bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statistical Analysis of APXS‐Derived Chemistry of the Clay‐Bearing Glen Torridon Region and Mount Sharp Group, Gale Crater, Mars
Authors: O’Connell‐Cooper C. D. , Thompson L. M. , Spray J. G. , Berger J. A. , Gellert R. , McCraig M. , VanBommel S. J. , Yen A.
Published: June 2022

The Glen Torridon stratigraphic sequence marks the transition from the low energy lacustrine‐dominated Murray formation (Mf) (Jura member: Jm) to the more diverse Carolyn Shoemaker formation (CSf) (Knockfarril Hill member: Knockfarril Hill; Glasgow member: Glasgow). This transition defines a change in depositional setting. Alpha Particle X‐ray Spectrometer (APXS) results and statistical analysis reveal that the bulk primary geochemistry of Mf targets are broadly in family with CSf targets, but with subtle compositional and diagenetic trends with increasing elevation. APXS results reveal significant compositional differences between Jura_GT and the stratigraphically equivalent Jura on Vera Rubin ridge (Jura_VRR). The data define two geochemical facies (high‐K or high‐Mg), with a strong bimodal grain distribution in Jura_GT and Knockfarril Hill. The contact between Knockfarril Hill and Glasgow is marked by abrupt sedimentological changes but a similar composition for both. Away from the contact, the Knockfarril Hill and Glasgow plot discretely, suggesting a zone of common alteration at the transition and/or a gradual transition in provenance with increasing elevation in the Glasgow member. APXS results point to a complex history of diagenesis within Glen Torridon, with increasing diagenesis close to the Basal Siccar Point unconformity on the Greenheugh pediment, and with proximity to the beginning of the clay sulfate transition. Elemental mobility is evident in localized enrichments or depletions in Ca, S, Mn, P, Zn, Ni. The highly altered Hutton interval, in contact with the unconformity on Tower butte, is also identified on Western Butte, indicating that the “interval” was once laterally extensive.
Topographic Modulation of the Wind Stress Impact on Eddy Activity in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Cai Yongqing , Chen Dake , Mazloff Matthew R. , Lian Tao , Liu Xiaohui
Published: June 2022

Previous studies proposed that the increase in the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in the Southern Ocean in recent decades is primarily caused by the strengthening of circumpolar surface westerlies. However, the spatial pattern of EKE change does not match the pattern of wind change. Here, we revisit the relationship between EKE and wind stress through an observational analysis and model experiments and show that the change in EKE is primarily determined by the mean flow. The increasing wind stress intensifies the circumpolar mean flow contributing to increasing EKE; yet strong EKE variations are generally confined downstream of major topographic features. This arises from the releasing of available potential energy as the mean flow passes through the topography. Our results indicate that the change in Southern Ocean eddy activity has a distinct localization characteristic due to the strong dynamical influence of topography.
Inner Core Rotation Captured by Earthquake Doublets and Twin Stations
Authors: Yang Yi , Song Xiaodong
Published: June 2022

The Earth's solid inner core (IC) is generally believed to rotate relative to the mantle, but the proposal remains controversial. Here we use seven waveform doublets in the South Sandwich Islands region with time lapses of 5.8–17.0 years that are recorded by two close stations in Kyrgyzstan with virtually the same epicentral distance. The fortuitous geometry allows precise measurements of the IC temporal changes and the underlying local structure at the same time. The remarkable observations in waveforms and spatial‐temporal measurements show unequivocally that the IC must have shifted (rotated) eastward in 1991–2010 and help determine accurately the average rotation rate as 0.127 ± 0.006°/yr at 95% confidence level during the time span.
Active Layer Thickness in the Northern Hemisphere: Changes From 2000 to 2018 and Future Simulations
Authors: Li Chuanhua , Wei Yufei , Liu Yunfan , Li Liangliang , Peng Lixiao , Chen Jiahao , Liu Lihui , Dou Tianbao , Wu Xiaodong
Published: June 2022

Active layer dynamics are basic information for understanding permafrost degradation, but there are gaps in our knowledge of the active layer thickness (ALT) variations during the past two decades and their future changes; this is especially true for data with high spatial resolution. Here, based on permafrost monitoring data and ERA5 (the 5th generation reanalysis project from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts)‐Land temperature data, we simulated spatial changes in ALT in the Northern Hemisphere during 2000–2018 at a spatial resolution of 1 km2 using the Stefan model. We also simulated future changes in the active layer based on the CMIP6 temperature data. The results showed that ALTs less than 50 cm were mainly distributed in northeastern Siberia in Russia, Alaska and Greenland. The areas with ALTs greater than 600 cm were mainly in southern Norway, and the Mongolian Plateau. The mean ALT of permafrost in the Northern Hemisphere from 2000 to 2018 increased from 127.19 to 145.37 cm at a linear rate of 0.65 cm year−1 (R2 = 0.37, p < 0.05). During 2000–2018, the ALT increased in 71.17% of the total permafrost area, and only 27.23% of the permafrost area showed a decreasing trend. Under different shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP1‐2.6, SSP2‐4.5, SSP3‐7.0, and SSP5‐8.5), the ALT will increase considerably by 2,100. There is a greater increase in ALT in low‐ and mid‐latitude permafrost areas such as the Mongolian Plateau and Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, with the ALT increasing from 50 to 500 cm. Our results present an overall picture of contemporary distribution as well as future changes of ALT in the Northern Hemisphere.
Contrasting Responses of Vegetation Production to Rainfall Anomalies Across the Northeast China Transect
Authors: Zhao Huichen , Jia Gensuo , Xu Xiyan , Zhang Anzhi
Published: June 2022

Increases in rainfall variability due to climate change influence gross primary production (GPP) in drylands, with important consequences for terrestrial carbon budget. However, it is not well understood if GPP responds in heterogeneous or even contrasting ways along the temperate bioclimate gradients. Here, based on satellite observations from 2001 to 2020, we identified rainfall anomalies as the magnitude of rainfall beyond its mean of one standard deviation, and examined differential responses of GPP to rainfall anomalies across Northeast China Transect (NECT). We found wet anomalies caused major GPP increase in western arid part of NECT, and the magnitude of increased GPP declined gradually toward the eastern humid region. As a result, GPP increased in desert steppe while decreased in mesic forest in response to wet anomalies. On the contrary, dry anomalies reduced GPP across the ecosystems except for mesic forest. The meadow steppe in the transition region between semi‐arid and sub‐humid regions, which lacks of drought‐tolerant species, showed greater GPP decline in response to dry anomalies than desert and typical steppe in the arid region. The heterogeneous responses of GPP to wet and dry anomalies resulted in contrasting asymmetries in diverse biomes, showing positive asymmetry in drier region, that is, greater magnitude of GPP increase in response to wet anomalies than GPP decrease in response to dry anomalies, and negative asymmetry in wetter region, with a transition between arid and semi‐arid regions. Our findings highlight that increased rainfall variability will enhance heterogeneous and even contrasting GPP changes along temperate bioclimate gradients.
A comparison of paediatric hypertension clinical practice guidelines and their ability to predict adult hypertension in an African birth cohort
Authors: Craig A. , Ware L. J. , Mapanga W. , Norris S. A.
Published: June 2022

It remains unclear which paediatric hypertension clinical practice guideline (CPG) should be applied in an African population. We, therefore, aimed to compare commonly used CPG (2017 AAP, 2016 ESH, 2004 Fourth Report) developed in high-income countries for use in South African children at four paediatric ages (children: 5 years, 8 years; adolescents: 13 years, 17 years) to determine which best predicts elevated blood pressure (BP) in adulthood (22 years, 28 years). Moreover, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for each specific paediatric CPG was calculated across the age points. The 2017 AAP definition identified more children and adolescents with hypertension when compared to the 2004 Fourth Report and 2016 ESH guidelines. In computed hazards ratios, ages 8 years to 17 years, all three paediatric CPG significantly predicted the risk of elevated BP in young adulthood (p ≤ 0.032). However, sensitivity to predict elevated BP at age 22 years for all CPG was generally low (17.0%–33.0%) with higher specificity (87.4%–93.1%). Sensitivity increased at age 28 years (51.4%–70.1%), while specificity decreased (52.8%–65.1%). Both PPV and NPV at both adult age points varied widely (17.9%–79.9% and 29.3%–92.5% respectively). The performance of these paediatric CPG in terms of AUC were not optimal at both adult age points, however, the 2017 AAP definition at age 17 years met an acceptable level of performance (AUC = 0.71). Our results, therefore, highlight the need for more research to examine if an African-specific CPG would better identify high-risk children to minimise their trajectory towards adult hypertension.
Aberrant impulse control circuitry in obesity
Authors: Barbosa Daniel A. N. , Kuijper Fiene Marie , Duda Jeffrey , Wang Allan R. , Cartmell Samuel C. D. , Saluja Sabir , Cunningham Tricia , Shivacharan Rajat S. , Bhati Mahendra T. , Safer Debra L. , Lock James D. , Malenka Robert C. , de Oliveira-Souza Ricardo , Williams Nolan R. , Grossman Murray , Gee James C. , McNab Jennifer A. , Bohon Cara , Halpern Casey H.
Published: June 2022

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) to nucleus accumbens (NAc) circuit has been implicated in impulsive reward-seeking. This disinhibition has been implicated in obesity and often manifests as binge eating, which is associated with worse treatment outcomes and comorbidities. It remains unclear whether the vmPFC-NAc circuit is perturbed in impulsive eaters with obesity. Initially, we analyzed publicly available, high-resolution, normative imaging data to localize where vmPFC structural connections converged within the NAc. These structural connections were found to converge ventromedially in the presumed NAc shell subregion. We then analyzed multimodal clinical and imaging data to test the a priori hypothesis that the vmPFC-NAc shell circuit is linked to obesity in a sample of female participants that regularly engaged in impulsive eating (i.e., binge eating). Functionally, vmPFC-NAc shell resting-state connectivity was inversely related to body mass index (BMI) and decreased in the obese state. Structurally, vmPFC-NAc shell structural connectivity and vmPFC thickness were inversely correlated with BMI; obese binge-prone participants exhibited decreased vmPFC-NAc structural connectivity and vmPFC thickness. Finally, to examine a causal link to binge eating, we directly probed this circuit in one binge-prone obese female using NAc deep brain stimulation in a first-in-human trial. Direct stimulation of the NAc shell subregion guided by local behaviorally relevant electrophysiology was associated with a decrease in number of weekly episodes of uncontrolled eating and decreased BMI. This study unraveled vmPFC-NAc shell circuit aberrations in obesity that can be modulated to restore control over eating behavior in obesity.
Convergent evolution of a labile nutritional symbiosis in ants
Authors: Jackson Raphaella , Monnin David , Patapiou Patapios A , Golding Gemma , Helanterä Heikki , Oettler Jan , Heinze Jürgen , Wurm Yannick , Economou Chloe K , Chapuisat Michel , Henry Lee M
Published: June 2022

Ants are among the most successful organisms on Earth. It has been suggested that forming symbioses with nutrient-supplementing microbes may have contributed to their success, by allowing ants to invade otherwise inaccessible niches. However, it is unclear whether ants have evolved symbioses repeatedly to overcome the same nutrient limitations. Here, we address this question by comparing the independently evolved symbioses in Camponotus, Plagiolepis, Formica and Cardiocondyla ants. Our analysis reveals the only metabolic function consistently retained in all of the symbiont genomes is the capacity to synthesise tyrosine. We also show that in certain multi-queen lineages that have co-diversified with their symbiont for millions of years, only a fraction of queens carry the symbiont, suggesting ants differ in their colony-level reliance on symbiont-derived resources. Our results imply that symbioses can arise to solve common problems, but hosts may differ in their dependence on symbionts, highlighting the evolutionary forces influencing the persistence of long-term endosymbiotic mutualisms.
Regional infusion of a class C TLR9 agonist enhances liver tumor microenvironment reprogramming and MDSC reduction to improve responsiveness to systemic checkpoint inhibition
Authors: Ghosh Chandra C. , Heatherton Kara R. , Connell Kyle P. O’ , Alexander Ian S. , Greer Deborah A. , LaPorte Jason , Guha Prajna , Cox Bryan F. , Katz Steven C.
Published: June 2022

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) expand in response to malignancy and suppress responsiveness to immunotherapy, including checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs). Within the liver, MDSCs have unique immunosuppressive features. While TLR9 agonists have shown promising activities in enhancing CPI responsiveness in superficial tumors amenable to direct needle injection, clinical success for liver tumors with TLR9 agonists has been limited by delivery challenges. Here, we report that regional intravascular infusion of ODN2395 into mice with liver metastasis (LM) partially eliminated liver MDSCs and reprogrammed residual MDSC. TLR9 agonist regional infusion also induced an increase in the M1/M2 macrophage ratio. Enhanced TLR9 signaling was demonstrated by an increased activation of in NFκB (pP65) and production of IL6 compared with systemic infusion. Further, PBMC-derived human MDSCs express TLR9, and treatment with class C TLR9 agonists (ODN2395 and SD101) reduced the expansion of MDSC population. TLR9 stimulation induced MDSC apoptosis and increased the M1/M2 macrophage ratio. Regional TLR9 agonist infusion along with systemic anti-PD-1 therapy improved control of LM. With effective delivery, TLR9 agonists have the potential to favorably reprogram the liver TME through reduction of MDSCs and favorable macrophage polarization, which may improve responsiveness to systemic CPI therapy.
Dynamic 3D genome reorganization during development and metabolic stress of the porcine liver
Authors: Chen Luxi , Li Jing , Yuan Renqiang , Wang Yujie , Zhang Jiaman , Lin Yu , Wang Lina , Zhu Xingxing , Zhu Wei , Bai Jingyi , Kong Fanli , Zeng Bo , Lu Lu , Ma Jideng , Long Keren , Jin Long , Huang Zhiqing , Huo Jinlong , Gu Yiren , Wang Danyang , Mo Delin , Li Diyan , Tang Qianzi , Li Xuewei , Wu Jiangwei , Chen Yaosheng , Li Mingzhou
Published: June 2022

Liver development is a complex process that is regulated by a series of signaling pathways. Three-dimensional (3D) chromatin architecture plays an important role in transcriptional regulation; nonetheless, its dynamics and role in the rapid transition of core liver functions during development and obesity-induced metabolic stress remain largely unexplored. To investigate the dynamic chromatin architecture during liver development and under metabolic stress, we generated high-resolution maps of chromatin architecture for porcine livers across six major developmental stages (from embryonic day 38 to the adult stage) and under a high-fat diet-induced obesity. The characteristically loose chromatin architecture supports a highly plastic genome organization during early liver development, which fundamentally contributes to the rapid functional transitions in the liver after birth. We reveal the multi-scale reorganization of chromatin architecture and its influence on transcriptional regulation of critical signaling processes during liver development, and show its close association with transition in hepatic functions (i.e., from hematopoiesis in the fetus to metabolism and immunity after birth). The limited changes in chromatin structure help explain the observed metabolic adaptation to excessive energy intake in pigs. These results provide a global overview of chromatin architecture dynamics associated with the transition of physiological liver functions between prenatal development and postnatal maturation, and a foundational resource that allows for future in-depth functional characterization.
Spinning-enabled wireless amphibious origami millirobot
Authors: Ze Qiji , Wu Shuai , Dai Jize , Leanza Sophie , Ikeda Gentaro , Yang Phillip C. , Iaccarino Gianluca , Zhao Ruike Renee
Published: June 2022

Wireless millimeter-scale origami robots have recently been explored with great potential for biomedical applications. Existing millimeter-scale origami devices usually require separate geometrical components for locomotion and functions. Additionally, none of them can achieve both on-ground and in-water locomotion. Here we report a magnetically actuated amphibious origami millirobot that integrates capabilities of spinning-enabled multimodal locomotion, delivery of liquid medicine, and cargo transportation with wireless operation. This millirobot takes full advantage of the geometrical features and folding/unfolding capability of Kresling origami, a triangulated hollow cylinder, to fulfill multifunction: its geometrical features are exploited for generating omnidirectional locomotion in various working environments through rolling, flipping, and spinning-induced propulsion; the folding/unfolding is utilized as a pumping mechanism for controlled delivery of liquid medicine; furthermore, the spinning motion provides a sucking mechanism for targeted solid cargo transportation. We anticipate the amphibious origami millirobots can potentially serve as minimally invasive devices for biomedical diagnoses and treatments.
Direct observation of ultrafast exciton localization in an organic semiconductor with soft X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Garratt D. , Misiekis L. , Wood D. , Larsen E. W. , Matthews M. , Alexander O. , Ye P. , Jarosch S. , Ferchaud C. , Strüber C. , Johnson A. S. , Bakulin A. A. , Penfold T. J. , Marangos J. P.
Published: June 2022

The localization dynamics of excitons in organic semiconductors influence the efficiency of charge transfer and separation in these materials. Here we apply time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy to track photoinduced dynamics of a paradigmatic crystalline conjugated polymer: poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) commonly used in solar cell devices. The π→π* transition, the first step of solar energy conversion, is pumped with a 15 fs optical pulse and the dynamics are probed by an attosecond soft X-ray pulse at the carbon K-edge. We observe X-ray spectroscopic signatures of the initially hot excitonic state, indicating that it is delocalized over multiple polymer chains. This undergoes a rapid evolution on a sub 50 fs timescale which can be directly associated with cooling and localization to form either a localized exciton or polaron pair.
Observation of supersymmetry and its spontaneous breaking in a trapped ion quantum simulator
Authors: Cai M.-L. , Wu Y.-K. , Mei Q.-X. , Zhao W.-D. , Jiang Y. , Yao L. , He L. , Zhou Z.-C. , Duan L.-M.
Published: June 2022

Supersymmetry (SUSY) helps solve the hierarchy problem in high-energy physics and provides a natural groundwork for unifying gravity with other fundamental interactions. While being one of the most promising frameworks for theories beyond the Standard Model, its direct experimental evidence in nature still remains to be discovered. Here we report experimental realization of a supersymmetric quantum mechanics (SUSY QM) model, a reduction of the SUSY quantum field theory for studying its fundamental properties, using a trapped ion quantum simulator. We demonstrate the energy degeneracy caused by SUSY in this model and the spontaneous SUSY breaking. By a partial quantum state tomography of the spin-phonon coupled system, we explicitly measure the supercharge of the degenerate ground states, which are superpositions of the bosonic and the fermionic states. Our work demonstrates the trapped-ion quantum simulator as an economic yet powerful platform to study versatile physics in a single well-controlled system.
A role for ascorbate conjugates of (+)-catechin in proanthocyanidin polymerization
Authors: Yu Keji , Dixon Richard A. , Duan Changqing
Published: June 2022

Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are natural polymers of flavan-3-ols, commonly (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin. However, exactly how PA oligomerization proceeds is poorly understood. Here we show, both biochemically and genetically, that ascorbate (AsA) is an alternative “starter unit” to flavan-3-ol monomers for leucocyanidin-derived (+)-catechin subunit extension in theArabidopsis thaliana anthocyanidin synthase(ans) mutant. These (catechin)n:ascorbate conjugates (AsA-[C]n) also accumulate throughout the phase of active PA biosynthesis in wild-type grape flowers, berry skins and seeds. In the presence of (−)-epicatechin, AsA-[C]ncan further provide monomeric or oligomeric PA extension units for non-enzymatic polymerization in vitro, and their role in vivo is inferred from analysis of relative metabolite levels in both Arabidopsis and grape. Our findings advance the knowledge of (+)-catechin-type PA extension and indicate that PA oligomerization does not necessarily proceed by sequential addition of a single extension unit. AsA-[C]ndefines a new type of PA intermediate which we term “sub-PAs”.
Angiotensin type-1 receptor and ACE2 autoantibodies in Parkinson´s disease
Authors: Labandeira Carmen M. , Pedrosa Maria A. , Quijano Aloia , Valenzuela Rita , Garrido-Gil Pablo , Sanchez-Andrade Mariña , Suarez-Quintanilla Juan A. , Rodriguez-Perez Ana I. , Labandeira-Garcia Jose L.
Published: June 2022

The role of autoimmunity in neurodegeneration has been increasingly suggested. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) autoantibodies play a major role in several peripheral inflammatory processes. Dysregulation of brain RAS has been involved in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. We aimed to know whether angiotensin type-1 receptor (AT1) autoantibodies (AT1 agonists) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) autoantibodies (ACE2 antagonists) may be involved in Parkinson’s disease (PD) progression and constitute a new therapeutical target. Both AT1 and ACE2 serum autoantibodies were higher in a group of 117 PD patients than in a group of 106 controls. Serum AT1 autoantibodies correlated with several cytokines, particularly Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14 (TNFSF14, LIGHT), and 27-hydroxycholesterol levels. Serum ACE2 autoantibodies correlated with AT1 autoantibodies. Both autoantibodies were found in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of four PD patients with CSF samples. Consistent with the observations in patients, experimental dopaminergic degeneration, induced by 6-hydroxydopamine, increased levels of autoantibodies in serum and CSF in rats, as well as LIGHT levels and transglutaminase activity in rat substantia nigra. In cultures, administration of AT1 autoantibodies enhanced dopaminergic neuron degeneration and increased levels of neuroinflammation markers, which was inhibited by the AT1 antagonist candesartan. The results suggest dysregulation of RAS autoantibodies as a new mechanism that can contribute to PD progression. Therapeutical strategies blocking the production, or the effects of these autoantibodies may be useful for PD treatment, and the results further support repurposing AT1 blockers (ARBs) as treatment against PD progression.
Theory of superconductivity in doped quantum paraelectrics
Authors: Yu Yue , Hwang Harold Y. , Raghu S. , Chung Suk Bum
Published: June 2022

Recent experiments on Nb-doped SrTiO3 have shown that the superconducting energy gap to the transition temperature ratio maintains the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) value throughout its superconducting dome. Motivated by these and related studies, we show that the Cooper pairing mediated by a single soft transverse-optical phonon is the most natural mechanism for such a superconducting dome given experimental constraints, and present the microscopic theory for this pairing mechanism. Furthermore, we show that this mechanism is consistent with the T2 resistivity in the normal state. Lastly, we discuss what physical insights SrTiO3 provides for superconductivity in other quantum paraelectrics such as KTaO3.
Orbital selective Kondo effect in heavy fermion superconductor UTe2
Authors: Kang Byungkyun , Choi Sangkook , Kim Hyunsoo
Published: June 2022

Heavy fermion systems emerge from the collective Kondo effect, and their superconductivity can serve as a promising platform for realizing next-generation quantum technologies. However, it has been a great challenge to explore many-body effects in heavy fermion systems with ab-initio approaches. We computed the electronic structure of UTe2 without purposive judgements, such as intentional selection of on-site Coulomb interaction and disregarding spin-orbit coupling. We show that U-5f electrons are highly localized in the paramagnetic normal state, giving rise to the Kondo effect. It is also found that the hybridization between U-5f and U-6d predominantly in the orthorhombic ab-plane is responsible for the high-temperature Kondo effect. In contrast, the hybridization between U-5f and Te-5p along the c-axis manifests the Kondo scattering at a much lower temperature, which could be responsible for the low-temperature upturn of the c-axis resistivity. Our results show that the electron correlation in UTe2 is orbital selective, which naturally elucidates the recent experimental observations of anomalous temperature dependence of resistivity. Furthermore, we suggest that the Kondo effect is suppressed at high pressure owing to weak localization of magnetic moments, which results from enhanced U-5f electron hopping. Our discovery provides significant insight toward understanding anisotropic quantum behavior including selective re-entrant superconductivity in heavy fermion UTe2.
Anomalous high-field magnetotransport in CaFeAsF due to the quantum Hall effect
Authors: Terashima Taichi , Hirose Hishiro T. , Kikugawa Naoki , Uji Shinya , Graf David , Morinari Takao , Wang Teng , Mu Gang
Published: June 2022

CaFeAsF is an iron-based superconductor parent compound whose Fermi surface is quasi-two dimensional, composed of Dirac-electron and Schrödinger-hole cylinders elongated along the c axis. We measured the longitudinal and Hall resistivities in CaFeAsF with the electrical current in the ab plane in magnetic fields up to 45 T applied along the c axis and obtained the corresponding conductivities via tensor inversion. We found that both the longitudinal and Hall conductivities approached zero above ~40 T as the temperature was lowered to 0.4 K. Our analysis indicates that the Landau-level filling factor is ν = 2 for both electrons and holes at these high field strengths, resulting in a total filling factor ν = νhole − νelectron = 0. We therefore argue that the ν = 0 quantum Hall state emerges under these conditions.
A longitudinal resource for studying connectome development and its psychiatric associations during childhood
Authors: Tobe Russell H. , MacKay-Brandt Anna , Lim Ryan , Kramer Melissa , Breland Melissa M. , Tu Lucia , Tian Yiwen , Trautman Kristin Dietz , Hu Caixia , Sangoi Raj , Alexander Lindsay , Gabbay Vilma , Castellanos F. Xavier , Leventhal Bennett L. , Craddock R. Cameron , Colcombe Stanley J. , Franco Alexandre R. , Milham Michael P.
Published: June 2022

Most psychiatric disorders are chronic, associated with high levels of disability and distress, and present during pediatric development. Scientific innovation increasingly allows researchers to probe brain-behavior relationships in the developing human. As a result, ambitions to (1) establish normative pediatric brain development trajectories akin to growth curves, (2) characterize reliable metrics for distinguishing illness, and (3) develop clinically useful tools to assist in the diagnosis and management of mental health and learning disorders have gained significant momentum. To this end, the NKI-Rockland Sample initiative was created to probe lifespan development as a large-scale multimodal dataset. The NKI-Rockland Sample Longitudinal Discovery of Brain Development Trajectories substudy (N = 369) is a 24- to 30-month multi-cohort longitudinal pediatric investigation (ages 6.0–17.0 at enrollment) carried out in a community-ascertained sample. Data include psychiatric diagnostic, medical, behavioral, and cognitive phenotyping, as well as multimodal brain imaging (resting fMRI, diffusion MRI, morphometric MRI, arterial spin labeling), genetics, and actigraphy. Herein, we present the rationale, design, and implementation of the Longitudinal Discovery of Brain Development Trajectories protocol.
The two decades brainclinics research archive for insights in neurophysiology (TDBRAIN) database
Authors: van Dijk Hanneke , van Wingen Guido , Denys Damiaan , Olbrich Sebastian , van Ruth Rosalinde , Arns Martijn
Published: June 2022

In neuroscience, electroencephalography (EEG) data is often used to extract features (biomarkers) to identify neurological or psychiatric dysfunction or to predict treatment response. At the same time neuroscience is becoming more data-driven, made possible by computational advances. In support of biomarker development and methodologies such as training Artificial Intelligent (AI) networks we present the extensive Two Decades-Brainclinics Research Archive for Insights in Neurophysiology (TDBRAIN) EEG database. This clinical lifespan database (5–89 years) contains resting-state, raw EEG-data complemented with relevant clinical and demographic data of a heterogenous collection of 1274 psychiatric patients collected between 2001 to 2021. Main indications included are Major Depressive Disorder (MDD; N = 426), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; N = 271), Subjective Memory Complaints (SMC: N = 119) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD; N = 75). Demographic-, personality- and day of measurement data are included in the database. Thirty percent of clinical and treatment outcome data will remain blinded for prospective validation and replication purposes. The TDBRAIN database and code are available on the Brainclinics Foundation website at www.brainclinics.com/resources and on Synapse at www.synapse.org/TDBRAIN.
A global long-term ocean surface daily/0.05° net radiation product from 1983–2020
Authors: Liang Hui , Jiang Bo , Liang Shunlin , Peng Jianghai , Li Shaopeng , Han Jiakun , Yin Xiuwan , Cheng Jie , Jia Kun , Liu Qiang , Yao Yunjun , Zhao Xiang , Zhang Xiaotong
Published: June 2022

The all-wave net radiation (Rn) on the ocean surface characterizes the available radiative energy balance and is important to understand the Earth’s climate system. Considering the shortcomings of available ocean surfaceRndatasets (e.g., coarse spatial resolutions, discrepancy in accuracy, inconsistency, and short duration), a new long-term global dailyRnproduct at a spatial resolution of 0.05° from 1983 to 2020, as part of the Global High Resolution Ocean Surface Energy (GHOSE) products suite, was generated in this study by fusing several existing datasets including satellite and reanalysis products based on the comprehensivein situmeasurements from 68 globally distributed moored buoy sites. Evaluation againstin-situmeasurements shows the root mean square difference, mean bias error and correlation coefficient squared of 23.56 Wm−2, 0.88 Wm−2and 0.878. The global average ocean surfaceRnover 1983–2020 is estimated to be 119.71 ± 2.78 Wm−2with a significant increasing rate of 0.16 Wm−2per year. GHOSERnproduct can be valuable for oceanic and climatic studies.
Hourly rainfall data from rain gauge networks and weather radar up to 2020 across the Hawaiian Islands
Authors: Huang Yu-Fen , Gayte Maxime , Tsang Yinphan , Longman Ryan J. , Nugent Alison D. , Kodama Kevin , Lucas Mathew P. , Giambelluca Thomas W.
Published: June 2022

With increasing needs for understanding historic climatic events and assessing changes in extreme weather to support natural hazard planning and infrastructure design, it is vital to have an accurate long-term hourly rainfall dataset. In Hawaiʻi, annual, monthly, and daily gauge data have been well-compiled and are accessible. Here, we compiled hourly rainfall data from both gauges and radars. We arranged the metadata from various data sources, acquired data, and applied quality control to each gauge dataset. In addition, we compiled and provided hourly radar rainfall, and filtered out areas with low confidence (larger error). This paper provides (1) a summary of available hourly data from various observation networks, (2) 293-gauge rainfall data from their installation date to the end of 2020, and (3) a 5-year 0.005° by 0.005° (~250 × 250 m2) gridded radar rainfall dataset between 2016 and 2020 across the Hawaiian Islands.
Verification of experimental results with simulation on production of few-layer graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation utilizing sonication
Authors: Mushfiq Sayed Waliulhaq , Afzalzadeh Reza
Published: June 2022

Graphene, an extraordinary tow-dimensional carbon nanostructure, has attracted global attention due to its electronic, mechanical, and chemical properties; therefore, there is a need to find out an economical mass production method to produce graphene. In the present research, the aim is to find out optimal conditions for exfoliation of few-layers graphene (FLG) in a water–ethanol green solution. We varied different parameters of the ultrasonic probe like power quantity and time duration of sonication to investigate the effects on the number of graphene layers and density of graphene in the solution. Also, an attempt has been made to predict the acoustic pressure distribution by solving the wave equation in various output powers of the ultrasonic probe (sonotrode) using numerical simulations. The simulations and experimentations verify each other. Concluding that modifying the output power at the same condition will significantly alter the acoustic pressure inside the sonoreactor. The difference in acoustic pressure at 90% output power of our experimentations is much higher than in other conditions. Experimentation results utilizing UV–visible spectra, SEM (Scanning electron microscope), TEM (Transmission electron microscope) images and Raman spectrum indicate that the minimum thickness and maximum exfoliation for these samples are acquired for sonication at 90% of the maximum effective output power of the sonicator being 264 W for 55 min.
Establishment and characterization of a novel human induced pluripotent stem cell line stably expressing the iRFP720 reporter
Authors: Fehér Anita , Schnúr Andrea , Muenthaisong Suchitra , Bellák Tamás , Ayaydin Ferhan , Várady György , Kemter Elisabeth , Wolf Eckhard , Dinnyés András
Published: June 2022

Stem cell therapy has great potential for replacing beta-cell loss in diabetic patients. However, a key obstacle to cell therapy’s success is to preserve viability and function of the engrafted cells. While several strategies have been developed to improve engrafted beta-cell survival, tools to evaluate the efficacy within the body by imaging are limited. Traditional labeling tools, such as GFP-like fluorescent proteins, have limited penetration depths in vivo due to tissue scattering and absorption. To circumvent this limitation, a near-infrared fluorescent mutant version of the DrBphP bacteriophytochrome, iRFP720, has been developed for in vivo imaging and stem/progenitor cell tracking. Here, we present the generation and characterization of an iRFP720 expressing human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line, which can be used for real-time imaging in various biological applications. To generate the transgenic cells, the CRISPR/Cas9 technology was applied. A puromycin resistance gene was inserted into the AAVS1 locus, driven by the endogenous PPP1R12C promoter, along with the CAG-iRFP720 reporter cassette, which was flanked by insulator elements. Proper integration of the transgene into the targeted genomic region was assessed by comprehensive genetic analysis, verifying precise genome editing. Stable expression of iRFP720 in the cells was confirmed and imaged by their near-infrared fluorescence. We demonstrated that the reporter iPSCs exhibit normal stem cell characteristics and can be efficiently differentiated towards the pancreatic lineage. As the genetically modified reporter cells show retained pluripotency and multilineage differentiation potential, they hold great potential as a cellular model in a variety of biological and pharmacological applications.
Stocking density mediated stress modulates growth attributes in cage reared Labeo rohita (Hamilton) using multifarious biomarker approach
Authors: Swain Himanshu Sekhar , Das Basanta Kumar , Upadhyay Aurobinda , Ramteke Mitesh Hiradas , Kumar Vikas , Meena Dharmendra Kumar , Sarkar Uttam Kumar , Chadha Narinder Kumar , Rawat Kiran Dube
Published: June 2022

The present study was conducted for 240 days to evaluate the effects of stocking density based on growth attributes, digestive enzymes, muscular composition, biochemical and physiological responses of Labeo rohita fingerlings in tropical inland open water cages. L. rohita (30.35 ± 1.08 g) were randomly distributed into three treatments, namely low stocking density, LSD (10 m−3), medium stocking density, MSD (20 m−3) and high stocking density, HSD (30 m−3) in triplicates. Fish were fed twice daily with CIFRI CAGEGROW® floating feed (crude protein-28%, crude fat-4%). Fish growth and feed efficiency were higher (p < 0.05) in LSD, however, MSD registered a higher yield. Amylase and protease activity reduced whereas lipase activity increased with increasing stocking density. Muscle crude protein and crude fat formed an inverse correlation. The fillet quality deteriorated at higher stocking densities based on Muscle pH, drip loss and frozen leakage rate. The stress biomarkers level (glucose, cortisol, superoxide dismutase and catalase) increased in serum under crowding conditions. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase in serum were significantly increased in HSD. Serum protein levels decreased with the increase in stocking densities. Body ionic imbalance (Na+, Cl− and K+) was observed under crowding stress. Based on growth attributes and multiple biomarker responses, L. rohita @ 10 m−3 was found to be the optimum density for inland open water cage culture.
Microstructural evolution and mechanical characterization of a WC-reinforced CoCrFeNi HEA matrix composite
Authors: Hussain Syed Waqas , Mehmood M. Adil , Karim M. Ramzan Abdul , Godfrey Andy , Yaqoob Khurram
Published: June 2022

High entropy alloys (HEAs) are a relatively new class of material that have shown the potential to exhibit excellent combinations of mechanical properties. Various microstructural modifications have been explored to further enhance their mechanical properties for use in demanding structural applications. The main focus of the present work is an investigation of the effect of adding varying amounts of hard ceramic material (WC) to a tough HEA matrix (CoCrFeNi) by arc melting under an argon atmosphere, including microstructural changes, and evaluation of the WC additions on mechanical properties. X-ray diffraction analysis of the HEA-WC composites showed the presence of both fcc and carbide phases. Scanning electron microscope investigations, including energy dispersive spectroscopy, reveal that chromium diffuses from the matrix and interacts with WC to form an alloyed carbide phase. The amount of alloyed carbide was found to increase with increasing amount of WC addition to the HEA matrix. Mechanical characterization revealed that hardness and yield strength of the HEA-WC composites increase with increasing amount of the carbide phase in the matrix. The hardness of HEA-20wt.% WC sample was found to be as high as 3.3 times (593 HV) the hardness of the base HEA (180 HV), while the yield strength increased from 278 MPa for the base HEA to 1098 MPa for the CoCrFeNi-20 wt.% WC composite. The investigated composites also showed excellent values of ductility (~ 50% strain for CoCrFeNi-10 wt% WC and ~ 20% strain for CoCrFeNi-20 wt% WC). It is therefore believed that ceramic-reinforced high entropy matrix composites have the potential to provide outstanding combinations of mechanical properties for demanding structural applications.
Production Ganoderma lucidum extract nanoparticles by expansion of supercritical fluid solution and evaluation of the antioxidant ability
Authors: Karimi Mehrnaz , Raofie Farhad , Karimi Mehrdad
Published: June 2022

Due to the growing human tendency to treat with natural substances, fungi such as Ganoderma lucidum can be a good source to meet this need. Effectiveness, ease of use and a rich source of active ingredients such as ganoderic acids have caused G. lucidum to be considered in the pharmaceutical and food industries. In this project, G. lucidum was applied to extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide. Then expansion of supercritical fluid solution (ESS) was used as, novel, repeatable and green method to yield nanoparticles from G.lucidum extract. The response surface method was used to improve the Extraction efficiency, antioxidant activity, and improving the nanoparticles production status. Optimal conditions were observed at the extraction step by setting pressure at 27.5 MPa, dynamic time of 46 min, and modifier volume of 162 μL. The optimum point for the production of nanoparticles was obtained as follows: pressure drop at 25 MPa, 20 min for collection time, and 40° C for temperature. Under these conditions, the size and count were 86.13 nm, and 98, respectively. Nanoparticles were analyzed by FESM and, the DPPH was used for antioxidant activity evaluation. The LC–MS identified various ganoderic acids from G.lucidum that are famous to be highly oxygenated triterpenoids.
Synthesis and evaluation of composite TiO2@ZnO quantum dots on hybrid nanostructure perovskite solar cell
Authors: Pezhooli Negin , Rahimi Jamal , Hasti Farzam , Maleki Ali
Published: June 2022

This research is an interdisciplinary study aimed at helping the environment and producing clean energy. Therefore, one of the goals of this research towards the field of nanotechnology is the application of nanotechnology in the preparation of solar cells and the provision of optimal and efficient cells. Perovskite solar cells are of particular importance because of the high efficiencies that they have achieved in recent years. The use of quantum dots has also played an important role in the efficiency of these cells and their efficiency. The TiO2@ZnO nanocomposite was selected and synthesized for this study. The application of this nanocomposite with different ratios of TiO2 and ZnO quantum dots was investigated and their efficiency was determined. Although the efficiency of the fabricated cell was reported to be about 5% in a solar cell made of TiO2@ZnO composite, the efficiency can be increased by optimizing conditions such as the optimal location for these cells or by compositing with other materials.
Effect of a six-week times restricted eating intervention on the body composition in early elderly men with overweight
Authors: Domaszewski Przemysław , Konieczny Mariusz , Pakosz Paweł , Łukaniszyn-Domaszewska Katarzyna , Mikuláková Wioletta , Sadowska-Krępa Ewa , Anton Steve
Published: June 2022

The main aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of time-restricted eating (TRE) in reducing body fat and lowering body mass index in early elderly men with overweight (65–74 years). An additional goal was to determine the feasibility of applying TRE for extensive use in elderly men. This study included a group of 46 healthy men (EXP = 23 persons, CON = 23 persons). The six-week intervention in the experimental group involved complete abstinence from food intake for 16 h per day, from 08:00 to 12:00 p.m. After the intervention, the body weight decreased in the EXP group (− 1.92 kg) with a 95% CI (1.14–2.70) compared to the CON group. There was also a decrease in the Visceral fat mass (− 0.64 l) with 95% CI (0.46–0.82) and in the waist circumference (− 3.11 cm) with 95% CI (1.89–4.33) in the EXP group compared to the CON group. The skeletal muscle mass did not change significantly. There was no significant change in the control group, either. The application of TRE in early elderly overweight men resulted in positive changes in body composition and visceral fat. All participants succeed in the prescribed diet plan, which shows that TRE is easy to maintain for early elderly overweight men and may become an essential obesity treatment tool in these age groups.
Enhancing biomedical data validity with standardized segmentation finite element analysis
Authors: Wysocki Matthew A. , Doyle Scott
Published: June 2022

Finite element analysis is a powerful computational technique for augmenting biomedical research, prosthetics design, and preoperative surgical assessment. However, the validity of biomechanical data obtained from finite element analysis is dependent on the quality of the preceding data processing. Until now, little information was available about the effect of the segmentation process on finite element models and biomechanical data. The current investigation applied 4 segmentation approaches to 129 femur specimens, yielding a total of 516 finite element models. Biomechanical data including average displacement, pressure, stress, and strain were collected from experimental groups based on the different segmentation approaches. The results indicate that only a 5.0% variation in the segmentation process leads to statistically significant differences in all 4 biomechanical measurements. These results suggest that it is crucial for consistent segmentation procedures to be applied to all specimens within a study. This methodological advancement will help to ensure that finite element data will be more accurate and that research conclusions will have greater validity.
Identifying influential spreaders by gravity model considering multi-characteristics of nodes
Authors: Li Zhe , Huang Xinyu
Published: June 2022

How to identify influential spreaders in complex networks is a topic of general interest in the field of network science. Therefore, it wins an increasing attention and many influential spreaders identification methods have been proposed so far. A significant number of experiments indicate that depending on a single characteristic of nodes to reliably identify influential spreaders is inadequate. As a result, a series of methods integrating multi-characteristics of nodes have been proposed. In this paper, we propose a gravity model that effectively integrates multi-characteristics of nodes. The number of neighbors, the influence of neighbors, the location of nodes, and the path information between nodes are all taken into consideration in our model. Compared with well-known state-of-the-art methods, empirical analyses of the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) spreading dynamics on ten real networks suggest that our model generally performs best. Furthermore, the empirical results suggest that even if our model only considers the second-order neighborhood of nodes, it still performs very competitively.