bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase‐9, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase‐1 and their ratio are associated with impaired lung function in the elderly: A population‐based study
Authors: ÓLAFSDÓTTIR Inga S. , JANSON Christer , LIND Lars , HULTHE Johannes , GUNNBJÖRNSDÓTTIR María , SUNDSTRÖM Johan
Published: March 2010

Background and objective:  Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP), regulate homeostasis and turnover of the extra cellular matrix. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of serum MMP‐9 and TIMP‐1 with lung function.

Methods:  Spirometry was performed in a population‐based sample of 888 subjects aged 70 years. Serum MMP‐9 and TIMP‐1 concentrations were measured by ELISA.

Results:  Lower FEV1 values were associated with higher serum levels of MMP‐9 (P = 0.001) and TIMP‐1 (P < 0.001), and a higher ratio of MMP‐9 to TIMP‐1 (P = 0.02). These associations were significant after adjustment for gender, weight, height, BMI, current smoking, pack years of smoking and the time for which samples were frozen. After stratification for gender, the associations between FEV1 and MMP‐9, TIMP‐1, and their ratio, were significant in men but not in women.

Conclusions:  Lower FEV1 was significantly but weakly associated with higher serum levels of MMP‐9, TIMP‐1 and a higher MMP‐9/TIMP‐1 ratio. This association was stronger in men than in women, suggesting a possible role for extracellular matrix remodelling in the development of impaired lung function. These associations may also partly explain the association between low FEV1 and cardiovascular disease.
Gender differences in transcriptional regulation of IL‐5 expression by bronchial lymph node cells in a mouse model of asthma
Authors: WADA Kana , OKUYAMA Kaori , OHKAWARA Yuichi , TAKAYANAGI Motoaki , OHNO Isao
Published: March 2010

Background and objective:  The severity of asthma after puberty is higher in women than in men. Increased numbers of eosinophils in the airways of female mice after antigen challenge was associated with increased levels of T helper (Th)2 cytokines at the site of inflammation, and in human and mouse studies, the profile of cytokines produced by immune cells from women showed greater Th2 predominance. The aim of this study was to investigate gender differences in the development of Th2 immune responses.

Methods:  Male and female C57BL/6 mice were sensitized with ovalbumin. Cells prepared from bronchial lymph nodes were cultured in the absence or presence of ovalbumin. Cytokine concentrations in the culture supernatants were measured, and IL‐5 and GATA‐binding protein 3 (GATA‐3) gene expression were evaluated. T‐cell subsets were analysed using specific surface markers.

Results:  The concentrations of IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13 and IL‐10, but not interferon‐γ or transforming growth factor‐β1, were higher in cell supernatants from female mice than in those from male mice. IL‐5 and GATA‐3 gene expressions were higher in cells from women than in cells from men. The numbers of CD3+CD4+T1/ST2+ cells, but not CD3+CD4+ or CD4+CD25+ cells, were significantly higher in cells from women than in cells from men.

Conclusions:  Greater antigen‐induced Th2 cytokine production by bronchial lymph node cells from female mice was associated with enhanced Th2 cell differentiation and increased expression of the Th2‐specific transcription factor, GATA‐3.
Incidence of and predictors for short‐term readmission among preterm low‐birthweight infants
Authors: Tseng Yen‐Hsueh , Chen Chi‐Wen , Huang Hsiu‐Li , Chen Chu‐Chieh , Lee Ming‐Der , Ko Ming‐Chung , Li Chung‐Yi
Published: March 2010

Background:  Readmission temporally close to discharge can best reflect the quality of care received in the last hospitalization, and has been considered a valuable indicator for the quality of care received. The aim of the present study was to investigate the incidence of and predictors for readmission within 31 days after discharge among preterm low‐birthweight (PLBW) infants (ICD‐9‐code: 765.0x) in Taiwan.

Methods:  Based on Taiwan's National Health Insurance claim data, a population‐based cohort including a total of 18 421 PLBW infants born and hospitalized in 2000–02, was analyzed. The cumulative incidence rate (CIR) of readmission and the hazard ratio of readmission in relation to potential predictors were calculated.

Results:  The total number of participants readmitted within 15 or 31 days after discharge was 1763 and 2484, representing a CIR of 9.6% and 13.5%, respectively. Significant predictors for readmission within 15 or 31 days were essentially similar. Male gender, weight <1000 g, presence of congenital abnormalities, and lung disease were significant risk factors for readmission. Shorter length of hospital stay (<35 days) was associated with a reduced risk of readmission, and there were significant geographic and hospital variations of readmission, with higher rates noted in the most urbanized area and at regional hospitals.

Conclusion:  The short‐term readmission rate among Taiwanese PLBW infants is higher than in Western countries. Future studies should be conducted to investigate the causes of apparent geographic and hospital variations of readmission rates in order to make more specific interpretations.
How can we safely use ultrasonic laparoscopic coagulating shears?
Authors: Kim Jae Sik , Hattori Ryohei , Yamamoto Tokunori , Yoshino Yasushi , Gotoh Momokazu
Published: March 2010

Purpose:  To investigate changes in temperature of the tissue pad (contrary to active blade) of ultrasonic laparoscopic coagulation shears (LCS) and histological changes of tissue surrounding the pad during activation.

Methods:  Three types of ultrasonic LCS were assessed: SonoSurg (SSg) (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan), AutoSonix (AS) (Tyco, Pembroke, Bermuda) and Harmonic Scalpel (HS) (Johnson & Johnson, Cincinnati, OH, USA). Vibration amplitudes were 70%/100% (SSg), Level 3/Level 5 (AS) and Level 5 (HS). Durations of vibration were 5 s, 10 s, 15 s and 20 s. Changes in temperature of the tissue pad were evaluated by cutting chicken parts extracorporeally with the three types of LCS. Histological changes around the tissue pad of the SSg were evaluated in a laparoscopic porcine model.

Results:  At intermediate power (70% or Level 3), the SSg tissue pad temperatures were 33°C, 42°C, 55°C and 70°C, whereas the AS tissue pad temperatures were 45°C, 72°C, 80°C and 100°C. At maximum power, the temperatures of the SSg tissue pad were 38°C, 45°C, 70°C and 95°C, those of the AS were 50°C, 65°C, 70°C and 90°C and those of the HS were 49°C, 65°C, 75°C and 90°C. Histological changes occurred at 10 s, 15 s and 20 s.

Conclusion:  Surgeons should be aware that the temperature of the tissue pad also becomes elevated when using ultrasonic LCS. Thus, they should be concerned with surrounding tissues and organs around both the tissue pad and the active blade during activation. Regardless of the LCS type and power, a short activation time within 5 s is a safe method for using the instrument.
Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in the urinary tract of men with urethritis
Authors: Shigehara Kazuyoshi , Sasagawa Toshiyuki , Kawaguchi Syohei , Kobori Yoshitomo , Nakashima Takao , Shimamura Masayoshi , Taya Tadashi , Furubayashi Keiichi , Namiki Mikio
Published: March 2010

Objectives:  To investigate the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the genital and urinary tract of men with urethritis.

Methods:  Cell samples were collected from the penis, urethra and urine of 142 men with urethritis. A HPV test was performed on the samples using the modified GP5+/6+ polymerase chain reaction method, and the HPV genotype was determined using a HPV GenoArray test.

Results:  Out of 142 urethritis patients, HPV was detected in 48% (68 cases), and high‐risk HPV was found in 32% (46 cases) of patients, on their penis or in the urinary tract (urethra or urine). HPV was detected in 31% in the penis, 20% in the urethra and 24% in the urine, while high‐risk HPV was identified in 23% in the penis, 12% in the urethra and 11% in the urine. Among the HPV‐positive men, 66% had HPV infection in the urinary tract where the most common HPV types were HPV6, HPV16, HPV18 and HPV58. Single HPV‐type infection was more frequently found in the urinary tract (89%) than in the penis (65%) (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:  Similar to the penis, the urinary tract represents a common HPV infection site in men with urethritis.
Smoking prevalence and perspectives on smoking on campus by employees in Australian teaching hospitals
Authors: Jones T. E. , Williams J.
Published: March 2010

Background: Cigarette smoking prevalence has been declining over decades in Western countries especially in higher socioeconomic groups. Employees of Australian hospitals span the socioeconomic spectrum, but there are few data on smoking prevalence from these workplaces. Because smoking is a health hazard, some argue that it should be banned on hospital premises, but employees' opinions appear not to have been widely canvassed. Cigarette smoking is a particular problem in hospitals because of the need for prolonged abstinence by immobile patients and the stressors that accompany life‐and‐death events for patients and/or relatives. The Queen Elizabeth Hospital has had a Stop Smoking Service for >10 years, but how smoking prevalence has changed and how it compares with similar hospitals is unknown.

Aims: The aims of this study were (i) to determine smoking prevalence by employees of The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and to compare this with employees of other hospitals and (ii) to ascertain employees' perspectives regarding smoking on hospital grounds.

Methods: Single page questionnaires were forwarded to employees of four South Australian/Northern Territory hospitals enquiring about smoking status, employment category, views about smoking on hospital premises, etc. Responses were voluntary.

Results: Response rates were 39–59%. Smoking prevalence has steadily declined at The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and is now 8.4%. Prevalence at comparator hospitals was approximately double this value. Most staff thought the visibility of smoking was problematic, but support for providing smoking area/s was greater than for a hospital‐wide ban.

Conclusions: The ongoing decline in smoking prevalence at The Queen Elizabeth Hospital is probably the result of the Staff Stop Smoking Service.
Craving control using nicotine replacement therapy in a teaching hospital
Authors: Jones T. E. , Williams J.
Published: March 2010

Background: A period of hospitalisation is perhaps the longest period of enforced ‘temporary abstinence’ smokers have to endure and hence many crave during their admission. Cravings may result in patients' smoking on hospital premises. Nicotine replacement may reduce cravings, decrease smoking on hospital grounds and increase interest in quitting post‐discharge.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of two nicotine formulations in controlling inpatient cravings and enthusiasm for quitting post‐discharge.

Methods: Inpatients who were smokers were randomised to nicotine patch or inhaler on alternating days. Patients selected their preferred formulation, which was then used for the duration of the hospital stay. Craving control and formulation preference were assessed by visual analogue scales (VAS), and interest in quitting on a 3‐point scale. Abstinence was confirmed by exhaled breath CO monitoring.

Results: Patches were preferred by 64% of the 367 subjects. Fewer patients went outside to smoke after either formulation (37% before, 5% after enrolment). Cravings were reduced by both nicotine formulations (mean VAS score fell from 7.5 to 1.7). Interest in quitting post‐discharge increased. Estimated mean exposure to nicotine was 5 mg/day (inhaler), 15 mg/day (transdermal patch) compared with 30 mg/day (cigarettes) before hospitalisation.

Conclusions: Many smokers crave and some smoke outside during a hospital admission. While the patch was the preferred formulation of nicotine replacement therapy, both were effective in reducing cravings, increasing motivation for quitting post‐discharge and improving Hospital ‘image’ by reducing smoking on campus. Nicotine replacement therapy should be made available to inpatients in all hospitals and other places of enforced prolonged abstinence.
UV hyper‐resistance in Prochlorococcus MED4 results from a single base pair deletion just upstream of an operon encoding nudix hydrolase and photolyase
Authors: Osburne Marcia S. , Holmbeck Brianne M. , Frias‐Lopez Jorge , Steen Robert , Huang Katherine , Kelly Libusha , Coe Allison , Waraska Kristin , Gagne Andrew , Chisholm Sallie W.
Published: March 2010

Exposure to solar radiation can cause mortality in natural communities of pico‐phytoplankton, both at the surface and to a depth of at least 30 m. DNA damage is a significant cause of death, mainly due to cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation, which can be lethal if not repaired. While developing a UV mutagenesis protocol for the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus, we isolated a UV‐hyper‐resistant variant of high light‐adapted strain MED4. The hyper‐resistant strain was constitutively upregulated for expression of the mutT‐phrB operon, encoding nudix hydrolase and photolyase, both of which are involved in repair of DNA damage that can be caused by UV light. Photolyase (PhrB) breaks pyrimidine dimers typically caused by UV exposure, using energy from visible light in the process known as photoreactivation. Nudix hydrolase (MutT) hydrolyses 8‐oxo‐dGTP, an aberrant form of GTP that results from oxidizing conditions, including UV radiation, thus impeding mispairing and mutagenesis by preventing incorporation of the aberrant form into DNA. These processes are error‐free, in contrast to error‐prone SOS dark repair systems that are widespread in bacteria. The UV‐hyper‐resistant strain contained only a single mutation: a 1 bp deletion in the intergenic region directly upstream of the mutT‐phrB operon. Two subsequent enrichments for MED4 UV‐hyper‐resistant strains from MED4 wild‐type cultures gave rise to strains containing this same 1 bp deletion, affirming its connection to the hyper‐resistant phenotype. These results have implications for Prochlorococcus DNA repair mechanisms, genome stability and possibly lysogeny.
Longitudinal study of the socioeconomic burden of Parkinson’s disease in Germany
Authors: Winter Y. , Balzer‐Geldsetzer M. , Spottke A. , Reese J. P. , Baum E. , Klotsche J. , Rieke J. , Simonow A. , Eggert K. , Oertel W. H. , Dodel R.
Published: March 2010

Objective:  To determine the health economic burden on patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) in Germany over a 12‐month observation period and provide a comprehensive analysis of cost‐driving factors.

Methods and patients:  Patients with PD (n = 145) were recruited from two clinical departments, two office‐based neurologists and 12 GPs. Clinical evaluations were performed at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months. Disease severity was measured using the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). Cost data were assessed based on a patient diary and via personal structured interviews at the respective time‐points. Costs were calculated from the societal perspective (2009 €). Cost‐driving factors were identified by multivariate regression analysis.

Results:  Mean annual costs totalled €20 095 per patient. Amongst direct costs, the highest expenditures (€13 158) were for drugs (€3526) and inpatient care including nursing homes (€3789). Indirect costs accounted for 34.5% (€6937) of total costs. Costs of home care provided by family accounted for 20% of direct costs. Cost‐driving factors were identified for total costs (UPDRS, fluctuations, dyskinesia and younger age), direct costs (UPDRS, fluctuations), patient expenditures (UPDRS, depression) and drug costs (younger age).

Conclusion:  Parkinson’s disease has a chronic course with growing disability and considerable socioeconomic burden. Disease progression leads to an increasing number of patients who require costly institutionalized care. Home care is a major factor influencing patients’ families. Healthcare programmes aimed at reducing the burden of PD on society and individuals should consider cost‐driving factors of PD.
Promoter elements of rice susceptibility genes are bound and activated by specific TAL effectors from the bacterial blight pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Authors: Römer Patrick , Recht Sabine , Strauß Tina , Elsaesser Janett , Schornack Sebastian , Boch Jens , Wang Shiping , Lahaye Thomas
Published: March 2010

Featured paper: See Editorial p877
Adaptive introgression of abiotic tolerance traits in the sunflowerHelianthus annuus
Authors: Whitney Kenneth D. , Randell Rebecca A. , Rieseberg Loren H.
Published: March 2010

Commentary p 6
The geography of climate change: implications for conservation biogeography
Authors: Ackerly D. D. , Loarie S. R. , Cornwell W. K. , Weiss S. B. , Hamilton H. , Branciforte R. , Kraft N. J. B.
Published: March 2010

Aim Climate change poses significant threats to biodiversity, including impacts on species distributions, abundance and ecological interactions. At a landscape scale, these impacts, and biotic responses such as adaptation and migration, will be mediated by spatial heterogeneity in climate and climate change. We examine several aspects of the geography of climate change and their significance for biodiversity conservation.

Location California and Nevada, USA.

Methods Using current climate surfaces (PRISM) and two scenarios of future climate (A1b, 2070–2099, warmer‐drier and warmer‐wetter), we mapped disappearing, declining, expanding and novel climates, and the velocity and direction of climate change in California and Nevada. We also examined fine‐scale spatial heterogeneity in protected areas of the San Francisco Bay Area in relation to reserve size, topographic complexity and distance from the ocean.

Results Under the two climate change scenarios, current climates across most of California and Nevada will shrink greatly in extent, and the climates of the highest peaks will disappear from this region. Expanding and novel climates are projected for the Central Valley. Current temperature isoclines are projected to move up to 4.9 km year−1in flatter regions, but substantially slower in mountainous areas because of steep local topoclimate gradients. In the San Francisco Bay Area, climate diversity within currently protected areas increases with reserve size and proximity to the ocean (the latter because of strong coastal climate gradients). However, by 2100 of almost 500 protected areas (>100 ha), only eight of the largest are projected to experience temperatures within their currently observed range. Topoclimate variability will further increase the range of conditions experienced and needs to be incorporated in future analyses.

Main Conclusions Spatial heterogeneity in climate, from mesoclimate to topoclimate scales, represents an important spatial buffer in response to climate change, and merits increased attention in conservation planning.
Gallium modulates osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro without affecting osteoblasts
Authors: Verron Elise , Masson Martial , Khoshniat Solmaz , Duplomb Laurence , Wittrant Yohann , Baud'huin Marc , Badran Zahi , Bujoli Bruno , Janvier Pascal , Scimeca Jean‐Claude , Bouler Jean‐Michel , Guicheux Jérôme
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose:  Gallium (Ga) has been shown to be effective in the treatment of disorders associated with accelerated bone loss, including cancer‐related hypercalcemia and Paget's disease. These clinical applications suggest that Ga could reduce bone resorption. However, few studies have studied the effects of Ga on osteoclastic resorption. Here, we have explored the effects of Ga on bone cells in vitro.

Experimental approach:  In different osteoclastic models [osteoclasts isolated from long bones of neonatal rabbits (RBC), murine RAW 264.7 cells and human CD14‐positive cells], we have performed resorption activity tests, staining for tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis, viability and apoptotic assays. We also evaluated the effect of Ga on osteoblasts in terms of proliferation, viability and activity by using an osteoblastic cell line (MC3T3‐E1) and primary mouse osteoblasts.

Key results:  Gallium dose‐dependently (0–100 µM) inhibited the in vitro resorption activity of RBC and induced a significant decrease in the expression level of transcripts coding for osteoclastic markers in RAW 264.7 cells. Ga also dramatically reduced the formation of TRAP‐positive multinucleated cells. Ga down‐regulated in a dose‐dependant manner the expression of the transcription factor NFATc1. However, Ga did not affect the viability or activity of primary and MC3T3‐E1 osteoblasts.

Conclusions and implications:  Gallium exhibits a dose‐dependent anti‐osteoclastic effect by reducing in vitro osteoclastic resorption, differentiation and formation without negatively affecting osteoblasts. We provide evidence that this inhibitory mechanism involves down‐regulation of NFATc1 expression, a master regulator of RANK‐induced osteoclastic differentiation.
β‐Adrenoceptor stimulation potentiates insulin‐stimulated PKB phosphorylation in rat cardiomyocytes via cAMP and PKA
Authors: Stuenæs Jorid T , Bolling Astrid , Ingvaldsen Ada , Rommundstad Camilla , Sudar Emina , Lin Fang‐Chin , Lai Yu‐Chiang , Jensen Jørgen
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose:  Genetic approaches have documented protein kinase B (PKB) as a pivotal regulator of heart function. Insulin strongly activates PKB, whereas adrenaline is not considered a major physiological regulator of PKB in heart. In skeletal muscles, however, adrenaline potentiates insulin‐stimulated PKB activation without having effect in the absence of insulin. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the interaction between insulin and β‐adrenergic stimulation in regulation of PKB phosphorylation.

Experimental approach:  Cardiomyocytes were isolated from adult rats by collagenase, and incubated with insulin, isoprenaline, and other compounds. Protein phosphorylation was evaluated by Western blot and phospho‐specific antibodies.

Key results:  Isoprenaline increased insulin‐stimulated PKB Ser473 and Thr308 phosphorylation more than threefold in cardiomyocytes. Isoprenaline alone did not increase PKB phosphorylation. Isoprenaline also increased insulin‐stimulated GSK‐3β Ser9 phosphorylation approximately twofold, supporting that PKB phosphorylation increased kinase activity. Dobutamine (β1‐agonist) increased insulin‐stimulated PKB phosphorylation as effectively as isoprenaline (more than threefold), whereas salbutamol (β2‐agonist) only potentiated insulin‐stimulated PKB phosphorylation by approximately 80%. Dobutamine, but not salbutamol, increased phospholamban Ser16 phosphorylation and glycogen phosphorylase activation (PKA‐mediated effects). Furthermore, the cAMP analogue that activates PKA (dibutyryl‐cAMP and N6‐benzoyl‐cAMP) increased insulin‐stimulated PKB phosphorylation by more than threefold without effect alone. The Epac‐specific activator 8‐(4‐chlorophenylthio)‐2′‐O‐methyl‐cAMP (007) increased insulin‐stimulated PKB phosphorylation by approximately 50%. Db‐cAMP and N6‐benzoyl‐cAMP, but not 007, increased phospholamban Ser16 phosphorylation.

Conclusions and implications:  β‐adrenoceptors are strong regulators of PKB phosphorylation via cAMP and PKA when insulin is present. We hypothesize that PKB mediates important signalling in the heart during β‐adrenergic receptors stimulation.
Amitriptyline does not block the action of ATP at human P2X4 receptor
Authors: Sim JA , North RA
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose: Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant that is also widely used to treat neuropathic pain in humans, but the mechanism of this anti‐hyperalgesic effect is unknown. Microglia in the mouse spinal cord become activated in neuropathic pain, and expression of P2X4 receptors by these microglia is increased. Antisense RNA targeting P2X4 receptors suppresses the development of tactile allodynia in rats. This suggests that blockade of P2X4 receptors might be the mechanism by which amitriptyline relieves neuropathic pain.

Experimental approach: We expressed human, rat and mouse P2X receptors (P2X2, P2X4, P2X7) in human embryonic kidney cells and evoked inward currents by applying ATP. We compared the action of ATP on control cells and cells treated with amitriptyline.

Key results: Amitriptyline (10 µM), either applied acutely or by pre‐incubation for 2–6 h, had no effect on inward currents evoked by ATP (0.3–100 µM) at human P2X4 receptors. At rat and mouse receptors, amitriptyline (10 µM) caused a modest reduction in the maximum responses to ATP, without changes in EC50values, but it had no effect at 1 µM. Amitriptyline also had no effects on currents evoked by ATP at rat P2X2 receptors, or at rat or human P2X7 receptors.

Conclusion and implications: The results do not support the view that amitriptyline owes its pain‐relieving actions in man to the direct blockade of P2X4 receptors.
Association of Serum Pentosidine With Arterial Stiffness in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Zhou YiLun , Yu ZeXing , Jia HuiMin , Sun Fang , Ma LiJie , Guo RuiJun , Peng LiRen , Cui TaiGen
Published: March 2010

Pentosidine is an advanced glycation end product (AGE). The present study was undertaken to investigate the association of serum pentosidine with carotid distensibility as a measure of arterial stiffness in hemodialysis patients. One hundred and three patients on maintenance hemodialysis were recruited. The distensibility coefficient of the common carotid artery was evaluated by an ultrasonic phase‐locked echo‐tracking system. Serum pentosidine was measured by competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Serum albumin, lipid profile, calcium, phosphorus, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), and oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL) levels were also measured. Correlation was determined by linear and multiple stepwise regression analysis. Serum pentosidine level studied in hemodialysis patients was 0.54 ± 0.13 µg/mL. No significant difference in serum pentosidine level was noted between patients with and without diabetes (0.59 ±  0.10 µg/mL vs. 0.53 ± 0.13 µg/mL, P = 0.062) as well as between patients with and without prior cardiovascular disease (CVD) history (0.56 ± 0.14 µg/mL vs. 0.53 ±  0.12 µg/mL, P = 0.206). In multivariate regression analysis, only age (β = 0.363, P < 0.001) and ox‐LDL (β = 0.262, P = 0.004) were identified as independent determinants for serum pentosidine. Serum pentosidine was significantly correlated with carotid distensibility (r = −0.387, P < 0.001), as well as age, ox‐LDL, and hs‐CRP. After adjustment for age, blood pressure, history of diabetes, prior CVD history, lipid profile, calcium, phosphorus, iPTH, hs‐CRP, and ox‐LDL, serum pentosidine was still negatively correlated with distensibility (β = −0.175, P = 0.044). Serum pentosidine was independently associated with carotid distensibility in hemodialysis patients. This finding suggested that the accumulation of AGE might be an important pathway in the development of arterial stiffness in end‐stage renal disease.
Effect of Cyclosporine Therapy With Low Doses of Corticosteroids on Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: Griveas Ioannis , Visvardis George , Papadopoulou Dorothea , Nakopolou Lidia , Karanikas Evaggelos , Gogos Konstantina , Stavianoudakis George
Published: March 2010

Cyclosporine (CyA) has an immunosuppressive effect that might suggest a therapeutic role in idiopathic glomerular conditions. We focused on the optimization of CyA treatment control in patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome by using trough‐level CyA measurements (C0) and the 2‐h postdose levels (C2). Twenty‐two patients (14 male, 8 female) with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and the mean age of 51 ± 18 months (mean [M] ± standard deviation [SD]) were enrolled in our study during a period of 10 months (range: 3–18 months). All of the patients received CyA (2–3 mg/kg) in combination with methylprednisolone. In the present study protocol CyA concentrations (C0, C2), renal function, lipid profile, and degree of proteinuria were determined. The mean proteinuria of our patients before treatment was 11 972 ± 7953 mg/24 H (±SD) and the mean creatinine level (Cr) was 0.99 ± 0.37 mg/dL (±SD). Proteinuria decreased significantly already from the first month of therapy with CyA to 3578 ± 2470 mg/24 H (M± SD), and during the whole study period this reduction was significant (0.56 ± 0.37 gr/24 H (M ± SD), P < 0.05). At the same time renal function preserved, 1.09 ± 0.48 mg/dL (M ± SD). The blood levels of C0 were 135.10 ± 97.36 ng/mL (M ± SD) and the blood levels of C2 were 725 ± 256 ng/mL (M ± SD) at the first month of therapy. At the same time renal function preserved, 1.09 ± 0.48 mg/dL (M ± SD). Total cholesterol levels reduced significantly during study period (276.89 ± 45.57 to 200.67 ± 40.27 mg/dL [M ± SD]). The mean number of antihypertensive medication remained the same. The whole therapeutic protocol did not provoke any kind of side effects and CyA was quite tolerated by our patients. Treatment of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome with low doses of CyA with methylprednisolone leads to remission of proteinuria without deterioration of renal function. Blood levels of C0 for monitoring and treatment of nephrotic syndrome agrees with recent literature, while our study focus on establishing the proper levels of C2 for the treatment of nephrotic syndrome. The efficacy of CyA is combined with safety and tolerance.
Experimental Fluid Dynamics of Transventricular Apical Aortic Cannulation
Authors: Fukuda Ikuo , Yanaoka Hideki , Inamura Takao , Minakawa Masahito , Daitoku Kazuyuki , Suzuki Yasuyuki
Published: March 2010

To clarify the flow pattern from a transventricular apical aortic cannula, hydrodynamic analysis of transventricular apical aortic cannulation (apical cannulation) was performed using particle‐image velocimetry in a glass aortic model. Simulated apical cannulation using a 7‐mm Sarns Soft‐Flow cannula and the newly developed 7‐mm apical aortic cannula was compared with standard aortic cannulation. The flow‐velocity, streamline, and distribution of magnitude of the strain rate tensor (function of shear stress) were analyzed. Streamline analysis revealed a steady and organized flow profile in apical cannulation as compared with that in standard aortic cannulation. The magnitude of the strain rate tensor decreased within a few centimeters from the exit of the apical cannula.
Variations in the Application of Various Perfusion Technologies in Great Britain and Ireland—A National Survey
Authors: Warren Oliver J. , Wallace Sophie , De Wit Katie L. , Vincent Charles , Darzi Ara W. , Athanasiou Thanos
Published: March 2010

In an attempt to reduce the negative sequelae of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), a variety of new technologies have been created. This study investigates variations in the application of these technologies throughout Great Britain and Ireland (GB & I). All perfusion departments within GB & I were surveyed about equipment and technologies used in CPB. Eighty‐five percent of units use a standard arterial line filter in all cases. Forty percent of units occasionally use leukocyte‐depleting filters in various sites within the circuit. Sixteen percent always use some element of heparin‐bonded circuit, but 62% never use them. Twenty‐five percent use solely rotary pumps, 18% use solely centrifugal pumps, and 56% use both. Finally, 20% are now using minimal extracorporeal circulation in certain clinical scenarios. These decisions are most frequently affected by clinician preference and cost. This survey has highlighted significant variation in the utilization of various technologies used in CPB. While some variation between centers is to be expected, as innovative technologies are adopted at varying rates, surveys such as this are useful for alerting clinicians to gaps between evidence‐based knowledge and clinical practice.
Association between HLA‐B*1502 and carbamazepine‐induced severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions in a Thai population
Authors: Tassaneeyakul Wichittra , Tiamkao Somsak , Jantararoungtong Thawinee , Chen Pei , Lin Shu‐Yi , Chen Wei‐Hsuan , Konyoung Parinya , Khunarkornsiri Usanee , Auvichayapat Narong , Pavakul Kasemsin , Kulkantrakorn Kongkiat , Choonhakarn Charoen , Phonhiamhan Siranun , Piyatrakul Namfon , Aungaree Thiti , Pongpakdee Sunsanee , Yodnopaglaw Praphan
Published: March 2010

Carbamazepine (CBZ) has been reported as the most common culprit drug for Stevens‐Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) in several Asian countries including Thailand. A strong association between HLA‐B*1502 and CBZ‐induced SJS/TEN has been reported in Han Chinese but not in Caucasian and Japanese populations. A case–control study was conducted to determine whether HLA‐B*1502 is a valid pharmacogenetic test for SJS/TEN caused by CBZ in a Thai population. Among 42 CBZ‐induced patients with SJS/TEN, 37 (88.10%) patients carried the HLA‐B*1502 while only 5 (11.90%) of the CBZ‐tolerant controls had this allele. The risk of CBZ‐induced SJS/TEN was significantly higher in the patients with HLA‐B*1502, with an odds ratio (OR) of 54.76 [95% confidence interval (CI) 14.62–205.13, p = 2.89 × 10−12]. The sensitivity and specificity of HLA‐B*1502 for prediction of CBZ‐induced SJS/TEN were 88.10%. By assuming a 0.27% as a prevalence rate of CBZ‐induced SJS/TEN in a Thai population, the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the HLA‐B*1502 were 1.92% and 99.96%. Results from this study suggest that HLA‐B*1502 may be a useful pharmacogenetic test for screening Thai individuals who may be at risk for CBZ‐induced SJS and TEN.
Gelastic seizures and the anteromesial frontal lobe: A case report and review of intracranial EEG recording and electrocortical stimulation case studies
Authors: Unnwongse Kanjana , Wehner Tim , Bingaman William , Foldvary‐Schaefer Nancy
Published: March 2010

Symptomatogenic areas for ictal laughter have been described in the frontal and temporal lobes. Within the frontal lobe, gelastic seizures have been recorded from the cingulate gyrus. Electrocortical stimulation of the cingulate gyrus as well as the superior frontal gyrus induced laughter. We describe a patient whose gelastic seizures were associated with electrographic ictal activity in the mesial aspect of the right anterior frontal gyrus. The symptomatogenic area for ictal laughter in the frontal lobe may reside in the superior frontal gyrus.
Value of Low‐Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Diagnosing Meniscal Tears in the Canine Stifle: A Prospective Study Evaluating Sensitivity and Specificity in Naturally Occurring Cranial Cruciate Ligament Deficiency with Arthroscopy as the Gold Standard
Authors: Böttcher Peter , Brühschwein Andreas , Winkels Philipp , Werner Hinnerk , Ludewig Eberhard , Grevel Vera , Oechtering Gerhard
Published: March 2010

Objective: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of low‐field magnetic resonance imaging (lfMRI) for detection of meniscal tears in the canine stifle.

Study Design: Double‐blinded prospective clinical study.

Animals: Forty‐two consecutive stifles of dogs (≥20 kg; n=34) with clinical and radiologic signs suspicious for cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) insufficiency.

Methods: Each stifle had 7 predefined lfMRI sequences using a 0.5 T magnet with a human knee coil. After lfMRI, diagnostic arthroscopy was performed by 1 surgeon unaware of the MRI findings. After completion of the study MRI images were read by 1 investigator, unaware of the intraoperative findings.

Results: At arthroscopy, 22 stifles had meniscal tears requiring subtotal meniscectomy. Of these only 14 were identified by lfMRI. Overall sensitivity and specificity of lfMRI for detection of meniscal tears were 0.64 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]=0.43, 0.80) and 0.90 (95% CI=0.70, 0.97), respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were 0.88 (95% CI=0.64, 0.97) and 0.69 (95% CI=0.50, 0.83), respectively. Neither the state of dislocation of vertical longitudinal tears nor the amount of CCL rupture had an influence on lfMRI accuracy (P=1.00).

Conclusion: lfMRI was of low diagnostic accuracy in detecting meniscal tears, when compared with arthroscopy. Especially negative lfMRI findings should be interpreted with caution.

Clinical Relevance: When using lfMRI as a noninvasive preoperative screening tool for the diagnosis of meniscal tears, a high percentage of missed meniscal tears has to be expected.
Human Error Contribution in Collision and Grounding of Oil Tankers
Authors: Martins Marcelo Ramos , Maturana Marcos Coelho
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this article is to present a quantitative analysis of the human failure contribution in the collision and/or grounding of oil tankers, considering the recommendation of the “Guidelines for Formal Safety Assessment” of the International Maritime Organization. Initially, the employed methodology is presented, emphasizing the use of the technique for human error prediction to reach the desired objective. Later, this methodology is applied to a ship operating on the Brazilian coast and, thereafter, the procedure to isolate the human actions with the greatest potential to reduce the risk of an accident is described. Finally, the management and organizational factors presented in the “International Safety Management Code” are associated with these selected actions. Therefore, an operator will be able to decide where to work in order to obtain an effective reduction in the probability of accidents. Even though this study does not present a new methodology, it can be considered as a reference in the human reliability analysis for the maritime industry, which, in spite of having some guides for risk analysis, has few studies related to human reliability effectively applied to the sector.
Subclinical Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Asymptomatic Severe Aortic Regurgitation Patients with Normal Ejection Fraction: A Combined Tissue Doppler and Velocity Vector Imaging Study
Authors: Tayyareci Yelda , Yildirimturk Ozlem , Aytekin Vedat , Demiroglu I.C. Cemsid , Aytekin Saide
Published: March 2010

Objectives: Our aim was to evaluate subclinical left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, by two novel echocardiographic techniques, velocity vector imaging (VVI)‐derived strain imaging and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), in patients with asymptomatic, severe aortic regurgitation (AR). Methods: Forty patients with severe AR with normal ejection fraction and 30 controls were included to the study. All patients underwent a standard echocardiography extended with TDI and VVI analyses. To evaluate the LV longitudinal and circumferential deformation, segmental systolic peak strain and strain rate (SRs) data were acquired from parasternal short axis, apical four‐chamber, two‐chamber, and long axis views, and additionally LV myocardial velocities, isovolumic myocardial acceleration (IVA), peak systolic velocity (Sa) and peak myocardial velocity during isovolumic contraction (IVV) assessed by TDI. Results: IVA was the only TDI‐derived parameter which was significantly impaired in AR patients (P = 0.0001). Both longitudinal and circumferential strain and SRs of the LV were significantly decreased in patients with severe AR (P = 0.0001). Longitudinal and circumferential strain/SRs and TDI‐derived LV IVA were inversely correlated with LV end‐diastolic diameter (P = 0.0001) and end‐systolic diameter (P = 0.0001). TDI‐derived IVA was also very well correlated with longitudinal deformation parameters (P = 0.0001). Conclusions: VVI‐ derived strain imaging and TDI‐derived IVA may be used as adjunctive, reliable, noninvasive parameters for evaluating subclinical ventricular dysfunction in patients with chronic, severe AR. This may help to identify patients for closer follow‐up and to determine the need for surgery before developing irreversible, severe heart failure. (Echocardiography 2010;27:260‐268)
Pseudoaneurysm of the Left Ventricle in a Young Asymptomatic Female
Authors: Mukhopadhayay Saibal , Yusuf Jamal , Mehta Vimal , Nathani Srikanth , Goyal Vikas
Published: March 2010

We report a rare case of a 25‐year‐old asymptomatic female who was referred for evaluation of a cardiac murmur. She had recent history of treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis. On investigation, she was diagnosed with left ventricular pseudoaneurysm (PSA) likely secondary to rupture of myocardial tubercular abscess. She was operated successfully for the left ventricular PSA and was discharged from the hospital in a good condition. (Echocardiography 2010;27:329‐331)
Severe Right Ventricular Outflow Obstruction by Right Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm
Authors: Avci Anil , Akcakoyun Mustafa , Alizada Elnur , Esen Ozlem , Pala Selcuk , Eren Ercan , Esen Ali Metin
Published: March 2010

Aneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva are rarely diagnosed cardiac anomalies, occurring in 0.14%–0.96% of patients who have undergone open heart surgical procedures. The most common congenital anomalies accompanying sinus of Valsalva aneurysm (SVA) are ventricular septal defect, bicuspid aortic valve, atrial septal defect, and coarctation of aorta. We report a patient with an unruptured right SVA presenting with severe right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction, and coexisting patent foramen ovale (PFO) with a right to left shunt. It could be assumed that the increase in right atrial pressure due to RVOT obstruction had led to a right to left shunt across the patent foramen ovale. (Echocardiography 2010;27:341‐343)
Knowledge Assessment of Food Safety Managers in Utah and Its Implications on the Exam and Instruction
Authors: Nummer Brian A. , Guy Stanley M. , Bentley Joanne P.H.
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT:  Food Safety Manager's Certification is offered through a state‐local Extension partnership in Utah using an online course management system. Exams and course materials were created by an Extension Specialist at Utah State Univ. Extension Agents provide exam and curriculum facilitation in each county. This form of distance education enables access for students in all 29 Utah counties. All 454 students (Jan 2008–Mar 2009) successfully passed the food safety managers exam in 1 or 2 attempts and received certification. Twenty‐nine percent of those taking the exam received certification without accessing any of the course materials. The overall passing exam score mean was 82%. When combining both passing and failing exam attempts, the students' mean was 79%. The students' mean of the lower 25% was only 65%. When evaluating the 7 food safety knowledge domains, students' means were highest in personal hygiene and lowest in facility, equipment, and layout. The lower 25% of students failed to score 70% in 6 of 7 food safety knowledge domains. The English course materials were provided in 3 options where students could select 1 or more: online, textbook, and DVD. For students who chose to access educational materials 67% used online learning, 40% textbooks, and 10% DVDs as part of their study options. Extension Agent feedback on Hispanic students enrolled in the program indicates a need for Spanish language study materials. Overall, the Utah Food Safety Managers program demonstrates a successful state‐local Food Science Extension approach to distance education, online curricula, and the use of computers to facilitate testing and learning.
Research Beyond the Frontier: Expanding the Boundaries of Mexican Anthropology
Authors: Lizaur Marisol Pérez
Published: March 2010

Fran Rothstein is contributing editor of “Commission on World Anthropologies,” the AAA Commission on World Anthropologies column in Anthropology News.
Tribal Anthropology in Public Policy Formation
Authors: Worl Rosita
Published: March 2010

PJ Puntenney is contributing editor of “Views on Policy,” the AAA Committee on Public Policy column in Anthropology News.
International and Domestic Altruism: A Study Among the Adult Population in Norway
Authors: Straume Sivert , Odèen Magnus
Published: March 2010

Instead of targeting charity to countries where the human needs are most precarious, donors tend to direct their helping to victims within their own country. Despite being important for human welfare, the question why it is so has heretofore not been raised scientifically. In this survey study (N = 3849 respondents) a suggested distinction between international and domestic altruism was validated by examining to which extent the 2 concepts showed differing patterns of associations with a range of relevant variables. When controlling for demography, international orientation, trust in people, and less xenophobia predicted international altruism, while patriotism and fear predicted domestic altruism. Research on how national boundaries stem altruism should be intensified and refined.
Conflict Management for Justice, Innovation, and Strategic Advantage in Organizational Relationships
Authors: Tjosvold Dean , Wong Alfred S. H. , Wan Paulina M. K.
Published: March 2010

This study proposed that conflict management affects organizations’ beliefs that they have an effective voice (procedural justice), have shared their benefits fairly (distributive justice), and are treated respectfully (interactional justice). Structural equation analysis results suggest that a cooperative approach to conflict facilitates justice in its 3 forms in organizational relationships, and that justice, in turn, results in partner strategic advantage and innovation. Results from a sample of 103 pairs of customer and supplier organizations in Shanghai were interpreted as providing support for the value of justice for collaborative work between organizations. The findings also suggest that a cooperative approach to managing conflict is an important antecedent to justice in organizational relationships in China.
Prejudiced People Perceive More Community Support for Their Views: The Role of Own, Media, and Peer Attitudes in Perceived Consensus
Authors: Watt Susan E. , Larkin Chris
Published: March 2010

People often overestimate others' support for their views (false consensus effect). Recent research has shown that this is particularly marked in the relation between perceived consensus and prejudice. The current research asked whether this partly arises in an in‐group stereotype of the community as prejudiced. We investigated relations between different sources of normative information (self, media, peers), estimates of community attitudes, and perceived consensus in a sample of 135 community members. Media prejudice predicted community attitudes, and this further predicted consensus. However, strongest was a direct relation between own prejudice and perceived consensus. The results indicate a desire to appear nonprejudiced, relative to others. Confronting prejudiced people with information about community norms is a promising intervention under these circumstances.
Do the “Savage Origins” of Tattoos Cast a Prejudicial Shadow on Contemporary Tattooed Individuals?
Authors: Burgess Mark , Clark Louise
Published: March 2010

We investigated whether increases in tattooing rates and designs have eradicated or altered traditional delinquent tattooing stereotypes. We tested the perceived suitability of tattooed and non‐tattooed individuals for 2 different jobs. Affective evaluations mediated judgments of job suitability, with those displaying traditional tattoos being rated as less suitable for employment than those who were not tattooed and those displaying contemporary tattoos. Those with a contemporary tattoo were judged in the same manner as those who were not tattooed (even by observers who neither had a tattoo nor were considering getting one). These results suggest that the savage associations of tattooing continue for some, but suggest that for other tattoo enthusiasts, a new stereotype has emerged reflecting a shift toward respectability.