bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Floristic Composition and Diversity of Homegarden Agroforestry Systems in the Lowlands of Tigray, North-Ethiopia
Authors: Abay Kiros
Published: August 2024

To reverse the challenges of land degradation, through improved vegetation composition and access to feed and wood, communities in northern Ethiopia started to establish homegarden agroforestry decades ago. However, there was information gap on the floristic composition and diversity of the homegarden agroforestry systems in northern Ethiopia, particularly in the lowlands of Tigray region. Hence, this study aimed at filling the gap. Fifteen homegarden agroforestry farms from fifteen farming households (One homegarden agroforestry farm from each household) were selected purposely. Floristic composition was calculated by summing all the species recorded in all plots. In addition, Shannon diversity index, richness, and evenness were used to assess the diversity of the land use. Density was computed by summing up all the individuals from all sample plots and translated to hectare base for all the species. Twenty eight (28) woody species which belong to 17 families were recorded on the home-garden Agroforestry. Fabaceae and Combretaceae were found to the most dominant families whereas 10 of the 17 families represented each by only one species. The density of the woody species in the homegarden agroforestry was 201 stems ha-1 from which 56.8% was contributed by Cordia africana, Ziziphus spina-christi and Anogeisus leiocarpus. The Shannon diversity index and evenness of the homegarden farms were 2.52 and 0.75 respectively. In terms of the importance value index (IVI) of the species in the homegarden agroforestry, Cordia africana (64.76%) and Ziziphus spina-christi (45.30%) were the top ranking species. The present study revealed that the homegarden agroforestry systems are comparable to other homegarden agroforestry systems in Ethiopia in terms of floristic composition and diversity. Hence, both governmental and private sectors should play their role for the promotion of homegarden agroforestry systems in the study area, and in areas with similar biophysical and social setup. Moreover, afforestation and reforestation programs have to be continued for those species with low density, frequency and dominance in the study area.
Unravelling the Dynamics of Soil Health: Key Insight and Future Direction
Authors: Singh Ashutosh , Singh Akhilesh Kumar , Pandey Amit Kumar , Kumari Niru
Published: August 2024

A healthy soil serves as a dynamic living system that provides a variety of ecosystem services, including maintaining plant production, managing the recycling and breakdown of soil nutrients, and eliminating greenhouse gases from the environment. Because soil microbial activity and variety are the primary determinants of soil health, soil health and sustainable agriculture are intimately related. Tillage and organic farming have been demonstrated to enhance soil health by raising the quantity, variety, and activity of microorganisms in the soil. While organic farming may result in exclusion of synthetic fertiliser inputs, and improve stability in environment sustainability, conservation tillage has the potential to increase growers' profitability by reducing inputs and labour costs when compared to conventional tillage. The capacity of a crop production system to consistently generate food without causing environmental damage is known as agricultural sustainability. Beneficial microbes, nematodes, cyanobacteria, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) improve plant water and nutrient availability, phytohormone synthesis, soil nutrient cycling, and plant resilience to environmental challenges. Concepts related to soil health are frequently used to compare soils, analyse changes, and gauge how well land-use management is working. The external elements influencing soil health and their significance for sustainable agriculture will be covered in this review.
Investigating the Inhibition of Mild Steel Corrosion by Tectona grandis Dye Extract in Acidic Environment: Thermodynamics and Adsorption Properties
Authors: Omogbehin Samson Adehuga , Olasehinde Emmanuel Folorunsho , Adebayo Matthew Ayorinde , Jabar Jamiu Mosebolatan
Published: August 2024

An investigation into the corrosion inhibition potential of Tectona grandis dye extract on mild steel in 1 M HCl was conducted using weight loss and electrochemical techniques. Adsorption and thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated to understand the influence of extract structure on inhibition performance. Analysis revealed that Tectona grandis dye extract exhibited light absorption properties characteristic of a dye molecule, the Phytochemical analysis of Tectona grandis dye extract shows the presence of Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins phenols, anthraquinones, and tannins, the result also demonstrated a direct correlation between extract concentration and inhibition efficiency, while an inverse correlation was observed with temperature. Increased activation energy in inhibited solutions supported the temperature dependence. Positive ΔH values indicated an endothermic reaction, and negative ΔGads values suggested spontaneous adsorption following the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Potentiodynamic polarization curves revealed mixed-type inhibition behavior. These findings suggest the Tectona grandis dye extract possesses promising corrosion inhibition properties.
Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones in Wakawali Watershed Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS)
Authors: Gavit Sagar B. , Bhange H. N. , Ayare B. L. , Patil S. T. , Kolhe P. R.
Published: August 2024

Groundwater is a crucial source of fresh water that is stored below the Earth's surface in the saturated zone, filling gaps and spaces in soil and geological formations.  Groundwater is a hidden natural resource that cannot be directly detected, therefore mapping of this resource can be challenging task. In the present study, remote sensing and geographic information systems techniques were collectively used to categorize groundwater potential zones in the Wakawali watershed of Ratnagiri District.  In this study, SRTM DEM of 30 m resolution and conventional data was used to generate thematic layers such as slope, drainage density, lithology, geomorphology, soil and rainfall. Weightage percentages to each thematic layer were assigned according to their relative importance to groundwater potentiality using AHP technique. Further, integrated using “weighted sum” tool in Arc-GIS software. The outcomes of the groundwater potential map of the study area were classified into five zones viz., very poor, poor, moderately poor, good, very good contributing to 3.18%, 17.68%, 30.86%, 31.18% and 17.11% respectively. The study conclude that the remote sensing and Geographic Information System is a significant tool for land and water resource studies as well as preparation of water resources development plans, so as to prepare economically viable plans.
Influence of Varieties and Sowing Dates on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under Delayed Sowing
Authors: R Manisha , Chauhan Sreedhar , Das Mohan , A Krishna Chaitanya
Published: August 2024

An experiment was carried out at Agricultural Research station, Adilabad during Rabi-summer 2023-24 on “Influence of varieties and sowing dates on growth, yield attributes and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under delayed sowing”. The experimental design was strip plot with three replications. The treatments comprise five chickpea varieties (two are kabuli and three are desi) viz., NBeG-119, NBeG-810, NBeG-857, JG-14 and JAKI-9218 as horizontal factors and three sowing dates viz., December 1st week, December 3rd week and January 1st week as vertical factors. The results of the experiment indicated that JG-14 took more days to 50% flowering (43.2) and maturity (102.1), resulted in more pods plant-1 (50.8), higher 100 seed weight among desi varieties (25.2 g), greater seed yield (2564 kg ha-1), straw yield (5108 kg ha-1) on par with NBeG-857 (5213 kg ha-1), high harvest index (33.3%). Plant height and dry matter were higher for NBeG-810 (46.1 cm and 4036 kg ha-1 respectively) but was on par with JG-14 (42.5 cm) for plant height. Lower yield attributes and yield were recorded with NBeG-119 except test weight. Across sowing dates December 1st week obtained higher plant height (44.9 cm), dry matter (3817 kg ha-1), days to 50% flowering (44 days) and maturity (101.5 days), number of pods plant-1 (44.4), seed yield (2234 kg ha-1), straw yield (4463 kg ha-1) and harvest index (33.2%) and was on par with December 3rd week. January 1st week recorded low growth and yield parameters but was on par with December 3rd week. Seeds pod-1 was not significant for different varieties and sowing dates. Test weight was non-significant for sowing dates.
Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis for Grain Yield, Head Rice Recovery and Quality Traits in Rice Hybrids (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Maneesha M. , Shankar V. Gouri , Srinivas B. , Hari Y.
Published: August 2024

The study's main objectives were to analyze rice path coefficients and look at the associations between different features. 24 hybrids were created by crossing four CMS lines with six elite restorers utilizing a Line × Tester design. During the Rabi 2023–2024, these hybrids, the parental lines, and two checks were assessed using a randomized block design with two replications. Grain yield was found to be negative significantly correlated with the number of productive tillers per plant and the hulling percentage (%) and positive significantly correlated with plant height (cm), panicle length (mm), number of grains per panicle, 1000 grain weight (g), and kernel breadth (mm). Height of the plant (mm), length of the panicles (mm), number of grains in each panicle, weight of 1000 grains (g), length of the kernels (mm), percentage of milling (%), and head rice recovery had exhibited direct positive effect on grain yield per plant. Therefore selection based on these traits could facilitate simultaneous improvements in yield and related attributes.
Effect of Organic Manures and Biocapsules on Growth, Yield and Quality of Strawberry (Fragaria x annanasa cv. Winter Dawn)
Authors: Sahu Aakash , Joseph Annjoe V.
Published: August 2024

The experiment was carried out at Research Field of Horticulture Research Farm, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.) India, during October 2022-2023 to investigate the effect of organic manures and bio capsules on growth, yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria annanasa–Winter dawn) thirteen treatments with their combinations, replicated thrice in a Randomized Block Design. In strawberry use the application of bio-capsules and organic manures hasten early flowering along with the expanded duration of blossoming, harvesting by increasing the growth, yield and quality of strawberry. The integrated nutrient management maximized plant height (cm), number of leaves per plant, plant spread (cm), number of flowers per plant, number of fruit per plant, fruit weight (g), fruit length (cm), fruit diameter (cm), fruit yield/ha, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid (mg/100g). The result obtained in the present investigation, thus, indicates the possibility of successful use of application of organic sources of like FYM, Vermicompost, poultry manures, goat manures along with bio capsules and it might prove to be a better option for enhancing growth, yield and quality of strawberry. It is concluded that the treatment T11 (Poultry manure (20 t/ha.) + Bio capsule (150% of optimum) was found best in terms of vegetative growth and yield characters of strawberry. The economics of the treatment T11 was found best in terms of B:C ratio 3.50 of strawberry. So, application of this organic manures and bio capsules combination can be recommended to growers after few more conjunctive trials.
Morphology of Adherent Cells of the Line Vero Cultivated in a Three-Dimensional Environment inside a Microfluidic Device Differs from their Morphology when Cultivated in Monolayers
Authors: Vieira João Paulo J. , Souza Ilva F. , Pedras Marcelo B. , Oliveira Danilo B. , González-Torres Libardo A. , Avelar-Freitas Bethânia A.
Published: August 2024

Traditional in vitro culture models have significant limitations in mimicking important physiological interactions, such as cell-cell interactions, cell-extracellular matrix interactions, and the three-dimensional morphology of cells. In contrast, 3D culture models have the ability to replicate the natural three-dimensional environment of cells.
Aims: The objective of this study is to evaluate the morphology of adherent Vero cells grown in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture models.
Methodology: For the 2D culture model, Vero cells were thawed and grown in culture flasks in nutrient-rich culture medium. As for the 3D culture, a collagen hydrogel solution was prepared to mimic the extracellular matrix and injected into the central microchamber of the microfluidic device along with the Vero cells. To compare the morphological differences between the two culture models, measurements of the shortest and longest axes of the cells were performed, and the proportion of the cell axes in the two types of culture was compared.
Results: The results indicated that in both 2D and 3D cultures, the minor axis of the cells has similar sizes, being 106 ± 22.7 and 109.9 ± 35.8 µm, respectively. However, the major axis of the cells in 3D culture was significantly larger, compared to 2D, with values ​​of 154.8 ± 11.96 and 114.1 ± 6.25, respectively. Similarly, Vero cells had a higher proportion value, being 1.08 ± 0.11 and 1.48 ± 0.39, respectively for 2D and 3D cultures.
Conclusion: We conclude that Vero cells in a 3D environment have a different morphology than cells cultured in 2D. One of the main differences is related to the size of the largest cell axis and consequently the proportion of the axes. The data suggest that in 3D cultures, cells are more elongated, with filopodia involved in cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions.
Acute Toxicity, Antioxidant and Vasodilatory Properties of Sclerocarya birrea (A. rich.) Hochst (Anacardiaceae) Trunk Bark’s Aqueous Decoction
Authors: Belemnaba Lazare , Sawadogo Bibata , Ouedraogo Windingoudi Rimwagna Christian , Nitiéma Mathieu , Kaboré Boukaré , Koala Moumouni , Ouedraogo Moussa , Ouedraogo Sylvin
Published: August 2024

Sclerocarya birrea (S. birrea) is a medicinal plant of the Anacardiaceae family used to treat various diseases, including high blood pressure. The plant has many biological activities, including antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive effects. This study aimed to determine the acute toxicity, antioxidant, and vasodilator activities of S. birrea trunk bark extracts. HPTLC carried out phytochemical testing of the lyophilized aqueous decoction (DAL) of the trunk bark of S. birrea. The vasodilation effect of the DAL extract of the trunk bark of S. birrea was studied ex vivo with DMT 620M myography. The phytochemical study revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and triterpenes in the DAL extract. Evaluation of the vascular reactivity showed that this extract caused vasodilation of the thoracic aorta in NMRI mice, both in the presence of endothelium alone, in the presence of L-Nitro Arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME), and the absence of endothelium. The effective concentrations of 50% (EC50) of DAL extract were (266.36±65.12 µg/mL, 365.57±97.54 µg/mL, and 592.43±78.05 µg/mL, respectively. As a preventive measure, this extract reduced the vasoconstriction of the mouse aorta ring by 58.04±0.60% compared to U46619 alone. This study reported the presence of secondary metabolites of interest, such as phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and triterpenes, and the vasodilation effect of the DAL extract of S. birrea. These results provide scientific evidence for its use in traditional medicine to treat high blood pressure.
Influential Factors for the Spread of Mundu Chilli Cultivation in Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Brindha I , Nirmala L , Pushpa J , Ramakrishnan K , Prabakaran K
Published: August 2024

Mundu chilli is a popular variety of chilli grown in Tamil Nadu, India. One of the key factors driving the spread of Mundu chilli cultivation in the region is the favorable agro-climatic conditions. The study was conducted in the Ramanathapuram district, where the most cultivable Mundu chillies are grown. An ex-post-facto research design was used for this study. Using a proportionate random sampling method, data were collected from 150 respondents across a major Mundu chilli-growing district. The results showed that the majority (98.67 percent) of the cultivators spread the cultivation from growers to growers due to high market demand and profitability, favorable conditions, and strong community networks facilitating peer learning and support. various factors perceived by Mundu chilli growers as influential in spreading the cultivation of Mundu chilli. The primary factor was the suitability of the chilli for local growing conditions, perceived by 96.67% of the growers. Factors like less manure requirement, income from by-products, reduced pest attacks, and reduction in labor costs were also noted but ranked lower in influence. The analysis of these factors has shed light on the complex interplay of agricultural, economic, and environmental dynamics. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to enhance the spread of Mundu chilli cultivation, thereby contributing to the agricultural development and economic well-being of farmers in Tamil Nadu.
Evaluation of Machine Learning Model for Network Anomaly Detection: Support Vector Machine
Authors: Okoro Andikan E. , Ubom Emmanuel A. , Ukommi Ubong S.
Published: August 2024

Effective network anomaly detection plays a pivotal role in safeguarding digital assets against evolving cyber threats in cybersecurity. In this study, the NSL-KDD dataset was used to investigate anomaly detection using support Vector Machines (SVM) with various kernels: linear, polynomial, radial basis function (RBF), and sigmoid. The linear kernel SVM achieved a high accuracy of 99.47% and an F-score of 99.47%. Despite its strong overall performance, indicated by a weighted average F-score of 0.99, the macro average F-score of 0.79 suggested variability in class performance. Several classes, such as 0, 11, 12, 13, and 20, achieved perfect precision and recall, while classes 1, 7, 8, 16, and 19 had zero recall and F-scores. The Polynomial Kernel SVM demonstrated an accuracy of 99.55% and an F-score of 99.53%. It also showed high precision and recall for many classes, achieving a weighted average F-score of 1.00. However, the macro average F-score of 0.72 indicated notable variation, with poor performance in classes 1, 7, 8, 16, 19, and 22. The RBF Kernel SVM also recorded an accuracy of 99.55% and an F-score of 99.53%, with a macro and weighted average of 0.48 and 0.92 respectively. While several classes achieved perfect scores, significant performance drops were observed in classes 1, 7, 8, 16, 19, and 22. The Sigmoid Kernel SVM showed a lower overall effectiveness with an accuracy of 92.11% and an F-score of 91.80%. The macro and the weighted average of 0.79 and 0.99 respectively and exhibited considerable inconsistency, with some classes achieving high precision and recall while 1, 8, 12, 13, 16, 19, and 22, performed poorly. While the Linear and Poly Kernels showed strong overall performance, the RBF and Sigmoid Kernels exhibited greater variability across different classes, with the Sigmoid Kernel being the least effective for anomaly detection in this dataset.
Comparative Evaluation of Performance of Traditional Method and Commercially Available Pedal Operated Paddy Thresher with the Developed Machine
Authors: Lal Shankar , Jogdand S.V. , Naik R.K. , Koumary Nitin Kumar
Published: August 2024

Traditional method of threshing of the Paddy crop  is categorized as very laborious, low output, high damage per cent, costly etc. The present study was conducted to design and develop a power operated paddy drum thresher cum winnower to increase the mechanization in paddy crop threshing process, reduce drudgery, and increase production and to make it cost effective etc.  Different components of the power operated paddy drum thresher cum winnower were designed and developed at Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, SVCAET and RS, FAE, IGKV RAIPUR. It consisted of threshing drum, blower, reciprocating sieve, lower sieve and upper sieve etc.The data were analyzed and optimized by Response Surface Method (RSM) using Design Expert 13.0 software. The optimum values of the independent variables of threshingunit viz., feed rate  275kg/h, peripheral speed  11 m/s and moisture 14.5% (db) the corresponding values of dependent parameters of threshing unit viz.,  threshing efficiency 98.7%, threshing capacity 210 kg/h, cleaning efficiency 90.1%and total grain loss percent1.96 were recorded. The total cost of operation was observed to be Rs. 1.04 per kg with breakeven point and payback period of 124.13hours per year and 2 years respectively.
Immune Mediated Haemolytic Anaemia Associated with Haemoparasitic Infections in Dogs
Authors: Lucy Elone , Rajesh J B , Debnath Ankita , Kar Payel , Behera S K , G E Chethan , Sarma Kalyan , Prasad H
Published: August 2024

A haematological condition known as Immune-Mediated Haemolytic Anaemia (IMHA) affects dogs and is caused by antibodies directly destroying red blood cells in the bloodstream. It can be primary (idiopathic) or secondary (caused by neoplastic or infectious illnesses). An attack on circulating red blood cells by the immune system is the hallmark of IMHA, a potentially fatal autoimmune disease. Though the disease occurs naturally in both humans and dogs, it is significantly more prevalent in dogs. The aim of this review was to methodically assess the available data on the disease's clinico-pathology, its therapy and utilize the results to derive recommendations that may be implemented in broader veterinary medicine.
Fluid accumulation along the Costa Rica subduction thrust and development of the seismogenic zone
Authors: Bangs Nathan L. , McIntosh Kirk D. , Silver Eli A. , Kluesner Jared W. , Ranero César R.
Published: December 2014

In 2011 we acquired an 11 × 55 km, 3‐D seismic reflection volume across the Costa Rica margin, NW of the Osa Peninsula, to accurately image the subduction thrust in 3‐D, to examine fault zone properties, and to infer the hydrogeology that controls fluid accumulation along the thrust. Following processing to remove water column multiples, noise, and acquisition artifacts, we constructed a 3‐D seismic velocity model for Kirchhoff prestack depth migration imaging. Images of the plate boundary thrust show high‐reflection amplitudes underneath the middle to lower slope that we attribute to fluid‐rich, poorly drained portions of the subduction thrust. At ~ 5 km subseafloor, beneath the upper slope, the plate interface abruptly becomes weakly reflective, which we interpret as a transition to a well‐drained subduction thrust. Mineral dehydration during diagenesis may also diminish at 5 km subseafloor to reduce fluid production and contribute to the downdip change from high to low amplitude. There is also a layered fabric and systems of both thrust and normal faults within the overriding plate that form a “plumbing system.” Faults commonly have fault plane reflections and are presumably fluid charged. The faults and layered fabric form three compartmentalized hydrogeologic zones: (1) a shallow NE dipping zone beneath the slope, (2) a steeply SW dipping zone beneath the shelf slope break, and (3) a NE dipping zone beneath the shelf. The more direct pathway in the middle zone drains the subduction thrust more efficiently and contributes to reduced fluid pressure, elevates effective stress, and creates greater potential for unstable coseismic slip.
Acoustic and reservoir properties of microporous carbonate rocks: Implication of micrite particle size and morphology
Authors: Regnet J. B. , Robion P. , David C. , Fortin J. , Brigaud B. , Yven B.
Published: December 2014

This integrated study provides significant insight into parameters controlling the acoustic and reservoir properties of microporous limestones, improving the knowledge of the relationships among petrophysic and microstructural content. Petrophysical properties measured from laboratory and logging tools (porosity, permeability, electrical conductivity, and acoustic properties) have been coupled with thin section and scanning electron microscope observations on the EST205 borehole from the Oxfordian limestone aquifer of the eastern part of the Paris Basin. A major achievement is the establishment of the link between micrite microtexture types (particle morphology and nature of intercrystal contacts) and the physical response, introducing a new effective and interesting rock‐typing approach for microporous reservoirs. Fluid‐flow properties are enhanced by the progressive augmentation of intercrystalline microporosity and associated pore throat diameter, as the coalescence of micrite particles decreases. Concerning acoustic properties, the slow increase of P wave velocity can be seen as a reflection of crystal size and growing contact cementation leading to a more cohesive and stiffer micrite microtexture. By applying poroelasticity theory on our samples, we show that velocity dispersion can be a very useful tool for data discrimination in carbonates. This dispersion analysis highlights the presence of microcracks in the rocks, and their overall effect on acoustic and transport properties. The presence of microcracks is also confirmed with observations and permeability measurements under high confining pressure. Finally, a possible origin of high porous levels in neritic limestones is a mineralogical transformation of carbonates through freshwater‐related diagenesis during subaerial exposure time. Finally, by applying poroelasticity theory on our samples, we show that velocity dispersion can be a very useful tool for data discrimination in carbonates.
Plasma levels of apolipoprotein E and risk of dementia in the general population
Authors: Rasmussen Katrine L. , Tybjærg‐Hansen Anne , Nordestgaard Børge G. , Frikke‐Schmidt Ruth
Published: December 2014

Objective

The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease and dementia. However, it remains unclear whether plasma levels of apoE confer additional risk. We tested this hypothesis.

Methods

Using 75,708 participants from the general population, we tested whether low plasma levels of apoE at study enrollment were associated with increased risk of future Alzheimer disease and all dementia, and whether this association was independent of ε2/ε3/ε4 APOE genotype.

Results

Multifactorially adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for Alzheimer disease and all dementia increased from the highest to the lowest apoE tertile (p for trends < 1 × 10−6). Multifactorially adjusted HRs for lowest versus highest tertile were 2.68 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.04–3.52) and 1.80 (95% CI = 1.52–2.13) for Alzheimer disease and all dementia, respectively. After further adjustment for ε2/ε3/ε4 APOE genotype, plasma apoE tertiles remained associated with Alzheimer disease (p for trend = 0.007) and all dementia (p for trend = 0.04). Plasma apoE tertiles did not interact with ε2/ε3/ε4 APOE genotype on risk of Alzheimer disease (p = 0.53) or all dementia (p = 0.79). In a subanalysis, the −219G>T GT promoter genotype, associated with low plasma apoE levels, remained significantly associated with increased risk of Alzheimer disease after adjustment for ε2/ε3/ε4 APOE genotype (HR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.05–2.30).

Interpretation

Low plasma levels of apoE are associated with increased risk of future Alzheimer disease and all dementia in the general population, independent of ε2/ε3/ε4 APOE genotype. This is clinically relevant, because no plasma biomarkers are currently implemented. Hence, plasma levels of apoE may be a new, easily accessible preclinical biomarker. Ann Neurol 2015;77:301–311
Porous and Shape‐Anisotropic Single Crystals of the Semiconductor Perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 from a Single‐Source Precursor
Authors: Kollek Tom , Gruber Dominik , Gehring Julia , Zimmermann Eugen , Schmidt‐Mende Lukas , Polarz Sebastian
Published: December 2014

Significant progress in solar‐cell research is currently made by the development of metal–organic perovskites (MOPs) owing to their superior properties, such as high absorption coefficients and effective transport of photogenerated charges. As for other semiconductors, it is expected that the properties of MOPs may be significantly improved by a defined nanostructure. However, their chemical sensitivity (e.g., towards hydrolysis) prohibits the application of methods already known for the synthesis of other nanomaterials. A new and general method for the synthesis of various (CH3NH3)PbI3 nanostructures from a novel single‐source precursor is presented. Nanoporous MOP single crystals are obtained by a crystal‐to‐crystal transformation that is accompanied by spinodal demixing of the triethylene glycol containing precursor structure. Selective binding of a capping agent can be used to tune the particle shape of the MOP nanocrystals.
Total Synthesis of Leucosceptroids A and B
Authors: Guo Sheng , Liu Jie , Ma Dawei
Published: December 2014

Leucosceptroids A and B are sesterterpenoids with potent antifeedant and antifungal activities. A more efficient gram‐scale total synthesis of leucosceptroid B and the first total synthesis of leucosceptroid A are presented. The key transformations include an aldol reaction between a substituted dihydrofuranone and an (S)‐citronellal‐derived aldehyde, a SmI2‐mediated intramolecular ketyl–olefin radical cyclization, and final‐stage alcohol oxidation.
Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes of isatinyl‐2‐aminobenzoylhydrazone: synthesis, characterization and anticancer activity
Authors: Hunoor Rekha S. , Patil Basavaraj R. , Badiger Dayananda S. , V. M. Chandrashekhar , Muchchandi I. S. , Gudasi Kalagouda B.
Published: December 2014

This article describes the synthesis, structural aspects and biological studies of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes of a new hydrazone derived from the condensation of isatin and 2‐aminobenzoylhydrazide. The ligand is well characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 2D HETCOR, mass and IR spectral studies. The chelating tendency of the ligand towards transition metal ions is established using analytical and spectral studies, which reveal the monobasic tridentate nature of the ligand. Octahedral geometry for Co(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) and tetrahedral geometry for Ni(II) are tentatively proposed. All the synthesized compounds were screened for in vitro anticancer activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and human cancer cell lines (adenocarcinoma HT29, kidney cancer cell line K293 and breast cancer cell line MDA231) using tryphan blue exclusion method and MTT assay. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental analysis of the influence of pellet shape on single screw extrusion
Authors: Längauer Manuel , Liu Keyan , Kneidinger Christian , Schaffler Gernot , Purgleitner Bianca , Zitzenbacher Gernot
Published: December 2014

Extrusion technology is one of the most prominent methods for processing polymers. The shape of polymer pellets plays an important role in conveying solid material through the extruder and thus directly influences the mass flow rate. In the course of this article, the influence of the pellet shape of a polypropylene homopolymer on the processing conditions using a smooth barrel single‐screw extruder is evaluated. Especially the mass flow rate, the melt temperature, and the pressure build up in the barrel are investigated. It can be shown that processing long cylindrical pellets leads to a higher mass flow rate than comparable experiments with virgin pellets or short cylinders. Additionally, screw cool and pull‐out tests, measurements of the external coefficient of friction as well as the bulk density of the different pellet geometries are performed. The interaction of the screw geometry and the pellet shape is found to have the biggest influence. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41716.
When hormone defects cannot explain it: Malformative disorders of sex development
Authors: Grinspon Romina P. , Rey Rodolfo A.
Published: December 2014

The birth of a baby with malformations of the genitalia urges medical action. Even in cases where the condition is not life‐threatening, the identification of the external genitalia as male or female is emotionally essential for the family, and genital malformations represent one of the most stressful situations around a newborn. The female or male configuration of the genitalia normally evolves during fetal life according to the genetic, gonadal, and hormonal sex. Disorders of sex development occur when male hormone (androgens and anti‐Müllerian hormone) secretion or action is insufficient in the 46,XY fetus or when there is an androgen excess in the 46,XX fetus. However, sex hormone defects during fetal development cannot explain all congenital malformations of the reproductive tract. This review is focused on those congenital conditions in which gonadal function and sex hormone target organ sensitivity are normal and, therefore, not responsible for the genital malformation. Furthermore, because the reproductive and urinary systems share many common pathways in embryo‐fetal development, conditions associating urogenital malformations are discussed. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 102:359–373, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biologische Invasionen
Authors: Kegel Bernhard
Published: December 2014

Die Verschleppung von fremden Pflanzen‐ und Tierarten durch den Menschen ist eines der größten Umweltprobleme unserer Zeit. Nach einer Phase der Akklimatisation, der bewussten Einführung fremder Arten, erfolgt die Verbreitung heute durch Gefangenschaftsflüchtlinge und “blinde Passagiere”. Nur ein kleiner Teil dieser Neobiota kann sich in den Empfängerländern halten und noch weniger werden invasiv und entwickeln sich zu Schädlingen. Die ökologischen und ökonomischen Schäden sind trotzdem immens und erfordern nicht selten drastische und teure Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen.
Der Asiatische Marienkäfer als Modell
Authors: Vilcinskas Andreas , Schmidtberg Henrike
Published: December 2014

Der Asiatische Marienkäfer Harmonia axyridis hat in der Invasionsbiologie eine prominente Stellung als Modell eingenommen, da er besonders geeignet ist, um Hypothesen zu prüfen, die das erfolgreiche Ausbreiten von eingeführten Arten erklären. Aktuelle Forschungen implizieren, dass er mit Parasiten assoziiert ist, die auch einheimische Marienkäfer infizieren können, wenn diese seine Eier oder Larven fressen. Neben diesen “Biowaffen” reichert er in seiner Hämolymphe auch kleine Moleküle an, die als chemische Waffen gegen Krankheitserreger und Fressfeinde dienen. Die Anwendung modernen genetischer Methoden soll die Anpassungen auf molekularer Ebene entschlüsseln, die seinen invasiven Erfolg vermitteln.
Eingeschleppt und eingewandert: Neozoen und stürmische Arealerweiterer
Authors: Petrischak Hannes
Published: December 2014

Viele Arten, die mit oder ohne aktive Hilfe des Menschen in neue Regionen vordringen, breiten sich bevorzugt im Siedlungsbereich aus. Im Umfeld der Häuser liefern höhere Temperaturen und ein gutes Nahrungsangebot ideale Voraussetzungen, um sich in der fremden Umgebung zu etablieren. Während Neozoen gezielt oder unabsichtlich aus der Ferne eingeschleppt worden sind, erweitern einige Tiere aus eigener Kraft ihre Areale. Die meisten von ihnen stammen aus dem Mittelmeergebiet.
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the third eyelid in a 3‐year‐old Rhodesian Ridgeback
Authors: vom Hagen Franziska , Romkes Gwendolyna , Kershaw Olivia , Eule J. Corinna
Published: December 2014

Key Clinical Message

A 3‐year‐old Rhodesian Ridgeback was presented with conjunctivitis, enlargement of the third eyelid and a dorsotemporal deviation of the right eye. A mass within the third eyelid was detected and excised. The histopathologic examination showed a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, which most likely is a neurofibrosarcoma based on immunohistochemistry.
Kinetics Analysis of Heterogeneous Oxidation of Coal Particles in Supercritical Water
Authors: Ma Honghe , Wang Shuzhong , Zhou Lu , Ma Suxia , Fan Jiang , Xu Donghai
Published: December 2014

Little research has been conducted on the heterogeneous kinetics of coal oxidation in supercritical water (SCW). Therefore, the oxidation of coal particles in SCW coupled with heat and mass transfer was investigated. The real coal particle temperature was estimated in terms of a simplified heat balance. With increasing particle temperature, the rate‐limiting step of the oxidation reaction gradually changed from the surface reaction to the mass transfer of oxygen. According to this result, the reaction rate model was built. The model could be used to predict the quantitative relationship among the particle size, the particle temperature, and the time to complete oxidation.
ChemInform Abstract: Endohedrally Filled [Ni@Sn9]4‐and [Co@Sn9]5‐Clusters in the Neat Solids Na12Ni1‐xSn17 and K13‐xCo1‐xSn17: Crystal Structure and 119Sn Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy.
Authors: Hlukhyy Viktor , Stegmaier Saskia , van Wuellen Leo , Faessler Thomas F.
Published: December 2014

The title Zintl phases are prepared by reactions of the corresponding elemental alkali metals with pre‐prepared M‐Sn alloys (M: Ni, Co) at 550—880 °C for 48 h.
ChemInform Abstract: Design and Synthesis of a New Layered Thermoelectric Material LaPbBiS3O.
Authors: Sun Yun‐Lei , Ablimit Abduweli , Zhai Hui‐Fei , Bao Jin‐Ke , Tang Zhang‐Tu , Wang Xin‐Bo , Wang Nan‐Lin , Feng Chun‐Mu , Cao Guang‐Han
Published: December 2014

The quinary oxysulfide LaPbBiS3O is prepared by solid state reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of La2S3, Bi2S3, and PbO (evacuated quartz tube, 940 K, 25 h).
ChemInform Abstract: C@KCu7S4 Microstructure for Solid‐State Supercapacitors.
Authors: Dai Shuge , Xi Yi , Hu Chenguo , Hu Baoshan , Yue Xule , Cheng Lu , Wang Guo
Published: December 2014

The hybrid supercapacitor based on a carbon‐coated KCu7S4 electrode shows outstanding electrochemical performances with a large specific capacitance of 352 F/g at the scan rate of 10 mV/s, high energy density of 26.2 W h/kg, and high power density of 994.8 W/kg.
ChemInform Abstract: Hypervalent Iodine Catalyzed Cyclization of Aryl‐Substituted Alkanoic Acids.
Authors: Li Tingting , Xiang Changbin , Zhang Bijun , Yan Jie
Published: December 2014

Aryl‐substituted lactones (II), (IV), and (VI) are directly prepared from corresponding aryl‐substituted alkanoic acids, catalyzed by in situ generated hypervalent iodine intermediate from iodobenzene.
ChemInform Abstract: Photocatalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes to Alkanes in Alcoholic Suspensions of Palladium‐Loaded Titanium(IV) Oxide Without the Use of Hydrogen Gas.
Authors: Imamura Kazuya , Okubo Yuki , Ito Tomohiko , Tanaka Atsuhiro , Hashimoto Keiji , Kominami Hiroshi
Published: December 2014

Alkenes [(I), (II), (V), and (VI)] are hydrogenated to the corresponding alkanes by utilization of photocatalytically formed H species as hydrogenating agents.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd—Co Bimetallic Nanoparticles Supported on Graphene as a Highly Active Catalyst for Suzuki—Miyaura and Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Feng Yi‐Si , Lin Xin‐Yan , Hao Jian , Xu Hua‐Jian
Published: December 2014

The catalyst can be recycled and reused at least 5 times with only a slight decrease in conversion.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Synthesis of α‐Ketothioamides from Aryl Methyl Ketones and Amines via I2‐Promoted sp3 C—H Functionalization.
Authors: Li Hong‐Zheng , Xue Wei‐Jian , Wu An‐Xin
Published: December 2014

The important synthons are readily available in the presence of NaSH.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facial Protocol for the Synthesis of Benzofuran Derivatives by the Reaction of o‐Hydroxy Aryl Ketone, Amine and Chloroacetyl Chloride.
Authors: Xia Shuai , Wang Xiu‐Hua , Liu Ji‐Qiang , Liu Chang , Chen Jian‐Bin , Zuo Hua , Xie Yong‐Sheng , Dong Wen‐Liang , Shin Dong‐Soo
Published: December 2014

The title compounds (V) are obtained by N‐acylation, O‐alkylation, and intramolecular condensation reactions starting from readily available substituted o‐hydroxy aryl ketones and chloroacetyl arylamides under mild reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of [1]Benzothieno[3,2‐b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT) (Va) and Its Higher Homologs [ct.(VI)] Through Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Decarboxylative Arylation.
Authors: Minami Sojiro , Hirano Koji , Satoh Tetsuya , Miura Masahiro
Published: December 2014

6 examples
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 4H‐Chromenes by Tandem Benzylation and Cyclization in the Presence of Sodium Bisulfate on Silica Gel.
Authors: Aoyama Tadashi , Yamamoto Takumi , Miyota Saki , Hayakawa Mamiko , Takido Toshio , Kodomari Mitsuo
Published: December 2014

Application of 1,3‐di‐tert‐butylpentan‐1,3‐dione as the diketone or 2‐(hydroxy‐tert‐butyl‐methyl)phenol as the o‐hydroxybenzylic alcohol fails to give the desired chromenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Benzothiazine‐Fused Pyrrolo[3,4‐c]coumarins: Cycloaddition Reactions Between Coumarin‐Based Dihydrobenzothiazoles and Isocyanides.
Authors: Khoobi Mehdi , Ramazani Ali , Mahdavi Mohammad , Foroumadi Alireza , Emami Saeed , Joo Sang Woo , Slepokura Katarzyna , Lis Tadeusz , Shafiee Abbas
Published: December 2014

A new and unusual method for the synthesis of the title compounds (III) (8 examples) is developed involving ring‐opening of coumarin‐based dihydrobenzothiazoles (I) and subsequent [4 + 1] cycloaddition reaction with isocyanides (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Vinylchlorine‐Containing 1,3‐Diol from a Marine Cyanophyte.
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Long , Yang Yang‐Yang , Chen Hui‐Jun , Wu Yikang , Ma Dong‐Sheng
Published: December 2014

The stereoselective synthesis of the title diol (6R,8S)‐(E)‐1‐chlorotridec‐1‐ene‐6,8‐diol (I) and its (6R,8R)‐diastereomer (II) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanoalloy Catalysts for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Reactions
Authors: Shan Shiyao , Luo Jin , Wu Jinfang , Kang Ning , Zhao Wei , Cronk Hannah , Zhao Yinguang , Joseph Pharrah , Petkov Valeri , Zhong Chuan‐Jian
Published: December 2014

Review: focus on Pt‐based nanoalloys; 132 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure Design and Performance of LiNixCoyMn1‐x‐yO2 Cathode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: A Review
Authors: Zhao Xinru , Wang Jinxian , Dong Xiangting , Liu Guixia , Yu Wensheng , Wang Limin
Published: December 2014

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure, Photochemistry and Applications of Metal‐Doped Polyoxotitanium Alkoxide Cages
Authors: Matthews Peter D. , King Timothy C. , Wright Dominic S.
Published: December 2014

Review: 110 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Spin State Switching in 2,6‐Bis(pyrazol‐3‐yl)pyridine (3‐Bpp) Based Fe(II) Complexes
Authors: Craig Gavin A. , Roubeau Olivier , Aromi Guillem
Published: December 2014

Review: 156 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Introduction to Synthesis and Application of Nanoscale Metal‐Carboxylate Coordination Polymers
Authors: Jin Li‐Na , Liu Qing , Sun Wei‐Yin
Published: December 2014

Review: 107 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pillararene‐Based Supramolecular Polymers: From Molecular Recognition to Polymeric Aggregates
Authors: Li Chunju
Published: December 2014

Review: [47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Enantioselective Construction of Polyaromatic Architectures
Authors: Quinonero Ophelie , Bressy Cyril , Bugaut Xavier
Published: December 2014

Review: 17 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis as a Tool for Gaining Access to the 3,4‐Dihydropyran‐2‐one Skeleton
Authors: Albanese Domenico C. M. , Gaggero Nicoletta
Published: December 2014

Review: [49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Point‐Functionalization of Ionic Liquids: An Overview of Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Chiappe Cinzia , Pomelli Christian Silvio
Published: December 2014

Review: [158 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances of the Combination of Au/Acid Catalysis
Authors: Zhang Shuo , Wei Fang , Song Chuangling , Jia Jiong , Xu Zhenghu
Published: December 2014

Review: [41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalysis Application of Metal (Rh, Ir) Quinonoid Complexes
Authors: Kim Sang Bok
Published: December 2014

Review: 45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Amino‐3‐cyanopyridine: a Bioactive Scaffold
Authors: Manna Kuntal , Ghosh Partha Sakha , Das Manik , Banik Udayan , Das Ashish
Published: December 2014

Review: recent developments in the synthesis from chalcones/aldehydes and ketones and heir use in pharmacology as bioactive scaffolds; 32 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Coupling of Single, Double, and Triple‐Decker Metal‐Phthalocyanine Complexes to Ferromagnetic and Antiferromagnetic Substrates
Authors: Lodi Rizzini Alberto , Krull Cornelius , Mugarza Aitor , Balashov Timofey , Nistor Corneliu , Piquerel Raoul , Klyatskaya Svetlana , Ruben Mario , Sheverdyaeva Polina M. , Moras Paolo , et al. et al.
Published: December 2014

Review: 111 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tau Protein Associated Inhibitors in Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Li Qian‐Qian , Chu Ting‐Ting , Chen Yong‐Xiang , Li Yan‐Mei
Published: December 2014

Review: 33 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Theoretical Investigations of Heterogeneous Olefin Metathesis Catalysts
Authors: Handzlik Jaroslaw , Kurleto Kamil
Published: December 2014

Review: 185 refs.
Bio‐Based Nitriles from the Heterogeneously Catalyzed Oxidative Decarboxylation of Amino Acids
Authors: Claes Laurens , Matthessen Roman , Rombouts Ine , Stassen Ivo , De Baerdemaeker Trees , Depla Diederik , Delcour Jan A. , Lagrain Bert , De Vos Dirk E.
Published: December 2014

The oxidative decarboxylation of amino acids to nitriles was achieved in aqueous solution by in situ halide oxidation using catalytic amounts of tungstate exchanged on a [Ni,Al] layered double hydroxide (LDH), NH4Br, and H2O2 as the terminal oxidant. Both halide oxidation and oxidative decarboxylation were facilitated by proximity effects between the reactants and the LDH catalyst. A wide range of amino acids was converted with high yields, often >90 %. The nitrile selectivity was excellent, and the system is compatible with amide, alcohol, and in particular carboxylic acid, amine, and guanidine functional groups after appropriate neutralization. This heterogeneous catalytic system was applied successfully to convert a protein‐rich byproduct from the starch industry into useful bio‐based N‐containing chemicals.
Cross‐Metathesis of Biosourced Fatty Acid Derivatives: A Step Further Toward Improved Reactivity
Authors: Vignon Paul , Vancompernolle Tom , Couturier Jean‐Luc , Dubois Jean‐Luc , Mortreux André , Gauvin Régis M.
Published: December 2014

The improved catalytic conversion of bioresources, namely unsaturated fatty acid derivatives, is presented. The targeted reaction is ruthenium‐catalyzed cross‐metathesis with functionalized olefins (α,β‐unsaturated esters), that affords shorter diesters. These can be used as biosourced (pre)monomers for the production of polyesters. It is demonstrated that switch from terminal to internal cross‐metathesis partners (that is, from methyl acrylate to methyl crotonate) allows use of ppm‐level catalyst loadings, while retaining high productivity and selectivity. This was exemplified on a commercial biosourced fatty acid methyl esters mixture, using minimal purification of the substrate, on a 50 g scale. We propose that this improved catalytic behavior is due to the sole presence of more stable alkylidene intermediates, as the notoriously unstable ruthenium methylidene species are not formed using an internal functionalized olefin.