bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Imperialist Ideology and Kurtz in Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now
Authors: Sun Shuting
Published: May 2019

This article will argue that the tragedy of both Kurtzes is that they are trapped in the perverse logic of the ideology of imperialism. The ideology of imperialism assumes the absolute superiority of the oppressor. It is self-contradictory because it is based upon classifying the oppressed as morally inferior, but maintaining imperialism requires systematic barbarity, which morally degrades the imperialist. The historical response of successful imperialists to this has been a special kind of hypocrisy embodied in an attempt at creating distance between actor and act, perpetrator and victim. This article will make the case that both Kurtzes are destroyed by their moral integrity. They honestly admit their depravity to themselves. This grants them great power in facilitating imperial strategic aims but forces them to acknowledge the lie at the heart of imperialist ideology that legitimized the strategy, rendering their acts purposeless. The honesty of their conduct undermines the imperialist ideology. The honesty of their undertakings causes the managers to increasingly perceive Kurtz as a threat and identify him with the ‘savages’ they are supposed to be ‘civilizing’. Kurtz challenges the hypocrisy of the ideology of imperialism precisely insofar as he helps it achieve its true aims.
An Analysis of the Father’s and Mother’s Image in Hamlin Garland’s Short Stories
Authors: FAN Neng-wei
Published: May 2019

Hamlin Garland, an influential American writer, describes the images of fathers and mothers in their everyday west-frontier lifestyle. By analyzing those figures, this paper will reveal the social significance of his work, his writing style, and his literary views: Veritism.
Micro-lecture Teaching for Improving the Learning Effect of Non-English Majors at North China Electric Power University
Authors: HAN Jia-ling
Published: May 2019

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of micro-lecture teaching on non-English majors’ academic achievements and learning motivation. One hundred and twenty-two non-English majors studying the college English course in North China Electric Power University participated in the study. The micro-lecture teaching and traditional PPT teaching were implemented in the two classes respectively. Statistical analysis showed a significant improvement in the academic achievements of the participants (t = 3.128, p < 0.05) between the pre and post measurements in favor of the post measurement. The results of the questionnaire survey undertaken in the experimental class showed that participants’ learning motivations were improved. Accordingly, the researcher concluded that micro-lecture teaching was significantly effective in improving non-English majors’ academic achievements and enhancing their learning motivation.
The Role of Tourism Activity in Economic Growth by Using Some Econometric Models Evidence from Jordan
Authors: Saleh Mohammad H. , Garaibeh Adnan Turki , Shehadeh Ali , Jaber Jamil J.
Published: May 2019

Tourism is used as a vital strategy to reach greater economic productivity. The aim of this paper is to investigate the dynamic relationship between touruism growth and economic growth, using annual time series data from Jordan over the period (1990-2016). The study used a variety of methods based on the cobb-Douglus production function, the Koyck geometrical lag model, cointegration analysis, error correction model and causality analysis. We reveal if tourism leads to economic growth or growth leads to tourism development or bidirectional relation exists between two variables. According to the results, there are moderately increasing return to scale in tourism sector. In addition to there is a positive long-term equilibrium relation related to growth with both fixed assets and tourism balance. The results of the Granger causality test have demonstrated the unidirectional hypothesis, where tourism development leads to economic growth. This paper presented a set of suggestions that would improve Jordan's competitiveness in tourism. 
Retrieving Arabic Textual Documents Based on Queries Written in Bahraini Slang Language
Authors: Al-Jarrah Ayat Amin , Kanaan Ghassan , Ababneh Mustafa Abdel-Kareem
Published: May 2019

Nowadays, the most used language is the colloquial language not the classical language. It is widely used in many nations. The kingdom of Bahrain had the largest share in the spread of the colloquial language, which becomes the trader's language and the language of the social communication too. It became so popular that its usage starts dominating the daily conversations. In this research, we will create algorithm to enhance the process of information retrieval in Arabic slang language of the Gulf. In this algorithm, we put some special Bahraini rules to convert queries from Slang Bahraini to a classical language. In addition, we will apply this algorithm on the Bahraini colloquial language. After making an evaluation for the system relying on the results of three main aspects recall, precision, and F-measure, we noticed that the results of precision about 0.64 for both researches slang and classical, which gives a great indication that the system supports searching in Bahraini slang language. The purpose of this research is to improve the Information Retrieval system field. In addition, it will save the time and the effort of the researchers of the Bahraini colloquial language.
Higher order composition Runge-Kutta methods
Authors: Chen D. J. L. , Chang J. C. , Cheng C. H.
Published: May 2019

We derive a ﬁfth order ﬁve-stage explicit Runge-Kutta composition method, and an error estimator using  linear combination of stage values and output values over two steps. Numerical results presented by testing the new pair over DETEST problems show a signiﬁcant improvement.
Fixed point theorem for multivalued mappings satisfying an implicit relation
Authors: Turkoglu Duran , Altun Ishak
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we give a common fixed point theorem for multivalued mappings with Hausdorff metric.
On The slant helices according to Bishop frame of the timelike curve in Lorentzian space
Authors: Bukcu Bahaddin , Karacan Murat Kemal
Published: May 2019

T.Ikawa obtained the following differential equation$$D_{T}D_{T}D_{T}T-KD_{T}T,K=\kappa ^{2}-\tau ^{2}$$for the c\i rcular helix which corresponds the case that the curvature $ \kappa $ and torsion $ \tau $ of timelike curve $ \alpha $ on the Lorentzian manifold $ M_{1} $ are  constant [5]. In this paper, we have defined a slant helix according to Bishop frame of the timelike curve. Furthermore, we have given some necessary and sufficent conditions for the slant helix and T.Ikawa's result is generalized to the case of the general slant helix.
On the ﬁrst prolongational limit set of ﬂows of free mappings
Authors: Le´sniak Zbigniew
Published: May 2019

We consider an equivalence relation deﬁned for a given ﬂow of the plane which has no ﬁxed points. We prove that the ﬁrst prolongational limit set of every point from the boundary of an equivalence class is contained in the boundary of this class. Moreover, if two points lying on  two different boundary orbits of a class are contained in the same component of the complement  of an orbit of this class, then each of these two points is contained in the ﬁrst prolongational  limit set of the other one.
On the inverse Laplace transform of H-function associated with Feynman types integrals
Authors: Chaurasia V. B. L. , Parihar Hari Singh
Published: May 2019

The Laplace transform and its inverse are fundamental and powerful tools in solving boundary value problems occurring in the diverse fields of engineering. Here we will establish some useful formulas giving the inverse Laplace transform of various products of algebraic powers and $ \overline{H} $-function, involving one and more variables, which are unified and likely to have applications in several different areas.
Primal submodules of mul- tiplication modules
Authors: Atani S. Ebrahimi , Darani A. Yousefian
Published: May 2019

Let R be a commutative ring with non-zero identity. In this paper we characterize primal submodules of multiplication modules.
A non-commutative Sobolev estimate and its application to spectral synthesis
Authors: Vemuri M. K.
Published: May 2019

In [M. K. Vemuri, Realizations of the canonical representation, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Math. Sci., 118 (2008), 115 –131], it was shown that the spectral synthesis problem for the Alpha transform is closely related to the problem of classifying realizations of the canonical representation (of the Heisenberg group). In this paper, it is shown that discrete sets are sets of spectral synthesis for the Alpha transform.
Geometric version of mixed mean inequalities
Authors: Jun Yuan , Aijun Li
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we introduce the mixed mean of star bodies and give geometric version of mixed mean inequalities.
Some applications of Zorn's Lemma in algebra
Authors: Anderson D. D. , Dobbs David E. , Zafrullah Muhammad
Published: May 2019

We indicate some new applications of Zorn's Lemma to a number of algebraic areas. Specifically, we show that a property $P$ holds for all the subobjects of a given object if and only if $P$ supports both the chain condition from Zorn's Lemma and some finitistic conditions on subobjects that have the flavor of mathematical induction. The specific algebraic contexts considered are modules, sets, groups, algebras, and integral domains. Particular emphasis is given to applications involving star operations on integral domains.
Complementary nil domination number of a graph
Authors: Chelvam T. Tamizh , Chellathurai S. Robinson
Published: May 2019

A set ${S\subseteq V}$ is said to be a complementary nil dominating set of a graph $G$ if it is a dominating set and its complement ${V-S}$ is not a dominating set for $G$. The minimum cardinality of a $cnd$-set is called the complementary nil domination number of $G$ and is denoted by ${\gamma}_{\rm cnd}(G)$. In this paper some results on the complementary nil domination number are obtained.
Convex null sequence technique for analytic and univalent mappings of the unit disk
Authors: Babalola K. O.
Published: May 2019

In this paper we employ a technique based on the convex null properties of certain infinite sequences to study various classes of analytic and univalent functions in the open unit disk. The technique simplifies many problems of the theory of geometric functions and our results generalize and extend many earlier ones.
On some inequalities in normed linear spaces
Authors: Dragomir S. S.
Published: May 2019

Upper and lower bounds for the norm of a linear combination of vectors are given. Applications in obtaining various inequalities for the quantities $ \Vert x / \Vert x \Vert -y / \Vert y \Vert \Vert $ and $ \Vert x/ \Vert y \Vert -y/ \Vert x \Vert \Vert $, where $ x $ and $ y $ are nonzero vectors, that are related to the Massera-Schaffer and the Dunkl-Williams inequalities are also provided. Some bounds for the unweighted Cebysev functional are given as well.
On solutions of semilinear evolution integrodifferential equations with nonlocal conditions
Authors: Yan Zuomao
Published: May 2019

In this paper, by using the theory of evolution families, Banach's contraction principle and Schauder's fixed point theorem, we prove the existence of mild solutions of a class of semilinear evolution integrodifferential equations with nonlocal conditions in Banach space. An example is provided to illustrate the obtained results.
Black holes, marginally trapped surfaces and quasi-minimal surfaces
Authors: Chen Bang-Yen
Published: May 2019

The concept of trapped surfaces introduced by Sir Roger Penrose in [Phys. Rev. Lett. 14 (1965), 57-59] plays an extremely important role in cosmology and general relativity. A black hole is a trapped region in a space-time enclosed by a marginally trapped surface. In term of mean curvature vector, a space-like surface in a space-time is marginally trapped if its mean curvature vector field is light-like at each point. In this article, we survey recent classification results on marginally trapped surfaces from differential geometric viewpoint. Also, we survey recent results on a closely related subject; namely, quasi-minimal surfaces in pseudo-Riemannian manifolds.
Homology group on manifolds and their foldings
Authors: Abu-Saleem M.
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we introduce the definition of the induced unfolding on the homology group. Some types of conditional foldings restricted on the elements of the homology groups are deduced. The effect of retraction on the homology group of a manifold is dicussed. The unfolding of variation curvature of manifolds on their homology group are represented. The relations between homology group of the manifold and its folding are deduced.
Modern technologies in thyroid surgery – an overview of the benefits
Authors: Barczyński Marcin , Stopa-Barczyńska Małgorzata , Konturek Aleksander
Published: May 2019

Utilization of modern technologies in thyroid surgery is increasing. The aim of this paper was to present the up-to-data use of
modern technologies in thyroid surgery with special emphasis put on their potential influence on minimized risk of surgeryrelated
morbidity and improved quality of surgery.
Authors searched PubMed database using the following search terms: modern technologies AND/OR thyroid surgery AND/
OR transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy AND/OR neuromonitoring AND/OR parathyroid preservation AND/OR energybased
hemostasis.
Of 1678 publications identified 826 were found to be consistent with the aim of this review. The relevant papers addressed the
following issues: neuromonitoring in minimization of risk of laryngeal nerves injury (62%), intraoperative iPTH monitoring
in preselection of patients for early discharge or onset of substitution with calcium (21.5%), narrow-band and near infrared
imaging for identification of parathyroids (5.7%), parathyroids angiography with indcyianine green for parathyroids
vascularity assessment (5.5%), transoral endoscopic thyroid surgery via vestibular approach for improvement of cosmetic
effects (4.1%), energy-based devices for surgical hemostasis (1.2%).
Modern technologies are primarily designed to improve the safety and quality of thyroid surgery, and only then to optimize
the cosmetic effects and reduce the time of surgery.
Women's Political Activism in Palestine
Authors: Richter-Devroe Sophie
Published: May 2019

What does doing politics mean in a context of occupation, settler-colonialism, and prolonged state violence such as Palestine? This book traces Palestinian women’s forms of political activism, ranging from peacebuilding and popular resistance to their everyday survival and coping strategies.
Over the last decades, the Israeli occupation has tightened its grip on Palestinian life; settler-colonial violence against Palestinians has risen, and Palestine is more fragmented—politically, socially and spatially—than ever. For most Palestinians, neither the official liberal peace agenda nor the liberationist resistance paradigm offers promising solutions to unlock the status quo of political paralysis in Palestine today. Instead, they simply try to get by and struggle through quotidian, small-scale, informal efforts to establish a livable environment for themselves and their loved ones. Women play a major role in these micro politics.
The ethnographically grounded analysis in this book focuses on the intricate dynamics of daily life in Palestine, tracing the emergent politics that women practice and articulate there. Rather than being guided by larger categories, such as party politics, social movements, or binaries between the public and the private, it zeroes in on women’s own, often complex and ambiguous, everyday politics. Shedding light on contemporary gendered political culture and alternative “politics from below” in the region, the books invites a rethinking of the functionings, shapes, and boundaries of the political.
Conclusion
Authors: Richter-Devroe Sophie
Published: May 2019

Palestinian women engage in many different forms of politics, and have done so historically. Studying their political activism necessitates a focus not only how women do politics, but also what their acts mean to them and others, as well as how they frame and present or represent them. In Palestine, women have a wide variety of political agencies, ranging from everyday survival and coping strategies, through different forms of popular resistance (covert and overt, individual and collective, nonviolent and more confrontational) to more conventional liberal peace negotiations and dialogue projects. Women give very different, even oppositional, meanings and framings to these politics....
Big Sister
Authors: Kempker Erin M.
Published: May 2019

This book maps the interplay of conservative and feminist women in Indiana during the second half of the twentieth century and proposes an alternative framework for understanding the second wave feminist movement. The central theme is that rightwing women’s understanding of one-worldism--a conspiracy theory refined by grassroots anticommunists during the height of the Cold War--shaped conservative women’s response to the second wave feminist movement and circumscribed feminist activism. Over the course of the postwar era, anticommunist organizations like the Minute Women of the U.S.A., Pro America, and the John Birch Society provided a forum for rightwing women to develop their understanding of related forces pushing for a “one-world,” totalitarian supra-government, forces they described as treasonous. While communists often were lumped under the “one-worlder” category, the two were not synonymous. In literature rightwing women described a spectrum of subversion that included a fifth column but also those advocating domestic cooperation through federal regionalism, gender equality as opposed to gender difference, and internationalists advocating stronger authority for the United Nations. The book documents the work of Hoosier feminists to accomplish their goals, especially the Equal Rights Amendment, in a hostile political environment and the work of rightwing women to counter the threat of internationalism or one-worldism, culminating in a showdown at the 1977 International Women’s Year celebration.
Introduction
Authors: Kempker Erin M.
Published: May 2019

The introduction sets up the differing perspectives and world views of feminist and conservative women in the last half of the twentieth century and situates their politics in the American Midwestern state of Indiana. Key terms and definitions for feminist, conservative, and conspiracy are provided, along with a general understanding of conspiracism and the history of conspiracy in the United States.
The International Women’s Year as a Fulcrum
Authors: Kempker Erin M.
Published: May 2019

The final chapter sees conservative women’s fears come full circle as they faced down a feminist initiative directed by the United Nations. International Women’s Year (IWY) called for a series of events, including regional and state conferences, leading up to a national conference in Houston in 1977. Because UN initiatives were being voted on in Indianapolis, the IWY represented the growing reach of the world government conspiracy, and feminism was the latest vehicle used by internationalists to achieve control. While feminists saw the conference as a chance to capture the national spotlight and bring attention to women’s issue, like the ERA, conservatives saw it as the ultimate showdown with satanic forces pushing for a totalitarian government they decried as “Big Sister.”
The Lattimer Strike/Incident/Massacre
Authors: Shackel Paul A.
Published: May 2019

In 1897, the UMWA and the Pennsylvania legislation supported a tax on all unnaturalized workers. The foreign-born anthracite miners were enraged by this tax and walked off their jobs. In September 1897, four hundred striking men marched into Lattimer to help close the mine operations. The local sheriff and his posse met and fired upon the unarmed men, killing nineteen and wounding about thirty-eight. The incident at Lattimer led to a wide range of reactions in support of and in opposition to the miners’ cause. The massacre brought journalists to the region to document the new immigrants’ living conditions. Though reporters noted the extreme poverty, they also described the new immigrants as subhuman, thereby perpetuating and justifying the racist stereotypes of eastern and southern European immigrants.
A Great Miscarriage of Justice and the Growth of the UMWA
Authors: Shackel Paul A.
Published: May 2019

The Lattimer massacre trial lasted for five weeks, beginning in February 1898. The sheriff and his deputies were found innocent, which created a storm of varying reactions throughout the country. Many saw this case as a miscarriage of American justice, while others explained that the results of this case saved American civilization. Lattimer showed the UMWA that foreign workers could be organized, and many miners realized union could help them fight for social and economic justice. Anthracite mining employed about 180,000 people during World War I. The industry began its steady decline after the war, and then the decline accelerated after World War II. Today there are fewer than one thousand mine workers in northeastern Pennsylvania, and the UMWA is almost nonexistent in the area.
Deindustrialization and the New Twenty-First-Century Immigrant
Authors: Shackel Paul A.
Published: May 2019

Northeastern Pennsylvania has undergone long-term deindustrialization, and the region has one of the highest unemployment rates in the nation. In the late 1990s, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania provided major tax breaks to corporations, and many companies moved their fulfillment centers to the region. Latinos, mostly of Dominican descent, have migrated to the area to fill these low-skilled positions. As a result, Hazleton’s Latino population has risen from 4 percent in 2000 to 37 percent in 2010, and by 2020 it will be a majority minority community. Fearing undocumented workers, the City of Hazleton passed anti-immigration laws, which have helped fuel anti-immigration sentiment across the United States. The memory of Lattimer and recognition of the undocumented status of the victims have been employed to protest this type of legislation.
Reshaping Women's History
Authors: Gallagher Julie A , Winslow Barbara
Published: May 2019

Reshaping Women’s History: Voices of Nontraditional Women Historians is a collection of eighteen essays written by “nontraditional” women historians, all of whom have won the prestigious Catherine Prelinger Award. The contributors reflect on connections among their lived experiences, their scholarship, the field of women’s and gender history, and women’s professional lives. Key themes include the significance of mentorship; the fragility of financial stability; the persistence of gendered family demands, biases, and expectations; the anxiety of having to explain gaps in CVs as women endeavor to advance from one career stage to the next. Contributors offer vital lessons into challenges as well as rewards that women encounter as they pursue a life of the mind. They also have much to say about the commitment not only to writing histories of women but also preserving their voices in archives and the importance of financial support that the Prelinger Award provided. Motivated by life experiences and their personal philosophies to be change agents in their families, their workplaces, and in society, all of the contributors have written about and engaged in feminist and social justice activism. Finally, these diverse essays point to instructive and essential realities about women’s lives, the field of women.
Shortages and Strikes, 1945–1948
Authors: Clark Daniel J.
Published: May 2019

After earning the nickname "The Arsenal of Democracy" during WWII, Detroit’s auto plants experienced production disruptions during postwar reconversion to civilian production. This meant significant layoffs, especially for women autoworkers. Shortages of crucial materials, often caused by steel strikes and coal strikes, made auto employment sporadic. Authorized strikes in the auto industry, including the 1946 GM strike called by Walter Reuther, and unauthorized "wildcat" strikes, all contributed to ongoing instability. Cold weather, hot weather, and federal credit regulations played roles as well. As a result, autoworkers experienced persistent layoffs even though auto companies managed to earn profits during the early postwar years. By late 1948, no one in the industry thought that the postwar boom had arrived.
No Longer the Arsenal of Democracy, 1951–1952
Authors: Clark Daniel J.
Published: May 2019

During the Korean War, autoworkers experienced persistent layoffs while inflation increased the cost of living. Government allocations of raw materials did not favor the auto industry, and most military contracts did not to go to Detroit factories. Despite dire warnings from industrialists, union leaders, and civic officials, tens of thousands of people, motivated by memories of Detroit as the Arsenal of Democracy during WWII, migrated to the city. At one point in 1952, 10 percent of all unemployment in the nation was in metro-Detroit. Then the 1952 steel strike eliminated auto production. In the background, automation continued to eliminate jobs. Nevertheless, the auto industry revived in late 1952 and there was suddenly a labor shortage.
A “Painfully Inconvenient” Recession, 1954
Authors: Clark Daniel J.
Published: May 2019

During the 1954 recession, tens of thousands of Detroit autoworkers experienced prolonged layoffs and relied on unemployment pay and secondary jobs. Industry officials and civic leaders denied that there was a recession, blamed any problems on negative thinking, and tried to convince the public that volatility in the auto industry was normal and of no great concern. Many Detroiters blamed working women and southern white migrants for high unemployment. Automation contributed to joblessness, while some UAW skilled workers benefited from building the new machinery. The demise of independent automakers and local auto suppliers resulted in thousands of additional lost jobs. While many autoworkers returned to work late in the year, most remained concerned about how long the upswing would last.
Oliver Osborne
Authors: Louis Bertin M.
Published: May 2019

Osborne developed an interest in the burgeoning anthropological subdiscipline of medical anthropology and conducted his dissertation research in Nigeria, focusing on traditional African health care systems and their relationship to Western biomedical systems. Osborne studied in the Nigerian village of Ibara Orile and explored how Yoruba villages serve as therapeutic communities for the mentally ill. His research interests brought him back to Nigeria several times, and during one of these visits his Yoruba research consultants made him Chief Adila of Ibara, associating his visits with preserving peace during times of violent unrest.
When the Light Is Fire
Authors: Switzer Heather D
Published: May 2019

A host of international organizations promotes the belief that education will empower Kenya’s Maasai girls. Yet the ideas that animate their campaigns often arise from presumptions that reduce the girls themselves to helpless victims of gender-related forms of oppression.
Heather D. Switzer’s interviews with over one hundred Kenyan Maasai schoolgirls challenge the widespread view of education as a silver bullet solution to global poverty. In their own voices, the girls offer incisive insights into their commitments, aspirations, and desires. Switzer weaves this ethnographic material into an astute analysis of historical literature, education and development documents, and theoretical literature. Maasai schoolgirls express a particular knowledge about themselves and provocative hopes for their futures. Yet, as Switzer shows, new opportunities force them to face, and navigate, new vulnerabilities and insecurities within a society that is itself in flux.
Daring in its conclusions and rich in detail, When the Light Is Fire evokes hope about schoolgirls even as it critiques the oversimplified, incomplete narratives about their potential and their place in the global economic order.
The Myth of the Chosen Nation
Authors: Hughes Richard T.
Published: May 2019

The American myth of the Chosen Nation has its deepest roots in the Hebrew Bible, on the one hand, and the English Reformation, on the other. William Tyndale, through his 1534 translation of the New Testament, popularized the notion that England was a chosen nation. Convinced that England had broken its covenant with God, the New England Puritans applied that myth to themselves. In their hands, the chosen people myth became a tool that justified oppression of both native people and enslaved Africans. By the revolutionary period, this myth had become a staple of the American imagination, accepted and used even by America’s founders. The myth of the Chosen Nation assumed both the objective reality of “white people” and the superiority of “white people” over people of color. In the Negro spirituals, enslaved blacks turned the American myth of chosenness upside down, claiming that they were God’s chosen people, suffering in an American Egypt, and waiting for God to deliver them out of American bondage into a promised land, a story to which Martin Luther King Jr. appealed on the eve of his assassination in 1968. Other blacks developed countermyths such as “Yacub’s History,” related by Malcolm X.
The Myth of Nature’s Nation
Authors: Hughes Richard T.
Published: May 2019

The American myth of Nature’s Nation claims that the United States, and especially its founding documents, owe nothing to human history but reflect the natural order as it came from the hands of the Creator. Accordingly, the Declaration of Independence speaks of “self-evident truths,” rooted in “Nature and Nature’s God.” But the founders read into the natural order the long-standing myth of White Supremacy. In this way, the myth of Nature’s Nation became a tool for exclusion and oppression of people of color. In his “Notes on the State of Virginia,” Thomas Jefferson even argued that black inferiority was nature’s own decree. From an early date, blacks fought back. David Walker led that charge with his 1829 book, Walker’s Appeal . . . to the Coloured Citizens of the World. In the twenty-first century, other black writers—especially Toni Morrison and Ta-Nehisi Coates—unmasked the ways in which the myth of White Supremacy is embedded in the American myth of Nature’s Nation.
The Myth of the Millennial Nation
Authors: Hughes Richard T.
Published: May 2019

The myth of the Millennial Nation held that the United States, grounded as it was in the natural order, would shine its example around the globe until all nations of earth had abandoned despotic rulers and claimed the natural order of freedom and democracy for themselves. White Americans in the early national period, therefore, stood with one foot in the mythic age of creation and the other in the mythic, golden age to come. History became irrelevant. Early in the nineteenth century, white Americans imagined that the millennial transformation of the globe could be wrought solely through America’s moral example. But moral example gave way to force and violence as the myth of the Millennial Nation gave way to the doctrine of manifest destiny. By the early twentieth century, manifest destiny morphed into the American Dream. If manifest destiny had turned the millennial vision outward, inspiring the acquisition of both land and opportunity for economic investment abroad, the American Dream turned the millennial vision inward, inspiring new visions of opportunity at home. As the nation transitioned from millennial vision to manifest destiny to American dream, the myth of White Supremacy was the constant connecting factor that underpinned all three.
Lana and Lilly Wachowski
Authors: Keegan Cáel M.
Published: May 2019

This book analyzes the filmmaking careers of Lana and Lilly Wachowski as the world’s most influential transgender media producers. Situated at the intersection of trans* studies and black feminist film studies, it argues that the Wachowskis’ cinema has been co-constitutive with the historical appearance of transgender, tracing how their work invents a trans* aesthetics of sensation that has disrupted conventional schemas of race, gender, space, and time. Offering new readings of the Wachowskis’ films and television, it illustrates the previously unsensed presence of transgender in the subtext of queer cinema, in the design of digital video, and in the emergence of a twenty-first-century global cinematic imaginary. It is in the Wachowskis’ art, the author argues, that transgender cultural production most centrally confronts cinema’s construction of reality, and in which white, Western transgender subjectivity most directly impacts global visual culture. Thus, the Wachowskis’ cinema is an inescapable archive for sensing the politics of race and gender in the present moment.
Introduction
Authors: Baum Jacob M.
Published: May 2019

This chapter introduces the narrative of de-sensualization promoted by early German Protestants, and briefly outlines its persistence in modern academic and popular discourse. It then addresses recent attempts to deal with the senses in religion among historians of early modern Europe and the German Reformation specifically, showing how the scholarship has enriched our understanding of the relationship between religious changes and sensory culture in this period, but has tended to focus primarily on vision and hearing and has often ignored some of the political, economic, and social power dynamics that often complicated the place of the senses in religious belief and practice. Thereafter, it outlines the major arguments of the study, its scope and methodology, and previews each of the body chapters.
Late Medieval Worship: A Sensory Production
Authors: Baum Jacob M.
Published: May 2019

This chapter begins part 1 of the study by attending to the production of worship practices in fifteenth and early sixteenth century Germany as a political economic problem. The narrative of the Reformation as a de-sensualizing force relies on the construction of late medieval Christianity as intensely ritualistic and hypersensual: particularly during the rite of the Mass, late medieval worship mobilized not only ostentatious gestures, images, and textiles, but also bells, organs, choirs, incense, and a complement of expensive liturgical vessels to overwhelm churchgoers with a multi-sensory theatrical spectacle. However, as systematic scrutiny of church inventories shows, this level of sensuous worship was an expensive proposition and, as such, was something that only the wealthiest urban churches could hope to approximate. In reality, producing sensuous worship before the Reformation was much more variegated than commonly assumed.
Conclusion
Authors: Baum Jacob M.
Published: May 2019

The conclusion concisely summarizes the findings of the study, reiterating the tension between continuity and change in the sensory history of the German Reformation and reflecting on the significance of the broader lessons of this particular period.
Companionate Marriage across the Century’s Turn
Authors: Dawson Melanie V.
Published: May 2019

The struggle to realize companionate marriage appears as a central conflict in literary works by Anglo-American, African American, and ethnic American writers, who grapple with the issues raised by new ideologies and cultures of marriage. Drawing from cultural history that includes Lindsey and Evans’s volume, The Companionate Marriage (1927), and responses to it as well as a range of literary marriages that demonstrate the power of the companionate ideal, this piece charts the interaction between changing attitudes toward marriage in life and literature. As the range and complexity of opinions circulating around this issue demonstrate, the ostensibly “modern” question of equality in marriage had been debated as far back as the mid-nineteenth century. By contrast, later, more modern narratives increasingly turn to depictions of non-companionate, patriarchal arrangements, which offer both cautionary tales about the past and counter a trenchant idealism about the companionate model.
He’s a Rapist, Even When He’s Not
Authors: Curry Tommy J.
Published: May 2019

Tommy J. Curry considers Wright’s views on gender in terms of the historical reality of black males’ vulnerability to sexual violence at the hands of white men and white women. Curry explores Wright’s impassioned response to the 1951 trial and execution of fellow Mississippi native Willie McGee. McGee had been charged with having raped a white woman, Williametta Hawkins, who had been described as his mistress but who, in fact, had threatened to cry rape if he refused her advances. Curry reports that at that time, black men, often out of economic need, were sometimes coerced into sexual intercourse by threats of false accusations of rape. Otherwise, they would be either literally or metaphorically lynched. In a way unprecedented in Wright scholarship, Curry frames Wright’s “The Man of All Work” as an allegory for the rape of McGee. In the story, a black man cross-dresses in search of employment in domestic work. This leads to a series of misunderstandings and misidentifications by whites that almost kill him. Curry concludes that this story was far more than a clever plot: it effectively expressed a particular set of humiliations and dilemmas faced by black men.
Notes toward a Political Economy of Life and Death
Authors: JanMohamed Abdul R.
Published: May 2019

Building on his previous analysis of the short stories in Wright’s anthology Uncle Tom’s Children, Abdul R. JanMohamed reflects on Wright’s gradual discovery of a close relationship between social death, actual death, and symbolic death. Because “primitive accumulation” refers not only to the material dispossession of the slave’s world but also to the appropriation of subjectivity, questions arise about whether an ex-slave can repossess psycho-political and sociopolitical components of subjectivity in Jim Crow societies that operate predominantly through the inculcation of widespread fear. Against the poststructuralist doxa about the decentered subject and the need to abolish “identity politics,” JanMohamed insists that individual subjects are driven to center themselves and to make their lives as coherent as possible. This is especially true in contexts of colonization, racialization, genderization, and enslavement that rely on disrupting the attempts by oppressed people to control their daily practices.
Introductory Remarks
Authors: Förster Stig
Published: May 2019

Stig Förster introduces the subjects and themes of the essays in part 1, “The Battles on the Eastern Front, 1914–1915,” highlighting the chapters’ significance in presenting scholarly appraisal of the eastern front in World War I.
The Germans
Authors: Jahn Hubertus F.
Published: May 2019

Piotr Szlanta examines the political position of Poland in the first years of World War I. The chapter discusses the tensions between adherents of the pro-Russian and pro-Austro-Hungarian camps and looks at the repercussions of successive waves of occupation forces in Poland. This chapter examines the aims of many political parties formed in Poland, focusing on the Polish desire for independence.
The War in the East of 1914–1915 and the Experience of the German Military
Authors: Volkmann Hans-Erich
Published: May 2019

Following Modris Eksteins, Birgit Menzel examines the First World War as an expression of modernism, particularly with regard to introspection, primitivism, abstraction, and myth creation. After a thematic overview of reactions to the war by contemporary Russian intellectuals and artists, focusing on symbolists, post-symbolists, and the avant-garde, the chapter closely analyzes two works: Vladimir Mayakovski’s 1915–1916 poem “Voina i mir” (War and the World) and Alexander Solzhenitsyn’s novel August 1914 (1971/1983).
From Ober Ost to Ostland?
Authors: Liulevicius Vejas Gabriel
Published: May 2019

Igor Narskij examines the experience of Russian soldiers on the eastern front, an experience significantly different from that undergone by soldiers on the western front because of the vast area of the eastern theater of war and the fact that it was largely fought as a mobile war, not a static one. Maintaining that prevalent arguments put forward by historians to explain Russia’s failure in the war―including the alleged backwardness of the country’s peasant soldiers and the lack of adequate supplies―have been overstated, the chapter posits that the war actually had a significant civilizing and disciplining effect. The chapter also argues that because for Russia the First World War segued into internal dissension in the Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War of 1918–1920, Russians never completely integrated the experience of the world war into its cultural memory.
Internships in Special Collections: Experiential Pedagogy, Intentional Design, and High-Impact Practice
Authors: Kopp Maggie Gallup
Published: May 2019

Archives and special collections can be sites of deep, experiential learning for college students, through hands-on engagement with primary sources in reading rooms or classrooms and through mentored learning experiences like practicums or internships. Internships are a well-established component of formal education and training in the library and archives field, and many special collections and archives host internships for graduate students in library science and archives certificate programs; some institutions also host undergraduate student internships. Internships are recognized as a way for future archivists and special collections librarians to gain training and experience, “to connect the skills and knowledge gained” in coursework to day-to-day professional practice, and to “[engage] in meaningful work under the mentorship of experienced … professionals.” For libraries and archives, an internship is often a useful means for allotting additional manpower to projects like processing or cataloging backlogs, for promoting collections, or for recruitment.
Who Owns these Records? Authority, Ownership, and Custody of Iraq’s Baath Party Records
Authors: Wilkinson Sarah
Published: May 2019

Archives acquire records through a variety of circumstances. While they often have a direct and ongoing relationship with record creators (such as government records and national repositories), archives may also accept donations from record creators that align with the mandate of their organization. Less commonly, archives also face the possibility of acquiring records or objects from an entity that did not create them, which raises questions about title and the authority to act. Research notes, for instance, may be owned by the funder if conducted as work-for-hire, or the intellectual property rights might be held by a university. There may be issues of consent from human subjects of research, particularly Indigenous communities, that affect whether and how records may be donated and used. Although donors may be acting in good faith, they create dilemmas for archivists about whether they can accept those records and, if they do accept the records, what limitations are imposed by the nature of the donation. Such dilemmas are also informed by the challenges of what archivists can or should do with records they already possess that have unclear or unknown ownership. The case of Iraq’s Baath Party records has an international character and exceptional circumstances that likely places it outside the experience of most archives, but the core questions of who owns the records and who has the authority to take actions in regard to those records is relevant in a wide range of circumstances. It is particularly informative when considering whether and how the principle of inalienability can complicate determinations of ownership.
John Carter’s ABC for Book Collectors, 9th edition. Nicholas Barker and Simran Thadani, eds. and Sidney E. Berger. The Dictionary of the Book: A Glossary for Book Collectors, Booksellers, Librarians, and Others.
Authors: Saunders Richard L.
Published: May 2019

Dictionaries and encyclopedias represent bundles of choices. No book is large enough to address every aspect of its topic. Space is always at a premium. There are always more terms or variants that could be included. Publication due dates always limit how much more time one could devote to a project. The choices made by authors of these two books listing terms describing books shape the works, of course, but also provide the basis for judging them together. There is merit in a head-to-head comparison.
Keeping or Losing Faith? Comparing Religion across Majority and Minority Youth in Europe
Authors: Simsek Müge , Jacob Konstanze , Fleischmann Fenella , van Tubergen Frank
Published: May 2019

In this chapter we explore how religious minority and majority youth are in England, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden. We find that minority youth are on average more often affiliated to a religion than majority youth, and mostly affiliated as Christians. We also study religious salience, praying and service attendance. The share of minority and majority youth who expresses that religion is important in their lives is higher than the share of youth who engages in daily prayer or weekly service attendance. Specifically, Muslim youth stand out as the most religious on all accounts. Our further comparison of the religious salience of youth with that of their parents reveals that intergenerational religious change has a declining tendency, though also quite some stability exists, especially among Muslim immigrants. Together, these findings suggest overall low levels of religious salience and practice among majority youth, in contrast to minority youth—in particular Muslims—and a general pattern of intergenerational decline in the importance of religion.
An English Parliament: An Idea whose Time Has Come?
Authors: Rusell Meg , Sheldon Jack
Published: May 2019

Ever since devolution to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, one proposed answer to the English Question has been to create symmetry by establishing an English Parliament. This has been widely seen as a fringe proposal—with many arguing that England is too big and is already well represented by what has long been its Parliament, that is, Westminster. But in recent years, interest in an English Parliament has grown. The idea has its own campaign group and has gained support from UK Independence Party (UKIP) and some in the Conservative and Labour Parties. This chapter explores the history of the English Parliament idea, examines two competing visions of a English Parliament—the ‘separately elected’ and ‘dual mandate’ models—and considers a range of largely unexplored questions about what an English Parliament would look like and what implications it would have for Westminster and for the territorial stability of the UK.