bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fasting Blood Glucose and HbA1c Correlate With Severity of Coronary Artery Disease in Elective PCI Patients With HbA1c 5.7% to 6.4%
Authors: Yang Jie , Zhou Yujie , Zhang Tingyu , Lin Xuze , Ma Xiaoteng , Wang Zhijian , Liu Yuyang , Shi Dongmei , Zhou Zhiming , Zhao Yingxin
Published: November 2019

Diabetes mellitus, and even prediabetes, has been shown to be independently associated with cardiovascular disease. Our study explored whether the combination of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) can better assess the severity of coronary heart disease (CHD) in elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) patients. We consecutively enrolled 1006 prediabetic patients with HbA1c 5.7% to 6.4% who underwent elective PCI. Patients were divided into 2 groups: a normal fasting glucose (NFG) group (FBG <6.1 mmol/L) and an impaired fasting glucose (IFG) group (6.1 ≤FBG<7.0 mmol/L) with defined values. Baseline characteristics and angiography data of the 2 groups were compared. The prevalence of 3-vessel disease ( P = .002), the GENSINI (the score is named after a professor) score ( P = .002), and the SYNTAX (SYNergy between PCI with TAXUS™ and Cardiac Surgery) score ( P = .002) of the IFG group was significantly higher compared to the NFG group. After multiple regression analysis, FBG was found to be independently associated with prevalence of 3-vessel disease (adjusted odds ratio: 1.62; 95% confidence interval: 1.21-2.36; P = .013), the GENSINI score (standardized β = .138, P = .008), and the SYNTAX score (standardized β = .145, P = .005). In addition, HbA1 c was independently associated with the prevalence of 3-vessel disease, the GENSINI, score, and the SYNTAX score ( P < .05). Both FBG and HbA1c are independently correlated with the severity of CHD in prediabetic patients with HbA1c 5.7% to 6.4%.
A Therapist’s Vicarious Posttraumatic Growth and Transformation of Self
Authors: Kang Ji Hyeon , Yang Sungeun
Published: November 2019

The South Korean Sewol ferry sank off the Jindo Island in April 2014, with the loss of 304 lives. Of those who died, 250 were students from Danwon High School. Our study examined the tragedy and detailed experiences of the therapist who helped the bereaved families. It employed an idiographic approach that allowed the therapist to speak the language of her consciousness, personal growth, and meaning making. We conducted a critical narrative analysis to integrate individual dialogues and institutional discourses. The results revealed the therapist’s motives for commencing therapy post the Sewol tragedy, her projective identification with adolescent siblings of victims, ambivalence toward their parents, and an awakening that trauma and loss can be framed within a larger sociocultural context. The process transformed the self-of-the-therapist and helped her redefine the role of trauma therapists. The therapist’s critical reflection on macro–micro interconnection and vicarious posttraumatic growth were also discussed. The results suggest therapeutic implications for trauma professionals at both the individual and system levels.
Foundation Year Doctors need more support
Authors: Chandler ER , Briggs EJE , Whitfield HN
Published: November 2019

The introduction of new rotas, rota gaps, poor handover arrangements, the junior hospital doctors’ strike, the imposition of a new contract after a four-year period of contract negotiation, the Bawa-Garba case, the abolition of the “Firm”, poor rest facilities and bullying have all contributed to eroding the morale of junior doctors. The retention of newly registered doctors is falling. Recent evidence shows that in 2010 83% of Foundation Year 2's went straight into training compared to 38% in 2018. This study was undertaken to assess the extent to which the plans and intentions of current Foundation Year Doctors have been influenced by recent history. With the large volume of complaints and their associated costs on the NHS, the study included questions to identify whether junior doctors feel prepared to deal with the medico-legal issues.
Where Is Psychology Teaching and Learning Research Conducted? An Analysis of Institution Setting and Class Sizes
Authors: Stevens Courtney , Witkow Melissa R. , Smelt Brenna , Good Kendra , Hershman Tova
Published: November 2019

This article presents a census of empirical studies on the scholarship of teaching published in Teaching of Psychology, Psychology Learning and Teaching, and Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology over the past decade. All articles from each issue were coded for characteristics identifying the teaching context in which the research was conducted, focusing on institution type using Carnegie classifications and average class size. The majority of studies on the scholarship of teaching and learning in psychology were carried out in smaller classes (less than 40 students/class) in settings characterized as Master’s or Doctoral institutions. These data suggest an underrepresentation of studies from 2-year Associate’s colleges, as well as from larger enrollment classrooms. Implications are discussed for conducting research in the diverse classroom settings representative of psychology instruction.
Short-term memory, working memory and linguistic abilities in bilingual children with Developmental Language Disorder
Authors: Talli Ioanna , Stavrakaki Stavroula
Published: November 2019

This article investigates verbal short-term memory (vSTM) and verbal working memory (vWM) abilities and their relation to lexical and syntactic abilities in monolingual (mono-) and bilingual (bi-) children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and typical development (TD). The authors employed the following tasks: vSTM (non-word repetition and forward digit span), vWM (backward digit span), receptive vocabulary, syntactic production (sentence repetition) and syntactic comprehension (relative clauses, reflexives and passives). While the mono- and bi-DLD groups underperformed the mono- and bi-TD groups respectively in all tasks, the two clinical groups differed only in receptive vocabulary. vSTM was a significant predictor of syntactic performance for both monolinguals and bilinguals, while vWM was a significant predictor of syntactic performance only for bilinguals. These findings suggest that impairments in vSTM, wVM and syntax are core clinical features in DLD, and that vWM makes a greater contribution to syntax in bilinguals than in monolinguals.
Evaluating the Validity of the Risk Perception Survey for Developing Diabetes Scale in a Safety-Net Clinic Population of English and Spanish Speakers
Authors: Rochefort Catherine , Baldwin Austin S. , Tiro Jasmin , Bowen Michael E.
Published: November 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the factor structure of the Risk Perception Survey for Developing Diabetes (RPS-DD) and test for factorial invariance by language (English, Spanish) and gender (males, females) in a clinically engaged, racially diverse, low-education population.

Methods

Adult patients seen in a safety-net health system (N = 641) answered an interviewer-administered survey via telephone in their preferred language (English: 42%, Spanish: 58%). Three constructs in the RPS-DD were assessed—personal control (2 items for internal control and 2 for external control), optimistic bias (2 items), and worry (2 items). Single and multigroup confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were performed using maximum-likelihood estimation to determine the factor structure and test for invariance.

Results

Contrary to previous psychometric analyses in white, educated populations, CFAs supported a 4-factor measurement model with internal and external control items loading onto separate factors. The 4-factor structure was equivalent between males and females. However, the structure varied by language, with the worry subscale items loading more strongly for English than Spanish speakers.

Conclusions

The RPS-DD can be used to investigate group differences across gender and language and to help understand if interventions have differential effects for subgroups at high risk for diabetes. Given the increasing prevalence of diabetes among Spanish speakers, researchers should continue to examine the psychometric properties of the RPS-DD, particularly the worry subscale, to improve its validity and clinical utility.
Democratic peace: Does ethnic inclusiveness reduce interstate conflict?
Authors: Choi Seung-Whan , Noll Henry
Published: November 2019

In this study, we argue that ethnic inclusiveness is an important democratic norm that fosters interstate peace. When two states are socialized into the notion of ethnic tolerance, they acquire the ability to reach cooperative arrangements in time of crisis. Based on cross-national time-series data analysis covering the period 1950–2001, we illustrate how two states that are inclusive of their politically relevant ethnic groups are less likely to experience interstate disputes than states that remain exclusive. This finding was robust, regardless of sample size, intensity of the dispute, model specification, or estimation method. Therefore, we believe in the existence of ethnic peace: ethnic inclusiveness represents an unambiguous force for democratic peace.
A Commentary on Althusser's 1963 Presentation of Bourdieu and Passeron
Authors: Branchu Charlotte , Robbins Derek
Published: November 2019

The commentary provides contextual information about the seminar which Bourdieu and Passeron gave in the École Normale Supérieure on 6 December 1963. It appears that the intended series of seminars was curtailed, perhaps because the initial seminar of 6 December exposed the extent to which Althusser was formally managing the intentions of his guest speakers and resisting the implications of their ongoing research on students and their studies. The commentary argues that the conflict between Althusser and Bourdieu/Passeron was inter-generational in that Althusser’s attitudes had been shaped by his experience as a victim of Nazi oppression whereas those of Bourdieu/Passeron were defined, instead, by their unwilling participation in the French colonial oppression of indigenous Algerians. Althusser was intent on examining philosophically the validity of various contemporary versions of social science whereas Bourdieu and Passeron were engaged in educational research which was scrutinizing sociologically the validity of precisely this supposedly detached philosophical perspective. In short, the commentary is aligned with the Bourdieu/Passeron position in that it seeks to offer an historical sociology of the encounter of December 1963.
Philosophy and Social Science: Introducing Bourdieu and Passeron
Authors: Althusser Louis
Published: November 2019

This text derives from a recording, and transcripts, of the introduction which Althusser gave on 6 December 1963, to a seminar for students in the École Normale Supérieure, Paris, offered at his invitation by Pierre Bourdieu and Jean-Claude Passeron. Althusser takes the opportunity to raise questions about the status of social science and suggests that Bourdieu and Passeron represent slightly different strands of contemporary research practice, partly as a result of their different formation and practice since themselves leaving the École. Althusser first considers the relation between the human sciences and the traditionally instituted Faculty of Letters or Humanities. What is the origin of the compulsion to constitute a science of human relations? Given that the social sciences have established themselves, Althusser then tries to define their nature. He suggests that they have three forms: as abstract and general theory, as ethnology, and as empirical sociology. He discusses the pros and cons of each in some detail. Althusser then asks what are the features which constitute sciences and concludes that they must always possess discrete theoretical perspectives corresponding with discrete components of reality but must also possess an element of self-referentiality or, as he puts it, must be objects to themselves. Althusser suggests that his contemporary social sciences are not philosophically adequate by the criteria which he advances. He proceeds to introduce Bourdieu and Passeron in such a way as to invite consideration of whether their practices meet his criteria.
Making a market for itself: The emergent financialization of student housing in Canada
Authors: Revington Nick , August Martine
Published: November 2019

This paper demonstrates the infiltration of finance into increasingly niche real estate sectors, taking the example of the emergent Canadian purpose-built student accommodation (PBSA) sector since 2011. Drawing on a novel database of PBSA, qualitative document analysis, and key informant interviews, we uncover the business strategies and geographic patterns of investment in the sector. We then consider the local impacts of this phenomenon in Waterloo, Ontario, the country’s largest PBSA market, where finance-driven new-build studentification has contributed to higher housing costs and age segregation. This process of financialization has differed from other housing sectors as it depends on the creation of new student housing to provide an avenue for investment therein. At the same time, finance-driven new-build studentification functions as a spatial fix by directing investment to secondary cities. However, this process has been fragile, marked as much by failure as success, pointing to the limits of financialization.
Work Precarity and Gig Literacies in Online Freelancing
Authors: Sutherland Will , Jarrahi Mohammad Hossein , Dunn Michael , Nelson Sarah Beth
Published: November 2019

Many workers have been drawn to the gig economy by the promise of flexible, autonomous work, but scholars have highlighted how independent working arrangements also come with the drawbacks of precarity. Digital platforms appear to provide an alternative to certain aspects of precarity by helping workers find work consistently and securely. However, these platforms also introduce their own demands and constraints. Drawing on 20 interviews with online freelancers, 19 interviews with corresponding clients and a first-hand walkthrough of the Upwork platform, we identify critical literacies (what we call gig literacies), which are emerging around online freelancing. We find that gig workers must adapt their skills and work strategies in order to leverage platforms creatively and productively, and as a component of their ‘personal holding environment’. This involves not only using the resources provided by the platform effectively, but also negotiating or working around its imposed structures and control mechanisms.
Modeling and optimizing of cutting force and surface roughness in milling process of Inconel 738 using hybrid ANN and GA
Authors: Imani Lila , Rahmani Henzaki Ali , Hamzeloo Reza , Davoodi Behnam
Published: November 2019

Super-alloys have high thermal and mechanical strength and are widely used for heat exchangers, turbine blades, and other parts which work under severe creep conditions. Machinability of these alloys is directly affected by mechanical and physical properties. In addition, cutting force and surface roughness are two important factors in machinability of alloys. Hence, numerous studies have been conducted in order to illustrate their influences. However, among these alloys, the machining of Inconel 738 has been less studied. Milling parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate, the axial depth of cutting, and coolant have the most effects on machinability of nickel-based super-alloys. Therefore, in this research, they are considered as input parameters for investigation of milling of Inconel 738. The present study utilizes artificial intelligence as an effective method for predicting milling forces and surface roughness based on experimental results. To investigate the behavior of this alloy, four levels for the two former input parameters and two levels for the two other, totally 64 experiments, were fulfilled and studied. Based on the experimental results, the effect of input parameters on the outputs, that is, cutting force and surface roughness, was investigated, and then, neural network for modeling and predicting and genetic algorithm for the optimization of the outputs have been utilized. The optimized artificial network, which was obtained in this research, is useful for prediction of machining force and surface roughness of milling based on the values of cutting speed, feed rate, and the axial depth of cutting, for wet and dry milling of Inconel 738.
Bending of orthotropic rectangular thin plates with two opposite edges clamped
Authors: He Yangye , An Chen , Su Jian
Published: November 2019

This work presents integral transform solutions of the bending problem of orthotropic rectangular thin plates with constant thickness, subject to five sets of boundary conditions: (a) fully clamped; (b) three edges clamped and one edge simply supported; (c) three edges clamped and one edge free; (d) two opposite edges clamped, one edge simply supported, and one edge free; and (e) two opposite edges clamped and two edges free. By adopting eigenfunctions of Euler–Bernoulli beams with corresponding boundary conditions for each direction of the plate, the governing fourth-order partial differential equation is integral transformed into a system of linear algebraic equations. Boundary conditions at the free edges are treated exactly by carrying out integral transform in the boundary formulations, which are incorporated in the transformed governing equations by integration by parts. The numerical difficulties with the high-order beam functions are overcome by using modified exponential forms, thus limiting the eigenfunctions to the range between −2 and 2. Analytical integration forms are used for the integrals of the coefficients of the transformed equations, further avoiding numerical difficulties with large high-order eigenvalues. The accuracy and convergence of the solutions are shown through numerical examples in comparison with available solutions in the literature and with finite element solutions obtained by using Abaqus program.
Misinformation and Morality: Encountering Fake-News Headlines Makes Them Seem Less Unethical to Publish and Share
Authors: Effron Daniel A. , Raj Medha
Published: November 2019

People may repeatedly encounter the same misinformation when it “goes viral.” The results of four main experiments (two preregistered) and a pilot experiment (total N = 2,587) suggest that repeatedly encountering misinformation makes it seem less unethical to spread—regardless of whether one believes it. Seeing a fake-news headline one or four times reduced how unethical participants thought it was to publish and share that headline when they saw it again—even when it was clearly labeled as false and participants disbelieved it, and even after we statistically accounted for judgments of how likeable and popular it was. In turn, perceiving the headline as less unethical predicted stronger inclinations to express approval of it online. People were also more likely to actually share repeated headlines than to share new headlines in an experimental setting. We speculate that repeating blatant misinformation may reduce the moral condemnation it receives by making it feel intuitively true, and we discuss other potential mechanisms that might explain this effect.
Comprehending the relationship between a company and its accountants, 1894–1967: Evaluating and accommodating Foucauldian and other perspectives
Authors: Ding Ying Yong , McKinstry Sam , Su Peiran , Kininmonth Kirsten
Published: November 2019

This article analyses the relationship between a Scottish manufacturing company and the accountancy firm which provided it with professional services across its existence (1894–1967). It examines the professional roles fulfilled by the accountants, the work done and the fee income derived from it, in the context of the company’s history. It emphasises the importance of the services provided by accountancy firms for unlisted companies in understanding the development of professional accountancy in the United Kingdom. The material presented is used to test three different explanations of the UK accountancy profession’s rise which relate to the auditing function and has implications for historical methodology and epistemologies. The explanations explored may be categorised as economic rationalist, Foucauldian and jurisdictional points of view.
Virtual Reality Training Improves Real-World Performance on a Speeded Task
Authors: Whitmer Daphne E. , Ullman Daniel , Johnson Cheryl I.
Published: November 2019

We investigated whether virtual reality (VR) training transfers to real-world performance. Participants were trained to complete a real-world maze task, which involved quickly moving an object through a tabletop maze without hitting the maze walls. Participants either trained in VR, trained by physically simulating the task (PS), or received no training (NT). After five timed training trials (or no training in the control condition), participants completed five timed test trials using the real-world maze. The VR training condition completed the maze significantly faster than the other conditions across each test trial. Other than the initial test trial where the NT condition was the slowest, the PS and NT conditions were comparable on the remaining test trials. These results suggest that VR provided trainees with an opportunity for meaningful encoding of the task, beyond the act of physically simulating the motions of the task.
Observing Cyber Security Incident Response: Qualitative Themes From Field Research
Authors: Nyre-Yu Megan , Gutzwiller Robert S. , Caldwell Barrett S.
Published: November 2019

Cyber security increasingly focuses on the challenges faced by network defenders. Cultural and security-driven sentiments about external observation, as well as publication concerns, limit the ability of researchers to understand the context surrounding incident response. Context awareness is crucial to inform design and engineering. Furthermore, these perspectives can be heavily influenced by the targeted sector or industry of the research. Together, a lack of broad contextual understanding may be biasing approaches to improving operations, and driving faulty assumptions in cyber teams. A qualitative field study was conducted in three computer security incident response teams (CSIRTs) and included perspectives of government, academia, and private sector teams. Themes emerged and provide insights across multiple aspects of incident response, including information sharing, organization, learning, and automation. The need to focus on vertical integration of issues at different levels of the incident response system is also discussed. Future research will build upon these results, using them to inform technology advancement in CSIR settings.
Postural Risks and User Experience of 3D Interface Designs for Virtual Reality-based Learning Environments
Authors: Sun Yilu , Kar Gourab , Stevenson Won Andrea , Hedge Alan
Published: November 2019

Virtual Reality-based Learning Environments (VRLEs) are an emerging tool for classroom teaching. While VRLEs are increasingly in use, little attention has been paid to ergonomic challenges in use of VRLEs.

This study compared two 3D interface designs of a VRLE created to teach the phases of the Moon. Participants ( N = 16) were randomly assigned to either a Hand or Toggle interface design. The interface designs were compared in terms of postural risk (REBA score), task completion time, user experience and environmental presence. Results indicate no significant difference between the Hand and Toggle interface designs for the outcome variables; however, environmental presence was marginally higher in the Hand interface. REBA scores for Hand (3.56 ± 0.89) and Toggle (3.79 ± 1.14) indicate low to medium level of postural risks. Future research should focus on development of 3D interface design guidelines to ensure safe, comfortable and effective use of VRLEs.
Generational differences in trust in digital assistants
Authors: Noah Benjamin , Sethumadhavan Arathi
Published: November 2019

Human trust in automation has been studied extensively within safety critical domains (military, aviation, process control, etc.) because harmful consequences are associated with the improper calibration of trust in automated systems in these domains (Parasuraman & Riley, 1997). As such, researchers have worked to identify important factors which help humans build trust in such systems (Hoff & Bashir, 2015). With the explosion of AI in consumer technologies, it is becoming equally critical to understand how humans interact with everyday devices. This study investigated how factors that have been identified to impact trust in automation in safety critical domains influence the trust and use of popular digital assistants (Siri, Cortana, Bixby or Google Now). We conducted an online survey with 278 regular users of digital assistants across three generations (GenX, GenY, and GenZ). The results demonstrate that, even after controlling for dispositional factors (i.e., individual characteristics such as age, culture, gender), GenZ exhibited higher trust in digital assistants than GenX. More interestingly, linear regression analyses revealed a different set of predictors of trust for each generation. Results from this survey have implications for the design of digital assistants.
Rapid Preparation of Eye Tracking Data For Debriefing In Medical Training: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Wolf E. , Heinrich R. , Michalek A. , Schraudt D. , Hohm A. , Hein R. , Grundgeiger T. , Happel O.
Published: November 2019

Simulation-based medical training is an increasingly used method to improve the technical and non-technical performance of clinical staff. An essential part of training is the debriefing of the participants, often using audio, video, or even eye tracking recordings. We conducted a practice-oriented feasibility study to test an eye tracking data preparation procedure, which automatically provided information about the gaze distribution on areas of interest such as the vital sign monitor or the patient simulator. We acquired eye tracking data during three simulation scenarios and provided gaze distribution data for debriefing within 30 minutes. Additionally, we qualitatively evaluated the usefulness of the generated eye tracking data for debriefings. Participating students and debriefers were mostly positive about the data provided; however, future research should improve the technical side of the procedure and investigate best practices regarding how to present and use the data in debriefings.
Occupant Monitoring in Automated Vehicles: Classification of Situation Awareness Based on Head Movements While Cornering
Authors: Schewe Frederik , Cheng Hao , Hafner Alexander , Sester Monika , Vollrath Mark
Published: November 2019

We tested whether head-movements under automated driving can be used to classify a vehicle occupant as either situation-aware or unaware. While manually cornering, an active driver’s head tilt correlates with the road angle which serves as a visual reference, whereas an inactive passenger’s head follows the g-forces. Transferred to partial/conditional automation, the question arises whether aware occupant’s head-movements are comparable to drivers and if this can be used for classification. In a driving-simulator-study (n=43, within-subject design), four scenarios were used to generate or deteriorate situation awareness (manipulation checked). Recurrent neural networks were trained with the resulting head-movements. Inference statistics were used to extract the discriminating feature, ensuring explainability. A very accurate classification was achieved and the mean side rotation-rate was identified as the most differentiating factor. Aware occupants behave more like drivers. Therefore, head-movements can be used to classify situation awareness in experimental settings but also in real driving.
Light-Based External Human Machine Interface: Color Evaluation for Self-Driving Vehicle and Pedestrian Interaction
Authors: Faas Stefanie M. , Baumann Martin
Published: November 2019

In today’s road traffic pedestrians seek eye contact with drivers to move along safely. Such communication is no longer possible with self-driving vehicles. Previous research shows that an external Human-Machine-Interface (eHMI) provides an interface between self-driving vehicles and pedestrians. However, recommendations for standardization are still being developed. The study compares the colors white and turquoise for eHMI lamps indicating that the automated driving system is engaged. The colors are evaluated in a street-crossing scenario and a parking lot scenario with a Wizard-of-Oz vehicle equipped with eHMI lamps mounted on top of the vehicle. We conducted questionnaires and structured interviews with N=59 participants to identify eHMI design guidelines. Our research provides evidence that turquoise facilitates pedestrians’ factors like visibility, discriminability, sense of safety and trust higher than white. The results are consistent among traffic scenarios. This paper contributes in formulating research-based design guidelines to improve pedestrian safety.
Multimodal Cue Combinations: A Possible Approach to Designing In-Vehicle Takeover Requests for Semi-autonomous Driving
Authors: Huang Gaojian , Steele Clayton , Zhang Xinrui , Pitts Brandon J.
Published: November 2019

The rapid growth of autonomous vehicles is expected to improve roadway safety. However, certain levels of vehicle automation will still require drivers to ‘takeover’ during abnormal situations, which may lead to breakdowns in driver-vehicle interactions. To date, there is no agreement on how to best support drivers in accomplishing a takeover task. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of multimodal alerts as a feasible approach. In particular, we examined the effects of uni-, bi-, and trimodal combinations of visual, auditory, and tactile cues on response times to takeover alerts. Sixteen participants were asked to detect 7 multimodal signals (i.e., visual, auditory, tactile, visual-auditory, visual-tactile, auditory-tactile, and visual-auditory-tactile) while driving under two conditions: with SAE Level 3 automation only or with SAE Level 3 automation in addition to performing a road sign detection task. Performance on the signal and road sign detection tasks, pupil size, and perceived workload were measured. Findings indicate that trimodal combinations result in the shortest response time. Also, response times were longer and perceived workload was higher when participants were engaged in a secondary task. Findings may contribute to the development of theory regarding the design of takeover request alert systems within (semi) autonomous vehicles.
Opportunities and Challenges for Human-Machine Teaming in Cybersecurity Operations
Authors: Lyn Paul Celeste , Blaha Leslie M. , Fallon Corey K. , Gonzalez Cleotilde , Gutzwiller Robert S.
Published: November 2019

Many of the challenges associated with cybersecurity operations are also ripe opportunities for the application of human-machine teaming. Advances in cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and machine learning promise the technology to achieve the level of intelligence and sophistication necessary to create a true intelligent teammate. This panel gathers experts from across the community to discuss the challenges and opportunities for human-machine teaming in cybersecurity operations.
Cue Utilization Predicts the Impact of Interruptions during a Rail Simulation Task
Authors: Falkland Emma C. , Wiggins Mark W. , Westbrook Johanna I.
Published: November 2019

This study was designed to examine the role of cue utilization in the management of interruptions during a high workload, rail control simulation incorporating an implicit pattern of rail movement. The experiment required participants to manage frequent interruptive tasks while diverting and logging the arrival of trains. Measures of response latency and accuracy in diverting and logging the arrival of trains were recorded. Participants with lower cue utilization demonstrated a greater loss of performance following interruptions. These results provide support for the assertion that a relatively greater capacity for cue utilization is associated with superior performance in the management of interruptions during high workload tasks.
Measuring the Effect of Tool Design on Exposure to Physical Risk Factors among Novice Hand Planters
Authors: Granzow Robert , Schall Mark C. , Smidt Mathew , Davis Jerry , Sesek Richard , Gallagher Sean
Published: November 2019

The majority of reforestation in the southeastern United States is achieved using hand planting methods. Previous research suggests a high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and other symptoms among hand planters as a result of exposure to physical risk factors while hand planting. The design of hand planting tools has been posited as a potential means to reduce exposures to physical risk factors among hand planters. This study compared exposures to directly measured physical risk factors including forceful muscular exertions (collected using surface electromyography), non-neutral postures (collected using an upper body inertial measurement unit system), and workload (collected using a heart rate monitor) among 14 novice hand planters using four different “dibble bar” planting tools commonly used by southeastern planters. Results indicated no statistically significant differences between the tools, suggesting that minor differences in tool design may play an insignificant role on exposures to physical risk factors among novice hand planters relative to other factors. The characterizations of exposure described here provide additional evidence of the job demands hand planters are exposed to during planting.
Users’ Perceptions of Smartphone Weather Applications’ Usability
Authors: Khamaj Abdulrahman , Kang Ziho , Argyle Elizabeth
Published: November 2019

The advancements of smartphone technology have led to a significant growth of smartphone weather applications (i.e. apps) on the market. Due to the high risk and time-critical situations associated with severe weather conditions (e.g. floods, tornados, and thunderstorms), designing weather apps to consider users’ needs is critical for improving product usability. This paper employs a user-centered design (UCD) approach to investigate a sample of end users’ perceptions regarding the usability of smartphone weather apps. Focus group responses analyzed with a thematic analysis approach revealed four main themes representing key usability principles and design specifications. The four themes were (1) user cognitive load, (2) effectiveness, (3) efficiency of use, and (4) user perceptions. Several recommendations were suggested based on the findings which might assist developers in designing highly interactive and usable apps leading to increased user satisfaction.
Methodological modifications when testing machine learning-enabled products: A preliminary framework
Authors: Huber Linda , Williamson Rebecca
Published: November 2019

Machine-learning (ML) enabled products and features allow for an expanded set of user inputs and system outputs. In the case of consumer-facing ML-enabled products, examples of this include the ability to take natural language as an input, or to generate personalized feeds or recommendations (system output) based on the behavior of a user. Based on our experience conducting UX research on ML-enabled products, we propose that this expanded set of inputs and outputs requires that we modify our usual methodologies in a few ways, depending on the product & research objectives. Specifically, we propose that researching ML- enabled products may require 1) more time for the user to explore or experiment with the product 2) talking to more user types and/or 3) more comprehensive prototypes or presentation of the product concept. To flesh this framework out, we present three examples of ML-enabled products we tested in the past few years and the methodological modifications required.
An examination of the effort hypothesis for the perceived strength of passwords
Authors: Kortum Philip , Acemyan Claudia Ziegler
Published: November 2019

Previous work has examined whether keyboards that have multiple levels of entry (e.g., soft keyboards, found on mobile devices) increase users’ perceptions of password security. That work found that passwords that required greater numbers of keyboard transitions had higher perceived strength. Unfortunately, it was impossible to determine whether this increase in perceived strength was due solely to the extra keyboard transition steps or whether the inclusion of special characters in the passwords (which is required in order to increase the number of keyboard transitions) was driving that perception. The research described in this paper aims to disambiguate these two possibilities. In these experiments, rather than typing the passwords on keyboards, the users simply spoke the password. In this case, there is no additional effort or keypress required in order to enter the special character(s). Results showed that there was a positive correlation between the perceived password strength and the number of keyboard transition for spoken passwords, in a fashion nearly identical to the typed password study. This suggests that the increase in perceived password strength cannot be explained simply as a function of the additional expended effort required to enter additional keyboard transition steps, although it may play a role.
Quantification of In Situ Tremor in Microscopic Surgery
Authors: Li Yifan , Wolf Mitchell , Kulkarni Amol , Bell James , Chang Jonathan , Nimunkar Amit , Radwin Robert G.
Published: November 2019

While the ophthalmic surgeon’s forearm during retinal surgeries is supported using a standard symmetric wrist rest when operating on the patients’ same side as the dominant hand (SSD), the surgeon’s hand is typically placed on the forehead when operating on the contralateral side of the dominant hand (CSD). It was hypothesized that more tremor occurs during CSD than SSD surgeries. Fifty-one surgical microscope videos recorded from three surgeons were analyzed using marker-less motion tracking with tremor acceleration, frequency, and magnitude measured. After 34 surgeries using a symmetric wrist support, an experimental asymmetric wrist rest was used. There was 0.12 mm/s2 (24%) greater ( p=.04) average tremor acceleration magnitude for CSD surgeries (0.62 mm/s2, SD=0.08) than SSD surgeries (0.50 mm/s2, SD=0.10) for the symmetric wrist rest, while no significant (p>.05) differences were observed for the asymmetric wrist rest. This suggests that supporting the forearms rather than the hands, reduces surgeon hand tremor.
Neutral Body Posture in Spaceflight
Authors: Han Kim K. , Young Karen S. , Rajulu Sudhakar L.
Published: November 2019

The neutral body posture (NBP) has been characteristically observed from crewmembers in a 0 g space flight. This study quantified the NBP from International Space Station crewmembers using a new technique for structured camera calibration and multiple-camera 3D triangulation. Template manikins derived from 3D body scans of the individual subjects also were used to improve accuracy. A skeletal link system was embedded in the manikin and articulated to reproduce the posture matching with the calibrated video images. The estimated body shapes and postures were compared against the NASA Technical Standards. The NBP, as more reliably estimated from this study, can help to improve spaceflight hardware and spacesuit design.
Augmented Reality for Rehabilitative Therapy: Patient experiences and Practitioner perspectives
Authors: Williams Rua M. , Alikhademi Kiana , Drobina Emma , Gilbert Juan E. , Sutor Tommy
Published: November 2019

Over the past 20 years, researchers have investigated the potential of Virtual Reality (VR) to enhance rehabilitative therapies by improving motor control, supporting motivation, and offering analgesic effects. Prior work indicates that patient adherence to prescribed in-home regimens has significant impact on recovery time. Though Connected Health Technologies and Virtual and Augmented Reality (AR/VR) may maximize in-home adherence and recovery, questions about design and deployment remain. We designed a first-person Augmented Reality (AR) experience to elicit user and practitioner perspectives about AR for rehabilitative contexts. We found significant differences between patient and practitioner-report of regimen adherence. We also identified key attitude barriers to adopting VR/AR for clinical practice which may impact support for in-home VR/AR use. Findings from these studies inform directions for future research and development about the use of VR/AR in a therapeutic context.
Video-Based Ergonomic Assessment for Spacesuit Training in a Microgravity Analog
Authors: Hernandez Yaritza , Han Kim K. , Benson Elizabeth , Jarvis Sarah , Rajulu Sudhakar
Published: November 2019

Astronauts are trained in a simulated reduced gravity environment at the NASA Johnson Space Center’s Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL), an underwater test facility. While crewmembers and spacesuits may have a net effect of weightlessness in this environment, their own weight still forces them against the suit. With the extensive amount of required spacesuit training, an association has been observed between suit exposure time and astronaut injuries. The goal of this study was to identify possible relationships between spacesuit training and extreme underwater work postures that are related to injury risk. Given the limitation of traditional ergonomic evaluation tools because of the complex motion of the spacesuit in an underwater environment, a new tool was developed and tested to measure the three-dimensional orientation of suited test subjects in analysis of NBL training videos. A wireless motion tracking device was paired with an event logging software to quantitatively log the upper body orientations throughout training videos.
The Effect of Secondary Cognitive Task Difficulty on Headway Maintenance and Perceived Workload While Using Lane Keeping Systems
Authors: Liang Nade , Pitts Brandon J.
Published: November 2019

Vehicle automation is developing at a rapid rate worldwide. However, even lower levels of automation, such as SAE Level-1, are expected to reduce drivers’ workload by controlling either speed or lane position. At the same time, however, drivers’ engagement in secondary tasks may make up for this difference in workload displaced by automation. Previous research has investigated the effects of adaptive cruise control on driving performance and workload, but little attention has been devoted to lane keeping systems (LKS). In addition, the influence of secondary cognitive tasks on Level-1 driving performance is also not well understood. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of secondary cognitive tasks on driving performance and perceived workload while using LKS. Nine participants drove a simulated vehicle in manual and LKS modes, while maintaining a specific headway and performing a secondary cognitive (n-back) task with varying levels of difficulty. Results showed that standard deviation of headway and NASA-TLX workload scores were significantly higher during the most difficulty secondary task. Also, LKS was not found to improve driving performance nor reduce perceived workload. This paper highlights potential performance costs and benefits associated with LKS technology and proposes directions for future research.
Improving pupil diameter measurement accuracy in a remote eye tracking system
Authors: Coyne Joseph T , Brown Noelle , Foroughi Cyrus K. , Sibley Ciara M
Published: November 2019

Pupil diameter (PD) has been used to track changes in mental effort across a broad range of cognitive tasks for over 60 years. PD is often measured from remote eye tracking systems, which all have the same limitation: the lack of a known reference value to convert the pixels captured within the systems to millimeters. Researchers frequently normalize their data within an individual to overcome this issue, however recent studies have found individual differences in resting PDs. This paper investigated the use of a fiduciary marker of a fixed size and an individual’s interpupillary distance, as known reference values. Both techniques substantially improved the accuracy of PD data compared to the unadjusted system data. Further, the average difference between both techniques and the uncorrected pupil diameter was just under .4mm, which is approximately the equivalent of most studies finding differences in cognitive load.
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy and Military Personnel with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review
Authors: Singh Simar , Nathan-Roberts Dan
Published: November 2019

This systematic review determines the efficacy of virtual reality (VR) therapy for veterans and active service members with combat related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and identifies common themes among studies utilizing VR. A total of 222 articles were initially considered for this systematic review, and the inclusion and exclusion criteria left 14 articles to be analyzed. A statistically significant or clinically significant reduction in PTSD scores was reported in 64% of the articles after the use of a VR-based therapy. However, no articles provided evidence for VR therapy being statistically better than other forms of therapy in treating PTSD. VR exposure therapy was used in 71% of the studies, making it the most commonly used form of VR therapy, followed by VR graded exposure therapy at 21% and VRET-arousal control at 7%. Limitations and future studies are also discussed.
Identifying an Optimal Sampling Method to Estimate Postural Risk in a Dynamic Work Task
Authors: Tung Kryztopher D. , Fukumura Yoko E. , Baker Nancy A. , Forrest Jane L. , Roll Shawn C.
Published: November 2019

Introduction:

The Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) is an ergonomic assessment tool used to screen for risk of musculoskeletal injury due to working posture. The RULA is traditionally applied once during a work task to approximate overall risk. No method exists for estimating a RULA score for work requiring frequent shifts in posture across an extended period of time.

Purpose:

The goal of this study was to identify an optimal sampling method for applying the RULA across a long time-period that accurately represents overall risk.

Methods:

Four right-handed female dental hygiene students were video recorded from three angles while performing hand scaling during patient clinic visits (88.97 minutes on average). RULA was continuously scored across the entire session, updating the score when a significant postural shift lasting for more than 15 seconds occurred. A time-weighted average (TWA) RULA score was calculated. Three sampling methods were evaluated: equivalent interval samples, random samples, and random samples selection weighted within “clock positions.” Each method was compared to the TWA using a paired samples t-test and percent difference.

Results:

TWA RULA across the four students ranged from 3.4 to 4.3. Preliminary sampling averages using 10 samples were all within 0.2 of the TWA. Further iterations evaluating various sample sizes is ongoing.

Discussion:

Preliminary results suggest that all three sampling methods provide a reasonably accurate approximation of the TWA score at the sampling rate tested. Future iterations of this analysis will be continued to identify the minimum required sampling rate to meet our TWA criterion.