bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Identification of Regions in Colonial South-East Asia
Authors: Sutherland Heather
Published: April 2010

In recent years there has been a growing stream of criticism concerning too easy acceptance of conventional wisdom in scholarly approaches to Third World countries, and a number of studies have examined the intellectual lineages of attitudes and concepts. Edward Said's work onOrientalism, evaluations of the colonial function of much anthropology, new looks at Marxist approaches to Asia and Western perceptions of Islam together form a powerful warning against assumptions that we actually know what we are talking about. The problem is, of course, that false images are not arbitrary creations, but grow out of certain traditions and their purposes in certain politico-economic contexts. While the concept of “region” is relatively innocuous, and lacks the ideological centrality of notions such as “oriental despotism,” “caste and tribe,” “the village” or even “adat”, it is nonetheless worth remembering that regional studies also developed within a certain intellectual and political climate.
The Economics of Forced Labor
Authors: Engerman Stanley
Published: April 2010

The problem of forced labor has been at the center of much recent historical literature. If anything, the debate has shown that not all coercion has the same social, political, and economic effects upon the coerced laborer and his (or her) employer. Central to this debate is the question why coerced labor is needed, and why certain forms of coerced labor are chosen under certain circumstances. Why do the specific forms of coerced labor change over time and differ across space, and why, even in a given area at a given time, do differing forms of coerced labor exist?
Luso-Brazilian Thought on Slavery and Abolition
Authors: de Carvalho José Murilo
Published: April 2010

The main force behind abolitionism in England and in the United States was quakerism. The first quakerish attack on slavery was unleashed by William Edmundson in 1676, after he visited Barbados. He attributed the many sins practiced in that island to the existence of slavery. This was a radical departure from the traditional Christian way of looking at slavery. This tradition, consolidated by St. Augustine, held the opposite view, that is, that slavery was a consequence of sin, not the other way around. Sin was, according to St. Augustine, the worst slavery – it turned men into slaves of their own passions. Soon the inversion was complete. Slavery itself became sin.
Missing Heads. Public History in South Africa
Authors: Worden Nigel
Published: April 2010

On the night when Nelson Mandela made his acceptance speech as victor of South Africa's first democratic election, he paid tribute to ‘some of South Africa's great leaders including John Dube, Josiah Gumede, Moorooghia Naidoo, Dr Abdurahman, Chief Luthuli, Lilian Ngoyi, Bram Fisher, Helen Joseph, Yusuf Dadoo, Moses Kotane, Chris Hani and Oliver Tambo. They should have been here to celebrate with us, for this is their achievement too’.
I. The ‘Hindu Frontier’
Authors: Heesterman J. C.
Published: April 2010

Before embarking on our exploration a word of caution is in order. The following is not meant to be a full-fledged scholarly paper pulling out all the available evidence. All it intends to do is to throw out a couple of suggestions which hopefully may give rise to discussion. It is, therefore, an unabashed exercise in speculation. Also it will endeavour to compress within the compass of a brief paper complicated and diverging developments taking place during a period of more than a thousand years over a diverse and widely stretched area. At best it may serve as an essay in the sense of a speculative ‘attempt’; in short, a discussion piece. It arose from previous discussions with students and colleagues, especially with Andre Wink, who may recognise a blurred reflection of their own ideas.
The Abolition of Slavery in the Americas; the U.S., the Caribbean, Brazil and Mexico
Authors: Bowman Shearer Davis , Emmer Pieter , Graham Richard , Knight Alan
Published: April 2010

In 1888 Brazil abolished slavery as the last country in the Americas to do away with the ‘peculiar institution’. The following four essays study the widely varying impact of abolition on the economies and social structures of the ex-slave societies.
Computer Applications in Expansion History: Foreign Trade of the Outer Provinces of the Netherlands Indies, 1900–1940
Authors: Lindblad J. Thomas
Published: April 2010

The computer is rapidly gaining ground in the history of European overseas expansion. Vast amounts of systematic data are being processed with the aid of a whole host of automatic routines and programming devices. Use of modern computer technology may allow expansion historians to tackle problems on a larger scale and to furnish arguments with a more solid empirical foundation than was possible in previous days. Yet the road towards computerization is one full of pitfalls. The variety of available software options is truly bewildering and the accumulated knowhow in the field is not easily accessible. On the level of the individual researcher, there is a constant trade-off between investments in new skills and the actual processing of data and reporting of results. There is no single optimal path leading to maximal sophistication with a minimum of effort.
The European-Asian Trade of the Seventeenth Century and the Modernization of Commercial Capitalism
Authors: Smith Woodruff
Published: April 2010

The emergence of modern capitalism in Europe between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries has been a major topic of historical research and interpretation for many years. Among the current generation of historians there has been an ex,-plosion of interest in the relationship between the growth of capitalism and the expansion of Europe in the early modern era. The interpretive work of Wallerstein and Braudel and the detailed research of a host of others have added immensely to our knowledge of this relationship. They have led many historians to break away from the conceptual frameworks traditionally employed to explain both pre-industrial capitalism and European expansion.
Earthquake, Fraud, and the Search for the Santa Rosa
Authors: Winius George D.
Published: April 2010

Academic historians – or at least one sub-species of them - display growing interest in underwater archaeology, but nearly all of these profess little but disdain for treasure salvors who dive for precious metals and jewels hidden in submerged shipwrecks. Even so, the academics sometimes rub elbows with the undersea hunters and I myself became involved with them in 1982 and again in 1995–1996. I might add that they contacted me - not the other way around. This article is designed to document my experience, and while it is not intended in any way to be an exposé, I think it might be useful to my profession and to my Brazilian friends to learn something of how the salvors operate.
Georg Marcgraf (1610 – c. 1644): A German Cartographer, Astronomer, and Naturalist-Illustrator in Colonial Dutch Brazil
Authors: Brienen R.P.
Published: April 2010

The German scholar Georg Marcgraf was the first trained astronomer in the New World and co-author of the earliest published natural history of Brazil, Historia naturalis Brasiliae (Leiden and Amsterdam 1648) (Fig. 1). Arriving in the Americas in 1638, Marcgraf took his place among a remarkable group of scholars and painters assembled at the Brazilian court of the German count Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen (1604–1679), the governor-general of Dutch Brazil from 1637–1644.1 Dutch Brazil was established by the Dutch West India Company (WIC), which was created in 1621 to engage in trade, conquest, and colonisation in the Americas and Africa. Except for Marcgraf, the most important members of the Count's entourage were Dutch and included the painters Albert Eckhout (c. 1610 - c. 1666) and Frans Post (1612–1680) and the physician Willem Piso (1611–1678). The rich group of scientific and visual materials they created are comparable in both scope and importance with the works created by Sydney Parkinson, William Hodges, and others during the Pacific voyages of Captain Cook in the eighteenth century.2 The Count's support of natural history, astronomy, and scientific and ethnographic illustration during his governorship was highly unusual, setting him apart from other colonial administrators and military leaders in the seventeenth century. Indeed, he is responsible for establishing both the first observatory and the first botanical garden in the New World, sparing no expense in creating a princely empire for himself in the Brazilian wilderness.
The Economic Dynamics of Spanish Colonialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Clarence-Smith W.G.
Published: April 2010

The survival of the Spanish empire after the loss of the mainland American colonies is a neglected subject, and no part of it is more neglected than its economic features. General histories of Spain in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries rarely touch on overseas matters, although the colonies do occasionally appear centre stage, as in 1868, when the Cuban Creoles rose in rebellion; in 1898, when Spain lost most of her colonies as a result of war with America; in 1921, when the Berber tribes of Northern Morocco defeated the Spanish army; and in 1936, when General Franco and his coconspirators raised the standard of rebellion against the Republic in North Western Africa. But these references are episodic and essentially political, indeed military in nature. There is little structural analysis of what the colonies meant to Spain, least of all in the economic field.
Colonial wars in Cuba and the Philippines in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Hennessy Alistair
Published: April 2010

The wars in which Spain was involved in the nineteenth century were those of a declining, not an expanding imperialism. They were not frontier wars, nor wars of conquest but rather wars of national liberation, comparable to the War of American Independence, the Haitian Revolution or the wars of Latin American Emancipation at the beginning of the nineteenth century.
Rickshaw Coolie: An Exploration of the Underside of a Chinese City outside China, Singapore 1880-1940: Towards an approach
Authors: Warren Jim
Published: April 2010

This paper represents the working through of some problems related to the purpose and usefulness of my research in progress on a trilogy on the urban/social history of Singapore with particular reference to the Chinese labouring class. The initial volume is about the life and labour of the rickshawman of Singapore. Rickshaw Coolie examines the origin and development of the rickshaw trade in Singapore; its control and regulation from the standpoint of the Chinese and British; the method of earning a livelihood in rickshaw pulling, and the character of a rickshaw coolie's life. The other two volumes are provisionally titled “The Social Evil: Prostitution and Venereal Disease in Colonial Singapore, 1867-1941” and “Chinese Suicide in Singapore, 1883-1939.”
New Documental Books on Portuguese Asia
Authors: Winius George
Published: April 2010

Maria de Jesús dos Mártires Lopes, Epistolário de um Açoriano na Índia: D. António Taveira da Neiva Brunt da Silveira (1750-1775), Ponte Delgada (Universidade dos Açores), 1983.

Artur Teodoro de Matos, O Estado da Índia nos Anos de 1581-1588: Estrutura Administrativa e Económica, Alguns Elementos para o seu Estado. Ponte Delgada (Universidade dos Açores), 1982.
Doing Historical Research in Argentina
Authors: Vogel Hans
Published: April 2010

No doubt few countries in the world are as centralized as Argentina. Most important activities take place in the Capital, Buenos Aires, a giant, sprawling megalopolis of about fifteen million inhabitants. Like government and business, historical research is carried out chiefly here. Indeed, there is no shortage of libraries and archives in Buenos Aires, but it takes quite some planning to make good use of these facilities.
Spanish American Law: a Product of Conflicting Interests?
Authors: Lhoëst Brigitte F. P.
Published: April 2010

In the Summer of 1492 Christopher Columbus, a Genovese navigator, looks at the contracts he has just concluded with the queen of Castile. On first reading, these documents seem to be ordinary commercial contracts. The navigator agrees to explore, in the service of his contracting partners, new trade routes on the vast and uncharted waters of the Atlantic. His contracting partners will finance the venture. In return for his services the navigator will get a fair share of the future profits and extensive privileges over the unknown lands that he might discover on his voyage. Similar contracts are known, yet none would have such far reaching consequences as the contracts between the navigator Christopher Columbus and his contracting partners, the Catholic Kings Isabel of Castile and Leon and Fernando of Aragon.
Expansion, Diaspora, and Encounter in the Early Modern South Atlantic
Authors: Schwartz Stuart B.
Published: April 2010

In a decade marked off by the quincentenaries of the voyages of Columbus (1492) and that of Vasco da Gama (1498) or perhaps more chronologically and interculturally correctly by the 1502 arrival of three Native Americans at the court of Henry VII of England, it is appropriate to take stock of the field of ‘European expansion’ and to ask if, in fact, such a field exists, or ought to exist, or still means the same thing that it did a generation ago. The celebrations and condemnations that accompanied the quincentenary in 1992 refocused public attention on the question of European expansion and its impact on history of die Americas and of the world. Voices long suppressed and opinions never before expressed found new audiences and joined with scholarly and semi-scholarly works to make Columbus and all that followed in his wake a topic of general public concern. It is dierefore appropriate to take stock once again of what we know about die Era of European Expansion prior to die emergence of modern imperialism in die nineteenth century.
Towards the Abolition of Penal Sanctions in Dutch Colonial Labour Legislation: An International Perspective
Authors: Groenewoud Margo
Published: April 2010

In 1877, the Dutch parliament declared that the use of penal sanctions in a civil dispute was contrary to the classic-liberal legal principles it was eager to follow in diose days. Based on these principles was the concept of stricdy separated civil, penal and administrative jurisdiction, a concept modeled on modern legislation, guaranteeing equal justice for both civilians and authorities. As a consequence of this liberal direction, from then on the infliction of penal laws by authorities would be justified only when the general interest was at stake.
Les débuts de la guerre d'Algérie: Dé l'absence d'une doctrine aux premières solutions spécifiques, mai 1945 - août 1956
Authors: Jauffret Jean-Charles
Published: April 2010

A la suite des dernières grandes opérations dirigées par le général Challe, fin 1959, on peut considérer que l'armée française gagne la guerre d'Algérie sur le terrain. Les barrages aux frontières prouvent leur efficacité. Faute de soutien logistique extérieur, les derniers groupes armés importants de l'Armée de libération nationale sont détruits ou réduits à l'impuissance à l'intérieur des départements algériens. Aussi bien en ville que dans le bled, si l'on excepte quelques actions sporadiques, la souveraineté de la puissance coloniale n'est plus menacée. Mais ce succès reste sans lendemain. Les relents d'une guerre civile franco-française et la réalité des règlements de compte algéro-algériens rendent cette victoire inutile. Celle-ci est d'ailleurs emportée par le flot d'une quadruple défaite, politique, diplomatique, économique et morale, dont les mécanismes, bien connus, sortent du cadre de cette étude.
Counter-Insurgency and Conscience: A British View
Authors: de Lee Nigel
Published: April 2010

This article will take the British counter-insurgency campaigns in Palestine during the years 1936–1948 as a main focus of interest. This is because these campaigns presented those involved with complex ethical issues and intractable moral dilemmas. A variety of sources has been consulted; particular attention has been paid to collective memories and reflections recorded in regimental histories, and to individual recollections obtained from interviews with veterans.
Une Épave À L'Île Maurice
Authors: Lizé Patrick
Published: April 2010

Après la lecture du passionnant ouvrage d'Albert Pitot “T'Eyland Mauritius” (Port-Louis, Ile Maurice, 1905), j'avais relevé la mention d'un naufrage peu banal survenu sur la côte est de l'Ile Maurice en Janvier 1702: celui du fameux pirate anglais John Bowen. D'après Pitot, le naufrage était survenu sur l'îlot des Roches, un écueil situé à environ deux kilomètres du rivage derrière la barriére de corail.
Colonial Military History: A Research note
Authors: Buckley Roger N.
Published: April 2010

European presence overseas almost immediately led to the creation of colonial armies, dichotomous organisms composed of European units and European-led corps of native peoples. Impromptu and ad hoc at first, these organizations quickly evolved into standing professional military formations and became the major underpinning of European colonialism. Local reaction to this intrusion, swift and hostile, simultaneously resulted in armed struggle, colonial wars. Like all standing armies, permanent colonial military forces had a high societal profile as a consequence of their vast and complex economic and social infrastructures. Sprawling British cantonments in colonial India, sustained by a motley mix of money lenders-creditors, swarms of attendants, merchants and (of course) prostitutes, nestled by towns and villages. And military communities, composed of disbanded native troops and their families dotted the landscape in parts of, for example, Trinidad, Sierra Leone and British Honduras, now Belize. Nor were these settlements static and isolated from the surrounding population. On the contrary, they were designed to continue as an imperial control mechanism, and produced as expected ‘local elites’, to use current parlance. As Samson Ukpabi has shown, military service was directly linked to social mobility in British West Africa during the nineteenth century (1).
Re-sourcing Dependency: Decolonisation and Post-colonialism in French Overseas Departments
Authors: Réno Fred
Published: April 2010

When speaking of decolonisation and post-colonialism, it is essential to avoid the generalising approach which sometimes leads to a distortion of the real. Decolonisation is generally seen as accession to sovereignty. For the elites and the populations of the French Overseas Dependencies it represents a reforming of the bond with France. It is a conversion of what was political subordination into dependence on social and economic resources. This conversion is a rational process based on the following idea: Independence would be costly compared to the advantages of dependence. In other words, Guadeloupe, Guyane and Martinique would be decolonized without becoming independent. Therefore, the transition from the status of colony to that of ‘departement’ is not a legal contrivance. Even if local populations did not choose their political status through the electoral process, they did vote for the parties which were in favour of French citizenship.
Ethnic Hegemony and Problems of Inclusion in Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago: Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Singh Kelvin
Published: April 2010

Ethnic hegemony has been the pattern of governance in the Caribbean since the first century of colonialism, with a small but powerful elite of European ancestry directly controlling the destiny of these territories until the 1960s, when a new African-based political hegemony developed. The conquest and subsequent disappearance of the native inhabitants, followed by the steady development of plantation economies on the basis of slave and contract labour, which in turn influenced heavily the emergence of a race-based system of social stratification in these colonies, are too well known to warrant repetition here. The main concern of this paper is to examine, in the context of ethnic and class formations, the political and social dynamics of the post-colonial period with a view to prognosticating probable developments in the ensuing decades of the twenty-first century.
The Office of Lingua: A Portrait of the Religious Tupi Interpreter in Brazil in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Barros Maria Cândida D.M.
Published: April 2010

In the above quotation, the Jesuit, Manuel da Nóbrega, chose a lingua (Gonçalo Alvares) as interlocutor for his Dialogue on the Conversion of Pagans The expression lingua (literally: tongue), in the sense of interpreter, or a person with a gift of oratory in Tupi-language, usually appears in Jesuit letters and catalogues as an attribute of some of its members. For example, in the catalogue of priests and brothers of Bahia, 1566, it is said that Gaspar Lourenco ‘acts as the lingua of Father Antonio Pires’, then vice-provincial of the Mission in Brazil. In another list of Jesuits in the Province of Brazil, in 1600, there are fifty-eight names qualified as linguas, almost one-third of the general members.
II. Some Remarks on the Development of Colonial Bureaucracies in India and Indonesia
Authors: Fasseur C. , Kolff D.H.A.
Published: April 2010

A systematic comparison of the development of modern bureaucracies in India and Indonesia during the colonial era has never been made. No equivalent of the excellent work done by J.S. Furnivall on the colonial administration in Burma and Java is available. Yet, much of what he said is useful for the subject of this paper and we shall therefore lean heavily on him. It would be an overstatementto say that Indians before the Second World War felt interested in the events and developments in Indonesia. In the other direction that interest surely existed. We need only to recall the deep impact the Indian nationalist movement made upon such Indonesian nationalists as Sukarno.‘The example of Asian nationalism to which Indonesians referred most often was the Indian one.’ This applies for instance to the Congress non-cooperation campaign in the early 1920s. Indonesian nationalists could since then be classified as cooperators and non-cooperators, although for them the principal criterion was not the wish to boycott Dutch schools, goods and government officials(such a boycott actually never occurred in colonial Indonesia)but the refusal to participate in representative councils such as the Volksraad(i.e. People's Council).
IV. Unity and Diversity in India and Indonesia
Authors: Heesterman J.C.
Published: April 2010

When we intone the words ‘Unity in Diversity’, we know we are faced with a problem. At best these words express an aspiration rather than a reality — otherwise it would hardly be worthwhile to utter them. But most of all they seem to be an incantation meant to exorcize the threat of both disruptive diversity and oppressive unity. It is, in other words, a mantra that owes its expressiveness to the neatly concise formulation of an unresolved paradox. It is concerned with the cosmogonic conundrum of the One-and-the-Many that has exercised the mythopoeic imagination of the Vedic seers and their likes as well as the rational mind of present-day physicists. Our mantra, then, evokes the riddle of the cosmic order which must encompass its opposite, disorder, so as to be truly universal. It is not surprising, therefore, that we should encounter the same paradox on the more mundane level of the political order. The manyfold diversities undermine the integrity of the whole. Unity, in its turn, threatens to extinguish diversity and to replace it with deadening sameness. Between them, unity and diversity provide for an unpredictable dynamic, and it is a fitting tribute to the dangers involved that our mantra has been enshrined in its Indonesian form in the Republic's armorial motto: Bhinneka Tunggal Ika.
I. Pan-Islamism Versus Indian Nationalism: A Reappraisal
Authors: Hasan Mushirul
Published: April 2010

It is widely known, though scarcely recognized, that large sections of the Indian Muslim intelligentsia have been greatly conscious of their fraternal links with their co-religionists in other countries, following their history with interest, deriving comfort in their accomplishments, and lamenting their slow but steady decline. In the nineteenth century, in particular, when Islam seemed to fall on evil days because of the convergence of European Powers on the heartlands of the Muslim world, the heritage of the past stood forth as a symbol of community pride and distinction and the emotional need of most Muslims to vindicate their humiliation was intensified. This was expressed in the adventurist movements of the ‘Wahabis’ in India and Arabia, and the Sanusis in Sudan, the Fulanis and the Mahdists in Nigeria, and the Pan-Islamists in Egypt. At another level, Islam was defended from the polemical and hostile attacks of nineteenth century Western orientalists, and against the intellectual and moral imperialism of the West.
The American ‘Cause’ in Vietnam, 1941-1965
Authors: Gardner Lloyd C.
Published: April 2010

Before World War II, French Indochina little concerned American policymakers. The idea of sending half a million men to fight a war there would have seemed as fantastic as sending a man to the moon. Even after John F. Kennedy decided that the United States should - and could - send a man to the moon, the idea of sending half a million men to Vietnam still seemed fantastic. When George Ball expressed fears that such a possibility indeed existed if matters were allowed to continue until incremental creep became an avalanche, the president was astounded. ‘George’, Kennedy admonished him, ‘you're just crazier than hell. That just isn't going to happen.’ Historians still debate whether Kennedy would have followed the same path Lyndon Johnson took in Vietnam, thereby fulfilling George Ball's seemingly absurd prophecy. My purpose here is not to rehearse the arguments in that debate. Instead, I want to talk about the American ‘cause’ in Vietnam, and how, beginning in World War II, a generalised concern with the problem of closed economies and the creation of a post-colonial world order finally became focused on Vietnam.
Our Man in Saigon: A Note on the Appointment of Cabot Lodge as Ambassador to South Vietnam
Authors: Lammers A.
Published: April 2010

Since this conference is a small and intimate affair, the question I want to raise today is a modest: Why did President Kennedy in July 1963 appoint Henry Cabot Lodge Jr as the American Ambassador to Saigon?

The question is not only modest, Professor Gardner might say that it is redundant. In Pay Any Price: Lyndon Johnson and the Wars for Vietnam, Gardner writes about Kennedy's decision to replace Frederick Nolting and nominate Lodge, that the new ambassador could offer him ‘protective coloration’ against Republicans attacking the Administration's Vietnam policy.
Historians and their Instruments in Mexico
Authors: Buve Raymond
Published: April 2010

Until quite recently the majority of Mexican archives were not easily accessible and working conditions were sometimes appalling. Many collections were only poorly catalogued, or not at all. Documents were brought together n i annual legajos or following the particularist norms of a local archivist, often without proper training or schooling. Nineteenth-century revolutions, and the Mexican Revolution (1910-1940) provoked considerable havoc. In several state capitals or municipal seats archives were destroyed or documents were used as wrapping paper in drugstores. In other cases documents were sold to foreign collectors.
On Company Business The Rijckloff van Goens Mission to Siam, 1650
Authors: van der Kraan Alfons
Published: April 2010

On 13 April 1650 the young Chief (Opperhoofd) of the Siam factory of Dutch East India Company (VOC), the Merchant (Koopman) Jan van Muijden, arrived at Batavia aboard the flute de Gecroonde Liefde (Crowned Love), with a cargo unusual even by the standards of this thriving stapling port. Aboard were a total of twelve elephants, a gift from the King of Siam and his Mandarins, Oya Sabartiban (Okya Sabartiban) and Oya Berckelang (Okya Phrakhlang), to Governor-General Cornelis van der Lijn and the four Councillors of the Indies present in Batavia at the time, one of whom was the Director-General and second-in-command François Caron. When Van Muijden stepped ashore, he presented Van der Lijn and the Councillors with a letter from Prasat-Thong, the King of Siam, in which the King requested several precious diamond rings for himself and for his Mandarin, Oya Sabartiban, ‘various curiosities from the Netherlands and elsewhere’, military assistance against his rebellious subjects in Cambodia and on the Malay peninsula, and an end to the all-too-frequent molesting by Company ships of Chinese and Portuguese vessels en route to Siam.
Archives of the Board of Mission of the Netherlands Reformed Church (Nederlands Hervormde Kerk)
Authors: Dirkzwager M. H.
Published: April 2010

The archives have approximately the same origin as the library of the Hendrik Kraemer Instituut, i.e. the various missionary societies in the Netherlands whose activities have been taken over by the Board of Mission of the Netherlands Reformed Church in 1951. These are: the Dutch Missionary Society (Nederlands Zendelinggenootschap, founded in 1797), the Dutch Mission Union (Nederlandsche Zendingsvereeniging, 1858), the Utrecht Mission Union (Utrechtsche Zendingsvereeniging, 1859), the Java-Comité (1855), the Sangien Talaud-Comité (1887), the Centraal Comité Depok (1870), and, later, the Cooperating Mission Societies (Samenwerken.de Zendingscorporaties).
The Ecclesiastical Colonization of Central America
Authors: van Oss Adriaan C.
Published: April 2010

Dependency theory, which places responsibility for the underdevelopment of the peripheral zones of the world economy upon the North Atlantic core, might well be called a Latin American invention. It goes back, after all, to an article published in 1949 by the Argentine economist Raul Prebisch. Since that time, acceptance of the basic argument — which emphasizes intercontinental trade — has grown, also among historians. Economic dependence with respect to the North Atlantic world began during the colonial era, and forms the principal legacy of that period of Latin American history, according to Stanley and Barbara Stein's The Colonial Heritage of Latin America, first published in 1970 and now in its tenth printing.1 This view has it that economic dependence grew out of Spanish exploitation of American gold and silver, + maritime commerce in tropical plantation products. The entire Spanish colonial world in America would appear to have rested on these two pillars.
France and the Dutch Colonial Empire in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Sicking Louis
Published: April 2010

In the historiography of the colonial empires in the nineteenth century, much attention has been paid to the large European powers Britain and France. When the Dutch colonial empire is studied in an international context it is mostly in relation to the British empire. However, little or no attention has been given by scholars to Franco-Dutch colonial relations. This is surprising given the fact that after Britain, France and the Netherlands were the second and third largest colonial empires. Three Franco-Dutch colonial frontiers existed: in South America between French Guyana and Surinam, in the Caribbean on the island of St Martin and in Africa on the Gold Coast. In Asia, where the most important Dutch colony, Indonesia, was located, the French and Dutch did not have neighbouring possessions. Nonetheless, because of its location, Indonesia was highly important for navigation between France and Indo-China. In each of the regions mentioned above, French colonial administrators or private individuals developed plans to extend French territory at the expense of the Dutch: on St Martin from 1843 to 1853, on the Gold Coast from 1867 to 1871, in South America from 1887 to 1891 in Indonesia in 1888. This article will focus on nineteenth century France-Dutch colonial relations and will. address such questions as: what were the motives of the French administrators and how effectively did they exert pressure on the metropolitan government in order to effect their schemes? What was the role of special interest groups? And finally how did the Netherlands react? Being a small European power, how were they able to resist the French?
A ‘Chronique Scandaleuse’ The Batavia Harbour Issue, 1832–1877
Authors: Veering Arjan
Published: April 2010

Nothing less than a revolution! The Dutch prince Hendrik had no doubts about the impact of theSuez Canal, cutting through the isthmus between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. At the end of 1869, having witnessed the opening of this new waterway, the prince remained in Egypt for six weeks to study the possible benefits for Dutch trade and shipping. As one of the driving spirits behind the modernization of the Dutch maritime industry he earned himself the epithet ‘the seafarer’. In the following year he played an active role in the founding of theStoomvaart Maatschappij Nederland (SMN), the first Dutch steam shipping line to the Netherlands Indies.
The Roots of Divergence? Some Comments on Japan in the ‘Axial Age’, 1750–1850
Authors: Hunter Janet
Published: April 2010

Much of the recent work on the economic and social history of Tokugawa Japan (1600–1867) has been driven by a desire to identify what T.C. Smith has called ‘native sources ofJapanese industrialisation’. From the Marxist-influenced historians in the 1920s who sought to explain the pre-industrial roots of the structure of production in interwar Japan, through to contem-poraryJapanese historians' studies of the pattern of Japanese development, a major part of the agenda has been to identify how Japan had got to where it was, in other words, what was the secret of its twentieth century successes and weaknesses. It is not possible to explore the situation of Japan's economy in the century 1750–1850 without benefit of this hindsight, without being aware that while Japan's situation may have been in many ways analogous to that of China and Europe in the mid-eighteenth century, its economic fortunes were by the latter part of the nineteenth century experiencing their own ‘great divergence’ from those of China, India and the other countries of Asia and the near East. To search for the antecedents of this divergence is for economic historians of Japan a parallel exercise o t any search for the sources of the European ‘miracle’. While a focus on the period 1750–1850 as an era of European/Asian divergence means, therefore, that we must highlight the situation inJapan during that century, it must also be accepted that in the case of Japan any comparison with other countries or regions may also suggest the causes of Japan's own divergence some fifty to a hundred years later.
The Ottoman Empire in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Pamuk Şevket
Published: April 2010

Something exceptional happened first in England and later in Northwestern Europe beginning in the second half of the eighteenth century. Institutions, state and the ability to achieve technological breakthroughs all need to be taken into account in any satisfactory explanation as to why and where the Industrial Revolution took place. This essay attempts to situate the Ottoman Empire in the eighteenth century. Until the 1780s, this century was a period of economic expansion for the Ottoman Empire but the empire was surely not in a position to achieve an Industrial Revolution of its own or even an extended period of technological change and productivity increases. The essay also argues that the explanation for this state of affairs should be searched not in any external intervention or impact but n i internal structures and dynamics. In short, social and economic forces for change remained weak while the Ottoman state was strong enough to defend a traditional order.
The Reconstruction, Rehabilitation and Reconfiguration of the British Industrial Revolution as a Conjuncture in Global History
Authors: O'Brien Patrick Karl
Published: April 2010

All historical research, however micro and focussed can be represented as part of a process of ‘reconfiguration’ Research is simply the crafts dominant and traditional activity of transforming archival evidence into printed narratives which validate, qualify and occasionally demolish dominant meta-narratives. Most historians continue to be engaged in Von Ranke's grand project for construction of history by making different, more durable and better quality bricks that are piled up awaiting to be used as more modern architecture for national histories. They agree as a point of discipline (if not belief) that this remains the best way to proceed. Some (as Randolph Churchill remarked of Gladstone) are ‘old men in a hurry’ and opting.to proceed from the top down by relocating national histories within the wider spaces, larger chronologies and cosmopolitan concerns of global history.
The Orientalism Debate and the Chinese Wall: An Essay on Said and Sinology
Authors: Hägerdal Hans
Published: April 2010

In 1978 a hefty monograph, entitledOrientalism, appeared that would, in its own way, come to constitute a landmark in the history of Asian studies - to the satisfaction of some and the resentment of others. The author of this work, American-Palestinian literary scholar Edward Said, appealed to a wide intellectual circle, which was also shown by the sheer number of reviews in Anglo-Saxon papers and periodicals: there were at least sixty of them in the period following publication.
Political Spectacle and Colonial Rule: TheLanddagon Dutch Taiwan, 1629–1648
Authors: Andrade Tonio
Published: April 2010

In 1637 Hans Putmans, having just retired as governor of the Dutch East India Company's Taiwan comptoir, set out from the East Indies to return to Holland. During the long voyage home he composed a report about his last year as governor, describing how he had expanded the Company's control over large parts of the island's hinterlands. He himself had led Dutch troops against the town of Mattau, one of the most powerful aboriginal towns of Taiwan, and against the towns of Soulang and Taccareangh. The results of his expeditions were, he wrote, spectacular: ‘Through the […] guidance and will of God, [the conquest] was easily accomplished, and, since they had never before seen such a manner of war, our authority and respect among these blind heathen was extended and raised to such a point that not only the towns of Soulangh, Backeluan, […] Taccareijangh, […] and Mattau presented their lands to the Dutch state, but also Pangsoia, Tapouliang, and many other towns in the area’. In all some twenty aboriginal towns sought peace with the Company after Putmans' expeditions, a huge increase in the Company's holdings on Taiwan. When, in 1929, Putmans had taken his oath of office, his job had been to run a small trading factory on the island's coast, a base from which the Company could profit from the rich China trade. The subjugation of these twenty towns abruptly changed his job, and changed the Company's mission on Taiwan: How were these towns to be administered?
India and the Predicament of Development
Authors: Heesterman J.C.
Published: April 2010

Until quite recently India used to be depicted as an area of developmental darkness, a pool of mute tradition, stubborn stagnation and general failure. To be sure, it had known a glorious past, but that made the contemporary picture even more dismal. It can not be said that India's propaganda efforts have done much to dispel this picture. In the popular imagination it remains a country of marvels – mostly of the past – and monstrosities determining the present. So we seem to stay with the zoo of wonders and monsters that the name of India has evoked since antiquity. However, there are now signs of a weather change. It has become clear that present-day India can boast significant achievements in a number of important fields such as food production, industry, export trade, science and technology. Last but not least, the maintenance of civil liberties - which according to some observers should have properly fallen victim to India's undeniable problems already long ago – is a remarkable and to many a puzzling feature. But these same liberties have in no small measure helped to confirm the received image by highlighting India's problems and failures, which less liberal regimes would hide from the public eye. At any rate, there is perhaps no third world country that is known, warts and all, in such profuse statistical details and yet is so little understood.
From Subsistence Crises to Business Cycle Depressions, Indonesia 1800-1940
Authors: Boomgaard Peter
Published: April 2010

The spectre of a global crisis, predicted in 1997, but then failing to materialise outside (parts of) Asia, Russia, and Brazil, now looms again. Expectations of the arrival of a world-wide economic recession might constitute a conducive atmosphere for the study of economic crises and depressions in the past, in this case the Indonesian past. It is in fact somewhat amazing that, the study of the 1930s Depression apart, economic and social historians have not taken up this topic more eagerly during the last five years.
Towards a Global Anthropology
Authors: Ekholm Kasja , Friedman Jonathan
Published: April 2010

The development of a global perspective in anthropology is a very different kind of phenomenon from that in economics or economic history. In the latter disciplines, the field of enquiry may easily be extended to the entire world, or at least to large enough portions of it that systemic supra-society relations are clearly discernable. The periodic appearance of an intellectual orientation to global relations – from the mercantilistists to the dependency theorists – is clear evidence of the availability of the larger perspective. The more common focus on the nation state or, by abstraction, the “society”, as the locus of analysis and explanation has been a reflex of the emergence of national cycles of economic reproduction in the nineteenth century. Ricardo, Marx, Keynes and much modern development theory restrict the field of enquiry to the single society where all the necessary conditions of reproduction and thus, explanation, are thought to be located (Friedman 1976, 1978). Finally, with the emergence after World War Two of a center/periphery model of imperialism, a global perspective has again gained prominence.
Développement et stagnation en Insulinde aux 19e et 20e siècles: Quelques remarques à propos des thèses de Boeke et de Geertz
Authors: Fasseur C. , Baudet Et H.
Published: April 2010

La question que nous nous posons ici est la suivante. L'Indonésie (ex-Indes Néerlandaises) appartient-elle aux pays où le développement a stagné aux XIXe et XXe siècles, et si oui, jusqu' à quel point le gouvernement colonial néerlandais peut-il être tenu responsable de cet état de choses?
L'Afrique noire atlantique et l'Europe
Authors: Brunschwig Henri
Published: April 2010

Si l'on considère les rapports entre l'Afrique atlantique et l'Europe du 15e siècle à nos jours, on est conduit d'abord, à propos de l'Afrique, à préciser le sens dans lequel on peut utiliser des termes couramment appliqués aujourd'hui, comme “économie de subsistance ou de marché, développement, périphérie, contact, dépendance”.
Aphids and associated natural enemies on Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul, Southern Indian Ocean
Authors: Hullé Maurice , Turpeau Evelyne , Hudaverdian Sylvie , Chaubet Bernard , Outreman Yannick , Lebouvier Marc
Published: April 2010

Ile Amsterdam (37°50′S, 77°30′E, 55 km2) and Ile Saint-Paul (38°43′S, 77°31′E, 7 km2) are very isolated volcanic islands which were originally colonized by a few invertebrate fauna and flora. Invasive species richness has then increased along with human activity. A three-year monitoring programme (1997, 2000, 2001) and a summer campaign (2007) allowed species diversity, host plants, abundance and phenology of introduced aphids and natural enemies to be described. Seven cosmopolitan aphid species have been found on Ile Amsterdam (Aulacorthum solani,A. circumflexum,Macrosiphum euphorbiae,Myzus ascalonicus,M. cymbalariae,M. ornatusandRhopalosiphum padi) and three on Ile Saint-Paul (A. solani,M. cymbalariaeandR. padi). On Ile Amsterdam, these aphids were found on 28 host plants (out of 57 sampled plants), mainly introduced species.Phylica arboreawas the only native plant much colonized by one aphid species,A. circumflexum. Aphids were mainly present on the base or in this vicinity. One Hymenopteran parasitoid,Aphidius matricariae, and two hyperparasites (Dendrocerus aphidumandPhaenoglyphis villosa), probably introduced along with their host, were collected. Aphid activity is very low during the autumn (March–May) and at a maximum in spring and summer. Their density and diversity decrease with distance from the research station. From these results, the possible impact of aphids on native plants is discussed.
Approaching the end of life and dying with dementia in care homes: the accounts of family carers
Authors: Hennings J , Froggatt K , Keady J
Published: April 2010

Research into end of life and dying with dementia in care homes from the family carer's perspective is limited. From the available evidence, it appears that family carers find themselves in an unfamiliar situation about which they lack knowledge and experience. Whilst dementia tends not to be acknowledged as a terminal illness by many family carers, they are expected to make end of life decisions on behalf of their relatives. Family carer decision-making is underpinned by values of quality of life, previously expressed wishes, comfort provision and dignity preservation. This is often approached when family carers are grieving for the anticipated loss of their relative and have their own personal needs that require to be addressed. Within a care home setting, a curative care–palliative care split is unhelpful in resolving these tensions and a model of comprehensive care appears a more appropriate approach. This requires ongoing communication between the person with dementia, family members and professionals from the early stages of the condition.
An estimate of phytate intake and molar ratio of phytate to zinc in the diet of the people in the United Kingdom
Authors: Amirabdollahian F , Ash R
Published: April 2010

Objective

To estimate the phytate intake and molar ratio of phytate to zinc in the diet of the people in the United Kingdom.

Design

Tables of the phytate content of foods were developed from twenty-eight published and unpublished studies. They were then applied to the nutrient databank of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS). The study is a retrospective analysis of data on daily consumption of foods and drinks from the NDNS of children, adolescents, adults and the elderly based on 4–7 d weighed intakes.

Subjects

A total of 6786 British participants aged 1·5 years and above, who participated in the NDNS, 1992–2001.

Setting

England, Scotland and Wales.

Results

The median daily intakes of phytate for children, adolescents, adults and the elderly population were 496, 615, 809 and 629 mg/d, respectively. Although there were differences in phytate intakes between men and women, and for children, adolescents and elderly populations, after adjusting for differences in energy intake, there was no significant variation. The median phytate-to-zinc molar ratios for children, adolescents, adults and the elderly population were 11·8, 10·4, 9·7 and 8·7, respectively. Overall, the main sources of phytate were cereal and cereal products (e.g. breakfast cereals and breads), vegetables, potatoes and savoury snacks (e.g. chips and crisps), hot drinks and miscellaneous foods (e.g. commercial toddler foods and drinks, chocolate and soups), fruits and nuts.

Conclusions

The present study estimated the dietary intake of phytate and the phytate-to-zinc molar ratio of the diet of the UK population, which can be used for estimating the average requirement of zinc. Further research should focus on the completion and validation of the tables of phytate content of UK foods, to assess (and if necessary improve) the accuracy and precision of these findings.