bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perspective
Authors: Wolpert Lewis
Published: September 2015

I am a developmental biologist, but I started off as a civil engineer. I did some research on soil mechanics but decided to change to biology. A friend changed my life when he told me about the mechanics of cell division, on which I did my PhD at Kings College. I then worked on the morphogenesis of the sea urchin embryo and became interested in how embryos are patterned, and I proposed positional information as a basic mechanism. I was a professor at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School, where we concentrated on how the chick limb developed.
Generic Indicators of Ecological Resilience: Inferring the Chance of a Critical Transition
Authors: Scheffer Marten , Carpenter Stephen R. , Dakos Vasilis , van Nes Egbert H.
Published: September 2015

Ecological resilience is the ability of a system to persist in the face of perturbations. Although resilience has been a highly influential concept, its interpretation has remained largely qualitative. Here we describe an emerging family of methods for quantifying resilience on the basis of observations. A first set of methods is based on the phenomenon of critical slowing down, which implies that recovery upon small perturbations becomes slower as a system approaches a tipping point. Such slowing down can be measured experimentally but may also be indirectly inferred from changes in natural fluctuations and spatial patterns. A second group of methods aims to characterize the resilience of alternative states in probabilistic terms based on large numbers of observations as in long time series or satellite images. These generic approaches to measuring resilience complement the system-specific knowledge needed to infer the effects of environmental change on the resilience of complex systems.
The Impact of Submesoscale Physics on Primary Productivity of Plankton
Authors: Mahadevan Amala
Published: September 2015

Life in the ocean relies on the photosynthetic production of phytoplankton, which is influenced by the availability of light and nutrients that are modulated by a host of physical processes. Submesoscale processes are particularly relevant to phytoplankton productivity because the timescales on which they act are similar to those of phytoplankton growth. Their dynamics are associated with strong vorticity and strain rates that occur on lateral scales of 0.1–10 km. They can support vertical velocities as large as 100 m d−1 and play a crucial role in transporting nutrients into the sunlit ocean for phytoplankton production. In regimes with deep surface mixed layers, submesoscale instabilities can cause stratification within days, thereby increasing light exposure for phytoplankton trapped close to the surface. These instabilities help to create and maintain localized environments that favor the growth of phytoplankton, contribute to productivity, and cause enormous heterogeneity in the abundance of phytoplankton, which has implications for interactions within the ecosystem.
The Council of Psychological Advisers
Authors: Sunstein Cass R.
Published: September 2015

Findings in behavioral science, including psychology, have influenced policies and reforms in many nations. Choice architecture can affect outcomes even if material incentives are not involved. In some contexts, default rules, simplification, and social norms have had even larger effects than significant economic incentives. Psychological research is helping to inform initiatives in savings, finance, highway safety, consumer protection, energy, climate change, obesity, education, poverty, development, crime, corruption, health, and the environment. No nation has yet created a council of psychological advisers, but the role of behavioral research in policy domains is likely to grow in the coming years, especially in light of the mounting interest in promoting ease and simplification (“navigability”); in increasing effectiveness, economic growth, and competitiveness; and in providing low-cost, choice-preserving approaches.
Theodiversity
Authors: Norenzayan Ara
Published: September 2015

Humanity is teeming with breathtaking theodiversity—in religious beliefs, behaviors, and traditions, as well as in various intensities and forms of disbelief. Yet the origins and consequences of this diversity have received limited attention in psychology. I first describe how evolved psychological processes that influence and respond to cultural evolutionary trajectories generate and channel religious diversity. Next, I explore how theodiversity in turn shapes human psychology, and discuss three cultural dimensions of religious diversity in relation to psychological processes: (a) the cultural shift from small foraging bands and their local religious practices and beliefs to large and complex groups and their world religions, (b) cultural variability among world religions, and (c) secularization and the ensuing cultural divide between religious and nonreligious societies and subcultures. The contributions of psychology to the scientific study of religion will increase with a deeper understanding of theodiversity.
Effect of Intravitreal Injection of Dexamethasone 0.7 mg (Ozurdex®) on Intraocular Pressure in Patients with Macular Edema
Authors: Mazzarella Stefania , Mateo Carlos , Freixes Silvia , Burés-Jelstrup Anniken , Rios Jose , Navarro Rafael , García-Arumí Jose , Corcóstegui Borja , Arrondo Elena
Published: September 2015

Background: To evaluate the effect of Ozurdex® on intraocular pressure in patients with macular edema alone (group 1) or associated with glaucoma or ocular hypertension (group 2). Methods: A clinical, retrospective, observational, comparative study included 92 eyes with macular edema treated with a single injection of Ozurdex®; 27 eyes were previously diagnosed with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Results: The mean intraocular pressure (group 1 vs. group 2) after injection was 12.1 versus 19.9 mm Hg, (p < 0.05; day 1); 17.5 versus 19.7 mm Hg (p < 0.05; month 1); 18.4 versus 20.9 mm Hg (p < 0.05; month 2); 15 versus 17.4 mm Hg (p < 0.05; month 3); 13.9 versus 16.7 mm Hg (p > 0.05; month 6); 13.8 versus 15.1 mm Hg (p > 0.05; month 9) and 13.1 versus 16.4 mm Hg (p > 0.05; month 12). Thirty eyes (32.6%) showed ocular hypertension (intraocular pressure >21 mm Hg) after the injection: 21.5% of group 1 and 59.3% of group 2. In group 2, 27 eyes (100%) needed medical treatment to reduce intraocular pressure in comparison to 8 patients (12.3%) in group 1 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Intravitreal injection of Ozurdex® was associated with ocular hypertension in 32.6% of the eyes. Previous glaucoma or ocular hypertension are risk factors for this increase.
Pregnancy Complications and Cardiovascular Disease Death
Authors: Cirillo Piera M. , Cohn Barbara A.
Published: September 2015

Background—

Few studies have investigated the combination of pregnancy complications that predict risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) death and how risk changes with age. This report presents a comprehensive investigation of the relation of the occurrence of multiple pregnancy complications to CVD death over 5 decades in a large pregnancy cohort.

Methods and Results—

We examined pregnancy events (1959–1967) and CVD death through 2011 in 14 062 women from the Child Health and Development Studies. CVD death was determined by linkage to California Vital Statistics and National Death Index. Women were a median age of 26 years at enrollment and 66 years in 2011. Preexisting hypertension (hazard ratio, 3.5; 95% confidence interval, 2.4–5.1); glycosuria (hazard ratio, 4.2; confidence interval, 1.3–13.1); late-onset preeclampsia (after week 34, hazard ratio, 2.0; confidence interval, 1.2–3.5); and hemoglobin decline over the second and third trimesters (hazard ratio, 1.7; confidence interval, 1.2–2.7) predicted CVD death. Delivery of a small-for-gestation or preterm infant and early-onset preeclampsia (by week 34) significantly predicted premature CVD death (
P
<0.05 for age dependence). Preterm birth combined with hemorrhage, gestational hypertension, or preexisting hypertension identified women with a 4- to 7-fold increased risk of CVD death. Preeclampsia in combination with preexisting hypertension conferred a significant nearly 6-fold risk in comparison with a 4-fold risk for preexisting hypertension alone.

Conclusions—

We observed combinations of pregnancy complications that predict high risk of death and 2 new risk markers, glycosuria and hemoglobin decline. Obstetricians serve as primary care physicians for many young women and can readily use these complications to identify high-risk women to implement early prevention.
Impact of Contact Force Technology on Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Shurrab Mohammed , Di Biase Luigi , Briceno David F. , Kaoutskaia Anna , Haj‐Yahia Saleem , Newman David , Lashevsky Ilan , Nakagawa Hiroshi , Crystal Eugene
Published: September 2015

Background

Catheter–tissue contact is essential for effective lesion formation, thus there is growing usage of contact force (
CF
) technology in atrial fibrillation ablation. We conducted a meta‐analysis to assess the impact of
CF
on clinical outcomes and procedural parameters in comparison to conventional catheter for atrial fibrillation ablation.

Methods and Results

An electronic search was performed using major databases. Outcomes of interest were recurrence rate, major complications, total procedure, and fluoroscopic times. Continuous variables were reported as standardized mean difference; odds ratios were reported for dichotomous variables. Eleven studies (2 randomized controlled studies and 9 cohorts) involving 1428 adult patients were identified.
CF
was deployed in 552 patients. The range of
CF
used was between 2 to 60 gram‐force. The follow‐up period ranged between 10 and 53 weeks. In comparing
CF
and conventional catheter groups, the recurrence rate was lower with
CF
(35.1% versus 45.5%, odds ratio 0.62 [95% CI 0.45–0.86],
P
=0.004). Shorter procedure and fluoroscopic times were achieved with
CF
(procedure time: 156 versus 173 minutes, standardized mean difference −0.85 [95%
CI
−1.48 to −0.21],
P
=0.009; fluoroscopic time: 28 versus 36 minutes, standardized mean difference −0.94 [95%
CI
−1.66; −0.21],
P
=0.01). Major complication rate was lower numerically in the
CF
group but not statistically significant (1.3% versus 1.9%, odds ratio 0.71 [95%
CI
0.29–1.73],
P
=0.45).

Conclusions

The use of
CF
technology results in significant reduction of the atrial fibrillation recurrence rate after atrial fibrillation ablation in comparison to the conventional catheter group.
CF
technology is able to significantly reduce procedure and fluoroscopic times without compromising complication rate.
George James Allman (1812–1898): pioneer in research on Cnidaria and freshwater Bryozoa
Authors: CALDER DALE R.
Published: September 2015

George James Allman (1812–1898), acclaimed for pioneering studies of Hydrozoa and Bryozoa, was born in Cork, Ireland. He earned B.A. (1839) and M.B. (1843) degrees at Trinity College, Dublin, and an M.D. (1847) from Trinity College and Oxford University. Choosing academia over medicine, he served as Professor of Botany, University of Dublin (1844–1855), and as Regius Professor of Natural History, University of Edinburgh (1855–1870). Allman initially undertook research on freshwater bryozoans, but his interests later turned to marine hydroids. His bibliography, with publication dates retraced herein, comprises more than 200 titles. Most important of these were monographs on limnic Bryozoa (1857) and “gymnoblastic” or anthoathecate Hydrozoa (1871, 1872). Other prime works were on hydroids from the Straits of Florida (1877) and from the Challenger Expedition (1883, 1888). He named 22 families, 64 genera and 283 species of Hydrozoa, along with three families and nine species of Bryozoa. Of these, names of some five families, 19 genera, and 146 species of hydrozoans, along with three families and three species of bryozoans, are currently recognized as valid. For distinguished academic service, Allman was awarded the Royal Medal (Royal Society of London, 1873), the Brisbane Prize (Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1873), the Cunningham Medal (Royal Irish Academy, 1878), the Gold Medal (Linnean Society of London, 1896), and an LL.D. from the University of Edinburgh (1873). He died 24 November 1898 in Parkstone, Dorset, England. Two genera and 22 species have been named in his honour.
DNA-based association and description of the larval stage of Apatania helvetica Schmid 1954 (Trichoptera, Apataniidae) with notes on ecology and zoogeography
Authors: WARINGER JOHANN , LUBINI VERENA , HOPPELER FELICITAS , PAULS STEFFEN U.
Published: September 2015

This paper describes the hitherto unknown larva of Apatania helvetica Schmid 1954. Sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase region were used to associate adult females and larvae. Genetic data confirmed the autochthonous status of this taxon within the parthenogenetic Apatania muliebris Complex (‘sous groupe’) sensu Schmid 1954. Information on the morphology of the larva is given, and the most important diagnostic features are illustrated. Apatania helvetica is morphologically close to Apatania muliebris McLachlan 1866 and A. fimbriata (Pictet 1834). In the context of Apataniidae, this trio of species can be separated by the presence of long tapering setae with flexible tips at the anterior border of the pronotum, by a central gap within the transverse setal band on the 1st abdominal dorsum, by biometry of the frontoclypeal setation and by their distribution in Europe. With respect to European ecoregions (Graf et al. 2008), Apatania muliebris has been recorded from the Alps, the central plains and highlands, the Baltic countries, Great Britain, Ireland and Scandinavia; A. fimbriata is known from the Alps, the western and central highlands, the western plains, the Hungarian lowlands and the Carpathians; and A. helvetica is restricted to the Alps and has been recorded only in Switzerland.
Trachelostenini sensu novo: redescriptions of Trachelostenus Solier, Myrmecodema Gebien and Leaus Matthews & Lawrence, based on adults and larvae, and descriptions of three new species of Leaus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Authors: MATTHEWS ERIC G. , LAWRENCE JOHN F.
Published: September 2015

The former family Trachelostenidae is returned to tribal status in Tenebrionidae-Tenebrioninae and reconstituted to include Trachelostenus Solier, 1851 of southern Chile, currently in a separate family Trachelostenidae, Myrmecodema Gebien, 1943 of central Chile, currently in Stenochiinae-Cnodalonini, and Leaus Matthews & Lawrence, 1992 of eastern Australia, currently in Tenebrioninae-Titaenini. The three genera are redescribed in both the adult and larval stages. Three new species: Leaus tropicalis sp.n. L. monteithi sp. n. and L. elusus sp. n. are described. Trachelostenine larval characters are compared with those of related tribes of Tenebrioninae: Titaenini, Heleini, Helopini, Helopinini, Ulomini and Toxicini. The Chilean genus Homocyrtus Dejean is briefly discussed and left incertae sedis in Tenebrionidae. Examination of Lagriola Kirsch (Lagriinae), originally associated with Trachelostenus, leads to the following name changes: Lagriola Kirsch, 1873 = Paratenetus Spinola, 1844, syn. n.; Paratenetus operosus (Kirsch, 1873) (Lagriola), comb. n.; Paratenetus championi, nom. n. for P. denticulatus Champion, 1886 nec P. denticulatus (Kirsch, 1873) (Lagriola) comb. n.
A new species of Ituglanis Costa & Bockmann, 1993 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) endemic to the Tramandaí–Mampituba ecoregion, southern Brazil
Authors: FERRER JULIANO , DONIN LAURA M. , MALABARBA LUIZ R.
Published: September 2015

Ituglanis boitata, new species, is described from the rio Tramandaí system and rio Mampituba and Araranguá basins, southern Brazil. This new species is distinguished from congeners with the exception of I. bambui, I. boticario,                       I. paraguassuensis and I. proops by the supraorbital canal of the cephalic laterosensory system interrupted between nasal and frontal sections and the presence of pore s2 (vs. supraorbital canal uninterrupted and pore s2 absent). Ituglanis boitata     differs from these species in osteological characters, measurements and body coloration. Ituglanis boitata presents a              noticeable endemism in the Tramandaí–Mampituba freshwater ecoregion, a recognized biogeographic unit for freshwater fishes including other 22 endemic species. A discussion about the intraspecific variation in the cephalic laterosensory system within Trichomycterinae is also provided.
Impacts of Updraft Size and Dimensionality on the Perturbation Pressure and Vertical Velocity in Cumulus Convection. Part I: Simple, Generalized Analytic Solutions
Authors: Morrison Hugh
Published: September 2015

This study investigates relationships between vertical velocity, perturbation pressure, updraft size, and dimensionality for cumulus convection. Generalized theoretical expressions are derived from approximate analytic solutions of the governing momentum and mass continuity equations for both two-dimensional (2D) and axisymmetric quasi-three-dimensional (3D) steady-state updrafts. These expressions relate perturbation pressure and vertical velocity to updraft radius R, height H, and thermal buoyancy. They suggest that the vertical velocity at the level of neutral buoyancy is reduced from perturbation pressure effects by factors of and in 2D and 3D, respectively, where is a nondimensional length, with somewhat different scalings lower in the updraft (α is a parameter equal to the ratio of vertical velocity horizontally averaged across the updraft to that at the updraft center). They also indicate that updrafts are weaker in 2D than 3D, all else being equal, with a difference of up to a factor of 2 in vertical velocity for as a direct result of differences in mass continuity between 2D and axisymmetric 3D flow. Differences between these expressions and other analytic solutions, including those derived from single normal mode Fourier/Fourier–Bessel expansion of the buoyant perturbation pressure Poisson equation, are discussed. Part II of this study compares the theoretical expressions with numerical solutions of the buoyant perturbation pressure Poisson equation for a wide range of thermal buoyancy profiles representing shallow-to-deep moist convection and also with fully dynamical 2D and 3D updraft simulations.
Large-Scale Dynamics of Circulations with Open-Ocean Convection
Authors: Schloesser Fabian
Published: September 2015

Formation of the densest water masses in the North Atlantic and its marginal seas involves open-ocean convection. The main goal of this study is to contribute to the general understanding of how such convective regions connect to the large-scale ocean circulation. Specifically, analytic and numerical versions of a variable density layer model are used to explore the processes underlying the circulation in an idealized ocean basin. The models are forced by a surface buoyancy flux, which generates a density maximum in the ocean interior. In response to the forcing, a region forms that is characterized by the closed Rossby wave characteristics and where the eddy–mean transport converges toward the convective site. Outside of that region, characteristics extend from the eastern boundary and a distorted β-plume circulation develops, linking the convection site with the western boundary. The overturning strength in the model can be related to several environment variables and forcings and is constrained by the surface density field, stratification, eddy mixing strength and by Rossby wave dynamics. Solutions forced by an interior ocean density minimum are also considered. Although no convection occurs, the dynamics underlying the circulation are closely related to the case with cooling.
Can you stay home today? Parents’ occupations, relative resources and division of care leave for sick children
Authors: Boye Katarina
Published: September 2015

This is one of only a few studies on the division of care leave for sick children (temporary parental leave) between parents in Sweden and is the first to examine the importance of differences in parents’ work characteristics. The study uses register data for parents with children born between 1999 and 2002 to analyse two aspects of parents’ employment that may be of importance for the division of care leave: their relative resources, in this case wages, and different occupations. First, the results show that a father’s share of care leave increases as the mother’s relative wage decreases. This suggests that decisions about care leave are influenced by bargaining power gained through differences in resources. Second, the resources of couples where both partners work in the same occupation are more equal, and such couples also divide care leave more equally than couples with different occupations. However, the fact that same-occupation couples tend to share care leave more equally does not seem to be explained by similarities in the partners’ work characteristics, and may instead be due to unmeasured, stable characteristics. Greater income and career possibilities for the women are proposed as a possible explanation of the division of care leave for same-occupation couples.
State Context and Exclusionary Ideologies
Authors: Nyseth Brehm Hollie
Published: September 2015

Social science research has denoted the role that exclusionary and divisive ideologies play in fortifying group boundaries and shaping inequality, including what is arguably its most extreme form—genocide. We know little, however, about where and why such ideologies emerge. This article analyzes 159 countries between 1955 and 2009 to assess the factors that influence the emergence and presence of exclusionary ideologies. Doing so informs broader social science conceptions of the role of culture and politics in the production of inequality and violence. I find that certain critical junctures, including independence and irregular regime change, are associated with the onset of exclusionary ideologies. Colonial histories and threats to political elites are also consequential. I conclude by discussing exclusionary ideologies relative to genocide as well as the general importance of cultural and political dynamics for future analyses of inequality.
Prevention of Femoropopliteal In-Stent Restenosis With Cilostazol
Authors: Iftikhar Omer , Oliveros Karla , Tafur Alfonso J. , Casanegra Ana I.
Published: September 2015

Severe peripheral artery disease requires revascularization to relieve life-limiting ischemic symptoms. Postrevascularization in-stent restenosis continues to be a problem after femoropopliteal procedures. Our aim was to evaluate the use of cilostazol to prevent in-stent restenosis among patients with lower extremity arterial stenting. We performed a MEDLINE and EMBASE search and reviewed the abstracts and manuscripts following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The primary efficacy outcome was patency rate after stenting. The odds ratio estimates were pooled using the Mantel–Haenszel random-effects method. We identified 524 studies, and 20 articles were fully abstracted and 4 were included in the meta-analysis. The total number of patients included was 2434. Patients in the cilostazol group had better primary patency rates after endovascular stenting than those not taking cilostazol (odds ratio: 0.55; 95% confidence interval: 0.43-0.71). The use of cilostazol appears to prevent in-stent restenosis of high-risk patients.
Absorbable Steroid-Impregnated Spacer After Endoscopic Sinus Surgery to Reduce Synechiae Formation
Authors: Xu Jason J. , Busato Gian-Marco , McKnight Carmen , Lee John M.
Published: September 2015

Objective:

Middle meatal synechiae formation after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) leads to higher rates of revision surgery. We aimed to determine if there are different rates of postoperative synechiae following ESS for CRS between patients who received a nonabsorbable spacer (NAS) placed in the ethmoid cavity versus patients who had a steroid-impregnated absorbable spacer (AS) placed at the middle meatal entry.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent ESS for CRS at a single tertiary referral center from October 2009 to October 2013. We collected data on synechiae formation between the middle turbinate and lateral nasal wall within 1 month of surgery and postoperative epistaxis.

Results:

One hundred forty-six patients with 252 nasal cavities (52.0%) received steroid-impregnated AS, and 128 patients with 233 nasal cavities (48.0%) received NAS. Synechiae formation occurred in 2.0% of cavities with AS and 5.6% of cavities with NAS, but this difference was not statistically significant (OR = 0.34, P = .052). One patient in each cohort had significant postoperative epistaxis requiring additional nasal packing ( P > .99).

Conclusion:

Steroid-impregnated absorbable spacers had statistically insignificant reduction in postoperative synechiae formation when compared to nonabsorbable spacers. Low rates of postoperative epistaxis were observed regardless of the type of spacer used.
Diluted thrombin time reliably measures low to intermediate plasma dabigatran concentrations
Authors: Božič-Mijovski Mojca , Malmström Rickard E , Malovrh Petra , Antovic Jovan P , Vene Nina , Šinigoj Petra , Mavri Alenka
Published: September 2015

Background

Direct oral anticoagulant dabigatran was first introduced as a fixed-dose drug without routine coagulation monitoring, but current recommendations suggest that diluted thrombin time can be used to estimate plasma drug level. The aim of this study was to assess a diluted thrombin time assay based on the same thrombin reagent already used for traditional thrombin time measurements that reliably measure low to intermediate plasma dabigatran levels.

Methods

We included 44 patients with atrial fibrillation who started treatment with dabigatran 150 mg (23 patients) or 110 mg (21 patients) twice a day. Blood samples were collected at baseline (no dabigatran) and 2–4 weeks after the beginning of dabigatran therapy at trough and at peak. Plasma dabigatran levels were measured with diluted thrombin time and compared to liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry as the reference method. The performance of the diluted thrombin time was compared to Hemoclot® Thrombin Inhibitor and Ecarin Chromogenic Assay.

Results

In ex vivo plasma samples, diluted thrombin time highly correlated with the liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (Pearson’s R = 0.9799). In the low to intermediate range (dabigatran concentration ≤ 100  µg/L) diluted thrombin time correlated significantly more closely to the liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (R = 0.964) than Hemoclot® Thrombin Inhibitor (R = 0.935, p = 0.05) or Ecarin Chromogenic Assay (R = 0.915, p < 0.01). It was also the only functional assay without any significant bias in the low to intermediate range. Both trough and peak diluted thrombin time values were similar to liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.

Conclusion

We conclude that the diluted thrombin time assay presented in this study reliably detects dabigatran and that it is superior to the Hemoclot® Thrombin Inhibitor assay in the low to intermediate range.
Ebola epidemic exposes the pathology of the global economic and political system
Authors: Sanders David , Sengupta Amit , Scott Vera
Published: September 2015

While the current Ebola epidemic spiraled out of control to become the biggest in history, the global public health response has been criticized as “too little, too late.” Many, like the World Health Organization, are asking what lessons have been learned from this epidemic. We present an analysis of the political economy of this Ebola outbreak that reveals the importance of addressing the social determinants that facilitated the exposure of populations, previously unaffected by Ebola Virus Disease, to infection and restricted the capacity for an effective medical response. To prevent further such crises, the global public health community has a responsibility to advocate for health system investment and development and for fundamental pro-poor changes to economic and power relations in the region.
Herodotus and the Black Body
Authors: Samuels Tristan
Published: September 2015

Herodotus’ view of Blackness is discussed only in relation to his 2.104 passage where he describes the Egyptian physical appearance. This is a consequence of the modern debate on ancient Egyptian racial identity. Inevitably, commentators on 2.104 have been heavily concerned with defending their predispositions about ancient Egyptian racial identity. As a result, there has been no critical engagement with Herodotus’ conceptualization of Blackness. This analysis uses critical race theory to address this methodological problem. Contrary to the consensus in Greco-Roman studies, Blackness was a factor in ancient Greek racial thought. It is evident that Herodotus’ own understanding of Blackness did not differ from the general Greek worldview. Ultimately, this analysis shows that Blackness was a significant aspect of Herodotus’ ethnography for particular racial groups.
Examining the Emergence of Large-scale Structures in Collaboration Networks: Methods in Sociological Analysis
Authors: Ghosh Jaideep , Kshitij Avinash
Published: September 2015

This article introduces a number of methods that can be useful for examining the emergence of large-scale structures in collaboration networks. The study contributes to sociological research by investigating how clusters of research collaborators evolve and sometimes percolate in a collaboration network. Typically, we find that in our networks, one cluster among the leading ones eventually wins the growth race by percolating through the network, spanning it and rapidly filling up a significant volume of it. We show how this process is governed by the dynamics of cluster growth in the network. When operating in a percolating regime, this class of networks possesses many useful functional properties, which have important sociological implications. We first develop the methodological tools to perform a study of the intrinsic clustering process. Then, to understand the actual large-scale structure formation process in the network, we apply the theoretical methods to simulate a number of realistic scenarios, including one based on actual data on the collaboration behavior of a sample of researchers. From the perspective of social science research, our methods can be adapted to suit the application domains of many other types of real social processes.
A Lesson on Interrogations From Detainees
Authors: Snook Brent , Brooks Dianna , Bull Ray
Published: September 2015

The ability to predict confessions and cooperation from the elements of an interrogation was examined. Incarcerated men ( N = 100) completed a 50-item questionnaire about their most recent police interrogation, and regression analyses were performed on self-reported decisions to confess and cooperate. Results showed that the likelihood of an interrogation resulting in a confession was greatest when evidence strength and score on a humanitarian interviewing scale were high, and when the detainee had few previous convictions or did not seek legal advice. We also found that the level of cooperation was greatest when the humanitarian interviewing score was high, and when previous convictions were low. The implications of the findings for interrogation practices are discussed.
Taking Stock of the Relationship Between Gang Membership and Offending
Authors: Pyrooz David C. , Turanovic Jillian J. , Decker Scott H. , Wu Jun
Published: September 2015

This study takes stock of empirical research examining the relationship between gang membership and offending by subjecting this large body of work to a meta-analysis. Multilevel modeling is used to determine the overall mean effect size of this relationship based on 1,649 effect size estimates drawn from 179 empirical studies and 107 independent data sets. The findings indicate that there is a fairly strong relationship between gang membership and offending ( Mz = .227, confidence interval [CI] = [.198, .253]). Bivariate and multivariate moderator analyses not only reveal that this relationship is robust across the vast majority of methodological variations but also show that the gang membership–offending link is stronger when studying active gang members, and weaker in prospective research designs, non-U.S. samples, and when controlling for theoretical confounders and mediators. These results affirm the efforts of researchers, policymakers, and practitioners to understand and respond to gang behaviors, and are used to identify aspects of this literature that are most worthy of continued attention.
The Influence of Gender and Traumatic Experiences on Length of Time Served in Juvenile Justice Settings
Authors: Espinosa Erin M. , Sorensen Jon R.
Published: September 2015

This study examines the influence of gender and history of trauma exposure on the length of time juvenile offenders served in post-adjudicatory placements. Data were drawn from a database that included information on all juvenile referrals from three large urban counties in Texas during a 2-year period. The study sample included all juveniles ( N = 5,019) placed in local non-secure and county-operated secure facilities. Findings indicate that female juveniles served significantly longer periods of confinement in local facilities than boys, even when controlling for other influential variables such as offense severity, prior record, age at referral, and facility type. Findings also indicate that girls with histories of trauma served longer periods in confinement than boys for violating their court-ordered conditions of probation.
The Impact of Persistent Deviant Sexual Interests and Persistent Low Self-Esteem on Sexual Homicide
Authors: Healey Jay , Beauregard Eric
Published: September 2015

Major commonalities among sexual homicide models include the presence of deviant sexual interests and low self-esteem. Using a sample of violent sexual offenders who have either physically injured or killed their victim ( n = 229), the current study investigates the impact of persistent deviant sexual interest(s) and persistent low self-esteem on sexual homicide. Findings suggest that both persistent deviant sexual interests and persistent low self-esteem are important predictors of sexual homicide. These findings suggest that there is a group of sexual murderers with low self-esteem who are driven by deviant sexual interests and may kill to satisfy their deviant sexual interests.
Measuring Abdominal Circumference and Skeletal Muscle From a Single Cross‐Sectional Computed Tomography Image
Authors: Gomez‐Perez Sandra L. , Haus Jacob M. , Sheean Patricia , Patel Bimal , Mar Winnie , Chaudhry Vivek , McKeever Liam , Braunschweig Carol
Published: September 2015

Diagnostic computed tomography (CT) scans provide numerous opportunities for body composition analysis, including quantification of abdominal circumference, abdominal adipose tissues (subcutaneous, visceral, and intermuscular), and skeletal muscle (SM). CT scans are commonly performed for diagnostic purposes in clinical settings, and methods for estimating abdominal circumference and whole‐body SM mass from them have been reported. A supine abdominal circumference is a valid measure of waist circumference (WC). The valid correlation between a single cross‐sectional CT image (slice) at third lumbar (L3) for abdominal SM and whole‐body SM is also well established. Sarcopenia refers to the age‐associated decreased in muscle mass and function. A single dimensional definition of sarcopenia using CT images that includes only assessment of low whole‐body SM has been validated in clinical populations and significantly associated with negative outcomes. However, despite the availability and precision of SM data from CT scans and the relationship between these measurements and clinical outcomes, they have not become a routine component of clinical nutrition assessment. Lack of time, training, and expense are potential barriers that prevent clinicians from fully embracing this technique. This tutorial presents a systematic, step‐by‐step guide to quickly quantify abdominal circumference as a proxy for WC and SM using a cross‐sectional CT image from a regional diagnostic CT scan for clinical identification of sarcopenia. Multiple software options are available, but this tutorial uses ImageJ, a free public‐domain software developed by the National Institutes of Health.
Hyperglycemia During Home Parenteral Nutrition Administration in Patients Without Diabetes
Authors: Edakkanambeth Varayil Jithinraj , Yadav Siddhant , Miles John M. , Okano Akiko , Kelly Darlene G. , Hurt Ryan T. , Mundi Manpreet S.
Published: September 2015

Background: Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a life‐sustaining therapy in appropriate clinical settings. In the hospital setting, some nondiabetic patients develop hyperglycemia and subsequently require long‐term insulin while receiving PN. Whether similar hyperglycemia is seen in the outpatient setting is unclear. Methods: We studied patients enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Home Parenteral Nutrition (HPN) program between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2012. Patients were excluded if they had diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2), had previously received HPN, had taken corticosteroids, or were at risk for refeeding syndrome. Results: Of 144 enrolled patients, 93 met inclusion criteria with 39 patients requiring the addition of insulin to HPN. The mean age of the insulin‐requiring group (IR) was higher than that of the non–insulin‐requiring group (NIR) (60.74 ± 13.62 years vs 48.97 ± 17.62 years, P < .001). There were 17 (44%) men in the IR group and 26 (48%) men in the NIR group. Mean blood glucose at baseline before starting the infusion was 131.82 ± 49.55 mg/dL in IR patients and 106.16 ± 59.01 mg/dL in NIR patients (P = .03). In the stepwise multivariate analysis for assessing the risk for developing hyperglycemia, HR for age was 1.020 (1.010–1.031), P < .001. Conclusions: Hyperglycemia is a common finding with the use of PN in both the hospital and ambulatory setting in patients without a previous diagnosis of DM2. Age was the most significant predictor of the requirement of insulin in the present study. When hyperglycemia is managed appropriately with insulin therapy, the long‐term complications can be minimized.
Approximate pattern matching with gap constraints
Authors: Wu Youxi , Tang Zhiqiang , Jiang He , Wu Xindong
Published: September 2015

Pattern matching is a key issue in sequential pattern mining. Many researchers now focus on pattern matching with gap constraints. However, most of these studies involve exact pattern matching problems, a special case of approximate pattern matching and a more challenging task. In this study, we introduce an approximate pattern matching problem with Hamming distance. Its objective is to compute the number of approximate occurrences of pattern P with gap constraints in sequence S under similarity constraint d. We propose an efficient algorithm named Single-rOot Nettree for approximate pattern matchinG with gap constraints (SONG) based on a new non-linear data structure Single-root Nettree to effectively solve the problem. Theoretical analysis and experiments demonstrate an interesting law that the ratio M( P, S, d)/ N( P, S, m) approximately follows a binomial distribution, where M( P, S, d) and N( P, S, m) are the numbers of the approximate occurrences whose distances to pattern P are d (0≤ d≤ m) and no more than m (the length of pattern P), respectively. Experimental results for real biological data validate the efficiency and effectiveness of SONG.
OLFinder: Finding opinion leaders in online social networks
Authors: Aleahmad Abolfazl , Karisani Payam , Rahgozar Maseud , Oroumchian Farhad
Published: September 2015

Opinion leaders are the influential people who are able to shape the minds and thoughts of other people in their society. Finding opinion leaders is an important task in various domains ranging from marketing to politics. In this paper, a new effective algorithm for finding opinion leaders in a given domain in online social networks is introduced. The proposed algorithm, named OLFinder, detects the main topics of discussion in a given domain, calculates a competency and a popularity score for each user in the given domain, then calculates a probability for being an opinion leader in that domain by using the competency and the popularity scores and finally ranks the users of the social network based on their probability of being an opinion leader. Our experimental results show that OLFinder outperforms other methods based on precision-recall, average precision and P@N measures.
Household Extension and Employment Among Asian Immigrant Women in the United States
Authors: Kang Jeehye , Cohen Philip N.
Published: September 2015

To help explain variation in Asian immigrant women’s employment, we examine the association between women’s employment and the presence and characteristics of adult extended household members for seven Asian immigrant groups: Chinese, Korean, Asian Indian, Pakistani, Filipina, Vietnamese, and Japanese. Using the American Community Survey 2009-2011 pooled data, we find that married, first-generation Asian immigrant women’s employment rates are higher when they live with parents or parents-in-law. Furthermore, hampered by housework and care work, these women apparently receive some support in particular from female extended adults providing child care assistance—especially in families with young children. On the other hand, we find a negative association between the presence of disabled adults and employment, but only for Koreans, and employed extended adults’ support varies across nationality groups. Variations in these dynamics across Asian groups suggest the need for further study.
We Are the World? Anthropocene Cultural Production between Geopoetics and Geopolitics
Authors: Last Angela
Published: September 2015

The proposal of the ‘Anthropocene’ as a new geological epoch where humans represent the dominant natural force has renewed artistic interest in the ‘geopoetic’, which is mobilized by cultural producers to incite changes in personal and collective participation in planetary life and politics. This article draws attention to prior engagements with the geophysical and the political: the work of Simone Weil and of the editors of the Martinican cultural journal Tropiques, Suzanne and Aimé Césaire. Synthesizing the political and scientific shifts in human-world relationships of their time, both projects are set against oppressive or narcissistic materialisms and experiment with the image of the ‘cosmic’ to cultivate a preoccupation not (only) with a tangible materialism but with an intangible one that emphasizes process and connectivity across wide spatial and temporal scales. The writers’ movement between poetics and politics will be used to enquire what kind of socio-political work a contemporary geopoetic could potentially do.
Compliance with EU biofuel targets in South-Eastern and Eastern Europe: Do interest groups matter?
Authors: Tosun Jale , Schulze Kai
Published: September 2015

The European Union requires its member states to establish national targets for the biofuel content of all diesel and petrol supplies for transport placed on the market. This study explores the adoption of this European Union policy across South-Eastern and Eastern Europe between 2003 and 2012. In theoretical terms, we are specifically interested in examining the role of interest groups for policy adoption. We argue that the oil industry in general and the producers of biofuels in particular will support the establishment of national biofuel targets because they expect economic gains. By contrast, we expect environmental groups with international and regional ties to oppose such targets because biofuels have come under attack for their potential environmental impact including deforestation, a loss in biodiversity, and food insecurity. Empirically, we concentrate on policy adoptions in 21 South-Eastern and Eastern European states with varied relations to the European Union and the Energy Community. Our analysis supports our main arguments in suggesting that a stronger presence of environmental groups decreases the chances of adopting national biofuel targets across our country sample while producer interests tend to increase adoptions. This finding holds true also when controlling for a country’s European Union membership and accession perspective, membership in the Energy Community, and additional domestic-level factors. These results add more generally to our understanding about compliance with European Union policies and environmental governance.
Evaluating green suppliers from a green environmental perspective
Authors: Tsai Sang-Bing , Wei Yu-Min , Chen Kuan-Yu , Xu Lei , Du Peng , Lee Hung-Chun
Published: September 2015

A green supply chain requires suppliers to consider products and related environmental management simultaneously and include the principle of environmental protection in management mechanisms. The purpose of the green supply chain is to promote green products and enhance market competitiveness. When industries and companies can establish a set of criteria for assessing green suppliers, the efficiency of resource use can be improved, resource consumption can be reduced, and a green corporate image can be enhanced. On the basis of a green supply chain, this study developed green-supplier evaluation criteria and integrated the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory method with the analytical network process, forming the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory-based analytical network process model. The decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory-based analytical network process model was then used to calculate the degree to which the criteria of green suppliers influence one another and the causal relations among the evaluation criteria. Subsequently, the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory-based analytical network process model was applied to calculate the weights of the criteria and a green-supplier evaluation criteria system was established.
Equitable distribution of open space: Using spatial analysis to evaluate urban parks in Curitiba, Brazil
Authors: Macedo Joseli , Haddad Mônica A
Published: September 2015

Urban parks are community assets, providing people places to play and rest. Access to parks in urban environments promotes social equity and improves quality of life for surrounding neighborhoods. In this context, social equity is related to accessibility, i.e. the possibility of walking or biking from home to a public park, giving people who do not have access to a variety of entertainment an option that is a public good. This paper examines the spatial distribution of urban parks in the city of Curitiba, Brazil, and how it relates to the socio-economic conditions of surrounding neighborhoods. Curitiba is known for its urban parks; however, no systematic study has been conducted to verify which neighborhoods enjoy park access within walking distance and what the socio-economic differences are between the better and worse served neighborhoods. In addition, we investigate if access to green open space has improved between the last two decennial census, a period marked by unprecedented socio-economic affluence in Brazil. Research questions, to be addressed using spatial analysis, focus on equitable distribution, and spatial evolution of parks and social equity. Variables include measurable walking distances from census tracts to parks, income data from the 2000 and 2010 Brazilian decennial censuses, and qualitative data of urban parks in Curitiba. Findings offer recommendations for future implementation of additional parks in Curitiba so that all areas of the city have adequate green open space and all citizens have equal access to recreation and leisure opportunities.