bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Landscape controls of CH4 fluxes in a catchment of the forest tundra ecotone in northern Siberia
Authors: FLESSA HEINER , RODIONOV ANDREJ , GUGGENBERGER GEORG , FUCHS HANS , MAGDON PAUL , SHIBISTOVA OLGA , ZRAZHEVSKAYA GALINA , MIKHEYEVA NATALIA , KASANSKY OLEG A. , BLODAU CHRISTIAN
Published: May 2008

Terrestrial ecosystems in northern high latitudes exchange large amounts of methane (CH4) with the atmosphere. Climate warming could have a great impact on CH4 exchange, in particular in regions where degradation of permafrost is induced. In order to improve the understanding of the present and future methane dynamics in permafrost regions, we studied CH4 fluxes of typical landscape structures in a small catchment in the forest tundra ecotone in northern Siberia. Gas fluxes were measured using a closed‐chamber technique from August to November 2003 and from August 2006 to July 2007 on tree‐covered mineral soils with and without permafrost, on a frozen bog plateau, and on a thermokarst pond. For areal integration of the CH4 fluxes, we combined field observations and classification of functional landscape structures based on a high‐resolution Quickbird satellite image. All mineral soils were net sinks of atmospheric CH4. The magnitude of annual CH4 uptake was higher for soils without permafrost (1.19 kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1) than for soils with permafrost (0.37 kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1). In well‐drained soils, significant CH4 uptake occurred even after the onset of ground frost. Bog plateaux, which stored large amounts of frozen organic carbon, were also a net sink of atmospheric CH4 (0.38 kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1). Thermokarst ponds, which developed from permafrost collapse in bog plateaux, were hot spots of CH4 emission (approximately 200 kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1). Despite the low area coverage of thermokarst ponds (only 2.1% of the total catchment area), emissions from these sites resulted in a mean catchment CH4 emission of 3.8 kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1. Export of dissolved CH4 with stream water was insignificant. The results suggest that mineral soils and bog plateaux in this region will respond differently to increasing temperatures and associated permafrost degradation. Net uptake of atmospheric CH4 in mineral soils is expected to gradually increase with increasing active layer depth and soil drainage. Changes in bog plateaux will probably be much more rapid and drastic. Permafrost collapse in frozen bog plateaux would result in high CH4 emissions that act as positive feedback to climate warming.
Near‐zero recent carbon accumulation in a bog with high nitrogen deposition in SW Sweden
Authors: GUNNARSSON URBAN , BORESJÖ BRONGE LAINE , RYDIN HÅKAN , OHLSON MIKAEL
Published: May 2008

We present data on the accumulation of carbon and nitrogen into an open oceanic ombrotrophic bog, SW Sweden, with high levels of anthropogenic nitrogen deposition. The aim was to investigate if this peatland currently acts as a sink for atmospheric carbon. Peat cores were sampled from the top peat layer in five different vegetation types. Small pines were used to date the cores. The cores bulk density and carbon and nitrogen content were determined. A vegetation‐classified satellite image was used to estimate the areal extent of the vegetation types and to scale up these results to bog level. The rate of current carbon input into the upper oxic acrotelm was 290 g m−2 yr−1, and there were no significant differences in accumulation rates among the vegetation types. This organic matter input to the acrotelm was almost completely decomposed before it was deposited for storage in the deeper peat layers (the catotelm) and only a small fraction (≪1%) or 0.012 g m−2 yr−1of the carbon would be left, assuming a residence time of 100 years in the acrotelm. Nitrogen accumulation rates differed between the vegetation classes, and the average input via primary production varied from 5.33 to 16.8 g m−2 yr−1. Current nitrogen input rates into the catotelm are much lower, 0–0.059 g m−2 yr−1, with the highest accumulation rates in lawn‐dominated communities. We suggest that one of the main causes of the low carbon input rates is the high level of nitrogen deposition, which enhances decomposition and changes the vegetation from peat‐formingSphagnum‐dominance to dominance by dwarf shrubs and graminoids.
Why does the mutation G17736A/Val107Val (silent) in the F9 gene cause mild haemophilia B in five Swedish families?
Authors: KNOBE K. E. , SJÖRIN E. , LJUNG R. C. R.
Published: May 2008

Summary.  The mutation G17736A/Val107Val (silent) was found in five of a total of 86 families with haemophilia B in Sweden. It is unlikely that five families with analogous clinical expression will have the same polymorphism, which is not found in other patients or normal subjects, or that they will be the only families in the population without any other causative mutation. All affected individuals in the five families were found to have factor IX (F9) coagulation activity 15–20 U dL−1, corresponding F9 protein levels and the same clinical history of mild haemophilia. Lymphocyte mRNA was extracted from one of the haemophiliacs and from a healthy male. RT‐PCR of the mRNA and subsequent PCR amplification produced cDNA fragments of the same length from the patient and the normal subject, indicating no exon skipping or retention of introns. Sequencing of cDNA from codon 68 in exon D to codon 180 in exon F revealed that the patient had the G17736A mutation but no other abnormalities. We conclude that G17736A/Val107Val causes mild haemophilia B. Although, exon skipping and retention of introns can be excluded as pathophysiological mechanisms, it is plausible that the studied mutation has more subtle effects on a splicing site or interferes with a splicing enhancer site. Also, changes to synonymous codons may reduce the translation rate and thereby alter F9 protein folding in vivo, which would explain the phenotype. Confirmation of these assumptions requires methods that are more sensitive than those available today, and our discussion illustrates the existing obstacles.
Comparison of Short Form‐36 Health Survey and Nottingham Health Profile in moderate to severe patients with COPD
Authors: Ozalevli Sevgi , Karaali Hayriye , Cankurtaran Feyzan , Kilinc Oguz , Akkoclu Atilla
Published: May 2008

Objective  To compare the health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) assessed by Short Form‐36 Health Survey (SF‐36) and Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) on the basis of lung function and exercise capacity parameters in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods and materials  The investigation was a prospective, quality‐of‐life survey and cross‐sectional study of 130 consecutive COPD patients. The NHP and SF‐36 as generic HRQoL instruments, the Chronic Respiratory Disease questionnaire (CRQ) as a disease‐specific HRQoL instrument and 6‐minute walking test, severity of dyspnea, leg fatigue and lung function, were the measurements and instruments used in the study.

Results  It was determined that the subscales of both questionnaires were generally related with the FEV1, walking distance, CRQ, severity of dyspnea and leg fatigue values (P < 0.05). The much higher correlation coefficient was determined between these parameters and NHP compared with the SF‐36. Only NHP was found to be correlated with the age, body mass index and smoking consumption (P < 0.05).

Conclusions  The stronger relation of NHP with the clinical and physical parameters of the patients compared with that of SF‐36 may be associated with the increased sensitivity of NHP to the clinical state owing to the increasing respiratory symptoms of our old patients with moderate to severe obstruction and/or the more intelligible and easy‐to‐respond nature of NHP compared with SF‐36.
Community‐based randomized intervention trial for periodontal disease after 18‐month follow‐up [Keelung Community‐based Integrated Screening (KCIS) No. 4]
Authors: Lai Hongmin , Chiu Yueh‐Hsia , Lo Ming‐Te , Wu Chun‐Liang , Chou Kai‐Pei , Jeng Jiiang‐Huei , Chen Tony H.‐H.
Published: May 2008

Objectives  As periodontal disease preponderates in adults, early detection and interventional regime is urgently needed. However, there is lack of evidence‐based data on evaluation of population‐based intervention programme related to periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of intervention regime on early periodontal disease identified from a community‐based periodontal survey.

Method  By randomization, 60 subjects were allocated to the intervention group and 49 to the control group respectively. Status on periodontal disease of participants was evaluated at entry and re‐evaluated after intervention at 1‐month and 18‐month follow‐up respectively. Primary outcome evaluated was based on Community Periodontal Index and Loss of Attachment on sextant level.

Results  The efficacy of intervention was significant in Community Periodontal Index (P < 0.001) but not in Loss of Attachment (P = 0.53) at 1‐month and 18‐month follow‐up.

Conclusion  The improvement of periodontal disease owing to intervention regime was seen in Community Periodontal Index but not Loss of Attachment as yet at 18‐month follow‐up after intervention.
Hypertension guideline implementation: experiences of Finnish primary care nurses
Authors: Alanen Seija , Ijäs Jarja , Kaila Minna , Mäkelä Marjukka , Välimäki Maritta
Published: May 2008

Rationale, aims and objectives  Evidence‐based guidelines on hypertension have been developed in many western countries. Yet, there is little evidence of their impact on the clinical practices of primary care nurses.

Method  We assessed the style of implementation and adoption of the national Hypertension Guideline (HT Guideline) in 32 Finnish health centres classified in a previous study as ‘disseminators’ (n = 13) or ‘implementers’ (n = 19). A postal questionnaire was sent to all nurses (n = 409) working in the outpatient services in these health centres. Additionally, senior nursing officers were telephoned to enquire if the implementation of the HT Guideline had led to a new division of labour between nurses and doctors.

Results  Questionnaires were returned from 327 nurses (80.0%), while all senior nursing officers (n = 32) were contacted. The majority of nurses were of the opinion that the HT Guideline has been adopted into clinical practice. The recommendations in the HT Guideline were adopted in clinical practice with varying success, and slightly more often in implementer health centres than in disseminator health centres. Nurses in implementer health centres more often agreed that multiple channels had been used in the implementation (P < 0.001). According to senior nursing officers the implementation of the HT Guideline had led to a new division of labour between nurses and doctors in about a half of the health centres, clearly more often in implementer health centres (P < 0.001).

Conclusions  The HT Guideline was well adopted into clinical practice in Finland. The implementation of the HT Guideline had an impact on clinical practices, and on creating a new division of labour between nurses and doctors.
Assessing walking speed in clinical research: a systematic review
Authors: Graham James E. , Ostir Glenn V. , Fisher Steven R. , Ottenbacher Kenneth J.
Published: May 2008

Objective To provide a systematic review and describe how assessments of walking speed are reported in the health care literature.

Methods MEDLINE electronic database and bibliographies of select articles were searched for terms describing walking speed and distances walked. The search was limited to English language journals from 1996 to 2006. The initial title search yielded 793 articles. A review of the abstracts reduced the number to 154 articles. Of these, 108 provided sufficient information for inclusion in the current review.

Results Of the 108 studies included in the review 61 were descriptive, 39 intervention and 8 randomized controlled trials. Neurological (n = 55) and geriatric (n = 27) were the two most frequent participant groups in the studies reviewed. Instruction to walk at a usual or normal speed was reported in 55 of the studies, while 31 studies did not describe speed instructions. A static (standing) start was slightly more common than a dynamic (rolling) start (30 vs 26 studies); however, half of the studies did not describe the starting protocol. Walking 10, 6 and 4 m was the most common distances used, and reported in 37, 20 and 11 studies respectively. Only four studies included information on whether verbal encouragement was given during the walking task.

Conclusions Tests of walking speed have been used in a wide range of populations. However, methodologies and descriptions of walking tests vary widely from study to study, which makes comparison difficult. There is a need to find consensus for a standardized walking test methodology.
The validity of the CGI severity and improvement scales as measures of clinical effectiveness suitable for routine clinical use
Authors: Berk Michael , Ng Felicity , Dodd Seetal , Callaly Tom , Campbell Shirley , Bernardo Michelle , Trauer Tom
Published: May 2008

Objective  The Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) is established as a core metric in psychiatric research. This study aims to test the validity of CGI as a clinical outcome measure suitable for routine use in a private inpatient setting.

Methods  The CGI was added to a standard battery of routine outcome measures in a private psychiatric hospital. Data were collected on consecutive admissions over a period of 24 months, which included clinical diagnosis, demographics, service utilization and four routine measures (CGI, HoNOS, MHQ‐14 and DASS‐21) at both admission and discharge. Descriptive and comparative data analyses were performed.

Results  Of 786 admissions in total, there were 624 and 614 CGI‐S ratings completed at the point of admission and discharge, respectively, and 610 completed CGI‐I ratings. The admission and discharge CGI‐S scores were correlated (r = 0.40), and the indirect improvement measures obtained from their differences were highly correlated with the direct CGI‐I scores (r = 0.71). The CGI results reflected similar trends seen in the other three outcome measures.

Conclusions  The CGI is a valid clinical outcome measure suitable for routine use in an inpatient setting. It offers a number of advantages, including its established utility in psychiatric research, sensitivity to change, quick and simple administration, utility across diagnostic groupings, and reliability in the hands of skilled clinicians.
Adherence to professional guidelines for patients with urinary incontinence by general practitioners: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Albers‐Heitner Pytha , Berghmans Bary , Nieman Fred , Lagro‐Janssen Toine , Winkens Ron
Published: May 2008

Background  Urinary incontinence is a common problem, affecting quality of life and leading to high costs. There is doubt about the use of clinical practice guidelines on urinary incontinence in primary care.

Objective  To assess adherence levels and reasons for (non)adherence to the Guideline on Urinary Incontinence of the Dutch College of General Practitioners.

Design, setting and participants  A postal survey among Dutch general practitioners (GPs).

Main outcome measure  Adherence of GPs to the guideline.

Results  We analysed 264 questionnaires. Almost all GPs adhered to the guideline when diagnosing the type of urinary incontinence. A bladder diary is not often used (35%). Adherence to therapeutic procedures was only high for mild/moderate stress urinary incontinence: most GPs (82.6%) used adequate advice on bladder retraining and pelvic floor muscle training. One out of four GPs agreed that adhering to the guideline is difficult, mainly owing to lack of time, staff, diagnostic tools, competences to provide this care and low motivation of patients.

Conclusions  Dutch GPs follow the guideline only partially: compliance with diagnostic advices is fairly good; compliance with treatment advices is low. Further research should focus on solutions how to support GPs to tackle major barriers to facilitate the adherence to guidelines (substitution of tasks to specialized nurses, reducing the threshold for referral and concentrating expertise in integrated continence care services).
Assessing the quality of pharmacological treatments from administrative databases: the case of low‐molecular‐weight heparin after major orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Gerkens Sophie , Beguin Claire , Crott Ralph , Closon Marie‐Christine , Horsmans Yves
Published: May 2008

Rationale, aims and objectives  ‘Real world data’ are needed to assess the quality of pharmacological treatments in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to determine whether administrative databases can be used to assess the quality of prophylaxis with low‐molecular‐weight heparin after major orthopaedic surgery.

Methods  The study was performed in a Belgian university hospital. Patients undergoing total hip replacement (THR), total knee replacement (TKR) or hip fracture surgery (HFS) were selected retrospectively from the hospital's 2002 and 2003 administrative databases. Readmissions during the same year as the procedure were also analysed. Three quality indicators were assessed: incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE), major bleeding and death; adherence to guidelines; and the costs of care.

Results  Although 70% of data were collected from administrative databases, patients' records also had to be examined. During the period studied, VTE and major bleeding events were rare. Patients undergoing HFS were at greater risk of having a pulmonary embolism [Exact odds ratio (OR) = 3.78; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13–16.22; P = 0.03] or of death from any cause (Exact OR = 2.15; 95% CI = 1.52–infinity; P < 0.01) than patients undergoing THR or TKR. The hospital's prophylaxis protocol was not always followed. Half the patients received higher prophylaxis doses than recommended and 11% received lower doses but no impact on adverse events was demonstrated.

Conclusion  Results show that administrative databases contain enough information to measure the frequency of adverse events but complementary data on patient weight and on non‐reimbursed drugs must be extracted from the patients' records to evaluate adherence to guidelines. Our findings stress the need for better integration of information systems.
Evolution of mating isolation between populations ofDrosophila ananassae
Authors: SCHUG MALCOLM D. , BAINES JOHN F. , KILLON‐ATWOOD AMANDA , MOHANTY SUJATA , DAS APARUP , GRATH SONJA , SMITH SHELLY G. , ZARGHAM SHIVA , MCEVEY SHANE F. , STEPHAN WOLFGANG
Published: May 2008

Prezygotic mating isolation has been a major interest of evolutionary biologists during the past several decades because it is likely to represent one of the first stages in the transition from populations to species. Mate discrimination is one of the most commonly measured forms of prezygotic isolation and appears to be relatively common among closely related species. In some cases, it has been used as a measure to distinguish populations from subspecies, races, and sister species, yet the influences of various evolutionary mechanisms that may generate mate discrimination are largely unknown. In this study, we measured the level and pattern of mate discrimination among 18 populations of a cosmopolitan drosophilid species,Drosophila ananassae, from throughout its geographical range and its sister species,Drosophila pallidosa,which has a restricted geographical distribution in the South Pacific Islands. In addition, we measured genetic differentiation between all 18 populations using mitochondrial DNA polymorphism data. Mate discrimination varies considerably throughout the species range, being higher among populations outside the ancestral Indonesian range, and highest in the South Pacific. Our results suggest that colonization and genetic differentiation may have an influence on the evolutionary origin of mate discrimination. Our phylogeographical approach clarifies the ancestral relationships of several populations from the South Pacific that show particularly strong mate discrimination and suggests that they may be in the early stages of speciation. Furthermore, both the genetic and behavioral results cast doubt on the status ofD. pallidosaas a good species.
Successful liver transplantation in a child with Caroli’s disease
Authors: Meier Constance , Deutscher Jens , Müller Susanna , Haluany Karin , Fangmann Josef , Siekmeyer Werner , Richter Thomas , Kiess Wieland
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  CD is a rare autosomal recessive disease, characterized by multifocal cystic dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts. The course of the disease is characterized by intrahepatic cholelithiasis, recurrent episodes of cholangitis, because of cholelithiasis, hepatic abscesses often ending in death caused by uncontrolled infection. Other conditions such as choledochal cyst and renal cystic disease are frequently associated, and patients have a higher risk for the development of cholangiocarcinoma. Endoscopic drainage of the bile duct is palliative and ineffective. OLT appears to be the treatment of choice. In monolobar cases partial liver resection has been shown to be a curative therapeutic option. We report on the course of disease in a Turkish girl who was diagnosed with CD in the neonatal period. At the age of 8.2 yr, she received OLT and is in good health 57 months post‐transplantation.
North American P type of Heterobasidion annosum shows pathogenicity towards Pinus halepensis in Italy
Authors: Scirè M. , D’Amico L. , Motta E. , Annesi T.
Published: May 2008

During a survey on the distribution of Heterobasidion root rot, the North American P group of H. annosum was recorded causing root rot on Aleppo pine, Pinus halepensis, in the gardens of a historical villa in Rome. This is the first report of Heterobasidion root rot on P. halepensis in its natural distribution area, the Mediterranean Basin.
Effects of Oxygen Exposure and Gentamicin on Stallion Semen Stored at 5 and 15°C
Authors: Price S , Aurich J , Davies‐Morel M , Aurich C
Published: May 2008

Contents

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of storage of stallion semen in a defined milk protein extender at 5 and 15°C under either anaerobic or aerobic conditions, with or without addition of the antibiotic gentamicin. Semen samples were collected from eight fertile stallions and stored for 96 h (day 0–4) and assessed daily for motility, velocity and membrane integrity (viability) using a CASA system. Samples for bacteriology assessment were taken on day 2 of storage. No significant (p > 0.05) differences in motility, velocity or viability were observed between treatments on days 0–2. On days 3 and 4, semen stored without gentamicin at 5°C had a significantly (p < 0.05) better semen quality compared with storage at 15°C without gentamicin, irrespective of oxygen exposure. On days 3 and 4, motility and velocity were greater in samples stored at 15°C with gentamicin, compared with the corresponding treatments without antibiotic (p < 0.05). This effect was also evident for viability on day 4. The decline in semen quality observed at 15°C most likely resulted from the effect of bacterial growth. Bacterial growth was the greatest in samples stored at 15°C without gentamicin, under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions (p < 0.05). Bacterial growth was inhibited by adding of gentamicin at 15°C, which accordingly reduced the decline in semen quality. Addition of antibiotic to samples stored at 5°C had no significant effect on any parameter analysed. In conclusion, storage at 15°C can be achieved by using an extender containing the antibiotic gentamicin. Storage at 5°C tended to maintain better semen quality irrespective of oxygen exposure, and did not necessitate an antibiotic treatment.
Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors in Bovine Cystic Follicles
Authors: Isobe N , Kitabayashi M , Yoshimura Y
Published: May 2008

Contents

Cystic follicles have excess fluid derived from blood flow in the theca interna of the follicle; therefore, the vasculature network is related to cystic follicle formation. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent stimulator of blood vessel permeability and angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of VEGF receptors proteins and mRNA in cystic follicles to elucidate the VEGF system in cystic follicles. The expression of protein for VEGF receptors; fms‐like‐tyrosine kinase‐1 (Flt‐1) and foetal liver kinase‐1 (Flk‐1) was detected by the immunohistochemical method. The mRNA expression of Flt‐1 and Flk‐1 in cystic follicles was determined by RT‐PCR. Concentration of oestradiol‐17β and progesterone in the follicular fluid of cystic follicles was determined using ELISA. Flt‐1‐ and Flk‐1 proteins were localized in granulosa and theca interna cells and endothelial cells of theca layers. The intensity of Flt‐1 and Flk‐1 immunoreaction was similar among cystic follicles with various ratios of oestradiol‐17β/progesterone concentrations. The expression of Flt‐1 and Flk‐1 mRNA was similar, regardless of the ratio of oestradiol‐17β to progesterone in follicular fluid. These results demonstrate that cystic follicles have both VEGF receptors in the granulosa and theca interna layers, which may be responsible for the increased permeability of microvessels, causing the accumulation of follicular fluid in cystic follicles.
Bacterial Isolates Associated With Dystocia And Retained Placenta In Iraqi Buffaloes
Authors: Azawi OI , Rahawy MA , Hadad JJ
Published: May 2008

Contents

The present study was conducted on 50 recently calved Iraqi Buffalo cows. Depending on the kind of parturition, buffalo cows were divided into two main groups, the first group had normal unassisted parturition (NP) (26 animals) and the second group with certain periparturent complications (PPC) (24 animals). After 24 h of parturition, these two groups were further subdivided into two groups as cows expel their foetal membranes in <24 h postpartum and referred as non‐retained placenta (NRP) while cows that did not expel their foetal membrane after 24 h referred as retained placenta (RP). Sampling for bacteriology, uterine discharge for polymorphonuclear cells per cent and blood samples for polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) and the enzyme creatine kinase activity were performed at 6, 24 and 48 h postpartum. In PPC group, the most prevalent bacteria after 6 h of calving wereEscherichia coli,β‐haemolyticStreptococciandLactobacillus acidophilus. Total bacterial isolates in the uterus of buffaloes with RP in PPC group after 24 and 48 h were 129 and 183 respectively. Among the isolates,Archanobacterium pyogenes,Fusobacterium necrophorum,Prevotella melaninogenicusandStaphylococcus aureuswere the most prevalent isolates after 48 h of RP buffaloes in PPC group. Polymorphonuclear neutrophil were significantly (p < 0.01) increased in the uterine discharge than in blood in buffaloes with RP in both PPC and NP groups. In conclusion, uterine contamination occurs as a result of postpartum ascending contamination by non‐specific environmental organisms. The presence ofLactobacillussp. in the uterus indicated a healthy uterus. Peripartum complications followed by retention of foetal membranes with the dominance ofE. coliin the uterine lumen might favour the colonization of other bacteria including facultative anaerobic and strictly anaerobic in the uterine wall of buffaloes.
Ovarian Responses, Hormonal Profiles and Embryo Yields in Anoestrous Ewes Superovulated with Folltropin®‐V after Pretreatment with Medroxyprogesterone Acetate‐releasing Vaginal Sponges and a Single Dose of Oestradiol‐17β
Authors: Bartlewski PM , Alexander BD , Rawlings NC , Barrett DMW , King WA
Published: May 2008

Contents

In ruminants, superovulatory treatments started at the time of follicular wave emergence result in greater and less variable ovulatory responses and embryo yields compared with the treatments begun in the presence of a large growing antral follicle(s) from the previous waves. The progesterone–oestradiol treatment is routinely used for follicular wave synchronization in cattle. The main objective of this study was to characterize the ovarian responses, hormonal profiles and in vivo embryo production in anoestrous Rideau Arcott ewes (May‐June), which were superovulated after pretreatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP)‐releasing intravaginal sponges and a single dose of oestradiol‐17β (E2‐17β). Six days after insertion of MAP sponges, eight ewes were given an i.m. injection of 350 μg of E2‐17β (E2‐17β‐treated ewes); 10 ewes were given an i.m. injection of vehicle (control ewes). Multiple‐dose Folltropin®‐V treatment, followed by the bolus injection of GnRH (50 μg i.m.), began 6 days after E2‐17β/vehicle injection. Transrectal ovarian ultrasonography revealed that: (i) the interval between E2‐17β/vehicle injection and regression of all follicles ≥5 to 3 mm in diameter was shorter (p < 0.01; 2.6 ± 0.4 vs 4.8 ± 0.6 days respectively); and (ii) the interval between injection and emergence of the next follicular wave was longer (p < 0.05; 5.4 ± 0.3 vs 1.2 ± 0.4 days, respectively) in E2‐17β‐treated than in control ewes. During the 6 days after injection, the mean FSH peak concentration and basal FSH concentration were lower (p < 0.01) in E2‐17β‐treated ewes. The mean ovulation rate and the number of recovered embryos did not differ (p > 0.05) between the two groups of ewes. However, the number of luteinized unovulated follicles per ewe, and the variability in the number of luteal structures and overall embryo yield were less (p < 0.05) in E2‐17β‐treated compared with control ewes. In conclusion, the MAP–E2‐17β pretreatment significantly reduced the variability in ovarian responses and embryo yields, without affecting the embryo production in superovulated anoestrous ewes.
Effect of Exogenous GnRH at the Time of Artificial Insemination on Reproductive Performance of Awassi Ewes Synchronized with Progestagen–PMSG–PGF2α Combination
Authors: Türk G , Gür S , Sönmez M , Bozkurt T , Aksu EH , Aksoy H
Published: May 2008

Contents

This study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of PGF2α for oestrus synchronization (ES) in Awassi ewes to which were administered the progestagen–PMSG combination, and to evaluate the effect of the exogenous GnRH administration immediately after the artificial insemination (AI) on their pregnancy rate and lambing performance during the breeding season. The ewes (n = 33) were treated with an intravaginal sponge impregnated with 30 mg fluorogestane acetate for 12 days and were injected with 500 IU PMSG at the time of removal of the sponge. The ewes were then divided into three equal groups of 11 ewes each. One millilitre of physiological saline (0.9% NaCl; placebo) was administered to each ewe in Group 1 at the time of second AI. Approximately 4 μg GnRH (busereline) was injected to each ewe in Group 2 immediately after second AI. A total of 150 μg PGF2α (cloprostenole) was injected at the time of sponge removal on day 12 and 4 μg GnRH immediately after the second AI was also treated to each ewe in Group 3. Intracervical AI with diluted fresh semen was performed twice at 12 and 24 h following the onset of oestrus. The injection‐oestrus onset and injection‐oestrus‐end interval in Group 3 was significantly (p < 0.001) shorter than both Groups 1 and 2. Although the pregnancy rates of Groups 2 and 3 (81.8%; 9/11) were numerically higher than of Group 1 (63.6%; 7/11), the difference among the groups was statistically insignificant. The multiple birth rate of Group 3 was found higher than Groups 1 and 2. However, the number of single lambs of Group 1 was also higher than Groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.05). Despite the litter sizes of Groups 2 (1.27; 14/11) and 3 (1.55; 17/11) being numerically higher than Group 1 (0.73; 8/11), the differences among all the groups were statistically insignificant. In conclusion, the administration of PGF2α at the time of removal of the sponge shortens the injection oestrus‐onset and oestrus‐end interval in Awassi ewes treated with progestagen–PMSG. Additionally, exogenous GnRH treatment immediately after the AI increases the multiple birth rate of Awassi ewes synchronized with progestagen–PMSG–PGF2α combination.
Effect of Post‐IVF Developmental Kinetics on In Vitro Survival of Vitrified‐warmed Domestic Cat Blastocysts
Authors: Tsujioka T , Otzdorff C , Braun J , Hochi S
Published: May 2008

Contents

A limited number of reports is available on cryopreservation of in vitro fertilization (IVF)‐derived cat blastocysts. In the present study, IVF‐derived domestic cat embryos which reached the blastocyst stage either on day 6 or day 7 were cryopreserved by vitrification using Cryotop as a cryodevice. Fresh control and post‐warm surviving blastocysts were examined by differential cell staining with Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide to determine total cell number and inner cell mass (ICM) ratio, and the post‐warm survival rate was determined by re‐expansion of the blastocoel during 24 h of in vitro culture. In fresh control, the mean number of total cells of day 7 blastocysts (61.4 cells) tended to be smaller than that of day 6 blastocysts (81.9 cells, p = 0.096). The post‐warm survival rates of day 6 and day 7 blastocysts were not statistically different (73.8%; 31 of 42 vs 66.7%; 18 of 27). There were no significant differences in the total cell number and ICM ratio between fresh control and vitrified blastocysts, although the ICM ratio of surviving day 7 blastocysts was significantly smaller than that of fresh controls (stained at day 8, 18.9% vs 28.9%, p < 0.05). These results indicate that IVF‐derived domestic cat embryos that reached the blastocyst stage earlier can survive the Cryotop vitrification without a reduction in the parameters studied.
Field Investigation of Perinatal Mortality in Friesian Cattle Associated with Myocardial Degeneration and Necrosis
Authors: Murray RD , Williams AJ , Sheldon IM
Published: May 2008

Contents

Perinatal mortality and stillbirths were investigated in an extensively managed herd of Friesian cows and heifers calving over a 2‐year period: 504 cows were calved and 215 heifers. Cows were bred to Friesian and Jersey bulls using natural service. The perinatal fetal mortality rate was 7.5% for cows and 30% for heifers. An experienced stockman managed these calvings and veterinary assistance was required only on nine occasions. All stillborn fetuses were examined post‐mortem by the Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Carmarthen and no infectious agent was identified on any occasion. Thyroid hyperplasia was found in two fetuses. In blood samples taken from 10 late pregnant heifers, mean glutathione peroxidase values were 7.9 ± 1.7 IU/ml Packed Cell Volume (PCV). Tissues from eight fetuses were submitted to the University of Liverpool for histopathological examination; all presented lesions consistent with myocardial degeneration and necrosis of the left ventricle. Following treatment of 205 late pregnant heifers with sodium selenite and vitamin E, the overall perinatal mortality rate in these cattle fell to below 11%.
Effect of a Gonadotropin‐releasing Hormone Vaccine (ImprovacTM) on Steroid Hormones, Boar Taint Compounds and Performance in Entire Male Pigs
Authors: Zamaratskaia G , Andersson HK , Chen G , Andersson K , Madej A , Lundström K
Published: May 2008

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The objective of this study, comprising two trials, was to evaluate the effect of a gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH‐vaccine ImprovacTM; Pfizer Ltd) in a sample of the Swedish pig population. The pigs (n = 120) were assigned to three groups: control (entire male pigs), surgical castration and immunization against GnRH. Surgically castrated pigs did not express detectable levels of either testosterone or estrone sulphate (E1S) in plasma, or androstenone in fat and had lower skatole and indole levels in fat than entire male pigs. Immunization significantly reduced testes weight and bulbourethral gland length, plasma levels of the testicular hormones testosterone and E1S, and fat levels of androstenone, skatole and indole. Skatole levels in plasma were significantly lower than in entire male pigs in the second trial, but not in the first due to overall low skatole levels. All immunized pigs and surgically castrated pigs expressed skatole concentrations in fat below the level of 0.2 μg/g, above which meat is regarded as tainted. In contrast, eight entire male pigs exceeded this level. Indole levels in plasma from immunized pigs were lower than those from entire male pigs. Surgical castration caused lower daily weight gain in the suckling period compared with piglets raised intact, whereas in the post‐weaning period no difference was observed. Immunization resulted in higher feed intake and daily weight gain after the second injection. The estimated lean meat content was improved in comparison with the castrated pigs, but was lower than for entire male pigs. Dressing percentage was lower in immunized pigs than in surgically castrated and entire male pigs. The frequency of skin damage did not differ between immunized and entire male pigs or between immunized and surgically castrated pigs.
Advancements in Large Animal Embryo Transfer and Related Biotechnologies
Authors: Scherzer J , Fayrer‐Hosken RA , Ray L , Hurley DJ , Heusner GL
Published: May 2008

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Embryo transfer has been an inherent part of cattle breeding for more than 35 years and has also gained remarkable interest from the equine industry after several breeds allowed registration of more than one foal per year. In both large animal species, non‐surgical embryo recovery and transfer are well‐established techniques. However, success rates after superovulation and cryopreservation of embryos in horses are still lagging behind those of cattle, and more research is needed to address these areas. To address the problem of freezing large equine embryos, we offer a preliminary demonstration of a new cryopreservation method which involves reduction of the blastocoelic volume and microinjection of cryopreservative. Successful cryopreservation will improve the ability of practitioners to preserve and implant embryos in recipient mares. Recent advances in the use of equine FSH to induce superovulation in mares brings to the forefront the issue of how to best preserve the large number of embryos that are produced. Finally, the use of sexed semen after superovulation will provide the bovine and equine breeding industry the offspring of the desired sex.
The efficacy of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for renal cell cancer in the elderly: An oncological outcome analysis
Authors: Harano Masahiko , Eto Masatoshi , Yokomizo Akira , Tatsugami Katsunori , Hamaguchi Masumitsu , Naito Seiji
Published: May 2008

Objectives:  The efficacy and outcome of a laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN) were retrospectively evaluated in patients aged ≥70 years, and the results were compared with those obtained from patients younger than 70 years undergoing laparoscopic surgery for the same indications.

Methods:  Data were collected for all patients undergoing an LRN for renal cell carcinoma between March 1999 and November 2006. A total of 129 LRN were performed. There were 34 elderly patients (≥70 years) and 95 adult patients (<70 years). The two groups were compared for comorbidity, previous surgical history, operative time, estimated blood loss, tumor size, complications during and after surgery, time to oral intake/ambulation, hospital stay, overall survival and disease free survival rates.

Results:  In preoperative comorbid conditions, the number of patients with hypertension/ischemic heart disease in the elderly group was significantly greater than that in the adult group (p = 0.01). The elderly group had a mean operative time (247 min vs. 244 min) and blood loss (120 ml vs. 180 ml) similar to those in the adult group. In addition, the incidence of perioperative complications was not different between the two groups (intra‐op: 2.9% vs. 5.3%/ post‐op: 8.8% vs. 4.2%). All other variables before, during and after surgery were compatible between the two groups.

Conclusions:  The efficacy and oncological outcome of laparoscopic surgery in elderly patients was as promising as those in their younger counterparts. Therefore, elderly patients should not be excluded from undergoing an LRN, even though they usually present with more comorbidities.
Antibiotic prophylaxis for transrectal prostate biopsy: A prospective randomized study of tosufloxacin versus levofloxacin
Authors: Yamamoto Shingo , Ishitoya Satoshi , Segawa Takehiko , Kamoto Toshiyuki , Okumura Kazuhiro , Ogawa Osamu
Published: May 2008

Objectives:  To assess the efficacy of tosufloxacin as a prophylactic agent for transrectal biopsy of the prostate (TBP), we conducted a randomized prospective study comparing tosufloxacin versus levofloxacin.

Methods:  A randomized prospective study comparing tosufloxacin versus levofloxacin was performed. In group A, 124 patients received 300 mg tosufloxacin tosilate (including 204 mg tosufloxacin) twice daily for 2 days, with the initial dose being 2 h prior to biopsy. In group B, 119 patients received 200 mg levofloxacin in the same manner.

Results:  Infectious complications were reported equally in six cases in each group (4.8% in group A and 5.0% in group B). Each group included five cases of acute prostatitis and one of cystitis. Six patients suffering from prostatitis required hospitalization, while those with symptomatic urinary tract infection were treated as outpatients.

Conclusions:  Tosufloxacin was as effective as levofloxacin when administered twice daily for 2 days as prophylaxis for TBP, which suggests that this regimen is useful for reducing the clinical and febrile infection rate following TBP.
Surgical treatment of urethral distraction defect associated with pelvic fracture: A nationwide survey in Japan
Authors: Kitahara Satoshi , Sato Ryo , Yasuda Kosaku , Arai Gaku , Nakai Hideo , Okada Hiroshi
Published: May 2008

Objective:  To survey practice patterns in surgical treatment for urethral distraction defect associated with pelvic fracture (PFUDD) and to analyze outcomes of the treatment in Japan.

Methods:  A questionnaire on surgical treatment for PFUDD to 3307 Japanese consultant urologists was sent. Responses were collected and statistically analyzed.

Results:  The number of respondents was 1290 (39%). Patients surgically treated for PFUDD in the previous 5 years totaled 0 for 919 urologists (71%), one to two for 283 (22%), and three to ten for 83 (7%) urologists. Realignment for PFUDD was carried out within 2 weeks in 205 patients (23%), after 2–6 months in 607 (69%) patients, and after more than 6 months in 72 (8%) patients. Urologists operated on 361 (61%) patients endoscopically (ES), 108 (18%) by open anastomosis (OA) and 101 (17%) by pull‐through operation (PT). According to the operator's impression, success rates were 65% for ES, 79% for PT and 69% for OA. Re‐operation (RO) rates were 43%, 25% and 26% for ES, PT, and OA, respectively, (ES vs PT or OA; P < 0.05). Postoperative repeated urethral dilatation (PORUD) was required in 71% of ES, 77% of PT and 38% of OA cases (OA vs ES or PT; P < 0.05).

Conclusions:  PFUDD represents a rare disorder for Japanese urologists. Deferred endoscopic realignment is the preferred treatment option. Success rates were not different among three surgical treatments. OA was superior to ES and PT in terms of PORUD and RO.
Community mental health nursing: Keeping pace with care delivery?
Authors: Henderson Julie , Willis Eileen , Walter Bonnie , Toffoli Luisa
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT:  The National Mental Health Strategy has been associated with the movement of service delivery into the community, creating greater demand for community services. The literature suggests that the closure of psychiatric beds and earlier discharge from inpatient services, have contributed to an intensification of the workload of community mental health nurses. This paper reports findings from the first stage of an action research project to develop a workload equalization tool for community mental health nurses. The study presents data from focus groups conducted with South Australian community mental health nurses to identify issues that impact upon their workload. Four themes were identified, relating to staffing and workforce issues, clients' characteristics or needs, regional issues, and the impact of the health‐care system. The data show that the workload of community mental health nurses is increased by the greater complexity of needs of community mental health clients. Service change has also resulted in poor integration between inpatient and community services and tension between generic case management and specialist roles resulting in nurses undertaking tasks for other case managers. These issues, along with difficulties in recruiting and retaining staff, have led to the intensification of community mental health work and a crisis response to care with less time for targeted interventions.
Exploratory study of mental health consultation‐liaison nursing in Australia: Part 2 preparation, support and role satisfaction
Authors: McNamara Paul , Bryant Jenni , Forster John , Sharrock Julie , Happell Brenda
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT: Mental health Consultation‐Liaison (CL) nursing continues to develop and gain recognition as a subspecialty of mental health nursing. CL roles are particularly important given the significant number of people experiencing mental illness and other mental health problems within the general health‐care settings. However, despite the potential value of these roles, the literature provides little information about these roles and about the nurses who work in these roles. This is the second part of a two‐part paper describing a survey of CL nurses in Australia. Part 1 describes demographic data and characteristics of the CL role. Part 2 provides an exploration of the following factors: educational preparation, support, and work satisfaction. The findings identified specific educational needs in preparation and ongoing support for the role. However, overall the participants expressed a high level of satisfaction with their work. Given the current recruitment problems in mental health nursing, the promotion of the CL nursing role might enhance a more positive view of this branch of nursing.
An overview of swearing and its impact on mental health nursing practice
Authors: Stone Teresa E. , Hazelton Mike
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT:  Swearing is a subject largely ignored in academic circles but impossible to ignore in the workplace. Nurses encounter swearing from patients and their carers, staff and managers and use swearwords in communication with each other. Language is the major tool of the mental health nurse and swearing an aspect of language frequently used in situations of intense emotion. This paper provides an overview of the historical, legal and cultural aspects of swearing in an Australian context in order to assist nurses in their practice.