bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution of electron phase space holes in inhomogeneous magnetic fields
Authors: Kuzichev I. V. , Vasko I. Y. , Agapitov O. V. , Mozer F. S. , Artemyev A. V.
Published: March 2017

Electron phase space holes (EHs) are electrostatic solitary waves that are widely observed in the space plasma often permeated by inhomogeneous magnetic fields. Understanding of the EH evolution in inhomogeneous magnetic fields is critical for accurate interpretations of spacecraft data. To study this evolution, we use 1.5‐D gyrokinetic electrostatic Vlasov code (magnetized electrons and immobile ions) with periodic boundary conditions. We find that EHs propagating into stronger (weaker) magnetic field are decelerated (accelerated) with deceleration (acceleration) rate dependent on the magnetic field gradient. Remarkably, decelerating EHs are reflected at the magnetic field dependent only on EH parameters (independent of the magnetic field gradient). A magnetic field inhomogeneity results in development of a net potential drop along EHs. Our simulations suggest that slow EHs recently observed in the plasma sheet boundary layer can appear due to braking of initially fast EHs by magnetic field gradients and that a large number of even fast EHs can contribute to macroscopic parallel potential drops.
Dynamics of upwelling annual cycle in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Wang Li‐Chiao , Jin Fei‐Fei , Wu Chau‐Ron , Hsu Huang‐Hsiung
Published: March 2017

The annual upwelling is an important component of the equatorial Atlantic annual cycle. A simple theory is proposed using the framework of Zebiak‐Cane (ZC) ocean model for insights into the dynamics of the upwelling annual cycle. It is demonstrated that in the Atlantic equatorial region this upwelling is dominated by Ekman processing in the west, whereas in the east it is primarily owing to shoaling and deepening of the thermocline resulting from equatorial mass meridional recharge/discharge and zonal redistribution processes associated with wind‐driven equatorial ocean waves. This wind‐driven wave upwelling plays an important role in the development of the annual cycle in the sea surface temperature of the cold tongue in the eastern equatorial Atlantic.
Reply to comment by Melsen et al. on “Most computational hydrology is not reproducible, so is it really science?”
Authors: Hutton Christopher , Wagener Thorsten , Freer Jim , Han Dawei , Duffy Chris , Arheimer Berit
Published: March 2017

In this article, we reply to a comment made by Melsen et al. [2017] on our previous commentary regarding reproducibility in computational hydrology. Re‐executing someone else's code and workflow to derive a set of published results does not by itself constitute reproducibility. However, it forms a key part of the process: it demonstrates that all the degrees of freedom and choices made by the scientist in running the experiment are contained within that code and workflow. This does not only allow us to build and extend directly from the original work, but with full knowledge of decisions made in the original experimental setup, we can then focus our attention to the degrees of freedom of interest: those that occur in hydrological systems that are ultimately our subject of study.
Lean, Green and Healthy: Landscape and Health
Authors: Weyer Julian
Published: March 2017

The Scandinavian firm CF Møller has been designing healthcare buildings to high acclaim since 1931. Guided by humanistic values from the outset, they have developed three design principles that they apply to every commission, to favour patients' empowerment in the healing process. Julian Weyer, one of the practice's current partners, sets out these principles and explains how they have shaped several of their recent projects in Denmark: from a rural hospice, to a city‐integrated care centre, to the country's largest hospital, townlike in scale and arrangement.
Determination of Crystal Axes in Semimetallic T′‐MoTe2 by Polarized Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Junyong , Luo Xin , Li Shisheng , Verzhbitskiy Ivan , Zhao Weijie , Wang Shunfeng , Quek Su Ying , Eda Goki
Published: March 2017

Distorted octahedral T′ phase of MoTe2 has recently attracted significant interest due to its predicted topological states and novel charge transport properties. Here, we report a nondestructive method for determining the crystal orientation of few‐layer T′‐MoTe2 flakes by polarized Raman spectroscopy. The experimentally observed Raman modes are assigned to eigenmodes of vibrations predicted by density functional theory calculations. Polarized Raman measurements reveal four distinct types of angle‐dependent intensity variations. From group theory, it can be deduced that the intensity of the Bg mode reaches a maximum in the configuration when the polarization vector of the incident light is either parallel or orthogonal to the metal–metal zigzag chain direction. The intensity variation of the Bg mode cannot be used to unambiguously determine the crystal orientation. Using electron diffraction analysis, it is demonstrated that the intensity of the Ag mode at around 162 cm−1 reaches a maximum when the polarization vector of the incident light is parallel to the metal–metal chain direction in the configuration. Furthermore, a simple method is proposed for identifying crystal orientation in nonpolarized Raman spectroscopy.
Recent Advances in Organic Reactions Involving Elemental Sulfur
Authors: Nguyen Thanh Binh
Published: March 2017

Elemental sulfur has been known since Antiquity and found widespread applications in the preparation of black gunpowder, the synthesis of sulfuric acid as well as other sulfur‐containing compounds, and the vulcanization of rubber. Over the last several years, we have come to better understand its properties and discover more applications of elemental sulfur in synthetic organic chemistry. This review summarizes the advances from 2000 in the construction of organic molecules using elemental sulfur via sulfuration, oxidation, reduction and redox condensation processes.

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Shape change and obesity prevalence among male UK offshore workers after 30 years: New insight from a 3D scanning study
Authors: Stewart Arthur D. , Ledingham Robert L. , Furnace Graham , Williams Hector , Nevill Alan M.
Published: March 2017

Objectives

In 1984, male UK offshore workers had greater overweight and obesity prevalence and fat content than the general population. Since then, body weight has increased by 19%, but, without accompanying anthropometric measures, their size increase, current obesity, and fatness prevalence remain unknown. This study therefore aimed to acquire contemporary anthropometric data, profile changes since the original survey, and assess current obesity prevalence in the male offshore workforce.

Methods

A total of 588 men, recruited via quota sampling to match the workforce weight profile, underwent stature, weight, and 3D photonic scanning measurements from which anatomical girths were extracted, enabling computation of body mass index (BMI), total fat, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT).

Results

On average, UK male offshore workers are now 8.1 y older, 3.1 cm taller, 13.9 kg heavier, and have greater girths than in 1984, which are >97% attributable to increased weight, and <3% to age difference. Mean BMI increased significantly from 24.9 to 28.1 kg/m2 and of the contemporary sample, 18% have healthy weight, 52% are overweight, and 30% obese, representing an increase in overweight and obesity prevalence by 6% and 24%, respectively. Waist cutoffs identify 39% of the contemporary sample as healthy, 27% at increased health risk, and 34% at high risk.

Conclusions

UK offshore workers today have higher BMI than Scottish men, although some muscular individuals may be misclassified by BMI. Girth data, particularly at the waist, where dimensional increase was greatest, together with predictions of total and visceral fatness, suggest less favorable health status in others.
Heterogeneous Cu‐MnO‐Catalyzed Direct C−H Amination of Azoles Using O2 as the Sole Oxidant
Authors: Singh Harshvardhan , Pal Provas , Sen Chiranjit , Panda Asit B. , Ghosh Subhash Chandra
Published: March 2017

An efficient heterogeneous catalytic method for the oxidative amination of azoles with amines has been developed. This environmentally benign amination reaction was carried out without using any external base or acid, and only molecular oxygen was used as a green oxidant. The catalyst was easily separated from the reaction mixture and reused several times. The aminated azoles are important pharmacophores with biological activity.
Fluorodeoxyglucose metabolism associated with tau‐amyloid interaction predicts memory decline
Authors: Hanseeuw Bernard J. , Betensky Rebecca A. , Schultz Aaron P. , Papp Kathryn V. , Mormino Elizabeth C. , Sepulcre Jorge , Bark John S. , Cosio Danielle M. , LaPoint Molly , Chhatwal Jasmeer P. , Rentz Dorene M. , Sperling Reisa A. , Johnson Keith A.
Published: March 2017

Objective

The aim of this article was to evaluate in normal older adults and preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) the impact of amyloid and regional tauopathy on cerebral glucose metabolism and subsequent memory decline.

Methods

We acquired positron emission tomography using F18 flortaucipir (tau), C11 Pittsburgh compound B (amyloid), and F18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in 90 clinically normal elderly of the Harvard Aging Brain Study.

Results

Posterior cingulate metabolism decreased when both amyloid and neocortical tau were high and predicted subsequent memory decline in a larger sample of normal elderly. In contrast, frontal hypometabolism related to the common age‐related entorhinal tauopathy, but this dysfunction was independent of amyloid, and did not predict significant memory decline. Neocortical tauopathy was positively associated with metabolism in individuals with subthreshold amyloid, suggesting that glucose metabolism increases before decreasing in the course of preclinical AD.

Interpretation

Our study identified a synergistic effect of amyloid and tau deposits and demonstrated, for the first time, in normal elderly its link to AD‐like hypometabolism and to AD‐like memory decline. The amyloid effect was observed with tau in neocortex, but not with tau in entorhinal cortex, which is the common site of age‐related tauopathy. Entorhinal tau was associated with frontal hypometabolism, but this dysfunction was not associated with memory loss. Ann Neurol 2017;81:583–596
19F‐NMR Reveals the Role of Mobile Loops in Product and Inhibitor Binding by the São Paulo Metallo‐β‐Lactamase
Authors: Abboud Martine I. , Hinchliffe Philip , Brem Jürgen , Macsics Robert , Pfeffer Inga , Makena Anne , Umland Klaus‐Daniel , Rydzik Anna M. , Li Guo‐Bo , Spencer James , Claridge Timothy D. W. , Schofield Christopher J.
Published: March 2017

Resistance to β‐lactam antibiotics mediated by metallo‐β‐lactamases (MBLs) is a growing problem. We describe the use of protein‐observe 19F‐NMR (PrOF NMR) to study the dynamics of the São Paulo MBL (SPM‐1) from β‐lactam‐resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cysteinyl variants on the α3 and L3 regions, which flank the di‐ZnII active site, were selectively 19F‐labeled using 3‐bromo‐1,1,1‐trifluoroacetone. The PrOF NMR results reveal roles for the mobile α3 and L3 regions in the binding of both inhibitors and hydrolyzed β‐lactam products to SPM‐1. These results have implications for the mechanisms and inhibition of MBLs by β‐lactams and non‐β‐lactams and illustrate the utility of PrOF NMR for efficiently analyzing metal chelation, identifying new binding modes, and studying protein binding from a mixture of equilibrating isomers.
An Efficient Iron(III)‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Aldehydes in Water for the Green Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Yu Han , Ru Shi , Dai Guoyong , Zhai Yongyan , Lin Hualin , Han Sheng , Wei Yongge
Published: March 2017

The first example of a heterogeneous iron(III)‐catalyzed aerobic oxidation of aldehydes in water was developed. This method utilizes 1 atmosphere of oxygen as the sole oxidant, proceeds under extremely mild aqueous conditions, and covers a wide range of various functionalized aldehydes. Chromatography is generally not necessary for product purification. Its operational simplicity, gram‐scale oxidation, and the ability to successively reuse the catalyst, make this new methodology environmentally benign and cost effective. The generality of this methodology gives it the potential to be used on an industrial scale.
Reagens‐ und metallfreie anodische C‐C‐Kreuzkupplung von Anilinderivaten
Authors: Schulz Lara , Enders Mathias , Elsler Bernd , Schollmeyer Dieter , Dyballa Katrin M. , Franke Robert , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: March 2017

Vorgestellt wird die oxidative Kreuzkupplung von Anilinderivaten zu 2,2′‐Diaminobiarylen. Der Oxidationsschritt wird elektrochemisch durchgeführt, ohne die Notwendigkeit von Metallen und Reagenzien. Ein breites Spektrum an Biphenyldiaminen konnte hergestellt werden. Die besten Resultate wurden mit Glaskohlenstoff als Anodenmaterial erhalten. Die elektrochemische Umsetzung kann problemlos in einer ungeteilten Zelle bei leicht erhöhten Temperaturen durchgeführt werden. Außerdem wurden gebräuchliche, auf Carbonsäuren basierende, Schutzgruppen verwendet, die nach der Kreuzkupplung unter milden Bedingungen selektiv abgespalten werden können. Auf diese Weise erhält man schnell und effizient Zugang zu äußerst wichtigen Bausteinen.
16‐Gliedriger Au8P8‐Makrocyclus aus Gold(I) und Diphospha(III)‐guanidin
Authors: Adhikari Anup K. , Sárosi Menyhárt B. , Grell Toni , Lönnecke Peter , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie
Published: March 2017

Die Reaktion von cyclo‐P4Mes4C(NCy) (1) mit zwei Äquivalenten [AuCl(tht)] (tht=Tetrahydrothiophen) führte zur Bildung des ungewöhnlichen 16‐gliedrigen Au‐P‐Makrocyclus 2. Der Makrocyclus weist Diphospha(III)‐guanidinat‐Liganden auf, die durch Spaltung der P‐P‐Bindungen in 1 gebildet werden. Die Charakterisierung von 2 erfolgte durch Multikern‐NMR‐Spektroskopie, Massenspektrometrie und Röntgenkristallstrukturanalyse.
Fluorooxoborates: Beryllium‐Free Deep‐Ultraviolet Nonlinear Optical Materials without Layered Growth
Authors: Zhang Bingbing , Shi Guoqiang , Yang Zhihua , Zhang Fangfang , Pan Shilie
Published: March 2017

Deep‐ultraviolet nonlinear optical (DUV NLO) crystals are the key materials to extend the output range of solid‐state lasers to below 200 nm. The only practical material KBe2BO3F2 suffers high toxicity through beryllium and strong layered growth. Herein, we propose a beryllium‐free material design and synthesis strategy for DUV NLO materials. Introducing the (BO3F)4−, (BO2F2)3−, and (BOF3)2− groups in borates could break through the fixed 3D B–O network that would produce a larger birefringence without layering and simultaneously keep a short cutoff edge down to DUV. The theoretical and experimental studies on a series of fluorooxoborates confirm this strategy. Li2B6O9F2 is identified as a DUV NLO material with a large second harmonic generation efficiency (0.9×KDP) and a large predicted birefringence (0.07) without layering. This study provides a feasible way to break down the DUV wall for NLO materials.
Spectroscopic Evidence for a Monomeric Copper(I) Hydride and Crystallographic Characterization of a Monomeric Silver(I) Hydride
Authors: Romero Erik A. , Olsen Pauline M. , Jazzar Rodolphe , Soleilhavoup Michele , Gembicky Milan , Bertrand Guy
Published: March 2017

(1,3‐bis[2,6‐bis[di(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)methyl]‐4‐methylphenyl]imidazol‐2‐ylidene)CuOPh [(IPr**)CuOPh] reacts with poly(methylhydrosiloxane) as the hydride donor to afford the monomeric (IPr**)CuH complex, which was spectroscopically characterized. The latter is in equilibrium in solution with [(IPr**)CuH]2, the dimer being exclusively present in the solid state. These results support the hypothesis that copper hydride aggregates dissociate in solution. In contrast, addition of pinacolborane to [(IPr**)AgOPh] at −40 °C allows the isolation of the monomeric (IPr**)AgH complex, which was crystallographically characterized.
Water‐Restructuring Mutations Can Reverse the Thermodynamic Signature of Ligand Binding to Human Carbonic Anhydrase
Authors: Fox Jerome M. , Kang Kyungtae , Sastry Madhavi , Sherman Woody , Sankaran Banumathi , Zwart Peter H. , Whitesides George M.
Published: March 2017

This study uses mutants of human carbonic anhydrase (HCAII) to examine how changes in the organization of water within a binding pocket can alter the thermodynamics of protein–ligand association. Results from calorimetric, crystallographic, and theoretical analyses suggest that most mutations strengthen networks of water‐mediated hydrogen bonds and reduce binding affinity by increasing the enthalpic cost and, to a lesser extent, the entropic benefit of rearranging those networks during binding. The organization of water within a binding pocket can thus determine whether the hydrophobic interactions in which it engages are enthalpy‐driven or entropy‐driven. Our findings highlight a possible asymmetry in protein–ligand association by suggesting that, within the confines of the binding pocket of HCAII, binding events associated with enthalpically favorable rearrangements of water are stronger than those associated with entropically favorable ones.
Alignment of Amorphous Iron Oxide Clusters: A Non‐Classical Mechanism for Magnetite Formation
Authors: Sun Shengtong , Gebauer Denis , Cölfen Helmut
Published: March 2017

Despite numerous studies on the nucleation and crystallization of iron (oxyhydr)oxides, the roles of species developing during the early stages, especially primary clusters and intermediate amorphous particles, are still poorly understood. Herein, both ligand‐free and ligand‐protected amorphous iron oxide (AIO) clusters (<2 nm) were synthesized as precursors for magnetite formation. Thermal annealing can crystallize the clusters into magnetite particles, and AIO bulk phases with domains of pre‐aligned clusters are found to be direct precursors to crystals, suggesting a non‐classical aggregation‐based pathway that differs from the reported oriented attachment or particle accretion mechanisms.
Fluorinated Sulfilimino Iminiums: Efficient and Versatile Sources of Perfluoroalkyl Radicals under Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Daniel Marion , Dagousset Guillaume , Diter Patrick , Klein Pierre‐André , Tuccio Béatrice , Goncalves Anne‐Marie , Masson Géraldine , Magnier Emmanuel
Published: March 2017

Reported herein is the use of S‐perfluoroalkyl sulfilimino iminiums as a new source of RF radicals under visible‐light photoredox catalysis (RF=CF3, C4F9, CF2Br, CFCl2). These shelf‐stable perfluoroalkyl reagents, readily prepared on gram scale from the corresponding sulfoxide using a one‐pot procedure, allow the efficient photoredox‐induced oxyperfluoroalkylation of various alkenes using fac‐Ir(ppy)3 as the photocatalyst. Importantly, spin‐trapping/electron paramagnetic resonance experiments were carried out to characterize all the radical intermediates involved in this radical/cationic process.
Hydrophobic coating of mica by piranha solution activation, silanization grafting, and copolymerization with acrylate monomers
Authors: Wang Linlin , Liu Yuelong , Liu Gousheng
Published: March 2017

Hydrophobic mica particles were prepared by piranha solution activation, silanization, and copolymerization with acrylate monomers. Its surface morphology, hydrophilic properties, and thermogravimetric analysis changed differently in comparison with those of pristine mica. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the modified (001) mica surface changed from flat to coarse. Thermogravimetric curves demonstrated that silane coupling agents and the grafted polymer were anchored on the modified‐mica surface. The alternating surface polarity state was verified by different dispersion performances in the solvents. SEM images showed that the polypropylene (PP)/modified‐mica composites had a better quality compatibility than the PP/untreated‐mica composites. The PP/polymer‐grafted‐mica composites had improved mechanical properties, including stretching, tension, and impact properties. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44985.
Selenium supplementation modulates apoptotic processes in thyroid follicular cells
Authors: Nettore Immacolata C. , De Nisco Emma , Desiderio Silvio , Passaro Carmela , Maione Luigi , Negri Mariarosaria , Albano Luigi , Pivonello Rosario , Pivonello Claudia , Portella Giuseppe , Ungaro Paola , Colao Annamaria , Macchia Paolo E.
Published: March 2017

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient modulating several physiopathological processes in the human body. The aim of the study is to characterize the molecular effects determined by Se‐supplementation in thyroid follicular cells, using as model the well‐differentiated rat thyroid follicular cell line FRTL5. Experiments have been performed to evaluate the effects of Se on cell growth, mortality and proliferation and on modulation of pro‐ and antiapoptotic pathways. The results indicate that Se‐supplementation improves FRTL5 growth rate. Furthermore, Se reduces the proportion of cell death and modulates both proapoptotic (p53 and Bim) and antiapoptotic (NF‐kB and Bcl2) mRNA levels. In addition, incubation with high doses of Na–Se might prevent the ER‐stress apoptosis induced by tunicamycin, as assessed by membrane integrity maintenance, reduction in caspase 3/7 activities, and reduction in Casp‐3 and PARP cleavage. Taken together, these results provide molecular evidences indicating the role of Se supplementation on cell death and apoptosis modulation in thyroid follicular cells. These observations may be useful to understand the effects of this micronutrient on the physiopathology of the thyroid gland. © 2016 BioFactors, 43(3):415–423, 2017
Peer Exploitation: Findings from a Romanian National Representative Sample of Children Living in Long‐Term Residential Centres
Authors: Rus Adrian V. , Stativa Ecaterina , Butterfield Max E. , Pennings Jacquelyn S. , Parris Sheri R. , Burcea Gabriel , Wenyika Reggies
Published: March 2017

This study emphasises different facets of peer exploitation awareness and experience identified in closed‐type institutions, including a couple of abusive behaviours that have not been previously identified in long‐term residential centres.

‘Emphasises different facets of peer exploitation awareness and experience identified in closed‐type institutions’

A national representative sample of 1391 children (743 boys and 648 girls) seven to 20 years of age living in 44 long‐term residential centres was analysed to identify the prevalence of awareness and experience of peer exploitation. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to identify the predictors of peer exploitation experience.

In total, 40.1 per cent of children reported that they were aware of peer exploitation, and 28.5 per cent that they were victims of such exploitation. Additionally, it was shown that (a) children who reported past abuse by a staff member were more likely to be victims of exploitation than those who did not; and (b) an increased number of children in a dorm room predicted a decrease in the odds of peer exploitation experience.

This study provides a picture of the developmental environment for children in Romanian orphanages in the late 1990s, prior to subsequent child protection reforms, and underlines the prevalence of exploitation and the risk factors for peer exploitation in closed institutional systems. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Messages

Four in ten (40%) institutionalised children reported that they were aware of at least one form of peer exploitation, and nearly three in ten (28.5%) reported experiencing at least some of these types of exploitation practices by their older peers.

This study highlights the importance of understanding the complex milieu that comprised the daily lives of institutionalised children in Romania, including an environment that consisted of physical abuse by institution staff and awareness and experiences of exploitation.
Prejudice in interreligious context: The role of metaprejudice and majority–minority status
Authors: Putra Idhamsyah Eka , Wagner Wolfgang
Published: March 2017

Samples of two hundred forty‐five majority Sunny Muslims, 87 Ahmadiyya Muslims, and 145 Christians were used to investigate the determinants and mediators of prejudice in interreligious context in Indonesia. First, the study extends the idea of in‐group and out‐group metaprejudice; both of which were found to mediate the relationship between perceived quality of intergroup relationship and personal prejudice. Second, we expected that majority members are more likely to reject a minority and that a minority is more likely to more strongly reject another minority than the majority for self‐serving reasons. Additionally, the Sunni majority will prejudice and reject the Ahmadiyya minority more than the Christian minority due to the strained religious relation between the two Muslim groups. The hypotheses were confirmed. The findings are discussed in the context of stereotyping, and prejudice dynamics in other intergroup conflicts and ways of coping with such conflict are suggested.
Iridium–PNP Pincer Complexes for Methanol Dehydrogenation at Low Base Concentration
Authors: Prichatz Christoph , Alberico Elisabetta , Baumann Wolfgang , Junge Henrik , Beller Matthias
Published: March 2017

A catalytic system based on an iridium–PNP complex was developed for the aqueous‐phase reforming of methanol. Investigations revealed higher activity at low base concentrations and higher stability at high base concentrations as an opposing trend relative to that of known Ru and Fe PNP‐pincer‐containing systems for methanol dehydrogenation. During mechanistic investigations it was possible to identify a CO containing derivate of the deactivation species.
Simultaneous Activation–Exfoliation–Reassembly to Form Layered Carbon with Hierarchical Pores
Authors: Ong Wei Li , Wong Judith Hui Min , Ng Serene Wen Ling , Tan Hui Ru , Lim Yee Fun , Ho Ghim Wei
Published: March 2017

Currently, the production of hierarchical 2 D layered carbon is mostly limited by low yields, laborious processing, and the high tendency for reaggregation. Hence, it is still a challenge to attain stable porous carbon structures with a well‐preserved layered structure and hierarchical pores. Here, we demonstrate a facile and simultaneous activation–exfoliation–reassembly technique to perform structural modification and pore tailoring of carbonaceous matrices conveniently. Various pore creations can be realized concurrently from in‐plane micro‐/mesopores by chemical activation, expansion of intersheet mesopores, and interconnectivity of the layered structure to form 3 D macropores. Finally, a proof‐of‐concept demonstration of the combination of hierarchical macro‐/micro‐/mesoporous layered carbon structure and TiO2 nanosheets shows promising adsorption and catalytic properties.
Oxygen Reduction to Water by a Cofacial Dimer of Iron(III)–Porphyrin and Iron(III)–Phthalocyanine Linked through a Highly Flexible Fourfold Rotaxane
Authors: Mihara Nozomi , Yamada Yasuyuki , Takaya Hikaru , Kitagawa Yasutaka , Aoyama Shin , Igawa Kazunobu , Tomooka Katsuhiko , Tanaka Kentaro
Published: March 2017

A μ‐oxo‐dinuclear iron complex of a supramolecular porphyrin–phthalocyanine conjugate was synthesized and its catalytic electrochemical oxygen reduction properties were investigated. In the conjugate, porphyrin and phthalocyanine units were connected to form a cofacial dimeric structure through a flexible fourfold rotaxane linkage, which was advantageous for accommodating small substrates between the iron centers. The conjugate showed efficient catalytic properties, at more positive potentials than those of other reported dinuclear porphyrinoid iron complexes, to selectively afford water through a four‐electron reduction process.
A General Non‐Radioactive ATPase Assay for Chromatin Remodeling Complexes
Authors: Stanton Benjamin Z. , Hodges Courtney , Crabtree Gerald R. , Zhao Keji
Published: March 2017

Chromatin remodeling complexes couple the energy released from ATP hydrolysis to facilitate transcription, recombination, and repair mechanisms essential for a wide variety of biologic responses. While recombinant expression of the regulatory subunits of these enzymes is possible, measuring catalytic (ATPase) activity of the intact complexes recovered from normal or mutant cells is critical for understanding their mechanisms. SWI/SNF‐like remodeling complexes can be megadaltons in size and include many regulatory subunits, making reconstitution of purified subunits challenging for recapitulating in vivo function. The protocol in this article defines the first highly quantitative ATPase assay for intact remodeling complexes that does not require radiation or reconstitution of recombinantly expressed subunits. This protocol is specifically useful for defining the catalytic role of active‐site mutations in the context of other regulatory subunits and quantitatively rank‐ordering inactivating catalytic‐site mutations. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Delay guaranteed MDP scheduling scheme for HCCA based on 802.11p protocol in V2R environments
Authors: Zhang Bing , Ma Maode , Liu Chunfeng , Shu Yantai
Published: March 2017

In recent years, the vehicular ad hoc network has attracted worldwide attention from academe and industry. Many researches have been executed to improve the quality of services (QoS) of the intelligent transportation system. However, current existing channel access schemes at the medium access control layer specified in 802.11 protocol, including hybrid coordination function control channel access (HCCA) and enhanced distributed channel access, could not efficiently achieve the QoS requirements in some special situations. This paper proposes a delay guaranteed HCCA (DG‐HCCA) scheduling scheme, which works based on a Markov decision process model and the measurement of historic performance, to guarantee the QoS enhanced data transmission for vehicles to roadside unit. Besides, this paper also presents a performance analysis model to systematically evaluate the system performance of the channel utility and the average delay. The performance of the proposed delay guaranteed HCCA scheduling scheme is compared with that of original HCCA scheme specified in 802.11p standard and other 2 HCCA improved schemes by the simulation experiments. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed solution could highly fulfill the transmission delay requirements with a better channel utility and less loss rates than those by the standard HCCA scheme and other 2 schemes.
Climate drives fire synchrony but local factors control fire regime change in northern Mexico
Authors: Yocom Kent Larissa L. , Fulé Peter Z. , Brown Peter M. , Cerano‐Paredes Julián , Cornejo‐Oviedo Eladio , Cortés Montaño Citlali , Drury Stacy A. , Falk Donald A. , Meunier Jed , Poulos Helen M. , Skinner Carl N. , Stephens Scott L. , Villanueva‐Díaz José
Published: March 2017

The occurrence of wildfire is influenced by a suite of factors ranging from “top‐down” influences (e.g., climate) to “bottom‐up” localized influences (e.g., ignitions, fuels, and land use). We carried out the first broad‐scale assessment of wildland fire patterns in northern Mexico to assess the relative influence of top‐down and bottom‐up drivers of fire in a region where frequent fire regimes continued well into the 20th century. Using a network of 67 sites, we assessed (1) fire synchrony and the scales at which synchrony is evident, (2) climate drivers of fire, and (3) asynchrony in fire regime changes. We found high fire synchrony across northern Mexico between 1750 and 2008, with synchrony highest at distances <400 km. Climate oscillations, especially El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, were important drivers of fire synchrony. However, bottom‐up factors modified fire occurrence at smaller spatial scales, with variable local influence on the timing of abrupt, unusually long fire‐free periods starting between 1887 and 1979 CE. Thirty sites lacked these fire‐free periods. In contrast to the neighboring southwestern United States, many ecosystems in northern Mexico maintain frequent fire regimes and intact fire–climate relationships that are useful in understanding climate influences on disturbance across scales of space and time.
Upscaling site‐scale ecohydraulic models to inform salmonid population‐level life cycle modeling and restoration actions – Lessons from the Columbia River Basin
Authors: Wheaton Joseph M. , Bouwes Nicolaas , Mchugh Peter , Saunders Carl , Bangen Sara , Bailey Phillip , Nahorniak Matt , Wall Eric , Jordan Chris
Published: March 2017

With high‐resolution topography and imagery in fluvial environments, the potential to quantify physical fish habitat at the reach scale has never been better. Increased availability of hydraulic, temperature and food availability data and models have given rise to a host of species and life stage specific ecohydraulic fish habitat models ranging from simple, empirical habitat suitability curve driven models, to fuzzy inference systems to fully mechanistic bioenergetic models. However, few examples exist where such information has been upscaled appropriately to evaluate entire fish populations. We present a framework for applying such ecohydraulic models from over 905 sites in 12 sub‐watersheds of the Columbia River Basin (USA), to assess status and trends in anadromous salmon populations. We automated the simulation of computational engines to drive the hydraulics, and subsequent ecohydraulic models using cloud computing for over 2075 visits from 2011 to 2015 at 905 sites. We also characterize each site's geomorphic reach type, habitat condition, geomorphic unit assemblage, primary production potential and thermal regime. We then independently produce drainage network‐scale models to estimate these same parameters from coarser, remotely sensed data available across entire populations within the Columbia River Basin. These variables give us a basis for imputation of reach‐scale capacity estimates across drainage networks. Combining capacity estimates with survival estimates from mark–recapture monitoring allows a more robust quantification of capacity for freshwater life stages (i.e. adult spawning, juvenile rearing) of the anadromous life cycle. We use these data to drive life cycle models of populations, which not only include the freshwater life stages but also the marine and migration life stages through the hydropower system. More fundamentally, we can begin to look at more realistic, spatially explicit, tributary habitat restoration scenarios to examine whether the enormous financial investment on such restoration actions can help recover these populations or prevent their extinction. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A social–ecological approach to assessing and managing poaching by recreational fishers
Authors: Bergseth Brock J , Williamson David H , Russ Garry R , Sutton Stephen G , Cinner Joshua E
Published: March 2017

Effective conservation depends upon people's compliance with regulations, yet non‐compliance (eg poaching) is often the rule rather than the exception. Poaching is often clandestine and socially undesirable, requiring specialized, multidisciplinary approaches for assessment and management. We estimated poaching by recreational fishers in no‐fishing reserves of Australia's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) by conducting social surveys and quantifying derelict (lost or discarded) fishing gear. Our study revealed that (1) between 3–18% of fishers admitted to poaching within the past year, (2) poaching activities were often concentrated at certain times (holidays) and in specific places (poaching hotspots), and (3) fishers’ primary motivations to poach were the perception of higher catches in reserves and a low probability of detection. Our results suggest that extolling certain ecological benefits of marine reserves where enforcement capacity is low could lead to the perverse outcome of encouraging non‐compliance. Our combined social–ecological approach revealed that even in an iconic marine park such as the GBRMP, poaching levels are higher than previously assumed, which has implications for effective management.
Comparison of the Efficacy Between Two Micro‐Operative Therapies of Old Patients With Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture: A Network Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Zhang Yilong , Shi Litao , Tang Peifu , Zhang Lihai
Published: March 2017

Osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF) afflicts most aged people. Except for conservative therapy (CT), percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) and percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) are another two the common choices, but current evaluation of their efficacy is not performed. All the trial data were originated from electronic database including PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library. Four indicators with mean difference (MD) or odd ratio (OR) with their 95% credible interval (95% CrI) were analyzed to evaluate the efficacy, including the value of visual analog scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), relieving kyphotic angle (KA), and rate of fracture. Besides, the results were demonstrated in the forest plots and slash tables. Furthermore, the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) was calculated. A total of 32 trials among 2,852 patients are included. Using network comparison, we found that PKP and PVP both have good performance as OVCF treatments. However, in different aspects, PKP seemed to be the best to eliminate pain with high value of SUCRA on ODI and VAS (0.624 and 0.588, respectively), and PVP had better performance in KA and decreasing incidence of fracture. The micro‐operative therapy, both PKP and PVP, had better efficacy than CT in four aspects. And PKP was better in pain alleviating, according to VAS and ODI results, while PVP had the superiority in KA and reducing the incidence of fracture. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3205–3212, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Muscle wasting in young patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Hajahmadi Marjan , Shemshadi Sara , Khalilipur Ehsan , Amin Ahmad , Taghavi Sepideh , Maleki Majid , Malek Hadi , Naderi Nasim
Published: March 2017

Background

Muscle wasting can be accelerated by chronic diseases such as heart failure and is one of the major causes of disability, morbidity, and mortality in this population. We aimed to investigate the incidence of muscle wasting and its associated factors in dilated cardiomyopathy patients younger than 55 years of age.

Methods

Between April 2014 and December 2015, all symptomatic patients with a diagnosis of non‐ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy who were referred to heart failure clinic were included in our study.

Dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry was used to evaluate body composition and identify muscle wasting. Muscle mass was calculated as the ratio of an individual's total lean mass of legs and arms (also called appendicular skeletal muscle) to their squared height (kg/m2). The muscle mass values of less than 5.45 kg/m2 for women and 7.26 kg/m2 for men were considered low.

Results

A total of 55 patients (32 male) were included. The mean (standard deviation) of age was 37.3 (10.1) years, and the mean of left ventricular ejection fraction was 21.4%. Most of the patients were in the New York Heart Association classes of II and II–III. Twenty‐six patients (47.3%) met criteria for muscle wasting. Patients with muscle wasting had lower left ventricular ejection fraction, lower 6‐min walk distance, and higher New York Heart Association function class and hospitalization rate.

Conclusions

We concluded that muscle wasting might be present in younger patients with heart failure, particularly in those who are in worse clinical condition.
Effects of different desensitizers and lasers on dentine tubules: An in‐vitro analysis
Authors: Öncü Elif , Karabekiroğlu Said , Ünlü Nimet
Published: March 2017

Background

Dentin hypersensitivity is an important clinical problem affecting a large percentage of the population, and various therapies have been suggested for its treatment—among them desensitizing agents and lasers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of different in‐office desensitizing agents and different type lasers, alone or in combination, on human dentinal tubules.

Materials and Methods

Eighty‐four dentinal specimens obtained from freshly extracted impacted third molars were included and subsequently divided into seven groups: Group 1 (Control), Group 2 (Gluma desensitizer), Group 3 (Teethmate desensitizer), Group 4 (Nd:YAG laser), Group 5 (Er:YAG laser), Group 6 (Gluma desensitizer + Er:YAG laser), and Group 7 (Teethmate desensitizer + Er:YAG laser). The dentinal specimens of all groups were evaluated using SEM. A total of 12 images per sample were taken, and the numbers of open, partially occluded, and totally visible (open + partially occluded) dentinal tubules were counted. AFM was used to further substantiate the blocking mechanism. The data were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA and Dunnett‐C tests.

Results

Comparison of the number of occluded dentinal tubules per 100 µm2 revealed that the laser and laser combined‐treated groups showed the most occluded dentinal tubules. Gluma desensitizer + Er:YAG laser combination demonstrated significantly more tubule occlusion than all the other groups (p < .05).

Conclusions

The results of this study show that combined treatment methods were effective in the occlusion of dentinal tubules.
Early diagnosis and severity assessment of acute pancreatitis (AP) using MR elastography (MRE) with spin‐echo echo‐planar imaging
Authors: Shi Yu , Liu Ying , Liu Yan‐qing , Gao Feng , Li Jia‐hui , Li Qiu‐ju , Guo Qi‐yong
Published: March 2017

Purpose

To evaluate the accuracy of magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) in comparison to contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CE‐CT) for early diagnosis and prediction of severity in acute pancreatitis (AP).

Materials and Methods

This cross‐sectional prospective study included 76 patients with suspected AP who underwent both CE‐CT and 3.0T MRE within 24 hours of hospital admission. Pancreatic stiffness, CT severity index (CTSI), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE)‐II, and Bedside Index for Severity in AP (BISAP) scores were comparatively evaluated using data from the first 24 hours of admission, and diagnosis and severity of AP were confirmed according to the revised Atlanta Classification (2012). The accuracy of MRE for predicting disease severity was compared with that of CE‐CT and the clinical scoring systems using area under the receiver‐operating curve (AUC) analysis.

Results

AP was confirmed in 56/76 patients (73.7%). Pancreatic stiffness values of >1.47 kPa showed significantly better diagnostic performance than CE‐CT (AUC: 0.993 vs. 0.818, P < 0.001) along with greater sensitivity (96.4% vs. 78.6%, P = 0.006) and accuracy (96.1% vs. 81.6%, P = 0.007). Ten patients (10/76; 13.2%) had clinically severe AP. The accuracy of pancreatic stiffness >2.47 kPa was comparable to that of the CTSI, APACHE‐II and BISAP scores for predicting severe AP (accuracy = 85.5%, 75.0%, 88.2%, and 78.9%, respectively). The pairwise comparisons were not significant after Bonferroni correction (P < 0.008 [0.05/6]), with P values of 0.008 (MRE vs. CTSI), 0.823 (MRE vs. APACHE‐II) and 0.414 (MRE vs. BISAP).

Conclusion

Early MRE is a useful, noninvasive method for both diagnosis and early severity assessment of AP. We recommend MRE at hospital admission for initial evaluation of AP.

Level of Evidence: 1

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:1311–1319.
Effect of a polysaccharide‐rich hydrolysate from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (LipiGo®) in body weight loss: randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial in overweight and obese adults
Authors: Santas Jonathan , Lázaro Elisabet , Cuñé Jordi
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND

In the present study we evaluated the weight loss effect of a polysaccharide‐rich food supplement, LipiGo®, comprising a specific β‐glucan–chitin–chitosan fraction (BGCC) obtained from the chemical hydrolysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, resulting as a by‐product of the brewing process.

RESULTS

A randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial was performed enrolling 56 overweight and obese subjects (body mass index, BMI, 25–35 kg m−2) who were not following any specific diet, and were given placebo or BGCC (3 g d−1) for 12 weeks. Results were analysed by intention‐to‐treat (ITT) and per‐protocol (PP) methods. Body weight increased in the placebo group compared to baseline (ITT: 1.0 kg, P < 0.001; PP: 1.5 kg, P = 0.003), while it was slightly lowered in the BGCC group (ITT: −0.8 kg, P = 0.210; PP: −1.1 kg, P = 0.182). BGCC, but not the consumption of placebo, also resulted in a reduction of waist circumference and body fat compared to baseline.

CONCLUSIONS

Results suggest that daily supplementation of BGCC may be useful for improving body weight and waist circumference in overweight and obese subjects, without relevant adverse effects. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Effective length calibration method for processing the fluorescence signal detected by charge‐coupled device in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Ni Yi , Liu Chenchen , Chen Jin , Chen Qinmiao , Zhu Xifang , Dou Xiaoming
Published: March 2017

A novel method named effective length calibration method has been developed to process the fluorescence signal detected by charge‐coupled device during capillary electrophoresis. The new method treated each pixel as an individual point detector, and effectively binned a large number of pixels into a final electropherogram without losing the narrow detection window defined by a single pixel. Capillary electrophoresis separations of DNA were carried out and detected by charge‐coupled device and conventional detector (photomultiplier tube). Detection properties including signal‐to‐noise ratio, peak width, detection frequency, and tilt of detector were investigated. It was found that the new method achieved much higher signal‐to‐noise ratio and smaller peak width than the conventional detector did. A Detection width of 0.5 μm was easily achieved.
White light‐emitting diodes: History, progress, and future
Authors: Cho Jaehee , Park Jun Hyuk , Kim Jong Kyu , Schubert E. Fred
Published: March 2017

About twenty years ago, in the autumn of 1996, the first white light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) were offered for sale. These then‐new devices ushered in a new era in lighting by displacing lower‐efficiency conventional light sources including Edison's venerable incandescent lamp as well as the Hg‐discharge‐based fluorescent lamp. We review the history of the conception, improvement, and commercialization of the white LED. Early models of white LEDs already exceeded the efficiency of low‐wattage incandescent lamps, and extraordinary progress has been made during the last 20 years. The review also includes a discussion of advances in blue LED chips, device architecture, light extraction, and phosphors. Finally, we offer a brief outlook on opportunities provided by smart LED technology.

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