bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A GIS based urban flood risk analysis model for vulnerability assessment of critical structures during flood emergencies
Authors: Albano R. , Sole A. , Adamowski J. , Mancusi L.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Risk analysis has become a priority for authorities and stakeholders in many European countries, with the aim of reducing flooding risk by considering the priority and benefits of possible interventions. Within this context, a flood risk analysis model was developed in this study that is based on GIS, and integrated with a model that assesses the degree of accessibility and operability of strategic emergency response structures in an urban area. The proposed model is unique in that it provides a quantitative estimation of flood risk on the basis of the operability of the strategic emergency structures in an urban area, their accessibility, and connection within the urban system of a city (i.e., connection between aid centres and buildings at risk) in the emergency phase. The results of a case study in the Puglia Region in Southern Italy are described to illustrate the practical applications of this newly proposed approach. The main advantage of the proposed approach is that it allows for the defining of a hierarchy between different infrastructures in the urban area through the identification of particular components whose operation and efficiency are critical for emergency management. This information can be used by decision makers to prioritize risk reduction interventions in flood emergencies in urban areas.
Traces of the crustal units and the upper mantle structure in the southwestern part of the East European Craton
Authors: Janutyte I. , Kozlovskaya E. , Majdanski M. , Voss P. H. , Budraitis M. , Working Group PASSEQ
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The presented study is a part of the passive seismic experiment PASSEQ 2006–2008 which took place around the Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ) from May 2006 to June 2008. The dataset of 4195 manually picked arrivals of teleseismic P waves of 101 earthquakes (EQs) recorded in the PASSEQ seismic stations deployed to the east of the TESZ was inverted using the non-linear teleseismic tomography algorithm TELINV. Two 3-D crustal models were used to estimate the crustal travel time (TT) corrections. As a result, we obtained a model of P wave velocity variations in the upper mantle beneath the TESZ and the EEC. In the study area beneath the craton we observed 5 to 6.5% higher and beneath the TESZ about 4% lower seismic velocities compared to the IASP91 velocity model. We found the seismic lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) beneath the TESZ at a depth of about 180 km, while we observed no seismic LAB beneath the EEC. The inversion results obtained with the real and the synthetic datasets indicated a ramp shape of the LAB in the northern TESZ where we observed values of seismic velocities close to those of the craton down to about 150 km. The lithosphere thickness in the EEC increases going from the TESZ to the NE from about 180 km beneath Poland to 300 km or more beneath Lithuania. Moreover, in western Lithuania we possibly found an upper mantle dome. In our results the crustal units are not well resolved. There are no clear indications of the features in the upper mantle which could be related with the crustal units in the study area. On the other hand, at a depth of 120–150 km we possibly found a trace of a boundary of proposed palaeosubduction zone between the East Lithuanian Domain (EL) and the West Lithuanian Granulite Domain (WLG). Also, in our results we may have identified two anorogenic granitoid plutons.
‘Not A Terrorist’: The Representational Alternative of Reality TV in All-American Muslim
Authors: Mingant Nolwenn Anne
Published: April 2014

The reality TV show All-American Muslim depicts the lives of five Muslim families of Lebanese descent in Dearborn. Although the project was conceived as mainstream entertainment and not as a political statement, it led to a controversy over the representation of ‘true’ Muslims. Indeed the interest of the show lies in the fact that it offers its participants an opportunity to express themselves in an otherwise hostile media environment. The reality TV format seems particularly apt at providing a different vision of American Muslim, a vision clashing with images usually conveyed by TV news and Hollywood films. The show proposes a radical shift in the representational paradigm by making the Muslim families typical representatives of the U.S.A.
Fiction Criticizing Reality: Abbas Kiarostami and the Cracked Windshield of Cinema
Authors: Ewing James Blake
Published: April 2014

This article argues that Abbas Kiarostami uses documentaries and fiction films to examine the distinction between reality and fiction. Through the use of an arthouse style of filmmaking, the insertion of a surrogate director into the narrative and a recurring breakdown in technology, Kiarostami demonstrates that film’s ability to capture reality is a flawed, sometimes broken, endeavor.
The Role Of The Refugee And The Impact Of Fragmented Identities In Diasporic Filmmakers. A Review Of Dogville By Lars von Trier
Authors: Marino Sara
Published: April 2014

In this article I will review the film Dogville by Lars Von Trier through the perspective given by Hamid Naficy in his book An Accented Cinema: Exilic and Diasporic Filmmaking. The main purpose is to understand how identity is described and performed through the allegory of Grace and the image of the refugee, and the role homelessness and displacement play both for the filmmakers and the content of diasporic films. I will demonstrate how the relationship between minority (Grace-the refugee) and the majority (the population of Dogville) is a topic of transnational cinema, and which conclusions can we make by taking into account the role of identity and sense of belonging for transnational productions.
Editorial: Thank You to CINEJ Reviewers
Authors: Akser Murat
Published: April 2014

The list below includes the names of scholars who anonymously reviewed submissions to CINEJ during 2013. The assesment of manuscripts prepared by these reviewers has contributed to the quality of scholarship CINEJ published during the year and we are very appreciative of this service.
Influência da Gestão Estratégica de Portfólios de Projetos no Desenvolvimento Tecnológico
Authors: Julio Luciana Reis , Piscopo Marcos Roberto
Published: April 2014

Este trabalho visa apresentar um estudo de caso de uma empresa multinacional do segmento da construção civil e móveis que há três anos implementou uma área de gestão de portfólio de projetos com o objetivo de utilizar critérios estratégicos para selecionar projetos e contribuir com o desenvolvimento tecnológico da empresa. A metodologia desse relato foi fundamentada no quadro teórico de Castro e Carvalho para analisar os processos de implantação e ferramentas utilizadas pela gestão de portfólio. O resultado dessa implantação contribuiu para a seleção de projetos de desenvolvimento tecnológico e aumentou a competitividade da empresa que se tornou uma das líderes do setor.DOI:10.5585/gep.v4i2.142
Monitoramento e Controle de Projetos de Desenvolvimento de Software com o Scrum: Avaliação da Produção Científica
Authors: Vallerão Alexandre Guido , Roses Luís Kalb
Published: April 2014

O objetivo principal deste estudo é a realização de bibliometria da produção científica dos últimos cinco anos sobre processos de monitoramento e controle de projetos de desenvolvimento de software gerenciados com o método Scrum, envolvendo as principais bases de publicações de periódicos, teses e dissertações. Para isso, foram definidos como eixos temáticos os métodos ágeis, o método Scrum, software e monitoramento e controle de projetos. Foram pesquisadas bases de publicações nos portais Capes e Web of Knowledge, sendo a relevância dos artigos encontrados determinada pelo h-index. Com base no conjunto de publicações localizadas, foram determinadas suas principais abordagens sobre aqueles processos de monitoramento e controle. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam uma pequena produção científica destinada ao monitoramento e controle de projetos de desenvolvimento de software com uso de métodos ágeis, revelando em número ainda menor aqueles com o uso do método Scrum, o que sugere oportunidades de pesquisa e consequente incremento da produção científica relacionada a esse tema contemporâneo às organizações.DOI:10.5585/gep.v4i2.154
Gestão de Mudança no Projeto De um Novo Produto: O Caso do Fundo Garantidor para Investimentos
Authors: Lanz Luciano Quinto , Tomei Patricia Amelia
Published: April 2014

Este artigo analisa sob a perspectiva de gestão de mudanças, a implantação de um fundo de aval administrado pelo BNDES, o Fundo Garantidor para Investimentos (FGI), que presta garantias complementares para micro, pequenas e médias empresas (MPMEs). Para esta análise foram utilizados modelos de gestão de mudança e gerenciamento de stakeholders em projetos, modelos de análise de inovação em produtos e serviços financeiros e de sistemas de garantia complementar. A metodologia utilizada foi o estudo de caso único conduzido junto ao gestor do fundo, com análise documental e entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Os resultados da análise indicam que as correções na direção e a adequação do ritmo do projeto de implantação do fundo, em conjunto com a utilização de técnicas de gerenciamento das partes interessadas (stakeholders) e a gestão de mudanças no escopo do projeto, levou a uma maior segurança na implantação do fundo. Este contexto favoreceu a prevenção de diversos riscos ligados à operação e a adequação do produto final, contribuindo para um processo gradual, mas contínuo de adoção da garantia do Fundo pelos agentes financeiros.DOI:10.5585/gep.v4i2.158
A Importância da Gestão da Tecnologia na Modelagem de Programas para Promoção da Saúde , Prevenção de Riscos e Doenças em Saúde Suplementar.
Authors: Monken Sonia , Biancolino Cesar Augusto , Miraldo Claudio , Dall Asta Denis
Published: April 2014

O presente artigo apresenta a implantação de um sistema de “Data Warehouse” na gestão estratégica de projetos de gerenciamento de riscos e promoção da saúde, em uma operadora de saúde, na cidade de São Paulo Divulga a intervenção da Tecnologia da Informação como apoio ao gerenciamento de riscos, na modelagem de programas de promoção de saúde a partir de uma exigência do mercado de saúde e da agencia reguladora. Analisou-se o projeto desenvolvido a partir da formação de um Comitê de Projetos Epidemiológicos, atendendo uma demanda de análise. O trabalho tem como objetivo introduzir solução para este problema enfrentado pelas operadoras de Saúde. E, com isso, pretende responder ao problema de pesquisa: “Qual a importância da gestão de projetos de tecnologia para a modelagem de programas para promoção da saude e prevenção de riscos e doenças em operadora de saúde suplementar”? Como estratégias de pesquisa foram utilizadas a pesquisa bibliográfica e a pesquisa-ação. O projeto permitiu a gestão e a redução de risco no comparativo de 2010 e 2012, na medida em que operadora apresentou no critério de adesão um incremento de 15% aos programas de Promoção de Saúde e Gestão de DCNT. Os indicadores de desempenho preconizados pela ANS que compõem o Indicador de Desempenho de Saúde Suplementar (IDSS), varia de zero a um (0 a 1) e a operadora manteve-se entre 0,785 e 1.DOI:10.5585/gep.v4i2.190
La thérapie comportementale dialectique
Authors: Jomphe Julie
Published: April 2014

Les personnes souffrant d’un trouble de la personnalité borderline (TPL) représentent une proportion importante de la clientèle hospitalisée en psychiatrie et de la clientèle ambulatoire. Elles consomment jusqu’à 40 % des ressources en santé mentale. La thérapie comportementale dialectique (TCD) est l’une des thérapies les mieux validées dans les écrits scientifiques pour traiter cette clientèle. Malheureusement, son déploiement au Québec demeure assez limité, entre autres à cause d’un manque de ressources pour offrir la thérapie individuelle et les appels téléphoniques d’urgence. Même si l’approche globale, telle que préconisée initialement, est peu accessible, plusieurs départements de psychiatrie proposent des groupes d’entraînement aux compétences aux personnes souffrant de TPL. Cet article vise à dresser un bref portrait de ce qu’est la TCD, de rendre compte des études sur les groupes TCD et de quelques adaptations existantes. L’auteure présentera le modèle appliqué dans deux milieux psychiatriques québécois, le Centre de santé et de services sociaux du Sud de Lanaudière et le pavillon Albert-Prévost, ainsi que les adaptations prévues dans le cadre du plan d’action en santé mentale.
Mieux vivre avec la douleur chronique grâce à la thérapie d’acceptation et d’engagement
Authors: Dionne Frédérick , Blais Marie-Claude , Monestès Jean-Louis
Published: April 2014

Cet article vise à présenter les particularités de la thérapie d’acceptation et d’engagement (Acceptance and Commitment Therapyou « ACT ») dans l’intervention auprès de patients souffrant de douleur chronique. Il décrit le contexte historique du développement des thérapies comportementales et cognitives dans ce domaine et présente les fondements théoriques de l’ACT. Il introduit les composantes d’une intervention basée sur l’acceptation et la pleine conscience en visitant plusieurs concepts du modèle de la flexibilité psychologique. Enfin, il synthétise un certain nombre de données probantes provenant des études expérimentales, corrélationnelles et cliniques qui appuient l’utilisation de l’ACT dans le domaine de la douleur chronique.
Les thérapies de troisième vague dans le traitement du trouble obsessionnel-compulsif
Authors: Schoendorff Benjamin , Purcell-Lalonde Magali , O’Connor Kieron
Published: April 2014

En termes de prévalence, le trouble obsessionnel-compulsif (TOC) se classe au quatrième rang des troubles de santé mentale. Les traitements actuellement dispensés sont issus de la première et de la deuxième vague des thérapies comportementales et cognitives et utilisent l’exposition et la restructuration cognitive. Cependant, les thérapies de la troisième vague, soit la thérapie par la pleine conscience et la thérapie d’acceptation et d’engagement (ACT), sont de plus en plus reconnues comme traitements de choix. Le présent article décrit les bases théoriques de l’ACT, incluant la théorie des cadres relationnels et ses cibles cliniques : l’évitement expérientiel, ses principaux processus et un outil utilisé lors du traitement, la matrice. Plutôt que de restructurer les pensées problématiques et de l’exposer à son anxiété, l’ACT vise à entraîner la flexibilité psychologique, c’est-à-dire la capacité à se distancer de ses pensées problématiques et à accepter les ressentis inconfortables afin de pouvoir poser des actions en lien avec ses valeurs personnelles. Ceci peut permettre au comportement du client qui était largement sous le contrôle aversif de ses obsessions et de son anxiété de passer graduellement sous le contrôle appétitif de ses valeurs personnelles. L’application de l’ACT au TOC est illustrée par une étude de cas.
Activation comportementale et dépression : une approche de traitement contextuelle
Authors: Soucy Chartier Isabelle , Blanchet Valérie , Provencher Martin D.
Published: April 2014

La dépression comptant parmi les troubles psychologiques ayant les plus hauts taux de prévalence dans le monde, il importe de trouver des interventions efficaces et peu coûteuses afin de faciliter l’accès aux services. On observe, depuis une dizaine d’années, un regain d’intérêt pour les interventions comportementales dans le traitement de la dépression. L’activation comportementale, une composante de la thérapie cognitivo-comportementale, a été développée de manière à constituer un traitement à part entière et depuis, les données probantes qui appuient l’efficacité de ce traitement s’accumulent. Cet article résume d’abord les origines du modèle comportemental de la dépression. Il est suivi d’une explication détaillée des différentes étapes impliquées lors d’une intervention d’activation comportementale. Ses appuis empiriques sont par la suite présentés. L’activation comportementale est ensuite discutée dans le cadre de thérapies de troisième vague, abordant le rôle potentiel de la pleine conscience à travers les objectifs d’activation comportementale. Des suggestions sont faites quant à la façon dont les thérapeutes peuvent inclure des activités basées sur la pleine conscience dans la hiérarchie d’activation comportementale. L’article se conclut par une discussion sur les questions qui devraient être abordées dans les recherches futures.
Thérapie des schémas – ACT – Pleine conscience
Authors: Cousineau Pierre , Ngô Thanh-Lan
Published: April 2014

Pour la thérapie des schémas, les premières expériences de la vie relationnelle sont primordiales. Elles mènent à la création de mémoires, en grande partie implicite. Par la suite, ces mémoires sont réactivées dans des contextes spécifiques, et très souvent gérées à travers des stratégies qualifiées de dysfonctionnelles. La thérapie des schémas cherche à modifier ces mémoires définies comme schémas. La thérapie d’acceptation et d’engagement (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-ACT), de son côté, vise à modifier le rapport avec nos réactions découlant de nos histoires d’apprentissage et à développer une plus grande flexibilité par rapport aux expériences internes comme les pensées, les sensations et les émotions. Plusieurs de ses outils sont inspirés des méthodes de pleine conscience qui cherchent à favoriser la position de témoin de l’individu relativement à sa propre expérience. Malgré leurs paradigmes de départ différents, il est possible de faire jouer ensemble ces différentes approches. Le schéma se manifestant à travers des réactions somatiques, des pensées, des affects, des tendances à l’action, il devient possible de chercher à changer notre rapport à ceux-ci avec la philosophie et les méthodes de la thérapie ACT, notamment la pleine conscience. Cet article présente une réflexion théorique sur l’intégration des principes de la troisième vague à la thérapie des schémas.
L’inégalité de revenus : un « virus » qui affecte la santé mentale et le bonheur
Authors: Bouffard1 Léandre , Dubé Micheline
Published: April 2014

L’objectif du présent texte est de démontrer les effets de l’inégalité de revenus sur la santé mentale et le bonheur dans les pays riches. La première section fait état du niveau élevé d’inégalité de revenus aux États-Unis et, à un degré moindre, dans les autres pays riches. Les résultats présentés dans la seconde partie font voir des corrélations positives de l’inégalité de revenus avec la maladie mentale, avec un indice de consommation de drogues et avec un indice composite de 10 problèmes psychosociaux. De plus, il existe une corrélation négative entre l’inégalité de revenus et un indice de bien-être des enfants mis au point par l’UNICEF. La troisième partie aborde l’association négative élevée entre l’inégalité de revenus et le bonheur, concrétisée ici par la satisfaction de vivre, dans les pays riches. De nombreux arguments appuient l’idée de la causalité selon laquelle l’inégalité de revenus est une source importante des problèmes psychosociaux, comme un « virus » qui affecte le bien-être de toute la population. Enfin, les praticiens des sciences humaines sont invités à s’impliquer dans l’élaboration des politiques sociales, dans les efforts d’éducation pour contrer les coûts de l’inégalité et dans des programmes susceptibles de favoriser une santé mentale « florissante ».
La présence et la gravité des troubles de santé mentale sont-elles liées à la nature de la crise, à la dangerosité et aux services de crise offerts ?
Authors: Aimé Annie , LeBlanc Line , Séguin Monique , Brunet Alain , Brisebois Catherine , Girard Nathalie
Published: April 2014

Au Québec, les centres de crise ont été développés dans le contexte de la désinstitutionnalisation, ce qui a mené à une offre de services devant répondre aux besoins d’une clientèle hétérogène. À ce jour, encore peu d’études ont décrit et comparé les profils cliniques des personnes qui effectuent une demande d’aide à un centre de crise en considérant la présence ou non d’un trouble de santé mentale et la nature de celui-ci. Les dossiers de 1170 nouveaux demandeurs de services au Centre d’aide 24/7 ont été examinés rétrospectivement. Parmi ces demandeurs, 48 % souffraient d’un trouble de santé mentale et, de ceux-ci, 9 % rapportaient un trouble mental grave, soit un trouble psychotique ou bipolaire. Les résultats indiquent que le fait d’avoir un trouble de santé mentale est associé à une probabilité plus élevée de rapporter des événements stressants à caractère interpersonnel, une crise plus intense ainsi que des comportements auto-agressifs. Les personnes ayant un trouble psychotique ou bipolaire sont quant à elles plus fréquemment hébergées et plus susceptibles de recevoir des services intensifs et encadrants. Il semble donc que la présence et le type de troubles de santé mentale des demandeurs d’aide en centre de crise permettent non seulement de mieux anticiper la nature et l’intensité de la crise mais aussi le type de services requis.
La relation temporelle entre l’anxiété et la dépression dans le contexte de la transition primaire-secondaire
Authors: Richard Roxanne , Marcotte Diane
Published: April 2014

Cette étude longitudinale s’intéresse à la relation temporelle entre l’anxiété et la dépression en contexte de la transition primaire-secondaire, en examinant si la présence d’un trouble anxieux en sixième année (temps 1), soit à l’âge de 11-12 ans, augmente le risque que se développe un trouble dépressif deux ans plus tard, soit en deuxième secondaire (temps 2). Un échantillon de 146 élèves, soit 62 filles et 84 garçons (moyenne d’âge 11,22 ans) qui ont participé à cette étude. Les résultats révèlent une tendance entre la présence d’anxiété en sixième année et le développement d’un trouble dépressif en deuxième secondaire, et ce, chez les filles seulement. La présence de distorsions cognitives distingue les groupes sur le plan transversal seulement. L’analyse longitudinale s’avère non significative entre la présence de distorsions cognitives chez les élèves anxieux du temps 1 et le développement d’un trouble dépressif au temps 2. En sixième année, les élèves anxieux présentent déjà des distorsions cognitives associées à la dépression, alors que les élèves concomitants de deuxième secondaire se distinguent des élèves anxieux par la présence de distorsions cognitives de dépendance. Ces résultats démontrent l’importance d’intervenir tôt chez les élèves qui présentent un trouble anxieux et plus spécifiquement chez les filles, qui se révèlent être plus vulnérables pour ce qui est du développement de la dépression au début de l’adolescence.
Vieillissement réussi : perception des femmes aînées immigrantes de l’Afrique noire à Montréal
Authors: Noubicier Agnès Florette , Charpentier Michèle
Published: April 2014

Le présent article s’intéresse aux femmes aînées des communautés ethnoculturelles de l’Afrique noire. Il a pour but de présenter le sens qu’elles donnent au « vieillissement réussi » dans leur pays d’accueil, et de mettre en évidence les facteurs qu’elles considèrent comme essentiels pour expérimenter « un maximum de satisfaction et de bonheur » au cours de cette étape de leur vie. Il s’appuie sur une étude qualitative exploratoire menée auprès de sept femmes âgées de 65 à 77 ans qui ont immigré au Québec alors qu’elles avaient plus de 50 ans. L’étude met en relief des femmes aux identités multiples et aux vieillissements différentiels, pour qui le « vieillissement réussi » est tributaire de leur implication dans la famille et dans la société, de la foi et de l’autonomie financière. L’analyse des résultats sous un angle intersectionnel permet aussi de noter que les femmes aînées immigrantes de l’Afrique noire connaissent des difficultés en raison de l’entrecroisement des effets dus à leur âge, leur appartenance ethnique et leur genre, avec d’autres aspects liés à leur identité tels que la culture, la langue, le sexe, le parcours migratoire. Une multitude d’obstacles jonchent alors leur processus de vieillissement et influent sur leur conception du « vieillissement réussi ».
Encounter complexes and dimensionality reduction in protein–protein association
Authors: Kozakov Dima , Li Keyong , Hall David R , Beglov Dmitri , Zheng Jiefu , Vakili Pirooz , Schueler-Furman Ora , Paschalidis Ioannis Ch , Clore G Marius , Vajda Sandor
Published: April 2014

An outstanding challenge has been to understand the mechanism whereby proteins associate. We report here the results of exhaustively sampling the conformational space in protein–protein association using a physics-based energy function. The agreement between experimental intermolecular paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) data and the PRE profiles calculated from the docked structures shows that the method captures both specific and non-specific encounter complexes. To explore the energy landscape in the vicinity of the native structure, the nonlinear manifold describing the relative orientation of two solid bodies is projected onto a Euclidean space in which the shape of low energy regions is studied by principal component analysis. Results show that the energy surface is canyon-like, with a smooth funnel within a two dimensional subspace capturing over 75% of the total motion. Thus, proteins tend to associate along preferred pathways, similar to sliding of a protein along DNA in the process of protein-DNA recognition.
Aim24 and MICOS modulate respiratory function, tafazzin-related cardiolipin modification and mitochondrial architecture
Authors: Harner Max Emanuel , Unger Ann-Katrin , Izawa Toshiaki , Walther Dirk M , Özbalci Cagakan , Geimer Stefan , Reggiori Fulvio , Brügger Britta , Mann Matthias , Westermann Benedikt , Neupert Walter
Published: April 2014

Structure and function of mitochondria are intimately linked. In a search for components that participate in building the elaborate architecture of this complex organelle we have identified Aim24, an inner membrane protein. Aim24 interacts with the MICOS complex that is required for the formation of crista junctions and contact sites between inner and outer membranes. Aim24 is necessary for the integrity of the MICOS complex, for normal respiratory growth and mitochondrial ultrastructure. Modification of MICOS subunits Mic12 or Mic26 by His-tags in the absence of Aim24 leads to complete loss of cristae and respiratory complexes. In addition, the level of tafazzin, a cardiolipin transacylase, is drastically reduced and the composition of cardiolipin is modified like in mutants lacking tafazzin. In conclusion, Aim24 by interacting with the MICOS complex plays a key role in mitochondrial architecture, composition and function.
In vivo reprogramming of pancreatic acinar cells to three islet endocrine subtypes
Authors: Li Weida , Nakanishi Mio , Zumsteg Adrian , Shear Matthew , Wright Christopher , Melton Douglas A , Zhou Qiao
Published: April 2014

Direct lineage conversion of adult cells is a promising approach for regenerative medicine. A major challenge of lineage conversion is to generate specific cell subtypes. The pancreatic islets contain three major hormone-secreting endocrine subtypes: insulin+ β-cells, glucagon+ α-cells, and somatostatin+ δ-cells. We previously reported that a combination of three transcription factors, Ngn3, Mafa, and Pdx1, directly reprograms pancreatic acinar cells to β-cells. We now show that acinar cells can be converted to δ-like and α-like cells by Ngn3 and Ngn3+Mafa respectively. Thus, three major islet endocrine subtypes can be derived by acinar reprogramming. Ngn3 promotes establishment of a generic endocrine state in acinar cells, and also promotes δ-specification in the absence of other factors. δ-specification is in turn suppressed by Mafa and Pdx1 during α- and β-cell induction. These studies identify a set of defined factors whose combinatorial actions reprogram acinar cells to distinct islet endocrine subtypes in vivo.
Holocentromeres are dispersed point centromeres localized at transcription factor hotspots
Authors: Steiner Florian A , Henikoff Steven
Published: April 2014

Centromeres vary greatly in size and sequence composition, ranging from ‘point’ centromeres with a single cenH3-containing nucleosome to ‘regional’ centromeres embedded in tandemly repeated sequences to holocentromeres that extend along the length of entire chromosomes. Point centromeres are defined by sequence, whereas regional and holocentromeres are epigenetically defined by the location of cenH3-containing nucleosomes. In this study, we show that Caenorhabditis elegans holocentromeres are organized as dispersed but discretely localized point centromeres, each forming a single cenH3-containing nucleosome. These centromeric sites co-localize with kinetochore components, and their occupancy is dependent on the cenH3 loading machinery. These sites coincide with non-specific binding sites for multiple transcription factors (‘HOT’ sites), which become occupied when cenH3 is lost. Our results show that the point centromere is the basic unit of holocentric organization in support of the classical polycentric model for holocentromeres, and provide a mechanistic basis for understanding how centromeric chromatin might be maintained.
Structural basis for the assembly of the mitotic motor Kinesin-5 into bipolar tetramers
Authors: Scholey Jessica E , Nithianantham Stanley , Scholey Jonathan M , Al-Bassam Jawdat
Published: April 2014

Chromosome segregation during mitosis depends upon Kinesin-5 motors, which display a conserved, bipolar homotetrameric organization consisting of two motor dimers at opposite ends of a central rod. Kinesin-5 motors crosslink adjacent microtubules to drive or constrain their sliding apart, but the structural basis of their organization is unknown. In this study, we report the atomic structure of the bipolar assembly (BASS) domain that directs four Kinesin-5 subunits to form a bipolar minifilament. BASS is a novel 26-nm four-helix bundle, consisting of two anti-parallel coiled-coils at its center, stabilized by alternating hydrophobic and ionic four-helical interfaces, which based on mutagenesis experiments, are critical for tetramerization. Strikingly, N-terminal BASS helices bend as they emerge from the central bundle, swapping partner helices, to form dimeric parallel coiled-coils at both ends, which are offset by 90°. We propose that BASS is a mechanically stable, plectonemically-coiled junction, transmitting forces between Kinesin-5 motor dimers during microtubule sliding.
Area fluxes of carbon dioxide, methane, and carbon monoxide derived from airborne measurements around Greater London: A case study during summer 2012
Authors: O'Shea Sebastian J. , Allen Grant , Fleming Zoë L. , Bauguitte Stephane J.‐B. , Percival Carl J. , Gallagher Martin W. , Lee James , Helfter Carole , Nemitz Eiko
Published: April 2014

Airborne measurements of thermodynamic properties and carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and carbon monoxide (CO) mole fractions were recorded on board the FAAM BAe‐146 UK research aircraft and used to characterize the inflow and outflow from Greater London on 30 July 2012. All three trace gases were observed to be significantly enhanced downwind of Greater London with spatially resolved plumes of comparable extent and position. A mass budget calculation using a box model approach (and uncertainty propagation) was used to determine net regional fluxes of 21 ± 3 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1, 0.13 ± 0.02 µmol CH4 m−2 s−1, and 0.12 ± 0.02 µmol CO m−2 s−1 for Greater London. These fluxes are comparable with simultaneous surface observations and previous studies in urban environments. A comparison was made with the 2010 UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI), and fluxes from this study are found to be factors 2.3 for CO2 and 2.2 for CO larger than those estimated by the spatially disaggregated NAEI (2011) for Greater London. Fluxes of CH4 were found to be a factor 3.4 larger than the UK NAEI (2009). The efficacy of this mass balance approach, in general, is also discussed in terms of key assumptions and uncertainties, and we offer advice for future studies on how uncertainties could be reduced.
The optical properties and longwave radiative forcing in the lateral boundary of cirrus cloud
Authors: Li Rui , Cai Hongke , Fu Yunfei , Wang Yu , Min Qilong , Guo Jingchao , Dong Xue
Published: April 2014

Through observations from the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization onboard the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation, we detected a common feature of narrow and subvisible lateral boundary layer in cirrus cloud. In this layer the lidar backscatter, the depolarization ratio, the ice water content, the effective radius of ice particles, and the cloud optical depth all decrease sharply toward the cloud edge. In general, the width of this layer (6.4 ± 3.1 km over land) decreases with increasing ambient temperature. The estimated longwave radiative forcing associated with the layer is about 10 W/m2. Due to its extremely small optical depth (less than 0.3), such lateral boundary layer may be missed by conventional satellite passive optical sensors. As a consequence, the mentioned radiative forcing has not been credited with its deserved share in the Earth's radiative energy budget.
Excursions in the 14C record at A.D. 774–775 in tree rings from Russia and America
Authors: Jull A. J. Timothy , Panyushkina Irina P. , Lange Todd E. , Kukarskih Vladimir V. , Myglan Vladimir S. , Clark Kelley J. , Salzer Matthew W. , Burr George S. , Leavitt Steven W.
Published: April 2014

The calibration of radiocarbon dates by means of a master calibration curve has been invaluable to Earth, environmental and archeological sciences, but the fundamental reason for calibration is that atmospheric radiocarbon content varies because of changes in upper atmosphere production and global carbon cycling. Improved instrumentation has contributed to high‐resolution (interannual) radiocarbon activity measurements, which have revealed sudden and anomalous activity shifts previously not observed at the common resolution of 5–10 years of most of the calibration scale. One such spike has been recently reported from tree rings from Japan and then again in Europe at A.D. 774–775, for which we report here our efforts to both replicate its existence and determine its spatial extent using tree rings from larch at high latitude (northern Siberia) and bristlecone pine from lower latitude (the White Mountains of California). Our results confirm an abrupt ~ 15‰ 14C activity increase from A.D. 774 to 776, the size and now the hemispheric extent of which suggest that an extraterrestrial influence on radiocarbon production is most likely responsible.
Polar confinement of Saturn's magnetosphere revealed by in situ Cassini observations
Authors: Pilkington N. M. , Achilleos N. , Arridge C. S. , Masters A. , Sergis N. , Coates A. J. , Dougherty M. K.
Published: April 2014

Plasma rotation plays a large role in determining the size and shape of Saturn's disk‐like magnetosphere. A magnetosphere more confined to the equator in the polar regions is expected as a result of the interaction between this type of obstacle and the solar wind. In addition, at times away from equinox, a north‐south asymmetry is expected where the magnetopause will be further confined in one hemisphere but less confined in the opposite hemisphere. Examining the extent of this confinement has been limited by a lack of high‐latitude spacecraft observations. Here for the first time, direct evidence for polar confinement of Saturn's magnetopause has been observed using in situ data obtained by the Cassini spacecraft during a series of high‐inclination orbits between 2007 and 2009. Following techniques established by previous authors, we assume an equilibrium between the solar wind dynamic pressure (which Cassini is generally unable to measure directly), and the magnetic plus plasma pressure inside the magnetosphere. This assumption thus allows us to estimate the upstream solar wind dynamic pressure (DP) for a series of magnetopause crossings, and hence to determine the expected location and global shape of the magnetopause as a function of DP. A clear divergence from the familiar axisymmetric models of the magnetosphere is observed, which may be characterized by an “apparent flattening parameter” of 0.81+0.03/−0.06 (representing a simple dilation of the nominal axisymmetric boundary along the ZKSM axis such that the extent is reduced by approximately 19% in this direction). This figure is insensitive to variations in DP.
MLT and seasonal dependence of auroral electrojets: IMAGE magnetometer network observations
Authors: Guo Jianpeng , Liu Huixin , Feng Xueshang , Pulkkinen T. I. , Tanskanen E. I. , Liu Chaoxu , Zhong Dingkun , Wang Yuan
Published: April 2014

Total eastward and westward electrojet currents (EEJ and WEJ) and their central latitudes derived from the International Monitor for Auroral Geomagnetic Effects (IMAGE) network magnetic measurements are analyzed for the combined MLT (magnetic local time) and seasonal dependence during the period 1995–2009. EEJ shows a strong MLT variation with significant dependence on season. During summer months the maxima occur around 1600–1800 MLT, whereas during winter months the maxima occur around 1800–2000 MLT. Moreover, the summer maxima are much larger than the winter maxima and appear at higher latitudes. The summer maxima are mainly associated with the solar EUV conductivity effect, while the winter maxima are mainly due to the contribution of northward convective electric field. EEJ exhibits a dominant annual variation with maximum in summer and minimum in winter. WEJ also exhibits a strong MLT variation with significant dependence on season. The maxima occur around 0200–0400 MLT during summer months, around 0000–0200 MLT during winter months, and around 0000–0400 MLT during equinoctial months. Moreover, the equinoctial maxima are much larger than the summer and winter maxima and appear at relatively lower latitudes. The seasonal variations in WEJ are the combinations of annual variations and semiannual variations. Both annual and semiannual variations show significant dependence on MLT. These results increase our knowledge on what factors contribute to the auroral electrojets as well as their magnetic signatures and hence help us better understand the limitations of global auroral electrojet indices, such as the AE and SME indices.
Ultrasonic decrosslinking of crosslinked high‐density polyethylene: Effect of screw design
Authors: Huang Keyuan , Isayev Avraam I. , Zhong Jing
Published: April 2014

The effect of screw design on decrosslinking of the crosslinked high‐density polyethylene (XHDPE) by means of ultrasonic twin‐screw extruder with two screw configurations is investigated. Die pressure and ultrasonic power consumption during extrusion are recorded. Swelling characteristics, rheological properties, thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and tensile properties are used to investigate the structure–property relationship of decrosslinked XHDPE. It is found that the screw configuration with conveying elements and reverse conveying elements (decrosslinking screws) is an effective means to reduce the gel fraction and crosslink density of decrosslinked XHDPE and significantly improve its processibility. Rheological properties of decrosslinked XHDPE are correlated with structural changes occurring during ultrasonic decrosslinking. The presence of the highly branched sol in decrosslinked XHDPE is revealed through measurements of the activation energy for flow. Comparison of morphologies of the lamellar structure of HDPE, XHDPE, and decrosslinked XHDPE reveals that the presence of the crosslink network inhibits the lamella growth. Significant improvements in the mechanical performance of decrosslinked XHDPE are obtained by using decrosslinking screws. The molecular structure and morphology of the lamellar structure of decrosslinked XHDPE are used to explain the processing–solid‐state property relationship. The measured results on the gel fraction and crosslink density are compared with those of numerical simulations. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40680.
In Situ microscopic infrared imaging study on deformation‐induced spatial orientation and phase transition distributions of PA12
Authors: Chen Liang , Chen Wei , Zhou Weiming , Li Jing , Liu Yanping , Qi Zeming , Li Liangbin
Published: April 2014

The relationship of deformation‐induced phase transition and orientation distributions of polyamide 12 in necking region is studied by in situ Fourier transformation infrared microspectroscopic imaging (FTIRI) under uniaxial tensile test. With the detection of an area of 250 × 250 μm2 with 4096 Fourier transformation infraredspectra, the absorption distributions of crystal (1064 cm−1 band) and amorphous (1028 cm−1 band) phases with radiation polarized parallel and perpendicular to tensile direction are obtained, and the spatial orientation distributions in necking region as well as the yielding properties during necking propagation are analyzed. The results show that the crystal and amorphous are highly oriented and the spatial distributions are correlated with the necking propagation. The phase‐transforming characteristics show that part of amorphous phase transforms to crystal phase and part of γ phase transforms to transient α′′ phase in the necking region, which are also correlated with the necking propagation and drawing ratios. All these behaviors occur in the plastic deformation stage, which show a close correlation between the mechanical response and the structural evolution during uniaxial tensile deformation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40703.
The effects of APP, APP/MMT nanocomposites on the thermal degradation of ABS resin
Authors: Deng Yinping , Zhang Zhiyuan , Li Xiangmei , Yang Yongjie
Published: April 2014

The thermal degradation of acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) added ammonia polyphosphate (APP) or APP/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposite was studied. The whole degradation progress of ABS could be regarded as the combination of the thermal degradation of polystyrene (PS) and polybutadiene (PB). The PB influences the formation of char while PS influences the maximum mass loss rate and its decomposition temperature. APP or APP/MMT nanocomposite could decrease the maximum mass loss rate and promotes the formation of char. A SiO2network was formed on the char surface of the ABS‐APP/MMT composite which could improve the strength of the char and flame retardancy of ABS. It was found that when APP/MMT mixture or APP/MMT nanocomposite are added to ABS, NH3(the gas product of APP) was buried in the residue and released until full degradation of ABS. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2014,131, 40704.
Effect of diisocyanate on pyridine containing shape memory polyurethanes based on N,N‐bis(2‐hydroxylethyl)isonicotinamide
Authors: Yuan Hongming , Ge Zaochuan , Chen Shaojun , Chen Shiguo , Yang Haipeng , Zhuo Haitao
Published: April 2014

This article demonstrates a comparative investigation about the effect of diisocyanate on pyridine containing shape memory polyurethanes (Py‐SMPUs), which are synthesized with N,N‐bis(2‐hydroxylethyl)isonicotinamide (BINA) and four different diisocyanates: 1,6‐hexanediisocyante (HDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), and tolylene diisocyanate (TDI). Results show that all BINA–SMPU systems have amorphous reversible phase. Comparatively, the MDI–BINA and TDI–BINA systems show higher Tg; and the HDI–BINA and IPDI–BINA systems show better thermal stability. In addition, the HDI–BINA and the IPDI–BINA systems exhibit good thermal‐induced shape memory effect and good moisture‐sensitive shape memory effect due to their better moisture absorption properties. Particularly, the HDI–BINA system has better response speed and better shape recovery. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40721.
High‐temperature resistance water‐soluble copolymer derived from acrylamide, DMDAAC, and functionalized sulfonamide for potential application in enhance oil recovery
Authors: Gou Shaohua , Yin Ting , Ye Zhongbin , Jiang Wenchao , Yang Cheng , Ma Yongtao , Feng Meilin , Xia Qiang
Published: April 2014

A water‐soluble poly(AM‐AA‐DMDAAC‐TCAP) was prepared using acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA), diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DMDAAC), and N‐allyl‐4‐methylbenzenesulfonamide (TCAP), and the synthesis conditions were investigated. The obtained copolymer was characterized by FTIR, 1H‐NMR, SEM, TG, and XRD. The temperature resistance and thickening function of the copolymer are improved significantly compared with that of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide. It is found that the viscosity of copolymer could achieve up to 53.3% retention rate at 120°C compared to that at 30°C. About 16.6% for enhanced oil recovery is obtained by poly(AM‐AA‐DMDAAC‐TCAP) brine solution at 65°C. In addition, the results of XRD show that 3000 mg/L copolymer combined with 10 wt % KCl solution could reduce the d‐spacing of sodium montmorillonite from 18.94 to 14.86 Å exhibiting remarkable effect on inhibiting hydration of clays. All the results demonstrate that poly(AM‐AA‐DMDAAC‐TCAP) have excellent performance for potential application in enhance oil recovery. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40727.
Translational and rotational diffusion of flexible PEG and rigid dendrimer probes in sodium caseinate dispersions and acid gels
Authors: Salami Souad , Rondeau‐Mouro Corinne , Barhoum Myriam , van Duynhoven John , Mariette François
Published: April 2014

The dynamics of rigid dendrimer and flexible PEG probes in sodium caseinate dispersions and acid gels, including both translational diffusion and rotational diffusion, were studied by NMR. Above the onset of the close‐packing limit (C ∼ 10 g/100 g H2O), translational diffusion of the probe depended on its flexibility and on the fluctuations of the matrix chains. The PEG probe diffused more rapidly than the spherical dendrimer probe of corresponding hydrodynamic radius. The greater conformational flexibility of PEG facilitated its motion through the crowded casein matrix. Rotational diffusion was, however, substantially less hindered than the translational diffusion and depended on the local protein–probe friction which became high when the casein concentration increased. The coagulation of the matrix led to the formation of large voids, which resulted in an increase in the translational diffusion of the probes, whereas the rotational diffusion of the probes was retarded in the gel, which could be attributed to the immobilized environment surrounding the probe. Quantitative information from PFG‐NMR and SEM micrographs have been combined for characterizing microstructural details in SC acid gels. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 959–965, 2014.