bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Instruction of Spiritual Children
Authors: Aalders Cynthia
Published: June 2024

Through the exchange of letters, diaries, and poetry women communicated religious ideas and encouraged the spiritual development of much-loved children. While historians have privileged the role of parents and church leaders in providing religious education, this chapter demonstrates that a range of female relatives and friends—notably aunts and single women—played vital roles in the religious instruction of children. Looking beyond the home and nuclear family also reinforces the importance of literary interactions as an ongoing, innovative means of instruction. Indeed, the transmission of spiritual ideals and the formation of the young owed as much to women’s instruction through life writings as to more formal and well-known activities, including catechisms, hymns, and Sunday School. The spiritual theme of holy living had particular meaning for women endeavouring to teach children how to order their lives.
Solitons, Instantons, and Twistors
Authors: Dunajski Maciej
Published: June 2024

Most nonlinear differential equations arising in natural sciences admit chaotic behaviour and cannot be solved analytically. Integrable systems lie on the other extreme. They possess regular, stable, and well-behaved solutions known as solitons and instantons. These solutions play important roles in pure and applied mathematics as well as in theoretical physics where they describe configurations topologically different from vacuum. While integrable equations in lower space-time dimensions can be solved using the inverse scattering transform, the higher-dimensional examples of anti-self-dual Yang-Mills and Einstein equations require twistor theory. Both techniques rely on an ability to represent nonlinear equations as compatibility conditions for overdetermined systems of linear differential equations.
Lagrangian formalism and field theory
Authors: Dunajski Maciej
Published: June 2024

In this chapter we introduce classical field theory, where the covariant formulation requires the Lagrangian formalism. We shall discuss the Bogomolny bound, basic topology in field theory, as well as scalar kinks, and lumps in the non–linear sigma model.
Expertise
Authors: Farina Mirko , Lavazza Andrea , Pritchard Duncan
Published: June 2024

A concise introduction to the volume is offered. The main themes in the contemporary philosophical treatment of expertise are discussed, along with the general significance of the topic, both within philosophy and beyond. Brief summaries are then offered of the papers that are included in the volume. The discussion of the volume papers corresponds to the six sections into which they are organized within the volume. These are: expertise and trust; situated and group expertise; expertise and public policy; expertise and virtue; expertise about value; and new directions.
Authority, Legitimacy, and the Expert-Layman Problem
Authors: Origgi Gloria
Published: June 2024

Expertise is ubiquitous in contemporary societies. We are epistemically dependent on the knowledge of experts on many different issues. This poses several problems for democracy. Where do the authority and legitimacy of expertise come from? Experts are not elected: they are appointed by governments or recruited by media for their opinion on important issues such as health, security, and environment. Their opinion is preferred to that of average citizens and is used by governments for prescribing policies that impact the whole society (see the restriction measures taken by most governments during COVID-19). In this chapter, I analyze the role of experts in democracy and obstacles to their acceptance by the citizens, given that they violate two principles of democracy: neutrality, that is, the idea that the State should not prefer a specific opinion on the others, and equality, that is, one person, one vote, independently of their cognitive capacities.
Studies of Expertise and Experience
Authors: Collins Harry , Evans Robert
Published: June 2024

Studies of expertise and experience (SEE) combines sociology and philosophy to understand expertise as a collective achievement that individuals acquire via socialisation. We set out the fundamental tenets of SEE and explore its implications for the use of scientific expertise in contemporary societies. We argue that the social constructivists accounts of science developed in science and technology studies (STS) provide the best descriptions of scientific practice but that their over-interpretation risks dissolving the boundary between expert and non-expert, effectively supporting populist dystopias in which opinions and the power of vested interests displace science. Recent events have made these problems as real and salient as the concerns about technocracy that have animated the STS literature for many decades. In response, we argue that science is, and must remain, distinguishable from politics and that it is scientific values that justify the use and central importance of scientific expertise.
Experts in Aesthetic Value Practices
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver
Published: June 2024

Work on aesthetic value appeals to expertise in three different ways. On traditional approaches, expert aesthetic judges either provide authoritative access to aesthetic value or they constitute it. On a third, new approach, aesthetic values are relative to social practices, and aesthetic expertise determines which practices are the ones that we belong to. Aesthetic experts, on this approach, are neither guides to aesthetic value nor those whose responses constitute aesthetic value. This paper offers a defence of this innovative third approach to the relationship between aesthetic value and aesthetic expertise.
Civil Society and Activism in the Middle East
Authors: Sika Nadine
Published: June 2024

This book analyses the impact of repression on civil society activism in the Middle East through the cases of Egypt and Jordan. It argues that authoritarian regimes’ repressive strategies towards civil society actors vary depending on an authoritarian regime’s recent historical experience with regime breakdown and/or continuity. Authoritarian regimes that go through breakdown and that transition from one autocratic rule to another increase repression against all civil society actors in an effort to pre-empt large-scale mobilization. This instils fear into civil society actors, who as a result either disengage from civic and political activism or turn to different forms of participation, such as social entrepreneurship. On the other hand, long-standing authoritarian regimes that have not faced breakdown utilize targeted repression and co-ptation strategies while tolerating civic and political activism, as well as some forms of contentious activities. Civil society actors in these regimes are able to grasp political opportunities to mobilize for demonstrations at certain times and in certain spaces, and to develop coalition partnerships to push the regime to advance some reforms and change.
Widespread Repression and Political Threats against Civil Society in Egypt
Authors: Sika Nadine
Published: June 2024

Chapter 2 examines the case of Egypt through answering to the question of why did the regime increase its repressive strategies against all civil society actors in the aftermath of the January 25 uprising? How did the political context develop political threats constraining civil society’s ability to build coalition partnerships and networks, or to mobilize for certain campaigns advocating for socioeconomic or political change? This chapter argues that, in their attempt to demobilize the public, regimes undergoing autocratization processes after breakdown like Egypt deem it necessary to utilize widespread repressive measures to demobilize the public and to avert any attempt at mobilization, even small-scale mobilization.
Activism and Demobilization in Egypt
Authors: Sika Nadine
Published: June 2024

This chapter zooms in on the Egyptian regime’s repressive strategies against the ‘politicized’ civil society actors, namely human rights organizations, independent activists, student unions, political parties, and movements. The chapter engages with debates pertaining to the conflict–dissent nexus in social movement studies. It demonstrates that in the short run, a regime undergoing an authoritarian regime-building process increases its repressive measures: widespread repression against all civil society activists and targeted repression against politicized civil society actors. These strategies instil fear and in turn have the effect of demobilizing the public. When a political opportunity is prevalent for mobilization, activists utilize it to their advantage; however, mobilization processes under extreme repression become fewer in number and shorter in duration. This chapter zooms in on the political opposition and shows how, in addition to using widespread repression against all civil society actors, targeted repression is utilized against political opposition in an effort to demobilize the public.
Conclusion
Authors: Sika Nadine
Published: June 2024

The conclusion compares and contrasts the different regime strategies and repertories of repression and concession towards civil society actors in Egypt and Jordan. It further discusses the mobilization and demobilization strategies of civil society actors in both countries. It draws some conclusions on the region and suggests further research directions for contentious politics in authoritarian regimes. It the question of why authoritarian regimes utilize different repressive strategies towards civil society actors and how these actors respond to these strategies. The chapter demonstrates that repressive strategies towards civil society actors vary in authoritarian regimes, depending on the regime’s recent experience with breakdown and/or continuity.
Unjust Enrichment: History and Theory
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter considers the history behind the development and recognition of the Law of Unjust Enrichment. It also considers the justifications for the recognition of the Law of Unjust Enrichment and responds to academic criticism of this body of law. The origins of the Law of Unjust Enrichment are traced back to the forms of action and the implied contract theory and its subsequent rejection. The late recognition of unjust enrichment is examined. Different theories for the recognition or rejection of unjust enrichment are considered and are found wanting. Preference is expressed for the role of unconscionability as a justifying reason for the recognition of unjust enrichment. The function and role of unjust enrichment in practice is assessed, particularly what is the underlying cause of action and what needs to be proved to establish a claim in unjust enrichment.
Mistake
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines mistake as a ground of restitution within the Law of Unjust Enrichment. It defines a mistake and distinguishes between mistakes and mispredictions. The chapter further examines the different tests of mistake encompassing liability mistakes and fundamental mistakes and concludes that the ‘but for’ test of causation is now recognized. It considers the operation of the test of mistake of law and particular issues relating to the restitution of gifts made by mistake. It examines the role of mistake in vitiating contracts and considers when mistake can operate to make a transaction voidable, particularly for misrepresentation and in Equity.
Exploitation
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines exploitation, not a ground of restitution in its own right but a general principle on which a number of specific grounds of restitution are founded. It particularly focuses on undue influence and the continued relevance of the distinction between actual and presumed undue influence. The complexity of seeking restitution where the undue influence has been exerted by a third party is analysed. The remedial consequences of undue influence are considered. The chapter also examines abuse of fiduciary relationships of confidence, the doctrine of unconscionable conduct, and whether the doctrine of gross inequality of bargaining power is recognized in English law.
Restitution for Torts
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter identifies the torts for which gain-based remedies can be awarded. It considers the doctrine of waiver of tort and the growing significance of negotiation damages and examines whether it is a compensatory, restitutionary, or a hybrid remedy. The doctrine of waiver of tort is assessed. Torts for which gain-based remedies are available are examined, including trespass to land and the variety of remedies available for this tort. Other torts which are examined include torts relating to the wrongful interference with goods, interference with intellectual property rights, nuisance, deceit, bribery, misuse of private information, and breach of statutory duty.
Establishing Proprietary Restitutionary Claims
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter is concerned with restitutionary claims relating to the vindication of proprietary rights. It considers the justifications for the recognition of such a claim and then the requirements to establish the claim. It is first necessary to establish that the claimant had a proprietary base in property received by the defendant. This might be a property right recognized at Law or a proprietary right created in Equity. Equitable property rights might be created by an express trust, by a resulting trust, or by a constructive trust. Once the proprietary base is established, it is necessary to follow or trace the value of property into the defendant’s hands. The tracing rules are considered at Law and in Equity, including rules about backwards tracing. Finally, the future of the tracing rules is assessed.
The Defence of Bona Fide Purchase
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter considers the defence of bona fide purchase, when and when it is not available, its function, its ambit at Common Law and in Equity, the conditions for establishing the defence, and whether it is a general defence or one which only applies to claims to vindicate property rights. The conditions for establishing the defence at Law and in Equity are examined, particularly as to the meaning of good faith and when the defendant can be considered to have provided value for a transfer of property. Details of the operation of the defence and its particular characteristics are also examined.
Passing On and Mitigation of Loss
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter considers whether there are, and if not whether there should be, any defences in English law which operate by reference to changes in the circumstances in the claimant after the defendant’s receipt of the benefit. There are two possible defences which, if they are recognized, would operate in this way. The first defence discussed in the chapter is known as passing on. The arguments for and against the recognition of such a defence are examined. The second defence is known as mitigation of loss. Again, the arguments both for and against the recognition of this defence are considered.
Limitation Periods and Laches
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This final chapter first considers the operation of limitation periods as a general defence to different types of restitutionary claim. The important question of from when time to bring a claim starts to run is assessed and the significance of a claim being founded on mistake or fraud is then analysed. Particular issues relating to restitution for wrongs and proprietary restitutionary claims are also analysed. The chapter then considers the role of the equitable defence of laches, the function of the laches defence, and when it might be applicable. Finally, the chapter considers the reform of the law on limitation.
Modeling Knowledge
Authors: Goldstein Simon
Published: June 2024

This chapter develops mathematical models of the theories of omega knowledge discussed in the book. The models build on Williamson’s appearance/reality models. These models are used to carefully explore problem cases from previous chapters. The models are also used to explore the consequences of each theory for Gettier cases, and for probabilistic knowledge.
Inquiry Under Bounds
Authors: Thorstad David
Published: June 2024

Herbert Simon held that the fundamental turn in the study of bounded rationality is the turn from substantive to procedural rationality. Theories of substantive rationality begin with normative questions about attitudes: what should we prefer, intend, or believe? By contrast, theories of procedural rationality begin with normative questions about processes of inquiry: how should we determine what to prefer, intend, or believe? If Simon was right, then the central task for theories of bounded rationality is to develop an account of rational inquiry for bounded agents. We need, that is, a theory of inquiry under bounds. Inquiry under bounds takes as its starting point a five-point bounded rationality program inspired by recent work in cognitive science. To elaborate and defend that program, I argue, we need an account of rational inquiry for bounded agents. Inquiry under bounds develops an account of rational inquiry for bounded agents: the reason-responsiveness consequentialist view. I use this account to clarify and defend key insights from the bounded tradition as well as to shed light on recent controversies in the epistemology of inquiry.
The zetetic turns
Authors: Thorstad David
Published: June 2024

This chapter relates my project to a recent zetetic turn in epistemology from the study of doxastic attitudes toward the study of theoretical inquiry. I argue that the zetetic turn in epistemology should be seen as part of a broader procedural turn in the study of bounded rationality from the study of attitudes toward the study of inquiry. If this is right, then we can draw lessons for the epistemology of inquiry by reflecting on what we have learned about bounded rationality. I show how the discussion in this book yields five insights for the epistemology of inquiry. I close by noting that our practical attitudes, no less than our doxastic attitudes, are produced by bounded and constrained processes of inquiry. Taking the procedural turn requires making a second zetetic turn within practical philosophy, from the study of practical attitudes toward the study of practical inquiry.
Neuroscientific Principles Underlying Psychotherapy
Authors: Matheson Rebekka
Published: June 2024

Medications change behavior through biology, but psychotherapy changes behavior through what, exactly? Intuitively, these paradigms of treatment for mental illness belong to different dimensions: brain and mind. Inevitably, though, trying to pin down a non-biological mechanism for psychotherapy is as frustrating as it is tempting. There is no meta-realm of behavior that bypasses biology. Psychotherapy is a physical, biological intervention, recruiting and working via biological mechanisms and changing the neurochemistry and neuroanatomy of the brain. This chapter focuses on bridging the perceived gap between the techniques of psychotherapy and the neuroscientific mechanisms by which they effect change.
Affect as a Foundation for How We Know and Understand the World
Authors: Anderson Travis , Steffen Patrick R.
Published: June 2024

Affect is the embodied representation of how we evaluate and value our situation in ways that are adaptive. Affect and mind are embodied, meaning that mind and body are intricately interconnected and interdependent, and affect is fundamental to how we understand the world and plays a key role in cognition. We don’t perceive the world objectively, rather we perceive the world subjectively relative to our physical sense capabilities and perceived needs. Given the impact of our affective understanding on our perceived reality, the world is literally a better place for those who are adaptively attuned to it. Our outlook and choices change the world we live in because there is no world apart from our lived perceptions of it. Therefore, our most important choices are those that concern how we affectively understand and orient ourselves toward the world, others, and ourselves. These concepts are discussed within the context of psychotherapy/psychophysiology integration.
The Biology of Personality and Stress
Authors: Hughes Brian M. , Howard Siobhán , Costello Aisling M.
Published: June 2024

When considering human resilience, it is helpful to consider biological capacities as well as psychological resources. Nowhere is this more conspicuous than with regard to the cardiovascular stress response. This chapter discusses the human cardiovascular stress response as an evolved psychophysiological coping resource. We examine the centrality of stress reactions in human coping, and the research examining cardiovascular adaption to stress. By considering how cardiovascular stress responses intertwine with personality, and with psychological experience more generally, we argue that optimal stress-responding will require an ability to react to challenge and to recover composure quickly. Psychosocial interventions for psychological stress should seek to harnass the human stress response, rather than to suppress it.
Using the Research Domain Criteria Framework to Conceptualize and Assess Personality
Authors: Steffen Patrick R. , Olsen Joseph A.
Published: June 2024

The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) provides a promising framework for conceptualizing and assessing personality that can be used to develop an integrated theory of personality and a methodological approach to personality assessment that addresses key issues in psychotherapy and psychophysiology. The RDoC consists of six domains (negative valence systems, positive valence systems, cognition, social systems, arousal, and sensory systems) that develop across the lifespan as people are exposed to and interact with various environmental conditions, threats, and challenges. The RDoC framework significantly overlaps with major personality perspectives, and suggests novel approaches to personality measurement. For example, moderate responding is often ideal (e.g., too little or too much fear can be pathological), indicating an ideal point approach to assessment. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the RDoC as a framework for a personality theory to use in psychotherapy/psychophysiology integration, and to examine using an ideal point approach to personality assessment, with moderate responding as the ideal.
As I Lay Dreaming
Authors: Moss Donald
Published: June 2024

This case narrative illustrates the use of psychophysiological psychotherapy with a seventy-five-year-old man whose sleep was disturbed by vivid dream encounters with sexual partners. The dream encounters caused disturbance in his marriage of forty-six years. The psychophysiological psychotherapy utilized relaxation training, relaxation practice daily and at bedtime, physiological monitoring during therapy sessions, and a systematic desensitization process guided by physiological monitoring. With the psychotherapeutic and self-regulation-based interventions, the physiological and emotional reactivity to relationship cues was diminished, the disturbing dreams diminished significantly, and the couple improved their marital satisfaction.
From Fear to Solidarity and Elation
Authors: Rozin Orit
Published: June 2024

Israelis learned, when PM Moshe Sharett addressed the Knesset on October 18, 1955, that Czechoslovakia and Egypt had concluded a massive arms deal that would tip the balance of power against Israel, creating what policy makers believed would become an imminent military threat. In response, Israelis rushed to the Ministry of Defense with monetary and in-kind donations. A gift, Mauss argued, contains something of the giver’s identity and, as such, a present invariably creates a social obligation to offer something in return. Such a gift, which may also be a donation of time and effort in the form of volunteer work, thus creates a social bond between the people who take part in the exchange. Donating and volunteering had sweeping, infectious, and even competitive public effects. Citizens who contributed money fortified their sense of belonging and felt good about themselves as selfless and generous members of the collective.
Hampering Threadlike Pressures
Authors: Besharov Gregory
Published: June 2024

This chapter introduces transaction costs and institutional analysis. With costs of arranging, monitoring, and enforcing contracts, markets can be inefficient in comparison with other institutions. The chapter considers institutions from the perspective of repeated games, where the folk theorem provides an intuition that cooperation can be sustained over time to remedy market failures. Using the example of common-pool resources, it reviews the factors that affect resource management and compares informal and formal solutions. The chapter also considers how claims about markets made without institutional context, such as those concerning discrimination, can mislead.
The Meritocratic Challenge to Democracy
Authors: Ziliotti Elena
Published: June 2024

This chapter elucidates the ideal of political meritocracy. Confucian political meritocracy claims that the best way for contemporary East Asian societies with a Confucian heritage to have a political class at the national level that fosters the well-being of their people is through a system that selects and promotes political leaders according to their morality and expertise. While this system includes a democratic component, the choice of political leaders is fully or partially dependent on a meritocratic selection process. This chapter explains the historical origins of the ideal of political meritocracy in East Asia (primarily China) and details contemporary theories of political meritocracy. Finally, it assesses contemporary meritocrats’ ideas of a special legislative chamber, whose members are selected through meritocratic means, and Daniel A. Bell’s recent proposal for restricting the influence of democratic institutions to the local level, while national decisions are made by politicians who are exclusively appointed and promoted through meritocratic means.
Impact of FRBM on Development Expenditure under Capital Account of SNGs
Authors: Dwivedi Hari Krishna
Published: June 2024

The FRBM regime has had success in bringing subnational government debt under control, barring the last half decade. Moreover, the FRBM regime has improved transparency by mandating reporting requirements on borrowing. However, there is a flip side to this story, with the FRBM regime hampering states’ ability to allocate funds for development expenditure (DEVEX). How much of this is true is analysed and discussed in this chapter. The analysis reveals that over a fifteen-year period (January 2000–January 2015–16) various states had to cut back on DEVEX which includes social services and economic services. This had a direct and immediate effect on the well-being of states’ inhabitants.
Conclusion
Authors: Hendry John
Published: June 2024

This chapter begins by reviewing what can be learnt from the book as a whole: (1) in respect of the rapid broadening of the women’s movement and the involvement of women like Emily Davies in it, focusing on factors such as the growing influence of the broad church and the networks it provided, the work of the Social Science Association, and the institutional infrastructure of Langham Place; (2) in respect of the factors underlying activists’ choices of projects to pursue, and the subsequent division of the movement into several separate strands. Different motivations played out differently for different activists and underpinned their different priorities. The chapter next reviews responses to the women’s movement from across the spectrum from moderate liberal to moderate conservative opinion, represented by Hutton, Trollope, and Oliphant, and concludes by assessing and comparing the short-term and long-term accomplishments of the different strands of the movement.
South Asia, the British Empire, and the Rise of Classical Legal Thought
Authors: Chaudhry Faisal
Published: June 2024

The book considers the legal history of colonial rule in South Asia from 1757 to the early twentieth century. It charts a shift in the ontology by which notions and practices of sovereignty, land control, and adjudicatory rectification were aligned. This involved a transition from a formative period under East India Company rule focusing on ‘the laws’ more than ‘the law’. Underpinning the Company’s ontology of ‘the laws’ was an idea of absolute property that was translated into doctrinal terms as a duty of remitting rent more than any notionally physical dominion. Leaving property extrinsic to law, early colonial South Asia’s ontology of the legal was put on a very different footing from the Anglo-common law mainstream. In South Asia it was only after Company rule gave way to Crown Raj that conditions ripened for ‘the law’ to emerge as its own ostensibly irreducible institutional fact. As the book contends, among these conditions was the rise of what scholars have called classical legal thought. Even more than under the Company, then, under Crown rule there were two distinct forms of discourse through which the ontology of the legal was reconstituted around a globalizing notion of ‘the law’ as an object in its own right. These are identified in terms of one variety of—doctrinal—discourse through which propositions of the law could be verbalized and that had qualities of ‘operativeness’ and ‘administrability’ and another variety—of ordinary language discourse—through which propositions about the law could be articulated.
The History of British Colonial Rule in South Asia as a History of Legal Development
Authors: Chaudhry Faisal
Published: June 2024

The chapter discusses the problem the book addresses by starting with a question posed by H. L. A. Hart, ‘what is law?’ In doing so, it considers how the history of British domination in the South Asian subcontinent has proven liable to be conflated with a history of legal development. It thus situates discussion of colonial rule within the context of what Austrian jurist Hans Kelsen called the problem—or for him, pseudo problem—of the duality of law and the state. It also discusses scholarship on law and history in colonial India. The chapter ends by previewing the book’s own approach to these matters through its titular concerns with historical ontology and classical legal thought, exploring the former through reference to the ideas of philosopher Ian Hacking and the French post-structuralist Michel Foucault and the latter through reference to the work of legal theorist and historian Duncan Kennedy.
Beyond Law and History
Authors: Chaudhry Faisal
Published: June 2024

Chapter two extends the analytical work of chapter one by considering how the problems of the duality of law and the state and the failure of historians of modern South Asia to fully interrogate the law’s historicity are both species of the larger problem of naturalizing the law—of borrowing its own claims to being an ostensibly self-contained system of rational ordering according to norms. The chapter shows how this naturalizing tendency pervades almost all areas of learned discussion of the law, well beyond the study of South Asia, including in sociology, anthropology, philosophy, and socio-legal theory. In specific, it looks at sociological efforts to grapple with the problem of formal versus living law, anthropological efforts with that of state versus non-state law, philosophical jurisprudential efforts with that of law’s positivism versus normativity, and socio-legal theoretical efforts with that of law’s facticity versus validity.
From Contract to the Nascent Anthropological Discourse about Status
Authors: Chaudhry Faisal
Published: June 2024

Chapter eight continues charting the law’s emergence, turning from market governance to status relations in the domestic arena. Starting from the understanding of the law of status in classical legal thought, it highlights its evident difference from what historians of South Asia see as a ‘personal law’ confined to the religio-cultural realm already by the 1770s. The chapter then turns to how status was taken up in the ordinary language discourse of nascent sociologico-anthropological theorizing after 1857, focusing on Henry Maine’s equivocal version of the concept and its broader currency among those who formulated the Punjab’s ‘customary law.’ It concludes by starting to discuss the overfreighting of the Anglo-Hindu and Anglo-Muslim subsystems of the personal law after 1857. The chapter also argues that ordinary language discourse about status varied markedly from its doctrinal counterpart in a way that proved a key source of variation in how classical legal thought globalized.
Against the Liberal Order
Authors: Hirst Samuel J.
Published: June 2024

Against the Liberal Order is a history of interactions between the interwar Soviet Union and early Republican Turkey, and it documents a distinctly state-led international politics. It begins in the aftermath of the First World War, when the victorious Allies sought to build an interconnected world with connections regulated by Western-led multilateral organizations. In this formative moment, the most prominent challengers to the new liberal order were Soviet and Turkish revolutionaries. As Mustafa Kemal Atatürk took up arms in 1920 to overturn the terms of the Paris Peace Conference, Vladimir Lenin provided military and economic aid as part of a partnership that both sides described as anti-imperialist. Over the course of the next two decades, the Soviet and Turkish states orchestrated bilateral exchange in spheres ranging from aviation to linguistics. Most importantly, Soviet engineers and architects helped colleagues in Ankara launch a five-year plan and erect massive state-owned factories to produce textiles and replace Western imports. As they explored joint measures to accelerate development, Bolshevik and Kemalist elites gradually arrived at a statist alternative to liberal internationalism. Their improvisations reveal much about the international politics of the interwar period, and their solutions prefigured Moscow’s outreach to states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America in the Cold War and beyond.
Introduction
Authors: Hirst Samuel J.
Published: June 2024

Elites in the interwar Soviet Union and early Republican Turkey led two of the most top-down modernizing programs of the twentieth century, and this chapter addresses various ways of thinking about their similarities. In the 1920s and since, ideological convergence has generally been taken to mean parallels in approaches to state-society relations. This chapter argues that the more significant commonalities were in the Bolsheviks’ and the Kemalists’ approach to international politics, and in particular to international political economy. The Soviet government helped its Turkish counterpart develop a five-year plan, and industrialization was a shared priority. But this partnership evolved gradually, as both Bolsheviks and Kemalists became convinced that liberal Western states had established an international order that reinforced the global economic hierarchy. With time, Soviet-Turkish internationalism took on an extraordinary commitment to state-led development, but it had contemporary analogs in places like Mexico. This chapter lays out the book’s overarching argument in general terms: that Soviet-Turkish convergence emerged as the result of a contingent historical process, and that convergence was facilitated by a shared belief that state intervention in the economy was necessary to overcome underdevelopment.
Sovereignty for a Post-Imperial Eurasia
Authors: Hirst Samuel J.
Published: June 2024

The Soviet and Turkish approaches to state sovereignty clashed, and this chapter explores the differences by focusing on the antagonism that emerged at the Lausanne Conference in 1922–1923. The Ottoman Empire’s experience of unequal treaties and extraterritorial legal regimes influenced the Kemalists, who adopted an unflinching claim to sovereignty. The Bolsheviks learned related lessons about international law in their early engagements with Western diplomats, but they retained an ambivalence about sovereignty as a political principle. The Bolsheviks’ class-based internationalism meant they had little interest in a world of firmly delineated states; as importantly, they inherited an informal empire in Eurasia that they exploited for their own purposes. Interwar Soviet relations with Iranian and Chinese nationalists produced real conflict, and the contrast with Soviet-Turkish relations is revealing. The Lausanne Conference was an important moment of compromise, as Turkish diplomats forced their Soviet counterparts to acknowledge that a strict approach to state sovereignty was a requisite part of modern anti-imperialism.
International Capital and Local Collaborators
Authors: Hirst Samuel J.
Published: June 2024

The Bolsheviks’ class-based ideology made them unlikely proponents of Turkish ethnic nationalism, but this chapter demonstrates how opposition to Western economic and political power encouraged Soviet internationalists to embrace the nationalism of the exploited. The chapter focuses on a cohort of Soviet writers, academics, diplomats, and commercial agents, who contributed to a Soviet cultural diplomacy and jointly arrived at an original understanding of Turkish society. In their search for groups who would contribute to Turkey’s industrial development, they came to believe that a predominantly Turkish bourgeoisie in Anatolia was preferable to cosmopolitan merchant classes in the port cities of Istanbul and Izmir. They came to describe the latter group as compradors, suggesting that the port bourgeoisie had sold out to international capital. Yet Soviet trade organizations, despite their cultivation of links with provincial Turkish merchants, remained dependent on the credit markets of Istanbul. The chapter ends with the arrival of state-funded industrialization projects, which Bolshevik and Kemalist elites could both welcome as firmly nationalist development.
Governance by Stealth
Authors: Mitra Subrata K.
Published: June 2024

India’s Ministry of Home Affairs, with its striking durability, and ability to adapt to the transition from colonial rule to post-colonial, democratic governance, is a remarkable example of institutional resilience. The colonial Home Department’s special expertise in governance by stealth—maximum order with the use of minimum force—was instrumental for it to acquire a secure niche within the colonial structure. Following the end of colonial rule in 1947, the Home Department mutated into the Ministry of Home Affairs of India. Like its predecessor, it is still ensconced in the majestic North Block of New Delhi. How a colonial institution whose key task was to hold Indian nationalism at bay became the architect of the post-colonial state and nation, is one of the main questions to which I respond in this book. Home’s multiple roles as the keeper of public order, mentor to public services, and to act as the invisible sinews that hold the country’s noisy democracy and assertive regions together, explain its exalted status among its peers. My analysis of Home’s multiple roles and its evolution is based on declassified files of the Ministry of Home Affairs, correspondences, biographies, and interviews with some of the main stakeholders of governance and public order in India.
The making of governance by stealth
Authors: Mitra Subrata K.
Published: June 2024

The chapter explores the genesis and evolution of the ministry of Home Affairs. It started as the Home Department under colonial rule and metamorphosed into independent India’s Ministry of Home Affairs. It still bears the birthmarks of its colonial origin. Looking back at the colonial origin of the culture of hierarchic consultation and diligent filing, one realizes that the institutions of the ministry evolved incrementally, and that the norms of transaction were not made entirely by fiat. The British gained access to India’s indigenous forms of rule through investments in vernacular knowledge. This helped them build a regime backed by appropriate political institutions and administrative organizations. The same logic also explains the continuation of the structure and process of governance by stealth beyond British rule.
The sentinel of order
Authors: Mitra Subrata K.
Published: June 2024

Conquest, not contract, was the basis of British rule in India. However, as a corporate entity under British law, the East Indian Company still formed part of a covenant with the British Parliament and the Crown. This kept the colonial authorities accountable, in a rudimentary way. Orderly rule was the key, and the Home Department was its keeper. Administrative efficiency, economy, practical reasoning, and accountability—all meant to protect and promote, initially, corporate interests and, following the Sepoy Uprising, imperial interests in India—played their parts in the making of the colonial state. It kept in step with the evolution of the empire and the ideology that underpinned it. This institutional arrangement survived decolonization and went on to play a significant role in the making of the post-colonial state and nation. The creation of this remarkable body and its evolution constitute the main theme of this chapter.
Politicians, civil servants, and post-colonial governance
Authors: Mitra Subrata K.
Published: June 2024

Institutions are corporate bodies. Like human beings, they also have collective mindsets, an inner architecture, and institutional memory. In all three respects, the Ministry of Home Affairs displays a continuity with its predecessor. Therein lies a paradox. Civil servants of the raj had the upper hand over Indian politicians during colonial rule. Following the Transfer of Power, overnight in fact, the same politicians became the new masters, and civil servants moved down in power and status. But the structure, function, and process of the organization of the ministry remained pretty much intact. This puzzling continuity despite radical change in the environment is the main theme of this chapter.
Home at work
Authors: Mitra Subrata K.
Published: June 2024

In 1947, fresh out of centuries-long colonial rule, the Indian state stood at the cusp of a precipice. Beyond ‘Freedom at Midnight’ lay the stark reality. Nehru’s ‘India’ was a concept, not yet a reality. There was a violent peasant uprising in the South and war against Pakistan over Kashmir. Millions of traumatized refugees were streaming in from the West and the East, and to compound the challenges for the new government, some native princes were seeking alliance with foreign powers inimical to the country. Together, these made for an uncertain future. Understandably, with the jubilation over independence, there was also an air of apprehension. How the new government coped with the simultaneous reorganization of public services, integrated the princely states, and security, with the Ministry of Home Affairs at the helm, is the main theme of this chapter.
Governing the sacred
Authors: Mitra Subrata K.
Published: June 2024

The chapter analyses the role of the Ministry of Home Affairs in devising solutions to contentious issues of religion and language. For a colonized society, transition from alien rule to independent statehood brings in its train the pressing need to devise a collective identity that would bolster the state, and bind the nation together. The conflicts—between nostalgic defenders of the ancien regime and modernizers, and conflicts among religious and linguistic communities—have been fatal for many post-colonial states. Protecting order whilst simultaneously shaping collective identity is the twin challenge that the leaders of India faced during the phase of transition. Language was the major issue to start with. It was soon replaced by religion as the other bone of contention. Institutional innovations to protect national integration and to contain ‘communalism’ became Home’s mainstay in its efforts to defend public order.
Race in the Universal and Eternal Tradition
Authors: Magaldi Cristina
Published: June 2024

This chapter focuses on the revival by the republican political and musical establishment of a work by a composer from colonial times, José Maurício Nunes Garcia (1767–1830), his Requiem, to forge a past that could represent the republican nation. It discussed the complexities, contradictions, and racial issues that emerged from the use of the music by a Black man who lived during the height of the country’s profit from slavery as symbolic of an idealized national musical past centered on Austro-Germanic musics, and at the service of Rio de Janeiro’s White political, intellectual, and musical status quo who aspired for a universal and eternal musical past.
At the Cabaret
Authors: Magaldi Cristina
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores the activities and musical performances of the artist and entrepreneur Mlle. Ywonna in her short-lived but influential Rio de Janeiro cabaret. Mlle. Ywonna’s venue became a gathering place as well as a refuge for young republican intellectuals, bohemians, and artists, such as Olavo Bilac and Gonzaga Duque, who questioned military republicanism and the country’s new status quo. In the intimate cabaret, a select clientele engaged with Ywonna’s voice, her performances, and her reconstructions of Montmartre chansons in Rio de Janeiro to experiment with alternative ways of imagining the city. The chapter explores Ywonna’s performances of chansons by Aristide Bruant, Gabriel Montoya, and Yann-Nibor, and her version of cabaret singing in the style of Yvette Gilbert in Paris. Ywonna’s renditions of chansons came to define an era of Rio de Janeiro’s nightlife that shaped a generation.
A World of Many Musics
Authors: Magaldi Cristina
Published: June 2024

This chapter addresses the failed attempts to replicate in Rio de Janeiro the vogue for Wagner’s music that had taken over several European music centers. It suggests that, in practice, Wagnerism reflected a look back to a stable, secure, and idealized past, rather than offering a real, practical promise of musical renewal. The chapter considers the extent to which composers such as Leopoldo Miguez and his circle in Rio de Janeiro, the so-called Musical Republic, became attached to the idea of a “music of the future.” It examines the repertory of a few concerts that the group organized during the period to show that they consistently offered a gamut of musics from various composers, provenances, styles, and languages as educational tools for the “general public.” The chapter also examines the work by Alberto Nepomuceno as example of an eclectic approach to music composition that was quite common among many composers of his generation. It suggests that some of his works can be described as assemblages of the many musical possibilities available to him, and that the connections the composer makes, how the many parts are put together, are more aesthetically significant than the final work.
Post-translational Regulation of BRI1-EMS Suppressor 1 and Brassinazole-Resistant 1
Authors: Mao Juan , Shen Biaodi , Li Wenxin , Liu Linchuan , Li Jianming
Published: June 2024

Brassinosteroid-insensitive 1 (BRI1)-EMS suppressor 1 (BES1) and Brassinazole-resistant 1 (BZR1) are two highly similar master transcription factors of the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway that regulates a variety of plant growth and development processes as well as stress responses. Previous genetic and biochemical analyses have established a complex regulatory network to control the two transcription factors. This network includes coordination with other transcription factors and interactors, multiple post-translational modifications (PTMs) and differential subcellular localizations. In this review, we systematically detail the functions and regulatory mechanisms of various PTMs: phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, ubiquitination/deubiquitination, SUMOylation/deSUMOylation and oxidation/reduction, in regulating the subcellular localization, protein stability and the transcriptional activity of BES1/BZR1. We also discuss the current knowledge about the BES1/BZR1 interactors mediating the dynamic nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of BES1 and BZR1.