bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and Evaluation of a Control System for Regional Traffic Management
Authors: McLin John L. , Scherer William T.
Published: May 2011

Traffic congestion is a worsening problem in metropolitan areas which will require integrated regional traffic control systems to improve traffic conditions. This paper presents a regional traffic control system which can detect incident conditions and provide integrated traffic management during nonrecurrent congestion events. The system combines advanced artificial intelligence techniques with a traffic performance model based on HCM equations. Preliminary evaluation of the control system using traffic microsimulation demonstrates that it has the potential to improve system conditions during traffic incidents. In addition, several enhancements were identified which will make the system more robust in a real traffic control setting. An assessment of the control system elements indicates that there are no substantial technical barriers in implementing this system in a large traffic network.
Water Quality in Marginal Seas off China in the Last Two Decades
Authors: Wang Baodong , Xie Linping , Sun Xia
Published: May 2011

Based on historical data, variations in seawater quality and pollutant origins in marginal seas off China in the recent two decades are overviewed. Analysis shows that the total area of nonclean water was increasing continuously in the 1990s, but it has been decreasing since 2000; however, the total polluted area (sum of areas of slightly, medium, and heavily polluted waters) in China's standard fluctuated without a clear trend of decline or increase, indicating that although the increasing trend of marine environmental pollution has been kept effectively within certain limits, seawater quality has not been improved essentially in marginal seas off China. Furthermore, the occurrence frequency and affected area of HABs increased rapidly in marginal seas off China in the last 20 years. The amount of industrial and municipal discharges from the mainland China increased from the end of the 1980s to the end of the 1990s but decreased in the 2010s whereas riverine input of nutrients and pollutants from marine sources increased continuously.
An Optimized Design of Single‐Channel Beta‐Gamma Coincidence Phoswich Detector by Geant4 Monte Carlo Simulations
Authors: Zhang Weihua , Mekarski Pawel , Bean Marc , Yi Jing , Ungar Kurt
Published: May 2011

An optimized single‐channel phoswich well detector design has been proposed and assessed in order to improve beta‐gamma coincidence measurement sensitivity of xenon radioisotopes. This newly designed phoswich well detector consists of a plastic beta counting cell (BC404) embedded in a CsI(Tl) crystal coupled to a photomultiplier tube. The BC404 is configured in a cylindrical pipe shape to minimise light collection deterioration. The CsI(Tl) crystal consists of a rectangular part and a semicylindrical scintillation part as a light reflector to increase light gathering. Compared with a PhosWatch detector, the final optimized detector geometry showed 15% improvement in the energy resolution of a 131mXe 129.4 keV conversion electron peak. The predicted beta‐gamma coincidence efficiencies of xenon radioisotopes have also been improved accordingly.
Vascular Injury Accompanying Displaced Proximal Humeral Fractures: Two Cases and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Hofman Martijn , Grommes Jochen , Krombach Gabriele A. , Schmidt-Rohlfing Bernhard
Published: May 2011

We present two cases in which displaced proximal humeral fractures are accompanied by vascular injury. These Injuries are very rare but severe and the accompanying vascular impairment can have great clinical consequences. Therefore, we try to emphasize on the importance of thorough and accurate diagnostics, because it is obligatory for early diagnosis and improving the eventual outcome of these injuries. The specific order in treatment (internal fixation first or vascular repair first) depends on the severity of the accompanying vascular injury. The increasing use of endovascular procedures to treat vascular lesions is a very interesting development with several advantages, especially in elderly and multimorbid patients.
Pelvic Electrical Neuromodulation for the Treatment of Overactive Bladder Symptoms
Authors: Al-Shaiji Tariq F. , Banakhar Mai , Hassouna Magdy M.
Published: May 2011

Overactive bladder syndrome negatively affects the daily life of many people. First-line conservative treatments, such as antimuscarinics, do not always lead to sufficient improvement of the complaints and/or are often associated with disabling adverse effects leading to treatment failure. Electrical stimulation of the sacral nerves has emerged as an alternative and attractive treatment for refractory cases of bladder overactivity. Few theories attempted to explain its mechanism of action which remains elusive. It involves percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation and more commonly sacral neuromodulation. For the latter, temporary sacral nerve stimulation is the first step. If the test stimulation is successful, a permanent device is implanted. The procedure is safe and reversible. It carries a durable success rate. The technique should be combined with careful followup and attentive adjustments of the stimulation parameters in order to optimize the clinical outcomes. This paper provides a review on the indications, possible mechanisms of action, surgical aspects and possible complications, and safety issues of this technique. The efficacy of the technique is also addressed.
Utility-Based Joint Routing, Network Coding, and Power Control for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
Authors: Ou Kaiqian , Xu Yinlong , Wang Xiumin , Liu Wang
Published: May 2011

Energy saving and high delivery reliability are two essential metrics in wireless ad hoc networks. In this paper, we propose a joint power control and network coding (PCNC) scheme which regulates the transmission power to reduce the overall energy usage and uses network coding to improve reliability by reducing the number of packet retransmissions. To argue for PCNC scheme, we investigate both unicast and multicast routing scenarios. To evaluate routing optimality, we adopt expected utility as a metric, which integrates energy cost, reliability, and benefit value. Based on the expected utility, we explore the optimality in both unicast and multicast routing. For unicast routing, we propose an optimal algorithm. We show the NP-hardness of multicast routing problem, and also design a heuristic solution. Results from simulations demonstrate that PCNC improves the performance in terms of expected utility compared with existing techniques.
On Starlike and Convex Functions with Respect to k‐Symmetric Points
Authors: Abubaker Afaf A. Ali , Darus Maslina
Published: May 2011

We introduce new subclasses and
of analytic functions with respect to k‐symmetric points defined by differential
operator. Some interesting properties for these classes are obtained.
Collaborating with Parents in Reducing Children's Challenging Behaviors: Linking Functional Assessment to Intervention
Authors: Fettig Angel , Ostrosky Michaelene M.
Published: May 2011

The relationship between a functional assessment-based parent intervention and preschoolers' challenging behaviors was examined in the current study. A single subject design with a multiple baseline across 2 parent-child dyads was implemented. The researchers collaborated with parents to design the FA-based interventions and parents received varying levels of support throughout the study. Results indicate that parents were able to implement the functional assessment-based interventions, and these interventions effectively reduced children's challenging behaviors. In addition, parents continued implementing the intervention strategies following termination of the intervention, and children's challenging behaviors remained low.
Electronic Structure of the Cubic Compounds ReGa3(Re = Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu)
Authors: Bross Helmut
Published: May 2011

The electronic structure of ErGa3and its isostructural compounds with Tm, Yb, and Lu are investigated with a highly accurate band structure scheme in LDA and GGA and warped muffin-tin approximation. In contrast to other investigations, the 4f electrons of the constituent Re are also treated as part of the valence bands. The position of the corresponding 4f bands relative to the Fermi energy strongly depends on the nuclear charge of Re. In Lu, they lie almost by 0.5 Ryd below and are extremely narrow. In Er, both in LDA and GGA, the 4f bands are found to be very close to the Fermi level . Assuming most of the 4f electrons to be part of the core removes the disagreement almost completely but produces a Fermi surface with a topology markedly different from that proposed in previous investigations. The intersections of the Fermi surface with planes are strongly varying within the Brillouin zone, they do not well match with the sparse experimental results. Investigations using the scheme as well as investigations of the dielectric response function are sketched.
Suspension of Mitotic Activity in Dentate Gyrus of the Hibernating Ground Squirrel
Authors: Popov Victor I. , Kraev Igor V. , Ignat'ev Dmitri A. , Stewart Michael G.
Published: May 2011

Neurogenesis occurs in the adult mammalian hippocampus, a region of the brain important for learning and memory. Hibernation in Siberian ground squirrels provides a natural model to study mitosis as the rapid fall in body temperature in 24 h (from 35-36°C to +4–6°C) permits accumulation of mitotic cells at different stages of the cell cycle. Histological methods used to study adult neurogenesis are limited largely to fixed tissue, and the mitotic state elucidated depends on the specific phase of mitosis at the time of day. However, using an immunohistochemical study of doublecortin (DCX) and BrdU-labelled neurons, we demonstrate that the dentate gyrus of the ground squirrel hippocampus contains a population of immature cells which appear to possess mitotic activity. Our data suggest that doublecortin-labelled immature cells exist in a mitotic state and may represent a renewable pool for generation of new neurons within the dentate gyrus.
Antidepressant Therapy in Severe Depression May Have Different Effects on Ego-Dystonic and Ego-Syntonic Suicidal Ideation
Authors: Brådvik Louise , Berglund Mats
Published: May 2011

The objective of the present study was to investigate whether ego-dystonic and ego-syntonic suicidal ideation occurred at different frequencies during antidepressant therapy. A blind evaluation has been performed on records of 100 suicides with a primary severe depression and 100 matched controls, admitted to the Department of Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden. Ego-dystonic suicidal ideation was more commonly reported during adequate treatment as compared to ego-syntonic ideation (P=.004). Men who committed suicide during adequate antidepressant therapy more often reported ego-dystonic suicidal ideation earlier in their lives compared with those who were not treated (P=.0377). This may indicate that treatment failure for ego-dystonic ideation was a precursor of their suicides. Consequently, ego-dystonic ideation seems to show a poorer response to antidepressant therapy as compared to ego-syntonic ideation, which may be more directly related to depression. Ego-dystonic ideation is proposed to be related to depressive psychosis.
The Comparative Protective Effects of Ganoderma Spores Lipid and Fish Oil on N‐Methyl‐N‐Nitrosourea‐Induced Photoreceptor Cell Lesion in Rats
Authors: Gao Yang , Deng Xin-Guo , Li Na , Luo Guang-Wei , Chung Peter C. K.
Published: May 2011

Purpose. To compare Ganoderma spores lipid (GSL) and fish oil (FO) in inhibiting retinal photoreceptor cell lesions induced by N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosourea (MNU) in rats.
Methods. 120 rats were untreated (normal control, NC group) or treated with a single intraperitoneal injection of 40 mg/kg MNU (MNU group) then treated with GSL (GSL group) or FO (FO group). Eyes were obtained at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days.
Results. Light microscopy assay demonstrated that GSL and FO alleviated rat retinal photoreceptor cell damage (GSL and FO versus MNU group P < .001) similarly (GSL versus FO group P = .980). Electron microscopy confirmed that GSL and FO reversed damage to photoreceptor segments and photoreceptor cell nuclei. GSL‐treated rats showed significantly elevated a‐wave and b‐wave amplitudes over MNU group (P < .05) but less than NC group (P < .05) and not significantly different from FO group (P > .05). Conclusion. GSL, like FO, alleviates rat retinal photoreceptor cell damage induced by MNU.
A Review of the Relationship between Parental Involvement and Secondary School Students' Academic Achievement
Authors: Shute Valerie J. , Hansen Eric G. , Underwood Jody S. , Razzouk Rim
Published: May 2011

This paper reviews the research literature on the relationship between parental involvement (PI) and academic achievement, with special focus on the secondary school (middle and high school) level. The results first present how individual PI variables correlate with academic achievement and then move to more complex analyses of multiple variables on the general construct described in the literature. Several PI variables with correlations to academic achievement show promise: (a) communication between children and parents about school activities and plans, (b) parents holding high expectations/aspirations for their children's schooling, and (c) parents employing an authoritative parenting style. We end the results section by discussing the findings in light of the limitations of nonexperimental research and the different effects of children's versus parents' perspectives on academic achievement.
Interferon Alpha on Expression of hTERT mRNA in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B
Authors: Zhu Chuan-wu , Chen Ming , Luo Xiang-rong , Wang Hai-yan , Wang Li-hua , Wu Jian-hong , Li Ming , Zhang Xue-hua , Zhu Wei , Ye Jian-zhong , Qian Feng
Published: May 2011

Cell division is closely related to telomerase activity (hTERT mRNA). Lower expression of lymphocitic hTERT mRNA may easily cause cell aging, which is not beneficial to maintaining a durable lymphocyte division. To date, there is no study to investigate IFNα therapy on hTERT mRNA expression in PBMCs of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We quantitatively detected hTERT mRNA from study subjects and made each hTERT mRNA normalized (NhTERT mRNA). Mean NhTERT mRNA level was lower in either CHB group, but it significantly increased in IFNα-treated group compared with CHB control group, and a longer duration of IFNα therapy could increase the level. Moreover, the mean NhTERT mRNA in subgroup with HBeAg loss was significantly higher than that in subgroup without. NhTERT mRNA was markedly correlated with CD3+T lymphocyte count and CD4+/CD8+ratio. The results showed that IFNα therapy could upregulate the expression of hTERT mRNA in PBMCs.
Robust Multivariate Control Charts to Detect Small Shifts in Mean
Authors: Midi Habshah , Shabbak Ashkan
Published: May 2011

The classical multivariate CUSUM and EWMA charts are commonly used to detect small shifts in the mean vectors. It is now evident that those charts are easily affected by outliers which may be due to small or moderate changes in the mean vector. In this paper, we propose a robust multivariate CUSUM and Robust multivariate EWMA charts to remedy the problem of small changed in scatter outliers. Both the empirical and simulation results indicate that the proposed robust multivariate CUSUM and EWMA charts offer substantial improvement over other multivariate CUSUM and EWMA charts. This article also discussed the robustness of the proposed charts, when there is a small or moderate sustained shift in the data set.
Preparation of Polyimide/Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite Films via an Ion-Exchange Technique and Their Photoluminescence Properties
Authors: Mu Shuxiang , Wu Dezhen , Qi Shengli , Wu Zhanpeng
Published: May 2011

Polyimide (PI) composite films with ZnO nanoparticles embedded in the surface layer were prepared by alkali hydrolyzation following ion exchange in Zn(NO3)2solution and thermal treatment of the zinc ion-doped PI films in air atmosphere. The effect of alkali treatment, ion exchange, and thermal treatment conditions was investigated in relation to the amount of zinc atomic loading, morphology, photoluminescence (PL), and thermal properties of the PI/ZnO composite films using ICP, XPS, FE-SEM, TEM, Raman microscope, TGA, and DSC. ZnO nanoparticles were formed slowly and dispersed uniformly in the surface-modified layers of PI films with an average diameter of 20 nm. The PL spectra of all the PI/ZnO nanocomposite films obtained at 350°C/7 h possessed a weak ultraviolet emission peak and a broad and strong visible emission band. The PI/ZnO nanocomposite films maintained the excellent thermal property of the host PI films.
Experimental Characterisation of Catalyst-Free Carbon Nanomaterials from Mixed Vegetable and Animal Base Oils through Modified Traditional Process
Authors: Venkatanarayanan P. S. , Velmurugan R. , Stanley A. Joseph
Published: May 2011

A new process for the preparation of catalyst-free pure carbon nanomatereials is described here. These nanomaterials are then experimentally investigated. The process is simple and traditional so that the operator can have full control over the flame geometry and oil consumption in a span of time. A slight modification is carried out in the traditional process with an option of external heating (forced convection). Two types of samples are prepared (S1 & S2) from two different processes, Modified Traditional Process without external heating (MTP1) and with external heating (MTP2). Deep investigation on yield, morphology and structure of prepared samples are carried out by sophisticated analytical instruments. It is noted that the S1 sample contains pure carbon nano crystals along with well grown thin nano tubular structures whereas S2 sample contains pure carbon nanocrystals in a chain formation and likely possibility for the growth of nanotubes without any further treatment. It is observed clearly that the average weight gain of sample S2 is 22% for MTP1 and 7% for MTP2 more than that of the sample S1 over the same period of time. The range in dimension of the nanoparticles is varying from 6–45 nm.
The Contribution of Dynamic Exploration to Virtual Anatomical Learning
Authors: Luursema Jan-Maarten , Verwey Willem B.
Published: May 2011

Virtual Learning Environments are increasingly becoming part of the medical curriculum. In a previous study we (luursema et al., 2006) found that a combination of computer-implementedstereopsis(visual depth through seeing with both eyes) anddynamic exploration(being able to continuously change one's viewpoint relative to the studied objects in real time) is beneficial to anatomical learning, especially for subjects of lowvisuo spatial ability(the ability to form, retrieve, and manipulate mental representations of a visuo-spatial nature). A follow-up study (luursema et al., 2008) found the contribution of computer-implemented stereopsis to this effect to be small but significant. The present experiment investigated the contribution of dynamic exploration to anatomical learning by means of a virtual learning environment. Seventy participants were tested for visuo-spatial ability and were grouped in pairs matched for this ability. One individual of the pair actively manipulated a 3D reconstruction of the human abdomen; the other individual passively watched the interactions of the first individual on a separate screen. Learning was assessed by two anatomical learning tests. Dynamic exploration provided a small but significant benefit to anatomical learning.
The Role of Natural Killer Cells in Sepsis
Authors: Chiche Laurent , Forel Jean-Marie , Thomas Guillemette , Farnarier Catherine , Vely Fréderic , Bléry Mathieu , Papazian Laurent , Vivier Eric
Published: May 2011

Severe sepsis and septic shock are still deadly conditions urging to develop novel therapies. A better understanding of the complex modifications of the immune system of septic patients is needed for the development of innovative immunointerventions. Natural killer (NK) cells are characterized as CD3−NKp46+CD56+ cells that can be cytotoxic and/or produce high amounts of cytokines such as IFN‐γ. NK cells are also engaged in crosstalks with other immune cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. During the early stage of septic shock, NK cells may play a key role in the promotion of the systemic inflammation, as suggested in mice models. Alternatively, at a later stage, NK cells‐acquired dysfunction could favor nosocomial infections and mortality. Standardized biological tools defining patients′ NK cell status during the different stages of sepsis are mandatory to guide potential immuno‐interventions. Herein, we review the potential role of NK cells during severe sepsis and septic shock.
Development and Characterization of a Potent Immunoconjugate Targeting the Fn14 Receptor on Solid Tumor Cells
Authors: Zhou Hong , Marks John W. , Hittelman Walter N. , Yagita Hideo , Cheung Lawrence H. , Rosenblum Michael G. , Winkles Jeffrey A.
Published: May 2011

TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-inducible 14 (Fn14) are a TNF superfamily ligand–receptor pair involved in many cellular processes including proliferation, migration, differentiation, inflammation, and angiogenesis. The Fn14 receptor is expressed at relatively low levels in normal tissues, but it is known to be dramatically elevated in a number of tumor types, including brain and breast tumors. Thus, it seems to be an excellent candidate for therapeutic intervention. We first analyzed Fn14 expression in human tumor cell lines. Fn14 was expressed in a variety of lines including breast, brain, bladder, skin, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, colon, prostate, and cervical cancer cell lines. We then developed an immunoconjugate containing a high-affinity anti-Fn14 monoclonal antibody (ITEM-4) conjugated to recombinant gelonin (rGel), a highly cytotoxic ribosome-inactivating N-glycosidase. Both ITEM-4 and the conjugate were found to bind to cells to an equivalent extent. Confocal microscopic analysis showed that ITEM4-rGel specifically and rapidly (within 2 hours) internalized into Fn14-positive T-24 bladder cancer cells but not into Fn14-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Cytotoxicity studies against 22 different tumor cell lines showed that ITEM4-rGel was highly cytotoxic to Fn14-expressing cells and was 8- to 8 × 104-fold more potent than free rGel. ITEM4-rGel was found to kill cells by inducing apoptosis with high-mobility group box 1 protein release. Finally, ITEM4-rGel immunoconjugate administration promoted long-term tumor growth suppression in nude mice bearing T-24 human bladder cancer cell xenografts. Our data support the use of an antibody–drug conjugate approach to selectively target and inhibit the growth of Fn14-expressing tumors. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(7); 1276–88. ©2011 AACR.
Chondrocyte-Specific Regulatory Activity of Runx2 Is Essential for Survival and Skeletal Development
Authors: Chen Haiyan , Ghori-Javed Farah Y. , Rashid Harunur , Serra Rosa , Gutierrez Soraya E. , Javed Amjad
Published: May 2011

Coordinated activities of multiple mesenchymal cell types contribute to the development of the mammalian skeleton formed through endochondral ossification. Synthesis of a cartilage template by chondrocytes is an obligatory step for the generation of skeletal elements during endochondral ossification. Gene ablation studies have established that Runx2 is an essential transcription factor for bone formation and the differentiation of skeletal cells. However, global gene deletion has failed to discern the tissue- and cell type-specific roles of Runx2. We generated floxed mice to elucidate the Runx2 regulatory control distinctive to cartilage tissue during bone development. Exon 8 of the Runx2 gene was selectively deleted in developing chondrocytes by utilizing Col2a-Cre mice. Cell- and tissue-specific gene recombination was confirmed by β-gal activity in R26R mice. The chondrocyte-specific loss of Runx2 caused failure of endochondral ossification, impaired craniofacial development, dwarfism, and perinatal lethality. Radiographic imaging and histochemical approaches were used to characterize the skeletal phenotype. We conclude that regulatory control of Runx2 in chondrocytes is essential for endochondral ossification, and it is independent of the role of Runx2 in osteoblasts.
Deep Brain Stimulation of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus in a Patient with Freezing of Gait
Authors: Acar Feridun , Acar Göksemin , Bir Levent Sinan , Gedik Bengi , Oğuzhanoğlu Attila
Published: May 2011

Case Presentation: A 54-year-old male patient presenting probable multiple system atrophy with predominant parkinsonism who underwent bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is presented. The patient had dominant freezing of gait (FOG), levodopa-resistant bradykinesia, and autonomic disturbances, but with a good cognitive condition. Methods: The patient underwent bilateral DBS of the PPN, which ended with modest benefits. Results and Conclusion: Although he had a short postoperative follow-up (6 months), his neurological status remained stable and PPN DBS provided modest improvements in the gait disorder and freezing episodes. This unusual case suggests that the mesencephalic pedunculopontine region may have a role in locomotor symptoms and the potential to provide a limited improvement in FOG.
Intraoperative Image Fusion to Ascertain Adequate Lead Placement
Authors: Patil Arun-Angelo
Published: May 2011

Background: In order to view the position of the deep brain stimulator (DBS) lead in relation to the stereotactic target on 3-tesla magnetic resonance (3T-MR) images prior to the conclusion of the procedure, intraoperative postimplantation computed tomography (CT) images were fused with preoperative 3T-MR images. The method to do this is described and discussed in this paper. Methods: Over the last year, this method was used for 8 procedures: 6 for subthalamic nucleus and 2 for ventral-intermediate nucleus of the thalamus. The procedures were done on the CT table in a stereotactic frame. CT and MR images plus coordinates from the Schaltenbrand atlas were used to plan the target. After the lead had been placed at the target, intraoperative CT images were obtained and fused with preoperative 3T-MR images prior to the conclusion of the procedure. If error was detected in the lead position, it was corrected. Results: Errors in the x-coordinate were detected in 2 patients. These errors were corrected prior to the conclusion of the procedures. Conclusion: This is a simple method to intraoperatively visualize DBS lead position on high-quality 3T-MR images. It gives the surgeon the capability to detect errors and correct them prior to the conclusion of the procedure.
Health Problems in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency
Authors: Reisch Nicole , Arlt Wiebke , Krone Nils
Published: May 2011

Following the introduction of life-saving glucocorticoid replacement 60 years ago, congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) has evolved from being perceived as a paediatric disorder to being recognized as a lifelong, chronic condition affecting patients of all age groups. Increasing evidence suggests that patients with CAH have an increased risk to develop health problems during adult life, with signs and symptoms of forerunner conditions of adult disease already emerging during the time of paediatric care. Transition of paediatric CAH patients to medical care in the adult setting is an important step to ensure optimal lifelong treatment, aiming to achieve good health and normal life expectancy and quality of life. Thus, primary and secondary prevention of health problems has to become a task of increasing importance for those involved in the care of CAH patients throughout their life.
Impaired Expression of Uncoupling Protein 2 Causes Defective Postischemic Angiogenesis in Mice Deficient in AMP-Activated Protein Kinase α Subunits
Authors: Xu Ming-Jiang , Song Ping , Shirwany Najeeb , Liang Bin , Xing Junjie , Viollet Benoit , Wang Xian , Zhu Yi , Zou Ming-Hui
Published: May 2011

Objective—

The aim of the present study was to determine whether mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP) 2 is required for AMPK-dependent angiogenesis in ischemia in vivo.

Methods and Results—

Angiogenesis was assayed by monitoring endothelial tube formation (a surrogate for angiogenesis) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECs), isolated mouse aortic endothelial cells (MAECs), and pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells or in ischemic thigh adductor muscles from wild-type (WT) mice or mice deficient in either AMPKα1 or AMPKα2. AMPK inhibition with pharmacological inhibitor (compound C) or genetic means (transfection of AMPKα-specific small interfering RNA) significantly lowered the tube formation in human umbilical vein ECs. Consistently, compared with WT mice, tube formation in MAECs isolated from either AMPKα1
−/−
or AMPKα2
−/−
mice, which exhibited oxidative stress and reduced expression of UCP2, was significantly impaired. In addition, adenoviral overexpression of UCP2, but not adenoviruses encoding green fluorescent protein, normalized tube formation in MAECs from either AMPKα1
−/−
or AMPKα2
−/−
mice. Similarly, supplementation with sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide (NO) donor, restored tube formation. Furthermore, ischemia significantly increased angiogenesis, serine 1177 phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase, and UCP2 in ischemic thigh adductor muscles from WT mice but not in those from either AMPKα1
−/−
or AMPKα2
−/−
mice.

Conclusion—

We conclude that AMPK-dependent UCP2 expression in ECs promotes angiogenesis in vivo.
A Pilot Study to Assess Whether Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Protects the Heart From Ischemic Dysfunction and Attenuates Stunning After Coronary Balloon Occlusion in Humans
Authors: Read Philip A. , Hoole Stephen P. , White Paul A. , Khan Fakhar Z. , O'Sullivan Michael , West Nick E.J. , Dutka David P.
Published: May 2011

Background—

The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been shown to have cardioprotective properties in animal models of ischemia and infarction due to promotion of myocardial glucose uptake and suppression of apoptosis. We investigated whether GLP-1 protected the heart from dysfunction caused by supply ischemia during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods and Results—

Twenty patients with normal left ventricular (LV) function and single-vessel coronary disease within the left anterior descending artery undergoing elective PCI were studied. A conductance catheter was placed into the LV through the femoral artery, and pressure-volume loops were recorded at baseline and during a 1-minute low-pressure balloon occlusion at the site of the stenosis. The patients were randomized to receive an infusion of either GLP-1(7–36) amide at 1.2 pmol/kg per minute or saline immediately after the first balloon occlusion. Coronary balloon occlusion caused LV stunning in the control group with cumulative LV dysfunction on subsequent occlusion that was not seen in the GLP-1 group. GLP-1 improved recovery of LV systolic and diastolic function at 30 minutes after balloon occlusion compared with control (delta dP/dt
max
from baseline, −1.6% versus −12.2%;
P
=0.02) and reduced the LV dysfunction after the second balloon occlusion (delta dP/dt
max
, −13.1% versus −25.3%;
P
=0.01).

Conclusions—

In this pilot study, infusion of GLP-1 has been demonstrated to reduce ischemic LV dysfunction after supply ischemia during coronary balloon occlusion in humans and mitigates stunning. The findings require confirmation in a larger scale clinical trial.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.isrctn.org
. Unique identifier: ISRCTN 77442023.
Role of the Cholinergic Antiinflammatory Pathway in Murine Autoimmune Myocarditis
Authors: Leib Christoph , Göser Stefan , Lüthje Dorit , Öttl Renate , Tretter Theresa , Lasitschka Felix , Zittrich Stefan , Pfitzer Gabriele , Katus Hugo A. , Kaya Ziya
Published: May 2011

Rationale:

This study was performed to gain insights into novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of autoimmune myocarditis.

Objective:

Chemical stimulation of the efferent arm of the vagus nerve through activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtype-7α (α7-nAChR) has been shown to be protective in several models of inflammatory diseases. In the present study, we investigated the potentially protective effect of vagus nerve stimulation on myocarditis.

Methods and Results:

A/J mice were immunized with cardiac troponin I (TnI) to induce autoimmune myocarditis. Mice were exposed to drinking water that contained nicotine in different concentrations and for different time periods (for 3 days at 12.5 mg/L; 3 days at 125 mg/L; 21 days at 12.5 mg/L; and 21 days at 125 mg/L after first immunization). TnI-immunized mice with no pharmacological treatment showed extensive myocardial inflammation and fibrosis and significantly elevated levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Furthermore, elevated levels of mRNA transcripts of proinflammatory chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, and RANTES) and chemokine receptors (CCR1, CCR2, and CCR5) were found. Oral nicotine administration reduced inflammation within the myocardium, decreased the production of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, and downregulated the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, RANTES, CCR1, CCR2, and CCR5. In addition, nicotine treatment resulted in decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-14, natriuretic peptide precursor B, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, and osteopontin, proteins that are commonly involved in heart failure. Finally, we found that nicotine reduced levels of pSTAT3 (phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) protein expression within the myocardium. Neostigmine treatment did not affect the progression of myocarditis.

Conclusions:

We showed that activation of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway with nicotine reduces inflammation in autoimmune myocarditis. Our results may open new possibilities in the therapeutic management of autoimmune myocarditis.
Rescue, Combined, and Stand-Alone Thrombectomy in the Management of Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke Using the Solitaire Device: A Prospective 50-Patient Single-Center Study
Authors: Costalat Vincent , Machi Paolo , Lobotesis Kyriakos , Maldonado Igor , Vendrell Jean François , Riquelme Carlos , Mourand Isabelle , Milhaud Didier , Héroum Chérif , Perrigault Pierre-François , Arquizan Caroline , Bonafé Alain
Published: May 2011

Background and Purpose—

Large vessel occlusion in ischemic stroke is associated with a high degree of morbidity. When intravenous thrombolysis fails, mechanical thrombectomy can provide an alternative and synergistic method for flow restoration. In this study we evaluate the safety and efficacy of our stroke management protocol (RECOST study).

Methods—

Fifty consecutive ischemic stroke patients with large vessel occlusion were included. After clinical and MRI imaging assessment, 3 treatment strategies were selected according to time of symptom onset and location of vessel occlusion: rescue therapy; combined therapy; and stand-alone thrombectomy (RECOST study). MRI ASPECT score <5 was the main exclusion criterion. Mechanical thrombectomy was performed exclusively with the Solitaire flow restoration device. Clinical outcome was assessed after treatment, on day 1, and at discharge.

Results—

Mean patient age was 67.6 years, mean NIHSS score was 14.7, and mean ASPECT score was 6 on presentation. Vessel occlusions were in the middle cerebral artery (40%), the internal carotid artery (28%), and the basilar artery (32%). Rescue treatment represented 24%, combined therapy represented 56%, and stand-alone thrombectomy represented 20%. Mean recanalization time from symptoms onset was 377 minutes, with overall recanalization rate TICI 3 of 84%. NIHSS score at discharge was 6.5, with 60% of patients demonstrating NIHSS score 0 to 1 or an improvement of >9 points. Symptomatic complication rate was 10%. At 3 months, 54% of patients had a modififed Rankin scale score of 0 to 2, with an overall mortality rate of 12%.

Conclusions—

The present integrated stroke management protocol (RECOST study) demonstrated rapid, safe, and effective recanalization. We postulate that the Solitaire device contributed to high recanalization and patient selection using MRI ASPECT score to low and complication rates, therefore avoiding futile and dangerous interventions.
Evolution of Cartesian Genetic Programs for Development of Learning Neural Architecture
Authors: Khan Gul Muhammad , Miller Julian F. , Halliday David M.
Published: May 2011

Although artificial neural networks have taken their inspiration from natural neurological systems, they have largely ignored the genetic basis of neural functions. Indeed, evolutionary approaches have mainly assumed that neural learning is associated with the adjustment of synaptic weights. The goal of this paper is to use evolutionary approaches to find suitable computational functions that are analogous to natural sub-components of biological neurons and demonstrate that intelligent behavior can be produced as a result of this additional biological plausibility. Our model allows neurons, dendrites, and axon branches to grow or die so that synaptic morphology can change and affect information processing while solving a computational problem. The compartmental model of a neuron consists of a collection of seven chromosomes encoding distinct computational functions inside the neuron. Since the equivalent computational functions of neural components are very complex and in some cases unknown, we have used a form of genetic programming known as Cartesian genetic programming (CGP) to obtain these functions. We start with a small random network of soma, dendrites, and neurites that develops during problem solving by repeatedly executing the seven chromosomal programs that have been found by evolution. We have evaluated the learning potential of this system in the context of a well-known single agent learning problem, known as Wumpus World. We also examined the harder problem of learning in a competitive environment for two antagonistic agents, in which both agents are controlled by independent CGP computational networks (CGPCN). Our results show that the agents exhibit interesting learning capabilities.
Forecasting the Wind to Reach Significant Penetration Levels of Wind Energy
Authors: Marquis Melinda , Wilczak Jim , Ahlstrom Mark , Sharp Justin , Stern Andrew , Smith J. Charles , Calvert Stan
Published: May 2011

Advances in atmospheric science are critical to increased deployment of variable renewable energy (VRE) sources. For VRE sources, such as wind and solar, to reach high penetration levels in the nation's electric grid, electric system operators and VRE operators need better atmospheric observations, models, and forecasts. Improved meteorological observations through a deep layer of the atmosphere are needed for assimilation into numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. The need for improved operational NWP forecasts that can be used as inputs to power prediction models in the 0–36-h time frame is particularly urgent and more accurate predictions of rapid changes in VRE generation (ramp events) in the very short range (0–6 h) are crucial.

We describe several recent studies that investigate the feasibility of generating 20% or more of the nation's electricity from weather-dependent VRE. Next, we describe key advances in atmospheric science needed for effective development of wind energy and approaches to achieving these improvements. The financial benefit to the nation of improved wind forecasts is potentially in the billions of dollars per year. Obtaining the necessary meteorological and climatological observations and predictions is a major undertaking, requiring collaboration from the government, private, and academic sectors. We describe a field project that will begin in 2011 to improve short-term wind forecasts, which demonstrates such a collaboration, and which falls under a recent memorandum of understanding between the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy at the Department of Energy and the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Citizen Satisfaction With Democracy and Parties’ Policy Offerings
Authors: Ezrow Lawrence , Xezonakis Georgios
Published: May 2011

The authors examine the relationship between the variation of policy choices on offer in a party system and citizen satisfaction. Cross-national analyses, based on 12 countries from 1976 to 2003, are presented that suggest that when party choices in a political system are more ideologically proximate to the mean voter position in left–right terms, overall citizen satisfaction increases. The central implication of this finding is that party positions matter for understanding within-country changes in satisfaction.
A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover, add-on study of CoEnzyme Q10 in the prevention of pediatric and adolescent migraine
Authors: Slater Shalonda K , Nelson Timothy D , Kabbouche Marielle A , LeCates Susan L , Horn Paul , Segers Ann , Manning Paula , Powers Scott W , Hershey Andrew D
Published: May 2011

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) supplementation in the prevention of migraine in children using a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, crossover, add-on trial. Background: CoQ10 has been demonstrated to have efficacy in migraine prevention in adults but lacks pediatric research with more rigorous methodology. CoQ10 has been observed to be deficient in a significant number of children and adolescents presenting to tertiary headache centers. CoQ10 has the potential to modify both the inflammatory changes that occur during recurrent migraine and the alteration of mitochondrial function. A deficit of CoQ10 could thus affect the response to treatment and clinical characteristics of migraine in children and adults. Methods: One-hundred-and-twenty children and adolescents with migraine headache were randomized in a crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, add-on study to receive a placebo or CoQ10 (100 mg) supplement for 224 days. Data for 76 patients were available at the crossover point and 50 were analysed at the endpoint. Response to treatment, overall headache improvement, and headache disability were assessed. Results: Both the placebo and CoQ10 groups showed reduced migraine frequency [ F(1, 60) = 15.68, p < 0.001], severity [ F(1, 54) = 8.09, p = 0.006], and duration [ F(1, 45) = 6.27, p = 0.016] over time. CoQ10 treated patients had a significantly greater improvement in frequency from subject reported baseline starting within 4 weeks of initiation. No group differences comparing the first 4 weeks of treatment with the last 4 weeks of treatment were found in migraine frequency [ F(1, 60) = 2.34, p > 0.05], severity [ F(1, 54) = 0.06, p > 0.05], or duration [ F(1, 45) = 0.14, p > 0.05]. Conclusions: Overall, results of the study demonstrate that children and adolescents with migraine improved over time with multidisciplinary, standardized treatment regardless of supplementation with CoQ10 or placebo. There was no difference in headache outcomes between the CoQ10 and placebo groups at day 224. Due to the improvements seen in weeks 1–4, CoQ10 may lead to earlier improvement in headache severity, but given the sample size this conclusion warrants further investigation with a larger sample.
Selective Mutism and Abnormal Electroencephalography (EEG) Tracings
Authors: Politi Keren , Kivity Sara , Goldberg-Stern Hadassa , Halevi Ayelet , Shuper Avinoam
Published: May 2011

Epileptic discharges are not considered a part of the clinical picture of selective mutism, and electroencephalography is generally not recommended in its work-up. This report describes 6 children with selective mutism who were found to have a history of epilepsy and abnormal interictal or subclinical electroencephalography recordings. Two of them had benign epilepsy of childhood with centro-temporal spikes. The mutism was not related in time to the presence of active seizures. While seizures could be controlled in all children by medications, the mutism resolved only in 1. Although the discharges could be coincidental, they might represent a co-morbidity of selective mutism or even play a role in its pathogenesis. Selective mutism should be listed among the psychiatric disorders that may be associated with electroencephalographic abnormalities. It can probably be regarded as a symptom of a more complicated organic brain disorder.
Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) addition modifies P(d,l)LA sponge degradation and protein release
Authors: Renò Filippo , Rizzi Manuela , Cannas Mario
Published: May 2011

Polylactic acid (PLA)-derived polymers are widely used in many biotechnological fields, thanks to their biocompatibility and resorbability through natural pathways. Moreover, PLA is one of the few polymers in which both the properties and the stereochemical structure can be easily modified, making possible a specific ‘tailoring’ of the final polymer according to the desired use. In this study, we obtained, by salt leaching technique, P(d,l)LA sponges in which various concentrations of α-tocopherol (Vit. E 10–40%, w/w) were incorporated. Vit.E is a natural biological antioxidant, also known to have anti-inflammatory activity, which has been extensively used to improve biostability and biocompatibility of different biomaterials. To assess whether Vit.E could modify the main physical–chemical properties of P(d,l)LA sponges, their morphology, water uptake and hydrolytic degradation kinetics, along with protein loading and releasing attitudes, were investigated. Our results highlighted that incorporation of Vit.E into P(d,l)LA sponges modified the sponge morphology, decreased P(d,l)LA water uptake and degradation, and modified protein releasing kinetics. These Vit.E-related effects could make P(d,l)LA more suitable as drug delivery system and tissue engineering scaffold.
Structural and cellular characterization of electrospun recombinant human tropoelastin biomaterials
Authors: McKenna Kathryn A , Gregory Kenton W , Sarao Rebecca C , Maslen Cheryl L , Glanville Robert W , Hinds Monica T
Published: May 2011

An off-the-shelf vascular graft biomaterial for vascular bypass surgeries is an unmet clinical need. The vascular biomaterial must support cell growth, be non-thrombogenic, minimize intimal hyperplasia, match the structural properties of native vessels, and allow for regeneration of arterial tissue. Electrospun recombinant human tropoelastin (rTE) as a medial component of a vascular graft scaffold was investigated in this study by evaluating its structural properties, as well as its ability to support primary smooth muscle cell adhesion and growth. rTE solutions of 9, 15, and 20 wt% were electrospun into sheets with average fiber diameters of 167 ± 32, 522 ± 67, and 735 ± 270 nm, and average pore sizes of 0.4 ± 0.1, 5.8 ± 4.3, and 4.9 ± 2.4 µm, respectively. Electrospun rTE fibers were cross-linked with disuccinimidyl suberate to produce an insoluble fibrous polymeric recombinant tropoelastin (prTE) biomaterial. Smooth muscle cells attached via integrin binding to the rTE coatings and proliferated on prTE biomaterials at a comparable rate to growth on prTE coated glass, glass alone, and tissue culture plastic. Electrospun tropoelastin demonstrated the cell compatibility and design flexibility required of a graft biomaterial for vascular applications.