bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robotic left-stapled total intracorporeal bowel anastomosis versus stapled partial extracorporeal anastomosis: operative technical description and outcomes
Authors: Hollandsworth Hannah M. , Li Kevin , Zhao Beiqun , Abbadessa Benjamin , Lopez Nicole E. , Parry Lisa , Ramamoorthy Sonia , Eisenstein Samuel
Published: January 2022

Background

Although there is extensive literature on robotic total intracorporeal anastomosis (TICA) for right colon resection, left total ICA using the da Vinci Xi robotic platform has only been described in short case series previously. In this study, we report on the largest cohort of robotic left total ICA, provide a description of our institution’s techniques, and compare outcomes to robotic left partial extracorporeal anastomosis (PECA).

Methods

Patients who underwent robotic left colectomy for any underlying pathology from July 1, 2016 through April 30, 2020 were identified by procedure code. A technical description is provided for two unique techniques performed at our institution. Outcomes included operative time, length of stay, supply cost, post-operative ileus, post-operative morbidity and mortality and need for complete mobilization of the splenic flexure.

Results

From a review of our institution’s data, 83 robotic TICA cases were identified and 76 robotic PECA cases were identified. Common procedures included low anterior resection, sigmoidectomy, left hemicolectomy, and rectopexy with resection. TICA was associated with significantly shorter intraoperative time compared to PECA.

Conclusions

Our series shows that TICA is a safe and feasible technique that does not increase the risk of adverse outcomes. Using either the anvil-forward or anvil-backward technique, we were able to reliably reproduce this method in a total of 83 patients undergoing left colon resection for either benign or malignant diseases.
A new outranking method for multicriteria decision making with complex Pythagorean fuzzy information
Authors: Akram Muhammad , Zahid Kiran , Alcantud José Carlos R.
Published: January 2022

This article contributes to the advancement and evolution of outranking decision-making methodologies, with a novel essay on the ELimination and Choice Translating REality (ELECTRE) family of methods. Its primary target is to unfold the constituents and expound the implementation of the ELECTRE II method for group decision making in complex Pythagorean fuzzy framework. This results in the complex Pythagorean fuzzy ELECTRE II method. By inception, it is intrinsically superior to models using one-dimensional data. It is designed to perform the pairwise comparisons of the alternatives using the core notions of concordance, discordance and indifferent sets, which is then followed by the construction of complex Pythagorean fuzzy concordance and discordance matrices. Further, the strong and weak outranking relations are developed by the comparison of concordance and discordance indices with the concordance and discordance levels. Later, the forward, reverse and average rankings of the alternatives are computed by the dint of strong and weak outranking graphs. This methodology is supported by a case study for the selection of wastewater treatment process, and by a numerical example for the selection of the best cloud solution for a big data project. Its consistency is confirmed by an effectiveness test and comparison analysis with the Pythagorean fuzzy ELECTRE II and complex Pythagorean fuzzy ELECTRE I methods.
Cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of beneficiated phosphate rock production in Tunisia
Authors: Issaoui Roukaya , Rösch Christine , Woidasky Jörg , Schmidt Mario , Viere Tobias
Published: January 2022

To improve the sustainable management of phosphorus, numerous LCA studies, using primary data, have been conducted for phosphorus recovery technologies from wastewater, but not for phosphate rock mining.

This article addresses this issue by conducting a cradle to gate assessment of beneficiated phosphate rock production using primary data. This study aims to share an updated Life Cycle Inventory dataset of beneficiated phosphate rock production.

The studied system is the open-pit mining operations and the wet beneficiation process located in the south of Tunisia. The functional unit is 1 kg of P2O5. Twelve environmental impact categories were assessed using the ReCiPe Midpoint method.

The results of Life Cycle Inventory show that the average loss of phosphorus between mining operations, mechanical preparation, and the wet beneficiation is 0.3 kg of P2O5 per 1 kg P2O5. The losses occur mainly during the scrubbing and hydrocycloning. Compared to the production system in Florida, USA, according to the Ecoinvent database 3.4, the production of 1 kg P2O5 in Tunisia has higher Global Warming Potenzial, higher water depletion potential, higher PM10 emission, Photochemical oxidant formation, soil pollution potential, and human toxicity potential.

In conclusion, primary data shows comparable results to the generic Life cycle Inventory of wet beneficiation phosphate rock in the Ecoinvent database. This study contributes to enlarge data about sedimentary phosphate rock extraction and beneficiation globally as currently only the USA and Morocco were reported in databases.
Evaluation of novel ZnO–Ag cathode for CO2 electroreduction in solid oxide electrolyser
Authors: Biswas Saheli , Kulkarni Aniruddha P. , Seeber Aaron , Greaves Mark , Giddey Sarbjit , Bhattacharya Sankar
Published: January 2022

CO2 and steam/CO2 electroreduction to CO and methane in solid oxide electrolytic cells (SOEC) has gained major attention in the past few years. This work evaluates, for the very first time, the performance of two different ZnO–Ag cathodes: one where ZnO nanopowder was mixed with Ag powder for preparing the cathode ink (ZnOmix–Ag cathode) and the other one where Ag cathode was infiltrated with a zinc nitrate solution (ZnOinf –Ag cathode). ZnOmix–Ag cathode had a better distribution of ZnO particles throughout the cathode, resulting in almost double CO generation while electrolysing both dry CO2 and H2/CO2 (4:1 v/v). A maximum overall CO2 conversion of 48% (in H2/CO2) at 1.7 V and 700 °C clearly indicated that as low as 5 wt% zinc loading is capable of CO2 electroreduction. It was further revealed that for ZnOinf –Ag cathode, most of CO generation took place through RWGS reaction, but for ZnOmix–Ag cathode, it was the synergistic effect of both RWGS reaction and CO2 electrolysis. Although ZnOinf –Ag cathode produced trace amount of methane at higher voltages, with ZnOmix–Ag cathode, there was absolutely no methane. This seems to be due to strong electronic interaction between Zn and Ag that might have suppressed the catalytic activity of the cathode towards methanation.
Shear wave speed measurement bias in a viscoelastic phantom across six ultrasound elastography systems: a comparative study with transient elastography and magnetic resonance elastography
Authors: Kishimoto Riwa , Suga Mikio , Usumura Masashi , Iijima Hiroko , Yoshida Masahiro , Hachiya Hiroyuki , Shiina Tsuyoshi , Yamakawa Makoto , Konno Kei , Obata Takayuki , Yamaguchi Tadashi
Published: January 2022

Purpose

To quantify the bias of shear wave speed (SWS) measurements in a viscoelastic phantom across six different ultrasound (US) systems and to compare the SWS with those from transient elastography (TE) and magnetic resonance elastography (MRE).

Methods

A viscoelastic phantom of stiffness representing fibrotic liver or healthy thyroid was measured with nine (linear probe) and 10 (convex probe) modes of six different US-based shear wave elastography (SWE) systems using linear and convex probes. SWS measurements of three regions of interest were repeated thrice at two focal depths, coupling the probe to the phantom using a jig. An MRE system using three motion-encoding gradient frequencies of 60, 90, and 120 Hz and TE were also used to measure the stiffness of the phantom.

Results

The SWS from different SWE systems had mean coefficients of variation of 9.0–9.2% and 5.4–5.6% with linear and convex probes, respectively, in viscoelastic phantom measurement. The focal depth was a less significant source of SWS variability than the system. The total average SWS obtained with US-SWE systems was 19.9% higher than that obtained with MRE at 60 Hz, which is commonly used in clinical practice, and 31.5% higher than that obtained with TE using the M probe.

Conclusions

Despite the measurement biases associated with the SWE systems, biases were not necessarily consistent, and they changed with the probes used and depth measured. The SWS of the viscoelastic phantom obtained using different modalities increased according to the shear wave frequency used.
The effect of Rényi entropy on Hawking radiation
Authors: Liu Yang
Published: January 2022

It is widely believed that Hawking radiation originates from excitations near the horizons of black holes (Hawking in Commun Math Phys 43:199, 1975, Giddings in Phys Lett B 754:39, 2016, Mathur in Class Quantum Gravity 26:224001, 2009). However, Giddings (Phys Lett B 754:39, 2016) proposed that the Hawking radiation spectrum that characterizes evaporating semi-classical black holes originates from a quantum “atmosphere”, which extends beyond the horizon of a black hole. Although several research projects have been conducted in this field, they have not yet taken into account the effect of Rényi entropy. In the present article, we will therefore consider the effect of Rényi entropy on Hawking radiation power. We assume that if the effect of Rényi entropy is very small, we suggest that the Hawking radiation should originate from the quantum “atmosphere” which extends beyond the black hole’s horizon for finite dimensions. That is, that Giddings’ suggestion is the more likely of the above possibilities. However, for infinite dimensions, both suggestions are equally credible. We briefly consider the very large effect of Rényi entropy on Hawking radiation power as well. We find that if the effect of Rényi entropy is very large and $$\omega /T_{BH}$$

ω
/

T

BH

is very small, then the power spectral density $$S_R$$

S
R

is proportional to the power spectral density $$S_{BH}$$

S

BH

.
Sigmoid Type Neuromorphic Activation Function Based on Saturable Absorption Behavior of Graphene/PMMA Composite for Intensity Modulation of Surface Plasmon Polariton Signals
Authors: Tari Hamed , Bile Alessandro , Moratti Francesca , Fazio Eugenio
Published: January 2022

For an optical technology to be feasible as a substitution of electronics one for neuromorphic applications, it is required the waveguides in which are capable of confining and directing light signals in much smaller dimensions than the operating wavelength of the light, i.e., subwavelength optical components must be realized. Hybrid nature of surface plasmon polariton addresses the problem with the diffraction limit of regular photonic components. Here, the authors present a two-dimensional numerical simulation of a passive photonic element based on a saturable absorber material as a hardware base analogy to the biological activation function existed at the cell body of neurons. They demonstrate that at telecom wavelengths, a highly confined SPP mode can be modulated in a nonlinear fashion by considering the carrier dynamics of graphene/PMMA polymeric composite as a two-level system. The hardware base sigmoid type nonlinear activation function derived from this study further characterized; and the parameters which appeared to be effective on the performance of the structure, such as saturation intensity, modulation depth, and thickness of the synaptic part as a Fabry–Pérot structure, have been studied.
Measuring and evaluating standardization of scrub nurse instrument table setups: a multi-center study
Authors: Glaser Bernhard , Schellenberg Tobias , Neumann Juliane , Hofer Mathias , Modemann Susanne , Dubach Patrick , Neumuth Thomas
Published: January 2022

Objectives

In-depth knowledge about surgical processes is a crucial prerequisite for future systems in operating rooms and the advancement of standards and patient safety in surgery. A holistic approach is required, but research in the field of surgical instrument tables, standardized instrument setups and involved personnel, such as nurses, is sparse in general. The goal of this study is to evaluate whether there is an existing standard within clinics for an instrument table setup. We also evaluate to which extent it is known to the personnel and whether it is accepted.

Materials and Methods

The study makes use of the Nosco Trainer, a scrub nurse training and simulation system developed to analyze various aspects of the workplace of scrub nurses. The system contains a virtual instrument table, which is used to perform and record instrument table setups. We introduce a metric which delivers a measurable score for the similarity of surgical instrument table setups. The study is complemented with a questionnaire covering related aspects.

Results

Fifteen scrub nurses of the Otolaryngology departments at three clinics in Germany and Switzerland performed a table setup for a Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery intervention and completed the questionnaire. The analysis of the developed metric with a leave one out cross-validation correctly allocated 14 of the 15 participants to their clinic.

Discussion

In contrast to the identified similarities of table setups within clinics with the collected data, only a third of the participants confirmed in the questionnaire that there is an existing table setup standard for Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery interventions in their facility, but almost three quarters would support a written standard and acknowledge its possible benefits for trainees and new entrants in the operating room.

Conclusions

The structured analysis of the surgical instrument table using a data-driven metric for comparison is a novel approach to gain deeper knowledge about intra-operative processes. The insights can contribute to patient safety by improving the workflow between surgeon and scrub nurse and also open the way for goal-oriented standardization.
Asthma Attacks in Children—Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Jones Helena , Lawton Adam , Gupta Atul
Published: January 2022

Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood worldwide, and is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in children and young people (CYP). Given the inherent dangers of a child experiencing even a single asthma attack, it is essential to identify and manage modifiable risk factors at every clinical opportunity. Following an attack, there is an opportunity to prevent future attacks by assessing compliance and optimizing asthma control. Careful questioning will allow physicians to identify asthma triggers, barriers to good asthma control, and health beliefs or socioeconomic obstacles that may have contributed to this attack. The vast majority of children with asthma can achieve good symptom control with appropriate use of low-dose inhaled corticosteroids.
Nederlandse preventie-uitgaven onder de loep
Authors: van Gils Paul F. , Suijkerbuijk Anita W.M. , Polder Johan J. , de Wit G. Ardine , Koopmanschap Marc
Published: January 2022

Samenvatting

Inleiding

We hebben berekend hoeveel er in 2015 aan preventie is uitgegeven. We maakten onderscheid tussen gezondheidsbescherming, gezondheidsbevordering en ziektepreventie. Bij de berekening van de uitgaven beperkten we ons tot universele, selectieve en geïndiceerde preventie. Zorggerelateerde preventie kan nauwelijks onderscheiden worden van curatieve zorg. De uitgaven aan preventie zijn berekend vanuit een maatschappelijk perspectief.

Methode

We hebben gevarieerde bronnen gebruikt om de uitgaven aan preventie te onderzoeken. Voor zover de kosten onderdeel waren van de uitgaven aan zorg zijn de berekeningen gebaseerd op de gegevens van het CBS. Voor het overige is gebruikgemaakt van jaarrapporten en jaarrekeningen van ministeries en andere organisaties. Ook uitgaven van consumenten, het bedrijfsleven, ngo’s en verzekeringsmaatschappijen zijn opgenomen.

Resultaten

In 2015 werd 12,5 miljard euro (1,8% van het bruto binnenlands product) uitgegeven aan preventie: 2,4 miljard aan ziektepreventie (18,8%), 0,6 miljard aan gezondheidsbevordering (5,2%) en 9,5 miljard aan gezondheidsbescherming (76%). Dit is 17% minder dan er in 2007 is uitgegeven, het laatste jaar dat een dergelijk onderzoek is uitgevoerd.

Conclusie

De uitgaven aan preventie zijn relatief laag vergeleken met de totale uitgaven aan zorg. Het grootste gedeelte gaat naar gezondheidsbescherming. In de komende jaren is er mogelijk een stijging aan uitgaven voor gezondheidsbevordering door regeringsbeleid, zoals het Nationaal Preventieakkoord.
Roken en alcoholgebruik onder Nederlandse scholieren
Authors: Tuithof Marlous , van Dorsselaer Saskia , Rombouts Marieke , Kleinjan Marloes , Monshouwer Karin
Published: January 2022

Samenvatting

De afgelopen decennia is sterk ingezet op het terugdringen van tabaks- en alcoholgebruik onder jongeren. Monitoring is belangrijk om te toetsen of uitgezet beleid gepaard gaat met het gewenste resultaat. Met gegevens van het Peilstationsonderzoek Scholieren wordt onderzocht hoe het tabaks- en alcoholgebruik onder scholieren van twaalf tot en met zestien jaar tussen 1999 en 2019 veranderd is, met specifieke aandacht voor (1) verschillen naar geslacht en leeftijd, en (2) veranderingen in de populatiesamenstelling over tijd. Roken en alcoholgebruik zijn in deze periode sterk gedaald (lifetime-prevalentie roken van 53,9% in 1999 naar 17,0% in 2019; lifetime-prevalentie alcoholgebruik van 71,9% naar 46,6%). De daling heeft zich vooral tot 2015 voorgedaan en lijkt sindsdien tot stilstand gekomen. De trends zijn voor jongens en meisjes vrijwel hetzelfde, maar de daling is voor jongere leeftijdsgroepen groter dan voor oudere leeftijdsgroepen. Ook na controle voor sociaal-demografische kenmerken bleef de daling in roken en alcoholgebruik bestaan. Daarnaast is het drinken van vijf glazen of meer bij één gelegenheid (bingedrinken) onder degenen die de afgelopen maand dronken van 64,1% in 2003 gestegen naar 70,6% in 2019. Een nieuwe impuls lijkt nodig om het gebruik van tabak en alcohol onder scholieren verder terug te dringen.
Van weelde naar waarde
Authors: Bussemaker Jet , Kramer Anneke
Published: January 2022

Samenvatting

De Nederlandse zorg behoort tot de beste van de wereld. Toch is er onvrede, vooral in de eerste lijn. Vijf jaar na de decentralisatie komt de samenwerking tussen zorg en welzijn nog steeds maar moeizaam op gang. Het lukt ons niet meer te doen aan preventie, terwijl dat in het kader van gezondheidsbevordering en kostenbeheersing noodzakelijk is. Zorgmedewerkers ervaren weinig professionele ruimte en veel administratieve werkdruk, en willen minder gaan werken. Een alarmerend vooruitzicht, gezien de vergrijzing. Is het mogelijk tegen deze achtergrond inspiratie op te doen in een land waar men een fractie uitgeeft van de Nederlandse zorgkosten en dat een tekort kent aan medicijnen en instrumenten? Ja, dat kan, zo zagen we in Cuba, toen een multidisciplinaire groep gezondheidswerkers (in opleiding) daar in januari op studiereis was. De groep kreeg veel energie van de Cubaanse aanpak gericht op preventie en gezondheidsbevordering, kleinschalige, integrale zorg en een organisatie die dat ondersteunt. In dit artikel schetsen we de gezondheidszorg in Cuba aan de hand van onze ervaringen, met een focus op de ouderenzorg, en vergelijken deze met Nederland.
COVID-19: over welke mensen maken we ons extra zorgen?
Authors: Kraaij-Dirkzwager Marleen M. , Tromp M. U. Yke , van der Torn Pieter
Published: January 2022

Samenvatting

COVID-19 raakt de samenleving in zijn geheel. Het blijkt lastig om een goede balans te vinden tussen de risico’s van een infectie met SARS-CoV‑2 en de schade door de uitbraakbeheersing (verder: COVID-maatregelen). Meer bescherming voor de één betekent soms meer risico voor het leven, levensonderhoud en samenleven van een ander. Zicht op kwetsbare groepen is nodig om de zorg en ondersteuning te kunnen afstemmen op hun risico’s en behoeften. Dit artikel gaat na welke groepen extra kwetsbaar zijn voor negatieve neveneffecten van COVID-maatregelen. We willen daarmee een discussie op gang brengen over optimale ondersteuning van deze en vergelijkbare groepen mensen tijdens en na deze crisis.
Streefwaarden voor de volksgezondheid
Authors: Mierau Jochen O. , Toebes Brigit C.A.
Published: January 2022

Samenvatting

In deze bijdrage breken wij een lans voor wettelijk verankerde streefwaarden voor de volksgezondheid, analoog aan de milieuwetgeving. Aanknopingspunten hiertoe zijn te vinden in internationale en nationale beleidsafspraken, zoals de Duurzame ontwikkelingsdoelen en het Nationaal Preventieakkoord. Wettelijke verankering is minder vrijblijvend en biedt een mogelijkheid om de overheid ter verantwoording te roepen.
Kwetsbaarheid tijdens de zwangerschap is meer dan een disbalans tussen risicofactoren en beschermende factoren
Authors: Feijen-de Jong Esther I. , Warmelink J. Catja , Dalmaijer Maria , van der Stouwe Relinde A.
Published: January 2022

Samenvatting

Het concept kwetsbaarheid tijdens de zwangerschap is een complex en veelzijdig begrip. Om meer inzicht te krijgen in de complexiteit van kwetsbaarheid gebruiken de onderzoekers van de vakgroep Verloskundige wetenschap in Groningen in hun onderzoek naar interventies voor kwetsbare zwangeren het model van Briscoe et al. In dit model interacteren bedreigingen, herstelmogelijkheden en barrières met elkaar. Willen de interventies die ontwikkeld zijn voor kwetsbare zwangeren optimaal gebruikt worden, dan is meer aandacht nodig voor barrières die de toegang tot de juiste zorg of hulp in de weg staan.
Veranderingen in ervaren voedselzekerheid en eetgedrag in Nederland sinds de COVID-19-uitbraak
Authors: van der Velde Laura A. , Numans Mattijs E. , Kiefte-de Jong Jessica C.
Published: January 2022

Samenvatting

In dit onderzoek beschrijven we veranderingen in ervaren voedselzekerheid en eetgewoonten in Nederland sinds het begin van de COVID-19-crisis, hoe deze veranderingen werden ervaren, en welke mogelijkheden werden aangegeven voor een gezonder eetpatroon. Het onderzoek werd uitgevoerd met online vragenlijsten onder volwassenen in Nederland met een relatief lage sociaaleconomische positie (n = 1.033). De resultaten laten veranderingen in ervaren voedselzekerheid zien sinds het begin van de COVID-19-crisis: zowel richting een hogere als een lagere ervaren voedselzekerheid. Ongeveer een vijfde van de deelnemers gaf een veranderd eetpatroon aan sinds het begin van de COVID-19-crisis, terwijl meer dan de helft van de deelnemers met een verminderde voedselzekerheid een veranderd eetpatroon rapporteerde: zij gaven aan minder gezond en minder groente en fruit te eten. Deelnemers met een verminderde voedselzekerheid hadden vaker behoefte aan hulp bij gezonder eten. Een goedkoper voedselaanbod werd gezien als een oplossing, terwijl voedselbankgebruik weinig werd genoemd als mogelijke hulp voor een gezonder eetpatroon. De COVID-19-crisis leidt tot financiële onzekerheid bij veel mensen en ook tot veranderingen in de beschikbaarheid van voedsel – bekende risicofactoren voor een verminderde voedselzekerheid. Daarom benadrukken deze bevindingen de urgentie van maatregelen om voedselzekerheid te verhogen en gepaste hulp en ondersteuning te bieden bij een gezond eetpatroon, vooral voor mensen met een verminderde voedselzekerheid.
Kennisagenda samen gezond leven: hoe dan?
Authors: Hagenaars Luc , Boulogne Fleur , van Oers Hans , Baan Caroline , Garretsen Henk
Published: January 2022

Samenvatting

In het begin van 2020 heeft staatssecretaris Paul Blokhuis het Kennisplatform Preventie in het leven geroepen. Dit platform bestaat uit experts uit de wetenschap, het beleid en de praktijk van preventie. Het doel is om tot meer samenhang te komen in de programmering en het gebruik van kennis over preventie, aan de hand van een dynamische kennisagenda. In haar meest recente agenda (Kennisagenda preventie 2021: mentale gezondheid op de agenda – ZonMw) stelt het kennisplatform dat hoe-vragen meer prioriteit verdienen dan wat-vragen, als het gaat om leefstijl en mentale gezondheid. Dit artikel licht de aanleiding en inhoud van de kennisagenda en het kennisplatform toe, en roept lezers op om mee te denken via kennisplatformpreventie@zonmw.nl.
The Parrot’s Training in the pandemic: fallacies in India’s educational response to COVID-19
Authors: Krishnapriya T. K. , Rani Padma
Published: January 2022

The paper explores India's response in the face of the COVID-19 educational crisis compared to the educational thoughts and experiments of Rabindranath Tagore, Asia's first Nobel laureate and an avid educator. The context of the study is formulated from the perception that the past and present are interconnected; hence examining similarities and dissimilarities between them can reveal latent undercurrents. A comparative historical method is employed for the study to take three diverse yet interconnected periods in the Indian education system—the Tagorean/colonial period, the post-independence period, and the pandemic period—for a continuous and comprehensive evaluation. Tagore's educational experiences evidenced that the colonial system reeled under biases that alienated the natives from their nation and its operations. Despite the efforts, the post-independence period bears remnants of the colonial system. The educational response to the pandemic also exhibits specific social, cultural, and economic tensions similar to its predecessors. As the COVID-19 lockdown implementation has  forced shutters on the educational institutions, an increasing emphasis is laid on digital education without adequate engagement with the pre-existing challenges. Under this convoluted circumstance, the paper opines that colonization continues to be the underlying process propelling the education system. Thus, the Tagorean ideals of education and its indigenous ways require urgent consideration before falling back on the old system post pandemic or endorsing digital education as the next giant stride in education.
An Optical Digital Twin for Underwater Photogrammetry
Authors: Nakath David , She Mengkun , Song Yifan , Köser Kevin
Published: January 2022

Most parts of the Earth’s surface are situated in the deep ocean. To explore this visually rather adversarial environment with cameras, they have to be protected by pressure housings. These housings, in turn, need interfaces to the world, enduring extreme pressures within the water column. Commonly, a flat window or a half-sphere of glass, called flat-port or dome-port, respectively is used to implement such kind of interface. Hence, multi-media interfaces, between water, glass and air are introduced, entailing refraction effects in the images taken through them. To obtain unbiased 3D measurements and to yield a geometrically faithful reconstruction of the scene, it is mandatory to deal with the effects in a proper manner. Hence, we propose an optical digital twin of an underwater environment, which has been geometrically verified to resemble a real water lab tank that features the two most common optical interfaces. It can be used to develop, evaluate, train, test and tune refractive algorithms. Alongside this paper, we publish the model for further extension, jointly with code to dynamically generate samples from the dataset. Finally, we also publish a pre-rendered dataset ready for use at https://git.geomar.de/david-nakath/geodt.
Efficacy of Combination Therapy with the JAK Inhibitor Baricitinib in the Treatment of COVID-19
Authors: Thoms Brendan L. , Gosselin Jeanne , Libman Bonita , Littenberg Benjamin , Budd Ralph C.
Published: January 2022

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), resulting from infection with SARS-CoV-2, spans a wide spectrum of illness. In severely ill patients, highly elevated serum levels of certain cytokines and considerable cytolytic T cell infiltrates in the lungs have been observed. These same patients may bear low to negligible viral burdens suggesting that an overactive immune response, often termed cytokine storm, contributes to the severity of COVID-19. We report the safety and efficacy of baricitinib combined with remdesivir and dexamethasone in a retrospective review of 45 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia at a tertiary academic medical center. Patients received 7-day course of baricitinib, 5-day course of remdesivir, and 10-day course of dexamethasone. Clinical status and biomarkers were obtained daily. Outcomes assessed include mortality, duration of hospitalization, presence of shock, need for supplemental oxygen, need for non-invasive ventilation, need for mechanical ventilation, and development of thrombosis. Obesity and multiple medical comorbidities were associated with hospitalization in the setting of COVID-19. Treated patients demonstrated rapid declines of C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin and D-dimer with gradual improvement in hemoglobin, platelet counts, and clinical status. Only 2 of 45 (4.4%) treated patients required mechanical ventilation after initiating treatment, and there were six deaths (13.3%). Only 2 of 45 (4.4%) treated patients required mechanical ventilation after initiating treatment. There were six deaths (13.3%) and these were associated with lower BMI. These findings support the utility of immunosuppression via JAK inhibition in moderate to severe COVID-19 pneumonia.
Manufacturing Statelessness
Authors: Jain Neha
Published: January 2022

Having recently emerged from its unenviable status as the runt of international law, the phenomenon of statelessness nonetheless eludes traditional international legal instruments. Confronted with questions of nationality that typically fall within the domain of sovereignty, international and regional human rights bodies struggle to rein in the increasingly creative measures that states adopt to obscure the production and persistence of statelessness. This Article uncovers and dissects the different ways in which states manufacture statelessness not through explicitly discriminatory laws and unequal treatment, but through manipulating ostensibly neutral criteria for nationality. The Article identifies three such criteria that are not traditionally considered “suspect” categories for the grant or denial of nationality: time, territory, and administrative practice. It also suggests doctrinal, policy, and strategic tools for identifying and responding to the types of statelessness that are not a collateral consequence of state failure or incompetence, but the outcome of state intentionality.
“Woke” Corporations and the Stigmatization of Corporate Social Initiatives
Authors: Warren Danielle E.
Published: January 2022

Recent corporate social initiatives (CSIs) have garnered criticisms from a wide range of audiences due to perceived inconsistencies. Some critics use the label “woke” when CSIs are perceived as inconsistent with the firm’s purpose. Other critics use the label “woke washing” when CSIs are perceived as inconsistent with the firm’s practices or values. I will argue that this derogatory use of woke is stigmatizing, leads to claims of hypocrisy, and can cause stakeholder backlash. I connect this process to our own field by considering inconsistencies in our organizations and in our teaching that could garner similar criticisms. After describing the stigmatization process, I consider the moral implications of inconsistencies for CSIs and draw parallels to our field. I end by suggesting next steps for our field in response to the stigmatization of CSIs and to guard against the stigmatization of our own work.
Experimental Measurement of the Size of Gaps Required to Compromise Fit of an N95 Respirator
Authors: O’Kelly Eugenia , Arora Anmol , Pirog Sophia , Ward James , Clarkson P. John
Published: January 2022

Objective:

The effectiveness of filtering facepiece respirators such as N95 respirators is heavily dependent on the fit. However, there have been limited efforts to discover the size of the gaps in the seal required to compromise filtering facepiece respirator performance, with prior studies estimating this size based on in vitro models. In this study, we measure the size of leak necessary to compromise the fit of N95 respirators.

Methods:

Two methods were used to create a gap of specific dimensions. A set of 3D-printed resin spacers and hollow steel rods were used to generate gaps in N95 respirators while worn on 2 participants. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) quantitative fit testing methods were used to quantify mask performance with gaps between 0.4 and 2.9-mm diameters.

Results:

Gap size was regressed against fit factor, showing that overall, the minimum gap size to compromise N95 performance was between 1.5 mm2 and 3 mm2.

Conclusions:

These findings suggest the fit of a N95 respirator is compromised by gaps that may be difficult to visually detect. The study also adds to the body of evidence supporting the routine use of quantitative fit testing to ensure that masks are well-fitting.
p38 activation and viral infection
Authors: Wang Luyao , Xia Zhiqiang , Tang Wei , Sun Yu , Wu Yingliang , Kwok Hang Fai , Sun Fang , Cao Zhijian
Published: January 2022

Viruses completely rely on the energy and metabolic systems of host cells for life activities. Viral infections usually lead to cytopathic effects and host diseases. To date, there are still no specific clinical vaccines or drugs against most viral infections. Therefore, understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of viral infections is of great significance to prevent and treat viral diseases. A variety of viral infections are related to the p38 MAPK signalling pathway, and p38 is an important host factor in virus-infected cells. Here, we introduce the different signalling pathways of p38 activation and then summarise how different viruses induce p38 phosphorylation. Finally, we provide a general summary of the effect of p38 activation on virus replication. Our review provides integrated data on p38 activation and viral infections and describes the potential application of targeting p38 as an antiviral strategy.
Repatriation in university museum collections: Case studies from the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology
Authors: Jacobs Jordan , Porter Benjamin W.
Published: January 2022

University-based anthropology museums are uniquely positioned to pursue nuanced decisions concerning the disposition of collections in their care, setting best practice for the field. The authors describe a three-staged approach to repatriations that they led during their concurrent service as head of cultural policy and repatriation (Jordan Jacobs) and director (Benjamin Porter) of the University of California, Berkeley’s Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology between 2015 and 2019. Examples involving human remains and cultural objects from Australia, Canada, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iraq, Japan, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Saipan, Senegal, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and South Carolina in the United States demonstrate the benefits of transparency, open communication, and rigorous investigation of provenance and provenience, which may or may not lead to transfer based on the criteria and priorities of potential recipients. This article also provides a history of the Hearst Museum’s Cultural Policy and Repatriation division, which was disbanded in 2021.
Leben - so wie Sie es eigentlich wollen
Authors: Jansen Gijs
Published: January 2022

„Ich bin eben sehr zurückhaltend.“ „Ich habe einfach kein Glück.“ „Ich bin nicht attraktiv genug.“ Viele Menschen haben negative Gedanken und Überzeugungen von sich selbst. Häufig verstellen diese Gedanken und damit einhergehende Ängste uns den Weg zu neuen Erfahrungen, die wir vielleicht gerne machen würden. Sie verbrauchen viel unserer Zeit und Energie und beeinträchtigen unsere Lebensqualität. Doch wie können wir unsere sorgenvollen Gedanken über uns und die Welt, in der wir leben, loslassen?
Dieser Ratgeber zeigt Ihnen Schritt für Schritt, wie Sie sich von Ihren negativen Gedanken und Ängsten distanzieren können. Auf Basis der Akzeptanz- und Commitment-Therapie (ACT) erläutert der Autor, welche Rolle unser Verstand für unsere Selbstüberzeugungen spielt und wie wir durch unsere Erfahrungen geprägt werden. Viele praktische Übungen unterstützen Sie darin, sich selbst besser annehmen und Ihren Wünschen und Sehnsüchten auf den Grund gehen zu können. Durch die erlernte Akzeptanz können Sie sich die Zeit und den Raum schaffen, die Sie benötigen, um wirklich zu leben – so wie Sie es eigentlich wollen.
Resolving Magnetopause Shadowing Using Multimission Measurements of Phase Space Density
Authors: Staples F. A. , Kellerman A. , Murphy K. R. , Rae I. J. , Sandhu J. K. , Forsyth C.
Published: January 2022

Loss mechanisms act independently or in unison to drive rapid loss of electrons in the radiation belts. Electrons may be lost by precipitation into the Earth's atmosphere, or through the magnetopause into interplanetary space—a process known as magnetopause shadowing. While magnetopause shadowing is known to produce dropouts in electron flux, it is unclear if shadowing continues to remove particles in tandem with electron acceleration processes, limiting the overall flux increase. We investigated the contribution of shadowing to overall radiation belt fluxes throughout a geomagnetic storm starting on the 7 September 2017. We use new, multimission phase space density calculations to decipher electron dynamics during each storm phase and identify features of magnetopause shadowing during both the net‐loss and the net‐acceleration storm phases on sub‐hour time scales. We also highlight two distinct types of shadowing; “direct,” where electrons are lost as their orbit intersects the magnetopause, and “indirect,” where electrons are lost through ULF wave driven radial transport toward the magnetopause boundary.
Simulation and Assessment of Projected Climate Change Impacts on Urban Flood Events: Insights From Flooding Characteristic Metrics
Authors: Hou Jinjin , Zhang Yongyong , Xia Jun , Wang Yueling , Zhang Shiyan , Pan Xingyao , Yang Moyuan , Leng Guoyong , Dou Ming
Published: January 2022

Urban flooding is a global water disaster resulting from the expansion of urban impervious surfaces and the strengthening of extreme precipitation events, especially in China. Nonetheless, few studies have focused on the spatial distributions of urban flooding characteristics and their variations in the context of climate change. In this study, eight critical metrics (i.e., maximum flooding volume, total overloaded manholes with different flooding volumes or durations, total flooding volume, mean and maximum flooding durations, maximum inundation area, and depth) are adopted to characterize the urban flood events. The impacts of climate change on these metrics are assessed for two periods, the 2030s (2020–2049) and 2070s (2060–2089), and compared with those in the baseline period (1976–2005). The Future Science City Park in Beijing, China, is selected as our study area. The results show that all four flood events are well simulated, with both efficiency coefficients and correlation coefficients being over 0.8. The number of overloaded manholes and the total flooding volume are projected to increase 19.3%–44.8% and 171%–716% under 20‐year rainfall events due to climate change in the two future periods. The spatial distribution of overloaded manholes with different increased flooding volumes is projected to expand to almost the whole area from the region with lowland and limited drainage capacity. Furthermore, the maximum inundation area and depth are projected to increase obviously. This study will be helpful for designing and improving the drainage system, controlling urban flooding, and adapting to climate change.
Cyanobacterial Soil Crust Responses to Rainfall and Effects on Wind Erosion in a Semiarid Environment, Australia: Implications for Landscape Stability
Authors: Bullard J. E. , Strong C. L. , Aubault H. A. P.
Published: January 2022

Cyanobacterial biocrusts (CBCs) perform a range of functions including early successional colonization of substrates, modification of soil properties, surface stabilization and carbon sequestration. The response of CBCs to hydration is well‐constrained for cultured or single‐species but less so for in situ communities and there are few studies of CBC response to, and impact on, wind erosion. This paper investigates the in situ response of dryland CBCs to rainfall and wind erosion using biological and physical indicators. Field sites are in central Australia in three geomorphic situations ‐ sand dune, nebkha and claypan. Results indicate higher amounts of rainfall trigger a more intense biological response than lower amounts, but not one of longer duration. The intensity of photosynthetic response to rainfall appears related to air temperature. The relationship between CBC and soil loss by wind erosion is inconclusive, but saltation efficiency (Qs/Q) is highest on the dune and claypan when tested 48 hr after applying 5 mm of rainfall. This is attributed to rainfall detachment of sand particles increasing the availability of loose erodible material on the surface. The results highlight the rapid biological response of CBCs to rainfall events (within hours), and the importance of overall environmental conditions, such as air temperature, but raise questions as to the longevity of the biological impact of such response. Drought‐affected CBCs can protect the surface against wind erosion but dehydration may reduce resilience to disturbance and, under predicted future climate scenarios, the protective role of cyanobacterial crusts may be compromised.
Southeastern United States Hydroclimate During Holocene Abrupt Climate Events: Evidence From New Stalagmite Isotopic Records From Alabama
Authors: Medina‐Elizalde Martín , Perritano Stefan , DeCesare Matthew , Polanco‐Martinez Josué , Lases‐Hernandez Fernanda , Serrato‐Marks Gabriela , McGee David
Published: January 2022

We present new high‐resolution absolute‐dated stalagmite δ18O and δ13C records from Alabama, southeastern United States (SE US), spanning the last 12 thousand years (ka). A local relationship between annual rainfall amount and its amount‐weighed δ18O composition exists on interannual timescales, driven mostly by an amount effect during summer and spring seasons. Based on a novel quantitative interpretation of modern rainfall isotopic data, stalagmite δ18O variability is interpreted to reflect the relative contribution of summer and spring precipitation combined, relative to combined fall and winter precipitation. Precipitation amount in the SE US increases during an interval of 500 yr coeval with the Younger Dryas and during the 8.2 ka and Little Ice Age abrupt cooling events. High precipitation during these events reflects enhancement of spring and summer precipitation by 90% combined, relative to today's conditions, while the contribution of fall and winter rainfall remained unchanged or decreased slightly. Results from this study support model simulation results that suggest increased precipitation in the SE US during Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) slowdown/shutdown. In association with Northern Hemisphere mid‐latitude cooling from the Early to mid‐Holocene, annual precipitation in the SE US decreases, a pattern distinctive from that observed during abrupt cooling events related to AMOC shifts. Long‐term hydroclimate change in the SE US is likely sensitive to summer insolation reduction as inferred to have occurred in other tropical and subtropical regions. The dynamical link between AMOC shutdown and precipitation variability in the SE US remains to be examined.
Bayesian Calibration of a Natural State Geothermal Reservoir Model, Krafla, North Iceland
Authors: Scott S. W. , O’Sullivan J. P. , Maclaren O. J. , Nicholson R. , Covell C. , Newson J. , Guðjónsdóttir M. S.
Published: January 2022

The Krafla area in north Iceland hosts a high‐temperature geothermal system within a volcanic caldera. Temperature measurements from boreholes drilled for power generation reveal enigmatic contrasts throughout the drilled area. While wells in the western part of the production field indicate a 0.5–1 km thick near‐isothermal (∼210°C) liquid‐dominated reservoir underlain by a deeper boiling reservoir, wells in the east indicate boiling conditions extending from the surface to the maximum depth of drilled wells (∼2 km). Understanding these systematic temperature contrasts in terms of the subsurface permeability structure has remained challenging. Here, we present a new numerical model of the natural, pre‐exploitation state of the Krafla system, incorporating a new geologic/conceptual model and a version of TOUGH2 extending to supercritical conditions. The model shows how the characteristic temperature distribution results from structural partitioning of the system by a rift‐parallel eruptive fissure and an aquitard at the transition between deeper basement intrusions and high‐permeability extrusive volcanic rocks. As model calibration is performed using a Bayesian framework, the posterior results reveal significant uncertainty in the inferred permeability values for the different rock types, often exceeding two orders of magnitude. While the model shows how zones of single‐phase supercritical vapor develop above the deep intrusive heat source, more data from deep wells is needed to better constrain the extent and temperature of the deep supercritical zones. However, the model suggests the presence of a significant untapped resource at Krafla.
Nuclear factor of activated T cells 4 in the prefrontal cortex is required for prophylactic actions of (R)-ketamine
Authors: Ma Li , Zhang Jiancheng , Fujita Yuko , Qu Youge , Shan Jiajing , Wan Xiayun , Wang Xingming , Ishima Tamaki , Kobayashi Kenta , Wang Long , Hashimoto Kenji
Published: January 2022

(R, S)-ketamine has prophylactic antidepressant-like effects in rodents; however, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying its action remain unknown. Using RNA-sequencing analysis, we searched novel molecular target(s) that contribute to the prophylactic effects of (R)-ketamine, a more potent enantiomer of (R, S)-ketamine. Pretreatment with (R)-ketamine (10 mg/kg, 6 days before) significantly ameliorated body weight loss, splenomegaly, and increased immobility time of forced swimming test in lipopolysaccharide (LPS: 1.0 mg/kg)-treated mice. RNA-sequencing analysis of prefrontal cortex (PFC) and subsequent IPA (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis) revealed that the nuclear factor of activated T cells 4 (NFATc4) signaling might contribute to sustained prophylactic effects of (R)-ketamine. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed that (R)-ketamine significantly attenuated the increased gene expression of NFATc4 signaling (Nfatc4, Cd4, Cd79b, H2-ab1, H2-aa) in the PFC of LPS-treated mice. Furthermore, pretreatment with NFAT inhibitors (i.e., NFAT inhibitor and cyclosporin A) showed prophylactic effects in the LPS-treated mice. Similar to (R)-ketamine, gene knockdown of Nfatc4 gene by bilateral injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV) into the mPFC could elicit prophylactic effects in the LPS-treated mice. In conclusion, our data implicate a novel NFATc4 signaling pathway in the PFC underlying the prophylactic effects of (R)-ketamine for inflammation-related depression.