bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aspects of physical provision for pupils with emotional and behavioural difficulties
Authors: Visser John
Published: March 2003

In this article, John Visser argues that while much of the recent discourse on EBD has centred on systems and policies as they affect pupils, future research should take into consideration the effect of physical surroundings on pupils with these difficulties. His comments provide a useful gloss on the recently published Building Bulletin 94 described by Flora Gathorne‐Hardy in her article in this issue.
The distribution of resources to support inclusive learning
Authors: Beek Chris
Published: March 2003

In this article, Chris Beek provides an overview of a recent DfES project set up to review the distribution of resources to schools for special educational needs provision. Three broad approaches to the delegation of resources are identified and evaluated. Some common themes are also identified and a model proposed for future development. Significantly, this model does not require children to hold statements in order to draw down resources.
Phono‐Graphix — who needs additional literacy support? An outline of research in Bristol schools
Authors: Dias Katy , Juniper Lynne
Published: March 2003

The research described in this article was undertaken in a group of Bristol schools using a variety of teaching methods, including a new approach called Phono‐Graphix. Results showed that students taught Phono‐Graphix made more progress than the other children. Significantly, none of the children on the Phono‐Graphix programme required additional literacy support (ALS) in the following year. This included a range of children initially identified as having special educational needs. Katy Dias and Lynne Juniper consider some of the factors contributing to the success of Phono‐Graphix.
Making Rights Stick: Children’s Rights Commissioner Work in Oxfordshire
Authors: Maclagan Ianthe
Published: March 2003

Ianthe Maclagan’s account of her work as Children’s Rights Commissioner for Oxfordshire speaks for itself. Set up as a response to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, the existence of the post, and the work itself, demonstrates a local commitment, as it is expressed here, ‘to embed children’s rights in organisational practice’.
Pupils Resolving Disputes: Successful Peer Mediation Schemes Share Their Secrets
Authors: Cremin Hilary
Published: March 2003

In the final two articles of this issue, attention turns to initiatives promoting the active participation of young people themselves. Here, Hilary Cremin discusses the impact of her research and consultancy in peer mediation with young people in Birmingham primary schools.
Primitive C‐Command
Authors: Frank Robert , Vijay‐Shanker K.
Published: March 2003

Work in syntactic theory almost universally assumes that hierarchy in syntactic structure is characterized in terms of an abstract primitive relation of dominance. In this paper, we suggest that hierarchy should instead be determined via a primitive c‐command relation. This perspective turns out to restrict the range of possible syntactic structures in a linguistically natural way, deriving restrictions on possible configurations that must otherwise be stipulated. Furthermore, we show that a primitive c‐command view of syntactic structure provides the basis for a radically simplified conception of adjunction structure, one that not only allows us to understand why the adjunction operation exists alongside substitution, but also explains why these operations have their distinctive structural and derivational properties.
Some Questions on Probability
Authors: Howson Geoffrey
Published: March 2003

This article critically explores several issues related to requirements for probability teaching in various national curricula.
A Walker Runs Through the Syllabus
Authors: Tyrrell Sidney
Published: March 2003

A bag of 24 packets of a well‐known brand of crisps provides a handy visual (and edible) aid to looking at the syllabus of a basic course in statistics.
Interprofessional Education in Theology and Social Work: Postmodern and Practical Theological Dimensions
Authors: Kamya Hugo , O’Brien Maureen
Published: March 2003

In this essay the authors posit that interprofessional education is inherently “post‐modern”and thus will incorporate educational priorities compatible with postmodernism, and that practical theology is the preferred method for interprofessional teaching and learning when theology and ministry are explicit participants. In advancing this argument they draw upon their experience in team teaching an interprofessional course in pastoral ministry and social work designed for students pursuing a joint degree in these two fields. They provide an overview of the contemporary postmodern context and interprofessional education as an emerging paradigm in higher education, a brief description of the major components of the joint course, and an exposition of appropriate educational priorities.
Teaching Buddhism in the Postmodern University: Understanding, Critique, Evaluation
Authors: Reynolds Frank E.
Published: March 2003

A contemporary liberal education in the humanities and social sciences should introduce students to the serious exploration of various kinds of worlds that human beings articulate and within which they live. Teachers in Buddhist studies can make a significant contribution by offering courses that focus attention on distinctively Buddhist worlds that are directly relevant to postmodern interests and concerns. These courses should also be designed to empower students with the kind of interpretive skills that are needed in a postmodern environment to generate viable modes of sympathetic understanding, convincing forms of critical analysis, and the capacity to formulate and defend responsible personal and social judgments. This article is a revised version of the keynote lecture given at a McGill University conference on “Teaching Buddhism: The State of the Art,” October 8–10, 1999.
Critical Encounters with Rabbinic Doctrines of Creation: The Teacher as Source of Authority or as Partner in Dialogue
Authors: Goshen‐Gottstein Alon
Published: March 2003

This is a case study based upon my experience of teaching an introduction to rabbinic thought to a group of Orthodox Jewish students. The study of one particular midrashic pericope allowed for major tensions between academic and religious approaches to the text to surface. The tension revolved around the apparent contradiction between the rabbinic mythical perception of creation as proceeding from primary negative matter and later philosophical belief in creatio ex nihilo. This contradiction touches upon issues of authority and of interpretation. The article explores various strategies dealing with issues of authority in general and of the meaning of the individual text in particular. Following a presentation of these strategies I offer my reflections upon my role as a teacher in this context. Dialogue emerges as an important element in the teaching process, creating a common ground between teachers and students and making them partners in a common quest for the truth of the text. Traditional dialogical modes of Jewish learning serve as the basis for the introduction of the academic agenda. This agenda is introduced as an extension of classical religious concerns rather than as an alternative to them.
The Politics and Ethics of Introductions to the New Testament
Authors: Patte Daniel
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this essay:

Lane Ryo Hirabayashi, (ed.) Teaching Asian America: Diversity and the Problem of Community

Ellen T. Charry, By the Renewing of Your Minds: The Pastoral Function of Christian Doctrine

Lynne Celli Sarasin, Learning Style Perspectives: Impact in the Classroom
Practicing the Disseminary: Technology Lessons from Napster
Authors: Adam A.K.M.
Published: March 2003

Whatever will happen in the way of the confluence of pedagogy and technology, it will not so much perpetuate past models in more efficient ways as it will reflect a stronger element of (for example) the unanticipated success of Napster. The author suggests a fivefold interpretation of Napster's implications as a guideline of what cybermedia do well, and how theological educators can use cybermedia to enrich their classroom teaching by distinguishing online from in‐class education. Cybermedia serve best when they do not duplicate or usurp functions best accomplished in person, and personal interaction thrives when not burdened with information‐transmission that might as well take place online.
Constrained trade and creative exchange on the barima river, guyana
Authors: Roopnaraine Terry
Published: March 2003

This article examines entrepreneurial activities among Amerindian residents of the Barima River, Guyana. It argues that Barima residents create entrepreneurial opportunities by exploiting a trading system constructed by a French palm‐heart processing company as rigidly non‐negotiable. This mercantilism is further enabled by the fact that the river itself constitutes an artery of neighbouring economic zones, in which distinct regimes of production, exchange, and consumption dominate at different points along the waterway. By moving exchange goods along this river, entrepreneurs are able to use a particular location, a centre of small‐scale gold‐mining, as an economic amplifier which allows them to realize profits.
The limits of cultural hybridity: on ritual monsters, poetic licence and contested postcolonial purifications
Authors: Werbner Pnina
Published: March 2003

There are many parallels between hybridity theory, especially as it has been developed in the work of Bhabha, and theories of liminality in anthropology, particularly in the work of Turner and Douglas. These share a stress on sited performance and the specific positioning of actors. However, the stress in hybridity theory on the colonial encounter as the source of reflexivity and double consciousness does not engage, I argue, with the fact that cultures produce their own indigenous forms of transgression and hence also of critical reflexivity and satire: ritual clowns, carnivals, poetry, and the like. Moreover, while transgression is a potential tool of resistance which upturns taken‐for‐granted hierarchies, it plays dangerously on the boundary and, taken out of context, can become a source of offence, especially for postcolonial diasporas struggling for recognition. This raises the question: what are the creative limits of cultural hybridity?.
The Evolution of Dravidian Kinship Systems in Oceania: Linguistic Evidence
Authors: Hage Per
Published: March 2003

In Allen’s world‐historical theory of kinship, humanity began with a tetradic‐Dravidian system based on cross‐cousin marriage and defined by alternate generation, prescriptive, and classificatory equations. In the course of time the dominant trend has been towards the irreversible breakdown of these equations in just this order. Comparative linguistic evidence is obviously crucial for an evaluation of Allen’s theory and for similar grand theories of irreversible change in kinship systems. This article presents some linguistic evidence from Oceania, a part of the world not covered in the recent symposium on transformations of kinship systems (Godelier, Trautmann & Tjon Sie Fat 1998). The Polynesian evidence shows, consistent with Allen’s theory, that leftward movements towards the Dravidian pole are unusual and can be explained as substratum effects. But the broader Oceanic evidence shows, contrary to Allen’s theory, that endogenous developments of Dravidian systems, although they may be improbable, are indeed possible.
Welfare Effects of Spatial Deconcentration: A Scenario for the Netherlands
Authors: Elhorst Paul , Oosterhaven Jan , Sijtsma Frans , Stelder Dirk
Published: March 2003

This paper examines whether a deconcentration policy between a core and a peripheral region within a country may increase national welfare. The type of cost and benefits involved and the type of models needed to specify them are first discussed theoretically, and then estimated empirically by means of a comprehensive scenario study for two regions of the Netherlands. The empirical study concludes that a deconcentration scenario might result in net national benefits of several tens of billions of guilders. For this reason a spatial deconcentration policy may well improve the welfare of nations.
Border Crossings: Small Enterpreneurs and Cross‐border Trade between South Africa and Mozambique
Authors: Peberdy Sally Ann
Published: March 2003

Based on research conducted in 1999/2000, this paper examines the vibrant informal sector cross‐border trade between South Africa and Mozambique. It provides an overview of the small and medium entrepreneurs involved in this trade as well as the kinds and volumes of goods that they carry across the border. It suggests that the use of the term ‘informal’ to describe this trade may be misleading as it obscures the multiple linkages between the formal and informal sectors in both countries. Furthermore, it implies a degree of illegality and non‐regulation which are not always present. The paper concludes by questioning the policy and regulatory frameworks within which these small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs) operate.
Mapping Childhood in Amsterdam: the spatial and social construction of children’s domains in the city
Authors: Karsten Lia
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the spatial transformation of the city from children’s point of view. Three important daily living domains – children’s outdoor play spaces, leisure centres and caring institutions – are examined. Empirical findings are made from studies in Amsterdam, where new urban developments affecting children are most apparent in the Netherlands. Conclusions show that developments are both diverse and paradoxical. On the one hand, we see processes that progressively contribute towards the exclusion of children from urban public space. Safety considerations underpin these processes heavily. Children’s marginal position in the public domain is further reinforced in the planning and design of new residential areas. Children do not seem to be a factor that merits consideration. On the other hand, never before has so much attention been paid to children. Adults’ efforts to give due consideration to children’s position lead to the creation of many new domains especially created for children. These give children a ‘face’ in the city, but these spaces are characterised by privatisation, institutionalisation and segregation. In the context of the Netherlands it is not altogether clear what shape the future will take, but it seems to be most likely that indicated developments will continue.
Professionalism and Manpower Issues in Geographical Information Systems in West Africa
Authors: Ikhuoria Isi A.
Published: March 2003

The provision of geographical information systems (GIS), particularly as an integrator of digital cartographic principles, in West Africa is evaluated by examining the professionalism and manpower issues, trends of cartographic and GIS education and training, usage of modern technology and dissemination of spatial information as well as in terms of the level of regional co‐operation. The analysis shows that there is potential for the rapid growth and recognition of the disciplinary and societal relevance of GIS in West Africa. This is indicated by the cartography, remote sensing, and GIS programmes being established in Nigerian and Ghanaian tertiary institutions, as well as the changes from analogue to digital mapping procedures in the public and petroleum oil organisations.
Non‐stationary Approaches for Mapping Terrain and Assessing Prediction Uncertainty
Authors: Lloyd Christopher D. , Atkinson Peter M.
Published: March 2003

It is well known that terrain may vary markedly over small areas and that statistics used to characterise spatial variation in terrain may be valid only over small areas. In geostatistical terminology, a non‐stationary approach may be considered more appropriate than a stationary approach. In many applications, local variation is not accounted for sufficiently. This paper assesses potential benefits in using non‐stationary geostatistical approaches for interpolation and for the assessment of uncertainty in predictions with implications for sampling design. Two main non‐stationary approaches are employed in this paper dealing with (1) change in the mean and (2) change in the variogram across the region of interest. The relevant approaches are (1) kriging with a trend model (KT) using the variogram of residuals from local drift and (2) locally‐adaptive variogram KT, both applied to a sampled photogrammetrically derived digital terrain model (DTM). The fractal dimension estimated locally from the double‐log variogram is also mapped to illustrate how spatial variation changes across the data set. It is demonstrated that estimation of the variogram of residuals from local drift is worthwhile in this case for the characterisation of spatial variation. In addition, KT is shown to be useful for the assessment of uncertainty in predictions. This is shown to be true even when the sample grid is dense as is usually the case for remotely‐sensed data. In addition, both ordinary kriging (OK) and KT are shown to provide more accurate predictions than inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation, used for comparative purposes.
Interactive Analysis Using Voronoi Diagrams: Algorithms to Support Dynamic Update from a Generic Triangle‐based Data Structure
Authors: Lee Ickjai , Gahegan Mark
Published: March 2003

This paper describes a series of dynamic update methods that can be applied to a family of Voronoi diagram types, so that changes can be updated incrementally, without the usual recourse to complete reconstruction of their underlying data structure. More efficient incremental update methods are described for the ordinary Voronoi diagram, the farthest‐point Voronoi diagram, the order‐k Voronoi diagram and the ordered order‐k Voronoi diagram. A discussion is also given of one case where incremental update is not practical, that of the multiplicatively weighted Voronoi diagram. Update methods rely on a previously reported generic, triangle‐based data structure (Gahegan and Lee 2000) from which local topology can be dynamically reconstructed following changes to the underlying pointset. An application, which implements these ideas, is available for download via the Internet as proof of concept. Results show that the algorithmic complexity of dynamic update methods vary considerably according to the Voronoi type, but offer in all cases (except the multiplicatively weighted Voronoi diagram) a substantial increase in performance, enabling Voronoi methods to address larger pointsets and more complex modelling problems without incurring too great a computational burden.
Improving and Extending Home Range and Habitat Analysis by Integration with a Geographic Information System
Authors: Selkirk Scott W. , Bishop Ian D.
Published: March 2003

The minimum convex polygon and fixed kernel techniques for analysing animal home range (HR), and the Schoener index independence test, are integrated as functions into the ArcView GIS. The ArcView Spatial Analyst, 3DAnalyst, SmartImage, Movement and Xtools extensions are used, as is the Avenue customization language. HR is calculated in surface area and presented over a virtual model of the landscape. The efficiency of HR analysis, interpretation and understanding is greatly improved within a GIS, eliminating the need to engage in the traditional multi‐procedural approach using external packages. A case study is undertaken using observational data from four eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus). The GIS, through use of query and partitioning functionality, enables a deeper understanding of the parameters influencing each HR estimate. Geo‐referenced multiple data overlay is shown to significantly enhance comparison of estimates of more than one animal and the identification of error.
Inversion, non‐adjacent inversion and adjuncts in CP
Authors: Haegeman Liliane
Published: March 2003

This article concerns subject‐auxiliary inversion in English. Typically, SAI is triggered by a preposed interrogative or negative constituent (Under what circumstances would you go into the office during the holidays? On no account would I go into the office during the holidays) which is then adjacent to the auxiliary. However, some speakers also accept patterns in which the interrogative or negative trigger for the inversion is non‐adjacent to the inverted auxiliary (Under what circumstances during the holidays would you go into the office? On no account during the holidays would I go into the office). This paper tries to account for this non‐adjacent inversion pattern in the light of the articulated structure of the left periphery of the clause elaborated by Rizzi (1997).
Old wine into new wineskins. A variationist investigation into patterns of voicing in plosives in the Atlas Linguistique de la France
Authors: Temple Rosalind A. M.
Published: March 2003

In the following paper, data taken from the Atlas linguistique de la France(Gillie´ron and Edmont 1902–10) are subjected to quantitative analysis to investigate how the variable patterns of voicing in obstruents to be found therein is conditioned. The analyses show how the data (which are here restricted to underlyingly voiced stop consonants) are consistent to a remarkable degree with hypotheses formulated on the basis of the findings of modern experimental phonetic and sociolinguistic studies, which is suggestive not only for the wider study in question, but also in (re‐)considering the potential of the Atlas as a valuable data source for comparisons to be made between the French spoken throughout France at the beginning and end of the twentieth century.
The function and typology of absolute and conjunct flexion in early Celtic: Some hints from Ancient Egyptian
Authors: Isaac Graham R.
Published: March 2003

The double system of absolute and conjunct verbal flexion in early Celtic, and Old Irish in particular, has been the subject of many discussions and speculations, which conventionally deal with its origin within Celtic from the point of view of comparative Indo‐European linguistics. The emphasis has been on explaining the formal aspects of the system, with the result that functional aspects have barely been considered. This paper considers the system as functional, and draws attention to its analogues in Middle Egyptian and Coptic, within a purely typological framework (no substrate theory).
Paradigmatic derivation
Authors: Blevins James P.
Published: March 2003

This paper proposes a class of derivational processes that define derived stem forms of basic lexemes. Non‐finite verbs and non‐absolute adjectives are identified as examples of such derivational stems, as are the stems that underlie non‐default plurals in Germanic. The paper indicates how this analysis avoids the difficulties encountered by inflectional treatments of this class of stems, and suggests a general reevaluation of the criteria that are applied to distinguish inflection from derivation.
International Organisations in a World of Regional Trade Agreements: Lessons from Club Theory
Authors: Fratianni Michele , Pattison John
Published: March 2003

This essay deals with the challenge that international organizations face at the turn of the millennium. The basic insight from the theory of clubs and information theory is that coordination and cooperation require dominant providers. Cooperation becomes more difficult as players become more equal in economic size. Today's environment is less conducive to cooperation than the environment after World War II. By extension, club theory suggests that Regional Trade Agreements are not flukes. They have proliferated because cooperation is feasible in smaller groups with a few larger players. There is a significant risk, however, that regional blocs may replace the multilateral cooperative process. To reduce this risk we propose the creation of an inter‐bloc international organization dedicated to reduce blocs' barriers to trade and finance.
Conflicts and Conflict Resolution in International Anti‐trust: Do We Need International Competition Rules?
Authors: Klodt Henning
Published: March 2003

Anti‐trust issues increasingly reach beyond national borders. This paper addresses the question whether such issues can reasonably be solved by an extraterritorial application of national competition law or whether they call for an international competition policy of its own. The analysis is based upon 20 case studies which are examined with regard to the suitability of the effects doctrine and the principles of comity as conflict resolution mechanisms. The case studies demonstrate that conflicts in international anti‐trust are more likely to arise where national competition laws differ from each other or where national authorities are pursuing selfish national policy objectives.
An Econometric View on the Estimation of Gravity Models and the Calculation of Trade Potentials
Authors: Egger Peter
Published: March 2003

This paper presents an AR(1) model in the spirit of Hausman and Taylor zero differences between actual and in‐sample predicted trade flows. Large systematic differences between observed and in‐sample predicted trade flows only indicate model misspecification and econometric problems. Out‐of‐sample predictions make sense if countries of interest are in an early stage of the transformation process. The gravity model remains an interesting tool for the calculation of counterfactuals (e.g. the impact of catching up in GDP per capita in the CEEC or of the reduction of trade costs via infrastructure investments or tariffs on bilateral trade, etc.). For this line of research, the difference between short‐term and long‐term influences could provide interesting insights.
Formula Approaches for Market Access Negotiations
Authors: Francois Joseph , Martin Will
Published: March 2003

Most of the large tariff reductions achieved in multilateral trade negotiations have involved tariff–cutting formulas such as the ‘Swiss’ formula. However, wide variations in initial tariff rates between active participants call for new approaches under the Doha Development Agenda. This paper surveys a range of formula options and examines both targeted and flexible applications of the Swiss formula that target tariff escalation and peaks, and would allow policy makers to directly target how far they will move towards free trade, while providing some flexibility for trading off reductions in peak tariffs against reductions in lower–tariff sectors.
Attitudes Toward the Spread of English in Italy
Authors: Pulcini Virginia
Published: March 2003

This paper focuses on attitudes toward the spread of English in Italy in the course of this century, with particular reference to the Americanization of Italian society. The twentieth century Italian scene presents two radically different reactions to the penetration of American culture: hostility and xenophobia in the first half of the century; accommodation and acceptance after the Second World War. The socio‐cultural and linguistic profile of present‐day Italy will be completed by data on the presence of English in education.
English in Mainland Europe – A Dutch Perspective
Authors: Van Essen Arthur
Published: March 2003

The aim of this paper is to set out in some detail the position of English as a foreign language (henceforth: EFL) in mainland Europe. To achieve my purpose I shall first outline the evolution of EFL in continental Europe (section 1). This historical perspective is indispensable, as the past is necessary to understand the present and read the future. In my historical outline I will demonstrate that, in many respects, there is an unbroken line of development in foreign‐language teaching, both in eastern and western Europe, despite the interlude of 45 years before the collapse of the Berlin Wall. Though the focus of many attention will be on state schools, I shall also glance at EFL in the private sector. After that I shall look at the position of EFL in the Europe of today (sections 2.1 and 2.2). Then I will look at what sets the European EFL classroom apart from other language of classrooms (section 2.3). Finally, I will take a look at EFL in the country that I know best: the Netherlands (section 3).
English Versus French: Language Rivalry in Tunisia
Authors: Battenburg John
Published: March 2003

The Maghreb (Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco) has long been thought of as a francophone bastion. Even after independence in the 1950s and early 1960s, countries in this region continued to use French as a tool for modernization and development. Along with progress in Arabization, however, today English is emerging as another linguistic option. This article considers the competition between English and French in Tunisian educational institutions and programs. Two periods are examined in post‐protectorate Tunisia: the introduction of English (1956–80) and the spread of English (1980–present). Recent developments in Tunisia in English language policy and planning suggest that the decline in French linguistic influence may be accompanied by a future decrease in French political and economic status.
Diva in the promised land: a blueprint for newspeak?
Authors: Moriel Liora
Published: March 2003

Hebrew is a fully gendered language: not every noun and adjective, but also every voice and case, is gendered. There is no accepted gender‐neutral term (‘it’), although ‘man’ and the male third‐person singular is generally taken to include women, despite the protests of feminists. Assigning a particular sex/gender to an inanimate object is arbitrary. The issue of sex and gender in language will be addressed in this paper as a dichotomy not of biology but of performance. It will be suggested that sex is akin to hardware, while gender is like software. Specifically, this paper will analyze the efforts of a successful Israeli singer, Danna International, a male‐to‐female transsexual, to provide an international syllable‐sampling strategy for disco songs that subvert conventions of sex, spelling and cliches. To understand Danna International’s appeal and art, it is helpful to employ Michael Agar’s idea of ‘languaculture’: in this case, the languages (Hebrew and Arabic) and cultures (secular, sacrosanct and sectarian) of Israel and the Middle East, as well as Israel’s gay male subculture (the most overt in the region).
Semantics of Occupational Lexis in Nigerian English
Authors: Alabi Victoria A.
Published: March 2003

This paper describes forms of semantic re‐investment of occupational lexical items in Nigerian English. Three categories and two subcategories of re‐investment are identified: shift, generalisation, narrowing (subcategories of ‘shift’), re‐assignment, and analogy. These types of semantic re‐investment are considered within a socio‐cultural and linguistic setting of Nigeria as a developing country. The paper also discusses the intranational and international intelligibility and implications of such semantic re‐investment.
Gender and bilinguals’ creativity
Authors: Baker Wendy
Published: March 2003

Research on the influence of gender on language across different cultures has mostly concentrated on qualitative measures of analysis. These measures demonstrate that there are differences in rhetorical and literary style across world Englishes in both the inner and outer circle. Using Biber’s multidimensional analysis (1988) to examine a large corpus of world English literatures written in Indian, West African, Britain, Anglo‐American and Mexican American varieties of English, this paper examines whether quantitative analyses can also be insightful and useful in the examination of the influence of gender on language and in expanding our understanding of what “bilingual creativity” entails. The results of this study reveal that computational methods of analyzing texts both confirm former research comparing differences between texts written by men and women in different varieties of English and also shed new light on differences that exist between these varieties.
Realism and imagination in the teaching of English
Authors: Gupta Anthea Fraser
Published: March 2003

In the imagination of many of those establishing language policies, especially educational ones, English can be ordered and controlled. Intentions about the type of English to be taught may be expressed, and curriculum requirements may specify the variety of English required of learners. However, the imagined learner, the imagined teacher, and the imagined setting of use are often at odds with the reality of the learner’s exposure to English, and of the learner’s plausible occasions of use. This is one of many areas in which there is a failure to come to grips with the impact of the globalisation of English.
A Remark on Voters’ Rationality in a Model of Representative Democracy
Authors: De sinopoli Francesco , Turrini Alessandro
Published: March 2003

Voting games are characterized by the emergence of dominated strategies, that would be iteratively deleted by rational players. In this note we show, via an example, how applying iterated dominance restricts the set of equilibrium outcomes in Besley and Coate’s (1997) citizen‐candidate model of representative democracy.
How Does Imperfect Competition in the Labor Market Affect Unemployment Policies?
Authors: Wauthy Xavier , Zenou Yves
Published: March 2003

We consider a continuum of workers ranked according to their abilities to acquire education and two firms with different technologies that imperfectly compete in wages to attract these workers. The education cost to be borne by workers is higher in the high‐technology firm. In equilibrium, we show that the unemployed workers are those with the lowest initial abilities. We then study different policies that subsidize either education cost or wages. We found that the first‐best allocation can only be implemented by selective policies. We analyze second‐best nonselective policies and show that, in terms of welfare, subsidizing education costs or wages is strictly equivalent.
Agglomeration Diseconomies of Traffic Congestion and Agglomeration Economies of Interaction in the Information‐Oriented City
Authors: Higano Yoshiro , Shibusawa Hiroyuki
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a partial equilibrium model of land, labor, and transportation markets in an information‐oriented city with traffic congestion of commuting and agglomeration economies of interaction. We derive the equilibria by numerical computations using specific utility, production, and congestion functions. The laissez‐faire equilibrium is compared with the optimum. In contrast with the results of many previous papers, at the optimum the CBD becomes compact and the city more suburbanized than the laissez‐faire equilibrium. We also analyze the effects of a Pigouvian tax system and subsidies on the spatial structure in the city.
Immigration and Welfare for the Host Economy with Imperfect Competition
Authors: Chao Chi‐Chur , Yu Eden S.H.
Published: March 2003

In the literature, the beneficial result of immigration to the host country relies on the assumption of perfect competition in the goods market. However, for an economy characterized by imperfect competition, immigration of unskilled workers can be welfare‐reducing. The entry of skilled workers is nevertheless welfare‐enhancing under a plausible factor‐intensity condition.
NoteAbout the Concept of “Net Multipliers”
Authors: De Mesnard Louis
Published: March 2003

Net multipliers, as introduced by Oosterhaven and Stelder (2002) accept outputs as entries instead of final demand. They are found by multiplying ordinary multipliers by the final demand ratio over the sector’s output. This pragmatic solution suffers from ratio instability over time. The alternative net multipliers proposed here are based on the interpretation of the Leontief inverse matrix for the effects generated at each round. The new solution is not sensitive to the size of impacts. Now net multiplier is equal to the corresponding ordinary multiplier minus one, and the ordering of multipliers is unchanged.
Icarus of Basel? Oecolampadius and the Early Swiss Reformation
Authors: Fudge Thomas A.
Published: March 2003

This article examines the role of Johannes Oecolampadius in the establishment of reformation at Basel specifically and his place in the Swiss Reformation generally. In this context there is an overview of reformation tactics and activities at Basel in the 1520s, especially concerning the role of the city council, popular movements advocating iconoclasm, and the Anabaptist problem. Oecolampadius’ relations with Luther, Zwingli, Erasmus and the radical reformers are considered.

It is suggested that the importance of Oecolampadius consists in the doctrine of the eucharist and his ideas on ecclesiastical discipline as they relate to civil authority. With respect to the eucharist, Oecolampadius’ position is clearly delineated in his writings, principally his 1525 treatise and then later at the famous Marburg Colloquy in 1529. His eucharistic theology departed from the positions of Roman Catholicism, Luther and the Anabaptists. There is also a subtle deviation from Zwingli. Regarding the church and state in matters of discipline, Oecolampadius anticipated Calvin in the plea for ecclesiastically administered civil order and moral regulation. It is argued that Oecolampadius’ ideas on the eucharist and ecclesiastical discipline were foundational in the development of Reformed theology and polity and therefore the Basel Reformation is a watershed in that tradition.
Cyprian and his collegae: Patronage and the episcopal synod of 252
Authors: Dunn Geoffrey
Published: March 2003

The Roman patron–client relationship has been useful for understanding early Christian bishops and their relationships with their own communities. In this paper the question is asked whether that relationship could shed light on the relationships among bishops themselves. Taking the third–century Saint Cyprian of Carthage as the example, his interactions with other North African bishops at the synod of 252 are examined. The author accepts that Cyprian's Epp. 59 and 64 refer to that synod. Whatever else was discussed, we know that the bishops in synod resolved questions about the status of a former presbyter and the timing of infant baptism. In Ep. 59 Cyprian made reference to the college of bishops (sacerdotum collegium). The heart of the paper examines Cyprian's understanding of other bishops as collegae and whether he treated them as clients. The evidence that is available suggests that he accepted bishops who all shared in the same office as being responsible to God alone for their communities, but that his ability to exercise some degree of patron–age over them, through his greater prestige and financial base, was a control mechanism by which he sought to keep unity among the African Christian communities.
The Basis of Union: New Zealand Baptists forge a Denomination in the 1940s
Authors: Sutherland Martin
Published: March 2003

This essay examines a crucial period in New Zealand Baptist life. During the 1940s Baptist leaders sought to establish a more centrally organised denomination than had previously existed. Motivated by a desire to position Baptists closer to the mainstream of Protestant religious life, this centripetal dynamic was tested by a cluster of crises and debates. Some of these reflected theological tensions that had been present in the denomination for decades. Others, more immediate and linked to particular personalities, exposed key issues of control and authority. The leadership of the largest church, Baptist involvement in the Ecumenical movement, and the principalship of the theological college were contested. Despite the considerable potential for division, the outcome was a more connectional denomination, able to maintain unity under stress, though one not as centrally driven as some in the Executive desired.
The case against phonemic awareness
Authors: Scholes Robert
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a series of arguments concerning the notion that an awareness of the sub‐syllabic (‘phonemic’) segments of speech is a factor in the acquisition of literacy skills. It will be claimed that such an awareness is not an untutored aspect of one’s linguistic consciousness, but, in fact, a limited consequence of acquiring literacy in an alphabetic script. In addition, it will be shown that any positive correlations between phonemic awareness and reading skill are based on a definition of reading that is misguided and potentially harmful.

The paper reviews selected recent literature and research on phonemic awareness in literate and illiterate speakers, the relationships between letters and speech sounds, and variations in the definition of reading employed in this work.
The Long-Term Pattern of Adult Mortality and the Highest Attained Age
Authors: Thatcher A. R.
Published: March 2003

Recent new data on old age mortality point to a particular model for the way in which the probability of dying increases with age. The model is found to fit not only modern data but also some widely spaced historical data for the 19th and 17th centuries, and even some estimates for the early mediaeval period. The results show a pattern which calls for explanation. The model can also be used to predict a probability distribution for the highest age which will be attained in given circumstances. The results are relevant to the current debate about whether there is a fixed upper limit to the length of human life.
Marriage or Cohabitation: A Competing Risks Analysis of First-Partnership Formation among the 1958 British Birth Cohort
Authors: Berrington Ann , Diamond Ian
Published: March 2003

A discrete time competing risks hazards model is used to analyse entry into first partnership among men and women born in Britain in 1958. Using a life-course approach we identify family background and current life experiences which affect the timing and type of first-partnership formation. Education is a key factor influencing the age of entry into first partnership and whether or not the respondent will experience pregnancy before forming the partnership. Religiosity, experience of parental separation and the geographical region of residence are more important in affecting the decision to cohabit rather than to marry directly. The analyses highlight the importance of transitions in other domains such as leaving the parental home in encouraging cohabitation.
A Statistical Framework for Ecological and Aggregate Studies
Authors: Wakefield Jonathan , Salway Ruth
Published: March 2003

Inference from studies that make use of data at the level of the area, rather than at the level of the individual, is more difficult for a variety of reasons. Some of these difficulties arise because frequently exposures (including confounders) vary within areas. In the most basic form of ecological study the outcome measure is regressed against a simple area level summary of exposure. In the aggregate data approach a survey of exposures and confounders is taken within each area. An alternative approach is to assume a parametric form for the within-area exposure distribution. We provide a framework within which ecological and aggregate data studies may be viewed, and we review some approaches to inference in such studies, clarifying the assumptions on which they are based. General strategies for analysis are provided including an estimator based on Monte Carlo integration that allows inference in the case of a general risk–exposure model. We also consider the implications of the introduction of random effects, and the existence of confounding and errors in variables.
Simulation-Based Diagnostics in Random-Coefficient Models
Authors: Longford Nicholas T.
Published: March 2003

Commonly applied diagnostic procedures in random-coefficient (multilevel) analysis are based on an inspection of the residuals, motivated by established procedures for ordinary regression. The deficiencies of such procedures are discussed and an alternative based on simulation from the fitted model (parametric bootstrap) is proposed. Although computationally intensive, the method proposed requires little programming effort additional to implementing the model fitting procedure. It can be tailored for specific kinds of outliers. Some computationally less demanding alternatives are described.
Fitting Time Series Models by Minimizing Multistep-ahead Errors: A Frequency Domain Approach
Authors: Haywood J. , Tunnicliffe Wilson G.
Published: March 2003

This paper brings together two topics in the estimation of time series forecasting models: the use of the multistep-ahead error sum of squares as a criterion to be minimized and frequency domain methods for carrying out this minimization. The methods are developed for the wide class of time series models having a spectrum which is linear in unknown coefficients. This includes the IMA(1, 1) model for which the common exponentially weigh-ted moving average predictor is optimal, besides more general structural models for series exhibiting trends and seasonality. The method is extended to include the Box–Jenkins ‘air line' model. The value of the multistep criterion is that it provides protection against using an incorrectly specified model. The value of frequency domain estimation is that the iteratively reweighted least squares scheme for fitting generalized linear models is readily extended to construct the parameter estimates and their standard errors. It also yields insight into the loss of efficiency when the model is correct and the robustness of the criterion against an incorrect model. A simple example is used to illustrate the method, and a real example demonstrates the extension to seasonal models. The discussion considers a diagnostic test statistic for indicating an incorrect model.
Approximate Likelihoods for Generalized Linear Errors-in-variables Models
Authors: Hanfelt John J. , Liang Kung-Yee
Published: March 2003

When measurement error is present in covariates, it is well known that naïvely fitting a generalized linear model results in inconsistent inferences. Several methods have been proposed to adjust for measurement error without making undue distributional assumptions about the unobserved true covariates. Stefanski and Carroll focused on an unbiased estimating function rather than a likelihood approach. Their estimating function, known as the conditional score, exists for logistic regression models but has two problems: a poorly behaved Wald test and multiple solutions. They suggested a heuristic procedure to identify the best solution that works well in practice but has little theoretical support compared with maximum likelihood estimation. To help to resolve these problems, we propose a conditional quasi-likelihood to accompany the conditional score that provides an alternative to Wald's test and successfully identifies the consistent solution in large samples.
A Note on Local Influence Based on Normal Curvature
Authors: Fung Wing K. , Kwan C. W.
Published: March 2003

Object functions other than the likelihood displacement, such as a parameter estimate or a test statistic, can also be used in local influence analysis. The normal curvatures of these object functions have been studied in situations where the slopes were non-zero. In these situations, we show that the normal curvature is not scale invariant and thus ambiguous conclusions will be drawn. Comments on the application of the general normal curvature formula are presented.
Extending the Family of Bayesian Bootstraps and Exchangeable Urn Schemes
Authors: Muliere Pietro , Walker Stephen
Published: March 2003

A Bayesian bootstrap for a finite population with censored observations is introduced. It is shown to reduce to the finite population Bayesian bootstrap if there is no censoring and to reduce to the censored data Bayesian bootstrap for a large population. A class of general urn schemes for simulating exchangeable sequences of variables is introduced which is connected to the bootstrap method.