bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving the robustness of a low‐cost insect cell medium for baculovirus biopesticides production, via hydrolysate streamlining using a tube bioreactor‐based statistical optimization routine
Authors: Huynh Hoai T. , Chan Leslie C. L. , Tran Trinh T. B. , Nielsen Lars K. , Reid Steven
Published: February 2012

A critical component of an in vitro production process for baculovirus biopesticides is a growth medium that is efficacious, robust, and inexpensive. An in‐house low‐cost serum‐free medium, VPM3, has been shown to be very promising in supporting Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HaSNPV) production in H. zea insect cell suspension cultures, for use as a biopesticide against the Heliothine pest complex. However, VPM3 is composed of a significant number of undefined components, including five different protein hydrolysates, which introduce a challenging lot‐to‐lot variability to the production process. In this study, an intensive statistical optimization routine was employed to reduce the number of protein hydrolysates in VPM3 medium. Nearly 300 runs (including replicates) were conducted with great efficiency by using 50 mL TubeSpin® bioreactors to propagate insect cell suspension cultures. Fractional factorial experiments were first used to determine the most important of the five default protein hydrolysates, and to screen for seven potential substitutes for the default meat peptone, Primatone RL. Validation studies informed by the screening tests showed that promising alternative media could be formulated based on just two protein hydrolysates, in particular the YST‐AMP (Yeast Extract and Amyl Meat Peptone) and YST‐POT (Yeast Extract and Lucratone Potato Peptone) combinations. The YST‐AMP (meat‐based) and YST‐POT (meat‐free) variants of VPM3 were optimized using response surface methodology, and were shown to be just as good as the default VPM3 and the commercial Sf‐900 II media in supporting baculovirus yields, hence providing a means toward a more reproducible and scalable production process for HaSNPV biopesticides. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog.,, 2012
Preparation of Chiral Amino Esters by Asymmetric Phase‐Transfer Catalyzed Alkylations of Schiff Bases in a Ball Mill
Authors: Nun Pierrick , Pérez Violaine , Calmès Monique , Martinez Jean , Lamaty Frédéric
Published: February 2012

The asymmetric alkylation of Schiff bases under basic conditions in a ball mill was performed. The starting Schiff bases of glycine were prepared beforehand by milling protected glycine hydrochloride and benzophenone imine, in the absence of solvent. The Schiff base was then reacted with a halogenated derivative in a ball mill in the presence of KOH. By adding a chiral ammonium salt derived from cinchonidine, the reaction proceeded asymmetrically under phase‐transfer catalysis conditions, giving excellent yields and enantiomeric excesses up to 75 %. Because an equimolar amount of starting material was used, purification was greatly simplified.
From Hexaoxy‐[6]Pericyclynes to Carbo‐Cyclohexadienes, Carbo‐Benzenes, and Dihydro‐Carbo‐Benzenes: Synthesis, Structure, and Chromophoric and Redox Properties
Authors: Leroyer Léo , Lepetit Christine , Rives Arnaud , Maraval Valérie , Saffon‐Merceron Nathalie , Kandaskalov Dmytro , Kieffer David , Chauvin Remi
Published: February 2012

When targeting the quadrupolar p‐dianisyltetraphenyl‐carbo‐benzene by reductive treatment of a hexaoxy‐[6]pericyclyne precursor 3 with SnCl2/HCl, a strict control of the conditions allowed for the isolation of three C18‐macrocyclic products: the targeted aromatic carbo‐benzene 1, a sub‐reduced non‐aromatic carbo‐cyclohexadiene 4 A, and an over‐reduced aromatic dihydro‐carbo‐benzene 5 A. Each of them was fully characterized by its absorption and NMR spectra, which were interpreted by comparison with calculated spectra from static structures optimized at the DFT level. According to the nucleus‐independent chemical shift (NICS) value (NICS≈−13 ppm), the macrocyclic aromaticity of 5 A is indicated to be equivalent to that of 1. This is confirmed by the strong NMR spectroscopic deshielding of the ortho‐CH protons of the aryl substituents, but also by the strong shielding of the internal proton of the endocyclic trans‐CHCH double bond that results from the hydrogenation of one of the CC bonds of 3. Both the aromatics 1 and 5 A exhibit a high crystallinity, revealed by SEM and TEM images, which allowed for a structural determination by using an X‐ray microsource. A good agreement with calculated molecular structures was found, and columnar assemblies of the C18 macrocycles were evidenced in the crystal packing. The non‐aromatic carbo‐cyclohexadiene 4 A is shown to be an intermediate in the formation of 1 from 3. It exhibits a remarkable dichromism in solution, which is related to the occurrence of two intense bands in the visible region of its UV/Vis spectrum. These properties could be attributed to the dibutatrienylacetylene (DBA) unit that occurs in the three chromophores, but which is not involved in a macrocyclic π‐delocalization in 4 A only. A versatile redox behavior of the carbo‐chromophores is evidenced by cyclic voltammetry and was analyzed by calculation of the ionization potential, electron affinity, and frontier molecular orbitals.
ChemInform Abstract: Lanthanum Triel/Tetrelides La(Al,Ga)x(Si,Ge)1‐x. Experimental and Theoretical Studies on the Stability of Intermetallic 1:1 Phases.
Authors: Duerr Ines , Bauer Britta , Roehr Caroline
Published: February 2012

Phase formation at the binary sections LaSi—LaGa and LaGe—LaAl are characterized by XRD and FP‐LAPW electronic band structure calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: New Ternary Germanides La4Mg5Ge6 and La4Mg7Ge6: Crystal Structure and Chemical Bonding.
Authors: Solokha Pavlo , De Negri Serena , Skrobanska Monika , Saccone Adriana , Pavlyuk Volodymyr , Proserpio Davide M.
Published: February 2012

Single crystals of the title compounds are prepared by induction‐melting of the elements (nominal compositions La20Mg38Ge42 and La16Mg57Ge27, resp.) in Ta crucibles, followed by annealing at 500 °C for 25 d.
ChemInform Abstract: Spin 1/2 Delafossite Honeycomb Compound Cu5SbO6.
Authors: Climent‐Pascual E. , Norby P. , Andersen N. H. , Stephens P. W. , Zandbergen H. W. , Larsen J. , Cava R. J.
Published: February 2012

The title compound is characterized by powder XRD, EPR spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Features and Physical Properties of In2Bi3Se7I, InBi2Se4I and BiSeI.
Authors: Rosenthal Tobias , Doeblinger Markus , Wagatha Peter , Gold Christian , Scheidt Ernst‐Wilhelm , Scherer Wolfgang , Oeckler Oliver
Published: February 2012

In2Bi3Se7I is obtained from a stoichiometric mixture of the elements (argon, 425 °C, 36 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure, Chemical Bonding, and Magnetism of the Series RELiGe2 (RE: La—Nd, Sm, Eu).
Authors: Bobev Svilen , You Tae‐Soo , Suen Nian‐Tzu
Published: February 2012

The title compounds are prepared from the elements (Nb ampules, 985—1085 °C) and characterized by single crystal XRD, magnetic measurements, and TB‐LMTO computations.
ChemInform Abstract: Enhancing Hydrogen Evolution Activity in Water Splitting by Tailoring Li+‐Ni(OH)2‐Pt Interfaces.
Authors: Subbaraman Ram , Tripkovic Dusan , Strmcnik Dusan , Chang Kee‐Chul , Uchimura Masanobu , Paulikas Arvydas P. , Stamenkovic Vojislav , Markovic Nenad M.
Published: February 2012

Controlled arrangement of nanometer‐scale Ni(OH)2 clusters on platinum electrode surfaces increases the catalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction in KOH solution by a factor of eight relative to state‐of‐the‐art metal and metal oxide catalysts.
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Enantioselective Hydroamination of Dienes by Gold(I)/Menthol Cooperative Catalysis.
Authors: Kanno Osamu , Kuriyama Wataru , Wang Z. Jane , Toste F. Dean
Published: February 2012

Pyrrolidine and piperidine adducts are formed with high regio‐and enantioselectivities only in the presence of menthol.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of N‐Sulfonylcyclothioureas in Water.
Authors: Wan Guoxiang , Xu Liang , Ma Xiaosi , Zhang Yong , Wang Jian , Zhang Jian , Ma Ning
Published: February 2012

The reaction is conducted under environmentally benign conditions, avoiding heating, thiophosgene, and organic solvents.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Active Iridium(I) Complexes for the Selective Hydrogenation of Carbon—Carbon Multiple Bonds.
Authors: Bennie Linsey S. , Fraser Calum J. , Irvine Stephanie , Kerr William J. , Andersson Shalini , Nilsson Goeran N.
Published: February 2012

New iridium complexes (I) bearing a bulky NHC/phosphine ligand combination are successfully applied as extremely efficient catalysts for the hydrogenation of different alkenes (II), (IV), (VI), and (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Binding Properties of Guanidinium Biscarboxylates.
Authors: Spaeth Andreas , Gonschor Janina , Koenig Burkhard
Published: February 2012

A series of title compounds, e.g. (VII) are prepared as potential self‐organized ionophores in molecular recognition of the ammonium‐ion binding site of the enzyme glutaminase His‐F.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Multisubstituted Cyclopentadienes from Cyclopentenones Prepared via Catalytic Double Aldol Condensation and Nazarov Reaction Sequence.
Authors: Nishina Yuta , Tatsuzaki Tomohiro , Tsubakihara Ayano , Kuninobu Yoichiro , Takai Kazuhiko
Published: February 2012

The Re‐catalyzed reaction of dialkylketones with aldehydes yields cyclopentenones via double aldol condensation/Nazarov cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: The First One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Adamantanes from 1‐Bromoadamantanes.
Authors: Akhrem Irena S. , Avetisyan Dzhuletta V. , Afanas'eva Lyudmila V. , Goryunov Evgenii I. , Churilova Irina M. , Petrovskii Pavel V. , Kagramanov Nikolai D.
Published: February 2012

CBr4·2AlBr3‐mediated carbonylation of 1‐bromoadamantanes (I) followed by quenching the carbonylation products with nucleophiles provides a convenient access to 1,3‐dicarbonyl adamantanes such as (IV), (VI) and (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthesis of Terminal Alkynes from anti‐3‐Aryl‐2,3‐dibromopropanoic Acids Using a K2CO3/DMSO System.
Authors: Cheng Xuezhi , Jia Jun , Kuang Chunxiang
Published: February 2012

Compounds (I) are prepared under standard conditions by bromination of the corresponding unsaturated carboxylic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Cellulose‐Supported Ni(NO3) 2·6H2O/2,4,6‐Trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine (TCT) as a Mild, Selective and Biodegradable System for Nitration of Phenols.
Authors: Nemati Firouzeh , Kiani Hossein , Hayeniaz Yaser Saeidi
Published: February 2012

Cellulose‐supported Ni(NO3)2 is used as novel reagent for the regioselective formation of o‐nitro phenols.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Alkynylation of Aromatic Aldehydes: Pyridyl Phenylene Terpeneol Catalysts with Flexible Biaryl Axes.
Authors: Leven Matthias , Mueller David , Goldfuss Bernd
Published: February 2012

Among the ligands (I)‐(III), the former is found to be the most efficient one.
ChemInform Abstract: TiCl4‐Catalyzed Friedel—Crafts Reaction of Trifluoroacetaldehyde Ethyl Hemiacetal (TFAE).
Authors: Zhang Jing , Chen Yong‐Jun , Zhang Liang
Published: February 2012

A novel strictly hydroxyl‐directed Friedel—Crafts reaction of various phenols with trifluoroacetaldehyde ethyl hemiacetal (II) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Flow Chemistry to the Reduction of Nitriles to Aldehydes.
Authors: de M. Munoz Juan , Alcazar Jesus , de la Hoz Antonio , Diaz‐Ortiz Angel
Published: February 2012

The method represents an alternative to batch procedures.
ChemInform Abstract: Sodium Tetraborate‐dibenzo‐18‐crown Ether‐6 Complex as Reagent in the Synthesis of Cinnamic Acids from Aromatic Aldehydes and Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Chiriac Constantin I. , Tanasa Fulga , Nechifor Marioara
Published: February 2012

A new alternative to the classic Perkin synthesis of cinnamic acids is introduced.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis and in vitro Antimalarial Activity of Novel α‐Hydroxy Hydrazonates.
Authors: Khankischpur Mehdi , Hansen Finn K. , Meurer Ronald , Mauz Tobias , Bergmann Baerbel , Walter Rolf D. , Geffken Detlef
Published: February 2012

The compounds (III), (VI), and (IX) are tested in vitro for their antimalarial activity against 3D7 strains of Plasmodium falciparum.
ChemInform Abstract: Condensation Reactions of Aromatic Aldehydes with Active Methylene Compounds Catalyzed by Alkaline Ionic Liquid.
Authors: Wang Dong‐Yue , Xi Guo‐Hong , Ma Jing‐Jun , Wang Chun , Zhang Xiao‐Chao , Wang Qian‐Qian
Published: February 2012

The alkaline ionic liquid‐promoted Knoevenagel condensation is carried out either with microwave irradiation or under thermal conditions (method B: melting or C: grinding).
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Aldol Condensation Reaction of Ethyl Diazoacetate with Trifluoromethyl Ketones.
Authors: Cui Han‐Feng , Wang Lian , Yang Li‐Jun , Nie Jing , Zheng Yan , Ma Jun‐An
Published: February 2012

In the presence of ZnMe2, the title reaction affords a series of fluorinated aldol adducts in good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Silicon‐Mediated Direct Conversion of Acyl Chlorides to Carbamoyl Azides or/and Tetrazolinones under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Salama Tarek A. , Elmorsy Saad S. , Khalil Abdel‐Galil M. , Ismail Mohamed A.
Published: February 2012

A simple and mild one‐pot procedure for the synthesis of the title compounds (II) and (III), which includes an easy work‐up, is presented by using cheap and readily available reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Hiyama Cross‐Coupling of Aryltrifluorosilanes with Aryl and Heteroaryl Chlorides
Authors: Molander Gary A. , Iannazzo Laura
Published: February 2012

as an efficient and widely applicable method to prepare biaryls and heterobiaryls
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Arylation of Unactivated Aromatic C—H Bonds Catalyzed by a Stable Organic Radical.
Authors: Yong Guo‐Ping , She Wen‐Long , Zhang Yi‐Man , Li Ying‐Zhou
Published: February 2012

A radical‐catalyzed arylation of arenes (II) with iodides (I) leads to biaryl derivatives (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Sustainable and Active Catalyst for Suzuki—Miyaura Reaction: Palladium‐Supported Ionic Liquid Catalyst (SILC) Coated with Polymer.
Authors: Hagiwara Hisahiro , Sato Kota , Hoshi Takashi , Suzuki Toshio
Published: February 2012

Catalysts coated with different polymers and varying thickness are tested in the reaction of aryl bromides with arylboronic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted One‐Pot Synthesis of 3‐Amino‐1‐aryl‐8‐bromo‐2,4‐dicyano‐9H‐fluorenes in Water.
Authors: Zhou Yixin , Wang Jianqiang , Du Renjun , Zhang Guohua , Wang Wei , Guo Cheng
Published: February 2012

Optimum reaction conditions are examined for the three‐component one‐pot synthesis of title compounds of type (IV) under microwave irradiation.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Regioselective Synthesis and X‐Ray Crystal Structure of a Stable [60]Fullerene Trisadduct with the eedge,eface,trans‐1 Addition Pattern.
Authors: Riala Maria , Markoulides Marios S. , Moushi Eleni E. , Chronakis Nikos
Published: February 2012

The Bingel functionalization of C60 (II) with a structurally novel tether (I) equipped with three reactive malonate groups affords a C2v‐symmetrical eedge,eface,trans‐1 trisadduct (III) in a complete regioselective manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Azomethine Ylides in the Synthesis of Carbohydrate‐Derived Spiroheterocycles.
Authors: Barman Piyali Deb , Sanyal Ishita , Mandal Sukhendu B. , Banerjee Asish Kumar
Published: February 2012

1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides, generated in situ from N‐alkyl α‐amino acids, with dicarbonyl compounds results in a simple synthesis of polycyclic spiro compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: A One‐Pot Deprotection and Intramolecular Oxa‐Michael Addition to Access Angular Trioxatriquinanes.
Authors: Ramakrishna Kota , Kaliappan Krishna P.
Published: February 2012

Starting from carbohydrate precursors such as (I), a short synthesis of angular frameworks of type (VI) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some New Tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene Derivatives and Tetrahydrobenzothienopyrimidine Derivatives under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Abdalha A. A. , Abou El‐Regal M. K. , El‐Kassaby M. A. , Ali A. T.
Published: February 2012

Starting from key intermediate (II) several heterocyclic derivatives of expected biological activities are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Apricoxib, CS‐706, a Selective Cyclooxygenase‐2 Inhibitor, and Evaluation of Inhibition of Prostaglandin E2 Production in Inflammatory Breast Cancer Cells.
Authors: Mandal Pijus K. , Freiter Eric M. , Bagsby Allison L. , Robertson Fredika M. , McMurray John S.
Published: February 2012

A highly efficient synthesis of the promising Cox‐2 inhibitor, apricoxib (VI), in only three steps from commercially available starting material is given.
ChemInform Abstract: Surfactant‐Assisted Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes in Water.
Authors: Kolvari Eskandar , Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Banary Hoda
Published: February 2012

The pharmacologically interesting target compounds are readily available if aromatic aldehydes are used.
ChemInform Abstract: A Catalytic Approach to the Synthesis of (+)‐Fluvastatin Analogue.
Authors: Kim Aejin , Kim In Su
Published: February 2012

A catalytic approach to the asymmetric total synthesis of the (+)‐fluvastatin analogue (X) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Diastereoselective Claisen Rearrangement Leading to Vicinal Quaternary Carbons Construction of Oxindoles.
Authors: Matsuta Yumiko , Kobari Takayuki , Kurashima Sachiko , Kumakura Yuhsuke , Shinada Masashi , Higuchi Kazuhiro , Kawasaki Tomomi
Published: February 2012

Claisen rearrangement of 2‐allyloxyindoles, generated in situ, offers a convenient method for the preparation of the title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N‐Alkoxyindol‐2‐ones by Copper‐Catalyzed Intramolecular N‐Arylation of Hydroxamates.
Authors: Kukosha Tatyana , Trufilkina Nadezhda , Katkevics Martins
Published: February 2012

A new method allows the synthesis of title compounds (II), (IV) and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Synthetic Method of 2‐(2‐Oxoethyl)‐1H‐indole‐3‐carbaldehydes.
Authors: Buksnaitiene Rita , Cikotiene Inga
Published: February 2012

The synthesis of title compounds (II) involves a silver‐catalyzed 6‐endo‐dig acetalization—cyclization followed by immediate hydrolysis of the unstable intermediates (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Class of Compounds: Synthesis of 5,5′‐Carbonyl‐bis(5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐furo‐ and Thieno‐[2,3‐c]pyrrol‐4‐ones).
Authors: Koza Gani , Balci Metin
Published: February 2012

Key steps of the synthesis are the regioselective hydrolysis of biscarboxylate (III), the monoacyl azide formation and subsequent Curtius rearrangement to give isocyanate (VI), and the sequential ring closure to give carbonylbis(dihydrothienopyrrole) (X) (and the carbonylbis(dihydrofuropyrrole) analogously).
ChemInform Abstract: Substituted Phenyl 4‐(2‐Oxoimidazolidin‐1‐yl)benzenesulfonamides as Antimitotics. Antiproliferative, Antiangiogenic and Antitumoral Activity, and Quantitative Structure—Activity Relationships.
Authors: Fortin Sebastien , Wei Lianhu , Moreau Emmanuel , Lacroix Jacques , Cote Marie‐France , Petitclerc Eric , Kotra Lakshmi P. , Gaudreault Rene C.
Published: February 2012

Forty one 4‐(2‐oxoimidazolidin‐1‐yl)benzenesulfonamide derivatives (I) are synthesized and screened for their biological activity.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Syntheses of Nitrofuranyl Benzimidazoles that Are Active Against Multidrug‐Resistant Bacteria.
Authors: Moraski Garrett C. , Thanassi Jane A. , Podos Steven D. , Pucci Michael J. , Miller Marvin J.
Published: February 2012

Five title compounds are prepared and tested for their antibacterial activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 6H‐Dibenzo[b,d]pyran‐6‐ones Using the Inverse Electron Demand Diels—Alder Reaction.
Authors: Pottie Ian R. , Nandaluru Penchal Reddy , Benoit Wendy L. , Miller David O. , Dawe Louise N. , Bodwell Graham J.
Published: February 2012

In some cases, the dihydro analogues are obtained which can smoothly be converted into the title compounds by treatment with DDQ.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 1‐Substituted‐3‐(6‐methylpyridin‐2‐yl)‐4‐([1,2,4]triazolo [1,5‐a]pyridin‐6‐yl)pyrazoles as Transforming Growth Factor‐β Type 1 Receptor Kinase Inhibitors.
Authors: Jin Cheng Hua , Krishnaiah Maddeboina , Sreenu Domalapally , Subrahmanyam Vura Bala , Rao Kota Sudhakar , Mohan Annaji Venkata Nagendra , Park Chul‐Yong , Son Jee‐Yeon , Sheen Yhun Yhong , Kim Dae‐Kee
Published: February 2012

Title compound (VIIb), the most potent derivative synthesized, inhibits ALK5 phosphorylation with an IC50 value of 0.57 nM and shows 94% inhibition at 100 nM in a luciferase reporter assay.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthesis of 3,5‐Biscarbamoyl‐pyridine Derivatives.
Authors: Wang Xiayun , Zhu Yiwen , Zhang Min , Lu Dongliang , Qian Qun , Chen Yali , Cao Weiguo , Song Liping , Deng Hongmei
Published: February 2012

The described procedure provides a facile work‐up.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel 1‐Alkynyl Substituted 1,2‐Dihydroquinoline Derivatives from Nimesulide (and Their 2‐Oxo Analogues): A New Strategy to Identify Inhibitors of PDE4B.
Authors: Pal Sarbani , Durgadas Shylaprasad , Nallapati Suresh Babu , Mukkanti Khagga , Kapavarapu Ravikumar , Meda Chandana Lakshmi T. , Parsa Kishore V. L. , Pal Manojit
Published: February 2012

A number of novel arylpropynyl‐substituted dihydroquinoline derivatives related to nimesulide [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Quinolinecarboxamide Derivatives as Potential HDAC Inhibitors.
Authors: Habarova O. , Bobileva O. , Loza E. , Romancikova N.
Published: February 2012

A series of quinolinecarboxamide derivatives are synthesized and screened for their histone deacetylase inhibitory activity.
ChemInform Abstract: New Strategy for the Synthesis of 5‐Aryl‐1H,1′H‐spiro[furo [2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐6,5′‐pyrimidine]‐2,2′,4,4′,6′(3H,3′H,5H)‐pentaones and Their Sulfur Analogues
Authors: Jalilzadeh Mohammad , Pesyan Nader Noroozi
Published: February 2012

via L‐tartaric acid mediated reaction of barbituric acids with cyanogen bromide and aromatic aldehydes
ChemInform Abstract: Amberlyst‐15: An Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for Multi‐Component Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydroquinoxalin‐2‐amine Derivatives at Room Temperature.
Authors: Chari Murugulla Adharvana
Published: February 2012

The optimized conditions are applied to the preparation of 20 derivatives of pharmaceutical interest.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of Potent Nucleotide‐Mimicking Competitive Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Helicase.
Authors: Campiani Giuseppe , et al. et al.
Published: February 2012

Quinolyl hydrazides and tetrahydroacridinyl hydrazides are synthesized and biochemically characterized as potent NS3h inhibitors.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Insecticidal Activities of 1,3,5‐Trisubstituted‐1,3,5‐hexahydrotriazine‐2‐N‐nitroimines.
Authors: Xue Sijia , Ma Xubo , Bu Hongfei , Liu Li , Xu Xiao
Published: February 2012

All compounds (IV) are tested for insecticidal activities against Nilaparvata lugens and Aphis medicaginis, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: A Single, Low, Oral Dose of a 5‐Carbon‐Linked Trioxane Dimer Orthoester Plus Mefloquine Cures Malaria‐Infected Mice.
Authors: Moon Deuk Kyu , Tripathi Abhai , Sullivan David , Siegler Maxime A. , Parkin Sean , Posner Gary H.
Published: February 2012

Trioxane dimer orthoesters (VI) and (VIII) are obtained in moderate overall yields from the natural trioxane artemisinin.
ChemInform Abstract: An Artificial Metalloenzyme for Olefin Metathesis.
Authors: Mayer Clemens , Gilligham Dennis G. , Ward Thomas R. , Hilvert Donald
Published: February 2012

A Grubbs‐Hoveyda type olefin metathesis catalyst is used to modify a cystein‐containing variant of a small heat shock protein.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Insecticidal Activities of Novel Spin‐Labeled Derivatives of Camptothecin.
Authors: Liu Ying‐Qian , et al. et al.
Published: February 2012

Intermediate (Ia) and eight spin‐labeled camptothecin derivatives like (Ib) are synthesized from camptothecin and evaluated for their insecticidal activity against the fifth‐instar larva B.longissima in vivo.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogen in Metallic Nanomaterials
Authors: Andrievski R. A.
Published: February 2012

Review: 99 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Research Progress and Materials Selection Guidelines on Mixed Conducting Perovskite‐Type Ceramic Membranes for Oxygen Production
Authors: Zhang Kun , Sunarso Jaka , Shao Zongping , Zhou Wei , Sun Chenghua , Wang Shaobin , Liu Shaomin
Published: February 2012

Review: 170 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Composite Solid Electrolytes
Authors: Uvarov Nikolai F.
Published: February 2012

Review: 233 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of Polyhedral Platinum—Silyl Clusters via the Stepwise Si—H and Si—Si Bond Activation
Authors: Arii Hidekazu , Mochida Kunio
Published: February 2012

Review: 42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Isotrithionedithiolate Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Starodub V. A. , Starodub T. N.
Published: February 2012

Review: 129 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: σ‐Bonded Transition Metal Complexes of Polycyclic Aromatic Carbon Compounds
Authors: Sharp Paul R.
Published: February 2012

Review: 211 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Minisci Reactions: Versatile C—H Functionalizations for Medicinal Chemists
Authors: Duncton Matthew A. J.
Published: February 2012

Review: 245 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Catalytic Asymmetric Strategies to Access Chiral Aldehydes
Authors: Mazet Clement
Published: February 2012

Review: 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Chemistry
Authors: Osborne Rachel
Published: February 2012

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylation
Authors: Ding Chang‐Hua , Hou Xue‐Long
Published: February 2012

Review: 166 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Non‐Cyclizing Direct Transformation of Arene Carbon—Hydrogen Bonds into Carbon—Nitrogen Bonds
Authors: Zhang Ming , Zhang Aiqin
Published: February 2012

Review: 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ecofriendly Oxidative Nuclear Halogenation of Aromatic Compounds Using Potassium and Ammonium Halides
Authors: Krishna Mohan Kandepi V. V. , Narender Nama
Published: February 2012

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Low‐Molecular‐Weight Carbohydrate Mimetics of Heparin
Authors: Krylov V. B. , Ustyuzhanina N. E. , Nifantiev N. E.
Published: February 2012

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Imaging with X‐Rays
Authors: Nolting F.
Published: February 2012

Review: 52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Strongest Acid
Authors: Reed Christopher A.
Published: February 2012

Review: carborane acids; 31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phytochemicals and Bioactivities of Anemone raddeana Regel: A Review
Authors: Sun Yong‐Xu , Liu Ji‐Cheng , Liu Da‐You
Published: February 2012

Review: 37 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Role of RecQ5 in Syncytial Blastoderm of the Drosophila Embryo
Authors: Sakurai Haruna
Published: February 2012

Review: 14 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Optimization of Antimicrobial Therapy Based on Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Authors: Morita Kunihiko
Published: February 2012

Review: 17 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Appropriate Antibiotic Use for the Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Miyashita Naoyuki
Published: February 2012

Review: 13 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure of Coordination Complexes: The Synergy Between NMR Spectroscopy and Computational Chemistry
Authors: Conradie Jeanet
Published: February 2012

Review: 110 refs.
Process Optimized and Environmentally Compliant Nanoparticle‐Wax Formulations as Additives for Thermoplastic Polymers
Authors: Bauer Kevin , Eloo Christina , Peuker Urs A.
Published: February 2012

Die feste Verkapselung von deagglomerierten Nanopartikeln ist eine große technische Herausforderung. Zur Deagglomeration des Partikelmaterials werden verschiedene Verfahren eingesetzt und die Produkte mittels Phasenkontrast‐Rasterkraftmikroskopie, analytischer Zentrifugation und SEM hinsichtlich ihrer Dispergierqualität untersucht. Abschließend werden verschiedene Komposite hergestellt und die Abhängigkeit der Kompositeigenschaften von verschiedenen Prozessparametern überprüft.
Modulating Self‐Assembly of Amyloidogenic Proteins as a Therapeutic Approach for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Strategies and Mechanisms
Authors: Liu Tingyu , Bitan Gal
Published: February 2012

Abnormal protein assembly causes multiple devastating disorders in the central nervous system (CNS), such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and prion diseases. Due to the now extended human lifespan, these diseases have been increasing in prevalence, resulting in major public health problems and the associated financial difficulties worldwide. The wayward proteins that lead to disease self‐associate into neurotoxic oligomers and go on to form fibrillar polymers through multiple pathways. Thus, a range of possible targets for pharmacotherapeutic intervention exists along these pathways. Many compounds have shown different levels of effectiveness in inhibiting aberrant self‐assembly, dissociating existing aggregates, protecting cells against neurotoxic insults, and in some cases ameliorating disease symptoms in vivo, yet achieving efficient, disease‐modifying therapy in humans remains a major unattained goal. To a large degree, this is because the mechanisms of action for these drugs are essentially unknown. For successful design of new effective drugs, it is crucial to elucidate the mechanistic details of their action, including the actual target(s) along the protein aggregation pathways, how the compounds modulate these pathways, and their effect at the cellular, tissue, organ, and organism level. Here, the current knowledge of major mechanisms by which some of the more extensively explored drug candidates work are discussed. In particular, we focus on three prominent strategies: 1) stabilizing the native fold of amyloidogenic proteins, 2) accelerating the aggregation pathways towards the fibrillar endpoint thereby reducing accumulation of toxic oligomers, and 3) modulating the assembly process towards nontoxic oligomers/aggregates. The merit of each strategy is assessed, and the key points to consider when analyzing the efficacy of possible drug candidates and their mechanism of action are discussed.
Concerted Interaction between Pnicogen and Halogen Bonds in XClFH2PNH3(X=F, OH, CN, NC, and FCC)
Authors: Li Qing‐Zhong , Li Ran , Liu Xiao‐Feng , Li Wen‐Zuo , Cheng Jian‐Bo
Published: February 2012

We analyze the interplay between pnicogen‐bonding and halogen‐bonding interactions in the XClFH2PNH3(X=F, OH, CN, NC, and FCC) complex at the MP2/aug‐cc‐pVTZ level. Synergetic effects are observed when pnicogen and halogen bonds coexist in the same complex. These effects are studied in terms of geometric and energetic features of the complexes. Natural bond orbital theory and Bader’s theory of “atoms in molecules” are used to characterize the interactions and analyze their enhancement with varying electron density at critical points and orbital interactions. The physical nature of the interactions and the mechanism of the synergetic effects are studied using symmetry‐adapted perturbation theory. By taking advantage of all the aforementioned computational methods, the present study examines how both interactions mutually influence each other.
Binary Mixtures of Ionic Liquids: A Joint Approach to Investigate their Properties and Catalytic Ability
Authors: D'Anna Francesca , Marullo Salvatore , Vitale Paola , Noto Renato
Published: February 2012

The growing interest in the properties and applications of ionic liquids has recently led to research into the possibility of using their binary mixtures. This work reports on the effects of binary mixtures of ionic liquids on the outcome of organic reactions such as the mononuclear rearrangement of heterocycles and the solvatochromic behavior of Nile Red. Binary mixtures formed by ionic liquids differing in the structure of the cation and the anion are taken into account. In particular, ionic liquids such as 1‐benzyl‐3‐butylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, 1‐(2,3,4,5,6‐pentafluorobenzyl)‐3‐butylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, and 1‐benzyl‐3‐butylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, are studied. To achieve a deep understanding of the properties of ionic‐liquid binary mixtures, their three‐dimensional organization was analyzed by a combination of resonance light scattering, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopy. Data collected herein evidence that the most significant changes in the ionic lattice structure, and consequently the most pronounced effects exerted as solvent media, occur when the studied system involves a blend of different anions.
Modification of n‐Type Organic Semiconductor Performance of Perylene Diimides by Substitution in Different Positions: Two‐Dimensional π‐Stacking and Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Zhang Ming‐Xing , Zhao Guang‐Jiu
Published: February 2012

Perylene diimides (PDIs) and their derivatives are active n‐type semiconducting materials widely used in organic electronic devices. A series of PDI derivatives have been investigated by quantum chemistry calculations combined with Marcus–Hush electron‐transfer theory. The substitution of three different sites of a PDI induces large changes in its electron‐transfer mobility. 2,5,8,11‐Tetrachloro‐PDI with four chlorine atoms in ortho positions shows both large electron‐ and hole‐transfer mobilities of 0.116 and 0.650 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively, indicative of a potentially highly efficient ambipolar organic semiconducting material. The calculated electron‐transfer mobility of 1,6,7,12‐tetrachloro‐PDI is 0.081 cm2 V−1 s−1, which is in good agreement with the experimental result. Octachloro‐PDIs have the largest electron mobility among these derivatives, although the π system of the central core is twisted. 2D π‐stacking and hydrogen bonds formed at the imide positions are responsible for the large mobility. Simulated anisotropic transport mobility curves of these materials prove the magnitude of the mobility that appears when the measuring transistor channel is along the a‐axis of the crystal, which is the direction of hydrogen bond formation.
Prospectively measured thyroid hormones and thyroid peroxidase antibodies in relation to breast cancer risk
Authors: Tosovic Ada , Becker Charlotte , Bondeson Anne‐Greth , Bondeson Lennart , Ericsson Ulla‐Britt , Malm Johan , Manjer Jonas
Published: February 2012

Thyroid hormones influence both normal breast cell differentiation and breast cancer cell proliferation and stimulate the angiogenesis of certain cancer forms. Several cross‐sectional studies have measured thyroid hormones/autoantibodies in breast cancer ceases vs. controls, but it is difficult to determine the cause–effect direction in these studies. Only three prospective studies have reported on the subject so far. The aim of our study was to investigate prediagnostically measured levels of thyroid hormones, thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid autoantibodies in relation to subsequent risk of breast cancer. The Malmoe Diet and Cancer study examined 17,035 women between 1991 and 1996. Blood samples were collected at baseline and free triiodothyronine (T3), free thyroxin (T4), TSH and thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies (TPO‐Ab) levels were measured in 676 cases and 680 controls. Relative risks with 95% confidence intervals were assessed using a logistic regression analysis adjusted for potential confounders. Free T4 levels were positively associated with a high risk of breast cancer, and the OR for women with free T4 levels above vs. below the median was 1.40 (1.10–1.77). This association was most pronounced in overweight women (1.51:1.07–2.12). Women with high levels of TPO‐Ab had a lower risk of breast cancer, but only the analysis of TPO‐Ab as a continuous variable reached statistical significance. Free T4 was in our study positively associated with a high risk of breast cancer. This association was most pronounced in overweight/obese women. Women with a high level of TPO‐Ab had a relatively low risk of breast cancer.
Nuclear accumulation of seven in absentia homologue‐2 supports motility and proliferation of liver cancer cells
Authors: Malz Mona , Aulmann Antje , Samarin Jana , Bissinger Michaela , Longerich Thomas , Schmitt Sabrina , Schirmacher Peter , Breuhahn Kai
Published: February 2012

Stability of many tumor‐relevant proteins is partly mediated by E3 ligases, which determine substrate specificity within the ubiquitin system. Recent data demonstrated that increased nuclear expression of the E3 ligase seven in absentia homologue (SIAH)‐1 in human hepatocarcinogenesis supports tumor cell proliferation and migration. To define whether closely related SIAH‐2 synergizes with protumorigenic SIAH‐1, we systematically analyzed expression, localization and functional relevance of SIAH‐2 in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nuclear accumulation of SIAH‐2 is detectable in more than 60% of all HCCs and correlates with tumor progression, cell proliferation and distant metastasis. An inverse correlation between nuclear SIAH‐1 and SIAH‐2 was detected, suggesting independent mechanisms for nuclear enrichment. Inhibition of nuclear SIAH‐2 by RNAi in HCC cell lines reduced proliferation as well as lateral tumor cell motility and transmigration; however, combined knock down of both SIAH‐1 and SIAH‐2 did not further amplify biological effects compared to single gene inhibition. Reduction of SIAH‐2 expression sensitizes HCC cells to the treatment with different cytostatic drugs, demonstrating that SIAH‐2‐targeting approaches may increase the response of HCC cells to conventional chemotherapy. Together, these data show that SIAH‐2—as described for SIAH‐1—accumulates in nuclei of HCC cells where it supports tumor growth and tumor cell dissemination. Because the nuclear pattern of SIAH‐2 differs in HCC tissues from the SIAH‐1 pattern and because the inactivation of SIAH‐2 is not compensated by SIAH‐1, the specific inhibition of SIAH‐2 (especially in combination with other drugs) represents a promising therapeutic strategy for HCC.
Plumbagin, a plant derived natural agent inhibits the growth of pancreatic cancer cells in in vitro and in vivo via targeting EGFR, Stat3 and NF‐κB signaling pathways
Authors: Hafeez Bilal Bin , Jamal Mohammad Sarwar , Fischer Joseph W. , Mustafa Ala , Verma Ajit Kumar
Published: February 2012

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the most aggressive malignant disease, ranks as the fourth most leading cause of cancer‐related death among men and women in the United States. We present here that plumbagin (PL), a quinoid constituent isolated from the roots of the medicinal plant Plumbago zeylanica L, inhibits the growth of PC cells both in vitro and in vivo model systems. PL treatment induces apoptosis and inhibits cell viability of PC cells (PANC1, BxPC3 and ASPC1). In addition, i.p. administration of PL (2 mg/kg body weight, 5 days a week) in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice beginning 3 days after ectopic implantation of PANC1 cells resulted in a significant (P < 0.01) inhibition of both tumor weight and volume. PL treatment inhibited (1) constitutive expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), pStat3Tyr705 and pStat3Ser727, (2) DNA binding of Stat3 and (3) physical interaction of EGFR with Stat3, in both cultured PANC1 cells and their xenograft tumors. PL treatment also inhibited phosphorylation and DNA‐binding activity of NF‐κB in both cultured PC cells (PANC1 and ASPC1) and in PANC1 cells xenograft tumors. Downstream target genes (cyclin D1, MMP9 and Survivin) of Stat3 and NF‐κB were similarly inhibited. These results suggest that PL may be used as a novel therapeutic agent against human PC.
Acid ceramidase‐mediated production of sphingosine 1‐phosphate promotes prostate cancer invasion through upregulation of cathepsin B
Authors: Beckham Thomas H. , Lu Ping , Cheng Joseph C. , Zhao Dan , Turner Lorianne S. , Zhang Xiaoyi , Hoffman Stanley , Armeson Kent E. , Liu Angen , Marrison Tucker , Hannun Yusuf A. , Liu Xiang
Published: February 2012

Invasiveness is one of the key features of aggressive prostate cancer; however, our understanding of the precise mechanisms effecting invasion remains limited. The ceramide hydrolyzing enzyme acid ceramidase (AC), overexpressed in most prostate tumors, causes an aggressive and invasive phenotype through downstream effectors that have not yet been well characterized. Here, we demonstrate that AC, through generation of sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P), promotes Ets1 nuclear expression and binding to the promoter region of matrix‐degrading protease cathepsin B. Through confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, we found that AC overexpression promotes pericellular localization of cathepsin B and its translocation to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane. AC overexpressing cells have an increased abundance of cathepsin B‐enriched invasive structures and enhanced ability to invade through a collagen matrix, but not in the presence of an inhibitor of cathepsin B. In human prostate tissues, AC and cathepsin B overexpression were strongly associated and may relate to poor outcome. These results demonstrate a novel pathway by which AC, through S1P, promotes an invasive phenotype in prostate cancer by causing overexpression and secretion of cathepsin B through activation and nuclear expression of Ets1. As prostate cancer prognosis is dramatically worse when invasion has occurred, this study provides critical insight into the progression toward lethal prostate cancer.
“Atypical femoral fractures” during bisphosphonate exposure in adult hypophosphatasia
Authors: Sutton Roger AL , Mumm Steven , Coburn Stephen P , Ericson Karen L , Whyte Michael P
Published: February 2012

We report a 55-year-old woman who suffered atypical subtrochanteric femoral fractures (ASFFs) after 4 years of exposure to alendronate and then zolendronate given for “osteoporosis.” Before alendronate treatment, she had low bone mineral density. After several months of therapy, metatarsal stress fractures began. Bisphosphonate (BP) administration was stopped following the ASFFs, and the adult form of hypophosphatasia (HPP) was diagnosed from low serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, high endogenous levels of two natural substrates for the “tissue-nonspecific” isoenzyme of ALP (TNSALP), and a heterozygous mutation within the gene that encodes this enzyme. Experience with other HPP families showed that her mutation (Arg71His) with a second defective TNSALP allele can cause severe HPP in infancy, and when heterozygous can cause mild HPP featuring premature loss of deciduous teeth in children. Because the skeletal disease of HPP results from extracellular accumulation of the TNSALP substrate inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and its inhibitory effect on mineralization, perhaps HPP patients or carriers will have adverse effects from BPs. BPs are analogues of PPi and can suppress bone turnover but also deactivate TNSALP. Our report is the first of BP exposure preceding ASFFs in adult HPP. To explore a potential role for TNSALP deactivation in ASFFs, mutation analysis of TNSALP should be studied in a cohort of these patients. Meanwhile, clinicians must suspect HPP when clinical or laboratory clues include premature loss of primary dentition, pseudofractures or recurrent poorly healing metatarsal stress fractures, a family history suggestive of HPP, or low serum ALP activity. If HPP is documented, BP treatment might be avoided. To establish the diagnosis of HPP, assays for two natural substrates for TNSALP and TNSALP mutation analysis are available in commercial laboratories. With positive findings, radiological or bone biopsy evidence of acquired osteomalacia would indicate the adult form of this inborn-error-of-metabolism. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Major and trace element characterization of tephra layers offshore Pantelleria Island: insights into the last 200 ka of volcanic activity and contribution to the Mediterranean tephrochronology
Authors: Tamburrino Stella , Insinga Donatella D. , Sprovieri Mario , Petrosino Paola , Tiepolo Massimo
Published: February 2012

A detailed tephrochronological study was carried out on the deep‐sea core collected from Site 963A in the Sicily Channel during ODP Leg 160. The chronology of the succession is provided by an age–depth model based on isotope stratigraphy and quantitative eco‐biostratigraphy. Major, trace and rare earth element content was obtained on single glass grains through electron probe micro‐analysis and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry techniques from six well‐preserved tephra layers, characterized by a discrete thickness found along the succession. These deposits were correlated with the volcanic activity of Pantelleria and dated at 42.5, 127.5, 128.1, 129.1, 188.7 and 197.7 ka. This detailed chemical characterization of the studied deposits aims to provide a valuable reference database for scientists working on both proximal and distal products erupted at Pantelleria island during the Late Pleistocene. This study, moreover, offers the opportunity to better identify Pantelleria‐related marker tephras within the tephrochronological framework of the central and eastern Mediterranean area. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Hekla 1947 tephra in the north of Ireland: regional distribution, concentration and geochemistry
Authors: Rea Heidi A. , Swindles Graeme T. , Roe Helen M.
Published: February 2012

A cryptotephra layer from the eruption of Hekla in 1947 has recently been discovered in Irish peatlands. This tephra layer represents the most recent deposition of volcanic ash in the UK prior to the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in 2010. Here we examine the concentration and geochemistry of the Hekla 1947 tephra in 14 peat profiles from across Northern Ireland. Electron probe microanalysis of individual tephra shards (n = 91) reveals that the tephra is of dacitic–andesitic geochemistry and is highly similar to the Hekla 1510 tephra, although spheroidal carbonaceous particle profiles can be used for successful discrimination of the two layers. The highest concentrations of Hekla 1947 are found in western sites, probably reflecting the pathway of the ash fall event due to the prevailing wind direction. Comparable tephra concentrations from two cores (1 km apart) from a single bog and from nearby sites may suggest that tephra shard concentrations in peat profiles reflect ash fallout densities across a specific region, rather than site‐specific factors associated with peatlands. This paper firmly establishes Hekla 1947 as a useful chronostratigraphic marker for the twentieth century, although within a restricted zone. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joint Venture, an Alternative for Knowledge Learning
Authors: del Mar Benavides‐Espinosa María
Published: February 2012

Joint venture as a form of business cooperation is a valid alternative for acquiring external knowledge and particularly so when it is unavailable on the market. Joint venture constitutes an interesting instrument for learning in firms that belong to high technology sectors; it not only enables access to learning but can also help its assimilation and even its subsequent application to new uses. To analyze this learning, we focus on the elements that make it up, the nature of transferred knowledge, communication between partners, the motivation of the partner to learn, and lastly, the context in which this occurs, such as the type of organizational structure of the partner firm. We obtained a sample composed of 74 firms that have been involved in at least one joint venture and that recognize the fact that they have obtained knowledge from their partner. We applied structural equations via the EQS 6.1 program to contrast our hypotheses. Among the more notable results is the fact that motivation on the part of the learning partner plays a relevant role in this process and that this motivation depends, to a large extent, on the complexity of the knowledge to be transferred. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.