bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Métodos de exames por imagem utilizados no diagnóstico de desadaptação entre implante e componente protético: uma revisão de literatura
Authors: Castro Maria de Fátima Oliveira Monteiro de , Coutinho Mylla Haag , Darós Pollyana , Carneiro Vinícius Cavalcanti , De-Azevedo-Vaz Sergio Lins
Published: June 2017

Objetivo: discorrer acerca dos exames por imagem empregados no diagnóstico de desadaptação entre implante e componente protético. Material e Métodos: para compor esta revisão bibliográfica, foram utilizadas as bases de dados CAPES, Pubmed, Cochrane e Medline. Inicialmente, utilizaram-se como critério de inclusão apenas periódicos de revisão de literatura, estudos clínicos e estudos in vitro com as palavras-chave utilizadas em português, com sinônimos em inglês: radiografia dentária, implantação dentária, prótese dentária, adaptação implante/componente protético. Resultados: quarenta e seis artigos foram resgatados com base na leitura dos resumos. Após a leitura completa, vinte e quatro artigos nos idiomas Português e Inglês publicados entre 1985 e 2016 foram mantidos e fizeram parte desta revisão. Conclusão: a técnica do paralelismo é a mais indicada, visto que variações no ângulo vertical do feixe de raios X, a partir da posição ortogonal, podem ocultar desadaptações e gerar complicações clínicas, comprometendo o tratamento reabilitador.
Osteossarcoma crâniofacial: um enfoque imagenológico
Authors: Loureiro Bruna Melo Coelho , Altemani João Maurício Carrasco , Reis Fabiano , Altemani Albina Messias de Almeida Milani
Published: June 2017

Objetivo: relatar um caso de osteossarcoma craniofacial e revisar a literatura sobre os achados de imagem. Relato de Caso: as informações foram obtidas por revisão de prontuário. A paciente do sexo feminino, 25 anos, com parestesia e dor em hemiface direita. Os exames de imagem evidenciaram extenso tumor comprometendo seio maxilar, palato, arcada dentária e cavidade nasal e extensão à fossa infratemporal. Discussão: a maioria dos osteossarcomas craniofaciais são lesões líticas com sinais de agressividade em radiografias. A tomografia é excelente para detectar lesões ósseas e calcificações. A ressonância magnética (RM) mostrou baixo sinal nas ponderações em T1 e alto sinal em T2, com realce heterogêneo pelo meio de contraste. A tomografia computadorizada (TC) é excelente para detectar calcificações e lesões ósseas. A ressonância magnética (RM) é excelente para caracterizar a extensão da lesão. Conclusão: os achados imaginológicos trazem importantes informações para avaliação pré-operatória e monitoramento de recidivas.
CURADORIA DE REMANESCENTES HUMANOS: PRÁTICAS E EXPERIÊNCIAS NA COLEÇÃO DUCKWORTH (UNIVERSIDADE DE CAMBRIDGE, REINO UNIDO)
Authors: Okumura Mercedes
Published: June 2017

A curadoria de restos esqueletais humanos é uma tarefa bastante complexa e cuja especificidade demanda do curador um conhecimento profundo não somente da coleção em questão, mas também de discussões de ordem ética e técnica, entre outras.
A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DO PENSAMENTO DIALÉTICO DE HENRI LEFEBVRE PARA A PESQUISA INTERDISCIPLINAR SOBRE A QUESTÃO URBANA
Authors: Gonçalves Teresinha Maria
Published: June 2017

Este artigo é uma reflexão sobre as possibilidades do pensamento de Henri Lefebvre para a compreensão da realidade urbana, hoje resgatando nele o pensamento marxista e a visão dialética de mundo e sociedade. Lefebvre apresenta o fenômeno urbano como um espaço criado no âmbito da produção industrial, trazendo implícitas as contradições da sociedade industrial e as consequências destas na organização e configuração do espaço urbano. O interesse pela obra de Lefebvre decorre por motivos acadêmicos e político-sociais. A autora coordena um grupo de pesquisa sobre o espaço urbano há 12 anos, no âmbito do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais da Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Brasil, de onde surgem pesquisas sobre a cidade e o espaço urbano, tanto do grupo como de mestrandos e doutorandos. O GIPMAUR (Grupo Interdisciplinar e Interinstitucional de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Meio Ambiente e Espaço Urbano) trabalha numa perspectiva interdisciplinar em que várias ciências tentam dialogar sobre a questão urbana. O conceito de totalidade implícito no método dialético é uma perspectiva estratégica no enfrentamento da fragmentação dos estudos urbanos e vem colaborar para a construção de uma metodologia de trabalho interdisciplinar. O estudo enfatiza a concepção de Lefebvre sobre espaço social, tecido urbano e vida cotidiana.Palavras-chave: realidade urbana; pensamento dialético; espaço social; vida cotidiana; interdisciplinaridade.
The Effectiveness of Peer Pressure on Students’ Career Decision Making in Secondary Schools in Kenya
Authors: Ogutu Joel J. P. , Odera Peter , Maragia Samwel N.
Published: June 2017

The beginnings of the Indian short story in English were made under the influence of the Britishers. English Short Story began towards the close of the nineteenth Century in India. It is the distinct from the fables of the ‘Hitopadesh’ and the tales of Panchatantra’. The short Story has become the major expression of literature in India which is used as a weapon to rise the voice of Indians against the Britishers culturally and Politically. The Fragmentation of experience as a result of the increasing complexity of social changes, seems to make the short story an apt vehicle for exploring the dark places of the human spirit and disembodied states of being. It is a voyage of discovery of self-discovery, of self – realisation for the character.
Fog Computing in Medical Internet-of-Things: Architecture, Implementation and Applications
Authors: Dubey Harishchandra
Published: June 2017

In the era when the market segment of Internet of Things (IoT) tops the chart in various business reports, it is apparently envisioned that the field of medicine expects to gain a large benefit from the explosion of wearables and internet-connected sensors that surround us to acquire and communicate unprecedented data on symptoms, medication, food intake, and daily-life activities impacting one’s health and wellness. However, IoT-driven healthcare would have to overcome many barriers, such as: 1) There is an increasing demand for data storage on cloud servers where the analysis of the medical big data becomes increasingly complex; 2) The data, when communicated, are vulnerable to security and privacy issues; 3) The communication of the continuously collected data is not only costly but also energy hungry; 4) Operating and maintaining the sensors directly from the cloud servers are non-trial tasks.This book chapter defined Fog Computing in the context of medical IoT. Conceptually, Fog Computing is a serviceoriented intermediate layer in IoT, providing the interfaces between the sensors and cloud servers for facilitating connectivity, data transfer, and queryable local database. The centerpiece of Fog computing is a low-power, intelligent, wireless, embedded computing node that carries out signal conditioning and data analytics on raw data collected from wearables or other medical sensors and offers efficient means to serve telehealth interventions. We implemented and tested an fog computing system using the Intel Edison and Raspberry Pi that allows acquisition, computing, storage and communication of the various medical data such as pathological speech data of individuals with speech disorders, Phonocardiogram (PCG) signal for heart rate estimation, and Electrocardiogram (ECG)-based Q, R, S detection. The book chapter ends with experiments and results showing how fog computing could lessen the obstacles of existing cloud-driven medical IoT solutions and enhance the overall performance of the system in terms of computing intelligence, transmission, storage, configurable, and security. The case studies on various types of physiological data shows that the proposed Fog architecture could be used for signal enhancement, processing and analysis of various types of bio-signals.
Sinulariolide Suppresses Cell Migration and Invasion by Inhibiting Matrix Metalloproteinase-2/-9 and Urokinase through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Human Bladder Cancer Cells
Authors: Wu Yu-Jen , Liu Chih-I , Din Zhong-Hao , Cheng Te-Chih , Su Jui-Hsin
Published: June 2017

Sinulariolide, a natural product extracted from cultured-type soft coral Sinularia flexibilis, possesses bioactivity against the movement of several types of cancer cell. However, the molecular pathway of its effects on human bladder cancer remain poorly understood. Using a human bladder cancer cell line as an in vitro model, this study investigated the underlying mechanism of sinulariolide against cell migration/invasion in TSGH-8301 cells. We found that sinulariolide inhibited TSGH-8301 cell migration/invasion, and the effect was concentration-dependent. Furthermore, the protein expressions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMP-2 and MMP-9, as well as urokinase, were significantly decreased after 24-h sinulariolide treatment. Meanwhile, the increased expressions of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were in parallel with an increased concentration of sinulariolide. Finally, the expressions of several key phosphorylated proteins in the mTOR signaling pathway were also downregulated by sinulariolide treatment. Our results demonstrated that sinulariolide has significant effects against TSGH-8301 cell migration/invasion, and its effects were associated with decreased levels of MMP-2/-9 and urokinase expression, as well as increased TIMP-1/TIMP-2 expression. The inhibitory effects were mediated by reducing phosphorylation proteins of the PI3K, AKT and mTOR signaling pathway. The findings suggested that sinulariolide is a good candidate for advanced investigation with the aim of developing a new drug for the treatment of human bladder cancer.
Application of Green and Lean Production at Ricoh
Authors: Whyle Andy ,   Ricoh UK Products Limited Priorslee Telford TF2 9NN, UK, Bland Rob
Published: June 2017

In this paper we explain how Ricoh have developed and applied a Green and Lean framework at their manufacturing site in Telford (UK). The paper shows how the site has adopted and adapted the Ricoh corporate philosophies [1] of Kaizen and Sustainability, learning from doing and then learning how to share these aspects with stakeholders. These activities demonstrate multiple business benefits of addressing process inefficiencies and waste resource usage, which in turn improve business performance and ultimately survivability (business continuity).
Development of Ultralow-Cost Machine Vision System
Authors: Endo Kenichi ,   Automation Equipment Engineering Section, Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. 1 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-8523, Japan, Ishiwata Teruyuki , Yamazaki Tomohiro
Published: June 2017

This paper reports on the development of a low-cost machine vision inspection system to promote the wide employment of the system and foster further quality improvements in automobile manufacturing. The machine vision system consists of a camera that takes images of an inspection target, lighting to ensure appropriate illuminance, and a controller that analyzes the images and gives inspection results. By optimizing the performance and using free software, we succeeded in the development of an ultralow-cost machine vision system for one tenth of the cost of commercially available factory automation machine vision systems. The development and results are introduced in this paper. The applicability of the ultralow-cost machine vision system platform to applications other than inspection is also discussed.
A Workforce Strategy for Reducing Oral Health Disparities: Dental Therapists
Authors: Koppelman Jane , Singer-Cohen Rebecca
Published: June 2017

This article seeks to chronicle how dental therapists are being used to bolster the supply of providers for the underserved and explore their potential to diversify the field of dentistry and improve public health.

Of the factors that contribute to persistent oral health disparities in the United States, an insufficient oral health workforce figures prominently.

A growing number of states are authorizing a midlevel dental provider (often called a dental therapist) to address this problem. Dental therapists work under the supervision of dentists to deliver routine preventive and restorative care, including preparing and filling cavities and performing extractions. They can serve all populations in 3 states, are caring for Native Americans in an additional 3 states under federal or state authority, and are being considered in about a dozen state houses.
Peacebuilding in Kosovo
Authors: Brovina Dr.Sc. Ngadhnjim
Published: June 2017

Peacebuilding as a definitions has been initiated and studied quite late, while as a concept it begun to be used after the Cold War. The well-known researcher Johan Galtung, was the one who developed and reasoned the notion of peacebuilding as well as its development phasing.For this scientific paper, which deals with peacebuilding, we have chosen as a case study, the case of Kosovo.The main objective of this paper is to present the developments in Kosovo, and its journey towards peacebuilding, starting from 1999, a period when the war ends and peace begins.Materials elaborated in this paper, are mainly articles and scientific papers by foreign authors, because it is worthwhile and important to have an insight into their point of view regarding Kosovo peacebuilding case.The methodology applied in this research paper, is based on the analysis of these materials, using descriptive and historical method, through which we will highlight the case of peacebuilding in Kosovo.The expected outcomes of this paper, aim to present the definition of peacebuilding as a concept as well as its usage in the case of Kosovo, as a case study used in this research paper. It also aims to show the challenges that Kosovo politics have encountered in order to build a sustainable peace.In the conclusions of this paper, we would like to present the case of peacebuilding in Kosovo as a success story, and this case may be used as a model for other international cases where needed.
Corporate Social Responsibility in Perspective of Public Administration (A Governance Study)
Authors: Lamo Dr.Sc. Said Achmad
Published: June 2017

The Implementation of CSR in Indonesia, most of them are not run in accordance with the existing theory because the government and society in CSR activities are not fully authorised to engage in these activities, due to the fact that private sector directly manages the CSR fund. Thus, the theory of governance puts three pillars as a principal provider of public service life, those are, (1) the state, (2) the civil society and (3) the private sector.  CSR has to involve all parts or elements which know about CSR, with a focus on the implementation of CSR has to be published and transparent;  the CSR Fund is administered by a forum / team through a memorandum of understanding facilitated by the government in accordance with its role as mandating, facilitating, partnering, and endorsing; the CSR forum consists of government, private sector, and society; the form of regional regulation on CSR by reference to Constitution Number 40 of 2007 on the Limited Liability Private sectors and Government Regulation Number 47 of 2012 on Corporate Social Responsibility so that CSR is considered as one of the important instruments in public administration.
Internationalization of businesses and selection of entry modes in other markets
Authors: Selimi Dr.Sc. Nasir , Zekiri Dr.Sc. Jusuf
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors of foreign companies that have already entered Macedonia in any mode of entry by finding out the factors and motives that influenced their decision making while choosing the proper mode for that particular market. As a research methodology for collecting initial data, a structured questionnaire is used with 28 variables as factors which influence decision making of the modes of entry into the foreign market. A statistical software was used in order to evaluate the variables used in the study.  The raised hypothesis were tested using One Sample T-test. According to the obtained results, the variables political stability and the law on foreign investments seem to be as more important factors for companies that operate in Macedonia. Finally, companies need to analyze the internal and external factors from the environment in order to able to create strategies to operate in the domestic and international markets.
PREDICTING YIELD LOSS IN INDETERMINATE SOYBEAN FROM POD DENSITY USING SIMULATED DAMAGE STUDIES
Authors: Singer J. W. , Malone R. W. , Meek D. W. , Drake D.
Published: June 2017

Developing relationships between seed yield and pod density can be useful for predicting yield loss in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] damaged by deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The objectives of this research were to (i) develop a modeling tool using differences between biomass removal treatments and controls for pod density and seed yield to quantify yield loss and (ii) assess the tool using double cross‐validation. Model development using linear and polynomial exponential (PE) equations was accomplished using 1998–2001 data from studies examining different biomass removal treatments, varieties, and row spacings. The PE model had a slightly higher coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.93) than the linear model (R2 = 0.92). Double cross‐validation of both models produced strong relationships with high coefficients of determination and predictive ability; however, the model performance statistics indicated that the PE model had higher coefficients of determination, lower mean bias error, and more robust slope estimates than the linear model. Depending on the end‐user, the simplicity of the linear model should be carefully considered in weighing the benefits of each tool. Nevertheless, these approaches provide robust tools that are not sensitive to moderate abiotic fluctuations, varying cultural practices, and a wide range of temporal biomass removal. Validating the relationship using additional data should be the next step before implementation.
POTRZEBY INDYWIDUALNE MAŁŻONKÓW O WYSOKIM I NISKIM POZIOMIE TRANSGRESJI
Authors: DAKOWICZ ANDRZEJ
Published: June 2017

Jednym z istotnych elementów sieciowej teorii osobowości Kozieleckiego jest psychon motywacyjny, którego dynamika w największym stopniu zależy od siły potrzeb psychicznych. Celem badań prezentowanych w artykule było określenie poziomu potrzeb indywidualnych: witalnych, poznawczych, społecznych i osobistych małżonków charakteryzujących się wysokim i niskim poziomem transgresji. Zbadano 100 par małżeńskich, wykorzystując Skalę transgresji i Test indywidualnych potrzeb. Wyodrębniono z nich po 30 małżonków o wysokim poziomie transgresji i 30 małżonków o niskim poziomie transgresji. Między żonami o wysokim i niskim poziomie transgresji nie zarejestrowano różnic istotnych statystycznie odnośnie do siły natężenia potrzeb psychicznych. Mężowie o wysokim poziomie transgresji charakteryzują się zdecydowanie silniejszymi potrzebami poznawczymi niż mężowie o niskim poziomie transgresji, mężowie natomiast o niskim poziomie transgresji charakteryzują się zdecydowanie silniejszymi potrzebami osobistymi niż mężowie o wysokim poziomie transgresji.
Biomethanization of Cattle Manure, Pig Manure and Poultry Manure Mixture in Co-digestion with Waste of Pineapple Fruit and Content of Chicken-Gizzard- Part I: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Modelling Studies
Authors: Aworanti O. A. , Agarry S. E. , Ogunleye O. O.
Published: June 2017

Background:

The increased energy consumption from fossil fuels with its attendant gas emissions and environmental problems has provided the impetus to exploit new energy source that are renewable and environmentally-friendly.

Objective:

This work focused on the investigation and evaluation of the single or individual effects of feed-inoculum ratio, temperature, and agitation speed (i.e.operating variables) on biomethanization of the mixture of cattle manure, pig manure and poultry manure (mixed animal wastes) co-digested with pineapple fruit waste and content of chicken-gizzard (inoculum) as well as to model the kinetics of biomethanization at these different operating variables and to determine the thermodynamic properties of the biomethanization process.

Method:

The biomethanization experiments were carried out in anaerobic biodigesters at operating variables of feed/inoculums ratio that ranged from 1:1 to 3:1, temperature from 25 to 60°C, and agitation speed from 30 - 70 rpm using one factor at a time (OFAT) method. The biodigesters were incubated for 70 days retention time.

Result:

The feed/inoculum ratio, temperature and agitation speed had positive impact on cumulative biogas yield, biomethane content and start-up time of biomethanization. The cumulative biogas yield and biomethane content achieved with agitation speed of 30 to 70 rpm was respectively higher than the biogas yield and biomethane content attained without agitation. Minimum cumulative biogas yield and biomethane content was respectively obtained with feed/inoculum ratio of 1:1, temperature of 25°C and agitation speed of 70 rpm; while maximum cumulative biogas yield with its biomethane content was attained with feed/inoculum ratios of 1:3 and 3:1, temperature of 60°C and agitation speed of 30 rpm, respectively. Modified Gompertz and Exponential Rise to Maximum kinetic models fitted very well to the data and thus showed better correlation of cumulative biogas production. The thermodynamic parameters of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, entropy change and activation energy of biomethanization were estimated and evaluated, and was found that the biomethanization process was thermodynamically feasible, spontaneous and endothermic in nature suggesting hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway. The activation energy of the biomethanization process was found to be 3.324 kJ/ mol. The specific heat capacity at constant volume and constant pressure, specific internal energy and specific enthalpy of the biogas and biomethane content increased with increase in temperature.

Conclusion:

Biogas/biomethane production from the biomethanization of mixed animal wastes co-digested with fruit waste and inoculum is a feasible, viable and sustainable renewable energy option that can be simulated by kinetic models and influenced by operating variables.
O que as tecnologias em saúde estão fazendo conosco e o que podemos fazer com elas?
Authors: Custódio Renata Aparecida Ribeiro , Mello Carlos Henrique Pereira
Published: June 2017

A tecnologia aplicada à medicina tem se tornado cada vez mais importante no cuidado com os pacientes. Paralelamente, têm aumentado as possibilidades de diagnóstico, tratamento e melhora da qualidade de vida dos mesmos. Porém, tais avanços podem elevar consideravelmente a complexidade dos sistemas disponíveis¹e comprometer a segurança. Isso ficou evidente em pesquisas que mostraram que 69 a 82% dos eventos adversos envolvendo equipamentos de anestesia são devido a erro humano² e que 60% das mortes e ferimentos graves notificados ao sistema de relatórios de notificação pela Food and Drug Administration (FDA) estão relacionados a equipamentos, sendo atribuídos a erro do operador.³ Em uma cultura em que se busca apenas o culpado, isso pode ser ainda mais perigoso, pois não leva os responsáveis de onde esses erros acontecem a investigarem suas verdadeiras causas. Na realidade, tais acidentes podem ser relacionados a deficiências no design de equipamentos médicos⁴ e, se assim considerados, podem abrir uma nova via de investigação dos eventos adversos na área da saúde. Porém, qual a abordagem mais adequada dessa questão tão importante e que não deve ser negligenciada?
THE ROLE OF HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM IN MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTHCARE SERVICES
Authors: Chowdhury Rakhi , Kumari Leena , Panda Subhamay
Published: June 2017

Health information system deals with any system that helps in capturing, storing, transmitting, and managing health-related information of an individual or to demonstrate the activities or organizations working within health-care sector. In the developing countries, maternal and child health is gaining concern due to increasing cases of morbidity and mortality. The disparities among the maternal, infant, and child health are a growing concern in India and are governed by various determinants such as socioeconomic status, literacy, quality of health care, discrimination, and biological and genetic factors. Accurate and reliable health information and data are the basis for decision-making across the health-care sector and are crucial for the development and implementation of health system policy by the policy-makers. Strict monitoring and evaluation of the present program design and its implementation is required at the microlevel to effectively utilize the resources for the improvement of maternal and child health. Our present article focuses on evaluating the coverage gap at the different levels for the provision of health-care facilities to maternal, neonatal, and child health, immunization, and treatment of poor children. Big data plays a major role in providing sound and reliable health-related information and also help in managing and recording structured and unstructured data. More concrete plans are required further to reduce the inequalities in health-care interventions for providing better maternal and child health-care services in our nation.
USE OF TISSUE DOPPLER IMAGING TO DETECT RIGHT VENTRICULAR MYOCARDIAL DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
Authors: Samanth Jyothi , R Padmakumar , Mohapatra Ashwinikumar , N Krishnananda , Patil Navin , Rao Kartthik , Nayak Vidya , Ommurugan Balaji , Bhattachariya Dipanjan , Kotian Rahul
Published: June 2017

Objective: To determine the utility of tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) in detecting early right ventricle (RV) myocardial dysfunction, given its prognostic implications in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods:  A prospective case-control study was carried out involving 36 COPD patients in an acute exacerbated state as cases and 34 healthy subjects serving as controls. Each subject underwent a baseline echocardiography using various methods ranging from m-mode and 2-dimensional measures for analyzing RV geometry to strain and strain rate using Tissue Doppler Imaging to measure RV deformation. The cases underwent a subsequent echocardiogram 1month later once the respiratory symptoms subsided.Results: A significant difference was observed in RV tissue annular velocities ( E’, A’, S) between cases and the controls at baseline. However no significant increase was observed in tissue annular velocities among cases during remission states from baseline. Peak systolic strain in COPD group was significantly reduced in comparison to controls, but not significantly increased during remission when compared to baseline in cases. FEV1/VC did not bear any significant correlation with RV strain. Tei index had a negative linear correlation with peak systolic strain of RV, which was statistically significant.Conclusion: TDI parameters revealed that RV dysfunction remains unaltered even in remission state of COPD, despite pulmonary arterial pressure normalizing. In light of it bearing a negative prognosis in COPD, RV dysfunction merits assessment in COPD patients, both in acute exacerbations as well as in remission.
COMPARATIVE MUCOPENETRATION ABILITY OF METRONIDAZOLE LOADED CHITOSAN AND PEGYLATED CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES
Authors: Kaur Sukhbir , V Chawla , K Narang R , G Aggarwal
Published: June 2017

Objective: The objective of this study is to compare the mucopenetration ability of metronidazole loaded chitosan (CS) and pegylated CS nanoparticles.Methods: Nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation technique using negatively charged pH sensitive polymer, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose phthalate with positively charged CS and methoxy polyethylene glycol-grafted-CS (mPEG-g-CS). mPEG-g-CS was synthesized by formaldehyde linkage method and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The optimized formulations were compared for morphology, particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficiency, bioadhesion detachment force, in vitro and in vivo mucopenetration for CS-mPEG-g-CS nanoparticles.Results: The morphological assessment revealed smooth spherical particles with uniform dispersions. The optimized formulations particle size was found to be 202.7±27 nm and 294.1±46 nm, zeta potential 26.94±2.4 mV and 6.0±1.3 mV. PDI 0.231 and 0.268, entrapment efficiency 79.8±5.4% and 83.6±9.7%, bio-adhesion detachment force 14.98*103 dyne/cm2 and 10.67*103 dynes/cm2, in vitro mucopenetration 78% and 98% for CS-mPEG-g-CS, respectively. The qualitative in vivo mucopenetration result confirms retention of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled mPEG-g-CS nanoparticles till 24 hrs.Conclusion: Nanoparticles with lesser zeta potential and mucoadhesion showed higher mucosal penetration which is evident from FITC labeled histopathological mucus penetration test. Studies thus provided evidence that planned pharmaceutical strategies open new vistas for effective treatment of mucosal infections.
MULTIPLE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE INDEXING OF NON- FERMENTING GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI
Authors: Gunasekar Bhuvaneshwari
Published: June 2017

Objective: The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indexing and finding Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria will help to indicate the origin from high risk of contamination where the antibiotics are often used. Hence this study was carried out to give the MAR index of non-fermenting Gram negative bacilli in a tertiary care hospital which would help our infection control team also.Methods: Drug resistance was tested by Kirby bauer’s disc diffusion method. MAR index was calculated using the formula, a/b (were a= number of antibiotics to which the organism was resistant and b= total number of antibiotics to which the organism was tested).Results: Out of 240 Gram negative non-fermenters isolated, 117 (49%) strains were greater than 0.2 of MAR index, 95(81%) was from in-patient department. 73(62%) were hospitalized for more than 3 days, 44 (38%) was from surgery department. 49(42%) was wound specimen. Out of 117 multiple antibiotic resistant isolates 99 (85%) were MDR isolates.Conclusion: 51% prevalence of isolates >0.2 MAR index shows that the source of contamination can still be brought up down by proper surveillance and management with proper usage of  surface and skin disinfectants especially in surgery ward where the MAR index has indicated more usage of antibiotics
ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITIES OF SOME NEWLY SYNTHESIZED TRIAZOLES
Authors: Gupta Jeetendra Kumar , Mishra Pradeep
Published: June 2017

Objective: The objective of this work is to synthesize and evaluate some novel 1,2,4-triazoles.Methods: Procedure includes synthesis of triazole compounds followed by biological evaluations. The synthesis was carried out in six steps withp-bromobenzoic acid as starting material and converting to ester and then to hydrazide. Hydrazide was then converted to 4-amino triazole. Theamino triazole was then linked to different secondary amines using chloroacetyl chloride as the linking agent. All the synthesized compounds werecharacterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Further,the compounds were taken out for biological evaluations. To explore their effects, experiments were conducted on various micro- as well as macroorganisms.The toxicityprofilewasalso testedin accordancewith OECD 425 guideline on Wistar albino rats.Results: The compounds were examined for antibacterial as well as antifungal activities. Among the all compound T71, T73, and T75 exhibitedantibacterial activity, and compound T71 showed antifungal activity as well. The evaluation was also carried out for anthelmintic activities. Thecompounds were treated on Pheretima posthuma at various concentrations to explore their vermifuge and vermicidal action. The triazole linked with1-methylpiperazine was found to have comparable activity to that of reference standards.Conclusion: Triazoles are a most potent assemblage of fungal retardants. But depending on their substituents, they also have diverse pharmacologicalvalues. In this study, the compound T71 showed promising antimicrobial as well as anthelmintic action. Hence, it can be considered as a lead compoundfor further researches.
PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE ROOT OF BERBERIS MICROPHYLLA
Authors: Furrianca María Cristina , Alvear Marysol , Zambrano Tomás , Fajardo Víctor , Salazar Luis
Published: June 2017

Objective: To objective of this work was to perform phytochemical qualitative and quantitative analyzes of the main secondary metabolites in the root of Berberis microphylla.Methods: The extracts of B. microphylla root were tested through phytochemical screening and the quantification of the most important constituents was carried out using spectrophotometric and gravimetric techniques.Results: Phytochemical screening of both extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, saponins, terpenes,and tannins, which are pharmacologically important. Quantification of the major phytochemicals groups showed that the ethanolic extract contains 3.9% alkaloids, 0.46% flavonoids, 9.53% tannins, and 3.60% saponins. Similarly, the methanolic extract contains 6.61% alkaloids, 0.41% flavonoids, 7.40% tannins, and 1.43% saponins.Conclusion: This is the first time that the presence of tannins, flavonoids, and saponins in this plant has been reported. The medicinal properties of the root of B. microphylla may exist due to the presence secondary metabolites.
PHARMACOGNOSY SIGNSOF AERIAL PARTS MEDICINAL PLANT ECHINOPS ALBICAULIS KAR.ET KIR
Authors: Ln Kiyekbayeva , Nz Akhtaeva , Um Datkhayev , Ab Omarkhan , Ya Litvinenko , Bm Tynybekov , Ak Berkenov
Published: June 2017

Objective: This work is intended to provide you with information about pharmacognosy, herbs and medicinal plants Echinops L., structured from the main issues, such as macro-morphological features of organs leaves, to the deeper and more challenging questions, pharmacognosy as the analysis of active ingredients and other substances or compounds use and healing properties. Methods: Pieces of leaves were boiled on chloral hydrate solution - water (1:1) for 5-10 minutes to enlightenment. Then, the study objects were placed on a slide in a drop of glycerol and separated into two parts with dissecting needle. The object was covered with a cover glass. The object was viewed from both sides with the microscope. First, the object was viewed with a small (×180), then at high (×720), an increase by MS-300 microscope (MICROS, Austria) on the technique of microscopic and microchemical studies of medicinal plants. Results: This manuscript is intended to provide you with information about pharmacognosy, herbs and medicinal plants Echinops L., structured from the main issues, such as macro-morphological features of organs leaves, to the deeper and more challenging questions, pharmacognosy as the analysis of active ingredients and other substances or compounds use and healing properties. Conclusion: This work is offered as a study on the biological characteristics of medicinal plants to identify diagnostic markers and signs for the standardization of herbal medicines.
AWARENESS, KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS PHARMACOVIGILANCE AMONG MEDICAL GRADUATES IN A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL IN SOUTH INDIA.
Authors: L Arul Amutha Elizabeth , A Arvinth , R Susshimtha , P Sowmiya
Published: June 2017

Objectives: As an ever growing scale people are using newer and more effective drugs for various medical conditions. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are preventable if the health-care professional pays close attention to the details of the adverse effects, following a drug administration. Awareness about ADRs can decrease the irrational use of drugs. Hence, there is an urgent need to create awareness among the prescribers about the ADR monitoring. Hence, this study is undertaken to assess the awareness, knowledge, and attitude toward Pharmacovigilance among the future health-care professionals.Methods: Questionnaire-based study was conducted in a tertiary health-care hospital after getting approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee. The questionnaire was developed to assess the knowledge, awareness, and practice of Pharmacovigilance activity. The questions were distributed to the final year students, interns, and postgraduate’s students and allowed to write down the answers independently. Each correct answer was given a score of ‘1,’ whereas the incorrect/incomplete was given a score of “0.”Results and Conclusion: The study reported that awareness (UGs - 53.3%, interns - 54.9%, PGs - 30.75) was adequate among undergraduates and interns, in the knowledge part (UGs-65.5%, interns - 35.4%, PGs - 9.2%), undergraduates excel far than the interns and PGs. However, in the application of Pharmacovigilance (UG - 22.2%, interns - 59.8%, PGs - 63.1%) postgraduates and interns fair better than the undergraduates. Hence, there is need to increase the awareness and also increase the ADR reporting practice among medical graduates.
CHEWING GUM: CONFECTIONARY TO A POPULAR TRANSBUCCAL DOSAGE FORM
Authors: Jhanwar Bharat , Tomar Bhupendra Singh , Verma Surajpal
Published: June 2017

Chewing gum is a highly convenient and controlled release transbuccal drug delivery system taken without water. It is gaining popularity as a selfadministrable carrier for the medication used for motion sickness, smoke cessation, hypertension, xerostomia, dental caries, pain, as nutritive and energy supplements. Functional chewing gum favors both local and systemic effects intended to be chewed about half an hour. It has emerged out with a fast onset of action either by direct absorption or swallowed with saliva into gastrointestinal tract.It has better bioavailability that lowers the doses and reduces the gastric side-effects. Gums adhere with ease and compliance of administration to children and dysphagia patients. Chewing gums are formulated using a water-insoluble gum base with water-soluble excipients with the active ingredient in the case of medicated gums. European Pharmacopeia standards used for release studies, there are no other particular official standards. It has attracted the researchers as successful potential drug delivery system in coming future. The present article reviews it as novel drug delivery system including its merits and limitations, material and methods of formulation and evaluation.
GREEN TEA EXTRACT IN AN EYELASH GROWTH ENHANCER GEL FORMULATION: STABILITY TEST, EYE IRRITATION TEST, AND HUMAN EYELASH GROWTH ACTIVITY
Authors: Roes Lie Indra Syahputra , Djajadisastra Joshita , Saputri Fadlina Chany
Published: June 2017

Objective: To formulate a green tea extract (GTE), which is often used as a hair growth product, to produce an eyelash gel with good stability, effectiveness, and safety for growing eyelashes.Methods: GTE was formulated into a gel. A stability test was performed at a high temperature (40±2°C), room temperature (25±2°C), low temperature (4±2°C), and a cycling temperature. An in vitro hen’s egg test-chorioallantoic membrane assay was performed to evaluate potential eye irritation. An eyelash growth test was conducted by length measurement using an eyelash ruler before and after 2 mo of application in human volunteers. Results: The GTE gel was stable in storage at high, room, and low temperatures and at cycling temperatures and did not cause eye irritation. Eyelashes grew significantly more in the test group than in the placebo group after 2 mo of application (p<0.05). Conclusion: GTE gel provides a new, safe, and effective option for growing natural eyelashes.
THE EARLY DEBATE ON FINANCIAL AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL
Authors: Lee T. A.
Published: June 2017

This paper evidences the contribution of leading writers in the early 1900s to the vexed problems associated with capital maintenance and periodic income determination. It reveals that the issues which were then being discussed (such as the treatment of holding gains) remain as unresolved problems for today's accountancy practitioners.
USE OF KNOTTED STRING ACCOUNTING RECORDS IN OLD HAWAII AND ANCIENT CHINA
Authors: Jacobsen Lyle E.
Published: June 2017

The use of the “quipu” for accounting purposes has been primarily attributed to the Peruvian Inca culture in the days of old. Documented evidence, however, provides that early Hawaiians and ancient Chinese predated the Incan usage. Studies concentrating on the quipu as an accounting device rather than as an element in the evolution of the writing process might provide valuable contributions to the solution of the mystery surrounding this artifact. Insight into the development of mankind in the Pacific may be gained by understanding the use of the quipu in the East and West, and in Hawaii—the “meeting place” of the Pacific.
THE INTERPROFESSIONAL TAX ALTERCATION
Authors: Hopwood William S. , Hreha Karen S.
Published: June 2017

The paper presents an historical summary of the major issues and events which led to the development of the practice of taxation by accountants in the United States. This development was marked by tremendous conflict between the legal and accounting professions.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF BRITISH RAILWAY ACCOUNTING: 1800–1911
Authors: Glynn John J.
Published: June 2017

This paper concentrates on accounting aspects arising from the development of the railways. Railways in nineteenth century Britain had a major influence in reshaping some of the legislative procedures in parliament, the development of the capital market, and the economy at large. A background is provided to the first government regulations, introduced in 1840, and all subsequent major developments which led up to the Railway Companies (Accounts and Returns) Act, 1911. Why had it taken over eighty years (since the first commercial railway was established in 1830) to produce a standard presentation of accounts and financial reports?
EPISODES IN THE AUSTRALIAN TAX ACCOUNTING SAGA
Authors: Gibson Robert W.
Published: June 2017

Tax effect accounting was introduced into Australia a little over a decade ago. The treatment of the tax effect of losses carried forward and the trading stock valuation adjustment introduced further complications to this new aspect of corporate accounting and reporting. This paper presents an account of the resolution of these accounting issues. It covers the role of professional bodies, companies, and regulatory authorities and the conflicts which arose among them.
A TOTAL INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR PHYSICIANS: c. 1897
Authors: Givens Horace R.
Published: June 2017

This note describes an account book designed for the use of physicians, from the late 19th century. In addition to financial records, the book provides space for recording details of the medical problem, prescribed treatment, patient condition, and other matters of concern to the doctor. Records were to be kept for each patient, with supplemental entries by type of case. The book represents an early attempt to provide a total information system for the user; a system in which all necessary information would be available without reference to other material.
THE 1904 CONGRESS OF ACCOUNTANTS: NATIONAL OR INTERNATIONAL?
Authors: Samuels J. M.
Published: June 2017

The International accounting congresses, which are held every five years, are numbered under the assumption that the first such international gathering was the one held in St. Louis in 1904. In this paper, the question is raised whether this 1904 Congress should be called “international”. There are reasons to believe that the main objective of the congress was to raise the status of the profession in the United States, and that the slight international involvement was little more than window dressing.
THE PROBATIVE CAPACITY OF ACCOUNTS IN EARLY-MODERN SPAIN
Authors: Mills Patti A.
Published: June 2017

This paper examines the probative capacity of accounting records as explicated in the accounting literature of early-modern Spain. Several early examples of Hispanic legal texts constitute the principal sources. The chief findings to emerge from this study are that legal requirements greatly influenced accounting forms and procedure during this period and that Castilian jurisprudence encompassed a theory and standards of evidence to guide the use of accounting records as evidential matter.
WRITING AN ACCOUNTING OR BUSINESS HISTORY: NOTES TOWARD A METHODOLOGY
Authors: Duke Maurice , Coffman Edward N.
Published: June 2017

Historical research in accounting and business includes many subject areas, including the writing of histories of accounting and business firms. Each subject area of historical research must be undertaken by utilizing appropriate research methodology. In this article, a research methodology is presented to assist those interested in writing an accounting or business history.
THE ACCOUNTING SYSTEM PRACTICED IN THE NEAR EAST DURING THE PERIOD 1220–1350 BASED ON THE BOOK RISALE-I FELEKIYYE
Authors: Solas Cigdem , Otar Ismail
Published: June 2017

This study examines the governmental accounting practice in the Near East during the Il-Khan Dynasty period (1120–1350 A.D.). The survey is based on a handwritten manuscript, Risale-i Felekiyye. The accounting system introduced in the Risale-i Felekiyye is an elaborate governmental accounting system. The system was based on seven major books and a number of special journals. Documents used in the system formed the basis for recording events in the books. Furthermore, the system included concepts and rules for accounting and resulted in a final report.

This accounting system emerged primarily from social and economic necessities caused by agricultural and fiscal reforms introduced by Ghazan Khan in 1295–1304. As a result of these reforms, budgeting practices and accounting regulation by the state were introduced to control state tax revenues and expenditures and to prevent fraud. These regulations introduced the use of a single monetary unit for recording, the use of an accounting fiscal period, duality, classification, substance, procedural rules which introduced a bilateral journal entry form, agency account rules, and correction and control rules. Also the rule of “revenues have to be equal to expenditures” presented itself as a balance sheet identity equation. These regulations, however, were not based on the accrual principle; instead, a cash basis of accounting was the recognized practice.

The study concludes that the rudiments of double-entry accounting were practiced in the Near East and were developed independently from the accounting practices used in the West.
BRITISH COST ACCOUNTING DEVELOPMENT: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE
Authors: Edwards John Richard , Boyns Trevor , Anderson Malcolm
Published: June 2017

This paper uses the archival records of three entities successively carrying on coal and ironmaking activities at Staveley between 1838–1900, together with the findings from earlier research, to explore the costing information generated over the period 1690–1900. We find a system of cost accounting, broadly defined, in operation throughout the period, a large measure of continuity concerning its basic features, and innovations made from time to time presumably designed to improve its usefulness. The paper uses the results of this and earlier research to explore the nature of accounting change and draws attention to possible differences in the path of development between countries. Further, we assess the significance of our findings for present ideas concerning the development of cost accounting systems in Britain and the U.S., and argue for a broader view to be taken by researchers into the nature of management accounting's development.