bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INTRODUCTION CONCEPTUALIZING MUSIC
Authors: Zbikowski Lawrence M.
Published: May 2008

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of two theories from Greek antiquity, the music theories of Pythagoras and Aristoxenus. These theories, and the music to which they refer, are unfamiliar even to those who make music theory the focus of their research. However, the disorienting effect of this unfamiliarity also serves to loosen our notions about what a theory of music, or a theoretical construct, should be. It is argued that the music theories of Pythagoras and Aristoxenus belong to a world remote from our own. Not only did these theorists have to grapple with the most basic of principles, but also the music they would describe is microtonal, one that is primarily concerned with the successive notes of melody rather than the simultaneous notes of harmony. Despite this, Pythagorean and Aristoxenian accounts of musical organization provide us with a glimpse into how theories are formed and, more important, the cognitive processes that are basic to these theories. In particular, three cognitive processes can be seen at work: categorization, cross-domain mapping, and the use of conceptual models. An overview of the succeeding chapters is presented.
CONCLUSION COGNITIVE STRUCTURE, THEORY, AND ANALYSIS
Authors: Zbikowski Lawrence M.
Published: May 2008

This concluding chapter returns to M. Swann and to his final encounter with Vinteuil's sonata after a year in which it became thoroughly intertwined with his love affair with Odette, the courtesan with whom he had become acquainted around the same time he first encountered the andante. This provides a frame for a review of the points made in the preceding chapters and an instrumentality for drawing conclusions from the whole.
CHAPTER 2 De Meyer in the South and Midwest
Authors: Lott R. Allen
Published: May 2008

De Meyer made the usual inland tour of visiting performers, following the coastline to Charleston, then to New Orleans and Mobile, then up the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. He traveled with his own Erard grand pianos, and with his brother-in-law made all arrangements for the concerts as they appeared in each city. His concerts were generally well attended, and many of those in the audience seemed to be attracted out of curiosity. Although De Meyer's music may be seen today as catering to the masses, many of the reviews suggest that his works were beyond the comprehension of the musical taste of the general public.
CHAPTER 15 “Unfortunately … He Also lalks”
Authors: Lott R. Allen
Published: May 2008

Hans von Bülow was notoriously frank and admitted in a newspaper interview that Carl Bergmann had been fired as his conductor in Boston because of dereliction of duty and his interest in beer, like most Germans as he was quoted to say. His anti-German remarks created an outrage and concert attendance at many of Bülow's appearances suffered. Although Bülow was generally considered to have a more perfect technique and memory than Rubinstein, and surpassed his friendly rival on such issues as fidelity to the score and conscientious interpretation, Bülow was still found wanting by being too intellectual, analytical, and distant. In Baltimore, his appearances included concerts with the Peabody Institute Orchestra conducted by his former pupil Asger Hamerik, and in Washington, D.C., he made acquaintance with Romaine von Overbeck, with whom he would fall in love.
Conclusion
Authors: Gerhardt Michael J.
Published: May 2008

In the conclusion Gerhardt reviews the basic arguments made throughout the book about the role of precedent in constitutional law, as well as the ramifications of the Roberts Court's handling of precedent in its first two years. He suggests that the Roberts Court has been entirely predictable in avoiding direct overruling of precedents, weakening precedents which the majority does not like, and grounding its opinions largely (but not wholly) in precedent. Gerhardt reiterates the case for his comprehensive framework for explaining better than other current theories (or statistical studies) the multiple functions of constitutional law. One strength he identifies in his framework is the importance it places on candor as a means for justices and other constitutional actors to clarify the significance of precedent, as contrasted with judicial minimalism, which liberates justices from having to explain the reasons for (or implications of) their decisions.
FROM THE EROTIC TO THE DEMONIC
Authors: Scott Derek B.
Published: May 2008

This book is an attempt to decode, explain, and account for the way that social meaning in music is perceived. It is concerned throughout with the socially constituted values of musical styles, and contains a collection of wide-ranging chapters exploring aspects of sound and meaning, production and status, dissemination and reception, and criticism and aesthetics. Each chapter considers the workings of a particular relationship between ideology and musical style, offering different perspectives on how ideas are communicated through music. The book illustrates how musical styles construct ideas of class, sexuality, and ethnic identity. In doing so, it is concerned to demonstrate how such constructions relate to particular stylistic codes in particular cultural and historical contexts. The book is divided into four parts, covering the areas of gender and sexuality, ideology in relation to popular music, the sacred and profane, and ideology and cultural identity. The subjects debated include erotic representation from Monteverdi to Mae West, the sexual politics of 19th-century musical aesthetics, the Native American in popular music, the sacred and the demonic, Orientalism, and the initial impact of African-American music-making on the European classical tradition. The book's arguments are supported by ninety musical examples taken from such diverse sources as baroque and romantic opera, symphonic music, jazz, and 19th- and 20th-century popular songs.
2 Recognition Scenes in Theory and Practice
Authors: Waldoff Jessica
Published: May 2008

This chapter opens with a review of critical thinking about recognition in literary genres, beginning with Aristotle. This historical context is indispensable, though, as Terence Cave suggests, an understanding of recognition can be limited neither to Aristotle nor to its role in the literatures he knew and favored. An overview of recognition in Mozart's operas follows, focusing on topics of special interest: the recognition of identity and its status in Mozart's day (as opposed to Aristotle's), the role of disguise and its revelation, the quest for self-discovery, and the conventions of ending (including the relationship between dénouement and lieto fine). Scenes receiving critical consideration and musical analysis include the recognition scene of father and son in Idomeneo, the ending of Die Entführung aus dem Serail, and Pamina's attempted suicide in Die Zauberflöte.
3 Reading Opera for the Plot
Authors: Waldoff Jessica
Published: May 2008

This chapter takes up the question of how an individual event, such as a recognition scene, functions with respect to the operatic plot as a whole. It explores the notion of plot in critical works ranging from Aristotle's Poetics to Peter Brooks's Reading for the Plot, and differentiates plot from plotting. Plot in Aristotle's definition is static, “the structure of the events”, while plotting, according to Brooks, is active — the dynamic process that propels the work forward. The chapter illustrates the interaction of recognition and “operatic plotting” with a detailed consideration of the multiple plot of Le nozze di Figaro. Attention is given to prominent moments of recognition, including the dénouement in the Act IV finale. The last section of this chapter is devoted to comments about plot dramaturgy in Mozart's letters.
Afterword
Authors: Waldoff Jessica
Published: May 2008

The Afterword opens with a letter of 1791 in which Mozart relates an experience he has while attending a performance of Die Zauberflöte. He represents the episode as a recognition narrative in miniature that illuminates the opera's dependence on recognition as a vehicle for enlightenment. A final section makes two observations about the workings of recognition in the operatic context: the first concerning the almost unfailing optimism of the operas of Mozart and his contemporaries, and the second concerning the power of recognition in contexts beyond Mozart. The book concludes with the thought that critical thinking about recognition has much to tell us about operas of other types and periods.
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION TO THE BUSINESS OF OPERA IN SEVENTEENTH‐CENTURY VENICE: PEOPLE AND FINANCES
Authors: Glixon Beth L. , Glixon Jonathan E.
Published: May 2008

After discussing the management of comedy theaters in Venice, this chapter examines the financial structure behind the opera business, exploring various sources of income, such as investors, loans, rental of seats and boxes, advances from the printer, and ticket sales. While the renters and managers of the comedy theaters usually came from the noble class, opera theaters tended to be run by artisans or members of the professional class. The opera business was sustained through the availability of guarantors who would repay loans and other debts remaining at the end of the season.
CHAPTER TWO THE BOXES: A MAJOR SOURCE OF INCOME
Authors: Glixon Beth L. , Glixon Jonathan E.
Published: May 2008

This chapter focuses on the development of the opera box as a means of income for the theater. All of the regularly operating theaters had boxes, and the annual rental fees provided significant income for either the impresario or the theater owner. The number of levels and the number of boxes within each level varied from theater to theater, and over the years various impresarios or theater owners would either decrease or increase the number of boxes with the aim of increasing either the income, or the size and comfort of the box. Towards the end of the 17th century, those desiring a box would pay in advance a gift, or regalo, in order to claim ownership indefinitely; these fees eventually made possible the building of new theaters. The systems by which fees were collected from recalcitrant box renters or owners are also discussed.
CHAPTER NINE SCENERY AND MACHINES
Authors: Glixon Beth L. , Glixon Jonathan E.
Published: May 2008

This chapter takes a comprehensive look at the scenic elements of opera: the sets and the machines. The operas featured numerous set changes, with a system of paired flats as well as backdrops and lontani, which conveyed deep perspective at the back of the set. In Venice during the mid-17th century, impresarios preferred to commission new scenery every year, rather than fall back on previously used elements (dote). Typically a painter designed and executed the scenery (along with his assistants), and a carpenter built the machines, which could appear from above or beneath the floor. Examining contracts signed by the impresario Marco Faustini with scene painters and machine builders provide invaluable insight into the costs, responsibilities, and time constraints involved in this important element of opera production. Several inventories of scenery enabling a comparison between the finished materials and the scenes described in the librettos are also discussed.
CHAPTER TEN COSTUMES
Authors: Glixon Beth L. , Glixon Jonathan E.
Published: May 2008

This chapter looks at costumes and their importance in mid-17h-century opera. Rather than reuse old stock, costumes were redesigned and remanufactured each year, especially those for the main characters. The practice in Venice was for a separate artisan to take charge of costume design and manufacture. Venice was famous for the manufacturing and sale of cloth, and costumes could be made of a variety of silks and other fabrics; embellishments included embroidery and lace were added. The costumes for the minor characters and extras, however, could be rented from an agent or jobber. Some costumes for the prima donnas were especially extravagant, often costing more than many singers would earn in an entire year. On occasion these would be offered as an enticement to hire a prominent singer, who would then get to keep the dress after the opera had concluded. After the opera season, the costumes could be returned as the property of the designer/tailor, or could be distributed among the investors of the company for their own use or as capital.
CHAPTER ELEVEN THE AUDIENCE AND THE QUESTION OF PATRONAGE
Authors: Glixon Beth L. , Glixon Jonathan E.
Published: May 2008

This chapter explores questions regarding the audience, ticket sales, attendance figures, and the patronage of opera in Venice. Opera boxes are viewed in this chapter not so much as a form of income for the theater, but as a means of displaying social status. For several theaters, especially S. Aponal, surviving records and accounts allow for a study of the boxholders, and audiences consisting of a mix of Venetian patricians, Venetian cittadini and businessmen, and foreigners can be observed. Ambassadors, moreover, had special privileges in the granting of opera boxes. The chapter concludes with an examination of opera and patronage, making reference to previous theories of public opera espoused by Claudio Annibaldi, Lorenzo Bianconi, and Thomas Walker. The book concludes that opera in Venice was made possible only through the participation of a wide range of artisans, merchants, cittadini, and patricians, nearly all of whom risked losing money on this expensive entertainment.
When Women Recite
Authors: Qureshi Regula Burckhardt
Published: May 2008

By focusing on the celebration of the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad (milad) by South Asian Muslim women in Edmonton, Canada, this chapter refocuses the usual consideration of Islam as public and male-oriented. Immigrant and ethnic Canadian Muslim women gather in homes and perform the prayers and recited texts that are not strictly considered music, employing texts and styles that are gathered from different traditions. The Arabic and Urdu languages are used separately and together, and distinctive styles and genres of worship are mixed to create musical practices traditional in Islam and new to Canada. The creativity of the Muslim women is considerable as it further creates new spaces for Islam that then becomes part of their religious and immigrant experiences in Canada.
Medeolinuwok, Music, and Missionaries in Maine
Authors: Spinney Ann Morrison
Published: May 2008

This chapter examines the musical practices employed by Catholic missionaries among the Wabanaki peoples during the colonial period in what would become the northeastern United States and the Maritime Provinces of Canada. Liturgy, ritual, and hymnody all contained musical styles and sacred genres that made it possible for priests to convert Native Americans, while at the same time Native Americans found ways to retain many distinguishing characteristics of their own religious experiences. The Thomas Kyrie Manuscript provides the central case study in the chapter. Hymn practices grew up around funeral practices. The chapter contributes substantially to understanding how sacred musical practices provided the basis for new practices of literacy and the transformation of Wabanaki society until the present.
Hymnody and History
Authors: Marini Stephen A.
Published: May 2008

This chapter examines the ways in which early American hymns provided texts and discourse for American history by employing computer-assisted statistical analysis. Evangelical hymns formed as repertories and canons as they passed from English Protestant traditions to the social and sacred practices that accompanied the settlement of the United States from the late 18th through the 19th century, particularly at moments such as the Great Awakening. At the beginning of the 21st century, many hymns from historically evangelical practices have become the favorite hymns (e.g., those by Isaac Watt, and Charles and John Wesley) shared by Protestant denominations and beyond. The chapter compares the ways meaning in hymn texts affords meaning to American religious experience. Hymnody itself is presented comparatively, as texts (ritual song, sacred medium) and contexts (belief, spirituality) for the lives of evangelicals and the formation of their churches and denominations.
The Evolution of the Music of German American Protestants in Their Hymnody
Authors: Westermeyer Paul
Published: May 2008

This chapter examines the establishment of German Protestant hymnody in North America, and then traces its transformation through mixed-language traditions to a largely English-language hymnody. The historical and cultural transformation is that of immigrant German to ethnic German music. Statistical comparison of German American sacred songs — from the Reform tradition in early America with the transformation of these through American publications and traditions in the 19th century, particularly through the endeavors of Henry Harbaugh (1817-67) — illustrates the tension between traditional German repertories and the use of music to ensure a place for German and English Protestants in American religious experience. The influence of Anglo-American hymnody was, in many ways, as great as the original German traditions.
“When in Our Music God Is Glorified”
Authors: Gray Judith
Published: May 2008

Drawing upon the participatory worship and ethnography of its author, this chapter considers the frequent use of hymns that use singing as a text about the sacredness of singing in the hymnody of the United Church of Christ. In both text and context, the Pilgrim Hymnal of the Congregational Church and the choices of congregation members illustrate the ways in which personal choices about music express communal concepts and practices of faith and worship. Statistical comparison is employed to follow patterns of song choice of the course of five years (1989-93) in the First Congregational Church of Washington, DC, thus illustrating the rich texture of hymn singing during the life and liturgy of the church itself. The chapter concludes that hymns allow worshipers to express thoughts and sentiments they would otherwise not express.
Women's Ritual Music
Authors: Walton Janet
Published: May 2008

In late 20th-century American religious experience, women gathered to use sacred music in transformative ways to change their condition in a society and in religious practices dominated by men. Women's ritual music draws upon many different traditions, from traditional hymns with new texts to secular art music (e.g., by Luciano Berio) to popular music with African American roots (e.g., performed by Sweet Honey in the Rock). This chapter examines different occasions, most of them non-liturgical and outside congregational religious practice, and the creation of new texts from existing hymns or songs as the convergence of women's ritual practice. The rituals and repertories examined in the chapter acquire political potential, and their performance serves to empower women to act together to bring about real change in their lives.
2 Genre and Character
Authors: Grave Floyd , Grave Margaret
Published: May 2008

Drawing on Italian, French, German, and Viennese precedents, Haydn's early string quartets were among the first to define the genre's components: two violins, viola, and cello, without doubling and without basso continuo or contrabass support. The predominant cyclic design features a principal sonata-form movement followed by three other ingredients (minuet-trio, slow movement, finale) that unfold within its orbit. The six quartets in a normal opus group embrace various style topics and allusions, including popular song and dance, aria, concerto, and strict style. Each has a different tonal center; keys with few accidentals are favored; and connections are sometimes apparent between the prevailing character of a quartet and the traditional associations of its key. Minor tonality is always represented, normally by one quartet only. Virtually all groups feature musical wit, irony, and humor in addition to more elevated modes of discourse.
6 Variation
Authors: Grave Floyd , Grave Margaret
Published: May 2008

Whereas Haydn's favored variation procedures — melodic outline, cantus firmus, and constant bass (or harmony) — are variously embedded in all portions of the cycle, his variation-based designs occur principally as slow interior movements, representing four distinct categories: strophic, alternating, ternary, and varied reprise. Strophic variations, the most common type, are found throughout the repertory; slow varied-reprise movements, with decorated repeats showcasing first-violin virtuosity, occur mainly among earlier quartets (through Op. 33); alternating variations, involving the juxtaposition of two themes in opposite modes, appear sporadically from Op. 33 on; ternary variations, featuring a contrasting middle part and a final section that embellishes the first, are found among later opus groups. However limited in thematic diversity, development, or hierarchic complexity, variation forms allowed Haydn to indulge richly in soloistic embellishment, rhetorical amplification, and ensemble interplay.
8 The Earliest Quartets (ca. 1755–60 [?ca. 1757–59])
Authors: Grave Floyd , Grave Margaret
Published: May 2008

The ten earliest quartets were initially disseminated in manuscript copies. They reached publishers in Paris and Amsterdam only in the 1760s. All are closely related in style, and all have five-movement designs with two dance movements on either side of an extended, central movement which (in all but one instance) constitutes an expressive violin solo. Fast outer movements display textures that engage all four parts thematically. The stylistic range of the dance movements extends from courtly elegance to rough-hewn comedy, and their binary and rounded binary schemes allow for variety of structural detail in the relationship between first and second parts. All ten works demonstrate Haydn's gift for motivic elaboration: an initial phrase is formed from a thematic kernel, and subsequent phrases arise as variants or derivatives, thereby bestowing cohesion on a developing, goal-directed narrative.
17 Op. 77 (1799) and Op. 103 ([?1802‐] 1803)
Authors: Grave Floyd , Grave Margaret
Published: May 2008

Declining health prevented Haydn from completing a 1799 commission from Prince Lobkowitz for a set of six quartets. Two completed works were published by Artaria in 1802 as Op. 77; the unfinished Op. 103 was printed by Breitkopf & Härtel in 1806. Along with indications of further development along lines pursued in Op. 76 — for example, an accelerated pace for the dance movements and the use of remote keys for interior portions of the cycle — there are signs of retrenchment, notably the scarcity of learned counterpoint and the avoidance of dramatized, end-focused designs in favor of equilibrium and symmetry. The seriousness and intensity that mark the completed movements of Op. 103 — an Andante grazioso in B flat and a veritable Sturm und Drang dance movement in D minor — are signs of a particularly ambitious, unrealized plan for the work as a whole.
Introduction: Nature's Bulwark
Authors: King Charles
Published: May 2008

The introduction describes the geographical setting of the Caucasus, highlighting the region's diversity, from high mountains peaks to arid steppe. It discusses the major ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups, and emphasizes the multiple forms of identity that have been available to Caucasus peoples over the centuries, as they learned to thrive at the intersection of the Russian, Ottoman, and Persian empires. Major groups in the region include the Armenians, Georgians, Chechens, Dagestanis, and Circassians.
Postlude: Post‐Liszt
Authors: Hamilton Kenneth
Published: May 2008

This chapter traces the evolving role of the piano in 19th- and early-20th century musical life, along with the traditions of performance of some standard repertoire works by Chopin, Schubert, and Liszt whose technical difficulties became more severe as the piano itself evolved. It is argued that performance traditions ultimately not derived from the composer should be investigated more fully and treated with a greater respect than has hitherto been the case, with the adaptations of Busoni used as an illustrative example.
The Children
Authors: Vromen Suzanne
Published: May 2008

The chapter is based on interviews with formerly hidden children and is illustrated by numerous quotes. It describes various responses to the wearing of the yellow star and the desperate search for hiding places that follows the sudden and brutal roundups of the Jewish population in the summer of 1942. Life in the convents in which the children are hidden is detailed through the reactions of the children to prayers, baptism, confession, and communion. These reactions vary greatly from resistance to acceptance; remnants of Judaism persist for some. New attitudes to the body considered as shameful are learned, and lice fought, hunger endured, native language and identity concealed. Relationships with priests and nuns range from caring, tender, and maternal to cruel and punishing. In the aftermath of the liberation, the impact of Catholic institutions varies; many hidden children return to their Jewish identity and a few remain converted. The children face great difficulties due to the ravages in their families, and gender differences in opportunities offered to orphans are resented to this day.
8 Speaking of Events: Event Word Learning and Event Representation
Authors: Maguire Mandy J. , Dove Guy O.
Published: May 2008

This chapter examines the difficulty facing children attempting to learn novel event labels. Children must overcome what has become known as the “packaging problem”: they must figure out which event components among the many that co-occur are bundled, or “packaged”, together within the meaning of an event word. It argues that children initially use two main sources of information to help them learn event words. The first is prelinguistic universal concepts, which give them a toehold into abstracting and labeling important event features. The second is the use of perceptual similarity across same-labeled exemplars, which initially makes verb meanings quite conservative and situation-specific.
13 Neurophysiology of Action Recognition
Authors: Grossman Emily D.
Published: May 2008

This chapter discusses the neural correlates of human action perception, specifically the perception of bodies and body movements. It also provides a brief discussion on the likely connection of this network to additional cortical areas associated with more abstract properties of action perception, such as perceived intentionality. An introduction to the primary perceptual pathways in the visual cortex for generalized motion and form perception is presented, as well as some preliminary evidence for specialized circuits dedicated to biological motion perception.
17 The Structure of Experience
Authors: Tversky Barbara , Zacks Jeffrey M. , Hard Bridgette Martin
Published: May 2008

This chapter focuses on the structure of experience, covering language, objects, scenes, and events. It is argued that partitioning the world is the first step to comprehending it. Some partitioning is so instantaneous and automatic that perception of the world is not of multimedia mixtures of continuously changing sensations but rather of coherent objects, events, and scenes. The mind goes on to parse those elements and to look for structure among the parts. Typically there is a perceptual basis for part structure. Truly understanding each of these elements of our lives requires assigning meaning to their parts.
18 Computational Vision Approaches for Event Modeling
Authors: Chellappa Rama , Cuntoor Naresh P. , Joo Seong-Wook , Subrahmanian V. S. , Turaga Pavan
Published: May 2008

Event modeling systems provide a semantic interpretation of sequences of pixels that are captured by a video camera. The design of a practical system has to take into account the following three main factors: low-level preprocessing limitations, computational and storage complexity of the event model, and user interaction. The hidden Markov model (HMM) and its variants have been widely used to model both speech and video signals. Computational efficiency of the Baum-Welch and the Viterbi algorithms has been a leading reason for the popularity of the HMM. Since the objective is to detect events in video sequences that are meaningful to humans, one might want to provide space in the design loop for a user who can specify events of interest. This chapter explores this using semantic approaches that not only use features extracted from raw video streams but also incorporate metadata and ontologies of activities. It presents three approaches for applications such as event recognition: anomaly detection, temporal segmentation, and ontology evaluation. The three approaches discussed are statistical methods based on HMMs, formal grammars, and ontologies. The effectiveness of these approaches is illustrated using video sequences captured both indoors and outdoors: the indoor UCF human action dataset, the TSA airport tarmac surveillance dataset, and the bank monitoring dataset.
23 Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Human Comprehension
Authors: Sitnikova Tatiana , Holcomb Phillip J. , Kuperberg Gina R.
Published: May 2008

This chapter begins with a discussion of evidence for distinctions between two semantic comprehension systems in the language domain: a system that maps the perceived information on graded semantic representations and a system that utilizes particular semantic requirements of verbs. It then reviews similar research using static and motion pictures. It argues that the two mechanisms of language comprehension might be analogous to the systems that use graded semantic representations and action-based requirements to make sense of the visual world. The experiments that are reviewed in this chapter examine questions of both how comprehenders understand relationships between the elements within individual events and how they understand the relationships between events. Experiments that have used event-related potentials (ERPs) are also highlighted.
1 Keeping the Home Front Cool
Authors: Casey Steven
Published: May 2008

This chapter explores the Truman administration's publicity efforts in the first three weeks of the Korean War. Fearful that this new Cold War crisis might escalate into a far bigger conflict with the Soviet Union, the president and his senior advisers sought to keep the home front cool. They made few public statements. And what they did say was carefully restrained. Without a vigorous lead from the government, however, the Washington press corps and the Republican opposition soon moved to fill the information vacuum. While reporters often resorted to speculation, partisan politicians sought to place their own spin on the crisis, insisting that it was a product of the Democrats' excessively soft posture toward communism in Asia.
3 Mobilizing For a Police Action
Authors: Casey Steven
Published: May 2008

As news of battlefield defeats hit home, the administration tried to channel the public debate on how America ought to mobilize in this new, more dangerous phase of the Cold War. The instinct of Truman and his senior advisers was to remain cautious: they were still keen to stop the domestic mood from overheating, lest this result in overpowering demands to escalate the Cold War, perhaps even by launching a preventive strike against the Soviet Union. But, once again, this low‐key public posture provided Republicans with the opportunity to sharpen their political attacks. Some called for more vigorous mobilization efforts. Others pressed for a stronger stance toward communists inside America. With senior officials in the Pentagon also hinting that they favored a tougher Cold War posture, in August and September Truman moved to regain control of the debate.
4 On The Offensive
Authors: Casey Steven
Published: May 2008

In the middle of September 1950, MacArthur's dramatic victory at Inchon transformed the Korean War. This chapter explores the problems thrown up by this victory. In the battlefield theater, the military received scant respite from correspondents, who complained that MacArthur had made it excessively difficult to cover the Inchon campaign. In Washington, the government's efforts to sustain domestic support for a prolonged mobilization campaign appeared threatened by the public's natural tendency to lapse into complacency the minute an international crisis had passed. And in the midterm election campaign, Truman and the Democrats found it surprisingly difficult to exploit the successful turn of events in Korea, not least because the administration's decision to cross the 38th parallel threatened to bring China into the war.
6 Dealing with the “Disaster School of Journalism”
Authors: Casey Steven
Published: May 2008

The long military retreat that followed the Chinese intervention sparked a new round of recriminations between the military and media in the Far East. This chapter examines MacArthur's claims that war correspondents exaggerated the scale of defeat. It then explores the pressures that finally forced MacArthur to accept the need for formal censorship. Yet censorship was no panacea. Although many in the media believed they needed more guidance from the military, formal censorship was instituted in a clumsy, even brutal fashion. Matters only started to improve when Ridgway assumed control of UN forces in Korea. This energetic new commander not only introduced new tactics and a new fighting spirit, which forced Chinese troops back toward the 38th parallel, but he also introduced a more publicity‐conscious ethos, which soon helped to ease the enormous resentment that many war correspondents felt toward the military.
Conclusion
Authors: Casey Steven
Published: May 2008

This chapter summarizes the arguments of the book. The Truman administration's efforts to sell the Korean War went through two phases. In the first year, the government was plagued by the problems of selling a limited war. As the fighting progressed, however, officials learned from their mistakes, introduced more effective bureaucratic structures, and stiffened their rhetoric. In both phases, the government's efforts had important consequences: in the first, its low‐key posture left an opportunity for political rivals to launch effective attacks; in the second, its steady improvements helped to create a relatively stable floor during much of 1952, beyond which popular disapproval never plunged
The Footsteps of Vishnu
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: May 2008

The Strides of Vishnu explores a wide range of topics in Hindu culture and history. Hinduism has often set out to mediate between the practical needs of its many communities and a transcendent realm. Illuminating this connection, The Strides of Vishnu focuses not only on religious ideas but also on the various arts and sciences, as well as crafts, politics, technology, and medicine. The book emphasizes core themes that run through the major historical periods of Northern India, beginning with the Vedas and leading up to India's independence. Sophisticated sciences such as geometry, grammar, politics, law, architecture, and biology are discussed within a broad cultural framework. Special attention is devoted to historical, economic, and political developments, including urbanism and empire‐building. The Strides of Vishnu situates religious and philosophical ideas within such broad contexts so religion sheds its abstract and detached reputation. The message of classical and medieval religious masterpieces—including the Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, plays of Kalidasa, and many others—comes to life within a broad world‐making agenda. But while the literary masterpieces reflected the work of the cultural elites, The Strides of Vishnu also devotes considerable attention to the work that did not make it into the great texts: women's rituals, magic, alchemy, medicine, and a variety of impressive crafts. The book discusses the stunning mythology of medieval India and provides the methods for interpreting it, along with the vast cosmologies and cosmographies of the Puranas. The Strides of Vishnu is an introductory book on Hindu culture, but while it highlights central religious themes, it explores these within broader historical and cultural contexts. It gives its readers a clear and highly textured overview of a vast and productive civilization.
Sacred Knowledge and Indian Origins
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: May 2008

This chapter discusses Hindu origins. The Indo‐Aryan controversy is examined: Did Hindu scriptures emerge as an indigenous product or did they arrive with migrating foreigners? The chapter discusses the religious thought of the Rig Veda with a special focus on the sacrifice and its intellectual foundations.
A City Where the Rivers Meet
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: May 2008

This chapter looks at the archeological work performed by G. R. Sharma in Kaushambi. The economic, cultural, and political importance of that city, situated near the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers, is featured. The period of the Mauryan Empire (third century BCE), attested by Ashoka's edict, is central to the discussion.
Vedic Science
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: May 2008

This chapter outlines the economic and cultural developments of the centuries dominated by the Mauryan Empire. The primary achievements included a flowering of sciences that rested on Vedic foundations but supported a huge civilization. These included mathematics and astronomy, medicine, law (dharma), political science, grammar, architecture, and others. The underlying philosophical assumptions of Indian sciences are explained.
Maps and Myths in theMatsya Purana
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: May 2008

This chapter looks at the vast mythological texts called Puranas, with a special focus on the Matsya Purana. The vast cosmological periods (yugas) and the maps of the universe contained in these texts are explained. The chapter also looks at two major pilgrimage centers on the Ganges and explains their religious importance. The politically charged methods of interpreting Hindu mythology are discussed, particularly in reference to the narrative of the churning of the ocean.
How “Theology of Marriage” Damages Ecclesiology
Authors: Bennett Jana Marguerite
Published: May 2008

This chapter examines prevalent contemporary theologies of marriage, including “the domestic church,” nuptial theology, and the Religion, Culture, and Family Project at the University of Chicago. These theologies (among others) present problems for considering both marriage and singleness theologically. These include three difficult dichotomies: male/female gender roles that continue to be central to feminist discussions about families; an idolization of marriage to the detriment of single people; and a public/private distinction that sees religion and households as related to more “public” activities of politics and economic trade, but secondary. The argument of this book is not to suggest that these dichotomies can necessarily be overcome, or easily shrugged away, but rather to claim that a more fruitful path for theologians is to consider households more broadly. The idea of marriage and singleness together, in relation to the Household of God, comes forward as a possible alternative.
Neither Married nor Given in Marriage
Authors: Bennett Jana Marguerite
Published: May 2008

This chapter examines Augustine's thoughts on singleness via salvation history. Many have held, following Paul in 1 Corinthians 7, that celibacy is the better state of life for Christians, and the state of life Christ demonstrates through his own life, death, and resurrection. Celibacy thus becomes intertwined with the salvation event of redemption. Augustine follows to a point but also counters those who would see that the simple fact of being celibate makes one holy. Augustine insists that Christian life is ultimately about virtuous living; one can cultivate those virtues whether married or celibate. Furthermore, Augustine discusses states of life such as divorce, suggesting that singleness is not just one state of life but several: widows, divorcees, celibates (monks and virgins), and the unmarried all figure. This chapter concludes by using Augustine's views to consider the false contemporary dichotomy between marriage and singleness, the second dichotomy raised in chapter 1.
Households Expanding
Authors: Bennett Jana Marguerite
Published: May 2008

This chapter considers states of life in relation to the time “in between” the redemption and the final event in salvation history, known alternately as the eschaton or the Parousia. God continues to work in this time by reconfiguring married and single households. While Christians cannot know the fullness of what the eschaton will be like, Augustine suggests that there are hints in this world, especially in the life of the church. The church is itself a household, and one that encompasses both the married and the single. The ecclesial household is the ultimate household through which God demonstrates how the smaller daily familial households are to be reconfigured. The church as Household of God demonstrates new, reconfigured household practices particularly through its own household rituals of washing in baptism and eating at the Eucharist.
Suffragists in an Imperial Age
Authors: Sneider Allison L.
Published: May 2008

In 1899, Carrie Chapman Catt, who succeeded Susan B. Anthony as head of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, argued that it was the “duty” of U.S. women to help lift the inhabitants of new island possessions in the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii up from “barbarism” to “civilization,” a project that would presumably demonstrate the capacity of U.S. women for full citizenship and political rights. Catt, like many suffragists in her day, was well versed in the language of empire and infused the cause of suffrage with imperialist zeal in public debate. Unlike their predecessors, who were working for votes for women within the context of slavery and abolition, the next generation of suffragists argued their case against the backdrop of U.S. expansionism in Indian and Mormon territory at home as well as overseas in the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii. This book examines these simultaneous political movements—woman suffrage and American imperialism—as inextricably intertwined phenomena, instructively complicating the histories of both.
3 WESTERN EXPANSION AND THE POLITICS OF FEDERALISM
Authors: Sneider Allison L.
Published: May 2008

In the 1880s the question of votes for women was reframed in the context of congressional efforts to bring the western territories in as new states and to resolve the political status of Indians and Mormons in the territories. These federal efforts helped suffragists keep the woman question alive in Congress. Specifically, Congressional solutions to the Indian and Mormon problem made voting a federal issue and challenged the constitutional settlement of Minor v. Happersett that had sent the question of votes for women back to the states.
The Religious and Spiritual Journeys of College Students
Authors: Braskamp Larry A.
Published: May 2008

After surveying the literature related to college students' religious expectations and experiences, Braskamp concludes that a majority of students want to explore questions of faith and meaning. His portrait of college spirituality is complex, including the acknowledgement that three different subgroups (described as millennials, postmoderns, and the missionary generation) exist side by side on campus. Braskamp argues that a full picture of religion on campus has to include attention to the culture and community of the institution as well as to the curriculum and co‐curriculum.
4 The Strategy of Christian Stewardship
Authors: Jenkins Willis
Published: May 2008

This chapter describes stewardship theologies, which tend to follow the obedient discipleship themes in redemption. It argues that the strategy of Christian stewardship frames environmental issues around faithful response to God's invitation and command. By appropriating the biblical trope of stewardship, this strategy organizes concern for environmental problems around obligatory service to the Creator, who entrusts to humans measured responsibilities for creation. To specify the character of this earthkeeping trust, the strategy looks to biblical accounts of how God invites humans into relationship. Stewardship thus situates the specific call to care for the earth within a general divine call to faithful relationship. By making environmental issues matter for Christian experience in reference to God's actions toward humanity, the stewardship strategy follows a background pattern of redemption. It focuses primarily on faithful practices, describing how to inhabit the providential landscape created by God's special relationship to humans.
9 Nature Redeemed
Authors: Jenkins Willis
Published: May 2008

Paul Santmire expressed his disappointment in a personal encounter with Barth in which the latter was roundly critical of Santmire's proddings to produce a theology of nature. This chapter argues that Santmire seems to have missed the place Barth's theology had already made for nature: the way of the Reconciler restores nature to theology and humans to the earth. Yet there are ambivalences, shortcomings, and inconsistencies in Barth's thought that may explain why Barth himself could not tell Santmire of that place. Barth failed to engage sufficiently and seriously with the natural world, for which he is rightly faulted. Despite his love of country retreats and mountain walks, it was the world of letters and politics that captivated his extratheological attentions. But that bias is not necessary to his theological commitments. In only a few cases do substantial dogmatic or interpretive decisions lie behind Barth's evasion of nature, and even here they appear unnecessary from Barth's wider project. Otherwise his theology bends in the other direction, as God claims human freedom within the environment of Jesus. In answer to the problems with stewardship ethics, Barth's account of grace counsels stewardship away from the hubris of partnership models and shows how it might theologically accommodate the use of natural sciences and environmental experience. Barth also lets stewardship theologies imagine how to talk about an ethical place of Christian witness, thus showing how stewardship may be well suited to engage issues like agriculture, built environments, and ecological restoration.
12 Conclusion
Authors: Jenkins Willis
Published: May 2008

This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It argues that by mapping the theological patterns that make environmental problems urgent and intelligible to Christian communities, it points toward ways of using those background sources more openly and usefully. Insofar as ecologies of grace illuminate how environmental problems matter for Christian life, the book shows why ecology makes a claim on Christian identity, and how environmental crises could pressure change in the way churches tell their salvation stories.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: May 2008

This chapter addresses the past (and, to an extent, present) relative invisibility of linguistics in civil law procedures, despite the fact that linguistics is the field that specializes in how language works and is used. The book is written for lawyers, so that they can learn to appreciate what linguistic analysis can do for them. The book is also for linguists, who may not be widely aware of the opportunity to analyze language in law cases, and for students in both law and linguistics. The book contains eighteen actual case studies of the ways that virtually every type of linguistic procedure, including phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics, speech acts, pragmatics, and discourse analysis, can be effectively used in civil cases.