bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Participatory Land Planning, Community Land Trusts, and Managed Retreat: Transforming Informality and Building Resilience to Flood Risk in Puerto Rico’s Caño Martín Peña
Authors: García Ivis , Martínez-Román Leslie
Published: February 2025

El Caño Martín Peña (CMP), a cluster of eight historically informal neighborhoods in San Juan, Puerto Rico, faces long-standing challenges of inadequate infrastructure, persistent flooding, and displacement pressures. In response, the G8 collective—a coalition representing these communities—and the Martín Peña Canal Community Land Trust (CLT) establishment have developed a participatory planning model prioritizing resilience and housing security. This unique and exemplary model of a participatory planning case study, grounded in document analysis and participant observation, explores how the G8 and CLT have driven transformative improvements in CMP, addressing informality, mitigating flood risks, and preventing displacement. Findings highlight how community-driven governance fosters trust and enhances long-term sustainability, offering valuable insights for equitable urban development and spatial justice.
An Acoustic Approach to Backed /r/ Realizations in Puerto Rican Spanish
Authors: Arias Alvarez Alba
Published: February 2025

Trill realizations present a wide range of cross-dialectal variation in Spanish, especially in Puerto Rican Spanish (PRS). The backed /r/ in, e.g., [ká.xo] for carro, is not an exception. Since analysis with continuous variables has advanced the research on fricative variation among other Spanish varieties, the present study considers center of gravity values to provide an acoustic analysis of the backed /r/ realizations in Puerto Rican Spanish, both on the island of Puerto Rico and within the Puerto Rican diasporic community in Holyoke, Massachusetts (United States). The following three experimental production tasks were designed and employed: a picture description task, a map task, and a reading task. Furthermore, 45 participants performed the experimental tasks, i.e., 21 were recorded on the island and 24 in Holyoke. Findings show that the distribution of center of gravity values falls on a continuum, which can be affected by linguistic and sociolinguistic variables, in line with previous research on fricatives.
Teachers’ Perspectives on the Instruction and Acquisition of Dialectal Second-Person Pronouns and Conjugations in the U.S. L2 Spanish Classroom
Authors: Hama Yoko , Ramsburg James
Published: February 2025

Despite the fact that more than 65 million Spanish speakers across Latin America use vos as the informal second-person singular pronoun instead of tú, vos remains underrepresented in U.S. Spanish curricula. Meanwhile, vosotrxs, the informal second-person plural pronoun used exclusively in Spain, is regularly included in textbooks. This study qualitatively examines how postsecondary Spanish instructors navigate these pronouns and their conjugations, particularly in relation to their perceptions of students’ learning outcomes and future communication needs. Through a comparative analysis of interview data from 32 participants, we find that instructors are more likely to address vosotrxs than vos. Even those who personally use vos outside the classroom avoid it in their teaching, citing concerns about potential confusion and a perceived lack of relevance for students’ future communication. This study highlights a persistent gap between instructors’ stated commitment to regional linguistic diversity and the reality of Spanish language instruction: while instructors affirm that incorporating dialectal variation would enhance students’ linguistic and cultural competence, minoritized features like vos remain largely absent from the curriculum.
Optimizing Friction Losses of Conveyor Systems Using Large-Diameter Idler Rollers
Authors: Cousseau Tiago , O’Shea Jayne , Robinson Peter , Ryan Shawn , Hoette Stephan , Badat Yusuf , Carr Michael , Wheeler Craig
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the influence of idler roller diameter on indentation rolling resistance and idler rotating resistance in belt conveying systems, crucial for long-distance bulk material transport. It encompasses the impact on grease-lubricated rolling bearings, grease-filled labyrinth seals, and lip seals, with the aim of optimizing energy consumption. Experimental devices were used to refine predictive models, demonstrating that larger idler rollers reduce both resistances, leading to a 40% to 55% efficiency improvement. The study offers a detailed breakdown of friction losses under various operating conditions and provides valuable insights for lubricant selection and system enhancement, highlighting the significance of idler roller diameter in reducing energy costs and enhancing system performance.
Sustainable Conversion of Biomass to Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Nanochains
Authors: McKenzie Kevin R. , Banek Nathan A. , Wagner Michael J.
Published: February 2025

The conversion of biochar, the low value byproduct of pyrolysis bio-oil production from biomass multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and carbon nanochains (CNCs), is reported. It is shown that biomass can be converted to long (>30 µm) carbon nanotubes with an anomalously deep (>280 nm) stacked-cup structure. A mechanism of the transformation that is consistent with previously reported graphitization of biochar, a “non-graphitizable” carbon, is proposed, suggesting the molten metal catalyst is absorbed into the biochar by capillary action, forming graphene walls as it percolates through pore structure. Graphite is formed when the diameter of the molten catalyst droplets is large (microns), while smaller droplets (submicron) form MWCNTs and still smaller (<100 nm) form CNCs. Branching in the biochar pore structure leads to subdivision of the catalyst droplets resulting in the progression from MWCNT to CNC formation. Very long MWCNTs (>50 µm) can be formed in the absence of CNCs by transforming lignite char rather than biochar, presumably due to the elimination of smaller branching pores during coalification. CNCs, in the absence of MWCNTs, can be formed in biochar by using low concentrations of catalyst nanoparticles formed by carbon thermal reduction of a metal salt during charring. The results presented suggest that developing methods to control the porosity of the char could yield the ability to rationally synthesize carbon nanotubes with control of length, breadth and wall thickness.
Enhancing the Thermoelectric Performance of n-Type PbTe via Mn Doping
Authors: Chen Tingting , Shao Yaqi , Feng Ruilin , Zhang Junxiang , Wang Qidong , Dong Yanan , Ma Hongan , Sun Bing , Ao Dongwei
Published: February 2025

Significant strides have been made in enhancing the thermoelectric properties of p-type PbTe alloys, whereas the thermoelectric performance of n-type alloys lags behind that of p-type alloys, primarily owing to the difficulty of improving their Seebeck coefficient via band convergence. In this work, Mn was introduced into the n-type Pb0.985Sb0.015Te alloy, and Mn doping increases the absolute value of the Seebeck coefficient significantly by increasing the effective mass and reducing carrier concentration, resulting in a higher power factor of 20.8 μW/K2cm being achieved for 0.5% Mn-doped sample at 573 K. Additionally, the decrease in electronic thermal conductivity, combined with the reduction in lattice thermal conductivity caused by the strengthened point defect scattering, leads to a significant decrease in the total thermal conductivity of the sample. And the lowest total lattice thermal conductivity of 1.16 Wm−1K−1 for a 2.0% Mn-doped sample has been achieved at 773 K. In the end, a maximum zT of 1.0 (773 K) and zTave of 0.62 (323–773 K) are attained in 1.0% Mn-doped Pb0.985Sb0.015Te alloy.
Transition Control of a Double-Inverted Pendulum System Using Sim2Real Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Lee Taegun , Ju Doyoon , Lee Young Sam
Published: February 2025

This study presents a sim2real reinforcement learning-based controller for transition control in a double-inverted pendulum system, addressing the limitations of traditional control methods that rely on precomputed trajectories and lack adaptability to strong external disturbances. By introducing the novel concept of ‘transition control’, this research expands the scope of inverted pendulum studies to tackle the challenging task of navigating between multiple equilibrium points. To overcome the reality gap—a persistent challenge in sim2real transfer—a hardware-centered approach was employed, aligning the physical system’s mechanical design with high-fidelity dynamic equations derived from the Euler–Lagrange equation. This design eliminates the need for software-based corrections, ensuring consistent and robust system performance across simulated and real-world environments. Experimental validation demonstrates the controller’s ability to reliably execute all 12 transition scenarios within the double-inverted pendulum system. Additionally, it exhibits recovery characteristics, enabling the system to stabilize and return to equilibrium point even under severe disturbances.
Enhancing Multi-Objective Optimization: A Decomposition- Based Approach Using the Whale Optimization Algorithm
Authors: Ramos-Frutos Jorge , Casas-Ordaz Angel , Zapotecas-Martínez Saúl , Oliva Diego , Valdivia-González Arturo , García-Nájera Abel , Pérez-Cisneros Marco
Published: February 2025

Optimization techniques aim to identify optimal solutions for a given problem. In single-objective optimization, the best solution corresponds to the one that maximizes or minimizes the objective function. However, when dealing with multi-objective optimization, particularly when the objectives are conflicting, identifying the best solution becomes significantly more complex. In such cases, exact or analytical methods are often impractical, leading to the widespread use of heuristic and metaheuristic approaches to identify optimal or near-optimal solutions. Recent advancements have led to the development of various nature-inspired metaheuristics designed to address these challenges. Among these, the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) has garnered significant attention. An adapted version of the WOA has been proposed to handle multi-objective optimization problems. This work extends the WOA to tackle multi-objective optimization by incorporating a decomposition-based approach with a cooperative mechanism to approximate Pareto-optimal solutions. The multi-objective problem is decomposed into a series of scalarized subproblems, each with a well-defined neighborhood relationship. Comparative experiments with seven state-of-the-art bio-inspired optimization methods demonstrate that the proposed decomposition-based multi-objective WOA consistently outperforms its counterparts in both real-world applications and widely used benchmark test problems.
Evaluating Antibiotic Resistance in Pediatric UTIs: Five-Year Data from a Tertiary Hospital in Turkey
Authors: Kılıç Fedli Emre , Küçükkelepçe Osman
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in children and account for 5–6% of febrile illnesses. This study aims to evaluate the bacterial pathogens isolated from pediatric UTI cases and their antibiotic resistance patterns to inform updated treatment guidelines. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 2753 children with positive urine cultures treated at Adıyaman Training and Research Hospital from January 2020 to June 2024. Data on patient demographics, bacterial culture results, and antibiotic resistance patterns were analyzed. Results: Among the 2753 patients, 71.1% were female and 28.9% were male, with a mean age of 54.6 ± 48.6 months. Escherichia coli was the predominant pathogen, isolated in 61.2% of cases, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.3%), Proteus mirabilis (9.1%), and Enterococcus faecalis (3.5%). Gender-specific differences showed that E. coli was more frequently isolated in females (71.7%), while Proteus was more common in males (18.5%). Antibiotic resistance analysis revealed high resistance rates to ampicillin (67.4% in E. coli and 100% in Klebsiella), TMP-SMX (33.2% in E. coli and 30% in Klebsiella), and cefixime (45.3% in E. coli). Amikacin showed the lowest resistance across all pathogens, with only 0.9% resistance in E. coli. The resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, particularly ceftriaxone and cefixime, has significantly increased over time, especially in the Klebsiella species. Conclusions: The results indicate high resistance to ampicillin and TMP-SMX. However, E. coli and other pathogens remain susceptible to nitrofurantoin, amikacin, and carbapenems, making these antibiotics viable for empirical therapy. Regional resistance should be considered when selecting treatments for pediatric UTIs to improve outcomes and reduce resistance development.
Predictive Factors for COVID-19 Severity in Patients with Axial Spondyloarthritis: Real-World Data from the Romanian Registry of Rheumatic Diseases
Authors: Vlădulescu-Trandafir Andreea-Iulia , Bojincă Violeta-Claudia , Popescu Cristina , Munteanu Constantin , Bălănescu Andra-Rodica , Anghelescu Aurelian , Aurelian Justin , Bistriceanu Roxana , Giuvara Sebastian , Grădinaru Elena , Mihai Emanuela-Elena , Nițu Daniel , Vintilă Mihaela-Ruxandra , Onose Gelu
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) posed unique challenges worldwide, underscoring important gaps in healthcare preparedness for patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies, such as the individuals with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), a subgroup of spondyloarthritis (SpA) characterized by chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation. While global registry data exist for SpA, specific data on axSpA alone remain scarce, especially in Central and Eastern European populations. This study aims to identify predictive factors for severe COVID-19 outcomes and provide a descriptive analysis of axSpA patients infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), using real-world data from the Romanian Registry of Rheumatic Diseases (RRBR). Materials and Methods: This is a three-year retrospective observational cohort study that included 5.786 axSpA patients from the RRBR, of whom 183 (3.16%) were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Data were analyzed using R V4.4.1 and performing univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression to estimate associations using odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and p-values. A backward selection algorithm was applied to create the final predictive model, accounting for multicollinearity through variance inflation factors (VIFs). Results: The mean age of patients was 48.19 ± 12.26 years, with male predominance (64.5%). Serious COVID-19 (encompassing moderate to critical cases) occurred in 46 cases, with age ≥ 52.5 years (OR 2.64, 95% CI: 1.28–5.48, p = 0.009) and arterial hypertension (OR 2.57, 95% CI: 1.29–5.16, p = 0.007) identified as significant predictors. Individuals with advanced education levels had nearly three times lower odds of experiencing serious COVID-19 (OR 0.38, 95% CI: 0.18–0.76, p = 0.008). Furthermore, our findings confirm the lack of association between HLA-B27 and COVID-19 severity (p = 0.194), contributing to the ongoing discussion regarding its potential immunological role. Moreover, irrespective of the biological therapy administered, the likelihood of experiencing serious SARS-CoV-2 outcomes was not statistically significant (p = 0.882). In the final predictive model, only older age and higher education were deemed as predictive factors. Conclusions: This study highlights key predictors of COVID-19 severity in axSpA patients and emphasizes the protective role of higher education, an underexplored determinant of health outcomes in inflammatory diseases. The lessons learned during these last years can shape a more informed and compassionate healthcare system.
Method for In Situ On-Wafer Tensile Test of Thin Films
Authors: Wang Xufeng , Li Jiakang , Chen Yi , Zhou Jiawei , Cheng Leijian , Zhang Dacheng
Published: February 2025

This study addresses the need for a mechanical property characterization of films during Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) processing by proposing a novel in situ on-wafer tensile strength testing method for film materials. This method integrates the film specimen with a bulk silicon test structure during fabrication, allowing for tensile strength measurements with a resolution of 0.05 MPa using only a probe and optical microscope. Utilizing this method, we successfully performed in situ on-wafer tensile strength tests on Al films of various sizes, demonstrating the impact of the process on film mechanical properties. The results validate the potential of this structure for characterizing material mechanical properties and monitoring process quality in mass production.
Diversity and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum Species Causing Coffee Anthracnose in China
Authors: Lu Ying , Zhang Weiyi , Hu Xiaoli , He Chunping , Liang Yanqiong , Huang Xing , Yi Kexian , Wu Weihuai
Published: February 2025

Coffee is a significant traded commodity for developing countries. Among the various diseases affecting coffee, anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. has re-emerged as a major constraint on global coffee production. To better understand the Colletotrichum species complex associated with coffee anthracnose, we characterized Colletotrichum spp. using a combination of phenotypic traits, MAT1-2 (ApMat) gene analysis, multi-locus phylogenetic (ITS, ACT, CHS-1, and GAPDH), and pathogenicity assays. A total of 74 Colletotrichum isolates were collected from coffee plants exhibiting anthracnose symptoms across nine coffee plantations in China. Among these, 55 isolates were identified as the C. gloeosporioides species complex using the ApMat locus, while the remaining 19 isolates were identified through multi-locus phylogenetic analyses. The isolates represented seven Colletotrichum species from five species complexes: C. gloeosporioides (including C. siamense, C. nupharicola, and C. theobromicola), C. boninens (C. karstii), C. gigasporum (C. gigasporum), C. orchidearum (C. cliviicola), and C. magnum (C. brevisporum). This is the first report of C. nupharicola and C. cliviicola causing coffee anthracnose worldwide, and the first report of C. nupharicola in China. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that all seven species were capable of infecting coffee leaves. This research enhances our understanding of the Colletotrichum species responsible for coffee anthracnose, and provides valuable insights for developing effective disease management strategies.
Characterization of Intra-Quarry Variability in Pentelic Marble Using Stable Isotopes: A Case Study of the Parthenon
Authors: Pike Scott
Published: February 2025

This study presents a systematic analysis of stable isotopes (δ13C and δ18O) in Pentelic marble from the ancient quarries of Mount Pentelikon, Greece. A total of 610 samples were collected from 83 quarry pits, including all identified ancient extraction sites, to build a comprehensive reference database. Of those, stable isotope ratios of carbon and oxygen were measured for 384 samples. The results reveal significant variability in stable isotope values across different quarry regions, challenging the assumption of isotopic homogeneity in Pentelic marble. Notably, distinct δ13C and δ18O patterns allow differentiation between quarry areas and specific extraction zones. These findings provide a more refined isotopic framework for provenance studies of ancient artifacts. Application of the new database suggests that marble for the Parthenon’s West Pediment was sourced from the northern upslope quarries in Aspra Marmara, whereas structural elements of the Parthenon were extracted from the lower Spilia Divail quarry, as well as other pits across the ancient quarry zone. The results demonstrate that multiple quarry pits from both the lower slope and upper slope quarries were exploited for the construction of the Parthenon. This research highlights the benefits of extensive sampling and stable isotope analysis in identifying quarry sources, emphasizing the value of undertaking detailed and thorough field surveys and sampling programs to gain new perspectives into ancient resource use.
Optimizing Strength Prediction for Cemented Paste Backfills with Various Fly Ash Substitution: Computational Approach with Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors: Adiguzel Tuylu Ayse Nur , Tuylu Serkan , Adiguzel Deniz , Namli Ersin , Gungoren Can , Demir Ismail
Published: February 2025

In cemented paste backfill (CPB), fly ash (FA) can reduce cement costs. However, the chemical compositions of FA and tailings used in the CPB can vary significantly, affecting the strength values of CPBs, which can be determined through laboratory tests and play a crucial role in design operations. Therefore, developing a predictive model would be advantageous in terms of time and cost. The most critical aspect of this study is that machine learning (ML) models demonstrate high accuracy in the performance of strength prediction in experimental studies, especially in nonlinear and complex data structures, and even in the presence of uncertainty in geochemical and geophysical parameters. Among the ML algorithms, random forest (RF), artificial neural network (ANN), linear regression (LR), voting, and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithms were used in this study. According to the results obtained, the XGBoost model exhibited the most robust predictive performance, evidenced by the highest correlation coefficient (R) (0.922) and the lowest mean absolute error (0.666). XGBoost also demonstrated its durability and stability by achieving the lowest relative absolute error (18.81%) and root mean square error (41.10%). Therefore, it has been understood that significant time and resource savings can be achieved in important projects by eliminating the need for experimental tests.
Novel One-Step Total Synthesis of trans-Dehydroosthol and Citrubuntin
Authors: Liu Zhiwen , Ge Baoyue , Gong Xushun , Wang Fusheng , Lei Ting , Jiang Shizhi
Published: February 2025

Efficient and simple syntheses of trans-dehydroosthol and citrubuntin were achieved in a single step by implementing a protecting-group-free, redox-neutral strategy that utilized readily available starting materials. In this approach, a practical one-pot (domino) Heck/dehydration reaction was carried out utilizing less reactive bromocoumarin, resulting in excellent stereoselectivity and atomic economy. Through the implementation of this new, efficient, and scalable synthesis method, the formal synthesis of a series of novel meroterpenoid natural products was successfully achieved.
The Role of Genistein in Type 2 Diabetes and Beyond: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential
Authors: Kciuk Mateusz , Kruczkowska Weronika , Wanke Katarzyna , Gałęziewska Julia , Kołat Damian , Mujwar Somdutt , Kontek Renata
Published: February 2025

The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) necessitates the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches to mitigate its complex molecular pathogenesis. This review investigates the potential role of genistein, a prominent isoflavone derived from soybeans, in the management of T2DM. Recognized for its selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) activity, genistein exerts a multifaceted influence on key intracellular signaling pathways, which are crucial in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and insulin signaling. Genistein’s anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and metabolic regulatory properties position it as a promising candidate for T2DM intervention. This review synthesizes current research spanning preclinical studies and clinical trials, emphasizing genistein’s impact on insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism, and inflammatory markers. Additionally, this review addresses genistein’s bioavailability, safety, and potential influence on gut microbiota composition. By consolidating these findings, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of genistein’s therapeutic potential in T2DM management, offering valuable insights for future research and clinical practice.
Influence of Aluminum Incorporation on the Adsorptive Performance of Silica-Based Supported Sulfonic Acid for the Chemical Recovery of Gaseous O-Xylene
Authors: Wang Yaxu , Chai Jiaxuan , Li Yining , Ma Zichuan
Published: February 2025

A group of silica-based supports with varying Al/Si ratios (S−x) was synthesized using the sol–gel method, followed by a chlorosulfonic acid modification to produce supported sulfonic acids (SA−x). The S−x and SA−x materials, along with their adsorption products, were characterized via techniques such as FTIR, BET, and HPLC-MS. The analysis revealed that the sulfonic acid groups in the SA−x materials existed in two anchoring states: the covalently bonded (CB) state [SiOx–O]ɗ−–SO3Hɗ+ and the ion-paired (IP) state AlOy+:OSO3H−. The sulfonation reactivity of the CB-state sulfonic acid was enhanced, whereas that of the IP-state counterpart was diminished. The incorporation of a minor quantity of aluminum ions (x = 0.1) markedly enhanced the adsorption efficiency of SAs for o-xylene, extending the reaction temperature range to 110–190 °C and increasing the breakthrough adsorption capacity (QB) to 946.1 mg g−1. However, excessive aluminum ion incorporation was detrimental to the adsorption performance of SAs for o-xylene. SA−0.1 showed superior adsorptive capabilities and excellent recyclability, maintaining its performance over four consecutive adsorption/regeneration cycles with only a minor decrease of 4.5%. These findings suggest that SAs prepared with a minor amount of aluminum ions have significant potential for application as adsorbents for the removal of benzene series pollutants.
Spherical Amides with C3 Symmetry: Improved Synthetic Approach and Structural/Optical Analysis
Authors: Koike Daiki , Masu Hyuma , Uno Haruka , Kikkawa Shoko , Hikawa Hidemasa , Azumaya Isao
Published: February 2025

A spherical amide with C3 symmetry was synthesized by a one-step cyclization reaction using triphenylphosphine and hexachloroethane as coupling reagents. This method enabled synthesis of N-benzyl and N-allyl derivatives, which could not be obtained by the previously reported method. The optical resolution of each compound was measured, and their electronic circular dichroism spectra revealed that they were mirror images. The high structural symmetry resulted in a higher Δε (molar absorption difference against right or left circular polarization: εL − εR value compared to that of another structural isomer synthesized previously. The absolute structure of the enantiopure crystal of the N-benzyl derivative was determined using the Flack parameter obtained by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Potential of Nb2O5 as a Catalyst in Biodiesel Production: A Study with Different Feedstock
Authors: Pereira Helder de Lucena , Silva Adriano Lima da , Luna Carlos Bruno Barreto , Figueiredo Joyce Salviano Barros de , Meneghetti Simoni Margareti Plentz , Costa Ana Cristina Figueiredo de Melo
Published: February 2025

The objective of this study was to evaluate the catalytic performance of commercial Nb2O5, supplied by CBMM, in the production of biodiesel by transesterification and esterification, using different feedstocks (soybean, corn, sunflower, and waste oils) and both methyl and ethyl routes. For this, the catalyst was characterized in terms of its crystal structure by X-ray diffraction (XRD), specific surface area using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) technique, thermal stability by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), acidity by ammonia desorption at programmed temperature (TPD-NH3), and catalytic activity by gas chromatography. The results from the structural analyses indicated that Nb2O5 has a single monoclinic phase and a morphology consisting of irregular agglomerates. The specific surface area was 1.3 m2/g, and its density was 4.639 g/cm3. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that the material has thermal stability, maintaining its structural integrity up to temperatures as high as 1000 °C. The total acidity reached 301 μmol NH3/g, indicating the presence of Brønsted and Lewis acidic sites. In catalytic tests, Nb2O5 showed higher efficiency in the methyl route, achieving an initial conversion of 96.43% in esters with soybean oil, outperforming other feedstocks. However, catalyst reuse over five cycles revealed a progressive decrease in catalytic activity, possibly due to blocking active sites by adsorbed products, as confirmed by FTIR and XRD analyses conducted on the catalyst. Despite decreased activity after the cycles, the catalyst maintained its crystal structure, indicating structural stability. These results demonstrate the potential of Nb2O5 as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production, particularly with the methyl route and high-quality oils. This study highlights the relevance of Nb2O5 in biodiesel synthesis, contributing to sustainable practices and technological advancement in the renewable energy sector.
Efficient Fluoride Removal Using a CeO2/Attapulgite (ATP) Composite
Authors: Zhu Jianguo , Chen Yeting , Xiao Xin
Published: February 2025

In this study, a CeO2/attapulgite (ATP) composite was synthesized via a straightforward hydrothermal method to efficiently remove excess fluoride from water. The structural and surface properties of the synthesized adsorbent were systematically characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The fluoride adsorption capacity of the CeO2/ATP composite was systematically evaluated, reaching a maximum of 47.84 mg/g. Kinetic analysis revealed that fluoride uptake followed a pseudo-second-order model, suggesting a chemisorption-dominated process. Furthermore, isothermal adsorption experiments conducted within a concentration range of 10 mg/L to 260 mg/L demonstrated that the adsorption process fit the Langmuir isotherm model. To evaluate the potential for commercial use, five consecutive reusability tests were performed, showing a sustained adsorption capacity of 30.2 mg/g. The CeO2/ATP composite demonstrates effective fluoride removal capabilities and good recyclability, highlighting its potential for practical applications in water treatment.
Changes in Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Markers, and Lipid Profile After a 6-Week High-Antioxidant-Capacity Dietary Intervention in CVD Patients
Authors: Czlapka-Matyasik Magdalena , Wadolowska Lidia , Gut Paweł , Gramza-Michałowska Anna
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Increased dietary antioxidant capacity is a good means of lowering oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk. Established antioxidant capacity doses should be tested using dietary intervention. Methods: We analysed the influence of a high-antioxidant-capacity diet on oxidative stress (OS) and inflammatory and lipid profile in CVD (cardiovascular disease) subjects with initially low (LowA) and high (HighA) antioxidant capacity markers. It was an experimental study with a 6-week dietary intervention (DI). Forty-eight CVD patients completed the DI. Blood and urine samples were collected, and anthropometric measurements were taken. Dietary data were collected using a multi-day food record method. α-tocopherol, β-carotene, and retinol were chosen as antioxidant capacity markers; F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoP), oxidised low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL), and uric acid (UA) were used as OS markers; and interleukin 6 (IL-6) and high-sensitivity C-reactive proteins (hs-CRP) were used as inflammatory markers. Total cholesterol, low- and high-density lipoproteins, and triglycerides (TCHOL, LDL, HDL, TRI) as lipid profiles were analysed. Two groups of subjects with LowA and HighA profiles were identified. Results: The total dietary antioxidant capacity intake during DI was increased by 56%. In the total sample, the DI increased β-carotene, retinol, and UA, and decreased IL-6 oxLDL. The LowA group exhibited increased β-carotene, α-tocopherol, retinol, and decreased IL-6. The HighA group exhibited increased β-carotene and decreased IL-6, F2-IsoP, oxLDL, and oxLDL/LDL ratio. In the HighA group, compared to the LowA group, greater decreases in α-tocopherol and F2-IsoP were found. In both groups, inflammatory markers (IL-6) decreased, and β-carotene increased. Conclusions: The DI results depended on the antioxidant capacity profile at baseline; nevertheless, the established DI including selected antioxidative snacks significantly decrease oxidative stress and improve antioxidant capacity. Further research on diet natural antioxidant supplementation needs to be continued.
The Effects of Photodynamic Therapy on Genetically Determined Glioma Syndromes Associated with an Increased Risk of Disease
Authors: Inglot Jadwiga , Strzelczyk Joanna Katarzyna , Tylutki Jakub , Bartusik-Aebisher Dorota , Aebisher David
Published: February 2025

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective method of preventing the progression of cancer. The PDT method guarantees localized generation of singlet oxygen (1O2), which is toxic to the cells. Therefore, this treatment, also called light-activated chemotherapy, is particularly useful for tumors whose location is difficult to access but needs to be known. Therefore, PDT may be an alternative method to the surgical removal of the tumor by replacing the scalpel tool with three factors, i.e., light, a photosensitizer and oxygen, to generate singlet oxygen in the cell. Herein, primary brain tumors that probably originate from neuroglial stem or progenitor cells are discussed. In this review, we have included current information on the use of PDT in the treatment of gliomas in the context of genetics. We have mainly focused on the study of the use of PDT in patients with genetic syndromes that are associated with an increased risk of glioma. The review also uses information on genetic syndromes that are important for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with glioma. We discuss the association between brain tumors and a few genetic abnormalities. In this review, we highlight the molecular mechanism of human cell response to PDT based on the literature data. In treated samples, significant changes in gene expression were noted after PDT.
Intravenous vs. Oral Dose Comparison of Ibuprofen and Tramadol Combinations—Enantiomers, Metabolite, Linearity, and Sex-Related Effects: A Pharmacokinetics Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Portolés-Díez Carmen , Salas-Butrón María Rosario , Ascaso-del-Rio Ana , Rivas-Paterna Ana B. , Laredo-Velasco Leonor , Calandria Carlos , Sanz Nuria , Bergeron Annik , Santé Luis , Vargas-Castrillón Emilio , Portolés-Pérez Antonio
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Using a combination of analgesics allows for the use of lower doses of each, therefore, lowering risk of side effects. The study aims to estimate the bioavailability (pharmacokinetics of enantiomers and metabolites, as well as linearity and sex-related effects) of fixed doses combinations of Ibuprofen/Tramadol via an intravenous (IV) vs. oral route, and it is interesting to bridge the gap of equipotent doses by different routes. Methods: This was a randomized, open-label, crossover, five-period pharmacokinetics clinical trial, in which a single dose of each formulation [four different strengths of Ibuprofen 400 mg/Tramadol HCl (30, 31.5, 33, 37.5 mg), intravenous; Ibuprofen/Tramadol HCl 400 mg/37.5 mg, granules for oral solution], were administered to healthy volunteers. Enantiomers of Ibuprofen, of Tramadol, and of its main active metabolite O-desmethyl-Tramadol (M1) were measured, and pharmacokinetic parameters (maximal concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration curve (AUC)) were estimated. Given the exploratory nature of the study, the sample size was small to provide sufficient power for comparisons of differences across all subgroups. The study was registered at Spanish register of clinical trials (REec), EudraCT code: 2017-001303-77. Results: Twelve subjects were recruited. Different patterns of rate and amount of the studied analytes are shown for oral and the several strengths of IV drugs tested. Ibuprofen, with an absolute oral bioavailability of 91%, showed an equivalent AUC of oral and IV administration. Tramadol showed an absolute oral bioavailability of 80%. Conclusions: Intravenous administration of Tramadol produces higher bioavailability (Cmax and AUClast) of the parent drug and lower of M1, than oral route. Dose normalized Cmax and AUClast of Tramadol and M1 were into the bioequivalence interval. Upon our pharmacokinetics study results, the intravenous dose of Tramadol should not be reduced when switching from oral dosing. No significant differences attributable to sex, once corrected by weight, were found.
Information Entropy and Its Periodic Features in Hermite–Gaussian Correlated Schell-Model Beams in a Gradient-Index Fiber
Authors: Yu Jiayi , Huang Jifei , Liu Ruilin , Wu Jidong , Peng Xiaofeng , Cai Yangjian , Zhu Xinlei
Published: February 2025

This paper investigates the evolution of information entropy (IE) in Hermite–Gaussian correlated Schell-model (HGcSM) beams propagating through a gradient-index (GRIN) fiber using Shannon information theory. Our results reveal that the IE of such beams evolves periodically, with the beam order significantly influencing its initial distribution. Compared with traditional Gaussian Schell-model beams, HGcSM beams exhibit more complex IE dynamics, characterized by periodically emerging low-entropy regions whose IE decreases with increasing beam order. Furthermore, the fiber’s central refractive index and core radius strongly affect the evolution period and fluctuation amplitude of IE. These findings provide a theoretical basis for optimizing partially coherent beams in optical fiber applications.
Unraveling the Evolutionary Tales of Yunnanopilia longistaminea (Opiliaceae): Insights from Genetic Diversity, Climate Adaptation, and Conservation Strategies
Authors: Yang Guansong , Yang Liu , Shen Shikang , Wang Yuehua , Wang Yuying
Published: February 2025

The evolutionary history of Yunnanopilia longistaminea, a vulnerable plant endemic to the Yuanjiang-Honghe River Valley in southwestern China, was investigated using cpDNA and nrDNA sequences along with ecological niche modeling. Understanding the genetic diversity and population structure of Y. longistaminea is crucial for developing effective conservation strategies and managing its genetic resources. This study comprehensively sampled 295 individuals from 16 populations, which represent the species’ entire global distribution range, ensuring a thorough and representative analysis of its genetic diversity and population structure. The results revealed high genetic diversity and population structure, with significant genetic differentiation among populations. Specifically, the total nucleotide diversity was 2.40 × 10−3 for cpDNA and 1.51 × 10−3 for nrDNA, while the total haplotype diversity was 0.605 for cpDNA and 0.526 for nrDNA. The divergence time of ancestral haplotypes of Y. longistaminea was estimated to be around 2.19 million years ago based on nrDNA and 2.72 million years ago based on cpDNA. These divergence times are comparable to those of other ancient plant species, suggesting a long evolutionary history. The population size of Y. longistaminea was found to have significantly declined around 30,000 years ago. The current distribution model suggests that Y. longistaminea primarily inhabits the warm temperate zone of China, and the LGM distribution model predicts a concentration of the species in Yuanjiang-Honghe River Valley in southwestern China. This study concludes that the southwestern region of China may have served as a glacial refuge for Y. longistaminea. These findings suggest that establishing protected areas in these regions and creating gene banks for ex situ conservation could be effective strategies to preserve the genetic diversity of Y. longistaminea. Further research on its population dynamics and genetic adaptation to climate change is valuable for understanding the species’ evolutionary history and conservation.
Cadmium and Copper Stress Responses in Soapbark Tree (Quillaja saponaria): Effects on Growth, Metal Accumulation, Saponin Concentration, and Gene Expression
Authors: Lazo Javiera , Tapia Jaime , Guerra Fernando P.
Published: February 2025

Heavy metals such as Cu and Cd are important pollutants. Quillay (Quillaja saponaria) is a tree species endemic to Chile that is of worldwide commercial interest due to its saponins. It can grow on contaminated sites. However, the biological mechanisms underlying its defensive responses remain elusive. This study aimed to characterize Quillay plants under Cu and Cd stress and identify mechanisms controlling their interaction with these metals. We subjected six-month-old plants to Cu (75, 150, and 300 μM) and Cd (20, 40, and 80 μM) in hydroponics for a week and assessed growth, metal accumulation, saponin production, and the expression of a suite of stress-induced genes. Those genes are related to phytochelatins (PCS) and metallothioneins (MT), the antioxidant system (GS and GR), and metal transporters (COPT1). The results indicated that both metals were accumulated mainly in roots, with 339.9 and 433.8 mg/kg DW, for Cd and Cu, respectively, exhibiting a metal excluder pattern. Cd increased the length of the principal root. Higher doses of Cd and Cu augmented the saponin content (62.8% and 41.2% compared to control, respectively). The genes GS, GR, and COPT1 modified their transcriptional levels depending on the metal and organ evaluated. These results provide evidence of specific defensive responses of this species against heavy metal stress, which is helpful to guide new research efforts and support the development of strategies for using Quillay for phytoremediation.
Breeding Potential for Increasing Carbon Sequestration via Rhizomatous Grain Sorghum
Authors: Zheng Yaojie , Hays Dirk B. , Jessup Russell W. , Zhang Bo
Published: February 2025

Rhizomes, key carbon sequestration sinks in perennial crops, are hypothesized to exhibit a trade-off with grain yield. This study evaluated rhizomatous grain sorghum populations for increasing carbon sequestration potential. Twelve F3:4 heterogeneous inbred families (HIFs) from a Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum propinquum (Kunth) Hitchc cross were tested in a greenhouse, and two F4:5 HIF progenies were field tested. Traits measured included rhizome biomass, root biomass, total belowground biomass, and grain yield. Rhizome biomass showed high heritability (0.723) and correlated strongly with belowground biomass (r1 = 0.95; r2 = 0.97) in both F4:5 HIFs, suggesting the potential of rhizomes to sequester carbon. Contrary to the hypothesized trade-off, a positive relationship between rhizome biomass and grain yield was observed, potentially via rhizome-derived shoots, and individual plants pyramiding high rhizome biomass, biomass yield, and grain yield were also identified. Using bulked segregant analysis (BSA), twenty simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers linked to eight genomic regions associated with rhizome presence were identified, with five regions potentially being novel. This study suggests that breeding rhizomatous grain sorghum with high rhizome biomass could enhance carbon sequestration while preserving agronomic yields, offering new insights for future breeding and mapping initiatives.
A Method for Demonstrating the Cytolysin/Hemolysin of Enterococcus faecalis Isolates of Poultry Origin
Authors: Reynolds Donald L. , Simpson E. Barry , Hille Matthew M.
Published: February 2025

Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a ubiquitous microbe occurring in the environment and in the intestinal tract of poultry. E. faecalis has been identified in cases of egg infertility and/or decreased hatchability and can cause amyloid arthropathy in older laying chickens. E. faecalis produces cytolysin, a bacterial exotoxin that can cause lysis of erythrocytes. It has been difficult to demonstrate this virulence trait using conventional culture methods with sheep blood agar. A 96-well microplate hemolysis assay, along with a culture method incorporating glucose and L-arginine into the culture media, is described that demonstrates the production of cytolysin in E. faecalis isolates of avian origin. Additionally, the results show that horse and sheep erythrocytes were susceptible to lysis by the E. faecalis cytolysin, but cow and chicken erythrocytes were less susceptible.
Cross-Region Data Transmission Channel State Prediction Method Based on Service Traffic Thermal Characteristics
Authors: Li Yue , Li Xinhao , Liu Anjiang , Wu Runze , Guo Haobo , Zhu Qiongke
Published: February 2025

At present, the cross-region end-to-end communication of a power distribution network relies on heterogeneous networks such as carrier networks and power fiber networks to support the specialization of relay nodes, and the corresponding state volatility increases abruptly. Furthermore, the corresponding state information is often difficult to obtain in full in real-time, which leads to difficulty in predicting the channel state, and it is not possible to reasonably guide the joint deployment of sensing, communication, and computing resources. Therefore, this study proposes a cross-region data transmission channel state prediction method based on the thermal characteristics of the service traffic. Firstly, this study establishes a cross-region end-to-end data transmission system model for a new type of power distribution system, then refers to the relevant theory of thermodynamics, proposes an evaluation method of the thermal characteristics of the service traffic adapted to the multi-timescale, and finally designs the channel anomaly state evaluation function. Then, based on the thermal characteristics of the historical service traffic, the future state of the specified channel based on the LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) neural network is predicted. Finally, the channel anomalous state assessment function is designed to accurately predict the future channel state under the specified time scale based on the thermal characteristics of the historical service traffic and based on the LSTM neural network. Simulation analysis shows that the proposed service traffic characteristic model can reasonably quantitatively characterize the change of channel state and accurately predict the state of inter-regional data transmission.