bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Practicando la argumentación en educación secundaria: el efecto del género
Authors: Bascón Díaz Miguel Jesús , Salguero Fornet Josefa
Published: November 2015

Este trabajo pretende estudiar la argumentación en educación secundaria partiendo de consideraciones previas como su escasa presencia en las aulas y su controvertida relación con el género. Para ello, delimitamos y caracterizamos dos dimensiones del discurso argumentativo (forma y contenido) en función del género y variables situacionales: tipo de grupo y tipo de dilema. Aplicando la técnica Hi-Loglineal se analiza una muestra de 2250 enunciados proferidos por 38 adolescentes (chicos y chicas), debatiendo en grupos de discusión sobre conflictos de pandilla y violencia de pareja. Los resultados corroboran el poco uso de argumentos en el alumnado, siendo las chicas quienes significativamente más presentan, un efecto de la relación entre género y argumentación situado por las variables contextuales. Finalmente, se ofrecen algunas orientaciones de cara a la enseñanza.
Análisis de la convivencia escolar en las aulas multiculturales de Educación Secundaria
Authors: Buendía Einsman Leonor , Expósito López Jorge , Aguadez Ramírez Eva M. , Sánchez Núñez Christian A.
Published: November 2015

Esta investigación pretende analizar la formación del profesorado para promover y gestionar la convivencia en las aulas en los Centros de Educación Secundaria, describir las conductas del alumnado que la alteran y ofrecer opciones de mejora.

Se realiza un análisis documental de los programas de formación inicial de las universidades; se elabora un cuestionario descriptivo y valorativo de conductas del alumnado contrarias a la convivencia y respuestas del profesorado, en cinco centros con elevado número de alumnado inmigrante; y realiza un grupo de discusión de profesorado para ofrecer opciones de mejora de estos contextos. Y constata la escasa formación inicial del profesorado en estos aspectos, comprobado la existencia de diferencias significativas en la valoración de algunas conductas en función del género, de la experiencia docente y el uso por ambos géneros de respuestas usualmente sancionadoras, y el escaso empleo de estrategias educativas/formativas que permitan aumentar la convivencia en el Centro.
Ideología y Pedagogía Empírica: Cuestiones para un debate
Authors: De Miguel Díaz Mario
Published: November 2015

Los investigadores empíricos en educación también tenemos la obligación de “hacer pedagogía” explicando de manera comprensible lo que hacemos, como lo hacemos y, sobre todo, para qué. Durante los últimos años constatamos la tendencia a sustituir la lógica propia de la investigación educativa – conocer/decidir/ mejorar – por otra orientada primordialmente hacia la publicación de trabajos en revistas con reconocidos índices de impacto. Con este estudio  pretendemos efectuar una reflexión sobre algunas de las debilidades conceptuales y  metodológicas que presentan muchos de los trabajos empíricos realizados en el campo de la educación que pueden generar resultados poco creíbles e interpretaciones sesgadas de los mismos. En definitiva, efectuar una llamada de atención para que la ideología e intereses académicos de los investigadores no prevalezcan sobre los fundamentos epistemológicos, metodológicos y éticos que deben regir todo trabajo sobre pedagogía empírica. 
The funding landscape for HIV in Asia and the Pacific
Authors: Stuart Robyn M , Lief Eric , Donald Braedon , Wilson David , Wilson David P
Published: November 2015

Introduction

Despite recent and robust economic growth across the Asia‐Pacific region, the majority of low‐ and middle‐income countries in the region remain dependent on some donor support for HIV programmes. We describe the availability of bilateral and multilateral official development assistance (ODA) for HIV programmes in the region.

Methods

The donor countries considered in this analysis are Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. To estimate bilateral and multilateral ODA financing for HIV programmes in the Asia‐Pacific region between 2004 and 2013, we obtained funding data from the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development Creditor Reporting System database. Where possible, we checked these amounts against the funding data available from government aid agencies. Estimates of multilateral ODA financing for HIV/AIDS were based on the country allocations announcement by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (the Global Fund) for the period 2014 to 2016.

Results

Countries in the Asia‐Pacific region receive the largest share of aid for HIV from the Global Fund. Bilateral funding for HIV in the region has been relatively stable over the last decade and is projected to remain below 10% of the worldwide response to the epidemic. Bilateral donors continue to prioritize ODA for HIV to other regions, particularly sub‐Saharan Africa; Australia is an exception in prioritizing the Asia‐Pacific region, but the United States is the bilateral donor providing the greatest amount of assistance in the region. Funding from the Global Fund has increased consistently since 2005, reaching a total of US$1.2 billion for the Asia‐Pacific region from 2014 to 2016.

Conclusions

Even with Global Fund allocations, countries in the Asia‐Pacific region will not have enough resources to meet their epidemiological targets. Prevention funding is particularly vulnerable and requires greater domestic leadership and coordination. Bilateral donors are still crucially important in the response to HIV throughout the Asia‐Pacific region.
Plasma polymerization of acrylic acid onto polystyrene by cyclonic plasma at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Chang Yi-Jan , Lin Chin-Ho , Huang Chun
Published: November 2015

The cyclonic atmospheric-pressure plasma is developed for chamberless deposition of poly(acrylic acid) film from argon/acrylic acid mixtures. The photoemission plasma species in atmospheric-pressure plasma polymerization was identified by optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The OES diagnosis data and deposition results indicated that in glow discharge, the CH and C2 species resulted from low-energy electron-impact dissociation that creates deposition species, but the strong CO emission lines are related to nondeposition species. The acrylic acid flow rate is seen as the key factor affecting the film growth. The film surface analysis results indicate that a smooth, continuous, and uniform surface of poly(acrylic acid) films can be formed at a relatively low plasma power input. This study reveals the potential of chamberless film growth at atmospheric pressure for large-area deposition of poly(acrylic acid) films.
Time‐correlated patterns from spherical harmonic expansions: Application to geomagnetism
Authors: Pais M. A. , Alberto P. , Pinheiro F. J. G.
Published: November 2015

We use empirical orthogonal function analysis (EOFA) directly on sets of Schmidt spherical harmonic (SH) coefficients modeling the internal geomagnetic field or its time derivatives at different epochs. We show how to properly use the method such that the application of EOFA to either spatial or spectral domains leads to the same results, bypassing the need to work on snapshots of field charts synthesized from SHs. In case a spatial grid is required, we point out which is the best grid to use. We apply the method to the CM4 geomagnetic field model to illustrate the differences in EOFA modes obtained with and without corrections. Once the corrected main modes of secular acceleration (SA) have been singled out, we retrieve previous results showing that the 1969, 1978, and 1991 geomagnetic field acceleration jumps have the same spatial pattern. A new finding in this study is that the same spatial pattern is present in principal modes of secular variation which, once inverted, may provide the flow responsible for the jerk sequence. Another finding is the unveiling of a different spatial structure common to a second group of jerks with SA pulses around 1985 and 1996, displaying a localization very similar to SA pulses identified in 2006 and 2009 using recent satellite data. Finally, if properly handled, the EOFA can be directly applied to a grid of data values of the geomagnetic field in order to produce SH models of decorrelated modes which may help to separate different sources of the field.
Bursa of Fabricius
Authors: Nera Kalle‐Pekka , Kyläniemi Minna K , Lassila Olli
Published: November 2015

The bursa of Fabricius plays a central role in the development of the antibody‐producing B‐lymphocyte lineage in birds. It consists of more than 10 000 follicles surrounded by connective tissue. These follicles provide an appropriate microenvironment for generating a primary repertoire of antibodies. Immunoglobulin gene diversification is achieved by gene conversion and is antigen independent. Bursal B cells undergo very rapid cell division while expressing AID, UNG, Pax5 and Bcl6, genes that are also expressed in proliferating germinal center B cells. By the time of sexual maturity, the bursa involutes and the only source of B‐cell renewal in adult birds is the pool of postbursal B cells in the peripheral lymphoid organs. Bursal B‐cell line
DT40
provides a unique model system for gene‐targeting studies clarifying the B‐cell development, function and Ig diversification.

Key Concepts

Bursa of Fabricius is the primary site for B‐cell development.

Bursa is the site of primary antibody repertoire formation in birds.

Bursa involutes at the time of sexual maturity.

Antibody diversification in the bursa of Fabricius is antigen independent and occurs mostly by Ig gene conversion.

Bursal‐derived DT40 B‐cell line provides a reverse genetic model to study molecular function of B cells.
Disease Eradication by Vaccination
Authors: Lattanzi Maria , Del Giudice Giuseppe , Rappuoli Rino
Published: November 2015

Eradication is the last step in the fight against pathogens and the cessation of their transmission. Several efficacious vaccines have contributed immensely to the reduction of incidence of many diseases, but only a few diseases are amenable to eradication. Vaccines as a health intervention offer the best economic and social value against emerging and re‐emerging diseases and represent the best option for control, elimination and eradication of infectious pathogens. Each eradication programme is different and will require its own strategies and tactics. All eradication programmes, however, require an intensive focus. In addition, a change in mindset will also be needed, especially in rich, developed countries where the dramatic reduction of the incidence of many infectious diseases due to vaccination has now dramatically reduced the perception of the risk linked to these diseases.

Key Concepts

Disease eradication is the ultimate goal of all prevention campaigns.

Not all infectious diseases can be eradicated even if safe and effective vaccines exist.

Vaccines offer the best economic and social value against emerging and re‐emerging diseases.

A shift in mindset in developed countries is needed to prevent re‐emergence in those countries of infectious diseases considered under control.
Reconstructing Human History Using Autosomal,Y‐Chromosomal and Mitochondrial Markers
Authors: Hirbo Jibril
Published: November 2015

Our genomes bear signatures of past events thatcan be exploited to understand history of our species. There is consensus based on over a century of interdisciplinary research that our species emerged in Africa, but several aspects of modern human evolution is still outstanding. In this review, I highlights some major findings in genetic studies of human history using genetic markers and inferences made on history of human populations based on these markers in the context of evidence from other fields. I then suggest future undertakings in the field of genetic research of human history to have a more refined picture of our species.

Key Concepts

Despite over a century of research on human history several questions on human origins are still outstanding

Analysis of molecular markers have yielded history of modern human, but still needs further refinement.

Comprehensive data that captures genetic variations needs to be generated

More sophisticated and realistic statistical approach needs to be developed

Integrating interdisciplinary data will help in refining and achieve better interpretations of history of our species
Treat,Mary
Authors: Gianquitto Tina
Published: November 2015

Mary (Davis) Treat (1830–1923) was a natural scientist and widely published nature writer. Mary Treat was an expert in both botany (specialising in carnivorous plants) and entomology (specialising in ants and wasps). She is credited with discovering several new species, and Charles Darwin quoted her original observations on insectivorous plants. Treat regularly corresponded with eminent scientists, including botanists and naturalists (Charles Darwin, Asa Gray, Charles Sprague Sargent and George Thurber), as well as entomologists (Auguste Forel and Gustav Mayr). Treat's remarkable career as a popular nature writer spanned over 50 years, from 1866 to 1910.
Copper Metabolism,ATP7AandMenkes Disease
Authors: Pierson Hannah , Lutsenko Svetlana , Tümer Zeynep
Published: November 2015

ATP7A is an ATP‐driven copper transport protein that plays an essential role in human health. ATP7A is critically involved in dietary copper uptake in the intestine. In addition, ATP7A delivers copper to numerous copper‐dependent enzymes within the secretory pathway and facilitates copper transfer to the brain. Inactivating mutations inATP7Aare associated with severe and often lethal pathologies, such as Menkes disease, occipital horn syndrome, and distal motor neuropathy. Genetic and biochemical studies have demonstrated that disease‐causing mutations disrupt ATP7A in many ways, including disruption of biosynthesis, impairment of stability, inactivation of copper transport activity and disturbance of trafficking behaviour. Cellular studies also indicate that ATP7A is a subject of complex regulation. Despite significant progress in the characterisation of ATP7A's function, cell‐specific regulation of this transporter remains poorly understood. Many aspects of pathologies caused by mutations inATP7Arequire further in depth studies.

Key Concepts

Copper is the third most abundant trace element in the body, after iron and zinc, and it is required for normal function of important copper‐dependent enzymes. Copper deficiency is detrimental to the development and function of many organs especially the central nervous system.

Precise regulation of intracellular copper levels is vitally important because, although essential, excess copper has detrimental effects on metabolism. Several transporter molecules and carrier proteins are involved in regulating copper homeostasis.

ATP7A is a member of a large family of P‐type ATPases. These ATP‐utilising membrane proteins pump ions across cellular membranes against a concentration gradient. ATP7A is involved in the delivery of copper to cuproenzymes in the secretory pathway and in the export of surplus copper from cells.

Genetic defects inATP7Aleads to the X‐linked recessive Menkes disease.

Menkes disease is a multi‐systemic lethal disorder, marked by neurodegenerative symptoms and connective tissue manifestations.

Most of the clinical features of Menkes disease can be explained by deficiency of various copper‐dependent enzymes.

ATP7Amutations vary from single nucleotide changes to microscopically detectable chromosome abnormalities.

Ultimate diagnostic proof of Menkes disease is the demonstration of the molecular defect inATP7A.

Menkes disease patients show progressive deterioration of brain function. Administration of copper‐histidine before brain damage may slow the disease progression and result in less severe neurological symptoms.
Adoptive
T
‐Cell Transfer: Harnessing Immune Cells to Combat Disease
Authors: Kloss Christopher C , Maus Marcela V
Published: November 2015

Immunotherapies have recently shown great clinical potential as medical treatment in cancer patients. The majority of these therapies aim to stimulate a selective robust immune response that eliminates what is harmful, while not damaging normal tissues. Only with careful investigation of immunity and disease can we understand how to harness the selectivity and memory of the immune system. The majority of currently approved immunotherapeutic agents consist of antibodies that require multiple infusions. In order to generate memory, the cellular component of the immune system is required. These can either be engaged in the patient directly (a vaccine approach) or manipulated and given back to the patient in a process known as adoptive cell therapy. By manipulating these cells
ex vivo
, they can be genetically modified to instruct complex and specific long‐term immune responses. As biotechnology rapidly improves, various aspects of adoptive T‐cell transfer are important to consider and could be optimised.

Key Concepts

Adoptive T‐cell therapy is the transfer of T cells that can be derived either from the same patient (autologous) or from a different person (allogeneic).

T cells can be collected and modified using gene transfer techniques before they are re‐infused to the patient.

New antigen receptors can be used to re‐direct T cells to recognise tumour proteins or infections. T cells may also be modified in other ways to harness their ability to specifically kill target cells, such as tumours.
Memory for Childhood Sexual Abuse Can Be Shaped by Social Conversations: A Commentary on Fagin, Cyr, and Hirst
Authors: Barber Sarah J.
Published: November 2015

Conversations can affect memory, including victims' memories of childhood sexual abuse. As reviewed by Fagin, Cyr, and Hirst, victims disclose different types of information to different audiences. This in turn affects their memory of the abuse; the discussed details are reinforced and the related, but not discussed, details are forgotten. The current commentary extends these arguments in three ways. First, it is important to note that not all victims disclose their abuse, and thus, not all victims are subject to conversational influences. Second, when victims disclose their abuse they may also experience verbal overshadowing effects, exhibiting impaired recall for the discussed perceptual details. Finally, when disclosing their abuse victims sometimes have conversational goals other than accuracy. Depending upon the audience victims may exaggerate details or focus on how they emotionally responded. These decisions also have memorial consequences; people remember and believe what they said rather than what they experienced. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Decade Later: Adolescents' Memory for Medical Emergencies
Authors: Peterson Carole
Published: November 2015

Approximately a decade earlier, 39 adolescents (3–5 years old at the time of event occurrence) were interviewed about stressful injuries serious enough to require hospital emergency room treatment. Parent and/or other witnesses were also interviewed to provide a record against which children's recall was compared. Prior to the current follow‐up, the adolescents had varying numbers of interviews (2–5), and half had been interviewed 5 years previously, whereas the remainder had not been interviewed for 8 or more years. In spite of the long delay since injury and the young age of the adolescents at the time, their recall of their injury was still excellent in terms of completeness, unique narrative detail, and accuracy, although there was a small decrease in accuracy. However, recall of hospital treatment was poorer and showed significant deterioration over time. In addition, the presence of an interview after 5 years (halfway through the 10‐year delay) as well as the number of interviews had no significant effect on 10‐year recall of either event, although more interviews tended to make free recall of the injury more detailed.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Textile‐Reinforced Thermoplastics for Compliant Mechanisms – Application and Material Phenomena
Authors: Koch Ilja , Zscheyge Matthias , Gottwald Robert , Lange Matthias , Zichner Marco , Böhm Robert , Grüber Bernd , Lepper Martin , Modler Niels , Gude Maik
Published: November 2015

Compliant mechanisms are single‐piece structures obtaining their desired motion through elastic deformation of flexible parts. The performance of compliant mechanisms is highly dependent on the material properties, which have to be characterized over a wide range of loads. Textile glass fiber reinforced polypropylene is identified as valuable material for compliant structures. The material properties and damage phenomena for tension, shear and compression loading as well as for cyclic loading are elaborated under special consideration of elastic and inelastic deformations. Local strain measurements in the vicinity of an open hole sharpen the validity of homogenized models for textile reinforcements and directing towards multi‐scale approaches for a localized deformation analysis.
Tunable Nanochannels along Graphene Oxide/Polymer Core–Shell Nanosheets to Enhance Proton Conductivity
Authors: He Guangwei , Chang Chaoyi , Xu Mingzhao , Hu Shen , Li Lingqiao , Zhao Jing , Li Zhen , Li Zongyu , Yin Yongheng , Gang Mingyue , Wu Hong , Yang Xinlin , Guiver Michael D. , Jiang Zhongyi
Published: November 2015

Simultaneous manipulation of topological and chemical structures to induce ionic nanochannel formation within solid electrolytes is a crucial but challenging task for the rational design of high‐performance electrochemical devices including proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Herein, a novel generic approach is presented for the construction of tunable ion‐conducting nanochannels via direct assembly of graphene oxide (GO)/poly(phosphonic acid) core–shell nanosheets prepared by surface‐initiated precipitation polymerization. Using this simple and rapid approach to engineer GO/polymer nanosheets at the molecular‐level, ordered and continuous nanochannels with interconnected hydrogen‐bonded networks having a favorable water environment can be created. The resulting membranes exhibit proton conductivities up to 32 mS cm−1 at 51% relative humidity, surpassing state‐of‐the‐art Nafion membrane and all previously reported GO‐based materials.
Two‐Phase Oxidations with Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by Amphiphilic Pyridinium and Diazinium Salts
Authors: Hartman Tomáš , Šturala Jiří , Cibulka Radek
Published: November 2015

Amphiphilic pyridinium and diazinium salts were shown to be effective catalysts in two‐phase (water/chloroform or water/dichloromethane) sulfoxidations and N‐oxidations with hydrogen peroxide under mild conditions. This unprecedented oxidation method utilizes covalent bonding of hydrogen peroxide to a simple pyridinium or diazinium nucleus to increase the lipophilicity of the hydroperoxide species and to subsequently activate it for oxidations in a non‐polar medium. The catalytic efficiency was found to depend on the type of heteroarenium core and on the lipophilicity of the catalyst. Five series of heteroarenium catalysts were prepared and investigated: 1‐Alkyl‐3,5‐dicyanopyridinium, 1‐alkyl‐3,5‐dinitropyridinium, 1‐alkyl‐3‐cyanopyrazinium, 1‐alkyl‐4‐cyanopyrimidinium and 1‐alkyl‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidinium triflates (alkyl=butyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl and hexadecyl). Among them, the 1‐octyl‐3,5‐dinitropyridinium and 1‐decyl‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidinium triflates were found to be superior catalysts, showing the best stability and the highest catalytic activity, achieving acceleration by a factor of 350 relative to the non‐catalyzed reaction. In contrast to other organocatalytic two‐phase oxidations that use hydrogen peroxide, the presented method is characterized by high chemoselectivity and low catalyst loading (5 mol%) and with the reactions being performed under mild conditions, that is, at 25 °C using diluted hydrogen peroxide and a non‐basic aqueous phase. The catalysts have simple structures and are readily available from commercial materials. Practical applications are demonstratedviathe oxidation of several types of sulfides and amines.

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High‐Performance Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries with a Self‐Supported, 3D Li2S‐Doped Graphene Aerogel Cathodes
Authors: Zhou Guangmin , Paek Eunsu , Hwang Gyeong S. , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: November 2015

Lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries are being considered as the next‐generation high‐energy‐storage system due to their high theoretical energy density. However, the use of a lithium‐metal anode poses serious safety concerns due to lithium dendrite formation, which causes short‐circuiting, and possible explosions of the cell. One feasible way to address this issue is to pair a fully lithiated lithium sulfide (Li2S) cathode with lithium metal‐free anodes. However, bulk Li2S particles face the challenges of having a large activation barrier during the initial charge, low active‐material utilization, poor electrical conductivity, and fast capacity fade, preventing their practical utility. Here, the development of a self‐supported, high capacity, long‐life cathode material is presented for Li‐S batteries by coating Li2S onto doped graphene aerogels via a simple liquid infiltration–evaporation coating method. The resultant cathodes are able to lower the initial charge voltage barrier and attain a high specific capacity, good rate capability, and excellent cycling stability. The improved performance can be attributed to the (i) cross‐linked, porous graphene network enabling fast electron/ion transfer, (ii) coated Li2S on graphene with high utilization and a reduced energy barrier, and (iii) doped heteroatoms with a strong binding affinity toward Li2S/lithium polysulfides with reduced polysulfide dissolution based on first‐principles calculations.
Fast pyrolysis of glucose‐based carbohydrates with added NaCl part 1: Experiments and development of a mechanistic model
Authors: Zhou Xiaowei , Mayes Heather B. , Broadbelt Linda J. , Nolte Michael W. , Shanks Brent H.
Published: November 2015

Sodium ions, one of the natural inorganic constituents in lignocellulosic biomass, significantly alter pyrolysis behavior and resulting chemical speciation. Here, experiments were conducted using a micropyrolyzer to investigate the catalytic effects of NaCl on fast pyrolysis of glucose‐based carbohydrates (glucose, cellobiose, maltohexaose, and cellulose), and on a major product of cellulose pyrolysis, levoglucosan (LVG). A mechanistic model that addressed the significant catalytic effects of NaCl on the product distribution was developed. The model incorporated interactions of Na+ with cellulosic chains and low molecular weight species, reactions mediated by Na+ including dehydration, cyclic/Grob fragmentation, ring‐opening/closing, isomerization, and char formation, and a degradation network of LVG in the presence of Na+. Rate coefficients of elementary steps were specified based on Arrhenius parameters. The mechanistic model for cellulose included 768 reactions of 222 species, which included 252 reactions of 150 species comprising the mechanistic model of glucose decomposition in the presence of NaCl. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 766–777, 2016
A distinct section of the early bronze age society? Stable isotope investigations of burials in settlement pits and multiple inhumations of the Únětice culture in central germany
Authors: Knipper Corina , Fragata Matthias , Nicklisch Nicole , Siebert Angelina , Szécsényi‐Nagy Anna , Hubensack Vera , Metzner‐Nebelsick Carola , Meller Harald , Alt Kurt W.
Published: November 2015

Objectives

Inhumations in so‐called settlement pits and multiple interments are subordinate burial practices of the Early Bronze Age Únětice culture in central Germany (2200–1700/1650 BC). The majority of the Únětice population was entombed as single inhumations in rectangular grave pits with a normative position of the body. The goal of the study was to test archaeological hypotheses that the deviant burials may represent socially distinct or nonlocal individuals.

Materials and Methods

The study comprised up to two teeth and one bone each of 74 human individuals from eight sites and faunal comparative samples. The inhumations included regular, deviant burials in so‐called settlement or storage pits, and multiple burials. We investigated radiogenic strontium isotope compositions of tooth enamel (87Sr/86Sr) and light stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen of bone collagen (δ13C, δ15N) aiming at the disclosure of residential changes and dietary patterns.

Results

Site‐specific strontium isotope data ranges mirror different geological properties including calcareous bedrock, loess, and glacial till. Independent from burial types, they disclose low portions of nonlocal individuals of up to some 20% at the individual sites. The light stable isotope ratios of burials in settlement pits and rectangular graves overlap widely and indicate highly similar dietary habits.

Discussion

The analytical results let to conclude that inhumations in settlement pits and multiple burials were two of the manifold burial practices of the Early Bronze Age. The selection criteria of the individuals for the different forms of inhumation remained undisclosed. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:496–516, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of the coke deposited on 13X industrial zeolite molecular sieves during mercaptan removal process
Authors: Haghighi Asl M. , Sargolzaei J. , Moosavi F.
Published: November 2015

Industrial Z10‐13X zeolite was deactivated by coking during the sequenced pressure and temperature swing mercaptan removal unit at the conditions of 40 °C and 68 bar in adsorption mode and 300 °C and 8 bar in regeneration mode. In this study, detailed coke features inside industrial molecular sieves, in terms of molecular structure and also some other brief properties, have been obtained for the first time by combining numerous techniques including gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐Ray diffraction pattern, and also CO2 and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms of fresh and coked molecular sieves. The coke species were identified and classified into more than 40 different components following their alkylation and cyclization mechanisms. The coke includes polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and it was much alkylated especially with methyl and ethyl fragments. It is mainly compounded of derivatives of benzene located within the zeolite pore, which could grow into polyaromatic compounds constituted up to four aromatic rings with different guest polar elements. Copyright © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardanol grafted natural rubber: A green substitute to natural rubber for enhancing silica filler dispersion
Authors: Mohapatra Sunita , Alex Rosamma , Nando Golok Bihari
Published: November 2015

Natural rubber (NR) usage is wide‐spread from pencil erasers to aero tyres. Carbon black and silica are the most common reinforcing fillers in the rubber industries. Carbon black enhances the mechanical properties, while silica reduces the rolling resistance and enhances the wet grip characteristics. However, the dispersion of polar silica fillers in the nonpolar hydrocarbon rubbers like natural rubber is a serious issue to be resolved. In recent years, cardanol, an agricultural by‐product of the cashew industry is already established as a multifunctional additive in the rubber. The present study focuses on dispersion of silica filler in natural rubber grafted with cardanol (CGNR) and determination of its technical properties. The optimum cure time reduces and the cure rate increases for the CGNR vulcanizates as compared to that of the NR vulcanizates at all loadings of silica varying from 30 to 60 phr. The interaction between the phenolic moiety of cardanol and the siloxane as well as silanol functional groups present on the silica surface enhances the rubber–filler interaction which leads to better reinforcement. The crosslink density and bound rubber content are found to be higher for the silica reinforced CGNR vulcanizates. The physico‐mechanical properties of the silica reinforced CGNR vulcanizates are superior to those of the NR vulcanizates. The CGNR vulcanizates show lower compression set and lower abrasion loss. The dynamic‐mechanical properties exhibit less Payne effect for silica reinforced CGNR vulcanizates as compared to the NR vulcanizates. The transmission electron photomicrographs show uniform dispersion of silica filler in the CGNR matrix. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43057.
The Mood in Melanesia after the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands
Authors: Carter George , Firth Stewart
Published: November 2015

Melanesia is becoming a region of many partners, expanding diplomatic options and a new sense of independence. The wider context of the new Melanesian assertiveness is one in which China is a rising power and Indonesia is forging closer links with the western Pacific. The impetus to Fiji's new assertiveness arose from the diplomatic isolation imposed upon it by Australia and New Zealand after the 2006 military coup. Papua New Guinea's new confidence is founded upon its liquefied natural gas boom. Even Solomon Islands is expanding diplomatic connections. Regionally, the change can be seen in the Melanesian Spearhead Group, which now counts Indonesia among its members, and in Fiji's push for its own vision of Pacific regionalism. Australia and New Zealand nevertheless remain the indispensable countries in the region. Australia's commitment to Melanesia remains constant but without the bold initiatives and interventionist enthusiasm of the early RAMSI years.
Unipolar Anxieties: Australia's Melanesia Policy after the Age of Intervention
Authors: Wallis Joanne , Wesley Michael
Published: November 2015

As a consequence of its membership of a US‐centred global alliance network, Australia's regional obligations in the South Pacific are as pertinent to Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands's drawdown as they were to its inception. Canberra's imperatives in the Pacific have been stabilization and the exclusion of hostile interests. Three challenges—the rise of China, the Islamic State insurgency, and the democratic discontinuities in key regional players—have undermined interest in interventions in both Australia and the US. The growing influence of Asian powers in the Pacific has given rise to new exclusion concerns in Australia, and to a greater degree in the US. Rather than retrench from the South Pacific, Canberra has an opportunity to re‐conceive the Pacific as an arc of opportunity, particularly in developing new forms of engagement with rising regional powers.
Nanoporous PtRu Alloys with Unique Catalytic Activity toward Hydrolytic Dehydrogenation of Ammonia Borane
Authors: Zhou Qiuxia , Xu Caixia
Published: November 2015

Nanoporous (NP) PtRu alloys with three different bimetallic components were straightforwardly fabricated by dealloying PtRuAl ternary alloys in hydrochloric acid. Selective etching of aluminum from source alloys generates bicontinuous network nanostructures with uniform size and structure. The as‐made NP‐PtRu alloys exhibit superior catalytic activity toward the hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane (AB) than pure NP‐Pt and NP‐Ru owing to alloying platinum with ruthenium. The NP‐Pt70Ru30 alloy exhibits much higher specific activity toward hydrolytic dehydrogenation of AB than NP‐Pt30Ru70 and NP‐Pt50Ru50. The hydrolysis activation energy of NP‐Pt70Ru30 was estimated to be about 38.9 kJ mol−1, which was lower than most of the reported activation energy values in the literature. In addition, recycling tests show that the NP‐Pt70Ru30 is still highly active in the hydrolysis of AB even after five runs, which indicates that NP‐PtRu alloy accompanied by the network nanoarchitecture is beneficial to improve structural stability toward the dehydrogenation of AB.
Decoupling production from growth by magnesium sulfate limitation boosts de novo limonene production
Authors: Willrodt Christian , Hoschek Anna , Bühler Bruno , Schmid Andreas , Julsing Mattijs K.
Published: November 2015

The microbial production of isoprenoids has recently developed into a prime example for successful bottom‐up synthetic biology or top‐down systems biology strategies. Respective fermentation processes typically rely on growing recombinant microorganisms. However, the fermentative production of isoprenoids has to compete with cellular maintenance and growth for carbon and energy. Non‐growing but metabolically active E. coli cells were evaluated in this study as alternative biocatalyst configurations to reduce energy and carbon loss towards biomass formation. The use of non‐growing cells in an optimized fermentation medium resulted in more than fivefold increased specific limonene yields on cell dry weight and glucose, as compared to the traditional growing‐cell‐approach. Initially, the stability of the resting‐cell activity was limited. This instability was overcome via the optimization of the minimal fermentation medium enabling high and stable limonene production rates for up to 8 h and a high specific yield of ≥50 mg limonene per gram cell dry weight. Omitting MgSO4 from the fermentation medium was very promising to prohibit growth and allow high productivities. Applying a MgSO4‐limitation also improved limonene formation by growing cells during non‐exponential growth involving a reduced biomass yield on glucose and a fourfold increase in specific limonene yields on biomass as compared to non‐limited cultures. The control of microbial growth via the medium composition was identified as a key but yet underrated strategy for efficient isoprenoid production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1305–1314. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Targeting soluble proteins to exosomes using a ubiquitin tag
Authors: Cheng Yong , Schorey Jeffery S.
Published: November 2015

As “natural” antigen carriers in the body, exosomes are potential vaccine vectors. A number of animal studies indicate that antigen‐containing exosomes can induce a specific immune response which can protect against tumor progression or various infections. Exosomes that carry the protective antigens can be purified from cells that release them including tumor cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. However, this strategy is restricted to proteins that are naturally targeted to exosomes and is therefore limited in the number of antigens present within exosomes. Therefore, with the goal of developing an exosome‐based vaccine that is more flexible in its antigen composition and has the potential to be scalable, we have developed a new approach where recombinant soluble proteins can be packaged into exosomes and released from a transformed cell line. In this study, we determined that a C‐terminal fusion of ubiquitin to EGFP, tumor antigenic protein nHer2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins Ag85B and ESAT6 served as an efficient delivery sequence into exosomes when expressed in a human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cell line, a cell line widely used in industrial recombinant protein production. Two stably transgenic HEK293 cell lines were generated using a retroviral vector to express the Ag85B‐ESAT6 fusion protein either alone or tagged at the C‐terminus with ubiquitin. Both transformants released exosomes containing the fusion proteins. However, the concentration of Ag85B and ESAT6 in exosomes was increased approximately 10‐fold when they were coupled to ubiquitin. Moreover, when the exosomes were used for immunization, there was a direct correlation between the amount of fusion protein within the exosomes and the number of Ag85B and ESAT6 specific INFɣ‐secreting T lymphocytes in the lung and spleen. This suggests that exosomes containing recombinant antigen can be used to elicit a T cell response. In summary our data indicates that a ubiquitin‐based exosomal protein delivery strategy could represent a unique approach to generate antigen‐specific exosomes with the potential to be used as novel vaccines. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1315–1324. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gender‐responsive considerations for substance‐using adolescent girls
Authors: Thamotharan Sneha , Conrad Selby
Published: November 2015

The abuse of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit substances continues to be a leading cause of death and disability among youth and places a significant strain on our nation, with costs related to crime, lost work productivity, and health care exceeding more than $700 billion annually. Substance use is a growing health concern among adolescent girls, who are beginning to surpass boys in their use. For instance, early‐adolescent girls drink alcohol and use inhalants and stimulants more than boys. Additionally, girls have different pathways to substance use than boys, including the perception of potential benefits such as “self‐medicating” to deal with problems, to forget past traumatic experiences, and to relieve stress related to interpersonal relationships.
Potassium‐Induced Effect on the Structure and Chemical Activity of the CuxO/Cu(1 1 1) (x ≤ 2) Surface: A Combined Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Density Functional Theory Study
Authors: An Wei , Xu Fang , Stacchiola Dario , Liu Ping
Published: November 2015

Potassium (K) plays an essential role to promote catalytic reactions in many established industrial catalytic processes. Here, we report a combined study using STM and DFT to understand the effect of the deposition of K on the atomic and electronic structures as well as chemical activities of CuxO/Cu(1 1 1) (x≤2). The DFT calculations show a pseudomorphic growth of K on CuxO/Cu(1 1 1) up to 0.19 monolayer (ML) of coverage, in which K binds the surface by a strong ionic interaction with chemisorbed oxygen and relatively weak electrostatic interactions with Cu ions, the lower and upper oxygen atoms on the CuxO rings. The simulated STM pattern based on the DFT results agrees well with the experimental observations. The deposited K has a great impact on the surface electronic structure of CuxO/Cu(1 1 1), which induces a significant reduction in the work function and leads to a strong electron polarization on the surface. The promotion of K on the surface binding properties is selective and varies depending on the nature of the adsorbates. According to our results, K has little effect on surface acidity but it enhances the surface basicity significantly. Consequently, the presence of K does not help CO adsorption on CuxO/Cu(1 1 1) but is able to accelerate the activation of CO2. Such a promotion depends strongly on the combinations from both geometric and electronic effects. Our results highlight the origin of the promoting effect of alkali metals in the design of catalysts for complex reactions.
Diastereo‐Divergent Synthesis of Saturated Azaheterocycles Enabled by tBuOK‐Mediated Hydroamination of Alkenyl Hydrazones
Authors: Kaga Atsushi , Peng Xingao , Hirao Hajime , Chiba Shunsuke
Published: November 2015

Diastereo‐divergent synthesis of saturated azaheterocycles has been achieved by tBuOK‐mediated hydroamination of alkenyl hydrazones. DFT calculations suggested that the cation–π interactions between a potassium cation and aryl substituents on hydrazones give rise to 2,5‐cis selectivity in pyrrolidines, which were synthesized by the reaction of γ,δ‐unsaturated N‐benzyl hydrazones. By contrast, 2,5‐trans selectivity was observed when an isopropyl group was used as the substituent on hydrazones. An unusual 2,6‐trans selectivity in piperidine formation was also realized using the present strategy.
Intense Chiral Optical Phenomena in Racemic Polymers by Cocrystallization With Chiral Guest Molecules: A Brief Overview
Authors: Rizzo Paola , Guerra Gaetano
Published: November 2015

This review is devoted to the chiral optical behavior of films of racemic polymers whose chirality is induced by cocrystallization with nonracemic (also temporary) guest molecules. We provide examples of macromolecular amplification of chirality, produced by molecular and supramolecular mechanisms, on industrially relevant polymers like poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene)oxide (PPO) and syndiotactic polystyrene (s‐PS). Chirality 28:29–38, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simvastatin increases AQP2 urinary excretion in hypercholesterolemic patients: A pleiotropic effect of interest for patients with impaired AQP2 trafficking
Authors: Procino G , Portincasa P , Mastrofrancesco L , Castorani L , Bonfrate L , Addabbo F , Carmosino M , Di Ciaula A , Svelto M
Published: November 2015

We previously reported that statins improve the symptoms of X‐linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (X‐NDI) in animal models. The aim of this study was to verify whether the pleiotropic effect of statins on AQP2 trafficking and kidney‐concentrating ability, observed in rodents, was attainable in humans at therapeutic doses. We enrolled 24 naïve hypercholesterolemic patients and measured urine excretion of AQP2 (uAQP2) at baseline and during 12 weeks of treatment with simvastatin 20 mg/day. Simvastatin induced a rapid and significant increase of uAQP2, reduced the 24‐hour diuresis, and increased urine osmolality. These effects were also maintained in patients chronically treated with statins for at least 1 year. This study strongly suggests that statins may effectively enhance the efficacy of current pharmacological treatment of patients with urine‐concentrating defects caused by defective AQP2 plasma membrane trafficking, like X‐NDI.
PECVD of Hematite Nanoblades and Nanocolumns: Synthesis, Characterization, and Growth Model
Authors: Carraro Giorgio , Gasparotto Alberto , Maccato Chiara , Bontempi Elza , Barreca Davide
Published: November 2015

Fe2O3 nanostructures are fabricated on Si(100) and SiO2 by plasma enhanced (PE)CVD from a FeIII β‐diketonate precursor. Depositions are carried out in Ar‐O2 plasmas, devoting particular attention to the influence of growth temperature (from 60 to 400 °C) on material chemico‐physical properties. Remarkably, high purity, single‐phase α‐Fe2O3 nanostructures are obtained at temperatures as low as 60 °C. Furthermore, the deposit nano‐organization can be tuned from <110>‐oriented 2D nanoblade arrays to denser nanocolumns upon increasing the deposition temperature. A possible growth model is proposed to account for the observed structural/morphological features and light absorption properties of the target materials.
A Commutation Overlap Period Reduction Method Expanding the Buck Operating Range for a Bidirectional Isolated DC–DC Converter
Authors: SHIMADA TAKAE , TANIGUCHI KIMIAKI , SHOJI HIROYUKI
Published: November 2015

This paper proposes a bidirectional isolated DC–DC converter with an active clamp circuit and two novel control methods in the buck mode. A circulating current reduction method decreases the conduction loss. A commutation overlap period reduction method maintains the output power by expanding the maximum actual duty cycle even if the input voltage decreases. The experimental results show that the proposed method increased the maximum output 1.5 times, without increasing the voltage applied to the low‐voltage side MOSFETs under the minimum input voltage condition. A 2‐kW class prototype showed a higher than 90% efficiency over a wide operating range for a greater than 20 input–output voltage ratio at 100‐kHz switching frequency.