bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The eight parts
Authors: Matthews P. H.
Published: April 2019

This chapter identifies the parts of utterances. The ancient ‘parts’ are among the most abiding legacies of Graeco-Roman grammar. They were first distinguished in Greek. According to Quintilian, eight parts were distinguished by Aristarchus in the second century BC; it can be assumed that they were the categories of word forms that are later familiar. In the system as set out by Donatus, nouns were first distinguished from pronouns, whose roles in syntax are similar. The next were verbs and adverbs; after them first participles, then conjunctions, then prepositions. A final eighth part, corresponding to a subclass as described in Greek, was the interjection. Ultimately, the parts of utterances formed not simply a set, but what one would now see as a system, in which categories were ordered rationally, in a way that reflected the connections between them.
Inflectional categories
Authors: Matthews P. H.
Published: April 2019

This chapter explores inflectional categories. The criteria by which inflectional categories can be established were more complex. They are not of form alone, as was, for example, the distinction between basic or ‘first-struck’ words and ones morphologically ‘derived’. Nor are they of meaning only, as, for example, the varied ‘powers’ or subtypes of conjunctions. They were of correlations between meanings and forms. Modern ‘gender’ derives from terms in Greek (genos) and Latin (genus) that applied to classes whose members have a common birth or origin: thus ‘offspring’, ‘generation’, and ‘race’. For the grammarians, the criteria by which genders are distinguished were of how forms can combine in utterances. The remaining inflectional properties are those specific to verbs and participles. The most straightforward perhaps were those of what in modern grammars is called ‘voice’: in the term used by the Greek grammarians, such as Dionysius Thrax, diathesis.
Parts of utterances and their constructions
Authors: Matthews P. H.
Published: April 2019

This chapter focuses on syntax. The term suntaxis was a compound with the meaning of ‘arrangement together’, which referred, in the context of language, to the arrangement of words in utterances. To study how they were arranged together was to study the connections between one part and another within utterances as wholes. The noun and verb are essential for the completion of an utterance. Others are successively related to them: a pronoun, for example, is a word that can be substituted, with the same role in an utterance, for a noun. The list of the parts of an utterance ended with the conjunction, which is a type of word that can join any of the others. Another type of word includes forms of two different parts of an utterance. These are the interrogatives, which are rationally either ‘nominal’ or ‘adverbial’.
Derivation
Authors: Matthews P. H.
Published: April 2019

This chapter studies derivations. The formation of words from words was also a topic of ancient etymology. At least as early as the first century BC, in Roman scholar Varro’s study of the Latin language, the origin of words was taken to have two aspects. One was their initial application or assignment to things. The priority at that point was that words assigned should be as few as possible, so that they could be learned more quickly. The other is distinguished in an earlier passage as the way in which ‘the derivatives of these names have arrived at their differences’. The priority there was that derivatives should be as many as possible, so that people ‘may more easily say those that they need to use’. The first aspect called for historical inquiry into forms individually. In contrast, the second required a technical study, with a few brief precepts that are as short as possible.
Responses to Balzac
Authors: Gilby Emma
Published: April 2019

This chapter looks at how Balzac’s work is judged by his contemporaries to exceed the bounds of vivid, plausible, and persuasive discourse, and at how these concerns with novelty and individualism (concerns that also colour later critical responses to Descartes) are inseparable from the debates about tragicomedy discussed in Chapter 2. The poetic structures of contemporary debate—merging interest, variety, extravagance, plausibility, attentiveness, and belief—are precisely those that define the reception of Balzac’s letters. Only when we consider the demonstrative rhetoric of responses to Balzac’s work, notably the Apologie pour M. de Balzac and Jean Goulu’s Lettres de Phyllarque à Ariste, can we understand Descartes’s own apology for Balzac, the Censura. Close readings of all these texts are given.
Order and Method
Authors: Gilby Emma
Published: April 2019

This chapter presents a reconsideration of Descartes’s prudential statement to the reader of the Discours de la méthode: ‘Je me formai une morale par provision, qui ne consistait qu’en trois ou quatre maximes’ (‘I formed a provisional moral code for myself consisting in only three or four maxims’). Analysing earlier occurrences of the term ‘par provision’ can also give us a more precise understanding of what Descartes seeks to communicate at this point, and of how the ‘morale par provision’ tries to supply the practical conditions for the search for truth. Descartes’s transitional morality invites us to think about process as well as content.
Introduction
Authors: Ellis-Evans Aneurin
Published: April 2019

The introductory chapter considers four central problems in regional history and sets out how each will be approached in this book. Firstly, I consider the contribution which historical geography can make as a form of comparative history. Secondly, I lay out how I have defined my region of study and why it is more important to focus on the underlying mechanisms which produce a region than on its precise territorial extent. Thirdly, I argue for the importance of focusing on intra-regional rivalries, resistance to regional integration, and failures of co-operation when writing regional history in addition to the more traditional themes of political solidarity and economic co-operation. Finally, I argue for the importance of regional history for understanding imperialism in antiquity.
Ilion and its Contexts
Authors: Ellis-Evans Aneurin
Published: April 2019

This chapter considers the human factors which promote regional integration by examining the regional identity of Hellenistic Ilion from three distinct perspectives. Firstly, I consider the narrative of the city’s history embedded in Strabo’s account of the Troad. This has been highly influential on modern scholarship, but needs to be treated with considerable scepticism given Strabo’s intellectual priorities in the Geography. Secondly, I look at the phenomenon of cities producing coinages with the posthumous types of Alexander and Lysimachos in the first half of the second century BC. This indicates that the Troad was not, as Strabo wanted to believe, a natural unity, but rather divided between a northern half orientated towards the Bosporos (to which Ilion belonged) and a southern half orientated towards the coast of western Asia Minor. Finally, I examine the koinon of Athena Ilias, a religious confederation which organized the annual Panathenaia festival for Athena Ilias at Ilion from the late fourth century BC down to the second century AD. The creation of this institution not only greatly benefited Ilion, but also served to stitch together the northern and southern halves of the Troad into a more coherent whole.
Aiolian Land
Authors: Ellis-Evans Aneurin
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines the role which Mytilene’s peraia in coastal Aiolis played in shaping elite Mytilenaian identity in the first century BC/AD. It is argued that, in this period, Mytilenaian elites began to privilege the Aiolian aspect of their identity over the Lesbian aspect in response to a long-running dispute over Mytilene’s right to its peraia in Aiolis (disputed by neighbouring cities on the mainland) and the tax status of this territory (disputed by the publicani). Although this dispute was probably resolved for good early in the reign of Augustus, under subsequent Julio-Claudian emperors Mytilenaian elites continued to promote the idea that Mytilene was the metropolis of the Aiolians and therefore had a natural right to territory on the mainland. This is seen most prominently in the assimilation of Agrippina the Elder and later Agrippina the Younger to Thea Aiolis Karpophoros, and the fortuitous discovery that Mytilene could both assert its right to the peraia and honour prominent members of the imperial family by emphasizing its Aiolian identity in part explains the continued popularity of this identity claim. By contrast, these ideas appear to have been of no interest to Methymna and Eresos. While in part this reflects the fact that neither city possessed a peraia in Aiolis, it may also be significant that they belonged to a different conventus to Mytilene and thus Roman rule framed their identities in quite different ways.
Conclusions
Authors: Ellis-Evans Aneurin
Published: April 2019

The concluding chapter returns to the four methodological points concerning regional history which were discussed in the introduction and now considers four further points which build on these: firstly, how to define a region; secondly, how to talk about the space in a region; thirdly, the idea that difference might be a more productive leitmotif than similarity for writing regional history; and finally the relationship between regionalism and imperialism. In each case relevant case studies from the preceding studies are adduced to illustrate the methodological points under discussion and to bring out connections between the individual chapters.
Introduction
Authors: Radu Roxana
Published: April 2019

This book examines the emergence and evolution of global Internet governance, revealing its mechanisms, key actors, and dominant community practices. Based on extensive empirical analysis covering more than four decades, it presents the evolution of Internet regulation from the early days of networking to more recent debates on algorithms and artificial intelligence, putting into perspective its politically mediated system of rules built on technical features and power differentials. The introductory chapter places the problematique explored in this book against a broader context and establishes the link with contemporary global governance scholarship. It discusses the objectives of the book, as well as the conceptual and empirical approach applied for reaching them.
Deconstructing Internet Governance: A Framework for Analysis
Authors: Radu Roxana
Published: April 2019

Chapter 2 explores the global governance scholarship and its cross-fertilization with the study of Internet developments. Clustered around three prominent themes in international affairs—varieties of governance, sources of authority, and praxis—the chapter scrutinizes scattered, often implicit proposals on the emergence and articulation of governance. It links these to more recent attempts to study the Internet as part of distinct repertoires, identifying the genesis and structuration of new issue domains as a marginal focus in the literature. Based on a deconstructive approach, this chapter provides a guiding frame that distinguishes between three key dimensions for the enactment of governance: mechanisms, actors, and anchoring practices. Methodologically, this translates into a complex research design combining historical and empirical analysis, explained in detail in the second part of the chapter.
The WSIS Decade and the Public–Private Partnership Thirst
Authors: Radu Roxana
Published: April 2019

The governance of the Internet faced a reflexive turn throughout the WSIS decade (2005–15), explored in this chapter. Concerns for authority, legitimacy, and accountability—expressed by different stakeholders—became central to the evolution of the field. A number of challenges, stemming from three diverse sources, were embedded therein. First, questions were spawn by the modus operandi of the sui generis institutions, such as the international technical bodies exercising public governance functions to ensure the continuous functioning of the Internet. Second, demands resulted from the gradual adaptation of intergovernmental organizations with core or tangential interests in the field. Third, the role of private intermediaries was called into question as their financial and political power rose steeply. Their relation to governments was also probed, particularly after the 2013 Snowden leaks.
Disaffected Parties, 1688–1832
Authors: Havard John Owen
Published: April 2019

This first chapter provides an overview of some of the changing guises taken by disaffected political attitudes between the 1688 Revolution and the onset of liberal governance in the early nineteenth century, examining how these took shape across a range of genres, including Nahum Tate’s poetry, the writings of Jonathan Swift, a 1770 visual print, and the early nineteenth-century periodical Egeria. The chapter attends to historical flashpoints including the fall of Robert Walpole and the movement around John Wilkes (by way of attention to the ‘parties’ assembled around a 1770 theatrical controversy) and concludes with attention to the ‘political science’ and reimagined sympathies that accompanied the transition into nineteenth-century liberalism. The chapter thus provides broad frameworks in which to locate the detailed case studies that follow and introduces this book’s expanded approach to the ‘parties’ of political activity.
Byron’s Opposition
Authors: Havard John Owen
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines Byron’s poetry in relation to his continuing attachment to an oppositional ‘party’ role, on the one hand, and his cultivated detachment from English politics, on the other. Byron wrote The Vision of Judgment, his 1821 riposte to Robert Southey’s Tory celebration of the reign of George III, from what he described as a ‘Whig point of view’. Rather than aligning with the ‘devil’s party’ of a Satanic opposition or cultivating a checked-out, bemused, indifferent stance, that poem—in common with Byron’s late satirical poetry more widely—established a stance at once of crisp detachment and incipient political critique (one that, in consigning the political world left undone by George III to oblivion, looked back to preceding decades of oppositional dynamism). Byron thereby provides a test-case for this book’s wider arguments about the relationships between literature and politics—and more specifically between partisanship and disaffection—bringing into focus the contours of a combative, snarling ‘cynicism’ and ways of seeing beyond politics altogether.
Conclusion
Authors: Mason Elinor
Published: April 2019

This chapter summarizes the main arguments of the book. The book defends pluralism about rightness and wrongness and about praise and blameworthiness. A central sort of blameworthiness, ordinary blameworthiness, is correlated with a sort of wrong action, subjectively wrong action. This account of ordinary blameworthiness focuses on a particular quality of will, and requires that the agent knows what she is doing, at least broadly. However, other sorts of wrong action may not be blameworthy at all (may be excused), or may be blameworthy only in a more detached way, where the focus is not on what the wrongdoer’s quality of will is, but on the point of view of the blamer. Finally, the book defends an extension of ordinary blameworthiness to cases where someone does something wrong inadvertently.
Reasons as The Unity among the Varieties of Goodness
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach
Published: April 2019

The Buck-Passing Account of Value (BPA) analyses goodness simpliciter in terms of reasons for pro-attitudes. The Value-First Account (VFA) analyses reasons for pro-attitudes in terms of value. And the No-Priority View (NPV) holds that neither reasons nor value can be analysed in terms of one another. This chapter argues that BPA should be accepted rather than VFA or NPV because if BPA is accepted, then what all the different varieties of goodness have in common can be explained: but if VFA or NPV is accepted, what the different varieties of goodness have in common cannot be explained. In making this argument this chapter motivates and defends accounts of goodness for (prudential value) and goodness of a kind (attributive goodness) in terms of reasons for pro-attitudes. It shows that the objections that have been made to buck-passing accounts of goodness for and goodness of a kind can be overcome and that there are many advantages to accepting such accounts.
Not In Their Name
Authors: Lawford-Smith Holly
Published: April 2019

Given their size and influence, states are able to inflict harm far beyond the reach of a single individual. But there is a great deal of unclarity about exactly who is implicated in that kind of harm, and how we should think about both culpability and responsibility for it. The idea of popular sovereignty is dominant in classical political theory. It is a commonplace assumption that democratic publics both authorize and have control over what their states do; that their states act in their name and on their behalf. Not In Their Name approaches these assumptions from the perspective of social metaphysics, asking whether the state is a collective agent, and whether ordinary citizens are members of that agent. If it is, and they are, there is a clear case for democratic collective culpability. The book explores alternative conceptions of the state and of membership in the state; alternative conceptions of collective agency applied to the state; the normative implications of membership in the state; and both culpability (from the inside) and responsibility (from the outside) for what the state does. Ultimately, Not In Their Name argues for the exculpation of ordinary citizens and the inculpation of those working in public services, and defends a particular distribution of culpability from government to its members.
Introduction
Authors: Lawford-Smith Holly
Published: April 2019

The Introduction establishes the research questions of the book, and outlines the approach taken in each of the subsequent chapters. It motivates the project by giving several examples of states’ harmful actions, for which there is a question of responsibility.
‘The Inmost Spirit of Light’
Authors: O'Neill Michael
Published: April 2019

Turner, Hazlitt wrote in The Examiner, is ‘the ablest landscape-painter now living’, but his paintings are ‘too much abstractions of aerial perspective, and representations not properly of the objects of nature as of the medium through which they were seen’. It is likely that Shelley would have known Hazlitt’s review, which foreshadows Hazlitt’s later criticism of similar traits of ‘abstraction’ in Shelley’s Posthumous Poems. Regardless of mutual influence or awareness, Turner and Shelley exhibit at times a startling similarity, both in thematic terms and in terms of their angles of vision and affective impact on viewer or reader. If in some moods they welcomed the resmelting of an old world in the furnace of words and paint, they were conscious, too, that such a burning away might induce regret as well as rhapsody. Through a range of comparisons between poems and paintings, the chapter shows how Turner and Shelley hymn change and lament evanescence in a blink of a line-ending or swish of a brushstroke; to try to pin them down to either praise or lament is nearly always to simplify.
1332 Continued
Authors: Linehan Peter
Published: April 2019

This chapter opens with the king of Castile’s two families—the queen, and his mistress Doña Leonor de Guzmán (La favorita) and her many sons: no mere family matter. We read of the king of Portugal’s protest at his daughter’s situation, Castile’s robust response that ‘the plain truth’ was that his wife was accorded every honour, and the reflections of Álvaro Pais. The author then considers the ways in which Afonso of Portugal had, ever since he reached his majority, consolidated his authority, culminating in the chamamento geral of 1334, followed by the Pragmática in 1340 which had echoes of Alfonso X’s Second Partida in Portugal’s organic ruler’s Ordenação. The resulting implications for the Portuguese Church as spelt out by Afonso are detailed. The chapter ends with Castile finally getting its cardinal, Pedro Barroso, and with Afonso IV confronting Archbishop Gonçalo of Braga.
By Way of Conclusion
Authors: Linehan Peter
Published: April 2019

This chapter depicts the state of the Peninsular Church after the ‘immense mortality’ of the Black Death, enlarging on the strength of self-interest and survival of the Old Order. The author considers the long history of the fight between crown and monarchy for supremacy and asks whether the Black Death suppressed a Portuguese Reformation. The conclusion of this volume sees a change of dynasty but in essence very little change from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries in the presumptions and presuppositions in Iberia. The mortality of 1348–9 and this part of the Iberian peninsula’s response to it transformed the balance of things and disqualified whatever speculations the authorities there may have been entertained in 1347.
A Story of His Time
Authors: McKibbin Ross
Published: April 2019

Harold Nicolson was an MP from 1935–45 and an exceptionally interesting and revealing commentator on modern British politics. He regarded his political career as a failure, as in some ways it was, but that failure markedly influenced his view of politics, and in particular his attitude to political democracy and its relationship to the ‘educated class’, and especially to Liberalism. Here he had much in common with Keynes; they both had very problematic views of the ‘educated class’ and both struggled with the decline of Asquithian Liberalism—recognizing it as inevitable but to be regretted. Both men eventually gave their political loyalties to Labour, but with little enthusiasm.
Research, ‘Experts’, and the Politics of Migration
Authors: Boswell Christina
Published: April 2019

This chapter explores the role of research in immigration politics and policy-making. It starts by distinguishing between three different functions of research: as instrumental to adjusting policy interventions, as a means of substantiating preferences, and to legitimize decision-makers. It then explores the conditions influencing which of these functions prevails, notably (a) the level of contestation and political salience over the issue; (b) the ‘mode of settlement’ (democratic or technocratic) that is seen as appropriate in political deliberation; and (c) the mode through which policy-makers derive legitimacy (whether through symbolic gestures or outcomes). The chapter argues that these three factors help explain cross-national variations in patterns of knowledge utilization on immigration policy, as well as fluctuation over time and across sub-areas of immigration policy. The chapter goes on to explore how this account can help make sense of the current scepticism about expertise in debates on immigration.
Research–Policy Dialogues on Migrant Integration in Europe
Authors: Entzinger Han , Scholten Peter
Published: April 2019

This chapter analyses the relationship between research and policy-making on integration. Drawing on a large, cross-country, empirical research project conducted during 2011–2014 (the DIAMINT project), the chapter considers how research and policy-making in the field of migrant integration have developed over time, and how their relationship functions under the present conditions of strong politicization of the issue in Europe. The authors propose a theoretical framework that distinguishes between three aspects of research–policy dialogues in the domain of immigrant integration: dialogue structures—including the formal and informal arrangements created for the exchange and communication of knowledge and research; knowledge utilization—the cultures and practices of knowledge utilization in policy processes; and taking the perspective of researchers, knowledge production. The chapter considers—first theoretically and then empirically—how the increasing politicization of the issue of integration in Europe can affect the various dimensions of research–policy dialogues in different countries.
Understanding the Role of Evidence in EU Policy Development
Authors: Collett Elizabeth
Published: April 2019

This chapter looks at the formal and informal modes of research–policy interaction at EU level which have developed over the past decade, with particular attention to those processes that have emerged since the ‘crisis’ of 2015–2016, and assesses the relative merits of each. Which processes are ‘pro-forma’ and which are those that genuinely inform policy-makers and influence their approach? How do the various constituencies—EU officials, national civil servants, politicians, academics, and civil society—interact, and through what means is evidence acknowledged and incorporated into decision-making? This chapter investigates how deficiencies in interaction may have led to particular policy choices, and what lessons might now be learned for the next generation of European policy-makers, and the researchers that seek to inform those choices.
More Research and Fewer Experts
Authors: Long Katy
Published: April 2019

What role do research and researchers play in reforming the global governance of international migration? Whereas research has played a role in identifying and systematizing the weaknesses within migration’s global governance systems, it has an extremely limited ability to shape actual reform. Effecting reform rather depends on political opportunity. However, the presence of researchers is often used to legitimize the idea of global governance without requiring action, while attendance at high-level events are used by academics to confirm their importance and impact. However, there are opportunities also for independent researchers to be policy-relevant. First, by not letting good academic research be buried underneath dense postmodern phrasing, but rather be articulated so that policy-makers can grasp the content. Second, by using the potential for innovative collaborations with policy-makers; collaborations in which researchers help design and build projects, in which research is not the precursor but the parallel to action.
Introduction
Authors: Trudell Scott A.
Published: April 2019

What is lost when we imagine a lyric like this one by John Donne, usually titled “The Expiration,” exclusively in terms of script and speech?

So, so, break off this last lamenting kiss,

Which sucks two souls, and vapours both away.

Turn thou, ghost, that way, and let me turn this,...
Child Singers’ Mediated Bodies
Authors: Trudell Scott A.
Published: April 2019

Boy vocalists in children’s company plays by Richard Edwards, John Marston, and Ben Jonson were portrayed as ideal vehicles for poetry, as though their charming, dainty music would provide a means of perfect transmission. Yet children’s singing was also understood to be highly sensuous and erotic—bringing out some of the most licentious dimensions of theatrical experience. This mismatch between ideal communication and embodied performance was often represented in terms of sexual violence, with boy servants graphically punished for altering the messages they were bound to convey. Plays including Edwards’s Damon and Pythias, Marston’s What You Will, and Jonson’s Epicene celebrate child singers’ virtuosity, including their capacity to reimagine their scripts and expose patterns of subjection to critical scrutiny. Song becomes a means of redirecting audiences to the extra-fictional boundaries of theatrical experience, and articulating new registers of poetic meaning grounded in the perspectives of boy performers.
Introduction
Authors: Berryman Sylvia
Published: April 2019

The central argument of the volume is outlined, and the importance of the opening sentence of the Nicomachean Ethics—that every action aims at some good—is highlighted. Aristotle should not be interpreted as an ethical naturalist, drawing substantive ethical guidance from impartial study of the natural world: his considered view does not depend on viewing human nature as an external point that provides substantive ethical guidance. The Introduction notes the somewhat unusual procedure—for a work of ancient philosophy scholarship—in proceeding from questions raised by modern appropriators of Aristotle’s ethical ideas. The transmission of Aristotle’s ideas, and the incomplete state of the surviving texts, justifies us in asking questions that may not be explicit in the texts.
Aristotle and the Practical Turn
Authors: Berryman Sylvia
Published: April 2019

Constructivism attempts to straddle the divide between two extremes: on the one hand that the practical good exists independent of human thought and choice, or on the other that ethical claims are not truth-evaluable, because they have a non-cognitivist basis or even represent outright error. Aristotle’s position is compared to the forms of constructivism that see normativity as constitutive of agency, and his strategy is located within the current philosophical landscape. Although Aristotle’s position may not be as sophisticated or as carefully articulated as modern versions, it is argued that it is no accident that some modern constructivist accounts have drawn on Aristotelian resources.
They Were Prodigals and Enslavers
Authors: Moore Sean D.
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines the founding of the New York Society Library as part of the trend of merchants made wealthy by slavery and related commerce establishing philanthropic and civil society institutions in the mid- and late eighteenth century. By mapping the reading network around Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe in this library, it establishes that almost all of its readers from 1789–90 supported Defoe’s pro-slavery views as articulated by Crusoe’s choice to go to sea to engage in the Africa trade, and how most American editions of the novel advocated young men doing the same. The library’s City Readers database also makes it easy to inventory the other books that readers of Crusoe were reading in order to gauge the level of pro-slavery versus Manumission Society sentiment. In doing so, it provides a portrait of New York society as one in which whites of every background benefited from the slave trade.
Introduction:
Authors: Britnell Mark
Published: April 2019

No country today manages its health workforce and workforce needs particularly well. Neither rich nor poor countries are prepared to tackle the problems facing their health workforce, even though many analyse and outline the coming shortages. Countries and organizations often try to spend their way out of problems with short-term fixes, causing more problems for others and, ultimately, themselves. We need practical examples of how to improve the situation to avoid the coming global workforce shortage in healthcare, which is why Mark Britnell wrote this book. This chapter introduces the theory behind the book, and provides an overview of the current situation.
Australia—golden soil and wealth for toil
Authors: Britnell Mark
Published: April 2019

Australia has set a new world record by enjoying 27 consecutive years of economic growth. It is on the right side of the world at just the right time in history, as Asia rises. It consistently ranks highly in the OECD Better Life Index which looks at the level of well-being in society. Indeed, the title of this chapter takes some of the lyrics out of the Australian national anthem, Advance Australia Fair. Its healthcare staff are well paid and looked after and clinical facilities are often good, but Australia’s workforce challenges are shaped by the vastness of its land and the enduring inequalities in health outcomes of its Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. In this chapter, Mark Britnell takes a closer look at the Australian healthcare system and how it affects the country as a whole.
Emergence and Transformation of Territorially Based Cleavages and Constitutional Responses in Ethiopia
Authors: Fiseha Assefa
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines the role played by territorially based, ethnonationalist forces in Ethiopia’s remarkable political transformation. It shows how the collapse of the socialist dictatorship and the victory of a coalition of ethnonationalist insurgent forces resulted in constitutional transition, culminating in a federal system designed to empower ethnonationalist groups at regional state level. This institutional design allowed such groups to exercise some self-rule at a regional level and ensure representation at the federal level, while also promoting relative peace and political stability across the country. The chapter first considers the context that led to the emergence and transformation of territorial cleavages in Ethiopia before discussing the period of constitutional engagement (1991–94) and its outcomes. It also considers the lessons that can be drawn from Ethiopia’s adoption of a federal system of government that places strong emphasis on ethnonationalism, along with challenges arising from decentralization, “ethnic federalism,” and political pluralism.
Indonesia
Authors: Bertrand Jacques
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines how Acehnese and Papuans negotiated the constitutional transition in Indonesia that led to the adoption of the Special Autonomy Law in 2001 for Papua and the Law on Aceh in 2006 for Aceh. Between 1998 and 2002, the People’s Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawarahtan Rakyat) embarked on several constitutional amendments. In 2001, the state adopted two special autonomy laws to address grievances in Aceh and Papua. The chapter first provides a background on the territorial cleavages that have characterized Indonesian politics before turning to the period of constitutional engagement that culminated in the adoption of the Law on Aceh and the Special Autonomy Law. It then considers the outcomes of the constitutional transition, with particular reference to decentralization and territorial cleavages in Aceh and Papua, and concludes with an analysis of the lessons that can be learned from Indonesia’s incrementalist and responsive approach to constitutional change.
Dealing with Territorial Cleavages
Authors: Way Lucan Ahmad
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines how territorially concentrated populations and interests in Ukraine negotiated the constitutional process after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, with particular emphasis on the so-called Faustian bargain between Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk and western Ukrainian nationalists. It first considers the historical background on the ethnic divisions in the Ukraine, especially between “Ukrainophiles” and “Russophiles,” before discussing the period of constitutional engagement from 1991 to 1996, which saw efforts to create a constitutional system that accommodates the country’s stark regional differences. It then analyzes the outcome of the Faustian pact, focusing on the violent conflict that erupted in 2014 following its breakdown and the collapse of Viktor Yanukovych’s regime. It also reflects on the lessons that can be drawn from the Ukrainian experience, with reference to how the nature of politics at the center affects politically salient demands for local autonomy.
Subordinating Speech and Speaking Up
Authors: Russell Gillian
Published: April 2019

When we encounter speech that denigrates others unjustly, we sometimes feel a desire and an obligation to respond with more speech—a response that this paper calls ‘speaking up’. Even so, it is also common to have doubts about the value of speaking up. The paper exploits Stalnaker’s notion of a Context Set and Lewis’s work on Accommodation to further develop a model of subordinating speech that has been taking shape in the literature on pornography and hate speech. It then uses that model to suggest five ways in which speaking up can make a difference—while also noting that the model suggests that the effectiveness of speaking up can be limited by certain aspects of the context.
EU Copyright Harmonization and CJEU Role and Action
Authors: Rosati Eleonora
Published: April 2019

Following an overview of legislative harmonization, this chapter discusses the composition, role, and functioning of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) before providing some numbers regarding activity in the copyright field. It presents data on: the composition of the Court (Judges-Rapporteur and Advocates General (AGs)), the relationship between the Court and its Judges-Rapporteur, areas in which national courts have made referrals, data on EU Member States from which the relevant referrals have been made, and interventions of individual Member States. Employment of statistical analysis has allowed consideration of a number of questions, including whether the Court tends to agree (it does) with the (non-binding) Opinion of the AG appointed in a certain case more or less often when the interpretation provided of certain copyright provision is expansive or not, and whether the background of the AG (academic or non-academic) has had any relevance from a statistical standpoint (it has not).
The Construction of Exceptions and Limitations in the InfoSoc Directive
Authors: Rosati Eleonora
Published: April 2019

The analysis moves on to consider exceptions and limitations under the InfoSoc Directive. In particular, attention focuses on three areas—parody, quotation, and private copying—which serve to outline how the application of certain key standards, notably (1) the one according to which concepts in EU directives that make no reference to the laws of individual EU Member States should be intended as autonomous concepts of EU law that must be given uniform application throughout the EU, (2) strict interpretation of exceptions and limitations, but also (3) effectiveness of exceptions and limitations and (4) achieving a fair balance in the protection of contrasting rights, have allowed the creation of an EU system of exceptions and limitations. In this sense, the role of the Court has been pivotal in strengthening, at least in part, the admittedly weak harmonizing force of the InfoSoc Directive. This chapter also discusses the nature and function of the three-step test as found in Article 5(5) of that directive.
The Early Church
Authors: Bennett Joshua
Published: April 2019

This chapter is the first of four to explore the ways in which the different layers of the Christian past came to symbolize distinctive Victorian problems. It focuses on the early church, and its significance for debates over the authority of Christian orthodoxy. Beginning with the Oxford Movement and its prehistory, a period during which high church Anglicans emphasized the static authority of patristic orthodoxy, the chapter highlights John Henry Newman’s role in distilling a more dynamic conception of the growth of religious mind. Anti-dogmatic liberals such as Arthur Penrhyn Stanley tried to separate early Christian progress from its doctrinal dimensions. But a larger number, beginning with Christian Karl Josias Bunsen, preferred to intensify the apologetic emphasis which Newman had placed on orthodoxy as the expression of developing religious subjectivity: a stance which gave new kinds of rational justification to the doctrines of the Trinity and the Incarnation.
Latin Christianity
Authors: Bennett Joshua
Published: April 2019

This chapter considers the Victorian rehabilitation of the religious history of the Middle Ages, a period which symbolized for contemporaries the claims of Roman and Anglo-Catholicism to present-day obedience and acceptance. It draws particular attention to the importance of the liberal Anglican historian, Henry Hart Milman. Influenced by Leopold von Ranke, Milman challenged anti-Catholic denunciations of the papal Antichrist on the one hand, and reactionary eulogies to medievalism on the other, to depict the period instead as a progressive and autonomous age of ‘Latin Christianity’. It became increasingly common for religious liberals, and even conservative evangelicals and high churchmen, to echo Milman’s treatment of the Middle Ages as a providential training ground for modern individuality. The more secular appraisals of the period offered, in different ways, by William Lecky and George Gordon Coulton grated against Protestant attempts to integrate Catholicism into theologically driven understandings of the development of civilization.
From the GATT Gospel to Democratic Global Governance
Authors: Dingwerth Klaus
Published: April 2019

The chapter re-examines the history of legitimation contests around the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Descriptively, it shows how environmentalists and trade unions successfully challenged the traditional ‘GATT gospel’ in the early 1990s, with public protests ensuring that so-called ‘non-trade values’ became major reference points in the legitimation contest. The GATT and WTO eventually delegated labour standards to the International Labour Organization, awarded environmental values quasi-constitutional status, and turned democracy into a core norm around which to rebuild legitimacy after the Seattle protests. Analytically, the chapter confirms the relevance of politicization: protests in the wake of enhanced international authority provoked a recalibration of the legitimation discourse. At the same time, the chapter reveals how the post-Seattle decision to rebuild legitimacy around the notion of ‘democracy’ constrains the options the WTO faces in answering the most recent challenges to its legitimacy.
Between the Shadow of History and the ‘Union of People’
Authors: Witt Antonia
Published: April 2019

With the end of the Cold War, we observe two major changes in the way the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) and the African Union (AU) sought to legitimate themselves. First, the focus shifted from merely facilitating cooperation to demonstrating that the work of the OAU and later the AU actually made a difference ‘on the ground’; that it led to peace and development, to integration, and to a stronger representation of African interests in global institutions. Second, the AU sought to build its legitimacy on the notion of working not only for and with African states, but also for and with the African people. Legitimation thus increasingly focused on the principles of ‘democracy’, ‘human security’, or ‘human development’. As the chapter reveals, various dynamics in the organizational environment facilitated these changes, but norm entrepreneurship by the OAU/AU bureaucracy was central.
The Historicity of Jesus’ Resurrection
Authors: Levering Matthew
Published: April 2019

Central to the data about Jesus’ Resurrection is what kind of experience lies behind it on the part of the disciples. This chapter explores three answers to the question of what happened on the first Easter. All three scholars profess belief in Jesus’ Resurrection, but they differ with regard to what they think historians can say about the experience of those who first proclaimed that Jesus is risen from the dead. Edward Schillebeeckx suggests that the Resurrection narratives arose from faith-experiences of the disciples, without requiring us to hold that they saw the glorified body of the risen Jesus. Dale Allison considers that the disciples must indeed have seen Jesus after his death, but that from a historical perspective these sightings are likely to have been hallucinatory visions. Lastly, N. T. Wright thinks that the historical evidence indicates that the disciples had concrete encounters with the risen, tangible Jesus.
Jesus’ Resurrection and Catholic Apologetics
Authors: Levering Matthew
Published: April 2019

This chapter explores the importance of theologically defending the historicity of Jesus’ Resurrection. Specifically, it engages the work of Joseph Fenton, Pierre Rousselot, and Bernard Lonergan. Lonergan’s philosophical theology gives room for natural reason’s work of understanding and judging, and thus for an apologetics rooted in natural reason rather than in supernatural faith. Lonergan does this while appreciating the great significance of what he calls “the eye of love.” The chapter also credits Lonergan for defending the quest to know the concrete historical particulars in all their messy particularity. At the same time, Lonergan’s appreciation for historical particulars does not guide his own theological apologetics, which focuses instead on the universal dynamism of human nature toward maximal self-transcendence. Therefore, the chapter argues that Lonergan’s approach to theological apologetics could learn from Fenton’s insistence upon explicitly defending the historicity of Jesus’ Resurrection.
Why Doesn’t the Risen Jesus Appear to Each Generation?
Authors: Levering Matthew
Published: April 2019

If Jesus is risen, why does he not manifest his risen flesh to each generation? This chapter’s answer is twofold. The first section of the chapter, drawing upon Hans Urs von Balthasar, explains that fallen humans cleave to our lives in this world. Since this is so, ascension—Jesus’ and ours—is necessary. Given our need to “ascend,” the second section examines the work of the biblical scholars Michael Morales and Brant Pitre. Morales’s Who Shall Ascend the Mountain of the Lord? carefully explores how Jesus fulfills the Temple sacrifices. Pitre’s Jesus and the Last Supper describes a New Passover and New Exodus by which the crucified, risen, and ascended Jesus seeks to draw Israel and the nations into his transcendent kingdom. Ascending with and toward Jesus in self-sacrificial love, we are sustained eucharistically by Jesus so that our Passover may be complete.
Trauma in Dancing After Hours
Authors: Mitchell Lee Clark
Published: April 2019

This chapter traces a contrast to Alice Munro not only in Andre Dubus’s narrative strategies but in the abrupt turn he takes toward a late style that differs so remarkably from his earlier stories. He relies far less than before on straightforward narrative sequence, while his profound faith shifts emphasis from ­crises over Catholic doctrine to plots more pervasively split by spiritual awareness and liturgical imagery. Remarkably, he converts religious epiphanies into narrative ones, with a late stress on remaining ever alert to the moment, living fully within it. Contrary to Munro’s defiance of conventional sequence, Dubus highlights narrative flashpoints. The chapter follows a methodology pursued in each of the others, exemplifying distinctive characteristics of a late style. This involves showing its evolution via detailed analysis of stories across his oeuvre, then focusing on the construction of the late “Blessings.”
Introduction
Authors: Mitchell Lee Clark
Published: April 2019

This introduction begins with a comprehensive analysis of the short story’s range, encapsulating a brief history of its practice and criticism from Poe onwards. As prelude to chapter analyses of four contemporary writers who have transformed the field, it offers an assessment of two exceptional stories focused on memory, by Richard Ford and Jhumpa Lahiri, before turning to Raymond Carver’s minimalism and issues raised by his stylistic alterations. The conception of “late style,” introduced by Theodor Adorno and revived by Edward Said in 2006, is then brought into question, along with the short story’s treatment as a distinct genre. A conclusion provides an overview of the book’s structure and rationale, outlining the distinctive storytelling qualities of the quartet of writers, as well as definitions of their late styles.