bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary forest dynamics in lowland dipterocarp forest at Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia, and the role of the understorey
Authors: Newbery D. M. , Kennedy D. N. , Petol G. H. , Madani L. , Ridsdale C. E.
Published: July 2002

Changes in species composition in two 4–ha plots of lowland dipterocarp rainforest at Danum, Sabah, were measured over ten years (1986 to 1996) for trees greater than or equal to 10 cm girth at breast height (gbh). Each included a lower–slope to ridge gradient. The period lay between two drought events of moderate intensity but the forest showed no large lasting responses, suggesting that its species were well adapted to this regime. Mortality and recruitment rates were not unusual in global or regional comparisons. The forest continued to aggrade from its relatively (for Sabah) low basal area in 1986 and, together with the very open upper canopy structure and an abundance of lianas, this suggests a forest in a late stage of recovery from a major disturbance, yet one continually affected by smaller recent setbacks. Mortality and recruitment rates were not related to population size in 1986, but across subplots recruitment was positively correlated with the density and basal area of small trees (10 to <50 cm gbh) forming the dense understorey. Neither rate was related to topography. While species with larger mean gbh had greater relative growth rates (rgr) than smaller ones, subplot mean recruitment rates were correlated with rgr among small trees. Separating understorey species (typically the Euphorbiaceae) from the overstorey (Dipterocarpaceae) showed marked differences in change in mortality with increasing gbh: in the former it increased, in the latter it decreased. Forest processes are centred on this understorey quasi–stratum. The two replicate plots showed a high correspondence in the mortality, recruitment, population changes and growth rates of small trees for the 49 most abundant species in common to both. Overstorey species had higher rgrs than understorey ones, but both showed considerable ranges in mortality and recruitment rates. The supposed trade–off in traits, viz slower rgr, shade tolerance and lower population turnover in the understorey group versus faster potential growth rate, high light responsiveness and high turnover in the overstorey group, was only partly met, as some understorey species were also very dynamic. The forest at Danum, under such a disturbance–recovery regime, can be viewed as having a dynamic equilibrium in functional and structural terms. A second trade–off in shade–tolerance versus drought–tolerance is suggested for among the understorey species. A two–storey (or vertical component) model is proposed where the understorey–overstorey species’ ratio of small stems (currently 2:1) is maintained by a major feedback process. The understorey appears to be an important part of this forest, giving resilience against drought and protecting the overstorey saplings in the long term. This view could be valuable for understanding forest responses to climate change where drought frequency in Borneo is predicted to intensify in the coming decades.
Interdependence of peat and vegetation in a tropical peat swamp forest
Authors: Page S. E. , Rieley J. O. , Shotyk Ø. W. , Weiss D.
Published: July 2002

The visual uniformity of tropical peat swamp forest masks the considerable variation in forest structure that has evolved in response to differences and changes in peat characteristics over many millennia. Details are presented of forest structure and tree composition of the principal peat swamp forest types in the upper catchment of Sungai Sebangau, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, in relation to thickness and hydrology of the peat. Consideration is given to data on peat geochemistry and age of peat that provide evidence of the ombrotrophic nature of this vast peatland and its mode of formation. The future sustainability of this ecosystem is predicted from information available on climate change and human impact in this region.
Immunological memory and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome pathogenesis
Authors: Kaur Amitinder , Rosenzweig Michael , Paul Johnson R.
Published: July 2002

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus results in profound perturbations in immunological memory, ultimately resulting in increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). W e have used rhesus macaques infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) as a model to understand better the effects of AIDS virus infection on immunological memory. Acute infection with SIV resulted in significant deficits in CD4+helper responses to cytomegalovirus (CMV) as well as CMV–specific cytotoxic T–lymphocyte and neutralizing antibody responses. Reactivation of CMV was associated with high levels of SIV replication and suppression of both T–helper and cytotoxic responses to CMV . We have also studied the effects of SIV infection on T–cell turnover in non–human primates. T–cell turnover was evaluated using the nucleoside analogue bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in combination with five–colour flow cytometric analysis. T cells in normal animals turned over at relatively rapid rates, with memory cells turning over more quickly than naive cells. In SIV–infected animals, the labelling and elimination rates of both CD4+and CD8+BrdU–labelled cells were increased by two– to threefold compared with normal controls. Further analysis of immunological memory in nonhuman primates should offer the opportunity to extend immunological insights from murine models to the pathogenesis and prevention of AIDS.
Correlates of cytotoxic T–lymphocyte–mediated virus control: implications for immuno–suppressive infections and their treatment
Authors: Wodarz Dominik , Nowak Martin A.
Published: July 2002

A very important question in immunology is to determine which factors decide whether an immune response can efficiently clear or control a viral infection, and under what circumstances we observe persistent viral replication and pathology. This paper summarizes how mathematical models help us gain new insights into these questions, and explores the relationship between antiviral therapy and long–term immunological control in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We find that cytotoxic Tlymphocyte (CTL) memory, defined as antigen–independent persistence of CTL precursors, is necessary for the CTL response to clear an infection. The presence of such a memory response is associated with the coexistence of many CTL clones directed against multiple epitopes. If CTL memory is inefficient, then persistent replication can be established. This outcome is associated with a narrow CTL response directed against only one or a few viral epitopes. If the virus replicates persistently, occurrence of pathology depends on the level of virus load at equilibrium, and this can be determined by the overall efficacy of the CTL response. Mathematical models suggest that controlled replication is reflected by a positive correlation between CTLs and virus load. On the other hand, uncontrolled viral replication results in higher loads and the absence of a correlation between CTLs and virus load. A negative correlation between CTLs and virus load indicates that the virus actively impairs immunity, as observed with HIV. Mathematical models and experimental data suggest that HIV persistence and pathology are caused by the absence of sufficient CTL memory. We show how mathematical models can help us devise therapy regimens that can restore CTL memory in HIV patients and result in long–term immunological control of the virus in the absence of life–long treatment.
Positional Candidate Cloning of a QTL in Dairy Cattle: Identification of a Missense Mutation in the Bovine DGAT1 Gene with Major Effect on Milk Yield and Composition
Authors: Grisart Bernard , Coppieters Wouter , Farnir Frédéric , Karim Latifa , Ford Christine , Berzi Paulette , Cambisano Nadine , Mni Myriam , Reid Suzanne , Simon Patricia , Spelman Richard , Georges Michel , Snell Russell
Published: July 2002

We recently mapped a quantitative trait locus (QTL) with a major effect on milk composition—particularly fat content—to the centromeric end of bovine chromosome 14. We subsequently exploited linkage disequilibrium to refine the map position of this QTL to a 3-cM chromosome interval bounded by microsatellite markers BULGE13and BULGE09. We herein report the positional candidate cloning of this QTL, involving (1) the construction of a BAC contig spanning the corresponding marker interval, (2) the demonstration that a very strong candidate gene, acylCoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1), maps to that contig, and (3) the identification of a nonconservative K232A substitution in the DGAT1 gene with a major effect on milk fat content and other milk characteristics.

[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession number AY065621.]
Normalized glandular dose (DgN) coefficients for arbitrary x‐ray spectra in mammography: Computer‐fit values of Monte Carlo derived data
Authors: Boone John M.
Published: July 2002

Normalized glandular dose (DgN) values have been reported by several investigators for specific spectra, however for unconventional or unanticipated x‐ray spectra considered for use in mammography, practical methods are not available for DgN computation. In this study, the previously validated SIERRA Monte Carlo code was used to compute the normalized glandular dose coefficients for monoenergetic energies from 8 keV to 50 keV. The overall mammography geometry used was a 65 cm source to image distance, a 1.2 cm air gap between the breast and the detector, and breast thicknesses ranging from 2 to 9 cm. A 4 mm layer of skin was also modeled, and semicircular breast radii of 8.5 cm and 10.0 cm were studied. Breast compositions of 0% glandular, 50% glandular, and 100% glandular were evaluated. The Monte Carlo derived DgN results demonstrated coefficients of variation less than 0.3%. The monoenergetic DgN values, DgN(E), were computer fit using commercial software and the best fit equations are reported. All fits resulted in values of 0.9999 or better. The computer fit equations, along with easy to use spectral modeling routines, are available electronically on the web.
Patient position verification using CT images
Authors: Kreß Jürgen , Minohara Shinichi , Endo Masahiro , Debus Jürgen , Kanai Tatsuaki
Published: July 2002

The use of ions in the radiotherapy of cancer patients requires an accurate patient positioning in order to exploit its potential benefits. Using CT images as the basis for the setup verification offers the advantage of a high in‐plane resolution in combination with a geometrically accurate, volumetric information. Before each fraction a single CT slice is acquired at the isocenter level after the positioning procedure. This single slice is registered to the planning CT cube using automated image registration algorithms. Thus any erreonous translation or rotation can be detected and quantified. The registration process involves the interpolation of the volumetric data, the calculation of an energy function, and the minimization of this energy function. Several data interpolation functions as well as minimization algorithms were compared. CT studies with a head phantom were performed in which defined translations and rotations were simulated by moving a motor‐driven treatment chair. Different slice thicknesses and anatomical sites were studied to investigate their potential influence on the registration accuracy. The accuracy of the registration was found to be a fraction of a voxel size for suitable combinations of algorithms (typically better than 0.16 mm/deg). A significant dependancy of the registration accuracy on the CT slice thickness and the anatomical site was found (the accuracy ranges from 0.05 mm/deg to 0.16 mm/deg depending on the site). The calculation time is dependant on the used algorithms and the magnitude of the setup error. For the standard combination of algorithms as proposed by the authors (Downhill Simplex minimization with Trilinear interpolation) the typical calculation time is about 20 s for a Sun UltraSPARC processor. Taking into account the mechanical accuracy of the setup device (motor‐driven chair) the registration of CT images is thus a useful tool for detecting and quantifying any significant error in the patient position.
Two‐dimensional multi‐criterion segmentation of pulmonary nodules on helical CT images
Authors: Zhao Binsheng , Yankelevitz David , Reeves Anthony , Henschke Claudia
Published: July 2002

A multi‐criterion algorithm for automatic delineation of small pulmonary nodules on helical CT images has been developed. In a slice‐by‐slice manner, the algorithm uses density, gradient strength, and a shape constraint of the nodule to automatically control segmentation process. The multiple criteria applied to separation of the nodule from its surrounding structures in lung are based on the fact that typical small pulmonary nodules on CT images have high densities, show a distinct difference in density at the boundary, and tend to be compact in shape. Prior to the segmentation, a region‐of‐interest containing the nodule is manually selected on the CT images. Then the segmentation process begins with a high density threshold that is decreased stepwise, resulting in expansion of the area of nodule candidates. This progressive region growing approach is terminated when subsequent thresholds provide either a diminished gradient strength of the nodule contour or significant changes of nodule shape from the compact form. The shape criterion added to the algorithm can effectively prevent the high density surrounding structures (e.g., blood vessels) from being falsely segmented as nodule, which occurs frequently when only the gradient strength criterion is applied. This has been demonstrated by examples given in the Results section. The algorithm's accuracy has been compared with that of radiologist's manual segmentation, and no statistically significant difference has been found between the nodule areas delineated by radiologist and those obtained by the multi‐criterion algorithm. The improved nodule boundary allows for more accurate assessment of nodule size and hence nodule growth over a short time period, and for better characterization of nodule edges. This information is useful in determining malignancy status of a nodule at an early stage and thus provides significant guidance for further clinical management.
Dosimetric verification of two commercially available three‐dimensional treatment planning systems using the TG 23 test package
Authors: Ramsey Chester R. , Cordrey Ivan L. , Spencer Kelly M. , Oliver Adrian L.
Published: July 2002

The Task Group 23 (TG‐23) radiation treatment planning dosimetry verification package was used to evaluate the dosimetric accuracy of two commercially available treatment planning systems. The TG‐23 test package contains experimentally measured beam data for two x‐ray beams (4 and 18 MV) that can be used as input for 3D‐RTP (three‐dimensional radiation treatment planning) systems. Once the beam data is entered and modeled, a series of test cases are performed that isolate different aspects of the dose computational process. The computed values from the 3D‐RTP system are compared against the measured dosimetry data, included in the package, for a set of comparison points within each test case. Both of the treatment planning systems that were studied provided excellent agreement between computed and measured doses. The cumulative 4 and 18 MV TG‐23 test results for the convolution/superposition based planning system indicates that 96% of the dosimetric test points are within ±2%, and 98% are within ±3% of the tabulated TG‐23 values. The dosimetric TG‐23 test results for the pencil beam kernel based planning system are similar, with 96% of the test points falling within ±2%, and 99% falling within ±3% of the TG‐23 measurements.
Magnetic resonance imaging of thermal coagulation effects in a phantom for calibrating thermal therapy devices
Authors: Bouchard Louis‐Serge , Bronskill Michael J.
Published: July 2002

A material has been developed and tested that permanently records thermal response patterns from heating devices. The material consists of a mixture of polyacrylamide and 18% w/w bovine serum albumin. Thermal denaturation is complete when the local temperature exceeds causing a large reduction in the of the material. Three‐dimensional distributions of “thermal damage” can be assessed using standard magnetic resonance imaging sequences. The material works well with microwave heating devices and is adaptable for use with ultrasound, radio‐frequency, or laser heating devices. Suggested uses include characterizing heating devices prior to treatment and developing new clinical applications for thermal therapies.
Experiments in statistical mechanics
Authors: Prentis Jeffrey J.
Published: July 2002

We present experiments designed to illustrate the basic concepts of statistical mechanics using a gas of “motorized molecules.” Two molecular motion machines are constructed. The pressure fluctuation machine (mechanical interaction simulator) is a working model of two gases separated by a movable piston. The Boltzmann machine (canonical simulator) is a working model of a two-level quantum system in a temperature bath. Dynamical probabilities (fraction of time) are measured using mechanical devices, such as stop watches and motion sensors. Statistical probabilities (fraction of states) are calculated using physical statistics, such as microcanonical and canonical statistics. The experiments enable one to quantitatively test the fundamental principles of statistical mechanics, including the fundamental postulate, the ergodic hypothesis, and the statistics of Boltzmann.
Relativistic contraction of an accelerated rod
Authors: Nikolić Hrvoje
Published: July 2002

The relativistic motion of an arbitrary point of an accelerated rigid rod is discussed for the case when velocity and acceleration are directed along the rod’s length. The discussion includes the case of a time-dependent force applied to a single point, as well as a time-independent force arbitrarily distributed along the rod. The time dependence of the rod’s relativistic length depends on the application point of the force, but after the termination of acceleration the final velocity and length do not depend on it. An observer on a uniformly accelerated rod feels an inertial force which decreases in the direction of acceleration. The influence of nonrigidity of realistic rods on our results is qualitatively discussed.
A staggered-grid finite-difference method with perfectly matched layers for poroelastic wave equations
Authors: Zeng Yan Qing , Liu Qing Huo
Published: July 2002

A particle velocity-strain, finite-difference (FD) method with a perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary condition is developed for the simulation of elastic wave propagation in multidimensional heterogeneous poroelastic media. Instead of the widely used second-order differential equations, a first-order hyperbolic leap-frog system is obtained from Biot’s equations. To achieve a high accuracy, the first-order hyperbolic system is discretized on a staggered grid both in time and space. The perfectly matched layer is used at the computational edge to absorb the outgoing waves. The performance of the PML is investigated by calculating the reflection from the boundary. The numerical method is validated by analytical solutions. This FD algorithm is used to study the interaction of elastic waves with a buried land mine. Three cases are simulated for a mine-like object buried in “sand,” in purely dry “sand” and in “mud.” The results show that the wave responses are significantly different in these cases. The target can be detected by using acoustic measurements after processing.
Acoustic tracking of a freely drifting sonobuoy field
Authors: Dosso Stan E. , Collison Nicole E. B.
Published: July 2002

This paper develops an acoustic inversion algorithm to track a field of freely drifting sonobuoys using travel-time measurements from a series of nonsimultaneous impulsive sources deployed around the field. In this scenario, the time interval between sources can be sufficiently long that significant independent movement of the individual sonobuoys occurs. In addition, the source transmission instants are unknown, and the source positions and initial sonobuoy positions are known only approximately. The formulation developed here solves for the track of each sonobuoy (parametrized by the sonobuoy positions at the time of each source transmission), allowing arbitrary, independent sonobuoy motion between transmissions, as well as for the source positions and transmission instants. This leads to a strongly underdetermined inverse problem. However, regularized inversion provides meaningful solutions by incorporating a priori information consisting of prior estimates (with uncertainties) for the source positions and initial sonobuoy positions, and a physical model for preferred sonobuoy motion. Several models for sonobuoy motion are evaluated, with the best results obtained by minimizing the second spatial derivative of the tracks to obtain the minimum-curvature or smoothest track, subject to fitting the acoustic data to a statistically appropriate level.
Spatial approximation of leaky wave surface amplitudes for three-dimensional high-frequency scattering: Fresnel patches and application to edge-excited and regular helical waves on cylinders
Authors: Marston Philip L.
Published: July 2002

For sonar imaging systems and other situations where scattering amplitudes are resolved spatially (e.g., ultrasonic microscopy and nondestructive testing) approximations of outgoing leaky wave amplitudes are needed as a function of position on the imaged surface. The approach developed here approximates the amplitude of a leaky wave pole contribution to the total scattering as a spatial convolution of the local incident pressure with a spatial response function. Leaky rays to a surface point of interest follow a Fermat path having a stationary phase whereas the pole contribution becomes a surface integral that includes defective paths. Increased curvature of the surface or of the incident wavefront ordinarily cause more rapid dephasing along defective paths and a corresponding reduction in size of the Fresnel coupling patch. Examples given include leaky wave excitation on a partially coated cylinder at normal incidence and regular helical leaky wave excitation on tilted cylinders. A helical wave is found to be excited by diffraction at the edge of an idealized coating truncated along the cylinder’s axial direction. The leaky wave amplitude becomes proportional to a Fresnel integral of complex argument which accounts for the partial blockage of the Fresnel coupling patch.
Artificial buzzing lips and brass instruments: Experimental results
Authors: Gilbert Joël , Ponthus Sylvie , Petiot Jean-François
Published: July 2002

Experimental results of a special artificial trombone player are presented: A mechanical device is a substitute for the musician. Wind instruments, and particularly the brass, are self-sustained oscillators. The oscillations are induced by a mechanical oscillator (the lips of the player) acting as a valve which modulates the flow. Measured mechanical parameters of the artificial buzzing lips for different “embouchures of the player” are presented, and analyzed in connection with the played frequencies obtained for the same “embouchures.” The results are obtained with two resonator systems (a mouthpiece alone and a trombone with its mouthpiece).
Collective oscillations of fresh and salt water bubble plumes
Authors: Orris Gregory J. , Nicholas Michael
Published: July 2002

Bubble plumes of various void fractions and sizes were produced by varying the flow velocity of a water jet impinging normally on a water surface. The bubbles entrained at the surface were carried downwards by the fluid flow to depths ranging from 33 to 65 cm, and formed roughly cylindrical plumes with diameters ranging from 12 to 27 cm. The acoustic emissions from the plumes were recorded onto digital audio tape using a hydrophone placed outside the cloud at distances ranging from 50 cm to 16.0 m. Closeup video images of the individual bubbles within the plume were also taken in order to gain knowledge of the bubble size distributions. The experiments were performed in both fresh-water and salt-water environments. The fresh-water clouds emitted sounds with a modal structure that was significantly different from that produced by the salt-water clouds. Furthermore, the smaller bubbles present in the salt-water clouds have a fundamental effect on the amplification of turbulence noise, generating sound at significant levels for frequencies up to several hundred Hertz.
Particle Motions in Sheared Suspensions. XIX. Viscoelastic Media
Authors: Karnis A. , Mason S. G.
Published: July 2002

The behavior of rigid and deformable particles suspended in viscoelastic fluids undergoing slow Couette and Poiseuille flows was studied experimentally. In tube flow, the particles migrated from the wall to a limiting radial position at which the velocity gradient was effectively zero; in Couette flow between concentric rotating cylinders, migration occurred towards the outer cylinder wall. The rotations of rigid rods and disks were similar to those in Newtonian liquids, except for a steady drift in orbit constant to asymptotic values which in Newtonian liquids correspond to minimum energy dissipation. Two-body collisions of rigid uniform spheres were unsymmetrical and irreversible. The deformation and burst of Newtonian liquid drops were as in Newtonian suspending liquids of comparable suspending phase viscosity, except for the alignment angle of the drop at zero deformation.
Hole Pressure Error Measurements in Pressure-Generated Shear Flow
Authors: Higashitani Ko , Lodge A. S.
Published: July 2002

A slit die of length 24 in., width 6 in., and height h (=132, 116, or 18 in.) is used for shear flow at small values (10−4<Re<20) of Reynolds' number Re=ρh2σw/8η2 (where ρ, σw, η denote density, wall shear stress, and viscosity). Exit suction and entrance pressure are adjusted to give a pressure gradient while keeping the pressure nearly atmospheric at the center station, near which are located one hole-mounted and three flush-mounted diaphragm-capacitance pressure transducers; these give two determinations of the hole pressure error pH and three of σw. Scatter in replicate pH measurements is usually less than ±35 dyn/cm2. The reliability of the measurements of pH and σw is established through tests made by changing h and the hole diameter d and depth b, by reversing the flow direction and by comparing σw values with values of the shear stress σ measured with a Weissenberg rheogoniometer. The rheogoniometer was also used to measure N1, the primary normal stress difference, in steady shear flow. For glycerine (a Newtonian liquid), pH is zero, as expected. For each of three aqueous solutions of a polyacrylamide (Separan AP30) at 23°C, pH data lie within ±20% of values given by the equation: pH=−0.18 N1(σw) for 350⩽N1⩽3,600 dyn/cm2. For suitable values of h and d, doubling h and d has little, if any, significant effect on pH. If the second normal stress difference N2 is small compared to N1, the pH data are compatible with the predictions of the theory of Higashitani and Pritchard applied to holes of circular cross-section. Our pH data for Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids disagree with those of Han and Kim. When wall pressures are measured and used to determine the state of stress in dilute polyacrylamide solutions flowing through slit dies, our results show that hole pressure errors can be safely ignored in shear stress (and viscosity) determinations, but not in determinations of normal stress differences.
Effectiveness of Simulation-Based Training on Transesophageal Echocardiography Learning
Authors: Pezel Théo , Dreyfus Julien , Mouhat Basile , Thébaut Clémence , Audureau Etienne , Bernard Anne , Badie Yoan Lavie , Bohbot Yohann , Fard Damien , Nguyen Lee S. , Monteil Cécile , Bière Loïc , Le Ven Florent , Canu Marjorie , Ribeyrolles Sophie , Mion Baptiste , Bazire Baptiste , Fauvel Charles , Cautela Jennifer , Cambet Théo , Le Tourneau Thierry , Donal Erwan , Lafitte Stéphane , Magne Julien , Mansencal Nicolas , Coisne Augustin ,   SIMULATOR investigators, Aghezzaf Samy , Blanchard Virginie , Meilhac Alexandra
Published: January 2023

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05564507
Benign Familial Pemphigus in Skin of Color
Authors: Harris Jamie B. , Werbel Tyler , Saikaly Sami K.
Published: January 2023

This case report describes friable erythematous plaques on the neck, inguinal folds, buttocks, bilateral axillae, and bilateral antecubital fossae.
Association Between Patient Perception of Surgeons and Color of Scrub Attire
Authors: Hribar Casey A. , Chandran Avinash , Piazza Martin , Quinsey Carolyn S.
Published: January 2023

This survey study involves asking participants about their opinions on positive and negative character traits of male and female clinicians dressed in 4 different colors of scrub suits.
The relationship between leisure-time physical activity and job satisfaction: A dynamic panel data approach
Authors: Dallmeyer Sören , Wicker Pamela , Breuer Christoph
Published: January 2023

Objective

Previous research has documented a positive effect of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) on life satisfaction. The relationship between physical activity and the specific domain of job satisfaction is, however, relatively unknown. This study aims to investigate the effects of different frequency levels of LTPA on self-reported job satisfaction and specifically focuses on the two mechanisms of health and recovery from work stress.

Methods

Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (2001-2019), fixed effects and dynamic panel data regression models are estimated to address the problems of unobserved heterogeneity and reverse causality. A mediation and sub-sample analysis shed light on the role of health and work stress.

Results

The results reveal that weekly LTPA has a positive effect on job satisfaction and that health represents a channel yielding those benefits. The effect appears to be moderated by work stress. Further, the analysis reveals the importance of considering unobserved heterogeneity and reverse causality when studying this relationship.

Conclusion

The findings indicate a positive relationship between regular LTPA and job satisfaction and add plausible causal evidence to the limited literature in this context. The findings yield implications for employers and employees.
Clinicoradiologic data of familial cerebral cavernous malformation with age‐related disease burden
Authors: Kim Seondeuk , Moon Jangsup , Jung Keun‐Hwa , Ahn Seon‐Jae , Lee Han Sang , Jang Yoonhyuk , Park Kyung‐Il , Lee Sang Kun , Chu Kon
Published: January 2023

Objective

Familial cerebral cavernous malformation (FCCM) is an autosomal dominant disease induced by loss‐of‐function mutations in three CCM genes, KRIT1, CCM2, and PDCD10. However, previous studies paid little attention to analyzing the radiologic features and age‐related disease burden according to the genes. Therefore, we retrospectively reviewed the genetic tests of our center's clinical FCCM patients.

Method

This study investigated clinical FCCM patients with multiple lesions or a family history of CCMs who underwent the FCCM gene (KRTI1, CCM2, and PDCD10) panel test. The clinical, genetic, and radiologic features were analyzed.

Result

Among the patients (n = 34) undergoing the FCCM gene test, twenty‐seven patients had CCM confirmed by brain MRI, and twenty‐one patients were considered to have FCCM (cohort 1). In cohort 1, thirteen patients had mutations in the FCCM gene, but eight did not. Cohort 2 comprised cohort 1 and four family members with the same mutation as the probands. Six novel variants in CCM genes were detected (KRIT1 c.22_26del, c.815dup, c.1094_1098del, c.1147‐2A>G, c.2124dup, and PDCD10 c.150 + 1dup). Cohort 1 demonstrated that brainstem lesions were mostly associated with the mutation detection in CCM genes (brainstem, lateral temporal, and parietal lesions vs. lateral temporal and parietal lesions, AUC 0.928 vs. 0.779, P = 0.0389). The radiologic severity worsened according to age in the KRIT1 group compared with the Mutation not detected group (correlation coefficient 0.75 (P < 0.001) versus 0.53 (P = 0.004)).

Conclusion

The brainstem lesion could be the radiologic marker for FCCM with the mutation detected. The age‐related disease burden regarding FCCM according to genetic information was demonstrated.
Enhanced Spin Current in Ni81Fe19/Cu–CuOx Bilayer with Top and Sideways Oxidization
Authors: An Taiyu , Cui Bin , Liu Liang , Zhang Mingfang , Liu Fufu , Liu Weikang , Xie Jihao , Ren Xue , Chu Ruiyue , Cheng Bin , Jiang Changjun , Hu Jifan
Published: January 2023

Generation and manipulation of spin current are the cores of spintronic devices, which are intensely pursued. Heavy metals with strong spin–orbit coupling are commonly used for the generation of spin current, but are incompatible with the mass production of devices, and the polarization of spin current is limited to be in‐plane. Here, it is shown that the spin current with strong out‐of‐plane polarization component can be generated and transmitted in Ni81Fe19/Cu–CuOx bilayer with sideways and top oxidizations. The charge‐to‐spin current conversion efficiency can be enhanced through the spin currents consisting of both out‐of‐plane polarization (σz) and in‐plane polarization (σy) induced by spin‐vorticity coupling. Such a spin current is demonstrated to be closely related to the lateral oxidization gradient and can be controlled by changing the temperatures and times of annealing. The finding here provides a novel degree of freedom to produce and control the spin current in spintronic devices.
Rational Design of Polymethine Dyes with NIR‐II Emission and High Photothermal Conversion Efficiency for Multimodal‐Imaging‐Guided Photo‐Immunotherapy
Authors: Ran Xiao‐Yun , Chen Ping , Liu Yan‐Zhao , Shi Lei , Chen Xue , Liu Yan‐Hong , Zhang Hong , Zhang Li‐Na , Li Kun , Yu Xiao‐Qi
Published: January 2023

Phototheranostics have emerged and flourished as a promising pattern for cancer theranostics owing to their precise photoinduced diagnosis and therapeutic to meet the demands of precision medicine. The diagnosis information and therapeutic effect are directly determined by the fluorescence imaging ability and photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) of phototheranostic agents. Hence, how to balance the competitive radiative and nonradiative processes of phototheranostic agents is the key factor to evaluate the phototheranostic effect. Herein, molecules named ICRs with high photostaibility  are rationally designed, exhibiting fluorescence emission in the second near‐infrared window (NIR‐II, 1000–1700 nm) and high PCE, which are related to the strong donor–acceptor (D–A) interaction and high reorganization energy Noteworthily, ICR‐Qu with stronger D–A interaction and a large‐sized conjugated unit encapsulated in nanoparticles exhibits high PCE (81.1%). In addition, ICR‐QuNPs are used for fluorescence imaging (FLI), photoacoustic imaging (PAI), and photothermal imaging (PTI) to guide deep‐tissue photonic hyperthermia, achieving precise removal and inhibition of breast cancer. Furthermore, combined with α‐PD‐1, ICR‐QuNPs show huge potential to be a facile and efficient tool for photo‐immunotherapy. More importantly, this study not only reports an “all‐in‐one” polymethine‐based phototheranostic agent, but also sheds light on the exploration of versatile organic molecules for future practical applications.
High Durability of Fe–N–C Single‐Atom Catalysts with Carbon Vacancies toward the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Alkaline Media
Authors: Tian Hao , Song Ailing , Zhang Peng , Sun Kaian , Wang Jingjing , Sun Bing , Fan Qiaohui , Shao Guangjie , Chen Chen , Liu Hao , Li Yadong , Wang Guoxiu
Published: January 2023

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have attracted extensive interest to catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells and metal–air batteries. However, the development of SACs with high selectivity and long‐term stability is a great challenge. In this work, carbon vacancy modified Fe–N–C SACs (FeH–N–C) are practically designed and synthesized through microenvironment modulation, achieving high‐efficient utilization of active sites and optimization of electronic structures. The FeH–N–C catalyst exhibits a half‐wave potential (E1/2) of 0.91 V and sufficient durability of 100 000 voltage cycles with 29 mV E1/2 loss. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm that the vacancies around metal–N4 sites can reduce the adsorption free energy of OH*, and hinder the dissolution of metal center, significantly enhancing the ORR kinetics and stability. Accordingly, FeH–N–C SACs presented a high‐power density and long‐term stability over 1200 h in rechargeable zinc–air batteries (ZABs). This work will not only guide for developing highly active and stable SACs through rational modulation of metal–N4 sites, but also provide an insight into the optimization of the electronic structure to boost electrocatalytical performances.
The Shuttle of Sulfur Dioxide: Iridium/Copper‐Cocatalyzed Trifluoromethylfluorosulfonylation of Alkenes
Authors: Yang Yi‐Fei , Xiao Fang , Lin Jin‐Hong , Xiao Ji‐Chang
Published: January 2023

Depending on the nature of the attached functional moiety, the sulfonyl radical can either undergo an automatic SO2 liberation or react directly as the thermodynamically favored sulfonyl radical. Taking advantage of this unique property, we envisioned that through rational reaction design, the in situ release and re‐insertion of SO2, i. e., the shuttle of SO2, can be realized. Herein we report our recent progress in copper metallaphotoredox co‐catalyzed trifluoromethyl‐fluorosulfonylation of alkenes with TFSP as both the CF3 and SO2 source. Valuable functional groups are added across the double bonds. Besides, A wide array of synthetically useful moieties featuring distinct electronic patterns and various nitrogenous heterocycles are well tolerated by this strategy.

magnified image
Correlation between Nanoscale Domain Structures and Superconducting Phase Transitions in Highly Crystalline 2D Superconductors
Authors: Wang Libin , Xu Chuan , Liu Zhen , Liu Zhibo , Yang Zixuan , Cheng Hui‐Ming , Ren Wencai , Kang Ning
Published: January 2023

The domains and domain boundaries in 2D materials are known to play essential roles in investigating intriguing physical properties and have potential applications in nanoscale devices. Understanding the influence of individual domains on the superconducting properties of ultrathin 2D superconductors is of crucial importance for fundamental studies on mesoscopic superconductivity as well as applications in superconducting nanoelectronics. Here, low‐temperature electronic transport measurements of high quality ultrathin Mo2C crystals are presented that show clear evidence for the presence of multiple superconducting phase induced by the nanoscale domain structures. In particular, the observation of an anomalous resistance peak in the vicinity of the onset of the superconducting transition is reported. This resistive anomaly is interpreted as a consequence of nonequilibrium charge imbalance near the domain boundaries, which could induce effective normal‐superconducting interfaces in 2D Mo2C crystals. Moreover, the magnetic field‐tuned superconductor‐metal transition for ultrathin Mo2C crystals is examined. The observed scaling behavior is consistent with the appearance of quantum Griffiths singularity in 2D superconducting systems. This study sheds light on the understanding of the domain boundaries and their role on the transport properties of highly crystalline 2D superconductors, which may open potential application of domain structure in functional superconducting nanodevices.
Observation of Weak Counterion Size Dependence of Thermoelectric Transport in Ion Exchange Doped Conducting Polymers Across a Wide Range of Conductivities
Authors: Chen Chen , Jacobs Ian E. , Kang Keehoon , Lin Yue , Jellett Cameron , Kang Boseok , Lee Seon Baek , Huang Yuxuan , BaloochQarai Mohammad , Ghosh Raja , Statz Martin , Wood William , Ren Xinglong , Tjhe Dion , Sun Yuanhui , She Xiaojian , Hu Yuanyuan , Jiang Lang , Spano Frank C. , McCulloch Iain , Sirringhaus Henning
Published: January 2023

Conducting polymers are of interest for a broad range of applications from bioelectronics to thermoelectrics. The factors that govern their complex charge transport physics include the structural disorder present in these highly doped polymer films and the Coulombic interactions between the electronic charge carriers and the dopant counterions. Previous studies have shown that at low doping levels carriers are strongly trapped in the vicinity of the counterions, while at high doping levels charge transport is not limited by Coulombic trapping, which manifests itself in the conductivity being independent of the size of the dopant counterion. Here a recently developed ion exchange doping method is used to investigate the ion size dependence of a semicrystalline polythiophene‐based model system across a wide range of conductivities. It is found that the regime in which the charge and thermoelectric transport is not or only weakly dependent on ion size, extends to surprisingly low conductivities. This surprising observation is explained by a heterogeneous doping that involves doping of the amorphous domains to high doping levels first before doping of the ordered, crystalline domains occurs. The study provides new insights into how the thermoelectric physics of conducting polymers evolves as a function of doping level.
Metal‐Free Catalytic Reduction of 4‐Nitrophenol to 4‐Aminophenol by sp3@sp2‐Hybridized Bucky Nanodiamond
Authors: Zhang Liyun , Feng Guangjing , Liu Zhilin , Zhou Weihai , Han Genxu , Wang Jia , Ding Yuxiao , Qiao Zhen-An
Published: January 2023

As a new generation of metal‐free carbon catalyst, the sp3@sp2‐hybridized bucky nanodiamond (ND) is competitive even compared to the traditional metal catalysts in many oxidative reactions. However, the application of the carbon catalyst in reduction reaction is barely conducted and the mechanism of this kind of reaction is generally unknown. To develop a wider scope of carbon catalysts and achieve an industrial promising activity of the metal‐free catalyst, here a series of sp3@sp2‐hybridized bucky ND for catalyzing a model reduction reaction of 4‐nitrophenol to 4‐aminophenol is developed, in which a quite satisfying metal‐free catalytic performance (better than many metal catalysts) is obtained and the discipline of getting better activities for the reduction reaction is revealed. The oxygen functionality and sp3/sp2 hybridized carbon ratio are confirmed to be the important influential factors. The similarity of the carbon catalyzing the reduction and oxidation reactions might bring a uniform concept for redox reactions with carbon catalysts.
Checkpoint inhibitor‐based salvage regimens prior to autologous stem cell transplant improve event‐free survival in relapsed/refractory classic Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Desai Sanjal H. , Spinner Michael A. , David Kevin , Bachanova Veronika , Goyal Gaurav , Kahl Brad , Dorritie Kathleen , Azzi Jacques , Kenkre Vaishalee P. , Arai Sally , Chang Cheryl , Fusco Brendon , Sumransub Nuttavut , Hatic Haris , Saba Raya , Ibrahim Uroosa , Harris Elyse I. , Shah Harsh , Murphy Jacob , Ansell Stephen , Jagadish Deepa , Orellana‐noia Victor , Diefenbach Catherine , Iyenger Siddharth , Rappazzo K. C. , Mishra Rahul , Choi Yun , Nowakowski Grzegorz S. , Advani Ranjana H. , Micallef Ivana N.
Published: January 2023

Clinical trials of novel salvage therapies have encouraging outcomes for relapsed/refractory transplant‐eligible classic Hodgkin lymphoma (R/R cHL) but comparison with conventional chemotherapy is lacking. Herein, we report the final analysis of a multicenter retrospective cohort of R/R cHL assessing outcomes by type of salvage therapy before autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). R/R cHL patients who underwent ASCT at 14 institutions across the United States were included. Outcomes were compared among patients receiving conventional chemotherapy, brentuximab vedotin (BV) + chemotherapy, BV alone, and a checkpoint inhibitor (CPI)‐based regimens before ASCT. Study endpoints included event‐free survival (EFS), progression‐free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). All endpoints are defined from relapse. Of 936 patients, 728 received conventional chemotherapy, 73 received BV + chemotherapy, 70 received BV alone, and 65 received CPI‐based regimens prior to ASCT. When adjusted for time to relapse, pre‐ASCT response and use of BV maintenance, patients receiving CPI‐based regimens had superior 2‐year EFS compared to conventional chemotherapy, BV + chemotherapy, and BV alone (79.7, 49.6, 62.3, and 36.9%, respectively, p < .0001). Among 649 patients transplanted after 1 line of salvage therapy, CPI‐based regimens were associated with superior 2‐year PFS compared to conventional chemotherapy (98% vs. 68.8%, hazard ratio: 0.1, 95% confidence interval: 0.03–0.5, p < .0001). OS did not differ by pre‐ASCT salvage regimen. In this large multicenter retrospective study, CPI‐based regimens improved EFS and PFS compared to other salvage regimens independent of pre‐ASCT response. These data support earlier sequencing of CPI‐based regimens in R/R cHL in the pre‐ASCT setting.
The role of the gut microbiota in patients with Kleefstra syndrome
Authors: Bloemendaal Mirjam , Vlaming Priscilla , de Boer Anneke , Vermeulen‐Kalk Karlijn , Bouman Arianne , Kleefstra Tjitske , Arias Vasquez Alejandro
Published: January 2023

Kleefstra Syndrome (KS) is a rare monogenetic syndrome, caused by haploinsufficiency of the euchromatic histone methyl transferase 1 (EHMT1) gene, an important regulator of neurodevelopment. The clinical features of KS include intellectual disability, autistic behavior and gastrointestinal problems. The gut microbiota, an important modifier of the gut‐brain‐axis, may constitute an unexplored mechanism underlying clinical KS variation. We investigated the gut microbiota composition of 23 individuals with KS (patients) and 40 of their family members, to test whether (1) variation in the gut microbiota associates with KS diagnosis and (2) variation within the gut microbiota relates with KS syndrome symptoms. Both alpha and beta diversity of patients were different from their family members. Genus Coprococcus 3 was lower in abundance in patients compared to family members. Moreover, abundance of genus Merdibacter was lower in patients versus family members, but only in participants reporting intestinal complaints. Within the patient group, behavioral problems explained 7% of beta diversity variance. Also, within this group, we detected higher levels of Atopobiaceae – uncultured and Ruminococcaceae Subdoligranulum associated with higher symptom severity. These significant signatures in the gut microbiota composition in patients with KS suggest that microbiota differences are part of the KS phenotype.