bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Helix‐Sense‐Selective Polymerization of Achiral Bis(hydroxymethyl)phenylacetylenes Bearing Alkyl Groups of Different Lengths
Authors: Hadano Shingo , Kishimoto Takuya , Hattori Tomonori , Tanioka Daisuke , Teraguchi Masahiro , Aoki Toshiki , Kaneko Takashi , Namikoshi Takeshi , Marwanta Edy
Published: April 2009

4‐Alkyloxy‐3,5‐bis(hydroxymethyl)phenylacetylenes with eight types of alkyl groups were synthesized and polymerized with a chiral catalytic system. We found that the length of the alkyl groups played a very important role in achieving helix‐sense‐selective polymerization. Five helix‐sense‐selective polymerizations were achieved resulting in polymers with alkyl groups whose chain length was longer than six. We think that the longer‐chain alkyl groups prevented the polymers from becoming insoluble by forming intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups, and stabilized their one‐handed helical structure by promoting the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds.

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95Mo NMR: a useful tool for structural studies in solution
Authors: Brito José Angel , Teruel Helena , Massou Stéphane , Gómez Montserrat
Published: April 2009

Oxomolybdenum(VI) complexes containing diverse ligands from an electronic and topological point of view have been analysed by means of 95Mo NMR in solution with the purpose of using this technique as a tool to study their coordination chemistry and reactivity. The relationship between the electronic density on the metal tuned by the electron‐donor ability of the coordinated ligands and the 95Mo chemical shift has been proved for mono‐ and bimetallic complexes showing a hexa‐ or hepta‐coordination around the metal centre. The different origins of the signal broadening (associated either to the symmetry of the metallic polyhedron or to the presence of isomers or to the ligand de‐coordination) have been also considered to rationalise the obtained data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clear cell sarcoma of the stomach
Authors: Lagmay Joanne P. , Ranalli Mark , Arcila Maria , Baker Peter
Published: April 2009

Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) is a high grade soft tissue sarcoma with a distinct molecular profile. Gastrointestinal CCS is very rare and most reported cases are in adults. We describe a 10‐year‐old female with a 4‐month history of anemia who later developed fever, weight loss and abdominal pain. She was subsequently found to have a large infiltrative gastric mass. A diagnosis of CCS was confirmed by molecular and cytogenetic studies. This case illustrates the necessity of a multimodal approach, particularly the use of molecular studies, in the diagnostic evaluation of rare tumors presenting in unusual sites. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:214–216. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antisocial personality disorder: Co‐morbid Axis I mental disorders and health service use among a national household population
Authors: Ullrich Simone , Coid Jeremy
Published: April 2009

Antisocial personality disorder is highly co‐morbid with other mental disorders, particularly substance use disorders, but little is known about the use of mental health services among this group. The study investigated the use of mental health services and associations with psychiatric co‐morbidity among persons with a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder within a representative UK household population. Weighted data from 8 395 respondents included 245 (2.9%) with a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder. This diagnosis resulted in independent risks of substance abuse disorders, suicide attempts and generalized anxiety disorders when compared with the general population. Help‐seeking behaviour was more prevalent among the antisocial group than the general population but was primarily mediated through co‐morbid Axis I mental disorders and was not because of antisocial symptoms or other co‐morbid personality disorders. Among those with antisocial personality disorder, approximately one‐quarter had consulted a mental health professional in the year before interview. Of those, nearly 70% suffered from a co‐morbid anxiety disorder. High use of mental health services among persons with antisocial personality disorder appears to be a characteristic of a specific subgroup with high levels of anxiety. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photochromic behavior of several new synthesized bis‐1,3‐diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hex‐3‐enes
Authors: Kiyani H. , Mahmoodi N. O. , Tabatabaeian K. , Zanjanchi M.
Published: April 2009

Photochromic compounds (1–6) are synthesized and characterized and the results of their spectra are presented. The structure–photochromic behavior relationship (SPBR) of the synthesized compounds has been analyzed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards defining the whole salivary peptidome
Authors: Vitorino Rui , Barros António , Caseiro Armando , Domingues Pedro , Duarte José , Amado Francisco
Published: April 2009

We report the identification of 2294 peptides/proteins in whole saliva in the mass range between 700 and 16 000 Da by LC‐MS and MS/MS using a MALDI‐TOF/TOF mass spectrometer. Most of the identified peptides/proteins are originated from cellular debris or plasma components while only 26% (n = 607) correspond to salivary peptides/proteins species. In spite of the presence of the major salivary peptides in all samples from the six subjects analyzed, each individual presents a different pattern of fragments, many deriving from the same protein sequence. All our data, in particular the large number of fragments found, suggest high proteolytic activity insight the oral cavity. The analysis of samples by gelatin zymography showed that all saliva donors displayed multiple proteolytic bands, two identified as cathepsin D and G by MS. Analysis of the cleavage site distribution on the main peptide sequences based on contingency tables shows that the predominant cleavages occur between Gln‐Gly or Tyr‐Gly. These cleavages are largely associated with proline‐rich proteins peptides and with histatin 1 and P‐B peptide, respectively. However, depending on the peptide class, different cleavage hits were observed suggesting the presence of a set of proteases acting in different ways according to different peptide sequences. Comparing the number of cleavages involving all residues, it is possible to observe that 44% (±10%) of the observed cleavages in histatin, statherin and P‐B peptide in all individuals may be explained by cathepsin D, suggesting a major role for this enzyme in oral cavity proteolysis.
Flux vacua attractors in type II on SU(3) × SU(3) structure
Authors: Anguelova L.
Published: April 2009

We summarize and extend our work on flux vacua attractors in generalized compactifications. After reviewing the attractor equations for the heterotic string on SU(3) structure manifolds, we study attractors for N = 1 vacua in type IIA/B on SU(3) × SU(3) structure spaces. In the case of vanishing RR flux, we find attractor equations that encode Minkowski vacua only (and which correct a previous normalization error). In addition to our previous considerations, here we also discuss the case of nonzero RR flux and the possibility of attractors for AdS vacua.
Kähler metrics: String vs field theoretical approach
Authors: Di Vecchia P. , Liccardo A. , Marotta R. , Pezzella F.
Published: April 2009

We use both a string and a field theoretical approach in order to determine respectively the Kähler metrics of untwisted and twisted open strings attached to magnetized D9 branes in toroidal compactifications.
Vacuum polarization effects in the cosmic string background
Authors: Sitenko Yu.A. , Vlasii N.D.
Published: April 2009

A charged scalar field is quantized in the background of a cosmic string which is generalized to a (d ‐ 2)‐brane in locally flat (d + 1)‐dimensional space‐time. The induced vacuum current is found to circulate around the string. The current is a holomorphic function of the space dimension, decreasing exponentially with the distance from the string. The dependence of the current on the flux and tension of the string is comprehensively analyzed.
N = 2 world‐sheet approach to D‐branes on generalized Kähler geometries: I. General formalism
Authors: Sevrin A. , Staessens W. , Wijns A.
Published: April 2009

We present an N = 2 world‐sheet superspace description of D‐branes on bihermitian or generalized Kähler manifolds. To accomplish this, D‐branes are considered as boundary conditions for a nonlinear σ‐model in what we call N = 2 boundary superspace. In this note the general formalism for such an approach is presented and the resulting classification sketched. This includes some remarks regarding target spaces whose parameterization includes semi‐chiral superfields which have not appeared in the literature yet. In an accompanying note we turn to some examples and applications of the general setup presented here.
Heterotic AdS3/CFT2 duality with 𝒩 = (0, 4) supersymmetry
Authors: Hohenegger S.
Published: April 2009

We review a proposal for the holographic dual of a heterotic black string solution with (0, 4) target space supersymmetry. We discuss in detail the construction as well as a non‐trivial check of this proposed duality.
Global limits of gauged supergravity
Authors: Hohm O.
Published: April 2009

World‐volume actions for multiple M2 and D2 branes are constructed by taking the limit of 2 + 1 dimensional gauged supergravities to globally supersymmetric 𝒩 = 8 theories on flat space. The embedding tensor formalism adopted for the classification of gauged supergravities is thereby shown to provide a universal description of all known models, including conformal and non‐conformal theories as well as massive deformations thereof.
New supersymmetric flux vacua of type II string theory and Generalized Complex Geometry
Authors: Andriot D.
Published: April 2009

We study Minkowski supersymmetric flux vacua of type II string theory. Based on the work by M. Graña, R. Minasian, M. Petrini and A. Tomasiello, we briefly explain how to reformulate things in terms of Generalized Complex Geometry, which appears to be a natural framework for these compactifications. In particular, it provides a mathematical characterization of the internal manifold, and one is then able to find new solutions, which cannot be constructed as usual via T‐dualities from a warped T6 solut ion. Furthermore, we discuss how, thanks to a specific change of variables, one can ease the resolution of the orientifold projection constraints pointed out by P. Koerber and D. Tsimpis. One is then able to find new solutions with intermediate SU(2) structure. This contribution is mainly based on references [1] and [2]. Due to size constraints, several details and some citations are missing. For completeness, please have a look at [1].
Note on centrally extended su(2/2) and Serre relations
Authors: Dobrev V.K.
Published: April 2009

We point out that the nontrivial central extension of the superalgebra su(2/2) is related to the some not so well‐known Serre relations.
On the consistent interactions in D = 11 among a graviton, a massless gravitino and a three‐form
Authors: Cioroianu E.M. , Diaconu E. , Sararu S.‐C.
Published: April 2009

The couplings that can be introduced between a massless Rarita‐Schwinger field, a Pauli‐Fierz field and an Abelian three‐form gauge field in eleven spacetime dimensions are analyzed in the context of the deformation of the solution of the master equation.
T‐Duality, dual conformal symmetry and integrability for strings on AdS5 × S5
Authors: Beisert N.
Published: April 2009

In recent years two intriguing observations have been made for 𝒩 = 4 super Yang–Mills theory and for superstrings on AdS5 × S5: In the planar limit the computation of the spectrum is vastly simplified by the apparent integrability of the models. Furthermore, planar scattering amplitudes of the gauge theory display remarkable features which have been attributed to the appearance of a dual superconformal symmetry. Here we review the connection of these two developments from the point of view of the classical symmetry by means of a super‐T‐self‐duality. In particular, we show explicitly how the charges of conformal symmetry and of the integrable structure are related to the dual ones.
Can we see strings at the LHC?
Authors: Lüst D.
Published: April 2009

In this article we will overview possible model independent LHC signatures of intersecting brane models.
Scaling Phenomena in gravity and Yang‐Mills theories, or black hole formation and its unitarization
Authors: Álvarez‐Gaumé L.
Published: April 2009

This talk was based on the paper [1] and on a general discussion of the problems of black hole physics in the context of String Theory. Adequate reference can be found in [1]. Here we only present a short summary of the seminar.
High‐resolution array CGH identifies novel regions of genomic alteration in intermediate‐risk prostate cancer
Authors: Ishkanian Adrian S. , Mallof Chad A. , Ho James , Meng Alice , Albert Monique , Syed Amena , van der Kwast Theodorus , Milosevic Michael , Yoshimoto Maisa , Squire Jeremy A. , Lam Wan L. , Bristow Robert G.
Published: April 2009

Approximately one‐third of prostate cancer patients present with intermediate risk disease. Interestingly, while this risk group is clinically well defined, it demonstrates the most significant heterogeneity in PSA‐based biochemical outcome. Further, the majority of candidate genes associated with prostate cancer progression have been identified using cell lines, xenograft models, and high‐risk androgen‐independent or metastatic patient samples. We used a global high‐resolution array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) assay to characterize copy number alterations (CNAs) in intermediate risk prostate cancer. Herein, we show this risk group contains a number of alterations previously associated with high‐risk disease: (1) deletions at 21q22.2 (TMPRSS2:ERG), 16q22–24 (containing CDH1), 13q14.2 (RB1), 10q23.31 (PTEN), 8p21 (NKX3.1); and, (2) amplification at 8q21.3–24.3 (containing c‐MYC). In addition, we identified six novel microdeletions at high frequency: 1q42.12–q42.3 (33.3%), 5q12.3–13.3 (21%), 20q13.32–13.33 (29.2%), 22q11.21 (25%), 22q12.1 (29.2%), and 22q13.31 (33.3%). Further, we show there is little concordance between CNAs from these clinical samples and those found in commonly used prostate cancer cell models. These unexpected findings suggest that the intermediate‐risk category is a crucial cohort warranting further study to determine if a unique molecular fingerprint can predict aggressive versus indolent phenotypes. Prostate 69:1091–1100, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of conserved water molecules in the catalytic domain of protein kinases
Authors: Knight James D. R. , Hamelberg Donald , McCammon J. Andrew , Kothary Rashmi
Published: April 2009

Protein kinases are essential signaling molecules with a characteristic bilobal shape that has been studied for over 15 years. Despite the number of crystal structures available, little study has been directed away from the prototypical functional elements of the kinase domain. We have performed a structural alignment of 13 active‐conformation kinases and discovered the presence of six water molecules that occur in conserved locations across this group of diverse kinases. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that these waters confer a great deal of stability to their local environment and to a key catalytic residue. Our results highlight the importance of novel elements within the greater kinase family and suggest that conserved water molecules are necessary for efficient kinase function. Proteins 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
T178 deletion impairs intermolecular interaction of the peptide Nramp1(164–191)
Authors: Xue Rong , Wang Shuo , Qi Haiyan , Song Yuande , Xiao Shuyan , Li Fei
Published: April 2009

Natural resistance associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp1), an integral membrane protein with 12 predicted transmembrane domains (TMs), is a divalent cation transporter associated with infectious and autoimmune diseases. A naturally occurring mutation G169D within TM4 of Nramp1 leads to the loss of function, suggesting potential importance of TM4 for the biological function of the protein. In this study, we determine the three‐dimensional structure and topology of a synthetic peptide, del(T178), corresponding to Nramp1(164‐191) (basically consisting of the putative TM4 of Nramp1) with Thr178 deletion in TFE and SDS micelles using NMR and CD spectroscopic techniques, and compare the results with those of the wildtype peptide. Similarly to the wildtype peptide, the del(T178) peptide still forms an amphiphilic‐like α‐helical structure in both membrane mimics and is embedded in SDS micelles. Differently, whereas the wild‐type peptide forms a helix bundle with the hydrophilic side facing the interior of the bundle, the del(T178) peptide exists as a monomer in the membrane mimics and the hydrophilic side of the helix is located near the interface of SDS micelles. Moreover, a strongly cooperative protonation occurs between intramolecular Asp residues for the del(T178) peptide in SDS micelles, while the cooperative proton binding between intermolecular Asp residues was observed for the wildtype peptide. The difference in the results of the two peptides suggests that the deletion of Thr178 impairs intermolecular interaction of the peptide. Copyright © 2009 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The dynamics of a polar low assessed using potential vorticity inversion
Authors: Bracegirdle Thomas J. , Gray Suzanne L.
Published: April 2009

The dynamics of a polar low are examined using a piecewise potential vorticity (PV) inversion method. In previous studies of this and other polar lows, structural evolution has been described in terms of regions of anomalous PV. In this study the relative importance of different PV anomalies and the interactions between them have been quantified using PV diagnostics. The intensification of the polar low occurred in three stages (in contrast to previous studies of polar lows that have only identified two stages). The dynamical characteristics of stages one and two are consistent with the proposed type C cyclogenesis mechanism. A diabatically‐generated lower‐tropospheric PV anomaly dominated intensification after initial triggering by a positive upper‐level PV anomaly. A phase tilt between the upper and lower levels was maintained through retardation of the positive upper‐level anomaly by the effects of latent heat release. Stage three was a period of growth dominated by wind‐induced surface heat exchange (WISHE), which contributed at least 18% to the amplitude of the mature surface polar low. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Mass spectrometry as a tool for the selective profiling of destruxins; their first identification in Lecanicillium longisporum
Authors: Butt Tariq M. , Hadj Noomen Ben El , Skrobek Anke , Ravensberg Willem J. , Wang Chengshu , Lange Catherine M. , Vey Alain , Shah Umi‐Kulsoom , Dudley Ed
Published: April 2009

Mass spectrometry was applied to the identification of the destruxins (dtxs), cyclic peptides that are commonly produced by the fungal insect‐pathogen, Metarhizium anisopliae. The aim of the study was to optimise a methodology in order to firstly determine whether these compounds were present in other species and to determine the effect of differing growth conditions upon the dtx content detected. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐ToF‐MS) was initially used to analyse the dtxs, but limitations were indicated. Nano‐scale high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI‐MS) and automated ‘data‐dependent’ tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis were also applied, utilising characteristic neutral losses during fragmentation to confirm the presence of the dtxs. This latter approach distinguished the dtx E and B isoforms by retention time and diagnostic neutral losses during fragmentation allowing extraction of the destruxin data from a complex dataset. This process revealed the presence of a number of dtxs in the fungal species Lecanicillium longisporum, a species previously not known to produce dtxs, and dtx production in this species was shown to be significantly higher in aerated cultures compared with still cultures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of illicit drugs and medicines in preserved oral fluid
Authors: Simões Susana Sadler , Ajenjo Antonio Castañera , Franco João Miguel , Vieira Duarte Nuno , Dias Mário João
Published: April 2009

A qualitative and quantitative analytical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 24 illicit drugs and medicines, in preserved oral fluid samples collected with the StatSure Saliva Sampler™ collection device. The samples were prepared by liquid‐liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis. The chromatographic separation was performed with an Atlantis T3 (100 × 2.1 mm i.d., 3 µm) reversed‐phase column using an acetonitrile/2 mM ammonium formate buffer pH 3.4 gradient and the MS/MS detection was achieved with two precursor‐product ion transitions per substance. The method was fully validated, including specificity and capacity of identification, limit of detection (0.2–2.1 µg/L), limit of quantitation (0.8–6.4 µg/L), recovery (34–98%), carryover, linearity (the method was linear in the range 1–200 µg/L), intra‐assay precision (coefficient of variance (CV) <20% for 20 µg/L and CV <10% for 100 µg/L) and inter‐assay accuracy (mean relative error <15%) and precision (CV <20%). The method showed to be specific and sensitive. It has already been successfully used in four proficiency tests and subsequently applied to oral fluid samples collected from road traffic volunteers in the driving population of Portugal (districts of Lisbon, Coimbra and Porto), within the DRUID project. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultra‐performance hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of everolimus in mouse plasma
Authors: Hsieh Yunsheng , Galviz Gerica , Long Brian J.
Published: April 2009

Ultra‐performance hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (UPHILIC) interfaced with the electrospray ionization (ESI) source of a tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of everolimus in mouse plasma samples. UPHILIC was performed on a sub‐2 µm bare silica particle packing with the column pressure under traditional high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to allow fast separation of pharmaceutical compounds within a chromatographic analysis time of 1 min. This UPHILIC technology is comparable with reversed‐phase ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (RPUPLC) in terms of chromatographic efficiency but demands neither expensive ultra‐high‐pressure instrumentation nor new laboratory protocols. With the ESI source, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of the ammoniated adduct ions of the analyte was used for tandem mass spectrometric detection. The retention mechanism profiles of the test compounds under HILIC conditions were explored. The influences of experimental factors such as the compositions of mobile phases on the chromatographic performance and the ionization efficiency of the test compounds in positive ion mode were investigated. A UPHILIC/MS/MS approach following a protein precipitation procedure was applied for the quantitative determination of everolimus at the low ng/mL region in support of a pharmacodynamic study. The analytical results obtained by the UPHILIC/MS/MS approach were fond to be in good agreement with those obtained by the RPUPLC/MS/MS method in terms of assay sample throughput, sensitivity and accuracy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of flavonoids – quercetin and rutin – as new matrices for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometric analysis of Pt(II) and Pd(II) complexes
Authors: Petković Marijana , Vujačić Ana , Schiller Jürgen , Bugarčić Živadin , Savić Jasmina , Vasić Vesna
Published: April 2009

Attempts are being made to overcome the resistance of tumour cells to platinum (Pt) drugs by the synthesis of new generations of Pt complexes, and it is important to find appropriate and simple methods for the characterization of those novel complexes. The additional applicability of such a method for the analysis of the interactions of metal complexes with biomolecules would be advantageous. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS) seems to possess the capability to become this method of choice, since it could be applied to low‐mass complexes as well as for the analysis of large biomolecules. In this work the applicability of flavonoids – quercetin and rutin – as matrices for MALDI‐TOFMS analysis of dichlorido(ethylendiamine)platinum(II) ([PtCl2(en)]), dichlorido(diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II) ([PtCl2(dach)]) and chloride (diethylenetriamine) palladium(II) chloride ([PdCl(dien)]Cl) complexes is demonstrated. Spectra of Pt(II) and Pd(II) complexes recorded in the presence of quercetin and rutin are rather simple: Pt(II) complexes generate [M+Na]+ or [M+K]+ions, whereas the investigated Pd(II) complex gives ions generated by the loss of one Cl− or HCl. Flavonoids give a relatively small number of well‐defined ions in the low‐mass region (at m/z 303.3 for quercetin and m/z 633.5 for rutin). Quercetin and rutin can be applied in much lower concentrations than other common MALDI matrices and require rather low laser intensity. We speculate that flavonoids stabilize the structures of the metal complexes and that they may be useful for the analysis of other biologically active metal complexes, thus implying their broader applicability. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust adaptive fuzzy semi‐decentralized control for a class of large‐scale nonlinear systems using input–output linearization concept
Authors: Yousef H. , Hamdy M. , El‐Madbouly E.
Published: April 2009

Stable direct and indirect adaptive fuzzy controllers based on input–output linearization concept are presented for a class of interconnected nonlinear systems with unknown nonlinear subsystems and interconnections. The interconnected nonlinear systems are represented not only in the canonical forms as in Yousef et al. (Int. J. Robust Nonlinear Control 2006; 16: 687–708) but also in the general forms. Hybrid adaptive fuzzy robust tracking control schemes that are based on a combination of an H∞ tracking theory and fuzzy control design are developed. In the proposed control schemes, all the states and signals are bounded and an H∞ tracking control performance is guaranteed without imposing any constraints or assumptions about the interconnections. Extensive simulation on the tracking of a two‐link rigid robot manipulator and a numerical example verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biogeomorphic characterization of floodplain forest change in response to reduced flows along the Apalachicola River, Florida
Authors: Stallins J. Anthony , Nesius Michael , Smith Matt , Watson Kelly
Published: April 2009

The Apalachicola–Chattahoochee–Flint (ACF) River basin is an important ecological and economic component of a three‐state region (Florida, Alabama and Georgia) in the southeastern U.S. Along the Apalachicola River in northwest Florida, the duration of floodplain inundation has decreased as a result of declining river levels. Spring and summer flows have diminished in volume because of water use, storage and evaporation in reservoirs, and other anthropogenic and climatic changes in the basin upstream. Channel erosion from dam construction and navigation improvements also caused river levels to decline in an earlier period. In this paper, we document trends in floodplain forest tree species composition for the interval spanning these influences. Historic tree inventories from the 1970s were compared to present‐day forests through non‐metric multidimensional scaling, indicator species analysis (ISA) and outlier detection. Forests are compositionally drier today than in the 1970s. Overstory to understory compositional differences within habitats (levees, high/low bottomland forest and backswamps) are as large as the species contrasts between habitats. Present‐day forests are also compositionally noisier with fewer indicator species. The largest individual declines in species density and dominance were in backswamps, particularly forFraxinus caroliniana Nyssa ogecheandNyssa aquatica. We discuss how contrasts in the compositional change signal for levee and backswamp landform habitats reflect a complex biogeomorphic response to fluctuating river flows for alluvial rivers in humid climates. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A framework for intrusion detection systems by social network analysis methods inad hocnetworks
Authors: Wang Wei , Man Hong , Liu Yu
Published: April 2009

Social network analysis (SNA), originally introduced to provide a mathematical framework for analyzing human interactions and economic relationships, has recently been successfully applied to characterizing information propagation in wireless networks. In this paper, we introduce a SNA method as a new approach to build an intrusion detection system (SN‐IDS) in mobilead hocnetworks. The SN‐IDS utilizes social relations as metrics‐of‐interest for anomaly detections, which is different from most traditional IDS approaches. The social system can capture and represent similar network statistics as those used in data mining based IDSs. To construct proper social networks, we first investigatead hocMAC and network layer data attributes and select relevant social feature sets; then we build up a set of socio‐matrices based on these features. Social analysis methods are applied to these matrices to detect suspicious activities and behaviors of mobile nodes. The detection results can be based on single or multi‐relation rules. Finally, we analyze the performance of this SN‐IDS under different simulated mobility conditions and traffic patterns. NS‐2 simulation results show that this SN‐IDS system can effectively detect common attacks with high detection rates and low false alarm rates. Furthermore, it has clear advantages over the conventional association rule based data mining IDS in terms of computation and system complexity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of fetuses with hemoglobin Bart's disease using middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity
Authors: Srisupundit K. , Piyamongkol W. , Tongsong T.
Published: April 2009

Objectives

To determine the sensitivity and specificity of middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity (MCA‐PSV) in mid‐pregnancy for the identification of homozygous α‐thalassemia‐1 (hemoglobin (Hb) Bart's disease) in fetuses at risk of the disease.

Methods

A total of 88 pregnancies (91 fetuses) at risk of Hb Bart's disease and undergoing MCA‐PSV measurement before cordocentesis at 18–22 weeks of gestation were recruited into the study. Definitive diagnosis was made using the gold standard technique of Hb typing by high‐performance liquid chromatography.

Results

The mean ± SD age of the 88 pregnant women recruited into the study was 28.3 ± 5.7 years, the gestational age was 18.8 ± 1.1 weeks and the incidence of Hb Bart's disease was 22% (20 fetuses). Using MCA‐PSV above 1.5 multiples of the median as a cut‐off point, the sensitivity of MCA‐PSV for detecting affected fetuses was 85% (17/20 cases), with a specificity of 100%, and positive and negative predictive values of 100% and 95.9% respectively. Three of 20 fetuses with Hb Bart's disease had normal MCA‐PSV.

Conclusions

MCA‐PSV assessment in mid‐pregnancy is a useful method for identifying Hb Bart's disease with high sensitivity and specificity among fetuses at risk, and may allow avoidance of unnecessary cordocentesis in some cases. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Balance of material momentum at a shock wave
Authors: Braun M.
Published: April 2009

The balance of material momentum is obtained by a pull‐back of the balance of physical momentum to the reference configuration. The usual formulation of these balances assumes the fields involved to be continuously differentiable. At a surface of discontinuity, the mechanical balance laws are represented by jump conditions rather than differential equations. The jump condition representing the balance of material momentum is derived in an analogous manner to the continuous case. In general, there remains an imbalance term in the discontinuous version of the balance of material momentum representing a concentrated source of material momentum carried along with a shock wave. The imbalance remains nonzero in a purely hyperelastic material without any thermal properties. It is shown that the imbalance vanishes if the material is assumed thermoelastic and heat conduction is omitted. The relevance of this result for the validity of a global balance of material momentum is discussed.
Statement and solution of optimal problems for independent stress and deformation control by eigenstrain
Authors: Lokhov V. , Nyashin Y. , Ziegler F.
Published: April 2009

The method of unique decomposition of eigenstrain into two constituents, namely in impotent eigenstrain, that does not cause stress and in the complementary nilpotent eigenstrain that does not induce any deformation in the linear elastic solid is considered in detail. Decomposition is performed in the Hilbert (energy) function space. These two complete classes of eigenstrains render optimal solutions by keeping shape and stress‐control problems well separated. Such an optimization is found to be of crucial importance in the design of smart structures, which can adapt to altering conditions. Benchmark solutions of both, shape control and optimal redistribution of elastic load stresses in discretized smart structures illustrate the power of the novel method and its convenience of application. Further, the problem of residual stress control past hot rolling of I‐beams is solved: the theorem on decomposition provides the crucial tool to define the required control parameters for forced cooling‐down with the goal of producing a favourable residual stress state as close as possible to a predefined (optimal) stress state. The latter is exemplarily selected to increase the buckling strength of such columns with given slenderness ratio.
On homogenization of activated laminates in 1D‐space and time
Authors: Lurie K.A.
Published: April 2009

In this paper, I discuss observations indicating that homogenization, in its standard version based on weak compactness, generally does not work for dynamic materials with arbitrary material geometry. A remarkable exception is represented by the spatial‐temporal laminates where such compactness can be established. For the slow (timelike) laminates, this was done in [18] with the use of energy bound. In the present work, a similar result is established for the fast (spacelike) laminates, this time with the use of momentum flux bound.
Onset of transient vibrations of axially moving beams with large displacements, finite deformations and an initially unknown length of the reference configuration
Authors: Humer A. , Irschik H.
Published: April 2009

The present paper deals with vibrations of axially moving beams. Large displacements and finite deformations with respect to a co‐moving reference configuration are studied. For that sake, an extension of Reissner's non‐linear beam theory is used, which allows working with constitutive relations stated at the stress‐strain level of continuum mechanics. We restrict to plane deformations and to the Bernoulli‐Euler assumption for slender beams. In extension to formulations in the literature, we study a situation, in which a reference configuration with an unknown length is to be considered. Exemplary numerical results are presented for the case of a statically pre‐deformed beam with an initially unknown reference configuration, which is set into an accelerated axial motion, where the length of the reference configuration however is kept fixed during the onset of vibrations.
Verification and falsification of programs with loops using predicate abstraction
Authors: Kroening Daniel , Weissenbacher Georg
Published: April 2009

Predicate abstraction is a major abstraction technique for the verification of software. Data is abstracted by means of Boolean variables, which keep track of predicates over the data. In many cases, predicate abstraction suffers from the need for at least one predicate for each iteration of a loop construct in the program. We propose to extract
looping counterexamples
from the abstract model, and to parametrise the simulation instance in the number of loop iterations. We present a novel technique that speeds up the detection of long counterexamples as well as the verification of programs with loops.
Update on Open Abdomen Management: Achievements and Challenges
Authors: Ivatury Rao R.
Published: April 2009

The open abdomen technique is one of the greatest advances in recent times and has enormous application in the daily management of the critically ill or injured patient. It results in tremendous benefits to the initial resuscitation of these patients but also brings on many challenges beyond those that might be expected from the primary illness or injury. Recent advances in the management of the open abdomen have provided the means to overcome the challenges and reap the benefits.
An Early Observation on the Anatomy of the Inguinal Canal and the Etiology of Inguinal Hernias by Petrus Camper in the 18th Century
Authors: IJpma Frank F. A. , van de Graaf Robert C. , van Geldere Dick , van Gulik Thomas M.
Published: April 2009

The famous Dutch medical doctor Petrus Camper (1722–1789) was appointed professor of anatomy and surgery at the University of Franeker, Amsterdam, and Groningen. As Praelector Anatomiae of the Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons, he gave public anatomy lessons in the Anatomy theatre in Amsterdam. During the mid 18th century he performed dissections on corpses of children and adults to investigate the anatomy and etiology of inguinal hernias. The concept that a hernia was caused by “a rupture of the peritoneum” was common at that time. Camper concluded that this was incorrect and provided a clear description of the etiology of hernias in children and adults. For the treatment of inguinal hernias, he designed a truss based on the geometrical proportions of the pelvis. This “truss of Camper” was much used and internationally renowned. His anatomical studies and perfect, self‐drawn illustrations contributed to a better understanding of the anatomy of the inguinal canal, on the national as well as international level. Camper’s “Icones Herniarum” is his most widely known work on inguinal hernias and included a series of outstanding anatomical illustrations. Petrus Camper should be considered one of the pioneers in the field of inguinal hernias.
Improved Operating Room Teamwork via SAFETY Prep: A Rural Community Hospital’s Experience
Authors: Paige John T. , Aaron Deborah L. , Yang Tong , Howell D. Shannon , Chauvin Sheila W.
Published: April 2009

Background

Effective teamwork contributes to patient safety in the operating room (OR). For the busy rural surgeon, enhancing OR teamwork can be difficult. This manuscript describes results from the initial implementation of a preoperative briefing protocol at a rural community hospital.

Methods

From July 2006 to February 2007, teamwork among OR staff working with a single general surgeon at a rural hospital in Alaska was evaluated before and after introduction of a preoperative briefing protocol. After each case, participants completed a questionnaire applying a 6‐point Likert‐type scale targeting effectiveness of both the preoperative briefing and OR team interaction. Mean values were calculated from 20 cases before introduction of the preoperative briefing and from another 16 cases after its introduction. Statistical analysis of the difference between pre‐ and post‐protocol team performance was conducted with Student’s t test. Mean procedure times were calculated for matched cases pre‐ and post‐intervention and were compared with Wilcoxon’s exact test.

Results

Ten members of the OR staff, including the general surgeon, completed both pre‐ and post‐protocol questionnaires. Four additional members of the OR staff completed only pre‐protocol questionnaires, and three additional members of the OR staff completed only post‐protocol questionnaires. After implementation of the preoperative briefing protocol, the mean score of overall preoperative briefing was 1.01 units higher than before (p < 0.0001), and overall OR team interaction was 0.50 units higher (p < 0.0001). The overall mean post‐intervention procedure time was shorter than the overall mean pre‐intervention procedure time (31 ± 12 min versus 50 ± 18 min) for four categories of matched cases. Because of the small sample size, statistical significance was not achieved (p = 0.057).

Conclusions

Implementation of a preoperative briefing protocol improved overall preoperative briefing and OR team interaction in the study setting. These findings are encouraging for enhancing teamwork and patient safety through implementation of a systematic protocol.
Management of Cystic Echinococcosis Complications and Dissemination: Where is the Evidence?
Authors: Dziri Chadli , Haouet Karim , Fingerhut Abe , Zaouche Abdeljelil
Published: April 2009

This systematic review was designed to provide “evidence‐based” answers to identify the best treatment for a complicated hydatid cyst of the liver and the appropriate management of disseminated cystic echinococcosis. An extensive electronic search of the relevant literature was performed using Medline and the Cochrane Library. This systematic review enabled us make to determine the best treatment options for the following conditions. Liver hydatid cysts ruptured into the biliary tract: Common bile duct exploration should be conducted using intraoperative cholangiography and choledoscopy. When the biliary tract is cleared of all cystic content, T‐tube drainage should be sufficient. The principal difficulty concerned the management of the large biliocystic fistula: suture or internal transfistulary drainage or fistulization. Medical treatment is indicated in association with surgery for 3 months postoperatively. During the preoperative period, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) combined with preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) may decrease the incidence of postoperative external fistula. Liver hydatid cysts involving the thorax: An abdominal approach is mandatory when common bile duct drainage is required, and it may be sufficient to treat a direct rupture into bronchi. An acute abdomen, owing to Liver hydatid cysts ruptured into peritoneum, requires an emergent operation. Medical treatment should be associated. Cystic echinococcosis of the lung: Surgery is still the main therapeutic option to remove the cyst, suture bronchial fistula if necessary, followed by capitonnage. Osseous cystic echinococcosis: Wide surgical excision is recommended. Cystic echinococcosis of the heart: Cystopericystectomy is the “gold standard” procedure but is sometimes unsuitable for particular sites. Cystic echinococcosis of the kidney: Cystectomy with pericystectomy is feasible in 75% of cases; nephrectomy must be reserved for destroyed kidney. Multiple associated cystic echinococcosis locations: Complicated cysts should be treated with high priority. In case of several cysts in the liver, spleen, and peritoneum, removal of all cysts in the same intervention is indicated when there is no threat to the life of the patient. Otherwise, a planned reoperation should be considered.
Screening of Patients with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN‐1): A Critical Analysis of Its Value
Authors: Waldmann Jens , Fendrich Volker , Habbe Nils , Bartsch Detlef K. , Slater Emily P. , Kann Peter H. , Rothmund Matthias , Langer Peter
Published: April 2009

Background

Screening of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN‐1) patients is widely recommended because one‐fifth succumb to malignant neoplasms. However, recommendations for screening modalities and intervals are based mostly on nonprospective data.

Methods

Thirty‐five of 48 MEN‐1 patients were evaluated at least twice by an annual screening program in a single‐center, prospective, nonrandomized study between 1997 and 2006. The screening program comprised anamnesis, clinical examination, imaging procedures, and extensive biochemical evaluations. Prospectively diagnosed lesions were evaluated separately from nonprospectively diagnosed lesions at first evaluation.

Results

The median age of the patients was 45 years (range = 15–70) at initial assessment. They were followed for a median of 72 months (range = 24–108) by a median of 6 (range = 2–10) evaluations. The vast majority of lesions were nonprospectively diagnosed at initial evaluation: 13 of 17 patients had primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT), 24 of 29 had pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs), and 4 of 4 had carcinoids. Vice versa adrenal lesions were mostly prospectively detected (18/23). Malignancy was observed in 10 patients (28%) in the initial assessment and without symptoms in 5 patients (9 PETs, 3 carcinoids). Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) of 29 patients detected 88 PETs which were followed for 157 patient years. The mean annual growing rate was 13.28 ± 28.23 mm with respect to the baseline tumor diameter of 9 mm. In 35 patients the mean incidence of newly diagnosed PETs was 0.52/year. Adrenal lesions were invariably nonfunctional. A mean change in diameter of 6.7 ± 23.44% was monitored and malignant transformation was absent.

Conclusions

Most lesions are detected at initial screening, particularly malignant tumors. Computed tomography of the abdomen and chest did not identify additional lesions. The interval between screenings could be extended to 3 years based on annually calculated growth rates and the incidence of MEN‐1‐associated lesions. The assessment of calcium, gastrin, and prolactin is sufficient for biochemical screening in MEN‐1.
Synthesis and Characterization of Tin Disulfide (SnS2) Nanowires
Authors: Lin Ya-Ting , Shi Jen-Bin , Chen Yu-Cheng , Chen Chih-Jung , Wu Po-Feng
Published: April 2009

The ordered tin disulfide (SnS2) nanowire arrays were first fabricated by sulfurizing the Sn nanowires, which are embedded in the nanochannels of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template. SnS2nanowire arrays are highly ordered and highly dense. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and corresponding selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns demonstrate the SnS2nanowire is hexagonal polycrystalline. The study of UV/Visible/NIR absorption shows the SnS2nanowire is a wide-band semiconductor with three band gap energies (3.3, 4.4, and 5.8 eV).
Effect of Interfacial Bonds on the Morphology of InAs QDs Grown on GaAs (311) B and (100) Substrates
Authors: Wang Lu , Li Meicheng , Xiong Min , Zhao Liancheng
Published: April 2009

The morphology and transition thickness (t
c) for InAs quantum dots (QDs) grown on GaAs (311) B and (100) substrates were investigated. The morphology varies with the composition of buffer layer and substrate orientation. Andt
cdecreased when the thin InGaAs was used as a buffer layer instead of the GaAs layer on (311) B substrates. For InAs/(In)GaAs QDs grown on high miller index surfaces, both the morphology andt
ccan be influenced by the interfacial bonds configuration. This indicates that buffer layer design with appropriate interfacial bonds provides an approach to adjust the morphologies of QDs grown on high miller surfaces.