bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Embryonic and fetal tiny pericardial fluid collections at less than 12 weeks of gestation
Authors: Hata Toshiyuki , Kawahara Tomomi , Miyake Takahito
Published: July 2023

Objectives

To describe embryonic and fetal tiny pericardial fluid collections (PFCs) using transvaginal sonography and HDlive Silhouette at less than 12 weeks of gestation.

Methods

During an 8-month period from November 2021 to June 2022, one-hundred and thirty transvaginal scans were performed for first-trimester dating, and eleven tiny PFCs of the embryo or fetus were identified at 8+4 – 11+3 weeks of gestation (three at 8, six at 9, and two at 11 weeks). HDlive Silhouette features of PFC were evaluated. Their clinical characteristics and outcomes were also investigated.

Results

The incidence of tiny PFCs was 8.5 % at less than 12 weeks of gestation. The mean gestational age at the initial examination was 9.5 weeks (SD: ± 0.9). The mean crown-rump length was 25.0 mm (SD: ± 8.5). The mean PFC dimension was 0.8 mm (range: 0.5–1.3, SD: ± 0.2). Pleural effusion was associated with 3 out of 11 PFCs (27.2 %). Ascites was noted in 2 cases (18.2 %). Skin edema was identified in only in 1 case (0.09 %). There was no arrhythmia. Tiny PFC could also be depicted using HDlive Silhouette. First-trimester fetal ultrasound scans at 11 – 13+6 weeks showed no abnormal findings. PFCs resolved until 13 weeks of gestation (Mean: 12 weeks, SD: ± 1.2). All PFC pregnancies resulted in healthy neonates.

Conclusions

The incidence of tiny PFCs was relatively high in early pregnancy. HDlive Silhouette can depict tiny PFCs of the embryo. Tiny PFCs in early gestation are transient, benign findings in utero.
Non-dispersive Fano resonances in hybrid plasmonic-distributed Bragg reflector structures
Authors: Wang Shuangshuang , Hu Huatian , Liu Xiaoze , Ding Tao
Published: July 2023

Fano resonance due to coupling of plasmon mode and Bragg modes is revealed without strong angular dependence based on Au nanoparticle on distributed Bragg reflectors (Au NPoDBRs). This Fano interference involves three-modes-coupling: the nanoparticle’s plasmon resonance, dispersive Bragg modes, and non-dispersive Bragg modes. It can be interpreted as a consequence of two processes: plasmonic coupling between dispersive Bragg modes and broad plasmon mode, and the strong coupling between narrowed plasmonic mode and non-dispersive Bragg mode. This Fano interference shows little dependence on the incidence angle but high tunability with the top-layer thickness, which is exploitable for novel nanophotonic devices with dispersion engineering.
Sind Subventionen für Halbleiter zu rechtfertigen?
Authors: Gropp Reint , Reifschneider Alexander
Published: July 2023

Reint Gropp und Alexander Reifschneider beleuchten in diesem Artikel die wichtigsten Argumente für und gegen die Subventionen, die im Rahmen des European Chips Acts für Halbleiter in Europa und in Deutschland geplant sind. Sie gehen dabei auch auf die geostrategischen Argumente ein. Es zeigt sich, dass die Subventionen für Produktionsanlagen für Halbleiter sehr schwer zu rechtfertigen sind. Subventionen für Forschung und Entwicklung statt für Produktion wären eine bessere Verwendung von Steuergeldern.
Analysis of Japanese nationwide health datasets: association between lifestyle habits and prevalence of neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia with reference to dementia-related diseases and Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Nagakura Yukinori , Hayashi Maya , Kajioka Shunichi
Published: July 2023

Objectives

Chronic pain is defined as pain that persists or recurs for more than 3 months. This study focuses on neuropathic pain (NP) and fibromyalgia (FM) which are chronic pain states, and aims to identify lifestyle habits associated with their prevalence. Other neurological disorders are also analyzed as references.

Methods

Association between the variable referring to disease prevalence (number of claims for reimbursement of marker drugs) and the variable for lifestyle habits/health examination results (collected from insured individuals aged 40–74 years) was determined by analyzing Japanese nationwide datasets, which were collected in 2018 and aggregated by prefecture. Pregabalin, donepezil, and levodopa were used as marker drugs for the chronic pain states, dementia-related diseases (Alzheimer’s disease and Lewy body dementia) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), respectively. Pearson’s correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were conducted.

Results

Variables showing correlation coefficient (|r|)>0.5 were put into the multiple linear regression. Exercise habits (ꞵ=−0.3182), smoking habits (0.3218), daily drinking (0.2683), and alanine aminotransferase>51 U/L (0.2309) were finally incorporated in the equation for pregabalin (R
2=0.7268). Walking speed (−0.4543) and daily drinking (0.5077) were incorporated in the equation for donepezil (R
2=0.5718).

Conclusions

The prevalence of chronic pain states is associated with lifestyle habits, just like the dementia-related diseases. Exercise in daily life is negatively associated with the prevalence of the chronic pain states, although excessive alcohol drinking, smoking, and high serum ALT are positively associated with it. The prevalence of PD seems less associated with lifestyle habits.
Active subspace-based performance analysis of supersonic through-flow fan rotor
Authors: Yang Jutao , Shen Yuxin , Ji Lucheng , Li Jiabin , Zhou Ling
Published: July 2023

This article delves into the intricate relationship between the modeling parameters of an axial supersonic through-flow fan (STFF) rotor and its performance based on an active subspace method. It considers the influence of the STFF rotor key parameters on its performance. Implementing the active subspace method generates cloud maps to visualize the performance of the STFF rotor. Moreover, this study investigates the correlation between Bezier curve variables for constructing blade angles and critical performance metrics, such as the total pressure ratio and isentropic efficiency. After a 50 % chord length, the Bezier control point parameters dominate the effect on the total pressure ratio with a linear relationship. This article provides comparative flow field analyses on the blade elements with different performances under three working conditions. Under the constraint of the blade chamber turning angle, there is a linear relationship between the upper and lower limits of the isentropic efficiency distribution and total pressure ratio. This study shows that the total pressure ratio, installation angle, and maximum deflection value are positively associated. Further analysis provides an empirical formula.
Cancer‐cell‐secreted extracellular vesicles target p53 to impair mitochondrial function in muscle
Authors: Ruan Xianhui , Cao Minghui , Yan Wei , Jones Ying Z , Gustafsson Åsa B , Patel Hemal H , Schenk Simon , Wang Shizhen Emily
Published: July 2023

Skeletal muscle loss and weakness are associated with bad prognosis and poorer quality of life in cancer patients. Tumor‐derived factors have been implicated in muscle dysregulation by inducing cachexia and apoptosis. Here, we show that extracellular vesicles secreted by breast cancer cells impair mitochondrial homeostasis and function in skeletal muscle, leading to decreased mitochondrial content and energy production and increased oxidative stress. Mechanistically, miR‐122‐5p in cancer‐cell‐secreted EVs is transferred to myocytes, where it targets the tumor suppressor TP53 to decrease the expression of TP53 target genes involved in mitochondrial regulation, including Tfam, Pgc‐1α, Sco2, and 16S rRNA. Restoration of Tp53 in muscle abolishes mitochondrial myopathology in mice carrying breast tumors and partially rescues their impaired running capacity without significantly affecting muscle mass. We conclude that extracellular vesicles from breast cancer cells mediate skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer and may contribute to muscle weakness in some cancer patients.
Impact of ACE2 on the susceptibility and vulnerability to COVID-19
Authors: Pringle Kirsty G , Philp Lisa K
Published: July 2023

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is not only the viral receptor for the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) but is also classically known as a key carboxypeptidase, which through multiple interacting partners plays vital physiological roles in the heart, kidney, lung, and gastrointestinal tract. An accumulating body of evidence has implicated the dysregulation of ACE2 abundance and activity in the pathophysiology of multiple disease states. ACE2 has recently regained attention due to its evolving role in driving the susceptibility and disease severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This narrative review outlines the current knowledge of the structure and tissue distribution of ACE2, its role in mediating SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry, its interacting partners, and functions. It also highlights how SARS-CoV-2-mediated dysregulation of membrane-bound and circulating soluble ACE2 during infection plays an important role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. We explore contemporary evidence for the dysregulation of ACE2 in populations that have emerged as most vulnerable to COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, including the elderly, men, and pregnant women, and draw attention to ACE2 dynamics and discrepancies across the mRNA, protein (membrane-bound and circulating), and activity levels. This review highlights the need for improved understanding of the basic biology of ACE2 in populations vulnerable to COVID-19 to best ensure their clinical management and the appropriate prescription of targeted therapeutics.
Genetically modified lignocellulosic biomass for improvement of ethanol production
Authors: Wanga Qijun , Zhu Shengdong
Published: July 2023

Production of ethanol from lignocellulosic feed-stocks is of growing interest worldwide in recent years. However, we are currently still facing significant technical challenges to make it economically feasible on an industrial scale. Genetically modified lignocellulosic biomass has provided a potential alternative to address such challenges. Some studies have shown that genetically modified lignocellulosic biomass can increase its yield, decreasing its enzymatic hydrolysis cost and altering its composition and structure for ethanol production. Moreover, the modified lignocellulosic biomass also makes it possible to simplify the ethanol production procedures from lignocellulosic feed-stocks.
Dynamic Young's modulus measurement of treated and post-treated tropical wood polymer composites (WPC)
Authors: Hamdan Sinin , Talib Zainal Abidin , Rahman Md. Rezaur , Ahmed Abu Saleh , Islam Md. Saiful
Published: July 2023

By means of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), selected tropical wood species, namely Eugenia spp., Artocarpus rigidus, Artocarpus elesticus, Koompassia malaccensis, and Xylopia spp. have been characterized. The woods were treated with sodium metaperiodate to convert them into wood polymer composites (WPC). After two weeks the WPC were chemically treated with phenyl hydrazine to convert them into secondary wood polymer composites, also called post-treated WPC (PTWPC). The chemical treatment and post-treatment are successful in improving the mechanical properties of the final product. The storage modulus (E’) was measured using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and the dynamic Young’s modulus (Ed) was calculated using free-free vibrational testing. The results reveal that the elastic properties i.e. stiffness (Ed) and storage modulus (E’) of the composite were dependent on the type of wood species. The E’ of WPC and PTWPC were much higher than raw wood, whereas the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of WPC and PTWPC were much lower than those of raw wood. Free-free vibration testing provided rapid information about the quality of the composite material, such as the stiffness (Ed) of the PTWPC compared to the respective WPC and raw woods. The WPC and PTWPC were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR analysis indicated the absorption band of raw wood at 1635 cm-1 due to carbonyl stretching, whereas WPC and PTWPC showed increased absorption bands near 1718 cm-1 and 1604 cm-1, respectively.
Understanding the limitations of removal of hemicelluloses during authohydrolysis of a mixture of Southern hardwoods
Authors: Tunc Mehmet Sefik , Lawoko Martin , van Heiningen Adriaan
Published: July 2023

Extraction of hemicelluloses from wood prior to pulping is being pursued to generate more value-added products, while still producing high quality pulp from the pre-extracted wood. For a better understanding of the factors limiting selective extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis in combination with size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was applied to milled wood and hydrothermally treated wood. Complete dissolution was achieved in a lithium chloride/dimethylacetamide solvent system after mild ball-milling of a Southern Hardwood Mixture (SHM), of SHM extracted using auto-hydrolysis, and of enzyme-treated SHM. SEC tests showed that severe degradation of wood polymers occurred after a milling time of 3 hours. The SEC data also confirmed the presence of lignin-carbohydrate complexes. Based on the results, it is suggested that linkages between lignin and polysaccharides may play an important role in limiting extraction of hemicelluloses.
Feasibility study of anaerobic digestion of Ocimum sanctum leaf waste generated from Sanctum sanctorum
Authors: Swapnavahini Korla , Srinivas Tanuku , Kumar Pinapathruni Lokesh , Kumari Manjeti Shanthi , Lakshmi Tholapi
Published: July 2023

The waste originated in temples is presently piled up at one place and then disposed off in water bodies or dumped on land to decay, leading to water and soil pollution. The present work aims to determine the biogas yield and nutrient reduction potential of Ocimum sanctum (basil) leaf waste obtained from temples. Laboratory scale digesters of 2.5 L capacity were used and fed with basil leaf waste, which was digested in a batch reactor for a retention period of 30 days at room temperature. Preliminary results indicate that the process is effective in reducing the pollution potential of the basil waste. The process removed up to 73% and 42% of total solids and BOD, respectively, along with biogas production.
Influence of biopretreatment on the character of corn stover lignin as shown by thermogravimetric and chemical structural analyses
Authors: Yang Xuewei , Zeng Yelin , Zhang Xiaoyu
Published: July 2023

The effect of corn stover lignin structure alteration caused by white-rot fungi pretreatment on the pyrolysis kinetics was studied by FTIR and TG/DTA. Results showed that biopretreatment had a remarkable effect on lignin pyrolysis. Biopretreatment can decrease the activation energy and increase the pre-exponential factor in the initial stage of pyrolysis, which makes it possible to start the lignin pyrolysis at a relatively gentle condition and improve the availability of biomass pyrolysis as a renewable energy. Analysis by FTIR showed that white-rot fungi destroyed the aromatic skeletal carbons, which are the main ether and carbon linkages of lignin, converting lignin into compounds having relatively simple structures. The relationship between the pyrolysis characteristics and the structure alteration pretreated by white rot fungi showed that the deconstruction and depolymerization of recalcitrant linkages of lignin could accelerate the reaction and lignin pyrolysis with lower energy consumption.
Effect of xylanase treatment on dewatering properties of birch kraft pulp
Authors: Blomstedt Minna , Asikainen Jaakko , Lähdeniemi Annina , Ylönen Timo , Paltakari Jouni , Hakala Terhi K.
Published: July 2023

In this study it was shown that the enzymatic removal of xylan from ECF-bleached birch kraft pulp enhances the water removal from the pulp, especially in the late stages of pulp drying. The effect of xylanase treatments on dewatering was clarified by using a moving belt former (MBF), a press simulator (MTS), and an IR-drying equipment, to simulate and to measure dewatering properties on wire, press and drying sections of a paper machine. The xylanase treatment slightly increased the pulp freeness indicating improved pulp drainage properties. At the moving belt former, however, no significant changes that would indicate enhanced dewatering in forming were observed. The xylanase treatments slightly enhanced the dewatering in wet pressing and furthermore, at the thermal drying the xylanase treatment had a positive effect on the dry solid content (DSC) development, and time to reach the 95% dry solids content was reduced by up to 15%. This was also confirmed by the decrease in the fiber saturation point (FSP) values and the amount of bulk water. Our results indicate that the xylanase treatment affected the water-binding xylan in the fiber cell wall, yielding enhanced dewatering properties, without deteriorating the pulp and paper properties.
Communicating the Value of Waste Management to Customers: Focus on Website Content
Authors: Repovienė Rūta , Pažėraitė Aušra
Published: July 2023

Understanding waste management processes and their role in positive environmental changes is significant at various levels. Among members of the public, awareness can be fostered by communicating the benefits of waste management and responding to the needs of individuals.
The web is one of the communication channels that is easily accessible to many users and managed by waste management organisations. Therefore, this study aims to explore the combinations of content ideas, forms, and customer value dimensions in communication with society about the value of waste management through a website. Theoretical analysis showed that purposeful communication of customer value can be implemented by utilising different customer value dimensions using content marketing principles.
Quantitative content analysis of waste management organisation websites was conducted and directed toward the current state of communication and its patterns. The results revealed that current content focuses on the repetitive communication of functional value through informative articles. Thus, a lack of more diverse content presenting the emotional and social values of waste management was identified.
The waste management field can benefit by integrating various customer value dimensions and content marketing theory to identify new opportunities and ways to involve society and achieve the scale of impact needed.
The authors would like to thank the European Commission and the REA for the support of the TWIN-PEAKS project. TWIN-PEAKS has received funding from the European Union`s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 951308.
Lay Evaluations of Restraints and Prohibitions During the 1st, 2nd, and 4th Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Lithuania
Authors: Valickas Gintautas , Vanagaitė Kristina , Švedas Gintaras
Published: July 2023

The article analyzes how, during the separate waves (the 1st, 2nd, and the 4th) of the coronavirus pandemic, participants of a study (overall n = 1356) assessed the government-imposed restrictions, prohibitions, liabilities and penalties for non-compliance with said restrictions, the perceived fairness of the behavior of other people during the pandemic, and the changes of their assessments during the coronavirus pandemic. Obtained evidence suggests that during the Covid-19 pandemic (from the 1st to the 4th wave) the participants of the study assessed the non-compliance with restrictions and prohibitions more and more forgivingly.
New European Union’s Regulatory Framework of the Digital Space: the Digital Markets Act and the Digital Services Act
Authors: Kalėda Saulius Lukas
Published: July 2023

With the adoption of two regulations in 2022, the Digital Markets Act (DMA) and the Digital Services Act (DSA), the European Union completed its digital services regulatory reform aimed at laying down horizontal rules applicable to the key providers of information society services, including large online platforms. Based on the legislative history, existing case law and the unfolding legal doctrine, this article examines links between the two legal instruments, key aspects of the new regulatory framework, as well as selected legal issues relating to its future application. All opinions expressed in this article are author’s personal views.
SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF COMMODITY TRADE BETWEEN UKRAINE AND THE EU
Authors:   Institute of Geography of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Maruniak Eu. O. ,   Stanisław Leszczycki Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland, Lazhnik V. Y. ,   Lesia Ukrainka Volyn National University, Lutsk, Ukraine, Puhach S. О. ,   Lesia Ukrainka Volyn National University, Lutsk, Ukraine
Published: July 2023

At the current stage of the socio-economic development of Ukraine in the conditions of Russian aggression, the topical issue is the expansion of foreign economic relations with EU member countries. The purpose of the study is a spatial analysis of the features of regional differentiation of Ukraine’s commodity trade with the countries of the European Union in the context of expanding trade and economic relations after signing the Agreement on a free trade zone with the EU and granting Ukraine the status of a candidate for EU membership. Such research methods as structural and spatial analysis, statistical and correlation analysis, and typological analysis were used. The dynamics of commodity trade between Ukraine and the EU in 2001–2021 are analyzed and the main trends in interstate trade in goods were identified. It has been revealed that the general trend of bilateral trade relations with the countries of the European Union in the 21st century is generally similar to the trend of the turnover of foreign commodity trade between Ukraine and all countries of the world. It has been established that the spatial differentiation of Ukraine’s commodity trade with the EU clearly shows great variability and asymmetry of export and import indicators. The dependence between the level of economic development of Ukraine’s regions and the commodity trade volume with EU countries is traced. A characteristic feature is the spatial heterogeneity of the distribution of commodity trade in Ukraine’s regions according to the predominant directions of foreign commodity trade relations. The western regions of Ukraine have the highest level of connectivity of commodity trade with the countries of the European Union, which is explained by better transport accessibility to EU markets and the development of cross-border cooperation. According to the main directions of trade flows and on the basis of a comparison of the connectivity and balance coefficients of commodity trade with EU countries, six types of Ukraine’s regions are identified. The novelty of the research is the identification of the features of regional differentiation and significant asymmetry in the commodity trade of Ukraine’s regions with the countries of the European Union based on the criterion of connectivity and symmetry of trade flows using spatial analysis.
DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE: TRENDS IN CHANGE
Authors:   Institute of Geography of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Gukalova I. V.
Published: July 2023

The article examines the key demographic trends and dynamics of social infrastructure development in rural areas of Ukraine in historical retrospect (1959-2021). The regional specificity of rural population depopulation is determined with an emphasis on sex and age structure transformations, and the regions are grouped by the nature of changes in rural fertility and mortality. The dynamics and peculiarities of the development of the social sphere of life support, which is considered as the basis for the preservation and reproduction of human capital in rural areas, are analyzed. The novelty of the study is the analysis of the long-term depopulation demographic trend, as well as changes in the development of social infrastructure in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods, with the presentation of examples of mapping schemes illustrating these processes.
ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY
Authors:   Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics, Kyiv, Ukraine, Fedulova I. V. , Piatnytska G. T. ,   Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics, Kyiv, Ukraine, Zhukovska V. M. ,   Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics, Kyiv, Ukraine, Kandahura K. S. ,   Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics, Kyiv, Ukraine, Hryhorenko O. M. ,   Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics, Kyiv, Ukraine, Shumska S. S. ,   State Organization “Institute for Economics and Forecasting of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine”
Published: July 2023

One of the key issues of environmental geography and a cornerstone in the implementation of any country’s sustainable development strategy is to ensure proper environmental protection. The purpose of the study is to determine the environmental determinants of sustainable development of countries with taking into account the need to harmonize the economy, ecosystem and human well-being. The novelty of the study is the further development of scientific approaches to assessing the interrelation between EPI and the structural elements of the “green” economy. The results of EPI statistical analysis showed that less than 1/3 of 34 European countries improved the effectiveness of their environmental policy in 2020 compared to 2018. Strategic positioning on the matrix models allowed to identify unequal numbers of strategic groups of countries with differences in the values of environmental determinants of sustainable development. It is substantiated that environment affect people’s life expectancy. Currently, the lowest value of healthy life expectancy is in Ukraine compared to other European countries. It is established that the unevenness in the dynamism of business in Europe is insignificant. However, the efficiency of the use of natural resources in the process of production and consumption, unfortunately, is not the same. The average share of renewable energy consumption in the sample of European countries is 23.5%. It is shown that a high share of renewable energy consumption does not guarantee a high level of environmental efficiency. However, this can be seen as an option to address the country’s energy security. It is proposed to combine the ecological determinants of sustainable development of the country into 4 groups: environmental protection; structural restructuring of the economy; resource efficiency and biodiversity; well-being and health of the population. It is concluded that positive changes in only one environmental determinant does not guarantee an increase in the level of environmental efficiency of the country (especially in the short term).
Factores asociados a la polinización del cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)
Authors: Ríos-Moyano Diana Katherinne , Rodríguez-Cruz Fredy Alexander , Salazar-Peña Javier Andrés , Ramírez-Godoy Augusto
Published: July 2023

Introducción. La polinización es importante en gran parte de los sistemas productivos mundiales, tal es el caso del cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), el cual depende de la actividad de los insectos para su polinización. Objetivo. Recopilar las investigaciones más relevantes que incluyen los factores determinantes en la polinización del cultivo de cacao. Desarrollo. El presente trabajo fue realizado entre 2021 y 2022, con una búsqueda exhaustiva de bibliografía relacionada con la polinización y polinizadores del cultivo de cacao, en artículos científicos, en español, inglés y portugués. La información de obtuvo a partir de bases de datos, repositorios de universidades, revistas de investigación y bibliotecas agropecuarias digitales. La polinización del cultivo de cacao se atribuye a dípteros de la familia Ceratopogonidae, del género Forcipomyia sp, que se observan con mayor abundancia en época lluviosa. La presencia del insecto se ha relacionado con materiales en descomposición presentes en la cobertura del suelo, por su hábito reproductivo, por lo que se considera importante proporcionar refugios con humedad para que las larvas del polinizador puedan desarrollarse. Conclusiones. Comprender las dinámicas de polinización del cacao y los factores que la afectan es esencial para conservar y aumentar los rendimientos de los cultivos, así como los ingresos de los agricultores del mundo. Además, en el cultivo de cacao existen factores bióticos, como la presencia de polinizadores, clones utilizados y arreglos forestales, y factores abióticos, como la precipitación, temperatura, radiación y la cobertura del suelo, que marcan una pauta inicial a tener en cuenta en los sistemas productivos.
Efecto del diluyente, la edad y el estado sexual bovino sobre la cinemática del semen
Authors: Araya-Zúñiga Ignacio , Sevilla Francisco , Barquero Vinicio , Valverde Anthony
Published: July 2023

Introducción. Los patrones cinemáticos del semen se condicionan por variación individual y/o un efecto ambiental determinado por el manejo posterior a la obtención de la muestra. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de dos diluyentes comerciales, la edad y estado sexual de los toros sobre la movilidad y cinética espermática del semen fresco bovino. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en las fincas ganaderas “La Vega”, San Carlos, y “La Balsa”, San Ramón, Costa Rica, entre marzo y agosto de 2021. Se utilizó el semen proveniente de trece toros Brahman, extraído por electroeyaculación. Se utilizaron 45 eyaculados en total, con un mínimo de dos y un máximo de cinco por animal. El semen se diluyó con dos diluyentes comerciales, Optixcell® y Bioxcell®, a una temperatura de 37 °C. Las muestras se analizaron mediante el Sistema Computarizado de Análisis Seminal (Computer-Assisted Semen Analysis, CASA)-Mot ISAS®v1 y una cámara de recuento espermática reutilizable Spermtrack® de 20 μm de profundidad. Resultados. Se observaron diferencias (p<0,05) respecto de la movilidad y cinemática de los espermatozoides, así como en los parámetros de cinética espemática, según el diluyente utilizado. Con el uso de Bioxcell® hubo mayor movilidad progresiva (64,03±2,01 %) en comparación con el Optixcell®. Los eyaculados diluidos con Bioxcell® presentaron un patrón cinemático más lineal y progresivo que los diluidos con Optixcell®, en los que hubo valores menores de velocidad promedio (VAP=106,67±0,24 μm s-1) e índice de rectitud (STR=79,35±0,10 %). La edad no mostró diferencias para la movilidad total, sin embargo, la movilidad progresiva fue mayor en animales de >48 meses (62,27±1,87 %). Se observó un efecto del estado sexual, durante la monta se presentó mayor linealidad, velocidad y oscilación espermática comparado al descanso sexual. Conclusión. La edad, el estado sexual y el diluyente utilizado para la preservación del semen condicionaron la calidad espermática de los eyaculados bovinos.
Wpływ wybranych determinant ekonomicznych, demograficznych i kulturowych na zachowania żywieniowe konsumentów
Authors: Żurek Jagoda
Published: July 2023

Potrzeby żywieniowe należą do podstawowych potrzeb fizjologicznych człowieka. Wpływają na postawy i wybory konsumentów, gdyż wiążą się z zaspokajaniem potrzeb pokarmowych. Dokonując wyboru żywności, konsument zazwyczaj kieruje się swoimi dochodami, preferencjami i przyzwyczajeniami. Cały splot rynkowych uwarunkowań wpływa na ostateczny wybór żywności. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja i określenie wpływu wybranych czynników ekonomicznych, demograficznych i kulturowych na zachowania żywieniowe konsumentów w odniesieniu do współczesnych zmian rynkowych. W opracowaniu wykorzystano metodę przeglądu oraz krytycznej analizy literatury przedmiotu opublikowanej w latach 2004–2022. Wśród czynników ekonomicznych określono wpływ cen żywności oraz dochodów konsumentów na ich zachowania żywieniowe. Analiza wykazała, że cena żywności wysokiej jakości jest główną barierą ograniczającą wzrost jej popytu wśród konsumentów o niskich dochodach, którzy preferują tańsze produkty, dostarczające większe ilości energii. Im wyższy poziom dochodu, tym większy odsetek osób spożywających owoce i warzywa w codziennej racji pokarmowej. Czynniki demograficzne, takie jak płeć i poziom wykształcenia, wpłynęły na zachowania konsumentów na rynku żywności. Wybory żywieniowe kobiet częściej niż mężczyzn odpowiadają zasadom zdrowego żywienia, o czym świadczy wyższy udział owoców i warzyw w ich diecie, spożywanie większej liczby posiłków w ciągu dnia oraz preferowanie zdrowszych metod obróbki kulinarnej. Wzrost poziomu wykształcenia jest dodatnio skorelowany ze wzrostem świadomości żywieniowej konsumentów. Literatura dotycząca zwyczajów żywieniowych determinowanych czynnikami kulturowymi sugeruje, że osoby starsze najczęściej wykazują postawy etnocentryczne, zaś osoby młodsze chętnie wybierają żywność typową dla kuchni innych narodów.
Nierówności jako element pragmatyzmu gospodarczego
Authors: Żyżyński Jerzy
Published: July 2023

Nierówności to problem obejmujący praktycznie cały współczesny świat. Autor przypomina, że w 2000 roku ONZ przyjęło Milenijne Cele Rozwoju (Millenium Development Goals – MDG), a w 2015 roku skonkretyzowało Cele Zrównoważonego Rozwoju (SDG), które miały nadać kierunek rozwoju światu tak, aby zniwelować różnice między krajami i wewnątrz nich.Autor omawia najważniejsza wnioski co do skutków nierówności, jakie wynikają z prac Komisji Josepha E. Stiglitza, Amartya Sena i Jean-Paula Fitoussi, dzieł Stiglitza i Piketty’ego. Zwraca uwagę, że nierówności dochodowe i majątkowe zaczęły narastać w USA i krajach europejskich od początku lat 80., gdy nastąpiła ekspansja ideologii neoliberalnej i kraje zaczęły w polityce podatkowej wycofywać mechanizmy progresji podatkowej. Te nierówności nie są zatem czymś naturalnym, jak sądzą konserwatyści, wypływają z ideologii – i w tym zgadza się z Pikettym.Jednak zwraca uwagę, że z tego nie wynika, jakoby nierówności powinny być w ogóle zlikwidowane i zastąpione przez równość, stawia tezę, że poziom nierówności powinien stabilizować się na jakimś poziomie wynikającym z pewnej racjonalności. Pokazuje, że pewne zasady nierówności mają charakter uniwersalny i zostały zastosowane już w czasach starożytności, i postuluje zasady pragmatyzmu nierówności. Potrzeba nie równości stanu dochodów i aktywów, lecz szans znalezienia się każdej osoby na stosownym poziomie w ramach pragmatycznych, racjonalnych i sprawiedliwych reguł nierówności. Zwraca uwagę, że dzięki nierównościom rozwija się świat przyrody i w gruncie rzeczy nierówności potrzebuje gospodarka zarówno na szczeblach krajowych, jak i globalnie, są potrzebne dla twórczego rozwoju i apeluje: Poszukujmy zatem racjonalnych zasad nierówności.
Opodatkowanie dochodów z zatrudnienia – dylematy równościowe w polskim systemie podatkowym
Authors: Supera-Markowska Maria
Published: July 2023

We współczesnym obrocie gospodarczym występuje znaczna różnorodność form wykonywania pracy zarobkowej. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest analiza ich aspektów podatkowych w kontekście zasady sprawiedliwości, z którą ściśle jest związana zasada równości. Hipoteza badawcza zakłada, iż polski system podatkowy, przewidując zasadniczo odmienne reguły opodatkowania w zależności od formy zatrudnienia, różnicuje ciężar podatkowy dla dochodów osiąganych z różnych form świadczenia pracy. Dalsza hipoteza zakłada, że to zróżnicowanie jest nieusprawiedliwione i powoduje naruszenie zasady równości; stanowi przejaw niesprawiedliwości w opodatkowaniu, a ponadto powoduje naruszenie zasady neutralności, gdyż może potencjalnie wpływać na decyzje podatników co do wyboru formy zatrudnienia motywowane przesłankami podatkowymi. Aby zweryfikować te hipotezy, poddano analizie różne formy wykonywania pracy zarobkowej oraz dotyczące ich uregulowania ustaw o podatkach dochodowych. Analiza została przeprowadzona z użyciem metody dogmatyczno-prawnej i prawno-porównawczej. W jej wyniku sformułowanopewne rekomendacje de lege ferenda w celu zapewnienia bardziej sprawiedliwego i neutralnego systemu opodatkowania dochodów z pracy zarobkowej w polskim systemie prawnym.
A Study on the Impact of Innovation Capability in SMEs on Open Innovation and Export Performance: Focusing on the Moderating Effect of Sustainable Social Activities
Authors:   Korea Association for International Commerce and Information, Lee Yea-rim , Lee Yoon , Park Jongsur
Published: July 2023

Open innovation and sustainability are highlighted as important factors to improve corporate performance. Creating a sustainable business environment that can promote open innovation is important for enhancing the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises. This study investigate the process in which innovation capacity possessed by SMEs affects open innovation and export performance. It is expected that innovation capacity directly affects open innovation and export performance of companies, and open innovation will have an indirect effect mediating innovation capacity and export performance. In particular, in the process of innovation deriving corporate performance, we tried to demonstrate how sustainable social factors that companies have with external organizations affect innovation-related variables. Using 2020 manufacturing data from STEPI's 'Korean Innovation Survey (KIS)', an empirical analysis was conducted on the survey results of a total of 930 small and medium-sized manufacturers. The relationship between innovativeness, open innovation and export performance was analyzed, and the role of sustainable social factors was verified. It was confirmed that the innovative capabilities possessed by SMEs directly or indirectly had a significant impact on their export performance, and that sustainable social activities facilitated the cooperation process between companies and internal and external stakeholders more smoothly. The implications were discussed.
A Study on the Export of High-Tech Industries and Protection of Intellectual Property Rights
Authors:   Korea Association for International Commerce and Information, Chang Sun-Mi , Park Bok-Jae
Published: July 2023

This study investigates the relationship between the export of high-tech industries and the protection of intellectual property rights(IPR). IPR play a significant role in high-tech industries, influencing technological innovation, technology transfer, international trade, and overall economic growth through various channels. The objective of this research is to analyze the impact of research and development (R&D) capabilities and the strength of IPR protection on the export performance of high-tech industries. Data from 87 countries worldwide, covering the period from 2013 to 2020, are utilized for the analysis. The findings indicate that countries with higher R&D capabilities tend to have stronger protection for intellectual property. Moreover, the study reveals that a higher level of IPR protection, rather than R&D capabilities alone, positively influences the export of high-tech industries. Additionally, the study shows that larger countries and those with higher degrees of openness experience increased exports in the high-tech industry sector. To enhance international competitiveness in high-tech industries, the study suggests that strengthening R&D capabilities is crucial. Accumulating intellectual property rights through this process is essential, as it indirectly contributes to promoting the export of high-tech industries. While R&D capabilities may not have a direct impact on export performance, they have a positive effect on the accumulation of intellectual property, which, in turn, leads to increased exports in the sector.
Ograniczenie zasady działania sądu z urzędu i jego wpływ na wyrokowanie
Authors:   Szkoła Wyższa Psychologii Społecznej w Warszawie, Sobczak Jacek
Published: July 2023

The adversarial principle is merely the name of a specific type of organizing process, not a specific Directive of criminal proceedings. The adversarial principle is uniformly recognized as non-codified directive, according to which the criminal process is conducted in the form of equal sides dispute before the impartial court. The adversarial principle in criminal proceedings is something other than adversarial in civil proceedings. The adversarial principle was exposed in the course of work on the revision of the Code of criminal proceedings. The creators of the reform emphasized that Article 167 § 1 of the Code of criminal proceedings differently than it did before, sets out the rules of proof, giving this task in the hands of the parties, leaving only the court admissibility of evidence, and reducing the possibility of taking evidence by the court to exceptional cases justified special circumstances. The creators of the reform emphasized that Article 167 § 1 of the Code of criminal proceedings differently than it did before, sets out the rules of taking of evidence, giving this process to the parties, leaving only the admissibility of evidence to the court, and reducing the possibility of taking evidence by the court to exceptional cases justified by special circumstances. Will be changed the rules for transfer of the court materials from preliminary proceedings. Another important issue is the systematization of the list of evidence, in accordance with the modified Article 333 § 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and solutions for planning of court hearings. May cause discussions restriction the possibility of taking the initiative of the evidence by the court. The changes enforce proactive stance of the accused, even though he should be able to take advantage of the „right to silence”. Militate against the principle of adversarial problems brought to light on the background of the appeal proceedings. You can express its concern that the adversarial principle in the present approach will detrimental to the presumption of innocence, leading to a model of „proceedings for the rich”. These changes will force to remodel the psyche of judges who feel guilty persons determining cases of dispute run by the parties, not the players involved who have the task of replacing the prosecutor.
Studium przypadku odpowiedzialności z art. 430 k.c. za wypadek w sporcie
Authors:   Szkoła Wyższa Psychologii Społecznej w Warszawie, Strugalski Tomasz
Published: July 2023

The article contains case study of vicarious liability of the trainer’s employer, for personal injury of the sportsman, occurred during the training. The article contains four never published before judgements – two criminal and two civil – in the case, and the analyze of method used by the Court to apply the law. In this way the article is a step to understanding polish civil law in action.
Główne idee narodnictwa i anarchizmu rosyjskiego w kontekście przekształceń oficjalnej ideologii carskiej doby pomikołajowskiej
Authors:   Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Hordecki Bartosz
Published: July 2023

The main aim of the text is to characterize in general terms thought of the 19th century Russian narodniks and anarchists. Their concepts are presented as an important ideological propositions, included into broad system of Russian political and legal opinions. These were the answer for the decomposition of the official tsarist ideology. One of the signs of this process was the sharp discussion among the ideologues of the Romanov’s court about the hierarchy of elements in the famous slogan “Православие, Самодержавие, Народность” (“Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationality”).
Konkurencja a ochrona autorskich dóbr intelektualnych w Unii Europejskiej Wybrane zagadnienia na tle orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości
Authors:   Wyższa Szkoła Finansów i Zarządzania w Warszawie, Oleksiuk Inga
Published: July 2023

The subject of this article is a critical evaluation of application of competition law to the undertakings active on the copyright market. The study focuses on the conduct of the collecting organizations of copyright. Its aim is to present new aspects and methods that need to be considered in analyzing the market position of national collecting organizations. The clarification of the main problem is preceded by examination of the notion of dominant position as defined in Polish antimonopoly law. Next, the article address the implications of cross-border online copyright trade on the evaluation of the market position of national collecting societies. Further considerations argue for an integrative approach that give attention to the dynamic factors of competition and highlights public interest issues.. In this regard the claim is that the development of competition on the copyright market has to sustain the objectives of intellectual property regulations. The author point out that ratio legis of copyright law is anchored in the Constitution, that determine the need for balancing the individual and public interest in respect to the creative activity.
Dochodzenie roszczeń związanych ze szkodą wyrządzoną wadliwą decyzją administracyjną
Authors:   Wojewódzki Sąd Administracyjny w Warszawie, Łąpieś-Rosińska Agnieszka
Published: July 2023

The issue of pursuance of claims connected with damage inflicted by defective administrative decision was regulated by section 160 of the Administrative Procedure Code (APC) until 1 September 2004. The section was the basis for pursuance of claim in connection with ascertaining invalidity of administrative decision or a decision issued with breach of the law. However, since 1 September 2004, i.e. after the amendment of the Civil Procedure Code(CPC) came into force, the basis for liability for damage caused by final administrative decision issued before 1 September 2004 – even if its invalidity or issuing with breach of law were established after that date – constitutes section 160 of the APC - but only in the aspect of determining the wrongful act or premisses of responsibility (clauses 1–3) and also prescription of claim (clause 6). It is not applicable to the procedure (mode) of pursuance of claim (clause 4&5). In the present law, regardless of the date of issue of decision, the appropriate and only way of pursuance of claim is a lawsuit in court. This means that the administrative mode has been excluded, regardless of the basis of responsibility arising from section 160 of the APC or section 417(clause 2) of the CPC. The range of responsibility for defective decision issued before 1 Sept 2004 has also been differentiated, since the party claiming damage can demand compensation for sustained losses and lost benefits on the basis of section 160 of the APC – if the damage was caused between 17 Oct 1997 and 31 Aug 2004. If the damage was caused before 17 Oct 1997, the party can only demand compensation for sustained losses.
The scope of the prohibition of the use of chemical weapons in international public law
Authors:   PAN, Kleczkowska Agata
Published: July 2023

The goal of the article is to examine if in international public law there is the prohibition of the use of chemical weapons during internal armed conflicts. The first part of the article deals with the previous regulations on the chemical weapons. Secondly, the Chemical Weapons Convention is discussed in relation to the scope of the prohibition. Then, the UN Security Council Resolution 2118 upon the Syrian conflict should be analyzed. Finally, the scope of the prohibition is related to the terms ‘war’ and ‘armed conflict’. The conclusions drawn from the abovementioned analyses depict that there is the strong need for an extension of the existing prohibition; however, no legal act has established it for now.