bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Life And Early Career Of Thomas East
Authors: Smith Jeremy L
Published: November 2023

Lives of East’s more famous contemporaries, such as Shakespeare and Marlowe, are so notoriously undocumented that entire books have been devoted to filling in the sketchy outlines. While East’s case will never reach Shakespearean levels of interest or controversy, in its own quiet way it, too, has stirred up a fair amount of speculation and confusion over the years. One older theory had it that East was an Italian emigre, based on his tendency to favor the spelling “Este:’ Another rather popular conjecture was that Thomas East was the father of Michael East, the prominent com poser of the early Stuart era.The younger East was indeed conspicuously well published and had had his first book of music printed by his reputed father.
Bibliographical Issues: East’s Music Print shop And Chronological Puzzles
Authors: Smith Jeremy L
Published: November 2023

Sometime around 1587, the stationer East and the composer Byrd worked out a business arrangement whereby East became Byrd’s official and only assign in his music publishing enterprise. This was the career decision that would eventually secure East a place in music history, but it was a rather risky move at the time. As the stationer Christopher Barker officially reported to the queen’s Privy Council in 1582, Byrd produced music books that were among the most unrewarding commodities protected by royal patents. East may not have been as discouraged by this as prudence would seem to dictate-the scope of Byrd’s grant was so broad that it overlapped the jurisdiction of the royal patent specifically designed for psalmbooks with music.
Music Publishing During Byrd’s Monopoly (1588-1593) PART I: Byrd’s Publishing Agenda
Authors: Smith Jeremy L
Published: November 2023

In 1588, for reasons that probably had very little to do with the English navy’s defeat of the Spanish Armada, East printed two large volumes of music, Byrd’s Psalmes, Sonets & Songs and an anthology titled Musica Transalpina which consisted of Italian madrigals translated into English. Thus, as the nation itself was celebrating its victory at sea with a surge of nationalistic pride, East brought an unprecedented amount of English and Englished music by Italian composers to the London marketplace. That same year East also produced five books of scholarship and general literature, which included two editions he apparently published himself It was one of his most productive years and one in which his press produced an output of books with unusually varied topics.If this seemed to point to a future career of greater variety, such a policy was soon to change. In the following year, except for some possible involvement with the issue of a sermon for another printer, East produced musical works exclusively.
Music Printing During Byrd’s Monopoly (1588-1593) PART II: The Benefits To East
Authors: Smith Jeremy L
Published: November 2023

As music monopolist, Byrd had personal goals that shaped much of the enterprise of music publishing in England. His interests began with his own music, and only after he considered that music did he consider other music publications that might advance his own standing or that of his friends and colleagues. Especially when producing Byrd’s music, East was probably inconvenienced by the composer’s unusual capacity to control the presentation of his music in print. Byrd fostered an experimental yet meticulous approach to the accuracy and integrity of his musical texts, seemingly at the expense of Easts labor.
The Emergence of Minds 1n Space and Time
Authors: Hattiangadi Jagdish
Published: November 2023

Is it incoherent to claim that minds emerged as irreducible causal agents in the physical universe as we know it? Jaegwon Kim, in a very careful, general, and thorough analysis of the concept of supervenience, has suggested that it is (Kim, 1993). After remarking upon the intuitive attraction of doctrines of emergence, he issues a challenge to produce a coherent account of emergence that can allow for the realization of the causal powers of emergent entities like minds while allowing, in some sense of that word, for “physicalism.” It is perhaps the most thorough analysis of the concept of supervenience in the literature, is therefore deserving of careful study, and requires a response. In this chapter, I will show that Kim’s analysis is quite cogent if we assume a certain deterministic conception of physics that was prevalent in the later eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, known as Newtonian or classical physics.
“Brown-Eyed Handsome Man”
Authors: Altschuler Glenn C
Published: November 2023

The emergence of rock ’n’ roll as a cultural phenomenon coincided with great ferment in the movement to grant civil rights to African Americans. Enmeshed in the racial politics of the 1950s, rock ’n’ roll was credited with and criticized for promoting integration and economic opportunity for blacks while bringing to “mainstream” culture black styles and values. In the South, rock’ roll became a lightning rod for die-hard segregationists who associated the music—and African Americans—with depraved beliefs and behavior.
Shades of Green
Authors: Steinberg Ted
Published: November 2023

Spontaneous combustion is not something that is supposed to happen to a river, unless it happens to be the Cuyahoga, an 80-mile long stream that cuts through the center of Cleveland, Ohio, before debouching into Lake Erie. The worst fire on the Cuyahoga raged through a shipyard, seriously burned three tugboats, and resulted in excess of 500,000 dollars in damage. Exactly what caused the river to ignite that day is not totally clear. What is clear is that water was not the only substance flowing in the river that day. “We have photographs that show nearly six inches of oil on the river,” Bernard Mulcahy, a fire prevention expert, said after the blaze.
Cell Senescence in Aging
Authors: Fossel Michael B
Published: November 2023

Defining cell senescence is surprisingly difficult. Current discussions often confuse telomere length, population doublings, and cell morphology, prompting misunderstanding and contradiction. Degree of senescence is frequently ignored, with similar outcomes. One person’s senescence is another’s normal cell. As Voltaire (1764, p 225) said, “Define your terms … or we shall never understand one another.”
Community Practice Theories and Skills for Social Workers
Authors: Hardcastle David A , Powers Patricia R , Wenocur Stanley
Published: November 2023

Community Practice is a comprehensive resource for social workers and students eager to learn how to practice effectively in complex systems and diverse communities. In this completely revised edition of the definitive text in the field, the authors have thoroughly updated each chapter and added two entirely new chapters on community building and community organizing. New material on topics such as negotiation and mediation, community advocacy, participatory rural appraisal, the narrative approach to social change, community involvement, representative client boards, and the latest in grassroots endeavors make this text as inspiring as it is practical. Drawing upon the wealth of information available from local organizations, the Internet, newspapers, and academic journals, the authors introduce contemporary experiments and analyze classic modes of community practice and change. The content, exercises, and references offer instructors the flexibility necessary to tailor their courses to undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral level students. This new edition will continue to provide a comprehensive and integrated overview of the theory and skills fundamental to all areas of social work practice. Broad in scope, it offers students as well as practitioners the tools necessary to promote the welfare of individuals and communities.
Sampling and Sample Size
Authors: Valente Thomas w.
Published: November 2023

One or the first questions asked of the evaluator is: “What size sample is needed for the evaluation?” It is assumed that sample size will be the primary determinant of cost of the evaluation, but this may not the case, since questionnaire construction and data analysis arc often just as costly. Furthermore, it is the procedures of sample selection, not the size, that matter both in terms of cost and interpreting the results. Evaluators need to understand how to develop strategics for sample selection and determine the sample size needed to conduct a valid evaluation.
Statistical Analysis
Authors: Valente Thomas w.
Published: November 2023

The ability to conduct statistical analysis is perceived to be a significant barrier to evaluation. Stutistic. is an applied branch of mathematics for describing and analyzing data. Some researchers feel that statistical analysis is reductionist, and difficult to learn, yet basic statistical knowledge is valuable and essential to an evaluation. Excellent introductions to statistical analysis in social and behavioral research can be found in Healy (2001), Loether and McTavish (1980), Blalock (1988), Williams (1986), among others, and more advanced treatments can be found in Rosner (2000), Pedhauzer (1982), and Harris (1985).
Sound Advice
Authors: Bartle Jean Ashworth
Published: November 2023

Always a vital part of community cultural life, children’s choirs can be small amateur clubs or sophisticated arts organizations on a par with adult professional choirs and orchestras. Whatever a choir’s size and ambitions, its director faces a formidable challenge. Jean Ashworth Bartle, director of the award-winning Toronto Children’s Chorus, has collected her experience and wisdom in Sound Advice. In a clear and direct style, the book offers tips on basics such as conducting fun, effective rehearsals and advanced projects including recording and touring. Stressing that the choir director’s fundamental task is to develop musicianship through singing, Bartle suggests skill-building exercises and interactive rehearsal techniques. The book’s appendixes form a sourcebook of warm-ups, repertoire, and suggested programmes, providing several seasons’ worth of inspiration. For teachers just starting out with their choirs, students of the child voice and teaching methods, and experienced choir directors seeking to take their students one step further, Sound Advice will benefit all choir directors who want their choirs to reach a higher level of artistry, musicianship and skill.
The Audition Process
Authors: Bartle Jean Ashworth
Published: November 2023

The more knowledge you have about the children you teach, the more effective you will be. Whether you are teaching a class of thirty singers or training a large choir of a hundred and thirty, the time spent getting to know each child will be well invested. It is important to know each one by name. It is important to know who the leaders are and where the musical strength lies. It is important for the students to know that you always have their best interests at heart and everything you are trying to do is for their benefit. You will gain their respect and trust initially by getting to know each of them.
Recording, Commissioning, and Touring
Authors: Bartle Jean Ashworth
Published: November 2023

This chapter outlines three important aspects of community children’s choir work: recording sessions, commissioning new works, and touring. All are vitally important, not only for the enjoyment of the singers and the musical growth of the choir but also for meeting the organization’s responsibility to the greater community.

This summary is not intended to be a technical manual on microphone placement and recording technique. For that kind of detail, it would be advisable to consult a professional music producer or recording engineer, your local library, or the Internet. (The microphone manufacturer Shure has a wealth of information available on its Web site.) Experienced producers/engineers can lend an impartial set of ears to the performance and will follow music scores as the sessions proceed. They will keep a log of which “takes” have been successful and which passages need to be repeated. They will also be able to assess when it is possible to edit between separate performances to achieve a good “composite” performance.
Introduction
Authors: Thau Michael
Published: November 2023

If we look at what philosophers of mind have been saying over the last twenty or thirty years, underneath many of the arguments and counterexamples-indeed, I think it’s fair to say underlying most of the contention -we’11 find a detailed and (at least on the surface) remarkably coherent account of the structure of mental phenomena; we’ll find what has become the precise object of philosophical desire: namely, a theory.
Black-and-White Mary
Authors: Thau Michael
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 3, we saw that the apparent distinction between, for example, the belief that Superman flies and the belief that Clark Kent flies provides no motivation fortriadism about belief and hence-since descriptive Fregeanism is false-that only pure Millianism about belief can provide a solution to Frege’s puzzle. And, in the previous chapter, we learned that the consequences of Millianism are not nearly as bizarre as they might at first appear to be and indeed that, properly understood, they are both acceptable and predictable.
Collision Course
Authors: Graham Hugh Davis
Published: November 2023

When the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 were passed, they were seen as triumphs of liberal reform applauded by the majority of Americans. But today, as Hugh Graham shows in Collision Course, affirmative action is foundering in the great waves of immigration from Asia and Latin America, leading to direct conflict for jobs, housing, education, and government preference programs. How did two such well-intended laws come to loggerheads? Graham argues that a sea change occurred in American political life in the late 1960s, when a system of split government—one party holding the White House, the other holding Congress—divided authority and enhanced the ability of interest groups to win expanded benefits. In civil rights, this led to a shift from nondiscrimination to the race-conscious remedies of hard affirmative action. In immigration, it led to a surge that by 2000 had brought 35 million immigrants to America, 26 million of them Asian or Latin American and therefore eligible, as “official minorities,” for affirmative action preferences. The policies collided when employers, acting under affirmative action plans, hired millions of immigrants while leaving high unemployment among inner-city blacks. Affirmative action for immigrants stirred wide resentment and drew new attention to policy contradictions. Graham sees a troubled future for both programs. As the economy weakens and antiterrorist border controls tighten, the competition for jobs will intensify pressure on affirmative action and invite new restrictions on immigration. Graham’s insightful interpretation of the unintended consequences of these policies is original and controversial. A short, focused, and even-handed narrative, it illuminates many of the issues that vex the United States today.
The Return of Mass Immigration
Authors: Graham Hugh Davis
Published: November 2023

The shift in federal civil rights policy, from an equal treatment basis in the 1960s to an equal result basis in the 1970s, demonstrates a modern trend toward unintended consequences in social legislation. The phenomenon of surprising results from policy changes is not unique to reforms of the 1960s. But so ambitious was the agenda of Great Society reforms in the 1960s, and so hurried was much of their planning and enactment during the vast legislative outpouring of 1964-68, that unintended consequences flourished. Historian Steven Gillon, in his book “That’s Not What We Meant to Do,” discusses five such boomerang reforms since Franklin Roosevelt’s New Dealers came to Washington in 1933. Three of Gillon’s examples are 1960s programs: the Community Mental Health Act of 1963, which deinstitutionalized the mentally ill; the Civil Rights Act of 1964; and the Immigration Act of 1965. The latter two reforms, although effective in achieving their immediate, intended results, have become modern classics of unintended long-term consequences.

As we have seen, the bipartisan sponsors of the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 pledged that it would abolish the national origins quota system but not otherwise significantly change the number or composition of immigration to America. Initially the immigration reforms of 1965 appeared to work as intended. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, most immigrants came to America from southern and eastern Europe, as the law’s sponsors had predicted.
Conclusion
Authors: Graham Hugh Davis
Published: November 2023

At the heart of this book is a story about the surprising development of two of the great legislative victories in civil rights and immigration policy won by American liberal reformers in the 1960s. Both reforms were grounded in the liberal theory and constitutional doctrine of equal individual rights, and both were driven through Congress by essentially the same cadre of liberal elites. By 1970, moreover, both appeared to be achieving their intended consequences: destroying the racial caste system in the South and abolishing the national origins quota system. By 1975, however, it was clear that both reforms were leading to unintended consequences. In civil rights policy, enforcement methods shifted from nondiscrimination and soft affirmative action to the minority preference remedies of hard or race-conscious affirmative action. Immigration, both legal and illegal, soon surpassed pre-World War I levels in annual entry, with more than three-quarters of the immigrants coming from countries in Latin America and Asia. Although the civil rights and immigration reforms of the mid-1960s were widely approved throughout the United States by 1970, even among southern whites, polls showed that by 1980, both affirmative action and mass immigration were unpopular in the eyes of most Americans. Nevertheless, the civil rights and immigration coalitions showed skill and persistence in fending off attempts made during the Reagan presidency to curb immigration and hard affirmative action. Despite the political success of the conservative movement and the “Reagan Revolution,” both statutory and regulatory provisions for affirmative action programs and legal immigration levels generally expanded through the 1980s and 1990s, as elected officials at national, state, and local levels in both parties proved reluctant to offend the well-organized constituencies of the rights revolution.
Genomic Coadaptation, Outbreeding Depression, and Developmental Instability
Authors: Aubert Paul , Auffray Jean-Christophe
Published: November 2023

Since the publication of Dobzhansky’s Genetics and the Origin of Species, the notion of genomic coadaptation has played a prominent role in the study of the genetics of evolution. The genome is thought of as a collection of harmoniously collaborating genes, which are pooled and maintained by selective processes over the evolutionary histories of populations. Genomic coadaptation corresponds to the overall genie balance resulting from this selection. In fact, different levels of interactions can be distinguished (table 8.1): a first levelconcerns interactions among genes between nonhomologous chromosomes, a second level involves interactions within chromosomes (the internal balance), and a third level results from interactions among genes between homologous chromosomes (the relational balance). For diploid or polyploid organisms, it can then be assumed that, when favored by natural selection, any combination of alleles at a particular locus (at a heterozygous or homozygous state) can be viewed as a kind of relational coadaptation (see Woolf and Markow, chapter 7, this volume). In summary, and in more quantitative genetics terms, coadaptation refers to selected nonadditive effects between (epistasis) and within (dominance and overdominance) loci.
Dominance, Epistasis, and Fluctuating Asymmetry
Authors: Leamy Larry
Published: November 2023

Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), or the variation in the subtle nondirectional differences typically found between left and right sides of bilateral characters, continues to be the most widely used measure of developmental instability in populations (Parsons 1990; Zakharov 1994; Moller and Swaddle 1997). There is little doubt that the level of FA in various characters often increases if individuals suffer developmental perturbations when subjected to environmental stressors such as pollution, toxins, and parasites (Clarke 1992; Graham 1992; Polak 1997), although their effect on FA is not always found (Markow 1995; Leamy et al. 1999; Woods et al. 1999). Similarly, FA sometimes, but not always, responds to genetic stressors such as inbreeding and selection (Clarke 1993; Moller and Swaddle 1997). Levels of FA also have been linked to pollination success in plants (Moller and Eriksson 1995) and mating success in animals (Moller 1993; Moller and Pomiankowski 1993; Simmons 1994; Moller and Thornhill 1997), but more asymmetrical individuals are not always disadvantaged in the mating process (Markow 1995; Goulson et al. 1999).
Plant Developmental Instability: New Measures, Applications, and Regulation
Authors: Freeman D Carl , Graham John H , Emlen John M , Tracy Mary , Hough R Anton , Alados C L , Escós J
Published: November 2023

Development stability is the ability of a genotype to consistently produce the same phenotype in a given environment (Jinks and Mather 1954; Zakharov 1989, 1992; Zakharov and Graham 1992). Developmental instability (DI), then, is the inability to achieve this goal. It is estimated by examining deviations away from an idealized norm (Zakharov 1989), usually involving some aspect of symmetry. Studies have shown that developmental instability is related to reduced plant performance. For example, trees exhibiting higher levels of leaf asymmetry are more apt to become infected with Dutch elm disease (M0ller 1999). For flowers with radial symmetry, pollinators prefer more symmetrical flowers and are able to process such flowers faster (M0ller and Eriksson 1994; West and Laverty 1998). Plants inhabiting sites polluted with heavy metals exhibit enhanced levels of leaf asymmetry (Kozlov et al. 1996). And, while heavy grazing increases measures of DI in palatable species, their unpalatable neighbors exhibit reduced DI (Alados et al. 1998b). Thus, DI may both have functional importance and provide correlative information on the performance of plants.
Associating EnvironmentaI Stress with Developmental Stability: Problems and Patterns
Authors: Hoffmann Ary A , Woods Richard E
Published: November 2023

The asymmetry of bilateral traits and, in particular, nondirectional departures from perfect symmetry (FA-fluctuating asymmetry), has often been promoted as a general indicator of environmental stress at the population and individual levels (see reviews in Palmer 1986; Parsons 1990; Markow 1995; Leung and Forbes 1996; Moller and Swaddle 1997). Fluctuating asymmetry has considerable appeal in this context because it is relatively easy to estimate and multiple traits can be measured on each individual. In addition, stress effects can be defined in terms of departures from an ideal state (perfect symmetry). The assumption in making this connection is that stressful conditions disturb the normal developmental trajectories of organisms, and that the FA in any bilateral trait can be used as a measure of the degree of disturbance.
Linking Developmental Stability and Environmental Stress: A Whole Organism Approach
Authors: Zakharov Vladimir M
Published: November 2023

By definition, ontogenetic and population levels of organization are fundamentally different. Whereas studies at the ontogenetic level deal with individual development, the subjects of population studies are aggregates of individuals (populations). When studying individuals, the organism’s condition at a certain developmental stage, its dynamics of development (the study of ontogeny per se, whose scope is often restricted to embryonic development), and its spatial heterogeneity (the analysis of differences between individuals) are considered. Studies of populations deal with the state of aggregates of individuals at a fixed moment of time, as well as with their dynamics (analysis of population dynamics) and spatial heterogeneity (analysis of differences between populations and species). Usually, the study of populations does not take into account the fact that each individual is an example of ontogeny, so that the assessment of a population is a cross section of ontogenetic trajectories. If this fact is taken into account, the possible ontogenetic changes are regarded as an obstacle to population assessment, and the researcher’s task is to eliminate them via analyzing individuals of the same age. However, a special analysis of an individual in terms of its ontogeny is necessary for correct assessment of populations and their spatial and temporal dynamics, as well as for understanding the mechanisms of population processes. Here, I elaborate on previous work (Zakharov 2001) and attempt to analyze the advantages of the methodology based on population assessment, with ontogenetic changes taken into account, for solving some main problems of population biology.
A Critical Assessment of the Utility of Fluctuating Asymmetry as a Biomarker of Anthropogenic Stress
Authors: Leung Brian , Knopper Loren , Mineau Pierre
Published: November 2023

Biomarkers of anthropogenic stress are measurable changes in biochemical, physiological or behavioral states within cells, tissues, or whole individuals. Ecotoxicologists use biomarkers to reveal whether organisms have been exposed to potentially toxic substances and to indicate the magnitude of the organism’s response to the exposure, preferably before any lethal effects of the pollutants appear (McCarthy and Shugart 1990; Kovacs 1992; Peakall 1992; Hugget et al. 1992). Biomarkers can be general, and influenced by a number of stresses, and give some indication of overall organismal condition, or specific to one or a small group of toxic stressors (McCarthy and Shugart 1990; Kovacs 1992; Peakall 1992; Hugget et al. 1992).
Norms of Reaction and Phenotypic Plasticity in Salmonid Life Histories
Authors: Hutchings Jeffrey A
Published: November 2023

Theory predicts that adaptive plasticity in life history strategies should be favored in organisms with widely dispersed offspring because of the increased likelihood of encountering spatial and temporal environmental heterogeneity. Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a genotype to produce different phenotypes across an environmental gradient (Bradshaw 1965; Schlichting and Pigliucci 1998; Debat and David 2001). Plasticity does not represent genetic change, although the form of change (the trait may increase in value, decrease, or remain the same) may be a product of selection. Phenotypic plasticity can be heuristically and graphically described as a norm of reaction, a linear or nonlinear function that expresses how the phenotypic value of a trait for a given genotype changes with the environment (Schmalhausen 1949; Schlichting and Pigliucci 1998).
Family, Fraternity, and Nation-Building in Russia, 1905-1925
Authors: Sanborn Joshua
Published: November 2023

The Term “Nation” Has Carried tremendous emotional and political force throughout the modern era. The domestic and international power of the word has been such that virtually all politicians who have supported programs that seek to establish civic equality, social solidarity, and the political sovereignty of a specific historical territorialized community have tried to appropriate the term for their own projects. Historians of the nation around the globe have therefore focused their attention on movements and individuals that declared themselves to be national. This approach of limiting the study of the nation to those that carry the name has the signal advantage of combining considerable theoretical strength with a much-desired limitation to the object of study.
Nationalizing the Revolution 1n Central Asia The Transformation qf Jadidism, 19q-1920
Authors: Khalid Adeeb
Published: November 2023

In 1917’ Russian Central Asia Consisted of the province of Turkestan, the product of two decades of Russian conquests in the late nineteenth century, and the two rump khanates of Bukhara and Khiva, dynastic states under Russian protectorate. By 1924, the old boundaries had been replaced by two (and ultimately five) soviet socialist republics, each bearing the name of a nation. The process through which this came about has received little serious attention. Conventional views ascribe the national delimitation of Central Asia, carried out in 1924, to Russian machinations, in which the imperial center, reborn under a new name, imposed its will on the colonial periphery in a classic display of divide and rule.’ Slightly more nuanced views recount abortive cooperation between “nationalists” and Bolsheviks but end by emphasizing the betrayal of the former by the Bolsheviks as soon as their goals of conquering power had been achieved.In either case, the political contest in revolutionary Central Asia is seen as a binary struggle in which the two sides are well defined and stable.
The Forge of the Kazakh Proletariat? The Turksib, Nativization, and Industrialization during Stalin’s First Five-Year Plan
Authors: Payne Matt
Published: November 2023

On December 31, 1928, A Pogrom ERUPTED on the construction of the Turkestano-Siberian Railroad (the Turksib) at its northern railhead of Sergiopol’. Approximately four hundred Russian workers viciously beat any Kazakh they could lay their hands on, including their own coworkers. The attack at Sergiopol’ was just one of a number of pogroms, beatings, and acts of “hooliganism” that dominated the construction of the Turksib. This ethnic hostility was a reaction to a second construction project by the Soviet government, the construction of a Kazakh working class. The animus of rank-and-file European workers toward the Kazakhs at Sergiopol’ and elsewhere indicates that this project faced considerable resistance from the very proletariat the Kazakhs were supposed to join. Assimilating Kazakhs into the Soviet working class also engendered major resistance from the managers of the construction and from many Kazakhs them­ selves.
Nation-Building or Russification? Obligatory Russian Instruction in the Soviet Non-Russian School, 1938-1953
Authors: Blitstein Peter A
Published: November 2023

Undamental To Stalin’S “Revolution From Above” in the late 1920s and 1930s were policies of state-building and industrialization. Such policies logically led to efforts to create a culturally uniform Soviet population, an important basis of which would be universal knowledge of the Russian language.Accordingly, a government decree of March 13, 1938, made Russian language and literature obligatory subjects in all Soviet non-Russian schools.Yet the means to achieve Soviet uniformity through the Russian language were by no means obvious. Native-language schooling for the non-Russian population had been official policy since 1918. Committed to mass education, the Stalin regime not only retained native-language instruction in non-Russian schools but sought to extend it.Finding a balance between native and Russian languages in the curriculum proved to be difficult. After the 1938 decree on obligatory Russian instruction, Stalin himself was unable, or unwilling, to signal where that balance should be. As a result, Russian-language instruction in non-Russian schools remained poor as educational officials and party bureaucrats alike dithered over the changes that might improve it. An examination of the drafting and implementation of the decree on obligatory Russian instruction reveals that contradictions and conflict beset the regime’s language policy in non-Russian schools after 1938 and that the very nature of the Soviet multinational state remained ambiguous to its rulers. Requiring Russian for non-Russian children implied that the Soviet Union was becoming more like a unitary nation-state, one that demanded a common culture for its population. Continuing to support non-Russian languages meant that the USSR would retain characteristics of an “affirmative action empire” by supporting distinct ethnic cultures.
“Side by Side with These Men I Lie at Night”: Sexuality and Agnes Smedley’s Radicalism
Authors: Yoshihara Mari
Published: November 2023

Whether on stage or in letters, the racial cross-dressing and performance of the role of Asian persona offered liberating and expressive power for many white American women in the early twentieth century. However, white women’s engagement with Asia and their performance of “alternative” gender and sexuality did not always take place in the form of theatrical or textual work; it was also not always a temporary “play” that one chose to put on or off at one’s will. For some, Asia was not a symbolic place that offered new tools for expression, but a physical space to live in with real people.
“Popular Expert on China”: Authority and Gender in Pearl S. Buck’s The Good Earth
Authors: Yoshihara Mari
Published: November 2023

In 1931, two years after Agnes Smedley’s Daughter of Earth came out, Pearl Buck’s novel, The Good Earth, was published and became a best-seller. That two female American writers published novels using the Earth as central motifs within a two-year period was not simply coincidental. The motif reflected the social awareness shared by many writers of the Depression period concerned with the relationship between individuals and the capitalist society. For many women writers, the earth was an effective metaphor to interrogate not only the capitalist economy but also the issues of gender and sexuality. Both Daughter of Earth and The Good Earth strikingly captured the relationship between humanity and the earth.
VOLUME III: Of Syntagma musicum by Michael Praetorius C[reuzbergensis] Containing
Authors: Praetorius Michael
Published: November 2023

The definition, classification, and description of nearly all Italian, French, English, and current German terms used for compositions, such as concertos, motets, madrigals, canzonas, etc. Observations on performance with regard to notes and the beat, modes and transposition, parts or voices, and various choirs; also on unisons and octaves. How Italian and other musical terms, such as ripieno, ritornello, forte, pian, presto, lento, capella, palchetto, and many more, are interpreted and employed; the differentiation, classification, and terminology of musical instruments; the use of the thoroughbass (p. 144/124); the easy arrangement of a concerto for instruments and voices in different choirs; the training of young schoolboys in the current Italian manner of singing.
Concerning Compositions With Sacred and Solemn Secular Texts, Such asConcertos, Motets, and Falsobordoni
Authors: Praetorius Michael
Published: November 2023

The sweetness consists not so much in artifice as in variety itself. In German it is called ein Concert. However, this designation “concerto” is applied: in general, where there is any song of several parts [ pro quavis Cantione Harmonica]. Thus an eminent Italian composer, Lodovico Viadana, has provided his compositions set in the new, very pleasing, and useful manner that he invented with the name “concerto.” In the preface that precedes them he indicates, among other things, that he purposely avoided using too many rests, particularly so that the concertos could have more ornaments, cadences, and passaggi; also so that each word and syllable might correspond precisely with its note, in order to enable the listeners more easily to perceive and understand every word and sentence. He was particularly persuaded to use this approach when he saw that a motet for five, six, or more voices was often accompanied on the organ, as there were seldom more than two or three singers, especially in cloisters; the shortage of singers deprived the ensemble of its charm and grace, as the missing voices were filled with imitations, cadences, etc. (corresponding to long rests in the parts that were covered by the other singers).
Concerning Preludes to Dances, Such as Intradas
Authors: Praetorius Michael
Published: November 2023

Intrata (commonly intrada) or entrata, which means an “entry” [ingressus] or “going in” [aditus], derives from intran do [entering] or introitu [entrance] and is used for entrances of great lords or processions at tournaments and other functions.
Concerning Preludes to Dances, Such as Toccatas
Authors: Praetorius Michael
Published: November 2023

Atoccata is a preamble or prelude played by an organist when he first sits down at the organ or harpsichord [Clavicymbalum], before he begins the motet or fugue [Fugen]. It is extemporized with simple, individual chords and figurations, etc. But each [player] has his own manner of executing it, and treating it here at any length is unnecessary; I also consider it too paltry a matter to prescribe this or that way of doing it.

I have collected many splendid toccatas by the foremost Italian and Netherlandish organists — and in my own modest way even added some myself, with the intention of publishing them. But for certain reasons I have as yet not set about doing it.
Notation of Tripla and Sesquialtera How the Singing of Tripla and Sesquialtera Proportions May Be Better and More Conveniently Shown
Authors: Praetorius Michael
Published: November 2023

consider it worth the effort to color the breve in tripla and the semibreve in sesquialtera proportion whenever they are sung in hemiola rhythm, so that the beat in both tripla and sesquialtera might be more conveniently observed and comprehended. Furthermore, it must be pointed out that many [composers] up to now have observed perfection also in sesquialtera, so that when a semibreve is perfected by a following semibreve, they would not have placed a dot; where need might require it, they would have removed perfection by means of coloration.  In fact the majority of recent [theorists], to whom Seth Calvisius also granted his own approval, do not observe this practice, but always add a dot to a semibreve, although it is perfect in sesquialtera, and a dot to the breve in tripla.
How the Various Choirs are Distinguished by Numbers
Authors: Praetorius Michael
Published: November 2023

It would be remiss of me not to mention here that there are various methods and opinions on how to differentiate among the choirs. . Some start counting from below and call the lowest choir primus chorus and the next one secundus, etc. If the concerto is arranged for two choirs the higher one is secundus, but if there are three, then ter tius, four, quartus, and so forth. The reason for this is that the lowest choir, as the very foundation, has to be present first, and because of this should take preference. For unless someone has faithfully laid the foundation, whatever he builds will fall down.
Two Separate Yet Most Intimate Things
Authors: Berry Stephen W
Published: November 2023

In his first published poem, Tamerlane, Edgar Allan Poe adopted the persona of a defeated and world-weary warrior lamenting life from his deathbed. A shepherd in his youth, Tamerlane lived high above the world on a mighty mountaintop, sleeping soundly under a vast and open sky. There he wanted for nothing. He lived a life of simple pleasures and cares with a woman of unsurpassed beauty and goodness providing him all the companionship he could ever need.
“Of Moral Qualities That Would Render Them an Ornament to Their Sex”
Authors: Williams Carol J
Published: November 2023

Euro-American women arrived in the Northwest later and in smaller numbers than men, and perhaps for this reason their contributions to settlement have been seriously underestimated. Colonial modernization, conventional history suggests, was fueled by a male elite leadership striving for economic success, with their pursuits occasionally vexed by the more than 20,000 volatile working-class bachelors drawn to the region by the promise of gold. This narrative was firmly embedded in the emigrant guides, which reveal much about masculine needs and expectations but little of settler women or their responses to the indigenous women they encountered daily on the frontier 1. Unconventional sources provide an alternative to this masculinist narrative. Diaries, letters, published memoirs, and oral histories convey not only the heightened sense of elite settler women’s social and cultural importance as mothers in service to the nation but also the perception of threats, real or imagined, from women of other classes and races.
Indigenous Uses of Photography
Authors: Williams Carol J
Published: November 2023

Despite assertions that Native Americans were irrevocably tied to a deep premodern state, evidence shows that they did participate in modernization. In their rapid transformation from hunter-gatherers to maritime traders and, later, to industrial and entrepreneurial laborers in the settlers’ resource-based economy, Native Americans progressively adapted to modernity in two characteristic ways: they embraced introduced technologies and they began to strategically acquire manufactured goods. As early as 1862, northwest coastal peoples demonstrated curiosity in the technology of the camera, collecting photographs for private contemplation. Moreover, as coastal people adapted to the Euro-American settlement, their use of photography expanded. By 1890, Native individuals and families began to frequent commercial portrait studios in unprecedented numbers, and individual portraits were increasingly integrated into the ceremonial commemoration of ancestors.
The Hidden Alternative
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P
Published: November 2023

As we showed in chapter 9, informed consent is at its heart about choice: letting persons who are being asked to enroll in a study decide whether or not they really want to be in that study. Depending on the type of study, that decision may or may not have important consequences for a person’s health. There is one very common type of clinical trial that most starkly ups the ante in terms of health consequences: a study in which subjects will be randomized 50:50 between some “new” treatment and standard care (which may not be very eﬀective). People often do not realize that the new treatment in many such situations could be obtained directly from a doctor. In such circumstances, the patient has a choice among three options: (1) standard care (perhaps largely ineffective), (2) being in the study (which gives them a 50% chance of getting the new treatment), or (3) directly getting the new treatment outside of the study.
Children in Research The Basic Rules
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P
Published: November 2023

In chapter 11, we discussed the dilemma of enrolling incompetent adults in research studies. Although everyone acknowledges that these people are vulnerable and deserve special protections, no one has been able to get those protections written into law. In the meanwhile, there is almost an “anything goes” atmosphere surrounding such research.
Can Children Be Enrolled in Studies That Are Bad for Them?
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P
Published: November 2023

In chapter 13, we attempted to show that the current regulations are somewhat hypocritical in suggesting that almost all of the studies being conducted today are either “good” for the children who participate or else impose at most very minor risks. The real world doesn’t work that way: the fact that important studies may be bad choices for the subjects is as true for children as for adults. Yet failing to conduct an adequate amount of research will, in the end, hurt children overall as a group. Thus, as a policy matter, the right choice involves conducting an appropriate amount of research, even if it involves exposing some children to significant risks with no offsetting benefits. But what about the well-being of the children in such studies? Can we conduct such research and yet still be true to our underlying legal concepts?
Compensating Researchers: Dealing with Conflicts of Interest
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P
Published: November 2023

In chapter 16, we examined the issues raised by paying research subjects to participate in studies. While paying subjects very large amounts of money is controversial and still relatively uncommon, allowing researchers to earn substantial amounts of money from their research activities—as we saw in the discussion of what happened to John Moore—is quite common and is even encouraged by government policies. Only in the past few years, however, have a growing crescendo of voices raised questions about the conflicts of interest that such financial interests are creating.
Theory and Practice Of Psychiatry
Authors: Cohen Bruce J
Published: November 2023

Based on years of teaching psychiatry to medical students and residents, this single-authored textbook offers a conversational yet detailed guide to modern psychiatric theory and practice. Exploring various approaches to psychiatric disorders, including neurobiology, dimensional personality assessment, behavioural science, and psychodynamic and cognitive theories, it lucidly illustrates each approach’s strengths and weaknesses and suggests how clinicians can interweave them in working with patients. Using clinical vignettes and recent research findings to illustrate the connections between phenomenology, pathophysiology, and treatment, it covers all of the major psychiatric disorders and includes tables listing their DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria. The book offers balanced coverage of subjects that receive scant attention in other introductory textbooks, including the limitations of the DSM-IV categorical approach to psychiatric diagnosis, controversies surrounding the dissociative disorders and ‘recovered memories,’ and the prescription of stimulant medications to children with suspected attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Later chapters provide practical guidelines for estimating a patient’s risk of suicide and violence and for assessing competence to consent to medical or psychiatric treatment. In eschewing a dry recitation of clinical syndromes for an engaging discussion aimed at teaching the reader how to ‘think psychiatrically,’ the book will appeal to medical students, psychiatric residents, mental health clinicians, and primary care physicians.
Aldo Leopold: Blending Conversations about Public and Private Lands
Authors: Knight Richard L
Published: November 2023

Among the shelves of published American works, there resides a slim volume of essays written by an Iowan who became a forester, then a wildlife manager, and later a teacher, and who died a visionary. These essays, written during the early morning hours in his office on the Madison campus of the University of Wisconsin, were drawn from his experiences at a shack on a sand county farm along the banks of the Wisconsin River.
From the Balance of Nature to the Flux of Nature: The Land Ethic in a Time of Change
Authors: Callicott J Baird
Published: November 2023

In the fall of 1905, Aldo Leopold was a college freshman in the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale University. That same year, Research Methods in Ecology, by Frederic Clements, was published. It was the first textbook in what was then a brand new scientific discipline. Doubtless, it was required reading for Leopold’s training at the Yale Forest School, which he completed in 1909. Clements (1905) believed that a “plant association” or community was a “superorganism.”
Aldo Leopold: Conservationist and Hunter
Authors: Mech L David
Published: November 2023

This little-quoted entry from Aldo Leopold’s Round River journals (Leopold 195 3, 24-25) may shock the average new-millennium conservationist. By today’s standards, the passage is not exactly environmentally correct, and not just because Leopold referred to the majestic peregrine falcon as a “duckhawk:’ Of course, all but the extreme purist will overlook the acts described here and committed in 1922 that today would be considered major transgressions.