bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O lugar da música no espaço do cuidado terapêutico: sensibilizando enfermeiros com a dinâmica musical
Authors: Bergold Leila Brito , Alvim Neide Aparecida Titonelli , Cabral Ivone Evangelista
Published: April 2008

As influências da música no corpo foram objeto deste estudo conduzido junto a um grupo de enfermeiros participantes de uma disciplina de Pós-Graduação. Além de descrever essas influências, o estudo objetivou analisar a aplicabilidade da dinâmica de criatividade e sensibilidade (DCS) Corpo-Musical como forma de sensibilização do enfermeiro quanto ao uso da música na sua prática de cuidar-ensinar. Utilizou-se o Método Criativo-Sensível e o desenvolvimento da DCS na produção de dados da pesquisa. As influências holística, lúdica e mecânica da música sobre o corpo foram os temas gerados na discussão. O grupo concluiu que a música age sobre todo o corpo, mas cada estilo estimula mais determinada região. Sua influência está na dependência do contexto, estilo musical e gosto do ouvinte. A pesquisa revelou o potencial da dinâmica como rico espaço de educação dialógica, constituindo-se como estratégia importante na sensibilização dos enfermeiros sobre as possibilidades da música como recurso terapêutico.
Quality assessment of the wound dressing procedure in patients at a university hospital
Authors: Nonino Eleine Aparecida Penha Martins , Anselmi Maria Luiza , Dalmas José Carlos
Published: April 2008

This observational and sectional study analyzed the quality of the wound dressing procedure performed on hospitalized patients at a medical surgical unit of a University Hospital, based on their classification according to the degree of care dependency and activity performance phases. Using a check list, 168 wound dressings were observed between October and December 2005. Procedure quality was analyzed based on the Positivity Index (IP) and values >70% were considered satisfactory.For the preparation, the IP was 68%, 63%, 73% and 75% for patients with degrees I, II, III and IV, respectively; for execution, 70%, 69%, 71% and 75% and, for unit organization, it was >70% for all degrees. However, the items: validity time frame checking, respect for aseptic principles and maintenance of logical sequence of procedures were compromised. Rigorous execution of procedures allows for risk decrease and assures benefic results for patients, conferring quality to nursing actions.
Performance indicators of DOT at home for tuberculosis control in a large city, SP, Brazil
Authors: Cardozo Gonzáles Roxana Isabel , Monroe Aline Aparecida , Arcêncio Ricardo Alexandre , Oliveira Mayra Fernanda de , Ruffino Netto Antonio , Villa Tereza Cristina Scatena
Published: April 2008

The study had the objective to analyze the performance of the health services that implement the Directly Observed Therapy at home for tuberculosis control. This study analyzed four Tuberculosis Control Programs, referred to as A, B, C, and D, using the following indicators: Resource use; Performance quickness; Monitoring medication administration; Time spent per home visit. Data were collected during visits to 47 patients receiving DOT at home. Resource use was higher in program B (91.3%); program A showed quicker performance (5.8) and more visits during which medication administration was monitored (77.4%); program C had the longest time spent per home visit (14.7 minutes) and program A the shortest (10.4 minutes). The best or worst performance numerically expresses how resources are being used and whether the observation of medication intake is being achieved.
Study on the absenteeism of nursing professionals in a psychiatric center in Manaus, Brazil
Authors: Becker Sandra Greice , Oliveira Maria Luiza Carvalho de
Published: April 2008

This quantitative study was performed to research the rate of absenteeism of nursing professionals in a psychiatric center in Manaus, from January/2004 to January/2005, in the Human Resources sector of the institution. In this period, the records of workers who were absent from their professional activities for at least one day were checked. Results showed that there were 415 absence reports in the nursing team during the studied period, by 74.29% of nursing professionals. The average rate of absenteeism is 2.79. The main reason reported for absenteeism was illness. These data suggest further studies are needed in order to improve professionals' health, allowing for better quality of life, and, consequently, for providing better health care to Single Health System users.
Certificação ambiental empresarial e sustentabilidade: desafios da comunicação
Authors: Silva Demétrios Antônio , Ribeiro Helena
Published: April 2008

Este trabalho foi realizado a partir da pesquisa feita entre as organizações certificadas conforme a ISO 14001. Sua motivação foi a necessidade de identificação de aspectos a serem focalizados pelo requisito comunicação, a fim de atender às ansiedades das partes interessadas (moradores da vizinhança, consumidores, prestadores de serviço), colaborando para a confiança e credibilidade da certificação conforme a NBR ISO 14001. Tal certificação se apresenta como um diferencial de mercado entre as organizações e também um forte instrumento mercadológico. No entanto, alguns acidentes industriais ampliados e a postura das empresas de reagir para controlar os danos ambientais, somente após a ocorrência destes episódios, têm sido obstáculos para cativar a confiança da população. Os resultados demonstram que as organizações certificadas não estão sendo capazes de estabelecer com sucesso a comunicação com suas partes interessadas.
Os rumos do Estado brasileiro e o SUS: a seguridade social como politica pública da sociedade e Estado
Authors: Noronha José Carvalho de
Published: April 2008

A partir de uma breve revisão histórica da construção da política de seguridade social no Brasil a partir do primeiro governo de Getúlio Vargas, analisa-se sua evolução recente com destaque à Constituição de 1988 e aos anos 1990. Os constrangimentos fiscais impostos naquele período são examinados, bem como suas conseqüências sobre a seguridade social e sobre a saúde, em particular. Conclui-se com a apresentação de um conjunto de diretrizes para a implementação de uma política nacional de saúde universalista e democrática. Transversalmente, são discutidas as opções conservadoras de política econômica adotadas no país e seu impacto sobre a saúde das pessoas e sobre o desenvolvimento das políticas sociais.
Biodiversidade e Saúde Pública: questões para uma nova abordagem
Authors: Ianni Aurea Maria Zöllner
Published: April 2008

Verificar o estado da biodiversidade e as intervenções que provocaram ou provocam a sua destruição ou comprometem a sua conservação implica problematizar aspectos fundamentais do fenômeno da vida, das relações entre saúde e ambiente. Na dinâmica ecológica, a freqüência de determinados seres vivos depende em grande medida da freqüência de outros seres vivos. Também na saúde, a história de cada doença é dependente da história de todas as doenças, da história natural e da dos homens. A emergência e reemergência de doenças infecto-contagiosas colocam em evidência a fragilidade do equilíbrio ambiental. Esses problemas implicam necessidade de reposicionar o limiar crítico das relações do homem com a natureza, do biológico com o social. Articular a interface dessas categorias por meio da Epidemiologia, disciplina estruturante da Saúde Pública no Brasil, possibilita desvendar as implicações ecológicas dessa prática social.
Discursos sobre a relação saneamento-saúde-ambiente na legislação: uma análise de conceitos e diretrizes
Authors: Souza Cezarina Maria Nobre , Freitas Carlos Machado de , Moraes Luiz Roberto Santos
Published: April 2008

Foram identificados em textos da legislação brasileira diversos discursos que tratam do conceito de saneamento, de saúde e de ambiente, bem como das práticas exercidas no setor de saneamento. Buscou-se com isso verificar se a percepção que os mesmos revelam sobre tais temas se aproxima de uma visão de prevenção de doenças ou de promoção da saúde. Concluiu-se que, relativamente aos conceitos, há predominância de uma visão preventivista; existência de ambigüidades dentro de uma mesma lei; ocorrência de omissões. No que tange às práticas, há predominância de discursos promocionais; ambigüidades e omissões discursivas.
Dimensionamento do volume do reator seqüencial em batelada (RSB) com enchimento estático
Authors: Santos Altemar Vilar dos , Cybis Luiz Fernando de Abreu , Gehling Gino Roberto
Published: April 2008

Este trabalho teve como objetivo propor uma metodologia de dimensionamento para o volume do RSB. O desenvolvimento do modelo matemático para calcular o volume do reator foi realizado a partir da modelagem fenomenológica do comportamento do lodo. A metodologia ora proposta foi aplicada em estudo de caso para comparação com metodologias já consolidadas no dimensionamento do sistema de lodos ativados em batelada. A partir da metodologia apresentada neste trabalho, a determinação do volume do reator e do ciclo operacional mostrou que é possível contribuir para o dimensionamento do RSB sem transgredir o conhecimento da ação do lodo sobre a matéria orgânica e sem admitir fluxo contínuo no comportamento hidráulico do reator.
Homeopatia: uma abordagem do sujeito no processo de adoecimento
Authors: Araújo Eliane Cardoso de
Published: April 2008

O estudo analisa o processo terapêutico da Medicina Homeopática e a relevância de seus componentes na construção de um espaço interativo entre médicos e pacientes capaz de propiciar novos sentidos para a compreensão do adoecimento e para a perspectiva da cura. A centralidade da pessoa no paradigma da Medicina Homeopática, ao privilegiar a situação de adoecimento dos pacientes, confere características específicas à sua abordagem capazes de resgatar a dimensão do cuidado na ação terapêutica. Tomamos como base empírica duas unidades de saúde da cidade de São Paulo onde foram realizadas as entrevistas. Utilizamos abordagem qualitativa e identificamos núcleos de sentidos, tais como, sujeito, pessoa, escuta, ver, vínculo, tempo, cura e medicamento, capazes de refletir as dimensões essenciais e a especificidade do processo terapêutico da Homeopatia. Através de narrativas dos sujeitos da prática homeopática, pudemos evidenciar que a construção de um espaço de intersubjetividade, onde pacientes e médicos possam compartilhar a experiência do adoecer, permite introduzir a perspectiva do cuidado e a possibilidade de um projeto de recuperação da saúde.
Avaliação da adequação técnica de indústrias de medicamentos fitoterápicos e oficinais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Alves Natália Dias da Costa , Santos Tereza Cristina dos , Rodrigues Carlos Rangel , Castro Helena Carla , Lira Luiz Marcelo , Dornelas Camila Braga , Cabral Lúcio Mendes
Published: April 2008

Neste trabalho, buscou-se determinar o perfil de indústrias farmacêuticas dedicadas à fabricação e fracionamento de medicamentos fitoterápicos e oficinais no Estado do Rio de Janeiro por informações do CVS-RJ. Foram identificadas 48 empresas com atividades relacionadas à fabricação e/ou fracionamento e distribuição de medicamentos oficinais e fitoterápicos e analisadas no grau de adequação à legislação sanitária vigente, cumprimento de boas práticas de fabricação vigentes, bem como às questões relacionadas ao registro de produtos; as principais irregularidades foram o fluxo de pessoal e controle de qualidade adequado. Constatou-se que há atualmente empresas em situação: satisfatória (29,2%), satisfatórias com restrições (10,4%), insatisfatórias (6,2%), interditadas (39,6%), e solicitantes do cancelamento do processo por não terem condições para o cumprimento da RDC nº 210/03 (14,6%). Segundo o quadro atual, ainda é grande o número de empresas com atividades relacionadas à fabricação e/ou fracionamento e distribuição de medicamentos fitoterápicos e oficinais em fase de adequação ou em condições não adequadas no Rio de Janeiro. Ao mesmo tempo, é pouco factível a adequação, frente ao tipo de produto e porte financeiro, apontando um prognóstico desfavorável para o setor em questão.
Estudos de utilização de medicamentos: uma síntese de artigos publicados no Brasil e América Latina
Authors: Leite Silvana Nair , Vieira Mônica , Veber Ana Paula
Published: April 2008

O medicamento tem se convertido em elemento importante na recuperação e garantia da qualidade de vida; no entanto, há riscos evitáveis associados a seu uso. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as publicações de estudos de utilização de medicamentos quanto aos tipos de resultados obtidos e suas contribuições para as intervenções terapêuticas. Foram analisados 27 artigos sobre estudos de utilização de medicamentos selecionados nas bases de dados Scielo e Lilacs em relação a objetivos, tipo de estudo, população e amostra selecionada, métodos de estudo e resultados mais relevantes. Os resultados dos artigos analisados foram discutidos a partir das categorias analíticas, criadas através da seleção dos temas emergentes da análise, prevalência do consumo de medicamentos, fatores relacionados ao uso de medicamentos, automedicação, organização dos serviços de saúde, percepção do medicamento e adesão à terapia. De forma geral, as sugestões dos autores restringiram-se à necessidade de prestar informação ao paciente. Conclui-se que as informações construídas pelos estudos de utilização de medicamentos podem ser o caminho inicial para a mudança tão almejada nas práticas profissionais.
Entre o biológico e o social: um estudo sobre os Congressos Brasileiros de Epidemiologia, 1990-2002
Authors: Ianni Aurea Maria Zöllner
Published: April 2008

A discussão sobre os conceitos de biológico e social na determinação do processo saúde-doença é estruturante na Saúde Coletiva no Brasil, e no campo epidemiológico. Este artigo apresenta os resultados da pesquisa qualitativa dos Anais dos Congressos Brasileiros de Epidemiologia, no período de 1990 a 2002. Tem como objetivo identificar as noções de biológico e social, neles contidos, com vistas à identificação dos pressupostos teóricos que os norteiam. Os resultados demonstraram que o conceito de social refere-se, principalmente, à esfera do 'societário', ancorado na dissociação disciplinar das ciências naturais e sociais. O biológico é atribuído à esfera individual e clínica do processo saúde-doença, raramente à esfera do coletivo, bem como um conceito portador de objetividade. Entre o biológico e o social, o ambiente aparece como categoria autônoma; o biológico aparece ainda, porém de forma embrionária, como complexo, histórico e intrinsecamente social. A análise dos resultados apontou para uma necessária redefinição de marcos teóricos que possibilitem o avanço dos conhecimentos na área e, conseqüentemente, das práticas em saúde que a Epidemiologia subsidia. O projeto de pesquisa passou pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do Instituto de Saúde SESSP, tendo sido aprovado.
Incidência de pneumotórax residual após simpatectomia torácica videotoracoscópica com e sem drenagem pleural e sua possível influência na dor pós-operatória
Authors: Lima Alexandre Garcia de , Marcondes Giancarlo Antonio , Teixeira Ayrton Bentes , Toro Ivan Felizardo Contrera , Campos Jose Ribas Milanez de , Jatene Fábio Biscegli
Published: April 2008

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se o pneumotórax residual após simpatectomia torácica videotoracoscópica tem incidência diferente quando utilizada a drenagem pleural pós-operatória ou não e se este pneumotórax residual, quando presente, pode influenciar a dor pós-operatória até o 28º dia. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos todos os pacientes com queixa de hiperidrose palmoplantar primária atendidos no Ambulatório de Cirurgia Torácica do Hospital Estadual Sumaré, de julho a dezembro de 2006. Todos foram submetidos à simpatectomia do terceiro gânglio torácico por videotoracoscopia e aleatorizados para receber ou não drenagem pleural pós-operatória por 3 h. Todos foram avaliados no pós-operatório imediato com radiogramas de tórax e tomografia computadorizada de tórax de baixa emissão de energia para detecção de pneumotórax residual. Foram avaliados quanto à dor pós-operatória em diferentes momentos até o 28º dia de pós-operatório, por meio de escala numérica visual e dosagem requerida de analgésicos opióides. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 56 pacientes neste estudo, 27 com drenagem pleural bilateral e 29 sem drenagem pleural. Não houve diferença estatística entre a incidência de pneumotórax residual após simpatectomia com e sem drenagem pleural. O pneumotórax residual, quando presente e diagnosticado por qualquer um dos métodos, não influenciou a dor pós-operatória até o 28º dia. CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que a drenagem pleural tubular fechada, por um período de 3 h, no pós-operatório imediato de simpatectomia torácica videotoracoscópica, foi tão eficiente quanto a não drenagem, em relação à reexpansão pulmonar e à presença de pneumotórax residual. O pneumotórax residual, quando presente, não interferiu na dor pós-operatória até o 28º dia.
Pneumonia eosinofílica crônica secundária ao uso prolongado de nitrofurantoína: achados da tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução do tórax
Authors: Martins Rosane Rodrigues , Marchiori Edson , Viana Sérgio Lopes , Grillo Júnior Luiz Sérgio Pereira , Capelozzi Vera Luiza , Valença Laércio Moreira
Published: April 2008

Os autores relatam o caso de uma paciente com estenose de uretra que desenvolveu pneumonia eosinofílica crônica secundária ao uso prolongado de nitrofurantoína como profilaxia para infecção urinária de repetição. A paciente havia sido submetida a uma biópsia pulmonar a céu aberto. É dada ênfase aos achados da tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução do tórax, já que, embora as alterações pulmonares associadas à toxicidade da nitrofurantoína geralmente sejam basais e bilaterais, no caso aqui descrito, as lesões de natureza interstício-alveolares situaram-se nas regiões subpleurais dos lobos superiores. Esses achados, por si só, são muito sugestivos de pneumonia eosinofílica crônica. O diagnóstico foi confirmado por meio da revisão da biópsia.
The Group Configuration in Simple Theories and its Applications
Authors: Ben-Yaacov Itay , Tomašić Ivan , Wagner Frank O.
Published: April 2008

In recent work, the authors have established the group configuration theorem for simple theories, as well as some of its main applications from geometric stability theory, such as the binding group theorem, or, in the ω-categorical case, the characterization of the forking geometry of a finitely based non-trivial locally modular regular type as projective geometry over a finite field and the equivalence of pseudolinearity and local modularity.

The proof necessitated an extension of the model-theoretic framework to includealmost hyperimaginaries, and the study ofpolygroups.
Provability with Finitely Many Variables
Authors: Hirsch Robin , Hodkinson Ian , Maddux Roger D.
Published: April 2008

For every finite n ≥ 4 there is a logically valid sentence φn with the following properties: φn contains only 3 variables (each of which occurs many times); φn contains exactly one nonlogical binary relation symbol (no function symbols, no constants, and no equality symbol); φn has a proof in first-order logic with equality that contains exactly n variables, but no proof containing only n − 1 variables. This result was first proved using the machinery of algebraic logic developed in several research monographs and papers. Here we replicate the result and its proof entirely within the realm of (elementary) first-order binary predicate logic with equality. We need the usual syntax, axioms, and rules of inference to show that φn has a proof with only n variables. To show that φn has no proof with only n − 1 variables we use alternative semantics in place of the usual, standard, set-theoretical semantics of first-order logic.
High yields of isochromatid breaks and successive formation of chromosome exchanges may lead to reproductive cell death following high-LET irradiation
Authors: Gotoh Eisuke , Funada Aya , Mohri Mayumi , Lee Ryonfa , Takakura Kaoru
Published: April 2008

To clarify the relationship between cell death and chromosomal aberrations following exposure to heavy-charged ion particles beams, exponentially growing Human Salivary Gland Tumor cells (HSG cells) were irradiated with various kinds of high energy heavy ions; 13 keV/μm carbon ions as a low-LET charged particle radiation source, 120 keV/μm carbon ions and 440 keV/μm iron ions as high-LET charged particle radiation sources. X-rays (200 kVp) were used as a reference. Reproductive cell death was evaluated by clonogenic assays, and the chromatid aberrations in G2/M phase and their repairing kinetics were analyzed by the calyculin A induced premature chromosome condensation (PCC) method. High-LET heavy-ion beams introduced much more severe and un-repairable chromatid breaks and isochromatid breaks in HSG cells than low-LET irradiation. In addition, the continuous increase of exchange aberrations after irradiation occurred in the high-LET irradiated cells. The cell death, initial production of isochromatid breaks and subsequent formation of chromosome exchange seemed to be depend similarly on LET with a maximum RBE peak around 100–200 keV/μm of LET value. Conversely, un-rejoined isochromatid breaks or chromatid breaks/gaps seemed to be less effective in reproductive cell death. These results suggest that the continuous yield of chromosome exchange aberrations induced by high-LET ionizing particles is a possible reason for the high RBE for cell death following high-LET irradiation, alongside other chromosomal aberrations additively or synergistically.
Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Thymus pannonicus All. (Lamiaceae) essential oil
Authors: Maksimović Zoran , Milenković Marina , Vučićević Dragana , Ristić Mihailo
Published: April 2008

This paper presents the results of a study on chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Thymus pannonicus All. (Lamiaceae) essential oil from Vojvodina province (north of Serbia). The investigated oil was hydrodistilled from a flowering plant and analysed by GC and GC-MS. Fifty-three constituents were identified (>97% of total oil), with geranial (41.42%, w/w) and neral (29.61%, w/w) as the most prominent. The antimicrobial activity of the oil was evaluated using agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution method against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, two strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and two strains of Candida albicans. The essential oil exhibited antimicrobial activity to varying degrees against all tested strains. The maximum activity of T. Pannonicus oil was observed against E. coli, S. aureus and both tested strains of C. Albicans (MIC = 50 µ/ml, each). Moderate activity was observed against P. aeruginosa and one of the tested strains of K. Pneumoniae (MIC = 200 µ/ml), while E. faecalis and the other strain of K. Pneumoniae expressed a higher degree of resistance (MIC > 200 µ/ml). This study confirms that essential oil of T. pannonicus possesses remarkable in vitro antimicrobial activity against several medicinally important pathogens. This is attributable to lemon-scented citral, a mixture of geranial and neral, which has well-documented antimicrobial activity against a range of bacteria and fungi.
Toxicity of dodecylpyridinium and cetylpyridinium clorides against phosphate-accumulating bacterium
Authors: Hrenovic Jasna , Ivankovic Tomislav , Sekovanic Lavoslav , Rozic Mirela
Published: April 2008

The antibacterial effect of cationic surfactants against the pure culture of phosphate (P)-accumulating bacterium Acinetobacter junii was investigated. The estimated EC50 values of the N-dodecylpyridinium chloride (DPC) for growth inhibition was 1.4±0.5 × 10−6 mol L−1 and for the inhibition of the P-uptake rates 7.3±2.6 × 10−5 mol L−1. The estimated EC50 values of the N-cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) for growth inhibition was 4.9±1.3 × 10−7 mol L−1 and for the inhibition of the P-uptake rates 7.7±2.9 × 10−6 mol L−1. This suggests the importance of controlling the amounts of cationic surfactants in influent of the wastewater treatment systems in order to avoid the possible failure of the biological P removal from wastewaters.
Similarities in protein amino acid composition in connection with principles of protein evolution
Authors: Shckorbatov Yuriy , Berezhnoy Andrey
Published: April 2008

The amino acid composition of human alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was compared with alcohol dehydrogenases from different organisms and with other proteins. Similar amino acid sequences in human ADH (template protein) and in other proteins were determined by means of an original computer program. Analysis of amino acid motifs reveals that the ADHs from evolutionary more close organisms have more common amino acid sequences. The quantity measure of amino acid similarity was the number of similar motifs in analyzed protein per protein length. This value was measured for ADHs and for different proteins. For ADHs, this quotient was higher than for proteins with different functions; for vertebrates it correlated with evolutionary closeness. The similar operation of motif comparison was made with the help of program complex “MEME”. The analysis of ADHs revealed 4 motifs common to 6 of 10 tested organisms and no such motifs for proteins of different function. The conclusion is that general amino composition is more important for protein function than amino acid order and for enzymes of similar function it better correlates with evolutionary distance between organisms.
Finnish Baby Boomers and the Emergence of the Third Age
Authors: Karisto Antti
Published: April 2008

This paper examines the lives of baby boomers in Finland, and is based on several studies previously published in Finnish. The article considers the particular characteristics of this group of baby boomers. It then discusses whether the baby boom cohorts can also be called a generation. Following this, the life course of the boomer generation is contrasted with various images that have appeared in the media and elsewhere about their lives. Boomers have been presented as a radical’ or ’selfish’ generation. This article proposes two new themes: boomers as a crossroads generation and boomers as a bridging generation. The paper also considers the emergence of the third age as approached from a generational perspective. The third age has been defined as a generational field underpinned by agency and consumption, with its roots in the youth culture of the post-war decades. This characterization is also highly relevant to the Finnish case, but needs to be elaborated by taking into account socio-historical knowledge of the distinctive life course of the boomer generation.
Omphalocele and gastroschisis and associated malformations
Authors: Stoll Claude , Alembik Yves , Dott Beatrice , Roth Marie‐Paule
Published: April 2008

The etiology of gastroschisis and omphalocele is unclear and their pathogenesis is controversial. Because previous reports have inconsistently noted the type and frequency of malformations associated with omphalocele and gastroschisis, we assessed these associated malformations ascertained between 1979 and 2003 in 334,262 consecutive births. Of the 86 patients with omphalocele, 64 (74.4%) had associated malformations. These included patients with chromosomal abnormalities (25, 29.0%); non‐chromosomal syndromes including Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, Goltz syndrome, Marshall–Smith syndrome, Meckel–Gruber syndrome, Oto‐palato‐digital type II syndrome, CHARGE syndrome, and fetal valproate syndrome; malformation sequences, including ectopia cordis, body stalk anomaly, exstrophy of bladder, exstrophy of cloaca, and OEIS (Omphalocele, Exstrophy of bladder, Imperforate anus, Spinal defect); malformation complexes including Pentalogy of Cantrell, and non‐syndromic multiple congenital anomalies (MCA) (26, 30.2%). Malformations of the musculoskeletal system (31, 23.5%), urogenital system (27, 20.4%), cardiovascular system (20, 15.1%), and central nervous system (12, 9.1%) were the most common other congenital malformations in patients with omphalocele and non‐syndromic MCA. Of the 60 patients with gastroschisis, 10 (16.6%) had associated malformations. In contrast to omphalocele, gastroschisis was rarely associated with a complex pattern of malformation, that is, one each (1.7%) with a chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 21), sequence (amyoplasia congenita), unspecified dwarfism, and 7 (11.7%) with MCA. We observed a striking difference in the prevalence of total malformations (74.4% vs. 16.6%, P < 0.001) and specific patterns of malformations associated with omphalocele and gastroschisis which emphasizes the need to evaluate all patients with omphalocele and gastroschisis for possible associated malformations. Malformation surveillance programs should be aware that the malformations associated with omphalocele can be often classified into a recognizable malformation syndrome or pattern (44.2%). © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mobility and subsistence economy: A diachronic comparison between two groups settled in the same geographical area (Liguria, Italy)
Authors: Sparacello Vitale , Marchi Damiano
Published: April 2008

The purpose of this article is to investigate temporal shifts in skeletal robusticity to infer behavioral changes in two populations (Neolithic, NEOL and Medieval, MED) settled in the same geographic area but involved in different subsistence economies (pastoralism and coastal resources exploitation). This comparison allows us to test the hypothesis that occupational stress and mobility in the same environment produce predictable changes in the robusticity of both upper and lower limbs. Results show a lower degree of humeral robusticity and a similar degree of humeral asymmetry in the two sexes in the MED population. These results are consistent with the relatively less stressful subsistence economy documented in the MED population relative to that of the NEOL. Lower limb results suggest that femoral robusticity does not correlate directly with the level of logistical mobility, but is instead due to the summation of several diverse factors that place biomechanical loads on the hindlimb, particularly unevenness of the terrain. However, female femoral gracility seems to indicate that below a certain “threshold” of mobility, i.e., movement over the natural terrain, terrain conformation is no longer the main contributing factor to femoral robusticity. The femoral shape index Ix/Iy declines through time, particularly in males. This agrees with the expected mobility of the samples based on archaeological and historical data, providing further evidence on the reliability of this index in inferring terrestrial mobility. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Katalytische Oxidation von organischen Substraten durch molekularen Sauerstoff und Wasserstoffperoxid über einen mehrstufigen Elektronentransfer – ein biomimetischer Ansatz
Authors: Piera Julio , Bäckvall Jan‐E.
Published: March 2008

Oxidationsreaktionen sind sowohl in der Natur von grundlegender Bedeutung als auch entscheidende Umwandlungen in der organischen Synthese. Verfahren, die Übergangsmetalle als substratselektive Katalysatoren und umweltfreundliche stöchiometrische Oxidationsmittel wie molekularen Sauerstoff oder Wasserstoffperoxid nutzen, sind daher eines der wichtigsten Ziele in der Oxidationschemie. Die direkte Oxidation des Katalysators durch molekularen Sauerstoff oder Wasserstoffperoxid ist jedoch häufig kinetisch ungünstigt. Gekoppelte Katalysatorsysteme, d. h. solche, an denen Elektronentransfermediatoren (ETMs) beteiligt sind, können einen energiearmen Weg für die Übertragung der Elektronen vom Katalysator auf das Oxidationsmittel bereitstellen. Dies erhöht die Effizienz der Oxidation deutlich und erweitert den Anwendungsbereich direkter Oxidationsreaktionen erheblich. Wegen der Ähnlichkeit mit biologischen Systemen kann diese Herangehensweise als biomimetischer Ansatz bezeichnet werden.
Some physical properties of acetosolv lignins from bagasse
Authors: Shukry N. , Fadel S. M. , Agblevor F. A. , El‐Kalyoubi S. F.
Published: March 2008

Acetosolv‐solubilized lignins were characterized by their solubility in different organic solvents, Fourier transform infrared, 13C‐NMR, UV, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Solvents having a solubility parameter in the range of 10–12.7 and a hydrogen‐bonding parameter in the range of 3.6–5 were considered good solvents for acetosolv lignins. Fourier transform infrared spectra of the lignins were typical for lignins containing p‐hydroxy phenylpropane (H), guaiacyl (G), and syringyl (S) units. The lignins contained more conjugated and fewer nonconjugated CO groups, and the guaiacyl groups were etherified and condensed. 13C‐NMR confirmed partial acetylation of the lignins and the presence of β‐O‐4 and β‐5 linkages. Acetosolv lignins also showed the typical UV spectrum of annual plants. The effects of the acetic acid concentration and pulping time on the molecular weights of the lignins were explained with the presieving and condensation concepts. The thermal behavior of the acetosolv lignins was also studied. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Methanol permeability and proton conductivity of direct methanol fuel cell membranes based on sulfonated poly(vinyl alcohol)–layered silicate nanocomposites
Authors: Duangkaew P. , Wootthikanokkhan J.
Published: March 2008

Layered silicate nanocomposite membranes to be used as electrolyte polymeric membranes in a direct methanol fuel cell were prepared through the mixing of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with various amounts (2, 4, and 5% w/w) of sodium montmorillonite layered silicate nanoclay. The proton conductivity of the polymer was induced by the reaction of the polymer with sulfosuccinic acid. After that, a solution of the sulfonated PVA–layered silicate nanocomposite was cast into membranes. The proton conductivity and methanol permeability of the membranes were determined with a four‐point probe technique and a gas chromatography technique, respectively. In addition, structures of the nanocomposite membranes were characterized with X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared techniques. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposite membranes were also determined with a universal testing machine. From the results, it was found that the water uptake, proton conductivity, and methanol permeability of the membranes initially decreased after a 2% (w/w) concentration of the layered silicate was added. Above this nanoclay loading, the water uptake of the membranes increased again. The results were examined in the light of the interaction between the clay and sulfonated polymer, and the steric effect provided the exfoliation of the nanoclay. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
New fluorescent elastomeric materials based on synthetic and natural epoxidized rubbers
Authors: Orlandini Lisia Floriani , Rodembusch Fabiano Severo , de Luca Maria Augusta , Jacobi Marly Maldaner , Stefani Valter
Published: March 2008

New fluorescent elastomeric materials were successfully prepared by reaction of an excited state intramolecular proton transfer‐exhibiting silyl‐functionalized benzothiazole dye with synthetic and natural epoxidized rubbers. The fluorescence emission and excitation spectra were obtained from the dye and the elastomeric materials to characterize its photophysical behavior. The benzothiazole derivative is fluorescent in the yellow region and presents a Stokes shift of 188 nm (solution) and 198 nm (solid state). After purification, the obtained materials from epoxidized rubbers presented excitation and emission maxima located at 358 nm and 550 nm, respectively, with a Stokes shift of 192 nm. The fluorescent dye could not be extracted from these films by solubilization–precipitation procedure, indicating the presence of covalent bonding between the dye and the matrix. On the other hand, the dye could be readily washed out of films that had been prepared using the corresponding nonepoxidized rubbers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation and characterization of biodegradable chitosan and methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly (ε‐caprolactone) blend homogeneous films
Authors: Niamsa Noi , Puntumchai Apirak , Sutthikhum Vallaya , Srisuwan Yaowalak , Baimark Yodthong
Published: March 2008

Blend homogeneous films of chitosan and water‐soluble methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) (MPEG‐b‐PCL) diblock copolymer with different blend ratios were prepared by aqueous solution blending method. The water‐soluble MPEG‐b‐PCL was synthesized using MPEG with molecular weight of 5000 g/mol and stannous octoate as the initiating system. The molecular weight of MPEG‐b‐PCL obtained from 1H‐NMR was 5800 g/mol. FTIR spectra of the blend films showed that there were intermolecular bonds between chitosan and MPEG‐b‐PCL. Thermal properties of the blend films strongly depended on the blend ratios. Scanning electron micrographs indicated that the blend films were homogeneous films. However, roughness of the blend films increased whereas transparency and moisture uptake decreased upon increasing the MPEG‐b‐PCL blend ratios. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Short‐term variation in the ecological status of a Mediterranean coastal lagoon (NE Iberian Peninsula) after a man‐made change of hydrological regime
Authors: Badosa Anna , Boix Dani , Brucet Sandra , López‐Flores Rocío , Quintana Xavier D.
Published: April 2008

The Ter Vell (NE Iberian Peninsula) is a eutrophic coastal lagoon that has been mostly flooded by excessive irrigation water during recent decades. During 2001 and 2002 the lagoon was subject to several water management actions, the main consequence of which was a change in the hydrological regime due to drastically reduced irrigation water inputs to the lagoon.

In order to comply with the Water Framework Directive, all the management actions in an ecosystem should be focused on protecting and, where necessary, improving its ecological status.

The aims of this study were (1) to analyse whether the hydrological change caused by management actions have affected the ecological status of the lagoon, and (2) to discuss the suitability of several physicochemical and biological indicators for the assessment of the ecological status in this kind of coastal ecosystem.

After the change in the hydrological regime, a general improvement of the ecological status was observed mainly as a result of the significant decrease in the nitrogen Trophic State Index and in the abundance of rotifer indicative of eutrophy, and in turn by the significant increase in the water quality index QAELS, based on crustaceans and insect assemblages.

Contradictory results emerged with regard to some of the indicators used. After the hydrological change, the increase in the phosphorus Trophic State Index was related with the fact that Mediterranean confined coastal ecosystems are typically P‐enriched. In contrast with general assumptions, low diversity and richness of the zooplankton and the dominance of a few species have been related with an improvement of the ecological status after the hydrological change, when freshwater inputs were reduced and the lagoon became more confined.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coexpression of two mesenchymal cadherins, cadherin 11 and N‐cadherin, on murine fibroblast‐like synoviocytes
Authors: Agarwal Sandeep K. , Lee David M. , Kiener Hans P. , Brenner Michael B.
Published: March 2008

Objective

Cadherin 11 has recently been identified on fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS), and studies in mice have demonstrated its importance in synovial lining architecture and inflammation. However, many tissues express more than 1 cadherin. Given the newly appreciated functional significance of cadherins in the synovium, this study was undertaken to determine whether mouse FLS express other cadherins in addition to cadherin 11.

Methods

The characterization of cadherin expression was determined in FLS derived from wild‐type and cadherin 11–null mice using immunofluorescence (IF), biochemical, and immunohistologic techniques.

Results

Cadherin 11 expression was observed at points of cell–cell contact in cultured wild‐type mouse FLS. However, despite the lack of cell surface cadherin 11, cadherin 11–null mouse FLS cells still formed intimate cell–cell contacts that contained β‐catenin. Immunoprecipitation of cell surface biotinylated FLS with anti–β‐catenin antibody demonstrated the presence of 2 cell surface catenin‐associated proteins in FLS from wild‐type mice and 1 in FLS sample from cadherin 11–null mice. Using biochemical approaches and reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction, these proteins were determined to be N‐cadherin and cadherin 11. Expression of both N‐cadherin and cadherin 11 in the synovial lining was demonstrated by immunohistochemical analysis of mouse synovium. IF analyses demonstrated colocalization of N‐cadherin and cadherin 11 to the same points of cell–cell contact. However, the inability to coimmunoprecipitate both cadherins using either anti–N‐cadherin or anti–cadherin 11 antibodies suggests that these cadherins are not contained within the same molecular complexes.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate that FLS express both N‐cadherin and cadherin 11, and suggest that these cadherins are not contained within the same molecular complex. Given their importance in modulating cellular behavior, understanding how these cadherins regulate FLS behavior individually and in concert will be critical to understanding synovial architecture and inflammation.
Successful treatment of a patient with takayasu arteritis using a humanized anti–interleukin‐6 receptor antibody
Authors: Nishimoto Norihiro , Nakahara Hideko , Yoshio‐Hoshino Naoko , Mima Toru
Published: March 2008

Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that involves the aorta and its major branches. Since overproduction of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) seems to play a pathogenic role in TA, we used the anti–IL‐6 receptor (IL‐6R) antibody tocilizumab to treat a 20‐year‐old woman with refractory active TA complicated by ulcerative colitis (UC). Treatment with tocilizumab improved the clinical manifestations of TA and the abnormal laboratory findings in this patient and ameliorated the activity of UC. These results indicate that IL‐6R inhibition with tocilizumab might be a future treatment option for TA.
The effect of glycosaminoglycan loss on chondrocyte viability: A study on porcine cartilage explants
Authors: Otsuki Shuhei , Brinson Diana C. , Creighton Lilo , Kinoshita Mitsuo , Sah Robert L. , D'Lima Darryl , Lotz Martin
Published: March 2008

Objective

Loss of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) is an early event in osteoarthritis. Recent findings showed increased cell death in arthritic cartilage and linkage with extracellular matrix degradation. The aim of this study was to analyze the direct effect of GAG loss on chondrocyte survival and cell death following mechanical injury.

Methods

In full‐thickness cartilage explants from porcine knee joints, GAG was depleted by digestion with chondroitinase ABC. Explants were subjected to single‐impact mechanical injury. Cell viability and the types of cell death were analyzed by Live/Dead cell assay, staining for active caspase 3, and sensitivity to caspase inhibitor.

Results

GAG depletion did not directly lead to increased cell death. In chondroitinase ABC–treated explants, but not in control explants, mechanical injury caused an immediate reduction in cell viability (from 84.6% to 71.0%); the reduction was prominent in the superficial zone. This immediate cell death was not inhibited by the pancaspase inhibitor Z‐VAD‐FMK, suggesting cell necrosis. During subsequent culture, viability in these explants decreased further, to 50.5% on day 3. The second wave of cell death was reduced by the addition of Z‐VAD‐FMK in chondroitinase ABC–treated explants and was also associated with activation of caspase 3, suggesting apoptotic mechanisms of cell death.

Conclusion

These results indicate that GAG loss alone does not directly lead to chondrocyte death. In response to mechanical injury, there is an immediate induction of necrotic cell death that is seen only in GAG‐depleted explants and primarily in the superficial zone. During subsequent culture, cell death spreads via apoptotic mechanisms.
Increased cortisol relative to adrenocorticotropic hormone predicts improvement during anti–tumor necrosis factor therapy in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Straub Rainer H. , Pongratz Georg , Cutolo Maurizio , Wijbrandts Carla A. , Baeten Dominique , Fleck Martin , Atzeni Fabiola , Grunke Mathias , Kalden Joachim R. , Schölmerich Jürgen , Lorenz Hanns‐Martin , Tak Paul P. , Sarzi‐Puttini Piercarlo
Published: March 2008

Objective

Some patients with chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) improve rapidly from anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti‐TNF) therapy. No sensitive markers are available that might predict outcome of anti‐TNF therapy. We undertook this study to investigate the predictive value of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis hormones for clinical improvement during anti‐TNF therapy.

Methods

An observational study in 23 RA patients was followed by a validation study in 38 RA patients. The patients receiving anti‐TNF antibodies had no glucocorticoid treatment, and we measured baseline serum levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol. Improvement during anti‐TNF antibody treatment was judged by the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), and serum levels of cortisol were measured at followup.

Results

The observational study demonstrated that improvement in the DAS28 correlated negatively with baseline serum levels of cortisol (R = −0.520, P = 0.011) and the cortisol:ACTH ratio (R = −0.700, P = 0.0002). In the longitudinal part of the study at followup, those patients with good improvement and initially low serum levels of cortisol demonstrated an increase of serum cortisol, in contrast to patients with little or no improvement. Findings in the observational study were supported by those in the validation study in a group of RA patients with less inflammation (correlation of improvement in the DAS28 with cortisol:ACTH ratio: R = –0.320, P = 0.025).

Conclusion

This is the first study in a human chronic inflammatory disease to demonstrate that inflammation‐induced TNF interferes with HPA axis integrity, which is linked to the disease outcome. These findings position the HPA axis centrally in the vicious circle of perpetuation of chronic inflammation.