bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regional Differences in the Light Absorption Properties of Fine Particulate Matter Over the Tibetan Plateau: Insights From HR‐ToF‐AMS and Aethalometer Measurements
Authors: Zhang Xinghua , Xu Jianzhong , Kang Shichang , Sun Junying , Shi Jinsen , Gong Chongshui , Sun Xuying , Du Haolin , Ge Xinlei , Zhang Qi
Published: December 2021

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) has received wide scientific concern in recent decades owing to its important impacts on regional climatic and cryospheric changes, hydrological cycles, and environments. However, our understanding of the spatial distribution of the chemical and optical properties of aerosols is still limited based on prior single‐site observations. In this study, aerosol light absorptions from black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) were explored and compared among three remote TP sites, including Qomolangma Station (QOMS) on the southern TP, Nam Co Station (NamCo) on the central TP, and Waliguan Observatory on the northeastern TP. Although the aerosol mass concentration at QOMS was less than half of that at Waliguan, the light absorption coefficient of aerosols at QOMS was nearly 5 times higher than that at Waliguan, mainly as a result of more light‐absorbing carbonaceous aerosols on the southern TP due to long‐range transported biomass burning emissions. Specifically, BC dominated aerosol light absorption at all wavelengths, whereas BrC contributed ∼30% of the light absorption at 370 nm at QOMS and ∼20% at Waliguan and NamCo. A major contributor to BrC light absorption at QOMS was biomass burning‐related organic aerosols apportioned from aerosol mass spectrometry measurements. Understanding the significant regional differences in aerosol light absorption properties on the TP is useful for evaluating the regional climatic and environmental effects and validating the model results on aerosol radiative forcing.
Determinants of cord blood adipokines and association with neonatal abdominal adipose tissue distribution
Authors: Tan Karen , Tint Mya Thway , Michael Navin , Yap Fabian , Chong Yap Seng , Tan Kok Hian , Godfrey Keith M. , Larbi Anis , Lee Yung Seng , Chan Shiao-Yng , Fortier Marielle V. , Eriksson Johan G. , Karnani Neerja
Published: December 2021

Background

Cord blood leptin and adiponectin are adipokines known to be associated with birth weight and overall infant adiposity. However, few studies have investigated their associations with abdominal adiposity in neonates. We examined maternal factors associated with cord blood leptin and adiponectin, and the association of these adipokines with neonatal adiposity and abdominal fat distribution measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in an Asian mother–offspring cohort.

Methods

Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO), is a prospective mother–offspring birth cohort study in Singapore. Cord blood plasma leptin and adiponectin concentrations were measured using Luminex and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay respectively in 816 infants. A total of 271 neonates underwent MRI within the first 2-weeks after delivery. Abdominal superficial (sSAT), deep subcutaneous (dSAT), and intra-abdominal (IAT) adipose tissue compartment volumes were quantified from MRI images. Multivariable regression analyses were performed.

Results

Indian or Malay ethnicity, female sex, and gestational age were positively associated with cord blood leptin and adiponectin concentrations. Maternal gestational diabetes (GDM) positively associated with cord blood leptin concentrations but inversely associated with cord blood adiponectin concentrations. Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) showed a positive relationship with cord blood leptin but not with adiponectin concentrations. Each SD increase in cord blood leptin was associated with higher neonatal sSAT, dSAT and IAT; differences in SD (95% CI): 0.258 (0.142, 0.374), 0.386 (0.254, 0.517) and 0.250 (0.118, 0.383), respectively. Similarly, each SD increase in cord blood adiponectin was associated with higher neonatal sSAT and dSAT; differences in SD (95% CI): 0.185 (0.096, 0.274) and 0.173 (0.067, 0.278), respectively. The association between cord blood adiponectin and neonatal adiposity was observed in neonates of obese mothers only.

Conclusions

Cord blood leptin and adiponectin concentrations were associated with ethnicity, maternal BMI and GDM, sex and gestational age. Both adipokines showed positive association with neonatal abdominal adiposity.
Eco-evolutionary responses of the microbial loop to surface ocean warming and consequences for primary production
Authors: Cherabier Philippe , Ferrière Régis
Published: December 2021

Predicting the response of ocean primary production to climate warming is a major challenge. One key control of primary production is the microbial loop driven by heterotrophic bacteria, yet how warming alters the microbial loop and its function is poorly understood. Here we develop an eco-evolutionary model to predict the physiological response and adaptation through selection of bacterial populations in the microbial loop and how this will impact ecosystem function such as primary production. We find that the ecophysiological response of primary production to warming is driven by a decrease in regenerated production which depends on nutrient availability. In nutrient-poor environments, the loss of regenerated production to warming is due to decreasing microbial loop activity. However, this ecophysiological response can be opposed or even reversed by bacterial adaptation through selection, especially in cold environments: heterotrophic bacteria with lower bacterial growth efficiency are selected, which strengthens the “link” behavior of the microbial loop, increasing both new and regenerated production. In cold and rich environments such as the Arctic Ocean, the effect of bacterial adaptation on primary production exceeds the ecophysiological response. Accounting for bacterial adaptation through selection is thus critically needed to improve models and projections of the ocean primary production in a warming world.
Enriched environment and visual stimuli protect the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors in a mouse model of non-exudative age-related macular degeneration
Authors: Dieguez Hernán H. , Calanni Juan S. , Romeo Horacio E. , Alaimo Agustina , González Fleitas María F. , Iaquinandi Agustina , Chianelli Mónica S. , Keller Sarmiento María I. , Sande Pablo H. , Rosenstein Ruth E. , Dorfman Damián
Published: December 2021

Non-exudative age-related macular degeneration (NE-AMD), the main cause of blindness in people above 50 years old, lacks effective treatments at the moment. We have developed a new NE-AMD model through unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGx), which elicits the disease main features in C57Bl/6J mice. The involvement of oxidative stress in the damage induced by NE-AMD to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and outer retina has been strongly supported by evidence. We analysed the effect of enriched environment (EE) and visual stimulation (VS) in the RPE/outer retina damage within experimental NE-AMD. Exposure to EE starting 48 h post-SCGx, which had no effect on the choriocapillaris ubiquitous thickness increase, protected visual functions, prevented the thickness increase of the Bruch’s membrane, and the loss of the melanin of the RPE, number of melanosomes, and retinoid isomerohydrolase (RPE65) immunoreactivity, as well as the ultrastructural damage of the RPE and photoreceptors, exclusively circumscribed to the central temporal (but not nasal) region, induced by experimental NE-AMD. EE also prevented the increase in outer retina/RPE oxidative stress markers and decrease in mitochondrial mass at 6 weeks post-SCGx. Moreover, EE increased RPE and retinal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, particularly in Müller cells. When EE exposure was delayed (dEE), starting at 4 weeks post-SCGx, it restored visual functions, reversed the RPE melanin content and RPE65-immunoreactivity decrease. Exposing animals to VS protected visual functions and prevented the decrease in RPE melanin content and RPE65 immunoreactivity. These findings suggest that EE housing and VS could become an NE-AMD promising therapeutic strategy.
Exosomal long noncoding RNA HOXD-AS1 promotes prostate cancer metastasis via miR-361-5p/FOXM1 axis
Authors: Jiang Yongming , Zhao Hui , Chen Yuxiao , Li Kangjian , Li Tianjie , Chen Jianheng , Zhang Baiyu , Guo Caifen , Qing Liangliang , Shen Jihong , Liu Xiaodong , Gu Peng
Published: December 2021

Development of distant metastasis is the main cause of deaths in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Understanding the mechanism of PCa metastasis is of utmost importance to improve its prognosis. The role of exosomal long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) has been reported not yet fully understood in the metastasis of PCa. Here, we discovered an exosomal lncRNA HOXD-AS1 is upregulated in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cell line derived exosomes and serum exosomes from metastatic PCa patients, which correlated with its tissue expression. Further investigation confirmed exosomal HOXD-AS1 promotes prostate cancer cell metastasis in vitro and in vivo by inducing metastasis associated phenotype. Mechanistically exosomal HOXD-AS1 was internalized directly by PCa cells, acting as competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to modulate the miR-361-5p/FOXM1 axis, therefore promoting PCa metastasis. In addition, we found that serum exosomal HOXD-AS1 was upregulated in metastatic PCa patients, especially those with high volume disease. And it is correlated closely with Gleason Score, distant and nodal metastasis, Prostatic specific antigen (PSA) recurrence free survival, and progression free survival (PFS). This sheds a new insight into the regulation of PCa distant metastasis by exosomal HOXD-AS1 mediated miR-361-5p/FOXM1 axis, and provided a promising liquid biopsy biomarker to guide the detection and treatment of metastatic PCa.
Targeting ERK induced cell death and p53/ROS-dependent protective autophagy in colorectal cancer
Authors: Mi Wunan , Wang Chuyue , Luo Guang , Li Jiehan , Zhang Yizheng , Jiang Meimei , Zhang Chuchu , Liu Nannan , Jiang Xinxiu , Yang Ge , Zhang Lingling , Zhang Ge , Zhang Yingjie , Fu Yang
Published: December 2021

In recent years, many studies have shown that autophagy plays a vital role in the resistance of tumor chemotherapy. However, the interaction between autophagy and cell death has not yet been clarified. In this study, a new specific ERK inhibitor CC90003 was found to suppress colorectal cancer growth by inducing cell death both in vitro and in vivo. Studies have confirmed that higher concentrations of ROS leads to autophagy or cell death. In this research, the role of CC90003-induced ROS was verified. But after inhibiting ROS by two kinds of ROS inhibitors NAC and SFN, the autophagy induced by CC90003 decreased, while cell death strengthened. In parallel, protective autophagy was also induced, while in a p53-dependent manner. After silencing p53 or using the p53 inhibitor PFTα, the autophagy induced by CC90003 was weakened and the rate of cell death increases. Therefore, we confirmed that CC90003 could induce autophagy by activating ROS/p53. Furthermore, in the xenograft mouse model, the effect was obtained remarkably in the combinational treatment group of CC90003 plus CQ, comparing with that of the single treatment groups. In a word, our results demonstrated that targeting ERK leads to cell death and p53/ROS-dependent protective autophagy simultaneously in colorectal cancer, which offers new potential targets for clinical therapy.
Androgen receptor regulates eIF5A2 expression and promotes prostate cancer metastasis via EMT
Authors: Zheng Yuancai , Li Ping , Huang Hang , Ye Xueting , Chen Wei , Xu Guodong , Zhang Fangyi
Published: December 2021

Androgen receptor (AR) is an androgen-activated transcription factor of the nuclear receptor superfamily. AR plays a role in the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). However, the exact role of AR in PCa metastasis remains unclear. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the function of AR in PCa. We found that eukaryotic translation initiation factor (EIF) 5A2, an elongation factor that induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in PCa cells, was significantly upregulated after 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) stimulation and downregulated after anti‐androgen bicalutamide treatment in PCa cells with high AR expression, but not in cells with low AR expression. Moreover, eIF5A2 knockdown could eliminate DHT-induced invasion and migration of AR-positive PCa cells. DHT treatment decreased epithelial expression of E‐cadherin and β-catenin but increased the expression of the mesenchymal marker proteins Vimentin and N-cadherin. DHT therefore induced EMT, and knockdown of eIF5A2 inhibited DHT-induced EMT. Moreover, in vivo study, Luciferase signals from the lungs of the eIF5A2 plasmid group indicated higher metastasis ability, and the eIF5A2 siRNA group had lower metastasis ability. Our results suggest that AR positively regulates eIF5A2 expression in androgen-dependent cells, and stimulation of AR expression and signaling in prostate tumors promotes PCa metastasis by EMT induction and upregulation of eIF5A2.
A visible-IR responsive BiVO4/TiO2 photoanode with multi-effect point defects for photothermal enhancement of photoelectrochemical water splitting
Authors: Dong Bo , Li Fei , Feng Shenglei
Published: December 2021

Double point defects enhance the IR-driven photothermal effect of the BiVO4/TiO2 photoanode to significantly improve photoelectrochemical water splitting under sunlight.
Synthesis of 1H-indazoles by an electrochemical radical Csp2–H/N–H cyclization of arylhydrazones
Authors: Wan Hao , Li Dongting , Xia Huadan , Yang Liwen , Alhumade Hesham , Yi Hong , Lei Aiwen
Published: December 2021

An electrochemical anodic oxidation approach was adopted to synthesize a variety of 1H-indazole derivatives in moderate to good yields.
Construction of a two-dimensional DNA–RNA hybridized membrane for collecting tumor-derived exosomes
Authors: Ji Yoonbin , Kim Dajeong , Kim Hyejin , Han Sangwoo , Lee Jong Bum
Published: December 2021

A macroscopic nucleic acid-based membrane structure composed of DNA and RNA is presented. An aptamer-encoded membrane allowed capturing of the tumor-derived exosomes naked.
Controlling the diversity of ion-induced fragmentation pathways by N-methylation of amino acids
Authors: Barreiro-Lage Darío , Nicolafrancesco Chiara , Kočišek Jaroslav , Luna Alberto , Kopyra Janina , Alcamí Manuel , Huber Bernd A. , Martín Fernando , Domaracka Alicja , Rousseau Patrick , Díaz-Tendero Sergio
Published: December 2021

In a joint experimental and theoretical study, we report on the fragmentation of singly and doubly N-methylated glycine induced by low-energy (keV) O6+ ions.
3D porous biomass-derived carbon materials: biomass sources, controllable transformation and microwave absorption application
Authors: Li Tian , Zhi Dan-Dan , Guo Zi-Hao , Li Jin-Zhe , Chen Yao , Meng Fan-Bin
Published: December 2021

This article reviews 3D porous biomass-derived carbon materials as microwave absorbers, including their biomass sources, the transformation from biomass to porous carbon, and their corresponding microwave absorption applications and mechanism.
Identification and quantification of lignin monomers and oligomers from reductive catalytic fractionation of pine wood with GC × GC – FID/MS
Authors: Dao Thi Hang , Van Aelst Korneel , Van den Bosch Sander , Katahira Rui , Beckham Gregg T. , Sels Bert F. , Van Geem Kevin M.
Published: December 2021

Comprehensive HT-GC × GC FID/MS enables reliable detection and quantification of RCF lignin monomers, dimers and, trimers.
Flexible, robust and washable bacterial cellulose/silver nanowire conductive paper for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding
Authors: Wang Jie , Zhu Xiangbo , Xiong Peixun , Tu Junpin , Yang Zhiwei , Yao Fanglian , Gama Miguel , Zhang Quanchao , Luo Honglin , Wan Yizao
Published: December 2021

We design high electromagnetic interference shielding bacterial cellulose/silver nanowire paper with low sheet resistance and good washability.
Enhanced anti-tumor activity of a drug through pH-triggered release and dual targeting by calcium phosphate-covered mesoporous silica vehicles
Authors: Liu Juan , Hu Xixue , Jin Shubin , Liang Xing-Jie , Ma Xiaowei
Published: December 2021

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles coated with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-co-acrylic acid and calcium phosphate (MSCN) and decorated with transferrin (Tf)/RGD ligands on the surface exhibited various functions.
Change in School-Based Speech-Language Pathologists' Job Satisfaction During COVID-19 School Closures: Applying the Conservation of Resources Theory
Authors: Farquharson Kelly , Tambyraja Sherine , Coleman Jaumeiko
Published: December 2021

Purpose:

The purpose of this investigation was to explore how school-based speech-language pathologists' (SLPs') job satisfaction changed because of the COVID-19 global pandemic. We situated job satisfaction within the Conservation Resources (COR) theory.

Method:

We distributed a web-based survey to school-based SLPs throughout the United States. A total of 1,352 SLPs followed the link and 1,069 completed at least 90% of the survey. The survey was composed of four parts: (a) demographic information, (b) obstacles faced during COVID-19 school closures, (c) job satisfaction, and (d) self-efficacy. Self-efficacy was divided into three subscales: decision-making, instructional, and disciplinary.

Results:

Nearly half (48%,n= 522) of the sample reported a decline in job satisfaction following COVID-19 school closures. Using a binomial logistic regression, we found that time pressures and disciplinary self-efficacy predicted this change in job satisfaction. Individuals who reported higher disciplinary self-efficacy and more pressures on their time were 1.2 times more likely to experience a decline in job satisfaction. Number of obstacles faced, caseload size, years of experience, and the additional two self-efficacy scales were not related to this change.

Conclusions:

Job satisfaction is considered a malleable resource within the COR theory. Indeed, we observed a change in this resource due to the rapid shift in service delivery methods, paired with variable levels of support and resources from school districts. Our results have implications for how administration may support SLPs in and out of times of acute crises.
Developing a Framework for a Remote, International Research Collaboration Among Graduate Students: Lessons Learned During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ghali Samantha , Goral Mira , Salama Heba
Published: December 2021

Purpose:

This article describes a framework for developing international research collaborations among graduate students. Central to this framework is the utility of institutional and association-based academic mentorship programs in developing collaborative partnerships. We illustrate how the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's Mentoring Academic Research Careers program served as a vehicle for fostering remote collaboration and provided training experiences for graduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusions:

This model successfully supported doctoral students in developing an ongoing and sustainable research partnership during a challenging time when in-person networking opportunities were unavailable. This partnership provided a unique pathway for professional development that complemented formal academic training. More broadly, international collaboration experiences such as these provide valuable, skill-based training for all students, such that they are better equipped to serve diverse populations and as members of diverse teams. We offer recommendations for others endeavoring to develop international collaboration initiatives for students paired with mentorship.
Nonword Repetition in Bilingual Assessment: A Guide to Clinical Application
Authors: Ortiz José A.
Published: December 2021

Purpose:

Nonword repetition (NWR) is a useful tool in the identification of language impairment in bilingual children. As a method of alternative assessment, the task is less biased than many traditional forms of assessment. Despite its potential utility, the use of NWR in language assessment is limited. The goal of this tutorial is to provide speech-language pathologists with the information needed to use NWR as a diagnostic tool in bilingual assessment by describing research into its diagnostic accuracy and considerations for clinical application.

Conclusions:

NWR is a useful diagnostic tool in bilingual language assessment when used as part of an assessment battery. Although its diagnostic accuracy limits its ability to be used in the absence of other tools, it can provide valuable information that can be used to strengthen clinical impressions. When using NWR measures, clinicians should take several important aspects in account, including the language and age for which it was intended, the type of stimuli included, and the scoring procedures. Clinicians who work with bilingual children should consider including NWR in their diagnostic toolkits, as a less biased method of assessment.
Motion state classification for micro‐drones via modified Mel frequency cepstral coefficient and hidden Markov mode
Authors: Tian He , Dong Chunzhu , Yuan Li , Yin Hongcheng
Published: December 2021

In radar detection for micro‐drones, the performance of the characteristics and features of micro‐drones distinctly varies depending on their motion states. Therefore, this study presents an extraction method for spectral signatures of radar cross section (RCS) to classify and discriminate between typical motion states of micro‐drones. The features related to the RCS of the micro‐drones are transformed and converted into a modified Mel frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC), which is proposed to detailedly characterize the spectral change of RCS along with different movements. Then the hidden Markov model (HMM) is used to recognize the typical movements of micro‐drones based on the modified MFCC. Experiments in X, Ku bands and HH, VV polarization modes are conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed method, and the classification results with average accuracy above 97 are also demonstrated in experiments in discriminating between five different motion scenarios of micro‐drone. The works involved will aid in maximizing classification accuracy for micro‐drones in real scenarios and subsequent situation awareness.
Wideband evaluation of two types of slow‐wave microstrip lines
Authors: Wang D. , Polat E. , Tesmer H. , Jakoby R.
Published: December 2021

The design, characterization and comparison of two widely used approaches in realizing slow‐wave effect on microstrip transmission lines, that is stub loaded and defected ground structure loaded microstrip lines are presented in a wide bandwidth (10–67 GHz) for the first time. Transparent substrate and dielectric material are chosen to ease the alignment of electrode and ground plane. Thin dielectric layer are applied to make the comparison prominent. The results indicate that defected ground structure loaded microstrip line has better RF performance in terms of compactness and insertion loss than stub loaded method within the whole band especially in thin film applications.
A novel traveling wave arrival time detection method in power system
Authors: Rezaei Davod , Gholipour Mehdi , Parvaresh Farzad
Published: December 2021

This paper proposes a high‐speed and accurate method for extracting the arrival times (ATs) of traveling waves (TWs) in the power system that can be used for fault location applications and transmission line protection. The proposed method is based on the expression of the traveling wave as the exponentially damped component superimposed on the sinusoidal wave in a small time window. Also the sine component is removed by using approximation and consecutive differences of the input signal samples (the modal components of three‐phase voltages or currents) from the resulting wave. Due to the fact that the estimation of traveling wave arrival times (TWATs) is done applying basic mathematical operations in the time domain, the proposed method, in addition to the simplicity of implementation, has the appropriate accuracy and speed for applications such as online fault location and protection purposes. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach in fault locating, a 230 kV transmission line is modelled in EMTP/ATP. Then, the fault location under various conditions of faults such as changes in location and type of fault, fault conditions as well as variations in the measurement noise level and sampling frequency are studied using MATLAB.
Road crack detection network under noise based on feature pyramid structure with feature enhancement (road crack detection under noise)
Authors: Sun Mingsi , Zhao Hongwei , Li Jiao
Published: December 2021

Road crack detection is an important task for road safety and road maintenance. In the past, people made use of manual detection methods and tried to use computer vision to detect crack. The most prominent feature in recent years is the use of deep learning. However, there is no good deep learning method for road crack detection under noise. This challenge is faced bravely. First, a noise crack dataset is proposed, consisting of multiple noise crack images which is called NCD. Then, an adaptive bilateral filtering algorithm is developed, which can reduce the influence of noise. Finally, a new crack detection network with two new modules is designed. In the end, it is found that all the parts have promoting effects on crack detection under noise. Compared with other state‐of‐the‐art methods, this method performs better, especially in road crack detection under noise. When evaluating the well‐known crack500 test set, ODS F‐measure of 0.628 is achieved. Besides, this method is also evaluated in another five datasets. Significantly, ODS F‐measure of 0.545 is achieved, 4.0% higher than state‐of‐the‐art on GAPs384.
Weak moving target detection based on suprathreshold stochastic resonance in heavy‐tailed sea clutter
Authors: Yan Yujia , Wu Guangxin , Dong Yang , Yao Yuan
Published: December 2021

Detection of weak moving targets with a low signal‐to‐clutter ratio (SCR) in heavy‐tailed non‐Gaussian sea clutter is a challenge problem in radar signal processing. In this study, an easily implementable suboptimum detector in compound‐Gaussian (CG) clutter is proposed based on suprathreshold stochastic resonance (SSR). The structure of the locally optimum coherent detector for weak target detection in CG clutter is first analysed and the authors proved that it can be implemented using a pre‐processing system followed by the adaptive matched filter (AMF) used in Gaussian backgrounds. A suboptimum pre‐processing system is designed using the SSR system consisting of a parallel array of quantisers, which overcomes the high computation cost caused by the calculation of the data‐dependent threshold for optimum detectors. Its input–output characteristic can be adjusted by adding different quantiser noise at the input of the system, making it suitable to be used for different distributions of input clutter. The gain of the SSR pre‐processing system is introduced and the parameter determination for quantiser noise is analysed. Experiments on both simulated clutter and real sea clutter data in the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research's database and Intelligent PIXel Grimsby database have shown that the proposed detector based on SSR could achieve robust detection performance and perform better than the existing methods.
Research on the construction of quantitative index of microblog group polarization in university public opinion events
Authors: Mengke Wang , Gang Lei
Published: December 2021

“We Media” have enabled netizens to express their opinions in a freer and more convenient way. Netizens’ speech tends to be deviated after group discussion, resulting in online public opinion group polarization and irrational behaviours. Here, a quantitative index of Microblog public opinion group polarization has been established based on the sentiment analysis of the comment text, the popularity of comments and the interaction of users' @. Besides, the effectiveness of such index has been verified by simulation experiment, aiming to provide decision‐making thinking and method guidance for Microblog public opinion group polarization determination.
Atomic and molecular gas from the epoch of reionisation down to redshift 2
Authors: Maio Umberto , Péroux Céline , Ciardi Benedetta
Published: December 2021

Context. Cosmic gas makes up about 90% of the baryonic matter in the Universe and H2 molecule is the most tightly linked to star formation.

Aims. In this work we study cold neutral gas, its H2 component at different epochs, and corresponding depletion times.

Methods. We perform state-of-the-art hydrodynamic simulations that include time-dependent atomic and molecular non-equilibrium chemistry coupled to star formation, feedback effects, different UV backgrounds presented in the recent literature and a number of additional processes occurring during structure formation (COLDSIM). We predict gas evolution and contrast the mass density parameters and gas depletion timescales. We also investigate their relation to cosmic expansion in light of the latest infrared and (sub)millimetre observations in the redshift range 2 ≲ z ≲ 7.

Results. By performing updated non-equilibrium chemistry calculations we are able to broadly reproduce the latest HI and H2 observations. We find neutral-gas mass density parameters Ωneutral ≃ 10−3 and increasing from lower to higher redshift, in agreement with available HI data. Because of the typically low metallicities during the epoch of reionisation, time-dependent H2 formation is mainly led by the H− channel in self-shielded gas, while H2 grain catalysis becomes important in locally enriched sites at any redshift. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation provides free electrons and facilitates H2 build-up while heating cold metal-poor environments. Resulting H2 fractions can be as high as ∼50% of the cold gas mass at z ∼ 4–8, in line with the latest measurements from high-redshift galaxies. The H2 mass density parameter increases with time until a plateau of ΩH2 ≃ 10−4 is reached. Quantitatively, we find agreement between the derived ΩH2 values and the observations up to z ∼ 7 and both HI and H2 trends are better reproduced by our non-equilibrium H2-based star formation modelling. The predicted gas depletion timescales decrease at lower z in the whole time interval considered, with H2 depletion times remaining below the Hubble time and comparable to the dynamical time at all z. This implies that non-equilibrium molecular cooling is efficient at driving cold-gas collapse in a broad variety of environments and has done so since very early cosmic epochs. While the evolution of chemical species is clearly affected by the details of the UV background and gas self shielding, the assumptions on the adopted initial mass function, different parameterizations of H2 dust grain catalysis, photoelectric heating, and cosmic-ray heating can affect the results in a non-trivial way. In the Appendix, we show detailed analyses of individual processes, as well as simple numerical parameterizations and fits to account for them.

Conclusions. Our findings suggest that, in addition to HI, non-equilibrium H2 observations are pivotal probes for assessing cold-gas cosmic abundances and the role of UV background radiation at different epochs.
Convergence bounds for empirical nonlinear least-squares
Authors: Eigel Martin , Schneider Reinhold , Trunschke Philipp
Published: December 2021

We consider best approximation problems in a nonlinear subset ℳ of a Banach space of functions (𝒱,∥•∥). The norm is assumed to be a generalization of the L
2-norm for which only a weighted Monte Carlo estimate ∥•∥n can be computed. The objective is to obtain an approximation v ∈ ℳ of an unknown function u ∈ 𝒱 by minimizing the empirical norm ∥u − v∥n. We consider this problem for general nonlinear subsets and establish error bounds for the empirical best approximation error. Our results are based on a restricted isometry property (RIP) which holds in probability and is independent of the specified nonlinear least squares setting. Several model classes are examined and the analytical statements about the RIP are compared to existing sample complexity bounds from the literature. We find that for well-studied model classes our general bound is weaker but exhibits many of the same properties as these specialized bounds. Notably, we demonstrate the advantage of an optimal sampling density (as known for linear spaces) for sets of functions with sparse representations.
Liebe Leserinnen und Leser, liebe Kolleginnen und Kollegen
Authors: Wiegand Susanna , Weihrauch-Blüher Susann
Published: December 2021

Die Corona-Pandemie hat bei unseren Kindern und Jugendlichen in den letzten 18 Monaten zu einer schleichenden, aber stetigen Zunahme von Übergewicht und Adipositas geführt. Wir sprechen hier mittlerweile von einer zweiten, einer „stillen“ Pandemie.
Subjektives Krankheitswissen von Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus sichtbar machen
Authors: Kampmann Inga , Pirnay-Dummer Pablo , Kampmann-Schwantes Magareta , Schwantes Ulrich , Neugebauer Edmund
Published: December 2021

Hintergrund In dieser klinischen Pilotstudie wurde ein Weg skizziert, auf dem es mittels einer computerlinguistischen Methode aus der Wissensdiagnostik möglich ist, größere Stichproben im Hinblick auf ihre subjektiven Krankheitstheorien, speziell auf das subjektive Krankheitswissen und ihre daraus abgeleitete Versorgungserwartung hin zu untersuchen und die Vorstellungen zu visualisieren und klassifizieren. Dies erlaubt den Entwurf einer objektiven Typisierung des, subjektiv als wahr erachteten, Patientenwissens. Es wird dargestellt, warum die Überführung solch klassifizierten Wissens über das Krankheitswissen und subjektive Krankheitstheorien in der Arzt-Patienten-Interaktion die Kommunikation und letztlich die Adhärenz verbessern könnte.

Mit dem hier eingesetzten methodischen Vorgehen ist eine hohe Zahl individueller Faktoren kein Hindernis mehr für die Analyse von Patientenvorstellungen. Bislang eingesetzte methodische Ansätze hatten das Problem der Multimodalität stets diskutiert. Mit dem vorgestellten Verfahren lässt sich die darin liegende Diversität auch innerhalb eines objektiven Analyseverfahrens nutzen.

Methodik 74 Probanden (18 Diabetespatienten, 56 Gesunde) fertigten Texte an, die durch eine computerlinguistische Analyse mittels T-MITOCAR (Text-Model Inspection Trace of Concepts and Relations) semantisch geclustert und anschließend visualisiert und analysiert wurden.

Ergebnisse Es konnten mehrere inhaltlich voneinander abgrenzbare Cluster identifiziert und beschrieben werden. Dabei zeigten sich unterschiedliche Modelle hinsichtlich der Vorstellungen über die Krankheit und deren Behandlung sowohl innerhalb als auch zwischen den verschiedenen Substichproben.

Schlussfolgerungen Die Ergebnisse dieser Pilotstudie stellen einen Beitrag zu einem dokumentierten Instrumentarium zur besseren Einschätzung und Klassifikation von Patientenvorstellungen bei Diabetes mellitus dar. Die daraus resultierenden Wissenslandkarten (Teil der Ergebnisse) können Behandlern zur Kommunikationsvereinfachung dienen, da die Bedürfnisse der Patienten wesentlich schneller erfasst werden. Das Patientenwissen kann damit in neuer Weise fundiert in den Prozess des Shared Decision Making integriert werden.
Psychosoziale Auswirkungen der Covid-19 Pandemie auf Kinder und Jugendliche in Deutschland
Authors: Raberger Katja
Published: December 2021

Die COVID-19-Pandemie hat vor dem Hintergrund mehrfacher Lockdowns für unzählige Kinder und Jugendliche den bisherigen Alltag grundlegend verändert. Studiendaten aus Deutschland deuten darauf hin, dass psychische- und Verhaltensauffälligkeiten zugenommen haben. Kinder und Jugendliche mit niedrigem sozioökonomischem Status oder Migrationshintergrund haben zudem ein höheres Risiko, durch die COVID-19-Pandemie erheblich belastet zu werden.

Die Anzahl der Kindeswohlgefährdungen nimmt seit Einführung der Statistik im Jahr 2012 kontinuierlich zu. Zwischen 2017- bis -2019 zeigte sich ein jährlicher Anstieg von 10% der Kindeswohlgefährdungen. Im Jahr 2020 registrierten die Behörden ca. 5000 Fälle mehr als 2019, was einen Anstieg von 9% beschreibt. Ob durch Schul- und Kitaschließungen viele Fälle unentdeckt geblieben sind oder sich durch mehr Hinweise aus der sensibilisierten Bevölkerung (+21%) das Dunkelfeld aufhellt, ist abschließend noch nicht geklärt. Längsschnittstudien werden benötigt, um die langfristigen psychosozialen Folgen der COVID-19-Pandemie abzubilden.
Gewichtszunahme bei Kindern und Jugendlichen während der Covid-19 Pandemie
Authors: Vogel Mandy , Geserick Mandy , Gausche Ruth , Beger Christoph , Poulain Tanja , Meigen Christoph , Körner Antje , Sobek Carolin , Keller Eberhard , Pfäffle Roland , Kiess Wieland
Published: December 2021

Es wurde viel darüber spekuliert, ob durch Schulschließungen, eingeschränkte soziale Kontakte und den Wegfall sportlicher Aktivitäten während der Covid-19-Pandemie die Adipositasepidemie im Kindesalter verstärkt werden würde. Deshalb haben wir die BMI-Verläufe während der 15 Jahre vor und während der Covid-19-Pandemie untersucht. Der Trend der BMI-Veränderungen (als delta-BMI-SDS) und die Anteile der Kinder, die Gewicht zunahmen bzw. verloren, zwischen 2005 und 2019 sowie entsprechend Daten von 2019 vor der Pandemie und von 2020 nach dem Einsetzen der ersten Pandemiemaßnahmen wurden bei mehr als 150 000 Kindern (ca. 10 000 in der pandemischen Phase) verglichen. Während der Covid-19-Pandemie fand sich eine substantielle Gewichtszunahme über alle Gewichtsklassen und Altersstufen hinweg. Die Änderung des mittleren BMI-SDS war wesentlich höher als in den Jahren zuvor. Ebenso stieg der Anteil der Kinder, die Gewicht zunahmen. Der Anteil der Kinder, die Gewicht über den Zeitraum verloren, nahm hingegen ab. Außerdem fanden wir ähnliche Trends, der zwar auf eine wesentlich schwächere aber doch stetige Gewichtszunahme hinweisen, bereits seit 2005. Es ist alarmierend, dass sowohl der langfristige Trend als auch die kurzfristigen, pandemie-bezogenen Effekte bei Kindern, die bereits übergewichtig oder adipös waren, am größten waren.

Die Trends, die wir in mehreren Parametern der Gewichtsveränderung über einen Zeitraum von mehr als 15 Jahren beobachten konnten, weisen auf eine Zunahme des BMI-SDS. Besonders bei adipösen Kindern ist diese Dynamik ausgeprägt. Covid-19-bezogene Maßnahmen verstärken die Effekte und könnten damit die Adipositasepidemie im Kindesalter weiter eskalieren.
Wie wählen internistische Patienten ihr Krankenhaus? Eine Querschnittstudie
Authors: de Cruppé W. , Kummer M.-C. , Geraedts M.
Published: December 2021

Einleitung Die freie Krankenhauswahl durch Patienten wird gesundheitspolitisch gefördert und soll durch die Qualitätsberichte der Krankenhäuser unterstützt werden. Doch wie entscheiden sich Patienten für ein Krankenhaus? Wie viele können selber entscheiden, wo informieren sie sich und was sind in der konkreten Situation ihre Entscheidungskriterien? Dies soll für stationäre Patienten der Inneren Medizin im Vergleich zu denen anderer Fachgebiete beantwortet werden.

Methoden Die Daten entstammen einer Beobachtungsstudie. Die nach Fachgebieten und Krankenhausversorgungsstufen geschichtete Zufallsstichprobe wurde in 46 Fachabteilungen von 17 Krankenhäusern aus 15 Städten und Gemeinden Nordrhein-Westfalens erhoben. Die gewichtete Stichprobe wertet 758 Patienten der Inneren Medizin und 1168 Patienten anderer Fachgebiete deskriptiv und inferenzstatistisch aus.

Ergebnisse Internistische Patienten sind älter, häufiger Männer, ohne Migrationshintergrund und chronisch krank, zudem öfter stationär vorbehandelt. Etwa die Hälfte entscheidet selbst über das Krankenhaus, wobei die eigene Kenntnis des Krankenhauses durch einen Voraufenthalt die wichtigste Informationsquelle darstellt und wichtige Entscheidungskriterien die eigene Vorerfahrung, der Ruf des Krankenhauses und die Empfehlung der ambulanten Behandler sind. Der kleine Anteil Patienten mit mehr Zeit vor der Aufnahme wählt das Krankenhaus aktiver.

Diskussion In der Inneren Medizin können weniger Patienten selbst über das Krankenhaus bestimmen. Diese entscheiden dann überwiegend aufgrund ihrer Vorerfahrung mit dem Krankenhaus und setzen die erneute Behandlung im ihnen bekannten Krankenhaus, in dem auch sie bekannt sind, fort. Ein kleiner Anteil jüngerer, gebildeterer und weniger krankenhauserfahrener Patienten informiert sich aktiver vor elektiven Eingriffen. Die Behandlungserfahrungen der Patienten sind zentral bei der eigenen Krankenhauswahl und über den sozialen Austausch auch bei der ihrer Angehörigen.
Moderne medikamentöse Therapie der interstitiellen Lungenerkrankung bei systemischer Sklerose
Authors: Aringer Martin , Koschel Dirk , Krause Andreas , Schneider Udo , Gläser Sven
Published: December 2021

Die systemische Sklerose mit interstitieller Lungenerkrankung (SSc-ILD) ist mit einem erhöhten Morbiditäts- und Mortalitätsrisiko verknüpft. Da es an zugelassenen Medikamenten mangelt, die den Krankheitsverlauf einer SSc-ILD effektiv beeinflussen, besteht ein hoher Bedarf an neuen Therapieoptionen. Die Behandlung mit immunmodulierenden Therapien sowie der autologen Stammzelltransplantation wird in klinischen Studien aktuell weiter untersucht. Kürzlich belegte zudem eine Phase-III-Studie die positive Wirkung des antifibrotischen Wirkstoffs Nintedanib auf den Verlust an Lungenvolumen und somit die Krankheitsprogression bei Patienten mit SSc-ILD. Eine Kombinationstherapie aus Nintedanib und Mycophenolat könnte basierend auf synergistischen Wirkprinzipien zukünftig einen ergänzenden Behandlungsansatz der SSc-ILD darstellen.
In Vitro and In Vivo Antiglycation Effects of Connarus ruber Extract
Authors: Takenokuchi Mariko , Matsumoto Kinuyo , Nitta Yuko , Takasugi Rumi , Inoue Yukari , Iwai Michi , Kadoyama Keiichi , Yoshida Kazutoshi , Takano-Ohmuro Hiromi , Taniguchi Taizo
Published: December 2021

Accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) of the Maillard reaction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Connarus ruber has been used as a folk remedy for several diseases, including diabetes; however, its underlying mechanism has not yet been investigated. This study investigated the effects of C. ruber extract against glycation on collagen-linked AGEs in vitro and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ-DM rats) in vivo. The antiglycation activities of C. ruber extract and aminoguanidine (AG) were examined using a collagen glycation assay kit. Nonfluorescent AGE, Nε-carboxymethyl lysine (CML), Nω-carboxymethyl arginine, and Nε-carboxyethyl lysine levels were measured via electrospray ionization-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The effect of the extract on the cytotoxicity of methylglyoxal (MG), a precursor of AGEs, was examined in HL60
cells. STZ-DM rats were treated with the extract for 4 wk, and the effect was assessed using biochemical markers in the serum and CML-positive cells in renal tissues. C. ruber extract dose-dependently inhibited the glycation of collagen and formation of nonfluorescent AGEs, which was comparable to AG, and it significantly attenuated MG-induced cytotoxicity in HL60 cells. Furthermore, the glycated albumin levels in STZ-DM rats decreased, the increase in serum lipid levels was reversed, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that CML deposition in the glomerulus of STZ-DM rats significantly decreased. Although further studies are needed, C. ruber could be a potential therapeutic for preventing and progressing many pathological conditions, including diabetes.
Endoscopic Fenestration for Treating Galassi Type III Middle Cranial Fossa Arachnoid Cysts: Single- and Multiple-stoma have the Same Curative Effect
Authors: Zhu Guang-tong , Li Chu-zhong , Gui Song-bai , Zhao Peng , Li Zhen-ye , Liu Chun-hui , Zhang Ya-zhuo
Published: December 2021

Background For endoscopic fenestration of middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts (MCFACs), the decisions on the location and number of stomas are key issues. However, research on this particular topic has been limited. Thus, this study aimed to compare single- versus multiple-stoma endoscopic fenestration for treating Galassi type III MCFACs.

Methods This retrospective study included 86 patients with Galassi type III MCFACs treated with endoscopic fenestration. Single-stoma fenestration to the basal cistern was performed in 37 cases, whereas multiple-stoma fenestration to the basal cistern and the carotid cistern was performed in 49 cases. Clinicoradiologic profiles and follow-up data were analyzed.

Results The rate of symptom relief was 83.7% (72/86), and the rate of cyst shrinkage was 96.5% (83/86). Postoperative ipsilateral subdural effusion, which was significant (p = 0.042), and noninfectious fever were the two most common complications in the single- and multiple-stoma groups. No significant differences in intraoperative nerve injury, vascular injury, proportion of cases with cyst reduction, and symptom remission rate were observed between the two groups. The rates of cyst recurrence and secondary surgery in the single-stoma group were higher than those in the multiple-stoma group, although the difference was not significant.

Conclusion Endoscopic fenestration is an effective and minimally invasive approach for treating Galassi type III MCFACs. Single- and multiple-stoma endoscopic fenestrations have the same curative effect.
Fracture Incidence of Kedo-S Square Pediatric Rotary Files: A Prospective Clinical Study
Authors: Lakshmanan Lakshimi , Jeevanandan Ganesh , Maganur Prabhadevi C , Vishwanathaiah Satish
Published: December 2021

Objective The primary focus of this clinical study was to analyze the probability of occurrence of instrument fracture after root canal preparation of primary molars with the help of Kedo-S Square pediatric rotary file.

Materials and Methods Three experienced specialists treated 100 primary maxillary and mandibular molars (335 root canals) using a standardized protocol over 2 months. Biomechanical preparations were carried out using Kedo-S Square file, as per the suggestions given by the manufacturer. Every instrument in Group A helped handle three clinical cases, while for groups B, C and D, they helped in handling 5, 9, and 12 cases, respectively. Making use of an operational microscope, the rotary files, after being pulled out from the canal, were observed. The values were tabulated, and descriptive statistics were performed.

Results There were two fractures (2%), of which 1 occurred in group C in the apical 1/3rd of distobuccal canal of maxillary molar, and the other occurred in group D in the apical 1/3rd of mesiobuccal canal of maxillary molar.

Conclusions The fracture rate of Kedo-S Square rotary file is quite low. It is primarily in the buccal canals of the maxillary molars and the apical third of the root canal that the instrument has a greater probability of separation.