bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can prostaglandin E1 (Misoprostol) be an alternative to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) for induction of labor in prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM) after 34 weeks period of gestation
Authors: D. Mane Jitendra , K. Singh Anil
Published: September 2017

Background: To compare efficacy and safety of prostaglandin E1 (misoprostol) to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) for induction of labor in prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM) after 34 weeks period of gestation and its use as an alternative to PGE1.Methods: 80 women were recruited in this prospective interventional study who was admitted with PROM after 34 weeks of period of gestation for delivery. These women who were planned for induction of labor were alternately assign into two groups i.e. Misoprostol group (n = 40) who received Tab misoprostol 50 mcg orally 4 hourly (h) maximum of five doses and PGE2 group (n = 40) received PGE2 gel intracervically every 6 h for maximum of 3 doses. Analysis regarding safety and efficacy of the drugs was done with regards to maternal and perinatal outcome.Results: Out of 80 women, 40 received misoprostol and 40 received PGE2 gel. The intervention to induction interval was significantly less in PGE2 group (p-0.004) whereas the induction to delivery interval was similar in both groups (p- 0.628). Significant number of women delivered vaginally without need for oxytocin in misoprostol group, (p- 0.039) however there was no statistical difference in both groups as far as overall vaginal deliveries and caesarean section are concerned. Comparable neonatal and maternal morbidities were noted in both groups.Conclusions: Oral misoprostol can be used as an alternative to PGE2 gel for induction of labor after 34 weeks of period of gestation in women with PROM as it was found to be safe and effective in achieving vaginal deliveries with reduced need for oxytocin, without increasing maternal and neonatal morbidity.
Evaluation of quality of MBBS Biochemistry theory question papers of medical institutions in Maharashtra
Authors: Patke Vinay , Dahake Hemant , Kuyare Sunil
Published: September 2017

Background: In medical curricula, the assessment of cognitive domain of learning is through written theory examination. At present questions are prepared casually just before the examination and are not put through any quality check to assess reliability, validity, educational impact, and acceptability.Methods: This study was conducted to retrospectively review and evaluate question items in Biochemistry examination question paper, according to specified criteria with the intention to determine its quality and design. A total of 14 preliminary examination question papers were collected by request from medical colleges affiliated to Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik; to evaluate selection of topics, their weightage, cognitive level, difficulty level and types of MCQ, SAQ and LAQ items, as per prescribed structure and protocol of question setting. The data was compiled in Microsoft excel, and coefficient of variation was calculated for each parameter tested.Results: There was variation in the topic wise distribution of marks in relation to lecture hours and weightage assigned to each topic. In general, there was inconsistency and nonconformity with respect to the characteristics for maintaining quality. Inadequacy of testing higher cognitive levels and lack of case based and application type of questions was observed.Conclusions: The quality of question paper setting can be improved by introducing blue print in assessment system. The use of the blue print will ensure consistent high standard of question presentation, which will help students to understand the questions better and to answer them correctly.
A survey on indoor patient satisfaction in a private tertiary level surgical hospital in central India
Authors: Bhole Shantala S. , Bhole Sagarika S. , Bhole Sadashiv D. , Upadhye Jayshree J.
Published: September 2017

Background: Patient satisfaction is an extremely important factor responsible for the success and growth of any hospital. Hence this survey was done in a super-speciality Uro-gynaecology hospital in Nagpur, Central India to assess the patient satisfaction for indoor facilities.Methods: The present study was conducted over a period of 4 months in 100 indoor patients. These patients were asked to fill up a questionnaire just before they were discharged.Results: 88% respondents found the service by reception staff as excellent. 64% were admitted and allotted rooms within 30 minutes of arrival. 94% said that the time given by doctors was satisfactory. 96% were extremely satisfied with the disease description, 98% said that the perception of efficiency of doctors and the details of investigations discussed were excellent. 90% felt that the number of visits by doctors were adequate. Availability of medicines in the pharmacy was there for most of the times (98%). Drinking water and availability of toilets, electricity and cleanliness was present (94%). 52% were really satisfied with the final bill.Conclusions: Patients are satisfied regarding the basic amenities of the hospital and the provision for water and cleanliness levels. They are happy with the attitude and communication skills of the doctors, they expressed satisfaction about the availability of in-house pharmacy too.
Clinical profile of babies with meconium stained amniotic fluid
Authors: Ranee Defairlin , Phirke Deepa S.
Published: September 2017

Background: Meconium staining of amniotic fluid (MSAF) is a relatively common problem occuring in 10-25% of all deliveries. Meconium aspiration syndrome is more common in term babies than in preterm babies with rising frequency along with increase in gestational age of the fetus. Meconium stained amniotic fluid generally indicates sign of fetal distress. The objective of this study was to study clinical profile of meconium aspiration syndrome and the probable risk factors for meconium aspiration syndrome.Methods: It is a prospective observational sectional study conducted in NICU of department of paediatrics of tertiary care centre from 1st January 2015 to 30th June 2016.Results: In this study both sexes were equally affected, majority of the neonates were above 2.5kg and only very few (2 neonates) were less than 1.5kg. majority of the neonates were full term, it was found that there is a significant association between thick MSAF and the development of MAS, it was found that there is a significant association between low APGAR score at 1 minutes and the development of MAS, there is a strong association between thick MSAF and mortality in MSAF babies. Anemia 38 (25%) was the most frequent perinatal risk factor followed by fetal distress 27 (18) and PIH 21 (14%).Conclusions: Newborns with thick MSAF were more likely to develop MAS and thick MSAF and low APGAR at 1 min were associated with high risk of development of MAS. Passage of thick meconium was significantly associated with severe birth asphyxia and carried a bad prognosis with increased risk of development of meconium aspiration syndrome and hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy.
Negative pressure wound therapy in surgical wounds: a prospective comparative study
Authors: S. Chandrashekar , V. Veena
Published: September 2017

Background: The goal of treating any type of wound is to promote healing in a timely fashion. Wound healing is most successful in moist, clean and warm environment. One of the most significant discoveries in wound management is the improvement of wounds with negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT). NPWT entails applying topical negative pressure to a wound. In this study, the efficacy of topical negative pressure dressing was assessed in comparison with a control group using conventional moist wound dressings in wound healing.Methods: This is a prospective comparative study conducted on 50 patients with acute, sub-acute and chronic open wounds of various aetiologies. The patients were divided into two groups each group comprising of 25 patients. One group received negative pressure wound dressing while the other group received conventional saline moistened gauze dressing. Wounds were assessed depending on wound size, appearance of granulation tissue, wound bed score, reduction in wound size along with the time taken for wound closure. Statistical analysis was done using unpaired T-test and paired T-test. A p value of <0.05 was taken as significant.Results: Present study showed that there was a statistically significant decrease in the wound size in study group, early appearance of granulation tissue, significant increase in the wound score and faster rate of wound closure compared to the control group.Conclusions: Negative pressure wound therapy can be considered as a superior option in the management of open wounds.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatograhy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy in single session management of acute biliary pancreatitis
Authors: Gaber Ahmed , Ammar Mohamed S. , Soltan Hatem
Published: September 2017

Background: World widely, the annual incidence of acute pancreatitis ranges from 5 to 50 per 100000. The major cause of acute pancreatitis is biliary calculi, which occur in 50-70% of patients. Aim of this study is to evaluate Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography (ERCP) and Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (LC) as a single step management of early acute biliary pancreatitis.Methods: A prospective study included 25 patients complaining of acute biliary pancreatitis. The study was done between December 2012 and February 2016 at Menofia University Hospital. All patients had acute biliary pancreatitis with obstructive jaundice proved by laboratory investigations and imaging. ERCP and LC in the same session were aimed in all patients. Results: Successful same session was done in 24 (96%) cases and 1 (4%) case failed (just had ERCP only). Twenty cases (80%) were females and five cases (20%) were males. By ERCP, multiple small stones were extracted in 15 (60%) cases, biliary mud in 3 (12%) cases, a big stone in 2 (8%) cases and no stones were extracted in 5 (20%) cases. During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, bile stained ascites was present in 15 (60%) cases and absent in 9 (36%) cases. Calcium soap in 7 (28%) cases and absent in 17 (68%) cases. 17 (68%) patients stayed 24 hours in hospital while 6 (24%) patients stayed 48 hours and 2 (8%) cases stayed 72 hours. No mortality was recorded.Conclusions: ERCP and LC as a single step is a good option for management of early acute biliary pancreatitis.
A prospective study on parathyroid hormone levels in detecting early hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy
Authors: A. P. V. Sunil Kumar , G. Vinay
Published: September 2017

Background: Hypoparathyroidism and the resultant hypocalcaemia is a major cause of postoperative morbidity after total thyroidectomy with the incidence varying from 1% to 71%. This study aims to determine the incidence of parathyroid hormone deficiency as an earliest indicator for detecting hypocalcemia following total thyroidectomy.Methods: A prospective study was carried out among 50 subjects attending Department of Surgery, K. R. Hospital, Mysuru over a period of 12 months. Subjects of either sex undergoing total thyroidectomy had their serum parathyroid hormone levels tested at 1, 4, 12 and 24 hours after surgery were included in the study. Patients with poor compliance, calcium supplementation prior to surgery, coexisting parathyroid or renal pathology were excluded from the study. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to analyse the results.Results: Among 50 study subjects, Hypocalcemia developed in 3 subjects (6%) 24 hours after thyroidectomy showing a sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive value of 91%, 100%, 98% and 96% respectively.Conclusions: Parathyroid hormone levels in postoperative total thyroidectomy is an earliest indicator to detect symptomatic hypocalcemia subjects 24 hours after surgery, which prompts early administration of oral calcium replacement therapy in high risk subjects and potential safe early discharge post-operatively.
Effect of eating frequency on prediabetes status: a self-controlled preventive trial
Authors: Dixit Jagannath V. , Indurkar Sanjiv
Published: September 2017

Background: National diabetes data group (NDDG) first introduced the concept of a metabolic state intermediate between normal glucose homeostasis and diabetes, called glucose intolerance. The expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus extended the concept in 1997 to include patients with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and those with impaired glucose intolerance (IGT) and referred it as prediabetes. The rationale of the study is that if a person will eat only twice in the day, the insulin secretion will be less which will reduce the fasting insulin levels which are a proxy for prediabetes status.

Methods: This is a self-controlled preventive trial. The study was conducted from 1st July 2016 to 30th June 2017. Prediabetes was diagnosed when person had HbA1C from 5.7 to 6.4. The participants with HbA1C level from 5.7 to 6.4 were included in the study. The participants were advised to eat twice in the day and walk 4.5 km in 45 minutes every day, at least 5 days a week. They were asked to repeat HbA1C and fasting insulin after 3 months. Sample size calculated was 38. The parameters used for evaluation were HbA1C and fasting insulin.

Results: There were 33 males and 15 females in the study population. It was seen that there was significant reduction in HbA1C and fasting insulin levels of prediabetes patients. This difference was statistically significant with p value less than 0.01. All prediabetics converted to non-diabetic state in three months period.  

Conclusions: Eating twice a day and walking 4.5 km in 45 minutes every day causes statistically significant reduction in HbA1C and fasting insulin levels in patients with prediabetes. It was seen that all 48 participants converted to non-diabetic state within a period of 3 months.
Levels of vitamin D among overweight and obese adolescents: an observational study
Authors: Prashanth Reddy T. , Reddy Kishore , Sudhan Reddy Madhu , G. A. Manjunath
Published: September 2017

Background: Normal growth and development requires vitamin D, and its deficiency compromises long term health and increases the risk of chronic disease. Severe vitamin D deficiency include rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, increased risk of fracture, tooth loss. Studies indicate that vitamin D insufficiency (less severe than deficiency) is associated with a wide range of illnesses and chronic conditions, including type 1 diabetes, hypertension, multiple sclerosis and many types of cancer. Currently world is facing an unrecognized and untreated pandemic of vitamin D deficiency. This study aims at showing the relation between Vitamin D status and obesity in adolescent children and to know the dietary factors, life style factors like physical activity contributing to overweight and obesity in adolescents.Methods: Study design: This is an observational study of 30 overweight and obese adolescents based on BMI were studied and their Vitamin D levels were assessed.Results: A total of 14(46.7%) overweight and 16(53.3%) obese adolescents Vitamin D levels were assessed. 20(66.7%) had vitamin D levels <20ng/ml that is in the deficiency range.4(13.3%) had in the insufficiency range (21-30ng/ml), 6(20%) had in the sufficient range. Results shows vitamin D levels were significantly less in obese and overweight adolescents.Conclusions: Study results confirm that Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency is common to obese and overweight adolescents, this may help to explain the relationship between obesity and several chronic diseases that are associated with poor Vitamin D status.
A study to find out the effect of remote ischemic post conditioning of lower limb in patients of acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: R. Sreedhara , Tripathi Vishwa Deepak
Published: September 2017

Background: Reperfusion therapy of affected myocardium is among the most successful method for infarct size reduction and achieving the better outcome in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) is among best procedures for successful reperfusion therapy which has effect in reduction of size of infarct, maintaining ventricular function for better outcome. In this study, authors were aimed to assess whether remote ischemic post-conditioning (RIPC) of lower limb could reduce enzymatic infarct size in patients with acute STEMI undergoing pPCI.Methods: A case control, cross sectional, hospital based randomized study was carried out in Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, IPGMER, Kolkata, from February 2014 to October 2015. Total 40 patients (20 cases and 20 controls) who were undergoing primary PCI for acute myocardial infarction were taken for study. In the active treatment group, the protocol was started with thrombectomy. The lower limb was exposed to 3 cycles of ischemia/reperfusion, each obtained by 5 min cuff inflation at 200mmHg, followed by 5 min complete deflation. End point of the study will be enzymatic infarct size assessed by the area under the curve of creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB) release.Results: The AUC of serum CK release during the first 72 hours of reperfusion was significantly reduced (p=0.0341) in the post-conditioned group compared with the control group, averaging 9632 units in postconditioned compared with 13493 units in control group which represented 26% of reduction of infarct size.Conclusions: Remote ischemic post conditioning of lower limb significantly improves blush grading and enzymatic infarct size reduction with a trend towards significant reduction of mean ST segment deviation.
Rapid assessment of safe injection practice in a tertiary care hospital of Eastern India
Authors: Panda Sadhu Charan
Published: September 2017

Background: Unsafe injection practice is harmful to the patients, providers and community especially in a tertiary care hospital. On this backdrop, a rapid assessment of injection practice has been conducted with aim of identifying determinants and indicators of safe injection practice. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 20 providers, 20 prescribers, 100 prescriptions and 120 general population by convenient sampling as per WHO from November 2016 to April 2017 in the hospital of VSS Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Burla using interview, observation method and analysis of prescriptions. Results: Knowledge about possibility of transmission of HCV due to unsafe injection practice was 80% among providers and 40% among general population. All providers were using sterile syringe and needle though 60% of them were seen not using gloves in case IV Injection/blood transfusion and needle recapping was done by half of them 100 per cent of injection providers reported that they have access to a sharps waste disposal facility. Needle recapping was done by half of them. OT8 indicator was 26.7(%). Average number of injections per person based on the population data was 1 injection per annum. Conclusions: Unsafe injection practice has to be tackled by CME among prescribers about rationale use of injections, antibiotics from essential drug list, regular supply of equipment and hub cutter and education of providers and people about injection safety will prevent avoidable communicable diseases.
A study on the prevalence of dental caries among the school-going children in Tamil Nadu
Authors: Parasuraman Gomathy , Gowtham Krishna Y. , Kaviya M. , Jain Nischal A. , Rajendran Prashanth , Dutta Ruma
Published: September 2017

Background: Dental caries is an important social problem in India and is predominantly a disease of childhood. The prevalence and incidence of dental caries is influenced by various socio–demographic factors like age, sex, ethnic groups, dietary patterns and oral hygiene habits. The objective of the study were to estimate the prevalence of dental caries among the school going children aged between 5–10 years and to determine the risk factors associated with dental caries.Methods: A population based cross–sectional study was conducted among the primary school going children in Thirumazhisai from February 2016 to July 2016. Simple random sampling technique was employed and 357 children were identified for the study. Descriptive statistics was calculated for background variables and association between the risk factors and evidence of dental caries was analyzed by tests of proportions and chi square test was used as a statistical test of significance. Results: The overall prevalence of dental caries was found to be 63.9%. Higher prevalence of dental caries was found among the girls (54%), among the lower socioeconomic class (41.7%), among those who consumed mixed diet (74.8%), among those who consumed junk foods (62.6%) at least once every day and among those who consumed dairy products (58.9%) at least once every day. Dental caries was found to be low in prevalence among those who consumed fruits several times a week (6.1%), among those who brushed their teeth twice/more than twice a day (20.2%) and among those who washed their mouth after each meal (38.7%). Conclusions: Lack of awareness, improper dietary habits and poor oral hygienic practices are seemingly the contributing factors for the development of dental caries. Dental caries is a preventable disease which can be alleviated by creating community awareness through health education activities.
Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of organisms in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Singh Namit Kant , Garg Lakshmi Narayan , Baisakhiya Nitish , Kuhar Hitesh , Shekhar Shubhranshu , Rao Naiya , Singh Anshul
Published: September 2017

Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis is an ever increasing problem faced by all sectors of the population throughout the world. Various etiologic factors have been associated with the disease entity but the main concern throughout the world is the increasing antimicrobial resistance which is leading to less compliance and higher treatment cost.

Methods: A total of 60 cases and 60 controls were selected and nasal swabs were collected under endoscopic guidance from middle meatus and were sent for culture and sensitivity.  

Results: The data collected showed that the most common pathogen isolated from the cases was methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) accounting for 58.33% followed by fungi and methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). The antibiotic sensitivity showed that MRSA is having the most resistant pattern with only Vancomycin, Teicoplanin and Linezolid having 100% sensitivity followed by Rifampicin, Netilmicin and Clindamycin.

Conclusions: From this study we conclude that MRSA is the most common pathogen affecting the cases of chronic sinusitis and it shows a high degree of resistance towards antibiotics which is responsible for incurring higher cost of treatment and low compliance.
A clinical study of displaced clavicle fractures treated with precontoured locking compression plate
Authors: Naidu E. Dilip Kumar , Anand A. V.
Published: September 2017

Background: Fractures which involve the clavicle are very common and account for almost 5-10% of all the fractures and up to around 45% of those which involve the shoulder girdle. Most of these fractures occur due to a direct blow to the anterior chest wall or by falling on the outstretched hand. Traditionally, clavicular fractures have been treated with conservative methods, but the outcome was poor, leading to patient dissatisfaction. An option is the precontoured locking plates which provide immediate relief, stabilization and early mobilization, more so because they do not require further bending.

Methods: 50 patients, above 18 years of age, with closed displaced clavicular fractures were included in the study. Clinical evaluation was done for all the patients using the Constant-Murley score. Precontoured locking compression plate was inserted surgically for the treatment of the fracture and follow-up was done for 6 months postoperatively.

Results: Out of the 50 patients studied, 42 were males (84%) and 8 (16%) were females. Most of the patients belonged to 21-50 years of the age group. Road traffic accidents were the most common cause (98%) for this type of fractures. Most of the fractures were united by 11-12 weeks of duration (42%), closely followed by a time period of 9-10 weeks (40%). Most of the patients showed full range of movement (84%), while 6% showed movements which were restricted by 200 and 10% showed 300 restrictions. In 32% of the cases, the outcome was excellent while only 6% of the patients showed a fair outcome.

Conclusions: Displaced mid-shaft clavicle fractures treated with precontoured locking compression plates gave good functional outcome and patient satisfaction with excellent reunion rates.
Editorial
Authors: Editorial Comitê
Published: September 2017

 

 
Memória em elementos tumulares medievais: tumbas transi como fenômeno social
Authors: Santos Amanda Basilio , Santos Carlos Alberto Ávila
Published: September 2017

Este artigo discute os aspectos memoriais e comunicativos de uma expressão tumular específica, por meio da análise de alguns exemplares do fenômeno artístico funerário conhecido como tumbas transi ou tumbas cadáveres. Embora tais tumbas não sejam um fenômeno exclusivo da Inglaterra medieval, em nosso artigo o recorte espacial se concentrará no território inglês, e nossa abrangência temporal comportará o século XV. Entendemos a escultura fúnebre que assim se apresenta como um forte “sociotransmissor”, um conceito trabalhado por Joël Candau, através do qual explora a capacidade que alguns objetos possuem na formação de uma cadeia memorial.
Pour une francophonie des Amériques. Entretien avec Denis Desgagnés réalisé par Oscar Augusto Berg
Authors: Berg Oscar Augusto , Desgagnés Denis
Published: September 2017

O Centro da francofonia das Américas (CFA) é um organismo ativo desde 2008, cujo principal objetivo é aumentar o acesso, a participação e a visibilidade da francofonia das Américas. Nesta entrevista realizada por Oscar Augusto Berg, Denis Desgagnés, Presidente-Diretor do Centro desde 2011, apresenta o percurso, os programas e as aspirações do CFA, assim como o estado atual e os desafios da francofonia no Quebec, em contexto minoritário canadense e nas Américas. Atuando na cultura, na economia, na educação, na comunicação e na pesquisa, o CFA estimula o intercâmbio, a criação de vínculos duradores e a realização de ações reunindo os francófonos de toda a América. Nós assistimos, atualmente, à emergência de uma francofonia das Américas inclusiva, solidária e em movimento, da qual Denis Desgagnés faz, aqui, uma apaixonante defesa.
Elaboração participativa de Termos de Ajustamento de Conduta:
Authors: Klunk Luzia , Oliveira Renato de , Turatti Luciana
Published: September 2017

O uso de recursos naturais pode gerar conflitos ambientais, pois abarca questões inerentes à sua complexidade. Além disso, há um enfraquecimento do Estado para tratar desses conflitos, havendo necessidade de debate público. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as formas de tratamento desses conflitos na esfera jurídica, verificar os caminhos para a substituição da deliberação unilateral pela participação em Termos de Ajustamento de Conduta (TAC) e apontar se esses acordos estão gerando compreensão dos fenômenos ambientais. Foi realizado um estudo em Inquéritos Civis Públicos instaurados pela Promotoria de Justiça Especializada de Lajeado, com TAC firmados por pessoa física no período de janeiro de 2008 a janeiro de 2014, utilizando-se a pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e a realização de entrevistas com os investigados. As conclusões geraram a compreensão de que há pouca participação na elaboração dos TAC e que não houve uma ampliação do grau de compreensão dos fenômenos ambientais pelos envolvidos.
A Construção do Sistema Brasileiro de Declaração Ambiental de Produto
Authors: Horner Hoe Veronica Moreira , Caldeira Pires Armando
Published: September 2017

A rotulagem ambiental tipo III tem sido adotada por diversos países no mundo, especialmente após as exigências dos países europeus. Tem-se observado o crescimento da rotulagem tipo III e da elaboração das regras de categoria de produtos em diferentes setores produtivos. O Brasil recentemente publicou seu Programa de Rotulagem tipo III-DAP (Declaração Ambiental de Produto), por meio de regulamento do Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro), que já era o órgão responsável pelo Programa Brasileiro de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida. Este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar e analisar os instrumentos, desafios, limites e possibilidade para a implementação do programa proposto pelo Inmetro para rotulagem tipo III, a partir da avaliação de experiências internacionais, da análise SWOT e de entrevista realizada com o setor privado. O que se concluiu é que o programa do Inmetro ainda é muito recente, mas segue alinhado com os programas dos demais países, e isso lhe permitirá um reconhecimento mútuo no futuro. Além disso, o programa brasileiro é capaz de ser integrado a outras políticas públicas brasileiras, impulsionando sua implementação.
Universo Quebradeiras
Authors: Lima Vanusa da Silva , Nasuti Stéphanie
Published: September 2017

“Mata de cocais”, ou “babaçuais”, denominam as áreas geográficas com grande incidência das palmeiras de babaçu. Esta palmeira, da família botânica Arecaceae, é nativa do Brasil e ocorre em diversos países da América Latina. No Brasil, encontra-se em 11 estados, cobrindo 13 a 18 milhões de hectares , destacando-se em povoamento os estados do Maranhão, Piauí, Tocantins e Pará. Floresta antrópica por excelência, as palmeiras de babaçu ocupam áreas desmatadas, principalmente por queimadas. Prolifera-se com facilidade, formando em poucos anos uma mata fechada.
XRD-473 (AN EXPERIMENTAL BENZOYLPHENYLUREA): RATES AND OPTIMAL TIME OF APPLICATION TO WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM1,2
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L. , Preisler Haiganoush K.
Published: September 2017

XRD-473 (N-(((3,5-Dichloro-4-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy) phenyl-amino) carbonyl)-2, 6-difluorobenzamide), a benzoylphenylurea (BPU), was tested in a series of experiments to estimate the optimal time and rate of application relative to instar distribution of a population of western spruce budworm Choristoneura occidentals Freeman. The optimal time of application was estimated to be the first 17 days after the first group of second instars emerges from diapause. Based on the rainfastness of the chemical, field application rates were estimated to be 3.5, 7.0, and 10.4 g/ha. XRD-473 appears to be more than twice as effective per unit rate than any BPU previously tested; if it becomes commercially available, XRD-473 would be a prime candidate for field testing.
PARASITISM AND PREDATION OF YELLOW STEM BORER, SCIRPOPHAGA INCERTULAS (WALKER) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) EGGS IN TRANSPLANTED AND DIRECT SEEDED RICE
Authors: Shepard Merle , Arida G. S.
Published: September 2017

Incidence of parasitism and predation of yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas, eggs was monitored in transplanted and direct seeded rice during March, 1984, to February, 1985. Monthly planting using the two crop establishment techniques allowed comparison of egg parasitism and predation at 29, 70, and 91 days after seeding. Parasites which emerged from yellow stem borer eggs were Tetrastichus schoenobii Ferriere, Telenomus rowani (Gahar) and Trichogramma spp. The incidence of parasitism was higher at 29 days after seeding and decreased with crop age in both methods of crop establishment. Contrarily, there was a trend toward more egg mass predation as the crop aged, especially in direct seeded rice. In general, the incidence of parasitism was higher in transplanted rice.
DISCOVERY OF HYBRID FIRE ANT POPULATIONS IN GEORGIA AND ALABAMA
Authors: Diffie Stan , Vander Meer Robert K. , Bass Max H.
Published: September 2017

The recent movement of fire ants into previously non-infested northwest Georgia counties led to an investigation of their identity. Gas chromatograph traces of the cuticular hydrocarbon patterns of these ants showed them to be hybrids of Solenopsis invicta Buren and Solenopsis richteri Forel. This study extends the known range of the hybrid to ten Georgia counties, twenty-one Alabama counties, and five Mississippi counties.
SEASONAL ABUNDANCE AND DISPERSION PATTERNS OF DAMSEL BUGS (HEMIPTERA: NABIDAE) IN ALABAMA AND FLORIDA SOYBEAN FIELDS
Authors: Funderburk J. E. , Mack T. P.
Published: September 2017

Seasonal abundance and dispersion characteristics of a multiple-species guild of adult and nymphal damsel bugs were determined for soybean fields located in Alabama and Florida. Damsel bugs were present in each field beginning in late June or early July. Damsel bugs then were abundant for the remainder of the growing season. The variance/mean ratio and Taylor's power law were calculated for adult and nymphal density estimates. Nymphs were aggregated and adults were slightly aggregated to random.
LIFE HISTORY OF THE WOOLLY PINE SCALE PSEUDOPHILIPPIA QUAINTANCII COCKERELL (HOMOPTERA: COCCIDAE) IN LOBLOLLY PINE SEED ORCHARDS
Authors: Clarke Stephen R. , DeBarr Gary L. , Berisford C. Wayne
Published: September 2017

The woolly pine scale, Pseudophilippia quaintancii Cockerell, had 2 generations per year in the Georgia coastal plain. Crawler activity peaked in late March-early April and late May to mid-June. First-generation males were wingless and emergence began in late April. Second-generation males were alate and their emergence peaked in early July. Populations of P. quaintancii increased during the first generation and dispersal occurred during the second. Fecundity averaged about 500 offspring per female. Populations were significantly affected by tree clone and crown level, with higher average survival in the upper crown. Parasitism of the woolly pine scale was low.
Trap Crop Effectiveness in Community Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Control Programs2
Authors: Moore Leon , Watson Theo F.
Published: September 2017

Trap crops, along with delayed uniform planting and pinhead square treatments, greatly reduced spring populations of overwintered boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, in a Laveen, AZ community-wide IPM program in 1987. Thirty four trap crops, planted fifteen days ahead of the regular crop, had as many as 39536 damaged plants/ha before insecticide treatments were initiated. Five insecticide applications at 3-day intervals beginning at square initiation were used to destroy weevils before the trap crops were plowed under at the time pinhead square treatments were initiated in regular planted fields. Damaged square infestations were 2 to 11 times lower throughout the season in 1987 compared to 1986 while average lint yields per ha increased from a low of 942 kg in 1985 to 1345 kg in 1986 and 1506 kg in 1987.
Bait Attraction of the Introduced Pest Ant, Wasmannia auropunctata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Galapagos Islands2
Authors: Williams David F. , Whelan Patrick M.
Published: September 2017

In laboratory studies with 14 food substances, peanut butter and honey were the most attractive substances to workers of the ant Wasmannia auropunctata. In tests with 6 oils, soybean oil (once refined) was the most attractive to the workers; however, it was not significantly more attractive than tuna oil and sunflower oil. A comparison of the attractiveness of the commercial fire ant baits Amdro (hydramethylnon) and Logic (fenoxycarb) with a peanut butter standard indicated that Amdro was not significantly different; however, Logic was significantly less attractive. Field bait acceptance studies of W. auropunctata were conducted in the Galapagos Islands with the following: the fire ant baits, Amdro and Logic; the Pharaoh's ant baits, Raid Max Ant Bait (N-ethyl Perfluorooctanesulfonamide) and Maxforce Pharoah Ant Killer (hydramethylnon); and lard, peanut butter, peanut butter oil, honey, and honey:water (1:1). Results indicated that the most attractive substance to workers was Amdro; however, it was not significantly different from peanut butter, lard or Raid Max Ant Bait.
Survival of Immature Rusty Grain Beetles (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) on Various Particle Sizes of Cracked Corn2
Authors: Throne James E.
Published: September 2017

Survival of individually-reared immature rusty grain beetles (RGB), Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), was determined on finely cracked, medium cracked, and coarsely cracked corn maintained at 30°C and 75% RH. The study was conducted to determine whether differences in progeny production on the various particle sizes of corn (as shown in an earlier study) could be attributed to inherent differences among the various particle sizes of cracked corn in their ability to support egg to adult development of RGB. The proportion of the test population surviving (number of live adults/number of eggs hatched) was 0.76 (214/280) for finely cracked corn, 0.79 (222/280) for medium cracked corn, and 0.72 (194/269) for coarsely cracked corn. These differences in survival were not statistically significant. Thus, the hypothesis that there are differences in inherent suitability of the various particle sizes of cracked corn for supporting egg to adult development of RGB is not supported.
Soybean Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Oviposition Preference Relative to Plant Development in Soybean and Cotton
Authors: Felland C. M. , Porter R. P. , Pitre H. N.
Published: September 2017

Oviposition choice by soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), of soybean and cotton in two phenological stages was tested in field cages to determine relative oviposition preference for these two crops in a situation similar to early- to mid-season cropping conditions in Mississippi. Moths were released into field cages enclosing four contiguous rows for each of two treatments, and egg density per m of row was determined after the second night. Test 1 paired blooming cotton (planted 25 May) with either blooming (23 June) or vegetative (11 July) soybean. Relative to blooming cotton with 81.1% canopy closure, blooming soybean with 78% canopy closure received 2.6-fold greater oviposition, while vegetative soybean with 41% canopy closure received only 0.24-times the eggs as blooming cotton. Test 2 compared oviposition on the two soybean classes in the absence of cotton. Here, 11.2-fold more eggs were oviposited on blooming soybean than on vegetative soybean. Test 3 paired blooming soybean with either blooming or pre-bloom cotton (planted 23 June). Relative to soybean, the pre-bloom cotton with 68.7% canopy closure received 1.6-fold more eggs than blooming cotton, although neither cotton treatment received as many eggs as blooming soybean. This study suggests that the importance of cotton as a host of soybean looper declines as the crop growing season advances.
Keys for Distinguishing Thrips (Thysanoptera) Commonly Found on Slash Pine in Florida
Authors: Merkel Edward P. , Fatzinger Carl W. , Dixon Wayne N.
Published: September 2017

The slash pine flower thrips (SPFT), Gnophothrips fuscus (Morgan) commonly damages cone crops of slash pines, Pinus elliottii Engelmann var. elliottii. It occurs in the crowns of seed orchard trees in association with three other species of thrips — Leptothrips pini (Watson), Frankliniella bispinosa (Morgan), and Oxythrips pallidiventris Hood. Pest management strategies are being developed for southern pine seed orchards that rely on the rapid and accurate identification of different species of pests. Two laboratory keys are presented to distinguish the four species of thrips in the laboratory.
Spectral Characterization of Cucurbitacins in a Bitter Mutant of Hawkesbury Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad) that Elicit a Feeding Response to Diabroticite Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)2
Authors: DeMilo A. B. , Lee C. J. , Schroder R. F. W. , Schmidt W. F. , Harrison D. J.
Published: September 2017

Fractions obtained by open-column flash chromatography of a crude methanolic extract of the rind of a bitter mutant of Hawkesbury watermelon, Citrullus vulgaris Schrad, were further purified by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to isolate chemical component(s) that elicit a visitation/feeding stimulancy response to the southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber. Activity of chromatographic fractions were followed with a laboratory bioassay involving total insect-response counts. The chemical structure of the most active component in C. vulgaris was confirmed by chemical ionization mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to be cucurbitacin-E glycoside. Two other cucurbitacin-like compounds were isolated and structures for them postulated. A procedure to prepare a crude, biologically active, extract of C. vulgaris is reported. Dose-response data for the crude extract in laboratory tests against two diabroticite beetles D. undecimpunctata howardi and D. virgifera virgifera LeConte are also reported.
A Comparison of Three Common Indices Used for Estimating Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Damage in the Field
Authors: Fettig Christopher J. , Berisford C. Wayne
Published: September 2017

A quick and efficient means to estimate Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), damage levels that is also a reliable indicator of upper level and whole-tree damage is highly desirable because of the large sample sizes used in growth impact studies. Correlation and regression analyses were performed on the percentage of loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., shoots damaged in three tree strata by R. frustrana. A large data set revealed highly significant correlations between terminal, top whorl, and whole-tree damage estimates. However, terminal and whole-tree estimates were weakly correlated. Top whorl damage was strongly correlated with both terminal and whole-tree damage indices. We conclude that top whorl damage indices are an efficient estimate and a sensitive indicator of both terminal and whole-tree damage levels.
Survival of Archytas marmoratus (Diptera: Tachinidae) in Helicoverpa zea and Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at Low Temperatures and Short Days
Authors: Proshold F. I. , Carpenter J. E.
Published: September 2017

Archytas marmoratus (Townsend) was reared on corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), or fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Rearing chambers were programmed for a constant temperature of 15, 16, 19, 20, 22, 24, or 25°C and a photoperiod of 10:14 h (L:D) or 25°C and a photoperiod of 12:12 h (L:D). Development of parasitoids was faster when corn earworm larvae were parasitized than when fall armyworm larvae were parasitized. At 15°C parasitoid survival was poor on both hosts but at 16°C, more parasitoids eclosed on corn earworm than fall armyworm. Diapause induction in this strain of corn earworm was low. All pupae that eclosed after being in diapause produced an adult corn earworm. The data suggested that A. marmoratus is not influenced by diapause induction in its host but continues to develop above the threshold temperature for survival. This would restrict its overwintering as a larva or pupa to regions that have a continuous, nondiapausing host population. Thus, yearly establishment of A. marmoratus in more temperate areas would be required.
Effect of α-Tomatine and Tomatidine on the Growth and Development of the Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): Studies Using Synthetic Diets
Authors: Kowalski Stanley P. , Domek John M. , Sanford Lind L. , Deahl Kenneth L.
Published: September 2017

Glycoalkaloids are found throughout the genera Solanum (potato) and Lycopersicon (tomato). Certain glycoalkaloids, i.e., α-tomatine, solanocardenine, and leptine, have been implicated as resistance factors to the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. The allelochemical properties of these glycoalkaloids have primarily been demonstrated by studies in planta, correlating Colorado potato beetle resistance with high levels of foliar glycoalkaloids: solanocardenine in S. neocardenasii, α-tomatine in S. pinnatisectum, and leptine in S. chacoense. Although the evidence that these glycoalkaloids mediate resistance is compelling, controlled analyses of Colorado potato beetle response to purified glycoalkaloids, fed to insects in synthetic diets, are necessary to characterize the allelochemic nature of these compounds. In this study, Colorado potato beetle reared on a meridic, synthetic diet supplemented with increasing concentrations of α-tomatine exhibit retarded growth and delayed development. These effects were evident throughout the insects' development, from egg to prepupal stage. Tomatidine (the aglycone of α-tomatine) has no effect on Colorado potato beetle, suggesting that the tetrasaccharide moiety of the glycoalkaloid is essential for insecticidal activity, consistent with a membrane-lytic mechanism of action.
Syntheses and Behavioral Evaluations of Fluorinated and Silylated Analogs of Raspberry Ketone as Attractants for the Melon Fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett)
Authors: Casaña-Giner V. , Oliver J. E. , Jang E. , Carvalho L.
Published: September 2017

Cuelure, the acetate of raspberry ketone, has for many years been the only practical lure for male melon flies, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett). Outdoor olfactometer and field tests of several new analogs of raspberry ketone were conducted in Hawaii. Of the newly synthesized compounds, only 4-(4-((trimethylsilanyl)oxy)phenyl)butan-2-one, the trimethylsilyl ether of raspberry ketone, was highly attractive for male melon flies, being statistically equivalent to cuelure in a 2-d field test. None of several fluorinated analogs of raspberry ketone were nearly as attractive as raspberry ketone itself. The recently reported attractant zingerone did not show significant attractiveness to either male or female melon flies.
Biological Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis and Associated Toxins against the Asian Longhorned Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: D'Amico Vincent , Podgwaite John D. , Duke Sara
Published: September 2017

Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. tenebrionis and B. thuringiensis toxins were assayed against larval and adult Asian longhorned beetles, Anoplophora glabripennis (A. glabripennis). Preliminary in vitro assays showed some toxins to be active on whole midgut preparations in voltage clamp assays and in assays on brush border membrane vesicles formed from midgut epithelial cells. For in vivo tests, a commercially-available product (Novodor®) was incorporated into artificial diet, upon which larvae were allowed to feed ad lib. In other tests, droplets of solubilized B. thuringiensis toxins were fed to larval and adult beetles using a micropipette. None of the in vivo assays showed significant negative effects on either larvae or adults. We believe that some aspect of A. glabripennis midgut chemistry may be incompatible with toxin activation or mode of action.
Potential Postharvest Use of Radiography to Detect Internal Pests in Deciduous Tree Fruits
Authors: Hansen James D. , Schlaman Donald W. , Haff Ron P. , Yee Wee L.
Published: September 2017

Radiographic techniques were investigated for their potential to detect internal pests in deciduous tree fruits. Two non-destructive methods, X-ray CT imaging and film X-ray, were used to detect larval feeding damage caused by codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in apples. In addition, CT imaging was used to detect larvae of the codling moth and western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae), in cherries. Both techniques showed evidence of codling moth feeding tunnels in apples, as well as in cherries using CT imaging. CT images of cherries infested with fruit fly larvae showed retraction of the fruit pulp from the seed. This study supports the use of radiography to detect internally damaged fruits for sorting on the commercial packing line.