bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entre la juridificación y la profundización de la democracia social: elementos para pensar los conflictos alrededor de los manuales de convivencia en las instituciones educativas y los derechos fundamentales de los estudiantes
Authors: Aguirre Román Javier Orlando , Pabón Mantilla Ana Patricia , Moreno Bernal Iveth Paola
Published: January 2020

El presente texto tiene como objetivo central abordar el debate acerca de la definición de reglas en los manuales de convivencia y las formas de mediar conflictos entre los distintos actores del sistema escolar en Colombia. El análisis describe las tensiones entre legitimidad y democracia por un lado y  disciplina y autonomía de las instituciones por otro, a partir de dos referentes teóricos, el planteamiento de Habermas sobre la noción de juridificación y de Bobbio sobre democracia social. La investigación es de tipo teórico, se propone una reflexión desde la  hermenéutica crítica de los resultados del análisis documental de las decisiones de la jurisprudencia colombiana sobre manuales de convivencia. La revisión de los referentes filosóficos y el análisis de la forma en que se ha abordado el conflicto en las instituciones escolares permitieron concluir que a pesar de que exista una juridificación de la escuela que se visibiliza con la intervención vía tutela contra las instituciones, en muchas ocasiones esto ha sido una respuesta de los distintos actores  para frenar la ausencia de democracia social en las instituciones escolares.
The Future Ambiguity Effect: How Narrow Payoff Ranges Increase Future Payoff Appeal
Authors: Liu Yuanyuan , Heath Timothy B. , Onculer Ayse
Published: January 2020

Increasing a current payoff’s ambiguity from a precise value (e.g., $150) to a range (e.g., $140–$160) generally reduces the payoff’s appeal, as does delaying the payoff from, for example, now to one year from now. However, we report five studies in which adding small ranges to future payoffs increases future payoff appeal, an emergent property designated the future ambiguity effect. This effect generalizes across various choice sets, payoff levels, and delays, and it prevails even when a future smaller ambiguous payoff is preferred more than a future larger precise payoff. Two underlying processes are proposed and supported: (1) the payoff ambiguity’s explicit risk of receiving a smaller payoff distracts people from the future’s larger implicit risk of receiving nothing, and (2) payoff ambiguity restores some of the excitement lost to the future’s psychological distance. Nonetheless, the future ambiguity effect is not universal, given that larger ranges can reduce and even eliminate it (boundary condition).

This paper was accepted by Yuval Rottenstreich, judgment and decision making.
Rescaling Algorithms for Linear Conic Feasibility
Authors: Dadush Daniel , Végh László A. , Zambelli Giacomo
Published: January 2020

We propose simple polynomial-time algorithms for two linear conic feasibility problems. For a matrix [Formula: see text], the kernel problem requires a positive vector in the kernel of A, and the image problem requires a positive vector in the image of AT. Both algorithms iterate between simple first-order steps and rescaling steps. These rescalings improve natural geometric potentials. If Goffin’s condition measure ρA is negative, then the kernel problem is feasible, and the worst-case complexity of the kernel algorithm is [Formula: see text]; if [Formula: see text], then the image problem is feasible, and the image algorithm runs in time [Formula: see text]. We also extend the image algorithm to the oracle setting. We address the degenerate case ρA = 0 by extending our algorithms to find maximum support nonnegative vectors in the kernel of A and in the image of AT. In this case, the running time bounds are expressed in the bit-size model of computation: for an input matrix A with integer entries and total encoding length L, the maximum support kernel algorithm runs in time [Formula: see text], whereas the maximum support image algorithm runs in time [Formula: see text]. The standard linear programming feasibility problem can be easily reduced to either maximum support problems, yielding polynomial-time algorithms for linear programming.
The Vehicle Routing Problem with Stochastic Two-Dimensional Items
Authors: Côté Jean-François , Gendreau Michel , Potvin Jean-Yves
Published: January 2020

We consider a stochastic vehicle routing problem where a discrete probability distribution characterizes the two-dimensional size (height and width) as well as the weight of a subset of items to be delivered to customers. Although some item sizes and weights are not known with certainty when the routes are planned, they become known when it is time to load the vehicles, just before their departure. If it happens that not all items can be loaded in a vehicle, the items of one or more customers are put aside at a penalty or recourse cost. The objective is to minimize the sum of the routing and expected recourse costs. The problem is modeled as a two-stage stochastic program and solved with the integer L-shaped method. Some new inequalities and lower bounds are proposed. Computational results are reported on test instances specifically generated for this problem, as well as on classical instances for the deterministic case.
Validation of the Schutte Self Report Emotional Intelligence Scale in a Zambian Context
Authors: Musonda Allan , Shumba Overson , Tailoka Frank. P.
Published: January 2020

This study aimed at determining and validating the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT) in a Zambian context. It examined the feasibility of its use in this cultural context. Additionally, the study aimed at examining the reliability of the instrument when used in the same context. The participants were drawn from two cohorts (2016/2017 and 2017/2018 academic years) of first year students from the Department of Mathematic sand Science Education at the Copperbelt University in Zambia. One hundred and seven (25 females and 82 males) students from the 2016/2017 cohort and 138 (47 females and 91males) students from the 2017/2018 cohort participated in the study. The process of validating the instrument involved factor analysis. Using Principal Components Analysis (PCA), the Monte Carlo PCA for Parallel Analysis and Varimax methods for both cohorts, a four factor structure model of the SSEIT was reported. The instrument was reliable with a Cronbach coefficient of 0.79 in the 2016/2017 Cohort and 0.74 in the 2017/2018 Cohort. The study concluded that the SSEIT is a reliable and valid tool to measure the emotional intelligence of first year students from the Department of Mathematic sand Science Education at the Copperbelt University in Zambia.
Effects of Psycho-educational Intervention on Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms among Secondary School Students Exposed to Conflict in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria
Authors: Mebu Valentine Ayo
Published: January 2020

Insurgency and armed conflict in Northern Nigeria especially Kano metropolis have exposed many secondary school students to trauma related experiences and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is estimated that about 13,000 persons have been killed and about 981,416 internally displaced persons (IDPs) are living in the various camps in Northern Nigeria (NEMA, 2015). The profound impact of the trauma experienced by these students on their mental health informed the need for the psycho-education intervention. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of psycho-educational intervention on PTSD symptoms among secondary school students exposed to conflict in Kano metropolis and to examine the effects of psycho-education intervention in reduction of re-experiencing, hyper-arousal and avoidance symptoms. A pre-test and post-test control group design was adopted for this study. A sample of 40 research participants (male=19, female=21) were selected for the study. These research participants were drawn from secondary schools clustered within the community where conflicts have taken place. The instrument for data collection was the adapted version of the University of California at Los Angeles post-traumatic stress Disorder Reaction Index  (UCLA PTSD Reaction Index). The UCLA PTSD Reaction Index measured PTSD symptoms. Result obtained after testing the hypotheses showed that there was a significant difference in the PTSD mean scores of students exposed to psychoeducational intervention (Mean= 22.40, Standard deviation = 4.47, Standard error = .998) and those not exposed to the intervention (Mean = 38.90, Standard deviation = 14.835, Standard error = 3.317), t (38) = -4.763, p < .0001 (two-tailed), Effect size is r = .61. It is important to provide professional and psychosocial support to students who developed mental health problems due to exposure to conflict.
Subtle Insights Concerning Knowledge and Practice
Authors: Ibn Kammuna al-Baghdadi Sa'd ibn Mansur
Published: January 2020

Written in the mid-thirteenth century for the newly appointed governor of Isfahan, this compact treatise and philosophical guidebook includes a wide-ranging and accessible set of essays on ethics, psychology, political philosophy, and the unity of God. Ibn Kammūna, a Jewish scholar writing in Baghdad during a time of Mongol occupation, was a controversial figure whose writings sometimes incited riots. He argued, among other things, the commonality of all monotheisms, both prophetic and philosophical. Here, for the first time in English, is a surprisingly modern work on the unity of all monotheistic regimes from a key medieval philosopher.
Congress: The First Branch
Authors: Ginsberg Benjamin , Hill Kathryn Wagner
Published: January 2020

This chapter is an overview of the US Congress and its major functions of representation and legislation. It argues that many of the characteristics of Congress with which Americans are so impatient stem directly from the institution's democratic nature. The legislative process is complicated because a representative assembly must find ways of balancing minority rights and majority rule and develop mechanisms for reaching decisions while still allowing competing claims to be heard and taken into account. In short, Congress is slow to act, cumbersome in its procedures, and contentious in its discussions because it is a democratic decision-making body. Many who disparage Congress are, in effect if not intent, disparaging popular government.
A Brief History of Congress: From First Branch to Second Fiddle
Authors: Ginsberg Benjamin , Hill Kathryn Wagner
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the history of the US Congress. It pays particular attention to issues of constituency, congressional organization, and the ways in which Congress and the executive have dealt with their constitutional invitation to struggle. Focusing on political changes outside Congress and institutional changes within Congress, the history of the legislative branch can be divided into six political eras. These are the Federalist and Jeffersonian eras, the Jacksonian era, the Civil War Congress, the Republican era, the “New Deal” and postwar period, and the contemporary period of congressional gridlock and presidential unilateralism. During each of these periods, the chapter highlights examples of congressional successes and achievements, but the overall picture is one of institutional retrocession.
Congressional Elections
Authors: Ginsberg Benjamin , Hill Kathryn Wagner
Published: January 2020

This chapter reviews the US congressional electoral process. It considers, in turn, the candidates, the campaigns, the voters, and the consequences of the process. Every two years, Americans elect all 435 members of the House of Representatives to serve two-year terms, and one-third of the nation's 100 senators to serve six-year terms. The Constitution imposes age, citizenship, and residency requirements for service in the Congress but no other restrictions. Senators must be 30 years of age, and House members must be at least 25. To be eligible to serve in the Senate an individual must have been a US citizen for nine years, while service in the House requires an individual to have been a citizen for seven years. To be eligible for election, both senators and House members must be residents of the state they serve. House members are not constitutionally required to reside in their own districts, though virtually all find it politically expedient to do so.
Congress and Foreign Policy
Authors: Ginsberg Benjamin , Hill Kathryn Wagner
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers the relationship between the legislative and executive branches on foreign policy matters. The Constitution assigns both Congress and the president important powers in the realm of foreign and military policy. Article I of the Constitution gives Congress the power to declare war, to raise armies, to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and, in the case of the Senate, the power to ratify treaties and concur in the appointment of ambassadors. It is Congress, moreover, that must appropriate the funds to pay for military and foreign policy initiatives. Over the decades, however, Congress's ability to contend with the executive in the foreign policy realm has gradually declined as presidents have used their power of initiative to marginalize the legislative branch.
History Hidden in the Landscape
Authors: Southgate Emily W. B. Russell
Published: January 2020

Using a wide variety of examples, this chapter emphasizes evidence that all landscapes and ecosystems today reflect not only climate change but also intensive and extensive past human impacts. They cannot be interpreted solely based on conditions evident today. The imprints of past human activities which can be obvious or subtle, must be unraveled for understanding the system today. Historical ecology integrates various drivers of change, and stability, using interdisciplinary methods, to provide a deeper understanding of structure and function today. Conservation seeks in some places to maintain ecosystems that have arisen over centuries or even millennia due to human impact, for example, ancient woodlands and upland meadows in Europe. In many parts of the world such ancient systems are reservoirs of high biodiversity. Historical research illuminates the historical factors that contribute to this diversity, assisting in planning for conservation. A major point is that ecologists are apt to make mistakes in interpreting patterns and processes as well as in conservation and restoration if they do not consider the history of sites, which provides evidence of past variability and of processes that have led to the current conditions of the system.
Field Studies: Bringing Historical Records Down to Earth
Authors: Southgate Emily W. B. Russell
Published: January 2020

There are many field techniques that take research beyond what can be found in written documents. Clues to the past are hidden in such subtle (and not so subtle) features as topographic modifications, soils, and tree trunks. Field studies search for evidence of conditions and for their resultant effects through a variety of techniques. Features may be evident from a ground survey, located precisely through GPS. Remote imaging, using a variety of techniques from simple aerial photography to lidar, reveal hidden patterns, that may then be studied on the ground. Archeological study relates the patterns found on the ground to human activities, as they have changed over time. Dendroecology interprets records left in tree rings. Some studies look at stands of different ages to study change over time, and long-term studies trace change in individual stands. In these field studies that look at the past, soil characteristics and materials hidden in the soil, such as DNA, stable isotopes and charcoal, can reveal details of past processes and species. These methods are illustrated with examples from a wide range of biomes.
Harvesting Natural Resources
Authors: Southgate Emily W. B. Russell
Published: January 2020

People have always had to rely on hunting and gathering for food, fuel and shelter. The first evidence for possible major impact of these activities is the early Holocene extinction of most megafauna on all continents except Africa. Multidisciplinary historical research indicates that both climate and human impact interacted to cause these extinctions. This chapter also discusses historical records which have elucidated some of the long-term impacts of harvesting fish and other creatures of seas and estuaries on aspects such as population numbers, age structure, and species diversity of these organisms. On land, hunting has continued to affect many species. Agriculture, rather than decreasing the use of natural resources, has altered land use and increased demand so that the impact on natural resources has increased worldwide. Industrialization further accelerated this trend. Even those sites removed from active use by inclusion in preserves continue to change, in part because of a complex history of use before they were preserved. Understanding this history can help set appropriate goals for preservation as well as indications of management that may assist in evaluating changes.
Agriculture and Its Residual Effects
Authors: Southgate Emily W. B. Russell
Published: January 2020

This chapter shows how detailed historical ecological research indicates that the impacts of historical agriculture are more widespread than previously thought, and often more subtle. Even apparently obvious connections, such as that between nomadic grazing and erosion, are now being questioned by historical analyses. Agriculture has not resulted universally in decreased biodiversity; in fact, grazing over millennia has in places increased biodiversity. Historical agriculture is also being implicated in millennial scale increases in CO2 and CH4 in the atmosphere, the former from deforestation and fires and the latter from paddy rice agriculture starting five thousand years ago. The discovery of hidden field systems under mature temperate and tropical forests and grasslands in Europe and the Americas are allowing reassessment of the impact of prehistoric agricultural systems on soils, species diversity, landscape patterns, and climate. The concept of "landnam" episodes proposed by Iversen for northern Europe may be applicable much more broadly. This has major consequences for considering human impact on global environments.
Diversity and Species Extinctions
Authors: Southgate Emily W. B. Russell
Published: January 2020

Species extinction leads to diversity in terms of number of species worldwide. Locally, however, immigration of species may at the same time in many areas increase the number of species, that is, the diversity. These contrasting processes of extinction and immigration have been accelerated by people over the millennia. This chapter discusses the causes and consequences of the processes over time, including examples from many habitats which demonstrate that trying to understand the causes and values of diversity in an ecosystem without analysis of its history can lead to erroneous conclusions. Several types of habitats where disturbance, often caused by people, increases and maintains diversity are analyzed from an historical perspective. Examples are also given of studies of past extinctions and their causation using models which lead to reinterpretation of the causes of the extinctions. Whether considering the early Holocene extinction of the megafauna of most continents the diversity of coppice woodlands in England, or the loss of thylacines and Tasmanian devils in Australia, this chapter illustrates that the relationship between cause and effect is almost always a complex, multifactorial one, and includes both human and non-human causation.
Conclusion
Authors: Southgate Emily W. B. Russell
Published: January 2020

This extensive revision of the first edition of People and the Land Through Time incorporates research over the last two decades to bring the field of historical ecology from an ecological perspective up to date. It emphasizes the use of new sources of data and interdisciplinary data analysis to interpret ecological processes in the past and their impacts on the present. It describes a diversity of past ecosystems and processes, with an emphasis on their effects on affect current ecosystem structure and function. This historical perspective highlights the varied and complex roles of indigenous people in historic ecosystems as well as the importance of past and present climatic fluctuations. The book begins with an introduction to the importance of history for ecological studies. The next three chapters explain methods and approaches to reconstructing the past, using both traditional and novel sources of data and analysis. The following five chapters discuss ways people have influenced natural systems, starting with the most primitive, manipulating fire, and proceeding through altering species ranges, hunting and gathering, agriculture and finally structuring landscapes through land surveys, trade and urbanization. Two chapters then deal with diversity, extinction and sustainability in a changing world. The final chapter specifically focuses on the importance of history in basic ecological studies, in conservation and in understanding the consequences of global change, using a variety of examples. Throughout, the emphasis is on the potential for evidence-based research in historical ecology, and the new frontiers in this exciting field.
Sparta's First Attic War
Authors: Rahe Paul A.
Published: January 2020

During the Persian Wars, Sparta and Athens worked in tandem to defeat what was, in terms of relative resources and power, the greatest empire in human history. For the decade and a half that followed, they continued their collaboration until a rift opened and an intense, strategic rivalry began. This book examines the grounds for their alliance, the reasons for its eventual collapse, and the first stage in an enduring conflict that would wreak havoc on Greece for six decades. Throughout, the book argues that the alliance between Sparta and Athens and their eventual rivalry were extensions of their domestic policy and that the grand strategy each articulated in the wake of the Persian Wars and the conflict that arose in due course grew out of the opposed material interests and moral imperatives inherent in their different regimes.
Introduction
Authors: Rahe Paul A.
Published: January 2020

This introductory chapter considers the implications of the aftermath of the Persian Wars. Prior to Sparta's defeat of the Persian army, there was every reason to suppose that the Greek resistance would collapse and that Hellas would soon fall. When the dust had settled, however, it gradually dawned on all concerned that affairs had undergone a decisive change; and everyone in and on the periphery of the Mediterranean world began to reassess. That such a turn of events could take place—that a ragtag navy and militia, supplied by tiny communities hitherto best known for their mutual hostility, should annihilate an armada greater than any the world had ever known—this was then and remains today both a wonder and an occasion for rumination. But this chapter shows that such an incredible outcome had its own issues. The unity displayed by the Hellenes during the war was unprecedented, after all. Whether or not this alliance would hold after the war, however, became a great cause for concern for those living in the postwar world.
The Postwar Settlement
Authors: Rahe Paul A.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the Athenians' actions in the aftermath of the war. The city of Athens had been left in shambles after the war. The walls had for the most part been torn down and the temples leveled. Many of the houses had been destroyed. Once the Athenians had retrieved their families, there was much for them to do. The Persians were gone, and they were not apt to return any time soon. The Hellenes' control of the sea precluded that. One might then suppose that the Athenians could afford, at least for a time, to relax their guard and concentrate on rebuilding their homes and sowing their crops. The chapter reveals that this was not entirely the case. The Athenians were not a trusting lot; and so, with an eye to the danger that might be posed by their Hellenic neighbors and allies, they began right away to rebuild their city's walls.
Shifting Sands
Authors: Rahe Paul A.
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses the turning point in Athenian–Spartan cooperation. During the early 460s, one dramatic development followed another. First, probably in 469, came Athens' stunning victory at Eurymedon and the news that she was in the process of negotiating an accord with the Persians. At about the same time, there came a grave crisis within the Spartan alliance, followed by a series of unsettling revelations made in quick succession which broke the Hellenic League even further apart. In circumstances such as these, those who took the lead in determining public policy within a polity were bound to pause and reflect. With Persia more or less off stage, the Delian League now seemed more like a threat than a bulwark of defense.
Back to Square One
Authors: Rahe Paul A.
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses the challenges faced by Athens over the course of the Peloponnesian War. It also describes events leading to the war, among them the increasingly prominent role the Persians played in the conflict between Athens and Sparta. In and after the late 460s, the Athenians had begun encroaching on cities, at least partially Greek in population, hitherto relegated to Persia's domain. These gains Artaxerxes will surely have set out to reverse. This ambition was a central feature of the political theology that served as the raison d'être of the Achaemenid monarchy. Nonetheless, the Athenians and their allies thought such an incursion perfectly possible. In the circumstances, it made sense for them to anticipate the worst.
A Theory of Comparison
Authors: Litwa M. David
Published: January 2020

This chapter presents a positive program of comparison. In doing so, it criticizes the method and presuppositions of mimesis criticism (spearheaded by Dennis Ronald McDonald). Mimesis criticism compares texts on the basis of assuming direct genetic causations. A better theory vouches for polymorphous influence based on dynamic cultural interaction. Also treated is the notion of gospel genre, the identity of the evangelists, the themes of their gospels, and brief biographies of five contemporary Greco-Roman historians who serve as major sources of data: Diodorus of Sicily, Plutarch, Suetonius, Philostratus, and Iamblichus.
Divine Conception
Authors: Litwa M. David
Published: January 2020

This chapter compares the divine conception of Jesus in the gospel of Luke with divine conception in the historical writings of Plutarch. But authors who were contemporaries reject the language of divine-human sex as crude. They support a more subtle, though still physical form of divinely caused conception, through divine breath (pneuma) and power. Their historiographical goals were similar: to maximize the plausibility of their stories.
Magi and the Star
Authors: Litwa M. David
Published: January 2020

This chapter compares Matthew’s story of the Magi and the roving star at Jesus’s birth with analogous stories of Magi and moving stars in mythic historiography. Special attention is drawn to the star appearing for Mithridates VI Eupator and the so-called Torch of Timoleon.
Child in Danger, Child of Wonder
Authors: Litwa M. David
Published: January 2020

This chapter compares Matthew’s story of the endangered child Jesus and his precocity with similar stories in mythic historiography. The ancient histories of Augustus, Moses, Cyrus, and Alexander the Great serve as key comparanda.
Miracles
Authors: Litwa M. David
Published: January 2020

This chapter compares Jesus’s miracles with analogous wonders in contemporary mythic historiography. Singled out for attention are episodes of walking on water, stilling storms, catching and releasing fish, casting out demons, healings, and resuscitations.
The Pharmakos
Authors: Litwa M. David
Published: January 2020

A pharmakos is a person expelled and/or killed in order to heal a community. This chapter demonstrates substantial conceptual and cultural overlaps between the gospel Passion narratives and the closing scenes of the Life of Aesop. Both Jesus and Aesop tell inflammatory parables, are unjustly arrested, tried, killed, resurrected, and honored after their deaths.
Disappearance and Recognition
Authors: Litwa M. David
Published: January 2020

This chapter compares the Emmaus road episode in Luke 24 with Herodotus’s account of Aristeas of Proconnesus. Both Aristeas and Jesus seem to die but reappear to speak with travelers on the road, demonstrate true signs of their reality, and are later worshipped by human communities. Plausibility is greatly determined by prior investment in a story or its result, though invested authors strive to undercut skepticism by literary techniques of verification (for instance, Jesus denying he is a ghost and exhibiting his wounds). These techniques are paralleled in contemporary stories about Apollonius of Tyana, Astrabacus, Philinnion, and Protesilaus.
Eye Witnesses
Authors: Litwa M. David
Published: January 2020

This chapter introduces the idea of an eyewitness as a literary device of authentication. It compares the use of such an eyewitness in the fourth gospel and other contemporary literature (namely the Life of Apollonius by Philostratus and the Diary of the Trojan War by Dictys of Crete). It is argued that the literary convention of presenting a fictional eyewitness authority is a well-attested device of authentication, and satisfactorily explains why and how the author of John employed it.
Why the Electoral College Is Bad for America
Authors: Edwards George C.
Published: January 2020

This is the third edition of the definitive book on the unique system by which Americans choose a presidents, and why that system should be changed. It is a critique of the U.S. electoral college and includes a new chapter focusing on the 2016 election. The book examines the function of the electoral college during the 2016 presidential elections and argues that the electoral college did not work as it should have. The book claims that the electoral college distorted the electoral process and gave the candidates strong incentives to ignore most of the country. It did not guarantee victory to the candidate receiving the most votes, nor ensure national harmony, nor provide the winner a broad coalition and a mandate to govern. The book asserts that there is a need to focus directly and systematically on the core questions surrounding the electoral college and assess whether its role in American democracy is justified.
Protecting Interests
Authors: Edwards George C.
Published: January 2020

This chapter investigates justifications for the electoral college. It focuses in particular on the protection of significant interests which would be overlooked or harmed under a system of direct election of the president. Advocates argue that allocation of electoral votes by states that then cast their votes as units ensures that presidential candidates will be attentive to and protective of state-based interests, especially the interests of states with small populations. As such, the chapter considers the question from several angles. It asks how much additional protection states—especially small states—require. The chapter also considers whether or not presidential candidates appeal directly to state interests and give disproportionate attention to small states in their campaigns and if the electoral college gives minorities special influence in the selection of the president.
Preserving the Party System
Authors: Edwards George C.
Published: January 2020

This chapter concerns the preservation of the party system as another argument in favor of electoral colleges. This argument asserts that the direct election of the president would fragment and polarize the party system and lead to corrupt deals among political leaders. At the core of the argument is the assumption by most critics of direct election that it would require a runoff between the two candidates receiving the most votes if no candidate receives, say, 40 percent of the vote in the first round of voting. Based on this assumption, advocates of the electoral college allege a number of ills that would befall the party system under direct election of the president. Given this argument, the chapter asks if a runoff would fragment the party system and, more importantly, if a runoff is needed to elect the president directly. Furthermore, the chapter considers how direct election could adversely affect the party system should there be no runoff and what role, if any, the electoral college plays in maintaining it.
A 6-parameter triangular flat shell element for nonlinear analysis
Authors: Rezaiee-Pajand Professor Mohammad , Masoodi Amir R. , Arabi E.
Published: January 2020

In this paper, an improved flat triangular shell element is proposed. This element has three nodes, and in each node, six degrees of freedom are considered. Since there are three rotational degrees of freedom at each node, the drilling effect can be incorporated in authors' formulation. A new procedure is also suggested for updating the director vectors about which the rotational degrees of freedom are defined. In order to study large displacements and rotations, Total Lagrangian principles are employed. In addition, updating the rotational degrees of freedom is implemented using enriched updated director vectors, which are formulated based on the finite rotation method. On the other hand, small strains are considered in this formulation. By utilizing MITC method, shear and membrane locking is mitigated from new element. To examine the performance, the element passes three basic tests, including isotropy, and patch test. Moreover, a convergence study is also implemented to show the elemental behavior. Several popular benchmarks are considered to illustrate the accuracy and capability of the suggested element in geometrically nonlinear analyses.
Numerical Investigation of Ferrofluid Sloshing by Applying MHD Magnetic Field: Using Level Set Method
Authors: Maroofiazar Rasool , Daryani Mohammad , Vakhshouri Amir Reza
Published: January 2020

The sloshing phenomenon has exceptional significance due to its occurrence in various processes as well as its application. This phenomenon occurs when a vessel is partly filled with a fluid and under the influence of external forces the free surface of the liquid moves and exchanges forces with the wall of the vessel. In this research, numerical modeling is used to study the behavior of ferrofluid in sloshing phenomenon in a rectangular container with a specified length and width of 10 cm × 5 cm respectively. The force that moves the vessel is the oscillatory motion in the x-axis direction. Applying a uniform magnetic force, which creates additional modules in the governing equations, such as the momentum equation, has effects on this phenomenon and fluid motion. The main aim of this research is to study the effects of the uniform MHD field in different directions and angles on the ferrofluid sloshing. By studying the results of some factors (such as; the pressure of the ferrofluid to the specific points on the vessel wall, the maximum surface at any time, and the analysis of the surface situation at different times) the impact of the magnetic field with different angles has been identified on the ferrofluid sloshing. The results showed that in the absence of an external magnetic field, the sloshing behavior of water and ferrofluid were approximately the same. Applying the MHDmagnetic field caused a 14.5%, 25% and 36% decrease in the maximum height of the fluid level at angles 0◦, 45◦ and 90◦ of magnetic field respectively. Therefore, these results indicate the influence of the magnetic field direction on the behavior of the ferrofluid sloshing.
Quantification of structural and microvascular changes for diagnosing early-stage oral cancer
Authors: Chen Ping-Hsien , Chen Yu-Ju , Chen Yi-Fen , Yeh Yi-Chen , Chang Kuo-Wei , Hou Ming-Chih , Kuo Wen-Chuan
Published: January 2020

Changes in mucosal microvascular networks, called intraepithelial papillary capillary loops (IPCL), are an important key factor for diagnosing early-stage oral cancer in vivo. Nevertheless, there are a lack of tools to quantify these changes objectively. This is the first study to quantify the IPCL changes in vivo to differentiate benign or malignant oral lesions by the optical coherence tomography (OCT) technique. K14-EGFP-miR-211-GFP transgenic mice were inducted by 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide to produce oral carcinogenesis in different stages, including normal, premalignancy and cancer. The results showed significant differentiation between benign or malignant lesions by OCT quantitative parameters, including epithelial thickness, IPCL density, radius and tortuosity.
Relative impact of channel symbol rate on transmission capacity
Authors: Gerard Thomas , Semrau Daniel , Sillekens Eric , Edwards Adrian , Pelouch Wayne , Barnes Stuart , Killey Robert I. , Lavery Domaniç , Bayvel Polina , Galdino Lidia
Published: January 2020

Through C+L band transmission experiments and theoretical modeling, we investigate the impact of channel symbol rate (30, 40, 60, and 85 GBd) on the performance of data center interconnection, metropolitan, and core network distances. Two different transponder architectures are investigated: (a) single-carrier receiver and (b) multi-carrier receiver, where multiple subcarriers are received together in a single wideband receiver. The architectures of both receivers experience a reduction in the achievable information rate as the channel symbol rate increases due to dominating transceiver noise; this holds over all tested transmission distances. However, the multi-carrier receiver shows a weaker performance dependency on symbol rate, as receiver-related impairments dominate. When testing the single-carrier receiver after 630 km, we find that by increasing the channel symbol rate from 40 to 85 GBd, gross capacity decreases by 16%; however, the required number of transceivers to fill the transmission window decreases by 52%. Using the multi-carrier receiver reduces receiver count further. This potentially impacts the cost and complexity of deploying fully loaded transmission systems.
Single-shot imaging of microscopic dynamic scenes at 5 THz frame rates by time and spatial frequency multiplexing
Authors: Moon Jungho , Yoon Seokchan , Lim Yong-Sik , Choi Wonshik
Published: January 2020

Femtosecond-scale ultrafast imaging is an essential tool for visualizing ultrafast dynamics in many scientific fields. We present a single-shot ultrafast microscopy that can capture more than a dozen frames at a time with the frame rate of 5 THz. We combine a spatial light modulator and a custom-made echelon for efficiently generating a large number of reference pulses with designed time delays and propagation angles. The single-shot recording of the interference image between these reference pulses with a sample pulse allows us to retrieve the stroboscopic images of the dynamic scene at the timing of the reference pulses. We demonstrated the recording of 14 temporal snapshots at a time, which is the largest to date, with the optimal temporal resolution set by the laser output pulse. This will have profound impacts on uncovering the interesting spatio-temporal dynamics yet to be explored.
Optical system optimization method for as-built performance based on nodal aberration theory
Authors: Gu Zhiyuan , Wang Yang , Yan Changxiang
Published: January 2020

The traditional optical design process isolates the two steps of system performance optimization and tolerance allocation, making it difficult to achieve optimal design of as-built performance. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an analytical method for optimizing the as-built performance of optical systems. The method uses the nodal aberration theory to derive the wavefront aberration estimated value under the given surface decenter and tilt tolerance, and establishes the optical system as-built performance evaluation model. The as-built performance evaluation does not require a large amount of ray tracing, which can be completed only by tracking the paraxial marginal ray and the principal ray, and the calculation amount is small. The as-built performance evaluation model can be directly used as error function in optical design software for optical system optimization. A Cooke triplet system is taken as an example to compare the as-built performance optimization method, Code V and Zemax OpticStudio’s built-in optimization methods and the traditional method which optimizes only nominal performance by Monte-Carlo tolerance analysis.
Light-field depth estimation considering plenoptic imaging distortion
Authors: Cai Zewei , Liu Xiaoli , Pedrini Giancarlo , Osten Wolfgang , Peng Xiang
Published: January 2020

Light-field imaging can simultaneously record spatio-angular information of light rays to carry out depth estimation via depth cues which reflect a coupling of the angular information and the scene depth. However, the unavoidable imaging distortion in a light-field imaging system has a side effect on the spatio-angular coordinate computation, leading to incorrectly estimated depth maps. Based on the previously established unfocused plenoptic metric model, this paper reports a study on the effect of the plenoptic imaging distortion on the light-field depth estimation. A method of light-field depth estimation considering the plenoptic imaging distortion is proposed. Besides, the accuracy analysis of the light-field depth estimation was performed by using standard components. Experimental results demonstrate that efficiently compensating the plenoptic imaging distortion results in a six-fold improvement in measuring accuracy and more consistency across the measuring depth range. Consequently, the proposed method is proved to be suitable for light-field depth estimation and three-dimensional measurement with high quality, enabling unfocused plenoptic cameras to be metrological tools in the potential application scenarios such as industry, biomedicine, entertainment, and many others.
Raman tensor of layered MoS2
Authors: Ding Ying , Zheng Wei , Jin Mingge , Zhu Yanming , Zhu Ruinan , Lin Zeguo , Huang Feng
Published: January 2020

Raman tensors, one of the basic physical properties of

M
o
S

2

, are rarely reported. Here, angle-resolved polarized Raman scatterings on basal and cross planes of layered

M
o
S

2

were carried out using the geometry configuration of parallel polarization, and the Raman tensors of three optical vibration modes were systematically studied. As a polar vibration mode, the differential polarizability of the

A

1

g

mode corresponding to the Raman tensor along the

c

direction is larger than that along the

a

direction. In addition, it is also larger than that formed by

E

2

g

and

E

1

g

modes. All the experimental results above are beneficial to the understanding of inelastic light-scattering process of

M
o
S

2

.
Real-time monitoring of hydrogel phase transition in an ultrahigh Q microbubble resonator
Authors: Yang Daquan , Wang Aiqiang , Chen Jin-Hui , Yu Xiao-Chong , Lan Chuwen , Ji Yuefeng , Xiao Yun-Feng
Published: January 2020

The ability to sense dynamic biochemical reactions and material processes is particularly crucial for a wide range of applications, such as early-stage disease diagnosis and biomedicine development. Optical microcavities-based label-free biosensors are renowned for ultrahigh sensitivities, and the detection limit has reached a single nanoparticle/molecule level. In particular, a microbubble resonator combined with an ultrahigh quality factor (

Q

) and inherent microfluidic channel is an intriguing platform for optical biosensing in an aqueous environment. In this work, an ultrahigh

Q

microbubble resonator-based sensor is used to characterize dynamic phase transition of a thermosensitive hydrogel. Experimentally, by monitoring resonance wavelength shift and linewidth broadening, we (for the first time to our knowledge) reveal that the refractive index is increased and light scattering is enhanced simultaneously during the hydrogel hydrophobic transition process. The platform demonstrated here paves the way to microfluidical biochemical dynamic detection and can be further adapted to investigating single-molecule kinetics.
Wide-field ophthalmic space-division multiplexing optical coherence tomography
Authors: Jerwick Jason , Huang Yongyang , Dong Zhao , Slaudades Adrienne , Brucker Alexander J. , Zhou Chao
Published: January 2020

High-speed ophthalmic optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems are of interest because they allow rapid, motion-free, and wide-field retinal imaging. Space-division multiplexing optical coherence tomography (SDM-OCT) is a high-speed imaging technology that takes advantage of the long coherence length of microelectromechanical vertical cavity surface emitting laser sources to multiplex multiple images along a single imaging depth. We demonstrate wide-field retinal OCT imaging, acquired at an effective A-scan rate of 800,000 A-scans/s with volumetric images covering up to

12.5
  
mm
×
7.4
  
mm

on the retina and captured in less than 1 s. A clinical feasibility study was conducted to compare the ophthalmic SDM-OCT with commercial OCT systems, illustrating the high-speed capability of SDM-OCT in a clinical setting.
High-efficiency and high-power single-frequency fiber laser at 1.6  μm based on cascaded energy-transfer pumping
Authors: Guan Xianchao , Zhao Qilai , Lin Wei , Tan Tianyi , Yang Changsheng , Ma Pengfei , Yang Zhongmin , Xu Shanhui
Published: January 2020

In this paper, a technique combining the cascaded energy-transfer pumping (CEP) method and master-oscillator power-amplifier (MOPA) configuration is proposed for power scaling of 1.6-μm-band single-frequency fiber lasers (SFFLs), where the

Er

3
+

ion has a limited gain. The CEP technique is fulfilled by coupling a primary signal light at 1.6 μm and a C-band auxiliary laser. The numerical model of the fiber amplifier with the CEP technique reveals that the energy transfer process involves the pump competition and the in-band particle transition between the signal and auxiliary lights. Moreover, for the signal emission, the population density in the upper level is enhanced, and the effective population inversion is achieved thanks to the CEP. A single-frequency MOPA laser at 1603 nm with an output power of 52.6 W and an improved slope efficiency of 30.4% is experimentally obtained through the CEP technique. Besides, a laser linewidth of 5.2 kHz and a signal-to-auxiliary laser ratio of 60.7 dB are obtained at the maximum output power. The proposed technique is anticipated to be promising for increasing the slope efficiency and power scaling for fiber lasers operating at L band.