bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Historiography of the English State During ‘The Long Eighteenth Century’ Part Two – Fiscal‐Military and Nationalist Perspectives
Authors: Devereaux Simon
Published: August 2010

This article (begun in a previous issue) reviews the four most prominent themes in the historiography of the modern English state during the last six decades, with a particular focus on ‘the long eighteenth century’ (ca. 1660–1837). The first is the vision of an expansive and centralized administrative state in Victorian England most famously set forth in the work of the late Oliver MacDonagh. Second is the notion of the state as an information‐gathering entity that has recently been forcefully stated by Edward Higgs. Third is the vision of an unexpectedly powerful, substantially centralized ‘fiscal‐military’ state during the eighteenth century, powerfully evoked in the work of John Brewer. Finally, a brief overview is given of the prodigious historical literature that has arisen in recent years surrounding the notion of the state as an abstract entity capable of commanding the loyalties of those people over whom it rules. The article concludes by suggesting how a more fully integrated vision of the English state in history might be achieved through a deeper, more dynamic interrelation of changing political–administrative structures and shifting social–cultural forces.
A Decade of Disquieting Diplomacy: South Africa, Zimbabwe and the Ideology of the National Democratic Revolution, 1999–2009
Authors: Moore David
Published: August 2010

Reflections on South African diplomacy regarding Zimbabwe, inspired by hopes that Nelson Mandela’s discourse of cross‐border support for liberal human rights would continue after his departure, are pervaded by disquiet. They suggest that Thabo Mbeki’s ‘quiet diplomacy’ during the decade of his incumbency indicated either cynical realpolitik or enthusiastic support for a dictator, under the guise of supporting Zimbabwean sovereignty and pan‐Africanism. This more nuanced article takes ideas seriously by closely examining a long Mbeki text on the question of Zimbabwe, underpinned by the Soviet‐inspired ‘national democratic revolution’ ideology. This ‘NDR’ discourse illustrates much about the contradictions of ‘marxists’ in power in a world far from approaching the ideology’s progenitors’ expectations, regarding both foreign policy and further realms of ‘democracy’. Examination of the text thus illustrates the petards upon which many African rulers rest, pointing to even more disquiet for advocates of liberal (or socialist) democracy – abroad and at home.
Australian Multiculturalism: Revisiting Australia’s Political Heritage and the Migrant Presence
Authors: Mason Robert
Published: August 2010

Australian multiculturalism has become central to the nation’s political landscape, yet historians have rarely considered the impact of government policies on migrants’ pre‐existing political identities. Multiculturalism became government policy in 1973, in recognition of the new complexity of Australian society that followed greatly increased post‐war immigration. The new policy sought to facilitate migrants’ inclusion in Australian society, without obliging them to surrender their cultural heritage. Similar to the government’s emphasis on ethnic identity, historians have displayed sustained interest in ethnic heritage, rather than on migrants’ political belief. New research in transnational histories and social memory studies provide renewed potential to evaluate the processes through which migrants’ political and moral ideals have been transferred to Australia. Memories of social norms and cultural landscapes existed in a dialogue with migrants’ everyday Australian experiences, helping to frame their engagement with broader society. The closer integration of multicultural studies with transnational research and memory studies offers new perspectives of Australian history, and a deeper understanding of migrants’ engagement in multicultural Australia.
The Flash‐ageing of Vat‐printed Viscose Rayon Fabrics
Authors: Fern A. S. , Liquorice W. F.
Published: August 2010

The evolution of pad–steam processes for fixing printed vat dyes on cellulosic fabrics is traced. The behaviour of a wide range of vat dyes under laboratory “flash‐ageing” conditions with sodium dithionite (hydrosulphite)–caustic soda as the reducing system indicated the most satisfactory thickening agent, dyes, and padding and steaming conditions, and led to the design of a bulk‐scale steamer operating at about 7 yd./min. with a steaming time of about 20 sec. The percentage fixation of a selected range of dyes on viscose rayon and on cotton under flash‐ageing conditions compares favourably with that obtained by the “all‐in” sulphoxylate–carbonate printing process, where the steaming time is sixty times as long. Many vat dyes show improved brightness and/or colour value when steamed for short times, owing to the absence of leuco decomposition or over‐reduction. Such a flash‐ageing process is ideally suited to screen printers and to those machine printers of all‐vat styles who wish to augment their steaming capacity with little capital expenditure. A modified process is being worked out with thiourea dioxide as reducing agent in the printing paste, development being by padding with caustic soda before steaming. This is particularly suitable for designs of low coverage, or where it is essential to process other types of dyes alongside vat dyes. Preliminary experiments indicate that emulsion thickenings are unlikely to show much technological advantage over conventional thickenings in the flash‐ageing process.
Relation between Structure of Chrome Dyes and Effect on Wood Fibre Properties in Dyeing
Authors: Campbell B. , Rushworth J.
Published: August 2010

The reaction of wool with covalent and ionically linking nitro compounds, i.e. I‐fluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene, picric acid, and picramic acid, has been shown to strengthen wool fibres because of an effect of the nitro group. The influence on fibre strength and supercontraction of chroming under different conditions has been investigated and the effect of selected chrome dyes on fibre strength has also been examined. An attempt has been made to correlate the chemical structure of these dyes with their effect on the fibre. The effect of chrome dyes on milling properties has been examined and found to correlate well with the changes in strength of the fibre on chrome dyeing.
WEDNESDAY MORNING, 15th SEPTEMBER 1965
Authors: WOOD L. MORTON , MCLAREN K.
Published: August 2010

One of the most noticeable characteristics of textile articles today is that they are usually accompanied by a variety of labels, many of which have implications concerning colour fastness. These labels are sponsored not only by textile manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers, but also by makers of dyes, fibres, detergents and appliances, dyers and printers, national standards authorities, retail organisations, and magazines; and now a national labelling scheme which includes textiles has been announced by the Consumer Council. The whole field is reviewed in the light of the Molony Committee's report and suggestions are made as to how such labels could best be used to reduce the incidence of consumer complaints about inadequate colour fastness.
Control of Whites: The Cibanoid White Scale
Authors: ANDERS G.
Published: August 2010

So far no satisfactory methods of evaluating the degree of whiteness of fluorescently brightened materials have been developed. However, the increasing importance of fluorescently brightened textiles, plastics, and paper clearly makes the reliable evaluation of their degree of whiteness and their fastness properties essential. This can be achieved through the use of a light‐fast and washable scale, constructed from suitable plastics materials, which itself can be controlled by means of the existing standard fastness tests. Simple formulae for the degree of whiteness do not give satisfactory agreement with visual estimations. Under specific conditions, however, some of the more common colour‐difference formulae for non‐fluorescent materials may be used to evaluate the degree of whiteness. An objective method for the determination of the dominant wavelength of corrected fluorescent spectra is described.
Continuous Dyeing of Fabrics by the One‐bath ‘Extended‐time’ Pad–Steam Process
Authors: GERBER H. , LEHMANN H. , SOMM F.
Published: August 2010

The continuous dyeing of fabrics by padding and then passage through steamers of large capacity for 2–10 min is described. The thermodynamics of the process are considered, and dyeing plants (Küsters and Gerber) in current use are discussed. Recommendations are given for the conditions for dyeing nylon–cotton plush, acrylic‐cotton plush, lining materials, etc. The extended‐time steaming process has found a permanent place among the various continuous dyeing processes.
The Role of Instrumental Colour Control in the Optimization of Dyehouse Performance
Authors: McDONALD R. , McKAY D. , WEEDALL P. J.
Published: August 2010

The paper describes the general techniques used and the results obtained in pilot plant and commercial dye‐house experiments carried out to demonstrate the potential of an inhouse spectrophotometer and minicomputer system in:

high‐accuracy recipe prediction to produce bulk dyehouse recipes without laboratory check dyeing

calculation of redye procedures to correct off‐shade bulk dyeing

control of dyehouse pass/fail matching by instrumental methods

preparation of recipe cards, druglines and cost information by computer methods.
Desorption of hydrolysed reactive dyes from wool
Authors: Gajdzicki B. , Datyner A. , Pailthorpe M T
Published: August 2010

The desorption of the hydrolysed forms of nine reactive dyes from wool has been examined in soap solution (ISO 2 test) and in urea‐surfactant solution. It was found that the desorption of the hydrolysed dyes was slower in soap solution than in the urea‐surfactant solution. After the standard 45 min of the ISO 2 washing test equilibrium was not reached, while after 60 min in the urea‐surfactant solution equilibrium desorption was reached with most of the hydrolysed dyes. These findings clearly explain the discrepencies which sometimes occur between the two methods when used to assess wash fastness in relation to fixation ratios. If the time of the ISO 2 test is extended until equilibrium desorption is achieved then the two methods give essentially the same results. It was also found that the desorption rate constants appear to be inversely related to the molecular weights of the hydrolysed dyes.
Cellulase digestion of cotton dyed with reactive dyes and analysis of the products by thin layer chromatography
Authors: Rendle D F , Crabtree S R , Wiggins K G , Salter M T
Published: August 2010

Enzymatic digestion of cotton fibres dyed with reactive dyes produces coloured solutions. These are not true dye extracts but they are nonetheless amenable to separation and analysis by thin layer chromatography.
Virtual colour specification
Authors: Smith Neville , Billmeyer Fred
Published: August 2010

In order to communicate colour, a requisite is the ability to specify colour appearance. Before this can be achieved, a systematic method of describing colour appearance is necessary. Several colour order systems exist, but their approaches are often quite different and their colour ranges limited. Rather than choose a single system for internationalstandardisation, Neville Smith and Fred Billmeyer argue that it would be better todevelop a wealth of user‐specific systems that could be interconverted by a common intermediary notation.
Hedgehog signaling is essential for normal wound healing
Authors: Le Huong , Kleinerman Rebecca , Lerman Oren Z. , Brown Daniel , Galiano Robert , Gurtner Geoffrey C. , Warren Stephen M. , Levine Jamie P. , Saadeh Pierre B.
Published: August 2010

The hedgehog family of morphogens (sonic [Shh], Indian, and desert hedgehog) are central regulators of embryologic growth and tissue patterning. Although recent work implicates Shh in postnatal tissue repair and development, conclusive evidence is lacking. Here, we demonstrated the importance of Shh in wound repair, by examining the effects of cyclopamine, a specific inhibitor of the Shh signaling cascade, on tissue repair. Using a murine‐splinted excisional wound model, which attenuates wound contraction in this loose‐skinned rodent, we established that, by all measures (wound closure, epithelialization, granulation formation, vascularity, and proliferation), wound healing was profoundly impaired when Shh signaling was disrupted. Because embryonic disruption of Shh is associated with distinct phenotypic defects, our findings invite investigation of the potential role of Shh signaling under postnatal conditions associated with disregulated wound healing.
Antibacterial effect of dressings containing multivalent silver ion carried by zirconium phosphate on experimental rat burn wounds
Authors: Luo Gaoxing , Tang Jin , He Weifeng , Wu Jun , Ma Bing , Wang Xihua , Chen Xiwei , Yi Shaoxuan , Zhang Xiaorong , Li Xianchang , Fitzgerald Mark
Published: August 2010

To evaluate the antibacterial effect of multivalent silver ion carried by zirconium phosphate (ZP‐Ag) both in vitro and in an experimental rat burn wound compared with that of sulfadiazine silver (SD‐Ag). Firstly, the minimal inhibition concentration and the minimal bactericidal concentration of ZP‐Ag to three different strains of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli) were compared with those of SD‐Ag in vitro. Following this dressings containing the same mass of ZP‐Ag or SD‐Ag were applied to wounds in a rat burn model and their antimicrobial activity assayed. The inflammatory response of the wounds managed with the two kinds of dressings was compared. Both the minimal inhibition concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration of ZP‐Ag to S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli were two to four times lower than those of SD‐Ag. In vivo ZP‐Ag had a more effective antibacterial action inhibiting the growth of the above three bacterial strains under burn scar, compared with dressings made from the same mass of SD‐Ag. Moreover, the antibacterial effect was unchanged after the ZP‐Ag dressings were washed 20 times, while it dramatically decreased after the dressings with SD‐Ag were washed 20 times. When covered by either regular or washed ZP‐Ag dressings, the wounds showed integrity with no visible inflammatory reaction. However, various extents of inflammatory reactions on or around the wounds covered with regular SD‐Ag dressing were observed. This study showed that dressings with ZP‐Ag had a prominent and relative long‐term antibacterial effect. ZP‐Ag dressings could be an effective, low‐cost management option for burn wounds.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATION OF EPIPSAMMIC DIATOMS IN A SPRING‐FED BROOK1
Authors: Krejci Mark E. , Lowe Rex L.
Published: August 2010

Epipsammic diatom communities were sampled and quantified bimonthly from June 1983 to April 1985 at four sites in a small brook in northwest Ohio. The primary objective was to determine the extent of temporal and spatial variability in the epipsammon. The four sites, approximately 250 m apart, differed in current velocity, illumination and the amount of sand‐associated detritus. Diatoms were significantly more abundant in the portion of the brook flowing through an unshaded marsh than at three heavily shaded sites located upstream. Fragilaria leptostauron (Ehr.) Hust. and Achnanthes lanceolata var. dubia Grun. dominated the epipsammic assemblage at all sites throughout the entire study period. Only Meridion circulare (Grev.) Ehr. displayed a marked seasonal distribution. Although the same species were generally found at all sites, there were sufficient differences in relative abundance that communities could be discriminated according to site. Using two canonical variate axes, all 48 samples were correctly assigned to their proper sampling site based on community composition. Data from this epipsammic assemblage support the idea developed from the river continuum concept that species comprising riverine benthic assemblages continually persist and rarely become completely absent.
Blood Bank Reagents: Some Problems Related to Preservatives and Dyes
Authors: Howard P. L.
Published: August 2010

Occasionally the additives used for the storage, preservation, and coloring of blood bank reagents are a source of anomalous agglutination reactions. Discrepancies in ABO cell and serum grouping or agglutination of cells used for both antibody detection and identification may be related to the presence of these materials in blood bank reagents. These substances include acriflavin and other dyes; antibiotics, such as penicillin and neomycin; EDTA; caprylate; and occasionally saline. The literature is reviewed regarding this problem.
Evaluation of an automated cell processing device to reduce the dimethyl sulfoxide from hematopoietic grafts after thawing
Authors: Rodríguez Luciano , Velasco Beatriz , García Joan , Martín‐Henao Gregorio Ángel
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: The direct transfusion of thawed hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) is associated to transfusion‐related side effects that are thought to be dose‐dependent on the infused dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Both the effectiveness of a fully automated cell processing device to washing out DMSO and the effects of DMSO elimination over the recovered cells were evaluated.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty cryopre‐served peripheral blood HPC bags (HPC apheresis [HPC‐A]) were thawed and processed for washing with an automated cell‐processing device. Viability, colony‐forming units (CFUs), and absolute count of recovered cells were evaluated by flow cytometry immediately after washing as well as at different times after washing and compared with a sample taken just after thawing (control) but maintained at 4°C. DMSO content was measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography and the osmolarity with an osmometer.

RESULTS: The median recovery of viable total nucleated cells, viable CD34+ cells, and CFU colonies was 89 (range, 74‐115), 103 (range, 62‐126), and 91 percent (range, 46%‐196%), respectively, in the washing group. Recovery of viable CD3+ cells was 97 percent (range, 42%‐131%) and CD14+ cells was 82 percent (54%‐119%). The percentages of DMSO elimination and osmolarity reduction were 98 (range, 96‐99) and 90 percent (range 86%‐95%), respectively. Moreover, elimination of the cryoprotectant improved CFU count, viability, and cell recoveries along the time when compared with the control group.

CONCLUSION: Washing out DMSO in thawed HPC‐A by use of this approach is safe and efficient in terms of recovery and viability of nucleated and progenitor cells. Additionally, the removal degree of DMSO is very high and therefore might ameliorate the transfusion‐related side effects.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of leukoreduced platelets stored for 7 days in CLX containers
Authors: AuBuchon James P. , Taylor Harry , Holme Stein , Nelson Edward
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: Extension of platelet (PLT) storage and concomitant use of a bacterial detection system would provide logistical advantages by reducing outdating and improving patient care through promotion of the use of sensitive detection systems. This study evaluated the in vitro characteristics and in vivo viability of leukoreduced PLT units derived from PLT‐rich plasma stored for 5 days (control) versus 7 days (test) in CLX plastic containers.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Two whole‐blood units were collected from each subject into a leuko‐reduction filtration system (Leukotrap RC‐PL system, Pall Medical) in a paired design, the second 2 days after the first. These were leukoreduced (Leukotrap PL) and stored for 7 and 5 days. Poststorage samples from test and control units were randomly labeled with 51Cr or 111In and simultaneously infused autologously to determine recovery and survival.

RESULTS: Small but significant (p  < 0.05, paired t test) differences between 5 and 7 days of storage were seen in in vitro variables such as extent of shape change, hypotonic shock response, morphology, and P‐selectin expression. In vivo recovery declined on average 11 percent with the two additional days of storage from 54.4 ± 13.6 to 48.7 ± 15.0 percent (p  < 0.002); survival decreased on average 19 percent from 6.7 ± 1.0 to 5.4 ± 1.7 days (p  < 0.002).

CONCLUSION: Storage for 7 days was associated with reduced recovery and survival and in vitro variables, suggestive of extension of the storage lesion. These differences, however, were small in magnitude and unlikely to have significant clinical effects. Current collection and storage systems provide PLTs that are as functional at 7 days as those licensed for 7‐day storage two decades ago.
The proteome of red cell membranes and vesicles during storage in blood bank conditions
Authors: Bosman Giel J.C.G.M. , Lasonder Edwin , Luten Marleen , Roerdinkholder‐Stoelwinder Bregt , Novotný Věra M.J. , Bos Harry , De Grip Willem J.
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: During storage of red cells (RBCs) for transfusion, RBCs undergo a number of biochemical and morphologic changes. To be able to identify the mechanisms underlying these storage lesions, a proteomic analysis of the membranes of RBCs and their vesicles was performed during various periods of storage in blood bank conditions.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: RBCs and vesicles were isolated from RBCs after various storage periods. The proteins of RBC membranes and vesicles were separated by gel electrophoresis and identified by a semiquantitative proteomic analysis.

RESULTS: Our findings confirm previous data, such as a storage‐associated increase in hemoglobin binding to the membrane and aggregation and degradation of the integral membrane protein band 3, suggesting a remodeling of the RBC membrane during storage. Our data also show storage‐dependent changes in the membrane association of proteasome and chaperone proteins, metabolic enzymes, small G proteins, and signal transduction proteins. Vesicles display similar changes in their protein composition during storage.

CONCLUSION: The results of this analysis indicate that the storage‐related changes in the RBC membrane are the results of disturbance and/or acceleration of physiologic processes such as cellular aging, including vesicle formation. The latter may serve to remove damaged membrane patches that would otherwise lead to accelerated RBC removal. These data provide a framework for future studies toward the development of better storage conditions and a reduction of the side effects of RBC transfusion.
Assessment of biofilm‐forming ability of coagulase‐negative staphylococci isolated from contaminated platelet preparations in Canada
Authors: Greco Carey , Mastronardi Cherie , Pagotto Franco , Mack Dietrich , Ramirez‐Arcos Sandra
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: Coagulase‐negative staphylococci (CoNS) are the most prevalent bacterial contaminants of platelet (PLT) preparations and have been implicated in adverse transfusion reactions worldwide. The most frequently identified contaminant is Staphylococcus epidermidis, which is noted for its ability to maintain chronic hospital‐acquired infections by forming biofilms as a chief virulence mechanism.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Strains of S. epidermidis isolated from contaminated PLT preparations in Canada were distinguished via gene‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with divIVA as a marker. Biofilm‐forming ability was assessed by the presence of the gene icaD, slime production on Congo red agar, and biofilm formation on polystyrene surfaces. Production of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) was resolved by immunofluorescence.

RESULTS: Eight of the 13 (62%) CoNS isolates under study were identified as S. epidermidis. Of these, four strains (50%) were classified as strong biofilm producers. Three of the four biofilm‐positive strains (75%) produced slime, harbored the icaD gene, and had positive expression of PIA.

CONCLUSIONS: Despite the presumable commensal origin of the CoNS isolates, a large proportion of S. epidermidis strains demonstrated a potential for enhanced virulence. Identification of contaminant staphylococci as biofilm producers is thus relevant and informative with regard to treatment approach in the circumstance of inadvertent infection of a PLT recipient.
Chronic Hepatitis in Hemophilia
Authors: Hasiba Ute , Spero Joel A. , Lewis Jessica H.
Published: August 2010

The relationship of chronic hepatitis B and/or liver dysfunction to treatment in 113 hemophiliacs was evaluated by the enzyme tests, SGOT and SGPT, and by the presence of circulating hepatis B surface antigen (HbsAg) or antibody (anti‐Hbs). The hemophiliacs were divided into three groups according to treatment pattern. Individuals who had received mutiple doses of plasma fractions, derived from four or more commercial lots were placed in Group I «large Exposure». Group II «Small Exposure» had been treated with fractions from three or fewer lots and Group III «Cryo» had never received commercial fractions, but had been treated with cryoprecipitate. Abnormal liver function tests (LFT's) were found in 87 % of Group I and 76 % of Group II, but in only 16 % of the «Cryo» group. Differences in LFT's were not great between treated VIII and IX deficient patients. All patients treated with 100,000 units or more showed either persistent or intermittent abnormalities. In the high exposure group, the history of past, overt hepatitis had no influence on observed LFT's. The sera of all patients in the high exposure and all, except one, in the low exposure groups were positive for HbsAg or anti‐Hbs by RIA. Splenomegaly was found in 13 % of fraction‐treated patients.

We conclude that there is biochemical evidence of liver disease following large exposure to commercial VIII or IX fractions, which should temper the physician's decision to start treatment with these fractions. On the other hand, evidence that their continued use produces mounting liver dysfunction is insufficient to withdraw this very effective and life‐changing treatment from these individuals.
The Effect of Adrenaline, Insulin and Hydrocortisone on Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Studied by Cell Surface Markers
Authors: Eriksson B. , Hedfors E.
Published: August 2010

Changes in numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy individuals were calculated from samples collected before and after parenteral administration of adrenaline, insulin and hydrocortisone, respectively. A marked increase in circulating lymphocytes was noted in response to adrenaline and insulin. However, subpopulation analysis showed a decrease in the proportion of T‐lymphocytes, estimated as cells forming rosettes with sheep red blood cells after incubation in the cold and a corresponding increase in proportion of lymphocytes having receptors for C3 (non‐T lymphocytes). In contrast, lymphocyte numbers were unaffected by hydrocortisone. The results indicate that a decreased proportion of circulating T‐lymphocytes and an increase of non‐T lymphocytes may be the result of adaptive changes in response to various forms of stress and hence is to be expected in several clinical conditions.
Spurious Polycythaemia ‐ A Study of 35 Patients
Authors: Watts E. J. , Lewis S. M.
Published: August 2010

A study of 35 patients with elevated Hb and haematocrit but normal or borderline red cell mass has confirmed that the most common disease association was hypertension and that the peripheral blood findings are reversible when blood pressure is treated, especially when the body haematocrit is low. The situation is probably the result of abnormal distribution of red cells in the circulation. The red cell pool in these patients is normal and they show no evidence of progression to polycythaemia vera. Some cases are associated with smoking and obesity. It is more rational to treat the underlying disease than to attempt to alter the blood volume by venesection.
Moving Boundary Electrophoresis of Red Cells on Differently Treated Polycythaemic Patients
Authors: Streichman S. , Antebi D. , Tatarsky I.
Published: August 2010

Red cells of polycythaemia vera (PV) patients have a significantly higher rate of electrophoresis than red cells of normal controls and stress polycythaemia patients. The highest increment in the electrophoretic velocity was noted for PV patients treated with phlebotomy or hydroxy urea. The red cells of PV patients treated with 32P and those that progressed to myeloid metaplasia showed a normal rate of electrophoresis.

We assume that the increased negative charge found on the red cells of PV patients is typical of the abnormal clone proliferating in this disease. The normal electrophoretic velocity found for the red cells of the 32P treated patients or those that progressed to myeloid metaplasia might indicate that the circulating red cells of these patients are no longer descendants of the abnormal stem cell.
An Apparent Lack of HLA Restriction in the Stimulation of Granulocyte‐Macrophage Colony Formation from Normal Human Null Cells by Helper T Lymphocytes
Authors: Lung Peter , Singal Dharam P. , Stevens Catherine A. , Barr Ronald D.
Published: August 2010

Haemopoietic progenitor cells capable of producing granulocyte‐macrophage (GM) colonies have been demonstrated in the ‘null’ lymphocyte population of normal peripheral blood. The helper and suppressor roles of different T cell subpopulations have been implicated in the regulation of granulopoiesis in disease as well as in normal individuals. However, it is not certain whether such interactions between T cells and progenitor cells are HLA‐restricted. We undertook further investigation of the effect of T cell subpopulations (TG and TnonG) on GM colony formation in vitro. In particular, we studied the possibility of HLA restriction in this process. Our results demonstrate that the enhancement of GM colony growth by T lymphocytes is not restricted by HLA compatibility between T cells and null cells, that such stimulation is radio‐sensitive and that it is provided by the TnonG cell subpopulation.
Comparative Studies of the Function and Morphology of 111In‐and 51Cr‐Labelled Human Platelets
Authors: Schmidt Kai Gjerløff , Rasmussen Jens Wæver , Rasmussen Anker Dahl , Arendrup Henrik , Lorentzen Martin
Published: August 2010

Comparative studies of the aggregability in vitro and ex vivo, and of the surface/volume ratio of 111In‐ and 51Cr‐labelled human platelets were carried out. The ADP‐induced aggregation in vitro of 111In‐platelets was superior to that of 51Cr‐platelets, as was that of 51Cr‐platelets labelled in plasma as compared to 51Cr‐platelets labelled in buffer. These differences seemed to be reversed in vivo, as identical collagen‐induced aggregation responses were observed ex vivo when comparisons were made between 111In‐ and 51Cr‐platelets, and between labelled and unmanipulated platelets. Morphometric determination of the surface/volume ratios of the labelled platelets indicated a higher degree of platelet activation of 51Cr‐platelets labelled in buffer as compared to those labelled in plasma. In this respect, no difference seemed to be present between 111In‐ and 51Cr‐platelets. The results of the ex vivo aggregation studies were unaffected by the time spent by the platelets in the circulation within 24 h post‐injection, by platelet isolation yield, and by the medium used in 51Cr‐labelling. Our results indicate that it will be possible to conduct comparative studies of simultaneously induced aggregation ex vivo of different platelet populations labelled with 111In and 51Cr.
Heparin precipitable fraction of plasma (HPF) is not influenced by the presence of fibrin monomers
Authors: HOLM B. , BROSSTAD F. , GODAL H.C.
Published: August 2010

The heparin precipitable fraction of plasma consists mainly of fibrinogen and fibronectin. In our work with HPF in patients with acute myocardial infarction we observed variations in the amount of precipitate that could not be accounted for by corresponding variations in the plasma content of fibrinogen and fibronectin. To see whether the presence/absence of fibrin monomers in plasma could be of importance for this variation in HPF, we have:

 added fibrin des‐AA monomers to normal and patient plasmas

 incubated normal and patient plasmas with insolubilized reptilase until a strongly positive ethanol gelation test could be demonstrated

 examined a potential correlation between a positive ethanol gelation test and HPF in a patient material.

From the results of the above investigations, we could conclude that the presence of fibrin monomers (presence of soluble fibrin) is of no importance for the variations observed in the HPF‐phenomenon.
Immune Functions in Pernicious Anaemia before and during Treatment with Vitamin B12
Authors: Kätkä Kalevi
Published: August 2010

Lymphocytes and their function in patients with pernicious anaemia (PA) have been studied. E‐rosette forming cells (E‐RFC) and surface immunolobulin positive (S‐Ig) lymphocytes in peripheral blood, PHA responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes and tuberculin skin test (Mantoux) were studied before and during specific treatment with cyanocobalamin. First in order to test possible alterations in the metabolism of lymphocytes in PA, the effect of culture conditions was studied; the optimal conditions proved to be the same as for normal cells. The serum of PA patients as a supplement for culture medium did not differ from normal. When the patients were in remission, responses in a folate poor thymine free medium (TC 199 special) were significantly greater than those obtained using a folate rich medium (RPMI 1640) (P < 0.01), possibly indicating activation of the salvage pathway for DNA synthesis and, therefore, increased incorporation of 125IUdR in the folate poor medium. In vitro tests did not indicate any disturbances in the functions of lymphocytes either before or during appropriate treatment as studied in 23 PA patients. However, the tuberculin skin test changed from negative to positive in 5 out of 7 cases tested.
Serum Ferritin in β‐Thalassaemia Intermedia
Authors: Buonanno G. , Valente A. , Gonnella F. , Cantore N. , de Bellis G.
Published: August 2010

The iron status of 10 patients with β‐thalassaemia intermedia has been investigated in order to assess whether the liver iron overload could be constantly predicted through the patients' S‐ferritin levels. Our data have shown that only when the iron overload is in the far advanced stages do the S‐ferritin concentrations appear to be strongly raised, whilst in the early stages of the disease the levels fall to normal ranges with consequent underestimation of the expanding iron stores. Thus, in the early stages of the iron overload the liver iron burden of such patients is only reflected by both chemical and histochemical investigations performed on the liver biopsy specimens long before the rise in their S‐ferritin levels.
Computed tomographic brain scan of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: MIZOCK BARRY A. , RAMSEY RUTH G. , BARRETA TELLY
Published: August 2010

Computed tomographic (CT) brain scan findings in a patient with severe thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) are described. Multiple scattered lucencies were noted which correlated with thrombotic occlusions found at autopsy. In this patient, the neurologic manifestations of TTP preceded the haemolytic anaemia. In the correct clinical setting, multiple areas of lucency should suggest multiple infarcts secondary to thrombotic vessel occlusions as a diagnostic possibility.
Abrogation of calcium exclusion by erythrocytes under hypotonic stress
Authors: BOWDLER ANTHONY J. , WILLIAMS ROBERT H. , DOUGHERTY ROSE MARIE
Published: August 2010

Normal human erythrocytes in isotonic suspension maintain a high gradient of calcium ion concentration across the membrane, with the cytosol [Ca2+] several orders of magnitude below plasma concentration. Despite the high degree of exclusion maintained against the entry of Ca2+, the osmotic resistance of red cells in hypotonic saline is significantly augmented by the presence in the medium of Ca2+in concentrations greater than 0.07 mmol/l. Resistive particle spectroscopy showed this to occur without alteration of the mean critical haemolytic volume; furthermore, in the presence of Ca2+there was a reduction in cell volume at prolytic osmolalities when compared with cells in calcium‐free sodium chloride solutions. This is shown to be due to augmentation of the prolytic loss of K+1in the presence of Ca2+ through calcium‐sensitive channels, and indicates that the pathway for passive K+efflux uncovered in the prolytic state is indistinguishable from that of normal passive K+diffusion. It is also demonstrated that the prolytic red cell membrane is permeable to Ca2+and admits the divalent cation to the inner aspect of the plasma membrane. These changes are comparable to those of cells prior to haemolysis in vivo, as in the irreversibly sickled cell, and are therefore not specific to the latter condition.
Immunologic evaluation of T chronic lymphocyte leukaemia cells in a patient with a concomitant IgA2 myeloma
Authors: HAMMARSTRöM L. , MELLSTEDT H. , PALACIOS R. , SMITH C. I. E.
Published: August 2010

Peripheral blood lymphocytes from a patient with OKT3, OKT4, OKT17 positive T CLL and a concomitant IgA2/Λ myeloma were found to be suppressive in cocultivation experiments and after in vitro preactivation. Although chromosomal analysis after stimulation with T or B cell mitogens suggested a common origin of the two malignancies, T cells did not carry structures recognized by an anti‐idiotypic antiserum raised against the purified M‐component. Only Fcμ receptors were found on the T cells with conventional rosetting assays, although a weak binding of Latex particles coated with the purified IgA M‐component could occasionally be recorded. When purified T cells were submitted to FACS‐analysis after incubation with the FITC‐conjugated purified M‐component, two subsets could easily be distinguished in normal T cells, whereas only the high affinity‐binding subset could be found in the patient.
Haemolytic anaemia in previously healthy adult patients with CMV infections: Report of two cases and an evaluation of subclinical haemolysis in CMV mononucleosis
Authors: Horwitz Charles A. , Skradski Kathy , Reece Eugene , Lewis F. Bruce , Schwartz Burton , Kelty Richard , Polesky Herbert
Published: August 2010

Whereas haemolytic anaemia is commonly encountered in infants and young children with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections, it is an infrequent complication of CMV‐induced infections in previously healthy adults. The data from 2 such patients are presented. One patient's Hb fell to a level of 36 g/l, and she required prednisone and blood transfusions. Her direct antihuman globulin test (DAT) was positive (IgG), and her red blood cell survival (51Cr) revealed a T1/2 of 5 d. Both saline‐agglutinating and low‐molecular‐weight cold agglutinins (CA) (4°C) that reacted against both cord and adult cells were identified. In the second case, a moderate haemolytic anaemia (lowest Hb 87 g/l) was accompanied by negative DAT and CA studies. 20 other patients with CMV‐mononucleosis were evaluated for evidence of subclinical haemolysis. Reticulocyte counts > 3.0% were noted in 9 of these patients. Haptoglobin values were below 0.5 g/l in 13 patients, and a positive DAT was recorded in 3/10 cases. This study documents haemolysis in many non‐immunosuppressed adult patients with CMV infections. The mechanism responsible remains obscure.
The effect of tetradecanoyl‐12, 13‐phorbol acetate on ‘hairy’ cells
Authors: Skinnider Leo , Catovsky Daniel , Incarbone Enrico
Published: August 2010

Hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) cells on exposure to the tumour promoter tetradecanoyl‐12, 13‐phorbol acetate (TPA) undergo a striking morphological change in culture, with the formation of long, slender cytoplasmic processes, and adhere to the plastic surface. By time lapse photography this change is seen to start within 10 min of exposure to the TPA and is characterised by slow but continuous extension and retraction of the processes. Apparent phagocytosis of sheep red cells but not of sensitised human red cells occurs. This response to TPA is prevented by cytochalsin D but not by 13 cis‐retinoic acid. Lymphocytes from normal individuals and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and lymphoblasts from a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia reacted by adhering to each other in small aggregates but did not adhere to the plastic surface. Monocytes adhere to plastic surfaces and respond to TPA by extension and retraction of cytoplasmic folds differing from the long slender processes formed by the HCL cells. Thus HCL cells are different in their response to TPA from both normal lymphocytes and monocytes.
Quantification of bone lytic lesions and prognosis in myelomatosis
Authors: de Gramont Aimery , Benitez Oscar , Brissaud Philippe , Krulik Marcel , Hubert Dominique , Sirinelli Agnès , Smadja Nicole , Debray Jacques
Published: August 2010

Degree and extent of lytic bone lesions were quantified at diagnosis in 69 patients with myelomatosis (MM). longest survival was found in patients with minimal lytic lesions and shortest survival was found in those either without bone lesions or with severe and extensive lesions.

Among the 12 patients without bone lesions only 6 were Durie & Salmon stage 1 and only 1 later developed a single lesion. Based on these data, bone involvement in MM does not seem to be a reliable predictive factor of survival in all cases. This suggests the existence of 2 distinct types of MM: 1 with tumour and 1 without. Lytic lesions could have a prognostic value only in the 1st type.
Development of acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia (ANLL) in myelomatosis
Authors: Drivsholm Aage , Lisse Ida , Philip Preben
Published: August 2010

On the basis of the literature, so‐called secondary acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia (S‐ANLL) in myelomatosis is reviewed. Using the banding technique, cytogenetic changes including hypodiploidy and partially or totally missing chromosomes # 5 and # 7 are recorded. The findings are in accordance with the cytogenetic changes seen in S‐ANLL in other malignancies which have been treated with cytostatics, especially alkylating agents. So, S‐ANLL in myelomatosis seems to be a result of treatment with cytostatics, though a causal relationship has to be documented.
Alpha interferon treatment of patients with hairy‐cell leukaemia
Authors: Hagberg Hans , Alm Gunnar , Björkholm Magnus , Glimelius Bengt , Killander Andreas , Simonsson Bengt , Sundström Christer , Åhre Anders
Published: August 2010

We have treated 10 patients with hairy‐cell, or hairy‐cell‐like leukaemia, for more than 6 months, with alpha interferon 3 × 106 IV/day I.M. or subcutaneously. All patients were severly pancytopenic before treatment. 7 patients had a typical hairy‐cell leukaemia, whereas 3 lacked hairy cells but had the characteristic bone‐marrow infiltration. The peripheral blood counts improved in all patients during treatment and the lymphoid infiltration of the bone‐marrow was shown to decrease. 1 patient obtained complete remission, 6 partial remission and 3 had a minor response. It is concluded that alpha interferon is effective in the treatment of patients suffering from hairy‐cell leukaemia.
Cyclosporin A (CyA) does not enhance CFU‐c growth in patients with severe aplastic anaemia
Authors: Bacigalupo A. , Frassoni F. , Podesta M. , Piaggio G. , Van Lint M.T. , Repetto M. , Marmont A.M.
Published: August 2010

8 patients with severe aplastic anaemia (SAA) in remission following immunosuppres‐sive therapy were studied for CFU‐c growth from unfractionated or E‐rosette depleted (E‐) bone marrow (BM) cells. Cyclosporin A (CyA) was added to unfractionated BM cells at a concentration of 1000 ng/ml. The mean number of CFU‐c/105 BM cells plated was 6 ± 6 from undractionated BM cells, 28 ± 20 from E‐BM cells, and 8 ± 7 from unfractionated BM cells supplemented with CyA. All patients had significant increase of CFU‐c growth after E rosette depletion (overall P = 0.002). On the contrary, only 1 patient showed an increase of CFU‐c growth after addition of CyA, and overall there was no difference between untreated and CyA treated BM cells (P = 0.7). These results suggest that addition of CyA to BM cells in vitro is not an effective means of enhancing CFU‐c growth in SAA patients.
Cytogenetic analysis in 941 consecutive patients with haematologic disorders
Authors: Billström Rolf , Nilsson Per‐Gunnar , Mitelman Felix
Published: August 2010

Clinical and cytogenetic findings were reevaluated in 941 consecutive patients with suspected neoplastic haematological conditions studied during 1973–1984. A total of 1652 attempts at cytogenetic analysis with banding technique were performed in 240 patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia (ANLL), 177 with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), 157 with myelodysplasia (MDS), 82 with myeloproliferative disorders (MPD), 114 with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), 42 with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma or other lymphoproliferative disorders (NHL + LPD), and 120 patients with benign disorders. Only 1 patient with a benign disorder had an acquired clonal chromosomal abnormality (diagnostic specificity 0.99), whereas abnormalities were detected in 50.0% of patients with malignant haematologic disorders (diagnostic sensitivity 0.50). Success rate was 73–74.4% in ALL, MPD, and NHL + LPD, versus 87–94% in ANLL, MDS, CML, and benign disorders. The frequencies of detected abnormalities in diagnostic subgroups were within the limits of previous reports. Striking differences in cytogenetic pattern in relation to age were found in MDS and ANLL. Results from 1973‐80 were compared to 1981‐84. In spite of a marked reduction in failure rate of bone marrow (BM) analyses in the second time period, the fraction of patients with only inadequate cytogenetic analyses and the frequencies of detected chromosome abnormalities remained essentially unchanged. Peripheral blood samples had a high failure rate, and seldom provided additional information to BM analyses. Delay in transportation time of samples did not in general affect the outcome of cytogenetic analysis, with possible exceptions for a higher failure rate in ALL and lower frequency of detected abnormalities in ANLL.
Morphological and immunological change in the predominant type of leukaemic cells in a patient with T‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: Kubota Kazuo , Tanaka Hiroshi , Suda Keiichi , Tsuboyama Akihiro , Sakamoto Shinobu , Nakahara Noboru , Kawai Toshiro , Takahashi Atsushi , Mori Shigeo , Miura Yasusada
Published: August 2010

A case of T‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is described. Intracerebellar tumour was demonstrated by the characteristic feature of contrast‐enhanced computerized tomography and was evidenced by surgical procedure. Histological examination revealed lymphocyte infiltration in the cerebellum. Initially, the majority of leukaemic cells were mature, medium‐sized lymphocytes with surface marker phenotype of E+, OKT3+, OKT4+, OKT6−, OKT8−. In the terminal stage, large atypical lymphocytes which were morphologically distinct from the original lymphocytes and had different surface marker phenotype of E+, OKT3+, OKT4−, OKT6−, OKT8+, Leu7+ became increasingly prominent. The remaining medium‐sized lymphocytes were morphologically and immunologically unchanged. Subsequently, the disease developed to a more aggressive pattern and the patient died in spite of chemotherapy.