bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of 7‐Methyl‐5‐oxo‐1,5‐dihydro(1,2,4)triazolo‐(4,3‐c)pyrimidine‐8‐carboxylic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: DLUGOSZ A. , MACHON Z. , JASZTOLD‐HOWORKO R.
Published: May 2016

The triazolopyrimidines (III) and (V) are synthesized by cyclocondensation of the hydrazinopyrimidinecarboxamides (I) with acetic anhydride (II) and ethyl oxalate (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of 2‐Methyl‐3‐cyano‐4‐hydroxy‐2H‐1,2‐benzothiazine 1,1‐Dioxide.
Authors: UNVERFERTH K. , LABAN G. , KRETZSCHMAR E. , GUENTHER W. + , LOHMANN D.
Published: May 2016

Base‐induced cyclization of the sulfonamide (III), prepared by reaction of the sulfonyl chloride (I) with methylaminoacetonitrile (II), yields the benzothiazine (IV) mentioned in the title.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Trivalent Phosphorus Compounds with Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates in the Presence of Carbon Dioxide.
Authors: CAESAR J. C. , GRIFFITHS D. V. , GRIFFITHS P. A. , TEBBY J. C.
Published: May 2016

The phosphinite (I) reacts with the components (II) and (III) to form the oxaphospholene (IV) which in the presence of an excess phosphinite decomposes to give the di‐ylide (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Potassium‐(1,2,2,2‐tetrafluoro‐1‐(trifluoromethyl)ethylat), a Nucleophile and Reactant for Oxidative Fluorination in the Reaction with 2‐Halogeno‐4,4,5,5‐tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)‐1,3,2‐dioxaphospholanes.
Authors: BOHLEN R. , ROESCHENTHALER G.‐V. +
Published: May 2016

The cyclic fluorophosphite (I) is oxidized by the title reagent (II) to give the λ5σ6‐phosphates (III), (IV) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Anomalous Products in the Acylation of the 4‐Methyl‐3‐penten‐1‐ynedicobalt Hexacarbonyl Complex with Acryloyl Tetrafluoroborate.
Authors: VERETENOV A. L. , GYBIN A. S. , SMIT V. A. , SHASHKOV A. S.
Published: May 2016

Acylation of the cobalt carbonyl complex (I) with acryloyl tetrafluoroborate, prepared in situ from acryloyl fluoride (II) and boron trifluoride, and subsequent reaction with the nucleophiles methanol (III) or H2O produce the undecadiyne complex (IV) or the dihydropyran complex (V).
ChemInform Abstract: The Chemistry of Indoles. Part 59. A Regioselective Synthesis Method of Tri‐ and Tetrahaloindoles and Its Application for the Total Syntheses of Marine Alkaloids.
Authors: OHTA T. , SOMEI M.
Published: May 2016

1‐Acetyl‐5‐amino‐2,3‐dihydroindole (I) is converted into the tribromodihydroindole (III) via dibromination and substitution of the amino group by Sandmeyer reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantiodivergent Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of Ibuprofen from (2S,3S)‐3‐Phenylglycidol.
Authors: TAKANO S. , YANASE M. , OGASAWARA K.
Published: May 2016

The phenylglycidol (I), prepared from trans‐cinnamyl alcohol by Sharpless oxidation, is methylated with trimethylaluminum (II) or with a cuprate to give the diastereomeric 1,2‐diols (III) or (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Structurally Modified Antitumor Agents. Part 2. Total Synthesis of a Cyclopropamitosene.
Authors: JONES G. B. , MOODY C. J.
Published: May 2016

The total synthesis of the orange‐red title compound (XVIII) includes the reaction sequence (cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Characterization of the Oxo‐Anions of Bromine BrO‐ x (x = 1‐4) by IR, NMR, and Bromine K‐Edge Extended X‐Ray Absorption Fine Structure Techniques.
Authors: LEVASON W. , OGDEN J. S. , SPICER M. D. , YOUNG N. A.
Published: May 2016

This detailed spectroscopic and structural study of the complete series BrO‐ x (x = 1‐4) for the first time yields a value for the bond length in the hypobromite ion.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Molybdenum Sulfide Ni2Mo6S7.9 as the Cathode of Lithium Secondary Batteries.
Authors: UCHIDA T. , TANJO Y. , WAKIHARA M. , TANIGUCHI M.
Published: May 2016

The galvanostatic discharge curve of the Li/Ni2Mo6S7.9 cell indicates that up to 4‐5 Li atoms per formula unit can be intercalated into this nickel Chevrel phase (LixNi2Mo6S7.9, x = 4‐5) when the current density is < 0.5 mA/cm2.
ChemInform Abstract: Cerium Diboridecarbide: A New Rare‐Earth Borocarbide with the Trigonal ThB2C Structure.
Authors: BAUER J. , ANSEL D. , BONHOMME F. , GOSSELIN PH.
Published: May 2016

The new layered borocarbide CeB2C is prepared by arc‐melting of the elements under high purity argon atmosphere.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogen Abstraction from the Isomeric Cymenes.
Authors: SULPIZIO A. , MELLA M. , ALBINI A.
Published: May 2016

Irradiation of CAN in the presence of cymenes (I) yields products (III)‐(V) from attack at the methyl group as well as product (VI) in the case (Ib)/(Ic) from attack at the iPr group with minimal ring nitration.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1‐(α‐Acyloxy‐2‐hydroxybenzyl)azoles and Related Compounds by an Acyl Transfer Reaction.
Authors: LIEPA A. J. , MORTON T. C.
Published: May 2016

Only the azoles (I) and (V) react with 2‐acyloxyaryl aldehydes such as (II) or (VI) to give adducts such as (III) or (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Epoxypropanol, a Building Block for Serinol Derivatives.
Authors: ZIMMERMANN W.
Published: May 2016

The epoxypropanol (I) reacts with trichloroacetonitrile (II) to give the imino ether (III) which is rearranged upon heating to form the dihydrooxazole (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Methoxy(phenylthio)(trimethylsilyl)methane as a One‐Carbon Homologation Reagent: Efficient 1,4‐Addition of a Formyl or a Carboxy Anion Equivalent to Cyclic α‐Enones Concomitant with in situ α‐Alkylation.
Authors: OTERA J. , NIIBO Y. , NOZAKI H.
Published: May 2016

The O,S‐acetal (I) mentioned in the title is deprotonated and then coupled with the cyclopentenone (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Acetals of Phenylsubstituted 1,5‐ and 1,7‐Dialdehydes.
Authors: MAKIN S. M. , KRUGLIKOVA R. I. , LONINA N. N. , KHARITONOVA O. V.
Published: May 2016

The reaction between the acetals (I) and styryl ethyl ether (IIa) or vinyl ethyl ether (IIb) proceeds regiospecifically to give the 1,7‐dialdehyde tetraethyl acetals (III) in fair to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Nucleophilic Addition to Unsaturated Carbon. Dependence of Cyclization Efficiency on the Method of Carbon‐Carbon Bond Cleavage Utilized to Generate the Reactive Species.
Authors: PAQUETTE L. A. , GILDAY J. P. , MAYNARD G. D.
Published: May 2016

Three different methods of generating carbanionic intermediates have been studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of β‐Lactams from Novel Stannous Enolates and Imines.
Authors: SUGANO Y. , NARUTO S.
Published: May 2016

The imines (II) react with the 2‐mercapto esters (I) in the presence of tin(II) triflate and ethyldiisopropylamine to form the azetidinones (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Crossed Aldol Reactions of Dioxolanes.
Authors: CAMBIE R. C. , RUTLEDGE P. S. , WATSON P. A. , WOODGATE P. D.
Published: May 2016

Crossed aldol reactions of the dioxolanes (III) with the enol ether (V) yield epimeric mixtures of the products (VI) and (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Thermal Reactions of Aryl Azides with trans‐1,2‐Dibenzoyl‐ and trans‐1,2‐Diacetylethylene. Reactivity of 4,5‐Dibenzoyl‐ and 4,5‐Diacetyl‐1‐aryltriazolines.
Authors: BENATI L. , MONTEVECCHI P. C. , SPAGNOLO P.
Published: May 2016

Thermal reactions of the title ethylenes (I) with the azides (II) are investigated at 110 °C and at room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Control of Enolate Alkylation in 2‐Acyl‐2‐alkyl‐1,3‐dithiane 1‐Oxides.
Authors: PAGE P. C. B. , KLAIR S. S. , WESTWOOD D.
Published: May 2016

Alkylation of the anti or syn acyl dithiane monosulfoxides (III) or (IV) leads to diastereomeric mixtures of the products (V) or (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Alkylation and Reductive Dethionation of 2‐Thioxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidine‐5‐carboxylic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: KHANINA E. L. , SOLOTOYABKO R. M. , MUTSENIETSE D. KH. , DUBUR G. YA.
Published: May 2016

Methylation of the pyrimidinethiones (IV) gives the S‐methyl derivatives (VI) or (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic and Mechanistic Investigations of the Reactions of Organic Nitriles with Thiazyl Chloride and the Thermolysis of 1,3‐Dichloro‐1,3,2,4,6‐dithiatriazines.
Authors: APBLETT A. , CHIVERS T.
Published: May 2016

The formation of (III) requires several weeks, whereas the analogous reaction leading to (V) is complete in a few days.
ChemInform Abstract: New Organoboron Rings with Neighboring Boron Atoms. Catalyzed 1,2‐Diboration of Alkynes.
Authors: HERBERICH G. E. , GANTER C. , WESEMANN L.
Published: May 2016

The new 1,2‐diboracycloalkanes (IV) are prepared by reductive coupling.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation, Characterization, and Structural Aspects of Transition‐Metal Complexes with 4,7,10‐Trioxa‐1,13‐dithia(13)(2,5)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazolophane.
Authors: BONOMO R. , BOTTINO F. , FRONCZEK F. R. , MAMO A. , PAPPALARDO S.
Published: May 2016

The macrocyclic title ligand (I) reacts with metal nitrates, CuBr2 and CdCl2 in absolute, refluxing MeOH to produce the complexes (II)‐(IV), which are characterized by EPR and FAB mass spectroscopy and electronic spectral studies.
ChemInform Abstract: Reversible Dimerization of a Titanium Ketyl: (silox)3TiOCPh·2 (silox: tBu3SiO‐).
Authors: COVERT K. J. , WOLCZANSKI P. T.
Published: May 2016

The diphenylcarboxy radical (III) and the reversible C‐C bond formation which accompanies its dimerization to give (IV) is directly observed by EPR spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetranuclear Organooxotin Cage Compounds Formed with Phosphate and Phosphonate Ligands. A New Class of Organotin Clusters.
Authors: SWAMY K. C. K. , SCHMID C. G. , DAY R. O. , HOLMES R. R.
Published: May 2016

The hydrolysis of the methyltin phosphate (I) yields the new tetranuclear methyltin cluster (II) (space group P1, Z=1).
ChemInform Abstract: Chromium Complexes with cyclo‐Asx Ligands.
Authors: SCHERER O. J. , WIEDEMANN W. , WOLMERSHAEUSER G. +
Published: May 2016

The triarsachromatetrahedranes (III) ((IIIa): space group Pnma, Z=4) as well as the 27 valence‐electron triple‐decker complexes (IV) ((IVb): space group P21/n, Z=4) are formed in the reaction of (I) with yellow arsenic.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal Heterocyclic Chemistry. Part 10. A Dimeric Selenoketoketene Complex and Doubly Reduced Thioketohydrazonato Complexes from Reactions of 1,2,3‐Selena‐ and 1,2,3‐Thiadiazoles with Diiron Enneacarbonyl in the Presence of Alcohol.
Authors: MAYR A. J. , PANNELL K. H. , CARRASCO‐FLORES B. , CERVANTES‐LEE F.
Published: May 2016

When the reactions of the selena‐ and thiadiazoles (I) and (VI) with Fe2(CO)9 (V) are carried out in the presence of ethanol, two new complexes, i.e. a bis(selenoketoketene) complex (IV) and a thiolato‐hydrazonato complex (IX) are obtained besides the known products (X‐ray analysis for (IV): space group P21/n, Z=4 and for (IXb): P21/n, Z = 8).
ChemInform Abstract: “Salted” Iron Pentacarbonyl: Molecular Isolation in Alkali Halide Solids.
Authors: KIRKOR E. S. , DAVID D. E. , MICHL J.
Published: May 2016

The conditions for single‐molecule isolation of iron pentacarbonyl by codeposition from vapor phase onto a cold substrate with excess alkali halide vapor are established.
ChemInform Abstract: CO Labilization and Hydrogen‐Transfer Pathways in Cationic Phosphido‐Bridged Re‐Pt Heterobimetallic Systems and the Molecular Structures of (η5‐Cp(ON)Re(μ‐PR2)(μ‐H)Pt(PPh3)2)X (R: Cy, X‐: PF‐ 6; R: Ph, X‐: BF‐ 4) and Cyclic (η5‐Cp(ON)HRe(μ‐PCy2)Pt(PPh3)2)BF4, a Rare Example of Bridging‐ and Terminal‐Hydrido Geometric Isomers.
Authors: POWELL J. , SAWYER J. F. , STAINER M. V. R.
Published: May 2016

The reaction of the cationic sec. phosphine complexes (I) with Pt(PPh3)4 (II) leads to CO loss and the formation of the terminal Re hydride derivative (III) ((IIIb): space group P21/n, Z=4) as the kinetic product.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of the Key Intermediate of a 1β‐Methylcarbapenem Antibiotic by Way of Nitrone 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition.
Authors: IHARA M. , TAKAHASHI M. , FUKUMOTO K. , KAMETANI T.
Published: May 2016

The key intermediate (VIII) of the title antibiotic (IX) is synthesized via two routes by way of inter‐ and intramolecular cycloadditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Infrared and Tunneling Spectroscopy Study of AlN Films Prepared by Ion‐Beam Deposition
Authors: MAZUR U. , CLEARY A. C.
Published: May 2016

using pure N2 or a 25% H2/N2 plasma shows that the AlN films contain Al‐H, Al‐N2, and NHx surface species as minor components.
ChemInform Abstract: Moessbauer Spectroscopic Investigation of Lithium Intercalates of Iron Oxychloride.
Authors: SLADE R. C. T. , HIRST P. R. , MEADS R. E.
Published: May 2016

The results of Moessbauer spectroscopic studies on three lithium intercalates LixFeOCl with x = 0.10, 0.18, and 0.23, resp., prepared by reaction of parent FeOCl with a solution of BuLi in hexane, are consistent with continuous intercalation of Li, accompanied by transfer of one electron/Li to the Fe3+ in the layered host.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Crystal Structure of CsSb2PO8.
Authors: CROSNIER M. P. , GUYOMARD D. , VERBAERE A. , PIFFARD Y.
Published: May 2016

Colorless single crystals of the title compound are grown from mixtures of CsNO3, Sb2O3, and NH4H2PO4 at 1173 K. The new compound belongs to the monoclinic space group C2/m with Z = 8. Its crystal structure consists of corner‐ or edge‐sharing SbO6 octahedra and PO4 tetrahedra linked to the octahedra via corners to form a three‐dimensional framework.
ChemInform Abstract: Nuclear Spin Polarization During Chemical Reactions with Ortho Hydrogen.
Authors: BARGON J. , KANDELS J. , WOELK K.
Published: May 2016

Polarization signals in NMR spectra do not necessarily point to reactions via radicals.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Fluorination of 4‐(Perfluoro‐n‐butyl)‐n‐butanoyl Chloride.
Authors: NAPOLI M. , CONTE L. , GAMBARETTO G. P. , CARLINI F. M.
Published: May 2016

The electrochemical fluorination of the title compound (I) produces the perfluorooctanoyl fluoride (II), together with smaller amounts of perfluorinated 2‐butyltetrahydrofuran (III), perfluoro‐n‐heptan (IV), and some unidentified products (V).
ChemInform Abstract: A Wagner‐Meerwein Rearrangement as an Intermediate Step Within the Formation of Dihydroindolones from 2‐Diazo‐acetoacetanilides.
Authors: HIMBERT G. , RUPPMICH M.
Published: May 2016

With a view to study the intramolecular reactivity of arylcarbamoylketenes, the title compounds (I), (III), (V) are prepared as eventual precursors to give the desired ketenes by Wolff rearrangement.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermal Valence Rearrangements of Heterocycles. Part 3. A Key Aziridine Intermediate of the δ4‐Isoxazoline‐Pyrrole Rearrangement.
Authors: MULLEN G. B. , BENNETT G. A. , GEORGIEV V. ST.
Published: May 2016

Aziridines are assumed to be intermediates in the Δ4‐isoxazoline‐pyrrole rearrangement.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemistry of α‐Fluorocycloalkanones and α‐Bromo‐α‐fluorocycloalkanones.
Authors: SKET B. , ZUPANCIC N. , ZUPAN M.
Published: May 2016

UV‐irradiation of fluorobenzocycloalkenones such as (I) and (III) forms radically the dehalogenated compounds (II) and (IV), whereas the compounds (V) are generated on a ionic pathway.
ChemInform Abstract: (3 + 2)Cycloaddition of Cyclopropane with Vinyl Ether via Photoinduced Electron Transfer.
Authors: TOMIOKA H. , KOBAYASHI D. , HASHIMOTO A. , MURATA S.
Published: May 2016

A solution of the triarylcyclopropanes (I) and ethyl vinyl ether (II) in acetonitrile is irradiated in the presence of 1,4‐dicyanobenzene to yield the cyclopentanes (III), together with the triarylpentanals (IV) and the triarylpropenes (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Myeloperoxidase‐Catalyzed Bromination of Nucleic Acid Bases and Related Compounds.
Authors: ITAHARA T. , IDE N.
Published: May 2016

Oxidation of the substrates (I), (III), or (V) by myeloperoxidase in the presence of H2O2 and KBr in NaO‐Ac buffer solution at pH 5 results in bromination to give the products (II), (IV), (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of SF5O‐Substituted Fluorocarbons.
Authors: SCHACK C. J. , WILSON R. D. , CHRISTE K. O.
Published: May 2016

Addition reactions of the sulfur fluoride hypohalites (II) and (VII) with the fluorinated ethylenes (I), (IV), (VI), and (VIII) yield the pentafluorosulfanyloxy compounds (III), (V), (IX), and (X).
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Cationic Rearrangements in a (4.3.3)Propellanic System.
Authors: MEHTA G. , SUBRAHMANYAM D.
Published: May 2016

Diels‐Alder reaction of tetralin (I) with vinyl acetate (II) yields the tetracyclic acetate (III) which is converted to the tetracyclododecanone (IV) by hydrolysis, oxidation, and hydrogenation.
ChemInform Abstract: Substituted 4‐Hydroxy‐3,5‐di‐tert‐butylbenzamidines and Their Electrochemical Properties.
Authors: ABAEV V. T. , BUMBER A. A. , BELENKO N. P. , OKHLOBYSTIN O. YU.
Published: May 2016

The thiobenzamides (Ia) ‐ (Ic) are methylated and then coupled with the amines (IV) to give the amidines (Va) ‐ (Ve).
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Substituted 3,3‐Diethyloxetanes.
Authors: FITTON A. O. , HILL J. , JANE D. E. , MILLAR R.
Published: May 2016

The acid (IVa) is converted into its derivatives (IVb) and (IVc) by methods avoiding the destruction of the oxetane ring.
ChemInform Abstract: Reissert Compound Formation with Fused Five‐Membered Ring Heterocycles.
Authors: UFF B. C. , HO Y.‐P. , BROWN D. S. , FISHER I. , POPP F. D. , KANT J.
Published: May 2016

A variety of new Reissert compounds such as (IV), derived from benzoxazole and benzothiazole, is prepared by use of trimethylsilyl cyanide (II) as a source of cyanide in a single‐phase system.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of CNS‐Active Derivatives of Pyrazolo(3,4‐e)‐1,4‐diazepine‐4,7‐dione.
Authors: SPRIO V. , CARONNA S. , MIGLIARA O. , PETRUSO S. , MATERA M.
Published: May 2016

The aminopyrazoles (I) react with the acid chloride (II) to give the amides (III) which are N‐methylated with diazomethane (IV) to form the chloroacetamides (V).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Route to N‐Silylated Diaminosulfanes: The Splitting of the Si‐Si Bond in Disilanes by Sulfur Diimides.
Authors: HERBERHOLD M. , FRANK S. M. , WRACKMEYER B. , BORRMANN H. , SIMON A.
Published: May 2016

Equimolar reaction of the sulfur diimides (I) with the disilanes (II) results in the cleavage of the Si‐Si bond and formation of the title compounds (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Phosphido‐Bridged Dimolybdenum Complexes. Part 4. Reactions of (Mo2(η5‐C5H5)2(μ‐H)(μ‐PR2)(CO)4) (R: Ph or Me) with Dienes.
Authors: HORTON A. D. , MAYS M. J.
Published: May 2016

The photochemical reactions of the complexes (I) and (IV) with allene (II), 1,3‐butadiene and 2‐methyl‐1,3‐butadiene are studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of a Molybdenum(0) Dinitrogen Complex Containing a Crown Thioether with Isocyanides. Formation of the Extensively Bent PhNC Complex trans‐Mo(PhNC)2(Me8(16)aneS4) and Facile Dealkylation of ButNC to give trans‐Mo(CN)2(Me8(16)aneS4) (Me8(16)aneS4 = 3,3,7,7,11,11,15,15‐Octamethyl‐1,5,9,13‐tetrathiacyclohexadecane).
Authors: ADACHI T. , SASAKI N. , UEDA T. , KAMINAKA M. , YOSHIDA T.
Published: May 2016

The molybdenum(0) complex (I) reacts with phenyl isocyanide (II) in toluene to give the phenyl isocyanide complex (III) which on treatment with excess tert‐butyl isocyanide (IV) yields the dealkylated complex (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of 5‐(Perfluoroalkyl)tetrazolates with Cyanogen, Nitrosyl, and Cyanuric Chlorides.
Authors: JOHN E. O. , KIRCHMEIER R. L. , SHREEVE J. M.
Published: May 2016

As expected from the electronic structure of the tetrazolate anion, in which N‐1 and N‐2 can act as nucleophilic centers, the title reactions lead to isomeric mixtures.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetism of Binuclear Copper(II) Complexes of Pyrazole Ligands with Nitrogen‐Containing Chelating Arms. First Example of Di‐μ‐pyrazolate‐dicopper(II,II) Complexes.
Authors: KAMIUSUKI T. , OKAWA H. , MATSUMOTO N. , KIDA S.
Published: May 2016

The new dinucleating pyrazole ligands (II) yield the binuclear copper complexes (IV) in which one of the terminal N‐atoms is coordinated whereas the other is free.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium Complexes with Diazadienes. Part 11. Mononuclear Bis(diazadiene)ruthenium(0) Complexes and the Coupling of Butadiene to a Diazadiene System.
Authors: ROSENBERGER V. , TOM DIECK H.
Published: May 2016

The dichlorobis(diazadiene)‐Ru(II) complexes (I) and (VI) are reduced to give the bis(diazadiene)‐Ru(0) derivatives from which only (II) is stable enough to be isolated.
ChemInform Abstract: Platinum in the Unusual Oxidation State +2.75: A Linear Tetranuclear Complex with the Model Nucleobase 1‐Methylthymine.
Authors: RENN O. , ALBINATI A. , LIPPERT B.
Published: May 2016

The oxidation of the diplatinum(II) complex (I) with Ce(IV) leads via different, spectroscopically identified oxidation steps to the diplatinum(III) end product.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Homo‐ and Heteronuclear Mixed Thiolate Phosphine Complexes with Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II). Crystal and Molecular Structure of Bis(μ‐(3‐dimethylamino‐1‐propanethiolato))‐bis((1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)et# hane)nickel(II)) Tetraphenylborate.
Authors: CAPDEVILA M. , GONZALEZ‐DUARTE P. , FOCES‐FOCES C. , HERNANDEZ CANO F. , MARTINEZ‐RIPOLL M.
Published: May 2016

The cationic complexes (III) and their neutral analogues (VI) are obtained as shown.
ChemInform Abstract: Terpenoid Chemistry. Part 29. (‐)‐Anymol from Myoporum crassifolium Forst., the C‐7 Epimer of (‐)‐α‐Bisabolol from Camomile.
Authors: O'DONNELL G. W. , SUTHERLAND M. D.
Published: May 2016

The conflicting literature concerning the absolute configuration of (‐)‐anymol and the α‐bisabolols is critically investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: The Configuration of Palustrol and Related Compounds.
Authors: BRAEKMAN J.‐C. , DALOZE D. , STOLLER C. , DECLERCQ J.‐P.
Published: May 2016

From aged samples of (+)‐palustrol (earlier reported to be the 1‐α‐OH isomer of (II)) crystals of a new compound separated which was identified to be (I) (space group P212121 with Z=4).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Alkylated Tryptophan Derivatives.
Authors: CRICH D. , DAVIES J. W.
Published: May 2016

Treatment of the N‐methoxycarbonyl‐L‐tryptophan ester (I) with phosphoric acid results in intramolecular cyclization, producing the hexahydropyrroloindole (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Variations of N‐Acetylneuraminic Acid. Part 14. Synthesis of the β‐Methyl Ketosides of 4‐Oxo‐, 7‐Oxo‐, and 8‐Oxo‐N‐acetylneuraminic Acid and the Corresponding 7,7‐ and 8,8‐Dimethoxy Derivatives. Their Behavior Toward CMP‐Sialate Synthase.
Authors: HARTMANN M. , CHRISTIAN R. , ZBIRAL E.
Published: May 2016

The title compounds (II), (Va), (VIII) and (XII) are tested as inhibitors of CMP‐sialate synthase.
Study of Red‐Emission Piezochromic Materials Based on Triphenylamine
Authors: Qi Chunxuan , Ma Hengchang , Fan Hongting , Yang Zengming , Cao Haiying , Wei Qiaojuan , Lei Ziqiang
Published: May 2016

Two conjugated molecules based on triphenylamine and 1,3‐indandione have been synthesized by employing Knoevenagel condensation. Both materials demonstrated aggregation‐induced emission behavior, and solvato‐ and piezochromic properties. These red luminescence materials are able to respond to F− and I− sensitively. The emission wavelength changed by almost 100 nm in the presence of F− and I−, and could be observed by the naked eye under daylight and UV light.
CD49d shows superior performance characteristics for flow cytometric prognostic testing in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma
Authors: Gooden Casey E. , Jones Patricia , Bates Ruth , Shallenberger Wendy M. , Surti Urvashi , Swerdlow Steven H. , Roth Christine G.
Published: May 2016

Background

CD49d is emerging as a powerful adverse prognostic marker in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL). However, flow cytometric testing for CD49d has not yet been widely adopted in the United States, in part due to the lack of establishment of its performance characteristics in the clinical setting, especially in comparison with the more common CLL/SLL prognostic markers CD38 and ZAP‐70.

Methods

CD49d expression levels in 124 CLL/SLL cases were assessed among peripheral blood (PB), bone marrow (BM), and lymph node (LN) specimens and correlated with available CD38 and ZAP‐70 expression and cytogenetic findings. For 10 PB/BM specimens, the stability of CD49d, CD38, and ZAP‐70 expression was assessed at <24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, and 96 hours.

Results

39% (28 of 71) PB, 56% (18 of 32) BM, and 71% (15 of 21) LN involved by CLL/SLL were CD49d+, using a ≥30% threshold. The mean for the CD49d+ cases was 2.8 standard deviations (SD) above the cutoff for positivity, compared with 1.7 SD for CD38 and 1.1 SD for ZAP‐70. CD49d demonstrated the lowest mean SD (0.91) and coefficient of variation (CV) (8.0%) compared with CD38 (SD = 2.1, CV = 10.4%) and ZAP‐70 (SD = 9.8, CV = 40.5%) in stability studies over a 96‐hours time period. CD49d+ CLL/SLL correlated with trisomy 12 (P = 0.025) and lack of isolated deletion (13q) (P = 0.005). CD38+ CLL/SLL correlated with deletion (11q) (P = 0.025). ZAP‐70 did not correlate with any underlying cytogenetic abnormality.

Conclusions

CD49d is a robust adverse prognostic marker in CLL/SLL with superior performance characteristics. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Energize, engage faculty members by encouraging them to follow their passions
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: May 2016

Ana Jhanilca Caldero Figueroa saw an opportunity to make positive changes for her colleagues as dean of the Arts and Humanities Department at Valencia College‐West Campus. That's why she pursued the position.
Plant regeneration from seeds responds to phylogenetic relatedness and local adaptation in Mediterranean Romulea (Iridaceae) species
Authors: Carta Angelino , Hanson Sarah , Müller Jonas V.
Published: May 2016

Seed germination is the most important transitional event between early stages in the life cycle of spermatophytes and understanding it is crucial to understand plant adaptation and evolution. However, so far seed germination of phylogenetically closely related species has been poorly investigated. To test the hypothises that phylogenetically related plant species have similar seed ecophysiological traits thereby reflecting certain habitat conditions as a result of local adaptation, we studied seed dormancy and germination in seven Mediterranean species in the genus Romulea (Iridaceae). Both the across‐species model and the model accounting for shared evolutionary history showed that cool temperatures (≤ 15°C) were the main factor that promoted seed germination. The absence of embryo growth before radicle emergence is consistent with a prompt germination response at cool temperatures. The range of temperature conditions for germination became wider after a period of warm stratification, denoting a weak primary dormancy. Altogether these results indicate that the studied species exhibit a Mediterranean germination syndrome, but with species‐specific germination requirements clustered in a way that follows the phylogenetic relatedness among those species. In addition, species with heavier seeds from humid habitats showed a wider range of conditions for germination at dispersal time than species from dry habitats possessing lighter seeds. We conclude that while phylogenetically related species showed very similar germination requirements, there are subtle ecologically meaningful differences, confirming the onset of adaptation to local ecological factors mediated by species relatedness.
Blanching influences the phenolics composition, antioxidant activity, and inhibitory effect of Adansonia digitata leaves extract on α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase, and aldose reductase
Authors: Irondi Emmanuel A. , Akintunde Jacob K. , Agboola Samson O. , Boligon Aline A. , Athayde Margareth L.
Published: May 2016

Adansonia digitata (A. digitata) leaves serve as food and has several medicinal uses in many parts of the world. This study evaluated the influence of blanching on the phenolics composition, antioxidant activity, and inhibitory effect of methanol extract of A. digitata leaves on the activities of some key enzymes (α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase, and aldose reductase) implicated in type 2 diabetes (T2D) in vitro. Reverse‐phase HPLC analysis revealed that the leaves had appreciable levels of flavonoids and phenolic acids, including catechin, epicatechin, rutin, quercitrin, quercetin, kaempferol, and luteolin (flavonoids); gallic, chlorogenic, caffeic, and ellagic acids (phenolic acids). Blanching caused significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the flavonoids and phenolic acids contents; DPPH* (2,2 diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical) and ABTS*+ [2,2‐azinobis (3‐ethyl‐benzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) radical cation] scavenging ability; reducing power; and Fe2+‐induced lipid peroxidation inhibitory capacity of the extract. Similarly, the inhibitory effect of the extract on the activities of α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase, and aldose reductase was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced due to blanching. Thus, A. digitata leaves extract could be effective for the management of T2D due to its flavonoids and phenolic acids content, antioxidant properties, and inhibitory potency on the activities of α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase, and aldose reductase. However, blanching militated against the levels of these functional attributes of the leaves and, therefore, may not be recommended for their optimal retention.
Reciprocal white matter alterations due to 16p11.2 chromosomal deletions versus duplications
Authors: Chang Yi Shin , Owen Julia P. , Pojman Nicholas J. , Thieu Tony , Bukshpun Polina , Wakahiro Mari L.J. , Marco Elysa J. , Berman Jeffrey I. , Spiro John E. , Chung Wendy K. , Buckner Randy L. , Roberts Timothy P.L. , Nagarajan Srikantan S. , Sherr Elliott H. , Mukherjee Pratik
Published: May 2016

Copy number variants at the 16p11.2 chromosomal locus are associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder, and speech and language disorders. A gene dosage dependence has been suggested, with 16p11.2 deletion carriers demonstrating higher body mass index and head circumference, and 16p11.2 duplication carriers demonstrating lower body mass index and head circumference. Here, we use diffusion tensor imaging to elucidate this reciprocal relationship in white matter organization, showing widespread increases of fractional anisotropy throughout the supratentorial white matter in pediatric deletion carriers and, in contrast, extensive decreases of white matter fractional anisotropy in pediatric and adult duplication carriers. We find associations of these white matter alterations with cognitive and behavioral impairments. We further demonstrate the value of imaging metrics for characterizing the copy number variant phenotype by employing linear discriminant analysis to predict the gene dosage status of the study subjects. These results show an effect of 16p11.2 gene dosage on white matter microstructure, and further suggest that opposite changes in diffusion tensor imaging metrics can lead to similar cognitive and behavioral deficits. Given the large effect sizes found in this study, our results support the view that specific genetic variations are more strongly associated with specific brain alterations than are shared neuropsychiatric diagnoses. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2833–2848, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oligometastases in AJCC stage IVc nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A subset with better overall survival
Authors: Tian Yun‐hong , Zou Wen‐hui , Xiao Wei‐wei , Zeng Lei , Yuan Xia , Bai Li , Lu Taixiang , Tian Yunming , Han Fei
Published: May 2016

Background

The purpose of this study was to analyze the patterns of metastasis and therapeutic approaches in American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage IVc nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 263 patients with stage IVc NPC revealed the incidence of bone, liver, and lung metastases was 67.7%, 32.3%, and 16.0%, respectively. All patients received chemotherapy; 160 patients received radiotherapy (RT) to the primary tumor.

Results

The factors associated with poor overall survival (OS) were Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) ≤70, liver metastasis, multiple‐organ metastasis, ≥6 lesions, no RT to the primary tumor, and <4 chemotherapy cycles. Two subgroups of M1 disease were divided into: M1a (oligometastases) = single‐organ metastases or 1 to 5 lesions; and M1b = multiple‐organ metastases or ≥6 lesions. The 5‐year OS rates for M1a and M1b were 38.7% versus 7.0%, respectively.

Conclusion

Patients with oligometastases have significantly better OS than patients with widespread metastases. Long‐term disease‐free survival can be achieved in selected patients with oligometastases after systemic chemotherapy and definitive RT. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38:1152–1157, 2016
Estimation of pollutant unit load of paddy fields with and without a rainfall factor
Authors: Choi Dong‐Ho , Yoon Kwang‐Sik , Choi Woo‐Jung , Yoo Seung‐Hwan
Published: May 2016

The new guideline of the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) method for unit load estimation suggested using long‐term average annual precipitation, representative event mean concentrations (EMCs) of pollutants and runoff ratio in Korea. The guideline also suggested estimating the runoff ratio and EMCs for rainfall groups (0–10, 10–30, 30–50, above 50 mm) and rainfall weighting factor, to give a representative runoff ratio and EMC of a pollutant. The objective of this study is to evaluate the method suggested by the NIER. In this study, a 5‐year intensive field monitoring was carried out to determine pollutant load from paddy fields. The observed average annual pollutant losses from the studied paddy fields were compared to the unit load determined by three different methods. Overall, the method using the NIER guideline produced similar results to the method using arithmetic mean runoff ratio and EMC, which had been used for previous unit load determination. Meanwhile, the study revealed that estimation of unit load by the NIER method was closer to the observed unit load of pollutant from paddy fields than that by the method using EMCs from log‐normal and gamma distribution. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approach to the diagnosis of skeletal dysplasias: Experience at a center with limited resources
Authors: Kumar Manisha , Thakur Seema , Haldar Arunima , Anand Rama
Published: May 2016

Purpose

A fetus with skeletal disorder poses diagnostic challenges in a resource‐poor setting with limited management options. The objective of the study was to develop a step‐by‐step approach for the diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia in light of the limited resources available.

Methods

An algorithmic approach was used. The assessment for lethality was the first step, followed by the evaluation for fractures. In cases without evidence of fracture, severe constriction of thorax or associated polydactyly were searched for. In cases without severe thoracic constriction, the severity of micromelia was evaluated. After delivery, fetal examination was done to ascertain the etiology.

Results

During the 6‐year period, 41 cases with shortened long bones were fully evaluated. Lethality was suspected in 30 cases. Fracture and beading were present in eight cases, and severe thoracic constriction with polydactyly was observed in seven cases. Mild micromelia was seen in 19 cases and severe micromelia in 7 cases. Among lethal skeletal dysplasias, thanatophoric dysplasia was most common (six cases). Among nonlethal skeletal dysplasias, achondroplasia was seen in eight cases.

Conclusions

Lethality of skeletal dysplasia could be predicted on prenatal ultrasound with 100% accuracy. The step‐by‐step approach was helpful to characterize skeletal dysplasias. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:529–539, 2016
Physicochemical Properties of Hydrophobically Modified Polymeric Betaines and of Their Langmuir‐Blodgett Films
Authors: Seliverstova Evgeniya V. , Ibrayev Niyaz Kh. , Shakhvorostov Alexey V. , Nuraje Nurxat , Kudaibergenov Sarkyt E.
Published: May 2016

Polymeric betaines containing long alkyl chains (C12H25, C13H27, C14H29, C16H33 and C18H37) were synthesized by Michael addition reaction of alkylaminocrotonates and methacrylic acid. They were characterized by FTIR, 13C NMR, DLS, TEM, viscometry and zeta‐potential measurements. In aqueous KOH and DMSO solutions the hydrophobically modified polymeric betaines behave polyelectrolyte character. The average hydrodynamic size and zeta potential of diluted aqueous solutions of hydrophobic polybetaines containing tetradecyl‐ and octadecyl groups were studied as a function of pH. Anomalous low values of the isoelectric point (IEP) of amphoteric macromolecules were found to be in the range of pH 2.7–3.4. The TEM results revealed that in both aqueous KOH and DMSO media the nano‐ and microsized micelles and vesicles are existed. The structural organization of micelles and vesicles in water and water − DMSO mixture is discussed. Langmuir‐Blodgett (LB) monolayers on the water‐air interface were obtained by spreading of hydrophobic polybetaines containing tetradecyl‐ and octadecyl groups dissolved in THF on the subphase surface. The LB films on the subphase surface are characterized by the specific areas of 0.6 ± 0.05 nm2 · monomeric unit−1 at collapsed state. In the spectra of Langmuir‐Blodgett film the absorption band with the maximum at 255 and 270 nm was observed.
Catalytic Properties of Polyvanadate Xerogels Supported to Anatase in Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide and Oxidation of o‐Xylene
Authors: Yesmurzayeva Nurlykyz , Malibekova Assem , Selenova Bagadat
Published: May 2016

The present work deals with evaluation of the catalytic properties of polyvanadate xerogels deposited on titanium dioxide (anatase). Xerogels of polyvanadates in the form of nanofibers were obtained by sol‐gel method. The average sizes of polyvanadate nanoparticles in aqueous solution determined by DLS were equal to 7 and 50 nm. TEM results reveal the formation of nanostructured thin layers of polyvanadates on the surface of TiO2 particles. The catalytic properties of polyvanadates deposited on the surface of anatase by impregnation method were studied with respect to decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and oxidation of o‐xylene under mild conditions.
Reliability of Pressure Ulcer Rates: How Precisely Can We Differentiate Among Hospital Units, and Does the Standard Signal‐Noise Reliability Measure Reflect This Precision?
Authors: Staggs Vincent S. , Cramer Emily
Published: May 2016

Hospital performance reports often include rankings of unit pressure ulcer rates. Differentiating among units on the basis of quality requires reliable measurement. Our objectives were to describe and apply methods for assessing reliability of hospital‐acquired pressure ulcer rates and evaluate a standard signal‐noise reliability measure as an indicator of precision of differentiation among units. Quarterly pressure ulcer data from 8,199 critical care, step‐down, medical, surgical, and medical‐surgical nursing units from 1,299 US hospitals were analyzed. Using beta‐binomial models, we estimated between‐unit variability (signal) and within‐unit variability (noise) in annual unit pressure ulcer rates. Signal‐noise reliability was computed as the ratio of between‐unit variability to the total of between‐ and within‐unit variability. To assess precision of differentiation among units based on ranked pressure ulcer rates, we simulated data to estimate the probabilities of a unit's observed pressure ulcer rate rank in a given sample falling within five and ten percentiles of its true rank, and the probabilities of units with ulcer rates in the highest quartile and highest decile being identified as such. We assessed the signal‐noise measure as an indicator of differentiation precision by computing its correlations with these probabilities. Pressure ulcer rates based on a single year of quarterly or weekly prevalence surveys were too susceptible to noise to allow for precise differentiation among units, and signal‐noise reliability was a poor indicator of precision of differentiation. To ensure precise differentiation on the basis of true differences, alternative methods of assessing reliability should be applied to measures purported to differentiate among providers or units based on quality. © 2016 The Authors. Research in Nursing & Health published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Impact of maternal obesity and race/ethnicity on perinatal outcomes: Independent and joint effects
Authors: Snowden Jonathan M. , Mission John F. , Marshall Nicole E. , Quigley Brian , Main Elliott , Gilbert William M. , Chung Judith H. , Caughey Aaron B.
Published: May 2016

Objective

Independent and joint impacts of maternal race/ethnicity and obesity on adverse birth outcomes, including pre‐eclampsia, low birth weight, and macrosomia, were characterized.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study of all 2007 California births was conducted using vital records and claims data. Maternal race/ethnicity and maternal body mass index (BMI) were the key exposures; their independent and joint impact on outcomes using regression models was analyzed.

Results

Racial/ethnic minority women of normal weight generally had higher risk as compared with white women of normal weight (e.g., African‐American women, pre‐eclampsia adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.60, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.48‐1.74 vs. white women). However, elevated BMI did not usually confer additional risk (e.g., pre‐eclampsia aOR comparing African‐American women with excess weight with white women with excess weight, 1.17, 95% CI: 0.89‐1.54). Obesity was a risk factor for low birth weight only among white women (excess weight aOR, 1.24, 95% CI: 1.04‐1.49 vs. white women of normal weight) and not among racial/ethnic minority women (e.g., African‐American women, 0.95, 95% CI: 0.83‐1.08).

Conclusions

These findings add nuance to our understanding of the interplay between maternal race/ethnicity, BMI, and perinatal outcomes. While the BMI/adverse outcome gradient appears weaker in racial/ethnic minority women, this reflects the overall risk increase in racial/ethnic minority women of all body sizes.
Epidemiology of lactic acidosis in type 2 diabetes patients with metformin in Japan
Authors: Chang Chia‐Hsien , Sakaguchi Motonobu , Dolin Paul
Published: May 2016

Purpose

To estimate the incidence of lactic acidosis (LA) and role of metformin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treated with anti‐diabetes drugs.

Methods

This retrospective propensity score matched cohort study was conducted using the Japanese Medical Data Vision claims database. T2DM patients aged 18 or above who received diabetes drugs during January 2010 through August 2014 were identified. Cases of LA were identified based on reimbursement codes and confirmed by lactic acid test and subsequent treatment by hemodialysis or intravenous sodium bicarbonate. Poisson regression and Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the incidence and assess if metformin use was associated with increased risk of LA.

Results

Thirty cases of LA were identified among 283 491 treated T2DM patients with 504 169 patient‐years of follow‐up. Crude incidence of LA was 5.95 per 100 000 patient‐years. T2DM patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) were seven‐fold more likely to develop LA than those without CKD (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 7.33, 95%CI, 3.17–16.96). Use of metformin was not associated with risk of LA in the study population (aHR, 0.92, 95%CI, 0.33–2.55), and in the propensity score matched cohort (aHR, 0.90, 95%CI, 0.26–3.11). Similar findings were observed among diabetes patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and CKD. The age‐sex adjusted incidence rates in metformin users and non‐users were 5.80 and 5.78 per 100 000 person‐years, respectively (Incidence rate ratio, 1.00, p = 0.99).

Conclusions

This study found that use of metformin was not associated with increased risk of LA in diabetic patients including those with CKD or CLD. © 2016 The Authors. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
SCHOOL‐BASED TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY AND CONCUSSION MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
Authors: Davies Susan C.
Published: May 2016

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), including concussions, can result in a constellation of physical, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that affect students’ well‐being and performance at school. Despite these effects, school personnel remain underprepared identify, educate, and assist this population of students. This article describes a model of service delivery for students with TBI in a large urban school district. The district's TBI Program and Concussion Management Team address unique issues related to assessment, intervention, and transition planning for this population of students, as well as prevention and education efforts in the district as a whole. This model involved designating a district‐level school psychologist to serve as a point person for TBI cases, which improved accurate identification of students with TBI, facilitated coordination of concussion management efforts, and provided a smooth transition for students with TBI from the hospital or clinic back to school. Suggestions for increasing school psychologists’ involvement with TBI cases are proposed, including strategies for serving as team leaders, for coordinating progress monitoring, and for training others in the school community about TBIs.
Lipase catalysed conversion of triglycerides to amides in liquid ammonia
Authors: Griffin Joseph M. , Atherton John H. , Page Michael I. , Powles Nicholas T.
Published: May 2016

Immobilised lipase B (Candida antarctica lipase B) is, perhaps unexpectedly, catalytically active in liquid ammonia and exhibits chain length selectivity in the ammonolysis of triglycerides. Using glycerol triacetate as the substrate, the ammonolysis of only the first ester linkage is catalysed by the enzyme, whereas for glycerol tributyrate, the cleavage of all three ester groups is catalysed and converted to the corresponding amide. These observations represent the first example of the use of enzymes in pure liquid ammonia, exemplifying both catalysis and selectivity. Glycerol trioleate is relatively stable in liquid ammonia but, with Candida antarctica lipase B present, readily undergoes ammonolysis to give oleamide and glycerol even at 25 °C. There is no enzyme‐catalysed ammonolysis with the native lipase as it is insoluble in liquid ammonia. The solvolysis of triglycerides in liquid ammonia occurs by a stepwise conversion of the triester to diester to monoester to glycerol with one equivalent of carboxylic acid amide produced at each stage. The pseudo first‐order rate constants for each of the three steps of the uncatalysed ammonolysis of triglycerides in liquid ammonia decrease with increasing alkyl chain length in the carboxyl residue as expected from a small steric effect. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
End‐group functionalization and postpolymerization modification of helical poly(isocyanide)s
Authors: Croom Anna , Tarallo Rossella , Weck Marcus
Published: May 2016

This contribution presents the synthesis of helical alkyne‐terminated polymers using a functionalized Nickel complex to initiate the polymerization of menthylphenyl isocyanides. The resulting polymers display low dispersities and controlled molecular weights. Copper‐catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloadditions (CuAAC) are performed to attach various azide‐containing compounds to the polymer termini. After azido‐phosphonate moiety attachment the polymer displays a signal at 25.4 ppm in the 31P NMR spectrum demonstrating successful end‐group functionalization. End‐group functionalization of a fluorescent dye allows to determine the functionalization yield as 89% (±8). Successful ligation of an azide‐functionalized peptide sequence (MKLA = 1547 g/mol) increases the Mn from 5100 for the parent polymer to 6700 for the bioconjugate as visualized by GPC chromatography. Analysis by CD spectroscopy confirms that the helical conformation of the poly(isocyanide) block in the peptide–polymer conjugate is maintained after postpolymerization modification. These results demonstrate an easy, generalizable, and versatile strategy toward mono‐telechelic helical polymers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 2766–2773