bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Light-triggered β-hairpin folding and unfolding
Authors: Schrader Tobias E. , Schreier Wolfgang J. , Cordes Thorben , Koller Florian O. , Babitzki Galina , Denschlag Robert , Renner Christian , Löweneck Markus , Dong Shou-Liang , Moroder Luis , Tavan Paul , Zinth Wolfgang
Published: September 2007

A light-switchable peptide is transformed with ultrashort pulses from a β-hairpin to an unfolded hydrophobic cluster and vice versa. The structural changes are monitored by mid-IR probing. Instantaneous normal mode analysis with a Hamiltonian combining density functional theory with molecular mechanics is used to interpret the absorption transients. Illumination of the β-hairpin state triggers an unfolding reaction that visits several intermediates and reaches the unfolded state within a few nanoseconds. In this unfolding reaction to the equilibrium hydrophobic cluster conformation, the system does not meet significant barriers on the free-energy surface. The reverse folding process takes much longer because it occurs on the time scale of 30 μs. The folded state has a defined structure, and its formation requires an extended search for the correct hydrogen-bond pattern of the β-strand.
Dialogue and confrontation in Venezuelan political interaction
Authors: Bolívar Adriana
Published: September 2007

This paper focuses on political change in Venezuela from a critical discourse analysis perspective that emphasizes the roles of the participants in the interaction to show how, with their actions, they are affected and affect others. An interactional approach based on Firth’s categories of context (Firth, 1951) and conversational analysis is used (Bolívar, 1986, 1994a, 1994b). The interaction is studied at a global level first in order to identify the actors responsible for political change in the social dynamics, and then particular events are examined in more detail. The aim is to describe how, in ongoing interaction, the political dialogue after 1998 moved from a formal democratic one to a violent confrontation between two major groups. The article focuses on political events before and after April 11th 2002, which marked a turning point in Venezuelan history. The corpus includes national newspapers, presidential speeches, the program Aló Presidente, slogans, graffiti, and insults recalled by women and men. The results show how verbal aggression and physical violence affect and weaken democratic dialogue and, consequently, the possibility of cooperation and understanding. The discussion highlights the need to strengthen critical language awareness in order to promote peace language rather than hate language.
The acquisition of inflectional prefixes in Nairobi Swahili
Authors: Deen Kamil
Published: September 2007

This study investigates the acquisition of inflectional prefixes in Swahili, an eastern Bantu language. The order of morphemes in adult Swahili is: Subject Agreement – Tense – (Object Agreement) –Verb Root – (derivational suffixes) –Mood Vowel. I present data from an original corpus of 4 Swahili-speaking children (ages 1;8-3;0) who were recorded in Nairobi, Kenya. An analysis of the children’s verbal utterances reveals that four clause types occur in the speech of all four children:

a. Agr–T–Verb StemFull Clause
b. Ø–T–Verb Stem[-SA] Clause
c. Agr–Ø–Verb Stem[-T] Clause
d. Ø–Ø–Verb StemBare Verb Stem

Of these four, only full clauses and [-SA] clauses are permitted by adults in this non-standard dialect of Swahili. A review of five influential theories on the acquisition of morphosyntax (the Metrical Omission Model, Gerken, 1991; the Truncation Hypothesis, Rizzi, 1994; the Underspecification of T, Wexler, 1994; the underspecification of Agr, Clahsen et al. , 1996; and the underspecification of Agr and T, Schütze & Wexler, 1996) shows that the data support the Agr-Tense Omission Model (Schütze & Wexler, 1996) in showing that agreement and tense may be optionally and independently underspecified.
How Many Are ‘Several’? Argumentation, Meaning and Layers
Authors: Jayez Jacques
Published: September 2007

In this paper, I present an analysis of the French determiner plusieurs (‘several’). I show that one can account for its two opposite properties, as described in Bacha (1997) and Gondret (1976), namely the fact that (i) plusieurs cannot refer to large quantities and (ii) it is “augmentative” (Gondret) or has a positive argumentative orientation in Ducrot’s sense (Bacha), by hypothesizing that plusieurs is layered. This means that it conveys an asserted piece of information as well as an implicature, like peu (‘little’), un peu (‘a little’), presque (‘almost’), à peine (‘barely’, ‘hardly’) and others. This leads me, in particular, to make the notion of argumentative orientation more precise and to compare plusieurs and quelques (‘some’, ‘a few’), which is a ‘flat’ (non-stratified) determiner.
Contextual Restriction and Quantification in Basque
Authors: Etxeberria Urtzi
Published: September 2007

This paper proposes, in line with Giannakidou (2004), a novel compositional analysis of Basque strong quantifiers and provides further support for the conclusion that the standard analysis of Generalized Quantifiers need not be revised (pace Matthewson 2001). The Basque quantificational data offered provides clear evidence for the need for both quantificational (Westerståhl 1985, von Fintel 1994, Martí 2003) and nominal domain restriction (Stanley 2002, Stanley & Szabó 2000). Crucially, in Basque, the D domain restrictor only appears with strong quantifiers; it is excluded with weak quantifiers. This is taken to support the fact that these elements are not quantifiers and are not contextually restricted (cf. the standard position defended by Milsark 1979, Partee 1988, Diesing 1992, Cooper 1996, von Fintel 1998). Instead, it is argued that weak quantifiers are base-generated at the predicative type (Van Geenhoven 1998, Landman 2002).
Language anxiety and language processing
Authors: Mihaljević Djigunović Jelena
Published: September 2007

This paper focuses on two studies into the effects of language anxiety on language processing. Using samples of Croatian L1 — English L2 speakers performing two picture description tasks (one in L1 and one in L2), the studies analysed their oral productions in order to identify a number of temporal and hesitation signals of planning processes. The findings suggest that observing learners using audio and video equipment and trying to increase their anxiety through interpersonal style does not produce a significant difference. However, learners watching someone apparently taking notes on their performance seemed to be significantly anxiety provoking. Qualitative analysis suggests that, in comparison with low anxiety language users, high anxiety language users produce longer texts in L2 than in L1, produce smaller amounts of continuous speech in both L1 and L2, produce filled pauses with a higher mean length in L2 than in L1, have longer mid-clause pauses, fewer repetitions, and make more false starts.
Richard Böckh (1824–1907)
Authors: Leuschner Torsten
Published: September 2007

Gegenstand des vorliegenden Aufsatzes ist das sprachenstatistische und nationalitätenpolitische Werk des preußischen Statistikers Richard Böckh (1824–1907), insbesondere der Aufsatz “Über die statistische Bedeutung der Volksprache” (1866), in dem Böckh die Ansicht vertritt, allein die Sprache definiere die Nationalität, und das BuchDer Deutschen Volkszahl und Sprachgebiet in den europäischen Staaten(1869), das u.a. erstmals einen Katalog von Sprachenrechten für Minderheiten enthält. Der Beitrag verfolgt die Rezeption von Böckhs Werk während des deutsch-französischen Krieges von 1870/71, als Böckhs Konzeptionen in der deutschen Öffentlichkeit als moralische Rechtfertigung der Annexion von Elsass-Lothringen verstanden wurden, sowie im Zusammenhang mit der preußischen Geschäftssprachenfrage der Jahre 1873–1876. Abschließend werden noch einige spätere Positionen und Aktivitäten Böckhs beleuchtet, nämlich sein Engagement für das Auslandsdeutschtum im Rahmen des von ihm 1881 mitbegründeten Allgemeinen Deutschen Schulvereins sowie sein Eintreten gegen den Missbrauch von Statistiken im Berliner Antisemitismusstreit um 1880. Obwohl zweifellos mutig, zeigt Letzteres doch auch, wie sehr der einst so populäre sprachbezogene Nationsbegriff zehn Jahre nach der Reichsgründung schon in die Defensive geraten war.
Coherence or interest as basis for improving hypertext comprehension
Authors: Salmeron Ladislao , Kintsch Walter , Canas Jose
Published: September 2007

Educational hypertext aims to improve the reader’s comprehension by providing flexible access to information. However, this flexibility imposes additional tasks upon a reader who is used to gaining information in a linear manner. One of these difficulties is in choosing the reading order of the hypertext sections. In the present work, we explore two possible strategies to decide the reading order in hypertext: strategies based on coherence and interest. Results of two laboratory experiments reveal that a semantically coherent reading order improves comprehension for novice readers. Finally, we focus on ways to analyze coherence of the reading order, and how to promote it in educational hypertexts.
Dynamics of social coordination
Authors: Vallacher Robin R. , Nowak Andrzej , Zochowski Michal
Published: September 2007

Close relationships are described in terms of the temporal coordination of behavior based on the similarity of partners’ internal states (e.g., moods, personality traits). Coupled nonlinear dynamical systems (logistic equations) were used to model the emergence, maintenance, and disruption of coordination in such relationships. For each system (partner), there was a control parameter corresponding to an internal state and a dynamical variable corresponding to behavior. Computer simulations investigated how the temporal coordination of behavior in a relationship reflects the similarity of partners’ control parameters and the strength of coupling (mutual influence between partners). Several types of coordination were observed, with in-phase synchronization occurring for strong coupling and similarity in internal states. In a variation of the model, each system could adjust its own control parameter to synchronize its dynamics with that of the other system. Simulation results provide insight into several topics in the study of close relations and group dynamics.
Gestural-vocal deixis and representational skills in early language development
Authors: Antinoro Pizzuto Elena , Capobianco Micaela , Devescovi Antonella
Published: September 2007

This study explores the use of deictic gestures, vocalizations and words compared to content-loaded, or representational gestures and words in children’s early one- and two-element utterances. We analyze the spontaneous production of four children, observed longitudinally from 10–12 to 24–25 months of age, focusing on the components of children’s utterances (deictic vs. representational), the information encoded, and the temporal relationship between gestures and vocalizations or words that were produced in combination. Results indicate that while the gestural and vocal modalities are meaningfully and temporally integrated form the earliest stages, deictic and representational elements are unevenly distributed in the gestural vs. the vocal modality, and in one vs. two-element utterances. The findings suggest that while gestural deixis plays a primary role in allowing children to define and articulate their vocal productions, representational skills appear to be markedly more constrained in the gestural as compared to the vocal modality.
Understanding mirror neurons
Authors: Metta Giorgio , Sandini Giulio , Natale Lorenzo , Craighero Laila , Fadiga Luciano
Published: September 2007

This paper reports about our investigation on action understanding in the brain. We review recent results of the neurophysiology of the mirror system in the monkey. Based on these observations we propose a model of this brain system which is responsible for action recognition. The link between object affordances and action understanding is considered. To support our hypothesis we describe two experiments where some aspects of the model have been implemented. In the first experiment an action recognition system is trained by using data recorded from human movements. In the second experiment, the model is partially implemented on a humanoid robot which learns to mimic simple actions performed by a human subject on different objects. These experiments show that motor information can have a significant role in action interpretation and that a mirror-like representation can be developed autonomously as a result of the interaction between an individual and the environment.
Social symbol grounding and language evolution
Authors: Vogt Paul , Divina Federico
Published: September 2007

This paper illustrates how external (or social) symbol grounding can be studied in simulations with large populations. We discuss how we can simulate language evolution in a relatively complex environment which has been developed in the context of the New Ties project. This project has the objective of evolving a cultural society and, in doing so, the agents have to evolve a communication system that is grounded in their interactions with their virtual environment and with other individuals. A preliminary experiment is presented in which we investigate the effect of a number of learning mechanisms. The results show that the social symbol grounding problem is a particularly hard one; however, we provide an ideal platform to study this problem.
The acquired language of thought hypothesis
Authors: Viger Christopher
Published: September 2007

I present the symbol grounding problem in the larger context of a materialist theory of content and then present two problems for causal, teleo-functional accounts of content. This leads to a distinction between two kinds of mental representations: presentations and symbols; only the latter are cognitive. Based on Milner and Goodale’s dual route model of vision, I posit the existence of precise interfaces between cognitive systems that are activated during object recognition. Interfaces are constructed as a child learns, and is taught, how to interact with its environment; hence, interface structure has a social determinant essential for symbol grounding. Symbols are encoded in the brain to exploit these interfaces, by having projections to the interfaces that are activated by what they symbolise. I conclude by situating my proposal in the context of Harnad’s (1990) solution to the symbol grounding problem and responding to three standard objections.
Task representation of a Japanese L2 writer and its impact on the usage of source text information
Authors: Allen Simone
Published: September 2007

This study examines students’ management of academic writing tasks, with a particular focus on how a Japanese L2 student writer of English integrates source text information into her written text. The data was gathered over one university semester through a triangulation of data collection procedures, namely interviews, journal studies and collection of written materials such as lecture notes, drafts and subject outlines.

To date, there has been little research on this aspect of student writing, despite the integral importance of citation in demonstrating the originality of and/or justification for a writer’s argument and consequently in determining a reader’s assessment as to the effectiveness of an academic paper. By drawing upon the frameworks developed by Campbell (1987, 1990), Hyland (2000) and Stein (1990a), this study examines citation behaviour and task representation by investigating the cognitive processes and written products of one student. More specifically, this study investigates the processes and the concomitant difficulties that the L2 student experienced when integrating source text information and representing a task to herself while composing. In this way, this paper can better inform us of students’ actions, perceptions and attitudes when undertaking reading-to-write tasks.
Asian adolescents’ out-of-school encounters with English and Korean literacy
Authors: Yi Youngjoo
Published: September 2007

The acquisition of second language (L2) academic literacy has attracted increasing interest among L2 literacy researchers as the number of English Language Learners (ELLs) studying in schools in Anglophone countries like Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States continues to grow. However, this emphasis on academic literacy has led L2 researchers to overlook the importance of exploring other types of literacy, especially out-of-school literacy. In particular, few studies have examined the impact of out-of-school literacy activities on overall literacy acquisition, as well as on the development of academic literacy skills. This article describes a study that examined the nature of three Asian adolescent ELLs’ out-of-school literacy practices and their implications for school-based literacy growth. These Asian adolescent ELLs engaged in various types of reading and forms of writing in both their native language (L1), Korean, and their L2, English, within both print and computer-based contexts. The findings suggest some often overlooked connections, direct or indirect, between in and out-of-school literacy. The article discusses the implications of these findings for pedagogy and future research.
Hong Kong written Chinese
Authors: Shi Dingxu
Published: September 2007

Hong Kong written Chinese is the register used in government documents, serious literature and the formal sections of printed media. It is a local variation of Standard Chinese and has many special features in its lexicon, syntax and discourse. These features come from three distinctive sources: English, Cantonese and innovation. The main concern of this paper is which features come from English and how they are adopted.

It is shown that Hong Kong written Chinese has a large number of English loan words, both localized and semi-localized ones, and quite a few calque forms from English. Some of its lexical items have undergone semantic shift under the influence of English or Cantonese. The most interesting characteristic of Hong Kong written Chinese is that a number of its words have changed their syntactic behavior due to English influence and a few syntactic structures are apparently adopted from English. This particular form of written Chinese thus provides an excellent case to study the impact of bilingualism and multilingualism on language use and language change induced by language contact.
On the origins of scalar particles in Italian
Authors: Visconti Jacqueline
Published: September 2007

In this paper the Italian scalar particles perfino and addirittura are investigated in a diachronic perspective, from their origins in spatial and temporal meanings to the scalar value they have in Present Day Italian. The data documenting the shift are discussed in Section 2, where it is argued that the lexical semantics of the particles plays a crucial role in constraining the contexts in which they appear, and hence their change. Section 3 defines the evolution of Italian scalar particles as an instance of subjectification, i.e. as an increased degree of encoding of the Speaker’s attitude, and considers the syntactic evolution of both perfino and addirittura as the structural reflection of the subjectification process that they undergo at the semantic level. Section 4 addresses the question of whether the development of perfino and addirittura is a case of grammaticalisation, reconsidering the definition of both the concept of grammaticalisation and its relationship to subjectification. Section 5 concludes and points out at some directions of further research work.
Studying identity in social psychology
Authors: Chryssochoou Xénia
Published: September 2007

The present paper discusses the concept of identity in social psychology. It is suggested that identity is a particular form of social representation that mediates the relationship between the individual and the social world. Identity makes the link between social regulations and psychological organizations (i.e. identifications/self-categories) and constitutes the organizing principle of symbolic relationships. Its functions are to inscribe the person in the social environment, to communicate peoples’ positions and to establish relationships with others (social recognition). Thus identity is a cyclical process constituted by three actions: knowing, claiming and recognizing. Social psychologists have started their investigations of identity by emphasizing different aspects of this process: self-knowledge, claims and recognition and have focused on processes of socialization, communication and social influence.

Finally, it is argued that through their active participation in the social world (by knowing, recognizing and claiming), individuals construct a set of knowledge about the world and themselves: their identity. To protect from, provoke or respond to changes to this knowledge people act in the name of identity. Thus, identity constitutes the social psychological context within which worldviews are constructed, through which these worldviews are communicated and for which battles are fought.
Praatjies and boerenbrieven
Authors: Deumert Ana
Published: September 2007

From the 1820s humorous representations of the local vernacular began to appear in the periodical press of the Cape Colony. These popular texts developed into a highly productive genre and influenced the formation of an early Afrikaans written norm by shaping expectations of social, linguistic and local authenticity. Whereas the early vernacular representations fall largely into the category of racist parodies or ‘mock language’ (Hill 1995), later texts were intended as projections of the colonists' own ‘voice’. Using LePage's concept of linguistic focusing (cf. LePage & Tabouret-Keller 1985), Coupland's (2001) notion of stylization, and Gal and Irvine's (2000) semiotic principles of iconization and erasure, this paper argues that linguistic forms which were propagated as ‘authentic’ representations of local speech in the popular literature came to be used as conventionalized ideological resources in non-literary texts and contributed to the gradual formation and diffusion of a written norm at the Cape. The data basis for the analysis includes early literary texts (1828–1889), theCorpus of Cape Dutch Correspondence(1880–1922, cf. Deumert, 2001, 2004) as well as a small, pragmatically cohesive corpus of application letters for the position of a nanny in the house of Colin Steyn (1923/1924).
Distributed cognition, representation, and affordance
Authors: Zhang Jiajie , Patel Vimla L.
Published: September 2007

This article describes a representation-based framework of distributed cognition. This framework considers distributed cognition as a cognitive system whose structures and processes are distributed between internal and external representations, across a group of individuals, and across space and time. The major issue for distributed research, under this framework, are the distribution, transformation, and propagation of information across the components of the distributed cognitive system and how they affect the performance of the system as a whole. To demonstrate the value of this representation-based approach, the framework was used to describe and explain an important, challenging, and controversial issue — the concept of affordance.
Contextualizing a grammar
Authors: Bright William
Published: September 2007

The grammar of a language is not only un système ou tout se tient; it also lies within a nexus involving time, space, and social relationships. On the dimension of time, descriptive and historical linguistics are not totally separate: native speakers’ knowledge of their language may include recognition of archaic forms and foreign borrowings. As for space, native speakers’ knowledge also includes awareness of geographical dialect variation. On the social dimension, the relevance of sociolinguistic variation is now widely recognized. Linguists who undertake to write grammars should consider all these factors, particularly as regards the interrelatedness between the grammar, the lexicon, and text collections.
Terminology and the construction of ontology
Authors: Gillam Lee , Tariq Mariam , Ahmad Khurshid
Published: September 2007

This paper discusses a method for corpus-driven ontology design: extracting conceptual hierarchies from arbitrary domain-specific collections of texts. These hierarchies can form the basis for a concept-oriented (onomasiological) terminology collection, and hence may be used as the basis for developing knowledge-based systems using ontology editors. This reference to ontology is explored in the context of collections of terms. The method presented is a hybrid of statistical and linguistic techniques, employing statistical techniques initially to elicit a conceptual hierarchy, which is then augmented through linguistic analysis. The result of such an extraction may be useful in information retrieval, knowledge management, or in the discipline of terminology science itself.
In search of the perfect orthography
Authors: Venezky Richard L.
Published: September 2007

Philologists, linguists, and educators have insisted for several centuries that the ideal orthography has a one-to-one correspondence between grapheme and phoneme. Others, however, have suggested deviations for such functions as distinguishing homophones, displaying popular alternative spellings, and retaining morpheme identity. If, indeed, the one-to-one ideal were accepted, the International Phonetic Alphabet should become the orthographic standard for all enlightened nations, yet the failure of even a single country to adopt it for practical writing suggests that other factors besides phonology are considered important for a writing system.

Whatever the ideal orthography might be, the practical writing systems adopted upon this earth reflect linguistic, psychological, and cultural considerations. Knowingly or unknowingly, countries have adopted orthographies that favour either the early stages of learning to read or the advanced stages, that is, the experienced reader. The more a system tends towards a one-to-one relationship between graphemes and phonemes, the more it assists the new reader and the non-speaker of the language while the more it marks etymology and morphology, the more it favours the experienced reader. The study of psychological processing in reading demonstrates that human capacities for processing print are so powerful that complex patterns and irregularities pose only a small challenge. Orthographic regularity is extracted from lexical input and used to recognise words during reading. To understand how such a system develops, researchers should draw on the general mechanisms of perceptual learning.
The role of morphological family size in word recognition
Authors: Perdijk Kors , Schreuder Robert , Verhoeven Ludo
Published: September 2007

This paper proposes an approach for studying the structure and development of the mental lexicon based on morphological family size. For adults, the number of morphologically related words has been shown to facilitate word recognition (Schreuder, & Baayen, 1997). This effect is assumed to be caused by connections in the mental lexicon between morphologically related words. Because children still have to acquire word representations and their interconnectedness, family size effects in children are considered to be smaller. So far, however, developmental data on morphological family size effects are generally lacking. As a first step, we wanted to find out to what extent word frequency and morphological family size effects will appear in adult lexical decision data while using adult versus child language corpora as a frame of reference. Two findings were obtained. First, the materials specifically constructed for children evoked both frequency and family size effects. Second, frequency counts based on a Dutch corpus of child language (Schrooten & Vermeer, 1994) showed reliable frequency effects.
CONFORMING BEHAVIOR AND PERSONALITY VARIABLES IN CONGOLESE STUDENTS1
Authors: Claeys Willem
Published: September 2007

Etude de la tendance au conformisme et de sa relation avec quelques traits de caractère chez des étudiants congolais. — Le but principal de cette étude était d'aboutir à une comparaison interculturelle de la tendance au conformisme se manifestant dans une situation de laboratoire. A L'aide d'une technique qui coïncide, à quelques modifications près, avec celle de Crutchfield, nous avons exposé 92 étudiants congolais de première année de L'Institut Facultaire de Psychologie et de Pédagogie à L'Université Lovanium (Kinshasa) à une pression sociale pendant L'exécution d'une tâche d'estimation de la longueur de lignes (stimuli de Asch). L'enregistrement des erreurs de perception d'un groupe contrôle de 38 étudiants permettait d'isoler L'influence du facteur expérimental. Les résultats obtenus sont sensiblement les mêmes que ceux qui ont été communiqués par Levy et par Gerard et Deutsch à L'occasion d'expériences sur des sujets américains d'âge et de niveau intellectuel comparables, dans des conditions expérimentales semblables. Nous avons fait intervenir dans notre comparaison le pourcentage de réponses fautives dues à L'introduction de la pression sociale, ainsi que la forme et L'étendue de variation de la distribution des erreurs. Posant la question de la relation possible entre la tendance au conformisme et certains traits de caractère, nous avons comparé un groupe de “conformistes” avec un groupe d' “indépendants” sur la base de leurs résultats au “Maudsley Personality Inventory” et de certains indices dérivés de leurs réponses au test de Rorschach, et nous avons pu conclure que: — 1. les conformistes supportent moins facilement une situation de “stress” que les indépendants; — 2. aucune différence significative n'apparaît entre les deux groupes en ce qui concerne le trait d'extraversion et le besoin d'approbation sociale; — 3. les indépendants sont caractérisés par un sens critique plus prononcé que les conformistes.
A CROSS‐CULTURAL STUDY OF SOCIAL DESIRABILITY JUDGMENTS
Authors: Mukherjee Bishwa Nath
Published: September 2007

Etude interculturelle des jugements de “dêsirabilité” sociale. — On compare les estimations faites sur la désirabilité sociale de 143 items de personnalité par 100 étudiants de L'Université de L'Indiana et par 100 étudiants avancés de L'Université de Nagpur. Les deux séries de valeurs corrèllent à .61. Les deux groupes diffèrent significativement dans leurs jugements pour 55 des items. Ces différences peuvent être interprétées selon la manière dont divers aspects du comportement sont considérés par des gens appartenant à des cultures différentes. Les résultats tendent à suggérer que les étudiants indiens mettent fortement L'accent sur le conformisme social, les relations interpersonnelles et une atmosphère saine et paisible, tandis que leurs homologues américains aspirent à obtenir autonomie, pouvoir, succès, bonheur et richesse. Les étudiants américains attribuent également une grande valeur à la plupart des items qui sont en relation avec le désir de réussite. Les résultats sont discutés en référence à des données antérieures.
THE ROLE OF SELF‐ESTEEM IN COMPETITIVE CHOICE BEHAVIOR1
Authors: Pepitone Albert , Faucheux Claude , Moscovici Serge , Cesa‐Bianchi Marcello , Magistretti Grazia , Iacono Gustavo , Asprea A. M. , Villone Guilia
Published: September 2007

Le rôle de L'estime de soi dans les choix compétitifs — Un programme transnational de recherche sur les déterminants des processus de décision s'est concentré dans une première phase sur la relation entre L'estime de soi et le comportement compétitif dans un jeu de type « Dilemme du prisonnier ». Des étudiants américains, chez lesquels une grande estime de soi avait été induite, firent davantage de choix compétitifs que les sujets chez lesquels on avait induit une faible estime de soi. Une des deux expériences avec des étudiants français a reproduit les mêmes résultats, alors que des expériences avec des sujets italiens ont produit des résultats inverses. Différentes interprétations théoriques des résultats sont proposées et critiquées.
CULTURE AND COGNITIVE PROBLEMS
Authors: Peluffo Nicola
Published: September 2007

Culture et problèms cognitifs. — L'A. étudie les effets du niveau culturel et des processus d'acculturation sur deux aspects du fonctionnement cognitif: L'exploration d'une configuration perceptive et L'élaboration des informations. Pour rendre compte du premier, ont été retenus les résultats d'une recherche faite sur des populations primitives de L'Amazonie soumises au test de Roschach: L'augmentation du pourcentage des réponses Dd., chez les sujets “acculturés” par rapport à ceux qui ne le sont pas, indique qu'il y a passage d'une phase de réponses globales et stéréotypées à une phase d'analyse détaillée bien qu'encore primitive. En second lieu, L'élaboration des informations drées de L'exploration d'une configuration perceptive a été étudiée relativement aux points suivants: causalité physique, notions de conservation, intégration de variables antagonistes et opération de combinaison. Les résultats montrent qu'un milieu socio‐culturel sous‐développé ou un niveau d'instruction nul ou insuffisant, ou encore un milieu de travail peu “acculturé” peuvent faire obstacle au développement d'un processus de pensée apte á considérer plusieurs variables, même antagonistes, à la fois, et à les intégrer dans une fonction unique, par un réseau de relations multiplicatives. En général, la seule maturation biologique ne permet pas d'atteindre complètement ce type de pensée. Le raisonnement des sujets adultes qui viennent d'un milieu sous‐développé fluctue entre schème notionnel et schème figuratif; il se rapproche de L'un ou de L'autre selon le degré de pression qu'exercent les éléments perceptifs. C'est pourquoi on évoque ici L'utilité, limitée a la résolution d'un problème, que pourrait avoir le fait de dormer aux sujets des instruments mécaniques de “servo‐pensée”. Les résultats de ces études semblent enfin montrer que certains retards dans le développement intellectuel peuvent être rattrapés lorsqu'on place les sujets dans un milieu plus favorable.
THE FOREIGN VISIT SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVING ITS USEFULNESS
Authors: Maher Brendan
Published: September 2007

Les visites à L'étranger: quelques propositions pour augmenter leur utilité. — L'auteur suggère quelques idées pout augmenter L'utilité pour les psychologues des visites à L'étranger; il propose plus spécialement, que les institutions préparent des textes qui donnent à L'avance à ceux qui envisagent de telles visites, des informations détaillées sur L'espace disponible, L'équipement statistique, L'atelier et les services généraux des laboratoires ainsi que sur les possibilités d'obtenir des sujets, sur les bibliothèques, etc… Il note qu'il est important que le visiteur puisse s'orienter le plus tôt possible, que L'on publie des informations sur la présence des visiteurs et souligne enfin la nécessité d'étudier empiriquement les effets qu'ont les visites à L'étranger sur les échanges internationaux qui s'ensuivent pour les participants.
COMPARAISON INTERLINGUISTIQUE DE MATÉRIEL VERBAL PROPRE A L'APPRENTISSAGE DE CONCEPT1
Authors: Mcmurray Gordon , Noizet Georges
Published: September 2007

Inter‐language comparison of verbal material for the study of concept formation. — A list of 215 French words, which were translation equivalents of the words in Underwood and Richardson's (1956) published list, were presented to 119 French students from which single, restricted to sense impression associates were obtained. A systematic inter‐language comparison is established and differences between French and English speaking subjects discussed.

The piocedure adopted by Mednick and Halpern (1962) to study the ease of concept attainment as a function of Associative Rank has been applied to French subjects. A replication using a direct translation of the English nouns shows no difference between concepts at Associative Rank 1 and 2. It appears indeed from norms of the French group that the concepts selected are balanced not only with respect to Dominance Level but also with respect to Mean Associative Rank. But further experiment, with a material established according to the norms of the French list of associates, shows a very significant difference in the mean number of trials taken to solve each concept. It thus strengthened the assumption of homogeneity of associative response hierarchies in a given language community.
THE HORIZONTAL‐VERTICAL ILLUSION AND THE ECOLOGICAL HYPOTHESIS
Authors: Deregowski Jan B.
Published: September 2007

L'illusion de la verticale et L'hypothèse écologique. — La discussion dont L'hypothèse écologique a été récemment L'objet, paraît ignorer, en ce qui concerne L'illusion verticale, un article de Künnapas (1955) qui démontre que cette illusion se compose de deux effets: 1) L'un qui est attribuable à la verticalité de la ligne; 2) L'autre qui est dû à L'intersection d'une ligne par L'autre. L'A. a réalisé une expérience qui, avec des stimuli différents, a donné des résultats qui sent en accord avec ceux de Künnapas. Une critique de la littérature consacrée à ce problème suggère que les données se raccordent mieux à L'hypothèse, bien qu'encoie imparfaitement, si L'on tient compte de la dualité des effets. L'auteur souligne la complexité du problème et pense que la symétrie pourrait être considérée comme un facteur additionnel.
TWO CORE‐CULTURE PATTERNS AND THE DIFFUSION OF VALUES ACROSS THEIR BORDER1
Authors: Peck Robert F. , Diaz‐Guerrero Rogelio
Published: September 2007

Deux « noyaux » culturels et la diffusion des valeurs au‐delà de leurs frontières. — Les AA ont mis au point une méthode objective pour mesurer les significations qui s'attachent à la notion de “respect”. Ils L'ont appliquée à 1800 étudiants de deux villes mexicaines, Mexico et Monterrey, et de deux villes texanes, Edinburg (partagée en deux sous‐échantillons égaux, anglo‐américain et latino américain) et Austin. L'analyse fait apparaître deux “noyaux culturels” très différents, typiques des étudiants de la ville de Mexico d'une part et d'Austin d'autre part. Les résultats observés dans les villes frontières mettent en évidence L'existence d'un gradient d'acculturation. Une description détaillée est donnée de la relation de respect telle qu'elle est perçue par chaque sous‐échantillon. Les AA discutent de la possibilité d'appliquer cette technique aux recherches sur les cultures nationales et sur la diffusion culturelle.
IUPS News
Authors: Nuttin Joseph
Published: September 2007

During the 15th International Congress of Psychology (Brussels, 1957) the problem of publications favoring the efficient communication of scientific information in the field of psychology was given special attention. The International Union of Psychological Science expressed its major interest in this field. As a consequence, a report on this matter was prepared by the Union's Secretary General, Roger W. Russell, and during the next Congress (Bonn, 1960) the Assembly of the Union approved unanimously the recommendation of the report for establishing a Committee of Publication and Communication. Prof. H.C.J. Duijker (Amsterdam) was appointed its first chairman.
ON VOLUNTARY ACTION AND ITS HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE1
Authors: Bruner Jerome S. , Bruner Blanche M.
Published: September 2007

Les AA., cherchant à découvrir quels sont les caractères de l'organisation de quelques systèmes biologiques au cours de la première enfance, montrent comment un comportement primitivement automatique et réflexe se transforme graduellement en contrôle volontaire. Sur la base d'expériences qui ont porté sur la manière dont deux activités conflictuelles, téter et regarder, s'intègrent chez le bébé de 2 à 3 mois, on peut distinguer des étapes dans le processus d'organisation : (a) d'abord, suppression de I'une ou de l'autre activité; (b) ensuite, alternance des deux sans interférence; (c), enfin maintien en place des deux à la fois : la structure des deux activités est intégrée dans un acte qui les comprend I'une et l'autre, les parties y étant cependant exécutées séparément. Dans une autre expérience, on observe que les bébés s'efforcent de voir nettement, but qui est fixé arbitrairement, en coordonnant suçage et regard, à l'aide d'une stratégie de réponses qui est hiérarchiquement organisée et adaptative. Certains épisodes du développement de la manipulation des objets avec guidage visuel, montrent comment un programme d'action peut être mis en place dès le début. La maîtrise de l'action implique un cycle de restriction brutale des formes du mouvement et de formation programmée de l'habileté dans les limites de cette restriction. On peut dire, en conclusion, qu'il y a une organisation adaptative, générique et intelligente du comportement à chaque âge. Elle est atteinte de façon inégale et imparfaite, par intermittence et incomplètement : une nouvelle analyse fonctionnelle est nécessaire.
ON PERCEPTION OF DEPICTED ORIENTATION
Authors: Deregowski Jan B.
Published: September 2007

La perception de l'orientation picturale. — Les deux expériences décrites ici indiquent qu'en matière de perception picturale, les individus de certaines cultures, outre celles qui sont relatives à la perception de la profondeur, rencontrent des difficultés pour percevoir correctement l'orientation. La grandeur des erreurs relativement à l'interprétation de l'orientation dans les dessins semble dépendre de l'angle sous lequel l'ensemble des stimulus est représenté, la position des sujets relativement à l'appareil et la signification implicite de l'ensemble représenté.
SOCIOMETRY AND COMMUNICATION NETWORK IN AN INDIAN VILLAGE
Authors: Pareek Udai , Singh Yadavendra P.
Published: September 2007

Sociométrie et réseau de communication dans un village indien. — On compare, dans un village indien, les données sociométriques aux communications interpersonnelles qui se produisent aux différentes étapes de l'adoption de trois nouvelles techniques agricoles. La distribution des données sociométriques et celle des communications présentent la même structure: elles révèlent qu'il y a beaucoup d'isolés ou “non‐communiquants” et un petit nombre de membres influents. Les “étoiles” sociométriques se trouvent être des “communicateurs‐clefs” ou, tout au moins, des personnes qui communiquent davantage. De même, la plupart des “non‐communiquants” sont isolés. On constate que les communications interpersonnelles sont limitées au sous‐groupe sociométrique (clique), bien que les communications hors‐clique ne soient pas totalement absentes. Il semble que la popularité dans le village soit fondamentalement en liaison avec l'influence personnelle, ce qui témoigne du caractère charismatique de l'autorité.
DELAY OF GRATIFICATION, AGE AND INTELLIGENCE IN AN ABORIGINAL CULTURE1
Authors: Bochner Stephen , David Kenneth H.
Published: September 2007

Récompense différée, âge et intelligence dans une culture indigène. — Un certain nombre d'études ont confirmé l'observation faite par Freud d'une liaison positive entre l'âge et la capacité de différer une récompense immédiate. On a également pu montrer que l'intelligence était liée à une telle capacité, d'où l'idée que la possibilité de différer une récompense caractériserait l'individu mûr et bien adapté. Il se peut toutefois que, tandis que délai de récompense et maturité sont liés pour des occidentaux de la classe moyenne, on obtienne dans d'autres cultures ou sous‐cultures, des structures génétiques différentes. Quelques recherches qui ont porté sur des groupes a‐typiques (Indes orientales, Nord de l'Australie, délinquents, etc.) donnent à penser que la relation entre le délai de récompense, l'âge et l'intelligence ne serait pas seulement affaire de développement chronologique et intellectuel, mais serait affectée par le contexte culturel dans lequel des variables sont en interaction. La présente recherche étudie la relation entre récompense différée, âge et intelligence chez des indigènes (N = 48; 7 à 15 ans) qui vivent dans une partie lointaine de l'Australie Centrale. l'intelligence est mesurée à l'aide du test de Porteus; on observe la préférence des sujets pour une récompense immédiate ou différée en leur donnant à choisir entre un bonbon tout de suite ou deux bonbons plus tard. Les résultats montrent qu'il n'y a pas de relation entre l'âge et le délai de récompense et que l'intelligence est liée positivement à la récompense immédiate. Tandis que les individus qui appartiennent à une culture industrielle apprennent très tôt à différer les récompenses, certains aspects de la culture aborigène étudiée encouragent la préférence pour une récompense immédiate. Il y a cohérence entre les résultats et l'idée que la tendance à retarder la récompense est en partie culturellement définie.
INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT IN HETEROCULTURAL DYADS1
Authors: Summers David A. , Stewart Thomas R. , Oncken Gerald R.
Published: September 2007

Conflit interpersonnel entre deux individus de culture différente. — Des sujets arabes et américains sont groupés par deux et doivent prendre une décision commune en matière de politique étrangère. On fait systématiquement varier les dyades du point de vue de la similitude cognitive des sujets (opinions semblables ou dissemblables en matière de politique étrangère) et de la composition culturelle (couples d'américains ou couples comprenant un arabe et un américain). Sur un total de 28 dyades en conflit, les résultats montrent que le conflit interpersonnel peut être valablement manipulé en laboratoire et que les compromis et la réduction des conflits sont affectés à la fois par les caractéristiques des sujets et la composition des dyades.
APPLICATION OF NEW EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES TO LITERACY TRAINING IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Moghni Shahabuddin M. , Russell Roger W.
Published: September 2007

During the past several years, the International Union of Psychological Science has undertaken a number of projects in which the special capabilities of psychologists have been brought to bear on matters of general interest to the world community. Some of these, e.g., “Social Implications of the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy”, “The Origin and Development of National Stereotypes”, have been supported by UNESCO. Others have been made possible by grants from public and private foundations. All have involved the cooperative efforts by psychologists in many parts of the world. In the paragraphs which follow we will report on the planning of another project, in collaboration with colleagues in Pakistan, directed toward the application of new educational techniques to solving problems of literacy training.
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION IN A PROFILE PATTERN OF KEY‐COMMUNICATORS IN AN INDIAN VILLAGE
Authors: Singh Yadavendra P. , Pareek Udai
Published: September 2007

On sélectionne deux groupes distincts (les “ communicateurs ”‐clefs et les non “ communicateurs ”) dans une communauté villageoise de L'Inde sur la base des interactions personnelles qui déterminent la diffusion à L'intérieur du village de trois nouvelles techniques agricoles. Les deux types de personnes diffèrent (.01) relativement à 8 variables : statut socio‐économique, relation avec L'origine du changement, comportement vis‐à‐vis de L'innovation, popularité, personnification du fermier idéal, aptitude à la communication, taille de L'exploitation, autorité en matière d'opinion, mais ne présentent pas de différences relativement à quatre autres (amour du changement, conservatisme, fatalisme, cosmopolitisme). Une analyse de type D2 portant sur six de ces variables prises ensemble donne un F significatif; sur la base de ces résultats, on peut établir un profil caractéristique des “ communicateur ”‐clefs.