bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF NANNOPLANKTON AND NETPLANKTON AS PRIMARY PRODUCERS IN TROPICAL OCEANIC AND NERITIC PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES1
Authors: Malone Thomas C.
Published: March 2010

Nannoplankton and netplankton primary productivity and standing crop were measured in a wide variety of neritic and oceanic environments in the eastern tropical Pacific and Caribbean region. Nannoplankters were the most important producers in all the environments studied, but netplankton productivity was significantly (P = 0.05) higher in neritic than in oceanic waters. Mean neritic netplankton–nannoplankton productivity and chlorophyll ratios were 0.50 ± 0.14 and 0.62 ± 0.22 respectively, significantly higher than those observed in oceanic waters.

Relative levels of netplankton standing crop and productivity were not systematically related to corresponding levels of primary productivity and standing crop as a whole.

The patterns of variation in the relative importance of netplankton and nannoplankton could be accounted for by the high netplankton growth rates and low grazing pressure indices observed in neritic as compared to oceanic waters.
Available Iron: A Limiting Factor for Marine Phytoplankton1
Authors: Lewin Joyce , Chen Ching‐Hong
Published: March 2010

Experiments on the availability of iron in culture media have been carried out using seawater from Hood Canal, Washington. When all nutrients (except for Fe‐EDTA) were added and the culture medium was autoclaved, the iron present in the seawater was unavailable for growth of most of the six phytoplankton species studied. EDTA was effective in making such iron available for algal growth in culture media made with freshly collected seawater but not when the water had been stored some days. Both in stored seawater and in autoclaved culture medium, part of the soluble iron was converted into a particulate form.
A Freshwater “Red Tide” on Clear Lake, California1
Authors: Horne Alexander J. , Javornicky Pavel , Goldman Charles R.
Published: March 2010

A short‐lived freshwater “red tide” of Peridinium pernardii (dinoflagellates) occurred in Clear Lake, California, between late March and mid‐May 1970, confined to a zone of high concentration in shallow water around the lake’s margin. Densities reached at least 5,000 cells ml−1 and at least 130 µg liter−1 chlorophyll a. The red tide is attributed to winter floods followed by a calm period with clear skies that provided dissolved organic material and high insolation. It is postulated that the high inorganic turbidity present at this time prevented rapid growth of the spring‐summer dominant alga Aphanizomenon flos‐aquae but did not preclude the bloom of P. pernardii because of its phototactic mobility. No toxic effects were noted on the flora and fauna of the lake.
NITROGEN FIXATION IN AN ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT: THE WACCASASSA ON THE FLORIDA GULF COAST1
Authors: Brooks Ralph H. , Brezonik Patrick L. , Putnam Hugh D. , Keirn Michael A.
Published: March 2010

Nitrogen fixation has been detected by the acetylene reduction method in the sediments of the Waccasassa estuary, a shallow embayment on the Florida Gulf Coast. Fixation rates in the range 1.6–15.0 ng C2H4/g sediment‐hr were found within the top 2–5‐cm stratum of sediments. Expressed in terms of equivalent nitrogen fixed, the range was 0.64–6.0 ng N/g‐hr. Much lower rates (0.03–0.40 ng C2H4/g‐hr) were found at greater depths in the sediment, and no fixation was observed in the flocculent unconsolidated 1–2 cm at the sediment surface.

All evidence indicates that the reduction of acetylene to ethylene is a biological phenomenon, directly related to the activity of nitrogen‐fixing organisms in the sediments. Nitrogen‐free media produced growths of Gram‐positive spore‐forming rods from sediments under an N2 atmosphere. A pure culture similar to Clostridium sp. was isolated on nitrogen‐free media from Waccasassa sediments and was shown capable of nitrogen fixation by the acetylene reduction method.
NITROGEN FIXATION IN LAKE ERKEN1
Authors: Granhall Ulf , Lundgren Alf
Published: March 2010

In situ fixation of molecular nitrogen was measured in 1970 in the pelagial of Lake Erken by the acetylene reduction technique every 2 weeks during a period of 5 months. The diurnal cycles and vertical distribution of algae were also investigated.

Fixation was correlated with the presence of heterocystous blue‐green algae, especially Aphanizomenon, in the phytoplankton, and was light dependent, though appreciable dark fixation also occurred, owing to endogenous utilization of photosynthetic products formed during previous light periods. The annual contribution of nitrogen fixation in the pelagial was of the order 0.5 g N/m2. The highest values were obtained before mass development of Aphanizomenon and maximal primary production. The algae showed highest nitrogenase activity in the first period of algal development.

Lake Erken is moderately eutrophic and unpolluted. The contribution of easily available combined nitrogen by pelagic nitrogen fixation increases the annual loading of combined nitrogen by 40% and must therefore be considered quite important.
FALLOUT CESIUM‐137 IN CLAMS (R ANGIA CUN EAT A) FROM THE NEUSE RIVER ESTUARY, NORTH CAROLINA
Authors: Wolfe Douglas A.
Published: March 2010

The concentration of 137Cs from fallout was determined for the soft tissues of Rangia cuneata from the Trent‐Neuse estuary during 1965–1967. The 137Cs concentration in Rangia varied inversely as a logarithmic function of salinity in the estuary, but with a lesser salinity dependence than reported previously for 137Cs concentration factors in Rangia. An increasing concentration gradient of 137Cs with increasing salinity in the estuary was therefore hypothesized and was confirmed by analysis of 137Cs in estuarine water of varying salinity. Transport of 137Cs on sediments into estuaries, coupled with ion‐exchange displacement of 137Cs from the sediments at elevated salinities, is proposed to explain the concentration gradient of 137Cs in the estuary.
A Direct Method of Measuring Benthic Primary Production in Streams1
Authors: Hansmann Eugene W. , Lane Charles B. , Hall James D.
Published: March 2010

This paper describes a method of direct measurement of the primary production of the benthic algal community in the lotic environment that eliminates calculations of diffusion and is adaptable to the various chemical analyses used to indicate rates of production.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LIGHT CARBON DIOXIDE FIXATION AND DARK CARBON DIOXIDE FIXATION BY MARINE ALGAE1
Authors: Morris Ian , Yentsch Clarice M. , Yentsch Charles S.
Published: March 2010

The ratio of CO2 fixation in light to that in dark increases with increasing cell concentration of phytoplankton, both in natural populations of phytoplankton in the Florida Strait and in cultures of marine algae. The relevance of this phenomenon to the standard method of determining primary production in the oceans by means of carbon‐14 is discussed.
GROWTH INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CHLAMYDOMONAS GLOBOSA SNOW AND CHLOROCOCCUM ELLIPSOIDEUM DEASON AND BOLD UNDER DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS, WITH SPECIAL ATTENTION TO THE ROLE OF pH
Authors: Kroes H. W.
Published: March 2010

The influence of Chlamydomonas globosa and Chlorococcum ellipsoideum on each other’s growth was studied with two different experimental techniques. The first is a newly developed filter culture method in which two separate cultures of different species are connected via a filtering system through which medium is exchanged while the cells themselves are kept separate. Under these circumstances Chlorococcum inhibits the growth of Chlamydomonas but not vice versa.

In the second technique, traditional mixed cultures, Chlorococcum inhibits Chlamydomonas only in unbuffered medium. In medium buffered at pH 8.1 there is a slight stimulation of one or both species. The role of pII in the relation between the species seems therefore to be very important.
CONTRIBUTION BY SNOW TO THE NUTRIENT BUDGET OF SOME SMALL NORTHWEST ONTARIO LAKES
Authors: Barica Jan , Armstrong F. A. J.
Published: March 2010

Nutrient elements accumulated in snow and ice on the surface of two oligotrophic northwest Ontario lakes during winter amounted to 264 mg particulate and 282 mg soluble C, 15.5 mg particulate and 43 mg soluble N, with 1.3 mg particulate and 2.7 mg soluble P per m2 of the lake area. From 61–92% of this material came from snowfall, and the remainder from the lake water by seepage through the ice and refreezing. These nutrients enter the lakes on thawing in spring and are then available for growth of phytoplankton. They represent a significant fraction of the nutrient budget of the lakes.

Trace amounts of Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, and SO4 were also found in the snow‐ice cover, in quantities roughly a 10th of those in the lakes.

The distribution of soluble and particulate matter in snow and ice varied somewhat from place to place and with time, and showed stratification.

The processes of seepage, slush formation, and freezing to form layered ice and snow cover are described.
THE ANNUAL CYCLE IN QUANTITY AND COMPOSITION OF THE ZOOPLANKTON OF THE SARGASSO SEA OFF BERMUDA. II. THE SURFACE TO 2,000 m1
Authors: Deevey Georgiana B. , Brooks Albert L.
Published: March 2010

Zooplankton samples were collected at station “S” (32° 10′ N, 64° 30′ W), 24 km SE of Bermuda in 3,200 m of water, at monthly intervals from July 1968 to June 1969, over four depth intervals from the surface to 2,000 m.

In the upper 500 m highest numbers were found in October and April; between 500 and 1,000 m the highest numbers were present in July, March, and May; from 1,000 to 1,500 m the numbers were highest in August, January, and March. In the deepest waters sampled numbers were highest in July, October, March, and May.

The displacement volumes for the upper 500 m showed a pronounced April maximum; the October maximum in numbers, consisting of small copepods, was not reflected in the volumes. Larger organisms were more common in the deeper waters. In going down the water column, volumes were approximately halved over each lower depth interval, but mean numbers decreased greatly between the upper waters and those of the 500–1,000‐m depth interval, indicating an increase in size of organisms between these two depth ranges.

Crustacea increased in importance and in diversity below 500 m. Copepods comprised 70%. of the plankton of the upper 500 m and 85.2% in the deepest waters sampled. Pelagic ostracods were next in importance, but were relatively less numerous below 1,500 m. Highest numbers of calanoid genera and ostracod species were noted between 500 and 1,500 in. Euphausiids were most numerous between 1,500 and 2,000 m with a November maximum. Tunicates, coelenterates, chaetognaths, Foraminifera, pteropods, and various larval forms were most abundant in numbers and species in the upper waters, but occurred in small numbers below 500 m.
Clarifying a Production Model
Authors: Murphy Garth I.
Published: March 2010

A feedback equation based on Sverdrup’s derivation of critical depth is rederived. The equation makes it possible to estimate the density of the standing crop that will maximize production in any given depth of mixing with respect to light. This gives insight into whether light, or other nutrients, grazing, etc. are limiting.
A Quantitative Comparison of Pigment Extraction by Membrane and Glass‐Fiber Filters
Authors: Long Edward B. , Cooke G. Dennis
Published: March 2010

Absorbances of acetone extracts from lake phytoplankton collected on glass‐fiber filters, ground and extracted 2 hr, were 6–18% greater than from phytoplankton collected on membrane filters and processed identically. Use of glass‐fiber filters cut filtering time by a factor of 10 and material cost by a factor of 4 or more.
Interaction between Fatty Acids and Calcite in Seawater1
Authors: Meyers Philip A. , Quinn James G.
Published: March 2010

Dissolved fatty acids in saline solution and natural seawater are removed by calcite particles. The amount removed is directly related to the initial acid concentration. These compounds may contribute to the natural organic coating of carbonate minerals in the oceans and may interfere with carbonate solution equilibria in seawater. A new method permits the analysis of specific organic acids in the lipid fraction of this coating.
THE CONTROL OF SEAWATER pH BY ION PAIRING1
Authors: Wangersky Peter J.
Published: March 2010

The control of pH in seawater is effected through the whole set of ion‐pairing equilibria, involving all of the major ions in seawater, rather than through the simple reaction series between water and carbon dioxide. The resistance to change of this system is greater than the buffer capacity of the CO2 system, and the speed of reaction is much faster than that of the silicate system proposed by Sillén.
ANOXIC WATER IN THE PETTAQUAMSCUTT RIVER1
Authors: Gaines Arthur G. , Pilson Michael E. Q.
Published: March 2010

Deep basins in the Pettaquamscutt River (Rhode Island), a narrow estuary, are highly stratified. Biogenic H2S accumulates in bottom water to a concentration of 4.5 mm, several times the concentration reported in other anoxic marine or estuarine environments. The alkalinity, which reaches a concentration of 12.66 meq/liter, as well as the observed pH, can be explained by considering the water a solution of several alkaline substances and one acid, H2CO3. Knull and Richards’ model of alkalinity in anoxic water is improved by taking NH3 into account. Richards’ model of sulfate reduction by organic matter accurately predicts the concentrations of those major products influencing alkalinity and pH.
SOLUBILIZATION OF INORGANIC PHOSPHATES BY BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM UPPER KLAMATH LAKE SEDIMENT1
Authors: Harrison Michael J. , Pacha Robert E. , Morita Richard Y.
Published: March 2010

Bacteria that can solubilize FePO4, Ca3(PO4)2, CaHPO4, Al2(PO4)2, and Mg3(PO4)2 were isolated from the sediment of Upper Klamath Lake. Solubilization was associated with carbohydrate metabolism and aerobic growth. Both carbohydrates and products of algal lysis when added to the system stimulated solubilization of phosphates. Solubilization was attributed to the formation of organic acids that function as chelating agents, releasing free phosphate ions that can be utilized by algae.
PHYTOPLANKTON, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, AND PHOSPHORUS IN LAKE MINNETONKA, MINNESOTA1
Authors: Megard Robert O.
Published: March 2010

The temporal and spatial variations of chlorophyll concentrations (n) and integral photosynthesis (Σp) are described for a large, morphometrically complex lake. The daily rate of photosynthesis at the average depth where illumination is optimal (pmax) increases, whereas the depth where illumination begins to be saturating (zi) decreases, as chlorophyll concentrations increase. These opposing effects influence the geometric proportions (expressed by the ratio Σp:pmax) of photosynthesis depth profiles systematically. The regression of the ratio Σp:pmax (= zi) on chlorophyll is fitted to an exponential equation with which zi can be estimated from the chlorophyll concentration. Values of zi so estimated are similar to those expected from the reciprocal relationship between zi and chlorophyll required by Lambert’s law. Therefore daily integral photosynthesis at any locality can be calculated from measurements of the chlorophyll concentration and the rate of photosynthesis in a single water sample incubated for a half day at the average depth where illumination is optimal. Chlorophyll concentrations increase as concentrations of total phosphorus increase, but generally no relationship exists between phosphorus concentrations and maximum specific rates of photosynthesis (Pmax). The linear relationship between phosphorus and chlorophyll occurs only when Anabaena, a nitrogen‐fixing alga, is an important component of the phytoplankton.

The quantity of chlorophyll above the depth zi (= ni) represents ca. 60–80% of the chlorophyll in the photic zone. The value of ni where chlorophyll concentrations are 60 mg/m3 (the maximum concentration at most localities in Lake Minnetonka) is about 100 mg Chl/m2. The usual limit for integral photosynthesis at 20C is therefore 5 g C m‒2 day‒1.
SIGNIFICANCE TO EUTROPHICATION OF SPATIAL DIFFERENCES IN NUTRIENTS AND DIATOMS IN LAKE MICHIGAN1
Authors: Holland Ruth E. , Beeton Alfred M.
Published: March 2010

Sampling was conducted from a railroad ferry between Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Ludington, Michigan, 27 May 1970–6 January 1971, to determine inshore—offshore differences in species and abundance of diatoms, and concentrations of phosphorus, silica, nitrate, and pigments. Inshore waters, especially off Milwaukee, had greater populations of diatoms, different species composition of the diatom communities, and different concentrations of major nutrients and pigments than offshore waters. It appears, therefore, that data from water intakes, which have been used in the past to document changes in the lake, may have represented only local conditions.
LIMNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NORTH AND CENTRAL FLORIDA LAKES1
Authors: Shannon Earl E. , Brezonik Patrick L.
Published: March 2010

Fifty‐five lakes and ponds in north‐central Florida were sampled over 1 year. Florida lakes are typically shallow and derived from solution of limestone formations underlying the peninsula. Stable thermal stratification occurs in 13 lakes and temporary stratification is a common summer phenomenon in many shallow lakes. Lakes in this region are typically low ionic strength waters. Of the 12 lakes classified as hardwater, the condition in some derives from cultural encroachment. High organic color derived primarily from pine litter is a common but variable property. Multivariate cluster analysis grouped the lakes into four classes according to their basic chemical properties. Using seven quantitative trophic indicators, cluster analysis divided the low color lakes into three readily interpretable groups (oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and eutrophic) and the colored lakes into five groups. Highest eutrophic conditions are associated with hardwater clear lakes; the softwater clear lakes were most oligotrophic. Favorable growth conditions enable algae blooms to occur throughout the year in eutrophic lakes; the common blue‐green bloom‐forming algae, Microcystis, Anabaena, and Lyngbya are among the dominant phytoplankton of eutrophic Florida lakes.
CRYOLITE: A MEDIUM FOR THE STUDY OF BURROWING AQUATIC ORGANISMS1
Authors: JOSEPHSON ROBERT K. , FLESSA KARL W.
Published: March 2010

Cryolite (Na3AlF6), a naturally occurring mineral, has an index of refraction nearly identical to that of seawater and thus can provide an almost transparent medium for the study of burrowing marine organisms and the sedimentary modifications which they produce. The specific gravity of cryolite is similar to that of the components of normal sediments, and substrates with any desired grain size can be easily prepared.
A REAPPRAISAL OF NEEDHAM AND USINGER'S DATA ON THE VARIABILITY OF A STREAM FAUNA WHEN SAMPLED WITH A SURBER SAMPLER
Authors: CHUTTER F. M.
Published: March 2010

Needham and Usinger’s analysis of data on the total numbers of animals from 100 samples, each 1 ft2, from a riffle is shown to be erroneous. Their conclusion that 73 samples were needed to arrive at significant figures on total numbers at a 95% level of confidence is optimistic; 448 samples are required to give a sample mean within 5% of the population mean at a 95% level of confidence. Data from sampling sites where the sampling apparatus is totally submerged are particularly variable.
A SLIDING‐CHAMBER PHYTOPLANKTON SETTLING TECHNIQUE FOR MAKING PERMANENT QUANTITATIVE SLIDES WITH APPLICATIONS IN FLUORESCENT MICROSCOPY AND AUTORADIOGRAPHY1
Authors: COULON CHRISTOPHER , ALEXANDER VERA
Published: March 2010

A system has been devised for preparing permanent quantitative phytoplankton slides using sedimentation techniques. These slides can then be used with a conventional microscope. A three‐part settling chamber allows separation of the supernatant from the settled material. Water‐soluble mounting medium added to the sample before settling prevents desiccation and distortion of the organisms. The pigment‐preserving and mounting‐medium qualities of glutaraldehyde combined with this method have applications in plankton counting and autoradiography.
FECUNDITY AND POSSIBLE MODE OF DEVELOPMENT OF SOME DEEP‐SEA OPHIUROIDS1
Authors: Schoener Amy
Published: March 2010

Egg numbers, egg sizes, and presence of hermaphroditism were examined in preserved specimens of five species of deep‐sea ophiuroids. Correlations of each of these parameters with type of reproduction were documented from the literature. Small egg size, large numbers of eggs, and absence of hermaphroditism were characteristic of indirectly developing species; large egg size, fewer eggs, and the presence of hermaphroditism were indicative of directly developing species. Examination of the deep‐sea species with regard to these variables led to the conclusion that one probably has indirect development; the reproductive habits of the others are less certain, although at least one probably develops directly.
LABORATORY STUDIES OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ATTACHED ESTUARINE DIATOMS1
Authors: Wulff Barry L. , McIntire C. David
Published: March 2010

Effects of light intensity, exposure to desiccation, salinity, and heated water on the vertical distribution and growth of populations of attached estuarine diatoms were studied in a laboratory model ecosystem. Of the 35 most abundant diatom taxa found in 36 samples from the laboratory system, all but 8 were also abundant in samples obtained from Yaquina Bay and estuary. Vertical distribution of diatoms was more closely related to light intensity and period of exposure to desiccation in the summer experiments than in the winter experiments. A sudden, unseasonable decrease in salinity or increase in water temperature had a much greater effect on diatom assemblages exposed to 12,270 lux than on those that developed at either 1,030 or 4,710 lux; the most noticeable changes in community structure included a decrease in species diversity and a rapid growth of a population of Melosira nummuloides, a filamentous species. Primary productivity in diatom assemblages exposed to periods of desiccation was less under winter conditions than under corresponding conditions in summer. Primary productivity in assemblages not exposed to desiccation was strongly affected by light intensity during both summer and winter experiments, and the ratio primary productivity: chlorophyll a was greater during winter than summer.
FIELD STUDY AND MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE SLACK‐WATER BUILDUP OF A POLLUTANT IN A TIDAL RIVER1
Authors: Grenney William J. , Bella David A.
Published: March 2010

The accumulation of a pollutant in the vicinity of an outfall during slack‐water periods in a tidal river was studied through a field investigation and a mathematical model.

A diffuser was installed across the main channel of the Yaquina River about 35 km from the mouth at Newport, Oregon. Rhodamine‐B was injected at a constant rate for 10 hr and over 400 water samples were taken. The data indicate a significant buildup during periods of slack water.

A one‐dimensional, time dependent, finite‐difference model developed for the field study simulated average trends reasonably well, but calculated peak values were consistently lower than field observations. Concentration profiles from the model were sensitive to the dispersion coefficient and the grid parameters when large concentration gradients were present.
THE POSSIBLE IMPORTANCE OF FECAL MATERIAL IN THE BIOLOGICAL AMPLIFICATION OF TRACE AND HEAVY METALS1
Authors: Boothe Paul N. , Knauer George A.
Published: March 2010

The concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn in a brown alga, Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus), and in fecal material of the crab Pugettia producta (Randall) fed exclusively on M. pyrifera were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. In this closed system consisting of a primary producer and a primary consumer, the magnitude of concentration of these elements in the resulting feces of the consumer was determined. Except for Cr and Cd, whose concentrations in the fecal material were less than in the kelp, all other elements showed levels in the feces 2.3–14 times those in the algae. These data strengthen the suggestion that fecal material may play a significant role in the cycling of elements in the marine environment.
SINKING RATES OF EUPHAUSIID FECAL PELLETS
Authors: FOWLER SCOTT W. , SMALL LAWRENCE F.
Published: March 2010

Sinking rates of natural fecal pellets from freshly collected euphausiids (126–862 m/day) were, in general, two to three times higher than the sinking rates of pellets produced by the same animals maintained on a diet of Artemia and algae (53–411 m/day). The difference is attributed to different degrees of compaction as well as different food residues in the two types of pellets. Sinking rates of natural fecal pellets from euphausiids can account for the rapid descent of radionuclides. Euphausiid fecal pellets may be at least as important quantitatively as sinking carcasses in the downward transport of matter to deep water and sediments.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT RATE OF THE MAJOR LIFE STAGES OF DIAPTOMUS PALLIDUS HERRICK1
Authors: GEILING W. T. , CAMPBELL ROBERT S.
Published: March 2010

Diaptomus pallidus Herrick were raised from the egg to adulthood at 10, 15, 20, and 25C under ad libitum feeding conditions. Times spent in the egg, nauplius, and preadult life stages were recorded. Egg to adult times ranged from 66.2 days at 10C to 14.6 at 25C. Development rate plateaued between 15 and 20C, largely because of the similarity in time spent in the preadult copepodid stages. Such a plateau, well documented for other temperature related physiological functions in invertebrates, is inconsistent with the suggestion that it may be possible to predict the entire range of temperature response of development rate for all stages of copepods using Bělehrádek’s equation with certain minimal measurements.
DEEP LAKE, CAPE BARNE—ANTARCTICA1
Authors: Hendy C. H. , Selby M. J. , Wilson A. T.
Published: March 2010

Microrelief on the ice of Deep Lake, Ross Island, Antarctica, is attributed to differential ablation, and a 3.3 m high ice cone to tilting of ice blocks beneath a gravel cover of varying thickness. The temperature of the lake water beneath the ice is thought to be a result of solar heating and the chemical stratification to be an indication that there has been an arid period in the immediate past.
THE ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL REDOX CELLS
Authors: Whitfield M.
Published: March 2010

The discharge characteristics of a range of natural redox cells have been monitored. The equilibrium exchange current densities (i0) have been calculated and compared with the current drains imposed by modern electrometers. The results indicate that instrumental loading should be negligible, but the small values of i0 observed may result in the slow attainment of a steady‐state potential. This effect may not be so serious in reduced sediments where the Eh is closely correlated with sulfide activity. In other cases some of the irregularities in electrode behavior may be removed by discharging the cell in situ and measuring its recharge characteristics.
ALGAL POPULATIONS IN ARCTIC SEA ICE: AN INVESTIGATION OF HETEROTROPHY1,2
Authors: HORNER RITA , ALEXANDER V.
Published: March 2010

Complex algal populations in the bottom few centimeters of arctic sea ice are accompanied by bacteria, protozoans, and other organisms. Community uptake of dissolved organic substances, assayed with 14C‐glycine, 14C‐glucose, and 3H‐acetate, was slow. Microscopic examination of autoradiographs suggests that heterotrophic metabolism by the algae was negligible and that assimilation of the added substrate was almost exclusively by bacteria.
DATA ON THE COMPOSITION AN DARK SURVIVAL OF FOUR SEA‐ICE MICROALGAE1
Authors: BUNT J. S. , LEE C. C.
Published: March 2010

Changes in carbon and pigment content of four species of microalgae isolated from antarctic sea ice were followed over a period of 6 months, the first 3 in the light and the last 3 in complete darkness. With one exception, all organisms retained their viability throughout even though the medium was not supplemented with organic substances capable of serving as nutrients. In another series of experiments, growth responses to organic supplements were variable and pigment composition also was affected.
OCCURRENCE AND TYPES OF THIOBACILLUS‐LIKE BACTERIA IN THE SEA1
Authors: Tuttle Jon H. , Jannasch Holger W.
Published: March 2010

Offshore waters and sediments of the Atlantic Ocean and the Black Sea and inshore waters near Woods Hole, Massachusetts, were examined for bacteria resembling Thiobacillus sp., and 136 isolates were obtained by enrichment culture with thiosulfate or elemental sulfur as the energy source. Enrichments for iron‐oxidizing thiobacilli were unsuccessful.

Under chemolithotrophic growth conditions, only 19% of the isolates oxidized more than 5% of the thiosulfate supplied in mineral medium, with an increase, moderate decrease, or no change in the pH of the medium. Strains that decreased the pH were proportionately most abundant in inshore water. Thirty‐five percent of the isolates could be cultured on sulfide substrate with a greater yield than on thiosulfate.

Seventy‐four percent of the isolates could grow anoxically in thiosulfate mineral medium containing nitrate as the terminal acceptor; only 3 of these produced gas from nitrate. About 95% of all isolates could be grown on organic media. Heterotrophically grown cultures could easily be grown on thiosulfate mineral medium when transferred from organic medium. Apparently the “typical” obligately chemoautotrophic thiobacilli are rare in the marine environment and biological oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds in open ocean areas is largely carried out by facultatively autotrophic bacteria.
AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION OF SEDIMENT AND DETRITUS AS A FUNCTION OF PARTICLE SURFACE AREA AND ORGANIC CONTENT
Authors: Hargrave Barry T.
Published: March 2010

Oxygen uptake by microbial populations on mud, sand, and various types of detritus was measured in short‐term experiments in aerated water at 20C. Sample size had no effect on oxygen consumption per unit weight, but stirring increased uptake. A 2% Formalin solution completely stopped biological uptake of oxygen by microorganisms on sand and detritus; lake muds showed various degrees of chemical uptake of oxygen.

Microorganisms on dead Phragmites leaves consumed oxygen at an increasing rate during the first few days of decomposition, followed by a decline to a rate comparable to uptake by freshly collected detritus. Limnaea feces initially consumed oxygen three times more rapidly than detritus, but after 5 days the rates were equal.

Detritus consumed up to three orders of magnitude more oxygen per dry weight than sand; uptake rates were inversely related to particle diameter. The logarithm of oxygen uptake was directly related to the logarithm of particle organic content. Particulate oxygen uptake in this and previous studies fell between 0.1 and 10 mg O2 (g organic matter)−1 hr−1, a rate inversely related to particle diameter. Oxygen uptake per unit weight by particles of ashed mud and sand exposed for 24 hr to decomposing detritus in a nutrient solution and transferred to fresh solution was inversely related to particle size and similar to rates measured with freshly collected samples. On an areal basis all particles consumed between 0.01 and 1.0 × 10−3 mg O2 cm−1 hr−1.

The negative linear correlation on logarithmic axes of surface area, organic carbon and nitrogen and bacterial plate counts with sediment particle size is similar to that observed for measures of oxygen uptake. Bacteria cover only a few percent of particle surfaces. This may result in the narrow range of measures of microbial community respiration on an areal basis.
AN INTERSTITIAL WATER SAMPLER FOR SANDY BEACHES
Authors: MAKEMSON JOHN C.
Published: March 2010

An inexpensive interstitial water sampler suitable for taking samples for oxygen, pH, redox, and nutrient determinations without sample contamination is described.
A CLOSE‐INTERVAL SYRINGE SAMPLER1,2
Authors: CLASBY R. C. , REEBURGH W. S. , ALEXANDER VERA
Published: March 2010

A close‐interval water sampler with small cross‐section which allows in situ flushing has been built, using hypodermic syringes. This sampler is ideally suited for use beneath ice or in areas where properties vary greatly with depth.
RESIDUAL DRIFT OF NEAR‐BOTTOM WATERS IN LONG ISLAND SOUND, 19691
Authors: GROSS M. GRANT , BUMPUS D. F.
Published: March 2010

Seabed drifters were used to study movements of near‐bottom waters in Long Island Sound. In the eastern sound, the residual drift of near‐bottom waters was dominantly westward with a northerly component toward the Connecticut coast, the location of major freshwater sources. In the western sound, the drifters also moved west probably due to the influence of the estuarine circulation in that area, driven by the flow of low salinity surface water coming from New York Harbor through the East River. The lower recovery of seabed drifters in western Long Island Sound is attributed to weaker near‐bottom currents. Waste solids deposited there probably are less likely to be moved and possibly be returned to the shoreline by near‐bottom currents.
A NITROGEN CORRECTION FOR CALORIC VALUES1
Authors: KERSTING KEES
Published: March 2010

A correction is proposed for caloric values of nitrogen‐containing compounds determined in the bomb calorimeter.
TEMPERATURE FINE STRUCTURE IN LAKE ONTARIO
Authors: Lee A. H. , Rodgers G. K.
Published: March 2010

Vertical temperature profiles obtained in Lake Ontario during May and June of 1970 revealed the presence of considerable fine structure in the thermal regime. Local features such as small‐scale temperature inversions and isothermal layers were observed at various depths on more than half the profiles. Some comparisons are made between freshwater fine structure and its oceanic counterpart.
NET PLANKTON AND NANOPLANKTON PRODUCTION AND BIOMASS IN A NORTH TEMPERATE ZONE LAKE
Authors: Kalff J.
Published: March 2010

In a small, naturally eutrophic lake with annual phytoplankton production rates of about 82 and 78 g C/m2 in 1966 and 1967, daily production ranged from undetectable levels to about 1,100 mg C/n2, and the epilimnetic biomass between 21 mg/m3 and 1,232 mg/m3. Selective filtration showed that on an annual integrated basis between 75 and 79% of the production in both years was synthesized by the nanoplankton (<64 µm). About half of the annual photosynthate in 1967 was produced by organisms <20 µm. The net plankton (>64 µm) contributed more than half of the recorded epilimnetic biomass on one occasion but never more than half the daily production. The conspicuous blue‐green alga‐diatom complex that characterized the lake during stratification was photosynthetically inefficient as compared to the nanoplankton.
DISSOLVED FREE AMINO ACIDS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA COASTAL WATER1
Authors: Clark M. E. , Jackson G. A. , North W. J.
Published: March 2010

The dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) in seawater samples from an inshore area near a large submarine sewage outfall and from an inshore area relatively remote from any major outfall were compared. At both sites, surface waters contained DFAA levels of about 115 µg/liter (ca. 1 µmole/liter), about twice the value found in surface samples from other parts of the world. Bottom waters contained more DFAA than surface waters at both sites, with significantly more (290 µg or ca. 2.4 µmoles/liter) near an outfall than away from one (170 µg or ca. 1.6 µmoles/liter). Interstitial waters near the outfall contained about 350 µg or ca. 3.0 µmoles DFAA/liter. The composition of the DFAA in all samples was similar to that obtained by other workers elsewhere.
DETERMINATION OF VITAMIN B12, THIAMINE, AND BIOTIN IN LAKE TAHOE WATERS USING MODIFIED MARINE BIOASSAY TECHNIQUES1
Authors: CARLUCCI A. F. , BOWES PEGGY M.
Published: March 2010

Seawater bioassays for dissolved vitamin B12, thiamine, and biotin have been modified for freshwater samples. The assay algae are: Cyclotella nana; thiamine, Monochrysis lutheri; and biotin, Amphidinium carterae. The lowest detectable levels of dissolved vitamins are: B12, 0.1 ng/liter; thiamine, 4 ng /liter; and biotin, 0.4 ng/liter.

Summer and winter samples in a water column near the center of Lake Tahoe were assayed using this method, and, with one exception, vitamins were found only in the euphotic zone.
ON INSTANTANEOUS AND FINITE BIRTH RATES1
Authors: CASWELL HAL
Published: March 2010

A formula relating instantaneous and finite birth rates, originally derived by Leslie, is presented and compared with the formula of Edmondson. It is shown that Edmondson’s formula is a special case of Leslie’s, valid when there is no mortality. The bias involved in the use of Edmondson’s formula in cases where mortality is nonzero is examined. Since Leslie’s formula requires no new assumptions or data, it should be used in place of Edmondson’s formula.
DISTRIBUTION AND FORMS OF NITROGEN IN A LAKE ONTARIO SEDIMENT CORE
Authors: Kemp A. L. W. , Mudrochova A.
Published: March 2010

Fixed ammonium nitrogen is the dominant inorganic form of nitrogen in the sediments of Lake Ontario. The fixed ammonium nitrogen concentration is around 300 µg/g of sediment at the top of a 10‐m core and increases gradually to 525 µg at 150 cm, below which it remains constant. As nitrification is precluded in the reduced sediments below 3 cm, the ammonium ion is either fixed within the sediment clay lattices or migrates upward in the sediment interstitial waters. The uniform fixed and exchangeable ammonium concentrations below 150 cm in the core indicate that the sediment is saturated with respect to ammonium fixation, and the decrease in these concentrations above 150 cm in the core suggest that equilibrium is not attained with the ammonium ion. The deeper sediments probably do not regenerate nitrogen to Lake Ontario, but most of the nitrogen released to the hypolimnion by the sediments is from nitrification, denitrification, and ammonification reactions at the sediment‐water interface. A minimum of 20% of the organic nitrogen input to the sediments is regenerated to the lake from the top 6 cm of sediments. About 90% of the nitrogen in the surface muds is organic: 28–46% as amino acid‐N, 4–7% as hexosamine‐N, and 21–31% as hydrolyzable unidentified‐N. From 29–57% of the total nitrogen could not be accounted for as amino acids, hexosamines, fixed and exchangeable amnonia, nitrate, and nitrite in the surface sediments.
TRACE ELEMENTS IN CLAMS, MUSSELS, AND SHRIMP
Authors: Bertine K. K. , Goldberg E. D.
Published: March 2010

Compositional changes in the trace element content of shells of mussels and clams that might be related to man’s influence on the composition of inshore marine waters over the past hundred years were sought but not found. The elements Rb, Fe, Co, Sb, Sc, Ag, Cr, Zn, Se, and IIg were analyzed in freshly caught and museum specimens by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Contamination from the preservatives was evident in the shells and tissues of museum specimens. Elemental concentrations in the calcareous shells, both aragonitic and mixed aragonitic‐calcitic, are similar and may reflect the composition of the waters in which they lived, rejection by the organisms, or surface associated features. The proteinaceous molts of shrimp contained high levels of these elements, in agreement with previous investigations. With 20–25 molts per shrimp per year, the molting of shrimp can cause a redistribution of these elements within the marine environment.
OXYGEN DEFICIENT CONDITIONS AND NITRATE REDUCTION IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN1
Authors: Cline Joel D. , Richards Francis A.
Published: March 2010

Oxygen concentrations in the oxygen‐minimum zone of the eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean are at least an order of magnitude lower than previously reported. Concentrations of less than 1µg‐atom/liter are common throughout the region from below the pycnocline to depths of several hundred meters.

In these nearly anoxic waters, nitrate appears to be reduced to nitrite and free nitrogen. Nitrate deficits, derived from material balance calculations, suggest that up to 13–14 µg‐atoms/liter of nitrate‐nitrogen have been so reduced. This is 40–50% of the nitrate normally present in this depth interval. Secondary nitrite concentrations rarely exceed 1.5 µg‐atoms/liter and are generally associated with oxygen concentrations of less than 2 µg‐atoms/liter. Ammonia concentrations appear to be slightly lower in the region of denitrification, probably because of bacterial assimilation.

If the nitrate reduction rate observed in Darwin Bay in the Galapagos Islands were to apply as a rate of denitrification in the entire oxygen‐minimum zone in the eastern tropical North Pacific, the annual loss of 920 × 1012 g of combined nitrogen could be expected. However, considerations of environmental differences suggest that a figure somewhat less than a quarter of this amount is more probable.
EFFECT OF DINOFLAGELLATE BIOLUMINESCENCE ON COPEPOD INGESTION RATES1
Authors: ESAIAS WAYNE E. , CURL HERBERT C.
Published: March 2010

Grazing experiments were conducted with three calanoid copepods and three species of bioluminescent dinoflagellates, using procedures which yielded samples of cultures with high and low capacities for stimulable bioluminescence. In all cases the ingestion rates were lower for the highly bioluminescent samples than for the samples having a reduced capacity for bioluminescence. These results indicate that dinoflagellate bioluminescence has survival value as a defense against copepod grazing. Of several possible mechanisms, we propose that the flash is a visual, protean display which startles or confuses the copepod sufficiently to allow the dinoflagellate to escape. The net evolutionary value is that predation would be reduced on a dinoflagellate population as a whole.
DECOMPOSITION OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON AND NITROGEN COMPOUNDS FROM LEAVES IN AN EXPERIMENTAL HARD‐WATER STREAM1
Authors: WETZEL ROBERT G. , MANNY BRUCE A.
Published: March 2010

Addition of dry hickory and maple leaves, enclosed in nylon mesh, for 30 hr to a recirculating stream increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels nearly 10‐fold. Bacterial populations which developed rapidly decomposed labile organic carbon and nitrogen compounds in the leaf leachate within 72 hr. Bacteriologically labile and refractory dissolved organic carbon fractions, with T½ decomposition rates of 2 and 80 days, respectively, were present in the leachate. Most refractory dissolved organic nitrogen compounds persisted unmodified for at least 24 days. The processing capacity of woodland streams for natural dissolved organic compounds is much greater than previously believed.
THE INFLUENCE OF VEGETATION ON THE REDOX PROFILE OF THE SEDIMENT OF GRANE LANGSØ, A DANISH LOBELIA LAKE
Authors: WIUM‐ANDERSEN S. , ANDERSEN JENS M.
Published: March 2010

Measurements of Eh in the sediment of a Danish Lobelia lake have shown that the upper 20 cm of the sediment is oxidized down to a water depth of 4 m. This is correlated with the distribution of rooted plants in the lake. Hence, the plants, species of Littorella, Isoëtes, and Lobelia, work as oxygen pumps.
A Simple Engineering Estimate of the Fatigue Notch Factor of Arbitrary Stress Concentrators
Authors: Gaenser Hans‐Peter , Javidi Ataollah
Published: March 2010

In fatigue life estimates, the fatigue stress endured at the hot spot is usually higher than what is predicted by the elastic stress concentration factor. Recently, Neuber's and Novozhilov's approaches of introducing an effective stress by averaging the actual stress field over a characteristic microstructural length have experienced a reappraisal. The present contribution aims at complementing these recent proposals by a mathematically simple engineering assessment of arbitrarily shaped notches, resulting in a closed‐form expression for the fatigue notch factor. The limits of validity of the solution are discussed.
Interplay of Properties and Functions upon Introduction of Mesoporosity in ITQ‐4 Zeolite
Authors: Verboekend Danny , Groen Johan C. , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier
Published: March 2010

The introduction of mesoporosity in zeolites is often directly coupled to changes in their overall catalytic performance without the detailed assessment of other key functions required for the rational design of the catalytic process such as accessibility, adsorption, and transport. This study presents an integrated approach to study property–function relationships in hierarchical zeolites. Accordingly, desilication of the 1D ITQ‐4 zeolite in alkaline medium is applied to develop different degrees of mesoporosity. Along with porosity modification, significant changes in composition, structure, and acidity occur. Relationships are established between the physicochemical properties of the zeolites and their characteristics in the adsorption and elution of light hydrocarbons (C2 to C5, alkanes and alkenes) as well as in the catalytic activity in low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) pyrolysis. The recently introduced hierarchy factor can appropriately relate porosity changes to catalytic performance.
Growth and Transfer of Monolithic Horizontal ZnO Nanowire Superstructures onto Flexible Substrates
Authors: Xu Sheng , Shen Yue , Ding Yong , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: March 2010

A method of fabricating horizontally aligned ZnO nanowire (NW) arrays with full control over the width and length is demonstrated. A cross‐sectional view of the NWs by transmission electron microscopy shows a “mushroom‐like” structure. Novel monolithic multisegment superstructures are fabricated by making use of the lateral overgrowth. Ultralong horizontal ZnO NWs of an aspect ratio on the order of ten thousand are also demonstrated. These horizontal NWs are lifted off and transferred onto a flexible polymer substrate, which may have many great applications in horizontal ZnO NW‐based nanosensor arrays, light‐emitting diodes, optical gratings, integrated circuit interconnects, and high‐output‐power alternating‐current nanogenerators.
Hyperferritinemia and iron overload in type 1 Gaucher disease
Authors: Stein Philip , Yu Hannah , Jain Dhanpat , Mistry Pramod K.
Published: March 2010

Hyperferritinemia occurs in Gaucher disease but its clinical spectrum or its association with systemic iron overload and HFE mutations are not known. In 114 patients with Type 1 Gaucher disease, we determined serum ferritin, transferrin saturation and HFE genotype. The results were correlated with the extent of hepatosplenomegaly, overall Gaucher disease severity score index, and response to enzyme replacement therapy. In a subset of patients with radiological and/or laboratory evidence of systemic iron overload, liver biopsy was performed. There was a mean 3.7‐fold elevation of serum ferritin over the upper limit of normal (ULN). Prior splenectomy was associated with most severe hyperferritinemia compared to patients with intact spleen (6.53 × ULN vs. 2.69 × ULN, P = 0.003). HFE genotyping revealed two patients homozygous for H63D mutation and 30% of patients heterozygote carriers of H63D mutation; no patients harbored C282Y mutation; there was no correlation of ferritin with HFE genotype. Ferritin level correlated with liver volume (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.254, P = 0.035) and it was negatively correlated with hemoglobin (r = −0.315, P = 0.004); there was no relationship with other indicators of Gaucher disease activity. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) resulted in amelioration of hyperferritinemia: 707 ± 898 ng/ml vs. 301 ± 310 ng/ml (P = 0.001), transferrin saturation remained normal. Three patients were suspected of clinical iron overload, confirmed on liver biopsy. Iron accumulation was variably noted in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. There is a high prevalence of hyperferritinemia in Type 1 Gaucher disease that is associated with indicators of disease severity, reversed by ERT and is not related to HFE mutations. Am. J. Hematol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.