bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phalaenopsis mysorensis Saldanha (Orchidaceae): Note on Distribution and Ecology
Authors: Fernando Samantha Suranjan , Gunatilleke IAUN , Gunasekara Samantha , Gunatilleke CVS , Abewardana UTI
Published: June 2009

Phalaenopsis mysorensis Saldanha, an orchid species endemic to South India has recently been recorded in Sri Lanka from a few isolated hill forests in the northern and eastern dry lowlands. The minute habit, small white flowers and short unbranched peduncle distinguishes P. mysorensis from its congener P. deliciosa, the only recorded Phalaenopsis in Sri Lanka. The habit and habitat of the species are described based on recent observations and collections.Key words: Orchid, Kingidium, isolated hills, Sri Lanka, Indiadoi: 10.4038/cjsbs.v37i2.503 Cey. J. Sci. (Bio. Sci.) 37 (2): 163-166, 2008
Reproductive development and parental investment during pregnancy: Moderating influence of mother's early environment
Authors: Coall David A. , Chisholm James S.
Published: June 2009

The association between a woman's age at menarche and the birth weight of her children is highly variable across human populations. Life history theory proposes that a woman's early environment may moderate this association and thus account for some of the variation between populations. According to one life history theory model, for individuals who develop in a childhood environment of high local mortality rates (experienced subjectively as psychosocial stress), it can be adaptive to mature earlier, have more offspring during their reproductive lifetime, and reduce investment in each offspring. In an environment of low psychosocial stress, however, it may be adaptive to mature later, have fewer offspring, and invest more in each. In this study, birth weight and proportionate birth weight (neonate's birth weight as a percentage of its mother's prepregnancy weight) were used as measures of parental investment during pregnancy. In a sample of 580 first‐time mothers, we tested the hypothesis that the psychosocial stress experienced as a child would moderate the association between age at menarche and investment during pregnancy. We found that earlier menarche in those women who experienced stressful life events before 15 years of age was associated with a lower birth weight and proportionate birth weight. Conversely, in those who reported no childhood stressors, earlier menarche was associated with increased birth weight and proportionate birth weight. Our data suggest that the moderating influence of the childhood psychosocial environment on the association between age at menarche and parental investment throughout gestation operates in a dose‐dependent manner. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Boy with pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a caused by GNAS gene mutation (deltaN377), Crouzon‐like craniosynostosis, and severe trauma‐induced bleeding
Authors: Graul‐Neumann Luitgard M. , Bach Alexia , Albani Michael , Ringe Hannelore , Weimann Andreas , Kress Wolfram , Hiort Olaf , Bartsch Oliver
Published: June 2009

We report on a 6‐month‐old boy with craniosynostosis, pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a (PHP1A), and a GNAS gene mutation. He had synostoses of the coronal, frontal, and sagittal sutures, brachyturricephaly, and hydrocephaly. He also had congenital hypothyroidism, round face, full cheeks, shortness of limbs, mild developmental delay, and muscular hypotonia. Because of progressive hydrocephaly, the synostosis was corrected surgically but circulatory decompensation led to disseminated intravascular coagulation and cerebral infarctions. Our patient died 8 days later. Postmortem molecular studies of GNAS, the gene for guanine nucleotide‐binding protein, alpha‐stimulating activity polypeptide (gene for PHP1A), identified a de novo heterozygous 3 bp in frame deletion predicting a deletion of the asparagine residue at position 377 (deltaN377). This is the second report of this mutation. Results of molecular studies of craniosynostosis genes (FGFR2, FGFR3) and of numerous genetic variants predisposing to bleeding disorders were normal. We question whether craniosynostosis and trauma‐induced bleeding disorder may be manifestations of PHP1A, or if our patient had two or three different congenital disorders. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primate models in women's health: inflammation and atherogenesis in female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Register Thomas C.
Published: June 2009

Female cynomolgus monkeys are excellent models for understanding cardiovascular disease and the relationships between inflammatory processes and conditions such as atherogenesis. This review summarizes published research findings obtained through comprehensive, multidisciplinary, multi‐investigator studies in nonhuman primates over the past two decades. These studies examined the effects of exogenous estrogens and dietary soy protein/isoflavones (IFs) on atherosclerosis, circulating biomarkers, and tissue inflammation in pre‐ and postmenopausal female cynomolgus monkeys. Inflammation may play a role in the initiation and progression of disease, be a consequence of the disease, or both. Circulating and tissue biomarkers with inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory characteristics (including adhesion molecules such as e‐selectin, VCAM‐1, and ICAM‐1, chemokines such as MCP‐1, cytokines such as interleukins, and acute phase reactants such as CRP, and others) may be useful indicators of disease status. Treatment of postmenopausal subjects with estrogen resulted in significant reductions in several key inflammatory mediators as well as atherosclerosis, while dietary IF had a more limited effect on inflammation and atherogenesis. Circulating concentrations of key inflammatory proteins, including monocyte‐chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), were associated with atherosclerosis and lesion characteristics in these animals. In premenopausal female monkeys, a diet enriched in soy protein reduced arterial inflammation as well as atherogenesis in comparison to a diet enriched in casein‐lactalbumin. Expression levels of arterial inflammation associated genes (MCP‐1, ICAM‐1) and markers for inflammatory cell types (macrophages and T cells) correlated with plaque size, were differentially influenced by treatments, and represent potential targets for interventions. Arterial expression of estrogen receptor α, the key mediator of estrogenic effects, was inversely correlated with plaque size and indices of inflammation, suggestive of an atheroprotective role. The findings provide additional evidence that circulating inflammatory markers (particularly MCP‐1) may be useful indicators of atherosclerotic disease progression and responses to treatment in female primates, and that estrogens and dietary soy may inhibit atherogenesis in part through anti‐inflammatory mechanisms. Am. J. Primatol. 71:766–775, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Migration and diversity in Roman Britain: A multidisciplinary approach to the identification of immigrants in Roman York, England
Authors: Leach Stephany , Lewis Mary , Chenery Carolyn , Müldner Gundula , Eckardt Hella
Published: June 2009

Previous anthropological investigations at Trentholme Drive, in Roman York identified an unusual amount of cranial variation amongst the inhabitants, with some individuals suggested as having originated from the Middle East or North Africa. The current study investigates the validity of this assessment using modern anthropological methods to assess cranial variation in two groups: The Railway and Trentholme Drive. Strontium and oxygen isotope evidence derived from the dentition of 43 of these individuals was combined with the craniometric data to provide information on possible levels of migration and the range of homelands that may be represented. The results of the craniometric analysis indicated that the majority of the York population had European origins, but that 11% of the Trentholme Drive and 12% of The Railway study samples were likely of African decent. Oxygen analysis identified four incomers, three from areas warmer than the UK and one from a cooler or more continental climate. Although based on a relatively small sample of the overall population at York, this multidisciplinary approach made it possible to identify incomers, both men and women, from across the Empire. Evidence for possible second generation migrants was also suggested. The results confirm the presence of a heterogeneous population resident in York and highlight the diversity, rather than the uniformity, of the population in Roman Britain. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technical note: Removal of metal ion inhibition encountered during DNA extraction and amplification of copper‐preserved archaeological bone using size exclusion chromatography
Authors: Matheson Carney D. , Marion Travis E. , Hayter Shana , Esau Neal , Fratpietro Renee , Vernon Kim K.
Published: June 2009

A novel technique for the removal of metal ions inhibiting DNA extraction and PCR of archaeological bone extracts is presented using size exclusion chromatography. Two case studies, involving copper inhibition, demonstrate the effective removal of metal ion inhibition. Light microscopy, SEM, elemental analysis, and genetic analysis were used to demonstrate the effective removal of metal ions from samples that previously exhibited molecular inhibition. This research identifies that copper can cause inhibition of DNA polymerase during DNA amplification. The use of size exclusion chromatography as an additional purification step before DNA amplification from degraded bone samples successfully removes metal ions and other inhibitors, for the analysis of archaeological bone. The biochemistry of inhibition is explored through chemical and enzymatic extraction methodology on archaeological material. We demonstrate a simple purification technique that provides a high yield of purified DNA (>95%) that can be used to address most types of inhibition commonly associated with the analysis of degraded archaeological and forensic samples. We present a new opportunity for the molecular analysis of archaeological samples preserved in the presence of metal ions, such as copper, which have previously yielded no DNA results. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activation of Hydrogen by Palladium(0): Formation of the Mononuclear Dihydride Complextrans‐[Pd(H)2(IPr)(PCy3)]
Authors: Fantasia Serena , Egbert Jonathan D. , Jurčík Václav , Cazin Catherine S. J. , Jacobsen Heiko , Cavallo Luigi , Heinekey D. Michael , Nolan Steven P.
Published: June 2009

Gleichmäßiger Schnitt: Im scharfen Widerspruch zum üblichen Verhalten von Pd0‐Komplexen vermag [Pd(IPr)(PCy3)] die H‐H‐Bindung zu aktivieren. Das entstehendetrans‐[Pd(H)2(IPr)(PCy3)] ist der erste isolierte einkernige Dihydridopalladiumkomplex (siehe Schema). Seine Bildung wird durch NMR‐Spektroskopie, Dichtefunktionalrechnungen und Röntgenstrukturanalyse bestätigt. Stabilität und Reaktivität dieser neuen Spezies werden untersucht.

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Hydrogen‐Bonding Catalysts Based on Fluorinated Alcohol Derivatives for Living Polymerization
Authors: Coulembier Olivier , Sanders Daniel P. , Nelson Alshakim , Hollenbeck Andrew N. , Horn Hans W. , Rice Julia E. , Fujiwara Masaki , Dubois Philippe , Hedrick James L.
Published: June 2009

Verwechslung ausgeschlossen: Ein Wasserstoffbrückenmotiv, das auf hexafluorierten Alkoholfunktionen beruht (siehe Bild; rot O, gelb F), aktiviert elektrophile Substrate. Die katalytische Aktivität des Systems wurde an der Ringöffnungspolymerisation einer Vielzahl gespannter Heterocyclen demonstriert. Polymere mit vorhersagbarem Molekulargewicht, niedriger Polydispersität und verlässlichen Endgruppen wurden erhalten.

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Catalytic Microcapsules Assembled from Enzyme–Nanoparticle Conjugates at Oil–Water Interfaces
Authors: Samanta Bappaditya , Yang Xiao‐Chao , Ofir Yuval , Park Myoung‐Hawn , Patra Debabrata , Agasti Sarit S. , Miranda Oscar R. , Mo Zhi‐Hong , Rotello Vincent M.
Published: June 2009

Unfreiwillige Zusammenkunft: Anionische β‐Galactosidase‐Enzyme assoziieren mit positiv geladenen Au‐Nanopartikeln zu schwach geladenen Konjugaten, die wiederum an Öl‐Wasser‐Grenzflächen zu stabilen Mikrokapseln aggregieren (siehe Bild). Die Mikrokapseln entstehen sehr rasch und zeigen hohe enzymatische Aktivitäten, was sie zu vielversprechenden Materialien für biotechnologische Anwendungen macht.

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Loading of Exponentially Grown LBL Films with Silver Nanoparticles and Their Application to Generalized SERS Detection
Authors: Abalde‐Cela Sara , Ho Szushen , Rodríguez‐González Benito , Correa‐Duarte Miguel A. , Álvarez‐Puebla Ramón A. , Liz‐Marzán Luis M. , Kotov Nicholas A.
Published: June 2009

Filmvorstellung: Dünne Filme, die durch exponentielles Schichtenwachstum erzeugt wurden, zeigen hohe Diffusivitäten und lassen sich leicht mit anorganischen Nanopartikeln infiltrieren. Die Filme können molekulare Systeme abhängig von der Schichtzusammensetzung aus Lösungen sequestrieren und liefern oberflächenverstärkte Raman‐Signale (SERS) mit hoher Intensität (siehe Bild).

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Macrocyclization by Nickel‐Catalyzed, Ester‐Promoted, Epoxide–Alkyne Reductive Coupling: Total Synthesis of (−)‐Gloeosporone
Authors: Trenkle James D. , Jamison Timothy F.
Published: June 2009

Im Zentrum der Totalsynthese der Titelverbindung steht eine neuartige Strategie, bei der mithilfe von Triethylboran und einem Nickel(0)‐Phosphan‐Komplex effizient ein 14‐gliedriger Ring geschlossen wird (siehe Schema; cod=Cyclooctadien). Die Synthese verläuft über zehn Stufen in ca. 9 % Gesamtausbeute.

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Fluorescence Logic‐Signal‐Based Multiplex Detection of Nucleases with the Assembly of a Cationic Conjugated Polymer and Branched DNA
Authors: Feng Xuli , Duan Xinrui , Liu Libing , Feng Fude , Wang Shu , Li Yuliang , Zhu Daoben
Published: June 2009

An energy‐transfer cascade is generated from a cationic conjugated polymer (PFP) and negatively charged, Y‐shaped DNA labeled with three dyes at its termini (fluorescein (Fl), Tex Red, and Cy5). Multistep fluorescence resonance energy transfer regulates the fluorescence intensities of PFP and the dyes. Different types of logic gates can be operated by observing the emission wavelengths of different dyes with multiplex nucleases as inputs.

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Macrocyclization by Nickel‐Catalyzed, Ester‐Promoted, Epoxide–Alkyne Reductive Coupling: Total Synthesis of (−)‐Gloeosporone
Authors: Trenkle James D. , Jamison Timothy F.
Published: June 2009

Ringing the changes: The total synthesis of the title compound centers around a novel strategy that employs a nickel(0)–phosphine complex and triethyl borane in an efficient closure of a 14‐membered ring through CC bond formation (see scheme; cod=cyclooctadiene). The synthesis was accomplished in 10 steps and in approximately 9 % overall yield.

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Cover Picture: Polyketide‐Chain Branching by an Enzymatic Michael Addition (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 27/2009)
Authors: Kusebauch Björn , Busch Benjamin , Scherlach Kirstin , Roth Martin , Hertweck Christian
Published: June 2009

The fungus Rhizopus microsporus …︁; shown in the micrograph on the cover picture, harbors the endosymbiotic bacteria Burkholderia rhizoxinica that produces the antimitotic polyketide macrolide rhizoxin (see structure). In their Communication on page 5001 ff., C. Hertweck and co‐workers show that the enzyme rhizoxin polyketide synthase is uniquely capable of introducing a β branch (highlighted by the magnifying glass) by a Michael‐type addition of a malonyl unit to an acryloyl intermediate.

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Inside Cover: A Spherical Molecule with a Carbon‐Free Ih‐C80 Topological Framework (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 27/2009)
Authors: Scheer Manfred , Schindler Andrea , Gröger Christian , Virovets Alexander V. , Peresypkina Eugenia V.
Published: June 2009

Template‐controlled self‐assembly of discrete molecular pentaphosphaferrocene and CuCl units was used to form the first entirely carbon‐free molecule that has C80 topology and encapsulates a carborane unit. In their Communication on page 5046 ff., M. Scheer and co‐workers report the synthesis and characterization of this impressive supramolecular compound, which displays an electronic interaction between the carborane and the spherical host molecule. C blue, Fe olive, P pink, Cl green, C gray, B/C orange, H white.

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Resiliency of silicone o‐rings
Authors: Katzman Howard A. , Ross Franklin D. , Valenzuela Pierre R.
Published: June 2009

The recovery of silicone o‐rings after 23% compression at room temperature (22°C) was determined. Two sets of experiments were performed. To determine the effect of temperature on resiliency, the recovery of o‐rings that had been compressed for 24 h at room temperature was measured at both 22°C and −7°C. To determine the effect of storage under compression on resiliency, the recovery at 22°C of o‐rings compressed at room temperature for 6 months or 1 year was compared with those compressed for 24 h. In addition, the effect of a silicone lubricant on the recovery of the o‐rings was determined. The initial room temperature recovery of silicone o‐rings after being compressed for 6 months is somewhat slower than those compressed for 24 h. There is very little change in the recovery of the o‐rings compressed for 1 year compared with those compressed for 6 months. Recovery after 24 h of compression is slower at −7°C than at 22°C. Silicone oil lubricant appears to aid recovery after 24 h of compression but has little effect after 6 months or 1 year of compression. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Effect of poly(ethylene oxide)‐ poly(ethylene glycol) addition on actuation behavior of cellulose electroactive paper
Authors: Mahadeva Suresha K. , Kim Jaehwan , Kang Kwang Sun , Kim Heung Soo , Park Joung Man
Published: June 2009

This article reports the influence of poly(ethylene oxide)‐ poly(ethylene glycol) (PEO‐PEG) addition on its actuation behavior of cellulose electroactive paper. The actuator showed its maximum bending displacement of 5.0 mm with very low electrical power consumption (7 mW/mm) at an ambient condition. Increased displacement output and decreased electrical power consumption of the actuator might be due to the improved polymer chain flexibility and ion mobility. The ion migration effect might play a more important role in actuation principle. Present investigation reveals that cellulose/PEO‐PEG‐based EAPap actuators are suitable to construct an actuator working at normal ambient condition. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and characterization of improved microspheres containing bovine serum albumin
Authors: Li Fan , Tian Feng , Liu Chang‐Jun , Zhao Yong‐Liang
Published: June 2009

Microspheres containing bovine serum albumin (BSA, a model drug) were prepared via double emulsion solvent evaporation using the compound of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the matrix. Influences of introduction of BSA and wall polymer composition on BSA‐PHB/PEG microspheres characteristics were studied by means of DSC, XRD, optical microscope (OM), SEM, FTIR, etc. The crystallinity of PHB dropped when PEG was brought in the compound, and it decreased with the increasing proportion of PEG. BSA‐PHB/PEG microspheres had still lower crystallinity than PHB/PEG compound and raw materials. The yield and protein loading of the microspheres reached 36.1% and 12.2%, respectively, at the optimum mass ratio, m(PHB) : m(PEG) = 4/1. FTIR results confirmed the existence of BSA in the microspheres and revealed the absence of chemical interaction between BSA and polymers. It was found that the mass ratio of PHB to PEG had direct effect on the size distribution, surface morphologies, and microstructure of microspheres. The mean particle size of microspheres ranged between 2.9 and 5.0 μm measured by optical microscopy, depending on the different proportion of PEG. The results from the OM observations combined with SEM micrographs showed that PHB/PEG microspheres were likely to have porous surface and a structure of microspheres embeded. The controlled release characteristics of the microspheres for BSA were investigated in pH 7.4 media, and the result indicated that the BSA‐PHB/PEG microspheres had a quicker release rate and a higher accumulative release amount than BSA‐PHB microspheres, which showed the feasibility and superiority of BSA‐PHB/PEG microspheres as controlled release devices. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis of thermoreactive polysiloxanes with cyclic fragments in the side chain
Authors: Mukbaniani Omari , Tatrishvili Tamara , Titvinidze Giorgi , Patsatsia Sopho
Published: June 2009

The synthesis of polysiloxanes with pendant unsaturated cyclic fragments have been successfully performed by hydrosilylation reactions of polymethylhydrosiloxane with 4‐vinyl‐1‐cyclohexene in the presence of platinum hydrochloric acid (0.1 M solution in THF), Karstedt's catalyst (Pt2[(VinSiMe2)2O]3) and platinum on the charcoal (5%). Reactions were carried out at various temperatures with different ratios of initial compounds. It was shown, that not all active ≡SiH groups take part in the hydrosilylation reaction. Some kinetic parameters of reactions were studied. The synthesized oligomers were characterized by FTIR, 1H, 13C, H,H‐COSY, and C,H‐correlation NMR spectroscopy. Calculations using the quantum‐chemical semi empirical AM1 method for modeling reactions between methyldimethoxysilane [Me(MeO)2SiH] and 4‐vinyl‐1‐cyclohexene were performed to evaluate possible reaction paths. Synthesized oligomers were characterized by gel‐permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetric, thermogravimetric, and wide‐angle X‐ray analyses. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Habitat selection and sampling design for ecological assessment of heterogeneous ponds using macroinvertebrates
Authors: Trigal‐Domínguez Cristina , Fernández‐Aláez Camino , García‐Criado Francisco
Published: June 2009

Habitat heterogeneity has many implications in ecological assessment studies. On one hand it provides varying niches for organisms, increasing diversity. On the other hand, the inherent spatial variability of structurally complex systems may overlap with ecological condition making it difficult to disentangle the effects of perturbation. This study investigated the combined and single effects of habitat and pond condition on the macroinvertebrate assemblages of 35 ponds located in north‐west Spain and spanning a range of water quality and habitat characteristics.

Macroinvertebrate communities and several environmental variables were sampled in the summer of 2004 or 2003. Samples were collected from four dominant habitats (vegetated shores, shores without vegetation, submerged vegetation, bare sediments) following a time‐limited sampling. Non‐metric multidimensional scaling and two‐way crossed ANOSIM were used to investigate the taxonomic and functional differences in macroinvertebrate assemblage structure among habitats (four types) and pond conditions (optimal, good, moderate, poor, very poor). To investigate the individual and combined effects of pond condition and habitat on several diversity measures GLM models were used. In addition, the accuracy of two sampling designs — stratified and multihabitat — was compared using the CVs of seven macroinvertebrate attributes.

Results showed that macroinvertebrate communities differed significantly, albeit weakly, among habitat types and pond condition categories. In particular, the abundance of several Chironomidae genera, rarefied richness and Shannon index decreased both in perturbed systems and bare sediments, whereas no marked differences occurred between shores and submerged vegetation.

We suggest that a multihabitat approach together with the use of community attributes not (or slightly) affected by habitat type will provide more comparable results across ponds than a stratified approach or observation of the whole community, especially in ponds where degradation leads to habitat loss.Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative Analysis of Paw Pad Structure in the Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) and Domestic Cat (Felis catus)
Authors: Hubbard Chris , Naples Virginia , Ross Erin , Carlon Burcu
Published: June 2009

The Clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) is a medium‐sized highly arboreal cat. This study compares the structure of the digital, metacarpal and metatarsal pads of the manus and pes in N. nebulosa to that of the domestic cat (Felis catus). Covered by a stratified squamous cornified epithelium, the pads have a supple deposit of subepidermal fat that is partitioned by collagen fibers and extensively anchored to the muscle tendon sheaths. In both animals, a pes metatarsal pad suspensory ligament originates from the Mm. flexores digitorum profundi tendon and forms 3–4 small branches that project through the dermal fat layer and attach to the pad epidermis. In the cat manus, four tendons of equal size extend from the M. flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) to form the manica flexoria in digits 2–4 from which extends a metacarpal pad suspensory ligament (MPSL) on digits 2 and 5 that extends into the tela subcutanea and epidermis. On digits 3 and 4 MPSL extends directly from the FDS tendon itself. In contrast, manus FDS tendons 1 and 5 in N. nebulosa were thin and either project directly to the tela subcutanea (tendon 1) or connect with the manica flexoria forming a metacarpal pad suspensory ligament (tendon 5). Tendons 2–4 connect with the manica flexoria from which MPSL project into the tela subcutanea and epidermis. In both species, the suspensory ligaments may serve to contract the pad to conform to the under lying substrate, thus enhancing the animal's ability to grip branches while climbing. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and in‐vitro Evaluation of 4‐Benzylsulfanylpyridine‐2‐carbohydrazides as Potential Antituberculosis Agents
Authors: Herzigová Petra , Klimešová Vera , Palát Karel , Kaustová Jarmila , Dahse Hans‐Martin , Möllmann Ute
Published: June 2009

A set of 4‐benzylsulfanylpyridine‐2‐carbohydrazides was synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, non‐tuberculous mycobacteria, and multidrug‐resistant M. tuberculosis. The activities expressed as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) fall into a range of 2 to 125 μmol/L, most often 4 to 32 μmol/L. The results revealed that the substituents on the benzyl moiety do not influence the antimycobacterial efficacy. The substances exhibited similar activities against sensitive and resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. Furthermore, compounds show low antiproliferative effect and cytotoxicity.
Optics and the nature of light illustrated in the rare book collection of the Astronomy Library in Vienna
Authors: Müller I. , Kerschbaum F.
Published: June 2009

The Astronomy Library in Vienna has a significant collection of rare books, consisting of more than 500 titles dating from the end of the 15th to the 18th century. Since the collection was to be the basis of research and of teaching, the books represent a variety of scientific topics that have been of interest at that time. Thus the rare book collection of the Astronomy Library in Vienna also offers the opportunity for scientific historical research. In the following, certain aspects on the development of the telescope and of optics in general will be illustrated (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Troughton & Simms transit circle of Coimbra Astronomical Observatory from the 1850s: An example of the dissemination of technological developments
Authors: Bonifácio V. , Malaquias I. , Fernandes J.
Published: June 2009

Yesterday, as today, technological developments led by large and expensive instrumental projects are later on disseminated to smaller and more affordable devices. In 1847, Airy requested a new transit circle for the Greenwich Observatory. When the first observation was performed, on 4 January 1851, Airy's Greenwich Transit Circle (ATC) was the largest instrument of its class in the world. The construction of the ATC implied solving several technical difficulties, for example, the maintenance of the instrument rigidity and the illumination of the graduated circle and telescope field of view. After the ATC completion Troughton & Simms stand at the 1851 Great London Exhibition included two small transit instruments which were praised for their telescope field of view/eyepiece wires illumination. One of which, was based upon the design implemented beforehand on the ATC. In this paper we will discuss the field and eyepiece wire illumination innovations introduced on the ATC and the Simms transit instruments exhibited in 1851. We will also describe the small Troughton & Simms transit circle currently belonging to Coimbra Astronomical Observatory collection that is, we believe, one of the earliest implementation of this ATC lead development (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
New Stars and telescopes: Nova research in the last four centuries
Authors: Duerbeck H.W.
Published: June 2009

This article gives a brief overview of 400 years of research in the field of novae and related stars. Important objects, first applications of various observing techniques, and early ideas of the interpretation of phenomena are listed. Also, the historical evolution of the classification of novae and related stars (supernovae, dwarf novae), as well as their use as distance indicators is discussed (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Otto von Littrow and his spectrograph
Authors: Kerschbaum F. , Müller I.
Published: June 2009

This article sketches the short life and major accomplishments of the lesser known Littrow, namely Otto, the son of Karl Ludwig von Littrow and grand‐son of Joseph Johann von Littrow, both famous directors of the Vienna Observatory during the 19th century. It turns out that his major accomplishment, a new spectrograph design is still quite relevant today (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Knorre astronomers' dynasty
Authors: Pinigin G.
Published: June 2009

We attempt to throw light upon the poorly known astronomical dynasty of Knorre and describe its contribution to astronomy. The founder of the dynasty, Ernst Christoph Friedrich Knorre (1759–1810), was born in Germany in 1759, and since 1802 he was a Professor of Mathematics at the Tartu University, and observer at its temporary observatory. He determined the first coordinates of Tartu by stellar observations. Karl Friedrich Knorre (1801–1883) was the first director of the Naval Observatory in Nikolaev since the age of 20, provided the Black Sea navy with accurate time and charts, trained mariners in astronomical navigation, and certified navigation equipment. He compiled star maps and catalogues, and determined positions of comets and planets. He also participated in Bessel's project of the Academic Star Charts, and was responsible for Hora 4, published by the Berlin Academy of Sciences. This sheet permitted to discover two minor planets, Astraea and Flora. Viktor Knorre (1840–1919) was born in Nikolaev. In 1862 he left for Berlin to study astronomy. After defending his thesis for a doctor's degree, he went to Pulkovo as an astronomical calculator in 1867. Since 1873 Viktor worked as an observer of the Berlin Observatory Fraunhofer refractor. His main research focussed on minor planets, comets and binary stars. He discovered the minor planets Koronis, Oenone, Hypatia and Penthesilea. Viktor Knorre also worked on improving astronomical instrumentation, e.g. the Knorre & Heele equatorial telescope mounting (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Venus 1882 and Jean‐Charles Houzeau
Authors: Sterken C.
Published: June 2009

This paper focuses on one particular type of telescope – the heliometer – designed for solving one specific basic problem in astronomy: the scale factor of the solar system. One very special instrument of this type was the “heliometer with unequal focal lengths” designed by the Belgian astronomer Jean‐Charles Houzeau for the 1882 transit of Venus. We also draw attention to the most interesting personality of Houzeau, and to his social engagement that went much beyond his work as a scientist (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Genetic regulatory networks of nephrogenesis: Deregulation of WT1 splicing by benzo(a)pyrene
Authors: Ramos Kenneth S. , Nanez Adrian
Published: June 2009

Recent studies have identified AHR as a master regulator of Wilms' tumor suppressor gene (WT1) signaling in the developing kidney. Activation of AHR signaling by environmental chemical is associated with proteasome‐mediated degradation of AHR protein, disruption of WT1 alternative splicing, and marked alterations in the regulation of genetic programs of developmental progression in the developing kidney. The complexity of genetic regulatory networks of nephrogenesis controlled by AHR‐WT1 interactions will be discussed here with particular emphasis given to the biological and medical consequences that may result from deficits in nephrogenesis that compromise reserve capacity and renal function later in life. Understanding the impact of early‐life environmental exposures to chemicals that disrupt AHR signaling can help minimize negative health consequences to pregnant women and their offspring. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 87:192–197, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A flow‐injection chemiluminescent method for the evaluation of the antioxidant activity of 5′‐nucleotides
Authors: Wang Zhouping , Xu Huan , Qian Jia , Ye Jing , Yang Zhen , Sun Huachao , Shi Yonghui
Published: June 2009

In the present work, a simple chemiluminescence (CL) method coupled with flow‐injection analysis for the evaluation of antioxidant activity of 5′‐nucleotides (5′‐AMP, 5′‐CMP, 5′‐GMP, 5′‐UMP) was proposed. It is based on inhibition effect of the studied substances on CL emission of luminol–potassium ferricyanide–pyrogallol. Experiments were performed to evaluate the nature of the inhibition by 5′‐nucleotides of the CL reaction and their antioxidant activities. Based on the experimental results, it was observed that 5′‐nucleotides are available antioxidants that could effectively scavenge superoxide anion free radicals in a concentration‐dependent way. This will provide a basis for further development of the use of nucleotides. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Engineering Propionibacterium acidipropionici for enhanced propionic acid tolerance and fermentation
Authors: Zhang An , Yang Shang‐Tian
Published: June 2009

Propionibacterium acidipropionici, a Gram‐positive, anaerobic bacterium, has been the most used species for propionic acid production from sugars. In this study, the metabolically engineered mutant ACK‐Tet, which has its acetate kinase gene knocked out from the chromosome, was immobilized and adapted in a fibrous bed bioreactor (FBB) to increase its acid tolerance and ability to produce propionic acid at a high final concentration in fed‐batch fermentation. After about 3 months adaptation in the FBB, the propionic acid concentration in the fermentation broth reached ∼100 g/L, which was much higher than the highest concentration of ∼71 g/L previously attained with the wild‐type in the FBB. To understand the mechanism and factors contributing to the enhanced acid tolerance, adapted mutant cells were harvested from the FBB and characterized for their morphology, growth inhibition by propionic acid, protein expression profiles as observed in SDS–PAGE, and H+‐ATPase activity, which is related to the proton pumping and cell's ability to control its intracellular pH gradient. The adapted mutant obtained from the FBB showed significantly reduced growth sensitivity to propionic acid inhibition, increased H+‐ATPase expression and activity, and significantly elongated rod morphology. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 766–773 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydrothermalquellen und der Ursprung des Lebens. Alles hat einen Anfang, auch die Evolution
Authors: Martin William
Published: June 2009

An Tiefsee‐Hydrothermalquellen gedeihen ganze Ökosysteme in völliger Finsternis. Am Anfang ihrer Nahrungskette steht nicht die Sonne, sondern chemische Energieträger wie molekularer Wasserstoff, die aus dem Erdinneren strömen. Seit ihrer Entdeckung vor 30 Jahren werden Hydrothermalquellen im Zusammenhang mit dem Ursprung des Lebens diskutiert, weil die Erde dort chemische Energie spendet. Manche Hydrothermalquellen bilden sogar heute noch Methan aus CO2 auf rein geochemischem Wege. Die chemischen Bedingungen dort sind also für die Umwandlung von CO2 in organische Substanzen – die Bausteine des Lebens – förderlich.
Spurensuche in alter DNA. Molekulare Paläontologie
Authors: Hofreiter Michael
Published: June 2009

Die Erforschung alter DNA hat in den vergangenen Jahren enorme Fortschritte gemacht. Durch die Sequenzierung kompletter mitochondrialer Genome ist es möglich, die Stammbaumverhältnisse ausgestorbener Arten mit großer Präzision zu bestimmen. Analysen vollständiger Gene aus dem Zellkern erlauben es, Merkmale ausgestorbener Tiere zu rekonstruieren, die fossil nicht erhalten bleiben, wie etwa die Haarfarbe. Durch die Verbesserung der Sequenziermethoden für DNA ist es mittlerweile möglich, das gesamte Genom ausgestorbener Arten zu decodieren. Während diese Fortschritte zu zahlreichen neuen Erkenntnissen zur Biologie ausgestorbener Arten geführt haben und noch führen werden, bleibt die Analyse alter DNA aufgrund der Instabilität des DNA‐ Moleküls in aller Regel auf den Zeitraum der letzten Million Jahre beschränkt.
Menschenaffen wie wir. Plädoyer für eine radikale evolutionäre Anthropologie
Authors: Sommer Volker
Published: June 2009

Aktuelle Erkenntnisse der Evolutionsbiologie sind nicht nur wissenschaftlich bedeutsam. Vielmehr haben sie auch weltanschauliche Konsequenzen, die unter den Stichworten Naturalismus und evolutionärer Humanismus zunehmend diskutiert werden. Wer konsequent gradualistisch denkt, für den ist die wesensgemäße Unterscheidung von Tier und Mensch ebenso problematisch wie dualistische Philosophien, die auf supranaturale Kräfte bauen. Speziell reformbedürftig ist unser Verhältnis zu Menschenaffen, deren Denkwelten den unseren ähneln. Ihnen wäre deshalb Personenstatus zuzuerkennen, und unsere eigene Gattung durch Umbenennung der Schimpansen in Homo troglodytes zu erweitern.
Evolution im Spiegel von Landschaft und Architektur. Zeit wurde Raum
Authors: Storch Volker , Küster Hansjörg
Published: June 2009

Von Lebewesen in den vergangenen drei Milliarden Jahren aufgebaute Kohlenwasserstoffe und Carbonate blieben in Form von Sedimenten erhalten. Aus diesen Ablagerungen entstanden Lagerstätten von Rohstoffen und Gebirge. Sie prägen Landschaften in mannigfacher Weise: verkarstete Kalkgebirge, Kohlebergbaugebiete, moorige Gegenden, verlandete Meeresküsten. In den Sedimentgesteinen blieben Reste von Lebewesen in Form von Fossilien erhalten. Die Fossilien erlauben die Rekonstruktion des Evolutionsgeschehens, der Geschichte des Lebens auf der Erde. Über sie wird eine relative Stratigraphie der Ablagerungen ermöglicht. Der Aufbau der Sedimente aus Überresten von Lebewesen ist ein irreversibler Vorgang, der für die belebte Natur charakteristisch ist.
Phototaxis: Einfach ins rechte Licht drehen
Authors: Kronberg Inge
Published: June 2009

Die weltweit wohl größte Verlagerung von Biomasse findet täglich in den Ozeanen statt: Bei der Vertikalwanderung des Zooplanktons, das die nahrungsreiche obere Wasserzone aufsucht. Gesteuert wird diese Massenwanderung im freien Wasser durch Phototaxis, also eine zum Licht gerichtete Bewegung. Experimente einer deutschen Arbeitsgruppe zeigen, wie verblüffend einfach Lichtsinn und Navigation aufeinander abgestimmt sind und beweisen außerdem, was für einen großen Selektionsvorteil schon die primitivsten Augen darstellen.
Grüne Tiere mit gestohlenen Chloroplasten
Authors: Krupinska Karin
Published: June 2009

Der Raub von Chloroplasten wird von verschiedenen Schneckenarten praktiziert. Während die Chloroplasten meist aber nur einige Tage überleben, schafft es die smaragdgrüne Meeresschnecke Elysia chlorotica, die Chloroplasten während ihres gesamten, etwa zehn Monate dauernden Lebenszyklus als erwachsene Schnecke als Energie‐ und Kohlenhydratquelle zu nutzen.
Zellkerne als Nachtsichtgerät
Authors: Peichl Leo , Joffe Boris
Published: June 2009

Die Augen nachtaktiver Säugetiere enthalten besonders viele der für das Nachtsehen zuständigen, hochempfindlichen Stäbchen‐Fotorezeptoren. Damit können sie Licht wahrnehmen, dessen Intensität millionenfach unter der des Tageslichts liegt. Neue Untersuchungen zeigen, dass sich der nächtliche Lebensstil und die damit verbundenen visuellen Herausforderungen bis auf die Organisation der Zellkerne in den Stäbchen ausgewirkt haben. Dicht gepackte inaktive Bereiche und weniger dicht gepackte aktive Bereiche der DNA sind in den Stäbchenkernen nachtaktiver Säuger anders verteilt als in den Körperzellen fast aller Organismen, einschließlich der Stäbchen tagaktiver Säuger. Die Zellkerne der nachtaktiven Säuger fungieren als Sammellinsen, die das eintreffende Licht bündeln.
Ilka Reinhardt – und das Märchen vom bösen Wolf
Authors: Kirsch Manuela
Published: June 2009

Vor fünf Jahren gründete Ilka Reinhardt, Wildtierbiologin und Wolfsbeauftragte des Landes Sachsen, zusammen mit ihrer Kollegin Gesa Kluth das Wildbiologische Büro LUPUS in Spreewitz in der Lausitz. Ziel ihrer Arbeit ist es, möglichst viele Fakten über die Wölfe in Sachsen zu sammeln und sich für eine Versachlichung der Diskussion über die Rückkehr dieser Tiere nach Deutschland einzusetzen.
ChemInform Abstract: [Ni(H2O)4]3 [U(OH,H2O)(UO2)8O12 (OH)3], Crystal Structure and Comparison with Uranium Minerals with U3O8‐Type Sheets.
Authors: Rivenet Murielle , Vigier Nicolas , Roussel Pascal , Abraham Francis
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Inorganic Starch—Iodine Model: The Inorganic—Organic Hybrid Compound {(C4H12N2)2 [CuII4](I2)}n.
Authors: Redel Engelbert , Roehr Caroline , Janiak Christoph
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New P‐Chiral Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphorodiamidite Ligand in Asymmetric Transformations Catalyzed by Palladium and Copper Complexes.
Authors: Benetskii E. B. , Davankov V. A. , Petrovskii P. V. , Rastorguev E. A. , Grishina T. B. , Gavrilov K. N. , Rosset S. , Bailat G. , Alexakis A.
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclization of Alkynoic Acids with Gold Catalysts: A Surprising Dichotomy Between AuI and AuIII.
Authors: Harkat Hassina , Dembele Albert Yenimegue , Weibel Jean‐Marc , Blanc Aurelien , Pale Patrick
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Double Migration Cascades Toward (1E,3E)‐Dienes and Naphthalenes.
Authors: Dudnik Alexander S. , Schwier Todd , Gevorgyan Vladimir
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Transformation of Oximes and Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds Using Amberlite IRA‐400 Supported Chromic Acid in the Presence of Zirconium Tetrachloride.
Authors: Bahrami Kiumars , Khodaei Mohammad‐Mehdi , Gorgin‐Karaji Usef
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquid Supported (ILS) (S)‐Pyrrolidine Sulfonamide, a Recyclable Organocatalyst for the Highly Enantioselective Michael Addition to Nitroolefins.
Authors: Ni Bukuo , Zhang Qianying , Dhungana Kritanjali , Headley Allan D.
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct anti‐Selective Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α‐Amino‐β‐keto Esters Through Dynamic Kinetic Resolution Using Ru‐Axially Chiral Phosphine Catalysts—Stereoselective Synthesis of anti‐β‐Hydroxy‐α‐amino Acids.
Authors: Makino Kazuishi , Goto Takayuki , Hiroki Yasuhiro , Hamada Yasumasa
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity of 3‐Silyloxy‐1,4‐enynes: Gold(III)‐Catalyzed Regioselective Nucleophilic Substitution.
Authors: Haug Timm T. , Harschneck Tobias , Duschek Alexander , Lee Chang‐Uk , Binder Joerg T. , Menz Helge , Kirsch Stefan F.
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple and Economic Synthesis of Propargylamines by CuI‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Coupling Reaction with Succinic Acid as Additive.
Authors: Ren Gerui , Zhang Jinli , Duan Zheng , Cui Mengjun , Wu Yangjie
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Vinylation of Alcohols or Aldehydes Employing Alkynes as Vinyl Donors: A Ruthenium‐Catalyzed C—C Bond‐Forming Transfer Hydrogenation.
Authors: Patman Ryan L. , Chaulagain Mani Raj , Williams Vanessa M. , Krische Michael J.
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Primary—Tertiary Diamine Catalysts Derived From Natural Amino Acids for syn‐Aldol Reactions of Hydroxy Ketones.
Authors: Li Jiuyuan , Luo Sanzhong , Cheng Jin‐Pei
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.