bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mahimabhaṭṭa on Literary Being
Authors: Reich James D.
Published: May 2021

This chapter returns to Mahimabhaṭṭa’s reliance on Dharmakīrti and shows that, for Mahimabhaṭṭa, unlike for Abhinavagupta, understanding poetry involves illusion. Poetry, he argues, relies for its effects on a cognitive mistake on the part of the reader, who attributes emotions to imaginary characters who cannot actually have them. This means that poetry cannot be valuable in itself, and this is, again, an inversion of Abhinavagupta. Poetry does, however, have instrumental value, and to explain this, Mahimabhaṭṭa again relies on Dharmakīrti, who also thought that inference delivered quasi-mistaken information, but could still be relied on because of its practical usefulness. For Mahimabhaṭṭa, the use in question is moral training, which is the fundamental goal of poetry. This chapter rounds out the evidence for the argument that Mahimabhaṭṭa’s theory is directed, in part, at Abhinavagupta’s theory, and inverts it in many important ways.
Confirmation Bias
Authors: Gorman Sara E. , Gorman Jack M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines confirmation bias, which refers to people’s tendency to attend only to information that agrees with what they already think is true. Confirmation bias is responsible for not only a great deal of denial of scientific evidence but also the actual generation and maintenance of incorrect scientific information. That is, scientific and medical professionals are as prone as anyone else is to “seeing what we believe,” making it especially difficult to help people sort out what is true science from the mistakes and outright fabrications. The chapter demonstrates how confirmation bias, although a highly adaptive human trait, often causes scientific misperceptions due to resistance to the often counterintuitive disconfirmation process of scientific inquiry. It then proposes some ways of countering confirmation bias.
Risk Perception and Probability
Authors: Gorman Sara E. , Gorman Jack M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter studies the psychology of risk perception, starting with an overview of classic risk perception theory. When it comes to health, people are intolerant of risks of harm that feel uncontrollable while they are perfectly content to accept risks that they perceive are within their control, even if these perceptions are incorrect. These dangerous health misperceptions fall under the psychological category called “uncontrollable risk.” The chapter assesses the question of why many statistically improbable risks seem much more relevant to people than statistically probable ones. It then looks at some of the heuristics and biases that affect risk perception. People’s brains are not designed for linear risk perception even though that is how the world really is. Recognizing this is a crucial step in correcting mistakes when making health decisions and in planning interventions to help people make those decisions on a scientific basis.
Going Home
Authors: Calloway Colin
Published: May 2021

This chapter completes Indian delegates’ journeys to colonial capitals by considering the return leg of their travels and their reentry into their home communities. Athough city chiefs often returned laden with gifts and with temporarily enhanced prestige, the chapter points out ways in which their experiences in traveling to the centers of colonial power could negatively affect their standing at home. It profiles several of the prominent figures in the book to show that increasing influence with the colonial government, and especially the national government, often came at the cost of decreasing respect at home, especially when returning chiefs acted as advocates of the U.S. “civilization program” in their personal lives.
Picturing Chiefs in the City
Authors: Calloway Colin
Published: May 2021

Designed as a gallery of portraits in color in the center of the book, this section briefly addresses portrait making in early America, the circumstances in which these portraits were made (in cities), and issues of self-representation.
Introduction
Authors: Díaz Juan Diego
Published: May 2021

The introduction posits essentialisms associated with African culture as fundamental to an understanding of how black people imagine their African heritage in the diaspora. Ryan Coogler’s blockbuster Black Panther is used to illustrate how members of the diaspora select, reify, or challenge romanticized notions about Africa while portraying images and sounds of black empowerment. The introduction locates this book’s study within the fields of African, African diasporic, and Afro-Brazilian, and Bahian studies emphasizing that the approach here taken differs from that of most others in that it engages musical and discourse analysis, as opposed to discourse analysis only. The methods of data collection and the author’s subject position are also presented. Finally, the interlocutors, along with the criteria for their inclusion, are introduced.
Orkestra Rumpilezz
Authors: Díaz Juan Diego
Published: May 2021

Chapter 3 presents the book’s first case study, Orkestra Rumpilezz, a big band mixing jazz with emblematic Afro-Bahian genres such as Candomblé, carnival music (ijexá and samba reggae), samba de roda, and capoeira. It opens with a discussion of composer-director Letieres Leite’s trajectory in Brazil and Europe and his views on Africa and the liminal status of jazz in Bahia, as an African diasporic genre and, simultaneously, US America’s classical music. This is followed by an analysis of how the orchestra spotlights percussion and percussionists in its performances and links them to the polemic notion of racial democracy in Brazil. A number of performance practices (layout of musicians on stage, colors and styles of costumes, visual symbols, instrumentation, physical movement, speech between pieces) are connected with the tropes of embodiment, spirituality, and spontaneity.
The Tempering Frame
Authors: Pipolo Tony
Published: May 2021

Ernie Gehr has worked in both film and digital media. This chapter examines several key works representative of both media. In contrast to critical approaches that see Gehr’s work as purely cognitive or structural exercises, the author argues that it has a deeply personal dimension, the sources of which can be traced to his childhood, and even earlier, to his parents’ experiences during the Second World War. Gehr’s incorrigible sense of play and fascination with magic are explored as essential to his love affair with motion picture media. His use of the frame in both media is particularly stressed as having a strong psychic function, not unlike that of the holding environment provided in psychoanalytic therapy.
Feminist Global Health Security
Authors: Wenham Clare
Published: May 2021

Feminist Global Health Security highlights the ways in which women are disadvantaged by global health security policy, through engagement with feminist concepts of visibility; social and stratified reproduction; intersectionality; and structural violence. The book argues that an approach focused on short-term response efforts to health emergencies fails to consider the differential impacts of outbreaks on women. This feminist critique focuses on the policy response to the Zika outbreak, which centred on limiting the spread of the vector through civic participation and asking women to defer pregnancy, actions that are inherently gendered and reveal a distinct lack of consideration of the everyday lives of women. The book argues that because global health security lacks a substantive feminist engagement, policies created to manage an outbreak of disease focus on protecting economies and state security and disproportionately fail to protect women. This state-based structure of global health security provides the fault-line for global health security and women. Women are both differentially infected and affected by epidemics and, the book argues: it was no coincidence that poor, black women living in low quality housing were most affected by the Zika outbreak. More broadly, it poses the question: What would global health policy look like if it were to take gender seriously, and how would this impact global disease control sustainability?
Zika and In/visibility
Authors: Wenham Clare
Published: May 2021

This chapter begins with the premise that women are not a homogenous group; and some women are more important than others to global health security, which relays important information about political prioritisation. The chapter then shows how the Zika outbreak provides a pertinent example for a detailed nuanced analysis of in/visibility, which might have wider ramifications for understanding this concept in feminist discourse. Women cradling babies born with CZS were on the front pages of newspapers, policy reports and the collective global psyche. But it was a certain type of woman, performing a particular function of motherhood to legitimise activity within a security narrative, instrumentalised to garner support for extraordinary measures amid the public audience of the security threat. The affected women were conspicuous in the narrative of global health security, and were instrumentalised to facilitate Zika’s securitisation, but that these same Zika infected and affected women were invisible as the target group for public health interventions, particularly when considering intersectionality—these women were poor, black, single, and living in northeast Brazil.
Conclusion
Authors: Wenham Clare
Published: May 2021

This chapter reconceptualises the findings from Zika to the global level to understand what global heath security can learn from unpacking this health emergency and how global health security policy can be made more gender inclusive. It also readdress the state-centric focus of the global health security narrative, which has systematically excluded women, through repositioning women as the referent object of securitisation. The chapter suggests that women’s needs and lived reality should be taken into consideration and that policy might be developed which makes tangible approaches to counteracting the risks posed to women, rather than focusing on broader systems, economies or societies. Finally, it considers that the book has not done justice to women’s agency within outbreaks, and painting them as victims of a broader structural failure within third wave feminism overlooks the activities that women have undertaken to protect themselves from disease or its effects.
Introduction
Authors: Maher Kristen Hill , Carruthers David
Published: May 2021

In San Diego, the neighboring city of Tijuana has a reputation for vice and violence, yet there are many other possible narratives about Tijuana as a place. This introduction lays out the questions and summarizes the main arguments for the book, which examines the ways that Tijuana has been stigmatized over time and how that stigma reinforces local inequalities and borders. More broadly, this case study contributes theoretically to literatures on border theory, territorial stigmatization, and spatial inequalities. The introduction offers a brief discussion of methods and data (including the analysis of archival materials, qualitative interviews in San Diego and Tijuana, and photojournalism representations), as well as an overview of the book.
Urban Folklore, Urban Legend
Authors: Maher Kristen Hill , Carruthers David
Published: May 2021

Everyday talk is central to how places become stigmatized and how asymmetric borders enter the popular imagination. This chapter explores the tales about Tijuana that proliferate in neighboring San Diego, based on a set of forty-five qualitative interviews conducted in six San Diego County communities between 2006 and 2008. The analysis finds that people seldom repeated positive stories they heard, whereas they traded liberally in negative tales, many of which came from remote or untraceable sources. These latter stories constituted a kind of urban folklore that cast the neighboring city in a dark light. This tendency was much stronger among those who had little firsthand experience in Tijuana, revealing the reach and importance of an abstract bordered imaginary.
Building the Population Bomb
Authors: Merchant Emily Klancher
Published: May 2021

Building the Population Bomb examines how human population came to be understood as a problem in the twentieth century, how it became an object of intervention for governments, scientists, and nongovernmental organizations, and how some forms of intervention got coded as legitimate while others were recognized as coercive. It traces the emergence and growth of two scientific perspectives on population from the 1920s to the present. The first, rooted in the natural sciences, considered the world’s population as a whole in relation to natural resources. The second, rooted in the social sciences, considered national population growth rates in relation to economic growth. These two perspectives converged briefly after World War II, convincing world leaders that population growth posed a barrier to economic development and a threat to worldwide peace and environmental integrity. The book documents how this overpopulation consensus attracted vast sums of money to demography and population control, and teases out the differences between population control, birth control, and family planning. It concludes with the fracturing of this consensus at the end of the 1960s, constituting the factions that structure today’s debates over whether the world’s population is growing too quickly or not quickly enough, and over what should be done about it. The book documents how population growth came to take the blame for the world’s most complex and pressing problems, and how efforts to solve “the population problem” have diverted attention and resources from the pursuit of economic, environmental, and reproductive justice.
Family Planning
Authors: Merchant Emily Klancher
Published: May 2021

Chapter 2 documents the establishment of demography, the social science of human population dynamics, in the United States during the 1930s. It contends that this interdisciplinary field was able to build an institutional structure because of support from eugenicist Frederick Osborn, who saw in demography an ally for the creation of a postracial democratic version of eugenics. Osborn’s new brand of eugenics emphasized birth control rather than sterilization and worked through the private sector rather than the public sector. He fused birth control advocacy with eugenics in a strategy he termed “family planning,” which signaled reproductive autonomy in the context of social control. Osborn secured patronage for demography from the Milbank Memorial Fund and the Carnegie Corporation, and an audience for demographic research in the New Deal welfare state. He leveraged his influence to focus demography’s research program on producing support for his family planning–based eugenic project.
“Its Bite and Its Feeling”
Authors: Wells Christi Jay
Published: May 2021

This chapter positions the quadroon balls of nineteenth-century New Orleans as a critical generative source of, and productive metaphor for, the complex of miscegenation fantasies that mark jazz as both seductive enough to excite our collective sense of subversion and quintessentially American enough to serve as the nation’s “classical music.” Building upon Emily Clark’s work on quadroon balls’ imbrication within a feedback loop between romanticized narrative and lived experience, which she terms the “plaçage complex,” the chapter demonstrates that the romanticization of New Orleans as jazz’s ostensible birthplace is rooted in discursive moves that long predate jazz itself. As such, this chapter draws a through-line from the early nineteenth-century genesis of quadroon balls through their mid-century boom and the fantastical white-authored travel narratives that made them tourist destinations and the ways they subsequently informed both New Orleans’ Storyville district and representations of antebellum plantation life in New York City stage revues. Through this analysis, the chapter draws uncomfortable yet necessary connections between jazz historical discourse, and especially its romanticization of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century New Orleans, and the discursive engines that maintained white supremacist structures during the nineteenth century and that remain active, if obfuscated, in the present.
“A Fine Art in Danger”
Authors: Wells Christi Jay
Published: May 2021

During the 1950s and 1960s, jazz music became solidly entrenched in America’s institutions of high art patronage as the music’s most prestigious venues shifted from popular clubs and ballrooms to concert halls and upscale summer festivals, most notably the Newport Jazz Festival. While for most professional jazz dancers, this period marked a time when the work “dried up,” there were several lindy hop and rhythm tap dancers who managed to access these spaces through their relationships with jazz historian Marshall Stearns. Stearns was a key player in the adoption of jazz history as an academic subject and an advocate for the serious study of Black vernacular dance. This chapter asks why Stearns’s efforts to “legitimize” and institutionalize jazz dance largely failed, given that his similar advocacy for jazz music clearly succeeded. It argues that Stearns’s folkloric conceptualization of “vernacular jazz dance” fell short of the successful “consensus narrative” he built for jazz music in that concertized adaptations of Black vernacular dance practices by choreographers such as Katherine Dunham and Alvin Ailey were not legible to Stearns as contiguous extensions of the traditional folk and popular dance forms he problematically fetishized as dying folk art in need of preservation. The discursive barrier Stearns built between the worlds of vernacular and concert dance, while intended to safeguard from cultural appropriation so-called authentic or vernacular jazz dance forms, ultimately reinforced primitivist narratives that discursively foreclosed many possibilities for dance as a vital creative partner in jazz music’s present or future.
A Wild West of the Mind
Authors: Sher George
Published: May 2021

This book defends the thesis that no thoughts are morally forbidden—that as long as we don’t act on them, even the nastiest attitudes, most biased beliefs, and vilest fantasies are not morally off limits. The book divides into two parts, the first a critical examination of the reasons for believing that thoughts are subject to moral regulation, the second a discussion of the mental freedom that we gain if they are not. The earlier chapters discuss attempts to defend the moral regulation of thought on consequentialist and deontological grounds and from the point of view of virtue theory. In each case, the verdict is not favorable to moralism. The book’s second, more positive section defends a conception of freedom of mind in which freedom from moral regulation plays a central role. In the spirit of Orwell, it argues that because the course of thought is unpredictable, mental freedom requires the ability to follow one’s thoughts wherever they lead. It argues, as well, that without this form of mental freedom, we would be far less interesting both to others and to ourselves. Even when some of what we think is ugly, there is beauty and value in our being able to think it.
Encomium
Authors: Sher George
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the value of the freedom of mind that we would lose if our thoughts were subject to moral restrictions. By internalizing restrictions on thought, we not only lose access to various forms of knowledge but also relinquish authorship of our beliefs and cut ourselves off from important aspects of our personalities. More important yet, we flatten out our experience in ways that make us far less interesting both to ourselves and others. The subjective realm is both a retreat in a hostile world and an endlessly expansive playground, and we needlessly surrender both advantages by letting morality in.
Entertainment
Authors: Boczkowski Pablo J.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 5 focuses on the reception of entertainment. The survey reveals that the top three entertainment activities among the respondents are watching television, listening to music, and being on social media, in that order, and that age is the preeminent organizer of entertainment consumption. The interviews show the continued relevance of routines in reception practices, and highlight the versatility of watching television. This versatility applies to how people access the content; the devices through which they watch it; with whom they do this; and the habits associated with this experience. This versatility contrasts with the perceived rigidity of going to the movies, watching a play, and visiting a museum. The affect related to consuming audiovisual entertainment within the household is overwhelmingly positive, and there is a high level of attachment to serialized content on streaming platforms. The analysis shows an experiential appreciation of audiovisual entertainment content on television.
Zwingli and the Birth of the extra Calvinisticum
Authors: Drake K.J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter demonstrates not only that Ulrich Zwingli was the first theologian of the Reformation period to articulate the extra Calvinisticum in its full form but that, contrary to common scholarly opinion, this doctrine was not a reaction to Martin Luther’s doctrine of ubiquity but preceded it. Through analysis of Zwingli’s works before the Marburg Colloquy the chapter demonstrates that Zwingli articulated the extra as one plank in his goal to reform the Zurich church and elaborated it over time in response to Lutheran polemics. At stake for him was nothing less than the soteriological role of Christ as the Mediator between God and man. Zwingli articulates the extra through reflection upon the logic of satisfaction, the ascension of Christ, the hypostatic union, and communicatio idiomatum to defend his understanding of Christ’s presence in the Eucharist.
Antoine de la Roche Chandieu and the extra Calvinisticum into Early Reformed Orthodoxy
Authors: Drake K.J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter investigates the extra Calvinisticum in the Reformed tradition after the shift to scholastic theology in the 1580s by investigating the work of French theologian Antoine de la Roche Chandieu. Chandieu is widely considered one of the fathers of Reformed scholasticism and produced the most extensive work on the extra in this period. In De Veritate Humanae Naturae Christi (1585) he offers an exposition and defense of the extra in response to the christology of Lutheran theologian Martin Chemnitz. Chandieu’s work is distinguished from other treatments of the extra in both scope and depth, utilizing scholastic methodology, scriptural exegesis, and the church fathers. The work of Chandieu demonstrates the ongoing development of the extra in the period of early Reformed orthodoxy, which is in continuity with the precedent tradition and uses the new scholastic method not to unmoor it from the biblical witness but to secure it more firmly.
Secularization and Catholic Higher Education
Authors: Heft James L.
Published: May 2021

Until the 1970s, most sociologists thought that it was only a matter of time before the process of secularization would marginalize religion to the personal and private sphere. That has not happened. Thinkers such as José Casanova, Charles Taylor, and others clarify the many meanings of secularity and open space for theology. A comparison of Protestant and Catholic colleges shows how the latter has a chance to remain religiously rooted intellectually, depending on the formation of its faculty and the contributions of a global reality of Catholicism.
Ex corde ecclesiae and the Mandatum
Authors: Heft James L.
Published: May 2021

The Vatican document Ex corde ecclesiae expects all faculty who teach Catholic theology to ask their local bishop for a mandatum, that is, a written indication that the theologian teaches what the church teaches theologically. Whether this is a legitimate request for theologians who value academic freedom, what impact it has on what a theologian actually teaches in the classroom, and how differences between bishops and theologians can best be addressed are treated in this chapter. Finally, we explore the impact that the expectation of a mandatum for theologians has on their standing with their peers on campus.
Catholic Studies Programs and Catholic Identity
Authors: Heft James L.
Published: May 2021

After the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), the structure of required courses dramatically changed at most Catholic universities. Before the council, it was typical that all students, regardless of their major, were required to take at least eighteen credit hours (six courses) mainly in philosophy and some theology (mostly grounded in the thinking of the thirteenth-century theologian Thomas Aquinas). Once those requirements were dramatically reduced and what was then offered covered more than Christian religions, doubts began to spread among some faculty as to whether the university had lost its Catholic character. By the 1980s, Catholic studies programs began to be created that included more disciplines than theology and philosophy and typically also offered opportunities for the moral formation of students. Controversies erupted between faculty who questioned the academic legitimacy of these programs. This chapter provides an evaluation of the nature and academic legitimacy of these programs.
Introduction
Authors: Keune Jon
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces the basic problem of bhakti’s relationship to caste—the bhakti-caste question—which is an Indic version of a broader question: can theological egalitarianism lead to social equality? Two key stories about saints and eating demonstrate the complexity of the source materials, which defy simple interpretation. When B. R. Ambedkar framed the question as “Did the saints promote social equality?” he answered emphatically, “No.” The chapter highlights the context in which he made this judgment and the anachronism of using the modern idea of social equality to describe the premodern past. The chapter also lays out the plan of the book and its contributions to scholarship. It concludes by clarifying some key but potentially confusing terms that appear throughout the book.
Sightings of Bhakti and Its Social Impact
Authors: Keune Jon
Published: May 2021

This chapter shows the regional variations of bhakti traditions and how this diversity complicates theorizing about bhakti. Attempts at providing a general overview take one or another (usually North Indian) regional tradition for granted as representative. In bhakti scholarship, this has over-emphasized aspects of some traditions while suppressing others. The book’s perspective is based in the Marathi-speaking territory of western India (roughly, Maharashtra) where issues of caste and untouchability featured prominently in the region’s traditions. It is no coincidence that Maharashtra was home to some of India’s most organized and vocal movements of Dalit assertion in the 20th century. Chapter 2 thus offers an unconventional overview of bhakti scholarship as perceived from western India, where bhakti’s social contribution in terms of democracy, inclusion, and equality was of special interest.
Bhakti and Equality in Marathi Print, 1854–1950
Authors: Keune Jon
Published: May 2021

This chapter charts the establishment of equality language in colonial and postcolonial Marathi publications about Vārkarī literature and traditions and recovers earlier Vārkarī ways of envisioning the relationship between bhakti and caste. Liberal and some nationalist authors between roughly 1854 and 1930 mined sectarian literatures and stories to construct a non-sectarian sense of regional identity. This held special importance because of how vital Marathi literary history has been for imagining the region’s social history. More critical views were voiced by low-caste authors and secular rationalists in the late 19th century, and later by Marxist historians. Food featured prominently in pivotal events in many of these proponents’ and critics’ lives. Having described the formation of modern discourse around bhakti and equality, the chapter starts recovering the earlier devotional and nondualist Marathi terms that modern equality language displaced.
Restaging Transgressive Commensality
Authors: Keune Jon
Published: May 2021

This chapter follows the two stories discussed in Chapter 5 into the 20th century, considering how they were represented in plays and films. Three main factors reshaped how the stories appeared on Marathi stage and screen: the narratological demands within and across media formats, equality language that had taken hold in 19th-century Marathi discourse, and the changing landscape of caste politics in the 20th century, especially the rise of non-brahman movements. Playwrights and film producers were inspired by late 19th-century biographers who had become fascinated with the social ethical dimension of stories about Eknāth. In this context, the double vision story’s transgressive commensality became especially popular in plays and films, as producers often sought to resolve the bhakti-caste question by depicting Eknāth as a social reformer.
Children of the Great Atlantic Migration: Narratives of Young Jewish Lives
Authors: Lederhendler Eli
Published: May 2021

The experiences of children during the process of migration are explored with reference to the Great Atlantic Migration, specifically the Jewish immigration from Eastern Europe around the turn of the 20th century. These experiences, as recorded by them later in their lives, are also represented in literary works penned by immigrant and second-generation authors. The subjective and representational aspects of child-immigrant lives add substance and perspective to an array of social data available about that era, including the proportion of children and youth in the migration stream, the effect of mass immigration on social services (including public education), employment of children and youth in industry, and welfare and institutional care. The article asserts that child-immigrants can be studied not only from the perspective of achievement outcomes in American society, as is currently common in the literature, but also in terms of assigning child-immigrants a separate voice in the historiography of U.S. migration.
Hide-and-Seek: The Tale of Three Girls in the Giado Concentration Camp in Libya (1942–1943)
Authors: Barazani Nava T.
Published: May 2021

typhus epidemic that broke out in the Giado concentration camp in Libya in December 1942 constituted the major cause of death among the hundreds of Jewish detainees. Seeking to prevent its spread, the camp guards shaved the heads of those who had lice in their hair. In interviews conducted between 2009 and 2017 with survivors of the camp who were children at that time, only the women mention the shaving of heads and their desperate attempt to evade this fate. This chapter relates the story of three women who, as children, were incarcerated in the camp. Their narratives, which move fluidly between their perceptions as children and their adult recollections, point to a gender-related phenomenon pertaining to the dread of being caught and subjected to a head-shaving, and the trauma associated with a girl’s being shorn of her hair.
The Transformation of the Bar Mitzvah Ceremony, 1800–2020
Authors: Golinkin David
Published: May 2021

After discussing the pre-history of the bar mitzvah ceremony, this chapter analyzes four basic components of the ceremony before the year 1800: the Barukh sheptarani blessing; the aliyah to the Torah; the se’udat mitzvah (festive meal); and the derashah (sermon given by the bar mitzvah boy). The bulk of the chapter is devoted to six major changes that transpired after the year 1800: from bar mitzvah to Confirmation and back to bar and bat mitzvah; the origin and development of the bat mitzvah ceremony; the transformation of the elaborate derashah prepared by a teacher or rabbi to a much simpler devar torah prepared by the bar or bat mitzvah boy or girl; the transformation of a simple se’udat mitzvah into an elaborate party; the adoption of the Ashkenazic bar mitzvah ceremony by Sephardic and Oriental Jews; and the secular bar or bat mitzvah ceremony or party.
The Child Who Cannot Ask: The Holocaust Poetry of Moisei Teif
Authors: Shternshis Anna
Published: May 2021

The Soviet Jewish poet Moisei Teif, whose young son was murdered during the Holocaust, wrote a number of poems in Yiddish on the taboo subject of the massive loss of Jewish children during the Second World War—a trauma that almost every Soviet Jewish family experienced, but often lied or kept silent about. This chapter focuses on one poem in particular, “Kikhelekh and Zemelekh,” which was translated into Russian and incorporated into a play, and which, in the course of time, became an emblematic work for Soviet Jews who, for years, had lacked the language (or means) to commemorate their losses.
Queen Victoria
Authors: Ledger-Lomas Michael
Published: May 2021

This book evokes the pervasive importance of religion to Queen Victoria’s life but also that life’s centrality to the religion of Victorians around the globe. The first comprehensive exploration of Victoria’s religiosity, it shows how moments in her life—from her accession to her marriage and her successive bereavements—enlarged how she defined and lived her faith. It portrays a woman who had simple convictions but a complex identity that suited her multinational kingdom: a determined Anglican who preferred Presbyterian Scotland, an ardent Protestant who revered her husband’s Lutheran homeland but became sympathetic towards Roman Catholicism and Islam, a moralizing believer in the religion of the home who scorned Sabbatarianism. Drawing on a systematic reading of her journals and an extensive selection of manuscripts from British and German archives, it sheds new light not just on Victoria’s private beliefs but also on her activity as a monarch, who wielded her powers energetically in questions of church and state. Unlike a conventional biography, this book interweaves its account of Victoria’s life with a panoramic survey of what religious communities made of it. Drawing on sermons, newspapers, and other sources from around the British world, it shows how different churches and world religions expressed an emotional identification with their Queen and Empress, turning her into an embodiment of their different and often rival conceptions of what her Empire ought to be. The result is a biography of a Queen which also argues that monarchy and religion remained close allies in the nineteenth-century British world.
Introduction
Authors: Ledger-Lomas Michael
Published: May 2021

The introduction explains the central importance of Victoria’s religious life to Victorian religion and politics. Not only have existing biographies of Victoria given insufficient attention to her religion, but they have also failed to incorporate the modern historiography of the Victorian monarchy, which emphasizes the structural rather than the personal causes of Victoria’s power and influence. The introduction sets out how this biography portrays Victoria both as an individual and as a European and global sovereign, and discusses the manuscript and printed sources which serve as the basis for the project. It ends with an outline of the following chapters and describes how the book interweaves close attention to Victoria’s strong personal piety with analysis of what religious communities claimed to feel about it and why they did so.
The Crown of Sacrifice
Authors: Ledger-Lomas Michael
Published: May 2021

While a crescendo of bereavements later in life undoubtedly turned Victoria into a gloomy and retrospective person and sovereign, this chapter suggests that they also bolstered her spiritual credentials with her people. The chapter concentrates on the lavish way in which she buried and commemorated a series of male relatives—her son Leopold, the Duke of Albany; her grandsons Albert Victor, the Duke of Clarence and Christian Victor; and her son-in-law Henry of Battenberg—suggesting that this made her the Empire’s mourner in chief. The martial flourishes of their funerals aligned a feminine monarchy with the increasingly militaristic and imperial character of male elite culture. Changes in Christian eschatology meant that concern with death in late Victorian culture focused on the feelings of the living rather than the postmortem fate of the dead, and as such there was much discussion of and identification with Victoria’s feelings. In this way, royal deaths secured Victoria’s position as the head of what historians have termed an ‘empire of sentiment’, whose Christian advocates claimed it was based on sacrifice rather than power.
Madness
Authors: Fürst Juliane
Published: May 2021

In this chapter the complex relationship between hippies, the state, and the trope of madness is discussed. Hippies often feigned mental illness in order to escape army service—an action that was facilitated by the Soviet state’s usage of schizophrenia as a diagnosis for dissidents and other nonconformists. Excused from the army and armed with an official document certifying their ‘craziness’ hippies felt free from many of the demands of Soviet life and society. At the same time, the state used psychiatry to lock away unwanted social elements such as hippies, severely curtailing their general freedom, sometimes for years. The battlefield of insanity was hence an interface at which Soviet hippies and state competed for discursive and real power.
Introduction
Authors: Deery Oisín
Published: May 2021

This chapter situates the natural-kind view defended in the book in relation to standard views about free will. Typically, standard approaches assume a broadly descriptivist theory of reference, according to which the concept of free will refers (and so free will exists and we act freely) just in case it is associated with presuppositions that are (mostly) satisfied by actual human behaviors. On the natural-kind view, by contrast, the presuppositions associated with the concept do not have to be satisfied in order for reference to succeed (or for free will to exist). According to the natural-kind view, moreover, even if people’s free-agency phenomenology influences the reference conditions of the concept, the phenomenology supports both the natural-kind view and compatibilism.
Methodology and free will
Authors: Deery Oisín
Published: May 2021

The existence question asks whether actual human agents have free will. By contrast, the compatibility question asks whether free will is compatible with determinism. Most philosophers hope that answering the compatibility question will subsequently help to answer the existence question. However, standard approaches to free will tend to result in empirical and dialectical stalemates about how to analyze the concept of free will. At the very least, these approaches leave us unable to definitively establish the application or reference conditions of the concept, and so they make it difficult to answer not only the compatibility question, but also the existence question. The main goal of Chapter 1 is to survey a number of problems with standard approaches to free will, which rely heavily on intuitions. The aim in doing so is to motivate an alternative approach, which does not rely on intuitions.
Naturally free action
Authors: Deery Oisín
Published: May 2021

Adopting the alternative approach motivated in Chapter 1, this chapter argues that free will is a natural kind, by relying on the influential idea that natural kinds are homeostatic property clusters (HPCs). The resulting HPC natural-kind view about free will answers the existence question positively: free will exists and we act freely. Moreover, it does so without directly addressing the compatibility question, although the view favors compatibilism over libertarianism. The chapter also rebuts a prominent objection to natural-kind views about free will, including the HPC view. Finally, the HPC view builds on Andrew Sims’s recent view that agents are a natural kind and it yields an appealing alternative to standard approaches as well as to recent revisionist approaches to free will and moral responsibility.
Reference, error, naturalism
Authors: Deery Oisín
Published: May 2021

This chapter reinforces the HPC natural-kind view about free will by considering its advantages over other approaches in more detail, including Manuel Vargas’s revisionist approach. It is argued that Vargas’s view founders on a dilemma, which the natural-kind view escapes: Either Vargas’s approach is non-descriptivist, like the natural-kind view, in which case it is not revisionist; or it is revisionist, in which case it is not clear how it is descriptivist. Moreover, this chapter argues that the natural-kind view serves Vargas’s purposes better than his own view does. Finally, the chapter compares the natural-kind view to standard compatibilist, libertarian, and hard-incompatibilist views. Among all of these views, it is argued that only the HPC view is sufficiently methodologically naturalistic in its approach.
Is free-agency phenomenology accurate?
Authors: Deery Oisín
Published: May 2021

This chapter argues that free-agency phenomenology might be accurate or veridical even if determinism is true, in which case it is compatibilist. Indeed, free-agency phenomenology might be veridical even if it has libertarian presentational content and assuming the truth of determinism. Compatibilists can concede, at least for argument’s sake, that free-agency phenomenology is in one sense libertarian. Yet they should insist that it is in another sense compatibilist. Consequently, even if libertarian descriptions of free-agency phenomenology are apt, there is still a sense in which this very phenomenology might be veridical, assuming determinism. This verdict undermines a motivation for libertarianism, since it removes any presumption in favor of libertarianism based on phenomenology. It also supports the natural-kind view about free will.
Distributive most
Authors: Dobrovie-Sorin Carmen , Giurgea Ion
Published: May 2021

Romanian, Hungarian, and Icelandic are languages in which most allows the proportional interpretation when combined with count NPs but not when combined with mass NPs. In English, the same generalization is found with non-generic NP restrictors. In §2.2 the generic NP restrictors found with the English most are analyzed as kind-referring DPs. Section 2.3 argues that the observed ban on mass NPs cannot be explained by Hackl’s (2009) superlative analysis, nor by Matthewson’s (2001) entity-restrictor most. We propose that (in the relevant languages) proportional most is to be analyzed as a distributive quantificational Determiner. We show that the observed ban on mass NPs correlates with a ban on collective quantification. Finally, we provide syntactic evidence for the hypothesis that in Romanian and English the proportional most sits in Spec,DP and D°, respectively. It thus appears that the quantificational-determiner semantics of most correlates with the highest syntactic level inside the DP.
Most in partitives
Authors: Dobrovie-Sorin Carmen , Giurgea Ion
Published: May 2021

We explain why mostdist maintains in partitives the constraints it obeys in non-partitives, whereas the distribution of mostcum is larger in partitives, where quantification over parts of atoms is allowed (in addition to quantification over pluralities and mass entities). We then demonstrate the existence of two mosts that are specialized for partitives, mostRP and mostDP, which respectively take of-DPs (analyzed as Zamparelli’s RPs “residue phrases”) and of-less DPs as complements. The distinction between mostRP and mostDP allows us to formulate interesting crosslinguistic tendencies: whereas most preferentially takes RP complements, all shows a strong preference for DP complements. We take this as evidence in favor of the non-quantificational status of all, which we analyze (following Križ 2016) as a homogeneity remover. We finally argue that the peculiar superlative reading of partitive most observed by Kotek et al. (2011; 2015) does not constitute evidence in favor of a superlative analysis of majority most.
“Head in the Clouds”: The Clash between Territorial Sovereignty, Jurisdiction, and the Territorial Detachment of the Internet
Authors: Hörnle Julia
Published: May 2021

Chapter 2 lays the theoretical foundations for the book and conceptualizes the notion of jurisdiction in different contexts, framing jurisdiction in relation to territoriality, sovereignty, and state authority. It clearly explains the different legal meanings of the term “jurisdiction” and how the term is used in law, political theory, and international relations. The chapter examines jurisdiction in four different areas of law: (1) public international law, (2) private international law, (3) the criminal justice system, and (4) regulatory jurisdiction. Furthermore, the chapter explains globalization as a background to the Jurisdictional Challenge and the challenge to state-made law. It summarizes the discussion on global law as a reaction to the Jurisdictional Challenge. Finally, the chapter juxtaposes sovereignty and territoriality and concludes with a discussion of extraterritorial jurisdiction and recent jurisprudence, particularly in the US.
Criminal Jurisdiction—Concurrent Jurisdiction, Sovereignty, and the Urgent Requirement for Coordination
Authors: Hörnle Julia
Published: May 2021

Chapter 4 provides an incisive introduction to criminal jurisdiction and the internet, setting the scene for the chapters on jurisdiction of the criminal courts (Chapter 5) and investigative jurisdiction (Chapter 6). It explains the concurrency of criminal jurisdiction in international law and analyses the problems arising. In particular, there are two main conflicts of jurisdiction: first, the multiple, overlapping claims of jurisdiction between several states and the risk of multiple prosecutions for the same crime (or no prosecutions, as no state has sufficient evidence or motivation; second, jurisdictional overreach where conduct is lawful in one country, but a criminal offence in another country who wishes to prosecute, potentially causing jurisdictional overreach and spill-over effects. The chapter begins by setting out the grounds of jurisdiction under international law. An examination of the cross-border implications of cybercrime follows, distinguishing three discrete aspects of the cross-border nature of cybercrime and analysing the nature of jurisdictional conflicts under the lens of territoriality and connecting factors. It analyses how a better coordination of jurisdictional claims might be achieved under comity and reasonableness principles, and coordination under EU law, such as the Eurojust Guidelines and the EU Framework Decision. Finally, it critically analyses the ambit of double jeopardy and the ne bis in idem principles and their limited application. Conflicts of criminal jurisdiction, and the potential of multiple prosecutions of defendants for the same offence, call for greater international cooperation between states and coordination rules between different legal orders. However, the development of coordination rules in respect of national criminal jurisdiction is in its infancy.