bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DISCUSSION AND QUESTION-ANSWER LEARNING METHOD TO IMPROVE LEARNING OUTCOMES OF VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Authors: Ramdayana Ira Pratiwi , Prasetyono Hendro , Rahman Nurul Viah Tsania
Published: May 2020

This study aims to determine whether there are differences in learning outcomes using discussion learning methods and using the Q&A learning method at Yaperjasa Vocational High School. The type of the research was Classroom Action Research with quantitative approach using the comparative method. The number of samples was 80 students which divided into 2 classes, namely class XI Office Administration 1 (control class) using the discussion method and class XI AP 2 (experimental class) using the question and answer method. The results of the study showed that there were 3 cycles, namely the first cycle t-value> t-table or 3.323> 1.685, in cycle II t-value<t-table and -0.087 <1.685, and in cycle III t-value> t-table or 3.209> 1.685. Cycles I and III showed that t-value was greater than t-table. It meant that the values obtained by students in the control class with the experimental class there were significant differences in learning outcomes. Students’ learning outcomes by applying discussion learning methods compared to using question and answer learning methods.
Distributional Reinforcement Learning with Ensembles
Authors: Lindenberg Björn , Nordqvist Jonas , Lindahl Karl-Olof
Published: May 2020

It is well known that ensemble methods often provide enhanced performance in reinforcement learning. In this paper, we explore this concept further by using group-aided training within the distributional reinforcement learning paradigm. Specifically, we propose an extension to categorical reinforcement learning, where distributional learning targets are implicitly based on the total information gathered by an ensemble. We empirically show that this may lead to much more robust initial learning, a stronger individual performance level, and good efficiency on a per-sample basis.
Overexpression of GmRIQ2-like (Glyma.04G174400) Enhances the Tolerance of Strong Light Stress and Reduces Photoinhibition in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)
Authors: Deng Jing , Li Dongmei , Yin Huayi , Ma Li , Zhang Jiukun , Zhang Binbin
Published: May 2020

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important crop that serves as a source of edible oil and protein. However, little is known about its molecular mechanism of adaptation to extreme environmental conditions. Based on the Arabidopsis thaliana sequence database and Phytozome, a soybean gene that had a highly similar sequence to the reduced induction of the non-photochemical quenching2 (AtRIQ2) gene, GmRIQ2-like (accession NO.: Glyma.04G174400), was identified in this study. The gene structure analysis revealed that GmRIQ2-like encoded a transmembrane protein. Elements of the promoter analysis indicated that GmRIQ2-like participated in the photosynthesis and abiotic stress pathways. The subcellular localization results revealed that the protein encoded by GmRIQ2-like was located in chloroplasts. The quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR results revealed that GmRIQ2-like-overexpression (OE) and -knock-out (KO) transgenic soybean seedlings were cultivated successfully. The relative chlorophyll (Chl) and zeaxanthin contents and Chl fluorescence kinetic parameters demonstrated that GmRIQ2-like dissipated excess light energy by enhancing the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and reduced plant photoinhibition. These results suggested that GmRIQ2-like was induced in response to strong light and depressed Chl production involved in soybean stress tolerance. These findings indicate that the transgenic seedlings of GmRIQ2-like could be used to enhance strong light stress tolerance and protect soybean plants from photoinhibition damage. This study will serve as a reference for studying crop photoprotection regulation mechanisms and benefits the research and development of new cultivars.
Biochar and Ash Fertilization Alter the Chemical Properties of Basket Willow (Salix viminalis L.) and Giant Miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus)
Authors: Saletnik Bogdan , Zaguła Grzegorz , Saletnik Aneta , Bajcar Marcin , Puchalski Czesław
Published: May 2020

This article presents the results of a two-year study investigating the effects of the fertilization of soil, with biochar and ash from plant biomass, on selected properties of the pyrolysis products obtained from basket willow (Salix viminalis L.) and giant miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus). The study was designed to determine whether soil enrichment through the use of organic fertilizers (ash added at the rate of 1.5 t ha−1, biochar added at the rate of 11.5 t ha−1 and a combination of them) in the cultivation of energy crops would affect the quality of pyrolysates obtained from these plants. The research goal was to use biochar and biomass ash to produce high-quality pyrolysates with fertilizing potential. The aboveground parts of the plants were subjected to the pyrolysis process, which was carried out in constant conditions, i.e., a temperature of 500 °C and duration of 10 min. The pyrolysates obtained were examined for their pH value, the content of absorbable forms of phosphorus (P2O5), potassium (K2O) and magnesium (Mg), as well as total carbon and the total content of selected macro- and micro-elements. The results of the current study show the beneficial effects of these soil fertilizers, reflected by the high quality and enhanced mineral contents of the biochars obtained. The highest total increase in the contents of absorbable forms of P, K and Mg was found in the pyrolysis products from basket willow fertilized with ash alone, amounting to 21.6% in relation to the pyrolysates from the control sample. As for the pyrolysates from the biomass of giant miscanthus, the greatest total increase in the contents of the elements, amounting to 44.4%, was identified when biochar and ash were used in combination. Soil amendments such as biochar and ash used for growing bioenergy crops can alter the aboveground plant quality. The subsequent pyrolysates created from these plants may be enriched and can be an alternative to mineral fertilizers. Natural amendment, such as high-quality pyrolysates, can be used in the cultivation of many plants. Additionally, conversion of plant biomass into pyrolysates is important for the environment, affecting the balance of carbon in the atmosphere through its capture and storage in a stable form outside the atmosphere, e.g., in soil.
Erratum: Chikako, S.; Yoshihisa, W.; Youichi, T.; Toshitaka, N. Influence of Housing Systems on Physical, Emotional, and Cognitive Functions with Aging in DBA/2CrSlc Mice Animals 2020, 10, 746
Authors: Shimizu Chikako , Wakita Yoshihisa , Tsuchiya Youichi , Nabeshima Toshitaka
Published: May 2020

The authors wish to make the following corrections to their paper [...]
Non-Invasive Assessment of Body Condition and Stress-Related Fecal Glucocorticoid Metabolite Concentrations in African Elephants (Loxodonta africana) Roaming in Fynbos Vegetation
Authors: Carlin Elisabetta , Teren Gabriella , Ganswindt Andre
Published: May 2020

Fynbos is a unique endemic vegetation type belonging to the Cape Floral Kingdom in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, representing the smallest of the six floral kingdoms in the world. Nowadays, only a few game reserves in this region support populations of African elephants (Loxodonta africana), and thus, little information exists regarding the suitability of the nutritionally poor Fynbos vegetation for these megaherbivores. Using already established non-invasive methods, the monitoring of individual body conditions and fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations, as a measure of physiological stress, was performed to examine a herd of 13 elephants in a Western Cape Province Private Game Reserve, during two monitoring periods (April and June 2018), following a severe drought. The results indicate that overall median body condition scores (April and June: 3.0, range 2.0–3.0) and fGCM concentrations (April: 0.46 µg/g dry weight (DW), range 0.35–0.66 µg/g DW; June: 0.61 µg/g DW, range 0.22–1.06 µg/g DW) were comparable to those of other elephant populations previously studied utilizing the same techniques. These findings indicate that the individuals obtain sufficient nutrients from the surrounding Fynbos vegetation during the months monitored. However, a frequent assessment of body conditions and stress-associated fGCM concentrations in these animals would assist conservation management authorities and animal welfare practitioners in determining ways to manage this species in environments with comparably poorer nutritional vegetation.
Physical and Physiological Indicators of Welfare in Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus) Serving as Ambassador Animals
Authors: Powell David M. , Kozlowski Corinne P. , Clark John , Seyfried Alice , Baskir Eli , Franklin Ashley D.
Published: May 2020

Special encounters that allow contact between animals and guests are common in zoos and aquariums. Visitors to the Saint Louis Zoo may touch guinea pigs serving as ambassador animals. We evaluated two welfare indicators in ambassador guinea pigs by comparing glucocorticoid levels and body weights between periods when guinea pigs lived in a habitat accessible to the public and while off exhibit. Mean glucocorticoid levels did not differ between sexes or between on- and off-exhibit periods. There was significant individual variation, and females demonstrated greater variation than males. While on exhibit, glucocorticoid levels slightly but significantly increased in males and decreased in females. Moving guinea pigs between habitats only elicited a significant glucocorticoid response when females were moved off exhibit. Temporary closures of the exhibit had no effect on glucocorticoid levels in either sex. Analyses of the impact of handling rates on males found no impact on glucocorticoid levels. Guinea pigs’ body weights were lower while on exhibit. We conclude that guinea pigs serving as ambassador animals at the Saint Louis Zoo demonstrate comparable physiological profiles while on and off exhibit and, when used in a rotational schedule, are a suitable species for animal encounters involving contact with the public.
Evaluation of the Modified LIVestock SIMulator for Stall-Fed Dairy Cattle in the Tropics
Authors: Bateki Christian A. , Dickhoefer Uta
Published: May 2020

Ruminant livestock systems in the (Sub-)Tropics differ from those in temperate areas. Yet, simulation models used to study resource use and productive performance in (sub-)tropical cattle production systems were mostly developed using data that quantify and characterize biological processes and their outcomes in cattle kept in temperate regions. Ergo, we selected the LIVestock SIMulator (LIVSIM) model, modified its cattle growth and lactation modules, adjusted the estimation of the animals’ metabolizable energy and protein requirements, and adopted a semi-mechanistic feed intake prediction model developed for (sub-)tropical stall-fed cattle. The original and modified LIVSIM were evaluated using a meta-dataset from stall-fed dairy cattle in Ethiopia, and the mean bias error (MBE), the root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP), and the relative prediction error (RPE) were used to assess their accuracy. The modified LIVSIM provided more accurate predictions of voluntary dry matter intake, final body weights 140 days postpartum, and daily milk yields than the original LIVSIM, as shown by a lower MBE, RMSEP, and RPE. Therefore, using data that quantify and characterize biological processes from (sub-)tropical cattle production systems in simulation models used in the (Sub-)Tropics can considerably improve their accuracy.
PYED-1 Inhibits Biofilm Formation and Disrupts the Preformed Biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Vollaro Adriana , Esposito Anna , Esposito Eliana Pia , Zarrilli Raffaele , Guaragna Annalisa , De Gregorio Eliana
Published: May 2020

Pregnadiene-11-hydroxy-16α,17α-epoxy-3,20-dione-1 (PYED-1), a heterocyclic corticosteroid derivative of deflazacort, exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we investigated the effect of PYED-1 on the biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus, an etiological agent of biofilm-based chronic infections such as osteomyelitis, indwelling medical device infections, periodontitis, chronic wound infections, and endocarditis. PYED-1 caused a strong reduction in biofilm formation in a concentration dependent manner. Furthermore, it was also able to completely remove the preformed biofilm. Transcriptional analysis performed on the established biofilm revealed that PYED-1 downregulates the expression of genes related to quorum sensing (agrA, RNAIII, hld, psm, and sarA), surface proteins (clfB and fnbB), secreted toxins (hla, hlb, and lukD), and capsular polysaccharides (capC). The expression of genes that encode two main global regulators, sigB and saeR, was also significantly inhibited after treatment with PYED-1. In conclusion, PYED-1 not only effectively inhibited biofilm formation, but also eradicated preformed biofilms of S. aureus, modulating the expression of genes related to quorum sensing, surface and secreted proteins, and capsular polysaccharides. These results indicated that PYED-1 may have great potential as an effective antibiofilm agent to prevent S. aureus biofilm-associated infections.
Peptide-Bound Methionine Sulfoxide (MetO) Levels and MsrB2 Abundance Are Differentially Regulated during the Desiccation Phase in Contrasted Acer Seeds
Authors: Wojciechowska Natalia , Alipour Shirin , Stolarska Ewelina , Bilska Karolina , Rey Pascal , Kalemba Ewa Marzena
Published: May 2020

Norway maple and sycamore produce desiccation-tolerant (orthodox) and desiccation-sensitive (recalcitrant) seeds, respectively. Drying affects reduction and oxidation (redox) status in seeds. Oxidation of methionine to methionine sulfoxide (MetO) and reduction via methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msrs) have never been investigated in relation to seed desiccation tolerance. MetO levels and the abundance of Msrs were investigated in relation to levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical (•OH), and the levels of ascorbate and glutathione redox couples in gradually dried seeds. Peptide-bound MetO levels were positively correlated with ROS concentrations in the orthodox seeds. In particular, •OH affected MetO levels as well as the abundance of MsrB2 solely in the embryonic axes of Norway maple seeds. In this species, MsrB2 was present in oxidized and reduced forms, and the latter was favored by reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid. In contrast, sycamore seeds accumulated higher ROS levels. Additionally, MsrB2 was oxidized in sycamore throughout dehydration. In this context, the three elements •OH level, MetO content and MsrB2 abundance, linked together uniquely to Norway maple seeds, might be considered important players of the redox network associated with desiccation tolerance.
Dynamic Time-Of-Use Pricing Strategy for Electric Vehicle Charging Considering User Satisfaction Degree
Authors: Zhang Qian , Hu Yue , Tan Weiyu , Li Chunyan , Ding Zhuwei
Published: May 2020

In order to solve the problem that the static peak-valley price for electric vehicles cannot truly reflect the relationship between electricity supply and demand, as well as the fact that the low utilization rate of renewable energy in the micro-grid, a dynamic time-of-use pricing strategy for electric vehicle charging considering user satisfaction degree is proposed, to achieve the goal of friendly charging for the micro-grid. Firstly, this paper researches the travel patterns of electric vehicles to establish the grid connection scenes and predict the controllable capacity of electric vehicles. Secondly, the charging preferences of different types of users are studied, and a comprehensive satisfaction degree model is set up to obtain different users’ charging strategies. Furthermore, the paper raises a pricing strategy on account of the dispatching requirements of the micro-grid, and realizes the effective dispatch of electric vehicle charging load based on price signals. Finally, we gain the dynamic time-of-use charging price, using the strategy proposed above, and the economic benefits brought to the micro-grid and electric vehicle users are analyzed, which validates the rationality and effectiveness of the pricing strategy.
Precise Measurement of the Surface Shape of Silicon Wafer by Using a New Phase-Shifting Algorithm and Wavelength-Tuning Interferometer
Authors: Miao Fuqing , Ahn Seokyoung , Kim Yangjin
Published: May 2020

In wavelength-tuning interferometry, the surface profile of the optical component is a key evaluation index. However, the systematic errors caused by the coupling error between the higher harmonics and phase shift error are considerable. In this research, a new 10N − 9 phase-shifting algorithm comprising a new polynomial window function and a DFT is developed. A new polynomial window function is developed based on characteristic polynomial theory. The characteristic of the new 10N − 9 algorithm is represented in the frequency domain by Fourier description. The phase error of the new algorithm is also discussed and compared with other phase-shifting algorithms. The surface profile of a silicon wafer was measured by using the 10N − 9 algorithm and a wavelength-tuning interferometer. The repeatability measurement error across 20 experiments was 2.045 nm, which indicates that the new 10N − 9 algorithm outperforms the conventional phase-shifting algorithm.
Design and Evaluation of Uniform LED Illumination Based on Double Linear Fresnel Lenses
Authors: Vu Hoang , Kieu Ngoc Minh , Gam Do Thi , Shin Seoyong , Tien Tran Quoc , Vu Ngoc Hai
Published: May 2020

Redistribution of LED radiation in lighting is necessary in many applications. In this article, we propose a new optical component design for LED lighting to achieve a higher performance. The design consists of a commercial collimator and two linear Fresnel lenses. The LED radiation is collimated by a collimator and redistributed by double linear Fresnel lenses to create a square-shaped, uniform distribution. The linear Fresnel lenses design is based on Snell’s law and the “edge-ray principle”. The optical devices are made from poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) using a high-speed computer numerical control (CNC) machine. The LED prototypes with complementary optics were measured, and the optical intensity distribution was evaluated. The numerical results showed we obtained a free-form lens that produced an illumination uniformity of 78% with an efficiency of 77%. We used the developed LED light sources for field experiments in agricultural lighting. The figures of these tests showed positive effects with control flowering criteria and advantages of harvested products in comparison with the conventional LED sources. This allows our approach in this paper to be considered as an alternative candidate for highly efficient and energy-saving LED lighting applications.
A Power Performance Online Assessment Method of a Wind Turbine Based on the Probabilistic Area Metric
Authors: Xiao Zhao , Zhao Qiancheng , Yang Xuebing , Zhu AnFeng
Published: May 2020

This paper presents an approach for creating online assessment power curves by calculating the variations between the baseline and actual power curves. The actual power curve is divided into two regions based on the operation rules of a wind turbine, and the regions are individually assessed. The raw data are filtered using the control command, and outliers are detected using the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise clustering method. The probabilistic area metric is applied to quantify the variations of the two power curves in the two regions. Based on this result, the variation in the power curves can be calculated, and the results can be used to dynamically evaluate the power performance of a wind turbine. The proposed method is verified against the derivation of secondary principal component method and traditional statistical methods. The potential applications of the proposed method in wind turbine maintenance activities are discussed.
Verifying the Test Methods and Certification Criteria for New Technological Convergence Products: Using Living Labs as a Methodology
Authors: Kim Hyung Jin
Published: May 2020

The recent industrial transformation driven by industry 4.0 and related emerging technologies, such as big data and Internet of Things (IoT), have exerted significant impacts on the key aspects of new product development. As an example, new smart products are being developed in various ways through technological convergence. The convergence-oriented development of new products, however, may increase the difficulty of getting tested and certified due to the incompatibility with the existing certification standards. Additionally, it may take several years to develop and verify new standards, possibly delaying the product launch. To deal with this trouble, this study proposes an interesting idea that living labs can be effectively used in verifying the test methods and certification criteria for new technological convergence products (NCPs). Specifically, this study develops a framework for analyzing the real-use environment of NCPs and deriving the primary living lab components that should be implemented for verification purposes. The presented framework is then applied to real NCP cases to check its validity. To the best of my knowledge, this study is among the first elaborating the idea of using living labs as the methodology for verifying the test methods and certification criteria for NCPs. The specific methods developed in this study can be used as important guidelines that practitioners can follow step by step. Theoretically, this study also has significant implications for living lab literature and context-related research.
Authority-Based Conversation Tracking in Twitter: An Unattended Methodological Approach
Authors: Mora-Cantallops Marçal , Sánchez-Alonso Salvador , García-Barriocanal Elena , Sicilia Miguel-Ángel
Published: May 2020

Twitter is undoubtedly one of the most widely used data sources to analyze human communication. The literature is full of examples where Twitter is accessed, and data are downloaded as the previous step to a more in-depth analysis in a wide variety of knowledge areas. Unfortunately, the extraction of relevant information from the opinions that users freely express in Twitter is complicated, both because of the volume generated—more than 6000 tweets per second—and the difficulties related to filtering out only what is pertinent to our research. Inspired by the fact that a large part of users use Twitter to communicate or receive political information, we created a method that allows for the monitoring of a set of users (which we will call authorities) and the tracking of the information published by them about an event. Our approach consists of dynamically and automatically monitoring the hottest topics among all the conversations where the authorities are involved, and retrieving the tweets in connection with those topics, filtering other conversations out. Although our case study involves the method being applied to the political discussions held during the Spanish general, local, and European elections of April/May 2019, the method is equally applicable to many other contexts, such as sporting events, marketing campaigns, or health crises.
A Comparative Study of the CMT+P Process on 316L Stainless Steel Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Xie Bin , Xue Jiaxiang , Ren Xianghui , Wu Wei , Lin Zhuangbin
Published: May 2020

Adopting the cold metal transfer plus pulse (CMT + P) process, 316L stainless steel wire was treated with a single channel multi-layer deposition experiment under different linear energy. The microstructures of different regions on the deposited samples were observed by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope, and the element distribution in the structure was analyzed by energy dispersive spectrometer. The mechanical properties and microhardness were measured by tensile test method and microhardness tester, respectively, and the anisotropy of tensile strength in horizontal and vertical directions were calculated. Finally, the fracture morphology of the tensile samples were observed by SEM. Experiment results showed that when the difference between the actual and the optimal wire feeding speed matching the specific welding speed was too large, this led to an unstable deposition process as well as flow and collapse of weld bead metal, thus seriously deteriorating the appearance of the deposition samples. The results from metallographic micrograph showed that rapid heat dissipation of the substrate caused small grains to generate in the bottom region of deposition samples, then gradually grew up to coarse dendrites along the building direction in the middle and top region caused by the continuous heat accumulation during deposition. Tensile test results showed that with the increase of linear energy, the horizontal and vertical tensile strength of the as-deposited samples decreased. In addition, the higher linear energy would deteriorate the microstructure of as-deposited parts, including significantly increasing the tendency of oxidation and material stripping. The microhardness values of the bottom, middle and top regions of the samples fluctuated along the centerline of the cross-section, and the values showed a trend of decreasing first and then rising along the building direction. Meanwhile, the yield strength and tensile strength of each specimen showed obvious anisotropy due to unique grain growth morphology. On the whole, the results from this study prove that CMT+P process is a feasible MIG welding additive manufacturing method for 316L stainless steel.
Bioacoustic Classification of Antillean Manatee Vocalization Spectrograms Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Merchan Fernando , Guerra Ariel , Poveda Héctor , Guzmán Héctor M. , Sanchez-Galan Javier E.
Published: May 2020

We evaluated the potential of using convolutional neural networks in classifying spectrograms of Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) vocalizations. Spectrograms using binary, linear and logarithmic amplitude formats were considered. Two deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN) architectures were tested: linear (fixed filter size) and pyramidal (incremental filter size). Six experiments were devised for testing the accuracy obtained for each spectrogram representation and architecture combination. Results show that binary spectrograms with both linear and pyramidal architectures with dropout provide a classification rate of 94–99% on the training and 92–98% on the testing set, respectively. The pyramidal network presents a shorter training and inference time. Results from the convolutional neural networks (CNN) are substantially better when compared with a signal processing fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based harmonic search approach in terms of accuracy and F1 Score. Taken together, these results prove the validity of using spectrograms and using DCNNs for manatee vocalization classification. These results can be used to improve future software and hardware implementations for the estimation of the manatee population in Panama.
Atmospheric Trace Metal Deposition from Natural and Anthropogenic Sources in Western Australia
Authors: Strzelec Michal , Proemse Bernadette C. , Barmuta Leon A. , Gault-Ringold Melanie , Desservettaz Maximilien , Boyd Philip W. , Perron Morgane M. G. , Schofield Robyn , Bowie Andrew R.
Published: May 2020

Aerosols from Western Australia supply micronutrient trace elements including Fe into the western shelf of Australia and further afield into the Southern and Indian Oceans. However, regional observations of atmospheric trace metal deposition are limited. Here, we applied a series of leaching experiments followed by total analysis of bulk aerosol samples to a unique time-series of aerosol samples collected in Western Australia to determine atmospheric concentrations and solubilities of Fe and V, Mn, Co, Zn, and Pb. Positive matrix factorisation analysis indicated that mineral dust, biomass burning particulates, sea salt, and industrial emissions were the major types of aerosols. Overall, natural sources dominated Fe deposition. Higher atmospheric concentrations of mineral dust (sixfold) and biomass burning emissions were observed in warmer compared to cooler months. The fraction of labile Fe (0.6–6.0%) was lower than that reported for other regions of Australia. Bushfire emissions are a temporary source of labile Fe and may cause a peak in the delivery of its more easily available forms to the ocean. Increased labile Fe deposition may result in higher ocean productivity in regions where Fe is limiting, and the effect of aerosol deposition on ocean productivity in this region requires further study.
Two Ways to Quantify Korean Drought Frequency: Partial Duration Series and Bivariate Exponential Distribution, and Application to Climate Change
Authors: Won Jeongeun , Choi Jeonghyeon , Lee Okjeong , Park Moo Jong , Kim Sangdan
Published: May 2020

Studies using drought index to examine return levels of drought can be classified into two approaches: univariate frequency analysis using annual series extracted from drought index time series and multivariate frequency analysis that simultaneously reflects various characteristics of drought. In the case of drought analysis, it is important to properly consider the duration, so, in this study, univariate frequency analysis is performed using the partial duration series. In addition, a bivariate frequency analysis is performed using a relatively simple bivariate exponential distribution to give a more realistic return level to major drought events in the past while reflecting the correlation between drought severities and durations. The drought severity–duration–frequency curves using each of the two frequency analyses are derived, and these curves are used to examine how the drought phenomenon currently in progress is evolving. From this, the advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches, as well as the points to be aware of in application, are discussed. Finally, using the two approaches to the proposed drought frequency analysis, the behavior of Korea’s future extreme droughts is investigated under the conditions of various future climate change scenarios.
Chemical Composition of PM10 in 16 Urban, Industrial and Background Sites in Italy
Authors: Perrino Cinzia , Catrambone Maria , Canepari Silvia
Published: May 2020

Italy is characterized by a very variable configuration in terms of altitude, proximity to the sea, latitude and the presence of industrial plants. This paper summarizes the chemical characterization of PM10 obtained from 38 sampling campaigns carried out in 16 sites in Italy during the years 2008–2018. Chemical determinations include all macro-components (six macro-elements, eight ions, elemental carbon and organic carbon). The sum of the individual components agrees well with the PM10 mass. The chemical composition of the atmospheric aerosol clearly reflects the variety in the Italian territory and the pronounced seasonal variations in the meteoclimatic conditions that characterize the country. Macro-sources reconstruction allowed us to identify and evaluate the strength of the main PM10 sources in different areas. On 10 sampling sites, the soluble and insoluble fractions of 23 minor and trace elements were also determined. Principal Component Analysis was applied to these data to highlight the relationship between the elemental composition of PM10 and the characteristics of the sampling sites.
Parameterization of Radiation Fog-Top Height and Methods Evaluation in Tianjin
Authors: Ju Tingting , Wu Bingui , Zhang Hongsheng , Liu Jingle
Published: May 2020

Different methods have been developed to estimate the fog-top height of radiation fog and evaluated using the measurements obtained from a 255-m meteorological tower located in Tianjin in 2016. Different indicators of turbulence intensity, friction velocity (u*), turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), and variance of vertical velocity (σw2) were used to estimate the fog-top height, respectively. Positive correlations between the fog-top height and u*, TKE, and σw2 were observed, with empirical parameterization schemes H = 583.35 × u * 1.12 , H = 205.4   ×   ( T K E ) 0.68 , and H = 420.10 × ( σ w 2 ) 0.51 being obtained. Among them, σw2 is the most appropriate indicators of turbulence intensity to estimate the fog-top height. Compared with sensible flux and condensation rate, the new form of convective velocity scale (w*) was the most appropriate indicator of buoyancy induced by radiative cooling, and the relationship H = 328.33 × w * 1.34 was obtained. σw2 and with w*, which represents the intensity of turbulence and buoyancy, were used to estimate the fog-top height. The relationship H = 396.26 ×   (σw + 0.1 ×   w*) − 16 was obtained, which can be used to accurately estimate the fog-top height. Moreover, the temperature convergence (TC) method was used to estimate the fog-top height; however, the results strongly rely on the threshold value.
The Observation Path Problems and the Formation Conditions of the Elevated Layer of Black Carbon Aerosol
Authors: Jin Lianji , Lin Liang , Ding Deping , Zhao Delong , Zhu Bin , Zhai Qingfei , Liu Zheng
Published: May 2020

Studies on the detection of layers with elevated black carbon aerosol (BC) concentrations and the formation conditions of these layers help understand the vertical distribution of BC concentrations, which will provide a basis for the assessment of climate effects and early pollution warnings. By using the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) numerical model, we performed a numerical simulation analysis on the authenticity of strongly elevated BC concentration layers that were detected by an aircraft in the mixing layer over Harbin, China, which is a high-emission area, on a clear sunny afternoon in the early heating period of 2016. We then discuss possible problems and solutions when non-vertical paths are used to detect the vertical distribution of BC concentrations. Finally, we discuss the favorable conditions for the formation of elevated BC concentration layers by a weak vertical flow based on the simulation. The modeling results show that the horizontal variability of BC concentration in the mixing layer in the observation area in Harbin was sufficiently large during the measurement. This produced a false elevated layer, as detected by the aircraft during one round of spiral flight in the mixing layer. The root mean square of the horizontal distribution of BC concentration did not change with height in the mixing layer during the daytime, but it decreased with the thickness of the mixing layer and was higher in the mixing layer than in the free atmosphere. Therefore, the thinner the mixing layer, in which the vertical distribution of the BC concentration is detected in an inclined path, the stronger interference of the horizontal variability on the detected results. In the daytime, due to strong turbulence in the mixing layer, weak vertical uplift is not favorable for the occurrence of elevated BC concentration layers in the mixing layer. In the nighttime, if weak vertical uplift is well-matched with the BC concentration or its vertical gradient, elevated BC concentration layers can be formed in the atmosphere. Compared with upper layers far from the ground, nighttime elevated layers are easier to form in lower layers near the ground because high BC concentrations or large vertical gradients are more likely to occur in the lower layers. Both cases facilitate the occurrence of large vertical upward transport rates of BC.
Roasting Conditions and Coffee Flavor: A Multi-Study Empirical Investigation
Authors: Münchow Morten , Alstrup Jesper , Steen Ida , Giacalone Davide
Published: May 2020

This research investigates the relative importance of two roasting parameters—colour (i.e., roast degree) and time—on the sensory properties of coffee. The paper draws on data from eight studies conducted using sensory descriptive analysis with trained (in six studies) or semi-trained (in two studies) assessors, focusing on a common set of attributes. The results indicated that, while both parameters significantly affected coffee flavour, colour was the stronger predictor of the two. The effects direction for both colour and time were similar and related to the rate of non-enzymatic browning, with darker roasts/longer roasting times associated with an increase in bitterness and a decrease in acidity, fruitiness, and sweetness. With respect to roasting time, we distinguished two phases, “time to first crack”, corresponding to the time between the onset of roasting and the moment where the accumulated steam pressure causes the beans to crack, and “development time”, corresponding to the time elapsed from the first crack to the end of the roasting process. The results clearly indicated that, under the same colour, time variation also influenced flavour, and in particular, development time, rather than time to first crack, had the largest effect on coffee flavour.
Assistance for Folding of Disease-Causing Plasma Membrane Proteins
Authors: Juarez-Navarro Karina , Ayala-Garcia Victor M. , Ruiz-Baca Estela , Meneses-Morales Ivan , Rios-Banuelos Jose Luis , Lopez-Rodriguez Angelica
Published: May 2020

An extensive catalog of plasma membrane (PM) protein mutations related to phenotypic diseases is associated with incorrect protein folding and/or localization. These impairments, in addition to dysfunction, frequently promote protein aggregation, which can be detrimental to cells. Here, we review PM protein processing, from protein synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum to delivery to the PM, stressing the main repercussions of processing failures and their physiological consequences in pathologies, and we summarize the recent proposed therapeutic strategies to rescue misassembled proteins through different types of chaperones and/or small molecule drugs that safeguard protein quality control and regulate proteostasis.
Challenges and Advances in Genome Editing Technologies in Streptomyces
Authors: Zhao Yawei , Li Guoquan , Chen Yunliang , Lu Yinhua
Published: May 2020

The genome of Streptomyces encodes a high number of natural product (NP) biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). Most of these BGCs are not expressed or are poorly expressed (commonly called silent BGCs) under traditional laboratory experimental conditions. These NP BGCs represent an unexplored rich reservoir of natural compounds, which can be used to discover novel chemical compounds. To activate silent BGCs for NP discovery, two main strategies, including the induction of BGCs expression in native hosts and heterologous expression of BGCs in surrogate Streptomyces hosts, have been adopted, which normally requires genetic manipulation. So far, various genome editing technologies have been developed, which has markedly facilitated the activation of BGCs and NP overproduction in their native hosts, as well as in heterologous Streptomyces hosts. In this review, we summarize the challenges and recent advances in genome editing tools for Streptomyces genetic manipulation with a focus on editing tools based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) systems. Additionally, we discuss the future research focus, especially the development of endogenous CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing technologies in Streptomyces.
Increased ACh-Associated Immunoreactivity in Autonomic Centers in PTZ Kindling Model of Epilepsy
Authors: Akyüz Enes , Doğanyiğit Züleyha , Paudel Yam Nath , Kaymak Emin , Yilmaz Seher , Uner Arda , Shaikh Mohd. Farooq
Published: May 2020

Experimental and clinical studies of cardiac pathology associated with epilepsy have demonstrated an impact on the autonomic nervous system (ANS). However, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Molecular investigation of the neurotransmitters related receptor and ion channel directing ANS might help in understanding the associated mechanism. In this paper, we investigated the role of acetylcholine (ACh), which demonstrates both sympathetic and parasympathetic roles in targeted expression in terms of the relevant receptor and ion channel. Inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels play a significant role in maintaining the resting membrane potential and controlling cell excitability and are prominently expressed in both the excitable and non-excitable tissues. The immunoreactivity of ACh-activated Kir3.1 channel and muscarinic ACh receptors (M2) in autonomic centers such as the brainstem, vagus nerve (VN) and atria of heart was confirmed by both histological staining and pathological tissue analysis. Significant upregulations of Kir3.1 and M2 receptors were observed in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-kindled epileptic rats for all related tissues investigated, whereas no pathological difference was observed. These findings provide proof-of-concept that changes in ACh-associated immunoreactivity might be linked to the ANS dysfunctions associated with epilepsy.
Spinal Cord Impairment in Anti-Mag Neuropathy: Evidence from Somatosensory Evoked Potentials
Authors: Boscarino Marilisa , Lanzone Jacopo , Ricci Lorenzo , Tombini Mario , Di Lazzaro Vincenzo , Assenza Giovanni
Published: May 2020

Anti-Myelin Associated Glycoprotein (anti-MAG) neurological involvement classically manifests as a peripheral neuropathy with prominent sensitive symptoms. We describe a case report of a patient with positive anti-MAG antibodies presenting with clinical and neurophysiological evidence of spinal cord impairment. A 69-year-old woman came to our attention with subacute onset of dysesthesias at lower limbs and ataxia. Blood routine tests and hematological work-up led to a diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. High titers of anti-MAG antibodies was revealed (34,594.70 BTU/mL, normal range 0–1000). Nerve conduction studies (NCS) ruled out a polyneuropathy at lower limbs. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) showed prolonged central conduction time (CTT) at lower limbs, suggesting a dorsal column damage. Brain and spinal cord Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) did not reveal any significant lesion. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evidenced an albumin-cytologic dissociation. She was treated with corticosteroids with temporary remission of sensory symptoms and normalization of CTT. Subsequently, she developed a multineuropathy which was successfully treated with Rituximab. We discuss the potential role of anti-MAG antibodies in the pathophysiology of dorsal column impairment and the clinical usefulness of SSEPs in monitoring the evolution of anti-MAG neuropathy.
Event-Related Potentials (ERP) Indices of Motivation during the Effort Expenditure for Reward Task
Authors: Giustiniani Julie , Nicolier Magali , Teti Mayer Juliana , Chabin Thibault , Masse Caroline , Galmès Nathan , Pazart Lionel , Trojak Benoit , Bennabi Djamila , Vandel Pierre , Haffen Emmanuel , Gabriel Damien
Published: May 2020

Dynamic and temporal facets of the various constructs that comprise motivation remain to be explored. Here, we adapted the Effort Expenditure for Reward Task, a well-known laboratory task used to evaluate motivation, to study the event-related potentials associated with reward processing. The Stimulus Preceding Negativity (SPN) and the P300 were utilized as motivation indicators with high density electroencephalography. The SPN was found to be more negative for difficult choices compared to easy choices, suggesting a greater level of motivation, at a neurophysiological level. The insula, a structure previously associated with both effort discounting and prediction error, was concomitantly activated during the generation of the SPN. Processing a gain significantly altered the amplitude of the P300 compared to an absence of gain, particularly on centroparietal electrodes. One of the generators of the P300 was located on the vmPFC, a cerebral structure involved in the choice between two positive results and their predictions, during loss processing. Both the SPN and the P300 appear to be reliable neural markers of motivation. We postulate that the SPN represents the strength of the motivational level, while the P300 represents the impact of motivation on updating memories of the feedback.
Attachment and Images of Parents and of the Romantic Partner of Russian Young Men and Women
Authors: Sabelnikova Natalia , Kashirsky Dmitry , Garvard Olga
Published: May 2020

The study investigated young adults’ perceptions of their parents and romantic partners with respect to the quality of attachment to the loved ones. The sample consisted of 78 young Russian men and women aged 19–25 involved in a romantic relationship for at least for 12 months. The employed instruments were the Attachment to Close People Questionnaire (ACOQ), based on the Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR) questionnaire, the Adolescents’ Report of Parental Behavior Inventory, and Leary’s Interpersonal Behavior Measure. Regression analysis was used to analyze the data. The results indicated that the attachment to the mother contributed to attachment to the romantic partner more than the attachment to the father. The attachment security with the partner was associated with the image of the partner.
Multi-objective Building Design Optimization under Operational Uncertainties Using the NSGA II Algorithm
Authors: Chaturvedi Shobhit , Rajasekar Elangovan , Natarajan Sukumar
Published: May 2020

Operational uncertainties play a critical role in determining potential pathways to reduce the building energy footprint in the Global South. This paper presents the application of a non-dominated sorting genetic (NSGA II) algorithm for multi-objective building design optimization under operational uncertainties. A residential building situated in a mid-latitude steppe and desert region (Köppen climate classification: BSh) in the Global South has been selected for our investigation. The annual building energy consumption and the total number of cooling setpoint unmet hours (h) were assessed over 13,122 different energy efficiency measures. Six Pareto optimal solutions were identified by the NSGA II algorithm. Robustness of Pareto solutions was evaluated by comparing their performance sensitivity over 162 uncertain operational scenarios. The final selection for the most optimal energy efficiency measure was achieved by formulating a robust multi-criteria decision function by incorporating performance, user preference, and reliability criteria. Results from this robust approach were compared with those obtained using a deterministic approach. The most optimal energy efficiency measure resulted in 9.24% lower annual energy consumption and a 45% lower number of cooling setpoint unmet h as compared to the base case.
Dysregulation of Rho GTPases in Human Cancers
Authors: Jung Haiyoung , Yoon Suk Ran , Lim Jeewon , Cho Hee Jun , Lee Hee Gu
Published: May 2020

Rho GTPases play central roles in numerous cellular processes, including cell motility, cell polarity, and cell cycle progression, by regulating actin cytoskeletal dynamics and cell adhesion. Dysregulation of Rho GTPase signaling is observed in a broad range of human cancers, and is associated with cancer development and malignant phenotypes, including metastasis and chemoresistance. Rho GTPase activity is precisely controlled by guanine nucleotide exchange factors, GTPase-activating proteins, and guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors. Recent evidence demonstrates that it is also regulated by post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of Rho GTPases, and the precise mechanisms controlling their activity in the regulation of cancer progression. In addition, we discuss targeting strategies for the development of new drugs to improve cancer therapy.