bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Changes in Gene Expression that Occur during the Period of Spontaneous Functional Regression in the Rhesus Macaque Corpus Luteum
Authors: Bogan Randy L. , Murphy Melinda J. , Hennebold Jon D.
Published: October 2008

Luteolysis of the corpus luteum (CL) during nonfertile cycles involves a cessation of progesterone (P4) synthesis (functional regression) and subsequent structural remodeling. The molecular processes responsible for initiation of luteal regression in the primate CL are poorly defined. Therefore, a genomic approach was used to systematically identify differentially expressed genes in the rhesus macaque CL during spontaneous luteolysis. CL were collected before [d 10–11 after LH surge, mid-late (ML) stage] or during (d 14–16, late stage) functional regression. Based on P4 levels, late-stage CL were subdivided into functional-late (serum P4 > 1.5 ng/ml) and functionally regressed late (FRL) (serum P4 < 0.5 ng/ml) groups (n = 4 CL per group). Total RNA was isolated, labeled, and hybridized to Affymetrix genome microarrays that contain elements representing the entire rhesus macaque transcriptome. With the ML stage serving as the baseline, there were 681 differentially expressed transcripts (>2-fold change; P < 0.05) that could be categorized into three primary patterns of expression: 1) increasing from ML through FRL; 2) decreasing from ML through FRL; and 3) increasing ML to functional late, followed by a decrease in FRL. Ontology analysis revealed potential mechanisms and pathways associated with functional and/or structural regression of the macaque CL. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to validate microarray expression patterns of 13 genes with the results being consistent between the two methodologies. Protein levels were found to parallel mRNA profiles in four of five differentially expressed genes analyzed by Western blot. Thus, this database will facilitate the identification of mechanisms involved in primate luteal regression.

Genes differentially expressed during spontaneous functional regression in the rhesus macaque corpus luteum are identified, which in turn will further our understanding of primate luteolysis.
General practitioner engagement: the key to repeat dispensing?
Authors: Elvey Rebecca , Ashcroft Darren M , Noyce Peter
Published: October 2008

Objective

To identify and explore general practitioners' (GPs') experiences of, and views about, repeat dispensing by community pharmacists.

Background

Repeat dispensing by community pharmacists is now an essential service in the new contract for community pharmacy. However, the service relies on referrals of patients by prescribers and little is known about GPs' perceptions of the process and their role within it.

Setting

GP practices in England.

Methods

A series of semi-structured interviews were conducted at 15 general practices distributed across England. The interviews were undertaken with GPs and other practice staff to explore their views regarding their reasons for using or not using repeat dispensing, their experiences of using it and views about the benefits and problems of the scheme.

Key findings

Fourteen GPs and four non-medical practice staff participated in the study. The operation of repeat dispensing varied between practices in terms of recruitment approaches and inclusion criteria, and at some sites there were a mixture of active and non-active GPs in the same practice. There were some reports of the workload associated with printing prescriptions being reduced, although difficulties with the initiation process and software system were viewed to have constrained uptake of repeat dispensing. GPs generally agreed that repeat dispensing had the potential to improve patient care. Reports on working relationships with community pharmacists were generally positive, although some GPs expressed concerns about patients using pharmacies staffed by locums.

Conclusion

Repeat dispensing is a pharmacy-based service that relies on GP referral and involvement. While GPs seem receptive to the scheme in principle, uptake has remained variable. Strategies for wider implementation could include incorporating repeat dispensing into prescribing incentive schemes, and promoting increased collaboration between GPs and community pharmacists.
Integrating into family practice: the experiences of pharmacists in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Farrell Barbara , Pottie Kevin , Haydt Susan , Kennie Natalie , Sellors Connie , Dolovich> Lisa
Published: October 2008

Aims and objectives

This research examines the experiences of pharmacists as they integrated and adapted to meet the drug-related needs of family practice settings.

Setting

This research took place in physician-led group family medicine practices in Ontario, Canada. Each practice was in the process of integrating an on-site pharmacist.

Methods

Qualitative design using monthly pharmacist narrative reports (over the first 4months of pharmacist integration) and N-VIVO qualitative analysis software. Four independent researchers with varied professional backgrounds used descriptive thematic editing analysis to determine process and content themes. The analysis team created a draft of themes and received written feedback from each pharmacist.

Key findings

Four key themes emerged describing how pharmacists experienced the first several months working in family practice: (1) feelings: emotional challenges and victories; (2) establishing and building relationships: positive and negative experiences with physicians and staff; (3) learning new skills to contribute effectively and efficiently to patient care; and (4) strategies for integration: including practical demonstration of potential value to physicians to facilitate integration process. In addition, they identified a number of supports and constraints for integration.

Conclusion

The pharmacists' narratives demonstrate the challenges and rewards of the integration process. Adaptability and practical demonstration of potential utilization and benefit were crucial in physician acceptance of the pharmacist program. This description of the pharmacists' journey will be helpful for pharmacists, managers, policy-makers, researchers and educators as more pharmacists enter this type of primary care practice.
Font of a Nation: Creating a National Graphic Identity for Qatar
Authors: Mattern Shannon
Published: October 2008

In 2003 Qatar commissioned a young graphic designer to create a new graphic identity for the nation. The award-winning logo was intended to reinforce the history, values, religion, and language Qatar shares with other Arab countries and, simultaneously, the commitment to progressive development that aligns Qatar with the West. The contradictions ultimately prove too much for a typeface—and even for the nation—to sustain. Ultimately, what is branded is not a nation but a marketing-driven entity circulating amid flows of labor, capital, and image—a nation fetishized, a nation-as-corporation.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Debating Capital, Spectacle, and Modernity
Authors: Jeffrey Alex , McFarlane Colin , Vasudevan Alex
Published: October 2008

This article introduces the dossier of responses to the RETORT collective's Afflicted Powers: Capital and Spectacle in a New Age of War (2005). We seek to ground this text in its political and theoretical context, identifying its relevance to scholars and activists alike. We introduce the four commentaries, which collectively provide a challenging set of observations concerning RETORT'S analysis of the contemporary geopolitical moment, focusing in particular on their theorization of the spectacle, the nature of U.S. imperialism, and the politics of modernity.
Regulated adhesion as a driving force of gastrulation movements
Authors: Hammerschmidt Matthias , Wedlich Doris
Published: October 2008

Recent data have reinforced the fundamental role of regulated cell adhesion as a force that drives morphogenesis during gastrulation. As we discuss, cell adhesion is required for all modes of gastrulation movements in all organisms. It can even be instructive in nature, but it must be tightly and dynamically regulated. The picture that emerges from the recent findings that we review here is that different modes of gastrulation movements use the same principles of adhesion regulation, while adhesion molecules themselves coordinate the intra- and extracellular changes required for directed cell locomotion.
Arginyltransferase regulates alpha cardiac actin function, myofibril formation and contractility during heart development
Authors: Rai Reena , Wong Catherine C. L. , Xu Tao , Leu N. Adrian , Dong Dawei W. , Guo Caiying , McLaughlin K. John , Yates John R. , Kashina Anna
Published: October 2008

Post-translational arginylation mediated by arginyltransferase (Ate1) is essential for cardiovascular development and angiogenesis in mammals and directly affects myocardium structure in the developing heart. We recently showed that arginylation exerts a number of intracellular effects by modifying proteins involved in the functioning of the actin cytoskeleton and in cell motility. Here, we investigated the role of arginylation in the development and function of cardiac myocytes and their actin-containing structures during embryogenesis. Biochemical and mass spectrometry analyses showed that alpha cardiac actin undergoes arginylation at four sites during development. Ultrastructural analysis of the myofibrils in wild-type and Ate1knockout mouse hearts showed that the absence of arginylation results in defects in myofibril structure that delay their development and affect the continuity of myofibrils throughout the heart, predicting defects in cardiac contractility. Comparison of cardiac myocytes derived from wild-type and Ate1 knockout mouse embryos revealed that the absence of arginylation results in abnormal beating patterns. Our results demonstrate cell-autonomous cardiac myocyte defects in arginylation knockout mice that lead to severe congenital abnormalities similar to those observed in human disease, and outline a new function of arginylation in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in cardiac myocytes.
Dscam guides embryonic axons by Netrin-dependent and -independent functions
Authors: Andrews Gracie L. , Tanglao Shawna , Farmer W. Todd , Morin Steves , Brotman Steven , Berberoglu Michael A. , Price Hilary , Fernandez George C. , Mastick Grant S. , Charron Frédéric , Kidd Thomas
Published: October 2008

Developing axons are attracted to the CNS midline by Netrin proteins and other as yet unidentified signals. Netrin signals are transduced in part by Frazzled (Fra)/DCC receptors. Genetic analysis in Drosophilaindicates that additional unidentified receptors are needed to mediate the attractive response to Netrin. Analysis of Bolwig's nerve reveals that Netrin mutants have a similar phenotype to Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule (Dscam) mutants. Netrin and Dscam mutants display dose sensitive interactions, suggesting that Dscam could act as a Netrin receptor. We show using cell overlay assays that Netrin binds to fly and vertebrate Dscam, and that Dscam binds Netrin with the same affinity as DCC. At the CNS midline, we find that Dscam and its paralog Dscam3 act redundantly to promote midline crossing. Simultaneous genetic knockout of the two Dscam genes and the Netrin receptor fra produces a midline crossing defect that is stronger than the removal of Netrin proteins, suggesting that Dscam proteins also function in a pathway parallel to Netrins. Additionally, overexpression of Dscam in axons that do not normally cross the midline is able to induce ectopic midline crossing, consistent with an attractive receptor function. Our results support the model that Dscam proteins function as attractive receptors for Netrin and also act in parallel to Frazzled/DCC. Furthermore, the results suggest that Dscam proteins have the ability to respond to multiple ligands and act as receptors for an unidentified midline attractive cue. These functions in axon guidance have implications for the pathogenesis of Down Syndrome.
The Mn1 transcription factor acts upstream ofTbx22and preferentially regulates posterior palate growth in mice
Authors: Liu Wenjin , Lan Yu , Pauws Erwin , Meester-Smoor Magda A. , Stanier Philip , Zwarthoff Ellen C. , Jiang Rulang
Published: October 2008

The mammalian secondary palate exhibits morphological, pathological and molecular heterogeneity along the anteroposterior axis. Although the cell proliferation rates are similar in the anterior and posterior regions during palatal outgrowth, previous studies have identified several signaling pathways and transcription factors that specifically regulate the growth of the anterior palate. By contrast, no factor has been shown to preferentially regulate posterior palatal growth. Here, we show that mice lacking the transcription factor Mn1 have defects in posterior but not anterior palatal growth. We show that Mn1 mRNA exhibits differential expression along the anteroposterior axis of the developing secondary palate, with preferential expression in the middle and posterior regions during palatal outgrowth. Extensive analyses of palatal gene expression in wild-type and Mn1-/- mutant mice identified Tbx22, the mouse homolog of the human X-linked cleft palate gene, as a putative downstream target of Mn1 transcriptional activation. Tbx22 exhibits a similar pattern of expression with that of Mn1 along the anteroposterior axis of the developing palatal shelves and its expression is specifically downregulated in Mn1-/- mutants. Moreover, we show that Mn1 activated reporter gene expression driven by either the human or mouse Tbx22gene promoters in co-transfected NIH3T3 cells. Overexpression of Mn1in NIH3T3 cells also increased endogenous Tbx22 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner. These data indicate that Mn1 and Tbx22 function in a novel molecular pathway regulating mammalian palate development.
PIP5K-dependent production of PIP2 sustains microtubule organization to establish polarized transport in theDrosophilaoocyte
Authors: Gervais Louis , Claret Sandra , Januschke Jens , Roth Siegfried , Guichet Antoine
Published: October 2008

The attachment of the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane is crucial in controlling the polarized transport of cell-fate-determining molecules. Attachment involves adaptor molecules, which have the capacity to bind to both the plasma membrane and elements of the cytoskeleton, such as microtubules and actin filaments. Using the Drosophila oocyte as a model system, we show that the type I phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K),Skittles, is necessary to sustain the organization of microtubules and actin cytoskeleton required for the asymmetric transport of oskar, bicoidand gurken mRNAs and thereby controls the establishment of cell polarity. We show that Skittles function is crucial to synthesize and maintain phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2) at the plasma membrane in the oocyte. Reduction of Skittles activity impairs activation at the plasma membrane of Moesin, a member of the ERM family known to link the plasma membrane to the actin-based cytoskeleton. Furthermore, we provide evidence that Skittles, by controlling the localization of Bazooka, Par-1 and Lgl, but not Lkb1, to the cell membrane, regulates PAR polarity proteins and the maintenance of specific cortical domains along the anteroposterior axis.
Tailbud-derived Bmp4 drives proliferation and inhibits maturation of zebrafish chordamesoderm
Authors: Esterberg Robert , Delalande Jean-Marie , Fritz Andreas
Published: October 2008

In zebrafish, BMP signaling establishes cell identity along the dorsoventral (DV) axis during gastrulation. Owing to the early requirements of BMP activity in DV patterning, it has been difficult to assign later roles in cell fate specification to specific BMP ligands. In this study, we have taken advantage of two follistatin-like genes (fstl1 and fstl2), as well as a transgenic zebrafish line carrying an inducible truncated form of the BMP-type 1 receptor to study the role of Bmp4 outside of the context of DV specification. Characterization of fstl1/2 suggests that they exert a redundant role as BMP antagonists during late gastrulation,regulating BMP activity in axial mesoderm. Maintenance of appropriate levels of BMP signaling is crucial for the proper development of chordamesoderm, a subset of axial mesoderm that gives rise to the notochord, but not prechordal mesoderm, which gives rise to the prechordal plate. Bmp4 activity in particular is required during a crucial window beginning at late gastrulation and lasting through early somitogenesis to promote chordamesoderm proliferation. In the absence of Bmp4, the notochord precursor pool is depleted, and the notochord differentiates prematurely. Our results illustrate a role for Bmp4 in the proliferation and timely differentiation of axial tissue after DV axis specification.
Drift and spatial distortion elimination in atomic force microscopy images by the digital image correlation technique
Authors: Xu Z-H , Li X-D , Sutton M A , Li N
Published: October 2008

The characterization of nanomaterials and nanostructures on the nanoscale has been a tremendous challenge for many existing testing and measurement techniques. With the rapid development of microfabrication and nanofabrication technologies, appropriate and accurate tools for nanometrology and nanomechanical testing must be developed. In this study, a recently developed methodology for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image correction has been successfully adapted to correct the drift and spatial distortion of atomic force microscopy (AFM) images. Using this approach with a standard AFM sample stage, the errors in AFM images, artificial strains for zero deformation, have been reduced to 150×10−6 ± 1300×10−6. When using a sample stage with closed-loop control, the method reduces errors to 200×10−6 ± 1000×10−6, confirming that the SEM-based approach is capable of removing much of the distortion present in typical AFM images.
The application of high-speed digital image correlation
Authors: Reu P L , Miller T J
Published: October 2008

Digital image correlation (DIC) is a method of using digital images to calculate two-dimensional displacement and deformation or for stereo systems three-dimensional shape, displacement, and deformation. While almost any imaging system can be used with DIC, there are some important challenges when working with the technique in high- and ultra-high-speed applications. This article discusses three of these challenges: camera sensor technology, camera frame rate, and camera motion mitigation. Potential solutions are treated via three demonstration experiments showing the successful application of high-speed DIC for dynamic events. The application and practice of DIC at high speeds, rather than the experimental results themselves, provide the main thrust of the discussion.
The stress intensity of mixed mode cracks determined by digital image correlation
Authors: Lopez-Crespo P , Shterenlikht A , Patterson E A , Yates J R , Withers P J
Published: October 2008

A generalized approach for determining the stress intensity factors (SIFs) KI and KII for any mode mixity directly from displacement fields obtained by digital image correlation is presented using a centre fatigue cracked aluminium plate as an example problem. It was found that the crack-tip position could be determined on average to within 50 per cent of the displacement vector spacing (60 μm). The approach has been shown to be fairly robust, both in terms of the stability of the SIFs thus obtained and their sensitivity (less than 0.07 MPa
Methods and applications of digital volume correlation
Authors: Bay B K
Published: October 2008

Digital volume correlation, an experimental method for volumetric strain measurement, has experienced a growth in technique development and application since its introduction in 1999. This has largely been the result of more accessible volumetric imaging methods and greater speed and capacity of computational facilities. This paper reviews recent work using the method and presents examples from the author's laboratory. The emerging message is that, although closely related to the surface-oriented method of digital image correlation, the volume method is distinct due to its predominant reliance on naturally occurring image texture for displacement tracking. This requires careful tuning for successful application with different materials, and therefore the appropriate focus should not be on developing the ‘best’ digital volume correlation method, but on developing a set of tools that can be selected from and adjusted to specific mechanics problems.
Vision and reality: community involvement in Irish urban regeneration
Authors: Muir Jenny , Rhodes Mary Lee
Published: October 2008

This article examines the processes and outcomes of community involvement in six Irish urban regeneration case studies, three in Dublin and three in Belfast. The findings are part of a wider study using a Complex Adaptive Systems perspective to analyse public sector decision making. Key points included: (1) the community ‘vision’ of the regeneration as an emergent property, which converged towards the vision held by the implementing agencies in the four most successful programmes; and (2) the identification of three features that contribute to non-linear (unpredictable) behaviour: a history of community involvement; the availability of resources; and the intervention of key individuals at crisis points.
The slow emergence of the French regions
Authors: Loughlin John
Published: October 2008

The 1982 French decentralisation reforms upgraded the indirectly elected regional councils to fully-fledged subnational governments alongside the departments and communes. This article examines how regional governments have grown in importance, gradually gaining new powers and, through the system of state–region contracts, becoming the key subnational level of economic development planning. They have also forged new contractual relations with the associations of communes. Their advance continued fitfully until halted by the election of President Sarkozy in 2007 and the prospects are that regional government will continue to evolve, but in a slower, more piecemeal way through policy adjustment rather than institutional reform.
Twenty-first-century jeremiad: Contemporary hip-hop and American tradition
Authors: Williams Paul
Published: October 2008

This article explores the work of Immortal Technique and Mr. Lif, two rappers who have used hip-hop to draw attention to the materialism, economic inequality, racism and militarism of twenty-first-century America. Their lyrics are understood here as an evolution of the tradition of
the jeremiad, a genre of Puritan sermon given a particularly American intonation in mid-seventeenth-century New England. This article affirms Bercovitch's (1978) contention that the Puritan jeremiad has had an enduring presence in American culture, although points of distinction between the
jeremiad in the seventeenth century and the twenty-first are articulated here. Those differences include the inability to assume a shared listening community and the difficulty of verbally apprehending rampant commercialism when the trails of multinational capitalism run around the globe and
through history. This shift in historical context is linked to the elaboration of symbolism used by the hip-hop jeremiahs: figurative language and allusions rapidly accumulate in a frantic attempt to gain critical perspective on an America these rappers believe has erred in its ways and must
expect apocalyptic repercussions as a consequence.
Female monsters: Horror, the Femme Fatale and World War II
Authors: Jancovich Mark
Published: October 2008

The article is an examination of critical reception of the figure of the female monster as it emerged from the horror film during World War II, and it seeks to analyse discourses through which this figure was understood during the period of their initial release. In the process, the
article demonstrates that the figure currently referred to as the femme fatale was not understood as a coherent or unified phenomenon in the period, and that it did not develop as part of a reaction against the working women of wartime. On the contrary, the essay demonstrates the ways in which
the female monster developed around the start of the war and the way in which she was both identified with the figure of slacker and often overtly opposed to the figure of the independent woman of wartime.
Reviews
Authors: Tebbetts Terrell , Keene Rachael
Published: October 2008

William Faulkner: An Economy of Complex Words, Richard Godden (2007) Princeton and Oxford: Princeton UP, x + 251 pp., ISBN -13: 978-0-691-13071-2 (hbk), 23.95

Transatlantic Literary Studies: A Reader, Susan Manning and Andrew Taylor (2007) Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press, xiv + 343 pp., ISBN 9780748622863 (hbk), 60.00
Love as reclamation in Toni Morrison's African American rhetoric
Authors: Alexandru Maria-Sabina Draga
Published: October 2008

There is a long tradition of using the lovehate dichotomy as a rhetorical trope in the African American struggle for emancipation. In an interview with Toni Morrison (The Nation, 24 May 2004) Cornel West points out the peculiar function of African American love as a catalyst for change
which takes on subversive status rather than being just a gesture. When, throughout history, a people has been systematically taught to hate themselves (Morrison and West 2004), love the opposite of hatred becomes the most effective means of resistance and of claiming ownership of one's history.
Toni Morrison's mission as a writer is to write for and from within the African American community. Whilst one of her major concerns is to rewrite African American history, she takes over this tradition of resistance through love and uses it to forge a writing technique through which she dissents
from what she calls the whiteness of the American literary canon. Morrison develops a rhetoric of negatives in which mechanisms of dysfunctional love are turned into political strategies for reclaiming African American history. This article will argue that love is a central trope in Morrison's
shaping of an alternative African American, non-WASP narrative rhetoric and will analyse the evolution of this rhetoric in her novels Beloved, Jazz, Paradise and Love.
Reviews
Authors: Hutchison Hazel , Ireland Richard W
Published: October 2008

The Cambridge History of American Literature: Volume Three, Prose Writing 18601920, Sacvan Bercovitch (ed.) (2005) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, xi + 813 pp., ISBN 9780521301077 (hbk) 85.00

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., Legal Theory, and Judicial Restraint,
Frederic R. Kellogg (2007) New York: Cambridge University Press, xiii + 206 pp., ISBN-13: 9780521866507 (hbk) 45.00
Art education as social intervention
Authors: Moura Anabela
Published: October 2008

This paper reflects on two aspects of the Portuguese education system: (i) the role and delivery of Citizenship Education in the national curriculum; and (ii) training provided by the Escola Superior de Educao do Instituto Politcnico de Viana do Castelo for teachers of Visual and Technological
Education to children aged six to twelve. In the final two years of their four year degree course, these students design and implement visual art activities during teaching practice, and teach other school subjects such as Civic Education. The paper reflects upon their aims and methods for
Citizenship Education and Art and ways in which they apply their knowledge of these subjects in school classrooms. It discusses obstacles and difficulties arising during their teaching practice and identifies curricula lacks and/or needs.
Children's processes of drawing from memory: a trans-cultural study in France and Brazil
Authors: Coutinho Solange , Ferreira rika , Darras Bernard , Miranda Eva
Published: October 2008

This article reports on some research into drawing from memory carried out in Brazil and France that investigated similarities in the way children render graphic components. In both countries, children, aged 5 to 12 years, were asked to draw a pineapple, typewriter, teapot, telephone
and a starfish from memory and the research team studied what they drew and how. They investigated the outcomes using frequency and sequence studies to analyse how many children drew the same components of each object and in what order. The study revealed a high level of common attributes
in the drawing process regardless of age, gender and cultural differences and the characteristics of the objects.
Festival Reviews
Authors: Cengiz N. Buket , Kramer Gary M
Published: October 2008

The twenty-seventh International Istanbul Film Festival 520 April 2008 A report by N. Buket Cengiz

Miami International Film Festival/Philadelphia Film Festival 2008 A report by Gary M. Kramer
A space of inclusiveness: The case of the art music of Iraq
Authors: Hassan Scheherazade
Published: October 2008

The traditional art music of Iraq, the Iraqi maqam (IM), which is part of other core Islamic maqam traditions, has been historically designed to fulfil two purposes: a supranational frame and a diversity of local contents. Both of these underscore the idea of bringing together multi-ethnic
and multi-social differences articulating them on a common ground of musical content, social contexts and performers.

By bringing together the study of the social and the musical, this article proposes to draw an insight into the question of Iraqi identity as expressed in the tradition
of this musical genre. I argue that what structures the identity is above all the cultural marker and that IM is a strong cultural marker in that it represents what really forms the relation between the ethnic and the social groups in the country. The interaction appears in sacred and religious
ceremonies, secular meetings and all social gatherings as it clearly appears in transmitted moral and aesthetic values.
Reviews
Authors: Ismael Shereen T , Zunes Stephen , Karim Ghazi A , Herring Eric
Published: October 2008

Cultural Cleansing in Occupied Iraq: A Review Article

Beyond the Green Zone: Dispatches from an Unembedded Journalist in Occupied Iraq, Dahr Jamail, (2007) Chicago: Haymarket Books, 240 pp., ISBN 1931859477 (hbk), US 20.00

City of Widows: An Iraqi Woman's
Account of War and Resistance, Haifa Zangana, (2007) New York: Seven Stories Press, 160 pp., ISBN 1583227792 (hbk), US 20.00

The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism, Naomi Klein, (2007) New York: Henry Holt and Company, 576 pp., ISBN 0805079831 (hbk), US
28.00

Imperial Life in the Emerald City: Inside Iraq's Green Zone, Rajiv Chandrasekaran, (2007) New York: Knopf Publishing, 365 pp., ISBN 0307278832 (hbk), US 14.95

In the Belly of the Green Bird: The Triumph of the Martyrs in Iraq, Nir Rosen, (2007) Darby,
PA: Diane Publishing Company, 264 pp., ISBN 1422368033 (hbk), US 26.00

Blackwater: The Rise of the World's Most Powerful Mercenary Army, Jeremy Scahill, (2007) New York and San Francisco: Avalon Publishing Group, 452 pp., ISBN 1560259795 (hbk), US 26.95

The Israel
Lobby and US Middle East Policy, John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen M. Walt, (2007) New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 496 pp., ISBN 0374177724 (hbk), US 26.00

Last Days in Babylon: The History of a Family, the Story of a Nation, Marina Benjamin, (2006) New York: The
Free Press, 320 pp., ISBN 9780743258432 (hbk), US 25.00

A Different Kind of War: The UN Sanctions Regime in Iraq, Hans C. von Sponeck, (2006) New York: Berghahn Books, xii + 322 pp., ISBN 1-84545-2220-4 (hbk), 39.95/22.95
Iraqi Kurdistan: Fending off uneasy neighbours
Authors: Bahcheli Tozun , Fragiskatos Peter
Published: October 2008

In the aftermath of the US-led invasion and occupation of Iraq in 2003, Iraqi Kurds have made unprecedented political gains due to their alliance with the United States and the key role they have played in the post-Saddam government in Baghdad. Although Iraqi Kurds yearn for independence,
their leaders have refrained from following such a course in view of Turkish and Iranian anxieties that an independent Kurdistan in northern Iraq would stimulate nationalism among their restive Kurdish populations. Turkey and Iran have warned Iraqi Kurdish leaders against pursuing independence,
and the former has warned the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) against plans to incorporate oil-rich Kirkuk. Although both countries engage in mutually beneficial trade with the KRG, the Turkish and Iranian governments have quarrelled with the Kurdish leadership over the activities of the
Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) and the Party of Free Life of Kurdistan (PJAK), which have used KRG territory to launch attacks against Turkey and Iran respectively. In view of the acute vulnerability of Iraqi Kurdistan, prudence requires that the Iraqi Kurdish leadership avoid any needless
provocation of Turkey and Iran, and to refrain from any hasty move toward independence.
Japan's policy towards the Iraq War
Authors: Miyagi Yukiko
Published: October 2008

This article discusses Japan's pro-US position in the Iraq War of 2003. This was an anomaly in Japanese Middle East policy, which is normally characterized by its balancing between Middle East oil interests and its alliance with the United States. The article explains why the US tie
was prioritized over links with Iraq and other Middle East states, why Japan actively promoted US war policy and how Japanese policy-makers overcame public opposition and constitutional constraints in deploying Japanese troops in Iraq. It argues that Japanese policy-makers' perceptions of
unchallengeable US international dominance and the expectation of US success in regime change in Iraq determined their preferences, while the personal popularity of the Japanese prime minister was important in allowing them to prevail.
Education and the radicalization of Iraqi politics: Britain, the Iraqi Communist Party, and the Russian link, 194149
Authors: Franzn Johan
Published: October 2008

Following the termination of its mandate in 1932, Britain precariously tried to retain its influence in Iraq. Nonetheless, nationalist endorsement of educational expansion precipitated the emergence of new intermediate social strata, which, unattached to traditional loyalties, became
increasingly radicalized during the 1940s. Among these strata new anti-British political groups emerged who increasingly challenged the British presence in Iraq. The Iraqi Communist Party (ICP), founded in 1934, was arguably the greatest threat to British interests in Iraq during the monarchical
period. Yet, British (and Iraqi) intelligence failed to fully understand the threat posed by the ICP, nor did it recognize the potentially dangerous role of the politicized intermediate strata. Dismissing the idea that Iraq with its traditional polity could produce ideologically committed
Communists, British officers on the ground maintained that any signs of Communism in Iraq were inevitably a result of Russian imperialism. The stringent and disdainful attitude of these officers towards both the domestic politicized classes and the local Communists thus further isolated the
British. This, in turn, helps explain the wide chasm that developed throughout the 1940s between the Iraqi elite and the British on the one hand and the popular classes on the other, culminating in the popular uprising known as the Wathbah in 1948.
Contemporary Christian radio in the United States
Authors: Lochte Robert
Published: October 2008

Christian radio is a growing sector; its North American presence, in terms of number of stations, has more than doubled in size in the last twenty years. Yet there is little coverage of this broadcasting format, particularly disinterested academic discourse. This study seeks to address
this absence, and to provide a summary of the evolution, role and significance of Christian radio in US radio broadcasting. It attempts to define what we mean by Christian radio, and to examine the drivers of its recent growth. Finally, the article presents some reflections on the possible
future of the format, and whether or not this growth represents an important trend in the radio industry.
Book Reviews
Authors: Rudin Richard , Linfoot Matthew , Starkey Guy , Lacey Kate
Published: October 2008

Crossing the Ether: British Public Service Radio and Commercial Competition 19221945, Sean Street (2006) Eastleigh: John Libby Publishing, 296 pp., ISBN 0 86196 668 6 (pbk), 22.00
Historical Dictionary of British Radio, Sean Street (2006) Oxford: Scarecrow
Press, 318 pp., ISBN 0 8108 5304 3 (hbk), $80.00
Programme Making for Radio, Jim Beaman (2006) London: Routledge 129 pp., ISBN 0-415-36572-4 (pbk), 14.99
Radio: A Complete Guide to the industry, W.A. Richter (2006) New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 296
pp., ISBN 0820-4763-31 (pbk), 13.39
Radio's Intimate Public: Network Broadcasting and Mass-Mediated Democracy, Jason Loviglio (2005) Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press, 171 pp., ISBN 0-8166-4234-6 (pbk), 13.50
Does indie mean independence? Freedom and restraint in a late 1990s US college radio community
Authors: Waits Jennifer C
Published: October 2008

This article investigates the role that one non-commercial college radio station in the Los Angeles area played in the broader music community during the late 1990s, when formerly alternative rock music was getting played on commercial radio. By instituting a radical indie (independent
of corporate control) only policy for rock-related music being added to the station, this radio station defined itself even more strongly as an oppositional practice against commercial radio. At the same time, the definition of indie was being contested as both an aesthetic and economic term,
both at the station and within the broader music industry. Based on participant observation and interviews, this article interrogates this station's radical indie music policies, uncovering the challenges faced when an organisation has rules based on contested terminology. Although the radio
station's formatting rules were designed to foster a spirit of independence from the corporate music industry, they often led to feelings of disempowerment among DJs. Along with the mainstreaming of alternative practices in the 1990s came an increasing vigilance among underground communities,
who sought to keep their subcultures pure and untainted by corporate interests, yet as this article highlights, it is very difficult to remain isolated from commercial culture.
Remediating radio: Audio streaming, music recommendation and the discourse of radioness
Authors: Freire Ariana Moscote
Published: October 2008

In recent years, the consumption of audio material online has become a significant force in the media landscape. As this is often referred to as radio, we are led to address the way in which this user-defined, personalised experience relates to more traditional discourses of radioness.
Are the existing concepts of radio, as deployed, relevant to this form of consumption, or do they serve to create false expectations and structures within the newer formats? This article charts the current and historical conceptions of radio, and compares this with the nature of the various
online experiences available, in order to establish the extent to which these can be classified as radio, and to which it is reasonable for them to claim this title.
Phew! Whaam! Aaargh! Boo!: Sense, Sensation, and Picturing Sound
Authors: Warner Marina
Published: October 2008

The artists who created the conventions of comic strip graphics invented a way of visualizing noise that no predecessors had attempted. Since Popeye first landed his fist to a resounding Splat! or Batman and Captain America laid about them to accompanying sound effects, visualized noises
have become a defining feature of this storytelling medium. This article explores the noises that material things make. In this article, Marina Warner offers insights on how sounds play a crucial part in defining the unique quality of objects, with reference to comics, Schwitters, Beckett,
Dante and Tacita Dean.
The voice and the uncanny
Authors: Shewring Chu-Li
Published: October 2008

This article explores different forms that can be assumed by the dissociated voice. Of Mother is a film essay reconstructing a situation Shewring experienced. Speaker and V are films made with an observation of the dissociated voice in mind; the former being the
use of recorded voices in Beijing, the latter a written account of the author's experiences during filming, and a discussion of the notion of the uncanny.
Aspects of synchrony in animation
Authors: Deutsch Stephen
Published: October 2008

This article examines aspects of how sound (especially music) integrates with animated images and, especially, how synchrony between sound and image offers the viewer focal points of attention within the animation. It examines synchronic gestures in two animations one abstract, the
other representational and compares the use of synchronous sound in both. It places these two works in the context of animation generally and offers reflections on aspects of the relationship between sound and image in animated film.

Links to the audio and video material described are offered
in the body of the text.
Bilirubin measurement – an updated survey1
Authors: Thaler Markus , Luppa Peter B. , Schlebusch Harald
Published: October 2008

The goal of precise, accurate and specific measurement of bilirubin and its subfractions in serum has not yet been achieved, despite many different methods being available. In addition to the traditional photometric diazo procedures, drychemistry methods, direct spectro-photometry in serum and whole blood and for scientific purposes separations by HPLC were established. For point-of-care diagnostics several test procedures are available. This article reviews the most notable methods and describes advantages and disadvantages of the different bilirubin analyses.
Fatigue Crack Growth in Open and Nut-Loaded Bolts with and without Pretension Loading
Authors: Prakash Raghu V , Bagla Akash
Published: October 2008

Results of an experimental study to understand crack growth in open threaded bolts and nut-loaded bolts with and without pretension are presented in this paper. Experimental crack growth rates are compared with predicted solutions obtained from known stress intensity factor solutions. For the experiment, a specially designed fixture was used for loading the bolt and the level of pretension was varied by controlling the displacement on the arm of the C section of the fixture. Programmed Hi–Lo fatigue load sequence was applied on a bolt to ensure that decodable marker bands are left behind on the fracture surface, to study the crack growth characteristics. Fatigue crack growth rate was estimated using a scanning electron microscope by identifying crack increment during high stress ratio cycles. This has been compared with predicted crack growth rates using available stress intensity factor solutions. Crack growth at the center of the bolt correlates well with Toribio’s (Int. J. Fract., Vol. 53, 1992, pp. 367–385) finite element based predictions for open threaded bolts. Crack growth rate is much higher at the surface than at the center. In case of nut-loaded bolts, available K solutions are found to be inadequate to provide an accurate estimate of crack growth rates at the center of the bolt. Further study is required to characterize the effect of friction, pitch angle, and thread geometry to understand crack growth in bolts.
Neurological and psychiatric aspects of some gastrointestinal diseases
Authors: Aszalós Zsuzsa
Published: October 2008

A gastrointestinalis rendszer egyrészt a független enteralis idegrendszer irányítása alatt áll, másrészt szorosan kapcsolódik a központi idegrendszerhez, és közöttük bidirekcionális kommunikáció van. E kommunikáció neuralis pályákon, immun- és endokrin mechanizmusokon keresztül történik. Az agy-bél tengely kiemelkedő fontosságú a bélfunkció modulálásában. Különböző eredetű szignálok (hang, látvány, szag, szomatikus és visceralis események, fájdalom) jutnak el az agyhoz, amelyeket a memória, kognitív és affektív mechanizmusok módosítanak, ezután integrálódnak a központi idegrendszer, a gerincvelő, az autonóm és enteralis idegrendszer köreiben. Fiziológiai hatásokat váltanak ki, megváltoztatják a motilitást, a szekréciót, az immunfunkciót, a gastrointestinalis traktus vérátáramlását. Az egyik fő neurotranszmitter a szerotonin, amely kulcsszerepet játszik a leggyakoribb krónikus, funkcionális gastrointestinalis betegség, az irritábilis bél szindróma patogenezisében. Ez a biopszichoszociális kórkép az agy-bél tengely diszregulációjának következménye, ahol az endogén fájdalomgátlás helyett a fájdalom facilitációja lép fel, a visceralis percepció patológiás mértékben fokozódik, és a fájdalomküszöb csökken. A betegek anamnézisében igen gyakori az elszenvedett erőszakos esemény, személyiségvonásaik közül leggyakrabban a túlzott lelkiismeretességet, a perfekcionizmust, a túlérzékenységet, a hatékonyságérzés hiányát, a nagyobb szociális megfelelés iránti igényt, a neuroticizmust és az alexithymiát írják le. Nőkre jellemző a nemi szerepkonfliktus és az alacsony asszertivitás. Kezelésükben az antidepresszánsoknak és a pszichoterápiás módszereknek egyaránt szerepük van. A neuroticizmus és az alexithymia a gyulladásos bélbetegségben szenvedőkre is jellemző, anamnézisükben gyakori a zavart anya-gyermek kapcsolat. Szokványos és korai neurológiai szövődmény az autonóm neuropathia. A refluxbetegség és az obstruktív alvási apnoe kölcsönösen generálják egymást, súlyosságuk korrelál. Coeliakiában a leggyakoribb neurológiai manifesztáció az ataxia, a polyneuropathia és a myopathia. A szövettanilag igazolt coeliakiák 85%-ában nem jelentkeznek gastrointestinalis tünetek, ezért idiopathiás ataxia esetén igen fontos az antigliadinantitest-titer mérése. A gluténmentes étrend a neurológiai tünetek teljes regresszióját eredményezheti.
The level of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin is highly increased in bodybuilders
Authors: Szabó György , Keller Éva , Szabó Gergely , Lengyel Gabriella , Fehér János
Published: October 2008

A szénhidrátszegény transzferrin (CDT: carbohydrate-deficient transferrin) meghatározása a napi 60 g-nál több alkoholt fogyasztók körében volt használatos, elsősorban biztosítás-orvostani szempontok miatt, mivel a szintje 2-3 héttel a fogyasztás befejezése után is informatív értékű.Célkitűzés:A vegyszerek, gyógyszerek vagy táplálékkiegészítők és úgynevezett proteinek nem rendeltetésszerű használata esetén a CDT% szintjére vonatkozóan nincs sok információ a szakirodalomban, ezért eseteinket bemutatásra érdemesnek tartjuk.Esetismertetés:A bodybuilderek CDT%-értéke mindhárom esetben, nem orvosi utasításra, hanem önként, laikus módon használt szerek, gyógyszerek, élelmiszerek fogyasztása után – alkoholt nem fogyasztván –, lényeges emelkedést mutatott.Következtetés:Mivel mindhárom bodybuilder egyébként egészséges, alkoholt nem fogyaszt, munkahelyén vegyszerrel nem kerül kapcsolatba, feltételezésünk szerint csak az általuk szedett, forgalomban lévő testépítő anyagok hatására mutathatnak emelkedett CDT%-szintet.
Thermophysical Properties of L12 Intermetallic Compounds of Iridium
Authors: Terada Yoshihiro
Published: October 2008

Thermal conductivity and thermal expansion for the intermetallic compounds Ir
3
X (X = Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb or Ta) were measured in the temperature range between 300 and 1100 K. The thermal conductivities of Ir
3
X are distributed in the range from 41 to 99 W m

–1
K

–1
at 300 K, while the difference of thermal conductivities becomes less emphasised at higher temperatures. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) values of Ir
3
X are insensitive to temperature, and fall around 8 × 10

–6
K

–1
at 800 K. The Ir
3
X intermetallic compounds with X = Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb or Ta are suitable for ultra high-temperature structural applications due to their higher thermal conductivities and smaller CTE values.