bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scattering of the plane acoustic wave from a finite hollow rigid cone at oblique incidence
Authors: Kuryliak Dozyslav , Lysechko Victor
Published: October 2018

The paper deals with solving of the diffraction plane wave problem from a finite rigid hollow cone at oblique incidence. The diffraction problem is treated in terms of the scattering velocity potential by means of the mode matching technique and the analytical regularization procedure. The unknown expansion coefficients are found from an infinite system of linear algebraic equations of the second kind which allows us to obtain a solution with a desired accuracy. The influence of the cone parameters and angles of plane wave incidence on scattering characteristics of the cone is discussed. The obtained numerical results are verified by testing the satisfaction of the mode matching conditions and by comparing our calculations with those known for the rigid disc.
Kinetic mixing, dark photons and extra dimensions. Part II: fermionic dark matter
Authors: Rizzo Thomas G.
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Extra dimensions can be very useful tools when constructing new physics models. Previously, we began investigating toy models for the 5-D analog of the kinetic mixing/vector portal scenario where the interactions of bulk dark matter with the brane-localized fields of the Standard Model are mediated by a massive U(1)
D
dark photon also living in the bulk. In that setup, where the dark matter was taken to be a complex scalar, a number of nice features were obtained such as U(1)
D
breaking by boundary conditions without the introduction of a dark Higgs field, the absence of potentially troublesome SM Higgs-dark singlet mixing, also by boundary conditions, the natural similarity of the dark matter and dark photon masses and the decoupling of the heavy gauge Kaluza-Klein states from the Standard Model. In the present paper we extend this approach by examining the more complex cases of Dirac and Majorana fermionic dark matter. In particular, we discuss a new mechanism that can occur in 5-D (but not in 4-D) that allows for light Dirac dark matter in the ∼ 100 MeV mass range, even though it has an s-wave annihilation into Standard Model fields, by avoiding the strong constraints that arise from both the CMB and 21 cm data. This mechanism makes use of the presence of the Kaluza-Klein excitations of the dark photon to extremize the increase in the annihilation cross section usually obtained via resonant enhancement. In the Majorana dark matter case, we explore the possibility of a direct s-channel dark matter pair-annihilation process producing the observed relic density, due to the general presence of parity-violating dark matter interactions, without employing the usual co-annihilation mechanism which is naturally suppressed in this 5-D setup.
On the textures of neutrino mass matrix for maximal atmospheric mixing angle and Dirac CP phase
Authors: Liu Zhi-Cheng , Yue Chong-Xing , Zhao Zhen-hua
Published: October 2018

Abstract

In this paper, we derive in a novel approach the possible textures of neutrino mass matrix that can lead us to maximal atmospheric mixing angle and Dirac CP phase which are consistent with the current neutrino oscillation data. A total of eleven textures are thus found. Interestingly, the specific texture given by the μ-τ reflection symmetry can be reproduced from one of the obtained textures. For these textures, some neutrino mass sum rules which relate the neutrino masses and Majorana CP phases will emerge.
Has Income Segregation Really Increased? Bias and Bias Correction in Sample-Based Segregation Estimates
Authors: Reardon Sean F. , Bischoff Kendra , Owens Ann , Townsend Joseph B.
Published: October 2018

Several recent studies have concluded that residential segregation by income in the United States has increased in the decades since 1970, including a significant increase after 2000. Income segregation measures, however, are biased upward when based on sample data. This is a potential concern because the sampling rate of the American Community Survey (ACS)—from which post-2000 income segregation estimates are constructed—was lower than that of the earlier decennial censuses. Thus, the apparent increase in income segregation post-2000 may simply reflect larger upward bias in the estimates from the ACS, and the estimated trend may therefore be inaccurate. In this study, we first derive formulas describing the approximate sampling bias in two measures of segregation. Next, using Monte Carlo simulations, we show that the bias-corrected estimators eliminate virtually all of the bias in segregation estimates in most cases of practical interest, although the correction fails to eliminate bias in some cases when the population is unevenly distributed among geographic units and the average within-unit samples are very small. We then use the bias-corrected estimators to produce unbiased estimates of the trends in income segregation over the last four decades in large U.S. metropolitan areas. Using these corrected estimates, we replicate the central analyses in four prior studies on income segregation. We find that the primary conclusions from these studies remain unchanged, although the true increase in income segregation among families after 2000 was only half as large as that reported in earlier work. Despite this revision, our replications confirm that income segregation has increased sharply in recent decades among families with children and that income inequality is a strong and consistent predictor of income segregation.
Social anxiety and self‐compassion in adolescents
Authors: Gill Ciara , Watson Lindsey , Williams Charlotte , Chan Stella W.Y.
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Social anxiety disorder is a prevalent mental illness with a young onset age. Preliminary evidence suggested that low self‐compassion may contribute to adult social anxiety, but research with youth has lagged far behind. This study investigated the relationship between selfcompassion and social anxiety in adolescents. It also examined the mediating role of three cognitive mechanisms: fear of negative evaluation, self‐focused attention, and cognitive avoidance.

Methods

A total of 316 adolescents (age 14‐18, 54% male) recruited in Scotland, UK, completed 7 questionnaires.

Results

Self‐compassion was inversely correlated with social anxiety with a large effect size (r = ‐.551). This was partially mediated by fear of negative evaluation and cognitive avoidance, but not self‐focused attention. Selfcompassion also predicted social anxiety above depression and anxiety symptoms.

Conclusions

Our findings suggested that self‐compassion could be an important factor in the development of social anxiety, and hence therapeutic techniques targeting self‐compassion could potentially be beneficial in preventing or treating adolescent social anxiety.
Highly specific and selective anti‐pS396‐tau antibody C10.2 targets seeding‐competent tau
Authors: Rosenqvist Nina , Asuni Ayodeji A. , Andersson Christian R. , Christensen Søren , Daechsel Justus A. , Egebjerg Jan , Falsig Jeppe , Helboe Lone , Jul Pia , Kartberg Fredrik , Pedersen Lars Ø. , Sigurdsson Einar M. , Sotty Florence , Skjødt Karsten , Stavenhagen Jeffrey B. , Volbracht Christiane , Pedersen Jan T.
Published: October 2018

Introduction

The abnormal hyperphosphorylation of the microtubule‐associated protein tau plays a crucial role in neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies.

Methods

Highly specific and selective anti‐pS396‐tau antibodies have been generated using peptide immunization with screening against pathologic hyperphosphorylated tau from rTg4510 mouse and AD brains and selection in in vitro and in vivo tau seeding assays.

Results

The antibody C10.2 bound specifically to pS396‐tau with an IC50 of 104 pM and detected preferentially hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates from AD brain with an IC50 of 1.2 nM. C10.2 significantly reduced tau seeding of P301L human tau in HEK293 cells, murine cortical neurons, and mice. AD brain extracts depleted with C10.2 were not able to seed tau in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating that C10.2 specifically recognized pathologic seeding‐competent tau.

Discussion

Targeting pS396‐tau with an antibody like C10.2 may provide therapeutic benefit in AD and other tauopathies.
USE-ALTERATION ANALYSIS OF FIRE-CRACKED ROCKS
Authors: Neubauer Fernanda
Published: October 2018

Although it is now commonplace for archaeologists to study use-alteration patterns on ceramics, the same cannot be said of one of the most ubiquitous classes of hunter-gatherer artifacts, fire-cracked rocks (FCR). It can be shown, however, that many of the same methods and theories applied to the study of cooking ceramics are also relevant to the investigation of rocks used as heating elements. Because use alteration analyses of FCR are so scarce, I describe a range of attributes with the goal of helping researchers identify use alterations (e.g., sooting, reddening, various fracturing patterns) on lithic artifacts from sites worldwide and evaluate their potential function in various cultural practices. These attributes are also outlined in order to create a standardized terminology for describing FCR use-alteration patterns. I discuss my analysis of FCR from three Late Archaic sites (Duck Lake, 913, and 914) on Grand Island in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, followed by an interpretation of their cooking contexts, as a case study. The results indicate great intersite variability among FCR characteristics, cooking methods, and cooking facilities (earth oven, stone boiling, and rock griddle). This use alteration analysis can be applied in archaeological contexts worldwide where similar materials are recovered.
MORE THAN JUST JEMEZ PUEBLO OBSIDIAN: COMMENT ON LIEBMANN'S “… LANDSCAPES OF SIGNIFICATION IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST”
Authors: Shackley M. Steven , Moore James L.
Published: October 2018

Liebmann's (2017) essay on the relationship between Jemez Pueblo and the Valles Caldera of northern New Mexico seems to imply that the Jemez Pueblo had an exclusive relationship with the caldera, particularly Redondo Peak, and the major obsidian source Cerro del Medio (CDM). This is curious given that abundant obsidian provenance studies from the region exhibit equal to or nearly equal proportions of Cerro del Medio obsidian that are not considered ancestral to Jemez Pueblo. Liebmann's regional perspective based on landscape theory appears flawed by a lack of regionally specific data.
A CONSTRUCTION OF SURFACES WITH LARGE HIGHER CHOW GROUPS
Authors: TERASOMA TOMOHIDE
Published: October 2018

In this paper, we construct surfaces in $\mathbf{P}^{3}$ with large higher Chow groups defined over a Laurent power series field. Explicit elements in higher Chow group are constructed using configurations of lines contained in the surfaces. To prove the independentness, we compute the extension class in the Galois cohomologies by comparing them with the classical monodromies. It is reduced to the computation of linear algebra using monodromy weight spectral sequences.
Human settlement and vegetation-climate relationships in the Greenland Stadial 5 at the Piovesello site (Northern Apennines, Italy)
Authors: Peresani Marco , Ravazzi Cesare , Pini Roberta , Margaritora Davide , Cocilova Arianna , Delpiano Davide , Bertola Stefano , Castellano Lorenzo , Fogliazza Fabio , Martino Gabriele , Nicosia Cristiano , Simon Patrick
Published: October 2018

The Gravettian settlements of Europe are considered as an expression of human adaptation to harsh climates. In Southern Europe, however, favorable vegetation-climate conditions supported hunters-gatherer subsistence and the maintenance of their large-scale networks. This was also the case of the North-Adriatic plain and the Apennine mountain ridge in Italy. Traditionally considered lacking evidence, the northern part of the Apennine ridge has recently yielded the Early Gravettian site of Piovesello, located at 870 m a.s.l. Survey and excavation revealed lithic artifacts in primary position embedded in loamy sediments. Radiocarbon dating, anthracological and extended palynological and microcharcoal analyses have been integrated to reconstruct the palaeoecological context of this camp which was probably positioned above the timberline in an arid rocky landscape, bounding the fronts of local glaciers close to their maximum expansion at the time of Greenland Stadial (GS) 5 (32.04 - 28.9 ka cal BP). Human activity left ephemeral traces represented by lithic artefacts, charcoal, and the introduction of radiolarites from sources in proximity to the site and of chert from very far western sources. Evidence from Piovesello contributes to the reconstruction of human and vegetation ecology during Late Pleistocene glaciations and also provides hints for the historical biogeography of petrophytic plants and their orographic relics in the northern Apennine.
Signaling in OTC Markets: Benefits and Costs of Transparency
Authors: Back Kerry , Liu Ruomeng , Teguia Alberto
Published: October 2018

We provide a theoretical rationale for dealer objections to ex post transparency in over-the-counter markets. Disclosure of the terms of a transaction conveys information possessed by the dealer about the asset quality and reduces the dealer’s rents when she disposes of the inventory in a second transaction. We show that costly signaling in a transparent market benefits investors through lower spreads and higher volume. Dealers may also gain from transparency despite lower spreads when potential gains from trade are small or adverse selection is high, because in those circumstances higher volume offsets smaller spreads for dealer profits.
Breaking bread!
Authors: Rej Anupam , Aziz Imran , Sanders David Surendran
Published: October 2018

Humankind has existed for 2·5 million years but only in the past 10 000 years have we been exposed to wheat. Therefore, it could be considered that wheat (gluten) is a novel introduction to humankind's diet! Prior to 1939, the rationing system had already been devised. This led to an imperative to try to increase agricultural production. Thus, it was agreed in 1941 that there was a need to establish a Nutrition Society. The very roots of the Society were geared towards necessarily increasing the production of wheat. This goal was achieved and by the end of the 20th century, global wheat output had expanded by 5-fold. Perhaps, as a result, the epidemiology of coeliac disease (CD) or gluten sensitive enteropathy has changed. CD now affects 1 % or more of all adults. Despite this, delays in diagnosis are common, for every adult patient diagnosed approximately three–four cases are undetected. This review explores humankind's relationship with gluten, wheat chemistry, the rising prevalence of modern CD and the new entity of non-coeliac gluten or wheat sensitivity. The nutritional interventions of a low fermentable oligo-, di- and mono-saccharides and polyols diet and gluten-free diet (GFD) for irritable bowel syndrome and the evidence to support this approach (including our own published work) are also reviewed. There appears to be a rising interest in the GFD as a ‘lifestyler’, ‘free from’ or ‘clean eater’ choice, causing concern. Restrictive diets may lead to potential nutritional implications, with long-term effects requiring further exploration.
(Affective) union in hell
Authors: WORSLEY DAVID
Published: October 2018

According to Eleonore Stump, God has a morally sufficient reason for allowing evil (or more properly, suffering) if, by allowing it, either the sufferer's permanent separation from God can be prevented or their deeper union with God can be motivated. But if, in the life to come, it is not possible for a person to be united with God, can God have a morally sufficient reason for allowing their suffering? After rejecting Stump's ingenious answer to this question, I argue that God has a morally sufficient reason to allow an inhabitant of even a maximally bad hell to suffer, namely, to prevent their further separation from God, and from themselves, and to motivate their ‘affective’ union with God.
THE EFFECTS OF READING ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS ON L2 READING PROCESSES AND NOTICING OF GLOSSED CONSTRUCTIONS
Authors: Jung Jookyoung , Révész Andrea
Published: October 2018

This study examined the extent to which manipulating the characteristics of second language reading activities affects the reading process and noticing of glossed linguistic constructions. Thirty-eight Korean learners of English read two texts under conditions that required more or less careful reading. For the condition intended to promote more careful reading, each paragraph of the texts was divided into three or four subparts. For the condition expected to elicit less careful reading, each paragraph was split into two sections. While reading the texts, the participants’ eye movements were recorded. Eleven students were further invited to participate in stimulated recall protocols. The target constructions were English unaccusative verbs and 10 pseudowords, which were glossed with Korean translations. The eye movement and stimulated recall data indicated that, as predicted, the participants processed the texts more carefully and attended to the target verbs more closely when paragraphs were divided into more subparts.
The Trouble With Moral Enhancement
Authors: de Melo-Martín Inmaculada
Published: October 2018

Proponents of moral enhancement believe that we should pursue and apply biotechnological means to morally enhance human beings, as failing to do so is likely to lead to humanity's demise. Unsurprisingly, these proposals have generated a substantial amount of debate about the moral permissibility of using such interventions. Here I put aside concerns about the permissibility of moral enhancement and focus on the conceptual and evidentiary grounds for the moral enhancement project. I argue that such grounds are quite precarious.
Kantian Challenges for the Bioenhancement of Moral Autonomy
Authors: Wilks Anna Frammartino
Published: October 2018

In the debate over moral bioenhancement, some object that biochemical, genetic, and neurological interventions aiming at enhancing moral agency threaten the autonomy of persons, as they compromise moral deliberation and motivation. Opponents of this view argue that such interventions may actually enhance autonomy itself, thereby increasing a person's capacity for moral agency. My aim is to explore the various senses of autonomy commonly appealed to in such controversies and to expose their limitations in resolving the central disputed issues. I propose that a Kantian conception of autonomy is more effective in addressing these issues, as it specifies the key features that inform an intelligible account of moral worth and moral law. A consideration of these features is typically lacking in the arguments advanced by contenders in these debates. Guided by a Kantian framework, I argue that moral bioenhancement projects directed at affecting moral autonomy are not as promising as they appear, for both metaphysical and empirical reasons.
The South, Slavery, and Competition in Early US House Elections
Authors: Thames Frank C. , McKee Seth C. , McKenzie Richard
Published: October 2018

In this study of the early US Congress (First through Nineteenth: 1789–1827), we assess the impact of slavery on the electoral competitiveness of House elections. Slavery and other forms of labor repressive agriculture have long been known to undermine democracy. Using district-level measures of electoral competitiveness and slavery, we find that a higher percentage of slaves in a district negatively impacts competition, even when we limit our models to Southern elections. Our findings indicate that from the nation's founding up to the age of Andrew Jackson, slavery strongly accounts for a pronounced disparity in the competitiveness of House elections.
Oral antiplatelet agents in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Pultar Joseph , Wadowski Patricia P. , Panzer Simon , Gremmel Thomas
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Antiplatelet agents significantly reduce mortality and morbidity in ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral artery disease (PAD), and are therefore part of guideline-driven daily medical treatment in these patients. Due to its beneficial effects in the secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events, aspirin remains the most frequently prescribed antiplatelet agent in cardiovascular disease. In patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and in those undergoing angioplasty with stent implantation dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor antagonist is indicated. The development of the newer ADP P2Y12 inhibitors prasugrel and ticagrelor has further improved prognosis in ACS patients compared to clopidogrel. Moreover, vorapaxar allows the inhibition of platelet activation by thrombin via protease-activated receptor-1 and has been approved for the use in patients with PAD and in those with a history of myocardial infarction. This review article summarizes the current evidence on oral antiplatelet agents in cardiovascular disease.

Keywords: Aspirin, clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, vorapaxar, cardiovascular disease
Future Global Soil Respiration Rates Will Swell Despite Regional Decreases in Temperature Sensitivity Caused by Rising Temperature
Authors: Jian Jinshi , Steele Meredith K. , Day Susan D. , Thomas R. Quinn
Published: October 2018

Between 1960 and 2014, the global soil respiration (RSG) flux increased at a rate of 0.05 Pg C year−1; however, future increase is uncertain due to variations in projected temperature and regional heterogeneity. Regional differences in the sensitivity of soil respiration (RS) to temperature may alter the overall increase in rates of RS because the RS rates of some regions may decelerate while others continue to rise. Using monthly global RS data, we modeled the relationship between RS and temperature for the globe and eight climate regions and estimated RSG between 1961and 2100 using historical (1961–2014) and future (2015–2100) temperature data [Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5)]. Importantly, our approach allowed for estimation of regional sensitivity, where respiration rates may peak or decline as temperature rises. Estimated historical RSG increase (0.05 Pg C year−1) was similar to the RSG increase of previous estimates. However, under the RCP8.5 scenario, which estimates approximately 3 °C of warming globally, the forecasted acceleration of RSG increased to an average of 0.12 Pg C year−1. Under RCP8.5, the temperature sensitivity of RS declined in the arid, winter‐dry temperate, and tropic. These regional declines were offset by increased RS sensitivity and fluxes from the boreal and polar regions. In contrast, under RCP2.6 RSG decelerated slightly from current rates. If rising greenhouse gas emission remains unmitigated, future increases in RSG will be much faster than current and historical rates, thereby possibly enhancing future losses of soil carbon and contributing to positive feedback loops of climate change.
Analyses for High‐Resolution Projections Through the End of the 21st Century for Precipitation Extremes Over the United States
Authors: Zobel Zachary , Wang Jiali , Wuebbles Donald J. , Kotamarthi V. Rao
Published: October 2018

This study compares an ensemble of dynamically downscaled projections of extreme daily precipitation over the contiguous United States (CONUS). With a grid spacing of 12 km and a domain that encompasses most of North America, we use the Weather Research and Forecast model as a regional climate model. We incorporate initial and boundary conditions from three different Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 Earth system models (ESMs). We focus on precipitation extremes in the future climate (2045–2054 and 2085–2094) by comparing a business‐as‐usual high‐emissions scenario to emissions from a historical period (1995–2004). In the historical period, the Weather Research and Forecasting‐downscaled simulations result in significant improvements over the ESMs for precipitation extremes. In the analyses of future climate, there is a large increase in the projected frequency of extreme precipitation events over the entire CONUS and a decrease in median precipitation days. Moreover, most regions show an increase in the number of dry days in the future scenarios. The magnitude of extreme precipitation events is projected to increase in the CONUS at all temperatures above freezing. The strongest precipitation events will increase in intensity, primarily because of a shift in precipitation distribution due to the increase in near‐surface air temperatures (Clausius‐Claperyon relationship). However, these events are also affected by changes in some atmospheric dynamical factors, such as stronger low level jet, especially over the Midwestern United States. In addition, compared to those calculated by the ESMs, the downscaled projections show important regional differences in the frequency and magnitude of extreme precipitation events.
A Turbulence Velocity Scale for Predicting the Fate of Buoyant Materials in the Oceanic Mixed Layer
Authors: Chor Tomas , Yang Di , Meneveau Charles , Chamecki Marcelo
Published: October 2018

We introduce a general framework to predict the fate of buoyant materials in the oceanic mixed layer. The framework is based on the estimation of a turbulence velocity scale for the vertical mixing of buoyant materials. By combining this velocity scale with the material's terminal rise velocity and a K‐profile parameterization, we are able to derive an analytical prediction for the vertical profile of material concentration that is shown to be a reasonably accurate and general representation for oceanic mixed layer regimes driven by various levels of wind shear, Stokes drift, and buoyancy flux. The analytically predicted profile allows us to estimate relevant parameters for the fate of buoyant materials, such as the depth of a plume's center of mass and the horizontal transport. We show that the predictions agree with large‐eddy simulations driven by various combinations of wind shear, Stokes drift, and buoyancy fluxes.
Ultrasonic Velocity of Diopside Liquid at High Pressure and Temperature: Constraints on Velocity Reduction in the Upper Mantle Due to Partial Melts
Authors: Xu Man , Jing Zhicheng , Chantel Julien , Jiang Peixiu , Yu Tony , Wang Yanbin
Published: October 2018

Sound velocities of diopside liquid were determined at high pressures and temperatures up to 3.8 GPa and 2375 K, using the ultrasonic technique combined with synchrotron X‐ray diffraction and imaging in a multianvil apparatus. Our results show that the sound velocity increases with pressure but is nearly independent of temperature. Using a Monte Carlo approach, the measured high‐pressure sound velocities combined with ambient‐pressure density provide tight constraints for the equation of state of diopside liquid, with a best‐fit adiabatic bulk modulus (KS) of 23.8 ± 0.4 GPa and its pressure derivative (KS') of 7.5 ± 0.5. The calculated adiabatic temperature and density profile of diopside liquid suggest that a melt layer with diopside composition in the upper mantle would be gravitationally unstable and start to crystallize from the bottom of the layer during cooling. By comparing our results with previous acoustic measurements on silicate glasses, we demonstrate the important differences in sound velocities between silicate liquids and glasses and conclude that silicate glasses may not work as a good analog material for studying the acoustic properties of silicate liquids, as measurements on unrelaxed glasses do not capture the entropic contribution to the compressional properties of liquids. We modeled velocity reductions due to partial melts in the upper mantle using our results and found that for a given velocity reduction, the deeper the low‐velocity region, the larger the melt fraction is required. Using silicate glass data for such estimation would result in a significant underestimation of melt fractions at high pressures.
Observations and Cloud‐Resolving Modeling of Haboob Dust Storms Over the Arabian Peninsula
Authors: Anisimov Anatolii , Axisa Duncan , Kucera Paul A. , Mostamandi Suleiman , Stenchikov Georgiy
Published: October 2018

Strong mesoscale haboob dust storms in April 2007 in the central Arabian Peninsula were studied using the cloud‐resolving Weather Research and Forecasting‐Chemistry (WRF‐Chem) modeling system and observations collected during an intensive atmospheric field campaign. The field campaign provided the valuable aircraft and Doppler weather radar measurements. Active convection persisted for several days during the study period. Dust generation was caused by both strong large‐scale winds and locally produced density currents. Because of insufficient spatial resolution, the event was not resolved accurately by the conventional reanalyses. However, the WRF‐Chem model did successfully capture the primary features of the convection, its location, and precipitation patterns. Although the amount of rainfall in the model was slightly underestimated compared to the satellite measurements, it was approximately double the rainfall in the reanalysis. The convection‐associated dust outbreaks were simulated well, with the aerosols optical depth magnitude and the temporal variability being in good agreement with both the ground‐based and satellite aerosol retrievals. The model captured the major dust generation patterns, transport pathways, and several of the largest haboobs identified from the satellite observations. About 25 Tg of dust was emitted in the Arabian Peninsula during the 10‐day period. Approximately 40% of the locally deposited dust was subject to wet removal processes. During periods of high local dust production, the WRF‐Chem model underestimated the PM10 mass concentration (associated mostly with dust particles larger than 3 μm in diameter) by nearly a factor of 2. This suggests that the current dust parameterizations, which prescribe the size distribution of the emitted dust, underestimate the number of large particles that increases at strong wind conditions.
The Relationships Between Cloud Top Radiative Cooling Rates, Surface Latent Heat Fluxes, and Cloud‐Base Heights in Marine Stratocumulus
Authors: Zheng Youtong , Rosenfeld Daniel , Li Zhanqing
Published: October 2018

Cloud top radiative cooling (CTRC) drives turbulence in marine boundary layers (MBLs) topped by stratocumulus clouds. This study examines the role of CTRC in regulating the surface‐cloud coupling, surface latent heat fluxes, and cloud base height by exploiting a 6‐month worth of shipborne observations over the subtropical northeast Pacific in combination with geostationary satellite data. We find that owning to the prevailing equatorward flow that advects stratocumulus clouds over warmer sea surfaces, the vast majority of the decoupled stratocumulus decks are fed by divergence from the tops of underlying cumulus, forming cumulus‐coupled MBL. The cumulus‐coupled and well‐mixed MBL dominate the subtropical MBL regimes. We find that strong CTRC favors greater (smaller) occurrence frequency of well‐mixed (cumulus‐coupled) MBLs. In well‐mixed MBLs, strong CTRC enhances entrainment of dry free‐tropospheric air, desiccates the MBL, increases the surface latent heat fluxes, and elevates the cloud‐base height. This is demonstrated by the observed covariabilities between the CTRC rate and surface latent heat fluxes and cloud‐base height. The relationships are more statistically significant in conditions where the inversion strength is relatively weak, and thus, the entrainment is more effective. In cumulus‐coupled MBLs, however, the influence of CTRC in regulating the surface moisture is not detected by the ship observations. The much greater latent heat fluxes than the CTRC rate in cumulus‐coupled MBLs suggest stronger surface forcing, which substantially tames the footprint of CTRC.
The Influences of Orography and Ocean on Track of Typhoon Megi (2016) Past Taiwan as Identified by HWRF
Authors: Li Dian‐Yi , Huang Ching‐Yuang
Published: October 2018

Typhoon Megi (2016) headed northwestward toward Taiwan with southward deflection near landfall. In this study, Hurricane Weather Research and Forecast system (HWRF) was used to investigate the mechanism of the track changes over free ocean and track deflection near landfall. HWRF simulations using more realistic Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model sea surface temperature (SST) analysis improve the northward biased track compared with that using Global Forecast System SST, due to the initial cooler SST below the storm path. The initial warmer Global Forecast System SST leads to a northward track shifting with an overintensified typhoon. As the Princeton Ocean Model is coupled, the SST over South China Sea becomes warmer leading to a northward track shifting compared to a southward shifting induced by the upper ocean cooling due to the typhoon‐ocean interactions in the vicinity of the typhoon. Regardless of track shifting, southward deflection near landfall is mainly controlled by orographic effects of the Central Mountain Range (CMR). Cyclonic northerly is enhanced to the west of the typhoon center ahead and over the CMR that results in southward deflection. Diagnostics of potential vorticity (PV) tendency budget indicates that southward deflection can be explained by the southeastward tendency of latent heating effects near landfall. The combined effects of latent heating and cyclonic rotation of positive wave numer‐1 (WN‐1) potential vorticity vertical advection dominate the southward deflection when the typhoon is closer to Taiwan. Furthermore, the typhoon movement near landfall is slowed down mainly due to WN‐1 negative vertical differential latent heating over the northern CMR.
Growing Forced Bars Determine Nonideal Estuary Planform
Authors: Leuven J. R. F. W. , Braat L. , van Dijk W. M. , de Haas T. , van Onselen E. P. , Ruessink B. G. , Kleinhans M. G.
Published: October 2018

The planform of estuaries is often described with an ideal shape, which exponentially converges in landward direction. We show how growing topographically forced nonmigratory (i.e., anchored) bars determine the large‐scale estuary planform, which explains the deviations observed in the planform of natural estuaries filled with bars compared to the ideal planform. Experiments were conducted in a 20‐m long, 3‐m‐wide tilting flume, the Metronome. From a narrow, converging channel a self‐formed estuary developed characterized by multiple channels, braided bars, a meandering ebb channel, and an ebb delta. Bars hardly migrated due to the alternating current, but the bar width increased with increasing estuary width. At locations where the estuary width was narrow, major channel confluences were present, while the zones between the confluences were characterized by a higher braiding index, periodically migrating channels, and a relatively large estuary width. At the seaward boundary, confluences were forced in place by the presence of the ebb tidal delta. Between confluences, bars were topographically forced to be nonmigratory. Diversion of flow around forced midchannel bars caused bank erosion. This resulted in a planform shape with a quasiperiodic widening and narrowing at the scale of forced bars. Observations in natural systems show that major confluence locations can also be caused by inherited geology and human engineering, but otherwise the estuary outline is similarly affected by tidal bars. These observations provide a framework for understanding the evolution of tidal bar patterns and the planform shape of the estuary, which has wide implications for navigation, dredging, and ecology.
Emplacement of the Triassic Pueblito Pluton, NW Colombia: Implications for the Evolution of the Western Margin of Pangea
Authors: Rodriguez‐Jimenez J. V. , Vinasco C. , Archanjo C. J.
Published: October 2018

We present the first structural geology focused study of a Triassic pluton in the Northern Andes, which provides new insights into the understanding of the tectonically complex northwestern corner of South America. Based on a combination of field structural data (377 stations) and a detailed magnetic susceptibility survey, 159 sites, we studied the structure of the Pueblito Pluton (PP), an original suprasubduction mafic cumulate structure emplaced in the northern part of the Arquia Terrane (western margin of Central Cordillera of Colombia). Even though the PP has resided along an active margin for over 230 million years ago, geochronology suggests no postcrystallization Ar‐loss and, probably, no major reset of the original emplacement fabric. The PP magnetic fabric is dominatly parallel to the measured field foliation and formed under submagmatic to high‐temperature conditions, at the final stages of cooling. The pluton internal contacts, mylonitic structures along the western margin, shape of the pluton, scalar parameters of the magnetic fabric, the directional field/magnetic data, and the geochronological data are compatible with a sinistral transpressional tectonic regime of emplacement by ca 233 Ma. This regime was regionally extended in the Arquia and Tahami Terranes (western margin of Pangea).
Author Correction: Biosafety assessment of water samples from Wanzhou watershed of Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir in the quiet season in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Xiao Guosheng , Zhao Li , Huang Qian , Du Huihui , Guo Dongqin , Xia Mingxing , Li Guangman , Chen Zongxiang , Wang Dayong
Published: October 2018

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.
Primary thermometry of a single reservoir using cyclic electron tunneling to a quantum dot
Authors: Ahmed Imtiaz , Chatterjee Anasua , Barraud Sylvain , Morton John J. L. , Haigh James A. , Gonzalez-Zalba M. Fernando
Published: October 2018

At the nanoscale, local and accurate measurements of temperature are of particular relevance when testing quantum thermodynamical concepts or investigating novel thermal nanoelectronic devices. Here, we present a primary electron thermometer that allows probing the local temperature of a single-electron reservoir in single-electron devices. The thermometer is based on cyclic electron tunneling between a system with discrete energy levels and the reservoir. When driven at a finite rate, close to a charge degeneracy point, the system behaves like a variable capacitor whose full width at half maximum depends linearly with temperature. We demonstrate this type of thermometer using a quantum dot in a silicon nanowire transistor. We drive cyclic electron tunneling by embedding the device in a radio-frequency resonator which in turn allows reading the thermometer dispersively. Overall, the thermometer shows potential for local probing of fast heat dynamics in nanoelectronic devices and for seamless integration with silicon-based quantum circuits.
Conductometric immunoassay of alpha-fetoprotein in sera of liver cancer patients using bienzyme-functionalized nanometer-sized silica beads
Authors: Liang Jiaming , Wang Jing , Zhang Luwei , Wang Sijia , Yao Cuiping , Zhang Zhenxi
Published: October 2018

A conductometric immunoassay protocol was designed for the sensitive detection of a liver cancer biomarker, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), in biological fluids by using enzyme-conjugated nanometer-sized enzyme-doped silica beads.
Chromatographic methods for the determination of acyl-CoAs
Authors: Rivera Luis G. , Bartlett Michael G.
Published: October 2018

This minireview covers the chromatographic methods utilized in acyl-CoA detection, but with greater emphasis on LC-MS methods due their advantages over preceding approaches. In general, the review summarizes the types of mass spectrometers, sample preparation approaches for different biological matrices, and the LC conditions for potential biomarker applications.
Monitoring alkaline transitions of yeast iso-1 cytochromecat natural isotopic abundance using trimethyllysine as a native NMR probe
Authors: Sun Peng , Wang Qianwen , Yuan Bin , Zhu Qinjun , Jiang Bin , Li Conggang , Lan Wenxian , Cao Chunyang , Zhang Xu , Liu Maili
Published: October 2018

A solution1H–14N HSQC experiment has been employed to monitor the alkaline transition of yeast iso-1 cytochromec.
Pressure-controlled crystallization of stereocomplex crystals in enantiomeric polylactides with remarkably enhanced hydrolytic degradation
Authors: Zhang Huanhuan , Wang Chuanfeng , Xu Yali , Huang Xi , He Xuebing , Zhang Chaoliang , Lu Jun
Published: October 2018

Enantiomeric biopolymers, with improved combinatorial heat resistance, hydrolytic degradation and hydrophilicity, were fabricated by pressure-controlled crystallization of stereocomplex crystals.
Composition dependent transport diffusion in non-ideal mixtures from spatially resolved nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Pantoja Christian F. , Muñoz-Muñoz Y. Mauricio , Guastar Lorraine , Vrabec Jadran , Wist Julien
Published: October 2018

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can also be used for the measurement of the Fick diffusion coefficient.
A novel bis-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine pincer ligand: synthesis, characterization and first row transition metal complexes
Authors: Pringouri Konstantina , Anwar Muhammad U. , Mansour Liz , Doupnik Nathan , Beldjoudi Yassine , Gavey Emma L. , Pilkington Melanie , Rawson Jeremy M.
Published: October 2018

The synthesis and coordination chemistry of ligand LH2 to first row transition metals is described in which it acts as a tridentate N,N′,N′′-donor.
Molybdenum(vi) tris(amidophenoxide) complexes
Authors: Erickson Alexander N. , Brown Seth N.
Published: October 2018

Strong π bonding in molybdenum(vi) tris(amidophenoxides) drives a preference for the fac geometry and quenches the metal's Lewis acidity.
High-throughput computational prediction of the cost of carbon capture using mixed matrix membranes
Authors: Budhathoki Samir , Ajayi Olukayode , Steckel Janice A. , Wilmer Christopher E.
Published: October 2018

Mixed matrix membranes are being studied for their potential use in post-combustion carbon capture on the premise that they could dramatically lower costs relative to mature technologies available today.
Caring for cells in microsystems: principles and practices of cell-safe device design and operation
Authors: Varma Sarvesh , Voldman Joel
Published: October 2018

This review is geared towards device engineers, designers, and users who wish to establish “cell-friendly” technologies with utility to a broader scientific community.
Lipidomic profiling of subchronic As4S4 exposure identifies inflammatory mediators as sensitive biomarkers in rats
Authors: Zhou Jing , Ma Hongyue , Wu Yuanyuan , Lv Xiang , Wang Jiajia , Liu Shengjin , Li Dandan , Wang Hengbin , Yan Yanqing , Luo Niancui , Li Quan , Xu Huiqin , Zhang Qichun , Yu Li , Guo Hongbo , Kuzmanov Uros , Di Liuqing , Wu Qinan , Duan Jinao
Published: October 2018

Arsenic sulfide compounds provide nearly all of the world's supply of arsenic. However, the risk of arsenic trisulfide exposure is still not fully investigated. Here, we systemically assessed the toxicology of As4S4 in rats by combining arsenic metabolite detection, routine testing and lipidomic profiling. It was revealed that the oral administration of As4S4 for two months increased the total arsenic content in the liver reaching a saturation level. Further analysis by anion exchange chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technology showed no trace of inorganic arsenic, but there was significant presence of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), in the livers of rats. This arsenic metabolite was less toxic to rats and did not induce overt liver pathology and functional injury. In contrast, lipidomic profiling provided a comprehensive map of lipids and uncovered a more complex inflammatory response, exhibiting more sensitive change to arsenic exposure. We observed that metabolites of cyclooxygenase, including PGF2α, dhk PGF2α, 15k PGF2α, 8-iso-PGF2a, PGE2, dhk PGE2, PGD2, 15d-PGD2, and PGJ2, were significantly elevated. But mediators from lipoxygenase, cytochrome P450, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid pathways were not markedly affected. In summary, we identified DMA as the predominant arsenic species in the livers of rats, and found cyclooxygenase-derived lipids as the inflammatory mediators before the development of overt liver injury for subchronic As4S4 exposure. These mediators could translate into potential metabolic biomarkers in early arsenic risk assessment and as targets for therapeutic intervention.
Macrocyclic derivatives with a sucrose scaffold: insertion of a long polyhydroxylated linker between the terminal 6,6′-positions
Authors: Chaciak Bartosz , Dąbrowa Kajetan , Świder Paweł , Jarosz Sławomir
Published: October 2018

A series of five new macrocyclic hybrids with a sucrose scaffold were prepared by the reaction of activated 1′,2,3,3′,4,4′-hexa-O-methylsucrose with diversely functionalized d-mannitols.
Novel phenazine fused triphenylene discotic liquid crystals: synthesis, characterisation, thermal, optical and nonlinear optical properties
Authors: Gowda Ashwathanarayana , Jacob Litwin , Joy Nithin , Philip Reji , Kumar Sandeep
Published: October 2018

Novel π-extended phenazine fused triphenylene discotic liquid crystals show an enantiotropic columnar mesophase and good photophysical and nonlinear optical properties.
A readily self-healing and recyclable silicone elastomer via boron–nitrogen noncovalent crosslinking
Authors: Cao Jinfeng , Han Dongdong , Lu Hang , Zhang Peng , Feng Shengyu
Published: October 2018

A self-healing silicone elastomer was synthesized via a one-pot and noncatalytic aza-Michael reaction because boron–nitrogen coordination bonds form reversible crosslinking points.
Graphene/ionic liquid ultracapacitors: does ionic size correlate with energy storage performance?
Authors: Chaban Vitaly V. , Andreeva Nadezhda A. , Fileti Eudes Eterno
Published: October 2018

Electrolytes formed by ions of similar volumes show better performance in supercapacitor applications.
Reversible ionically-crosslinked single chain nanoparticles as bioinspired and recyclable nanoreactors forN-heterocyclic carbene organocatalysis
Authors: Garmendia Sofiem , Dove Andrew P. , Taton Daniel , O'Reilly Rachel K.
Published: October 2018

The intrinsic advantages of poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs), based on their high chemical activity and flexible structure, have been harnessed by exploring their applicability as catalytic single chain nanoparticles (SCNPs).
A multi-stimuli responsive metallosupramolecular polypseudorotaxane gel constructed by self-assembly of a pillar[5]arene-based pseudo[3]rotaxane via zinc ion coordination and its application for highly sensitive fluorescence recognition of metal ions
Authors: Ding Jin-Dong , Chen Jin-Fa , Lin Qi , Yao Hong , Zhang You-Ming , Wei Tai-Bao
Published: October 2018

A novel pillar[5]arene-based metallosupramolecular polypseudorotaxane gel has been successfully prepared.
Chemical synthesis of glycosaminoglycan-mimetic polymers
Authors: Liu Qi , Chen Gaojian , Chen Hong
Published: October 2018

This review describes several general chemical approaches for the preparation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-mimetic polymers based on different backbones and sidechains, and highlights the importance of these synthetic GAG-mimetic polymers in controlling key biofunctions.
Efficient ambient-air-stable HTM-free carbon-based perovskite solar cells with hybrid 2D–3D lead halide photoabsorbers
Authors: Zhou Junshuai , Ye Zhili , Hou Jie , Wu Jiaojiao , Zheng Yan-Zhen , Tao Xia
Published: October 2018

HTM-free carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) with over 11.88% efficiency employing the 2D–3D hybrid perovskite photoabsorber achieve the best ambient-air-stable performance among those of all low-temperature carbon electrode-based PSCs reported so far.