bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A “METODOLOGIA” DE MAQUIAVEL
MAQUIAVEL'S “METHODOLOGY”
Authors: Freitas Ricardo
Published: February 2020

Maquiavel foi um intelectual que produziu relevantes reflexões acerca das principais questões atinentes à política e, especialmente, em relação ao intrincado problema do exercício do poder. Todo pensador político merece ser compreendido a partir do contexto histórico no qual inserem-se tanto sua vida como sua obra. Talvez com maior razão esta exigência aplique-se a Maquiavel. Neste sentido, reconhece-se, com acerto, “que não se pode, sob risco de grave deformação, dissociar as ideias de Maquiavel das condições em que se achavam, no século XVI, os Estados italianos, e dos costumes que neles prevaleciam”, pois foi inspirado na antiga Roma, mas ao mesmo tempo ancorado na observação da realidade sociopolítica do seu tempo que ele legou uma obra à posteridade.
Análisis experimental del desempeño de un sistema solar fotovoltaico con inversor centralizado y con microinversores: caso de estudio Manizales
Authors: Cortés Cortés Claudia Lucía , Gómez Gómez Gloria Stephany , Betancur Londoño Felipe , Carvajal Quintero Sandra Ximena , Guerrero González Neil
Published: February 2020

La generación de electricidad amigable con el medio ambiente es un factor fundamental para el crecimiento económico y social de cualquier país. Recientemente la instalación de sistemas de generación fotovoltaicos se ha incrementado a nivel local, aunque su rendimiento depende del lugar de instalación y se ve afectado por diversos parámetros ambientales como la radiación, la temperatura y la precipitación. En el presente trabajo se lleva a cabo un análisis experimental del rendimiento, en términos de potencia generada, de un sistema solar fotovoltaico con inversor centralizado y con microinversores, instalado en la ciudad de Manizales, ubicada a 2.150 m s.n.m., temperatura promedio de 16.4 °C y precipitación de 1.878 mm al año. Históricamente, este municipio presenta dos periodos de tiempo lluviosos con alta nubosidad entre los meses de abril – junio y octubre – diciembre, y dos periodos de tiempo menos lluviosos entre los meses de enero–marzo y julio–septiembre.

Para el experimento se implementó un sistema de generación solar fotovoltaico conformado por seis paneles solares marca Hybrytec con 270 W de potencia de generación cada uno, y dos sistemas de monitoreo – (i) Wifi – Box® para el arreglo fotovoltaico con inversor centralizado y (ii) EnvoyTM para el arreglo fotovoltaico con microinversores. Los parámetros ambientales recolectados por la estación meteorológica La Nubia, ubicada en los alrededores del sistema solar, y los datos recolectados por los sistemas de monitoreo implementados son analizados en el periodo de tiempo comprendido entre los meses de julio de 2018 y mayo de 2019. Se observa y se concluye que, a pesar de los altos niveles de precipitación promedio acumulada mensual (entre 71 mm y 262,2 mm) y los altos niveles de nubosidad (nublado o mayormente nublado el 76 % del tiempo), el arreglo fotovoltaico con microinversores presenta un 16,5 % de energía generada por encima del arreglo con inversor centralizado.
The Innovation Strategy and Effects in Organizational Learning: The Manufacturing Sector in Colombia
Authors: Vélez Osorio Iris María
Published: February 2020

Purpose To understand how innovation strategy measure by organizational methods and technology equipment, affects to organizational learning measure by improvement in production, distribution and logistics systems. MethodologyThis is an empirical analysis of the innovation strategy and organizational learning, concentrating on 8835 manufacturing companies in 33 subsectors with innovative processes, investment in research and development, better organizational methods and technology equipment, using databases from the National Department of Statistics-DANE. Multiple Regression. Software SPSS. Findings: An industry with an innovation strategy tends to get better and improved processes, and this learning allows firms to achieve value creation for the customer, turning into better types of products offered with unique characteristics to compete in the challenging markets. Where the greatest improvement in methods of production, distribution, delivery and logistics will be the result of a very well manage innovation, to more innovation strategy more organizational learning. Research Limitations:The type of innovations in process were heterogeneous and the data do not allow to clarify specific improvement and innovation type. Practical Implications:This empirical study establishes, two special practical implications, first identify special characteristics in innovation in one of the most representative sectors of the Colombian economy that even though address incremental innovations, especially through processes, and the second element is to recognize that the innovative strategy becomes a differentiating factor for companies in this sector, beyond technological barriers and culture of innovation that may appear. Originality:The research was made for the most innovative sectors in the manufacturing Colombian industry, this particular context was not studied enough before in the particular constructs of innovation strategy and organizational learning. Key Words: Innovation, manufacturing industry, strategy, organizational learning, processes.JEL: M1, M10
Use of Structural Soil as a Method for Increasing Flood Resilience in Praga Północ in Warsaw
Authors: Wojnowska-Heciak Magdalena , Grzebulska Barbara , Suchocka Marzena , Warmińska Marta
Published: February 2020

Celem dociekań jest wykazanie skuteczności nieanalizowanych dotąd właściwości zastosowania podłoża strukturalnego do zwiększenia pojemności retencyjnej. Sposób przeprowadzenia badań obejmuje: przeliczenie powierzchni poszczególnych powierzchni występujących na terenie opracowania, przeliczenie objętości potencjalnego podłoża strukturalnego pod wszystkimi obszarami utwardzonymi (poza nawierzchniami asfaltowymi jezdni) przy uwzględnieniu porowatości tego podłoża, co pozwala na uzyskanie wartości objętości, w którą mogą wpłynąć wody deszczowe. Przyjmując parametry maksymalnego deszczu nawalnego notowanego dla zachodniej części Warszawy (stacja opadowa na Bielanch opad nawalny z 2013 roku – 38,9 mm, czas trwania 1,5 godziny) obliczono, że na analizowany obszar spadłoby łącznie około 6 502 m3 deszczu. Przy założeniu, że pod chodnikami i dziedzińcami znajduje się podłoże strukturalne o miąższości 10 cm i porowatości wynoszącej średnio 30%, uzyskalibyśmy ponad 2 218,5 m3. Wnioski sprowadzają się więc do stwierdzenia, że podłoże strukturalne zastosowane pod nawierzchniami pieszymi i dziedzińcami budynków znacząco poprawiło by zjawisko retencji wód opadowych na analizowanym fragmencie dzielnicy Praga Północ w Warszawie i znacząco zredukowałoby zjawisko lokalnych podtopień.
Cline’s formula for g-Drazin inverses in a ring
Authors: Chen Huanyin , Abdolyousefi Marjan
Published: February 2020

It is well known that for an associative ring R, if ab has g-Drazin inverse
then ba has g-Drazin inverse. In this case, (ba)d = b((ab)d)2a. This formula
is so-called Cline?s formula for g-Drazin inverse, which plays an elementary
role in matrix and operator theory. In this paper, we generalize Cline?s
formula to the wider case. In particular, as applications, we obtain new
common spectral properties of bounded linear operators.
On coefficients of some p-valent starlike functions
Authors: Nunokawa Mamoru , Sokół Janusz , Tuneski Nikola
Published: February 2020

We consider the class Ap of functions f analytic in the unit disk |z| < 1 in
the complex plane, of the form f(z) = zp + ... such that Rezf(p)(z)/f
(p-1)(z) > 0 in the unit disc. The object of the present paper is to derive
some bounds for coefficients in this class and relation with the functions
satisfying condition Ref(k)(z)/f(p-k)(z) > 0 in the unit disc.
A study of second order semilinear elliptic PDE involving measures
Authors: Giri Ratan , Choudhuri Debajyoti
Published: February 2020

The objective of this article is to study the boundary value problem for the
general semilinear elliptic equation of second order involving L1 functions
or Radon measures with finite total variation. The study investigates the
existence and uniqueness of ?very weak? solutions to the boundary value
problem for a given L1 function. However, a ?very weak? solution need not
exist when an L1 function is replaced with a measure due to which the
corresponding reduced limits has been found for which the problem admits a
solution in a ?very weak? sense.
Morphological and SSR marker characterization of wild and cultivated cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp)
Authors: Ogunkanmi Adebayo , Ogundipe Oluwatoyin , Omoigui Luky , Odeseye Adebola , Fatokun Christian
Published: February 2020

Three hundred and ninety accessions comprising 260 cultivated and 130 wild
cowpea accessions were evaluated phenotypically using 27 cowpea descriptors.
Morphological evaluation of some qualitative traits revealed 11.92% and
29.23% presence of pigmentation on the stem, 1.53% and 20.76% presence of
stripes on the pod, and 0% and 20% presence of hairiness on the plant of
cultivated and wild cowpeas respectively. As for the molecular analysis,
sixteen SSR primers were employed for genotyping 48 accessions from both
wild and cultivated cowpeas. The data generated a dendrogram with three
clusters, two of which consisted of wild cowpea while the third cluster
comprised all the cultivated cowpeas, including the yard-long-bean (Vigna
unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) and Vigna unguiculata subsp. cylindrica
accessions. Two wild accessions of subsp. dekindtiana, and one each of
subsp. kgalagadensis and protracta clustered with cultivated cowpea
indicating their relationships with cultivated cowpea, but not with other
wild cowpeas. The numbers of polymorphic SSR bands in cultivated and wild
cowpeas were 38 and 54, respectively, while the PIC values were 4.47 and
6.14, respectively, showing a greater genetic diversity in wild than in
cultivated cowpeas. The subsp. dekindtiana had the highest number (80%) of
shared SSR bands with cultivated cowpea followed by subsp. protracta with
54% of shared bands. Five species of wild cowpea have hairs and so could be
used in breeding for resistance to insects.
Bioprospecting neglected botanicals as phyto-fertilizers for underutilized food crops
Authors: Akindele Abiala
Published: February 2020

Botanicals are part of the bioresources for sustainable growth of food crops,
however, some botanicals have been neglected. This study investigates the
potential effects of neglected botanicals on selected underutilized food
crops (millet, sorghum and sesame) in Nigeria. Blotter technique and soil
inoculation methods were used to evaluate the best botanicals that could be
employed to enhance seed germination (SG) and seedling growth of
underutilized food crops. With the exception of Newbouldia laevis, other
botanicals enhanced seed germination of all tested crops. Ficus asperifolia
and Parquetina nigrescens significantly (p<0.05) enhanced the radicle length
(RL) while the plumule length (PL) remained unaffected. Specifically,
observation shows that Newbouldia laevis completely inhibited sesame seed
germination and seedling growth while Parquetina nigrescens enhanced millet
height and sesame number of leaves. Generally, the effect of the botanicals
on each crop was specific. Thus, these neglected botanicals stand the chance
to enhance and sustain seedlings of underutilized food crops in Nigeria.
Further study would be carried out to uncover the chemical components in the
tested botanicals.
The Search for Order in Municipal Administration: Herman A. Metz and the New York City Experience, 1898–1909
Authors: McDonough Ryan P. , Miranti Paul J. , Schoderbek Michael P.
Published: February 2020

This paper examines the administrative and accounting reforms coordinated by Herman A. Metz around the turn of the 20th century in New York City. Reform efforts were motivated by deficiencies in administering New York City's finances, including a lack of internal control over monetary resources and operational activities, and opaque financial reports. The activities of Comptroller Metz, who collaborated with institutions such as the New York Bureau of Municipal Research, were paramount in initiating and implementing the administrative and accounting reforms in the city, which contributed to reform efforts across the country. Metz promoted the adoption of functional cost classifications for city departments, developed flowcharts for improved transaction processing, strengthened internal controls, and published the 1909 Manual of Accounting and Business Procedure of the City of New York, which laid the groundwork for transparent financial reports capable of providing vital information about the city's activities and subsidiary units.

JEL Classifications: H72, M41, N91.

Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text.
Risky Business: Assessing the Generalizability of the PCAOB's Risk-Based Inspection Reports for Annually Inspected Audit Firms
Authors: Eutsler Jared
Published: February 2020

Existing research has found that the PCAOB inspection results of small (triennially inspected) audit firms provide incremental information about audit quality, but research has not documented a similar finding for large (annually inspected) firms. I examine the generalizability of annually inspected firms' inspection findings to audit quality by investigating the association between account-specific findings and account-specific audit quality while controlling for the PCAOB's risk-based program. First, I create a selection model to approximate the risk-based inspection process. I then use its outputs to control for selection risk while examining the association between revenue-specific deficiencies and the audit quality of revenues. I find that after controlling for selection risk, revenue-specific deficiencies are generalizable to the audit quality of revenues for clients that are more likely to be inspected. These results provide some evidence that the PCAOB's inspection program is meeting its objective of providing relevant feedback to stakeholders about audit quality.

Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources described in this text.
Larson Industries: A Case on Identifying and Researching Revenue Recognition Issues
Authors: McNellis Casey J. , Barone Gerhard J. , Herbold Joshua
Published: February 2020

Financial accounting students are often provided cues regarding a particular recognition/measurement issue prior to learning the related technical material. Yet, anecdotal evidence from the profession suggests that the identification and framing of complex issues is a necessary skill for emerging professionals. This case provides accounting students a hypothetical scenario that requires them to identify several financial reporting issues, research the relevant authoritative guidance, and arrive at conclusions regarding the appropriate reporting treatment. The recent implementation of the updated revenue recognition guidance per Topic 606 from the Financial Accounting Standards Board's Accounting Standards Codification® and IFRS 15 from the International Accounting Standards Board provides a current and relevant setting for this issue identification and evaluation exercise. Results from graduate-level courses at two universities indicate that students perceived great benefits in (1) identifying and framing revenue recognition issues without textbook cues and (2) learning the new authoritative guidance.
The Effects of Experience and Client-Preferred Outcomes on Accountants' Complex Loss Valuation Judgments
Authors: Ballou Brian , Heitger Dan L. , Heitger Lester E. , Pyzoha Jonathan S. , Reffett Andrew
Published: February 2020

Accounting regulators, practitioners, and academics have all expressed concern that client preferences unduly influence accountants' judgment. This study builds on Ponemon (1995) by investigating the effects of client outcome preferences and experience levels on practicing forensic accountants' and auditors' complex loss valuation accounting judgments. Based on studies in motivated reasoning and accounting experience, we predict and find that experienced accountants have the capacity to ignore client-preferred outcomes when evaluating evidence. Specifically, when acting as an expert witness in a lawsuit involving a loss valuation dispute, forensic accountants and auditors both provide higher estimates of the plaintiff's damages when assuming the role of an expert retained by the plaintiff versus the court, unless participants possessed high experience. In addition, we find no difference in loss valuation judgments for practicing forensic accountants and auditors when both have high experience.
Understanding the Statement on Standards for Forensic Services No. 1 and Its Implications for Practice, Curricula, and Research
Authors: Schwartz Lynda
Published: February 2020

In July 2019, the AICPA issued the first authoritative professional standard on forensic services. The new standard articulates a novel paradigm for understanding what constitutes a forensic service, focusing on whether the service is for a litigation or investigation purpose, as defined. SSFS1 consolidates prior guidance into a single, clear statement and imposes some new restrictions, including a prohibition on the ultimate conclusion of fraud. It has important implications for practitioners, educators, and researchers alike, all with the goal of increasing the quality and consistency of forensic service engagements. Practitioners need to reassess the applicability of the standard and its impact on engagement acceptance and execution processes. Educators should feature SSFS1 prominently in their curricula, leveraging it for lessons on practice, ethics, and decision-making skills. Researchers have rich opportunities to contribute scholarly work to support future standard-setting and the public interest in this maturing area of the profession.

JEL Classifications: K13; K41; M41; M42; M48.

Data Availability: Data are generally available from the public sources cited in the text.
OPTIMALISASI PRESTASI BELAJAR MELALUI SIKAP KEMANDIRIAN BELAJAR SISWA SMK JURUSAN MULTIMEDIA
Authors: Setyowati Wiwit Wahyu
Published: February 2020

Pendidikan merupakan suatu sistem yang diciptakan untuk terlaksananya pembelajaran yang terdiri dari proses pengajaran dan belajar dengan harapan dapat mencapai tujuan pembelajaran yang telah ditetapkan. Untuk dapat mencapai tujuan tersebut dapat dilakukan upaya dengan optimalisasi pestasi belajar siswa. Pertanyaan yang diajukan yakni “apakah sikap kemandirian belajar dapat mengoptimalkan prestasi belajar siswa?” dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui apakah sikap kemandirian belajar dapat mengoptimalkan prestasi belajar ditinjau dari hasil belajar siswa. Melalui kajian literatur beberapa referensi dan penelitian yang relevan, analisa hasil penelitian, dan kemudian dilaksanakan focus group discussion. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa (1) Optimalisasi hasil belajar dapat dilakukan dengan meningkatkan kemandirian belajar siswa khususnya jurusan multimedia; (2) Adapun peningkatan kemandirian belajar siswa dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai langkah seperti perencanaan pembelajaran yang lebih mengarah pada penumbuhan sikap belajar secara mandiri baik berbantuan media atau kolaborasi metode pembelajaran yang bervariasi; (3) Dalam pelaksanaan pembelajaran untuk optimalisasi hasil belajar melalui sikap kemandirian belajar perlu mempertimbangkan berbagai hal seperti sarana prasarana serta kelengkapan pembelajaran baik pihak sekolah maupun siswa.
USABILITY TESTING PADA WEBSITE E-COMMERCE MENGGUNAKAN METODE SYSTEM USABILITY SCALE (SUS) (STUDI KASUS : UMKMBULELENG.COM)
Authors: Jiwa Permana Agus Aan
Published: February 2020

Pengembangan perangkat lunak sangat bermanfaat untuk membantu di beberapa bidang. Salah satunya adalah bidang pemasaran. Dengan perkembangan internet, proses pemasaran sudah lumbrah dilakukan melalui online dengan beberapa metode jual beli yang dilakukan seperti cash on delivery (COD), bayar di muka,Â  atau bayar barang saja dengan ongkos kurir dibayar setelah barang diterima. Pemasaran online memerlukan E-commerce Â untuk membantu menghubungkan pembeli dengan penjual. Seperti yang dilakukan oleh kelompok perajin di Singaraja, dengan alamat website yang dapat diakses pada http://umkmbuleleng.com. Website ini sudah online, namun perlu dilakukan uji terkait untuk mengetahui apakah user dapat dengan mudah menggunakan aplikasi secara efektif dan efisien. Hal ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui tingkat kepuasan pengguna. Sebelum produk di launching secara luas, perlu dilakukan proses pengujian ini. Metode yang digunakan untuk melakukan pengujian ini adalah System Usability Scale (SUS). Hasil pengujian diperoleh yaitu baik. Sehingga aplikasi yang dikembangkan untuk perajin secara umum sudah sesuai dengan harapan pengguna
Factors Militating Against the Effective Teaching and Learning of Krio at the Junior Secondary School Level:
Authors: Jones Harriet Yeanoh , Challay Dr. Saidu , Muffuh Peter Mboh
Published: February 2020

This study was aimed at investigating factors militating against the effective teaching and learning of Krio at the Junior Secondary School (JSS) Level in a sample of JSS pupils in selected schools in the Western Area of Freetown, Sierra Leone. Questionnaires were administered to both teachers of Krio and pupils offering the subject at the targeted level. These, alongside observation and focus group discussions, were used to determine the level of training and experience of the teachers; facilities which support the teaching and learning of Krio; attitudes of teachers, pupils and other stakeholders towards the teaching and learning of Krio; mode and frequency of assessment; provision of institutional support; and, the success rate of pupils at the Basic Educational Certificate Exams (BECE) in the selected schools. Three schools were targeted. In each of these schools, questionnaires were administered to 50 pupils, giving a total of 150 respondents.  A total of eleven teachers were sampled. The study revealed that: The teachers of Krio in the selected schools were and trained and qualified. However, none of them studied krio as a major and only about one third read it as a minor. Teaching and learning materials are inadequate, and time allocated to the teaching of krio is insufficient. Attitude is a major factor which militates against the teaching and learning of krio in the selected schools. Written assignments, tests and exams are the main assessment tools. Institutional support (in-service trainings/workshops/seminars) plays a great role in building teachers’ capacity to teach the subject as all the teachers sampled did not study krio as a major subject. BECE results (krio -2010 and 2011) indicate that only a small percentage of the pupils at JSSIII opted for krio
PERGESERAN PEKERJAAN MIGRAN DI WILAYAH PEMBANGUNAN BANDARA INTERNASIONAL JAWA BARAT (BIJB)
Authors: Santoso Meilanny Budiarti , Nurwati Nunung , Apsari Nurliana Cipta
Published: February 2020

Pembangunan Bandara Internasional Jawa Barat (BIJB) telah menjadi faktor pendorong terjadinya perubahan sosial dan perubahan ekonomi pada masyarakat sekitar, sehingga perhatian semua pihak tidak cukup hanya diberikan pada kondisi fisik kewilayahannya saja, dinamika demografi pada masyarakat sekitar pembangunan BIJB pun harus diperhatikan. Salah satu bentuknya adalah terjadinya pergeseran mata pencaharian warga masyarakat sekitar, namun faktanya sangat sulit bagi masyarakat untuk berpindah pola dari kultur masyarakat agraris ke bidang pekerjaan lainnya. Penelitian deskriptif ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan in-depth interview dan studi litelatur sebagai teknik pengumpulan data yang dilakukan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat di wilayah pembangunan BIJB telah berupaya untuk melakukan berbagai bentuk usaha dalam menyikapi pergeseran mata pencaharian yang terjadi, salah satu pilihan pekerjaan baru yang banyak diminati dan dipandang sesuai dengan keadaan kapasitas masyarakat dengan tingkat pendidikan rendah dan tidak memiliki keahlian khusus dalam bekerja adalah menjadi pekerja migran ke luar negeri pada sektor informal. Berbagai upaya yang dapat dilakukan oleh pemerintah, pengelola BIJB beserta berbagai pihak terkait lainnya dalam menyikapi dinamika pada masyarakat sekitar pembangunan BIJB tersebut adalah dengan: menciptakan peluang usaha, melakukan opportunity job dengan adanya bantuan modal dan pelatihan, serta melakukan upaya penyediaan lahan pertanian baru oleh pemerintah (tukar guling lahan), sehingga petani dapat membeli lahan tersebut dengan harga yang sesuai dengan kemampuan petani.
A methodological approach on studying policy-making of autonomous driving in cities
Authors: Servou Eriketti
Published: February 2020

This commentary proposes a methodological approach about policy analysis on autonomous driving. It focuses on the role of discourse, the multiple actors and technologies involved in the processes of urban policy-making. Autonomous driving is considered a crucial case of policy-making in cities, because of the multitude of established and new actors involved as well as the combination of different digitalisation and automation technologies. Current research outlines the uncertainty planners and policymakers find themselves in regarding how to plan and regulate for autonomous driving, and calls for the need of finding the right forms of governance and policy for the implementation of autonomous driving in urban contexts. Therefore, studying the processes of its policy in the making is vital, as it is these processes that determine if and how any kind of policy will come into place. Subsequently, it is urban policy that will define the ways autonomous driving will be implemented and its implications in cities. Since both socio-political and material factors play a role in policy-making, a suitable methodological approach is needed that can address both. Therefore, this commentary discusses methodological developments drawing inspiration from Argumentative Discourse Analysis (ADA) and combining it with elements from Actor-Network-Theory (ANT). The insights provided by the commentary aim at a more comprehensive and thorough understanding of policy-making processes of autonomous driving and how policy change occurs (or not).
Urban and architectural adaptive strategies for inclusive cities
Authors: Pesce Beatrice Jlenia , Bagaini Annamaria
Published: February 2020

The current migration flows toward Europe are having a significant impact on social composition, economy, urban services, and on the physical dimensions of cities. Cities have a key role in developing immigration policies and sustainable accommodation models, that can promote an inclusive society as well as local development. Due to the persistence of migratory flows, these models of integration and development cannot be supported by an emergency condition, but they should be based on systematic strategies. This paper presents a series of accommodation models and urban policies, coming from international experimental projects, that we argue can foster integration and urban development. These strategies show the potentials of immigration in boosting urban transformation and regeneration. Innovative strategies for dealing with immigration are based on flexible tools, typically from temporary habitat (housing modules, light construction systems, customized solutions) that find a place inside the city. Integrated design strategies use the existing city as a frame being filled up by flexible houses, through urban densification or regeneration process. Housing dissemination, temporary and flexible architectural solutions and inclusive process are the drivers for developing a flexible habitat, at the base of a more sustainable and democratic city.
Die Umdeutung der Neutralität - Eine politische Ideengeschichte der Eidgenossenschaft vor und nach 1815
Authors: Lehmann Peter
Published: February 2020

Die Eidgenossenschaft hatte ihre Neutralität in den Stürmen der napoleonischen Zeit nicht aufrechterhalten können. In der Nachkriegsordnung der anti-napoleonischen Allianz nahm eine neutrale Schweiz dennoch einen zentralen Platz ein. Um dem gerecht zu werden, mussten die Eidgenossen das Vertrauen in ihre Neutralität wiederherstellen – sowohl im Inneren als auch unter den benachbarten Mächten. Die Schweiz nach 1815 sei, so sollte vermittelt werden, nicht mit jener von 1798 vergleichbar, da sie an innerer Stärke gewonnen habe. Diese sollte aus dem stärkeren Zusammenrücken der Schweizer erwachsen, aber auch aus institutionellen Verbesserungen, besonders in Sachen Landesverteidigung.
Diesen Entwicklungen geht der Band nach. So wird verständlich, weshalb die neue immerwährende Neutralität für das entstehende schweizerische Nationalgefühl von großer Bedeutung war.
Adsorption / Desorption Phenomenon of Crude Oil to Rock Surface in Low Salinity Waterflooding
Authors: Shimokawara Mai , Takeya Miku , Otomo Chiaki , Mino Yasuyuki , Yogarajah Elakneswaran , Nawa Toyoharu
Published: February 2020

Wettability of reservoir rocks is important in understanding the rock properties influencing the fluid displacement in porous media. The magnitude of wettability is provided by contact angle, Ammot, and/or USBM methods. This however indicates the average wettability of the examined core samples, and does not give the micro wettability of core samples.

We investigated wettability changes by the adsorption and desorption of oil on core particles after ageing process by making measurements of composition analysis of crude oil and core samples, and zeta potential at various conditions before and after ageing process. Carbonated core samples, which were collected from the outcrops in Japan, were used for this study because the restoration of wettability is crucial to understand the rock properties under the natural reservoir conditions. Experimental results showed that the core particles were partially coated with crude oil although the zeta potential measurements were indifferent between the crude oil and the core particles coated with crude oil. The wettability is not homogeneous although the presence of oil on rock surface changes wettability.
Chemical Solution to ESP Packer Penetrator Corrosion Problem
Authors: Zhao Weishu , Xiao Jinjiang , Saiood Hussain A. , Otaibi Abdulrahman B. , Huang Jin , Chang Frank. F
Published: February 2020

Electric Submersible Pumps (ESP) are common artificial lift equipment for boosting well productions. One of the challenges faced with ESP applications is the ESP system reliability. High percentage of ESP failures resulted from problems of packer penetrators that locate beneath the ESP packers. These failures could be attributed to the corrosion of the power delivery systems by highly corrosive chemicals and harsh downhole conditions. A method is developed to generate a low density gel system that isolates the electric connector from downhole chemicals in order to provide prolonged protections of electric connectors against corrosive environments. Mixture of low-density polymeric materials can be pumped through the bypass tubing. The mixture has lower density than downhole fluids so that it travels upwards in the wellbore. Under high temperature in the well, a rigid gel system forms and isolates the electric connector from the hostile chemicals thus providing a better protection.

The rigid low density gel system was tested in the lab scale. The tested fluid system comprises of colloidal particles and thermal plastic microspheres. The colloidal particles forms a rigid gel under elevated temperature while the thermal plastic microspheres act as light weight fillers. Gelation tests are conducted under different temperature and pressure conditions. The system has a lower density than crude oil and the gelation process can be controlled by chemical concentration. Sealing effects with the presence of crude oil are tested in rusty metal pipe to imitate casing material. A wellbore injection physical simulator was also setup to observe the flow dynamics and chemical reaction that could take place in the wellbore.

The field trial test was performed after a through engineering design. Coiled tubing (CT) was selected as the optimum solution for intervention and placing the fluid system. Mixture of low-density materials and gelling agent were prepared on the surface and then pumped into the targeted section utilizing 2.0" coiled-tubing (CT) nozzles. Conventional bottomhole assembly was utilized to seal the tubing section and divert the fluid system to annulus.
Predictive Maintenance & PHM in KSA Using MT EcoSystem
Authors: Srinivasan Hariharan , Madhavan Rajaram
Published: February 2020

Technology Lifecycle Management (TLM) is an organization that was developed to bring Equipment Maintenance and Equipment Sustaining Engineering into a single umbrella to deliver Technology Assurance to Operations. This means to better manage and continuously improve the equipment in the field. In the Middle East Center for Reliability and Efficiency (MECRE) we aim every day to ensure that the equipment is maintained at the right level, defects are properly reported, repaired, investigated, work orders are rightly completed, and the team works efficiently and safely. In Well Services this vision was enabled by developing a customized mobile business system to maintain complex processes and tasks. This digital system is referred to as MTEcosystem (MT-Maintenance Tool). It can harness bigdata and process them smartly and efficiently. MTEcosystem captures all the information related to asset maintenance, reporting and real time equipment data. With this digital enablement, there is a need to rethink the equipment performance and monitoring to move from the traditional reactive or preventive maintenance to an evolving predictive maintenance.
Diamondoids in Tracing Petroleum Systems: Case Studies from the Unconventional Reservoirs of North America
Authors: Atwah Ibrahim , Moldowan Mike , Dahl Jeremy
Published: February 2020

Molecular diamonds, known as diamondoids are naturally occurring hydrocarbon compounds found in crude-oil and rock extracts. Diamondoids feature unique thermal stability owing to the carbon cage-like backbone structures. Therefore, unlike classical geochemical compounds, diamondoids provide a robust molecular-marker for fingerprinting hydrocarbon fluids and assessing thermal maturity. In this study, we present the application of quantitative extended diamondoid analysis (QEDA), together with compound-specific isotope analysis of diamondoid hydrocarbons (CSIA-D) recovered from the major USA unconventional reservoirs.

The application of diamondoids is demonstrated for three major unconventional reservoirs of North America. A collection of crude oils, condensates, and rock-extracts were examined from Shale formations including the Eagle Ford and Woodford Shales. Core and fluid samples are located within three major US basins including Maverick, Permian and Anadarko basins. Hydrocarbons were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analytical method for measuring the absolute concentrations of diamondoid and biomarker compounds. Further, diamondoid-isolates were analyzed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry equipped with gas chromatography for CSIA-D.

Diamondoids composition provides a unique geochemical tool for the unconventional reservoir, in detecting petroleum mixing and fingerprinting fluids of various maturities. In the Anadarko Basin, the Woodford Shale produced oils in central Oklahoma show a dual signature of elevated diamondoid abundance together with the biomarkers, suggesting hydrocarbon mixing of black-oils and cracked dry and wet gas. Moreover, Eagle Ford fluids produced from the Maverick Basin are mature hydrocarbons lacking biomarkers to allocate their zone of production. Diamondoid fingerprints allowed for tracking their production through time and identifying the sweet-spot depth in which most hydrocarbons were contributing. In the Permian Basin, diamondoid fingerprints were used to establish unmixed end-members from oils produced from the Woodford Shale, Eilenberg Carbonate and Pennsylvanian shale, and identify highly mature mixed oil commingled between the Woodford Shale and Ellenburger carbonate source rocks.

Identification of the sweet-spots and allocating produced hydrocarbons are crucial factors in the successes of unconventional plays. Most produced fluids in major US unconventional reservoirs are at high levels of thermal maturity, at which classical biomarkers are either absent or in very low concentrations; whereas, diamondoids are abundant, providing a novel technique to fingerprint fluids throughout the range of different maturity stages. In unconventional reservoir operation, diamondoids can be used in time-lapse geochemistry as a cost-effective tool along with other seismic-based techniques.
Overcoming Deep-Rooted Paradigms Leads to Remarkable Optimization Levels in a Complex Drilling Project
Authors: Ghamdi Muataz , Munoz German , Alsaihati Zainab
Published: February 2020

Drilling in a mature Saudi Arabian oilfield proved to be a steep but successful learning curve for a Saudi Aramco Engineering team. Over the years, the encountered challenges were handled by applying tested methods implemented in the area, which failed to turn around the desired results in this field. It became clear that field specific practices and procedures were necessary and, as a consequence, old paradigms were challenged to improve the performance while mitigating downhole challenges and eliminating excessive non-productive time (NPT).

Problems typically confronted in the area were pinpointed using historical data revision, and analyzing of previous field experience regarding common drilling practices. Focus was placed upon troubles impacting the two intermediate hole sections in which a number of problems arose including time-dependent unstable shales and interbedded permeable layers with different pressure regimes. Improvement of drilling the sections of concern necessitated a drastic and systematic revision of many aspects such as drilling fluids, BHA design, and drilling drive. In addition, long lasting field specific drilling practices such as connection practices and wiper trips were challenged through technical analysis, aiming to boost operational efficiency.

The recommendations were implemented in stages enabling evaluation of results, and ensuring a smooth transition from erstwhile practices. The new approach successfully assisted in overcoming drilling troubles, resulting in outstanding operational excellence levels. Wells were drilled faster and non-productive time (NPT) was significantly reduced. The results are benchmarked against wells delivered over a period of 4 years. As of today, the wells drilled and completed exhibited an outstanding improvement, increasing drilling rate of penetration and dropping NPT by 71%. Furthermore, the main key performance indicator (KPI), footage per day, has significantly increased by 44%.

The paper presents the development of set of optimized practices and procedures that collectively replaced deep-rooted field practices that are not suitable for the modern-age ERD wells. It walks through the challenges, the thinking process, the technical evaluation, and field implementations. This optimization has resulted in a stellar increase in drilling performance while cutting back on non-productive time.
Characterizing Fractures to Improve Hydraulic Fracturing Efficiency in Shale Reservoirs Through use of an LWD Ultrasonic Imager Designed for Oil-Based Mud Environments
Authors: Amorocho Claudia , Langford Cory
Published: February 2020

High-quality images from an LWD ultrasonic imaging tool are used to identify natural and induced fractures and optimize hydraulic fracturing practices in wells drilled with oil-based mud.

A newly designed LWD ultrasonic imager was developed due to the high demand for acquiring high-quality wellbore images in oil-based mud environments where traditional resistivity tools usually do not provide the desired detailed. Characterization of natural and induced fractures, and wellbore geometry are used to identify and characterize formation characteristics just hours after the well reaches TD. This enables the timely detection of fracture dominated zones enabling optimization of the ongoing hydraulic fracturing operations.

The ultrasonic imager provides 360-degree measurements of travel time and amplitude around the wellbore, taking advantage of the rotation of the drill string; the travel time measurements are used to provide a high-resolution caliper and the amplitude is used to detect formation features such as bedding planes, fractures and borehole breakouts.

The image acquisition while drilling in high rate-of-penetration (ROP) and high revolutions per minute (RPM) scenarios allows the downhole logging sensor to acquire azimuthal data in a cost-efficient scenario which does not require additional rig downtime after the well is drilled. The characterization of the natural fracture network and induced fractures helps to better assess their potential interaction with hydraulic fractures and thus allowing the implementation of hydraulic fracturing practices that allow porosity and permeability enhancement in virgin areas of the field.

The application of unique LWD technology which allow for timely reservoir characterization to further enhance completions optimization provides reservoir productivity enhancement without affecting drilling operations in unconventional shale reservoirs.
Testing Demonstrates the Effect of Bow Spring Centralizer Passage on Wellbore Components
Authors: Urdaneta Nava Luis A. , Farley Douglas
Published: February 2020

The possibility of damage to risers and wellheads, which may be caused by the passage of a bow spring centralizer during the running of an inside casing string, has been the subject of much discussion and speculation. To address this concern, different centralizer geometries were evaluated through finite element analysis (FEA) analysis to show how surface stresses change, depending on the bow type. This, along with a series of testing performed in a controlled environment, revealed that the nuances associated with centralizer design will cause significant differences in the outcome of an operation.

The tests were performed with the aid of an overhead crane facility, which was modified to vertically run and retrieve a bow spring centralizer sub inside samples of plain casing and connectors. This system was designed to run and pull the centralizer sub at rates of 7.5 ft/min. (2.3 m/min) and 14.5 ft/min (4.4 m/min). Tests were performed using a curved-cross section bow on 11 3/4-in. (298.5-mm) close-tolerance centralizers subs to reduce surface pressure. The samples used during the test were 14.488-in. OD × 13.198-in. ID blank casing subs and two similar 5-ft (1.5 m) connector subs, which had been thoroughly greased internally. The tests ran 10 single trips in and out. After each trip, the centralizer sub was then rotated 22.5° to prevent marks from subsequent trips obscuring the results of the first. This process was repeated on each of other samples. Load and displacement data were taken over the whole stroke during all trips and laser measurements of the resultant scratches were obtained. There was little or no rotation resulting from the multi-trip sequence, and a thorough compilation of the data was accumulated and reported.

This paper provides a detailed report of the initiation, creation, and performance of these testing procedures. State-of-the-art laser-measuring technology it reveals details of the scratches created by the bow spring centralizers. The resultant findings reveal that there is more to evaluate during the selection of a centralizer than just standoff performance.
Technology Lifecycle Management Innovation–Prognostic Health Monitoring on Downhole Drilling Equipment
Authors: You Min , Salama Wesam , Alasow Abdiwahid
Published: February 2020

The simple ‘fix it when its breaks’ approach to maintenance is often referred to as First Generation Maintenance.

The approach towards maintenance was changed around the time of World War II, where we transitioned to preventative maintenance due to the requirement of preventing loss of production by machine from downtime. This is known as Second Generation Maintenance.

With more complex technology utilization, research by aviation industry has shown that 70%-90% of failure modes are not age-related. For most failure modes the likelihood of occurrence is random and could not be caught by Preventive Maintenance. Later research by the United States Navy and others found very similar results. So, Third Generation Maintenance, Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) was born.
Research of digital communications models within organizations and at the state level in the countries-leaders in the use of digital communication technologies
Authors: Yakunina G. E.
Published: February 2020

The problems of digital transformation of public administration in Russia in the application to the sphere of communication relations between government structures and business have been considered in the article. The experience of the leading countries in the use of digital communication technologies at the state level in the creation of E-Government in the United States, Great Britain and France has been investigated. At the same time, first, an analysis of the models of internal interpersonal communication in the organizations of these countries has been made, and then the national programs has been adopted in these countries for the digital transformation of public administration have been studied, and the experience of these countries in their implementation is examined. The main goal of the research is to analyze the foreign experience of implementing projects of digitalization in the national economy in order to adapt solutions to the sphere of digital communications in government structures and entrepreneurship in Russia.

Based on the conducted research, the conclusions have been made and recommendations for the successful implementation of the national program of digital transformation of public administration in Russia have been given. In particular, the study has noted that the ground for digital transformation of public administration processes in the leading countries was prepared by previously established traditions and models of interpersonal communication in society. Experience of widespread introduction and use of information and communication technologies for internal communications in organizations, development of e-сommerce and e-advertising have served as the basis in these countries for the development of digital communication channels of government structures and the population. It has been shown, that during the creation of E-Government state reforms were simultaneously carried out to reorganize state structures, training civil servants in the basics of working on a computer and on the Internet.

Based on the results of the research, the recommendations for the successful implementation of the program of digital transformation of the Russian economy have been given. It has been noted, that the main one is the need to reorganize radically the work of state structures in Russia. Without this, the gap between Russia and the leading countries in the field of digital transformation of communication between government structures and business is not possible to overcome, and this may cast doubt on the success of the national program.