bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MINDS, INTRINSIC PROPERTIES, AND MADHYAMAKA BUDDHISM
Authors: Rockwell Teed
Published: August 2009

Certain philosophers and scientists have noticed that there are data that do not seem to fit with the traditional view known as the Mind/Brain Identity theory (MBI). This has inspired a new theory about the mind known as the Hypothesis of Extended Cognition (HEC). Now there is a growing controversy over whether these data actually require extending the mind out beyond the brain. Such arguments, despite their empirical diversity, have an underlying form. They all are disputes over where to draw the line between intrinsic and relational causal powers. The second‐century Buddhist philosopher Nagarjuna deals with similar issues when he argues for a middle way between the two positions that were known in his time by the terms eternalism and nihilism. Eternalism, like MBI, asserts that the mind is a permanent enduring substance (although the two theories disagree as to how long mind endures). Nihilism argued that the mind had no intrinsic existence, and today some argue that HEC could lead us to a similar conclusion. Nagarjuna's argument for a middle way between these two extremes is similar to an argument that can be made for HEC. We can accept that neither the brain nor any other single physical item is identical to the mind without falling down the slippery slope that leads to “The mind does not really exist, and therefore we are one with everything.” Nagarjuna was correct to say that the mind has conventional reality—that the mind exists even though there is no sharp border between the mind and the world.
EMPATHY AND THE EXTENDED MIND
Authors: Krueger Joel W.
Published: August 2009

I draw upon the conceptual resources of the extended mind thesis (EM) to analyze empathy and interpersonal understanding. Against the dominant mentalistic paradigm, I argue that empathy is fundamentally an extended bodily activity and that much of our social understanding happens outside of the head. First, I look at how the two dominant models of interpersonal understanding, theory theory and simulation theory, portray the cognitive link between folk psychology and empathy. Next, I challenge their internalist orthodoxy and offer an alternative “extended” characterization of empathy. In support of this characterization, I analyze some narratives of individuals with Moebius syndrome, a kind of expressive deficit resulting from bilateral facial paralysis. I conclude by discussing how a Zen Buddhist ethics of responsiveness is helpful for articulating the practical significance of an extended, body‐based account of empathy.
QUINTUPLE EXTENSION: MIND, BODY, HUMANISM, RELIGION, SECULARISM
Authors: Angel Leonard
Published: August 2009

Extension of the system that includes the key substrates for sensation, perception, emotion, volition, and cognition, and all representational sources for cognition, supports the view that there is an extended mind and an extended body. These intellectual views can be made practical in a humanist system based on extensions and in religious systems based on extensions. Independently, there is also an institutional extension of secularism. Hence, I maintain, there are five principal forms of extension.
The Barony and the Churches of Late Nineteenth Century Glasgow
Authors: HILLIS PETER
Published: August 2009

The Barony Parish Church was one of the most important churches in nineteenth century Scotland partly due to its history, size, and location at the heart of the “second city” of the Empire and its Minister, Norman MacLeod. Its congregation represented every tier of Glasgow society in terms of social class and gender and as such, throws light on the more general debates on religion and society in nineteenth century Britain. When compared with other churches and denominations in Glasgow, it builds a more general picture of church and people in the city. The picture drawn reveals a complex pattern of adherence varying between individuals and families. An over emphasis on secular reasons for church membership ignores the important role of faith in determining patterns of adherence. Family letters, diaries, and journals often reveal a deep‐seated faith and critical reflections on the preaching of the Word.
Missions on the Frontiers of Spanish America
Authors: JACKSON ROBERT H.
Published: August 2009

This article examines missions as a colonial institution on the fringes of Spanish America. The Spanish Crown employed the mission as a cost‐effective form of converting to Catholicism native peoples living on the frontiers of Spanish America, and incorporating them into the new colonial social and economic order. The article compares missions in northern Mexico, the Río de la Plata region, and eastern Bolivia.
Recent Developments in the Academic Study of the Cult of the Virgin Mary
Authors: KAHL JANET
Published: August 2009

Marian veneration is a vital dimension in Catholic and Orthodox Christianity, growing in significance from its origins in the early Christian centuries. This development has been particularly important in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries; the era termed the “Age of Mary.” The four books reviewed in this paper approach the subject of Marian veneration and pilgrimage to Marian shrines from a variety of perspectives. Significant themes covered include the evidence for Marian apparitions, traditional religious pilgrimage, and the changes the Internet has brought to pilgrimage and Marian devotion. Stafford Poole, CM's The Guadalupan Controversies in Mexico (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006), Robert Maniura's Pilgrimage to Images in the Fifteenth Century: The Origins of the Cult of Our Lady of Czestochowa (Woodbridge: Boyell Press, 2004), and Paolo Apolito's The Internet and the Madonna: Religious Visionary Experience on the Web (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005) all treat specific sites of Marian pilgrimage and are reviewed at length. In contrast, Swanson's edited volume, The Church and Mary: Papers Read at the 2001 Summer Meeting and the 2002 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2004), contains a large number of papers on a range of issues relating to the cult of Mary including music, relics, visions, and the spread of Marian veneration. A selection of these papers is referred to throughout this essay, where relevant.
Maximum entropy for periodically correlated processes from nonconsecutive autocovariance coefficients
Authors: Boshnakov Georgi N. , Lambert‐Lacroix Sophie
Published: August 2009

Abstract.  We consider the maximum entropy extension of a partially specified autocovariance sequence of a periodically correlated process. The sequence may be specified on a non‐contiguous set. We give a method which solves the problem completely – it gives the positive definite solution when it exists and reports that it does not exist otherwise. The method is numerically reliable even when the solution is ‘almost’ semidefinite. It also works when only positive semidefinite extension(s) exist.
On multiple portmanteau tests*
Authors: Katayama Naoya
Published: August 2009

Abstract. The portmanteau statistic based on the firstmresidual autocorrelations is used for diagnostic checks on the adequacy of fitting a model with varyingm. In this article, we propose an approximation of the joint probability of multiple portmanteau tests with different degrees of freedom (DF). This distribution is easy to compute when all DF are even integers; its empirical behaviour is clarified in terms of asymptotic theory.
Autoregressive processes with data‐driven regime switching
Authors: Kamgaing Joseph Tadjuidje , Ombao Hernando , Davis Richard A.
Published: August 2009

Abstract. We develop a switching‐regime vector autoregressive model in which changes in regimes are governed by an underlying Markov process. In contrast to the typical hidden Markov approach, we allow the transition probabilities of the underlying Markov process to depend on past values of the time series and exogenous variables. Such processes have potential applications in finance and neuroscience. In the latter, the brain activity at timet(measured by electroencephalograms) will be modelled as a function of both its past values as well as exogenous variables (such as visual or somatosensory stimuli). In this article, we establish stationarity, geometric ergodicity and existence of moments for these processes under suitable conditions on the parameters of the model. Such properties are important for understanding the stability properties of the model as well as for deriving the asymptotic behaviour of various statistics and model parameter estimators.
A simple procedure for computing improved prediction intervals for autoregressive models
Authors: Vidoni Paolo
Published: August 2009

Abstract.  This article concerns the construction of prediction intervals for time series models. The estimative or plug‐in solution is usually not entirely adequate, since the (conditional) coverage probability may differ substantially from the nominal value. Prediction intervals with improved (conditional) coverage probability can be defined by adjusting the estimative ones, using rather complicated asymptotic procedures or suitable simulation techniques. This article extends to Markov process models a recent result by Vidoni, which defines a relatively simple predictive distribution function, giving improved prediction limits as quantiles. This new solution is fruitfully considered in the challenging context of prediction for time‐series models, with particular regard to AR and ARCH processes.
Asymptotic normality of wavelet estimators of the memory parameter for linear processes
Authors: Roueff F. , Taqqu M. S.
Published: August 2009

Abstract.  We consider linear processes, not necessarily Gaussian, with long, short or negative memory. The memory parameter is estimated semi‐parametrically using wavelets from a sample X1,…, Xn of the process. We treat both the log‐regression wavelet estimator and the wavelet Whittle estimator. We show that these estimators are asymptotically normal as the sample size n → ∞ and we obtain an explicit expression for the limit variance. These results are derived from a general result on the asymptotic normality of the scalogram for linear processes, conveniently centred and normalized. The scalogram is an array of quadratic forms of the observed sample, computed from the wavelet coefficients of this sample. In contrast to quadratic forms computed on the basis of Fourier coefficients such as the periodogram, the scalogram involves correlations which do not vanish as the sample size n → ∞.
Risk factors for and clinical characteristics of severe hyperlactataemia in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy: a case–control study
Authors: Osler M , Stead D , Rebe K , Meintjes G , Boulle A
Published: August 2009

Background

Symptomatic hyperlactataemia and lactic acidosis (SHLA) are potentially life‐threatening complications associated with stavudine (d4T), an antiretroviral therapy (ART) drug widely used in developing countries.

Methods

Cases comprised all symptomatic patients with measured lactates ≥5 mmol/L referred to a South African hospital between August 2003 and November 2005. Matched controls were selected according to facility and duration on ART.

Results

Seventy‐one cases and 142 controls were included in the study. The majority of cases presented between 6 and 18 months on ART. Female sex [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 23.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.0–136.6], a baseline weight between 60 and 75 kg (AOR 4.5; 95% CI 1.4–14.1) or, in particular, ≥75 kg (AOR 19.4; 95% CI 4.1–82.5) at ART initiation and gaining ≥6 kg in the first 3 months on therapy (AOR 3.5; 95% CI 1.3–9.5) were independent risk factors identifying patients who may subsequently develop SHLA. Weight loss of ≥2 kg (AOR 6.1; 95% CI 2.0–18.3), a rise in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≥10 U/L (AOR 3.1; 95% CI 1.1–8.9), the presence of at least one of three major symptoms (vomiting, nausea and abdominal pains) of SHLA (AOR 12.6; 95% CI 3.3–47.2) and peripheral neuropathy (AOR 3.4; 95% CI 1.1–9.8) were the clinical parameters that were most able to identify patients with early manifestations of SHLA.

Conclusions

This is the first case–control study for SHLA in Southern Africa. Given these findings, we advise that stavudine is avoided in overweight women. Weight loss, a rise in ALT, peripheral neuropathy and/or gastrointestinal symptoms should prompt healthcare workers to assess for SHLA, especially at between 6 and 18 months on ART.
ETERNITY IS A PRESENT, TIME IS ITS UNWRAPPING
Authors: EPSEN EDWARD
Published: August 2009

There is debate in the philosophy of religion about whether the being of God is timelessly eternal or is instead temporal but unbounded. In this paper, I seek to defend the first view by motivating and deriving it from the Christian doctrines of the trinity and salvation. My goal is to present the notion of eternity in a way that makes clear that it belongs to God by nature and to man by grace, with the condition of time being part of the medium of grace. To this end, I also employ the doctrine of theosis, as found in Maximus the Confessor and Dumitru Staniloae, and the Augustinean theory of time.
EAT MY FLESH AND DRINK MY BLOOD
Authors: NATHAN NICHOLAS
Published: August 2009

Disgust or horror is our natural attitude to eating human flesh and drinking human blood. How can this attitude not transfer itself to the Christian Eucharist, in which the bread is said to be Christ's body and the wine his blood? And if the aversion must transfer itself, then how can God have been, as Christians have to think, the founder of the rite? I discuss these questions with reference to several different theories of the Eucharist, one Calvinist, the others of a would‐be Roman Catholic kind.
Earnings Losses of Injured Men: Reported and Unreported Injuries
Authors: WOOCK CHRISTOPHER
Published: August 2009

This paper revisits the earnings losses following a workplace injury, accounting for injured workers who did not apply for workers’ compensation and a comparison group of uninjured workers. Selection of the injured group and the comparison group is important. Excluding those who do not apply for benefits overstates the earnings losses, while using less severely injured workers as a comparison group underestimates the earnings losses. Additionally, differentiating whether the injury resulted in a work‐limiting disability highlights that it is not the injury event, but rather the subsequent disabilities that drive the earnings losses.
Employers’ Online Search: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: BRENČIČ VERA , NORRIS JOHN B.
Published: August 2009

Drawing on job postings at an online job board, we find that employers who have to fill their vacancies immediately specify fewer job requirements, provide more details about the job application process, and are quicker to withdraw their vacancies from the job board than employers with job openings that do not have to be filled immediately. These findings offer new insights into the role of vacancy costs in determining how employers search for workers online.
Access to Secondary Healthcare for People with Intellectual Disabilities: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Backer Clare , Chapman Melanie , Mitchell Duncan
Published: August 2009

Background  There is growing evidence that people with intellectual disabilities have greater healthcare needs than the general population and that these needs are often unmet. Recently, increasing attention has been drawn to poor care received by people with intellectual disabilities when admitted to hospital.

Method  A literature search was conducted to identify studies on experiences of secondary healthcare for people with intellectual disabilities. Studies were published between January 1990 and March 2008.

Results  Thirteen studies were identified. Important influences on the experience of hospital care were: individual factors; the carer’s role; the attitudes, knowledge and communicative style of health staff; and the physical environment. A range of recommendations and initiatives have been developed to improve hospital care.

Conclusion  More research is needed, given that so few studies are published in this area. Initiatives to improve access to secondary healthcare need to be evaluated to inform the development of services.
School‐based prevention of depression: a randomised controlled study of thebeyondblueschools research initiative
Authors: Sawyer Michael G. , Pfeiffer Sara , Spence Susan H. , Bond Lyndal , Graetz Brian , Kay Debra , Patton George , Sheffield Jeanie
Published: August 2009

Background: Depressive disorders are experienced by 3–5% of the adolescent population at any point of time. They adversely affect adolescent development in a range of areas and greatly increase risk for suicide. The present study investigated the effectiveness of a universal intervention designed to reduce depressive symptoms among students commencing high school.

Methods: Twenty‐five pairs of secondary schools matched on socio‐economic status were randomly assigned to either an intervention or a comparison group (n = 5,634 Year 8 students). The intervention extended over a 3‐year period and utilised a comprehensive classroom curriculum programme, enhancements to the school climate, improvements in care pathways, and community forums. A range of measures completed by students, average age at baseline = 13.1 years (SD = .5), and teachers was used to assess changes in depressive symptoms, risk and protective factors relevant to depression, and the quality of the school environment.

Results: Changes in the level of depressive symptoms and in the levels of risk and protective factors experienced by students in the two groups did not differ significantly over the 3 years of the study. Furthermore, statistically significant differences in the ratings of school climate across this time period were found only for staff‐rated assessments.

Conclusions: Despite using an extensive, structured programme, based on best evidence to increase protective factors and reduce risk factors at the individual and school levels, the intervention did not reduce levels of depressive symptoms among participating adolescents. The results draw attention to the difficulties faced when implementing large‐scale, school‐based, universal preventive interventions. These include the need to develop methods to effectively train teachers across large geographical regions to deliver new interventions with fidelity, the difficulty of engaging young adolescents with prevention programmes, and the long period of time required to implement policy and practice changes at ‘whole‐school’ levels.
Maternal psychological control and child internalizing symptoms: vulnerability and protective factors across bioregulatory and ecological domains
Authors: El‐Sheikh Mona , Hinnant J. Benjamin , Kelly Ryan J. , Erath Stephen
Published: August 2009

Background:  We examined ecological (family socioeconomic status (SES)) and bioregulatory (sleep duration, sleep efficiency) moderators of the link between maternal psychological control and children’s vulnerability to internalizing symptoms.

Method:  A large socioeconomically diverse sample of third graders (N = 141) and their mothers participated. Sleep was examined via actigraphy for one week. Psychological control and internalizing symptoms (depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, pre‐sleep arousal) were examined through children’s reports.

Results:  For children with poorer sleep, lower SES, or a combination of the two, maternal psychological control was positively related to depressive symptoms; this association was not evident for children with both better sleep and higher SES. Further, maternal psychological control, sleep efficiency, and SES interacted to predict both anxiety symptoms and pre‐sleep arousal. Children were protected from the negative effects of psychological control when they were from higher SES families and had higher sleep efficiency; for all other groups of children, psychological control was associated with anxiety symptoms. A similar but less robust pattern of results was found for pre‐sleep arousal.

Conclusions:  Findings highlight the importance of children’s bioregulatory processes within the socioeconomic context for an enhanced understanding of children’s vulnerability to internalizing problems in the context of maternal psychological control.
Dynamics of affective experience and behavior in depressed adolescents
Authors: Sheeber Lisa B. , Allen Nicholas B. , Leve Craig , Davis Betsy , Shortt Joann Wu , Katz Lynn Fainsilber
Published: August 2009

Background:  Depression is often characterized as a disorder of affect regulation. However, research focused on delineating the key dimensions of affective experience (other than valence) that are abnormal in depressive disorder has been scarce, especially in child and adolescent samples. As definitions of affect regulation center around processes involved in initiating, maintaining, and modulating the occurrence, intensity, and duration of affective experiences, it is important to examine the extent to which affective experiences of depressed youth differ on these dimensions from those of healthy youth.

Methods:  The affective behavior and experience of adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD; n = 75) were compared to a demographically matched cohort of healthy adolescents (n = 77). Both samples were recruited from community high schools. A multi‐source (parents and adolescent), multi‐method (interviews, behavioral observations, questionnaires) assessment strategy was used to examine positive and negative affects.

Results:  Depressed youth had significantly longer durations, higher frequency, and greater intensity when experiencing angry and dysphoric affects and shorter durations and less frequency of happy affect when compared to healthy youth. The most consistent, cross‐method results were evident for duration of affect.

Conclusions:  Clinically depressed adolescents experienced disturbances in affective functioning that were evident in the occurrence, intensity, and duration of affect. Notably, the disturbances were apparent in both positive and negative affects.
Functional studies of the anatomy of some neritid prosobranchs
Authors: Fretter Vera
Published: August 2009

The reduced right half of the pallial complex of Nerita tessellata, N. fulgurans, N. versicolor, N. peloronta and Neritina virginea comprises a hypobranchial gland, a vestigial gill and the opening of a duct which bears the same relationship to this gill as that of the left kidney to the functional gill. The duct leads from the region of the genital duct corresponding to the renal section of mesogastropods. The posterior part of the glandular genital duct lies in the visceral mass; its relationships are identical with those of the left kidney. The anterior part develops alongside the rectum within the anterior pallial vein. The left half of the pallial complex of Nerita includes a hypobranchial gland absent in Neritina and Theodoxus.

The floor of the mantle cavity of Nerita forms an accessory respiratory surface, receiving blood from the anterior aorta. Its blood spaces communicate with the haemocoel and the parabranchial vein. This vein, also present in Neritina and Theodoxus, drains the mantle skirt. In Nerita its importance increases when the snail is out of water and the mantle cavity is used as a lung.

The buccal mass of Nerita fulgurans has the same basic organization as that of Monodonta lineata: differences are related to specializations in the neritid radula requiring greater versatility of movement during feeding. It is protruded by lateral and ventral protractor and buccal depressor muscles originating on the body wall and inserted on the posterior radular cartilages. The horns of the anterior cartilages are orientated to the feeding ground by an array of levator muscles unparalleled in the trochid, and by the buccal fold which also spreads the radula and ensures its maximal sweep. The radular membrane is pulled outward by protractor muscles originating on the posterior cartilages and associated with a cartilage in the posterior wall of the sublingual pouch. Food is gathered on the back stroke of the radula which is drawn into the buccal cavity by a powerful retractor muscle associated with a radular diverticulum. The diverticulum is absent in trochids which have muscles for direct retraction of the buccal mass.

The absence of salivary glands in neritaceans may be related to the development of the buccal fold; glandular buccal pouches and sublingual glands may compensate for their loss. The oesophageal glands extend through the anterior oesophagus to the buccal cavity; owing to their separation from the mid‐oesophagus they are unaffected by torsion. The stomach is a voluminous sac, simplified in that the caecum is lost or vestigial and that the major typhosole ends at the junction of the style sac with the proximal region. The gastric shield forms a tooth, very prominent in Neritina, which can protect the openings of the oesophagus and ducts of the digestive gland.
Report on a small collection of Mysidacea from the northern region of the Malacca Strait
Authors: Tattersall Olive S.
Published: August 2009

A list of the 18 species represented in the collection is given. Of these, two are here recorded for the second time, namely, Anchialina parva Ii and Pleurerythrops inscita Ii. The female of the latter was hitherto unknown and is now figured. li's suggestion that Gastrosaccus philippinensis W. M. Tattersall might be synonymous with G. bengalensis Hansen proved to be correct on re‐examination of types material of both. One species, Acanthomysis ornata, with very aberrant armature of telson and uropods, is new to science and is fully described and figured.
Observations on the life cycle and variation of the long‐tailed field mouse Apodemus sylvaticus on the Isles of Scilly and Cornwall
Authors: Rood J. P.
Published: August 2009

The life cycle and variation of the long‐tailed field mouse (Apodemus sylvaticm L.) on the Scilly Isles and Cornwall was studied by an analysis of samples collected at regular intervals from January 1961 to August 1962. Observations on population structure, reproduction and moult suggest that the life cycle of this species is similar on Scilly and Cornwall. Skull and body measurements revealed distinct differences between the samples from St Mary's, Tresco and Cornwall. Both the St Mary's and Tresco mice are larger than the Cornish form. St Mary's mice are larger than those from Tresco and have distinctly longer palatal foramina and pectoral stripes.

From January 1961 to August 1962, 350 specimens of Apodemus sylvaticus L. were collected on St Mary's, Tresco and Cornwall.

The life cycle was similar in each of the three localities studied. Juveniles were first present in the April and May samples, and survivors from the previous year were rare by August. Evidence from pregnant or lactating females and from juveniles suggested a breeding season commencing in February‐March and terminating by mid‐October. Testes of both first and second year animals were found to regress after August.

Analysis of skull measurements revealed highly significant differences in mean lengths of the upper molar tooth row in the three samples, St Mary's mice being largest, Tresco mice intermediate, and Cornish mice smallest. This trend was also apparent from comparisons of occipito‐nasal length.

St Mary's mice were found to have distinctly longer pectoral stripes and palatal foramina than Tresco animals. These two characters tended to be intermediate in mice from Cornwall.
The development and replacement of teeth in Hypogeophis rostratus (Amphibia, Apoda)
Authors: Lawson R.
Published: August 2009

The details of tooth development in Hypogeophis rostratus are described and analysed by dividing the life cycle of the tooth into a number of stages. Such divisions are based on either morphological characters or the degree of change which occurs during equal fractions of the whole life cycle. On the basis of such data it is apparent that some phases of the development of the tooth take place slowly whilst others are passed through more rapidly. Such variations result in the production of a dentition in which each locus is generally occupied by a functional tooth and a replacement tooth at an earlier stage of development.

The process of tooth development in general follows the pattern described in Salamandra maculosa by Kerr (1960), and the enamel which covers the major and minor cusps of the adult tooth is considered to be of ectodermal origin. A stage at which the enamel matrix occurs in an uncalcified stage has not been found in Hypogeophis rostratus and it is assumed that calcification of the enamel occurs almost simultaneously with the production of its organic matrix. The crown and the pedicel of the mature tooth are connected by a ring of fibres, and it seems likely that the asymmetrical pedicel is ankylosed to the jaw bone by a thin layer of cement.

The mechanism of tooth succession is investigated and it is clear that both tooth production and tooth replacement occur in a synchronous manner. The term Zahnreihen (Woerdeman, 1919, 1921, and Edmund 1960, 1962) is accepted, and used in the description of tooth succession. It is clear that tooth production and replacement occur in much the same manner as in the reptiles (and possibly in all non‐mammalian vertebrates (Edmund, 1960)) and can be explained by the fact that the Zahnreihen are on average 2·4 tooth spaces apart and that each replacement wave (which travels craniad along the jaw) usually contains about six teeth. The results obtained in H. rostratus in no way conflict with the idea that the Zahnreihen are produced by stimuli which travel caudad along the jaw and that the replacement waves may run in the reverse direction.

A theoretical template based on Zahnreihen 2·4 spaces apart is constructed and shows that replacement waves contain six teeth and run craniad along the jaw. It is pointed out that the observed facts do not exactly follow the theoretical pattern in that the distance between successive Zahnreihen may vary and that replacement rows may involve more or less than six teeth. Finally it is affirmed that such deviations are to be regarded as normal variations in the process of tooth production and replacement.
Reproduction in the rat‐tailed bat Rhinopoma kinneari
Authors: Kumar T. C. Anand
Published: August 2009

A detailed study of the reproductive habits of Rhinopoma kinneari (Wroughton) inhabiting a semi‐arid region of India (Jodhpur) was made to fill in the paucity of such information in the Family Rhinopomatidae.

The reproductive pattern of Rhinopoma can be related to its seasonal movement which occurs just before and immediately after its winter torpor. The testes are permanently abdominal and these together with the accessory reproductive organs experience an annual sexual cycle. The females are monoestrous, breed in March and bring forth a single young during July‐August. Pregnancy lasts for at least 123 days and parturition occurs by head presentation. The young are weaned after six to eight weeks of suckling and attain sexual maturity in their second year of age.
The histochemistry of the moulting cycle in Gammarus pulex (Crustacea, Amphipoda)
Authors: Martin A. L.
Published: August 2009

The structure and formation of the cuticle of Gammarus pulex L. is described and is found to be basically similar to that of decapod Crustacea. A scheme for designating stages in the moulting cycle is given. The principal food reserve is lipoid which is stored in the digestive gland and extensive adipose connective tissue. Glycogen is stored only in slight quantities, if at all, in intermoult animals, but appears in connective tissues, muscle sarcoplasm and epidermis during pre‐moult. During pre‐moult the muscle sarcoplasm forms an additional site for storing lipoid, which also appears in the epidermis. Following a moult the quantities of lipoid in muscle sarcoplasm and epidermis, and of glycogen in all sites, decline as the new cuticle approaches completion. Calcium is not stored. Animals fed on an enriched diet will store glycogen in all storage sites during intermoult. It is concluded that the lipoid and glycogen appearing in the epidermis are utilized in the formation of the new integument. The possible function of the tegumental glands in the Peracarida is discussed.
The trap‐line index to small mammal populations
Authors: Southern H. N.
Published: August 2009

The use of the trap‐line in studying small mammal populations has been criticized but it is difficult to design anything so simple to operate and so suitable for naturalists who have little time to spare. The results reported here suggest that the method is quite capable of tracking broad changes of distribution in time and space.
The functional anatomy and histology of the alimentary canal of the maldanid polychaetes Clymenella torquata and Euclymene oerstedi
Authors: Pilgrim Muriel
Published: August 2009

The alimentary canal of the maldanid polychaetes Clymenella torquata (Leidy), and Euclymene oerstedi (Claparède (=Caesicirrus neglectus Arwidsson, 1911) resembles, in many ways, that of the arenicolids. It is divided into buccal mass, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach and intestine, the three latter regions showing further subdivision. The buccal mass and anterior pharynx together form an eversible proboscis. The pharynx, oesophagus, and greater part of the intestine are ciliated. Simple feeding experiments, and histochemical tests, suggest that the stomach is concerned with the digestion and absorption of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, that the anterior intestine is a digestive and major absorptive region, and that the posterior intestine is a storage region. Waste materials are stored mainly in the wall of the oesophagus. A certain amount of intracellular digestion is carried out in the intestine of Euclymene but not in Clymenella. The difference is attributed to the richer, diatomaceous diet of Clymenella. British individuals of this species, being apparently selective feeders, differ not only from Euclymene but also from American ones, both of which ingest the substratum non‐selectively.

The pharynx, oesophagus and rectum are surrounded by plexuses of blood capillaries, while the remaining regions are associated with a blood sinus system which varies in position and form in the different regions, lying deepest in the absorptive intestine. The gut muscle seems to be more concerned with moving the blood forward through the sinus system and into the anterior plexus than with moving the food backward. One region of the stomach musculature is especially concerned with this circulation. Rectal respiration probably occurs.
Structure and function in the catfish
Authors: Alexander R. McN.
Published: August 2009

The catfish (Siluroidei) appear to have evolved from an ancestor which, in most respects other than the form of its teeth, resembled primitive Characinoidei. In the first part of this paper it is shown that most of the numerous and profound anatomical changes which have occurred in the course of their evolution from this ancestor can be related to one or other of three basic changes: depression of the body in adaptation to bottom‐feeding habits, sensory modification in adaptation to nocturnal habits, and the evolution of defensive fin spines. Diplomystes is more primitive than other known catfish in the form of its maxilla and pectoral girdle, and in the posterior position of its dorsal fin.

The second part of the paper is concerned with some of the more specialized families of catfish (Mochokidae, Siluridae, Schilbeidae, Malapteruridae, Clariidae, Callichthyidae and Loricariidae). The specializations in each case are described, and related to the habits of the fish.
Observations on the Broad‐nosed bat, Scoteinus balstoni, in Victoria
Authors: Ryan R. Mark
Published: August 2009

Scoteinus balstoni is recorded from western Victoria, which constitutes a 350‐mile extension of the previously known range in Western and South Australia. Measurements of the five Victorian specimens are stated. The species selects hollow trees and under roof‐tops for diurnal retreats, where it frequently roosts within colonies of Tadarida planiceps. Breeding activity of three captive specimens is described, as are the early growth and development of a young one born in captivity.
The biology and development of Hypoaspis (Pneumolaelaps) hyatti (Acari: Mesostigmata)
Authors: Costa Michael
Published: August 2009

All the stages of Hypoaspis (Pneumolaelaps) hyatti Evans & Till are described and figured. The mites seem to feed on Tyrophagus laevis (Dujardin, 1849). The leg chaetotaxy and the development of the dorsal chaetotaxy are summarized. Egg lengths and female body lengths of several gamasids are compared.
Identification of hair and feather remains in the gut and faeces of stoats and weasels
Authors: Day M. G.
Published: August 2009

Qualitative analysis of the gut and faeces contents of stoates and weasels is complicated by the lack of readily identifiable bone fragments, teeth, feathers, etc., of mammalian or avian prey. Often the only evidence of such prey was hair or feather fragments. Since the bulk of food taken by stoats and weasels was from these two food classes, the problem of qualitative analysis resolved itself into that of identifying these hair and feather fragments.

By using the scale pattern, cross‐section and medulla type, it was possible to construct a key which would identify guard hairs of small mammals of the generic level. Feather identification was based on the structural variations to the down barbules of coverts. Using such criteria a key to the main bird orders was devised.
New sharks from the South China Sea*
Authors: Chan W. L.
Published: August 2009

Three new species and one new genus of sharks are described from the South China Sea. Cephaloscyllium fasciatum sp. n. (Scyliorhinidae) has a distinctive colour pattern characterized by the presence of dark‐edged blotches and saddles; and by the lobe‐like anterior nasal flap. The colour pattern and certain developmental changes in C. umbratile Jordan and Fowler are discussed. Dichichthys melanobranchus gen. n. and sp. (Scyliorhinidae) combines the distinguishing characters of three distinct genera: Galeus Rafinesque, Parmaturus Garman, and Apristurus Carman. This suggests that Dichichthys may be an ancestral form from which these three genera have evolved. Etmoptems decacuspidatus sp. n. (Squalidae) is distinguished primarily on the basts of the decacuspid teeth to the upper jaw; this unusually high number of cusps is shown not to have been acquired as a result of old age.

The vertebral characters of all species are studied radiographically.
The mouthparts of Xenocheila zarudnyi (Orthoptera, Acrididæ)
Authors: Chapman R. F.
Published: August 2009

The mouthparts of Xenocheíla zarudnyí Uvarov, a grasshopper from Iran, are described, including the distribution of sensilla. The mandibles and labium are of unusual form and the possible significance of this is discussed.
Hermaphroditism in the Common dogfish (Scyliorhinus caniculus)
Authors: King A. D.
Published: August 2009

An account is given of an hermaphrodite specimen of Scyliorhinus caniculus with asymmetrical ducts and claspers. Possible causes of abnormalities in the reproductive system are discussed.
The Zoological Society of London Report of the Society's Pathologist for the year 1963
Authors: T‐W‐Fiennes R. N.
Published: August 2009

An account is given of autopsy examinations of Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia and Amphibia during the year 1963. Statistical analyses of results are added in the tables given.
Relationships of the Hooded and Elephant seals (genera Cystophora and Mirounga)
Authors: King Judith E.
Published: August 2009

The characters linking Mirounga and Cystophora in the subfamily Cystophorinae are the reduction of the incisors to 3/1, the nasal sac of the male, and also the general similarity in shape of the postcanine teeth. Because of the unreliability of dental characters, and the possibility of convergence producing the nasal sac, the entire skeleton and some soft parts of the body have been considered. This examination has produced 17 good characters in which Cystophora agrees with other northern phocids, and Mirounga with other southern phocids. Other characters confirming this division, but not considered trenchant enough for inclusion in the table, have also been found.

It is suggested that the subfamily name Cystophorinae be abandoned. The family Phocidae is therefore divisible into two subfamilies; Cystophora being included in the Phocinae, and Mirounga in the Monachinae.

Certain characters suggest that Erignathus and Monachus may be the forms linking the typically northern and the typically southern phocids.
The sense organs on the mouth parts of the Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria)
Authors: Thomas Joan G.
Published: August 2009

The “hairs” and various types of sensilla present on the mouth parts of Schistocerca gregaria are described. The distribution of the sensilla on the clypeo‐labrum, labium and theHmaxillae has been plotted in detail, and the general distribution of all types of sensilla on each of the mouth parts is described.

A comparison is made between the distribution of certain sensilla on the clypeo‐labrum in first instars and adults.

The probable role of the sensilla in feeding is discussed.
On the biology of the catfish Clarias senegalensis, in a man‐made lake in the Ghanaian savanna with particular reference to its feeding habits
Authors: Thomas J. D.
Published: August 2009

The present study of Clarias senegalensis C. & V., from a small man‐made lake in the coastal savanna of Ghana, was initiated because this species has not been investigated previously and there is a need to have precise information regarding its general biology and food niche both from the theoretical and practical viewpoints. This catfish becomes sexually mature when about 32 cm in length and once a year, after the onset of the major rains in April, or early May, they ascend the feeder stream to spawn in its flood zone. Spent fish soon return to the lake after spawning but smaller immature fish do not do so until September. As with other piscivorous fish the feeding intensity is low and with one exception the stomachs of the monthly samples were on the average less than half full. The suggestion of a slight seasonal increase in the amount of food consumed from August onwards appears to be correlated with a seasonal increase in standing crop and is followed later by an increase in condition factor. C. senegalensis is extremely euryphagous but it subsists mainly on organisms swimming in midwater including fish such as Tilapia, zooplankton and insects, those living on the surface of the sediment and small organisms swimming near the surface of the sediment. Animals from these habitats have a higher forage ratio than those living under stones, in the sediment or in shallow water or in vegetation close to the shore. Vegetation, adventitious food and detritus are of little consequence to C. senegalensis in Nungua lake and it is suggested that the latter is not exploited because the sediments are poor in organic matter. The euryphagous habits of C. senegalensis are shared by other Clarias species and this is reflected in several anatomical adaptations concerned with feeding. Seasonal changes in the dietaries are very slight because the catfish do not exploit phytophilous species to any great extent even when they become abundant during the wet season. For this reason it is doubtful whether they are of value in controlling important vectors of diseases many of which are phytophilous. Although there is a suggestion that larger fish eat more vegetation, phytophilous species and adventitious food the evidence for ontogenetic changes in the deitaries are very slight and fish in all the size groups eat minute food organisms such as copepods and also large ones such as fish including Tilapia. The possibility of combining Clarias with Tilapia in fish ponds is, therefore, worthy of consideration. The factors which cause expansion and contraction of food niches are discussed.
Feeding and digestion in two intertidal gammarids: Marinogammarus obtusatus and M. pirloti
Authors: Martin A. L.
Published: August 2009

The diet of two intertidal species of gammarid, Marinogammarus obtusatus Dahl and M. pirloti Sexton and Spooner is described. Both species feed largely, but not exclusively, on decaying algae, but may eat some living algae and, more rarely, carrion.

Their feeding activities are influenced by the rhythmic pattern of tidal ebb and flow, feeding only when covered by water. When immersed by the incoming tide they ingest food rapidly for a while and then feed more intermittently, ingesting small amounts at a time until they are uncovered once more by the receding tide. They probably eat sufficient food to fill the gut twice in 24 hours. The optimum rate for the digestion of food is approximately five hours, although food remains in the gut for about 12 hours.

The pH of the contents of the proventriculus, digestive gland and intestine of M. obtusatus is distinctly acid. Digestive enzymes are secreted only by the digestive gland. Carbohydrases are present which will hydrolyse soluble starch, glycogen, sucrose, maltose, arbutin, salicin, raffinose and melibiose. Inulin, lactose and cellulose are not hydrolysed. Non‐specific esterase and true lipase were detected by histochemical methods.

It is concluded that the food supply available to these animals is plentiful and it is unnecessary to utilize the food supply to the maximum.
Polydesmoid Diplopoda from the Pacaraima Mountains
Authors: Hoffman Richard L.
Published: August 2009

Four species of polydesmoid Diplopoda collected by Mr L. D. E. F. Vesey‐Fitzgerald, from the Pacaraima Mountains, British Guiana are described: Mestosoma hylaeicum Jeekel, Iphyria macconnelli (Pocock), Leptherpum jeekeli sp. nov. and a new genus and species of Chytodesmid, Adenomeropus fitzgeratdi. A revised key to Leptherpum is given including L. jeekeli and a new combination, L. schomburgkii.
Land molluscs as food of Malayan rodents and insectivores
Authors: Liat Lim Boo
Published: August 2009

Laboratory and field experiments demonstrate that, contrary to previously published stomach analysis data, rats selectively consume land molluscs. Rattus jalorensis and R. argentiventer prefer molluscs as food, while R. exulans and R. r. diardi are less inclined to do so. Macrochlamys resplendens, a land snail, is most favoured, with the slug Micropar‐mariort malayanus next in preference. The heavily‐shelled Achatina fulica is only occasionally eaten and Quantula striata is ignored. Examination of gastro‐intestinal contents of wild rats caught from various habitats in Malaya show that when present in large numbers molluscs form an important part of the natural food of rats, yet laboratory evidence demonstrates that as many as 60% of mollusc‐eating rats may fail to show evidence of shells on examination within 12 hours of feeding–an indication that stomach analyses alone may be of limited value.

The Malayan insectivores Echinosorex gymnurus and Suncus murinus often feed on snails and slugs, though they appear not to be suitable hosts for infection with the rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis.
Report on Fallow deer (Dama dama L.) obtained from Epping Forest during May–December 1964
Authors: Chaplin Raymond E. , Chapman Donald I.
Published: August 2009

Fallow deer killed in road accidents in Epping Forest during 1964 have been examined as part of an investigation of this dark coloured herd. Most of the deer were killed in October and November. More males were killed than females. It would appear that the winter coat differs from the summer coat only in being thicker and less glossy; the hairs are coarser and there is a tendency for the spots to be less apparent. Fawns have a spotted coat. The health of the deer appears to be good. The animals have been weighed and measured and the skins and skeletons have been preserved. The bones, stomach, intestines, reproductive organs, thyroid and adrenal glands, lungs, liver, kidneys and spleen have been examined and/or preserved from most of the animals.