bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Citrus wastes: A valuable raw material for biological applications
Authors: Diniso Tabisa , O. Oriola Ayodeji , Adeyemi Jerry O. , M. Miya Gugulethu , S. Hosu Yiseyon , Oyedeji Opeoluwa O. , Kuria Simon K. , Oyedeji Adebola O.
Published: May 2024

Agricultural wastes have become a worrying concern worldwide due to the increasing demand for more food items brought about by the ever-increasing population growth in recent times. In the quest toward maintaining a sustainable food production process and combating the issues of food security challenges, the accompanying agricultural waste has become a significant environmental concern to life. About 130 million tons of agricultural waste are generated by India and China alone yearly, which is a worrying amount by just two nations, most of which are not adequately managed and disposed of, posing severe threats to the environment and humans. Citrus is a prominent example of these agricultural wastes that have contributed substantially over the years. This is because citrus accounts for nearly a fifth of the total cultivars industrially processed into food materials, leading to a significant agricultural waste of about 120 million tons worldwide. The industrialization of citrus production due to their continuous usage as different dietary materials and nutritional benefits has led to this massive waste because only 45% of the total fruit weight is being harnessed. Nevertheless, these waste materials, such as peels, leaves, and seeds, have different phytochemicals such as naringin and hesperidin, which is indicative of their usefulness as biological agents for pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, nanobiotechnology, food, and agricultural applications. Hence, this report briefly highlights the progress made in using citrus waste materials as biological agents by identifying some significant bioactive materials that have been found useful for various biological functions.
Bioinspired nanofibers: advancing drug delivery for enhanced therapeutic applications
Authors: Raikar Amisha S. , B. Bhat Bhavana , Somnache Sandesh N.
Published: May 2024

Nanomedicine is advancing with bioinspired nanofiber-based drug delivery systems (DDSs). This field explores the use of collagen and spider silk-like nanofibers to transport therapeutic agents to anatomical locations in the system. Nanofibers have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, mechanical strength, and ECM-mimicking properties. They are made with organic and artificial polymers, but natural polymers are better for biocompatibility and ECM resemblance. Synthetic polymers are versatile and can be customized to meet specific needs. Various techniques such as electrospinning, self-assembly, and templating are used to make bioinspired nanofibers. Electrospinning creates versatile and robust nanofibers that can be functionalized to boost therapeutic benefits. Control/extended DDSs using nanofibers are attainable by adjusting their physical and chemical properties (e.g., diameter, surface chemistry, and porosity). The nanofiber DDSs inspired by biology have shown promising use in wound healing, cancer therapy, and regenerative medicine. Creating these systems requires achieving biocompatibility, reducing toxicity, maintaining stability, long drug release, scalability, and cost-effectiveness.
A novel compound exponential locally active memristor coupled Hopfield neural network
Authors: Wang Meng-Jiao , Yang Chen , He Shao-Bo , Li Zhi-Jun ,   School of Automation and Electronic Information, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China,   School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
Published: May 2024

The neural network model coupled with memristors has been extensively studied due to its ability to more accurately represent the complex dynamic characteristics of the biological nervous system. Currently, the mathematical model of memristor used to couple neural networks mainly focuses on primary function, absolute value function, hyperbolic tangent function, etc. To further enrich the memristor-coupled neural network model and take into account the motion law of particles in some doped semiconductors, a new compound exponential local active memristor is proposed and used as a coupling synapse in the Hopfield neural network. Using the basic dynamic analysis method, the system’s dynamic behaviors are studied under different parameters and the coexistence of multiple bifurcation modes under different initial values. In addition, the influence of frequency change of external stimulation current on the system is also studied. The experimental results show that the internal parameters of memristor synapses regulate the system, and the system has a rich dynamic behavior, including symmetric attractor coexistence, asymmetric attractor coexistence, large-scale chaos as shown in attached figure, and bursting oscillation. Finally, the hardware of the system is realized by the STM32 microcontroller, and the experimental results verify the realization of the system.
The generalized order (k,t)-Mersenne sequences in groups
Authors:   Near East University TRNC, Mehraban E. , Deveci Ö. ,   Kafkas University, Hincal E. ,   Near East University TRNC
Published: May 2024

The purpose of this paper is to determine the algebraic properties of finite groups via a Mersenne-like sequence. Firstly, we introduce the generalized order $(k,t)$-Mersenne number sequences and study the periods of these sequences modulo $m$. Then, we get some interesting structural results. Furthermore, we expand the generalized order $(k,t)$-Mersenne number sequences to groups and we give the definition of the generalized order $(k,t)$-Mersenne sequences, $MQ_k^t(G,X)$, in the $j$-generator groups and also, investigate these sequences in the non-Abelian finite groups in detail. At last, we obtain the periods of the generalized order $(k,t)$-Mersenne sequences in some special groups as applications of the results produced.
O uso de drones para mapeamento topográfico
Authors: Gomes Anthony de Almeida da Rocha , Silva Bruna Nunes da , Barros Bruno Alves , Giri Fernanda Binott , Nunes Julio Cesar Borba , Oliveira Mariana Pedro de , Isahias Marla de Souza , Rodrigues Douglas de Souza
Published: May 2024

Este artigo explora o impacto da tecnologia no mapeamento topográfico, com ênfase no uso de drones, ou Sistemas de Aeronaves Remotamente Pilotadas (SARPs). Os drones têm redefinido a cartografia topográfica ao oferecerem uma abordagem revolucionária para coletar dados geoespaciais detalhados. Examinamos os desafios técnicos envolvidos na captura de informações de alta qualidade por meio desses dispositivos, incluindo a seleção de equipamentos e sensores apropriados, bem como estratégias de voo eficazes. Também destacamos a importância da integração de sistemas de posicionamento global (GPS) e sensoriamento remoto. Abordamos ainda os impactos econômicos e ambientais do uso de drones na topografia, enfatizando sua capacidade de evitar falhas, reduzir o tempo de coleta de dados e minimizar danos ambientais. Discutimos como a escolha entre diferentes métodos, como estações totais, GPS RTK e drones, pode afetar a precisão e os custos do levantamento topográfico. Salientamos que, embora a tecnologia avance, a expertise de profissionais qualificados é crucial para garantir resultados confiáveis. Por fim, exploramos as implicações mais amplas dessa revolução tecnológica na indústria da geoinformação, incluindo avanços em análise de dados, modelagem tridimensional e aplicações específicas, como planejamento urbano e monitoramento ambiental. Concluímos ressaltando que os drones não são apenas ferramentas, mas veículos que nos ajudam a compreender melhor nosso ambiente, convidando todos a explorar esse emocionante mundo do mapeamento topográfico impulsionado por drones e suas perspectivas promissoras.
Analysis of Iron (Fe) Content in Breast Milk of Breastfeeding Mothers with Level Anemia Normal, Mild and Moderate
Authors: Sormin Elferida , Siagian Carmen , Nadeak Bernadetha , Juwita Citra Puspa , Sumiyati .
Published: May 2024

Aims: The study aimed to determine the level of iron (Fe) in breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers who were not anemic (normal), had mild anemia, and had moderate anemia.
Methodology: This research is descriptive in nature with a cross-sectional research design. The research subjects were 30 breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers who had babies aged 0-6 months in TTU Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. 10 samples each in the categories of no anemia (normal), mild anemia, and moderate anemia. Analysis of Fe levels in breast milk samples using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (SSA) at the Testing, Calibration, and Certification Services Laboratory Unit, Bogor Agricultural Institute.
Results: The results of the analysis showed that the average Fe content in breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers (normal category) was 4.17 mg/L; Fe levels in breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers (mild anemia category) were 2.01 mg/L; while the Fe level in breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers (moderate anemia category) was 1.05 mg/L. From the average figures, it can be seen that there is no significant difference in Fe levels between the three breast milk samples, which is confirmed by the distribution of Fe levels for the 30 samples which is not much different, even from the minimum number of Fe levels in breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers (normal). still found at 1.03 mg/L (almost the same as the minimum Fe level for breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers (mild anemia), namely 0.70 mg/L.
Conclusion: there were no significant differences in Fe levels in breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers in the categories of no anemia (normal), mild anemia, and moderate anemia. However, it is still recommended that it is very important to ensure sufficient iron in breast milk to help the baby's growth and development.
Awareness and Knowledge Level of Puerperal Mothers on Neonatal Jaundice: A Qualitative Study in Northern Ghana
Authors: Boateng Keren-Happuch Twumasiwaa , Sarah Boakye Amoakowaa , Asirifi Samuel Kwame Amoako
Published: May 2024

Background: Neonatal Jaundice is a major contributing cause of newborn hospitalizations and a major cause of newborn mortality. It should not be a major cause of mortality even in developing countries Inadequate knowledge of mothers about NNJ results in delayed decision-making to seek timely medical interventions.
Methods: Using an exploratory design, a semi-structured interview guide was used to assess puerperal mothers' knowledge of NNJ. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 15 mothers Too small size attend health services at the Tamale West Hospital with newborns sick of NNJ. An interview guide through an in-depth interview process was used to gather data. Interviews were recorded and transcribed before analyzing thematically to organize the data into major and sub-themes.
Results: Awareness of NNJ was above average, the majority of mothers had knowledge of NNJ. Reported signs and symptoms of NNJ include yellowish eyes, palms, and skin. Treatment of jaundice was cited to include the use of phototherapy, and frequent breastfeeding. Causes and risk factors associated were; infections, G6PD defects, and consumption of herbal concoctions.
Conclusions: Health education should be intensified at the various units of the hospital to correct cultural and religious practices and improve caregivers' and mothers understanding of NNJ.
Automating Item Activation Process to Overcome Challenges for Error-free Inventory Operations
Authors: Sivagnanam Krishnakumar
Published: May 2024

This article highlights the need for the successful implementation of a custom engine within Oracle Governance, Risk, and Compliance (GRC) Preventive Controls Governor (PCG) to address challenges encountered during the item activation process in Inventory. The existing manual processes exhibited a high error incident rate, leading to various issues in Bill of Materials (BOM), Costing, and Financial Accounting due to incorrect inventory item attributes.
A comprehensive approach was implemented to address these issues. The processes were streamlined and optimized by leveraging controllership principles and implementing multilevel workflow-based approvals. Additionally, user-friendly webpages were developed using the Oracle Application Framework (OAF) to enhance the overall user experience.
The implementation of the custom engine within Oracle GRC PCG proved to be a transformative game-changer. It enabled effective control and governance over the item activation process, ensuring data accuracy and integrity. Remarkably, the error incident rate was reduced to zero, resulting in significant improvements in productivity and operational efficiency.
This article delves into the strategies employed, the achievements realized, and the profound impact on productivity, highlighting the successful integration of Oracle GRC PCG in optimizing critical business processes.
Sorption Isotherm and Effect of Packaging Materials on Proximate, Organoleptic and Lipid Oxidation Quality of Chicken Nuggets Stored at Two Different Temperatures
Authors: Alamuoye Oluwatoyin Folake , Alamuoye Nathaniel Olu , Olowoyeye Janet Chinwe
Published: May 2024

The study Investigated sorption isotherm features and the effects of packaging materials of both high-density and low-density polyethylene on sensory properties, proximate composition and lipid oxidation of chicken nuggets in storage. Boneless chicken breast was procured from a reputable source and cut into sizeable weight of 50g each to produce the chicken nuggets used for the studies. The experimental setup for sorption isotherm analysis in this study involved using a gravimetric method to equilibrate the product at various relative humidity levels. Five (5g) grams of oven-dried chicken nugget samples of known moisture content were placed in a controlled humidity chamber, and the weight changes of the samples were monitored until equilibrium was reached. GAB equation was used to evaluate the product ware activity and monolayer moisture. Sensory assessment was evaluated using a 9- point hedonic scale while proximate composition of the chicken nuggets samples was determined according to the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay was used to measure malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as a marker of lipid oxidation. The investigation showed that sensory qualities, proximate composition and lipid oxidation of chicken nuggets were markedly affected by the variance in temperature settings, with distinct disparities seen among different materials for packaging. Chicken nuggets stored at 25 0C caused a significant loss in organoleptic properties and some nutritional composition such as protein and fat. Storage of chicken nugget at 25 0C and 40 C showed a varied values in malondialdehyde as content ranged from 0.52 to 0.81 for chicken nugget stored at 250 C and 0.17 to 0.43 for the product stored at 40 C across the packaging materials investigated. The water activity and monolayer moisture results of sorption analysis revealed that good packaging materials of very low water vapour transmission rate should be used for storage of chicken nuggets as high-density polyethylene offered a promising alternative than low density polyethylene.
Impact of Reeling Effluent Irrigation on Growth and Yield of V1 Mulberry Variety
Authors: S. Ashrith, , S Chandrashekhar, , Gowda Manjunath , Chikkalingaiah . , D. V Naveen,
Published: May 2024

A field experiment was conducted during 2022-2023 at Department of Sericulture, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru to study the growth and development of mulberry when irrigated with various proportions of reeling effluent and borewell water along with recommended doses of NPK and FYM. Five treatments were laid out in RCBD with four replications. Among all the treatments application of 100 per cent reeling effluent for irrigation to mulberry plant has recorded the highest growth parameters on 30, 45 and 60 DAP, viz., number of shoots (20.25, 23.65 and 28.05 No.), mean shoot length (49.74, 109.32 and 137.32 cm), plant height (138.23, 197.47 and 225.47 cm), internodal distance (5.01, 5.49 and 5.73 cm), number of leaves (185.80, 424.40 and 542.90 No.), leaf area (105.21, 204.33 and 219.33 cm2) and leaf yield (940.94 g/plant and 58.07 tonnes/ha/yr on 60 DAP, respectively) compare to control. An overview of the study revealed that 100 per cent reeling effluent has significantly improved the growth and yield parameters of mulberry.
Effect of Different Nitrogen Levels and Herbicides on Growth Indices of Transplanted Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Singh Vikash , Kumar Rajesh , Singh Manju , Azam Kamaran , Nand Vishuddha , Singh A.K.
Published: May 2024

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif season 2022 and 2023 at Agronomy research farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology Kumarganj, Ayodhya Uttar Pradesh, (India). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with thrice replications. Taking three nitrogen levels 80 Kg/ha, 120 Kg/ha and 160 Kg/ha in main plot and five weed management practices Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10 % WP @ 20g a.i/ha (PE) at 0-3 DAT, Bispyribac sodium 10 % SC @ 25g a.i/ha (PoE) at 25 DAT, Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10 % WP @ 20g a.i/ha (PE) at 0-3 DAT fb Bispyribac sodium 10 % SC @ 25g a.i/ha (PoE) at 25 DAT, Weed free and Weedy check in subplot. Results revealed that significantly higher crop growth rate, relative growth rate, and net assimilation rate and grain yield was recorded in 160 Kg N ha-1 and Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10 % WP @ 20g a.i/ha (PE) at 0-3 DAT fb Bispyribac sodium 10 % SC @ 25g a.i/ha (PoE) at 25 DAT which was comparable to weed free during both the years of investigation on transplanting rice.
Bioefficacy of Indigenous Isolates of Biocontrol Fungi and Bacteria against Macrophomina Phaseolina Causing Root Rot Disease in Green Gram
Authors: Ahmad Irfan , Khan Mujeebur Rahman
Published: May 2024

Green grams are the most valuable pulse crops in terms of plant-based protein, dietary fiber, and various phytochemicals. Although green gram is found susceptible to the soil-borne fungus Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, it leads to severe root-rot disease and causes a significant reduction in crop yield. Thus, the study aims to determine the bioefficacy of indigenous isolates of biocontrol fungi and bacteria viz., T. asperelloides AMUTASPD-51, T. asperellum AMUTASPM-51, T. asperellum AMUTASPM-52, T. asperellum AMUTASPM-53, T. atroviride AMUTATROV-31, T. harzianum AMUTHZ-71, T. harzianum AMUTHZ-72, T. harzianum AMUTHZ-73, T. harzianum AMUTHZ-74, T. hamatum AMUTHM-31, T. viride AMUTVR-61, T. viride AMUTVR-62, T. virens AMUTVNS-41, T. longibrachiatum AMUTLONB-41, Pochonia chlamydosporia AMUPC-31, Purpureocillium lilacinum AMUPL-31, Aspergillus niger AMUAN-41, Bacillus subtilis AMUBS-80 and Pseudomonas fluorescens AMUPF-80 against Macrophomina phaseolina AMUMP-2 by using dual inoculation technique for seven days incubation at a temperature under in-vitro condition. All species of Trichoderma fungus showed high biocontrol potential to suppress the radial growth of M. phaseolina AMUMP-2 over control. Among the biocontrol fungi and bacteria, T. viride AMUTVR-61 resulted in the highest radial inhibition of M. phaseolina AMUMP-2 by 95.0% over control. The T. harzianum AMUTHZ-72 was second most effective in decreasing the radial growth by 94.2% of the pathogens, followed by T. harzianum AMUTHZ-71 (92.8%), T. asperellum AMUTASPM-53 (86.1%), and T. harzianum AMUTHZ-74 (83.7%) over control. However, B. subtilis AMUBS-80 was found to be the least effective, suppressing radial inhibition of M. phaseolina AMUMP-2 by 21.7% over control. The present study indicates that T. viride AMUTVR-61 and T. harzianum AMUTHZ-72 were the most significant indigenous biocontrol fungi against M. phaseolina AMUMP-2. Furthermore, its application led to a substantial decrease in the soil-borne pathogen population that affects plant health, especially green gram, and adverse environmental and human effects.
PENGARUH MANAJEMEN MODAL KERJA TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS PERUSAHAAN JASA KONSTRUKSI PUBLIK DI INDONESIA PERIODE 2018-2022
Authors: Hans Samuel , Anastasia Njo
Published: May 2024

Sektor usaha jasa konstruksi memberikan kontribusi sebesar 9,94% terhadap Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB) Indonesia pada tahun 2015 sampai dengan kuartal 3 tahun 2021. Untuk itu, sektor tersebut diharapkan meningkatkan kinerjanya. Salah satu cara meningkatkan kinerjanya adalah dengan mengelola modal kerjanya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji bagaimana pengaruh manajemen modal kerja terhadap profitabilitas perusahaan jasa konstruksi publik di Indonesia. Penelitian ini diuji dengan analisis statistik deskriptif dan regresi data panel. Adapun elemen-elemen modal kerja yang dijadikan variabel independen sebagai berikut: periode penagihan, periode penyimpanan, periode pembayaran, dan siklus perputaran kas. Sedangkan rasio profitabilitas yang digunakan sebagai variabel dependen hanya return on asset (ROA). Hasil penelitian ini adalah siklus perputaran kas, periode penagihan piutang, dan periode pembayaran utang yang dipercepat meningkatkan profitabilitas, sebaliknya periode penyimpanan persediaan tidak mempengaruhi profitabilitas.
Board Size and Firm Performance: The Moderating Role of Female Representation
Authors: Wijaya Hendra , Memarista Gesti
Published: May 2024

This research aims to investigate the commissioner’s number of boards on the Indonesian go-public company’s performance. The disparity in types of gender begs the question of whether the applicability of women’s governance may lead to firm performance. So, the women's presence on that effect as the moderating factor is also examined and analyzed using panel data regression and ordinary least squares in this research. The study's samples are non-financial firms from 2015 until 2019, with 1210 observations. The commissioner's number of boards significantly affects Tobin's q and the market-to-book value ratio as the business performance measurement. Yet, the women’s board of commissioner’s proportion as the moderating factor did not affect the relationship between the commissioner's number of boards and the Indonesian go-public company's performance because of the small number of women on the board. It remains negligible since the dominant gender in the board of commissioners is men in Indonesian non-financial go-public companies, so the women directors may not improve the company’s performance. This study will help various businesses in various sectors by shedding light on the ideal board size for boosting productivity. It also acknowledges the significance of gender diversity on boards so that companies may make educated decisions about their boards' makeup and governance procedures. Given that women make up the minority of CEOs, policymakers will utilize these findings to create rules and directives that support gender diversity on boards and enhance business performance.
Fintech Acceptance Among MSMEs: A Post-Covid 19 Response
Authors: Nurhayani Ulfa , Dongoran Faisal Rahman , Syah Dedy Husrizal , Sagala Gaffar Hafiz
Published: May 2024

The primary objective of this research is to assess the determinants influencing the adoption of Fintech among MSMEs in Medan City, focusing on MSMEs following the post-pandemic period. This study used an online survey among 156 MSMEs in Medan City. This research uses the Structural Equation Modeling - Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) approach to analyze the conceptual model, utilizing the SmartPLS version 3 analysis tool. The study's results found that perceived ease of use and subjective norms influence the perceived usefulness of Medan City MSME actors in using Fintech. Overall, the results of this study indicate that perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, subjective norms, and feeling of safety have a positive and significant effect on the usage of Fintech among MSME actors in Medan City. The results of this study also provide practical implications for using Fintech for MSMEs in Medan City in the new normal era (after the COVID-19 pandemic).
Usefulness of Syndromic Data Sources for Investigating Morbidity Resulting From a Severe Weather Event
Authors: Baer Atar , Elbert Yevgeniy , Burkom Howard S. , Holtry Rekha , Lombardo Joseph S. , Duchin Jeffrey S.
Published: September 2010

Objective: We evaluated emergency department (ED) data, emergency medical services (EMS) data, and public utilities data for describing an outbreak of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning following a windstorm.

Methods: Syndromic ED data were matched against previously collected chart abstraction data. We ran detection algorithms on selected time series derived from all 3 data sources to identify health events associated with the CO poisoning outbreak. We used spatial and spatiotemporal scan statistics to identify geographic areas that were most heavily affected by the CO poisoning event.

Results: Of the 241 CO cases confirmed by chart review, 190 (78.8%) were identified in the syndromic surveillance data as exact matches. Records from the ED and EMS data detected an increase in CO-consistent syndromes after the storm. The ED data identified significant clusters of CO-consistent syndromes, including zip codes that had widespread power outages. Weak temporal gastrointestinal (GI) signals, possibly resulting from ingestion of food spoiled by lack of refrigeration, were detected in the ED data but not in the EMS data. Spatial clustering of GI-based groupings in the ED data was not detected.

Conclusions: Data from this evaluation support the value of ED data for surveillance after natural disasters. Enhanced EMS data may be useful for monitoring a CO poisoning event, if these data are available to the health department promptly.

(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:37-45)
An electroclinical case‐control study of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
Authors: Lhatoo Samden D. , Faulkner Howard J. , Dembny Krystina , Trippick Kathy , Johnson Claire , Bird Jonathan M.
Published: September 2010

Objective:

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) accounts for approximately 1 in 5 deaths in patients with epilepsy, but its cause remains unexplained. A recorded seizure resulting in death in our center appeared to suggest that postictal generalized electroencephalographic (EEG) suppression (PGES) and apnea are implicated in SUDEP. Our objective was to determine the association between PGES, as a possible identifiable EEG marker of profound postictal cerebral dysfunction, and SUDEP.

Methods:

We studied 10 adult patients from our video‐telemetry database who had 30 documented epileptic seizures during video‐EEG recording and who later died of SUDEP. They were compared with 30 matching live controls with 92 epileptic seizures taken from the same database. Clinical and EEG findings were analyzed.

Results:

PGES was seen in 15/30 (50%) case and 35/92 (38%) control seizures. A Mann‐Whitney U test showed that PGES was significantly longer in the generalized motor seizures of the SUDEP group (p < 0.001). After adjustment for variables, odds ratio analysis of all seizures indicated significantly elevated odds of SUDEP with PGES durations of >50 seconds (p < 0.05). Beyond 80 seconds, the odds were quadrupled (p < 0.005). After adjustment for variables, for each 1‐second increase in duration of PGES, the odds of SUDEP increased by a factor of 1.7%(p < 0.005).

Interpretation:

Prolonged PGES (>50 seconds) appears to identify refractory epilepsy patients who are at risk of SUDEP. Risk of SUDEP may be increased in direct proportion to duration of PGES. Profound postictal cerebral dysfunction, possibly leading to central apnea, may be a pathogenetic mechanism for SUDEP. ANN NEUROL 2010
Biodegradability assessment of aliphatic polyesters‐based blends using standard methods
Authors: Moura I. , Machado A. V. , Duarte F. M. , Nogueira R.
Published: September 2010

Important information concerning polymer's final fate in the environment can be achieved in biodegradation studies. In this context, the focus of this study was to evaluate the biodegradability of blends containing aliphatic polyesters using standard methods. Blends of high‐density polyethylene, biodegradable polymer, and polyethylene modified with maleic anhydride (used as compatibilizer) were prepared in a corotating twin‐screw extruder. Biodegradable polymers used were poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL), and Mater‐Bi (thermoplastic starch with PLA or PCL). Biodegradation tests were carried out using two standard methods: (i) ISO 14851 (1999), biochemical oxygen demand in a closed respirometer and (ii) ASTM G 22‐76, microbial growth of test microorganisms. Both biodegradability tests suggested that the blend containing PCL is more biodegradable than the one containing PLA. Addition of starch increased the biodegradability of the PLA blend. The biodegradability of the blends evaluated in this study by the biochemical oxygen demand method ranged from 22% (PLA 60) to 52% for corn starch/PCL 30/70 (% wt) (SPCL 70). Therefore, the blends may not be considered “readily biodegradable” according to the OECD standard. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effect of carbon nanotube purification on the electrical and mechanical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) composites with carbon nanotubes in low concentration
Authors: Yesil Sertan , Bayram Goknur
Published: September 2010

Surface properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were altered by purification with nitric acid, sulfuric acid, ammonium hydroxide, and hydrogen peroxide. As‐received and purified CNT‐based conductive poly (ethylene terephthalate) composites were prepared with a twin‐screw extruder. The effects of CNT purification on the surface properties of the CNTs and on the morphology and electrical and mechanical properties of CNT‐based composites were investigated. Surface energy measurements showed that the acidic component of the surface energies of the CNTs increased after purification. According to Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, the purification resulted in the formation of oxygen‐containing functional groups on the surfaces of the CNTs. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis results indicate the removal of the metallic catalyst residues and an increase in the oxygen content of the CNT surfaces as a result of the purification procedure. X‐ray diffraction analyses revealed a change in the crystalline structure of the CNTs after purification. All of the composites prepared with the purified CNTs had higher electrical resistivities and tensile and impact strength values than the composites based on the as‐received CNTs because of the functional groups and defect sites formed on the surfaces of the CNTs during purification. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Thermal and mechanical properties of polypropylene/wood‐flour composites
Authors: Ndiaye Diène , Matuana Laurent M. , Morlat‐Therias Sandrine , Vidal Loïc , Tidjani Adams , Gardette Jean‐Luc
Published: September 2010

In this research, polypropylene/wood‐flour composites (WPCs) were blended with different contents of wood and/or maleated polypropylene (MAPP) and clay. We found that the addition of MAPP or clay in the formulation greatly improved the dispersion of the wood fibers in the composite; this suggested that MAPP or clay may have played the role of an adhesion promoter in the WPCs. The results obtained with clay indicate that it also acted as a flame retardant. The thermal tests carried out with the produced samples showed an increased crystallization temperature (Tc), crystallinity, and melting temperature (Tm) with wood loading. The increase of the two former parameters was explained by the incorporation of wood flour, which played the role of nucleating agent and induced the crystallization of the matrix polymer. On the other hand, the Tm increase was ascribed to the insulating properties of wood, which hindered the movement of heat conduction. The effects of UV irradiation on Tm and Tc were also examined. Tc increased with UV exposure time; this implied that UV degradation generated short chains with low molecular weight that could move easily in the bulk of the sample and, thus, catalyze early crystallization. The flexural strength and modulus increased with increasing wood‐flour content. In contrast, the impact strength and tensile strength and strain decreased with increasing wood‐flour content. All of these changes were related to the level of dispersion of the wood flour in the polymeric matrix. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Evaluating the behavior of castor‐oil‐based polyurethanes in acidic environments on the basis of the sorption behavior and analysis with electron ionization mass spectroscopy and neutron activation analysis
Authors: Mortley Aba , Bonin H. W. , Bui V. T.
Published: September 2010

Castor‐oil‐based polyurethanes (COPUs) were fabricated from 2,4‐toluene diisocyanate and hexamethylene diisocyanate. Immersion weight‐gain methods at different temperatures were used to measure the sorption and diffusion of acidic solutions into the polyurethane. It was evident from this study that these COPUs can indeed be used in acid conditions as they exhibited a low absorption of diffusing solutions (<1%) with the apparent activation energies of diffusion and permeation estimated to be 85 and 18 kJ/mol, respectively. Neutron activation analysis confirmed the possibility of the clustering of the acidic diffusing solutions because the acid/water molar values within the polymer matrix were significantly larger than those expected of the bulk solution. Mass spectroscopy indicated that any degradation that may have occurred may have been the result of fracture at the ester bond in the castor oil segment of the polyurethane. Tensile tests showed that the modulus of the saturated polymers remained above the values of the unsaturated ones. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effect of sterilization techniques on the physicochemical properties of polysulfone hollow fibers
Authors: Madsen Ben , Britt David W. , Griffiths Floyd , McKenna Elise , Ho Chih‐Hu
Published: September 2010

Sterilized hollow‐fiber membranes are used in hemodialysis, ultrafiltration, bioprocessing, and tissue engineering applications that require a stable and biocompatible surface. In this study, we demonstrated significant changes in the fiber physicochemical properties with different methods of sterilization. Commercial polysulfone (PS) hollow fibers containing poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) were subjected to standard ethylene oxide (ETO), sodium hypochlorite (bleach), and electron‐beam (e‐beam) sterilization techniques followed by analysis of the surface hydrophilicity, morphology, and water‐retention ability. E‐beam sterilization rendered more hydrophilic fibers with water contact angles near 47° compared to the ETO‐ and bleach‐treated fibers, which were each near 56°. Atomic force microscopy revealed lumen root mean square (rms) roughness values near 19 nm for all three sterilization methods; however, e‐beam‐sterilized and bleach‐treated fibers had significantly higher (∼ 106 nm) rms values for the outer wall compared to the ETO‐sterilized fibers (∼ 39 nm). The increased hydrophilicity and surface area of the e‐beam‐sterilized fiber were reflected by a greater water evaporation rate than that of the ETO‐treated fiber. These results demonstrate that common sterilization methods may significantly and distinctly alter the polymer membrane physicochemical properties, which may, in turn, impact the performance and, in particular, surface fouling. For tissue engineering and bioprocessing applications, these changes may be leveraged to promote cell adhesion and spreading. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
In vitro biocompatibility of electrospun silk fibroin mats with Schwann cells
Authors: Xu Shanqin , Yan Xiaoli , Zhao Yahong , Wang Wei , Yang Yumin
Published: September 2010

In this study, electrospinning was used to fabricate silk‐fibroin (SF)‐based mats, which served as substrates for the culturing of rat Schwann cells. Microscopic observation and physical parameter measurements revealed that the electrospun SF mats had a nanofibrous structure with favorable physical properties. Fourier transform infrared analysis provided chemical characterization of the molecular confirmation of the SF proteins in the mats. The morphology and immunocytochemistry showed that the mats supported the survival and growth of the cultured Schwann cells, and 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide analysis indicated that the electrospun SF mat extract had no cytotoxic effects on Schwann cell proliferation. Collectively, all of the results suggest that the electrospun SF mats might become a candidate scaffold for tissue‐engineered nerve grafts to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Miscibility and crystallization behaviors of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐11%‐4‐hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐33%‐4‐hydroxybutyrate) blends
Authors: Lan Zhiyuan , Pan Jueyu , Wang Xiaojuan , He Jianyun , Xu Kaitian
Published: September 2010

Biopolyesters poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐4‐hydroxybutyrate) with an 11 mol % 4HB content [P(3HB‐co‐11%‐4HB)] and a 33 mol % 4HB content [P(3HB‐co‐33%‐4HB)] were blended by a solvent‐casting method. The thermal properties were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry. The single glass‐transition temperature of the blends revealed that the two components were miscible when the content of P(3HB‐co‐33%‐4HB) was less than 30% or more than 70 wt %. The blends, however, were immiscible when the P(3HB‐co‐33%‐4HB) content was between 30 and 70%. The miscibility of the blends was also confirmed by scanning electron microscopy morphology observation. In the crystallite structure study, X‐ray diffraction patterns demonstrated that the crystallites of the blends were mainly from poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) units. With the addition of P(3HB‐co‐33%‐4HB), larger crystallites with lower crystallization degrees were induced. Isothermal crystallization was used to analyze the melting crystallization kinetics. The Avrami exponent was kept around 2; this indicated that the crystallization mode was not affected by the blending. The equilibrium melting temperature decreased from 144 to 140°C for the 80/20 and 70/30 blends P(3HB‐co‐11%‐4HB)/P(3HB‐co‐33%‐4HB). This hinted that the crystallization tendency decreased with a higher P(3HB‐co‐33%‐4HB) content. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation of cellulose–tungsten carbide composite beads with ionic liquid for expanded bed application
Authors: Shi Fei , Lin Dong‐Qiang , Phottraithip Wimonrat , Yao Shan‐Jing
Published: September 2010

Expanded bed adsorption (EBA) is an integrated technology for capturing target biomolecules directly from unclarified feedstock. The adsorbents should be designed specially to ensure the perfect performance of the expanded bed. In this study, an ionic liquid (IL), 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride, was used to dissolve cellulose directly to prepare cellulose–tungsten carbide composite beads with water‐in‐oil suspension and cooling/ethanol regeneration. The preparation conditions were optimized, especially for four key factors, the cellulose concentration, ratio of the oil phase to the cellulose solution, stirring speed, and addition of tungsten carbide powder. The results showed that the tungsten carbide powder emerged well in the cellulose matrix as an inert densifier. The composite beads had a spherical appearance, a suitable size and size distribution, an appropriate wet density of 1.32–1.68 g/mL, a porosity of 90–96%, a pore radius of 45–65 nm, and a specific surface area of 30–42 m2/mL. These results show the potential application for this EBA process. Compared to the traditional technology with cellulose xanthate viscose, the new method with the IL as the nonderivatizing dissolution solvent is technically feasible, has concise processing, and is environmentally friendly. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis and swelling properties of pH‐ and temperature‐sensitive interpenetrating polymer networks composed of polyacrylamide and poly(γ‐glutamic acid)
Authors: Rodríguez‐Félix D. E. , Castillo‐Ortega M. M. , Real‐Félix D. , Romero‐García J. , Ledezma‐Pérez A. S. , Rodríguez‐Félix F.
Published: September 2010

Novel hydrogels of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) composed of polyacrylamide and poly(γ‐glutamic acid) were synthesized. In these systems, both polymers were crosslinked independently; this reduced the potential loss of a polymer during the washing process, as often occurs in semi‐IPN systems. Interpolymer interactions were investigated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. These studies suggested possible interactions between both polymers by the formation of hydrogen bonds. The swelling behavior of these hydrogels was analyzed by immersion of the hydrogel samples in deionized water at 25 and 37°C and in buffer solutions with pHs of 3, 7, and 10. The kinetics of swelling showed increases in the values of the swelling ratio with increasing immersion time in the swelling medium, molar proportion of the biopolymer in the hydrogel, temperature, and pH of the swelling medium. All of the hydrogels swelled rapidly and reached equilibrium in an average time of 40 min. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effect of nanosilica content on properties of polyurethane/silica hybrid emulsion and its films
Authors: Wang Lei , Shen Yiding , Lai Xiaojuan , Li Zhongjin
Published: September 2010

Polyurethane/silica hybrid emulsion (PUSi) was synthesized by the reaction of isophorone isocyanate, polyether polyol, hydrophilic nanosilica (A200), dimethylol propionic acid, trimethylol propane, and 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550). The films of the waterborne polyurethane (WPU) were prepared. The structure of the polyurethane was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), thermogravimetry (TG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The particle size distribution and morphology of emulsion were examined. Influence of nanosilica content on the mechanical properties and solvent absorption of the cast films were also measured quantificationally. FTIR indicates that NH2 of KH550 reacted with NCO of polyurethane. TG analysis indicates that nanosilica can improve thermal stability of polyurethane. There is no clear effect of nanosilica on the glass transition of soft segments. It was found that greater mechanical properties of WPU were obtained when chemical networks were formed by sol‐gel process. As the nanosilica content increases, water absorption and ethanol absorption decreased. The particle size increases with increase of A200 content. PUSi hybrid emulsions are endowed with pseudoplasticity. The apparent viscosity of emulsions increased and then decreased with addition of A200. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Sulphur‐vulcanized polybutadiene as a matrix in glass fiber‐reinforced composite materials
Authors: Prokůpek Luboš , Večeřa Miroslav , Machotová Jana , Šňupárek Jaromír
Published: September 2010

The basic material used in this work was a low‐molecular‐weight polybutadiene with isocyanate endgroups in the main chain. The isocyanate groups were used for crosslinking of the oligomeric polybutadiene with glycerol as a three‐functional crosslinker. The prepared polybutadiene‐based polyurethane gel was subsequently vulcanized with sulphur. The effect of sulphur content on mechanical and electrical properties of resulting materials was investigated with the aim to find an optimum matrix composition for the preparation of composite materials. Several types of glass fiber fabric reinforcement differing in fabric weight and fabric ply thickness were tested. Mechanical properties of composites based on the optimum matrix composition and different types of glass fibers were measured and compared. Being vulcanized with sulphur, the polybutadiene was found to possess improved mechanical properties and retain an excellent electroinsulating character. Moreover, the sulphur‐vulcanized polybutadiene was proved good as a matrix for the preparation of glass fiber‐reinforced composite materials having enhanced tensile and flexural properties. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Monoclonal anti‐CD8 therapy induces disease amelioration in the K/BxN mouse model of spontaneous chronic polyarthritis
Authors: Raposo Bruno R. , Rodrigues‐Santos Paulo , Carvalheiro Helena , Água‐Doce Ana M. , Carvalho Lina , Pereira da Silva José A. , Graça Luis , Souto‐Carneiro M. Margarida
Published: September 2010

Objective

CD8+ T cells are part of the T cell pool infiltrating the synovium in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, their role in the pathogenesis of RA has not been fully delineated. Using the K/BxN mouse model of spontaneous chronic arthritis, which shares many similarities with RA, we studied the potential of CD8+ T cell depletion with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to stop and reverse the progression of experimental arthritis.

Methods

CD8+ T cells from the blood and articular infiltrate of K/BxN mice were characterized for cell surface phenotypic markers and for cytokine production. Additionally, mice were treated with specific anti‐CD8 mAb (YTS105 and YTS169.4), with and without thymectomy.

Results

CD8+ T cells from the peripheral blood and joints of K/BxN mice were mainly CD69+ and CD62L−CD27+ T cells expressing proinflammatory cytokines (interferon‐γ [IFNγ], tumor necrosis factor α [TNFα], interleukin‐17a [IL‐17A], and IL‐4), and granzyme B. In mice receiving anti‐CD8 mAb, the arthritis score improved 5 days after treatment. Recovery of the CD8+ T cells was associated with a new increase in the arthritis score after 20 days. In thymectomized and anti‐CD8 mAb–treated mice, the arthritis score improved permanently. Histologic analysis showed an absence of inflammatory infiltrate in the anti‐CD8 mAb–treated mice. In anti‐CD8 mAb–treated mice, the serologic levels of TNFα, IFNγ, IL‐6, and IL‐5 normalized. The levels of the disease‐related anti–glucose‐6‐phosphate isomerase antibodies did not change.

Conclusion

These results indicate that synovial activated effector CD8+ T cells locally synthesize proinflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα, IL‐17, IL‐6) and granzyme B in the arthritic joint, thus playing a pivotal role in maintaining chronic synovitis in the K/BxN mouse model of arthritis.