bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Urbanism and Information Consumption on Political Dimensions of Social Capital: Exploratory Study of the Localities Adjacent to the Core City from Brașov Metropolitan Area, Romania
Authors: Rezeanu Cătălina-Ionela , Briciu Arabela , Briciu Victor , Repanovici Angela , Coman Claudiu
Published: July 2018

BackgroundThe last two decades have seen a growing trend towards the research of voting behavior in post-communist countries. Urban sociology theorists state that not only space structures influence political participation, but also space structures are changing under the influence of global, local, and individual factors. The growing role played by information in the global- ised world has accelerated the paradigm shift in urban sociology: from central place model (based on urban-rural distinction and on monocentric metropolitan areas) to network soci- ety (based on space of flows and polycentric metropolitan areas). However, recent studies have mainly focused on countries with solid democracies, rather than on former communist countries. The present study aims to analyze the extent to which a new emerging spatial structure can be envisaged within a metropolitan area of Romania and its consequences for the political dimensions of social capital.MethodsThe Transilvania University Ethics Commission approved this study (S1 Aprouval). The research is based upon individual and aggregate empirical data, collected from the areas adjacent to the core city in Brașov metropolitan area. Individual data has been collected during October 2012, using the oral survey technique (S1 Survey), based on a standardised questionnaire (stratified simple random sample, N = 600). The National Institute of Statistics and the Electoral Register provided the aggregate data per locality. Unvaried and multivariate analyses (hierarchical regression method) were conducted based on these data.ResultsSome dimensions of urbanism, identified as predictors of the political dimensions of social capital, suggest that the area under analysis has a predominantly monocentric character, where the rural-urban distinction continues to remain relevant. There are also arguments favoring the dissolution of the rural-urban distinction and the emergence of polycentric spa- tial structures. The presence of some influences related to the information consumption on all six indicators of the political dimensions of social capital under analysis suggests the occurrence of emerging forms of a space of flows. The identified effects of social problems associated with transport infrastructure and of migration experience on the political dimen- sions of social capital, also support the emergence of space of flows.ConclusionsWe recommend that, in the urban studies in former communist countries, conceptualization of urbanism as predictor of the political dimensions of social capital should consider both the material dimensions of space, as well as the dimensions of information consumption and migration experience.
Ethnic inequalities in the transition from education to work: A longitudinal analysis of school, college and university graduates
Authors: Lillehagen Mats , Birkelund Gunn Elisabeth
Published: July 2018

Each year, students graduate from schools, colleges and universities. Some find a job quickly - others do not. Delays in the transition from education to work have been associated with scarring effects and detrimental effects on later employment and career progression. Increasing numbers of graduates from universities and colleges are descendants of immigrants. The labor market performance of children of immigrants arguably constitutes an important test of the long-term structural integration of ethnic minorities. Using comprehensive Norwegian administrative data on complete birth cohorts, we apply discrete time hazard regression to examine ethnic inequalities in relative transition rates from education to work, comparing majority graduates to ten groups of immigrant descendants from the 1973 to 1997 birth cohorts (N = 964,450 persons with 1,901,171 person-years). We find clear evidence of ethnic inequalities in transition rates, where children of immigrants or African origin fare the worst. Second, supply side factors do not seem very relevant for ethnic inequalities in the transition from education to work; as the overall patterns mostly remains unaffected when adjusted for factors like educational field, family obligations and parental background. Third, we find that the minority disadvantages are less marked at lower levels of education for some groups.
An Analysis of the Legislative Developments of the Dispute Resolution Council Laws
Authors: Vazneh Mehri
Published: July 2018

According to the Constitution, the Judiciary is the competent authority to deal with claims in a broad and general sense. However, due to different reasons, litigation has not been limited to the Judiciary, and other institutions have emerged to deal with certain specific claims. One of these institutions is the Dispute Resolution Council (DRC), which has been established in recent years to deal with claims based on the citizen participation strategy. This council was legally established after the approval of Article 189 in the Third Economic, Social and Cultural Development Plan Code.Findings of this study revealed that law of the DRC has undergone several innovations and changes in the DRC Code of 2015, including: a change in the number of councilors and its top officials and the possibility of using retired judges as the council judges, that neither the DRC nor its judge is allowed to issue any decree; they can only issue corrective reports, and the implicit acceptance of the council's competence owing to lack of citation in the first session is just limited to Article 8 and the competence of the council rather than the judge. Although, the law remains silent about the DRCs of rural areas, its competence has been limited in Note 2 of Article 9 to peace and compromise.
Opportunity, Motivation, and Ability to Learn from Failures and Errors: Review, Synthesis, and Ways to Move Forward
Authors: Dahlin Kristina , Chuang You-Ta , Roulet Thomas J
Published: July 2018

While organizations and individuals tend to focus on learning from success, research has shown that failure can yield crucial insights in various contexts that range from small mistakes and errors, product recalls, accidents, and medical errors, to large-scale disasters. This review of the literature identifies three mechanisms—opportunity, motivation, and ability—through which individuals, groups and organizations learn from failure, and it bridges the gaps between different levels of analysis. Opportunity to learn from failure mostly takes the shape of more information about errors and failures that are generated by one's own and others' prior failures or near-failures. Motivation to learn from failure is hindered by punitive leaders and organizations. Finally, ability to learn from failure partly relies on inherent attitudes and characteristics; but can be further developed through thoughtful analysis and transfers of successful routines. Our review leads us to distinguish between erroneous versus correct processes and adverse versus successful outcomes to better understand the full gamut of events that are faced by organizations. We identify the existence of noisy learning environment, where spurious successes (when erroneous processes still lead to successful outcomes) and spurious failures (when correct processes are combined with adverse outcomes) lower the opportunity to learn. Considering noisy learning situations is helpful when understanding the differences between slow- and fast-learning environments. We conclude our review by identifying a number of unexplored areas we hope scholars will address to better our understanding of failure learning.
The Sociology of Quantification: Where Are We Now?
Authors: Berman Elizabeth Popp , Hirschman Daniel
Published: July 2018

A decade ago, Wendy Espeland and Mitchell Stevens published an essay titled “The Sociology of Quantification.” In it, they wrote that “sociologists have generally been reluctant to investigate [quantification] as a sociological phenomenon in its own right.” While accountants, anthropologists, and historians had begun the reflexive study of numbers, “sociologists have paid relatively little attention to the spread of quantification or the significance of new regimes of measurement” (Espeland and Stevens 2008:402).That has clearly changed. While Google Scholar shows only nine results for the phrase “sociology of quantification” through 2007, the last decade returns 448. This proliferation of scholarship on numbers goes hand in hand with a proliferation of numbers themselves. New technologies have created a “quantified self,” and the explosion of the internet has produced “big data”. As a senior sociologist recently quipped to one of us, sociology has become quantitative researchers, and qualitative researchers studying quantification. Thus the moment seems ripe for revisiting the sociology of quantification, looking at emerging themes, and seeking signs that a new subfield might be starting to consolidate.Alas, the news is mixed. Lots of good work is being done. The intellectual space is full of ferment. Yet—and perhaps the fact that we were reviewing books by authors from at least four different disciplines should have clued us in earlier—so far, we seem to be looking at a genre, not a subfield....
Marital Status and Mothers’ Time Use: Childcare, Housework, Leisure, and Sleep
Authors: Pepin Joanna R. , Sayer Liana C , Casper Lynne
Published: July 2018

Assumptions that single mothers are “time-poor” compared with married mothers are ubiquitous, but variation in mothers’ time use is less studied than differences between mothers and fathers. We use the 2003-2012 American Time Use Surveys (ATUS) to examine marital status variation in mothers’ time spent in housework, childcare, leisure, and sleep. We find no difference in time spent on childcare between mothers, suggesting that behavioral propensities to engage in childcare are similar for all mothers; children’s needs are immutable. Married mothers do more housework and spend less time sleeping than all other mothers. Never married and cohabiting mothers have significantly more leisure time than married mothers, although this time is mostly spent watching television. Differences in demographic characteristic explain two-thirds of the variance in sedentary leisure time between married and never married mothers. These results provide no support for the time poverty thesis but offer some support for the doing gender perspective.
Litigation Dilemmas: Lessons From the Marcos Human Rights Class Action
Authors: Ela Nate
Published: July 2018

How do activist plaintiffs experience the process of human rights litigation under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS)? Answering this question is key to understanding the impact on transnational legal mobilization of Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Shell, in which the US Supreme Court sharply limited the scope of the ATS. Yet socio-legal scholars know remarkably little about the experiences of ATS litigants, before or after Kiobel. This article describes how activist litigants in a landmark ATS class action against former Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos faced a series of strategic dilemmas, and how disagreements over how to resolve those dilemmas played into divisions between activists and organizations on the Philippine left. The article develops an analytical framework focused on litigation dilemmas, to explain how and why activists who pursue ATS litigation as an opportunity for legal mobilization may also encounter strategic dilemmas that contribute to dissension within a social movement.
Writing for Comprehension in Prose Fiction Analysis: The Students’ Voices
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Setyowati Lestari , Sukmawan Sony
Published: July 2018

Literary appreciation and language teaching have long been associated with two different constructs. However, with careful selection and planning, literary study and language teaching can be integrated for the benefits of language learning as well as for literary appreciation. This study is attempted to investigate (i) the students’ opinion in relation to the effective way of understanding the intrinsic elements of prose fiction,(ii) their opinion in relation to analyzing fictions in the form of an essay, and (iii) what they learn in terms of the literary aspects and writing aspects. The design the study is content analysis design through document analysis. The participants of the study were 31 students of English Education Study program who took prose subject in College of Teacher Training and Education of Indonesian Teachers Association (STKIP PGRI) in Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia.. The data was taken from the students reflection writing which was collected in the end of the semester after they joined prose subject class. Thus, the instrument used was mainly documentation. To help the researchers categorized and analyzed the data, some codifications were used. The finding shows the majority of the students believe making an essay to analyze fictions is the effective way to understand the intrinsic elements of prose and help them in sharpening their ability to read and write. The result of the study also shows that writing essays to analyze fictions give some benefits for the students’ knowledge in how to write well as well as in comprehending the literary aspects of a fictions
The Effect of an Integration-Based Instructional Strategy on Developing EFL Students' Listening Skills at Al-Al Bayt University
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Abu-Mwais Hana' , Smadi Oqlah Mahmoud
Published: July 2018

Listening is a language skill that people in general and students in specific may need it more than some of the other language skills such as reading and writing in their everyday life and communication. Yet, the integration of the four language skills should be always emphasized when learning any foreign language since this reinforces each other and represents the natural acquisition of the language. The current study aims to examine the effect of an instructional program based on integrating the four language skills on Jordanian undergraduate EFL students' listening comprehension skills and to find out their attitudes regarding the effectiveness of this program on improving their listening skills. In order to collect the data , the researchers used two instruments: pre-post test and an interview. The study is a quasi-experimental one, and the subjects of the study were 61 students from Al Al Bayt University in Jordan. The subjects were divided into two groups: the control one had 24 students while the experimental one had 37. The findings of the study reveal that there is a significant difference at ( α= 0.05) between the means of the two groups at the listening post-test due to the program. In addition, the instructional program proves to be effective for the students of the experimental group who believe that the program improved their listening skills.
Sibling Interaction and Symbolic Capital: Toward a Theory of Political Micro-economy
Authors: Nilep Chad
Published: July 2018

Older siblings play a role in their younger siblings’ language socialization by ratifying or rejecting linguistic behavior. In addition, older siblings may engage in a struggle to maintain their dominant position in the family hierarchy. This struggle is seen through the lens of language and political economy as a struggle for symbolic capital. Bilingual adolescent sibling interactions are analyzed as expressions both of identity and of symbolic power. This paper draws a theory of political micro-economy, which relates face-to-face interaction to larger structures of political economy through a process of fractal recursivity.
Genocide as Contentious Politics
Authors: Luft Aliza
Published: July 2018

Preprint, final version in Sociology Compass available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/soc4.12304/fullDespite a recent turn towards the study of political violence within the field of contentious politics, scholars have yet to focus their lens on genocide. This is puzzling, as the field of collective action and social movements was originally developed in reaction to fascism (Nazism in particular), while research on collective action and research on genocide has long shown parallel findings and shared insights. This paper reviews the history of this scholarly convergence and divergence, and suggests that recent findings of research on genocide can be improved by the consideration of concepts from social movements and collective action. It then details three theories of the micro-mechanisms that mobilize individuals for contention – framing, diffusion, and networks – and specifies how they refine existing explanations of civilian participation in genocide. In the conclusion, I suggest that a contentious politics approach to genocide would consider it one form of collective action among others, analyzable within the existing framework of collective action and social movement theory.
The structural, relational and cognitive dimensions of social capital on innovation and technology in interorganizational and intraorganizational settings
Authors: Bonfim Leandro R. C. , Segatto Andréa Paula , Takahashi Adriana Roseli Wunsch
Published: July 2018

In this article, we intend to understand how structural, relational, and cognitive dimensions of social capital influence innovation outcomes on interorganizational and intraorganizational networks. For achieving this aim, we adopt meta-synthesis research design with nine selected qualitative case studies. We identified through our analysis the patterns of causal relationships among the variables presented on the case studies. The antecedents of social capital dimensions, the influence of the dimensions on reducing barrier or impediments for innovation and on the enhancement of enablers or facilitators of innovation outcomes, and the direct effects of social capital dimensions on innovation compose the resulting framework. We found a balanced relation among the dimensions on interorganizational settings, with a prevalence of the relational dimension. Regarding interorganizational networks, we perceived a reduced role of structural dimension and the absence of the influence of social capital dimension of reducing barriers or impediments for innovation.
Why Do Women's Fields of Study Pay Less? A Test of Devaluation, Human Capital, and Gender Role Theory
Authors: Ochsenfeld Fabian
Published: July 2018

As men are overrepresented in lucrative fields and women disproportionately graduate from disciplines that yield low wages in the labor market, horizontal sex segregation in higher education contributes significantly to economic gender inequality. But what underlies the association between sex composition and wages in fields of study? We draw on data from the German HIS Graduate Panel Study 1997 (N=4092) and use hierarchical linear models to adjudicate between devaluation theory and explanations based on differential sorting processes: human capital and gender role theory. The resulting evidence for both human capital and devaluation theory is scant. Consistent with gender role theory, differences in the attractiveness of fields to students with a careerist approach to higher education and the labor market in turn explain most of the association between field of studies’ sex composition and wage levels. We therefore conclude that gendered patterns of self-selection which derive from men’s socialization into the breadwinner role rather than valuative discrimination or rational anticipation of career interruptions underlie the association between fields’ sex composition and wage levels.
Watching the ethnographers
Authors: Ali Syed
Published: July 2018

Book review of Steven Lubet's "Interrogating Ethnography: Why Evidence Matters."
When Race and Hispanic Origin Reporting are Discrepant Across Administrative Records and Third Party Sources: Exploring Methods to Assign Responses
Authors: Ennis Sharon R. , Rastogi Sonya , Noon James , Zapata Ellen
Published: July 2018

The U.S. Census Bureau is researching uses of administrative records and third party data in survey and decennial census operations. One potential use of administrative records is to utilize these data when race and Hispanic origin responses are missing. When federal and third party administrative records are compiled, race and Hispanic origin responses are not always the same for an individual across sources. We explore different methods to assign one race and one Hispanic response when these responses are discrepant. We also describe the characteristics of individuals with matching, non-matching, and missing race and Hispanic origin data by demographic, household, and contextual variables. We find that minorities, especially Hispanics, are more likely to have non-matching Hispanic origin and race responses in administrative records and third party data compared to the 2010 Census. Minority groups and individuals ages 0-17 are more likely to have missing race or Hispanic origin data in administrative records and third party data. Larger households tend to have more missing race data in administrative records and third party data than smaller households.
A temporal geography of encounters
Authors: Netto Vinicius M. , Meirelles João Vitor , Pinheiro Maíra , Lorea Henrique
Published: July 2018

Integrating social and spatial networks will be critical to new approaches to cities as systems of interaction. In this paper, we focus on the spatial and temporal conditions of encounters as a key condition for the formation of social networks. Drawing on classic approaches such as Freeman’s concept of segregation as ‘restriction on contact’, Hägerstrand’s time-geography, and recent explorations of social media locational data, we analysed the space-time structure of potential encounters latent in the urban trajectories of people with different income levels in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This approach allows us to estimate trajectories examining spatiotemporal positions in tweets, and assess spaces of potential encounter and levels of social diversity on the streets. Finally, we discuss the utility and limitations of an approach developed to grasp how clusters of encounters between groups with different income levels are produced.
Comments on Conceptualizing and Measuring the Exchange of Beauty and Status
Authors: Gullickson Aaron
Published: July 2018

This is a working paper of a comment that is now available in the American Sociological Review 82(5):1293-1299.The code (but not the data) to reproduce this analysis, as well as my own output, is also available at:https://github.com/AaronGullickson/beautyexchangeIn this comment, I identify two methodological issues in McClintock’s (2014) article on beauty exchange. First, McClintock’s difference models, which find no evidence of exchange, are poor measures of exchange that fail to account for important confounders and rely upon an overly narrow conceptualization of exchange. Second, McClintock codes her log-linear models to find a difference in the effect of men and women’s beauty in exchange rather than the total effect of women’s beauty, which is both statistically significant and substantively large.
The Word List Distribution in Social Science Research Articles
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Chanasattru Sorawut , Tangkiengsirisin Supong
Published: July 2018

This study investigates the distribution and coverage of words in New General Service List (NGSL) and the Academic Word List (AWL) in social science research articles. Sixty-four open-access English social science research articles published in 2013-2015 in the ScienceDirect General category were selected and compiled to the Social Science Corpus (SSC). The AntWordProfiler 1.4.0 was utilized to calculate the frequency and coverage percentage of words from the two word lists. Word families in level 1 and level 2 of the NGSL were utilized over 70 percent, whilst level 3 word families were used around 60 percent of the entire SSC. Similarly, 99.65 percent of the AWL word families were discovered. Regarding coverage, the NGSL word families accounted for over 70 percent and the AWL word families covered around 14 percent revealing significant coverage of both word lists. The top 10 NGSL word families represented journals subject areas from which they were derived, whilst the top 10 AWL word families were used more repeatedly and linked with social science research areas. The finding of high distributions and coverage corroborated that the NGSL and the AWL significantly contribute to vocabulary pedagogy in preparing students for reading and writing social science research articles. Additionally, some pedagogical implication guidelines of the NGSL and the AWL such as flash cards, quizzes, and written tests were also introduced.
Racialized Conflict and Policy Spillover Effects
Authors: Brown Hana
Published: July 2018

Preprint, final version in American Journal of Sociology available at: http://doi.org/10.1086/674005. Methodological appendix available at: http://osf.io/t93xj/.
An Analytic Approach to Culture
Authors: Lizardo Omar
Published: July 2018

In this paper, I outline a general framework for cultural analysis that is consistent with an “analytic” approach to explanation in science, emphasizing the identification and specification of cultural phenomena within concrete interactive systems. These dynamic cultural causal systems (DCCSs) are subject to the heuristic discovery strategies of localization and decomposition. Culture is always located somewhere and every cultural phenomenon is always decomposable into its lower level component units. Decomposition does not imply reduction, as emergence of higher level phenomena from the interaction of persons, their relations, and processes of recombination, transmission, learning, and memory is allowed for. I show that such an approach can be useful for handling most of the “meta-phenomena” of interest to cultural analysts, inclusive of the most important one of all, which is concerned with processes of cultural genesis and change.
References of Sexuality in Relation to the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) in 17th-19th Century Selected French and English Orientalist Travelogues
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Rosli Ummi Nadhirah Binti Mohammad
Published: July 2018

This article examines references of sexuality in relation to Prophet Muhammad’s (peace be upon him) within selected French and English 17-19th century Orientalist travelogues. It uses Edward Said’s theory of Orientalism to demonstrate how ‘sexuality’ as an attributed Western discourse about the Prophet (pbuh) developed into exotic ideas embodied in the image of the Arabs and Turks. The analysis explores three main leitmotifs that help shape the idea of the ‘Prophet’s sexuality’, namely the harem, slavery and the notion of the ‘Mohammaden Paradise’, all of which have implicit or direct referencing to the Prophet (pbuh). This article attempts to show how Orientalist travelogues in particular, have contributed to a very negative conception of Muhammad (pbuh) and his marital life—an image that unfortunately persists until today. The discourse carries with it a familiar yet dangerous binary attitude that continuously positions the West and Muslims antithetically. And in the centre of this narrative, the Prophet’s image gets convoluted by the predominance of the Western Orientalist discourse.
Is the Patent Office a Rubber Stamp?
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

A growing chorus of voices is sounding a common refrain - the U.S. Patentand Trademark Office (PTO) is issuing far too many bad patents. Thesecriticisms are complicated by the rather surprising fact that we don'tactually know what percentage of patent applications actually issue aspatents. In this paper, we use a novel dataset of all published patentapplications filed in January 2001 to estimate the grant rate. These dataalso allow us to examine the uses of continuation applications, and toassess dynamics of applicant-examiner interaction over the patentprosecution process. We find that the PTO rejects a surprisingly highpercentage of patents. While more than two-thirds of all applicationsresult in at least one patent, a significant number of applications arerejected and then finally abandoned by the applicant. We also find that thelikelihood of obtaining a patent varies significantly by industry, but insurprising ways. Finally, despite a variety of reforms that might bethought to reduce the use and abuse of continuation applications, we find ahigh use of continuation applications of various types.
The Role of Vocabulary Knowledge in Speaking Development of Saudi EFL Learners
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Khan Raja Muhammad Ishtiaq , Radzuan Noor Raha Mohd , Shahbaz Muhammad , Ibrahim Ainol Haryati , Mustafa Ghulam
Published: July 2018

Speaking in a foreign language is considered to be a challenging aspect of language learning that demands competence and mastery in learning any foreign language. Vocabulary learning verifies to play an important role in oral communication. However, literature lacks the studies where both English as a foreign language (EFL) students and teachers’ views are obtained to provide analyses of the situations in which learners are not showing desired results in speaking. The current study explores the problems of lack of vocabulary that Saudi EFL students face with special focus on their speaking proficiency. It aims to seek EFL teachers’ opinions on the extent to which lack of vocabulary has influence on EFL students’ performance in listening, and conversation classes, and in expressing their ideas and feelings, and especially in speaking skill. A questionnaire was used for the responses from the students and an interview for the teachers to reveal their perceptions about the vocabulary hindrance in speaking skills. 20 EFL instructors and teachers of Preparatory Year Program (PYP) section of a public university and 110 EFL students participated in this study. The analysis of the data showed that both teachers and learners indicated that lack of vocabulary is one of the major factors in students’ inability to speaking English. In the current study, among many other suggestions it is proposed that the inclusion of mobile assisted language learning could be useful way of developing vocabulary for spoken proficiency of Saudi EFL learners.
Fair Use 2.0: The Rebirth of Fair Dealing in Canada
Authors: Katz Ariel
Published: July 2018

This Chapter recounts the history of fair use and fair dealing. It traces the shared common law origins of fair use and fair dealing in English and American copyright law, and shows that the enactment of the 1911 UK Copyright Act - the basis for current copyright laws of most Commonwealth jurisdictions - was not designed to cause any major alteration in the common law of fair dealing. The historical record shows that the distinction between US-style open-ended fair use and fair dealing as a myth: the codification of fair dealing in 1911 was not designed to limit its application to the enumerated purposes included in the statute.The question of whether the list of enumerated purposes is exhaustive or, instead, illustrative of a broader principle has never been put squarely before the courts, let alone the higher courts, and certainly not in Canada. Therefore, the question of whether fair dealing in Canada can apply to purposes that are not explicitly mentioned in the Copyright Act is an open one, and as this Chapter shows, can and should be answered affirmatively. Doing so will not transplant a foreign legal concept. Rather, it will reunite present copyright doctrine with its rich and historic roots that were latent but never discarded. Embracing an open-ended fair dealing is the only logical application of the Supreme Court of Canada latest decisions and Parliament’s action, and the only interpretation of the Act that can be internally, historically, and constitutionally coherent.
Is the ‘Local Candidate’ Advantage a Myth? Analysing the Effects of Localism in the 2015 UK General Election
Authors: Sajuria Javier
Published: July 2018

This paper studies the question of the so-called electoral advantage of local candidates. We use a diverse range of data sources to estimate whether a candidate residing in the same constituency they compete has any advantage at all. We then compare the effect of the factual information against a measure of perception of residence, taken from the British Election Study Internet Panel. We propose different methodological innovations from traditional analyses of this issue. We first concentrate on the top two candidates of the most competitive constituencies, and use a measurement of perception calculates using Multilevel Regression with Post-stratification. We use mediation analysis to estimate the overall effects. Our findings show that local candidates have an advantage only if they are perceived as local, and that incumbents are usually perceived as more local than challengers.
When Laws are Not Enough: Violence against Women and Bureaucratic Practice in Nicaragua
Authors: Neumann Pamela
Published: July 2018

Despite the passage of numerous laws in Latin America, impunity in domestic violence cases remains a serious concern throughout the region. This article draws on feminist theories of the state to analyze how the routine practices of low-level state bureaucrats impact women's experiences navigating legal institutions in urban Nicaragua. Drawing on ten months of ethnographic fieldwork and in-depth interviews, I show how, contrary to theories of representative bureaucracy, the increased presence of women officials within state institutions does not improve most women's treatment by police or prosecutors. Rather, only when women have access to specific forms of social capital are their cases granted legitimacy by state actors. This article illustrates the routine practices by which gendered governance operates, as well as how feminist organizations disrupt patterns of bureaucratic indifference by assuming the banner of legitimacy that is rarely afforded to women victims themselves. These findings raise critical questions about the efficacy of traditional legal and bureaucratic strategies for eliminating violence against women, and suggest that one key alternative is to strengthen the capacities of civil society organizations that provide accompaniment to women victims.
Public Administration Practitioners at Academic Conferences: Why to Present and How to Succeed
Authors: Reed David S.
Published: July 2018

Practitioners who present at public administration academic conferences can build professional relationships, sharpen their thinking, get referrals to people, research and techniques, strengthening their resumes, and advance the state of the art. Practitioners can present real-world experience with cases they handle and techniques they apply -- this paper gives examples and identifies common pitfalls. Tips on presenting include how to reach out before your presentation to encourage attendance. This paper appeared first on Center for Public Administrators www.PubAdmin.org
Assisted Reproductive Technology in Europe: Usage and Regulation in the Context of Cross-Border Reproductive Care
Authors: Präg Patrick , Mills Melinda C.
Published: July 2018

This chapter reviews assisted reproductive technologies (ART) usage and policies across European countries, and scrutinizes emerging issues related to cross-border reproductive care (or “reproductive tourism”). Although Europe is currently the largest market for ART, the extent of usage varies widely across countries, largely because of differences in the laws, the affordability, the types of reimbursement, and the norms surrounding childbearing and conception. Since 2009, the regulation of ART has been expanding in Europe, and all countries now have some form of ART legislation. Countries where the treatments are completely covered by national health plans have the highest level of ART utilization. Being in a legal marriage or a stable union is often a prerequisite for access to ART. Currently, only half of European countries allow single women to use ART, and even fewer grant access to lesbian women. Surrogate motherhood is strictly prohibited in many countries in Europe, and where it is allowed, strong restrictions against commercial surrogacy are in place. While restrictive national legislation can be easily circumvented by crossing national boundaries for ART treatments, questions of equity of access have been raised, as not all prospective parents can afford to travel for treatment.
A Lower Bound on Real Interest Rates
Authors: Zinn Jesse Aaron
Published: July 2018

I show that real interest rates can be no lower than -100%. This contrasts with recent commentary suggesting that there is no lower bound on the natural rate of interest. I discuss how using the textbook approximation to the Fisher equation can lead to the erroneous belief that there is no lower bound on real interest rates, so this analysis serves as a reminder to avoid using this approximation when considering the effects of extreme levels of inflation.
Discrimination in the Credential Society: An Audit Study of Race and College Selectivity in the Labor Market
Authors: Gaddis S. Michael
Published: July 2018

Racial inequality in economic outcomes, particularly among the college-educated, persists throughout U.S. society. Scholars debate whether this inequality stems from racial differences in human capital (e.g. college selectivity, GPA, college major) or employer discrimination against black job candidates. However, limited measures of human capital and the inherent difficulties in measuring discrimination using observational data make determining the cause of racial differences in labor market outcomes a difficult endeavor. In this research, I examine employment opportunities for white and black graduates of elite top-ranked universities versus high-ranked but less selective institutions. Using an audit design, I create matched candidate pairs and apply for 1,008 jobs on a national job search website. I also exploit existing birth record data in selecting names to control for differences across social class within racialized names. The results show that although a credential from an elite university results in more employer responses for all candidates, black candidates from elite universities only do as well as white candidates from less selective universities. Moreover, race results in a double penalty: when employers respond to black candidates it is for jobs with lower starting salaries and lower prestige than those of white peers. These racial differences suggest that a bachelor’s degree, even one from an elite institution, cannot fully counteract the importance of race in the labor market. Thus, both discrimination and differences in human capital contribute to racial economic inequality.
Demarcating Spectrums of Predatory Publishing: Economic and Institutional Sources of Academic Legitimacy
Authors: Siler Kyle
Published: July 2018

The emergence of Open Access (OA) publishing has altered incentives and opportunities for academic stakeholders and publishers. These changes have yielded a variety of new economic and academic niches, including journals with questionable peer review systems and business models, commonly dubbed ‘predatory publishing.’ Empirical analysis of the Cabell’s Journal Blacklist reveals substantial diversity in types and degrees of predatory publishing. While some blacklisted publishers produce journals with many severe violations of academic norms, ‘grey’ journals and publishers occupy borderline or ambiguous niches between predation and legitimacy. Predation in academic publishing is not a simple binary phenomenon and should instead be perceived as a spectrum with varying types and degrees of illegitimacy. Conceptions of predation are based on overlapping evaluations of academic and economic legitimacy. High institutional status benefits publishers by reducing conflicts between – if not aligning – professional and market institutional logics, which are more likely to conflict and create illegitimacy concerns in downmarket niches. High rejection rates imbue high-status journals with value and pricing power, while low-status OA journals face ‘predatory’ incentives to optimize revenue via low selectivity. Status influences the social acceptability of profit-seeking in academic publishing, rendering lower-status publishers vulnerable to being perceived and stigmatized as illegitimate.
‘Set up to fail’? How welfare conditionality undermines citizenship for vulnerable groups
Authors: Reeves Aaron
Published: July 2018

Underpinned by the assumption that unemployed persons are passive recipients of welfare, recent welfare reforms have increased benefit conditionality in the UK and introduced harsher penalties for failure to meet these conditions. Yet, conditionality may result in vulnerable groups disproportionately experiencing disentitlement from benefits, one of the rights of social citizenship, because they are, in some cases, less able to meet these conditions. Rising sanctions, then, may be the product of a disconnection between welfare conditionality and the capabilities of vulnerable claimants. To test this hypothesis, we evaluate whether sanctions are higher in areas where there are more vulnerable Jobseeker’s Allowance claimants, namely, lone parents, ethnic minorities, and those with disabilities. We find that sanction rates are higher in local authorities where more claimants are lone parents or live with a disability, and that this relationship strengthened since welfare reforms under the Conservative-led coalition. Failure to meet conditions of benefit receipt may disproportionately affect vulnerable groups.
Exophoric and Endophoric Awareness
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Awwad Mohammad
Published: July 2018

This research aims to shed light on the impact of exophoric and endophoric instruction on the comprehension (decoding) skills, writing (encoding skills), and linguistic awareness of English as Foreign Language learners. In this line, a mixed qualitative quantitative approach was conducted over a period of fifteen weeks on sixty English major students enrolled in their first year at the Lebanese University, fifth branch. The sixty participants were divided into two groups (30 experimental) that benefited from instruction on exophoric and endophoric relations and (30 control) that did not have the opportunity to study referents in the designated period of the research. The participants sat for a reading and writing pretest at the beginning of the study; and they sat again for the same reading and writing assessment at the end of the study. The results of the pre and post tests for both groups were analyzed via SPSS program and findings were as follows: hypothesis one stating that students who are aware of endophoric and exophoric relations are likely to achieve better results in decoding a text than are their peers who receive no referential instruction, was accepted with significant findings. Hypothesis two stating that students who are aware of endophoric and exophoric relations are likely to perform better in writing than their peers who receive no referential instruction , was accepted with significant findings. Hypothesis three stating that, students who learn endophoric exophoric relations become aware of referents and their linguistic function, was also asserted with significant findings. The study answered the research questions can endophoric and exophoric awareness influence the reading comprehension and writing structure of English as foreign language learners? Does instruction on referents boost learners’ awareness on the linguistic function of endophoric and exphoric relations? Recommendations for teachers, learners, curriculum designers, and future research have been incorporated.
Osmotic Mobilization and Union Support during the "Long Protest Wave"
Authors: Ferguson John-Paul , Dudley Thomas , Soule Sarah A.
Published: July 2018

Despite increasing interest in the impact of social movements that target private firms, we know little about the emergence of such movements. Social movement theory situates such emergence in the context of larger protest cycles but has not tested the idea. We theorize about the determinants of osmotic mobilization (social movement spillover that crosses the boundary of the firm) and how it should vary with the ideological overlap of the relevant actors and the opportunity structure that potential activists face inside the firm. We test our hypotheses by examining the relationship between levels of protest in American cities around issues like Civil Rights, the Vietnam War, and the women's movement; and subsequent support for labor-union organizing in those cities. We combine nationally representative data on protest events from 1960 to 1995 with data on every union-representation election held from 1965 to 1999. We find that greater levels of (lagged) protest activity are associated with greater union support; that such osmotic mobilization is greater when there is substantive overlap between the claims of the two parties; and that the extent of mobilization varies with the opportunity structure within private firms. We discuss the implications of ideological and interest overlap as a contingent factor in future research on the emergence of mobilization targeting private firms.
Man Up, Man Down: Race-ethnicity and the Hierarchy of Men in Female-dominated Work
Authors: Yavorsky Jill , Cohen Philip N. , Qian Yue
Published: July 2018

Scholars have largely overlooked the significance of race and socioeconomic status in determining which men traverse gender-boundaries into female-dominated, typically devalued, work. Examining the gender composition of the jobs that racial minority men occupy provides critical insights into mechanisms of broader racial disparities in the labor market – in addition to stalled occupational desegregation trends between men andwomen. Using nationally representative data from the three-year American Community Survey (2010–2012), we examine racial/ethnic and educational differences in which men occupy gender-typed jobs. We find that racial minority men are more likely than white men to occupy female-dominated jobs at all levels of education—except highly-educated Asian/Pacific Islander men—and that these patterns are more pronounced at lower levels of education. These findings have implications for broader occupationalinequality patterns among men as well as between men and women.
Die Erschaffung der Realität
Authors: Janew Claus
Published: July 2018

Das Hauptargument dieses Buches ist die unleugbare Offenheit jedes Systems zum Unbekannten hin. Und die Grundfrage lautet: Was ergibt sich aus dieser Offenheit? Wir sind ein Teil des unendlichen Universums und eine Verkörperung seiner Ganzheit. Beides bedeutet für uns eine individualisierte Wirklichkeit, durch die sich das Universum ausdrückt und durch die es andererseits mit gebildet wird. Es bedeutet ebenfalls unsere Notwendigkeit, Wichtigkeit und Unzerstörbarkeit für die Gesamtheit seiner Verkörperungen. Die meisten Verbindungen untereinander sind uns kaum bewusst. Indessen gewährleistet die Infinitesimalstruktur allen Bewusstseins nicht nur die logische Widerspruchsfreiheit dieser Verbindungen, sondern auch die unaufhebbare Wahlfreiheit jedes einzelnen Individuums. Unser Ziel kann jedoch keineswegs darin liegen, vollkommen bewusst zu entscheiden. Verantwortung schließt Spontanität beziehungsweise das Vertrauen auf ein sinnvolles Zusammenwirken der Kräfte ein. Wir werden unserer Rolle im Gesamtzusammenhang zunehmend gewahr und lernen, einen optimalen Beitrag zur Werterfüllung aller Individuen, einschließlich uns selbst, zu leisten. Jenseits der vermeintlichen Unterschiede zwischen objektiver und subjektiver Wirklichkeit begreifen wir, dass wir unsere Realität aus unserem tiefsten Innern heraus erschaffen.