bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La competencia terminológica en la traducción especializada: definición y propuesta de medición en estudiantes de traducción
Authors: Vergara Toro Javiera , Fernández-Silva Sabela
Published: July 2021

La gestión terminológica es uno de los mayores desafíos de la traducción especializada, pues los términos condensan el conocimiento especializado y aseguran la concisión y la precisión del dis­curso. Por tanto, es fundamental que los traductores desarrollen la competencia terminológica para resolver problemas terminológicos en la traducción y elaborar recursos terminológicos propios. La presente investigación, por un lado, define teóricamente la competencia terminológica del traduc­tor especializado y la sitúa dentro del modelo de competencia traductora del grupo PACTE; y por otro, propone dos instrumentos para medir la competencia terminológica en la traducción. Los instrumentos, una tarea de traducción especializada y una entrevista semiestructurada retrospectiva llevada a cabo con posterioridad a la traducción, fueron evaluados mediante un estudio piloto realizado con cinco estudiantes avanzados de traducción. Los resultados de la aplicación de los instrumentos permitieron evaluar la eficacia de estos en la medición de cada una de las seis habilidades en las que se desglosó operacionalmente la competencia terminológica, así como identificar el nivel de logro de los estudiantes en cada una de ellas.
‘Beyond the Grave’: Equivalence of Specialized Phraseological Units Containing Dead Metaphors in an English-Spanish Dictionary of Commerce and Economics
Authors: Pérez Sánchez Juan Manuel , Rojas Díaz José Luis
Published: July 2021

This article examines a question of the interest of scholars dealing with phraseology, terminology and translation, namely the task of translating and finding equivalents of idiomatic expressions, such as specialized phraseological units (henceforth SPUs), especially those in which a dead metaphor underlies. Among the unsolved questions that phraseology still struggles with to establish itself as a discipline on its own right there are two hindering factors that are related to terminology and translation: on the one hand, specialized phraseology is an under-explored and a not institutionalized line of research, to the point of being deemed a non-coherent research field (Kjær, 2007, p. 507). On the other hand, phraseology is considered to be a missing training subject in translation academic syllabi (Corpas Pastor, 2003, p. 222). Therefore, this study intends to offer descriptive data that could be used as a starting point for finding answers regarding the identification and even the creation of equivalents for SPUs that include dead metaphors among their lexical components. The aim of this article is two-fold, (i) it will offer a series of linguistic analyses (morphosyntactic and semantic) of the word forms in the SPUs being analyzed, and their equivalents and (ii) it will shed light on the translation techniques (Molina & Hurtado Albir, 2002, pp. 509-511) used to coin the equivalents of these SPUs.
Traducción humana vs. traducción automática: análisis contrastivo e implicaciones para la aplicación de la traducción automática en traducción jurídica
Authors: Briva-Iglesias Vicent
Published: July 2021

En el contexto actual de avances tecnológicos y desarrollo de la inteligencia artificial, la digitaliza­ción de las sociedades y las mejoras tecnológicas transforman nuestras vidas en todos los ámbitos. La traducción no es una excepción. Con la aparición de la traducción automática neuronal —un nuevo paradigma de traducción automática—, la calidad que ofrece dicho sistema ha mejorado sus­tancialmente, incluso llegando a afirmarse que iguala o supera la calidad de la traducción humana en determinados ámbitos como las noticias. No obstante, los lenguajes de especialidad entrañan complejidades intrínsecas. En traducción jurídica, el anisomorfismo del lenguaje jurídico puede ser una brecha muy difícil de salvar para las máquinas: términos dispares para un mismo concepto en sistemas jurídicos diferentes, equivalencia cero o parcial, etc. Así, el objetivo del presente trabajo es estudiar la utilidad de la traducción automática como recurso formativo en el aula de traducción jurídica, teniendo en cuenta las características y tendencias del sector de la traducción profesional. Para ello, en este estudio se hace una evaluación humana de tres traducciones humanas de contratos societarios inglés-español y de una traducción generada por un motor de traducción automática neu­ronal. Los resultados apuntan a 1) que la traducción automática podría constituir una herramienta didáctica muy útil en la clase de traducción jurídica; 2) que la identificación de las competencias podría potenciarse con un enfoque de esta naturaleza; 3) la forma de incorporación de la traducción automática a la formación en Traducción Jurídica, y 4) las ventajas que tendría aquella sobre méto­dos de enseñanza-aprendizaje tradicionales.
Morphological changes in the distal segments of the aorta
femoral reconstructions as predictors of late thrombosis
Authors: Kok G. V. , Cook B. B. , Fedorov A. V , Vavilov V. N. , Grebenkina N. Yu. , Kuryanov P. S.
Published: July 2021

Results of studying the effect of histological type of atherosclerotic plaques in the area of vascular anastomoses after reconstructive operations on the main arteries of the lower extremities on the risk of developing late thrombotic complications are presented. It was found that atherosclerotic plaques in patients with no evidence of a hemodynamically significant restenosis in the distal anastomosis identified thickening and overgrowth of fibrous connective tissue, the amount of lipids is minimal or absent, stored elastic fibers and the layers of smooth muscle cells. The extracellular lipids in extensive, but well-defined area in the intima. Macrophages are single and located mainly along the periphery of the lipid core, form clusters of 2–3 cells, there are no lipid inclusions in the cytoplasm. In atherosclerotic plaques of patients with late thrombosis in the distal anastomosis area, a significant uneven thickening and proliferation of fibrous connective tissue was revealed, lipid inclusions are represented by a large nucleus or a group of nuclei. Elastic fibers are replaced by collagen fibers and inclusion of lipids, several sites of calcification are noted. Macrophages form association of 4-5 cells at the periphery of the lipid core and in the coating, where their number is significantly higher; in their cytoplasm the inclusion of lipids are noted. Generally, it was revealed that the histological characteristic of atherosclerotic plaques of VI, VII type (AHA 5 classification [6]) correlated with the high risk of late thrombotic complications in patients operated with peripheral artery disease.
The relationship between heliogeophysical factors and the content of nitric oxide in the blood in patients with arterial hypertension with different temperament
Authors: Usenko G. A. , Bekmurzov S. M. , Wasendin D. V. , Usenko A. G. , Belkina O. M. , Shakirova N. A. , Zabara V. G.
Published: July 2021

The aim of the study was to establish the relationship between annual average values of solar activity (the wolf number, radio flux, and total peripheral vascular resistance, and a content of nitric oxide in the blood of men with different temperament and anxiety hypertension. It is established that with increase of solar activity (the wolf number and the radio emission at a wavelength of 10,7 cm) combined increase of atmospheric pressure, air temperature, and γ background (within the boundaries of the regional norms), the coefficient of oxygen utilization by tissues was changed. All this points indicated the probability of a complex effect on cellular membranes, enzymes and other structures of a cell of healthy and sick organisms, reducing their normal physiological activity, regardless of temperament. Furthermore, with the increase in solar activity, atmospheric pressure, γ is the background and air temperature combined reduction of nitrogen oxide content in the blood of all examined individuals, which was associated with a reduction in total peripheral vascular resistance sympathotonics the choleric and sanguine, but by increasing total peripheral vascular resistance in parasympathotonics phlegmatic and melancholic. There is a direct and close correlation relationship between the peripheral resistance and the content of nitric oxide in the blood of choleric and sanguine and cramped, but the opposite in persons of phlegmatic and melancholic in this case indicates the direction of progress in adaptive mechanisms in the process of adjusting to environmental conditions that determines the need to consider the temperament in the study of solar-biosphere relations.
Burns in pregnant women. Medical, ethical and legal aspects of the problem
Authors: Sokolov V. A. , Petrachkov S. A. , Stepanenko A. A. , Admakin A. L. , Kabanov P. A. , Yakimov D. K.
Published: July 2021

Medical, ethical and legal aspects of burns in pregnant women are considered. It is shown that not a significant number of clinical cases and a small number of scientific publications create certain difficulties for a comprehensive study of various issues of this topic. It is established that the professional training of doctors, especially the initial level of knowledge of young professionals, is the decisive factor in correctly assessing the severity of the condition of the burned woman both at the site of first aid and at her subsequent treatment in the hospital. The need for careful collection of anamnesis and a full-scale examination of all women of reproductive age who seek medical help or who are admitted to inpatient treatment with thermal trauma is emphasized. Significant is the joint work of a team of specialists, whose main role is assigned to combustiologists, obstetricians, and in the presence of extensive lesions of the skin and resuscitators. Possible negative variants of the course of a thermal trauma are given in the event that the victim begins to engage in self-treatment or turn to non-specialized specialists or physicians. Increases the likelihood of developing general and local complications that negatively affect the normal course of pregnancy. The importance of the topic under consideration for representatives of the military medical service is taken into account, taking into account the quartering of military units in remote garrisons or in cases of their involvement in peacekeeping operations or liquidation of the consequences of peacetime.
THE INFLUENCE OF MILITARY-PROFESSIONAL FACTORS ON HEALTH OF SPECIALISTS OF THE NAVY TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE CURRENT STATE AND THE PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL THERAPY
Authors: Chumakov Aleksandr V , Cherkashin Dmitry V
Published: July 2021

The service on Navy is associated with impact on seamen of various adverse factors of a physical, chemical, biological, social and psychological origin that promotes development in them of the professional caused pathology. The naval therapy is one of sections of naval medicine is engaged in the prevention, diagnostics and treatment of internal diseases on Navy in peace and a wartime. At department of naval therapy of Military Medical Academy (Russia) the special attention is paid to pathology of deep-sea specialists. In article are described the cases of diseases, the results of scientific research in this group of seamen. Are stated the offers concerning improvement of Navy's therapeutic providing in this and other current directions (4 figs., bibliography: 15 refs).
A NEW STRATEGY TO IMPROVE THE PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN THE ARMED FORCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Authors: Cherkashin Dmitry V , Makiev Ruslan G , Kirichenko Pavel Yu , Alanichev Andrey E , Gornov Vitaliy V
Published: July 2021

We study the morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases in the Russian Federation and in the Armed Forces. Studied the advantages and disadvantages of a modern complex of measures for the prevention, early detection, treatment of diseases of the heart and blood vessels in the Armed Forces, as well as prevention strategies for cardiovascular diseases in the Russian Federation. Presents the stages and activities implemented strategies to increase effectiveness of prevention of cardiovascular disease in military personnel. The proposals for improving the early diagnosis and prevention of cardiovascular diseases in the armed forces, developed on the basis of the severity of factors influencing the risk of the development, prevalence and course of cardiovascular disease in military personnel (bibliography: 24 refs).
The duration ventricular systole – the myocardial contractility dysfunction and congestive heart failure indicator
Authors: Malov Yu. S. , Malova A. M. , Izotova A. B.
Published: July 2021

It is substantiated that the duration of ventricular systole is a measure of myocardial contractility and heart failure. Heart failure is based on myocardial systole impairment, which can be detected by ventricular systole duration/ the deviation of the actual component from the constant K in Bazett formula is systolic function impairment indicator. Actual component indicator is close to constant K at healthy people. Percent of deviations is equal to 1,3±0,5. Constant K could be used as a control indicator for determining deviation percent from the actual K coefficient. The increase in coefficient K is in direct proportion from heart failure severity. It is not always possible to detect heart contractility abnormalities during the first stages of heart failure. In these cases stress tests are useful. The coefficient K increasing during exertion and detects the heart contractility abnormalities. All patients with arterial hypertension and ischemic heart disease have impaired heart muscle contractility and signs of congestive heart failure. Congestive heart failure is based on the heart muscle disorder.
Pathogenetic and prognostic significance of molecular markers of myocardial remodeling in patients suffering from chronic heart failure
Authors: Liskova Yu V
Published: July 2021

It is known that there are features of myocardial remodeling in various heart diseases. However, the influence of signaling regulatory factors in its development and their significance in predicting a course of chronic heart failure remains unclear. The importance of key markers of apoptosis, extracellular matrix, p-38α in myocardium of patients with chronic heart failure of different etiology in the development of cardiovascular complications after cardiac surgery is considered. It has been established that the combination of heart failure with coronary heart disease, heart failure with valvular defects are specific phenotypes with a special reorganization of myocardium. With the combination of heart failure with coronary heart disease without cardiovascular complications in the myocardium, higher activity of caspase-9 and TIMP-1 was noted, and differences in morphometric data were revealed in comparison with the group of heart failure with valvular defects. In groups with an unfavorable outcome of cardiosurgical operations of different etiology of chronic heart failure, there were no differences in the morphological indices and activity of molecular markers of the myocardium. This fact allows one to consider the activation of caspase-9, MMP-9, p38α in the myocardium as prognostic markers of the unfavorable outcome of cardiac surgery in patients suffering from heart failure regardless of etiology. A higher percentage of cardiovascular complications in the combination of chronic heart failure with coronary heart disease is probably associated with a less favorable myocardial phenotype and requires a specific pharmacological correction before cardiac surgery.
Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov - 220 years old
Authors: Fisun A Ya , Kruglov V I , Paliy K A
Published: July 2021

History of the Military medical academy is inextricably linked with the name of Peter I, who in 1715 laid the Vyborg district of St. Petersburg admiralty and land hospitals. In those hospitals, January 9, 1733 were formed hospital (surgeon’s) school for training local doctors, which were the prototype of the Academy. In 1786, the school joined to the surgeon’s main medical (medical and surgical) school, where seven professorships were established in 1795. December 18,1798 decree issued by Emperor Paul I «On the dispensation at the main hospital buildings for special medical schools and teaching theater». The construction of a special (separate) building made it possible to have the territorial and administrative independence of the educational institution. The main medical school received the status of Medical-Surgical Academy. In1809 the Academy became the Imperial, it was given the status and functions of the Russian academy of medical sciences. At the same period, there were formed three departments - medical, veterinary and pharmaceutical, allowing Academy initiated the medical, veterinary and pharmaceutical higher education in Russia. In 1858, at the Academy the Institute of doctors (the prototype of post-graduate) was created to prepare teachers for the medical faculties of Russian universities. Establishing in 1872 a «special education course for female scientists midwives», converted in 1876 in the women’s medical courses, the Academy has initiated the formation of women’s medical education, which in those days was not the only one in our country but also in Europe. Staff and graduates of the academy have covered themselves with unfading glory in all the wars in which Russia participated. The Academy in the XIX-XX centuries developed world renowned scientific medical schools which live today. Currently, the Military medical academy named after S.M. Kirov is the major higher military medical school, head research institution and a leading military medical establishment of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
Assessment of skin condition by the modern non-invasive methods in the process of age-related changes correction using the erbium and neodymium lasers
Authors: Shanina N A , Patrushev A V , Samtsov A V , Kravtsova N S
Published: July 2021

The histological examination method is the «gold standard» in evaluating of age-related skin changes, however in most cases biopsy is an unacceptable option by ethical reasons. An alternative option are non-invasive diagnostic methods, in which the evaluation of changes can be carried out in real time without damaging the skin. Nowadays, such methods as high-frequency ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, laser scanning confocal microscopy, magnetic resonance imaging are used. In addition to the above-mentioned methods, it is necessary to hold a standardized clinical evaluation and determination of the physiological parameters of the skin. The evaluation of age-related skin changes of face zone and neck zone before and after the application of the combined erbium and neodymium laser exposure on the «Fotona» apparatus using the «Fotona 4D» technique has been held. There were 80 examined patients aged from 32 to 66 who, after a comprehensive clinical examination, conducted 2 procedures using the «Fotona 4D» method with an interval of 1 month. There was a significant decrease in the index of evaluation of age-related facial skin changes in the process of correction, which indicates a pronounced clinical effectiveness of the proposed technique (27 points at the screening stage and 12 points at 2 months after correction). There was also a normalization of skin moisture and an improvement in relief, reduction of pore diameter and pigmentation area. Analysis of high-frequency ultrasound data showed a statistically significant increase in skin thickness, mainly due to the dermis.
Features of the hormone-receptor interaction in the endometrium during ovulatory menstrual cycle in women with reproductive failure
Authors: Aganezov S S , Ellinidi V N , Ponomarenko K Yu , Morotskaya A V , Aganezova N V
Published: July 2021

A comparative analysis of the levels of estradiol and progesterone in the blood, immunohistochemical parameters of estrogen receptors and progesterone in endometrium in women with a history of reproductive disorders is presented. It was found that all women had an ovulatory ovarian cycle, levels of estradiol and progesterone in the blood were within the reference values. In women with reproductive failures in the history (n=107), four types of hormone-receptor response in the endometrium were identified. In 46 (43%) women, the first (normoreceptor) type of endometrial response was detected, without significant differences from the control group (n=15) corresponding to the middle stage of the secretion phase. Hyperreceptor (hyper-estrogen-progesterone-receptor, hyper-estrogen-receptor, hyper-progesterone-receptor) types have been identified in 61 patients (57%) with reproductive dysfunctions. The endometrium corresponded to the mid secretory phase was detected in 47 (44%), inadequate secretory phase of the endometrium - in 60 (56%) women with reproductive failures in the anamnesis. All women in the control group had a full secretory change in the endometrium. In general, more than half (61 (57%)) of women with reproductive failures in the history with the ovulatory menstrual cycle with normal values of the level of progesterone in the blood showed signs of a decreased endometrial receptivity status. This indicates that the ovulatory level of progesterone in the blood is not an unconditional predictor of full secretory transformations of the endometrium.
Influence of different types of loads on quality of spatial orientation and operator activity of operators of an aviation profile
Authors: Blaginin A A , Sinelnikov S N , Lyashed’ko S P
Published: July 2021

The positive experience of using modern aviation complexes is repeatedly confirmed by their increasing participation in the solution of many combat and transport tasks. The aircraft equipment in system «pilot - plane - environment», continues to be improved, and possibilities of operators of an aviation profile remain at the same level. This discrepancy requires the experts of aviation medicine to search for new approaches to rising of fastness of a human body to the impact of aggressive air flight factors. It is known that the violation of spatial orientation continues to remain a current problem of flight safety and it accounts for 5 to 14% of all aviation incidents. The preventive events held within the last several decades do not lead to a qualitative solution to this problem. The process of spatial orientation is a complex multi-sensory type of perception, the main input channels of information for which are vestibular and visual analyzers. Research is quality of a training of spatial orientation lasting 10 days at the statokinetic, optokinetic and combined types of influence is investigated. It is established that the most effective type of a training is the combined stato-optokinetic influence, leading to the greatest improvement, as qualities of spatial orientation, so and qualities of performance of operator activity. To achieve sustainable improvement of these qualities it is necessary to conduct training for at least 9 days.
Effects of platelet-rich plasma in the complex therapy of patients with androgenic alopecia
Authors: Pakhomova E E , Smirnova I O , Telichko I N
Published: July 2021

Features of platelet-rich plasma in the complex therapy in patients with androgenic alopecia are analyzed. A comparative evaluation of the clinical efficacy of the three treatment methods was carried out: topical applications of a5% solution of minoxidil, intradermal injection of platelet-rich plasma, and combination of these techniques. A solution of minoxidil was applied to the dry skin of the scalp 1 ml twice a day without washing throughout the observation period. The course of treatment consisted of 4 procedures with an interval of 4 weeks. Clinical efficacy was assessed by the dynamics of morphometric indices of hair growth. It was established that after complex therapy in the form of minoxidil applications and injections of plasma rich plasma, the hair density increased by 32% (p=0,00004), the diameter of the hair shafts by 26% (p=0,00004). At the same time, the share of vellus hair decreased by 30% (p=0,00082), and the proportion of telogen hair decreased by 39% (p=0,00008). The results of using complex therapy significantly exceeded the clinical effect of platelet-rich plasma and topical applications of a 5% solution of minoxidil. The data obtained allows to suggest that plasma enriched with platelets and minoxidil potentiate each other’s effects, and their complex application seems promising for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia.
Suppression of brain electrical activity in general anesthesia: the dose-effect relationship
Authors: Aleksandrov M V , Kostenko I A , Arkhipova N B , Basharin V A , Tolkach P G , Chernyi V S , Nazarov R V , Arutunyan A V
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine to mean effective dosage for propofol and sevoflurane that leads to the generation of burst-suppression pattern on electroencephalogram and electrocorticogram in general anesthesia. It is established that effective dosages that cause the generation of intermittent activity on electroencephalogram exceed those for electrocorticogram. This trend is common both for sevoflurane and for propofol. Discrepancies in the dosage for general anesthetics causing the suppression of electrical activity on electroencephalogram and electrocorticogram defined the «dissociation» of recorded patterns. Simultaneous recording of electroencephalogram and electrocorticogram showed cortical burst-suppression pattern together with the continuous pattern on scalp electrodes. It is concluded that rating and systematization for suppression patterns on electroencephalogram and electrocorticogram should be built upon the common foundation, but with allowances made for technical specifics. Categorization of suppression phenomenon on electrocorticogram implies the critical amplitude to be 20 mkV, whereas for electroencephalogram it is 10 mkV. More formal proposed methods for assessment of intermittent patterns of brain electrical activity during general anesthesia are based on the specific tasks for intraoperative neuromonitoring. Excessive levels of sedation causing rough depression of electrical activity should be avoided, since they may lead to false-negative results of the neuromonitoring.
Physiological and hygienic assessment of nutrition for crew members of surface ships of the Navy in a long maritime campaign
Authors: Andriyanov A I , Yurchik N V , Sochenko V V , Krivtsov A V , Subbotina T I , Andreev V P , Konovalova I A , Smetanin A L , Ishchyk Yu V
Published: July 2021

The nutrition of food for the crews of surface ships (vessels) of the Navy in a long sea cruise was studied to assess the energy and plastic adequacy of the current diet. The indicators of the chemical composition and energy value of the average daily diet are determined taking into account natural technological losses. Standard data on incomplete digestibility of nutrients are taken into account. It has been established that the full compliance of the composition of the consumed food with the norm of sea rations is not ensured. Some mineral elements and vitamins are contained in the food prepared in insufficient quantities. Consequently, in a long maritime campaign, actually consumed food for energy value does not fully ensure the daily energy expenditure of this category of specialists. However, this is not confirmed by the anthropometric and component indices of the body composition revealed before and after the long hike: an increase in the waist-hip index (medians of 0,85 and 0,91 eu, respectively, p=0.008); an increase in the percentage of adipose tissue in the body (medians 15,3 and 18,5%, respectively, p=0,044). Established in the course of work, the dynamics of the body composition of servicemen in a long sea cruise testifies to the non-observance of the principle of energy adequacy of feeding the crew in the direction of exceeding its calorific value. Thus, the current diet (sea ration) does not need to increase its energy content, but it requires improving its composition and compensating for the deficiency of vitamins and certain trace elements by introducing modern vitamin-mineral complexes into the diet.
Practice of information transparency introduction into supervisory actions over medicines turnover
Authors: Bidarova F N
Published: July 2021

The assessment of current transparency introduction practice by Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare and its local authorities within implemented in Russia concept of federal executive authority’s transparency. Information data from official site of Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare and local authorities was studied. The correspondence between the outcomes of supervisory measures to protect the rights of legal entities and the principles of individual entrepreneurs under state supervision is analyzed. The information openness monitoring of Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare and its80 local authorities was performed. It is shown that the existing mechanisms (tools) of openness are not fully consistent with accepted in Russian principles, aims and objectives of transparency. The completeness, clarity and availability of information by Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare and its local authorities about control and supervisory activities that are to be disclosed are not ensured. It is concluded that there are shortcomings in the procedure of forming the state information resource containing information about the results of verification activities conducted by Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare and local authorities. It is still necessary to detail the mechanisms in the field of ensuring openness and transparency of the information provided in order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare and its local bodies.
Experimental model of oxidative stress in chronic disruption of free radical balance in the biological system: polymyositis of the Wagner-Unverricht form
Authors: Listov M V , Mamykin A I
Published: July 2021

Based on the analysis of simulation results of Wagner-Unverricht form polymyositis on mice of DBA/2 line, theoretical and experimental models of oxidative stress in the biological system were compared. It is shown that oxidative stress develops when the balance between the intake of free radicals and the effectiveness of the antioxidant system of the body is impaired. The main role for maintaining radical balance in the biosystem belongs to reversible electron transport through the plasma membrane during the interaction of the free radical flow with the active centres of the cell membrane. The electromagnetic nature of this interaction is underlined. The possible electrical structure of the active centre of the plasma membrane, based on the physicochemical laws of adsorption of electrically charged particles on the surface of liquid crystals, is presented and discussed in detail. The possibility of ion transport through the active centre in its interaction with the free radical is shown. It is noted that the electron transfer through the cell membrane provides the energy necessary for the non- spontaneous reverse transfer of ions in the energy-dependent component of the thermodynamic process that can form the action potential. The presence of irreversible interactions of the free radical flux with the bilipid layer of the plasma membrane in the places of defects of the liquid crystal structure is shown, which leads to the development of destructive changes. It is noted that the hypothesis of the electromagnetic nature of neurohumoral regulation presented in the paper can serve as a basis for further studies of discrete energy effects on the reflex and automatic activity of neurons, including the understanding of the mechanisms of the trigger of automatic processes in glia neurons, up to large neurons of the cerebral cortex, affecting the activity of the Central nervous system and the whole biosystem.
Experimental assessment of efficiency of new domestic local haemostatic means on the basis of chitosan
Authors: Denisov A V , Nosov A M , Telitskiy S Yu , Demchenko K N , Yudin A B , Shperling I A , Milyayev A V , Grebenyuk A N
Published: July 2021

One of the main reasons for the death of potentially wounded military personnel on the battlefield is ongoing bleeding. In recent years, with the advent of a new group of local hemostatic drugs, the results of prehospital care with external massive bleeding have improved significantly. At the same time, local haemostatic agents based on chitosan showed the greatest effectiveness. The results of the experimental evaluation of the effectiveness of new local haemostatic agents based on chitosan: «Gemohit» (powder, 20 g in the package) and «Hemohit-bandage» (a bandage in the z-fold, 8×150 cm) using the model of external massive arterial bleeding in sheep according to the variant of marginal femoral artery injury. Some of the tests were carried out after 3 years of storage of the preparations (3 samples) and under ambient conditions minus45°C (2 tests). It was found that with external massive arterial bleeding, the use of powder and bandage in the z-fold ensured survival of the animals in 100% of cases, primary and final hemostasis was achieved in 50 and 100% of cases, respectively. Storage for 3 years, as well as use of the drug at low ambient temperature does not reduce its effectiveness. The use of local haemostatic agents «Gemohit» and «Hemohit-bandage» is not accompanied by side effects (local hyperthermal reaction, distal or proximal embolism of blood vessels). Local haemostatic funds «Gemohit» and «Gemohit-bint» showed high efficiency in the experimental model of massive external arterial bleeding. Using the local hemostatic agent «Gemohit» in the form of a bandage is more promising in terms of convenience and effectiveness than the use of powder.
«Off-label» use of botulinic toxin type A preparations in neurological practice
Authors: Akhmadeeva L R , Derevyanko Kh P
Published: July 2021

The modern view on the application of botulinum toxin type A for the off-label use in neurology and foreign experience analysis are presented. The «off-label» category referred to any prescription of a medication in case of using it for unregistered indications, with product instruction violation or in the presence of contraindications including age restrictions. The sources of information about medicines were the leaflets of manufacturers of medicines and the State Register of Medicines. It is well known that Botulinum toxin type A is a good therapeutic option for treating children with cerebral palsy. Increased efficacy of regularly repeated cycles with Onabotulinumtoxin A in medication-overuse headache patients beyond the first year of treatment. Botulinum toxin type A is effective in the management of sialorrhea. Botulinum toxin type A is a safe and effective treatment for primary axillary hyperhidrosis and produces high levels of patient satisfaction. Facing depression with botulinum toxin: positive effects on mood have been observed in subjects who underwent treatment of glabellar frown lines with botulinum toxin and, in an open case series, depression remitted or improved after such a treatment. Botox injection significantly improved foot dystonia, pain and lower limb functional outcomes in patients with Parkinson’s disease with deep brain stimulation. The paper describes the problems associated with the lack of clinical data about the possibility of using botulinum toxin type A in different conditions, emphasizes the need to organize clinical trials and educational programs for neurologists as well as more active implementation of protocols for the treatment of patients.
Вiological effects of viroids
Authors: Moskalev A V , Sboychakov V B , Apchel A V , Tsygan N V
Published: July 2021

Possible potential microbial agents of a human which represent by ring highly complementary one-chained ribonucleic acid with an absent of protein coating, as for viruses containing a ribonucleic acid, are characterized. Pathogenic effects of viroids in comparison with viruses and defective viruses are considered. Intimate viroid’s mechanisms on a host cell are described. So viroids do not code any proteins, their action on a plant should be consequence of direct interaction of viroid’s ribonucleic acid and host cell’s contents. However the molecular mechanism by which viroids causes plants’ diseases still remains not completely determined. It is considered, that the first targets of viroid are the nucleic acids and proteins of the host cell. Genomes of some viroids contain areas complementary to some cellular RNA. In connection with it supposed, that disease begins because of inhibition of functions of these cellular ribonucleic acids or their cutting directed viroids by a ribonucleic acid. Pathogenicity of viroids can be also a result of mimicry at a molecular level. Because of features of structure or sequence nucleotides the viroid’s ribonucleic acid can replace by itself some cellular ribonucleic acids. In viroid’s pathogenesis also can be involved and an interference of ribonucleic acids. All this allows to assume, that viroids can become the reason of infectious diseases of the human.
Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis: current state of the problem
Authors: Dvoryanchikov V V , Grebnev G A , Isachenko V S , Shafigullin A V
Published: July 2021

Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis is a problem that is at the junction of two specialities: otorhinolaryngology and dentistry. According to domestic and foreign authors in the structure of dental diseases, odontogenic maxillary sinusitis is6-24%. According to doctors-otorhinolaryngologists among all types of sinusitis about 40% is odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. Currently, there is a gradual increase in the number of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. This is due to the improved diagnosis of this pathology. The use of dental computed tomography usually allows establishing reliably the cause of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. Unsatisfactory results of treatment of some dental diseases, the increase in the number of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis determines the relevance of the study. The problem of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis is considered, modern views on the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis and treatment according to domestic and foreign authors, as well as some issues of the relationship of pathology of intraosseous structures and the course of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis, the principles of an interdisciplinary approach in the treatment of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis are presented. The search for new methods of treatment of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis is dictated by some differences in clinical manifestations of odontogenic sinusitis from rhinogenic. The approach based on the joint primary examination and treatment of patients with suspected odontogenic maxillary sinusitis by an otorhinolaryngologist and maxillofacial surgeon, as well as the development of further tactics for the management of this category of patients, is, in our opinion, promising. The use of modern methods of functional endoscopic surgery is an effective means of prevention and treatment of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis, as it is a minimally invasive technique that allows you to create conditions for further rational prosthetics of the oral cavity.
Development of medical care for the wounded, sick and injured in military conflicts of the past and present
Authors: Kul’nev S V , Kotiv B N , Kriuchkov O A , Mavrenkov E M
Published: July 2021

The reflects the process of formation and development of medical care systems for the wounded, sick and injured in military conflicts, from ancient times to the present. The following issues are covered: the organization of treatment of the wounded and sick and their evacuation in the armies of ancient Greece, the Roman Empire, the European armies of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, the Moscow State, the Russian Empire, the USSR and the Russian Federation. The main factors that influence the approaches to the organization of medical support for troops (forces) in wars of the past and the present are revealed, namely: dependence on the specific conditions of the combat situation and methods of conducting combat operations; from the views of the military and political leadership on the role and place of medical service in the army; on the level of development of weapons and military equipment; on the availability of ways and means of medical evacuation; on the level of development of medical science and technology. The contribution of domestic scientists to the improvement of the medical support system for the troops (forces) was noted: the creation of V.А. Oppel theory of staged treatment of the wounded and its final design under the guidance of E.I. Smirnov (1941-1945) as a system of staged treatment of the wounded with evacuation for the intended purpose. Based on the experience of medical support of troops (forces) in the course of military conflicts of the late XX early XXI centuries. Revealed modern trends in the development of this system in the modern army of Russia. It was concluded that the systems for treating the wounded «on the spot», the drainage system, the scattering system of the wounded and sick, and the system of staged treatment with evacuation for the intended purpose can exist in parallel and be used depending on the specific conditions of the combat situation.
Etiopathogenesis of internal and external genital endometriosis (evolution of views)
Authors: Pechenikova V A , Akopyan R A
Published: July 2021

The etiology and pathogenesis of endometriosis and adenomyosis, as well as their interrelations, are not fully understood and are the subject of discussions and research. The question remains whether the endometriosis and adenomyosis are different diseases, or they represent different phenotypes of the same pathology. Considerations are given about the etiopathogenesis of these diseases, which existed in different years. It is now recognized that endometrioid heterotopias in adenomyosis and endometriosis are derivatives of the basal layer of the endometrium - endometrial stem cell. There are three possible ways of spreading the stem cells of the basal layer of the endometrium, leading to the formation of foci of endometriosis and adenomyosis: retrograde cast into the abdominal cavity with menstrual blood, invasive growth in myometrium due to the mechanism of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and disruption of the endometrium and myometrium connection zone, and neonatal bleeding. Thus, the mechanisms of the appearance of foci of endometriosis in various organs and tissues are quite diverse and are associated with the primary dysfunction of the endometrium itself, retrograde menstruation, pathological regeneration accompanied by epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, as well as pathological changes in the endometrium and myometrium connection zone, neonatal bleeding. The severity of the clinical course of endometriosis, the frequency of relapse after surgical treatment, the effectiveness of conservative therapy, and the overcoming of infertility are probably due to the mechanism of development of this pathology in each specific case.
Techniques for dental implants positioning
Authors: Ivashchenko A V , Yablokov A E , Balandin E I , Tlustenko V P , Antonyan Yu E
Published: July 2021

The modern techniques for dental implants positioning are analyzed. It is established that the duration of dental implants functioning depends on the accuracy of their positioning. The peculiarities of the influence of the human factor on the results of the installation of dental implants are revealed. It is shown that the «free hand» technique is the most inaccurate method. The accuracy of mechanical devices leaves an imprint on the results of dental implantation. Overall, the improvement of implant positioning techniques went along the way of eliminating the negative influence of the human factor on the results of the operation. For this purpose, a few mechanical devices and methods were proposed to approximate the result of the operation to the preoperative plan. Thus, the development of methods for positioning dental implants has gone from the«free hand» technique to robotic systems. Dental navigation platforms evolved along the path of improving the design and increasing the accuracy of implant positioning. In recent years there has been a sharp slowdown in the development of dental navigation systems and an increasing number of applications of robotic systems for the installation of dental implants. At the same time, the role of the implantologist gradually fades into the background, giving way to the dominant role for robotic systems that exceed the accuracy of the positioning of dental implants. In general, the use of mechanical and robotic devices in dental implantation makes it possible to achieve the best result in comparison with the «free hand» technique.
The modern characteristic of biology and diagnostics prospect M. tuberculosis
Authors: Moskalev A V , Sboychakov V B , Apchel A V , Cygan V N
Published: July 2021

Features of biology M. tuberculosis are considered the including modern data about features of morphology, the antigen structures of the various nature defining virulence of activators of tuberculosis. Based on the method data spoligothipirovanie genetic distinctions of families Mycobacteriaceae, and among them strains genotype Beijing, different by wide prevalence in the Russian Federation and high medicinal stability are especially characterised. Based on difficult antigens structure M. tuberculosis features of the development of the immune answer which allow predicting a current of the infectious process are reflected. The presented characteristics reflect considerable heterogeneity strains M. tuberculosis which is combined with a variety of an immune homeostasis of the carriers which were ill and by that essentially complicates laboratory diagnostics of tuberculosis. Among the considered modern methods of diagnostics of a tubercular infection, the most perspective can be immunologic. One of the ways of improvement serodiagnostic the tests promoting an increase of sensitivity serodiagnostic of tuberculosis is creation polyepitopes chimeric antigens by chemical synapsis fibres with carbohydrate molecules. Creation of a composition from several immunodominant antigens M. tuberculosis can become other direction of increase of sensitivity. that will allow lowering considerably number false-positive results. Creation of hybrid fibers will allow avoiding an inevitable decrease in affinity of antibodies of the way of the blood, arising at the use of several antigens simultaneously.