bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examining the 4th Grade Students’ Ability to Say “No” in the Framework of Life Studies Curriculum with Many-Facet Rasch Model
Authors: YILMAZ Ferat , SÖZER M. Akif
Published: July 2018

This study aims to reveal whether or not the ability to say “no”, which
is tried to be taught to students in the 2005 life studies curriculum, has been
gained by children with regards to various situations. The survey model was
utilized in the study. The study was conducted with 4th grade
students who took the class of life studies in primary school 1st, 2nd
and 3rd grades and therefore are expected to have gained the ability
to say “no”. In order to collect data, The Ability to Say “No”-Specific Cases
Inventory (NSCI) developed by the researchers was employed. In order to be able
to evaluate the responses given to the cases in the NSCI, the “NSCI Rubric” was
developed. The data obtained from NSCI were analyzed according to the
many-facet Rasch analysis using the FACETS packet program. The findings suggest that students may be
able to demonstrate the basic ability to say “no” expected of them in response
to specific cases; however they will not focus too much on the behavior of
making an explanation about the reason why they have said “no”, or, on
performing alternative behaviors after saying “no”.
POLİTİK TİYATRONUN SOLO SESİ: ANNA DEAVERE SMITH
Authors: Baş Elif
Published: July 2018

Bu çalışma, Afro-Amerikalı oyun yazarı, oyuncu
ve akademisyen Anna Deavere Smith’in 1980’lerde oyun yazmak için
şekillendirmeye başladığı röportaj tekniğini konu alır.  Smith, belli bir konu hakkında yaptığı
röportajları bir araya getirerek, o konuyu tüm boyutlarıyla sahnelemeye
çalışır. Özellikle kimlik, toplumsal cinsiyet ve ırk gibi politik meseleler
hakkında farklı görüşler ortaya koyarken, insanların kendi çelişkilerini de
gözler önüne serer. Bunu nasıl başardığı kısaca “Fires in the Mirror” oyunuyla
örneklendirilir. Bu konulara bakış açısı, Smith’in oluşturduğu oyunculuk metoduyla
da bağlantılı olduğundan, son olarak oyunculukta benimsediği yönteme değinilir.
Tüm bu bilgiler ışığında Smith’in hangi açıdan “geleneksel” politik tiyatronun
dışında kaldığı ve kendine özgü ne tür politik performanslar sergilediği ortaya
konur.
Repositioning Drugs for Rare Immune Diseases: Hopes and Challenges for a Precision Medicine
Authors: Valencic Erica , Smid Alenka , Jakopin Ziga , Tommasini Alberto , Mlinaric-Rascan Irena
Published: July 2018

Human primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) are a large group of rare
diseases and are characterized by a great genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. A large
subset of PIDs is genetically defined, which has a crucial impact for the understanding of
the molecular basis of disease and the development of precision medicine.

Discovery and development of new therapies for rare diseases has long been de-privileged
due to the length and cost of the processes involved. Interest has increased due to stimulatory
regulatory and supportive reimbursement environments enabling viable business models.

Advancements in biomedical and computational sciences enable the development of rational,
designed approaches for identification of novel indications of already approved
drugs allowing faster delivery of new medicines. Drug repositioning is based either on
clinical analogies of diseases or on understanding of the molecular mode of drug action
and mechanisms of the disease. All of these are the basis for the development of precision
medicine.
EKF Based Fusion Techniques Applied to Wheelchair Navigation System
Authors: Nada Derradji , Bousbia-Salah Mounir , Bettayeb Maamar
Published: July 2018

Background:

The aim of this paper is to investigate data fusion techniques based on an
Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), and more specifically, the nonlinear dynamic estimation of a wheelchair
navigation system.

Methods:

Three data fusion techniques are presented and a comparison between them is studied. It
combines the noisy measurement data coming from several sensors to obtain the best estimate of
position while reducing the measurement uncertainties.

Results:

By using the MATLAB, the performance of these techniques is checked with simulated data
and performance metrics are calculated for evaluation of the algorithms. Detailed mathematical
expressions are provided which could be useful for algorithm implementation.

Conclusion:

The results show that the algorithm based on a measurement fusion technique gives a good
estimate when compared with another one.
Successive Stability Indicating Spectrophotometric Technique for Simultaneous Determination of Quetiapine Fumarate and its Three Major Related Compounds
Authors: El-Maraghy Christine M. , Mohamed Ekram H.
Published: July 2018

Background:

Quetiapine Fumarate (QTF) is an atypical antipsychotic drug used to treat
mental disorders as depression and schizophrenia. The analysis of the dug in the presence of its precursors,
degradants and impurities without interference represents a challenge for the analysts. The
regulatory requirements recommended by ICH stated that the impurities above or equal to 0.1% must
be identified, characterized and determined. The aim of this work was to introduce three smart and selective
spectrophotometric methods that could resolve the complete overlapping of QTF drug with its
three related compounds; namely lactam (LAC), N-oxide (OXD) and des-ethanol (DES) without prior
separation or extraction step.

Methods:

So far there is no spectrophotometric method reported in the literature for the analysis of
QTF drug with its three related compounds without interference. The First derivative zero crossing
(1D-ZC), Spectrum subtraction (SS), and Simultaneous derivative ratio (S1DD) are well-developed
methods used for determination and resolution of multicomponent mixtures. While Ratio difference
isosbestic point method is a new method that needs two isoabsorptive points for its application and
was successfully adopted for simultaneous estimation of ternary mixtures.

Results:

The linearity range was found in the range of (6-50 μg/mL) for Quetiapine fumarate,
(6-110 μg/mL) for lactam, (4-28 μg/mL) for N-oxide and (6-32 μg/mL) for Des-ethanol. The method
validation was performed according to ICH guidelines. The results were statistically compared with a
reported HPLC method and no significant difference was obtained.

Conclusion:

The presented spectrophotometric technique highlighted the significance of different
tools such as normalized spectra and isoabsorptive points, especially when combined together for the
determination and resolution of complex quaternary mixtures as that of QTF and its three major impurities.
The proposed methods were smart, accurate and sensitive and were able to determine the four components
showing sever overlap without prior separation. The proposed methods are rapid, cheap ecofriendly
(green method) and didn’t require any sophisticated programs and could be easily adopted for
the routine determination of complex multicomponent mixtures with minimum sample preparation.
Novel Approach to The Design of Sound Insulating Composites by Means of a Non-linearly Extrapolated Master Curve
Authors: Federico Cecchini , Valeria Cherubini , Fabbrocino Francesco , Nanni Francesca
Published: July 2018

Background:

The increasing use of composite structures with a high stiffness-to-weight ratio in commercial vehicles has brought about a reduction in fuel consumption but, on the other hand, has significantly increased noise transmission particularly in case of thin and lightweight structures. Noise is a primary issue for commercial vehicles, such as airplanes, helicopters and cars. The present research deals with the use of smart materials, as Shear-Thickening Fluids (STF, or dilatants) in view of manufacturing elements with increased sound insulation properties.

Methods:

The response of a sandwich material with the STF core was investigated both experimentally and numerically, by choosing the Sound Transmission Loss (STL) of the composite structure as the figure of merit.

The experimental investigation was focused on the manufacturing of a sandwich structure made of metallic skins and a STF core that was successively characterized by sound insertion loss measurement.

The numerical investigation was carried out by using a Generalized Transfer Matrix Method (GTMM) and a Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) in view of selecting the fluid capable of granting the highest acoustic transmission loss.

Results:

Finally, the test results were compared to the numerical results, showing a noticeable agreement. The used STF showed increasing viscosity at increasing shear rates.
Assessment of a Leadership Enhancement Program for Nursing Managers of An Acute General Hospital in Hong Kong
Authors: Luk Leung Andrew
Published: July 2018

Background:

With the aim to enhance the senior nursing managers to be caring leaders so that they can nurture their team members to be holistic care providers, a one year program has been developed with emphasis on self-reflection and self-cultivation.

Purpose:

It aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a one-year leadership enhancement program in an acute general hospital.

Design & Methods:

Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were adopted. A pre and post questionnaire survey and the content analysis of self-reflective essays were conducted.

Results:

The overall means of the servant leadership scale and the workplace wellness scale were significantly higher after the program. Both scales were also found to have a significantly medium level of positive correlation. Reflective essays showed positive feedbacks complementing the quantitative data that the program was well received and effective.

Conclusion:

A servant leadership approach may be one way for hospital management to enhance a caring environment and a more quality workforce.
The Antitumor Immunity Mediated by NK Cells: The Role of The NCRs
Authors: Rady Mona , Abou-Aisha Khaled
Published: July 2018

Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate immune lymphocytes that are important for early and effective immune responses against infections and cancer. The antitumor immunity mediated by NK cells can be exerted through several direct or indirect “immunosurveillance” mechanisms that control tumor growth and prevent the rapid dissemination of metastatic tumors. NK cells express an array of activating and inhibitory receptors that enable them to recognize and bind non-self as well as self-ligands expressed on the surface of malignant or virally infected cells. The family of Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors (NCRs) comprises three activating receptors; NKp30, NKp44, and NKp46 that are important for the stimulation of NK cell effector functions. This review summarizes the mechanisms of antitumor immunity mediated by natural killer cells with focus on the role of the family of the NCRs and their tumor associated ligands.
PRIMARY HIP ARTHROPLASTY IN PATIENTS WITH END-STAGE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (LITERATURE REVIEW)
Authors: Tsed A. N. , Dulaev A. K.
Published: July 2018

The authors present a review of current national and international literature related to the specifics of primary hip joint arthroplasty in patients with end-stage of chronic kidney disease. epidemiology aspects of such pathology are covered in detail. Screening of the patients with hip joint pathology undergoing substitute renal therapy remains a significant issue. The authors present the outcomes of use of various implant types and their fixation in primary hip joint arthroplasty such as cemented, cementless and monopolar prostheses, as well as consider features and structure of complications following primary replacements in such patients. unfortunately, the national literature lacks sufficient number of publications on the present problem. In addition, the paper presents a promising area for development of specialized care to patients on hemodialysis with hip joint pathology.
FEATURES OF IMAGING FINDINGS IN CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL THORACIC SPINE DEFORMITY ON THE BACKGROUND OF MALSEGMENTATION OF VERTEBRAE LATERAL SURFACE
Authors: Vissarionov S. V. , Baindurashvili A. G. , Khusainov N. O. , Kokushin D. N. , Bart V. A. , Beletsky A. V.
Published: July 2018

Purpose — to study alterations in the bony structures in cases of congenital deformity of the thoracic spine combined with malsegmentation of lateral surfaces of vertebrae due to pathological processes during growth period of childern and to find correlation with above alterations.Material and Methods. The study included 30 patients with congenital deformity of thoracic spine combined with malsegmentation of lateral surfaces of vertebrae. age of patients ranged from 3 to 10 years (mean of 7 years). gender distribution — 19 female and 11 male patients. all patients underwent imaging examination including spine roentgenography in two standard views in prone position as well as computer tomography.Results. Magnitude of deformity scoliotic curve was 67° (45–88°) and of pathological thoracic lordosis — 23° (18–27°). Mean number of block vertebral motion segments included into the main deformity curve was 6 (3–8). Mean distance between the outline of lateral vertebral surface and lateral outline of projection of curve root of apical vertebra on convex side of deformity (aB) was 6 mm (4–10 mm). correlation analysis demonstrated that aB distance mostly depended on the number of vertebral motion segments included into the block along non-segmental area: pearson coefficient 0.67. Based on cT scans the authors observed no rotation component of bodies’ deformity along the non-segmental area.Conclusion. Children with congenital thoracic spine deformity along with malsegmentation of lateral surfaces  of vertebrae feature pathological lordosis in affected zone. alterations in the bony structures result from asymmetric growth of one half of the vertebral body at the level of non-segmentation. asymmetry severity has a strong correlation dependency from the number of vertebral bodies included in the block along the non-segmental area.
VALIDATION AND CROSS-CULTURAL ADAPTATION OF RATING SYSTEMS WOMAC, KSS AND FJS-12 IN PATIENTS WITH KNEE DISORDERS AND INJURIES
Authors: Irzhanski A. A. , Kulyaba T. A. , Kornilov N. N.
Published: July 2018

The purpose of the work — is validation and cultural adaptation of the english-language rating systems for knee function assessment for use in scientific, medical and educational institutions of the Russian Federation.Materials and Methods. The english versions of rating systems WOMac® 3.1 Index, The knee Society clinical Rating System©, FjS-12® were translated to Russian language by orthopedic surgeon with advanced level of english and the professional translator specializing in the translation of medical texts. Reverse translation was provided by third independent translator born in the english-speaking country (native speaker). a printed version of the various translations of the questionnaires was filled by patients with an interval of two days. The study group included 150 patients with Stage III knee osteoarthritis (90 women and 60 men aged 48 to 75 years, an average of 62.5 years) hospitalized in Vreden Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics from February to april 2017 for total knee arthroplasty.Results. good and very good retest reliability of WOMac (α = 0.87 and α = 0.9), kSS (α = 0.89 and α = 0.86) and FjS-12 (α = 0.94 and α = 0.96) was revealed. The study revealed a strong correlation between the results of the questionnaires performed by different translators: WOMac (Icc = 0.89), kSS (Icc = 0.86), FjS-12 (Icc = 0.92). The correlation dependence between subsections of WOMac (stiffness – Icc = 0.98, pain – Icc = 0.87, daily functions – Icc = 0.89) and kSS (knee score – Icc = 0.94, function score – Icc = 0.88), which indicates a good constructive validity.Conclusion. The results of the study of criterial and constructive validity, as well as the retest reliability of the Russian versions of the WOMac, kSS and FjS-12 scales, indicate that they are a reliable and sensitive tool for assessing the function of knee joint, which can be widely used by Russian researchers in practical and scientific activities.
DIRECT COST OF DRUG AND PRESCRIBING PATTERN IN THE OUTPATIENT SERVICES OF A TEACHING HOSPITAL IN MALAYSIA
Authors: Lee Sit Wai , Aljunid Syed Mohamed
Published: July 2018

Objective: This study aims to impute the direct drug cost and to assess the prescribing pattern on patients getting dyslipidemia drugs at outpatients’ Pharmacy Department in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC).Methods: Patients receiving at least one dyslipidemia drug were randomly selected from UKMMC pharmacy electronic prescribing system from January 2012 to December 2012. The patients’ gender, age, and ethnic, and all the drugs received by the patients during the visits were recorded. The brand name of the drugs and the cost was recorded for the calculation of generic drug prescription rate (GDPR) and direct drug cost.Results: A total of 380 patients were randomly selected from the system. There were 829 prescriptions with the total amount of 5512 drugs prescribed. From the total of drugs, the number of generic drugs prescribed was 3967 (72%). The percentage of patients with GDPR of more than 75% for this study was 48% (n=183). The total drug cost for all 380 patients was RM240,244. The mean cost for each patient was RM637 (Range: RM1.20– RM27,972.30) and the median cost was RM233. The total formulary dyslipidemia drugs cost was RM11,003. The mean formulary dyslipidemia drugs cost for each patient was RM38 (Range: RM1.20–RM810), and the median cost was RM13.50. Predictors of high drug cost were GDPR of ≤75% and a number of drugs per prescription of >10.Conclusion: This study could contribute toward short- and long-term strategies to reduce the drug cost expenditure of dyslipidemia drugs in the hospital.
VALIDATION STUDY OF STEROIDAL DRUGS (DEXAMETHASONE AND BETAMETHASONE) BY U.V. SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD
Authors: Anand Khilav , Pandey Astha
Published: July 2018

Objective: The present investigation involves development and validation of ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopic method for estimation of dexamethasone and betamethasone in a pharmaceutical dosage as per International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines.Method: Betamethasone and dexamethasone were dissolved in 50 mL Methanol: water (1:2) and 50 mL distilled water, respectively. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, linearity, ruggedness, and robustness to check its consistency.Result: The λmax or the absorption maxima of both the drugs was found to be 241 nm. A linear response was observed in the range of 10–20 μg/mL.Conclusion: The method could be applied for the analysis of marketed tablets and also can be used for the routine analysis of dexamethasone and betamethasone in bulk formulations using UV method. It is suitable for the intended purpose especially in forensic science laboratories and other laboratories involved in the pharmaceutical analysis.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF “ANASTATICA HIEROCHUNTICA L.” AGAINST SOME BACTERIAL STRAINS RESPONSIBLE FOR WOMEN’S URO-GENITAL INFECTION
Authors: Benyagoub Elhassan , Nabbou Nouria , Razni Dalila , Moghtet Snoussi
Published: July 2018

Objective: The purpose of this work is to study the biological activity of Anastatica hierochuntica L., against nine bacterial strains responsible for women’s uro-genital infection (UGI).Methods: The plant was collected from Tindouf region (far southwest Algeria). In this study, we performed an evaluation of antibacterial activity of three macerates of two vegetative parts (seeds and stems) by two methods (disc and wells diffusion methods), with a description of the antibiotic resistance profile of isolated bacterial strains by antibiogram method.Results: According to the results, the antibiotic resistance profile of the tested bacterial strains showed an increased resistance against several antibiotics families. The evaluation of the antibacterial potential of macerates showed that methanolic and aqueous macerates of the seeds were more active against Gram-positive bacteria compared to Gram-negative bacteria.Conclusion: The preliminary results of this study allowed us to predict that natural substances in the plant can be considered as an important source to possess compounds with significant antibacterial properties and thus suggest their application in the pharmaceutical industry.
EVALUATION AVAILABILITY OF NARCOTICS AND PSYCHOTROPICS IN PHARMACY IN MEDAN CITY REGION
Authors: Susanti Julia , Reveny Julia , Wiryanto Wiryanto
Published: July 2018

Materials and Methods: This research use descriptive method using questionnaire instrument to 85 pharmacists in charge of pharmacy (APA) and 85 owners of pharmacy capital (PMA), then data are processed using SPPS windows.Results: The results of the questionnaire on the answers of respondents APA and PMA showed pharmacies that provide drugs class of narcotics and psychotropic in Medan 67 (43.51%), which provides narcotics only 2 (1.30%), which provides psychotropic drugs only 21 (13.64%) and pharmacies that do not provide drugs class of narcotics and psychotropic 64 (41.56%). The most common reason for narcotics and psychotropic drugs is the demand for prescription drugs at pharmacies 38 (86.36%), whereas the most reason for not providing narcotics and psychotropic drugs is that there are no or very few prescriptions of narcotics and psychopathic drugs that go into pharmacies 31 (75.61%).Conclusion: While reporting the result that reported drug with narcotic program online (SIPNAP) 46 (29.87%) with the reason most because not understand how to make and send report SIPNAP 41 (85.42%).
INFLUENCE OF PERMEATION ENHANCERS ON THE IN VITRO SKIN PERMEATION OF KETOROLAC TROMETHAMINE THROUGH EXCISED RAT SKIN: A MECHANISTIC STUDY
Authors: Saadatzadeh Afrooz , Salimi Anayatollah , Zarooni Moien
Published: July 2018

Objective: Ketorolac tromethamine (KT) is considered as a member of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that used as an analgesic and antipyretic agent. The main aim of this research was to investigate the effect of some herbal and chemical permeation enhancers on the in vitro skin permeability of KT.Method: Ketorolac permeability experiments through rat skin pre-treated with some of permeation enhancers, namely urea, eucalyptus oil, olive oil, and menthol, were performed in fabricated Franz diffusion cells and compared with hydrated rat skin as control. The permeability parameters evaluated include steady-state flux (Jss), permeability coefficient (Kp), and diffusion coefficient (D). The penetration enhancers permeability enhancement mechanisms were investigated by comparing changes in peak position and their intensities of asymmetric (Asy) and symmetric (Sym) C-H stretching, C=O stretching, C=O stretching (Amide I), and C-N stretching of keratin (Amide II) absorbance using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), as well as by comparing mean transition temperature (Tm) and their enthalpies (ΔH) using differential scanning calorimetery (DSC). KT permeability parameters through rat skin were evaluated with and without chemical enhancers such as eucalyptus oil, olive oil, menthol, and urea.Result: The skin showed barrier for ketorolac permeability through the whole skin and that diffusion into the skin was the rate-limiting step for drug flux. Urea, eucalyptus oil, olive oil, and menthol were the most effective enhancers as they increased flux 0.02, 0.017, 0.016, and 0.012 times and diffusion coefficient 0.079, 0.194, 0.129, and 1.35 folds in comparison with hydrated skin, respectively.Conclusion: FT-IR and DSC results showed lipid fluidization, extraction, disruption of lipid structure, and irreversible denaturation of proteins in the stratum corneum layer of the skin by permeation enhancers.
A PRESCRIPTION PATTERN STUDY OF RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN PAEDIATRIC INDOOR PATIENTS IN A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL - A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Authors: Badar Vandana , Parulekar Vidisha , Garate Priti
Published: July 2018

Objectives: The objectives of the study were as follows: (1) To study the prescription patterns in Respiratory tract infections (RTI) in indoor patients in pediatric wards. (2) To check the rationality of treatment according to Modified Kunin’s rationality criteria. (3)To analyze the data of RTI by Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification.Methods: It was a non-interventional, prospective, observational study which was conducted in indoor pediatric patients in a tertiary care teaching hospital in India. Data were analyzed and evaluated according to the WHO rational use of drugs guidelines.Study sample: The study sample was 174.Study duration: The study duration was August 15, 2016–September 15, 2016.Results: Males (63.79%) were more as compared to females (36.20%), and the highest number of cases was seen in infants (62.06%). Acute bronchiolitis (54.02%) was highest in the incidence followed by Wheeze Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (WALRI) (30.45%). The average duration of patient stay in hospital was 4.71 days whereas 93.33% were polytherapy and mostly prescribed antibiotic was amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in acute bronchiolitis and WALRI. Salbutamol (40.84%) and Ipratropium Bromide (39.43%) were the commonly prescribed respiratory medicines. Oral route (42.27%) was the most common route of administration. 56.11% drugs were prescribed by generic name.Conclusion: Standard treatment guidelines for the treatment of RTI need to be urgently developed and strictly implemented.
CARDIOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF DATE PALM AGAINST DOXORUBICIN-INDUCED CARDIOTOXICITY
Authors: Mubarak Shimaa , Hamid Shadia Abdel , Farrag Abdel Razik , Samir Nahla , Hussein Jihan Seid
Published: July 2018

Objective: Doxorubicin (Dox), an anthracycline antibiotic, has been widely used to treat cancer, principally hematological malignancies, and solid tumors. The administration of Dox is a topic of concern in the medical community, as it frequently related to dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the protective potential of date palm fruit extract on Dox-induced cardiotoxicity.Methods: A total of 40 female albino rats were used in this study and classified into four groups including control, date palm fruit extract, Dox, and treated date palm fruit extract groups.Results: Dox produced a significant increase in creatine kinase-MB and lactate dehydrogenase activities. It also decreased the activities of cardiac glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase but increase levels of cardiac malondialdehyde and also of urinary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine. Myocardial toxicity of Dox also appeared in the elevation of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, while level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased. Histopathological studies revealed alteration of cardiac tissue structure by Dox. Treatment with date palm fruit extract restored the aforementioned parameters.Conclusion: Date palm fruit exhibits a cardioprotective influence on the heart tissue against toxicity induced by Dox.
THE EFFECTIVITY TEST OF ALOE VERA LEAF EXTRACT TO LARVAE AEDES SP
Authors: Lubis Romasepfani , Ilyas Syafruddin , Panggabean Merina
Published: July 2018

Objective: Virus control was pressed to terminate transmission chain by reducing mosquito populations. One effective alternative was biological control vector using plant extracts. The purpose of this study was to assess the lethal concentration median (LC50) and effective time to kill the larvae. Methods: Aloe vera leaf washed with water, then envy transverse with a thickness and dried in a drying cupboard. Further, the prepare to percolation A. vera leaf extract was characterized liquid extract the next in the freeze dryer. Enter 25 larvae into each glass of research that has been mixed A. vera leaf extract with various concentrations: 20 ppm; 40 ppm; 60 ppm; 80 ppm; and 100 ppm, negative control (water) and abate® (1 ppm) as a positive control. Further, to observe the number of dead larvae in the studied glass at 180, 360, 1440, and 2880 min. Results: A probit analysis was used to determine concentrations in killing larvae. A. vera leaf extract concentration was effective to kill 50% of test larvae with LC50 at 80.5 ppm with 1440 min observation time. Conclusion: A. vera extract can be larvicidal because it has the secondary metabolite compounds which toxic substances to mosquito larvae with the LC50 value of 80.5 ppm at 1440 min.
IBUPROFEN AND ITS DIFFERENT ANALYTICAL AND MANUFACTURING METHODS: A REVIEW
Authors: Bashyal Sagar
Published: July 2018

Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and many of its similar class includes aspirin, indomethacin (Indocin), naproxen (Aleve), nabumetone (Relafen), and many others. This drug is used in moderate pain, fever, and inflammation, which is promoted by the release in the body of chemicals called prostaglandins. According to the IUPAC, it is (RS)-2-(4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl)propanoic acid. The original synthesis of ibuprofen by the Boots Group started with the compound 2-methylpropyl benzene. Ibuprofen blocks the enzyme that makes prostaglandins (cyclooxygenase), resulting in lower levels of prostaglandins that help in reducing inflammation, pain, and fever. This review is focused on various chemical and functional properties and experimental studies of ibuprofen including various detection methods such as potentiometric, ultraviolet spectrophotometric, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and reverse-HPLC which can also be used for the extraction, quantification, and quality analysis.
MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES, OBESITY AND GASTRIC DISORDERS USING THE ‘INTEGRATED APPROACH’ AT HEALTH TOTAL: A CASE STUDY
Authors: Mukerjee Anjali
Published: July 2018

It has been found that high prevalence of hypertension and Type II diabetes is coincidental to obesity. A well-defined nutrition therapy is one of the most effective methods of managing and slowing down the rate of development of Type II diabetes, gastrointestinal (GI) problems, and hypertension. A healthy diet or plan for the above-mentioned complications should be one that is naturally rich in phytochemicals and low in glycemic index, bad fats, and excess calories. This case study deals with the benefits of an “Integrated approach” in the management of diabetes, hypertension, gastric disorders, and obesity. The “integrated approach” includes patient-specific nutritional therapy, ayurvedic herb support, vitamins and dietary supplements, stress management, and regular exercise. The subject in this study was a 39-year-old obese female with a clinical history of Type II diabetes, borderline hypertension, and GI issues. Apart from these she also complained of low immunity, low energy levels, and high levels of stress. During the 10-month treatment, significant weight loss was achieved along with normalization of blood sugar levels and steady lowering of blood pressure with subsequent improvement in gastric problems and improved energy levels. Hence, the case report aptly illustrates that an integrated approach can help, not only manage diabetes, hypertension, and obesity but also reduce drug dosage and significantly improve quality of life.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF SUBMICRON EMULSION CONTAINING ENTRAPPED FLUOROQUINOLONE FOR OCULAR DELIVERY
Authors: Pandey Durga , Jain Deepti
Published: July 2018

Objective: The objective of the present work was to develop and characterize the submicron emulsion bearing antimicrobial drug sparfloxacin for improvement of ocular activity by improved retention in eyes. The developed delivery system was results with prolonged drug release as compared to the conventional dosage form.Methods: SE prepared by high energy emulsification and sonication to obtain uniform globule size.Results: Average internal droplets size of the optimized formulation was 0.278±0.6 μm, pH of the optimized formulation was 6.9±0.6 (average of three determinations), and viscosity 2.9±0.5 cps suitable for ocular use. Entrapment of SF was 63±3.4%. Stable under accelerated and long-term at 4°C and 37°C. No major changes reported on pH and viscosity of optimized formulations. In vitro, drug release pattern showed sustain release of SF, a cumulative percent release of SF was found 87.8±1.7% within 24 h. Transmission electron microscopy showed spherical shape and size within 1 μm.Conclusion: Designed formulation can be a good candidate for ocular drug delivery for severe ocular infections where frequent dosing required for conditions such as endophthalmitis, corneal ulcer, and penetrating trauma.
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES
Authors: A Sandhya , Kannayiram Gomathi
Published: July 2018

A protein is a large biomolecule which consists of one or more chains of amino acid residues. Proteins exhibit a biological phenomenon in which, they are misfolded as aggregates (i.e., accumulate and clump together) either intra- or extracellularly. This process plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) - 2 and common for many degenerative diseases. In this case, the histopathological consequences of protein misfolding such as sensile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in AD and lewy bodies in Parkinson’s disease occur. 8–10% of adult population shares risk factors with AD. Amyloid fibrils which build up in tissue as an abnormal protein form Amyloidosis. Conformational change in three-dimensional structure forms amyloid fibrils. Type 2 DM is characterized by the deposition of islet amyloid polypeptide within beta cells of the pancreas which leads to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion that result in degeneration of neuroglial cells.
MATERNAL AND FETAL HEPATIC INJURY IN GESTATIONAL DIABETIC RATS: PROTECTIVE ROLE OF CINNAMALDEHYDE AND ELLAGIC ACID
Authors: Abdul-hamid Manal , Hosni Ahmed A , Moneim Adel Abdel , Moustafa Nadia , Abdel-reheim Eman S
Published: July 2018

Objective: This study aims to determine the protective effect of cinnamaldehyde (Ci) and ellagic acid (EA) on maternal and fetal hepatic injury caused by fatty-sucrosed-diet/streptozotocin (FSD/STZ)-rat model of gestational diabetes (GD).Methods: Female Wistar rats were allocated into four groups. Group I fed with a normal diet, while Groups II, III, and IV feds with FSD for 8 weeks (five pre-gestational and three gestational). One week before mating onward, Group III and IV administered daily oral dose of 20 mg/kg Ci or 50 mg/kg EA, respectively. At the 7th day of gestation, FSD-fed groups injected intraperitoneally with STZ (25 mg/kg b.wt.) to induce GD mellitus. At the end of gestation, maternal and fetal blood, pancreas and liver samples were taken for the subsequent analysis.Results: Ci and EA potentially protect from the elevated glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterols, liver transaminases, and the depleted serum insulin, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, total proteins and albumin of GD-rats. As well, tested agents alleviated the altered fetal glucose and insulin levels. Alongside, Ci and EA reduced the maternal and fetal liver lipid peroxidation and increased their total thiols and total peroxidases. Furthermore, Ci and EA kept the normal intact of maternal and fetal pancreatic islets and preserve their livers away from the pathological changes observed in GD group that included fatty depositions, inflammation, hepatocytic necrosis and fibrosis, congested veins, diminutive storable glycogen and proteins, and the numerous proliferating cell nuclear antigen nuclei.Conclusion: Ci and EA have potent hepatoprotective effects through their insulin-sensitizing action and activating the antioxidant defenses.
STANDARDIZED SUPERCRITICAL CO2 EXTRACT OF ACANTHUS ILICIFOLIUS (LINN.) LEAVES INHIBITS THE PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-Α IN LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-ACTIVATED MURINE RAW 264.7 MACROPHAGE CELLS
Authors: Arumugam Saranya , Thiruganasambantham Ramanathan
Published: July 2018

Objective: Acanthus ilicifolius Linn. (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal mangrove plant used in the treatment of inflammation. Previous phytochemical studies have identified 2-benzoxazolinone (BOA) from the leaves of A. ilicifolius. In the present study, we attempted to standardize the supercritical CO2 leaf extract of A. ilicifolius (SCFE-AI) for BOA content and investigate the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitory effect of SCFE-AI and BOA on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The acute oral toxicity of SCFE-AI and BOA was also established.Methods: SCFE-AI was standardized for BOA content using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method. The cytotoxicity of SCFE-AI and BOA was evaluated using MTS colorimetric method. The in vitro anti-inflammatory effect of SCFE-AI and BOA on TNF-α production in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells was quantified using ELISA method. Acute oral toxicity studies were performed following the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development test guideline No. 423.Results: The amount of BOA was found 0.8% w/w of SCFE-AI. The RAW 264.7 cell viability was unaffected by SCFE-AI and BOA treatments within a concentration range <1000 mg/ml after 24 h incubation. SCFE-AI decreased the production of TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner compared to BOA. The LD50 value for SCFE-AI was found to be >2000 mg/kg and ranges from 300 to 2000 mg/kg with BOA.Conclusion: The HPTLC chromatogram could serve as an analytical tool for authentication and quantification of BOA content. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of A. ilicifolius might be through the inhibition of TNF-α production.
ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF AMLODIPINE IN HUMAN PLASMA USING LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY/MASS SPECTROMETRY
Authors: M Akiful Haque , D K Shanthi Priya , Mohanty Dibyalochan , Bakshi Vasudha , Boggula Narender
Published: July 2018

Objective: The objective of the present investigation was to develop a novel, simple, and economic method for the estimation of amlodipine in positive ion mode in human plasma using amlodipine maleate d4 as an internal standard.Methods: The chromatographic separation was performed on Zorbax SB, C18, 50 mm*4.6 mm, and 3.5 mm. The mobile phase was prepared with a mixture of 5 mm ammonium acetate in 0.1% formic acid: High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) grade methanol:HPLC grade acetonitrile (40:30:30) that run isocratically at the flow rate of 0.700 ml/min and run time at 2.50 min.Results: The analytical method is valid for the estimation of amlodipine, in human plasma over a range of 0.100 ng/ml–9.990 ng/ml with the detection of amlodipine m/z - 409.10 (parent) and 238.00 (product), and internal standard Amlodipine Maleate d4 m/z - 413.20 (parent), and 238.00 (product) in positive ion mode. The results of carryover test, matrix effect, linearity, precision and accuracy, stabilities, dilution integrity, and run size evaluation test presented in this report are within the acceptance range.Conclusion: A sensitive method for the separation and determination of amlodipine in plasma has been developed based on solid-phase extraction with disposable extraction cartridges in combination with LC and mass spectrophotometers (MS/MS).
A HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY METHOD DEVELOPMENT FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF ENALAPRIL MALEATE FROM CACO-2 CELL MONOLAYERS
Authors: Logoyda Liliya
Published: July 2018

Objective: A simple, rapid high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of enalapril maleate from confluent Caco-2 monolayers and aqueous solution.Methods: Chromatography was achieved on Discovery C18, 50×2.1 mm, 5 μm column. Samples were chromatographed in a gradient mode (eluent A [acetonitrile-water-formic acid, 5: 95:0.1 v/v] and eluent B [acetonitrile-formic acid, 100:0.1 v/v]). The initial content of the eluent B is 0%, which increases linearly by 1.0 min to 100% and 1.01 min returns to the initial 0%. The mobile phase was delivered at a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min into the mass spectrometer ESI chamber. The sample volume was 5 μl.Results: Under these conditions, enalapril maleate was eluted at 1.52 min. According to the Caco-2 test results, enalapril showed low permeability. It should be noted that the recovery value for enalapril is 100.62 %. Low in vitro permeability data for enalapril are in good agreement with the literature data.Conclusion: From results of the analysis, it can be concluded that developed method is simple and rapid for determination of enalapril maleate from confluent Caco-2 monolayers and aqueous solution. Acquired results demonstrate that proposed strategy can be effortlessly and advantageously applied for examination of enalapril from Caco-2 cell monolayers.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GLIADIN NANOPARTICLES FOR BRAIN DRUG DELIVERY
Authors: Dubey Ankit Dubey Naveneet , Ramteke Suman , Jain Deepti
Published: July 2018

Objectives: The aim of the present work is to prepare and evaluate nasal controlled release gliadin nanoparticles of sumatriptan for antimigraine activity to improve patients’ compliance by simplifying its administration, improving its therapeutic effect, and reducing its dose-related side effects through brain targeting. Methods: Sumatriptan containing gliadin nanoparticles were prepared by desolvation method using Pluronic F-68 as a stabilizing agent. Results: The results show that this method is reproducible very easy and led to the efficient entrapment of drug as well as the formation of spherical particles ranging from 1 to 181 nm, respectively. The controlled release behavior of gliadin nanoparticles was evaluated both in phosphate buffer saline 7.4 pH and in phosphate buffer 6.8 pH, respectively, at 37±1°C. Their brain targeting properties were determined by the nasal route through in vitro and in vivo methods. Conclusion: The optimized nanoparticles showed higher release rate than other marketed formulation like a tablet, nasal spray this may be due to nano size of the particles, glutaraldehyde was added to this system that increased hardness and F-68 increased the stability of nanoparticles .tablet, nasal spray this may be due to nano size of the particles, glutaraldehyde was added to this system that increased hardness and F-68 increased the stability of nanoparticles. The in vivo results showed that within 15 min maximum concentration of sumatriptan was observed in brain as compare to plasma which could be due to small particle size and lipophilic nature of gliadin nanoparticles.
TREATING CERVICAL CANCER WITH HERBS: A REVIEW
Authors: Joseph Anitha , Dhanraj Kiruthika , Ramalingam Sivakumar , Saravanan Renuka
Published: July 2018

Medicinal plants have been on the forefront where research on the anticancer agent is planned. This review mainly focuses on several such as medicinal plants Rosmarinus officinalis, Solanum nigrum, Kaffir lime, and Garcinia nujiangensis used in the treatment of cervical cancer and the secondary metabolites derived from different plant sources. Plant molecules such as cisplatin, curcumin (-)- epigallocatechin (EGC)-3-gallate, EGC, epicatechin- 3-gallate, and other catechins that have a wide range of biological properties and the molecular mechanism with different cells were reviewed. This review will promote the research on the development of a plant-derived anticancer drug with lesser or no side effects and aid in understanding the mechanism of action of several plant-derived molecules.
COMBINATION OF HEDYOTIS CORYMBOSA L. AND TINOSPORA CRISPA ETHANOLIC EXTRACT INCREASE CISPLATIN CYTOTOXICITY ON T47D BREAST CANCER CELLS
Authors: Rollando Rollando
Published: July 2018

Objective: Ursolic acid was a compound found in Hedyotis corymbosa L., (HCoL) while berberine found in Tinospora crispa (TCa) which are proven to have cytotoxic effect to cancer cells. This research aims to review the effect of cisplatin, ethanolic extract of HCoL and TCa to the sensitivity increase on breast cancer cells, which will be confirmed through apoptosis induction and cell cycle modulation.Methods: The cytotoxic effect was tested using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-il)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay on T47D cell using the IC50 parameter. The combination was tested by determining their combination index (CI) and cell viability. The combination effect of apoptosis induction and cell cycle modulation was observed using flow cytometry method.Results: The cytotoxic test result of the combination shows CI value of below 1 at the concentration of HCoL ethanolic extract as much as 1 μg/mL, TCa ethanolic extract as much as 6 μg/mL, and cisplatin as much as 2,5 μM. The combination of HCoL ethanolic extract, TCa ethanolic extract, and cisplatin results in phase S cell accumulation (29.98%) on breast cancer cell T47D and was able to induce apoptosis.Conclusion: The result proves that ethanolic extract of HCoL and TCa can be developed as a cochemotherapeutic agent with cisplatin to increase the effectivity of breast cancer treatment.
THE RATIONALITY OF ANTIBIOTICS THERAPY TOWARD CHILDREN WITH TYPHOID FEVER AT M.M. DUNDA HOSPITAL
Authors: Tuloli Teti Sutriyati , Moo Dewi R
Published: July 2018

Objectives: Typhoid fever is an acute systemic infectious disease in the small intestine caused by Salmonella enterica serotype typhi (Salmonella typhi) having the symptoms of fever a week or more with impairment of the gastrointestinal tract with or without impaired consciousness. The purpose of this study was to determine the rationality of antibiotic therapy in pediatric patients at M.M Dunda Limboto Hospital.Methods: This research belongs to non-experimental descriptive with retrospective data retrieval. The data used were obtained from 83 medical records of childhood typhoid patients during 6 months (June–November 2016) at the regional general hospital of M.M Dunda Limboto. These data were analyzed using the Gyssens criteria.Results: The results showed that the most antibiotics used by physicians were ceftriaxone 39% of the use of antibiotic quality which was category IIB 9%, category IIA 13%, and category 0 (rational) 52%.Conclusion: The rationality of antibiotic therapy in children with typhoid fever at M.M Dunda Limboto Hospital was 52% of the most antibiotics used, i.e. ceftriaxone (39%).
ANALYSIS OF TOTAL FLAVONOID LEVELS IN BROWN ALGAE (SARGASSUM SP. AND PADINA SP.) AS ANALGESIC DRUG THERAPY
Authors: M Ruslin , Husain Akbar Fuad , As Hajrah Yusuf , Subehan Subehan
Published: July 2018

Objective: Brown algae is one of the most interesting phyla that consist of pharmacologically active compounds and have been widely studied in recent years. One of the active compounds contained in brown algae that are known to have an analgesic effect is flavonoids. The aim of this study is to analyze the total amount of flavonoid compound in Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. as an analgesic drug.Methods: Samples used in this study were brown algae Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. taken from the Punaga Ocean, Takalar, South Sulawesi. The samples were extracted using the maceration method. After the extraction procedure, the total flavonoid levels were measured using a quercetin standard curve at maximum frequency.Results: Based on the measurement results, the total flavonoid levels in Sargassum sp. are 1.428%±sSD 0.168%.Conclusion: Padina sp. has higher total flavonoid levels compared to Sargassum sp. and can potentially act as an analgesic drug.