bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of the British Food Standards Agency nutrient profiling system in a French food composition database
Authors: Julia Chantal , Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle , Touvier Mathilde , Méjean Caroline , Fezeu Léopold , Hercberg Serge
Published: October 2014

Nutrient profiling systems are powerful tools for public health initiatives, as they aim at categorising foods according to their nutritional quality. The British Food Standards Agency (FSA) nutrient profiling system (FSA score) has been validated in a British food database, but the application of the model in other contexts has not yet been evaluated. The objective of the present study was to assess the application of the British FSA score in a French food composition database. Foods from the French NutriNet-Santé study food composition table were categorised according to their FSA score using the Office of Communication (OfCom) cut-off value (‘healthier’ ≤ 4 for foods and ≤ 1 for beverages; ‘less healthy’ >4 for foods and >1 for beverages) and distribution cut-offs (quintiles for foods, quartiles for beverages). Foods were also categorised according to the food groups used for the French Programme National Nutrition Santé (PNNS) recommendations. Foods were weighted according to their relative consumption in a sample drawn from the NutriNet-Santé study (n 4225), representative of the French population. Classification of foods according to the OfCom cut-offs was consistent with food groups described in the PNNS: 97·8 % of fruit and vegetables, 90·4 % of cereals and potatoes and only 3·8 % of sugary snacks were considered as ‘healthier’. Moreover, variability in the FSA score allowed for a discrimination between subcategories in the same food group, confirming the possibility of using the FSA score as a multiple category system, for example as a basis for front-of-pack nutrition labelling. Application of the FSA score in the French context would adequately complement current public health recommendations.
Abnormal brain responses to social fairness in depression: an fMRI study using the Ultimatum Game
Authors: Gradin V. B. , Pérez A. , MacFarlane J. A. , Cavin I. , Waiter G. , Engelmann J. , Dritschel B. , Pomi A. , Matthews K. , Steele J. D.
Published: October 2014

Background.

Depression is a prevalent disorder that significantly affects the social functioning and interpersonal relationships of individuals. This highlights the need for investigation of the neural mechanisms underlying these social difficulties. Investigation of social exchanges has traditionally been challenging as such interactions are difficult to quantify. Recently, however, neuroeconomic approaches that combine multiplayer behavioural economic paradigms and neuroimaging have provided a framework to operationalize and quantify the study of social interactions and the associated neural substrates.

Method.

We investigated brain activation using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in unmedicated depressed participants (n = 25) and matched healthy controls (n = 25). During scanning, participants played a behavioural economic paradigm, the Ultimatum Game (UG). In this task, participants accept or reject monetary offers from other players.

Results.

In comparison to controls, depressed participants reported decreased levels of happiness in response to ‘fair’ offers. With increasing fairness of offers, controls activated the nucleus accumbens and the dorsal caudate, regions that have been reported to process social information and responses to rewards. By contrast, participants with depression failed to activate these regions with increasing fairness, with the lack of nucleus accumbens activation correlating with increased anhedonia symptoms. Depressed participants also showed a diminished response to increasing unfairness of offers in the medial occipital lobe.

Conclusions.

Our findings suggest that depressed individuals differ from healthy controls in the neural substrates involved with processing social information. In depression, the nucleus accumbens and dorsal caudate may underlie abnormalities in processing information linked to the fairness and rewarding aspects of other people's decisions.
The one-sided dyadic Hardy—Littlewood maximal operator
Authors: Lorente María , Martín-Reyes Francisco J.
Published: October 2014

The main aim of this paper is to introduce an appropriate dyadic one-sided maximal operator , smaller than the one-sided Hardy–Littlewood maximal operator M+ but such that it controls M+ in a similar way to how the usual dyadic maximal operator controls the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator. We characterize the weighted inequalities for this dyadic one-sided maximal operator.
Mixed Motivations: Creativity as a Virtue
Authors: Gaut Berys
Published: October 2014

The thought that creativity is a kind of virtue is an attractive one. Virtues are valuable traits that are praised and admired, and creativity is a widely celebrated trait in our society. In philosophical ethics, epistemology, and increasingly aesthetics, virtue-theoretical approaches are influential, so an account of creativity as a virtue can draw on well-established theories. Several philosophers, including Linda Zagzebski, Christine Swanton and Matthew Kieran, have argued for the claim that creativity is a virtue, locating this claim within a broader picture of intellectual, ethical and aesthetic virtues respectively. Moreover, a prominent research programme in psychology, led by Teresa Amabile, holds that people have an intrinsic motivation when they are creative, and this seems seamlessly to fit with the view that creativity is a virtue, for it is often held that a requirement for a trait to be a virtue is that the virtuous agent acts from an intrinsic motivation.
Structural modulation of gut microbiota during alleviation of type 2 diabetes with a Chinese herbal formula
Authors: Xu Jia , Lian Fengmei , Zhao Linhua , Zhao Yufeng , Chen Xinyan , Zhang Xu , Guo Yun , Zhang Chenhong , Zhou Qiang , Xue Zhengsheng , Pang Xiaoyan , Zhao Liping , Tong Xiaolin
Published: October 2014

The gut microbiota is hypothesized to have a critical role in metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D). A traditional Chinese herbal formula, Gegen Qinlian Decoction (GQD), can alleviate T2D. To find out whether GQD modulates the composition of the gut microbiota during T2D treatment, 187 T2D patients were randomly allocated to receive high (HD, n=44), moderate (MD, n=52), low dose GQD (LD, n=50) or the placebo (n=41) for 12 weeks in a double-blinded trial. Patients who received the HD or MD demonstrated significant reductions in adjusted mean changes from baseline of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) compared with the placebo and LD groups. Pyrosequencing of the V3 regions of 16S rRNA genes revealed a dose-dependent deviation of gut microbiota in response to GQD treatment. This deviation occurred before significant improvement of T2D symptoms was observed. Redundancy analysis identified 47 GQD-enriched species level phylotypes, 17 of which were negatively correlated with FBG and 9 with HbA1c. Real-time quantitative PCR confirmed that GQD significantly enriched Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, which was negatively correlated with FBG, HbA1c and 2-h postprandial blood glucose levels and positively correlated with homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function. Therefore, these data indicate that structural changes of gut microbiota are induced by Chinese herbal formula GQD. Specifically, GQD treatment may enrich the amounts of beneficial bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium spp. In conclusion, changes in the gut microbiota are associated with the anti-diabetic effects of GQD.
Quantification of rare earth elements using cloud point extraction with diglycolamide and ICP-MS for environmental analysis
Authors: Labrecque Charles , Larivière Dominic
Published: October 2014

This article describes the development of a procedure for the bulk separation and determination of rare earth elements in soils by combining alkaline fusion, cloud point extraction, and inorganic mass spectrometry.
Magnesium oxide nanosheets as effective catalysts for the synthesis of diethyl carbonate from ethyl carbamate and ethanol
Authors: Li Fengjiao , Li Huiquan , Wang Liguo , He Peng , Cao Yan
Published: October 2014

MgO nanosheets prepared by precipitation (MgO-SC-450) exhibited excellent catalytic performance towards diethyl carbonate synthesis via ethanolysis of ethyl carbamate.
Ruthenium and osmium complexes of hemilabile chiral monophosphinite ligands derived from 1D-pinitol or 1D-chiro-inositol as catalysts for asymmetric hydrogenation reactions
Authors: Slade Angela T. , Lensink Cornelis , Falshaw Andrew , Clark George R. , Wright L. James
Published: October 2014

Chiral monophosphinite ligands derived from 1D-pinitol or 1D-chiro-inositol coordinate to ruthenium as bidentate hemilabile ligands to produce ketone hydrogenation catalysts that give high conversions but low %ee values.
Alkali metal salts of formazanate ligands: diverse coordination modes as a result of the nitrogen-rich [NNCNN] ligand backbone
Authors: Travieso-Puente Raquel , Chang Mu-Chieh , Otten Edwin
Published: October 2014

Alkali-metal salts of formazanates are synthesized and their structures in the solid state and in solution are determined. Due to the nitrogen-rich [NNCNN] ligand backbone, complexes with large structural diversity are obtained.
Aqueous ionic liquid solutions as alternatives for sulphide-free leather processing
Authors: Vijayaraghavan R. , Vedaraman N. , Muralidharan C. , Mandal A. B. , MacFarlane D. R.
Published: October 2014

Sodium sulphide based depilation is common in the leather industry, but presents a serious environmental threat. In this study, efficient alternatives have been developed by employing dilute aqueous solutions of choline ionic liquids. The leather produced shows better tensile strength compared to conventional methods.
Preparation of multicolor emitting carbon dots for HeLa cell imaging
Authors: Mehta Vaibhavkumar N. , Jha Sanjay , Singhal Rakesh Kumar , Kailasa Suresh Kumar
Published: October 2014

Confocal laser microscopic images of HeLa cells using CDs as fluorescent probes.
Surface passivation assisted lasing emission in the quantum dots doped cholesteric liquid crystal resonating cavity with polymer template
Authors: Chen Lin-Jer , Lee Chia-Rong , Chu Chung-Liang
Published: October 2014

A copolymer has been used as a template for enhanced optical properties of core–shell CdS/ZnSe quantum dots doped cholesteric liquid crystal.
Sanguinarine, a promising anticancer therapeutic: photochemical and nucleic acid binding properties
Authors: Kumar Gopinatha Suresh , Hazra Soumitra
Published: October 2014

Sanguinarine is a benzophenanthridine plant alkaloid with remarkable therapeutic utility. In this article the photochemical and nucleic acid binding properties of this putative anticancer agent is reviewed.
Facile in situ growth of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on hydroxyapatite nanorods for pH dependent adsorption and controlled release of proteins
Authors: Bharath G. , Prabhu D. , Mangalaraj D. , Viswanathan C. , Ponpandian N.
Published: October 2014

The magnetic hydroxyapatite nanostructures were prepared by hydrothermal technique and studied their protein adsorption and in vitro cytotoxicity in humen MGC-803 cell.
Organocatalytic domino Michael/cyclization reaction: efficient synthesis of multi-functionalized tetracyclic spirooxindoles with multiple stereocenters
Authors: Fu Zu-Kang , Pan Jin-Yun , Xu Dong-Cheng , Xie Jian-Wu
Published: October 2014

A series of chiral multi-functionalized tetracyclic spiro[chromeno[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,3′-indoline] derivatives with four vicinal chiral carbon centers including two quaternary stereocenters were successfully preparedviadomino reaction of various 3-nitro-2H-chromene derivatives to 3-isothiocyanato oxindole with moderate to good enantioselectivities, employing readily available bifunctional thiourea1das the organocatalyst.
Recent progress in highly efficient Ag-based visible-light photocatalysts
Authors: Li Gaiping , Wang Yuexiang , Mao Lanqun
Published: October 2014

This review summarizes the recent progress in Ag-compound-based semiconductor photocatalysts, which will provide insights for future photocatalytic designs.
Characteristics and corrosion studies of zinc–manganese phosphate coatings on magnesium–lithium alloy
Authors: Wang Guixiang , Cao Nana , Wang Yangyang
Published: October 2014

Zinc–manganese phosphate conversion coatings have been formed on magnesium–lithium alloy, enhancing the alloy's corrosion resistance.
Kinetic modeling of self-aggregation in solutions with coexisting spherical and cylindrical micelles at arbitrary initial conditions
Authors: Shchekin A. K. , Babintsev I. A. , Adzhemyan L. Ts. , Volkov N. A.
Published: October 2014

The whole picture of evolution of coexisting spherical and cylindrical micelles has been described for initial states far from equilibrium.
Facile and controllable synthesis of carbon-encapsulating carbonate apatite nanowires from biomass containing calcium compounds such as CaC2O4 and CaCO3
Authors: Jeong Namjo , Han Seong Ok , Kim Heeyeon , Hwang Kyo-sik , Yang SeungCheol , Kim Kahee , Hong Sung-kook
Published: October 2014

We report the synthesis of carbon-encapsulating carbonate apatite nanowires through vapor–solid growth by heat-treatment of biomass comprising calcium compounds such as CaC2O4 or CaCO3 at 900 °C using both PH3 and C2H2 as the reactants.
Affibody conjugation onto bacterial cellulose tubes and bioseparation of human serum albumin
Authors: Orelma Hannes , Morales Luis O. , Johansson Leena-Sisko , Hoeger Ingrid C. , Filpponen Ilari , Castro Cristina , Rojas Orlando J. , Laine Janne
Published: October 2014

We attached anti-human serum albumin (anti-HSA) affibody ligands on bacterial cellulose (BC) by EDC–NHS-mediated covalent conjugation and physical adsorption and demonstrate their application for tubular biofiltration of blood proteins.
Reasons behind the improved thermoelectric properties of poly(3-hexylthiophene) nanofiber networks
Authors: Endrődi B. , Mellár J. , Gingl Z. , Visy C. , Janáky C.
Published: October 2014

Enhanced thermoelectric properties of poly(3-hexylthiophene) nanofiber networks were achieved, through controlling both charge carrier concentration and charge carrier mobility.
Highly-branched poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)s with core–shell morphology below the lower critical solution temperature
Authors: Plenderleith Richard , Swift Thomas , Rimmer Stephen
Published: October 2014

Dilute poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)s pass through a coil-to-globule transitions. Some hyperbranched compositions have biphasic core–shell morphologies with globular cores and open coil shells dependent on the degree of branching.
Preparation of hierarchical enamel-like structures from nano- to macro-scale, regulated by inorganic templates derived from enamel
Authors: Wang Yueyue , Lin Kaili , Wu Chengtie , Liu Xiaoguo , Chang Jiang
Published: October 2014

We, for the first time, prepared enamel like apatite with cross-arranged hierarchical structure by using natural enamel as template.
Specific histone modifications regulate the expression of AhR in 16HBE cells exposed to benzo(a)pyrene
Authors: Liu Caixia , Xing Xiumei , Chen Liping , Li Daochuan , Bai Qing , Wang Qing , Yu Haohui , Zeng Xiaowen , Wei Qing , Gao Chen , Zhang Zhengbao , Zhang Jingmiao , He Zhini , Ma Lu , Li Jie , Duan Huawei , Zheng Yuxin , Xiao Yongmei , Chen Wen
Published: October 2014

Our study identified specific histone modifications that were involved in down regulation of the transcription of AhR, conferring cells resistance to cellular damage.
Crystal structure of aquachloridobis(2-ethoxy-6-formylphenolato-κ2O1,O6)iron(III) acetonitrile hemisolvate
Authors: Jiang Xi-Fu , Zhao Ru-Xia , Zhang Shu-Hua
Published: October 2014

In the title compound, [Fe(L)2Cl(H2O)]·0.5CH3CN, (HLis 3-ethoxy-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde, C9H10O3), there are two independent complex molecules and one acetonitrile solvent molecule in the asymmetric unit. In each complex molecule, the FeIIIion has a distorted O5Cl octahedral coordination environment defined by two bidentate 2-ethoxy-6-formylphenolato ligands, one Cl atom and one water molecule. In the crystal, O—H...O hydrogen bonds link the two independent molecules to form a dimer. The solvent molecule is linked to the complex molecule by a weak C—H...O hydrogen bond. Further weak C—H...O interactions along with weak C—H...Cl hydrogen bonds link the components into chains parallel to [001].
Crystal structure of a dinuclear CoIIcomplex with bridging fluoride ligands: di-μ-fluorido-bis{tris[(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]amine}dicobalt(II) bis(tetrafluoridoborate)
Authors: Inomata Masataka , Suenaga Yusaku
Published: October 2014

Reaction of Co(BF4)2·6H2O with tris[(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]amiine in methanol results in a fluoride abstraction from BF4−, yielding the unexpected title compound, [Co2F2(C21H24N4)2](BF4)2. The complex cation consists of two inversion-related [Co(C21H24N4)]2+moieties bridged by a pair of fluoride ligands. The CoIIcation is six-coordinated in a distorted octahedral geometry and forms a +II high-spin state. In the crystal, the complex cation and the BF4−anion are connected by C—H...F hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network. An intramolecular C—H...F hydrogen bond is also observed.
(2E)-3-(6-Methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-1-(pyridin-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one and its cyclocondensation product with guanidine, (4RS)-2-amino-4-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-3-yl)-3,4-dihydropyrimidine monohydrate: two types of hydrogen-bonded sheet
Authors: Nayak Prakash S. , Narayana Badiadka , Yathirajan Hemmige S. , Hosten Eric C. , Betz Richard , Glidewell Christopher
Published: October 2014

The structures of a chalcone and of its cyclocondensation product with guanidine are reported. In (2E)-3-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-1-(pyridin-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one, C19H15NO2, (I), the planes of the pyridine and naphthalene units make dihedral angles with that of the central spacer unit of 23.61 (13) and 23.57 (15)°, respectively, and a dihedral angle of 47.24 (9)° with each other. The molecules of (I) are linked into sheets by a combination of C—H...O and C—H...π(arene) hydrogen bonds. In the cyclocondensation product (4RS)-2-amino-4-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-6-(pyridin-3-yl)-3,4-dihydropyrimidine monohydrate, C20H18N4O·H2O, (II), the dihydropyrimidine ring adopts a conformation best described as a shallow boat. The molecular components are linked by two N—H...O hydrogen bonds, two O—H...N hydrogen bonds and one N—H...N hydrogen bond to form complex sheets, with the methoxynaphthalene interdigitated between inversion-related pairs of sheets.
Tracking progress of African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method
Authors: Afful-Dadzie Anthony , Afful-Dadzie Eric , Nabareseh Stephen , Komínková Oplatková Zuzana
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to propose a new assessment methodology for the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method (FCEM) and the Delphi technique. The proposed approach by its design simplifies the review processes and also quantifies the outcome of the assessment result for easier interpretation and benchmarking among member countries. The proposed hybrid method demonstrates how the subjective APRM thematic areas and their objectives can be efficiently tracked country by country while addressing the key identified challenges.

Design/methodology/approach

– Using a numerical example, a demonstration of how the APRM assessment could be carried is shown using the FCEM and the Delphi method. The APRM's own thematic areas are used as the evaluation factors and the weights are assigned using Delphi technique. A novel remark set is constructed to linguistically describe the performance of a country against each or all of the thematic areas. Then in line with the maximum membership degree principle, the position of the maximum number would correspond to its respective remark element to indicate the level of performance.

Findings

– The result shows a hybrid method of FCEM and Delphi used to determine whether a member country has “achieved”, “on track”, “very likely to be achieved”, “possible if some changes are made” or “off-track” on the four focus areas of the APRM. The method provides a well-organized way of tracking progress of member countries. It is also an ideal method of tracking progress of individual thematic areas and objectives. Moreover, the simplicity of the proposed method, the preciseness of the final result it generates and the clear interpretation of the result makes it a stronger alternative to the current approach for assessing member countries.

Practical implications

– The APRM is a respected body with the backing of the heads of state in Africa. As most African countries become conscious of the pressure to meet international standards as far as governance performance is concerned, this proposed assessment methodology if adopted would go a long way in improving performance evaluation on the continent.

Originality/value

– The proposed methodology is unique in its simplicity and its ability to evaluate any of the APRM thematic areas independent of the others. This means an overall performance can be tracked as well as that of individual evaluation factors.
Temporal context affects the observed rate of climate‐driven range shifts in tree species
Authors: Renwick Katherine M. , Rocca Monique E.
Published: October 2014

Aim

Range shifts associated with 20th‐century warming have been documented for a wide range of taxa, but many species are not migrating fast enough to keep pace with the rapidly changing climate. Tree species can experience particularly long time lags in their migration response, resulting in altered forest composition and potentially delaying the migration of other obligate species. Here we review potential causes of these time lags and develop a conceptual framework for understanding how migration timing affects the observed rate of change.

Location

Global forest ecosystems.

Methods

We synthesize evidence from present‐day tree species migrations to determine how different migration constraints can delay tree species range shifts.

Results

The rate of present‐day tree migrations is frequently slower than expected, and many factors may contribute to observed migration lags. Migration constraints can be overcome given the right combination of circumstances, resulting in episodic range shifts that create temporal variability in migration rates. Given projected increases in forest disturbances and extreme climatic events, episodic range shifts are likely.

Main conclusions

Recent efforts to explain the slow rate of tree migration have primarily focused on dispersal limitation and niche‐based constraints such as competition and other biotic interactions. We argue that these constraints cannot be fully understood without considering the temporal context of tree migration. Attempts to forecast and manage future distribution shifts must consequently consider how migration timing may affect observed patterns of change.
Acid‐soluble and pepsin‐soluble collagens from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) skin: a comparative study on physicochemical properties
Authors: Chen Ye , Ye Ran , Wang Yan
Published: October 2014

In this study, acid‐soluble (ASC) and pepsin‐soluble (PSC) collagens with triple helical structures were successfully extracted from the skin of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) by two different extraction approaches. SDS‐PAGE pattern revealed that ASC and PSC are type I collagens with typical α1, α2 and β‐chains. In addition, the intensity of χ‐chain (trimer) in ASC was higher than that of PSC, representing the presence of the high proportion of intra‐ and intermolecular cross‐links of extracted collagens with large molecular weight using the acid method. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results demonstrate that Td (69.04 °C) of ASC was higher than Td (62.20 °C) of PSC. Both ASC and PSC had the highest solubility at acidic pHs or at a low concentration of NaCl (<2%, w/v). The results of FTIR suggested the ASC and PSC maintained in the helical secondary structure at high degree.
Towards a model for understanding the development of post‐traumatic stress and general distress in mental health nurses
Authors: Lee Joyce , Daffern Michael , Ogloff James R. P. , Martin Trish
Published: October 2014

In their daily work, mental health nurses (MHN) are often exposed to stressful events, including patient‐perpetrated aggression and violence. Personal safety and health concerns, as well as concern for the physical and psychological well‐being of patients, dominate; these concerns have a profound impact on nurses. This cross‐sectional study explored and compared the psychological well‐being of 196 hospital‐based MHN (97 forensic and 99 mainstream registered psychiatric nurses or psychiatric state enrolled nurses). The aim was to examine exposure to inpatient aggression and work stress, and identify factors contributing to the development of post‐traumatic stress reactions and general distress. Multiple regression analyses indicated that working in a mainstream setting is associated with increased work stress; however, mainstream and forensic nurses experienced similar psychological well‐being. As a group, 14–17% of mainstream and forensic nurses met the diagnostic criteria for post‐traumatic stress disorder, and 36% scored above the threshold for psychiatric caseness. A tentative model of post‐traumatic stress and general distress in nurses was developed, illustrating the impact of aggression and stress on well‐being. The present study affirms that mental health nursing is a challenging and stressful occupation. Implications for organizations, managers, and individual nurses are discussed.
Neurocognitive abilities in the general population and composite genetic risk scores for attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Martin Joanna , Hamshere Marian L. , Stergiakouli Evangelia , O'Donovan Michael C. , Thapar Anita
Published: October 2014

Background

The genetic architecture of ADHD is complex, with rare and common variants involved. Common genetic variants (as indexed by a composite risk score) associated with clinical ADHD significantly predict ADHD and autistic‐like behavioural traits in children from the general population, suggesting that ADHD lies at the extreme of normal trait variation. ADHD and other neurodevelopmental disorders share neurocognitive difficulties in several domains (e.g. impaired cognitive ability and executive functions). We hypothesised that ADHD composite genetic risk scores derived from clinical ADHD cases would also contribute to variation in neurocognitive abilities in the general population.

Methods

Children (N = 6,832) from a UK population cohort, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), underwent neurocognitive testing. Parent‐reported measures of their children's ADHD and autistic‐like traits were used to construct a behavioural latent variable of ‘neurodevelopmental traits’. Composite genetic risk scores for ADHD were calculated for ALSPAC children based on findings from an independent ADHD case–control genome‐wide association study. Structural equation modelling was used to assess associations between ADHD composite genetic risk scores and IQ, working memory, inhibitory control and facial emotion recognition, as well as the latent ‘neurodevelopmental trait’ measure.

Results

The results confirmed that neurocognitive and neurodevelopmental traits are correlated in children in the general population. Composite genetic risk scores for ADHD were independently associated with lower IQ (β = −.05, p < .001) and working memory performance (β = −.034, p = .013), even after accounting for the relationship with latent neurodevelopmental behavioural trait scores. No associations were found between composite genetic risk scores and inhibitory control or emotion recognition (p > .05).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that common genetic variants relevant to clinically diagnosed ADHD have pleiotropic effects on neurocognitive traits as well as behavioural dimensions in the general population. This further suggests that the well‐recognised association between cognition and neurodevelopmental behavioural traits is underpinned at a biological level.
Sources of vitamin D and calcium in the diets of preschool children in the UK and the theoretical effect of food fortification
Authors: Cribb V. L. , Northstone K. , Hopkins D. , Emmett P. M.
Published: October 2014

Background

Dietary intakes of vitamin D are very low in the UK. Dietary calcium is also necessary to promote bone health. The fortification of foods with vitamin D could be a safe and effective way of increasing intake.

Methods

Diets of preschool children, 755 at 18 months and 3.5 years, from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children were assessed using dietary records completed by parents. Energy, vitamin D and calcium intakes were calculated. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio for being in the highest/lowest quartile of intake. Intakes were recalculated to test different fortification regimes.

Results

Vitamin D intakes were low; all children were below the UK and US dietary recommendations. Calcium intakes decreased between the two ages as a result of reduced milk consumption. Children in the lowest quartile for vitamin D intake at 18 months were twice as likely to remain in that quartile at 3.5 years (odds ratio = 2.35; 95% confidence interval = 1.56–3.55). The majority of foods provide no vitamin D with fat spreads and milk as the main sources. The contribution from breakfast cereals increased, from 6% to 12%, as a result of the increased consumption of fortified cereals. Dairy foods provided the highest contribution to calcium at 18 months but were less important at 3.5 years. Theoretical intakes from different fortification regimens suggest that milk fortified at 2 μg 100 g–1 vitamin D would provide most children with adequate but not excessive intakes.

Conclusions

Dietary vitamin D intakes were very low and calcium intakes were mostly adequate. Fortification of milk with vitamin D could be a good way to boost intakes.
Intracellular Na+ inhibits volume‐regulated anion channel in rat cortical astrocytes
Authors: Minieri Laura , Pivonkova Helena , Harantova Lenka , Anderova Miroslava , Ferroni Stefano
Published: October 2014

Accumulating evidence indicates that increased intracellular Na+ concentration ([Na+]i) in astroglial cells is associated with the development of brain edema under ischemic conditions, but the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. Here, we report that in primary cultured rat cortical astrocytes, elevations of [Na+]i reflecting those achieved during ischemia cause a marked decrease in hypotonicity‐evoked current mediated by volume‐regulated anion channel (VRAC). Pharmacological manipulations revealed that VRAC inhibition was not due to the reverse mode of the plasma membrane sodium/calcium exchanger. The negative modulation of VRAC was also observed in an astrocytic cell line lacking the predominant astrocyte water channel aquaporin 4, indicating that [Na+]i effect was not mediated by the regulation of aquaporin 4 activity. The inward rectifier Cl− current, which is also expressed by cultured astrocytes, was not affected by [Na+]i increase. VRAC depression by high [Na+]i was confirmed in adult astrocytes, suggesting that it was not developmentally regulated. Altogether, these results provide the first evidence that intracellular Na+ dynamics can modulate astrocytic membrane conductance that controls functional processes linked to cell volume regulation and add further support to the concept that limiting astrocyte intracellular Na+ accumulation might be a favorable strategy to counteract the development of brain edema.

image

We show that high elevation of intracellular sodium (Na+) concentration in cultured rat astrocytes decreases the activity of volume‐regulated anion channel (VRAC) measured by patch‐clamp technique. We speculate that in ischemic conditions intracellular Na+ elevation either through the augmented activity of the Na+‐dependent glutamate transporter (GLT‐1) or by Na+‐permeable channels could modulate the astrocytic volume and glutamate release (Glu−) regulated by VRAC. Whether VRAC inhibition is mediated through cytosolic mechanisms or by the alteration of mitochondrial activity remains to be determined.
Multi‐symbiotic systems: functional implications of the coexistence of grass–endophyte and legume–rhizobia symbioses
Authors: García Parisi Pablo A. , Lattanzi Fernando A. , Grimoldi Augustín A. , Omacini Marina
Published: October 2014

The coexistence of symbionts with different functional roles in co‐occurring plants is highly probable in terrestrial ecosystems. Analyses of how plants and microbes interact above‐ and belowground in multi‐symbiotic systems are key to understand community structure and ecosystem functioning. We performed an outdoor experiment in mesocosms to investigate the consequences of the interaction of a provider belowground symbiont of legumes (nitrogen‐fixing bacteria) and a protector aerial fungal symbiont of grasses (Epichloё endophyte) on nitrogen dynamics and aboveground net primary productivity. Four plants of Trifolium repens (Trifolium, a perennial legume) either inoculated or not with Rhizobium leguminosarum, grew surrounded by 16 plants of Lolium multiflorum (Lolium, an annual grass), with either low or high levels of the endophyte Neotyphodium occultans. After five months, we quantified the number of nodules in Trifolium roots, shoot biomass of both plant species, and the contribution of atmospheric nitrogen fixation vs. soil nitrogen uptake to above ground nitrogen in each plant species. The endophyte increased grass biomass production (+ 16%), and nitrogen uptake from the soil – the main source for the grass. Further, it reduced the nodulation of neighbour Trifolium plants (−50%). Notably, due to a compensatory increase in nitrogen fixation per nodule, this reduced neither its atmospheric nitrogen fixation – the main source of nitrogen for the legume – nor its biomass production, both of which were doubled by rhizobial inoculation. In consequence, the total amount of nitrogen in aboveground biomass and aboveground productivity were greatest in mesocosms with both symbionts (i.e. high rhizobia + high endophyte). These results show that, in spite of the deleterious effect of the endophyte on the establishment of the rhizobia–legume symbiosis, the coexistence of these symbionts, leading to additive effects on nitrogen capture and aboveground productivity, can generate complementarity on the functioning of multi‐symbiotic systems.
Perioperative pulmonary aspiration is infrequent and low risk in pediatric anesthetic practice
Authors: Kelly Christopher J. , Walker Robert W. M.
Published: October 2014

Recent studies have reported perioperative pulmonary aspiration in pediatric practice to be an uncommon problem associated with low morbidity and mortality. This paper examines the recent publications in both the adult and pediatric literature and looks at some of the potential risk factors involved, both patient and anesthetic, in the development of aspiration of gastric contents. We also look at the risk of severe morbidity following pulmonary aspiration and speculate on possible reasons behind the assertion that pulmonary aspiration in pediatric anesthetic practice is rare and a low‐risk event.
Quantitative analysis of motifs contributing to the interaction between PLS‐subfamily members and their target RNA sequences in plastid RNA editing
Authors: Okuda Kenji , Shoki Harumi , Arai Miho , Shikanai Toshiharu , Small Ian , Nakamura Takahiro
Published: October 2014

In plant organelles, RNA editing alters specific cytidine residues to uridine in transcripts. Target cytidines are specifically recognized by pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins of the PLS subfamily, which have additional C‐terminal E or E‐DYW motifs. Recent in silico analysis proposed a model for site recognition by PLS‐subfamily PPR proteins, with a correspondence of one PPR motif to one nucleotide, and with the C‐terminal last S motif aligning with the nucleotide at position –4 with respect to the editing site. Here, we present quantitative biochemical data on site recognition by four PLS‐subfamily proteins: CRR28 and OTP85 are DYW‐class members, whereas CRR21 and OTP80 are E‐class members. The minimal RNA segments required for high‐affinity binding by these PPR proteins were experimentally determined. The results were generally consistent with the in silico‐based model; however, we clarified that several PPR motifs, including the C‐terminal L2 and S motifs of CRR21 and OTP80, are dispensable for the RNA binding, suggesting distinct contributions of each PPR motif to site recognition. We also demonstrate that the DYW motif interacts with the target C and its 5′ proximal region (from −3 to 0), whereas the E motif is not involved in binding.
Experimental Characterization of Electroplated CBN Grinding Wheel Wear: Topology Evolution and Interfacial Toughness
Authors: Yu Tianyu , Bastawros Ashraf F. , Chandra Abhijit
Published: October 2014

The wear rate of a grinding wheel directly affects the workpiece surface integrity and tolerances. This paper summarizes a combined experimental-modeling framework for life cycle prediction of an electroplated Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) grinding wheel, typically utilized in nickel-based superalloy grinding. The paper presents an experimental framework to facilitate the formulation of a micro-mechanics based modeling framework. The presented work investigates the topological evolution of the grinding wheel surface and mechanisms of grit failure via depth profiling, digital microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results are used to elucidate the statistical evolution of the grinding wheel surface. Different modes of grit failure, including grit attritious wear, fracture and pull out haven been identified. The analysis of the surface topological features indicates a unique grit activation process, leading to a non-uniform spatial distribution of the grit wear. Additionally, single grit pull out experiment has been conducted to assess the residual strength of the grit-wheel interface and the associated state of damage percolation. The experimental results can be utilized in developing a life expectancy model for the CBN grinding wheel to assess the grit mean time to failure as well as grit surface topological evolution as a function of the process parameters.
Thermal Aspects and Grinding Aggressiveness in View of Optimizing High-Performance Grinding Operations in the Automotive Industry
Authors: Drazumeric Radovan , Badger Jeffrey , Kopac Janez , Krajnik Peter
Published: October 2014

This paper first reviews early contributions to modeling and analysis of thermal aspects in grinding. The role of specific energy in the determination of grinding temperatures is then discussed with respect to both chip thickness and grinding aggressiveness. The underlying modeling of cylindrical grinding is given in general terms, enabling calculation of the instantaneous geometry, kinematics and temperature for any workpiece form. The focus is on the recently developed concept of constant-temperature grinding, which entails choosing process parameters based on a thermal model for achieving a constant temperature and then optimizing the grinding process for either shorter cycle times or higher quality while applying constant temperature. Machine limitations — in terms of maximum speed, acceleration, and jerk in the headstock and wheelhead movement — are considered in the optimization. Case studies and experimental work are presented for high-performance industrial cam-lobe grinding used in the automotive industry.
Computational study of the demolding process in nanoimprint lithography
Authors: Takai Rina , Yasuda Masaaki , Tochino Takamitsu , Kawata Hiroaki , Hirai Yoshihiko
Published: October 2014

The demolding process in nanoimprint lithography is studied using molecular dynamics simulations. The difference in the mold separation behaviors between molecular dynamics and continuous mechanics simulations is shown, and the effect that the molecular size of the polymer resist has upon the demolding force is explained from the perspective of the molecular behavior. Depending upon the correlation between the type of resist molecule and the mold cavity size, the demolding force originates from the molecular flow, molecular stretching, or the friction between the resist and mold sidewall. When the molecular size is comparable to the cavity size, the resist is deformed by molecular stretching and the demolding force is at its largest.
Structural basis for organohalide respiration
Authors: Bommer Martin , Kunze Cindy , Fesseler Jochen , Schubert Torsten , Diekert Gabriele , Dobbek Holger
Published: October 2014

How bacteria break down organohalides

Anaerobic bacteria can break down a range of organohalide pollutants. To do so, they use unusual reductive dehalogenase enzymes that remove the halogen ion from the molecule, making the pollutants less toxic. Bommer
et al.
describe x-ray crystal structures of one such enzyme from
Sulfurospirillum multivorans
(see the Perspective by Edwards). Vitamin B
12
, present near the substrate binding site, catalyzes the reduction of trichloroethylene in concert with two iron-sulfur clusters. The structures provide mechanistic clues for how to engineer enzymes to recognize other pollutants.

Science
, this issue p.
455
; see also p.
424
First Complete Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp.
enterica
Serovar Typhimurium Strain ATCC 13311 (NCTC 74), a Reference Strain of Multidrug Resistance, as Achieved by Use of PacBio Single-Molecule Real-Time Technology
Authors: Terabayashi Yasunobu , Juan Ayaka , Tamotsu Hinako , Ashimine Noriko , Nakano Kazuma , Shimoji Makiko , Shiroma Akino , Teruya Kuniko , Satou Kazuhito , Hirano Takashi
Published: October 2014

We report the first complete genomic sequence of
Salmonella enterica
subsp.
enterica
serovar Typhimurium strain ATCC 13311, the leading food-borne pathogen and a reference strain used in drug resistance studies.
De novo
assembly with PacBio sequencing completed its chromosome and one plasmid. They will accelerate the investigation into multidrug resistance in
Salmonella
Typhimurium.
The lithospheric density structure below the western Himalayan syntaxis: tectonic implications
Authors: Tiwari V. M. , Mishra D. C. , Pandey A. K.
Published: October 2014

The differences in the tectonic regimes of the western part of the India–Asia collision zone (western Himalayan syntaxis), consisting of the Ladakh–Karakoram, Hindu Kush and Pamir terrains, are examined through the analyses and modelling of gravity anomalies, computed from global gravity model and terrestrial data. Long-wavelength (>450 km) anomalies are related to isostatic compensation and correspond to topographic variations. The short-wavelength gravity highs are primarily due to upthrust blocks and are mostly linked to crustal seismicity. The intermediate depth-focused earthquake region of Hindu Kush–Pamir is characterized by a gravity low probably caused by crustal underthrusting. The deep density structure of the crust and upper mantle constructed from the modelling of gravity anomalies with constraints from seismological information suggests crustal underthrusting of the Indian and the Asian plates in the Hindu Kush–Pamir section unlike that in the Ladakh–Karakoram region, where underthrust Indian lithosphere underplates beneath the Asian plate. The density model supports a hypothesis of slab break-off of Indian and Eurasian plates in the Ladakh–Karakoram segment, and of the Indian plate in the Hindu Kush–Pamir region, whereas the Eurasian plate drastically underthrusts deeper (
c.
200 km), causing deep seismicity in the Hindu Kush–Pamir section.
Electrochemical Deposition of Manganese Oxides on Carbon Nanosheets
Authors: Radisic Aleksandar , Cott Daire J. , Deheryan Stella , Etman Ahmed S. , Zargouni Yafa , Vereecken Philippe M.
Published: October 2014

We report on electrodeposition of thin Mn-oxide films on Carbon Nanosheets (CNS) and explore the potential of this high-surface area Mn-oxide/nanocarbon for applications in fast charge/discharge thin-film lithium ion micro-batteries. We examined physical-chemical properties of Mn-oxide/CNS composite films electrodeposited on both flat substrates and high-aspect-ratio Si pillars coated with TiN and CNS. In addition to electrochemical methods, such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), Mn-oxide/CNS structures were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy (RS).
Sn-Based Micro and Nano Lithium Battery Materials
Authors: Clancy Tomas , Hasan Maksudul , Rohan James F.
Published: October 2014

Energy provision and storage are significant and critical issues for wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. Hybrid energy devices incorporating energy harvesting and storage requires the development of enhanced energy storage materials and architectures. A decreased footprint with the same energy capability is desirable to maximise the energy density and enable long-life wireless sensors. Methods to structure active and support battery materials enhance the device characteristics offering mechanical and electrical support. The results below are for materials that can be processed in 3D or 1D to decrease the footprint of the energy storage element. The effect of the support material is also shown to be significant and directly relevant for high aspect ratio nanostructure where the lithium active materials experience volume changes during charge and discharge.
Synthesis of Electroless Cu-Ni-Mo-P/Al2O3 for Glycerol Hydrogenolysis to Propan-1,2-diol
Authors: Elendu Oyidia , Yeboah Yaw D. , Kalu Egwu Eric
Published: October 2014

A new electroless bath was formulated using a mixture of two reducing agents - NaH2PO2 and formaldehyde – for the synthesis of electroless Cu-Ni-Mo-P at pH of 10.2 and 80oC. High material loading was obtained at high Cu2+/ Ni2+ molar ratio (> 1.0) in the electroless bath. In contrast, hypophosphite only baths were limited to deposit Cu-Ni-Mo-P only when the Cu2+/ Ni2+ molar ratio in solution is below 0.17. The deposits were characterized using SEM, EDX and XRD. The deposited Cu-Ni-Mo-P catalyst was crystalline. Within Cu2+/ Ni2+ molar ratio range of 0.08 – 1.0, the deposits contained 85-95.8% copper, 14.6 – 4% Ni, 0.26 - 0.15% Mo and 0.1-0.03% P. The results show the feasibility of the use of a mixture of reducing agents in electroless plating.
Optical Properties of Cobalt Films Electrochemically Deposited from Aqueous and Non-Aqueous Ionic Liquids
Authors: Dushatinski Thomas , Huff Clay , Abdel-Fattah Tarek M
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this experiment is to characterize the differences between aqueous and non-aqueous cobalt ion precursors for electrodeposition and their subsequent cobalt films. Red aqueous cobalt solutions (ACoS) deposited silver metal films while the blue non-aqueous cobalt solutions (NCoS) deposited black films after electrodeposition was performed. The solutions were further shown to be different by their electronic spectra. The reflectivity of the aqueous deposited cobalt films (ACoFs) was greater than that of the non-aqueous deposited cobalt films (NCoFs). Non-aqueous deposited cobalt films have potential applications in optically absorbent applications because of their negligible reflectivity. Cross-section thickness analysis of the cobalt films showed different growth rates, as the aqueous film plated to 149µm thick after 30 minutes of deposition, where the non-aqueous deposited film plated to 282µm.