bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Commercial carbon nanotubes as heterogeneous catalysts in energy related applications
Authors: Zhang J. , Su D.S. , Schlögl R.
Published: November 2009

We report the application of commercial carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in two important heterogeneously catalyzed reactions, i.e., NH3 decomposition and oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene (EB). For NH3 decomposition, CNTs were used as supports for Co–Mo nanoparticles. The structure of fresh and used catalysts was characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and line‐scan energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX). Most of the nanoparticles are individually separated and the synergism mainly increases the long‐term stability rather than the activity. For the oxidative dehydrogenation, the metal‐free CNTs display a superior performance as compared to the Fe‐doped CNTs. The outstanding results in both reactions predict an extremely promising future of commercial nanocarbons in modern catalysis.
Thin‐film transistors fabricated from semiconductor‐enriched single‐wall carbon nanotubes
Authors: Fujii Shunjiro , Tanaka Takeshi , Miyata Yasumitsu , Suga Hiroshi , Naitoh Yasuhisa , Minari Takeo , Miyadera Tetsuhiko , Tsukagoshi Kazuhito , Kataura Hiromichi
Published: November 2009

Solution‐processed thin‐film transistors (TFTs) were fabricated from semiconductor‐enriched single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). By coating with a self‐assembled monolayer of aminosilanes, one drop of SWCNT solution produced a uniform SWCNT random network on a SiO2/Si substrate. Thin films prepared by this method were used to fabricate SWCNT‐TFTs and high‐yield fabrication and stable transfer characteristics were achieved. We prepared three types of TFTs from pristine, metal‐enriched, and semiconductor‐enriched SWCNTs. All TFTs fabricated from semiconductor‐enriched SWCNTs exhibited on/off ratios greater than 104, whereas the other TFTs had much lower on/off ratios. This result clearly demonstrates the advantage of using semiconductor‐enriched SWCNTs for device applications and is expected to lead to integrated circuits made from SWCNTs in the near future.
Electronic properties of single‐walled carbon nanotubes encapsulating a cerium organometallic compound
Authors: Shiozawa Hidetsugu , Kramberger Christian , Rümmeli Mark , Batchelor David , Kataura Hiromichi , Pichler Thomas , Silva S. Ravi P.
Published: November 2009

Single‐walled carbon nanotubes are filled with a cerium organometallic compound. Using core‐level excitation spectroscopy we study the electronic structure of specific atoms in this complex compound. From X‐ray absorption spectroscopy we show that the electronic configuration of cerium is nearly trivalent. Resonant photoemission spectroscopy provides further details of the valence electronic properties of cerium as well as of carbon. Thermal annealing modifies the chemical identity of the filling that varies the electronic interactions between the nanotubes and filling material.

Schematic for a single‐walled carbon nanotube encapsulating cerocene molecules.

magnified image
Generation and Analysis of Interaction Energy Maps of p‐Substituted Benzoic Acid [(5‐Nitro‐thiophen‐2‐yl)‐methylene]‐ Hydrazides Active against MRSA
Authors: Masunari Andrea , Sonehara Ieda Yuriko , Pasqualoto Kerly Fernanda Mesquita , Tavares Leoberto Costa
Published: November 2009

In this preliminary study eighteen p‐substituted benzoic acid [(5‐nitro‐thiophen‐2‐yl)‐methylene]‐hydrazides with antimicrobial activity were evaluated against multidrug‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, correlating the three‐dimensional characteristics of the ligands with their respective bioactivities. The computer programs Sybyl and CORINA were used, respectively, for the design and three‐dimensional conversion of the ligands. Molecular interaction fields were calculated using GRID program. Calculations using Volsurf resulted in a statistically consistent model with 48 structural descriptors showing that hydrophobicity is a fundamental property in the analyzed biological response.
A family of large margin linear classifiers and its application in dynamic environments
Authors: Shen Jianqiang , Dietterich Thomas G.
Published: November 2009

Real‐time prediction problems pose a challenge to machine learning algorithms because learning must be fast, the set of classes may be changing, and the relevance of some features to each class may be changing. To learn robust classifiers in such nonstationary environments, it is essential not to assign too much weight to any single feature. We address this problem by combining regularization mechanisms with online large‐margin learning algorithms. We prove bounds on their error and show that removing features with small weights has little influence on prediction accuracy, suggesting that these methods exhibit feature selection ability. We show that such regularized learning algorithms automatically decrease the influence of older training instances and focus on the more recent ones. This makes them especially attractive in dynamic environments. We evaluate our algorithms through experimental results on real data sets and through experiments with an online activity recognition system. The results show that these regularized large‐margin methods adapt more rapidly to changing distributions and achieve lower overall error rates than state‐of‐the‐art methods. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 2: 328‐345, 2009
A structural view on the emergence of a conception: Conceptual change as radical reconstruction of contexts
Authors: Larsson Åsa , Halldén Ola
Published: November 2009

Conceptual change is often described as a causal process in which changes in an embraced system of beliefs result in a new system of beliefs. Here, it is argued that conceptual change is better understood as an intentional activity with regard to the learner, that is, what the learner is doing when trying to understand something. Children were interviewed every year during a period of 3 years from their ages of 4–6 years of age. In the study, there were 37 children participating, of which 29 were followed during all 3 years. They were asked to tell about their beliefs about the earth, and their developing understanding is described. The results show that in the conceptual changes the children's main concern was to restructure the often vast amount of knowledge they possessed. This reconstruction is described as a simultaneous reconstruction of conceptual contexts as well as contexts for their application. This also directs the focus of conceptual change from specific conceptions to structural changes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 94:640–664, 2010
Der Aufschweißbiegeversuch oder: Nichts ist beständiger als ein Provisorium?
Authors: Stranghöner Natalie
Published: November 2009

Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen historischen Rückblick auf die Entwicklung des Aufschweißbiegeversuchs nach SEP 1390:1996‐07, der seit den 40er Jahren des letzten Jahrhunderts als empirischer Versuch zur Gewährleistung ausreichender Duktilität der verwendeten Stahlgüte bei auf Zug oder Biegezug beanspruchten geschweißten Stahlblechen mit Dicken größer 30 mm angewendet wird. Der Aufschweißbiegeversuch wurde nach den Schadensfällen 1936 an der Zoo‐Brücke in Berlin und 1938 an der Reichsautobahnbrücke Rüdersdorf als Versuch zur Beurteilung der Dehnfähigkeit eines geschweißten Blechs von Otto Kommerell entwickelt und zunächst als best geeignetes Hilfsmittel angesehen. Korrelationsuntersuchungen zum Kerbschlagbiegeversuch wurden seinerzeit und heutzutage mit dem Ergebnis durchgeführt, dass es keine gute Korrelation gibt. Im Zuge der europäischen Harmonisierung wurde der Aufschweißbiegeversuch durch ein Äquivalenzkriterium ersetzt, so dass seine Funktion – die Erzielung einer bestimmten Lieferqualität – erhalten bleibt.

The AUBI‐test or: nothing is more constant than a provisionary solution?

The present contribution is a review on the development of the German AUBI‐test (Aufschweißbiegeversuch) according to SEP 1390:1996‐07. In the forties of the last century the AUBI‐test was developed by Otto Kommerell after brittle fractures occurred 1936 at the Zoo‐bridge in Berlin and at the highway bridge at Rüdersorf 1938. The AUBI‐test should provide a possibility for testing and ensuring sufficient ductility of welded steel plates loaded in tension with a thickness greater than 30 mm. Initially the AUBI‐test was treated just as an auxiliary possibility. Investigations regarding a possible correlation between impact bending tests and AUBI‐tests at that time and nowadays showed that a good correlation is not available. In the frame of the European harmonisation the AUBI‐test was replaced by an equivalent criterion, which still obtains the function of the test: achieving a special quality of delivery.
Zur Tragfähigkeit von druck‐ und biegebeanspruchten C‐Profilen aus Stahl
Authors: Ungermann Dieter , Kalameya Jens , Brune Bettina
Published: November 2009

Die Regelungen und Nachweiskonzepte in den Stahlbaunormen DIN 18800 und Eurocode 3 zur Stab‐ und Gesamtstabilität von Bauteilen unter Normalspannungen sind weitestgehend durch Untersuchungen an I‐ und Kastenprofilen hergeleitet und verifiziert worden. Eine Übertragung und Überprüfung für davon abweichende Profilformen, im Speziellen für die hier behandelten C‐Profile, existiert nicht.

Es wird ein geschlossenes, durchgängiges Bemessungskonzept vorgestellt, das es erlaubt, das Tragverhalten von Bauteilen mit C‐förmigem Querschnitt ohne längsaussteifende Querschnittselemente unter Druck‐ und/oder Biegebeanspruchung wirklichkeitsnah zu beschreiben und rechnerisch zu erfassen. Dabei wird den möglichen Stabilitätsproblemen – das heißt lokalem Plattenbeulen, globaler Stabstabilität und dem Zusammenspiel beider einzelnen Stabilitätsprobleme – besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt.

Ultimate loads of steel channel sections in compression and bending.

Especially for members susceptible to global buckling or coupled instabilities the design rules in the relevant codes DIN 18800 and Eurocode 3 have been developed for and verified by research on I‐shaped or hollow sections. For deviant shapes, particularly the regarded channel sections, a transfer or verification of these design concepts does not exist.

A comprehensive design method is presented, allowing to describe the load‐carrying behavior of channel‐shaped members without longitudinal stiffeners in compression and/or bending realistically. Special attention has been paid to the regards of stability problems, i.e. local and global buckling as well as a combination of both, the so‐called coupled instability.
Stabilitätsnachweis für Tragpfähle von kombinierten Stahlspundwänden nach EC 3
Authors: Kuhlmann Ulrike , Grabe Jürgen , Froschmeier Bernadette , Pavlovčič Luka , Schümann Björn
Published: November 2009

Dieser Beitrag stellt die Ergebnisse einer Kurzstudie [17] vor, in der das Stabilitätsverhalten der Tragpfähle von kombinierten Stahlspundwänden untersucht wurde. Zunächst werden die neu entwickelten Bemessungsregeln für Stabstabilität nach Eurocode 3 vorgestellt. Erste Beispielberechnungen zeigen, dass mit dessen Anwendung nicht nur der Berechnungsaufwand ansteigt, sondern auch das Bemessungsniveau konservativer wird. Wird die Stützwirkung des Bodens in Form einer Federhalterung angesetzt, ist ein großer Anstieg der rechnerischen Tragfähigkeit zu verzeichnen. Für die Spezifizierung der Federsteifigkeit des Baugrunds wurden beispielhaft Momenten‐Verdrehungsbeziehungen ermittelt. Die erforderlichen Drehfedersteifigkeiten, die notwendig sind, um das alte Bemessungsniveau zu erreichen, können von den Werten für die vorhandene Steifigkeit überschritten werden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Entwicklung eines Verfahrens für die effiziente Stabilitätsbemessung der Tragpfähle von Stahlspundwänden sowohl notwendig als auch möglich ist.

Stability verification of H‐Sections used in combined quay walls according EC 3.

This contribution presents results of a small research project [17] analysing the stability aspects of king‐piles of combined steel sheet piles. First of all the, new design rules according to Eurocode·3 are explicated. Exemplified calculations have shown that with the use these rules not only the effort for design increases but also the verification level will be more conservative. The embedment of the surrounding soil being considered in the form of a spring support, a big rise of the bearing load is observed. For the specification of the spring stiffness derived from the soil embedment exemplified moment‐rotation relations were developed. The stiffness exceeds the required rotational stiffness necessary for reaching the old level of bearing load respectively based on the existing codes. Thus, it was possible to show, that the development of a procedure for the efficient stability design of combined steel sheet pile walls is necessary as well as feasible.
Vereisung von Kabeln
Authors: Wagner Tobias , Peil Udo
Published: November 2009

Aerodynamische Instabilität von Seilen als Folge eines durch Eisablagerungen geänderten Querschnitts ist ein bekanntes Phänomen. Da die experimentelle Untersuchung von Vereisungsvorgängen sehr aufwendig ist, soll hier ein numerisches Vereisungsmodell vorgestellt werden. Das numerische Modell besteht aus zwei Berechnungsschritten: Zunächst wird die Strömung aus Luft und Niederschlagspartikeln als einfach gekoppelte Zweiphasenströmung berechnet. Basierend auf dem Massestrom der Niederschlagspartikel wird dann das Eiswachstum ermittelt. Die neue Geometrie dient dann als Grundlage für die nächste Strömungsberechnung.

Ice accretion on cables.

Aerodynamic instability of cables due to ice accretion is a known phenomenon. Investigating the shape and density of the ice accretion by experiments is very complex. Therefore a numerical model is presented to simulate ice accretion processes on cables. The model is divided into two main parts, the calculation of the flow field and the ice accretion. The stream of air and precipitation particles is modeled as a one‐way coupled multiphase flow. Ice accretion and flow field are calculated iteratively to account for geometrical changes of the ice deposit in the flow calculation.
Rezension: Stahlbau 11/2009
Authors: Kurrer Karl‐Eugen
Published: November 2009

Die MAN. Eine deutsche Industriegeschichte. By J. Bähr, R. Banken, Th. Flemming

Von Ideen und Erfolgen. 40 Jahre MAN TECHNOLOGIE. By H.‐G. Hansen, H. Rauck
Zuschriften zu: Momber, A., Plagemann, P., Stenzel, V., Schneider, M.: Beurteilung von Korrosionsschutzsystemen für Offshore‐Windenergietürme — Teil 2: Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen
Authors: Momber Andreas
Published: November 2009

[Stahlbau 78 (2009), H. 6, S. 394–401 ]
Systems Biology and Medicine—Plunging into the Unknown
Authors: Subramaniam Shankar , Nadeau Joseph H.
Published: November 2009

This article is categorized under:

Translational, Genomic, and Systems Medicine > Translational Medicine
Translating FSP into LOTOS and networks of automata
Authors: Lang Frédéric , Salaün Gwen , Hérilier Rémi , Kramer Jeff , Magee Jeff
Published: November 2009

Many process calculi have been proposed since Robin Milner and Tony Hoare opened the way more than 25 years ago. Although they are based on the same kernel of operators, most of them are incompatible in practice. We aim at reducing the gap between process calculi, and especially making possible the joint use of underlying tool support. Finite state processes (FSP) is a widely used calculus equipped with L
tsa
, a graphical and user-friendly tool. Language of temporal ordering specification (L
otos
) is the only process calculus that has led to an international standard, and is supported by the C
adp
verification toolbox. We propose a translation of FSP sequential processes into L
otos
. Since FSP composite processes (i.e., parallel compositions of processes) are hard to encode directly in L
otos
, they are translated into networks of automata which are another input language accepted by C
adp
. Hence, it is possible to use jointly L
tsa
and C
adp
to validate FSP specifications. Our approach is completely automated by a translator tool.
Pregabalin, celecoxib, and their combination for treatment of chronic low-back pain
Authors: Romanò Carlo Luca , Romanò Delia , Bonora Cristina , Mineo Giuseppe
Published: November 2009

Background

The efficacy and safety of the association of celecoxib [a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor] and pregabalin (commonly used to control neuropathic pain), compared with monotherapy of each, were evaluated for the treatment of chronic low-back pain, a condition known to be due to neuropathic as well as nociceptive pain mechanisms.

Materials and methods

In this prospective randomized trial, 36 patients received three consecutive 4-week treatment regimes, randomly assigned: celecoxib plus placebo, pregabalin plus placebo, and celecoxib plus pregabalin. All patients were assessed by using a visual analogue scale (VAS, 0–100 mm) and the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) pain scale by an investigator blinded to the administered pharmacological treatment.

Results

Celecoxib and pregabalin were effective in reducing low-back pain when patients were pooled according to LANSS score. The association of celecoxib and pregabalin was more effective than either monotherapy in a mixed population of patients with chronic low-back pain and when data were pooled according to LANSS score. Adverse effects of drug association and monotherapies were similar, with reduced drug consumption in the combined therapy.

Conclusions

Combination of celecoxib and pregabalin is more effective than monotherapy for chronic low-back pain, with similar adverse effects.
Single molecule approaches to transcription factor kinetics in living cells
Authors: Li Gene-Wei , Elf Johan
Published: November 2009

Quantitative modeling of intracellular processes often requires information about intracellular rate constants as well as the concentrations of low abundance species in individual cells. Single molecule imaging techniques offer not only new ways for obtaining such information but also the possibilities to test model‐based hypotheses that have previously been out of reach for experiments. In this review we highlight some advantages of single molecule techniques and exemplify by their capability to help understanding how transcription factors find their chromosomal binding sites in bacterial cells.
Singlet oxygen inhibits ATPase and proton translocation activity of the thylakoid ATP synthase CF1CFo
Authors: Buchert Felix , Forreiter Christoph
Published: November 2009

Singlet oxygen (1O2) produced in plants during photosynthesis has a strong damaging effect not only on both photosystems but also on the whole photosynthetic machinery. This is also applicable for the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase. Here we describe the impact of 1O2 generated by the photosensitizer Rose Bengal on the ATP hydrolysis and ATP‐driven proton translocation activity of CF1CFo. Both activities were reduced dramatically within 1 min of exposure. Interestingly, it is shown that oxidized thylakoid ATP synthase is more susceptible to 1O2 than CF1CFo in its reduced state, a new insight on the mechanism of 1O2 interaction with the γ subunit.
mTOR/S6K1 and MAPK/RSK signaling pathways coordinately regulate estrogen receptor α serine 167 phosphorylation
Authors: Yamnik Rachel L. , Holz Marina K.
Published: November 2009

Resistance to anti‐estrogen therapy is a major clinical concern in treatment of breast cancer. Estrogen‐independent phosphorylation of estrogen receptor α, specifically on Ser167, is one of the contributing causes to development of resistance, and a prognostic marker for the disease. Here, we dissect the signaling pathways responsible for Ser167 phosphorylation. We report that the mTOR/S6K1 and MAPK/RSK contribute non‐overlapping inputs into ERα activation via Ser167 phosphorylation. This cooperation may be targeted in breast cancer treatment by a combination of mTOR and MAPK inhibitors.
Overexpression of the single‐stranded DNA‐binding protein (SSB) stabilises CAG•CTG triplet repeats in an orientation dependent manner
Authors: Andreoni Federica , Darmon Elise , Poon Wilson C.K. , Leach David R.F.
Published: November 2009

The stability and deletion‐size‐distribution profiles of leading strand (CAG)75 and (CTG)137 trinucleotide repeat arrays inserted in the Escherichia coli chromosome were investigated upon overexpression of the single‐stranded DNA‐binding protein (SSB) and in mutant strains deficient for the SbcCD (Rad51/Mre11) nuclease. SSB overexpression increases the stability of the (CAG)75 repeat array and leads to a loss of the bias towards large deletions for the same array. Furthermore, the absence of SbcCD leads to a reduction in the number of large deletions in strains containing the (CTG)137 repeat array.
Arginine‐rich cell‐penetrating peptides
Authors: Schmidt Nathan , Mishra Abhijit , Lai Ghee Hwee , Wong Gerard C.L.
Published: November 2009

Arginine‐rich cell‐penetrating peptides are short cationic peptides capable of traversing the plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells. While successful intracellular delivery of many biologically active macromolecules has been accomplished using these peptides, their mechanisms of cell entry are still under investigation. Recent dialogue has centered on a debate over the roles that direct translocation and endocytotic pathways play in internalization of cell‐penetrating peptides. In this paper, we review the evidence for the broad range of proposed mechanisms, and show that each distinct process requires negative Gaussian membrane curvature as a necessary condition. Generation of negative Gaussian curvature by cell‐penetrating peptides is directly related to their arginine content. We illustrate these concepts using HIV TAT as an example.
Political Cycles, Political Institutions and Public Expenditure in India, 1980–2000
Authors: Sáez Lawrence , Sinha Aseema
Published: November 2009

In Western democracies it is held that parties and their positions affect how politicians choose to make public expenditure and investment. This article examines the public policy choices of politicians in India, a large well-established democracy with remarkable subnational variation. Public expenditure, from education and health to agriculture and irrigation, is analysed. Counterintuitive findings – that election timing and political factors play a strong role in the subnational states, and that party competition increases investment in education – are explained by highlighting the role economic and political uncertainty plays in politicians’ choices. Building a ‘Polanyi’ argument enhanced by a supply-side mechanism highlights the importance of compensation and insurance and the imperatives of political stability for subnational politicians, who attempt to maximize re-election chances in an uncertain environment.
Explaining the De Facto Independence of Public Broadcasters
Authors: Hanretty Chris
Published: November 2009

Institutions operating beyond direct control of government, such as central banks, constitutional courts and public broadcasters, enjoy guarantees of de jure independence, but de jure independence is no guarantee of de facto independence. This is especially so for public broadcasting, where cultural variables are often assumed to be decisive. In this article, the de jure and de facto independence of thirty-six public service broadcasters world-wide are operationalized, and de jure independence is found to explain a high degree of de facto independence when account is taken of the size of the market for news. Other variables considered in previous literature – such as bureaucratic partisanship and the polarization of the party system – are not found to be significant.
Vertical Bazaars of Modernity: Western Department Stores and Their Staff in Istanbul (1889–1921)
Authors: Köse Yavuz
Published: November 2009

This article examines Western department stores active in Istanbul between 1889 and 1921. It explores two aspects crucial for the department stores’ retail system: location and personnel. It goes on to demonstrate that Western department stores were situated not only in the Western districts of the city but also in traditional areas, such as the bazaar district. Rather than being exclusive they appear to have been closely connected with local business and aimed to appeal to the ethnically highly mixed customer pool. Equally, the workforce was heterogeneous, with the majority of local employees having diverse ethnic backgrounds, including Greek, Jewish, and Armenian, though rarely Muslim. Based on a large-scale sample drawn from the address registers of the Annuaire Oriental yearbook, the analysis of personal letters, and on Ottoman daily newspaper and journals, this study sheds light on the individuals who worked at a number of department stores, their ethnic composition, sex ratio, duration of employment, the job types they carried out, as well as their income situation, career paths, and domiciles. It hopes to contribute to the labour history of the late Ottoman Empire by exploring, for the first time, the employees of Western department stores, workers who have rarely attracted the attention of scholars so far.
Schizotypy and brain structure: a voxel-based morphometry study
Authors: Modinos G. , Mechelli A. , Ormel J. , Groenewold N. A. , Aleman A. , McGuire P. K.
Published: November 2009

Background

Schizotypy is conceptualized as a subclinical manifestation of the same underlying biological factors that give rise to schizophrenia and other schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Individuals with psychometric schizotypy (PS) experience subthreshold psychotic signs and can be psychometrically identified among the general population. Previous research using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has shown gray-matter volume (GMV) abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia, in subjects with an at-risk mental state (ARMS) and in individuals with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD). However, to date, no studies have investigated the neuroanatomical correlates of PS.

Method

Six hundred first- and second-year university students completed the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE), a self-report instrument on psychosis proneness measuring attenuated positive psychotic experiences. A total of 38 subjects with high and low PS were identified and subsequently scanned with MRI. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was applied to examine GMV differences between subjects with high and low positive PS.

Results

Subjects with high positive PS showed larger global volumes compared to subjects with low PS, and larger regional volumes in the medial posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and the precuneus. There were no regions where GMV was greater in low than in high positive PS subjects.

Conclusions

These regions, the PCC and precuneus, have also been sites of volumetric differences in MRI studies of ARMS subjects and schizophrenia, suggesting that psychotic or psychotic-like experiences may have common neuroanatomical correlates across schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
Religion and psychosis: the effects of the Welsh religious revival in 1904–1905
Authors: Linden S. C. , Harris M. , Whitaker C. , Healy D.
Published: November 2009

Background

Psychotic symptoms have been linked to religious experience, but empirical evidence is scarce. We have investigated the impact of the Welsh religious revival (RR) of 1904–1905 on the number of admissions to the regional psychiatric hospital, their diagnostic features and lifelong course.

Method

All case-notes of patients admitted to the North Wales Hospital between 1902 and 1907 were included.

Results

There was a significant increase in admissions for brief polymorphic psychoses (BPP; ICD-10: F23.0 and F23.1) in the revival years, but the number of first admissions for other mental disorders did not change. The vast majority of BPP admissions were linked to a revival meeting and did not result in further admissions.

Conclusions

Intensive religious experience can lead to transient psychotic episodes. Our data also support the view that BPP triggered by life events rarely lead to chronic mental illness, distinguishing them from other psychoses and supporting the validity of the concept of reactive psychosis.
Spatial patterns of tour ship traffic in the Antarctic Peninsula region
Authors: Lynch H.J. , Crosbie K. , Fagan W.F. , Naveen R.
Published: November 2009

Commercial, shipborne tourism along the Antarctic Peninsula grew exponentially between 1989–90 and 2007–08, raising concern about the impact such activity may have on the environment of the region. Previous analyses of Antarctic tourism have focused narrowly on patterns of visitation and potential impacts at terrestrial landing sites. Here, using 19 years of passenger landing statistics and five years of reconstructed ship itineraries, we explore patterns of tourism activities in the Antarctic Peninsula region using a spatially explicit network theory analysis of ship itineraries. We find that passenger landings and marine traffic are highly concentrated at a few specific locations and that growth in tourism activity occurred disproportionally rapidly at these sites relative to growth in visitation of the Peninsula as a whole. We conclude by discussing the pros and cons of spatially concentrated tourism activity and the associated implications for ecosystem management.
Neurodermitis und Psoriasis: Was bringt die stationäre Therapie im Hochgebirgsklima mehr?
Authors: Steiner
Published: November 2009

Die Neurodermitis wie auch die Psoriasis sind häufige, chronische, vielfach langjährig bestehende Erkrankungen des Hautorgans. Bei (a) ambulanter Therapieresistenz, (b) bei einer akuten, schweren Exazerbation der Hautläsionen, (c) bei einer Funktionsbeeinträchtigung der Hände und Füsse, (d) im Zustandsbild der Suberythrodermie bzw. Erythrodermie, (e) bei komplexen topischen und systemischen Therapieformen und (f) bei komplizierenden Begleiterkrankungen somatischer und psychischer Genese muss immer auch an eine stationäre Einweisung in eine im hochalpinen Klima gelegenen Fachklinik gedacht werden. Die in der Hochgebirgsklinik von Davos (1560 müM) angebotene Behandlung ist gekennzeichnet durch Therapie mittels natürlicher ganzjähriger UV-Strahlung, Milbenallergenfreiheit, stark reduzierter Pollen- und Schimmelpilzsporenbelastung, Verbesserung der Hautdurchblutung sowie Milderung des Juckreizes (im Vergleich zum Flachland). Nicht zu unterschätzen sind Ruhe und Entfernung vom Alltag und vom Arbeitsplatz, die sich günstig auf Psyche und Haut auswirken. Die 24-stündige Betreuung durch Fachpersonal, das breite Angebot individueller topischer und systemischer Dermatotherapieformen sowie die Bereithaltung modernster diagnostischer und therapeutischer technischer Gerätschaften runden das Angebot ab.
Formation of GW/P bodies as marker for microRNA‐mediated regulation of innate immune signaling in THP‐1 cells
Authors: Pauley Kaleb M , Satoh Minoru , Pauley Brad A , Dominguez‐Gutierrez Paul R , Wallet Shannon M , Holliday L Shannon , Cha Seunghee , Reeves Westley H , Chan Edward KL
Published: November 2009

GW bodies (GWB or P bodies) are cytoplasmic foci thought to result from microRNA (miRNA) regulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) targets and subsequent mRNA degradation. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of human monocytes on GWB formation, miRNA induction, miRNA target regulation and downstream cytokine and chemokine expression. In response to LPS stimulation, the number of GWB consistently increased by twofold at 8 h after stimulation and this increase was abolished when the miRNA‐effector proteins Rck/p54 or argonaute 2 were depleted. As the level of miR‐146a increased from 19‐fold up to 100‐fold during LPS stimulation, the transfection of a miR‐146a mimic into THP‐1 cells was examined to determine whether miR‐146a alone can induce similar changes in GWB. The results showed transfected miR‐146a could produce a comparable increase in the number of GWB and this was accompanied by a reduction in major cytokines/chemokines induced by LPS. These data show that the increase in size and number of GWB may serve as a biomarker for miRNA‐mediated gene regulation, and miR‐146a has a significant role in the regulation of LPS‐induced cytokine production in THP‐1 cells.
Inhibition of eosinophil migration by lactoferrin
Authors: Bournazou Irini , Mackenzie Karen J , Duffin Rodger , Rossi Adriano G , Gregory Christopher D
Published: November 2009

Eosinophilic granulocytes are innate effector cells that are important in immune responses against helminth parasitic infections and contribute towards the pathology associated with allergic inflammatory conditions, including allergic rhinitis and asthma. Their recruitment to inflammatory sites occurs in response to chemotactic and activation signals, such as eotaxin and interleukin‐5, and is a tightly controlled process. However, the mechanisms that counterbalance these positive chemoattractive processes, thereby preventing excessive eosinophil infiltration, have received little attention. Here, we show that, lactoferrin (LTF), a pleiotropic 80‐kDa glycoprotein with iron‐binding properties, acts as a powerful inhibitor of eosinophil migration. Irrespective of its source (milk or neutrophil derived), LTF inhibits eotaxin‐stimulated eosinophil migration with no effects on eosinophil viability. Transferrin, a closely related cationic glycoprotein, failed to produce an analogous effect. Furthermore, the iron‐saturation status of LTF did not influence the observed inhibitory effect on migration, proving that LTF exerts its effect on eosinophil chemotaxis independent of its iron‐chelating activity. These results highlight LTF as one of the few molecules reported to negatively regulate eosinophil migration. Thus, through its ability to inhibit eosinophil migration, LTF has potential as an effective therapeutic in the control of eosinophil infiltration in atopic inflammatory conditions.
Virtual Fly Brain: An ontology-linked schema of the Drosophila Brain
Authors: Osumi-Sutherland David , Longair Mark , Armstrong J. Douglas
Published: November 2009

Drosophila neuro-anatomical data is scattered across a large, diverse literature dating back over 75 years and a growing number of community databases. Lack of a standardized nomenclature for neuro-anatomy makes comparison and searching this growing data-set extremely arduous.A recent standardization effort (BrainName; Manuscript in preparation) has produced a segmented, 3D model of the Drosophila brain annotated with a controlled vocabulary. We are formalizing these developments to produce a web-based ontology-linked atlas in which gross brain anatomy is defined, in part, by labeled volumes in a standard reference brain.We have developed new relations that allow us to use this well-defined gross anatomy as a substrate to define neuronal types according to where they fasciculate and innervate as well as to record the neurotransmitters they release, their lineage and functions. The resulting ontology will provide a vocabulary for annotation and a means for integrative queries of neurobiological data.The ontology and associated images, queries and annotations will be integrated into the Virtual Fly Brain website. This will provide a resource that biologists can use to browse annotated images of Drosophila neuro-anatomy and to get answers to questions about that anatomy and related data, without any need for ontology expertise.
Reacquainting two cultures. Preventing a de-elsification of European nutrigenomics?
Authors: Penders Bart
Published: November 2009

Sir Charles Snow, being a writer and a scientist, felt that he "was moving among two groups - comparable in intelligence, identical in race, not grossly different in social origin, earning about the same incomes, who had ceased to communicate at all"(Snow, 1993 [1959], p.2). He called these two groups, the two cultures, referring to those in the natural sciences and those in the humanities. Many argue that this division is an awful thing. This poster discusses strategies to reacquaint the two cultures in the case of genomics.
The Effects of ADHD Medication Changes on a Child Who Stutters
Authors: Donaher Joseph , Healey E. Charles , Zobell Anneli
Published: November 2009

This case report describes a 10-year-old boy who presented with comorbid stuttering, ADHD, and Tourette Syndrome. The focus of this case study is the child’s favorable reaction to the non-stimulant Strattera® versus the stimulant Adderall XR® on stuttering behaviors. The family reported increased stuttering, tic behaviors, social anxiety, and communication-related frustration resulting in social isolation shortly after starting the stimulant medication. Consequently, the medical team discontinued the stimulant medication and prescribed the non-stimulant Strattera® to manage the ADHD symptoms. After initiating the non-stimulant medication, the family reported an increased willingness to interact with peers and reduced aggressiveness while interacting with family members. Compared to the disfluency rate and speech patterning from the first evaluation, the child demonstrated a 63% reduction in disfluency rate and a 51% reduction in the proportion of speech behaviors typical of stuttering. However, the non-stimulant medication was linked with a noticeable increase in impulsivity and decrease in attention/focusing in the academic setting.
Trait and State Anxiety in People Who Stutter and People Who Do Not Stutter
Authors: Palasik Scott , Irani Farzan , Goberman Alexander M.
Published: November 2009

Previous research suggests that people who stutter (PWS) tend to have heightened general anxiety (i.e., trait anxiety) and situational anxiety (i.e., state anxiety) compared to people who do not stutter (PWDS). Most research with anxiety and stuttering utilizes self-perception scales; however, few studies have looked at anxiety over time. The current study examined self-reported state and trait anxiety in PWS and PWDS over six weeks, along with an investigation of the effects of audio-recording on anxiety. Results indicated no significant group differences in trait (general) anxiety over six weeks; however trends indicated that PWS may have increased trait anxiety compared to PWDS. Furthermore, for both groups, state (situational) anxiety was lower after a recording session compared to before.
Big People, Little World: The Body Influences Size Perception
Authors: Stefanucci Jeanine K , Geuss Michael N
Published: November 2009

Previous research has shown that changes to the body can influence the perception of distances in near space (Witt et al, 2005 Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance31 880–888). In this paper, we question whether changes to the body can also influence the perception of extents in extrapersonal space, namely the perception of aperture widths. In experiment 1, broad-shouldered participants visually estimated the size of apertures to be smaller than narrow-shouldered participants. In experiment 2, we questioned whether changes to the body, which included holding a large object, wearing a large object, or simply holding out the arms would influence perceived width. Surprisingly, we found that only when participants' hands were widened was extrapersonal space rescaled. In experiment 3, we explored the boundaries of the effect observed in experiment 2 by asking participants to hold their arms at four different positions in order to determine the arm width at which apertures appeared smaller. We found that arm positions that were larger than the shoulder width made apertures appear smaller. The results suggest that dimensions of the body play a role in the scaling of environmental parameters in extrapersonal space.
Relationships between land use and nutrient concentrations in streams draining a 'wet-tropics' catchment in northern Australia
Authors: Mitchell A. , Reghenzani J. , Faithful J. , Furnas M. , Brodie J.
Published: November 2009

Differences in stream nutrient concentrations typically reflect upstream differences in land use. In particular, nitrate concentrations are greatly increased by losses from nitrogen (N) fertiliser applied to areas of intensive cropping. In the present study, a relationship between the area of such land use and the nitrate concentrations in the receiving streams was predicted. This relationship was tested using several data sets from the Tully basin, in the wet-tropics bioregion of north Queensland, Australia. The proportions of fertiliser-additive land use (FALU), mostly sugarcane and bananas, were correlated with the concentrations of nutrients in streams that drain these land uses. The data compared included two long-term sampling studies in the Tully River catchment and more recent, broader catchment sampling and plot-scale studies in this region. A strong relationship was shown for nitrate, but weaker relationships were observed for other N-nutrient and P-nutrient forms. Comparisons were made with contemporary and historical land-use changes in the Tully basin. The strong relationship of FALU with nitrate provides evidence that the nitrate exports from this catchment are largely derived from fertiliser use. This relationship can be used to derive nitrate run-off coefficients for fertilised land use in catchment models or to monitor changes following management to reduce fertiliser usage.
Spatial extent of riverine flood plumes and exposure of marine ecosystems in the Tully coastal region, Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Devlin Michelle , Schaffelke Britta
Published: November 2009

Tully River flood plume monitoring data for 11 events (1994–2008) were used to determine what physical characteristics of the floods (size of flood, direction of plume movement, shape of hydrograph) most influence the flood plume water quality and areal extent. During some events, the maximum area influenced by the Tully flood plumes extended into the Coral Sea. Areal extents depended on wind direction and discharge volume, with large extents more likely during light or northerly winds. Strong gradients in water quality existed away from the Tully mouth during the wet season and the adjacent marine ecosystems were regularly exposed to land-derived material. Flood plumes were grouped into three plume types: primary, secondary and tertiary plumes, based on water-quality characteristics (suspended solids, coloured dissolved organic matter and chlorophyll). The number of reefs and seagrasses exposed to plume waters varied from year to year, and was dependent on the characteristics of the event. Over the 11 years, out of the major 37 reefs and 13 seagrass meadows identified in the Tully marine area, between 11 (30%) and 37 coral reefs (100%) and most of the seagrass meadows were inundated by either a primary or secondary plume every year.
Adaptive management for water quality planning - from theory to practice
Authors: Eberhard Rachel , Robinson Catherine J. , Waterhouse Jane , Parslow John , Hart Barry , Grayson Rodger , Taylor Bruce
Published: November 2009

Adaptive management has been promoted as a structured approach to learning in response to the uncertainty associated with managing complex systems. We developed and tested a protocol to guide an adaptive approach to water quality management in north-eastern Australia. The protocol articulates a framework for documenting uncertainties and performance expectations, negotiating feedback and anticipating iterative and transformative responses to future scenarios. A Water Quality Improvement Plan developed for the Tully–Murray catchment in the Great Barrier Reef region was used to test the protocol and three benefits of its use were identified. First, developing rigorous and timely monitoring and evaluation ensures that opportunities for iterative planning are realised. Second, anticipating future endogenous or exogenous changes to the plan enables the early initiation of actions to inform transformative planning responses. Finally, the protocol exposed the need to coordinate multi-scalar responses to tackle environmental knowledge and management uncertainties and assumptions. The protocol seeks to provide a practical translation of adaptive planning theory that will enable the benefits of adaptive management to be realised on the ground.
The expected impact of climate change on nitrogen losses from wet tropical sugarcane production in the Great Barrier Reef region
Authors: Webster A. J. , Thorburn P. J. , Roebeling P. C. , Horan H. L. , Biggs J. S.
Published: November 2009

The Great Barrier Reef is under threat from diffuse agricultural pollutants and potential climate change. Nitrogen loads are examined using the nitrogen surplus of simulated sugarcane production systems in the Tully–Murray catchment, comparing current management practice regimes with best management practice regimes under present day and future climate scenarios – nominally 2030 and 2070. These future scenarios are represented by increased carbon dioxide, increased temperature and increased rainfall variability. Simulation results suggest that the impact of potential climate change on diffuse agricultural nitrogen loads from sugarcane production in the Tully–Murray catchment to the Great Barrier Reef is likely to be small and negligible in comparison to the impacts of management practice change. Partial gross margin analysis suggests climate change will not noticeably alter the profitability of sugarcane production and, hence, is unlikely to be a driver of change for this land use in the Tully–Murray catchment. Improvements in water quality from sugarcane production are more likely to come from identification and adoption of best management practices.
Dual inactivation of Hus1 and p53 in the mouse mammary gland results in accumulation of damaged cells and impaired tissue regeneration
Authors: Yazinski Stephanie A. , Westcott Peter M. K. , Ong Kelly , Pinkas Jan , Peters Rachel M. , Weiss Robert S.
Published: November 2009

In response to DNA damage, checkpoint proteins halt cell cycle progression and promote repair or apoptosis, thereby preventing mutation accumulation and suppressing tumor development. The DNA damage checkpoint protein Hus1 associates with Rad9 and Rad1 to form the 9-1-1 complex, which localizes to DNA lesions and promotes DNA damage signaling and repair. Because complete inactivation of mouse Hus1 results in embryonic lethality, we developed a system for regulated Hus1 inactivation in the mammary gland to examine roles for Hus1 in tissue homeostasis and tumor suppression. Hus1 inactivation in the mammary epithelium resulted in genome damage that induced apoptosis and led to depletion of Hus1-null cells from the mammary gland. Conditional Hus1 knockout females retained grossly normal mammary gland morphology, suggesting compensation by cells that failed to undergo Cre-mediated Hus1 deletion. p53-deficiency delayed the clearance of Hus1-null cells from conditional Hus1 knockout mice and caused the accumulation of damaged, dying cells in the mammary gland. Notably, compensatory responses were impaired following combined Hus1 and p53 loss, resulting in aberrant mammary gland morphology and lactation defects. Overall, these results establish a requirement for Hus1 in the survival and proliferation of mammary epithelium and identify a role for p53 in mammary gland tissue regeneration and homeostasis.