bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Innovative Eco-Friendly Concrete Utilizing Coconut Shell Fibers and Coir Pith Ash for Sustainable Development
Authors: Satheesh Kumar Sivasamy , Murugesan Ramasamy , Sivaraja Muthusamy , Athijayamani Anand
Published: June 2024

Concrete is the most commonly used and essential material in the construction industry, and it is also the most widely utilized product globally. The construction industry is a rapidly expanding industry. To improve the efficiency and strength properties of concrete, researchers from all over the world continue to search for supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and industrial by-products that can be incorporated as alternative materials. The current study aimed to determine the effects of partially substituting coir pith ash (CPA) for cement in coconut shell concrete, in addition to utilizing steel and coconut fibers. Various percentages of CPA were used to replace cement in the concrete mixes, ranging from 5% to 20% by cement weight. Steel fibers were utilized in this study at volume ratios of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0%, and coconut fibers were utilized at volume ratios of 0.1% to 0.5% with an increment of 0.1% in the concrete to achieve the desired results. Various properties have been examined, such as workability, mechanical, durability, and morphological tests. The addition of coir pith ash to concrete increased its compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths by 10.36%, 8.75%, and 7.7% at 28 days compared to control concrete. The incorporation of coconut fiber and coconut shell in concrete production improves its performance and strength while also preserving natural resources and offering a solution to the problem of disposing of solid waste.
Stability and Numerical Simulation of a Nonlinear Hadamard Fractional Coupling Laplacian System with Symmetric Periodic Boundary Conditions
Authors: Lv Xiaojun , Zhao Kaihong , Xie Haiping
Published: June 2024

The Hadamard fractional derivative and integral are important parts of fractional calculus which have been widely used in engineering, biology, neural networks, control theory, and so on. In addition, the periodic boundary conditions are an important class of symmetric two-point boundary conditions for differential equations and have wide applications. Therefore, this article considers a class of nonlinear Hadamard fractional coupling (p1,p2)-Laplacian systems with periodic boundary value conditions. Based on nonlinear analysis methods and the contraction mapping principle, we obtain some new and easily verifiable sufficient criteria for the existence and uniqueness of solutions to this system. Moreover, we further discuss the generalized Ulam–Hyers (GUH) stability of this problem by using some inequality techniques. Finally, three examples and simulations explain the correctness and availability of our main results.
Measurement and Control of Risk Contagion in Portfolio Optimization Processes
Authors: Qiao Risheng , Qiao Yongsheng
Published: June 2024

The success of an investment portfolio is not only related to its yield, but is also influenced by market risks, especially the contagion risks that may exist between assets. Therefore, effective portfolio optimization requires first studying the risk contagion relationship between financial assets. We selected a total of six financial assets from different stock and exchange rate markets as the research objects, and explored the risk contagion relationships of various assets in the investment portfolio through Vine Copula. Research has shown that there is often a structural mutation in one or some assets of an investment portfolio, leading to significant fluctuations in investment returns. The Vine Copula model can effectively measure the risk contagion between assets caused by asset structural mutations.
Introducing Fixed-Point Theorems and Applications in Fuzzy Bipolar b-Metric Spaces with ψα- and ϝη-Contractive Maps
Authors: Alnabulsi Salam , Salameh Wael Mahmoud Mohammad , Rashid Mohammad H. M.
Published: June 2024

In this study, we introduce novel concepts within the framework of fuzzy bipolar b-metric spaces, focusing on various mappings such as ψα-contractive and ϝη-contractive mappings, which are essential for quantifying distances between dissimilar elements. We establish fixed-point theorems for these mappings, demonstrating the existence of invariant points under certain conditions. To enhance the credibility and applicability of our findings, we provide illustrative examples that support these theorems and expand the existing knowledge in this field. Furthermore, we explore practical applications of our research, particularly in solving integral equations and fractional differential equations, showcasing the robustness and utility of our theoretical advancements. Symmetry, both in its traditional sense and within the fuzzy context, is fundamental to our study of fuzzy bipolar b-metric spaces. The introduced contractive mappings and fixed-point theorems expand the theoretical framework and offer robust tools for addressing practical problems where symmetry is significant.
Assorted Spatial Optical Dynamics of a Generalized Fractional Quadruple Nematic Liquid Crystal System in Non-Local Media
Authors: Al Zubi Mohammad A. , Afef Kallekh , Az-Zo’bi Emad A.
Published: June 2024

Nematicons upgrade the recognition of light localization in the reorientation of non-local media. the current research employs a powerful integral scheme using a different procedure, namely, the modified simple equation method (MSEM), to analyze nematicons in liquid crystals from the controlling model. The expanded MSEM is investigated to enlarge the applicability of the standard one. The suggested expansion depends on merging the MSEM and the ansatz method. The new generalized nonlinear n-times quadruple power law is included. With the aid of the symbolic computational package Mathematica, new explicit complex hyperbolic, periodic, and more exact spatial soliton solutions are derived. Moreover, the related existence constraints are obtained. To show the dynamical properties of some of the obtained nematicons, three-dimensional profiles with corresponding contours are depicted with the choice of appropriate values of arbitrary parameters. The fractional impacts in various applicable senses are analyzed to investigate the generality of the considered model.
Lump-Type Solutions, Mixed Solutions and Rogue Waves for a (3+1)-Dimensional Variable-Coefficients Burgers Equation
Authors: Wu Jianwen , Cai Yuejin , Cheng Xueping
Published: June 2024

In this work, we consider the (3+1)-dimensional Burgers equation with variable coefficients, which is frequently used to define the motion of solitary waves. Abundant lump waves are constructed by taking the ansatz as a rational function. Furthermore, mixed solutions utilizing lump waves, rogue waves, and kink solitons are obtained by combining the rational function with an exponential function, resulting in fission and fusion phenomena.
Reliability Analysis of the Freeze–Thaw Cycle of Aeolian Sand Concrete Based on a Dual Neural Network in Series Structure Failure Mode
Authors: He Yun , Xue Huijun , Du Juan
Published: June 2024

Aeolian sand is a low-quality natural resource widely distributed in Inner Mongolia, China. Aeolian sand concrete has been developed as a primary raw material and tested to determine its frost resistance durability. In this study, the mechanism of concrete durability damage and deterioration was determined through the use of relative dynamic elastic modulus and mass loss ratio macroscopic evaluation indices, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). According to the mathematical statistics method, the marginal statistical distribution of each damage parameter was obtained, and the Copula method of series structural failure mode was proposed to construct the joint probability density function of concrete structural damage parameters. Structural reliability was analyzed via the dual neural network method, and the reliability of aeolian sand concrete was calculated in order to accurately predict the number of freeze–thaw cycles involved in structural failure. The findings of the present study indicate that the relative dynamic elastic modulus decreases progressively while mass loss increases gradually during an increasing number of freeze–thaw cycles. This result effectively illustrates the degradation pattern of the aeolian sand concrete specimens’ frost resistance. The reliability analysis model developed in the present study can effectively capture the correlation between structural reliability and freeze–thaw cycles in concrete structures, enabling accurate prediction of the remaining lifespan of aeolian sand concrete.
Geometric Features of the Hurwitz–Lerch Zeta Type Function Based on Differential Subordination Method
Authors: Abdulnabi Faten F. , F. Al-Janaby Hiba , Ghanim Firas , Lupaș Alina Alb
Published: June 2024

The interest in special complex functions and their wide-ranging implementations in geometric function theory (GFT) has developed tremendously. Recently, subordination theory has been instrumentally employed for special functions to explore their geometric properties. In this effort, by using a convolutional structure, we combine the geometric series, logarithm, and Hurwitz–Lerch zeta functions to formulate a new special function, namely, the logarithm-Hurwitz–Lerch zeta function (LHL-Z function). This investigation then contributes to the study of the LHL-Z function in terms of the geometric theory of holomorphic functions, based on the differential subordination methodology, to discuss and determine the univalence and convexity conditions of the LHL-Z function. Moreover, there are other subordination and superordination connections that may be visually represented using geometric methods. Functions often exhibit symmetry when subjected to conformal mappings. The investigation of the symmetries of these mappings may provide a clearer understanding of how subordination and superordination with the Hurwitz–Lerch zeta function behave under different transformations.
The Olfactory Receptor Olfr25 Mediates Sperm Dysfunction Induced by Low-Dose Bisphenol A through the CatSper-Ca2+ Signaling Pathway
Authors: Gu Jing , Zhang Ning , Jiang Xiao , Zhu Lei , Lou Yixia , Sun Shengqi , Yin Li , Liu Jinyi
Published: June 2024

Bisphenol A (BPA), a typical endocrine disruptor, is known to have various adverse effects on the male reproductive system. However, the toxic effects and mechanisms of low-dose BPA have not yet been fully explored. In this study, male Kunming mice were orally administered low-dose BPA (0.03, 0.3 and 3 mg/kg/d) for ten consecutive weeks. Pathological sections of testicular tissue showed no significant morphological differences after BPA exposure. An analysis of the functional parameters of sperm revealed that exposure to low-dose BPA significantly decreased sperm motility, chemotaxis, and the acrosome reaction. An in vitro BPA exposure model combined with an omics data analysis showed that the olfactory receptor-related pathway was significantly enriched after BPA treatment. Subsequent experiments verified the reduced mRNA level of a novel olfactory receptor gene, Olfr25, in vivo and in vitro exposure models. Meanwhile, exposure to low-dose BPA reduced the intracellular calcium ion concentration and the mRNA levels of pore-forming subunits of the CatSper channel in sperm. Importantly, the knockdown of Olfr25 inhibited calcium ion levels and CatSper subunit expression in GC-2 cells. Olfr25 overexpression attenuated the BPA-induced downregulation of CatSper subunit expression in GC-2 cells. These findings indicate that Olfr25 might participate in low-dose BPA-induced sperm dysfunction by affecting the CatSper-Ca2+ signaling pathway. This study reveals a new mechanism underlying the effects of low-dose BPA on sperm function and provides a reference for assessing the safety of low-dose BPA exposure.
Typical Misconceptions Pertaining to Facepiece Masks against Viral Aerosols
Authors: Lee Byung Uk
Published: June 2024

Since the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been debates regarding the transmission modes of contagious viruses, including the influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), along with its variants [...]
Levels of Potentially Toxic and Essential Elements in Water and Estimation of Human Health Risks in a River Located at the Interface of Brazilian Savanna and Amazon Biomes (Tocantins River)
Authors: Acioly Thiago Machado da Silva , da Silva Marcelo Francisco , Barbosa Letícia Almeida , Iannacone José , Viana Diego Carvalho
Published: June 2024

The Tocantins–Araguaia basin is one of South America’s largest river systems, across three Brazilian states (Maranhão, Tocantins, and Pará), within the Legal Amazon region. Despite draining extensive Cerrado savanna and rainforest ecosystems, it has suffered significant degradation, notably in the past 40 years. Human activities, including agricultural expansion, deforestation, and the introduction of non-native species, have worsened the environmental damage, which is alarming since many residents and villages along the middle Tocantins River rely on it for water supply, recreation, and fishing. This study assessed the concentration of potentially toxic and essential elements in water samples from four sampling sites distributed along the middle Tocantins River. The monitoring occurred throughout 2023, involving the measurement of parameters both on-site and in the laboratory. Water quality and its health implications were evaluated using the Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI), the Water Quality Index (WQI), and the health risk assessment index. The levels of aluminum, copper, iron, magnesium, and selenium exceeded legal standards. Seasonal fluctuations indicate a complex dynamic influenced by climatic or seasonal factors, with February showing the highest values. Site P1, located in urban areas, exhibited elevated mean concentrations for conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and chlorophyll, indicating the need for continuous monitoring. The nitrogen concentrations at P1 raise concerns regarding drinking water quality, which is a concern for the region’s residents who use untreated river water. Despite seasonal variations in element concentrations, the overall WAWQI categorized all sections as “Excellent,” and the WQI rated as “Good.” Human health risk assessments detected no risks, but continuous monitoring and interventions are crucial for sustained water quality improvement.
Role of IRE1α/XBP1/CHOP/NLRP3 Signalling Pathway in Neonicotinoid Imidacloprid-Induced Pancreatic Dysfunction in Rats and Antagonism of Lycopene: In Vivo and Molecular Docking Simulation Approaches
Authors: El Gazzar Walaa Bayoumie , Bayoumi Heba , Youssef Heba S. , Ibrahim Tayseer A. , Abdelfatah Reham M. , Gamil Noha M. , Iskandar Mervat K. , Abdel-Kareim Amal M. , Abdelrahman Shaymaa M. , Gebba Mohammed A. , Mohamed Mona Atya , Mokhtar Maha M. , Kharboush Tayseir G. , Bayoumy Nervana M. , Alomar Hatun A. , Farag Amina A.
Published: June 2024

Imidacloprid (IMI) is a commonly used new-generation pesticide that has numerous harmful effects on non-targeted organisms, including animals. This study analysed both the adverse effects on the pancreas following oral consumption of imidacloprid neonicotinoids (45 mg/kg daily for 30 days) and the potential protective effects of lycopene (LYC) administration (10 mg/kg/day for 30 days) with IMI exposure in male Sprague–Dawley rats. The apoptotic, pyroptotic, inflammatory, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress biomarkers were evaluated, along with the histopathological alterations. Upon IMI administration, noticeable changes were observed in pancreatic histopathology. Additionally, elevated oxidative/endoplasmic reticulum-associated stress biomarkers, inflammatory, pyroptotic, and apoptotic biomarkers were also observed following IMI administration. LYC effectively reversed these alterations by reducing oxidative stress markers (e.g., MDA) and enhancing antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT). It downregulated ER stress markers (IRE1α, XBP1, CHOP), decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β), and suppressed pyroptotic (NLRP3, caspase-1) along with apoptotic markers (Bax, cleaved caspase-3). It also improved the histopathological and ultrastructure alterations brought on by IMI toxicity.
Bisphenol S and Its Chlorinated Derivatives in Indoor Dust and Human Exposure
Authors: Qian Yi , Zhu Jianqiang , Guo Ruyue , Jin Hangbiao
Published: June 2024

Bisphenol S (BPS), an environmental endocrine disruptor, has been identified in global environmental matrices. Nevertheless, limited studies have investigated the presence of chlorinated analogues of BPS (Clx-BPSs) with potential estrogenic activities in environmental matrices. In this study, the occurrence of BPS and five types of Clx-BPSs was characterized in indoor dust (n = 178) from Hangzhou City. BPS was measurable in 94% of indoor dust samples, with an average level of 0.63 μg/g (<LD–2.4 μg/g). Among the detected Clx-BPSs homologues, Cl1-BPS (2-chloro-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonylphenol; detection frequency 70%), Cl2-BPS-2 (2-chloro-4-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonylphenol; 65%), and Cl2-BPS-1 (2,6-dichloro-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonylphenol; 61%) were among the frequently detected Clx-BPSs. Cl1-BPS was the most abundant analyte, with an average of 0.048 μg/g (<LD—0.24 μg/g), followed by Cl2-BPS-1 (0.035 μg/g, <LD—0.14 μg/g), and Cl2-BPS-2 (0.031 μg/g, <LD—0.13 μg/g). Significant correlations in indoor dust concentrations were observed between BPS and Cl1-BPS (p < 0.01), as well as between BPS and Cl2-BPS-1 (p < 0.01). Moreover, an estimation was made for the total daily intake of Clx-BPSs via the ingestion of indoor dust by infants, children, and adults. This study presents the first evidence of the existence of Clx-BPSs in indoor dust, concurrently highlighting the necessity to address their potential human exposure risks.
The Clot Thickens: Differential Coagulotoxic and Cardiotoxic Activities of Anguimorpha Lizard Venoms
Authors: Dobson James , Chowdhury Abhinandan , Tai-A-Pin Jeremie , van der Ploeg Harold , Gillett Amber , Fry Bryan G.
Published: June 2024

Despite their evolutionary novelty, lizard venoms are much less studied in comparison to the intense research on snake venoms. While the venoms of helodermatid lizards have long been assumed to be for defensive purposes, there is increasing evidence of toxic activities more useful for predation than defence (such as paralytic neurotoxicity). This study aimed to ascertain the effects of Heloderma, Lanthanotus, and Varanus lizard venoms on the coagulation and cardiovascular systems. Anticoagulant toxicity was demonstrated for the Varanus species studied, with the venoms prolonging clotting times in human and bird plasma due to the destructive cleavage of fibrinogen. In contrast, thromboelastographic analyses on human and bird plasmas in this study demonstrated a procoagulant bioactivity for Heloderma venoms. A previous study on Heloderma venom using factor-depleted plasmas as a proxy model suggested a procoagulant factor was present that activated either Factor XI or Factor XII, but could not ascertain the precise target. Our activation studies using purified zymogens confirmed FXII activation. Comparisons of neonate and adult H. exasperatum, revealed the neonates to be more potent in the ability to activate FXII, being more similar to the venom of the smaller species H. suspectum than the adult H. exasperatum. This suggests potent FXII activation a basal trait in the genus, present in the small bodied last common ancestor. This also indicates an ontogenetic difference in prey preferences in the larger Heloderma species paralleing the change in venom biochemistry. In addition, as birds lack Factor XII, the ability to clot avian plasma suggested an additional procoagulant site of action, which was revealed to be the activation of Factor VII, with H. horridum being the most potent. This study also examined the effects upon the cardiovascular system, including the liberation of kinins from kininogen, which contributes to hypotension induction. This form of toxicity was previously described for Heloderma venoms, and was revealed in this study was to also be a pathophysiological effect of Lanthanotus and Varanus venoms. This suggests that this toxic activity was present in the venom of the last common ancestor of the anguimorph lizards, which is consistent with kallikrein enzymes being a shared toxin trait. This study therefore uncovered novel actions of anguimorph lizard venoms, not only contributing to the evolutionary biology body of knowledge but also revealing novel activities to mine for drug design lead compounds.
Human Rotaviruses of Multiple Genotypes Acquire Conserved VP4 Mutations during Serial Passage
Authors: Carter Maximilian H. , Gribble Jennifer , Diller Julia R. , Denison Mark R. , Mirza Sara A. , Chappell James D. , Halasa Natasha B. , Ogden Kristen M.
Published: June 2024

Human rotaviruses exhibit limited tropism and replicate poorly in most cell lines. Attachment protein VP4 is a key rotavirus tropism determinant. Previous studies in which human rotaviruses were adapted to cultured cells identified mutations in VP4. However, most such studies were conducted using only a single human rotavirus genotype. In the current study, we serially passaged 50 human rotavirus clinical specimens representing five of the genotypes most frequently associated with severe human disease, each in triplicate, three to five times in primary monkey kidney cells then ten times in the MA104 monkey kidney cell line. From 13 of the 50 specimens, we obtained 25 rotavirus antigen-positive lineages representing all five genotypes, which tended to replicate more efficiently in MA104 cells at late versus early passage. We used Illumina next-generation sequencing and analysis to identify variants that arose during passage. In VP4, variants encoded 28 mutations that were conserved for all P[8] rotaviruses and 12 mutations that were conserved for all five genotypes. These findings suggest there may be a conserved mechanism of human rotavirus adaptation to MA104 cells. In the future, such a conserved adaptation mechanism could be exploited to study human rotavirus biology or efficiently manufacture vaccines.
Missed Opportunities: A Retrospective Study of Hepatitis C Testing in Hospital Inpatients
Authors: Roder Christine , Cosgrave Carl , Mackie Kathryn , McNamara Bridgette , Doyle Joseph S. , Wade Amanda J.
Published: June 2024

Increasing testing is key to achieving hepatitis C elimination. This retrospective study aimed to assess the testing cascade of patients at a regional hospital in Victoria, Australia, who inject drugs or are living with hepatitis C, to identify missed opportunities for hepatitis C care. Adult hospital inpatients and emergency department (ED) attendees from 2018 to 2021 with indications for intravenous drug use (IDU) or hepatitis C on their discharge or ED summary were included. Data sources: hospital admissions, pathology, hospital pharmacy, and outpatients. We assessed progression through the testing cascade and performed logistic regression analysis for predictors of hepatitis C care, including testing and treatment. Of 79,923 adults admitted, 1345 (1.7%) had IDU-coded separations and 628 (0.8%) had hepatitis C-coded separations (N = 1892). Hepatitis C virus (HCV) status at the end of the study was unknown for 1569 (82.9%). ED admissions were associated with increased odds of not providing hepatitis C care (odds ratio 3.29, 95% confidence interval 2.42–4.48). More than 2% of inpatients at our hospital have an indication for testing, however, most are not being tested despite their hospital contact. As we work toward HCV elimination in our region, we need to incorporate testing and linkage strategies within hospital departments with a higher prevalence of people at risk of infection.
Characterization of a Molecular Clone of Deformed Wing Virus B
Authors: Barth Sandra , Affeldt Sebastian , Blaurock Claudia , Lobedank Irmin , Netsch Anette , Seitz Kerstin , Rümenapf Till , Lamp Benjamin
Published: June 2024

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) play a crucial role in agriculture through their pollination activities. However, they have faced significant health challenges over the past decades that can limit colony performance and even lead to collapse. A primary culprit is the parasitic mite Varroa destructor, known for transmitting harmful bee viruses. Among these viruses is deformed wing virus (DWV), which impacts bee pupae during their development, resulting in either pupal demise or in the emergence of crippled adult bees. In this study, we focused on DWV master variant B. DWV-B prevalence has risen sharply in recent decades and appears to be outcompeting variant A of DWV. We generated a molecular clone of a typical DWV-B strain to compare it with our established DWV-A clone, examining RNA replication, protein expression, and virulence. Initially, we analyzed the genome using RACE-PCR and RT-PCR techniques. Subsequently, we conducted full-genome RT-PCR and inserted the complete viral cDNA into a bacterial plasmid backbone. Phylogenetic comparisons with available full-length sequences were performed, followed by functional analyses using a live bee pupae model. Upon the transfection of in vitro-transcribed RNA, bee pupae exhibited symptoms of DWV infection, with detectable viral protein expression and stable RNA replication observed in subsequent virus passages. The DWV-B clone displayed a lower virulence compared to the DWV-A clone after the transfection of synthetic RNA, as evidenced by a reduced pupal mortality rate of only 20% compared to 80% in the case of DWV-A and a lack of malformations in 50% of the emerging bees. Comparable results were observed in experiments with low infection doses of the passaged virus clones. In these tests, 90% of bees infected with DWV-B showed no clinical symptoms, while 100% of pupae infected with DWV-A died. However, at high infection doses, both DWV-A and DWV-B caused mortality rates exceeding 90%. Taken together, we have generated an authentic virus clone of DWV-B and characterized it in animal experiments.
Transmission Patterns of Co-Circulation of Omicron Sub-Lineages in Hong Kong SAR, China, a City with Rigorous Social Distancing Measures, in 2022
Authors: Chow Ning , Long Teng , Lee Lam-Kwong , Wong Ivan Tak-Fai , Lee Annie Wing-Tung , Tam Wing-Yin , Wong Harmen Fung-Tin , Leung Jake Siu-Lun , Chow Franklin Wang-Ngai , Luk Kristine Shik , Ho Alex Yat-Man , Lam Jimmy Yiu-Wing , Yau Miranda Chong-Yee , Que Tak-Lun , Yip Kam-Tong , Chow Viola Chi-Ying , Wong River Chun-Wai , Mok Bobo Wing-Yee , Chen Hong-lin , Siu Gilman Kit-Hang
Published: June 2024

Objective: This study aimed to characterize the changing landscape of circulating SARS-CoV-2 lineages in the local community of Hong Kong throughout 2022. We examined how adjustments to quarantine arrangements influenced the transmission pattern of Omicron variants in a city with relatively rigorous social distancing measures at that time. Methods: In 2022, a total of 4684 local SARS-CoV-2 genomes were sequenced using the Oxford Nanopore GridION sequencer. SARS-CoV-2 consensus genomes were generated by MAFFT, and the maximum likelihood phylogeny of these genomes was determined using IQ-TREE. The dynamic changes in lineages were depicted in a time tree created by Nextstrain. Statistical analysis was conducted to assess the correlation between changes in the number of lineages and adjustments to quarantine arrangements. Results: By the end of 2022, a total of 83 SARS-CoV-2 lineages were identified in the community. The increase in the number of new lineages was significantly associated with the relaxation of quarantine arrangements (One-way ANOVA, F(5, 47) = 18.233, p < 0.001)). Over time, Omicron BA.5 sub-lineages replaced BA.2.2 and became the predominant Omicron variants in Hong Kong. The influx of new lineages reshaped the dynamics of Omicron variants in the community without fluctuating the death rate and hospitalization rate (One-way ANOVA, F(5, 47) = 2.037, p = 0.091). Conclusion: This study revealed that even with an extended mandatory quarantine period for incoming travelers, it may not be feasible to completely prevent the introduction and subsequent community spread of highly contagious Omicron variants. Ongoing molecular surveillance of COVID-19 remains essential to monitor the emergence of new recombinant variants.
Host Cell Proteases Involved in Human Respiratory Viral Infections and Their Inhibitors: A Review
Authors: Lubinski Bailey , Whittaker Gary R.
Published: June 2024

Viral tropism is most commonly linked to receptor use, but host cell protease use can be a notable factor in susceptibility to infection. Here we review the use of host cell proteases by human viruses, focusing on those with primarily respiratory tropism, particularly SARS-CoV-2. We first describe the various classes of proteases present in the respiratory tract, as well as elsewhere in the body, and incorporate the targeting of these proteases as therapeutic drugs for use in humans. Host cell proteases are also linked to the systemic spread of viruses and play important roles outside of the respiratory tract; therefore, we address how proteases affect viruses across the spectrum of infections that can occur in humans, intending to understand the extrapulmonary spread of SARS-CoV-2.
Unveiling of the Co-Infection of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus and Caprine Enterovirus in Goat Herds with Severe Diarrhea in China
Authors: Zhang Qun , Zheng Xuebo , Zhang Fan , Cui Xuyuan , Yan Naitian , Hu Junying , Guo Yidi , Wang Xinping
Published: June 2024

Here, we report the discovery of two viruses associated with a disease characterized by severe diarrhea on a large-scale goat farm in Jilin province. Electron Microscopy observations revealed two kinds of virus particles with the sizes of 150–210 nm and 20–30 nm, respectively. Detection of 276 fecal specimens from the diseased herds showed the extensive infection of peste des petits ruminants virus (63.77%, 176/276) and caprine enterovirus (76.81%, 212/276), with a co-infection rate of 57.97% (160/276). These results were partially validated with RT-PCR, where all five PPRV-positive and CEV-positive specimens yielded the expected size of fragments, respectively, while no fragments were amplified from PPRV-negative and CEV-negative specimens. Moreover, corresponding PPRV and CEV fragments were amplified in PPRV and CEV double-positive specimens. Histopathological examinations revealed severe microscopic lesions such as degeneration, necrosis, and detachment of epithelial cells in the bronchioles and intestine. An immunohistochemistry assay detected PPRV antigens in bronchioles, cartilage tissue, intestine, and lymph nodes. Simultaneously, caprine enterovirus antigens were detected in lung, kidney, and intestinal tissues from the goats infected by the peste des petits ruminants virus. These results demonstrated the co-infection of peste des petits ruminants virus with caprine enterovirus in goats, revealing the tissue tropism for these two viruses, thus laying a basis for the future diagnosis, prevention, and epidemiological survey for these two virus infections.
Production and Immunogenicity of FeLV Gag-Based VLPs Exposing a Stabilized FeLV Envelope Glycoprotein
Authors: Ortiz Raquel , Barajas Ana , Pons-Grífols Anna , Trinité Benjamin , Tarrés-Freixas Ferran , Rovirosa Carla , Urrea Víctor , Barreiro Antonio , Gonzalez-Tendero Anna , Rovira-Rigau Maria , Cardona Maria , Ferrer Laura , Clotet Bonaventura , Carrillo Jorge , Aguilar-Gurrieri Carmen , Blanco Julià
Published: June 2024

The envelope glycoprotein (Env) of retroviruses, such as the Feline leukemia virus (FeLV), is the main target of neutralizing humoral response, and therefore, a promising vaccine candidate, despite its reported poor immunogenicity. The incorporation of mutations that stabilize analogous proteins from other viruses in their prefusion conformation (e.g., HIV Env, SARS-CoV-2 S, or RSV F glycoproteins) has improved their capability to induce neutralizing protective immune responses. Therefore, we have stabilized the FeLV Env protein following a strategy based on the incorporation of a disulfide bond and an Ile/Pro mutation (SOSIP) previously used to generate soluble HIV Env trimers. We have characterized this SOSIP-FeLV Env in its soluble form and as a transmembrane protein present at high density on the surface of FeLV Gag-based VLPs. Furthermore, we have tested its immunogenicity in DNA-immunization assays in C57BL/6 mice. Low anti-FeLV Env responses were detected in SOSIP-FeLV soluble protein-immunized animals; however, unexpectedly no responses were detected in the animals immunized with SOSIP-FeLV Gag-based VLPs. In contrast, high humoral response against FeLV Gag was observed in the animals immunized with control Gag VLPs lacking SOSIP-FeLV Env, while this response was significantly impaired when the VLPs incorporated SOSIP-FeLV Env. Our data suggest that FeLV Env can be stabilized as a soluble protein and can be expressed in high-density VLPs. However, when formulated as a DNA vaccine, SOSIP-FeLV Env remains poorly immunogenic, a limitation that must be overcome to develop an effective FeLV vaccine.
C-Terminal Binding Protein: Regulator between Viral Infection and Tumorigenesis
Authors: Huang Meihui , Li Yucong , Li Yuxiao , Liu Shuiping
Published: June 2024

C-terminal binding protein (CtBP), a transcriptional co-repressor, significantly influences cellular signaling, impacting various biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune responses. The CtBP family comprises two highly conserved proteins, CtBP1 and CtBP2, which have been shown to play critical roles in both tumorigenesis and the regulation of viral infections. Elevated CtBP expression is noted in various tumor tissues, promoting tumorigenesis, invasiveness, and metastasis through multiple pathways. Additionally, CtBP’s role in viral infections varies, exhibiting differing or even opposing effects depending on the virus. This review synthesizes the advances in CtBP’s function research in viral infections and virus-associated tumorigenesis, offering new insights into potential antiviral and anticancer strategies.
The Topical Novel Formulations of Interferon α-2в Effectively Inhibit HSV-1 Keratitis in the Rabbit Eye Model and HSV-2 Genital Herpes in Mice
Authors: Ivanina Anna , Leneva Irina , Falynskova Irina , Glubokova Ekaterina , Kartashova Nadezhda , Pankova Nadezda , Korovkin Sergei , Svitich Oxana
Published: June 2024

Herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are widespread human pathogens that establish chronic latent infections leading to recurrent episodes. Current treatments are limited, necessitating the development of novel antiviral strategies. This study aimed to assess the antiviral efficacy of novel topical formulations containing interferon alpha-2b (IFN α-2b) against HSV-1 and HSV-2. The formulations, Oftalmoferon® forte (eye drops) and Interferon Vaginal Tablets, demonstrated potent antiviral effects against HSV-1 and HSV-2 in Vero cells, respectively, with concentration-dependent inhibition of viral replication. Subsequently, their efficacy was tested in animal models: HSV-1 keratitis in the rabbit eye model and HSV-2 genital herpes in mice. Oftalmoferon® forte effectively treated HSV-1 keratitis, reducing clinical symptoms and ulcerations compared to virus control. Interferon Vaginal Tablets showed promising results in controlling HSV-2 genital herpes in mice, improving survival rates, reducing clinical signs, weight loss and viral replication. The novel IFN α-2b formulations exhibited significant antiviral activity against HSV infections in cell culture and animal models. These findings suggest the potential of these formulations as alternative treatments for HSV infections, particularly in cases resistant to current therapies. Further studies are warranted to optimize treatment regimens and assess clinical efficacy in humans.
Development of a Ferritin Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine with PRRSV GP5 Protein
Authors: Chang Xinjian , Ma Jun , Zhou Yanrong , Xiao Shaobo , Xiao Xun , Fang Liurong
Published: June 2024

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) presents a significant threat to the global swine industry. The development of highly effective subunit nanovaccines is a promising strategy for preventing PRRSV variant infections. In this study, two different types of ferritin (Ft) nanovaccines targeting the major glycoprotein GP5, named GP5m-Ft and (Bp-IVp)3-Ft, were constructed and evaluated as vaccine candidates for PRRSV. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) demonstrated that both purified GP5m-Ft and (Bp-IVp)3-Ft proteins could self-assemble into nanospheres. A comparison of the immunogenicity of GP5m-Ft and (Bp-IVp)3-Ft with an inactivated PRRSV vaccine in BALB/c mice revealed that mice immunized with GP5m-Ft exhibited the highest ELISA antibody levels, neutralizing antibody titers, the lymphocyte proliferation index, and IFN-γ levels. Furthermore, vaccination with the GP5m-Ft nanoparticle effectively protected piglets against a highly pathogenic PRRSV challenge. These findings suggest that GP5m-Ft is a promising vaccine candidate for controlling PRRS.
Genetic Characterization and Pathogenicity of a Recombinant Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Strain in China
Authors: Ouyang Yan , Du Yingbing , Zhang Hejin , Guo Jiahui , Sun Zheng , Luo Xiuxin , Mei Xiaowei , Xiao Shaobo , Fang Liurong , Zhou Yanrong
Published: June 2024

Since it was first reported in 2013, the NADC30-like PRRSV has been epidemic in China. Hubei Province is known as China’s key hog-exporting region. To understand the prevalence and genetic variation of PRRSV, herein, we detected and analyzed 317 lung tissue samples from pigs with respiratory disease in Hubei Province, and demonstrated that the NADC30-like strain was the second-most predominant strain during 2017–2018, following the highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV). Additionally, we isolated a new NADC30-like PRRSV strain, named CHN-HB-2018, which could be stably passaged in Marc-145 cells. Genetic characterization analysis showed that compared with the NADC30 strain, the CHN-HB-2018 strain had several amino acid variations in glycoprotein (GP) 3, GP5, and nonstructural protein 2 (NSP2). Moreover, the CHN-HB-2018 strain showed a unique 5-amino acid (aa) deletion in NSP2, which has not previously been reported. Gene recombination analysis identified the CHN-HB-2018 strain as a potentially recombinant PRRSV of the NADC30-like strain and HP-PRRSV. Animal experiments indicated that the CHN-HB-2018 strain has a mild pathogenicity, with no mortality and only mild fever observed in piglets. This study contributes to defining the evolutionary characteristics of PRRSV and its molecular epidemiology in Hubei Province, and provides a potential candidate strain for PRRSV vaccine development.
Influence of Seropositivity against Adenovirus-36 on the Risk of Obesity and Insulin Resistance in the Child Population of Southern Chile
Authors: Brito Roberto , Sapunar Jorge , Aguilar-Farías Nicolás , Navarro-Riquelme Juan , Pavez Monica , Hirata Mario Hiroyuki , Cerda Alvaro
Published: June 2024

Background: Previous infection with Adenovirus-36 (HAdv-D36) has been associated with adipogenesis and glycemic regulation in cell culture and animal models. In humans, HAdv-D36 antibodies correlate with increased obesity risk yet paradoxically enhance glycemic control across various demographics. This study assesses the association of HAdv-D36 seropositivity with obesity, lipid, and glycemic profiles among school-aged children. Methods: We evaluated 208 children aged 9–13, categorized by BMI z-scores into normal weight (−1 to +1), overweight (+1 to +2), and obese (>+3). Assessments included anthropometry, Tanner stage for pubertal development, and biochemical tests (relating to lipids, glucose, and insulin), alongside HAdv-D36 seropositivity checked via ELISA. Insulin resistance was gauged using Chilean pediatric criteria. Results: The cohort displayed a high prevalence of overweight/obesity. HAdv-D36 seropositivity was 5.4%, showing no correlation with nutritional status. Additionally, no link between HAdv-D36 seropositivity and lipid levels was observed. Notably, insulin levels and HOMA-RI were significantly lower in HAdv-D36 positive children (p < 0.001). No cases of insulin resistance were reported in the HAdv-D36 (+) group in our population. Conclusions: HAdv-D36 seropositivity appears to decrease insulin secretion and resistance, aligning with earlier findings. However, no association with obesity development was found in the child population of southern Chile.
TRIM5α: A Protean Architect of Viral Recognition and Innate Immunity
Authors: Spada Stephanie J. , Grigg Michael E. , Bouamr Fadila , Best Sonja M. , Zhang Peijun
Published: June 2024

The evolutionary pressures exerted by viral infections have led to the development of various cellular proteins with potent antiviral activities, some of which are known as antiviral restriction factors. TRIpartite Motif-containing protein 5 alpha (TRIM5α) is a well-studied restriction factor of retroviruses that exhibits virus- and host-species-specific functions in protecting against cross-primate transmission of specific lentiviruses. This specificity is achieved at the level of the host gene through positive selection predominantly within its C-terminal B30.2/PRYSPRY domain, which is responsible for the highly specific recognition of retroviral capsids. However, more recent work has challenged this paradigm, demonstrating TRIM5α as a restriction factor for retroelements as well as phylogenetically distinct viral families, acting similarly through the recognition of viral gene products via B30.2/PRYSPRY. This spectrum of antiviral activity raises questions regarding the genetic and structural plasticity of this protein as a mediator of the recognition of a potentially diverse array of viral molecular patterns. This review highlights the dynamic evolutionary footprint of the B30.2/PRYSPRY domain in response to retroviruses while exploring the guided ‘specificity’ conferred by the totality of TRIM5α’s additional domains that may account for its recently identified promiscuity.
Neuro-Ophthalmic Dengue Infection: A Case Report with a Multiple Body Site Sampling Strategy and Review of Laboratory Data
Authors: Butel-Simoes Grace , Bajaj Nupur , Asad Sultan , Moselen Jean , Orlando Nicole , Steinig Eike , Tran Thomas , Druce Julian , Caly Leon , Bishop Emma , Harangozo Chanad , Lim Chuan
Published: June 2024

Dengue neurological disease is an uncommon yet severe complication of dengue infection. It can manifest as encephalitis, encephalopathy, neuro-ophthalmic complications, or neuromuscular disorders. Severe infection can result in viral shedding across multiple body sites. We describe a case of severe neuro-ophthalmic dengue infection in an otherwise healthy returned traveller, presenting with prolonged multiple-body-site viral detections by PCR. The dengue virus (DENV) dynamics and serological response support a direct DENV neuropathogenicity. A retrospective review of the laboratory data at the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL) suggests that blood is the most frequent sample type with DENV detection (92% of all DENV-positive samples). Genotype variation is seen across different sample types. The similarity of CSF and nasopharyngeal DENV subtypes (genotype 1 and 3) suggests a possible correlation between nasopharyngeal replication and neurological complications. The case presented highlights the direct neuropathogenicity of DENV early in the course of infection, and a potential correlation between nasopharyngeal replication and neurological disease.
Distinct Pathological Changes in Preweaning Mice Infected with Live-Attenuated Rift Valley Fever Virus Strains
Authors: Alkan Cigdem , Jurado-Cobena Eduardo , Ikegami Tetsuro
Published: June 2024

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic viral disease endemic to Africa and the Middle East. Live-attenuated RVF vaccines have been studied for both veterinary and human use due to their strong immunogenicity and cost-effective manufacturing. The live-attenuated MP-12 vaccine has been conditionally approved for veterinary use in the U.S.A., and next-generation live-attenuated RVF vaccine candidates are being actively researched. Assessing the virulence phenotype of vaccine seeds or lots is crucial for managing vaccine safety. Previously, preweaning 19-day-old outbred CD1 mice have been used to evaluate the MP-12 strain. This study aimed to characterize the relative virulence of three live-attenuated RVF vaccine strains in 19-day-old inbred C57BL/6 mice: the recombinant MP-12 (rMP-12), the RVax-1, and the ∆NSs-∆NSm-rZH501 strains. Although this mouse model did not show dose-dependent pathogenesis, mice that succumbed to the infection exhibited distinct brain pathology. Mice infected with ∆NSs-∆NSm-rZH501 showed an infiltration of inflammatory cells associated with infected neurons, and focal lesions formed around virus-infected cells. In contrast, mice infected with rMP-12 or RVax-1 showed a minimal association of inflammatory cells in the brain, yet the virus spread diffusely. The preweaning model is likely useful for evaluating host responses to attenuated RVFV strains, although further refinement may be necessary to quantitate the virulence among different RVFV strains or vaccine lots.
Establishment of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Type Asia1 Expressing the HiBiT Protein: A Useful Tool for a NanoBiT Split Luciferase Assay
Authors: Cho Giyoun , Kim Hyejin , Kim Dong-Wan , Hwang Seong Yun , Hwang Ji-Hyeon , Chae Yeon Rae , Lee Yoon-Hee , Jeong Ok-Mi , Park Jung-Won , Park Sung-Han , Park Jong-Hyeon
Published: June 2024

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious virus that affects cloven-hoofed animals and causes severe economic losses in the livestock industry. Given that this high-risk pathogen has to be handled in a biosafety level (BSL)-3 facility for safety reasons and the limited availability of BSL-3 laboratories, experiments on FMDV call for more attention. Therefore, we aimed to develop an FMDV experimental model that can be handled in BSL-2 laboratories. The NanoBiT luciferase (Nano-luc) assay is a well-known assay for studying protein–protein interactions. To apply the NanoBiT split luciferase assay to the diagnosis and evaluation of FMD, we developed an inactivated HiBiT-tagged Asia1 Shamir FMDV (AS-HiBiT), a recombinant Asia1 shamir FMDV with HiBiT attached to the VP1 region of Asia1 shamir FMDV. In addition, we established LgBiT-expressing LF-BK cell lines, termed LgBit-LF-BK cells. It was confirmed that inactivated AS-HiBiT infected LgBiT-LF-BK cells and produced a luminescence signal by binding to the intracellular LgBiT of LgBiT-LF-BK cells. In addition, the luminescence signal became stronger as the number of LgBiT-LF-BK cells increased or the concentration of inactivated AS-HiBiT increased. Moreover, we confirmed that inactivated AS-HiBiT can detect seroconversion in sera positive for FMDV-neutralizing antibodies. This NanoBiT split luciferase assay system can be used for the diagnosis and evaluation of FMD and expanded to FMD-like virus models to facilitate the evaluation of FMDV vaccines and antibodies.