bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HARPS radial velocity search for planets in the Scorpius-Centaurus association
Authors: Grandjean A. , Lagrange A.-M. , Meunier N. , Chauvin G. , Borgniet S. , Desidera S. , Galland F. , Kiefer F. , Messina S. , Iglesias D. , Nicholson B. , Pantoja B. , Rubini P. , Sedaghati E. , Sterzik M. , Zicher N.
Published: September 2022

Context. The Scorpius-Centaurus (Sco-Cen) young and nearby massive star-forming region is particularly well suited for extrasolar planet searches with both direct imaging and radial velocity (RV) techniques. The RV search, however, is challenging, as the stars are faster rotators on average than their older stellar counterparts of similar spectral types. Moreover, the RV time series show strong signatures of stellar variability (spots and faculae) and/or stellar pulsations.

Aims. Our aim is to search for giant planets (GPs) and brown dwarfs at short orbital distances around star members of the Sco-Cen association. We also aim at using these data together with others available on young stars to estimate the GP occurrence rate for young stars for periods of up to 1000 days.

Methods. We used the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) spectrograph on the 3.6 m telescope at the La Silla Observatory to monitor 88 A – F Sco-Cen stars. To improve our statistics and analysis, we combined this survey with two previous surveys that focused on young nearby stars (YNS) to compute companion occurrence rates from a sample of 176 young A – M stars.

Results. We report the discovery of a massive hot-Jupiter candidate around HD 145467, together with the discovery of one probable short-period (P < 10 days) brown dwarf around HD 149790. In addition, we confirm the binary nature of eight single-line binaries: HD 108857, HD 108904, HD 111102, HD 114319, HD 121176, HD 126488, HD 126838, and HD 133574. From our sample, we obtain a GP (mc ∈ [1; 13] MJup) occurrence rate of 0.7−0.2+1.6% for periods between 1 and 1000 days and a brown dwarf (mc ∈ [13; 80] MJup) occurrence rate of 0.6−0.2+1.4%, in the same period range. In addition, we report a possible lack of close (P ∈ [1; 1000] days) GPs around young F-K stars compared to their older counterparts, with a confidence level of 95%.
Course Intelligent Brain Model Based on Crowd Intelligence
Authors: LIAO Yunyan , HUANG Qing , WANG Changjing , ZUO Zhengkang , LU Jiaxing
Published: September 2022

The development of artificial intelligence in education promotes the reform of teaching methods in the direction of intelligence and individuation. In this paper, the programming course is taken as an example to propose a curriculum intelligent brain model for open source swarm intelligence based on knowledge graph, and the bootstrapping framework is introduced to try to make the intelligent brain track the frontier like human beings and study several courses vertically. It studies the knowledge of subgraphs fusion of open-source software resources and domain semantics as well as the mining method of potential relationship, so that the intelligent brain can digest knowledge like human, and get through the course horizontally. Finally, knowledge discovery and natural representation based on knowledge graph enable intelligent brain to discover knowledge and solve problems just like human. This study provides new ideas, strategies, and application paths for the construction of knowledge graph based on big data and the integration of heterogeneous knowledge graph.
Supportive Ernährungstherapie für onkologische
PatientInnen während der Behandlungsphase
Authors: Erickson Nicole , Saraç Zeynep , Frank NicolePedros
Published: September 2022

Insbesondere für onkologische PatientInnen besteht während der
Therapiephase ein erhöhtes Risiko für eine reduzierte
Flüssigkeits-, Energie- und Nährstoffzufuhr, was wiederum zur
Mangelernährung führen kann. Zunehmende Evidenzen belegen den
negativen Effekt der Mangelernährung auf Therapieerfolg,
Morbidität und Mortalität. Daher sind angemessene
ernährungstherapeutische Maßnahmen unabdingbar. Gezielte
Ernährungsinterventionen sollen der Ätiologie einer
Mangelernährung (wie z. B. Diarrhoe, Übelkeit und
Appetitlosigkeit) entgegenwirken und sollten patientenzentriert erfolgen. Hierzu
gehört auch die Beseitigung von Fehlinformation und die Vermittlung von
praktischen und einsetzbaren Empfehlungen.
Second-Look-Ultraschall mittels Scherwellen-Elastografie bei Verdacht auf lokoregionales Rezidiv des Mammakarzinoms im MRT
Authors: Divjak Eugen , Ivanac Gordana , Radović Niko , Špoljar Iva Biondić , Sović Slavica , Bahnik Valentina , Brkljačić Boris
Published: September 2022

Ziel Es soll untersucht werden, ob der Second-Look-US mittels Scherwellen-Elastografie (SWE) nützlich ist, um zwischen benignen und malignen Veränderungen in der postoperativen Brust nach der operativen Therapie des Mammakarzinoms zu differenzieren.

Material und Methoden SWE und die damit verbundenen sonografischen Merkmale wurden bei 90 Patientinnen mit Anamnese einer operativen Therapie des Mammakarzinoms und einer bei der MRT-Nachuntersuchung entdeckten verdächtigen Läsion überprüft. Ein einziger erfahrener Radiologe führte alle Second-Look-US-Untersuchungen mit SWE-Messungen durch, indem er eine kreisförmige Region of Interest von 2 mm Durchmesser über dem steifsten Teil der Läsion legte. Gewebeproben für die histopathologische Untersuchung wurden dabei durch Stanzbiopsie entnommen.

Ergebnisse Von 90 Läsionen erwiesen sich 39 als maligne in der histopathologischen Untersuchung. Von den malignen Läsionen zeigten 50 % Elmax-Werte im Bereich von 128 bis 199 kPa, und 50 % der benignen Läsionen hatten Elmax-Werte von 65 bis 169 kPa. Ein Cut-off-Wert von 171,2 kPa für Elmax zeigt eine Sensitivität von 59 % und eine Spezifität von 78,4 % für das Karzinomrezidiv und eine AUC von 0,706 (95 %-KI 0,6–0,81; p = 0,001). In univariaten logistischen Modellen erwiesen sich eingeschränkte Diffusion und Steifigkeit bei SWE, Elmax > 171,2 kPa, als signifikante Rezidiv-Prädiktoren. Im multivariaten Modell bleibt die eingeschränkte Diffusion ein signifikanter unabhängiger Rezidiv-Prädiktor. Bei einer Rezidiv-Prävalenz von 43 % liegt die Testsensitivität bei 95 % (95 %-KI 81–99 %) und die Spezifität bei 75 % (95 %-KI 60–85 %).

Schlussfolgerung Steifere Läsionen in der postoperativen Brust sollten im Second-Look-Ultraschall als suspekt angesehen werden. SWE kann eine hilfreiche Methode zur Identifizierung maligner Läsionen sein, insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit einer eingeschränkten Diffusion in der MRTUntersuchung. Die Steifigkeit der Läsion sollte jedoch nicht als unabhängiger Prädiktor für die Läsionsmalignität in der postoperativen Brust angesehen werden, da in der SWE benigne Veränderungen steif, Karzinomrezidive hingegen weich erscheinen können.
Luxação intraprotética precoce de artroplastia total do quadril com implante de dupla mobilidade: Relato de caso
Authors: Lima Thiago Lopes , Pallottino Alexandre de Bustamante , Franco José Sérgio , Chami Sávio Manhães , Scorza Breno Jorge , Morais Brunno Benedetti de
Published: September 2022

A artroplastia total do quadril (ATQ) é uma cirurgia bem-sucedida no tratamento da dor no quadril, mas existem complicações potenciais, das quais a luxação é uma das mais comuns. O gerenciamento das luxações é um problema desafiador que requer uma abordagem multimodal, e o uso de implantes de mobilidade dupla é uma opção. Apresentamos uma paciente com história de fratura do colo do fêmur que foi submetida a ATQ com um implante de dupla mobilidade. No 18° dia pós-operatório, após queda ao solo, a paciente evoluiu com luxação da prótese e teve uma complicação após redução fechada, uma luxação intraprotética subsequente. Após um diagnóstico radiográfico, a paciente apresentou sinais mecânicos na flexão do quadril causados por um implante de mobilidade dupla desassociado. A cirurgia de revisão foi indicada, mas a paciente optou por não realizar o procedimento cirúrgico necessário. O estudo pós-operatório cuidadoso das radiografias revelou uma cabeça femoral excêntrica e evidências do implante desassociado nos tecidos moles circundantes. As radiografias após a redução fechada das luxações intraprotéticas devem ser examinadas minunciosamente.
The small-scale limits of electron beam melt additive manufactured Ti–6Al–4V octet-truss lattices
Authors: Neils Andrew , Dong Liang , Wadley Haydn
Published: September 2022

The emergence of powder-based additive manufacturing (AM) processes, such as electron beam melting (EBM), enables the one step manufacture of microarchitected metamaterials from topology optimized models. However, many applications are optimized by low relative density lattices with slender trusses whose diameter approaches small multiples of largest powder particles, potentially resulting in surface roughness. The thermal history experienced by alloy powders also modifies the alloy microstructure, and thus mechanical behavior, posing a significant challenge to metallic metamaterial designs and fabrication. We therefore build and characterize the multiscale structure and mechanical properties of EBM manufactured Ti–6Al–4V octet truss lattices with strut diameters approaching the particle diameter-imposed fabrication limit. We measure the dependence of their relative density, elastic modulus, and compressive strength on the fabrication process-controlled truss topology and microstructure, and compare them to identical smooth surface structures made from an annealed, wrought version of the same alloy built using a snap-fit assembly method. Micro-x-ray tomography confirmed that the lattice strut surfaces were covered with partially melted powder particles, resulting in about 29% of the lattice mass that inefficiently supported the applied loads. The use of a powder bed held at a temperature of 600–700 °C also resulted in a lamellar α/β phase microstructure with an elastic modulus, yield strength, and a ductility that were less than the equiaxed α/β microstructure of snap-fit assembled structures. However, the higher tangent modulus of the lamellar AM processed alloy resulted in significant strengthening of EBM lattices that failed by inelastic buckling during compression. The ability to increase the alloy tangent modulus during an EBM build process therefore provides a promising approach for increasing lattice compressive strength and therefore compensates for surface roughness induced losses.
The computational simulation of the reflection spectra of copper red glaze
Authors: Li Gen , Lei Yong
Published: September 2022

Owing to the limitation of traditional analytical methods, the coloration mechanism of copper red glaze has been disputed in the academic field for a long time, which mainly focuses on whether the color agent is metallic copper nanoparticles or cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanoparticles. Based on Mie scattering theory, this work calculated the reflection spectra of nanoparticles uniformly dispersed in transparent glaze with different types, diameters, and volume fractions, then discussed the differences between the reflection spectra of metallic copper and cuprous oxide as scatterers, calculated the corresponding L*a*b* values, and compared them with the experimental results. This work provides a feasible and convenient method to distinguish these two coloration mechanisms.
Tunable degree of polarization in a figure-8 fiber laser
Authors: Nayak Banoj Kumar , Mathai Cijy , Panna Dmitry , Buks Eyal
Published: September 2022

We experimentally study a fiber loop laser in a figure-8 configuration and explore the dependency of the degree of polarization on controlled parameters. To account for the experimental observations, a mapping is derived to evaluate the polarization time evolution. The nonlinearity induced by the Kerr effect and gain saturation gives rise to rich dynamics. We find that the degree of polarization can be increased by tuning the system into a region where the mapping has a locally stable fixed point.
Capacitance–voltage characterization of metal–insulator–semiconductor capacitors formed on wide-bandgap semiconductors with deep dopants such as diamond
Authors: Hiraiwa Atsushi , Okubo Satoshi , Ogura Masahiko , Fu Yu , Kawarada Hiroshi
Published: September 2022

As diamond possesses only deep dopants, certain conventional physics and characterization methods are not applicable to diamond devices, owing to the explicit or implicit assumption of shallow dopants. To resolve this limitation, the capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristics of metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) capacitors formed on a semiconductor substrate with deep and compensating dopants were successfully formulated. Based on these equations, methods for accurately estimating the MIS capacitor properties were developed and validated through their application in the analysis of an actual MIS capacitor formed on a boron-doped hydrogen-terminated diamond substrate. The high-frequency C–V characteristic of the capacitor exhibited a prominent dip specific to deep dopants. However, the dip depth was considerably shallower than theoretically expected. This C–V characteristic was accurately reproduced theoretically, assuming the presence of a surficial diamond layer that contains acceptors with an activation energy of 0.23 eV, which is less than the value 0.37 eV for boron, and has a thickness of the extrinsic Debye length (40 nm in this study) or larger. The insulator charge of the MIS capacitor was estimated as −4.6 × 1012 cm−2 in units of electronic charge, which is sufficiently large to induce two-dimensional hole gas. The interface-state density was 1.4 × 1012 cm−2 eV−1 for interface-state energies of 0.3–0.5 eV above the valence band maximum. Hence, the proposed methodology and the possible presence of the reduced activation energy layer will guide the development of diamond-based devices.
Effects of molecular shape and flexibility on fast sound of organic liquids
Authors: Yamaguchi Tsuyoshi , Yoshida Koji , Hosokawa Shinya , Ishikawa Daisuke , Baron Alfred Q. R.
Published: September 2022

Inelastic x-ray scattering spectra of four organic liquids, n-hexane, cyclohexane, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and 1,4-dioxane, were measured, and the sound velocity in the nm−1 wavenumber and meV energy regimes was determined. Compared with the corresponding values in the hydrodynamic limit, the sound velocity in the nm−1 regime was faster, and the positive dispersion of the longitudinal modulus was stronger in liquids composed of ring structures (cyclohexane and 1,4-dioxane) than in those of linear chain structures (n-hexane and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether). Molecular dynamics simulation of n-hexane and cyclohexane was also performed. The difference in the positive dispersion of the longitudinal modulus was reproduced by simulation, and it was elucidated by the difference in the longitudinal modulus in the q = 0 limit and the THz frequency regime. The excess part of the longitudinal modulus from the hydrodynamic limit was further divided into various contributions, and the smaller excess modulus of n-hexane was mainly ascribed to two reasons. The first one is that the shear modulus of n-hexane is smaller in the THz regime, and the second one is that the positive dispersion of the bulk modulus due to the vibrational energy relaxation is weaker. The second mechanism was further interpreted in terms of the fast vibrational energy relaxation of intramolecular modes associated with the chain deformation of n-hexane.
Direct observation of deformation of individual red blood cells in oscillatory fluid flow produced using a generator of precise sinusoidal shear flow
Authors: Masnok Kriengsak , Inoue Masataka , Watanabe Nobuo
Published: September 2022

We report the development of a precision sinusoidal shear flow generator that creates an oscillatory shear flow in the narrow gap between two parallel glass plates moving in opposite directions, thereby allowing direct observation of the cyclical deformation and recovery of a single red blood cell (RBC). The system is used to demonstrate that RBCs change their shape with cyclical elongation and shape recovery and align with the fluid streamlines in the direction of laminar Couette shear flow. From six repetitions, it can be seen that the curvature showing the time series of the elongation index (EI) of an RBC in sinusoidal shear flow in the present device was highly symmetrical and there were no significant differences at a 95% confidence interval. Moreover, the system provides details about the deformation characteristics of an RBC, which have four phases: (i) low deformation, in which the EI is minimal and the RBC mostly retains its original circular shape; (ii) shape elongation, in which the RBC loaded with shear forces begins to change its shape dynamically from circular to oval; (iii) steady deformation, in which the EI is constant and the shape of the RBC is elliptical throughout; and (iv) shape recovery, in which the EI decreases and the RBC becomes oval with trailing endpoints. Along with this information, the developed measurement system has potential application in clinical and biological analyses of RBC deformability.
Target gene repression mediated by miR-144 and miR-224 in cumulus cells is related to the success of oocyte
Authors: Shafienia Hanieh , Montazeri Fateme , Heydari Leila , Khalili Mohammad Ali , Mazloomzadeh Saeideh , Sheikhha Mohammad Hasan , Biglari Alireza
Published: September 2022

Context In vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes is an alternative approach for patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) predisposing to ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Transcriptomic analysis of cumulus cells (CC) may help make IVM more efficient. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of miR-144 and miR-224 and their candidate target genes (COX-2 and PTX-3, respectively) expression on oocyte development in PCOS patients. Methods Immature oocytes were retrieved from 20 PCOS patients. After IVM, samples were divided into two groups: matured (M) and immatured (I) oocytes. ICSI was performed and the embryo quality was evaluated. qPCR was used to analyse miR-144, miR-224, COX-2 and PTX-3 expression levels in CCs of each group. Key results We found that the expression levels of miR-144 and miR-224 were lower and the COX-2 and PTX-3 mRNA levels were higher in CCs of M group than in CCs of I group. The expression level of miR-144 and miR-224 in unfertilised oocytes were higher than fertilised oocytes. The contrary results were observed for COX-2 and PTX-3. A reduction pattern in the expression level of miR-144 and miR-224 and increasing pattern in the level of COX-2 and PTX-3 expression were observed in high quality compared to low quality embryos. Conclusions The selected miRNAs were related to oocyte maturation, fertilisation and embryo development. These results support their critical involvement in oocyte development. Implications Our findings may help reveal the mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation by miR-144 and miR-224 during IVM procedure.
Slamsex in The Netherlands among men who have sex with men (MSM): use patterns, motives, and adverse effects
Authors: Knoops Leon , van Amsterdam Jan , Albers Thijs , Brunt Tibor Markus , van den Brink Wim
Published: September 2022

Background This paper describes an online survey of men who have sex with men (MSM) and use drugs before or during sex (‘chemsex’) via injection (‘slamming’ or ‘practising slamsex’). Approximately 15–30% of the MSM population in The Netherlands have practiced chemsex at some point, and 0.5–3.1% of them ever had ‘slamsex’. This study investigates which substances are used in The Netherlands during slamsex, the motives for slamming and the health risks involved. Method In total, 175 MSM from The Netherlands, who had used substances before or during sex via injection completed an ad hoc online questionnaire designed for this study. Results Mean age of respondents was 47.8 years. During chemsex, almost every substance was used; the most common substances that were injected (slammed) were 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC), methamphetamine, ketamine, 4-methylethcathinone (4-MEC) and mephedrone (4-MMC). Reasons for slamming were mainly to experience a more intense rush and longer sex. Virtually none of the respondents used a condom during slamsex, but needles were almost never shared or used only once. Slammers reported health problems associated with injecting drugs (skin problems, collapsed veins and infections). Of most concern were the psychological symptoms reported by about three-quarters of respondents (e.g. insomnia, sadness, depressed mood, anxiety, suicidal tendencies). About half of respondents reported some degree of loss of control or concerns about their slamming behaviour. Conclusion Results show that slamsex is associated with consciously chosen sexual risk behaviours and risk-avoidance slam behaviours. This study may contribute to the reinforcement of accessible, non-judgmental and well informed prevention and harm reduction activities to support MSM practising slamsex.
Impacts of long-term rice-based organic farming on fractions and forms of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in the Indo-Gangetic Plain
Authors: Meena Amrit Lal , Pandey R. N. , Kumar Dinesh , Sharma V. K. , Meena M. D. , Karwal Minakshi , Dutta Debashis , Meena L. K. , Narwal Ekta , Mishra R. P. , Panwar A. S. , Ghosh A.
Published: September 2022

The present study aimed to appraise the long-term effects of organics, crop residues, and biofertilisers on soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools for sustainable crop production and changes in soil quality under long-term organic farming practices. Hence, we studied the soil C and N pools and their sensitivity indices as influenced by a different combination of farmyard manure, vermicompost, biofertilisers, and crop residue of rice, wheat, and mungbean, under long-term rice–wheat–mungbean (RWMCS) and rice–wheat (RWCS) cropping systems in an Inceptisol of India. Total soil organic C increased by 78% and 104% for RWMCS and 94% and 123% for RWCS with FYM + crop residue + biofertilisers and vermicompost + crop residue + biofertilisers, respectively over unfertilised control plots of RWMCS. The highly labile C and microbial biomass C were highly sensitive to management practices compared to total organic C and less labile C fractions. Integrated application of manures and crop residues in FYM + crop residue and VC + crop residue resulted in significantly higher total N, labile N, and mineral N for both cropping systems. Higher values of C and N management indexes were observed with FYM + crop residue + biofertilisers and VC + crop residue + biofertiliser in both cropping systems than other treatments. Integrated use of organic sources had higher N fractions than the unfertilised control plots, indicating that long-term conjoint use of organics, crop residues, and biofertilisers could sustain crop production and soil quality.
Autocrine FGF1 signaling promotes glucose uptake in adipocytes
Authors: Nies Vera J. M. , Struik Dicky , Liu Sihao , Liu Weilin , Kruit Janine K. , Downes Michael , van Zutphen Tim , Verkade Henkjan J. , Evans Ronald M. , Jonker Johan W.
Published: September 2022

Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) is an autocrine growth factor released from adipose tissue during over-nutrition or fasting to feeding transition. While local actions underlie the majority of FGF1’s anti-diabetic functions, the molecular mechanisms downstream of adipose FGF receptor signaling are unclear. We investigated the effects of FGF1 on glucose uptake and its underlying mechanism in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes and in ex vivo adipose explants from mice. FGF1 increased glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and epididymal WAT (eWAT) and inguinal WAT (iWAT). Conversely, glucose uptake was reduced in eWAT and iWAT of FGF1 knockout mice. We show that FGF1 acutely increased adipocyte glucose uptake via activation of the insulin-sensitive glucose transporter GLUT4, involving dynamic crosstalk between the MEK1/2 and Akt signaling proteins. Prolonged exposure to FGF1 stimulated adipocyte glucose uptake by MEK1/2-dependent transcription of the basal glucose transporter GLUT1. We have thus identified an alternative pathway to stimulate glucose uptake in adipocytes, independent from insulin, which could open new avenues for treating patients with type 2 diabetes.
Using neuroimaging genomics to investigate the evolution of human brain structure
Authors: Alagöz Gökberk , Molz Barbara , Eising Else , Schijven Dick , Francks Clyde , Stein Jason L. , Fisher Simon E.
Published: September 2022

Alterations in brain size and organization represent some of the most distinctive changes in the emergence of our species. Yet, there is limited understanding of how genetic factors contributed to altered neuroanatomy during human evolution. Here, we analyze neuroimaging and genetic data from up to 30,000 people in the UK Biobank and integrate with genomic annotations for different aspects of human evolution, including those based on ancient DNA and comparative genomics. We show that previously reported signals of recent polygenic selection for cortical anatomy are not replicable in a more ancestrally homogeneous sample. We then investigate relationships between evolutionary annotations and common genetic variants shaping cortical surface area and white-matter connectivity for each hemisphere. Our analyses identify single-nucleotide polymorphism heritability enrichment in human-gained regulatory elements that are active in early brain development, affecting surface areas of several parts of the cortex, including left-hemispheric speech-associated regions. We also detect heritability depletion in genomic regions with Neanderthal ancestry for connectivity of the uncinate fasciculus; this is a white-matter tract involved in memory, language, and socioemotional processing with relevance to neuropsychiatric disorders. Finally, we show that common genetic loci associated with left-hemispheric pars triangularis surface area overlap with a human-gained enhancer and affect regulation ofZIC4, a gene implicated in neurogenesis. This work demonstrates how genomic investigations of present-day neuroanatomical variation can help shed light on the complexities of our evolutionary past.
A Tibetan ice core covering the past 1,300 years radiometrically dated with
39
Ar
Authors: Ritterbusch Florian , Tian Lide , Tong A-Min , Gu Ji-Qiang , Jiang Wei , Lu Zheng-Tian , Shao Lili , Tang Ming-Xing , Yang Guo-Min , Zhang Meng-Jie , Zhao Lei
Published: September 2022

Ice cores from alpine glaciers are unique archives of past global and regional climate conditions. However, recovering climate records from these ice cores is often hindered by the lack of a reliable chronology, especially in the age range of 100 to 500 anni (a) for which radiometric dating has not been available so far. We report on radiometric
39
Ar dating of an ice core from the Tibetan Plateau and the construction of a chronology covering the past 1,300 a using the obtained
39
Ar ages. This is made possible by advances in the analysis of
39
Ar using the laser-based detection method atom trap trace analysis, resulting in a twofold increase in the upper age limit of
39
Ar dating. By measuring the anthropogenic
85
Kr along with
39
Ar we quantify and correct modern air contamination, thus removing a major systematic uncertainty of
39
Ar dating. Moreover, the
85
Kr data for the top part of the ice core provide information on firn processes, including the age difference between the ice and its enclosed gas. This first application of
39
Ar and
85
Kr to an ice core facilitates further ice cores from nonpolar glaciers to be used for recovering climate records of the Common Era, a period including pronounced anomalies such as the Little Ice Age and the Medieval Warm Period.
Hippocampal ripples signal contextually mediated episodic recall
Authors: Sakon John J. , Kahana Michael J.
Published: September 2022

High-frequency oscillatory events, termed ripples, represent synchrony of neural activity in the brain. Recent evidence suggests that medial temporal lobe (MTL) ripples support memory retrieval. However, it is unclear if ripples signal the reinstatement of episodic memories. Analyzing electrophysiological MTL recordings from 245 neurosurgical participants performing episodic recall tasks, we find that the rate of hippocampal ripples rises just prior to the free recall of recently formed memories. This prerecall ripple effect (PRE) is stronger in the CA1 and CA3/dentate gyrus (CA3/DG) subfields of the hippocampus than the neighboring MTL regions entorhinal and parahippocampal cortex. PRE is also stronger prior to the retrieval of temporally and semantically clustered, as compared with unclustered, recalls, indicating the involvement of ripples in contextual reinstatement, which is a hallmark of episodic memory.
Data-driven emergence of convolutional structure in neural networks
Authors: Ingrosso Alessandro , Goldt Sebastian
Published: September 2022

Exploiting data invariances is crucial for efficient learning in both artificial and biological neural circuits. Understanding how neural networks can discover appropriate representations capable of harnessing the underlying symmetries of their inputs is thus crucial in machine learning and neuroscience. Convolutional neural networks, for example, were designed to exploit translation symmetry, and their capabilities triggered the first wave of deep learning successes. However, learning convolutions directly from translation-invariant data with a fully connected network has so far proven elusive. Here we show how initially fully connected neural networks solving a discrimination task can learn a convolutional structure directly from their inputs, resulting in localized, space-tiling receptive fields. These receptive fields match the filters of a convolutional network trained on the same task. By carefully designing data models for the visual scene, we show that the emergence of this pattern is triggered by the non-Gaussian, higher-order local structure of the inputs, which has long been recognized as the hallmark of natural images. We provide an analytical and numerical characterization of the pattern formation mechanism responsible for this phenomenon in a simple model and find an unexpected link between receptive field formation and tensor decomposition of higher-order input correlations. These results provide a perspective on the development of low-level feature detectors in various sensory modalities and pave the way for studying the impact of higher-order statistics on learning in neural networks.
Redox status regulates autophagy in thymic stromal cells and promotes T cell tolerance
Authors: Semwal Manpreet K. , Hester Allison K. , Xiao Yangming , Udeaja Chioma , Cepeda Sergio , Verschelde John S. , Jones Nicholas , Wedemeyer Sarah A. , Emtage Simon , Wimberly Kymberly , Griffith Ann V.
Published: September 2022

Thymic stromal cells (TSCs) are critical regulators of T cell tolerance, but their basic biology has remained under-characterized because they are relatively rare and difficult to isolate. Recent work has revealed that constitutive autophagy in TSCs is required for self-antigen presentation and central T cell tolerance induction; however, the mechanisms regulating constitutive autophagy in TSCs are not well understood. Hydrogen peroxide has been shown to increase autophagy flux in other tissues, and we previously identified conspicuously low expression of the hydrogen peroxide–quenching enzyme catalase in TSCs. We investigated whether the redox status of TSCs established by low catalase expression regulates their basal autophagy levels and their capacity to impose central T cell tolerance. Transgenic overexpression of catalase diminished autophagy in TSCs and impaired thymocyte clonal deletion, concomitant with increased frequencies of spontaneous lymphocytic infiltrates in lung and liver and of serum antinuclear antigen reactivity. Effects on clonal deletion and autoimmune indicators were diminished in catalase transgenic mice when autophagy was rescued by expression of the Becn1
F121A/F121A
knock-in allele. These results suggest a metabolic mechanism by which the redox status of TSCs may regulate central T cell tolerance.
Programmable soft valves for digital and analog control
Authors: Decker Colter J. , Jiang Haihui Joy , Nemitz Markus P. , Root Samuel E. , Rajappan Anoop , Alvarez Jonathan T. , Tracz Jovanna , Wille Lukas , Preston Daniel J. , Whitesides George M.
Published: September 2022

In soft devices, complex actuation sequences and precise force control typically require hard electronic valves and microcontrollers. Existing designs for entirely soft pneumatic control systems are capable of either digital or analog operation, but not both, and are limited by speed of actuation, range of pressure, time required for fabrication, or loss of power through pull-down resistors. Using the nonlinear mechanics intrinsic to structures composed of soft materials—in this case, by leveraging membrane inversion and tube kinking—two modular soft components are developed: a piston actuator and a bistable pneumatic switch. These two components combine to create valves capable of analog pressure regulation, simplified digital logic, controlled oscillation, nonvolatile memory storage, linear actuation, and interfacing with human users in both digital and analog formats. Three demonstrations showcase the capabilities of systems constructed from these valves: 1) a wearable glove capable of analog control of a soft artificial robotic hand based on input from a human user’s fingers, 2) a human-controlled cushion matrix designed for use in medical care, and 3) an untethered robot which travels a distance dynamically programmed at the time of operation to retrieve an object. This work illustrates pathways for complementary digital and analog control of soft robots using a unified valve design.
Nonequilibrium phase transitions in competitive markets caused by network effects
Authors: Lucas Andrew
Published: September 2022

Network effects are the added value derived solely from the popularity of a product in an economic market. Using agent-based models inspired by statistical physics, we propose a minimal theory of a competitive market for (nearly) indistinguishable goods with demand-side network effects, sold by statistically identical sellers. With weak network effects, the model reproduces conventional microeconomics: there is a statistical steady state of (nearly) perfect competition. Increasing network effects, we find a phase transition to a robust nonequilibrium phase driven by the spontaneous formation and collapse of fads in the market. When sellers update prices sufficiently quickly, an emergent monopolist can capture the market and undercut competition, leading to a symmetry- and ergodicity-breaking transition. The nonequilibrium phase simultaneously exhibits three empirically established phenomena not contained in the standard theory of competitive markets: spontaneous price fluctuations, persistent seller profits, and broad distributions of firm market shares.
Archaeological adhesives made from
Podocarpus
document innovative potential in the African Middle Stone Age
Authors: Schmidt Patrick , Koch Tabea J. , February Edmund
Published: September 2022

Studying the earliest archaeological adhesives has implications for our understanding of human cognition. In southern Africa, the oldest adhesives were made by
Homo sapiens
in the Middle Stone Age. Chemical studies have shown that these adhesives were made from a local conifer of the
Podocarpaceae
family. However,
Podocarpus
does not exude resin, nor any other substance that could have been recognized as having adhesive properties. Therefore, it remains unknown how these adhesives were made. This study investigates how
Podocarpus
adhesives can be made, comparing their mechanical properties with other naturally available adhesives. We found that
Podocarpus
tar can only be made by dry distillation of leaves, requiring innovative potential, skill, and knowledge. This contrasts with our finding that the Middle Stone Age environment was rich in substances that can be used as adhesives without such transformation. The apparent preference for
Podocarpus
tar may be explained by its mechanical properties. We found it to be superior to all other substances in terms of its adhesive properties. In addition, the condensation method that allows producing it can be recognized accidentally, as the processes take place above ground and can be triggered accidentally. Our findings have implications for establishing a link between technology and cognition in the Middle Stone Age.
Vertically assembled nanosheet networks for high-density thick battery electrodes
Authors: Ju Zhengyu , King Steven T. , Xu Xiao , Zhang Xiao , Raigama Kasun U. , Takeuchi Kenneth J. , Marschilok Amy C. , Wang Lei , Takeuchi Esther S. , Yu Guihua
Published: September 2022

As one of the prevailing energy storage systems, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become an essential pillar in electric vehicles (EVs) during the past decade, contributing significantly to a carbon-neutral future. However, the complete transition to electric vehicles requires LIBs with yet higher energy and power densities. Here, we propose an effective methodology via controlled nanosheet self-assembly to prepare low-tortuosity yet high-density and high-toughness thick electrodes. By introducing a delicate densification in a three-dimensionally interconnected nanosheet network to maintain its vertical architecture, facile electron and ion transports are enabled despite their high packing density. This dense and thick electrode is capable of delivering a high volumetric capacity >1,600 mAh cm
−3
, with an areal capacity up to 32 mAh cm
−2
, which is among the best reported in the literature. The high-performance electrodes with superior mechanical and electrochemical properties demonstrated in this work provide a potentially universal methodology in designing advanced battery electrodes with versatile anisotropic properties.
From deontic modality to conditionality
Authors: Kuo Yueh Hsin
Published: September 2022

While epistemic modality has been suggested to be a modal source of conditionality, deontic modality has been generally overlooked. Using data from Classical Chinese and the Invited Inferencing Theory of Semantic Change, this study demonstrates that the deontic modalbitends to invite inferences of conditionality in contexts where it is used teleologically and performatively as an indirect speech act of advice. That is, conditionality can emerge out of an interaction of teleological and performative meanings. Furthermore, three conditions are identified as where teleological, performative and conditional meanings enable the inferencing of the deontic modalbias a conditional protasis connective. The absence of one or more of these conditions is shown to be less likely to invite inferences of conditionality.
Fuzzy ideals and fuzzy congruences of distributive demi-p-algebras
Authors: Alemayehu Teferi Getachew , Ageze Zebider Ayenew
Published: September 2022

In this article, we introduce *-fuzzy ideals of a distributive demi-p-algebra and its properties. We show that every *-fuzzy ideals of distributive demi-p-algebra L are precisely the kernels of the fuzzy congruences Θ on L if and only if its quotient is a Boolean algebra. Also we prove that the set of *-fuzzy ideals forms a complete Heyting algebra.
Redshift weighted galaxy number counts
Authors: Matthewson William L. , Stock Dennis , Durrer Ruth
Published: September 2022

In this paper we introduce the 'redshift fluctuation' as a gauge-invariant cosmological observable and give its fully relativistic expression at first order in cosmological perturbation theory. We show that this corresponds effectively to number counts with a radial window function with vanishing mean which therefore resolve smaller scale radial modes than standard number counts. In a detailed analysis of the angular power spectrum of this new variable, we study the relevance of different relativistic contributions, and how it differs from the conventional observable galaxy number count fluctuations. In order to investigate its utility for future spectroscopic surveys, we perform Fisher forecasts for a Euclid-like and an SKAII-like configuration, as examples. Particular focus is placed on the dependence of the results on the size of the redshift bins and on the cutoff in ℓ adopted in the analysis.
Surface geometry and shadow of a Schwarzschild black hole with a halo*
Authors: Wang Mingzhi , Guo Guanghai , Chen Songbai , Jing Jiliang
Published: September 2022

We studied the surface geometry and shadows of a Schwarzschild black hole with a halo containing quadrupolar and octopolar terms. It was found that the quadrupole term causes a Schwarzschild black hole to be prolate at the quadrupole strength

and oblate at

, and the octopole term causes to the shadow stretch upward at the octopolar strength ngth

and downward at

. The shadow of a Schwarzschild black hole with a halo stretches and squeezes along the horizontal direction at

and

, respectively. Meanwhile, the black hole shadow shifts upward at

and downward at

. We present the light rays that form the shadow boundary to explain the emergence of the extraordinary patterns of the black hole shadow with quadrupole and octopole terms. From the observable width W, height H, oblateness K, and distortion parameter

of the black hole shadow, we can determine the quadrupole and octopolar strengths of a Schwarzschild black hole with a halo. Our results show that the quadrupolar and octopolar terms yield a series of interesting patterns for the shadow of a Schwarzschild black hole with a halo.
Wind turbine wakes can impact down-wind vegetation greenness
Authors: Diffendorfer Jay E , Vanderhoof Melanie K , Ancona Zach H
Published: September 2022

Global wind energy has expanded 5-fold since 2010 and is predicted to expand another 8–10-fold over the next 30 years. Wakes generated by wind turbines can alter downwind microclimates and potentially downwind vegetation. However, the design of past studies has made it difficult to isolate the impact of wake effects on vegetation from land cover change. We used hourly wind data to model wake and non-wake zones around 17 wind facilities across the U.S. and compared remotely-sensed vegetation greenness in wake and non-wake zones before and after construction. We located sampling sites only in the dominant vegetation type and in areas that were not disturbed before or after construction. We found evidence for wake effects on vegetation greenness at 10 of 17 facilities for portions of, or the entire growing season. Evidence included statistical significance in Before After Control Impact statistical models, differences >3% between expected and observed values of vegetation greenness, and consistent spatial patterns of anomalies in vegetation greenness relative to turbine locations and wind direction. Wakes induced both increases and decreases in vegetation greenness, which may be difficult to predict prior to construction. The magnitude of wake effects depended primarily on precipitation and to a lesser degree aridity. Wake effects did not show trends over time following construction, suggesting the changes impact vegetation greenness within a growing season, but do not accrue over years. Even small changes in vegetation greenness, similar to those found in this study, have been seen to affect higher trophic levels. Given the rapid global growth of wind energy, and the importance of vegetation condition for agriculture, grazing, wildlife, and carbon storage, understanding how wakes from wind turbines impact vegetation is essential to exploit or ameliorate these effects.
On inferred real-world fuel consumption of past decade plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in the US
Authors: Hamza Karim , Laberteaux Kenneth P , Chu Kang-Ching
Published: September 2022

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have powertrain architectures that seek to combine the best features of two well-known powertrains: the environmental and other benefits of electric driving of battery electric vehicles; and the fuel efficiency and, due to widely-available fueling infrastructure and quick refueling times, limitless practical range of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Different regulatory organizations around the world have different standard testing procedures, and accordingly, different predictions for the degree of efficacy of PHEVs at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, there is somewhat of a consensus that PHEVs have the capacity for significant GHG reduction compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, yet some recent studies have claimed the real-world fuel consumption of PHEVs to be more than twice their standard ratings. A key factor to the efficacy of GHG reduction via PHEVs is the fraction of miles traveled in electric mode, also known as the utility factor (UF). In this work, we reinvestigate the data sources cited in previous studies for PHEVs in the US for the inferred real-world UF and fuel consumption via same estimation approaches as a previous study. We then compare with UF from SAE J2841 standard and fuel consumption ratings from the US environmental protection agency. While noting that it is difficult if not impossible to discern the exact reason for observed deviations given the available information in the cited data sources, we find the real-world fuel consumption of PHEVs in the US to be within 62% better to 21% worse than their standard ratings in the US, and generally, significantly better than a comparable HEV. Contrasted with reported results for other parts of the world, the results are viewed as a testimony to the importance of proper procedures for evaluation of PHEVs to reflect their correct environmental benefit value.
Outcomes of Extended Pedicle Technique vs Free Nipple Graft Reduction Mammoplasty for Patients With Gigantomastia
Authors: Talwar Ankoor A , Copeland-Halperin Libby R , Walsh Landis R , Christopher Adrienne N , Cunning Jessica , Broach Robyn B , Baratta Michael D , Copeland Michelle , Shankaran Vidya , Butler Paris D
Published: September 2022

Background

Optimal reduction mammoplasty techniques to treat patients with gigantomastia have been debated and can involve extended pedicles (EP) or free nipple grafts (FNG).

Objectives

The authors compared clinical, patient-reported, and aesthetic outcomes associated with reduction mammoplasty employing EP vs FNG.

Methods

A multi-institutional, retrospective study of adult patients with gigantomastia who underwent reduction mammoplasty at 2 tertiary care centers from 2017 to 2020 was performed. Gigantomastia was defined as reduction weight >1500 g per breast or sternal notch-to-nipple distance ≥40 cm. Surgeons at 1 institution employed the EP technique, whereas those at the other utilized FNG. Baseline characteristics, preoperative and postoperative BREAST-Q, and clinical outcomes were collected. Aesthetic outcomes were assessed in 1:1 propensity score-matched cases across techniques. Preoperative and postoperative photographs were provided to reviewers across the academic plastic surgery continuum (students to faculty) and non-medical individuals to evaluate aesthetic outcomes.

Results

Fifty-two patients met the inclusion criteria (21 FNG, 31 EP). FNG patients had a higher incidence of postoperative cellulitis (23% vs 0%, P < 0.05) but no other differences in surgical or medical complications. Baseline BREAST-Q scores did not differ between groups. Postoperative BREAST-Q scores revealed greater satisfaction with the EP technique (P < 0.01). The aesthetic assessment of outcomes in 14 matched pairs of patients found significantly better aesthetic outcomes in all domains with the EP procedure (P < 0.05), independent of institution or surgical experience.

Conclusions

This multi-institutional study suggests that, compared with FNG, the EP technique for reduction mammoplasty provides superior clinical, patient-reported, and aesthetic outcomes for patients with gigantomastia.

Level of Evidence: 4