bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The associations of food environment with gastrointestinal cancer outcomes in the United States
Authors: Fei‐Zhang David J. , Schellenberg Samuel J. , Bentrem David J. , Wayne Jeffrey D. , Pawlik Timothy M.
Published: April 2024

Background

Social conditions and dietary behaviors have been implicated in the rising burden of gastrointestinal cancers (GIC). The “food environment” reflects influences on a community level relative to food availability, nutritional assistance, and social determinants of health. Using the US Department of Agriculture‐Food Environment Atlas (FEA), we sought to characterize the association of food environment on GIC presenting stage and long‐term survival.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with GIC between 2013 and 2017 were identified using the SEER database. FEA‐scores were based on 282 county‐level food security variables, store‐restaurant availability, SNAP/WIC enrollment, pricing/taxes, and producer vicinity adjusted‐for factors of socioeconomic status, race‐ethnicity, transportation access, and comorbidities. Relative FEA rankings across US counties were averaged into a composite score and assigned to patients by county‐of‐residence. The association of FEA, cancer stage, and survival were analyzed using multiple logistic regression and cox‐proportional hazard models relative to White/non‐White race/ethnicity.

Results

Among 287,148 patients, the most common GIC‐sites were colon (n = 97,942, 34%), pancreas (n = 49,785, 17.3%), liver (n = 31,098, 11.0%) and esophagus (n = 16,271, 5.7%). A worse food environment was independently associated with increased odds of late‐stage diagnosis (esophageal odds ratio [OR]: 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.05; hepatic OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.03–1.08; pancreatic OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01–1.06) among all patients; in contrast, food environment was associated with colorectal cancer stage among non‐White patients only (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.03‐1.06). Worse food environment was associated with worse 3‐year survival (colon OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01–1.04; hepatic OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.08–1.17; gastric OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01–1.13). Similar associations were noted relative to overall survival among the entire cohort (biliary tract hazard ratio [HR]: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01–1.05; esophageal HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01–1.04; hepatic HR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.06–1.09; pancreatic HR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02–1.05; rectum HR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01‐1.04; gastric HR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03–1.07), as well as among non‐White patients (biliary HR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01‐1.07; colon HR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01–1.05; esophageal HR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02–1.08; hepatic HR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.06–1.10) (all p < 0.003).

Conclusions

Food environment was independently associated with late‐stage tumor presentation and worse 3‐year and overall survival among GIC patients. Interventions to address inequities across communities relative to food environments are needed to alleviate disparities in cancer care.
Pneumo‐Membranous Labyrinth After Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Franz Leonardo , Inches Ingrid , Fermo Salvatore , Matarazzo Alessandro , de Filippis Cosimo , Marioni Gino
Published: April 2024

Pneumo‐membranous labyrinth is an almost unique condition, in which air extends into the membranous labyrinth, filling the endolymphatic sac through the vestibular aqueduct. In this manuscript, we describe and discuss a case of pneumo‐membranous labyrinth, with air bubbles extending also to the endolymphatic sac, resulting in anacusis, following hyperbaric oxygen therapy for sudden sensorineural hearing loss. The patient was successfully rehabilitated with a cochlear implant, obtaining a pure‐tone average of 30 dB, with a speech discrimination score of 100% at 70 dB. Laryngoscope, 134:3773–3777, 2024
Effect of increased CO2 on calcium homeostasis and signaling in a marine diatom
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Ma Jie , Chen Fengyuan , Chen Shanshan , Pan Ke , Liu Hongbin
Published: April 2024

Ocean acidification influences photosynthesis, respiration, and metabolism in marine diatoms, leading to changes in diatom growth performance and shifts in phytoplankton communities. Previous studies have demonstrated that increases in seawater CO2 concentrations affect the uptake of trace metals such as iron, zinc, copper, and cobalt by marine diatoms. However, the influence of increased CO2 on calcium, which plays a vital role as a secondary messenger in various signaling pathways within organisms, has received limited attention so far. This study examined the effect of increased CO2 on Ca homeostasis and signaling in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. While seawater acidification had little effect on the diatom's growth, it significantly changed cell properties (surface topography, adhesion, and surface potential). Elevated CO2 concentrations reduced calcium accumulation P. tricornutum and lowered the rise of cytosolic Ca2+ transients stimulated by toxic aldehyde, phosphorus supplement, and hypo‐osmotic stress. Our results suggest that a continuous rise in atmospheric CO2 may alter diatoms' response to environmental cues.
Fitting metabolic models to dissolved oxygen data: The estuarine Bayesian single‐station estimation method
Authors: Beck Marcus W. , Arriola Jill M. , Herrmann Maria , Najjar Raymond G.
Published: April 2024

Continuous measurements of dissolved oxygen (DO) are useful for quantifying ecosystem metabolism, which is critical for understanding estuarine biogeochemistry and ecology, but current methods applied to these data may lead to estimates that are physically impossible and poorly constrained errors. Here, we present a new approach for estimating estuarine metabolism: Estuarine BAyesian Single‐station Estimation (EBASE). EBASE applies a Bayesian framework to a simple process‐based model and DO observations, allowing the estimation of critical model parameters, specifically light efficiency and respiration, as informed by a set of prior distributions. EBASE improves upon the stream‐based model from which it was derived by accommodating missing DO data and allowing the user to set the time period over which parameters are estimated. We demonstrate that EBASE can recover known metabolic parameters from a synthetic time series, even in the presence of noise (e.g., due to tidal advection) and when prior distributions are uninformed. Optimization periods of 7 and 30 d are more preferable than 1 d. A comparison with the more‐conventional method of Odum reveals the ability of EBASE to avoid unphysical results (such as negative photosynthesis and respiration) and improves when the DO data are detided. EBASE is available using open‐source software (R) and can be readily applied to multiple years of long‐term monitoring data that are available in many estuaries. Overall, EBASE provides an accessible method to parameterize a simple metabolic model appropriate for estuarine systems and will provide additional understanding of processes that influence ecosystem status and condition.
Long‐Term Follow‐Up of the LEAP Study: Early Versus Delayed Levodopa in Early Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Frequin Henrieke L. , Verschuur Constant V.M. , Suwijn Sven R. , Boel Judith A. , Post Bart , Bloem Bastiaan R. , van Hilten Johannes J. , van Laar Teus , Tissingh Gerrit , Munts Alexander G. , Dijk Joke M. , Lang Anthony E. , Dijkgraaf Marcel G.W. , Hoogland Jeroen , de Bie Rob M.A. ,   for the LEAP Study Group
Published: April 2024

Background and Objective

The Levodopa in EArly Parkinson's disease study showed no effect of earlier versus later levodopa initiation on Parkinson's disease (PD) progression over 80 weeks. We now report the effects over 5 years.

Methods

The Levodopa in EArly Parkinson's disease study randomly assigned patients to levodopa/carbidopa 300/75 mg daily for 80 weeks (early start) or to placebo for 40 weeks followed by levodopa/carbidopa 300/75 mg daily for 40 weeks (delayed start). Follow‐up visits were performed 3 and 5 years after baseline. We assessed the between‐group differences in terms of square root transformed total Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale score at 3 and 5 years with linear regression. We compared the prevalence of dyskinesia, prevalence of wearing off, and the levodopa equivalent daily dose.

Results

A total of 321 patients completed the 5‐year visit. The adjusted square root transformed total Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale did not differ between treatment groups at 3 (estimated difference, 0.17; standard error, 0.13; P = 0.18) and 5 years (estimated difference, 0.24; standard error, 0.13; P = 0.07). At 5 years, 46 of 160 patients in the early‐start group and 62 of 161 patients in the delayed‐start group experienced dyskinesia (P = 0.06). The prevalence of wearing off and the levodopa equivalent daily dose were not significantly different between groups.

Conclusions

We did not find a difference in disease progression or in prevalence of motor complications between patients with early PD starting treatment with a low dose of levodopa 40 weeks earlier versus 40 weeks later over the subsequent 5 years. © 2024 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Golden ratio method for solving monotone variational inequality problems in Hadamard spaces
Authors: Salisu Sani , Sriwongsa Songpon , Kumam Poom
Published: April 2024

In this article, a generalized variational inequality problem in the setting of Hadamard spaces is introduced and analyzed. For approximating a solution of the problem when the underlined mapping is monotone, an adaptive algorithm that requires the computation of only one proximal operator at each iteration is proposed. The work gives a step towards investigating monotone variational inequality problems in geodesic settings.
AAPM Task Group 334: A guidance document to using radiotherapy immobilization devices and accessories in an MR environment
Authors: Hobson Maritza A. , Hu Yanle , Caldwell Barrett , Cohen Gil'ad N. , Glide‐Hurst Carri , Huang Long , Jackson Paul D. , Jang Sunyoung , Langner Ulrich , Lee Hannah J. , Levesque Ives R. , Narayanan Sreeram , Park Justin C. , Steffen John , Wu Q. Jackie , Zhou Yong
Published: April 2024

Use of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in radiation therapy has increased substantially in recent years as more radiotherapy centers are having MR simulators installed, requesting more time on clinical diagnostic MR systems, or even treating with combination MR linear accelerator (MR‐linac) systems. With this increased use, to ensure the most accurate integration of images into radiotherapy (RT), RT immobilization devices and accessories must be able to be used safely in the MR environment and produce minimal perturbations. The determination of the safety profile and considerations often falls to the medical physicist or other support staff members who at a minimum should be a Level 2 personnel as per the ACR. The purpose of this guidance document will be to help guide the user in making determinations on MR Safety labeling (i.e., MR Safe, Conditional, or Unsafe) including standard testing, and verification of image quality, when using RT immobilization devices and accessories in an MR environment.
Effect of MR head coil geometry on deep‐learning‐based MR image reconstruction
Authors: Dubljevic Natalia , Moore Stephen , Lauzon Michel Louis , Souza Roberto , Frayne Richard
Published: April 2024

Purpose

To investigate whether parallel imaging‐imposed geometric coil constraints can be relaxed when using a deep learning (DL)‐based image reconstruction method as opposed to a traditional non‐DL method.

Theory and Methods

Traditional and DL‐based MR image reconstruction approaches operate in fundamentally different ways: Traditional methods solve a system of equations derived from the image data whereas DL methods use data/target pairs to learn a generalizable reconstruction model. Two sets of head coil profiles were evaluated: (1) 8‐channel and (2) 32‐channel geometries. A DL model was compared to conjugate gradient SENSE (CG‐SENSE) and L1‐wavelet compressed sensing (CS) through quantitative metrics and visual assessment as coil overlap was increased.

Results

Results were generally consistent between experiments. As coil overlap increased, there was a significant (p
< 0.001) decrease in performance in most cases for all methods. The decrease was most pronounced for CG‐SENSE, and the DL models significantly outperformed (p < 0.001) their non‐DL counterparts in all scenarios. CS showed improved robustness to coil overlap and signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) versus CG‐SENSE, but had quantitatively and visually poorer reconstructions characterized by blurriness as compared to DL. DL showed virtually no change in performance across SNR and very small changes across coil overlap.

Conclusion

The DL image reconstruction method produced images that were robust to coil overlap and of higher quality than CG‐SENSE and CS. This suggests that geometric coil design constraints can be relaxed when using DL reconstruction methods.
Physiology of the weight‐loss plateau in response to diet restriction, GLP‐1 receptor agonism, and bariatric surgery
Authors: Hall Kevin D.
Published: April 2024

Objective

The objective of this study was to investigate why different weight‐loss interventions result in varying durations of weight loss prior to approaching plateaus.

Methods

A validated mathematical model of energy metabolism and body composition dynamics was used to simulate mean weight‐ and fat‐loss trajectories in response to diet restriction, semaglutide 2.4 mg, tirzepatide 10 mg, and Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery interventions. Each intervention was simulated by adjusting two model parameters affecting energy intake to fit the mean weight‐loss data. One parameter represented the persistent shift of the system from baseline equilibrium, and the other parameter represented the strength of the feedback control circuit relating weight loss to increased appetite.

Results

RYGB surgery resulted in a persistent intervention magnitude more than threefold greater than diet restriction and about double that of tirzepatide and semaglutide. All interventions except diet restriction substantially weakened the appetite feedback control circuit, resulting in an extended period of weight loss prior to the plateau.

Conclusions

These preliminary mathematical modeling results suggest that both glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonism and RYGB surgery interventions act to weaken the appetite feedback control circuit that regulates body weight and induce greater persistent effects to shift the body weight equilibrium compared with diet restriction.
Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using macroalgae Halimeda macroloba extract and their photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and methyl orange
Authors: Lavanya G. , Anandaraj K. , Selvam K. , Gopu M. , Selvankumar T. , Govarthanan M. , Kumar P.
Published: April 2024

Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is gaining attention of researchers because of their varieties of biomedical and environmental applications. This study reported the novel eco‐friendly synthesis of AuNPs using green macroalgae Halimeda macroloba (HM) extract and evaluate their photocatalytic potential. The green synthesized H. macroloba mediated gold nanoparticles (HM‐AuNPs) was characterized using UV–visible spectrophotometry, Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope‐energy dispersive spectroscopy, x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and particle size distribution (PSD) anlaysis. The UV–visible spectrum shows a sharp intense plasmonic resonance peak at 543 nm. The bioactive compounds present in HM were primarily responsible for the biological reduction of gold ions validated by FT‐IR analysis. XRD analysis proved the crystalline face centered cubic structure of the HM‐AuNPs. The average particle size of 18.72 nm and morphological evidences were obtained from the images from TEM. The metallic form of biosynthesised HM‐AuNPs was confirmed by XPS results with a distinctive binding energy. The photocatalytic degradation ability of the green synthesized HM‐AuNPs was investigated against the methylene blue (MB) and methylene orange (MO) dyes under sunlight irradiation. The HM‐AuNPs exhibited 97.23% and 89.91% photocatalytic activity against MB and MO after 90 min of exposure to sunlight, respectively. The overall results of this research indicate that H. macroloba mediated HM‐AuNPs can be used as an effective option for the degradation of industrial dyes.
Reversible polymer networks based on polylactide with tetraphenylethane thermally dissociating groups in crosslinks
Authors: Bednarek Melania , Grabowski Mateusz , Lipińska Magdalena , Pawlak Andrzej
Published: April 2024

Polylactide (PLA)‐based reversible/dynamic polymer networks were synthesized by coupling 4‐arm PLA stars containing reversible tetraphenylethane (TPE) groups in the core using diisocyanate. Star‐shaped PLAs with molecular weights of 3200 and 6400 g/mol were obtained by the original method involving UV coupling of linear PLAs containing benzophenone moieties in the chain middle. The efficient formation of networks with gel content close to 100% was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. Networks with different densities of reversible groups exhibited tensile strength in the range of 35–50 MPa. Their reversible character was demonstrated by stress relaxation measurements performed at different temperatures (120–150°C). The prepared networks were capable of very fast stress relaxation due to radical exchange reactions between TPE groups placed in crosslinks, in contrast to a reference network without TPE groups. It was shown in the repairing experiment that networks were capable of processing.
Polyester networks based on Tulipalin A and ε‐caprolactone and activation of the Thioether groups by incorporation of trialkylsulfonium salts
Authors: Ismael Islam , Mrlík Miroslav , Vykydalová Anna , Annušová Adriana , Halahovets Yuriy , Mosnáček Jaroslav , Danko Martin
Published: April 2024

Linear and star‐shaped poly(ε‐caprolactone‐co‐α‐methylene‐γ‐butyrolactone) P(CL‐co‐MBL) copolyesters with a pendant functional double bond of α‐methylene‐γ‐butyrolactone (MBL) comonomer were used as polymeric precursor for organo‐gels formation. Crosslinking was carried out by light‐initiated thia‐Michael reaction using 1,5‐pentanedithiol (PDT) and pentaerythritol tetrakis(3‐mercaptopropionate) (PETK). Double bond conversion and the content of free thiol groups in the obtained networks was followed and rationally estimated using confocal Raman spectroscopy. The gel content and the crosslinking density varied based on MBL comonomer and crosslinker content and were highest for slight thiol to double bond excess (SH/vinyl; 2/1 molar ratio) while decreasing with further thiol excess. These parameters were more pronounced by the replacement of linear PDT with the star‐shaped PETK crosslinker. The thermal and rheological properties investigation of the obtained materials was performed employing DSC, TGA and using frequency and temperature sweeps rheological measurements. Shear moduli in the range 0.14 up to 0.93 MPa were obtained due to different content of MBL in pre‐polymer and crosslinker in network formation. The strength was caused by the crystalline phase of the PCL segments up to a temperature of 50°C. Formed thioether bond within the network were not reversible up to 150°C as it was found based on temperature sweep rheology. Following, the activation and conversion of thioether bonds within the obtained materials into trialkylsulfonium salts was attained through the alkylation using butyl brosylate. The dynamic nature of the transalkylation at elevated temperature 150°C allowed network rearrangement, which was proved by stress relaxation experiment and investigation of the self‐healing capabilities.
Functionalization of polyketone (PK) with 1‐(3‐aminopropyl)piperidine for the preparation of anion exchange membranes
Authors: Benzahia Ghrissi , Ferahi Mohammed Issam , Magnani Eleonora , Giovanelli Andrea , Pucci Andrea , Meghabar Rachid
Published: April 2024

In this work, we report the synthesis of a new anion exchange membrane based on a Polyketone (PK) functionalized with 1‐(3‐aminopropyl)piperidine through a solvent‐less Paal‐Knorr reaction with a carbonyl (CCO %) conversion of 36%. A one‐step cast‐quaternization process by using 1,4‐diiodobutane was performed that yielded a homogeneous membrane in a highly reproducible way. The obtained membranes showed good performances in terms of thermal resistance (up to 250°C), water uptake of 21% and ion exchange capacity of 2 meq/g, which support their use as anion exchange membranes for water electrolysers (AEM‐WE).
Extramedullary infiltration in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: Results from the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) initiative
Authors: Li Weiya , Shi Mingyue , Zhou Pan , Liu Ying , Liu Xiaobo , Xiao Xingjun , Zuo Suqiong , Bai Yanliang , Sun Kai
Published: April 2024

Background

The outcome of extramedullary infiltration (EMI) in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is controversial, and little is known about the implications of stem cell transplantation (SCT) and gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) treatment on patients with EMI.

Methods

We retrieved the clinical data of 713 pediatric patients with AML from the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) dataset, and analyzed the clinical and prognostic characteristics of patients with EMI at diagnosis and relapse.

Results

A total of 123 patients were identified to have EMI at diagnosis and 64 presented with EMI at relapse. The presence of EMI was associated with age ≤2 years, M5 morphology, abnormal karyotype, and KMT2A rearrangements. Hyperleukocytosis and complex karyotype were more prevalent in patients with EMI at relapse. Additionally, patients with EMI at diagnosis had a reduced incidence of FLT3 ITD−/NPM1+, whereas those with EMI at relapse displayed a lower frequency of FLT3 ITD+. Patients with EMI at diagnosis exhibited a lower complete remission (CR) rate at the end of Induction Course 1 and higher relapse incidence. Importantly, EMI at diagnosis independently predicted both shorter event‐free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS). Regarding relapse patients, the occurrence of EMI at relapse showed no impact on OS. However, relapse patients with myeloid sarcoma (MS)/no central nervous system (CNS) exhibited poorer OS compared to those with CNS/no MS. Furthermore, regarding patients with EMI at diagnosis, SCT failed to improve the survival, whereas GO treatment potentially enhanced OS.

Conclusion

EMI at diagnosis is an independent adverse prognostic risk factor for pediatric AML, and GO treatment potentially improves survival for patients with EMI at diagnosis.
The effects of ply clustering positions and orientations on multi‐directional composite laminates' low velocity impact resistance
Authors: Tang Ziruo , Ren Rui , Zhao Changfang , Liu Yangzuo , Zhong Jianlin , Zhou Kedong
Published: April 2024

In this paper, nine different carbon fiber laminates containing clusters are designed using the ant colony ACO algorithm, which have similar equivalent bending stiffnesses and B‐matrices, with the differences being the fiber orientation of the clusters and the position of the clusters in the laminates. The dynamic mechanical characterization of laminates for low velocity impact (LVI) at three different energies was carried out by means of a falling weight impact experiment. The experimental results show that the main form of failure of the laminate is delamination failure at low energy impacts, and shear fracture becomes more and more obvious with the elevation of the impact energy, which was observed in detail by the stereo microscope and electron microscope. The damage area of the laminate and the force and displacement curves after 30 J energy impact were compared by x‐ray scanning to derive the effects of the angle of the ply cluster fibers and the different positions of the ply clusters in the laminate on the impact resistance of the laminate. In conclusion, when designing the laminate, consideration should be given to designing 45° clusters on the impacted side and 90° clusters in the middle layer of the laminate to obtain the best impact resistance.

Highlights

Designed 9 types of laminates with different laminate structures based on ACO algorithm.

Different laminates have similar equivalent bending stiffnesses and the B matrix as close to 0 as possible.

LVI tests at three energies were performed on 9 types of laminates.

The effects of different orientations of the clusters and the position of the clusters in the laminate on the impact resistance of the laminate were investigated.
Effect of varying core density and material on the quasi‐static behaviors of sandwich structure with 3D‐printed hexagonal honeycomb core
Authors: Ainin F. Nur , Azaman M. D. , Majid M. S. Abdul , Ridzuan M. J. M.
Published: April 2024

Additive manufacturing (AM) involves the development of complex, lightweight sandwich structures for the automotive and aerospace industries. These structures are essential for load bearing and impact resistance. Nevertheless, there is a significant obstacle of failure under compressive loading, e.g. through brittle fractures and crushing. To address this issue, this study evaluates the compressive properties, energy absorption and failure damage in quasi‐static tests (flatwise, in‐plane, and flexural) of sandwich composites with 3D‐printed hexagonal honeycomb cores of different unit cells (6, 8 and 10 mm) and materials (polylactic acid (PLA), PLA‐Carbon and PLA‐Wood). The results show that increasing the core density enhances compressive strength, modulus, and energy absorption. An 8 mm unit cell absorbs energy optimally for lightweight structures. In PLA flatwise testing, the 8 mm unit cell absorbed 419.49 J more energy than the 10 mm unit cell. Additionally, PLA‐Wood has better mechanical performance than PLA‐Carbon due to the better filler with the PLA‐ matrix. In flatwise testing with an 8 mm unit, PLA‐Wood absorbs 214.01 J, while PLA‐Carbon absorbs 122.49 J. The failure modes vary depending on tests performed. The study highlights the potential of 3D‐printed honeycomb core structures for load‐bearing applications in various industries, including aerospace and automotive.

Highlights

Quasi‐static loading behavior of 3D‐printed hexagonal honeycomb cores.

Increased core density improves compressive stress, modulus, and absorbed energy.

An optimal unit cell size for lightweight 3D printed core structures is 8 mm.

PLA‐Wood performs better in energy absorption due to filler compatibility.

The failure modes are related to the type of quasi‐static loads applied.
Inspection of microwave self‐healing efficiency in carbon nanotube reinforced polymer composites for aerospace applications
Authors: Irez Alaeddin Burak
Published: April 2024

The aerospace industry is evolving very rapidly every day, and due to the low operational and maintenance costs, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are utilized for many duties, including imaging, patrol, surveillance, and delivery. Flying platforms prioritize effective load‐carrying capacity and light weight. To achieve this, lightweight materials with sufficient strength are utilized, and design optimizations are implemented. This study investigates material development for a UAV propeller, taking into account the possible consequences of a bird strike or hard landing such as micro damage occurrence. In this study, a twin‐screw extruder was used to produce hybrid composites by blending a thermoplastic, polyamide‐6 (PA6) with olefin block copolymers (OBC) and carbon nanotubes (CNT). After manufacturing test specimens by injection molding, tensile and Charpy impact tests were performed. OBC increased the elongation capacity and impact resistance of the PA6 through maleic anhydride (MAH) grafting while reducing the tensile strength. CNT incorporation compensated for this drop, but it rendered the composites more brittle. More importantly, due to the CNT's microwave (MW) absorption capacity, the hybrid composites have gained self‐healing properties. Extended MW exposure time and high MW powers may cause localized burning of the material, resulting in a decrease in its self‐healing efficiency. Following the failure of the examined composites, SEM microscopy revealed various toughening mechanisms in the composites. The use of a modified Halpin‐Tsai model to estimate the elastic characteristics of CNT‐reinforced composites revealed promising results, with minimal discrepancies when compared to experimental data.

Highlights

CNTs were found efficient for the self‐healing behavior which is critical for improving the lifetime and planning maintenance for UAV propellers.

CNT content, MW power & exposure time all impact the self‐healing efficiency.

Extended MW exposure time and high MW powers can cause localized burning of the material, resulting in a decrease in its self‐healing efficiency.

CNTs created bridge effects, ultimately leading to an enhancement in the strength of the composites.

The use of a modified Halpin‐Tsai model yielded good accuracy with experimental data.
The tumour‐derived extracellular vesicle proteome varies by endometrial cancer histology and is confounded by an obesogenic environment
Authors: Artuyants Anastasiia , Guo George , Flinterman Marcella , Middleditch Martin , Jacob Bincy , Lee Kate , Vella Laura , Su Huaqi , Wilson Michelle , Eva Lois , Shelling Andrew N. , Blenkiron Cherie
Published: April 2024

Endometrial cancer, the most common gynaecological cancer worldwide, is closely linked to obesity and metabolic diseases, particularly in younger women. New circulating biomarkers have the potential to improve diagnosis and treatment selections, which could significantly improve outcomes. Our approach focuses on extracellular vesicle (EV) biomarker discovery by directly profiling the proteome of EVs enriched from frozen biobanked endometrial tumours. We analysed nine tissue samples to compare three clinical subgroups—low BMI (Body Mass Index) Endometrioid, high BMI Endometrioid, and Serous (any BMI)—identifying proteins related to histological subtype, BMI, and shared secreted proteins. Using collagenase digestion and size exclusion chromatography, we successfully enriched generous quantities of EVs (range 204.8–1291.0 µg protein: 1.38 × 1011–1.10 × 1012 particles), characterised by their size (∼150 nm), expression of EV markers (CD63/81), and proposed endometrial cancer markers (L1CAM, ANXA2). Mass spectrometry‐based proteomic profiling identified 2075 proteins present in at least one of the 18 samples. Compared to cell lysates, EVs were successfully depleted for mitochondrial and blood proteins and enriched for common EV markers and large secreted proteins. Further analysis highlighted significant differences in EV protein profiles between the high BMI subgroup and others, underlining the impact of comorbidities on the EV secretome. Interestingly, proteins differentially abundant in tissue subgroups were largely not also differential in matched EVs. This research identified secreted proteins known to be involved in endometrial cancer pathophysiology and proposed novel diagnostic biomarkers (EIF6, MUC16, PROM1, SLC26A2).
Study on combustion characteristics and pyrotechnic cutting effects of bimetal thermite Ni/Al/Fe2O3 system
Authors: Li Mi , Han Zhongxuan , Jiang Lin , Xu Guozhong
Published: April 2024

Nano‐thermite has become a subject of significant interest in the composite energetic materials field due to its high energy release rate. To cater to diverse engineering needs, thermite formulations are often customized to fulfill specific criteria. This study investigates the potential of metal nickel (Ni) as an additive to modify nano‐thermite formulations, selected for its optimal calorific values and chemical reactivity. The base materials, nano‐aluminum (Al) and iron oxide (Fe2O3), are blended with varying mass ratios of Ni (1 %, 3 %, 5 %, 7 %, 9 %) using the wet ball milling method. Pre‐reaction and post‐reaction morphological and compositional alterations in the resultant thermite samples are scrutinized through SEM and XRD characterization tests. Moreover, DSC analysis and combustion experiments were conducted to examine the pyrolysis and combustion behaviors of the evaluated samples. The results reveal a reduced exothermic peak on the DSC curves with the introduction of Ni, making the liquid‐solid (L‐S) phase reaction more challenging compared to the Al/Fe2O3 thermite. Intriguingly, Ni addition progressively decreases the combustion temperature of thermites as the Ni's mass ratio increases, with a peak efficiency at 7 % in the perforation tests on stainless‐steel plates. This research further reveals that the thermite reaction mechanism is a combined consequence of the “pre‐ignition‐fusion” and “fusion‐diffusion” mechanisms. These insights can provide valuable guidance for designing thermite formulations for potential applications in storage, management, and pyrotechnic cutting areas.
Isobutyramide Additive to Improve the Performance of CsPbBr3 Perovskite Solar Cells Prepared by Green Solvent
Authors: Cheng Jiajie , Dong Jingjing
Published: April 2024

The inorganic cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) perovskite solar cell (PSC) is considered as an attractive option for new solar cells due to its outstanding stability. Preparing CsPbBr3 PSCs with H2O can effectively save costs and reduce the harm of toxic solvents to the environment. However, the poor contact property of the PbBr2 layer to the CsBr/H2O solution and the ability of water to dissolve the CsPbBr3 phase has a significant impact on the performance of the CsPbBr3 devices. In this article, isobutyramide is introduced into the PbBr2 film in the first step to improve the wettability of the PbBr2 film to CsBr/H2O solution, followed by spin‐coating of the 150 mg mL−1 CsBr/H2O solution on the PbBr2 film. Using this strategy, the fabricated PSCs with the architecture of FTO/compact‐TiO2/mesoporous‐TiO2/CsPbBr3 film/carbon demonstrate outstanding performance with a maximum efficiency of 9.59%. Furthermore, after 45 days of storage at ambient temperatures, the unencapsulated device retains more than 96% of its original efficiency. Therefore, this work provides a good demonstration for the preparation of high‐efficiency and eco‐friendly CsPbBr3 PSCs.
Aloe vera Gel–Reinforced Biodegradable Starch–PVA Blends for Sustainable Packaging of Green Chillies
Authors: Tambe Snehal S. , Zinjarde Smita , Athawale Anjali A.
Published: April 2024

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the feasibility of Aloe vera gel as a plasticizer and crosslinker in improving the properties of starch–polyvinyl alcohol blends that could find applications in packaging. The concentration of Aloe vera gel was varied (1%, 3%, 5% and 7% wt/wt) to produce SPA‐1, SPA‐3, SPA‐5 and SPA‐7 films, respectively. The plasticizing and crosslinking characteristics associated with Aloe vera gel had a positive influence on the mechanical properties of the films. Addition of Aloe vera gel increased the tensile strength of films from 27.45 MPa (control) to 32.98, 32.53 and 32.32, for SPA‐1, SPA‐3 and SPA‐5 films, respectively. Among all the films, highest elongation at break (20.62%) was observed for SPA‐3 films. Due to crosslinking, degree of swelling, water solubility and water vapour permeability for SPA‐3 films decreased by 5.58%, 38.29% and 21.44%, respectively, compared to control films. The contact angle of the SPA‐3 film significantly increased by 49.25% when compared to control samples. Scanning electron microscope images revealed compact and smooth surface microstructure of control films, and crosslinking was evident in presence of Aloe vera gel. The rate of degradation for SPA‐3 films in soil after 40 days was enhanced by 32.25% compared to control films. SPA‐1 and SPA‐3 films were tested for use as packaging material for storage of green chillies. Chillies under unpacked conditions, in control and SPA‐1 films, turned red in 3 days. Those stored in films with 3% Aloe vera gel began to change colour later (after 5 days) with no visual evidence of microbial or fungal growth. In summary, starch–polyvinyl alcohol matrix films with 3% Aloe vera gel (SPA‐3) were effective as a sustainable alternative in increasing shelf life of foodstuff.
A Temperature Study of High‐n$n$ Rydberg States in Cu2O${\rm Cu}_2{\rm O}$
Authors: Heckötter Julian , Panda Binodbihari , Brägelmann Katharina , Aßmann Marc , Bayer Manfred
Published: April 2024

The temperature dependence of Rydberg excitons in with principal quantum numbers is investigated for bath temperatures between 1.3  and 50 K. The energy shift of Rydberg exciton lines allows us to perform a precise measurement of the band gap as a function of temperature. The phonon shows a dominant contribution to the temperature shift of the band gap. The optical properties of Rydberg excitons are analyzed for different temperatures and discussed in the context of phonon scattering as well as thermal ionization of impurities and compared to earlier descriptions in Ref. [1]. The maximum principal quantum number as a function of temperature in crystals of different quality is studied and compared. The observations are correlated to photoluminescence spectra of impurities at different temperatures.
Quality evaluation of natural monomer flavors for Chinese tobacco industry based on dual mode combined Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and isotopic fine structures
Authors: Peng Juncang , Fan Yaling , He Yuping , Wang Yao , Zhu Yaqing , Fu Yu , Shang Yonglin , Yu Jia
Published: April 2024

Rationale

Natural monomer flavors can modify the taste of cigarettes. However, no report was published to establish the quality control method for their chemical compositions.

Methods

In this study, licorice, a traditional natural monomer flavor used in tobacco aroma processing, was selected, and the fingerprint was developed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Next, the chemical markers of samples from different places of origin were discovered by multivariate statistical analysis. Then, its chemical constituents were identified by combination of HPLC‐Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT‐ICR‐MS), direct infusion FT‐ICR‐MS (DI‐FT‐ICR‐MS), and the technology of isotopic fine structures (IFSs). Moreover, its characteristic constituents were quantitatively analyzed using HPLC.

Results

The 14 common peaks were assigned in the fingerprint, and 8 of them were considered as qualitative markers by multivariate statistical analysis. A total of 42 chemical constituents were detected using HPLC‐FT‐ICR‐MS, and 13 of them were unambiguously identified by references. Meanwhile, the elemental compositions of other eight unknown chemical components were decisively determined using IFSs. Subsequently, the contents of five characteristic constituents in 11 batches of samples were determined.

Conclusions

The integration strategy established here can discover and quantify the chemical markers for improving the quality control standard of natural monomer flavor of licorice. It is expected that the strategy will be valuable for further quality control of other natural monomer flavors in Chinese tobacco industry.
Reinforced Galton–Watson processes I: Malthusian exponents
Authors: Bertoin Jean , Mallein Bastien
Published: April 2024

In a reinforced Galton–Watson process with reproduction law and memory parameter , the number of children of a typical individual either, with probability , repeats that of one of its forebears picked uniformly at random, or, with complementary probability , is given by an independent sample from . We estimate the average size of the population at a large generation, and in particular, we determine explicitly the Malthusian growth rate in terms of and . Our approach via the analysis of transport equations owes much to works by Flajolet and co‐authors.
Contested values of grogue in Cabo Verde
Authors: Lundy Brandon D. , Hoalst‐Pullen Nancy , Patterson Mark W. , Swahn Monica H.
Published: April 2024

This article explores grogue, a sugarcane‐based distilled spirit of Cabo Verde, and its multifaceted and contested valuations in culture, livelihoods, and well‐being. Despite Cabo Verde's challenging climate, sugarcane agriculture remains significant primarily due to the importance placed on the local production of grogue. The study described in this article investigates how grogue is perceived and valued among Cabo Verdeans, questioning why it promotes connectivity, sustainable livelihoods, and identity as a cultural asset and how it is entangled in a complicated colonial legacy, harmful health and negative societal outcomes, and neoliberal designs to modernize and industrialize as a cultural liability. The researchers conducted a thematic analysis of news stories and their associated comments fromA Semana, the premiere daily online Cabo Verdean newspaper, to explore grogue's production, distribution, consumption, regulation, and valuation. The findings demonstrate various value registers, including identity, place, economic development, health, and social well‐being, all of which help shape Cabo Verdeans' perspectives on grogue. This article is a crucial starting point for future research aimed at developing a comprehensive understanding of artisanal spirits' proliferation and contested values. By investigating multivocal interests behind competing ideas of valuation or devaluation of grogue, the study contributes to understanding its impacts on Cabo Verdean society.
Dynamical Janus‐Like Behavior Excited by Passive Cold‐Heat Modulation in the Earth‐Sun/Universe System: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Li Zhengtong , Zhang Jia‐Han , Li Jiaoyang , Wang Song , Zhang Lvfei , He Cheng‐Yu , Lin Peng , Melhi Saad , Yang Tao , Yamauchi Yusuke , Xu Xingtao
Published: April 2024

The utilization of solar‐thermal energy and universal cold energy has led to many innovative designs that achieve effective temperature regulation in different application scenarios. Numerous studies on passive solar heating and radiation cooling often operate independently (or actively control the conversion) and lack a cohesive framework for deep connections. This work provides a concise overview of the recent breakthroughs in solar heating and radiation cooling by employing a mechanism material in the application model. Furthermore, the utilization of dynamic Janus‐like behavior serves as a novel nexus to elucidate the relationship between solar heating and radiation cooling, allowing for the analysis of dynamic conversion strategies across various applications. Additionally, special discussions are provided to address specific requirements in diverse applications, such as optimizing light transmission for clothing or window glass. Finally, the challenges and opportunities associated with the development of solar heating and radiation cooling applications are underscored, which hold immense potential for substantial carbon emission reduction and environmental preservation. This work aims to ignite interest and lay a solid foundation for researchers to conduct in‐depth studies on effective and self‐adaptive regulation of cooling and heating.
Wafer Scale Gallium Nitride Integrated Electrode Toward Robust High Temperature Energy Storage
Authors: Lv Songyang , Wang Shouzhi , Yu Jiaoxian , Tian Ge , Wang Guodong , An Pengfei , Song Kepeng , Ma Bo , Li Yangyang , Xu Xiangang , Zhang Lei
Published: April 2024

Gallium Nitride (GaN), as the representative of wide bandgap semiconductors, has great prospects in accomplishing rapid charge delivery under high‐temperature environments thanks to excellent structural stability and electron mobility. However, there is still a gap in wafer‐scale GaN single‐crystal integrated electrodes applied in the energy storage field. Herein, Si‐doped GaN nanochannel with gallium oxynitride (GaON) layer on a centimeter scale (denoted by GaN NC) is reported. The Si atoms modulate electronic redistribution to improve conductivity and drive nanochannel formation. Apart from that, the distinctive nanochannel configuration with a GaON layer provides adequate active sites and extraordinary structural stability. The GaN‐based supercapacitors are assembled and deliver outstanding charge storage capabilities at 140 °C. Surprisingly, 90% retention is maintained after 50 000 cycles. This study opens the pathway toward wafer‐scale GaN single‐crystal integrated electrodes with self‐powered characteristics that are compatible with various (opto)‐electronic devices.
Biomimetic Multifunctional Graphene‐Based Coating for Thermal Management, Solar De‐Icing, and Fire Safety: Inspired from the Antireflection Nanostructure of Compound Eyes
Authors: Cui Tianyang , Zheng Yapeng , Hu Mengdi , Lin Bicheng , Wang Jingwen , Cai Wei , Fei Bin , Zhu Jixin , Hu Yuan
Published: April 2024

Due to the ubiquitous and inexhaustible solar source, photothermal materials have gained considerable attention for their potential in heating and de‐icing. Nevertheless, traditional photothermal materials, exemplified by graphene, frequently encounter challenges emanating from their elevated reflectance. Inspired by ocular structures, this study uses the Fresnel equation to enhance the photo‐thermal conversion efficiency of graphene by introducing a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/silicon dioxide (SiO2) coating, which reduces the light reflectance (≈20%) through destructive interference. The designed coating achieves an equilibrium temperature of ≈77 °C at one sun and a quick de‐icing in ≈65 s, all with a thickness of 5 µm. Simulations demonstrate that applying this coating to high‐rise buildings results in energy savings of ≈31% in winter heating. Furthermore, the combination of PDMS/SiO2 and graphene confers a notable enhancement in thermal stability through a synergistic flame‐retardant mechanism, effectively safeguarding polyurethane against high temperatures and conflagrations, leading to marked reduction of 58% and 28% in heat release rate and total heat release. This innovative design enhances the photo‐thermal conversion, de‐icing function, and flame retardancy of graphene, thereby advancing its applications in outdoor equipment, high‐rise buildings, and aerospace vessels.
Ultralow‐Loading Ruthenium–Iridium Fuel Cell Catalysts Dispersed on Zn–N Species‐Doped Carbon
Authors: Meng Pin , Zheng Wei , Shi Hongda , Yang Jiahe , Wang Peichen , Zhang Yunlong , Chen Xingyan , Zong Cichang , Wang Pengcheng , Cheng Zhiyu , Yang Yang , Wang Dongdong , Chen Qianwang
Published: April 2024

Developing low‐loading platinum‐group‐metal (PGM) catalysts is one of the key challenges in commercializing anion‐exchange‐membrane‐fuel‐cells (AEMFCs), especially for hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR). Here, ruthenium–iridium nanoparticles being deposited on a Zn–N species‐doped carbon carrier (Ru6Ir/Zn–N–C) are synthesized and used as an anodic catalyst for AEMFCs. Ru6Ir/Zn–N–C shows extremely high mass activity (5.87 A mgPGM−1) and exchange current density (0.92 mA cm−2), which is 15.1 and 3.9 times that of commercial Pt/C, respectively. Based on the Ru6Ir/Zn–N–C AEMFCs achieve a peak power density of 1.50 W cm−2, surpassing the state‐of‐the‐art commercial PtRu catalysts and the power ratio of the normalized loading is 14.01 W mgPGM anode−1 or 5.89 W mgPGM −1 after decreasing the anode loading (87.49 µg cm−2) or the total PGM loading (0.111 mg cm−2), satisfying the US Department of Energy's PGM loading target. Moreover, the solvent and solute isotope separation method is used for the first time to reveal the kinetic process of HOR, which shows the reaction is influenced by the adsorption of H2O and OH−. The improvement of the hydrogen bond network connectivity of the electric double layer by adjusting the interfacial H2O structure together with the optimized HBE and OHBE is proposed to be responsible for the high HOR activity of Ru6Ir/Zn–N–C.