bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Image of BREAD in Lithuanian Dictionaries
Authors: Smetonienė Irena
Published: October 2021

The bread in one form or another has been known to people all over the world. Linguistic data and rites show that the Lithuanians have been eating bread since ancient times. Bread is mentioned in the small-form verbal folklore, songs, sagas, fairy tales, beliefs and various rites. In ancient times the bread was personalised and deified. The examples from the dialect dictionaries were also included into the research because every dialectal saying is an example of cultural message, manifestation of tradition nurturance and preservation, a part of cultural heritage, which links the past with the present. The dialectal examples show, what is deep-rooted in the tradition, what is passed down from generation to generation, what lies in the traditional value system and what makes the essence of an ethnic group. Due to these reasons the dialectal texts have a huge public or cultural value as they denote a content that is significant to a certain community. Having completed the analysis of dialectal discourse, it can be stated that various dictionaries construct the following picture of the concept bread: bread is the main meal of people, it is baked from different kinds of cereal flours, it is respected and saved, it has healing powers; the bread baked at home is the most delicious; if there is no bread, a person starves; to have bread all the time one has to work hard because baking bread is labour-intensive work, which has to be performed with knowledge and love, to make bread delicious and fragrant, calamus, cabbage or maple leaves are put under a loaf of bread, it is decorated or marked with sacred signs; an individual equals bread with human activity and appearance; bread is a measure of life, a reference point for evaluating certain actions. The place of bread in the human life is reflected by derivates as well: special things, capacities for mixing, souring, baking, slicing or keeping bread; other meals prepared from bread.
Picture of MOTHER Based on Selected Writings of Vanda Juknaitė
Authors: Slotvinska Karolina
Published: October 2021

The article provides the analysis of the linguistic picture of mother in contemporary Lithuanian literature. The analysis is based on the writings of contemporary Lithuanian writer Vanda Juknaitė, namely on her novella Stiklo šalis (‘Land of Glass’) and novel Šermenys (‘Funeral’). The research is carried out using cognitive linguistics methodology and the description of linguistic worldview in texts. Through multiple aspects and meanings, fragility, the author shows the real view of mother, with all her weaknesses and dark sides. mother is called using a very general word woman , which probably highlights the importance of maternity in each woman’s life. mother takes no care of her appearance: looks tired, dark, and sad. Her psychological world is full of contrasts; she is strong and weak, decisive and reluctant, brave and timid at the same time. However, she features very strong relations (both physical and psychological) with her child. The analysis of Juknaitė’s idiolect has shown that the author provides no idealised picture of mother.
PATRIOTISM in the Lithuanian Language
Authors: Smetona Marius
Published: October 2021

Patriotism as a phenomenon is not new and it has manifested itself in various ways. The roots of contemporary Lithuanian patriotism go back to the middle of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The available data from that period do not allow making any specific conclusions but it can be seen that the word patriotism was a relatively new in the beginning of the 20th c. Patriotism was best understood in the interim period between the two world wars, when an attitude started to form that own nation should not only be elevated distinguishing it from others but it is also something everybody has to be proud of. After Lithuania was incorporated into the Soviet Union, a new concept, i. e. soviet patriotism, emerged. This idea is based on internationalism, commitment to socialist order and solidarity of soviet nations. The attitude of a present-day Lithuanian to patriotism is reflected best in contemporary discourse. The issues of love for Homeland have been frequently discussed not only by political analysts or historians but also by representatives of arts and sports. Moreover, the media have frequently discussed issues, which are not characteristic of real patriotisms or even have raised some doubts about patriotism being an exaggerated phenomenon. However, comprehensive research studies on patriotism are few. The concept of patriotism has almost escaped the research focus of linguists. Therefore, an attempt will be made to bridge the gap in linguistic research analysing the data available in dictionaries, discourses and surveys.

It can be stated that a contemporary individual tends to nurture the same values as people in the interim period. These embraces work for the sake of homeland and nation, concern about its future and welfare, nurturance of homeland and the mother tongue, culture and history. Loyalty, gratefulness, nostalgia to homeland, attachment to the land of their birth, honesty, courage, freedom, responsibility and pride are assigned to patriotism. Patriotism implies defence of own country in the hour of peril. This is particularly emphasised in the historical discourse, where defence of own country is one of the prevailing motives, and in the surveys of students. Contemporary discourse allocates less attention to this issue. Patriotism is related to acknowledgement of the country’s mistakes, promoting its name and celebration of public holidays.

Patriotism can hardly be imagined without knowledge of the national history, culture, its heroes and prominent figures. The data from both discourses and surveys allow claiming that patriotism is perceived as a feeling or feelings, an inner state or a value. In fact, it can be stated that though patriotism is not an old concept, which replaced such concepts as ethnicity and love for homeland, the view of patriotism, which formed at the end of the 19th c. and in the beginning of the 20th c., has remained the same up to now.
Not a whim, just esteem. Esteem in the Questionnaire Responses of Lublin Students
Authors: Gierczak Sylwia Katarzyna
Published: October 2021

This paper aims to present and discuss the results of a survey study concerning the notion of SZACUNEK (“esteem”). The survey was conducted in a group of students from Lublin universities: Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Medical University of Lublin and Lublin University of Technology. The participants of the study included male and female students pursuing both STEM and liberal arts degrees.The present paper is situated within the research on the language of values, which has its framework in the context of the five-volume Leksykon aksjologiczny Słowian i ich sąsiadów (“Axiological Lexicon of Slavs and Their Neighbours”) published under the scholarly and editorial direction of Jerzy Bartmiński as part of the international conference EUROJOS. The analyses discussed by the author were carried out in accordance with the methodological approach adopted in the report Język – wartości – polityka. Zmiany rozumienia nazw wartości w okresie transformacji ustrojowej w Polsce (“Language, Values, Politics. Evolution of the Understanding of Names of Values during the System Transformation in Poland”) published under the direction of Jerzy Bartmiński.

The survey study made use of the Axiological Dictionary Questionnaire. All respondents were obligatorily asked the following question: “What – in your view – constitutes the essence of esteem?”. The analysis and discussion of questionnaire results was based on 100 responses (N) and 142 “mini-responses” (W). This allowed to distinguish 28 descriptors (D), 15 of which had only single occurrences. Descriptor characteristics (along with the corresponding phrases) were ordered according to the number of occurrences and assigned to appropriate aspects. Six aspects characteristic for the students’ view of ESTEEM were distinguished.
ОПОДАТКУВАННЯ ГОТІВКОВИХ РОЗРАХУНКІВ ЯК ЗАСІБ ОБМЕЖЕННЯ ПОПИТУ НА ГОТІВКУ І ДЕТІНІЗАЦІЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ
Authors: ПАРНЮК Володимир
Published: October 2021

Дослідження показали, що політика Національного банку України стосовно зменшення готівки в обігу не є послідовною. Пріоритетом для нього виступає задоволення зростаючого попиту на готівку, а не вжиття заходів щодо обмеження готівкового обігу. На підтвердження цієї думки наведено дані за 2020 р., коли відбулося стрімке зростання готівки в обігу, співвідношення якої до ВВП зросло з 9,7% (за погодженого з МВФ рівня у 9,5%) до 12,3%. В українських реаліях існує прямий зв'язок між кількістю готівки в обігу і рівнем тіньової економіки. Чим більше готівки в обігу, тим масштабнішою є тіньова економіка, вищим рівень корупції, більшою кількість кримінальних злочинів. НБУ фактично став установою, яка формує головну умову тіньової економіки – постачає достатню для тіньового обігу кількість готівки. Реагування на зростаючий попит на готівку потребує значних коштів на виготовлення нової готівки. Такі витрати включаються до кошторису адміністративних витрат НБУ. В разі нестачі власних доходів НБУ фінансування його збитків має здійснюватися з бюджету наступного року. Для покриття можливого дефіциту НБУ пропонується запровадити збір за готівкові розрахунки. Його введення розглядається як інструмент обмеження попиту на готівку в господарському обороті, а не як постійно зростаюче джерело наповнення бюджету. Платниками збору будуть особи, які за придбані товари розраховуються готівкою. Запровадження такого збору стимулюватиме скорочення готівкових розрахунків, отже, і тіньової економіки.
Comparative Analysis of 13,14C Induced Reactions on 232Th Target
Authors: Kaur Manpreet , Singh BirBikram , Sharma Manoj K.
Published: October 2021

We have investigated the pairing and magicity effect in context of a comparative study of 13,14C induced reactions on 232Th target at energies in the vicinity of Coulomb barrier. The fission distribution and related properties are explored in terms of the summed-up preformation probabilities. The barrierpenetrability is found to be higher for fragments emitted from 246Cm* formed in 14C+232Th reaction than those emitted in the fission of 245Cm*, leading to higher magnitude of cross-section for earlier case. The DCM calculated fusion-fission cross-sections using ΔR=0 fm are normalised to compare with the available experimental data. The calculations are done for spherical shape of fragments and it will be of further interest to explore the fission mass distribution after the inclusion of deformations.
Achieving Entrustable Professional Activities During Fellowship
Authors: Weiss Pnina G. , Schwartz Alan , Carraccio Carol L. , Herman Bruce E. , Turner David A. , Aye Tandy , Fussell Jill J. , Kesselheim Jennifer , Mahan John D. , McGann Kathleen A. , Myers Angela , Stafford Diane E.J. , Chess Patricia R. , Curran Megan L. , Dammann Christiane E. L. , High Pamela , Hsu Deborah C. , Pitts Sarah , Sauer Cary , Srivastava Shubhika , Mink Richard B.
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) were developed to assess pediatric fellows. We previously showed that fellowship program directors (FPDs) may graduate fellows who still require supervision. How this compares with their expectations for entrustment of practicing subspecialists is unknown.

METHODS

We surveyed US FPDs in 14 pediatric subspecialties through the Subspecialty Pediatrics Investigator Network between April and August 2017. For each of 7 common pediatric subspecialty EPAs, we compared the minimum level of supervision that FPDs required for graduation with the level they expected of subspecialists for safe and effective practice using the Friedman rank sum test and paired t test. We compared differences between subspecialties using linear regression.

RESULTS

We collected data from 660 FPDs (response rate 82%). For all EPAs, FPDs did not require fellows to reach the level of entrustment for graduation that they expected of subspecialists to practice (P < .001). FPDs expected the least amount of supervision for the EPAs consultation and handovers. Mean differences between supervision levels for graduation and practice were smaller for clinical EPAs (consultation, handovers, lead a team) when compared with nonclinical EPAs (quality improvement, management, lead the profession and scholarship; P = .001) and were similar across nearly all subspecialties.

CONCLUSIONS

Fellowship graduates may need continued development of clinical and nonclinical skills in their early practice period, underscoring a need for continued assessment and mentoring. Graduation readiness must be based on clear requirements, with alignment of FPD expectations and regulatory standards, to ensure quality care for patients.
Возможности лингвистического анализа иноязычных вкраплений польского происхождения в лексике русского языка
Authors: Плесник Лукаш
Published: October 2021

The article is devoted to the problem of foreign language inclusions of Polish origin in the vocabulary of the Russian language. The main attention is paid to three linguistic analyzes (etymological, semantic and stylistic), which are presented on the basis of the created database of language data. Etymological analysis examines the inclusions of Polish origin according to their belonging to the Polish language as a source or intermediate language, semantic analysis pays attention to the distribution of Polish-language inclusions according to lexical and semantic groups, stylistic analysis classifies the inclusions of Polish origin according to their speech style.
Therapeutic application of hyaluronic acid for buco-facial harmony. A clinical case
Authors: Rosario-Martínez R. , Sorbera L. , Rodríguez I.A.
Published: October 2021

Aim: To show a clinical case where hyaluronic acid was used to improve bucco-facial zone.
Methods: We present a case of a patient, a 46 years oldwoman. Hyaluronic acid (RestylaneKisse) was injected in upper and lower overall (that had lost its outline), in upper philtral columns and marionette lines.
Results: Hyaluronic acid treatment showed clinicalchanges. This changes were, uniform contour lip, increased volume in the philtral columns andhydrated skin.
Conclusion: The clinical case showed that the hyaluronic acid improved the lips, the skin, and the marionette lines. This treatment produced clinical changes that were maintained in time without alterations in the tissues.
Has the kidney survival improved in the IgA glomerulopathy in the last three decades?
Authors: Ballesteros-Barroso M. , Rabasco C. , Sánchez R. , Ortega R. , Espinosa-Hernández M.
Published: October 2021

Aim: To have the knowledge of the incidence, clinical, analytical and histological presentations, the kidney survival mean and the contribution of treatments to it.
Methods: A descriptive, observational and transversal study over 156 patients who were diagnosed of primary IgA glomerulonephritis between 1994 and 2018 in the Nephrology department of Reina Sofía Hospital in Córdoba.
Variables were analysed globally and compared between group 1 (G1) 1994-2002, group 2 (G2) 2002-2010 and group 3 (G3) 2010-2018.
Results: Annual incidence 8,4 cases/million, 69,2% men, age mean 35,4±15,2 years old, serum creatinine mean 1,7±1,2 mg./dl., proteinuria mean 1,9±2,4 g./24h., macroscopic hematuria 41,4%, arterial hypertension 61,5%, ACEI/IIARA 87,5% and corticosteroids 33,7%. Kidney biopsy, mesangial proliferation 71,1%, sclerosis 49,2%, severe fibrosis 27,1%. The kidney survival at 10 and 20 years was 80,6% and 77,3%, respectively. GROUPS. The annual incidence increased in G3 (9,9 cases/million VS 6,9 cases/million G1), higher age mean (39,4±16,5 years old VS 31,5±14,9 years old G1, p=0,011), lower macroscopic hematuria (27,5% VS 58,8% G1, p=0,021) and worse prognosis histological characteristics, S1 (59,6% VS 25% G1, p=0,005) y F2 (21,7% VS 20% G1, p=0,016). The kidney survival at 8 years was identical in three groups (p=0,16).
Conclusion: The incidence of biopsies with IgA nephropathy in Cordoba was increased between 2010 and 2018, with older patients, lower macroscopic hematuria and worse prognosis histological characteristics. Treatments and kidney survival at 8 years have not varied in three groups, making a different therapeutic approach necessary in order to improve the prognosis of the disease.
Surgical treatment of Fournier’s Gangrene: debridement and coverage. Series of 7 cases
Authors: Cámara- Pérez J. , Rodríguez-Cano M.A. , Zapata-Negreiros J.A. , Ávila-Pérez M. , García-Hortelano E. , Espiñeira-Carmona M.J.
Published: October 2021

Introduction: Fournier’s disease is a type of necrotizing fasciitis, which is quickly progressive and involves mainly the testicular, perineal and perianal areas. Its etiology is polymicrobial, being associated to multiple risk factors.Due to its complexity, its treatment comprises antibiotic therapy, as well as two surgical steps, including the first one various surgical interventions, which consist in aggressive debridement of the nonviable tissue, and a second step, in which the coverage of the resulting defect is undertaken, for which multiple surgical techniques are available, although it has not been clarified which one should be indicated.
Objectives: To find out which surgical techniques are used for coverage in Fournier’s disease and the length of the hospital stay that each one associates, as well as the characteristics of the patients with this disease.
Material and methods. We selected all the patients whose diagnosis was Gangrene Fournier when discharged form hospital, who also underwent surgical coverage of the resulting defect in the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery in Hospital Reina Sofía of Córdoba, Spain. From these patients, we recollected data about the coverage surgical technique undertaken, length of the hospital stay, demographic characteristics of the patients, associated risk factors, possible precipitating factors, as well as anatomical affected areas. Subsequently, absolute and relative frequencies were calculated.
Results. Most patients were middle-advanced aged males. The perineal area was the most common affected one. The most usual risk factors were hypertension and smoking. The split-thickness skin graft was the coverage technique most frequently used.
Conclusions. Fournier’s disease is potentially severe illness which requires a multidisciplinary approach, involving multiple surgical operations, as well as a long hospital stay. The coverage surgery presents high heterogeneity, being primary closure, secondary closure, split-thickness skin graft and fascio/musculocutaneous flap considered among the surgical techniques available.
Salt-rejecting rGO-coated melamine foams for high-efficiency solar desalination
Authors: Chang Chao , Liu Min , Li Lanxin , Chen Guowei , Pei Lilin , Wang Zongyu , Ji Yulong
Published: October 2021

Solar-driven interfacial desalination has been emerged as a promising water treatment technology to generate drinkable water out of seawater. The accumulated salt crystals generated from seawater, however, have adverse effects on solar-driven interfacial evaporation. In this work, we prepared a salt-rejecting reduced graphene oxide (rGO) foam by depositing rGO particles on a hydrophilic melamine foam for solar desalination. Benefitting from the intrinsic porous microstructure and hydrophilicity, the rGO-coated melamine foam has sufficient wettability to draw water to the evaporation region, leading to rapid replenishment of water and simultaneously avoiding salt precipitation. Based on the rGO-coated melamine foam, the interfacial evaporation system can achieve a steady-state evaporation efficiency of 89.6% under a solar flux of 1 kW m−2 and has good durability under one sun over 12 h. With the high solar-to-thermal conversion efficiency and excellent long-term stability, this interfacial evaporation system exhibits the potential of commercial seawater desalination.

Graphic abstract
Atomistic simulations of Ag–Cu–Sn alloys based on a new modified embedded-atom method interatomic potential
Authors: Ko Won-Seok , Lee Jung Soo , Kim Dong-Hyun
Published: October 2021

An interatomic potential for the ternary Ag–Cu–Sn system, an important material system related to the applications of lead-free solders, is developed on the basis of the second nearest-neighbor modified embedded-atom-method formalism. Potential parameters for the ternary and related binary systems are determined based on the recently improved unary description of pure Sn and the present improvements to the unary descriptions of pure Ag and Cu. To ensure the sufficient performance of atomistic simulations in various applications, the optimization of potential parameters is conducted based on the force-matching method that utilizes density functional theory predictions of energies and forces on various atomic configurations. We validate that the developed interatomic potential exhibits sufficient accuracy and transferability to various physical properties of pure metals, intermetallic compounds, solid solutions, and liquid solutions. The proposed interatomic potential can be straightforwardly used in future studies to investigate atomic-scale phenomena in soldering applications.

Graphical abstract
Review of DTM derivatives most used in digital soil mapping
Authors: Radło - Kulisiewicz Małgorzata
Published: October 2021

Digital Soil Mapping (DSM) is a subdiscipline of pedology, where soil cover is modelled through use of spatial – temporal relations between environmental covariates and soil. The process of quantitative terrain description used in DSM is called terrain parametrization, where terrain attributes (morphometric factors, Digital Terrain Model derivatives) are the most used predicators. Terrain parameterisation was used as a tool in the hydrological survey workshop long before computers had been in use. With the development of digitisation, it also began to be used to determine selected soil attributes, which was greatly facilitated by GIS applications. A signifi – cant breakthrough in the importance of terrain attributes in the creation of soil maps and models took place with the formalisation of rules for digital soil mapping. Literature describes over 50 indices, although only a few of them are commonly applied. This applies to single soil attributes as well as more advanced implementations in more sophisticated models such as artifi cial intelligence algorithms. The aim of the following article is to present the main components of DSM and to describe characteristics of the most commonly derivatives of DTM applied there, also refers to several examples of the use of terrain parameters in the context of DSM in terms of the resolution of the elevation model used.
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR CORRECTION BY THE TRANSPLANTATION OF IN VITRO MODULATED IMMUNE CELLS
Authors: Markova E. V. , Serenko E. V. , Knyazheva M. A.
Published: October 2021

Aggression is a serious biomedical problem associated with a high percentage of patients and a lack of selective corrective agents. The most frequent increase in aggressiveness occurs in patients with depressive disorders, schizophrenia, reactive psychoses and adjustment disorders, which are known to be characterized by immunological dysfunction. Antipsychotics are widely used in the correction of psychomotor agitation; the antipsychotic effect of these drugs is manifested in the achievement of a sedative effect. However, like other psychoactive substances, they have a number of side effects that limit their long-term use and determines the need to search for new approaches to the correction of affective disorders. Experimental modeling of aggression is one of the main approaches for studying its pathogenetic mechanisms and searching for new effective therapeutic agents for the treatment. The study of the aggression pathogenetic mechanisms and the search for approaches to therapy within the framework of neuroimmune interaction is currently extremely promising. Currently, there is a large number of clinical and experimental data indicating interrelated changes in the functional activity of the nervous and immune systems during aggression. The leading links in the pathogenetic mechanism of aggression is the violation of the production and mutual regulation of cytokines, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, growth factors, hormones, the effects of which are mediated by the cellular elements of the immune system. Given the immune cells essential role in the pathogenesis of aggression and the psychoactive substances unidirectional effect on the immune and nervous cells, make it possible to consider immune cells as model objects for influencing the intersystem functional relationship in order to edit the aggressive phenotype. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of in vitro neuroleptic-modulated immune cells transplantation on behavioral phenotype and brain cytokines in aggressive syngeneic recipients. Aggressive behavior was formed in active male mice (CBA × C57Bl/6) F1 as a result of the experience of 20- fold victories in inter-male confrontations (distant sensory contact model). Aggressive mice splenocytes were treated in vitro with chlorpromazine and intravenously injected to syngeneic aggressive recipients. It has been demonstrated that modulated in vitro by chlorpromazine splenocytes of aggressive mice after transplantation edit the syngeneic aggressive recipient’s behavior against the background of a decrease in cytokines IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IFNγ and an increase in IL-4 in pathogenetically significant for aggression brain structures. The mechanisms of the aggressive behavior correcting effect of modulated immune cells are discussed.
CO-EXPRESSION OF MEMBRANE-BOUND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-α RECEPTORS IN MAJOR SUBPOPULATIONS OF IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELLS IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS AND PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AS WELL AS BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Authors: Zhukova Yu. V. , Alshevskaya A. A. , Kireev F. D. , Chumasova O. A. , Shkaruba N. S. , Sizikov A. E. , Lopatnikova Yu. A. , Demina D. V. , Karaulov A. V. , Silkov A. N. , Sennikov S. V.
Published: October 2021

A pleiotropic cytokine TNFα is an important inflammatory mediator of a number of diseases; its biological functions are fulfilled through two different receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2. Changes in the ratio between these types of receptors shifting the balance between the pro-apoptotic and proliferation signaling pathways play a crucial role in eliciting the cell response to TNFα. The pathological processes in the body can alter the levels of TNFR1 and TNFR2 expression on the cells involved in disease development. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the level of co-expression of type 1 and 2 TNFα receptors in the major subpopulations of peripheral blood cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and bronchial asthma (BA). The greatest changes in the percentage of cells expressing TNFR1 and TNFR2 were revealed for the B-lymphocyte subpopulation. For the T-lymphocyte subpopulation, there were some differences in the percentage of cells expressing exclusively TNFR1 in RA and BA patients compared with those in healthy subjects, as well as between the RA and BA groups. A higher percentage of double-negative monocytes was observed in patients with BA and RA compared to healthy subjects. These findings indicate that the coexpression profile of TNFR1 and TNFR2 receptors in patients with RA and BA differ within these groups as well as compared to that in healthy subjects. These immune cell populations are actively involved in the pathogenesis of both rheumatoid arthritis and bronchial asthma, so the results may indicate that these cells might show different responses to TNFα as the percentage and the number of receptors on their surface vary.
EFFECT OF HUMAN HERPES VIRUS REACTIVATION ON SYSTEMIC CYTOKINE PRODUCTION IN PATIENTS WITH BEHCET’S DISEASE AND UVEITIS
Authors: Krichevskaya G. I. , Sorozhkina E. S. , Balatskaya N. V. , Kulikova I. G. , Andryushin A. E. , Davidova G. A. , Lisitsyna T. A.
Published: October 2021

Behcet’s disease (BD) is a systemic autoinflammatory-autoimmune disease (chronic systemic vasculitis) of unknown etiology, almost 70% of patients develop uveitis. BD pathogenesis is complex, human herpesviruses (HHV) play an important role among infectious trigger factors. Ability of herpesviruses to modulate cytokine production and evade host’s immune response is known.

Aim of the study was to assess the effect of Herpes simplex virus type 1, Herpes simplex virus type 2, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus on systemic levels of chemokines, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in BD with and without uveitis. Serum samples were collected from 116 BD patients chronically infected with HHV and examined in ELISA-test for markers of HHV reactivation (IgG-antibodies to immediate early HSV antigens 1, 2 and CMV, early EBV antigen). Concentration of IL-1β, IFNγ, MCP-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-18, TNFα, GMCSF, Eotaxin, GRO-α, IP-10, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, SDF-1α, RANTES detected in multiplex analysis. TGF-β1, TGF-β2 were measured in ELISA-test. Depending on presence and activity of uveitis 3 groups of patients with BD were identified: group 1 – active uveitis, group 2 – remission of uveitis, group 3 – BD without ocular manifestations. After serological study 2 subgroups were highlighted in each group: a) patients with antibody markers of reactivation of at least one HHV, b) patients chronically infected with HHV, without serological signs of reactivation. Mean level and detection rate of cytokines and chemokines in patients with active uveitis (1a, 1b) and in remission (2a, 2b) were compared with patients without eye damage (3a, 3b). Chronic HHV infection (subgroup “b”) was compared with reactivation (subgroup “a”). A significant increase of MCP-1/ CCL2, MIP-1α/CCL3, MIP-1β/CCL4, RANTES/CCL5, IP-10, SDF-1α chemokines in serum, as well as IFNγ, TGF-β1, and TGF-β2 was observed in patients with uveitis (regardless of their activity) and HHV reactivation compared to patients without uveitis. Our data indicate that systemic production of cytokines and chemokines in BD patients and uveitis could be affected by the activity of chronic herpesvirus infections, and the greatest changes are related to chemokines.
EFFECT OF M2 MACROPHAGE-DERIVED SOLUBLE FACTORS ON DIFFERENTIATION OF SH-SY5Y CELLS
Authors: Rashchupkin I. M. , Shevela E. Ya. , Chernykh E. R.
Published: October 2021

Macrophages play a key role in triggering and regulation of neuroregeneration. The characteristic feature of macrophages is pronounced plasticity, which manifests itself in the ability of macrophages to change their functional phenotype depending on the micromilieu. Apoptotic cell clearance (efferocytosis) is an important inducer of a macrophage polarization to M2 phenotype under pathological settings. Previously, we have developed an original protocol for the generation of M2-like macrophages, polarized by efferocytosis under serum-deprived conditions (M2 (LS), Low Serum). The present study was aimed to assess a neuroregenerative potential of M2 (LS) macrophages. We studied their effect on the differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells in comparison with retinoic acid (RA). As the morphological criteria of differentiation we have assessed the relative content of differentiated cells, i.e., cells with a neurite length exceeding the cell body length, and the average neurite length on days 3, 7, and 13. The ratio of neuron-like (N-type) and epithelial-like (S-type) cells in cultures was also assessed. SH-SY5Y cells were characterized by a low level of spontaneous differentiation, both under standard conditions (10% FBS) and serum deprivation (1% FBS). Upon RA treatment, SH-SY5Y cells stopped proliferating and underwent neuronal differentiation. Cultivation of SH-SY5Y cells in the presence of M2 (LS) conditioned medium also led to a significant increase in the relative content of differentiated cells, the average length of neurite-like processes, as well as a change in the balance of S- and N-type cells towards a pronounced predominance of the latter. The morphological features of differentiation were significantly less pronounced at early stage (day 3) of differentiation as compared with the RA-induced changes and reached the level of positive control only at later stages (day 13) (p < 0.05). In contrast to retinoic acid, M2 (LS) conditioned medium induced neuronal differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells without suppressing their proliferative activity. The data obtained may indicate a high neuroregenerative potential of M2 macrophages in vitro, which is realized through soluble factors and manifests itself in promoting SH-SY5Y differentiation.
HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS AND CLINICAL-IMMUNOLOGIC INTERACTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH EARLY-ONSET ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND LATE-ONSET ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
Authors: Malashenkova I. K. , Ogurtsov D. P. , Krynskiy S. A. , Khailov N. A. , Selezneva N. D. , Fedorova Ya. B. , Ponomareva E. V. , Kolykhalov I. V. , Gavrilova S. I. , Didkovsky N. A.
Published: October 2021

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is currently the most common cause of dementia. A significant role in the pathogenesis of AD belongs to the activation of the mechanisms of neuroinflammation. There is a hypothesis that chronic infections may play a role in the maintenance of the inflammatory response in AD. The aim of this work was to study the detection rate and DNA level of herpesviruses, as well as their possible relationship with the level of the key cytokines and with clinical parameters of AD in patients with early and late onset. 30 patients with AD and 33 healthy volunteers were enrolled. The quantitative determination of DNA of CMV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7 was carried out by PCR. The level of cytokines and soluble IL-1β antagonist (IL-1ra) in the blood was determined by ELISA. Herpesvirus infection with increased viral load was determined if at least one of the criteria was present: 1) DNA level of EBV and/or HHV-6 > 10,000 copies/ml in saliva; 2) presence of DNA of at least one of the EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7 viruses in the blood. In the subgroup of patients with early onset and increased viral load, there was a higher increase in the levels of a number of cytokines: proinflammatory IL-8 and IL-12, a Th2-cytokine IL-4, a cytokine of the adaptive immune response IL-2. However, the level of the anti-inflammatory protein IL-1ra was lower than in the controls. These changes may indicate a dysregulation of the antiviral response, with a predominance of activation of systemic inflammation and Th2-mediated reactions. Also, in early onset AD the increased viral load was associated with lower scores on Boston naming test. The results indicate that in studies of AD mechanisms and in the search for prognostic markers of the disease, it is important to take into account the heterogeneity of AD in terms of genetic predisposition factors, risk factors, immune parameters and clinical data. Such approach is necessary for the subsequent development of personalized approaches to the prevention and treatment of AD.
IMMUNO-BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF VAGINAL DISCHARGE IN HEALTHY AND MYCOPLASMOSIS-INFECTED COWS
Authors: Vasiliev R. M. , Vasilieva S. V.
Published: October 2021

Genital mycoplasmosis in cows is a disease accompanied by a latent course, which complicates its timely diagnosis and the appointment of adequate therapy. The nonspecific symptomatology of mycoplasmosis, combined with periods of asymptomatic course, leads to the development of functional and morphological changes in the organs of the reproductive system of cows, resulting in infertility. Monitoring studies of livestock farms in the North-West region of the Russian Federation have shown that infection of the genitals of cows with mycoplasmas can be from 20 to 40% of the livestock. Moreover, there is a clear relationship between the high infection rate of the livestock and low reproduction rates. In this regard, livestock enterprises incur significant economic damage. One of the important mechanisms preventing the introduction of various pathogens into the reproductive tract is the resistance of the vaginal mucosa. Among these factors, the most important role is assigned to vaginal autoflora, epithelial desquamation, phagocytosis, acidity of vaginal secretions, the content of immunoglobulins, lysozyme and a number of other nonspecific protective factors in it. We studied the changes in the immuno-biological characteristics of vaginal secretions in the subclinical course of genital mycoplasmosis. Healthy cows with a negative PCR test for Mycoplasma spp. were selected for the study. and infected with Mycoplasma spp., without clinical signs of vaginitis. In both groups of animals, the concentration of hydrogen ions, the activity of lysozyme and immunoglobulins of the classes IgG, IgM, IgA and sIgA were determined in the vaginal secretions. Despite the fact that the persistence of mycoplasmas in the vagina is not accompanied by pronounced clinical signs of vaginitis, but the state of protective factors the mucous membrane undergoes significant changes. The conducted studies made it possible to establish that the long-term presence of mycoplasmas in the vagina of cows is manifested by a significant increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions by 41% and a decrease in the lysozyme activity of vaginal secretions by 2 times, that is, inhibition of the main factors preventing the colonization of mucous pathogenic microflora is observed. In addition, there is a redistribution of classes of immunoglobulins in the vaginal secretion. This is manifested by a significant increase in the content of IgM and sIgA against the background of a tendency towards a decrease in IgA. The noted changes in aggregate create favorable conditions for the introduction of secondary microflora and the development of bacterial-mycoplasma vaginitis, aggravating morpho-functional changes in the reproductive tract and increasing the risk of infertility.
IMMUNE CELLS AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC AGENT IN THE TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION
Authors: Markova E. V. , Knyazheva M. A.
Published: October 2021

The immune and neuroendocrine systems play a critical role in maintaining a dynamic homeostasis in normal conditions and at mental maladaptation. Psycho- and immunopathology closely interrelated: pathological changes in the functioning of both systems occur simultaneously and are interdependent. Depression, as a mental disorder, is a major public health concern. The estimations are showing rise of the depression’s incidence in the future. However, currently used therapy of depression doesn’t provide a complete cure. It is known that a violation of neuroimmune interaction is an essential link in the pathogenesis of the disease, having a negative impact on its course, making the clinical picture worse, reducing effectiveness of the therapy, therefore, it’s urgent to search for a new treatment approaches. There are a sufficient amount data on the immune cells and their biologically active products leading role in the pathogenesis of depression. The unidirectional effect of most psychoactive substances on the central nervous system and the immune system confirms intersystem mutual regulation and allows considering the immune cells as model objects for influencing the intersystem functional relationship; so, cells immunotherapy can be the method of choice in the treatment of depressive disorders. We first demonstrated the possibility of animal’s behavior directed regulation by the transplantation of immune cells with definite functional characteristics, including those with functional activity modulated extracorporeally by a psychoactive substance. Based on the previous results we investigated the effect of the in vitro caffeine- treated immune cells on the behavior and immune phenotypes in depressive-like singeneic recipients. Transplantation of caffeine-treated splenocytes from depressive-like donors has been shown to induce depressive-like behavior editing in syngeneic recipients, which was manifested in anhedonia decrease, stimulation of exploratory behavior in the Open Field test and motor activity in the Porsolt forced swimming test. Recipient’s behavioral changes were registered on the background of decreased brain pro- inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IFNγ) and IL-10 increased in some pathogenetically significant for depressive-like state brain structures (hippocampus, hypothalamus, frontal cortex, striatum), which indicates a decrease in neuroinflammation. It was also detected recipient’s immune system functional activity modulation. The cytokines-mediated mechanisms of depressive-like behavior editing by the in vitro caffeine- modulated immune cells are discussed.
INFLUENCE OF SUBCLINICAL KETOSIS IN COWS ON FORMATION OF COLOSTRAL IMMUNITY IN CALVES
Authors: Vasilieva S. V. , Vasiliev R. M.
Published: October 2021

The health of the newborn depends entirely on the state of the mother’s body throughout the pregnancy. Ensuring optimal conditions for keeping pregnant animals is based, first of all, on adequate feeding and ensuring the sanitary and hygienic conditions of the environment. The cow’s body undergoes a great load during the transition period, which begins 3 weeks before calving and lasts for six weeks. When the technology of feeding and housing is violated, during this period, metabolic disorders often occur in cows, which are manifested by increased production of ketones. It is known that the development of immunity in the early postnatal period in a calf largely depends on the timely feeding of colostrum. Maternal immunoglobulins from colostrum enter the systemic circulation of the newborn in the small intestine through the tubular system of epithelial cells by pinocytosis.

The aim of the study is to study the effect of subclinical ketosis in mothers cows on the formation of colostral immunity in calves born from them.

For the study, pregnant cows 3-6 years old were selected 3-7 days before delivery. Urine and blood samples were taken from the cows. In order to identify subclinical ketosis in cows, urine was tested for ketones. According to the results of the study, two groups of 10 animals were formed – in the first group (experimental) the level of ketone bodies in the urine ranged from 1.8 to 3.7 mmol/l, in the second group (control) ketones were not found in the urine. Immediately after calving, portions of colostrum were taken from the cows, and blood was taken from newborn calves a day after the first colostrum was fed. The content of immunoglobulins was studied in skim colostrum and in the blood serum of newborn calves. In the blood serum of day-old calves, the content of total protein was also determined by the biuret method, albumin – by the photometric method with bromcresol green.

According to the results of the study, a decrease in the classes of immunoglobulins G, M and A was found in the blood serum of cows before calving by 19.1-23.5%, in colostrum – by 23.7-34.4%, and in the blood serum of day old calves – by 21.7-27.6%. The decrease in IgM concentration was determined to the greatest extent. Subclinical ketosis of mothers had practically no effect on the content of albumin in the blood of calves.
IN VITRO EXPERIMENTAL REWIRING OF 4 NEUTROPHILIC GRANULOCYTE SUBSETS FROM THE PRO-INFLAMMATORY TO THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPE IN CHILDREN WITH SURGICAL PURULENT INFECTION OF SOFT TISSUE
Authors: Nesterova I. V. , Chudilova G. A. , Pavlenko V. N. , Tarakanov V. A.
Published: October 2021

Treatment of young children with atypical or recurrent purulent soft tissue infections (PSTD) that do not respond well to surgery and antibiotics is most challenging. PSTD occurs against the background of impaired functioning of the immune system and, first of all, the system of neutrophilic granulocytes (NG). The vector effect of immunotropic therapy on a specific NG subsets may allow the correction of NG dysfunctions without compromising host protection, including strategies to enhance, inhibit or restore their functions.

The aim of study: to evaluate in vitro the modulating effects of arginyl-alpha-aspartyl-lysyl-valyl-tyrosyl-arginine (HP) on the transformed phenotype of 4 NG subsets, as well as on the functional activity of NG in children with purulent-inflammatory soft tissue diseases.

We studied samples of peripheral blood (PB) from young children 2-4 years old: 17 children with atypical acute PSTD and 10 apparently healthy children. At stage I, a comparative assessment of the content and phenotype of 4 NG subsets CD16+CD62L+СD63- , CD16+CD62L+СD63+, СD64- CD16+CD32+CD11b+, СD64+CD16+CD32+CD11b+, phagocytic and microbicidal functions of NG was carried out. At stage II, the in vitro system determined the effects of HP on NG in children with PSTD according to the studied parameters. By the method of flow cytometry (FC500 “Beckman Coulter” (USA), conjugates of MkAT “Beckman Coulter International S.A.” (France)), the relative number of NGs of the studied subsets and the density of receptor expression (MFI) were determined. To assess the phagocytic function of NG a microbiological method was used to assess the completeness of phagocytosis with S. aureus (strain 209). The activity of NG NADPH oxidase was investigated in the NBT-spontaneous test (NBTsp.) and in the in vitro NBT-induced test (NBTind.). A comparative study of PB samples from conventionally healthy children and children with PSTD made it possible to identify various variants of transformation of the phenotype of the studied NG subsets, associated with defects in their functional activity. In the in vitro system the effects of HP were demonstrated, manifested by a decrease in the amount of CD16+CD62L+CD63+NG and an increase in CD16+CD62L+CD63- NG, modulation of the negatively altered phenotype of subsets CD64- CD32+CD16+CD11b+NG and CD64+CD32+CD16+CD11b+NG, aimed at restoring phagocytic function and maintaining the tension of NADPH oxidases.

As a result of the study it was found the immunomodulatory effects of HP, which is manifested in the reorientation of NG from the pro-inflammatory phenotype to the anti-inflammatory one, which can be used in the future when creating personalized targeted immunotherapy aimed at correcting defective functioning NG in early children, suffering from PSTD.