bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnet Ingestion in Children Management Guidelines and Prevention
Authors: Altokhais Tariq
Published: August 2021

Purpose: Foreign body ingestion is common in children, and most foreign bodies pass spontaneously without causing serious injuries. Ingestion of multiple high-power magnet pieces is unique and increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. The longer the duration of ingestion, the increased likelihood of complications. Various management options have been reported, and there is no consensus on the ideal management which necessitates the need for a practical algorithm. The incidence of magnet ingestion has been increasing and directly related to the laws and recalls. The aim of this review is to provide an easy and practical pathway for management and to highlight the preventive rules of the legislations and recalls.

Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the list of references from all identified complete publications were searched for all publications in English-language for pediatric magnet ingestion.

Conclusion: Practical and time-saving management pathways are recommended to minimize the risk of complications. Preventive rules and recalls are important for eliminating the availability of these hazardous magnets. Public awareness about the unique risks posed by these magnets if ingested is important.
Trigonelline, An Alkaloid From Leonurus japonicus Houtt., Suppresses Mast Cell Activation and OVA-Induced Allergic Asthma
Authors: Zhang Wenhui , Zhang Yingling , Chen Simin , Zhang Hong , Yuan Man , Xiao Lianbo , Lu Yue , Xu Hongxi
Published: August 2021

Trigonelline, one of the active compounds from Leonurus japonicus Houtt., has been proven to have pharmacological value in diabetes, the central nervous system and cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have shown that it may also be beneficial in controlling inflammation. However, the mechanism of the antiallergic effects of trigonelline has not been well studied. As the key effector cells participating in the development of allergies, mast cells have been linked to the pathogenesis of asthma for ages. In this study, we demonstrated the inhibitory effect of trigonelline on activated bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) and verified its anti-inflammatory properties using an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma model. Trigonelline suppressed BMMC degranulation and decreased the production of the cytokines, prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and leukotriene C4 (LTC4) in a dose-dependent manner. The potent mechanism is mainly through the suppression of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Trigonelline can alleviate pathological damage in lung tissue and reduce the levels of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines. RNA-seq results revealed the HIF-1α to be a potential target for the allergic reaction. Taken together, our study demonstrated that trigonelline can inhibit allergic inflammation in vitro and in vivo, which may provide a basis for novel anti-inflammatory drug development.
A Systematic Review of Flurbiprofen 8.75 mg Dose and Risk of Haemorrhagic Events
Authors: Dhanda Sandeep , Evans Alison , Roy Debabrata , Osborne Vicki , Townsley Adam , Coutinho Graça , Kulasekaran Anuradha , Shakir Saad
Published: August 2021

Oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known to be associated with an increased risk of bleeding. The NSAID, flurbiprofen, in the form of 8.75 mg lozenge or oromucosal spray is indicated for the symptomatic relief of sore throat. Despite the low dose as compared to alternative flurbiprofen preparations, concerns have been raised regarding its safety in terms of haemorrhagic events. This systematic review was conducted to identify existing evidence on the risk of haemorrhagic events with flurbiprofen 8.75 mg dose (any formulation), particularly where this may be due to potential interactions with other medicinal products. The systematic review examined studies reporting haemorrhagic events in patients receiving flurbiprofen 8.75 mg dose. Six individual electronic databases were searched up to 28th April 2020. Records were initially screened for relevance followed by further review of potentially eligible studies. Data extraction was performed for eligible studies and risk of bias in studies was assessed. The search strategy identified 1093 individual records. Of these, 1038 records were excluded after initial review; the majority of these records related to flurbiprofen in alternative formulations with alternative doses (e.g., eye drops, skin patches, oral tablets) thus were not considered relevant for further review. The 55 remaining records related to flurbiprofen 8.75 mg dose (any formulation) or flurbiprofen lozenge/oromucosal spray where the dose was not specified. After further review, 52 of these records were not considered eligible. Thus, only three records were included in this systematic review. The three studies reported a total of five haemorrhagic events in patients taking flurbiprofen 8.75 mg lozenge; the corresponding risk in each of the studies was 8.33, 1.98 and 1.96%. Where possible, comparison of flurbiprofen 8.75 mg lozenge to placebo produced risk ratios of 0.96 (95% CI 0.07, 13.25) and 2.00 (95% CI 0.10, 118.0). This systematic review found limited evidence on the risk of haemorrhagic events with flurbiprofen when used at a dose of 8.75 mg. Counts were low across all studies and results comparing flurbiprofen and placebo treatment arms were non-significant. However, scarcity of studies and low certainty of evidence for the outcome of haemorrhagic events limits the conclusions of this systematic review.
Audio Information Camouflage Detection for Social Networks
Authors: Lou Jiu , Xu Zhongliang , Zuo Decheng , Zhang Zhan , Ye Lin
Published: August 2021

Sending camouflaged audio information for fraud in social networks has become a new means of social networks attack. The hidden acoustic events in the audio scene play an important role in the detection of camouflaged audio information. Therefore, the application of machine learning methods to represent hidden information in audio streams has become a hot issue in the field of network security detection. This study proposes a heuristic mask for empirical mode decomposition (HM-EMD) method for extracting hidden features from audio streams. The method consists of two parts: First, it constructs heuristic mask signals related to the signal’s structure to solve the modal mixing problem in intrinsic mode function (IMF) and obtains a pure IMF related to the signal’s structure. Second, a series of hidden features in environment-oriented audio streams is constructed on the basis of the IMF. A machine learning method and hidden information features are subsequently used for audio stream scene classification. Experimental results show that the hidden information features of audio streams based on HM-EMD are better than the classical mel cepstrum coefficients (MFCC) under different classifiers. Moreover, the classification accuracy achieved with HM-EMD increases by 17.4 percentage points under the three-layer perceptron and by 1.3% under the depth model of TridentResNet. The hidden information features extracted by HM-EMD from audio streams revealed that the proposed method could effectively detect camouflaged audio information in social networks, which provides a new research idea for improving the security of social networks.
Two Putative Cypovirus-Encoded miRNAs Co-regulate the Host Gene of GTP-Binding Nuclear Protein Ran and Facilitate Virus Replication
Authors: Lin Su , Wang Yongsheng , Zhao Ze , Wu Wanming , Su Yun , Zhang Zhendong , Shen Manman , Wu Ping , Qian Heying , Guo Xijie
Published: August 2021

microRNA (miRNA) plays important roles in regulating various biological processes, including host-pathogen interaction. Recent studies have demonstrated that virus-encoded miRNAs can manipulate host gene expression to ensure viral effective multiplication. Bombyx mori cypovirus (BmCPV), a double-stranded RNA virus with a segmented genome, is one of the important pathogens for the economically important insect silkworm. Our present study indicated that two putative miRNAs encoded by BmCPV could promote viral replication by inhibiting the gene expression of B. mori GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran (BmRan), an essential component of the exportin-5-mediated nucleocytoplasmic transport of small RNAs. BmCPV-miR-1 and BmCPV-miR-3 are two of the BmCPV-encoded miRNAs identified in our previous studies. BmRan is a common target gene of them with binding sites all located in the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of its mRNA. The expression levels of the two miRNAs in the midgut of larvae infected with BmCPV gradually increased with the advance of infection, while the expression of the target gene BmRan decreased gradually. The miRNAs and the recombinant target gene consisting of reporter gene mCherry and 3′-UTR of BmRan mRNA were expressed in HEK293T cells for validating the interaction between the miRNAs and the target gene. qRT-PCR results revealed that BmCPV-miR-1 and BmCPV-miR-3 negatively regulate target gene expression not only separately but also cooperatively by binding to the 3′-UTR of BmRan mRNA. By transfecting miRNA mimics into BmN cells and injecting the mimics into the body of silkworm larvae, it was indicated that both BmCPV-miR-1 and BmCPV-miR-3 could repress the expression of BmRan in BmN cells and in the silkworm, and the cooperative action of the two miRNAs could enhance the repression of BmRan expression. Furthermore, the repression of BmRan could facilitate the replication of BmCPV genomic RNAs. It is speculated that BmCPV-miR-1 and BmCPV-miR-3 might reduce the generation of host miRNAs by inhibiting expression of BmRan, thus creating a favorable intracellular environment for virus replication. Our results are helpful to better understand the pathogenic mechanism of BmCPV to the silkworm, and provide insights into one of the evasion strategies used by viruses to counter the host defense for their effective multiplication.
Anaerobic Capacity in Running: The Effect of Computational Method
Authors: Andersson Erik P. , Björklund Glenn , McGawley Kerry
Published: August 2021

Introduction

To date, no study has compared anaerobic capacity (AnC) estimates computed with the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) method and the gross energy cost (GEC) method applied to treadmill running exercise.

Purpose

Four different models for estimating anaerobic energy supply during treadmill running exercise were compared.

Methods

Fifteen endurance-trained recreational athletes performed, after a 10-min warm-up, five 4-min stages at ∼55–80% of peak oxygen uptake, and a 4-min time trial (TT). Two linear speed-metabolic rate (MR) regression models were used to estimate the instantaneous required MR during the TT (MRTT_req), either including (5+YLIN) or excluding (5-YLIN) a measured Y-intercept. Also, the average GEC (GECAVG) based on all five submaximal stages, or the GEC based on the last submaximal stage (GECLAST), were used as models to estimate the instantaneous MRTT_req. The AnC was computed as the difference between the MRTT_req and the aerobic MR integrated over time.

Results

The GEC remained constant at ∼4.39 ± 0.29 J⋅kg–1⋅m–1 across the five submaximal stages and the TT was performed at a speed of 4.7 ± 0.4 m⋅s–1. Compared with the 5-YLIN, GECAVG, and GECLAST models, the 5+YLIN model generated a MRTT_req that was ∼3.9% lower, with corresponding anaerobic capacities from the four models of 0.72 ± 0.20, 0.74 ± 0.16, 0.74 ± 0.15, and 0.54 ± 0.14 kJ⋅kg–1, respectively (F1.07,42 = 13.9, P = 0.002). The GEC values associated with the TT were 4.22 ± 0.27 and 4.37 ± 0.30 J⋅kg–1⋅m–1 for 5+YLIN and 5-YLIN, respectively (calculated from the regression equation), and 4.39 ± 0.28 and 4.38 ± 0.27 J⋅kg–1⋅m–1 for GECAVG and GECLAST, respectively (F1.08,42 = 14.6, P < 0.001). The absolute typical errors in AnC ranged between 0.03 and 0.16 kJ⋅kg–1 for the six pair-wise comparisons and the overall standard error of measurement (SEM) was 0.16 kJ⋅kg–1.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate a generally high disagreement in estimated anaerobic capacities between models and show that the inclusion of a measured Y-intercept in the linear regression (i.e., 5+YLIN) is likely to underestimate the MRTT_req and the GEC associated with the TT, and hence the AnC during maximal 4-min treadmill running.
Neural Network Differential Equations For Ion Channel Modelling
Authors: Lei Chon Lok , Mirams Gary R.
Published: August 2021

Mathematical models of cardiac ion channels have been widely used to study and predict the behaviour of ion currents. Typically models are built using biophysically-based mechanistic principles such as Hodgkin-Huxley or Markov state transitions. These models provide an abstract description of the underlying conformational changes of the ion channels. However, due to the abstracted conformation states and assumptions for the rates of transition between them, there are differences between the models and reality—termed model discrepancy or misspecification. In this paper, we demonstrate the feasibility of using a mechanistically-inspired neural network differential equation model, a hybrid non-parametric model, to model ion channel kinetics. We apply it to the hERG potassium ion channel as an example, with the aim of providing an alternative modelling approach that could alleviate certain limitations of the traditional approach. We compare and discuss multiple ways of using a neural network to approximate extra hidden states or alternative transition rates. In particular we assess their ability to learn the missing dynamics, and ask whether we can use these models to handle model discrepancy. Finally, we discuss the practicality and limitations of using neural networks and their potential applications.
A Differential Pattern of Batokine Expression in Perivascular Adipose Tissue Depots From Mice
Authors: Mestres-Arenas Alberto , Villarroya Joan , Giralt Marta , Villarroya Francesc , Peyrou Marion
Published: August 2021

Depending on its anatomical placement, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has been found to possess features more (e.g., aortic thoracic) or less (e.g., aortic abdominal) similar to brown/beige adipose tissue in mice, whereas PVAT surrounding the mesenteric arteries and the caudal part of abdominal aorta is similar to white fat. PVAT is thought to influence vascular function through the effects of adipose-secreted molecules on vessels. Brown adipose tissue was recently shown to play differential secretory role via secretion of the so-called batokines but the involvement of differential batokine production in PVAT brown/beige plasticity was unclear. The current study characterizes for the first time the expression of batokines at aortic thoracic PVAT (tPVAT) and aortic abdominal PVAT (aPVAT) in comparison with typical brown and white adipose depots, in basal and thermogenically activated conditions. We found that both PVAT depots increased their expression of genes encoding the batokines bone morphogenetic protein-8b (BMP8B), fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21), and kininogen-2 (KNG2) in response to cold, indicating that, under cold-induced thermogenic activation, both thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta would experience intense local exposure to these PVAT-secreted batokines. In contrast, the gene expression levels of growth/differentiation factor-15 and vascular endothelial growth factor-A were induced only in tPVAT. Under short-term high-fat diet-induced thermogenic activation, the thoracic aorta would be specifically exposed to a local increase in PVAT-originating BMP8B, FGF21, and KNG2. Our data support the notion that acquisition of a brown/beige phenotype in PVAT is associated with upregulation of batokines, mainly BMP8B, FGF21, and KNG2, that can differentially target the vascular system.
The Relationship Between Reading Strategy and Reading Comprehension: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Sun Yuanke , Wang Jindao , Dong Yang , Zheng Haoyuan , Yang Jie , Zhao Yaman , Dong Weiyang
Published: August 2021

This study synthesized the correlation between reading strategy and reading comprehension of four categories based on Weinstein and Mayer's reading strategy model. The current meta-analysis obtained 57 effect sizes that represented 21,548 readers, and all selected materials came from empirical studies published from 1998 to 2019. Results showed that reading strategies in all the four categories had a similar correlation effect size with reading comprehension. The correlation between monitoring strategy and reading comprehension was significantly larger in first language scripts than second language scripts. Affective strategy and elaboration strategy had an independent effect on reading comprehension, which was not significantly moderated by selected moderators. Results suggested that the reading strategies of all the four categories may have a similar contribution to text comprehension activities.
Alexithymia and Facial Mimicry in Response to Infant and Adult Affect-Expressive Faces
Authors: Nordmann Marc A. , Schäfer Ralf , Müller Tobias , Franz Matthias
Published: August 2021

Facial mimicry is the automatic tendency to imitate facial expressions of emotions. Alexithymia is associated with a reduced facial mimicry ability to affect expressions of adults. There is evidence that the baby schema may influence this process. In this study it was tested experimentally whether facial mimicry of the alexithymic group (AG) is different from the control group (CG) in response to dynamic facial affect expressions of children and adults. A multi-method approach (20-point Toronto Alexithymia Scale and Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia) was used for assessing levels of alexithymia. From 3503 initial data sets, two groups of 38 high and low alexithymic individuals without relevant mental or physical diseases were matched regarding age, gender, and education. Facial mimicry was induced by presentation of naturalistic affect-expressive video sequences (fear, sadness, disgust, anger, and joy) taken from validated sets of faces from adults (Averaged Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces) and children (Picture-Set of Young Children’s Affective Facial Expressions). The videos started with a neutral face and reached maximum affect expression within 2 s. The responses of the groups were measured by facial electromyographic activity (fEMG) of corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus major muscles. Differences in fEMG response (4000 ms) were tested in a variance analytical model. There was one significant main effect for the factor emotion and four interaction effects for the factors group × age, muscle × age, muscle × emotion, and for the triple interaction muscle × age × emotion. The participants of AG showed a decreased fEMG activity in response to the presented faces of adults compared to the CG but not for the faces of children. The affect-expressive faces of children induced enhanced zygomatic and reduced corrugator muscle activity in both groups. Despite existing deficits in the facial mimicry of alexithymic persons, affect-expressive faces of children seem to trigger a stronger positive emotional involvement even in the AG.
Transformational Leadership, Ethical Leadership, and Participative Leadership in Predicting Counterproductive Work Behaviors: Evidence From Financial Technology Firms
Authors: Huang Stanley Y. B. , Li Ming-Way , Chang Tai-Wei
Published: August 2021

Counterproductive work behaviors are a crucial issue for practice and academic because it influences employees’ job performance and career development. The present research conceptualizes Kahn’s employee engagement theory and employs transformational leadership, ethical leadership, and participative leadership as its antecedents to predict counterproductive work behaviors through a latent growth model. The present research collected empirical data of 505 employees of fintech businesses in Great China at three waves over 6 months. The findings revealed that as employees perceived higher transformational leadership, ethical leadership, and participative leadership at the first time point, they may demonstrate more positive growths in employee engagement development behavior, which in turn, caused more negative growths in counterproductive work behaviors. The present research stresses a dynamic model of the three leaderships that can alleviate counterproductive work behaviors through the mediating role of employee engagement over time.
Validation of New Methods of Using Simulated Whole-Body Movements as Implicit Indicators of Sound and Odor Preferences
Authors: Cereghetti Donato , Faye Pauline , Gros Laetitia , Mahé Lucas , Diaz Emmanuelle , Cayeux Isabelle , Heritier Théo , Versace Rémy
Published: August 2021

Would you get close to a stinky perfume bottle or to a loudspeaker producing noise? In this paper, we present two procedures that allowed us to assess the ability of auditory and olfactory cues to elicit automatic approach/avoidance reactions toward their sources. The procedures resulted from an adaptation of the Visual Approach/Avoidance by the Self Task (VAAST; Rougier et al., 2018), a task having the peculiarity of simulating approach/avoidance reactions by using visual feedback coming from the whole-body movements. In the auditory VAAST (Experiment 1), participants were instructed to move forward or backward from a loudspeaker that produced spoken words differentiated by their level of distortion and thus by their hedonic value. In the olfactory VAAST (Experiment 2), participants were asked to move forward or backward from a perfume bottle that delivered pleasant and unpleasant odors. We expected, consistent with the approach/avoidance compatibility effect, shorter latencies for approaching positive stimuli and avoiding negative stimuli. In both experiments, we found an effect of the quality of the emotional stimulus on forward actions of participants, with undistorted words and pleasant odors inducing faster forward movements compared with that for distorted words and unpleasant odors. Notably, our results further suggest that the VAAST can successfully be used with implicit instructions, i.e., without requiring participants to explicitly process the valence of the emotional stimulus (in Experiment 1) or even the emotional stimulus itself (in Experiment 2). The sensitivity of our procedures is analyzed and its potential in cross-modal and (contextualized) consumer research discussed.
Dispositional Awe and Online Altruism: Testing a Moderated Mediating Model
Authors: Lin RongMao , Chen YanPing , Shen YiLin , Xiong XiaXin , Lin Nan , Lian Rong
Published: August 2021

Dispositional awe has a positive effect on prosociality. However, it has not been tested whether this disposition appears in online altruism. Using a large sample of 3,080 Chinese undergraduates, this study tested a moderated mediating model that takes self-transcendent meaning in life (STML) as a mediator and subjective socioeconomic status (SSES) as a moderator. As predicted, dispositional awe was positively correlated with online altruism, partly via the indirect effect of STML. SSES moderated both the direct and indirect effects. Specifically, the predictive effects of dispositional awe on both online prosocial behavior and STML were greater for lower rather than higher SSES. This study extends the prosociality of dispositional awe to cyberspace. Other implications are also discussed herein.
Aging Does Not Enhance Social Contagion Effect
Authors: Carnero-Sierra Susana , Menor Julio
Published: August 2021

Studies on the social contagion of memory show that it is possible to create false memories from the wrong responses from other people without requiring their physical presence. The current study examined age differences between false memories via the modified social contagion paradigm. Twenty older and twenty younger adults were shown six household scenes and were exposed to the erroneous memory reports of an implied confederate who was not physically present. The presentation time of the scenes and the typicality of the contagion items were manipulated. The participants watched each scene individually and then took turns giving their recall responses with the responses belonging to a fictional participant provided by written cards. The results in a final individual recall test indicated a significant contagion effect in both groups of participants. Additionally, an effect of the typicality of the contagion items was observed, such that the more typical items produced more contagion than the less typical items. In relation to true recall, the older adults remembered significantly fewer items from the scenes than the younger ones and obtained a lower score in the word list subtest of the Weschler Memory Scale. Although the older group had an episodic memory deficit, they were not more susceptible to being affected by the wrong responses of other people than younger group.
Association Between Future Orientation and Anxiety in University Students During COVID-19 Outbreak: The Chain Mediating Role of Optimization in Primary-Secondary Control and Resilience
Authors: Chen Yilin , Xu Hui , Liu Chuanshi , Zhang Jing , Guo Chenguang
Published: August 2021

The unfamiliar and menacing epidemic has undoubtedly increased the anxiety of students. Therefore, the strategies to reduce anxiety are urgently required. The present study principally investigated a protective mechanism of future orientation in anxiety during the low-risk period of COVID-19 outbreak. The study was conducted in 528 non-infected students (range = 16–24 years) recruited from five universities in China. The participants completed questionnaires between January 22, 2021, and January 24, 2021. Chain intermediary analyses were performed after controlling for gender and age. Results indicated that future orientation lowers anxiety through (a) optimization in primary and secondary control, (b) resilience, and (c) chain mediating path of optimization in primary and secondary control coupled with resilience. We investigated how individuals deal with risk factors after encountering adversity and how their psychological flexibility stimulates and promotes them to achieve a well-adapted developmental state. This study provided reference suggestions on reducing anxiety levels during an emergency.
Antidepressant-Like Effects of Chronic Guanosine in the Olfactory Bulbectomy Mouse Model
Authors: Almeida Roberto Farina , Nonose Yasmine , Ganzella Marcelo , Loureiro Samanta Oliveira , Rocha Andréia , Machado Daniele Guilhermano , Bellaver Bruna , Fontella Fernanda Urruth , Leffa Douglas T. , Pettenuzzo Letícia Ferreira , Venturin Gianina Teribele , Greggio Samuel , da Costa Jaderson Costa , Zimmer Eduardo R. , Elisabetsky Elaine , Souza Diogo O.
Published: August 2021

Major depressive disorder (MDD) leads to pervasive changes in the health of afflicted patients. Despite advances in the understanding of MDD and its treatment, profound innovation is needed to develop fast-onset antidepressants with higher effectiveness. When acutely administered, the endogenous nucleoside guanosine (GUO) shows fast-onset antidepressant-like effects in several mouse models, including the olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) rodent model. OBX is advocated to possess translational value and be suitable to assess the time course of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This study aimed at investigating the long-term behavioral and neurochemical effects of GUO in a mouse model of depression induced by bilateral bulbectomy (OBX). Mice were submitted to OBX and, after 14 days of recovery, received daily (ip) administration of 7.5 mg/kg GUO or 40 mg/kg imipramine (IMI) for 45 days. GUO and IMI reversed the OBX-induced hyperlocomotion and recognition memory impairment, hippocampal BDNF increase, and redox imbalance (ROS, NO, and GSH levels). GUO also mitigated the OBX-induced hippocampal neuroinflammation (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, INF-γ, and IL-10). Brain microPET imaging ([18F]FDG) shows that GUO also prevented the OBX-induced increase in hippocampal FDG metabolism. These results provide additional evidence for GUO antidepressant-like effects, associated with beneficial neurochemical outcomes relevant to counteract depression.
Preparing for Future Adversities: Lessons From the COVID-19 Pandemic in Australia for Promoting Relational Resilience in Families
Authors: Biden Ebony J. , Greenwood Christopher J. , Macdonald Jacqui A. , Spry Elizabeth A. , Letcher Primrose , Hutchinson Delyse , Youssef George J. , McIntosh Jennifer E. , Olsson Craig A.
Published: August 2021

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has placed considerable pressure on families, testing the quality of relationships and the strength of social support within and beyond the family network. However, little is known about the pre-pandemic factors that predict family relational resilience and social functioning during times of natural disaster or global crisis. Here we use data from one of Australia's longest running studies of social and emotional development to examine the nature and timing of possible relational and social support intervention aimed at preparing families for future adversities.

Methods: Data were from the Australian Temperament Project Generation 3 (ATPG3) Study, a population representative three generation cohort study of families established in 1983. A subset of Generation 2 parents completed a COVID-19 specific survey in May-September 2020 (502 parents of 871 children; 60% mothers; 37–38 years). These participants had completed the Quality of Relationships Inventory to assess social support during young adulthood, at 23–24 years (2006) and 27–28 years (2010), before next generation conception. Participants had also completed the Maternity Social Support Scale 1 year postpartum for each child born across the ATPG3 assessment period (2012–2019). In 2020, during the height of the Australian lockdowns, participants rated the quality of their relationships with their partners, children and broader family and friends, in addition to social support within and extended beyond their family.

Results: Pre-pandemic partner support was associated with partner relationship quality during the pandemic (β = 0.22). Pre-pandemic support from friends was associated with relationship quality with other family and friends during the pandemic (β = 0.12 – 0.18). Pre-pandemic support (from partner, family and friends) was consistently associated with social support within families during the pandemic (β = 0.11 – 0.21). Pre-pandemic support from friends was also associated with family support extended to others within their local community during the pandemic (β = 0.12 – 0.13).

Conclusions: Strengthening supportive relationships during major life transitions, prior to the start of family life and in early parenthood, may have long-term and intergenerational benefits years into the future for both families and communities. This may promote resilience during future crises and other more normative stressful life events.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Safety Practices About COVID-19 Among High School Students in Iran During the First Wave of the Pandemic
Authors: Hatami Hossein , Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen , Malekpour Mohammad-Reza , Kolahi Ali-Asghar
Published: August 2021

Background: School closures have inevitably deprived students of their traditional source of information. The objective of this study was to determine knowledge, attitudes, and safety practices about COVID-19 among high school students in Iran.

Methods: This study was conducted from March 24th-April 3rd, 2020. Data were collected via an online-parent-administrative questionnaire.

Results: Responses of 704 students were analyzed. Students' mean (SD) knowledge score was 21.5 (4.6) of 30. More than 90% of students knew about the cause of the disease, the routes of transmission, and the most renowned symptoms: dyspnea and cough. Social-and- audiovisual-media were the leading information source. Most students believed that people need to keep safe physical distancing, everyone should isolate themselves upon symptoms onset, people should avoid unnecessary in-person contact with family and friends, and that cities need to go under lockdowns if needed. Students' mean (SD) practice score was 20.2 (2.5) of 24. Most students did not go on a trip, and more than 80% said they would wear facemasks when going outside.

Conclusions: High school students' knowledge and safety practices about COVID-19 were somewhat satisfactory, and their attitudes toward the disease were mainly positive. Nevertheless, some witnessed knowledge gaps, negative attitudes, and unsafe practices in the study highlighted the need for targeted education on the pandemic. Social and mass media's significant role and potential could be utilized to battle misinformation and deliver proper knowledge to young adolescents.
One Health Evaluation of Antimicrobial Use and Resistance Surveillance: A Novel Tool for Evaluating Integrated, One Health Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Use Surveillance Programs
Authors: Haworth-Brockman Margaret , Saxinger Lynora M. , Miazga-Rodriguez Misha , Wierzbowski Aleksandra , Otto Simon J. G.
Published: August 2021

We describe the development, application and utility of our novel, One Health Evaluation of Antimicrobial Use and Resistance Surveillance (OHE-AMURS) tool that we created to evaluate progress toward integrated, One Health surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antimicrobial use (AMU) as a complex system in Canada. We conducted a qualitative inquiry into the current state of policy and programs for integrated AMR/AMU surveillance using explicit and tacit knowledge. To assess the “messy” state of public health surveillance program development, we synthesized recommendations from previous reports by the National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases and the Canadian Council of Chief Veterinary Officers; conducted an environmental scan to find all federal, provincial, and territorial AMR/AMU surveillance programs in Canada; and conducted semi-structured interviews with Canadian subject matter experts. To integrate evidence from these different sources we adapted two published tools to create a new evaluation matrix, deriving 36 components of the ideal integrated AMR/AMU surveillance system. Our two-way matrix tool allowed us to examine seven common, foundational elements of sustainable programs for each component, and assign a stage of development/sustainability ranking for each component according to the matrix definitions. Our adaptable novel tool allowed for granular and repeatable assessment of the many components of a complex surveillance system. The assessment proved robust and exacting to ensure transparency in our methods and results. The matrix allows flexible assignment of program components based on program principles, and stages can be adapted to evaluate any aspect of an AMR/AMU surveillance or other multi-faceted, multi-jurisdictional system. Future refinement should include an assessment of the scope of surveillance components.
Resilience-Focused HIV Care to Promote Psychological Well-Being During COVID-19 and Other Catastrophes
Authors: Brown L. Lauren , Martin Erika G. , Knudsen Hannah K. , Gotham Heather J. , Garner Bryan R.
Published: August 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected people with HIV due to disruptions in prevention and care services, economic impacts, and social isolation. These stressors have contributed to worse physical health, HIV treatment outcomes, and psychological wellness. Psychological sequelae associated with COVID-19 threaten the overall well-being of people with HIV and efforts to end the HIV epidemic. Resilience is a known mediator of health disparities and can improve psychological wellness and behavioral health outcomes along the HIV Continuum of Care. Though resilience is often organically developed in individuals as a result of overcoming adversity, it may be fostered through multi-level internal and external resourcing (at psychological, interpersonal, spiritual, and community/neighborhood levels). In this Perspective, resilience-focused HIV care is defined as a model of care in which providers promote optimum health for people with HIV by facilitating multi-level resourcing to buffer the effects of adversity and foster well-being. Adoption of resilience-focused HIV care may help providers better promote well-being among people living with HIV during this time of increased psychological stress and help prepare systems of care for future catastrophes. Informed by the literature, we constructed a set of core principles and considerations for successful adoption and sustainability of resilience-focused HIV care. Our definition of resilience-focused HIV care marks a novel contribution to the knowledge base and responds to the call for a multidimensional definition of resilience as part of HIV research.
Implementation Strategies to Enhance Youth-Friendly Sexual and Reproductive Health Services in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review
Authors: Obiezu-Umeh Chisom , Nwaozuru Ucheoma , Mason Stacey , Gbaja-Biamila Titilola , Oladele David , Ezechi Oliver , Iwelunmor Juliet
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Youth-friendly health service (YFHS) interventions are a promising, cost-effective approaches to delivering sexual and reproductive services that cater to the developmental needs of young people. Despite a growing evidence-base, implementation of such interventions into practice have proven to be challenging in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Thus, the purpose of this review is to synthesize existing evidence on YFHS implementation in SSA and understand which implementation strategies were used, in what context, how they were used, and leading to which implementation outcomes.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and CINAHL, was conducted to identify peer-reviewed research articles published from database inception up until August 2020. Eligible studies were required to include young people (ages 10–24 years) in sub-Saharan Africa. Studies that described implementation strategies, as conceptualized by the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) project, used to enhance the implementation of YFHS were included. Implementation outcomes were extracted using Proctor and colleagues' 8 taxonomy of implementation outcomes.

Results: We identified 18 unique interventions (reported in 23 articles) from an initial search of 630 articles, including seven from East Africa, seven from South Africa, and four from West Africa. In most studies (n = 15), youth-friendly health services were delivered within the context of a health facility or clinic setting. The most frequently reported categories of implementation strategies were to train and educate stakeholders (n = 16) followed by infrastructure change (n = 10), to engage consumers (n = 9), the use of evaluative and iterative strategies (n = 8), support clinicians (n = 8), and providing interactive assistance (n = 6). The effectiveness of the strategies to enhance YFHS implementation was commonly measured using adoption (n = 15), fidelity (n = 7), acceptability (n = 5), and penetration (n = 5). Few studies reported on sustainability (n = 2), appropriateness (n = 1), implementation cost (n = 1) and feasibility (n = 0).

Conclusion: Results of the review emphasize the need for further research to evaluate and optimize implementation strategies for promoting the scale-up and sustainability of evidence-based, YFHS interventions in resource-constrained settings. This review also highlights the need to design robust studies to better understand which, in what combination, and in what context, can implementation strategies be used to effectively enhance the implementation of YFHS interventions.
Morphology, Formation, and Activity of Three Different Pockmark Systems in Peri-Alpine Lake Thun, Switzerland
Authors: Cojean Adeline N. Y. , Kremer Katrina , Bartosiewicz Maciej , Fabbri Stefano C. , Lehmann Moritz F. , Wirth Stefanie B.
Published: August 2021

Pockmarks are crater-like depressions formed by upward fluid flow (gas and/or liquid) through the unconsolidated sediment column on the floor of oceans and lakes. While pockmarks are well described in the marine realm, they have essentially been overlooked in lacustrine settings, likely due to a lack in economic interest to apply high-resolution hydroacoustic techniques in lakes. A swath-bathymetry survey on Lake Thun, Switzerland, revealed the existence of three pockmark systems. One pockmark (110 m in diameter) was discovered near a big karst system at Beatenberg at a water depth of ~217 m. Its activity is probably associated with episodic groundwater seepage induced by earthquakes, floods and snowmelt. At another site, Daerligen, we detected at ~60 m water depth the presence of multiple smaller pockmarks (~1.5 to 10 m in diameter) that seem to be active, continuously liberating CH4 gas by bubble ebullition. The CH4 displayed a biogenic carbon isotopic signature, however, the exact origin of the gas remains unknown. The third site, Tannmoos (~35 m water depth), comprises two large pockmarks (20–43 m in diameter) connected to a karst system in gypsum-carrying bedrock. One of these pockmarks is constituted of several unit pockmarks (e.g., sub-pockmarks; 0.3 to 0.8 m in diameter). While strong evidence is still lacking, we suggest that groundwater discharge occasionally occurs through these unit pockmarks during periods of intense precipitation. Hence, this study reveals the existence of three pockmark systems of variable morphology and mechanisms of formation within the same lake, reflecting different hydrological and biogeochemical regimes. Moreover, it underscores the potential importance of pockmarks in influencing hydrological and CH4 budgets in lakes. Clearly more work on quantifying seasonal fluxes of groundwater and CH4 release via lacustrine pockmarks is required, and it needs to be seen whether the observations made in Lake Thun are universal and apply also to many other lacustrine environments worldwide.
Bruise Susceptibility and Impact on Quality Parameters of Pears During Storage
Authors: Pathare Pankaj B. , Al-Dairi Mai
Published: August 2021

Bruise damage is one of the mechanical injury problems that could appear in fresh produce during the post-harvest supply chain. The study investigated three main effects (drop impact level, storage temperature, and storage duration), which can expand the level of bruising and cause some quality changes that contribute to the damage of pear. Pear fruit samples were purchased from the market and delivered to the post-harvest laboratory. Each pear was impacted by a ball with a known mass at three different drop heights (20, 40, and 60 cm), stored at 22°C with 45 ± 5% RH and 10°C with 85 ± 5% RH for 14 days storage period. Bruise area (BA), bruise volume (BV), and bruise susceptibility (BS) were calculated. Different quality analyses were done like color, firmness, and total soluble solids (TSS). Analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression analysis, and pearson correlation coefficient were performed. With increasing drop height and temperature for 14 days storage, BA, BV, BS, lightness (L*), yellowness (b*), color saturation (Chroma), and total color difference increased. However, firmness was highly reduced (92.82%) due to the increase in drop height (60 cm), storage temperature (22°C), and storage duration (14 days). Color purity (Hue), redness (a*), and TSS were not affected by drop height (impact level). A strong relationship with a strong linear regression (R2) was found between BS and CIEL*,a*, andb*color coordinates. A positive and strong correlation was also found between BS and CIEL*a*b*color parameters with a strong and negative correlation with firmness. Overall, this study can be considered as guideline for horticulture researchers and in fresh produce supply chain during post-harvest operations.
Electrocautery vs. Stapler in Comparing Safety for Segmentectomy of Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Lu Tianjian , Zhang Ruoxi , Jiang Kexin , Wang Zihuai , Hao Xiaohu , Chen Nan , Liu Lunxu
Published: August 2021

Background: Electrocautery and staplers are regarded as the two most common surgical instruments for dissecting the intersegmental plane in segmentectomy. We performed a meta-analysis to compare electrocautery and staplers in terms of their safety and effects.

Methods: A systematic search strategy was performed using PubMed, and the retrieval time was up to April 1, 2020. Odds ratio (OR) and mean differences (MDs) with 95% CI were applied to determine the effectiveness of dichotomous or continuous variables, respectively.

Results: Six studies including 385 patients were included. The electrocautery had a higher incidence rate of postoperative complication [OR= 1.92, 95% CI (1.12, 3.28), P = 0.02)] and air leak [OR: 3.91, 95% CI (1.64, 9.35), P = 0.002)]. No significant difference was found in the comparison of surgery time, blood loss, and duration of tube days or hospitality days.

Conclusions: Our study indicated that patients under segmentectomy were associated with better safety by using stapler than electrocautery in the reduction of postoperative complications.
Post-vaccination Monitoring to Assess Foot-and-Mouth Disease Immunity at Population Level in Korea
Authors: Park Mi-Young , Han You Jin , Choi Eun-Jin , Kim HeeYeon , Pervin Rokeya , Shin Wonseok , Kwon Doheon , Kim Jae Myoung , Pyo Hyun Mi
Published: August 2021

In South Korea, domestic cattle, pigs, and goats were subjected to mandatory foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination and year-round serosurveillance since 2011. In 2020, approximately USD 95 million was spent solely for FMD vaccine purchase for 59 million livestock, and 1.25 million samples were tested to estimate the population immunity and demonstrate the absence of virus circulation. As the FMD vaccination program was revised in 2018, the post-vaccination monitoring (PVM) was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the vaccine program of three vaccines approved for routine use. To this end, monitoring post-vaccination immunity has been conducted by collecting 35,626 serum samples at 28 days post-vaccination following regular national vaccinations, which were carried out in April and in October in 2020. The design of the serological test for PVM was specially targeted at particular livestock groups, including dairy cattle, goats, and beef cattle aged 6–12 months, which were generally estimated to have a low expected seroprevalence. The risk factors had also been identified, considering the increased likelihood of infection in a particular location, herd size, and husbandry system applied in a targeted sample collection. Serum sample collection and SP-O and NSP antibody tests were performed by local veterinary laboratories using commercially available ELISAs. The current FMD vaccination program, which was performed twice a year following the regimen of primary vaccination and boost, resulted in over 80% population immunity. The seroprevalence monitored after the vaccination in fall was higher than the one studied in spring except in pigs. It was demonstrated that the seroprevalence of risk-based targeted samples ranged from 93.8 to 100% in cattle, 63.2 to 100% in pigs, and 20.0 to 100% in goats. Of note is the area near the North Korean borders which showed a relatively low seroprevalence among the targeted regions, and no NSP sero-positive reactor was detected in this region. When subpopulation immunity at the individual level was assessed, the seroprevalence in young cattle stock was slightly lower (95.8%) than that of adults (98.4%). In conclusion, the FMD vaccination campaign has been successfully implemented in Korea, and the PVM can be a supplementary program for massive routine surveillance in terms of providing timely information needed both to estimate population immunity and to properly target “risk-based surveillance.”