bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
αvβ3‐ oder α5β1‐Integrin‐selektive Peptidmimetika für die Oberflächenbeschichtung
Authors: Mas‐Moruno Carlos , Fraioli Roberta , Rechenmacher Florian , Neubauer Stefanie , Kapp Tobias G. , Kessler Horst
Published: June 2016

Die Entwicklung von Biomaterialien mit Bindungsaffinität für Integrine ist eine ausgezeichnete Methode, die Zelladhäsion zu fördern, zelluläres Verhalten zu regulieren und spezifische biologische Antworten auf der Zelloberfläche zu induzieren. Das Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, die Evolution von Verbindungen für die Beschichtung darzustellen: angefangen von Peptiden und Proteinen mit relativ niedriger Integrinbindungsaffinität und ‐selektivität bis hin zu hochaffinen und subtypselektiven Peptidmimetika. Insbesondere werden wir auf die Herausforderungen eingehen, die auf dem Weg zu einer Selektivität zwischen den strukturell eng verwandten Subtypen αvβ3 und α5β1 zu meistern waren. Die Oberflächenfunktionalisierung mit diesen Peptidmimetika öffnet den Weg für eine neue Generation von spezifisch modifizierten Oberflächen, die das Verhalten von Zellen gezielt beeinflussen können. Diese dienen sowohl zur Aufklärung der biologischen Rolle des jeweiligen Integrins als auch für eine Anwendung im “Tissue‐Engineering” und in der regenerativen Medizin.
Closed‐System One‐Pot Block Copolymerization by Temperature‐Modulated Monomer Segregation
Authors: Carmean R. Nicholas , Figg C. Adrian , Becker Troy E. , Sumerlin Brent S.
Published: June 2016

A biphasic one‐pot polymerization method enables the preparation of block copolymers from monomers with similar and competitive reactivities without the addition of external materials. AB diblock copolymers were prepared by encapsulating a frozen solution of monomer B on the bottom of a reaction vessel, while the solution polymerization of monomer A was conducted in a liquid layer above. Physical separation between the solid and liquid phases permitted only homopolymerization of monomer A until heating above the melting point of the lower phase, which released monomer B, allowing the addition of the second block to occur. The triggered release of monomer B allowed for chain extension without additional deoxygenation steps or exogenous monomer addition. A method for the closed (i.e., without addition of external reagents) one‐pot synthesis of block copolymers with conventional glassware using straightforward experimental techniques has thus been developed.
A syn‐Selective Aza‐Aldol Reaction of Boron Aza‐Enolates Generated from N‐Sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐Triazoles and 9‐BBN‐H
Authors: Miura Tomoya , Nakamuro Takayuki , Miyakawa Sho , Murakami Masahiro
Published: June 2016

A syn‐selective aza‐aldol reaction of boron aza‐enolates, generated from N‐sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles and 9‐BBN‐H, is reported. It provides a sequential one‐pot procedure for the stereoselective construction of 1,3‐amino alcohols, having contiguous stereocenters, starting from terminal alkynes.
αvβ3‐ or α5β1‐Integrin‐Selective Peptidomimetics for Surface Coating
Authors: Mas‐Moruno Carlos , Fraioli Roberta , Rechenmacher Florian , Neubauer Stefanie , Kapp Tobias G. , Kessler Horst
Published: June 2016

Engineering biomaterials with integrin‐binding activity is a very powerful approach to promote cell adhesion, modulate cell behavior, and induce specific biological responses at the surface level. The aim of this Review is to illustrate the evolution of surface‐coating molecules in this field: from peptides and proteins with relatively low integrin‐binding activity and receptor selectivity to highly active and selective peptidomimetic ligands. In particular, we will bring into focus the difficult challenge of achieving selectivity between the two closely related integrin subtypes αvβ3 and α5β1. The functionalization of surfaces with such peptidomimetics opens the way for a new generation of highly specific cell‐instructive surfaces to dissect the biological role of integrin subtypes and for application in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐based Conjugated Polymers Bearing Branched Oligo(Ethylene Glycol) Side Chains for Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Chen Xingxing , Zhang Zijian , Ding Zicheng , Liu Jun , Wang Lixiang
Published: June 2016

Conjugated polymers are essential for solution‐processable organic opto‐electronic devices. In contrast to the great efforts on developing new conjugated polymer backbones, research on developing side chains is rare. Herein, we report branched oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) as side chains of conjugated polymers. Compared with typical alkyl side chains, branched OEG side chains endowed the resulting conjugated polymers with a smaller π‐π stacking distance, higher hole mobility, smaller optical band gap, higher dielectric constant, and larger surface energy. Moreover, the conjugated polymers with branched OEG side chains exhibited outstanding photovoltaic performance in polymer solar cells. A power conversion efficiency of 5.37 % with near‐infrared photoresponse was demonstrated and the device performance could be insensitive to the active layer thickness.
Influence of copper oxide nanomaterials in a poly(ether sulfone) membrane for improved humic acid and oil–water separation
Authors: Krishnamurthy Pravallika Hassan , Yogarathinam Lukka Thuyavan , Gangasalam Arthanareeswaran , Ismail Ahmad Fauzi
Published: June 2016

In this study, self‐synthesized copper(I) oxide (Cu2O) nanoparticles were incorporated in poly(ether sulfone) (PES) mixed‐matrix membranes (MMMs) through the phase‐inversion method. A cubic arrangement and crystallite size of 28 nm was identified by transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) for the as‐synthesized Cu2O particles. The pristine PES membrane had a higher contact angle value of 88.50°, which was significantly reduced up to 50.10° for 1.5 wt % PES/Cu2O MMMs. Moreover, XRD analysis of the Cu2O‐incorporated PES membrane exhibited a new diffraction pattern at 36.46°. This ensured that the Cu2O nanoparticles were distributed well in the PES matrix. Interestingly, the water permeability progressively improved up to 66.72 × 10−9 m s−1 kPa−1 for 1.5 wt % PES/Cu2O MMMs. Furthermore, the membrane performances were also evaluated with different feed solutions: (1) bovine serum albumin, (2) humic acid, and (3) oil–water. The enhanced rejection and lower flux reduction percentage were observed for hybrid membranes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43873.
Approach to the fabrication of acrylic elastomer nanocomposites with high dielectric constants
Authors: Wang Jie , Wang Jing‐Wen , Zhou Shu‐Wei , Wang Gao‐Qiang , Zhang Su
Published: June 2016

Dielectric elastomers (DEs) are a type of electroactive polymer that can deform in an electric field. The possession of a high dielectric constant is critical for DEs if they are to be suitable materials for the application of actuators. A novel elastomeric nanocomposite (ACE‐g‐CuPc) was fabricated by copper phthalocyanine oligomer (CuPc) grafting directly onto an acrylic elastomer (ACE) backbone. Compared with other synthetic methods, esterification has several advantages; these include fewer impurities and a simpler synthetic route. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the size of the CuPc particles of the ACE‐g‐CuPc was in the range 15–30 nm; this range was significantly smaller than that of ACE/CuPc (500 nm). The results of thermogravimetric analysis show that the thermal stability of the grafting composite was higher than that of the blending composite. At 100 Hz, the dielectric constant of the grafting composite (with 11 wt % CuPc) reached 173 at room temperature. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43904.
Avian Cephalic Vascular Anatomy, Sites of Thermal Exchange, and the Rete Ophthalmicum
Authors: Porter WM Ruger , Witmer Lawrence M.
Published: June 2016

The general anatomy of avian cephalic blood vessels is well known and there are published details of their role in physiological thermoregulation. Unfortunately, the finer details of vascular pathways to and from sites of thermal exchange are not well known. Additionally, the role of the rete ophthalmicum (RO), a vascular heat exchanger in the temporal region, has been investigated in terms of brain temperature regulation, yet only the arteries have received substantial attention. Without anatomical details of both the arterial and venous pathways, the role of blood vessels in physiological thermoregulation is incomplete. Cephalic vascular anatomy of multiple avian taxa was investigated using a differential‐contrast, dual‐vascular injection technique and high‐resolution X‐ray microcomputed tomography. Sites of thermal exchange (oral, nasal, and orbital regions) and the RO were given special attention due to their known roles in cephalic thermoregulation. Blood vessels to and from sites of thermal exchange were investigated to detect conserved vascular patterns and their ability to deliver cooled blood to the RO and dural venous sinus. Sites of thermal exchange were supplied by arteries directly and through collateral pathways. Veins were found to offer multiple pathways that could influence the temperature of neurosensory tissues, as well as pathways that would bypass neurosensory tissues. These results question the paradigm that arterial blood from the RO is the primary method of brain cooling in birds. A shift in the primary role of the RO from brain cooling to regulating and maintaining the temperature of the avian eye should be further investigated. Anat Rec, 299:1461–1486, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphology of the Bearded Seal (Erignathus barbatus) Muscular–Vibrissal Complex: A Functional Model for Phocid Subambient Pressure Generation
Authors: Marshall Christopher D.
Published: June 2016

Bearded seals possess a broad muscular snout with large mystacial vibrissal fields that are involved in tactile sensation and prey identification. Although the microstructure of bearded seal vibrissae and their feeding performance have been investigated their orofacial morphology has not. Such morphological studies are important to understand the underlying mechanisms of feeding performance and to test proposed functional hypotheses. Therefore, the facial musculature was examined in bearded seals to test functional hypotheses regarding feeding performance. The orofacial musculature is composed primarily of three enlarged muscular layers, the M. levator nasolabialis, M. orbicularis oris, and M. buccinatorius (superficial), M. maxillonasolabialis (intermediate), and the M. lateralis nasi and M. dilator nasi (deep). The expansion of these muscles, the three dimensionality of the entire muscular array, the soft tissue insertions, and constant volume fit the model of a muscular hydrostat, and explains the detailed and varied mobility of their snout. An anastomosing network of CN VII innervates these facial muscles. The disproportionately large infraorbital nerve of CN V courses toward the snout and divides into numerous branches that penetrate the external capsule of every Follicle Sinus‐Complex. The anatomical evidence support that the M. orbicularis oris, M. buccinatorius, and M. maxillonasolabialis form a robust lateral lip complex that can occluded lateral gape during subambient pressure generation. The rostral portion of the M. orbicularis oris, M. dilator nasi, and M. mentalis function to pursue the rostral lips to form a circular aperture important for projecting steep pressure gradients rostral to the lips for prey acquisition. Anat Rec, 299:1043–1053, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enantioselective Recognition by Chiral Supramolecular Gels
Authors: Zhang Li , Jin Qingxian , Liu Minghua
Published: June 2016

Chiral supramolecular gels, in which small organic molecules self‐assemble into chiral nanostructures and entangle each other to immobilize solvents through various noncovalent interactions, can work as a matrix for enantioselective recognition on chiral analytes. Through gelation and the formation of well‐defined nanostructures, the chiral sense of the component molecules can be accumulated or amplified, and thus, the enantioselective recognition ability can be enhanced. Furthermore, a chiral microenvironment formed in the gel networks could provide additional stereochemical recognition geometry and attribute to efficient recognition. In this focus review, enantioselective recognition on chiral analytes through chiral supramolecular gels, with either amplified signals or the gel–sol phase transition, is discussed. This review is expected to provide useful insights into the design and fabrication of supramolecular gel systems with chiral features and high enantioselectivity.
Development of a large peptoid–DOTA combinatorial library
Authors: Singh Jaspal , Lopes Daniel , Gomika Udugamasooriya D.
Published: June 2016

Conventional one‐bead one‐compound (OBOC) library synthesis is typically used to identify molecules with therapeutic value. The design and synthesis of OBOC libraries that contain molecules with imaging or even potentially therapeutic and diagnostic capacities (e.g. theranostic agents) has been overlooked. The development of a therapeutically active molecule with a built‐in imaging component for a certain target is a daunting task, and structure‐based rational design might not be the best approach. We hypothesize to develop a combinatorial library with potentially therapeutic and imaging components fused together in each molecule. Such molecules in the library can be used to screen, identify, and validate as direct theranostic candidates against targets of interest. As the first step in achieving that aim, we developed an on‐bead library of 153,600 Peptoid–DOTA compounds in which the peptoids are the target‐recognizing and potentially therapeutic components and the DOTA is the imaging component. We attached the DOTA scaffold to TentaGel beads using one of the four arms of DOTA, and we built a diversified 6‐mer peptoid library on the remaining three arms. We evaluated both the synthesis and the mass spectrometric sequencing capacities of the test compounds and of the final library. The compounds displayed unique ionization patterns including direct breakages of the DOTA scaffold into two units, allowing clear decoding of the sequences. Our approach provides a facile synthesis method for the complete on‐bead development of large peptidomimetic–DOTA libraries for screening against biological targets for the identification of potential theranostic agents in the future. © 2016 The Authors. Biopolymers Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 673–684, 2016.
Noncovalent inhibitors of human 20S and 26S proteasome based on trypsin inhibitor SFTI‐1
Authors: Dębowski Dawid , Cichorek Mirosława , Lubos Marta , Wójcik Sławomir , Łęgowska Anna , Rolka Krzysztof
Published: June 2016

Sunflower trypsin inhibitor (SFTI‐1) is recognized as an attractive scaffold to designed potent inhibitors of various proteases. We have recently found that its analogues inhibit noncovalently both human and yeast 20S proteasomes. Here, a set of novel and more potent in vitro inhibitors is presented. The inhibitory potency of the peptides was assessed with human 20S proteasome in the presence or absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and with human 26 proteasome. Their antiproliferative action against tumor (human melanoma cells A375) and normal cells (46 BR.1N human fibroblasts and HaCaT keratinocytes) was determined. The selected fluoresceine‐labeled inhibitors were able to internalize into A375 cells and were sometimes present as foci in the cells. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 685–696, 2016.
Subunit‐Specific Labeling of Ubiquitin Chains by Using Sortase: Insights into the Selectivity of Deubiquitinases
Authors: Crowe Sean O. , Pham Grace H. , Ziegler Jacob C. , Deol Kirandeep K. , Guenette Robert G. , Ge Ying , Strieter Eric R.
Published: June 2016

Information embedded in different ubiquitin chains is transduced by proteins with ubiquitin‐binding domains (UBDs) and erased by a set of hydrolytic enzymes referred to as deubiquitinases (DUBs). Understanding the selectivity of UBDs and DUBs is necessary for decoding the functions of different ubiquitin chains. Critical to these efforts is the access to chemically defined ubiquitin chains bearing site‐specific fluorescent labels. One approach toward constructing such molecules involves peptide ligation by sortase (SrtA), a bacterial transpeptidase responsible for covalently attaching cell surface proteins to the cell wall. Here, we demonstrate the utility of SrtA in modifying individual subunits of ubiquitin chains. Using ubiquitin derivatives in which an N‐terminal glycine is unveiled after protease‐mediated digestion, we synthesized ubiquitin dimers, trimers, and tetramers with different isopeptide linkages. SrtA was then used in combination with fluorescent depsipeptide substrates to effect the modification of each subunit in a chain. By constructing branched ubiquitin chains with individual subunits tagged with a fluorophore, we provide evidence that the ubiquitin‐specific protease USP15 prefers ubiquitin trimers but has little preference for a particular isopeptide linkage. Our results emphasize the importance of subunit‐specific labeling of ubiquitin chains when studying how DUBs process these chains.
Transradial and transulnar access for iliac artery interventions using sheathless guiding systems: A feasibility study
Authors: Ruzsa Z. , Tóth K. , Nemes B. , Édes I.F. , Nardai S. , Berta B. , Kovács N. , Hüttl K. , Merkely B.
Published: June 2016

Purpose

Our aim was to evaluate the acute success and complication rates of the transradial and transulnar access for iliac artery stenting using sheathless guiding systems.

Methods

Clinical and angiographic data from 156 consecutive patients with symptomatic iliac artery stenosis who were treated with transradial or transulnar access were evaluated. All patients underwent Duplex ultrasound before and after the intervention. The primary endpoints were the procedural success rate, major adverse events, and access site complication rates. The secondary endpoints were the angiographic result of the iliac artery intervention, fluoroscopy time, X‐ray dose, procedure length, crossover rate to another puncture site and hospitalization duration. The impact of the learning curve was also investigated, along with right or left radial access.

Results

The indication for the intervention was intermittent claudication in 109 patients (69.9%), critical limb ischemia in 44 (28.2%) subjects and acute limb ischemia in three individuals (1.9%). Technical success was achieved in 155 patients (99.4%), with a crossover rate of 3.8%. Radial and ulnar artery access was used in 151 (96.8%) and 7 (4.5%) patients, respectively. The Ankle‐brachial index increased from 0.69 [0.65–0.72] to 0.91 [0.88–0.95] as a result of the procedures (P < 0.001). The cumulative incidence of major adverse events was 3.8% at the 2‐month follow‐up (0% in patients with intermittent claudication and 13.8% in patients with critical limb ischemia). Radial artery access site complications were encountered in eight patients (5.1%). We documented decreased X‐ray doses (1742.0 [783.9–2701] vs. 1435 [991.1–1879] vs. 692.8 [275.3–1110] Gy cm−2 P < 0.05) over time; however, the fluoroscopy time, procedure time, and contrast consumption were not significantly different. Left hand access was not associated with significantly better results than right radial artery access.

Conclusions

Iliac artery stenting can be safely and effectively performed using radial or ulnar artery access and sheathless guiding catheters, with acceptable complication rates and high levels of technical success. The physician learning curve plays an important role in decreasing the X‐ray dose. © 2016 The Authors. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Facile Synthesis and Tunable Porosities of Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Polymers that Contain In Situ Formed Palladium Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Yangxin , Zhong Hong , Li Liuyi , Wang Ruihu
Published: June 2016

A series of porous imidazolium‐based ionic polymers that contain in situ formed Pd nanoparticles (Pd@PIPs) was synthesized by a Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction in the presence of SiO2 particles. The hierarchical porosities of Pd@PIPs can be regulated well by adjusting the dosage of SiO2. Pd nanoparticles are formed concomitantly and encapsulated uniformly within the pores of the polymers. The appropriate usage of SiO2 templates results in a clear enhancement of the catalytic activity in the hydrogenation of nitroarenes without the addition of extra Pd species. The excellent catalytic performances are attributed to abundant meso‐ and macropores that facilitate the mass transfer of substrates during catalytic reactions.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Alkene Difunctionalization with Nitrenes
Authors: Ciesielski Jennifer , Dequirez Geoffroy , Retailleau Pascal , Gandon Vincent , Dauban Philippe
Published: June 2016

The RhII‐catalyzed oxyamination and diamination of alkenes generate 1,2‐amino alcohols and 1,2‐diamines, respectively, in good to excellent yields and with complete regiocontrol. In the case of diamination, the intramolecular reaction provides an efficient method for the preparation of pyrrolidines, and the intermolecular reaction produces vicinal amines with orthogonal protecting groups. These alkene difunctionalizations proceed by aziridination followed by nucleophilic ring opening induced by an Rh‐bound nitrene generated in situ, details of which were uncovered by both experimental and theoretical studies. In particular, DFT calculations show that the nitrogen atom of the putative [Rh]2=NR metallanitrene intermediate is electrophilic and support an aziridine activation pathway by N⋅⋅⋅N=[Rh]2 bond formation, in addition to the N⋅⋅⋅[Rh]2=NR coordination mode.
Bis‐clickable Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Straightforward Preparation of Light‐Actuated Nanomachines for Controlled Drug Delivery with Active Targeting
Authors: Noureddine Achraf , Gary‐Bobo Magali , Lichon Laure , Garcia Marcel , Zink Jeffrey I. , Wong Chi Man Michel , Cattoën Xavier
Published: June 2016

Bis(clickable) mesoporous silica nanospheres (ca. 100 nm) were obtained by the co‐condensation of TEOS with variable amounts (2–5 % each) of two clickable organosilanes in the presence of CTAB. Such nanoparticles could be easily functionalized with two independent functions using the copper‐catalyzed alkyne‐azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction to transform them into nanomachines bearing cancer cell targeting ligands with the ability to deliver drugs on‐demand. The active targeting was made possible after anchoring folic acid by CuAAC click reaction, whereas the controlled delivery was performed by clicked azobenzene fragments. Indeed, the azobenzene groups are able to obstruct the pores of the nanoparticles in the dark whereas upon irradiation in the UV or in the blue range, theirtrans‐to‐cisphotoisomerization provokes disorder in the pores, enabling the delivery of the cargo molecules. The on‐command delivery was proven in solution by dye release experiments, and in vitro by doxorubicin delivery. The added value of the folic acid ligand was clearly evidenced by the difference of cell killing induced by doxorubicin‐loaded nanoparticles under blue irradiation, depending on whether the particles featured the clicked folic acid ligand or not.
The Conformational Map of Volatile Anesthetics: Enflurane Revisited
Authors: Pérez Cristóbal , Caballero‐Mancebo Elena , Lesarri Alberto , Cocinero Emilio J. , Alkorta Ibon , Suenram Richard D. , Grabow Jens‐Uwe , Pate Brooks H.
Published: June 2016

Previous ambiguities in the conformational and structural landscape of the volatile anesthetic enflurane have been solved combining microwave spectroscopy in a jet expansion and ab initio calculations. The broadband (2–18 GHz) rotational spectra identified three different rotamers, sharing a common trans ether skeleton but differing in the ±gauche/trans position of the terminal chlorine atom. For each chlorine conformation two different gauche orientations were predicted for the opposite difluoromethyl group, but only one is experimentally observable due to collisional relaxation in the jet. The experimental dataset comprised nine different isotopologues (35Cl, 37Cl, 13C) and a large number (>6500) of rotational transitions. The inertial data provided structural information using the substitution and effective procedures. The structural preferences were rationalized with additional ab initio, natural‐bond‐orbital and non‐covalent‐interaction analysis, which suggest that plausible anomeric effects at the difluoromethyl group could be overridden by other intramolecular effects. The difluoromethyl orientation thus reflects a minimization of inter‐fluorine repulsions while maximizing F⋅⋅⋅H attractive interactions. A comparison with previous electron diffraction and spectroscopic data in the gas and condensed phases finally resulted in a comprehensive description of this ether, completing a rotational description of the most common multi‐halogenated anesthetics.
Herstellung von Glycerin‐tert‐butylethern – Entwicklung vom Labor bis zur Miniplant
Authors: Behr Arno , Kleyensteiber Alexander , Domke Lutz
Published: June 2016

Di‐ und Tri‐tert‐butylether des Glycerins (h‐GTBE) sind durch ihren unpolaren Charakter hervorragend mischbar mit zahlreichen Kohlenwasserstoffen. Sie besitzen ausgezeichnete Verbrennungseigenschaften und sind damit besonders attraktiv für den Einsatz als Kraftstoffadditive. In dieser Arbeit wurde die säurekatalysierte Hydroalkoxylierung von Glycerin und Isobuten zur Herstellung von h‐GTBE studiert. Voruntersuchungen ermöglichten die Ermittlung der Reaktionsparameter sowie die Abtrennung der Produkte. Unter Rückführung der Ausgangstoffe wurde eine kontinuierlich betriebene Miniplant im Langzeitbetrieb errichtet.
Patterns and predictors of clustered risky health behaviors among adult survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Authors: Lown E. Anne , Hijiya Nobuko , Zhang Nan , Srivastava Deo Kumar , Leisenring Wendy M. , Nathan Paul C. , Castellino Sharon M. , Devine Katie A. , Dilley Kimberley , Krull Kevin R. , Oeffinger Kevin C. , Hudson Melissa M. , Armstrong Gregory T. , Robison Leslie L. , Ness Kirsten K.
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND

Health complications related to childhood cancer may be influenced by risky health behaviors (RHBs), particularly when RHBs co‐occur. To the authors' knowledge, only limited information is available describing how RHBs cluster among survivors of childhood cancer and their siblings and the risk factors for co‐occurring RHBs.

METHODS

Latent class analysis was used to identify RHB clusters using longitudinal survey data regarding smoking, alcohol use, and physical activity from adult survivors (4184 survivors) and siblings (1598 siblings) in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Generalized logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between demographic characteristics, treatment exposures, psychological distress, health conditions, and cluster membership.

RESULTS

Three RHB clusters were identified: a low‐risk cluster, an insufficiently active cluster, and a high‐risk cluster (tobacco and risky alcohol use and insufficient activity). Compared with siblings, survivors were more likely to be in the insufficiently active cluster (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj], 1.17; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.06‐1.27) and were less likely to be in the high‐risk cluster (ORadj, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.69‐0.88). Risk factors for membership in the high‐risk cluster included psychological distress (ORadj, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.98‐3.86), low educational attainment (ORadj, 7.49; 95% CI, 5.15‐10.88), income <$20,000 (ORadj, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.93‐3.57), being divorced/separated or widowed (ORadj, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.03‐1.79), and limb amputation (ORadj, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.03‐2.24). Risk factors for the insufficiently active cluster included chronic health conditions, psychological distress, low education or income, being obese or overweight, female sex, nonwhite race/ethnicity, single marital status, cranial radiation, and cisplatin exposure.

CONCLUSIONS

RHBs co‐occur in survivors of childhood cancer and their siblings. Economic and educational disadvantages and psychological distress should be considered in screening and interventions to reduce RHBs. Cancer 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society. Cancer 2016;122:2747–2756. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Towards a comprehensive atlas of cortical connections in a primate brain: Mapping tracer injection studies of the common marmoset into a reference digital template
Authors: Majka Piotr , Chaplin Tristan A. , Yu Hsin‐Hao , Tolpygo Alexander , Mitra Partha P. , Wójcik Daniel K. , Rosa Marcello G.P.
Published: June 2016

The marmoset is an emerging animal model for large‐scale attempts to understand primate brain connectivity, but achieving this aim requires the development and validation of procedures for normalization and integration of results from many neuroanatomical experiments. Here we describe a computational pipeline for coregistration of retrograde tracing data on connections of cortical areas into a 3D marmoset brain template, generated from Nissl‐stained sections. The procedure results in a series of spatial transformations that are applied to the coordinates of labeled neurons in the different cases, bringing them into common stereotaxic space. We applied this procedure to 17 injections, placed in the frontal lobe of nine marmosets as part of earlier studies. Visualizations of cortical patterns of connections revealed by these injections are supplied as Supplementary Materials. Comparison between the results of the automated and human‐based processing of these cases reveals that the centers of injection sites can be reconstructed, on average, to within 0.6 mm of coordinates estimated by an experienced neuroanatomist. Moreover, cell counts obtained in different areas by the automated approach are highly correlated (r = 0.83) with those obtained by an expert, who examined in detail histological sections for each individual. The present procedure enables comparison and visualization of large datasets, which in turn opens the way for integration and analysis of results from many animals. Its versatility, including applicability to archival materials, may reduce the number of additional experiments required to produce the first detailed cortical connectome of a primate brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2161–2181, 2016. © 2016 The Authors The Journal of Comparative Neurology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gold Nanoparticle Cluster Arrays for High‐Performance SERS Substrates Fabricated by Electro‐oxidative Lithography
Authors: Liu He , Schwenke Almut M. , Kretschmer Florian , Hoeppener Stephanie , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: June 2016

The availability of high‐performance substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in a reproducible fashion is of tremendous importance for transferring the technology into a routine analysis tool. We describe the fabrication of highly efficient SERS substrates facilitating enhancement factors as high as ∼5×106 by combining self‐assembly strategies with electro‐oxidative nanolithography, which allows the fabrication of cluster arrays consisting of individual gold nanoparticles at ambient conditions and at low costs. Different aspects on the fabrication process, that is, the optimization of the cluster distances, the contribution of intra‐ and interparticle plasmon coupling, as well as the determination of the signal enhancement and substrate reproducibility, are discussed.
BiVO4‐TiO2 Composite Photocatalysts for Dye Degradation Formed Using the SILAR Method
Authors: Odling Gylen , Robertson Neil
Published: June 2016

Composite photocatalyst films have been fabricated by depositing BiVO4 upon TiO2 via a sequential ionic layer adsorption reaction (SILAR) method. The photocatalytic materials were investigated by XRD, TEM, UV/Vis diffuse reflectance, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES), XPS, photoluminescence and Mott–Schottky analyses. SILAR processing was found to deposit monoclinic‐scheelite BiVO4 nanoparticles onto the surface, giving successive improvements in the films′ visible light harvesting. Electrochemical and valence band XPS studies revealed that the prepared heterojunctions have a type II band structure, with the BiVO4 conduction band and valence band lying cathodically shifted from those of TiO2. The photocatalytic activity of the films was measured by the decolourisation of the dye rhodamine 6G using λ>400 nm visible light. It was found that five SILAR cycles was optimal, with a pseudo‐first‐order rate constant of 0.004 min−1. As a reference material, the same SILAR modification has been made to an inactive wide‐band‐gap ZrO2 film, where the mismatch of conduction and valence band energies disallows charge separation. The photocatalytic activity of the BiVO4–ZrO2 system was found to be significantly reduced, highlighting the importance of charge separation across the interface. The mechanism of action of the photocatalysts has also been investigated, in particular the effect of self‐sensitisation by the model organic dye and the ability of the dye to inject electrons into the photocatalyst′s conduction band.
Predictors of Incidence, Remission and Relapse of Axis I Mental Disorders in Young Women: A Transdiagnostic Approach
Authors: Lukat Justina , Becker Eni S. , Lavallee Kristen L. , van der Veld William M. , Margraf Jürgen
Published: June 2016

An understanding of etiological and maintaining factors of mental disorders is essential for the treatment of mental disorders, as well as mental health promotion and protection. The present study examines predictors of the incidence, remission and relapse of a wide range of Axis I mental disorders, using data from the Dresden Predictor Study. A sample of 1394 young German women completed questionnaires evaluating psychological factors (positive mental health, self‐efficacy, life satisfaction, neuroticism, psychopathology and dysfunctional attitudes) and global assessment of functioning, as well as structured diagnostic interviews assessing incidence and change (remission, relapse) in mental disorders. Predictors were analysed using a multivariate logistic regression model. Significant factors for incidence of mental disorders included neuroticism and global functioning. A remitting course of mental disorders was predicted by positive mental health, self‐efficacy and global assessment of functioning. Relapse was significantly predicted by neuroticism and dysfunctional attitudes. Results imply that mental health promotion is particularly important for women with high neuroticism and low functioning, as they tend to be at risk for incidence. Mental disorder treatment may benefit from strengthening positive mental health and functioning, as these factors promote remission. Relapse‐prevention may benefit from attention to neuroticism and dysfunctional attitudes in order to reduce the likelihood of relapse. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Incidence of mental disorders in young women was predicted by neuroticism and low global functioning. There seems to be a need for preventive interventions addressing high neuroticism and low global functioning.

Remission in young women was predicted by positive mental health. It may be helpful to include resource‐based interventions, which can strengthen or support general positive mental health.

Relapse in young women was predicted by two negative psychological factors: high neuroticism and reporting many dysfunctional attitudes. Psychotherapy addressing the characteristics and behaviour of neurotic patients might be beneficial. Interventions should also focus on addressing and changing dysfunctional attitudes.
Genomewide Association Studies in Pharmacogenomics: Meeting Report of the NIH Pharmacogenomics Research Network‐RIKEN (PGRN‐RIKEN) Collaboration
Authors: Yee SW , Momozawa Y , Kamatani Y , Tyndale RF , Weinshilboum RM , Ratain MJ , Giacomini KM , Kubo M
Published: June 2016

Genomewide association studies (GWAS) have resulted in the identification of many heritable genetic factors that underlie risk for human disease or variation in physiologic traits. In contrast, there are fewer GWAS of drug response phenotypes, despite extensive unexplained interindividual variability. To address this urgent need, the NIH Pharmacogenomics Research Network (PGRN) and the Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS) at RIKEN support a collaboration, PGRN‐RIKEN, with the goal of accelerating GWAS of drug response phenotypes.
Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of a Drug Transporter Cocktail Consisting of Digoxin, Furosemide, Metformin, and Rosuvastatin
Authors: Stopfer P , Giessmann T , Hohl K , Sharma A , Ishiguro N , Taub ME , Zimdahl‐Gelling H , Gansser D , Wein M , Ebner T , Müller F
Published: June 2016

This article reports the clinical investigation of a probe drug cocktail containing substrates of key drug transporters. Single oral doses of 0.25 mg digoxin (P‐gp), 5 mg furosemide (OAT1 and OAT3), 500 mg metformin (OCT2, MATE1, and MATE2‐K), and 10 mg rosuvastatin (OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and BCRP) were administered separately or as a cocktail in a randomized six‐period crossover trial in 24 healthy male volunteers. As a cocktail, relative bioavailabilities of digoxin and metformin and furosemide AUC0‐tz were similar to separate dosing. However, when administered as a cocktail the Cmax of furosemide was 19.1% lower and the Cmax and AUC0‐tz of rosuvastatin were 38.6% and 43.4% higher, respectively. In addition, the effects of increased doses of metformin or furosemide on the cocktail were investigated in 11 and 12 subjects, respectively. The cocktail explored in this trial has the potential to be used for the in vivo screening of transporter‐mediated drug–drug interactions. © 2016 American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Practice Note: Asking Better Questions
Authors: Barthel Trip , Fortson‐Harwell Mary
Published: June 2016

This article examines ways that mediators can ask better questions by developing a line of inquiry that facilitates insight through movement within the stages of mediation. Well‐designed questions can shift perspectives, promote understanding, offer opportunities, engage participation, and create possibilities. Better questions in mediation are asked with curiosity and emotional detachment, trustworthy, emotionally intelligent, balanced and open, asked with an awareness of learning styles, creative, future focused, and unifying.
Soft switching DC/DC converter with high voltage gain and less current ripple
Authors: Lin Bor‐Ren , Chen Hui‐Ru
Published: June 2016

A new soft switching three‐level converter with two DC/DC circuits in the primary side and current double rectifiers in the secondary side is presented to realize the zero‐voltage switching operation, reduce the transformer secondary winding turns and the output current ripple, and lessen the voltage rating of rectifier diodes. Two DC/DC pulse‐width modulation circuits sharing same power switches with interleaved half switching cycle are adopted in the proposed converter to reduce the current rating of transformer primary windings. Two inductors and four diodes are adopted in the secondary side to achieve current double rectifier, reduce output ripple current, and decrease the transformer secondary winding turns. Based on the pulse‐width modulation scheme, the power switchers can be turned on at zero‐voltage switching operation. Laboratory experiments with a 1.44 kW prototype are provided to verify the theoretical analysis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Power allocation over time‐varying multiple‐access interference channels
Authors: Baidas Mohammed W. , Alsusa Emad , Hamdi Khairi A.
Published: June 2016

In this paper, power allocation over time‐varying multiple‐access interference channels is studied. Particularly, stochastic network sum‐rate maximizing and max‐min rate power allocation, and total power minimization problems are formulated, capturing the random nature of communication channels. Typically, a centralized controller must have perfect knowledge of global instantaneous channel state information for dynamic optimal power allocation; however, this may not be possible, because of the computational complexity and communication overheads/delays involved. Based on the second‐order statistics of the channel state information, the stochastic problem formulations are transformed into their optimal deterministic representations in terms of ergodic capacity, while ensuring satisfactory quality of service via target outage probability. However, such deterministic reformulations happen to be non‐convex and thus are computationally expensive. In turn, sub‐optimal reformulations are derived and solved via iterative low‐complexity algorithms. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed deterministic sub‐optimal power allocation reformulations closely coincide with their optimal deterministic and dynamic counterparts, with the proposed algorithms converging in a finite number of iterations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Written case formulations in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: Evidence for therapeutic benefits
Authors: Allen Karina L. , O'Hara Caitlin B. , Bartholdy Savani , Renwick Beth , Keyes Alexandra , Lose Anna , Kenyon Martha , DeJong Hannah , Broadbent Hannah , Loomes Rachel , McClelland Jessica , Serpell Lucy , Richards Lorna , Johnson‐Sabine Eric , Boughton Nicky , Whitehead Linette , Treasure Janet , Wade Tracey , Schmidt Ulrike
Published: June 2016

Objective

Case formulation is a core component of many psychotherapies and formulation letters may provide an opportunity to enhance the therapeutic alliance and improve treatment outcomes. This study aimed to determine if formulation letters predict treatment satisfaction, session attendance, and symptom reductions in anorexia nervosa (AN). It was hypothesized that higher quality formulation letters would predict greater treatment satisfaction, a greater number of attended sessions, and greater improvement in eating disorder symptoms.

Method

Patients were adult outpatients with AN (n = 46) who received Maudsley Anorexia Nervosa Treatment for Adults (MANTRA) in the context of a clinical trial. A Case Formulation Rating Scheme was used to rate letters for adherence to the MANTRA model and use of a collaborative, reflective, affirming stance. Analyses included linear regression and mixed models.

Results

Formulation letters that paid attention to the development of the AN predicted greater treatment acceptability ratings (p = 0.002). More reflective and respectful letters predicted greater reductions in Eating Disorder Examination scores (p = 0.003).

Discussion

Results highlight the potential significance of a particular style of written formulation as part of treatment for AN. Future research should examine applicability to other psychiatric disorders. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:874–882)
Are the metabolomic responses to folivory of closely related plant species linked to macroevolutionary and plant–folivore coevolutionary processes?
Authors: Rivas‐Ubach Albert , Hódar José A. , Sardans Jordi , Kyle Jennifer E. , Kim Young‐Mo , Oravec Michal , Urban Otmar , Guenther Alex , Peñuelas Josep
Published: June 2016

The debate whether the coevolution of plants and insects or macroevolutionary processes (phylogeny) is the main driver determining the arsenal of molecular defensive compounds of plants remains unresolved. Attacks by herbivorous insects affect not only the composition of defensive compounds in plants but also the entire metabolome. Metabolomes are the final products of genotypes and are constrained by macroevolutionary processes, so closely related species should have similar metabolomic compositions and may respond in similar ways to attacks by folivores. We analyzed the elemental compositions and metabolomes of needles from three closely related Pinus species with distant coevolutionary histories with the caterpillar of the processionary moth respond similarly to its attack. All pines had different metabolomes and metabolic responses to herbivorous attack. The metabolomic variation among the species and the responses to folivory reflected their macroevolutionary relationships, with P. pinaster having the most divergent metabolome. The concentrations of terpenes were in the attacked trees supporting the hypothesis that herbivores avoid plant individuals with higher concentrations. Our results suggest that macroevolutionary history plays important roles in the metabolomic responses of these pine species to folivory, but plant–insect coevolution probably constrains those responses. Combinations of different evolutionary factors and trade‐offs are likely responsible for the different responses of each species to folivory, which is not necessarily exclusively linked to plant–insect coevolution.
Antioxidant efficacies of rutin and rutin esters in bulk oil and oil‐in‐water emulsion
Authors: Lue Bena‐Marie , Sørensen Ann‐Dorit Moltke , Jacobsen Charlotte , Guo Zheng , Xu Xuebing
Published: June 2016

The use of flavonoids as antioxidants in food formulations is limited due to their solubility and thereby their localization in the food products. However, enzymatic alkylation of flavonoids with lipophilic moieties alters their lipophilicity and thereby partitioning within different phases in a food product. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidative efficiency of two derivatives of rutin, namely rutin laurate (C12:0) and rutin palmitate (C16:0) compared with their parent compound rutin and with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Their efficiency as antioxidants at two different concentrations (25 and 200 × 10−6 m) was assessed in bulk oil and in an o/w emulsion system without and with iron addition. All evaluated compounds revealed antioxidant effects. However, rutin and BHT were the most efficient antioxidants in bulk oil followed by rutin palmitate, whereas rutin laurate acted as either an antioxidant or a prooxidant at low and high concentrations (25 and 200 × 10−6 m), respectively. In emulsions, rutin and BHT in high concentration (200 × 10−6 m) were more efficient than rutin esters. Thus, alcylation of rutin with medium chain fatty acids did not improve the antioxidant ability, neither in bulk oil nor in o/w emulsion. Interestingly, rutin had stronger antioxidative effect than BHT upon iron addition to the emulsion.

Practical application: According to the antioxidant hypothesis, the polar paradox, more amphiphilic antioxidants should perform as better antioxidants in emulsions than more polar antioxidants. The finding in this study revealed that lipophilization of rutin did not improve its antioxidant capacity in emulsions compared to untreated rutin. This stresses the importance of evaluating the antioxidant in each emulsion systems before selecting appropriate antioxidants for optimal protection against lipid oxidation.

Lipid oxidation in bulk oil and o/w emulsion. Rutin and BHT more efficient antioxidants in bulk oil and emulsion than rutin ester. Acylation of rutin with C12 or C16 did not improve the antioxidant ability of rutin neither in bulk oil or emulsion.
Identification of Rare Variants in Metabolites of the Carnitine Pathway by Whole Genome Sequencing Analysis
Authors: Yazdani Akram , Yazdani Azam , Liu Xiaoming , Boerwinkle Eric
Published: June 2016

We use whole genome sequence data and rare variant analysis methods to investigate a subset of the human serum metabolome, including 16 carnitine‐related metabolites that are important components of mammalian energy metabolism. Medium pass sequence data consisting of 12,820,347 rare variants and serum metabolomics data were available on 1,456 individuals. By applying a penalization method, we identified two genes FGF8 and MDGA2 with significant effects on lysine and cis‐4‐decenoylcarnitine, respectively, using Δ‐AIC and likelihood ratio test statistics. Single variant analyses in these regions did not identify a single low‐frequency variant (minor allele count > 3) responsible for the underlying signal. The results demonstrate the utility of whole genome sequence and innovative analyses for identifying candidate regions influencing complex phenotypes.