bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MICROSCOPIC CHANGES IN THE LIVER OF DEVELOPING RATS EXPOSED TO VALPRIOC ACID
Authors: MUHAMMAD KHAN  , INAYAT ULLAH  , NAIK ZADA  , MARIYA HIDAYAT
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND: Valproic Acid (VPA) is a broad - spectrum antiepileptic drug. Its use duringpregnancy has been associated with hapatotoxicity. This study was designed to assess the effects of VPAon the Microscopic structure of the Liver of developing rats exposed to the drug during varioustrimesters of pregnancy.OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the histological changes in developing liver in rats exposed to valproic acidduring different fetal periods. To correlate the extent of liver injury during various developmentalperiods.MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this Experimental Study pregnant rats were divided in to fourgroups A, B, C and D. Group D(n=10) was kept as control group. Group A (n=10) was given VPA in adose of 500 mg/kg/day intraperito-nealy (I/P) on days 3, 4, 5 of gestation. Group B (n=10) received thesame dose I/P on days 8, 9, 10 of gestation while Group C (n=10) received the same dose I/P on days16, 17, and 18 of gestation. On day 21 rats were euthanized and liver of the fetuses were dissected outfor examination.RESULTS: The central vein was significantly dilated in all the groups. Also, there was significantincrease in the size of hepatocytes in all the groups. Moreover, significant inflammation and congestionin portal areas and congestion in sinusoids were observed in all the experimental groups.CONCLUSION: VPA use during pregnancy produces hepatotoxicity in developing rats.KEY WORDS: Valproic Acid, Developing rats, Hepatotoxicity.
FREQUENCY OF ANTI-DEPRESSANTS USE AMONG TEACHING FACULTY OF UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR
Authors: HAYAT MUHAMMAD KHAN  , NAEEM ULLAH  , SARDAR RAHEEL ALAM  , JUNAID AHSAN  , ZIA UR REHMAN  , QARIB ULLAH
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND: use of anxiolytics and anti-depressants is highly prevalent among general public andworking class. Use of these drugs is usually self medicated. Different psychosocial factors are involvedin starting use of anti-depressant drugs. Educated class has low level of knowledge about anti-depressantdrug use.OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of the use of anti-depressants among teaching staff of theUniversity of Peshawar.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted in university of Peshawar from Nov 2014 toApril 2015. 160 teachers were included in the study. Teachers were selected randomly.RESULTS: out of 160 teachers, 44 were anxiolytic users in which 30 were male and 14 were female.Most of the users were within age limit of 41-45 years. 26 were self medicated and 18 were using forsome therapeutic purpose.CONCLUSION: 27% of the teachers were antidepressant users. Most of the users were self medicated.KEY WORDS: Anti-depressant, Anxiolytics, University.
PROBLEMS AND SUGGESTIONS REGARDING DISEASE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM, COMMUNICATED BY HEALTH CARE WORKERS OF DISTRICT SWAT KHYBER PUKHTOONKHWA
Authors: SAIDUL ABRAR  , QAR1B ULLAH  , SHAHID KHAN  , NAEEMULLAH
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND: The Disease Early Warning System (DEWS), implemented by the World HealthOrganization (WHO) in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Health, is themain national surveillance system to detect and respond to infectious disease epidemics in Pakistan. TheDEWS was initially implemented in response to natural disaster and displacement emergencies inPakistan, most notably the 2010 floods. However, the system has now expanded to cover about 107million people of Pakistan's population. Its approaches for outbreak detection include immediate alertreporting and weekly data collection from about 2800 health facilities.OBJECTIVE: To find out what problems and suggestions do the trained Health Care Workerscommunicate regarding Disease Early Warning System.MATERIAL & METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on sixty nine Health CareWorkers trained on Disease Early Warning System, from twenty nine randomly selected Basic HealthUnits and Civil Dispensaries in District Swat in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. Astructured interviewer administered questionnaire was used. Within each selected Health Care Facility,we aimed to interview the medical officer or technician in charge who is the designated focal point forDEWS or surveillance/outbreak control activities. At each Health Care Facility all respondents (if morethan one) were interviewed simultaneously in a focus group discussion.RESULTS: 47(68.1%) of the respondents communicated no problem, frequently mentioned barriers tohealth facility were communication problems 9(13.1%), shortage of mane power 4 (5.8%), Irrelevantissues 4(5.8%), Plotting watch chart 1(1.4), DEWS & DHIS forms 1( 1.4), English language 1( 1.4%) andno response 1( 1.4%)CONCLUSION: Improved means of communication needs to be introduced. Performance basedawards in the form of appreciation certificate may be considered. Refresher and on job trainings areneeded.KEY WORDS: Surveillance, Health Care Worker, Pakistan.
HEALTH LITERACY AND HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION PATTERNS IN MIDDLE AGE ADULTS IN PAKISTAN
Authors: UMAR ALEEM  , NOOR KHAN  , ZAKRIA ZAKAR  , ROBEENA ZAKAR  , SHAMAILA
Published: October 2021

OBJECTIVES: No practical and theoretical pattern for identifying health literacy and its utilizationpatterns exist. Health literacy is referring to the ability to read and perform numerical tasks'. Thisstudy’s objective was to recognize useful clinically questions that might be effective for theidentification of marginal and inadequate health literacy in adults.MATERIAL AND METHODS: In person interviews from a sample of n=332 middle age adults (28-40years) completed. A 5 point likert scale questionnaire include 16 literacy screening questionsadministered, followed by a validated health measure, the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy inAdults (STOHFLA). Grounded on the STOHFLA men were categorized as having inadequate,marginal, and adequate health literacy. Health care utilization pattern were identified in a separatequestionnaire through 10 close ended questions.RESULTS: Inadequate health literacy accounts for 42%, marginal health literacy 14% and adequatehealth literacy for 44% of the participants. 23% of the participants do not go to visit the hospital anddoctor in minor health related issues. 29% of the participants use over the counter drugs, and only 48%of the participants visit health facilities (Community Health Center, BHU, RHCs, THQ, DHQ) for theirhealth related issues.CONCLUSION:Health literacy and health care utilization are not so common in middle age adults inPakistan. The need of health literacy must be addressed in middle age adults, and it is possible when thehealth care facilities are fully utilized.KEYWORDS:Heallh Literacy, Healthcare Utilization, Community Health Center, Basic health Unit,Rural Health Center
INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL REPORTING STUDY OF IT-SECTOR CORPORATIONS IN INDIA
Authors: Bhasin Madan Lal
Published: October 2021

Intellectual capital (IC) can prove to be a source of competitive advantage for businesses ultimately leading to wealth generation in the long-term. At present, reporting of IC information is done by very few leading corporations purely on a “voluntary” basis. Unfortunately, the omission of IC information may adversely influence the quality of decisions made by shareholders, or lead to material misstatements. India presents an ideal case for the analysis of IC reporting by the IT corporations because the economy has been undergoing rapid transformation.This study attempts to provide an insight into the style of IC reporting done by the top IT-sector corporations in India. In order to survey the recent IC reporting practices, we conducted a study of 16 IT corporations in which “content analysis” was performed on their 2007 to 2009 annual reports. The results of this study confirmed that IC reporting in these corporations is almost negligible, and IC reporting had not received any preference from the mentors of these corporations. A major recommendation for corporations is to develop strategic and tactical initiatives that provide for ‘voluntary’ reporting of IC. These initiatives may initially be used for internal management purposes, but an external stakeholder-focus IC report should be the ultimate long-run goal.
ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL MANAGERS IN QUALITY ASSURANCE: REFLECTIONS ON KENYA’S UNIVERSITY EDUCATION
Authors: Owino Gudo Calleb , Ogachi Oanda Ibrahim , Maureen A Olel
Published: October 2021

Universities are accountable to the stakeholders. To justify their continued existence, the managers of these universities need to guarantee the public that the institutions they lead offer quality teaching, research and community service. The study investigated how effectively university managers have played their role in quality assurance. The results indicated that private universities performed better than public universities in management of quality education. However, public and private universities suffered from interference by political and religious patronage. The other barrier to provision of effective management for quality assurance among Kenyan public and private universities was found to be negative ethnicity and nepotism. Kenyan public universities suffered from insufficient teaching and learning resources and a leadership that did not satisfactorily engage its stakeholders in decision making. It was recommended that managers of the universities should deliberately take short term leadership courses to boost their managerial skills as a significant step towards delivery of quality education. The skills acquired should be sufficient to respond to the challenges of quality education bedeviling the universities.
A literary study of purvarupa (prodromal features ) w. s. r. to prameha vyadhi purvarupa.
Authors: Archana R. Gharge  , Rajiv Mundane
Published: October 2021

In Ayurvedic science, diagnosis of the disease is done with help of Nidan Panchakaaa. In five-fold examination, Purvarupa is one of the component parts of Nidan Panchaka. Purvarupa means Prodromal features of diseases. Any disease does not appear suddenly. Time taken between etiological factors intake to the appearance of specific disease is of Purvarupa. They are premonitory features that manifest before the actual emergence of disease. These symptoms could be doshik or adoshik. Purvarupa are of two types, general and specific. Careful understanding of Purvarupa helps in the differential diagnosis of diseases. Purvarupa also helps to  determine the prognosis of any disease. The appearance of all Purvarupa of any disease is considered a bad prognosis because it means the disease is incurable. At Purvarupa stage, treatment modalities for any disease are simpler or easier. So the knowledge of Purvarupa is essential. In samhitas the Purvarupa (Prodromal features )of Prameha vyadhi is described very well. As the  Prameha vyadhi is asadhya in its chronic stage as well as it may cause many serious complications if it is not treated and controlled in the early stage, it is very important to know the disease in very primary stage.This is possible by detecting the prameha Purvarupas in patient earlier. So that we can diagnose this stage and can prevent developing it further in vyaktavastha. So in this review study, an attempt is made to elaborate on the importance of Purvarupas and to compile the Purvarupas of Prameha from all ayurvedic samhitas.
A review on Bahir Parimarjan Chikitsa- before Shodhan Karma.
Authors: Seema Pardeshi- Rajput  , Dipali Chavan-Sonawane
Published: October 2021

In literal terms Chikitsa means treatment i.e. the manner in which the medicines are applied, what medicines are to be applied or consumed to establish harmony between the doshas and root out the disequilibrium between the factors responsible for the physiological functions of the body Panchakarma therapies are usually employed to eradicate the vitiated Doshas  and  aid  in  maintaining  the  equilibrium  of  these  Doshas,  which  is  the fundamental basis  of health.  Purva-karma is done by snehan and swedan under the supervision of an Ayurvedic therapist. In scheduled treatment, snehan is followed by swedan. This article gives an insight on bahir parimarjan chikitsa before shodhan karma.
Euphoria, Pakikibaka, at Bahala Na: Kontekstuwalisasyon ng Piling Awiting
Post-EDSA
Authors: San Juan David Michael
Published: October 2021

The EDSA People Power I that ousted the Marcos dictatorship led to the production
of a number of songs giving various perspectives on the so-called “peaceful revolution.”
Utilizing Howard Zinn’s and Teresita Maceda’s concepts about people’s history, this
paper scrutinized the world phenomenon of songs that reflect people’s history so as to
contextualize class contradictions in three post-Edsa songs (“Handog ng Pilipino sa
Mundo”/“The Filipinos’ Offering to the World”, “Sayaw sa Bubog”/“Dance on Shards” and
“Kumusta Na”/“How Are You?”). This paper also compared the various perspectives of
distinct social classes on the “victory” and failure of EDSA I, so as to contribute to
the unmasking of the emptiness of the historical revisionism which loyalists of the
Marcos dictatorship peddle. In general, the paper is aimed at making the significance,
meaning and context of these three post-EDSA songs accessible and intelligible to the
post-EDSA I generations.
“Ang Pilipinas Bilang Lupain ng Kabalintunaan:” Si Isabelo De Los Reyes Bilang
Tagapag-Ambag sa Pahayagang La Solidaridad (1889–1895)
Authors: Liwanag Leslie Anne L. , Chua Michael Charleston B.
Published: October 2021

The project aims to inductively understand and to make an impartial assessment on
the articles of Isabelo de los Reyes in the Philippine periodical La Solidaridad
(1889–1895). The paper is significant in the sense that this will help towards the
understanding on the motives and contribution of the articles in the imagination of the
Philippine society. It will also enrich the current studies about the polymath who spent
most of his time giving service to the Philippine nation. To achieve such goals, this
paper contains five substantive sections: 1) an intellectual biography of de los Reyes
as a writer and journalist; 2) contents of de los Reyes’ articles in La Solidaridad; 3)
some themes and discourses of de los Reyes’ articles in La Solidaridad; and the 4)
critical conclusion on his thoughts and contribution in the said periodical.
Media Self-regulation through Media Literacy: Insights from the Cebu Citizens-Press
Council (CCPC)
Authors: Tabada Ma. Theresa Angelina
Published: October 2021

How does the press regulate itself? Through document research, key informant
interviews, and participant observation, the researcher studied how the Cebu
Citizens-Press Council (CCPC) promotes media self-regulation (MSR) among the Cebu press
and media literacy (ML) among citizens and netizens in Cebu, a metropolis in southern
Philippines. Led by civil society leaders, the editors-in-chief of Cebu newspapers, and
other media leaders, the CCPC conducts MSR through the reactive mechanism of
adjudicating complaints about accuracy and fairness or right of reply raised against
Cebu’s five local newspapers. Its proactive mechanism involves the promotion of MSR
among local journalists and the initiation of ML for citizens and netizens. MSR thrives
in a setting that involves four stakeholders: newspapers, media advocacy groups,
citizens, and netizens, and it can be enhanced and sustained through ML, which ensures
greater participation of citizens and netizens as media watchdogs and defenders of
freedom of expression.
Discriminating Between Second-Order Model With/Without Interaction Base on Central Tendency Estimation
Authors: P.S. Owhondah , D. Enegesele , O.E. Biu , D.S.A. Wokoma
Published: October 2021

The study deals with discriminating between the second-order models with/without interaction on central tendency estimation using the ordinary least square (OLS) method for the estimation of the model parameters. The paper considered two different sets of data (small and large) sample size. The small sample size used data of unemployment rate as a response, inflation rate and exchange rate as the predictors from 2007 to 2018 and the large sample size was data of flow-rate on hydrate formation for Niger Delta deep offshore field. The〖 R〗^2, AIC, SBC, and SSE were computed for both data sets to test for adequacy of the models. The results show that all three models are similar for smaller data set while for large data set the second-order model centered on the median with/without interaction is the best base on the number of significant parameters. The model’s selection criterion values (R^2, AIC, SBC, and SSE) were found to be equal for models centered on median and mode for both large and small data sets. However, the model centered on median and mode with/without interaction were better than the model centered on the mean for large data sets. This study shows that the second-order regression model centered on median and mode are better than the model centered on the mean for large data set, while they are similar for smaller data set. Hence, the second-order regression model centered on median and mode with or without interaction are better than the second-order regression model centered on the mean.
Neurological manifestations associated with COVID- 19: a review
Authors: Ferreira Yasmim Berni , Freire Flávia Maria Ramos , Araújo Victor Oliveira , De Oliveira Isadora Mônica Ponte , Freitas Lara Maria de Oliveira Paiva , Dos Santos Júlio César Claudino
Published: October 2021

The knowledge of the spinal cord irrigation is important for the therapeutic planning "COVID-19" is a potentially serious, highly transmissible infectious disease that was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 can evolve asymptomatically, with respiratory symptoms or with systemic manifestations affecting, for example, the nervous system. This review aims to discuss the neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection, citing the prevalence of each. This study analyzed scientific articles published from 2010 to 2021 in the PubMed database. More than 35% of patients who contract the novel coronavirus develop neurological symptoms. SARS-CoV enters the brain mainly through the olfactory bulb and spreads rapidly via transneuronal route to other related areas such as cerebellum, insula, encephalon, vessels and nerves, and the brain parenchyma itself. This causes manifestations in the CNS (dizziness and ataxias), PNS (anosmia and ageusia), and the musculoskeletal system. Given existing knowledge of other coronaviruses and respiratory viruses, the wide range of CNS and PNS associations with COVID-19 is not surprising, and this is the focus of most current reports. Neurological complications, particularly encephalitis and stroke, can cause lifelong disability, requiring long-term care and substantial costs in the social and economic sphere.
Isolation, Characterization and Quantitation of Photoactive phases of Titanium (IV) oxide in skin-lightening products
Authors: Ollengo Moses A. , Nthiga Esther W.
Published: October 2021

Titanium (IV) oxide (TiO2) is used as a physical blocker of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in many skin-care products. Absorption of TiO2 through the skin is likely to interact with viable tissues because UV radiation absorption generates toxic reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals. Studies on the acute toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles in mammals indicate that intra-tracheal instillation, intraperitoneal injection or oral instillation of TiO2 particles to the animals evoke an inflammatory response as well as certain histopathological changes. Ultrafine particles of the anatase form of titanium (IV) oxide, which are smaller than 0.1 microns, are pathogenic. In this work eight skin-lighteners containing TiO2 from South African market were studied. The TiO2 was extracted by a fusion technique and quantified by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Sequential solvent extraction was employed to isolate TiO2 particles for characterization employing high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). All samples considered in this study meet agreeable TiO2 % (m/m) levels as specified by all health regulatory bodies. Both forms of TiO2: anatase and rutile, were found to be present. Most samples contained nano-TiO2 in the particle size range of 16.23 nm to 51.47 nm that could lead to detrimental effects. The fact that the anatase form, known for its photocatalytic activity, was present, is a cause for concern.
Emerging techniques in Agricultural Waste Valorization in Bioethanol production
Authors: Ben Cheikh Fatma Zohra , Ali Douadi , Boussebaa Walid
Published: October 2021

Bioethanol is the only liquid fuel for gasoline engines that is renewable and immediately available since it is produced from vegetable raw material, also called biomass. Hence the name bioethanol refers originally to living plant, not to fossil fuel. It is produced by the transformation of biomass sugars by yeast which is responsible for the fermentation of production alcohol. The objective sought through this study is valuation of biomass that is possibly made for any product with low market value obtaining bioethanol which constitutes a product of high added value, for example the bio valuation of dates of poor quality called " Degla Bayda ". Physicochemical analyzes were carried out from the dates mill and during its alcoholic fermentation. Identification and purity verification analyze were undertaken for bioethanol. The results obtained show that fermentation conditions obtained that gave the optimum bioethanol yield was chosen of 36.25% at temperature 32°C, pH 5.0, yeast ratio 1g and fermentation time of 48 hours and the quality of our product is conformed with international standards.
La ciencia de la ficción: un repaso psicológico de sus efectos prosociales
Authors: López de Pomar Fabrizio
Published: October 2021

El presente texto expone hallazgos que la ciencia ha ofrecido en los años recientes sobre los efectos psicológicos que tiene leer literatura de ficción, en comparación con no leerla. Se acuña el concepto de “ciencia fricción” por las nuevas implicancias que surgen al escribir el género de ciencia ficción durante la Cuarta Revolución Industrial. El artículo tiene como objetivo revaluar la importancia de leer y escribir en dicho género literario no solo como entretenimiento sino como un entrenamiento psicológico que nos prepare para las nuevas vivencias humanas que las tecnologías están creando.
Transhumanismo, Lado B: ¿Realidad que sobrepasa la ficción?
Authors: Siancas Wildo
Published: October 2021

Se habla y se considera que tanto la ciencia como el arte mantienen diferentes esferas de la realidad de manera independiente. Sin embargo, es necesario mencionar que tanto la literatura como la cinematografía han denotado con creces el desarrollo, incluso visionario, de los avances científico-tecnológicos del contexto histórico-cultural del ser humano. Sin embargo, junto a ellos se concebían al unísono, las distopías y sus diversas manifestaciones, al grado de plasmarse en aquel paradigma “High tech, Low life”, propio del género literario Cyberpunk. Razón por la cual, el objetivo de esta segunda parte implica observar el lado reverso del Transhumanismo, aquel que oscila entre la realidad y la ficción. Para ello, el análisis se realizará a través de sus manifestaciones literarias y cinematográficas dentro de la cultura popular, ya que de esta manera permitirá al ciudadano de a pie concebir próximos espacios de dialogo acerca de este futuro tan distópico, pero no tan lejano a la realidad que conocemos.
El poder de la tecnología inteligente sofisticada
Authors: Mori Kenner
Published: October 2021

Este artículo tiene por objetivo analizar dos capítulos de la serie de ciencia ficción “Black Mirror” de la empresa Netflix Inc. Donde en ambos se utilizan tecnología inteligente muy sofisticada. Uno de los capítulos de la serie lleva por título “Vuelvo enseguida” y se encuentra en la Temporada 2 y el otro se ubica en la Temporada 3 con el título “Odio Nacional”. Vuelvo en seguida, trata de una joven pareja que se va a vivir a una casa de campo, sin embargo, el novio Ash fallece con una camioneta y entonces su novia Martha triste por la soledad accede a tener conversaciones con una Inteligencia Artificial que tiene todos los rasgos de su novio fallecido, ahí empieza la trama principal. Por otro lado, el capítulo de Odio Nacional, trata de una serie de asesinatos que es investigado por 4 detectives, donde se concluye que los drones autónomos IDA, tienen cierta responsabilidad en ello.
Academics’ Perceptions on the Factors Affecting Strategic Changes: The Case of an Australian University
Authors: Billah Mamun , Mamun Mehadi
Published: October 2021

Over three decades, a number of external and internal factors that are linked to the political and economic environment have influenced Australian universities to adopt strategies and management styles similar to any other business organisation. The shifts in the strategic focus of the universities have been reflected through their policies and governance at different levels of the organisations. However, there is a need for understanding from different levels’ staff perceptions on whether they equally perceive the changes as legitimate. Based on a social constructionist approach, utilising the intellectual merits of Institutional Theory, this paper draws on the in-depth interview of three levels of staff of an Australian university to understand their perceptions on the impact of major influential factor(s) responsible for strategic changes in their operating environment. The study finds that academics at different levels carry a mix of attitudes towards identifying the major influential factors, not by its merit but rather the way the top managements have implemented the changes within the organisation. The study also finds that the strategy implementation that is based on the new business model and adopted by the University has not been positively accepted by the operational level academics as it conflicts with their traditional values. The perception gaps at different levels identified in the study would help management in future strategy development and the implementation process with a stronger focus on the behavioural aspects of change.
新公司法與企業社會責任的過去與未來──我國法下企業社會責任理論的立法架構與法院實務
Authors: 楊岳平 楊岳平
Published: October 2021

有鑑於2018年7月公司法修正明文化企業社會責任理論的基本原則，本文以我國法下的公司負責人責任制度為觀察重點，分別由立法層面與法院實務層面回顧企業社會責任理論於我國法下的具體落實情形，首先在立法層面將企業社會責任理論再細分為裁量型企業社會責任與義務型企業社會責任，並且在法院實務層面回顧我國既已發展的案例，指出我國法院在處理裁量型企業社會責任案例時，未來應更加著重於個案中的程序合法性與公司負責人個人利益衝突，以及我國法院在處理義務型企業社會責任案例時，已參酌商業慣例與公司自願性的公開承諾以形塑公司負責人的義務範圍。本文最終指出，企業社會責任理論於本次修法以前，即已存在於我國法院實務，未來研究重點應置於相關案例之評析，以協助我國法院進一步細化企業社會責任理論。
The amendment of Taiwan's Company Act in July 2018 confirmed the basic principle of corporate social responsibility theory. In light of that, this article focuses on the liability of corporate responsible persons under Taiwan's laws and reviews the implementation of corporate social responsibility under Taiwan's laws from the perspectives of legislation and court practices. It firstly classifies the corporate social responsibility theory into discretionary corporate social responsibility and obligatory corporate social responsibility from the perspective of legislation and then reviews the developed case laws in Taiwan's court practices. It suggests that when handling cases involving discretionary corporate social responsibility in the future, Taiwan's courts should pay more attention to the procedural legality and the personal conflicted interests of the corporate responsible persons in the individual case. It also identifies that when handling cases involving obligatory corporate social responsibility, Taiwan's courts have considered commercial practices and the company's voluntary public commitment to shape the scope of obligation of corporate responsible persons. In sum, this article highlights that the corporate social responsible theory has existed in Taiwan's case laws before this amendment, and future studies should focus more on commenting these cases to assist Taiwan's courts in substantiating the corporate social responsibility theory.
A Perspective on Corporate Social Responsibility in the Europe
Authors: 吳盈德 吳盈德
Published: October 2021

The European legislative and regulatory efforts for corporate accountability are broad in scope, encompassing a diversity of concerns for corporate transparency; the overall protection of human rights; the protection of animals and the physical environment; the rights of the consumer; the rights of the workers; and the impact of multinational firm operations on the local communities in efforts to generate shareholder wealth. A major legal issue with cases of corporate misbehavior on a global scale has been the rights of certain courts to hear corporate irresponsibility claims filed against companies which operate abroad. An outcome of the explosive growth of industry, the exploitation of poor countries with deficient critical infrastructures by multinational corporations has continued to plague society through blatant abuses of the physical environment as well as basic human rights. Nonetheless, poor countries continue to pursue financial investments from multinational corporations as well as from global sources of public aid. The European Union has endeavored to regulate such relationships in order to protect human rights and preserve the environment. This article provides an overview of corporate social responsibility in the European Union with a case study of the social and economic impact of the Royal Dutch Shell business activities and performance in the Niger Delta. The outcomes for European corporations who do not incorporate the principles of corporate social responsibility in their business structure and activities include lawsuits based upon claims of environmental degradation and socioeconomic exploitation. The integration of corporate social responsibility into the European corporate business practices and operations has a limited yet positive affect on the financial performance of the firm.歐盟對於企業問責制的立法規範可說是不遺餘力，涉及層面廣，包含對公司透明度的各種關注、人權全面保護、動物與實體環境的保護、消費者權利、勞工權利及跨國企業一心一意為股東創造財富的營運模式對於當地社區的影響。企業在世界各地的不當行為案例所引發的重大法律議題，長久以來的爭議，是特定法院是否有權審理海外公司因不負責任為由遭到控訴的案件。工業爆炸性成長的後果是跨國公司不斷利用關鍵基礎設施缺乏的貧窮國家，持續公然濫用自然環境和基本人權，為社會帶來紛擾與不安。儘管如此，貧窮國家仍繼續尋求跨國公司和全球公共援助來源的金融投資。歐盟一直努力規範這層關係，以便保護人權及保存環境資源。本文透過荷蘭皇家殼牌集團在尼日河三角洲的商業活動及表現，產生的社會經濟影響實際案例，概述歐盟的企業社會責任。未將企業社會責任原則納入旗下業務結構和活動的歐盟企業，面臨的後果包括以環保破壞與社會經濟剝削為基礎提起的訴訟。將企業社會責任原則併入歐盟企業實務營運會對企業的財務表現產生有限、卻正面積極的影響。
Solutions for Labor Retrenchment Caused by Covid-18 Pandemic in Vietnam: Regulations and Recommendations for Application
Authors: 段氏芳葉 段氏芳葉 , 楊金世元 楊金世元
Published: October 2021

在勞資關係中，雇主有權管理和經營企業。在這些權利中，解僱工人是其中重要的一環。尤其是在面對當今Covid-19流行的時空背景下，雇主不得不透過裁員來降低用工成本。然而，雇主的裁員權卻違背了越南勞動法中所重視的工人保護的原則。在本篇文章中，透過與台灣、法國法律的比較，提供並分析在越南法律中，允許雇主在Covid-19疫情的背景下，合法行使裁員權的解決方案。
Ricâl Tenkit Araştırmalarının Dijital Kaynakları
Authors: KURT İsmail
Published: October 2021

Günümüz ilim sahasında kaynakların dijitalleşme süreci hızla devam etmektedir. Aktüalitesini her daim koruyan ricâl tenkit ilmi de bu gelişmelere kişisel ya da kurumsal girişimlerle ayak uydurmaya gayret etmektedir. Bu vesileyle ricâl edebiyatına dair kaynaklarda yer alan değerlendirmeler offline ya da online olarak kullanıcılara açılmaktadır. Ricâl tenkit verilerini içeren internet siteleri online olup internet bağlantısının olduğu her yerde erişilebilmektedir. Bu açıdan araştırmacılara büyük kolaylıklar sağlamaktadır. Bununla birlikte sitelerin sayısal fazlalığı onların değerlendirilmesini ve nitelikli olanların belirlenmesini gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu amaçla makalemizde ricâl tenkit verilerini ihtiva etmekle öne çıkmış bazı siteler konu edilmiştir. Söz konusu sitelere ilaveten el-Mektebetü’ş-şâmile adlı program da araştırmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Araştırmaya konu olan siteler; alan adı, kapsayıcılık, kullanım kolaylığı gibi açılardan incelenmiştir. Böylelikle internet siteleri üzerinden araştırma yapacak günümüz araştırmacılarına yön verecek değerlendirmeler yapma imkânına ulaşılmıştır. Bunun yanında ülkemizde özellikle ricâl tenkit temalı bir sitenin kurulma ihtiyacına da işaret edilerek tavsiyelerde bulunulmuştur. Bu tavsiyelerin temelinde sade, kullanıcı dostu ve kaynak gösterimi gibi özelliklerin olmasına vurgu yapılmıştır.
Biofortification of Staple Crops to Eradicate Hidden Hunger: A Review
Authors: Alam Afroz , Bibi Fozia , Deshwal Kanchan , Sahariya Aditi , Bhardwaj C. , Emmanuel Iwuala
Published: October 2021

There is a very close association between humans’ beings and the enormous wealth of plants on this green planet. Amid the large floral diversity, numerous plants have been used for exclusive purposes, most notably the food. Though many staple crop plants and vegetables are rich sources of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to meet hunger and require nourishment, they invariably lack some of the essential minerals and vitamins vital for the ideal growth of a human being. Globally, a large portion of the populace is facing ‘hidden hunger’ attributable to the deficit of certain minerals and vitamins in their routine diet because most of the staple food and fodder are deficient in any specific essential nutrients and vitamins. To meet this problem, people have used many approaches and developed new methods to improve staple crops. Biofortification is one such method which the researchers with great success extensively use. In this attempt, various tactics of biofortification have been reviewed. The review also conferred which biofortification was achieved in many staple food crops and their applicability and limitations at the global level.
MULTILATERAL CONFLICTS OF PALESTINE - HISTORY, PRESENT AND TRENDS
Authors: ATANASIU Mirela
Published: October 2021

Palestine, a historical land inhabited by both Jews and Arabs, has been the source of disagreement for the two ethnic communities since their establishment in this territory. Over time, as a consequence of this antagonism, the Middle East region has hosted a multilateral conflict generated by a number of factors (historical, ethnic, national and religious), which is currently manifested in three subsequent disputes: Arab-Israeli, Israeli-Palestinian and religious. The social dispute was initially generated by the inter-communal misunderstandings between Arabs and Jews, in the territory of the British mandate of Palestine and degenerated into a series of wars between Israel and the Arab states that led to an open armed conflict between Israel and Gaza. Also, the religious dispute, which permanently accompanied the other two, is related to the equally claiming by Jews and Muslims of both the entire territory of this historical land, as well as Jerusalem. The paper is intended to be a clarification of what the historic Palestinian region represents and how it has transformed under the impact of the conflict generated against the background of the desire for statehood expressed by Jews and Arabs in the same space. In the following, some aspects will be shown presenting the historical sources of territoriality, statehood and conflict in the region, and current forms of Palestinian multilateral conflict, as well as the predominant side of the conflict in the contemporary period, focusing on developments in the first half of 2021, but also some trends that are expected in the evolution of the Palestinian issue.
Indicadores de mobilidade urbana em Campina Grande, PB
Authors: Almeida Hermes Alves de Almeida , Albuquerque Laura Lins Dantas
Published: October 2021

A Mobilidade Urbana é a movimentação de pessoas e de mercadorias, o que requer políticas públicas de planejamento. Nesse contexto, procurou-se estabelecer os principais indicadores da mobilidade urbana de Campina Grande, sendo essas determinações os objetivos principais. Utilizaram-se dados de mobilidade urbana da referida cidade e de outras, disponíveis no IBGE, Superintendência de Trânsito e Transportes Públicos de Campina Grande (STTP), DENATRAN e outros, além de coleta, in loco, aplicando-se questionários semi-estruturados aos usuários do transporte coletivo da STTP. Os principais resultados evidenciaram que o transporte coletivo é a principal opção de mobilidade para as classes de baixa renda, embora haja intensa migração para o uso de motocicletas. Com elevados indicadores de congestionamentos mais da metade dos usuários de ônibus migraram para motocicleta, comprometendo, a sustentabilidade. Nas pequenas cidades, o quantitativo de motos já supera o de carros. Sugerem-se ações de educação no trânsito, sinalização e corredores que resultem não somente na segurança viária, mas na diminuição de custos sociais com acidentes, melhoria na acessibilidade e mobilidade dos pedestres
Poéticas da Oralidade em Mossoró-RN: memória, dizeres e saberes de poetas populares
Authors: Souza Karlla , Siqueira Ailton , Dos Santos de Oliveira Luan Gomes , Evangelista Jucieude
Published: October 2021

Inserida no campo dos estudos culturais das Ciências Sociais, o objeto dessa pesquisa tem como base central a vida e a obra dos poetas repentistas e cordelistas de Mossoró-RN. A escolha dessa cidade teve como prerrogativa as fortes manifestações culturais, artísticas e poéticas desenvolvidas no local, conhecido também como capital da cultura. Nosso objetivo visa apresentar as memórias e paisagens desse lugar por meio dos sujeitos comuns, cordelistas, artistas e artesãos da palavra, do verso escrito e cantado, cidadãos geralmente velhos, portadores de memórias socioculturais, pessoais e poéticas. Sua “arte da palavra” se confronta com a polifonia e fugacidade urbana. Neste texto, colocamos em evidência as vozes de sujeitos societais capazes de revelar outras dimensões da realidade e da cultura, vozes poéticas que evocam memórias não somente de quem fala, mas de um saber  que vive sob a camada da cultura de entretenimento e do fugaz  consumo da soceidade contemporânea. Com essa pesquisa, conhecemos novos sujeitos, histórias e facetas da realidade da que fazem parte da construção diária da cultura oral e seus saberes.
SARCOMA DE KAPOSI E O HIV: UMA REVISÃO LITERÁRIA
Authors: BORGES Açucena de Oliveira , PEREIRA Leticia Goes , HUMBERTO João Victor , DANZIGER Leila Rodrigues
Published: October 2021

OBJETIVO: Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar por meio de revisão bibliográfica a incidência de pacientes diagnosticados com Sarcoma de Kaposi tendo como principal fator etiológico o vírus da imunodeficiência humana. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se uma busca sistematizada online no banco de dados Norte-Americano (PUBMED), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), e Google acadêmico. Utilizando descritores como “Sarcoma de Kaposi” e “HIV”. Ademais, foram revisados 21 artigos tendo como critério de inclusão as literaturas publicadas do ano 1999 a 2019, excluindo quaisquer outros inferiores a primeira data e aqueles que não fazem referência ao SK ligado a AIDS. Por conseguinte, após analisar e passar pelas normas supracitadas restaram 15 referências literárias para a confecção deste artigo. CONCLUSÕES: Destaca-se que o Sarcoma de Kaposi é a neoplasia maligna mais frequente da Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS) e sua classificação depende da extensão da lesão, raça, idade e do sistema imune do paciente. Dessa forma, o tratamento é utilizado dependendo das características físicas, imunológicas e do desenvolvimento dos danos. Por fim, as formas mais práticas de evitar o desenvolvimento do SK são intervenções destinadas a prevenir a infecção pelo HIV que incluem profilaxia pré-exposição, supressão da replicação do HIV e a manutenção da função imune de pacientes infectados.
Less equal than others: National minorities and the overlooked challenge of socio-economic inequalities
Authors:   European Centre for Minority Issues, Cârstocea Andreea , Willis Craig
Published: October 2021

Socio-economic inequalities are part and parcel of people’s everyday life in any society; yet for people who belong to ethnic, linguistic, religious, or cultural communities, these inequalities tend to be markedly greater than for others. Quite often, national minority communities face higher hurdles in accessing employment and gaining incomes on a par with those of the majority, and have lower access to adequate healthcare services, housing, education, or public services in general. And yet, a conversation about the socio-economic inequalities facing minority communities, the specific challenges they face, or the ways in which their participation might be improved is largely absent.
EFFECT OF DRUG TO B-CYCLODEXTRIN RATIO AND METHOD OF COMPLEXATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF B-CYCLODEXTRIN INCLUSION COMPLEX OF OFLOXACIN
Authors:   Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences H.N.B. Garhwal (Central) University Srinagar (Garhwal) - 246174, India, Panchpuri M , Singh D , Semalty A , Semalty M.
Published: October 2021

Ofloxacin, a second generation fluoroquinolone, shows poor aqueous solubility and dissolution profile. Thus, ofloxacin–β-cyclodextrin complexes were prepared to improve its dissolution by imparting an environment of improved hydrophilicity. Ofloxacin was complexed with β-cyclodextrin (in 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratio) by two different methods namely, solvent evaporation and kneading method. These inclusion complexes were evaluated for solubility, drug content, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and in vitro dissolution study. The highest drug content (35.45%) was found in complex made by kneading method (OK1:1) in 1:1 molar ratio. All the complexes OSE1:1, OSE1:2, OK1:1, OK1:2 were found to be showing rough and porous surface morphology in SEM. Solubility as well as the dissolution of the complexes was found to be improved. Complex prepared by kneading method in 1:1 molar ratio (OK1:1) showed a marked improvement in percent drug release (88.94%) than that of pure drug (54.22%) at the end of 1 hour in dissolution study. FTIR, DSC and XRPD data confirmed the formation of inclusion complex. It was concluded that the complex made in 1:1 molar ratio (irrespective of the method) showed better solubility and dissolution profile as compared to complex made in 1:2 molar ratio.
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERISATION AND USEFUL THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF NOVEL 2- QUINOLONE DERIVATIVES
Authors:   Department of Pharmaceutical chemistry Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Manipal University, Manipal Karnataka 576104, India., Jayashree B.S , Sharma N , Nigam S.
Published: October 2021

A series of novel 2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl benzoate derivatives were synthesised and obtained in moderate yields (55-85%) by the reaction of parent 7-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin- 2-one (7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one) with substituted benzoyl chlorides. The synthesised test compounds were characterised by spectral analysis. Partition coefficient was determined for all test compounds and was found to be in the range of 1.2-2.9. Further, the compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antioxidant activities. They were also randomly screened for their antidiabetic potential by non-enzymatic glycosylation of haemoglobin assay. However, the results revealed that test compounds did not possess antioxidant and antidiabetic potential comparable to that of their respective standards. The results also revealed that most of the compounds exhibited antibacterial action against four bacterial strains namely Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Further, the test compound VIIl (at 500 µg mL-1), showed zone of inhibition comparable to that of the standard ciprofloxacin (at 500 µg mL-1).
FORMULATION AND IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF ZOLMITRIPTAN IN SITU GEL FOR NASAL ADMINISTRATION
Authors:   Department of Pharmaceutics R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Near Karvand nakaShirpur, Dist- Dhule, Maharashtra- 425405. India., Patil P. H , Belgamwar V. S , Patel D. A , Surana S. J.
Published: October 2021

The aim of present investigation was formulation and in-vitro evaluation of in situ gel for the nasal delivery of zolmitriptan. The in situ gel was prepared by temperature induced gelation technique using Pluronic with mucoadhesive polymer hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose K4 M in different ratios. The in situ gels so prepared were characterized and from the evaluation studies, batch PH2 was optimized and further subjected for stability studies at 30±2°C and 60±5% RH for 90 days. These formulations retained good stability at accelerated conditions and also did not show any remarkable damage to nasal mucosa in histopathological study. Owing to these properties it can be used as an effective delivery system for the nasal route.
A VALIDATED RP-HPLC METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF PANTOPRAZOLE AND CINITAPRIDE IN A PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION
Authors:   Adv. V. R. Manohar Institute of Diploma in Pharmacy Wanadongri, Hingna Road, Nagpur441110 Maharashtra, India., Dighade N. R , Padmane S. P. , Kasture A. V.
Published: October 2021

The study describes a validated stability indicating reverse- phase HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of pantoprazole and cinitapride in capsule formulation. The proposed RP-HPLC method utilizes an Eclipse XDB C18 Column (150 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5μm), optimum mobile phase consisting of 10 mM phosphate buffer: acetonitrile: THF in the ratio of 64:36:0.5 V/V (pH 3.5) V/V, effluent flow rate 1 mL/min and UV detection wavelength of 266 nm. The selected chromatographic conditions were found to effectively separate pantoprazole and cinitapride with retention time of 7.17 min and 3.56 min, respectively. Linearity for pantoprazole and cinitapride was found in the range of 2-30 μg/mL and 0.15- 2.28 μg/mL, respectively. The developed method was statistically validated for the linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, ruggedness and specificity. The proposed method was found to be simple, accurate, precise, economical and specific. Therefore, it can be used for simultaneous analysis of these drugs in capsule formulation.
SYNTHESIS OF SOME NOVEL 1,2,4-TRIAZOLE ANALOGUES AS POTENTIAL ANTI-TUBERCULAR AGENTS
Authors:   Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry VES College of Pharmacy Hashu Advani Memorial Complex Collectors Colony, Chembur (E) Mumbai- 400 074, India., Somani R. R , Shinde G. K , Shirodkar P.Y. , Sanap G. J.
Published: October 2021

A series of 5-(N-substituted carboxamidoethylthio)-3-(3’pyridyl)-4-amino-1,2,4-triazole derivatives (6a-j) were synthesized and evaluated for anti-tubercular activity. The derivatives were purified and structures were elucidated by spectral and elemental analyses. They were screened in-vitro at 10µg/mL concentration against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV (ATCC 27294). Compounds 6e and 6h were found active as they exhibited IC50 and IC90 values at < 100µg/mL.
METHOD OF IDENTIFICATION AND STANDARDISATION OF VAMSALOCHANA (BAMBOO MANNA)
Authors:   Phytochemistry Division University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Utkal University, Vani Vihar Bhubaneswar-751004, Orissa, India, Parida S , Rout K. K. , Mishra S. K.
Published: October 2021

Present study aims to standardize ‘Vamsalochana’, which is a siliceous concrete material found in the hollow internodes of Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.). It is attributed with varieties of medicinal properties and highly valued in the Indian System of Medicine. Various physicochemical parameters like alcohol soluble extractive, water soluble extractive, total ash, acid insoluble ash were determined according to Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). Microscopic examination revealed the presence of rosette crystals of calcium oxalate. Characteristic colours were obtained when the powder drug treated with different chemical reagents and solvents. Heavy metal analysis indicates the presence of silica as major component (85.78 %). Toxic metals like arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead were absent.