bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cuando lo común no es común: Sobre leyes, territorios y lo campesino en la Colombia contemporánea
Authors: Aparicio Juan Ricardo
Published: August 2020

En este artículo utilizo el registro etnográfico para exponer los efectos que ha traído el Acuerdo de paz firmado entre el gobierno colombiano y la guerrilla de las FARC 2016, en lo concerniente al capítulo de tierras y su formalización, sobre aquellos procesos organizativos de víctimas que han construido una territorialidad en las zonas grises de propiedades abandonadas, sin registro ni formalización. Sitúo esta problemática a partir de mis investigaciones en la Comunidad de Paz de San José de Apartadó, autoproclamada como una comunidad campesina no combatiente. Indago en el terreno de lo cotidiano para comprender las múltiples mediaciones y efectos no predecibles que ponen a prueba la dinámica de los procesos organizativos en el contexto del posacuerdo, ya que estos tensionan cualquier comprensión simplista de lo común, creando nuevos e inesperados conflictos y divisiones en tiempos de paz.
Money and Collateral
Authors: FERRARIS LEO , MATTESINI FABRIZIO
Published: August 2020

This paper presents a model in which collateralized monetary loans are essential as trading instruments. Money and private debt collateralized by real assets complement each other as allocative tools in an environment with informational and commitment limitations. Public debt may play a socially beneficial role when collateral is scarce.
News and Uncertainty Shocks
Authors: CASCALDI‐GARCIA DANILO , GALVAO ANA BEATRIZ
Published: August 2020

We provide novel evidence that technological news and uncertainty shocks, identified one at a time using vector autoregressive (VAR) models as in the literature, are correlated; that is, they are not truly structural . We then proceed by proposing an identification scheme to disentangle the effects of news and financial uncertainty shocks. We find that by removing financial uncertainty effects from news shocks, the positive responses of economic activity to news shocks are strengthened in the short term; and that the negative responses of activity to financial uncertainty shocks are deepened in the medium term as “good uncertainty” effects on technology are purged.
Insights into skull evolution in fossorial snakes, as revealed by the cranial morphology of Atractaspis irregularis (Serpentes: Colubroidea)
Authors: Strong Catherine R. C. , Palci Alessandro , Caldwell Michael W.
Published: August 2020

Comparative osteological analyses of extant organisms provide key insight into major evolutionary transitions and phylogenetic hypotheses. This is especially true for snakes, given their unique morphology relative to other squamates and the persistent controversy regarding their evolutionary origins. However, the osteology of several major snake groups remains undescribed, thus hindering efforts to accurately reconstruct the phylogeny of snakes. One such group is the Atractaspididae, a family of fossorial colubroids. We herein present the first detailed description of the atractaspidid skull, based on fully segmented micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) scans of Atractaspis irregularis. The skull of Atractaspis presents a highly unique morphology influenced by both fossoriality and paedomorphosis. This paedomorphosis is especially evident in the jaws, palate, and suspensorium, the major elements associated with macrostomy (large‐gaped feeding in snakes). Comparison to scolecophidians—a group of blind, fossorial, miniaturized snakes—in turn sheds light on current hypotheses of snake phylogeny. Features of both the naso‐frontal joint and the morphofunctional system related to macrostomy refute the traditional notion that scolecophidians are fundamentally different from alethinophidians (all other extant snakes). Instead, these features support the controversial hypothesis of scolecophidians as "regressed alethinophidians," in contrast to their traditional placement as the earliest‐diverging snake lineage. We propose that Atractaspis and scolecophidians fall along a morphological continuum, characterized by differing degrees of paedomorphosis. Altogether, a combination of heterochrony and miniaturization provides a mechanism for the derivation of the scolecophidian skull from an ancestral fossorial alethinophidian morphotype, exemplified by the nonminiaturized and less extreme paedomorph Atractaspis.
Evolution of arboreality and fossoriality in squirrels and aplodontid rodents: Insights from the semicircular canals of fossil rodents
Authors: Bhagat Raj , Bertrand Ornella C. , Silcox Mary T.
Published: August 2020

Reconstructing locomotor behaviour for fossil animals is typically done with postcranial elements. However, for species only known from cranial material, locomotor behaviour is difficult to reconstruct. The semicircular canals (SCCs) in the inner ear provide insight into an animal's locomotor agility. A relationship exists between the size of the SCCs relative to body mass and the jerkiness of an animal's locomotion. Additionally, studies have also demonstrated a relationship between SCC orthogonality and angular head velocity. Here, we employ two metrics for reconstructing locomotor agility, radius of curvature dimensions and SCC orthogonality, in a sample of twelve fossil rodents from the families Ischyromyidae, Sciuridae and Aplodontidae. The method utilizing radius of curvature dimensions provided a reconstruction of fossil rodent locomotor behaviour that is more consistent with previous studies assessing fossil rodent locomotor behaviour compared to the method based on SCC orthogonality. Previous work on ischyromyids suggests that this group displayed a variety of locomotor modes. Members of Paramyinae and Ischyromyinae have relatively smaller SCCs and are reconstructed to be relatively slower compared to members of Reithroparamyinae. Early members of the Sciuroidea clade including the sciurid Cedromus wilsoni and the aplodontid Prosciurus relictus are reconstructed to be more agile than ischyromyids, in the range of extant arboreal squirrels. This reconstruction supports previous inferences that arboreality was likely an ancestral trait for this group. Derived members of Sciuridae and Aplodontidae vary in agility scores. The fossil squirrel Protosciurus cf. rachelae is inferred from postcranial material as arboreal, which is in agreement with its high agility, in the range of extant arboreal squirrels. In contrast, the fossil aplodontid Mesogaulus paniensis has a relatively low agility score, similar to the fossorial Aplodontia rufa, the only living aplodontid rodent. This result is in agreement with its postcranial reconstruction as fossorial and with previous indications that early aplodontids were more arboreal than their burrowing descendants.
Botulinum toxin complications in registered and off‐label aesthetic indications
Authors: Landau Marina , Nestor Mark S. , de Almeida Ada Trindade , Al‐Niaimi Firas
Published: August 2020

Botulinum toxin A (BTXA) is one of the most popular nonsurgical cosmetic procedures worldwide. Overall, this procedure is associated with favorable complications profile. Nevertheless, any medical intervention carries inherent risks. This synopsis systematically reviews adverse effects of aesthetic BTXA for both approved and off‐label indications. Based on published data, the approach for prevention and management is discussed.
Increased expression of FOXD1 is associated with cervical node metastasis and unfavorable prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Li Zhongwu , Yan Tingyuan , Wu Xiang , Zhang Wei , Li Jin , Wang Laijie , Yang Jianrong
Published: August 2020

Background

Previous studies suggest that FOXD1 is involved in tumorigenesis and closely related to the patients’ poor outcome in human cancer. However, its expression pattern in primary oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains uncovered. In this study, we tried to explore the expression pattern of FOXD1 and its clinicopathological significance in primary OSCC.

Methods

Data mining and analysis on FOXD1 mRNA expression in OSCC samples were performed using publicly available databases. Its protein expression was supervised by immunohistochemistry in a retrospective cohort containing 58 primary OSCC samples. Furthermore, the potential associations between FOXD1 expression and various clinicopathological characteristics and patients’ survival were further investigated.

Results

Bioinformatic analysis indicated that FOXD1 mRNA abundance was obviously up‐regulated in OSCC cohorts. Immunohistochemical staining results showed that FOXD1 protein was significantly up‐regulated in OSCC specimens as compared to normal counterparts and its aberrant up‐regulation was remarkably related to cervical lymph node metastasis (P = .0198) and decreased overall survival (P = .0281) and disease‐free survival (P = .0312). Both univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis further revealed the expression pattern of FOXD1 as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival of patients.

Conclusion

Taken together, these findings indicate that the aberrant up‐regulation of FOXD1 is related to cervical node metastasis and unfavorable prognosis in OSCC and it also may play a key role during OSCC tumorigenesis and regard as a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for OSCC.
Hidden framings and hidden asymmetries in the measurement of personality––A combined lens‐model and frame‐of‐reference perspective
Authors: Schulze Julian , West Stephen G. , Freudenstein Jan‐Philipp , Schäpers Philipp , Mussel Patrick , Eid Michael , Krumm Stefan
Published: August 2020

Objective

The symmetry principle and the frame‐of‐reference perspective have each made contributions to improving the measurement of personality. Although each perspective is valuable in its own right, we argue that even greater improvement can be achieved through the combination of both. Therefore, the goal of the current article was to show the value of a combined lens‐model and frame‐of‐reference perspective.

Method

We conducted a literature review to summarize relevant research findings that shed light on the interplay of both perspectives and developed an integrative model.

Results

Based on the literature review and on theoretical grounds, we argue that a basic premise of the frame‐of‐reference literature––that personality items are open to interpretation and allow individuals to impose their own contextual framings––should be considered from a symmetry perspective. Unintended context‐specificity in items may “spread” to personality facets and domains, and thus, impact the symmetry of personality measures with other criteria. As the individuals´ frames‐of‐reference and (a)symmetric relationships are not always apparent, we term them as “hidden.”

Conclusions

The proposed combination of lens‐model and frame‐of‐reference perspectives provides further insights into current issues in personality research and uncovers important avenues for future research.
The sensory properties and consumer acceptance of cold brew coffee
Authors: McCain‐Keefer Heather R. , Meals Stephanie , Drake MaryAnne
Published: August 2020

Cold brew coffee is an increasingly popular beverage category with potentially distinct sensory attributes from traditional hot brewed coffees. A category survey of cold brew coffees was conducted with 44 commercial cold brew coffees. Ready‐to‐drink (RTD), cold brew at‐home (BAH), concentrates (CONC), and nitrogen infused cold brew coffees (NBC) were included. Descriptive analysis was performed by a highly trained panel. Selected representative coffees (n = 8) were then evaluated by temporal check all that apply (TCATA) with a trained panel to provide additional temporal differentiation and by consumers (n = 125) to determine consumer liking. Key differentiating attributes of cold brew coffees were mouthfeel attributes (viscosity, silkiness, astringency), basic tastes (sour, sour, bitter), and aromatics (overall aroma, smoky, ashy, nutty, beany, caramel/molasses, brothy) (p < .05). Beverages were also distinguished temporally based on category (RTD vs. BAH vs. NBC) (p < .05). Drivers of liking for all consumers were cocoa, spicy/resin, and caramel/molasses flavors and sweet taste. Drivers of dislike for all consumers were silky mouthfeel, beany, fruity, and woody/twig flavors and sour taste. The multimodal sensory perceptions generated by cold brew coffees and consumer perception of the cold brew coffees enhances understanding of this expanding beverage category.

Practical applications

There are many ways to brew cold brew coffee and many sensory attributes present. The results of this study provide insight into different flavors imparted by different cold brew methods and insights for consumer preferences of different cold brew flavors.
Risk of traumatic intracranial haemorrhage in children with bleeding disorders
Authors: Bressan Silvia , Monagle Paul , Dalziel Stuart R , Borland Meredith L , Phillips Natalie , Kochar Amit , Lyttle Mark D , Cheek John A , Neutze Jocelyn , Oakley Ed , Dalton Sarah , Gilhotra Yuri , Hearps Stephen , Furyk Jeremy , Babl Franz E ,   Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT)
Published: August 2020

Aim

To assess computerised tomography (CT) use and the risk of intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) in children with bleeding disorders following a head trauma.

Methods

Design: Multicentre prospective observational study. Setting: 10 paediatric emergency departments (ED) in Australia and New Zealand. Patients: Children <18 years with and without bleeding disorders assessed in ED following head trauma between April 2011 and November 2014. Interventions: Data collection of patient characteristics, management and outcomes. Main outcome measures: Rate of CT use and frequency of ICH on CT.

Results

Of 20 137 patients overall, 103 (0.5%) had a congenital or acquired bleeding disorder. CT use was higher in these patients compared with children without bleeding disorders (30.1 vs. 10.4%; rate ratio 2.91 95% CI 2.16–3.91). Only one of 31 (3.2%) children who underwent CT in the ED had an ICH. This patient rapidly deteriorated in the ED on arrival and required neurosurgery. None of the patients with bleeding disorders who did not have a CT obtained in the ED or had an initial negative CT had evidence of ICH on follow up.

Conclusions

Although children with a bleeding disorder and a head trauma more often received a CT scan in the ED, their risk of ICH seemed low and appeared associated with post‐traumatic clinical findings. Selective CT use combined with observation may be cautiously considered in these children based on clinical presentation and severity of bleeding disorder.
Epidemiology of soccer‐related head injury in children 5–14 years in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Smith Amy E , Krejany Catherine , Jiwa Moyez
Published: August 2020

Aim

Our aim was to use epidemiological data to determine the incidence of soccer‐related head injuries in children aged 5–14 years who presented at emergency departments (EDs) or were admitted in hospitals in Victoria, Australia.

Methods

ED presentation and hospital admission de‐identified aggregate data were from the Victorian Injury Surveillance Unit. Soccer participation data were compared with the soccer‐related head injury data to determine the incidence of this injury among these children.

Results

The incidence of ED presentations was 0.17% of children participating in soccer during the study period (financial years 2011–2012 to 2015–2016). The 10–14‐years age group presented with more head injuries than the 5–9‐years age group. For the admissions data, soccer had a significantly lower (P = 0.0379) incidence of head injury when compared with ‘sport as a whole’.

Conclusions

The low incidence of soccer‐related head injuries presenting to an ED or admission to hospital is consistent with international findings.
Cholestatic jaundice in neonates: How common is biliary atresia? Experience at an Australian tertiary centre
Authors: Ling David X H , Bolisetty Srinivas , Krishnan Usha
Published: August 2020

Aim

To (i) review the aetiologies of neonatal cholestasis among term and preterm neonates at a single tertiary centre in Australia; (ii) identify clinical variables associated with biliary atresia (BA) and non‐BA aetiology of neonatal cholestasis; (iii) investigate the utility of hepatobiliary scintigraphy in predicting BA among term and preterm neonates.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of neonates born and investigated for cholestasis at two co‐located neonatal and children facilities from January 2013 to December 2017.

Results

Of the 139 neonates with cholestasis, BA and intestinal‐failure‐associated liver‐disease was the most common cause of neonatal cholestasis in term (18%) and preterm (66%) cohorts, respectively. Incidence of BA was higher in term (1:6) than preterm (1:50) neonates (OR 10.29; 95% CI 2.06–49.97, P = 0.0024). Higher birthweight, acholic stool, absent or abnormal gallbladder on ultrasound was significantly associated with BA while gestational age ≤32 weeks, total parenteral nutrition ≥14 days and low albumin were associated with non‐BA aetiology of cholestasis. In diagnosing BA, non‐draining hepatobiliary scintigraphy demonstrated a lower specificity (73% vs. 90%) and lower positive predictive value (25% vs. 78%) in preterm compared to term neonates.

Conclusion

Aetiology of cholestasis among preterm neonates differs from those in term neonates and currently existing diagnostic algorithm for neonatal cholestasis may need to be modified for preterm cohort, taking into account the prevalence for each aetiology, potential predictors and cost‐efficiency.
Dental therapy in the United States: Are developments at the state level a reason for optimism or a cause for concern?
Authors: Simon Lisa , Donoff R. Bruce , Friedland Bernard
Published: August 2020

Access to dental care continues to be a challenge for millions of vulnerable Americans. In more than 50 nations worldwide, dental therapists (DTs), mid‐level providers who deliver a limited scope of dental care under the supervision of a dentist, have helped increase access to needed care. Since 2003, when the Alaska Native Tribal Health System introduced DTs as part of the Federally authorized Alaska Community Health Aide Program, a total of 13 states have adopted the role. However, as of April 2020, there are fewer than 150 DTs in practice throughout the country, and educational and licensing requirements as well as scope of practice vary between each state. Such heterogeneity makes the training and recruitment of future DTs a challenge. This article summarizes the current state of the DT workforce in the United States and discusses the possible future of the profession as other states contemplate adopting the model in the face of ongoing oral health disparities.
Prevalence of oral conditions among methamphetamine users: NHANES 2009–2014
Authors: Hegazi Fahad , Alhazmi Hesham , Abdullah Abeer , Alamer Nora , Nelson Jevae , Aldosari Muath , Tillman Nailah , Bahdila Dania , Odani Satomi , Agaku Israel , Vardavas Constantine
Published: August 2020

Objectives

Methamphetamine (MA) is a widely used illicit drug and a nationwide public health concern. Although dental complications are consistently reported among MA users, yet limited nationally representative studies on the associations between MA use and oral health currently exist.

Methods

Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2014, we analyzed 8,762 respondents aged 30–64 years who had completed a periodontal examination. MA use was self‐reported; periodontitis, untreated caries, and missing teeth were assessed by calibrated dentists. Descriptive statistics as well as multivariable regression analyses were performed. Data were weighted to yield representative estimates of the US adult population.

Results

Overall 7.8 percent of US adults aged ≥30 years had ever used MA. Ever‐use prevalence was higher among males, whites, and individuals below the federal poverty level. Established MA users had a higher prevalence of untreated dental caries (36.6 percent), any periodontitis (54.8 percent), and severe periodontitis (12.2 percent) than those who had never used MA. The prevalence of any periodontitis was higher among current MA users (PR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.05–1.62) than those who never used MA. Prevalence of untreated dental caries was higher among current MA users (PR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.10–2.13) and established users (PR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.02–1.48) than never users. Taking MA orally and/or through injection was associated with higher odds of severe periodontitis than orally only (AOR: 3.72; CI: 1.79–7.75).

Conclusions

MA users had a higher prevalence of periodontitis and dental caries. Continued research assessing the relationship between MA use and oral health can inform clinical interventions and management of dental diseases in MA users.
Influences on interactions between physicians in the public and private sectors and medical representatives in Yemen
Authors: Al-Areefi Mahmoud A , Ibrahim Mohamed Izham M , Hassali Mohamed Azmi A , Alfadl Abubakr A
Published: August 2020

Objective

This study aims to assess the relative importance of attitude and subjective norms as well as physicians' characteristics and practice-setting factors in predicting the outcome of physicians' interactions with MRs.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted among a convenience sample of 602 physicians in Sana'a, Yemen. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential analyses. The t-test/Mann–Whitney test and ANOVA/Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc analysis, principal component analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis were applied at an a priori significance level of 0.05.

Key findings

The response rate was 76.5%. Results showed that physicians who see a greater number of MRs per week or have academic affiliations were significantly more likely to have received high/low-value promotional items than were those who saw fewer MRs or have no academic affiliations (P values < 0.001 and 0.021, respectively). Also male physicians and physicians who have private clinics were significantly more likely to have received high-value promotional items (P value < 0.001). Three out of five hypotheses were supported (physicians' belief in the appropriateness of accepting high/low-value pharmaceutical companies' promotional techniques relate positively and significantly to their behaviour of interactions with MRs, and physicians' attitudes towards pharmaceutical companies relates positively and significantly to their interactions with MRs).

Conclusion

Physicians in Yemen consider most of the promotional techniques as normal practice. The article provides empirical evidence for policymakers in developing countries in general, and Yemen specifically, to develop suitable policies and regulations for drug promotion.
The effect of different dietary ratios of lysine, arginine and methionine on biochemical parameters and hormone secretion in turkeys
Authors: Ognik Katarzyna , Całyniuk Zuzanna , Mikulski Dariusz , Stępniowska Anna , Konieczka Paweł , Jankowski Jan
Published: August 2020

We postulated that the use of optimal levels and proportions of Lys, Arg and Met in compound feed allows for optimal exploitation of the growth potential of contemporary slaughter turkey hybrids and reduces metabolic disorders. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of different proportions of Lys, Arg and Met in diets whose Lys content is in accordance with NRC recommendations, that is a low level, on selected parameters of protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and on hormone secretion in turkeys. The lowest Arg content (90% Lys) in the diet resulted in an increase in plasma total cholesterol levels in the turkeys as compared to higher Arg content (100% or 110% of Lys), (2.50 vs. 2.09 vs. 1.83). Plasma HDL and creatinine concentration increased in turkeys fed diets with higher Arg content (100% and 110% Lys) compared to turkeys receiving the diet with the lowest Arg content (90% Lys). Compared to turkeys receiving the lowest and intermediate Arg content (90% and 100% Lys), the diet with the highest content of this AA (110% Lys) resulted in an increase in the plasma T4 level (71.21 vs. 86.60 vs. 128.2). The varied Arg and Met levels relative to Lys did not affect the secretion of neurotransmitters or hormones regulating glucose metabolism. At low levels of Met in the diet, an decrease in Arg relative to Lys from 100% to 90% caused a growth depression of turkeys (10.68 vs. 10.21 kg), which was not noted in the case of the higher Met content. When using the Lys level recommended by NRC in the turkey diet, the optimal Arg level is 100% and Met is 45% compared to Lys.
Yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor (Col: Tenebrionidae), larvae powder as dietary protein sources for broiler chickens: Effects on growth performance, carcass traits, selected intestinal microbiota and blood parameters
Authors: Sedgh‐Gooya Shadi , Torki Mehran , Darbemamieh Maryam , Khamisabadi Hassan , Karimi Torshizi Mohammad Amir , Abdolmohamadi Alireza
Published: August 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Tenebrio molitor larvae meal (TM meal) inclusion on the performance, carcass traits, caecum microbiota and blood parameters of broiler chickens. A total of 180‐day‐old chickens were allocated to three dietary groups with five replicate pens (12 birds/pen). Experimental diets were included a corn‐soybean basal diet, and two diets with 2.5% and 5% TM. TM‐included diets have been administered for periods of starter (1–10 days) and grower (11–25 days). A regular finisher diet was given to all groups during the 26–42 days of age. Diets containing TM meal did not influence feed intake and mortality percentage. Feed conversion ratio was lower with the 2.5% TM meal diet compared with the control group at starter period (p < .05). Besides, broiler chickens fed TM meal included diet had a higher body weight gain than the control group during 1–10 days of age (p < .05). The carcass characteristics and length and weight of different parts of small and large intestines were not influenced by diets. TM meal inclusion decreased the albumin‐to‐globulin ratio compared with the control group (p < .05). Additionally, lower total count of aerobic and Escherichia coli bacteria was observed in response to diet inclusion of 5% TM meal. Overall, the inclusion of TM meal in broilers' diet improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in the starting period, decreased albumin‐to‐globulin ratio and E. coli bacteria content.
Work, life, and the gender effect: Perspectives of ACVIM Diplomates in 2017. Part 2—The intersection of personal life and professional career
Authors: Morello Samantha L. , Colopy Sara A. , Chun Ruthanne , Buhr Kevin A.
Published: August 2020

Background

In the field of veterinary surgery, women neither marry nor have children at the same rate as men, and those who do may experience more career disruption as a result. The American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) is 1 of the few areas of specialized medicine that is predominantly female; it is unknown if such a demographic shift would produce a different environment for individuals cultivating their personal life.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To report data regarding subjective and objective aspects of the intersection of the personal and professional lives of Diplomates of the ACVIM.

Sample

Eight hundred ninety‐six surveys (781 completed) of ACVIM Diplomates, including cardiology, large and small animal internal medicine, neurology, and oncology.

Methods

An 82‐item online survey was distributed to ACVIM Diplomates via Diplomate college listservs. Participation was voluntary.

Results

Men were more likely to be married and have children than were women. Women had or adopted their first child at a later career stage compared with men, and agreed more strongly that career stage was an influential factor in family planning. Those with children worked fewer hours compared with those without, and this effect was greater among women. Women were more likely to require external childcare, but most men and women shared childcare responsibilities equally outside of working hours.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The intersection of personal and professional life differs between men and women in the ACVIM, which may create different needs, preferences, or barriers to work‐life balance in the workforce.
The economic impact of changing the environment for innovation in Argentina—Applying the lessons of Asia to Latin America
Authors: Wilsdon Tim , Haderi Artes , Dobreva Zlatina , Ricciardi Giuliano
Published: August 2020

This article discusses the potential impact of reforming Argentina's innovation policy on innovative and economic activity, drawing from evidence of case study markets. We review existing evidence on the relationship between changes in innovation policy and innovative activities to develop an analytical framework. Using the framework, we compare innovative activity in Argentina to other Latin American markets and case‐study markets in Asia that have experimented with innovation policy. Drawing on a statistical analysis of the impact of these policies on innovative and economic activity in the case‐study markets, we develop a scenario‐based model on the potential innovative growth in Argentina, focusing on the pharmaceutical industry. These results are particularly relevant for Argentina, as a market with a strong resource base to undertake innovation, but which has underperformed in terms of innovative activity. Strengthening the policy environment could unlock Argentina's potential and support a step change in innovative activity and the transition to a more knowledge‐intensive pharmaceutical industry. This could be achieved by strengthening intellectual property rights relevant to the pharmaceutical and biotech industry and by providing regulatory data protection.
The Impact of Career Politicians: Evidence from US Governors
Authors: Pickard Harry
Published: August 2020

This paper exploits the presence of Congressional experience in US governors that permits the identification of the relationship between political career experience and intergovernmental transfers. I assemble a novel dataset of governors’ political background and match this to federal transfer data from 1950 to 2008. Governors with Congressional experience have 0.8 percentage points more transfers to their state. I show evidence for one potential channel that this may act through, the federal grants system. The findings are robust to outliers in the data, selection effects, close elections and an alternative dependent variable based on a state’s share of total federal transfers
Leveraging interdisciplinary perspectives to optimize auditory training for cochlear implant users
Authors: Drouin Julia R. , Theodore Rachel M.
Published: August 2020

This review examines the role of auditory training on speech adaptation for cochlear implant users. A current limitation of the existing evidence base is the failure to adequately account for wide variability in speech perception outcomes following implantation. While many preimplantation factors contribute to the variance observed in outcomes, formal auditory training has been proposed as a way to maximize speech comprehension benefits for cochlear implant users. We adopt an interdisciplinary perspective and focus on integrating the clinical rehabilitation literature with basic research examining perceptual learning of speech. We review findings on the role of auditory training for improving perception of degraded speech signals in normal hearing listeners, with emphasis on how lexically oriented training paradigms may facilitate speech comprehension when the acoustic input is diminished. We conclude with recommendations for future research that could foster translation of principles of speech learning in normal hearing listeners to aural rehabilitation protocols for cochlear implant patients.
The Private Interests of Public Officials: Financial Regulation in the US Congress
Authors: Carr Peterson Jordan , Grose Christian R.
Published: August 2020

Legislators' private financial holdings affect policy decisions. Due to financial self‐interest, we theorize that legislators whose personal investment portfolios include equities from firms affected by proposed policies vote for legislation that benefits those firms. We also theorize that legislators with greater personal exposure to equity investments support policies that benefit equities markets generally. We create a novel data set of legislators' personal stock investments and examine major congressional actions since the 1990s on financial deregulation and market intervention. US House members who own stocks in firms who benefit from financial deregulation vote for deregulation. House members with greater exposure to financial and automotive stocks support the financial and auto bailouts, respectively. General exposure to equities markets is also associated with support for key legislation boosting markets. The normative implications are significant, as legislators' private interests influence decisions in the public sphere.
Submarine groundwater springs are characterized by distinct fish communities
Authors: Pisternick Timo , Lilkendey Julian , Audit‐Manna Anishta , Dumur Neelayya Danishta , Neehaul Yashvin , Moosdorf Nils
Published: August 2020

The inflow of terrestrial groundwater into the ocean is increasingly recognized as an important local source of nutrients and pollutants to coastal ecosystems. Although there is evidence of a link between fresh submarine groundwater discharge (SGD)‐derived nutrients and primary producer and primary consumer abundances, the effects of fresh SGD on the productivity of higher trophic levels such as ichthyofaunal communities remain unclear. To further investigate this relationship, we sampled three sites inside a coral reef lagoon in Mauritius: One site entailing six distinct groundwater springs, a site highly influenced by freshwater influx through the springs, and a strictly marine control site. Using remote underwater video surveys, we found that fish abundances were significantly higher at the groundwater springs than at the other two sampling sites.Principal component analyses showed that the springs and the spring‐influenced part of the lagoon were best described by elevated water nutrient loadings, whereas the control site was characterized by higher water salinity and pH. Macroalgae cover was highest at the control site and the springs. Herbivores and invertivores dominated the fish community at the springs, in contrast to generalists at the control site. At the spring‐influenced site, we mainly encountered high coral/turf algae cover and high abundances of associated fish feeding groups (territorial farmers, corallivores). Our results provide evidence of a fresh SGD‐driven relationship between altered hydrography and distinct fish communities with elevated abundances at groundwater springs in a coral reef lagoon. These findings suggest that the management and assessment of secondary consumer productivity in tropical lagoons should take into account the effects of groundwater springs.
Biology and management of sarcoptic mange in wild Caprinae populations
Authors: Pérez Jesús M. , Granados José E. , Espinosa José , Ráez‐Bravo Arián , López‐Olvera Jorge R. , ROSSI Luca , Meneguz Pier Giuseppe , Angelone Samer , Fandos Paulino , Soriguer Ramón C
Published: August 2020

Sarcoptic mange is a cosmopolitan disease affecting the skin of domestic and wild mammalian species and humans as well. In Eurasia, sarcoptidosis (also known as sarcoptic mange or scabies) affects mountain ungulates (Caprinae) among other wild hosts, and epizootic outbreaks induce variable mortality rates. This fact, coupled with the important ecological and socio‐economic values of such mammalian hosts, resulted in many research projects being focused on addressing ecological, physiological, behavioural, genetic, and pathological effects of the disease.

Nevertheless, information about management of sarcoptic mange in free‐ranging populations is scarce and scattered, with contradictory results and a lack of consensus on basic aspects of the disease.

In this review, we summarise knowledge on the effects of sarcoptic mange in wild Caprinae, at individual, pathological and population epidemiological levels, as well as on the current tools and management strategies for its detection, diagnosis, prevention, and control.

Disease spread in naïve populations is ca. 6 km year−1, and the mortality rate can be >95%. Tools for monitoring the disease include visual diagnosis, photographic traps, trained dogs, thermography, immunodiagnostics, molecular tools, radiocollars, and epidemiological modelling. Options for management include eradication, control, and prevention of the disease; biosecurity and prevention of spread to humans can be achieved by careful hygiene methods.

Sarcoptic mange is a natural, biological factor controlling host population numbers and dynamics in Caprinae, so goals and strategies for its management in wild populations must be set accordingly.

Specific management programmes for preventing and controlling sarcoptic mange in wild Caprinae populations must be based on reliable epidemiological data. More research is needed to provide evidence‐based policies. The efficacy and safety of various management approaches remain to be tested experimentally.
Correlation between maternal and neonatal blood Vitamin D level: Study from Pakistan
Authors: Rabbani Shahida , Afaq Saima , Fazid Sheraz , Khattak Maria Ishaq , Yousafzai Yasir Mehmood , Habib Syed Hamid , Lowe Nicky , Ul‐Haq Zia
Published: August 2020

In Pakistan, there is limited evidence for the levels and relationship of 25 (OH) Vitamin D (25(OH)D) status in pregnant women and their newborns, while the association between maternal 25(OH)D and newborn anthropometric measurements remains unexplored. Sociodemographic data were collected from 213 pregnant mothers during their visit to a tertiary care hospital at the time of childbirth. Anthropometric measurements were performed on all mothers and their newborns and blood samples collected from both for 25(OH)D levels. Participants were classified into two groups according to their 25(OH)D status: sufficient (25(OH)D ≥50 nmol L−1) and deficient (25(OH)D <50 nmol L−1). Simple and multiple regression models were used for analysis. Among 213 pregnant women, prevalence of 25(OH)D deficiency was 61.5%, and their newborn was 99.5% (mean 25(OH)D levels: 46.3 [11.3] and 24.9 [5.4] nmol L−1, respectively). Maternal sociodemographic characteristics were similar between 25(OH)D deficient and sufficient mothers, whereas newborn 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in the former (22.60 [4.53] vs. 27.67 [3.82] nmol L−1, respectively, P < 0.001). There was a strong positive association between maternal and newborn 25(OH)D levels (r, 0.66; r2, 43%, B [SE], 0.3 [0.02]; P < 0.001). Association of maternal 25(OH)D levels with newborn weight, length and head circumference was not significant (all P > 0.05). Our study shows a high prevalence of 25(OH)D deficiency in pregnant women and their newborns and a strong positive association between maternal and newborn 25(OH)D levels. Findings of this study indicate the importance of maintaining sufficient 25(OH)D levels during pregnancy.
Copy number variants outperform SNPs to reveal genotype–temperature association in a marine species
Authors: Dorant Yann , Cayuela Hugo , Wellband Kyle , Laporte Martin , Rougemont Quentin , Mérot Claire , Normandeau Eric , Rochette Rémy , Bernatchez Louis
Published: August 2020

Copy number variants (CNVs) are a major component of genotypic and phenotypic variation in genomes. To date, our knowledge of genotypic variation and evolution has largely been acquired by means of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) analyses. Until recently, the adaptive role of structural variants (SVs) and particularly that of CNVs has been overlooked in wild populations, partly due to their challenging identification. Here, we document the usefulness of Rapture, a derived reduced‐representation shotgun sequencing approach, to detect and investigate copy number variants (CNVs) alongside SNPs in American lobster (Homarus americanus) populations. We conducted a comparative study to examine the potential role of SNPs and CNVs in local adaptation by sequencing 1,141 lobsters from 21 sampling sites within the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, which experiences the highest yearly thermal variance of the Canadian marine coastal waters. Our results demonstrated that CNVs account for higher genetic differentiation than SNP markers. Contrary to SNPs, for which no significant genetic–environment association was found, 48 CNV candidates were significantly associated with the annual variance of sea surface temperature, leading to the genetic clustering of sampling locations despite their geographic separation. Altogether, we provide a strong empirical case that CNVs putatively contribute to local adaptation in marine species and unveil stronger spatial signal of population structure than SNPs. Our study provides the means to study CNVs in nonmodel species and highlights the importance of considering structural variants alongside SNPs to enhance our understanding of ecological and evolutionary processes shaping adaptive population structure.
Gene flow and climate‐associated genetic variation in a vagile habitat specialist
Authors: MacDonald Zachary G. , Dupuis Julian R. , Davis Corey S. , Acorn John H. , Nielsen Scott E. , Sperling Felix A. H.
Published: August 2020

Previous work in landscape genetics suggests that geographic isolation is of greater importance to genetic divergence than variation in environmental conditions. This is intuitive when configurations of suitable habitat are a dominant factor limiting dispersal and gene flow, but has not been thoroughly examined for habitat specialists with strong dispersal capability. Here, we evaluate the effects of geographic and environmental isolation on genetic divergence for a vagile invertebrate with high habitat specificity and a discrete dispersal life stage: Dod's Old World swallowtail butterfly,Papilio machaon dodi. In Canada,P. m. dodiare generally restricted to eroding habitat along major river valleys where their larval host plant occurs. A series of causal and linear mixed effects models indicate that divergence of genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms is best explained by a combination of environmental isolation (variation in summer temperatures) and geographic isolation (Euclidean distance). Interestingly, least‐cost path and circuit distances through a resistance surface parameterized as the inverse of habitat suitability were not supported. This suggests that, although habitat associations of many butterflies are specific due to reproductive requirements, habitat suitability and landscape permeability are not equivalent concepts due to considerable adult vagility. We infer that divergent selection related to variation in summer temperatures has produced two genetic clusters withinP. m. dodi, differing in voltinism and diapause propensity. Within the next century, temperatures are predicted to rise by amounts greater than the present‐day difference between regions of the genetic clusters, potentially affecting the persistence of the northern cluster under continued climate change.
Examiners’ decision‐making processes in observation‐based clinical examinations
Authors: Malau‐Aduli Bunmi S. , Hays Richard B. , D’Souza Karen , Smith Amy M. , Jones Karina , Turner Richard , Shires Lizzi , Smith Jane , Saad Shannon , Richmond Cassandra , Celenza Antonio , Sen Gupta Tarun
Published: August 2020

Background

Objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) are commonly used to assess the clinical skills of health professional students. Examiner judgement is one acknowledged source of variation in candidate marks. This paper reports an exploration of examiner decision making to better characterise the cognitive processes and workload associated with making judgements of clinical performance in exit‐level OSCEs.

Methods

Fifty‐five examiners for exit‐level OSCEs at five Australian medical schools completed a NASA Task Load Index (TLX) measure of cognitive load and participated in focus group interviews immediately after the OSCE session. Discussions focused on how decisions were made for borderline and clear pass candidates. Interviews were transcribed, coded and thematically analysed. NASA TLX results were quantitatively analysed.

Results

Examiners self‐reported higher cognitive workload levels when assessing a borderline candidate in comparison with a clear pass candidate. Further analysis revealed five major themes considered by examiners when marking candidate performance in an OSCE: (a) use of marking criteria as a source of reassurance; (b) difficulty adhering to the marking sheet under certain conditions; (c) demeanour of candidates; (d) patient safety, and (e) calibration using a mental construct of the 'mythical [prototypical] intern'. Examiners demonstrated particularly higher mental demand when assessing borderline compared to clear pass candidates.

Conclusions

Examiners demonstrate that judging candidate performance is a complex, cognitively difficult task, particularly when performance is of borderline or lower standard. At programme exit level, examiners intuitively want to rate candidates against a construct of a prototypical graduate when marking criteria appear not to describe both what and how a passing candidate should demonstrate when completing clinical tasks. This construct should be shared, agreed upon and aligned with marking criteria to best guide examiner training and calibration. Achieving this integration may improve the accuracy and consistency of examiner judgements and reduce cognitive workload.
The effect of ambient temperature fluctuations on Culicoides biting midges population dynamics and activity in dairy farms: a longitudinal study
Authors: Saroya Y. , Gottlieb Y. , Klement E.
Published: August 2020

The effect of climatic factors on the presence of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) was previously studied. Nevertheless, lack of laboratory rearing data hampers species‐specific prediction of weather fluctuations effect on population size. To determine fluctuations in population size in the field, we recorded Culicoides and other Nematocerans in seven Israeli dairy farms over two‐years (2011–2012) and analysed the association of their dynamics with fluctuations in ambient temperature and total rainfall. In six farms, the most abundant species were Culicoides imicola Kieffer and Culicoides schultzei (Enderlein) gp., primarily composed of parous females, and in one farm Culicoides obsoletus (Meigen) gp., mostly nulliparous females, were dominant. While the total number of insects was similar in both years, Culicoides numbers were significantly higher in 2012, but appeared later in the season and reached a higher peak. A multi‐variable linear regression model demonstrated positive association of C. imicola and C. schultzei numbers with the monthly multi‐annual ambient temperature and its specific deviation, but not with monthly rainfall. C. obsoletus populations peaked at spring and sharply decreased when temperature exceeded 20 °C, and were best modelled by adding quadratic terms. Weather‐specific estimation of population size under field conditions may enable to predict outbreaks intensity of Culicoides‐borne viruses.