bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How to Mainstream Feminist Studies by Raising Questions: The Case of the Introductory Course
Authors: O'Connor June
Published: August 2016

“Religious Myths and Rituals,” a course I teach once a year, is a lower division undergraduate course designed to introduce students to the academic study of religion. Its purpose is to acquaint students with the wide range of scholarly views regarding the meanings, origins, and functions of religion, the mythic and ritual components of religion, the widespread presence of religious symbols, the metaphoric character of religious language, diverse crosscultural images of transcendence, sacrality, and the like. In order to introduce the theoretical materials or to test or illuminate them, we focus on the specific religious expressions of American Indian and African tribal societies. Although examples from other religions are cited in the course of class lectures, these two tribal cultural settings serve as our primary reference points for understanding the phenomenon of religion.

On the course syllabus and early in the quarter, I articulate the following questions as a way of describing the task of the course: What is religion? What are the origins and functions of religion? What can we learn about myths and mythologies and the functions they have in human experience? Why do rituals arise in human behavior? (How do they take shape and what are they for?) Do any of the myths and rituals of traditional, tribal religions have any bearing on contemporary American life? How might we discern the meaning of religious symbols? What are some of the predominant myths and rituals that both reflect and affect our own lives as individuals or as a people (as Christians, Jews, Buddhists, atheists—as students, Americans, Westerners, as women or men)?
Implications of Rahner's Anthropology for Fundamental Moral Theology
Authors: Modras Ronald
Published: August 2016

Karl Rahner's primary contribution to moral theology lies in his development of an anthropology able to serve as a foundation for a rehabilitated concept of natural law. Human persons in Rahner's theology are characterized by certain existentials with logical consequences for ethics. From human transcendence and freedom follows the concept of a fundamental option for or against God. From human materiality, historicity, guilt, and individuality follow the methodological necessity of distinguishing between principles and prescriptions and the unavoidable need to take risks. In contrast to unchanging metaphysical human nature, the historicity of concrete human nature and therefore of natural law requires that all material norms be recognized as conditioned by history and culture and hence limited, not universal or absolute.
A Course Called “The Hindu-Christian Dialogue”
Authors: Redington James D.
Published: August 2016

This upper-level undergraduate theology course (trendily renamed ”Icons in Interface” by one of the wags in my department) originated from long-standing interest and involvement in the Hindu-Christian dialogue. More immediately, it resulted from a grant which allowed me to spend a summer in India, conversing with experts in the dialogue and generating ideas on how to present the dialogue in the form of a course. Since then, I have taught the course three times, and find that it kindles an interest, in both the students and me, qualitatively different from any other course I teach or they take. This is as it should be if the course is to reflect the subject-matter—an idea which has been one of the course's structuring principles. Consequently, there is an attempt to echo the mood and content of interreligious dialogue in the format and atmosphere of the classes. There are severe limitations to this: it would be otiose, and contrary to authentic dialogue, to try to make a Hindu ashram appear, complete with yoga at dawn and silent, vegetarian meals, on an American campus. But use of a chapel instead of a classroom, and of meditation during class time, for example, might help achieve distinctness without being distracting. But, before I get ahead of myself, let me present the particulars of the course in order, as follows: the course's nature, its students and possible teachers, its format, readings, requirements, and central ideas and goals. Evaluative comments will be made in passing, and some bibliographical suggestions appended.
The Pathos and Promise of Christian Ethics: A Study of the Abortion Debate
Authors: Werpehowski William
Published: August 2016

The promise of Christian ethics is its contribution to the forging of covenants of mutual assistance among human creatures in the variety of human activities. Such covenants bear witness to the work of the covenanting God. The pathos of Christian ethics, however, concerns the difficulty of making the language and reality of covenant intelligible in a culture bound to an ideal of autonomy. Christian ethical reflection concerning abortion and the value of unborn human life must attend to both features if it is to remain fully concrete in its faithfulness.
Whitehead's Use of Imagination in His Conception of God
Authors: Kopas Jane
Published: August 2016

For most readers the conceptual elements of Whitehead's doctrine of God stand out more than the imaginative elements. If we take a more careful look at his understanding of the role of imagination in various realms and at his choice of particular images to illustrate his view of God, however, we can appreciate better the primary concerns that underlie his reformulation. We also find a consistency of purpose in relating images to his philosophical system and a richness that otherwise goes unnoticed. The shortcomings in his use of imagination result from a neglect of certain aspects of experience.
Theology for the Head, Heart, Hands and Feet: An Approach to the First Course
Authors: Masson Robert
Published: August 2016

This essay examines an approach to the first course which aims to be flexible enough to allow for a diversity of emphases reflecting the strengths and interests of specific teachers, but specific enough to justify its status as a core requirement and as the first course in theology. The correlation between theology and anthropology provides the key for maintaining this balance. The syllabus which illustrates this coalesces around several sets of interrelated images, questions, and themes which seek to formulate a theology for the head, heart, hands and feet.
The Death of Jesus in Contemporary Theology: Systematic Perspectives and Historical Issues
Authors: Galvin John P.
Published: August 2016

This essay studies the treatment of Jesus' crucifixion in contemporary theology. After presenting four influential systematic conceptions, it isolates four historical issues with immediate systematic implications and concludes with some reflections on principles for constructing and evaluating theologies of the cross.
In Quest of the King: Image, Narrative, and Unitive Spirituality in a Twelfth-Century Sufi Classic
Authors: Lane Belden C.
Published: August 2016

The marriage of storytelling and spiritual formation is as old as the religious spirit of humankind. Farid Ud-Din Attar, a twelfth-century Persian poet and mystic, offers an imaginative example of this union in his Conference of the Birds, a tale describing the pilgrimage of all feathered creatures to their king. It is a spiritual journey that moves in five stages from a sense of longing for the inaccessible splendor of the royal court, through hope, boldness, and despair, to a final, shocking encounter with a majesty elusive as it is grand. The use of metaphor in describing passages of the spiritual life is demonstrated here at its best, as Attar explores the metaphors of impassioned love, the mirrored majesty of the king, and God as a treasure hidden in the world. His work suggests many parallels to the language of Christian and Jewish spirituality and his stories richly deserve retelling.
The Challenge of Feminist Theology
Authors: Keightley Georgia Masters
Published: August 2016

The feminist critique of theology is a radical and extensive one. This article examines contemporary feminist scholarship as it relates to three strategic issues in theological anthropology: (1) traditional interpretations of woman's nature; (2) the long-standing tendency to justify woman's social inferiority on the grounds of her “natural” inferiority; and (3) the complete oversight of the area of woman's experience. It will then be shown that this particular critique comes to a point of convergence in theological method, thus creating fundamental questions about accepted principles now directing the theologian's work.
Women's Issues: An Agenda for the Church?
Authors: Donovan Mary Ann
Published: August 2016

What does church membership mean for women? Texts like Galatians 3:27-28 imply equality; experience contradicts this. Underlying the controversy are assumptions about women's nature as women. Baptismal practice suggests women's equality but experience denies it. Part I examines experience: in lay ministry, in marriage, and as economically marginalized. Turning from experience to theoretical analysis, there are two answers to the question of women's nature: women are inferior, or women are equal. Part II studies the two models at work in the dialogue held between representatives of the Women's Ordination Conference and the U.S. National Conference of Catholic Bishops as participants addressed the question: “What is woman?” Finally the two models are operative in the testimony given in the national hearings for the bishops' pastoral on women. Part III analyzes the reports of the national hearings, uncovering the correlation between model, methodology, and whether a group's feminism leads it to social or issue critique.
“Overcoming the Divisiveness of Babel”: The Languages of Catholicity
Authors: Weaver Mary Jo
Published: August 2016

Contemporary issues in the American Catholic Church can sound like a modern-day confusion of tongues making communication impossible. Furthermore, the traditional marks of the Church have supported the notion that dissent and controversy are to be discouraged. This article examines catholicity and shows that its definitions and uses in history have tied it to uniformity when its essential characteristic may well be the celebration of pluralism. Catholicity is placed in the context of modern mission theory in such a way that current challenges can be interpreted as so many new languages which require patient understanding.
The Principle of Innocents' Immunity
Authors: Tilley Terrence W.
Published: August 2016

This essay claims that some recent discussions of moral positions based on a principle of innocents' immunity, “The direct killing of an innocent person is never morally justifiable,” ignore two different meanings of “innocence”: “innocence” as applied to agents and “innocence” as applied to those upon whom the agents act (“patients”). It shows how neglecting this distinction distorts some discussions about abortion and justifiable war. Some recent philosophical analyses are used and developed (1) to argue that “patient innocence” is not dependent on “agent innocence,” but on how the role of “;patients” relates those “patients” to prospective or actual agents, and (2) to show the theoretical importance of distinguishing “excuses” from “justifications” of actions. This approach provides an alternative to traditionalist and revisionist accounts by suggesting how Catholicism's “inconsistent ethic” might be developed into a more coherent, multifaceted vision.
Status Inconsistency and the Politics of Worship
Authors: Downey Michael
Published: August 2016

After an explanation of salient points of Wayne Meeks's construction of a social history of Pauline Christianity, this essay explores his concept of ritual efficacy with attention to what it might lend to a fuller understanding of ritual/sacramental efficacy in the contemporary churches. Because the communities of l'Arche of Jean Vanier are constituted by a great diversity of persons who are vastly unequal, at least in terms of intelligence, they provide a contemporary reference for investigating Meeks's claim that the function of Christian ritual is to socialize persons of various strata into a communitas in Christ. No definitive resting point is reached, the conclusion being that in light of various social factors facing the churches, Christian ritual needs to socialize persons into communitas more effectively than it usually manages to do. Suggestions for doing so are offered.
Shared Imagery: Eastern Zhou Decors and Iconographies
Authors: Psarras Sophia-Karin
Published: August 2016

In the pre-imperial period of China, lack of written records removes even the limited clarity attainable in the analysis of Qin-Han political structures and diplomatic relations. How do we identify “China” and “Chinese”? We have only a vague understanding, based mostly on our understanding of relatively late philosophical works, of how China defined itself, let alone of its relations with other polities or among its own components. Extrapolating backward from Eastern Zhou, we assume a central, ethnically Chinese authority directly controlling a small geographic area.
TheXingdeTexts from Mawangdui
Authors: Kalinowski Marc , Brooks Phyllis
Published: August 2016

The present article is a preliminary study of the hemerological system described in the manuscript entitledXingde yipian(XingdeB) from Mawangdui tomb three (burial dated 168b.c.), which is one of several manuscripts assigned the titleXingdeby the Chinese scholars responsible for editing the Mawangdui manuscripts. TheXingdemanuscripts are among a group of Mawangdui manuscripts whose contents are extremely important for the study of calendrical astrology at the end of the Warring States and beginning of the Han. The Xing-De method, which is based on the annual and daily motion of two mantic functions called Xing(Punishment) and De(Virtue) in relation to the sixty binoms of the sexagenary cycle, is attested in the astrological treatise of theHuainanzi. XingdeB not only provides the key to better understanding the very brief description of the Xing-De method in theHuainanzi, but also includes two diagrams that illustrate the motions of Xing and De in space and time.
The Liangzhu Culture: Its Discovery and its Jades
Authors: Zhixin Sun
Published: August 2016

The discovery of neolithic remains in 1936 at a place called Liangzhu near Hangzhou was the first evidence of a culture which in recent decades has revolutionized the prehistory of the lower Yangzi region. The great antiquity of sites in this region was established in the late 1960s by radiocarbon dating, which overthrew the prevailing theory that the agricultural way of life originated at a single center of innovation in the Yellow River valley and diffused to the east coast only in historic times. Subsequent archaeological work not only established the local sequence of neolithic cultures but also, at a series of major Liangzhu sites, revealed extravagantly furnished burials whose wealth raises puzzling question about the structure of Liangzhu society. Chief among the furnishings of these graves are large numbers of jades — objects remarkable for their strange shapes and designs and even more remarkable for their superlative workmanship. The first section of this essay reviews the history of Liangzhu archaeology, connecting it with the changes of thinking that Chinese neolithic archaeology has undergone in the past half century. The second section discusses a few of the issues raised by Liangzhu jades: material sources, the origin of the bi and cong shapes, and the relation between Liangzhu jades and Shang jades.
The Literary Function of K'un-lun Mountain in the Mu T'ien-tzu chuan
Authors: Porter Deborah
Published: August 2016

In this article I question the assumption that all place-names in the Mu T'ien-tzu chuan refer to real places. I suggest instead a mythic origin for many of these seemingly referential elements. By analyzing a complex of myths either referred to or alluded to in the text, I show that several crucial place-names come in fact from cosmological referents rather than geographical ones. The Mu T'ien-tzu chuan cannot then be read purely as a historical account. I extend this argument by revealing how the elements of cosmological myth in the narrative must themselves be read as elements of symbolic discourse; that is, they have to be read within an astronomical context as references to celestial phenomena. By reading the cosmological and astronomical discourses of the myths together, I demonstrate the literary significance of the Mu T'ien-tzu chuan, a significance which to date has been obscured by misreadings of its historicity. Finally, I argue that only by reading the Mu T'ien-tzu chuan as a literary fiction can one understand what it tells us about how notions of political legitimacy were constructed and then altered in the representation of King Mu's (fictional) journey. The narrative is thus revealed to be a wholly symbolic tale whose interpretation has implications for the wider realm of the interconnections among history, literature and culture.
A Never-Stable Word: Zhuangzi's Zhiyan and
‘Tipping-Vessel’ Irrigation
Authors: Fried Daniel
Published: August 2016

The zhiyan described in the
“Entrusted Words” chapter of the
Zhuangzi
(“Zhiyan come forth daily, and
are harmonized with the heavenly divisions; through this they
spread out, and thus years draw to a close”) have long aroused
debate and confusion among readers, as the word
zhi usually refers to a type of
wine goblet. Contemporary readers cannot easily obtain clear
assistance from traditional commentaries, because the mainstream
of Zhuangzi scholarship has been disturbed by Guo Xiang's
original notes: “This zhi is [a thing
which] tips when full, rights when empty, and does not stay
fixed.” The questions which arise from this note are two: (1)
What sort of goblet could “tip when full, right when empty”? And
(2) how would this remarkable behavior on the part of the goblet
relate to the original text of the
Zhuangzi?
The Wang Bi Recension of the Laozi
Authors: Wagner Rudolf G.
Published: August 2016

There are seventy-nine places in Wang Bi's Laozi zhu where the text of the Laozi transmitted over this commentary differs from quotations of it contained within the commentary. Building on the textual studies of Professor Shima Kunio, this essay demonstrates that the readings given in the commentary are supported in practically every case by a series of early quotations and texts of the Laozi, such as the Mawangdui manuscripts and the “Old Manuscripts” that form the basis of Fu Yi and Fan Yingyuan's editions. A comparison of all of these differences shows that Wang Bi's original text must have belonged to the same broad textual family as these early manuscripts, being most closely linked to the two “Old Manuscripts” and less directly related to the Mawangdui manuscripts. In most of the these cases, the textus receptus has been supplanted by the reading transmitted through the Heshang Gong commentary. Consequently, it is now necessary to replace the textus receptus of Wang Bi's Laozi with a conflated version of the two “Old Manuscripts” and, in some cases, the Mawangdui manuscripts.
20. The Character of

Xuci

as Seen in the Oracle Inscriptions
Authors: Michiharu Itō
Published: August 2016

Based on a careful analysis of the words hui and wei in the oracle inscriptions, the author comes to the conclusion that they are most naturally explained as grammatic particles (xuci). Hui should be interpreted as highlighting that which is the main interest of the inquiry. Wei is very similar in meaning and grammatic function, but not in nuance of connotation; while hui is “closely connected with the manner of affirmation” and occurs mostly in divinations of a positive nature, wei tends to occur in a context of negation and inauspiciousness.

The distribution of the two particles through the inscription record, however, is uneven: hui scarcely occurs in the oracle bones of Tung Tso-pin's Period II, while wei is virtually absent in Periods III and IV. Yet continuous developments of meanings can be traced throughout the epigraphic record -- including the oracle bones from Anyang and Zhou yuan as well as the bronze inscriptions. Wei by Period V has developed into a marker of words of time reference. Shang xuci are more restricted than later ones both in their range of occurrence and in their implied meanings.
24. Translation of Some Oracle Inscriptions Unearthed at the Plain of Zhou with a Consideration of Their Dating and Origin
Authors: Tsung-Tung Chang
Published: August 2016

On the basis of his annotated translation of two of the oracle bones (H11:1 and H11:84) excavated at Zhou yuan in 1977, the author contends that they are not records of Zhou but of Shang, which were brought into the heartland of the Zhou from Anyang, and not by the Zhou after their conquest of Shang, but somewhat earlier by the Shang themselves. The find is linked to Di Xin's campaign against Zhou and Wen Wang's subsequent captivity, both of which are recorded in early historical sources. A radiocarbon date of 1095 ± 90 B.C. is used to “date” the burning of the Zhou palace to the Shang attack, which is traditionally said to have taken place in the 23rd year of Di Xin's reign.
25. A New Approach to the Study of the Clan-Sign Inscriptions of Shang
Authors: Barnard Noel
Published: August 2016

Representing work still in progress, this paper attempts to demonstrate the value of making a comparative study of inscribed artifacts recovered from individual burials in the same cemetery area; published reports of such sites have, it is suggested, not realized the full potential promised by the evidence. Detailed study of the clan insignia and their graphic elements found in burials at Yin-hsü West, Hsi-pei-kang, Lo-shan-hsien, and Hsiao-t'un (M5), permits speculation about the writing of the archaic graphs, the meaning of abbreviated phrases, and inter-clan associations, as well as about the existence of “calligraphic groups” and possible links between artisan/scribes, vessel types, and foundries. The paper, which is amply illustrated with insignia rubbings, ends with a plea for reasonable scholarly access to the original bronzes.
26. A New View of King Wu Ding
Authors: Tsung-Tung Chang
Published: August 2016

This paper tries to attribute some peculiarities of the oracle inscriptions of Period I to the personality of King Wu Ding himself and comes to the conclusion that Wu Ding must have suffered from a persecution complex. It was precisely his occasional dumbness and permanent fears of the dead and of evil spirits that motivated him to consult bone and shell oracles frequently and, moreover, to have divination questions and postscripts about the real events written. From this point of view early Chinese writing owed much of its development to the personal suffering of King Wu Ding.
28. Some Problems Concerning the So-Called Survivors of the Yin Dynasty
Authors: Cheng-Sheng Tu
Published: August 2016

The basic error in Hu Shi's “An Exposition on Confucians” lay in discussing the basic nature of the Confucian school on the basis of the “tragic fate and miserable status of the survivors of the Shang”; for half a century this mistaken premise has been accepted by most historians as proven. On the basis of an analysis of pre-Qin literary sources, this paper first proves that there was no “tragedy of the defeated state”; on the contrary, the Yin survivors continued to possess considerable political power and quite high social status. Second, on the basis of newly un earthed Shang and Zhou inscriptions, the fate and status of the Shang survivors is set forth from three sides: (1) The history of the Wei Shi clan and Lu Sheng clan of the Guanzhong region, for which genealogies of seven-eight or six-seven generations exist, is reconstructed on the basis of, for the former, the Ding bronze horde newly unearthed from Fufeng Zhuangbai, and, for the latter, the inscriptions on already known as well as recently unearthed bronze vessels from the same area. Both clans were survivors from the Shang and close relatives of the Shang king; they possessed cities, subjects, and official positions, as well as holding offices in charge of troops. (2) The same conclusion may be reached in individual cases in various other kingdoms, such as for Mo Situ Sung of the state of Wei , and Dong Hefu of the state of Yan . As for the Ling Shi , Chen Chen and Deng of Cheng Zhou , Cheng Zhou is the ancient home of the Shang survivors, yet they seem not to have been the object of any special restriction or suppression. This section is based solely on inscriptions; the conclusions reached, however, are completely in agreement with those derived from literary evidence in the previous section. Finally an attempt is made to explain why the survivors of the Shang had land, subjects, offices, and power. We believe that it was due to a political and social structure with the clan as the primary unit. A complete explication of this question awaits a detailed study of oracle-bone and archaeological source material.
30. Agricultural Geography in Oracle Inscriptions of the Yin Dynasty
Authors: Bor-Sheng Jung
Published: August 2016

This paper provides an outline of the agricultural geography of the Yin (Shang) Dynasty by means of the study of agricultural geographical names in the oracle inscriptions. The agricultural districts of Yin (Shang) were either within the suburbs of the capital, or within the territories that could be directly controlled by Yin, or within the friendly states. Such a study may increase our understanding of the politics and lives of the Yin people.

With this aim in view, I distinguish the agricultural from other oracle inscriptions, dividing them into four classes: (1) used for divining agriculture; (2) used for divining the condition of the harvest; (3) used for divining agricultural damage; and (4) used for divining rituals about agriculture. I have discovered that the agricultural names in (1) and (2) are more frequent than those in (3) and (4).
The Channels: A Preliminary Examination of a Lacquered Figurine from the Western Han Period
Authors: Zhiguo He , Lo Vivienne
Published: August 2016

Excavations of a Western Han tomb at Shuangbaoshan in the vicinity of Mianyang, Sichuan, in 1993 have uncovered a black lacquered wooden carving of the human body. Naked, hairless, and roughly anatomical in character, the figurine is understood to be the earliest extant three-dimensional medical model in Chinese culture.

Ten red lines are drawn on the figurine. This article undertakes a preliminary examination of the figurine and offers an interpretation of the lines from two different perspectives. Firstly, the authors compare and contrast the lines with the eleven anatomical pathways of themai“channels” as described in the medical manuscripts excavated at Mawangdui and Zhangjiashan. From this point of view the figurine adds to the sources that bear upon the early development of theories of pathological physiology which were first formulated in Han times and eventually became central to classical acumoxa theory. Secondly, the lines on the figurine are considered in their relationship toyangsheng“nurturing life” practices popular in elite society of this period. Certain features of the figurine that set it apart from ideas of pathological physiology seem better clarified by reference to contemporary texts, also excavated from the Mawangdui and Zhangjiashan tombs, that treat ofyangshengpractices such as massage, therapeutic gymnastics, and breath cultivation.
Some Observations on the Composition of the “Core Chapters” of the Mozi)
Authors: Maeder Erik W.
Published: August 2016

A.C. Graham understood the “core chapters” of the Mozi as the collected literary remains of three independently evolving traditions of early Mohism. The present study makes use of the remarkable coexistence of parallel texts in a single book to get a clearer picture of how such traditions may have been formed. Examining textual recurrences and “marked” lexical and functional terms in the core chapters, the author argues that the “Ten Theses” may not all have been parts of some “original” teaching by the “master” referred to, but documents attesting to the very process of transmission within still living, competing traditions.

These parts were, it is argued, summarily incorporated within three distinctive “documents” relatively late in the history of transmission, that is, just before or during early Han.
Extra-Lineage Cult in the Shang Dynasty A Surrejoinder
Authors: Shaughnessy Edward L.
Published: August 2016

I would like to thank Professors Fan, Li, and Wang for what has been for me a most stimulating exchange of ideas on a problem of seminal importance in the history of early China. From these three scholars, we have seen three interpretations, radically different both from each other and also from the interpretation I presented above, of a small set of oracle-bone inscriptions. I believe that these four interpretations represent virtually every possible alternative and, by having them presented together in a forum such as this, the scholarly world should now be better able to evaluate their relative merits.

I believe it is clear from each of the above discussions that the differences in interpretation here owe more to anthropology than to paleography (although a correct paleographic interpretation of these inscriptions, and especially of H11:84, is an essential starting point). Would it have been possible for the leader of one kinship group to offer cult to the ancestors of a separate kinship group? I am grateful to Professor Fan Yuzhou for his citation of Sumerian evidence showing that such indeed has been possible in other historical situations. Nevertheless, as Professor Wang Yuxin has properly pointed out in critique of my own reference to Xiongnu sacrifices in honor of Han emperors, this type of evidence, being either temporally or culturally distinct from the society that produced these inscriptions, cannot be used to describe Shang or Zhou practice.
Ritualized Pigs and the Origins of Complex Society: Hypotheses Regarding the Hongshan Culture
Authors: Nelson Sarah M.
Published: August 2016

Pigs are prominent in the ceremonial and ritual iconography of the Hongshan culture, including jade pig-dragons found in high-status burials, a life-sized pig statue made of unbaked clay, and a mountain that resembles a pig. To attempt to link real pigs with the iconography, the place of actual pigs in the society is examined. Continuity of artifact types from sites 7000-3500 B.C. allows the assumption that pigs were initially important in the subsistence base. I suggest that pig iconography implies pig rituals, and that the pig rituals may have aided in the formation of an elite class. The elite are archaeologically manifested in the elaborate tombs, and their existence can also be inferred by the need for managers in creating the tombs and the artifacts within, as well as in procuring jade and possibly copper.
The Cosmo-political Background of Heaven's Mandate
Authors: Pankenier David W.
Published: August 2016

A preoccupation with cosmology and the correlation of celestial events with terrestrial activity dates back to the very beginnings of Chinese civilization. The existence of such a mindset is shown by archeo-logical discoveries from the Neolithic as well as the early Bronze Age. The belief in heaven-dwelling high gods like Shang Di and Tian also had antecedents in the pre-Shang period. In addition, analysis of scientifically verifiable accounts of planetary massings from the second millennium B.C. suggests that important cosmological and astrological notions took shape much earlier than previously thought. On the basis of this evidence it now appears likely that such conceptions are intimately connected both with influential later beliefs about a Mandate of Heaven, which asserted heavenly intervention as the cause of change in temporal governance, and with later Five Elements speculative schemes, which claimed to discern a preordained phenomenological pattern in the dynastic succession. The cosmicization of experience in the archaic period to which the evidence points and the vehement reassertion of Heaven's Mandate by the Zhou dynasty founders together confirm the epoch-making historical role of the Shang-Zhou transition in decisively reaffirming “patterning oneself in Heaven's image” (xiang tian象天) as the fundamental metaphor in Chinese political legitimation.
The “Battle at the Bridge” at Wu Liang Tz'u: A Problem in Method
Authors: Berger Patricia
Published: August 2016

The iconography of Han Dynasty pictorial cycles has become a subject of some interest to historians of early Chinese art. Such pictorial cycles or programs consist of series of related or unrelated scenes from history, legend, and daily life. The problem posed by such iconographic cycles is one of interpretive method. Should these scenes be taken as relating specifically to the lives of the persons they honor or should they be viewed more simply in terms of the general context of Han life? Is there any alternative to these two views? My feeling is that there is an alternative, one which suggested itself after a close examination of the intimately tied group of offering shrines referred to by the catch-all Wu Liang T'zu . I will argue below that the iconographic cycle designed for the earliest of the three reconstructed shrines at this site was adhered to in the later ones whose architectural structure is similar though more elaborate, but that the iconographic specificity of the earliest shrine was substantially generalized in the others.
The Bo Capital and Questions Concerning Xia and Early Shang
Authors: Huber Louisa G. Fitzgerald
Published: August 2016

The question whether the Xia and the Shang signify a relatively homogeneous culture or relatively distinct cultures is approached through efforts both to determine whether the late Erlitou culture dates to the final years of dynastic Xia or to the beginning of Shang and to identify, in turn, those early Bronze Age sites most likely to correspond to the first recorded Shang capitals. By contrasting traditional chronologies with the developmental sequences of artifacts, the author reaches the conclusion that the Bronze Age remains at Erlitou represent the late Xia culture and the discoveries at Zhengzhou, the period of the Bo capital. A close affiliation between the Shang and the Xia rulers in the time prior to the conquest, revealed by theBamboo Annals, is shown to be consistent with the archaeological evidence which Indicates that the transition between the two dynastic periods was characterized primarily by continuous development, rather than by disruption or radical change. The proposal is also made that the most significant influence from the eastcoast cultures upon those of the Zhong Yuan may have occurred during Xia times, instead of during Shang.
Aspects of Western Chou Appointment Inscriptions: The Charge, the Gifts, and the Response
Authors: Kane Virginia C.
Published: August 2016

The significance of the conferral of gifts recorded in Western Chou appointment inscriptions, together with some related linguistic issues, is considered in this article, with the intention of indicating the distinction between gifts as regards and gifts as insignia of office, and, in the latter case, of establishing the far greater importance to the recipient of the “charge” or appointment to the king's service, with its attendant implications of recognition and honor.
A Marxist Perspective—In Perspective
Authors: Goodrich David W.
Published: August 2016

It Is widely assumed that archaeological material does not speak for itself but requires interpretation. Marxism provides an interpretative framework that can be useful, but not when applied dogmatically and mechanistically. Careful reading of recent archaeological work from China suggests increasing sophistication in the application of Marxism, raising the possibility of eventual convergence in archaeological thinking between Chinese and Western scholars.
Hao Kü : Sinological Circular
Authors: Unger Ulrich
Published: August 2016

Since April 1982, Professor Dr. Ulrich Unger (Ostasiatisches Seminar der Universitat Münster, 4400 Münster, Prinzipalmarkt 3811, West Germany) has been circulating a series of research notes in German under the title “Hao Ku : Sinologische Rundbriefe.” The following brief English abstracts have been prepared by Lisbeth Egerod Hubbard of the Department of Oriental Languages, University of California, Berkeley. Interested scholars may obtain copies of the German originals by writing Unger directly.
Mozi and the Dates of Xia, Shang, and Zhou: A Research Note
Authors: Pankenier D.W.
Published: August 2016

In a previous article in these pages (EC 7.1981-82:2-37) I reported on the discovery in the jinben version of the Bamboo Annals of verifiable records of the planetary conjunctions of 1576 and 1059 B.C. I argued that literary and chronological evidence drawn from a variety of Zhou and Han sources indicates that the two celestial events were taken at the time to signal Heaven's conferral of legitimate right to rule on the new dynasty, first Shang and then Zhou.

If this view is correct, the discoveries not only establish the historicity, and indeed the great antiquity, of certain chronological and atronomical records in the Bamboo Annals, they also prove that a concept akin to the Zhou “Mandate of Heaven” must have existed as early as the founding of the Shang in the midsecond millennium B.C., just as implied in the Shangshu. Equally noteworthy is the finding that numerous Zhou and Han works, including those of a notoriously “soft” variety such as the apocryphal “weft” commentaries of mid-Han date, contain mythicized though recognizable accounts of the same celestial phenomena.
An Annotated Genealogy of the Royal Clan of Ch'u in the Ch'un Ch'iu Period
Authors: Blakley Barry B.
Published: August 2016

In doing research on the social history of the Ch'un Ch'iu period, one is constantly confronted by the problem of identifying the lineage affiliation of individuals and their genealogical relationships. These matters are treated in the commentaries in most, but not all cases; yet, there are frequent differences of opinion which the reader will be left unaware of if he reads the text with only, for instance, the Tu Yü commentary at hand. Moreover, one inevitably looses track of the genealogical relationships unless the reading is done in conjunction with one or another of the available genealogical charts. And even this does not solve all of the problems, for the genealogical charts are at odds with each other at many points. It has, therefore, become apparent to me that it would be of great assistance to students of this period to have available a reference which would bring together the data from the major sources in one place, and which would show their agreement or disagreement.

The present effort is an experiment in fulfilling this need. I have chosen the state of Ch'u because it is obvious that the commentators have had the most difficulties with this state. Since what follows is the result of tedious labor which I would not wish to continue if others do not find it of value, I would greatly appreciate reader response both as to its general usefulness and as to the format.
The Development of Xunzi’s Theory ofXing, Reconstructed on the Basis of a Textual Analysis ofXunzi23, “Xing E” 性惡 (Xingis Bad)
Authors: Robins Dan
Published: August 2016

The section of theXunzicalled “Xing e” 性惡 (xingis bad) prominently and repeatedly claims that people'sxingis bad. However, no other text in theXunzimakes this claim, and it is widely thought that the claim does not express Xunzi's fundamental ideas about human nature. This article addresses the issue in a somewhat indirect way, beginning with a detailed examination of the text of “Xing e”: identifying a core text, removing a series of interpolations, analyzing the structure of the core text, and distinguishing between three positions that are defended there. This analysis shows that the claim that people'sxingis bad is not really central to “Xing e.” More ambitiously, it supports the conclusion that Xunzi's ideas about people'sxingchanged over time. Though Xunzi did claim that people'sxingis bad, he later abandoned the claim, and replaced it with an account ofwei偽 “artifice.”
Dated Inscriptions on Certain Mirrors (A.D. 6–105): Genuine or Fabricated?
Authors: Loewe Michael
Published: August 2016

In his study (1943) of 132 bronze mirrors whose inscriptions specify a date between A.D. 6 and 536, Umehara Sueji examined thirty-eight of Han times (A.D. 6–220), accepting that they are genuine. However, inconsistencies and anomalies both in the inscriptions and the decorative details of the mirrors give reason to doubt the authenticity of seven of these which bear dates between A.D. 6 and 105.
Mawangdui Tomb Three – Documents: II - The Maps
Authors: Riegel Jeffrey K.
Published: August 2016

Among the other documents discovered in the lacquer box found at Mawangdui Tomb were three maps. To date, six articles have appeared in Wenwu which discuss the discovery and restoration of two of the maps as well as their significance to the study of Chinese cartography and historical geography. The articles are of uneven quafity, but all six have been summarized for the sake of completeness.
Clerical Errors in the Scoring of the WISC-R.
Authors: Hajzler Darko J.
Published: August 2016

The nature, frequency and effect of clerical errors in the scoring of the WISC-R were examined. The most frequent errors were those associated with addition tasks and in the calculation of the subject's age at the time of assessment. Some errors, whether occurring singly or in a compounding effect, significantly distorted Full Scale IQ.
Legal Implications of Lambeth
Authors: Kemp Eric
Published: August 2016

I hope that I shall have the sympathy of the Society in attempting to respond to a request to speak about the legal implications of a body which had no standing in canon, ecclesiastical, civil or common law. The Lambeth Conference was a gathering of persons individually invited by the Archbishop of Canterbury to meet him for three weeks in the University of Kent at Canterbury. Finance for the meeting came from a number of corporate bodies but none of them had any control over what happened. The Archbishop had asked a number of persons to assist him in the organisation of the meeting but the ultimate control of it was in his hands, subject to the willingness of those who were there to fall in with what was proposed. During the last week of the meeting some seventy resolutions were passed, but none of them, with one possible exception, has any legal effect of any kind.
Famous English Canon Lawyers: VIII Edmund Gibson, D.D. († 1748) and David Wilkins, D.D. († 1745)
Authors: Baker J. H.
Published: August 2016

Since our next pair were not lawyers at all. it may seem rather incongruous to include them in the company of ‘canon lawyers’. Yet it would be pedantic to exclude them from a survey of English canonistic literature for want of the requisite formalities, especially since their collections of legal sources have been so widely consulted by ecclesiastical lawyers down to the present. Both their endeavours were prompted, indirectly, by a fierce controversy over the constitution of the Church of England and the historic role of Convocation; but, unlike much of the polemical literature spawned by that debate, the works of Gibson and Wilkins each made a more enduring contribution to the history of English ecclesiastical law.
The Churchwardens Measure 2001
Authors: Behrens James
Published: August 2016

The Churchwardens Measure is concerned with the number of churchwardens in a parish, the qualifications to be a churchwarden, how they are appointed, and how they may cease to hold office. Nowhere does the Measure state anything about what a churchwarden actually does. For this you must look elsewhere. Two useful guides are A Handbook for Churchwardens and Parochial Church Councillors by Kenneth Macmorran and Timothy Briden (Mowbray, 2000), and Practical Church Management by James Behrens (Gracewing, 1998).
The Roles of the Vicar-General and Surrogate in the Granting of Marriage Licences
Authors: Pearce C. C. A.
Published: August 2016

As a general principle, regular marriage in the Church of England is solemnized after the publication of banns. This requirement entered the medival canon law first as a matter of local custom, but was made universal in 1215 by a decree of the Fourth Lateran Council. Lord Hardwicke's Act did not impose the requirement of banns for the first time; it simply ensured that the option of an irregular marriage without banns, previously recognised by Church and State thoughfrowned upon, would no longer be valid in law.
The Catholic Tribunal System in the British Isles
Authors: Read Gordon
Published: August 2016

“The claim to have succeeded in covering every side of Church life at the conclusion of the herculean labour of codification on this scale would indeed be a bold one, and one very uncongenial to the spirit of English law”, comments the report entitled ‘The Canon Law of the Church of England’. Despite the production of a Code of Canon Law for the Church of England, the provisions of law as applying to the Church of England are much more complex, involving not only the provisions of the Code, but also Common Law, Statute Law, judicial decisions and occasional survivals from Mediaeval Canon Law. For this reason although the ecclesiastical courts of the Church of England and of the Roman Catholic Church have common origins and features, there are also many differences, not only in structure, but in the material that comes before them.
Law and Virtue: Aquinas and Augustine
Authors: Hannon Patrick
Published: August 2016

‘From everyone to whom much has been given, much will be required; and from the one to whom much has been entrusted, even more will be demanded.’

‘Remember always with thanksgiving that the treasure now to be entrusted to you is Christ's own flock, bought through the shedding of his blood on the cross.’
Anglican Identity: Historical, Ecumenical and Contemporary Reflections
Authors: Rowell Geoffrey
Published: August 2016

In the first of the Tracts for the Times John Henry Newman famously posed the question of Anglican Identity, ‘On what ground do you stand, O presbyter of the Church of England?’ He answered his own question in terms of the apostolic commission and succession of the episcopate, and concluded—possibly drawing on what he had learnt from the Evangelical Joseph Milner's Church History, with its high praise of the martyr bishop St. Cyprian as an exemplar for all Christian bishops—that he could wish the episcopate of the Church of England no more ‘blessed termination of their course than the spoliation of their goods and martyrdom’.
Data Protection and the Church of England
Authors: Behrens James
Published: August 2016

Computers are in use throughout society—collecting, storing, processing and distributing information. Much of that information is about people… ‘personal data’—and is subject to the Data Protection Act 1984.
With an Eye Towards 2000
Authors: Bursell Judge Rupert
Published: August 2016

I confess that I am not a natural early riser but it is still a great joy for me to celebrate at my parish's 8 o'clock Holy Communion service, especially when the rite isthe Holy Communion service from the Book of Common Prayer. I am not sayingthat I do not enjoy, and do not see the worth of, the rites in the Alternative Service Book, but there is something very special about the rhythms and cadences of the old service and I personally want to see the continuation of all those services contained in the Book of Common Prayer. I therefore want to pose four questions:

(1) How has the Church of England (Worship and Doctrine) Measure 1974 attempted to ensure the continuing availability of the forms of service contained in the Book of Common Prayer?

(2) What are the ‘occasions for which no provision has been made’ embraced by the provisions of Canon B5, para 2?

(3) What, if any, is the legal status of a form of service once, but no longer, authorised?

(4) To what extent does the ecclesiastical law relating to the liturgy bind lay ministers?