bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A 250 plastome phylogeny of the grass family (Poaceae): topological support under different data partitions
Authors: Saarela Jeffery M. , Burke Sean V. , Wysocki William P. , Barrett Matthew D. , Clark Lynn G. , Craine Joseph M. , Peterson Paul M. , Soreng Robert J. , Vorontsova Maria S. , Duvall Melvin R.
Published: February 2018

The systematics of grasses has advanced through applications of plastome phylogenomics, although studies have been largely limited to subfamilies or other subgroups of Poaceae. Here we present a plastome phylogenomic analysis of 250 complete plastomes (179 genera) sampled from 44 of the 52 tribes of Poaceae. Plastome sequences were determined from high throughput sequencing libraries and the assemblies represent over 28.7 Mbases of sequence data. Phylogenetic signal was characterized in 14 partitions, including (1) complete plastomes; (2) protein coding regions; (3) noncoding regions; and (4) three loci commonly used in single and multi-gene studies of grasses. Each of the four main partitions was further refined, alternatively including or excluding positively selected codons and also the gaps introduced by the alignment. All 76 protein coding plastome loci were found to be predominantly under purifying selection, but specific codons were found to be under positive selection in 65 loci. The loci that have been widely used in multi-gene phylogenetic studies had among the highest proportions of positively selected codons, suggesting caution in the interpretation of these earlier results. Plastome phylogenomic analyses confirmed the backbone topology for Poaceae with maximum bootstrap support (BP). Among the 14 analyses, 82 clades out of 309 resolved were maximally supported in all trees. Analyses of newly sequenced plastomes were in agreement with current classifications. Five of seven partitions in which alignment gaps were removed retrieved Panicoideae as sister to the remaining PACMAD subfamilies. Alternative topologies were recovered in trees from partitions that included alignment gaps. This suggests that ambiguities in aligning these uncertain regions might introduce a false signal. Resolution of these and other critical branch points in the phylogeny of Poaceae will help to better understand the selective forces that drove the radiation of the BOP and PACMAD clades comprising more than 99.9% of grass diversity.
In Situ Observations of a Magnetosheath High‐Speed Jet Triggering Magnetopause Reconnection
Authors: Hietala H. , Phan T. D. , Angelopoulos V. , Oieroset M. , Archer M. O. , Karlsson T. , Plaschke F.
Published: February 2018

Magnetosheath high‐speed jets—localized dynamic pressure enhancements typically of ∼1 Earth radius in size—impact the dayside magnetopause several times per hour. Here we present the first in situ measurements suggesting that such an impact triggered magnetopause reconnection. We use observations from the five Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms spacecraft in a string‐of‐pearls configuration on 7 August 2007. The spacecraft recorded magnetopause in‐and‐out motion during an impact of a magnetosheath jet (VN∼−300 km/s along the magnetopause normal direction). There was no evidence for reconnection for the preimpact crossing, yet three probes observed reconnection after the impact. We infer that the jet impact compressed the originally thick (60–70 di), high magnetic shear (140–160° magnetopause until it was thin enough for reconnection to occur. Magnetosheath high‐speed jets could therefore act as a driver for bursty dayside reconnection.
Aeolian Sand Transport in Out‐of‐Equilibrium Regimes
Authors: Selmani H. , Valance A. , Ould El Moctar A. , Dupont P. , Zegadi R.
Published: February 2018

We investigate the relaxation process toward the equilibrium regime of saltation transport in the context of nonuniform conditions. Relaxation phenomena can be described in terms of a characteristic length scale that measures the distance for the particle flux to adapt to a spatial change in flow or boundary conditions. We conducted wind tunnel experiments to document the influence of the upwind mass flux on the relaxation process. For zero upwind mass flux conditions, the relaxation process is monotone and the relaxation length is independent of the wind strength. In contrast, for nonzero upwind flux conditions (obtained by releasing particles in the flow from a finite height), the relaxation process is nonmonotone and is well captured by damped harmonic oscillations. Importantly, the relaxation length increases with increasing air flow velocity but is almost insensitive to the magnitude of the upwind flux. Our experimental outcomes clearly indicate that the relaxation of far from equilibrium transport regimes strongly deviates from a simple exponential behavior.
Weak Vertical Surface Movement Caused by the Ascent of the Emeishan Mantle Anomaly
Authors: Zhu Jiang , Zhang Zhaochong , Reichow Marc K. , Li Hongbo , Cai Wenchang , Pan Ronghao
Published: February 2018

Prevailing mantle plume models reveal that the roles of plume‐lithosphere interactions in shaping surface topography are complex and controversial, and also difficult to test. The exposed and complete strata in the Emeishan large igneous province (LIP) recorded abundant paleoenvironmental information associated with preeruptions and syneruptions, attracting numerous workers to this province to test these models. Despite intensified research these models are still strongly debated. This study represents an extensive field investigation combining new and previously published data from the Emeishan LIP to further seek information on plume‐induced topographic variations. Our results indicate that there are inconspicuous vertical motions of the surface topography during the ascent of mantle plume, and a significant surface subsidence occurred at the early stage of the volcanism that has a significantly positive correlation with the thickness of local lavas, and the topographic uplift emerged in the late stage of the volcanism. Our studies provide key geological and geochemical evidence that the ascent of the Emeishan plume is unable to drive a significant surface uplift, owing to the plume containing numerous entrained bodies of dense recycled oceanic crust (10–20%) that can significantly reduce plume buoyancy. The significant surface subsidence maybe linked to a significant loss of thermal buoyancy due to the release of heat, which, accompanied by rapid loading of numerous dense erupted lava and a strong lithospheric flexure, also lead to a later synchronous and significant surface subsidence in the Emeishan LIP.
High‐Resolution Mapping of Yield Curve Shape and Evolution for Porous Rock: The Effect of Inelastic Compaction on Porous Bassanite
Authors: Bedford John D. , Faulkner Daniel R. , Leclère Henri , Wheeler John
Published: February 2018

Porous rock deformation has important implications for fluid flow in a range of crustal settings as compaction can increase fluid pressure and alter permeability. The onset of inelastic strain for porous materials is typically defined by a yield curve plotted in differential stress (Q) versus effective mean stress (P) space. Empirical studies have shown that these curves are broadly elliptical in shape. Here conventional triaxial experiments are first performed to document (a) the yield curve of porous bassanite (porosity ≈ 27–28%), a material formed from the dehydration of gypsum, and (b) the postyield behavior, assuming that P and Q track along the yield surface as inelastic deformation accumulates. The data reveal that after initial yield, the yield surface cannot be perfectly elliptical and must evolve significantly as inelastic strain is accumulated. To investigate this further, a novel stress‐probing methodology is developed to map precisely the yield curve shape and subsequent evolution for a single sample. These measurements confirm that the high‐pressure side of the curve is partly composed of a near‐vertical limb. Yield curve evolution is shown to be dependent on the nature of the loading path. Bassanite compacted under differential stress develops a heterogeneous microstructure and has a yield curve with a peak that is almost double that of an equal porosity sample that has been compacted hydrostatically. The dramatic effect of different loading histories on the strength of porous bassanite highlights the importance of understanding the associated microstructural controls on the nature of inelastic deformation in porous rock.
Deciphering the State of the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene Equatorial Pacific
Authors: Drury A. J. , Lee G. P. , Gray W. R. , Lyle M. , Westerhold T. , Shevenell A. E. , John C. M.
Published: February 2018

The late Miocene‐early Pliocene was a time of global cooling and the development of modern meridional thermal gradients. Equatorial Pacific sea surface conditions potentially played an important role in this global climate transition, but their evolution is poorly understood. Here we present the first continuous late Miocene‐early Pliocene (8.0–4.4 Ma) planktic foraminiferal stable isotope records from eastern equatorial Pacific Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1338, with a new astrochronology spanning 8.0–3.5 Ma. Mg/Ca analyses on surface dwelling foraminifera Trilobatus sacculifer from carefully selected samples suggest that mean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are ~27.8 ± 1.1°C (1σ) between 6.4 and 5.5 Ma. The planktic foraminiferal δ18O record implies a 2°C cooling between 7.2 and 6.1 Ma and an up to 3°C warming between 6.1 and 4.4 Ma, consistent with observed tropical alkenone paleo‐SSTs. Diverging fine‐fraction‐to‐foraminiferal δ13C gradients likely suggest increased upwelling between 7.1–6.0 and 5.8–4.6 Ma, concurrent with the globally recognized late Miocene Biogenic Bloom. This study shows that both warm and asymmetric mean states occurred in the equatorial Pacific during the late Miocene‐early Pliocene. Between 8.0–6.5 and 5.2–4.4 Ma, low east‐west δ18O and SST gradients and generally warm conditions prevailed. However, an asymmetric mean climate state developed between 6.5 and 5.7 Ma, with larger east‐west δ18O and SST gradients and eastern equatorial Pacific cooling. The asymmetric mean state suggests stronger trade winds developed, driven by increased meridional thermal gradients associated with global cooling and declining atmospheric pCO2 concentrations. These oscillations in equatorial Pacific mean state are reinforced by Antarctic cryosphere expansion and related changes in oceanic gateways (e.g., Central American Seaway/Indonesian Throughflow restriction).
Tectonic Analysis of the Pennsylvanian Ely‐Bird Spring Basin: Late Paleozoic Tectonism on the Southwestern Laurentia Margin and the Distal Limit of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains
Authors: Sturmer D. M. , Trexler J. H. , Cashman P. H.
Published: February 2018

During Pennsylvanian to Early Permian time, much of southwestern Laurentia experienced broad deformation far from the nearest plate boundaries. The bulk of this deformation is known as the Ancestral Rocky Mountains orogeny, which consists of several basement uplifts and proximal basins north and northwest of the Ouachita‐Marathon suture. The Ely‐Bird Spring basin formed during this time, located between the classic Ancestral Rocky Mountains and the complex and poorly constrained western Laurentian margin. In this study, we used tectonic subsidence curve analyses to evaluate the tectonic style of basin subsidence in this basin and several northern Ancestral Rocky Mountains basins. The Ely‐Bird Spring and Wood River basins have convex upward and stair‐stepped tectonic subsidence curves similar to curves from migrating foreland basins. These curves, combined with sedimentological and structural data, are consistent with these basins forming due to loading from the west and northwest as part of the complex western Laurentian plate boundary, not due to classic Ancestral Rocky Mountains tectonics. The other northern Ancestral Rocky Mountains basins have much steeper and more linear subsidence curves, similar to foreland basins with fixed loads. However, the Oquirrh basin, in particular, displays a large amount of subsidence far from hypothesized tectonic drivers of deformation. A combination of transmitted stress from both the western Laurentia margin and traditional Ancestral Rocky Mountains tectonism explains the anomalously large subsidence in the Oquirrh basin. Therefore, transmitted stresses from more than one side of western and southern Laurentia are required to explain the observed pattern of deformation.
Artificial Micro/Nanomachines for Bioapplications: Biochemical Delivery and Diagnostic Sensing
Authors: Kim Kwanoh , Guo Jianhe , Liang Zexi , Fan Donglei
Published: February 2018

Recent progress in artificial nanomachines offers promising solutions to grand challenges in biochemical delivery and diagnostics. In this work, advances of micro/nanomachines made of synthesized micro/nanostructures for applications in delivery and detection of biomolecules are reviewed, along with a discussion of pros and cons of each type of machine. The review of micro/nanomachines is categorized according to their working mechanisms, including motion actuation realized by magnetic, electric, and acoustic fields and chemical reactions. The developments of micro/nanomachines are discussed in depth in the fabrication, propulsion, and motion control, loading and releasing of micro/nanosubstances, and biochemical sensing. The rapid development of man‐made miniaturized machines paves the road toward future intelligent nanorobots and nanofactories that can revolutionize society.
Ynesulfonamide‐Based Silica Gel and Alumina‐Mediated Diastereoselective Cascade Cyclizations to Spiro[indoline‐3,3′‐pyrrolidin]‐2‐ones under Neat Conditions
Authors: Wang Yanshi , Wang Xiaoyu , Lin Jingsheng , Yao Bo , Wang Guanghui , Zhao Yuandong , Zhang Xinhang , Lin Bin , Liu Yang , Cheng Maosheng , Liu Yongxiang
Published: February 2018

The spiro[indoline‐3,3′‐pyrrolidin]‐2‐ones were synthesized via a silica gel and alumina‐mediated sequential transformation based on tryptamine‐derived ynesulfonamide substrates under neat conditions. The inherent tendency of C−C bond migration through Wagner‐Meerwein rearrangement in the synthesis of spirooxindole was prevented by water trapping to the spiroindoleninium intermediate. The functional group tolerances of the methodology were investigated using a variety of substrates. The detailed mechanism of the sequential transformation was probed by the isotope‐labeled experiments. This strategy was further applied in the formal syntheses of indole alkaloids coerulescine and horsfiline.

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Facile Intramolecular Cyclization of N‐(2‐Hydroxybenzoyl)hydrazones to N,N′‐Diacetyl Benzo‐1,3,4‐oxadiazepine Derivatives
Authors: Chan Pei Qie , Lee Yean Kee , Rahman Noorsaadah Abd.
Published: February 2018

A facile synthesis of seven‐membered benzo‐1,3,4‐oxadiazepines through one‐step intramolecular cyclization of N‐(2‐hydroxybenzoyl)hydrazones has been established. The catalytic and substituent effects on the reactivity of this intramolecular cyclization were investigated. Through this strategy, a series of benzo‐1,3,4‐oxadiazepine derivatives were prepared (with yields up to 83 %).
Influence of the location of nasal polyps on olfactory airflow and olfaction
Authors: Nishijima Hironobu , Kondo Kenji , Yamamoto Takahisa , Nomura Tsutomu , Kikuta Shu , Shimizu Yuya , Mizushima Yu , Yamasoba Tatsuya
Published: February 2018

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) often results in decreased olfaction. In this study, we examined the relationship between nasal polyp location and olfactory airflow and odorant transport changes using virtual nasal polyp models at different locations and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. We also compared olfactory airflow and olfaction between patients with nasal polyps at different locations using CFD analysis and an olfactory test.

Methods

Nasal computed tomography images were used to generate a normal model and 4 virtual nasal polyp models based on polyp locations, including the olfactory region (all‐olfactory model), the region anterior to the olfactory region (preolfactory model), the middle meatus (middle‐meatus model), and the superior meatus (superior‐meatus model). Various airflow parameters were compared between these models and a normal model without polyps. We then performed a similar comparison between the 3‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction models of patients with nasal polyps, and retrospectively investigated the correlation between olfaction and nasal polyp location in those patients.

Results

Virtual nasal polyp analysis revealed dispersion of olfactory airflow in the all‐olfactory model. Olfactory airflow and odorant transport showed maximum decrease in the preolfactory model and a slight decrease in the superior‐meatus model. Olfactory airflow by polyps was further decreased by blockade of the olfactory airflow inlet than of the outlet. The findings obtained by patients corresponded well to those of the virtual polyp analysis.

Conclusion

Olfactory airflow and olfaction are differentially affected by nasal polyp location. This finding is important for planning polyp‐removal surgeries from the perspective of improving patient olfaction.
The Latest NFL Fumble: Using Its Commissioner as the Sole Arbitrator
Authors: Mullineaux Theresa M.
Published: February 2018

Professional football is still the most popular U.S. sport. Darren Rovell, NFL Most Popular for 30th year in row, ESPN (Jan. 26, 2014)(available at http://es.pn/2rDqF80). Despite recent ratings declines, the sport is still a dominant television force; the 2015 and 2014 Super Bowls were the most‐watched television events in U.S. history. Eyder Peralta, “Super Bowl XLIX Was Most Watched Show in TV History,” NPR (Feb. 2, 2015)(available at http://n.pr/2ixZ0U7). Despite this season's ratings declines, the Feb. 4 New England Patriots‐Philadelphia Eagles matchup will surely rank among the top‐viewed games in history.
The Real Life Behind a New Business Mediation Novel
Authors: Bleemer Russ
Published: February 2018

A new novel, “Three's a Crowd,” by veteran New York dealmaker James C. Freund, has a unique practice approach in its presentation of a positive view about the benefits of mediation.
Be Kind … Purposely, Not Randomly
Authors: Creo Robert A.
Published: February 2018

I was disappointed in 1970 when I arrived at Brandeis University for my freshman year to learn that Prof. Abraham Maslow had passed away a few months earlier.
Co3O4 Nanocrystals on Crab Shell‐derived Carbon Nanofibers (Co3O4@CSCNs) for High‐performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Kim Hee Soo , Kang Min Seok , Yoo Won Cheol
Published: February 2018

Waste crab shell (CS) is implemented to prepare highly N‐doped and CS‐derived hierarchical porous carbon nanofibers (CSCNs) capable of high‐performance supercapacitors combining with Co3O4 nanocrystals. The fiber nature of the exoskeleton of CSs is transformed to N‐containing organic nanofibers, which are carbonized and subsequently activated by hot CO2 treatment to control the specific surface area (SSA) and pore size distribution (PSD). The interwoven bundles of CSCNs present intrinsic macroporosity whereas mesopores (<10 nm) are generated at the interspace between CSCNs. The CO2‐activated CSCNs show an ultra‐high SSA of 2430 m2/g, combining with N‐doping levels of 2.1 wt %. In addition, highly N‐doped hierarchical CSCNs are utilized as supercapacitors hybridized with Co3O4 nanocrystals (Co3O4@CSCN). The Co3O4@CSCN exhibits superior capacitances of 508 F/g at 1 A/g, outstand rate capacitances and 374 F/g (74%) even at 50 A/g, and excellent long‐term cycling stability of 470 F/g (95%) at 2 A/g over 10 000 cycles. Such excellent electrochemical performance is attributed to the synergic effect of redox sites and electric double layer capacitance of highly porous CSCNs, augmented electric conductivity and wettability due to N‐doping, enhanced charge transfer caused by small crystal sizes and large interfaces of CSCNs, and easy electrolyte diffusion due to the genuine hierarchy of CSCN.
Covalent Triazine‐based Frameworks—Tailor‐made Catalysts and Catalyst Supports for Molecular and Nanoparticulate Species
Authors: Artz Jens
Published: February 2018

The quest for active, selective and stable catalysts for various applications has led researchers worldwide to investigate several combinations of molecular and solid catalyst systems. Solid molecular catalysts are considered to combine selectivity and reactivity of the molecular species with facile handling and good stability of the heterogeneous counterpart. Among other nanoporous polymers, covalent triazine‐based frameworks (CTFs) exhibit great potential as supports for both molecular as well as nanoparticulate species. Their high chemical and thermal stability in combination with tunable functionality to imbed active sites make them promising candidates to bridge the gap between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. This Minireview seeks to outline the most recent developments in order to amplify research efforts within this fascinating and fast emerging field of material design and application. Emphasis is placed on the most recent advances in the following fields: Synthesis approaches and characteristics of CTFs, solid molecular catalysts and metal nanoparticles supported on CTFs as well as current challenges.
A Soft‐Elastic Reactor Inspired by the Animal Upper Digestion Tract
Authors: Liu Minghui , Xiao Jie , Chen Xiao Dong
Published: February 2018

A soft‐elastic reactor is described, which was inspired by the animal upper digestion tract. The mixing is triggered by wall movements. Silicone material was selected based on previous experiences and conditioned into a standard cylindrical shape. Mixing was induced by the wall deformation triggered by the peristaltic movement, i.e., periodic protrusion towards the wall. Viscous glycerin solution served as sample material and a tracer was added to visualize the mechanisms of mixing. The fluid motion initiated by the soft‐elastic wall movement could be an interesting alternative to stirrer agitation. Pros and Cons are briefly highlighted. Due to the abundance of industrial soft‐elastic materials such as silicone, it is expected that, inspired by the soft reactors, a series of inventions in chemical reactor engineering will be offered in the near future.
Correlation between Liquid Product Distribution and H2 Selectivity in Lignin Depolymerization
Authors: Yang Jing , Liu Shaotong , Liu Chunze , Wang Yuanyuan , Dai Liyi
Published: February 2018

Despite the vast potential for the depolymerization of kraft lignin in supercritical systems, selective access to desired renewable products remains a very challenging target. Catalytic depolymerization of kraft lignin was carried out in an isopropanol‐water mixture system over a Rh/La2O3/CeO2‐ZrO2 catalyst. The H2 selectivity was adjusted by changing the proportions of isopropanol and water. The introduction of formic acid was more helpful to extend the selectivity range. A correlation was established between liquid product distribution and H2 selectivity. It was used for predicting the composition of the liquid oil by H2 selectivity or, optionally, for converting kraft lignin to the desired liquid products. This correlation was applicable to different solvents, temperatures, and catalysts.
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline for HLA Genotype and Use of Carbamazepine and Oxcarbazepine: 2017 Update
Authors: Phillips Elizabeth J. , Sukasem Chonlaphat , Whirl‐Carrillo Michelle , Müller Daniel J. , Dunnenberger Henry M. , Chantratita Wasun , Goldspiel Barry , Chen Yuan‐Tsong , Carleton Bruce C. , George Alfred L. , Mushiroda Taisei , Klein Teri , Gammal Roseann S. , Pirmohamed Munir
Published: February 2018

The variant allele HLA‐B*15:02 is strongly associated with greater risk of Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) in patients treated with carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine. The variant allele HLA‐A*31:01 is associated with greater risk of maculopapular exanthema, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, and SJS/TEN in patients treated with carbamazepine. We summarize evidence from the published literature supporting these associations and provide recommendations for carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine use based on HLA genotypes.
Urbanization disrupts latitude‐size rule in 17‐year cicadas
Authors: Beasley DeAnna E. , Penick Clint A. , Boateng Nana S. , Menninger Holly L. , Dunn Robert R.
Published: February 2018

Many ectotherms show a decrease in body size with increasing latitude due to changes in climate, a pattern termed converse Bergmann's rule. Urban conditions—particularly warmer temperatures and fragmented landscapes—may impose stresses on development that could disrupt these body size patterns. To test the impact of urbanization on development and latitudinal trends in body size, we launched a citizen science project to collect periodical cicadas (Magicicada septendecim) from across their latitudinal range during the 2013 emergence of BroodII. Periodical cicadas are long‐lived insects whose distribution spans a broad latitudinal range covering both urban and rural habitats. We used a geometric morphometric approach to assess body size and developmental stress based on fluctuating asymmetry in wing shape. Body size of rural cicadas followed converse Bergmann's rule, but this pattern was disrupted in urban habitats. In the north, urban cicadas were larger than their rural counterparts, while southern populations showed little variation in body size between habitats. We detected no evidence of differences in developmental stress due to urbanization. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that urbanization disrupts biogeographical trends in body size, and this pattern highlights how the effects of urbanization may differ over a species’ range.
Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Zirconia Based Cubic/Tetragonal Composite Electrolytes Prepared by Solution Coating Method
Authors: Ghatee M.
Published: February 2018

In this study, cubic/tetragonal zirconia based composite electrolytes were prepared by coating of 8YSZ powders with zirconia. At first zirconia solution was prepared and coated over the surface of 8YSZ(8 mol.% yttria stabilized zirconia) powders. The resulting powders then were formed into cylindrical specimens and sintered at various temperatures. Microstructure and phase content of samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, respectively. The electrical conductivity of composite samples was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In addition, hardness, toughness and fracture strength of samples were measured by Vickers microhardness indentation and ring on ring test, respectively. It was found that the homogeneous tetragonal/cubic composite electrolytes with improved electrical and mechanical properties at low temperatures can be obtained by this method.
Copper efflux transporters ATP7A and ATP7B: Novel biomarkers for platinum drug resistance and targets for therapy
Authors: Li Yue‐Qin , Yin Ji‐Ye , Liu Zhao‐Qian , Li Xiang‐Ping
Published: February 2018

Platinum‐based chemotherapy agents are widely used in the treatment of various solid malignancies. However, their efficacy is limited by drug resistance. Recent studies suggest that copper efflux transporters, which are encoded by ATP7A and ATP7B, play an important role in platinum drug resistance. Over‐expressions of ATP7A and ATP7B are observed in multiple cancers. Moreover, their expressions are associated with cancer prognosis and treatment outcomes of platinum‐based chemotherapy. In our review, we highlight the roles of ATP7A/7B in platinum drug resistance and cancer progression. We also discuss the possible mechanisms of platinum drug resistance mediated by ATP7A/7B and provide novel strategies for overcoming resistance. This review may be helpful for understanding the roles of ATP7A and ATP7B in platinum drug resistance. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(3):183–191, 2018
Quantum Chemical Study on the Structure and Energetics of Binary Ionic Porphyrin Complexes
Authors: Jayachandran Pavithra , Angamuthu Abiram , Gopalan Praveena
Published: February 2018

We study the structural and energetic properties of binary ionic porphyrin molecular complexes [H4TPPS4]2−∙∙∙SnTP using quantum chemical techniques. As the axial ligands and the protonation of pyridine sites highly influence the structure and coordination of metal‐containing porphyrin, various structures of SnTP in the presence and absence of axial ligands and pyridine protons were considered. The constructed porphyrins were then made to interact face to face, and the formed complexes were optimized at the HF/STO‐3G level of theory. The stability and stack‐like interaction of the complexes were analyzed through interplanar spacing, planar angle, and edge‐to‐edge distance. The structural parameters emphasize the importance of axial ligands for the formation of stack‐like structures. The complex that contains axial ligands with pyridine protons, namely [H4TPPS4]2−∙∙∙[X'SnXTPH]4+, shows a perfectly stacked layer with a reasonable interplanar distance, which is confirmed from the calculated counterpoise interaction and deformation energies. The energetic parameters were found to correlate well with the obtained geometries. The molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps were obtained to infer the presence of nonbonded interaction between the binary ionic porphyrins.
Oliceridine, a Novel G Protein–Biased Ligand at the μ‐Opioid Receptor, Demonstrates a Predictable Relationship Between Plasma Concentrations and Pain Relief. II: Simulation of Potential Phase 3 Study Designs Using a Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model
Authors: Fossler Michael J. , Sadler Brian M. , Farrell Colm , Burt David A. , Pitsiu Maria , Skobieranda Franck , Soergel David G.
Published: February 2018

Oliceridine is a novel G protein–biased ligand at the μ‐opioid receptor that differentially activates G protein coupling while mitigating β‐arrestin recruitment. Unlike morphine, oliceridine has no known active metabolites; therefore, analgesic efficacy is predictably linked to its concentration in the plasma. Oliceridine is primarily hepatically metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Using a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model relating oliceridine plasma concentrations to its effect on pain intensity as measured by numeric pain‐rating scale (NPRS) scores, we have simulated potential dosing regimens using both fixed‐dose regimens and as‐needed (prn) dosing regimens in which various doses of oliceridine were administered if NPRS scores indicated moderate to severe pain (≥4 on a 0‐10 scale). In addition, regimens in which oliceridine was self‐administered via a patient‐controlled analgesia device were also simulated. The simulated population included 10% CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PM). The simulation results suggest that oliceridine doses of 1‐3 mg prn should be effective in reducing NPRS scores relative to placebo. The simulations also revealed that a 1‐mg “supplemental dose” given 0.25 hour after the loading dose would decrease NPRS scores further in almost one‐third of patients. In addition, if oliceridine is administered prn, a longer interval between doses is observed in simulated PM patients, consistent with their reduced oliceridine clearance. Because this longer average dosing interval is predicted to decrease oliceridine exposure in PM patients, the need to know the patient's CYP2D6 genotype for dosing is effectively obviated.
Viscosity reduction of pretreated softwood by endoglucanases
Authors: Kadić Adnan , Lidén Gunnar
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND

Cost‐effective processing of lignocellulosic biomass into sugar derived products, such as biofuels or biochemicals, needs to be performed at high water insoluble solid (WIS) loading. However, the difficult rheology of such materials presents significant challenges. The aim of this study was to investigate if a Cel5A endoglucanase can be used to reduce the viscosity of two types of pretreated softwood: steam pretreated Scots pine and sulfite pretreated Norway spruce.

RESULTS

The viscosity of steam pretreated pine increased (by more than 60%) during the first 20 min of enzymatic hydrolysis, followed by a gradual decrease. A slightly lower viscosity during prolonged hydrolysis could be obtained by replacing 25% of the protein in Cellic CTec3 with the Cel5A endoglucanase. Very different results were obtained with sulfite pretreated spruce. The viscosity of this material was rapidly reduced by either CTec3 or the Cel5A endoglucanase, without a transient initial increase in viscosity. Even very low doses of Cel5A (0.1 mg protein per g glucan) decreased the viscosity of sulfite pretreated spruce 30‐fold within 6 h.

CONCLUSION

Low endoglucanase doses can be used to reduce the viscosity of sulfite pretreated softwood, whereas the viscosity of steam pretreated softwood is less affected by endoglucanase activity. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Fostering Diversity in the Creative Arts by Addressing Students' Capacity to Aspire
Authors: Gore Jennifer , Gibson Skye , Fray Leanne , Smith Max , Holmes Kathryn
Published: February 2018

Research on young people's aspirations and their capacity to aspire to higher education has proliferated in recent decades, however, very little attention has been paid to the creative arts. Diversity in the arts remains a persistent issue in many nations, and repeated attempts to promote diversity in the Australian arts community have had limited impact, suggesting the need for new approaches. Drawing on data from a 4‐year longitudinal study of students from ages 8 to 18 (n = 6,492) in government schools, we examine school students' aspirations for careers in the arts. Arts‐related careers were popular among students, yet we found a distinct lack of diversity among those aspiring to such careers. Using logistic regression analysis we found that being female, high achieving, from an English‐speaking background, possessing high cultural capital, and attending advantaged schools were significant predictors of interest in the arts, suggesting the likely reproduction of existing patterns of participation. We argue that initiatives within schools are essential to disrupting these patterns and building the capacity of a more diverse range of students to aspire to careers in the arts.
Computational evaluation of TKR stability using feedback‐controlled compressive loading
Authors: Sintini Irene , Fitzpatrick Clare K. , Clary Chadd W. , Castelli Vincenzo P. , Rullkoetter Paul J.
Published: February 2018

Pre‐clinical assessment of stability in total knee replacement is crucial for developing preferred implant performance. Current total knee replacement patients often experience joint instability that the human body addresses with compensatory strategies. Specifically, an increased quadriceps‐hamstrings co‐contraction serves to increase joint stability through an increased compressive force across the tibiofemoral joint. The aim of this study is to introduce a novel method to evaluate total knee replacement by determining the compressive loading required to achieve natural knee stability. Four current total knee replacement geometries in both their cruciate‐retaining and posterior‐stabilized forms are modeled in a finite‐element framework. The finite‐element model is initially validated experimentally using traditional knee laxity testing with a constant compressive load and anterior‐posterior displacement or internal‐external rotation. Model predictions of constraint are in reasonable agreement with experimental results (average root mean square errors: 0.46 Nm, 62.5 N). The finite‐element model is subsequently interfaced with a feedback controller to vary the compressive force that the implant requires in order to match experimental natural knee internal‐external and anterior‐posterior stability at different flexion angles. Results show that the lower constraint total knee replacement designs require on average 66.7% more compressive load than the higher constraint designs to achieve natural knee constraint. As expected, total knee replacement stability and compressive load requirements to replicate natural kinematics vary with inclusion of tibiofemoral ligaments. The current study represents a novel approach to evaluate stability in existing total knee replacement geometries and to design implants that better restore natural knee mechanics. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1901–1909, 2018.
Characteristics and Responses of Human Vocal Fold Cells in a Vibrational Culture Model
Authors: Kim Dongjoo , Lee Songyi , Lim Jae‐Yol , Kwon Soonjo
Published: February 2018

Objectives/Hypothesis

This study was conducted to provide a vibrational culture model to investigate the effects of mechanical environments on cellular functions, and elucidate physiological characteristics of two different types of cells in vocal folds under static and vibrational conditions.

Study Design

In vitro study of human vocal fold fibroblasts (hVFFs) and human macula flava stellate cells (hMF‐SCs).

Methods

hVFFs and hMF‐SCs were exposed to a 2‐second‐on/2‐second‐off, 205 Hz vibration regime for 4 hours by using a vibrational culture model. We compared cell morphology, cell viability, and gene expression in extracellular matrix–related components, growth factors, and differentiation markers under static and vibratory conditions.

Results

hVFFs and hMF‐SCs differed in their morphologies and gene expression levels under static condition. The applied vibration did not induce changes in morphology and viability of either cell type. However, gene expression levels changed in both cell types in response to vibration; in particular, hMF‐SCs exhibited a more sensitive response to vibration than that shown by hVFFs.

Conclusions

The vibrational culture model developed in this study enabled us to investigate the effects of the applied vibration on two types of vocal fold resident cells. As a result, we could demonstrate that hVFFs and hMF‐SCs exhibited distinctively different characteristics under vibrational conditions.

Level of Evidence

NA. Laryngoscope, 128:E258–E264, 2018
Hospital Diet Enriched With Rapeseed or Sunflower Oils Is Associated With a Decrease in Plasma 16:1n‐7 and Some Metabolic Disorders in the Elderly
Authors: Combe Nicole , Henry Olivier , Lopez Carlos , Vaysse Carole , Fonseca Isabelle , Ribaud Danièle , Driss Fathi , Simon Noëmie , Le Guillou Céline , Mendy François
Published: February 2018

We recently demonstrated that the prevalence of dysglycemia was high among hospitalized elderly people who were fed a low fat diet (27.7% of energy) and was positively associated with plasma 16:1n‐7, an indicator of de novo lipogenesis (DNL). Fatty acids in the DNL pathway have been shown to be associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential beneficial effects of fat enrichment (up to 34.1%en) of the hospital diet in 111 patients (30 men and 81 women, 84 ± 7 years) during 6 weeks. Based on gender, they were randomly given a diet supplemented either with rapeseed oil (RO) or with sunflower oil (SO). Fatty acids of cholesteryl esters and erythrocyte phospholipids and markers of metabolic disorders were evaluated before and after dietary intervention. Both enriched diets significantly, and to a similar extent, decreased (1) the overall prevalence of dysglycemia (by 25–33%) and MetS (by 31–43%) and (2) plasma 16:1n‐7 mol% in men and women. Dysglycemia prevalence adjusted by the diets was reduced in men versus baseline; no change was found in women. Enrichment of the diet with RO or SO resulted in a difference in fatty acid compositions, that is, EPA (mol%) and the omega‐3 index increased with RO, while proportions of 18:1n‐7, 18:1n‐9, and EPA decreased with SO. These findings highlight the need for adequate fat intake in the elderly. For supplementation of the hospital diet, RO, which led to a higher proportion of circulating n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and is known to be beneficial, may be preferred to SO.
Diffusion kurtosis imaging with free water elimination: A bayesian estimation approach
Authors: Collier Quinten , Veraart Jelle , Jeurissen Ben , Vanhevel Floris , Pullens Pim , Parizel Paul M. , den Dekker Arnold J. , Sijbers Jan
Published: February 2018

Purpose

Diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) is an advanced magnetic resonance imaging modality that is known to be sensitive to changes in the underlying microstructure of the brain. Image voxels in diffusion weighted images, however, are typically relatively large making them susceptible to partial volume effects, especially when part of the voxel contains cerebrospinal fluid. In this work, we introduce the “Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging with Free Water Elimination” (DKI‐FWE) model that separates the signal contributions of free water and tissue, where the latter is modeled using DKI.

Theory and Methods

A theoretical study of the DKI‐FWE model, including an optimal experiment design and an evaluation of the relative goodness of fit, is carried out. To stabilize the ill‐conditioned estimation process, a Bayesian approach with a shrinkage prior (BSP) is proposed. In subsequent steps, the DKI‐FWE model and the BSP estimation approach are evaluated in terms of estimation error, both in simulation and real data experiments.

Results

Although it is shown that the DKI‐FWE model parameter estimation problem is ill‐conditioned, DKI‐FWE was found to describe the data significantly better compared to the standard DKI model for a large range of free water fractions. The acquisition protocol was optimized in terms of the maximally attainable precision of the DKI‐FWE model parameters. The BSP estimator is shown to provide reliable DKI‐FWE model parameter estimates.

Conclusion

The combination of the DKI‐FWE model with BSP is shown to be a feasible approach to estimate DKI parameters, while simultaneously eliminating free water partial volume effects. Magn Reson Med 80:802–813, 2018. © 2018 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
Influence of natural ageing on the flame retardancy and thermal properties of intumescent flame retardant long glass fibre reinforced polypropylene composites
Authors: He Weidi , Li Lingtong , Zhou Dengfeng , Chen Xiaolang , Guo Jianbing
Published: February 2018

In this work, the composites based on long glass fiber reinforced polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant (LGFPP/IFR) were prepared by melt blending. This article presented an experimental research on the influence of combined environment elements in natural condition on the properties of LGFPP/IFR composites with 0–12 months ageing. The flammability and thermal properties of the composites were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL–94 test, cone calorimeter test (CCT), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), mechanical properties test and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDAX). The LOI values increased from 27.5 to 28.3 in 0–6 months ageing, and then decreased back, however, the TGA curves shift to the lower temperature. The thermal degradation kinetics were analyzed and the apparent active energy (E) of aged and unaged samples were calculated by Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa method. The results indicated that much lower E values were obtained after 3–12 months ageing. EDAX data proved that the IFR particles gathered on the surface of samples in natural exposing, by which had some effect on the thermal stability and flame retardancy of the composites. The mechanical properties showed a global decrease in the whole ageing period by matrix degradation and interface debonding under the influence of combined environment elements. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:2098–2105, 2018. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Structure of DSM‐5 and ICD‐11 personality domains in Iranian community sample
Authors: Lotfi Mozhgan , Bach Bo , Amini Mahdi , Simonsen Erik
Published: February 2018

Aim

Personality disorders (PD) have been deemed the most problematic diagnostic grouping in terms of validity and utility, which particularly applies to non‐Western societies. The current study evaluated the structural validity of PD trait domains in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‐5 (DSM‐5) Section III and the proposed International Classification of Diseases‐11 (ICD‐11) in the Iranian population.

Methods

Community‐dwelling adults (n = 285; 66% women) were administered the Personality Inventory for DSM‐5, whereas the proposed ICD‐11 trait domains were delineated using an algorithm for Personality Inventory for DSM‐5 trait facets. The five‐factor organization and higher‐order hierarchical structure of both models were examined using exploratory structural equation modelling analyses.

Results

The five‐factor exploratory structural equation modelling loadings overall resembled international findings on DSM‐5 Section III traits (including Psychoticism), whereas the ICD‐11 five‐factor structure aligned with the proposed ICD‐11 domain features (including Anankastia). Additionally, we identified a hierarchical structure from one to five factors for both models that conceptually aligned with established models of personality and psychopathology.

Conclusions

This study provided initial support for the structural validity of DSM‐5 and ICD‐11 PD trait models in Iranian culture. Future research warrants replication in larger samples and clinical populations. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Peptide Repertoire of HLA‐B27 may include Ligands with Lysine at P2 Anchor Position
Authors: Yair‐Sabag Shira , Tedeschi Valentina , Vitulano Carolina , Barnea Eilon , Glaser Fabian , Melamed Kadosh Dganit , Taurog Joel D. , Fiorillo Maria Teresa , Sorrentino Rosa , Admon Arie
Published: February 2018

The HLA‐B*27 peptidome has drawn significant attention due to the genetic association between some of the HLA‐B*27 alleles and the inflammatory rheumatic disease ankylosing spondylitis (AS), for which a comprehensive biological explanation is still lacking. This study aims to expand the known limits of the HLA‐B*27 peptidome to facilitate selection and testing of new peptides, possibly involved in the disease. The HLA peptidomes of HeLa and C1R cell lines stably transfected with the AS‐associated HLA‐B*27:05 allele, the nonassociated HLA‐B*27:09 allele, or their cysteine 67 to serine mutants (C67S), are analyzed on a very large scale. In addition, the peptidomes of HLA‐B*27:05 and HLA‐B*27:05‐C67S are analyzed from the spleens of rats transgenic for these alleles. The results indicate that C67S mutation increases the percentage of peptides with glutamine or lysine at their P2 position (P2‐Lys), in both HLA‐B*27:05 and HLA‐B*27:09. Furthermore, a small fraction of HLA‐B*27 peptides contains lysine at their second position (P2), in addition to the more commonly found peptides with arginine (P2‐Arg) or the less common glutamine (P2‐Gln) located at this anchor position. Overall these data indicate that peptides with P2‐Lys should be considered as real ligands of HLA‐B*27 molecules and taken into account while looking for putative peptides implicated in the AS.