bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outlier Screening and a Distribution-Free Test for Vanishing Tetrads
Authors: BOLLEN KENNETH A.
Published: March 2007

The TETRAD search procedure has several limitations: It does not screen data for outliers; it relies on Wishart's test for vanishing tetrads that assumes a multinormal distribution for the random variables; and the significance tests do not take into account that multiple tetrad differences are being tested. I propose several ways to overcome these problems. First, I present several diagnostic statistics to help identify outliers and influential cases. Then I develop new, more general asymptotic tests for vanishing tetrads for variables with nonnormal distributions and derive a simultaneous test for multiple tetrad differences. Finally, the tests are extended to apply to tetrad differences of covariances as well as differences of correlations computed for random variables with “arbitrary” distributions.
Estimating Macro-Relationships Using Micro-Data
Authors: KRIVO LAUREN J. , KAUFMAN ROBERT L.
Published: March 2007

Widespread recognition that many sociological processes occur at multiple levels has led researchers to search for valid forms of cross-level modeling such as contextual analysis. In this article, we propose an alternative cross-level method for examining the effects of macro-factors on macro-processes while controlling for processes at a lower-level of aggregation. This method applies existing statistical techniques but in a new fashion. It has the advantages of more precise control for lower-order effects, reduction of problems with degrees of freedom, and more error-free prediction of the higher-level relationships than using alternative estimation strategies. As a result, parameter estimates of the macro-level effects are more efficient. An empirical example studying macro-determinants of unemployment rates in states in the United States demonstrates that estimation of this model leads to more valid conclusions than more commonly used methods.
Research on Survey Quality
Authors: ALWIN DUANE F.
Published: March 2007

This article provides a review of recent research on the quality of survey data and serves as an introduction to this special issue of SMR. The article reviews standard statistical treatments of survey errors and discusses the importance of developing population models for measurement errors. A model is presented which nests measurement errors within other nonmeasurement survey errors—errors of coverage, sampling, and nonresponse. Promising new developments in research on survey measurement are reviewed and evaluated—applications of rational choice theories of response behavior, applications of cognitive theories of judgment and information processing, and experiments in the meaning of questions. The article concludes with a brief summary of the contributions included in this special issue of SMR.
Time-Aggregation Bias in Hazard-Rate Models with Covariates
Authors: PETERSEN TROND , KOPUT KENNETH W.
Published: March 2007

This article elaborates the results found in Petersen (1991) by discussing how to minimize time-aggregation bias in hazard-rate models with measured covariates. It first considers a model with a single categorical covariate with h categories. It derives analytically the bias of the estimator that assumes the durations are exactly measured, when the durations are in fact rounded up to the nearest integer. Second, the article conducts both large-and small-sample Monte Carlo studies for several estimators of the covariate effects in the presence of time aggregation. There are three central findings. (1) It is shown that the likelihood that adjusts for the grouped nature of the duration measures recaptures the parameters very well. (2) The estimator that assumes that the durations are exactly measured, when they in fact are rounded up to the nearest integer, is biased in several ways. (3) The estimator that uses the midpoint adjustment suffers from the same weaknesses as the estimator that rounds up to the nearest integer, but to a lesser degree.
Data Analysis Using Lisp-Stat
Authors: TIERNEY LUKE
Published: March 2007

Lisp-Stat is a statistical computing environment based on the Lisp language. To support statistical computations, standard Lisp functions have been modified to operate in a vectorized fashion on lists and arrays of numbers, and a number of basic statistical functions have been added. Interactive graphical displays such as histograms, scatterplots, and rotatable three-dimensional scatterplots can be linked to show corresponding points in different plots. The graphics are implemented using an object-oriented programming system that is designed to support user-level extensions and customization. This article provides a brief introduction to the Lisp-Stat system, illustrating some of its capabilities in the context of the Duncan occupational status data.
A Critique of the Bayesian Information Criterion for Model Selection
Authors: WEAKLIEM DAVID L.
Published: March 2007

The Bayesian information criterion (BIC) has become a popular criterion for model selection in recent years. The BIC is intended to provide a measure of the weight of evidence favoring one model over another, or Bayes factor. It has, however, some important drawbacks that are not widely recognized. First, Bayes factors depend on prior beliefs about the expected distribution of parameter values, and there is no guarantee that the Bayes factor implied by the BIC will be close to one calculated from a prior distribution that an observer would actually regard as appropriate. Second, to obtain the Bayes factors that follow from the BIC, investigators would have to vary their prior distributions depending on the marginal distributions of the variables and the nature of the hypothesis. Such variations seem unwarranted in principle and tend to make the BIC inclined to favor excessively simple models in practice. These points are illustrated by the analysis of several examples, and alternatives to use of the BIC are discussed.
Male Hindi filmgoers' gaze: An ethnographic interpretation
Authors: Derné Steve , Jadwin Lisa
Published: March 2007

This ethnographic study of male filmgoers in India supports Mulvey's contention that cinema bolsters male power by prompting men to make women objects of a controlling gaze. But it also shows that Indian male filmgoers both objectify and identify with on-screen male images. This identification prompts men to see themselves as framed by a controlling gaze. Thus, a clear-cut distinction between looking men and watched women is not a uni versal feature of male dominance.
The social organisation of urban space: A case study of Chanderi, a small town in central India
Authors: Sharma K.L.
Published: March 2007

Space and status are inextricably related to each other. Though space is a geographic entity, human society has a tendency to transform it into a socio-cultural phenomenon. Such a process of appropriation of space refers to trends of social change and status- formation. Space-segregation thus implies 'social distance'. Underlying a given space- segregation, one can see the structure of society in terms of the ramifications of caste, class and ethnicity. Our study of Chanderi, a small town in Madhya Pradesh, shows that segregated mohallas (neighbourhoods) and galis (lanes) largely correspond with graded social divisions based on caste and community. Space-segregation and com mensurate social divisions do not obstruct the incorporation of modernity in the social fabric of the town.

Our study also shows that space is not static. It is made and remade in accordance with the dynamics of social relations and status-formation. Since space is social, it is appropriated by the privileged sections of society to their advantage. As such, tradition has a considerable hold in Chanderi. To a certain extent tradition also prevails over modernity in Chanderi in terms of the patron-client ties between the master-weavers and weavers with regard to saree production and trade. Mohallas and galis continue to correspond with the ranking of the patrons and clients (master-weavers and weavers) or the upper and the lower casteslcommunities, including Muslims.
Work and resistance in the Jharia coalfield
Authors: Simeon Dilip
Published: March 2007

This article concerns the labours of the miners who extracted the primary energy resource of the British Indian Empire. The year 1995 marked the centenary of Jharia, India's single most productive coalfield. The study of its meteoric growth, dependence on family labour and dramatic disasters has wide-ranging interdisciplinary implications. The miners of Jharia expended their lives in the most backward of environments, yet without them neither the Railways nor the large-scale machine industry could have functioned. An analysis of the state—labour—capital relations in Jharia is a means of addressing the institutional origin of physical events and the character of colonial industry. It is also a starting point for comprehending workers' struggles in the coalfields of independent India, and its links to the tribal movements of the hinterland. Despite being forcibly relocated and placed in an alienated universe, 'labour' retained a degree of recalcitrance, even if this did not result in incessant confrontation. It was manifested as cultural disaggregation and the assertion of traditional identities, by silent departure from the scene of operations or by renegotiations.
Gender ideologies and the formation of rural industrial classes in South India today
Authors: Kapadia Karin
Published: March 2007

Major structural changes are under way today in employment in rural India. There has been a great increase in non-agricultural employment. This case study considers one form of non-agricultural employment, namely rural manufacturing industry in South India. The synthetic gem-cutting industry has been established in central Tamilnadu for decades. However, in the 1990s this rural industry has gone through extremely rapid and significant change. It is argued that this industrial transition is both impacting on, and has in turn been influenced by, rural caste and kinship relations. These transforming relations connect closely with the process of class differentiation that is under way within the various rural social groups who are associated with the industry. Within this context it is argued that two general hypotheses can be made. First, it is argued that the 'working class' is not undifferentiated, but deeply fractured along caste and gender lines. Second, it is claimed that class relations do not always stand as the primary mediator of labour relations: it is shown that for a significant part of the industrial workforce, it is in fact gender ideologies, discourses and practices that mediate labour relations.
Toward a Democratic Rule of Law
Authors: ESQUITH STEPHEN L.
Published: March 2007

Article 2: The Republic of Poland shall be a democratic state ruled by law and implementing the principles of social justice....Article 7: The organs of public authority shall function on the basis of, and within the limits of, the law.

Constitution of the Republic of Poland, April 2, 1997

Chapter 1, Article 1: The Slovak Republic is a democratic and sovereign state ruled by the law. It is bound neither to an ideology, or to a religion.

Constitution of Slovakia, September 1, 1991

Chapter 1, Article 1: The Czech Republic is a sovereign, unified and democratic law-observing state, based on the respect for the rights and freedoms of the individual and citizen.

Constitution of the Czech Republic, December 16, 1992

Preamble: We, the members of the Seventh Grand National Assembly, guided by our desire to express the will of the people of Bulgaria...hereby promulgate our resolve to create a democratic, law-governed and social state, by establishing this CONSTITUTION.

Constitution of Bulgaria, July 12, 1991
The Cognitive Mediation Model of Learning From the News
Authors: EVELAND WILLIAM P.
Published: March 2007

The cognitive mediation model predicts that the impact of a learning gratification for news media use on knowledge of news content is mediated by information processing variables. Specifically, surveillance gratifications seeking should encourage two forms of information processing: news attention and elaboration. These forms of information processing should covary and have a direct and positive impact on learning of news content. The impact of surveillance gratifications seeking on knowledge—expected at the zero-order level—should be approximately zero when these information processing variables are controlled. A secondary analysis of two sample surveys (N = 512 and N = 567) plus analysis of original data specifically designed to test the model (N = 299) provide nearly complete support for hypotheses derived from the model in the context of political learning from the news. Suggestions for expansion of the model are provided.
Newspaper Readers and a New Information Medium
Authors: Heikkinen Kalle J. , Reese Stephen D.
Published: March 2007

The concept of functional equivalence is combined with individual characteristics—information need and channel orientation—to create a model describing potential differences in newspaper readers' adoption of videotex. Three possible user groups are identified: loyalists, who would remain with newspapers; shifters, who would replace newspapers with videotex; and adders, who would use both. Discriminant analysis of survey data supports the proposed model: adders have a higher information need than the single-medium users, who are in turn distinguished from each other by their channel orientation. Loyalists are "traditional"; shifters are "modern."
The Person as Object in Discourses in and Around Organizations
Authors: CHENEY GEORGE , CARROLL CRAIG
Published: March 2007

Natural persons (i.e., real people as opposed to “corporate or organizational persons”) have come to be treated—often implicitly but sometimes quite explicitly—as mere objects (or in other cases not treated or mentioned at all) in some of the more popular and influential ways of talking about “doing business.” Although we recognize that certain dimensions of this problem are not new, this article deliberately focuses on the dark side of the current push toward greater efficiency, competitiveness, and so-called customer responsiveness in the world of work by highlighting specific examples from public discourse in and about organizational life. We provide illustrations of the person as object in five categories of organizational activity: organizational operations, labor and employment, marketing and customer service, corporate governance and investor relations, and competition and market globalization.
A Comparison of the Communication Behaviors of Temporary Employees and New Hires
Authors: SIAS PATRICIA M. , KRAMER MICHAEL W. , JENKINS EDITH
Published: March 2007

Most organizational research fails to examine the communication experiences of temporary employees. Based on uncertainty reduction theory and impression management, this study compares the information-seeking and information-giving behaviors of temporary employees and newly hired, regular employees. Results suggest that temporary employees are less concerned about impression management, seek appraisal information less frequently, and practice less information giving than newly hired, regular employees. The data indicate temporary employees are more communicatively isolated from organizational members than other newcomers. Results suggest organizations may improve organizational learning and innovation by increasing communication with temporary employees.
EXPLORING USES AND GRATIFICATIONS
Authors: BANTZ CHARLES R.
Published: March 2007

This project explored two questions: (1) whether uses are specific to program type or medium and (2) whether the factorial solutions are replicable. Two separate studies were conducted. For each study two versions of a uses questionnaire were administered. The Medium version asked respondents to answer in terms of television. The Program Type version asked respondents to answer in terms of their favorite program type. In Study, I, 142 persons answered the Medium version and 128 answered the Program-Type version. In Study II, ns were 227 and 219, respectively. The general pattern of results indicates respondents do not identify Medium-specific or Program-specific uses. The lack of differentiation found here suggests: (1) additional assessment of the relationship of medium and content in needed, (2) pending additional evidence, medium and content should be considered related variables in uses and gratifications research and research not incorporating their interaction should be evaluated carefully, and (3) additional theoretical analysis of the meaning of uses and gratifications reports is necessary to define the relationship suggested here.
SOCIAL SCRIPTS AND DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS IN COMPREHENSION OF TELEVISED NARRATIVES
Authors: COLLINS W. ANDREW , WELLMAN HENRY M.
Published: March 2007

Preschool and grade-school children's comprehension of typical commercial television dramatic programs has repeatedly been found to be poor, but few studies have assessed characteristics of children's representations of such shows. In the present research, second, fifth, and eighth graders' recognition errors and recall of an action-adventure drama were examined jointly to determine how children represented plots that they remembered inaccurately. Younger children's representations of the program were especially likely to reflect familiar actions and events sequences (“scripts”), cued by isolated, familiar occurrences in the televised portrayal. Their recognition errors were likely to be action stereotypes, while older viewers' errors were more often confusions about program-specific occurrences. Furthermore, common-knowledge scripts constituted significantly larger proportions of spontaneously cited plot events for younger than for older children. It was suggested that younger and older viewers may differ both in (1) the number and variety of action/event scripts for comprehending typical plots and in (2) the flexibility with which such scripts are applied in comprehending new instances of program content.
MEASUREMENT OF FAMILY COMMUNICATION PATTERNS
Authors: TIMS ALBERT R. , MASLAND JONATHAN L.
Published: March 2007

Analysis of a three-wave panel study of parent-child pairs examined indicator reliability, longitudinal stability, and parent-child similarity of family communication patterns. Estimates of reliability and intergenerational similarity were obtained using a multiple indicator model (LISREL) that treats individual measures as indicators of an underlying latent construct. Analyses were performed for single items measured at three time points and for multiple items at single time points, both revealing considerable measurement error. With unreliability taken into account, there was substantial dissimilarity in the perceptions of parents and children within the same family. A reconceptualization of research on family communication patterns focusing on the antecedents of family norms and the dynamic character of family interaction was discussed.
SHANNON AND WEAVER
Authors: RITCHIE DAVID
Published: March 2007

A case is presented for separating Shannon's (1949) paper on information theory from Weaver's introduction, which is shown to contain distortions, as well as proofs by coincidence and homonym. Shannon's mathematical tools and methods are distinguished from his theory, which consists of 23 theorems setting forth the conditions for maximum efficiency in electromechanical signal transmission. Attempts to apply Shannon's theory to our field are reviewed, along with previous critiques, and it is recommended that future uses of Shannon's theory adopt a more methodologically rigorous approach. In particular, it is argued that Shannon's assumptions must be shown to hold before his theorems can be successfully applied.
The Communication of Identity During Face-to-Face Persuasive Interactions
Authors: O'KEEFE BARBARA J. , SHEPHERD GREGORY J.
Published: March 2007

This investigation of face-to-face conversational behavior examined the strategies people employ to deal with the face- and interaction-threatening implications of argumentative behavior and explored the joint influence of individual differences in perceivers' interpersonal construct systems and message producers' communication strategies on the content and structure of impressions of message producers. In general, we found that the complexity of the perceiver's interpretive frame interacted with features of target behavior to affect both the meaning given to behavior and the organization of inferences about behavior in an impression.
An Inoculation Theory Explanation for the Effects of Corporate Issue/Advocacy Advertising Campaigns
Authors: BURGOON MICHAEL , PFAU MICHAEL , BIRK THOMAS S.
Published: March 2007

Despite the popularity of issue / advocacy advertising campaigns, there has been limited empirical study of their overall impact. This investigation posits that issue / advocacy advertising should be viewed as a vehicle for inoculating against attitude slippage and for enhancing the sponsor's credibility among people who already favor a corporation's position, rather than as a tool to change attitudes. An experimental test of attitudinal and image effects of issue / advocacy advertising confirmed this theoretical view. The results indicated that issue / advocacy advertising inoculates against attitude change, while simultaneously protecting sponsors against slippage in ratings of source credibility, after exposure to a persuasive attack on behalf of an opposing position. These results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and policy implications.
A Cluster Analysis of HIV Risk among Felony Drug Offenders
Authors: LANG MICHELLE A. , BELENKO STEVEN
Published: March 2007

HIV risk profiles were investigated using cluster analysis with 247 male felony drug offenders. Two clusters were produced, distinguishable by high frequency of sex behaviors that were largely unprotected, or high frequency drug use. Exploratory analysis examining latent HIV predictors by risk type found older age, troubled feelings over drug problems, memory and concentration difficulties, higher frequency of burglary charges, and physical abuse history were predictive of drug-related HIV risk. Family problems, spending free time with family or friends, troubled feelings over medical problems, driving under the influence of drugs, anxiety, high risk-taking, polysubstance use, and using wages for drugs were predictive of sex-related HIV risk. Findings suggest intervention efforts for felony drug offenders need to address differential risk behaviors.
Dimensions and Correlates of Offender Ethical Self-Presentation
Authors: HOLLAND TERRILL R. , LEVI MARIO
Published: March 2007

Watson's (1972) ethical behavior scale was administered to 168 offenders who were undergoing felonly presentence evaluation, and these scores were compared with those that had been obtained during a previous study in which similar subjects were instructed to create favorable versus unfavorable impressions. This comparison, coupled with analyses of MMPI and selected criminological correlates of performance on the scale, suggested that responses were partially, though not totally, determined by impression management motives. In addition, ethical self-presentation was found to be unidimensional, both in its associations with other variables and with respect to the correlations among ethical choice scores. The results were seen to be generally supportive of the validity of Watson's scale when used with appropriate precaution to detect attempts at dissimulation.
Impulsive Youthful Offenders
Authors: BOWMAN PHILIP C. , AUERBACH STEPHEN M.
Published: March 2007

The results of a cognitive-behavioral treatment program employing relaxation training, cognitive training in problem solving, self-statement modification, and behavior rehearsal techniques were compared to results for an attention-placebo control group in a test of the effectiveness of the treatment program in modifying impulsive behavior in adolescent youthful offenders. The program successfully modified overt antisocial behavior over a two-month follow-up period and treatment group subjects made fewer errors than the control group on the Matching Familiar Figures Test from pre-to posttesting. Other data obtained suggest that the program was effective in teaching subjects to reflect more and not respond precipitously, but did not influence abstract reasoning or generalized perception of the importance personal effort (versus chance) plays in everyday experience. The program is presented as a practical means of modifying some elements of impulsivity in a population that has traditionally been resistant to any interventions.
The Competency Screening Test
Authors: RANDOLPH JOHN J. , HICKS TERRY , MASON DAVID , CUNEO DANIEL J.
Published: March 2007

The Competency Screening Test was administered to a group of unfit patient/defendants at the time of their scheduled evaluation by court-appointed psychiatrists. The overall agreement between the test scores and the psychiatric evaluations was 82%. The percentages of false positives and false negatives obtained in this study agreed closely with those reported in the original validation study of the instrument. The data support the conclusion that the test may be a useful tool in the assessment of fitness to stand trial.
And Darkness Closes in...A National Study of Jail Suicides
Authors: HAYES LINDSAY M.
Published: March 2007

Inmates in county jails and police lockups commit suicide at a rate of 16 times greater than individuals in the general population. This conclusion was reached as a result of findings in a National Study of Jail Suicides. Documentation of 419 suicides in county and local jails during 1979 is presented. From demographic data collected on 344 of these suicides, a profile of the victim was constructed. The victim is most likely to be a 22-year-old, white, single male. He would have been arrested for public intoxication, the only offense leading to his arrest, and would presumably be under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs upon incarceration. Further, the victim would not have had a significant history of prior arrests. He would have been taken to an urban county jail and immediately placed in isolation for his own protection and/or surveillance. However, less than three hours after incarceration, he would be dead. He would have hanged himself with material from his bed (such as a sheet or pillowcase). The incident would have taken place on a Saturday night in September, between the hours of midnight and 1:00 a.m. Jail staff would have found the victim, they say, within 15 minutes of the suicide. Later, jail records would indicate that the victim did not have a history of mental illness or previous suicide attempts. The special considerations of juvenile suicide, isolation, and intoxication are analyzed. Recommendations for jailers, public officials, and legislators are presented.
Neutralizing the Impact of Crime
Authors: AGNEW ROBERT S.
Published: March 2007

Contrary to mass media accounts and popular beliefs, quantitative data indicate that the relationship between victimization and fear of crime is weak. Efforts to explain this weak relationship have, so far, been unsatisfactory. This article attempts to explain the weak relationship by arguing that the impact of victimization is mediated by the beliefs of the individual. In particular, victims often employ certain beliefs or “techniques of neutralization” to convince themselves that their particular victimization was not harmful. By defining their victimization in this way, they avoid the fear and other negative reactions that sometimes accompany victimization. This article lists the five major techniques of neutralization employed by victims, presents evidence for their existence, and discusses their relevance to victimology.
The Inmate Subculture in Jails
Authors: GAROFALO JAMES , CLARK RICHARD D.
Published: March 2007

There is a long line of prison research addressing the nature and correlates of the “inmate subculture”—the adherence of inmates to a set of norms that reflect opposition to institutional rules and staff. This article presents preliminary findings on variability in adherence to inmate norms among the populations of three local jails—environments that are characterized by shorter stays and more rapid inmate turnover than are prisons. The findings suggest that positive orientations toward inmate subcultural norms in jail settings are mostly attributable to experienced inmates who are already familiar with the norms when they enter the jail and who readapt to the norms after determining that they will not be gaining their freedom immediately.
The Jesness Inventory Classification System
Authors: JESNESS CARL F.
Published: March 2007

The Jesness Inventory Classification System is a simple, objective method for classifying offenders into one of nine subtypes. Having its origin in the I-level classification, the JI system has gone through a long evolution. The procedure for classification now requires only the responses to the 155-item Jesness Inventory, which can be hand-scored. Studies with both delinquents and nondelinquents have shown the classification to be comprehensive and valid.
A Comparison of Treatment Environments in Community-Based Group Homes for Adolescent Offenders
Authors: BEDLINGTON MARTHA M. , BRAUKMANN CURTIS J. , RAMP KATHRYN A. , WOLF MONTROSE M.
Published: March 2007

Evaluations of community-based programs for delinquents have usually addressed differential outcomes or cost-efficiency, but generally ignored the treatment environments themselves. Yet milieu characteristics are important in assessing treatment quality. The present research examined several environmental dimensions in 11 group home programs. Teaching-Family programs scored significantly higher on observational and self-report measures of staff-youth relationships and interactions, staff teaching activities and disapproval of deviance, the family-likeness and pleasantness of the program atmosphere, and the extent of prosocial behavior displayed by the participants. Several of the measures were significantly negatively correlated with self-reported delinquency. The results suggest that, contrary to some stereotypes, behavioral programs can be pleasant, positive, and familylike while offering structured treatment.
Patterns of Homicide among Children
Authors: GOETTING ANN
Published: March 2007

The population of 55 children arrested for homicide in Detroit, Michigan, for offenses perpetrated between 1977 and 1984 is analyzed in the context of their killings. Analyses include demographic and social characteristics of offenders and victims, the families of offenders, demographic and social relationships between offenders and victims, and circumstances of offense. Where feasible, comparisons are made with age-general populations of homicide offenders.
Psychological Perspectives on Alcohol Consumption and Interpersonal Aggression
Authors: LANG ALAN R. , SIBREL PAULETTE A.
Published: March 2007

This article selectively reviews psychological research pertinent to the role of drinking in interpersonal aggression. The underlying theme is that individual differences represent a neglected area in studies of the alcohol-aggression relation. Relevant expectancy surveys, popular beliefs about how alcohol affects aggression, and balanced-placebo experiments designed to disentangle psychological and physiological causes of alcohol-related behavior are reviewed in pursuing this theme. Finally, the scant evidence indicating how person variables might influence the determination of aggression through a drinking × person × situation interaction is summarized, and recommendations for future research are made.
Reliability of Psychological Test Scores for Offenders Entering a State Prison System
Authors: VON CLEVE ELIZABETH , JEMELKA RON , TRUPIN ERIC
Published: March 2007

This study assessed the test-retest reliability of psychological test scores obtained from felony offenders during the first few weeks of incarceration in a state prison. The tests administered were the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Suicide Probability Scale, the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, the Monroe Dyscontrol Scale, and the Brief Veteran's Alcohol Screening Test. Forty-four male offenders were tested on entry into a Washington state corrections system, and again from 1 to 3 weeks later. Results showed positive, significant correlations for all subscale scores of all tests with the exception of the Negative Self Evaluation score from the Suicide Probability Scale. These results suggest that the test scores of incoming state prisoners are stable, at least during the first month of incarceration. Concerns about the unreliability of test scores obtained during initial intake procedures into a prison system do not appear to be well founded.
Women in Small-Town Policing
Authors: BARTOL CURT R. , BERGEN GEORGE T. , VOLCKENS JULIE SEAGER , KNORAS KATHLEEN M.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationships among job performance, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scores, self-perceived stress, and supervisory-perceived stress for female police officers. Thirty full-time female officers from 19 small-town departments served as subjects, representing 91% of all full-time female municipal officers in Vermont. A comparable group of 30 full-time male officers from the same departments and matched for experience was used as a control group. Results showed that, to a large extent, male and female officers experienced the same stressors in small-town policing. One exception was for task-related stressors, with women reporting more stress when exposed to tragedy, and feeling more stress associated with responsibility for the safety of the public and their professional colleagues. Women also reported stress associated with working in a male-dominated occupation. The increased stress did not affect job performance, however. Performance evaluations by supervisors indicated that female and male officers do the job equally well.
Violence Prediction
Authors: MONAHAN JOHN
Published: March 2007

Twenty years ago, the constitutionality of violence prediction was a salient legal issue, but little research existed to address it. Today, tort law, rather than the Constitution, frames questions of violence prediction, and much data can be invoked in debating the answers. Over the next 20 years, actuarial research is likely to become more common, and the role of risk communication may begin to receive sustained empirical attention.
Mentally Disordered Offenders' Accounts of Their Crimes
Authors: QUINSEY VERNON L. , REID KELLY S. , STERMAC LANA E.
Published: March 2007

Sixty male offenders newly admitted to a secure psychiatric setting made a variety of attributional ratings concerning their own offense and the offenses of eight other offenders. A nonoffender control subject was yoked to each offender by being given the latter's history and offense description to explain and rate. In addition, control subjects evaluated the eight standard history and offense descriptions. There were no differences in the ratings of the standard crime and history descriptions between offenders and their yoked controls, except that offenders rated the causes of other offenders' crimes as less stable and others' likelihood of reoffending as lower than did nonoffenders. As predicted, personality-disordered stimulus offenders were rated as more blameworthy, more likely to reoffend, and more responsible for their crimes than psychotic stimulus offenders. Offenders rated themselves as less likely to reoffend than their yoked controls rated them.
Adolescent Sexual Offenders Grown Up
Authors: SIPE RON , JENSEN ERIC L. , EVERETT RONALD S.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to compare the recidivism rates of juvenile sexual offenders with those of other juvenile offenders once they became young adults. The authors found that the juveniles adjudicated for a sexual offense had a significantly higher rate of recidivism for sexual offenses as adults than did the comparison group, but rearrest rates for sexual offenses were low in both groups. The juvenile nonsexual offenders had higher rates of adult recidivism for all other types of offenses.
The Development of the Prison Behavior Rating Scale
Authors: COOKE DAVID J.
Published: March 2007

The level of psychological disturbance among prisoners is increasing. Prisoners and prison managers can benefit from the systematic measurement of the rate and nature of disturbance in the prison population. This article describes the development of a rating procedure to measure disturbed behavior. Principal component analysis of ratings on 890 prisoners resulted in the development of three scales measuring antiauthority, anxious-depressed, and dull-confused behavior. Evidence of reliability and validity is presented, and advantages of this approach over other classification systems are discussed.
Differentiating Delinquent Youths for Program Planning and Evaluation
Authors: HARRIS PHILIP W. , JONES PETER R.
Published: March 2007

There is general agreement that delinquent youths are not all alike and, consequently, cannot be expected to respond to a given program in the same way. Program effects may be positive or negative, depending on person-program interactions. The aim of this article is to introduce a method for creating treatment-relevant typologies that can be continually developed and linked to outcomes within the context of an information system. To increase understanding of interactions between programs and client outcomes, a typology of clients was created based on 14 personality scales, using scores obtained at the point of program admission. This article reports on the methods used to construct the typology, the substance of the classification system, and the steps that are being taken to ensure its continued development. It also emphasizes the advantage to typology development of ongoing access to an information system that includes recidivism and other outcome data.
Technology Transfer as a Problem in Interorganizational Relationships
Authors: Lambright W. Henry , Teich Albert H.
Published: March 2007

In the process of developing technologies for defense, space, and atomic energy, the federal government has invented new products and processes that could be useful in solving domestic, social problems. How can such technologies be more effectively transferred? It is argued that an interorganizational approach to technology transfer could help accelerate utilization. Federal agencies, manufac turers, and various public and private users need to work in partnership early in the process if technology is to be transferred. It is suggested that, because the key actors are autonomous and often have conflicting interests with respect to technology, it may be necessary that an outsider-or "broker"-take the lead in bringing them into alliance.
The organizational Imperative
Authors: Runyon Kenneth E. , Smith Howard L.
Published: March 2007

This paper is a response to an essay by Hart and Scott (1975) on the " organizational imperative." It critically evaluates the a priori propositions and rules of admmistrative behavior identified by Hart and Scott as being fundamental to this concept. It con cludes that: (1) the a priori propositions supporting the organizational imperative are invalid; (2) the rules of administrative behavior defined as essential to organizational health may, in fact, be deleterious to it; and (3) the assumption that U. S cultural values parallel those of the organizational imperative is an unwarranted oversimplifi cation of cultural trends.
A Categorical Imperative for Social Scientific Policy Evaluation
Authors: Davis Dwight F. , Portis Edward B.
Published: March 2007

When social scientists are hired as consultants, they face several ethical dilemmas. This article presents a logical argument for an ethical principle regarding the behavior of social scientists conducting policy evaluation research for a client. Given the isolated nature of evaluation research and the lack of scientific consensus within social science, the article argues that an ethical social scientist should avoid the most common types of consultant work in policy evaluations. Because a social scientist's responsibilities as a scientist may' conflict with his or her responsibilities as a citizen some ethical compromises are necessary and two such compromises are presented. Both of these compromises involve social scientists acting as teachers rather than as contracted researchers.
Emoational Disturbances in the Federal Governament
Authors: LaBier Douglas
Published: March 2007

Exploratory sociopsychoanalytic research was undertaken on the relationship between psychopathology and bureaucratic work within the U.S. government. Individuals, work roles, and organizational culture were studied. Previous research indicated that career within bureaucracy platys a significant role in stimulating either health ` or pathological development. It was hypothesized that, in the government, presence or absence of psychiatric symptoms per se does not necessarily indicate presence or absence of psychopathology, because some types of work and management support pathological attitudes that result in no overt symptoms, since the pathology, is adaptive to the situation; other pathological attitudes are not adaptive and do result in overt symptoms; some people, within the normal range of character, develop symptoms because of stress reaction to an unhealthy situation; others develop more positively under certain conditions of work and management.
The Unintended Consequences of Policy Change
Authors: Legge Jerome S.
Published: March 2007

This article utilizes a multiple time series design to investigate the impact that restrictive abortion laws have had on maternal deaths in Romania. That society had an initially "liberal" law but it was reversed by a 1966 decree that greatly limited the circumstances under which a woman may have an abortion.

The research design combined with data collected from the World Health Organization suggest that it is unlikely that a post-1966 increase in the number of abortion deaths in Romania can be attributed either to the effects of history or instrumentation. Implications of this study for the American experience with abortion are discussed briefly. It would seem that in any society a restrictive abortion policy's impact on maternal death is likely to depend on the degree of "tightening."
Bureaucracy in Hegel's Political Theory
Authors: Jackson M. W.
Published: March 2007

In Hegel's political theory many important and difficult functions were assigned to government. Because of its recruitment on merit and complex structures it is the bureaucracy outlined in Hegel's theory that must assume the functions of government. Hegel's account of bureaucracy corresponds to seven of Weber's ten criteria. Where they differ is in Hegel's insistence that the bureaucracy has a moral mission that defines its functional one. Commitment to that moral mission, according to Hegel, can be attained only through the continual development of ethical character as recommended by Aristotle and Kant. To meet Hegel's standard of bureaucracy, a government must be organized in a certain way to be functionally effective and efficient, but it must also be profoundly committed to the common good.
Interorganizational Environments, Attitudes, and the Policy Outputs of Public Agencies
Authors: Kessler Mark
Published: March 2007

This article explores independent and interactive effects of interorganizational environments and personnel attitudes on the mix of policy outputs infive government-funded legal services agencies. The data suggest that interorganizational interaction exerts a strong, direct influence on policy outputs. Attitudes have an indirect effect, conditioned by aspects of the interorganizational environment. The implications of these findings are assessed for interorganizational approaches to the study of public policy.
Theoretical Pluralism in Organizational Analysis
Authors: Nurse Lawrence
Published: March 2007

This article juxtaposes the functionalist and the Marxist perspectives on organizations in an attempt to assess the feasibility of theoretical pluralism as an alternative research strategy. While the coexistence of rival modes of organizational inquiry may contribute to the stock of knowledge about organizations and facilitate theoretical confrontation, it becomes necessary to evaluate the knowledge claims made by different modes of social inquiry, in the light of their assumptions and ontological and epistemological foundations. Theoretical pluralism may have an uncertain status as a research method, since it does not constitute an unambiguous agenda for organizational intervention. Constructive dialogue across paradigms is not to be eschewed. However, theoretical pluralism as a conscious strategy may result in a compromise of fundamental values for and thus be anathema to Marxists committed to the task of demystifying production relations in society.
As Plain as 1, 2, 3...and 4
Authors: deLeon Lunda
Published: March 2007

This article describes four models of organization structure: the familiar hierarchical pyramid, a pluralist system of groups in competition, an egalitarian community, and a hyperplur—a list collation of individuals. These structures arise in response to conditions of environment and technology; each has characteristic associated assumptions about human nature and characteristic decision strategies. Each of the models tends to generate an ethic that derives from its assumptions and supports its strategies. These ethical maxims are explored and the pathologies that commonly result are discussed.
Predictors of Moral Reasoning among African American Children: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Humphries Marisha L. , Parker Bonita L. , Jagers Robert J.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the ways in which gender, empathy, and cultural orientation (communalism and competitive individualism) influence the moral judgments of urban fifth and eighth grade African American children. Pencil and paper measures of these constructs were completed by 44 fifth and 46 eighth graders. Results revealed greater endorsement of communalism among girls than boys. Separate correlation matrices and path analysis models were computed for girls and boys. Communalism, empathy, and grade emerged as significant correlates and predictors of moral reasoning among boys. Empathy emerged as a mediator between communalism and moral reasoning for boys. Grade was the only significant correlate and predictor of moral reasoning for girls. The findings are discussed in terms of the study’s methodological limitations and implications for future research on African American culture and moral development.
The Effectiveness of a Cultureand Gender-Specific Intervention for Increasing Resiliency among African American Preadolescent Females
Authors: Belgrave Faye Z. , Chase-Vaughn Gretchen , Gray Famebridge , Addison Jerveada Dixon , Cherry Valerie R.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of an intervention on strengthening resiliency among African American preadolescent girls using a relational and Africentric focus. The hypotheses were that significant increases in Africentric values, ethnic identity, gender role beliefs, and self-concept would follow participation in the intervention. The target population was African American girls aged 10 to 12 years considered at risk based on socioeconomic context. Fifty-five girls were in the intervention group, and 92 girls were in the comparison group. Intervention participants met once a week for 2 hours for 4 months and engaged in exercises and activities designed to increase feelings of self-worth, Africentric values, and ethnic and gender identity. Findings from analyses of covariances indicated that intervention participants scored significantly higher on measures of Africentric values, ethnic identity, and physical appearance self-concept than comparison participants at posttest. The implications of the findings for prevention programs are discussed.