bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
المسؤوليَّة الجزائيَّة الناجمة عن استخدام تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي في النظام السعودي: دراسة تحليلية مقارنة
Authors: Ibrahim Almoibed Omar
Published: December 2024

Currently, artificial intelligence has become a benchmark for the development and progress of nations, with its applications expanding into various aspects of life. Countries around the world are striving with all their resources to maximize the benefits of AI technologies in order to achieve sustainable development, as progress in this field has become a central focus in future development plans. This research aims to shed light on the role of the Saudi legislator in addressing these risks. Through a comparative approach, we will examine how foreign legislators handle such risks and whether there are strict regulations ensuring oversight of these technologies and their use, with the aim of offering a general framework for Saudi lawmakers to benefit from these experiences.
We also highlight the views of scholars and legal experts regarding the granting of legal personality to robots and the potential risks associated with this issue. Our findings suggest that the intelligence possessed by robots, which rely on advanced AI, does not qualify them for legal personality or criminal accountability, given the difference between AI and human intelligence. We recommend that there is an urgent need for the enactment of specific AI legislation that clearly defines robot-related crimes and the corresponding penalties, with criminal liability falling on the programmer, manufacturer, owner, or any other natural person. Crimes committed by robots themselves should be considered as negligent offenses.
The Wagner Group: Complex Web of Intrigue and Geopolitics Structure
Authors: Badawi Habib , Daabul Mohamad
Published: December 2024

This study includes the mysterious World Wagner, a private military company, which is said to be related to Russian interests around the world. The awthors also explore its emerging origins and implications, and seek to provide a comprehensive analysis of this secret organization, highlighting its origins, its key figures, its global record, and its countless challenges to security and diplomacy.
The methodology of this study includes collecting data from various primary and secondary sources, including official documents and academic literature. And analyze the data to identify major themes and patterns. The study conducts a comparative analysis of other private military companies, examines the legal framework, analyzes media coverage, and focuses on ethical considerations. In conclusion, the study presents a set of recommendations, including:
Strengthen international cooperation, create strong legal frameworks, and implement targeted sanctions to regulate private military companies such as: Wagner. Future research should explore case studies and socio-economic impacts.
Characteristics of Homicidal Cut-Throat Death Cases
Authors: Alsenaidi Lamia , A. Abder-Rahman Hasan , M. Al-Abdallat Imad , Zregat Mahmoud , Abualeme Almotazbellah , Ababneh Huthaifa , Al Husni Abdel-Rahman , Ali Abed-Alraheem
Published: December 2024

Cut-throat cases are rare, posing significant challenges for forensic pathologists in determining the manner of death. This study aims to identify key findings that can assist in determining the origin of homicidal intent based on crime scene investigations, the number of wounds, and their characteristics. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 20 cases of homicidal cut-throat injuries in Northern Amman. Detailed examinations of demographic data, toxicological results, neck injuries, other body injuries, and personal motives were performed. The fatal neck wounds were classified by depth into three grades and by location into three levels (upper, middle, lower). The relationships between the level and grade of neck wounds, superficial neck wounds, and other body injuries revealed several patterns distinguishing homicidal cut-throat injuries. This study enhances understanding of the patterns and characteristics associated with homicidal cut-throat injuries, providing valuable insights for forensic investigations.
Estimation of Intra- and Inter-Individual Variability of Post Mortem
Skin Hydration by Corneometry
Authors: Partoune Aurélien , Donneau Anne-Françoise , Dardenne Nadia , Boxho Philippe
Published: December 2024

Kinetics of post mortem skin desiccation, potentially useful for post mortem interval (PMI) determination, is poorly understood. We therefore propose a preliminary study to assess intra- and inter-individual variability of post mortem skin hydration using a valid method, such as corneometry. Corneometer CM-825® (Courage & Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) measures the stratum corneum hydration (SCH) by measuring its electrical capacitance, given in arbitrary units (A.U.). To assess intra- and inter-individual variability of SCH, we evaluated SCH at 19 body sites for 30 subjects with known cause of death at 6 ± 2 hours post mortem (hpm). Thirty subjects (20 males and 10 females) were selected. Mean age was 73.6 ± 9.1 years, mean BMI was 23.9 ± 5.2 kg/m2. There is a significant effect of body site on SCH values. Inter-individual variability appears to be significant, depending on the considered body site. Biological sex does not influence studied parameters, but age, BMI and cause of death influence SCH values, at various degrees depending on the considered body site. This study highlights the significant intra- and inter-individual post mortem variability in skin hydration levels. The intra-individual variability of this parameter means that the skin should not be considered as a homogeneous surface in future studies of post mortem skin desiccation. The significant inter-individual variability of this parameter probably partly explains the variations in observed PMI for this phenomenon and seems to be a major challenge in using this method to determine PMI.
The Intriguing Art of Bite Mark Tattoos: An Analytical Study of Symbolism and Self-Expression
Authors: Raghavan Santhiya , Patel Dhwani
Published: December 2024

Body modification has been a part of human society for thousands of years, and tattoos have become one of the most expensive ways to show personal and social meaning. In this article, bitemark tattoos, a less common but growing trend in body modification, and the cultural meanings of tattoos in different cultures and how they have changed over time as a way of expressing oneself and finding oneself are explored. Bitemark tattoos are given a lot of attention because they have deep symbolic meanings and are often linked to power relations and emotional release. The artistic process behind creating these tattoos is analysed, highlighting the skill involved in translating the organic form of a bite into a stylized tattoo design. Additionally, the forensic significance of bitemark, typically studied in the context of criminal investigations, is discussed concerning this art form. This duality- where bitemark serves both as forensic evidence and a medium of artistic expression- presents a fascinating intersection of law, art, and psychology. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of bitemark tattoos within the broader landscape of tattoo culture and body modification, offering new insights into their symbolic and forensic dimensions.
توظيف الأمن السيبراني لاستثمار فرص الذكاء الاصطناعي والحد من تحدياته في مجال التعليم والتعلم
Authors: Adnan Al-Khubaizi Badr
Published: December 2024

The study aims to employ cybersecurity to exploit the opportunities of artificial intelligence and reduce its challenges. To achieve this goal, the study used the descriptive approach, and it included a general framework that included the introduction of the study, its problems, its questions, objectives, importance, limits, previous studies and commentary on them, and then five axes as follows: The first axis presented the framework. The conceptual framework of cybersecurity in terms of its concept, objectives, importance, characteristics and dimensions. The second axis dealt with the conceptual framework of artificial intelligence in terms of its concept, objectives, characteristics and most important types. The third axis presented the most prominent challenges resulting from artificial intelligence. The fourth topic dealt with the most prominent opportunities associated with artificial intelligence and how to benefit from them in contemporary reality. The fifth axis focused on addressing how to employ cybersecurity to reduce the challenges of artificial intelligence and exploit its opportunities. The study then included a conclusion with the most prominent results, recommendations and proposals.
General English-Kurdish Dictionaries in Terms of Meeting the User's Needs
Authors: Saeed Sedeeq Sherzad , Abubakir Ahmed Shina
Published: December 2024

User perspective is an approach in which lexicography is studied from the users' perspectives. The study of dictionary users improve the quality of dictionaries. This paper aims at studying general English-Kurdish dictionaries, available in print, offline and online formats, in terms of meeting the needs of users and their level of satisfaction.
This study has adopted the survey methodology and an online questionnaire is adminsterd as a quantitative method of data collection. Different users of bilingual dictionaries were asked to participate in this survey, and to achieve this goal, a number of users filled in the forms. The data was analysed through SPSS 2022 program. The research population consists of speakers of Central Kurdish in the three provinces of Erbil, Sulemani and Halabja. They are classified according to the variables of gender and level of education. The main objectives of this study are to identify the users' cross-reference needs, and other needs due to which users refer to dictionaries, as well as the relation between these needs and the variables of sex and education level. The main findings are as in the following: the users' choice of dictionary format is not different based on the variables of gender and level of education. The primary reason for users to employ dictionaries is for receptive purposes (reading and understanding), with productive purposes (speaking and writing) being a secondary consideration.
Geographical Analysis of Residential Projects and their Impact on Solving Residential Issues in Kalar City
Authors: Mohammed Tawfiq Kamaran , Ali Marif Aziz Shamal
Published: December 2024

Residential projects with necessary infrastructure and social services offer a distinct social and urban environment and better living conditions compared to the old neighborhoods. These projects support the continuity of family relations and social activities through gatherings in recreational areas and children’s playgrounds, offering a viable solution for the residential gap caused by the disparity between the number of residential units and population growth.
The research analyzes the nature of residential projects in Kalar city, focusing on their geographical distribution, reasons for their emergence and development, obstacles faced, and their role in addressing the housing shortage. The first part of the research is the theoretical framework. The second part covers the geographical distribution of residential projects in the research area, encompassing 22 projects and 23,376 residential units as of 2023. The third part explains the reasons behind construction and increase of these projects. The fourth part presents an analysis for the distribution of the projects using GIS. The fifth part evaluates the inhabited projects in terms of density and communal services either in the current site plans or in the planning criteria based on population and residential unit numbers. The final part examines the role of these projects in solving the residential gap in Kalar, where 34,663 families are accommodated in 32,498 residential units as of 2023. The research concludes with findings and recommendations
The Reflection of the Idiom in the Poetic Language by the poet Wali Diwana
Authors: Mohammed Ahmed Dawlat , Abdulrehman Omer Omer
Published: December 2024

Generally, Idiomatic expressions are characterized by great importance in creative texts and poetic texts in particular, because they have special connotations that express the extent of the poet's creative ability since the poets embody the content of their poems implicitly within the texts, in an attempt to increase the artistic taste of the reader.
This study is entitled “The Reflection of the Idiom in the Poetic Language by the  poet Wali Diwana”. We took the poems of the aforementioned poet as a sample for the poets of his time. In those days, the poets of southern Kurdistan, in general, implicitly expressed the living style and social conditions in their poems.
The idiomatic expressions of all kinds were embodied in the poems of the above-mentioned poet, in a special style and technique, and this was reflected in the contents of his poems.
The importance of this study turns out to be an applied study, and on the other hand, it opens the way for other researchers in the literary and linguistic fields to raise this issue in their studies.
The level of acquisition of historical concepts for tenth and eleventh grade literary branch students from the perspective of history teachers
Authors: Ali Hama Ahmed , Abdulkarim Abdullah Salam , Ahmed Rashid Awat
Published: December 2024

The purpose of this research is to prepare an appraisal criterion about the pitch of acquisition of historical concepts in the first and second parts of the history book of tenth and eleventh grades of literary branch students. At the same time, displaying the problem of foreshowing the concepts to students by some of teachers in Chamchamal Education Directorate. In order to hit the aim of the research, the researcher used the attributive analysis content method of. First of all, the researcher differentiated all of the historical concepts of the three vessel (pure, interim and spatial) of the first and second parts of the history book of the tenth and eleventh literary branch. Then preparing (60) multiple questions, which (30) questions were prepared for tenth grade students and (30) questions for eleventh grade students for both genders of males and females of the academic year (2022 - 2023). The tenth grade students of literary branch in Chamchamal education consisted of (621) boys and (399) girls, generally, the students of both genders in the tenth grade of literature consisted of (1020) students who were divided into (17) schools. However, the students of the eleventh grade of literature in Chamchamal consisted of (288) boys and (271) girls. In total, the students of both genders in the tenth grade of literary consisted of (559) students who were divided into (20) schools in the abuttals. Thus, the total number of students in the tenth and eleventh grades of literary brunch in governmental schools of the Chamchamal Education Directorate, The number of students in the region reaches (1579) students. It includes (909) male students and (670) female students. Then the researcher assigned the validity and stability of the devices according to Person's equations, arithmetic mean, test (T. test), after verifying the validity of the tool, The researcher used the statistical program (SPSS). As a result, The researcher discovered that all the historical concepts of the first and second parts of the history of the tenth and eleventh grades with all of the three vessel (pure, interim and spatial)  and can be used as a criterion and get benefit from them for the other researches.
The Impact of Using Listening Triangle and Hot Chair Strategies on Developing Cognitive Motivation in Kurdish Literature Module among Tenth-Grade High School Students in the Centre of Erbil Province
Authors: Sahdi Ibrahim Hussen , Muhyadin Abdulrahman Razaw
Published: December 2024

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of using listening triangle and hot seating strategies on cognitive
The aim of the current study is to identify the impact of using listening triangle and hot chair strategies on cognitive motivation in literature module among tenth-grade high school students. The researcher followed an experimental study including two experimental groups and a control group using a pre- and post-tests. 74 students were selected in Shahid Maa’mun Dabagh High School for Girls in the Centre of Erbil province for the academic year 2021-2022. The students were randomly selected to three groups in which 24 students for the first experimental group, 25 students for the second experimental group and of 25 students for the control group. The equalization of three groups is done by the researcher depending on the changing variables (age, intelligence, achievement level of students' mothers, achievement level of students' fathers, the previous year scores of students in Kurdish literature). The researcher used a questionnaire scale made by (Abdul Ridha and Badan, 2014), the questionnaire consists of (44) items, the answers to the items of the scale are (I strongly implement, I implement neutrally, I rarely implement, I do not implement). After giving the questionnaire to experts and taking their perspectives into consideration related to the appropriateness of the criterion, and finding the validity and reliability of the scale, the survey was distributed to the sample of 36 students before starting the experiment. The experimental study started on 14/10/2021 and ended on 7/12/2021. At the end of the experiment, the same scale was applied to the whole sample. After statistical analysis, the researcher concluded that both experimental groups were successful over the control group. In the light of the results, the researcher made some recommendations.
Obstacles faced in Utilizing Modern Methods in Teaching the subjects of Geography from Teachers' view in Preparatory Schools in Kalar's District
Authors: Habib Said Bakhtiyar
Published: December 2024

The aim of this research is to identify the obstacles that face Preparatory School teachers when teaching the material  courses in using  modern  teaching  methods inside classes, The research focuses on School Teachers  of  the Geographical  Material  courses at  Preparatory  stage  in the district of  Kalar  for the  School  year (2022-2023), (40) teachers out of (122), were stratified randomly chosen to apply the research  tool  upon to fulfill the aim of this research, The study used descriptive approach, drawing on the study tool, a questionnaire consist of (23) questions divided into five items , which are (strongly disagree, disagree ,neither agree nor disagree, agree, strongly agree), meeting the scores (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) respectively, then calculated its Validity and Reliability,The most important statistical  means applied  in the study are (descriptive statistics ,and pearson correlation coefficient), after applying the tool to the research subjects and calculating the results, The researcher concluded the followings: school administrative and environmental related obstacles were the main causes of Preparatory  school teachers abandoning modern Teaching Methods in Geographical material classes, after that  obstacles related to the curriculum and students when using of modern Teaching Methods, finally, obstacles related to the teacher.Based on the result, a set of proposal and recommendations  have been suggested.
Conflict of Characters in the Novel “the Sad Bird’s Nest” by Bachtyar Ali
Authors: Asos Hama Avin
Published: December 2024

A Conflict as a technique of novel has a vital role in the of configuring the events and characters in the novel and the novelist often bases the plot of his novel on conflict. The conflict itself depends on the nature of relationship between the characters, as well as the conflict and contradiction between the characters or other components of the novel, which eventually creates a rational state, or contradiction between them. This study, from the perspective of the structure of the novel, attempts to explain the conflict of the characters and its types, while at the same time identifying the reasons behind the events and the reasons that cause the characters to fall into conflict.
     The novel “The Sad Bird's Nest” is one of the novels that is generally based on the idea of conflict and starts with the conflict of characters at the beginning of the narrative and then extends to the depth of events and the conflicts between the characters themselves, or characters and society. From this perspective, in this study we have tried to identify the types of conflicts, the causes of conflicts and their role in promoting events
At first, we have explained the concept of conflict, and relationship between conflict and literature, in another topic we have discussed the personality conflict in the novel, In the last topic, we showed the kinds of conflicts in this novel. Finally, we have shown research result with some points and references that we used in the research.
The results of the research shown that conflict affects the behavior of the characters and causes changes in the thinking and understanding of the characters in the novel "The Sad Bird’s Nest", so that each of the characters, "Kamrani Salma, Khalid Amun, Mansour Asrin" attitude towards about love and their life.
Consumerism in Kurdish Society in the Thought of Jean Baudrillard
Authors: Ismael Jamal Jutyar
Published: December 2024

Consumerism is subject targeting by the object and the marketplace in which the subject itself is the producer of the goods but it is deeply affected by the high pressure of the spectacles represented in the Post-Industrial society, i.e., the dreams of the subject itself, are limited to having goods, purchases and expenditures. This is, in fact, not related to one of the uses of the goods themselves, but to several other codes. Thus, the goods have been given an effective role to the extent that they contribute to giving the individuals’ social status and identity so that everyone, from all corners of the world, make an attempt to do the expenditure with the goods. According to Baudrillard, due to the influence of the codes and trademarks, society has become passive and has surrendered to the goods. In this case, the consumers will lose the demand for purchase as the modes and the trademarks are increasing and are temporary on one hand, and not everyone is able to afford the purchases. This results in dissatisfaction rather than satisfaction. Therefore, the worriedness of not being able to purchase the goods is one of the obvious characteristics of the consumerism society, and this has resulted in a shift in which the subject has been turned into the target of the object. The goods are directing the individuals towards their demands and the satisfaction of the subject is linked to the amount of having the goods. The Kurdish society has been rapidly and unconsciously moving towards consumerism in the last two decades, on the grounds of the Internet and technology. This is shown in the form of transforming the Kurdish subjects into a world of privilege. Hence, our aim of the study is to reveal the consumerism in our society and to examine its basics.
Muharram marriage in ancient Iranian society
Authors: Mustafa Aabdalrahman Shalaw , Ibrahim Mahmud Shanaz
Published: December 2024

Muharram marriage is one of the most common social and cultural issues in ancient Iranian history. It has been a subject of debate among researchers and has divided them into several groups. There is a difference in the definition of the concept of Muharram in the civilization cultures. In the religious texts of the Avesta and Pahlavi languages, this type of marriage is known as "blood and death". It was popular among the royal family for centuries after the advent of Christianity and the end of the Sassanid Empire and later Islam, but with the advent of these two religions, it completely faded and ended. It is worth mentioning that this process was carried out under the influence of mythical and religious thoughts، and was the reason for its spread. Each of the ancient states of Iran (Elamite, Achaemenid, Ashkanid, and Sassanid) gave it legitimacy and considered it as the reason for preserving the sacred blood and maintaining sovereignty within the royal family, their kings married their mothers، sisters and daughters. And then with the advent of the Zoroastrian religion, Moghan of the religion, they further sanctified it and marriage was defined as "holy marriage", although mythological texts had a special influence and role in continuing this issue, although it was found out in religious texts that Zoroaster as the prophet of the religion in a conversation with the god (Ahura Mazda) considered this type of marriage inappropriate and denied it. However, religious men and legends have left an influence in the continuation of this marriage until the end of the Sassanid Empire and can be seen in ancient Iranian civilizations. The research is entitled Muharram Marriage in Ancient Iranian Society from Ilam to the End of the Sassanid Empire. It is an analytical and historical study consisting three themes (Topic 1 / A view of Muharram marriage, in general and in the myths of ancient Iran in particular. Topic 2 / Muharram marriage in the ruling states of ancient Iran (Ilam, Achaemenid, Ashkani, Sassanid), Topic 3/ Muharram marriage according to Zoroastrian religious beliefs).
Intersectionality of Female Otherness, Resistance, and Challenges in Ava Homa’s Fountain and Wind Through My Hair
Authors: Amaye Muli , Ismail Said Yadgar
Published: December 2024

This paper investigates how females' otherness is formed amidst layers of oppression related to the abuse of religion, politics, and traditions and how characters resist or rebel in both Fountain and Wind Through My Hair within the story collection known as Echoes from the Other Land (2010) by Ava Homa. It will also investigate the way Kurdish women feel 'othered' exploring their ethnic identity, female identity, societal and patriarchal norms, and mix of state politics and religion, in addition to the way they behave and dress up in society as portrayed in the works. The works showcase the lives of Kurdish women in the face of various intersecting challenges in the patriarchal, ethno-centric, theocratic society of Iran. The paper sheds light on various issues related to women’s autonomy, cultural expectations, and gender inequality. In both works, characters resist and debunk the tradition as othered and marginalized females. The issues can be tackled through both postcolonial and intersectional feminism as the two are in line with the issues of women of developing countries who are identified as minorities and whose identity is suppressed.
The effect of a rehabilitation program using (mental exercises and video games) to improve the balance skill in Parkinson's patients
Authors: Khaled Sabr Mohammad , Mahammadsalih Zana Mahammad , Tahir Zeen Baiz
Published: December 2024

The brain is the main organ of the human nervous system, and one of the diseases that affect the brain is Parkinson's disease, in most cases we see a loss of balance in Parkinson's disease, so that the paralyzed member could not perform the required voluntary movements and this matter causes imbalance for the patient's person and with age and degree of injury may lead to a decrease in balance. Parkinson's disease may affect many daily activities, and treatments aim to alleviate these problems by helping you receive the knowledge and skills you need to continue doing all your previous activities, and sports rehabilitation consists in learning to move more naturally and with less effort. In this context, technological means are a tool to help achieve the objectives of the rehabilitation process. As we know that video games are an important and major part of technology in the modern life of humans, especially in the scope of rehabilitation for people with special intellectual - motor needs, and video games can be used in the rehabilitation process for these people to develop their motor skills throughout the stages of the game. It concludes from the research that the rehabilitation program using (mental exercises and video games) played a positive role to improve the skill of fixed balance and motor in the research sample and that mental exercises contributed well to improving balance in patients with type II.
Marriage of muslims with other religons
Authors: Faidullah Intesar Ameer , Ali Jawad Faqe
Published: December 2024

Marriage in Islam is a contract that has great purposes, and its goal is noble, as it is the path of chastity, and the way of procreation, and since the family is the nucleus of the nation and its foundation Islam has taken great care of it, preserving its entity and making it coherent and homogeneous. The marriage of a Muslim to a woman of the people of the Book in Islam has a special importance, since marriage between people of different religions is not permitted. And if the expression is correct, mixed marriage, except for Islam, which permitted marriage of people of the Book, and thus establishes a basis for interaction between human beings and that all people are brothers who deal on the basis of humanity, no matter how different their religions, languages and colors are. They are brothers in humanity, which means acquaintance and cooperation. The Almighty said (O mankind! We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know one another. Verily, the most honorable of you with Allah is that (believer) who has At-Taqwâ. ( Al-Hujraat13) And the relationship between Muslims and people of other religions is based on foundations governed by the rules of interests and harms that are linked to the reality that varies from time to time. The condition of Muslims is calculated as strength and weakness. the first era, so God permitted marriage to women of the Book, and some of the Companions of them got married, such as Othman, Hudhaifa, and others, then Umar (may God be pleased with him) forbade it and asked them to divorce them.
Then Ibn Omar (may God be pleased with him) forbade it. It appears from that that he singled out the permissibility in one case rather than another, and this indicates that the ruling in the matter is linked to the circumstances of the era and is influenced by what the Muslims are upon. And in the case of the writings and the surrounding circumstances, all of this makes researching the issue, investigating the opinions of the jurists on it, and knowing the different points of view regarding it a matter required. Especially when there are many religions and sects that non-Muslims condemn. All of this makes studying the issue a picture that is consistent with reality and extracting an opinion that is consistent with reality is a scientific necessity.
This research comes to study this topic and its scientific material was distributed into three demands and a conclusion in which we summarized the most important results and recommendations.
Adolescents’ Social Phobia and its relationship to Parental treatment methods: A field study in Erbil city center.
Authors: Hasan Fenk Amjad , Abdullah Jalal Ahmed
Published: December 2024

The current study aims to determine the prevalence of social phobia among teenagers attending high schools in the Erbil city and its relationship to parental treatment strategies. It also compares the degree to which these teenagers experience social phobia based on their gender، their class at school، and whether they attend a public or private school.
The researchers prepared a scale for measuring social phobia to identify the parental method's treatment with their own teenager children after reviewing the literature and earlier studies related to the study's topic. Following virtual validation of both scales' validity and reliability using the Cronbach's alpha method، the two scales were used to gather the necessary data from 402 students. The data collected was then analyzed using SPSS software to determine any significant relationships between parental treatment methods and their children's phobias.
The findings revealed that both male and female students have very low levels of social phobia. Parents are treating their adolescent children democratically rather than authoritarian، lenient، and neglectful. Furthermore، there are no statistically significant differences between male and female students based on sex، educational level، or school type (public or private). This suggests that adolescent with phobia may have experienced a range of parenting styles in their upbringing، but none of these styles were strong predictors of the development of phobia.
 The researchers concluded by offering a variety of advice and recommendations regarding social phobia in adolescents and its connection to parental treatment strategies. They concluded that more research is required to determine the long-term effects of different parental interventions on adolescents with social phobia
The possibility of considering the administrative decision as an application of the unilateral will that created the obligation
Authors: Al-Ahmad Mohammed Suleiman , Ismail Hassib Saleh
Published: December 2024

In our study we discussed the ability of administrative decision to establish obligation as an independent source of obligation or considered as an application of the unilateral will. We found that when the administration commits itself in the cases prescribed by law from the applications of unilateral will, the administrative decision is a source of obligation as an application of unilateral will and not as a direct source of obligation. However, it's possible for administration to commit itself through its decision other than those cases prescribed by law from the applications of unilateral will, also in it is decisions, administration not only imposes obligation on itself but may also impose obligations on those who deal with administration. Therefore, the administrative decision, also in it is form constitutes a unilateral will application, would in such cases be a direct source of obligation rather than an application of unilateral will.
The limited application of the administrative decision establishing the obligation according to the concept contained in the jurisprudence of civil law does not reduce the role of the administrative decision as source of the obligation, The administrative decision within such limited applications is a general source of obligation, as are other sources of obligation, because the applications of each of the sources of obligation mentioned in civil regulations are limited, and the applications of the administrative decision that creates the obligation are more when compared to some of these sources, such as individual will and gain without a legal reason
Grammatical Loan Translation in the Newswriting Language of Kurdish Websites
Authors: Husen Hamad Sherwan , Azad Mahroof Dadyar
Published: December 2024

This paper investigated a critical feature of language contact phenomenon which is “grammatical loan translation”. In grammatical loan translation, the receptor language transfers a linguistic component whether it is morphology or syntax from the source language as simultaneously as the word order typology and grammatical features of that language. In other words, grammatical loan translation is interfererance of the grammatical rules and features of the source language to the receptor language, thus resulting in an unnatural change in the grammar of that language. Scholars in the field of language contact consider that grammatical loan translation is the resultant of the bilingual phenomenon. Additinaly, they believe that grammatical pattern translation rarely occurs without the existence of bilingual phenomenon in society. However, it is obvious that there is no bilingual phenomenon in Kurdistan Region as the Kurdish is the main language of education, media and governance, but many foreign (non-Kurdish) grammatical patterns came into the Kurdish language, especially into the language of news writing. This phenomenon reflected in all the categories of the language, and sentences.
Grammatical loan translation has critical effect on language as it has been called language poison by researchers as well as language passive and language death by some others. Therefore, if language planning is not taken into consideration for this linguistic phenomenon, it can change the grammatical feature and gender of a language since the basic system of a language is preserved via grammar.
The effectiveness of the proposed e-learning program according to the academic boredom of self-learning among Koya university students
Authors: Ali Mohammed Kawa , Rzgar Razaq Sebar
Published: December 2024

The aim of the study is to determine the effectiveness of the proposed e-learning program according to the academic boredom of self-learning. The experimental approach was used for two independent, equal groups, (44) male and female students were deliberately chosen. The research tool consisted of 45 items. Honesty and constancy were acceptable. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences between the academic post boredom test in favor of the experimental group. The differences were statistically significant in the pre and post tests of the experimental group, and the result was in favor of the post test. There were no statistically significant differences in academic boredom between the pre and post test of the female group in the experimental group. No statistically significant differences were found for females of academic boredom between the pre and post test for both groups. There were statistically significant differences among males from academic boredom between the pre and post tests for both groups in favor of the experimental groups. The research presented some recommendations and suggestions.
PERIPHERAL HEMODYNAMICS IN CHANGING BODY POSITION IN MEN
Authors: D.A. Skorlupkin , E.K. Golubeva , T.M. Nikolaeva
Published: December 2024

Changing the pose of the human body in the conditions of Earth gravity is accompanied by the initiation of adaptive reactions of the visceral systems of the body, primarily the circulatory system. The manifestation of adaptive effects largely depends on the level of reactivity of the centers of the autonomic nervous system. The purpose of this work was to study the features of blood flow in the shoulder-forearm segment during postural changes in men, taking into account the excitability of the centers of the sympathetic nervous system. The study was performed on 50 practically healthy male students who underwent rheovasography using the Rheo-spectrum computer rheographic complex for 5 minutes in the supine position, then 5 minutes with passive orthostasis and passive antiorthostasis. The excitability of sympathetic vegetative centers was assessed by the nature of changes in heart rate during the active orthostatic test. It has been shown that passive orthostasis causes a decrease in the degree of blood filling of arterial and venous vessels in the shoulder-forearm segment, and also leads to an increase in blood flow velocity, which is a consequence of increased vascular tone and narrowing. The revealed changes are more pronounced in men with increased excitability of sympathetic nerve centers. The passive transition to an antiorthostatic position in men with increased sympathetic excitability causes an increase in the duration of blood vessel filling associated with their expansion. At the same time, in men with normal excitability of the sympathetic nervous system, there is a decrease in vascular wall tone without a significant change in blood flow velocity.
STUDY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN DIABETES
Authors: N.V. Sitnikova
Published: December 2024

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most pressing health problems in many countries. DM disrupts most types of metabolism and affects many tissues and organs to varying degrees. The development of DM leads to serious complications that cause disability and high mortality. Cardiovascular system disorders, nervous system disorders, diabetic nephropathy, skin disorders, diabetic retinopathies, musculoskeletal and immune system disorders. The cause of diabetes mellitus is considered to be insulin deficiency (type I), which occurs as a result of pathological changes in the beta cells of the pancreas. Another cause is insulin insensitivity (type II). Scientists are developing antidiabetic herbal preparations that have a pronounced effect on alloxan diabetes models. The composition of the collection includes: blueberry leaves or shoots, bean pods, rose hips, nettle leaves, plantain leaves, chamomile flowers, calendula flowers, motherwort herb, St. John's wort herb, yarrow herb, licorice root, rhizomes and roots of elecampane. Preparations with an anabolic effect have been developed from restharrow and alfalfa. Their active ingredients are phenolic compounds. Currently, foreign and domestic manufacturers offer biologically active food supplements as adjuvant treatment for diabetes. The range of herbal medicines for the treatment of diabetes is small, so expanding the range of herbal preparations that regulate carbohydrate metabolism disorders and prevent complications is an urgent area of research. In this regard, collections of several medicinal plants that implement the main areas of diabetes therapy are of interest.
EFFECT OF SILVER SULFATHIAZOLE ON THE HEALING OF SKIN WOUNDS FORMED DURING THE CUTTING OF EXTERNAL FIXATION APPARATUS NEEDLES
Authors: E.N. Gorbach , D.R. Kislitsina , O.V. Dyuryagina
Published: December 2024

The study of the healing mechanisms of skin wounds resulting from damage to the skin by transosseous needles of external fixation devices in the treatment of osteoarticular pathology with the aim of further targeted correction of these processes is one of the urgent tasks of modern traumatology and orthopedics. The effect of silver sulfathiazole, recommended for the prevention of infectious complications, on the healing of this type of wound has not been studied previously.
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of silver sulfathiazole on the healing of skin wounds formed during the cutting of external fixation devices by pins.
The experimental study was performed on 35 sexually mature male Wistar rats. Modeling of a skin wound formed during the cutting of external fixation devices by pins was carried out in sterile operating room conditions, under drug anesthesia of animals that underwent transosseous osteosynthesis of the femur using an original design of the external fixation device. By tractional movement of the proximal pin with a dosed stretching of the supports at a rate of 1 mm in 4 steps, tension and cutting of the skin were carried out for 10 days (the distraction period), then the device was in a static position for 15 days (the period of fixation of the limb in the device), after which the device was dismantled and observation was carried out for another 30 days. The animals were divided into 2 groups. In the control group, the simulated wound healed under natural healing conditions; in the experimental group, silver sulfathiazole applications were performed twice daily during the distraction period. Skin wounds were examined using light microscopy and morphometry after 10 days of distraction, 15 days of fixation, and 30 days after the apparatus was removed. The thickness of the epidermis, dermis, and the numerical density of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles were measured on digital images of histological preparations stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The volume density of elastic fibers was determined on preparations stained with orcein according to Tenzer-Unn. The obtained quantitative data were subjected to statistical analysis.
The study showed that the formation of a skin wound with transosseous pins is accompanied by tissue tension. Healing of this type of wound occurs with a delay in epithelialization and an increase in the duration of the inflammatory phase. This affects the mechanisms of extracellular matrix synthesis and leads to the formation of scar tissue in the area of damage. The use of silver sulfathiazole applications promotes accelerated wound closure by epithelium, a reduction in the period of inflammation, normalization of elastin synthesis, and a decrease in cicatricial changes in the skin regenerate.
EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY OF HEALTH INFORMATION SOURCES ON THE INTERNET
Authors: M.V. Vodolagin , N.A. Ukhvatkin , A.S. Revyakin , A.A. Shugaeva , N.V. Polukhin
Published: December 2024

The health literacy of a population is associated with the availability and quality of information resources. The present study examines the sources and quality of health information available on the Russian segment of the Internet. Information sources were searched using keywords related to the prevention and treatment of various diseases and the maintenance of optimal health. The study analyzed 200 channels and communities on popular Internet platforms in the Russian Federation, including YouTube, RuTube, VKontakte, Odnoklassniki, and Telegram. A mere 42.0% of the authors of health-related information sources indicated that they had received medical training. A total of 30.0% of the channels and communities included references to sources of information in their publications. Commercial advertising was observed in 29.0% of the sources. In 51.0% of the sources, inaccurate information about the prevention and treatment of various diseases was identified. The prevalence of such information was notably higher in VKontakte (73.3%), Odnoklassniki (86.7%), and YouTube (62.9%) compared to RuTube (4.4%) and Telegram (20.0%), among authors without medical education (54.1%), as well as in communities and channels with commercial advertising integrations in their materials (38.2%). The findings of this study underscore the necessity for the development of effective mechanisms to regulate the quality of health information disseminated online and to enhance the general literacy of users to critically evaluate the available information about the prevention and treatment of various diseases and the maintenance of optimal health.
EFFECT OF CALLICARPA NUDIFLORA THICK EXTRACT ON SOME BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS IN EXPERIMENTAL CRANIOCEREBRAIN INJURY
Authors: A.M. Temirbulatova , E.O. Kulichenko , D.I. Pozdnyakov , T.M. Vasina
Published: December 2024

In the modern world, neurotrauma has become one of the main problems in the field of medicine. Such injuries can be caused by various factors, including accidents, falls, violence, sports injuries, etc. The consequences of neurotrauma can be different, including impaired brain function, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, mood disorders and other negative consequences, so the search for new methods of treating neurotrauma is an urgent task for medicine. It is known that the consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is short- and long-term cognitive deficit, usually manifested in impaired attention, learning, memory and higher integrative functions.
Callicarpa nudiflora Hook. & Arn is a plant species used in traditional Asian medicine to treat various diseases, including diseases of the nervous system. According to its chemical composition, Callicarpa nudiflora Hook. & Arn contains flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, macro- and microelements: potassium, iron, copper, sodium, calcium, etc. The object of this study is the extract of Callicarpa nudiflora Hook. & Arn (Callicarpa nudiflora). Quantitative determination of the total content of reducing substances in the analyzed extract in terms of gallic acid was analyzed spectrophotometrically by the reaction of the interaction of the studied extract with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. However, the neuroprotective effect of this plant under experimental neurotrauma has not been sufficiently studied. The study found that the extract of Callicarpa nudiflora under experimental craniocerebral trauma leads to new opportunities for assessing the psycho-emotional status. The study will expand our current knowledge of the pharmacological properties of Callicarpa nudiflora Hook. & Arn and provide a deeper understanding of what molecular mechanisms may be involved in its neuroprotective effects.