bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Collingwood: Homage to Education
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

Robin Collingwood (1889-1943) was born seventeen years after Bertrand Russell and died twenty-seven years before him. Given the style and content of Collingwood’s philosophical work, this fact ought to seem surprising. For there is no apparent mark of Russell’s influence, hor of those who influenced him, upon Collingwood’s own philosophical corpus. For better or worse, he stands apart-even aloof-from the British analytical tradition exemplified by Russell. Or perhaps for better and worse: better, because he thereby created a distinctive style of philosophy, in which history, not science (or formal logic), was the model and focus of interest; worse, because his own thought lacks some of the clarity and rigor and analytical depth of the “school” he opposed, or ignored. Not for him the dry deductions of Russell’s Principia Mathematica: consciousness in history was what excited his interest.

Yet there exists a certain affinity between the political and social writings of the two men. Both seem to have been drawn to political writing more by extramural convulsions (i.e., wars) than by theoretical inclination, feeling it to be their duty to set the world straight on how it should run itself. Both display the same belief in the civilizing role of dispassionate reason, the importance of education, the dangers of submission to authority.
The Fractured State
Authors: Erkkila Betsy
Published: November 2023

“I too have at heart Freedom, and the amelioration of the people,” Whit-man wrote to New York Senator William Henry Seward, the outspoken opponent of compromise on the issue of slavery who had appealed to “a higher law than the Constitution” to keep the new territory free. In his letter, dated December 5, 1855, Whitman asked Seward to send him “public documents, your speeches, and any government, congressional or other publications of general interest, especially statistics, census facts &c.”1 He probably intended to use this material as part of his ongoing plan to take his democratic program on the road; more specifically, he used the material in The Eighteenth Presidency!“Where is the real America,” he asked in this political pamphlet, which was probably begun amid the controversy over the Fugitive Slave Law and the Kansas-Nebraska Act in the early 1850s and completed in the heat of the presidential campaign of 1856. Subtitled “Voice of Walt Whitman to Each Young Man in the Nation, North, South, East, and West,” the pamphlet, which exists in proof but was probably never published, indicates Whitman’s
Democracy and (Homo)Sexual Desire
Authors: Erkkila Betsy
Published: November 2023

In his first inaugural address of 1861, Abraham Lincoln insisted on the perpetuity of the Union, emphasizing the mystic bonds of memory that united the nation: “Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battle-field, and patriot grave ... will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.”1 In the third edition of Leaves of Grass,which was published by the Boston firm Thayer & Eldridge in May 1860, Whitman exhibited a similar concern with touching and arousing the “bonds of affection” and the “chords of memory” that would make the Union whole. Through an increased emphasis on comradeship and love, he sought to resolve his personal crisis and the nation’s political crisis in poems that were at once private expressions of love and incitements to public affection. “We want satisfiers, joiners, lovers,” he wrote in a notebook of the time. “These heated, torn, distracted ages are to be compacted and made whole” (CW,IX, 161). Despite the impulse toward union, fusion, and artistic resolution, however, there is in the 1860 Leaves-evenmore than in the 1856 volume-a disquieting undercurrent that registers the throes of personal and public dissolution.
Burying President Lincoln
Authors: Erkkila Betsy
Published: November 2023

When General Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865, the event seemed to confirm the universe of “form and union and plan” that Whitman had celebrated in “Song of Myself.” “And could it really be, then?” he said of the Union victory, “Out of all the affairs of this world of woe and failure and disorder, was there really come the confirm’d, unerring sign of plan, like a shaft of pure light-of rightful rule-of God?” (PW,II, 503). This apparent sign of an unerring plan was once again thrown into question when only a few days later on April 14, Abraham Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth while attending a play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington. The assassination negated the prospect of “rightful rule,” suggesting that “woe and failure and disorder” were in-deed the only “confirm’d” plan of the world. In his second inaugural address, delivered a month before his death, Lincoln had urged a spirit of national reconciliation: “With malice to-ward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan, -to do all which may achieve and
The Decision to Extend Operational Advice
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: November 2023

In Washington on September 17, 1947, the Department of the Army made the decision to send General Stephen J. Chamberlin as special representative of the chief of staff to study the military situation and make recommendations on a course of action. Those in attendance at the meeting—including Chamberlin, Henderson, Norstad, and Schuyler—agreed that the special mission should focus on several issues: the wisdom of arming villagers in areas secured by the army; the role of the gendarmerie; the use of American officers as observers to accompany Greek units in the field; and the desirability of advising the army on operations. On the most sensitive matter—that of providing operational advice—the group recommended that the White House first ask the British Military Mission to assume this responsibility. Should the British refuse, the United States would consider sending another 125 to 200 officers to carry out this task. If British military forces and the mission pulled out of Greece, the United States would explore the possibility of replacing both.
The Greek Children
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: November 2023

In early 1948 the war seemed to reach a new level of atrocity as the Truman administration began receiving reports that the guerrillas were evacuating thousands of children from Greece and relocating them in Yugoslavia and other neighboring communist states. The Greek government accused the guerrillas of kidnapping its youths and preparing to convert them to communism. The episode quickly took on the appearance of a calculated effort to destroy Greece as a nation as leaders in Athens charged the guerrillas with genocide and appealed to the UN and then directly to the United States for help. This seemingly new communist threat, which the Greeks called paedomazoma or “stealing of the children,” aroused nationwide indignation by its violations of family sanctity and basic humanitarian principles. But broader considerations were also involved.
Grammos and Vitsi
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: November 2023

In June 1948 the Greek army was ready to launch the Grammo offensive (“Operation Crown”) into the border area of northwest Greece, followed by the attack on Vitsi, which stretched along the Greek-Albanian-Yugoslav frontier. Many more guerrillas would soon join the 8,000 already in Grammos, a 225-square-mile area that the Joint U.S. Military Advisory and Planning Group called the “main bandit stronghold in Greece” and the “principal center of resistance and main entrance” into the country. The battle would not be easy. Markos’s forces held the rugged, mountainous terrain with well-fortified positions surrounded by numerous minefields. If the army broke the resistance and forced the guerrillas to evacuate, it would still have to spend months in searching out stragglers and supplies before turning over the area to the gendarmerie.
The communists’ Peace offensive
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: November 2023

By early 1949 the chances for a collapse of the Greek government seemed remote, but the military situation remained threatening. Although Van Fleet predicted certain victory, he prepared a special operations plan in the event of a communist takeover. News correspondents on the scene were not optimistic. Homer Bigart claimed that the United States had become “inextricably involved” in a stalemated war, and Time correspondent Robert Low reported that “wherever the Greek army is not, the guerrillas are—if not physically, then in influence and authority.” Anne O’Hare McCormick declared: “Everywhere the atmosphere was heavy with suspense. In such fearful quiet must the early settlers in the West have waited the descent of the Indians.” According to a member of the American mission in Athens, many villagers sat out long nights, protected only by barbed wire.
Introduction
Authors: Vailati Ezio
Published: November 2023

The correspondence between Leibniz and Clarke (1715-16), in which they pitted their views against each other through the mediation of Caroline, Princess of Wales, was probably the most famous and influential philosophical exchange of the eighteenth century. It covered many central metaphysical and theological topics, such as divine immensity and eternity, the relation of God to the world, the soul and its relation to the body, free will, space and time, and the nature of miracles.
The Soul
Authors: Vailati Ezio
Published: November 2023

On the topic of the soul, Clarke and Leibniz shared several important views. Both firmly held that the belief in an immaterial and hence naturally immortal substance is necessary to religion and morality. Both thought that this belief was under a concerted attack and at tempted to defend it against Hobbes, Spinoza, Locke, and their followers. However, they also disagreed on two important issues. Clarke believed that the soul is extended while Leibniz denied it.
Lutheranism, Anti-Judaism, and Bach’s St. John Passion
Authors: Marissen Michael
Published: November 2023

Bach’s St. John Passion is surely one of the monuments of Western music, yet performances are inevitably controversial. In large part, this is because of the combination of the powerful and highly emotional music and a text that includes passages from a gospel marked by vehement anti-Judaic sentiments. What did this masterpiece mean in Bach’s day and what does it mean today? Although bibliographies on Bach and Judaism have grown enormously since World War II, there has been very little work on the relationship between the two areas. This is hardly surprising; Judaica scholars and culture critics focusing on issues of anti-Semitism commonly lack musical training and are, in any event, quite reasonably interested in even more pressing social and political issues. Bach scholars, on the other hand, have mostly concentrated on narrowly defined musical topics. Strangely, therefore, almost no scholarly attention has been given to relationships between Lutheranism and the religion of Judaism as they affect Bach’s most controversial work, the St. John Passion. Through a reappraisal of Bach’s work and its contexts, Marissen confronts Bach and Judaism directly, providing interpretive commentary that could serve as a basis for a more informed and sensitive discussion of this troubling work. Consisting of a long interpretive essay, followed by an annotated literal translation of the libretto, a guide to recorded examples, and a detailed bibliography, this concise text provides the reader with the tools to assess the work on its own terms and in the appropriate context.
Moral Appraisability
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque
Published: November 2023

This book explores a central question of moral philosophy, addressing whether we are morally responsible for certain kinds of actions, intentional omissions, and the consequences deriving therefrom. Haji distinguishes between moral responsibility and a more restrictive category, moral appraisability. To say that a person is appraisable for an action is to say that he or she is deserving either of praise or blame for that action. One of Haji’s principal aims is to uncover conditions sufficient for appraisability of actions. He begins with a number of puzzles that serve to structure and organize the issues, each one of which motivates a condition required for appraisability. The core of Haji’s analysis involves his examination of three primary types of conditions. According to a control condition, a person must control the action in an appropriate way in order to be appraisable. An autonomy condition permits moral appraisability for an action only if it ultimately derives from a person’s authentic evaluative scheme. On Haji’s epistemic requirement, moral praiseworthiness or blameworthiness demands belief on the part of the agent in the rightness or wrongness of an action. Haji concludes this portion of his argument by incorporating these conditions into a general principle which outlines sufficient conditions for appraisability. Haji offers a fascinating discussion of the implications of his analysis. He demonstrates that his appraisability concept is applicable to a variety of non-moral kinds of appraisal, such as those involving legal, prudential and etiquette considerations. He looks at crosscultural attributions of blameworthiness and argues that such attributions are frequently mistaken. He considers the case of addicts and suggests that they may not be morally responsible for actions their addictions are said to cause. He even takes up the intriguing question of whether we can be blamed for the thoughts of our dream selves. Engaging with a central metaphysical question in his conclusion, Haji argues that the conditions of moral responsibility he defends are neither undermined by determinism nor threatened by certain varieties of incompatibilism. Addressing a range of little-discussed topics and forging crucial connections between moral theory and moral responsibility, Moral Appraisability is vital reading for students and scholars of moral philosophy, metaphysics, and the philosophy of law.
Prologue
Authors: Cuellar Jose Tomas De , Carson Margaret , Glantz Margo
Published: November 2023

What lantern is this?” the typesetter asked me upon receiving the first pages of this work. “Who and what will be illuminated by this lantern, and why? Is the title-which would be a good name for a general store—no more than a flashy notice announcing a lot of claptrap, or does the book contain something beneficial for the reader?”
Liberalism and Affirmative Obligation
Authors: Smith Patricia
Published: November 2023

The scope of affirmative obligation is a point of contention among liberals. Some see affirmative obligations required by social justice as incompatible with a strong commitment to individual freedom. The task before the moderate liberal is then to consider what a consistently liberal view of affirmative obligation would have to be in order to accommodate liberal commitments to freedom and justice and also account for long-standing institutions that are central to liberal democratic society. In this book, Patricia Smith argues that this can be achieved by reconstructing the liberal doctrine of positive and negative duty. She offers a careful consideration of these elements of liberal principles as they relate to affirmative obligation. Through an innovative analysis of the institutions of family and contract, Smith develops the idea of duties of membership as preferable to natural duties (to explain family obligation) and as needed to supplement contractual duties (to explain professional obligation). This idea is then applied to the problem of justifying political obligation. She argues that membership obligations, implied in cooperative endeavor, must supplement obligations of consent that are central to liberal theory. This is deftly illustrated through a state of nature theory that includes community membership, eliminating atomistic individualism while maintaining consonance with what Smith calls cooperative individualism. The resulting view of liberal individualism is consistent, complete, and capable of handling long-standing liberal institutions, while taking seriously the demands of affirmative obligations. Smiths clear articulation of a liberal view of affirmative obligation finds a middle ground on this polarized topic, with compelling and reasoned implications for liberal political philosophy. Her discussion will interest students and scholars of legal and political philosophy and political science.
Introduction
Authors: Mayerfeld Jamie
Published: November 2023

THIS BOOK IS ABOUT THE DUTY TO relieve suffering. It asks what the content of this duty is, and what it implies for how we should live our lives. Most people underestimate the strength of this duty. There are different reasons for this, some of which are discussed later. But one reason is that most people aren’t very clear what the duty to relieve suffering is. There is widespread confusion about the meaning and measurement of suffering, which in turn breeds confusion about its moral relevance. I hope to clear away some of this confusion. Understanding the content of the duty to relieve suffering is the first step toward grasping its importance.
The Moral Significance of Suffering
Authors: Mayerfeld Jamie
Published: November 2023

The underlying claim of this book is that the badness of suffering, in the particular way that it is bad, gives rise to a prima fade duty to prevent suffering. I develop this claim in chapter 5. In this chapter, I prepare the way by examining certain questions relating to the badness of suffering.

The claim that we have a prima fade duty to relieve suffering can be seen as resting on three assertions. First, suffering is bad for the individual who experiences it. Second, suffering is bad from an impersonal perspective. Third, the impersonal badness of suffering implies a prima fade duty on our part to prevent suffering. This chapter is concerned with the first two claims.
The Duty to Relieve Suffering
Authors: Mayerfeld Jamie
Published: November 2023

I shall now try to state why we have a prima facie duty to relieve suffering. The explanation I shall give appears obvious to me, but is not the sort of account for which I can supply an argument. Some readers may not accept the picture that I offer here.

We have a prima facie duty to relieve suffering, because suffering is bad and ought not to occur. Suffering is bad (as I said before) not only for the individual whom it affiicts, but bad from an impersonal point of view. Its occurrence makes the world that much worse.
The Moral Asymmetry of Happiness and Suffering
Authors: Mayerfeld Jamie
Published: November 2023

This chapter begins an inquiry, pursued further in chapter 7, into a class of moral dilemmas posed by the prima facie duty to relieve suffering. These are dilemmas in which we must choose between different ways of benefiting people.

This chapter addresses the relative moral importance of happiness and suffering. In addressing this question, I want to restrict our attention to happiness and suffering in the hedonistic sense of these terms and to set other values aside. I also want to set aside cases (if there are any) in which personal attributes or past actions alter the value of an individual’s happiness or suffering. In the cases to be examined, I assume that everyone is equally deserving of happiness and protection from suffering. Finally, I want to keep the analysis focused on the value of outcomes.
Trade-offs Internal to the Duty to Relieve Suffering
Authors: Mayerfeld Jamie
Published: November 2023

There is some suffering that we cannot prevent at all. There is also some suffering that we cannot prevent without neglecting other suffering. Sometimes, that is, we may have to choose between preventing one portion of suffering and another. For example, we may be able to save one group of people or another group of people from suffering, but not both. Or we may have to choose between letting a person endure suffering of one kind and suffering of another kind. This chapter asks how we should resolve these kinds of dilemmas. We can think of them as trade-offs internal to the prima facie duty to relieve suffering.
Mathematical Logic as Based on the Theory of Types
Authors: Landini Gregory
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter we set out the system of “Les paradoxes de la logique”-the subtitutional theory without general propositions. We found that the system met its end with the problems introduced by the addition of *1906(Reduc). With this schemata, the Pol a0 and its “.ariants return; without it, the system could not construct arithmetic. This interpretation is corroborated in a letter Russell wrote to Hawtrey of 22 January 1907.
The Ubiquity of Motion
Authors: Silver Brian L
Published: November 2023

In 1827, as Beethoven lay dying, the Scottish botanist Robert Brown observed an aqueous suspension of pollen grains under the microscope and found that they were in continual motion, not in smooth waltzlike trajectories but in sudden, break dance-like jumps in all directions. He concluded that this motion was displayed only by the male sexual cells of plants. (In those days women moved more decorously than men.) Later he found that pollen from long-dead plants exhibited the same phenomenon, as did unambiguously nonliving systems, such as tiny specks of dust derived from crushed stones. Brown was, of course, not observing molecules, but unknowingly he had stumbled across the visible consequences of molecular motion.
The Gene Machine
Authors: Silver Brian L
Published: November 2023

In November 1895, Roentgen discovered X-rays. In 1912, van Laue showed that the diffraction of X-rays could be used to determine the arrangement of atoms in crystals. In 1952, Rosalind Franklin, working with the physicist Maurice Wilkins in King’s College London, shone a beam of X-rays at a crystal of DNA and photographed the diffracted rays. She obtained beautiful but complex patterns. There are recognized and well-tried mathematical methods used to analyze the patterns in X-ray diffraction patterns and convert them into information on the spatial arrangement of atoms in the scattering crystal.
The Inexplicable Quantum
Authors: Silver Brian L
Published: November 2023

The quantum theory is not explicable in common sense terms. Its axioms, and some of its predictions, go against all our built-in preconceptions as to the nature of reality. In the 1930s Niels Bohr, one of the theory’s fathers, was reported to have said that if you weren’t confused by quantum mechanics you didn’t really understand it.
Relativity
Authors: Silver Brian L
Published: November 2023

Einstein fathered two theories of relativity. The first, which came out in 190Ei, is the special theory of relativity, which generated much of the popular imagery of relativity: shrinking spears, lethargic clocks, bodies accumulating mass, youthful space travelers, and so on. The theory essentially concerns itself with what an observer sees when he looks at a system-a spacecraft, an aeroplane, a car, a comet, an electron, and so forth-that is moving uniformly with respect to him. If Einstein had not come out with the theory, someone else would have done so; the mathematics was standard, and many of the ideas were sitting around waiting to be drawn together.
Consequentialism, Non-Archimedean Probabilities, and Lexicographic Expected Utility
Authors: Hammond Peter J
Published: November 2023

The consequentialist approach to single-person decision theory, with uncertainty described by specified objective probabilities, was previously described in Hammond (1988a, 1988b). In fact, the latter paper also deals with states of nature and subjective probabilities. Here non-Archimedean subjective probabilities will not be considered at all, but left for later work.
How wrong we are when we think the whole world knows us.—Beginnings of the railroad in Europe. —Bordeaux. — Wines and chicanery. —How to make use of sandy terrain. — A lucky escape. — Tenerife. —Tropical seas. — South winds.— Effects of a lack of drinking water at sea. — Doublingand redoubling Cape Horn. —The Falkland Islands.
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez
Published: November 2023

Every nation, no matter how insignificant, suffers from the inborn weakness of thinking that all other nations are very much aware of it, or at least that they are often concerned with it. Anyone who tries to convince its citizens of the contrary therefore risks being considered a fraud or having to suffer the displeasure of them all. Chile was as little known in the Europe of 1830 as are the mountains of the moon among the Chileans of today. This is a plain and simple fact.
We go into business. — What business we go into. — We buy a boat. — Legal difficulties in the way of river navigation and the less than honorable way to overcome them. — A voyage on the Impermeable.— California’s snakes and mosquitoes. — The death of young Martinez.— Tertian fever in Sacramento. — The Chilean hospital of the Luco brothers. — Establishment of a hotel in San Francisco. — Don Juan Nepomuceno Espejo’s well. — We become waiters. — The milk adventure. — My voyage to Monterey. — Reputation of the Chileans in California. — Monterey. — Its hospitable inhabitants. — A soiree. — A valuable gift, and my return to San Francisco. — Arrival of the first women in San Francisco. — Repulsive tableaux 'vluants in the cafes. — Women are auctioned off on board the ships.— Gambling. — Elections for the convention in San Jose. — A fire destroys San Francisco. — We become sailors. — Our return to Chile.
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez
Published: November 2023

The mines were not the only oppornmity open to enterprise in the California of that time. After they had become inaccessible to foreigners, there was still trade, which was flourishing. We knew from experience that retailers and idlers made more money than did hard workers and entrepreneurs on a larger scale; this fact, after some brief consideration, led us to erect altars to Mercury, the god of thieves.
Voyages into the interior of the province. — Lake Llanquihue. — We burn the forests of Chanchan. — I am shipwrecked on the lake. — The settlements fall into dangerous disrepute. — The way out of these straits. — Exploration of the Chacao channels and Reloncavi Bay. — Cayenel. .
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez
Published: November 2023

The uncertain situation in which I found myself absolutely had to be resolved as soon as possible, because the attitude of the squatters on public lands was making it questionable whether Valdivia would be come the first immigrant settlement in Chile. I therefore set off for the interior without further delay, leaving the newly arrived immigrants lodged in the vaults of the old Corral castle, after having allotted to some of them the wretched lands of Cutipai and a few isolated stretches of the banks of the Valdivia River, banks that were so useless no one laid claim to them and that I took care to award free of charge, so that the recipients might more cheerfully await the appearance of those lands that they had been told were awaiting them.
Immigration. — The German population at Llanquihue and Valdivia in i860. — Its level of education. — Its influence on native Chileans. — Unfortunate loss of public lands. — Personal sacrifices made by the agent to provide land for the immigrants.— Ways to prevent abuse in these matters.
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez
Published: November 2023

Perhaps not one of the countless colonies founded yearly in the world’s wilderness by the dynamic sons of Old Europe has required seventeen years to accumulate so insignificant a number of foreign settlers as has our settlement at Llanquihue; and that is certainly not because our government lacks practical knowledge after so long a period of timid experimentation, but because immigration is still viewed as a luxury and not a pressing need. In our country immigration takes second place to everything else, including a public building, no matter how unnecessary.
A voyage across the pampas to Buenos Aires. — The road to Uspallata. — Rosario. —The Parana River. — Buenos Aires. — The ex-dictator Don Juan Manuel Rosas. .
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez
Published: November 2023

When you leave foggy Llanquihue and its damp forests and travel to the northern regions, everything there seems drier, more arid than it really is; and so, when I suddenly found myself on the road from the town of Santa Rosa de los Andes to Mendoza, knowing that to the north of me the mountainous region became more barren by the mile until it turned into the sands and rocks of Atacama, I came to think that in all of Chile there could be nothing more useless to mankind than these vast highlands that separate us from the Argentine Republic. But even in the mind of one who has grown up in the forests, this unfavorable impression cannot last once he learns that these arid lands contain mineral wealth matching the agricultural wealth of the mountains of the south. The road between Santa Rosa and Mendoza was so neglected and so bad when I found myself on it for the sixth time in early April 1855 that I could not get over my astonishment at how a route so important
Bacterial Associations Of Plants
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon
Published: November 2023

Relationships between bacteria and plants are widespread and include mutualistic and parasitic associations (Preston et al., 1998). Bacteria constitute more than 90% of the total biomass of agricultural soils, followed by fungi and protozoa. Bacteria obtain energy and nutrients through decomposition of dead plant material and from exudates of living plants, and they may significantly influence interactions that take place between plants, including competition (Chanway et al., 1991). Most plant bacteria are facultative saprobes and contain plasmids in addition to large, circular chromosomes.
Wilde West
Authors: Meisel Perry
Published: November 2023

What Wilde and the Westerners shared, of course, was the license that Romanticism afforded and that cow boy and dandy each exploited in a different way. Between them was the Romantic bond that Wilde teased out, the bond with their dandy counterparts that Americans in general, and Westerners in particular, couldn’t quite admit to themselves: that the great outdoors was really an elaborate form of interior decoration. The cultivation of both exterior space and internal reflection depends upon a single principle of imperial imagination. “A continuous redistribution of matter and motion,” as a Paterian Wilde puts it in 1879 (9:183), three years before his American trip, is the visionary imperative that links science and art, the practical and the imaginative, the American and the European, the cow boy and the dandy. Like the artist, the American-so the implication goes as Wilde delivered this apothegm to an audience in Washington in June of 1882, just before heading West-”will take from his surroundings whatever is salutary for his own spirit” (1882b, n:n9).
The Psychology of the Appeal of Portrayals of Violence
Authors: Zillmann Dolf
Published: November 2023

The Khan’s famous utterance actually may have lost some of its sting in the translation-probably by design, in order to make it more palatable for sensitive Westerners. Such likely cleansing seems duly corrected, however, by contemporary fiction. Events that accord with the barbarian’s formula for the grandest of bliss have become mainstream entertainment in the so-called free world. They are laid open and featured in the raw, with pains taken to depict the cruelest of cruelties and the goriest of gore, along with the most profane linguistic concoctions imaginable. Granted that most modern storytelling still clings to protagonists who have retained some moral inhibitions and even pursue the common good to a degree, the blockbuster success stories tend to present barbarous villains who, like ancient emperors, see no wrong in vanquishing those who get in their way, as well as in taking possession of whatever those others cherish, including their lovers and loved ones.
The Game of Seek and Find
Authors: Loewenstein Werner R
Published: November 2023

We now veer off the mainstream for a while to survey how all that enormous flux gets aportioned and channeled. The question immediately before us is, how do the messages from the thousands of genes get to the right destinations? Consider their conveyance from RNA to protein. The continuity of the information flux here depends on a series of specific molecular associations: the 20 different enzymes, the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, join up with their appropriate amino acids; these 20 molecular combinations, in turn, associate with their appropriate tRNA adaptors, and the resulting 31 amino acid-tRNA couples hitch up to the appropriate mRNA codons. But how do all these molecules find one another in the hodgepodge of the cell? How do they sort themselves out? Let’s take into consideration only the enzymes and amino acids, to narrow the issue. Each molecule here shares the cellular space with 40 different cognate species which are not materially segregated-there are no walls between them, nor a dynamic water structure that sweeps them apart. All those molecules are scattered about randomly by thermal energy, tossing and tumbling in the cell water, occasionally bouncing into one another. Millions of molecular encounters take place every instant in this jumble, yet only a few are of the fulfilling sort where the right enzyme meets the right amino acid. But those few matches make the endless roaming worthwhile.
How Can You Explain So Wise an Old Bird in a Few Words?
Authors: Loewenstein Werner R
Published: November 2023

Here ends our excursion along the biological information stream. This is as far as I dared to go; farther “down” it gets too labyrinthine for safe travel. But no journey would be complete without a little philosophy, especially not a journey so full of wonders. It has been said by Epicurus-and he was probably rightthat all philosophy takes its origin from wondering. So here we’ll ponder over the peculiar character of biology as a science and the prospects of a unifying theory. I will draw a parallel with physics to improve the sibyllic odds.
Studies in Scientific Realism
Authors: Kukla Andre
Published: November 2023

This book offers a superbly clear analysis of the standard arguments for and against scientific realism. In surveying claims on both sides of the debate, Kukla organizes them in ways that expose unnoticed connections. He identifies broad patterns of error, reconciles seemingly incompatible positions, and discovers unoccupied positions with the potential to influence further debate. Kukla’s overall assessment is that neither the realists nor the antirealists may claim a decisive victory.
The Varieties of Realism
Authors: Kukla Andre
Published: November 2023

The first order of business is to distinguish among several varieties of realism and antirealism. This unexciting but essential preliminary task 1s made all the more tedious by the lack of a standardized nomenclature in the field. Take “instrumentalism”. In the current philosophical literature, this term is often used to refer to a form of antirealism which denies that theoretical statements have truth-values. Almost as often, however, it covers any form of antirealism about theoretical entities. In the first sense of the term, van Fraassen isn’t an instrumentalist; in the second sense, he is. In this chapter, I present a taxonomy of realisms and antirealisms that will (usually) be adhered to throughout this book. Current usage is taken into account as much as possible, but I’ve had to make some arbitrary decisions. I’ve even had to introduce a couple of neologisms. The resulting scheme is adequate for the purpose oflocating the present work in its broader philosophical context. Perhaps it will also encourage terminological standardization among other workers in the field. It shouldn’t be expected that my scheme will be exhaustive of all the forms of realism and antirealism that have occupied the attention of philosophers. Those that I deal with do, however, constitute a set of core positions. They’re the “main sequence” of realist and antirealist views in our era.
Psychosocial Rehabilitation for Problems Arising from Cognitive Deficits in Dementia
Authors: Bird Michael
Published: November 2023

According to most definitions, rehabilitation aims at the restoration of normal everyday functioning, for example, “The process of restoring the person’s ability to live and work as normally as possible after a disabling injury or illness” (Miller & Keane, 1987, p. 826). With the dementias, a group of illnesses that cause progressive deterioration and have no known cure, further qualification is required. This chapter concerns psychosocial interventions whose express target is serious clinical problems arising from cognitive deficits in dementia.
Introduction
Authors: Fulcher Jane F
Published: November 2023

This book is about a phenomenon of central importance to cultural studies and, as such, to current attempts to situate musical culture within a historical landscape. Its subject is the “invasion” of one cultural area or field by another-in this case the occupation of French musical culture by political culture at the turn of the century.
Creative And Professional Responses To The Politicization Of Music
Authors: Fulcher Jane F
Published: November 2023

In chapter 1 we examined how French music was implicated in the torrid symbolic battle that was launched by two nationalist leagues over the question of French cultural identity and values. We saw that as a result of the central institutional opposition between the Schola Cantorum and the Conservatoire, musical culture was bisected into hostile camps. D’Indy and the nationalist Schola challenged the Republic’s educational hegemony and established a discourse that related its conception of national identity to a canon and to style; the Republic responded with alacrity, defining its own set of meanings and values, as well as a canon in the context of both the programs of the 1900 Exposition and academic music history.
Methodological Issues in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Plasticity Following Brain Injury
Authors: Rickard Timothy C
Published: November 2023

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) holds great promise of providing fundamental new insights into the plasticity of neural organization that may accompany recovery of function after brain damage. In principle, comparison of the activation patterns of patients and normal subjects can provide direct information not only about whether neural plasticity has occurred, but also about its location and extent. However, there are a number of factors that can lead to activation differences between patients and controls that are completely unrelated to any plasticity effect that may be present. Taken as a group, these factors present a significant challenge to researchers in this area. This chapter provides a brief tour of some of the more important of these challenges from the perspectives of both methodology and data interpretation.
Analysis of Detritus and Organic Horizons for Mineral and Organic Constituents
Authors: Harmon Mark E , Lajtha Kate
Published: November 2023

The analysis of the chemical composition of plant matter (leaves, stems, I roots, and detritus) is critical for studies of nutrient turnover in ecosystems and of the biotic pools of important biogeochemical elements, as well as for understanding nutrient and chemical limits to plant growth. Understanding the organic constituents of plant litter and their transformation into those forming soil organic matter is also a critical need given their link to the biogeochemistry of other elements and the storage of carbon in ecosystems. The chemical analysis of plant materials for mineral constituents is fairly straightforward, although different materials may need either different pretreatment or slightly different digestion methods. In contrast, the analysis of organic constituents is not straightforward because of both the underlying complexity of the compounds themselves and the variety of methods that can be used, none of which are perfect. Our intent in this chapter is to review these methods and recommend standard protocols. In the case of organic constituents, we recognize that these recommendations may become dated rapidly if the most modern instrumentation becomes generally available.
Measurement of Static Root Parameters Biomass, Length, and Distribution in the Soil Profile
Authors: Bledsoe Caroline S , Fahey Timothy J , Day Frank P , Ruess Roger W
Published: November 2023

At all levels of ecological organization in terrestrial ecosystems, the structure and function of plant root systems are crucial. The physiological, architectural, and morphological features of individual root systems affect many processes-the development of soils; the composition of soil organisms; the turnover of soil organic matter; the acquisition of water and nutrients for plants; and the establishment, growth, reproduction, and mortality of plant populations. Competition for soil resources among individuals often determines survival and dominance of plants in the community. Moreover, the allocation of energy to belowground tissue fuels the complex soil community that regulates the cycling of nutrients and flow of energy through soils. Thus, our understanding of ecosystem structure and function and our ability to predict ecological responses to environmental change depend in large part on the availability of accurate information on plant root systems.
Analyzing Bach Cantatas
Authors: Chafe Eric
Published: November 2023

The Bach cantatas are among the highest achievements of Western musical art; yet studies of individual Bach cantatas that are both illuminating and detailed are few in number. In this book Eric Chafe combines theological, historical, analytical, and interpretive approaches to the cantatas to offer the reader and listener the richest possible experience of the works in the light of the composer’s intentions and of the enduring and universal qualities of the works. Concentrating on a small number of representative cantatas, mostly from the Leipzig cycles of 1723-24 and 1724-25, and in particular on Cantata 77, Chafe illustrates how Bach strove to mirror both the dogma and the mystery of religious experience in musical allegory.
Moral Absolutism And The Double Effect Exception: Reflections On Joseph Boyle’s ‘‘Who Is Entitled To Double Effect?’’
Authors: Donagan Alan
Published: November 2023

Most Catholic moralists, especially those who have to do with the practice of medicine, have long accepted that some moral prohibitions are not absolute, but admit exceptions when what is putatively prohibited because of a bad effect has a counterbalancing good effect. In recent years their doctrine has attracted much interest and some favor among secular non-Catholics. Moralists influenced by Kant, however, tend to resist ‘‘double effect’’ exceptions as superfluous. The issues are confusing, because not only are theories of the double effect exception various, but so also are theories according to which it is superfluous. Joseph Boyle’s illuminating exploration of some of the theories in the field, both Catholic and non-Catholic, and his exposition and persuasive defense of a particular Catholic theory of it, disentangle some of my own perplexities;and in what follows, I shall try to disentangle some others.
Maximal Specificity and Lawlikeness in Probabilistic Explanation
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H
Published: November 2023

In this article, I propose to reconsider certain basic issues in the logic of probabilistic-statistical explanation and to respond to some criticisms and constructive suggestions concerning my previous writings on the subject. In my articles [4] and [5], I contrasted probabilistic, or inductive-statistical (I-S), explanation with deductive-nomological (D-N) explanation. A D-N explanation is an argument in which the explanandum sentence, which describes whatever is being explained, is deduced from a set of explanans sentences which include one or more laws or theoretical principles and usually, though not necessarily, also certain statements of particulars, such as initial or boundary conditions. An argument of this kind explains the explanandum phenomenon by showing that it was to be expected in view of the general laws adduced, given the particular circumstances specified. Such an account might, therefore, be said to exhibit the nomic expectability of the explanandum phenomenon.
Turns in the Evolution of the Problem of Induction
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H
Published: November 2023

Since the days of Hume’s skeptical doubt, philosophical conceptions of the problem of induction and of ways in which it might be properly solved or dissolved have undergone a series of striking metamorphoses. In my essay, I propose to examine some of those turnings, which seem to me to raise particularly important questions about the nature of empirical knowledge and especially scientific knowledge. Many, but by no means all, of the statements asserted by empirical science at a given time are accepted on the basis of previously established evidence sentences. Hume’s skeptical doubt reflects the realization that most of those indirectly, or inferentially, accepted assertions rest on evidence that gives them no complete, no logically conclusive, support. This is, of course, the point of Hume’s observation that even if we have examined many occurrences of A and have found them all to be accompanied by B, it is quite conceivable, or logically possible, that some future occurrence of A might not be accompanied by B.
Hempel’s Logicist Philosophy of Mathematics, Background and Sequel
Authors: Hintikka Jaakko
Published: November 2023

The main tenets of Hempel’s philosophy of mathematics are easily described. This philosophy is a paradigmatic form of what is known as the logicist approach to mathematics. Its main theses are (a) that mathematical truths are analytic a priori and (b) that mathematics is a branch of logic. The second thesis can be looked upon as a way of helping to establish the former. In other words, (a) mathematical propositions cannot be disproved by any conceivable empirical evidence, but they do so only at a price: they do not convey any factual information.
The Erotics of Talk “That Oldest Human Longing” in Their Eyes Were Watching God
Authors: Kaplan Carla
Published: November 2023

Reduced to its basic narrative components, Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God is the story of a young woman in search of an orgasm. From the moment Janie is “summoned to behold a revelation” and witnesses the “panting,” “frothing,” “ecstatic,” “creaming” fulfillment of a blossoming pear tree,1 her quest is set; she wants, as she puts it, “tuh utilize mahself all over” (p. 169). The novel was written in a cultural context of multiple sanctions against any representation of black female sexuality.2
I
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

Between the ages of thirteen and twenty-five, Joao Romao worked for the proprietor of a dingy and squalid but profitable tavern and general store in the back streets of Botafogo. Joao spent so little during those dozen years that, when his employer returned to his native Portugal, the young man received, in payment for his labors, not only the bar and its contents but 1,500 mil-reis in cash. An established proprietor in his own right, Joao toiled even more feverishly, possessed by such a thirst for riches that he patiently endured the cruelest hardships. He slept on a straw mat on the counter, using a burlap sack stuffed with straw for his pillow. His meals were prepared, for 400 reis a day, by Bertoleza, a black slave some thirty years old.