bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Społeczne niebezpieczeństwo czynu jako warunek kryminalizacji
Authors: Kulesza Jan
Published: March 2020

Criminalization conditioned by a social threatA human action in order to be criminalized must be deemed socially harmful. In the social realm it is necessary to identify an action perceived as potentially harmful to legally protected values, that is one infringing upon them or threatening them to a degree exceeding socially accepted limits, one that is required or expected to be criminalized. The social threat as a particular characteristic of a human action serves as the broadest justification hence a verification and a rationalization of a criminal prohibition. The presumed abstract social harm a threat of an action which is to be criminalized serves as the lawmaker’s prerequisite for criminalization. Its constitutional foundations lie in the principles of a democratic state and the consecutive principle of proportionality is perceived broadly as a guarantee against the criminalization of actions that do not pose a social threat or ones that exercise individual rights and freedoms granted within the constitution. Penalizing actions that pose no social threat is a violation of the constitution. The notion of a social threat plays therefore a dual role. It obliges t he lawmaker to act in cases when the threat to individual rights and freedoms exceeds the socially acceptable level, including the obligation to introduce criminal measures against any particularly harmful infringement of those rights, but also the need to intervene in order to protect the values shared within a society. In the latter case the potential criminalization is originated within the principles and values expressed in Articles 2 and 5 of the Polish constitution. On the other hand, the potential social harm of an action serves as a safeguard against a too far reaching legal interference in individual rights and freedoms. This purpose is expressed in Article 31 para. 3 of the constitution. This limitative clause is to warrant the right balance between the protection of individual rights and freedoms or the protection of shared social values and state interference in those individual rights and freedoms necessary to ensure such protection.
Uwagi o zasadach wymiaru kary w polskich kodeksach karnych
Authors: Bojarski Tadeusz
Published: March 2020

Remarks on the principles of imposing penalties in Polish criminal codesThis paper covers issues related to the principles of imposing penalties. Apart from their considerable practical significance, these directives are closely related to the theory and philosophy of punishment. The purpose of these comments is a simple indication of the assumptions underlying the principles of imposing penalties, including the way of their evolution in Polish criminal law since 1932. The choice of theme is justified by the importance, the true wealth of problems that occur here and the theoretical but also research interests of Professor Tomasz Kaczmarek. The author wants to emphasize that the evolution of the principles of imposing penalties from the first statutory regulations runs properly. A clear tendency in the Polish legislature was consolidation and expansion of these directives, which remain compatible with the new less repressive criminal and sanctions policy. The Penal Code currently in force provided also appropriate lower limits of penalties.
Wpływ osobowości sprawcy na ocenę podstaw i zakresu odpowiedzialności karnej
Authors: Budyn-Kulik Magdalena
Published: March 2020

The wrong-doer’s personality influence on the assessment of criminal liability grounds and scopeA criminal act is done in certain circumstances, but it refl ects also the wrong-doer’s personality and his/her social dangerousness. The Criminal Code of 1997 replaced the term “social dangerousness” with “social harmfulness”. Art. 115 § 2 CC points out the circumstances that should be considered while assessing the level of social harmfulness; with no personality-like circumstance mentioned there. Such factor is indirectly hidden in the phenomena of motivation. While one considers acts that are done mostly because of some external situation-related factors, the wrong-doer’s personality does not matter. One’s personality should be considered as far as involuntary acts are concerned. The wrong-doer’s personality is interesting for criminal law purposes, because of some terms the Polish CC uses, like personal characteristics Art. 10 § 2, 10 § 4, Art. 21 § 1 i § 2, Art. 58 § 2a, Art. 66 § 1, Art. 69 § 2, Art. 77 § 1, Art. 53 § 2 and motivation Art. 40 § 2, Art. 53 § 2, Art. 115 § 2, Art. 148 § 2 point 3. The term “personal characteristics” is wider than “personality”. There are many psychological theories that try to explain what personality is Freud’s, factors, cognitive, social learning, humanistic and systematic theory. Personality is a fairly well-fixed regulation system that starts to function about the age of 21. It consists of many elements. Personality can change drastically during lifetime under certain traumatic circumstances, organic brain changes or addictions to psychoactive substances. The act of a wrongdoer may express his/her typical characteristics personality but it may not be so typical for him/ her, either. Usually, when it is typical the court treats it as an aggravating circumstance and when untypical — as a mitigating one. Personality issues need some specialist knowledge. Personal characteristics are important as far as criminal liability is concerned. Otherwise, their presence should be limited in the Criminal Code and used only in Art. 10 § 2 and Art. 53. They should be considered as far as the period of punishment execution and probation measures are concerned.
Writing with new hands
Authors: Brandner Walter
Published: March 2020

To analyse and compare the handwriting of a person under different circumstances — with origin hands, with a mechanical prosthesis and with new transplanted hands — it is necessary to have some information about the physical conditions. The handwriting of Theo Kelz proves that the writing is controlled by the brain. This leads to the conclusion that also under very difficult situations a forensic comparison of handwritings is possible.
How to answer the question of error margin in forensic signature examination with a Bayesian approach?
Authors: Marquis Raymond , Cadola Liv , Mazzella Williams David , Hicks Tacha
Published: March 2020

In 2011, a new Criminal Procedure Code was adopted in Switzerland. Since then, forensic handwriting experts more frequently face challenging questions from lawyers. These additional questions especially focus on the degree of certainty regarding the con­clusions of the expert, and on the error margin of the signature analysis. The authors seek to address such issues in a scientific manner, in agreement with laws of probability. On the basis of a case, they present the likelihood ratio approach they have followed to evalu­ate their results, and a full Bayesian approach designed to explain the question of error. The questions of interest were solved with this framework and the use of numbers in a case specific way. The proposed answer aims to explain to the Court what is the probabil­ity of being wrong in case at hand. The approach followed is robust, logic and transparent and represents a practical way of addressing the error margin question.
Interscript comparison of handwriting features leading to their identification and authorship
Authors: Kaur Amanpreet , Singh Mohinder , Jasuja Om Prakash
Published: March 2020

Identification of handwriting found on the disputed document by comparison with the known handwriting samples of the suspect still comprise the problem which is most com­monly referred to a forensic document examiner. One of the important scientifically estab­lished principles which govern such analysis and identification is the ‘Principle of Compari­son’ which explicitly states that, for obtaining correct results, like has to be compared with like; meaning thereby that the expert has to analyze and rely upon similar letters and com­binations between the questioned and the standard handwriting samples and, consequently, the problems where similar handwriting samples in the same script have not been provided for comparison; usually fall outside the scope of forensic document examination. However, in this field, like any other human activity; perfect and ideal conditions are hard to achieve. Handwriting, being acquired skill and neuro-muscular controlled motor activity, its basic elements like the horizontal stroke, vertical stroke, loops, curves and arches etc., are combined together to form letters and alphabets of all the scripts. The question then arises — whether inter-script comparison of handwriting samples can be attempted lead­ing to some limited or qualified conclusions. Thus, if it becomes possible and practicable to examine and compare the basic elements of questioned handwriting in one script, say Devanagri with the similar elements found in specimen/ admitted handwriting samples in another script by the same writer, say Gurmukhi, because sample handwritings in Devanagri could not be procured for whatsoever reasons; the scope of examination can be widened further and expert may be in a position to express some opinion regarding their common authorship or otherwise, which may be found worthwhile to the investigat­ing agency or the court of law, thereby helping in the administration of justice ultimately.To the best of our knowledge, not much research is available, where writings produced in different scripts by the same writer could be compared, thereby leading to a definite opin­ion on the issue of their common authorship or otherwise. In the present study, an attempt has been made to explore this issue by taking writing samples of the same writer in three scripts, having knowledge of all the three commonly used languages, i.e., English, Hindi, and Punjabi, corresponding to the said scripts i.e., Roman, Devanagari and Gurumukhi. Three hundred sixty 360 writing samples were obtained from as many as 40 individuals appropriately skilled in writing, reading and speaking these languages/ scripts. Careful study and evaluation of the basic elements of written strokes whose execu­tion were found to be similar in all the three scripts has been carried out indicating the possibility of ‘Script Independent Comparison’. Limitations of the proposed study have also been discussed in the paper.
Handwriting examinations in Poland
Authors: Leśniak Marek
Published: March 2020

The present text is about situation of handwriting examinations currently in Poland. The scientific condition of handwriting examinations and the position taken in practice were presented. In context of statistical date this kind of expert’s opinion may be very sig­nificant for judicial proceedings. Meanwhile, the court decision-makers are not appropri­ately trained for making an assessment of experts’ opinions. Qualifications of handwriting experts are often poor. The dispute about scientific character of comparative examinations is continued. The system of controlling of expert’s opinions quality is not introduced. At the same time Polish scientists do a lot of interesting research on different issues concerning handwriting. Inter alia the researchers deal with: measuring of handwriting characteristics, influences somatic or mental disorders on handwriting, new techniques of graphical and comparative analysis, frequency signatures’ characteristics.
Effect of natural variations with respect of time interval in handwritings of individuals
Authors: Gupta Shruti , Garg Rakesh K. , Nath Surinder
Published: March 2020

In the present investigation an attempt has been made to extract out natural varia­tions with time interval, a total of 540 60 samples from each age group — 30 samples each from males & females collected from 9 different age groups, that is two hand­writing samples in present handwriting with an interval of 5–10 minutes between the two handwritings with content same as that of previous written script old handwriting which is also taken as a sample for comparative study with time interval ranged from 2–33 years between present and old handwriting. It has been found that connectivity between letters, alignment and spacing are highly significant characteristic along with those which remain unaffected and intact by showing consistency in skill and speed in due course or age and time. The findings of the present study will assist in the cases which are lacking in contemporary handwritings and can be undertaken with ease by taking into account the handwriting characteristics which are prone to variations.
Handwriting validation: results and validity of comparison materials. Case discussion
Authors: Alamoreanu Sorin , Florescu Bogdan
Published: March 2020

In most cases “handwriting validation” is synonymous to “establishing the graphical structure’s author”. If this is absolutely true for the cases when handwriting samples have been created for the comparison purposes in the presence of the judicial organ, certain cases could come to the point where the presumed authors are deceased or missing, or the materi­als offered for judgment have been written on previous occasions also known as “free comparison samples”. Still, practice has proven the contrary to the perfect overlapping of the two expressions. In certain debates, the contradictorily phases of evidence admission comparison samples offered by one of the litigating parties are supposed to the accept accept­ance or rejection of the other part. Notary procedures though usually have no debate over the source of the comparison materials, as they generally are presented by the inheritors. Therefore, there will be no contradictorily debate upon. Romanian handwriting examina­tion practice has met certain situations when based on the uncontested initial origin of the comparison writing, experts have validated certain writing on documents in full honesty. After a certain time legal heirs have challenged in court those documents and the identi­fication reports based upon them, offering a wider and more trusted range of writing and signatures from the supposed author. One can assume that in such cases even though the validation was formally correct, the true author of the handwriting has not been identified and the wrong premise of handwriting paternity has led to a an erred legal appearance, being generated as such through mistaken comparison samples.
The development of the Roman alphabet and its implications for handwriting comparison in the British/Irish sphere.
Authors: Craythorne Brian
Published: March 2020

The development of the alphabet from about 2000 BC to the modern age has inter­esting implications in the work of forensic handwriting analysts. This overview provides background knowledge for the forensic handwriting expert as to why some letter designs are more useful than others when it comes to handwriting comparisons. Numerals are also considered. The overview is directed for the alphabet as used in the British and Irish spheres, but can be extrapolated to other localities.
Prawno-kryminalistyczna problematyka przesłuchania małoletniego w procedurach prawnych
Authors: Zieniewicz Iwona
Published: March 2020

Legal and forensic science issues of children hearing in Polish law proceedingsThe children witness hearing belongs to special trial activities and requires a special approach of judges, prosecutors, policemen who are responsible for its conduct. The most extensive regulations are those concerning witness hearing in a criminal proceding. In civil and administrative procedure the regulations are evaluated as insufficient. The person questioning the children has to have psychological and forensic science knowledge. Those fields of science formulate the tactical rules of child hearing. Their first aim is the protection of children from negative results of participation in law trials and the second aim is to receive trusted information concerning circumstances of law case. This publication is presenting the tactical rules which can be used in law proceedings.
Ewolucja środków zabezpieczających w polskim prawie karnym
Authors: Niewiadomska-Krawczyk Magdalena
Published: March 2020

The evolution of restraining measures in Polish criminal lawThe paper focuses on restraining measures regarded as one of a group of measures of society’s response to prohibited acts. Restraining measures were introduced into the Polish legal system by the 1932 Criminal Code. Since then the form of the measures has changed substantially, not only as a result of the entry into force of new criminal regulations but also as a result of amendments to criminal law, especially the one introduced by the Act of 20 February 2015 resulting in a remodelling of the system of restraining measures and rules of their application. An important task has also been to determine the meaning of the term restraining measures.
Wymiar sprawiedliwości przyjazny dziecku — perspektywa prawno-psychologiczna
Authors: Skubisz-Ślusarczyk Sylwia
Published: March 2020

Child friendly justice – psychological and legal perspectiveFrom a psychological perspective, a child hearing is a special form of interaction betweenan adult person and a child. The article is presenting the proposition of a child hearing method, which allows the judge to acquire important information for the proceedings outcome, on the minor and its needs, as well as not to involve the minor in its parent’s conflict, and does not burden him with the responsibility for the judge’s decisions. The elaborations were supplemented with a presentation empirical finding concerning the said legal institution.
Paradygmaty karania a badania osobopoznawcze sprawców przestępstw
Authors: Stańdo-Kawecka Barbara
Published: March 2020

Paradigms of punishment and diagnosis of offendersIn contemporary penology, efforts have been made in order to integrate knowledge about the criminal penalty developed within various scientific disciplines. One of the complex, multidisciplinary penological problems is the impact of paradigms of punish­ment on the diagnosis of offenders. The development of the concept of the diagnosis of offenders took place during the period of the domination of the positivist paradigm in criminal law and criminology. Currently, the development of the risk paradigm can be noticed. It causes, among others, a resignation from the traditional, clinical method of diagnosing offenders in favor of a risk and needs assessment by means of structured tools. The need for using such tools in the criminal justice system has increasingly been raised in the Polish scientific literature.
The impact of international treaties on the shape of national criminal law on the basis of Article 48 1 of the Istanbul Convention
Authors: Bek Dominika , Sitarz Olga
Published: March 2020

The Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence has been ratified by 29 countries, including Poland. Among other things, pursuant to art. 48, Parties shall take the necessary legislative or other measures to prohibit mandatory alternative dispute resolution processes, including mediation and conciliation, in relation to all forms of violence covered by the scope of this Convention. It is regulation that will provide a clear illustration of the reasons which render the implementation difficult or even impossible. Considerations set out in this paper will focus on three basic aspects — the ambiguity of the wording of art. 48 1, discrepancy between the legal text and its official substantiation, as well as the commanding and peremptory tone of its language.
The problematic scope of extended confiscation in comparative perspective
Authors: Ochnio Ariadna H.
Published: March 2020

The scope of extended confiscation is determined, inter alia, by the choice of triggering offences in Directive 2014/42/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 on the freezing and confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of crime in the European Union. The question arises whether EU law guarantees appropriate limits of extended confiscation considering its specificity and the growing range of application in national legal orders. The study compared the normative framework of extended confiscation adopted in the criminal law of Poland, Romania, Germany, Austria, France, Spain, Finland, the Netherlands, and England and Wales. The list of offences, relevant for the scope of extended confiscation, is to be assessed by the Commission by 4 October 2019. The conclusions of the study concern the need to introduce, at the level of EU law, adequate safeguards against the disproportionate application of extended confiscation.
Z problematyki prawnokarnej oceny zbiegnięcia sprawcy z miejsca przestępstwa drogowego
Authors: Kokot Rajnhardt
Published: March 2020

On criminal-law issues of the assassment of an offender fleeing the scene of an traffic crimeOn the grounds of criminal-law research, the article tries to conduct a dispute analysis of the issues of a legal evaluation of “the fleeing” of a road traffic participant from the scene of the communication event. The subject of the analysis is not only the concept of “the escape” — its subjective aspect — but also its perception on the grounds of the past and the presently applicable legal solutions. Attention was drawn to the change in function that these circumstances fulfilled and to how, within years, its influence on justice in cases of communication crimes — from the circumstances restricting the dimension of punishment in the phase of judicial substantiation, via creation of the marks of the qualified type of forbidden act, to a general cumulative premise of extraordinary restriction of punishment. One of the leading ideas of this work is the case of the ratio legis regulation of the fleeing of the road traffic participant from the scene of the communication event. In light of the accepted legal solutions it is unclear what determines its object of protection, and so the protection of which legal goods this regulation serves.
The Joke Is on You: Humor, Resistance through Culture, and Paradoxical Forms of Dissent in Communist Romania
Authors: Ştefănescu Bogdan
Published: March 2020

The author of the article focuses on showing that resistance through culture is part of a social and political dynamic that is complicated and paradoxical. He claims that a discursive analysis of power relationships and of the rapport between the private and official idioms in the political context of communist totalitarian societies can evince the daunting complexity of some forms of resistance-through-culture discourse. The author argues that with the appropriate critical instruments, cultural discourse analysis can broach the intricacies and paradoxes of power relationships in oppressive environments and can ground a more accurate and unprejudiced moral evaluation of resistance through culture as a phenomenon typical of totalitarian cultural politics.
Children of the Post-communist Period in Contemporary Ukrainian Literature for Young Readers
Authors: Kachak Tetiana
Published: March 2020

Children of the Post-communist Period in Contemporary Ukrainian Literature for Young Readers. The socio-political tran­sition of the 1990s had a long-lasting impact on children who experienced the collapse of communism and the fall of the Iron Curtain. Contemporary Ukrainian children’s and YA literature offers vivid rep­resentations of post-communist childhood experiences in Ukraine. Writers like Zirka Menzatiuk and Olena Zakharchenko show emotions and experiences of children and their perception of ideological, cultural and social changes taking place in their society. The child and adolescent protagonists of these narratives grow up being shaped by the events taking place in their country. The generation of children raised in democratic Ukraine is shown as substantially different from older members of Ukrainian society. They are the first “free generation” that professes democratic values, presents active social pos­itions, and defends human rights. Simultaneously, it also cares about their nation’s history, culture, and traditions. The article outlines contemporary Ukrainian children’s literature devoted to the socio-pol­itical transformations of the last 30 years, arguing that some ideological taboos are disappearing and the normative ideas about the behaviour of a growing-up child are changing.Дети посткоммунистической эпохи в современной украинской литературе для молодых чи­тателей. Автор статьи предлагает читателям обзор современной украинской детской литера­туры, посвященной социально-политическим преобразованиям последних 30 лет. Социальнополитический переход 1990-х годов оказал длительное воздействие на детей, переживших крах коммунизма и падение «железного занавеса». Вопрос детства в посткоммунистической Украине хорошо отражен в современной литературе для детей и молодых взрослых. Такие писатели, как Зирка Мензатюк и Елена Захарченко, демонстрируют эмоции и опыт детей, а также восприятие ими идеологических, культурных и социальных изменений, происходящих в обществе. Дети и подростки, являющиеся главными героями их историй, формируются в результате событий, происходящих в их стране. Поколение детей, воспитанных в независимой Украине, является первым «свободным поколением», которое исповедует демократические ценности, занимает активную гражданскую позицию, защищает права человека, но по-прежнему заботится об истории, культуре и традициях страны.
Międzyrzecze kultur. Rzecz o współczesnej rosyjskojęzycznej literaturze ukraińskiej
Authors: Matusiak Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

The interfluve of cultures. On the contemporary Ukrainian literature written in Russian.The proposed text involves an overview of the Ukrainian literature written in Russian in the period of political transition after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The author believes that the inclusion of this type of literature in the overall literary circulation can constitute asignificant step in the post-colonial process of self-upgrading of Ukrainian literature. Moreover, the author claims that the hybrid variety of Ukrainian literature should be seen not as aweakness, but asignificant advantage.Междуречье культур. О современной русскоязычной украинской литературе. Данная статья является попыткой синтетического представления русскоязычной украинской литературы в период системной транзиции после распада Советского Союза. Автор статьи убеждена, что включение этой литературы в общеукраинский литературный контекст было бы существенным звеном в процессе постколониального самосовершенствования современной украинской литературы, которая в своей гибридности должна усматривать преимущество, а не недостаток.
Teatr niemiecki i teatr polski w początkowym okresie transformacji ustrojowej
Authors: Prykowska-Michalak Karolina
Published: March 2020

German and Polish theatre in the initial period of the political transformation.During the first theatre seasons of the nineties, German drama focused on the analysis of the social traumas following the fall of the Berlin Wall, German reunification and perestroika. However, it soon became apparent that the theatre was not able to keep pace with the political changes of the times, and it failed to do justice to their internal complications and discrepancies.The fascination with the new dramatic scenic forms originating in Germany, which could be observed in Poland in the second half of the nineties, had nothing to do with the so-called reunification drama. It more likely resulted from its fiasco and the adoption of new aesthetics and communication methods. The strengthening relation of the German and Polish theatre, i.e. joint festivals, inspired those Polish artists who sought for a new scenic language and transposed the German theatre experience into their own plays in a creative way. The scale of this movement was so extensive that it could be described as a kind of phenomenon in modern art and in relations between Poland and Germany.Das deutsche und das polnische Theater in der Anfangszeit der Systemtransformation.Die politischen Transformationen `89 hatten großen Einfluss auf die Veränderungen in Kunst und Kultur, und zwar nicht nur mit Bezug auf Deutschland und Polen, sondern vielmehr in weiten Teilen Ost- und Mittel-Osteuropas. Die deutsche Dramaturgie konzentrierte sich in den ersten Theatersaisons der 90er Jahre vorwiegend auf die Verarbeitung der aus dem Mauerfall, der Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands sowie der Perestroika resultierenden gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen in Kultur- und Künstlerkreisen wird auch ein traumatischer Zustand betont. Es zeigte sich jedoch schnell, dass das Theater weder mit dem Tempo der politischen Ereignisse mithalten noch ihren inneren Verwicklungen und Widersprüchen gerecht werden konnte. Die in Polen seit Ende der 90er Jahre beobachtete Faszination von neuen dramatisch-schauspieler­ischen Formen aus Deutschland hatte nichts mit der sogenannten Dramaturgie der Wiedervereinigung zu tun. Sie entstand vielmehr aus deren Misslingen und der Aufnahme einer neuen Ästhetik bzw. neuen Kommunikationsmethoden. Die immer enger werdenden Kontakte zwischen dem deutschen und dem polnischen Theater z. B. über gemeinsame Festivals wurden zur Inspiration für polnische Kunstschaffende, die eine neue szenische Sprache suchten und ihre Erfahrungen mit dem deutschen Theater kreativ in eigene Inszenierungen transponierten. Die Verbreitung dieser Erscheinung war so weitreichend, dass von einem Phänomen in der zeitgenössischen Kunst sowie den künstlerischen Beziehungen zwischen Polen und Deutschland gesprochen werden kann.
Backlash, czyli czego obawiają się twórcy najnowszej dramaturgii czeskiej
Authors: Żygadło-Czopnik Dorota
Published: March 2020

Backlash, or what are the makers of the new Czech drama afraid of. In November 1989 various theater groups participated in overthrowing the totalitarian regime by improvising discussion forums. After the so-called Velvet Revolution, it was the writer and playwright Václav Havel who became head of state while another playwright, Milan Uhde, became the Minister of Culture and Speaker of the Parliament. Nowadays the Czech theater scene is immensely diversified. We can divide the authors who began writing their dramas after 1989 into two generational groups. On the one hand, there are authors born in 1960–1970, who entered the post-totalitarian times already as mature adults and who at the moment have long experience in their artistic work as playwrights, actors or directors it is quite common that those people write and direct their own work. On the other, there is a younger group which is made of people who were still children during the communist era, and their artistic activity was shaped and took place in most recent years. We are talking about a generation of artists who share a common experience of totalitarianism in childhood and adolescence, as well as the difficult transition between the two systems: communist and capitalist.Backlash neboli čeho se bojí tvůrci nejnovější české dramaturgie. V listopadu 1989 se v České republice divadelní soubory pořádáním improvizovaných diskuzních fór účastnily svržení totalitního režimu. Po tzv. sa­metové revoluci stanul v čele státu spisovatel a dramaturg Václav Havel a další dramaturg, Milan Uhde, se stal ministrem kultury a předsedou Poslanecké sněmovny. V současnosti je česká divadelní scéna nesmírně rozrůzněná. Jména autorů, kteří začali svá umělecká díla psát po roce 1989, můžeme rozdělit do dvou generačních skupin. Na jedné straně máme autory narozené v letech 1960–1970, kteří do posttotalitních časů vstoupili už jako dospělí lidé a v současnosti za sebou mají většinou dlouholeté zkušenosti v umělecké práci, nebo v roli autorů dramat, herců případně režisérů často se jedná o osoby, které svoje kusy píší a zároveň režírují. Skupinu mladých umělců tvoří lidé divadla, kteří v době ko­munismu byli ještě dětmi, a jejich umělecká činnost se formuje a připadá na nedávná léta. Je tu řeč o generaci umělců, které spojuje společná zkušenost totalitarismu v dětství a raném mládí a také obtížný přechod mezi dvěma systémy: komunistickým a kapitalistickým.
Disordered identity in Marina Lewycka’s novel A Short History of Tractors in Ukrainian: imagological explications and metamodernistic outlines
Authors: Drozdovskyi Dmytro
Published: March 2020

Disordered identity in Marina Lewycka’s novel A Short History of Tractors in Ukrainian: imagological explications and meta­modernistic outlines In this paper it is outlined that Marina Lewycka’s novel A Short History of Tractors in Ukrainian portrays Ukrainian identity in a special traumatic way. Ukrainian emigrant Mykola Ma­jevskyi writes his own history of Ukrainian tractors through revising the history of the Communist ideology in Ukraine. By describing the history of Ukraine before the Revolution 1917, the storyteller creates an idyllic representation of Ukrainians living in a peaceful and rustically marked place. M. Majewski’s History has an anti-communist orientation and connects all affections of Ukrainians with philosophical and economical postulates of the communism of the Soviet version. The specific features of the Soviet Communism which resulted in the traumatic process of the Ukrainians are analyzed in the paper. The paper also evaluates the imagological implications. Травмированная идентичность в романе Марины Левицкой Краткая история тракторов по-украински: имагологические экспликации и метамодернистские контурыВ статье на материале романа Марины Левицкой Краткая история тракторов по-украински анализируется специфика репрезентации украинской идентичности, которая представлена в тексте как колониальн травмированная. Украинский эмигрант Николай Маевский пишет свою собственную историю об украинских тракторах, параллельно пересматривая историю возникновения и функционирования коммунистической идеологии в Украине. Описывая историю Украины до революции 1917, нарратор создает идиллическое представление об украинцах, живущих в тихом и бесконфликтном пространстве. История Н. Маевского имеет антикоммунистическую ориентацию и объясняет взаимосвязь между философией украинцев и экономическими постулатами коммунизма в его советской версии. Специфические черты советского коммунизма, повлекшие за собой травмы общественного и исторического сознания украинцев, анализируются в статье. Результаты имагологического исследования представлены в статье.
Stosunek Polaków do migrantów. Refleksje socjologiczne w świetle wybranych badań empirycznych
Authors: Dojwa-Turczyńska Katarzyna
Published: March 2020

Kryzys migracyjny roku 2015 można rozpatrywać z różnych perspektyw. Jedną z nich jest płaszczyzna społeczna, która w niniejszym artykule odnosi się do stosunku mieszkańców danego państwa do kwestii uchodźców. Tym społeczeństwem są Polacy. Generalnie stosunek Polaków do innych wedle badań porównawczych w latach 2002–2012 był korzystny. Wśród Europejczyków Polacy sytuowali się na stosunkowo wysokich pozycjach tolerancji dla tych, którzy w Polsce będą szukać schronienia bądź też zdecydują się tu żyć. Badania sondażowe pokazywały także relatywnie bardziej przychylne dla innych postawy Polaków względem społeczeństw Grupy Wyszehradzkiej. Badania ilościowe realizowane w 2015 r. pokazują, że w stosunku do innych społeczeństw Polacy nadal reprezentują postawy stosunkowo przychylne migrantom. Niemniej jeśli analizuje się w tym zakresie zmiany postaw w stosunku do poprzedniego badania, widoczne staje się coraz większe zamknięcie Polaków na obcych i niechęć do ich przyjmowania.The attitude of Polish citizens toward migrants. Socjological reflections in the light of chosen empirical research.The 2015 migration crisis can be viewed from various perspectives. One of them is the social level, which in this paper refers to the attitude of a country’s inhabitants to the issue of refugees. Here, Poles comprise such a society. Generally, Poles’ attitude to others, according to comparative studies in the period 2002–2012, was positive. Among Europeans, Poles occupied relatively high positions in terms of tolerance towards those that would seek refuge or decide to live in their country. Sample surveys also showed relatively more sympathetic attitudes of Poles to others compared to other societies within the Visegrad Group. Quantitative studies conducted in 2015 show that compared to other societies, Poles still present relatively sympathetic attitudes to incomers. However, if we analyse changes of attitudes compared to the previous survey, we can see that Poles are increasing closed to foreigners and unwilling to accept them.
Kwestia Rzezi Wołyńskiej w kontekście kryzysu ukraińskiego — między rosyjską propagandą, ukraińskim poszukiwaniem tożsamości narodowej a polską racją stanu
Authors: Bornio Jakub
Published: March 2020

Niniejszy artykuł traktuje o Rzezi Wołyńskiej analizowanej w kontekście kryzysu ukraińskiego. Badanie skupia się na interpretacji instrumentalnego wykorzystywania przez Rosję, Ukrainę i Polskę zagadnień związanych z eksterminacją polskiej ludności cywilnej przez ukraińskich nacjonalistów. Opracowanie podzielone zostało na trzy części. Pierwsza odnosi się do polityki propagandowej Federacji Rosyjskiej. Ta część pokazuje w jaki sposób Kreml używa kwestii związanych z Rzezią Wołyńską do tworzenia korzystnej dla siebie narracji. Druga część poświęcona jest próbom budowy ukraińskiej tożsamości narodowej na dziedzictwie ukraińskiego nacjonalizmu. Autor analizuje w niej także konkretne działania elit ukraińskich, związane z tematem artykułu. Trzeci fragment natomiast analizuje sprawę Rzezi Wołyńskiej w oparciu o polską raison d’État. W tej części autor przedstawia nie tylko polskie spojrzenie na Rzeź Wołyńską w kontekście kryzysu ukraińskiego, lecz także odnosi ją do geopolitycznego znaczenia Ukrainy dla Polski. Poszczególne wątki są ze sobą połączone i stanowią spójną całość.The issue of the Volhynian Slaughter in the context of Ukrainian crisis — between Russian propaganda, Ukrainian seeking for the national identity and Polish raison d’ÉtatThe present article is devoted to the Volhynian Slaughter in the context of Ukrainian crisis. Research focuses on interpretation of intentional using by Russia, Ukraine, Poland of issues related to the extermination of Polish civilians carried out by Ukrainian nationalists. The article is divided into three parts. The first part refers to the propaganda policy of the Russian Federation. In this part author presents how the Kremlin uses issues related to the Volhynian Slaughter to create narrative favorable for itself. The second part is devoted to the process of building of Ukrainian national identity on the legacy of Ukrainian nationalism. In this part the author analyses also specific activities of Ukrainian authorities, which are linked to the subject matter of the article. The third part includes analysis of the Volhynian Slaughter in the context of Ukrainian crisis through the prism of Polish raison d’État. This part depicts not only the Polish perception of the Volhynian Slaughter but also explains links between subject matter and the geopolitical significance of Ukraine for Poland. All three parts of research are interconnected and belong together.
Adekwatność konsumpcyjna systemów emerytalnych w państwach postradzieckich w latach 2005–2017
Authors: Banaś Dawid
Published: March 2020

Consumption adequacy of pension systems in post-Soviet countries in 2005–2017Adequacy, together with stability and modernization, are the goals which are set for pension systems by many researchers from various scientifi c disciplines. This is because more and more countries struggle with the problem of providing adequate fi nancing for social transfers, including pensions. This means that despite paying contributions for a signifi cant part of life, many citizens receive a low pension at the end of their working lives. Therefore, it is important to maintain the standard of living from earlier years. Consumption adequacy is responsible for this, which helps to smooth the consumption in the last period of the individual’s life. This aspect is also important due to the decline in the value of benefi t during its collection despite valorization and, at the same time, the growth of some needs along with the retiree’s age including care services. The aim of this article is to organize particular pension systems in post-Soviet countries in terms of consumption adequacy from the most adequate system to the least understood as smoothing consumption. In the next step, there will be an attempt to evaluate the indicator. This work employs a critical analysis of the literature on the subject, as well as a comparative analysis. The source of the empirical data is the statistical offi ces of the individual states, which were created after the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics USSR. The research shows that the Baltic States have one of the most adequate pension systems from the studied group of countries. Only fi ve of them meet the requirements of the International Labor Organization. None of the analyzed countries in 2017 had a replacement rate above 50%.
Het gebruik van bepaalde en onbepaalde lidwoorden in het Nederlands door Tsjechische studenten Nederlands
Authors: Baslerová Milana
Published: March 2020

In their studies 2003, 2004 and 2008 Ionin et al. examined English article use by L2-English speakers. They found that speakers of an article-less L1 Korean and Russian make mistakes mainly in two of the total four conditions of English article use. By contrast, speakers whose L1 has articles Spanish do not show any particular pattern of article misuse. In this study Ionin et al.’s method-ology was used to investigate article use in Dutch by Czech students of Dutch. It was found that Czech learners of Dutch fluctuate between definiteness and specificity in their article use because they overuse the indefinite article in [+def, -spec] condition and they overuse the definite article in [-def, +spec] condition. By analysing data of particular proficiency groups, it was found that article use by Czech learners of Dutch tends to improve as their proficiency increases.
Modificatie, substitutie of uitbreiding? Over de articulatorische karakteristiek en classificatie van uitspraakfouten van leerders van het Nederlands als vreemde taal
Authors: Czerwonka-Wajda Zuzanna
Published: March 2020

odificatie, substitutie of uitbreiding? Over de articulatorische karakteristieken classificatie van uitspraakfouten van leerdersvan het Nederlands als vreemde taal The aim of this article is to discuss the problem of different types of pronunciation errors. The study is based on errors made by Polish native speakers learning Dutch. Drawing on current publications concerning the approaches to pronunciation errors classification, it is argued that the existing clas­sifications fail to cover the full spectrum of the problem and to analyze the complexity of the errors themselves. They also are not appropriate to be used in the classroom. In response to weak points of the existing classifications and taking into account actual teaching needs, a new approach is pro­posed which consists of four modules and is more analyzing than classifying in nature. Finally, five examples of common pronunciation errors are first classified and analyzed according to existing classifications and subsequently to the new approach in order to demonstrate that the proposed me­thod indeed allows to evaluate the error in a more detailed way and is therefore more suitable for pronunciation didactics.
Analisis Cost of Illness Stevens Johnson Syndrome (SJS)/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)
Authors: Urfiyya Qarriy Aina , Perwitasari Dyah Aryani , Febriana Sri Awalia
Published: March 2020

ABSTRAK SJS/TEN merupakan reaksi yang melibatkan kulit dan mukosa yang berat dan mengancam jiwa. SJS dan TEN merupakan kejadian yang jarang terjadi, yaitu 1,4 – 12,7 kasus per 1 juta orang per tahun mengalami SJS dan TEN, dengan angka mortalitas 5% pada SJS dan 30-35% pada TEN. Obat merupakan penyebab utama SJS (50-80% dari kasus) dan TEN (80%). Tujuan: Mengetahui median total biaya per hari pasien SJS/TEN, serta pengaruh lama rawat inap terhadap total biaya SJS/TEN. Penelitian observasional analitik dengan sudut pandang masyarakat. Pengambilan data secara retrospektif menggunakan total sampling pasien rawat inap SJS dan TEN di RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta tahun 2014-2018. Analisis data dengan menghitung median (range) dan regresi linear pada SPSS IBM versi 22.0 untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama rawat inap terhadap biaya SJS/TEN. Terdapat 29 pasien yang dianalisis. Median total biaya per hari pasien SJS/TEN Rp 1.139.963 (Rp 665.294-Rp 8.776.895), dengan Rp 1.139.963 (Rp 740.267-Rp 8.776.895) pada SJS dan Rp 1.166.084 (Rp 665.294-Rp 1.514.607) pada TEN. Hasil signifikansi uji regresi linear lama rawat inap terhadap total biaya SJS/TEN adalah 0,093 (p>0,05). Median biaya per hari SJS/TEN adalah Rp 1.139.963 (Rp 665.294-Rp 8.776.895), dan lama rawat inap tidak mempengaruhi total biaya SJS/TEN.  Kata Kunci—Stevens Johnson Syndrome, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, analisis biaya, cost of illness  ABSTRACT SJS/TEN is a reaction that involves heavy and life-threatening skin and mucosa. SJS and TEN are rare events, 1,4 – 12,7 cases per 1 million people per year experiencing SJS and TEN, with a mortality rate of 5% in SJS and 30-35% in TEN. Drugs are the main cause of SJS (50-80% of cases) and TEN (80%). Objective: To determine the median total cost per day of SJS and TEN patients, and the effect of length of stay on the total cost of SJS/TEN. This study used an observational analytic with cross sectional design and societal perspective. The data was collected retrospectively using total sampling of SJS and TEN inpatients at RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta in 2014-1018. The data was analyzed by calculating the median (range) and linear regression in IBM SPSS version 22.0, to determine the effect of length of stay on SJS/TEN costs . There were 29 patients analysed. The median total cost per SJS/TEN patient was IDR 1.139.963 (IDR 665.294-8.776.895), with IDR 1.139.963 (IDR 740.267-8.776.895) on SJS and IDR 1.166.084 (IDR 665.294-1.514.607) on TEN patients. The significance linear regression of the length of stay in SJS/TEN was 0,093 (p> 0,05). The median cost per SJS/TEN day was IDR 1.139.963 (665.294-8.776.895), and the length of stay does not affect the total cost of SJS/TEN. Keywords— Stevens Johnson Syndrome, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, cost analysis, cost of illness
PERENCANAAN KONSTRUKSI DAN ELEMEN MESIN TURBIN ANGIN SUMBU VERTIKAL TYPE DARRIEUS
Authors: Diaurahman Diaurahman , Siswanto Rudi
Published: March 2020

Wind energi is one of the alternative energi that can be utilized for various purposes to replace the source of fossil fuel energi. The Darrieus wind turbine includes a vertikal axis wind turbine driven by lifting force from the blade. Planning of the axis vertikal type Darrieus wind turbine is aimed to calculate the elements of Darrieus machine and make design of vertikal axis component of Darrieus vertikal turbine using Marzuki (2016) research data about NACA 2415 blend analysis with variation of blade and angle of attack. The planning method used is based on the calculation of construction and vertikal axis of vertikal axis type of wind machine by using field result data in the form of wind speed, altitude and environmental condition which produce calculation result and working drawing of each machine element. The results of planning engine eleman on vertikal axis wind turbine Darrieus with 3 pieces airfoil shaped type NACA 2415 chord 30 cm has a diameter and height of 1 meter. Using ST-42 shaft 17-25 mm in diameter with length 1640 mm retained 2 bearing pieces with numbers 30203 and 6204. Transmission using belt and pulley type with 1: 14 increase ratio. Frame using Lx steel profile size 30x30 with total length ± 15 m. The use of materials such as composites is preferable to reduce turbine load without affecting the strength and durability of the turbine.