bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blood pressure and hypertension
Authors: Whincup Peter , Cook Derek
Published: November 2023

Blood pressure is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Blood pressure in adult life, rather than blood pressure earlier in the life course, is the critical influence on cardiovascular risk. The patterns of blood pressure seen in middle age emerge in the individual in the first years of life and in the population during childhood or adolescence. These patterns are substantially reversible, and closely related to development of variations in body mass. Factors influencing blood pressure in middle age, particularly body mass and potassium intake, are also related to blood pressure in childhood and adolescence, again in a reversible way. Fetal factors (particularly related to birthweight) may have a long term influence on adult blood pressure. However, the effect of fetal factors appears to be smaller than that of factors acting in adult life and the underlying causes and mechanisms have yet to be defined.
Psychological Perspectives On Music And Emotion
Authors: Sloboda John A , Juslin Patrik N
Published: November 2023

In the context of a multidisciplinary work, it may be appropriate for us to briefly set out what we consider to be the essentials of a psychological approach, so as to show its distinct orientation, alongside the other disciplines represented here.Yet, we are also mindful of the apocryphal tale of a young colleague of William James who was asked by the master to take an introductory course in psychology while James was away, and thought he would begin by defining psychology, and was still struggling to do that when James returned 12 weeks later! So as not to delay our treatment of emotion for too long, let alone its intersection with music, we shall confine our remarks on psychology to a set of rather dogmatic statements.We believe that in broad outline they describe what most psychologists do, although there is much dispute over the details, with differing schools and periods placing differing emphasis on the various subcomponents (Leahey 1987).More importantly for the present chapter, perhaps, these statements reflect our own perceptions of what it is to do psychology, of both music and emotion, and form some sort of underlying framework for the material we present here.
Emotion and composition in classical music: historiometric Perspectives
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith
Published: November 2023

The compositions that constitute the classical music tradition of the Western world probably have many different functions. Yet among those functions is probably some kind of emotional expression or communication. That is, when aficionados of classical music attend a concert or turn on their stereo, they usually expect to be ‘moved’. Furthermore, listeners often believe that these emotional reactions are what the composer intended—that the work is a vehicle for emotional communication. As Beethoven once put it, ‘Coming from the heart, may it go to the heart’ (quoted in Scherman & Biancolli 1972, p. 951). What makes these expectations somewhat surprising is the fact that classical music constitutes a fairly abstract form of aesthetic expression. Indeed, the concert halls are often dominated by purely instrumental forms—such as the symphony, concerto, quartet, and sonata—in which not a single word or programme gives any clue what the piece is actually about. Moreover, looking at a music score does not help render a classical composition any less abstract. On the contrary, musical notation is far more precise, rarified, and refined than can be found in any other form of artistic expression. Superficially at least, a score has more in common with a mathematical proof than with a painting, poem, or sculpture.
Emotions In Strong Experiences With Music
Authors: Gabrielsson Alf
Published: November 2023

In most people’s minds there is a strong association between music and emotions. Music can be felt to express emotions as well as to arouse emotions.While musical expression has been given considerable attention in empirical research (cf. Gabrielsson & Lindström, this volume; Juslin, this volume), emotional reactions to music have been less studied. The purpose of this chapter is to describe emotional reactions that occur in particularly strong experiences of music, and further to explore which factors can elicit such reactions. Strong experiences of music may have many properties in common with other types of strong or exceptional experience, for instance,mystical experience which is described and discussed in many religious contexts. In the following, I first briefly review some earlier research on strong experiences, and then describe a research project on strong experiences of music (Section 19.3) and the associated analysis of emotional reactions (Section 19.4), followed by a discussion (Section 19.5).
Wanting and liking
Authors: Nettle Daniel
Published: November 2023

Aldous Huxley’s prophetic novel Brave new world (1931) depicts an England where unhappiness has been eliminated. ‘Everybody's happy now’ is the mantra repeated to the young 150 times a night for the first twelve years of life. Perfect happiness is ensured by a combination of genetic engineering, artificially controlled growth conditions, and intense mind- training from an early age. However, for any residual glimmers of dissatisfaction that somehow survive into adulthood, there is soma.
A design for living
Authors: Nettle Daniel
Published: November 2023

In Mostly harmless, the fifth book in the alarmingly inaccurately named Hitchhiker’s guide to the galaxy trilogy, the late Douglas Adams recounts the story of the development of intelligent robots at a research institute called MISPWOSO (the Maximegalon Institute of Slowly and Painfully Working Out the Surprisingly Obvious).
The Symbolism Of Mathematics
Authors: Whitehead Alfred North
Published: November 2023

We Now return to pure mathematics, and consider more closely the apparatus of ideas out of which the science is built. Our first concern is with the symbolism of the science, and we start with the simplest and universally known symbols, namely, those of arithmetic.
Co-Ordinate Geometry
Authors: Whitehead Alfred North
Published: November 2023

The Methods and ideas of co-ordinate geometry have already been employed in the previous chapters. It is now time for us to consider them more closely for their own sake; and in doing so we shall strengthen our hold on other ideas to which we have attained. In the present and succeeding chapters we will go back to the idea of the positive and negative real numbers and will ignore the imaginaries which were introduced in the last two chapters.
Representational Elaboration and Differentiation: A Clinical-Quantitative Approach to the Assessment of 2-to 4-Year-Olds
Authors: Greenspan Stanley I , Lieberman Alicia F
Published: November 2023

A major problem in modem psychology has been the absence of a unified conceptual framework encompassing both emotional and cognitive development and the reciprocal influences between these two processes. Research on personality organization, particularly in the areas of assessment and outcome, has been hampered by the resulting inability to evaluate the emotional and cognitive development within a cohesive framework. The two most comprehensive theories of human development stem from separate attempts to understand each of these two developmental lines. Psychoanalytic developmental psychology delves most deeply into emotional processes, whereas Piaget’s cognitive developmental psychology offers an account of the unfolding of cognitive abilities. Both theories appear to probe different and incompatible realms of experience: the dynamic unconscious and rational intelligent thought. Wolff (1963, 1965) made an attempt to synthesize both theories by using the state of the organism as an explanatory link between them: He postulated that the Freudian system was a valid account of behavior under high drive states and that the Piagetian system accounted for behavior in states of low organismic arousal. But this view depends on a form of dualism involving two parallel systems rather than on a true synthesis of emotional and cognitive developmental processes.
Overview of Political Change
Authors: Brecher Charles , Horton Raymond D , Cropf Robert A , Mead Dean Michael
Published: November 2023

The field of urban politics has changed dramatically since the early 1960s, which many regard as its heyday. Then, some of political science’s major figures mounted a counterattack against a loose assemblage of neo-Marxists, mostly sociologists, who had concluded that American cities, like the larger society, were governed by a “power elite.” The issue seemed important at the time. The efforts of the political scientists involved served as evidence that their discipline was capable of providing intellectual leadership in a period when national political leaders were showing increased concern for urban problems.
Improving the Operating Budget Process
Authors: Brecher Charles , Horton Raymond D , Cropf Robert A , Mead Dean Michael
Published: November 2023

The city of New York has hailed its recovery from the 1975 fiscal crisis with pride and relief, and it reserved its fullest celebration for the “sunset” of the state’s Financial Control Board (FCB) on June 30, 1986. In attendance at the plenary meeting of the board—which was held in open air on the steps of City Hall—were most of the dignitaries who had played powerful and public roles in the early structuring of the fiscal recovery. The recovery period, originally expected to take three years, was redefined in 1978, and in the end it took over ten years for the city to demonstrate, as required by law, that it had achieved recurring budget balance, recovery of market access, and repayment of debt guaranteed by the federal government in the years following the crisis.
Tax Policy
Authors: Brecher Charles , Horton Raymond D , Cropf Robert A , Mead Dean Michael
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents a framework for evaluating the tax policies of the city of New York.1 It is divided into five sections. The first examines the central but contested issue of the extent to which municipal tax policy affects local economic performance. The second section reviews how municipal tax revenues and the local economy have changed since the 1960s. A discussion of the standards that may be used in evaluating tax policy is found in the third section. The fourth section applies the standards to the major local taxes. The final section discusses the implications for New York City’s municipal tax system.
Feedback, Instability, and Bifurcation
Authors: Ortoleva Peter J
Published: November 2023

The scenario for pattern formation set forth in Chapter 1 involved amplification of small deviations from the unpattemed state. Here feedback in a reaction-transport network is shown more explicitly to lead to the instability of the unpattemed state and the development of patterns. The tendency for instability is demonstrated qualitatively via an examination of several reaction-transport feedback loops. A more quantitative study involving stability analysis and bifurcation theory is also presented using stirred-tank and batch reactors as model systems. Generalizations needed for paiticular geochemical problems are given in application chapters.
Unstable Coarsening Fronts and Precipitate Patterning
Authors: Ortoleva Peter J
Published: November 2023

There are many situations in geology where new solid phases are nucleated and the system is left in a state with many small precipitate particles. Examples include cooling magmas, metamorphic rocks undergoing changes in stress or temperature, sedimentary rocks under diagenesis, and rocks of all types that manifest reaction fronts in response to imposed flows or gradients of composition or temperature. When the precipitate particles are very small their surface-to-volume ratio can be very large and hence interfacial energy can play an appreciable role. In particular, grain solubility may depend strongly on grain size. In this chapter we demonstrate how such size dependence can lead to a self-organization mechanism for creating patterns of precipitate content.
More
Authors: Collins Robert M
Published: November 2023

James Carville famously reminded Bill Clinton throughout 1992 that “rit’s the economy, stupid.” Yet, for the last forty years, historians of modern America have ignored the economy to focus on cultural, social, and political themes, from the birth of modern feminism to the fall of the Berlin Wall. Now a scholar has stepped forward to place the economy back in its rightful place, at the center of his historical narrative. In More, Robert M. Collins reexamines the history of the United States from Franklin Delano Roosevelt to Bill Clinton, focusing on the federal government’s determined pursuit of economic growth. After tracing the emergence of growth as a priority during FDR’s presidency, Collins explores the record of successive administrations, highlighting both their success in fostering growth and its partisan uses. Collins reveals that the obsession with growth appears not only as a matter of policy, but as an expression of Cold War ideology—both a means to pay for the arms build-up and proof of the superiority of the United States’ market economy. But under Johnson, this enthusiasm sparked a crisis: spending on Vietnam unleashed runaway inflation, while the nation struggled with the moral consequences of its prosperity, reflected in books such as John Kenneth Galbraith’s The Affluent Society and Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring. More continues up to the end of the 1990s, as Collins explains the real impact of Reagan’s policies and astutely assesses Clinton’s “disciplined growthmanship,” which combined deficit reduction and a relaxed but watchful monetary policy by the Federal Reserve. Writing with eloquence and analytical clarity, Robert M. Collins offers a startlingly new framework for understanding the history of postwar America.
Topographic Mapping Of Multilead Data
Authors: Coppola Richard
Published: November 2023

Interpretation of multiload data is a problem that is central to current research on the human electroencephalogram (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs). This is particularly true given technical advances that permit multiload data to be routinely recorded and displayed.
Great Expectations: Anticipatory Responses Of The Heart And Brain
Authors: Putnam Lois E
Published: November 2023

Two classes of phenomena traditionally studied by autonomic psychophysiologists are particularly relevant to research on brain event-related potentials (ERPs): evoked responses of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to discrete stimuli (e.g., orienting, defensive, and startle responses) and anticipatory ANS responses that occur prior to expected events.
Event-Related Potentials In Populations At Genetic Risk: A Methodological Review
Authors: Friedman David
Published: November 2023

The search for genetic markers has received increased attention with the advent of new techniques and innovations in molecular genetics. Such markers may make early identification of at-risk individuals possible. However, except for a very few and mostly rare diseases (e.g., Huntington’s disease; Gisella, et al., 1983), other diseases in which a genetic component has been implicated have not yielded such genetic markers.
Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons: Cytoarchitecture, Ultrastructure, and Biophysical Properties
Authors: Cabot J B
Published: November 2023

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons are found exclusively within spinal cord. They are the central nervous systems final common pathway responsible for the peripheral regulation of sympathetic function. Specifically, they are the last neuronal link contained within the central nervous system for the peripheral activation of sympathetic postganglionic neurons and adrenal chromaffin cells.
Vagal Preganglionic Neuronsv
Authors: Loewy A D , Spyer K M
Published: November 2023

Vagal parasympathetic preganglionic fibers arise from two main nuclei in the medulla oblongata: ( l) the dorsal vagal nucleus and (2) the nucleus ambiguus. These fibers innervate parasympathetic ganglia that lie near, on the surface, or within the muscular walls of cervical, thoracic, and abdominal visceral organs. The vagus nerve supplies motor fibers that control the mucous glands and muscles of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and the rest of the gastro intestinal tract, up to the point where the descending colon begins. The remaining lower gastrointestinal tract is innervated by the sacral parasympathetic fi bers.
Neural Regulation of Vasopressin-Containing Hypothalamic Neurons and the Role of Vasopressin in Cardiovascular Function
Authors: Harris M C , Loewy A D
Published: November 2023

Vasopressin is a peptide hormone that is synthesized in the cell bodies of the magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. This peptide is transported along with its carrier protein, neurophysin I, in axons that project to the neural lobe of the pituitary gland. Here it is stored in axon terminals and, on physiological demand, released into the hypophysial capillaries. A variety of physiological stimuli, usually involving in creases in extracellular fluid osmolality or decreases in blood volume or blood pressure, trigger the re lease of this hormone.
Autonomic Changes in Affective Behavior
Authors: Jordan D
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to review what is known about the autonomic responses that accompany affective behavior and to provide a description of the neural mechanisms that integrate autonomic and somatic motor functions. In attempting this task, it is necessary to compare the neural sites responsible for producing patterns of behavior with those responsible for patterns of autonomic response. The discussion focuses on how these behavioral and autonomic sites coincide and interact to provide integrated responses appropriate for particular physiological situations.
Introduction Du Bois-Afro-American and American Political Thought
Authors: Adolph L. Reed
Published: November 2023

William Edward Burghardt Du Bors is generally recognized as a central figure in the history of Afro-American politics, a major contributor to more than a half-century’s debate over the condition of and proper goals and strategies for blacks in the United States and, more broadly, peoples of African descent, worldwide. He enjoyed an unusually long and prominent career as a scholar, essayist, and activist. He was a pioneer in the formation of sociology as an academic discipline in the United States, author of one of the first revisionist histories of Reconstruction, a founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NMCP), shaper-along with first Booker T. Washington and then Marcus Garvey-of two pivotal controversies over racial strategy, elder statesman of the Harlem Renaissance, hero of Nkrumahite PanAfricanism, militant foe and victim of McCarthyism. Moreover, among prominent Afro-American political actors in this century Du Bois is perhaps the most systematic thinker (at least insofar as coherent writing is the expression of systematic thought). No other black intellectual or activist has written so much or so widely, and few have been so insistent on grounding strategic thinking on clear normative and theoretical principles.
Three Confusions about Du Bois: Interracialism, Pan-Africanism, Socialism
Authors: Reed Adolph L
Published: November 2023

Du Bms’s Prominence in this century’s Afro-American political life is widely recognized. Yet attempts to categorize him with respect to the various strategic and ideological programs constitutive of black political debate have yielded an uncommonly confusing picture. The confusion about locating Du Bois programmatically has two sources. The first is quite simple: Du Bois lived and acted through several discrete social and political situations that seemed to him to require different strategic responses for the race. Sometimes, especially when sundered from the situations to which they were responses, the strategies that he proposed appear to contradict one another. Analysts, then, have chosen and defended one or another set of strategies or one or another period as authentically Du Boisian. This is a problem of temporal or contextual focus.
Hormones and Behavior at Puberty
Authors: Nottelmann Editha D , Inoff-Germain Gale , Susman Elizabeth J , Chrousos George P
Published: November 2023

Early adolescence (ages 10-14) is a period of important developmental transitions. Changes occur in cognitive, emotional, and social functioning and, most strikingly, with the onset of puberty, in physical stature and body contour. In recognition of accumulating evidence of the interrelatedness of psychological functioning and pubertal changes during early adolescence, researchers studying this period of development increasingly are examining psychological processes in relation to the processes of pubertal development. In particular, there is renewed interest in biological-psychosocial interactions (e.g., Lerner & Foch, 1987).
Trends in Adolescent Sexual Activity, Contraception, and Pregnancy in the United States
Authors: Hofferth Sandra L
Published: November 2023

Premarital sex among teenagers is a major issue in the United States today. Although this has been primarily due to concern over unwanted pregnancy, it has also taken on an increased importance since the spread of herpes, which is not curable, and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is fatal. Highly personal sexual attitudes and practices have come under increased public scrutiny in the past 5 or 6 years. Given the documented negative consequences for teens of bearing children too early, and the increased risk of contracting incurable sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), it is of the utmost urgency to have up-to-date information on the sexual beliefs, values, and behavior of individuals, the trends in these behaviors, and their causes in order to better understand the population at risk.
Thermoelastic Parameters at High Compression
Authors: Anderson Orson L
Published: November 2023

I begin by listing the thermodynamic identities used in this book, many of which are well known {see Stacey, 1977a; Brennan and Stacey, 1979; Zemansky, 1943; and Bassett et al., 1968). Relationships of classical thermodynamics are very helpful in determining physical properties at extreme conditions because many of the needed experimental data cannot be obtained. The chief experimental information on the interior of the earth is taken from seismic data, so the thermodynamic relationships appropriate to geophysical problems are often recast emphasizing elastic properties. Compensating for the limited kinds of measurements available in high P-high T materials sciences is a set of relationships and approximations, set forth below, not customarily emphasized in thermodynamics as found in physics and chemistry textbooks. With these identities a temperature measurement, done isobarically, can be converted to pressure information. Conversely, an isothermal pressure measurement can be converted to temperature information. As we shall see, some thermodynamic identities can easily be transformed into differential equations to help construct a theory aimed at showing how a physical property can be defined at extreme P and T.
Thermal Expansivity at High P and T
Authors: Anderson Orson L
Published: November 2023

The importance of knowing the value of the thermal expansivity of candidate materials of the earth’s mantle at P, T conditions of the lower mantle is well recognized. Attempts to find the high T, high P values of a for mantle minerals have been made by Anderson (1967), Knittle et al. (1986), Mao et al. (1991), Chopelas and Boehler (1992a), Hemley et al. (1992), Anderson et al. (1992b), and Wang et al. (1994).
General Monge-Kantorovich Problem And Its Applications In Measure Theory And Mathematical Economics
Authors: Levin V L
Published: November 2023

Here x is a topological space, a function c and a measure p on x with px = () are assumed to be given, and .n1 and .n2 denote the projection operators of measures on X x X onto their marginals on X: We shall give a more precise statement of this problem by specifying the classes in which the space X, the cost function c, and the corresponding measures p on X andµ on Xx X are chosen.
A Case For Interactive Multiobjective Linear Programming (Molp)
Authors: Dror Moshe , Gass Saul I
Published: November 2023

The branch of mathematics known as linear programming (or more broadly as mathematical programming) has grown very rapidly because of its important economic and industrial implications. Such growth has been due, in part, to the early remarkable work of L. V. Kantorovich. By 1939, he had identified and formulated a number of problems in terms what we now call linear programming (LP) and developed mathematical procedures for solving them. From the outset his scientific inquiries in this area were aimed “ … to propagate the most scientific organization of production” [1] as quoted by Kantorovich in [2).
Peer Interaction and Cognitive Development
Authors: Rogoff Barbara
Published: November 2023

So far, we have considered guided participation in which children interact with partners who are more skilled than they. Most of the research has involved adult partners. In Vygotsky’s perspective, skilled peers may serve a function like that of adults in interaction in the zone of proximal development. It appears from the findings reviewed in Chapter 8 that while peers can be expert in cognitive problem solving, adults are more likely to be.
The Oil Company Research Laboratory
Authors: Drew Lawrence J
Published: November 2023

After leaving graduate school, I was employed by a government contractor, the Geotech Company in Alexandria, Virginia, where I analyzed oceanographic data. When I joined the company in 1967, the staff directory was reprinted, and we were 127 persons strong. Photoreduction was required to make the list of names fit on a single page. After about 6 months, however, I became concerned as I watched this work force being reduced. Friday seemed to be the day people were let go. On the Monday morning after each of these Fridays, I noticed that the staff directory did not have to be reduced as much. When the staff had dwindled to 61, I resigned and went to work for an oil company. I left believing that just about nobody was going to have an entire career and retire normally from the government-contracting business-not from this company and probably not from any contract research company on the beltway that surrounds the nation ‘s capital.
The Economists
Authors: Drew Lawrence J
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, a discussion of the motives of the different types of exploration firms within the context of exploration behavior was presented without using the formal vocabulary of microeconomics. In this chapter, my interaction with economists on oil and gas-resource assessment issues is told. This is a story of conflict between two academic disciplines that are based on very different analytical structures. As I became involved with economists in discussions on the future supply of oil and gas during the middle 1970s, I found that the only way I could hold my own was to study the field formally.
Waging Peace
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H
Published: November 2023

Waging Peace offers the first fully comprehensive study of Eisenhower’s “New Look” program of national security, which provided the groundwork for the next three decades of America’s Cold War strategy. Though the Cold War itself and the idea of containment originated under Truman, it was left to Eisenhower to develop the first coherent and sustainable strategy for addressing the issues unique to the nuclear age. To this end, he designated a decision-making system centered around the National Security Council to take full advantage of the expertise and data from various departments and agencies and of the judgment of his principal advisors. The result was the formation of a “long haul” strategy of preventing war and Soviet expansion and of mitigating Soviet hostility. Only now, in the aftermath of the Cold War, can Eisenhower’s achievement be fully appreciated. Waging Peace will be of interest to scholars and students of the Eisenhower era, diplomatic history, the cold war, and contemporary foreign policy.
Organizing for National Security
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H
Published: November 2023

No American president believed more strongly than Eisenhower in an orderly system for strategic planning and policy making, and that a well-conceived organization was essential for such a system. “Organization cannot make a genius out of an incompetent” or “make the decisions which are required to trigger necessary action,” he reflected in retirement. “On the other hand, disorganization can scarcely fail to result in inefficiency and can easily lead to disaster.” The cold war magnified the importance of this truism. “[S]ituations of actual or probable conflict change so rapidly and the weaponry of modern military establishments increase their destructiveness at such a bewildering speed,” explained Eisenhower, that the U.S. president “will always need the vital studies, advice, and counsel that only a capable and well-developed staff organization can give him.” Eisenhower developed these convictions, as discussed in chapter 2, over the course of his lengthy career in the military. During these years as well, he developed a critical perspective on the management styles of Presidents Herbert Hoover, Franklin Roosevelt, and, of course, Harry Truman. It was “inconceivable to me,” he wrote later, “that the work of the White House could not be better systemized than had been the case during the years I observed it.” Hence if elected president, he vowed throughout his campaign, he would make certain that America’s process for national security policy was indeed better systemized.
How Much Is Enough?
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H
Published: November 2023

The formulation of any national security strategy premised on the long haul approach required an informed and systematic review of the threat assessment, defense plans, forces, and budget inherited from Truman. For this purpose, Eisenhower had distributed to the statutory members of the NSC and others whom Eisenhower intended to include in strategic planning summaries of each existing statement of basic national security policy. The summaries, explained NSC Executive Secretary James Lay in his covering memorandum, had “no official standing.” Rather, they were solely “for the personal use of the recipients in preparing for and engaging in discussions at Council meetings.” Accompanying the summaries, moreover, was a memorandum with an array of “major questions” the president’s advisors would be asked to examine over the course of these discussions. They did not, Lay’s memorandum read, “indicate any proposed policies.” They did indicate, however, the basis on which policies should-and would-be proposed.
Higher-Order Cognitive Impairments and Frontal Lobe Lesions in Man
Authors: Shallice Tim , Burgess Paul
Published: November 2023

It has long been well known that some patients with lesions to the prefrontal cortex can perform well on some types of demanding cognitive tasks such as WAIS IQ tests, but can have difficulties on some specific problem-solving tasks or in dealing with the types of practical problems that occur in everyday life (Eslinger and Damasio, 1985; Milner, 1964; Stuss and Benson, 1986). The theories that have been put forward to account for this dissociation have tended to be couched in descriptive language and in one case in gestalt terminology.
Guidelines for the Study of Brain-Behavior Relationships During Development
Authors: Diamond Adele
Published: November 2023

One way to study the relationship of brain maturation to the elaboration of cognitive abilities during development is to use a two-pronged approach: (1) Study the developmental progression of children’s performance on behavioral tasks, and (2) link successful performance on those tasks uniquely to specific neural systems. I would like to suggest a set of guidelines for the conduct and evaluation of such research. I will use the work of myself and others on the development of cognitive abilities linked to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to illustrate these guiding principles.
Condensed Matter Physics
Authors: Isihara A
Published: November 2023

This outstanding book serves as both an introductory research work and a graduate text on condensed matter physics. It is also accessible to plasma physicists and their students. The emphasis is on applications to a variety of systems and phenomena rather than theoretical derivations and techniques. Experimentalists who wish to obtain a feel for the theories involved in these systems will find careful explanations for many of the most active areas of work in physics today. The chapters are self-contained and can be read independently. In total, this text gives the beginning researcher a solid foundation on which to build his or her knowledge of this tremendously rich and growing field.
A causal analysis of stages in allopatric speciation
Authors: Allmon Warren D
Published: November 2023

Every instance of allopatric speciation must involve at least three stages. First, a daughter population must form, that is, it must become separated, at least in some degree, from the parent population. Second, the daughter population must persist in this separated state long enough to become a discrete new species. Third, the daughter population must become differentiated from the parent population during this period of separation. Breaking the speciation process down into these three stages may allow for more explicit identification and analysis of causal factors involved. Examination of previous studies of speciation indicates that each of these stages has been considered before, but they have never been united into a comprehensive view.
Out Of Afghanistan
Authors: Cordovez Diego , Harrison Selig S
Published: November 2023

The Soviet withdrawal from Afganistan has been largely attributed to the bravery of the Afghan resistance reinforced by American weaponry and support. This book shows how it was in fact years of persistent United Nations initiatives that proved crucial to the conclusion of the Geneva accords, and that the ideological hard line of the Reagan administration prolonged the conflict. Diego Cordovez, the United Nations mediator for the Afghanistan conflict, and prominent foreign policy analyst Selig Harrison have written the definitive account of the negotiations that helped end the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, the last great clash of the cold war.
Herbivory and Its Impact on Plant Reproduction
Authors: Hendrix Stephen D
Published: November 2023

The currency of fitness for plants as well as animals is the number of descendants that an individual produces. In plants, adaptations leading to maximization of lifetime reproductive output are diverse (Cousens,23DeWreede and Klinger,35 and Mishler,105 this volume). This diversity is due in part to differences in life histories and the nature and intensity of selection pressures on plants of different taxonomic affinities, morphologies (Waller,141 this volume), and habitats.
Genetic and Evolutionary Consequences of Small Population Size in Plants: Implications for Conservation
Authors: Barrett Spencer C H , Kohn Joshua R
Published: November 2023

Plant population sizes vary in space and time both within and among species. This variability is the result of complex interactions among the life-history features of populations, local environmental conditions, and the historical ecology of particular species. Populations range in size from many thousands, as in some forest trees and savannah grasses, to small colonies of a few plants in rare orchids and certain parasitic plants. Considering the sessile habit of plants and the ease with which they can be counted, data on population sizes are surprisingly sparse in the botanical literature.
The Application of Minimum Viable Population Theory to Plants
Authors: Menges Eric S
Published: November 2023

Conservation biology is a crisis-oriented science, yet faced with the difficult challenge of understanding and predicting the long-term dynamics of complex systems (Soule 1985). At the population level, conservation biologists are largely concerned with population viability. The analysis of population viability holds the same challenge as conservation biology as a whole; that is, we need to understand the long-term viability (or survivability) of populations, but we must make immediate decisions on their protection and management. Therefore, as conservation biologists we must tolerate uncertainty and be prepared to make best guesses based on available data.
Conservation of Rare Trees in Tropical Rain Forests: A Genetic Perspective
Authors: Bawa K S , Ashton P S
Published: November 2023

Conservation of tropical biota is one of the most pressing environmental issues of our time. Whereas many species of organisms are endangered with extinction in the temperate zone, species are becoming extinct every day in the tropics. For example, Myers (1988) has identified ten hotspot areas around the world that have unusually large proportions of endemic plant species and where the rates of deforestation are also very high. Myers estimates that forested areas in these hotspot regions, which contain 34,000 endemic species, will be reduced to 10% of the original area during the next 20 years.
Conservation of Rare and Endangered Plants: Principles and Prospects
Authors: Holsinger Kent E , Gottlieb L D
Published: November 2023

Plant conservationists concerned with rare and endangered species are faced with a daunting task. A 1988 report from the Center for Plant Conservation, based on a survey of 130 botanical experts, identified 253 plants in the United States that may go extinct within five years and an additional 427 that may go extinct in ten years-a total of 680 species that may go extinct before the year 2000. Three-quarters of these species occur in only five states or territories: California, Florida, Hawaii, Texas, and Puerto Rico. The numbers are even more startling when considered on a global scale. Although fewer than 1000 of the nearly 250,000 species of vascular plants have gone extinct in the past 100 years, nearly 60,000, mostly in the tropics, are thought to be at risk in the next 50 years (Raven 1987).
Treating Nicotine Addiction in Patients with Psychiatric Co-morbidity
Authors: Resnick Michael P
Published: November 2023

Psychiatric patients deserve to be at the fore-front of efforts to treat nicotine addiction. While historically there has been little interest in this population, as well as considerable denial and avoidance, these patients are as likely as others to benefit from quitting. Psychiatry is belatedly awakening to the seriousness of nicotine addiction (Gralnick 1988; Cohen 1988). This chapter will explore the unique circumstances of psychiatric patients, the relationship between psychiatric disorder and nicotine addiction, and special problems in psychiatric institutions. Recent research on the interaction between smoking cessation, relapse, and mood dis-order is reviewed. In addition, this chapter discusses interactions between psychotropic medications and smoking. A special challenge arises from the traditional, permissive attitude much of psychiatry has had toward tobacco use by psychiatric patients.
Youth Tobacco Use: Risks, Patterns, and Control
Authors: Flay Brian R
Published: November 2023

The most reliable data on youth tobacco use come from the Monitoring the Future annual survey of high school youth conducted by the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research (ISR) (Johnston, O’Malley, Bachman 1989; in press).1 These data indicate that 19% of 1992 high school seniors in the United States smoked daily (more than half of them smoking 10 or more cigarettes/ day) and that almost 28% smoked at least monthly. The 30-day rate of smoking among 12th graders has fallen by only 1.6 percentage points since 1981. Data from the most recent 1991 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), another national survey of 9th-12th graders, showed a similar 17% rate of frequent cigarette use (cigarette smoking on 20 or more of the 30 days preceding the survey) for 12th-graders (CDC, 1992). Among the entire sample of 9th-12th graders, the frequent smoking rate increased from 8.4% in Grade 9 to 17% in grade 12. While smoking prevalence and rates have become increasingly similar for males and females, males tend to be heavier smokers and are far more likely than girls to use smokeless tobacco (CDC, 1992).
Of Mystery and Magnets
Authors: Verschuur Gerrit L
Published: November 2023

One of my earliest memories is of vivid flashes of lightning followed by claps of thunder that filled me with terror. To deal with the awesome light and noise I turned to my parents for reassurance. I wanted an explanation. But how could my parents deal with my tearful questions? Even if they had known about convection, charge separation, electrical discharge, tem porary vacuums, and shock waves, how could they relate such facts to a child? I needed an immediate guarantee that thunder and lightning were nothing to worry about.
Fields and Faraday
Authors: Verschuur Gerrit L
Published: November 2023

Progress in the study of magnetism and electricity was always able to move forward unswayed by the caution of clerics or theology. Nowhere in any of the world’s fundamental reli gious tracts were there statements about the nature of magne tism. This meant that physicists did not have to struggle against church doctrine, as was Galileo’s lot when he tried to show that the sun was at the center of the solar system. No segment of the population was offended by discoveries about the nature of magnetism in the way that religious fundamentalists continue to rankle at the discovery of biological evolution. This freedom to explore beyond any possible restraints placed on pursuing certain other questions may account for the rapid progress in physics that took place in the nineteenth century. This is not to imply that the physicists involved did not hold religious beliefs. We have seen that many of them did; only that these beliefs did not hamper progress. In the case of Faraday, they helped.
Maxwell Sees the Light
Authors: Verschuur Gerrit L
Published: November 2023

At about the time Faraday was conjuring up notions about the existence of fields, James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) was born in Scotland of a comparatively well-off and highly culti vated family (Fig. 8-1). Before he died at the age of forty-eight he had made marvelous use of Faraday’s insights and trans formed physics in the process. Maxwell set the study of mag netism and electricity on a solid foundation from which it would never be toppled.
The Cutaneous Senses
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: November 2023

The idea that there may be five senses can be traced to the Ancient Greeks, who spoke of vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. Questions arose about the touch category, however, and even Aristotle, who is often associated with the notion that there are five senses, appeared to wonder whether touch really represented one sense or many.
Gustation
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: November 2023

A number of early Greek philosophers and naturalists discussed the sense of taste and the mechanisms thought to underlie it. One of the earliest was Alcmaeon, who lived in the fifth century B.C. He hypothesized that the tongue allowed taste particles to enter the sensorium through small pores on its surface.
The Cerebellum and the Corpus Striatum
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: November 2023

This chapter is divided into two parts. The first examines the history of the cerebellum, a structure described and differentiated from the cerebrum by the Ancient Greeks. The second is devoted to the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus, three nuclei that make up the corpus striatum.
Defining and Controlling the Circuits of Emotion
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: November 2023

Chapter 19 reviewed a number of early, speculative theories about the emotions, beginning with Ancient Greek ideas and culminating with the highly controversial James-Lange theory of the nineteenth century. It also presented certain contributions that proved to be more lasting. Foremost among these was the notion that the circuitry of emotion could best be understood from an evolutionary perspective. This idea stemmed from Charles Darwin’s and Herbert Spencer’s theories of evolution and natural selection and was applied to neurological thinking by John Hughlings Jackson. He postulated that phylogenetically newer parts of the brain keep tight reins on more primitive parts and that damage to the former can result in a “release” of control and subsequent expression of more animal-like propensities. Jackson suggested that the cerebral cortex, and the frontal lobes in particular, had the job of controlling the beast within. But precisely where that beast resided and how its actions were mediated proved to be much less clear.
The Primary Solar-Type Atmosphere Surrounding The Accreting Earth: H2o-Induced High Surface Temperature
Authors: Sasaki S
Published: November 2023

In the solar nebula, a growing planet attracts ambient gas to form a solar-type atmosphere. The structure of this Hi-He atmosphere is calculated assuming the Earth was formed in the nebula The blanketing effect of the atmosphere renders the planetary surface molten when the planetary mass exceeds 0.2 ME (ME being the present Earth’s mass). Reduction of the surface melt by atmospheric H2 should add a large amount of H2O to the atmosphere: Under the quartz-iron-fayalite oxygen buffer, partial pressure ratio Ptt20/Ptt2 becomes higher than 0.1. Enhancing opacity and gas mean molecular weight, the excess H2O mises the temperature and renders the atmosphere in convective equilibrium, while the dissociation of H2 suppresses the adiabatic temperature gradient. The surface temperature of the proto-Earth can be as high as 4700 K when its mass is 1 ME, Such a high temperature may accelerate the evaporation of surface materials. A deep totally-molten magma ocean should exist in the accreting Earth.
Characteristics of Prebroadcast Debates in America
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Birdsell David S
Published: November 2023

The American political system grew up with debate. Colonial assemblies debated revolution, the Constitutional Convention debated the Constitution, and Congress debated the law. These contests produced memorable speeches and launched political careers. But debate was more than a political tool in early America; it was also a means of educating the young, honing professional skills, demonstrating personal worth, and enlightening the citizenry. These different purposes, overlapping in some respects and conflicting in others, combined to form the debate traditions of the early national period and some of the expectations that remain today.
The Impact of Broadcasting on Debates
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Birdsell David S
Published: November 2023

As Calvin Coolidge’s Secretary of Commerce, Herbert Hoover led the fight for passage of the Federal Radio Act of 1927. Hoover believed that radio would revolutionize “the political debates that underlie political action [by making] us literally one people upon all occasions of general public interest.’’ He was partially correct. Throughout most of the nineteenth century, surrogates carried the case for a presidential nominee in speeches that made party and issue more central than the candidate’s image. Nonetheless, because it was a person, not an aggregate of issues or a party that became president, image played an inevitable role in the broadsides and torches of the campaigns.
Terminology
Authors: Olea Ricardo A
Published: November 2023

Absolute dispersion. See logarithmic semivariogram. Accumulation. The product of a grading operation by the length of the grading support L.