bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eating Right: Linking Food‐Related Decision‐Making Concepts From Neuroscience, Psychology, and Education
Authors: Doucerain Matthias , Fellows Lesley K.
Published: October 2015

This literature review uses four dimensions to classify and compare how food‐related decision‐making is conceptualized and experimentally assessed in neuroscience and other disciplines: (1) food‐related decision‐making other than the decision of what to eat that is part of each eating episode, (2) decision complexes other than the eating episode itself, (3) the evolution of food‐related decision‐making over time, and (4) the nature of food related decisions. In neuroscience in particular, food‐related decision‐making research has been dominated by studies exploring the influence of a wide range of factors on the final outcome, the type and amount of foods eaten. In comparison, the steps that are leading up to this outcome have only rarely been discussed. Neuroscientists should broaden their historically narrow conceptualization of food‐related decision‐making. Then neuroscience research could help group the numerous hypothesized influences for each of the decision complexes into meaningful clusters that rely on the same or similar brain mechanisms and that thus function in similar ways. This strategy could help researchers improve existing broad models of human food‐related decision‐making from other disciplines. The integration of neuroscientific and behavioral science approaches can lead to a better model of food‐related decision‐making grounded in the brain and relevant to the design of more effective school and nonschool lifestyle interventions to prevent and treat obesity in children, adolescents, and adults.
Abstract Entities in the Causal Order
Authors: CRESSWELL M. J.
Published: October 2015

This article discusses the argument we cannot have knowledge of abstract entities because they are not part of the causal order. The claim of this article is that the argument fails because of equivocation. Assume that the “causal order” is concerned with contingent facts involving time and space. Even if theexistenceof abstract entities is not contingent and does not involve time or space it does not follow that no truths about abstract entities are contingent or involve time or space. I argue that it is the latter which is required to obtain the desired conclusion.
Identity, Refugeeness, Belonging: Experiences of Sexual Minority Refugees in Canada
Authors: LEE EDWARD OU JIN , BROTMAN SHARI
Published: October 2015

Cet article explore les résultats d'un projet de recherche communautaire qualitatif sur les expériences intersectionnelles des réfugiés minorités sexuelles vivant à Montréal et Toronto. Menée entre 2007 à 2010, cette étude a examiné les expériences des réfugiés minorités sexuelles, incluent leur immigration au Canada ainsi que leur processus de détermination du statut de réfugié. Nous étudions la façon dont les mesures politiques sur les réfugiés, les institutions sociales et les discours dominants contribuent à la construction sociopolitique des réfugiés minorités sexuelles. Nous concluons par une réflexion critique à propos des stratégies pour accroître la protection des réfugiés minorités sexuelles.

This article explores the results of a qualitative community‐based research project on the intersectional experiences of sexual minority refugees living in Canada. Undertaken between 2008 and 2010, this study examines sexual minority refugees' multifaceted experiences of migration, the refugee determination process, and settlement. Through an analysis of the inter‐related themes of identity, refugeeness, and belonging, we hope to further investigate the ways in which Canadian refugee policies, social institutions, and dominant discourses contribute to the sociopolitical construction of sexual minority refugees. We conclude with an exploration of strategies for increasing protection of sexual minority refugees in Canada.
“Kids Not Rights, is Their Craving”: Sex Education, Gay Rights, and the Threat of Gay Teachers
Authors: GRAYDON MICHAEL
Published: October 2015

En juillet 1977, la Commission ontarienne des droits de la personne recommande l'ajout de l'orientation sexuelle dans le Code. Cette suggestion est généralement soutenue, mais les journaux et les évangélistes torontois veulent l'assurance que les conseils scolaires pourraient encore renvoyer les enseignants homosexuels. Ils exigent que les enfants soient protégés contre les enseignants gais, qu'ils accusent de prédation sexuelle. L'auteur établit des liens historiques entre cette situation et un regain de crainte envers les homosexuels qui s'amorce pendant les débats sur l'éducation sexuelle à Toronto, durant les années 1970. Plus tard, influencés par la croisade « Save the Children » d'Anita Bryant, les journaux et les évangélistes torontois soutiennent que les enseignants gais constituent l'effet dangereux des droits des gais. Après le meurtre d'Emanuel Jaques et la publication de l'article « Men Loving Boys Loving Men ‘ de Gerald Hannon en 1977, les sentiments antigais sont galvanisés à Toronto, freinant ainsi les progrès des droits des gais.

In July 1977, the Ontario Humans Rights Commission recommended adding sexual orientation to the Code. This move was generally supported but Toronto newspapers and evangelists sought assurances that school boards could still dismiss homosexual teachers. They demanded children be shielded from gay teachers, who they accused of sexual predation. I historically link this to a reenergized fear of homosexuals which emerged during Toronto sex education debates in the 1970s. Later, influenced by Anita Bryant's Save the Children crusade, Toronto newspapers and evangelists argued gay teachers were the dangerous effect of gay rights. After the 1977 murder of Emanuel Jaques and the publication of Gerald Hannon's “Men Loving Boys, Loving Men” article, anti‐gay sentiment in Toronto exploded, temporarily halting the progress of gay rights.
Moral Codes of Mothering and the Introduction of Welfare‐to‐Work inOntario
Authors: Gazso Amber
Published: October 2015

Dans cet article, je trace les parallèles entre la reforme de l'assistance sociale en Ontario, principalement dans l'application de l'employabilité des mères seules via lesprogrammes de transition de l'assistance sociale au marché du travailaprès les années 90, et la transformation des codes moraux prédominants de la maternité: de «mère au foyer» à «mère au travail». De plus, j'utilise ce cas comme porte d'entrée afin de considérer l'implication des allégeances public et politique à ces codes moraux pour toutes les mères. Mon argumentation principale est que l'introduction desprogrammes de transition de l'assistance sociale au marché du travailn'est pas que le résultat de la politique néolibéral de l'état, mais aussi de la propagation des idées de la maternité morale à l'extérieur des politiquesdansles politiques.
Lyrical Redefinitions of Heimat in Mariella Mehr'sNachrichten aus dem ExilandWiderwelten
Authors: Bell Michele Ricci
Published: October 2015

Examining selected poems from Mariella Mehr's volumesNachrichten aus dem Exil(1998) andWiderwelten(2001), this article explores the ways that the Swiss writer Mehr refigures the notion of Heimat and its relationship to language. Tracing three key sources that supply the vocabulary and concepts within Mehr's lyrical treatment of Heimat—her own life experiences of persecution and rootlessness in postwar Switzerland, received notions of Heimat from Germanic culture, as well as the minority Yenish culture from which Mehr was forcibly estranged—this paper argues that Mehr turns to poetry to decouple Heimat from a geographically fixed, exclusionary concept, expanding it to capture complex intercultural experiences. Moreover, I attempt to unravel the paradox latent in Mehr's work, wherein the poetic subject's predominantly unsatisfied struggle for home must be reconciled with Mehr's own assertion of language's decisive role in achieving Heimat.
“Und fast ein Mädchen wars”: Zur Darstellbarkeit von Inspiration bei Rainer Maria Rilke
Authors: Knoop Christine A.
Published: October 2015

Rilkes Werk ist durch eine Vielzahl bildhafter Formen uneigentlichen Sprechens geprägt, die beobachtbare Zusammenhänge der Welt in ein innerliches Erlebnis ästhetischer Erfahrung verwandeln. Eine solche Form findet sich in der Darstellung eines mädchenähnlichen Wesens in den “Sonetten an Orpheus,” welches dem Dichter innewohnt und ihm zu einer Erfahrung seiner Umwelt als ihn umfassende und durchdringende Weltgesamtheit verhilft. Der vorliegende Aufsatz argumentiert, dass die Figur des mädchenähnlichen Wesens, welches als “fast ein Mädchen,” aber nicht als wirkliches Mädchen eingeführt wird, eine uneigentliche Darstellung von Inspiration ausmacht. Gleichzeitig wird diskutiert, warum Rilke ein weiteres unbestimmtes, nicht darstellbares und nicht klar definierbares Bild wählt, um ein bereits bestehendes Abstraktum näher zu beschreiben; diese Überlegungen werden um eine Einbeziehung weiterer Gedichte Rilkes, gerade auch aus früheren Schaffensperioden, erweitert. Dabei stelle ich die These auf, dass erst der Versuch, das Undarstellbare propositional auszuformulieren, zu seiner Entstehung führt; in diesem Sinne erschafft sich Sprachkunst im Rilkeschen Diskurs selbst.
USA: German in the Changing Landscape of Postsecondary Education
Authors: Tatlock Lynne
Published: October 2015

This article identifies recent indicators of the state of German Studies in the United States with special attention to postsecondary enrollments in German. It additionally reviews challenges to the postsecondary teaching of German as they manifest themselves both locally and nationally, including the positioning of German Studies in the life of universities and colleges and the equitable treatment, well being, and success of those teaching German.
Disclosure of Goodwill Impairment under AASB 136 from 2005–2010
Authors: Guthrie James , Pang Tsz Ting
Published: October 2015

An accounting standard for goodwill, AASB 136 Impairment of Assets was implemented in Australia in 2005. However, several issues of compliance with the Standard were noted in the initial adoption periods. This study examines goodwill reporting practices in Australia over the five‐year period from 2005 to 2010. It explores the extent to which Australian listed entities complied with mandatory requirements in relation to impairment testing. Using a sample of 287 Australian listed firms, we found that compliance with the Standard's goodwill allocation requirements generally improved; however, there was still non‐compliance for all reporting periods. Also, there was a tendency for firms to define the same or smaller numbers of cash‐generating units (CGUs) than reporting segments. This suggests the existence of CGU aggregation, which may have the capacity to influence the incidence of goodwill impairment, and thereby the financial position of an entity. Coupled with non‐compliance and a lack of audit attention, compliance issues surrounding goodwill impairment testing under AASB 136 still remain of concern to regulators. The findings are useful to academics, regulators and policymakers because they signal the (lack of) compliance with AASB 136.
Ecosystem Services and Reallocation Choices: A Framework for Preserving Semi‐Arid Regions in the Southwest
Authors: Brookshire David S. , Goodrich David , Dixon Mark D. , Brand L. Arriana , Benedict Karl , Lansey Kevin , Thacher Jennifer , Broadbent Craig D. , Stewart Steve , McIntosh Molly , Kang Doosun
Published: October 2015

Conservation of freshwater systems is critical in the semi‐arid Southwest where ground water and flood regimes strongly influence the abundance, composition, and structure of riparian vegetation. At the same time, these systems are in high demand for competing human uses. To address this conflict, natural scientists must evaluate how anthropogenic changes to hydrologic regimes alter ecological systems. A broad foundation of natural science information is needed for ecological valuation efforts to be successful. This paper examines how to incorporate hydrologic, vegetation, avian, and economic models into an integrated framework to determine the value of changes in ecological systems. We have developed a hydro‐bio‐economic framework for the San Pedro River Region in Arizona, and we are developing a similar framework for the Middle Rio Grande of New Mexico. Distinct valuation studies are being conducted for each site with benefit‐transfer tests between the sites.
The Dominant Water Estate and Water Reallocation
Authors: Matthews Olen Paul
Published: October 2015

Different parts of the hydrologic cycle have been separated into different property rights regimes. With different property rules applying to the same water in different parts of the hydrologic cycle, management within a reallocation context can be confusing. If the water estate is made dominant and public, then the other property rules would be subservient to it. This does not mean private rights are precluded. They can be represented by a marketable permit. The dominant estate would allow for market and legislative reallocation. Management goals would be achieved through an adaptive management process.
Managing the Five Tensions of the Design Process
Authors: Cautela Cabirio , Zurlo Francesco
Published: October 2015

Organizations engage external designers for many reasons, but in essence they are balancing experimentation with commercial exploitation, say these authors—making use of a system of tensions and trade‐offs that can be the basis for corporate success.
Examining the role of psychological inflexibility, perspective taking, and empathic concern in generalized prejudice
Authors: Levin Michael E. , Luoma Jason B. , Vilardaga Roger , Lillis Jason , Nobles Richard , Hayes Steven C.
Published: October 2015

Research to‐date on generalized prejudice has focused primarily on personality factors. Further work is needed identifying manipulable variables that directly inform antiprejudice interventions. This study examined three such variables: empathic concern, perspective taking, and psychological inflexibility/flexibility with prejudiced thoughts, as a test of the flexible connectedness model. A sample of 604 undergraduate students completed online surveys. A model indicated prejudice measures loaded onto a latent variable of generalized prejudice. In a second model, psychological inflexibility, flexibility, empathic concern, and perspective taking were all significant, independent predictors of generalized prejudice. Psychological inflexibility also predicted prejudice above and beyond personality and general inflexibility variables. Results suggest the three components of the flexible connectedness model may be important targets for prejudice interventions.
The Effects of Relative Changes in CEO Equity Incentives on the Cost of Corporate Debt
Authors: Prevost Andrew K. , Devos Erik , Rao Ramesh P.
Published: October 2015

We examine how effort and risk incentives embedded in CEO equity incentives are related to the cost of debt and the role credit worthiness plays in this relationship. Our empirical approach addresses a number of unanswered questions in the literature by examining the sources and effects of co‐movements in CEO incentives, whether the proportionality of these movements is rationally priced, and whether the effects are concentrated among bonds with greater likelihood of default. Our findings confirm that effort and risk incentives are rationally priced by bond market participants. We also show that significant cross‐sectional effects are more pronounced for speculative bonds, implying that previously documented links between equity incentives and the cost of debt may not be generalizable to all debt issues.
Dividend Irrelevance and Accounting Models of Value
Authors: Rees William , Valentincic Aljosa
Published: October 2015

In accounting models of value, dividends typically appear to have a strong positive relationship with value despite theoretical reasons to expect dividend displacement. We show that this result is driven by the relationship between dividends and both core earnings and other information derived from the valuation error in the prior year. Where core earnings can be effectively modelled in a specification including other information, dividend displacement is no longer rejected. Under these circumstances dividends exhibit weak incremental predictive power for earnings and earnings expectations and hence have little impact on value. We show that valuation models are sensitive to model specification and should be used with caution when testing the value impact of firm characteristics or accounting numbers.
Investigating the Effects of Daily Inventory Record Inaccuracy in Multichannel Retailing
Authors: Kull Thomas J. , Barratt Mark , Sodero Anníbal C. , Rabinovich Elliot
Published: October 2015

Inventory record inaccuracy (IRI) challenges multichannel retailers in fulfilling both brick‐and‐mortar and direct channel demands from their distribution centers. The nature and damaging effects of IRI largely go unnoticed because retailers assume daily IRI remains stable over time within the replenishment cycle. While research shows that a high level of IRI is damaging, in reality the level of IRI can change every day. We posit that daily IRI variation increases the uncertainty in the system to negatively affect inventory and service levels. Our research uses data collected daily from a multichannel retailer to ground a discrete‐event simulation experiment. Going beyond testing just the level of IRI, we evaluate daily IRI variation's impact on operating performance. What we find in our empirical data challenges extant assumptions regarding the characteristics of IRI. In addition, our simulation results reveal that daily IRI variation has a paradoxical effect: it increases inventory levels while also decreasing service levels. Moreover, we also reveal that brick‐and‐mortar and direct channels are impacted differently. Our findings show that assumptions and practices that ignore daily IRI variation need revising. For managers, we demonstrate how periods of multiday counting help assess their daily IRI variation and indicate what the causes may be.
The Role of External Relationships for LSP Innovativeness: A Contingency Approach
Authors: Bellingkrodt Silvia , Wallenburg Carl Marcus
Published: October 2015

Innovativeness is key to the success of logistics service providers (LSPs) and as LSPs often lack competencies for innovation internally, external relations as sources to acquire knowledge relevant for innovation are important. To the authors' knowledge, there is no research identifying the relevant knowledge sources for LSP innovativeness. Based on contingency theory, we develop a conceptual model on the relevance of different external relations in the context of the innovation focus of the LSP. Thus, we extend insights from previous studies that have only discussed the benefits of external knowledge acquisition in general and outline how to use existing business relations of an LSP to facilitate different types of innovation. The hypothesized model is tested based on survey data from 201 LSPs using structural equation modeling. The findings support the model and outline that better relationships with external service firms or other LSPs are not important for internal process improvements and innovations for existing customers, but very valuable for innovations targeting new customer business, while good relations to customers even show a slight tendency to hamper the development of innovations for new customer business. In addition, it is shown that innovativeness is a strong driver of LSP firm performance.
The Bankruptcy Reform Act of 2005 and Entrepreneurial Activity
Authors: Paik Yongwook
Published: October 2015

This paper empirically investigates the effect of the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 2005 on entrepreneurial activity. We find that this act had virtually no noticeable effect on the overall level of entrepreneurship, measured by self‐employment, partly because potential entrepreneurs were more likely to seek limited liability to offset the reduction in wealth protection imposed by the new law. That is, the incorporation rate increased for small businesses after the new law was enacted. This increase emphasizes that limited liability provided by incorporation is an important strategic variable that potential entrepreneurs utilize in response to changes in personal bankruptcy law. This study implies that incorporation is an important parameter to consider in understanding the relationship between bankruptcy law and entrepreneurial activity. The policy implication of this study is that entrepreneurs do respond to changes in personal bankruptcy law, even though it is intended for consumers, so this potential side effect should be considered when designing a new law.
Employee Compensation in Entrepreneurial Companies
Authors: Bengtsson Ola , Hand John R. M.
Published: October 2015

Despite the central role played by human capital in entrepreneurship, little is known about how employees in entrepreneurial firms are compensated and incentivized. We address this gap in the literature by studying 18,935 non‐CEO compensation contracts across 1,809 privately held venture‐backed companies. Our key finding is that employee compensation varies with the degree to which VCs versus founders control the business. We show that relative to founder‐controlled firms, VC‐controlled firms pay their hired‐on (i.e., nonfounder) employees higher cash salaries, provide stronger cash and equity incentives, and have more formal pay policies in place. We also observe that founder employees earn less cash pay and face weaker cash incentives than do hired‐on employees, but have stronger equity incentives. We propose that the compensation differences we identify arise because the preferences and capabilities of controlling shareholders significantly influence the quality of the human capital attracted and retained by the firm.
Integration and Task Allocation: Evidence from Patient Care
Authors: David Guy , Rawley Evan , Polsky Daniel
Published: October 2015

Using the universe of patient transitions from inpatient hospital care to skilled nursing facilities and home health care in 2005, we show how integration eliminates task misallocation problems between organizations. We find that vertical integration allows hospitals to shift patient recovery tasks downstream to lower‐cost organizations by discharging patients earlier (and in poorer health) and increasing post‐hospitalization service intensity. Although integration facilitates a shift in the allocation of tasks and resources, health outcomes either improved or were unaffected by integration on average. The evidence suggests that integration solves coordination problems that arise in market exchange through improvements in the allocation of tasks across care settings.
Product Innovation Incentives: Monopoly vs. Competition
Authors: Chen Yongmin , Schwartz Marius
Published: October 2015

In contrast to Arrow's result for process innovations, we show that the gain from a product innovation can be larger to a secure monopolist than to a rivalrous firm that would face competition from independent sellers of the old product. A monopolist incurs profit diversion from its old good but may gain more than a rivalrous firm on the new good by coordinating the prices. In a Hotelling framework, we find simple conditions for the monopolist's gain to be larger. We also explain why the ranking of innovation incentives differs under vertical product differentiation.
Law as a Tool in “The War on Obesity”: Useful Interventions, Maybe, But, First, What's the Problem?
Authors: Bogart W. A.
Published: October 2015

The foregoing, both appearing in early 2012, represent very different understandings about the significance of being substantially overweight and possible responses. The first focuses on being fat as the problem. 3 The solution is weight loss or, better still, prevention of weight gain. Of particular note is the plight of obese children and their physical ailments and psychological stress because of bullying by other children and embarrassment in wider society. The second underscores the enormous difficulty of losing weight and, even more so, of maintaining any such reduction. Being fat may give rise to problems. But the greatest difficulty may be in not accepting that most people who become fat will remain fat. That denial stymies efforts to foster the healthiest state possible for the obese and to create effective prevention programs, especially for children.
Global Health, Vulnerable Populations, and Law
Authors: Benatar Solomon R.
Published: October 2015

The most common response to the challenge of protecting health through law is to focus on protecting the rights of vulnerable individuals and to enhance their access to health care. Each one of us is vulnerable or potentially vulnerable because of the fragile, existential nature of the human condition. Catastrophic and unexpected events could instantaneously transform us from a state of total independence and potential vulnerability to one of extreme vulnerability and complete dependence. Some legal provisions have the potential to provide a modicum of protection when we find ourselves in those situations (for example, through legislation, effective emergency health services can be created to reduce the impact of our potential vulnerability). There are also legal provisions that contribute to beneficial social circumstances; for example, legislation enabling universal access to medical care, and operationalizing respect for the individual’s right to health care, as advocated for by other authors in this issue.
Transplant Tourism: The Ethics and Regulation of International Markets for Organs
Authors: Cohen I. Glenn
Published: October 2015

“Medical Tourism” is the travel of residents of one country to another country for treatment. In this article I focus on travel abroad to purchase organs for transplant, what I will call “Transplant Tourism.” With the exception of Iran, organ sale is illegal across the globe, but many destination countries have thriving black markets, either due to their willful failure to police the practice or more good faith lack of resources to detect it. I focus on the sale of kidneys, the most common subject of transplant tourism, though much of what I say could be applied to other organs as well. Part I briefly reviews some data on sellers, recipients, and brokers. Part II discusses the bioethical issues posed by the trade, and Part III focuses on potential regulation to deal with these issues.
Reconsidering the Legality of Cigarette Smoking Advertisements on Television Public Health and the Law
Authors: Hodge James G. , Collmer Veda , Orenstein Daniel G. , Millea Chase , Van Buren Laura
Published: October 2015

Amid the action of the 2013 Super Bowl aired the usual array of high-priced advertisements. Most ads were original. Some were unusual. One regional ad, however, seemed distantly familiar. The 30-second commercial promoted the NJOY King electronic (or e-) cigarette1 to at least 10 million viewers in several major markets. It featured an attractive male model taking a drag from what looks like (and NJOY calls) a cigarette. He then slowly blows smoke to the tune of Foreigner’s “Feels Like the First Time.” Of course, the “smoke” does not come from burning tobacco. Rather, it is the water vapor produced by an e-cigarette as part of its nicotine delivery process. This, however, was not evident from the imagery. For those watching the broadcast, including thousands of minors, NJOY’s advertisement depicted what tobacco companies have not portrayed on television for decades:a person engaged in smoking behavior.
Using Public Health Legal Counsel Effectively: Beliefs, Barriers and Opportunities for Training
Authors: Kaufman Nancy , Allan Susan , Ibrahim Jennifer
Published: October 2015

Laws, ordinances, regulations, and executive orders create the powers and duties of public health agencies and modify the complex community conditions that affect health. Appropriately trained legal counsel serving as legal advisors on the health officer's team facilitate clear understanding of the legal basis for public health interventions and access to legal tools for carrying them out.

Legal counsel serve public health agencies via different organizational arrangements — e.g., internal staff counsel, external counsel from the state attorney general's (AG) office, state health department, county or city, or private counsel under contract, or in combination. As of 2011, most state health departments (63%) employ their own counsel, and 56% use AG counsel, while 17% contract with independent attorneys; most local health departments (66%) work with attorneys and legal staff assigned by local government, by the state health agency (23%), or contract with outside attorneys and legal staff (15%).
When Law is Not Law: Setting Aside Legal Provisions during Declared Emergencies
Authors: Orenstein Daniel G.
Published: October 2015

During an emergency, laws serve crucial functions, including clarifying responsibilities, authorizing critical interventions, and protecting vulnerable populations. However, provisions of existing laws designed for normal, non-emergency circumstances may sometimes hinder emergency response efforts, thereby potentially endangering the public's health rather than protecting it. Pursuant to declared states of emergency, disaster, or public health emergency, however, the legal landscape changes in several important ways. Interventions not legally permissible under non-emergency circumstances become available. One key example is authority to temporarily waive legal provisions that may impede emergency response efforts, such as professional licensing requirements, facility capacity limitations, pharmaceutical pedigree obligations, and state contract restrictions, among other laws spanning a host of legal spheres.

This article examines the structure and use of waiver authority in emergencies. It provides recent examples of waivers and analyzes potential application to a hypothetical emergency scenario.
The Apomediated World: Regulating Research When Social Media Has Changed Research
Authors: O’Connor Dan
Published: October 2015

Social media, meaning digital technologies and platforms such as blogs, wikis, forums, content aggregators, sharing sites, and social networks like Facebook and Twitter, have profoundly changed the way that information can be shared online. Now, almost anyone with a broadband internet connection or a smart phone can share ideas, data, and opinions with just about anyone else on the planet. This change has serious implications for the way in which human subjects research can be conducted and, concomitantly, for the ways in which such research may be regulated. This article explores some of these issues.
Is There a Right Time to Know?: The Right Not to Know and Genetic Testing in Children
Authors: Borry Pascal , Shabani Mahsa , Howard Heidi Carmen
Published: October 2015

In the last few decades, great progress has been made in both genetic and genomic research. The development of the Human Genome Project has increased our knowledge of the genetic basis of diseases and has given a tremendous momentum to the development of new technologies that make widespread genetic testing possible and has increased the availability of previously inaccessible genetic information. Two examples of this exponential evolution are the increasing implementation of next-generation sequencing technologies in the clinical context and the expanding commercial offer of genetic tests directly-to-consumers.

Firstly, the rapid development of next generation sequencing technologies (i.e., high-throughput and massively parallel DNA sequencing technologies) has substantially reduced both the cost and the time required to sequence an entire human genome. These technologies are increasingly being used in the clinical setting with the goal of diagnosing conditions of presumed genetic origin that cannot be explained by targeted sequencing approaches.
The Public Health Workforce and Willingness to Respond to Emergencies: A 50-State Analysis of Potentially Influential Laws
Authors: Rutkow Lainie , Vernick Jon S. , Gakh Maxim , Siegel Jennifer , Thompson Carol B. , Barnett Daniel J.
Published: October 2015

Law plays a critical role in all stages of a public health emergency, including planning, response, and recovery. Public health emergencies introduce health concerns at the population level through, for example, the emergence of a novel infectious disease. In the United States, at the federal, state, and local levels, laws provide an infrastructure for public health emergency preparedness and response efforts: they grant the government the ability to officially declare an emergency, authorize responders to act, and facilitate interjurisdictional coordination. Law is perhaps most visible during an emergency when the president or a state's governor issues a disaster declaration establishing the temporal and geographic parameters for the response and making financial and other resources available. This legal authority has increasingly been used during the last decade.
The “Permanent” Patient Problem
Authors: Bruce Courtenay R. , Majumder Mary A.
Published: October 2015

Patients who enter the health care system for acute care may become “permanent” patients of the hospital when a lack of resources precludes discharge to the next level of post-acute care. The care of these patients contributes to the rising costs of health care and will remain largely unaffected by the Affordable Care Act. For example, some resources may be available for treatment of undocumented persons, but Medicaid enrollment is unavailable for this population. Even where patients have access to Medicaid, it takes up to three months between applying for and actually receiving Medicaid benefits. During that time, patients may be ready for hospital discharge. However, post-acute care facilities have no financial incentive or legal obligation to accept patients with no insurance or only pending Medicaid coverage.
Distinctions in Disclosure: Mandated Informed Consent in Abortion and ART
Authors: Daar Judith
Published: October 2015

Transparency and disclosure in the health care realm occupy a vital link between the delivery of medical services and patient autonomy. In her article, “Disclosure Two Ways,” Erin Bernstein skillfully explores this link in the context of abortion and assisted conception services, keenly observing the rise in mandatory disclosure laws in both arenas. Her thesis, as I understand it, is that laws that require enhanced disclosure above traditional informed consent thresholds can be understood as neutral tools in the name of patient protection, even — or perhaps especially — when their effect is to persuade a patient to forego the requested treatment. She combats the critique that pre-abortion required disclosures are sui generis, arguing against their uniqueness by analyzing them alongside a swell of mandated disclosure laws in the assisted reproductive technologies (ART) context.
The Doctor's Dilemma: Paternalisms in the Medicolegal History of Assisted Reproduction and Abortion
Authors: Swanson Kara W.
Published: October 2015

In 1954, American women experienced an unwanted pregnancy as presenting a difficult choice between bearing an unwanted child and risking an illegal abortion. Yet obstetrician/gynecologist Alan Guttmacher described abortion as “thedoctor’sdilemma.” Guttmacher and his medical colleagues experienced a dilemma when their professional judgment that pregnancy termination was warranted clashed with the laws criminalizing most abortions. In that situation, the law constrained their ability to make a decision they felt to be in the best interest of a patient. To doctors, such paternalist decision-making was a bedrock principle of 20th-century medicine. Doctors had an obligation to provide, or deny, treatment to patients for their own good. This duty arose from medical expertise and separated the medical profession from lesser medical practitioners.
Conflicts of Interest and Effective Oversight of Assisted Reproduction Using Donated Oocytes
Authors: Blake Valarie K. , McGowan Michelle L. , Levine Aaron D.
Published: October 2015

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is a multibillion dollar market in the United States (U.S.), generating a continual demand for oocyte donors whose gametes contributed to 12.6% of all ART cycles in 2012. Oocyte donation is a variant of in vitro fertilization (IVF) that is typically used when an intended mother cannot produce healthy oocytes of her own and instead uses oocytes provided by a third party in an attempt to produce one or more children. When oocyte donation was first developed, oocyte donors were selected among family and friend groups but, increasingly, active solicitation of anonymous donors and brokering the relationship between donor and recipient has become part of the services offered by fertility clinics. In addition, recipients may choose to work with an independent donor agency to find a suitable donor before completing the IVF procedure at a fertility clinic.
Antibiotic Resistance Spreads Internationally Across Borders
Authors: Barlam Tamar F. , Gupta Kalpana
Published: October 2015

Antibiotic resistance (ABR) poses an urgent public health risk. High rates of ABR have been noted in all regions of the globe by the World Health Organization. ABR develops when bacteria are exposed to antibiotics either during treatments in humans or animals or through environmental sources contaminated with antibiotic residues (Figure, Panel A). Spread beyond those administered antibiotics occurs through direct contact with the infected or colonized person or animal, through contact or ingestion of retail meat or agricultural products contaminated with ABR organisms, or through the environment. ABR bacteria spread from individuals to populations and across countries (Figure, Panel B).
History Teaches Us That Confronting Antibiotic Resistance Requires Stronger Global Collective Action
Authors: Podolsky Scott H. , Bud Robert , Gradmann Christoph , Hobaek Bård , Kirchhelle Claas , Mitvedt Tore , Santesmases María Jesús , Thoms Ulrike , Berild Dag , Lie Anne Kveim
Published: October 2015

Antibiotic development and usage, and antibiotic resistance in particular, are today considered global concerns, simultaneously mandating local and global perspectives and actions. Yet such global considerations have not always been part of antibiotic policy formation, and those who attempt to formulate a globally coordinated response to antibiotic resistance will need to confront a history of heterogeneous, often uncoordinated, and at times conflicting reform efforts, whose legacies remain apparent today. Historical analysis permits us to highlight such entrenched trends and processes, helping to frame contemporary efforts to improve access, conservation and innovation.
Addressing Antibiotic Resistance Requires Robust International Accountability Mechanisms
Authors: Hoffman Steven J. , Ottersen Trygve
Published: October 2015

Most proposals for new international agreements aim to address important global challenges. If the goal is to solve problems, then the value of these agreements depends on their ability to influence the world — to shape norms, constrain behavior, facilitate cooperation, and mobilize action. A recent review of empirical studies has suggested that many international agreements fail to achieve their aspirations. The review indicates that the form in which states make commitments to each other — through an international legal agreement or through other means — may not be as important as commonly thought. It is the content of the commitments and how these are supported by mechanisms to encourage implementation that matter the most. When developing proposals for new international agreements, like the one that has recently been proposed to address antibiotic resistance (ABR), attention to implementation mechanisms should therefore be equal to if not greater than the attention paid to its form.
Automatic recognition of myeloma cells in microscopic images using bottleneck algorithm, modified watershed and SVM classifier
Authors: SAEEDIZADEH Z. , MEHRI DEHNAVI A. , TALEBI A. , RABBANI H. , SARRAFZADEH O. , VARD A.
Published: October 2015

Plasma cells are developed from B lymphocytes, a type of white blood cells that is generated in the bone marrow. The plasma cells produce antibodies to fight with bacteria and viruses and stop infection and disease. Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that collections of abnormal plasma cells (myeloma cells) accumulate in the bone marrow. The definitive diagnosis of multiple myeloma is done by searching for myeloma cells in the bone marrow slides through a microscope. Diagnosis of myeloma cells from bone marrow smears is a subjective and time‐consuming task for pathologists. Also, because of depending on final decision on human eye and opinion, error risk in decision may occur. Sometimes, existence of infection in body causes plasma cell's increment which could be diagnosed wrongly as multiple myeloma. The computer diagnostic process will reduce the diagnostic time and also can be worked as a second opinion for pathologists.

This study presents a computer‐aided diagnostic method for myeloma cells diagnosis from bone marrow smears. At first, white blood cells consist of plasma cells and other marrow cells are separated from the red blood cells and background. Then, plasma cells are detected from other marrow cells by feature extraction and series of decision rules. Finally, normal plasma cells and myeloma cells could be classified easily by a classifier.

This algorithm is applied on 50 digital images that are provided from bone marrow aspiration smears. These images contain 678 cells: 132 normal plasma cells, 256 myeloma cells and 290 other types of marrow cells. Applying the computer‐aided diagnostic method for identifying myeloma cells on provided database showed a sensitivity of 96.52%; specificity of 93.04% and precision of 95.28%.
Post‐thinning using Ar ion‐milling system for transmission electron microscopy specimens prepared by focused ion beam system
Authors: LEE MIN‐HEE , KIM KYOU‐HYUN
Published: October 2015

We investigate Ar ion‐milling rates and Ga‐ion induced damage on sample surfaces of Si and GaAs single crystals prepared by focused ion beam (FIB) method for transmission electron microscopy observation. The convergent beam electron diffraction technique with Bloch simulation is used to measure the thickness of the Ar‐ion milled samples to calculate the milling rates of Si and GaAs single crystals. The measurement shows that an amorphous layer is formed on the sample surface and can be removed by further Ar‐ion milling. In addition, the local symmetry breaking induced by FIB is investigated using quantitative symmetry measurement. The FIBed‐GaAs sample shows local symmetry breaking after FIB milling, although the FIBed‐Si sample has no considerable symmetry breaking.
Acquisition and Utilization of Information About Alcohol Use in Pregnancy Among Australian Pregnant Women and Service Providers
Authors: Loxton Deborah , Chojenta Catherine , Anderson Amy E. , Powers Jennifer R. , Shakeshaft Anthony , Burns Lucy
Published: October 2015

Introduction

Because of an unknown safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and inconsistent alcohol guidelines for pregnant women, it is unclear what information is being circulated with regard to alcohol use and pregnancy. This study aimed to explore how pregnant women and service providers acquire and utilize information about alcohol use during pregnancy.

Methods

This qualitative study involved 10‐minute semistructured interviews with 74 mothers of young children and focus groups with 14 service providers in urban and rural areas of New South Wales in 2008 and 2009. Mothers were asked about their use of pregnancy‐related services, social support, and their perceptions about advice they received about alcohol use during pregnancy. Service providers were asked about what they knew about recommended alcohol use during pregnancy, how they knew it, and how they communicated this information to pregnant clients.

Results

Women and service providers expressed uncertainty about what the alcohol recommendations were for pregnant women. Health care providers were inclined to discuss alcohol use with women they perceived to be high risk but not otherwise. Women felt pressure to both drink and not drink during their pregnancies. Those who drank discounted abstinence messages and reported a process of internal bargaining on issues such as the stage of their pregnancy and the type of beverages they consumed. Those who abstained did so mainly because they were afraid of being held responsible for any problems with their pregnancies or infants that might have occurred from drinking.

Discussion

Confusion surrounding the recommendations regarding alcohol use during pregnancy, inconsistency in addressing alcohol use with pregnant women, information overload, and a perceived culture of drinking appear to contribute to the high proportion of Australian women drinking during pregnancy.
Side Effects of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Are Associated with Depression in Chinese Individuals with HIV: A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Chen Wei‐Ti
Published: October 2015

Purpose/Aim

This study examined experiences of antiretroviral therapy (ART) side effects among Chinese people living with HIV/AIDS and evaluating their relationship with depressive mood.

Hypotheses

Chinese individuals with HIV who had severe ART side effect symptoms will experience more depression compare to individuals who had less side effect symptoms from ART.

Background

A national ART is now widely available in China. This growing availability of ART has changed the prospect of HIV/AIDS management. Although some patients with HIV can overcome initial side effects, without appropriate treatments, side effects could lead to challenging situations, including decreasing adherence and quality of life.

Design

This mixed methods study was conducted from July 2005 to March 2008 at Beijing's Ditan Hospital. Inclusion criteria were individuals who were HIV positive, Mandarin‐speaking, at least 18 years old, and willing to and physically capable of participating.

Methods

In‐depth interviews were conducted in Mandarin with 29 individuals. Interviews took one hour and were conducted in a private office at the hospital. A quantitative survey was developed, tested, and administered to 120 individuals.

Results

Common symptoms included digestive discomfort, pancreatitis skin issues, numbness, memory loss, nightmares, and dizziness. These side effects not only brought physical discomfort, but also interfered with everyday activities. Multiple regression analysis revealed that participatns who suffered from more severe side effects were more depressed after controlling for effects of social support, knowledge of the medications, and general health.

Conclusions

Antiretroviral therapy side effects are one of the reasons that Chinese individuals with HIV/AIDS delay or stop taking the medicine. The psychological and physical demands of coping with medication side effects can be overwhelming. Enhanced social support and educating patients with HIV/AIDS on up‐to‐date ART knowledge might enhance adherence. Self‐management intervention should be developed and included in the ART initiation counseling and carefully followed thereafter.