bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organic nitrate chemistry and its implications for nitrogen budgets in an isoprene- and monoterpene-rich atmosphere: constraints from aircraft (SEAC4RS) and ground-based (SOAS) observations in the Southeast US
Authors: Fisher J. A. , Jacob D. J. , Travis K. R. , Kim P. S. , Marais E. A. , Chan Miller C. , Yu K. , Zhu L. , Yantosca R. M. , Sulprizio M. P. , Mao J. , Wennberg P. O. , Crounse J. D. , Teng A. P. , Nguyen T. B. , St. Clair J. M. , Cohen R. C. , Romer P. , Nault B. A. , Wooldridge P. J. , Jimenez J. L. , Campuzano-Jost P. , Day D. A. , Shepson P. B. , Xiong F. , Blake D. R. , Goldstein A. H. , Misztal P. K. , Hanisco T. F. , Wolfe G. M. , Ryerson T. B. , Wisthaler A. , Mikoviny T.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Formation of organic nitrates (RONO2) during oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs: isoprene, monoterpenes) is a significant loss pathway for atmospheric nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx), but the chemistry of RONO2 formation and degradation remains uncertain. Here we implement a new BVOC oxidation mechanism (including updated isoprene chemistry, new monoterpene chemistry, and particle uptake of RONO2) in the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model with ∼ 25 × 25 km2 resolution over North America. We evaluate the model using aircraft (SEAC4RS) and ground-based (SOAS) observations of NOx, BVOCs, and RONO2 from the Southeast US in summer 2013. The updated simulation successfully reproduces the concentrations of individual gas- and particle-phase RONO2 species measured during the campaigns. Gas-phase isoprene nitrates account for 25–50 % of observed RONO2 in surface air, and we find that another 10 % is contributed by gas-phase monoterpene nitrates. Observations in the free troposphere show an important contribution from long-lived nitrates derived from anthropogenic VOCs. During both campaigns, at least 10 % of observed boundary layer RONO2 were in the particle phase. We find that aerosol uptake followed by hydrolysis to HNO3 accounts for 60 % of simulated gas-phase RONO2 loss in the boundary layer. Other losses are 20 % by photolysis to recycle NOx and 15 % by dry deposition. RONO2 production accounts for 20 % of the net regional NOx sink in the Southeast US in summer, limited by the spatial segregation between BVOC and NOx emissions. This segregation implies that RONO2 production will remain a minor sink for NOx in the Southeast US in the future even as NOx emissions continue to decline.
Modelling the dispersion of particle numbers in five European cities
Authors: Kukkonen J. , Karl M. , Keuken M. P. , Denier van der Gon H. A. C. , Denby B. R. , Singh V. , Douros J. , Manders A. , Samaras Z. , Moussiopoulos N. , Jonkers S. , Aarnio M. , Karppinen A. , Kangas L. , Lützenkirchen S. , Petäjä T. , Vouitsis I. , Sokhi R. S.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. We present an overview of the modelling of particle number concentrations (PNCs) in five major European cities, namely Helsinki, Oslo, London, Rotterdam, and Athens, in 2008. Novel emission inventories of particle numbers have been compiled both on urban and European scales. We used atmospheric dispersion modelling for PNCs in the five target cities and on a European scale, and evaluated the predicted results against available measured concentrations. In all the target cities, the concentrations of particle numbers (PNs) were mostly influenced by the emissions originating from local vehicular traffic. The influence of shipping and harbours was also significant for Helsinki, Oslo, Rotterdam, and Athens, but not for London. The influence of the aviation emissions in Athens was also notable. The regional background concentrations were clearly lower than the contributions originating from urban sources in Helsinki, Oslo, and Athens. The regional background was also lower than urban contributions in traffic environments in London, but higher or approximately equal to urban contributions in Rotterdam. It was numerically evaluated that the influence of coagulation and dry deposition on the predicted PNCs was substantial for the urban background in Oslo. The predicted and measured annual average PNCs in four cities agreed within approximately  ≤  26 % (measured as fractional biases), except for one traffic station in London. This study indicates that it is feasible to model PNCs in major cities within a reasonable accuracy, although major challenges remain in the evaluation of both the emissions and atmospheric transformation of PNCs.
The Imagery of Emptiness in the Poetry of Wang Wei (王維 699–761)
Authors: Stepien Rafal
Published: February 2016

This article explores the ways in which the imagery at work within the poetry of Wang Wei (王維 699–761) expresses Mahāyāna Buddhist notions of emptiness. I initially provide an overview of the Buddhist philosophical heritage from which Wang Wei drew inspiration and then describe the relationship between poetry and Chan Buddhism in Tang dynasty literary circles, thereby introducing the religious and literary milieus from which Wang Wei's poetic impulse sprang. Finally, I offer a reading of Wang Wei's poems, arguing that the Chan emphasis on a transmission outside explicit teachings led Wang Wei to eschew the exposition of doctrine in favor of a poetry that, in its simplicity and silence, embodies the very absence of the poet himself. I address this article not primarily to specialists of Chinese literature but to those interested in the interplay of literature, religion, and philosophy generally, as Wang Wei offers an enthralling instance of the attempt to meld the literary and the religio-philosophical impulses in poetic form. In formulating my argument, I draw upon Western literary and phenomenological theorists in a bid to partially enact an integration of methodologies akin to the fusion of referents so subtly embodied in the imagery of Wang Wei.
Guilt and Original Sin
Authors: Hamilton Christopher
Published: February 2016

The aim of the article is to suggest that there are two key ways in which it might be plausible to suppose that human beings are fallen or tainted by original sin even if one rejects Christian belief. The first I develop by reflection on the innocence of animals and human infants, contrasting their condition with that of adult human beings. I go on to suggest that we adult human beings are self-thwarting creatures, necessarily unable to enter, as Kafka has it, into a fullness of life. The second I develop by reflection on certain examples that suggest that there are reasons to believe that human beings are polluted, invoking thereby a moral notion that may seem ancient or defunct but that, I suggest, underlies some crucial aspects of our moral self-understanding.
Reframing Family:
Authors: Wilkie-Stibbs Christine
Published: February 2016

This article draws upon photographic and narrative theories. Through close textual reading, I decode British Booker Prize–winning Penelope Lively's novel Family Album (2009) as a montage of verbal snapshots framing two generations of family life through the culturally institutionalized familial gaze—as seen through the “camera-eye.” Benjamin's “unconscious optics” uncover Family Album as a narrative of generational resistance and disquiet irreducible to myths of family depicted in the “album's” iconic images. I argue that this novel marks a significant development in Lively's creative imagination, and narrative structure more widely, in its ability to materialize personal memory via the use of verbal images as a narrative device.
The Rise of Cattle Cultures in Bronze Age Anatolia
Authors: Arbuckle Benjamin S.
Published: February 2016

Bronze Age Anatolia is characterized by the emergence of an elite class situated at the apex of society, where they controlled enormous resources; wielded great authority; and sought, conspicuously displayed, and consumed distinctive high-status material culture. In this article, I explore the use of domesticated cattle as a material and symbolic source of power for these elites. I address the central economic role of cattle and their “secondary products” in supporting Bronze Age agricultural systems and as sources of elite wealth. I also discuss the symbolic role of cattle in gift exchange, iconography, ritual, and display for creating narratives of power in which elites are situated in an elevated place within in a hierarchical cosmos.
The Superman on the Spectrum Shaw's Autistic Characters and the Neurodiversity Movement
Authors: Loftis Sonya Freeman
Published: February 2016

As the autistic community searches for historical identity, it is surprising to notice that Bernard Shaw appears on almost every list of famous figures associated with the autism spectrum. The neurodiversity movement's surprising appropriation of Shaw and his characters may seem superficially beneficial to public perceptions about autism and Asperger's syndrome. However, proposing an autistic identity for his St. Joan and Henry Higgins, and possibly even the playwright himself, actually threatens to reaffirm damaging stereotypes of people on the spectrum, perpetuating the erroneous idea that all autistic people are geniuses and savants.
The “Plumber-Philosopher” Shaw's Discourse on Domestic Sanitation
Authors: McEwan Alice
Published: February 2016

This article examines Shaw's ideas on sanitation and health, in the context of personal experience of domestic plumbing and drainage problems at his country home Shaw's Corner, in Hertfordshire. Inspired by the ideals of Victorian sanitarians, his views draw comparisons with twentieth-century modernist architects who celebrated new technologies controlling water and waste; yet in reality he became disillusioned owing to unwanted drips, leaks, noises, and smells. Shaw's representations of plumbing and drainage in his prefaces, plays, and other writings include the use of mechanistic metaphors and satire to highlight these defects, offering commentary on the failings of health management in modern capitalist society.
The Spiritual Shaw
Authors: Tunney Jay R.
Published: February 2016

While vacationing with the Shaws on Brioni Island in the spring of 1929, boxing champion Gene Tunney's new bride Polly suddenly developed acute appendicitis; as they were far from professional medical help, her condition was gravely serious. Sitting alongside Tunney as he desperately prayed for Polly's recovery, Bernard Shaw, a professed atheist, was profoundly moved not only by his friend's faith but also by witnessing those prayers inexplicably and miraculously answered. Shaw's subsequent recollection of those events reveals that he respected prayer and that it broadened his definition of the human spirit. The experience also deepened the close friendship between the two men.
A Response to Sylvia Nannyonga-Tamusuza and Andrew N. Weintraub’s “The Audible Future: Reimagining the Role of Sound Archives and Sound Repatriation in Uganda”
Authors: Cooke Peter
Published: February 2016

In the article “The Audible Future: Reimagining the Role of Sound Archives and Sound Repatriation in Uganda,” (Ethnomusicology 56/2) Sylvia Nannyonga-Tamusuza and Andrew Weintraub appear to be taking Klaus Wachsmann to task for the apparent cavalier treatment of one of his first informants and moreover for a lack of consideration of the needs and rights of the people of Uganda in relation to the 1500+ sound recordings he made during his many years of work there. It is unfortunate that the quotation used to set the tone for the discussion
From the Editor
Authors: Koskoff Ellen
Published: February 2016

Taken together, the articles in this issue of Ethnomusicology all deal in some way with musical and social constructions, how and why they come about, are put to use, and validated (or endured) by their communities. Benjamin Krakhauer’s, “The Ennobling of a ‘Folk Tradition’ and the Disempowerment of the Performers: Celebrations and Appropriations of Bāul-Fakir Identity in West Bengal,” presents a variety of ways in which affluent Bengalis, in constructing an imagined and celebratory identity for Bāul-Fakirs, have inadvertently created a disempowering situation for individual practitioners of this tradition, who find it impossible to live up to this idealized construction. Michael B. Silvers, in his “Birdsong and a Song about a Bird: Popular Music and the Mediation of Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Northeastern Brazil,” examines the work of the popular mid-twentieth century singer, Luiz Gonzaga, whose music lends credibility to those who predict rain and drought in northeastern Brazil. The article traces the history of how Gonzaga’s voice became a vehicle for the transmission of ecological knowledge.
Tarkovsky’sNostalghia: A Journey to the Home That Never Was
Authors: Sushytska Julia
Published: February 2016

Andrei Tarkovsky’s 1983 masterpiece Nostalghia allows us to rethink our ordinary notion of nostalgia and move beyond the idea of nostalgia as sentimental longing for the past, the fruitless yearning that allows us to avoid living in the present. The film suggests that nostalgia can help us notice that which is not a part of our current situation and to introduce new threads into the fabric of our world. Because of nostalgia, we become aware of perforations in the existing order of things and, as a result, become capable of altering the status quo. The protagonist of Tarkovsky’s film, Gorchakov, a Russian poet visiting Italy, shows us that nostalgia is a violent voyage that never leads home but only helps us find and found a new–and always temporary–dwelling place. Nostalgia, then, is a journey to the home that never was, but to the home that might be. The final sequence of the film beautifully confirms this by placing Gorchakov next to his Russian home that turns out to be inside the ruins of the Cistercian abbey of San Galgano in Italy. This cinematic merging of two very different places and cultures creates a new world for Gorchakov and asks us to continue creating the places in which we happen to find ourselves today.
Uma análise discursiva das questões de leitura da avaliação do saems
Authors: Freitas Silvane Aparecida de , Santos Michele Serafim dos
Published: February 2016

A leitura se caracteriza, nesta investigação, como um processo discursivo em que considera o sujeito leitor como produtor de significados, considerando toda a situação sócio-histórica-ideológica em que o leitor e autor estão inseridos. Nessa perspectiva, pretendemos discutir alguns conceitos presentes no debate acadêmico sobre a avaliação externa e sua relação com as políticas públicas, destacando os seguintes objetivos específicos: conceituar avaliação externa de Língua portuguesa em MS (SAEMS) e analisar as questões de leitura aplicadas ao 3º ano do Ensino Médio, com o fito de verificar se estas questões estão em consonância com as atuais concepções de leitura. A presente pesquisa verificou que os textos exigidos na avaliação externa do SAEMS trazem interpretação com respostas objetivas, com respostas prontas e acabadas, não fazem com que o aluno/leitor seja sujeito atuante diante do texto exigido, portanto, não se pode afirmar que contribuem para comprovar se o aluno é ou não leitor.

 
Os adjetivos exclusivamente pré-nominais do português
Authors: Prim Cristina De Souza
Published: February 2016

Os adjetivos exclusivamente pré-nominais do português, ou mesmo de outras línguas românicas, são tratados en passant pela literatura. Pouco se sabe sobre suas propriedades e praticamente não há explicação do por que de sua existência. Este trabalho busca dar alguns passos para o entendimento dessas questões. As propriedades mencionadas pela literatura, de modo geral, se confundem com propriedades de adjetivos de posicionamento fixo ou adjetivos que podem ser prenominalizados. Após discussão de dados, mostramos que duas propriedades se destacam, que é o fato de os adjetivos exclusivamente pré-nominais não ocorrerem em NPs, mas apenas em DPs do português – o que mostra que estes adjetivos possivelmente são gerados numa posição mais alta que o nome –, e que seu significado é independente do nome que o acompanha, ou seja, que estes adjetivos não são selecionados pelo nome, mas ao contrário, o selecionam sintaticamente. Estas distinções nos dizem muito ainda sobre os demais adjetivos e acabam indiretamente apresentando argumentos a favor da adjunção à direita para os demais adjetivos.
Item Analysis di prove di ascolto a scelta multipla della certificazione di italiano per stranieri CILS
Authors: Torresan Paolo
Published: February 2016

 Il saggio si concentra sullo studio di tre prove di ascolto a scelta multipla della certificazione di italiano a stranieri CILS (livello B1, sessioni estive 2009, 2012). L’Item Analysis è la ricognizione, sulla base di dati statistici elaborati a partire dalle risposte di un campione, del comportamento di ogni singolo item. Viene data risposta a domande del tipo: per tramite degli item si discrimina a sufficienza tra candidati di diversa competenza? Chiavi e distrattori funzionano adeguatamente? Lo studio, oltre ad offrire un esempio di analisi critica di un test, consente al lettore di prendere coscienza delle difficoltà che la progettazione di un’esercitazione ampiamente usata, sia in sede di testing che in sede di didattica, qual è il quesito a scelta multipla, comporta.
Ritos genéticos: uma abordagem discursiva do texto literário e suas contribuições para a teoria da análise do discurso
Authors: Aguiar Denise Brasil Alvarenga , Rocha Décio
Published: February 2016

 

Este artigo busca atingir um duplo objetivo: por um lado, avaliar a produtividade do conceito de ritos genéticos (MAINGUENEAU, 2008) na análise de textos literários; por outro, explicitar as contribuições da análise dos textos literários para uma ressignificação do próprio quadro teórico da Análise do discurso. Esse duplo trajeto será atualizado no contexto da semântica global proposta por Maingueneau (2008). No desenvolvimento da reflexão, o conceito de ritos genéticos é confrontado com diversas produções literárias, de diferentes períodos de nossa história cultural, tanto para apreendê-lo na especificidade da produção de sentido da escrita artística, quanto para levantar algumas de suas formas de inserção no próprio universo da construção ficcional, dentro de um movimento metalinguístico comum na literatura. Dentre os resultados alcançados, ganham destaque a pertinência da análise dos ritos genéticos para a consolidação da noção de prática discursiva e o lugar central ocupado pelo texto literário na produção de uma memória que institui formas de enunciabilidade implicadas com a própria constituição da língua. 

 
Anotações sobre leitura, letramento e ensino
Authors: Almeida Ana Lúcia De Campos , Almeida Paulo Roberto
Published: February 2016

Este texto apresenta uma reflexão acerca das posições teóricas sobre o estudo de leitura, observando as repercussões e/ou implicações de cada uma delas como fundamento para o desenvolvimento de práticas de ensino/aprendizagem. Apresentam-se considerações sobre as concepções de texto, sujeito e linguagem que subjazem a tais posições e focaliza-se a teoria sociointeracionista discursiva bakhtiniana como instauradora de uma perspectiva sociohistórica e ideológica com conceitos como responsividade, contrapalavra e compreensão ativa que trazem grande contribuição para o surgimento de novas concepções de texto, linguagem e sujeito, bem como um olhar fecundo para a construção de novas práticas de ensino de leitura. Apresenta-se ainda uma reflexão sobre o ensino de leitura a partir de uma perspectiva ancorada nos Novos Estudos de Letramento que sustenta uma abordagem culturalmente sensível por possibilitar, na escola, o desencadeamento de práticas de leitura significativas que levem em conta a diversidade sociocultural dos educandos, assegurando de fato a formação de sujeitos-leitores.
The Triangular House
Authors: Wilcock Douglas
Published: February 2016

A house with triangular walls and floor inspire questions that require spatial visualization and calculations for architectural design.
Like Terms: What's in a Name?
Authors: de Groot Cornelis , Boyajian Meredith
Published: February 2016

A student teacher and her supervisor develop a lesson to connect students' knowledge of place value to operations with polynomials.
Recursive Averaging
Authors: Smith Scott G.
Published: February 2016

The limit of a recursive sequence in which every term is the average of the preceding two is discovered; conclusions are generalized to similar sequences; and a theorem is referenced in which a general limit formula has been proved.
Possible and Impossible Series
Authors: MacLean Mark
Published: February 2016

A lesson helps students discern possible relationships between an infinite series, its sequence of terms, and the sequence of partial sums.
Proxy Measurements of California Mussel Valve Length
Authors: Glassow Michael , Sutton Elizabeth A. , Fernandez Carola Flores , Thakar Heather B.
Published: February 2016

Archaeologists studying shell assemblages from prehistoric sites along the Pacific coast of North America have been interested in the influences of collecting intensity and environmental variability on California mussel (Mytilus californianus) size. To determine the variation in mussel size within a shell assemblage, researchers have developed a variety of proxies of mussel valve length based on measurements of morphological features occurring at or near the valve’s umbo. We propose four additional measurements that can serve as proxies and evaluate their correlation with valve length using regression analysis. Of the four, anterior adductor scar length has the strongest correlation, and we present two examples of its application. We also evaluate a popular visual technique based on a set of outline drawings of valves of varying lengths, and we found that it systematically underestimated valve length but could be useful under certain circumstances. We conclude that the selection of a particular proxy of mussel valve length depends on the nature of the mussel shell assemblage being studied and the research context.
Recombinational branch migration by the RadA/Sms paralog of RecA in Escherichia coli
Authors: Cooper Deani L , Lovett Susan T
Published: February 2016

RadA (also known as 'Sms') is a highly conserved protein, found in almost all eubacteria and plants, with sequence similarity to the RecA strand exchange protein and a role in homologous recombination. We investigate here the biochemical properties of the E. coli RadA protein and several mutant forms. RadA is a DNA-dependent ATPase, a DNA-binding protein and can stimulate the branch migration phase of RecA-mediated strand transfer reactions. RadA cannot mediate synaptic pairing between homologous DNA molecules but can drive branch migration to extend the region of heteroduplex DNA, even without RecA. Unlike other branch migration factors RecG and RuvAB, RadA stimulates branch migration within the context of the RecA filament, in the direction of RecA-mediated strand exchange. We propose that RadA-mediated branch migration aids recombination by allowing the 3’ invading strand to be incorporated into heteroduplex DNA and to be extended by DNA polymerases.
miR-27b attenuates apoptosis induced by transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection via targeting runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1)
Authors: Zhao Xiaomin , Song Xiangjun , Bai Xiaoyuan , Fei Naijiao , Huang Yong , Zhao Zhimin , Du Qian , Zhang Hongling , Zhang Liang , Tong Dewen
Published: February 2016

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), belonging to the coronaviridae family, is the key cause of the fatal diarrhea of piglets and results in many pathological processes. microRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in the regulation of virus-induced apoptosis. During the process of apoptosis induced by TGEV infection in PK-15 cells, the miR-27b is notably down-regulated. Thus, we speculate that miR-27b is involved in regulating the process of apoptosis in PK-15 cells. In this study we demonstrated that the over-expression of miR-27b led to the inhibition of TGEV-induced apoptosis, reduction of Bax protein level, and decrease of caspase-3 and −9 activities. Conversely, silencing of miR-27b by miR-27b inhibitors enhanced apoptosis via up-regulating Bax expression and promoting the activities of caspase-3 and −9 in TGEV-infected cells. Subsequently, the runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) is a candidate target of miR-27b predicted by bioinformatics search. We further identified that the miR-27b directly bound to the 3′ UTR of RUNX1 mRNA and suppressed RUNX1 expression, which indicates RUNX1 is the direct target gene of miR-27b. The over-expression of RUNX1 increased apoptosis and knockdown RUNX1blocked apoptosis of viral-infected cells via regulating Bax expression and the activities of caspase-3 and −9. Our data reveal that miR-27b may repress the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis by targeting RUNX1, indicating that TGEV may induce apoptosis via down-regulating miR-27b and that miR-27b may act as a target for therapeutic intervention.
The semantic basis of taste-shape associations
Authors: Velasco Carlos , Woods Andy T. , Marks Lawrence E. , Cheok Adrian David , Spence Charles
Published: February 2016

Previous research shows that people systematically match tastes with shapes. Here, we assess the extent to which matched taste and shape stimuli share a common semantic space and whether semantically congruent versus incongruent taste/shape associations can influence the speed with which people respond to both shapes and taste words. In Experiment 1, semantic differentiation was used to assess the semantic space of both taste words and shapes. The results suggest a common semantic space containing two principal components (seemingly, intensity and hedonics) and two principal clusters, one including round shapes and the taste word “sweet,” and the other including angular shapes and the taste words “salty,” “sour,” and “bitter.” The former cluster appears more positively-valenced whilst less potent than the latter. In Experiment 2, two speeded classification tasks assessed whether congruent versus incongruent mappings of stimuli and responses (e.g., sweet with round versus sweet with angular) would influence the speed of participants’ responding, to both shapes and taste words. The results revealed an overall effect of congruence with congruent trials yielding faster responses than their incongruent counterparts. These results are consistent with previous evidence suggesting a close relation (or crossmodal correspondence) between tastes and shape curvature that may derive from common semantic coding, perhaps along the intensity and hedonic dimensions.
Molecular characterisation of theChlamydia pecorumplasmid from porcine, ovine, bovine, and koala strains indicates plasmid-strain co-evolution
Authors: Jelocnik Martina , Bachmann Nathan L. , Seth-Smith Helena , Thomson Nicholas R. , Timms Peter , Polkinghorne Adam M.
Published: February 2016

Background.Highly stable, evolutionarily conserved, small, non-integrative plasmids are commonly found in members of theChlamydiaceaeand, in some species, these plasmids have been strongly linked to virulence. To date, evidence for such a plasmid inChlamydia pecorumhas been ambiguous. In a recent comparative genomic study of porcine, ovine, bovine, and koalaC. pecorumisolates, we identified plasmids (pCpec) in a pig and three koala strains, respectively. Screening of further porcine, ovine, bovine, and koalaC. pecorumisolates for pCpec showed that pCpecis common, but not ubiquitous inC. pecorumfrom all of the infected hosts.

Methods.We used a combination of (i) bioinformatic mining of previously sequencedC. pecorumgenome data sets and (ii) pCpec PCR-amplicon sequencing to characterise a further 17 novel pCpecs inC. pecorumisolates obtained from livestock, including pigs, sheep, and cattle, as well as those from koala.

Results and Discussion.This analysis revealed that pCpec is conserved with all eight coding domain sequences (CDSs) present in isolates from each of the hosts studied. Sequence alignments revealed that the 21 pCpecs show 99% nucleotide sequence identity, with 83 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) shown to differentiate all of the plasmids analysed in this study. SNPs were found to be mostly synonymous and were distributed evenly across all eight pCpecCDSs as well as in the intergenic regions. Although conserved, analyses of the 21 pCpecsequences resolved plasmids into 12 distinct genotypes, with five shared between pCpecs from different isolates, and the remaining seven genotypes being unique to a single pCpec. Phylogenetic analysis revealed congruency and co-evolution of pCpecs with their cognate chromosome, further supporting polyphyletic origin of the koalaC. pecorum. This study provides further understanding of the complex epidemiology of this pathogen in livestock and koala hosts and paves the way for studies to evaluate the function of this putativeC. pecorumvirulence factor.
The Anthropocene: a conspicuous stratigraphical signal of anthropogenic changes in production and consumption across the biosphere
Authors: Williams Mark , Zalasiewicz Jan , Waters Colin N. , Edgeworth Matt , Bennett Carys , Barnosky Anthony D. , Ellis Erle C. , Ellis Michael A. , Cearreta Alejandro , Haff Peter K. , Ivar do Sul Juliana A. , Leinfelder Reinhold , McNeill John R. , Odada Eric , Oreskes Naomi , Revkin Andrew , Richter Daniel deB , Steffen Will , Summerhayes Colin , Syvitski James P. , Vidas Davor , Wagreich Michael , Wing Scott L. , Wolfe Alexander P. , Zhisheng An
Published: February 2016

Biospheric relationships between production and consumption of biomass have been resilient to changes in the Earth system over billions of years. This relationship has increased in its complexity, from localized ecosystems predicated on anaerobic microbial production and consumption to a global biosphere founded on primary production from oxygenic photoautotrophs, through the evolution of Eukarya, metazoans, and the complexly networked ecosystems of microbes, animals, fungi, and plants that characterize the Phanerozoic Eon (the last ∼541 million years of Earth history). At present, one species, Homo sapiens, is refashioning this relationship between consumption and production in the biosphere with unknown consequences. This has left a distinctive stratigraphy of the production and consumption of biomass, of natural resources, and of produced goods. This can be traced through stone tool technologies and geochemical signals, later unfolding into a diachronous signal of technofossils and human bioturbation across the planet, leading to stratigraphically almost isochronous signals developing by the mid‐20th century. These latter signals may provide an invaluable resource for informing and constraining a formal Anthropocene chronostratigraphy, but are perhaps yet more important as tracers of a biosphere state that is characterized by a geologically unprecedented pattern of global energy flow that is now pervasively influenced and mediated by humans, and which is necessary for maintaining the complexity of modern human societies.
High‐resolution paleomagnetic and sedimentological investigations on the Tibetan Plateau for the past 16 ka cal B.P.—The Tangra Yumco record
Authors: Henkel Karoline , Haberzettl Torsten , St‐Onge Guillaume , Wang Junbo , Ahlborn Marieke , Daut Gerhard , Zhu Liping , Mäusbacher Roland
Published: February 2016

The spatial distribution of paleomagnetic secular variation (PSV) records on the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas covering the Holocene and Late Glacial is sparse. In order to reconstruct PSV in this area, a piston core covering the past 17.5 ka cal B.P. retrieved from Lake Tangra Yumco, southern‐central Tibetan Plateau, was analyzed. In the laminated sediments, several event layers are intercalated. Those were identified by sedimentological analysis and excluded for age‐depth modeling and interpretation. Paleomagnetic measurements on u‐channels reveal two contrasting core sections. The lower section (dated to 17.5–15.9 ka cal B.P.) is very coarse grained (up to 220 µm) and characterized by low intensities (0.8 mA m−1) and high maximum angular deviation values (mean 25°), making it unsuitable for PSV reconstruction. In contrast, the upper unit (dated to <15.9 ka cal B.P.) yields ideal properties with a well‐defined magnetization carried by low‐coercivity minerals in the pseudo single domain state making those younger sediments a proper record for PSV studies. The robustness of the PSV reconstruction for the past 3000 years is highlighted by a comparable inclination and declination pattern of three short sediment cores (2 m) from Tangra Yumco. On a regional scale, the obtained inclination signal for the past 15.9 ka cal B.P. is in good agreement with the Lake Baikal record (3000 km to the North), PSV stack for East Asia, as well as with predictions of geomagnetic field models. This study is a step forward in constructing a PSV reference curve for central Asia.
Along‐strike structure of the Costa Rican convergent margin from seismic a refraction/reflection survey: Evidence for underplating beneath the inner forearc
Authors: St. Clair J. , Holbrook W. S. , Van Avendonk H. J. A. , Lizarralde D.
Published: February 2016

The convergent margin offshore Costa Rica shows evidence of subsidence due to subduction erosion along the outer forearc and relatively high rates of uplift (∼3–6 mm/yr) along the coast. Recently erupted arc lavas exhibit a low 10Be signal, suggesting that although nearly the entire package of incoming sediments enters the subduction zone, very little of that material is carried directly with the downgoing Cocos plate to the magma generating depths of the mantle wedge. One mechanism that would explain both the low 10Be and the coastal uplift is the underplating of sediments, tectonically eroded material, and seamounts beneath the inner forearc. We present results of a 320 km long, trench‐parallel seismic reflection and refraction study of the Costa Rican forearc. The primary observations are (1) margin perpendicular faulting of the basement, (2) thickening of the Cocos plate to the northwest, and (3) two weak bands of reflections in the multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection image with travel times similar to the top of the subducting Cocos plate. The modeled depths to these reflections are consistent with an ∼40 km long, 1–3 km thick region of underplated material ∼15 km beneath some of the highest observed coastal uplift rates in Costa Rica.
Constraining mantle viscosity structure for a thermochemical mantle using the geoid observation
Authors: Liu Xi , Zhong Shijie
Published: February 2016

Long‐wavelength geoid anomalies provide important constraints on mantle dynamics and viscosity structure. Previous studies have successfully reproduced the observed geoid using seismically inferred buoyancy in whole‐mantle convection models. However, it has been suggested that large low shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs) underneath Pacific and Africa in the lower mantle are chemically distinct and are likely denser than the ambient mantle. We formulate instantaneous flow models based on seismic tomographic models to compute the geoid and constrain mantle viscosity by assuming both thermochemical and whole‐mantle convection. Geoid modeling for the thermochemical model is performed by considering the compensation effect of dense thermochemical piles and removing buoyancy structure of the compensation layer in the lower mantle. Thermochemical models well reproduce the observed geoid, thus reconciling the geoid with the interpretation of LLSVPs as dense thermochemical piles. The viscosity structure inverted for thermochemical models is nearly identical to that of whole‐mantle models. In the preferred model, the lower mantle viscosity is ∼10 times higher than the upper mantle viscosity that is ∼10 times higher than the transition zone viscosity. The weak transition zone is consistent with the proposed high water content there. The geoid in thermochemical mantle models is sensitive to seismic structure at midmantle depths, suggesting a need to improve seismic imaging resolution there. The geoid modeling constrains the vertical extent of dense and stable chemical piles to be within ∼500 km above CMB. Our results have implications for mineral physics, seismic tomographic studies, and mantle convection modeling.
An atmospheric mechanism for ENSO amplitude changes under an abrupt quadrupling of CO2 concentration in CMIP5 models
Authors: Rashid Harun A. , Hirst Anthony C. , Marsland Simon J.
Published: February 2016

We investigate the impact of a quadrupled CO2 concentration on the simulated El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitudes in 19 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) climate models. The amplitude of ENSO‐related sea surface temperature (SST) variability decreases in 11 of these models, and increases in the rest, in response to the enhanced radiative forcing. These opposing amplitude changes are predominantly explained by opposite changes in the time‐lagged SST response to a given central Pacific zonal wind stress (ZWS) forcing, with the net heat flux forcing and the SST‐ZWS feedback playing smaller roles. We find a robust relationship between the changes in the ZWS forcing efficiency and those in the ZWS‐deep convection coupling in the central‐western Pacific, indicating an important role for this coupling in ENSO amplitude changes. Indeed, the projected change in this coupling is indicative of the projected change in ENSO‐related SST variability.
Source model of the 2015 Mw 6.4 Pishan earthquake constrained by interferometric synthetic aperture radar and GPS: Insight into blind rupture in the western Kunlun Shan
Authors: He Ping , Wang Qi , Ding Kaihua , Wang Min , Qiao Xuejun , Li Jie , Wen Yangmao , Xu Caijun , Yang Shaomin , Zou Rong
Published: February 2016

The Pishan, Xinjiang, earthquake on 3 July 2015 is the one of largest events (Mw 6–7) that has occurred along the western Kunlun Shan, northwestern edge of the Tibetan Plateau in recent time. It involved blind thrusting at a shallow depth beneath the range front, providing a rare chance to gain insights into the interaction between the Tarim Basin and the Tibetan Plateau. Here we present coseismic ground displacements acquired by high‐resolution ALOS‐2 SAR imagery and derived from GPS resurveys on several near‐field geodetic markers after the event. We observed a maximum displacement exceeding 10 cm in the epicentral region. Analysis of the data based on a finite fault model indicates that coseismic slip occurred on a subsurface plane of 22 km × 8 km in size with a dip of about 27° to the north and a strike of 114°, representing partial break of one ramp fault buried in Paleozoic strata at 8–16 km depths beneath the foothill of the western Kunlun Shan. This blind rupture is characterized largely by a compact thrusting patch with a peak slip of 0.63 m, resulting in a stress drop of 2.3 MPa. The source model yields a geodetic moment of 5.05 × 1018 N · m, corresponding to Mw 6.4. The Pishan earthquake suggests a northward migration of deformation front of the Tibetan Plateau onto the Tarim Basin. Our finding highlights slip along ramp‐décollement faults to build up the western Kunlun Shan as the Tarim slab is subducting beneath western Tibet.
Estimating decadal variability in sea level from tide gauge records: An application to the North Sea
Authors: Frederikse Thomas , Riva Riccardo , Slobbe Cornelis , Broerse Taco , Verlaan Martin
Published: February 2016

One of the primary observational data sets of sea level is represented by the tide gauge record. We propose a new method to estimate variability on decadal time scales from tide gauge data by using a state space formulation, which couples the direct observations to a predefined state space model by using a Kalman filter. The model consists of a time‐varying trend and seasonal cycle, and variability induced by several physical processes, such as wind, atmospheric pressure changes and teleconnection patterns. This model has two advantages over the classical least‐squares method that uses regression to explain variations due to known processes: a seasonal cycle with time‐varying phase and amplitude can be estimated, and the trend is allowed to vary over time. This time‐varying trend consists of a secular trend and low‐frequency variability that is not explained by any other term in the model. As a test case, we have used tide gauge data from stations around the North Sea over the period 1980–2013. We compare a model that only estimates a trend with two models that also remove intra‐annual variability: one by means of time series of wind stress and sea level pressure, and one by using a two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model. The last two models explain a large part of the variability, which significantly improves the accuracy of the estimated time‐varying trend. The best results are obtained with the hydrodynamic model. We find a consistent low‐frequency sea level signal in the North Sea, which can be linked to a steric signal over the northeastern part of the Atlantic.
ITCZ structure as determined by parameterized versus explicit convection in aquachannel and aquapatch simulations
Authors: Nolan David S. , Tulich Stefan N. , Blanco Joaquin E.
Published: February 2016

Numerous studies using both global and regional models of the atmosphere have found daunting sensitivities of the structure and dynamics of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) to the representations of unresolved processes, particularly the convective parameterization (CP). Evaluations of these results by comparison to high‐resolution simulations with explicit convection have been rather limited, due to the large computational burden of using grid spacings less than 10 km over large domains representative of the Earth's tropics. This study introduces a framework that allows the use of cloud‐resolving grid spacings over the tropics and larger spacings over remainder of the domain. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used in an “aquachannel” beta‐plane configuration, zonally periodic with length equal to that of the real equator. This model reproduces the general circulation and eddy statistics of similarly configured aquaplanet models. A channel shortened to one third the length of the equator (the “aquapatch”) also reproduces the zonal‐mean circulations and eddies. Finally, nested grids embedded in the aquapatch are used to simulate tropical convection with 5.15 km resolution. The nested 5.15 km simulations produce broader and lighter rainfall distributions, making single ITCZs wider and smoothing out double ITCZ structures. They also show quite different rainfall production rates for atmospheric parameters such as convective available potential energy (CAPE) and column relative humidity (CRH). The apparent reason for these differences is that the higher resolution allows for the representation of squall lines and associated cold pools that propagate meridionally, redistributing rainfall away from the ITCZ.
Uncertainty in hydrological signatures for gauged and ungauged catchments
Authors: Westerberg Ida K. , Wagener Thorsten , Coxon Gemma , McMillan Hilary K. , Castellarin Attilio , Montanari Alberto , Freer Jim
Published: February 2016

Reliable information about hydrological behavior is needed for water‐resource management and scientific investigations. Hydrological signatures quantify catchment behavior as index values, and can be predicted for ungauged catchments using a regionalization procedure. The prediction reliability is affected by data uncertainties for the gauged catchments used in prediction and by uncertainties in the regionalization procedure. We quantified signature uncertainty stemming from discharge data uncertainty for 43 UK catchments and propagated these uncertainties in signature regionalization, while accounting for regionalization uncertainty with a weighted‐pooling‐group approach. Discharge uncertainty was estimated using Monte Carlo sampling of multiple feasible rating curves. For each sampled rating curve, a discharge time series was calculated and used in deriving the gauged signature uncertainty distribution. We found that the gauged uncertainty varied with signature type, local measurement conditions and catchment behavior, with the highest uncertainties (median relative uncertainty ±30–40% across all catchments) for signatures measuring high‐ and low‐flow magnitude and dynamics. Our regionalization method allowed assessing the role and relative magnitudes of the gauged and regionalized uncertainty sources in shaping the signature uncertainty distributions predicted for catchments treated as ungauged. We found that (1) if the gauged uncertainties were neglected there was a clear risk of overconditioning the regionalization inference, e.g., by attributing catchment differences resulting from gauged uncertainty to differences in catchment behavior, and (2) uncertainty in the regionalization results was lower for signatures measuring flow distribution (e.g., mean flow) than flow dynamics (e.g., autocorrelation), and for average flows (and then high flows) compared to low flows.
Earth‐Abundant and Durable Nanoporous Catalyst for Exhaust‐Gas Conversion
Authors: Fujita Takeshi , Abe Hideki , Tanabe Toyokazu , Ito Yoshikazu , Tokunaga Tomoharu , Arai Shigeo , Yamamoto Yuta , Hirata Akihiko , Chen Mingwei
Published: February 2016

Precious metals (Pt and Pd) and rare earth elements (Ce in the form of CeO2) are typical materials for heterogeneous exhaust‐gas catalysts in automotive systems. However, their limited resources and high market‐driven prices are principal issues in realizing the path toward a more sustainable society. In this regard, herein, a nanoporous NiCuMnO catalyst, which is both abundant and durable, is synthesized by one‐step free dealloying. The catalyst thus developed exhibits catalytic activity and durability for NO reduction and CO oxidation. Microstructure characterization indicates a distinct structural feature: catalytically active Cu/CuO regions are tangled with a stable nanoporous NiMnO network after activation. The results obtained by in situ transmission electron microscopy during NO reduction clearly capture the unique reaction‐induced self‐transformation of the nanostructure. This finding can possibly pave the way for the design of new catalysts for the conversion of exhaust gas based on the element strategy.
Experimental and numerical study on a bubbling fluidized bed with wet particles
Authors: Wang Tianyu , He Yurong , Tang Tianqi , Peng Wengen
Published: February 2016

As liquid bridge between particles acts an important role in the particle system, it is of considerable significance to analyze the flow hydrodynamics of wet particles in fluidized beds, which will improve the reactor design and process optimization. Thus, experimental and numerical investigations on wet particles in a bubbling fluidized bed are conducted in current work. On experimental side, particle image velocimetry (PIV) technology is employed with a designed bubbling fluidized bed. The silicone oil is used in this work because it is nonvolatile and transparent. On numerical side, a modified discrete element method (DEM) numerical method is developed by compositing an additional liquid‐bridge module into the traditional soft‐sphere interaction model. Most of the physical parameters are chosen to correspond to the experimental settings. Good agreements of particle velocity are found between the DEM simulation and PIV measurement. The performance of different liquid contents and superficial gas velocities are examined. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 1970–1985, 2016
Iodine‐Catalyzed Oxidative Benzylic C−H Bond Amination of Azaarenes: Practical Synthesis of Quinazolin‐4(3 H)‐ones
Authors: Yang Luo , Shi Xin , Hu Ben‐Quan , Wang Li‐Xia
Published: February 2016

An efficient iodine‐catalyzed oxidative benzylic C−H bond amination of azaarenes to afford 2‐heteroaryl quinazolinones has been developed. This reaction utilizes unfunctionalized alkyl azaarenes as starting materials and proceeds under metal‐free conditions with dioxygen as the terminal oxidant, thus is much “greener” than the previous synthetic methods.