bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Talking without words
Authors: Grenier Michelle , Lieberman Lauren
Published: August 2020

This case study explored the inclusion of students with severe disabilities in a general elementary physical education program. Qualitative methods were used to capture the communication protocols and instructional practices used by the physical education (PE) teacher and Individual Education Plan (IEP) team members in one fourth grade and second grade physical education classroom.  Data from three primary sources including field notes, interviews and a journal were analyzed to address questions of interest. Findings revealed four primary themes. The first “Collaboration-Needing to Know What I Don’t Know” described the process the PE teacher used in gaining information on her students with disabilities. The second, “Community in the Classroom,” revealed the value system shared by the IEP team members. The third theme, “The Role of Modeling” articulated the value of appropriated practices between teachers and students. The final theme, “Talking Without Words” highlighted the communicative processes and shared language between the students with and without disabilities.
Currículo e formação de professores como garantia do acesso à educação pública
Authors: Silva Herbert Gomes da
Published: August 2020

Este artigo tem como objetivo relacionar o currículo como elemento fundamental da promoção da qualidade educacional, enfatizando sua implicação nos processos de formação dos estudantes da educação básica. Levanta indicadores que se relacionam com o acesso, a permanência e a aprendizagem, que proporcionem uma análise do contexto educacional de 2019 e 2020, sendo o último agravado no momento pandêmico do COVID-19 no Brasil. Propõem que o desenvolvimento das interações em torno da aprendizagem exigem uma reflexão sobre os currículos e uma compreensão sobre experiências que envolvam professores e alunos em torno do processo educacional a partir do seu contexto histórico e social e sobre as Tecnologias da Comunicação e Informação.
Educação física inclusiva e autismo
Authors: Schliemann André , Alves Maria Luíza Tanure , Duarte Edison
Published: August 2020

O presente artigo tem como objetivo discutir os desafios da inclusão de crianças e jovens com autismo nas atividades físicas e esportivas. Foi realizada uma revisão de estudos que tratavam das perspectivas de pais, alunos e professores acerca da inclusão de estudantes com deficiência e com autismo em atividades físicas e esportivas, tanto no contexto da escola quanto fora dela. O baixo nível de participação dos alunos com autismo nas atividades físicas e esportivas foi um tema recorrente observado nos estudos, além da necessidade de formação especializada dos professores de educação física para lidar com essa população. Por fim, foram apresentadas sugestões para a formação dos professores.
Environmental impact on physical activity and health in transgender youth
Authors: Ferrey Alexandria
Published: August 2020

Background: Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans suggest that youth should participate in at least one hour of age appropriate PA per day. Yet, fewer than 30% of high school students participate in at least 60 minutes of PA every day; ethnic minority youth report even less. Within the transgender community, students were less likely to be physically active, due to safety concerns which is mostly related to a sedentary adult. Purpose: To investigate the barriers and facilitators transgender adults faced when they were adolescents and experiencing PA environments (e.g. physical education, sport teams). Methods: Quantitative study using a questionnaire with 27 closed-ended questions. A sample of convenience was used to recruit participants. Data was coded, cleaned, and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2018 and SPSS Statistics 24. Results:  Quantitative results indicate that there is transphobic behavior present in a physical activity environment, furthermore, facilities prevented participants from participating in physical activity.  Implications: The results of this study may possibly be used to inform programming in educational institutions, coaches, and support policy makers in developing what interventions are needed to increase safety for transgender youth.
4HNE Impairs Myocardial Bioenergetics in Congenital Heart Disease-Induced Right Ventricular Failure
Authors: Hwang HyunTae V. , Sandeep Nefthi , Paige Sharon L. , Ranjbarvaziri Sara , Hu Dong-Qing , Zhao Mingming , Lan Ingrid S. , Coronado Michael , Kooiker Kristina B. , Wu Sean M. , Fajardo Giovanni , Bernstein Daniel , Reddy Sushma
Published: August 2020

Background:

In patients with complex congenital heart disease, such as those with tetralogy of Fallot, the right ventricle (RV) is subject to pressure overload stress, leading to RV hypertrophy and eventually RV failure. The role of lipid peroxidation, a potent form of oxidative stress, in mediating RV hypertrophy and failure in congenital heart disease is unknown.

Methods:

Lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial function and structure were assessed in right ventricle (RV) myocardium collected from patients with RV hypertrophy with normal RV systolic function (RV fractional area change, 47.3±3.8%) and in patients with RV failure showing decreased RV systolic function (RV fractional area change, 26.6±3.1%). The mechanism of the effect of lipid peroxidation, mediated by 4-hydroxynonenal ([4HNE] a byproduct of lipid peroxidation) on mitochondrial function and structure was assessed in HL1 murine cardiomyocytes and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.

Results:

RV failure was characterized by an increase in 4HNE adduction of metabolic and mitochondrial proteins (16 of 27 identified proteins), in particular electron transport chain proteins. Sarcomeric (myosin) and cytoskeletal proteins (desmin, tubulin) also underwent 4HNE adduction. RV failure showed lower oxidative phosphorylation (moderate RV hypertrophy, 287.6±19.75 versus RV failure, 137.8±11.57 pmol/[sec×mL];
P
=0.0004), and mitochondrial structural damage. Using a cell model, we show that 4HNE decreases cell number and oxidative phosphorylation (control, 388.1±23.54 versus 4HNE, 143.7±11.64 pmol/[sec×mL];
P
<0.0001). Carvedilol, a known antioxidant did not decrease 4HNE adduction of metabolic and mitochondrial proteins and did not improve oxidative phosphorylation.

Conclusions:

Metabolic, mitochondrial, sarcomeric, and cytoskeletal proteins are susceptible to 4HNE-adduction in patients with RV failure. 4HNE decreases mitochondrial oxygen consumption by inhibiting electron transport chain complexes. Carvedilol did not improve the 4HNE-mediated decrease in oxygen consumption. Strategies to decrease lipid peroxidation could improve mitochondrial energy generation and cardiomyocyte survival and improve RV failure in patients with congenital heart disease.
Microvolt QRS Alternans Without Microvolt T‐Wave Alternans in Human Cardiomyopathy: A Novel Risk Marker of Late Ventricular Arrhythmias
Authors: Suszko Adrian , Nayyar Sachin , Labos Christopher , Nanthakumar Kumaraswamy , Pinter Arnold , Crystal Eugene , Chauhan Vijay S.
Published: August 2020

Background

Action potential alternans can induce ventricular tachyarrhythmias and manifest on the surface ECG as T‐wave alternans (TWA) and QRS alternans (QRSA). We sought to evaluate microvolt QRSA in cardiomyopathy patients in relation to TWA and ventricular tachyarrhythmia outcomes.

Methods and Results

Prospectively enrolled cardiomyopathy patients (n=100) with prophylactic defibrillators had 12‐lead ECGs recorded during ventricular pacing from 100 to 120 beats/min. QRSA and TWA were quantified in moving 128‐beat segments using the spectral method. Segments were categorized as QRSA positive (QRSA+) and/or TWA positive (TWA+) based on ≥2 precordial leads having alternans magnitude >0 and signal:noise >3. Patients were similarly categorized based on having ≥3 consecutive segments with alternans. TWA+ and QRSA+ occurred together in 31% of patients and alone in 18% and 14% of patients, respectively. Although TWA magnitude (1.4±0.4 versus 4.7±1.0 µV,
P
<0.01) and proportion of TWA+ studies (16% versus 46%,
P
<0.01) increased with rate, QRSA did not change. QRS duration was longer in QRSA+ than QRSA‐negative patients (138±23 versus 113±26 ms,
P
<0.01). At 3.5 years follow‐up, appropriate defibrillator therapy or sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmia was greater in QRSA+ than QRSA‐negative patients (30% versus 8%,
P
=0.02) but similar in TWA+ and TWA‐negative patients. Among QRSA+ patients, the event rate was greater in those without TWA (62% versus 21%,
P
=0.02). Multivariable Cox analysis revealed QRSA+ (hazard ratio [HR], 4.6; 95% CI, 1.5–14;
P
=0.009) and QRS duration >120 ms (HR, 4.1; 95% CI, 1.3–12;
P
=0.014) to predict events.

Conclusions

Microvolt QRSA is novel phenomenon in cardiomyopathy patients that can exist without TWA and is associated with QRS prolongation. QRSA increases the risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmia 4‐fold, which merits further study as a risk stratifier.
Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors of Cardiac Involvement in COVID‐19
Authors: Xu Huayan , Hou Keke , Xu Rong , Li Zhenlin , Fu Hang , Wen Lingyi , Xie Linjun , Liu Hui , Selvanayagam Joseph B. , Zhang Na , Yang Zhigang , Yang Ming , Guo Yingkun
Published: August 2020

Background

Increasing studies demonstrated that the cardiac involvements are related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Thus, we investigated the clinical characteristics of patients with COVID‐19 and further determined the risk factors for cardiac involvement in them.

Methods and Results

We analyzed data from 102 consecutive laboratory‐confirmed and hospitalized patients with COVID‐19 (52 women aged 19–87 years). Epidemiologic and demographic characteristics, clinical features, routine laboratory tests (including cardiac injury biomarkers), echocardiography, electrocardiography, chest imaging findings, management methods, and clinical outcomes were collected. Patients were divided into acute cardiac injury, with and without cardiac marker abnormities groups according to different level of cardiac markers. In this research, cardiac involvement was found in 72 of the 102 (70.6%) patients: tachycardia (n=20), electrocardiography abnormalities (n=23), echocardiography abnormalities (n=59), elevated myocardial enzymes (n=55), and acute cardiac injury (n=9). Eight patients with acute cardiac injury were aged >60 years; seven of them had ≥2 underlying comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and chronic kidney disease). Novel coronavirus pneumonia was much more severe in the patients with acute cardiac injury than in patients with nondefinite acute cardiac injury (
P
<0.001). Multivariate analyses showed that CRP (C‐reactive protein) levels, old age, novel coronavirus pneumonia severity, and underlying comorbidities were the risk factors for cardiac abnormalities in patients with COVID‐19.

Conclusions

Cardiac involvements are common in patients with COVID‐19. Elevated CRP levels, old age, underlying comorbidities, and novel coronavirus pneumonia severity are the main risk factors for cardiac involvement in patients with COVID‐19. More attention should be given to cardiovascular protection during COVID‐19 treatment for mortality reduction.

Registration

URL:
https://www.chictr.org
; Unique identifier: ChiCTR2000029955.
A new species of the Andean genus Leptopeltus Bernhauer (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae) with a revised key and an updated phylogeny
Authors: LÓPEZ-PRADA MANUEL F. , CHANI-POSSE MARIANA RAQUEL
Published: August 2020

Leptopeltus trogloxenus López-Prada & Chani-Posse, a new species of the subtribe Philonthina (tribe Staphylinini) from the Andes of Colombia, is described and illustrated. A dataset of 49 morphological characters scored for 10 taxa, including all currently known species of Leptopeltus Bernhauer and its putative sister group, Leptopeltoides Chani-Posse & Asenjo, was prepared and analysed by maximum parsimony. Our analysis unambiguously placed L. trogloxenus within Leptopeltus in a sister-group relationship with a clade of four species. A revised key to species and an updated phylogeny of Leptopeltus are also provided.
Patterns of Water Vapor Transport in the Eastern United States
Authors: Teale Natalie , Robinson David A.
Published: August 2020

This study presents a climatology of water vapor fluxes for the eastern United States and adjacent Atlantic with particular focus on the Northeast. Pathways of moisture transport comprising this climatology were discerned using a self-organizing map methodology ingesting daily integrated vapor transport data from ECMWF ERA-Interim Reanalysis from 1979 to 2017 at a 2.5° × 2.5° spatial resolution. Sixteen spatially distinct moisture transport patterns capture the variety of water vapor transport in the region. The climatology of water vapor transport is precisely and comprehensively defined via synthesis of spatial and temporal characteristics of the fluxes. Each flux has a distinct seasonality and frequency. The fluxes containing the highest amounts of moisture transport occur less frequently than those with less moisture transport. Because the patterns showing less moisture transport are prevalent, they are major contributors to the manner in which water vapor is moved through the eastern United States. The spatial confinement of fluxes is inversely related to persistence, with strong, narrow bands of enhanced moisture transport most often moving through the region on daily time scales. Many moisture fluxes meet a threshold-based definition of atmospheric rivers, with the diversity in trajectories and moisture sources indicating that a variety of mechanisms develop these enhanced moisture transport conditions. Temporal variability in the monthly frequencies of several of the fluxes in this study aligns with changes in the regional precipitation regime, demonstrating that this water vapor flux climatology provides a precise moisture-delivery framework from which changes in precipitation can be investigated.
Future Precipitation-Driven Meteorological Drought Changes in the CMIP5 Multimodel Ensembles under 1.5°C and 2°C Global Warming
Authors: Wu Chuanhao , Yeh Pat J.-F. , Chen Yi-Ying , Hu Bill X. , Huang Guoru
Published: August 2020

Anthropogenic forcing is anticipated to increase the magnitude and frequency of precipitation-induced extremes such as the increase in drought risks. However, the model-projected future changes in global droughts remain largely uncertain, particularly in the context of the Paris Agreement targets. Here, by using the standardized precipitation index (SPI), we present a multiscale global assessment of the precipitation-driven meteorological drought characteristics at the 1.5° and 2°C warming levels based on 28 CMIP5 global climate models (GCMs) under three representative concentration pathways scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5). The results show large uncertainties in the timing reaching 1.5° and 2°C warming and the changes in drought characteristics among GCMs, especially at longer time scales and under higher RCP scenarios. The multi-GCM ensemble mean projects a general increase in drought frequency (Df) and area (Da) over North America, Europe, and northern Asia at both 1.5° and 2°C of global warming. The additional 0.5°C warming from 1.5° to 2°C is expected to result in a trend toward wetter climatic conditions for most global regions (e.g., North America, Europe, northern Asia, and northern Africa) due to the continuing increase in precipitation under the more intensified 2°C warming. In contrast, the increase in Df is projected only in some parts of southwest Asia, South America, southern Africa, and Australia. Our results highlight the need to consider multiple GCMs in drought projection studies under the context of the Paris Agreement targets to account for large model-dependent uncertainties.
How Spice is Stirred in the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Jaeger G. Spiro , MacKinnon J. A. , Lucas A. J. , Shroyer E. , Nash J. , Tandon A. , Farrar J. T. , Mahadevan A.
Published: August 2020

The scale-dependent variance of tracer properties in the ocean bears the imprint of the oceanic eddy field. Anomalies in spice (which combines anomalies in temperature T and salinity S on isopycnal surfaces) act as passive tracers beneath the surface mixed layer (ML). We present an analysis of spice distributions along isopycnals in the upper 200 m of the ocean, calculated with over 9000 vertical profiles of T and S measured along ~4800 km of ship tracks in the Bay of Bengal. The data are from three separate research cruises—in the winter monsoon season of 2013 and in the late and early summer monsoon seasons of 2015 and 2018. We present a spectral analysis of horizontal tracer variance statistics on scales ranging from the submesoscale (~1 km) to the mesoscale (~100 km). Isopycnal layers that are closer to the ML-base exhibit redder spectra of tracer variance at scales km than is predicted by theories of quasigeostrophic turbulence or frontogenesis. Two plausible explanations are postulated. The first is that stirring by submesoscale motions and shear dispersion by near-inertial waves enhance effective horizontal mixing and deplete tracer variance at horizontal scales km in this region. The second is that the spice anomalies are coherent with dynamical properties such as potential vorticity, and not interpretable as passively stirred.
Heating of the Midshelf and Inner Shelf by Warm Internal Tidal Bores
Authors: Gough Matt K. , Freismuth Thomas M. , MacMahan Jamie H. , Colosi John A. , Suanda Sutara H. , Kumar Nirnimesh
Published: August 2020

Cross-shore heat flux (CHF) spatiotemporal variability in the subtidal (ST), diurnal (DU), and semidiurnal (SD) bands is described for 35 days (summer 2015) from collocated vertical measures of temperature and currents obtained by moorings deployed from 50- to 7-m water depths near Pt. Sal, California. The CHF is largest in the ST and SD bands, with nearly zero contribution in the DU band. The sum of CHF and surface heat flux (SHF) account for 31% and 17% of the total change in heat storage on the midshelf and inner shelf, respectively. The ST CHF for the midshelf and inner shelf is mostly negative and is correlated with upwelling-favorable winds. A mostly positive SD CHF on the midshelf and inner shelf decreases linearly in the shoreward direction, is correlated with wind relaxations, and is attributed to warm-water internal tidal bores (WITBs) that are observed to propagate to the edge of the surf zone. A negative SD CHF is correlated with upwelling-favorable winds on the midshelf at 15–25-h time lags, and is believed to be associated with cold-water internal tidal bores. The WITBs have characteristics of progressive waves on the midshelf and transition to partially standing waves on the inner shelf potentially reducing the SD CHF contribution on the inner shelf. Heat accumulation over the midshelf and inner shelf is primarily driven by WITBs and SHF, which is largely balanced by cumulative cooling by ST processes over the midshelf and cumulative cooling by alongshore heat flux (AHF) over the inner shelf.
The Submesoscale Kinetic Energy Cascade: Mesoscale Absorption of Submesoscale Mixed Layer Eddies and Frontal Downscale Fluxes
Authors: Schubert René , Gula Jonathan , Greatbatch Richard J. , Baschek Burkard , Biastoch Arne
Published: August 2020

Mesoscale eddies can be strengthened by the absorption of submesoscale eddies resulting from mixed layer baroclinic instabilities. This is shown for mesoscale eddies in the Agulhas Current system by investigating the kinetic energy cascade with a spectral and a coarse-graining approach in two model simulations of the Agulhas region. One simulation resolves mixed layer baroclinic instabilities and one does not. When mixed layer baroclinic instabilities are included, the largest submesoscale near-surface fluxes occur in wintertime in regions of strong mesoscale activity for upscale as well as downscale directions. The forward cascade at the smallest resolved scales occurs mainly in frontogenetic regions in the upper 30 m of the water column. In the Agulhas ring path, the forward cascade changes to an inverse cascade at a typical scale of mixed layer eddies (15 km). At the same scale, the largest sources of the upscale flux occur. After the winter, the maximum of the upscale flux shifts to larger scales. Depending on the region, the kinetic energy reaches the mesoscales in spring or early summer aligned with the maximum of mesoscale kinetic energy. This indicates the importance of submesoscale flows for the mesoscale seasonal cycle. A case study shows that the underlying process is the mesoscale absorption of mixed layer eddies. When mixed layer baroclinic instabilities are not included in the simulation, the open-ocean upscale cascade in the Agulhas ring path is almost absent. This contributes to a 20% reduction of surface kinetic energy at mesoscales larger than 100 km when submesoscale dynamics are not resolved by the model.
The Regeneration of the Lofoten Vortex through Vertical Alignment
Authors: Trodahl Marta , Isachsen Pål Erik , Lilly Jonathan M. , Nilsson Johan , Kristensen Nils Melsom
Published: August 2020

Observations from the past decades have promoted the idea of a long-lived anticyclonic vortex residing in the Lofoten Basin. Despite repeatedly recorded intense anticyclones, the observations cannot firmly decide whether the signature is of a single vortex or a succession of ephemeral vortices. A vortex persisting for decades requires some reinvigoration mechanism. Wintertime convection and vortex merging have been proposed candidates. We examine Lofoten Basin vortex dynamics using a high-resolution regional ocean model. The model is initialized from a coarser state with a weak eddy field. The slope current intensifies and sheds anticyclonic eddies that drift into the basin. After half a year, an anticyclone arrives at the center, providing the nucleus for a vortex that remains distinct throughout the simulation. Analyses show that this vortex is regenerated by repeated absorption and vertical stacking of lighter anticyclones. This compresses and—in concert with potential vorticity conservation—intensifies the combined vortex, which becomes more vertically stratified and also expels some fluid in the process. Wintertime convection serves mainly to vertically homogenize and densify the vortex, rather than intensifying it. Further, topographic guiding of anticyclones shed from the continental slope is vital for the existence and reinvigoration of the Lofoten vortex. These results offer a new perspective on the regeneration of oceanic anticyclones. In this scenario the Lofoten vortex is maintained through repeated merging events. Fluid remains gradually exchanged, although the vortex is identifiable as a persistent extremum in potential vorticity.
Mean Conditions and Seasonality of the West Greenland Boundary Current System near Cape Farewell
Authors: Pacini Astrid , Pickart Robert S. , Bahr Frank , Torres Daniel J. , Ramsey Andrée L. , Holte James , Karstensen Johannes , Oltmanns Marilena , Straneo Fiammetta , Le Bras Isabela Astiz , Moore G. W. K. , Femke de Jong M.
Published: August 2020

The structure, transport, and seasonal variability of the West Greenland boundary current system near Cape Farewell are investigated using a high-resolution mooring array deployed from 2014 to 2018. The boundary current system is comprised of three components: the West Greenland Coastal Current, which advects cold and fresh Upper Polar Water (UPW); the West Greenland Current, which transports warm and salty Irminger Water (IW) along the upper slope and UPW at the surface; and the Deep Western Boundary Current, which advects dense overflow waters. Labrador Sea Water (LSW) is prevalent at the seaward side of the array within an offshore recirculation gyre and at the base of the West Greenland Current. The 4-yr mean transport of the full boundary current system is 31.1 ± 7.4 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106m3s−1), with no clear seasonal signal. However, the individual water mass components exhibit seasonal cycles in hydrographic properties and transport. LSW penetrates the boundary current locally, through entrainment/mixing from the adjacent recirculation gyre, and also enters the current upstream in the Irminger Sea. IW is modified through air–sea interaction during winter along the length of its trajectory around the Irminger Sea, which converts some of the water to LSW. This, together with the seasonal increase in LSW entering the current, results in an anticorrelation in transport between these two water masses. The seasonality in UPW transport can be explained by remote wind forcing and subsequent adjustment via coastal trapped waves. Our results provide the first quantitatively robust observational description of the boundary current in the eastern Labrador Sea.
A Combined Stokes Drift Profile under Swell and Wind Sea
Authors: Breivik Øyvind , Christensen Kai H.
Published: August 2020

A combined directional Stokes drift profile for swell and wind sea is presented. The profile can be used to calculate the shear under crossing seas and as such is relevant for Langmuir turbulence and Stokes–Coriolis forcing, but also for material advection. The swell is represented as either a monochromatic wave or as a Phillips spectrum, while the wind sea is represented as a Phillips spectrum. The profile is found to compare well against the full directional Stokes drift calculated from the 2D spectrum of ERA-Interim in an open-ocean location in the North Atlantic. The error compared to a Phillips-type unidirectional Stokes drift profile is markedly lower for a combined profile with a monochromatic swell Stokes profile. However, representing the swell as a Phillips-type Stokes drift profile yields even better results. The combined profile relies on integrated wave parameters readily available from wave models and can be calculated at low cost. The global Stokes drift climate is investigated using ERA-Interim reanalysis data with the intention of identifying regions dominated by crossing Stokes drift. We find that the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean probably experiences the greatest degree of crossing Stokes drift, and the entire subtropical band 20°–30°S/N exhibits a significant degree of crossing Stokes drift and swell dominance over the Stokes drift.
The Deep Western Boundary Current and Adjacent Interior Circulation at 24°–30°N: Mean Structure and Mesoscale Variability
Authors: Biló Tiago Carrilho , Johns William E.
Published: August 2020

The mean North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW, 1000 < z < 5000 m) circulation and deep western boundary current (DWBC) variability offshore of Abaco, Bahamas, at 26.5°N are investigated from nearly two decades of velocity and hydrographic observations, and outputs from a 30-yr-long eddy-resolving global simulation. Observations at 26.5°N and Argo-derived geostrophic velocities show the presence of a mean Abaco Gyre spanning the NADW layer, consisting of a closed cyclonic circulation between approximately 24° and 30°N and 72° and 77°W. The southward-flowing portion of this gyre (the DWBC) is constrained to within ~150 km of the western boundary with a mean transport of ~30 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). Offshore of the DWBC, the data show a consistent northward recirculation with net transports varying from 6.5 to 16 Sv. Current meter records spanning 2008–17 supported by the numerical simulation indicate that the DWBC transport variability is dominated by two distinct types of fluctuations: 1) periods of 250–280 days that occur regularly throughout the time series and 2) energetic oscillations with periods between 400 and 700 days that occur sporadically every 5–6 years and force the DWBC to meander far offshore for several months. The shorter-period variations are related to DWBC meandering caused by eddies propagating southward along the continental slope at 24°–30°N, while the longer-period oscillations appear to be related to large anticyclonic eddies that slowly propagate northwestward counter to the DWBC flow between ~20° and 26.5°N. Observational and theoretical evidence suggest that these two types of variability might be generated, respectively, by DWBC instability processes and Rossby waves reflecting from the western boundary.
Full-Year Evaluation of Nonmeteorological Echo Removal with Dual-Polarization Fuzzy Logic for Two C-Band Radars in a Temperate Climate
Authors: Overeem Aart , Uijlenhoet Remko , Leijnse Hidde
Published: August 2020

The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) operates two dual-polarization C-band weather radars in simultaneous transmission and reception (STAR; i.e., horizontally and vertically polarized pulses are transmitted simultaneously) mode, providing 2D radar rainfall products. Despite the application of Doppler and speckle filtering, remaining nonmeteorological echoes (especially sea clutter) mainly due to anomalous propagation still pose a problem. This calls for additional filtering algorithms, which can be realized by means of polarimetry. Here we explore the effectiveness of the open-source wradlib fuzzy echo classification and clutter identification based on polarimetric moments. Based on our study, this has recently been extended with the depolarization ratio and clutter phase alignment as new decision variables. Optimal values for weights of the different membership functions and threshold are determined employing a 4-h calibration dataset from one radar. The method is applied to a full year of volumetric data from the two radars in the Dutch temperate climate. The verification focuses on the presence of remaining nonmeteorological echoes by mapping the number of exceedances of radar reflectivity factors for given thresholds. Moreover, accumulated rainfall maps are obtained to detect unrealistically large rainfall depths. The results are compared to those for which no further filtering has been applied. Verification against rain gauge data reveals that only a little precipitation is removed. Because the fuzzy logic algorithm removes many nonmeteorological echoes, the practice to composite data from both radars in logarithmic space to hide these echoes is abandoned and replaced by linearly averaging reflectivities.
Proactive Quality Control: Observing System Experiments Using the NCEP Global Forecast System
Authors: Chen Tse-Chun , Kalnay Eugenia
Published: August 2020

Proactive quality control (PQC) is a fully flow dependent QC based on ensemble forecast sensitivity to observations (EFSO). Past studies showed in several independent cases that GFS forecasts can be improved by rejecting observations identified as detrimental by EFSO. However, the impact of cycling PQC in sequential data assimilation has, so far, only been examined using the simple Lorenz ’96 model. Using a low-resolution spectral GFS model that assimilates PrepBUFR (no radiance) observations with the local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF), this study aims to become a bridge between a simple model and the implementation into complex operational systems. We demonstrate the major benefit of cycling PQC in a sequential data assimilation framework through the accumulation of improvements from previous PQC updates. Such accumulated PQC improvement is much larger than the “current” PQC improvement that would be obtained at each analysis cycle using “future” observations. As a result, it is unnecessary to use future information, and hence this allows the operational implementation of cycling PQC. The results show that the analyses and forecasts are improved the most by rejecting all the observations identified as detrimental by EFSO, but that major improvements also come from rejecting just the most detrimental 10% observations. The forecast improvements brought by PQC are observed throughout the 10 days of integration and provide more than a 12-h forecast lead-time gain. An important finding is that PQC not only reduces substantially the root-mean-squared forecast errors but also the forecast biases. We also show a case of “skill dropout,” where the control forecast misses a developing baroclinic instability, whereas the accumulated PQC corrections result in a good prediction.
Implementation of Slant-Path Radiative Transfer in Environment Canada’s Global Deterministic Weather Prediction System
Authors: Shahabadi Maziar Bani , Buehner Mark , Aparicio Josep , Garand Louis
Published: August 2020

The standard approach for assimilating satellite radiance observations is to interpolate all vertical levels of the background state and analysis increment to the same horizontal location for input to the radiative transfer model. This can add significant error for observations with large zenith angle. The impact of accounting for the true slanted satellite-viewing geometry was tested by modifying the horizontal interpolation routines in Environment and Climate Change Canada’s Global Deterministic Weather Prediction System. Consequently, model variables are interpolated to a different horizontal position at each model level, for either just the innovation or both the innovation and increment calculation. When this slant-path operator is used for simulation of radiances, reductions in innovation standard deviation, up to 4.5%, for upper-tropospheric and stratospheric temperature and humidity channels of ATMS, AMSU-A, MHS, and CrIS instruments have similar magnitudes as reported in previous studies. In data assimilation experiments, statistically significant reductions in innovation standard deviation (up to 0.3%) for global GPSRO observations are obtained, due to an improved background state. Verification of short- and medium-range forecasts against ERA5, and our own analyses over the region poleward of 60°S show statistically significant reductions of error standard deviation by 2%–3% for wind and temperature in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. These positive impacts are mostly due to performing slant-path interpolation on the background state, while also using slant path on the analysis increment has little additional impact. This is expected since the analysis increment in this global configuration has lower spatial resolution, with grid spacing comparable with the maximum horizontal position error from not using the slant-path operator.
The Mechanisms Responsible for Large Near-Surface Vertical Vorticity within Simulated Supercells and Quasi-Linear Storms
Authors: Boyer Christian H. , Dahl Johannes M. L.
Published: August 2020

Despite their structural differences, supercells and quasi-linear convective systems (QLCS) are both capable of producing severe weather, including tornadoes. Previous research has highlighted multiple potential mechanisms by which horizontal vorticity may be reoriented into the vertical at low levels, but it is not clear in which situation what mechanism dominates. In this study, we use the CM1 model to simulate three different storm modes, each of which developed relatively large near-surface vertical vorticity. Using forward-integrated parcel trajectories, we analyze vorticity budgets and demonstrate that there seems to be a common mechanism for maintaining the near-surface vortices across storm structures. The parcels do not acquire vertical vorticity until they reach the base of the vortices. The vertical vorticity results from vigorous upward tilting of horizontal vorticity and simultaneous vertical stretching. While the parcels analyzed in our simulations do have a history of descent, they do not acquire appreciable vertical vorticity during their descent. Rather, during the analysis period relatively large horizontal vorticity develops as a result of horizontal stretching, and therefore this vorticity can be effectively tilted into the vertical.
A New Methodology for Observation-Based Parameterization Development
Authors: Suselj Kay , Posselt Derek , Smalley Mark , Lebsock Matthew D. , Teixeira Joao
Published: August 2020

We develop a methodology for identification of candidate observables that best constrain the parameterization of physical processes in numerical models. This methodology consists of three steps: (i) identifying processes that significantly impact model results, (ii) identifying observables that best constrain the influential processes, and (iii) investigating the sensitivity of the model results to the measurement error and vertical resolution of the constraining observables. This new methodology is applied to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory stochastic multiplume Eddy-Diffusivity/Mass-Flux (JPL-EDMF) model for two case studies representing nonprecipitating marine stratocumulus and marine shallow convection. The uncertainty of physical processes is characterized with uncertainty of model parameters. We find that the most uncertain processes in the JPL-EDMF model are related to the representation of lateral entrainment for convective plumes and parameterization of mixing length scale for the eddy-diffusivity part of the model. The results show a strong interaction between these uncertain processes. Measurements of the water vapor profile for shallow convection and of the cloud fraction profile for the stratocumulus case are among those measurements that best constrain the uncertain JPL-EDMF processes. The interdependence of the required vertical resolution and error characteristics of the observational system are shown. If the observations are associated with larger error, their vertical resolution has to be finer and vice versa. We suggest that the methodology and results presented here provide an objective basis for defining requirements for future observing systems such as future satellite missions to observe clouds and the planetary boundary layer.
Modes of Storm-Scale Variability and Tornado Potential in VORTEX2 Near- and Far-Field Tornadic Environments
Authors: Flournoy Matthew D. , Coniglio Michael C. , Rasmussen Erik N. , Furtado Jason C. , Coffer Brice E.
Published: August 2020

Some supercellular tornado outbreaks are composed almost entirely of tornadic supercells, while most consist of both tornadic and nontornadic supercells sometimes in close proximity to each other. These differences are related to a balance between larger-scale environmental influences on storm development as well as more chaotic, internal evolution. For example, some environments may be potent enough to support tornadic supercells even if less predictable intrastorm characteristics are suboptimal for tornadogenesis, while less potent environments are supportive of tornadic supercells given optimal intrastorm characteristics. This study addresses the sensitivity of tornadogenesis to both environmental characteristics and storm-scale features using a cloud modeling approach. Two high-resolution ensembles of simulated supercells are produced in the near- and far-field environments observed in the inflow of tornadic supercells during the second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX2). All simulated supercells evolving in the near-field environment produce a tornado, and 33% of supercells evolving in the far-field environment produce a tornado. Composite differences between the two ensembles are shown to address storm-scale characteristics and processes impacting the volatility of tornadogenesis. Storm-scale variability in the ensembles is illustrated using empirical orthogonal function analysis, revealing storm-generated boundaries that may be linked to the volatility of tornadogenesis. Updrafts in the near-field ensemble are markedly stronger than those in the far-field ensemble during the time period in which the ensembles most differ in terms of tornado production. These results suggest that storm-environment modifications can influence the volatility of supercellular tornadogenesis.
Climate Change, Agency Decision-Making, and the Resilience of Land-Based Livelihoods
Authors: Knapp Corrine Noel , McNeeley Shannon M. , Gioia John , Even Trevor , Beeton Tyler
Published: August 2020

Many rural communities in the western United States are surrounded by public lands and are dependent on these landscapes for their livelihoods. Climate change threatens to affect land-based livelihoods through both direct impacts and public land agency decision-making in response to impacts. This project was designed to understand how Bureau of Land Management (BLM) permittees, including ranching and recreation-based businesses in Colorado, are vulnerable to both climate change and management responses and how permittees and the BLM are adapting and could adapt to these changes. We conducted 60 interviews in two BLM field offices to gather permittee and agency employees’ observations of change, impacts, responses, and suggestions for adaptive actions. Data suggested that permittees are dependent on BLM lands and are sensitive to ecological and management changes and that current management policies and structures are often a constraint to adaptation. Managers and permittees are already seeing synergistic impacts, and the BLM has capacity to facilitate or constrain adaptation actions. Participants suggested increased flexibility at all scales, timelier within-season adjustments, and extension of current collaborative efforts to assist adaptation efforts and reduce impacts to these livelihoods.
Psychological impact of being wrongfully accused of criminal offences: A systematic literature review
Authors: Brooks Samantha K , Greenberg Neil
Published: August 2020

Being wrongfully accused of criminal offences can lead to serious negative consequences to those wrongfully accused and their families. However, there is little research on the psychological and psychosocial impacts of wrongful accusations. We conducted a systematic literature review to collate the existing literature, searching four electronic literature databases and reference lists of relevant articles. Data were extracted from 20 relevant papers, and thematic analysis was conducted on the data. Eight main themes were identified: loss of identity; stigma; psychological and physical health; relationships with others; attitudes towards the justice system; impact on finances and employment; traumatic experiences in custody; and adjustment difficulties. The psychological consequences of wrongful accusations appear to affect the lives of those accused seriously, even after exoneration or overturning of convictions. Strategies for improving public perception of wrongful convictions should be explored, and specific mental-health systems should be established to support those who are wrongfully accused.
DEv-PROMELA: modeling, verification, and validation of a video game by combining model-checking and simulation
Authors: Yacoub Aznam , Hamri Maamar El Amine , Frydman Claudia
Published: August 2020

Modeling, verifying, and validating are essential steps in order to build systems and software that do what designers expect. If formal verification, and especially model-checking, is a popular method for proving the correctness of properties, its efficiency depends on the accuracy of the used models and the quality of abstractions. As a consequence, applying verification techniques on large-scale complex software like video games is hard without strong assumptions and simplifications. Simulation models are generally more accurate than verification models, but it is often harder to verify them. Combined formalisms that take the benefits of both model-checking and discrete-event simulation represent a good deal between both of these families, although strong engineering expertise remains necessary to define the relevant tests and scenarios. This paper proposes an approach to build this kind of formalism through the example of DEv-PROMELA, which is built by combining Discrete-event System Specification formalism and PROMELA language. Then, it shows how combined formalisms can be used for modeling, verifying, and validating complex software like video games by using both formal-based and simulation-based verification and validation.
Fiber orientation measurement of fiber injection molded nonwovens by image analysis
Authors: Moll Patrick , Wang Shaofan , Coutandin Sven , Fleischer Jürgen
Published: August 2020

The fiber injection molding process is an innovative approach for the manufacturing of long fiber nonwoven preforms with little to no waste. An important property for the mechanical characteristics of the composite parts is the fiber orientation of the fiber injection molded nonwovens. In this paper a newly developed assemble method based on Fast Fourier Transform and improved Structure Tensor methods for the computation of the fiber orientation distribution in the local orientation by image analysis of transmitted light images is presented. For the computation of the fiber orientation, the Fast Fourier Transform and Structure Tensor methods are used. The new method is evaluated using simulated images and transmitted light images of real nonwovens to evaluate their accuracy. The computed fiber orientation distributions are compared to reference distributions by means of the Kullback–Leibler divergence. It is shown that the assemble method can perform accurate and reliable measurement of fiber orientation measurement and the modified Structure Tensor method improves results significantly compared to the current state of the art.
Aetiology of pyrexia of unknown origin in north India
Authors: Pannu Ashok Kumar , Golla Rithvik , Kumari Savita , Suri Vikas , Gupta Pankaj , Kumar Rajender
Published: August 2020

The aetiology of pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) varies dramatically according to epidemiology. We studied the cause and spectrum of PUO in Indian adults. A total of 152 patients (112 prospectively and 40 retrospectively) met Petersdorf and Beeson's criteria. The diagnostic evaluation was guided by potentially diagnostic clues, based on a ‘step-wise’ approach. The five main categories, i.e. infectious, neoplastic, non-infectious inflammatory, miscellaneous and undiagnosed comprised 43.4%, 21.5%, 19.7%, 2.0% and 12.5%, respectively. The top three causes were tuberculosis (n = 43, 28.3%), lymphoma (n = 19, 12.5%) and adult-onset Still's disease (n = 12, 7.9%). Tuberculosis predominated in all age groups, and about 70% of cases had the extrapulmonary form, the most common being gastrointestinal. Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas were equally distributed, but solid malignancies were uncommon. Adult-onset Still's disease was the second commonest cause in adults aged ≤ 40 years. Fever resolved spontaneously in 12/19 cases of undiagnosed cause. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis remains the most prevalent PUO in India.
Challenges Facing Latin American Peasant Movements under Progressive Governments and New Right-Wing Parties: The Case of Brazil
Authors: Barbosa Lia Pinheiro
Published: August 2020

This article analyzes the dilemmas faced by peasant movements in Brazil during the “progressive governments” and the return of the right to power. To this end, it analyzes the case of the Landless Rural Workers Movement (MST) in two scenarios of recent political history. The first is that of the progressive governments, characterized by a simultaneous opening of public space and public policies to popular movements, although at the same time and contradictorily, also to the private sector linked to financial and transnational capital. The second scenario is that of the rise of the far right to power, first through a parliamentary coup d’état, and then by an electoral process.

O artigo analisa os dilemas enfrentados pelos movimentos camponeses no Brasil durante os “governos progressistas” e no retorno das direitas ao poder. Para tanto, se analisa o caso do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) em dois cenários da história política recente: o primeiro, no marco dos governos progressistas, caracterizado por uma abertura do espaço público, no campo das políticas públicas, aos movimentos populares, ainda que ao mesmo tempo e de maneira contraditória, também ao setor privado vinculado ao capital financeiro e transnacional. O segundo cenário é o da ascensão, mediante um golpe de Estado parlamentário, seguido de processo eleitoral, da direita ao poder.