bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combining Predictions of Auto Insurance Claims
Authors: Ye Chenglong , Zhang Lin , Han Mingxuan , Yu Yanjia , Zhao Bingxin , Yang Yuhong
Published: April 2022

This paper aims to better predict highly skewed auto insurance claims by combining candidate predictions. We analyze a version of the Kangaroo Auto Insurance company data and study the effects of combining different methods using five measures of prediction accuracy. The results show the following. First, when there is an outstanding (in terms of Gini Index) prediction among the candidates, the “forecast combination puzzle” phenomenon disappears. The simple average method performs much worse than the more sophisticated model combination methods, indicating that combining different methods could help us avoid performance degradation. Second, the choice of the prediction accuracy measure is crucial in defining the best candidate prediction for “low frequency and high severity” (LFHS) data. For example, mean square error (MSE) does not distinguish well between model combination methods, as the values are close. Third, the performances of different model combination methods can differ drastically. We propose using a new model combination method, named ARM-Tweedie, for such LFHS data; it benefits from an optimal rate of convergence and exhibits a desirable performance in several measures for the Kangaroo data. Fourth, overall, model combination methods improve the prediction accuracy for auto insurance claim costs. In particular, Adaptive Regression by Mixing (ARM), ARM-Tweedie, and constrained Linear Regression can improve forecast performance when there are only weak learners or when no dominant learner exists.
Competency-Based Education as Curriculum and Assessment for Integrative Learning
Authors: Marcotte Kayla M. , Gruppen Larry D.
Published: April 2022

Integrative learning and competency-based education are both evolving as major themes in education. Integrative learning emphasizes that knowledge from different domains and contexts are brought together to enhance the learner’s experience. The emphasis on integrated learning has sparked the development of integrative curriculum, which methodically brings knowledge and skills together in ways that reinforce learning. Competency-based medical education (CBME) is an educational method that assumes integrative learning by relying on defined competencies for learners to master during their education. CBME is an illustration of both integrated learning and integrated curricula. In CBME, learners progress through their program by demonstrating acquisition of competencies, which are often integrative statements in themselves. In integrative learning, the question of how to assess a learner’s progress through their program remains a challenge. Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) are one tool utilized to assess learning in CBME. EPAs are defined, observable tasks that learners should be able to demonstrate upon entering their profession. Understanding EPAs and how they are used in CBME may provide a framework for assessing integrative learning in diverse educational contexts.
Twice-Exceptional Children and Their Challenges in Dealing with Normality
Authors: Klingner Roya
Published: April 2022

This article defines the term twice-exceptional as being gifted (highly able) and having challenges with learning or physical disabilities. The focus is on understanding these children, who are brilliant in one way but at the same time in some situations are at risk. The biggest challenges they face are misunderstanding and misdiagnosis. This article will assist those involved in the life and education of twice-exceptional children to help light the way towards better understanding them, focusing on their strengths and supporting them individually to change their life in an optimal direction. One million of our nation’s most promising, innovative thinkers—children who learn differently, not “deficiently”—constitute a neglected national resource.
Detail Enhancement Multi-Exposure Image Fusion Based on Homomorphic Filtering
Authors: Hu Yunxue , Xu Chao , Li Zhengping , Lei Fang , Feng Bo , Chu Lingling , Nie Chao , Wang Dou
Published: April 2022

Due to the large dynamic range of real scenes, it is difficult for images taken by ordinary devices to represent high-quality real scenes. To obtain high-quality images, the exposure fusion of multiple exposure images of the same scene is required. The fusion of multiple images results in the loss of edge detail in areas with large exposure differences. Aiming at this problem, this paper proposes a new method for the fusion of multi-exposure images with detail enhancement based on homomorphic filtering. First, a fusion weight map is constructed using exposure and local contrast. The exposure weight map is calculated by threshold segmentation and an adaptively adjustable Gaussian curve. The algorithm can assign appropriate exposure weights to well-exposed areas so that the fused image retains more details. Then, the weight map is denoised using fast-guided filtering. Finally, a fusion method for the detail enhancement of Laplacian pyramids with homomorphic filtering is proposed to enhance the edge information lost by Laplacian pyramid fusion. The experimental results show that the method can generate high-quality images with clear edges and details as well as similar color appearance to real scenes and can outperform existing algorithms in both subjective and objective evaluations.
Emission Characteristics of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins/Dibenzofurans (PCDD/DFs) in Commercial Bio-SRF and SRF Incineration Plants
Authors: Son Jun-Ik , Lee Seung-Jae , Park Se-In , Kwon Eun-Hye , Namkung Hueon , Kang Jun-Gu , Lee Wonseok
Published: April 2022

Incineration plants using solid refused fuel (SRF) should control their air pollution materials to minimize environmental impact. This study evaluated the emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofurans (PCDD/DFs) congener patterns in seven commercial incineration plants in Korea using SRF and biomass SRF (bio-SRF). We examined the reduction rate differences of PCDD/DFs, depending on the air pollutant control device. All seven incineration plants sufficiently managed their dioxin emissions. However, both SRF and bio-SRF incineration plants showed active chlorination reactions and resulted in a large amount of highly chlorinated dioxins. The average dioxin concentration was 0.02 ng international toxic equivalency quantity (I-TEQ)/Sm3. Ratios of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF were high in the waste heat boilers of both SRF and bio-SRF incineration plants. The octachlorinated dibenzofuran (OCDF) ratio was only high in the SRF incineration plants. Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) and OCDF exhibited high dioxin ratios. SRF incineration plants had a low ratio of OCDF to 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF. In addition, the reduction rate of PCDD/DFs was substantially high after treatment with the air pollutant control device.
Response of Soil Net Nitrogen Mineralization to a Litter in Three Subalpine Forests
Authors: Zhang Li , Yang Yulian , Jiao Zebin , Chen Zihao , Shen Ya , Liu Yao , Zhang Linhui , Wang Lixia , Liu Sining , Wu Qinggui , Li Han
Published: April 2022

Forest litter accumulation can regulate the soil microclimate and alter nutrient distribution, but the effects of litter quality and seasonal differences on soil nitrogen (N) mineralization are still uncertain. The effects of litter change on the rates of net N mineralization, nitrification, and ammonification were studied through in situ incubation experiments in coniferous, mixed, and broad-leaved forests in the eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Two litter treatments were established, one to allow the litter to enter the soil normally (remain litter) and the other to prevent the litter from entering the soil (remove litter). Soil samples were collected at the freezing (FS), thawing (TS), early growing (EGS), late growing (LGS), and early freezing (EFS) seasons during the 1.5-year incubation period. Compared to coniferous forests, the effects of litter removal on the net ammonification, nitrification, and N mineralization rates were more pronounced in broad-leaved forests, mainly during the growing and thawing seasons. Structural equation modeling indicated that microbial biomass N (MBN) was a common factor affecting the net ammonification, nitrification, and N mineralization rates in the three forest soils. The coniferous forest microbial biomass carbon (MBC), mixed forest soil moisture, broad-leaved forest soil N concentration, and C:N ratio were the unique influencing factors of the different forest types. The results showed that the effect of litter distribution on the soil net N mineralization mainly depended on forest type and season, suggesting that the litter composition and productivity in different seasons and forest types may alter the soil N cycling processes in subalpine forest ecosystems.
Impact of Forest Harvesting Intensity and Water Table on Biodegradability of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Boreal Peat in an Incubation Experiment
Authors: Peltomaa Elina , Könönen Mari , Palviainen Marjo , Laurén Annamari (Ari) , Zhu Xudan , Kinnunen Niko , Aaltonen Heidi , Ojala Anne , Pumpanen Jukka
Published: April 2022

Boreal peatlands are vast carbon (C) stores but also major sources of dissolved organic C (DOC) and nutrients to surface waters. Drainage and forest harvesting accelerates DOC leaching. Continuous cover forestry (CCF) is considered to cause fewer adverse environmental effects. Yet, the effects of CCF on DOC processes are unrecognised. We study DOC production and quality in unharvested, CCF, and clear-cut drained peatland forests and in a non-forested alluvial sedge fen. Parallel replicate peat columns with ground vegetation are collected from the uppermost 50 cm at each site, and the water table (WT) is set to −20 or −40 cm depths on the columns. During the eight-month ex situ incubation experiment, the soil water samples are extracted monthly or bi-monthly. The samples are incubated at 15 °C for multiple 72 h incubation cycles to study pore water quality and biodegradation of DOC. The CO2 production occurs during the first three days. The DOC concentrations and the CO2 release per volume of water are significantly lower in the sedge fen than in the drained peatland forests. The WT has a negligible effect on DOC concentrations and no effect on DOC quality, but the higher WT has generally higher CO2 production per DOC than the lower WT. The results suggest that peat in the drained peatlands is not vulnerable to changes per se but that forest management alters biotic and abiotic factors that control the production, transport, and biodegradation of DOC.
Pollen Viability of Fraxinus excelsior in Storage Experiments and Investigations on the Potential Effect of Long-Range Transport
Authors: Buchner Lisa , Eisen Anna-Katharina , Šikoparija Branko , Jochner-Oette Susanne
Published: April 2022

Fragmented ash populations due to ash dieback may lead to a limited gene flow and pollination success. Therefore, the viability of ash pollen plays a major role for the survival of the species. The extent to which the long-distance transport of pollen affects pollen viability was investigated with experiments in a climate chamber using ash pollen samples from a seed orchard in Emmendingen, Germany. Furthermore, experiments with a volumetric pollen trap were conducted. A suitable storage temperature for ash pollen was determined by using four viability tests; TTC test, pollen germination, Alexander’s stain and Acetocarmine. An optimization of the germination medium was performed. We found a strong influence of prevailing temperatures on pollen viability, which decreased faster under warmer conditions. At moderate temperatures, viable pollen could still be observed after 28 days. Thus, a possible successful pollination can also be associated to long-range transported pollen. Storage experiments showed that pollen viability could be maintained longer at temperatures of −20 °C and −80 °C than at 4 °C. In particular, the TTC test has proven to be suitable for determining viability. Therefore, properly stored pollen can be used for breeding programs to support the survival of Fraxinus excelsior.
Recombinant Protein Production in E. coli Using the phoA Expression System
Authors: Gundinger Thomas , Kittler Stefan , Kubicek Sabine , Kopp Julian , Spadiut Oliver
Published: April 2022

Auto-inducible promoter systems have been reported to increase soluble product formation in the periplasm of E. coli compared to inducer-dependent systems. In this study, we investigated the phosphate (PO4)-sensitive phoA expression system (pAT) for the production of a recombinant model antigen-binding fragment (Fab) in the periplasm of E. coli in detail. We explored the impact of non-limiting and limiting PO4 conditions on strain physiology as well as Fab productivity. We compared different methods for extracellular PO4 detection, identifying automated colorimetric measurement to be most suitable for at-line PO4 monitoring. We showed that PO4 limitation boosts phoA-based gene expression, however, the product was already formed at non-limiting PO4 conditions, indicating leaky expression. Furthermore, cultivation under PO4 limitation caused physiological changes ultimately resulting in a metabolic breakdown at PO4 starvation. Finally, we give recommendations for process optimization with the phoA expression system. In summary, our study provides very detailed information on the E. coli phoA expression system, thus extending the existing knowledge of this system, and underlines its high potential for the successful production of periplasmic products in E. coli.
Microbial Composition of a Traditional Fermented Wheat Preparation—Nishasta and Its Role in the Amelioration of Retinoic Acid-Induced Osteoporosis in Rats
Authors: Altaf Aayeena , Alkefai Naila H. , Panda Bibhu Prasad , Usmani Zakiya , Amin Saima , Mir Showkat R.
Published: April 2022

Fermented foods have a long history of human use. The purpose of this study was to characterize the microbial composition of a traditional fermented wheat preparation—Nishasta— and to explore its effect in retinoic acid-induced osteoporosis in Wistar rats. The sample was suspended in sterile water (10% w/v), mixed thoroughly, filtered, and gradually diluted. Aliquots of dilutions were cultured in MRS (DeMan–Rogosa–Sharpe) medium, and colonies with similar morphologies were subjected to DNA extraction. The 16S rRNA gene of the isolates was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, checked by agarose gel electrophoresis, and finally identified by sequencing. Anti-osteoporosis screening of Nishasta was carried out in female Wistar rats using retinoic acid as an inducer (70 mg/kg, p.o. once a day for 14 days). Its effect on bone health parameters was determined. The bone metabolism markers such as hydroxyproline (HOP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were evaluated. The results of microbial characterization revealed the presence of ten clones of Lactobacillus plantarum in the fermented preparation with L. plantarum NF3 as the predominant strain. The average microbial count was 2.4 × 103 CFU/g. Retinoic acid administration led to a marked disorder of various bone health markers in rats. It also increased the levels of urine calcium and phosphorus, indicating increased bone destruction. Treatment with fermented wheat (at 200, 100, and 50 mg/kg doses, p.o. daily for 42 days after the induction of osteoporosis) improved bone mineral density in a dose-dependent manner. It also improved the bone microstructure and reduced the levels of ALP, TRACP, and HOP. Micro-CT revealed that it reduced trabecular separation and increased the percent bone volume, trabecular numbers, trabecular thickness, and bone mineral density in the rats. The results showed that the fermented wheat promoted bone formation and prevented bone resorption. Our findings clearly established the effectiveness of Nishasta against osteoporosis in Wistar rats that can be partly attributed to the improved gut calcium absorption and microbiota composition.
Isolation and Identification of Lactose-Degrading Yeasts and Characterisation of Their Fermentation-Related Ability to Produce Ethanol
Authors: Kurniawati Murni , Nurliyani Nurliyani , Budhijanto Wiratni , Widodo Widodo
Published: April 2022

Kefir is traditionally produced by fermenting cow’s milk using kefir grains as a starter culture. As the viability of microbes within kefir grains is limited and preparing the grains for kefir fermentation is laborious, here, a single starter that ferments lactose and produces ethanol is developed. For this purpose, it is important to isolate yeasts that can ferment lactose and subsequently produce alcohol. This study aimed to isolate and identify yeasts from kefir and characterise their ability as single starters to produce kefir. Based on morphological and physiological evaluations, 15 presumptive yeast isolates were obtained, 10 of which grew well on lactose-containing media. Those that were able to grow on lactose using only carbon sources were subjected to molecular identification based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the 5.8 rDNA using PCR technology. Molecular identification confirmed four isolates—namely, KFA 3, KFA 7, KFA 9 and KFB 1—as belonging to Kluyveromyces marxianus. The batch fermentation data of these strains were fitted on a logistic model to obtain the carrying capacity coefficients and strain performances were compared. The kinetic modelling revealed that KFA 9 had the highest values for the carrying capacity coefficient, biomass yield and product yield, indicating that, among the four K. marxianus strains, this was superior due to its relatively fast growth and good ethanol productivity.
FinTech in Open Access
Authors: Roubaud David
Published: April 2022

On behalf of the editorial board, reviewers, and authors of the journal, I am very much looking forward to interacting with the FinTech research and practice communities to share their latest research results through this new platform [...]
Comment on Otón et al. Analysis of Trends in the FireCCI Global Long Term Burned Area Product (1982–2018). Fire 2021, 4, 74
Authors: Giglio Louis , Zubkova Maria , Roy David P.
Published: April 2022

In a recent study, Otón et al. [...]
Simulation of Winter Deep Slope Convection in Peter the Great Bay (Japan Sea)
Authors: Prants Sergey V. , Fayman Pavel A. , Budyansky Maxim V. , Uleysky Michael Yu.
Published: April 2022

In wintertime, a high-density water forms on the shallow shelf in the vast Peter the Great Bay (Japan Sea). The steep continental slope with deep canyons and cold winters in the area provide suitable conditions for the implementation of deep slope convection—an important phenomenon in the formation of intermediate and bottom waters that occurs at a few locations in some semi-enclosed seas, including the Japan Sea. The descent of dense shelf water down the continental slope of Peter the Great Bay usually occurs to 1000–1200 m; however, in anomalously cold winters, it has been observed at greater than 2000 m depth supporting renewal and deep ventilation of intermediate and bottom waters in the Japan Sea. The deep slope convection is a rare episodic phenomenon with durations ranging from several hours to several days, that has never been simulated in Peter the Great Bay with a realistic numerical model of circulation. We apply the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) with a 600 m horizontal resolution to simulate the deep slope convection in the anomalously cold winter of 2001 when it has been observed in cruises. The results are compared with propagation of deep shelf water in the regular winter of 2010 when hydrological characteristics of this water were recorded by a profiler “Aqualog” installed at the shelf break. Using Lagrangian methods, we track and analyze the formation of dense shelf water, its advection to the slope edge in the bottom layer and descent down the slope. Special attention is payed to the role of coastal eddies arising due to a symmetric instability. These eddies promote the cross-shelf transport of the dense shelf water towards the continental slope edge. The simulation results are compared with rare observations of the deep slope convection in Peter the Great Bay.
Antibiotic Resistance and Molecular Characterization of Cronobacter sakazakii Strains Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula Milk
Authors: Pakbin Babak , Brück Wolfram Manuel , Allahyari Samaneh , Rossen John W. A. , Mahmoudi Razzagh
Published: April 2022

Background: Cronobacter sakazakii is a new emerging foodborne bacterial pathogen associated with severe lethal diseases such as meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and septicemia in infants and neonates. Powdered infant formula milk (PIFM) has been recognized as one of the main transmission vehicles and contaminated sources of this pathogen. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence rate, genotypic and phenotypic antibiotic resistance profile, and clonal relatedness of C. sakazakii strains isolated from 364 PIFM samples collected from Tehran city, Iran. Methods: Culture-based methods, Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion antibiotic resistance testing, conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) assays were used in this study to detect and characterize the C. sakazakii isolates. Results: We isolated 25 C. sakazakii strains from PIFM samples (6.86%). The isolates were highly resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefoxitin, cefepime, erythromycin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol and susceptible to gentamicin, tetracycline, norfloxacin, and azithromycin antibiotics. The blaCTX-M-1 gene was detected in 96% of the isolates. The isolates were categorized into eight distinct clonal types using the ERIC-PCR method, showing a high genetic diversity among the isolates. However, there was a significant correlation between the genotypic and phenotypic antibiotic resistance properties of the isolates. Conclusions: Novel microbial surveillance systems for detecting multi-drug-resistant C. sakazakii are required to control the contamination of this foodborne pathogen in infant foods.
Purification and Characterization of the Protease from Staphylococcus xylosus A2 Isolated from Harbin Dry Sausages
Authors: Wang Hui , Xu Jianhang , Kong Baohua , Liu Qian , Xia Xiufang , Sun Fangda
Published: April 2022

The protease generated from Staphylococcus (S.) xylosus A2, which was isolated from Harbin dry sausages, was purified and characterized. The molecular weight of the purified protease was approximately 21.5 kDa, and its relative activity reached the highest at pH 6.0 and 50 °C. At pH 4.0–8.0 and temperatures of 20–50 °C, the protease was stable. Its activity was significantly improved by Ca2+ and Zn2+ ions (p < 0.05). The Michaelis constant and maximum velocity of the protease were 2.94 mg/mL and 19.45 U/mL·min, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters analysis suggested that the protease showed better catalytic properties at 40 °C. Moreover, the protease could hydrolyze meat proteins, and obtained hydrolysate is non-cytotoxic to the HEK-293 cells. These findings provide a theoretical basis for understanding the enzymatic characterization of S. xylosus A2 protease and its future application in fermented meat products.
Microbial Communities and Flavor Compounds during the Fermentation of Traditional Hong Qu Glutinous Rice Wine
Authors: Liu Anqi , Yang Xu , Guo Quanyou , Li Baoguo , Zheng Yao , Shi Yuzhuo , Zhu Lin
Published: April 2022

As a traditional Chinese rice wine, Hong Qu glutinous rice wine (HQW) is popular among consumers due to its unique flavor. However, its quality changes during fermentation, and the potential relationships between flavor and microbes have not been systematically researched. In this work, physicochemical properties (pH, total sugar, alcohol, amino acid nitrogen), flavor compounds (organic acids, free amino acids, and volatile compounds), and microbial communities were investigated. The results revealed that Pantoea, Lactiplantibacillus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, and Weissella predominated the bacterial genera, and Monascus was the predominant fungal genus. Organic acids, free amino acids, and key volatile compounds (esters and alcohols) significantly increased during fermentation. The correlations analysis showed that Lactiplantibacillus was closely associated with flavor compounds formation. This study deepens our understanding of the roles of microorganisms in flavor formation on traditional HQW fermentation.
Influence of Three Extraction Methods on the Physicochemical Properties of Kefirans Isolated from Three Types of Animal Milk
Authors: La Torre Chiara , Fazio Alessia , Caputo Paolino , Tursi Antonio , Formoso Patrizia , Cione Erika
Published: April 2022

Kefiran is a heteropolysaccharide biopolymer usually extracted from kefir grains cultured in cow milk. Due to the lack of information on exopolysaccharides from other types of animal milk, in the present study, cow, buffalo and goat milks were used as raw materials for fermentation. The kefiran extractions from kefir grains were carried out with cold water (method I), hot water (method II) and mild heated water-ultrasound (method III), and then the recovery yield and the physicochemical properties of the kefirans were evaluated to establish the influence of both the extraction conditions and the type of milk. The highest yield was recorded for the cow kefiran using method III (4.79%). The recoveries of goat and buffalo kefirans with methods II and III were similar (2.75–2.81%). Method I had the lowest yields (0.15–0.48%). The physicochemical characteristics were studied with Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed the same qualitative profile for all the samples, regardless of the method and the type of milk, confirming that the extraction methods did not affect the chemical structure of the kefirans. Otherwise, the thermal and morphological features of the samples showed differences according to both the type of the milk and the extraction method. The kefiran samples were very thermally stable, having a temperature of degradation (Td) in the range from 264 to 354 °C. The resulting morphological and thermal differences could lead to different practical applications of kefirans in the fields of nutrition and pharmacology.
Image Enhancement Based on Rough Set and Fractional Order Differentiator
Authors: Zhang Xuefeng , Dai Lewen
Published: April 2022

In the paper, an image enhancement algorithm based on a rough set and fractional order differentiator is proposed. By combining the rough set theory with a Gaussian mixture model, a new image segmentation algorithm with higher immunity is obtained. This image segmentation algorithm can obtain more image layers with concentrating information and preserve more image details than traditional algorithms. After preprocessing, the segmentation layers will be enhanced by a new adaptive fractional order differential mask in the Fourier domain. Experimental results and numerical analysis have verified the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Characterization of Tuna Gelatin-Based Hydrogels as a Matrix for Drug Delivery
Authors: Hermida-Merino Carolina , Cabaleiro David , Lugo Luis , Valcarcel Jesus , Vázquez Jose Antonio , Bravo Ivan , Longo Alessandro , Salloum-Abou-Jaoude Georges , Solano Eduardo , Gracia-Fernández Carlos , Piñeiro Manuel M. , Hermida-Merino Daniel
Published: April 2022

The skin of yellowfin tuna is one of the fishery industry solid residues with the greatest potential to add extra value to its circular economy that remains yet unexploited. Particularly, the high collagen content of fish skin allows generating gelatin by hydrolysis, which is ideal for forming hydrogels due to its biocompatibility and gelling capability. Hydrogels have been used as drug carriers for local administration due to their mechanical properties and drug loading capacity. Herein, novel tuna gelatin hydrogels were designed as drug vehicles with two structurally different antitumoral model compounds such as Doxorubicin and Crocin to be administrated locally in tissues with complex human anatomies after surgical resection. The characterization by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of purified gelatin confirmed their heterogeneity composition, exhibiting three major bands that correspond to the β and α chains along with high molecular weight species. In addition, the Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra of gelatin probed the secondary structure of the gelatin showing the simultaneous existence of α helix, β sheet, and random coil structures. Morphological studies at different length scales were performed by a multi-technique approach using SAXS/WAXS, AFM and cryo-SEM that revealed the porous network formed by the interaction of gelatin planar aggregates. In addition, the sol-gel transition, as well as the gelation point and the hydrogel strength, were studied using dynamic rheology and differential scanning calorimetry. Likewise, the loading and release profiles followed by UV-visible spectroscopy indicated that the novel gelatin hydrogels improve the drug release of Doxorubicin and Crocin in a sustained fashion, indicating the structure-function importance in the material composition.
Electrophysiological and Behavioral Evidence for Hyper- and Hyposensitivity in Rare Genetic Syndromes Associated with Autism
Authors: Neklyudova Anastasia , Smirnov Kirill , Rebreikina Anna , Martynova Olga , Sysoeva Olga
Published: April 2022

Our study reviewed abnormalities in spontaneous, as well as event-related, brain activity in syndromes with a known genetic underpinning that are associated with autistic symptomatology. Based on behavioral and neurophysiological evidence, we tentatively subdivided the syndromes on primarily hyper-sensitive (Fragile X, Angelman) and hypo-sensitive (Phelan–McDermid, Rett, Tuberous Sclerosis, Neurofibromatosis 1), pointing to the way of segregation of heterogeneous idiopathic ASD, that includes both hyper-sensitive and hypo-sensitive individuals. This segmentation links abnormalities in different genes, such as FMR1, UBE3A, GABRB3, GABRA5, GABRG3, SHANK3, MECP2, TSC1, TSC2, and NF1, that are causative to the above-mentioned syndromes and associated with synaptic transmission and cell growth, as well as with translational and transcriptional regulation and with sensory sensitivity. Excitation/inhibition imbalance related to GABAergic signaling, and the interplay of tonic and phasic inhibition in different brain regions might underlie this relationship. However, more research is needed. As most genetic syndromes are very rare, future investigations in this field will benefit from multi-site collaboration with a common protocol for electrophysiological and event-related potential (EEG/ERP) research that should include an investigation into all modalities and stages of sensory processing, as well as potential biomarkers of GABAergic signaling (such as 40-Hz ASSR).
Real-World Evaluation of Calcimimetics for the Treatment of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Chronic Kidney Disease, in an Italian Clinical Setting
Authors: Perrone Valentina , Dovizio Melania , Veronesi Chiara , Andretta Margherita , Bartolini Fausto , Cavaliere Arturo , Ferrante Fulvio , Lupi Alessandro , Pagliaro Romina , Pagnotta Rita , Palcic Stefano , Re Davide , Ubertazzo Loredana , Vercellone Adriano , Degli Esposti Luca
Published: April 2022

This Italian real-world data analysis evaluated the pharmaco-utilization of calcimimetics, cinacalcet or etelcalcetide, and the economic burden of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. From 1 January 2010 to 30 June 2020, adult patients with: (i) ≥1 prescription of etelcalcetide or cinacalcet, (ii) ≥3 hemodialysis/week, and (iii) without parathyroidectomy, were included. Based on the drug firstly prescribed, patients were allocated into etelcalcetide- and cinacalcet-treated cohorts, and the propensity score matching (PSM) methodology was applied to abate potential cohorts’ unbalances. Overall, 1752 cinacalcet- and 527 etelcalcetide-treated patients were enrolled. In cinacalcet- and etelcalcetide-treated patients, respectively, the most frequent comorbidities were hypertension (75.3% and 74.4%), diabetes mellitus (21.0% and 21.3%), and cardiovascular disease (18.1% and 13.3%, p < 0.01). In covariate-balanced cohorts, the treatment adherence and persistence rates were significantly higher in the etelcalcetide-treated (80.1% and 62.7%, respectively) vs. cinacalcet-treated cohort (62.3% and 54.7%, respectively). After PSM, the total costs for the management of cinacalcet- and etelcalcetide-treated patients, respectively, averaged EUR 23,480 and EUR 22,958, with the disease-specific drug costs (EUR 2629 vs. EUR 2355, p < 0.05) and disease-specific hospitalization costs (EUR 1241 vs. EUR 855) in cinacalcet- and etelcalcetide-treated patients. These results showed that, in etelcalcetide-treated patients, a higher treatment adherence and persistence was found, with disease-specific costs savings, especially those related to drugs and hospitalizations.
X-ray Dating of a Turin Shroud’s Linen Sample
Authors: De Caro Liberato , Sibillano Teresa , Lassandro Rocco , Giannini Cinzia , Fanti Giulio
Published: April 2022

On a sample of the Turin Shroud (TS), we applied a new method for dating ancient linen threads by inspecting their structural degradation by means of Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS). The X-ray dating method was applied to a sample of the TS consisting of a thread taken in proximity of the 1988/radiocarbon area (corner of the TS corresponding to the feet area of the frontal image, near the so-called Raes sample). The size of the linen sample was about 0.5 mm × 1 mm. We obtained one-dimensional integrated WAXS data profiles for the TS sample, which were fully compatible with the analogous measurements obtained on a linen sample whose dating, according to historical records, is 55–74 AD, Siege of Masada (Israel). The degree of natural aging of the cellulose that constitutes the linen of the investigated sample, obtained by X-ray analysis, showed that the TS fabric is much older than the seven centuries proposed by the 1988 radiocarbon dating. The experimental results are compatible with the hypothesis that the TS is a 2000-year-old relic, as supposed by Christian tradition, under the condition that it was kept at suitable levels of average secular temperature—20.0–22.5 °C—and correlated relative humidity—75–55%—for 13 centuries of unknown history, in addition to the seven centuries of known history in Europe. To make the present result compatible with that of the 1988 radiocarbon test, the TS should have been conserved during its hypothetical seven centuries of life at a secular room temperature very close to the maximum values registered on the earth.
Evaluating the Use of Dalbavancin for Off-Label Indications
Authors: Taylor Katherine , Williamson John , Luther Vera , Stone Tyler , Johnson James , Gruss Zachary , Russ-Friedman Courtney , Ohl Chris , Beardsley James
Published: April 2022

(1) Background: Dalbavancin is a long-acting lipoglycopeptide antibiotic approved for skin and soft-tissue infections. Post-marketing experience suggests dalbavancin is being used for off-label indications that normally require long-term intravenous (IV) antibiotics; however, data assessing this off-label usage are limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the real-world efficacy, safety, and financial impact of off-label dalbavancin use. (2) Methods: This is a retrospective, observational study conducted within a 4-hospital health system. Adult patients who received dalbavancin from January 2018 to January 2021 for an off-label indication were included. The primary outcome was clinical success at 90 days. Secondary outcomes included safety (nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity). A pharmacoeconomic analysis was performed by comparing the cost of dalbavancin to the anticipated cost of patient stay if standard IV therapy was given. (3) Results: Forty-eight patients met study criteria. Indications included osteomyelitis (54%), endocarditis (23%), bacteremia (15%), and prosthetic joint infection (8%). The predominant organism was S. aureus (60%), with 42% caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Overall, 41 (85%) patients achieved clinical success at 90 days, including 85% with osteomyelitis, 82% with endocarditis, and 86% with bacteremia. There were no instances of nephrotoxicity or hepatotoxicity. Estimated cost avoidance per patient was USD 5313 and USD 1683 if traditional IV therapy would have been completed in the hospital and skilled nursing facility, respectively. (4) Conclusion: Dalbavancin was associated with a relatively high success rate for the treatment of off-label indications and may be a cost-effective alternative to traditional IV antibiotic therapy.
Flurochloridone Induced Cell Apoptosis via ER Stress and eIF2α-ATF4/ATF6-CHOP-Bim/Bax Signaling Pathways in Mouse TM4 Sertoli Cells
Authors: Zhang Fen , Ni Zhijing , Zhao Shuqi , Wang Yanna , Chang Xiuli , Zhou Zhijun
Published: April 2022

Flurochloridone (FLC), as a novel herbicide, has been widely used in many countries since 1980s. Current studies have shown that FLC has toxic effects on male reproduction and its target organ is testis, while the underlying mechanism is still unknown. Mouse testis Sertoli cell line TM4 cells were used as an in vitro model and treated with FLC at different doses (40, 80, 160 μM) for different times (6, 12, 24 h). Cell viability, cytotoxicity and apoptotic cells were detected by CCK-8 assay, LDH leakage assay and flow cytometry. The protein levels of GRP78, phosphorylated-eIF2α, ATF4, ATF6, CHOP, Bim and Bax were observed by Western Blot and Immunofluorescence staining. FLC inhibited cell viability and induced cytotoxicity in dose-dependent way in TM4 cells. The percentage of apoptotic cells were 6.2% ± 0.6%, 7.3% ± 0.3%, 9.8% ± 0.4%, 13.2% ± 0.2%, respectively. The expression levels of ER stress and UPR related proteins were activated over dose. Meanwhile, the pro-apoptotic proteins (Bim and Bax) were also up-regulated in dose-dependent. After pretreated with ISRIB, the inhibitor of eIF2α phosphorylation, the elevated expression of GRP78, phosphorylated-eIF2α, ATF4, ATF6, CHOP and Bim was down to normal level accordingly. In conclusion, FLC induced apoptosis in TM4 cells mediated by UPR signaling pathways.
Big and Mini: A Promising Intergenerational Program for Social Connections
Authors: Xu Ling , Fields Noelle L. , Chen Zhirui , Zhou Allen , Merchant Aditi , Zhou Anthony
Published: April 2022

Introduction: To help older adults cope with loneliness during COVID-19, a weekly, telephone-based intergenerational program called “Big and Mini” was created in April 2020 to link young and older adults together. As part of an evaluation of Big and Mini, a survey with both close and open-ended questions was sent to participants. Methods: A total of 63 Bigs and 53 Minis completed the survey. Their stress compared to before COVID-19, loneliness, life satisfaction, intergenerational closeness, and satisfaction with the program were measured for participants. Descriptive, bivariate correlation and conventional content analyses were conducted. Results: On average, Bigs and Minis had participated in the program for 3.73 and 3.49 months, respectively. Approximately half of the Bigs (47.6%) and Minis (52.8%) felt the same stress level compared to before COVID-19. A few participants felt “less stressed” compared to before COVID -9 (14.3 and 7.5%, respectively, for Bigs and Minis). All participants reported medium levels of loneliness, high levels of satisfaction with life, satisfaction with the program, and intergenerational closeness. Content analysis suggested that the reasons to join or expectations of the program were friendship, mutually beneficial intergenerational connections, and coping with loneliness. Conclusions: The Big and Mini program offers a promising approach with mutual benefits for participants. Strategies to improve the program and implications for intergenerational programs are presented.
Quality-of-Life Evaluation among the Oldest-Old in China under the “Active Aging Framework”
Authors: Xu Xin , Zhao Yuan , Zhou Jianfang , Xia Siyou
Published: April 2022

China is facing an increasingly contradictory challenge between growing demand for health services for the oldest-old and the unbalanced and inadequate development in the context of rapid population aging. This study sought to evaluate the quality of life of the oldest-old in China under the active aging framework. Health, participation, and security data were sourced from China Statistics/Labor Statistics/Civil Affairs Yearbook 2000–2016 and National 1% Sample Survey Data 2005–2015. Then, we used the current life table, entropy method, coefficient variation, and panel data regression to evaluate the quality of life among the oldest-old and reveal its regional differences and mechanisms. The results show: (1) From 2005 to 2015, the overall quality of life in China steadily improved, and the quality of health, participation, and security of the oldest-old increased by 6.06%, 5.64%, and 47.48%, respectively. (2) Distinct regional disparities exist in the distribution of quality of life for the oldest-old in China; the “east–northeast–middle–west” stepped-declining pattern existed stably. (3) Population and family structure, economic development, and social security were the main reasons for the regional differences in quality of life for the oldest-old. Narrowing the socioeconomic gap between regions, promoting the function of family pension, and improving social old-age service supply will help improve the quality of life of the oldest-old.
Investigation of Age-Associated Cognitive Functional Homophily in Community-Dwelling Older Adults’ Confidant Social Networks Using Exponential Random Graph Model
Authors: Morita Ayako , Takahashi Yoshimitsu , Fujiwara Takeo
Published: April 2022

One of the prominent interventions to tackle loneliness and social isolation in older adults is social facilitation. The present study investigated whether similarities in cognitive functions that are sensitive to age play a role in confidant social networks among older adults. We analyzed the data of 252 community-dwelling older adults in Wakuya City, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, who responded to a self-administered questionnaire and cognitive health checkups provided by the city in 2017. We performed Exponential Random Graph Model and investigated educational attainment, orientation, word registration, clock drawing, delayed recall, verbal fluency and logical memory homophily while adjusting for density, reciprocity, age, sex living arrangement, presence of disability in instrumental activities of daily living, educational attainment and cognitive impairment status. The probability of a confidant tie with an older adult was significantly reduced by 6% (odds ratio (OR): 0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.90–0.99) for one score difference in logical memory, and marginally increased by 5% (OR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.00–1.11) for one score difference in delayed recall. There was no significant association between educational attainment and other age-associated cognitive functional scores. Our findings suggest that similar logical memory functions play a role in strong social network building among community-dwelling older adults in Japan.
Evaluation of the Relationship between Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) with Indoor PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 in Suburban and Urban Schools
Authors: Mohd Isa Khairul Nizam , Jalaludin Juliana , Mohd Elias Saliza , Mohamed Norlen , Hashim Jamal Hisham , Hashim Zailina
Published: April 2022

Numerous epidemiological studies have evaluated the association of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and indoor air pollutants, but limited information available of the risks between schools located in suburban and urban areas. We therefore investigated the association of FeNO levels with indoor particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure in suburban and urban school areas. A comparative cross-sectional study was undertaken among secondary school students in eight schools located in the suburban and urban areas in the district of Hulu Langat, Selangor, Malaysia. A total of 470 school children (aged 14 years old) were randomly selected, their FeNO levels were measured, and allergic skin prick tests were conducted. The PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and carbon dioxide (CO2), temperature, and relative humidity were measured inside the classrooms. We found that the median of FeNO in the school children from urban areas (22.0 ppb, IQR = 32.0) were slightly higher as compared to the suburban group (19.5 ppb, IQR = 24.0). After adjustment of potential confounders, the two-level hierarchical multiple logistic regression models showed that the concentrations of PM2.5 were significantly associated with elevated of FeNO (>20 ppb) in school children from suburban (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.17–1.72) and urban (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.10–1.91) areas. Despite the concentrations of NO2 being below the local and international recommendation guidelines, NO2 was found to be significantly associated with the elevated FeNO levels among school children from suburban areas (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.06–1.17). The findings of this study support the evidence of indoor pollutants in the school micro-environment associated with FeNO levels among school children from suburban and urban areas.
Field Study of Postural Characteristics of Standing and Seated Smartphone Use
Authors: Chen Yi-Lang , Chen Kuan-Hsiang , Cheng Yu-Cheng , Chang Chien-Ching
Published: April 2022

Prior investigations have been primarily conducted in a laboratory to examine the effects of the smartphone use on the neck and head positions, whether these results are applicable to actual conditions is still unknown. This field survey thus analyzed the neck flexion (NF), head flexion (HF), gaze angle (GA), and viewing distance (VD) of smartphone users in public areas in Taipei, Taiwan. Six hundred smartphone users (300 men and 300 women) were photographed sagittally in standing, supported sitting, or unsupported sitting postures while using a smartphone. Results showed that women had significantly less NF and HF and shorter VDs than male users. Regardless of gender, higher NF was observed for standing than for sitting. Women had similar NF and HF while sitting supported and unsupported, but both were significantly lower than those while standing. By contrast, male users had higher NF and HF during unsupported sitting than during supported sitting. The NF (45°–50°) was much greater than the recommended maximum safe NF of 15°. Women may be at higher risk of visual strain because of shorter VD.