bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Probing charged lepton flavor violation with axion-like particles at Belle II
Authors: Cheung Kingman , Soffer Abner , Wang Zeren Simon , Wu Yu-Heng
Published: December 2021

Abstract

We study charged lepton flavor violation associated with a light leptophilic axion-like particle (ALP), X, at the B-factory experiment Belle II. We focus on production of the ALP in the tau decays τ → Xl with l = e, μ, followed by its decay via X → l−l+. The ALP can be either promptly decaying or long-lived. We perform Monte-Carlo simulations, recasting a prompt search at Belle for lepton-flavor-violating τ decays, and propose a displaced-vertex (DV) search. For both types of searches, we derive the Belle II sensitivity reaches in both the product of branching fractions and the ALP coupling constants, as functions of the ALP mass and lifetime. The results show that the DV search exceeds the sensitivity reach of the prompt search to the relevant branching fractions by up to about a factor of 40 in the long decay length regime.
The limits of automatic sensorimotor processing during word processing: investigations with repeated linguistic experience, memory consolidation during sleep, and rich linguistic learning contexts
Authors: Günther Fritz , Press Sophia Antonia , Dudschig Carolin , Kaup Barbara
Published: December 2021

While a number of studies have repeatedly demonstrated an automatic activation of sensorimotor experience during language processing in the form of action-congruency effects, as predicted by theories of grounded cognition, more recent research has not found these effects for words that were just learned from linguistic input alone, without sensorimotor experience with their referents. In the present study, we investigate whether this absence of effects can be attributed to a lack of repeated experience and consolidation of the associations between words and sensorimotor experience in memory. To address these issues, we conducted four experiments in which (1 and 2) participants engaged in two separate learning phases in which they learned novel words from language alone, with an intervening period of memory-consolidating sleep, and (3 and 4) we employed familiar words whose referents speakers have no direct experience with (such as plankton). However, we again did not observe action-congruency effects in subsequent test phases in any of the experiments. This indicates that direct sensorimotor experience with word referents is a necessary requirement for automatic sensorimotor activation during word processing.
FAM3A Ameliorates Brain Impairment Induced by Hypoxia–Ischemia in Neonatal Rat
Authors: Song Qing , Gao Qingying , Chen Taotao , Wen Ting , Wu Peng , Luo Xiao , Chen Qiao Yi
Published: December 2021

Hypoxia–ischemia (HI) during crucial periods of brain formation can lead to changes in brain morphology, propagation of neuronal stimuli, and permanent neurodevelopmental impairment, which can have profound effects on cognitive function later in life. FAM3A, a subgroup of family with sequence similarity 3 (FAM3) gene family, is ubiquitously expressed in almost all cells. Overexpression of FAM3A has been evidenced to reduce hyperglycemia via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and protect mitochondrial function in neuronal HT22 cells. This study aims to evaluate the protective role of FAM3A in HI-induced brain impairment. Experimentally, maternal rats underwent uterine artery bilateral ligation to induce neonatal HI on day 14 of gestation. At 6 weeks of age, cognitive development assessments including NSS, wire grip, and water maze were carried out. The animals were then sacrificed to assess cerebral mitochondrial function as well as levels of FAM3A, TNF-α and IFN-γ. Results suggest that HI significantly reduced FAM3A expression in rat brain tissues, and that overexpression of FAM3A through lentiviral transduction effectively improved cognitive and motor functions in HI rats as reflected by improved NSS evaluation, cerebral water content, limb strength, as well as spatial learning and memory. At the molecular level, overexpression of FAM3A was able to promote ATP production, balance mitochondrial membrane potential, and reduce levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ. We conclude that FAM3A overexpression may have a protective effect on neuron morphology, cerebral mitochondrial as well as cognitive function.

Graphical Abstract
Fenhexamid - an efficient and inexpensive fungicide for selection of Magnaporthe oryzae transformants
Authors: Wegner Alex , Wirtz Louisa , Leisen Thomas , Hahn Matthias , Schaffrath Ulrich
Published: December 2021

Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most economically important phytopathogenic fungi, and is used as a model organism to study plant-pathogen interactions. To unravel the infection process, forward and reverse genetic approaches are essential, but are often hindered by the lack of a straightforward selection procedure for transformants. Here we report on the use of fenhexamid, an inhibitor of ergosterol biosynthesis, for selection of M. oryzae transformants. An allele of the sterol 3-ketoreductase gene of Fusarium fujikuroi (FfERG27), known to confer resistance to fenhexamid, has already been used successfully with transformants of Botrytis cinerea. Our results demonstrate that expression of the FfERG27 allele in M. oryzae also enables highly efficient selection of transformants on fenhexamid-containing media. The use of fenhexamid is an inexpensive alternative for selection as compared to commonly used antibiotics like hygromycin. No impact on growth and infection phenotypes of fenhexamid resistant M. oryzae mutants was detected, which underpins its usefulness for selecting M. oryzae transformants.
Global convergence of model function based Bregman proximal minimization algorithms
Authors: Mukkamala Mahesh Chandra , Fadili Jalal , Ochs Peter
Published: December 2021

Lipschitz continuity of the gradient mapping of a continuously differentiable function plays a crucial role in designing various optimization algorithms. However, many functions arising in practical applications such as low rank matrix factorization or deep neural network problems do not have a Lipschitz continuous gradient. This led to the development of a generalized notion known as the L-smad property, which is based on generalized proximity measures called Bregman distances. However, the L-smad property cannot handle nonsmooth functions, for example, simple nonsmooth functions like $$\vert x^4-1 \vert $$

|

x
4

-
1
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and also many practical composite problems are out of scope. We fix this issue by proposing the MAP property, which generalizes the L-smad property and is also valid for a large class of structured nonconvex nonsmooth composite problems. Based on the proposed MAP property, we propose a globally convergent algorithm called Model BPG, that unifies several existing algorithms. The convergence analysis is based on a new Lyapunov function. We also numerically illustrate the superior performance of Model BPG on standard phase retrieval problems and Poisson linear inverse problems, when compared to a state of the art optimization method that is valid for generic nonconvex nonsmooth optimization problems.
Context matters: the landscape matrix determines the population genetic structure of temperate forest herbs across Europe
Authors: Naaf Tobias , Feigs Jannis Till , Huang Siyu , Brunet Jörg , Cousins Sara A. O. , Decocq Guillaume , De Frenne Pieter , Diekmann Martin , Govaert Sanne , Hedwall Per-Ola , Lenoir Jonathan , Liira Jaan , Meeussen Camille , Plue Jan , Vangansbeke Pieter , Vanneste Thomas , Verheyen Kris , Holzhauer Stephanie I. J. , Kramp Katja
Published: December 2021

Context

Plant populations in agricultural landscapes are mostly fragmented and their functional connectivity often depends on seed and pollen dispersal by animals. However, little is known about how the interactions of seed and pollen dispersers with the agricultural matrix translate into gene flow among plant populations.

Objectives

We aimed to identify effects of the landscape structure on the genetic diversity within, and the genetic differentiation among, spatially isolated populations of three temperate forest herbs. We asked, whether different arable crops have different effects, and whether the orientation of linear landscape elements relative to the gene dispersal direction matters.

Methods

We analysed the species’ population genetic structures in seven agricultural landscapes across temperate Europe using microsatellite markers. These were modelled as a function of landscape composition and configuration, which we quantified in buffer zones around, and in rectangular landscape strips between, plant populations.

Results

Landscape effects were diverse and often contrasting between species, reflecting their association with different pollen- or seed dispersal vectors. Differentiating crop types rather than lumping them together yielded higher proportions of explained variation. Some linear landscape elements had both a channelling and hampering effect on gene flow, depending on their orientation.

Conclusions

Landscape structure is a more important determinant of the species’ population genetic structure than habitat loss and fragmentation per se. Landscape planning with the aim to enhance the functional connectivity among spatially isolated plant populations should consider that even species of the same ecological guild might show distinct responses to the landscape structure.
Dual processes, dual virtues
Authors: Ohlhorst Jakob
Published: December 2021

I argue that virtue reliabilism and virtue responsibilism are complementary. They do not give competing accounts of epistemic virtue. Rather they explain the excellent functioning of different parts of our cognitive apparatus. Reliabilist virtue designates the excellent functioning of fast and context-specific Type 1 cognitive processes, while responsibilist virtue means an excellent functioning of effortful and reflective Type 2 cognitive processes. This account unifies reliabilist and responsibilist virtue theory. But the virtues are not unified by designating some epistemic norm that both aim at. Instead, I unify them through their cognitive foundations. Because Type 1 and Type 2 cognition are complementary, reliabilist and responsibilist virtues are complementary. Thereby, this dual-process theory of epistemic virtue gives a naturalised account of virtues as well as an explanation of how reliabilism and responsibilism relate. This approach offers a solution for both the generality problem and the situationist challenge to virtue epistemology; additionally it preserves the epistemological autonomy of each virtue type.
Digitalisation and Employees’ Subjective Job Quality in the Second Half of Working Life in Germany
Authors: Kortmann Lisa Katharina , Simonson Julia , Vogel Claudia , Huxhold Oliver
Published: December 2021

Since digitalisation alters occupational task profiles via automation processes, job quality is also likely to be affected. While existing literature mainly focusses on objective job quality, this study asks if and how digitalisation is associated with employees’ subjective job quality in the second half of working life in Germany. Analyses are based on the German Ageing Survey 2014. Our sample includes n = 1541 employees aged 40–65 years who are subject to social insurance contributions. Subjective job quality is operationalised with regards to job satisfaction and perceived occupational stress in general, and ten aspects of job quality in detail. Digitalisation is approximated by substitution potentials of occupations. We control the association for compositional effects in the workforce, as well as for the moderating effect of perceived job insecurity. The results indicate that digitalisation is predominantly beneficial but also unfavourable in a few other respects for employees’ subjective job quality. The higher the degree of digitalisation, the higher is the employee’s general job satisfaction on average; for general perceived occupational stress, we find no significant association. Regarding single aspects of subjective job quality, employees working in more digitalised occupations are found to report on average higher satisfaction with working hours and earnings, and lower levels of stress due to tight schedules. However, they also report higher levels of stress due to negative environmental factors.
Classification by decomposition: a novel approach to classification of symmetric $$2\times 2$$ games
Authors: Böörs Mikael , Wängberg Tobias , Everitt Tom , Hutter Marcus
Published: December 2021

In this paper, we provide a detailed review of previous classifications of $$2\times 2$$

2
×
2

games and suggest a mathematically simple way to classify the symmetric $$2\times 2$$

2
×
2

games based on a decomposition of the payoff matrix into a cooperative and a zero-sum part. We argue that differences in the interaction between the parts is what makes games interesting in different ways. Our claim is supported by evolutionary computer experiments and findings in previous literature. In addition, we provide a method for using a stereographic projection to create a compact 2-d representation of the game space.
Improved water saturation estimation in shaly sandstone through variable cementation factor
Authors: Wan Bakar Wan Zairani , Mohd Saaid Ismail , Ahmad Mohd Riduan , Amir Zulhelmi , Japperi Nur Shuhadah , Ahmad Fuad Mohd Fazril Irfan
Published: December 2021

Estimation of water saturation, Sw, in shaly sandstone is an intricate process. The surface conduction of clay minerals adds up to the electrolyte conduction in the pore spaces, thus generating high formation conductivity that overshadows the hydrocarbon effect. In each resistivity-based water saturation model, the key parameter is formation factor, F, which is typically derived from Archie’s Law. Referring to a log–log plot between formation factor and porosity, cementation factor reflects the slope of the straight line abiding Archie’s Law. In the case of shaly sandstone, derivation based on Archie’s Law in combination with Waxman–Smits equation leads to higher cementation factor, m*. In the shaly parts of the reservoir, high m* is counterbalanced by clay conductivity. Nonetheless, high m* used in clean parts increases Sw estimation. In this study, the variable cementation factor equation is introduced into the standard correlation of Sw versus Resistivity Index, RI, to develop a water saturation model with shaly sandstone parameters. Data retrieved from two fields that yielded mean arctangent absolute percentage error (MAAPE) were analysed to determine the difference between calculated and measured data within the 0.01–0.15 range for variable cementation factor method. The conventional method yielded maximum MAAPE at 0.46.
Responsibility with a Safety Net: Exploring the Medical Student to Junior Doctor Transition During COVID-19
Authors: Wilkinson Chris , Finn Gabrielle , Crampton Paul
Published: December 2021

Introduction

The Foundation Interim Year-one (FiY1) Programme was part of a UK strategy to increase the medical workforce in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the strategy was introduced urgently without evidence. We sought to explore the transition experience of medical student to FiY1 to foundation doctor, with a view to inform future undergraduate education.

Methods

In this hermeneutic phenomenology study, semi-structured individual interviews were completed with nine foundation doctors who had experience of an FiY1 placement. A template analysis approach was taken, and themes reported.

Results

Participants reported that FiY1 tended to offer a positive experience of transition as a stepping stone to becoming a foundation doctor. Having a degree of clinical responsibility including the right to prescribe medication with supervision was highly valued, as was feeling a core member of the healthcare team. Participants perceived that FiY1 made them more prepared for the foundation transition, and more resilient to the challenges they faced during their first foundation job.

Discussion

The FiY1 fostered many opportunities for junior doctors to bridge the transition to foundation doctor. Aspects of the FiY1 programme, such as early licencing and increased team membership, should be considered for final-year students in the future.
Advanced Geodynamics
Authors: Sandwell David T.
Published: December 2021

David Sandwell developed this advanced textbook over a period of nearly 30 years for his graduate course at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The book augments the classic textbook Geodynamics by Don Turcotte and Jerry Schubert, presenting more complex and foundational mathematical methods and approaches to geodynamics. The main new tool developed in the book is the multi-dimensional Fourier transform for solving linear partial differential equations. The book comprises nineteen chapters, including: the latest global data sets; quantitative plate tectonics; plate driving forces associated with lithospheric heat transfer and subduction; the physics of the earthquake cycle; postglacial rebound; and six chapters on gravity field development and interpretation. Each chapter has a set of student exercises that make use of the higher-level mathematical and numerical methods developed in the book. Solutions to the exercises are available online for course instructors, on request.
Learning from Video Games (and Everything Else)
Authors: Gentile Douglas A. , Gentile J. Ronald
Published: December 2021

Video games can have many effects on players, some of which could be intentional effects (e.g., games designed to train health compliance behaviors), and most of which are unintentional (e.g., violent games, stereotypes, gaming disorder). Some of these areas of research have been seen as controversial, but many of the controversies can be at least partially resolved by considering the learning mechanisms underlying the effects. We describe the General Learning Model in greater detail than has been provided elsewhere, including short-term and long-term mechanisms, processes of learning and forgetting, and moderators of learning. Video games use many of the best practices to train for both mastery and for transfer of learning. The implications for re-interpreting the literature on violent video games and gaming disorder, as well as for applied social psychology broadly defined, are discussed.
EU Competition Law as Responsive Law
Authors: MAKRIS Stavros
Published: December 2021

This article proposes two broad ways to conceptualise EU competition law. EU competition law could be viewed as ‘autonomous law’ (‘AL’), namely as a closed normative system a technocratic tool consisting in a set of rules that prohibit undue restraints of trade. Or, EU competition law could be viewed as ‘responsive law’ (‘RL’), namely as a relatively open normative system and an interpretive practice that oscillates between openness and integrity. The responsiveness approach offers a compelling conceptualisation as it explains certain endogenous features of EU competition law: its fuzzy mandate, conceptually elastic vocabulary, and use of rules and standards. In addition, the responsiveness approach can clarify the role economics plays in EU competition law. It views economics as an ‘ideological science’, which, even though it cannot insulate this legal field from value disagreements and make it ‘autonomous’, it can provide a source for positive and normative interpretive statements. On this basis the responsiveness approach maintains that EU competition law is by design open—ie conceptually elastic and factually sensitive—and that its openness can enhance, but also undermine its integrity—ie its capacity to realise its objective in a rule of law compatible manner. These conflicts between openness and integrity are the cause of EU competition law's relative indeterminacy. To deal with the problem of indeterminacy, the RL approach proposes a tripartite legal-institutional modus operandi consisting in constructive interpretation, responsive enforcement, and catalytic adjudication. Hence, considering EU competition law as a form of responsive law has three major implications: first, it offers a new way for understanding how this legal field works and changes; second, it suggests a strategy for dealing with EU competition law's indeterminacy, and third it proposes a new framing for the discursive practices of EU competition law's epistemic community.
Matching-based two-color X-ray free-electron laser generation utilizing laser–plasma accelerated electron beam
Authors: Liu Tao , Zhang Kaiqing , Qi Zheng , Chen Si , Feng Chao , Deng Haixiao , Liu Bo , Wang Dong
Published: December 2021

Laser–plasma accelerators (LPAs) have great potential to realize a compact X-ray free-electron laser (FEL), which is limited by the beam properties currently. Two-color high-intensity X-ray FEL provides a powerful tool for probing ultrafast dynamic systems. In this paper, we present a simple and feasible method to generate a two-color X-ray FEL pulse based on an LPA beam. In this scheme, time-dependent mismatch along the bunch is generated and manipulated by the designed lattice system, enabling FEL lasing at different wavelength within two undulator sections. The time separation between the two pulses can be precisely adjusted by varying the time-delay chicane. Numerical simulations show that two-color soft X-ray FELs with gigawatt-level peak power and femtosecond duration can be generated, which confirm the validity and feasibility of the scheme.
Capabilities of global high-level isolation units: A pre-workshop survey
Authors: Herstein Jocelyn J. , Wolf Timo , Nicastri Emanuele , Leo Yee Sin , Lim Poh Lian , Jacobs Michael , Vanairsdale Sharon , Toner Eric , Shearer Matthew P. , Vasa Angela , Mukherjee Vikram , Echeverri Andrea , Shenoy Erica S. , Lowe John J.
Published: December 2021

Objective:

To assess experience, physical infrastructure, and capabilities of high-level isolation units (HLIUs) planning to participate in a 2018 global HLIU workshop hosted by the US National Emerging Special Pathogens Training and Education Center (NETEC).

Design:

An electronic survey elicited information on general HLIU organization, operating costs, staffing models, and infection control protocols of select global units.

Setting and participants:

The survey was distributed to site representatives of 22 HLIUs located in the United States, Europe, and Asia; 19 (86%) responded.

Methods:

Data were coded and analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results:

The mean annual reported budget for the 19 responding units was US$484,615. Most (89%) had treated a suspected or confirmed case of a high-consequence infectious disease. Reported composition of trained teams included a broad range of clinical and nonclinical roles. The mean number of HLIU beds was 6.37 (median, 4; range, 2–20) for adults and 4.23 (median, 2; range, 1–10) for children; however, capacity was dependent on pathogen.

Conclusions:

Responding HLIUs represent some of the most experienced HLIUs in the world. Variation in reported unit infrastructure, capabilities, and procedures demonstrate the variety of HLIU approaches. A number of technical questions unique to HLIUs remain unanswered related to physical design, infection prevention and control procedures, and staffing and training. These key areas represent potential focal points for future evidence and practice guidelines. These data are important considerations for hospitals considering the design and development of HLIUs, and there is a need for continued global HLIU collaboration to define best practices.
Partial regularity for minimizers of discontinuous quasiconvex integrals with general growth
Authors: Goodrich Christopher , Scilla Giovanni , Stroffolini Bianca
Published: December 2021

We prove the partial Hölder continuity for minimizers of quasiconvex functionals
\begin{equation*} \mathcal{F}({\bf u}) \colon =\int_{\Omega} f(x,{\bf u},D{\bf u})\,\textrm{d} x, \end{equation*}
where $f$ satisfies a uniform VMO condition with respect to the $x$-variable and is continuous with respect to ${\bf u}$. The growth condition with respect to the gradient variable is assumed a general one.
Regime cycles and political change in African autocracies
Authors: Carboni Andrea , Raleigh Clionadh
Published: December 2021

This article applies a regime cycle framework to understand patterns of change and continuity in African competitive autocracies. We observe that regime change in African autocracies is rarely the result of actions carried out by rebels, opposition leaders or popular masses substantially altering the structure of power. Instead, they are more frequently carried out by senior regime cadres, resulting in controlled reshuffles of power. We argue that such regime shifts are best explained through a cyclical logic of elite collective action consisting of accommodation and consolidation, and ultimately leading to fragmentation and crisis. These dynamics indicate the stage of leader-elite relationships at a given time, and suggest when regimes may likely expand, contract, purge and fracture. We argue that, by acknowledging in which stage of the cycle a regime and its senior elites are dominant, we can gauge the likelihood as well as the potential success of a regime change. Our framework is finally applied to understand recent regime shifts in competitive autocracies across Africa.
The Celebratory Purpose of Herodotus: The Story of Arion in Histories 1.23-24
Authors: Munson Rosaria Vignolo
Published: December 2021

The first sentence of the Histories, which identifies and justifies the work as a whole, reveals the author's double aim of celebration and explanation:

This is the exposition of the research of Herodotus of Halicarnassus,

(1) lest the events of men become faded with time, and the great and wonderful deeds performed by both Greeks and Barbarians be deprived of glory,

(2) [the exposition of] among other things how they came to war with one another.

Both explanation and celebration account for Herodotus' inclusiveness. On one hand, anything great and wonderful should be saved from oblivion, and is therefore appropriate subject for the exposition. On the other hand, the research of the causes of an event leads the historian beyond the simple narrative of the event itself into its remote antecedents and any circumstance which may have possibly affected it. Thus the specific focus of the inquiry — the war between Greeks and Barbarians — is doubly broadened even before it is announced.
Spatial and temporal differences in migration strategies among endangered European Greater Spotted Eagles Clanga clanga
Authors: VÄLI ÜLO , DOMBROVSKI VALERY , MACIOROWSKI GRZEGORZ , SELLIS URMAS , ASHTON-BUTT ADHAM
Published: December 2021

Understanding connectivity between migratory bird breeding and wintering grounds is essential for range-wide planning of conservation activities. We used GPS tracking to explore the migration of 28 ‘Endangered’ Greater Spotted Eagles, Clanga clanga from three remaining European breeding populations towards their wintering range, and to identify population and sex-specific patterns in selection of wintering sites. The tracked eagles wintered in three continents, 46% in Africa (mostly Eastern Sahel), 43% across southern Europe (mostly Greece) and 11% in Asia (the Middle East). Migratory connectivity was weak (rM = 0.16), and the population spread across the wintering range was large (1,917 km). The three studied populations differed in their migration strategy, with northerly, Estonian breeders all wintering in Southern Europe, and Polish and Belarusian breeders divided between Southern Europe and Africa. Migration strategy was different between Belarusian males and females, with males more likely to winter in Africa than Europe, and on average, migrating 2,500 km further south than females. Migration to Africa took longer, but was partly compensated by higher migration speeds. Greater Spotted Eagles wintered in wetland sites throughout their wintering range, with 15 of 29 birds wintering in internationally or nationally protected sites (including 12 Ramsar sites). Nearly a third of European winterers stayed in the same Greek national park, perhaps indicating a limitation of suitable sites in Europe due to wetland loss or degradation. This highlights the importance of protected wetlands to this species, but also shows their vulnerability to future wetland degradation. Only two of 14 wintering sites in Africa were under protection, showing a potential mismatch between protection of females and males in their wintering grounds.
Aloe vera increases collagen fibres in extracellular matrix and mRNA expression of peroxiredoxin-6 in bovine ovarian cortical tissues cultured in vitro
Authors: Costa Francisco das Chagas , Vasconcelos Erlândia Márcia , Azevedo Venância Antônia Nunes , Teixeira de Assis Ernando Igo , Paulino Laís Raiane Feitosa Melo , Silva Anderson Weiny Barbalho , Silva José Roberto Viana , Batista Ana Liza Paz Souza
Published: December 2021

In vitro culture of ovarian tissue containing primordial follicles is an important tool to study the initiation of follicular populations and to develop efficient culture systems to support in vitro follicle growth. Considering that in vitro culture favours oxidative stress, it is very important to supplement culture medium with antioxidant substances such as Aloe vera extract. This study aims to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of Aloe vera on the distribution of collagen fibres in the extracellular matrix, follicular activation, development and survival in bovine ovarian cortical tissues cultured in vitro, as well as on expression of mRNAs for antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1)]. To this end, ovarian cortical tissues were cultured for 6 days in α-MEM alone or supplemented with different concentrations of Aloe vera extract (1.0, 5.0, 10.0 or 50.0%). After culture, fragments were fixed and processed histologically to evaluate follicular morphology and activation, as well as the extracellular matrix by staining with picrosirius red. The levels of mRNA for SOD, CAT, PRDX6 and GPX1 in cultured ovarian tissues were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Ovarian tissues cultured with 10.0 or 50.0% Aloe vera had higher percentages of collagen fibres than tissues cultured in control medium. A significant increase in developing follicles was observed in ovarian tissues cultured in α-MEM alone or supplemented with 10% Aloe vera when compared with fresh control or tissues cultured with 1.0% Aloe vera. Presence of Aloe vera did not influence the percentage of morphologically normal follicles when compared with control medium. Ovarian tissues cultured with 50.0% Aloe vera had higher percentages of morphologically normal follicles than those cultured with 10.0% Aloe vera. Furthermore, 10% Aloe vera significantly increased mRNA levels for PRDX6. In conclusion, 10.0% Aloe vera improves extracellular matrix distribution in cultured tissues and increases the expression of mRNA for PRDX6 after 6 days in vitro.
On the Creative Process
Authors: Duarte Andreia , Spinelli Miro
Published: December 2021

The scenic experiment Silence of the World brought together indigenous leader Ailton Krenak and performer Andreia Duarte. The show deeply explored the perception of time in mythology as a space for reinventing the world and evoked the recognition of humans as just another planetary species alongside so-called nonhumans: animals, rivers, mountains, plants, and everything that exists. Silence of the World drew attention to indigenous peoples who connect with the living organism that is the planet.
Standardizing Spatial Reconstruction Parameters for the Atom Probe Analysis of Common Minerals
Authors: Fougerouse Denis , Saxey David W , Rickard William D A , Reddy Steven M , Verberne Rick
Published: December 2021

Well-defined reconstruction parameters are essential to quantify the size, shape, and distribution of nanoscale features in atom probe tomography (APT) datasets. However, the reconstruction parameters of many minerals are difficult to estimate because intrinsic spatial markers, such as crystallographic planes, are not usually present within the datasets themselves. Using transmission and/or scanning electron microscopy imaging of needle-shaped specimens before and after atom probe analysis, we test various approaches to provide best-fit reconstruction parameters for voltage-based APT reconstructions. The results demonstrate that the length measurement of evaporated material, constrained by overlaying pre- and post-analysis images, yields more consistent reconstruction parameters than the measurement of final tip radius. Using this approach, we provide standardized parameters that may be used in APT reconstructions of 11 minerals. The adoption of standardized reconstruction parameters by the geoscience APT community will alleviate potential problems in the measurement of nanoscale features (e.g., clusters and interfaces) caused by the use of inappropriate parameters.
Na+ and K+ Ions Differently Affect Nucleosome Structure, Stability, and Interactions with Proteins
Authors: Andreeva Tatyana V. , Maluchenko Natalya V. , Sivkina Anastasiia L. , Chertkov Oleg V. , Valieva Maria E. , Kotova Elena Y. , Kirpichnikov Mikhail P. , Studitsky Vasily M. , Feofanov Alexey V.
Published: December 2021

Inorganic ions are essential factors stabilizing nucleosome structure; however, many aspects of their effects on DNA transactions in chromatin remain unknown. Here, differential effects of K+ and Na+ on the nucleosome structure, stability, and interactions with protein complex FACT (FAcilitates Chromatin Transcription), poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, and RNA polymerase II were studied using primarily single-particle Förster resonance energy transfer microscopy. The maximal stabilizing effect of K+ on a nucleosome structure was observed at ca. 80–150 mM, and it decreased slightly at 40 mM and considerably at >300 mM. The stabilizing effect of Na+ is noticeably lower than that of K+ and progressively decreases at ion concentrations higher than 40 mM. At 150 mM, Na+ ions support more efficient reorganization of nucleosome structure by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 and ATP-independent uncoiling of nucleosomal DNA by FACT as compared with K+ ions. In contrast, transcription through a nucleosome is nearly insensitive to K+ or Na+ environment. Taken together, the data indicate that K+ environment is more preserving for chromatin structure during various nucleosome transactions than Na+ environment.
A Moral Stretch? US–Tariff Measures and the Public Morals Exception in WTO Law
Authors: Delev Christian
Published: December 2021

The ‘public morals’ exception remains a key aspect of the international trade system; however, its outer bounds have never been precisely defined. This question became pertinent in the US–Tariff Measures panel report, which expansively read the exception to justify a wide range of economic interests, including prohibitions on economic espionage, anti-competitive behaviour, and the regulation of government takings. This note challenges the panel's interpretation, arguing that it is flawed and essentially amounts to a factual standard of review. It proposes an alternative approach to public morals review, which involves an objective standard of review of facts and law, while providing adequate deference to Members’ own factual determinations. It further engages with the issue of extraterritoriality, defending an approach based on Members’ legislative jurisdiction as this strikes a balance between Members’ right to regulate trade for moral purposes and the interests of the international community.
MAGMARS: A Melting Model for the Martian Mantle and FeO‐Rich Peridotite
Authors: Collinet Max , Plesa Ana‐Catalina , Grove Timothy L. , Schwinger Sabrina , Ruedas Thomas , Breuer Doris
Published: December 2021

Martian basalts identified by rover in‐situ analyses and the study of meteorites represent a direct link to the melting process in the planet's interior and can be used to reconstruct the composition of the mantle and estimate its temperature. Experimentally calibrated numerical models are powerful tools to systematically search for the mantle compositions and melting conditions that can produce melts similar to primary basalts. However, currently available models are not suitable for modeling the melting of FeO‐rich peridotites. In this study, we present experiments performed at 1.0 and 2.4–2.6 GPa on a primitive Martian mantle with various P2O5 contents. We use the new experiments together with a comprehensive database of previous melting experiments to calibrate a new model called MAGMARS. This model can reproduce the experimental melt compositions more accurately than Gibbs free energy minimization software (e.g., pMELTS) and can simulate near‐fractional polybaric melting of various mantle sources. In addition, we provide an updated thermobarometer that can estimate the P–T melting conditions of primary melts and can be used as a prior step to constrain the input parameters of the MAGMARS melting model. We apply MAGMARS to estimate the source composition of the Adirondack‐class basalts and find that melting a depleted mantle, at 2.3–1.7 GPa (Tp = 1390 ± 40°C) can best explain their bulk composition and K2O/Na2O ratio. MAGMARS represents a fast and accurate alternative to calculate the composition of the Martian primary melts and can be used as a stand‐alone package or integrated with geodynamical models or other independent modeling software.
The Four‐Stage Evolution of Martian Mantle Inferred From Numerical Simulation of the Magmatism‐Mantle Upwelling Feedback
Authors: Ogawa Masaki
Published: December 2021

To understand how mantle dynamics exerts control over the history of magmatic activities and surface environment on Mars, I used a numerical model of magmatism in the convecting mantle that is nominally anhydrous and internally heated. Magmatism occurs as an upward permeable flow of basaltic magma generated by decompression melting through matrix. The mantle evolves in four stages in preferred models. In Stage I, high initial temperature in the uppermost mantle causes an extensive magmatism intensified by two types of positive feedback that operate between magmatism and mantle upwelling flow, the MMUb and MMUc feedbacks: the buoyancy and volume change of matrix, respectively, caused by migrating magma that a mantle upwelling flow generates intensify the flow itself to generate more magma. The stratification suppresses mantle convection and magmatism for the next tens to hundreds of millions of years, allowing heat to build up in the mantle by internal heating (Stage II). Eventually, magma is generated at depth, and the MMUb feedback operates to cause an episodic plume magmatism that releases water from the interior of Mars (Stage III). The plume magmatism also stirs the mantle to make it more homogeneous and extracts heat producing elements from the deep mantle to let the magmatism itself wane and cease. In the final stage IV, mantle convection becomes more akin to a thermal convection. The episodic magmatism and water outgassing in Stage III account for the volcanism and clement surface environment observed for early Mars.
Electroconvulsive therapy, electric field, neuroplasticity, and clinical outcomes
Authors: Deng Zhi-De , Argyelan Miklos , Miller Jeremy , Quinn Davin K. , Lloyd Megan , Jones Thomas R. , Upston Joel , Erhardt Erik , McClintock Shawn M. , Abbott Christopher C.
Published: December 2021

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains the gold-standard treatment for patients with depressive episodes, but the underlying mechanisms for antidepressant response and procedure-induced cognitive side effects have yet to be elucidated. Such mechanisms may be complex and involve certain ECT parameters and brain regions. Regarding parameters, the electrode placement (right unilateral or bitemporal) determines the geometric shape of the electric field (E-field), and amplitude determines the E-field magnitude in select brain regions (e.g., hippocampus). Here, we aim to determine the relationships between hippocampal E-field strength, hippocampal neuroplasticity, and antidepressant and cognitive outcomes. We used hippocampal E-fields and volumes generated from a randomized clinical trial that compared right unilateral electrode placement with different pulse amplitudes (600, 700, and 800 mA). Hippocampal E-field strength was variable but increased with each amplitude arm. We demonstrated a linear relationship between right hippocampal E-field and right hippocampal neuroplasticity. Right hippocampal neuroplasticity mediated right hippocampal E-field and antidepressant outcomes. In contrast, right hippocampal E-field was directly related to cognitive outcomes as measured by phonemic fluency. We used receiver operating characteristic curves to determine that the maximal right hippocampal E-field associated with cognitive safety was 112.5 V/m. Right hippocampal E-field strength was related to the whole-brain ratio of E-field strength per unit of stimulation current, but this whole-brain ratio was unrelated to antidepressant or cognitive outcomes. We discuss the implications of optimal hippocampal E-field dosing to maximize antidepressant outcomes and cognitive safety with individualized amplitudes.
Genome-wide unbalanced expression bias and expression level dominance toward Brassica oleracea in artificially synthesized intergeneric hybrids of Raphanobrassica
Authors: Zhang Libin , He Jianjie , He Hongsheng , Wu Jiangsheng , Li Maoteng
Published: December 2021

Raphanobrassica(RrRrCrCr, 2n = 4x = 36), which is generated by distant hybridization between the maternal parentRaphanus sativus(RsRs, 2n = 2x = 18) and the paternal parentBrassica oleracea(C°C°, 2n = 2x = 18), displays intermediate silique phenotypes compared to diploid progenitors. However, the hybrid shares much more similarities in silique phenotypes with those ofB. oleraceathan those ofR. sativus. Strikingly, the silique ofRaphanobrassicais obviously split into two parts. To investigate the gene expression patterns behind these phenomena, transcriptome analysis was performed on the upper, middle, and lower sections of pods (RCsiu, RCsim, and RCsil), seeds in the upper and lower sections of siliques (RCseu and RCsel) fromRaphanobrassica, whole pods (Rsi and Csi) and all seeds in the siliques (Rse and Cse) fromR. sativusandB. oleracea. Transcriptome shock was observed in all five aforementioned tissues ofRaphanobrassica. Genome-wide unbalanced biased expression and expression level dominance were also discovered, and both of them were towardB. oleraceainRaphanobrassica, which is consistent with the observed phenotypes. The present results reveal the global gene expression patterns of different sections of siliques ofRaphanobrassica, pods, and seeds ofB. oleraceaandR. sativus, unraveling the tight correlation between global gene expression patterns and phenotypes of the hybrid and its parents.
Augmenting zero-Kelvin quantum mechanics with machine learning for the prediction of chemical reactions at high temperatures
Authors: Garrido Torres Jose Antonio , Gharakhanyan Vahe , Artrith Nongnuch , Eegholm Tobias Hoffmann , Urban Alexander
Published: December 2021

The prediction of temperature effects from first principles is computationally demanding and typically too approximate for the engineering of high-temperature processes. Here, we introduce a hybrid approach combining zero-Kelvin first-principles calculations with a Gaussian process regression model trained on temperature-dependent reaction free energies. We apply this physics-based machine-learning model to the prediction of metal oxide reduction temperatures in high-temperature smelting processes that are commonly used for the extraction of metals from their ores and from electronics waste and have a significant impact on the global energy economy and greenhouse gas emissions. The hybrid model predicts accurate reduction temperatures of unseen oxides, is computationally efficient, and surpasses in accuracy computationally much more demanding first-principles simulations that explicitly include temperature effects. The approach provides a general paradigm for capturing the temperature dependence of reaction free energies and derived thermodynamic properties when limited experimental reference data is available.
Comprehensive targeting of resistance to inhibition of RTK signaling pathways by using glucocorticoids
Authors: Gong Ke , Guo Gao , Beckley Nicole A. , Yang Xiaoyao , Zhang Yue , Gerber David E. , Minna John D. , Burma Sandeep , Zhao Dawen , Akbay Esra A. , Habib Amyn A.
Published: December 2021

Inhibition of RTK pathways in cancer triggers an adaptive response that promotes therapeutic resistance. Because the adaptive response is multifaceted, the optimal approach to blunting it remains undetermined. TNF upregulation is a biologically significant response to EGFR inhibition in NSCLC. Here, we compared a specific TNF inhibitor (etanercept) to thalidomide and prednisone, two drugs that block TNF and also other inflammatory pathways. Prednisone is significantly more effective in suppressing EGFR inhibition-induced inflammatory signals. Remarkably, prednisone induces a shutdown of bypass RTK signaling and inhibits key resistance signals such as STAT3, YAP and TNF-NF-κB. Combined with EGFR inhibition, prednisone is significantly superior to etanercept or thalidomide in durably suppressing tumor growth in multiple mouse models, indicating that a broad suppression of adaptive signals is more effective than blocking a single component. We identify prednisone as a drug that can effectively inhibit adaptive resistance with acceptable toxicity in NSCLC and other cancers.
SPEN is required for Xist upregulation during initiation of X chromosome inactivation
Authors: Robert-Finestra Teresa , Tan Beatrice F. , Mira-Bontenbal Hegias , Timmers Erika , Gontan Cristina , Merzouk Sarra , Giaimo Benedetto Daniele , Dossin François , van IJcken Wilfred F. J. , Martens John W. M. , Borggrefe Tilman , Heard Edith , Gribnau Joost
Published: December 2021

At initiation of X chromosome inactivation (XCI), Xist is monoallelically upregulated from the future inactive X (Xi) chromosome, overcoming repression by its antisense transcript Tsix. Xist recruits various chromatin remodelers, amongst them SPEN, which are involved in silencing of X-linked genes in cis and establishment of the Xi. Here, we show that SPEN plays an important role in initiation of XCI. Spen null female mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are defective in Xist upregulation upon differentiation. We find that Xist-mediated SPEN recruitment to the Xi chromosome happens very early in XCI, and that SPEN-mediated silencing of the Tsix promoter is required for Xist upregulation. Accordingly, failed Xist upregulation in Spen−/− ESCs can be rescued by concomitant removal of Tsix. These findings indicate that SPEN is not only required for the establishment of the Xi, but is also crucial in initiation of the XCI process.
Mechanism of Rad26-assisted rescue of stalled RNA polymerase II in transcription-coupled repair
Authors: Yan Chunli , Dodd Thomas , Yu Jina , Leung Bernice , Xu Jun , Oh Juntaek , Wang Dong , Ivanov Ivaylo
Published: December 2021

Transcription-coupled repair is essential for the removal of DNA lesions from the transcribed genome. The pathway is initiated by CSB protein binding to stalled RNA polymerase II. Mutations impairing CSB function cause severe genetic disease. Yet, the ATP-dependent mechanism by which CSB powers RNA polymerase to bypass certain lesions while triggering excision of others is incompletely understood. Here we build structural models of RNA polymerase II bound to the yeast CSB ortholog Rad26 in nucleotide-free and bound states. This enables simulations and graph-theoretical analyses to define partitioning of this complex into dynamic communities and delineate how its structural elements function together to remodel DNA. We identify an allosteric pathway coupling motions of the Rad26 ATPase modules to changes in RNA polymerase and DNA to unveil a structural mechanism for CSB-assisted progression past less bulky lesions. Our models allow functional interpretation of the effects of Cockayne syndrome disease mutations.