bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation of a Noninvasive System for Measuring Head Acceleration for Use during Boxing Competition
Authors: Beckwith Jonathan G. , Chu Jeffrey J. , Greenwald Richard M.
Published: August 2016

Although the epidemiology and mechanics of concussion in sports have been investigated for many years, the biomechanical factors that contribute to mild traumatic brain injury remain unclear because of the difficulties in measuring impact events in the field. The purpose of this study was to validate an instrumented boxing headgear (IBH) that can be used to measure impact severity and location during play. The instrumented boxing headgear data were processed to determine linear and rotational acceleration at the head center of gravity, impact location, and impact severity metrics, such as the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) and Gadd Severity Index (GSI). The instrumented boxing headgear was fitted to a Hybrid III (HIII) head form and impacted with a weighted pendulum to characterize accuracy and repeatability. Fifty-six impacts over 3 speeds and 5 locations were used to simulate blows most commonly observed in boxing. A high correlation between the HIII and instrumented boxing headgear was established for peak linear and rotational acceleration (r2 = 0.91), HIC (r2 = 0.88), and GSI (r2 = 0.89). Mean location error was 9.7 ± 5.2°. Based on this study, the IBH is a valid system for measuring head acceleration and impact location that can be integrated into training and competition.
Effects of Finger Markers on the Kinematics of Reaching Movements in Young Children and Adults
Authors: Domellöf Erik , Hopkins Brian , Francis Brian , Rönnqvist Louise
Published: August 2016

Kinematic studies to date have not considered in what ways surface markers may affect the performance of the analyzed motion. This neglect is particularly apparent in studies of prehensile movements involving surface markers attached to the fingers. In order to specify any such effects, a range of kinematic parameters derived from simple reach-to-grasp movements, both with and without finger markers, by 3-year-old children and adults were analyzed. Finger markers affected both the spatial and temporal nature of the children’s reaching performance as revealed by a more temporally segmented reaching path, an age-atypically straighter reaching path, and an increased time to establish a pincer grip. The reaching movements made by the adults were unaffected in terms of the kinematic parameters employed.
Gastrocnemius Fascicle Length Changes with Two-Joint Passive Movements
Authors: Brindle Timothy J. , Miller Jeri L. , Lebiedowska Maria K. , Stanhope Steven J.
Published: August 2016

Predicting muscle fascicle length changes during passive movements may lead to a better understanding of muscle function. The purpose of this study was to experimentally compare fascicle length changes in the gastrocnemius during two-joint passive movements with a previously derived kinematic model based on anatomical measures from a cadaver. The ratio of passive ankle to knee motion was manipulated to generate medial gastrocnemius fascicle elongation and lateral gastrocnemius fascicle shortening. Ultrasound images from both heads of the gastrocnemius fascicles were acquired at 10° knee flexion increments and compared with this kinematic model. Our results suggest that the two-joint kinematic model from which we originally based our knee and ankle movements did not adequately reflect fascicle length changes during any of the movement conditions in this study. From our data, we propose that for every degree of ankle motion the medial and lateral gastrocnemius changes 0.42 mm and 0.96 mm, respectively, whereas changes of 0.14 mm and 0.22 mm are observed for the medial and lateral gastrocnemius, respectively, during knee movements.
Comparison between Kinematic and Kinetic Methods for Computing the Vertical Displacement of the Center of Mass during Human Hopping at Different Frequencies
Authors: Ranavolo Alberto , Don Romildo , Cacchio Angelo , Serrao Mariano , Paoloni Marco , Mangone Massimiliano , Santilli Valter
Published: August 2016

Kinematic and kinetic methods (sacral marker, reconstructed pelvis, segmental analysis, and force platform methods) have been used to calculate the vertical excursion of the center of mass (COM) during movement. In this study we compared the measurement of vertical COM displacement yielded by different methods during able-bodied subjects’ hopping at different frequencies (varying between 1.2 and 3.2 Hz). ANOVA revealed a significant interaction between hopping frequency and method (p< 0.001), showing that increasing hopping frequency reduced the differences between methods. A post hoc analysis revealed a significant difference between all methods at the lowest hopping frequency and between the force platform and both the sacral marker and reconstructed pelvis methods at the intermediate hopping frequencies, with differences ranging from 16 to 67 millimeters (allp< 0.05). Results are discussed in view of each methods’ limits. We conclude that the segmental analysis and force platform methods can be considered to provide the most accurate results for COM vertical excursion during human hopping in a large range of hopping frequency.
Normalizing Lower Extremity Strength Data for Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Wren Tishya A. L. , Engsberg Jack R.
Published: August 2016

The traditional method for normalizing quantitative strength data is to divide force or torque by body mass. We have previously shown that this method is not appropriate for able-bodied children and young adults and that normalization using allometric scaling is more effective. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of applying existing normalization equations for lower extremity strength to children, adolescents, and young adults with cerebral palsy (CP) and, if appropriate, to develop CP-specific normalization equations using allometric scaling. We measured the maximum torque generated during hip abduction/adduction, knee extension/flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion/plantar flexion in 96 subjects with spastic diplegia CP ages 4–23 years. Traditional mass normalization (Torque/Mass1.0) and allometric scaling equations from children without disability (Torque/Mass1.6 for hip and knee; Torque/Mass1.4 for ankle) were not effective in eliminating the influence of body mass. Normalization using CP-specific allometric scaling equations was effective using both muscle-specific and common (Torque/Mass0.8 for ankle plantar flexors; Torque/Mass1.4 for all others) scaling relationships. For the first time, normalization equations have been presented with demonstrated effectiveness in adjusting strength measures for body size in a group of children, adolescents, and young adults with CP.
A Numerical Method to Enhance the Accuracy of Mass-Spring Systems for Modeling Soft Tissue Deformations
Authors: Mohammadi Hadi
Published: August 2016

This technical note presents a numerical corrective technique that allows control of nonlinearity in a mass-spring system (MSS) independent of its spring constants or system topology. The governing equations of MSS in the form of ordinary differential equations or a regular function accompanied by any boundary or initial condition as known constraints, are employed to modify the results. A least-squares algorithm coupled with the finite difference method is used to discretize the basic residual function implemented in this corrective technique. This numerical solution is applicable to both static and dynamic MSS. This technique is easy to implement and has accuracy similar to that of the equivalent finite element method (FEM) solution to the same system whereas solutions are obtained in a fraction of the CPU time. The proposed technique can also be used to smooth solutions from other methods such as FEM or boundary element method (BEM).
Breast Displacement in Three Dimensions during the Walking and Running Gait Cycles
Authors: Scurr Joanna , White Jennifer , Hedger Wendy
Published: August 2016

This study aimed to assess the trajectory of breast displacement in 3 dimensions during walking and running gait, as this may improve bra design and has yet to be reported. Fifteen D-cup participants had reflective markers attached to their nipples and trunk to monitor absolute and relative breast displacement during treadmill walking (5 kph) and running (10 kph). During the gait cycle, the breast followed a figure-of-eight pattern with four movement phases. Despite a time lag in resultant breast displacement compared with the trunk, similar values of breast displacement were identified across each of the four phases. Fifty-six percent of overall breast movement was vertical, suggesting that 3-D assessment and the elimination of trunk movement in 6 degrees of freedom are essential to accurately report breast displacement during the gait cycle.
The Reliability and Validity of a Three-Camera Foot Image System for Obtaining Foot Anthropometrics
Authors: O’Meara Damien , Vanwanseele Benedicte , Hunt Adrienne , Smith Richard
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to develop a foot image capture and measurement system with web cameras (the 3-FIS) to provide reliable and valid foot anthropometric measures with efficiency comparable to that of the conventional method of using a handheld anthropometer. Eleven foot measures were obtained from 10 subjects using both methods. Reliability of each method was determined over 3 consecutive days using the intraclass correlation coefficient and root mean square error (RMSE). Reliability was excellent for both the 3-FIS and the handheld anthropometer for the same 10 variables, and good for the fifth metatarsophalangeal joint height. The RMSE values over 3 days ranged from 0.9 to 2.2 mm for the handheld anthropometer, and from 0.8 to 3.6 mm for the 3-FIS. The RMSE values between the 3-FIS and the handheld anthropometer were between 2.3 and 7.4 mm. The 3-FIS required less time to collect and obtain the final variables than the handheld anthropometer. The 3-FIS provided accurate and reproducible results for each of the foot variables and in less time than the conventional approach of a handheld anthropometer.
Application of a Full Body Inertial Measurement System in Alpine Skiing: A Comparison with an Optical Video Based System
Authors: Krüger Andreas , Edelmann-Nusser Jürgen
Published: August 2016

This study aims at determining the accuracy of a full body inertial measurement system in a real skiing environment in comparison with an optical video based system. Recent studies have shown the use of inertial measurement systems for the determination of kinematical parameters in alpine skiing. However, a quantitative validation of a full body inertial measurement system for the application in alpine skiing is so far not available. For the purpose of this study, a skier performed a test-run equipped with a full body inertial measurement system in combination with a DGPS. In addition, one turn of the test-run was analyzed by an optical video based system. With respect to the analyzed angles, a maximum mean difference of 4.9° was measured. No differences in the measured angles between the inertial measurement system and the combined usage with a DGPS were found. Concerning the determination of the skier’s trajectory, an additional system (e.g., DGPS) must be used. As opposed to optical methods, the main advantages of the inertial measurement system are the determination of kinematical parameters without the limitation of restricted capture volume, and small time costs for the measurement preparation and data analysis.
Can the Effect of Soft Tissue Artifact Be Eliminated in Upper-Arm Internal-External Rotation?
Authors: Zhang Yanxin , Lloyd David G. , Campbell Amity C. , Alderson Jacqueline A.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of soft tissue artifact during three-dimensional motion capture and assess the effectiveness of an optimization method to reduce this effect. Four subjects were captured performing upper-arm internal-external rotation with retro-reflective marker sets attached to their upper extremities. A mechanical arm, with the same marker set attached, replicated the tasks human subjects performed. Artificial sinusoidal noise was then added to the recorded mechanical arm data to simulate soft tissue artifact. All data were processed by an optimization model. The result from both human and mechanical arm kinematic data demonstrates that soft tissue artifact can be reduced by an optimization model, although this error cannot be successfully eliminated. The soft tissue artifact from human subjects and the simulated soft tissue artifact from artificial sinusoidal noise were demonstrated to be considerably different. It was therefore concluded that the kinematic noise caused by skin movement artifact during upper-arm internal-external rotation does not follow a sinusoidal pattern and cannot be effectively eliminated by an optimization model.
Numerical Streamline Patterns at Swimmer’s Surface Using RANS Equations
Authors: Arfaoui Ahlem , Popa Catalin Viorel , Taïar Redha , Polidori Guillaume , Fohanno Stéphane
Published: August 2016

The objective of this article is to perform a numerical modeling on the flow dynamics around a competitive female swimmer during the underwater swimming phase for a velocity of 2.2 m/s corresponding to national swimming levels. Flow around the swimmer is assumed turbulent and simulated with a computational fluid dynamics method based on a volume control approach. The 3D numerical simulations have been carried out with the code ANSYS FLUENT and are presented using the standard k-ω turbulence model for a Reynolds number of 6.4 × 106. To validate the streamline patterns produced by the simulation, experiments were performed in the swimming pools of the National Institute of Sports and Physical Education in Paris (INSEP) by using the tufts method.
Day-to-Day Reliability of Two Different Models to Quantify Knee Kinematics in Subjects With Knee Osteoarthritis and Healthy Controls
Authors: Krauss Inga , Ukelo Thomas , Ziegler Christoph , Axmann Detlef , Grau Stefan , Horstmann Thomas , Stacoff Alex
Published: August 2016

Results from instrumented gait analysis vary between test situations. Subject characteristics and the biomechanical model can influence the total amount of variability. The purpose of this study was to quantify reliability of gait data in general, and with respect to the applied model, and investigated population group. Reliability was compared between a functional and a predictive gait model in subjects with knee osteoarthritis and healthy controls. Day-to-day consistency for sagittal plane variables was comparable between models and population groups. Transversal plane variables relative to joint excursion showed larger inconsistency for repeated measures, even for a more sophisticated biomechanical approach. In conclusion, the presented reliability data of sagittal plane kinematics should be used for a reasonable interpretation of results derived in clinical gait analysis. Variables of the transversal plane should not be used as long as sources of error are not sufficiently minimized.
Influence of Angles of Attack, Frequency and Kick Amplitude on Swimmer’s Horizontal Velocity During Underwater Phase of a Grab Start
Authors: Houel Nicolas , Elipot Marc , André Frédéric , Hellard Philippe
Published: August 2016

The underwater phase of starts represents an important part of the performance in sprint swimming’s events. Kinematics variables that swimmers have to take into account to improve their underwater phase of starts are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the kinematics variables that improve performance during the underwater phase of grab starts. A three-dimensional analysis of the underwater phase of ten swimmers of national level was conducted. Stepwise multiple linear regressions identified the main kinematics variables that influence the horizontal velocity of the swimmer each 0.5 m in the range of 5 to 7.5 m. The results show that the kinematics parameters change during the range of 5 to 7.5 m of the underwater phase of the starts. For this population of swimmers, the results enable proposals of four principles to improve the underwater phase: i) to be streamlined at the beginning of the underwater gliding phase, ii) to start the dolphin kicking after 6 m, iii) to generate propulsive forces using only feet and legs during underwater undulatory swimming, iv) to improve the frequency of underwater undulatory swimming.
Exercise Performance, Functional Status, and Hemodynamic Assessment of Elderly Patients with Intermittent Claudication
Authors: McGuigan Michael R.M. , Bronks Roger , Newton Robert U. , Graham John C. , Cody David V.
Published: August 2016

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is associated with impaired lower extremity function. This study investigated differences in PAD and control participants and the relationship between lower limb strength and clinical measures of PAD severity. Participants were evaluated by 6-min-walk distance, normal and maximal walking speed over 10 m, isometric plantar-flexion strength, and dynamic dorsi-/plantar-flexion strength. Hemodynamic measures of the lower limbs were recorded at rest and after maximal treadmill testing. PAD participants walked significantly less far during the 6-min walk, and there were large differences in normal and maximal walking speeds. Small to moderate differences were found for isometric plantar-flexion strength. In the diseased legs of the PAD participants, resting systolic hallux photoplethysmography was significantly correlated with isokinetic plantar-flexion strength and onset of claudication pain during the 6-min-walk test. In addition to confirming the documented loss of walking endurance, these data suggest that loss of strength of the plantar flexors is associated with increasing PAD impairment.
Comparison of Strength-Training Adaptations in Early and Older Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Rosario Eric Joseph , Villani Rudolph Gino , Harris Jeff , Klein Rudi
Published: August 2016

Aging generally results in muscle and bone atrophy, with accelerated loss in the first few years after menopause contributing to decline in strength, balance, and mobility. This investigation compared the effects of 1 of year periodized high-intensity strength training on a group of less-than-5-years (LF) postmenopausal women (n = 10, mean age 51 years) with its effects on a more-than-10-years (MT) postmenopausal group (n = 11, mean age 60 years). Mean lean body mass, strength, and balance increased over the intervention period for both groups, with no significant intergroup differences. Mean total fat mass significantly decreased for both groups, with no significant difference between groups. Total and regional bone density and mineral content did not significantly change in either group. These results indicate that even during the accelerated muscle-loss period after menopause, women can gain muscle and strength with resistance training to a similar extent as older women.
Performance and Characteristics of Recreational Master Runners: A 21-Year Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Slade Jill M. , De Los Santos-Posadas Hector , Cress M. Elaine
Published: August 2016

This study examined the change in 15K running performance for master runners over 21 years (1978–1998). Official times were collected for 60 male runners from the same running event. Trends in running performance were analyzed with several models (linear, polynomial, and segmented-line). A self-report questionnaire was used to quantify training and to characterize runners. Peak age of running performance was indirectly estimated at 33 years using a second-degree polynomial. The performance trend was also associated with an inflection point at age 41 directly estimated from a nonlinear, segmented, mixed-effects model (95% confidence interval: 38.77–42.44). After age 41, master runners ran nearly 1 min slower each year. Besides age, other parameters that influenced performance over time included type of training (interval training) and body weight. These data might be among the first to describe the trend in running performance for a group of master athletes, most of whom were noncompetitive runners.
Comparison of Older Adult Performance during the Functional-Reach and Limits-of-Stability Tests
Authors: Clark Sean , Iltis Peter W. , Anthony Crystal J. , Toews Andrea
Published: August 2016

Despite widespread use of the functional-reach (FR) and limits-of-stability (LOS) tests, comparisons of postural strategies and postural limits for these tests have not been previously reported. The purpose of this study was to compare postural strategies as determined by cross-correlation analyses of trunk and lower leg angular displacements and postural limits as assessed by maximum center-of-gravity (COG) excursions as older adults at low fall risk completed the FR and LOS tests. Fourteen older adults completed three FR and LOS trials while standing on a Balance Master® force platform. Results indicated that despite relatively similar instructions to reach or lean as far as possible without losing balance or altering the base of support, their performance differed with regard to postural strategies employed and maximum COG excursions produced. These findings suggest that because of differences in task constraints, FR and LOS tests should not be used interchangeably.
Web-Site-Based Tailored Advice to Promote Strength and Balance Training: An Experimental Evaluation
Authors: Nyman Samuel R. , Yardley Lucy
Published: August 2016

This study evaluated a Web site providing tailored advice to encourage older people to undertake strength and balance training (SBT). Adults age 60–88 (N = 302) were randomized to read either generic advice or advice tailored to their self-perceived balance problems and activity preferences. Between-groups differences in attitudes toward SBT after reading the advice did not quite reach significance (p = .059), but the tailored group reported higher ratings than the generic group that the advice was personally relevant (p = .017) and that the activities would be good for them (p = .047). Within-groups differences in the tailored group showed that completing an action plan increased confidence in undertaking SBT (p = .006). These findings were supported by a meta-analysis that pooled the effect sizes with those of a previous study. Thus, a tailored Web site might be a cost-effective way of encouraging some older people to undertake SBT.
The Intensity of Chair-Assisted Exercises in Cognitively Healthy Older Adults
Authors: Volkers Karin M. , van Dijk Tim C.W. , Eggermont Laura H. , Hollander A. Peter , Scherder Erik J.A.
Published: August 2016

Introduction:

The American College of Sports Medicine prescribes regular performance of at least moderate-intensity physical activity for healthy aging. This study examined whether 1 session of 30 min of chair-assisted exercises for the elderly meets this intensity criterion.

Method:

This cross-sectional study included 47 cognitively healthy volunteers (mean age 84 years). During the performance of 30 min of chair-assisted exercises the authors determined oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide production, heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). These measures were expressed as a percentage of the estimated maximal VO2 (VO2max) and the estimated maximal HR (HRmax) and estimated as metabolic equivalent units (METs).

Results:

Participants performed chair-assisted exercises at 61.0% ± 14.7% of VO2max, 67.6% ± 11.3% HRmax, 3.9 ± 0.9 METs, and 13.1 ± 2.1 RPE.

Conclusions:

The intensity of these chair-assisted exercises is at least moderate for older adults, which is necessary for healthy aging.
Validity of Two Indirect Measures of Energy Expenditure during Walking in the Elderly
Authors: Leaf David Alexander , MacRae Holden
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the criterion-related validity of two indirect measures of energy expenditure (EE): American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) predictive equations, and estimated EE based on the Caltrac accelerometer. These measures were compared in 20 community-dwelling older men and women (mean age 71 years). The strength of the relationships among major determinants of EE during self-selected speeds of treadmill and outdoor walking was also examined. EE measured by respiratory gas analysis during an exercise stress test was highly correlated with ACSM predictive equations and poorly correlated with Caltrac. Multivariate regression equations were established to evaluate the ability of independent variables—body weight and height, age, and preferred treadmill walking speed—to predict EE (dependent variable). It was concluded that the ACSM predictive equations are suitable for use in elderly individuals, and that the apparent differences in the relationships between treadmill and outdoor walking speeds on EE deserve further investigation.
Reliability of the 60+ Functional Fitness Test Battery for Older Adults
Authors: Mobily Kenneth E. , Mobily Paula R.
Published: August 2016

The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine the internal consistency of the 60+ functional fitness test battery for older adults. A secondary purpose was to determine whether the number of trials recommended in the testing manual was optimal. Subjects were used from an ongoing study of a fitness program for community-dwelling older adults. Internal consistency coefficients for subtests of flexibility, agility, coordination, and strength were excellent. Post hoc analysis across trials indicated significant differences in means between early trials and later trials. Mean scores stabilized after two or three trials, depending on the subtest of interest. Data provided insight into the number of practice trials and amount of warm-up necessary to implement the 60+ functional fitness test battery in field settings.
Comparison of Measured and ACSM-Predicted V˙O2 in Older Women
Authors: Schneider Joanne Kraenzle , Pitetti Kenneth H.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare measured , at specific stages with the American College of Sports Medicine-predicted , at the same stage during treadmill walking in older women. Twenty-five women (age range = 56.6 to 78.1 years; mean ± SD = 66.6 ± 5.8 years) walked on a treadmill at a speed of 2.0 mph and 0% grade for the first stage and at increased grades for each subsequent stage. The results showed considerable lack of agreement between the measured and predicted , values. Predicted , was lower than measured , at 0% grade and higher than measured , al 10.2% grade (p < .05 for both). However, predicted , was not significantly different from measured , at grades of 3.4% and 6.7%. These results are generalizable only to older women who can walk 2.0 mph on a treadmill and do not use handrail support. Future research is needed to develop more accurate equations for predicting , for older women.
Country Line Dancing: An Aerobic Activity for Older Women?
Authors: Gordon Sarah A. , Overend Tom J. , Vandervoort Anthony A.
Published: August 2016

Country line dancing (CLD) is a popular activity among older women. The American College of Sports Medicine and Health Canada recommend that aerobic exercise be performed for 20–60 min, 3–5 times/week, at an intensity of 65–90% of maximal heart rate (HR). The study measured responses to a bout of CLD in older women to determine whether it might be considered an aerobic activity for this population. Twenty healthy older women performed a 12-min walk lest (12WT) and a 1-hr CLD class. Heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and breathlessness (RPB) were compared between the 12WT and a representative 12-min period of the CLD class. Mean HR during CLD and the 12WT were not different. Mean RPE and RPB values were also similar between CLD and 12WT. The results suggest that CLD meets the guidelines for aerobic activity and can be considered an acceptable form of aerobic exercise for older women.
Development of an Exercise Program for the Frail Elderly
Authors: A Paw Marijke J.M. Chin , Jong Nynke de , Stevens Martin , Bult Petrus , Schouten Evert G.
Published: August 2016

The article describes the design and preliminary evaluation of a 17-week, twice-weekly, comprehensive, progressive exercise program for frail elderly adults. The main objective was to maintain or improve mobility and performance of daily activities essential for independent functioning. Strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, and coordination were trained by walking, kneeling, and chair stands, performed in the context of motor behavior such as games and daily activities. The acceptability of the exercise program was evaluated in a population of community-dwelling, frail older adults (mean age 77.6 ± 5.4 years). Eighty-one percent completed the program. Program appreciation and attendance were high. Seventy-three percent reported wanting to continue participating if possible—although most only once a week. At follow-up (1–1.5 years afterward) 30% were still participating in an exercise program. The exercise program was enjoyed and accepted by a population of frail, previously sedentary elderly adults. Widespread implementation of this program could increase physical activity among frail older adults.
Exploring Learning Among USA Cycling Licensed Coaches
Authors: Dieffenbach Kristen
Published: August 2016

In 2006 the updated standards for coaching education programs concerning the eight NASPE coach knowledge area domains (National Standards for Sport Coaches, 2006) were released. Despite these standards and an increased awareness regarding the importance of area-specific knowledge (Nash & Collins, 2006), the culture of sport often requires little to no formalized science-based training for coaches. U.S. coaches typically enter the profession through volunteer or assistant coach type experiences with little to no formal training. While hands-on experience is important, it leaves many coaches with training knowledge gaps. In an effort to meet the needs of aspiring coaches and to increase the professionalism and the qualifications of coaches working with athletes, many U.S. sport national governing bodies (NGB’s) offer coaching certification programs. However, little is known about how to best disseminate information in a manner that will meet both the needs and learning styles of practicing coaches. This study focuses on the learning preferences, habits and attitudes of one NGB group – USA Cycling licensed coaches.
A Qualitative Analysis of Motivational Efforts Employed by Elite Lacrosse Coaches
Authors: Leidl Dan , Frontiera Joe , Siestreem James
Published: August 2016

While motivation has long been a topic of intrigue in coaching and sport, it has been subject to little qualitative analysis. Coaches are often regarded as motivators by trade (Hardy, Burke, & Crace, 2005), and there is seemingly a tremendous amount to learn from such expert practitioners. In talking with coaches about how they motivate, one may gain further insight regarding the successful mechanisms they rely on. Through this study, six elite lacrosse coaches were interviewed regarding their motivational tactics. In these interviews the coaches provided like-minded responses that were categorized (i.e., Personal Responsibility, Tools, Transcendence) and further discussed herein. Such information could provide the foundation for further inquiry into the motivational efforts of expert coaches, affording a better understanding of successful motivational tactics.
Student Athlete Wellness: Gender Perspectives
Authors: LaFountaine Janna
Published: August 2016

A study of wellness aspects among college student athletes at a mid-sized, church-related, undergraduate, liberal arts college in the upper Midwest was conducted during the 2006-2007 school year. The students were asked by their coaches and team leaders to complete the Wellness Evaluation of Lifestyle tool online. The study sample consisted of 273 college athletes, of which 131 were female and 142 were male. Female college athletes had the highest scores in the following areas: exercise, friendship, and love. The lowest areas were: spirituality, stress Management, nutrition and total wellness. The female athletes scored lower in 14 out of the 20 wellness behavior categories than the male athletes. In the areas of sense of worth, leisure and stress management, female athletes scored significantly lower than the male athletes. Male athletes scored the highest in the areas of exercise, sense of worth and friendship. Male athletes recorded their lowest scores in spirituality, nutrition, work and total wellness. The implications of this study for athletic programs indicate a need to address the specific needs of female athletes compared to male athletes, particularly tactics for dealing with stress, building self-esteem and the use of leisure activities.
A Critical Review of American Academic Coaching Education Programs
Authors: Dieffenbach Kristen D. , Wayda Valerie
Published: August 2016

Among the physical activity, exercise and health related academic disciplines, coaching education remains an under-developed field. Once closely aligned with physical education, coaching education has remained practically immobile despite the activity and growth in the related functional fitness and sport performance fields of exercise and sport sciences such as sport pedagogy, exercise physiology, and sport and exercise psychology. This article provides a historical context for the evolution of the academic discipline of coaching education within the broader field of physical education and a brief overview of coaching education as it exists within academia today. Recommendations and suggestions are made for the future growth and development of the coaching education discipline.
Coaches’ Perceived Knowledge of the National Standards for Sport Coaches: Insights into Coach Development
Authors: Blom Lindsey C. , Wininger Steven R. , sek Rebecca Zakraj , Kirkpatrick Kurtis
Published: August 2016

To help develop consistent training for coaches, the National Association for Sport and Physical Education created the National Standards for Sport Coaches (NSSC), which consists of eight domains and 40 standards. The purpose of this study was to examine high school coaches’ perceived knowledge related to the NSSC, continuing education, and sources of feedback. Information was gathered from 162 male and female team sport coaches from Mississippi and Kentucky. Four main findings emerged: 1) coaches perceived themselves to be above average in all 40 standards; 2) there were no significant differences between states of Kentucky and Mississippi for perceived knowledge in any domain 3) a difference in perceived knowledge based on years of coaching was found for Domain 5: Teaching and Communication; and 4) coaches reported most frequently using assistant coaches, their self, athletic directors, and athletes as sources of coaching feedback.
Basic First Aid Qualifications and Knowledge Among Youth Sport Coaches
Authors: Albrecht Jay M. , Strand Brad N.
Published: August 2016

The inception of organized youth sport in the United States began during the mid to late 1800s. With continual growth of organized youth sport throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty-first, youth sport has not been without important, and at times, serious implications. One of the implications involves injury in youth sport and the basic need for qualified youth sport coaches to care for injury situations that might arise during the course of regular season practices and games.

One hundred fifty-four youth sport coaches from seven different youth sport organizations were surveyed to determine whether the coaches had the basic first aid (FA) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation/automated external defibrillation (CPR/AED) training to serve their young athletes in the event of an emergent or non-emergent injury or sudden illness. Additionally, coaches were asked whether they had the confidence to manage a basic emergency injury or illness situation should such an occurrence arise during the course of a sports season involving regular practices or game competition. Major findings of this study revealed that only 19% and 46% of the 154 youth sport coaches surveyed were formally trained with basic first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation certifications, respectively. Additional findings indicated that youth sport coaches holding one or two of the suggested certifications possessed more knowledge and confidence than those youth sport coaches who did not hold certification to use that knowledge when faced with FA injury or illness situation. In consideration of these findings, recommendations should be made to encourage or mandate youth sport coaches involved with organized youth sport to become FA and CPR/AED certified.
Developing a Positive Conditioning Environment
Authors: Stanborough Mark
Published: August 2016

One of the most difficult and negative parts of practice has traditionally been conditioning. For years, coaches have used conditioning (running and exercise) as punishment. When athletes do not meet the expectations of the coach, conditioning is often used as discipline. However, highly conditioned teams are more likely to be successful teams. Therefore, conditioning is positive and is a desired effect. Conditioning as punishment gives it a negative association that may have a negative effect on the attitude towards conditioning and a negative effect on the lifelong commitment towards exercise. Effective coaches should seek ways to make conditioning a positive experience. This presentation will look at methods to make conditioning positive with athletes seeking to do more conditioning for improvement and as a source of pride.
Developing Games Using a Principles-Based Approach
Authors: Baggetta Peter
Published: August 2016

The Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) model was first developed by Bunker and Thorpe in 1982 as a model for coaches to help players become more skillful players. Since then other versions of the model have been developed such as the tactical decision-learning model (Grehaigne, Godbout, & Bouthier, 2001) in France and the game–sense approach (Australian Sports Commission, 1991) in Australia and New Zealand. The key aspect of all the models is the design of well-structured conditioned and modified games that require players to make decisions to develop their game understanding and tactical awareness. However, both novice and experienced coaches often struggle with connecting theory to practice especially in the area of creating and developing contextualized games that actually transfer learning from training to performance in games. In order to effectively create and use games that transfer learning, coaches can use a Principles-Based approach to develop games. The Principles-Based approach removes the dichotomy of traditional drills versus games and instead combines the drills approach with a games-context approach that links principles to skills that allow for increased individual and team expertise development. This presentation will first describe a model for developing and connecting principles, policies, tactics and skills for team play. Following this the presentation will then describe how to use the principles to create contextualized games that connect practices with performance and progresses novice players toward becoming more competent performers.
Content Analysis of Volunteer Youth Training Programs in the U.S.
Authors: Duffy Donna , Loy Brian
Published: August 2016

Despite the apparent positive impact that coaching education programs have on the attitudes and behaviors of volunteer youth sport coaches, few programs exist to actually educate these coaches (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2001; Gould et al., 1990). The organizations that coordinate youth sport leagues have an obligation to train these volunteer coaches, but few coaches receive training and if they do receive training, it is often lacking in specific developmental areas. There are also often differences between the coaching education programs that do exist and what volunteer coaches actually want to learn and need to learn.
RRCA Coaching Certification
Authors: Finke Patti , Hamilton Janet , Finke Warren , Broderick Mike
Published: August 2016

The RRCA Coaching Certification program is a model for national coaching education. The goal of the RRCA coaching certification is to provide trained individuals to work as coaching professionals for the sport of distance running at all levels from beginner to advanced runners. A coaching program for distance running attracts more individuals to the sport, and more importantly, helps individuals train intelligently, extend their running careers, have more fun running, and minimize the risks of overuse injuries. The program has certified over 1600 coaches across the US.
Are ADs and Coaches Working as a Team?
Authors: Kuhlman Jolynn , Boone Kathy
Published: August 2016

In the past 37 years the number of interscholastic athletes has risen from 3,455,219 in 1969-1970 to 7,342,910 in 2006-2007. This tremendous increase has resulted in an overwhelming demand for sports coaches. As schools struggle to find coaches to meet this demand, the emphasis on qualified coaches has been replaced with the need to have a person to fill the position regardless of qualifications.
Sports Medicine Knowledge for Coaches: Keeping the Shoulder Healthy in the Weight Room
Authors: Polubinsky Renee L. , Plos Jennifer M.
Published: August 2016

Weight training is an excellent example of where coaches need to have acquired knowledge and skills in the realms of sports medicine, strength and conditioning, and risk management for safety and injury prevention. There are several exercises and lifting techniques that may increase the risk of shoulder injuries. This article will focus on the prevalence of injuries from weight training, a brief discussion of shoulder anatomy, three of the more common shoulder pathologies, and weight training modifications to assist in the prevention of these shoulder pathologies.
Concussion 101: Knowing the Basics to Protect Your Athletes
Authors: Miyashita Theresa
Published: August 2016

Sport-related concussions have recently been at the forefront of mainstream media, where the attention is now turning to the safety of our young athletes. With the recent rise of concussion lawsuits, coaches need to know concussion basics to protect their athletes and themselves. What we know about concussions has evolved, and it is critical that coaches understand these changes and how they impact the management of their teams’ injuries. In the absence of medical personnel, coaches are responsible for removing athletes from play if they have potentially sustained a concussion. Coaches must therefore understand the different mechanisms of injury, signs and symptoms, and the protocol to follow if they believe their athlete has sustained a concussion.
Timing Is Everything: Post-Activation Potentiation in Jumping
Authors: Busche Jason
Published: August 2016

The National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) has developed National Standards for Sport Coaches (NSSC) with Standard 12 focusing on designing programs of training, conditioning, and recovery that properly utilizes exercise physiology and biomechanical principles. Recent research has shown the effectiveness of a dynamic warm-up routine over a static stretching routine. With advances in dynamic warm-ups, coaches can better prepare their athletes for physical activity. Knowing when the athlete should start and conclude his/her dynamic warm-up routine is critical to obtaining optimal performance which supports the vision of the USA Coaching Coalition by strengthening coaching as a profession. This presentation will provide coaches information to help determine the proper time frame involved in a dynamic warm-up routine to create effective Post Activation Potentiation (PAP).
Attitude of the School Student Towards Physical Education in the Jordanian School
Authors: Shahrour Nidal M. , Mansour Hossam
Published: August 2016

This research aimed to investigate the Jordanian school students’ attitudes towards Physical Education In Jordanian School, 100 UNRWA schools were recruited from (4) education area in Jordan, 50 students with a total (500) students from 8th -10th grade. Questionnaire was distributed to students the questionnaire with a 5-point Likert-type scale, with 20 items. Mean, SD, & (ANOVA) was utilized to determine the current status of the Attitude for the students, findings showed that the highest score was Item 2, which state that “(PE) is not only beneficial to those who are already in good body conditioning”, The second highest score was Item 16, which said that “During high school years, anybody who is serious about (PE) is not foolish”. The third highest score was Item 11, which the students believed that “Physical exercise is the best way to obtain a youthful looking and agile body.” The fourth highest score was Item 18, in which the students did not believe that “High school would be better without (PE) activities classes.” The fifth highest score was Item 5, in which the students believed that “Physical exercise provides an important relief from the stress of one’s daily life.” Beside of that, the overall mean score for the 20 items was 70.160+3.948 indicating that the students in this study certainly possessed positive ATPEA.

According to the findings of this study the researchers recommend to improve PE experiences and promote positive ATPEA in Jordan school students: (1) Increase students number to involve in motor activities within class and free time (3) Multiple teaching strategies to be applied to meet the needs of diverse learners.
Sport Psychology in a Collegiate Athletic Department Setting
Authors: Chamberlain Ronald B.
Published: August 2016

The author shares his experiences as a sport psychologist working for the Athletic Department at Brigham Young University. He describes both his educational background and the training experiences that prepared him for a career as a psychologist in a collegiate athletics department. The development and evolution of the sport psychologist role at Brigham Young University is also described, and a model for conceptualizing sport psychology with student-athletes is provided. The methods for delivering psychological services to student-athletes are detailed, and a typical daily, weekly, and semester schedule for a sport psychologist is presented. The author concludes by sharing what he finds challenging about working as a sport psychologist in a collegiate environment and what he has found most enjoyable about this career alternative for professional psychologists.
Perceived Stress and Prevalence of Traumatic Stress Symptoms Following Athletic Career Termination
Authors: Wippert Pia-Maria , Wippert Jens
Published: August 2016

Undesired career termination represents a critical life event for professional athletes. This study examined traumatic stress resulting from (a) a career-ending event and (b) the athlete’s separation from his or her social support network. Data were collected from 40 professional athletes who were members of the German National Ski Team, using standardized (Impact of Event Scale; Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale) and partially standardized (psychosomatic stress reaction) questionnaires. Correlations between the impact of termination and traumatic stress symptoms were observed over a period of 8 months. Athletes who experienced supportive termination (involving discussion with coaches) endorsed fewer symptoms than those who experienced socially disintegrative termination (lacking support of coaches). Nearly 20% of participants endorsed clinically relevant levels of traumatic stress at 3 and 8 months posttermination.