bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mineral Licks: An Overlooked Model System for Species Interactions
Authors: Griffiths Brian M. , Luther David C. , Pollock Henry S.
Published: January 2025

Mineral licks are deposits of minerals, salts, and/or clays that attract animals and serve as keystone resources in terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. Previous research on natural mineral licks has focused largely on characterizing the soil properties of the licks and describing the species that consume the minerals. Yet mineral licks are also hubs of species interactions, where predators hunt prey, diseases are spread, and social information is transferred. Here, we argue that mineral licks are an overlooked model system with massive potential for both characterizing biodiversity and studying species interactions. We review the current state of knowledge and identify gaps related to predator–prey interactions, disease transfer, social information, and population dynamics and mineral licks. In each area, we propose future research directions, including how to leverage emerging technologies to more fully understand the ecology of mineral licks. We highlight that new conservation technologies may be particularly powerful in studying species at mineral licks, including telemetry and tracking, LiDAR, environmental DNA, and camera traps. We also note that experimental approaches to mineral licks are currently severely underutilized in ecosystems around the world and offer enormous potential in understanding species interactions in our four highlighted areas. This synthesis provides a framework for testing hypotheses about the ecological importance of mineral licks as a keystone resource and shifts the focus to include more emphasis on current knowledge gaps.
NOTCH3 Mutation Causes Glymphatic Impairment and Promotes Brain Senescence in CADASIL
Authors: Li Chunyi , Li Hui , Men Xuejiao , Wang Yuge , Kang Xinmei , Hu Mengyan , Su Xiaotao , Wang Shisi , Lu Danli , Shen Shishi , Huang Huipeng , Deng Xiaohui , Liu Yuxin , Zhang Lei , Cai Wei , Wu Aimin , Lu Zhengqi
Published: January 2025

Aims

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of glymphatic function of cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy, subcortical infarcts, and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), the most common monogenic small vessel disease caused by NOTCH3 mutation, and to explore potential therapeutic strategies to improve glymphatic function.

Methods

We assessed glymphatic influx and efflux function in CADASIL mouse models (Notch3R170C) and correlated these findings with brain atrophy in CADASIL patients. We also investigated the underlying mechanisms of glymphatic impairment, focusing the expression of AQP4 in astrocytic endfeet.

Results

CADASIL mouse exhibited both impaired glymphatic influx and efflux, which impedes waste clearance and promotes brain senescence. In accordance, brain atrophy in CADASIL patients is associated with perivascular space enlargement, indicating that glymphatic impairment contributes to advanced brain senescence in CADASIL. The glymphatic malfunction in CADASIL is attributed to diminished AQP4 expression in astrocytic endfeet, which is the core mediator of glymphatic activity. Mechanistically, AQP4 expression is regulated by NOTCH3‐RUNX1‐CMYB signaling. Reinforcing AQP4 expression in astrocytes by AAV‐based therapy resumes the glymphatic functions in CADASIL mice, which further prevents brain senescence.

Conclusion

We propose that to improve glymphatic function by reinforcing AQP4 expression is a promising therapeutic strategy in CADASIL.
Deep‐Learning Generated Synthetic Material Decomposition Images Based on Single‐Energy CT to Differentiate Intracranial Hemorrhage and Contrast Staining Within 24 Hours After Endovascular Thrombectomy
Authors: Wang Tianyu , Jiang Caiwen , Ding Weili , Chen Qing , Shen Dinggang , Ding Zhongxiang
Published: January 2025

Aims

To develop a transformer‐based generative adversarial network (trans‐GAN) that can generate synthetic material decomposition images from single‐energy CT (SECT) for real‐time detection of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) after endovascular thrombectomy.

Materials

We retrospectively collected data from two hospitals, consisting of 237 dual‐energy CT (DECT) scans, including matched iodine overlay maps, virtual noncontrast, and simulated SECT images. These scans were randomly divided into a training set (n = 190) and an internal validation set (n = 47) in a 4:1 ratio based on the proportion of ICH. Additionally, 26 SECT scans were included as an external validation set. We compared our trans‐GAN with state‐of‐the‐art generation methods using several physical metrics of the generated images and evaluated the diagnostic efficacy of the generated images for differentiating ICH from contrast staining.

Results

In comparison with other generation methods, the images generated by trans‐GAN exhibited superior quantitative performance. Meanwhile, in terms of ICH detection, the use of generated images from both the internal and external validation sets resulted in a higher area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.88 vs. 0.68 and 0.69 vs. 0.54, respectively) and kappa values (0.83 vs. 0.56 and 0.51 vs. 0.31, respectively) compared with input SECT images.

Conclusion

Our proposed trans‐GAN provides a new approach based on SECT for real‐time differentiation of ICH and contrast staining in hospitals without DECT conditions.
Effect of reserve protection level and governance on tree cover loss and gain
Authors: Stoudmann Natasha , Byrne Jason , Adams Vanessa
Published: January 2025

Terrestrial protected areas are essential for biodiversity conservation, yet it is not fully understood when and how different types of protected areas are most effective in achieving specific conservation objectives. We assessed the impact of reserves on tree cover loss and gain through a case study in Tasmania, Australia. We considered varying protection levels (strict, where human activities are restricted, and multiple use) and governance types (public and private). We used a counterfactual matching approach to compare tree cover loss and gain between reserves and matched unprotected areas from 2004 to 2021. We accounted for forest policy changes, environmental covariates, and human pressures to reduce placement bias. We also characterized reserves by size, governance, management, and vegetation and compared covariates inside and outside reserves to define baseline conditions. Reserves established from 2004 to 2016 were overall 75.4% less likely to have lost tree cover and 16.0% more likely to have had tree cover gain compared with controls. Patterns of loss and gain varied by protection level and governance type. Multiple‐use reserves were as effective as reserves in which human activities were more restricted. Privately managed reserves contributed to tree cover growth, and public reserves helped avoid loss. This highlights reserves’ distinct contributions to conservation targets, with private reserves allowing for growth and restoration and public reserves acting as stable anchor points. Our results emphasize the importance of having a diverse array of protected areas to enhance the resilience of reserve networks. We advocate for adaptive regional measures and robust monitoring to achieve global ecological targets.
The Songdo consensus: Development of minimum reporting standards for studies of intervention in idiopathic anal fistula using a modified nominal group technique
Authors: Joshi Shivani , Hanna Luke , Cho Dong Ho , Garg Pankaj , Glyn Tamara , Gurland Brooke , Hwang Do‐Yeon , Kim Kiduk , Kotze Paulo Gustavo , Lee Jong Kyun , Lightner Amy L. , Matzel Klaus E. , Sahnan Kapil , Seow‐Choen Francis , Shafik Ali , Won Daeyoun , Zimmerman David D. E. , Tozer Phil J.
Published: January 2025

Aim

Cryptoglandular anal fistulas carry a substantial burden to quality of life. Surgery is the only effective curative treatment but requires balancing fistula healing against pain, wounds and continence impairment. Sphincter‐preserving procedures do exist but demonstrate variable rates of success. A lack of consistency and precision in outcome reporting and methodological quality hinders effective evidence‐based decision‐making. We aimed to establish a series of minimum reporting standards for interventional studies in idiopathic anal fistula, to eradicate low‐quality studies, thus providing a consistent baseline of useful evidence.

Methods

An international group of 16 experts participated in a modified nominal group technique consensus. The nominal question was: ‘What should be the minimum set of reporting standards for studies of intervention in idiopathic anal fistula?’ The process was conducted between May and June 2023, culminating in a hybrid in‐person/virtual meeting that took place at the Songdo International Proctology Symposium in June 2023.

Results

Initial idea generation resulted in 37 statements within the first round. Themes included variable reporting of follow‐up and incontinence. Participants indicated their agreement via a 9‐point Likert scale. Any statement achieving >70% consensus was retained. Subsequent group discussion condensed the list to 11 statements for further voting and a final minimum set of 12 reporting standards was created.

Conclusion

To date, this is the first study dedicated to developing minimum reporting standards for interventional studies in idiopathic anal fistula using a modified nominal group technique. These standards will instruct researchers in producing meticulous, high‐quality studies that are accurate, transparent and reproducible.
Ivermectin and Neem residues in cattle dung: Effects on dung beetle attraction and ecological functions in Brazilian pastures
Authors: Souza Agnis C. , Correa César M. A. , Ferreira Ronara Souza , Louzada Julio
Published: January 2025

Identification of veterinary medical products carrying reduced risks to dung beetles remains a critical objective for the sustainable management of livestock parasites. Despite the essential role dung beetles play in tropical pasturelands, our understanding of the impact of alternative parasiticides, such as Neem plant extract, on dung beetle attraction and dung use is still limited. This study assessed the effects of dung from cattle exposed to Ivermectin (known to be harmful to dung beetles), Neem, and non‐exposed animals (control) on dung beetle assemblage and their ecological functions (dung removal and soil bioturbation), in introduced and native pastures in the Brazilian Cerrado. Our findings revealed similar patterns of dung beetle attraction to Ivermectin, Neem, and control dung in introduced pastures. However, in native pastures, dung beetles exhibited greater attraction to dung from Ivermectin and Neem‐treated cattle compared with the control. Telecoprid beetles displayed an increased attraction to Neem‐treated dung in native pastures, with two species demonstrating a preference for this dung type. Ecological function performance was higher in Neem‐treated dung compared with control, yet no significant difference was noted between Neem and Ivermectin in both pasture types. These results underscore the compelling attractiveness of cattle dung from Neem‐treated animals to dung beetles, concurrently ensuring the preservation of dung beetle ecological functions in both pasture settings. This highlights the need for a rigorous evaluation of novel protocols incorporating natural parasiticides, which emerge as important tools in the conservation of dung beetle biodiversity and their ecological functions in tropical pasturelands.
Exploring Emergency Distance Education in Higher Education: A Systematic Review
Authors: Battal Bahadır
Published: January 2025

The aim of this article is to explore the advantages and disadvantages experienced in higher education institutions during the period of emergency distance education, based on the qualitative findings of qualitative and mixed‐methods research conducted. In pursuit of this objective, a compilation of mixed‐methods and qualitative research conducted on higher education institutions during the COVID‐19 period from 2020 to 2023 has been gathered from the English language and Web of Science database. Thematic analysis of the classified data reveals that emergency distance education leads to significant disadvantages in countries with low economic indicators. Considering the potential use of emergency distance education in future crises, the importance of preparatory measures becomes evident. Focusing on the disparity among various geographical and economic regions during the period of emergency distance education is a distinguishing feature of this research. Based on the results obtained, recommendations have been provided to international organisations, regulatory bodies in higher education, and higher education institutions.
Transcriptome‐wide alternative mRNA splicing analysis reveals post‐transcriptional regulation of neuronal differentiation
Authors: Zhou Yuan , Rashad Sherif , Niizuma Kuniyasu
Published: January 2025

Alternative splicing (AS) plays an important role in neuronal development, function, and disease. Efforts to analyze the transcriptome of AS in neurons on a wide scale are currently limited. We characterized the transcriptome‐wide AS changes in SH‐SY5Y neuronal differentiation model, which is widely used to study neuronal function and disorders. Our analysis revealed global changes in five AS programs that drive neuronal differentiation. Motif analysis revealed the contribution of RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs) to the regulation of AS during neuronal development. We concentrated on the primary alternative splicing program that occurs during differentiation, specifically on events involving exon skipping (SE). Motif analysis revealed motifs for polypyrimidine tract‐binding protein 1 (PTB) and ELAV‐like RNA binding protein 1 (HuR/ELAVL1) to be the top enriched in SE events, and their protein levels were downregulated after differentiation. shRNA knockdown of either PTB and HuR was associated with enhanced neuronal differentiation and transcriptome‐wide exon skipping events that drive the process of differentiation. At the level of gene expression, we observed only modest changes, indicating predominant post‐transcriptional effects of PTB and HuR. We also observed that both RBPs altered cellular responses to oxidative stress, in line with the differentiated phenotype observed after either gene knockdown. Our work characterizes the AS changes in a widely used and important model of neuronal development and neuroscience research and reveals intricate post‐transcriptional regulation of neuronal differentiation.
The Tully monster remains an evolutionary enigma
Authors: Braddy Simon J.
Published: January 2025

The affinities of the Tully monster (Tullimonstrum gregarium), from the late Carboniferous Mazon Creek Lagerstätte (~309 Ma) of Illinois, have been debated since its discovery. Tullimonstrum is up to ~35 cm long with a long proboscis ending in pincers and an elongate tapering body with caudal dorsal and ventral fins. This iconic evolutionary enigma or ‘weird wonder’ has been suggested to relate to arthropods, various ‘worms’, tunicates, conodonts, lancelets, vetulicolians and even vertebrates, but it may be a mollusc (Caenogastropoda) such as a pterotracheid (heteropod) pelagic gastropod, similar to Pterotrachea coronata (the ‘sea elephant’).
Eocene gastropods of the New Forest, UK
Authors: Barnet James
Published: January 2025

Gastropods expanded into niches vacated by both terrestrial and marine organisms following the end‐Cretaceous mass extinction, to become one of the dominant mollusc groups of the Cenozoic. The Selsey Formation of Eocene age was deposited within a shallow marine embayment across the Hampshire Basin (southern England) and contains a particularly diverse gastropod assemblage, forming the surface geology across the northern part of the New Forest National Park. Here, I use closely related gastropod species alive in the seas today to offer insights into the lifestyles and habitats of extinct Eocene species. By integrating this with other geological evidence, including gastropod preservation and other associated fossils, I paint a picture of the climate and environment on the New Forest seafloor during the Eocene epoch.
Sex differences in pain, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts in patients with migraine
Authors: Kuan Ai Seon , Wang Yen‐Feng , Chen Shih‐Pin , Chuang Yi‐Fang , Wang Shuu‐Jiun
Published: January 2025

Objective

To examine sex‐specific associations between non‐cephalic pain and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in patients with migraine, controlling for depression and other risk factors for suicide.

Background

In patients with migraine, co‐occurring pain conditions are common and are associated with worse physical and psychosocial function, but the association with suicide has not been determined.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional analysis, we included 10,690 patients with migraine who were consecutively recruited from headache clinics. All participants provided information on sociodemographic status, headache, Widespread Pain Index (WPI), suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts. Relative risks (RRs and 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for factors associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts were calculated.

Results

In this migraine cohort, more females reported non‐cephalic pain than males (78.7% [6511/8271] vs. 66.7%, [1613/2419]; p < 0.001). The prevalences of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts were higher in female patients than male patients in those aged 20–59 years (p < 0.001), and the differences diminished after the age of 60 years. In female patients, a WPI ≥4 was associated with increased suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, and dysmenorrhea was associated with suicidal ideation (RR 1.27, 95% CI 1.12–1.43), while lower back pain was associated with both suicidal ideation (RR1.35, 95% CI 1.18–1.55) and suicide attempts (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.19–1.84). In male patients, a WPI ≥2 was associated with increased suicidal ideation, and no individual pain site was associated with suicidal ideation or suicide attempts. In both sexes, there was a dose–response association between the number of pain sites and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts; and pain that had lasted for 2 years and extreme pain intensity were associated with suicide attempts.

Conclusion

Non‐cephalic pain was associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, with observed differences in pain threshold and individual pain sites found between sexes. Patients with migraine and co‐occurring pain conditions, chronic pain, or extreme pain are distinct subgroups of patients at risk of suicide who require sex‐specific and integrated risk assessment by multidisciplinary teams.
A Meta‐Analysis of Accent Bias in Employee Interviews: The Effects of Gender and Accent Stereotypes, Interview Modality, and Other Moderating Features
Authors: Maindidze Henri T. , Randall Jason G. , Martin‐Raugh Michelle P. , Smith Katrisha M.
Published: January 2025

To address concerns of subtle discrimination against stigmatized groups, we meta‐analyze the magnitude and moderators of bias against non‐standard accents in employment interview evaluations. Results from a multi‐level random‐effects meta‐analysis (unique effects: k = 41, N = 7,596; multi‐level effects accounting for dependencies: k = 120, N = 20,873) demonstrate that standard‐accented (SA) interviewees are consistently favored over non‐standard‐accented (NSA) interviewees (d = 0.46). Accent bias is stronger against women compared to men, particularly when evaluator samples are predominantly female, and was strongly predicted by interviewers' stereotypes of NSA interviewees as less competent and, to a lesser extent, as less warm. Accent bias was not significantly impacted by perceptions of comprehensibility, accentedness, accent type, interview modality, study rigor, or job speaking skill requirements.
The Infant and Toddler Curiosity Questionnaire: A Validated Caregiver‐Report Measure of Curiosity in Children From 5 to 24 Months
Authors: Altmann Elena C. , Bazhydai Marina , Karadağ Didar , Westermann Gert
Published: January 2025

Humans are curious. Especially children are known for their drive to explore and learn, which is crucial for developing in and navigating through our complex world. Naturally, some children may be more curious than others, leading to differences in how they structure their own learning experiences, subsequently impacting their developmental trajectories. However, there is a gap in the research field for a reliable measure of such differences early in development. Across three studies, we present the development and assessment of the Infant and Toddler Curiosity Questionnaire (ITCQ), the first caregiver report measure to fill this gap. Items cover observable exploration behaviors in 5‐ to 24‐month‐olds to capture general tendencies of their desire to actively explore their immediate surroundings and are evaluated on a 7‐point Likert‐scale. Exploratory factor analyses and structural equation modeling on a sample of N = 370 UK caregivers led to the final selection of 23 items and provided evidence that the scale allows the reliable computation of an overall curiosity score, with three emergent subscales (Sensory, Investigative, and Interactive) explaining additional variance in the data. Furthermore, the scale had good test‐retest reliability after 7–14 days (N = 67) and related to the child's temperament (N = 75; positively with surgency and effortful control, negatively with negative affect) offering evidence of its validity as a trait measure. Together, these results support the scale's reliability and validity, showcasing the ITCQ as a powerful tool for developmental research.
Risk score stratification of cutaneous melanoma patients based on whole slide images analysis by deep learning
Authors: Bossard Céline , Salhi Yahia , Khammari Amir , Brousseau Maud , Le Corre Yannick , Salhi Sanae , Quéreux Gaëlle , Chetritt Jérôme J.
Published: January 2025

Background

There is a need to improve risk stratification of primary cutaneous melanomas to better guide adjuvant therapy. Taking into account that haematoxylin and eosin (HE)‐stained tumour tissue contains a huge amount of clinically unexploited morphological informations, we developed a weakly‐supervised deep‐learning approach, SmartProg‐MEL, to predict survival outcomes in stages I to III melanoma patients from HE‐stained whole slide image (WSI).

Methods

We designed a deep neural network that extracts morphological features from WSI to predict 5‐y overall survival (OS), and assign a survival risk score to each patient. The model was trained and validated on a discovery cohort of primary cutaneous melanomas (IHP‐MEL‐1, n = 342). Performance was tested on two external and independent datasets (IHP‐MEL‐2, n = 161; and TCGA cohort n = 63). It was compared with well‐established prognostic factors. Concordance index (c‐index) was used as a metric.

Results

On the discovery cohort, the SmartProg‐MEL predicts the 5‐y OS with a c‐index of 0.78 on the cross‐validation data and of 0.72 on the cross‐testing series. In the external cohorts, the model achieved a c‐index of 0.71 and 0.69 for the IHP‐MEL‐2 and TCGA dataset respectively. Furthermore, SmartProg‐MEL was an independent and the most powerful prognostic factor in multivariate analysis (HR = 1.84, p‐value < 0.005). Finally, the model was able to dichotomize patients in two groups—a low and a high‐risk group—each associated with a significantly different 5‐y OS (p‐value < 0.001 for IHP‐MEL‐1 and p‐value = 0.01 for IHP‐MEL‐2).

Conclusion

The performance of our fully automated SmartProg‐MEL model outperforms the current clinicopathological factors in terms of prediction of 5‐y OS and risk stratification of cutaneous melanoma patients. Incorporation of SmartProg‐MEL in the clinical workflow could guide the decision‐making process by improving the identification of patients that may benefit from adjuvant therapy.
Performance‐Based Outcome Measures After Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Content Analysis Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)
Authors: Karimijashni Motahareh , Abtahi Forough , Abbasalipour Shokoofih , Dabbagh Armaghan , Ranjbar Parisa , Westby Marie , Ramsay Tim , Beaulé Paul , Poitras Stéphane
Published: January 2025

Rational

One of the important considerations to select the appropriate outcome measures is determining if the tool is relevant to patients. Despite the availability of various performance‐based tests to objectively assess function, it is unknown which performance‐based tests best capture important aspects of function after hip or knee arthroplasty.

Aims and Objectives

Our systematic review aimed to identify the existing performance‐based tests used in hip or knee arthroplasty and link the activity component of each test to the modified International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) core set for osteoarthritis (OA).

Method

We searched four databases from inception until April 2024. A performance‐based test was included if an individual performs one or more activities, evaluated by an assessor and resulted in a numerical value. Two reviewers independently screened and extracted data and assessed the included performance‐based tests.

Results

From 449 studies included in this review, we identified 28 performance‐based tests which covered 15 categories of OA core set activity and participation. The categories of d4500:walking short distances, d4104:standing and d4103:sitting were the most frequently used, employed in 14, 10 and 10 performance‐based tests, respectively. However, 34 categories of activity and participation were not found in any performance‐based tests. A‐test (‘A’ like Activity or Assessment) had the widest coverage covering 10 out of 49 core set categories. Four performance tests covered four activity and participation categories, one covered three categories, 10 covered two categories and 12 covered one category.

Conclusion

Our ICF‐based content analysis revealed that the existing performance‐based tests covered certain OA core set activity and participation categories, but overlooked multiple categories. This analysis can serve as a guide for researchers and clinicians in selecting suitable performance‐based tests or a battery of tests to assess function following hip or knee arthroplasty.
Control of Synaptotagmin‐1 Trafficking by SV2A—Mechanism and Consequences for Presynaptic Function and Dysfunction
Authors: Hogg James A. , Cousin Michael A.
Published: January 2025

Synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) is an abundant synaptic vesicle cargo with an as yet unconfirmed role in presynaptic function. It is also heavily implicated in epilepsy, firstly being the target of the leading anti‐seizure medication levetiracetam and secondly with loss of function mutations culminating in human disease. A range of potential presynaptic functions have been proposed for SV2A; however its interaction with the calcium sensor for synchronous neurotransmitter release, synaptotagmin‐1 (Syt1), has received particular attention over the past decade. In this review we will assess the evidence that the primary role of SV2A is to control the expression and localisation of Syt1 at the presynapse. This will integrate biochemical, cell biological and physiological studies where the interaction, trafficking and functional output of Syt1 is altered by SV2A. The potential for SV2A‐dependent epilepsy to be a result of dysfunctional Syt1 expression and localisation is also discussed. Finally, a series of key open questions will be posed that require resolution before a definitive role for SV2A in Syt1 function in health and disease can be confirmed.

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Computational simulation of cranial soft tissue expansion on the cranium during early postnatal growth in humans
Authors: Manson Amy , Jeffery Nathan
Published: January 2025

The importance of interactions between neighbouring rapidly growing tissues of the head during development is recognised, yet this competition for space remains incompletely understood. The developing structures likely interact through a variety of mechanisms, including directly genetically programmed growth, and are mediated via physiological signalling that can be triggered by structural interactions. In this study, we aimed to investigate a different but related potential mechanism, that of simple mechanical plastic deformation of neighbouring structures of the head in response to soft tissue expansion during human postnatal ontogeny. We use computational modelling and normative real‐world data to evaluate the potential for mechanical deformation to predict early postnatal cranial shape changes in humans. We test some aspects of the spatial packing hypothesis applied to the growing brain and masticatory muscles, and their effects on the cranium, with a particular focus on the basicranium and face. A simple finite element model of an early postnatal human cranium, brain and masticatory muscles was created from CT and MRI. Growth of the brain and muscles was simulated using a tissue expansion material. The effect of the expanding soft tissues on the cranium was assessed using geometric morphometrics, comparing the baseline model to simulation results, and also to normative cranial shape data collected from neonatal MRI (0–4 months of age). Findings revealed that cranial shape changes present in the normative sample were consistent with cranial base flexion and were largely allometric (size‐linked). Simulation of brain expansion produced broadly similar shape changes of the basicranium with most growth occurring in the cranial vault, while masticatory muscle expansion produced smaller and more widespread changes throughout the cranium. When simulated together, expansion of the masticatory muscles exerted a constraining effect on the results of brain expansion. Our findings that the simple growth simulations were able to mimic biological growth suggest that the relationship between regions of the developing head may be partly structural within the first few months of postnatal ontogeny in humans.
First insights into the life history of the early Miocene deer Procervulus ginsburgi from Spain
Authors: Cuccu Andrea , Calderón Teresa , Azanza Beatriz , DeMiguel Daniel
Published: January 2025

The small‐sized cervid Procervulus is considered as the most basal member of the Cervidae and one of the earliest ruminants bearing antler‐like appendages. The Iberian Miocene record of this stem‐cervid is extensively documented and largely overlaps with the Miocene Climatic Optimum (MCO), a transient period of global warming of particular interest when comparing present and near future conditions. Despite receiving a substantial amount of attention, histological studies on Procervulus are very scarce and only limited to postcranial remains of Procervulus praelucidus from Germany (MN3). Here we focus for the first time on the dental histology of Procervulus ginsburgi from the Early Miocene Iberian site of Artesilla (MN4, 16.49 Ma), and examine its daily enamel secretion rate (DSR), enamel extension rate (EER) and crown formation time (CFT). Results reveal a brief CTF and high DSR and EER for P. ginsburgi and suggest a fast development at least early in its ontogeny. In addition, the pronounced growth rate of P. ginsburgi emerges as higher than that of the roe deer C. capreolus—documented as an r‐strategist and here examined as a possible extant analog. Overall, our findings point toward a fast life history strategy for P. ginsburgi, which unexpectedly contrasts with that of the 2 million‐year‐older P. praelucidus from Wintershof‐West, with a marked slower growth and maturation. When these results are analyzed together with other evidence, the somewhat drier and more open conditions of Artesilla as a result of the effects of the MCO seem to be the explanation for the different life history and ecology between these Procervulus species. More generally, this study illustrates that life histories within a single genus evolve in response not only to internal constraints but also to the environments, as predicted by the Life History Theory.
Cyclical Change of Partnership Practices in Hybrid Settings
Authors: Weber Christiana , Grewe‐Salfeld Marit , Göbel Markus , Harsman Barbara , Matsuo Yuka , Vogel Rick
Published: January 2025

Practice‐driven institutionalism (PDI) is a conceptual lens that explains how practices connect macro‐level phenomena with micro‐level behaviours. Effective practices matter in hybrid organisational settings, such as cross‐sector partnerships, where actors from diverse institutional backgrounds collaborate. Despite its potential, PDI has yet to fully explore the dynamics and interactions among practices, which are essential for understanding their collective and temporal impact in any hybrid setting. Our study addresses this gap through a qualitative multi‐case analysis of three cross‐sector partnerships tackling complex social and environmental challenges. We identify three interconnected sets of partnership practices that help actors navigate the complexities that occur when the logics of business, government, and civil society clash. We reveal a cyclical pattern where collaboration oscillates between motivation and fatigue, driven by these practices. We introduce a conceptual model that transcends the so far static and isolated view on practices, advancing the PDI lens beyond its current limitations. Furthermore, it illuminates the role of the individual in hybrid settings of collaboration.
Clinical outcomes of conversion prosthesis in immediately loaded implants: A retrospective study
Authors: Migus Karolina M. , Bidra Avinash S. , Kuo Chia‐Ling
Published: January 2025

Purpose

The primary objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the survival outcomes of immediately loaded acrylic resin complete arch fixed implant‐supported prosthesis (CAFIP) fabricated from the denture conversion protocol. The secondary objective was to evaluate the early implant survival outcomes associated with these prostheses.

Material and Methods

A retrospective chart review was conducted to study the clinical outcomes data of immediately loaded conversion prostheses and immediately loaded implants. All patients who had been treated with immediately loaded acrylic resin CAFIP using the denture conversion protocol over a 9‐year period were included in the study. All dentures were fabricated by conventional processing using compression molded or injection molded techniques. These patients were treated by numerous clinicians but adhering to the same protocol, over the entire 9‐year follow‐up period. Clinical outcome data related to the number of early fractures during the initial implant healing period of 4 months, early implant failures, late fractures (after 4 months), late implant failures (after 4 months), technical complications, number and type of implants placed, the arch in which the implants and prosthesis were placed and the type of opposing dentition were recorded and analyzed. A p‐value < 0.05 was determined to be statistically significant.

Results

A total of 153 prostheses (97 in maxilla, 56 in mandible) in 117 patients (60 males, 57 females) and 768 implants (298 in maxilla, 470 in mandible) were evaluated. All conversion prostheses were followed up for a minimum of 4 months (range of 4–20 months). There were a total of 15 implant failures yielding a survival rate of 98% survival rate during the observation period with the conversion prostheses. Only 3 of the failed implants were associated with a failure (crack or fracture) of the conversion prosthesis (maxilla) during the 4‐month healing period. There were a total of 9 conversion prostheses with cracks or fractures during the 4‐month healing period (early critical complication), yielding a complication‐free survival rate of 94.1%. There were 6 additional early noncritical prosthetic complications such as tooth debonding or chipping during the 4‐month period. Only the early critical prosthetic complication rates comparing maxilla and mandible were statistically significant (p = 0.037).

Conclusions

The findings from this retrospective study revealed a high early survival rate for dental implants (98%) and for the immediately loaded acrylic resin CAFIP fabricated from the denture conversion protocol (94%). There were minimal additional implant failures and noncritical complications related to the conversion prosthesis. The denture conversion protocol is a simple evidence‐based technique and serves as an excellent and predictable method for the immediate loading of dental implants.
Cognitive impairment and limited health literacy are associated with poor health outcomes among patients with heart failure residing in rural areas
Authors: Wu Jia‐Rong , Lin Chin‐Yen , Kang JungHee , Moser Debra K.
Published: January 2025

Background

Cognitive impairment and limited health literacy are prevalent among patients with heart failure, particularly those residing in rural areas, and are linked to poor health outcomes. Little is known about the intricate relationships among cognitive function, health literacy, and rehospitalization and death in rural patients with heart failure.

Objectives

To determine the relationships among cognitive function, health literacy, and cardiac event‐free survival (ie, heart failure hospitalizations and cardiac mortality) in rural patients with heart failure.

Methods

This was a secondary data analysis of a randomized controlled trial of 573 rural patients with heart failure. Cognitive function was measured using the Mini‐Cog test. Health literacy was measured by the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults. Cardiac event‐free survival was followed for 2 years. Survival analyses (ie, Kaplan‐Meier plots with log‐rank test and Cox regression) were used.

Results

Cognitive impairment was associated with limited health literacy. Cognitive impairment and limited health literacy predicted worse cardiac event‐free survival (P<.05). Patients with both cognitive impairment and limited health literacy had a 2.24 times higher risk of experiencing a cardiac event compared to those without cognitive impairment and with adequate health literacy (P<.001).

Conclusions

Patients with cognitive impairment and limited health literacy were at the highest risk of experiencing a cardiac event. It is important to screen rural patients with heart failure for cognitive impairment and limited health literacy. Interventions to improve outcomes need to be developed to target rural patients who have heart failure with cognitive impairment and limited health literacy.
Characterization and comparison of fecal microbiota in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and age‐matched controls
Authors: Wang Wenqing , Gibson Justine , Horsman Sara , Mikkelsen Deirdre , Bertin François‐René
Published: January 2025

Background

Altered gut microbiota has been associated with dopaminergic degenerative diseases in people, but studies on horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) are lacking.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Investigate the effect of PPID on fecal microbiota in horses.

Animals

Nine horses with PPID and 13 age‐matched control horses.

Methods

Prospective control study. Fecal samples were collected bimonthly. Microbial analysis used 16S rRNA sequencing to determine the relative abundance at genus and phylum levels, assess alpha and beta diversity and identify core microbiota.

Results

Horses with PPID had decreased relative abundances of Christensenellaceae R‐7 group (median; 95% confidence interval [CI]: PPID, 2.04; 1.82‐2.35 vs control, 2.54; 2.37‐2.76; P = .02) and NK4A214 group (PPID, 2.21; 2.02‐2.56 vs control, 2.62; 2.44‐2.85; P = .05), and significant lower abundances of Romboutsia (log2FoldChange = −3.54; P = .04) and Peptococcaceae uncultured (log2FoldChange = −0.89; P = .04) by differential abundance analysis. However, the abundance of Fibrobacter (log2FoldChange = 0.74; P = .04) was significantly higher in the PPID group. A significant effect of PPID on beta diversity was observed (P = .004), whereas alpha diversity varied with months (P = .001). Seven unique genera were identified in horses with PPID and 12 in control horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The fecal microbial composition is altered in horses with PPID. These findings support the potential role of the microbiota‐gut‐brain axis in the pathogenesis of PPID.
Oxidative stress in critically ill neonatal foals
Authors: Wong David , Sahoo Dipak Kumar , Faivre Cosette , Kopper Jamie , Dersh Katie , Beachler Theresa , Esser Melissa
Published: January 2025

Background

Oxidative injury occurs in septic people, but the role of oxidative stress and antioxidants has rarely been evaluated in foals.

Objectives/Hypothesis

To measure reactive oxygen species (ROS), biomarkers of oxidative injury, and antioxidants in neonatal foals. We hypothesized that ill foals would have higher blood concentrations of ROS and biomarkers of oxidative injury and lower concentrations of antioxidants compared to healthy foals.

Animals

Seventy‐two hospitalized and 21 healthy neonatal foals.

Methods

Prospective cohort study. Reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide [H2O2]), biomarkers of oxidative injury (malondialdehyde [MDA], protein carbonyl), and antioxidants (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione, and glutathione reductase [GR] and peroxidase [GPx]) were measured from foals at admission. Measured variables were compared between healthy and ill foals using a 1‐way ANOVA by Tukey's multiple comparisons test.

Results

Ill foals (n = 51) had significantly higher mean concentrations of H2O2 (healthy 2.6 ± 1.4 nmol/mL, ill 6.8 ± 4.6 L nmol/mL; 95% CI), MDA (healthy 31.2 ± 14.4 nmol/mL, ill 114.3 ± 94.0 nmol/mL; 95% CI), and protein carbonyl (healthy 0.07 ± 0.01 nmol/mg protein, ill 0.12 ± 0.02 nmol/mg protein, 95% CI). Significant lower CAT (healthy 0.4 ± 0.3 mU/mg protein, ill 0.02 ± 0.02 mU/mg protein, 95% CI), glutathione (healthy 238.5 ± 101.9 μg/mL, ill 110.7 ± 37.8 μg/mL, 95% CI; P < .0001), GR (healthy 1.6 ± 1.8 mU/mg protein, ill 0.4 ± 0.5 mU/mg protein, 95% CI), and GPx (healthy 0.01 ± 0.003 mU/mg protein, ill 0.007 ± 0.002 mU/mg protein, 95% CI) were also noted.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Oxidative stress and lower antioxidant concentrations occur in ill and bacteremic neonatal foals. These variables should be considered during the treatment of ill foals.
Phase 2 Randomised Study of Bulevirtide as Monotherapy or Combined With Peg‐IFNα‐2a as Treatment for Chronic Hepatitis Delta
Authors: Lampertico Pietro , Bogomolov Pavel O. , Chulanov Vladimir , Stepanova Tatiana , Morozov Viacheslav , Allweiss Lena , Dandri Maura , Burhenne Jürgen , Blank Antje , Ciesek Sandra , Elsner Carina , Dittmer Ulf , An Qi , Manuilov Dmitry , Da Ben L. , Flaherty John F. , Urban Stephan , Wedemeyer Heiner
Published: January 2025

Background and Aim

Bulevirtide (BLV) leads to beneficial virologic and biochemical responses when given alone to treat hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection, which causes the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis. We evaluated 48 weeks of BLV monotherapy, BLV + tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and BLV + pegylated interferon alfa‐2a (Peg‐IFNα‐2a), with 24‐week follow‐up.

Methods

Ninety patients were enrolled into six arms of 15 each (A–F); 60 patients were included in the main randomisation (arms A–D), and 30 patients (arms E–F) were randomised to the extension phase: (A) Peg‐IFNα‐2a 180 μg once weekly (QW); (B) BLV 2 mg once daily (QD) + Peg‐IFNα‐2a 180 μg QW; (C) BLV 5 mg QD + Peg‐IFNα‐2a 180 μg QW; (D) BLV 2 mg QD; (E) BLV 10 mg QD + Peg‐IFNα‐2a 180 μg QW and (F) BLV 10 mg (5 mg twice daily) + TDF QD. The primary endpoint was undetectable HDV RNA at week (W)72.

Results

At W72, 53%, 27%, 7%, 7% and 33% of patients achieved undetectable HDV RNA in arms B, C, D, E and F, respectively, versus 0% in arm A. More arm B versus A patients had a > 1 log10 IU/mL decline in or loss of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) at W72 (p = 0.017), including four patients with loss of HBsAg. Bile acid elevations were dose‐dependent and reversible following the completion of BLV treatment.

Conclusions

BLV combined with Peg‐IFNα‐2a was well tolerated and resulted in high rates of HDV RNA undetectability off‐treatment.

Trial Registration

NCT02888106
Impatiens linnaei (Balsaminaceae), a new species from southern part of Western Ghats, India
Authors: C Satheshkumar , Kumari Diksha , Kaimal Ujwala S. , Singh Rana Tikam , Prabhukumar K. M.
Published: January 2025

Impatiens linnaei, a new species of Impatiens sect. Annuae (Balsaminaceae) from the southern part of Western Ghats, India is described here. The taxon shows morphological similarities with I. diversifolia and I. saulierea, an endemic species of Western Ghats, but it is distinct in many attributes. Detailed notes on morphology, distribution and phenology as well as colour photographs are provided along with a taxonomic key for its easy identification.
Case Series of Anesthetic Management of Gene Therapy in Children With Aromatic L‐Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency
Authors: Clariot Simon , Gras Séverine , Goetz Laurent , Boulloud Christophe , Bonheur Julie , Vayssiere Pia , D'Hardemare Vincent , Ravelli Claudia , Dorison Nathalie , Devys Jean‐Michel
Published: January 2025

Background

Aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is a rare life‐threatening inborn error of neurotransmitter biosynthesis. It is characterized by deficient biosynthesis of neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin, leading to catecholamines deficiency and sympathetic deprivation, while the parasympathetic system remains functional. Since 2012, gene therapy has led to clinical improvements in symptoms and motor function with a severe phenotype. General anesthesia of children with AADC deficiency is challenging.

Aim

Describe prolonged anesthesia management of children with aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase deficiency undergoing stereotactically guided gene therapy.

Methods

Prospective reporting of epidemiologic and anesthetics data of four children consecutively undergoing magnetic resonance‐guided direct delivery of an AADC vector for gene therapy under general anesthesia.

Results

General anesthesia was initiated with sevoflurane and ketamine and rocuronium was the neuromuscular blocking agent of choice throughout the procedures. Intraoperative hemodynamic monitoring included an arterial line. All children required low doses of diluted norepinephrine during the intraoperative period. No dysautomic episodes as well as no episode of severe hypotension and no severe hypoglycemia were reported throughout the procedures. Vasopressor support was discontinued for all children at the end of the procedures. Moreover, no peroperative and postoperative effects secondary to AADC vector injection were noted.

Conclusion

Using an anesthetic plan based on atropine, ketamine, sevoflurane, and a titrated infusion of norepinephrine, prolonged anesthesia appeared to be safe and reproductible in this population.