bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subcutaneous Anterior Transposition Versus Decompression and Medial Epicondylectomy for the Treatment of Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: Capo John T. , Jacob Glen , Maurer Robert J. , Nourbakhsh Ali , Preston Jared S.
Published: November 2011

A review of the literature often fails to uncover the best procedure for the treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome. This article compares 2 frequently used methods (subcutaneous anterior transposition vs decompression and medial epicondylectomy) for their effectiveness in relieving both subjective and objective symptoms of cubital tunnel syndrome. Between August 1991 and October 1993, nineteen patients underwent surgical decompression by a single surgeon for ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Factors evaluated included upper extremity range of motion, elbow valgus stress, grip strength, pinch, 2-point discrimination, and pre- and postoperative nerve conduction. A standardized questionnaire was administered to assess subjective relief of symptoms.

In the transposition group, grip strength averaged 71.2% of normal and pinch strength 86.6% of normal, and 2-point discrimination averaged 8.0 mm. The derived subjective assessment score was 23.2 of a possible 40. The average ulnar motor conduction velocity across the elbow was 50.1 m/sec preoperatively and 56.3 m/sec postoperatively. In the medial epicondylectomy group, grip strength averaged 79.5% of normal and pinch strength 81.7% of normal, and 2-point discrimination averaged 8.0 mm. The average ulnar motor conduction velocity across the elbow was 45.7 m/sec preoperatively and 55.7 m/sec postoperatively. No statistically significant difference existed between the 2 groups for the aforementioned indexes. These results do not indicate a difference between the outcomes of the patients undergoing either of the procedures. Because epicondylectomy is less technically demanding, with less soft tissue dissection of the nerve, it may be preferred over ulnar transposition.
A Review of the Methods, Interpretation, and Limitations of the Urine Drug Screen
Authors: Markway E. Claire , Baker Stephanie N.
Published: November 2011

Toxicology screens are used to detect the presence of prescription, nonprescription, or illicit substances. These tests are used in emergency situations to detect intentional or accidental overdose, to monitor drug dependency, and to screen for medical or legal purposes. An initial immunoassay reports qualitative results based on established cut-off concentrations. As a screening test, the initial immunoassay is less sensitive and therefore must be interpreted in the context of confounding variables such as the testing method, the substance being screened, and patient-specific characteristics. Either gas chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography can be used to confirm positive results.
Subtle Injuries to the Lisfranc Joint
Authors: Rosenbaum Andrew , Dellenbaugh Samuel , DiPreta John , Uhl Richard
Published: November 2011

The tarsometatarsal joint complex is an osseous and capsuloligamentous network that includes the 5 metatarsals, their articulations with the cuneiforms and cuboid, and the Lisfranc ligament, a strong interosseous attachment between the medial cuneiform and second metatarsal. A multitude of injury patterns exist involving the tarsometatarsal joint complex; a Lisfranc injury does not delineate a specific injury, but instead a spectrum of processes involving the tarsometatarsal joint complex.
Malignant Mixed Tumor of the Soft Tissue Occurring After Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Tomoeda Miki , Yuki Michiko , Kubo Chiaki , Yoshizawa Hidenori , Kitamura Masanori , Nagata Shigenori , Hamada Kenichiro , Joyama Susumu , Araki Nobuhito , Tomita Yasuhiko
Published: November 2011

A 70-year-old woman developed a malignant mixed tumor of the soft tissue 2 years after total knee arthroplasty. A 5×3×3-cm elastic hard tumor at the lateral side of the surgical scar was resected. The tumor showed focal infiltration into surrounding adipose and fibrous tissues, focal necrosis, and vascular infiltration. It was diagnosed as malignant. Mixed tumor, or myoepithelioma, of the soft tissue is a relatively rare tumor that was recently recognized as a disease entity; the vast spectrum of myoepithelial cell differentiation and the resultant morphologic diversity might increase the difficulty of the histological diagnosis. Postoperatively, the patient did not receive adjuvant therapy and no recurrence of the tumor was observed for 6 years. Range of motion of her left knee is −5° extension and 90° flexion; however, her activities of daily living are restricted because of general fatigue, partly due to hepatoma and chemotherapy.

Despite the increase of artificial implant use worldwide, reports of peri-implant tumor formation are rare. Although we do not know the exact mechanism of tumor genesis, we consider the fibroblast formation in the routine healing process to be a possible mechanism. Further investigation is necessary to identify coexisting factors that increase the risk of tumor formation after implantation.
Lumbar Diskal Cyst Containing Intervertebral Disk Materials
Authors: Tsuchie Hiroyuki , Nishi Tomio , Tani Takayuki , Maekawa Shigeto , Shimada Yoichi
Published: November 2011

The diskal cyst is a relatively new clinical entity and develops clinical symptoms of a unilateral single nerve root lesion. Although many cases of diskal cyst have been reported, the pathogenesis of diskal cyst remains unclear, and several theories regarding the pathogenesis have been proposed. This article presents 2 cases of diskal cyst communicating with an adjacent herniated disk. Magnetic resonance imaging findings showed diskal cysts in the epidural space of the lumbar spine. Surgical resection was performed, and apparent connections between the corresponding disk and cysts were found. Histopathologic examinations of the cyst wall demonstrated cartilaginous tissue including nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosis. These patient’s symptoms improved remarkably postoperatively, and there was no recurrence of diskal cyst.

The hypothesis supported by many authors is hemorrhage from the epidural venous plexus. Diskal cysts arise first from an underlying intervertebral disk injury that causes an annulus fibrosis fissure in the posterior intervertebral disk. Hemorrhage from the epidural venous plexus with a rich blood flow then occurs in the space between the peridural membrane and vertebral body. However, in our cases, we confirmed that the diskal cyst could have developed from the resorption process of an intervertebral disk herniation. Only 5 cases of diskal cyst demonstrating the presence of cartilaginous tissue in the cyst have been reported. Our 2 cases are rare and support the hypothesis of resorption of intervertebral disk herniation.
Pyogenic Cervical Spondylitis Caused by
Pasteurella haemolytica
Attributed to Excessive Contact With Dogs
Authors: Machino Masaaki , Yukawa Yasutsugu , Ito Keigo , Nakashima Hiroaki , Kanbara Shunsuke , Morita Daigo , Kato Fumihiko
Published: November 2011

The bacterium
Pasteurella haemolytica
is resident in the oral cavities of dogs and cats and is often a cause of zoonotic infection. However, it is rare for it to be the pathogenic bacteria behind pyogenic spondylitis, and few studies have been conducted on it. This article reports a case of pyogenic cervical spondylitis thought to be caused by excessive contact with pet dogs.

A 52-year-old man reported neck pain and pain in the right upper limb. He was admitted after plain radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging suggested pyogenic spondylitis.
Pasteurella haemolytica
was detected by needle aspiration biopsy of the intervertebral disk. Because the patient owned 2 dogs and frequently kissed them on the mouth, the cause of infection was thought to be excessive contact with pet dogs. Symptoms were alleviated with bed rest and administration of antibiotics with a higher sensitivity to this bacterium.
Medial and Lateral Segond Fractures in a Skeletally Immature Patient: A Radiographic Marker for the Multiply Injured Knee
Authors: Kwon Oh Soo , Park Min Jung , Tjoumakaris Fotios P.
Published: November 2011

Marginal fractures of the medial tibial plateau have been reported in the literature as a secondary type of Segond fracture. Some reports described this entity in the setting of combined injuries such as root avulsions of the medial meniscus, complete disruption of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), partial tear of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and tears of the medial meniscus and medial collateral ligament. It has been postulated that medial marginal fractures are secondary to compression of the medial aspect of the femoral condyle and tibial plateau with a corresponding posterolateral corner injury. However, this mechanism of injury may not always be as straightforward.

This article presents a case of an alternate injury pattern in a skeletally immature patient. A 16-year-old boy sustained a varus force and twisting injury to his knee, resulting in radiographic evidence of multiple avulsion fractures of the knee, including a fibular epiphyseal avulsion fracture and medial and lateral Segond fractures. Usually, the avulsion fractures serve as markers for significant ligamentous injuries in adult patients, but our patient had minimal injury to the PCL, ACL, and posterolateral corner. Further physical examination and imaging studies revealed an anterior horn root avulsion, meniscocapsular separation, and anterior cortical rim fracture. A combination of imaging modalities helped us further characterize the injury pattern to devise the optimal surgical plan, especially the fixation of the anterior cortical fracture of the tibia.
Treatment of Severe Hand Deformities Caused by Epidermolysis Bullosa
Authors: Tian Feng , Li Bin , Tian Li-Jie
Published: November 2011

Little research has been done regarding the treatment of severe hand deformities caused by epidermolysis bullosa. A 14-year-old boy was diagnosed with congenital epidermolysis bullosa. He was treated in our hospital several times, but the pathogenetic condition worsened. On examination, both hands were clenched fists and had scar formation. Skin fusion was observed between the 5 fingers. Nails were absent and the thumb was in the fist. His fingers were short, and active and passive flexion and extension could not be performed. The right hand was treated first. After the adhesions were separated, we found that the 5 fingers were connected by dermis. After the dermis was separated and the hand was fixed in the extension position, there were small cutaneous deficiencies. The fingers were fixed in the functional position with Kirschner wires. The wound surface was covered with self-made aureomycin ointment gauze. After regular dressing changes for 6 weeks, the wound surface was completely healed. After 3 months of rehabilitation training, most hand function was recovered.

Based on our findings in this case, when treating patients with epidermolysis bullosa, physicians must carefully observe whether enough dermis exists to avoid an unnecessary skin graft. We also found that the quality of skin used in skingrafting is questionable due to pathological changes in the skin. If there is enough dermis and the cutaneous deficiency is smaller after contracture release, the covering of drug dressings on the cutaneous deficiency is more conducive to the recovery of limb function and the reduction of damage to the donor sites.
SAP-Mediated Inhibition of Diacylglycerol Kinase α Regulates TCR-Induced Diacylglycerol Signaling
Authors: Baldanzi Gianluca , Pighini Andrea , Bettio Valentina , Rainero Elena , Traini Sara , Chianale Federica , Porporato Paolo E. , Filigheddu Nicoletta , Mesturini Riccardo , Song Shuping , Schweighoffer Tamas , Patrussi Laura , Baldari Cosima T. , Zhong Xiao-Ping , van Blitterswijk Wim J. , Sinigaglia Fabiola , Nichols Kim E. , Rubio Ignacio , Parolini Ornella , Graziani Andrea
Published: November 2011

Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) metabolize diacylglycerol to phosphatidic acid. In T lymphocytes, DGKα acts as a negative regulator of TCR signaling by decreasing diacylglycerol levels and inducing anergy. In this study, we show that upon costimulation of the TCR with CD28 or signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM), DGKα, but not DGKζ, exits from the nucleus and undergoes rapid negative regulation of its enzymatic activity. Inhibition of DGKα is dependent on the expression of SAP, an adaptor protein mutated in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease, which is essential for SLAM-mediated signaling and contributes to TCR/CD28-induced signaling and T cell activation. Accordingly, overexpression of SAP is sufficient to inhibit DGKα, whereas SAP mutants unable to bind either phospho-tyrosine residues or SH3 domain are ineffective. Moreover, phospholipase C activity and calcium, but not Src-family tyrosine kinases, are also required for negative regulation of DGKα. Finally, inhibition of DGKα in SAP-deficient cells partially rescues defective TCR/CD28 signaling, including Ras and ERK1/2 activation, protein kinase Cθ membrane recruitment, induction of NF-AT transcriptional activity, and IL-2 production. Thus SAP-mediated inhibition of DGKα sustains diacylglycerol signaling, thereby regulating T cell activation, and it may represent a novel pharmacological strategy for X-linked lymphoproliferative disease treatment.
A Critical Role for Macrophages in Promotion of Urethane-Induced Lung Carcinogenesis
Authors: Zaynagetdinov Rinat , Sherrill Taylor P. , Polosukhin Vasiliy V. , Han Wei , Ausborn Jamie A. , McLoed Allyson G. , McMahon Frank B. , Gleaves Linda A. , Degryse Amber L. , Stathopoulos Georgios T. , Yull Fiona E. , Blackwell Timothy S.
Published: November 2011

Macrophages have established roles in tumor growth and metastasis, but information about their role in lung tumor promotion is limited. To assess the role of macrophages in lung tumorigenesis, we developed a method of minimally invasive, long-term macrophage depletion by repetitive intratracheal instillation of liposomal clodronate. Compared with controls treated with repetitive doses of PBS-containing liposomes, long-term macrophage depletion resulted in a marked reduction in tumor number and size at 4 mo after a single i.p. injection of the carcinogen urethane. After urethane treatment, lung macrophages developed increased M1 macrophage marker expression during the first 2–3 wk, followed by increased M2 marker expression by week 6. Using a strategy to reduce alveolar macrophages during tumor initiation and early promotion stages (weeks 1–2) or during late promotion and progression stages (weeks 4–16), we found significantly fewer and smaller lung tumors in both groups compared with controls. Late-stage macrophage depletion reduced VEGF expression and impaired vascular growth in tumors. In contrast, early-stage depletion of alveolar macrophages impaired urethane-induced NF-κB activation in the lungs and reduced the development of premalignant atypical adenomatous hyperplasia lesions at 6 wk after urethane injection. Together, these studies elucidate an important role for macrophages in lung tumor promotion and indicate that these cells have distinct roles during different stages of lung carcinogenesis.
Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein Pglyrp2 Protects Mice from Psoriasis-like Skin Inflammation by Promoting Regulatory T Cells and Limiting Th17 Responses
Authors: Park Shin Yong , Gupta Dipika , Hurwich Risa , Kim Chang H. , Dziarski Roman
Published: November 2011

Skin protects the body from the environment and is an important component of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Psoriasis is a frequent inflammatory skin disease of unknown cause determined by multigenic predisposition, environmental factors, and aberrant immune response. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (Pglyrps) are expressed in the skin, and we report in this article that they modulate sensitivity in an experimentally induced mouse model of psoriasis. We demonstrate that Pglyrp2−/− mice (but not Pglyrp3−/− and Pglyrp4−/− mice) are more sensitive to the development of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate–induced psoriasis-like inflammation, whereas Pglyrp1−/− mice are less sensitive. The mechanism underlying this increased sensitivity of Pglyrp2−/− mice to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate–induced psoriasis-like inflammation is reduced recruitment of regulatory T cells to the skin and enhanced production and activation of Th17 cells in the skin in Pglyrp2−/− mice, which results in more severe inflammation and keratinocyte proliferation. Thus, in wild type mice, Pglyrp2 limits overactivation of Th17 cells by promoting accumulation of regulatory T cells at the site of inflammation, which protects the skin from the exaggerated inflammatory response.
Characterization of a Human Cervical CD4+ T Cell Subset Coexpressing Multiple Markers of HIV Susceptibility
Authors: McKinnon Lyle R. , Nyanga Billy , Chege Duncan , Izulla Preston , Kimani Makobu , Huibner Sanja , Gelmon Lawrence , Block Katharine E. , Cicala Claudia , Anzala A. Omu , Arthos James , Kimani Joshua , Kaul Rupert
Published: November 2011

The HIV pandemic disproportionately affects women, with most infections acquired through receptive vaginal sex. Although the target cells by which HIV establishes infection in the female genital tract remain poorly defined, it is known that immune activation results in CD4+ T cells with enhanced susceptibility, as does expression of the mucosal integrin α4β7 and the HIV coreceptor CCR5. Blood and cervical cytobrush specimens were collected from female sex workers (FSWs) in Nairobi, Kenya. Genital infection diagnostics were performed, T cell populations were defined by multiparameter flow cytometry based on their expression of surface receptors relevant to mucosal homing and/or HIV acquisition, and cytokine production was assayed by intracellular cytokine staining. The integrin α4β7 was expressed on 26.0% of cervical CD4+ T cells, and these cells were more likely to express both the HIV coreceptor CCR5 (p < 0.0001) and the early activation marker CD69 (p < 0.0001) but not CXCR4 (p = 0.34). Cervical Th17 frequencies were enhanced compared with blood (7.02 versus 1.24%; p < 0.0001), and cervical IL-17A+ CD4+ T cells preferentially coexpressed α4β7 and CCR5. Expression of IFN-γ and IL-22 was greater in cervical Th17 cells than in blood Th17 cells. In keeping with the hypothesis that these cells are preferential HIV targets, gp120 preferentially bound CCR5+ cervical T cells, and cervical Th17 cells were almost completely depleted in HIV+ FSWs compared with HIV− FSWs. In summary, a subset of Th17 CD4+ T cells in the cervical mucosa coexpresses multiple HIV susceptibility markers; their dramatic depletion after HIV infection suggests that these may serve as key target cells during HIV transmission.
Antimicrobial Peptides Inhibit Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid-Induced Immune Responses
Authors: Hasan Maroof , Ruksznis Catarina , Wang Yan , Leifer Cynthia Anne
Published: November 2011

Viral proteins and nucleic acids stimulate TLRs to elicit production of cytokines, chemokines, and IFNs. Because of their immunostimulatory activity, several TLR agonists are being developed as vaccine adjuvants and cancer immunotherapeutics. However, TLR signaling is modified by disease state, which could enhance or impair therapeutic efficacy. For example, in the skin of psoriasis patients, the human cationic antimicrobial peptide LL37 is highly expressed and binds to host DNA. Association with LL37 enhances DNA uptake into intracellular compartments, where it stimulates TLR9-dependent overproduction of IFNs. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), an analog of viral dsRNA, is recognized by TLR3 and is currently in preclinical trials as an inducer of type I IFN. If LL37 similarly enhanced IFN production, use of poly(I:C) might be contraindicated in certain conditions where LL37 is elevated. In this study, we show that TLR3 signaling was not enhanced, but was dramatically inhibited, by LL37 or mouse cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide in macrophages, microglial cells, and dendritic cells. Inhibition correlated with formation of a strong complex between antimicrobial peptides and poly(I:C), which partially inhibited poly(I:C) binding to TLR3. Therefore, after injury or during existing acute or chronic inflammation, when LL37 levels are elevated, the therapeutic activity of poly(I:C) will be compromised. Our findings highlight the importance of using caution when therapeutically delivering nucleic acids as immunomodulators.
Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Is Critical for the Homing and Retention of Marginal Zone B Lineage Cells and for Efficient T-Independent Immune Responses
Authors: Basu Sreemanti , Ray Avijit , Dittel Bonnie N.
Published: November 2011

The endocannabinoid system has emerged as an important regulator of immune responses, with the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) and its principle ligand 2-archidonoylglycerol playing a major role. How CB2 regulates B cell functions is not clear, even though they express the highest levels of CB2 among immune cell subsets. In this study, we show that CB2-deficient mice have a significant reduction in the absolute number of marginal zone (MZ) B cells and their immediate precursor, transitional-2 MZ precursor. The loss of MZ lineage cells in CB2−/− mice was shown to be B cell intrinsic using bone marrow chimeras and was not due to a developmental or functional defect as determined by B cell phenotype, proliferation, and Ig production. Furthermore, CB2−/− B cells were similar to wild type in their apoptosis, cell turnover, and BCR and Notch-2 signaling. We then demonstrated that CB2−/− MZ lineage B cells were less efficient at homing to the MZ and that their subsequent retention was also regulated by CB2. CB2−/− mice immunized with T-independent Ags produced significantly less Ag-specific IgM. This study demonstrates that CB2 positively regulates T-independent immune responses by controlling the localization and positioning of MZ lineage cells to the MZ.
Pilot Clinical Trial of Type 1 Dendritic Cells Loaded with Autologous Tumor Lysates Combined with GM-CSF, Pegylated IFN, and Cyclophosphamide for Metastatic Cancer Patients
Authors: Alfaro Carlos , Perez-Gracia Jose L. , Suarez Natalia , Rodriguez Javier , Fernandez de Sanmamed Miguel , Sangro Bruno , Martin-Algarra Salvador , Calvo Alfonso , Redrado Miriam , Agliano Alice , Gonzalez Alvaro , Rodriguez Inmaculada , Bolaños Elixabet , Hervás-Stubbs Sandra , Perez-Calvo Javier , Benito Alberto , Peñuelas Ivan , Vigil Carmen , Richter José , Martinez-Forero Ivan , Melero Ignacio
Published: November 2011

Twenty-four patients with metastatic cancer received two cycles of four daily immunizations with monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC). DC were incubated with preheated autologous tumor lysate and subsequently with IFN-α, TNF-α, and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid to attain type 1 maturation. One DC dose was delivered intranodally, under ultrasound control, and the rest intradermally in the opposite thigh. Cyclophosphamide (day −7), GM-CSF (days 1–4), and pegIFN alpha-2a (days 1 and 8) completed each treatment cycle. Pretreatment with cyclophosphamide decreased regulatory T cells to levels observed in healthy subjects both in terms of percentage and in absolute counts in peripheral blood. Treatment induced sustained elevations of IL-12 in serum that correlated with the output of IL-12p70 from cultured DC from each individual. NK activity in peripheral blood was increased and also correlated with the serum concentration of IL-12p70 in each patient. Circulating endothelial cells decreased in 17 of 18 patients, and circulating tumor cells markedly dropped in 6 of 19 cases. IFN-γ–ELISPOT responses to DC plus tumor lysate were observed in 4 of 11 evaluated cases. Tracing DC migration with [111In] scintigraphy showed that intranodal injections reached deeper lymphatic chains in 61% of patients, whereas with intradermal injections a small fraction of injected DC was almost constantly shown to reach draining inguinal lymph nodes. Five patients experienced disease stabilization, but no objective responses were documented. This combinatorial immunotherapy strategy is safe and feasible, and its immunobiological effects suggest potential activity in patients with minimal residual disease. A randomized trial exploring this hypothesis is currently ongoing.
Sound: Conceivably the creative language of God, holding all of creation in concert
Authors: Pretorius Mark
Published: November 2011

This paper revolved around the idea that sound within light is the primary medium God used to bring all of creation into existence (creatio). The theory is that the harmonic tones embedded within the initial spoken light of Genesis 1:3 are still reverberating within creation today (concursus) and can be used for the benefit of all (providentia). This simply means thatnature is providentially geared to move in a specific direction, according to God�s overall plan for everyone�s benefit.
Ricci Solitons and Geometry of Four-dimensional Non-reductive Homogeneous Spaces
Authors: Calvaruso Giovanni , Fino Anna
Published: November 2011

We study the geometry of non-reductive 4-dimensional homogeneous spaces. In particular, after describing their Levi-Civita connection and curvature properties, we classify homogeneous Ricci solitons on these spaces, proving the existence of shrinking, expanding and steady examples. For all the non-trivial examples we find, the Ricci operator is diagonalizable.
Equivariant Forms: Structure and Geometry
Authors: Elbasraoui Abdelkrim , Sebbar Abdellah
Published: November 2011

In this paper we study the notion of equivariant forms introduced in the authors' previous works. In particular, we completely classify all the equivariant forms for a subgroup of SL2(ℤ) by means of the cross-ratio, weight 2 modular forms, quasimodular forms, as well as differential forms of a Riemann surface and sections of a canonical line bundle.
Fin‐icky samples: an assessment of shark fin as a source material for stable isotope analysis
Authors: Hussey Nigel E. , Chapman Demian D. , Donnelly Erin , Abercrombie Debra L. , Fisk Aaron T.
Published: November 2011

Analyzing stable isotopes (SI: δ15N and δ13C) in a new tissue requires rigorous testing before its general application in examining aspects of animal ecology. Shark fin provides a novel, minor invasive source material, which is important considering the conservation status of many large sharks. Fin, however, is not a single tissue but composed of multiple tissues, primarily skin and cartilage. This may complicate the interpretation of SI, as fin can be sampled from multiple fins and different regions of a fin from an individual. Here, we examined the variation in δ15N and δ13C with sample location on the anal fin of Caribbean reef sharks (Carcharhinus perezi). Values of δ15N and δ13C were highly correlated across sampling locations indicating that mean population or size class fin SI data would be reliable. At the individual level, large variation in δ15N and δ13C between anal fin sampling locations indicates that the varying proportional contributions of tissues would complicate individual level analyses. For three pelagic shark species, dorsal fin δ13C values were consistently higher than δ13C muscle tissue values, identifying tissue‐specific diet discrimination factors. This would confound multiple tissue studies that assume that SI values across tissues will be equal if the animal is in equilibrium with its diet. Proposed sampling protocols for fin material will negate many of these issues, but caution is warranted for comparisons of SI data between shark fin and other tissues or across species until the isotope dynamics of fin have been experimentally validated.
Monitoring of the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic aerosol plume over the Iberian Peninsula by means of four EARLINET lidar stations
Authors: Sicard M. , Guerrero-Rascado J. L. , Navas-Guzmán F. , Preißler J. , Molero F. , Tomás S. , Bravo-Aranda J. A. , Comerón A. , Rocadenbosch F. , Wagner F. , Pujadas M. , Alados-Arboledas L.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. Lidar and sun-photometer measurements were performed intensively over the Iberian Peninsula (IP) during the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull volcano (Iceland) in April–May 2010. The volcanic plume hit all the IP stations for the first time on 5 May 2010. A thorough study of the event is conducted for the period 5–8 May. Firstly the spatial and temporal evolution of the plume is described by means of lidar and sun-photometer measurements supported with backtrajectories. The volcanic aerosol layers observed over the IP were rather thin (<1000 m) with a top height up to 11–12 km. The mean optical thicknesses associated to those layers were rather low (between 0.013 and 0.020 over the whole period). Punctually on 7 May the optical thickness reached peak values near 0.10. Secondly the volcanic aerosols are characterized in terms of extinction and backscatter coefficients, lidar ratios, Ångström exponents and linear particle depolarization ratio. Lidar ratios at different sites varied between 30 and 50 sr without a marked spectral dependency. Similar extinction-related Ångström exponents varying between 0.6 and 0.8 were observed at different sites. The temporal evolution of the backscatter-related Ångström exponents points out a possible decrease of the volcanic particle size as the plume moves from west to east. Particle depolarization ratios on the order of 0.06–0.08 confirmed the coexistence of both ash and non-ash particles. Additionally profiles of mass concentration were obtained with a method using the opposite depolarizing effects of ash particles (strongly depolarizing) and non-ash particles (very weakly depolarizing), and sun-photometer observations. In Granada the ash mass concentration was found approximately 1.5 higher than that of non-ash particles, and probably did not exceed the value of 200 μg m−3 during the whole event.
Rethinking the Role of Leadership in General Education Reform
Authors: Gano-Phillips Susan , Barnett Robert W. , Kelsch Anne , Hawthorne Joan , Mitchell Nancy D. , Jonson Jessica
Published: November 2011

This article addresses the importance of leadership in general education reform, using three case studies. We argue that campus leadership that fosters collaboration, trust, and a sense of stewardship among constituents is more likely to be successful in the challenging task of substantially reforming general education curricula.
On the Randić Index of Corona Product Graphs
Authors: Yero Ismael G. , Rodríguez-Velázquez Juan A.
Published: November 2011

Let G be a graph with vertex set V=(v1,v2,…,vn). Let δ(vi) be the degree of the vertex vi∈V. If the vertices vi1,vi2,…,vih+1 form a path of length h≥1 in the graph G, then the hth order Randić index Rh of G is defined as the sum of the terms 1/δ(vi1)δ(vi2)⋯δ(vih+1) over all paths of length h contained (as subgraphs) in G. Lower and upper bounds for Rh, in terms of the vertex degree sequence of its factors, are obtained for corona product graphs. Moreover, closed formulas are obtained when the factors are regular graphs.
What Can Faculty Members and Programs Do to Improve Students' Learning?
Authors: Gaudine Alice P. , Moralejo Donna G.
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To understand what faculty members can do to improve students' learning, we explored (1) program and course characteristics important to students, (2) choices within courses students feel are important, and (3) students' perceptions of learning online. Background. Web delivery alters interactions among students and faculty, thereby changing the learning environment. Methods. Master of Nursing students currently enrolled in one graduate program were invited to participate in a web-based survey. Findings. The students valued (1) frequent feedback and interaction with the instructor, (2) organized, structured, and current content, (3) flexibility in deadlines and participation, (4) seamless navigation and technical support, and (5) choices in assignments. Students perceived their learning in online courses as less than if they had taken the course on campus. Conclusions. Professors can address some of the items identified by students as important, such as being flexible with due dates and expectations for participation in online discussion.
Genetic Diversity and Drug Resistance Mutations in HIV-1 from Untreated Patients in Niamey, Niger
Authors: Mamadou Saïdou , Hanki Yahayé , Ali Maazou Amadou Roufaï , Aoula Balki , Diallo Sanata
Published: November 2011

The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of transmitted resistance to antiretroviral of HIV-1 circulating in Niger. We collected plasmas from 96 drug-naive patients followed up in the main HIV/AIDS Care Center of Niamey, the capital city of Niger. After RNA extraction and retrotranscription to proviral DNA, nested PCR was performed to amplify PR (codons 1–99) and RT (codons 1–240) fragments for sequencing. Sequences were analysed for phylogeny, then for resistance-associated mutations according to IAS-USA and Stanford's lists of mutations. We characterized six HIV-1 genetic variants: CRF02-AG (56.3%), CRF30_0206 (15.6%), subtype G (15.6%), CRF06_cpx (9.4%), CRF11_cpx (2.1%), and CRF01_AE (1%). About 8.3% of HIV strains had at least 1 resistance mutation: 4 strains with at least 1 mutation to NRTI, 5 for NNRTI, and 1 for PI, respectiveley 4.2%, 5.2%, and 1.0%. These preliminary results gave enough information for the need of instauring HIV drug resistance national surveillance.
Prevalence of Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency in Women with Obesity Syndrome: Assessment by Pancreatic Fecal Elastase 1
Authors: Teichmann J. , Riemann J. F. , Lange U.
Published: November 2011

Background. Previous research on the combined association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and exocrine pancreas insufficiency may have been limited by restricted age variability and a lack of representation of both body weight and body mass index. There are still too few conclusive reports about conspicuous vitamin D metabolism according to pancreatic fecal elastase 1 (FE1) in obese patients.Methods. Between May 2004 and July 2008, we investigated in 125 female patients with obesity syndrome at an average age of approximately 52.9 years as well as in age-matched 80 healthy female controls the prevalence of pancreas insufficiency. Serum levels of PTH, total calcium, and D3vitamins calcitriol and calcifediol, as well as the concentration of fecal elastase 1 (FE1) were determined in patients and controls.Results. In 75 female nondiabetic patients with obesity syndrome (BMI35≤40 kg/m2), calcifediol was markedly decreased (25.0±4.9 ng/mL) compared to controls (50.2±14.7 nmol/L;P<0.01). FE1 level was significantly decreased in obese subjects compared to controls ( P<0.01). Calcifediol was significantly lower in patients with morbid obesity (for calcifediol, P<0.05).Conclusion. In obese females, pancreatic FE1 in feces confirms the extent of vitamin D supply, and thus shows a vitamin D3deficiency, depending on the loss of stool content. There seems to be a connection between the loss of exocrine function and the increasing body mass index. Pancreas insufficiency, as detected by low FE1 concentrations, is frequent in obese patients. However, the BMI is an additional factor for lowered fecal excretion of FE1.
Factors Related to Adolescent Computer Use and Electronic Game Use
Authors: Epstein Jennifer A.
Published: November 2011

The goal of the research was to determine the association between a variety of factors and amount of time per week on the computer and electronic games. Participants (aged 13–17 years and residing in the United States) were recruited via the Internet to complete an anonymous survey on line using a survey tool. The target sample of 200 participants who completed the survey was achieved. The sample's average age was 16 predominantly female (63% girls). A series of regressions with computer use and electronic games hours per week as dependent variables were run. Based on the results, boys engaged in many of the computer and electronic game activities more hours per week than girls. Neck and shoulder pain were implicated in greater use of computers and the Internet. Reading level was positively associated with computer use while math level had a negative association with computer use. These findings seem to suggest that greater computer and electronic use are associated with a number of negative factors and some positive.
Development of a Novel Direct Bioautography–Thin-Layer Chromatography Test: Optimization of Growth Conditions for Gram-Negative Bacteria, Escherichia coli
Authors: Grzelak Edyta M , Majer-Dziedzic Barbara , Choma Irena M
Published: November 2011

With the aim of developing a TLC-direct bioautography assay using Escherichia coli as test bacteria, various parameters influencing the viability of microorganisms on TLC plates were examined and checked for flumequine standards. The optimal times for preincubation and incubation of bacterial broth were 20 h at 37°C and 2 h at 37°C, respectively. The optimal viscosity of the broth was obtained for 0.05% agarose solution in Mueller-Hinton broth. Various incubation times of the seeded TLC plates were also tested (5 h proved to be optimal). After incubation, the plates were sprayed with 0.2% aqueous [3-(4,5-dimethyldiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) solution and incubated for 0.5 h at 37°C. The precision of the method was evaluated by the repeatability (intraday assay) and intermediate precision (interday assay). The regression coefficients were 0.9977 and 0.9968, respectively, for intraday and interday curves. The calibration curves show good linearity in the range of 0.005–0.50 μg (0.5–50.0 μg/mL). The established LOD of flumequine equaled 0.5 μg/mL, i.e., 5 ng flumequine in the spot. The developed direct bioautography test significantly enhances the sensitivity of the TLC method.
Development and Validation of a Routine Multiresidue Method for Determining 140 Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables by Gas Chromatography/Tandem Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Walorczyk Stanisław , Drożdżyński Dariusz
Published: November 2011

A GC/tandem quadrupole MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of the residues of 140 pesticides in fruits and vegetables. Pesticides were extracted from samples by using a miniaturized acetonitrile-based extraction technique known as the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method. Validation studies were carried out on carrots, tomatoes, and strawberries. In order to reduce systematic errors due to a matrix-induced effect, quantification was carried out using matrix-matched standard calibration curves. The recovery and precision results satisfied the European Union criteria (i.e., average recoveries were in the range 70–120% with RSDs ≤20%) for 125 of the 140 pesticides at a spiking level of 0.01 mg/kg. At the higher spiking levels, there were just two instances of overall average recovery <70% (chlorothalonil and captan). The measurement uncertainty was estimated following a "top down" approach as being 21 and 35%, on average, based on validation and ongoing recovery data, respectively (coverage factor k = 2, confidence level 95%). Practical application to 541 samples of apples, tomatoes, strawberries, cucumbers, currants, mushrooms, carrots, peppers, pears, onions, and gooseberries under strict QC conditions demonstrated the ruggedness of the total procedure.
Development and Validation of a Reversed-Phase Column Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Five Cephalosporins in Pharmaceutical Preparations
Authors: Elkady Ehab F , Abbas Samah S
Published: November 2011

A new, simple, rapid, and precise RP-HPLC method has been developed and validated for the determination of five cephalosporins, namely, cefalexin, cefoperazone, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, and cefepime. The method has been applied successfully for simultaneous determination of cefalexin in a binary mixture with sodium benzoate in a suspension, and cefoperazone in a binary mixture with sulbactam in vials. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Waters μBondapak® C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm id, 10 μm particle size) using the mobile phase monobasic potassium phosphate (50 mM, pH 4.6)–acetonitrile (80 + 20, v/v) with UV detection. A flow rate of 1 mL/min was applied. Linearity, accuracy, and precision were found to be acceptable over the concentration range of 30–300, 3–30, and 15–120 μg/mL for the studied cephalosporins, sodium benzoate, and sulbactam, respectively. The optimized method proved to be specific, robust, and accurate for QC of the cited drugs in their pharmaceutical preparations.
Analytical Parameters of the Microplate-Based ORAC-Pyrogallol Red Assay
Authors: Ortiz Rocío , Antilén Mónica , Speisky Hernán , Aliaga Margarita E , López-Alarcón Camilo
Published: November 2011

The analytical parameters of the microplate-based oxygen radicals absorbance capacity (ORAC) method using pyrogallol red (PGR) as probe (ORAC-PGR) are presented. In addition, the antioxidant capacity of commercial beverages, such as wines, fruit juices, and iced teas, is estimated. A good linearity of the area under the curve (AUC) versus Trolox concentration plots was obtained [AUC = (845 ± 110) + (23 ± 2) [Trolox, μM], R = 0.9961, n = 19]. QC experiments showed better precision and accuracy at the highest Trolox concentration (40 μM) with RSD and REC (recuperation) values of 1.7 and 101.0%, respectively. When red wine was used as sample, the method also showed good linearity [AUC = (787 ± 77) + (690 ± 60) [red wine, μL/mL]; R = 0.9926, n = 17], precision and accuracy with RSD values from 1.4 to 8.3%, and REC values that ranged from 89.7 to 103.8%. Additivity assays using solutions containing gallic acid and Trolox (or red wine) showed an additive protection of PGR given by the samples. Red wines showed higher ORAC-PGR values than white wines, while the ORAC-PGR index of fruit juices and iced teas presented a great variability, ranging from 0.6 to 21.6 mM of Trolox equivalents. This variability was also observed for juices of the same fruit, showing the influence of the brand on the ORAC-PGR index. The ORAC-PGR methodology can be applied in a microplate reader with good linearity, precision, and accuracy.
A novel familial 11p15.4 microduplication associated with intellectual disability, dysmorphic features, and obesity with involvement of the ZNF214 gene
Authors: Sofos Elvera , Pescosolido Matthew F. , Quintos Jose B. , Abuelo Dianne , Gunn Shelly , Hovanes Karine , Morrow Eric M. , Shur Natasha
Published: November 2011

We evaluated a patient with mild intellectual disability, obesity, overgrowth, and dysmorphic features. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis showed a single copy number increase of a BAC clone in the 11p15.4 region. Oligonucleotide aCGH refined the duplication to approximately 2.29 megabases (Mb) in size. Testing the parents revealed that the father, who had learning disabilities and overgrowth, also had the 11p15.4 duplication, and the mother had a normal microarray. In addition, the patient's brother and grandmother all share clinical features with the proband and tested positive for the duplication. The duplicated region (Chr11:6,934,067‐9,220,605) encompasses 29 genes, including the ZNF214 gene, which has been postulated to play a role in Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome [Alders et al., 2000]. This three‐generation pedigree outlines features of a novel microduplication syndrome. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
GRIK4/KA1 protein expression in human brain and correlation with bipolar disorder risk variant status
Authors: Knight Helen M. , Walker Robert , James Rachel , Porteous David J. , Muir Walter J. , Blackwood Douglas H.R. , Pickard Benjamin S.
Published: November 2011

The kainate class of ionotropic glutamate receptors is involved in the regulation of neuronal transmission and synaptic plasticity. Previously we reported that a deletion variant within the gene GRIK4, which encodes the KA1 kainate receptor subunit, was associated with a reduced risk of bipolar disorder and increased GRIK4 mRNA abundance. Using a high resolution immunohistochemistry technique, we characterized KA1 protein localization in human brain and performed a genotype–protein expression correlation study. KA1 was expressed in specific populations of neuronal cells in the cerebellum and all layers of the frontal and parahippocampal cortices. In the hippocampus, strong KA1 expression was observed in the stratum pyramidale and stratum lucidum of CA3 and CA2, in cell processes in CA1, in the neuropil of the CA4 region, in polymorphic cells including mossy fiber neurons in the hilus, and dentate gyrus (DG) granule cells. Mean counts of KA1 positive DG granule cells, hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells, and layer 1 of the frontal cortex were significantly increased in subjects with the deletion allele (P = 0.0005, 0.018, and 0.0058, respectively) compared to subjects homozygous for the insertion. Neuronal expression levels in all regions quantified were higher in the deletion group. These results support our hypothesis that the deletion allele affords protection against bipolar disorder through increased KA1 protein abundance in neuronal cells. Biological mechanisms which may contribute to this protective effect include KA1 involvement in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, HPA axis activation, or plasticity processes affecting neuronal circuitry. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of anti‐Leptospiraantibodies in captive nonhuman primates from Salvador, Brazil
Authors: Pinna Melissa H. , Martins Gabriel , Pinheiro Ana Carla O. , Almeida Daniela S. , Oriá Arianne P. , Lilenbaum Walter
Published: November 2011

Leptospirosis is a widely distributed zoonosis that affects several species of domestic and wild animals. Under captive conditions, Leptospirosis is a potential problem because the physical conditions in most zoos and research centers cannot prevent the captive animals from being exposed to rodents, raccoons, opossums, and other local wildlife that are known carriers. Yet, despite the potential risk, animals that are destined for reintroduction into the wild are not routinely tested for anti‐Leptospiraantibodies before their release. The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of anti‐Leptospiraantibodies in captive New World monkeys that were housed in the Wild Animals Screening Center in Salvador, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 44 monkeys (28Callithrix jacchus, eightCallithrix pennicilata, and eightCebussp.). The animals were screened for antibodies with the microscopic agglutination test. Twenty‐five (56.8%) primates were seroreactive, with Icterohaemorrhagiae being the most frequent serogroup. None of the monkeys, however, presented clinical signs of leptospirosis. Thus, seroreactivity with low titers in asymptomatic animals, as observed in this study, suggests exposure to the agent. The unexpected predominance of the serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae further suggests that exposure to this serogroup occurred in captivity. Therefore, the dangerous possibility cannot be ignored that reintroduced monkeys will carry the leptospiral serovars into wild populations. In conclusion, primates exposed to urban serovars before their release from captivity represent a potentially significant health risk to wild populations. Am. J. Primatol. 74:8–11, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.