bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE USABILITY OF ONLINE GEOGRAPHIC VIRTUAL REALITY FOR URBAN PLANNING
Authors: Zhang S. , Moore A. B.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Virtual reality (VR) technology is starting to become widely and freely available (for example the online OpenSimulator tool), with potential for use in 3D urban planning and design tasks but still needing rigorous assessment to establish this. A previous study consulted with a small group of urban professionals, who concluded in a satisfaction usability test that online VR had potential value as a usable 3D communication and remote marketing tool but acknowledged that visual quality and geographic accuracy were obstacles to overcome. This research takes the investigation a significant step further to also examine the usability aspects of efficiency (how quickly tasks are completed) and effectiveness (how successfully tasks are completed), relating to OpenSimulator in an urban planning situation. The comparative study pits a three-dimensional VR model (with increased graphic fidelity and geographic content to address the feedback of the previous study) of a subdivision design (in a Dunedin suburb) against 3D models built with GIS (ArcGIS) and CAD (BricsCAD) tools, two types of software environment well established in urban professional practice. Urban professionals participated in the study by attempting to perform timed tasks correctly in each of the environments before being asked questions about the technologies involved and their perceived importance to their professional work. The results reinforce the positive feedback for VR of the previous study, with the graphical and geographic data issues being somewhat addressed (though participants stressed the need for accurate and precise object and terrain modification capabilities in VR). Ease-ofuse and associated fastest task completion speed were significant positive outcomes to emerge from the comparison with GIS and CAD, pointing to a strong future for VR in an urban planning context.
A 3D CAMPUS INFORMATION SYSTEM – INITIAL STUDIES
Authors: Kahraman I. , Karas I. R. , Alizadehasharfi B. , Abdul-Rahman A.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. This paper discusses the method of developing Campus Information System. The system can handle 3D spatial data within desktop and web environment. The method consists of texturing of building facades for 3D building models and modeling 3D Campus Information System. In this paper, some of these steps are carried out; modelling 3D buildings, toggling these models on the terrain and ortho-photo, integration with a geo-database, transferring to the CityServer3D environment by using CityGML format and designing the service, etc. In addition to this, a simple but novel method of texturing of building façades for 3D city modeling that is based on Dynamic Pulse Function (DPF) is used for synthetic and procedural texturing. DPF is very fast compared to other photo realistic texturing methods. Last but not least, it is aimed to present this project on web using web mapping services. This makes 3D analysis easy for decision makers.
The Mediterranean Sea system: a review and an introduction to the special issue
Authors: Tanhua T. , Hainbucher D. , Schroeder K. , Cardin V. , Álvarez M. , Civitarese G.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. The Mediterranean Sea is a semi-enclosed sea characterized by high salinities, temperatures and densities. The net evaporation exceeds the precipitation, driving an anti-estuarine circulation through the Strait of Gibraltar, contributing to very low nutrient concentrations. The Mediterranean Sea has an active overturning circulation, one shallow cell that communicates directly with the Atlantic Ocean, and two deep overturning cells, one in each of the two main basins. It is surrounded by populated areas and is thus sensitive to anthropogenic forcing. Several dramatic changes in the oceanographic and biogeochemical conditions have been observed during the past several decades, emphasizing the need to better monitor and understand the changing conditions and their drivers. During 2011 three oceanographic cruises were conducted in a coordinated fashion in order to produce baseline data of important physical and biogeochemical parameters that can be compared to historic data and be used as reference for future observational campaigns. In this article we provide information on the Mediterranean Sea oceanographic situation, and present a short review that will serve as background information for the special issue in Ocean Science on "Physical, chemical and biological oceanography of the Mediterranean Sea". An important contribution of this article is the set of figures showing the large-scale distributions of physical and chemical properties along the full length of the Mediterranean Sea.
The House of Writers in Ukraine, the 1930s: Conceived, Lived, Perceived
Authors: Bertelsen Olga
Published: September 2013

In this study, I examine a spatial dimension of the oppression of the Ukrainian intelligentsia in the early 1930s, and the creation of a place of surveillance, the Writers’ Home “Slovo” in Kharkiv. This building fashioned an important identity for Ukrainian intellectuals. This study analyzes how the meaning of the place was transformed from an oasis of intellectual freedom to one of the most agonizing and tragic cites in Kharkiv, a place of suffering, and how the changes in human perceptions of places and their meanings altered people’s group identity as well as individual convictions and behaviors. I demonstrate how external realities and personal fallacies facilitated the intellectual’s conformism which was encouraged and rewarded by the state. The study also illuminates how Stalin’s repressions leveled and in many cases erased individual identity. The research was conducted in Ukrainian libraries and archives.
Applying netnography to the obtaining of the map of positioning for companies of food retail
Authors:   Facultad de Administración y Dirección de Empresas. Camino de Vera s/n. (46022 Valencia) España. jocleri1@upv.es, Clemente Ricolfe José S. , Escribá Pérez Carmen ,   Facultad de Administración y Dirección de Empresas. Camino de Vera s/n. (46022 Valencia) España. carespe@upv.es
Published: September 2013

Online communities have become a popular meeting place for consumers that allows them to share information. This article presents a marketing research technique as netnography, and applied to determine the positioning of food distribution companies. After collection and analysis of 506 valid messages Ciao online community, were able to learn which attributes are associated to six food establishments analyzed. Mercadona is associated with the quality of its private label and a narrow range of brands / products. Discount stores Lidl and DIA, highlighted by the possibility of improvement in the cleanliness of the establishment and location of products. Hypermarkets, Eroski, Carrefour and Alcampo, are renowned for their variety of brands / products, and away from home. Also been identified to direct competitors of each company, being a competition among the retail formats of the same type (intratipo). The use of netnography, relatively recent technique, is the largest original work. Furthermore, the conclusions that are consistent with previous studies show that the netnography can be a source of information to determine brand image and positioning of companies.
Objectively Measuring Change across Time in Higher Education Assessment
Authors: Royal Kenneth , Gregg Justin
Published: September 2013

Institutional researchers and assessment professionals are often interested in measuring change across time, especially with data that were obtained via survey research. Unfortunately, measuring change across time poses a number of rather significant problems. For instance, the functioning of the survey items and/or rating scale may change, even in instances where the same instrument was previously administered. This can alter the substantive meaning of the findings. Further, when raw scores are misused as measures, this poses additional problems due to ambiguous frames of reference. This article provides an overview of an alternative approach to objectively measuring change across time, and provides a demonstration of this useful technique.
Dynamic Adjustment of Crude Oil Price Spreads
Authors: Ghoshray Atanu , Trifonova Tatiana
Published: September 2013

This paper examines the dynamic adjustment of crude oil price differentials formed by a wide range of popularly traded crude oils which include non-benchmark crudes of different quality. Recent studies have pointed out the fact that the adjustment of oil price spreads is asymmetric in nature. This paper makes a contribution in many ways. Employing econometric procedures that are more powerful than recently applied methods, and on a much wider selection of crude oil pairs than previous studies we establish that the results obtained for price differentials between benchmark crudes are not representative of the behaviour of nonbenchmark pairs. Further, our results show that the adjustment of price differentials cannot be fully explained by the quality differentials which are commonly approximated by the difference in API gravity. Finally, we find that short run and long run dynamics do not show a pattern that could be linked to quality differentials.
Analytic Hierarchy Process for New Product Development
Authors: Battistoni Elisa , Colladon Andrea Fronzetti , Scarabotti Laura , Schiraldi Massimiliano M.
Published: September 2013

The success of a New Product Development (NPD) process strongly depends on the deep comprehension of market needs and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been commonly used to find weights for customers' preferences. AHP best practices suggest that low-consistency respondents should be considered untrustworthy; however, in some NPD cases – such as the one presented here – this stake can be extremely big. This paper deals with the usage of AHP methodology to define the weights of customer needs connected to the NPD process of a typical impulse buying good, a snack. The aim of the paper is to analyse in a critical way the opportunity to exclude or include non-consistent respondents in market analysis, addressing the following question: should a non-consistent potential customer be excluded from the analysis due to his inconsistency or should he be included because, after all, he is still a potential consumer? The chosen methodological approach focuses on evaluating the compatibility of weight vectors among different subsets of respondents, filtered according to their consistency level. Results surprisingly show that weights do not significantly change when non-consistent respondents are excluded.
Pervaporation Process with PDMS/PVDF Hollow Fiber Composite Membrane to Recycle Phenol from Coal Chemical Wastewater
Authors: Jie Yao , Dandan Zhang , Shuren Yang , Hong You , Ziwei Du , Biaoming Li , Zhou Yang , Zhongwei Wang , Agtmaal Sjack van , Chunhui Feng , Bangjun Han
Published: September 2013

To treat coal gasification wastewater containing phenol, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber composite membrane was made by dynamic negative pressure coating method, using PVDF hollow fiber membrane as base membrane, PDMS as modifying membrane material, to improve pervaporation performance of PDMS by the cross-linking modification. The influence of cross-linking agent, PDMS concentration, coating time on pervaporation performance of the composite membrane was investigated. Actual coal chemical wastewater with phenol concentration 1600-1800 mg/L, COD 13000-15000 mg/L was treated by the obtained PDMS/PVDF composite membrane, and at temperature 70℃, the flow rate of 10 L/h, pressure under membrane 3KPa, phenol flux 16.81 g/(m2·h), separation factor reaches 8.103.
Supported Liquid Membrane Separation of Chromium(VI) from Effluents
Authors: Parakudyil Ancy S. , Michael K.M. , Pillai Ajai K.
Published: September 2013

Supported liquid membrane (SLM) technique was used for the selective separation of Chromium(VI) from iron ore leachates. It was carried out using membrane made of Teflon loaded with Aliquat -336 in n-dodecane. This method is applicable for the removal of chromium(VI) from industrial effluents, and synthetic wastewater. The effect of feed phase, carrier concentration and stripping agent concentrations were studied and optimized. At pH 5.5 SLM transport cell would efficiently separate Chromium(VI) from feed phase to stripping phase.
Going Big
Authors: Schlanger Sarah , MacDonell George , Larralde Signa , Stein Martin
Published: September 2013

In 2008, the Carlsbad Field Office of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) made a fundamental change in how they work with the energy industry in the Permian Basin of southeastern New Mexico, one of the nation's busiest “oil patches.” Through a collaborative effort that involved the Bureau of Land Management, the New Mexico State Historic Preservation Officer, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, the Mescalero Apache Tribe, and industry representatives, they developed and implemented the Permian Basin Memorandum of Agreement (MOA). This agreement allows energy development proponents to contribute funds to archaeological research in lieu of spending an equivalent amount of money on traditional archaeological field survey. The mitigation program governs how BLM addresses long-term damage and cumulative impacts to archaeological resources as new development proceeds in the Permian Basin MOA area. Now in its fifth year, the program has succeeded in key ways: industry has gained control over schedules and time, while archaeologists have gained control over where and how they do archaeology. Key lessons have been learned along the way: The funding mechanisms of the program work well, but doing archaeology through a collaborative working group takes a lot of time and energy.
Relating sexual sadism and psychopathy to one another, non‐sexual violence, and sexual crime behaviors
Authors: Robertson Carrie A. , Knight Raymond A.
Published: September 2013

Sexual sadism and psychopathy have been theoretically, clinically, and empirically linked to violence. Although both constructs are linked to predatory violence, few studies have sought to explore the covariation of the two constructs, and even fewer have sought to conceptualize the similarities of violence prediction in each. The current study considered all four Psychopathy Checklist‐Revised (PCL‐R) facets and employed well‐defined, validated measures of sadism to elucidate the relation between sadism and psychopathy, as well as to determine the role of each in the prediction of non‐sexual violence and sexual crime behaviors. Study 1 assessed 314 adult, male sex offenders using archival ratings, as well as the self‐report Multidimensional Inventory of Development, Sex, and Aggression (the MIDSA). Study 2 used archival ratings to assess 599 adult, male sex offenders. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of crime scene descriptions yielded four sexual crime behavior factors: Violence, Physical Control, Sexual Behavior, and Paraphilic. Sadism and psychopathy covaried, but were not coextensive; sadism correlated with Total PCL‐R, Facet 1, and Facet 4 scores. The constructs predicted all non‐sexual violence measures, but predicted different sexual crime behavior factors. The PCL‐R facets collectively predicted the Violence and Paraphilic factors, whereas sadism only predicted the Violence factor. Aggr. Behav. 40:12–23, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functionalized Metallic Hollow Sphere Structures
Authors: Goehler Hartmut , Jehring Ulrike , Meinert Jens , Hauser Ralf , Quadbeck Peter , Kuemmel Kerstin , Stephani Guenter , Kieback Bernd
Published: September 2013

Metal hollow spheres (MHS) and metal hollow sphere structures are special types of cellular metals with an enormous application potential in structural and functional applications. A lot of effort has been made during the last two decades in order to develop the manufacturing process and to investigate the properties of this type of structure. Additional functionalizing of MHS is possible by filling the spheres with ceramic powders or phase change materials. Furthermore, by coating the spheres with different ceramic layers new properties and functions are added. Thus, the structures show excellent mechanical damping properties as well as high heat capacity for thermal storage and fast heat loading and unloading. Grinding or ceramic coating bring more functions to the surface of the spheres. The manufacture and properties of different types of functionalized MHS and their possible applications are highlighted here.
Effect of Filter Coating on the Quasi‐Static and Cyclic Mechanical Properties of a G42CrMo4 Casting
Authors: Henschel Sebastian , Krewerth Dominik , Ballani Felix , Weidner Anja , Krüger Lutz , Biermann Horst , Emmel Marcus , Aneziris Christos G.
Published: September 2013

In this paper, the effect of a mullite coating on a carbon‐bonded alumina filter used in steel melt filtration on the mechanical properties of the cast steel G42CrMo4 (1.7231) at both quasi‐static and cyclic loading is presented. The investigations cover quasi‐static tensile tests at different temperatures. Additionally, cyclic tests in high‐cycle fatigue (HCF) and very high‐cycle fatigue (VHCF) regimes were performed. Fracture surfaces as well as cross‐sections are examined by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy to determine the non‐metallic inclusions responsible for failure. In comparison to the uncoated filter, a mullite coating on the filter leads to a deterioration of deformation characteristics and fatigue lifetime of the cast steel. This effect is attributed to a higher amount of large non‐metallic inclusions, which were not retained by the coated metal melt filter.
Relaxor/Ferroelectric Composites: A Solution in the Quest for Practically Viable Lead‐Free Incipient Piezoceramics
Authors: Groh Claudia , Franzbach Daniel J. , Jo Wook , Webber Kyle G. , Kling Jens , Schmitt Ljubomira A. , Kleebe Hans‐Joachim , Jeong Soon‐Jong , Lee Jae‐Shin , Rödel Jürgen
Published: September 2013

Recently developed lead‐free incipient piezoceramics are promising candidates for off‐resonance actuator applications with their exceptionally large electromechanical strains. Their commercialization currently faces two major challenges: high electric field required for activating the large strains and large strain hysteresis. It is demonstrated that design of a relaxor/ferroelectric composite provides a highly effective way to resolve both challenges. Experimental results in conjunction with numerical simulations provide key parameters for the development of viable incipient piezoceramics.
Impact of chemical exposure on cancer mortality in a French cohort of uranium processing workers
Authors: Zhivin Sergey , Laurier Dominique , Caër‐Lorho Sylvaine , Acker Alain , Guseva Canu Irina
Published: September 2013

Background

Nuclear workers may be exposed to a variety of chemical hazards, in addition to radiation. We examined the effect of chemical exposures on cancer mortality among French uranium processing workers at the AREVA NC Pierrelatte facility.

Methods

A cohort of 2,897 uranium processing workers employed for at least 6 months was followed from 1968 through 2006. Exposure to uranium and potentially carcinogenic chemicals was assessed with a plant‐specific job‐exposure matrix. Mortality hazard ratios (HRs) for cancers of the lung, lymphohematopoietic system, kidney and bladder, brain and central nervous system (BCNS), and prostate were estimated for each specific chemical exposure, with Cox regression models stratified for sex and calendar period and adjusted for socioeconomic status. Additional adjustments enabled us to examine the effect of co‐exposure to uranium and other chemicals.

Results

Exposure to aromatic solvents was associated with increased risk of BCNS malignancies after adjustment for other chemicals (HR = 6.53, 95% CI = 1.14–37.41; n = 6) and for other chemicals and uranium (HR = 7.26, 95% CI = 0.90–58.19) in the annual exposure status model. Selected groups of lymphohematopoietic cancers were found associated with solvent exposure. Inconclusive results were found regarding chromium (VI) exposure, since only 2 workers died from lung cancer among 109 exposed.

Conclusion

Based on our pilot study, it seemed important to take into account chemical exposures in the analyses of cancer mortality among French uranium processing workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:1262–1271, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gallate derivatives as antioxidant additives for polypropylene
Authors: Xin Mingliang , Ma Yujie , Xu Kai , Chen Mingcai
Published: September 2013

Octyl gallate (OG), dodecyl gallate (DG), and hexadecyl gallate (HG) were synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and NMR, and their thermal stability was measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The antioxidant effect of these derivatives in polypropylene (PP) was measured by oxidation induction temperature measurement on DSC, and by measurement of carbonyl groups in the polymer on attenuated total reflectance FTIR spectroscopy after they were aged at 120°C. The results indicated that the gallate derivatives could provide long‐term stabilization to PP under conditions of oxidative degradation. The antioxidant performance of HG with longer alkyl chain was superior to the OG and DG, making the former a good candidate to be used as antioxidant additive in PP. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39850.
Drying and curing behaviour of melamine formaldehyde resin impregnated papers
Authors: Kohlmayr Martin , Stultschnik Jörg , Teischinger Alfred , Kandelbauer Andreas
Published: September 2013

Melamine formaldehyde (MF) resins are widely used for the gluing and surface coating of wood‐based consumer products in the interior design of living environments. MF resins are especially relevant in decorative laminate applications because of their good performance‐to‐price ratio. In their industrial processing, an important intermediate state is the liquid MF prepolymer that is used for decorative paper impregnation. Here, the drying of impregnated papers is investigated with respect to premature curing. A new method to quantify water release upon drying that allows estimation of the degree of undesired precuring is described. Since curing proceeds via polycondensation, crosslinking brings about the release of water molecules. By thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), drying was studied in terms of water release due to physical drying (elimination of “dilution water”) and chemical crosslinking of the prepolymer to a three‐dimensional MF network (elimination of chemically liberated water). The results obtained by TGA/IR spectroscopic analysis of the liberated volatiles show that the emission of water from b‐stage MF can be clearly analytically separated into a physical (evaporation of dilution water) and a chemical (liberation via condensation) sequence. TGA experiments were correlated with curing experiments performed with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to estimate the residual crosslinking capacities of the impregnated papers. The drying conditions used during the preparation of impregnated decorative papers seemed to significantly affect their remaining reactivity only when harsh drying conditions were used. Upon heat exposure for prolonged time, precuring of the oligomer units results in a shift of the temperature maxima in TGA. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2014,131, 39860.
Information systems attachment: An empirical exploration of its antecedents and its impact on community participation intention
Authors: Choi Namjoo
Published: September 2013

With the increasing use of information systems (IS) in our everyday lives, people may feel an attachment to their software applications beyond simply perceiving them as a tool for enhancing task performance. However, attachment is still a largely unexplored concept in both IS research and practice. Drawing from the literature on attachment in consumer behavior research and auxiliary theories in IS use and community participation research, this study theoretically identifies and empirically explores the concept of attachment and its antecedents (i.e., relative visual aesthetics, personalization, relative performance) and outcome (i.e., community participation intention) in the IS context. Using web browsers as the target IS, an online survey was conducted. Results show that relative expressive visual aesthetics is the strongest antecedent of IS attachment, and that personalization is the second strongest antecedent of IS attachment, followed by relative performance. Furthermore, this study reveals that IS attachment has a strong positive impact on community participation intention. This study contributes theoretically and empirically to the body of IS use research and has managerial implications, suggesting that although superior performance is a necessary condition for attachment formation, improving users' experience through expressive visual aesthetics and personalization is critical to build strong attachment relationships with users.
Microfluidic‐integrated biosensors: Prospects for point‐of‐care diagnostics
Authors: Kumar Suveen , Kumar Saurabh , Ali Md. Azahar , Anand Pinki , Agrawal Ved Varun , John Renu , Maji Sagar , Malhotra Bansi D.
Published: September 2013

There is a growing demand to integrate biosensors with microfluidics to provide miniaturized platforms with many favorable properties, such as reduced sample volume, decreased processing time, low cost analysis and low reagent consumption. These microfluidics‐integrated biosensors would also have numerous advantages such as laminar flow, minimal handling of hazardous materials, multiple sample detection in parallel, portability and versatility in design. Microfluidics involves the science and technology of manipulation of fluids at the micro‐ to nano‐liter level. It is predicted that combining biosensors with microfluidic chips will yield enhanced analytical capability, and widen the possibilities for applications in clinical diagnostics. The recent developments in microfluidics have helped researchers working in industries and educational institutes to adopt some of these platforms for point‐of‐care (POC) diagnostics. This review focuses on the latest advancements in the fields of microfluidic biosensing technologies, and on the challenges and possible solutions for translation of this technology for POC diagnostic applications. We also discuss the fabrication techniques required for developing microfluidic‐integrated biosensors, recently reported biomarkers, and the prospects of POC diagnostics in the medical industry.
Metabolic engineering of aroma components in fruits
Authors: Aragüez Irene , Valpuesta Fernández Victoriano
Published: September 2013

Plants have the ability to produce a diversity of volatile metabolites, which attract pollinators and seed dispersers and strengthen plant defense responses. Selection by plant breeders of traits such as rapid growth and yield leads, in many cases, to the loss of flavor and aroma quality in crops. How the aroma can be improved without affecting other fruit attributes is a major unsolved issue. Significant advances in metabolic engineering directed at improving the set of volatiles that the fruits emit has been aided by the characterization of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of flavor and aroma compounds in some fruits. However, before this technology can be successfully applied to modulate the production of volatiles in different crops, further basic research is needed on the mechanisms that lead to the production of these compounds in plants. Here we review the biosynthesis and function of volatile compounds in plants, and the attempts that have been made to manipulate fruit aroma biosynthesis by metabolic engineering. In addition, we discuss the possibilities that molecular breeding offers for aroma enhancement and the implications of the latest advances in biotechnological modification of fruit flavor and aroma.
Geranylation of Cyclic Dipeptides by the Dimethylallyl Transferase AnaPT Resulting in a Shift of Prenylation Position on the Indole Ring
Authors: Pockrandt Daniel , Li Shu‐Ming
Published: September 2013

The dimethylallyl transferase AnaPT from Neosartorya fischeri is involved in the biosynthesis of acetylaszonalenin and catalyses the regioselective and stereospecific C3α‐prenylation of (R)‐benzodiazepinedione in the presence of dimethylallyl diphosphate. This enzyme also converts several tryptophan‐containing cyclic dipeptides to C3α‐prenylated indolines. In this study, we demonstrate the geranylation of (R)‐benzodiazepinedione and five other cyclic dipeptides by AnaPT in the presence of geranyl diphosphate (GPP). Interestingly, structure elucidation by NMR and MS analyses revealed that, with GPP, the geranyl moiety is attached to C‐6 or C‐7 rather than C‐3 of the indole ring of the enzyme products. For (R)‐benzodiazepinedione, one dominant C6‐geranylated derivative was obtained, whereas the other five substrates yielded both C6‐ and C7‐geranylated products. Neither acceptance of GPP by a dimethylallyl transferase from the dimethylallyltryptophan synthase superfamily, nor the alkylation shift from C‐3 to the benzene ring of the indole nucleus has been reported previously.
Potential Rearrangements in the Reaction Catalyzed by the Indole Prenyltransferase FtmPT1
Authors: Mahmoodi Niusha , Tanner Martin E.
Published: September 2013

The indole prenyltransferase FtmPT1 catalyzes the C‐2 normal prenylation of brevianamide F (cyclo‐L‐Trp‐L‐Pro) to give tryprostatin B. A previous structural analysis and studies with alternate substrates suggest that the reaction might not proceed through a direct C‐2 attack, but could involve a C‐3 prenylation followed by a rearrangement. In this work we investigated the reactivity of FtmPT1 with tryptophan, 5‐hydroxybrevianamide, and 2‐methylbrevianamide, and isolated products that had been reverse prenylated at C‐3 and normal prenylated at N‐1, C‐3, or C‐4. The formation of these products can be rationalized through mechanisms involving either an initial C‐3 normal or C‐3 reverse prenylation. In addition, we demonstrate that a C‐3 reverse prenylated indole can undergo a nonenzymatic aza‐Cope rearrangement at 37 °C to give an N‐1 normal prenylated product. Together, these studies broaden the known product scope of this interesting catalyst and suggest that alternative mechanisms might be operating.
Staging of the Fischer‐Tropsch Reactor with a Cobalt‐Based Catalyst
Authors: Rafiee A. , Hillestad M.
Published: September 2013

A method for systematic reactor design, described by Hillestad [1], is applied to the Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis. The reactor path is sectioned into stages and design functions are optimized to maximize an objective function. Two different objective functions are considered: the yield of wax and a measure of the profitability. With the chosen kinetic model [2] and the path temperature constrained by 240 °C, staging of the Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis based on the first criteria will increase the yield of wax. By introducing the cost of heat transfer area in the objective function, the total heat transfer area requirement of a two‐stage reactor is significantly less than of a single‐stage reactor.
The Use of Atomic Force Microscopy in Investigating Particle Caking Mechanisms
Authors: Leaper M. C. , Prime D. C.
Published: September 2013

Spray‐dried materials are being used increasingly in industries such as food, detergent and pharmaceutical manufacture. Spray‐dried sodium carbonate is an important product that has a great propensity to cake; its moisture‐sorption properties are very different to the crystalline and amorphous species, with a great affinity for atmospheric moisture. This work demonstrates how the noncontact surface analysis of individual particles using atomic force microscopy can highlight the possible mechanisms of unwanted agglomeration. The nondestructive nature of this method allows cycling of localised humidity in situ and repeated scanning of the same particle area. The resulting topography and phase scans showed that humidity cycling caused changes in the distribution of material phases that were not solely dependent on topographical changes.
Synthesis and Quantitative Analysis of Diastereomeric Linked Ester Conjugates With Remote Stereocenters Using High‐Field NMR and Chiral HPLC
Authors: Doyle Eva , Parve Jaan , Kudryashova Marina , Tamp Sven , Müürisepp Aleksander‐Mati , Villo Ly , Vares Lauri , Pehk Tõnis , Parve Omar
Published: September 2013

A stereochemically safe high‐yielding procedure for linking unprotected as well as protected hydroxycarboxylic acids to chiral secondary alcohols via glycolic acid linker is proposed. L‐menthol has been linked with both enantiomers of mandelic, malic, and methoxyphenylacetic acid using bromo‐ or iodoacetyl group as a precursor of the glycolic acid linker. High‐field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and chiral high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) determination of high diastereomeric ratio (dr) (>99%) of the products bearing remote stereocenters was explored. Chiral HPLC allowed quantitation of the diastereomers up to dr 99.9/0.1. High‐field NMR quantitation of the diastereomeric and parent alcoholic impurities in esters was demonstrated at the molar 0.3% and 0.03% levels, respectively. These analyses were done via comparison of integral intensities from major component 13C satellites in 1H or even in 13C spectra to the 1H or 13C signals of impurities. Despite lower sensitivity, the last option generally has much better selectivity. In this way the dynamic resolution is brought down by two orders. Chirality 25:793–798, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Empty‐headed dynamical model of infant visual foraging
Authors: Robertson Steven S.
Published: September 2013

Visual foraging is one important way that very young infants explore and learn about their environment. We recently showed that a simple stochastic dynamical model acts quantitatively like free‐looking 1‐month‐old infants, even though it does not include any components that directly represent the perceptual‐cognitive processes that operate on the input from visual foraging. This suggested that early in development, generic low‐level processes like noise and hysteresis in the mechanisms controlling gaze may drive visual foraging behavior and therefore regulate the input to higher‐level perceptual‐cognitive processes that later come to have more influence on free looking. Here we evaluate the model's ability to behave like 3‐month‐olds studied under the same experimental conditions as 1‐month‐olds. The results show that the empty‐headed model can also behave like 3‐month‐old infants, although not as well as 1‐month‐olds. Its partial success at 3 months suggests that generic low‐level processes controlling gaze remain important in visual foraging. Its pattern of failure suggests that by 3 months time‐dependent processes like attention have become especially important. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1129–1133, 2014.
Predicting developmental changes in internalizing symptoms: Examining the interplay between parenting and neuroendocrine stress reactivity
Authors: Kuhlman Kate R. , Olson Sheryl L. , Lopez‐Duran Nestor L.
Published: September 2013

In this study, we examined whether parenting and HPA‐axis reactivity during middle childhood predicted increases in internalizing symptoms during the transition to adolescence, and whether HPA‐axis reactivity mediated the impact of parenting on internalizing symptoms. The study included 65 children (35 boys) who were assessed at age 5, 7, and 11. Parenting behaviors were assessed via parent report at age 5 and 11. The child's HPA‐axis reactivity was measured at age 7 via a stress task. Internalizing symptoms were measured via teacher reports at age 5 and 11. High maternal warmth at age 5 predicted lower internalizing symptoms at age 11. Also, high reported maternal warmth and induction predicted lower HPA‐axis reactivity. Additionally, greater HPA‐axis reactivity at age 7 was associated with greater increases in internalizing symptoms from age 5 to 11. Finally, the association between age 5 maternal warmth and age 11 internalizing symptoms was partially mediated by lower cortisol in response to the stress task. Thus, parenting behaviors in early development may influence the physiological stress response system and therefore buffer the development of internalizing symptoms during preadolescence when risk for disorder onset is high. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 908–923, 2014.
Dynamic changes in chromatin conformation at theTNFtranscription start site inThelper lymphocyte subsets
Authors: Shebzukhov Yury V. , Horn Katharina , Brazhnik Kristina I. , Drutskaya Marina S. , Kuchmiy Anna A. , Kuprash Dmitry V. , Nedospasov Sergei A.
Published: September 2013

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is one of the key primary response genes in the immune system that can be activated by a variety of stimuli. Previous analysis of chromatin accessibility toDNaseI demonstrated open chromatin conformation of theTNFproximal promoter inTcells. Here, using chromatin probing with restriction enzyme EcoNI and micrococcal nuclease we show that in contrast to the proximal promoter, theTNFtranscription start site remains in a closed chromatin configuration in primaryThelper (Th) cells, but acquires an open state after activation or polarization underTh1 andTh17 conditions. We further demonstrate that transcription factor c‐Jun plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of open chromatin conformation at the transcription start site of theTNFgene.
Molecular Borophosphate Cages
Authors: Tönnemann Justus , Scopelliti Rosario , Severin Kay
Published: September 2013

A synthetic procedure for the synthesis of two molecular borophosphate cages is described. Heating of ethyl phosphate with phenylboronic or 4‐formylboronic acid in toluene gives [6+6] condensation products of the general formula [EtOPO3BAr]6. Crystallographic analyses show that the compounds form cages, which can be described as dimers of 12‐membered (EtOPO3BAr)3 macrocycles. The successful incorporation of aldehyde functions on the cage exterior demonstrates that these borophosphates can be decorated with reactive groups.
Recent Developments in the Ferrier Rearrangement
Authors: Gómez Ana M. , Lobo Fernando , Uriel Clara , López J. Cristóbal
Published: September 2013

Glycals (1,2‐unsaturated, cyclic carbohydrate derivatives) readily undergo (catalyzed) substitution reactions at C‐1 accompanied by allylic rearrangement. This reaction, currently named Ferrier rearrangement, or the Ferrier I reaction, has established itself as a useful synthetic tool for carbohydrate transformations. By means of this reaction, glycals can be converted into highly useful 2,3‐unsaturated glycosides. This review summarizes recent developments in the use of promoters for the Ferrier rearrangement of O‐, N‐, C‐ and S‐nucleophiles with glycals.
Selective Glycosylation with the Amino Sugar D‐Forosamine for the Synthesis of Spinosyns and Its Analogues
Authors: Tietze Lutz F. , Dietz Simone , Schützenmeister Nina , Biller Simon , Hierold Judith , Scheffer Timo , Baag Mohammad M.
Published: September 2013

For the synthesis of novel spinosyn analogues, the selective introduction of the 2‐deoxyamino sugar, D‐forosamine, necessary for their bioactivity, is described. The reactions of different alcohol acceptors with the D‐forosamine donor in the presence of iodine and Et3SiH gave the corresponding glycosides in yields of up to 96 % and with an α/β selectivity of 2:3.
Seismic design and test of gusset connections for buckling‐restrained braced frames
Authors: Lin Pao‐Chun , Tsai Keh‐Chyuan , Wu An‐Chien , Chuang Ming‐Chieh
Published: September 2013

The corner gusset plates in a steel braced frame can be subjected to forces not only from the brace but also from the effects of the frame actions. In this study, several finite element models are constructed to analyze the gusset‐to‐beam and gusset‐to‐column interface forces. It is found that the frame actions affect the gusset interface force distributions significantly. A simplified strut model to represent the gusset plate is adopted to evaluate the frame action forces. In addition, the generalized uniform force method is adopted as it provides more freedom for designers to configure the gusset plate shapes than using the uniform force method. In this paper, a performance‐based design method is proposed. The gusset interface force demands take into account the combined effect of the brace maximum axial force capacity and the peak beam shear possibly developed in the frame. The specimen design and key results of a series of full‐scale three‐story buckling‐restrained braced frame (BRBF) hybrid tests are discussed. The gusset interface cracks observed at inter‐story drift greater than 0.03 radians can be well predicted by using the proposed design method. The BRBF tests and analyses confirm that the proposed design method is reasonable. The effectiveness of varying the width of gusset edge stiffeners in reducing the gusset tip stress concentrations is also investigated. This paper concludes with recommendations for the seismic design of BRBF corner gusset plates. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of peat structure on the spatial distribution of biogenic gases within bogs
Authors: Comas Xavier , Kettridge Nicholas , Binley Andrew , Slater Lee , Parsekian Andrew , Baird Andy J. , Strack Maria , Waddington James M.
Published: September 2013

Northern peatlands are a large source of atmospheric methane (CH4) and both a source and a sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). The rate and temporal variability in gas exchanges with peat soils is directly related to the spatial distribution of these free‐phase gases within the peat column. In this paper, we present results from surface and borehole ground‐penetrating radar surveys – constrained with direct soil and gas sampling – that compare the spatial distribution of gas accumulations in two raised bogs: one in Wales (UK), the other in Maine (USA). Although the two peatlands have similar average thickness, physical properties of the peat matrix differ, particularly in terms of peat type and degree of humification. We hypothesize that these variations in physical properties are responsible for the differences in gas distribution between the two peatlands characterized by (1) gas content up to 10.8% associated with woody peat and presence of wood layers in Caribou Bog (Maine) and (2) a more homogenous distribution with gas content up to 5.7% at the surface (i.e. <0.5 m deep) in Cors Fochno (Wales). Our results highlight the variability in biogenic gas accumulation and distribution across peatlands and suggest that the nature of the peat matrix has a key role in defining how biogenic gas accumulates within and is released to the atmosphere from peat soils. © 2015 The Authors. Hydrological Processes published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Three‐dimensional dynamics of vortex‐induced reconnection and comparison with THEMIS observations
Authors: Nakamura T. K. M. , Daughton W. , Karimabadi H. , Eriksson S.
Published: September 2013

The entry of solar wind into the magnetosphere is strongly influenced by kinetic‐scale boundary layers where the rapid variation in the magnetic field and/or velocity can drive transport. In current layers with strong Alfvénic velocity shear, the generation of vortices from the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability can drive magnetic reconnection even in broader current sheets by locally compressing these layers as the vortices develop. Previous two‐dimensional (2‐D) fully kinetic simulations of this vortex‐induced reconnection process have demonstrated the copious formation of magnetic islands in regions of strongly compressed current between the vortices. Here we describe the first three‐dimensional (3‐D) fully kinetic simulations of this process and demonstrate that the compressed current sheets give rise to magnetic flux ropes over a range of oblique angles and along the entire extent of the compressed current layer around the periphery of the vortex. These flux ropes propagate with the shear flow and eventually merge with the vortex. Over longer time scales, this basic scenario is repeated as the vortices drive new compressed current sheets. In the final stage, the vortices undergo a merging process that drives new compressed current sheets and flux ropes. Based on these simulations, a simple model is proposed that predicts the size of these flux ropes relative to their parent vortex. Both the relative sizes as well as the structure of the profiles across the vortex are in reasonable agreement with Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions (THEMIS) observations at the Earth's low‐latitude magnetopause.
Vesta, vestoids, and the HED meteorites: Interconnections and differences based on Dawn Framing Camera observations
Authors: Buratti B. J. , Dalba P. A. , Hicks M. D. , Reddy V. , Sykes M. V. , McCord T. B. , O'Brien D. P. , Pieters C. M. , Prettyman T. H. , McFadden L. A. , Nathues Andreas , Le Corre Lucille , Marchi S. , Raymond Carol , Russell Chris
Published: September 2013

The Framing Camera (FC) on the Dawn spacecraft provided the first view of 4 Vesta at sufficiently high spatial resolution to enable a detailed correlation of the asteroid's spectral properties with geologic features and with the vestoid (V‐type) asteroids and the Howardite‐Eucrite‐Diogenite (HED) class of meteorites, both of which are believed to originate on Vesta. We combine a spectral analysis of the basin with visible and near‐IR spectroscopy of vestoids and with archived data over the same spectral range for HED meteorites. The vestoids are only slightly more akin to the Rheasilvia basin than to Vesta as a whole, suggesting that the crustal material ejected is a well‐mixed collection of eucritic and diogenitic materials. The basin itself is more diogenitic, implying Vesta is differentiated and the impact that created Rheasilvia uncovered a mineralogically distinct layer. The Rheasilvia basin exhibits a larger range in pyroxene band strengths than Vesta as a whole, further implying that the basin offers a view into a complex, differentiated protoplanet. The discrepancy between the spectral properties of the HED meteorites and Vesta, in particular the meteorites' deeper pyroxene absorption band and the redder color of the vestoids, can be explained by the abundance of smaller particles on Vesta and by the addition of low‐albedo exogenous particles to its surface, which in turn are due to its larger gravity and longer exposure time to impact processing. Solar phase effects are slight and do not explain the spectral discrepancies between the HEDs, Vesta, and the vestoids.