bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Childhood socio‐economic disadvantage predicts reduced myelin growth across adolescence and young adulthood
Authors: Ziegler Gabriel , Moutoussis Michael , Hauser Tobias U. , Fearon Pasco , Bullmore Edward T. , Goodyer Ian M. , Fonagy Peter , Jones Peter B. , Lindenberger Ulman , Dolan Raymond J.
Published: May 2020

Socio‐economic disadvantage increases exposure to life stressors. Animal research suggests early life stressors impact later neurodevelopment, including myelin developmental growth. To determine how early life disadvantage may affect myelin growth in adolescence and young adulthood, we analysed data from an accelerated longitudinal neuroimaging study measuring magnetisation transfer (MT), a myelin‐sensitive marker, in 288 participants (149 female) between 14 and 25 years of age at baseline. We found that early life economic disadvantage before age 12, measured by a neighbourhood poverty index, was associated with slower myelin growth. This association was observed for magnetization transfer in cortical, subcortical and core white matter regions, and also in key subcortical nuclei. Participant IQ at baseline, alcohol use, body mass index, parental occupation and self‐reported parenting quality did not account for these effects, but parental education did so partially. Specifically, positive parenting moderated the effect of socio‐economic disadvantage in a protective manner. Thus, early socioeconomic disadvantage appears to alter myelin growth across adolescence. This finding has potential translational implications, including clarifying whether reducing socio‐economic disadvantage during childhood, and increasing parental education and positive parenting, promote normal trajectories of brain development in economically disadvantaged contexts.
Dynamic functional connectivity between nucleus accumbens and the central executive network relates to chronic cannabis use
Authors: Yoo Hye Bin , Moya Blake Edward , Filbey Francesca M.
Published: May 2020

The neural mechanisms of drug cue‐reactivity regarding the temporal fluctuations of functional connectivity, namely the dynamic connectivity, are sparsely studied. Quantifying the task‐modulated variability in dynamic functional connectivity at cue exposure can aid the understanding. We analyzed changes in dynamic connectivity in 54 adult cannabis users and 90 controls during a cannabis cue exposure task. The variability was measured as standard deviation in the (a) connectivity weights of the default mode, the central executive, and the salience networks and two reward loci (amygdalae and nuclei accumbens); and (b) topological indexes of the whole brain (global efficiency, modularity and network resilience). These were compared for the main effects of task conditions and the group (users vs. controls), and correlated with pre‐ and during‐scan subjective craving. The variability of connectivity weights between the central executive network and nuclei accumbens was increased in users throughout the cue exposure task, and, was positively correlated with during‐scan craving for cannabis. The variability of modularity was not different by groups, but positively correlated with prescan craving. The variability of dynamic connectivity during cannabis cue exposure task between the central executive network and the nuclei accumbens, and, the level of modularity, seem to relate to the neural underpinning of cannabis use and the subjective craving.
Optimization of bund wall height and trigger depth for re‐irrigation in paddy field by deepwater ponding irrigation treatment
Authors: Huang Chien‐Lin , Huang Hau‐Lieh , Hsu Nien‐Sheng , Chen Ching‐Wen
Published: May 2020

This study develops two models and an algorithm to determine the optimal bund wall height of the paddy field and the trigger depth for re‐irrigation, considering the benefits and costs of the transformation from shallow intermittent irrigation treatment to deepwater ponding irrigation. The models and algorithms are composed of: (i) a hydrologic model for ponding depth simulation in a paddy field; (ii) an optimization model for height design and depth determination in deepwater ponding irrigation; (iii) a real‐coded genetic algorithm for solving the optimization model. The results show that the optimal bund wall height of the paddy field is 27.7 cm and the optimal discount ratio of re‐irrigation depth (i.e. trigger depth divided by the upper limit of ponding depth) is 0.008 in Taiwan, with a unit net benefit of US$18 500 ha¯¹. During the first crop‐growing season (January to May) and the second (June to October), the benefit of groundwater recharge, flood mitigation, saved irrigation quantity and income of paddy rice of deepwater ponding irrigation is increased by 73, 13, 53 and 25% than those of shallow intermittent irrigation treatment, respectively. Furthermore, the total benefit of the second season is 16% better than that of the first. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
T‐symmetric 40‐nucleus silver clusters assembled by hetero‐anions
Authors: Liao Jian‐Hong , Chang Hao‐Wei , Fang Ching‐Shiang , Liu C. W.
Published: May 2020

We report two anion‐templated Ag40 clusters, [Ag40(E)4(SO4){S2P(OEt)2}24](PF6)6 (E = S, 1; Se, 2). The anionic templates were generated in situ from the decomposition of dithiophosphate (dtp) ligands. The extrusion of sulfur undergoes disproportionation reactions to generate sulfide and sulfate anions, which provide the source of templates in the subsequent cluster assembly reactions. Two Ag40 clusters display high similarity in their structures. The sulfide (selenide) anions and the central sulfate anion reveal a six‐coordinate and a rare dodecametallic dodecaconnective pattern, respectively. Four near‐equivalent [Ag10(E){S2P(OEt)2}6]2+ motifs were assembled via the connection of central sulfate anion to construct Ag40 clusters. The cluster cation, [Ag40(E)4(SO4){S2P(OEt)2}24]6+, displayed in T symmetry, is unprecedented in anion‐templated silver clusters.
Exploring the Relationship Between Morphine Concentration and Oversedation in Children After Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Valkenburg Abraham J. , Goulooze Sebastiaan C. , Ng Chun Yin , Breatnach Cormac V. , Tibboel Dick , van Dijk Monique , Knibbe Catherijne A. J. , Krekels Elke H.J.
Published: May 2020

Titrating analgesic and sedative drugs in pediatric intensive care remains a challenge for caregivers due to the lack of pharmacodynamic knowledge in this population. The aim of the current study is to explore the concentration‐effect relationship for morphine‐associated oversedation after cardiac surgery in children aged 3 months to 3 years. Data on morphine dosing, as well as morphine plasma concentrations, were available from a previous study on the pharmacokinetics of morphine after cardiac surgery in children. Oversedation was defined as scores below 11 on the validated COMFORT–behavioral scale. Population pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic modeling was performed in NONMEM 7.3. The probability of oversedation as a function of morphine concentration was best described using a step function in which the EC50 was 46.3 ng/mL. At morphine concentrations below the EC50, the probability of oversedation was 2.9% (0.4& to 18%), whereas above the EC50 percentages were 13% (1.9% to 52%) (median value [95% prediction interval from interindividual variability]). Additionally, the risk of oversedation was found to be increased during the first hours after surgery (P < .001) and was significantly lower during mechanical ventilation (P < .005). We conclude that morphine concentrations above approximately 45 ng/mL may increase the probability of oversedation in children after cardiac surgery. The clinician must evaluate, on a case‐by‐case basis, whether the analgesic benefits arising from dosing regimen associated with such concentrations outweigh the risks.
Predictors of Systemic Exposure to Topical Crisaborole: A Nonlinear Regression Analysis
Authors: Purohit Vivek , Riley Steve , Tan Huaming , Ports William C.
Published: May 2020

Crisaborole ointment, 2%, is a nonsteroidal phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor for the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis. Results from 2 randomized, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled phase 3 studies showed that twice‐daily crisaborole in children and adults with mild to moderate atopic dermatitis was efficacious and well tolerated. Initial pharmacokinetics (PK) studies of crisaborole indicated absorption with measurable systemic levels of crisaborole. The current analysis was conducted to correlate steady‐state systemic exposure parameters with ointment dose and identify covariates impacting PK parameters in healthy participants and patients with atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. A nonlinear regression analysis was conducted using ointment dose and noncompartmental PK parameters at steady state (area under the curve [AUCss] and maximum concentration [Cmax,ss]). PK data were available from 244 participants across 6 clinical studies (AUCss, N = 239; Cmax,ss, N = 241). Disease condition had the greatest impact on slope in both models, corresponding to 2.5‐fold higher AUCss and Cmax,ss values at a given ointment dose in patients with atopic dermatitis or psoriasis relative to healthy participants. Disease severity, race/ethnicity, and sex had marginal effects on AUCss and Cmax,ss. Systemic exposures were similar across age groups ≥2 years of age when the same percentage of body surface area (%BSA) was treated. Predictive performance plots for AUCss and Cmax,ss for different age groups demonstrated that the models adequately describe the observed data. Model predictions indicated that systemic exposure to crisaborole in pediatric patients (2‐17 years) is unlikely to exceed systemic exposure in adults (≥18 years), even at the highest possible ointment dose corresponding to a %BSA of 90.
Exposure‐Response Analysis of Vamorolone (VBP15) in Boys With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Li Xiaonan , Conklin Laurie S. , van den Anker John , Hoffman Eric P. , Clemens Paula R. , Jusko William J.
Published: May 2020

Exposure‐response relationships of vamorolone, a novel dissociative steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, were investigated in clinical trials in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Variables were clinical outcome measures, Fridericia‐corrected QT (QTcF) duration, and pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarkers. Exposure metrics were area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), with a sigmoid Emax model applied. Significant improvement in clinical efficacy outcomes was observed after 24 weeks of daily dosing. The primary outcome, time to stand from supine velocity, exhibited the highest sensitivity to vamorolone, with the lowest AUC value providing 50% of maximum effect (E50 = 186 ng·h/mL), followed by time to climb 4 stairs (E50 = 478 ng·h/mL), time to run/walk 10 m (E50 = 1220 ng·h/mL), and 6‐minute walk test (E50 = 1770 ng·h/mL). Week 2 changes of proinflammatory PD biomarkers showed exposure‐dependent decreases. The E50 was 260 ng·h/mL for insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein 2, 1200 ng·h/mL for matrix metalloproteinase 12, 1260 ng·h/mL for lymphotoxin α1/β2, 1340 ng·h/mL for CD23, 1420 ng·h/mL for interleukin‐22‐binding protein, and 1600 ng·h/mL for macrophage‐derived chemokine/C‐C motif chemokine 22. No relationship was found between QTcF interval changes from baseline and Cmax in week 2 or 24. This analysis showed that improvements in clinical efficacy end points in week 24 and PD biomarkers in week 2 were achieved at typical vamorolone exposure of 2 mg/kg daily dose with a median AUC dose of 6 mg/kg (3651 ng·h/mL), corresponding to approximately 95% of maximum effects for most response variables.
Ionic liquids for coal dissolution, extraction and liquefaction
Authors: Zhao Hua , Franklin Michael S
Published: May 2020

Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel. Direct combustion of low‐ and medium‐rank coals causes alarming environmental impacts. Therefore, it is crucial for coal to undergo pretreatments before its efficient utilization [such as coal to liquid (CTL) processes]. Conventional pretreatment methods suffer from several limitations including the use of volatile organic solvents, environmental hazards, strong reaction conditions (e.g. high temperature and pressure), consumption of large quantities of nonrecoverable chemicals (e.g. bases used in aqueous alkaline digestion), or being only effective for specific coals. On the other hand, coal pretreatment by nonvolatile ionic liquids (ILs) could lead to partial coal dissolution/swelling and structure disruption, which is a critical step before coal liquefaction, hydrogenation, pyrolysis or the inhibition of oxidation/combustion. In addition, ILs are suitable solvents for extracting sulfur compounds from coal, asphaltenes from Direct Coal Liquefaction Residues (DCLR) and phenolic compounds from coal tar. This review will discuss these aspects of coal pretreatments by ILs, and identify how ILs could lead to a cleaner and more efficient utilization of coal resources. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Demonstration on the treatment of paper‐making wastewater by a full‐scale IC‐A/O‐membrane reactor system for reclamation
Authors: Zhuang Haifeng , Cheng Zhong , Shan Shengdao , Shen Haitao , Zhao Bingjun
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

The paper‐making industry has developed rapidly in recent years. The paper‐making process consumes much water and generates large amounts of wastewater. The reuse of the produced wastewater helps to save water consumption and reduce environmental pollution. Effective methods to treat and recycle paper‐making wastewater are urgently sought.

RESULTS

In this study, the performance of a full‐scale internal circulation–anoxic/oxic (IC‐A/O)–ultrafiltration (UF)–reverse osmosis (RO) membrane system for reclamation and reuse of paper‐making wastewater was investigated. Results showed that the integrated system presented a stable and highly efficient performance. The effluent concentrations of chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, biochemical oxygen demand , NH4+ nitrogen and total nitrogen were 12, 4, 0.3, 0.5 and 2.9 mg L−1. gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric results showed that the organic composition in each process of the IC‐AO‐UF‐RO system varied significantly. Acute biological toxicity was obviously reduced, with an effluent toxic unit value of 3.11. The results of particle size distribution indicated that anaerobic granular sludge (around 3 mm) was formed in an IC reactor. Anaerolinea, Propioniciclava and Thauera were the main contributors to pollutant removal. Advanced treatment by the UF‐RO system achieved complete removal of suspended solids, silt density index and turbidity with little hardness and conductivity in the final effluent, which allowed for reclamation of paper‐making wastewater.

CONCLUSION

Water reuse and energy recycling were successfully realized in the built‐up IC‐AO–membrane reactor system. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Brain tissue volumes at term‐equivalent age are associated with early motor behavior in very preterm infants
Authors: Katušić Ana , Raguž Marina , Žunić Išasegi Iris
Published: May 2020

Preterm birth is associated with a wide range of adverse developmental outcomes, including sensory, motor, cognitive and language impairments, and behavioral or attention problems. Subtle motor deficits that might emerge in premature infants with no evident or with mild brain injury encompass qualitative and quantitative aspects of motor behavior. This prospective cohort study provided an evaluation of the relationship between brain tissue volumes revealed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at term‐equivalent age and motor behavior in infancy in very preterm infants (total number = 40; mean gestational age = 28 weeks + 4 days; mean birth weight = 1190 g) without evident or with mild brain injury. Infants were recruited at birth and assessed at 12 months corrected age using the tool for qualitative and quantitative assessment of motor behavior, infant motor profile. The brain tissue was segmented first using advanced segmentation techniques and the volumes were measured by summing the volumes of all voxels belonging to a particular tissue class. The associations between volumetric brain MRI measures with motor behavior were explored using linear regression analyses. Results showed that larger total brain volumes were associated with higher motor score. Similar relationships were documented for parietal lobe, deep gray matter, and cerebellum volumes. Volumetric quantitative data of brain structures may serve as biomarkers for subtle motor deficits described in very preterm born infants without or with mild brain lesions apparent on MRI.
Impacts of genesurance considerations on genetic counselors' practice and attitudes
Authors: Thoreson Emily , Murphy Lauren , Lemons Jennifer , Farach Laura , Wilson Kate , Woodson Ashley , Wagner Chelsea
Published: May 2020

Genesurance counseling has been identified as an integral part of many genetic counseling sessions, but little is known about the workflow impacts and genetic counselor perceptions of genesurance‐related tasks. In this study, we aimed to characterize how insurance and billing considerations for genetic testing are being incorporated into genetic counselors' practice in the United States, as well as describe current attitudes and challenges associated with their integration. An electronic survey was sent by email to members of the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC). A total of 325 American Board of Genetic Counselors‐certified genetic counselors who provide direct patient care in the United States for at least 50% of their time were included in data analysis. Results showed that the frequency and timing of various insurance‐ and billing‐related tasks were not consistent among respondents, even those practicing in similar settings. Inadequate training to complete tasks was reported by 64% of respondents, and 47% reported a lack of resources from their employer and/or institution to complete genesurance tasks. Additionally, only 38% of respondents agreed that insurance‐ and billing‐related tasks were within the scope of the genetic counseling practice, and there was little consensus on who respondents believe is the most appropriate person to complete these tasks. When asked how genesurance considerations affected job satisfaction, 85% of respondents reported a negative impact. This study found an inconsistent genesurance workflow among genetic counselors practicing in the United States, a lack of consensus on who should be responsible for genesurance tasks, several challenges associated with completing these tasks, and identifies genesurance considerations as potential risk factors for genetic counselor burnout.
Loneliness of adult and juvenile prisoner influences on psychological affect: Mediation role of control source
Authors: Zhao Xiaojun , Shi Changxiu
Published: May 2020

Prisoners' affective education is a hot topic in criminal psychology. The lack of the social support for prisoners means that they are more prone to loneliness. The mental health status of the prisoners directly concerns their social adaptation when released. We therefore explored the relationship between loneliness, psychological affect, and control source in 201 prisoners. Prisoners completed the state and trait loneliness scale, the affectal scale, the internal control, powerful others, and chance scale. Mediation effect analysis was conducted to explore the mediation role of the control source from influence of loneliness on psychological affect. State loneliness indirectly affected positive affect through internal control factors. Trait loneliness directly affected negative affect, and trait loneliness indirectly affected negative affect through opportunity factors. Overall, this study uncovers some of the psychological mechanisms underlying emotional state in prisoners, highlights the need for effective psychological correction programmes in the prison system and provides reference for effectual ascension of prisoners out of jail.
Contactless electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for direct detection of analytes in living organisms
Authors: Li Wen , Yao Ya‐Nan , Wu Lin , Wang Lei , Hu Bin
Published: May 2020

In this study, we developed contactless electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) for in vivo analysis of living organisms in different applications. The in vivo sampling and direct analysis processess of living organisms were integrated into an operation that only requires the organism close to MS inlet that was applied to a high voltage. Living plants and animals were directly induced to generate spray ionization. Direct detection and in vivo monitoring of metabolites and chemical residues in various living organisms were successfully demonstrated. Analysis of a single sample could be completed within 30 s. Overall, contactless ESI‐MS provides an attractive in vivo method to straightforward investigation of living organisms.
Volunteer tourism, transformative learning and its impacts on careers: The case of Brazilian volunteers
Authors: Müller Camila Vieira , Scheffer Angela Beatriz Busato , Closs Lisiane Quadrado
Published: May 2020

This study investigates how volunteer tourism's critical events can elicit reflections about participant's careers and lead to personal/professional. Content analysis of qualitative data obtained from semistructured interviews with 20 Brazilian volunteers suggests that adverse conditions of the destination, unusual situations faced during the program, and culture shock experienced at the host community, triggered transformative learning processes involving changes in social‐linguistic, psychological, and moral‐ethical perspectives, often interwoven. Research also suggests that volunteer tourism contributes to the practitioner's career sustainability and employability, as well as to careers re‐evaluations resulting from new behaviors and worldviews developed during their experience.
Development of in‐house genetic screening for pediatric hearing loss
Authors: Doerfer Karl W. , Sander Tara , Konduri Girija G. , Friedland David R. , Kerschner Joseph E. , Runge Christina L.
Published: May 2020

Objectives

To evaluate the efficiency of in‐house genetic testing for mutations causing the most common types of inherited, nonsyndromic, sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL).

Methods

Retrospective cohort study of 200 patients at a single, pediatric medical center with suspected or confirmed hearing loss who underwent either send out vs in‐house genetic testing for mutations in GJB2/GJB6, SLC26A4, and MTRNR1. Primary outcome measure was the difference in mean turnaround time for send‐out vs in‐house genetic testing. Additional outcomes included associations between audiometric findings and genetic test results.

Results

One hundred four send‐out tests were performed between October 2010 and June 2014, and 100 in‐house tests were performed between November 2014 and November 2016. The mean turnaround time for send‐out testing was 53.7 days. The mean turnaround time for in‐house testing was 18.9 days. This difference was statistically significant (P < .001). The largest component of turnaround time was the amount of time elapsed between receipt of specimen in the lab and final test result. These intervals were 47.0 and 18.3 days for send‐out and in‐house tests, respectively. Notably, the longest turnaround time for in‐house testing (43 days) was less than the average turnaround time for send‐out testing. In addition, we identified two simple audiometric parameters (ie, bilateral newborn hearing screen referral and audiometry showing symmetric SNHL) that may increase diagnostic yield of genetic testing.

Conclusions

The development of in‐house genetic testing programs for inherited SNHL can significantly reduce testing turnaround times. Newborn hearing screening and audiometry results can help clinicians identify patients most likely to benefit from genetic testing.

Level of Evidence

IV.
Substrate‐Independent, Reversible, and Easy‐Release Ionogel Adhesives with High Bonding Strength
Authors: Zhu Jingjing , Lu Xiaomeng , Zhang Wei , Liu Xiaokong
Published: May 2020

It is highly desirable to develop reversible and easy‐release adhesives with high bonding strength for a broad range of substrates, while the adhesion of low‐surface‐energy materials (e.g., polytetrafluoretyhylene, PTFE) is challenging. Herein, a substrate‐independent ionogel adhesive is developed by blending an ionic liquid with the copolymer bearing charged segments. By regulating the viscoelastic properties of the ionogel, the adhesive and cohesive strength of the ionogel can be well balanced to maximize the bonding strength for different substrates. The as‐developed ionogel exhibits high bonding strength (>0.3 MPa) for PTFE, plastics, metal, wood, and glass, because the variety of functional groups in the ionogel can form various supramolecular interactions with different substrates. The ionogel also exhibits reversible, easy‐release, and reusable properties for multiple times of bonding and on‐demand debonding without leaving obvious residues on the substrates. The ionogel has high potential for practical applications as temporal adhesives with high bonding strength.
Programmed Transformations of Strong Polyvinyl Alcohol/Sodium Alginate Hydrogels via Ionic Crosslink Lithography
Authors: Li Xuefeng , Xu Danni , Wang Hui , Gong Chunjie , Li Haiyan , Huang Yiwan , Long Shijun , Li Dapeng
Published: May 2020

A versatile ionic crosslink lithography (ICL) approach is reported to achieve geometry transitions of strong polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate (PVA/SA) hydrogels in a controllable and programmable manner. Specifically, localized PVA/SA and PVA/SA/Fe3+ hydrogel domains of significantly different swellabilities (i.e., in‐plane gradient) are created by patterning and selective ionic crosslinking of one single type of PVA/SA hydrogel. A simple two‐step sequential pre‐ and free‐swelling, or each alone, directs the patterned, inhomogeneous hydrogel to transform in various programmable and quasi‐quantitative ways through local bulging and/or global buckling. All types of shape changing are reversible and repeatable due to the reversible nature of ionic coordination in the hydrogel networks. The flexibility and versatility of 3D printing is also demonstrated in creating through‐thickness gradient in PVA and PVA/SA hydrogel assemblies with similar morphing capability. The ICL approach developed in this work may help shed some light on developing strong and shape morphing hydrogels as soft sensors and actuators and for potentially biomimetic transformations. The ICL approach may also be transferable to fabrication of many other types of hydrogel materials for similar applications.
Zwitterionic Polymer‐Grafted Superhydrophilic and Superoleophobic Silk Fabrics for Anti‐Oil Applications
Authors: Cheng Yan , Wang Jilei , Li Minglun , Fu Fanfan , Zhao Yan , Yu Jing
Published: May 2020

A highly anti‐oil fabric membrane is synthesized by surface grafting of zwitterionic poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PSBMA) onto the fabric surface. The fabric membrane is first enzymatically modified to create more reactive amine groups on the surface. A surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP) reaction is then performed to modify the fabric membrane surface with a dense PSBMA brush layer. Surface characterization indicates that the brush‐grafted fabric membrane exhibits increased surface roughness and improved superhydrophilicity. The PSBMA‐modified silk fabrics show a very large contact angle for oil droplets in water, and have excellent oil resistance in air and in water–oil mixtures.
Preliminary study on the function of the POLD1 (CDC2) EXON2 c.56G>A mutation
Authors: Liu Jing , Liu Yu , Fu Jingxuan , Liu Chengeng , Yang Tingting , Zhang Xiaomin , Cao Min , Wang Peichang
Published: May 2020

Background

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare recessive disease characterized by DNA damage repair deficiency, and DNA polymerase δ (whose catalytic subunit is encoded by POLD1, also known as CDC2) is closely related to DNA damage repair. Our previous study identified a novel POLD1 missense mutation c.56G>A (p. Arg19>His) in FA family members. However, the function of the POLD1 missense mutation is currently unknown. This study aimed to uncover the biological function of the POLD1 missense mutation.

Methods

Stable cell lines overexpressing wild‐type POLD1 or mutant POLD1 (c.56G>A, p.Arg19His) were constructed by lentivirus infection. Cell growth curve analysis, cell cycle analysis, and a comet assay were used to analyze the function of the POLD1 mutation.

Results

The growth and proliferative ability of the cells with POLD1 mutation was decreased significantly compared with those of the wild‐type cells (Student's t test, p < .05). The percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase increased, and the percentage of cells in the S phase decreased significantly when POLD1 was mutated (Student's t test, p < .05). Moreover, the Olive tail moment value of the cells with the POLD1 mutation was significantly higher than that of the cells with wild‐type POLD1 after H2O2 treatment.

Conclusions

The POLD1 mutation inhibited cell proliferation, slowed cell cycle progression, and reduced DNA damage repair.
Boundary value problem defined by system of generalized Sturm–Liouville and Langevin Hadamard fractional differential equations
Authors: Berhail Amel , Tabouche Nora , Matar Mohammed M. , Alzabut Jehad
Published: May 2020

In this paper, we study boundary value problem of system of generalized Sturm–Liouville and Langevin Hadamard fractional differential equations. Existence and uniqueness results are proved via Banach contraction principle and Leray–Schauder fixed point theorem. Besides, the Ulam–Hyers and Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stability results are addressed for the proposed problem. An example illustrating the effectiveness of the theoretical results is presented.
Simulation of harmonic oscillators on the lattice
Authors: Tung Michael M. , Ibáñez Javier , Defez Emilio , Sastre Jorge
Published: May 2020

This work deals with the simulation of a two‐dimensional ideal lattice having simple tetragonal geometry. The harmonic character of the oscillators give rise to a system of second‐order linear differential equations, which can be recast into matrix form. The explicit solutions which govern the dynamics of this system can be expressed in terms of matrix trigonometric functions. For the derivation we employ the Lagrangian formalism to determine the correct solutions, which extremize the underlying action of the system. In the numerical evaluation we develop diverse state‐of‐the‐art algorithms which efficiently tackle equations with matrix sine and cosine functions. For this purpose, we introduce two special series related to trigonometric functions. They provide approximate solutions of the system through a suitable combination. For the final computation an algorithm based on Taylor expansion with forward and backward error analysis for computing those series had to be devised. We also implement several MATLAB programs which simulate and visualize the two‐dimensional lattice and check its energy conservation.
Impact of Membrane Types and Catalyst Layers Composition on Performance of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Mohanta Paritosh Kumar , Ripa Masuma Sultana , Regnet Fabian , Jörissen Ludwig
Published: May 2020

Performance of a low temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is highly dependent on the kind of catalysts, catalyst supports, ionomer amount on the catalyst layers (CL), membrane types and operating conditions. In this work, we investigated the influence of membrane types and CL compositions on MEA performance. MEA performance increases under all practically relevant load conditions with reduction of the membrane thickness from 50 to 15 μm, however further decrease in membrane thickness from 15 to 10 μm leads to reduction in cell voltage at high current loads. A thick anode CL is found to be beneficial under wet operating conditions assuming more pore space is provided to accommodate liquid water, whereas under dry operating conditions, an intermediate thickness of the anode CL is beneficial. When studying the impact of catalyst layer thickness, too thin a catalyst layer again shows reduced performance due to increased ohmic resistance ruled out the performance of the MEAs which have identical Pt crystallite sizes on the cathode CLs i. e. the thinnest the cathode CL, the highest the voltage were achieved at a defined current load. Adaptation of the operating conditions is highly anticipated to achieve the highest MEA performance.
Interventions to improve adverse drug reaction reporting: A scoping review
Authors: Khalili Malahat , Mesgarpour Bita , Sharifi Hamid , Daneshvar Dehnavi Samira , Haghdoost Ali Akbar
Published: May 2020

Purpose

Underreporting is the major limitation of a voluntary adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting system. Many studies have assessed the effectiveness of different interventions designed to improve ADR reporting. The aim of this study was to systematically map interventions and strategies to improve ADR reporting among health care professionals.

Methods

The six‐stage methodological framework of Arksey and O'Malley was used to conduct this scoping review. Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, All EBM, and Web of Science were systematically searched from 1999 to February 2019, and the reference lists of the included papers were also searched for gray literature to identify any interventions and strategies that aimed to increase ADR reporting. Two reviewers screened the papers for eligibility based on the inclusion criteria and extracted their key data and analyzed them descriptively.

Results

Ninety out of 14 501 papers met the selection criteria. Using computerized registration and active surveillance can increase ADR reporting significantly. Educational interventions performed individually or combined with sending reminders and/or feedback, awards, and providing easier reporting channels can improve ADR reporting over a short to medium term. Multiple interventions may have more impact than single‐component interventions.

Conclusion

Multiple interventions could cause a greater increase in ADR reporting rates than single interventions. Although educational interventions appear to be effective, few studies have reviewed their long‐term effects to ascertain whether the improvements are sustained over time. Studies with a better methodological quality are required on this subject.
Regulating the pore structure of 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO) oxidized cellulose membranes: impact of drying method and organic solvent processing
Authors: Liu Wangyu , Xie Weigui , Wu Lin , Yan Changyuan , Tang Aimin , Luo Yuanqiang
Published: May 2020

Cellulose‐based membrane is a satisfactory candidate for the separator of lithium‐ion batteries due to its renewability, abundant pore structure and outstanding thermal–chemical stability. In this study, 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO) oxidized cellulose fiber (TOCF) membranes with different oxidation degrees were prepared. Membranes with high oxidation degree are faced with a pore closure issue, resulting in low porosity. In order to improve the pore structure, the TOCF membranes were dried differently through air drying, vacuum drying and freeze drying. Furthermore, air‐dried membranes were processed by three organic solvents – n‐butyl alcohol, carbon tetrachloride and n‐heptane. The physical properties, pore structure characteristics, mechanical properties and the electrochemical performance of the membranes were measured and characterized. From the results, freeze drying is found to provide the highest porosity and mean pore diameter. Unfortunately, Young’s modulus of the freeze‐dried membranes is the smallest as well. However, membranes processed by n‐butyl alcohol have weak tensile properties. Compared to non‐processed membranes, membranes processed by organic solvents present better pore structure and significantly better electrochemical performance. With all properties considered, TOCF membranes processed by carbon tetrachloride or n‐heptane are qualified for serving as battery separators as they possess improved pore structure, enhanced Young’s modulus, considerable tensile strength and improved electrochemical properties. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
UV Photodetector Based on Vertical (Al, Ga)N Nanowires with Graphene Electrode and Si Substrate
Authors: Zhou Min , Qiu Haibing , He Tao , Zhang Jianya , Yang Wenxian , Lu Shulong , Bian Lifeng , Zhao Yukun
Published: May 2020

As the key device in a UV warning system, a solid‐state UV photodetector has attracted great attention. Herein, a new UV photodetector structure based on vertical (Al, Ga)N nanowires with graphene electrode and Si substrate is designed and demonstrated. By graphene/vertical (Al, Ga)N nanowire array heterojunction, the rectifying characteristics of I–V curve are formed, and the dark current is 54 nA at −2 V bias. The fabricated device exhibits a responsivity of 0.176 mA W−1 at the bias of −2 V, as well as a stable switching characteristic. It is proposed that the photogenerated electrons and holes can reach positive and negative electrodes by diffusion or tunneling effect, even with thick AlN sections. This method can promote the implementation of low cost for UV photodetector with adjustable detection range nowadays.
Natural product corynoline suppresses melanoma cell growth through inducing oxidative stress
Authors: Yi Chunyang , Li Xiaolong , Chen Si , Liu Mingyao , Lu Weiqiang , Ye Xiyun
Published: May 2020

Natural product corynoline is a unique isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from traditional Chinese medicine Corydalis bungeana Turcz, whereas its anticancer properties have not been investigated. In this study, we found that corynoline potently impairs the growth of melanoma cells, B16F10, and A375 in a concentration‐dependent manner. Treatment of melanoma cells with corynoline results in G2 cell arrest accompanied by reduced cdc2 activation. Furthermore, corynoline triggers apoptosis of melanoma cells, which is associated with increased expression of Bax and cleaved caspase‐3. Mechanistic study indicates that corynoline strongly induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and subsequent DNA damage as evidenced by γ‐H2AX accumulation. Notably, the effect of corynoline on melanoma cell cycle and apoptosis is abolished by a ROS scavenger N‐acetyl cysteine (NAC), indicating a ROS‐dependent mechanism. Finally, corynoline significantly inhibits in vivo B16F10 melanoma tumor growth accompanied by reduced expression of Ki‐67 in tumor tissue. Taken together, our data suggest that corynoline suppresses melanoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo by inducing oxidative stress and represents a potential therapeutic agent for melanoma patients.
Pharmacological studies on the antinociceptive, anxiolytic and antidepressant activity of Tinospora crispa
Authors: Rakib Ahmed , Ahmed Shahriar , Islam Md. Ashiqul , Uddin Mir Muhammad Nasir , Paul Arkajyoti , Chy Md. Nazim Uddin , Emran Talha Bin , Seidel Veronique
Published: May 2020

Pharmacological studies were performed in mice on the methanol extract of Tinospora crispa (TC), and of its hexane (HF) and chloroform (CF) fractions. Significant antinociceptive activity was observed for TC, HF, and CF in the acetic acid‐induced writhing and formalin‐induced paw licking tests. Anxiolytic and antidepressant activities were assessed using the open field, hole board, and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests. TC, HF, and CF demonstrated a significant decrease in spontaneous locomotor activity. They also showed an increase in the number of head‐dippings in the hole‐board test, suggesting decreased fearfulness. TC, and most of its fractions, showed a significant increase of the time spent in the opened arm of the EPM, indicating reduced anxiety. This study provides some support to explain the traditional use of T. crispa as a remedy for pain.
Potential effects of curcumin in the treatment of COVID‐19 infection
Authors: Zahedipour Fatemeh , Hosseini Seyede Atefe , Sathyapalan Thozhukat , Majeed Muhammed , Jamialahmadi Tannaz , Al‐Rasadi Khalid , Banach Maciej , Sahebkar Amirhossein
Published: May 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outbreak is an ongoing pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) with considerable mortality worldwide. The main clinical manifestation of COVID‐19 is the presence of respiratory symptoms, but some patients develop severe cardiovascular and renal complications. There is an urgency to understand the mechanism by which this virus causes complications so as to develop treatment options. Curcumin, a natural polyphenolic compound, could be a potential treatment option for patients with coronavirus disease. In this study, we review some of the potential effects of curcumin such as inhibiting the entry of virus to the cell, inhibiting encapsulation of the virus and viral protease, as well as modulating various cellular signaling pathways. This review provides a basis for further research and development of clinical applications of curcumin for the treatment of newly emerged SARS‐CoV‐2.
First investigation and absolute calibration of clumped isotopes in N2O by mid‐infrared laser spectroscopy
Authors: Kantnerová Kristýna , Yu Longfei , Zindel Daniel , Zahniser Mark S. , Nelson David D. , Tuzson Béla , Nakagawa Mayuko , Toyoda Sakae , Yoshida Naohiro , Emmenegger Lukas , Bernasconi Stefano M. , Mohn Joachim
Published: May 2020

Rationale

Unravelling the biogeochemical cycle of the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) is an underdetermined problem in environmental sciences due to the multiple source and sink processes involved, which complicate mitigation of its emissions. Measuring the doubly isotopically substituted molecules (isotopocules) of N2O can add new opportunities to fingerprint and constrain its cycle.

Methods

We present a laser spectroscopic technique to selectively and simultaneously measure the eight most abundant isotopocules of N2O, including three doubly substituted species – so called “clumped isotopes”. For the absolute quantification of individual isotopocule abundances, we propose a new calibration scheme that combines thermal equilibration of a working standard gas with a direct mole fraction‐based approach.

Results

The method is validated for a large range of isotopic composition values by comparison with other established methods (laser spectroscopy using conventional isotopic scale and isotope ratio mass spectrometry). Direct intercomparison with recently developed ultrahigh‐resolution mass spectrometry shows clearly the advantages of the new laser technique, especially with respect to site specificity of isotopic substitution in the N2O molecule.

Conclusions

Our study represents a new methodological basis for the measurements of both singly substituted and clumped N2O isotopes. It has a high potential to stimulate future research in the N2O community by establishing a new class of reservoir‐insensitive tracers and molecular‐scale insights.
Optimization Removal of the Ceftriaxone Drug from Aqueous Media with Novel Zero‐Valent Iron Supported on Doped Strontium Hexaferrite Nanoparticles by Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Amiri Shadan , Reza Sohrabi Mahmoud , Motiee Fereshteh
Published: May 2020

The present study, a novel and efficient adsorbent nano zero‐valent iron stabilized on strontium hexaferrite (nZVI/SrFe12O19) was synthesized for removal of ceftriaxone antibiotic from aqueous solution. Its characteristics were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on Box‐Behnken Design (BBD) were used to achieve the optimal experimental conditions. The effects of parameters such as pH (5‐9), initial concentration of ceftriaxone (5–15 mg L−1), and adsorbent dosage (0.05–0.15 g L−1) on removal efficiency were investigated. A mathematical model was studied to predict the removal performance. The significance and adequacy of the model were surveyed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that second‐order polynomial model is suitable for the prediction removal of ceftriaxone. The highest removal value of mentioned drug were obtained 98 % at adsorbent dosage of 0.15 g L−1, pH=5, and the pollutant concentration of 10 mg L− 1. Finally, the isotherms and kinetic studies were evaluated. The Langmuir with R2=0.9981 and pseudo‐second‐order with R2=0.9996 were the best isotherm and kinetic, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters such as ΔH0, ΔS0, and ΔG0 were calculated and it was indicated that adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous.
Photocatalytic Activity of Bi2O3 Enhanced by the Addition of Ce3+/Ce4+ Synthesized by Ethylene Glycol‐assisted Solvothermal Method
Authors: Li Ting , Quan Shanyu , Shi Xuefeng , Liu Cong , Yang Linmei
Published: May 2020

The photocatalysts Bi2O3:Ce3+/Ce4+ (cerium content 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, and 1.1 wt. %) were prepared via one‐pot ethylene glycol‐assisted solvothermal method. The prepared x Ce‐Bi2O3 (x=0.5, 0.8, 1.1) samples present δ‐Bi2O3 phase with space group of Fm‐3 m at room temperature, which indicates that the high‐temperature cubic phase could be stabilized via Ce doping in Bi2O3 lattices. Moreover, the addition of Ce3+/Ce4+ could change the amount of oxygen vacancies (OVs) and adsorbed oxygen on the surface of photocatalysts. The existence of oxygen vacancies and adsorbed oxygen facilitated the generation of superoxide radicals () and hydroxide radicals (), which were the dominant reactive oxygen species for phenol degradation. The photocatalyst containing 0.8 wt. % cerium presented the highest photoactivity than the other synthesized samples. A photodegradation mechanism is proposed based on scavenger and electron spin resonance studies.
Improving the Quality and Luminescence Performance of All‐Inorganic Perovskite Nanomaterials for Light‐Emitting Devices by Surface Engineering
Authors: Shen Zhaohui , Zhao Suling , Song Dandan , Xu Zheng , Qiao Bo , Song Pengjie , Bai Qiongyu , Cao Jingyue , Zhang Gaoqian , Swelm Wageh
Published: May 2020

Lead halide perovskites and their applications in the optoelectronic field have garnered intensive interest over the years. Inorganic perovskites (IHP), though a novel class of material, are considered as one of the most promising optoelectronic materials. These materials are widely used in detectors, solar cells, and other devices, owing to their excellent charge‐transport properties, high defect tolerance, composition‐ and size‐dependent luminescence, narrow emission, and high photoluminescence quantum yield. In recent years, numerous encouraging achievements have been realized, especially in the research of CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) nanocrystals (NCs) and surface engineering. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize the principles and effects of these surface engineering optimization methods. It is also important to scientifically guide the applications and promote the development of perovskites more efficiently. Herein, the principles of surface ligands are reviewed, and various surface treatment methods used in CsPbX3 NCs as well as quantum‐dot light‐emitting diodes are presented. Finally, a brief outlook on CsPbX3 NC surface engineering is offered, illustrating the present challenges and the direction in which future investigations are intended to obtain high‐quality CsPbX3 NCs that can be utilized in more applications.