bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Exogenous Application of Plant Extracts in Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenols and Steviol glycosides Content of Stevia Plant Under Abiotic Stress Conditions
Authors: Khshan Noor S. , Al-Taweel Sudad K.
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was conducted in the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences/University of Baghdad to study the effect of Shading and the foliar application of some plant extracts on the natural antioxidant’s activity, total phenols and steviol glycosides content in the Stevia plant. Stevia plant seedlings, which produced from tissue culture of the Spanish variety Spanti, were planted on 15 April 2021. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) using a split-plot arrangement with three replicates. The results showed that S2 (Shaded plants) had significant superiority in the total antioxidant activity by 11000.20 mg L-1, total phenols by 9.947 mg L-1, and G2 (Liquorice root extract) excelled in total antioxidant activity with 12852.50 mg L-1. M1 (Moringa leaves extract) showed significant superiority in total phenols with 16135 mg L-1. The (G2) exhibited the highest overall antioxidant activity when interacting with shaded plants. Additionally, the (M1) contributed to a significant increase in total phenols in shady Stevia plants. Therefore, Stevia plants in the S2 (shading) with spraying of Liquorice root extract at the concentration of 6% have a significant increase of total antioxidant activity and total phenols. The S1 (open field plants) were significantly superior in the total stevioside content (%) to the shaded plants S2, at a rate of 7.08%. It also showed that the spraying of Licorice root extract at the open field G2 was significantly superior to G1, M1, and M2, and the control M0G0 treatments at the following rates: 3.67, 5.70, 12.96, and 30.19%.
Effect of Seed Stimulation by Alpha-Amylase Enzyme, Stimulus Temperature Degree and Sowing Dates on some Growth Characteristics of Sorghum
Authors: Abbas Jyan Zuhair , Saudi Ahmed Hameed
Published: July 2024

The study was conducted at Research Station A, Department of Field Crops, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad, in Al-Jadriya for the fall season of 2023. The study aimed to investigate the impact of seed priming with alpha-amylase enzyme and induced temperature on some growth traits of Sorghum. A completely randomized block design (RCBD) with split plot arrangement with three replications and two factors was employed. The first factor included planting dates (June 25, July 15, and August 5) denoted as D1, D2, and D3, respectively, in sequence. The second factor included enzyme priming treatments (0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg L-1) denoted as T1, T2, and T3, respectively, in sequence, along with a control treatment (distilled water) denoted as T0. Results revealed that plants sown on date D3 exhibited the highest plant height reaching 165.73 cm, while date D1 had the highest leaf area (484.2 cm2). Chlorophyll and crop growth rate were not affected by different planting dates. Moreover, treatment T3 showed highest rate of plant height (161.31 cm), while treatment T2 exhibited the highest mean of leaf area 459.9 cm2. Treatment T1 resulted the highest leaf chlorophyll content (57.80 SPAD units), whereas enzyme priming treatments did not effect on crop growth rate significantly. Interaction of study factors showed significance in plant height, leaf area, and crop growth rate, whereas it did not affect chlorophyll content.
Effect of Different Spray Concentrations of Zinc on the Growth Traits and Yield of Six Row Barley Varieties
Authors: Kazem Al-Samarrai Reem Subhi , Hindi Hussein Ali
Published: July 2024

Field crops department at college of Agriculture at Tikrit University, which is about 12 km from center of Tikrit city, during two winter agricultural seasons 2021-2022 AD and 2022-2023 AD. Experiment included two factors first was ten varieties of six-row barley: Warka Aswad, Shuaea Al-Khair, Hadar Aswad, Amal, Buraq, Samir, Rayhana, Arifat, and Ibaa 99. second was three spray concentrations of zinc, namely (0, 60, and 120) mg. Liter. Experiment was implemented according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D.) with three replications and in a split-plot arrangement as main plots included three spray concentrations while secondary plots included ten barley varieties. The traits of period from planting until 50% of heading were expelled area of flag leaf number of ears per m2, the number of grains per spike, grains thousand weight and grain yield were studied and following results were reached: Arifat variety gave highest arithmetic mean for number of grains per spike (42,111). An spike and weight of a thousand seeds is (40.777) grams. A plant and grain yield is (4.227) tons. ha and gave a concentration of 120 mg. Liter has highest averages for traits of number of spike per m2 (260.183) spike m2 and number of grains per spike (41.188) grains. An spike and weight of a thousand grains (39.911) grams and grain yield (4.227) tons.ha. second season recorded highest grain yield of (3.777) kg. hectares, and compatible treatment was achieved (black Hatra x 120mg.L concentration zinc x second season) gave highest mean of grain yield (5.118) kg.ha.
Breeding Double Hybrids of Maize with Early Flowering and Physiological Maturity
Authors: Odhaib Rafid Kamil , Hassan Wajeeha Abed
Published: July 2024

Maize(Zea mays L.) is a good model for studying genetics and applying plant breeding and improvement, as it has a high ability to genetically adapt to a wide range of conditions. It requires implementing breeding programs for the maize crop to produce seeds of double hybrids and introduce them into agriculture because of their good specifications in production. It results from the multiplication of single hybrids that are characterized by their strong growt, and increase its grains compared to the plants used in the production of single hybrids. The extent to which genetic variants exist across plants is the primary determinant of the success of any breeding operation, including those aimed at enhancing maize varieties. Although phenotypic variations are detectable in every setting, they do not solely reflect the impact of genetic variations; rather, they reflect the impact of environmental variability, growth factors, and the interplay between genotype and environment. Maize is distinguished by its genetic and phenotypic variation, as well as its ability to adapt in different environments, noting that each environment has its hybrids and varieties. Suitability: The most appropriate sowing date for the growth of maize is one of the rules relied upon in growing the crop, especially in the fall season, as physiological maturity may be accompanied by rainfall, a decrease in temperature, and an increase in relative humidity, which negatively affects the grain yield in quantity and quality, so Early flowering and physiological maturity are important determinants in choosing the appropriate genotype for cultivation.
Genetic Parameters Using Line × Tester Multiplication for Growth, Yield and Quality of Maize
Authors: Wahid Safaa A. , Noaman Abdulsamad H. , Abdulhamed Zeyad A. , Hamad Hadel Sabar , Abdulkareem Baraa M.
Published: July 2024

An on-site experiment was conducted in the Anbar-Ramadi Governorate, situated at a longitude of 43.26 and a latitude of 33.43, during both the spring and fall seasons of 2022. A total of 10 lines were utilized, consisting of 3 paternal lines and 7 pure maternal lines. The crossbreeding was conducted using the strain × examiner multiplication method, resulting in the production of 21 distinct hybrids. The objective of the study was to investigate genetic action, genetic factors, and the impacts of general and particular combining susceptibility using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. All attributes exhibited significant variations between the parents and their hybrids. The Inb23 strain demonstrated superior performance in terms of average individual plant output, achieving a weight of 138.32 g. Additionally, the Inb17 × AGR21 hybrid had the greatest average plant yield, measuring 198.28 g. The ZP607 tester had the most significant beneficial impact on plant output in terms of general combining ability, with a value of 3.097. The variation components of particular combining ability were larger than the variance components of general combining ability. The importance of dominance variance exceeded that of host variance. The heritability in the narrow sense was low for the number of grains per stalk and yield, but it achieved its maximum level. The weight of 300 seeds and the number of effective leaves were 14.27% and 13.44%, respectively. This resulted in a dominance score greater than one for all attributes. The study concludes that it is feasible to utilize certain superior parents in crossbreeding to create unique hybrids that have the capacity to combine and generate high grain yields. This is because many of their traits are governed by dominance and superdominance. Additionally, the trait of the number of effective leaves can serve as a reliable indicator for enhancing yield.
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Evaluation of Their Effect Against some Virulence Factors of Opportunistic Systemic Mycoses Fungi
Authors: Alazzawi Marthad Aiham , Ajah Hamzia Ali , Mohammed Nadheer J.
Published: July 2024

The objective of this work was to investigate in vitro the antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles made from Glycyrrhiza glabra roots against a few opportunistic systemic mycoses fungi by 15 isolates total 11 isolates of Candida spp. and 4 isolates of Cryptococcus spp. were used for the analysis of AgNPs using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-visible spectroscopy. The MTT (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-y1]-2, 5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) test was used to determine the impact of Glycyrrhiza glabra AgNPs roots at sub-MIC on the viability of fungal isolates, In all fungal isolates, the viability was reduced at varying sub-MIC AgNPs concentrations and pH values, the extracellular phospholipase synthesis was measured using the egg yolk agar plate method, and the Pz value was determined by measuring the diameter of the colonies and the diameter of the preceptation zone surrounding the colony, the statistical analysis results showed significant (p≤0.05) differences between treatment and control of all isolates, the findings demonstrated that of the fifteen fungal isolates in pH5, none of them produced an enzyme called phospholipase; three isolates in pH7 did not produce an enzyme called phospholipase; eleven isolates had weak phospholipase activity, and the phospholipase activity of one isolate was modest.; and eleven isolates in pH9 had both weak and moderate phospholipase activity.
Effect of Boron Concentration on Growth and Grain Quality of Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Albayaty Nafie , Jumaa Salah Hameed
Published: July 2024

The field experiment was carried out during the spring 2023 season at the Experimental Research Station of the Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tikrit. The station is situated at a latitude of approximately 34.616°N and a longitude of approximately 43.679°E east of the equator. Four varieties of maize (Zea mays L.) were sown in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in a factorial scheme with 3 replications. The main split plots included five levels: concentrations of spraying with nano-and mineral boron (spraying with only distilled water, spraying with mineral boron at a concentration of (1 and 2) ml -1, and spraying with nano-boron at a concentration of 1 and 2ml -1, whereas the secondary plots included four varieties of Zea mays L. (namely, Al-Maha, Baghdad, Al-Fajr, and 5018). To find out the effect of concentrations of boron on the growth and quality of grains for varieties of Zea mays L. The experiment proved the superiority of spraying with the mineral boron element 2 mlL-1 in the qualities of the number of days of planting to 50% male flowering (staminate flowering), and the number of days of planting to 50% female flowering (pistillate flowering), plant height and leaf area. Spraying with nano boron 2 mlL-1 has surpassed in the content of chlorophyll and all attributes of grain quality except the percentage of ash. It is noted from the evaluation of the performance of the varieties that Al-Fajir variety exceeded in both qualities the number of days of planting to 50% male flowering and the number of days of planting to 50% female flowering. However, 5018 variety exceeded and gave the highest averages in the following qualities: leaf area and oil percentage in grains, reaching (63.42cm2) and (5.96%) respectively. Whereas, Baghdad variety exceeded in terms of height, chlorophyll content, protein percentage and starch percentage in grains and gave averages of 2.13 cm, 42.92 SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development), (9.42%) and (33.85%) respectively. As for the interaction between the varieties and the proportions of boron spraying, the combination (spraying of mineral boron 2 mlL-1 and Baghdad variety) outperformed in the attributes of plant height, chlorophyll content and ash percentage, recording 2.35cm, 45.78 SPAD and (1.40%), respectively. Concerning leaf area, the mineral boron spray surpassed 2 ml-1 with 5018 and gave a value of 711.09cm2. These results enable maize growers to select and produce maize varieties with early male and female flowering with an increase in the attributes qualities of the crop.
The Effect of NaCl Treatment on the Nutritional Balance of Wheat under Salt Stress Conditions
Authors: Abbas Ahmed K. , Mohammed Huda Amer , Al-Taey Duraid K. A. , Al-Khafajy Raghda’a Ali , Mahmood Saad S. , Alsaffar Marwa Fadhil
Published: July 2024

A nutritional balance assessment of wheat seeds subjected to salt stress was the objective of the research, which was carried out in the autumn of 2022. The seeds were treated with sodium chloride solutions of varying concentrations. Wheat seeds treated with sodium chloride solutions of concentrations of 25, 50, and 75 mM exhibited a substantial increase in the uptake of calcium, sodium, and chloride ions, while potassium absorption decreased significantly (the study revealed that the application of water with varying salinity levels significantly affected the uptake of potassium, calcium, sodium, and chloride ions by the plants). Furthermore, it is more accurate to express the proportions of potassium and calcium ions to sodium as a percentage rather than their absolute quantities. This was demonstrated when varying and highly concentrated sodium chloride solutions (20 and 75 mM) were used to increase the percentage of potassium or calcium to sodium. Specifically, this led to an imbalance in the ratios of potassium and calcium ions to sodium.
Thermal Accumulation for Tasseling and Silk Stages and Yield Components for Corn Genotypes Growing in Planting Dates Autumn Season
Authors: Aziz Jasim Mohammed , Sattar Ali Zainab Abdel
Published: July 2024

An experiment was carried out on the extension farm of the extension center in Baladruz district in the fall season of 2023, with the aim of studying nine varieties of corn, namely (Al-Maha, Cadz, American Miami, American BioNTech, Ronaldino, PC Serbian, TORRO, KWS and German Deco Nester) with three planting dates (20 June. 5 July and 20 July). Using Randomized Complete Block Design in a split-plot arrangement, the main plots included planting dates while the varieties were in the secondary plots. The results showed that the Ronaldino variety was superior in terms of the lowest number of days to tasseling and silk, and the thermal accumulations to tasseling and silk reached (46.0 days, 52.3 days, 1249.0°C, and 1402.1°C), while the German Deco Nester excelled in the number of grains per row, which reached (33.9)grains, and Torro Variety in weight 500 grains (170.9) grams, and excelled The two variety Kws and German Deco Nester had a fertility rate of (90.0% and 92.2%). The PC Serbian variety was superior in grain yield,(9033) kg ha-1. As for planting dates, the planting date of 20 July was superior in most of the studied traits, Ronaldinho recorded the lowest number to tasseling and silk in 20 July (45.0 days, 51.0 days), and the thermal accumulation for them was (1247.7)C °and (1280.2) C°, respectively. It is noted that the German Deco Nester was superior in yield in all planting dates due to the high fertility rate and its excellence in grain yield components.
Producing Mushroom with High Technology: Review Article
Authors: Abed Idham A. , Almarie Ahmed A. , Yaqub M. T. , Mahmood E. K.
Published: July 2024

White Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus are produced in Iraq on a small scale and there are very few trade companies, no more than five companies nationwide. The rest of the projects are small individual projects. Even in the companies produced, reliance is placed on providing the appropriate climate medium of heat, humidity, and ventilation on simple primitive methods. Until now, no reliance has been made on modern methods that are spread all over the world. The mushroom climate control device was imported and installed in an area with dimensions 8*5*4m. During two seasons, mushrooms of high quality were produced, according to the opinion of most. consumers.
Factors Affecting the Production of Antibacterial Compounds by Lactobacillus plantarum Biofilm and Planktonic cells
Authors: Khalel Mariam Laith , Ibrahem Tariq Zaid
Published: July 2024

Lactobacillus plantarum has the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria through production of chemical compounds and bacteriocins. This study aimed to find out the effectiveness of the products of these bacteria against E. coli by altering the pH of the growth media, types of media, and for examining the effect of adding certain sugars concentration to inhibit E. coli. L. plantarum strain was cultured in different environmental conditions, by adding (sucrose, glucose, galactose, fructose, and starch) to MRS medium. The results revealed that biofilm supernatant had a 40% inhibitory effect on E. coli, with the optimal temperature of 37°C. The most effective pH for the L. plantarum growth showed an increase in the inhibition of E. coli at pH 7. Furthermore, higher sugar concentrations added to the MRS led to reduce production of inhibitory substances. MRS and TSB were identified as the best media for L. plantarum growth to give increasing the inhibition of E. coli. L. plantarum couldn’t grow on the MacConkey agar. Despite the importance of L. plantarum supernatants for inhibiting E. coli, the optimal temperature and pH conditions may enhance the inhibition of pathogenic bacteria that affect humans or causing food spoilage.
The Effect of Metformin on some Physiological Traits in Rats with Alloxan-Induced Diabetes
Authors: Rashid Ali Hussein , Muhammad Muhammad Jameel , Hussein Faryal Farouk
Published: July 2024

The study was conducted in the laboratories of the University of Mosul, College of Veterinary Medicine, and the biological experiment was conducted in the animal house belonging to the College of Veterinary Medicine for the period from 3/1/2023 to 10/2/2023. The study included the use of the drug metformin to determine its effect on male rats with Alloxan-induced diabetes. The study included We used (24) adult male white rats, whose ages ranged from (13 to 14 weeks), and whose weights were recorded between (270 to 280 grams), at a rate of eight rats for each group, which included three groups, which were divided as follows: A healthy control group (T1), one with Alloxan-induced diabetes (T2) that received no treatment whatsoever, and a third with metformin, a chemotherapeutic drug, administered orally at a dosage of 200 mg/kg of body weight, were the three groups. The percentages of glucose, creatine, urea, glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in blood tests. The levels of glucose, creatine, urea, and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased significantly (P<0.05) in the metformin-dosed treatment group as compared to the control group. The results also shown that the percentage of glutathione (GSH) increased significantly in the same treatment (T3) compared to the control group with Alloxan-induced diabetes, at the level (P<0.05).
The Effect of High-Protein Biscuits Eaten by Breastfeeding Women
Authors: Weshah Shaimaa Fadhil , Rahi Suhad Kareem , Mustafa Entisar Dawood
Published: July 2024

Breast milk is considered the ideal food for an infant in the first six months, as it contains water, fats, proteins, lactose, minerals, vitamins, enzymes, and hormones. Breast milk varies greatly in composition between breastfeeding mothers and even within the same mother from time to time. Milk samples were collected from breastfeeding women, and the number of donor women was 8 women per group. Breastfeeding women were divided into groups (A, B, C). Group A is the control group that did not take a nutritional supplement or high-protein biscuit Group B is for donor women who take nutritional supplements, and Group C is for breastfeeding women who eat high-protein biscuits. Tests were conducted on biscuits and human milk. The results of the analysis for the biscuits showed an increase in the percentage of moisture, protein, and ash in L3, while the percentage of fat and carbohydrates recorded an increase in the standard treatment. When conducting a sensory evaluation of the biscuits, a difference was noted in the sensory evaluation characteristics between the treatments. After the breastfeeding mother ate protein-rich biscuits, the results of the chemical analysis of the milk showed an increase in the moisture percentage, while the percentages of fat, protein ML3, and lactose increased. It was high in treatment ML1 and ML2, while the ash percentage recorded the highest value in treatment ML1. When analyzing the amino acids in milk samples, the amino acids varied in their proportions, and this indicates the effect of protein-rich foods on the micro- and macronutrients in human milk.
Strategies and Trends for Application Exopolysaccharides of Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Food and Biomedical
Authors: Hussein Khulood Abdulkareem , Niamah Alaa Kareem , Majeed Kithar Rasheed
Published: July 2024

Lactic acid bacteria are a significant bioproduct of exopolysaccharides (EPS) in lactic acid. EPS is popular in the food and dairy industries due to its ability to lengthen shelf life, improve technical functionalities, and provide a range of health benefits. The potential of EPS in drug development and diagnostics is also overwhelming. This study carries out an in-depth analysis of many kinds of lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-produced EPS, their classification, as well as current and future applications in different areas, such as food, dairy, baking, cereal-based and functional products. The clinical and pharmaceutical applications of EPS are also described in this article, for example, intelligent drug delivery systems, interpenetrating polymer networks, anticancer drug-targeting, recombinant macromolecular biopharmaceuticals, gene delivery, tissue engineering, and EPS’s participation in diagnostics. The article ends with future perspectives on increasing EPS production, diminishing production costs, and utilization in other areas.
The Effect of Using Chitosan and Nanokaitosan on the Chemical Composition of Luciobarbus Xanthopterus
Authors: Saleh Fayza Me. , Albashr Tariq Kh.
Published: July 2024

The study was conducted in the laboratories of the Food Science Department at the College of Agriculture at Tikrit University for the period from 1/11/2022 to 11/1/2023, and its main objective is to evaluate the improvement of quality and prolong the shelf life of cold-preserved Luciobarbus xanthopterus. For this purpose, four different groups of Luciobarbus xanthopterus treated with different solutions (distilled water 2%, acetic acid 2%, chitosan 2%, and nanochitosan 2%). At 2–3 °C for 12 days to determine changes in the chemical composition during cryopreservation, the results showed clear and significant differences (p≤ 0.05) as a result of the use of chitosan and nanochitosan in coating Luciobarbus xanthopterus, as this led to a significant increase in the quality of catfish meat. Through the ability to maintain the moisture, fat, protein, and ash content of Luciobarbus xanthopterus well during cold storage at periods of 0, 4, 8, and 12 compared to other treatments, distilled water and acetic acid.
Physiological Effects of Some Medicinal Plants on the Development of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Male Laboratory Rats
Authors: Ayyed Mohammed F. , Hussein Feryal F. , Mohammed Mohammed J.
Published: July 2024

Excess weight and obesity are serious problems that occur as a result of an imbalance in energy storage and consumption, which leads to subsequent accumulation of fat, leading to problems in body functions, especially the liver, which leads to its degeneration and the occurrence of injuries, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Adult white male rats were used in this study. (Rattus norvegicus) of the (Sprague dawely) breed, whose age ranged between (2-3) months and its weight (190-200) grams. The experiment was divided into two stages, the first stage was the infection stage and was divided into two groups, the first group was the healthy control group (Control group) with five Animals: This group was given normal drinking water and food daily for (45) days, and the second group was fed animal fat mixed with the diet at a rate of (30 %) of the weight of the diet (high fat food), symbolized by (HF), for a period of (45) days and at a rate of 15 animals,. At the end of the infection phase, blood biochemical tests were performed for both groups. The study showed a significant increase in the level of the activity of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase in the blood serum (ALP), the activity of the enzyme aspartate amino transferase in the blood serum (AST), and the level of the activity of the enzyme alanine transaminase in the blood serum. Blood (ALT) compared to the healthy control group (C). As for the histological analysis, there was clear fatty degeneration in the liver of rats that were fed a high-fat diet (HF). During the treatment phase, which lasted (28) days, one of the groups was left to feed on a high-fat diet, and the experimental animals were divided into three groups. The first: They were fed a high-fat diet in addition to Urtica Dioica nettle leaf powder, at a rate of (300) mg per day and symbolized by (HF). + U.d), the second: fed a high-fat diet in addition to Moringa oleifera leaf powder at a rate of (300) mg per day and symbolized by HF + M.o). The third: fed a high-fat diet in addition to a powder of dandelion leaves Cichorium intybus at a rate of (300) (mg) daily, symbolized by (HF + C.i). The medicinal plant groups (nettle, moringa, and dandelion) showed a noticeable improvement in liver function through a decrease in liver enzymes compared to the infected control group (HF). They also showed a noticeable therapeutic improvement in liver tissue compared to the infected control group, which She continued to feed with a high-fat diet.
Chemical Characterization and Comparative Analysis of Sunflower Oil: Exploring The Impact of Heat Treatment on Its Composition
Authors: Abdul Nashmil Ali , Ali Roshna Akram , Mohamad Solin Jawhar , Abdullah Rawand Hoshyar , Omar Zanyar Othman , Talb Sonia Sardar
Published: July 2024

In the culinary preparation of food, a primary ingredient employed is oil, with sunflower seed oil ranking among the most widely used globally. Ensuring the quality of this oil is crucial for effective heating. The objective of this study is to evaluate three imported oils (Sun1, Sun2, and Sun3) in comparison to sunflower seed oil, elucidating various chemical components across temperature increments (0, 190, 232, 300 °C). At each stage, the oil underwent cooling, and samples were gathered for the analysis of components such as Iodine Value, Free Fatty Acid, Trans Fatty Acid, Palmitic Acid C16:0, Stearic Acid C18:0, Oleic Acid C18:1, Linoleic Acid C18:2, Linolenic Acid C18:3, Peroxide Value, and Acid Value. The study outcomes revealed a direct correlation between increased oil temperature and elevated levels of TFA, OA, and PA. Sun3 oil exhibited the highest percentage of TFA (4.3%), while Sun1 and Sun2 had the lowest (0.2%). Additionally, Sun1 oil demonstrated the maximum content of PA (9.3%) and OA (31.2%), with the lowest content of PA (6.5%) and OA (25.6%) found in Sun 1 and Sun 3, respectively. Certain indicators, such as LA C18:2, study to scrutinize their composition, ensuring quality and affirming that they pose no risk to consumers.
The Effect of Adding Different Proportions of Local Moringa oleifera Seed Oil on the Shelf Life Extension of Flaxseed Oil
Authors: Moneim Soudad Abdel , Al-Anbari Iman H.
Published: July 2024

The study aimed to extend the shelf life of flaxseed oil, which is rich in essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially omega-3 fatty acids, by adding different proportions (0.5%, 1%, 2%) of Moringa Oleifera seed oil to the treatments (T2, T3, T4) successively to flaxseed oil and comparing the results with flaxseed oil without additives (T0) and flaxseed oil added 200ppm of the synthetic antioxidant (BHT) for treatment (T1). The addition led to shelf life extension to (45, 50, 55) days for treatments (T1, T2, T3) respectively, while the shelf life of flaxseed oil (T0) did not exceed 40 days, considering vegetable oils acceptable and within the approved standard specifications for edible oils (free fatty acids not exceeding 2%, peroxide values not exceeding 10 meq.O2 / kg oil, and thiobarbituric acid value not exceeding 3). The results showed that the highest storage period was achieved with the addition of 2%Moringa oleifera (T4) seed oil, with results for (FFA=1.6) and (P.V=9) and (TBA=1.9) for a storage period of over 60 days at room temperature (25±2) °C, as Moringa Oleifera seed oil is characterized by a high percentage of active antioxidant compounds(phenols, sterols, tocopherols and, carotenoids) reached (119, 1700, 88,17) ppm respectively, and high percentage of oleic acid which reached abut72.38% that makes it more resistant to oxidation compared with other unsaturated fatty acids. at the same time flax seed oil contained 51.146% linolenic acid, which is characterized by its rapid oxidation and needs antioxidant to extend shelf life.
The Use of Arabic Gum in the Manufacture of Like-Margarine
Authors: Ali Dhaef Ali Hussein , Abd Alsalam Shaimaa Riad
Published: July 2024

This study was aimed to manufacture a margarine-like product in which the milk fat was replaced with olive oil at a rate of 25 and 50%, with the addition of Arabic Gum (A.G) as an emulsifying agent at a rate of 0.25%. The product was stored for 60 days. at State the temperature for storage. A cow butter sample was manufactured as control sample, and some properties were estimated, including the peroxide value and The acid value spreadability and hardness. Also, Sensory evaluation was carried out, and the research was conducted in the period from 15/10/2022 to 15/2/2023, The results showed that the A.G sample was lower in peroxide number, as the values for the A.G. sample ranged from 8 to 12, while in the butter sample it was 11 to 13.5 mEq O2/gm fat. The acid for the A.G. sample ranged between 0.84 and 1.4and for the butter sample, it ranged between 0.84 and 1.6 mg KOH/gm fat. The spreadability was estimated at 20° for the M.G. sample, and it ranged from 5.55-5.65 cm, while in the butter sample it was between 2-3.25 cm. Hardness was also estimated, as it was about 2 cm in the A.G. sample at 20°, and in the butter, it was 0.7–1.15 cm. As regarded with Sensory evaluation: The butter and A.G samples had high grades, and only A.G samples were accepted by the evaluators due to their good appearance, texture, and color.
Impact of Fish Offal Meal as Animal Protein on Liver Enzymes and Creatinin Levels of Common Carp (cyprinus carpio L.)
Authors: Al-Zahiri Ali Jassim , Al-Dulaimy Hasan Ali , Al-Bassam Nuha Hameed
Published: July 2024

The study was planted to investigate the impact of use fish offal meal on liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) and creatinin concentrations in blood serum of common carp. Six experimented diets were prepared to be iso protein and iso caloric which contained commercial fish meal in treatment T1 and fish offal meal not supported with commercial protease enzyme in treatment T2, while the other four diets contained fish offal meals supported with protease enzyme in proportions at 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3% for treatments T3, T4, T5 and T6, in the exprtiment, 126 common carp (Cyprinus carpio)were used with an average weight of 34±4 g. The fish were distributed in 18 glass aquarium(representing each replicate aquarium)at rate of 7 fish per aquarium, after a two week peak period during which the fish were fed to saturation on a commercial diet to reduce individual differences. In the case nutrition among the first before the start of the experiment, after which the fish were fed on experimental diets for a period of 90 days, the fish were weighted every two weeks with the adjustement of the amount of food provided to the fish according to the weight gain of the biomass of each replicate. Taking a sample of 2 fish per replicate to determinate the concentration of AST, ALT and ALP enzymes in the blood serum. The results showed no significant difference among the experimental treatments(p>0.05) in concentrations of liver enzymes, ALT and ALP and recorded T1 highest value in AST 142 (U/L) while T5 recorded lower value 134 (U/L) and recorded T5 higher value in ALT 23.06 (U/L) and less value showed in T6 19.46 (U/L), on the other hand, the highest value in ALP was recorded in T5 16.10 (U/L) and lower value in T2 11.73 (U/L). There were no significant difference between all experimental treatments (p>0.05) in creatinin parameter and were among the natural concentrations and recorded T3 higher value 0.63 mg/dl and less value was recorded T1 0.43 mg/dl.
The Effectiveness of Aqueous Ozone on Residual Chlorination by Products in Treated Chicken Meat
Authors: Ghaffoori Kanaan Manal Hadi , Mohammed Fatten Ahmad , Abdullah Sura Saad
Published: July 2024

There are a lot of dangerous and toxic microbes that may easily infect poultry. Because of the potential for contamination during processing, sterilization is an essential step in ensuring the safety of poultry meat products for consumers. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of aqueous ozone treatment at 0.5 ppm for twenty-five minutes in reducing residual chlorine byproducts in chicken meat obtained from different regions of Al-Suwaria city in Wasit Province. We scoured various marketplaces in Al Suwaria city for ten samples of frozen chicken portions. Using the gas chromatography technique, the concentrations of chlorine byproducts were calculated. The ozone producer (A2Z/AQUA-6, USA) and the CHE-Mets®-Kit, USA, were used to quantify the concentration of ozone in water as parts per million (ppm). All samples tested positive for residues of chlorine byproducts (chloroform and bromodichloromethane) prior to treatment, according to the gas chromatography data. However, the ozone treatment caused a highly significant (P≤0.01) drop in both chloroform and bromodichloromethane in the samples that were treated as (P = 0.0001 and 0.0056), respectively. Based on the results, it is clear that the current concentration of ozone, when applied for the specified duration, effectively lowers the chlorination byproduct levels (ppb) in the rinsed meat. The public health implications of this decrease in chlorination byproduct, which are carcinogenic, are substantial. Based on these results, ozone treatment might provide a non-toxic alternative to current methods of sanitizing meat and meat products at slaughterhouses and in restaurants.
Preparation of Nano-Lycopene from Tomato Waste and its Use in Extending the Shelf Life of Flax Seed Oil
Authors: Ali Rasheed Abd Al-Hussain Attia , Al-Anbari Iman Hameed
Published: July 2024

This study was carried out to reveal lycopene extract and nano-lycopene as a natural antioxidant and its role in prolonging the shelf life of flax seed oil, which contains a high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which makes it more susceptible to oxidation. Lycopene was extracted using a solvent mixture of acetone, hexane, and ethyl alcohol at a ratio of (1:2: 1) from tomato waste powder, the lycopene pigment was identified using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) device, lycopene nanoparticles were synthesized from the extracted lycopene by mechanical grinding, and the lycopene nanoparticles were identified to determine their surface morphology using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) its dimensions reached 62 nanometers, and an atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to determine its surface shape and determine the dimensions and roughness of the lycopene nanoparticles, which reached 45.62 nanometers. The average crystal size was calculated using XRD technology and amounted to 12.52 nanometers, and the results showed that adding nano-lycopene at a concentration of 150. 200 and 250 ppm led to extending the shelf life of flax seed oil to more than 60 days, at room temperature (25 ± 2) °C, while the control sample was considered rancid after 30 days, the results of our study indicated the presence of antioxidant properties for both Lycopene and nano-lycopene, variables that indicate the development of oxidation processes were followed through indicators of both the percentage of free fatty acids (FFA) and the peroxide number (PV) during the storage period.
Study of the Inhibitory Activity of Grape Seeds Against Meat Spoilage Microorganisms
Authors: Abdullah Enas Najm
Published: July 2024

In the current study, grape seed oil was extracted using a Clavanger device, the active chemical compounds in it were identified using GC-MS technology, and the physical and chemical properties of the oil were studied. The oil extraction rates were 14.53%, the refractive index value was 1.4957, and the specific density was 0.855. The oil also showed complete solubility. In organic solvents and insoluble in water, the qualitative chemical detection showed that grape seed oil contains flavonoids, glycosides and resins. A negative result was also observed for the detection of saponins, alkaloids and tannins. The active chemical compounds were identified using GC-MS technology and it was found that the oil contains 18 compounds and the highest percentage was Palmitoleic acid methyl ester compound, which amounted to 37.79%, and a number of other compounds at rates of (25.65, 8.08, 8.03) %, respectively. Myrisic acid methyl ester, Lauric acid, methyl ester, cis-10-heptadecanoic acid, methyl ester increasing the concentration of the oil also led to an increase in the ability to inhibit bacteria. The highest percentage of growth inhibition when using a concentration of 80% was against the bacteria Klebsiella pnemoniae, as the diameter of inhibition reached 48 mm at a concentration of 80%, and complete inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. As for Escherichia coli, the diameter of inhibition reached 36 mm and the diameter of inhibition reached 36 mm. The inhibition was 34 and 30 mm for both Micrococcus roseus and Staphylococcus aureus.
Effective Zn-NPs and Conjugates of Nisin and Natamycin Against Food Poisoning Microbes
Authors: Hammoud Manar A. , Thalij Karkaz M. , Alnazal Ahmed A.
Published: July 2024

The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Zn-NPs and its conjugates of Nisin and Natamycin against food poisoning microbes. The results showed the ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast to produce Zn-NPs, which was shown by the change in color of the zinc acetate solution dissolved in the yeast growth metabolic solution from yellow to yellow. The creamy color is a preliminary indicator of the proven synthesis of Zn-NPs. The characteristics of Zn-NPs were diagnosed by determining the ultraviolet absorbance spectrum of the Zn-NPs solution, which was found to be at a wavelength of 375 nm. X-ray diffraction also examined the presence of Zn-NPs particles in the solution, as it was revealed in the infrared spectroscopy device the presence Zn-NPs particles are in different bundles, and Zn-NPs particles appeared under electron microscope (SEM) in the size range of 49-81 nm and in spherical shape. The results of isolating and diagnosing food poisoning microbes from local yogurt showed the presence of types of food poisoning microbes, including S.aureus, S.pyogenes, L.monocytogens, E.Coli, S. typhimurium, and Candida ssp. By 62, 67, 13, 11 and 50%, respectively. It was found that the minimum inhibitory concentration when using Zn-NPs alone or combined with Nisin or Natamycin against food poisoning microbes contaminating yogurt samples was effective even at low concentrations of 0.39, 0.19, 0.09 against L.monocytogens, S.aureus, and S. typhimurium, E.coli and C. lusitaniae respectively.
Production of the Protease Enzyme from Bacillus cereus Bacteria Isolated from Some Cooked Foods and Determining the Factors Affecting the Production of the Enzyme
Authors: Salam Khattab Khattab Abdul , Al-Nazzal Ahmed Ismael
Published: July 2024

15 samples of cooked food (cooked potatoes) were collected from different places and conditions in order to isolate bacteria that produce the protease enzyme. The samples were grown after diluting them on a medium (nutrient agar, mannitol salt agar, skim milk agar, nutrient broth, and mannitol egg yolk polymyxin agar), then cultural tests were conducted (shape, size, color, and edge of the colonies), microscopic tests (response to Gram stain), and biochemical tests (catalase, oxidase, indole, methyl red, voges-proskuer, citrate, urease test, kilgers iron Agar), and all isolates were diagnosed in the VITEK2 diagnostic device, where the approved isolation and diagnosis results showed that (6) isolates belong to the genus Bacillus cereus. These isolates were subjected to primary and secondary screening processes to obtain the most efficient isolate for producing the protease enzyme. It turned out that the isolate bearing the number (1) is the most efficient isolate, as it has given enzymatic activity to the crude enzyme. 11.23 units/ml, specific efficacy 1.20 units/mg, and protein concentration 9.32 mg/ml.
Study of the Effect of Laboratory-Made Functional Pasta on some Biochemical Characteristics in Male Rats Suffering from Hyperglycemia
Authors: Mahmood Wisam Hameed , Mustafa Adil Abdulrahman
Published: July 2024

This study was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Food Sciences - College of Agriculture – University of Tikrit. The animal house of the College of Veterinary Medicine, with standard number 1601A301C011, University of Tikrit, was used for the period from 5/1/2022 to 6/1/2022. The experiment aimed to manufacture functional pasta with a 40% replacement rate Of oat flour, fortified with some medicinal plants, and a demonstration of some of its physiological effects in male rats suffering from alloxan-induced hyperglycemia, as the results of the biological experiment, for a period of 30 days, showed a significant increase in the weights of rats with H fenugreek, Z ginger, D cinnamon, and HZD, a mixture of equal proportions of fenugreek and ginger. For the two students, the highest weight gain was in the HZD mixture, which amounted to -0.32 mg/kg compared to the C2 infected control, which amounted to -25.33 mg/kg. The effect of the study on CBC parameters, the results of white blood cells (WBC) showed a significant decrease in D, reaching 9.20 cells3/mm106 when compared with the infected control, which amounted to 9.58 cells3/mm106. As for red blood cells (RBC), they decreased significantly in Z compared to C1. The results also showed a significant decrease in blood hemoglobin Hb, which reached 10.00 g/dL compared to C1, which amounted to 10.60 g/dL. As for platelets, PLT, they increased significantly in H D Z when compared with C1. As for its effect on lipid profile, the results showed a significant decrease. Cholesterol in the HZD treatment reached 83.66 mg/dL compared to C1, which was 92.33 mg/dL. The results showed that for triglycerides, there was a significant decrease in HZD, which was 67.66 mg/dL compared to C1, which was 75.66 mg/dL. As for high-density lipoprotein (HDL), it increased significantly in Z compared to C1, while low-density lipoprotein (LDL) increased in C1 and decreased. In D, as for the effects of different treatments on the glucose index, the results showed a significant decrease in Z and D, which were 184.00 and 187.50 mg/dL, respectively, compared to C1, which amounted to 237 mg/dL. As for VLDL, it decreased significantly in HDZ compared to C+, which amounted to 15.13 mg/dL.
Enhancing Enzymatic Activity Through Co-Immobilization of Protease and Lipase Enzymes on Magnetic Nano-Iron Oxides Coated with Gum Arabic
Authors: Aldhalemi Murtadha Aabdulhasan , Shanshool Azhar Jawad , Taha Ali A.
Published: July 2024

In this research, an easy method was followed for the co-immobilization of proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) using magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles to enhance the enzymatic activity. These oxides were obtained from Sky Spring Nanomaterials (U.S.A.) with a size of 30 nm, it was coated with gum arabic at a ratio of 0.05 mg/l of distilled water and the surface activation process was carried out using the binder glutaraldehyde at a concentration of 5%, then the lipase and protease enzymes prepared from Solarbio (China) and isolated from the Aspergillus niger mold. These enymes were restricted to the nanoparticles coated with gum arabic and activated with the binder at pH (7) and temperature 37°C. The immobilization efficiency of lipase and protease enzymes on these particles was (130, 108.86)% respectively. The effect of free and immobilized enzymes on the hydrolysis of fats and proteins was studied. The percentage of hydrolysis of fats and proteins was (3494.6, 2450.53) U/mg, respectively, for the immobilized enzymes on nanoparticles, and (2688, 2250.1) U/mg, respectively) for the free ones.
Isolation and Identification of Enterococcus faecium Bacteria From the Vaginal Cavity of Local Ewes and Study of some of their Antagonistic Properties Against Types of Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Shallal Entisar Nadhim , Asker Audai Sabah , Yaseen Ali Ameen
Published: July 2024

The objective of this study was to isolate and identify species of the Enterococcus genus from twelve healthy female sheep in college of agriculture – university of Anbar, western regions of Iraq, and to investigate their growth patterns and biochemical characteristics. Nine isolates of this bacteria were obtained from healthy ewes In the Al-Dawwara area, 10 km west of Ramadi by vaginal swabs. All isolates exhibited growth in MRS-broth, resulting in the formation of a precipitate at the tube’s bottom. Additionally, the isolates displayed the formation of tiny, spindle-shaped, cream-colored colonies when cultivated on MRS-agar medium. The isolates were seen under a microscope and found to be very short rods. They were Gram-positive and either grouped in pairs or found individually. The biochemical tests yielded negative findings for the catalase and oxidase tests, indicating the absence of these enzymes. Additionally, the organism had no capacity to synthesize Indole from tryptophan. The isolates exhibited no growth at 15°C, whereas they demonstrated successful growth at 45°C. The isolates also demonstrated their capacity to thrive in elevated levels of NaCl, with concentrations as high as 6.5%. The sugar fermentation results demonstrated that all isolates exhibited the ability to ferment fructose, glucose, melibiose, silybiose, and sucrose, but did not create any gas. The isolates also demonstrated their capacity to suppress several strains of pathogenic bacteria by the utilization of the hole diffusion method. The genetic study results indicate that all isolates are classified as Enterococcus faecium species.