bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
6‐Gingerol Activates PI3K/Akt and Inhibits Apoptosis to Attenuate Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Lv Xiangwei , Xu Tongtong , Wu Qi , Zhou Yao , Huang Guidong , Xu Yongnan , Zhong Guoqiang
Published: March 2018

6‐Gingerol (6‐G) is known to alleviate myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of 6‐G myocardial protection are not known. In this study, the protective effect of 6‐G on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage and whether such a mechanism was related to apoptosis inhibition and activation of phosphoinositide 3‐kinases (PI3K)/serine/threonine kinase (Akt) signaling pathway were investigated. Rats were subjected to I/R in the presence or absence of 6‐G and the changes of cardiac function, infarct size and histopathological changes, and the levels of cardiac troponin T, creatine kinase‐MB, and myocardial apoptosis were examined. The expression of caspase‐3, PI3K, p‐Akt, and Akt was also determined. We found that 6‐G (6 mg/kg) pretreatment significantly improved heart function and ameliorated infarct size and histopathological changes and cardiac troponin T and creatine kinase‐MB levels induced by I/R. Moreover, pretreatment with 6‐G significantly inhibited myocardial apoptosis and caspase‐3 activation induced by I/R. 6‐G also upregulated expression of PI3K, p‐Akt, and Akt in myocardial tissues. Taken together, these findings suggest that 6‐G inhibits apoptosis and activates PI3K/Akt signaling in response to myocardial I/R injury as a possible mechanism to attenuate I/R‐induced injury in heart. These results might be important for developing novel strategies for preventing myocardial I/R injury.
Critical Role of Zinc as Either an Antioxidant or a Prooxidant in Cellular Systems
Authors: Lee Sung Ryul
Published: March 2018

Zinc is recognized as an essential trace metal required for human health; its deficiency is strongly associated with neuronal and immune system defects. Although zinc is a redox‐inert metal, it functions as an antioxidant through the catalytic action of copper/zinc‐superoxide dismutase, stabilization of membrane structure, protection of the protein sulfhydryl groups, and upregulation of the expression of metallothionein, which possesses a metal‐binding capacity and also exhibits antioxidant functions. In addition, zinc suppresses anti‐inflammatory responses that would otherwise augment oxidative stress. The actions of zinc are not straightforward owing to its numerous roles in biological systems. It has been shown that zinc deficiency and zinc excess cause cellular oxidative stress. To gain insights into the dual action of zinc, as either an antioxidant or a prooxidant, and the conditions under which each role is performed, the oxidative stresses that occur in zinc deficiency and zinc overload in conjunction with the intracellular regulation of free zinc are summarized. Additionally, the regulatory role of zinc in mitochondrial homeostasis and its impact on oxidative stress are briefly addressed.
Non-Urothelial Bladder Cancer: Comparison of Clinicopathological and Prognostic Characteristics in Pure Adenocarcinoma and Non-Bilharzial Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder
Authors: Erdem Gokmen U. , Dogan Mutlu , Sakin Abdullah , Oruc Zeynep , Yaman Emel , Yesil Cinkir Havva , Uysal Mükremin , Bozkurt Oktay , Ozturk Banu , Aytekin Aydin , Ozcelik Melike , Bahceci Aykut , Cakiroglu Umut , Turhal Serdar , Sahin Suleyman , Uncu Dogan , Zengin Nurullah
Published: March 2018

Objectives: The clinicopathological characteristics, treatment modalities, and effects on the prognosis of pure squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC) were evaluated. Materials and Methods: 86 patients with pure SqCC and AC bladder cancer were evaluated retrospectively. Results: Of the 86 patients, 51 had SqCC and 35 had AC. No differences in clinicopathological characteristics were observed between patients with AC and SqCC, except for the prevalence of T4 disease (28.6% vs. 51.0%, respectively). In multivariate analysis, older age, stage IV disease, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (> 2) were predictive of a poor overall survival (OS). The median OS was significantly longer for stage I-III patients (82.9 months) treated with surgery ± chemotherapy (CT) ± radiotherapy (RT) than for those treated with transurethral resection ± CT ± RT (24.3 months) (P = 0.007). The median OS of patients with SqCC and AC who were given platinum-based CT for metastasis was 7.7 and 30.3 months, respectively. Conclusions: Advanced age, stage IV disease, and poor ECOG performance status were factors associated with a poor prognosis. Surgery ± CT ± RT resulted in significantly better OS, except in stage IV disease. Patients with metastatic AC had better response rates with platinum-based CT.
Sudden Fetal Hematologic Changes as a Complication of Amnioreduction in Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome
Authors: Kosinska-Kaczynska Katarzyna , Lipa Michal , Szymusik Iwona , Bomba-Opon Dorota , Brawura-Biskupski-Samaha Robert , Kozlowski Szymon , Tollenaar Lisanne S.A. , Oepkes Dick , Wielgos Miroslaw , Lopriore Enrico
Published: March 2018

We present the first case of a monochorionic twin pregnancy in which sudden hematologic changes occurred as a complication of the amnioreduction procedure for twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). At 33 weeks of gestation, 4 days after the amnioreduction, the recipient developed severe anemia while the donor developed severe polycythemia. Postnatal placental examination revealed several arteriovenous and venoarterial anastomoses, a pale placental mass of the recipient and a congested and plethoric placental mass of the donor. We speculate on the pathophysiologic changes and potential deleterious effects provoked by the decompressive amnioreduction. Decompression of the placenta and anastomoses after the amnioreduction may have led to an acute blood shift from recipient to donor (thus also a reversal of feto-fetal transfusion), resulting in anemia in the recipient and polycythemia in the donor twin. In the past 15 years, 13 TTTS cases with late presentation were treated with amnioreduction. This is the first time we encountered this severe complication, yielding an incidence of 8%. Although the optimal treatment in TTTS with late presentation is not known, perinatologists should be aware that treatment with amnioreduction can lead to sudden hematologic changes.
Mechanical Thrombectomy in Elderly Stroke Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Baseline Disability
Authors: Slawski Diana E. , Salahuddin Hisham , Shawver Julie , Kenmuir Cynthia L. , Tietjen Gretchen E. , Korsnack Andrea , Zaidi Syed F. , Jumaa Mouhammad A.
Published: March 2018

Background: The number of elderly patients suffering from ischemic stroke is rising. Randomized trials of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) generally exclude patients over the age of 80 years with baseline disability. The aim of this study was to understand the efficacy and safety of MT in elderly patients, many of whom may have baseline impairment. Methods: Between January 2015 and April 2017, 96 patients ≥80 years old who underwent MT for stroke were selected for a chart review. The data included baseline characteristics, time to treatment, the rate of revascularization, procedural complications, mortality, and 90-day good outcome defined as a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0–2 or return to baseline. Results: Of the 96 patients, 50 had mild baseline disability (mRS score 0–1) and 46 had moderate disability (mRS score 2–4). Recanalization was achieved in 84% of the patients, and the rate of symptomatic hemorrhage was 6%. At 90 days, 34% of the patients had a good outcome. There were no significant differences in good outcome between those with mild and those with moderate baseline disability (43 vs. 24%, p = 0.08), between those aged ≤85 and those aged > 85 years (40.8 vs. 26.1%, p = 0.19), and between those treated within and those treated beyond 8 h (39 vs. 20%, p = 0.1). The mortality rate was 38.5% at 90 days. The Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) predicted good outcome regardless of baseline disability (p < 0.001 and p = 0.009, respectively). Conclusion: Advanced age, baseline disability, and delayed treatment are associated with sub­optimal outcomes after MT. However, redefining good outcome to include return to baseline functioning demonstrates that one-third of this patient population benefits from MT, suggesting the real-life utility of this treatment.
Telenephrology: Providing Healthcare to Remotely Located Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Tan Judy , Mehrotra Anita , Nadkarni Girish N. , He John Cijiang , Langhoff Erik , Post James , Galvao-Sobrinho Carlos , Thode Jr. Henry C. , Rohatgi Rajeev
Published: March 2018

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients who live far (>30 miles) from their nephrologist experience lower rates of clinic visit adherence, limited access to treatment, and higher rates of hospitalization and mortality than patients who live in close proximity to their nephrologist. Strategies to minimize disparities between urban and remotely located CKD patients are needed. The purpose of this study was to determine whether adherence to clinic visits and clinical outcomes in the remote management of CKD via telenephrology is comparable to in-person conventional care. Methods: Renal clinic adherence and composite outcomes of death, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), or doubling of serum creatinine (Cr) were measured in geographically remote Hudson Valley VA Medical Center (HVVAMC) CKD patients enrolled in telenephrology (n = 112) and CKD patients enrolled in the Bronx VAMC renal clinic (n = 116). Results: Prior to implementing the telenephrology service, 53.1% of scheduled visits of rural HVVAMC patients to the Bronx VAMC renal clinic were either cancelled or were “no-shows.” This was reduced by nearly half (28.5%) after instituting telenephrology (p < 0.001). Moreover, the frequency of attending appointments was greater in the telenephrology (71.9%) vs. in-person Bronx VA cohort (61.0%). The incidence of the composite outcome of death, ESRD, or doubling of Cr was similar between both groups (p = 0.96) over 2 years of follow-up. Conclusions: Remote CKD care delivered through telenephrology improves renal clinic visit adherence while delivering comparable renal outcomes. Application of this technology is a promising method to provide access to care to rural CKD patients and to minimize the disparity between urban/rural patients.
The Influence of B and T Lymphocyte Attenuator Genetic Variants on Susceptibility to Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Authors: Tang Jie , Fei Jiaqian , Gu Chunxia , Liu Weixia , Li Minwei , Zhou Cheng
Published: March 2018

Background/Aims: B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is an immune inhibitory receptor involved in the pathogenesis of chronic viral infections. Little is known about the effects of BTLA gene polymorphisms on chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. In this study, we investigated whether the polymorphisms of BTLA are associated with the progression of chronic HBV infection. Methods: A total of 382 chronic HBV carriers and 170 healthy individuals in the same region were recruited for this study. The chronic HBV carriers were divided into three groups: asymptomatic HBV carriers (ASC), moderate chronic hepatitis B group (MCHB), and severe chronic hepatitis B group (SCHB). Two BTLA functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs76844316 and rs9288952) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced directly. Results: The results showed that the frequency of the G allele of rs76844316 was significantly lower in the SCHB group than in the other three groups. Subjects bearing at least one G allele (TG or GG genotype) at rs76844316 had decreased susceptibility to severe chronic hepatitis B compared with those bearing the TT genotype. Haplotype analysis of the two SNPs revealed that the frequency of the G-G haplotype was significantly lower in SCHB patients than in controls. Moreover, in the SCHB group, patients carrying the G allele of rs76844316 tended to have lower ALT levels than those without it. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the genetic variants of rs76844316 in BTLA influence the susceptibility to severe chronic hepatitis B and might play a protective role against the progression of chronic hepatitis B.
The Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Antagonist Losartan Affects NHE1-Dependent Melanoma Cell Behavior
Authors: Olschewski Daniel Navin , Hofschröer Verena , Nielsen Nikolaj , Seidler Daniela G. , Schwab Albrecht , Stock Christian
Published: March 2018

Background/Aims: The peptide hormone angiotensin II (ATII) plays a prominent role in regulating vasoconstriction and blood pressure. Its primary target is the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1), the stimulation of which induces an increase in cytosolic [Ca2+] and calmodulin activation. Ca2+-bound (activated) calmodulin stimulates the activity of the Na+/ H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1); and increased NHE1 activity is known to promote melanoma cell motility. The competitive AT1 receptor inhibitor losartan is often used to lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Since AT1 mediates ATII-stimulated NHE1 activity, we set out to investigate whether ATII and losartan have an impact on NHE1-dependent behavior of human melanoma (MV3) cells. Methods: ATII receptor expression was verified by PCR, F-actin was visualized using fluorescently labeled phalloidin, and cytosolic [Ca2+] and pH were determined ratiometrically using Fura-2 and BCECF, respectively. MV3 cell behavior was analyzed using migration, adhesion, invasion and proliferation assays. Results: MV3 cells express both AT1 and the angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AT2). Stimulation of MV3 cells with ATII increased NHE1 activity which could be counteracted by both losartan and the Ca2+/ calmodulin inhibitor ophiobolin-A. ATII stimulation induced a decrease in MV3 cell migration and a more spherical cell morphology accompanied by an increase in the density of F-actin. Independently of the presence of ATII, both NHE1 and migratory activity were reduced when AT1 was blocked by losartan. On the other hand, losartan clearly increased cell adhesion to, and the invasion of, a collagen type I substrate. The AT2 inhibitor PD123319 did not affect NHE1 activity, proliferation and migration, but increased adhesion and invasion. Conclusion: Losartan inhibits NHE1 activity and the migration of human melanoma cells. At the same time, losartan promotes MV3 cell adhesion and invasion. The therapeutic use of AT1 antagonists (sartans) in hypertensive cancer patients should therefore be given critical consideration.
A crítica literária e o ensino da literatura na era digital
Authors: Abreu Mirhiane Mendes de
Published: March 2018

Este artigo tem como objetivo debater, a partir do ensino da literatura, o consumo e o valor da interatividade digital e da crítica literária nas transformações por que passa a leitura. Para isso, foi proposto um paralelo entre o papel da crítica literária e os fenômenos do ciberespaço, a fim de examinar o ato crítico como ingrediente essencial na dinâmica da leitura e seu lugar na escola.
A Short Note on Daniel 5 and the “Finger of God” Imagery in Luke 11:20
Authors: Hom Mary Katherine , McClure Patrick
Published: March 2018

The “finger of God” allusion in Luke 11:20 is usually recognized to draw from explicit ot occurrences of the phrase, particularly those in Exod 8:15 mt and Deut 9:10. While not denying the influence of those passages, this article aims to explore and elucidate the unique, but oft-neglected contribution of Dan 5 to Luke 11 by way of “finger of God” imagery.
Johannine Bishops?
Authors: Byers Andrew J.
Published: March 2018

Though the Gospel and Letters of John are widely understood as textual embodiments of an insular, “low church” community resistant to leadership structures, the later episcopal ecclesiology of Ignatius of Antioch is actually compatible with Johannine theology. Ignatius envisions the office of bishop as deriving from participatory reciprocity, an ecclesial dynamic demonstrated in the fourth evangelist’s narrative portraits of the disciples collectively and individually of Peter and the Beloved Disciple. After a reconsideration of the supposed tension between these two Gospel characters, the article will briefly reassess standard interpretations of another pair of antagonists—Diotrephes and John the Elder—whose tension is regularly attributed to Johannine anti-institutionalism. Even if the traditions behind the Gospel and Epistles of John had promoted an egalitarianism disinclined toward hierarchical leadership structures, the Johannine themes of reciprocity and participation may have contributed to the episcopal models of church orders that became established in 2nd century Christianity and beyond.
Leadership Succession in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan: Between Stability and Instability
Authors: Horák Slavomir
Published: March 2018

In some countries, the death of an authoritarian leader raises concerns among political scientists, analysts and political decision-makers about subsequent instability. Informal mechanisms for regime change are seldom in place. Two recent transitions in Central Asia—Turkmenistan in 2006 and Uzbekistan in 2016—have shown that authority can be transferred calmly and peacefully. This paper examines the reasons for the stable transition process—and the factors governing it—in the two territories. It is my contention that three principal conditions have to be met in order to make the changeover relatively smooth: a lack of viable opponents, a narrow circle of people with real power and a common interest in maintaining stability, and a clearly designated new leader at the moment when the death of the incumbent is officially announced. At the same time, despite some similarities between the Turkmen and Uzbek cases, substantial differences also existed, making these two experiences—like other instances—case-specific and not necessarily applicable to other states in the region and beyond.
Revision of the gumilline genus Nilionympha with a new species from the Middle Jurassic of China (Neuroptera: Osmylidae)
Authors: LI QINGHUA , REN DONG , WANG YONGJIE
Published: March 2018

The poorly known genus Nilionympha Ren and Engel, 2007 in the subfamily of Gumillinae is updated and revised based on the reexamination of the type specimens and description of a new species Nilionympha shantouensis sp. nov. from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China. A further comparison between Nilionympha and other gumilline genera is provided to corroborate the generic status according to the updated diagnostic characters of forewing. The species Nilionympha imperfecta Ren and Engel, 2007 is transferred to the genus of Enodinympha.
A synopsis of the genus Dorcasta Pascoe, 1858 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae, Apomecynini)
Authors: BEZARK LARRY G. , SANTOS-SILVA ANTONIO , NASCIMENTO FRANCISCO E. DE L.
Published: March 2018

Three new species of Dorcasta Pascoe, 1858 are described: D. birai, from Brazil (Goiás); D. parkeri, from Mexico, Nicaragua and Costa Rica; and D. rifkindi, from Mexico and Panama. Additionally, D. dasycera, D. borealis, and D. crassicornis are redescribed. Dorcasta crassicornis is recorded from Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica, and D. borealis is recorded from Costa Rica. New state records for Mexico are provided for Dorcasta cinerea. A key to the known species of Dorcasta is provided.
New records of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) found in phytotelmata in Northern Argentina
Authors: STEIN MARINA , ALVAREZ CARLA N. , ALONSO ANA C. , BANGHER DÉBORA N. , WILLENER JUANA A. , CAMPOS RAÚL E.
Published: March 2018

The geographical distributions of Culex (Carrollia) secundus, Cx. (Microculex) davisi, Cx. (Phytotelmatomyia) castroi, Cx. (Phy.) renatoi, Lutzia (Lutzia) allostigma, Sabethes (Peytonulus) undosus, Sa. (Sabethoides) glaucodaemon, Toxorhynchites (Lynchiella) bambusicola, Tx. (Lyn.) theobaldi, Wyeomyia (Dodecamyia) aphobema, Wy. (Miamyia) codiocampa and Wy. serratoria (subgenus uncertain) are extended, including new records for four provinces in Argentina and four new records for the country, increasing the number of species known to occur in Argentina from 242 to 246.
Cultural Heritage on China’s 21st-century Maritime Silk Road
Authors: Chan Ying-kit
Published: March 2018

This article suggests that Chinese scholars in Guangdong, through historical work endorsed or sponsored by their government, justify the inclusion of Southeast Asian nations in the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road (MSR) initiative. In doing so, they seek to add the MSR to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) World Heritage List. By exploring how historians and officials adhere to the expectations of the Chinese state and UNESCO in highlighting Guangdong’s role in the 21st-century MSR initiative, the article examines the production of cultural heritage at the local level in contemporary China.
Service-life-prediction and field application of glass fiber-reinforced polymer tubular and solid bolts based on laboratory physical and mechanical assessment
Authors: Benmokrane Brahim , Mohamed Hamdy M , Ali Ahmed H
Published: March 2018

This paper presents the physical, mechanical, and durability characterization of glass fiber-reinforced polymer solid and tubular bars. These bars were subsequently used as rock bolts for ground control of the Jurong Rock Caverns in Singapore. The long-term performance of these bars was assessed under harsh environmental exposure (saline solution) simulating the subsea cavern water. The test parameters were (1) type of bars (solid and tubular), (2) temperature (20, 40, and 50℃), and (3) conditioning time (1000, 3000, and 5000 h). The measured tensile strengths of the bars before and after exposure were considered as a measure of the durability performance of the specimens and were used for long-term properties prediction based on a theoretical model. Moreover, microstructural analyzes using scanning electronic microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry are also conducted to investigate the deterioration of fiber, matrix, and the fiber/matrix interface due to environmental conditioning. The results show the very high long-term durability of solid and tubular glass fiber-reinforced polymer rock bolts exposed to field conditions. The predicted tensile strength retention at a MAT of 32℃, with an RH of 100%, is 0.90 and 0.82 for a service life of 100 years for solid and tubular glass fiber-reinforced polymer bars, respectively. Based on the findings of this research, the tested glass fiber-reinforced polymer rock bolts were recommended as alternatives to stainless-steel rock bolts and successfully used as ground control in the Jurong Rock Caverns in Singapore.
The effect of microfibrils cellulose modified epoxy on the quasi-static and fatigue behaviour of open hole carbon textile composites
Authors: Carvelli Valter , Fujii Toru , Okubo Kazuya
Published: March 2018

The extensive experimental investigation aimed to assess the effects of hybrid epoxy resin with micro-fibrillated cellulose on tensile quasi-static and fatigue behaviour of open hole carbon plain weave composites. The hybridization of the matrix allowed an improved damage tolerance of the composite leading to increase of the quasi-static tensile strength and extension of the fatigue life. The enhanced mechanical performance of the notched composites was connected to the bridging effect of cellulose microfibrils preventing or delaying the cracks propagation in the matrix and along the fibres interface. The better distribution of the stress state was assessed by digital image correlation strain maps around the hole and the imparted fatigue damage was analysed by scanning electron microscope and X-ray micro-computed tomography visualizations.
Book Review: P. S. Vivek. World of Garbage and Waste: Understanding of Swatchh Bharat and Sabka Vikas in India
Authors: Nagla B. K.
Published: March 2018

P. S. Vivek. World of Garbage and Waste: Understanding of Swatchh Bharat and Sabka Vikas in India. Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House, 2015, 321 pp., ₹950 (hardback), ISBN 978-93-5202-794-1.
Book Review: Varsha Bhagat Ganguly. Protest Movements and Citizens’ Rights in Gujarat (1970–2010)
Authors: Joshi Satyakam
Published: March 2018

Varsha Bhagat Ganguly. Protest Movements and Citizens’ Rights in Gujarat (1970–2010). Shimla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study, 2015, xviii + 283 pp., ₹550 (hardback). ISBN: 978-93-82395-35-2.
Fear of Victimization Among Incarcerated Youths: Examining the Effects of Institutional “Neighborhood” Characteristics and Gang Membership
Authors: Lane Jodi , Armstrong Gaylene S. , Fox Kathleen A.
Published: March 2018

This study examines whether neighborhood factors found to predict fear of crime among the general population can be adapted to explain inmate fear of victimization inside juvenile correctional institutions. We test (a) whether institutional physical disorder, resident trust, and formal social control can predict fear of victimization, and (b) whether the importance of these factors for fear of victimization varies based on preincarceration street gang status. Using data from a large national sample of incarcerated youths, findings indicate non-gang members are more afraid of institutional victimization than gang members, confirming findings about levels of fear between these groups on the street. “Neighborhood” (institutional) physical disorder and resident trust predicted fear for gang and non-gang youths, whereas formal social control was significant only among non-gang youths. We discuss policy implications and directions for future research.
The Decomposition Analysis of Tourism Water Footprint in Taiwan: Revealing Decision-Relevant Information
Authors: Sun Ya-Yen , Hsu Ching-Mai
Published: March 2018

Tourism water consumption reflects the dynamics between the visitation volume, economic structure, and water use technology of a destination. This paper presents a structural decomposition analysis that attributes changes of Taiwan’s tourism water footprint into the demand factors of total consumption and purchasing patterns, and production factors of the industry input structure and water use technology. From 2006 to 2011, Taiwan experienced a 48% growth in visitor expenditures and a 74% surge in its water footprint. Diseconomies of scale were observed, with a 1% increase in consumption leading to a 1.5% increase in the tourism water footprint. A strong preference by visitors for water-intensive goods and services and a changing economic structure requiring more water input for tourism establishments and supply chain members contributed to this worrisome pattern. The water requirements received only a minimal offset effect with technological improvements. Decoupling tourism water consumption from economic output is currently unattainable.
Optimism, Pessimism, Coping, and Depression: A Study on Individuals With Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Anzaldi Kristen , Shifren Kim
Published: March 2018

Few published studies exist on how individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) deal with their disease. We conducted this study to examine the relationship between optimism, pessimism, coping strategies, and depressive symptoms in individuals with PD. Specifically, we assessed the possible mediator role of optimism and pessimism on the relation between coping strategies and depressive symptoms in those with PD. Seventy individuals with PD (35 females and 35 males) were assessed with the Brief COPE scale, Life Orientation Test-Revised, and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Findings showed that individuals with PD used similar amounts of problem-focused coping strategies and emotion-focused coping strategies, and they reported more optimism than pessimism. There was only one gender difference: Females reported more problem-focused coping than males. Optimism was positively related to both emotion-focused and problem-focused coping, and pessimism was negatively related to emotion-focused and problem-focused coping. Optimism and pessimism fully mediated the relation between coping strategies and depressive symptoms.
China Town malls in South Africa in the 21st century: Ethnic Chinatowns or Chinese state projects?
Authors: Tu Huynh T
Published: March 2018

In recent years, wholesale centers that sell Chinese goods and which, most often, are owned by Chinese nationals or ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs, have proliferated across South Africa at the same time as the increase in migration of individuals and capital from China. Because these centers also provide for retail sales, they are referred to as malls. While many of these malls have names that suggest their possible connection to China, the few that are named “China Town” stand out. The latter, it is argued and demonstrated here, make claims to China’s global ascendance and shed light on a conflicting relationship between Chinese diasporic communities and Chinese state politics. China Town-named malls are more than merely spaces of commerce; they also present an analytical space to think about how diverse types of Chinese actors become implicated in and negotiate their identity and relationship to China’s shifting global image and politics.
Hearing Trajectory in Children with Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection
Authors: Lanzieri Tatiana M. , Chung Winnie , Leung Jessica , Caviness A. Chantal , Baumgardner Jason L. , Blum Peggy , Bialek Stephanie R. , Demmler‐Harrison Gail ,   for the Congenital Cytomegalovirus Longitudinal Study Group
Published: March 2018

Objectives

To compare hearing trajectories among children with symptomatic and asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection through age 18 years and to identify brain abnormalities associated with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in asymptomatic case patients.

Study Design

Longitudinal prospective cohort study.

Setting

Tertiary medical center.

Subjects and Methods

The study included 96 case patients (4 symptomatic and 92 asymptomatic) identified through hospital‐based newborn cytomegalovirus screening from 1982 to 1992 and 72 symptomatic case patients identified through referrals from 1993 to 2005. We used growth curve modeling to analyze hearing thresholds (0.5‐8 kHz) by ear with increasing age and Cox regression to determine abnormal findings on head computed tomography scan associated with SNHL (hearing threshold ≥25 dB in any audiometric frequency) among asymptomatic case patients.

Results

Fifty‐six (74%) symptomatic and 20 (22%) asymptomatic case patients had SNHL: congenital/early‐onset SNHL was diagnosed in 78 (51%) and 10 (5%) ears, respectively, and delayed‐onset SNHL in 25 (17%) and 20 (11%) ears; 49 (32%) and 154 (84%) ears had normal hearing. In affected ears, all frequency‐specific hearing thresholds worsened with age. Congenital/early‐onset SNHL was significantly worse (severe‐profound range, >70 dB) than delayed‐onset SNHL (mild‐moderate range, 26‐55 db). Frequency‐specific hearing thresholds were significantly different between symptomatic and asymptomatic case patients at 0.5 to 1 kHz but not at higher frequencies (2‐8 kHz). Among asymptomatic case patients, white matter lucency was significantly associated with SNHL by age 5 years (hazard ratio, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.3‐15.6).

Conclusion

Congenital/early‐onset SNHL frequently resulted in severe to profound loss in symptomatic and asymptomatic case patients. White matter lucency in asymptomatic case patients was significantly associated with SNHL by age 5 years.
The Ability of Human Nasal Inferior Turbinate–Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Repair Vocal Fold Injuries
Authors: Kim Choung‐Soo , Choi Hyunsu , Park Ki Cheol , Kim Sung Won , Sun Dong‐Il
Published: March 2018

Objective

This study investigated the ability of implanted human nasal inferior turbinate–derived mesenchymal stem cells (hTMSCs) to repair injured vocal folds. To this end, we used quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to analyze the early phase of wound healing and histopathological analysis to explore the late phase of wound healing in xenograft animal models.

Study Design

Prospective animal study.

Setting

Research laboratory.

Subjects and Methods

The right‐side lamina propria of the vocal fold was injured in 20 rabbits and 30 rats. Next, hTMSCs were implanted into half of the injured vocal folds (hTMSC groups). As a control, phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) was injected into the other half of the injured vocal folds (PBS groups). Rat vocal folds were harvested for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at 1 week after injury. Rabbit vocal folds were evaluated endoscopically and the larynges harvested for histological and immunohistochemical examination at 2 and 8 weeks after injury.

Results

In the hTMSC group, PCR showed that hyaluronan synthase (HAS) 1, HAS 2, and transforming growth factor (TGF)–β1 were significantly upregulated compared with the PBS group. Procollagen type III (COL III) messenger RNA expression was significantly upregulated in the PBS group compared with the normal group. Histological analyses showed that hTMSC administration afforded more favorable collagen and hyaluronic acid deposition than was evident in the controls. Implanted hTMSCs were observed in injured vocal folds 2 weeks after implantation.

Conclusions

Our results show that hTMSCs implantation into injured vocal folds facilitated vocal fold regeneration, with presenting antifibrotic effects.
Acute Invasive Fungal Rhinosinusitis in Immunocompromised Patients: Role of an Early Diagnosis
Authors: Fernandez Ignacio Javier , Crocetta Francesco Maria , Demattè Marco , Farneti Paolo , Stanzani Marta , Lewis Russel E. , Fornaciari Martina , Pasquini Ernesto , Sciarretta Vittorio
Published: March 2018

Objective

The aims of the present study were to evaluate the clinical significance of the delay for surgical treatment and the prognostic value of other clinical, pathologic, and microbiological variables among hematologic patients affected by acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (AIFRS). Furthermore, we propose our early diagnosis and treatment protocol, reporting its 10‐year results.

Study Design

Monocentric retrospective analysis.

Setting

The study was conducted from 2001 to 2017 at the University Hospital of Bologna, Italy.

Subjects and Methods

The impact of time to treatment and clinical, pathologic, and microbiological variables were analyzed among patients with histologically and microbiologically proven AIFRS. The outcomes of patients treated before the introduction of the early diagnosis protocol were compared with those treated afterward.

Results

Nineteen patients affected by AIFRS were eligible for the study. Treatment delay >4 days (P =. 002), infection caused by Mucorales (P =. 015), and extension of the disease were negative prognostic variables (P =. 017). The application of our protocol significantly reduced the delay for diagnosis and appropriate treatment by an average of 7.3 days (P =. 02).

Conclusion

The promptness of the diagnosis and surgical treatment may play a significant role in the management of AIFRS, as it appears to be significantly associated with the disease outcome. Our protocol may help to reduce the time required for diagnosis of high‐risk hematologic patients.
Conceptions of shame in Maya law
Authors: Núñez Daniel
Published: March 2018

This essay explores the notions of vergüenza (shame) in two books about Maya law in postwar Guatemala. In contrast to a common view of shame, the essay shows that the books portray vergüenza not only as a negative feeling that people get when they violate the moral order; they also portray it as a positive character trait that all individuals in a community should ‘have’ and can also ‘lose.’ The essay argues that this way of seeing shame allows us to understand better the use of xik’a’y, that is, the practice of publicly lashing wrongdoers advocated by some indigenous communities in Guatemala.
High-dimensional stochastic optimal control using continuous tensor decompositions
Authors: Gorodetsky Alex , Karaman Sertac , Marzouk Youssef
Published: March 2018

Motion planning and control problems are embedded and essential in almost all robotics applications. These problems are often formulated as stochastic optimal control problems and solved using dynamic programming algorithms. Unfortunately, most existing algorithms that guarantee convergence to optimal solutions suffer from the curse of dimensionality: the run time of the algorithm grows exponentially with the dimension of the state space of the system. We propose novel dynamic programming algorithms that alleviate the curse of dimensionality in problems that exhibit certain low-rank structure. The proposed algorithms are based on continuous tensor decompositions recently developed by the authors. Essentially, the algorithms represent high-dimensional functions (e.g. the value function) in a compressed format, and directly perform dynamic programming computations (e.g. value iteration, policy iteration) in this format. Under certain technical assumptions, the new algorithms guarantee convergence towards optimal solutions with arbitrary precision. Furthermore, the run times of the new algorithms scale polynomially with the state dimension and polynomially with the ranks of the value function. This approach realizes substantial computational savings in “compressible” problem instances, where value functions admit low-rank approximations. We demonstrate the new algorithms in a wide range of problems, including a simulated six-dimensional agile quadcopter maneuvering example and a seven-dimensional aircraft perching example. In some of these examples, we estimate computational savings of up to 10 orders of magnitude over standard value iteration algorithms. We further demonstrate the algorithms running in real time on board a quadcopter during a flight experiment under motion capture.
Heavy metal contamination in soils and vegetables and health risk assessment of inhabitants in Daye, China
Authors: Yang Jun , Ma Silu , Zhou Jingcheng , Song Yongwei , Li Fei
Published: March 2018

Objective

This study was performed to evaluate the state of heavy metal contamination in soil and vegetables and assess the health risk of inhabitants in the mine-affected area and area far from the mine (reference area) in Daye, China.

Methods

The heavy metal concentrations in soil and vegetable samples were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Residents’ exposure parameters were obtained through a questionnaire survey. A health risk assessment model recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency was used to evaluate the residents’ risk of oral exposure.

Results

The copper, lead, cadmium, and arsenic concentrations in soil and in vegetables were higher in the mine-affected area than in the reference area. The health risk of residents in the reference area was within the acceptable range (hazard index < 1, carcinogen risk < 10−4). In the contaminated area, however, the mean hazard index was 2.25 for children and 3.00 for adults, and the mean carcinogen risk was 4.749 × 10−4 for children and 0.587 × 10−4 for adults.

Conclusions

Potential health risks exist for inhabitants near the mine area. Cadmium and arsenic should be paid more attention as risk sources.
Short course of simvastatin has no effect on markers of endothelial activation in normolipidemic patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: Kotyla Przemyslaw J.
Published: March 2018

Objective

Statins, a class of 3-hydroxy-3 methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, are widely used for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Less is known about the role of statins in the treatment of vascular complication in systemic sclerosis (SSc). We therefore performed a short-term interventional study with simvastatin in patients with the diffuse variant of SSc and normal lipid profiles.

Methods

Twenty-five patients with diffuse SSc were enrolled and received simvastatin at a daily dose of 20 mg for 28 days. Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble P-, E- and L-selectins were assessed by ELISA prior to treatment and at day 28.

Results

No statistically significant changes in the levels of adhesion molecules were observed: sICAM-1 1011 vs. 1032 ng/mL, sVCAM-1 1225 vs. 1570 ng/mL, sP-selectin 66.7 vs. 66.0 ng/mL, sE-selectin 276 vs. 253 ng/mL and sL-selectin 887 vs. 927 ng/mL prior to treatment and at day 28, respectively.

Conclusions

Markers characterizing vascular activation were not affected by short treatment with low-dose simvastatin in SSc patients, indicating that the endothelial-protective effect of statins may be related to treatment duration and dose.
Challenges and Opportunities for Ex-Offender Support Through Community Nursing
Authors: Eshareturi Cyril , Serrant Laura
Published: March 2018

This study was a qualitative case study underpinned by “The Silences Framework” aimed at mapping the ex-offender health pathway towards identifying “touch points” in the community for the delivery of a nurse-led intervention. Participants meeting the study inclusion criteria were quantitatively ranked based on poor health. Participants scoring the lowest and endorsing their ranking through a confirmation of a health condition were selected as cases and interviewed over 6 months. Individuals in the professional networks of offenders contextualized emergent themes. The study indicated that pre-release, offenders were not prepared in prison for the continuity in access to healthcare in the community. On release, reintegration preparation did not routinely enquire whether offenders were still registered with a general practitioner or had the agency to register self in the community. Participants identified the site of post-release supervision as the “touch point” where a nurse-led intervention could be delivered.
Challenging the Gendered Academic Hierarchy
Authors: Yoder Janice D.
Published: March 2018

In my 2017 Sherif Award address, I pay tribute to Carolyn Wood Sherif for her insightful exposure of an academic hierarchy in psychology and her call to be skeptical not only of our research choices but also of our career choices. I contend that the artificial separation of research/scholarship and teaching/mentoring, along with the masculinization and privileging of the former over the latter, contributes to perpetuating this gendered academic hierarchy. I suggest three possibilities for integrating teaching and research, embedded within one’s commitment to feminist activism, by (a) publishing about one’s own teaching, (b) researching one’s teaching effectiveness, and (c) using one’s classes to do research that contributes to feminist scholarship (as well as, in a fourth example, challenging the academic hierarchy itself). My immodest goal is to inspire junior and senior academic feminists to practice a “subversive” feminism that challenges the gendered, hierarchical academic institutions in which we are immersed as feminists “doing” (i.e., socially constructing) both teaching and research.
Volumetrically Controlled Ultrafiltration. Current Experiences and Future Prospects
Authors: Roy T. , Ahrenholz P. , Falkenhagen D. , Klinkmann H.
Published: March 2018

Exact control of ultrafiltration (UF) is a prerequisite for high flux dialysis and hemodiafiltration. Volumetric dialysate balancing is the best current method for the use of dialyzers with high water permeabilities. The precision of UF control by volumetric dialysate balancing is in agreement with all medical requirements. A positive influence of volumetric UF control on patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis can be shown by the frequencies of dialysis side effects. Volumetric UF control is only a first step towards an intelligent UF module to correlate water removal, solute removal and sodium balance.
Long-term Follow up in Chronic Hemofiltration
Authors: Quellhorst E.
Published: March 2018

The course of treatment is demonstrated in 72 patients with chronic renal insufficiency who were undergoing regular hemofiltration for more than 6 months. 29 patients were treated for more than 5 years and 8 for more than 6 years with hemofiltration exclusively, total experience comprising 2,985 patient months. Thus, 16% of all patients accepted for artificial kidney treatment were selected for this form of therapy. Main reasons for transfer from hemodialysis to hemofiltration were hypotension, hypertension and/or repeated episodes of overhydration. In 12 patients with severe drug- and dialysis-resistant hypertension, blood pressure was normalized within 6 weeks after transfer to hemofiltration. Whereas some parameters of lipid and bone metabolism showed a tendency towards normalization, a favourable effect of hemofiltration on neuropathy was not observed. Main causes of death were encephalomalacia and cardiac infarction.

Contraindications for post-dilution hemofiltration are vascular access problems resulting in a reduced blood flow and severe catabolism with accumulation of low molecular protein metabolities or potassium.
Technical and Clinical Aspects of Cascade Filtration Plasma Exchange (CFPE)
Authors: Quaranta J.F. , Cassuto-Viguier E. , Maiolini R. , Sanderson F. , Duplay H.
Published: March 2018

Cascade filtration plasma exchanges (CFPE) were realized using an hemofiltration system (HFS) coupled to 2 filters with different pore sizes. The first one (F1 = plasma-separator; Asahi plasmaflo HI-05) separates plasma from whole blood, the second one (F2 = plasma filter; Asahi XK-60, Kuraray EVAL 2A or 4A) filtrates high molecular weight (MW) components from the separated plasma. F2 filtrate returns to patient mixed with blood cells and 4% Albumin solution or Plasmion R* replacing plasma discarded (about 0.5-0.8 I for 1-1.5 plasma mass (PM) treated). The HFS is able i) to modulate the different pressures (veinous pressure, F1 and F2 transmembrane pressures (TMp)) using pumps speed variators, ii) to recirculate and concentrate extracted plasma and iii) to know F2 treated PM. Blood pressure, pulse rate and electrocardiogram were monitored during each CFPE session. Nineteen CFPE were performed for 8 patients selected among our PE indications, this selection taking into account presence or not of risk factors linked to disease e and/or to patient. Anti-histamine drugs were always infused before CFPE session.

On a biological point of view, the problem lies into F2 selectivity which is relatively good for low (as Albumin) and high (as IgM) MW molecules which are returned to patient or discarded, but should be improved for the intermediate ones (as IgG).

On a technical point of view, the plasma substitute quantity is reduced about six times. But the control of F2 TMp is not perfectly and the PM to be treated has to be investigated.

On a clinical point of view and through biological results, diseases with high MW mediators may benefit of CFPE. Anyway, CFPE should be improved for IgG mediated diseases.
A comparison of Centrifugal and Membrane-based Apheresis Formats
Authors: Gurland H.J. , Lysaght M.J. , Samtleben W. , Schmidt B.
Published: March 2018

Membrane and centrifugal apheresis operate on different physical principles but are both capable of efficiently fractionating plasma proteins from whole blood. For therapeutic purposes, both formats yield about the same protein clearance per liter of solute exchanged and neither is significantly more rapid than the other. Only continuous centrifugation can be used to pherese cellular elements and only membrane filter can be deployed in ‘spontaneous’ circuits. Hardware for continuous centrifugation is more expensive and disposables less expensive than for the membrane methods; the ‘crossover’ occurs at 200 treatments. To date, only the centrifugal method is employed for donor apheresis; this may change in the future as membranes can yield a truly platelet-free product and appear to offer a much more rapid collection cycle.