bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simple and rapid hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol with aqueous formic acid in catalytic flow reactors
Authors: Javaid Rahat , Kawasaki Shin-ichiro , Suzuki Akira , Suzuki Toshishige M
Published: June 2013

The inner surface of a metallic tube (i.d. 0.5 mm) was coated with a palladium (Pd)-based thin metallic layer by flow electroless plating. Simultaneous plating of Pd and silver (Ag) from their electroless-plating solution produced a mixed distributed bimetallic layer. Preferential acid leaching of Ag from the Pd–Ag layer produced a porous Pd surface. Hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol was examined in the presence of formic acid simply by passing the reaction solution through the catalytic tubular reactors. p-Aminophenol was the sole product of hydrogenation. No side reaction occurred. Reaction conversion with respect to p-nitrophenol was dependent on the catalyst layer type, the temperature, pH, amount of formic acid, and the residence time. A porous and oxidized Pd (PdO) surface gave the best reaction conversion among the catalytic reactors examined. p-Nitrophenol was converted quantitatively to p-aminophenol within 15 s of residence time in the porous PdO reactor at 40 °C. Evolution of carbon dioxide (CO2) was observed during the reaction, although hydrogen (H2) was not found in the gas phase. Dehydrogenation of formic acid did not occur to any practical degree in the absence of p-nitrophenol. Consequently, the nitro group was reduced via hydrogen transfer from formic acid to p-nitrophenol and not by hydrogen generated by dehydrogenation of formic acid.
CONTRIBUTION OF CONCRETE TO SHEAR STRENGTH OF RC BEAMS FAILING IN SHEAR
Authors: Arslan Guray , Polat Zekeriya
Published: June 2013

Reinforced concrete (RC) beams with light transverse reinforcement are vulnerable to shear failure during seismic response. In order to prevent brittle shear failures at beam plastic hinge regions of earthquake-resistant structures, the Turkish Earthquake Code and ACI318 require the use of sufficient transverse reinforcement to resist the total expected shear demand. These codes tend to be excessively conservative and, in some cases, the contribution of the concrete to the shear strength is neglected. The aim of this study is to investigate the contribution of concrete to shear strength of RC beams failing in shear experimentally. The beams were tested under monotonically increasing reversed cyclic loading to determine the concrete contribution to shear strength. It is observed that the concrete contribution to the shear strength at ultimate state ranges from 18% to 69% of the ultimate strength.
SPACE ZONING CONCEPT-BASED SCHEDULING MODEL FOR REPETITIVE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Authors: Cho Kyuman , Hong Taehoon , Hyun Chang Taek
Published: June 2013

Many researchers have studied effective space zoning to reduce the duration of a construction project and interference among work tasks. These studies, however, attempted to plan the construction schedule using the space zoning concept based on network-based scheduling methods. Accordingly, it was difficult to reflect the representative characteristics of space zoning, such as iteration and overlapping. To overcome such limitations of existing methodologies and to achieve schedule reduction of a construction project by maximizing productivity, a Space zoning Concept-based scHEduling ModEl (SCHEME) for repetitive construction processes that adopt simulation techniques was developed in this study. The result of the application of the developed model to actual construction cases shows that the model reflects well the space-zoning characteristics, and in terms of the reduction of the construction duration, the model yielded a superior outcome in nonspace-zoning cases. The model developed in this study is expected to produce an excellent effect on the repetitive construction processes, in terms of construction duration.
CHANGE IN UK CONSTRUCTION: MOVING TOWARD SUPPLY CHAIN COLLABORATION
Authors: Meng Xianhai
Published: June 2013

The traditional adversarial relationship in the construction industry has been criticized by a larger number of researchers and practitioners. Following the success of the supply chain collaboration in other industry sectors, such as manufacturing, supply chain relationships in UK construction have been increasingly changing from the traditional adversarial to the collaborative, which is supported by a series of government reports for the industry reform. However, few empirical studies have been conducted to investigate the current status of supply chain relationships in a systematic way. Therefore, there is no clear understanding of how change has taken place in today's practice and whether or not the change is balanced. To bridge the gap, a questionnaire survey is carried out in the UK construction industry. Based on the analysis of more than 100 responses, it is found that the UK construction industry as a whole has experienced an important change and moved toward supply chain collaboration. On the other hand, an unbalance is found for the change movement. In addition to the questionnaire survey, a series of industrial experts are interviewed, which help to explore the specific characteristics of supply chain collaboration in construction and provide practical implications for collaboration strategy implementation.
The Priest Matija Majar and the Moscow Ethnographic Exhibition of 1867
Authors: Jezernik Božidar
Published: June 2013

The author discusses the meaning and role of the AllRussian Ethnographic Exhibition and Slavic Congress held in Moscow in 1867 and Matija Majar’s donation of six folk costumes from the Zilja-Gail Valley in Carinthia to the organizers of the exhibition. The author explains how the imperial powers used exhibitions to send the message that progress and civilization could only occur within the colonial enterprise. For them, the motto of exhibitions was: scholarship is proof of our superiority. For smaller nations, especially for “awakening” ones, taking part in an international exhibition was a convenient opportunity to establish themselves as nations, and their motto was: scholarship is proof of our ethnic individuality.
***
Avtor predstavi pomen Etnografske razstave in Slovanskega kongresa v Moskvi leta 1867, pri čemer se posebej posveti ljudskim nošam iz Ziljske doline na Koroškem, ki jih je Matija Majar podaril organizacijskemu odboru. V prispevku pojasni, kako je Rusija izrabila prireditev za prikaz narodnega napredka in civiliziranosti, ki najdeta svoje mesto le v imperialnem kontekstu. S tega vidika je bilo torej osrednje sporočilo razstave: znanost dokazuje našo superiornost. Manjšim narodom, ki so v tistem času doživljali »prebujenje«, pa je sodelovanje na prireditvi pomenilo priložnost, da se vzpostavijo kot narodi. Njihov moto je zato bil: znanost dokazuje našo etnično samobitnost.
Formation of Russian Ethnography (1750–1850)
Authors: Kerimova Mariam M.
Published: June 2013

The author explains how Russian ethnography was created in the second half of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century. She divides this time-span into shorter periods. In each of these periods she presents crucial events that left an important mark on ethnographic works (e.g. research expeditions) as well as outstanding individuals who influenced the development of ethnographic science in Russia.
***
Avtorica v prispevku pojasni, kako se je ruska etnografija oblikovala v drugi polovici 18. stoletja in prvi polovici 19. stoletja, pri čemer ta časovni razpon razdeli na več krajših obdobij. Predstavi bistvene dogodke, ki so zaznamovali etnografska dela (npr. raziskovalne odprave), in posameznike, ki so s svojimi deli vplivali na razvoj vede v Rusiji.
Development of the Jiaolong Deep Manned Submersible
Authors: Cui Weicheng
Published: June 2013

AbstractDeep sea exploration and exploitation are of increasing interest to 21st century scientists, and both manned and unmanned deep submergence vehicles are necessary means for deep sea exploration. To fulfill the requirements of deep sea exploration for China Ocean Mineral
Resources R&D Association (COMRA), a deep manned submersible was in the process of development in China from 2002 to 2012 and was named Jiaolong in 2010. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the development process from a historical point of view, including the design, realization
of components, assembly, open-water tank test, and sea trials of the Jiaolong deep manned submersible. The technical difficulties encountered at each stage, and their solutions are briefly described. The future development trends for deep manned submersibles are pointed out.
Recent Development in IR Sensor Technology for Monitoring Subsea Methane Discharge
Authors: Schmidt Mark , Linke Peter , Esser Daniel
Published: June 2013

AbstractRecently developed methane sensors, based on infrared (IR) absorption technology, were successfully utilized for subsea methane release measurements. Long-term investigation of methane emissions (fluid flux determination) from natural methane seeps in the Hikurangi
Margin offshore New Zealand were performed by using seafloor lander technology. Small centimeter-sized seep areas could be sampled at the seafloor by video-guided lander deployment. In situ sensor measurements of dissolved methane in seawater could be correlated with methane concentrations
measured in discrete water samples after lander recovery. High backscatter flares determined by lander-based Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measurement indicate bubble release from the seafloor. Highest methane concentrations determined by the IR sensor coincided with periods of
high ADCP backscatter signals. The high fluid release cannot be correlated with tidal changes only. However, this correlation is possible with variability in spatial bubble release, sudden outbursts, and tidal changes in more quiescent seepage phases.A recently developed IR sensor (2,000
m depth-rated) with a detection limit for methane of about 1 ppm showed good linearity in the tested concentration range and an acceptable equilibration time of 10 min. The sensor was successfully operated offshore Santa Barbara by a small work-class ROV at a natural methane seep (Farrar Seep).
High background methane concentration of 50 nmol L−1 was observed in the coastal water, which increases up to 560 nmol L−1 in dissolved methane plumes south of the seepage area. ROV- and lander-based sensor deployments have proven the applicability of IR sensor
technology for the determination of subsea methane release rates and plume distribution. The wide concentration range, low detection limit, and its robust detection unit enable this technology for both subsea leak detection and oceanographic trace gas investigations.
Parasitoid complex and bionomics ofApanteles polychrosidis(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on the ash leaf-cone roller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Authors: Wist T.J. , Evenden M.L.
Published: June 2013

The ash leaf-cone roller,Caloptilia fraxinella(Ely) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is an introduced leaf-mining moth of horticultural ash trees (FraxinusLinnaeus; Oleaceae) in Western Canadian Prairie cities. Here, we identify the dominant parasitoid of this leaf-mining moth asApanteles polychrosidisVierek (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and document its emergence pattern, courtship, mating, and host acceptance behaviours.Apanteles polychrosidisadult emergence is protandrous and mating occurs soon after female emergence. MaleA. polychrosidiscan mate multiple times in short sequence with a mean copulation time of 49 seconds. It is likely thatA. polychrosidisoverwinters in an alternate larval host, after emergence fromC. fraxinella. Mated femaleA. polychrosidisreadily parasitise an alternate host, the obliquebanded leafroller (Choristoneura rosaceana(Harris); Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), known to overwinter as larvae. Through rearingC. fraxinellapupae, we describe the remainder of the parasitoid complex ofC. fraxinella, in order of parasitism rate, asDiadegmaFörster (nearDiadegmafenestrale(Holmgren)) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), threeSympiesisFörster species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) (Sympiesissericeicornis(Nees von Esenbeck), one nearSympiesisviridula(Thomson) and one unknown species), andPteromalus phycidis(Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and show that severalSympiesisspecies can be hyperparasitic onA. polychrosidis.Caloptilia fraxinelladensity within the tree canopy is highest in the lower canopy. Host density and abiotic factors such as temperature and light intensity do not influence the within-canopy distribution of most parasitoids exceptSympiesisspecies, which preferred the northern canopy.
Limits and prospects of photovoltaic covers in Mediterranean greenhouses
Authors: Marucci Alvaro , Gusman Adolfo , Pagniello Barbara , Cappuccini Andrea
Published: June 2013

The use of plastic film coverings has made a significant contribution to the development of greenhouses in Italy and to a new generation of greenhouses that differ from those of Central and Northern Europe: the so called Mediterranean Greenhouse. This is a simple structure with cheap coverings and emergency artificial heating systems. During the winter season, the available solar energy is more than sufficient to meet energy requirements. During the hot season, however, the intense solar radiation and the high air temperatures are problematic. Different active and passive strategies are, therefore, used to counteract this excessive energy intake with a considerable increase in costs. We believe that using this surplus energy to produce electricity would: i) provide an income from the sale of electricity; ii) allow the greenhouse to be used throughout the year; iii) reduce the costs of cooling the greenhouse. This paper aims to identify the energy surplus in relation to cultivation requirements that could be used to produce electricity with new and innovative solutions based on flexible and semi-transparent photovoltaic modules. The research was carried out with reference to the southern coast of the Lazio region, central Italy, by evaluating energy supply and demand to determine the surplus of solar energy produced in a greenhouse covered with double plastic film. Besides the shape of the greenhouse, the surplus depends on the covering material and the location. The degree of cloud cover and the type of cultivation carried out in the greenhouse also have an impact. We calculated the surplus energy under extreme conditions: clear sky and cloudy sky, and according to different crop species (tomato 12 months, tomato 8 months, aubergine 12 months). Results showed: i) the surplus of energy available in the greenhouse for the production of energy from new generation solar cells with varying degrees of sky coverage and crop species; ii) the times of the year in which there is an effective surplus of energy; iii) the most suitable crop cycles to achieve a surplus of solar energy to be exploited in the most convenient way.
Different Exercise Training Interventions and Drop-Landing Biomechanics in High School Female Athletes
Authors: Pfile Kate R. , Hart Joseph M. , Herman Daniel C. , Hertel Jay , Kerrigan D. Casey , Ingersoll Christopher D.
Published: June 2013

Context:

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common in female athletes and are related to poor neuromuscular control. Comprehensive neuromuscular training has been shown to improve biomechanics; however, we do not know which component of neuromuscular training is most responsible for the changes.

Objective:

To assess the efficacy of either a 4-week core stability program or plyometric program in altering lower extremity and trunk biomechanics during a drop vertical jump (DVJ).

Design:

Cohort study.

Setting:

High school athletic fields and motion analysis laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Twenty-three high school female athletes (age = 14.8 ± 0.8 years, height = 1.7 ± 0.07 m, mass = 57.7 ± 8.5 kg).

Intervention(s):

Independent variables were group (core stability, plyometric, control) and time (pretest, posttest). Participants performed 5 DVJs at pretest and posttest. Intervention participants engaged in a 4-week core stability or plyometric program.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Dependent variables were 3-dimensional hip, knee, and trunk kinetics and kinematics during the landing phase of a DVJ. We calculated the group means and associated 95% confidence intervals for the first 25% of landing. Cohen d effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for all differences.

Results:

We found within-group differences for lower extremity biomechanics for both intervention groups (P ≤ .05). The plyometric group decreased the knee-flexion and knee internal-rotation angles and the knee-flexion and knee-abduction moments. The core stability group decreased the knee-flexion and knee internal-rotation angles and the hip-flexion and hip internal-rotation moments. The control group decreased the knee external-rotation moment. All kinetic changes had a strong effect size (Cohen d > 0.80).

Conclusions:

Both programs resulted in biomechanical changes, suggesting that both types of exercises are warranted for ACL injury prevention and should be implemented by trained professionals.
Canine aflatoxicosis outbreak in South Africa (2011): A possible multi-mycotoxins aetiology
Authors: Mulunda Mwanza , Ndou Rendani V. , Dzoma Blessing , Nyirenda Mathew , Bakunzi Frank
Published: June 2013

This study analysed 60 dog food samples obtained from commercial outlets following the 2011 aflatoxicosis outbreak in South Africa. Results obtained from the selected dog food samples revealed that 87% of samples were contaminated with aflatoxins (AFs) (mainly AFB1 and AFB2). Amongst these samples, 45 (75%) were above the 20 parts per billion (ppb) set by most countries and 10 ppb regulated by the Fertilizers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies and Stock Remedies Act (Act No. 36 of 1947) for South Africa. In addition to AFs, other mycotoxins were also detected in the same samples with fumonisins (FBs) (mainly FB1and FB2) contaminating 98% of samples with 49 (81.81) above the tolerable limit of 1000 ppb in feedstuff set up by the Federal Drug Agency (FDA) (USA). The FBs mean obtained was 1556 ppb (Table 1) with contamination varying between 5.2 and 4653.8 ppb. Ochratoxin A (OTA) was detected in 41 (68%) of the analysed samples, with a mean value of 13.7 ppb. Amongst these samples, 15 (25%) were above the 20 ppb highest limit set by the Codex Alimentarius standard. Zearalenone (ZEA) was detected in 96% of samples, with a mean value of 354.1 ppb. Thirty-three samples (55%) were above the regulated level 1000 ppb tolerable limit. The recoveries were up to ten times the tolerable daily limits of the FDA and EU. The correlation between mycotoxin findings and clinical signs reported on patients presented for aflatoxicosis led to the conclusion that the outbreak was associated with the presence of other mycotoxins found simultaneously in the analysed samples by additive or synergistic effects.
‘Looting killed’ the audience: Africanlanguage writing, performance, publishing and the audience
Authors: Selepe T. J.
Published: June 2013

This article examines the role played by African-language writing, performance and publishing, including critical practice, in the demise of the indigenous audience in African-language literary practice. Using implicit materialism the argument is premised on the developments wrought by the era of Modernism that has lead to a univocal writing of world history, and the era of Postmodernism that has ushered in the era of a multivocal writing of world history. The transition from oral literature to written literature will also be used to advance the argument about the subsequent exclusion of the indigenous African- language audience from literary practice. This exclusion is considered to have a direct bearing on the under-development of African societies. Finally, possible solutions will be sought by revisiting some of the causes that characterize the African language problem as a medium of communication and research.
Robust and Quality Boundary Constrained Tetrahedral Mesh Generation
Authors: Song Songhe , Wan Min , Wang Shengxi , Wang Desheng , Zou Zhengping
Published: June 2013

A novel method for boundary constrained tetrahedral mesh generation is proposed based on Advancing Front Technique (AFT) and conforming Delaunay triangulation. Given a triangulated surface mesh, AFT is firstly applied to mesh several layers of elements adjacent to the boundary. The rest of the domain is then meshed by the conforming Delaunay triangulation. The non-conformal interface between two parts of meshes are adjusted. Mesh refinement and mesh optimization are then preformed to obtain a more reasonable-sized mesh with better quality. Robustness and quality of the proposed method is shown. Convergence proof of each stage as well as the whole algorithm is provided. Various numerical examples are included as well as the quality of the meshes.
Production of methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein via the hydroperoxyl pathway of isoprene oxidation
Authors: Liu Y. J. , Herdlinger-Blatt I. , McKinney K. A. , Martin S. T.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. The photo-oxidation chemistry of isoprene (ISOP; C5H8) was studied in a continuous-flow chamber under conditions such that the reactions of the isoprene-derived peroxyl radicals (RO2) were dominated by the hydroperoxyl (HO2) pathway. A proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS) with switchable H3O+ and NO+ reagent ions was used for product analysis. The products methyl vinyl ketone (MVK; C4H6O) and methacrolein (MACR; C4H6O) were differentiated using NO+ reagent ions. The MVK and MACR yields via the HO2 pathway were (3.8 ± 1.3)% and (2.5 ± 0.9)%, respectively, at +25 °C and < 2% relative humidity. The respective yields were (41.4 ± 5.5)% and (29.6 ± 4.2)% via the NO pathway. Production of MVK and MACR via the HO2 pathway implies concomitant production of hydroxyl ((6.3 ± 2.1)%) and hydroperoxyl ((6.3 ± 2.1)%) radicals, meaning a HOx recycling of (12.6 ± 4.2)% given that HO2 was both a reactant and product. Other isoprene oxidation products, believed to be mostly organic hydroperoxides, also contributed to the ion intensity at the same mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios as the MVK and MACR product ions for HO2-dominant conditions. These products were selectively removed from the gas phase by placement of a cold trap (−40 °C) inline prior to the PTR-TOF-MS. When incorporated into regional and global chemical transport models, the yields of MVK and MACR and the concomitant HOx recycling reported in this study can improve the accuracy of the simulation of the HO2 reaction pathway of isoprene, which is believed to be the fate of approximately half of atmospherically produced isoprene-derived peroxy radicals on a global scale.
Diel peroxy radicals in a semi-industrial coastal area: nighttime formation of free radicals
Authors: Andrés-Hernández M. D. , Kartal D. , Crowley J. N. , Sinha V. , Regelin E. , Martínez-Harder M. , Nenakhov V. , Williams J. , Harder H. , Bozem H. , Song W. , Thieser J. , Tang M. J. , Hosaynali Beigi Z. , Burrows J. P.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Peroxy radicals were measured by a PeRCA (Peroxy Radical Chemical Amplifier) instrument in the boundary layer during the DOMINO (Diel Oxidant Mechanisms In relation to Nitrogen Oxides) campaign at a coastal, forested site influenced by urban-industrial emissions in southern Spain in late autumn. Total peroxy radicals (RO2* = HO2 + ΣRO2) generally showed a daylight maximum between 10 and 50 pptv at 13:00 UTC, with an average of 18 pptv over the 15 days of measurements. Emissions from the industrial area of Huelva often impacted the measurement site at night during the campaign. The processing of significant levels of anthropogenic organics leads to an intense nocturnal radical chemistry accompanied by formation of organic peroxy radicals at comparable levels to those of summer photochemical conditions with peak events up to 60–80 pptv. The RO2 production initiated by reactions of NO3 with organic trace gases was estimated to be significant, but not sufficient to account for the concentrations of RO2* observed in air masses carrying high pollutant loading. The nocturnal production of peroxy radicals in those periods seems therefore to be dominated by ozonolysis of volatile organic compounds, in particular alkenes of industrial petrochemical origin. RO2* diurnal variations were consistent with HO2 measurements available at the site. HO2/RO2* ratios generally varied between 0.3 and 0.6, though on some occasions this ratio was likely to have been affected by instrumental artifacts (overestimated HO2) associated with high RO2 loads.
Formation of organic aerosol in the Paris region during the MEGAPOLI summer campaign: evaluation of the volatility-basis-set approach within the CHIMERE model
Authors: Zhang Q. J. , Beekmann M. , Drewnick F. , Freutel F. , Schneider J. , Crippa M. , Prevot A. S. H. , Baltensperger U. , Poulain L. , Wiedensohler A. , Sciare J. , Gros V. , Borbon A. , Colomb A. , Michoud V. , Doussin J.-F. , Denier van der Gon H. A. C. , Haeffelin M. , Dupont J.-C. , Siour G. , Petetin H. , Bessagnet B. , Pandis S. N. , Hodzic A. , Sanchez O. , Honoré C. , Perrussel O.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Simulations with the chemistry transport model CHIMERE are compared to measurements performed during the MEGAPOLI (Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation) summer campaign in the Greater Paris region in July 2009. The volatility-basis-set approach (VBS) is implemented into this model, taking into account the volatility of primary organic aerosol (POA) and the chemical aging of semi-volatile organic species. Organic aerosol is the main focus and is simulated with three different configurations with a modified treatment of POA volatility and modified secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation schemes. In addition, two types of emission inventories are used as model input in order to test the uncertainty related to the emissions. Predictions of basic meteorological parameters and primary and secondary pollutant concentrations are evaluated, and four pollution regimes are defined according to the air mass origin. Primary pollutants are generally overestimated, while ozone is consistent with observations. Sulfate is generally overestimated, while ammonium and nitrate levels are well simulated with the refined emission data set. As expected, the simulation with non-volatile POA and a single-step SOA formation mechanism largely overestimates POA and underestimates SOA. Simulation of organic aerosol with the VBS approach taking into account the aging of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) shows the best correlation with measurements. High-concentration events observed mostly after long-range transport are well reproduced by the model. Depending on the emission inventory used, simulated POA levels are either reasonable or underestimated, while SOA levels tend to be overestimated. Several uncertainties related to the VBS scheme (POA volatility, SOA yields, the aging parameterization), to emission input data, and to simulated OH levels can be responsible for this behavior. Despite these uncertainties, the implementation of the VBS scheme into the CHIMERE model allowed for much more realistic organic aerosol simulations for Paris during summertime. The advection of SOA from outside Paris is mostly responsible for the highest OA concentration levels. During advection of polluted air masses from northeast (Benelux and Central Europe), simulations indicate high levels of both anthropogenic and biogenic SOA fractions, while biogenic SOA dominates during periods with advection from Southern France and Spain.
NOx emissions in China: historical trends and future perspectives
Authors: Zhao B. , Wang S. X. , Xu J. Y. , Fu K. , Klimont Z. , Hao J. M. , He K. B. , Cofala J. , Amann M.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are key pollutants for the improvement of ambient air quality. Within this study we estimated the historical NOx emissions in China for the period 1995–2010, and calculated future NOx emissions every five years until 2030 under six emission scenarios. Driven by the fast growth of energy consumption, we estimate the NOx emissions in China increased rapidly from 11.0 Mt in 1995 to 26.1 Mt in 2010. Power plants, industry and transportation were major sources of NOx emissions, accounting for 28.4, 34.0, and 25.4% of the total NOx emissions in 2010, respectively. Two energy scenarios, a business as usual scenario (BAU) and an alternative policy scenario (PC), were developed to project future energy consumption. In 2030, total energy consumption is projected to increase by 64 and 27% from 2010 level respectively. Three sets of end-of-pipe pollution control measures, including baseline, progressive, and stringent control case, were developed for each energy scenario, thereby constituting six emission scenarios. By 2030, the total NOx emissions are projected to increase (compared to 2010) by 36% in the baseline while policy cases result in reduction up to 61% in the most ambitious case with stringent control measures. More than a third of the reduction achieved by 2030 between least and most ambitious scenario comes from power sector and more than half is distributed equally between industry and transportation sectors. Selective Catalytic Reduction dominates the NOx emission reductions in power plants, while life style changes, control measures for industrial boilers and cement production are major contributors to reductions in industry. Timely enforcement of legislation on heavy duty vehicles would contribute significantly to NOx emission reductions. About 30% of the NOx emission reduction in 2020, and 40% of the NOx emission reduction in 2030 could be treated as the ancillary benefit of energy conservation. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to explore the impact of key factors on future emissions.
The evolution of shipping emissions and the costs of recent and forthcoming emission regulations in the northern European emission control area
Authors: Johansson L. , Jalkanen J.-P. , Kalli J. , Kukkonen J.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. An extensive inventory of marine exhaust emissions is presented in the northern European emission control area (ECA) in 2009 and 2011. The emissions of SOx, NOx, CO2, CO and PM2.5 were evaluated using the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM). We have combined the information on individual vessel characteristics and position reports generated by the Automatic Identification System (AIS). The emission limitations from 2009 to 2011 have had a significant impact on reducing the emissions of both SOx and PM2.5. The predicted emissions of SOx originated from IMO-registered marine traffic have been reduced by 33%, from 322 ktons to 217 ktons, in the ECA from 2009 to 2011. The corresponding predicted reduction of PM2.5 emissions was 20%, from 74 ktons to 59 ktons. The highest CO2 and PM2.5 emissions in 2011 were located in the vicinity of the coast of the Netherlands, in the English Channel, near the South-Eastern UK and along the busiest shipping lines in the Danish Straits and the Baltic Sea. The changes of emissions and the financial costs caused by various regulative actions since 2005 were also evaluated, based on the increased direct fuel costs. We also simulated the effects and direct costs associated with the forthcoming switch to low-sulfur distillate fuels in 2015. According to the projections for the future, there will be a reduction of 85% in SOx emissions and a~reduction of 50% in PM2.5 emissions in 2015, compared with the corresponding shipping emissions in 2011 in the ECA. The corresponding relative increase in fuel costs for all shipping varied between 10% and 63%, depending on the development of the prices of fuels and the use of the sulfur scrubber equipment.
Radiometric calibration of the in-flight blackbody calibration system of the GLORIA interferometer
Authors: Monte C. , Gutschwager B. , Adibekyan A. , Kehrt M. , Ebersoldt A. , Olschewski F. , Hollandt J.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. GLORIA is an airborne, imaging, infrared Fourier transform spectrometer that applies the limb-imaging technique to perform trace gas and temperature measurements in the Earth's atmosphere with 3-dimensional resolution. To ensure the traceability of these measurements to the International Temperature Scale and thereby to an absolute radiance scale, GLORIA carries an on-board calibration system. It basically consists of two identical large area and high emissivity infrared radiators, which can be continuously and independently operated at two adjustable temperatures in a range from −50 °C to 0 °C during flight. Here we describe the radiometric and thermometric characterization and calibration of the in-flight calibration system at the Reduced Background Calibration Facility of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt with a standard uncertainty of less than 100 mK. Extensive investigations of the system concerning its absolute radiation temperature and spectral radiance, its temperature homogeneity and its short- and long-term stability are discussed. The traceability chain of these measurements is presented.
Harmonized dataset of ozone profiles from satellite limb and occultation measurements
Authors: Sofieva V. F. , Rahpoe N. , Tamminen J. , Kyrölä E. , Kalakoski N. , Weber M. , Laeng A. , von Clarmann T. , Stiller G. , Lossow S. , Degenstein D. , Bourassa A. , Adams C. , Roth C. , Lloyd N. , Bernath P. , Hargreaves R. J. , Urban J. , Murtagh D. , Hauchecorne A. , Van Roozendael M. , Kalb N. , Zehner C.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. In this paper, we present a HARMonized dataset of OZone profiles (HARMOZ) based on limb and occultation measurements from Envisat (GOMOS, MIPAS and SCIAMACHY), Odin (OSIRIS, SMR) and SCISAT (ACE-FTS) satellite instruments. These measurements provide high-vertical-resolution ozone profiles covering the altitude range from the upper troposphere up to the mesosphere in years 2001–2012. HARMOZ has been created in the framework of European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative project. The harmonized dataset consists of original retrieved ozone profiles from each instrument, which are screened for invalid data by the instrument teams. While the original ozone profiles are presented in different units and on different vertical grids, the harmonized dataset is given on a common pressure grid in netcdf format. The pressure grid corresponds to vertical sampling of ~ 1 km below 20 km and 2–3 km above 20 km. The vertical range of the ozone profiles is specific for each instrument, thus all information contained in the original data is preserved. Provided altitude and temperature profiles allow the representation of ozone profiles in number density or mixing ratio on a pressure or altitude vertical grids. Geolocation, uncertainty estimates and vertical resolution are provided for each profile. For each instrument, optional parameters, which might be related to the data quality, are also included. For convenience of users, tables of biases between each pair of instruments for each month, as well as bias uncertainties, are provided. These tables characterize the data consistency and can be used in various bias and drift analyses, which are needed, for instance, for combining several datasets to obtain a long-term climate dataset. This user-friendly dataset can be interesting and useful for various analyses and applications, such as data merging, data validation, assimilation and scientific research. Dataset is available at: http://www.esa-ozone-cci.org/?q=node/161.
Radar subpixel-scale rainfall variability and uncertainty: lessons learned from observations of a dense rain-gauge network
Authors: Peleg N. , Ben-Asher M. , Morin E.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Runoff and flash flood generation are very sensitive to rainfall's spatial and temporal variability. The increasing use of radar and satellite data in hydrological applications, due to the sparse distribution of rain gauges over most catchments worldwide, requires furthering our knowledge of the uncertainties of these data. In 2011, a new super-dense network of rain gauges containing 14 stations, each with two side-by-side gauges, was installed within a 4 km2 study area near Kibbutz Galed in northern Israel. This network was established for a detailed exploration of the uncertainties and errors regarding rainfall variability within a common pixel size of data obtained from remote sensing systems for timescales of 1 min to daily. In this paper, we present the analysis of the first year's record collected from this network and from the Shacham weather radar, located 63 km from the study area. The gauge–rainfall spatial correlation and uncertainty were examined along with the estimated radar error. The nugget parameter of the inter-gauge rainfall correlations was high (0.92 on the 1 min scale) and increased as the timescale increased. The variance reduction factor (VRF), representing the uncertainty from averaging a number of rain stations per pixel, ranged from 1.6% for the 1 min timescale to 0.07% for the daily scale. It was also found that at least three rain stations are needed to adequately represent the rainfall (VRF < 5%) on a typical radar pixel scale. The difference between radar and rain gauge rainfall was mainly attributed to radar estimation errors, while the gauge sampling error contributed up to 20% to the total difference. The ratio of radar rainfall to gauge-areal-averaged rainfall, expressed by the error distribution scatter parameter, decreased from 5.27 dB for 3 min timescale to 3.21 dB for the daily scale. The analysis of the radar errors and uncertainties suggest that a temporal scale of at least 10 min should be used for hydrological applications of the radar data. Rainfall measurements collected with this dense rain gauge network will be used for further examination of small-scale rainfall's spatial and temporal variability in the coming years.
Analysis of groundwater drought using a variant of the Standardised Precipitation Index
Authors: Bloomfield J. P. , Marchant B. P.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. A new index for standardising groundwater level time series and characterising groundwater droughts, the Standardised Groundwater level Index (SGI), is described. The SGI is a modification of the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) that accounts for differences in the form and characteristics of precipitation and groundwater level time series. The SGI is estimated using a non-parametric normal scores transform of groundwater level data for each calendar month. These monthly estimates are then merged to form a continuous index. The SGI has been calculated for 14 relatively long, up to 103 yr, groundwater level hydrographs from a variety of aquifers and compared with SPI for the same sites. The SPI accumulation period which leads to the strongest correlation between SPI and SGI, qmax, varies between sites. There is a positive linear correlation between qmax and a measure of the range of significant autocorrelation in the SGI series, mmax. For each site the strongest correlation between SPI and SGI is in the range 0.7 to 0.87, and periods of low values of SGI coincide with previously independently documented droughts. Hence SGI is taken to be a robust and meaningful index of groundwater drought. The maximum length of groundwater droughts defined by SGI is an increasing function of mmax, meaning that relatively long groundwater droughts are generally more prevalent at sites where SGI has a relatively long autocorrelation range. Based on correlations between mmax, average unsaturated zone thickness and aquifer hydraulic diffusivity, the source of autocorrelation in SGI is inferred to be dependent on aquifer flow and storage characteristics. For fractured aquifers, such as the Cretaceous Chalk, autocorrelation in SGI is inferred to be primarily related to autocorrelation in the recharge time series, while in granular aquifers, such as the Permo-Triassic Sandstones, autocorrelation in SGI is inferred to be primarily a function of intrinsic aquifer characteristics. These results highlight the need to take into account the hydrogeological context of groundwater monitoring sites when designing and interpreting data from groundwater drought monitoring networks.
Retinal Oxygen Saturation and Metabolism: How does it Pertain to Glaucoma? An Update on the Application of Retinal Oximetry in Glaucoma
Authors: Tobe Leslie A. , Harris Alon , Schroeder Anne , Gerber Austin , Holland Stephen , Amireskandari Annahita , Kim Nathaniel J. , Siesky Brent
Published: June 2013

Purpose

To discuss the techniques and mechanisms of retinal oximetry with a focus on utilization of retinal oximetry in the assessment of retinal oxygen saturation in glaucoma.

Methods

We reviewed recent literature found by searching combinations of the following search terms: glaucoma, retinal oximetry, ocular blood flow, retinal blood flow, oxygen saturation. We also reviewed pertinent references from articles found in this search.

Results

Retinal oximetry offers the potential for directly assessing oxygen saturation in retinal tissue. This capability can contribute to the knowledge of ocular blood flow and its role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.

Conclusions

Recent research has shown that retinal oximetry could become an important clinical tool in glaucoma. However, more research is needed to validate the reliability and reproducibility of retinal oximetry, and to fully deduce its clinical role in ocular diseases.
Gastronomia hospitalar: um novo recurso para melhorar a aceitação de dietas
Authors: Silva Simone Mariano da , Maurício Angélica Aparecida
Published: June 2013

Introdução: A gastronomia hospitalar é uma tentativa inovadora, que vem unindo a técnica dietética com atrativos da gastronomia, contribuindo para o bem-estar e recuperação mais rápida dos pacientes hospitalizados. Objetivo: Aplicar técnicas da gastronomia na dieta normal de uma unidade hospitalar privada de Maringá-PR, para verificar a aceitação desta pelos pacientes. Método: Aplicou-se questionário – para avaliar apresentação, aroma, sabor, textura e temperatura dos alimentos –, em 26 pacientes do setor da maternidade, que degustaram a refeição antes e depois das intervenções. A satisfação quanto aos serviços oferecidos pela Unidade de Alimentação foi pesquisada, e os comentários e sugestões também foram transcritos. Resultado: Houve diferença significativa entre a dieta servida pelo hospital, sem modificações, e a oferecida, após as modificações. Conclusão: A gastronomia hospitalar interfere na aceitação de dietas, e o uso de técnicas gastronômicas deve ser incentivado no ambiente hospitalar com intuito de melhorar a adesão da dieta pelos pacientes.
Intervenção fisioterapêutica na síndrome otodental – estudo de caso
Authors: Nunciato Ana Claudia , Carrascosa Andréa Corrêa
Published: June 2013

Introdução: A Síndrome Otodental (SO) é caracterizada por anomalias dentais, perdas auditivas e coloboma ocular. Alterações oclusais são frequentes e estão associadas com desenvolvimento alterado da face. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da Facilitação Neuromuscular Proprioceptiva (FNP) para os músculos da mímica facial e Reeducação Postural Global (RPG) na postura da cabeça e cervical em portadora de SO. Métodos: Participou uma voluntária, 10 anos, com SO, apresentando perda auditiva e rinite alérgica, atraso na erupção dentária, dificuldade de respiração e hábitos parafuncionais. Foi aplicado um programa de exercícios de FNP para a face, seguido de RPG por sete semanas. Resultados: Observou-se melhora da expressão e tônus facial após o tratamento. Conclusão: A RPG associada à FNP na face promoveu melhora da força dos músculos de mímica e de expressão facial e melhora da postura da cabeça e cervical em portadora de SO, sugerindo sua utilização como conduta fisioterapêutica nestes casos.
Fisioterapia convencional vs. wiiterapia: efeitos na força muscular de mulheres idosas com osteoartrite de joelho
Authors: Wibelinger Lia Mara , Batista Juliana Secchi , Vidmar Marlon Francys , Miotto Cascieli , Pasqualotti Adriano , Schneider Rodolfo Herberto
Published: June 2013

Introdução: A força muscular diminui nos idosos portadores de osteoartrite de joelho. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da fisioterapia convencional (FC) e da wiiterapia na força muscular de idosas com osteoartrite (OA) de joelho e comparar os resultados pré- e pós-intervenção. Métodos: Realizou-se estudo longitudinal, intervencionista, envolvendo 71 idosas (GI=33 (FC) e GII=38 (wiiterapia)), ≥60 anos, que responderam um questionário, sendo realizadas avaliação isocinética nas velocidades de 120, 180 e 240o/s e 20 sessões de fisioterapia. A intervenção constou de exercícios de equilíbrio, propriocepção, alongamento, fortalecimento. Resultados: Os músculos flexores são mais fracos no FC, e os extensores mais fortes em ambos os grupos, e quanto maior a velocidade menor a força nos extensores. Apesar de a força ser maior no wiiterapia, o FC também apresentou aumento de força tanto em flexores quanto em extensores. Conclusão: Ambos os métodos foram eficazes intragrupos, mas ao comparar-se a FC com a wiiterapia, não se encontraram resultados estatisticamente significativos.
Comparação de diferentes detergentes utilizando a técnica de salting out para extração de DNA humano a partir de amostras sanguíneas
Authors: Dametto Andressa , Rempel Claudete , Genro Júlia Pasqualini
Published: June 2013

Introdução: A extração de DNA genômico em humanos é o primeiro passo para estudos de genética molecular. Objetivo: Avaliar o sucesso da extração de DNA genômico baseado na técnica de salting out a partir de amostras sanguíneas, comparando diferentes reagentes de lise de membranas. Métodos: Foram testados três reagentes caseiros e o reagente Nonidet P-40, em diferentes concentrações. Avaliaram-se a concentração do DNA obtido e a pureza das amostras por meio da espectrofotometria e a aplicabilidade na técnica de PCR. Resultados: Houve grande quantidade de DNA extraído utilizando Nonidet P-40 e sabão em pó. Quanto à qualidade do DNA, o Nonidet P-40 resultou em um DNA com maior pureza. Na PCR, apenas o DNA extraído com Nonidet P-40 apresentou amplificação satisfatória. Conclusão: O Nonidet P-40 parece ser o reagente mais indicado para uso em técnicas moleculares e o sabão em pó pode ser adequado para práticas em aulas de biologia molecular.
Análise do efeito da LED (light emitting diode) terapia em tendinopatia traumática em ratos
Authors: Parente Márcio , Vieira Rodolfo De Paula , Casalechi Heliodora Leão , Vasconcellos Mariana De Souza , Kamimura Nilce Tamae , Aimbire Flávio , Albertini Regiane
Published: June 2013

Introdução: A tendinopatia refere-se a qualquer processo mórbido e/ou doença que afeta os tendões (tendinite e/ou tendinose). Objetivo: Investigar o efeito da fototerapia (LED 640 nm) no processo de reparação da tendinite no tendão calcâneo de rato. Método: A tendinite foi induzida no tendão calcâneo esquerdo por meio de trauma mecânico. Foram utilizados 40 ratos Wistar (300 ± 20g), divididos em quatro grupos com dez animais, cada grupo foi subdividido em dois subgrupos com cinco roedores para os tempos experimentais de 7 e 21 dias. Os grupos foram nomeados da seguinte forma: CONTR, TEND, LED, DROG. Para análises histopatológicas foi determinado p≤0,05. Resultados: Houve menor número de células inflamatórias e maior reparação tecidual nos grupos tratados com LED. Conclusão: Com os resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que o LED de baixa potência tem ação positiva no processo anti-inflamatório e na reparação em tendão calcâneo de ratos.
Correlação entre qualidade de vida e capacidade locomotora de indivíduos com amputação de membros inferiores
Authors: Abdalla Amirah Ali , Galindo Janaine , Ribeiro Simone De Carvalho , Riedi Christiane , Ruaro João Afonso , Fréz Andersom Ricardo
Published: June 2013

Objetivo: Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a correlação entre qualidade de vida e capacidade locomotora de sujeitos com amputação de membros inferiores na fase de cicatrização e protetização. Métodos: Vinte e cinco sujeitos com amputação de membros inferiores foram incluídos no estudo, 15 em fase de protetização, e 10, de cicatrização pós-amputação. Para avaliação, utilizaram-se o questionário SF-36 e o Índice da Capacidade Locomotora. As variáveis foram correlacionadas usando o teste não paramétrico de Spearman (p