bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kryosphäre im Wandel
Authors: Gottwald Manfred , Floricioiu Dana
Published: March 2016

Die Untersuchung der Kryosphäre mit abbildenden Radarsatelliten hat der Wissenschaft neue Methoden und Verfahren in die Hand gegeben. Sie erlauben Einblicke in die Vorgänge der Polargebiete, die früher nicht oder nur sehr eingeschränkt möglich waren. Vor allem die Fähigkeit, unabhängig vom Wettergeschehen und Tageslicht auch die entlegensten und unwirtlichsten Orte zu erforschen, hat unseren Blick auf die Eisschilde und das Meereis verändert. Im Zusammenspiel mit der Vor‐Ort‐Erkundung in Polarstationen, dem Einsatz von Instrumenten auf Flugzeugen, Schiffen und Ballons, aber auch anderen satellitengetragenen Sensoren helfen die Radarmissionen, die sich verändernde Arktis und Antarktis in einer Zeit des globalen Klimawandels besser zu verstehen.
Designermaterialien für nichtlineare Optik
Authors: Probst Heike , Zentgraf Thomas
Published: March 2016

Die Nanotechnologie ermöglicht es, Materialien im Bereich weniger Nanometer gezielt zu strukturieren. Mit diesen Metamaterialien kann man neue optische Eigenschaften realisieren, die in natürlich vorkommenden Materialien nicht möglich sind. Zudem lassen sich auch die nichtlinearen optischen Eigenschaften verändern. Dies führt dazu, dass nichtlineare optische Prozesse, etwa die Erzeugung der zweiten Harmonischen, bereits während der Entstehung in ihrer Phase kontrollierbar sind. Daraus ergeben sich vielfältige Anwendungsgebiete in den Bereichen der nichtlinearen Holographie, Strahlformung und Frequenzumwandlung. Diese bilden eine entscheidende Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung neuartiger optischer Komponenten im Bereich der Informations‐ und Kommunikationstechnologien.
Schwarzen Linien auf der Spur
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: March 2016

Ein Kollege aus Bayern entdeckt 1814 die seltsamen schwarzen Linien im Spektrum der Sonne und löst damit einen regelrechten Run aus. Alle Wissenschaftler in Europa, die sich auch nur am Rande für Optik und Astronomie interessieren, wollen nun schwarze Linien auch im Licht anderer Sterne und irdischer erhitzter Gase und Metalle entdecken. Ein halbes Jahrhundert später wird ein schwedischer Forscher die Spektroskopie entscheidend voranbringen.
Determining synthesis rates of individual proteins in zebrafish (Danio rerio) with low levels of a stable isotope labelled amino acid
Authors: Geary Bethany , Magee Kieran , Cash Phillip , Young Iain S. , Whitfield Phillip D. , Doherty Mary K.
Published: March 2016

The zebrafish is a powerful model organism for the analysis of human cardiovascular development and disease. Understanding these processes at the protein level not only requires changes in protein concentration to be determined but also the rate at which these changes occur on a protein‐by‐protein basis. The ability to measure protein synthesis and degradation rates on a proteome‐wide scale, using stable isotope labelling in conjunction with mass spectrometry is now a well‐established experimental approach. With the advent of more selective and sensitive mass spectrometers, it is possible to accurately measure lower levels of stable isotope incorporation, even when sample is limited. In order to challenge the sensitivity of this approach, we successfully determined the synthesis rates of over 600 proteins from the cardiac muscle of the zebrafish using a diet where either 30% or 50% of the L‐leucine was replaced with a stable isotope labelled analogue ([2H7]L‐leucine]. It was possible to extract sufficient protein from individual zebrafish hearts to determine the incorporation rate of the label into hundreds of proteins simultaneously, with the two labelling regimens showing a good correlation of synthesis rates.
A psbA mutation (Val219 to Ile) causes resistance to propanil and increased susceptibility to bentazon in Cyperus difformis
Authors: Pedroso Rafael M , Al‐Khatib Kassim , Alarcón‐Reverte Rocio , Fischer Albert J
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND

Propanil‐resistant (R) Cyperus difformis populations were recently confirmed in California rice fields. To date, propanil resistance in other weed species has been associated with enhanced aryl acylamidase (AAA)‐mediated propanil conversion into 3,4‐dichloroaniline. Our objectives were to determine the level of propanil resistance and cross‐resistance to other PSII inhibitors in C. difformis lines, and to elucidate the mechanism of propanil resistance.

RESULTS

The propanil‐R line had a 14‐fold propanil resistance and increased resistance to bromoxynil, diuron and metribuzin, but not to atrazine. The R line, however, displayed a fourfold increased susceptibility to bentazon. Interestingly, susceptible (S) plants accumulated more 3,4‐dichloroaniline and were more injured by propanil and carbaryl (AAA‐inhibitor) applications than R plants, suggesting that propanil metabolism is not the resistance mechanism. psbA gene sequence analysis indicated a valine‐219–isoleucine (Val219Ile) amino acid exchange in the propanil‐R chloroplast D1 protein.

CONCLUSION

The D1 Val219Ile modification in C. difformis causes resistance to propanil, diuron, metribuzin and bromoxynil but increased susceptibility to bentazon, suggesting that the Val219 residue participates in binding of these herbicides. This is the first report of a higher plant exhibiting target‐site propanil resistance. Tank mixing of bentazon and propanil, where permitted, can control both propanil‐R and propanil‐S C. difformis and prevent the spread of the resistant phenotype. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Structural characterization of product ions of regulated veterinary drugs by electrospray ionization and quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Part 3: Anthelmintics and thyreostats
Authors: Nuñez Alberto , Lehotay Steven J. , Lightfield Alan R.
Published: March 2016

Rationale

Previously, we have reported a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the identification and quantification of regulated veterinary drugs in food animals. The method uses three selected transition ions per analyte but structural characterization is also needed. This work is a continuation of two previous publications in which we propose structures of the selected transition ions of 130 veterinary drugs altogether.

Methods

In this work, 24 additional veterinary drugs were analyzed by infusion into a high‐resolution quadrupole time‐of‐flight (QTOF) mass spectrometer using electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive or negative mode. The TOF analyzer was calibrated to achieve low error mass accuracy in the MS and MS/MS modes. Also, the MS2 and MS3 spectra were obtained by using a Q‐Trap mass spectrometer to further determine the possible pathways of ion formation.

Results

The low error mass spectrometry analysis allowed the elucidation of the ion formulae of selected transition ions for qualitative identification. The rational interpretation of data including a review of the published literature led to the proposed structures of the MS/MS product ions of 24 compounds covering two classes of regulated veterinary drugs (anthelmintics and thyreostats). In addition, the use of MS2 and MS3 experiments led to the establishment of fragmentation patterns.

Conclusions

The identification and quantification of veterinary drug residues is helpful information for regulatory monitoring programs in defense of regulatory enforcement actions. Published in 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Rapid identification of seized controlled substances and related compounds by tandem mass spectrometry without chromatography
Authors: Fletcher Carl M. , Sleeman Richard
Published: March 2016

Rationale

This study demonstrates the capability of using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the identification of substances of abuse and related compounds without the need for chromatography. The elimination of chromatography is not only cost‐effective because of reduced sample work‐up and consumables, but also reduces the environmental impact of solvents.

Methods

Two chromatography‐free techniques were used to screen for a large suite of compounds using a rapid, inexpensive technique: a thermal desorber coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer operated in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. First, questioned materials in solution were introduced via an autosampler; and secondly, the materials were introduced directly by means of disposable toothpicks. The results were compared with those obtained by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

Results

MS/MS was shown to be capable of the identification of the same drugs within the samples as the conventional method of GC/MS, but with better sensitivity and shorter analysis times. Presented herein is an automated screening method based on an algorithm containing more than 60 precursor ion/product ion ‘transitions’ (i.e. 30+ compounds simultaneously; two precursor/product ion transitions per analyte), requiring less than 2 min for identification using an autosampler or instantaneously by means of manual sample introduction. Therefore, by eliminating chromatography, a higher laboratory throughput is achievable with simplified sample preparation.

Conclusions

An inexpensive, rapid and reliable method was successfully developed for the identification of controlled substances within unknown matrices using MS/MS without any chromatographic separation. This technique could be further validated with reference to an increasing database of MS/MS spectra to help to identify an expanding suite of compounds. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrepancy properties for random regular digraphs
Authors: Cook Nicholas A.
Published: March 2016

For the uniform random regular directed graph we prove concentration inequalities for (1) codegrees and (2) the number of edges passing from one set of vertices to another. As a consequence, we can deduce discrepancy properties for the distribution of edges essentially matching results for Erdős–Rényi digraphs obtained from Chernoff‐type bounds. The proofs make use of the method of exchangeable pairs, developed for concentration of measure by Chatterjee in (Chatterjee, Probab Theory and Relat Fields 138 (2007), 305–321). Exchangeable pairs are constructed using two involutions on the set of regular digraphs: a well‐known “simple switching” operation, as well as a novel “reflection” operation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 50, 23–58, 2017
The bivariate combined model for spatial data analysis
Authors: Neyens Thomas , Lawson Andrew B. , Kirby Russell S. , Faes Christel
Published: March 2016

To describe the spatial distribution of diseases, a number of methods have been proposed to model relative risks within areas. Most models use Bayesian hierarchical methods, in which one models both spatially structured and unstructured extra‐Poisson variance present in the data. For modelling a single disease, the conditional autoregressive (CAR) convolution model has been very popular. More recently, a combined model was proposed that ‘combines’ ideas from the CAR convolution model and the well‐known Poisson‐gamma model. The combined model was shown to be a good alternative to the CAR convolution model when there was a large amount of uncorrelated extra‐variance in the data. Less solutions exist for modelling two diseases simultaneously or modelling a disease in two sub‐populations simultaneously. Furthermore, existing models are typically based on the CAR convolution model. In this paper, a bivariate version of the combined model is proposed in which the unstructured heterogeneity term is split up into terms that are shared and terms that are specific to the disease or subpopulation, while spatial dependency is introduced via a univariate or multivariate Markov random field. The proposed method is illustrated by analysis of disease data in Georgia (USA) and Limburg (Belgium) and in a simulation study. We conclude that the bivariate combined model constitutes an interesting model when two diseases are possibly correlated. As the choice of the preferred model differs between data sets, we suggest to use the new and existing modelling approaches together and to choose the best model via goodness‐of‐fit statistics. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinct dendritic morphology across the blades of the rodent dentate gyrus
Authors: Gallitano Amelia L. , Satvat Elham , Gil Mario , Marrone Diano F.
Published: March 2016

The dentate gyrus (DG) is a hippocampal region that has long been characterized as a critical mediator of enduring memory formation and retrieval. As such, there is a wealth of studies investigating this area. Most of these studies have either treated the DG as a homogeneous structure, or examined differences in neurons along the septal‐temporal axis. Recent data, however, have indicated that a functional distinction exists between the suprapyramidal and infrapyramidal blades of the DG, with the former showing more robust responses during spatial tasks. To date, few anatomical studies have addressed this functional gradient in rats, and no study has done so in the mouse. To address this, we investigated dendritic morphology and spine density in hippocampal granule cells of rats and mice using the Golgi‐Cox technique. We find that granule cells from the suprapyramidal blade of the DG contain greater dendritic material in the region receiving spatial information from the medial perforant path. This provides a potential anatomical substrate for the asymmetric response of the DG to spatial input. Synapse 70:277–282, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DEGRO practical guidelines for radiotherapy of breast cancer VI: therapy of locoregional breast cancer recurrences
Authors: Harms Wolfgang , Budach W. , Dunst J. , Feyer P. , Fietkau R. , Haase W. , Krug D. , Piroth M. D. , Sautter-Bihl M.-L. , Sedlmayer F. , Souchon R. , Wenz F. , Sauer R. ,   Breast Cancer Expert Panel of the German Society of Radiation Oncology (DEGRO)
Published: March 2016

Objective

To update the practical guidelines for radiotherapy of patients with locoregional breast cancer recurrences based on the current German interdisciplinary S3 guidelines 2012.

Methods

A comprehensive survey of the literature using the search phrases “locoregional breast cancer recurrence”, “chest wall recurrence”, “local recurrence”, “regional recurrence”, and “breast cancer” was performed, using the limits “clinical trials”, “randomized trials”, “meta-analysis”, “systematic review”, and “guidelines”.

Conclusions

Patients with isolated in-breast or regional breast cancer recurrences should be treated with curative intent. Mastectomy is the standard of care for patients with ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence. In a subset of patients, a second breast conservation followed by partial breast irradiation (PBI) is an appropriate alternative to mastectomy. If a second breast conservation is performed, additional irradiation should be mandatory. The largest reirradiation experience base exists for multicatheter brachytherapy; however, prospective clinical trials are needed to clearly define selection criteria, long-term local control, and toxicity.

Following primary mastectomy, patients with resectable locoregional breast cancer recurrences should receive multimodality therapy including systemic therapy, surgery, and radiation +/− hyperthermia. This approach results in high local control rates and long-term survival is achieved in a subset of patients. In radiation-naive patients with unresectable locoregional recurrences, radiation therapy is mandatory. In previously irradiated patients with a high risk of a second local recurrence after surgical resection or in patients with unresectable recurrences, reirradiation should be strongly considered. Indication and dose concepts depend on the time interval to first radiotherapy, presence of late radiation effects, and concurrent or sequential systemic treatment. Combination with hyperthermia can further improve tumor control.

In patients with isolated axillary or supraclavicular recurrence, durable disease control is best achieved with multimodality therapy including surgery and radiotherapy. Radiation therapy significantly improves local control and should be applied whenever feasible.
Connectivity in the network macrostructure of Tursiops truncatus in the Pelagos Sanctuary (NW Mediterranean Sea): does landscape matter?
Authors: Carnabuci Massimiliano , Schiavon Giulia , Bellingeri Michela , Fossa Fulvio , Paoli Chiara , Vassallo Paolo , Gnone Guido
Published: March 2016

The bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus Montagu, 1821) is a regularly observed species in the Mediterranean Sea, but its network organization has never been investigated on a large scale. We described the network macrostructure of the bottlenose dolphin (meta)population inhabiting the Pelagos Sanctuary (a wide protected area located in the north‐western portion of the Mediterranean basin) and we analysed its connectivity in relation to the landscape traits. We pooled effort and sighting data collected by 13 different research institutions operating within the Pelagos Sanctuary from 1994 to 2011 to examine the distribution of bottlenose dolphins in the Pelagos study area and then we applied a social network analysis, investigating the association patterns of the photo‐identified dolphins (806 individuals in 605 sightings). The bottlenose dolphin (meta)population inhabiting the Pelagos Sanctuary is clustered in discrete units whose borders coincide with habitat breakages. This complex structure seems to be shaped by the geo‐morphological and ecological features of the landscape, through a mechanism of local specialization of the resident dolphins. Five distinct clusters were identified in the (meta)population and two of them were solid enough to be further investigated and compared. Significant differences were found in the network parameters, suggesting a different social organization of the clusters, possibly as a consequence of the different local specialization.
A theoretical approach for zone‐based management of the deer population on Yakushima Island
Authors: Fujimaki Aomi , Shioya Katsunori , Tagawa Satoshi , Matsuda Hiroyuki
Published: March 2016

The biological balance of Yakushima Island is currently being compromised by overpopulation of sika deer (Cervus nippon yakushimae). We predicted that the island's deer population would continue to grow unless control efforts are raised threefold from their 2012 levels. To identify the best management practice for future implementation, we evaluated and compared the performances of three different zone‐based management strategies. Under the current management scenario, the median population size of the sika deer on the island would temporarily decrease, but it would subsequently rebound. Under a scenario that allows management zones to be prioritized according to the occurrence of threatened plant species and deer population size, model simulations suggested that the scenario focusing on the central zone would show the best performance based on the probability of achievement of the management goal (assuming that there is no dispersal between zones). This course of action would lead to a decrease in the median deer population size and would further ensure a high probability of achieving the 2022 target population size across most zones (up to 85 %), even if catch levels were not increased. In a future study, we would need to conduct a more detailed analysis of plants and deer density distributions.
Microhabitat affects acorn removal in three sympatric and endangered Neotropical oak species
Authors: García‐Hernández María de los Ángeles , López‐Barrera Fabiola , Vásquez‐Reyes Víctor Manuel
Published: March 2016

Acorn removal and predation are processes that can influence forest dynamics and the ecological niche segregation of sympatric oak species. Different factors affect these processes, including differences in acorn germination rate and exposure to predators and/or dispersers. This study evaluated acorn removal and predation patterns in three threatened tropical cloud forest oak species (Quercus germana, Quercus sartorii and Quercus cortesii). Acorns were placed in two accessibility treatments (open to all potential acorn consumers vs. accessible to mice only) and in two types of microhabitat (covered by trunks, shrubs and herbaceous plants vs. uncovered). In addition, acorn germination rate was evaluated in a greenhouse. After 130 days, 76.67 ± 2.45 % of the seeds had been removed and the two accessibility treatments did not differ significantly. Mice were therefore shown as important predators and/or dispersers of acorns. Removal was greater in the covered (93.33 ± 2.04 %) compared to the uncovered (60.00 ± 4.01 %; P < 0.05) microhabitat. Acorn removal and germination were highest for Q. germana (82.00 ± 3.86 %, 91.67 ± 4.41 %, respectively), followed by Q. sartorii (79.00 ± 4.09 %; 50.00 ± 7.64 %) and Q. cortesii (69.00 ± 4.64 %; 13.33 ± 4.41 %); the same trend was recorded in the acorn germination rate (P < 0.05). Our findings suggest that uncovered sites with partial shade might function as regeneration microhabitats where less acorn removal and higher germination occur. The implications of differential acorn trait preferences by rodents for the coexistence of these oak species are discussed.
Wide aperture piezoceramic deformable mirrors for aberration correction in high-power lasers
Authors: Samarkin Vadim , Alexandrov Alexander , Borsoni Gilles , Jitsuno Takahisa , Romanov Pavel , Rukosuev Aleksei , Kudryashov Alexis
Published: March 2016

The deformable mirror with the size of

$410~\text{mm}\times 468~\text{mm}$

controlled by the bimorph piezoceramic plates and multilayer piezoceramic stacks was developed. The results of the measurements of the response functions of all the actuators and of the surface shape of the deformable mirror are presented in this paper. The study of the mirror with a Fizeau interferometer and a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor has shown that it was possible to improve the flatness of the surface down to a residual roughness of

$0.033~{\rm\mu}\text{m}$

(RMS). The possibility of correction of the aberrations in high-power lasers was numerically demonstrated.
Mary Barkas: a New Zealand pioneer at the Maudsley
Authors: Kaplan Robert M.
Published: March 2016

Objective

An account of the life of pioneer New Zealand psychiatrist Mary Barkas.

Conclusion

At a time when women were rare in psychiatry, New Zealand-born Mary Barkas excelled. A pioneer in the early years of the Maudsley Hospital, Barkas demonstrated her versatility in organic psychiatry, psychoanalysis and child psychiatry. Her career was terminated at an early stage and her life took a puzzling turn after she returned to New Zealand in 1933. Many questions about this intriguing and accomplished psychiatrist need to be explored.
Circulatingn-3 fatty acids andtrans-fatty acids,PLA2G2Agene variation and sudden cardiac arrest
Authors: Lemaitre Rozenn N. , Bartz Traci M. , King Irena B. , Brody Jennifer A. , McKnight Barbara , Sotoodehnia Nona , Rea Thomas D. , Johnson Catherine O. , Mozaffarian Dariush , Hesselson Stephanie , Kwok Pui-Yan , Siscovick David S.
Published: March 2016

Whether genetic factors influence the associations of fatty acids with the risk of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is largely unknown. To investigate possible gene–fatty acid interactions on SCA risk, we used a case-only approach and measured fatty acids in erythrocyte samples from 1869 SCA cases in a population-based repository with genetic data. We selected 191 SNP in ENCODE-identified regulatory regions of fifty-five candidate genes in fatty acid metabolic pathways. Using linear regression and additive genetic models, we investigated the association of the selected SNP with erythrocyte levels of fatty acids, including DHA, EPA andtrans-fatty acids among the SCA cases. The assumption of no association in non-cases was supported by analysis of publicly available datasets containing over 8000 samples. None of the SNP–fatty acid associations tested among the cases reached statistical significance after correction for multiple comparisons. One SNP, rs4654990 nearPLA2G2A, with an allele frequency of 0·33, was nominally associated with lower levels of DHA and EPA and higher levels oftrans-fatty acids. The strongest association was with DHA levels (exponentiated coefficient for one unit (1 % of total fatty acids), 0·90, 95 % CI 0·85, 0·97;P = 0·003), indicating that for subjects with a coded allele, the OR of SCA associated with one unit higher DHA is about 90 % what it is for subjects with one fewer coded allele. These findings suggest that the associations of circulatingn-3 andtrans-fatty acids with SCA risk may be more pronounced in carriers of the rs4654990 G allele.
I Can But You Can't: Inconsistencies in Judgments of and Experiences With Infidelity
Authors: Thompson Ashley E. , O'Sullivan Lucia F.
Published: March 2016

Despite strong prohibition against infidelity and endorsement of exclusivity as a norm, many people report engaging in infidelity. The current study examined this paradox by employing a between-subject design using online surveys with 810 adults to assess actor-observer biases in the degree of permissiveness judging own versus partner's hypothetical behaviour, as well as hypocrisy in judgments of infidelity versus self-reported behaviour. Participants judged their own behaviour more permissively than their partner's, but only for emotional/affectionate and technology/online behaviours (not sexual/explicit or solitary behaviours). Many reported having engaged in behaviours that they judged to be infidelity, especially emotional/affectionate and technology/online infidelity behaviours. Sexual attitudes, age, and religion predicted inconsistencies in judgments of infidelity and self-reported behaviour (hypocrisy). This study has implications for educators and practitioners working with couples to improve communication and establish guidelines for appropriate and inappropriate behaviour.
Religious Minorities and Resistance to Genocide: The Collective Rescue of Jews in the Netherlands during the Holocaust
Authors: BRAUN ROBERT
Published: March 2016

This article hypothesizes that minority groups are more likely to protect persecuted groups during episodes of mass killing. The author builds a geocoded dataset of Jewish evasion and church communities in the Netherlands during the Holocaust to test this hypothesis. Spatial regression models of 93 percent of all Dutch Jews demonstrate a robust and positive correlation between the proximity to minority churches and evasion. While proximity to Catholic churches increased evasion in dominantly Protestant regions, proximity to Protestant churches had the same effect in Catholic parts of the country. Municipality level fixed effects and the concentric dispersion of Catholicism from missionary hotbed Delft are exploited to disentangle the effect of religious minority groups from local level tolerance and other omitted variables. This suggests that it is the local configuration of civil society that produces collective networks of assistance to threatened neighbors.
MORE ON THE ARENS REGULARITY OF
Authors: FAAL R. , EBRAHIMI VISHKI H. R.
Published: March 2016

We focus on a question raised by Daws [‘Arens regularity of the algebra of operators on a Banach space’, Bull. Lond. Math. Soc.36 (2004), 493–503] concerning the Arens regularity of $B(X)$, the algebra of operators on a Banach space $X$. Among other things, we show that $B(X)$ is Arens regular if and only if $X$ is ultrareflexive.
Restriction of dietary protein does not promote hepatic lipogenesis in lean or fatty pigs
Authors: Madeira Marta S. , Pires Virgínia M. R. , Alfaia Cristina M. , Lopes Paula A. , Martins Susana V. , Pinto Rui M. A. , Prates José A. M.
Published: March 2016

The influence of genotype (leanv.fatty) and dietary protein level (normalv.reduced) on plasma metabolites, hepatic fatty acid composition and mRNA levels of lipid-sensitive factors is reported for the first time, using the pig as an experimental model. The experiment was conducted on forty entire male pigs (twenty lean pigs of Large White×Landrace×Pietrain cross-breed and twenty fatty pigs of Alentejana purebreed) from 60 to 93 kg of live weight. Each pig genotype was divided into two subgroups, which were fed the following diets: a normal protein diet (NPD) equilibrated for lysine (17·5 % crude protein and 0·7 % lysine) and a reduced protein diet (RPD) not equilibrated for lysine (13·1 % crude protein and 0·4 % lysine). The majority of plasma metabolites were affected by genotype, with lean pigs having higher contents of lipids, whereas fatty pigs presented higher insulin, leptin and urea levels. RPD increased plasma TAG, free fatty acids and VLDL-cholesterol compared with NPD. Hepatic total lipids were higher in fatty pigs than in the lean genotype. RPD affected hepatic fatty acid composition but had a slight influence on gene expression levels in the liver. Sterol regulatory element-binding factor 1 was down-regulated by RPD, and fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) and fatty acid binding protein 4(FABP4)were affected by the interaction between genotype and diet. In pigs fed RPD,FADS1was up-regulated in the lean genotype, whereasFABP4increased in the fatty genotype. Although there is a genotype-specific effect of dietary protein restriction on hepatic lipid metabolism, lipogenesis is not promoted in the liver of lean or fatty pigs.
Foraminiferal record in a condensed marine succession: a case study from the Albian and Cenomanian (mid-Cretaceous) of Annopol, Poland
Authors: DUBICKA ZOFIA , MACHALSKI MARCIN
Published: March 2016

A condensed succession at Annopol is of key importance for the mid-Cretaceous palaeontology and palaeobiogeography in Poland. Here, the planktonic and benthic foraminifera from the Albian and Cenomanian intervals are studied. The local foraminiferal record is strongly influenced by burrowers. On the one hand, piping down of the foraminiferal tests through burrows disturbed the original succession, for example by introduction of the Cenomanian foraminifera into the Albian phosphorite horizon. On the other hand, the foraminifera in the burrow fills near the base of the Cenomanian provide the sole piece of evidence of a lower upper Cenomanian unit lost from the record by erosion. Changes in foraminiferal assemblages allow for the interpretation of the succession in terms of bathymetry and biological productivity. The highest rate of primary production is deduced for the Albian phosphorite horizon. Integration of foraminiferal and ammonite biostratigraphy with sedimentology allows for the comparison of a pattern of sea-level oscillations recorded at Annopol with the relevant portion of the classic graph of sea-level changes for the British Isles. It turns out that all important elements of the British curve, that is, transgressive peaks and regressive troughs or lows, left their distinctive, albeit highly residual, record in the Annopol succession. This study demonstrates that even extremely condensed marine deposits, such as those at Annopol, may provide a foraminiferal record of better quality, order and resolution than conventionally anticipated.
Comparative study of the composition and genetic diversity of the picoeukaryote community in a Chinese aquaculture area and an open sea area
Authors: Song Xue , Xu Zhimeng , Liu Qian , Li Yan , Ma Yu , Wang Jian , Sun Mengran , Shao Hongbing , Sun Hui , Malin Gill , Jiang Yong , Wang Min
Published: March 2016

Picoeukaryotes (<2–3 μm) perform key roles for the functioning of marine ecosystems, but little is known regarding the composition and diversity of picoeukaryotes in aquaculture areas. In this study, the Illumina MiSeq platform was used for sequencing the V4 variable region within the 18S rDNA gene to analyse genetic diversity and relative abundance of picoeukaryotic communities in the Qinhuangdao scallop cultivation area of the Bohai Sea. The community was dominated by three super groups, the alveolates (54%), stramenopiles (41%) and chlorophytes (3%), and three groups, dinoflagellates (54%), pelagomonadales (40%) and prasinophytes (3%). Furthermore, a contrasting station with open water away from the eutrophic aquaculture area was chosen. The communities collected from the two stations exhibited significant differences, with higher diversity in the aquaculture area. These results provide the first snapshot of the picoeukaryotic diversity in surface waters of the Qinhuangdao scallop cultivation area, and basic data for future studies on picoeukaryote community in an aquaculture region.
Securing the Sasana through Law: Buddhist constitutionalism and Buddhist-interest litigation in Sri Lanka
Authors: SCHONTHAL BENJAMIN
Published: March 2016

This article examines the history and effects of Buddhist constitutionalism in Sri Lanka, by which is meant the inclusion of special protections and status for Buddhism in the island's 1972 and 1978 constitutions, alongside guarantees of general religious rights and other features of liberal constitutionalism. By analysing Sri Lankan constitutional disputes that have occurred since the 1970s, this article demonstrates how the ‘Buddhism Chapter’ of Sri Lanka's constitution has given citizens potent opportunities and incentives for transforming specific disagreements and political concerns into abstract contests over the nature of Buddhism and the state's obligations to protect it. Through this process, a culture of Buddhist legal activism and Buddhist-interest litigation has taken shape. This article also augments important theories about the work of ‘theocratic’ or religiously preferential constitutions and argues for an alternative, litigant-focused method of investigating them.
Toxoplasma gondii infection in pork produced in France
Authors: DJOKIC V. , BLAGA R. , AUBERT D. , DURAND B. , PERRET C. , GEERS R. , DUCRY T. , VALLEE I. , DJURKOVIC DJAKOVIC O. , MZABI A. , VILLENA I. , BOIREAU P.
Published: March 2016

The aim of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of the Toxoplasma gondii parasite in pork produced in France, and to determine infection risk factors. An innovative survey was designed based on annual numbers of slaughtered pigs from intensive and outdoor farms in France. A total of 1549 samples of cardiac fluids were collected from pig hearts to determine seroprevalence using a Modified Agglutination Test. Of those, 160 hearts were bio-assayed in mice to isolate live parasites. The overall seroprevalence among fattening pigs was 2·9%. The adjusted seroprevalence in pigs from intensive farms was 3·0%; the highest in sows (13·4%); 2·9% in fattening pigs and 2·6% in piglets. Adjusted seroprevalence in fattening animals from outdoor farms was 6·3%. Strains were isolated from 41 animals and all were genotyped by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism as type II. Risk-factor analysis showed that the risk of infection was more than three times higher for outdoor pigs, and that sows’ risk was almost five times higher than that of fattening animals. This study provides further evidence of extensive pork infection with T. gondii regardless of breeding systems, indicating that farm conditions are still insufficient to guarantee ‘Toxoplasma-free pork’.
Cross-generational transmission from drug abuse in parents to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children
Authors: Kendler K. S. , Ohlsson H. , Sundquist K. , Sundquist J.
Published: March 2016

Background

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predisposes to drug abuse (DA) and twin studies suggest shared genetic effects. We here seek to determine, using adoption and adoption-like samples, the magnitude of the cross-generational transmission from DA in parents to ADHD in their children and clarify the degree to which this arises from genetic v. rearing effects.

Method

We ascertained ADHD and DA from multiple Swedish registries. Statistical analysis was performed by Cox and path models.

Results

Risk for ADHD was significantly and similarly increased in the offspring of biological mothers and fathers with DA who did v. did not rear their offspring. Risk for ADHD was not elevated in the offspring of adoptive or step-parents with DA.

Conclusions

Cross-generational transmission was observed from DA in parents to ADHD in their children. An analysis of adoptive and adoptive-like parent–offspring relationships suggested that this transmission results from genetic and not from rearing effects.
Understanding the Greek Family in Australia
Authors: Rodopoulos Loula
Published: March 2016

This paper reviews the relevant literature and attempts to highlight the implications of the research findings of Social Network Analysis for understanding the Greek family in Australia, with particular emphasis on its relevance for practitioners in the “helping” professions.

The author is concerned with the paucity of information available to practitioners in the field in the variety of settings where immigrant families seek personal help, and believes that the lack of such information lends itself to reinforcing, rather than eliminating, stereotypes and to inappropriate intervention in the lives of Greek immigrant families. The paper also highlights the need to understand Greek immigrant families within the context of the host community and to consider factors with regard to family functioning, that are common to all families.
Adjustment of Adopted Children and Prognosis from Maternal and Natal Risk Factors
Authors: Kraus J.
Published: March 2016

The medical examination of the newborn infant for adoption should reduce the risk of the prospective parents adopting a child with a potentially serious disease or abnormality, and ensure that the infant being adopted is healthy (Betheras, 1976). Genetic and clinically obvious conditions apart, an early detection of brain damage was said to be of highest importance in such an examination, because adopting parents “… find it insupportable if a child cannot respond adequately to their love and affection” (Tizard, 1969, p. 44). However, because even gross brain damage may be undetectable in the early weeks of life, and the prediction of future development of the neonate is seldom possible from a paediatric examination (Tizard, 1969; Karelitz, 1956), there appear to be only very limited prospects to reduce “… the magnitude of the risk that adoptive parents must taken when they adopt newborn infants” (Karelitz, 1956, p. 94).
The Impact of Media on Children in Australia Today
Authors: Canavan Kelvin B.
Published: March 2016

Children in Australia are spending more time with the mass media than with any other single activity, sleeping excepted. The average child spends three hours a day sitting in front of television and another couple of hours with films, radio and the press.

The considerable influence of television has been well documented. A summary statement in Children and Television, Senate Standing Committee on Education and the Arts, 1978, says:

“Clearly television has emerged as the dominant experience in the life of the average Australian child …”(4.33)
Point and Counterpoint not the last word: Child Statistical Abuse: 80,000 Child Prostitutes in Australia
Authors: Goddard Chris
Published: March 2016

It was the beleaguered Sydney Morning Herald that started my concern about child statistical abuse in Australia A small paragraph in “Column 8” pointed out that a program on the similarly beleaguered ABC had claimed that 38 percent of Australians die of heart disease each year. Then “Column 8” discovered something called the cholesterol check card, issued by the Better Health Screening Service, which claimed that 50 percent of us die from cardiovascular disease each year. What, asked “Column 8”, will the Better Health Screening Service do after two years when there is no-one left in Australia’?
Family Support Work–The Alys Key Family Case Model–
Authors: O'Brien Wendy
Published: March 2016

Alys Key Family Care is a Family Support agency that aims to facilitate change within families experiencing severe problems in rearing their children, so that parents are empowered to take control and responsibility for rearing their children adequately. The Centre was established by the Children's Protection Society (after the Society ceased to run the Victorian welfare-based Protective Service) as a 3-year Demonstration Project with a built-in research component. The research has not only enabled testing of the overall effectiveness of the service in meeting its stated goals, but has created a climate of questioning of practice within the area of Family Support.
Assessment of the Well-being of Children in their Social Environment
Authors: Darlington Yvonne
Published: March 2016

The assessment of the well-being of children in their family and wider social environments is the common brief of social workers and other family practitioners across a variety of agency settings. Whether the focus is child protection, family therapy, family assessment in family law matters or a combination of the above, the practitioner finds the necessity to derive an accurate and sensitive assessment of how a particular child is faring in his or her social environment.
Themes in the Literature on the Antecedents of Adolescent Drug Use
Authors: Walsh Collette , Barber James G.
Published: March 2016

The literature on the antecedents of drug abuse is reviewed and a number of general themes are extracted. Based on these themes, directions for primary prevention programs are identified.
A Guide to Reviews in Community Service Agencies
Authors: Adams David
Published: March 2016

Statutory and coluntary community welfare agencies are increasingly unertaking ‘reviews’. However, there is limited understanding of the wider social policy events influencing the form and function of reviews. This article focusses on reviews in voluntary agencies and suggests reasons for the increase in level of review activity and provides practical guides on achieving a successful review process.
Working with Single Fathers: Suggestions for Effective Practice
Authors: Wilson John
Published: March 2016

Single fathers (i.e. men rearing their children without support from a ‘live-in’ adult companion) have been termed an ‘unnoticed group’ in Australian society (Bain, 1973).

Apart from the author's own recently completed research (Wilson, 1988), only three previous Australian studies about single fathers have been undertaken. This evident lack of interest in single fathers needs to be understood within a broader context of traditional family research approaches, which denied the significance of the fathers' role in the socialisation and nurturance of children. Fathers have been termed the “forgotten contributors to child development’ (Lamb, 1975) since traditionally, social scientists have viewed fathers as aloof and distant from their own children, with little capacity to undertake core caretaking roles in families (Fein, 1978).
The Development of a Family Support Agency Protocol for its Relationship with Protective Services— A Joint Effort by Clients, Staff and Protective Services
Authors: O'Brien Wendy
Published: March 2016

Family support agencies that undertake work with families where protective concerns are evident, are frequently placed in the difficult situation of deciding whether to involve Protective Services, and if so, how to do this and remain a helping agency in the eyes of the parents.

Alys Key Family Care has found it immensely valuable to meet with a group of service users to consider the issues of (1) passage of information from the agency to Protective Services, and (2) circumstances which warrant involvement of Protective Services.

Unlike many professionals, the client group expressed clear and consistent views about what situations warranted notification to a Protective Service, and as a result, the agency has now developed a pamphlet for all new client families that outlines how the agency handles these issues.

The paper describes the difficult situations faced by professionals in family support services when Protective Services become involved with their client families and a clear and open policy does not exist between the agency and its clientele. It outlines the process adopted by Alys Key Family Care to actively involve service users in the development of agency policy, and describes the specific guidelines for Protective Service involvement generated by the client advisory group.
A teaching program for a four year old behaviour problem in a residential cottage
Authors: Sandison Rob , Smylie Donna
Published: March 2016

Behaviour change can and should be designed for children in a residential care setting/s. The achievement of these behavioural goals will be contingent on the skills of the cottage parents.

The purpose of this paper is to describe a planned ‘change’ programme for a behaviour problem child in a residential cottage home.

It should be noted that this is an outline of treatment for the specific behaviour problems displayed by a young child and in no way discounts the importance of fulfilling the physical and emotional needs of the child.

We will be looking at the specific skills required in modifying behaviour, how they are applied to both extinction of inappropriate behaviour and teaching of new and appropriate behaviour.
Early Childhood Development Complexes — Where to from here?
Authors: Wadsworth Yoland
Published: March 2016

On March 20th of this year, it will be exactly five years since the Victorian Minister for Health released the Report of the Consultative Council on Pre-School Child Development, a document which was then adopted “in principle” as government policy for the State.

This report yielded, amongst many detailed recommendations, the concept of an Early Childhood Development Complex (ECDC) which has since been implemented in practice in a number of different places throughout Victoria.

As the research officer to the Consultative Council, I attended, from my appointment, all its deliberations and discussions, meetings, weekend workshops (some residential) and had the unique opportunity of witnessing the meshing of these experienced minds.
Encopresis - an Overview
Authors: Rainey Joy
Published: March 2016

Joy Rainey is a Social Worker and Clinical Psychologist. Until recently, she was Senior Social Worker at Southern Family Life.

The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of treatment for encopresis, within a behaviourist framework. Whilst behaviourists’ methods demonstrate merit, many studies omit long term follow-up, and there is a tendency to view the child in isolation from his family. Behaviourist programs can be enhanced by viewing the child in the context of his family which the author sees as crucial when planning an appropriate and effective treatment regime.
Taking on the Future
Authors: Gorman Anne
Published: March 2016

This is the text of an address given by Mrs. Gorman at a luncheon of the Children’s Bureau of Australia on Tuesday 23rd October, 1984.
Talk to Residential Child Care Seminar – November 1984
Authors: Bryson Lois
Published: March 2016

This paper was presented as the opening address to the Seminar, ‘Directions for Residential Child Care in Victoria’ 26th November, 1984 at the University of Melbourne.
Federal/State Responsibility for Child Welfare Services
Authors: Griffin Susan M.
Published: March 2016

In Victoria at the present time a major review is being undertaken into child welfare practice and legislation. The importance of this task is two-fold. Not only do children have to gain from a sensitive and workable final Report, but families too could find that they will be offered the support they need to assist in the difficult task of raising children today. It is hoped that the Review Committee will not concentrate solely on the rights of the child, but will also give due recognition to the rights of the family to a caring and protective environment.

The Victorian Government was the first state government to adopt a family policy approach to dealing with the child. This was confirmed by the Norgard Report (1976) and formed the basis of a submission by the Victorian Minister of Social Welfare to the Federal Minister of Social Security (1977) which culminated in the Family Support Services Scheme being set up the following year. This joint federal/state program officially recognised the interaction of children’s rights and needs with those of their parents.