bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The morphology and evolutionary history of the glenohumeral joint of hominoids: A review
Authors: Arias‐Martorell Julia
Published: December 2018

The glenohumeral joint, the most mobile joint in the body of hominoids, is involved in the locomotion of all extant primates apart from humans. Over the last few decades, our knowledge of how variation in its morphological characteristics relates to different locomotor behaviors within extant primates has greatly improved, including features of the proximal humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula, as well as the muscles that function to move the joint (the rotator cuff muscles). The glenohumeral joint is a region with a strong morphofunctional signal, and hence, its study can shed light on the locomotor behaviors of crucial ancestral nodes in the evolutionary history of hominoids (e.g., the last common ancestor between humans and chimpanzees). Hominoids, in particular, are distinct in showing round and relatively big proximal humeri with lowered tubercles and flattened and oval glenoid cavities, morphology suited to engage in a wide range of motions, which enables the use of locomotor behaviors such as suspension. The comparison with extant taxa has enabled more informed functional interpretations of morphology in extinct primates, including hominoids, from the Early Miocene through to the emergence of hominins. Here, I review our current understanding of glenohumeral joint functional morphology and its evolution throughout the Miocene and Pleistocene, as well as highlighting the areas where a deeper study of this joint is still needed.
Unbalanced biparental care during colony foundation in two subterranean termites
Authors: Brossette Lou , Meunier Joël , Dupont Simon , Bagnères Anne‐Geneviève , Lucas Christophe
Published: December 2018

Parental care is a major component of reproduction in social organisms, particularly during the foundation steps. Because investment into parental care is often costly, each parent is predicted to maximize its fitness by providing less care than its partner. However, this sexual conflict is expected to be low in species with lifelong monogamy, because the fitness of each parent is typically tied to the other's input. Somewhat surprisingly, the outcomes of this tug‐of‐war between maternal and paternal investments have received important attention in vertebrate species, but remain less known in invertebrates. In this study, we investigated how queens and kings share their investment into parental care and other social interactions during colony foundation in two termites with lifelong monogamy: the invasive species Reticulitermes flavipes and the native species R. grassei. Behaviors of royal pairs were recorded during six months using a non‐invasive approach. Our results showed that queens and kings exhibit unbalanced investment in terms of grooming, antennation, trophallaxis, and vibration behavior. Moreover, both parents show behavioral differences toward their partner or their descendants. Our results also revealed differences among species, with R. flavipes exhibiting shorter periods of grooming and antennation toward eggs or partners. They also did more stomodeal trophallaxis and less vibration behavior. Overall, this study emphasizes that despite lifelong monogamy, the two parents are not equally involved in the measured forms of parental care and suggests that kings might be specialized in other tasks. It also indicates that males could play a central, yet poorly studied role in the evolution and maintenance of the eusocial organization.
The early‐life environment and individual plasticity in life‐history traits
Authors: De Gasperin Ornela , Duarte Ana , English Sinead , Attisano Alfredo , Kilner Rebecca M.
Published: December 2018

We tested whether the early‐life environment can influence the extent of individual plasticity in a life‐history trait. We asked: can the early‐life environment explain why, in response to the same adult environmental cue, some individuals invest more than others in current reproduction? Moreover, can it additionally explain why investment in current reproduction trades off against survival in some individuals, but is positively correlated with survival in others? We addressed these questions using the burying beetle, which breeds on small carcasses and sometimes carries phoretic mites. These mites breed alongside the beetle, on the same resource, and are a key component of the beetle's early‐life environment. We exposed female beetles to mites twice during their lives: during their development as larvae and again as adults during their first reproductive event. We measured investment in current reproduction by quantifying average larval mass and recorded the female's life span after breeding to quantify survival. We found no effect of either developing or breeding alongside mites on female reproductive investment, nor on her life span, nor did developing alongside mites influence her size. In post hoc analyses, where we considered the effect of mite number (rather than their mere presence/absence) during the female's adult breeding event, we found that females invested more in current reproduction when exposed to greater mite densities during reproduction, but only if they had been exposed to mites during development as well. Otherwise, they invested less in larvae at greater mite densities. Furthermore, females that had developed with mites exhibited a trade‐off between investment in current reproduction and future survival, whereas these traits were positively correlated in females that had developed without mites. The early‐life environment thus generates individual variation in life‐history plasticity. We discuss whether this is because mites influence the resources available to developing young or serve as important environmental cues.
Construction and levitation guidance experiment of magnetic levitation system without gap sensors using inductance model of thin steel plates
Authors: Odajima Yusuke , Takada Yusuke , Oikawa Ikuto , Nakagawa Toshiko
Published: December 2018

Recently, the noncontact conveyance methods that are applied magnetic levitation techniques have been studied in many institutes. In this paper, from the view point of practical use, the authors construct a magnetic levitation system without using gap sensors which have been essential for the conventional magnetic levitation of thin steel plates. This system adopts both current sensors and Hall‐effect sensors in place of the gap sensors. In addition, we consider the peculiar inductance characteristics of magnetic levitation for a thin steel plate. Moreover, we conduct the levitation, guidance, conveyance and disturbance experiments.
Anxious attachment as an antecedent of people's aversion towards pattern deviancy
Authors: Gollwitzer Anton , Clark Margaret S.
Published: December 2018

Research suggests that people's aversion towards pattern deviancy—distortions of repeated forms or models—contributes to social phenomena, such as prejudice. Yet, the factors motivating pattern deviancy aversion remain unclear. Potentially, anxious attachment, as it entails hypervigilant detection of and reactivity to social inconsistency and unreliability, heightens pattern deviancy aversion. In Studies 1 (N = 137) and 2 (N = 102), anxious but not avoidant attachment predicted aversion towards broken patterns of geometric shapes. In Studies 3 (N = 310) and 4 (N = 470), experimentally inducing anxious versus avoidant and secure attachment (Study 3), and versus a neutral prime (Study 4), heightened pattern deviancy aversion. Controlling for participants’ aversion towards unbroken patterns, novel objects, and negative stimuli did not change these results. Our findings demonstrate that anxious attachment is one antecedent of pattern deviancy aversion, and suggest that pattern deviancy aversion may underlie links between anxious attachment and certain social phenomena.
A novel microfluidic capture and monitoring method for assessing physiological damage of C. elegans under microgravity
Authors: Wang Junsheng , Meng Jie , Ding Gege , Kang Yuejun , Zhao Wenshuang
Published: December 2018

Spatial microgravity is a significant factor affecting and causing physiological changes of organisms in space environment. On‐site assessment of the damage associated to microgravity is very important for future long‐term space exploration of mankind. In this paper, a new microfluidic device for analyzing the damage of microgravity on Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has been developed. This device is mainly composed of a microfluidic chip, a dual imaging module, and an imaging acquisition and processing module, which are integrated into a compact system. The microfluidic chip is designed as a platform for monitoring C. elegans, which is captured in an imaging region through a suction structure in the microfluidic chip. A dual imaging module is designed to obtain the images of bright field and fluorescence of C. elegans. The behaviors of C. elegans are analyzed based on the dual‐mode imaging of bright field and fluorescence to assess the degree of damage due to microgravity. A comparative study using a commercial microscope is also conducted to demonstrate the unique advantage of the developed system under the simulated microgravity. The results show that the developed system can evaluate the damage of C. elegans under microgravity accurately and conveniently. Furthermore, this device has compact size and weight, easy operation, and low‐cost, which could be highly advantageous for on‐site evaluation of the damage to microorganisms under microgravity in a space station.
Responsive neurostimulation targeting the anterior nucleus of the thalamus in 3 patients with treatment‐resistant multifocal epilepsy
Authors: Elder Christopher , Friedman Daniel , Devinsky Orrin , Doyle Werner , Dugan Patricia
Published: December 2018

Electrical stimulation in the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT) has previously been found to be efficacious for reducing seizure frequency in patients with epilepsy. Bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ANT is an open‐loop system that can be used in the management of treatment‐resistant epilepsy. In contrast, the responsive neurostimulation (RNS) system is a closed‐loop device that delivers treatment in response to prespecified electrocorticographic triggers. The efficacy and safety of RNS targeting the ANT is unknown. We describe 3 patients with treatment‐resistant multifocal epilepsy who were implanted with an RNS system, which included unilateral stimulation of the ANT. After >33 months of follow‐up, there were no adverse effects on mood, memory or behavior. Two patients had ≥50% reduction in disabling seizures and one patient had a 50% reduction compared to pretreatment baseline. Although reduction in seizure frequency has been modest to date, these findings support responsive neurostimulation of the ANT as feasible, safe, and well‐tolerated. Further studies are needed to determine optimal stimulation parameters.
Integrative analysis of copy number and gene expression data identifies potential oncogenic drivers that promote mammary tumor recurrence
Authors: Jones Robert A. , Moorehead Roger A.
Published: December 2018

Tumor recurrence represents a significant clinical challenge in the treatment and management of breast cancer. To investigate whether copy number aberrations (CNAs) facilitate the re‐emergence of tumor growth from residual disease, we performed array comparative genomic hybridization on primary and recurrent mammary tumors from an inducible mouse model of type‐I insulin‐like growth factor receptor driven breast cancer. This genome‐wide analysis revealed primary and recurrent tumors harbored distinct CNAs with relapsed tumors containing an increased number of gene‐level gains and losses. Remarkably, high‐level CNAs detected in primary tumors were largely devoid of annotated cancer genes while the vast majority of recurrent tumors harbored at least one CNA containing a known oncogene or tumor suppressor. Specifically, 38% of recurrent tumors carried gains at 6qA2 and 9qA2 which encode the Met and Yap1 oncogenes, respectively. The most frequent CNA, occurring in 63% of recurrent tumors, was a focal deletion at 4qC5 involving the Cdkn2a/b tumor suppressor genes. Integrative analysis revealed positive correlations between gene copy number and mRNA expression suggesting Met, Yap1, and Cdkn2a/b may serve as potential drivers that promote tumor recurrence. Accordingly, cross‐species analysis revealed gene‐level murine CNAs were present in a subset of human breast cancers with high MET and YAP1 mRNA predictive of decreased relapse‐free survival in basal‐like breast cancers. Together, these findings indicate that tumor recurrence is facilitated by the acquisition of CNAs with oncogenic potential and provide a framework to dissect the molecular mechanisms that mediate tumor escape from dormancy.
A novel association of rs13334070 in the RPGRIP1L gene with adiposity factors discovered by joint linkage and linkage disequilibrium analysis in Iranian pedigrees: Tehran Cardiometabolic Genetic Study (TCGS)
Authors: Javanrouh Niloufar , Soltanian Ali R. , Tapak Leili , Azizi Fereidoun , Ott Jurg , Daneshpour Maryam S.
Published: December 2018

Understanding the genetic and metabolic bases of obesity is helpful in planning and developing health strategies. Therefore, the first family‐based joint linkage and linkage disequilibrium study was conducted in Iranian pedigrees to assess the relationship between obesity and single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the 16q12.2 region. In the present study, a total of 13,344 individuals were included, of whom 12,502 individuals were within 3,109 pedigrees and 842 were unrelated singletons. To investigate the relationship between obesity and genetic variants, a joint model of linkage and linkage disequilibrium was applied. Moreover, a sequence kernel association test (SKAT) was used to evaluate the association of the SNP set with body size and lipid profile measurements. The joint model showed that rs13334070, in the intron 4 of the RPGRIP1L gene, has a significant association with obesity. According to the 4‐gamete rule, which is a procedure for constructing SNP sets by considering recombination occurrence between SNPs, this polymorphism has a high correlation with six nearby SNPs that make an SNP set. SKAT showed that this SNP set has a significant association with body size factors, but almost no association with most of the lipid profile measurements. In conclusion, from the result of this study, it might be reasonable to consider RPGRIP1L as an important gene whose variations could be associated with obesity risk factors.
Predictors of thyroxine replacement following hemithyroidectomy in a south east Asian cohort
Authors: Ng Peng , Ho Cheryl , Tan Wee Boon , Ngiam Kee Yuan , Lim Chwee Ming , Thomas Loh Kwok Seng , Nga Min En , Parameswaran Rajeev
Published: December 2018

Background

Thyroxine replacement following a hemithyroidectomy is not commonly discussed during consent for the procedure as the risk of hypothyroidism is perceived to be low.

Methods

Retrospective review of 901 patients who underwent hemithyroidectomy at a tertiary referral institution during the period January 2000 to December 2015. The main outcome studied was the overall incidence of hypothyroidism and the associated risk factors.

Results

Hypothyroidism developed in 123 (13%) patients and 94 patients (10%) required hormone supplementation over a mean follow up of 21 months (range 1‐168 months). Preoperative TSH of more than 2.5 was seen in 38 of 123 (31%) of patients. Presence of diffuse thyroiditis was the only independent risk factor on multivariate analysis (P = 0.002) found to be associated with the development of hypothyroidism.

Conclusion

After thyroid lobectomy, approximately one in 10 patients requiring thyroid hormone treatment for hypothyroidism. Presence of diffuse thyroiditis is a significant risk factor for hypothyroidism.
A qualitative evaluation of a Young Parents Program (YPP) – Parent and facilitator perspectives
Authors: Strange Cecily , Bennett Elaine , Tait Maggie , Hauck Yvonne
Published: December 2018

Issue addressed

Young parents (<25 years) have lower engagement with health and community services and are more likely to experience negative outcomes in the perinatal period compared to older parents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short to medium‐term outcomes of the Young Parents Program (YPP), specifically designed to engage and support young parents, using responsive and codesign strategies in a community setting.

Methods

A qualitative case study used data from interviews with participating parents (n = 20) and a focus group with YPP facilitators (n = 5).

Results

The findings report on the following short to medium‐term YPP outcomes for parents and children. Young parents: are engaged in early parenting services that are welcoming, nonjudgemental and holistic; build parenting skills, knowledge, confidence and are tuned into their infants’ needs; are empowered to codesign program activities to meet their parenting and nonparenting needs; have developed friendships and a social support network in their local community; and, are linked into community services and resources. Their children are cared for and stimulated with age‐appropriate interactions and play.

Conclusion

Flexible, responsive and codesigned programs for young parents are effective means of connecting parents to services, social support networks and can provide learning opportunities, which enhance both child and parent attachment and development.

So what?

Qualitative evaluation provides an understanding of contextual factors – required to inform effective design and delivery of young parent community programs.
A Computational Technique for Turbulent Flow of Wastewater Sludge
Authors: Bechtel Tom B.
Published: December 2018

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique applied to the turbulent flow of wastewater sludge in horizontal, smooth‐wall, circular pipes is presented. The technique uses the Crank−Nicolson finite difference method in conjunction with the variable secant method, an algorithm for determining the pressure gradient of the flow. A simple algebraic turbulence model is used. A Bingham‐plastic rheological model is used to describe the shear stress/shear rate relationship for the wastewater sludge. The method computes velocity gradient and head loss, given a fixed volumetric flow, pipe size, and solids concentration. Solids concentrations ranging from 3 to 10% (by weight) and nominal pipe sizes from 0.15 m (6 in.) to 0.36 m (14 in.) are studied. Comparison of the CFD results for water to established values serves to validate the numerical method. The head loss results are presented in terms of a head loss ratio, Rhl, which is the ratio of sludge head loss to water head loss. An empirical equation relating Rhl to pipe velocity and solids concentration, derived from the results of the CFD calculations, is presented. The results are compared with published values of Rhl for solids concentrations of 3 and 6%. A new expression for the Fanning friction factor for wastewater sludge flow is also presented.
Biological Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium—A Field Study
Authors: Ekenberg M. , Martander H. , Welander T.
Published: December 2018

When ferrochromium is produced at Vargön Alloys AB (Vargön, Sweden), an offgas dust is generated as a byproduct. A leachate that contains hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) is formed when rainwater percolates through the dust deposit. In this study, Cr6+ in the leachate was reduced to trivalent chromium (Cr3+) by biological treatment in a biofilm process operated under anaerobic conditions. The reactor volume was 26 m3 and it was filled with 16 m3 plastic packing. Acetic acid was added as an electron donor. The Cr6+ was reduced from 10 to 20 mg/L to below 0.03 mg/L when the reactor was operated at a hydraulic retention time of 11 hours. The reduction activity in the process gradually decreased as the water temperature dropped below 10°C.
Effect of Heavy Metals on Earthworm Activities During Vermicomposting of Municipal Solid Waste
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Sharma Vishal , Bhoyar R. V. , Bhattacharyya J. K. , Chakrabarti Tapan
Published: December 2018

The effect of heavy metals on the activities of earthworm species Eudrillus eugineae was studied during vermicomposting of municipal solid waste (MSW) spiked with heavy metals. The activities of earthworms, in terms of growth and biomass production and number of cocoons produced, were monitored periodically, and the concentration of heavy metals in earthworms and substrates was determined at definite intervals. Laboratory‐scale experiments were performed by mixing individual heavy metals in MSW. Copper, cadmium, chromium, lead, and zinc were selected for the study. The study concludes that heavy metals tend to accumulate in the body of earthworms; hence, the inherent concentration of heavy metals in the substrate before vermicomposting must be considered in view of composting of MSW and its application to soil. It was observed that copper and cadmium were toxic for the worms at 1.5 and 0.1 g/kg of the waste, respectively. The studies also suggest that earthworms are susceptible to the free form of heavy metals. Cadmium is the most toxic metal, followed by copper. Based on the investigation and observation, it was also found that earthworms should be separated from castings before the use of castings in soil amendments.
Biotransformation of Estrogens in Nitrifying Activated Sludge Under Aerobic and Alternating Anoxic/Aerobic Conditions
Authors: Dytczak M. A. , Londry K. L. , Oleszkiewicz J. A.
Published: December 2018

Natural and synthetic estrogens present in municipal wastewater can be biodegraded during treatment, particularly in activated sludge. The objective was to assess the extent of transformation of 17‐β‐estradiol (E2) and 17‐α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) by nitrifying activated sludge and evaluate potential relationships between availability of oxygen, nitrification rate, and estrogen removal. For each batch experiment, two reactors were set up—aerobic and alternating anoxic/aerobic—which were then amended with E2 and EE2 from methanolic stock solutions. The EE2 was persistent under anoxic conditions; under aerobic conditions, the observed level of its removal was 22%. The E2 was readily converted to estrone (E1)—faster under aerobic (nitrifying) than anoxic (denitrifying) conditions. During the initial anoxic conditions, a metabolite consistent with 17‐α‐estradiol transiently accumulated and was subsequently removed when the reactor was aerated. Higher removal rates of estrogens were associated with higher nitrification rates, which supports the contention that the nitrifying biomass was responsible for their removal.
Phosphate Complexation Model and Its Implications for Chemical Phosphorus Removal
Authors: Smith S. , Takács I. , Murthy S. , Daigger G. T. , Szabó A.
Published: December 2018

A phosphate complexation model is developed, in an attempt to understand the mechanistic basis of chemically mediated phosphate removal. The model presented here is based on geochemical reaction modeling techniques and uses known surface reactions possible on hydrous ferric oxide (HFO). The types of surface reactions and their reaction stoichiometry and binding energies (logK values) are taken from literature models of phosphate interactions with iron oxides. The most important modeling parameter is the proportionality of converting moles of precipitated HFO to reactive site density. For well‐mixed systems and phosphate exposed to ferric chloride during HFO precipitation, there is a phosphate capacity of 1.18 phosphate ions per iron atom. In poorly mixed systems with phosphate exposed to iron after HFO formation, the capacity decreased to 25% of the well‐mixed value. The same surface complexation model can describe multiple data sets, by varying only a single parameter proportional to the availability of reactive oxygen functional groups. This reflects the unavailability of reactive oxygen groups to bind phosphate. Electron microscope images and dye adsorption experiments demonstrate changes in reactive surface area with aging of HFO particles. Engineering implications of the model/mechanism are highlighted.
Improved Computational Model (AQUIFAS) for Activated Sludge, Integrated Fixed‐Film Activated Sludge, and Moving‐Bed Biofilm Reactor Systems, Part I: Semi‐Empirical Model Development
Authors: Sen Dipankar , Randall Clifford W.
Published: December 2018

Research was undertaken to develop a model for activated sludge, integrated fixed‐film activated sludge (IFAS), and moving‐bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) systems. The model can operate with up to 12 cells (reactors) in series, with biofilm media incorporated to one or more cells, except the anaerobic cells. The process configuration can be any combination of anaerobic, anoxic, aerobic, post‐anoxic with or without supplemental carbon, and reaeration; it can also include any combination of step feed and recycles, including recycles for mixed liquor, return activated sludge, nitrates, and membrane bioreactors.    This paper presents the structure of the model. The model embeds a biofilm model into a multicell activated sludge model. The biofilm flux rates for organics, nutrients, and biomass can be computed by two methods—a semiempirical model of the biofilm that is relatively simpler, or a diffusional model that is computationally intensive. The values of the kinetic parameters for the model were measured using pilot‐scale activated sludge, IFAS, and MBBR systems. For the semiempirical version, a series of Monod equations were developed for chemical oxygen demand, ammonium‐nitrogen, and oxidized‐nitrogen fluxes to the biofilm. Within the equations, a second Monod expression is used to simulate the effect of changes in biofilm thickness and fraction nitrifiers in the biofilm. The biofilm flux model is then linked to the activated sludge model. The diffusional model and the verification of the models are presented in subsequent papers (Sen and Randall, 2008a, 2008b).     The model can be used to quantify the amount of media and surface area required to achieve nitrification, identify the best locations for the media, and optimize the dissolved oxygen levels and nitrate recycle rates. Some of the advanced features include the ability to apply different media types and fill fractions in cells; quantify nitrification, denitrification, and biomass production in the biofilm and mixed liquor suspended solids; and perform dynamic simulations.
Feasibility of Using Microalgal Biomass Cultured in Domestic Wastewater for the Removal of Chromium Pollutants
Authors: Han Xu , Wong Yuk Shan , Wong Ming Hung , Tam Nora Fung Yee
Published: December 2018

The feasibility of obtaining and using the biomass of a microalga, Chlorella miniata, from domestic wastewater (DW) cultures for the removal of chromium(III) [Cr(III)] and chromium(VI) [Cr(VI)] was compared with that from commercial Bristol medium (BM). Results showed that Chlorella miniata cultured in DW under 16‐8 hours light‐dark cycle [DW(16‐8)] had similar growth to that in BM [BM(16‐8)], but these two biomass had different biochemical compositions, and the former one had lower carbohydrate and higher protein content. When cultured in domestic wastewater, a higher biomass was obtained under continuous illumination [DW(24‐0)], and the cells had higher carbohydrate and lower protein concentrations than that of DW(16‐8). The spectra of the Fourier transform infrared spectrometer revealed that the functional groups on the surface of the three kinds of biomass—DW(16‐8), DW(24‐0), and BM(16‐8)—were comparable, except an additional peak at 1731 cm −1 was found in the biomass cultured in domestic wastewater, which was probably the result of bacterial contamination. Although biochemical differences were found among the three kinds of microalgal biomass, similar biosorption performances to chromium pollutants were recorded, with approximately 75% Cr(III) and 100% Cr(VI) removed at equilibrium in Cr(III) and Cr(VI) experiments, respectively, when dead biomass was used as a biosorbent. Therefore, it is possible to culture Chlorella miniata in domestic wastewater and use the biomass for the removal of chromium pollutants.
Vibrational spectroscopic imaging and live cell video microscopy for studying differentiation of primary human alveolar epithelial cells
Authors: Vukosavljevic Branko , Hittinger Marius , Hachmeister Henning , Pilger Christian , Murgia Xabier , Gepp Michael M. , Gentile Luca , Huwer Hanno , Schneider‐Daum Nicole , Huser Thomas , Lehr Claus‐Michael , Windbergs Maike
Published: December 2018

Alveolar type II (ATII) cells in the peripheral human lung spontaneously differentiate toward ATI cells, thus enabling air‐blood barrier formation. Here, linear Raman and coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy are applied to study cell differentiation of freshly isolated ATII cells. The Raman spectra can successfully be correlated with gradual morphological and molecular changes during cell differentiation. Alveolar surfactant rich vesicles in ATII cells are identified based on phospholipid vibrations, while ATI‐like cells are characterized by the absence of vesicular structures. Complementary, CARS microscopy allows for three‐dimensional visualization of lipid vesicles within ATII cells and their secretion, while hyperspectral CARS enables the distinction between cellular proteins and lipids according to their vibrational signatures. This study paves the path for further label‐free investigations of lung cells and the role of the pulmonary surfactant, thus also providing a basis for rational development of future lung therapeutics.
Low‐coherent optical diffraction tomography by angle‐scanning illumination
Authors: Lee KyeoReh , Shin Seungwoo , Yaqoob Zahid , So Peter T. C. , Park YongKeun
Published: December 2018

Temporally low‐coherent optical diffraction tomography (ODT) is proposed and demonstrated based on angle‐scanning Mach‐Zehnder interferometry. Using a digital micromirror device based on diffractive tilting, the full‐field interference of incoherent light is successfully maintained during every angle‐scanning sequences. Further, current ODT reconstruction principles for temporally incoherent illuminations are thoroughly reviewed and developed. Several limitations of incoherent illumination are also discussed, such as the nondispersive assumption, optical sectioning capacity and illumination angle limitation. Using the proposed setup and reconstruction algorithms, low‐coherent ODT imaging of plastic microspheres, human red blood cells and rat pheochromocytoma cells is experimentally demonstrated.
Subchronic intravenous toxicity study of biofunctional ZnO and its application as a fluorescence probe for cell‐specific targeting
Authors: Nakamura Morihiko , Watanabe Natsuko
Published: December 2018

Successful development of safe and highly effective nanoprobes for targeted imaging of in vivo early cancer is a great challenge. Herein, we choose the visible‐light emitting zinc oxide non–core/shell type nanoparticle (NP) fluorophores (ZHIE) as prototypical materials. We have reported on these materials previously. The results showed that the ZHIE NPs exhibited good water solubility and good biocompatibility. This study was conducted to investigate the toxicity of ZHIE NPs when intravenously administered to mice repeatedly at the dose required for successful tumor imaging in vivo. Anti‐macrophage‐1 antigen (Mac1), a macrophage differentiation antigen, antibody‐conjugated ZHIE NPs successfully realized targeted imaging of murine macrophage cell line Raw264.7 cells. In conclusion, ZHIE NPs are not toxic in vivo and antibody‐conjugated ZHIE NPs have great potential in applications, such as single cell labeling.
A portal to healing: Treating military families and veterans through telehealth
Authors: Price Laura E. , Noulas Paraskevi , Wen Irina , Spray Amanda
Published: December 2018

This paper explores the triumphs and challenges of providing free, integrative treatment to veterans and military families through secure video connections into their homes. Two case studies of telemental health treatment conducted through the Greater NYC Military Family Consortium in conjunction with the Steven A. Cohen Military Family Center at NYU Langone Health in New York City illustrate the complexities and opportunities that emerge in the course of treatment, most of which was conducted remotely. The access to people’s lives through a portal adds new wrinkles to evidence‐based practice in military settings while underscoring the overall need to broaden a network of care in partnership with Veterans Affairs hospital (VAs), Vet Centers, and community providers to reach those who might otherwise not seek help.
Acceptance and treatment effects of an internet‐delivered cognitive‐behavioral intervention for family caregivers of people with dementia: A randomized‐controlled trial
Authors: Meichsner Franziska , Theurer Christina , Wilz Gabriele
Published: December 2018

Objectives

The study evaluated the efficacy of an internet‐delivered cognitive‐behavioral intervention for caregivers of people with dementia and examined acceptance of program characteristics.

Method

Thirty‐nine caregivers (M
age = 62.11 ± 9.67, 78.4% female) were enrolled in a 2 × 3 randomized‐controlled trial (RCT) that compared an intervention and wait‐list control group. A cognitive‐behavioral intervention program was adapted for delivery via an internet platform. Participants exchanged eight weekly messages with a therapist.

Results

Treatment satisfaction and acceptance of the program were high. Well‐being increased over the intervention duration and intervention group participants were better able to cope with the anticipated death of the care recipient and utilized more psychosocial resources after the intervention ended. Effects were not maintained until follow‐up and there were no treatment effects for depression and burden of care.

Conclusions

Internet‐delivered cognitive‐behavioral interventions are suitable for caregivers. A larger RCT needs to investigate possible combinations of classic and internet‐delivered programs and confirm efficacy.
Cross‐sectional area of the median nerve at the wrist: Comparison of sonographic, MRI, and cadaveric measurements
Authors: Lee Ryan K. L. , Griffith James F. , Ng Alex W. H. , Tipoe George L. , Chan Anthony W. H. , Wong Clara W. Y. , Tse Wing Lim , Ho Pak Cheong
Published: December 2018

Background

This study compares median nerve cross‐sectional area (CSA) measurements at the wrist obtained with ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using cadaveric measurements as the gold standard.

Methods

Median nerve CSA was measured using US and MRI in 9 cadaveric wrists obtained from 5 subjects at 5 locations: distal forearm, proximal to tunnel inlet, at tunnel inlet, at tunnel outlet, and distal to tunnel outlet and then on identical cadaveric transverse sections obtained with a bandsaw. All US, MRI, and cadaveric measurements were repeated to determine reliability. Median nerves of 10 patients with clinical carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) were measured with US and MRI using an identical method US.

Results

Median nerve CSA MRI measurements correlated better (Pearson correlation: 0.80‐0.95, P < .05) with cadaveric measurements than with US measurements (Pearson correlation: 0.61‐0.79, P < .05). Median nerve CSA US measurements (8.6‐12.5 mm2, P < .05) were smaller at all levels than MRI (11.3‐14.7 mm2) or cadaveric (11.0‐14.9 mm2) measurements while MRI and cadaver measurements were similar at all levels. Median nerve CSA MRI measurements in CTS patients were larger than US measurements at all levels.

Conclusion

Median nerve CSA measurements by MRI are larger than US measurements and correlated better with cadaveric measurements. Median nerve CSA criteria used for diagnosing CTS on US are not likely to be applicable to MRI.
Finite element simulation based‐on atomic force microscopy and nanoindentation for spruce wood microstructure analysis
Authors: Torres‐Torres David , Torres Jesús A. , García‐García Alejandra
Published: December 2018

Spruce wood (picea abis) has been widely used as structural element, from buildings to musical instruments, due to its outstanding mechanical performances. The main stem transverse section exhibits growth rings formed by periodic fringes patterns, which are constituted by lamellae‐tracheid arrangements. In order to improve the understanding of each wood microstructure role, the morphology and crystallinity of earlywood and latewood fibers were examined mainly using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X‐ray difracction. Moreover, measurements of effective elastic modulus and hardness were obtained by nanoindentation tests using a Berkovich indenter in order to confirmed increase in compactness of the wood microstructures. The results indicate that variations in mechanical properties values can be associated with well defined microstructural performances for each characteristic fiber type, where those that belong to latewood fiber showed the most improved behaviors. A finite element simulation of a lamellar‐tracheids arrangement was carried out in order to clarify its stiffness and elastic deformation capabilities, as relevant factors contributing to the successful adaptation of picea abis colonies to harsh conditions habitats as well as for its construction applications of string instruments.
Genetic counseling considerations with rapid genome‐wide sequencing in a neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Smith Emma E. , du Souich Christèle , Dragojlovic Nick ,   CAUSES Study,   RAPIDOMICS Study, Elliott Alison M.
Published: December 2018

As genome‐wide sequencing (GWS; exome sequencing [ES] and whole genome sequencing [WGS]) is implemented more frequently in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), it is important to understand parents’ opinions regarding GWS, and views toward incidental findings (IFs) (also known as secondary findings). RAPIDOMICS was a pilot study of rapid trio‐based (biological parents and neonate) ES for 25 neonates with a suspected genetic condition at the BC Women's Hospital NICU. As part of RAPIDOMICS, we explored parents' motivations and concerns regarding ES of their child, uptake of IFs for themselves, and rates of anxiety and depression at the time of pre‐test genetic counseling via administration of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment 7 and Patient Health Questionnaire 8. These findings were compared to those from the Clinical Assessment of the Utility of Sequencing and Evaluation as a Service (CAUSES) study (outpatient trio‐based GWS) that includes pediatric patients with suspected genetic disease (with an average age of 10 years). Parents in RAPIDOMICS were more likely to identify “diagnosis” as their primary motivation to pursue GWS (p = 0.011), less likely to identify “no concerns” (p = 0.003), and less likely to opt in to receive IFs (p = 0.003) than parents in CAUSES. Rates of depression and anxiety in both groups were higher relative to the general population. We present novel findings regarding the similarities and differences in parental opinions and decisions of these cohorts.
Association between non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease evaluated by transient elastography with extracranial carotid atherosclerosis in a multiethnic Asian community
Authors: Tan Eugene Choon‐Li , Tai Mei‐Ling Sharon , Chan Wah‐Kheong , Mahadeva Sanjiv
Published: December 2018

Background and Aim

There is not much data on the association between non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and advanced fibrosis assessed using Fibroscan with carotid intima‐media thickness (CIMT) in the general population. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between NAFLD and advanced fibrosis, as diagnosed by Fibroscan, with an increased CIMT in the Malaysian population.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of government officers and their family members attending a health screening at a public healthcare facility was conducted. All subjects underwent clinical evaluation, biochemical testing, anthropometry, ultrasound carotid Doppler, and Fibroscan examination.

Results

Data for 251 subjects were analyzed (mean age 47.1 ± 12.4 years, 74.1% male). Prevalence of NAFLD and advanced fibrosis were 57.4 and 17.5%, respectively. Independent factors associated with NAFLD were waist circumference (odds ratio [OR] = 1.077, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.038–1.118, P < 0.001) and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (OR = 1.039, 95% CI 1.005–1.074, P = 0.024). Independent factors associated with advanced fibrosis were male gender (OR = 4.847, 95% CI 1.369–17.155, P = 0.014) and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (OR = 1.057, 95% CI 1.003–1.113, P = 0.036). Prevalence of increased CIMT was 29.0%. Independent factor associated with increased CIMT was older age (OR = 1.146, 95% CI 1.067–1.231, P < 0.001). Of the subjects, 34.5% with NAFLD had increased CIMT compared to 19.1% of the subjects without NAFLD (P = 0.063). Advanced fibrosis was not associated with increased CIMT.

Conclusions

Prevalence of NAFLD, advanced liver fibrosis, and increased CIMT were high. NAFLD and advanced liver fibrosis appeared not to be associated with increased CIMT. However, a larger sample size is needed to demonstrate whether there is any association.
High‐throughput polymer tip‐electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for enhanced detection of neopterin and biopterin in clinical urine samples
Authors: Yang Xiao , Huang Huang , Lu Qing , Chen Shao‐hong , Wang Feng , Huang Ou‐ping , Hu Bin , Yang Bi‐cheng
Published: December 2018

Urinary biopterin (Bio) and neopterin (Neo) are important markers for clinical diagnosis of hyperphenylalaninemia. Herein, we developed a high‐throughput analysis method based on electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) with polymer tips for the rapid quantitative detection of Bio and Neo in clinical urine samples. Different polymer tips were investigated. It is found that the best detection sensitivity was achieved with hydrophobic polymer tip, ie, polyethylene tips. The high‐throughput polymer tip‐ESI‐MS method allowed a rapid analysis speed at ~40 seconds per sample. The limits of quantification (LOQ) (S/N ≥ 10) for the detection of Bio and Neo were improved to be 5.0 ng/mL. Acceptable relative standard deviation (RSD) values for Neo and Bio were measured to be 12.2% and 13.4% for direct measurement of Bio and Neo in raw urine samples, respectively. Furthermore, Bio and Neo were directly quantified from 18 clinical urine samples by presented method. The ratios of urinary Bio‐to‐Neo were analyzed for diagnosis of hyperphenylalaninemia. The results demonstrated that the present polymer tip‐ESI‐MS method is a promising strategy for the rapid analysis of clinical samples.
Impacts of global warming on the surface water balance components in Iran as simulated by RegCM4
Authors: Moslemzadeh Elham , Irannejad Parviz , Alizadeh‐Choobari Omid
Published: December 2018

The impacts of future global warming on the climate of semi‐arid to arid regions of Iran have remained mostly unexplored. Using Regional Climate Model version 4.4 (RegCM4) under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, changes in surface water balance components in Iran are investigated for the future period 2070 to 2099 relative to the base period 1970 to 1999. The initial and boundary conditions for RegCM4 were derived from the CSIRO‐Mk3.6 general circulation model (GCM). Model results during the base period are compared against the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis Interim (ERA‐Interim) and the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) datasets. Analyses of the ERA‐Interim and CRU datasets and model simulations during the base period indicated that due to the large latitudinal extent of Iran and its complex topography, different regions of the country experience a diverse range of climate, with monthly precipitation ranging from 0.1 mm day−1 over arid regions of southeastern Iran to more than 2.5 mm day−1 over wet coastal regions of northern Iran. In the future period, near‐surface temperatures over all regions of Iran will increase under the two scenarios, with more temperature rises under the RCP8.5 scenario. Under the two scenarios, precipitation over most regions of Iran will increase in winter and decrease in summer. As winter will be warmer in the future under the two scenarios, and a warmer air has a higher water vapour storage capacity, precipitation will increase in the future winter climate. On the other hand, the decrease of precipitation in summer is due to an increase of the altitude of the lifting condensation level under the warmer climate. It is shown that increases in the surface temperature and precipitation in the future winter are associated with an increase of evaporatranspiration in nearly all regions of Iran.
Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging of Breast Masses: Adjunct Tool to Decrease the Number of False‐Positive Biopsy Results
Authors: Lee Sandy C. , Tchelepi Hisham , Grant Edward , Desai Bhushan , Luo Chunqiao , Groshen Susan , Hovanessian‐Larsen Linda
Published: December 2018

Objectives

This pilot study evaluated use of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to reduce the number of benign breast masses recommended for biopsy.

Methods

This prospective study included 131 consenting women, from October 2016 to June 2017, with American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System category 4a, 4b, and 4c masses detected by mammography, conventional ultrasound (US), or both. Contrast‐enhanced US examinations (using intravenous injection of perflutren lipid microspheres or sulfur hexafluoride lipid‐type A microspheres) were performed before biopsy. Qualitative and quantitative CEUS parameters were compared with reference standard histopathologic results from biopsy of 131 masses.

Results

There were 109 benign, 6 high‐risk, and 16 malignant masses, with a median size of 12 mm (range, 4 to 48 mm) on conventional US imaging. Of 131 masses, 93 (71%) enhanced on CEUS imaging, including 73 of 109 (67%) benign, 6 of 6 (100%) high‐risk, and 14 of 16 (87.5%) malignant. Thirty‐eight lesions did not enhance, including 36 of 109 (33%) benign and 2 of 16 (12.5%) malignant. Prediction models using recursive petitioning revealed that CEUS may reduce 31% (95% confidence interval, 23%, 40%) of benign biopsies for masses that are: nonenhancing with circumscribed margins or enhancing with an oval shape and homogeneous enhancement. Quantitative parameters indicated that benign masses had the longest time to peak (P = .078), highest time‐to‐peak ratio of mass to background (P = .036), lowest peak intensity (P = .021), and smallest difference in peak intensity between the mass and background (P = .079) compared to high‐risk and malignant lesions.

Conclusions

Contrast‐enhanced US may be a valuable modality that can be used to predict benign pathologic results of breast masses, thereby reducing the number of biopsies.