bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The meal as a performance: food and meal practices beyond health and nutrition
Authors: NYBERG MARIA , OLSSON VIKTORIA , ÖRTMAN GERD , PAJALIC ZADA , ANDERSSON HÅKAN S. , BLÜCHER ANNA , LINDBORG ANN-LOUISE , WENDIN KARIN , WESTERGREN ALBERT
Published: August 2016

The proportion of elderly people in the population is increasing, presenting a number of new challenges in society. The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate how elderly persons with motoric eating difficulties perceive and perform their food and meal practices in everyday life. By using Goffman's concept of performance as a theoretical framework together with Bourdieu's thinking on habitus, a deeper understanding of food and meal practices is obtained. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 elderly people (aged between 67 and 87 years) and meal observations were carried out with 11 of these people. Participants were found to manage food and meal practices by continuously adjusting and adapting to the new conditions arising as a result of eating difficulties. This was displayed by conscious planning of what to eat and when, avoiding certain foods and beverages, using simple eating aids, but also withdrawing socially during the meals. All these adjustments were important in order to be able to demonstrate proper food and meal behaviour, to maintain the façade and to act according to the perceived norms. As well as being a pleasurable event, food and meals were also perceived in terms of being important for maintaining health and as ‘fuel’ where the main purpose is to sustain life. This was strongly connected to the social context and the ability to enjoy food and meals with family members and friends, which appeared to be particularly crucial due to the impending risk of failing the meal performance.
Generation of terahertz radiation by beating of two laser beams in collisional magnetized plasma
Authors: Hematizadeh A. , Jazayeri S.M. , Ghafary B.
Published: August 2016

This paper presents analytical calculations for terahertz (THz) radiation by beating of two cosh-Gaussian laser beams in a density rippled collisional magnetized plasma. Lasers beams exert a ponderomotive force on the electrons of plasma in beating frequency which generates THz waves. The magnetic field was considered parallel to the direction of lasers which leads to propagate right-hand circularly polarized or left-hand circularly polarized waves in the plasma depending on the phase matching conditions. Effects of collision frequency, decentered parameter of lasers and the magnetic field strength are analyzed for THz radiation generation. By the optimization of laser and plasma parameters, the efficiency of order 27% can be achieved.
Stability margin for robust walking gaits constructed by center of
pressure
Authors: Tu Kuo-Yang , Huang Cheng-Hsiung , Baltes Jacky
Published: August 2016

Usually, humanoid walking gaits are only roughly distinguished between stable and
unstable. The evaluation of a stable humanoid walking gait is difficult to
quantify in scales. And, it is extremely hard to adjust humanoid robots in
suitable a walking gait for different movement objectives such as fast walking,
uneven floor walking, and so on. This paper proposes a stability margin
constructed by center of pressure (COP) to evaluate the gait stability of
humanoid walking. The stability margin is modeled by the COP regions that a
humanoid robot needs for stable standing. We derive the mathematical model for
COP position by dividing the walking gait into single and double support phases
in order to measure the stability of the COP regions. An actual measuring system
for the stable COP regions is designed and implemented. The measured COP
trajectory of a walking gait is eventually evaluated with respect to the stable
COP regions for the stability margins. The evaluation focuses on weak stability
areas to be improved for robust walking gaits. To demonstrate the robustness of
the improved walking gait, we replicate the experiment on three different
terrains. The experiments demonstrate that the walking gaits developed based on
stable COP region can be applied for different movement objectives.
Knowing Their Place: The Blue Hill Observatory and the Value of Local Knowledge in an Era of Synoptic Weather Forecasting, 1884–1894
Authors: Bergman James
Published: August 2016

Argument

The history of meteorology has focused a great deal on the “scaling up” of knowledge infrastructures through the development of national and global observation networks. This article argues that such efforts to scale up were paralleled by efforts to define a place for local knowledge. By examining efforts of the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory, near Boston, Massachusetts, to issuelocalweather forecasts that competed with the centralized forecasts of the U.S. Signal Service, this article finds that Blue Hill, as a user of the Signal Service's observation network, developed a new understanding of local knowledge by combining local observations of the weather with the synoptic maps afforded by the nationwide telegraph network of the U.S. Signal Service. Blue Hill used these forecasts not only as a service, but also as evidence of the superiority of its model of local forecasting over the Signal Service's model, and in the process opened up larger questions about the value of a weather forecast and the value of different kinds of knowledge in meteorology.
Big Legal History and the Hundred Year Test
Authors: Seipp David J.
Published: August 2016

The generation of legal historians working in the opening decades of the twenty-first century have an opportunity to use digital technology to bring the sources of legal history to a wider audience of scholars and to facilitate the research of future scholars for many generations to come. I say this because, commencing in 1999, I compiled a searchable database of identifying information about and content of the 22,318 reports in the Year Books, cases decided in England's courts of common law between 1268 and 1535. With the generous support and sponsorship of the Ames Foundation, my database has become an online scholarly resource used frequently by researchers and students of English legal history and other disciplines. This has been the most rewarding experience of my scholarly career. Projects such as the one I undertook, and which I call “big legal history,” can require a number of years to complete, as in my case, or else a team of scholars whose contributions all need to be closely coordinated. Because the compilation of large digital resources does not fit the typical career path of most legal historians, I offer here an account of the origins of my project, some of the choices that I had to make at its outset, the progress that I made, and the rewards that I have received along the way.
The contribution of travellers visiting friends and relatives to notified infectious diseases in Australia: state-based enhanced surveillance
Authors: HEYWOOD A. E. , ZWAR N. , FORSSMAN B. L. , SEALE H. , STEPHENS N. , MUSTO J. , LANE C. , POLKINGHORNE B. , SHEIKH M. , SMITH M. , WORTH H. , MACINTYRE C. R.
Published: August 2016

Immigrants and their children who return to their country of origin to visit friends and relatives (VFR) are at increased risk of acquiring infectious diseases compared to other travellers. VFR travel is an important disease control issue, as one quarter of Australia's population are foreign-born and one quarter of departing Australian international travellers are visiting friends and relatives. We conducted a 1-year prospective enhanced surveillance study in New South Wales and Victoria, Australia to determine the contribution of VFR travel to notifiable diseases associated with travel, including typhoid, paratyphoid, measles, hepatitis A, hepatitis E, malaria and chikungunya. Additional data on characteristics of international travel were collected. Recent international travel was reported by 180/222 (81%) enhanced surveillance cases, including all malaria, chikungunya and paratyphoid cases. The majority of cases who acquired infections during travel were immigrant Australians (96, 53%) or their Australian-born children (43, 24%). VFR travel was reported by 117 (65%) travel-associated cases, highest for typhoid (31/32, 97%). Cases of children (aged <18 years) (86%) were more frequently VFR travellers compared to adult travellers (57%,P< 0·001). VFR travel is an important contributor to imported disease in Australia. Communicable disease control strategies targeting these travellers, such as targeted health promotion, are likely to impact importation of these travel-related infections.
Seropositivity and epidemiology of human parechovirus types 1, 3, and 6 in Japan
Authors: WATANABE K. , HIROKAWA C. , TAZAWA T.
Published: August 2016

Human parechoviruses (HPeVs) mainly infect young children, causing mild gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases; however, HPeV type 3 (HPeV3) causes severe systemic diseases in young infants. To clarify the characteristics of HPeV infections from the aspects of seropositivity and epidemiology, we measured neutralizing antibody titres against HPeVs in individuals of in different age groups and isolated HPeVs from various clinical specimens in Niigata, Japan. The seropositivity to HPeV1, 3, and 6 was higher in older age group. HPeV1 and HPeV6 seropositivities were maintained in adults, whereas HPeV3 seropositivity was significantly lower in subjects aged >40 years (P< 0·001,P= 0·003). This result suggests that adults have increased susceptibility to HPeV3 as they lack neutralizing antibodies against HPeV3. Of the HPeV isolates, HPeV1 and HPeV6 frequently caused gastrointestinal symptoms. Moreover, gastroenteritis patients with HPeV1 and HPeV6 were mainly aged 6 months–1 year and ⩾2 years, respectively. In contrast, only HPeV3 was isolated from neonates and young infants with sepsis or sepsis-like syndrome, often with respiratory symptoms. These results suggest that clinical symptoms are clinically related to HPeV genotype and patients’ age.
A revised geochronology of Thurston Island, West Antarctica, and correlations along the proto-Pacific margin of Gondwana
Authors: Riley T.R. , Flowerdew M.J. , Pankhurst R.J. , Leat P.T. , Millar I.L. , Fanning C.M. , Whitehouse M.J.
Published: August 2016

The continental margin of Gondwana preserves a record of long-lived magmatism from the Andean Cordillera to Australia. The crustal blocks of West Antarctica form part of this margin, with Palaeozoic–Mesozoic magmatism particularly well preserved in the Antarctic Peninsula and Marie Byrd Land. Magmatic events on the intervening Thurston Island crustal block are poorly defined, which has hindered accurate correlations along the margin. Six samples are dated here using U-Pb geochronology and cover the geological history on Thurston Island. The basement gneisses from Morgan Inlet have a protolith age of 349±2 Ma and correlate closely with the Devonian–Carboniferous magmatism of Marie Byrd Land and New Zealand. Triassic (240–220 Ma) magmatism is identified at two sites on Thurston Island, with Hf isotopes indicating magma extraction from Mesoproterozoic-age lower crust. Several sites on Thurston Island preserve rhyolitic tuffs that have been dated at 182 Ma and are likely to correlate with the successions in the Antarctic Peninsula, particularly given the pre-break-up position of the Thurston Island crustal block. Silicic volcanism was widespread in Patagonia and the Antarctic Peninsula at ~ 183 Ma forming the extensive Chon Aike Province. The most extensive episode of magmatism along the active margin took place during the mid-Cretaceous. This Cordillera ‘flare-up’ event of the Gondwana margin is also developed on Thurston Island with granitoid magmatism dated in the interval 110–100 Ma.
PLANT SPECIES DESCRIBED BY GEORGE BENTHAM AND JOSEPH HOOKER IN HENDERSON AND HUME'S LAHORE TO YĀRKAND
Authors: Turner I. M.
Published: August 2016

Five plant species (Apocynum hendersonii Hook.f. (Apocynaceae), Deyeuxia anthoxanthoides Munro ex Hook.f. (Gramineae), Hololachna shawiana Hook.f. (Tamaricaceae), Iphiona radiata Benth. (Compositae) and Saussurea ovata Benth. (Compositae)) were described from specimens collected by George Henderson on the political mission to Yarkand (now in Xinjiang Province of China) in 1870. The names, with accompanying descriptions and illustrations, appeared in Lahore to Yārkand by Henderson and A. O. Hume. An exact publication date of 1 April 1873 is established for this work of relevance to avian as well as plant taxonomy. The typification of the plant species names to specimens in the Kew herbarium is reviewed. Four new lectotypes are proposed.
Crew Recovery and Contingency Planning for a Manned Stratospheric Balloon Flight – the StratEx Program
Authors: Menon Anil S. , Jourdan David , Nusbaum Derek M. , Garbino Alejandro , Buckland Daniel M. , Norton Sean , Clark Johnathan B. , Antonsen Erik L.
Published: August 2016

The StratEx program used a self-contained space suit and balloon system to loft pilot Alan Eustace to a record-breaking altitude and skydive from 135,897 feet (41,422 m). After releasing from the balloon and a stabilized freefall, the pilot safely landed using a parachute system based on a modified tandem parachute rig. A custom spacesuit provided life support using a similar system to NASA’s (National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Washington, DC USA) Extravehicular Mobility Unit. It also provided tracking, communications, and connection to the parachute system. A recovery support team, including at least two medical personnel and two spacesuit technicians, was charged with reaching the pilot within five minutes of touchdown to extract him from the suit and provide treatment for any injuries. The team had to track the flight at all times, be prepared to respond in case of premature release, and to operate in any terrain. Crew recovery operations were planned and tailored to anticipate outcomes during this novel event in a systematic fashion, through scenario and risk analysis, in order to minimize the probability and impact of injury. This analysis, detailed here, helped the team configure recovery assets, refine navigation and tracking systems, develop procedures, and conduct training. An extensive period of testing and practice culminated in three manned flights leading to a successful mission and setting the record for exit altitude, distance of fall with stabilizing device, and vertical speed with a stabilizing device. During this mission, recovery teams reached the landing spot within one minute, extracted the pilot, and confirmed that he was not injured. This strategy is presented as an approach to prehospital planning and care for improved safety during crew recovery in novel, extreme events.

MenonAS,
JourdanD,
NusbaumDM,
GarbinoA,
BucklandDM,
NortonS,
ClarkJB,
AntonsenEL. Crew recovery and contingency planning for a manned stratospheric balloon flight – the StratEx program. Prehosp Disaster Med.2016;31(5):524–531.
Health Care Access and Utilization after the 2010 Pakistan Floods
Authors: Jacquet Gabrielle A. , Kirsch Thomas , Durrani Aqsa , Sauer Lauren , Doocy Shannon
Published: August 2016

Introduction

The 2010 floods submerged more than one-fifth of Pakistan’s land area and affected more than 20 million people. Over 1.6 million homes were damaged or destroyed and 2,946 direct injuries and 1,985 deaths were reported. Infrastructure damage was widespread, including critical disruptions to the power and transportation networks.

Hypothesis

Damage and loss of critical infrastructure will affect the population’s ability to seek and access adequate health care for years to come. This study sought to evaluate factors associated with access to health care in the aftermath of the 2010 Pakistan floods.

Methods

A population-proportional, randomized cluster-sampling survey method with 80 clusters of 20 (1,600) households of the flood-affected population was used. Heads of households were surveyed approximately six months after flood onset. Multivariate analysis was used to determine significance.

Results

A total of 77.8% of households reported needing health services within the first month after the floods. Household characteristics, including rural residence location, large household size, and lower pre- and post-flood income, were significantly associated (P<.05) with inadequate access to health care after the disaster. Households with inadequate access to health care were more likely to have a death or injury in the household. Significantly higher odds of inadequate access to health care were observed in rural populations (adjusted OR 4.26; 95% CI, 1.89-9.61).

Conclusion

Adequate health care access after the 2010 Pakistani floods was associated with urban residence location, suggesting that locating health care providers in rural areas may be difficult. Access to health services also was associated with post-flood income level, suggesting health resources are not readily available to households suffering great income losses.

JacquetGA, KirschT, DurraniA, SauerL, DoocyS. Health care access and utilization after the 2010 Pakistan floods. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(5):485–491.
GEORGE ELIOT'S LAST STAND:IMPRESSIONS OF THEOPHRASTUS SUCH
Authors: Bodenheimer Rosemarie
Published: August 2016

Let's face it:Impressionsof Theophrastus Suchcan be a pretty dreary book. It's all too easy to put it down, especially if you happen to be in the middle of a particularly heavy-handed passage in “The Watch-Dog of Knowledge” or “Debasing the Moral Currency.” Some early readers felt that the real George Eliot had abandoned them in her final publication by ceasing to write fiction, while recent critics have gone to some lengths to show that the narrator, allegedly a minimally published bachelor named Theophrastus Such, is a self-reflexive fictional character whose failings and contradictions are the real subject of the book.1Who is Theophrastus Such? What is his ethical, political, or scientific orientation? How does his character emerge during the course of the volume? These are questions that have occupied recent critical dialogue. In response, I find myself harboring some sympathy for George Saintsbury, who reviewedImpressionsin theAcademyof 28 June 1879:

. . .we feel that there is either too much or too little of Mr Such. The essayist who wishes to utter his opinions through the mouth of a feigned personage must give him at least something of a body for our thoughts to take hold of. Mr Such is little more than a disembodied shadow with a name attached to it, and this being the case we feel that we could do without his shadow and his name altogether. (qtd. in Hutchinson 429–30)
BROAD-CHURCH HOMILETICS, KINGSLEY'SHYPATIA, AND THE CULTIVATED READER IN THE PEW
Authors: Cook Daniel
Published: August 2016

The first issue and numberof theNineteenth Century, 1877, included a searching article by J. Baldwin Brown entitled “Is the Pulpit Losing Its Power?” Looking back over the decades, Brown marked a generational decline in England's preaching, which he argued had now been eclipsed by a print market distributing “freest discussion of the most sacred truths.” Brown lamented that fewer talented men now joined the Anglican ministry, while the Church had increasingly withdrawn from the social mission which had animated mid-century preachers like Charles Kingsley (107–09). More troublingly, Brown speculated that modern Britons had become constitutionally averse to the homiletic situation. The preacher, he writes, often “seems as if he came down on the vast range of subjects which he is tempted to handle as from a superior height; and this is what the scientific mind can never endure. . . . [T]here has always been a sort of omniscient tone in the pulpit method of handling intellectual questions which stirs fierce rebellion in cultivated minds and hearts” (109–10). Brown pulls up short of blaming theology per se; for him its language of “above” and “beyond” has continuing relevance (110). Still, he broaches the possibility that by its very nature preaching risks antagonizing what current scholarship would term the “liberal subject”: one which prizes freedom of conscience, empirical exploration, and debate.
“THERE MUST BE DESIGN”: THE THREAT OF UNBELIEF IN DISRAELI'S LOTHAIR
Authors: Dent Megan
Published: August 2016

Benjamin Disraeli (1804–1881) has long suffered accusations of insincerity and expediency, especially with regard to his religious position. The mercurial novelist and prime minister famously evaded reference to his theological opinions. His official biographers, W.F. Moneypenny and G.E. Buckle, claimed that an “absolute reticence as to his personal religion was one of [Disraeli's] marked characteristics” (qtd. in Vincent 38). In June of 1832 – early in Disraeli's literary career – a critic in the Monthly Review even charged him with outright irreligion. The subject of the column was Disraeli's new novel Contarini Fleming (1832), which called itself a “psychological romance.” Speaking to the protagonist's various experiments with the hedonism of poetic expression, devout Roman Catholicism, and political pragmatism throughout the novel, the reviewer asked, “What are we to understand by the exemption from ‘sectarian prejudices’? The absence of religion. What is meant by the [artist's] ‘flowing spirit of creation’? Simply that there is no God” (qtd. in Letters 1: 284). Days after the review was published, Disraeli wrote to his sister, Sarah, “I suppose you have read the Review in the Monthly [-] where I am accused of Atheism, because I retire in Solitude to write novels” (Letters 1: 284).
“YOU, GUESS”: THE ENIGMAS OF CHRISTINA ROSSETTI
Authors: Mazel Adam
Published: August 2016

Throughout her life, Christina Rossetti was an enthusiastic writer and player of word games in verse. When she was seventeen, for instance, she spent the summer of 1848 in Brighton playing bouts-rimés sonnets with her brother, William. Together they timed themselves to see how fast they could write lines of verse to a given set of end rhymes: “emotional devastation in ten minutes or less,” Anne Jamison wittily puts it (145). Two years later, Rossetti published under her initials instances of different word games – an enigma (“Name any gentleman you spy”) and a charade (“Myfirstis no proof of mysecond”) – as part of a series of riddling word games in verse by various authors in theMarshall's Ladies Daily Remembrancer: For 1850. They count among Rossetti's first poetic publications. These popular riddling genres, while perhaps less familiar to readers today, were immediately recognizable to Rossetti's contemporaries. In his 1872 riddle anthology,Guess Me, F. D. Planché defines an “Enigma” as a riddle in verse, or “the most ancient form of Riddle . . . often a real poem as well as a question for solution” (3). In the 1891Cornhill Magazine, the article “Riddles” glosses a “charade” as a riddle that “turns upon the letters or syllables composing a word” (518). By publishing an enigma and a charade inMarshall's Ladies Daily Remembrancer, an inexpensive pocket book for women, Rossetti capitalized on the association of these genres as written by and for middle-class women, a point that I will argue in more detail later.
LUKE FILDES'STHE DOCTOR, NARRATIVE PAINTING, AND THE SELFLESS PROFESSIONAL IDEAL
Authors: Milligan Barry
Published: August 2016

Since its introductionat the Royal Academy exhibition of 1891, Luke Fildes's paintingThe Doctorhas earned that often hyperbolic adjective “iconic.” Immediately hailed as “the picture of the year” (“The Royal Academy,” “The Doctor,” “Fine Arts”), it soon toured the nation as part of a travelling exhibition, in which it “attracted most attention” (“Liverpool Autumn Exhibition”) and so affected spectators that one was even struck dead on the spot (“Sudden Death”). Over the following decades it spawned a school of imitations, supposed companion pictures, poems, parodies, tableaux vivants, an early Edison film, and a mass-produced engraving that graced middle-class homes and doctors' offices in Britain and abroad for generations to come and was reputedly the highest-grossing issue ever for the prominent printmaking firm of Agnew & Sons (Dakers 265–66). When Fildes died in 1927 after a career spanning seven decades and marked by many commercial successes and even several royal portraits, hisTimesobituary nonetheless bore “The Doctor” as its sub-headline (“Sir Luke Fildes”) and sparked a lively discussion of the painting in the letters column for several issues thereafter (“Points From Letters” 2, 4, 5 Mar. 1927). Although the animus against things Victorian in the early twentieth century shadowedThe Doctorit never eclipsed it; by the middle of the century the painting was still being held up as the quasi-Platonic ideal of medical practice (“Bedside Manner,” “98.4”), gracing postage stamps, and serving ironically as the logo for both a celebration of Britain's National Health Service and a campaign against its equivalent in the United States. Appreciation of the painting in mid-century art historical circles was echoed in the popular press (“Victorian Art”), andThe Doctorwas singled out as a highlight of the reorganized Tate Gallery in 1957 (“Tate Gallery”), after which it settled into a sort of dowager status as a cornerstone of that eminent collection, where it is still in the regular rotation for public display. Since the mid-1990s it has been a recurring focus of discussion in both Medical Humanities journals and prominent medical professional organs such as theLancetand theBritish Medical Journal, where a steady stream of articles still cite it as a sort of prelapsarian benchmark for the role and demeanor of the ideal medical practitioner.
ASYMMETRY AND THE AMPLITUDE OF BUSINESS CYCLE FLUCTUATIONS: A QUANTITATIVE INVESTIGATION OF THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL FRICTIONS
Authors: Atolia Manoj , Gibson John , Marquis Milton
Published: August 2016

We examine the quantitative significance of financial frictions that reduce firms' access to credit in explaining asymmetric business cycles characterized by disproportionately severe downturns. Using rate spread data to calibrate the severity of these frictions, we successfully match several key features of U.S. data. Specifically, although output and consumption are relatively symmetric (with output being slightly more asymmetric), investment and hours worked display significant asymmetry over the business cycle. We also demonstrate that our financial frictions are capable of significantly amplifying adverse shocks during severe downturns. Although the data suggest that these frictions are only active occasionally, our results indicate that they are still a significant source of macroeconomic volatility over the business cycle.
The role of seasonality on the diet and household food security of pregnant women living in rural Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Stevens Briony , Watt Kerrianne , Brimbecombe Julie , Clough Alan , Judd Jenni , Lindsay Daniel
Published: August 2016

Objective

To investigate the association of seasonality with dietary diversity, household food security and nutritional status of pregnant women in a rural district of northern Bangladesh.

Design

A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2013 to February 2015. Data were collected on demographics, household food security (using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale), dietary diversity (using the women’s dietary diversity questionnaire) and mid-upper arm circumference. Descriptive statistics were used to explore demographics, dietary diversity, household food security and nutritional status, and inferential statistics were applied to explore the role of seasonality on diversity, household food security and nutritional status.

Setting

Twelve villages of Pirganj sub-district, Rangpur District, northern Bangladesh.

Subjects

Pregnant women (n288).

Results

Seasonality was found to be associated with dietary diversity (P=0·026) and household food security (P=0·039). Dietary diversity was significantly lower in summer (P=0·029) and spring (P=0·038). Food security deteriorated significantly in spring (P=0·006) and late autumn (P=0·009).

Conclusion

Seasons play a role in women’s household food security status and dietary diversity, with food security deteriorating during the lean seasons and dietary diversity deteriorating during the second ‘lesser’ lean season and the season immediately after. Interventions that aim to improve the diet of pregnant women from low-income, subsistence-farming communities need to recognise the role of seasonality on diet and food security and to incorporate initiatives to prevent seasonal declines.
Food insecurity is associated with unhealthy dietary practices among US veterans in California
Authors: Becerra Monideepa B , Hassija Christina M , Becerra Benjamin J
Published: August 2016

Objective

US veterans (hereafter, ‘veterans’) are at risk for being overweight or obese and associated unhealthy behaviours, including poor diet; although limited studies have examined the underlying factors associated with such outcomes. As such, the present study evaluated the association between food insecurity and dietary practices among veterans.

Design

A secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from the California Health Interview Survey (2009, 2011/2012) was conducted. Survey weights were applied to identify univariate means, population estimates and weighted percentages. Bivariate analyses followed by survey-weighted negative binomial regression were used to model the association between food insecurity and dietary practices of fruit, vegetable, fast food and soda intakes.

Setting

California Health Interview Survey 2009–2011/2012.

Subjects

The present study included a total of 11 011 veterans from California.

Results

Nearly 5 % of the studied veteran population reported living in poverty with food insecurity. Compared with those at or above the poverty level and those in poverty but food secure, the mean intakes of fruits and vegetables were lower, while the mean intakes of soda and fast foods (Pfor trend <0·05) were higher among veterans living in poverty with food insecurity. Food insecurity was associated with 24 and 142 % higher average consumption of fast foods and soda, respectively, and 24 % lower fruit intake.

Conclusions

Food insecurity remains a burden among veterans and is associated with unhealthy dietary practices. Targeted interventions to improve diet quality are imperative.
Dietary intakes and dietary patterns among pregnant women in Northwest China
Authors: Yang Jiaomei , Dang Shaonong , Cheng Yue , Qiu Huizhen , Mi Baibing , Jiang Yufen , Qu Pengfei , Zeng Lingxia , Wang Quanli , Li Qiang , Kang Yijun , Shen Yuan , Yan Hong
Published: August 2016

Objective

To describe nutrient intakes, characterize dietary patterns and analyse their associations with sociodemographic characteristics among pregnant women in Shaanxi, China.

Design

Population-based cross-sectional survey.

Setting

Twenty counties and ten districts in Shaanxi Province of Northwest China, 2013.

Subjects

Women (n 7462) were recruited using a stratified multistage random sampling method to report diets during pregnancy, at 0–12 months (median 3 months; 10th–90th percentile, 0–7 months) after delivery.

Results

Pregnant women had higher intakes of fat, niacin and vitamin E than the nutrient reference values, while most micronutrients such as vitamin A, folate, Ca and Zn were reportedly low. Women in the highest education, occupation and household income groups had higher nutrient intakes than those in the lowest groups. Nutrient intake differences also existed by geographic area, residence and maternal age at delivery. Three dietary patterns were identified: balanced pattern, vegetarian pattern and snacks pattern. Participants with high balanced pattern scores tended to be better educated, wealthier, 25–29 years old at delivery, working outside and living in urban areas and central Shaanxi. Women with high scores on the vegetarian pattern and snacks pattern tended to be in low balanced pattern score groups, and had lower nutrient intakes than those in the high balanced pattern score groups.

Conclusions

The study suggested that pregnant women in Shaanxi, China had low intakes of most nutrients such as vitamin A, folate and Ca. Dietary patterns and most nutrient intakes varied by sociodemographic characteristics. Targeted programmes are needed to improve dietary intakes and dietary patterns among sociodemographically disadvantaged groups.
Health relevance of intestinal protein fermentation in young pigs
Authors: Pieper R. , Villodre Tudela C. , Taciak M. , Bindelle J. , Pérez J. F. , Zentek J.
Published: August 2016

The physiological role of the gastrointestinal microbiota has become an important subject of nutrition research in pigs in the past years, and the importance of intestinal microbial activity in the etiology of disease is doubtless. This review summarizes the recent knowledge related to the microbial ecology of protein fermentation and the appearance of protein-derived metabolites along the pig intestine. The amount of fermentable protein depends on factors such as dietary protein concentration, protein digestibility due to secondary or tertiary structure, the interaction with dietary compounds or anti-nutritional factors, and the secretion of endogenous proteins into the gut lumen. High protein diets increase the luminal concentrations and epithelial exposure to putatively toxic metabolites and increase the risk for post-weaning diarrhea, but the mechanisms are not yet clarified. Although the use of fermentable carbohydrates to reduce harmful protein-derived metabolites in pigs is well-established, recent studies suggest that the inclusion of fermentable carbohydrates into diets with low protein digestibility or high dietary protein level may not ameliorate all negative effects with regard to epithelial response. Based on the current knowledge, the use of diets with low levels of high-quality protein may help to reduce the risk for intestinal disease in young pigs.
Spiritual beliefs, practices, and needs at the end of life: Results from a New Zealand national hospice study
Authors: Egan Richard , MacLeod Rod , Jaye Chrystal , McGee Rob , Baxter Joanne , Herbison Peter , Wood Sarah
Published: August 2016

Objective:

International studies have shown that patients want their spiritual needs attended to at the end of life. The present authors developed a project to investigate people's understanding of spirituality and spiritual care practices in New Zealand (NZ) hospices.

Method:

A mixed-methods approach included 52 semistructured interviews and a survey of 642 patients, family members, and staff from 25 (78%) of NZ's hospices. We employed a generic qualitative design and analysis to capture the experiences and understandings of participants' spirituality and spiritual care, while a cross-sectional survey yielded population level information.

Results:

Our findings suggest that spirituality is broadly understood and considered important for all three of the populations studied. The patient and family populations had high spiritual needs that included a search for (1) meaning, (2) peace of mind, and (3) a degree of certainty in an uncertain world. The healthcare professionals in the hospices surveyed seldom explicitly met the needs of patients and families. Staff had spiritual needs, but organizational support was sometimes lacking in attending to these needs.

Significance of results:

As a result of our study, which was the first nationwide study in NZ to examine spirituality in hospice care, Hospice New Zealand has developed a spirituality professional development program. Given that spirituality was found to be important to the majority of our participants, it is hoped that the adoption of such an approach will impact on spiritual care for patients and families in NZ hospices.
Diseases of medicinal and aromatic plants, their biological impact and management
Authors: Singh Akanksha , Gupta Rupali , Saikia Shilpi K. , Pant Aakanksha , Pandey Rakesh
Published: August 2016

With increasing interest in natural products of plant origin for medicinal and health care benefits there is added emphasis on the quality of the source raw material. In most cases the vegetative tissues and organs are the source of the required raw material. However, such tissues/organs may become infested/susceptible to many diseases causing deterioration of the quality of the desired economic product and loss of genetic resources. Considerable progress has been made with respect to the identification of disease causing organisms, and their pathogenic impact at organ, cellular and biochemical level. This review focuses on various diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, nematodes, viruses and phytoplasmas threatening the yield, biomass, bioactive potential of medicinal and aromatic plants of the sub-tropics. Several studies suggest that management of diseases through biological measures is more effective to check multiple diseases. Necessary management strategies for efficient disease management to realize quality raw material and enhanced metabolite productive potential have been outlined.
Early New England Psalmody and American Folk Hymns in the Tune Books of Thomas Hastings
Authors: MUSIC DAVID W.
Published: August 2016

Thomas Hastings and his contemporary, Lowell Mason, have often been criticized for rejecting the music of the eighteenth-century American psalmodists and nineteenth-century folk hymnody in favor of what are sometimes considered to be insipid arrangements or imitations of imported European melodies. Hastings, in particular, made a number of vehement statements castigating pieces in these idioms. It is certainly true that Hastings held a low opinion of many pieces in these genres, but it is also true that he printed a surprising number of them in his tune books. While many of these items were probably included because he needed them to help sell his tune books, it is also evident that his rejection of the earlier American pieces was not quite as complete as it is sometimes made out to be. This study traces his use of these “objectionable” items and of some tunes the origins of which are uncertain.
The Cultural Politics ofIsseiIdentity and Music Making in California, 1893–1941
Authors: ASAI SUSAN M.
Published: August 2016

Considering the aesthetic and social value of music making amongIssei, first generation Japanese in California, opens a line of inquiry into how this immigrant population negotiated their cultural and political identities in a nation that racially marginalized them. As an integral aspect of Japanese culture, music was a medium through which Issei leaders chose to claim a cultural space in the United States. Their efforts to establish themselves within the social fabric of mainstream American society reveal the social and political forces that prevented their acceptance and assimilation. Issei responded by showcasing traditional Japanese music to educate white Americans about their revered heritage, singing songs for comfort and familiarity, and encouraging their children to perform Western music as an acculturative strategy. Caught between two nations, Issei emerged with alternative identities that ultimately failed due to the racist ideology governing American citizenship.
Just DO(HaD) It! Testing the clinical potential of the DOHaD hypothesis to prevent mental disorders using experimental study designs
Authors: Van Lieshout R. J. , Krzeczkowski J. E.
Published: August 2016

Optimal early cognitive and emotional development are vital to reaching one’s full potential and represent our best chance to improve the mental health of the population. The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis posits that adverse perinatal exposures can alter physiology and increase disease risk. As physiological plasticity decreases with age, interventions applied during gestation may hold the most promise for reducing the impact of mental disorders across the lifespan. However, this vast clinical potential remains largely unrealized as the majority of human DOHaD research is observational in nature. The application of more rigorous experimental designs [e.g. Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)] not only represents a major step toward unlocking this potential, but are required to fully test the scientific validity of the DOHaD hypothesis as it pertains to mental illness. Here, we argue that the optimization of maternal diet and exercise during pregnancy represents our best chance to improve offspring neurodevelopment and reduce the burden of mental disorders. Follow-up studies of the offspring of pregnant women enrolled in new and existing RCTs of maternal gestational nutrition+exercise interventions are required to determine if acting during pregnancy can prevent and/or meaningfully reduce the prevalence and severity of mental disorders in the population.
A meta-analysis of sperm donation offspring health outcomes
Authors: Adams D. H. , Clark R. A. , Davies M. J. , de Lacey S.
Published: August 2016

Although the use of donor sperm as a treatment modality for male infertility has become common place, the health outcomes for those conceived has been poorly studied. A structured search of the literature using PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Reviews was performed to investigate the health outcomes of offspring conceived from donor sperm. Eight studies were eligible and included in the review, and of these, three were included in a meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of clinical outcomes showed that donor sperm neonates are not at increased risk of being born of low birth weight (<2500 g), preterm (<37 weeks) or with increased incidences of birth defects, than spontaneously conceived neonates.
Uniting for MH17
Authors: RAMSDEN Michael
Published: August 2016

Russia’s veto in the Security Council of a proposed ad hoc tribunal for the Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 disaster prompts consideration of alternative mechanisms to bring the offenders to justice. It is arguable that the General Assembly, drawing upon the text of the UN Charter and the Uniting for Peace mechanism, possesses the constitutional powers to establish the tribunal. The unique features of the General Assembly, comprising the international community, also mean that it is able to act in a way that would facilitate the functioning of an ad hoc tribunal, even in the absence of mandatory powers. Although many practical obstacles lie ahead, an ad hoc tribunal established by a broad coalition in the General Assembly may offer the best hope in securing accountability for the MH17 disaster.
The role of grief symptoms and a sense of injustice in the pathways to post-traumatic stress symptoms in post-conflict Timor-Leste
Authors: Tay A. K. , Rees S. , Steel Z. , Liddell B. , Nickerson A. , Tam N. , Silove D.
Published: August 2016

Aims.

Grief symptoms and a sense of injustice may be interrelated responses amongst persons exposed to mass conflict and both reactions may contribute to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. As yet, however, there is a dearth of data examining these relationships. Our study examined the contributions of grief and a sense of injustice to a model of PTSD symptoms that included the established determinants of trauma events, ongoing adversity and severe psychological distress. The study involved a large population sample (n = 2964, response rate: 82.4%) surveyed in post-conflict Timor-Leste.

Methods.

The survey sites included an urban administrative area (suco) in Dili, the capital of Timor-Leste and a rural village located an hour's drive away. Culturally adapted measures were applied to assess conflict related traumatic events (TEs), ongoing adversity, persisting preoccupations with injustice, symptoms of grief, psychological distress (including depressive symptoms) and PTSD symptoms.

Results.

We tested a series of structural equation models, the final comprehensive model, which included indices of grief symptoms and injustice, producing a good fit. Locating grief symptoms as the endpoint of the model produced a non-converging model. In the final model, strong associations were evident between grief and injustice (β = 0.34, s.e. = 0.02, p < 0.01) and grief and PTSD symptoms (β = 0.14, s.e. = 0.02, p < 0.01). The sense of injustice exerted a considerable effect on PTSD symptoms (β = 0.13, s.e. = 0.03, p < 0.01). In addition, multiple indirect paths were evident, most involving grief and a sense of injustice, attesting to the complex inter-relationship of these factors in contributing to PTSD symptoms.

Conclusions.

Our findings support an expanded model of PTSD symptoms relevant to post-conflict populations, in which grief symptoms and a sense of injustice play pivotal roles. The model supports the importance of a focus on loss, grief and a sense of injustice in conducting trauma-focused psychotherapies for PTSD amongst populations exposed to mass conflict and violence. Further research is needed to identify the precise mechanisms whereby grief symptoms and the sense of injustice impact on PTSD symptoms.
Retest reliabilities of decision-making and cognitive control measures in addictive disorders
Authors: Kräplin Anja , Scherbaum Stefan , Bühringer Gerhard , Goschke Thomas
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Aims: Longitudinal and intervention studies are needed on impaired decision-making and cognitive control deficits as putative risk factors for Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders (SAD). Adequate stability of measures is essential for this approach. To improve our knowledge, we aimed 1) to analyse retest reliabilities of such behavioural measures and 2) to compare retest reliabilities between SAD and controls. Methods: In a quasi-experimental design we recruited a convenience sample of three groups: A Gambling Disorder group (n = 26), a Nicotine Dependence group (n = 42), both diagnosed according to DSM-IV, and a healthy control group (n = 52). Participants performed two test sessions within 3 – 4 weeks with six tasks assessing decision-making and cognitive control. Results: Retest reliabilities, indicated by intraclass correlation coefficients, varied extremely between tasks and parameters ranging from 0.31 (poor) to 0.82 (excellent) with the majority ranging from 0.40 (fair) to 0.74 (good). Importantly, retest reliabilities differed significantly between the SAD groups and the control group. Conclusions: Retest reliabilities of decision-making and cognitive control measures are adequate for longitudinal and intervention studies of SAD, although tasks parameters should be selected carefully. However, group differences in retest reliabilities may result in misleading group and intervention effects. To minimize measurement error, studies investigating longitudinal designs may apply latent variable models.
Collaboration to Enhance Coastal Resilience
Authors: Wright L. , Nichols C. , Cosby Arthur , D’Elia Christopher
Published: August 2016

Integrating models from the social and natural sciences could generate a more holistic approach to climate change response planning in coastal communities.
Juno Makes Closest Ever Orbit of Jupiter
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: August 2016

NASA plans to release more pictures soon, including views of the planet's atmosphere and its north and south poles, all in unprecedented detail.