bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of a few verbs (based on the 16–17th century texts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania)
Authors: Smetonienė Anželika
Published: March 2021

This article analyses a few borrowed verbs found in the ancient Lithuanian writings of the 16–17th century Grand Duchy of Lithuania. They are: bū̃bnyti, -ija, -ijo ‘to beat a drum, to beat or knock with something; fig. to speak widely', sū̃dyti, -ija, -ijo ‘to investigate a case in court, to judge; to condemn; to solve, consider; to advise', triū̃byti, -ija, -ijo ‘ to blow a trumpet, to tootle; to cry, to shout loudly; to gulp, to guzzle, to slurp. Their cognates bū̃bnas ‘a drum; fig. a bleak place with no grass, a shore, a bank; the colour of (playing) cards, sū̃das ‘a public, state body to consider court cases, a court; court premises; court proceedings; court decision, verdict, punishment; judge; expression of opinion, assessment, triūbà ‘a wooden or metal pipe-shaped wind instrument, a pipe (musical instrument), a horn, trumpet; a pipe; a curb; a chimney pipe; binoculars'. Some Lithuanian suffixes (e.g., -avo-) are more common only in verbs of a foreign origin, whereas -y-/-i- are equally frequent in the composition of Lithuanian derivatives formed from non-borrowed nouns. On the basis of the principles of word formation in Lithuanian and by means a comparison with the Slavic language data, the present article is an attempt to show how such verbs formed from borrowed root segments and the suffixes -y-/-i- can be interpreted. The Slavic language data were obtained from the etymological and historical dictionaries of Old Belarussian, Old Ukrainian, Old Polish, Old Russian and the dictionaries of Belorussian, Ukrainian, Polish, Russian dialects and the Slavic proto-language.
Litauische Sprachinseln: problematische Aspekte
Authors: Kardelis Vytautas
Published: March 2021

Der vorliegende Beitrag widmet sich einigen allgemeinen Fragen, die mit litauischen Sprachgebieten außerhalb Litauens, den so genannten Sprachinseln, verbunden sind. Im Beitrag werden zwei Aspekte untersucht: a) ein terminologischer und b) ein klassifikatorischer Aspekt. Der erstere ist bereits in den Arbeiten der litauischen Dialektologie diskutiert worden, der zweite jedoch hat keine Beachtung in der einschlägigen Literatur gefunden. Dieser Aspekt ist aber nicht nur im Bereich der litauischen Dialektologie, sondern auch in einem breiteren Kontext von Bedeutung und sollte daher näher besprochen werden.Die wichtigste terminologische Schlussfolgerung ist, dass bei der Diskussion um litauische Sprachgebiete außerhalb Litauens nicht der Terminus periphere Dialekte der litauischen Sprache, sondern der der sprachlichen Inseln sich besser eignet, weil er klarer und verständlicher ist. Unter Berücksichtigung der Umstände und des Gegenstands der Untersuchung bzw. eines breiteren Kontextes lässt sich dieser Terminus eingrenzen und, falls nötig, der Terminus Dialektinseln der litauischen Sprache abgeleitet werden.Auch könnte man einen Vorschlag zur allgemeinen Klassifizierung von Sprachinseln unterbreiten, die jedoch noch nicht abgeschlossen ist und weiter diskutiert werden kann.SYNCHRONE KLASSIFIZIERUNG1) INNERE SPRACHINSELNDer erste Typ der inneren Sprachinseln und seine drei Untergruppen:1) die Insel des (Sub-)Dialekts A auf dem Gebiet des (Unter-)Dialekts B;2) die Insel der Standardsprache auf dem Gebiet des (Unter-)Dialekts X;3) die Insel des (Unter-)Dialekts X auf dem Gebiet der Standardvarietät.Der zweite Typ der inneren Sprachinseln und seine Untergruppen:1) die Sprachen Y, T, Z auf dem Gebiet der Sprache X;2) die Insel der Sprache X, die auf dem Gebiet Y, das sich im Territorium der Sprache X befindet, ist.2) ÄUßERE SPRACHINSELN UND IHRE GRUPPEN:1) eine Sprachinsel besteht aus der Sprachgemeinschaft, die nur Standardsprache spricht;2) eine Sprachinsel besteht aus der Sprachgemeinschaft, die nur Dialekt (bzw. Dialekte) spricht;3) eine Sprachinsel besteht aus der Sprachgemeinschaft, die sowohl Standardsprache als auch Dialekt (bzw. Dialekte) spricht.DIACHRONE KLASSIFIZIERUNGa) ALLOCHTONE (migirierende) SPRACHINSELN UND IHRE GRUPPEN:1) die Inseln der Sprache X auf dem Gebiet einer nahe liegenden (nicht weit entfernten, benachbarten) Sprache;2) die Inseln der Sprache X, die vom Gebiet der Muttersprache weit entfernt sind.b) AUTOCHTONE (assimilierte) SPRACHINSELNc) GEMISCHTE SPRACHINSELN
Consonant changes in the Klaipėda region highlanders dialects: the 21th century situation
Authors: Bakšienė Rima
Published: March 2021

This paper describes the former Klaipėda region Highlanders area (from Smaliniñkai (Jùrbarkas region) to Juknáičiai (Šilùtė region)) dialectal situation and usage characteristics of consonants in the specific habitat in the beginning of the 21st century. Recent observations suggest that most of consonant changes (hardening of consonants, usage of middle l’, aspirated and slightly voiceless voiced consonants and etc.) described in the previous works of dialectologists captured in the beginning of 21st century. In the old local population language the use cases of hard consonants in the positions of iota softening before suffixes and endings appear quite often. Consonant hardening begins at about Viešvilė surrounding area (Jùrbarkas region) and stronger going westward, mostly hardening cases recorded in the central area of descriptive dialects of Rukai, Pagėgiai, Bitėnai. The most common hardened consonants in the positions of iota softness are r, v, n, example: tràktọrùs ~ traktorius ‘tractor’, keturu∙ ~ keturių ‘of four’; daržõ∙vu. ~ daržovių ‘of vegetables’, lietùvu. ~ lietuvių ‘of Lithuanians’; ˈran.kinu ~ rankiniu ‘manual’, žinuõ∙s ~ žinios ‘news’. A much less often consonants hardening occurs in the root, example: trùš’u. ~ triušių ‘of  rabbits’, gro∙vi∙s ~ griovys ‘ditch’, suntini ~ siuntinį ‘parcel’. In the dialects of the 21st century “middle” l’, common for Klaipėda residents is systematically preserved. In common position of hard l usage in general language this consonant sounds as soft by ear, example: l’a.pαi ~ lapai ‘leafs’, bl’o.gã.i. ~ blogai ‘bad’, kul’dava ~ kuldavo ‘whacked’. In those positions, where in general language it is normal to pronounce the soft l’, example: in iota softening positions this consonant sounds almost as hard l: kõ∙kl’u∙ ~ koklių ‘of  tiles’, kaul’ukùs ~ kauliukus ‘dices’, *š’auluõs ~ Šiauliuose ‘in Šiauliai’. Also other consonant changes occur sometimes in described area: non-motivated softness, aspiration, contraposition neutralization of voiceless and voiced consonants and etc. To be highlighted, as it was earlier as in the presence all described consonant changes are not systematic (are variable) in dialect. Consonant hardening phenomenon is undoubtedly related to the West Lithuanian area of dialects which are characterized by the declination of soft stems.
Lithuanian resultatives in the context of neighbouring Slavic languages
Authors: Riaubienė Benita
Published: March 2021

Resultative secondary predicates, or resultatives, express the state of a participant of an event as a result of the action denoted by a verb. On the other hand, resultatives bear a semantic relation to the main predicate as well. Due to this fact and due to their encoding by adverbs, Lithuanian resultatives are superficially similar to adverbials. This might be the reason why resultative secondary predicates have for a long time remained unnoticed in Lithuanian linguistics. A boundary between resultatives proper and the so-called pseudo-resultatives has to be drawn in order to get an accurate description of the phenomenon. Pseudo-resultatives are constructions semantically and/or formally resembling resultatives proper but lacking the causative relation between the primary and secondary predications; they can, at best, be treated as belonging to the periphery of the domain of resultatives. As the data of Lithuanian, Russian and Polish resultatives reveals, the three languages share some common features. First, all of them encode the basic result component by means of verbal prefixes, while the secondary predicates only specify the result that is already implied by a verb. Secondly, all languages make use of prepositional phrases including the preposition to as one of the strategies for encoding resultative secondary predication. Besides, Lithuanian and Polish, unlike Russian, generally avoid resultatives based on intransitive verbs (except optionally transitive verbs like eat and drink). However, there are major differences as regards the distribution of to-PPs in the languages. In Lithuanian the use of to-PPs is determined by the lexical aspect of a verb: accomplishments usually do not combine with resultative prepositional phrases, while activities do. Another factor operates in Russian and Polish: to-PPs are used with verbs that emphasize a process leading up to the resulting property, while the verbs that highlight the resulting property as such take resultatives encoded by other strategies. In the former case the resulting property is accumulated as the action proceeds: to load the cart full, to eat oneself full, etc. In the latter case a verb usually implies a bundle of finer-grained properties for which the values have to be set in advance: to paint the car red/green/blue, to cook the egg hard/soft, etc. The difference between the accumulated property and the pre-set value can also be formulated in terms of goal and manner: the accumulated property parallels progressing towards the goal, while the pre-set value resembles the manner in which an action is carried out. Polish and Russian, in turn, also show a difference: the former distinguishes two types of resultatives (expressing a pre-set value and expressing an accumulated property), while the latter in addition has a special type of marking for resultatives like to wipe the table clean which are intermediate between the preset-value and the accumulated-property types.
Dialogue in print advertising messages
Authors: Kazlauskaitė Rūta
Published: March 2021

The interrelations between the participants of the act of communication are based on a dialogue. Print advertising messages are the way of addressing potential customers (addressee). Advertisers (addresser) aim to induce consumers’ desire to have a suggested product or service, to obtain it. To make advertising effective the conversation between close people is imitated, means of expression characteristic to colloquial speech and usual for everyone are used.The article deals with the forms and peculiarities of the dialogue that is actualized in print advertising messages. The statements of one speaker (usually it is the addresser), i. e. cues, can be unexpressed, unspoken, but they are crucial, because they condition the content and form of the expressed (second collocutor’s) speech – in this case a dialogical monologue is used. The participant of the dialogue – the addresser – speaks on his/her behalf or indirectly through the characters of the advertisements.In advertising messages three types of dialogue are actualized: 1. imitated dialogue between an addresser and an addressee – it is composed of questions and answers; 2. direct address of the speaker (addresser) expressed in a monologue; 3. hidden address of the speaker (addresser) expressed in the speech of the characters of the advertisement: monologues and dialogues.Dialogues show that those who suggest the product present themselves as solvers of everyday life problems, order makers, providers and promoters of welfare and satisfaction. They are helpful and kind people caring for the consumers of the product and close to them in various nice features.The main means of expression of the dialogue – addresses and forms of imperative mood (by which the straightforward urge to buy is expressed) or the forms of the pronouns tu, jūs, mes (you singular, you plural, we) and the present tense (by which the advertiser’s intentions are concealed).
The semantic and structural properties of modal markers in old Lithuanian writings (the 16th century)
Authors: Jasionytė-Mikučionienė Erika
Published: March 2021

The present study examines the expression of modality in the 16th century texts of Old Lithuanian, namely in Jonas Bretkūnas’ Postilė (1591) and Mikalojus Daukša’s Postilė (1599). The aim of the study is to compile the inventory of the modal markers and to give a description of semantic as well as structural features of the modals in the selected old Lithuanian writings. The results show that although the range of modal markers in the 16th century is wide and varied, the expressions of non-epistemic modality are more diverse than the expressions of epistemic modality. The former are expressed by the verbs reikėti ‘need to’, turėti ‘have to’, pareiti(s(i)) ‘have to’, gauti ‘get’, derėti ‘ought to’, the constructions būti privalu ‘be obligatory’ and būti valnu ‘be allowed’, while the latter are expressed by the adverb veikiai (veikiaus) ‘soon’ and the verbal form regis ‘it seems/seemingly’, etc. The greater variety of non-epistemic markers could have been determined by two factors. One of the factors may be that epistemic meanings were not as developed as non-epistemic meanings in the 16th century (it is compatible with the universal development of non-epistemic meaning into epistemic meaning in other languages). The other factor may be connected with the type of texts under study. Deontic meaning prevails in the 16th century texts due to their religious character. They instruct the reader how to follow God‘s commandments and thus live according to God‘s will.
NAMAS ‘house’ and NAMAI ‘home’ in the Lithuanian Language and Culture
Authors: Rutkovska Kristina
Published: March 2021

The Lithuanian picture of house/home is deeply rooted in folk tradition – the ideal home is the rural home of a person’s childhood. In Lithuanian, there are two expressions that are used to designate the concept, the singular namas – which dictionaries tersely define as a building – and the plural namai, which stands for a broader space and a family staying together. The author discusses synonyms (and quasi-synonyms), antonyms (accenting the opposition between familiarity and strangeness), derivatives and collocations of these words. She reports the results of a questionnarie, which show that namas/namai is often mythicised as a paradise on earth, with the important motif of returning home. Proverbs keep guard over patriarchal relations in the family and portray home as a stronghold. Journalistic texts introduce the concept of a cosmopolitan home, open to the world. The features of the Lithuanian base picture of namas/namai are discussed according to the basic semantic aspects: social, psychosocial (sacralisation of home), mental, physical and functional (home as a shelter protecting individuals from the strange world they fear). Two profiles of the Lithuanian home are identified in the study: a romantic rustic profile grounded in the lasting relationship with the family, and a European, intelligentsia profile located wherever there are (any) people.
Loanwords in the catechism of M. Petkevičius (1598): slavisms of unknown origin
Authors: Smetonienė Anželika
Published: March 2021

There are only few studies on lexis of catechism of M. Petkevičius (PK) (1598), even if this is the second book in Lithuanian language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the first hymnal in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. J. Kruopas concluded vocabulary of this catechism and noted it's loanwords, however, an origin of these words has not been explained. Also, there is no list of equivalents of these borrowed words in Slavic languages, because aim of J. Kruopa's work wasn't to determinate origin of loanwords. The object of this article is Slavic loanwords in the PK, the aim – to specify and to list Slavisms of unknown origin and their equivalents in the Slavic languages. To achieve the aim the following objectives were set: to collect all borrowed words and Slavic stem words from the selected text; to determinate criteria, that can indicate origin of Slavisms, and to classify Slavisms depending on their origin. In total separate 410 Slavic stem lexemes were found in the catechism of M. Petkevičius. After all these lexemes were generalized (e. g. only forms without prefixes are presented), 344 words left: 30 revealed itself to be hybrids, 149 – Slavisms of unknown origin. It only confirms once again that sometimes it is not possible to determine the path of Slavisms into Lithuanian language due to the similarity of the Slavic languages, and therefore it is possible only to give chronologically accurate equivalents of the loanwords of the PK in the Old Russian, Ruthenian and Polish languages.
The expression of humour in print advertising
Authors: Jurgaitytė Irma
Published: March 2021

By means of any communication of advertising, it is striven to draw an addressee’s attention, to interest him/her, and, finally, to determine the self-determination to purchase the item or to use the advertised service. In order to achieve the aim, humour is often used. This is an ability to notice funny phenomena of reality, gaiety, tolerant, without hurting derision: being a specific means of communication, it creates a pleasant and positive microclimate of communication. In the advertisements of emotional nature it is not attempted to present constructive and logically grounded information, but it is appealed to a person’s emotions. The language of emotions is close to spoken language, so spoken language actualized in the texts of advertising creates the illusion of direct contact and personality, enhances the interest and promotes an addressee to react. The article analyses linguistic humour expression of print advertising. The descriptive and semantic analysis methods employed in the research helped to analyse and discuss the characteristic means of spoken language which are used to create quips, language plays.  It was determined that in print advertising the situation of dialogue is actualized. It is supported with words denoting emotions inherent to spoken language – such words are unexpected and so often witty. The expression of humour is different, but often the usual lexical means are employed: diminutives, neologisms, and jargons. Humour is usually created on the basis of word play, personification and irony, it is often strengthened with silent language – non-verbal language elements covering postures, grimaces, and colours.
(Im)politeness in the discourse on crime: naming of offender
Authors: Jakimovienė Sigita
Published: March 2021

By focusing on the study of naming of an offender in the media in one particular case when father killed his two children in Saviečiai, this paper provides a perspective on the discourse on crime as the discourse governed by the strategies of impoliteness. The face management theory (Brown and Levinson 1978, 1987) and the insight of face attacking acts (Austin 1987) is considered here to be generally useful for the analyses of the discourse on crime which is, as a rule, about negatively evaluated persons and their actions. Having analysed 46 crime reports in the Lithuanian media published in the period of one month on January 2016, 36 different nominal references of the offender have been found. The results reveal that the level of politeness in the discourse on crime can be assessed considering the naming of an offender. In this discourse the naming of the offender is performed mainly as face attacking acts: 1) a naming word has a negative emotional evaluation or is an obvious insult or nickname which might be considered as a dysphemism (vaikžudys, smurtautojas, skriaudikas, žudikas, siaubūnas, antžmogis, monstras, budelis, išgama, degradas, navikas, alkoholikas, girtuoklis, chuliganas); 2) neutral naming words (vyras, tėvas, A. Beras, etc.) are modified by means of extended attributes that indicate the crime and the victims, the location of the crime. In fact, it often expresses a straightforward negative assessment. This type of naming of the offender with an additional indication of the time of the offense, the date of birth of the offender, the age and sex of the victims, is voluminous (up to 25 words) in this discourse. Such a naming becomes like a brief statement or a story in itself. Developing a discourse on this crime, this type of naming is continuously employed as if there were fears that readers won’t identify the offender. Such a naming or even a nickname substitutes the proper name of the offender in the titles of the articles. The term suspect, which might soften the assertiveness of a statement, is rarely used. The results disclose that to speak negatively in the media articles about crime (to use nicknames, insults, to emphasize the negativity and criticism, to lie in order to make an impression of the negativity) is the norm, so the discourse on crime can be seen as a discourse, allowing the strategies of impoliteness.
“Linguistic autumn”? A remark in connection with Vytautas Kardelis’s article “Three questions regarding the prosodic system of the Lithuanian language” (Lietuvių kalba, 11, 2017)
Authors: Andronov Aleksey , Bakšienė Rima
Published: March 2021

Some considerations in connection with the three main claims in Vytautas Kardelis’s article Three questions regarding the prosodic system of the Lithuanian language, concerning (a) the order of procedures in the investigation of the ‘sound form of language’, (b) the domain of prosodic features and (c) the term priegaidė. According to Kardelis, the description of speech chain should begin with an instrumental investigation. This may be true of acoustic analysis of a signal (not necessarily that of speech), but not the phonological analysis of a speech chain that, by definition, begins with isolating its discrete units, which, at the same time, are the units of the phonological system of the language in question. Likewise, phonetic suprasegmental elements (pitch, tone, etc.) may be associated with any loci of speech chain, including those coinciding with individual phonemes, either vowel or consonantal, but the domain of prosodic features, such as acute and circumflex in Lithuanian, is undoubtedly the syllable, rather than separate phonemes. In poliaccentual languages, syllable accents can be absolutely adequately described using the term priegaidė, which here means ‘syllable intonation’, while substituting it with ‘tone’ or ‘stress’ is misleading and, in the last analysis, simply fruitless or simply wrong.
The manifestations of political correctness in the Lithuanian and Latvian languages
Authors: Kvašytė Regina , Maskuliūnienė Džiuljeta , Župerka Kazimieras Romualdas
Published: March 2021

The article discusses the manifestations of the ideology of political correctness in the current Lithuanian and Latvian languages. It features a more detailed analysis of the usage of words referring to persons by health, race and nationality (invalidas – neįgalusis, invalīds – nespējnieks [invalid – disabled]; negras – juodaodis, nēģeris – melnais [negro – black]; čigonas – romas, čigāns – roms [gipsy – Romany], etc.). At first glance, the intentions of the supporters of that ideology seem honorable: their substitution for ordinary words can be seen as a euphemism of a language, which is promoted by tolerance of otherness, empathy, and the pursuit of non-offending communication. However, the implementation of that ideology introduces a new language and is often accessible to extremes, absurdity. The authors of the article agree with linguists and other cultural figures who believe that imposing political correctness for a language is essentially harmful. One characteristic consequence of this interference with language is that a certain, usually negative, connotation of the word, naturally or fancifully conceived by ideology enthusiasts in English-speaking society, is transferred to other languages irrespective of their established meanings and shades. Thus, neutral words unreasonably attribute to a negative evaluation of the subject matter. Recommendations for the usage of words in one way or another should be guided by linguistic science and one’s own cultural tradition, not by an unconditional adherence to any ideology.
Metaphors of winter natural phenomena in Lithuanian and Russian poetic texts
Authors: Jasiūnaitė Birutė , Konickaja Jelena
Published: March 2021

The present article is devoted to metaphors of winter natural phenomena, that is frost, ice and hoarfrost, in Lithuanian and Russian poetic texts that mainly come from the 20th century. The metaphors have been identified on the basis of poetry collections, anthologies, children's poetry and the Russian language corpus (363 metaphors in total from 53 Russian and 44 Lithuanian poets’ works). The researchers rely on previous experience in the analysis of metaphors of natural phenomena. Thus, the article considers five groups of metaphors: 1) a natural phenomenon is a living creature or a part of it; 2) frost, ice and hoarfrost are objects (phenomena) of inanimate nature; 3) a winter phenomenon is an object from the social sphere; 4) frost, ice and hoarfrost are abstract objects; 5) some other metaphors. The comparison of the metaphors in two poetic languages has shown both significant similarities and striking differences. The similarity consists in the fact that subject metaphors are most often utilized in poetic texts, as well as anthropomorphic, zoomorphic and biomorphic metaphors. The differences are explained by the lack of metaphors in one of the systems that are presented in the other one, for instance, in Lithuanian poetry there are no metaphors of ‘frost’ as smoke and ‘ice’ as mica, while Russian poets do not use metaphors, such as ‘a winter phenomenon of nature’ is a means for lighting, or ‘icicles’ are a clock that is characteristic of Lithuanian poetry. In Russian poetry, there is a branching group where ‘a winter phenomenon’ is metal, a precious stone, and in Lithuanian poetry there is a group of ‘frost (ice, hoarfrost)’ that is a sharp cutting object. The differences between the two poetic systems are also associated with connotations: in Russian poetry, unlike Lithuanian, metaphors of winter natural phenomena quite often have positive connotations. At the end of the article, a scheme is presented that reflects the results of the analysis.
Evaluation of dialectal speech in PAPRŪSĖ region: investigation of Vištytis habitat in the beginning of the twenty-first century
Authors: Bakšienė Rima
Published: March 2021

Vištytis habitat belongs to the western part of Western Highlanders of Kaunas. The border of East Prussia has been in this area, so these environs until are often called as paprūsė region. There is described location of Vištytis habitat in the Lithuanian dialect classification, specific features and dialectal attitudes of speakers in the beginning of the twenty-first century. The results of this research are discussed in comparing to other similar studies of Western Highlanders of Kaunas. The investigation revealed that the speakers of Vištytis sub-dialect tend to consider local speech variant as standard Lithuanian language. The local speech was evaluated by the speakers as partially non-correct, but attractive. This attitude was mostly determined by aspects of intelligibility and conventionality of the local speech code. Evaluation of dialectal speech in Vištytis habitat for the most part coincides with common self–evaluation pattern of Western Highlanders of Kaunas. The short linguistic distance to standard language, fairly high prestige of dialectal speech and the same language code in all linguistic situations are most representative characteristics of this pattern.
Conceptualisation of truth in lexicographic resources. Systemic data analysis
Authors: Snukiškienė Irena
Published: March 2021

The article presents Lithuanian linguistic cultural image of Truth (Tiesa) reconstructed from lexicographic data. The analysis of the lexicographic definitions of this lexeme in Lithuanian dictionaries (The Dictionary of Lithuanian Language, The Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian,  the dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms and Lithuanian etymological sources) distinguishes two main aspects of its meaning: (1) archaic, associated with jurisdiction, when Truth also meant law, justice and court, and (2) contemporary, used in modern Lithuanian, when Truth is explained though its classical correspondence definition: truth is what corresponds to the reality. Therefore, two semantic levels are distinguished: synchronic and diachronic. The diachronic level analysis shows the semantic development of the word, the specification of its meaning (the loss of the primary judicial meaning), and the synchronic analysis shows that truth in Lithuanian language is a very complex and contradictory concept, containing numerous connotative meanings and semantic shades. The analysis of lexicographic data presents the following linguistic cultural image of Lithuanian Truth: it is a value which is honourable and sacred, unconcealable; on the one hand it possesses many positive aspects, such as courage and the ability to save the world, on the other hand, it is hardly distinguished from lie, very obscure and unfair, may not be integral and is often unpleasant. It is social and religious honesty, directness, avoiding intentional and unintentional deviation. Truth cannot be contrived or human-created.
Current state of the macrophytobenthos of the Georgian coast
Authors:   Institute of Marine Biology NAS of Ukraine, 37 Pushkinska Str., Оdesa 65048, Ukraine, Minicheva G.G. , Tsetskhladze M.S. ,   Georgia National Environmental Agency, Department of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Water Biodiversity, 51 Rustaveli Str., Batumi 6010, Georgia
Published: March 2021

Paper presents first data on seasonal and inter-annual features of macrophytobenthos of the Black Sea coast of Georgia. The study was conducted at four monitoring stations (Sarpi, Cape Zeleny, port Batumi, Tsikhisdziri) in different seasons of 2016–2019. A total of 27 species of macrophytes from the divisions Rhodophyta (13),Chlorophyta (9) and Ochrophyta (5) were identified. Their ecological activity was estimated based on the values of the specific surface of populations. The role of sensitive (S/Wp = 5–25 m2 ∙ m2 ∙ kg-1) and tolerant (S/Wp ≥ 25 m2 ∙ 2 ∙ kg-1) species in relation the quality of the marine environment in the structure benthic communities of macrophytobenthos was analyzed. Of the identified macrophytes, 8 species are classified as sensitive and 19 as tolerant. The largest number of sensitive species was found at Cape Zeleny and Tsihisdziri stations, which indicates a satisfactory ecological condition of these sites. At the Batumi port station, only tolerant species were recorded, which is evidence of a significant anthropogenic load in this area. Representatives of Rhodophyta demonstrated the greatest variability of ecological activity (325%). This allows them inhabit areas with different intensity of the primary production process. A regular relationship between the seasonal dynamics and the absolute values of macrophyte biomass was demonstrated. Communities in satisfactory ecological conditions, with a predominance of sensitive species and high biomass, demonstrate clear seasonal dynamics. The values of macrophyte biomass increase threefold in the spring and summer. Analysis of the year-on-year dynamics of macrophytobenthos along the coast of Georgia showed that 2016 was the most favorable year for macrophytobenthos communities.
New find of rare freshwater brown algae Pleurocladia lacustris А.Braun (Phaeophyсеае) from Dnieper Estuary of the Black Sea (Ukraine)
Authors:   I.I. Mechnikov Odesa National University, Department of Botany, 2 Dvoryanska Str., Odesa 65026, Ukraine, Tkachenko F.P.
Published: March 2021

In article reports a new find of Pleurocladia lacustris in Ukraine. The species grew in the brackish-water Dnieper Estuary (depth 0.2 m, salinity of estuary water was 4.68‰, temperature – 23 °С, pH – 7.9) P. lacustris is a filamentous benthic species, the cells of which are not calcified here, as in freshwater conditions, but are covered with a slimy sheath. It was found in fouling of bushes of green algae Cladophora glomerata (Linnaeus) Kützing and Ulva flexuosa Wulfen, as well as blue-green (Calothrix C.Agardh ex Bornet & Flahault and Oscillatoria sp.) on a concrete slab in July 2020. The thickets of Potamogeton perfoliatus L., Ruppia maritima L., and Stuckenia pectinata (L.) Börner predominated in the coastal area of the estuary. Color illustrations of the vegetative and generative organs of P. lacustris are presented, its diagnostic macroscopic and microscopic characteristics are shown, which turned out to be somewhat larger than the data of the determinants. The ecological characteristics of the algae habitat meet the known requirements. This rare species is known in about 50 localities in Europe, North America, Australia and Africa. In many countries P. lacustris is considered an endangered species and is included in the protected red lists.
Survival of Ventilated Extremely Premature Neonates With Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage
Authors: McCauley Kortany E. , Carey Elise C. , Weaver Amy L. , Mara Kristin C. , Clark Reese H. , Carey William A. , Collura Christopher A.
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND:

Severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a leading mortality risk factor among extremely premature neonates. Because other life-threatening conditions also occur in this population, it is unclear whether severe IVH is independently associated with death. The existence and potential implications of regional variation in severe IVH–associated mortality are unknown.

METHODS:

We performed a retrospective cohort study of mechanically ventilated neonates born at 22 to 29 weeks’ gestation who received care in 242 American NICUs between 2000 and 2014. After building groups composed of propensity score–matched and center-matched pairs, we used the Cox proportional hazards analysis to test our hypothesis that severe IVH would be associated with greater all-cause in-hospital mortality, defined as death before transfer or discharge. We also performed propensity score–matched subgroup analyses, comparing severe IVH–associated mortality among 4 geographic regions of the United States.

RESULTS:

In our analysis cohort, we identified 4679 patients with severe IVH. Among 2848 matched pairs, those with severe IVH were more likely to die compared with those without severe IVH (hazard ratio 2.79; 95% confidence interval 2.49–3.11). Among 1527 matched pairs still hospitalized at 30 days, severe IVH was associated with greater risk of death (hazard ratio 2.03; 95% confidence interval 1.47–2.80). Mortality associated with severe IVH varied substantially between geographic regions.

CONCLUSIONS:

The early diagnosis of severe IVH is independently associated with all-cause in-hospital mortality in extremely premature neonates. Regional variation in severe IVH–associated mortality suggests that shared decision-making between parents and neonatologists is strongly influenced by ultrasound-based IVH assessment and classification.
Leveraging Delta Smelt Monitoring for Detecting Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the San Francisco Estuary
Authors: Mahardja Brian , Mitchell Lara , Beakes Michael , Johnston Catherine , Graham Cory , Goertler Pascale , Bernard Denise , Castillo Gonzalo , Matthias Bryan
Published: March 2021

Monitoring is an essential component in ecosystem management, and leveraging existing data sources for multiple species of interest can be one effective way to enhance information for management agencies. Here, we analyzed juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) bycatch data that has been collected by the recently established Enhanced Delta Smelt Monitoring program (EDSM), a survey designed to estimate the abundance and distribution of the San Francisco Estuary’s (estuary) endangered Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus). Two key aspects of the EDSM program distinguish it from other fish surveys in the estuary: a stratified random sampling design and the spatial scale of its sampling effort. We integrated the EDSM data set with other existing surveys in the estuary, and used an occupancy model to assess differences in the probability of detecting Delta Smelt across gear types. We saw no large-scale differences in size selectivity, and while detection probability varied among gear types, cumulative detection probability for EDSM was comparable to other surveys because of the program’s use of replicate tows. Based on our occupancy model and sampling effort in the estuary during spring of 2017 and 2018, we highlighted under-sampled regions that saw improvements in monitoring coverage from EDSM. Our analysis also revealed that each sampling method has its own benefits and constraints. Although the use of random sites with replicates, as conducted by EDSM, can provide more statistically robust abundance estimates relative to traditional methods, the use of fixed stations and simple methods such as beach seining may provide a more cost-effective way to monitor salmon occurrence in certain regions of the estuary. Leveraging the strengths of each survey’s method can enable stronger inferences on salmon abundance and distribution. Careful consideration of these trade-offs is crucial as the management agencies of the estuary continue to adapt and improve their monitoring programs.
Evaluating the Role of Boat Electrofishing in Fish Monitoring of the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta
Authors: McKenzie Ryan , Mahardja Brian
Published: March 2021

The San Francisco Estuary is an incredibly diverse ecosystem with a mosaic of aquatic habitats inhabited by a number of economically, culturally, and ecologically important fish species. To monitor the temporal and spatial trends of this rich fish community, long-term fish monitoring programs within the estuary use a variety of gear types to capture fish species across life stages and habitats. However, concerns have been raised that current sampling gears may fail to detect certain species—or life stages—that inhabit areas that are not accessible by current gear types (e.g., riprap banks, shallow vegetated areas). Boat electrofishing is one sampling method that has been proposed to supplement current long-term fish monitoring in the upper estuary. In this study, we used fish catch data from past boat electrofishing studies, a long-term beach seine survey, and a couple of long-running trawl surveys to compare the relative probability of detecting various fishes across these sampling gears. Overall, we found that boat electrofishing led to notable improvements in the detection rates for many native and non-native fishes we examined. Boat electrofishing gear was better at detecting the majority of species in the spring (20 out of 38 species, 53%) and fall-winter (24 out of 34 species, 70%) sampling periods. Based on these findings, we recommend that resource managers consider the implementation of a long-term boat electrofishing survey to help them in their long-term conservation planning for fishes within the upper estuary.
STUDY OF SOME RISK FACTORS SUCH AS THE CAUSE OF MUSCLE IMBALANCE AND LUMBAR PAIN
Authors: Angelova Petya
Published: March 2021

Back pain is a significant public health problem – 11-12% of the population suffers from back pain. The aim of the study is to establish the etiology of lumbar pain, the presence of muscle imbalance and a feeling of pain. Materials and methods: the research is conducted of 2018/2019 at the rehabilitation center Kinezi, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria; health outcome data were collected by Test for muscle stiffness, VAS and Roland-Morris Questionnaire. The mean age of all participants (n = 37) is 44.3 ± 15.3 (17-70) years. Results: the mean (±SD) score of VAS of all studied patients at baseline was 5.78±2.23; the mean (±SD) RMQ score at baseline was 6.95±4.57. The percentage of those who are never and currently not practicing sport is predominant, and the athletes are just under 1/4. The studied as a risk factor causes of muscle imbalance are divided into 4 groups: trauma; physical exertion; static load-sitting or standing for a longer time or as a working posture; spinal deformities. Conclusion: no statistical significance is observed between the cause and the hypertonus of the examined muscles. In women, it is the most pronounced cause of muscle imbalance there at static load (61.9%), and for men at physical exertion (42.8%).
First record of Ramphocorixa rotundocephala Hungerford, 1927 (Hemiptera, Corixidae) for Colombia
Authors: Pimiento-Ortega Mabel Giovana , González-Gamboa Isabella , Herrera-Martínez Yimy
Published: March 2021

In the course of research conducted on Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) in Colombia, Ramphocorixa rotundocephala Hungerford, 1927 was collected in Güitoque Lake, outside the town of Gachantivá, Boyacá. The species was identified from the adult males found there. This species of aquatic insect occurs mostly in Central and North America, but there are also two records from Venezuela in South America. This is the first record of this species and its genus for Colombia. This finding increases this species’ known distribution on the continent and the diversity of hemipterans in northern South America.
Fetal monitoring in pregnant women with complicated obstetric history
Authors:   Shupyk National Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Kуiv, Ukraine, Vorobey L.I.
Published: March 2021

The objective: to establish the features of fetus functional state definition in pregnant women with perinatal losses in history. Patients and methods. 89 pregnant women with perinatal losses in history were screened. The fetus functional status evaluation was based on cardiotocography and definition of fetal heart rate variability by cardiointervalography. Results. Received data showed the decrease of SDNN, RMSSD and pNN50 in pregnant women with perinatal losses in history, indicating the prevalence of parasympathetic effects on the fetal myocardium (p<0.05). Studies of mathematical time characteristics of fetal heart rate revealed a significant overweight of the metabolic-humoral regulatory circuit in women with normal pregnancy (p<0.05). Dynamic stress index evaluation indicates the centralization of heart rate regulation and significant intensity of the fetal compensatory mechanisms in pregnant women with perinatal losses in history. The cardiotocography revealed no difference between the fetal status in women of comparative groups (p>0.05). Conclusions. In pregnant women with perinatal losses in history owing to autonomic nervous system disregulation a significant intensity of fetal regulatory systems and the centralization of fetal cardiac rhythm control were observed. The cardiotocography and cardiointervalography data with revealed signs of excessive sympathetic activation can serve as preclinical signs of gestational pathology. Key words: perinatal losses, fetal functional state evaluation, cardiotocography, cardiointervalography, autonomic nervous system.
Atherogenic predictive markers of preeclampsia (Analytical review of literature and own observations)
Authors:   Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine, Aksonova A.V.
Published: March 2021

The article analyzes the data of domestic and foreign scientific publications of modern aspects of prediction of preeclampsia based on the study of atherogenic markers and their possible role in the formation of this complication in pregnancy. With the help of ROC-analysis and binary logistic regression, the reliability of atherogenic markers was statistically proved and a personalized assessment of the probability of the pathology development was made, taking into account the deviations of clinical indices relative to threshold estimates. Key words: pre-eclampsia, atherogenic markers, prognosis, lipid metabolism, dyslipidemia, ROC-analysis, binary logistic regression.
Features of menstrual function in women with infertility and thyroid gland pathology
Authors:   Shupyk National Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Kуiv, Ukraine, Romanenko T.G. , Chayka O. ,   Shupyk National Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Kyiv, Ukraine
Published: March 2021

The objective: the identification of features of menstrual cycle disorders (DMC) in women with infertility on the background of thyroid diseases (thyroid gland). Patients and methods. According to the purpose of the scientific research, 50 women with infertility and NMCs were examined on the background of thyroid diseases, which were included in the main group (group I). In patients of the comparison group (group II; n= 30), DMC was observed without thyroid pathology. Patients of group I, depending on the type of HMC and thyroid functional status, were distributed as follows: 8 patients had hypomenstrual syndrome with hypothyroidism, 7 patients with hyperthyroidism and 17 patients with euthyroid goiter. In 4 patients, the DMC was diagnosed as a hyperpolymenorea with hypothyroidism, in 12 patients with hyperthyroidism and in 2 patients with euthyroidism. Results. Application of the developed algorithm of examination of women with infertility allowed to increase the detection rate of their combined pathology in the form of thyroid disorders and menstrual function disorders. Conclusion. Reliable in comparison with women with infertility with violations of the menstrual cycle, but without the pathology of the thyroid gland, changes and peculiarities of the secretion of the spectrum of the studied hormones that correspond to the clinical variants of the combined pathology were recorded in the group of women with infertility on the background of thyroid gland diseases and accompanying violations of the menstrual function. Key words: menstrual cycle disorders, thyroid pathology, infertility.
Iron deficiency condition in obstetrics and gynecology
Authors:   Shupyk National Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Kуiv, Ukraine, Vdovychenko Yu.P. , Gopchuk E.N. ,   Shupyk National Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Kyiv, Ukraine
Published: March 2021

The article describes role of iron in the human body, the conditions associated with it’s deficiency, including in those who are pregnant and lactating women. The expediency of early diagnostic and appropriate treatment was noted. The role of enteral forms of iron, in the treatment of iron-deficiency conditions was described. Key words: obstetrics and gynecology, pregnancy, iron, iron deficiency, iron deficiency anemia, treatment, Heferol.
Teologi Kepemimpinan Hindu: Kepemimpinan Berlandaskan Ketuhanan
Authors: Yasa Putu Dana
Published: March 2021

Leadership theology is part of theology in general, and even various types of theological studies can be raised as long as it understands the frame work of theology itself. Leadership theology is two different areas of science, theology is in the area (Paravidya) while leadership is in the area (Aparivdya). Leadership theology is basically one solution to the decline in the quality of leaders in the modern era. A leader does not only master the teachings of leadership in general, but also must have a basic understanding of theology so that when leading, the leader will realize that his leadership will be directly accountable to God. This study is included in qualitative research. The data was collected by means of literature study. Novelthy (findings) in this study, namely the theology adopted by a leader will determine every decision taken by a leader. In addition, the experience of a leader will affect the leadership style and become a memory so that it will be a reflection of every leader's actions. An understanding of leadership and understanding of theology are a strong basis for a leader in carrying out his duties as God's representative to manage the universe.