its meaning within a particular cultural context is indicated and the role of cultural differences in interactive behaviour is discussed with respect to intercultural assessment and treatment of depression.
Psychiatric Disorders Among Recently-Arrived Eastern Europeans Seen Through a Us Refugee Counseling Service
Authors: Buchwald Debra , Klacsanzky George , Manson Spero M.
Published: March 2007

Objective: To describe the types and extent of psychiatric disorders found in a group of recently-arrived Eastern Europeans being treated by native-speaking mental health providers.

Patients: Forty seven Hungarians, Romanians, Czechoslovakians, Poles and Gypsies referred by voluntary or government agencies, other organizations or community members to a refugee counseling service in Seattle, Washington. Over 90% were refugees and 68% maintained this status at the intake evaluation. Method: Clinical, descriptive study of data collected retrospectively by chart review. Results: The majority of clients had poor or fair English skills and less than half were employed. Twelve (26%) had a prior mental health problem and five (11%) a psychiatric hospitalization. The most common diagnoses were adjustment reaction in 21 (45%), marital/family problems in five (11 %), and paranoid schizophrenia in five (11 %).

Conclusions: Psychiatric disorders were frequent in this clinical population of Eastern Europeans presenting for outpatient mental health care and may be associated with previous mental health problems. Our findings emphasize the need for sensitivity to the special risks of emigration.
The Unique Challenges Faced By Psychiatrists and Other Mental Health Professionals Working in a Multicultural Setting
Authors: Chiu Thomas L.
Published: March 2007

This article describes and analyzes the unique challenges that face psychiatrists and other mental health professionals serving a multicultural population in a limited geographic setting, based on the author's experiences working as a psychiatrist on a mobile crisis unit from 1984 through 1991 on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. Of special importance, the paper presents and provides support for the "interaction hypothesis", which proposes that sociocultural background factors interact with mental disorders to produce dissimilar behavioral expressions of the same disorder among members of different ethnic groups. Concern is voiced that mental health professionals, in order to provide effective treatment in multicultural settings, need to understand and accept each ethnic group's idiosyncracies, identity, and background.
Children of South Sea Island Immigrants to Australia: Factors Associated with Adjustment Problems
Authors: Kahn Marvin W. , Fua Cliff
Published: March 2007

Social-delinquent problem youth of South Sea Island immigrant to Australia parents, were compared to non-problem youth from the same circumstances, on family, sociocultural, personality, and substance abuse variables. Interviews and testing were done by members of their own community. A consistent pattern of differences most pronounced for males was found between the two groups although not all reached statistical significance. The problem youth compared to the non-problem youth tended to come from families somewhat lower in socio- economic level, somewhat less traditional in culture, and notably more prone to discipline by physical punishment than by verbal reasoning. The problem youth had significantly lower self-esteem, significantly higher maladjustment test scores, and significantly greater use and problems with alcohol and drugs. They were more alienated and had less clearly established direction for their future. Recommendations for remediation are considered.
Day-Program-Based Treatment in the Amsterdam City Center
Authors: Cohen D. , Sanders H.E.
Published: March 2007

The Social Psychiatric Services Center (SPDC C/OW) is the acute psychiatric clinic for the Amsterdam city center. The unit, originally an integrated part of a General Psychiatric Hospital located outside Amsterdam, was transferred to the city center in 1988. Since then, the unit has been transformed into a fully operational institute for day-program-based treatment, both as a substitute for 24 hours hospitalization and as an extension of community treatment programs. The SPDC's organization, the format and contents of the treatment program and the integrated cooperation with the district mental health care partners proceed directly from the consistently applied key concepts: day-program-based treatment, continuity of care and tailor- made care.

After an overview of some relevant developments in the Netherlands in general and in Amsterdam more specifically the SPDC is described in detail.

Some conclusions, based on the experience of 6 years work in this organisation, are drawn, focussing on long term treatment strategies and the differences and merits of community-based versus hospital-based care.
Personality and Stress in Consultant Psychiatrists
Authors: Deary Ian J. , Agius Raymond M. , Sadler Andrew
Published: March 2007

A randomly selected group of consultant psychiatrists (n = 39) working within the NHS in Scotland was compared with a combined group of physicians and surgeons (n = 149) on several variables related to the stress process, including personality traits, coping strategies, psychological distress, burnout, job stress and work demands. Psychiatrists reported fewer clinical work demands (p < .001), and their mean personality scores were significantly different from physicians and surgeons by being high in neuroticism (p = .009), openness (p = .003) and agreeableness (p = .002), and low in conscientiousness (p = .04). Psychiatrists reported higher work-related emotional exhaustion (p = .03) and severe depression (p = .02). However, psychiatrists did not report more work-related stress than physicians and surgeons. Many stress-related variables were highly correlated within the group of psychiatrists, suggesting that there is a very general disposition to experience negative emotion (including job-related stress) in some individuals. Organisational and personal contributions to stress in the practice of psychiatry are considered. There are personality characteristics that might dispose some people toward psychiatry as a career and toward stress. However, there is no evidence to suggest that screening for admission to psychiatry in terms of per sonality or other psychological factors would be useful or advisable.
Stress Experiences of Occupational Therapists in Mental Health Practice Arenas: a Review of the Literature
Authors: Sweeney Grace , Nichols Keith
Published: March 2007

The experience of job stress and burnout in occupational therapy has received only scant attention in the literature, although occupational therapists (OTs) share a number of important characteristics with other health care professionals that leave them vulnerable to the experience of stress. In addition, this group has a number of unique personal and work-related characteristics that could serve to increase its risk profile. Little effort has been directed at delinaating work-related stressors or experienced levels of stress within different practice arenas of occupational therapy, even though some specialisms (e.g. mental health, forensic psychiatry, learning disabilities or paediatrics) are likely to be more emotionally demanding than others. There are a number of indicators which confirm that job stress is an issue for OTs, although some of the empirical data suggests that, on average, this occupational group experience less burnout than other human service professionals.
Race as a Moderator of the Prediction of Receipt of Aftercare and Psychiatric Hospitalization
Authors: Klinkenberg W. Dean , Calsyn Robert J.
Published: March 2007

Race proved to be an important moderator variable in the prediction of the receipt of aftercare and psychiatric hospitalization. Only one variable, currently receiving outpatient treatment, predicted receipt of aftercare for both African-Americans and Caucasians. Other predictors for African-Americans were not receiving a sub stance abuse referral, receiving a mental health referral, and having an appointment. For Caucasians, other predictors were being female, having previous psychiatric admissions, no substance use disorder diagnosis, and not being admitted at index.

More previous admissions and recent outpatient treatment predicted hospitaliza tion for both racial groups. Additional predictors for African-Americans were being male, not being accompanied to the psychiatric emergency room (PER) by family, and receiving less intense aftercare. The only other predictor for Caucasians was being accompanied to the PER by the police.
A Rationale for the Use of Common Business-Letter Expressions
Authors: Janis J. Harold
Published: March 2007

Are the so-called stock phrases and stereotypes of business language really as bud as most writing teachers claim 1 Or do they indeed deserve a closer look! In this article Professor Janis argues that our liuguis tic prejudices may have to give way to the pressing needs of correspondence efficiency and to the realities of our busi ness culture.
Language Competencies Required By Occupational Choice
Authors: Hilkert Robert N.
Published: March 2007

A prominent businessman re views some matters of funda mental importance to Business English philosophy. This article, which originally appeared in the ABWA Bulletin, April, 1950, is offered once again in accordance with our policy of reprinting "classies" once each year. We believe Mr. Hilkert's observa tions about the needs and re sponsibilities of our profession are as insightful and timely now as they were some sixteen years ago.
Is Communications Research Really Worthwhile?
Authors: Greenberg Allan
Published: March 2007

The author of this article ques tions many of the accepted "principles" derived from ex perimental studies in the field of communications research. He proposes some basic conclusions for the field of marketing, but what he has to say is of rele vance to business communica tion, as well.
Integrated Teaching Techniques in Executive Programs
Authors: Sicband Norman B.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a team teaching technique used in executive programs at the University of Southern California. After a series of lectures, groups are formed to make presentations about hypothetical companies. Then each instructor in a team, focusing on his particular discipline, offers constructive criticism and evalu ation. Response from participants has been excellent.
COMMUNICATION THEORY: Should It Be in a Business Writing Course ?
Authors: Harder Virgil E.
Published: March 2007

Professor Harder proposes that because communication theory tends to be "destination" rather than "design" oriented, it is necessary for effective writing. He suggests that programmed learning texts can handle the rudiments of writing and give the teacher more class time for cases and laboratory study on the total environment of communications. This article was developed from a talk given at the ABCA Regional Meeting, Portland Community College, Portland, Oregon, April 26, 1969.
The Doldrums of the Advanced Writing Course
Authors: Douglas George H.
Published: March 2007

Mr. Douglas discusses the often heard complaint that advanced writing courses tend to reach an early point of diminishing returns, after which student interest begins to wane. After identifying a number of the traditional ways of preventing this from happening, he offers a few suggestions of his own for overcoming the doldrums.
Business Communication
Authors: Keyser Marshall R.
Published: March 2007

There are many unanswered questions about content in the business communi cations course. This study on the subject (performed in the state colleges of California in November, 1970) is particularly interesting for the data indicating frequency of topics dealt with in current business communication courses.
Tension Buckling of Anisotropic Cylinders
Authors: Pagano N.J. , Halpin J.C. , Whitney J.M.
Published: March 2007

The nature of the extensional response of anisotropic cylinders, such as helical-wound composite tubes, under various end con ditions is investigated analytically and experimentally. Of particular interest is the existence of a uniform state of stress under practical testing conditions. Also considered is the influence of end constraint on the stability of thin tubes.
Flexure Theory of Multi-Layer Orthotropic Circular Sandwich Plates
Authors: Stickney George H. , Abdulhadi Fakhruddin
Published: March 2007

A small deflection theory is presented for the flexure of multi- layer orthotropic circular sandwich plates by extremizing the com plementary energy with the use of Lagrange multipliers. The strain energy is supplemented by the equations defining the stress re sultants and equilibrium in which each one is preceded by a different Lagrange multiplier. The Euler-Lagrange equations re sulting from the extremization process are then solved simul taneously with the equations of stress resultants and equilibrium to yield the governing equations. These equations are then used to solve several symmetrical cases and one non-symmetrical case, namely a simply supported plate with hydrostatic load. Curves are included to show the effect of shear and the degree of orthotropy on the deflection for several cases.
Assessment of the Self Consistent Scheme Approximation: Conductivity of Particulate Composites
Authors: Hashin Zvi
Published: March 2007

The "self consistent scheme" method of approximation for analysis of effective properties of particulate composites is gen eralized. Thereby is removed an arbitrary assumption underlying current versions of this method. Specific results are given for effec tive conductivity of particulate composites. It is shown that within the present generalized frame the "self consistent scheme" does not yield more information than existing rigorous best possible bounds for effective conductivity of two phase materials of arbitrary phase geometry, derived by Hashin and Shtrikman.
Wave Propagation in Libroelastic Materials- Application to Solid Carbon-Dioxide
Authors: Valanis K.C.
Published: March 2007

The wave propagation and dispersion characteristics of libroelastic materials are considered. Such materials consist of molecules which interact by means of position as well as orientation-dependent forces, and possess mass as well as rotational inertia.

The following results hold for homogeneous libroelastic isotropic materials with a centre of symmetry: (a) Translational as well as librational waves decompose into longitudinal and transverse waves. (b) The longitudinal waves are uncoupled and the librational one is dispersive. (c) The transverse waves are coupled and the transverse translational particle motion is always perpendicular to the transverse rotational motion. These waves are dispersive.

The difference of two libroelastic constants of solid carbon dioxide has been evaluated (using Raman scattering measurements) for, what it is believed to be, the first time.