bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current and Future Research Methods in Strategic Management
Authors: Hitt Michael A. , Gimeno Javier , Hoskisson Robert E.
Published: March 2007

Early work in strategic management emphasized single case studies, followed by research on corporate diversification strategy, firm heterogeneity, strategic groups, and generic business strategies. Intermediate work added the foci of environmental determinants and strategic choice, often using secondary data from large, multi-industry firm samples. Recently, the most prominent new theoretical paradigm is the resource-based view of the firm, using smaller sample studies. Future research is likely to integrate and contrast multiple theories and to develop more fine-grained and complex models. Quantitative research will emphasize longitudinal data, dynamic analysis, and greater focus on specific strategic decisions/actions. Future research will use more specialized tools such as panel data analysis, dynamic models of partial adjustment, logistic and Poisson regression analyses, event history analysis, network analysis, and structural equation modeling. Nontraditional research designs will also gain popularity, such as combined qualitative/quantitative data approaches and comparison of outliers.
Concept Sampling: A New Twist for Content Analysis
Authors: Lissack Michael R.
Published: March 2007

A new form of sampling for qualitative content analysis is introduced-concept sampling. Making use of software originally targeted at finding documents on both the Internet and a user's hard drive, researchers can find important lexical concepts, document their use in context, separate groups of users who share similar meanings, and map the meanings in semantic space. The software is able to deal with a large corpus of data, eliminating many of the reliability problems associated with selective sampling, and with actual words used in context, eliminating the potential interpretive bias inherent in a researcher's choice of codes and coding concepts. Although the software is not capable of substituting for human judgment, it is capable of assisting a researcher in mastering a large unknown corpus quickly, thus allowing a researcher to devote more and better time to analysis and understanding. Examples are shown drawn from leading journals, books, interviews, and the Internet.
British Nonelite Road Running and Masculinity
Authors: SMITH STUART L.
Published: March 2007

A figurational framework is employed to analyze aspects of the phenomenon of mass nonelite road running in Britain, using data derived primarily from a series of 48 in-depth interviews with a range of participants. More particularly, the article explores the motivations of nonelite runners in the context of social change over their life course. It argues that many changes in Britain since the 1950s have involved shifts in power ratios to the relative disadvantage of the middle-class men in their thirties and forties, who dominate the entry at many events and have undermined traditional bases of masculine identity in work and the home. The data indicate that many nonelite runners, male and female, believe they enjoy the respect and admiration of nonparticipants through a demonstration of physical prowess that running long distances involves, a capacity traditionally more closely associated with the male.
(Re)Constructing Men's Interests
Authors: PEASE BOB
Published: March 2007

Do men have too much to lose to be reliable allies with women in challenging patriarchy? This article addresses this question by exploring feminist views about the “man question” and reflecting on a dialogue in a pro-feminist electronic discussion group about whether it is men's interests to change. It challenges the view that men, as individuals, have objective interests that arise as a consequence of being men in a patriarchal society and argues that while men may construct interests toward their own material well being, they may also construct ideal interests that are formed by support for more abstract principles. It is thus suggested that men formulate a sense of having particular interests and that they behave on the basis of this formulation. The implications of this view for reconstructing men's interests toward support for feminism are discussed.
The Role of the Men's Movement at the All-Male College
Authors: BANKART C. PETER
Published: March 2007

This article explores the potential of the men's movement to inform the education of men enrolled in single-sex colleges, and to engage men students in the study of gender and an exploration of masculinity. Much of the traditional focus of the men's movement is of little direct interest to eighteen- to twenty-three-year-old male undergraduates. The field of men's studies has two foci of great interest to college men, however. These include men's relationships with women—with a particular emphasis on the impact of gender on intimacy, communication, and sexuality, and men's relationships with other men. Issues of greatest importance to men in their relationships with other men include friendship and intimacy, competition and aggression, shared developmental experiences, perspectives on fathering, and the role of drugs and alcohol in their lives. Issues related to feminism and homophobia are more difficult to explore but are also of great interest and importance.
In an Imperfect World, Men with Small Penises are Unforgiven
Authors: LEHMAN PETER
Published: March 2007

Unforgiven and A Perfect World have a strong connection in their representation of masculinity—both films represent the “normal” penis as critical to the formation of “good” masculinity and the “abnormal” and usually small penis as being at the center of “bad” masculinity. In Unforgiven, the entire narrative is set in motion when a prostitute laughs at a cowboy for having a small penis. In A Perfect World, the prisoner who escapes with the Kevin Costner character tells the boy they kidnap that his penis is too small, although Costner later assures him otherwise. This foregrounding of the penis in the formation of masculinity in these Eastwood-directed films relates to other recent films such as True Lies, in which a pathetic used-car salesman pretends to be a secret agent so that he can seduce women, desperately explaining that he does so because he has a “little dick.”
The Measurement of Smoke From Thermal Insulation
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Murphy Regina M.
Published: March 2007

The smoke producing characteristics of various ma terials are discussed, with particular attention to thermal insula tion. The different methods of measuring smoke density are de scribed, and selected data are presented.
The Degradation of Thermal Insulating Mineral Fibers
Authors: Low Norman M.P.
Published: March 2007

An experimental study has been carried out to investigate the effect of the water medium on the material behavior of the inorganic mineral fibers. This was conducted by exposing the mineral fibers to simulated environmental con ditions, in which an excessive water medium and a heating treatment at temperature up to 100°C were maintained for a relatively short period of about 3-4 months. Results of the study showed that these inorganic mineral fibers exhibit a physical change transforming the long and thread-like filaments into small segments and granules as a result of the simultaneous exposure to the heat-humidity treatment. Microscopic examinations showed that the fibers displayed a growth of foreign substance and formation of a reticular network structure on the surface of the individual fibers. The cause of this material degradation process has been interpreted to be related to a chemical leaching process.
Effect of Condensation on Emittance of Reflective Insulation
Authors: Bassett M.R. , Trethowen H.A.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports a measured relationship between the surface density of droplet condensation on a reflective aluminum surface and the emittance to infra-red radiation. The data can be used to predict the effect of condensation on the thermal resistance of foil lined building cavities. The effect is quite strong with 1 g/m2 of condensate increasing the emittance of bright aluminium from .06 to 0.25. This would reduce the thermal resistance of a 100 mm deep reflec tive cavity with downward heat flow from 1.4 to 0.6 m2 K/W.
Transient Conduction and Radiation Heat Transfer in Porous Thermal Insulations
Authors: Tong T.W. , McElroy D.L. , Yarbrough D.W.
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes transient radiation and conduction heat transfer through planar porous materials. The transient response considered is caused by a sudden increase of heat generation at the hot boundary. The objective was to establish the effect of radiation on the temperature rise of the hot wall. The problem investigated is relevant to the use of transient methods for measuring the thermal conductivity of porous insulations. It was found that, in cases such as when the porous material is a light-weight fiberglass insulation, neglecting radiation would result in serious errors in predicting the hot wall temperature rise.
Experimental Procedures for Determination of Dynamic Response Using System Identification Techniques
Authors: Haghighat F. , Sander D.M.
Published: March 2007

Methods for determining dynamic thermal response using systems identification techniques are discussed. A test using a binary multi-frequency sequence as input to determine the response of a material sample is described. Z-transfer function coeffi cients are obtained using both frequency response analysis and least squares regres sion in time domain.
Ageing of Cellular Plastics: Creep and Its Effect on Thermal Performance
Authors: Collins M.H. , Lyle A.R.
Published: March 2007

The drive for more efficient utilisation of materials encourages an in tegrated design approach, with multifunctional use of materials Thus cellular plas tics may be asked to function, simultaneously, as insulation and as load-bearing ma terial. In such a case, creep can have an important effect.
Applying the DIPAC Model to Predict the Long-Term Thermal Performance of Extruded Polystyrene Foam
Authors: Hofton M.R.
Published: March 2007

The application of a model to predict long-term thermal perfor mance of extruded polystyrene foam aged under laboratory conditions and tested in laboratory equipment is described. No attempt was made to validate the model using foam aged and measured under service conditions A technique to determine key variables such as the mass extinction coefficient, imtial blowing agent fraction, and blowing agent diffusion rate from fitting data to the aging curves of thin slices is ex plained.

Two separate examples are used to show how the model may be used to predict ag ing of extruded polystyrene foam for up to three and one-half years by comparing calculated aging curves with actual behaviour. It was concluded that this model is an excellent research tool, but is too complex to use on a routine basis in its present form.
Impact Resistance of Polyurethane Foam Roofs against Hail
Authors: Kashiwagi Dean T. , Pandey Manoj K.
Published: March 2007

Facility managers and insurance carriers with extensive damages to roofs are concerned with the performance of sprayed-in-place elastomeric-coated SPF roof systems. This paper analyzes the resistance of different types ofSPF roofsys tems. This research identifies:

• use of the "information theory" to modify and add decision-making information to the Factory Mutual Class I, Severe Hail (FM-SH) test

• differences in hail resistance ofSPF roofs and recommendations for expanding the FM-SH test
Is There a Shortage of Knowledge in the Industry?
Authors: Samuelson Ingemar
Published: March 2007

At times, the construction industry exhibits little interest in new knowledge. But there is a lot of knowledge to be acquired, produced, e.g., by the Swedish Council for Building Research. The difficulty lies in having this knowl edge utilised, in spreading it in such a way that users can assimilate it. A good client demands that the consultants should have this knowledge.
A Conversation with Richard P. Kusserow, Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Authors: Johnson Paul L.
Published: March 2007

Interviewees should be persons who are important stakeholders for evaluations and those with views of general interest to practicing evaluators. Interviewers and interviewees may be one person or several (i.e., one person may interview one individual or a panel of individuals, a panel of interviewers may interview one or more interviewees, and so on). Paul Johnson, of the U.S. Public Health Service, is coordinating this section. Suggestions for interviewees and interviewers should be sent to Paul at 740-G Humphrey Bldg., 200 Independence Ave., S>W>, Washington, DC 20201.
Methodology of the World Development Report 1992: Development and the Environment
Authors: Bamberger Michael , Johnson Paul L.
Published: March 2007

Interviewees should be persons who are important stakeholders for evaluations and those with views of general interest to practicing evaluators. Interviewers and interviewees may be one person or several (i.e., one person may interview one individual or a panel of individuals, a panel of interviewers may interview one or more interviewees, and so on). Paul Johnson, of the U.S. Public health Service, is coordinating this section. Suggestions for interviewees and interviewers should be sent to Paul at 740-G Humphrey Bldg., 200 Independence Ave., S. W., Washington, DC 20201.
What Works in Program Evaluation
Authors: Hennessy Michael
Published: March 2007

The query, "What works in program evaluation" can be answered on the basis of information already known to many evaluators. Documentation of procedures needed to justify evaluative conclusions in summative evaluations of the impact of large, expensive social programs has led to four propositions proffered as reflective of what works in any such outcome evaluation.
A World Larger than Formative and Summative
Authors: Patton Michael Quinn
Published: March 2007

Patton continues the debate by identifying three arenas of evaluation practice in which the formative/summative dichotomy appears limited: knowledge-generating evaluations aimed at conceptual rather than instrumental use; developmental evaluation; and use of evaluation processes to support interventions or empower participants. In so doing, the essence of "evaluation" is more broadly defined, and the impact of harsh criticism on the listener is demonstrated through personal example.
Differential Item Functioning in Attitude Assessment1,2
Authors: Johanson George A.
Published: March 2007

Differential item functioning (DIF) is not often seen in the literature on attitude assessment. A brief discussion of DIF and methods of implementation is followed by an illustrative example from a program evaluation, using an attitude-towards-science scale with 1550 children in grades one through six. An item exhibiting substantial DIF with respect to gender was detected using the Mantel-Haenszel procedure. In a second example, data from workshop evaluations with 1682 adults were recoded to a binary format, and it was found that an item suspected of functioning George A. Johanson differentially with respect to age groups was, in fact, not doing so. Implications for evaluation practice are discussed.
The Efficacy of Expectancy Disconfirmation in Explaining Crime Victim Satisfaction With the Police
Authors: Chandek Meghan Stroshine , Porter Christopher O.L.H.
Published: March 2007

In the current era of community policing, it may be argued that the police have come to be seen as having a "business orientation" (Ericson and Haggerty 1997). In this respect, the police are viewed as service providers and their clientele (the public) are seen as consumers of that service. One important subgroup of this consumer population are crime victims. Tra ditional approaches to the study of crime victim satisfaction with the po lice have examined the roles played by victim demographic characteristics, police behavior or conduct, police activities and case status variables in determining satisfaction with the police (Brandl and Horvath 1991; Percy 1980; Poister and McDavid 1978; Shapland 1983). Prior research, how ever, has failed to acknowledge the central role that crime victim expecta tions, in relation to police activities, may play in determining overall satisfaction with the police. Expectancy Disconfirmation theory provides a promising framework for filling this gap. This study provides the first attempt to specifically study the role that expectations play in determining satisfaction with the police. Results of ANOVA and Binary Probit analy ses provide compelling evidence that crime victim expectations and their subsequent confirmation are effective predictors of victim satisfaction.
Serum Prolactin in Breastfeeding: State of the Science
Authors: Hill Pamela D. , Chatterton Robert T. , Aldag Jean C.
Published: March 2007

Prolactin is one of two major hormones involved in lactation. While the role of infant suckling and oxytocin in the lactation process are well understood, the role of prolactin is less clear. A variety of factors related to prolactin have been investigated, and these are used as an organizing framework for this article. Factors include pregnancy, lactation, nursing frequency, prior lactation experience, milk production, and pharmacologic agents. The literature, while substantial in amount, presents inconsistencies. Implications for practice are discussed.
Theorizing Women's Studies Gender Studies and Masculinity: The Politics of Naming
Authors: Richardson Diane , Robinson Victoria
Published: March 2007

This paper theorizes the relationship between women's studies and gender studies and will explore the increasing use of the category 'gender' to analyse sexual divisions and the related growth of gender studies courses. It will also examine the creation of 'men's studies' courses and an increasing emphasis on the deconstruction of masculinity within social theory. A number of questions are raised around these shifts and changes. Should we welcome them because they broaden the scope of theoretical enquiry, encompassing both female and male experience, and further the institutionalization of gender issues within the academy? Or should we be critical of such developments because they may lead to a narrower political and theoretical agenda in terms of analyses of women's experience?
A Reply to Reynolds's Critique of Learning Style
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene
Published: March 2007

In 1997 Reynolds presented a critique of learning styles in which he lamented the readiness of practitioners to embrace instruments such as the Learning Styles Questionnaire and argued for learning styles and other forms of labelling to be discontinued. It is the contention of this reply that Reynolds may have conflated the concepts of learning styles, learning strategies and cognitive style. While learning style may be a term rendered somewhat meaningless and potentially redundant by over-usage and a weak theoretical base, the notions of cognitive style (for which there is growing empirical and physiological evidence) and learning strategy are valid concepts which managerial learning should incorporate into its pedagogy.
The Emotional Cost of Managerial Learning At Work
Authors: Snell Robin S.
Published: March 2007

I Interviewed office staff in three organisations about their non-course based learning. I analysed how the various patterns of learning related to the various outcomes. My interviewees had not used the full range of possible learning patterns and had undergone unnecessary pain and discomfort in their learning. If my interviewees' experiences are representative of those of managers in general, and I think they are, the implications are that managers need help in combining proactivity, elegance and opportunism in their choice and use of learning patterns I suggest some starting ideas.
Organizational Storytelling
Authors: Boje David M.
Published: March 2007

All organizations are learning organizations. Some are learning sites for a more exploitive capitalist pedagogy. The purpose of this paper is to explore three historical discourses, pre-modernism, modernism and postmodernism, to reveal the pedagogy and resistances in learning organizations. Its contribution is to theorize organizations as a struggle of fragmented, polyvocal (having multiple voices), polysemous (having multiple meanings) and polydiscursive learning struggles. In organizational learning and in the modern-versus-postmodern debate, pre-modern management issues get less theoretical attention than they deserve. To this day, universities, judiciaries and corporate boardrooms sustain many pre-modern traditions of social welfare, apprenticeship and collective governance. Organizations are also sites for the struggle of modernist and postmodernist organizational learning. Tamara, a play with wandering and fragmented audiences chasing wandering storytellers, is presented as a multi-discursive metaphor to explain this theory of a distributed, multifaceted network of struggling organizational learning pedagogies.
The Problems and Prospects of Postmodern Management Discourse
Authors: Nodoushani Omid
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this essay is to extend the post-positivist movement within the discipline of management by critically examining the contributions of postmodern management discourse. In this respect, a critical re-examination of postmodern capitalism, business ethics, organization theory and corporate culture aims at the issues as well as the problems involved with this discourse. Moreover, the frenzy over the birth of a postmodern social science raises questions about the nature or criticism that postmodernism has made against the dominant positivist paradigm.
Learning Styles: A Critique
Authors: Reynolds Michael
Published: March 2007

The concept of `learning style' is virtually taken for granted in management development, in spite of considerable doubts about its validity from within cognitive psychology and education. The first part of this paper summarizes research that is critical of `learning styles', particularly in the form which predominates within management development and introduces the alternative concept of learning strategy, which is rarely encountered in this field. The second part of the paper develops a critique of learning style theory from a critical education perspective, raising even more significant concerns that in decontextualizing learning the concept of style may provide a discriminatory basis for dealing with difference in gender or race.
Great Ideas and Blind Alleys? A Review of the Literature on Starting Research
Authors: Saunders Mark N. K. , Lewis Philip
Published: March 2007

This paper aims to address the problem of the way in which the topic identification stage is covered by many of the management and business general research textbooks. Advice offered in these textbooks is summarized, integrated and built upon. As part of this, techniques and inside accounts discussing topic identification are indexed to individual textbooks and a composite list of attributes required of a good research problem provided. An inside account of topic identification further emphasizes the need to make novice researchers aware of the realities of the process. The paper concludes with a discussion in which it is argued that more emphasis needs to be placed on the realities of the topic identification process. In particular it argues that the inevitable presence of blind alleys and seemingly irrelevant discussions provides considerable advantages to all researchers, including the novice.
Once Upon a Time in the Bureaucracy: Power and Public Sector Management
Authors: Stokes Jon , Clegg Stewart
Published: March 2007

The paper considers empirical data drawn from organizational change of a large Australian public sector organization in the context of debate about reform of public sector organizations. It provides an ethnographic account of new public management that confounds propositions drawn from literatures both sympathetic and antithetical to this reform process. Empirically, we find that sedimented bureaucratic principles and innovative `enterprising' freedom produce new power games around contradictory and unresolved dualisms. Neither reform hopes nor liberal anxieties are supported: instead, we identify continuing points for pressure in the organizational politics of bureaucratic reform.
Writing Organizational Analysis into Foucault
Authors: Knights David
Published: March 2007

In certain areas of social science and the humanities, Foucault has had an enormous influence in recent years. In particular, history, feminist and gender research, literary studies, philosophy, politics, psychiatry, and sociology have not been able to ignore the radical interventions of Foucault's attempts to think the unthought. Organization theory has not been immune to Foucault's constant challenge to what is taken for granted and his skeptical views of the work of what he named `universal intellectuals', who claim to speak on behalf of individuals, groups or populations. Foucault's skepticism about historicist and totalizing systems of thought and practice fits the era. His demand is that we question conventional thinking not because it is necessarily wrong but because it is dangerous. Contrasted with the way that much organization theory simply uses Foucault as a convenient resource, this article attempts to push organizational analysis toward Foucault until the pips squeak.
Knowing the Unknowable? A Discussion of Methodological and Theoretical Issues in Emotion Research and Organizational Studies
Authors: Sturdy Andrew
Published: March 2007

Emotion is only just beginning to be incorporated into organizational studies and relatively little attention has been given to methodological and related theoretical issues. These present considerable challenges, not least because emotion is considered to be especially elusive-private, intangible, transient, unmanageable, and even `unknowable-and is a complex that spans disciplinary divides and attention. At the same time, these characteristics and its relative novelty in organizational studies present the prospect of contributing to debates in critical social theory which both challenge and develop rationalistic and dualistic analyses which separate reason from emotion, private from public and body from culture, for example. The article explores some of these issues through a discussion of different claimed characteristics of emotion and associated methodological approaches and dilemmas. It is also shown how emotion research can draw attention to more general political and moral research issues as well as the emotional nature of producing knowledge. In addition to raising specific possibilities for research methods and topics, different broad theoretical directions for emotion research in organizational studies are outlined. This points to the prospects of enriching existing theoretical streams and/or constructively challenging the broader disciplinary theories from which they are derived.
`Know Thyself': Self-Awareness, Self-Formation and Managing
Authors: Townley Barbara
Published: March 2007

In this paper, I argue that self-knowledge is an important dimension of our understanding of management as a practice. Using the work of Foucault, I trace a distinction between self-awareness and self-formation. I argue that contemporary mechanisms of self-knowledge available in management education and development are premised on self-awareness and that this sustains a broader discourse of management as the interpretation and satisfaction of needs. This discourse is inherently hierarchical. I argue that revisiting the concept of self-formation allows for the articulation of an understanding of managing and organizing based on the concept of rights.
Pluralist Epistemology and the Knowledge-Based Theory of the Firm
Authors: Spender J. -C.
Published: March 2007

Our focus is the differences between monist and pluralist epistemologies. We want to illustrate how the adoption of a pluralist epistemology can reshape our theorizing about firms, organizations and their management. We can then build theories that are inherently dynamic and treat firms and organizations as the processes of creating the values which markets distribute. But to do this we must move beyond today's positivist monist conventions to a kind of epistemological pluralism that some might describe as postmodern. Given this shift we can then address the kinds of dynamic non-equilibrium systems that are proving of increasing interest to social and economic systems theorists. Our conclusion is that useful knowledge-based theories of the firm are less theories of objective entities `out there' than sets of contextualized heuristics guiding managers' intervention in their organizations as quasi-autonomous systems.
Geopolitics as Theory:
Authors: DEUDNEY DANIEL
Published: March 2007

Despite its previous centrality in Western political science, materialist arguments in contemporary theories of security politics are neglected and attenuated due to several political and intellectual developments. The extensive geopolitical literature of the late 19th and early 20th centuries was theoretically unsophisticated, deterministic and reductionist, but it was, along with classical Marxism, a branch of a broader attempt to historicize earlier materialist arguments in response to the industrial and Darwinian revolutions. In order to reformulate geopolitics as a more conceptually robust and sophisticated theory, I employ a generalized version of the apparatus of Marxian historical (production) materialism to construct geopolitics as historical security materialism. In this model, the forces of destruction, constituted by the interaction of geography and technology, determine the security functionality of different modes of protection. Two competing modes of protection, the real-state and the federal-republican, distilled from realist and republican (proto-liberal) security practices, entail differing forms of arms control and patterns of institution-building ( asymmetrical binding vs co-binding), and in turn generate differing political structures (anarchy and hierarchy vs republics and states-unions). The security viability of these modes and their attendant structures is hypothesized to vary across three different sets of forces of destruction (early-modern, global-industrial and planetary-nuclear). Simple security, the absence of violence applied to bodies, can result either from the presence of a violence-poor material context, or the presence of political restraints on violence. Real-state practices and structures are security functional in material contexts characterized by low violence volume and velocity and dysfunctional in material contexts of high violence volume and velocity, while the converse is true for federal-republican practices and structures. The role of ancillary concepts of contradiction, reification and idealism is suggested and an agenda for further conceptual work and empirical research is outlined.
Democratic Governance Beyond the Nation-State:
Authors: ZÜRN MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

International institutions not only increase system effectiveness or output legitimacy, but are also a normatively plausible response to the problems for democracy that are caused by globalization. In this way, international institutions also increase input legitimacy. It is therefore a false approach to pin down the problem of democracy beyond the nation-state as a choice between `effective problem-solving through international institutions' and `democratic political processes'. At the same time, it is indisputable that the actual functioning of these international institutions does not meet democratic standards. By correctly pointing to the deficits of current international institutions, sceptics too quickly conclude that most deficits in the working of international institutions cannot be remedied. The sceptical argument is founded on two more or less explicit background hypotheses that can be empirically challenged. The first background hypothesis states that a demos cannot exist at the transnational level. I will modify this statement in theoretical terms and offer some conceptual distinctions that may prepare the ground for further empirical investigation. The second background hypothesis of the sceptics postulates a zero-sum relationship between national sovereignty and supranationality. I will put forward some concrete institutional proposals that undermine the zero-sum logic of the sceptics, concluding that in a denationalized society, democratic legitimacy can only be achieved by a mixed constitution comprising majority procedures and negotiation mechanisms.
Making the Future Inevitable: Legitimizing, Naturalizing and Stabilizing. The Transition in Estonia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan
Authors: HOPF TED
Published: March 2007

In discussions of post-communist transitional politics, it is common-place to find arguments that attribute regime stability to a government's capacity to legitimize its policies. And the most robust source of such legitimacy is often adduced to economic achievements appreciated by the public. But many political theorists have developed an important distinction between regime stability that comes about through legitimacy and that which derives from naturalization, the latter being a population's acceptance of a regime and its policies because of the unthinkability of any alternative. Legitimization is most often considered to be the result of democratic procedures, while naturalization does not need democratic conditions to effect political stability. Collective conversations in the form of focus group transcripts reveal that the transitions in Estonia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan evidence both forms of political stabilization. In Estonia, discourses of legitimization and naturalization are evident; in Uzbekistan, some legitimization, but little naturalization; but in Ukraine, neither source of support for the continuation of the transition is available.
Toward a Cultural Theory of Duties
Authors: Moghaddam Fathali M. , Slocum Nikki R. , Finkel Norman , Mor Tzili , HarrÈ Rom
Published: March 2007

This article puts forward a number of propositions as a step toward a cultural theory of duties. The concept of ‘duty’ is set up in contrast to that of ‘rights’, in that while the former is owed to others, the latter are demanded of others. We believe that the psychology of duty has been neglected. Duties are associated with important continuities in social life, and to elaborate this point we introduce the concept of carriers, symbolic devices on which people hang cultural elements they want to maintain. Duties, we propose, have their origins in certain perennial social psychological features of social life, predating the origins of writing and formal law and government. Thus unformalized (normative) duties pre-date black-letter law duties, the latter tending to be installed as the formal expression of the former. The same conduct, in the sense of publicly observable actions, can often be described either as the implementation of a right, or as the fulfillment of a duty, depending on the cultural context. Where the line is drawn between normative and black-letter duties also varies across cultures. We argue that at any time, normative duties are closer to societal ideals than are black-letter duties. Finally, we propose that after achieving equal rights in black-letter law, minorities should shift their focus to the correlative duties that arise from their change in moral status. At the same time this entails that the majority fulfills its duty to implement the minorities’ rights.
Cultural People and Cultural Contexts: Comments on Cole (1995) and Wertsch (1995)
Authors: Moll Ian
Published: March 2007

The issue of 'cultural relativism' that has framed much of cross-cultural psychology or social and cultural anthropology poses interesting problems which are analysed as triggered by the papers by Cole (1995) and Wertsch (1995). Cultural psychology may benefit from a consistent assertion that people are basically the same, that they have the same basic cognitive processes, despite different forms of cultural experience. This, of course, supposes an ontological distinction between mind and society.

Comparing cultures in terms of manifest performance of persons may be a misguided venture based on essentially unproductive concepts of both mind and culture. In the approach offered here, /culture' becomes conceived as the process that transforms individuals in social, institutional and historical contexts just as much as it is the process whereby individuals transform those contexts; it is the process whereby universal historical constraints make the development of mind possible
Culture, Words and Understanding
Authors: Bamberg Michael
Published: March 2007

Goddard's (1997) comparative analysis of English and Malay surprise words is critically evaluated. While his major aim to overcome ethnocentric semantic comparisons is generally laudable, the methodological tool in the form of a universal inventory of lexical items is argued to prove unable to perform this job. First, in its explication of surprise scenarios, the natural semantic metalanguage falls short of delivering more or better insights than traditional interpretative approaches to human actions and texts. Second, the discursive orientations and perspectives within which emotion terms are put to use in actual talk are washed out. Consequently, in order to achieve some richer understanding of emotion terms, particularly those of a foreign language, fuller contours of emotion talk need to be taken into account.
Emotion Discourse
Authors: Edwards Derek
Published: March 2007

Discursive psychology is defined and illustrated in terms of how people describe and invoke emotions in everyday talk and text. Materials from counselling sessions and newspaper texts show how emotion descriptions are used in narrative accounts and explanations, both in building and in undermining the sensibility of a person’s actions. It is suggested that, rather than stemming from fixed cognitive scenarios that define what each emotion word means, emotion discourse deploys a flexible range of oppositions and contrasts that are put to service in the situated rhetoric of description and counter-description, narrative and counter-narrative. The rich variety and situated uses of emotion words and metaphors suggest a set of rhetorical affordances in which different parts or potentials of meaning, even contrasting ones for the same word, may be worked up and deployed. The article works with a tentative list of 10 rhetorical contrasts.
Mind and Society: A Response to Derek Edwards’‘Emotion Discourse’
Authors: Gee James Paul
Published: March 2007

This paper extends Derek Edwards’ (1999) assertion that accounts of emotions are constructed using a repertoire of linguistic forms in specific contexts for specific goals and interests. The notion of situated meanings offers a fruitful way of conceptualizing linkages between mind and meaning construction, on the one hand, and social practices that organize them, on the other. Situated meanings are context-responsive assemblies constructed on-line from meanings based in prior experience. These mid-level constructions are linked with cultural models, which provide simplified narratives or theories of the world. Social practices provide apprenticeship in the ‘right’ sorts of experiences so that persons form the ‘right’ sorts of cultural models and make sense of experience in keeping with the ideologies embedded in these cultural models. Patterns of socioculturally specific and ideologically laden practices, activities and institutions reflect and are reflected by our mental representations.
Organized Factions and Disorganized Parties
Authors: Morgenstern Scott
Published: March 2007

This paper extends the study of party organization and legislative voting to factionalized party systems. After developing a typology of factional types, it argues that hierarchically organized factions respond to a competing incentive system. Factions have interests that push them to work together for the good of the party, but at the same time they have interests in distinguishing themselves for electoral purposes. Further, the electoral cycle drives the weights of these competing pressures, leading factional cooperation to break down as elections near. These patterns and incentives are particularly evident in Uruguay, and the paper uses roll call data from that country's legislature to test the propositions.
De-Linking Labor
Authors: Piazza James
Published: March 2007

This article evaluates the thesis that the relationship between national labor movements and social democratic political parties has become `delinked' in the past two decades as a result of globalization. As globalization has undermined the political relevance of unions, social democratic parties have pursued independent, and more conservative, policies and have courted a diversity of other interest groups. This thesis is tested using a pooled time-series multiple regression analysis of 16 advanced industrialized countries spanning the period 1950-95. Globalization - measured both in terms of a country's general `openness' to the world economy and specifically in terms of international trade and direct investment abroad - is found to be positively related both to the widening success gap between unions and social democratic parties and to the growing policy conservatism of social democratic parties.
Structuralism versus Intentionalism in Post-Communist Party System Evolution
Authors: Chan Kenneth Ka-Lok
Published: March 2007

In challenging the notion that Polish parties completely failed to contribute to the consolidation of the country's new democracy, this Research Note develops a line of analysis synthesizing historically created structures and legacies, aspects of social and political change, institutional developments and contingent choices. The author contends that, a decidedly inauspicious environment notwithstanding, Polish party leaders have indeed developed strategies which have contributed to consolidation of the democratic system as a whole. The evidence suggests that in order to identify the exact mechanisms of party and party system formation one must go beyond the conventional historical and sociological explanations. This study calls for a new research agenda for the comparative study of party politics in the region.
The Institutionalization of Extreme Right-wing Charismatic Parties: a Paradox?
Authors: Pedahzur Ami , Brichta Avraham
Published: March 2007

In this article, we explain the puzzling continuous success of the far right-wing parties in Europe by using micro-organizational factors such as charismatic leadership and cohesive party organization, contributing to the process of party institutionalization and demonstrating the success of the extreme right-wing parties. We attempt to solve what appears to be a paradox of the institutionalization of far right charismatic parties on the basis of theories of party leadership and party institutionalization. In this endeavour we first define the concept of charismatic parties, and then outline our argument regarding the paradox of charismatic institutionalization and present criteria for measuring institutionalization of charismatic parties. Finally, we outline a proposed theory of `hard charismatic parties' institutionalization. The French FN (Front National) and the Austrian FPÖ (Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs) serve as case studies to test our proposed model.
The Politics of the `Third Way'
Authors: Green-Pedersen Christoffer , van Kersbergen Kees
Published: March 2007

The development of European Social Democracy has once more attracted significant scholarly attention. This time, the debate is centred around the `third way' as the catchphrase for the transformation of European Social Democracy. Based on the experience of the Danish and Dutch Social Democrats, two questions are raised in this article, namely what has caused the renewal of Social Democracy and what explains different sequences of change in different countries? The answer to the first question is that the transformation is driven by the search for a new formula for combining social justice and effective economic governance after the failure of the Keynesian formula in the 1970s and 1980s. This, and not so much changes in the preferences of the electorate in a liberal and libertarian direction, is driving the transformation. The answer to the second question is that differences in the strategic situation of the Social Democratic parties in terms of office-seeking and holding on to power explain different sequences.
Mixed Electoral Rules and Party Strategies
Authors: Herron Erik S.
Published: March 2007

Research on mixed electoral systems indicates that contamination effects between proportional representation and single-member district components should encourage political parties to maximize the number of placements in single-member districts under non-compensatory mixed rules. However, many parties in Russia and Ukraine fielded candidates in relatively few district races, while some nominated candidates in most districts in recent parliamentary elections. The article proposes possible solutions to this puzzle, identifying incentives and disincentives to maximizing candidate nominations in the districts and illustrating them with case analyses of strategies pursued by Ukraine's Rukh and Russia's Yabloko parties.
Tentative Steps towards Multi-Partyism in Mozambique
Authors: Wood Geoffrey , Haines Richard
Published: March 2007

Based on a range of documentary sources and in-depth interviews, this article focuses on the changing fortunes of Mozambique's political parties following democratization. On the one hand, most seem firmly committed to the new multi-party system, whilst the prospect of a resumption of general armed hostilities has become increasingly remote. On the other hand, there are few clear policy differentials between the major parties. Indeed, the bulk of political contestation concerns access to patronage and material resources rather than matters of principle.
Venezuela's Political Party System
Authors: Myers David J.
Published: March 2007

Focusing on post-1958 party system evolution in Venezuela, this study examines how elite reactions to four defining events diluted relationships between structural cleavages and partisanship. These events were the unification of elite factions behind procedural democracy, post-1973 increases in state income from the international sale of petroleum, the late 1980s economic downturn and the armed forces' failure to gain widespread support for a military government following the initially popular coup attempt of 4 February 1992. The structural cleavages that orientated partisanship early in the democratic experience divided the poor from others, the Caracas-dominated center from the periphery, city-dwellers from rural residents, and locations in which traditional culture prevailed from those dominated by modern culture. The partisan-orientating impact of the first two structural cleavages declined after elite agreements and high international prices for petroleum provided resources that allowed the dominant Acción Democrática (AD - Democratic Action) and Partido Socialcristiano (COPEI - Social Christian Party) political parties to coopt multi-class support. The latter structural cleavages eroded in response to economic development and gradually lost their political relevance.