bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bruchids and survival of Acacia seeds
Authors: MUCUNGUZI P.
Published: April 2008

A study on seed predation by bruchid beetles was carried out to understand the interactions between seed beetles and Acacia seeds in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. The beetles encountered in seeds were carefully isolated, preserved, labelled and identified. Seed infestation was assessed using cutting tests. Four seed beetles, Enaretha castelnaudi, Tuberculobruchus natalensis and Bruchidius spp. were found in two large seeds of Acacia sieberiana, while Caryedon serratus and Bruchidius submaculatus were found in small seeds of Acacia gerrardii. The small seeded A. gerrardii had a higher rate of infestation than the large seeded A. sieberiana, in spite of the latter species having more seed predators than the former. The intensity of seed predation on A. sieberiana had negligible differences within and between study sites. The intensity of seed predation was only significant with A. gerrardii at Kayampara study site. The possible compensatory response by A. sieberiana to seed predation by beetles is possession of many large seeds with adequate resources to accommodate a guild of seed predators. This study indicated the potential of seed predation as a biological control tool against the spread of A. gerrardii.

On a mené une recherche sur l'infestation de semences par des coéoptères bruchidés pour comprendre les interactions entre les coléoptères et les semences d' Acacia au Parc National Queen Elizabeth, en Ouganda. Les coléoptères trouvés dans les semences ont été soigneusement isolés, conservés, étiquetés et identifiés. On a évalué l'infestation au moyen de tests de recoupement. Quatre coléoptères, Enartha castelnaudi, Tuberculobruchus natalensis et Bruchidius spp. furent trouvés dans les grandes graines d' Acacia sieberiana, tandis que Caryedon serratus et Bruchidius submaculatusétaient trouvés dans les petites graines d' Acacia gerrardii. Acacia gerrardii, qui a de plus petites semences, présentait un plus fort taux d'infestation que Acacia sieberiana qui en a des plus grosses, malgré le fait que ce dernier a de plus nombreux prédateurs que le premier. L'intensité de la prédation des semences d' Acacia sieberiana ne présentait que des différences négligeables entre les sites de recherches. L'intensité de la prédation des semences d' A. gerrardii n'était significative qu'à l'endroit nommé Kayampara. Il est possible que la réponse d' A. sieberianaà la prédation par les coléoptères soit la possession de nombreuses grosses semences disposant des ressources nécessaires pour faire face à des quantités de prédateurs. Cette étude indiquait la possibilité que la prédation au niveau des semences soit un moyen de contrôle biologique contre la dispersion d' A. gerrardii.
Tusklessness in African elephants: a future trend
Authors: JACHMANN H. , BERRY P. S. M. , IMAE H.
Published: April 2008

In the South Luangwa National Park and the adjacent Lupande Game Management Area, located in Zambia's Eastern Province, the fraction of adult tuskless female elephants increased from 10·5% in 1969 to 38·2% in 1989, apparently as a direct result of selective illegal ivory hunting. From 1989 to 1993, the fraction of adult tuskless females declined from 38·2% to 28·70%, as a result of immigration of a relatively larger fraction of tusked females from adjacent Game Management Areas. Tusklessness appears to run in families and is sex‐linked.

Dans le Parc National de la Luangwa Sud et dans l'Aire de Gestion de la Faune de Lupande voisine, dans la province Orientale de Zambie, la proportion de femelles éléphants sans défenses est passée de 10,5% en 1969 à 38,2%, en 1989, suite directe semble‐t‐il de la chasse sélective pour l'ivoire. De 1989 à 1993, la proportion de femelles adultes sans défenses a baissé de 38,2%à 28,7%, en raison notamment de l'arrivée d'un assez grand nombre de femelles avec défenses en provenance des zones de gestion de la faune adjacentes, mais aussi à cause d'un changement de sex‐ratio en faveur des mâles. L'absence de défences semble être un caractère familial et lié au sexe de l'animal.
Offspring size variation in some southern African woodlice
Authors: TELFORD S. R. , DANGERFIELD J. M.
Published: April 2008

Variation in offspring size within and between broods, between populations and between species is quantified for six species of woodlice (Crustacea; Oniscidae) from southern Africa. The range of offspring size within a brood was large, frequently more than 50% of the total range for the population, suggesting that females partition resources unevenly between offspring and thereby 'hedge their evolutionary bets'. Significant differences in mean offspring size for broods from different females did not correlate with female size, fertility or reproductive allocation. If female condition is an important determinant of offspring size then measures other than female size or reproductive allocation may be needed to quantify it. Interpopulation differences in mean offspring size were not always significant. Statistically significant between‐species differences in mean offspring size may be less important than selection for increases in fecundity.

On a quantifié les variation de la taille de la progéniture à l'intérieur d'une même souche et entre des souches différences de six espèces cloportes (Crustacés; Oniscideae) d'Afrique du Sud. La taille d'une progéniture variait largement à l'intérieur d'une souche, souvent plus de 50% de la variation totale de la population, ce wque suggère que les resources des femelles se répartissent inégalement dans leur descendance, protégeant ainsi leurs chances d'évolution. Des différences significatives de la taille moyenne de la progéniture pour des souches issues de femelles différentes n'avaient aucune corrélation avec la taille, la fertilité ou le potentiel reproducteur de la femelle. Si la condition de la femelle est un élément important pour la taille de sa progéniture, on peut avoir besoin de mesures autres que la taille de la femelle et de son potentiel reproducteur pour la quantifier. Les différences de la taille moyenne entre les populations n'étaient pas toujours significatives. Des différences statistiquement significatives de la taille moyenne de la progéniture entre les espèces peuvent être moins importantes que la sélection pour augmenter la fécondité.
Status and trends of some large mammals and ostriches in Waza National Park, Cameroon
Authors: TCHAMBA M. N. , ELKAN P.
Published: April 2008

An aerial sample count of large mammals and ostriches was carried out in the Waza National Park, Cameroon, using systematic transect sampling. Total population estimates are given and distribution maps are presented for seven species. Results are compared with three previous estimates.

Population sizes of giraffe, roan antelope, and topi showed a limited increase since 1977. Rather surprisingly, the population of kobs, the most abundant larger herbivore, had increased dramatically. Red‐fronted gazelle and ostrich seemed to maintain their stock. Elephants showed a significant increase of 9·3% per annum since 1977. It is recommended that quantitative data be collected on the increasing elephant crop damages and that measures be taken to limit human/elephant conflicts.

TheAcacia seyalzone appeared to be an important wildlife habitat. It is suggested that this habitat should be permanently monitored given the increase in wildlife numbers and the changes in local hydrological conditions.

The cost of the aerial survey was about US$2·30 per km2, a quite expensive operation for local low‐budget Wildlife Department and Research Institutes.

On a effectué un dénombrement aérien échantillon des grands mammiféres et des autruches dans le Parc National de Waza en utilisant un échantillonnage systématique par transect. On présente les estimations totales des populations et des cartes de distribution de sept espèces. On compare les résultats avec trois estimations antérieures. Les effectifs des girafes, des hippotragues et des topis (damalisques) montraient une croissance modérée depuis 1977. Il était plus étonnant de constater que la population de cobes de Buffon, les grandes herbivores les plus abondants du parc, avait augmenté de façon spectaculaire. Les nombres de gazelles à front rouge et d'autruches semblaient stationnaires. Les éléphants présentaient une augmentation significative de 9,3% par an depuis 1977. On recommande de rassembler des données chiffrées sur les dommages croissants que les éléphants infligent aux récoltes et de prendre les mesures nécessaires pour limiter au mieux les conflits hommes‐éléphants.

La zone àAcacia sevalsemblait être un habitat important pour la faune. On suggère de surveiller cette zone en permanence etant donne I'accroissement du nombre d'animaux sauvages et les changements des conditions hydrologiques locales.

Le coût de la recherche aérienne s'est élevé aux environs de 2,30 dollars par km2, une opération plutôt onéreuse pour le budget limité du Département de la Faune et des instituts de recherches nationaux.
The Kuiseb river as a linear oasis in the Namib desert
Authors: KOK O. B. , NEL J. A. J.
Published: April 2008

The importance of the Kuiseb river as a linear oasis for larger mammals in the Namib desert, Namibia, was investigated over a period of three years. Following seasonal flooding the river dries rapidly confining consumable water to irregularly spaced pools which decrease in number and surface area as the dry season progresses. Compared to the lower sections of the river more water and less vegetation are available in the relatively inaccessible upper parts of the canyon, and vice versa. Based on direct observations and tracks at waterholes more mammals visit the lower than the upper sections of the river. Indications are that the pronounced seasonal influx of gemsbok Oryx gazella into the riverbed, presumably from the surrounding dune fields, is primarily dictated by the availability of water. The riverine habitat of the Kuiseb is therefore a resource critical to the survival of at least part of the central Namib ungulate population.

On a étudié pendant trois ans l'importance du fleuve Kuiseb en tant qu'oasis longiligne pour les grands mammifères du désert du Namib. Après le flux saisonnier, le fleuve s'assèche rapidement, confinant l'eau consommable dans des bassins irregulierement espacés qui diminuent en nombre et en superficie pendant la saison sèche. Comparées aux sections aval du fleuve, les parties amont du canyon, relativement difficiles d'accès, offrent plus d'eau mais moins de végétation et vice versa. D'après les observations directes et les traces visibles aux points d'eau, il y a plus de mammifères le long des sections basses du fleuve qu'en amont. Il y a des indications selon lesquelles l'affluence saisonnière marquée de gemsboks. Oryx gazella, dans le lit du fleuve, en provenance probable des champs de dunes avoisinants, est d'abord dictée par la présence d'eau. C'est pourquoi l'habitat riverain du Kuiseb est une ressource vitale pour la survie d'au moins une partie de le population d'ongulés du centre du Namib.
Possible factors contributing to the exclusion of saturniid caterpillars (mopane worms) from a protected area in Botswana
Authors: STYLES C. V. , SKINNER J. D.
Published: April 2008

This paper deals with the local absence of mopane worms, the colloquial name given to caterpillars of the mopane emperor moth Imbrasia belina (Saturniidae), from within the confines of the Northern Tuli Game Reserve (NTGR) of Botswana for at least the last 23 years. Possible factors such as ant predation, edaphic factors and leaf chemistry were studied in an attempt to explain this local absence. Very obvious differences exist, with respect to both ant occurrence and tree leaf chemistry, the ant occurrence and browse quality in the area frequented yearly by the caterpillars being very low and very high respectively when compared with the calculated values for the protected area. A contributing factor to the absence of caterpillars from the NTGR might be extensive utilization of the area's mopane veld by mammalian herbivores and the preponderance of ants, which act as an effective antiherbivory mechanism, on mopane trees. In addition, low rainfall and possibly unsuitable burrowing substrates (soil for pupation) probably contributed.

Cet article concerne l'absence locale de vers mopane, nom familier donné aux chenilles du papillon de nuit Imbrasia belina (Saturniidae), aux confins de la Northern Tuli Game Reserve (NTGR), au Botswana, depuis au moins 23 ans. On a étudié des facteurs potentiels tels que la prédation par les fourmis, des facteurs édaphiques, et la chimie du feuillage pour tenter d'expliquer cette absence localisée. II existe des différences tout à fait évidentes, tant en ce qui concerne la présence de fourmis que la chimie du feuillage: la présence des fourmis et la qualité de la nourriture dans la région fréquentée chaque année par les chenilles sont respectivement très elevee et très mauvaise lorsqu'on les compare aux valeurs calculées pour l'aire protégée. Un facteur contribuant aussi à l'absence de chenilles de la NTGR pourrait être l'utilisation extensive de la zone des mopane par des mammifères herbivores et par la prépondérance sur les mopane des fourmis qui pourraient bien agir comme un mécanisme antiherbivore efficace. De plus, il faut ajouter des chutes de pluies faibles et un substrat peut‐être moins propice pour être creusé (pour la ponte).
Breeding and moult cycles in three bulbul (Pycnonotidae) species in coastal Tanzania
Authors: MLINGWA C. O. F.
Published: April 2008

The annual cycles of breeding and moult in three bulbul species are described from a bird ringing study carried out in the period January 1989‐June 1990 and June 1994‐May 1995 in coastal Tanzania. Both breeding and moult are seasonal events. The former takes place from October to May or June, and the latter from January to August or September; hence, there is a marked breeding‐moult overlap. The overlap of breeding and moulting seasons within the population but not within individuals is due to inter‐and intra‐sexual variations in the onset of moult. The ecological significance of this strategy is discussed. The annual cycles of these species are also compared with those of other bulbuls occurring in the same area.

On décrit les cycles annuels de reproduction et de mue de trois espèces de bulbuls à partir d'une étude de baguage d'oiseux réalisée pendant la période allant de Janvier 1989 à juin 1990 et celle allant de juin 1994 à mai 1995, sur la côte tanzanienne. La reproduction et la mue sont des événements saisonniers. La première a lieu d'octobre à mai ou juin, et la seconde, de Janvier à août ou septembre; il y a done recouvrement marqué entre les périodes de reproduction et de mue. Le recouvrement des saisons de reproduction et de mue à l'intérieur des populations, mais non chez les individus, est dû aux variations inter‐et intrasexuelles du déclenchement de la mue. On discute la signification écologique de cette stratégic On compare aussi les cycles annuels de ces espèces avec ceux d'autres bulbuls vivant dans la même région.
Soil temperature affects carbon allocation within arbuscular mycorrhizal networks and carbon transport from plant to fungus
Authors: HAWKES CHRISTINE V. , HARTLEY IAIN P. , INESON PHIL , FITTER ALASTAIR H.
Published: April 2008

How soil carbon balance will be affected by plant–mycorrhizal interactions under future climate scenarios remains a significant unknown in our ability to forecast ecosystem carbon storage and fluxes. We examined the effects of soil temperature (14, 20, 26 °C) on the structure and extent of a multispecies community of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associated with Plantago lanceolata. To isolate fungi from roots, we used a mesh‐divided pot system with separate hyphal compartments near and away from the plant. A 13C pulse label was then used to trace the flow of recently fixed photosynthate from plants into belowground pools and respiration. Temperature significantly altered the structure and allocation of the AM hyphal network, with a switch from more vesicles (storage) in cooled soils to more extensive extraradical hyphal networks (growth) in warmed soils. As soil temperature increased, we also observed an increase in the speed at which plant photosynthate was transferred to and respired by roots and AM fungi coupled with an increase in the amount of carbon respired per unit hyphal length. These differences were largely independent of plant size and rates of photosynthesis. In a warmer world, we would therefore expect more carbon losses to the atmosphere from AM fungal respiration, which are unlikely to be balanced by increased growth of AM fungal hyphae.
Heterozygous large deletions of Factor 8 gene in females identified by multiplex PCR‐LC
Authors: PAVLOVA A. , FÖRSTER T. , DELEV D. , SCHRÖDER J. , EL‐MAARRI O. , MÜLLER‐REIBLE C. , OLDENBURG J.
Published: April 2008

Summary.  Haemophilia A is the most common X‐linked recessive bleeding disorder. In 5% of severely affected patients the mutations responsible for the disease are large deletions encompassing from one exon to the complete Factor 8 (F8) gene. Large deletions in a male haemophilic patient are easily detected by the absence of the corresponding PCR product. However, in female carriers, identification of the various heterozygous large deletions is difficult representing a major limitation to accurate carrier diagnosis. The deletion is masked by the presence of the second allele that serves as template for the PCR reaction. Quantitative PCR can differentiate between the presence of one or two alleles. Here we report an assay based on multiplex amplification of several exons of the F8 gene of various length and subsequent quantitative evaluation of the amplicons by liquid chromatogphy (LC). Using this approach we achieved an accurate classification of 16 female carriers and eight non‐carriers for deletions in the F8 gene in 19 investigated families. One mother and one grandmother were classified as non‐carriers, underlining the high de novo mutation rate of large deletions in female germ cells. The large deletions in three families were confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization. In conclusion, the multiplex PCR‐LC technique represents a rapid, simple and reliable method for detection of heterozygous large deletions in female carriers.
Bleeding scores in inherited bleeding disorders: clinical or research tools?
Authors: TOSETTO A. , CASTAMAN G. , RODEGHIERO F.
Published: April 2008

Summary.  The diagnosis of bleeding disorders is strictly dependent on the presence of bleeding symptoms in the patient, but collection of the bleeding history and its interpretation still remains subjective. For this reason, questionnaires on bleeding history have been proposed, and validated as diagnostic tools by comparing data obtained from patients with normal controls. This effort had led, at least with respect to von Willebrand disease (VWD), to the establishment of criteria that allow discrimination of VWD carriers from normal subjects. Among the possible criteria, a promising one is represented by the bleeding score (BS), a quantitative index summarizing both the number of episodes and their severity. The BS has shown good sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of type 1 VWD and could be integrated in a full diagnostic algorithm that also accounts for laboratory and family data. Furthermore, the BS has been shown to be correlated with several biological variables, including VWF and FVIII:C levels, platelet function analyzer (PFA‐100™) closure times, and platelet glycoprotein haplotypes. Thus, collection of the BS at the time of the diagnosis may be a useful addition in the evaluation of the bleeding patients for both the researcher and medical practitioner, although the latter should probably wait for the results of further validation studies before making more extensive use of BS as a diagnostic tool.
Root competition influences pollen competitive ability inViola tricolor: effects of presence of a competitor beyond resource availability?
Authors: Lankinen Åsa
Published: April 2008

It has recently been suggested that not only nutrients but also presence of a competitor can influence competitive ability in plants, for example, by strategic changes in allocation to roots (a ‘tragedy of the commons’ effect). Such strategic changes might occur also in pollen, because this has potential to increase siring success during pollen competition in the pistil.

I tested the new hypothesis that pollen competitive ability – a trait often strongly affected by resources of the pollen parent – was influenced by presence of a root competitor using glasshouse‐grownViola tricolorin 2 years. Plants of two maternal families were combined in pairs with their roots either separated or intermingled in the same amount of resources.

Maternal families varied in response to root competition, with pollen performance increasing in some families, decreasing in others and unchanged in others. An increase did not mirror a decrease in the competing family, suggesting an explanation beyond differential ability to gain resources. The responses to competitive environment were often consistent across three independent competitors.

There was a positive correlation between family responses in pollen performance and family responses in plant size to root competitors. Larger plants did not produce better pollenper se, indicating that the change in pollen performance was not a pure side effect of altered plant size. There was no support for a ‘tragedy of the commons’ effect on root production. With the experimental design used, an effect of rooting volume could not be completely ruled out.

The currently unknown mechanism of the below‐ground interactions between plants ofV. tricolorwas strong enough to change relative pollen competitive ability. These interactions might thus promote variation in the outcome of pollen competition.

Synthesis.The results of this study indicate the presence of a competitor on pollen competitive ability beyond the effect of nutrients. Even though the underlying mechanism needs to be explored further, the detected link between pollen competition and soil competition suggests a phenomenon well worth investigating. Further studies may lead to increased understanding of the evolutionary consequences of selection operating in response to interactions with neighbours.
Familial (shared environmental and genetic) factors and the foetal origins of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes: a review of the literature
Authors: Bergvall N. , Cnattingius S.
Published: April 2008

Several researchers have argued that observed associations between birth weight and cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes, may be confounded by familial (shared environmental and genetic) factors. However, most studies have found that shared environmental factors, including socio‐economic factors, do not influence the foetal origins of adult diseases. Results from two twin studies suggest that genetic factors may be of importance for the association between birth weight and risks of coronary heart disease, but findings from intergenerational studies are not consistent with genetic confounding. More studies have assessed the importance of genetic factors with respect to risk factors of coronary heart, including raised blood pressure and lipid levels. Recent findings suggest that the association between birth weight and hypertension is independent of genetic factors. In contrast, recent twin and intergenerational studies favour the hypothesis that the association between birth weight and risk of type 2 diabetes is confounded by genetic factors.
YscU cleavage and the assembly of Yersinia type III secretion machine complexes
Authors: Riordan Kelly E. , Schneewind Olaf
Published: April 2008

YscU, a component of the Yersinia type III secretion machine, promotes auto‐cleavage at asparagine 263 (N263). Mutants with an alanine substitution at yscU codon 263 displayed secretion defects for some substrates (LcrV, YopB and YopD); however, transport of effector proteins into host cells (YopE, YopH, YopM) continued to occur. Two yscU mutations were isolated that, unlike N263A, completely abolished type III secretion; YscUG127D promoted auto‐cleavage at N263, whereas YscUG270N did not. When fused to glutathione S‐transferase (Gst), the YscU C‐terminal cytoplasmic domain promoted auto‐cleavage and Gst‐YscUC also exerted a dominant‐negative phenotype by blocking type III secretion. Gst–YscUC/N263A caused a similar blockade and Gst–YscUC/G270N reduced secretion. Gst–YscUC and Gst–YscUC/N263A bound YscL, the regulator of the ATPase YscN, whereas Gst–YscUC/G270N did not. When isolated from Yersinia, Gst–YscUC and Gst–YscUC/N263A associated with YscK–YscL–YscQ; however, Gst–YscUC/G270N interacted predominantly with the machine component YscO, but not with YscK–YscL–YscQ. A model is proposed whereby YscU auto‐cleavage promotes interaction with YscL and recruitment of ATPase complexes that initiate type III secretion.
Essential protective role attributed to the surface lipoproteins of Borrelia burgdorferi against innate defences
Authors: Xu Qilong , McShan Kristy , Liang Fang Ting
Published: April 2008

To initiate infection, a microbial pathogen must be able to evade innate immunity. Here we show that the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi depends on its surface lipoproteins for protection against innate defences. The deficiency for OspC, an abundantly expressed surface lipoprotein during early infection, led to quick clearance of B. burgdorferi after inoculation into the skin of SCID mice. Increasing expression of any of the four randomly chosen surface lipoproteins, OspA, OspE, VlsE or DbpA, fully protected the ospC mutant from elimination from the skin tissue of SCID mice; moreover, increased OspA, OspE or VlsE expression allowed the mutant to cause disseminated infection and restored the ability to effectively colonize both joint and skin tissues, albeit the dissemination process was much slower than that of the mutant restored with OspC expression. When the ospC mutant was modified to express OspA under control of the ospC regulatory elements, it registered only a slight increase in the 50% infectious dose than the control in SCID mice but a dramatic increase in immunocompetent mice. Taken together, the study demonstrated that the surface lipoproteins provide B. burgdorferi with an essential protective function against host innate elimination.
Degree of rural isolation and birth outcomes
Authors: Luo Zhong‐Cheng , Wilkins Russell
Published: April 2008

Little is known about how birth outcomes vary in rural areas by degree of rural isolation. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all births in Quebec, 1991–2000 to assess birth outcomes by the degree of rural isolation according to metropolitan influence as measured by work force commuting flows between rural and urban areas. Compared with urban areas, crude risks of preterm birth, small‐for‐gestational age birth, stillbirth, neonatal death and postneonatal death were similar in rural areas with strong metropolitan influence, but were significantly higher for preterm birth, stillbirth and postneonatal death in rural areas with weak or no metropolitan influence, and for neonatal death in rural areas with no metropolitan influence. Adjustment for maternal characteristics (age, mother tongue, education, marital status, parity, plurality and infant sex) attenuated the associations. The adjusted odds ratios [95% confidence intervals] were 1.36 [1.12, 1.64] for stillbirth in rural areas with weak metropolitan influence, 1.63 [1.14, 2.32] for neonatal death in rural areas with no metropolitan influence, 1.78 [1.21, 2.63] and 1.37 [1.07, 1.75] for postneonatal death in rural areas with weak and no metropolitan influence, respectively. Much higher neonatal death rates were observed for preterm or low‐birthweight babies in rural areas with no metropolitan influence, suggesting inadequate access to optimal neonatal care. We conclude that birth outcomes in rural areas differ according to the degree of rural isolation. Fetuses and infants of mothers from rural areas with weak or no metropolitan influence are particularly vulnerable to the risks of death during the perinatal and postnatal periods.
The definition and diagnosis of asthma
Authors: Sears M. R. , Sears Professor Malcolm R
Published: April 2008

Asthma defies precise definition, despite several carefully worded statements. Perhaps the most concise and useful description of asthma is “variable airflow obstruction”. The diagnosis is made by recognition of a patterns of one or more characteristic symptoms including wheeze, cough, chest tightness and dyspnoea, and is best confirmed by evidence of variable or reversible airflow obstruction accompanying symptoms.
Functional and phenotypic characteristics of bronchial epithelial cells obtained by brushing from asthmatic and normal subjects
Authors: Vignola A. M. , Chanez P. , Campbell A. M. , Bousquet J. , Michel F. B. , Godard P.
Published: April 2008

Bronchial epithelial cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of asthma releasing several inflammatory mediators such as interleukins and lipoxygenase products. In this study we evaluated the spontaneous and A23128‐induced release of IS‐HETE, PGE2 and fibronectin as well as the spontaneous expression of HLA‐DR and ICAM‐1 molecules by bronchial epithelial cells obtained by bronchial brushing from 35 asthmatic and 27 normal subjects. The release of fibronectin and 15‐HETE was studied using the EIA and RIA techniques. The expression of HLA‐DR and ICAM‐1 molecules was studied using the APAAP and the immunofluorescence methods. Bronchial epithelial cells from asthmatics released higher amounts of IS‐HETE and fibronectin both spontaneously (p <0.002, p <0.05, respectively) or after stimulation with calcium ionophore compared with normals. On the other hand, PGE2 release was significantly higher only after stimulation with calcium ionophore (p <0.002). The spontaneous expression of HLA‐DR and ICAM‐1 (p <0.001) was significantly higher on epithelial cells from asthmatics than in normal subjects. Finally, the severity of asthma significantly correlated with the release of LS‐HETE (p<0.02) and the expression of HLA‐DR and ICAM‐ I respectively (p <0.001 and p <0.002, respectively). This study indicates that bronchial epithelial cells are in an activated state in asthma and that the degree of activation is correlated to the severity of the disease.
Role and contribution of viral respiratory infections to asthma
Authors: Busse William W.
Published: April 2008

From the above observations, it is apparent that many respiratory viruses causes a change in airway function such that bronchial obstruction is more likely to occur in patients with asthma. Furthermore, there is also evidence that viruses act through a number of pathways to enhance the likelihood of an inflammatory response. Subsequent observations must focus on the ability of viruses to stimulate cytokine production, which could then upregulate the allergic airway inflammatory response. With the unfolding of such observations, it is highly likely that greater insights into this major provoking factor in asthma will become more apparent as well as clearer insight into mechanisms of asthma.
Comparison of sputum‐ECP levels in bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis
Authors: Virchow J. C. , Kroegel C. , Hage U. , Kortsik C. , Matthys H. , Werner P.
Published: April 2008

Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a cationic protein secreted by eosinophils with toxic properties for the respiratory epithelium. Sputum‐ECP levels have been shown to correlate inversely with airflow obstruction in asthma. In the present study we investigated whether ECP concentrations are different between asthmatic patients and patients with chronic bronchitis. Sputum‐ECP concentrations from seven patients with bronchial asthma and seven patients with chronic bronchitis matched for FEV, were compared (FEV, 66.1 f 29.0% of predicted; FEV, Chronic Bronchitis: 65.2 33.3% of predicted; p = n.s.). Furthermore, sputum‐ECP levels in 4 asthmatic patients with severe airflow obstruction and in 1 patient with chronic bronchitis were measured before and after initiation of a 7‐day oral therapy with methylprednisolone 20 mg BID. Changes in sputum‐ECP values were compared with changes in FEV, in these 5 patients. Sputum‐ECP levels and pulmonary function were measured as previously described (Am Rev Respir Dis 1992: 145: 604). Sputum‐ECP levels from asthmatics were significantly elevated compared with patients with chronic bronchitis: asthma: 893.4 f346.2 pg/l per g sputum; chronic bronchitis: 30.0 f 8.5 pg/l per g sputum (p = 0.002). The degree of airway obstruction correlated with the sputum‐ECP levels in asthmatics (r = ‐0.76, p = 0.05). but not in the patients with chronic bronchitis (r = 0.24, p = n.s.). In a separate group of 4 patients with asthma, elevated sputum‐ECP levels prior to initiation of systemic corticosteroid therapy were associated with a marked improvement in FEV, after treatment, though this was not observed in one patient with chronic bronchitis and low sputum‐ECP levels. We conclude that airflow obstruction in bronchial asthma, but not chronic bronchitis, is associated with elevated sputum‐ECP concentrations. Furthermore, preliminary data suggest that elevated sputum‐ECP levels predict reversibility of airflow obstruction with systemic corticosteroid therapy. Hence, sputum‐ECP levels might be helpful in the differential diagnosis and treatment strategies of bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis, especially in those patients who lack significant peripheral blood‐ or sputum‐eosinophilia.
Bile duct ligation in neonatal rats: Is it a valid experimental model for biliary atresia studies?
Authors: Gibelli Nelson Elias Mendes , Tannuri Uenis , De Mello Evandro Sobroza , Rodrigues Consuelo Junqueira
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  BA is the most important disease requiring liver transplantation in children. Common BDL in rats is a classic experimental model to study biliary obstruction. The response of the neonatal animal to BDL has yet to be completely understood and few reports have focused on the behavioral differences of the liver between neonatal and adult animals. Ninety newborn Wistar rats aged six days, weighing 8.0–13.9 g, and 90 adult Wistar rats weighing 199.7–357.0 g, were submitted to BDL. After surgery, they were randomly divided and killed on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day post‐BDL. Hepatic biopsies were obtained and the following were measured: (i) semiquantification of the bile ductule proliferation and inflammatory infiltrate by HE stain, (ii) quantification of portal and periportal fibrosis with the Sirius‐red stain. Although the initial response of ductule proliferation and inflammatory infiltrate were less intense in the newborn animal, the portal and periportal fibrosis were higher when compared with adult animals (p < 0.0491). These findings may contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology of BA.
Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Fusarium solani Isolates
Authors: Zaccardelli M. , Vitale S. , Luongo L. , Merighi M. , Corazza L.
Published: April 2008

Fusarium solani is a species complex (FSSC) containing isolates that cause diseases in important crops such as root and fruit rot of Cucurbita spp., root and stem rot of pea, sudden death syndrome of soybean, foot rot of bean and dry rot of potato tubers during storage. Based on host range tests, F. solani were subdivided into different formae specialis (f. sp.) and varieties, while DNA sequences of 28S rDNA, internally transcribed spacers (ITS) rDNA and elongation factor (EF‐1α) distinguished the ‘F. solani complex’ in 50 subspecific lineages. In this study we characterized, by cultural, morphological and molecular criteria, 34 isolates of F. solani obtained from potato, other crops and soil. The 34 isolates in the FSSC showed wide variability for their cultural, morphological and molecular traits. The wide variability observed with amplified fragment‐length polymorphism (AFLP) and mini‐microsatellite analyses is in agreement with the polymorphism observed, in a previous study, within FSSC. Nine of 34 isolates in the FSSC, classified as F. solani var. coeruleum, were morphologically distinguishable from the other F. solani isolates but they were distributed in different clusters; moreover, the nine isolates showed instability of the coeruleum pigmentation of the colonies, supporting the ambiguity of the taxa of this variety of F. solani. Using sequence data from ITS plus 5.8S rDNA region, the isolates were classified into different clades. In particular eight isolates were classified into a well‐supported clade including F. solani f. sp. pisi, nine into a clade including only isolates of F. solani f. sp. radicicola and four into a clade including F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae, but this classification could not be used if is not in agreement with host specificity. Two of the nine F. solani var. coeruleum isolates were phylogenetically distinct from all the other FSSC strains.
Confirmed case of feline mycetoma due to Microsporum canis
Authors: Kano Rui , Edamura Kazuya , Yumikura Hisayoshi , Maruyama Haruhiko , Asano Kazuyuki , Tanaka Shigeo , Hasegawa Atsuhiko
Published: April 2008

The first case of feline true mycetoma because of a dermatophyte has been reported in this manuscript, although pseudomycetoma has been described in dogs and cats. The patient was a 9‐year‐old castrated male Persian cat weighing 4.2 kg with subcutaneous nodules on the dorsal trunk. Physical examination revealed two subcutaneous nodules (2.5 × 5.0 cm and 3.5 × 5.0 cm in size) that drained purulent exudates with cement‐like substances containing yellowish granules. The impression smear of the yellowish granules demonstrated by PAS staining that they were masses of fungal septated hyphae (3–4 μm of width). From the nodular inflammation with fibrosis, fistulae draining from deep tissue and many grains containing abundant hyphal filaments, the case was diagnosed as mycetoma, complying with the definitive criteria of mycetoma. The etiologic fungus was molecularly as well as morphologically identified as Microsporum canis.
Treatment of dermatophyte onychomycosis with three pulses of terbinafine (500 mg day−1 for a week)
Authors: Takahata Y. , Hiruma M. , Shiraki Y. , Tokuhisa Y. , Sugita T. , Muto M.
Published: April 2008

We assessed the safety and efficacy of pulse therapy with terbinafine tablets in 55 patients with dermatophytic onychomycosis. One pulse consisted of oral terbinafine tablets (500 mg day−1) given for 1 week usually followed by a 3‐week interval. This regimen was repeated twice. Topical 1% terbinafine cream was applied daily. Efficacy was assessed based on both clinical and mycological examinations 1 year after treatment initiation. We observed a complete cure in 41 patients (74.5%), marked improved in three patients (5.6%), slight improvement in three patients (5.6%) and drop out in six patients (10.7%). Two patients (3.6%) discontinued terbinafine because of gastrointestinal disturbance (one patient) and drug‐induced eruption (one patient). No patient had abnormal laboratory findings, including liver function tests. In summary, a regimen of three pulses of terbinafine therapy given daily for 1 week in combination with topical application of terbinafine cream appears to be safe and effective in treating dermatophytic onychomycosis and offers advantages in convenience and cost‐effectiveness compared with continuous dosing.
Senescence rates are determined by ranking on the fast–slow life‐history continuum
Authors: Jones Owen R. , Gaillard Jean‐Michel , Tuljapurkar Shripad , Alho Jussi S. , Armitage Kenneth B. , Becker Peter H. , Bize Pierre , Brommer Jon , Charmantier Anne , Charpentier Marie , Clutton‐Brock Tim , Dobson F. Stephen , Festa‐Bianchet Marco , Gustafsson Lars , Jensen Henrik , Jones Carl G. , Lillandt Bo‐Göran , McCleery Robin , Merilä Juha , Neuhaus Peter , Nicoll Malcolm A. C. , Norris Ken , Oli Madan K. , Pemberton Josephine , Pietiäinen Hannu , Ringsby Thor Harald , Roulin Alexandre , Saether Bernt‐Erik , Setchell Joanna M. , Sheldon Ben C. , Thompson Paul M. , Weimerskirch Henri , Jean Wickings E. , Coulson Tim
Published: April 2008

Comparative analyses of survival senescence by using life tables have identified generalizations including the observation that mammals senesce faster than similar‐sized birds. These generalizations have been challenged because of limitations of life‐table approaches and the growing appreciation that senescence is more than an increasing probability of death. Without using life tables, we examine senescence rates in annual individual fitness using 20 individual‐based data sets of terrestrial vertebrates with contrasting life histories and body size. We find that senescence is widespread in the wild and equally likely to occur in survival and reproduction. Additionally, mammals senesce faster than birds because they have a faster life history for a given body size. By allowing us to disentangle the effects of two major fitness components our methods allow an assessment of the robustness of the prevalent life‐table approach. Focusing on one aspect of life history – survival or recruitment – can provide reliable information on overall senescence.
A landscape theory for food web architecture
Authors: Rooney Neil , McCann Kevin S. , Moore John C.
Published: April 2008

Ecologists have long searched for structures and processes that impart stability in nature. In particular, food web ecology has held promise in tackling this issue. Empirical patterns in food webs have consistently shown that the distributions of species and interactions in nature are more likely to be stable than randomly constructed systems with the same number of species and interactions. Food web ecology still faces two fundamental challenges, however. First, the quantity and quality of food web data required to document both the species richness and the interaction strengths among all species within food webs is largely prohibitive. Second, where food webs have been well documented, spatial and temporal variation in food web structure has been ignored. Conversely, research that has addressed spatial and temporal variation in ecosystems has generally ignored the full complexity of food web architecture. Here, we incorporate empirical patterns, largely from macroecology and behavioural ecology, into a spatially implicit food web structure to construct a simple landscape theory of food web architecture. Such an approach both captures important architectural features of food webs and allows for an exploration of food web structure across a range of spatial scales. Finally, we demonstrated that food webs are hierarchically organized along the spatial and temporal niche axes of species and their utilization of food resources in ways that stabilize ecosystems.
The tropics: cradle, museum or casino? A dynamic null model for latitudinal gradients of species diversity
Authors: Arita Héctor T. , Vázquez‐Domínguez Ella
Published: April 2008

Several ecological and evolutionary hypotheses have been proposed to explain the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), but a general model for this conspicuous pattern remains elusive. Mid‐domain effect (MDE) models generate gradients of species diversity by randomly placing the geographic ranges of species in one‐ or two‐dimensional spaces, thus excluding both evolutionary processes and the effect of contemporary climate. Traditional MDE models are statistical and static because they determine the size of ranges either randomly or based on empirical frequency distributions. Here we present a simple dynamic null model for the LDG that simulates stochastic processes of range shifts, extinction and speciation. The model predicts higher species diversity and higher extinction and speciation rates in the tropics, and a strong influence of range movements in shaping the LDG. These null expectations should be taken into consideration in studies aimed at understanding the many factors that generate latitudinal diversity gradients.
Mechanical bowel preparation and antibiotic prophylaxis in colorectal surgery: use by and opinions of Spanish surgeons
Authors: Roig J. V. , García‐Fadrique A. , García‐Armengol J. , Bruna M. , Redondo C. , García‐Coret M. J. , Albors P.
Published: April 2008

Objective  Antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) and mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) previous to surgery have classically been regarded as important in colorectal surgery. The latter has recently been questioned. We evaluated opinion of Spanish surgeons about the use of these measures.

Method  E‐mail survey among all members of Spanish Coloproctologic Associations.

Results  Of 413 participants in the survey, 131 (31.7%) responded; 87% of surgeons used cathartics (70%), enemas (2%) or both (28%) for MBP. MBP was used 60% in right colon surgery, 90% in left colon and 99% in rectal surgery. Surgeons with more case load or those who specialized in colorectal surgery used significantly less MBP; 60% of the surgeons thought that MBP made surgery easier and reduced contamination; 35% thought that it decreased wound infection (WI) and 17% thought that it prevented anastomotic leaks. For 77%, it was regarded as useful or very useful. AP was used by 99.3% of surgeons including systemic alone in 86.2% and combined with oral in 16.8%. The first dose was given 2 h before surgery by 20.2% of the surgeons, at the anaesthetic induction by 78.3% and postoperatively by 1.5%; 43% used single dose only, 44.5% extended to 24 h and 12.5% for two or more days; 95% thought that AP reduced WI and 96% considered that it was useful.

Conclusion  There is general agreement on AP. MBP remained a common practice among Spanish colorectal surgeons except for right colonic resection. Surgeons with more case load and specialization used it significantly less.
The Chinese entrepreneur
Authors: Yueh Linda
Published: April 2008

Many in the West have acknowledged the recent emergence of China as an economic powerhouse without fully understanding how it came to be. Linda Yueh says that one fact about China has to be taken into account: it is home to a growing population of entrepreneurs.
How the olympics struck gold
Authors: Payne Michael
Published: April 2008

The Summer Olympic Games begin this August in Beijing. Michael Payne will be celebrating the occasion with special relish, for he can recall a time when the International Olympics Committee almost went out of business. The story is riveting — and just may have a lesson or two for your own organization.
State Religious Exclusivity and Human Rights
Authors: Fox Jonathan
Published: April 2008

This study uses the Religion and State (RAS) and the Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) data sets to examine whether the extent to which a state government supports religious exclusivity influences that state's human rights record. It tests this relationship for all states included in the study as well as for four problem sets which look specifically at democracies. The results show that both for all states in general and for democracies in particular, state religious exclusivity — which is defined here as state support for some religions or one religion over others and state legislation of religious precepts as law — is associated with poorer human rights records. However, this result is weaker in tests which include only Western democracies. The results also show that Muslim states tend to have relatively poor human rights records and Christian states tend to have relatively good human rights records.