bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The taxonomic status, distribution and conservation of the lowland anoaBubalus depressicornisand mountain anoaBubalus quarlesi
Authors: BURTON J. A. , HEDGES S. , MUSTARI A. H.
Published: January 2005

1. The anoas are two species of dwarf buffalo, the lowland anoaBubalus depressicornisand mountain anoaBubalus quarlesithat are endemic to the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia. The classification of the subgenusAnoawithinBubalusis upheld by assessment of recent genetic and morphological research. The classification of anoas into two species is still debated, but with the absence of significant opposing evidence, this position is adopted here.

2. Information about the distribution of the two species is presented that adds to but largely supports existing reports. However, it is still uncertain whether the two putative species are sympatric or parapatric in their distribution. A review of anoa distribution from historical reports and recent field data (1990s to 2002) highlights their decline throughout Sulawesi, especially in the southern and north‐eastern peninsulas. The decline has been attributed to local hunting for meat and habitat loss. Most populations are rapidly becoming fragmented, suggesting that the conservation of viable populations may eventually require management of metapopulations.

3. There is an urgent requirement for conservation efforts to: (i) protect anoas from hunting; (ii) prevent habitat loss in key sites; (iii) complete genetic studies to better determine the number of anoa taxa and Management Units and assess their distribution; and (iv) determine the status of the remaining anoa populations.
Fractal dimensions characterizing mammal teeth: a case study involving Elephantidae
Authors: STONE J. , TELFORD M.
Published: January 2005

1. Dental features frequently have provided data for producing and deducing mammal taxonomies and phylogeny, yet quantitative or statistical analyses for describing intricacies that characterize tooth form are wanting.

2. A method for determining fractal dimensionsDthat characterize enamel ridges constituting occlusal surfaces for teeth in some mammal species is presented;Dquantify complexity (i.e. convolution). The method is exemplified with an analysis that was conducted on teeth from the Family Elephantidae.
Effectiveness of an acoustic lure for surveying bats in British woodlands
Authors: HILL DAVID A. , GREENAWAY FRANK
Published: January 2005

1. A field experiment was used to test the effectiveness of a synthesized bat call as an acoustic lure to attract bats into mist nets in woodlands in southeast England. The stimulus was modelled on a social call of the rare Bechstein's bat Myotis bechsteinii.

2. In the Test condition, when the synthesized call was played, 23 bats of four species were captured, including six Bechstein's bats. In the Control condition, when no calls were played, only one bat was caught.

3. The bat call synthesizer is an effective tool for increasing capture rates for bats. Used as part of a systematic survey programme, it has the potential to provide the first baseline data on the distribution of bats in British woodlands.
Phylogeography and population genetics of the endangered Amazonian manatee, Trichechus inunguis Natterer, 1883 (Mammalia, Sirenia)
Authors: CANTANHEDE ANDRÉA MARTINS , DA SILVA VERA MARIA FERREIRA , FARIAS IZENI PIRES , HRBEK TOMAS , LAZZARINI STELLA MARIS , ALVES‐GOMES JOSÉ
Published: January 2005

We used mitochondrial DNA control region sequences to examine phylogeography and population differentiation of the endangered Amazonian manatee Trichechus inunguis. We observe lack of molecular differentiation among localities and we find weak association between geographical and genetic distances. However, nested clade analysis supports restricted gene flow and/or dispersal with some long‐distance dispersal. Although this species has a history of extensive hunting, genetic diversity and effective population sizes are relatively high when compared to the West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus. Patterns of mtDNA haplotype diversity in T. inunguis suggest a genetic disequilibrium most likely explained by demographic expansion resulting from secession of hunting and enforcement of conservation and protective measures. Phylogenetic analysis of T. manatus and T. inunguis haplotypes suggests that T. inunguis is nested within T. manatus, effectively making T. manatus a paraphyletic entity. Paraphyly of T. manatus and recent divergence times of T. inunguis and the three main T. manatus lineages suggest a possible need for a taxonomic re‐evaluation of the western Atlantic Trichechus.
Evidence for shared ancestral polymorphism rather than recurrent gene flow at microsatellite loci differentiating two hybridizing oaks (Quercusspp.)
Authors: MUIR GRAHAM , SCHLÖTTERER CHRISTIAN
Published: January 2005

Quercus petraeaandQuercus roburare two closely related oak species, considered to hybridize. Genetic markers, however, indicate that despite sharing most alleles, the two species remain separate genetic units. Analysis of 20 microsatellite loci in multiple populations from both species suggested a genome‐wide differentiation. Thus, the allele sharing between both species could be explained either by low rates of gene flow or shared ancestral variation. We performed further analyses of population differentiation in a biogeographical setting and an admixture analysis in mixed oak stands to distinguish between both hypotheses. Based on our results we propose that the low genetic differentiation among these species results from shared ancestry rather than high rates of gene flow.
Microsatellite genotyping errors: detection approaches, common sources and consequences for paternal exclusion
Authors: HOFFMAN J. I. , AMOS W.
Published: January 2005

Microsatellite genotyping errors will be present in all but the smallest data sets and have the potential to undermine the conclusions of most downstream analyses. Despite this, little rigorous effort has been made to quantify the size of the problem and to identify the commonest sources of error. Here, we use a large data set comprising almost 2000 Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella genotyped at nine hypervariable microsatellite loci to explore error detection methods, common sources of error and the consequences of errors on paternal exclusion. We found good concordance among a range of contrasting approaches to error‐rate estimation, our range being 0.0013 to 0.0074 per single locus PCR (polymerase chain reaction). The best approach probably involves blind repeat‐genotyping, but this is also the most labour‐intensive. We show that several other approaches are also effective at detecting errors, although the most convenient alternative, namely mother–offspring comparisons, yielded the lowest estimate of the error rate. In total, we found 75 errors, emphasizing their ubiquitous presence. The most common errors involved the misinterpretation of allele banding patterns (n = 60, 80%) and of these, over a third (n = 22, 36.7%) were due to confusion between homozygote and adjacent allele heterozygote genotypes. A specific test for whether a data set contains the expected number of adjacent allele heterozygotes could provide a useful tool with which workers can assess the likely size of the problem. Error rates are also positively correlated with both locus polymorphism and product size, again indicating aspects where extra effort at error reduction should be directed. Finally, we conducted simulations to explore the potential impact of genotyping errors on paternity exclusion. Error rates as low as 0.01 per allele resulted in a rate of false paternity exclusion exceeding 20%. Errors also led to reduced estimates of male reproductive skew and increases in the numbers of pups that matched more than one candidate male. Because even modest error rates can be strongly influential, we recommend that error rates should be routinely published and that researchers make an attempt to calculate how robust their analyses are to errors.
SHORT COMMUNICATION: Do farmers reduce genetic diversity when they domesticate tropical trees? A case study from Amazonia
Authors: HOLLINGSWORTH P. M. , DAWSON I. K. , GOODALL‐COPESTAKE W. P. , RICHARDSON J. E. , WEBER J. C. , SOTELO MONTES C. , PENNINGTON R. T.
Published: January 2005

Agroforestry ecosystems may be an important resource for conservation and sustainable use of tropical trees, but little is known of the genetic diversity they contain.Inga edulis, a widespread indigenous fruit tree in South America, is used as a model to assess the maintenance of genetic diversity in five planted vs. five natural stands in the Peruvian Amazon. Analysis of five SSR (simple sequence repeat) loci indicated lower allelic variation in planted stands [mean corrected allelic richness 31.3 (planted) and 39.3 (natural),P = 0.009]. Concerns regarding genetic erosion in planted Amazonian tree stands appear valid, although allelic variation on‐farm is still relatively high.
A population‐based study of the recurrence of developmental disabilities – Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Program, 1991–94
Authors: Van Naarden Braun Kim , Autry Andrew , Boyle Coleen
Published: January 2005

Serious developmental disabilities (DD) are quite common and affect approximately 2% of all school‐aged children. The impact of DDs with respect to the need for special education services, medical care and the demand on family members can be enormous. While this impact can be magnified for families with more than one child with a DD, little is known regarding the epidemiology of recurrence of DDs. When the cause of a DD is unknown, genetic counsellors rely on recurrence risk estimates which for DDs are over 10 years old. The objectives of our study were to: (1) assess the contribution of recurrent cases to the prevalence of DDs; (2) provide current, population‐based recurrence risk estimates; and (3) examine characteristics of the first affected child as predictors of recurrence. Two population‐based data sources were used to identify all children born to the same mother during the period 1981–91 in the five‐county metropolitan Atlanta area with at least one of four DDs: mental retardation (MR), cerebral palsy, hearing loss, or vision impairment. Recurrence risk estimates for these DDs ranged from 3% to 7% and were many times higher than the background prevalences. The risk of recurrence of DDs was greatest for MR – approximately eight times greater than the baseline MR prevalence. Isolated mild MR (IQ 50–70) was highly concordant between siblings with MR. Sex, race, and birthweight of the index child, maternal education, and maternal age were not significantly associated with recurrence risk. Further research is needed to investigate the roles of genetic and environmental factors on the recurrence of DDs, particularly isolated mild MR.
Pregnancy outcomes in smokers who develop pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Beste Lauren A. , England Lucinda J. , Schisterman Enrique F. , Qian Cong , Yu Kai F. , Levine Richard J.
Published: January 2005

Maternal smoking reduces the risk of pre‐eclampsia, but has been reported to increase the risk of adverse outcomes related to the disease. We used data from the trial of Calcium for Pre‐eclampsia Prevention (CPEP) to explore whether clinical manifestations of pre‐eclampsia were altered by maternal smoking. CPEP was a randomised study of 4589 nulliparous women conducted in five US medical centres. Smoking history was obtained at study enrolment and women were monitored for the development of hypertension, proteinuria, and other medical complications.

Among pre‐eclamptic women (n = 274), the risk of severe disease was not elevated in smokers (adjusted odds ratio 0.87 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.30, 2.51]). Compared with non‐smokers, gestational age (days, ±SE) at onset of pre‐eclampsia was not reduced in smokers (264.8 ± 1.5, and 268.2 ± 5.5, respectively, P = 0.48). The smoking‐attributable deficit in birthweight was not increased in pre‐eclamptic women compared with normotensive women (97 g [95% CI −49, 244] and 185 g [95% CI 141, 229] respectively).

In conclusion, among women who developed pre‐eclampsia, smoking during pregnancy was not associated with disease severity. We found no evidence that pre‐eclampsia and smoking act synergistically to restrict fetal growth.
Why are the low birthweight rates in Brazil higher in richer than in poorer municipalities? Exploring the epidemiological paradox of low birthweight
Authors: Silva Antonio A. M. , Bettiol Heloísa , Barbieri Marco A. , Pereira Márcio M. , Brito Luiz G. O. , Ribeiro Valdinar S. , Aragão Vânia M. F.
Published: January 2005

Socio‐economic disadvantage is usually associated with low birthweight (LBW). However, it has been shown that Mexican Americans, despite being economically less advantaged, present LBW rates that are similar to or lower than those found among white women in the US. This fact has been called ‘the epidemiological paradox of low birthweight’. Natality data from Brazil revealed the existence of a similar paradox: LBW rates are higher in more developed than in less developed regions within the country. In this study, data from two population‐based cohort studies carried out in the nineties, including 2439 births in São Luís, a poor city in north‐eastern Brazil, and 2839 births in Ribeirão Preto, a socio‐economically well‐off city in south‐eastern Brazil, were used to explore this paradox.

The method proposed by Wilcox and Russell and a graphic analysis of the frequency distribution of birthweight according to gestational age were used to provide indirect information about possible gestational age misclassification. Contrary to expectations, the LBW rate was higher in Ribeirão Preto than in São Luís (10.7 vs. 7.6%, P < 0.001), while preterm birth (PTB) rate (12.7 vs. 12.1%, P = 0.520) and percentage of small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) infants (12.5 vs. 13.5%, P = 0.290) were similar for the two cities. However, SGA rate among preterm infants was higher in Ribeirão Preto (16.4 vs. 9.8%, P = 0.014). A bimodal distribution of birthweight was observed for children with less than 32 weeks in São Luís. As estimated by the Wilcox and Russell method, the residual distribution was greater in Ribeirão Preto than in São Luís (3.4 vs. 2.4%). Part of the LBW paradox observed for the two cities was due to the higher PTB rate and higher number of preterm SGA infants in Ribeirão Preto.

Factors such as greater medical intervention in preterm newborns close to the end of pregnancy in more developed municipalities, artefacts in the determination of gestational age, and the under‐registration of livebirths and registration of livebirths as stillbirths in less developed municipalities may explain why LBW rates in Brazil are higher in richer than in poorer municipalities.
Factors influencing twins and zygosity
Authors: Hankins Gary V. D. , Saade George R.
Published: January 2005

Zygosity is influenced by many factors. Monozygotic twins occur spontaneously in approximately 1 in 250 births and are felt to increase twofold with ovulation induction techniques. Monozygotic twinning also increases in proportion to the number of blastocysts transferred during in vitro fertilisation. In contrast, dizygotic twinning appears to be influenced by race, genetic factors, maternal age, fertility enhancing drugs, folic acid supplementation, and maternal nutritional status.
Association of interleukin‐18 gene single‐nucleotide polymorphisms with susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Aizawa Y. , Sutoh S. , Matsuoka M. , Negishi M. , Torii A. , Miyakawa Y. , Sugisaka H. , Nakamura M. , Toda G.
Published: January 2005

Abstract: Interleukin‐18 (IL‐18) is believed to be one of the most important cytokines in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of the study was to clarify the significance of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the 5′‐end of theIL‐18gene in the development of IBD. DNA was obtained from peripheral blood of 99 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), 79 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), and 102 healthy controls. All participants were Japanese. SNPs at −656G/T, −607C/A, −137G/C, +113T/G, and +127C/T were determined by means of direct sequencing, and a genetic association with IBD was examined. The frequencies of the G allele at +113 and the T allele at +127 were significantly higher in patients with CD and UC compared with controls. The differences in allelic frequencies were more striking in patients with CD than in patients with UC, and at position +127 than at position +113. The haplotype estimation, according to the E‐M algorithm, suggested that TACGT is closely associated with IBD, especially with CD. It was concluded that SNPs at the 5′‐end ofIL‐18gene might be closely related to the etiology of IBD.
High‐resolution sequence‐based DPA1 typing identified two novel DPA1 alleles, DPA1*010303 and DPA1*0303, from a Kenyan population
Authors: Luo M. , Bamforth J. , Gill K. , Cohen C. , Brunham R.C. , Plummer F.A.
Published: January 2005

Abstract:  We report here two novel DPA1 alleles, DPA1*010303 and DPA1*0303, identified from a Kenyan population during sequence‐based HLA‐DPA1 typing. Molecular cloning and sequencing of multiple clones confirmed that one of the new DPA1 alleles is identical to DPA1*010301 at exon 2, except for a single nucleotide substitution (ACG ACC) at codon 15. The new allele has been named by the WHO Nomenclature Committee as DPA1*010303. The second novel DPA1 allele is identical to DPA1*0301, except for a single nucleotide difference (GAA GAC) at codon 28 that changed the amino acid from Glu to Asp. The new allele has been named by the WHO Nomenclature Committee as DPA1*0303. Identification of the two novel DPA1 alleles reflects the genetic diversity of this East African population.
Sequence of a novel HLA‐A*0301 intronic variant (A*03010103)
Authors: Mayor N.P. , Cox S.T. , McWhinnie A.J. , Argüello J.R. , Shaw B.E. , Little A.M. , Madrigal J.A. , Marsh S.G.E.
Published: January 2005

Abstract:  We report here the full‐length sequence of a novel HLA‐A*0301 allele, A*03010103, which differs from A*03010101 by a single nucleotide substitution (G>T) at position 492 within intron 2. The variant was originally identified by Reference Strand‐mediated Conformational Analysis (RSCA) and was confirmed by cloning and sequencing. The difference in RSCA mobility between A*03010101 and A*03010103 demonstrates the sensitivity of RSCA to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms.
A novel blocking monoclonal antibody recognizing a distinct epitope of human CD40 molecule
Authors: Zhuang Y. , Huang J. , Zhou Z. , Ge Y. , Fan Y. , Qi C. , Zhen L. , Monchatre E. , Edelman L. , Zhang X.
Published: January 2005

Abstract:  CD40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, is an important costimulatory molecule during the immune response. Here, we report a blocking mouse antihuman CD40 monoclonal antibody, mAb 3G3, of which the specificity was verified by flow cytometry and Western blot. It was shown by competition test that 3G3 bound to a different site (epitope) of CD40 from the reported CD40 mAbs, including clone mAb89, 3B2, and 5C11. It was also found that mAb 3G3 could inhibit homotypic aggregation of Daudi cells induced by the agonistic anti‐CD40 mAb 5C11. Furthermore, mAb 3G3 effectively inhibited the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in mixed lymphocyte reaction assay. Finally, a sensitive and specific soluble CD40 (sCD40) ELISA kit was established by matching mAb 3G3 with 5C11, and it was found that the levels of sCD40 in sera from patients with immune disorders such as hyperthyroidism, chronic nephritis, and rheumatoid arthritis were obviously higher than those from normal individuals. Thus, this blocking anti‐CD40 mAb provides a novel tool for the study of CD40.
TNF‐α‐, TNF‐β‐, IL‐6‐, and IL‐10‐promoter polymorphisms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Seifart C. , Dempfle A. , Plagens A. , Seifart U. , Clostermann U. , Müller B. , Vogelmeier C. , Von Wichert P.
Published: January 2005

Abstract:  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major health problem. The disease is driven by abnormal inflammatory reactions in response to inhaled particles and fumes. Therefore, inflammatory mediators are postulated to be of distinct importance. In the present case–control study, we investigated interleukin (IL)‐promoter polymorphisms known to correlate with altered transcription levels of their gene products in patients with COPD. We analyzed tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α)‐308, TNF‐β‐intron1‐252, IL‐6‐174, IL‐10‐819, and IL‐10‐1082 polymorphisms in 469 individuals using restriction fragment length polymorphism‐based converted polymerase chain reaction. The study population consisted of 113 patients with COPD based on chronic bronchitis, divided into subgroups by severity (I°–III°), 113 matched hospitalized individuals suffering from severe coronary heart disease without pulmonary disease (age‐, sex‐, and smoking‐matched control group), and 243 healthy individuals (population control group). The matched analysis showed no significant differences in genotype distribution of all tested polymorphisms between the matched controls and the COPD patients. However, comparison with the population controls revealed significant differences in IL‐10‐1082 A/G genotype frequencies (P = 0.0247 for the whole COPD group, P = 0.009 for smokers only), with the genotypes carrying the G allele more common in the COPD cases [odds ratio (OR) = 1.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–2.75; P = 0.046]. Interestingly, this shift toward more G alleles was even more pronounced in the matched control group (OR = 2.55, 95% CI 1.47–4.41; P = 0.0007), suggesting both presented groups share corresponding underlying mechanisms. The IL‐10‐1082_G allele is known to correlate with altered IL‐10 levels. Therefore, it might be associated with altered or abnormal inflammatory response, a mechanism that could be postulated to be important in both chronic bronchitis and coronary heart disease.
Allelic polymorphism in introns 1 and 2 of the HLA‐DQA1 gene
Authors: Voorter C.E.M. , De Groot N.G. , Meertens C.M.H. , Bontrop R.E. , Van Den Berg‐Loonen E.M.
Published: January 2005

Abstract:  Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II antigens are highly polymorphic membrane glycoproteins, encoded by the A and B genes of DR, DQ, and DP. The polymorphism is mainly located in exon 2, with the exception of DQA1. Of the 27 DQA1 alleles presently known, 18 cannot be identified on the basis of exon 2 alone, but need additional information from the other exons. DQA1 has been reported to be the most ancient class II gene. For evolutionary comparison and to assess the degree of polymorphism outside the exons, the sequences of introns 1 and 2 were determined from 30 different cell lines, encompassing 15 different DQA1 alleles. The sequences revealed major nucleotide differences between the different lineages, whereas within each lineage few differences were present. Phylogenetic analysis of intron and exon sequences confirmed this lineage specificity. Altogether, the present data indicate that the HLA‐DQA1 lineages represent ancient entities. The observed variation of the introns in alleles with identical exon sequences implicates conservative selection of the exons within a given lineage. Intron sequences may provide the means to set up an accurate typing system.
New strategies for efficient typing of HLA class‐II loci DQB1 and DRB1 by using PyrosequencingTM
Authors: Entz P. , Toliat M.R. , Hampe J. , Valentonyte R. , Jenisch S. , Nürnberg P. , Nagy M.
Published: January 2005

Abstract:  The characterization of genetic risk factors for complex diseases located on chromosome‐6 frequently requires human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genotyping of large patient cohorts. Currently available methods do not support high‐throughput HLA typing beyond the major allele group level. We, thus, developed a high‐throughput approach for the HLA‐DQB1 and HLA‐DRB1 loci that is based on PyrosequencingTM. PyrosequencingTM offers a higher degree of automation than direct sequencing or oligotyping. Using a dispensation order optimized for the particular HLA locus, rapid group typing and fine resolution can be achieved. We implemented the method for two important HLA loci – DQB1 and DRB1. The HLA‐DQB1 typing method comprises the following steps: splitting the potential alleles after a generic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification into groups with a first PyrosequencingTM reaction and resolving the split allele groups by means of five further PyrosequencingTM reactions. The HLA‐DR gene family is known to be the most polymorphic one in the HLA class‐II region because of a large number of DRB1 alleles. Because of this complex nature, HLA‐DRB1 typing was performed by means of a combination of sequence‐specific PCR typing and PyrosequencingTM. HLA‐DQB1 typing and HLA‐DRB1 typing were performed successfully by using standard DNA samples with the help of known HLA genotypes and in a blind study by using the samples from the Deutscher Zell Austausch 2002 and 2003. The approach was optimized and was practically tested for genotyping in disease association studies. Our well‐elaborated PyrosequencingTM‐based protocols offer a new alternative to the existing HLA class‐II typing methods and represent a convenient and economic solution, a unique combination of high accuracy with high‐sample throughput.
Extended DR3‐D6S273‐HLA‐B haplotypes are associated with increased susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in US Caucasians
Authors: Valdes A.M. , Wapelhorst B. , Concannon P. , Erlich H.A. , Thomson G. , Noble J.A.
Published: January 2005

Abstract:  Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐DR3 haplotypes are associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D). Reports from Northern European populations show that an allele (D6S273*2) at a microsatellite mapping to HLA class III marks an extended DR3‐B18 haplotype associated with increased susceptibility to T1D. Consistent with previous reports, D6S273*2 marked a highly predisposing DR3 haplotype in European origin, multiplex families from the USA. Furthermore, we observed on DR3 haplotypes that other D6S273 alleles were also significantly associated with both increased transmission (D6S273*5; P < 0.02) and decreased transmission (D6S273*7; P < 0.05) to affected individuals. The differential transmission was most evident among DR3‐B8 haplotypes. Neither HLA‐B*1801 nor any alleles of D6S273 were associated with increased T1D predisposition on DR4 haplotypes. These data indicate that multiple alleles of D6S273 mark a susceptibility locus whose effect we were able to detect only among DR3 haplotypes but not limited to DR3‐B18 haplotypes.
The HLA Dictionary 2004: a summary of HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1/3/4/5 and ‐DQB1 alleles and their association with serologically defined HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DR and ‐DQ antigens
Authors: Schreuder G.M.Th. , Hurley C.K. , Marsh S.G.E. , Lau M. , Fernandez‐Vina M. , Noreen H.J. , Setterholm M. , Maiers M.
Published: January 2005

Abstract:  This report presents serologic equivalents of human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1, ‐DRB3, ‐DRB4, ‐DRB5 and ‐DQB1 alleles. The dictionary is an update of the one published in 2001. The data summarize equivalents obtained by the World Health Organization Nomenclature Committee for factors of the HLA System, the International Cell Exchange, the National Marrow Donor Program, recent publications and individual laboratories. This latest update of the dictionary is enhanced by the inclusion of results from studies performed during the 13th International Histocompatibility Workshop and from neural network analyses. A summary of the data as recommended serologic equivalents is presented as expert assigned types. The tables include remarks for alleles, which are or may be expressed as antigens with serologic reaction patterns that differ from the well‐established HLA specificities. The equivalents provided will be useful in guiding searches for unrelated hematopoietic stem cell donors in which patients and/or potential donors are typed by either serology or DNA‐based methods. The serological DNA equivalent dictionary will also aid in typing and matching procedures for organ transplant programs whose waiting lists of potential donors and recipients comprise of mixtures of serologic and DNA‐based typings. The tables with HLA equivalents and a questionnaire for submission of serologic reaction patterns for poorly identified allelic products will be made available through the WMDA web page: www.worldmarrow.org. and in the near future also in a searchable form on the IMGT/HLA database.
Systemic analysis and zygosity determination of the RHD gene in a D‐negative Chinese Han population reveals a novel D‐negative RHD gene
Authors: Qun X. , Grootkerk‐Tax M. G. H. M. , Maaskant‐van Wijk P. A. , Van Der Schoot C. E.
Published: January 2005

Background and Objectives  The aim of this study was to systemically analyse the genetic background of D negativity in a Chinese Han population.

Materials and Methods  DNA of 74 D‐negative samples was analysed by using an RHD multiplex polymerase chain reaction (MPX PCR) for the presence of RHD and by PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) for RHD zygosity determination. Sixty‐five samples were additionally analysed by using real‐time quantitative PCR on RHD exon 7. RHD exon‐specific sequencing was performed on discrepant samples.

Results  Forty‐six samples (62%) showed the absence of RHD‐specific exons by RHD MPX PCR and homozygous RHD negativity by PCR–RFLP. Twenty‐two samples (30%) showed a 1227G>A mutation, characteristic for the Del phenotype. Five (7%) samples showed all characteristics of the RHD(1–2)‐CE(3–9)‐D(10) hybrid gene. One sample (1·4%) showed a novel 933C>A nonsense mutation in RHD exon 6, which resulted in a premature stop codon.

Conclusions  The RHD gene deletion, RHD‐CE‐D hybrid genes and one novel 93C>A mutation were found to be the three mechanisms that cause D negativity in our samples. The 1227G>A Del mutation was found to be the major cause of discrepant results between genotyping and phenotyping strategies, favouring genotyping of D‐negative samples.
Soil‐Borne Wheat Mosaic Virus (SBWMV) 37 kDa Protein Rescues Cell‐to‐Cell and Long‐Distance Movement of an Immobile Tobacco Mosaic Virus Mutant in Nicotiana benthamiana, a Non‐Host of SBWMV
Authors: Zhang C. , Machray G. C. , Cruz S. S. , Wilson T. M. A.
Published: January 2005

To verify the role and examine the functional range of the 37 kDa putative movement protein (MP) of soil‐borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV), the 37 kDa gene was inserted into an infectious tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)‐based expression vector (p30B), to generate p30BMP. The 30 kDa cell‐to‐cell MP gene of TMV was then inactivated (in p30BMP to give p30BΔMP) by a frameshift mutation which removed 80 amino acids from its C‐terminus. Systemic infection of Nicotiana benthamiana plants occurred following inoculation with in vitro transcripts of p30BMP or p30BΔMP. Progeny viral RNAs from inoculated and systemically infected leaves were analysed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and ApaI digestion, and by sequencing. The 30 kDa TMV MP or its truncated form were detected, respectively, in Western blots of cell wall protein extracts from p30BMP‐transcript or p30BΔMP‐transcript inoculated or systemically infected N. benthamiana leaves. High levels of SBWMV 37 kDa MP were detected in all cases. The results suggest that the 37 kDa protein of SBWMV, a monocotyledonous‐infecting furovirus, can complement both cell‐to‐cell and long‐distance movement functions in a defective heterologous virus (TMV) in N. benthamiana, a non‐host of SBWMV.
Suppression of the Defence‐Related Oxidative Burst in Bean Leaf Tissue and Bean Suspension Cells by the Necrotrophic Pathogen Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Unger Ch. , Kleta S. , Jandl G. , Tiedemann A. v.
Published: January 2005

The interaction of two selected isolates of Botrytis cinerea with bean suspension cells and bean leaf discs was compared in relation to levels of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI). Isolate B 1.7 was arrested by a hypersensitive‐like necrosis of bean leaf tissue. According to its inability to spread and produce conidia on the bean leaf tissue it was classified as non‐aggressive. The second isolate induced a fast expanding light brownish necrosis of the leaf tissue. It was able to produce conidia on bean leaf discs and was classified as aggressive. The generation of superoxide was followed biochemically in inoculated bean cell suspensions. Both isolates induced a similar early superoxide peak approximately 18‐h post inoculation (hpi). While the non‐aggressive isolate induced a much stronger secondary superoxide burst at 33 hpi, the level of superoxide of suspension cells inoculated with the aggressive isolate was below the control level. This is the first report on the occurrence of a biphasic oxidative burst in plant cells induced by a fungal pathogen. Such a suppression of superoxide generation was also observed in bean leaf discs inoculated with the aggressive isolate. An oxidative burst‐suppressing agent was extracted from inoculated cell culture medium and determined as 2‐methyl‐succinate (2‐MS) by GC/MS analysis. The compound was detected approximately 20 hpi in the aggressive fungus–plant interaction. 2‐MS was able to suppress the hypersensitive response‐like necrosis on leaf discs as well as the second superoxide burst in suspension cells when inoculated with the non‐aggressive isolate. The early superoxide burst at 18 hpi was not affected. The results confirm the important role of enhanced production of ROI in plant resistance reactions, also for a necrotrophlike B. cinerea.
Effect of some Environmental Factors on In Vitro Germination of Urediniospores and Infection of Lentils by Rust
Authors: Negussie T. , Pretorius Z. A. , Bender C. M.
Published: January 2005

For accurate lentil (Lens culinaris) rust phenotyping in controlled environments, conditions for infection should be optimized. Therefore, the effects of temperature on germination and germ tube growth of Uromyces viciae‐fabae, as well as the effect of different dew periods, were quantified. In all experiments urediniospores of a single‐pustule isolate were applied using a previously calibrated settling tower. After 3 h of incubation, a high percentage (≥80%) of spore germination was observed on 1.5% water agar at 10, 15, 20 and 25°C, with an optimum (99%) at 20°C. At this sampling time the length of germ tubes ranged from 66 μm (10°C) to 196 μm (20°C). Growth of germ tubes increased progressively from 10 to 20°C and then declined at 25°C. For minimum infection of lentil cultivar EL‐142 at 20°C, a dew period of at least 3 h was required, whereas maximum infection occurred with a dew period of 24 h. Infection efficiency increased linearly as the duration of dew period increased from 0 to 24 h. Regression models that best described the quantitative relationship between the environmental variables and growth of the pathogen and development of rust were derived empirically. Such models are of significance in optimizing studies of the particular pathosystem as well as eventual lentil rust prediction models.
Phylogeography of the scarab beetle Antitrogus parvulus Britton (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in south‐eastern Queensland, Australia
Authors: Miller Liza J , Allsopp Peter G
Published: January 2005

Abstract  This study surveys the population genetic structure of Childers canegrub, Antitrogus parvulus, to elucidate its population dynamics and gene flow. Antitrogus parvulus is a pest of sugarcane in the Bundaberg region and this knowledge can be used to optimise integrated pest management practices. Here, base‐pair differences in the cytochrome oxidase II gene (COII) were used to characterise haplotypic diversity, infer levels of gene flow, and phylogenetic relationships of alleles and their phylogeographical structure. There were 28 unique haplotypes among the 70 sequenced individuals from the seven locations. All three variance components (among regions, among populations, within populations) are highly significant, with highest genetic diversity among regions and lowest among populations within regions. A positive correlation between migration rates and geographical distance and significant phylogeographical structure between four main geographical regions. The main implication of these findings for pest management is that if a grower can eliminate an existing infestation within a field, then reinvasion will be slow and further outbreaks within that field are unlikely to occur. The low dispersal ability of females also means that any resistance to insecticides that develops is likely to remain localised, but will rapidly become dominant within the affected population.
Population genetics and history of the introduced fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in Australia
Authors: Henshaw Michael T , Kunzmann Nicole , Vanderwoude Cas , Sanetra Matthias , Crozier Ross H
Published: January 2005

Abstract  The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, a damaging invasive pest, was discovered in February 2001 in Brisbane, Australia at two sites, Fisherman Islands and suburban Richlands‐Wacol. Using four microsatellite loci and the protein marker Gp‐9, we compared the two infestations with each other, and with potential source populations in North and South America to better understand the history of their introduction to Brisbane. Based on an analysis of molecular variance, as well as a maximum likelihood tree of colonies from the two Australian sites, we found that the two sites were genetically distinct and were almost certainly introduced separately. All of the colonies at Fisherman Islands were monogynous, headed by a single queen, while the Richlands‐Wacol site had a mixture of single‐queen monogynous and multiple‐queen polygynous colonies. However, the monogynous and polygynous colonies at the Richlands‐Wacol site were not genetically distinct from each other, and probably constitute a single, mixed introduction. Based on allele frequencies at the microsatellite loci, and Gp‐9, both Australian infestations were more similar to North American populations than to South American, though the Fisherman Islands infestation was intermediate, making it difficult to assign. Thus, there has been one introduction from either a North or South American monogynous population at Fisherman Islands, and one introduction from a mixed monogynous/polygynous North American population at Richlands‐Wacol. These findings have implications for the control of the current infestations, as well as for the quarantine regulations necessary to prevent additional introductions to Australia.
Efficacy of new insecticides for management of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australian grain crops
Authors: Murray David A H , Lloyd Richard J , Hopkinson Jamie E
Published: January 2005

Abstract  Insecticide resistance in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) has led to the reduced efficacy of some older insecticide groups (pyrethroids and carbamates) and serious crop losses. Eight small‐plot experiments were conducted to evaluate new insecticides for the management of H. armigera in grain crops. Several products showed efficacy equivalent to or better than the commercial standard, thiodicarb. Indoxacarb and spinosad at rates 50% or less of the registered rates for cotton were consistently superior to other tested products across the range of crops treated and provided residual protection for up to 14 d. The insect growth regulator compound, methoxyfenozide, was slower acting than other products tested, but demonstrated potential for H. armigera management. Pyridalyl performed well and warrants further evaluation in grain crops. We discuss the positioning of new compounds in an Insecticide Resistance Management Strategy (IRMS) in relation to a farming system that incorporates both grain and cotton crops. Use guidelines are recommended for indoxacarb, the first new compound to be registered in selected grain crops and cotton in Australia. These guidelines include restricted‐use periods and limits on the number of applications per crop. It is anticipated that additional new compounds will be registered in grain crops, leading to the reduced selection pressure on the limited number of efficacious products. Coordinated insecticide use across farming systems and compatibility with developing integrated pest management programs should be fundamental considerations for the future IRMS.
The lesser wanderer butterfly,Danaus petilia(Stoll 1790) stat. rev. (Lepidoptera: Danainae), reinstated as a species
Authors: Lushai Gugs , Zalucki Myron P , Smith David A S , Goulson Dave , Daniels Greg
Published: January 2005

Abstract The lesser wanderer butterfly,Danaus(Anosia)chrysippus petilia(Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Danainae), has been treated as a subspecies for the last 100 years. New mitochondrial DNA sequence data forD. petilia, in conjunction with allozyme, structural, morphometric and pattern characters, constitute a compelling case for its specific rank. The holotype ofD. petiliahas never been located and, as the type location is uncertain, a neotype is designated. Fresh material was collected and examined for this project.Danaus petiliaandD. chrysippushave been separated at Lydekker's Line for an estimated 1.1 million years, and they remain interfertile. However, as an allopatric taxon, diagnosable fromD. chrysippus,D. petiliamerits specific status under the phylogenetic species concept. The following pairs ofD. chrysippussubspecies are considered to be synonyms, the first member of each pair having priority:chrysippus + aegyptius(subspecies),klugii + infumata(hybrid phenotypes) andorientis +liboria(subspecies).
Laboratory life history and field observations of Poliopaschia lithochlora (Lower) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a potential biological control agent for Melaleuca quinquenervia (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Galway Kylie E , Purcell Matthew F
Published: January 2005

Abstract  Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake, Australian broad‐leaved paperbark, has become a serious weed in southern Florida. Poliopaschia lithochlora (Lower) is a promising candidate as a potential biological control agent, and this study describes laboratory and field observations of the life history of this moth. Eggs are laid in small batches, mainly on the surface of leaves, and larvae are voracious leaf feeders, concealed in tubes that are usually found in small colonies attached to leaves and stems. Larvae move from these tubes to feed on surrounding leaves, and saplings and suckers are frequently defoliated. Prepupae form sealed bulbs in the larval tubes in which they pupate. Adult females are mainly active and oviposit at night. Development from egg to adult occurs in approximately 80 d. Field populations appear to be regulated by several egg and larval parasites. Because this moth severely damages saplings and suckers of M. quinquenervia, prefers low‐lying humid sites, and can be successfully mass reared, it is rated highly for its potential as a biological control agent.
An ultrastructural study of the relationship between the mite Floracarus perrepae Knihinicki & Boczek (Acariformes: Eriophyidae) and the fern Lygodium microphyllum (Lygodiaceae)
Authors: Freeman Thomas P , Goolsby John A , Ozman Sebahat K , Nelson Dennis R
Published: January 2005

Abstract  The ultrastructure of the mite Floracarus perrepae was investigated in relation to its host, Lygodium microphyllum, the Old World climbing fern. Floracarus perrepae has been suggested as a means of biological control for the fern, which is an aggressive weed in tropical areas. Feeding by the mite induces a change in the size of epidermal cells, and cell division is stimulated by mite feeding, causing the leaf margin to curl over into a roll with two to three windings. The enlarged epidermal layer greatly increases its cytoplasmic contents, which become a nutritive tissue for the mite and its progeny. Damage by the mite ultimately debilitates the fern. The structure and depth of stylet penetration by the mite, and the thickness of the epidermal cell wall of L. microphyllum, do not appear to account for the mite's differential ability to induce leaf rolling in its co‐adapted host from south‐east Queensland but not in the invasive genotype of the fern in Florida.
Rainforest habitat resistance to the migration of Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias‐Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in south‐eastern Queensland
Authors: Azam Mohammad Golam N , Walter David E , Waite Geoff K , Hargreaves John R
Published: January 2005

Abstract  This paper tests the hypothesis that habitat differences affect the migratory ability of the Chilean predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis, an introduced biological control agent of the spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. It is suggested that habitat resistance accounts for the species’ inability to invade rainforests in south‐eastern Queensland, Australia. Like its prey, P. persimilis migrates to distant plants on air currents. To test our hypothesis, populations of the Chilean predatory mite were established on potted bean plants in both remnant rainforest and adjacent open fields, and their migration monitored using sticky traps. Overall it was found that prey populations on leaves were similar in both habitats, but those of predators were about 20% lower in rainforest. However, the numbers of both predators and prey caught on sticky traps in rainforest were about 6% and 25%, respectively, of those caught in open fields, indicating a strongly reduced rate of aerial migration in the forest. The number of P. persimilis caught on the sticky traps increased with increasing populations of predators on foliage. Thus, dense vegetation inhibits the movement of air currents and inhibits colonisation by both predators and, to a lesser extent, spider mites. These results suggest that the inhibition of aerial migration is one reason for lower numbers of P. persimilis in forest habitats, both because its own vagility is restricted, and because its prey is less able to disperse.
First record of the genusBrachygasterLeach (Hymenoptera: Evaniidae) from Australia with the description of a new species
Authors: Elliott Michael G
Published: January 2005

Abstract Brachygaster murrayorumsp. n., a new species of evaniid ensign wasp, is described from northern Queensland. This is the first record ofBrachygasterLeach in Australia and represents a significant range extension from Singapore, its previous closest occurrence.
Discrimination of alternative male phenotypes in Scapanes australis (Boisduval) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae)
Authors: Rowland J Mark , Qualls Clifford R , Beaudoin‐Ollivier Laurence
Published: January 2005

Abstract  The palm pest Scapanes australis has been the object of considerable recent research to develop control measures that target male reproductive behaviour. This study investigated horn size scaling relationships and frequency distributions in two subspecies of S. australis for evidence of alternative male reproductive strategies. Indeed, a sigmoidal horn size allometry in both populations was detected as a significant vertical discontinuity by a piece‐wise regression model, which indicates that distinct minor and major male phenotypes are expressed in both taxa. A non‐linear regression algorithm showed that these subspecies differ significantly in two modelled parameters of horn allometry. A likelihood model was used for probabilistic discrimination of the alternative male phenotypes by estimating their ratios across the bimodal frequency distribution. The latter is intended to aid field investigation of the reproductive biology of S. australis by statistically discriminating the alternative male phenotypes on the basis of easily measured parameters in live samples.