bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postoperative hormonal therapy prevents recovery of neurological damage after surgery in patients with breast cancer
Authors: Sekiguchi Atsushi , Sato Chiho , Matsudaira Izumi , Kotozaki Yuka , Nouchi Rui , Takeuchi Hikaru , Kawai Masaaki , Tada Hiroshi , Ishida Takanori , Taki Yasuyuki , Ohuchi Noriaki , Kawashima Ryuta
Published: October 2016

Cancer survivors are exposed to several risk factors for cognitive dysfunction, such as general anesthesia, surgical trauma, and adjuvant therapies. In our recent study we showed that thalamic volume reduction and attentional dysfunction occurred shortly after surgery. Here, we examined the 6-month prognosis of the 20 patients with breast cancer who underwent surgery. Seven patients did not receive any adjuvant therapy after the surgery and 13 patients received a hormonal therapy after the surgery. We assessed their attentional functions, and thalamic volumes shortly after and 6 months after surgery. We found a significant group x time interaction in the attentional functions (p = 0.033) and the right thalamus (p <  0.05, small volume correction), suggesting the thalamic volume reduction and attentional dysfunction recovered in patients without adjuvant therapy. Our findings provide a better understanding of the potential role of hormonal therapy in relation to the cognitive dysfunction of cancer survivors.
Chimpanzees can visually perceive differences in the freshness of foods
Authors: Imura Tomoko , Masuda Tomohiro , Wada Yuji , Tomonaga Masaki , Okajima Katsunori
Published: October 2016

Colour vision in primates is believed to be an adaptation for finding ripe fruit and young leaves. The contribution of the luminance distribution, which influences how humans evaluate the freshness of food, has not been explored with respect to the detection of subtle distinctions in food quality in non-human primates. We examined how chimpanzees, which are closely related to humans, perceive the freshness of foods. The findings suggest that chimpanzees were able to choose fresher cabbage based on both colour and grey-scale images. Additional tests with images of novel cabbage, spinach, and strawberries revealed that one chimpanzee could detect the freshness of other fruits and vegetables. The critical factor in determining the judgements of freshness made by the chimpanzees was the spatial layout of luminance information. These findings provide the first known evidence that chimpanzees discriminate between images representing various degrees of freshness based solely on luminance information.
High-speed and high-SNR photoacoustic microscopy based on a galvanometer mirror in non-conducting liquid
Authors: Kim Jin Young , Lee Changho , Park Kyungjin , Han Sangyeob , Kim Chulhong
Published: October 2016

Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM), a promising microscopic imaging technique with high ultrasound resolution and superior optical sensitivity, can provide anatomical, functional, and molecular information at scales ranging from the microvasculature to single red blood cells. In particular, real-time OR-PAM imaging with a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is a prerequisite for widespread use in preclinical and clinical applications. Although several technical approaches have been pursued to simultaneously improve the imaging speed and SNR of OR-PAM, they are bulky, complex, not sensitive, and/or not actually real-time. In this paper, we demonstrate a simple and novel OR-PAM technique which is based on a typical galvanometer immersed in non-conducting liquid. Using an opto-ultrasound combiner, this OR-PAM system achieves a high SNR and fast imaging speed. It takes only 2 seconds to acquire a volumetric image with a wide field of view (FOV) of 4 × 8 mm2 along the X and Y axes, respectively. The measured lateral and axial resolutions are 6.0 and 37.7 μm, respectively. Finally, as a demonstration of the system’s capability, we successfully imaged the microvasculature in a mouse ear in vivo. Our new method will contribute substantially to the popularization and commercialization of OR-PAM in various preclinical and clinical applications.
Weighted and directed interactions in evolving large-scale epileptic brain networks
Authors: Dickten Henning , Porz Stephan , Elger Christian E. , Lehnertz Klaus
Published: October 2016

Epilepsy can be regarded as a network phenomenon with functionally and/or structurally aberrant connections in the brain. Over the past years, concepts and methods from network theory substantially contributed to improve the characterization of structure and function of these epileptic networks and thus to advance understanding of the dynamical disease epilepsy. We extend this promising line of research and assess—with high spatial and temporal resolution and using complementary analysis approaches that capture different characteristics of the complex dynamics—both strength and direction of interactions in evolving large-scale epileptic brain networks of 35 patients that suffered from drug-resistant focal seizures with different anatomical onset locations. Despite this heterogeneity, we find that even during the seizure-free interval the seizure onset zone is a brain region that, when averaged over time, exerts strongest directed influences over other brain regions being part of a large-scale network. This crucial role, however, manifested by averaging on the population-sample level only – in more than one third of patients, strongest directed interactions can be observed between brain regions far off the seizure onset zone. This may guide new developments for individualized diagnosis, treatment and control.
Depth-distribution patterns and control of soil organic carbon in coastal salt marshes with different plant covers
Authors: Bai Junhong , Zhang Guangliang , Zhao Qingqing , Lu Qiongqiong , Jia Jia , Cui Baoshan , Liu Xinhui
Published: October 2016

This study was carried out in three kinds of salt marshes according to the vegetation covers, including Phragmites australis salt marsh (PSM), Suaeda salus salt marsh (SSM) and Tamarix chinensis-Suaeda salus salt marsh (TSSM). We applied allometric function, exponential function and logistic function to model the depth distribution of the SOCv and SOCc for each salt marsh, respectively. The results showed that the exponential function fits the depth distribution of the SOCv more well than other two functions. The SOCc can be fitted very well by all three functions for three salt marsh (Adj. R2 > 0.99), of which the allometric function was the best one. The mean topsoil concentration factors (TCFs) of three salt marshes were beyond 0.1, which means the SOC enrichment in surface soils due to plant cycling, but TCFs in PSM were significantly higher than those in SSM (P < 0.05). Nearly 30% of SOC was concentrated in the top 20 cm soils. The results of general linear model (GLM) suggested that four soil properties (soil water content, pH, soil salt content and silt+clay) and their interactive effects explained about 80% of the total variation of SOC stock in the top 20 cm soils and the 20–100 cm soil layers.
Methodological evolutions of Raman spectroscopy in art and archaeology
Authors: Bersani Danilo , Conti Claudia , Matousek Pavel , Pozzi Federica , Vandenabeele Peter
Published: October 2016

During the last decades, Raman spectroscopy has grown from research laboratories to a well-established approach that is increasingly often used in archaeometry and conservation science.
Exploring short intramolecular interactions in alkylaromatic substrates
Authors: Baggioli Alberto , Cavallotti Carlo A. , Famulari Antonino
Published: October 2016

A theoretical perspective on short intramolecular aromatic–aliphatic interactions in biologically and technologically relevant model building blocks.
Investigating the effect of UV light pre-treatment on the oxygen activation capacity of Au/TiO2
Authors: Wong Roong Jien , Scott Jason , Low Gary K.-C. , Feng Haifeng , Du Yi , Hart Judy N. , Amal Rose
Published: October 2016

UV light pre-illumination-enhanced catalytic O2activation by Au/TiO2.Carbon;hydrogen;oxygen;electron;charge traps;Au;Au perimeter atom.
Wild Fragaria vesca L. fruits: a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals
Authors: Dias Maria Inês , Barros Lillian , Morales Patricia , Cámara Montaña , Alves Maria José , Oliveira M. Beatriz P. P. , Santos-Buelga Celestino , Ferreira Isabel C. F. R.
Published: October 2016

Wild F. vesca fruits and the corresponding infusions could be potentially applied in functional foods (infusions) and/or nutraceuticals/pharmaceutical formulations (hydromethanolic extracts).
Element labeling of antibody fragments for ICP-MS based immunoassays
Authors: Mairinger Teresa , Wozniak-Knopp Gordana , Rüker Florian , Koellensperger Gunda , Hann Stephan
Published: October 2016

This work introduces and evaluates the use of recombinantly produced antigen binding fragments (Fab) for ICP-MS based immunoassays.
[Ce(l-Pro)2]2 (Oxa) as a heterogeneous recyclable catalyst: synthesis of pyrazoles under mild reaction conditions
Authors: Katla Ramesh , Chowrasia Rakhi , Manjari Padma S. , da Silva Caren D. G. , dos Santos Beatriz F. , Domingues Nelson L. C.
Published: October 2016

A highly efficient method for the synthesis of pyrazoles mediated by [Ce(l-Pro)2]2 (Oxa) as a heterogeneous catalyst.
Structural essentials for β-N-acetylhexosaminidase inhibition by amides of prolines, pipecolic and azetidine carboxylic acids
Authors: Glawar A. F. G. , Martínez R. F. , Ayers B. J. , Hollas M. A. , Ngo N. , Nakagawa S. , Kato A. , Butters T. D. , Fleet G. W. J. , Jenkinson S. F.
Published: October 2016

β-N-Acetylhexosaminidase inhibition of pipecolic, proline and azetidine amides in a cellular setting has potential as an anti-invasive anti-cancer strategy.
Direct synthesis of layered double hydroxide nanosheets for efficient siRNA delivery
Authors: Li L. , Gu Z. , Gu W. Y. , Xu Z. P.
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we have developed a simple yet efficient method to prepare stable single-sheet MgAl-layered double hydroxide (MA-NS) suspensions without using organic solvents or surfactants.
Self-sacrificial templating synthesis of self-assembly 3D layered double hydroxide nanosheets using nano-SiO2under facile conditions
Authors: Li Cunjun , Lu Hong , Lin Yinyin , Xie Xiangli , Wang Hai , Wang Linjiang
Published: October 2016

Self-assembly 3D layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets were synthesized using nano-SiO2as self-sacrificial templatesviaa facile bottom-up strategy.
Competition between lanthanides in extraction with tri-n-butyl phosphate in supercritical CO2 from solid nitrates
Authors: Zhu L. Y. , Wang Z. F. , He H. , Tian G.
Published: October 2016

Competition extraction of lanthanide nitrates with tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) in supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) is investigated by monitoring the absorption spectra of Ln(iii) in UV-Vis region.
Biological effects of various chemically characterized essential oils: investigation of the mode of action against Candida albicans and HeLa cells
Authors: Rajkowska Katarzyna , Nowak Adriana , Kunicka-Styczyńska Alina , Siadura Anna
Published: October 2016

Essential oils of different chemical compositions show a specificity in amplitude but not in the mode of biological action againstCandida albicansand HeLa cells.
Fabrication of heterogeneous biocatalyst tethering artificial prosthetic groups to obtain omega-3-fatty acids by selective hydrolysis of fish oils
Authors: Moreno-Pérez S. , Fernández-Lorente G. , Romero O. , Guisán J. M. , López-Gallego F.
Published: October 2016

Immobilized enzymes tethering artificial prosthetic groups improve both the hydrolysis rate and the selectivity towards the eicosapentaenoic acid acyl chains.
Size and pH dependent photoluminescence of graphene quantum dots with low oxygen content
Authors: Song Sung-Ho , Jang Minho , Yoon Hyewon , Cho Yong-Hoon , Jeon Seokwoo , Kim Bo-Hyun
Published: October 2016

The smaller GQDs show blue emission and is insensitive to the pH, whereas the bigger sized GQDs show a red-shifted emission and a color change according to the pH. This is due to the difference of defects and oxygen.
Silver comes into play: Henry reaction and domino cycloisomerisation sequence catalysed by [Ag(i)(Pc-L)] complexes
Authors: Tseberlidis Giorgio , Dell'Acqua Monica , Valcarenghi Daniele , Gallo Emma , Rossi Elisabetta , Abbiati Giorgio , Caselli Alessandro
Published: October 2016

The Ag(i) complexes of pyridine-containing ligands with an active pendant arm are new catalysts for an old reaction: the nitroaldol condensation. When the substrates are 2-alkynylarylaldehydes, a smart cascade cycloisomerisation process can occur.
Integration of BiFeO3/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 heterostructures with III–V semiconductors for low-power non-volatile memory and multiferroic field effect transistors
Authors: Rahman Md. Shafiqur , Ghose Susmita , Hong Liang , Dhungana Pradip , Fahami Abbas , Gatabi Javad R. , Rojas-Ramirez Juan S. , Zakhidov Alex , Klie Robert F. , Pandey R. K. , Droopad Ravi
Published: October 2016

SrTiO3 films on GaAs, grown by molecular beam epitaxy, serve as buffer layers for epitaxial growth of ferromagnetic or multiferroic films using pulsed laser deposition.
Time–oxygen & light indicating via photooxidation mediated up-conversion
Authors: Xu Ming , Han Chunmiao , Yang Yongchao , Shen Zhen , Feng Wei , Li Fuyou
Published: October 2016

The first time–oxygen & light indicator to monitor the deterioration of perishable products caused by photooxidation was demonstrated.
Analysis of the quality factor of input cavity with intense beam loading in a relativistic vacuum tube
Authors: Lee Ki Wook , Jeong Jun Gi , Yoon Young Joong , Kim Jung Ho , Kook Chanho
Published: October 2016

This study deduces numerical and simulation‐aided approaches of quality factor affected by intense beam loading in the input cavity. Intense relativistic electron beam loading based on the model of electron density distribution is applied to analyse the particle‐microwave interaction. The expression for gap voltage difference in the input cavity between without beam‐loading and with it is derived to find out the beam‐loaded quality factor. The simulated data by decaying time method of particle‐in‐cell code being in a good agreement with that attained by the numerical approach are presented. Those presented approaches will be particularly available for a relativistic klystron amplifier with relatively low quality factor and intense relativistic electron beam in the input cavity.
Feature extraction of GIS partial discharge signal based on S‐transform and singular value decomposition
Authors: Dai Dangdang , Wang Xianpei , Long Jiachuan , Tian Meng , Zhu Guowei , Zhang Jieming
Published: October 2016

Partial discharge (PD) detection and recognition are of great significance to the condition monitoring of gas‐insulated switchgear (GIS). In the current work, ultra‐high‐frequency (UHF) signals induced by PD current pulses are measured and used to represent PD source. For PD classification, feature parameters need to be extracted from UHF signals. Therefore, this study proposes a new feature extraction method that is based on S‐transform (ST) and singular value decomposition (SVD). PD UHF signals generated by four kinds of artificial defects are collected and analysed. ST is used to acquire the joint time–frequency information of the PD UHF signal. SVD is used to acquire the time–frequency characteristics of the UHF signal. Based on the distribution difference of time–frequency characteristics of different kinds of PDs, a 24‐demensional feature vector is finally extracted. Support vector machine optimised by particle swarm optimisation algorithm is employed as classifier to recognise the four kinds of PDs. Results show that the proposed feature extraction method can effectively identify the designed four kinds of PDs even with few samples and strong background noise.
Verträglichkeit von Hyaluronsäure zur Oberflächenpflege nach perforierender Keratoplastik
Authors: Pattmöller M. , Szentmáry N. , Eppig T. , Groß D. , Seitz B.
Published: October 2016

Hintergrund und Ziele: Die klinische Prüfung diente der Bestätigung der Qualifikation hinsichtlich der Verträglichkeit von phosphatfreiem hochmolekularem Hyaluronat (HYLO®-GEL) als Befeuchtungsmittel zur Nachsorge nach perforierender Keratoplastik.

Patienten und Methoden: Es wurden 51 Augen bis 6 Wochen postoperativ nach perforierender Keratoplastik unter der Therapie mit phosphatfreiem hochmolekularem Hyaluronat beobachtet. Am 1., 3. und 5. Tag, sowie 6 Wochen postoperativ wurden Sehschärfe, Augeninnendruck, konjunktivale Hyperämie, konjunktivale Chemosis, Fluoresceinfärbung der Hornhaut, Hornhautinfiltrate, Hornhaut-Endothel-Epithel-Dekompensation (HEED), Descemet-Falten, Hornhauterosio (Größe), Tyndall und Zellen in der Vorderkammer wie auch die subjektive Einschätzung von Tränenfluss, Fremdkörpergefühl, Druckgefühl, Brennen, Schleimbildung und Juckreiz erfasst. Die Verträglichkeit wurde durch den Patienten und den behandelnden Arzt bewertet.

Ergebnisse: Unter phosphatfreiem hochmolekularem Hyaluronat zeigte sich eine signifikante Verbesserung der objektiven Parameter von Tag 1 zu Woche 6: Visus, konjunktivale Hyperämie, konjunktivale Chemosis, Fluoresceinfärbung der Hornhaut, HEED, Descemet-Falten, maximaler Durchmesser Erosio, Tyndall und Zellen in der Vorderkammer. Ebenso konnte bei den subjektiven Parametern von Tag 1 zu Woche 6 eine signifikante Verbesserung gezeigt werden: Tränenfluss, Fremdkörpergefühl, Druckgefühl und Juckreiz. Insgesamt 63 % (32/47) der Studienpatienten gaben eine einwandfreie Verträglichkeit von phosphatfreiem hochmolekularem Hyaluronat am 1. postoperativen Tag an. Nach 6 Wochen stieg der Anteil auf 86 % (37/43) an. Bei der abschließenden Bewertung durch den Arzt wurde zu 92 % eine „einwandfreie“, zu 6 % eine „akzeptable“ und zu 2 % eine „nicht akzeptable“ Verträglichkeit des phosphatfreien hochmolekularen Hyaluronats attestiert.

Schlussfolgerung: Unter der postoperativen Therapie mit phosphatfreiem hochmolekularem Hyaluronat nach perforierender Keratoplastik ist eine objektive Verbesserung des Ausgangsbefunds und eine Reduktion subjektiver Beschwerden zu beobachten. Aus ärztlicher Sicht wurde die Verträglichkeit in der Frühphase der postoperativen Nachsorge zu 92 % als „einwandfrei“ gewertet.
The exciton absorption spectrum of thin CuPb3Br7 superionic conductor films
Authors: Yunakova O. N. , Yunakov N. N. , Kovalenko E. N. , Kovalenko V. V.
Published: October 2016

A study of the absorption spectrum of thin CuPb2Br7 films in the 2–6 eV spectral and 90–500 K temperature ranges. It is shown that the exciton spectrum of the compound is associated with transitions in the lead ion. The temperature dependence of the spectral position and half-width of the low-frequency exciton band contains features associated with phase transitions γ → β (Tc1 = 159 K) and β → α (Tc2 = 434 K) and the disordering of the cation sublattice of the compound in the transition to the superionic state.
Ferromagnetic resonance in nanostructures with temperature-controlled interlayer interaction
Authors: Polishchuk D. M. , Tykhonenko-Polishchuk Yu. O. , Kravets A. F. , Tovstolytkin A. I. , Dzhezherya Yu. I. , Pogorily A. M. , Korenivski V.
Published: October 2016

This study is a comprehensive analysis of a multilayer F1/f(d)/F2pin structure's magnetic resonance properties, wherein F1 and F2pin are the free and exchange-coupled strong magnetic layers, and f is the weakly magnetic layer with a Curie point in the room temperature region. Depending on the magnetic state of the spacer f (ferromagnetic or paramagnetic) the exchange interaction between the F2 and F2pin layers becomes a function of the temperature, which opens up opportunities for practical applications. The obtained results show that the interlayer exchange coupling can be enhanced by decreasing the thickness of the spacer d, or by lowering the temperature. Strengthening the exchange coupling leads to a stronger manifestation of unidirectional anisotropy in the ferromagnetic resonance layer F1, as well as to a broadening of the resonance line that is atypical for thin films. The observed features are analyzed in the context of comparing the effects of two different natures: the influence of the spacer d and the influence of the temperature. Thus, the behavior of changes to the unidirectional anisotropy remains the same given variation of both the thickness of the spacer and the temperature. However the broadening of the magnetic resonance line is more sensitive to changes in the interlayer interaction caused by variation of d, and is less susceptible to changes caused by temperature.
Coupled mode analysis of a periodic one-dimensional multimodal fiber bundle
Authors: Shlivinski Amir
Published: October 2016

This contribution is a mathematical analysis of the coupled mode equations of a one dimensional infinite periodic lattice of multimodal adjacent fibers that are fused together (a “fiber bundle”). As such, it provides a systematic and detailed derivation of the coupled mode equations and their eigen (modal) solutions within a matrix-based framework and using Z-transform spectral-based formulation. The resulting solution is general in the sense that it is not restricted to a particular dielectric profile of the fibers. Moreover, under a weak coupling assumption, the modal solution clearly identifies the physical building blocks of the solution.
Defect passivation by proton irradiation in ferromagnet-oxide-silicon junctions
Authors: Tinkey Holly N. , Dery Hanan , Appelbaum Ian
Published: October 2016

Several recent measurements of magnetoresistance in ferromagnet/insulator/semiconductor tunnel junctions have led to controversial claims of spin accumulation, where the signal amplitude and derived spin relaxation time often deviates from theoretically calculated and experimentally confirmed values by several orders of magnitude. These discrepancies cast doubt on the physical origin of the measured magnetoresistance, which was initially attributed to spin precession and dephasing in the semiconductor. More recently, models incorporating transport through localized defects have shown that they can account for device behavior, without any spin accumulation. To directly investigate the role of localized states in this signal, we subject CoFe/SiO2/n-Si junctions to varying doses of proton irradiation. Weak radiation doses not only have little effect on the electrical current-voltage relationship of the junction but also modify the magnetoresistance substantially. Our interpretation of this phenomenon involves the hydrogen passivation of defects within the tunnel barrier, and is consistent with the emerging consensus that defects within the barrier play a crucial role in the physical mechanism behind junction magnetoresistance in this class of devices.
Spin-polarized quantum transport properties through flexible phosphorene
Authors: Chen Mingyan , Yu Zhizhou , Xie Yiqun , Wang Yin
Published: October 2016

We report a first-principles study on the tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) and spin-injection efficiency (SIE) through phosphorene with nickel electrodes under the mechanical tension and bending on the phosphorene region. Both the TMR and SIE are largely improved under these mechanical deformations. For the uniaxial tension (εy) varying from 0% to 15% applied along the armchair transport (y-)direction of the phosphorene, the TMR ratio is enhanced with a maximum of 107% at εy = 10%, while the SIE increases monotonously from 8% up to 43% with the increasing of the strain. Under the out-of-plane bending, the TMR overall increases from 7% to 50% within the bending ratio of 0%–3.9%, and meanwhile the SIE is largely improved to around 70%, as compared to that (30%) of the flat phosphorene. Such behaviors of the TMR and SIE are mainly affected by the transmission of spin-up electrons in the parallel configuration, which is highly dependent on the applied mechanical tension and bending. Our results indicate that the phosphorene based tunnel junctions have promising applications in flexible electronics.
Local mapping of interface traps using contactless capacitance transient technique
Authors: Yoshida Haruhiko , Mori Hidenobu
Published: October 2016

Contactless capacitance transient techniques have been applied to local mapping of interface traps of a semiconductor wafer. In contactless capacitance transient techniques, a Metal-Air gap-Oxide-Semiconductor (MAOS) structure is used instead of a conventional Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) structure. The local mapping of interface traps was obtained by using a contactless Isothermal Capacitance Transient Spectroscopy (ICTS), which is one of the contactless capacitance transient techniques. The validity of the contactless ICTS was demonstrated by characterizing a partially Au-doped Si wafer. The results revealed that local mapping of interface traps using contactless capacitance transient techniques is effective in wafer inspection and is a promising technique for the development of MOS devices and solar cells with high reliability and high performance.
Variability in the drinking behaviour of individual emus Dromaius novaehollandiae
Authors: Davies S. J. J. F. , Knight T. A.
Published: October 2016

The drinking behaviour of four captive emus Dromaius novaehollandiae Latham 1790 was examined at the CSIRO Laboratory, Helena Valley, Western Australia. Considerable individual variation was found in the amount of water each emu drank daily, but for each bird the amount drunk was positively correlated with daily ambient maximum temperature. There was also considerable variation between individual birds in the number of sips of water taken daily, in the mean size of each sip and in the distribution of the size of sips taken in each drinking bout. Variability in drinking behaviour has been reported in other species of bird when their water influx has been calculated using double-labelled water. The availability of water to emus varies greatly in both time and space. More thirsty emus may do well when water is plentiful, whereas more abstemious ones may be favoured when water is scarce. Hence, variability in drinking behaviour would be maintained in populations.
Objectivity, subjectivity and intersubjectivity
Authors: Krawczak Karolina
Published: October 2016

Subjectivity and intersubjectivity have long been recognized as central to the understanding of the relations between language, mind and society. They arise in an interactive world for the mind of the individual and shape his/her (inter)personal reality. In present-day linguistics, there are two major approaches to subjectivity. One is associated with Langacker and focuses on cognitive construal. The other framework, which was developed by Traugott, zooms in on diachronic changes on the conceptual level. Naturally, diachronic developments are intimately related to synchronic variation and the conceptual content of an utterance hinges on its presentation and perspectivization. This paper, therefore, argues that, rather than being discrepant and treating distinct phenomena, as is widely suggested (e.g. Brisard 2006; Nuyts 2001, 2012), the two frameworks can be reconciled. By so doing, the ensuing discussion yields an integrated view on objectivity and (inter)subjectivity, a view that will be organized around four main arguments.
Two novel pyrrolooxazole pigments formed by the Maillard reaction between glucose and threonine or serine
Authors: Noda Kyoko , Murata Masatsune
Published: October 2016

Pyrrolothiazolate formed by the Maillard reaction between l-cysteine and d-glucose has a pyrrolothiazole skeleton as a chromophore. We searched for a Maillard pigment having a pyrrolooxazole skeleton formed from l-threonine or l-serine instead of l-cysteine in the presence of d-glucose. As a result, two novel yellow pigments, named pyrrolooxazolates A and B, were isolated from model solutions of the Maillard reaction containing l-threonine and d-glucose, and l-serine and d-glucose, respectively, and identified as (2R,3S,7aS)-2,3,7,7a-tetrahydro-6-hydroxy-2,5,7a-trimethyl-7-oxo-pyrrolo[2,1-b]oxazole-3-calboxylic acid and (3S,7aS)-2,3,7,7a-tetrahydro-6-hydroxy-5,7a-dimethyl-7-oxo-pyrrolo[2,1-b]oxazole-3-calboxylic acid by instrumental analyses. These compounds were pyrrolooxazole derivatives carrying a carboxy group, and showed the absorption maxima at 300–360 nm under acidic and neutral conditions and at 320–390 nm under alkaline conditions.
GOLPH3 drives cell migration by promoting Golgi reorientation and directional trafficking to the leading edge
Authors: Xing Mengke , Peterman Marshall C. , Davis Robert L. , Oegema Karen , Shiau Andrew K. , Field Seth J.
Published: October 2016

The mechanism of directional cell migration remains an important problem, with relevance to cancer invasion and metastasis. GOLPH3 is a common oncogenic driver of human cancers, and is the first oncogene that functions at the Golgi in trafficking to the plasma membrane. Overexpression of GOLPH3 is reported to drive enhanced cell migration. Here we show that the phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate/GOLPH3/myosin 18A/F-actin pathway that is critical for Golgi–to–plasma membrane trafficking is necessary and limiting for directional cell migration. By linking the Golgi to the actin cytoskeleton, GOLPH3 promotes reorientation of the Golgi toward the leading edge. GOLPH3 also promotes reorientation of lysosomes (but not other organelles) toward the leading edge. However, lysosome function is dispensable for migration and the GOLPH3 dependence of lysosome movement is indirect, via GOLPH3’s effect on the Golgi. By driving reorientation of the Golgi to the leading edge and driving forward trafficking, particularly to the leading edge, overexpression of GOLPH3 drives trafficking to the leading edge of the cell, which is functionally important for directional cell migration. Our identification of a novel pathway for Golgi reorientation controlled by GOLPH3 provides new insight into the mechanism of directional cell migration with important implications for understanding GOLPH3’s role in cancer.
Understanding vasopressor intervention and weaning: risk prediction in a public heterogeneous clinical time series database
Authors: Wu Mike , Ghassemi Marzyeh , Feng Mengling , Celi Leo A , Szolovits Peter , Doshi-Velez Finale
Published: October 2016

Background: The widespread adoption of electronic health records allows us to ask evidence-based questions about the need for and benefits of specific clinical interventions in critical-care settings across large populations.

Objective: We investigated the prediction of vasopressor administration and weaning in the intensive care unit. Vasopressors are commonly used to control hypotension, and changes in timing and dosage can have a large impact on patient outcomes.

Materials and Methods: We considered a cohort of 15 695 intensive care unit patients without orders for reduced care who were alive 30 days post-discharge. A switching-state autoregressive model (SSAM) was trained to predict the multidimensional physiological time series of patients before, during, and after vasopressor administration. The latent states from the SSAM were used as predictors of vasopressor administration and weaning.

Results: The unsupervised SSAM features were able to predict patient vasopressor administration and successful patient weaning. Features derived from the SSAM achieved areas under the receiver operating curve of 0.92, 0.88, and 0.71 for predicting ungapped vasopressor administration, gapped vasopressor administration, and vasopressor weaning, respectively. We also demonstrated many cases where our model predicted weaning well in advance of a successful wean.

Conclusion: Models that used SSAM features increased performance on both predictive tasks. These improvements may reflect an underlying, and ultimately predictive, latent state detectable from the physiological time series.
Toward automated assessment of health Web page quality using the DISCERN instrument
Authors: Allam Ahmed , Schulz Peter J , Krauthammer Michael
Published: October 2016

Background: As the Internet becomes the number one destination for obtaining health-related information, there is an increasing need to identify health Web pages that convey an accurate and current view of medical knowledge. In response, the research community has created multicriteria instruments for reliably assessing online medical information quality. One such instrument is DISCERN, which measures health Web page quality by assessing an array of features. In order to scale up use of the instrument, there is interest in automating the quality evaluation process by building machine learning (ML)-based DISCERN Web page classifiers.

Objective: The paper addresses 2 key issues that are essential before constructing automated DISCERN classifiers: (1) generation of a robust DISCERN training corpus useful for training classification algorithms, and (2) assessment of the usefulness of the current DISCERN scoring schema as a metric for evaluating the performance of these algorithms.

Methods: Using DISCERN, 272 Web pages discussing treatment options in breast cancer, arthritis, and depression were evaluated and rated by trained coders. First, different consensus models were compared to obtain a robust aggregated rating among the coders, suitable for a DISCERN ML training corpus. Second, a new DISCERN scoring criterion was proposed (features-based score) as an ML performance metric that is more reflective of the score distribution across different DISCERN quality criteria.

Results: First, we found that a probabilistic consensus model applied to the DISCERN instrument was robust against noise (random ratings) and superior to other approaches for building a training corpus. Second, we found that the established DISCERN scoring schema (overall score) is ill-suited to measure ML performance for automated classifiers.

Conclusion: Use of a probabilistic consensus model is advantageous for building a training corpus for the DISCERN instrument, and use of a features-based score is an appropriate ML metric for automated DISCERN classifiers.

Availability: The code for the probabilistic consensus model is available at https://bitbucket.org/A_2/em_dawid/.
Cross-National Surveys and the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems
Authors: Karp Jeffrey A. , Vowles Jack
Published: October 2016

This chapter examines the development of cross-national survey research in political science and the challenges that it brings. Cross-national surveys have proliferated across the globe and arguably now form one of the most important frontiers in the development of survey research in political science. Cross-national comparison allows researchers to investigate the importance of institutional and cultural contexts that shape public opinion and political behavior. The chapter traces the development of such instruments for the purposes of comparative analysis in political science, in the context of more general developments in polling and survey research. As an example, it focuses on the case of the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES), an international collaboration active since 1996, examining the development of the project and evaluating issues such as cross-cultural equivalence in questionnaire design, survey mode and response rates, and case selection.
Democratic Institutions and Political Networks
Authors: Siegel David A.
Published: October 2016

Democratic institutions directly alter the way citizens interact with government; electoral institutions are a straightforward example of this. But they also act indirectly. Knowing that one’s vote will be counted can alter one’s perception of other forms of political contestation, such as dissent. Political networks can also have both direct and indirect effects. For example, they not only characterize who has direct influence over one’s thinking, but also delimit available information by specifying the pathways across which information travels. The conditional effects of institutions and networks should be expected to interact; a free press might have a reduced impact when political networks constrain the dissemination of information, or social capital as captured by network ties might improve democratic performance only in the presence of supportive institutions. This chapter explores the types of three-way interactions this dual conditionality suggests and discusses their consequences for the study of comparative politics.
The Aging Workforce
Authors: Truxillo Donald M. , Cadiz David M. , Rineer Jennifer R.
Published: October 2016

This article examines the implications of an aging workforce for human resource management (HRM). It first looks at research and theories relevant to understanding age-related changes at work, including lifespan development theories, changes in work outcomes such as motivation and performance, and the social context for age (e.g., age stereotyping). It then considers the ways that organizations can keep their employees-including those who are aging-satisfied, engaged, productive, and healthy in their jobs in terms of traditional HR practices like recruitment and selection, training, career development, and occupational safety and health. Finally, it offers suggestions on how HRM can take age differences into account and identifies a number of areas for future research.
Epistemics at Work
Authors: Linder Stefan , Foss Nicolai J. , Stea Diego
Published: October 2016

Agency theory studies the impact of and remedies to asymmetrically distributed information in principal-agent relations. Yet, it does so in a surprisingly binary manner: It assumes the principal to be perfectly knowledgeable of some pieces of information (such as the agent’s risk aversion), while others (such as the agent’s true effort exerted) are considered to be perfectly private information of the agent. Agency theory thus makes highly asymmetrical assumptions about the knowledge of principals and agents, largely neglecting the role of individual differences in the human capacity to read other people’s desires, intentions, knowledge, and beliefs-that is, to have an imperfect theory of someone else’s mind. This study explores the implications of instilling agency theory with a more realistic account of this (bounded) human capacity.
The Hypo-Egoic Expression of Mindfulness in Social Life
Authors: Brown Kirk Warren , Berry Daniel R. , Quaglia Jordan T.
Published: October 2016

Ego-based functioning is underscored by a sense of separateness of oneself from other people. This apparent separateness can manifest in maladaptive behavior, particularly in interpersonal contexts when the sense of self is threatened, and can inhibit adaptive, prosocial responses that depend on perceived interpersonal connection. This chapter draws on the science of mindfulness to show how mindful attention can attenuate distress and defensive responses to socially derived threats to the egoic self and promote greater social inclusiveness. It describes how mindfulness can reduce ego-involvement through an observant stance on self-relevant mental events and discusses empirical evidence demonstrating that mindfulness fosters more benign responses to social threats, including social exclusion and social evaluation, and catalyzes greater social inclusiveness, reflected in prosocial action. The chapter closes by addressing concerns about the potential interpersonal costs of mindfulness and offering directions for further research in this nascent area of investigation.
Naturally Good?
Authors: Ryan Richard M. , Hawley Patricia H.
Published: October 2016

People find inherent satisfactions in helping and contributing to others for nonselfish reasons. Self-determination theory (SDT) suggests that being benevolent is often intrinsically motivated, or alternatively done out of deeply internalized social values that are autonomously enacted. In turn such behaviors satisfy basic psychological needs and thereby enhance subjective well-being. A further question concerns more ultimate explanations. Drawing on both SDT and evolutionary psychology, this chapter argues that the association of these proximal need satisfactions with moral and prosocial actions has persisted because these propensities and satisfactions have yielded manifold selective advantages. In addition, need-thwarting conditions evoke more aggressive, competitive, and self-protective strategies. The fact that people typically experience benevolence as deeply need satisfying, and doing harm to others as need frustrating, is thus an aspect of how proximally experienced satisfactions in individual development are linked with the evolutionary roots of our human nature.
Egosystem and Ecosytem
Authors: Crocker Jennifer , Canevello Amy
Published: October 2016

This chapter suggests that human beings have two motivational systems—the egosystem, which promotes self-centered, self-interested, and egoistic behaviors, and the ecosystem, which promotes connecting to and caring for others—and describes their characteristic features. Egosystem motivation involves self-image goals, zero-sum views of the relation between self and others, and feeling “at the mercy” of others. Ecosystem motivation involves compassionate goals, non-zero-sum views of the relation between self and others, and feeling “at the source.” The two systems are negatively related, so that when people are motivated by the egosystem, they are less likely to be motivated by the ecosystem, and vice versa. The chapter considers implications of these systems for psychological well-being and relationships, particularly how people might use these findings as tools for shifting from one motivational system to another, fostering their desires to connect and belong and shaping their own and perhaps others’ psychological well-being and relationships.
Moderating Ego in East and South Asia
Authors: Flanagan Owen , Ivanhoe Philip J.
Published: October 2016

Different cultures inculcate different views of the self, its boundaries, and its connections to others, to the environment, and to the past and future. This chapter examines two traditions, Buddhism and neo-Confucianism, in which the philosophical views encourage certain habits of the heart and mind that discourage egoism and favor allocentric attitudes. It is an open empirical question whether, how, and in what domains of life these two Asian philosophical traditions in fact contribute to less egoism and more allocentrism in societies that are Buddhist or neo-Confucian. It is a further open and complicated question whether and how we in the North Atlantic can avail ourselves of resources in these two traditions to make ourselves less egoistic and more allocentric.
Dispositional Hypo-egoicism
Authors: Leary Mark R. , Brown Kirk Warren , Diebels Kate J.
Published: October 2016

This chapter examines the cognitive, motivational, emotional, and interpersonal characteristics that distinguish hypo-egoic from egoic individuals and speculates about the origins of these differences. Cognitively, hypo-egoic people tend to be more focused on stimuli in the present moment, which they process in an experiential fashion with minimal internal commentary. They also tend to be less egocentric and to have a less individuated identity than people who are more egoic. In terms of motivation and emotion, hypo-egoic people appear motivated to balance their own self-interests with the needs of other people, show less concern with how they are evaluated by others, and display greater emotional equanimity. Interpersonally, hypo-egoicism appears to be associated with an agreeable, attentive, and caring style of relating to other people. In addition, people with these characteristics are probably more likely to experience hypo-egoic phenomena such as flow, awe, compassion, and mystical experiences.
The Phenomenology of Egoic and Nonegoic Consciousness
Authors: Vincini Stefano , Gallagher Shaun
Published: October 2016

Whether consciousness involves an ego is a thorny and complicated question in phenomenology. This chapter defines pure phenomenology and the peculiar way in which the problem of the ego is framed in this approach, then discusses three different approaches to the issue. First, Husserl’s egological account of consciousness is sketched in connection with his analysis of attention. Second, Sartre’s non-egological arguments are examined in detail. There is reason to ask whether his critique successfully applies to the Husserlian conception. Third, Gurwitsch’s non-egological view is considered. It is not clear that Gurwitsch’s non-egological theory of attention can account for the distinction between activity and passivity in consciousness. The chapter then shifts to contemporary debates about the self. The notion of the minimal embodied prereflective self is presented and opposed to alternative views. The chapter highlights several rich and complex questions concerning the ego and the self raised in the phenomenological literature.
Perspectives on Hypo-egoic Phenomena From Social and Personality Psychology
Authors: Leary Mark R. , Diebels Kate J. , Jongman-Sereno Katrina P. , Hawkins Ashley
Published: October 2016

Topics related to self and identity have been of considerable interest to social and personality psychologists because people’s self-relevant thoughts play an important role in their cognitions, motives, emotions, and behavior. Most work in the area of self and identity has focused on phenomena that involve a high degree of self-awareness, egocentrism, and egoism. Phenomena characterized by a low level (or even absence) of these egoic characteristics have received comparatively less attention. People who are in a hypo-egoic state focus primarily on the present situation; introspect minimally on their thoughts, motives, and feelings; think about and evaluate themselves primarily in concrete, as opposed to abstract, ways; and pay relatively little attention to other people’s perceptions and evaluations of them. This chapter examines the nature of hypo-egoic mindsets, with a focus on six exemplars of social psychological phenomena that involve hypo-egoic processing: mindfulness, flow, hypo-egoic self-regulation, humility, altruism, and allo-inclusive identity.
Hypo-egoicism and Cultural Evolution
Authors: Martin Leonard , Kulkarni Amey , Anderson Wyatt C. , Sanders Matthew , Newbold Jackie , Knowles Joel
Published: October 2016

Human beings may be prepared by evolution to regulate their behavior in ways that were adaptive for our Paleolithic ancestors. When people behave in ways that are compatible with these adaptations, they rely primarily on hypo-egoic strategies that are efficient without being overly effortful or self-reflective. This chapter proposes that hypo-egoic self-regulation is an easy and efficient mode of self-regulation because people evolved to function in a mostly hypo-egoic fashion. Unfortunately, modern societies often require people to behave in ways that are incompatible with those predispositions, requiring them to rely on hyper-egoic strategies that require more effort, deliberation, and self-reflection. The chapter examines the causes and consequences of the mismatch between human beings’ evolved predispositions and the demands of modern life, and concludes with recommendations for how people can live more hypo-egoically even in complex, delayed-return societies.
A Clinical Psychological Perspective on Hyper- and Hypo-egoicism
Authors: Moore Kelly E. , Boren Emily Ann , Tangney June Price
Published: October 2016

This chapter explores common forms of mental illness, conceptualizing hyper-egoicism as a transdiagnostic factor that has primary relevance to multiple disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. It discusses the degree to which major approaches to psychotherapy (psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, and mindfulness-based therapies) appear to be hyper- or hypo-egoic in focus and outcome, concluding with a discussion of common characteristics of effective clinicians, arguing that they bring to the therapy hour a foundational hypo-egoic mindset but must be able to skillfully and selectively engage in hyper-egoic processes that can inform treatment. The premise of this chapter is that the clinical psychologist’s waiting room is the land of the hyper-egoic—a room rife with people painfully mired in hyper-egoic mindsets.