bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lack of association between Flavobacterium columnare genomovar and virulence in hybrid tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) × Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner)
Authors: Shoemaker C A , LaFrentz B R
Published: June 2014

Columnaris disease can be problematic in tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) production. An understanding of the pathogenesis and virulence of Flavobacterium columnare is needed to develop prevention strategies. The objective of this study was to determine the virulence of genetically defined isolates of F. columnare in sex‐reversed hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) × O. aureus (Steindachner). A series of immersion challenge trials were performed using isolates of the five established genomovars of F. columnare: I, II, II‐B, III and I/II. The mean per cent mortality of fish challenged with genomovar I, II and III isolates ranged from 0 to 100, 3.3–78 and 3.3–75%, respectively. The mean per cent mortality of fish challenged with genomovar II‐B ranged from 35 to 96.7%, and the only genomovar I/II isolate tested caused no mortality. Contrary to previous work in other fish species, there did not appear to be an association between F. columnare genomovar and virulence in tilapia. The challenge model used resulted in acute mortality. An alternative challenge model was tested by cohabitating healthy fish with dead fish infected with F. columnare. This method resulted in rapid appearance of clinical signs and mortality, suggesting the potential for F. columnare to increase in virulence upon growth on/in a fish host.
Development of a risk score to stratify symptomatic adults referred for colonoscopy
Authors: Law Chee‐Wei , Rampal Sanjay , Roslani April C , Mahadeva Sanjiv
Published: June 2014

Background and Aim

With an increasing burden on overstretched colonoscopy services, a simple risk score for significant pathology in symptomatic patients may aid in the prioritization of patients.

Methods

A derivative study of a risk score model for colonic neoplasia (colorectal carcinoma [CRC] and advanced adenoma) and CRC alone was conducted in symptomatic adults referred for an index colonoscopy. The accuracy of the final model was assessed by the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve and the Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness‐of‐fit statistic.

Results

A total of 1013 subjects (mean age 59.9 ± 13.7 years, 52.3% females) from a multi‐ethnic Asian background (Chinese 56%, Malay 20.4%, Indian 21.5%) were recruited. Colonic neoplasia and CRC were identified in 175 (17.3%) and 114 (11.3%) cases, respectively. Risk scores were assigned to individual factors identified in a logistic regression model of both demographic (age, gender, ethnicity, education level, smoking history, Aspirin use) and clinical symptoms (change in bowel habit, bloody stool, weight loss, appetite loss, lethargy). The risk score for each patient was the sum of their individual risk factors. The AUC of the risk score for colonic neoplasia and CRC was 0.76 (Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness‐of‐fit statistic of P = 0.745) and 0.83 (Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness‐of‐fit statistic of P = 0.982), respectively.

Conclusion

A simple risk score for colonic neoplasia and CRC may be able to prioritize colonoscopy referrals in symptomatic subjects from a multi‐ethnic background. A further study to validate this scoring system is required.
Clinical association between non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and the development of hypertension
Authors: Ryoo Jae‐Hong , Suh Young Ju , Shin Ho Cheol , Cho Yong Kyun , Choi Joong‐Myung , Park Sung Keun
Published: June 2014

Background and Aim

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is getting an increasing attention for its clinical implications on cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, epidemiologic data are not so evident to sustain the causative association between NAFLD and hypertension, the major cause of CVD. Accordingly, we designed this study to investigate the clinical association between NAFLD and the development of hypertension.

Methods

To assess the natural course of blood pressure according to degree of NAFLD (normal, mild, and moderate to severe), we conducted a prospective cohort study on the 22 090 Korean men without hypertension for 5 years. We serially checked the various metabolic factors including systolic and diastolic blood pressure in order to monitor the development of hypertension.

Results

The incidence rate of hypertension increased according to the degree of NAFLD (normal: 14.4%, mild: 21.8%, moderate to severe: 30.1%, P < 0.001). Even after adjusting for other multiple covariates, the hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for hypertension were higher in the mild group (1.07; 1.00–1.15) and moderate to severe group (1.14; 1.00–1.30), compared with normal group, respectively (P for trend < 0.001).

Conclusion

Development of hypertension is more potentially associated with the more progressive NAFLD than normal or milder state. In addition, NAFLD was an independent risk factor for hypertension.
Human cationic trypsinogen but not serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 1 variants increase the risk of type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis
Authors: Chang Ming‐Chu , Jan I‐Shiow , Liang Po‐Chin , Jeng Yung‐Ming , Yang Ching‐Yao , Tien Yu‐Wen , Wong Jau‐Min , Chang Yu‐Ting
Published: June 2014

Background and Aim

Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a distinct disease entity. Whether the genes involved in pancreatic acinar cell injury, cationic trypsinogen gene (protease, serine, 1 [trypsin 1] [PRSS1]) and the pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor gene (serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 1 [SPINK1]), are associated with AIP remains to be explored.

Methods

Genetic analyses of PRSS1 variants (exon 2 and 3) and SPINK1 variants (exon 1, 2, and 3) including the intronic areas in 118 patients with AIP and 200 control subjects were performed by direct DNA sequencing. Clinical features including imaging, histology, serology, response to steroid, and extra‐pancreatic organ involvement in AIP patients with and without variants were compared.

Results

A total of 19 PRSS1 variants and one SPINK1 variant were identified in 20 (16.9%) out of 118 AIP patients. They included one K92N, nine R116C, seven T137M, one C139S, and one C139F of PRSS1 and one 2(IVS3 + 2) of SPINK1. No PRSS1 or SPINK1 variant was identified in the control group. Patients with PRSS1 variants had an increased risk of AIP with odds ratio 22.37 (95% confidence interval: 2.96–168.8, P = 0.003) and higher frequency of serum IgG4 above 280 mg/dL. Using immunosuppressive agent and PRSS1 variant were predictors of less disease relapse in univariate analysis. Presence of PRSS1 variants was the only negative predictor for disease relapse in multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

We found a significantly higher frequency of PRSS1 variants in AIP patients than in geographically and ethnically matched control subjects. PRSS1 variants are associated with less disease relapse in AIP.
Risk of adenomas with high‐risk characteristics based on two previous colonoscopy
Authors: Suh Kang‐Heum , Koo Ja Seol , Hyun Jong Jin , Choi Jungsoon , Han Jang Soo , Kim Seung Young , Jung Sung Woo , Jeen Yoon Tae , Lee Sang Woo , Choi Jai Hyun
Published: June 2014

Background and Aim

The recommended intervals between surveillance colonoscopies are based on the most recent examination findings. However, whether the two previous colonoscopies affect second surveillance colonoscopic findings is not established. The aim of this study is to estimate the risk of obtaining high‐risk findings (HRF) on the next surveillance colonoscopy using the results of two previous colonoscopies, and to estimate the appropriate time interval for the next surveillance colonoscopy.

Methods

Among subjects who underwent screening colonoscopy during January 2002–December 2009, patients who underwent second surveillance colonoscopy before June 2012 were enrolled. “No adenoma” was defined as a hyperplastic polyp or no polyp, “low‐risk findings (LRF)” as one or two small (< 1 cm) tubular adenomas, and “HRF” as advanced adenoma, cancer, or any sized multiple (≥ 3) adenomas.

Results

Among enrolled 852 subjects, 65 (7.6%) had HRF at second surveillance colonoscopy. Multivariate analysis showed that HRF on second surveillance colonoscopy were associated with male and HRF on screening colonoscopy (all, P < 0.01). In subjects with LRF on first surveillance colonoscopy, HRF on the screening colonoscopy significantly affected the detection of HRF on second surveillance colonoscopy (P < 0.01). Patients with HRF on screening colonoscopy and LRF on the first surveillance colonoscopy had no different risk of HRF on second surveillance colonoscopy from those with HRF on first surveillance colonoscopy (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

The HRF on second surveillance are significantly associated with previous two colonoscopic results. In patients with LRF on first surveillance, screening colonoscopic findings should be considered to determine the optimal surveillance interval.
TOGETHER – A Couples’ Program to Improve Communication, Coping, and Financial Management Skills: Development and Initial Pilot‐Testing
Authors: Falconier Mariana K.
Published: June 2014

The accumulated knowledge about the negative impact of financial strain on couple's relationship functioning and the magnitude of the latest economic downturn have brought together the fields of financial counseling and couples’ therapy. This article describes the development of a new interdisciplinary program that aims at helping couples under financial strain improve their financial management, communication, and dyadic coping skills. The article also reports the results from its initial pilot‐testing with data collected from 18 financially distressed couples before and after participation in the program and 3 months later. Results from repeated measures ANOVAs suggest that the program may help reduce both partners’ financial strain and the male negative communication and improve both partners’ financial management skills and strategies to cope together with financial strain, and the male relationship satisfaction. These findings together with the high satisfaction reported by participants regarding the structure and content of the sessions and homework suggest that this program may be a promising approach to help couples experiencing financial strain. Gender differences, clinical implications, and possibilities for further research are also discussed.
Predicting Change in Marital Satisfaction Throughout Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy
Authors: Dalgleish Tracy L. , Johnson Susan M. , Burgess Moser Melissa , Lafontaine Marie‐France , Wiebe Stephanie A. , Tasca Giorgio A.
Published: June 2014

Emotionally focused couple therapy (EFT) is an empirically validated approach to couple therapy that uses attachment theory to understand the needs and emotions of romantic partners. EFT is recognized as one of the most effective approaches to couple therapy, but to guide therapists in their use of EFT, a theoretically based model to predict change is needed. This study tested such a model by recruiting 32 couples, and 14 therapists who provided approximately 21 sessions of EFT. Couples completed self‐report measures of marital satisfaction, attachment security, relationship trust, and emotional control at pre‐ and posttherapy and after each therapy session. Results of hierarchical linear modeling suggested that individuals higher on self‐report attachment anxiety and higher levels of emotional control had greater change in marital satisfaction across EFT sessions. Assessing attachment security at the start of therapy will inform therapists of the emotion regulating strategies used by couples and may help couples achieve positive outcomes from EFT.
A randomized comparison of the efficacy of low volume deep placement cheek injection vs. mid‐ to deep dermal nasolabial fold injection technique for the correction of nasolabial folds
Authors: Goodier Molly , Elm Kendra , Wallander Irmina , Zelickson Brian , Schram Sarah
Published: June 2014

Background

Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers are FDA approved for improving the appearance of the nasolabial folds. Previous reports on the use of HA for this treatment have focused on injections directly into the location of the desired correction. To our knowledge, a study has not been done evaluating the efficacy of injecting a low volume of HA into the adjacent area of volume loss to correct both volume loss and adjacent lines.

Objective

The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness and safety of three HA injection protocols including deep dermal cheek injection, mid‐ to deep dermal local nasolabial fold injection, and both injections for the correction of nasolabial folds.

Methods

This was a split‐face, randomized study evaluating the use of three injection techniques – (i) deep bolus injection into the mid‐ to lateral cheek, (ii) local mid‐ to deep dermal injection into the nasolabial fold, and (iii) both deep injection into the mid‐ to lateral cheek and local mid‐ to deep dermal injection into the nasolabial fold – for the treatment of moderate to severe nasolabial folds. Wrinkle severity and Global Aesthetic Improvement Scales were measured before and 4–6 weeks after treatment as assessed by a blinded investigator.

Results

Patient and physician observations showed improvement both globally and in wrinkle severity score with each technique used with no statistical difference between techniques. Patients showed a slight preference for injection to both the mid‐ to lateral cheek and nasolabial fold, which was associated with the greatest amount of filler product administered. No serious adverse events were reported.

Conclusion

Injection of a dermal filler, at low volumes, into either the nasolabial fold or mid‐ to lateral cheek results in similar improvement to the correction of the nasolabial folds.
Combination of intense pulsed light, Sculptra, and Ultherapy for treatment of the aging face
Authors: Friedmann Daniel P , Fabi Sabrina G , Goldman Mitchel P
Published: June 2014

Introduction

Facial aging is a gradual process that involves a complex interaction of multiple factors including cutaneous photodamage and laxity, subcutaneous tissue volume loss, and bony resorption. These features have all been show to significantly improve with intense pulsed light (IPL), microfocused ultrasound (MFUS, Ultherapy), and poly‐L‐lactic acid (PLLA).

Methods

To review the use ofIPL,MFUS, andPLLAin combination with the treatment of facial aging.

Results

Despite their extensive individual safety record, there is little data regarding combination therapy with these minimally invasive modalities.

Conclusions

IPL,MFUS, andPLLAmay be safely performed in a single treatment session to target multiple tissue planes concurrently without increased adverse events.
Child Care and Child Births: The Role of Grandparents in the Netherlands
Authors: Thomese Fleur , Liefbroer Aart C.
Published: June 2014

This study explored the involvement of grandparents in the care for young children and its effect on subsequent child births in dual‐earner families, using data on 898 Dutch men and women aged 18–49 from the Netherlands' Kinship Panel Study. Three theoretical perspectives were used to develop hypotheses: (a) needs and opportunities, (b) normative preferences, and (c) gendered involvement of grandparents. The findings showed that needs and opportunities informed involvement of grandparents but that the availability of formal child care did not predict grandparents' involvement. Maternal grandparents were more likely to provide child care than paternal grandparents, and grandmothers were more likely to do so than grandfathers. Involvement of both maternal and paternal grandparents in turn increased the likelihood of additional child births. The authors conclude that grandparental child care may be part of an emerging reproductive strategy. Implications of these findings for the theoretical approaches used are discussed.
Genetic Moderation of the Impact of Parenting on Hostility Toward Romantic Partners
Authors: Simons Ronald L. , Simons Leslie Gordon , Lei Man‐Kit , Beach Steven R. H. , Brody Gene H. , Gibbons Frederick X. , Philibert Robert A.
Published: June 2014

Although gene × environment studies are typically based on the assumption that some individuals possess genetic variants that enhance their vulnerability to environmental adversity, the differential susceptibility model posits that these individuals are simply more sensitive to social context, whether that context be adverse or supportive. Thus, those persons most vulnerable to adversity are the same ones who reap the most benefit from support. This idea was tested using longitudinal data from a sample of several hundred African Americans. The findings indicated that relatively common variants of the GABRA2 gene interact with parenting to predict hostility toward romantic partners in a manner consonant with the differential susceptibility hypothesis. Individuals with these genetic variants displayed more aggression toward their partner than those with other genotypes when they had been subjected to harsh parenting, but they exhibited less aggression toward their partner than other genotypes if their parents had avoided harsh parenting practices.
Cohabitation in Spain: No Longer a Marginal Path to Family Formation
Authors: Dominguez‐Folgueras Marta , Castro‐Martin Teresa
Published: June 2014

Although many indicators reflect the marked retreat from marriage occurring in Spain since the 1980s, the diffusion of cohabitation has been slow. The confluence of very low and late fertility, latest‐late marriage, and low cohabitation has been largely regarded as defying the predictions of the second demographic transition and has fueled a debate over the distinctiveness of the Mediterranean model of family formation. Comparative analyses based on the Family and Fertility Survey documented the marginal role of cohabitation in Spain and in the rest of southern European countries by the mid‐1990s. In this research, the authors used more recent data from the 2006 Spanish Fertility, Family and Values Survey (N = 5,750) to reveal that cohabitation has spread significantly among younger cohorts and hence can no longer be considered as playing a marginal role in the family formation process.
I've Got You Under My Skin: Marital Biography and Biological Risk
Authors: McFarland Michael J. , Hayward Mark D. , Brown Dustin
Published: June 2014

Social relationships shape adult health in profound ways. This study informs our understanding of this association by investigating how the transitions, timing, and exposures to marriage are associated with types of biological risk presumed to serve as pathways to disease and disability. Drawing on the 2005–2006 National Social Health and Aging Project (N = 1,062), the authors evaluated how marital biography was associated with cardiovascular, metabolic, and chronic inflammation risk. The results showed that the effects of marital biography were highly sensitive to gender, the dimension of marital biography, and type of biological risk. For example, marital exposure was protective of cardiovascular risk for women, but not men, whereas an earlier age at first marriage had a pernicious effect on chronic inflammation among men, but not women. Health behaviors did not explain these associations. The implications of these findings are discussed as they pertain to under‐the‐skin risk processes and chronic morbidity.
Race/Ethnicity, Attitudes, and Living With Parents During Young Adulthood
Authors: Britton Marcus L.
Published: June 2014

Non‐White young adults are more likely to live with their parents throughout their 20s, more likely to return home after going away to college, and less likely to leave again after returning. Scholars have speculated that subcultural differences in attitudes toward marriage and family play a key role in generating racial/ethnic differences in rates of coresidence with parents among young adults. Data from the National Education Longitudinal Survey of 1988 (N = 11,228) were analyzed in order to test this hypothesis. Attitudes toward marriage and family were significantly associated with coresidence, especially among young men, but did not substantially account for racial/ethnic differences in living arrangements. Among young non‐White women and young Black men, higher rates of coresidence were related to differences from Whites in socioeconomic or marital status (and sometimes both) that were largely independent of differences in attitudes toward marriage and family.
Overnight Custody Arrangements, Attachment, and Adjustment Among Very Young Children
Authors: Tornello Samantha L. , Emery Robert , Rowen Jenna , Potter Daniel , Ocker Bailey , Xu Yishan
Published: June 2014

Large numbers of infants and toddlers have parents who live apart due to separation, divorce, or nonmarital/noncohabiting childbearing, yet this important topic, especially the controversial issue of frequent overnights with nonresidential parents, is understudied. The authors analyzed data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a longitudinal investigation of children born to primarily low‐income, racial/ethnic minority parents that is representative of 20 U.S. cities with populations over 200,000. Among young children whose parents lived apart, 6.9% of infants (birth to age 1) and 5.3% of toddlers (ages 1 to 3) spent an average of at least 1 overnight per week with their nonresident parent. An additional 6.8% of toddlers spent 35%–70% of overnights with nonresident parents. Frequent overnights were significantly associated with attachment insecurity among infants, but the relationship was less clear for toddlers. Attachment insecurity predicted adjustment problems at ages 3 and 5, but frequent overnights were not directly linked with adjustment problems at older ages.
Still the Favorite? Parents' Differential Treatment of Siblings Entering Young Adulthood
Authors: Siennick Sonja E.
Published: June 2014

This study examined within‐family stability in parents' differential treatment of siblings from adolescence to young adulthood and the effect of differential treatment in young adulthood on grown siblings' relationship quality. The author used longitudinal data on parent–child and sibling relations from the sibling sample of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 1,470 sibling dyads). Within‐dyad fixed effects regression models revealed that the adolescent sibling who was closer to parents went on to be the young adult sibling who was closer to and received more material support from parents. Results from an actor–partner interdependence model revealed that differential parental financial assistance of young adult siblings predicted worse sibling relationship quality. These findings demonstrate the lasting importance of affect between parents and offspring earlier in the family life course and the relevance of within‐family inequalities for understanding family relations.
Does Child‐Care Quality Mediate Associations Between Type of Care and Development?
Authors: Abner Kristin S. , Gordon Rachel A. , Kaestner Robert , Korenman Sanders
Published: June 2014

Studies document that, on average, children cared for in centers, as compared to homes, have higher cognitive test scores but worse socioemotional and health outcomes. The authors assessed whether the quality of care received explains these associations. They considered multiple domains of child development—cognitive, socioemotional, and health—and examined whether mediation is greater when quality measures are better aligned with outcome domains. Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Birth Cohort, they found that children in centers have better cognitive skills and behavioral regulation than children in homes, but worse social competence and generally equivalent health (N = 1,550). They found little evidence that quality of child care, as measured by standard instruments (e.g., the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale—Revised), accounts for associations between type of care and child developmental outcomes.
Paternal Incarceration and Father–Child Contact in Fragile Families
Authors: Geller Amanda
Published: June 2014

High rates of incarceration in the United States have motivated a broad examination of the effects of parental incarceration on child well‐being. Although a growing literature documents challenges facing the children of incarcerated men, most incarcerated fathers lived apart from their children before their arrest, raising questions of whether they were sufficiently involved with their families for their incarceration to affect their children. The author used the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 4,071) to examine father–child contact among incarcerated fathers and found that most incarcerated fathers maintained a degree of contact with their children through either coresidence or visitation. Moreover, the results revealed robust reductions in both father–child coresidence and visitation when fathers are incarcerated—between 18% and 20% for coresidence and 30% to 50% for the probability of visitation. The findings suggest that these reductions are driven by both incapacitation while incarcerated and union dissolution upon release.
Complex Families and Late‐Life Outcomes Among Elderly Persons: Disability, Institutionalization, and Longevity
Authors: Pezzin Liliana E. , Pollak Robert A. , Schone Barbara S.
Published: June 2014

The authors examined the effects of marital status and family structure on disability, institutionalization, and longevity for a nationally representative sample of elderly persons using Gompertz duration models applied to longitudinal data from 3 cohorts of the Health and Retirement Study (N = 11,481). They found that parents with only stepchildren have worse outcomes than parents with only biological children. Elderly mothers with only stepchildren become disabled and institutionalized sooner, and elderly men with only stepchildren have shorter longevity relative to their counterparts with only biological children. The effect of membership in a blended family differs by gender. Relative to those with only biological children, women in blended families have greater longevity and become disabled later, whereas men in blended families have reduced longevity. The findings indicate that changing marital patterns and increased complexity in family life have adverse effects on late‐life health outcomes.
Cyclical Cohabitation Among Unmarried Parents in Fragile Families
Authors: Nepomnyaschy Lenna , Teitler Julien
Published: June 2014

Building on past research suggesting that cohabitation is an ambiguous family form, the authors examined an understudied residential pattern among unmarried parents: cyclical cohabitation, in which parents have multiple cohabitation spells with each other. Using 9 years of panel data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 2,084), they found that 10% of all parents with nonmarital births and nearly a quarter of those living together when the child is 9 years old are cyclical cohabitors. Cyclically cohabiting mothers reported more material hardships than mothers in most other relationship patterns but also reported more father involvement with children. On all measures of child well‐being except grade retention, children of cyclically cohabiting parents fared no worse than children of stably cohabiting biological parents and did not differ significantly from any other group.
Proceed With Caution? Parents' Union Dissolution and Children's Educational Achievement
Authors: Sigle‐Rushton Wendy , Lyngstad Torkild Hovde , Andersen Patrick Lie , Kravdal Øystein
Published: June 2014

Using high‐quality Norwegian register data on 49,879 children from 23,655 families, the authors estimated sibling fixed‐effects models to explore whether children who are younger at the time of a parental union dissolution perform less well academically, as measured by their grades at age 16, than their older siblings who have spent more time living with both biological parents. Results from a baseline model suggest a positive age gradient that is consistent with findings in some of the extant family structure literature. Once birth order is taken into account, the gradient reverses. When analyses also control for grade inflation by adding year of birth to the model, only those children who experience a dissolution just prior to receiving their grades appear relatively disadvantaged. The results illustrate the need to specify and interpret sibling fixed‐effects model with great care.
Does Family Instability Make Girls Fat? Gender Differences Between Instability and Weight
Authors: Hernandez Daphne C. , Pressler Emily , Dorius Cassandra , Mitchell Katherine Stamps
Published: June 2014

Data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Young Adult file were used to explore the relationship between the number of family structure transitions experienced from birth to age 18 and weight status in young adulthood. This was done by testing both linear risk and threshold effect models by gender (N = 3,447). The findings suggest that a linear risk approach best describes the relationship between family instability during childhood and weight status in young adulthood. Specifically, the cumulative family structure transitions children experienced from birth to age 18 place females, but not males, at greater risk for being overweight/obese in young adulthood. Sensitivity analyses indicated that cumulative family structure instability—and not formations or dissolutions separately—drove the main results. Birth order did not affect the findings. Increasing children's support systems during times of instability may reduce female children's risk of being overweight/obese as young adults.
Indicators of Adolescent Depression and Relationship Progression in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Sandberg‐Thoma Sara E. , Kamp Dush Claire M.
Published: June 2014

Adolescent depression may be associated with future relationship problems that have long‐term consequences given the developmental importance and health benefits of forming committed unions in emerging adulthood. The authors examined associations between emotional and behavioral indicators of adolescent depression (depressive symptoms, alcohol problems, and suicidal ideation) and romantic relationship and union formation and dissolution in emerging adulthood (n = 14,146) using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Adolescent alcohol problems were associated with more romantic relationships in emerging adulthood. Emerging adults with depressive symptoms or alcohol problems in adolescence were significantly more likely to enter into a cohabiting union, and those with adolescent alcohol problems were less likely to marry. Cohabiting emerging adults with a history of adolescent depressive symptoms were less likely to marry, whereas suicidal ideation was associated with a decreased likelihood of cohabitation dissolution. Implications for future research are discussed.
“Behind Every Great Man…”: The Male Marriage Wage Premium Examined Qualitatively
Authors: Ashwin Sarah , Isupova Olga
Published: June 2014

Studies across diverse national contexts reliably show that married men earn more than unmarried men, but the mechanisms responsible for this are still disputed. This article explores the male marriage wage premium from a new perspective, using longitudinal qualitative data from Russia (N = 94). Qualitative research is particularly suited to identifying underlying processes and, by analyzing men's accounts of the influence of their marital trajectories on their work, the authors were able to reexamine existing hypotheses and develop new ones. They propose 4 mechanisms that they hypothesize can influence men's work motivation and performance: premarital planning, 2 distinct “breadwinner” effects using expectancy and self determination theory, and monitoring by wives. They integrate these mechanisms within gender theory, arguing that the treatment aspect of the male marriage wage premium is an outcome of the “coproduction” of masculinity within marriage. Their recontextualization of existing theory also enables them to reveal weaknesses in the specialization hypothesis.
Marital Conflict in Older Couples: Positivity, Personality, and Health
Authors: Iveniuk James , Waite Linda J. , Laumann Edward , McClintock Martha K. , Tiedt Andrew D.
Published: June 2014

The authors examine the implications of health and personality characteristics for late‐life marital conflict using data from the 2010–2011 wave of the National Social Life Health and Aging Project, a nationally representative study with data on both partners in 955 marital and cohabitational dyads. Using these data, they relate characteristics of husbands to characteristics of their wives and vice versa. Wives with husbands in fair or poor physical health were more likely to report high levels of marital conflict, but the reverse was not true. Similarly, wives reported more conflict when their husbands were high on Neuroticism, high on Extraversion, and low on a new measure the authors call Positivity. The findings suggest noteworthy gender differences between men and women in the associations between individual characteristics and levels of marital conflict. The authors point to differences between husbands' and wives' marital roles as a contributor to these differences.
The Motherhood Penalty at Midlife: Long‐Term Effects of Children on Women's Careers
Authors: Kahn Joan R. , García‐Manglano Javier , Bianchi Suzanne M.
Published: June 2014

The authors build on prior research on the motherhood wage penalty to examine whether the career penalties faced by mothers change over the life course. They broaden the focus beyond wages to also consider labor force participation and occupational status and use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women to model the changing impact of motherhood as women age from their 20s to their 50s (n = 4,730). They found that motherhood is “costly” to women's careers, but the effects on all 3 labor force outcomes attenuate at older ages. Children reduce women's labor force participation, but this effect is strongest when women are younger and is eliminated by the 40s and 50s. Mothers also seem able to regain ground in terms of occupational status. The wage penalty for having children varies by parity, persisting across the life course only for women who have 3 or more children.
Two Decades of Stability and Change in Age at First Union Formation
Authors: Manning Wendy D. , Brown Susan L. , Payne Krista K.
Published: June 2014

The landscape of union formation has been shifting; Americans are now marrying at the highest ages on record and the majority of young adults have cohabited. Yet little attention has been paid to the timing of cohabitation relative to marriage. Using the National Survey of Families and Households and 4 cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth, the authors examined the timing of marriage, cohabitation, and unions over 20 years. As the median age at first marriage has climbed, the age at cohabitation has remained stable for men and women. The changes in the timing of union formation have been similar according to race/ethnicity. The marked delay in marriage among women and men with low educational attainment has resulted in a near‐convergence in the age at first marriage according to education. The authors conclude that the rise in cohabitation has offset changes in the levels and timing of marriage
The Transition to Parent Care: Costs, Commitments, and Caregiver Selection Among Children
Authors: Leopold Thomas , Raab Marcel , Engelhardt Henriette
Published: June 2014

This research traced the process of caregiver selection among adult children longitudinally, investigating how transitions to parent care were influenced by previous constellations of caregiving costs and commitments within sibling groups. The authors used data from 6 waves (1998–2008) of the Health and Retirement Study, selecting a sample of families (N = 641 parents comprising N = 2,452 parent–child dyads) in which they observed at least 1 adult child becoming a caregiver to a previously self‐sufficient parent. Among cost‐related factors, this transition was predicted primarily by between‐sibling differences in previous geographical distances to the parent and, to a lesser extent, competing demands in work and family spheres. The indicators for caregiving commitments showed the importance of reciprocity, path dependency, and parental expectations as motivational forces affecting the process of caregiver selection among adult children. Gender effects revealed the primacy of the mother–daughter tie, as daughters were overrepresented only in transitions to mother care.
Ambivalence in Older Parent–Adult Child Relationships: Mixed Feelings, Mixed Measures
Authors: Lendon Jessica P. , Silverstein Merril , Giarrusso Roseann
Published: June 2014

This research compared direct and indirect measures of ambivalence, 2 commonly used strategies for measuring intergenerational ambivalence between older parents and their adult children. Directly and indirectly measured ambivalence, corresponding to felt and potential manifestations of the construct, were contrasted with each other and across generations. Data were derived from 253 older parent–adult child dyads participating in the Longitudinal Study of Generations in 2005. Direct and indirect measures of ambivalence were moderately correlated with each other within each generation. Children expressed greater indirect ambivalence than their parents but were no different than their mothers or fathers in their levels of direct ambivalence. Multivariate regression analyses examining the relationship between each type of ambivalence with individual and relationship characteristics found differences in associations across equations. The results suggest that direct and indirect measures are related but represent 2 distinct conceptions of ambivalence. This research highlights the challenges in understanding the full complexity of intergenerational relations and suggests that both generational perspectives be considered in future research.
High Educational Aspirations Among Pregnant Adolescents Are Related to Pregnancy Unwantedness and Subsequent Parenting Stress and Inadequacy
Authors: East Patricia L. , Barber Jennifer S.
Published: June 2014

On the basis of theories of maternal identity development, role conflict, and childbearing motivation, the authors tested whether high educational aspirations among pregnant adolescents are related to the unwantedness of the pregnancy and whether pregnancy unwantedness leads to subsequent parenting stress and inadequacy. Longitudinal data from 100 first‐time‐pregnant, unmarried Latina adolescents (M age = 17.3 years) were analyzed. Results from structural equation path modeling confirmed these associations, with strong educational ambitions related to greater unwantedness of the pregnancy, which led to feeling trapped by parenting at 6 months postpartum, which in turn was related to unaffectionate parenting and feeling inadequate in mothering at 1 year postpartum. The potential long‐term negative consequences of high educational aspirations for pregnant adolescents' adjustment to parenting are discussed.
Marital Discord and Subsequent Dissolution: Perceptions of Nepalese Wives and Husbands
Authors: Jennings Elyse
Published: June 2014

The author examined the influence of marital discord on separation and divorce in a rural South Asian setting. Little is known about how marital discord influences marital outcomes in settings with low personal freedom and limited access to independence. Using a sample of 674 couples from the Chitwan Valley Family Study in Nepal, the author investigated the impact of marital discord on the rate of marital dissolution and the extent to which wives' and husbands' perceptions of discord influence dissolution. The results revealed that (a) spouses' perceptions of marital discord increase the rate of marital dissolution, (b) both husbands' and wives' perceptions of discord have an important influence, and (c) the influence of wives' perceptions of discord is independent of their husbands' perceptions. Overall, these findings suggest that both spouses' perceptions of discord are important for marital outcomes, even in settings where the costs of marital dissolution are relatively high.
Modern Traditionalism: Consanguineous Marriage in Qatar
Authors: Harkness Geoff , Khaled Rana
Published: June 2014

Consanguineous marriage, or matrimony between biological relatives, is commonplace and on the rise in Qatar, an ethnically heterogeneous Middle Eastern country. Previous studies have demonstrated that modernization often reduces traditional forms of marriage, such as arranged and consanguineous matrimony. Qatar's rapid modernization, however, has coincided with increased rates of endogamy. In this article, the authors examine the social processes that shape normative consanguineous marriage formation and progression in Qatar. On the basis of in‐depth interviews (n = 35) with men and women engaged or married to a cousin, they detail the categorical schemas that lead to consanguineous matrimony: reservation, joking, filtering, engagement, and courtship. In describing these social exchanges, the authors illustrate 2 key features embedded within them: (a) their distinct tempo and (b) how participants frame their experiences using discourses of romantic love. Reflecting larger cultural practices and attitudes in Qatar, the authors found an amalgam of contemporary and conventional that they label modern traditionalism.
Husbands' Participation in Housework and Child Care in India
Authors: Luke Nancy , Xu Hongwei , Thampi Binitha V.
Published: June 2014

The authors tested theories of housework among tea plantation workers in India, where women comprise the main part of the workforce and are breadwinners in their families. Analysis of 49 semistructured interviews and survey data from 3,181 female workers revealed that although women were mainly responsible for domestic labor, more than half of husbands usually or sometimes helped their wives with cooking, fuel wood collection, and child care. The analyses revealed a curvilinear relationship between husbands' earnings share and their participation in each task, supporting theories of bargaining and gender display. The probability of male participation decreased to its lowest level when men earned less than their wives. Husbands rarely helped with clothes washing—considered the most feminine task—and their participation did not respond to changes in relative earnings. These results support the authors' argument that patterns of bargaining and gender display will vary depending on the gendered nature of housework tasks within a particular society.
Family Experiences of Competition and Adolescent Performance
Authors: Schneider Barbara Lynn , Wallsworth Gregory , Gutin Iliya
Published: June 2014

The authors examined how mothers' and fathers' feelings of competition at home and work affect their relationships with their daughters and sons using time‐diary data from a national sample of 220 families. Multivariate analyses revealed 3 relationships between parents' feelings of competitiveness at work and home and feelings of competition experienced by their children at school and home: (a) parents' and adolescents' competitiveness varied across home, work, and school—with mothers and fathers reporting similar levels of competition at work but daughters feeling more competitive at school than sons; (b) parents' competition at work was associated with similar activities; however, daughters' and sons' competition at school varied by activities; and (c) mothers' competition was associated with strategies for college enrollment and varied by gender, most notably with respect to daughters' academic progress. The results suggest how parents' competitive disposition may motivate their children's academic performance, especially between working mothers and their daughters.
Predicting autism diagnosis by 7 years of age using parent report of infant social communication skills
Authors: Veness Carly , Prior Margot , Eadie Patricia , Bavin Edith , Reilly Sheena
Published: June 2014

Aim

The aim of this study is to identify social communication skills in infancy which predict autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis by 7 years as compared with children with other developmental difficulties or typical development from within a population sample.

Methods

Children with an ASD (n = 41), developmental delay (n = 28), language impairment (n = 47) and typical development (n = 41) were drawn from a large, longitudinal community sample following children from 8 months to 7 years of age, the Early Language in Victoria Study. At 7 years of age, early social communication skills at 8, 12 and 24 months from the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Infant–Toddler Checklist and the MacArthur‐Bates Communicative Development Inventory: Words and Gestures were compared between groups and used to predict ASD diagnosis.

Results

Significant predictors of ASD diagnosis were found from 8 months, predominantly focused on gesture use and communicative behaviours, such as requesting and joint attention. While comparisons between children with ASD and children with language impairment and typical development revealed differences from 8 months of age, the developmental delay group did not differ significantly from ASD on any measure until 24 months of age. At 24 months, children with ASD had lower Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Use of Communication scores as compared with all other groups.

Conclusions

The capacity to identify early markers of ASD should facilitate awareness of the risk of an ASD as compared with other developmental problems and point to the need for further developmental assessment, monitoring and provision of early intervention if indicated.
Feasibility of trialling cord blood stem cell treatments for cerebral palsy inAustralia
Authors: Crompton Kylie E , Elwood Ngaire , Kirkland Mark , Clark Pamela , Novak Iona , Reddihough Dinah
Published: June 2014

Aim

Umbilical cord blood may have therapeutic benefit in children with cerebral palsy (CP), but further studies are required. On first appearance it seems thatAustralia is well placed for such a trial because we have excellence inCPresearch backed by extensiveCPregisters, and both public and private cord blood banks. We aimed to examine the possibilities of conducting a trial of autologous umbilical cord blood cells (UCBCs) as a treatment for children withCPinAustralia.

Methods

Data linkages betweenCPregisters and cord blood banks were used to estimate potential participant numbers for a trial of autologousUCBCsfor children withCP.

Results

As of early 2013, oneVictorian child withCPhad cord blood stored in the public bank, and between 1 and 3 children had their cord blood stored atCellCareAustralia (private cord blood bank). InNewSouthWales, we counted two children on theCPregister who had their stored cord blood available in early 2013. We estimate that there are between 10 and 24 children withCPof any type who have autologous cord blood available acrossAustralia.

Conclusions

In nations with small populations likeAustralia, combined withAustralia's relatively low per capita cord blood storage to date, it is not currently feasible to conduct trials of autologousUCBCsfor children withCP. Other options must be explored, such as allogeneicUCBCsor prospective trials for neonates at risk ofCP.