bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of the mouse sortilin gene: Effects of its transient silencing by RNA interference in TM4 sertoli cells
Authors: Zeng Jibin , Hassan A. Jacob , Morales Carlos R.
Published: June 2004

Using databases of the mouse genome in combination with a sequence deduced from a mouse sortilin cDNA originated in our laboratory, we found the sortilin gene to map to a region of chromosome 3. The mouse sortilin gene contains 19 short exons separated by introns of various sizes. The study elucidated the exon‐intron boundaries. Some introns extend over more than 24 kb. In the cytoplasmic domain of the translation product, we found a dileucine motif and three other motifs known to constitute the active sorting signal of the mannose 6‐phosphate receptor (M6P‐R). We also tested the hypothesis that sortilin is involved in the sorting of prosaposin (SGP‐1) to the lysosomes. Prosaposin was initially identified in Sertoli cells, found in large amounts in the lysosomal compartment and implicated in the degradation of residual bodies released by the spermatids during spermiation. Interestingly, the targeting of prosaposin to the lysosomes is independent of the M6P‐R. This investigation demonstrated that sortilin was required for the trafficking of prosaposin to the lysosomes in TM4 cells. The requirement of sortilin was shown using a siRNA probe to block the translation of sortilin mRNA. Sortilin‐deficient cells were not able to route prosaposin to the lysosomal compartment but continue to transport cathepsin B, since this hydrolase uses the M6P‐R to be routed to the lysosomes. These results indicate that sortilin appears to be involved in the lysosomal trafficking of prosaposin. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 469–475, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complementary DNA cloning of rat spetex‐1, a spermatid‐expressing gene‐1, encoding a 63 kDa cytoplasmic protein of elongate spermatids
Authors: Iida Hiroshi , Ichinose Junko , Kaneko Takane , Mōri Takayuki , Shibata Yosaburo
Published: June 2004

We used differential display in combination with complementary DNA (cDNA) cloning approach to isolate a novel rat gene designated as spetex‐1, which had an open reading frame of 1,668‐length nucleotides encoding a protein of 556 amino acids. Spetex‐1 mRNA was highly expressed in testis, and weekly expressed in lung, intestine, and spleen. Spetex‐1 expression in the rat testes was detected first at 3 weeks in postnatal development and continued to be detected up to adulthood. A search in the databases showed that the amino acid sequence of spetex‐1 was 82% identical to that of its mouse homologue found in the databases. Both rat spetex‐1 and the mouse homologue contained Ser‐X (X = His, Arg, or Asn) repeats in the middle portion of the proteins. In situ hybridization revealed that spetex‐1 mRNA was expressed in haploid spermatids of step 7–18 within the seminiferous epithelium. Immunohistochemical analysis with confocal laser‐scanning microscopy demonstrated that spetex‐1 protein was not expressed in spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and round spermatids in adult rat testis, but was specifically detected in the residual cytoplasm of elongate spermatids of step 15–18 as well as in residual bodies engulfed by Sertoli cells. We interpreted these data as a potential role of spetex‐1 in spermatogenesis, especially in cell differentiation from late elongate spermatids to mature spermatozoa. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 385–393, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
VEGF, bFGF, and their receptors in the endometrium of rhesus monkey during menstrual cycle and early pregnancy
Authors: Wei Peng , Chen Xin‐Lei , Song Xin‐Xin , Han Chun‐Sheng , Liu Yi‐Xun
Published: June 2004

A number of cytokines and growth factors are known to modulate proliferation and differentiation of human endometrium. In this study, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and VEGF receptors, fms‐like tyrosine kinase (Flt1) and kinase insert domain‐containing region (KDR), and bFGF receptor 1 (Flg) were examined in the endometrium of rhesus monkey on Day 5, 10, 16, 20, 25 of menstrual cycle and on Day 19 of early pregnancy. Western blot analysis showed the specificity of the anti‐human antibodies with the monkey tissue. The expression of mRNA and protein of VEGF was correlated with that of its receptor KDR, which was detected in epithelial, vascular, and myometrial cells. The localization of bFGF and its receptor Flg was similar to that of VEGF, except that the Flg was absent in the endothelial cells. Strong expression of VEGF and bFGF in the glandular epithelial cells was observed in the proliferative phase, declined in the secretory phase during the cycle. Stronger staining of these factors was also observed in the decidual cells of the pregnant uterus, as compared with the stromal cells of cycling uterus. No expression of Flt1 was detected in the tissue examined in this study. These data suggest that VEGF, bFGF, and their receptors play important roles in epithelial and stromal development, angiogenesis, and blood vessel function in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy of the rhesus monkey. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 456–462, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CASK is in the mammalian sperm head and is processed during epididymal maturation
Authors: Burkin Heather R. , Zhao Longmei , Miller David J.
Published: June 2004

Upon adhesion to the zona pellucida or egg extracellular matrix, sperm undergo regulated exocytosis of the acrosomal vesicle. CASK is an adaptor protein that has been implicated in coupling neuronal cell adhesion to regulated exocytosis. In neurons, this scaffolding molecule is associated with several types of transmembrane receptor complexes and connects cell adhesion molecules with ion channels, the actin cytoskeleton, and the cell's exocytotic machinery. We hypothesized CASK might also be an important link between zona pellucida binding and the sperm acrosome reaction. RT‐PCR experiments indicated CASK is transcribed in mouse testis. The full size (120 kDa) CASK protein was present in testis from mouse and pig. Immunoblots of mature porcine and murine sperm revealed that the 120 kDa molecule was much less abundant than in testis but the antibody also recognized a group of smaller proteins migrating at 55–65 kDa. Immunofluorescence experiments indicated both the full length and smaller CASK immunoreactive products were found only in the acrosomal region of spermatids and mature sperm and not in other testicular cell types. CASK immunofluorescence was lost following the acrosome reaction. During epididymal maturation, the abundance of the full size CASK decreased and the CASK fragments increased. These results suggest that CASK may be proteolytically processed during epididymal maturation. Because sperm acquire the ability to bind the zona pellucida, acrosome react, and fertilize eggs during epididymal maturation, CASK processing may play a role in the acquisition of these functions. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 500–506, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Production of transgenic chimeric rabbits and transmission of the transgene through the germline
Authors: Bodó Szilárd , Gócza Elen , Révay Tamás , Hiripi László , Carstea Bogdan , Kovács András , Bodrogi Lilla , Bösze Zsuzsanna
Published: June 2004

Here we report that improved reproductive technologies combined with an efficient microinjection method and in vitro cultivation medium enabled us to create germ line chimeric rabbits. To follow the fate of the chimeric embryo a blastomere marked with the human blood coagulation factor VIII (hFVIII) transgene was microinjected into a morula stage wild type embryo. The degree of chimerism in different tissues was estimated by real‐time PCR and was found to be in the range of 0.1–42%. Among the four chimeric animals, one was identified as a chromosomal intersex and two were germline chimeras. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 435–440, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection of frozen‐thawed bovine oocytes and subsequent embryo development
Authors: Rho Gyu‐Jin , Lee Sung‐Lim , Kim Yang‐Sil , Yeo Hyun‐Jin , Ock Sun‐A , Balasubramanian S. , Choe Sang‐Young
Published: June 2004

Oocyte cryopreservation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) are advantageous to expand their usefulness in genetic engineering. Oocytes matured for 22 hr were vitrified in droplets of cryoprotectants (3.2 M ethylene glycol (EG), 2.36 M dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 0.6 M sucrose) on copper electron microscope (EM) grids. After being warmed, the oocytes were cultured in IVM medium for an additional 2 hr. Sperm treated with dithiothreitol were utilized for ICSI. Oocytes injected with sperm were activated by combination of ionomycin with cycloheximide (CHX). The ICSI oocytes were compared for the rates of pronuclear formation, development, cell number, and the ratio of ICM to those of fresh ICSI and IVF control. The proportion of 2PN formation was significantly higher in IVF control (Group 1) than those in other treated groups. Among the treated groups a significant lower 2PN formation was observed in IVF‐frozen‐thawed than in ICSI‐fresh and frozen‐thawed groups. Cleavage rates in IVF‐frozen‐thawed and ICSI‐frozen‐thawed groups were significantly lower than those of IVF control and ICSI‐fresh groups. In ICSI groups, the rates of cleavage and blastocyst in fresh oocytes were significantly higher than in frozen‐thawed. Development rates into blastocysts in the ICSI‐fresh and frozen‐thawed groups were significantly lower than that of IVF control. Total cell number was significantly lower in both frozen‐thawed IVF and ICSI groups than those in IVF‐control and ICSI‐fresh groups. However, the rates of the remaining cells that were found in the ICM were significantly higher in both frozen‐thawed IVF and ICSI than in the IVF‐control and ICSI‐fresh groups. The results indicated that frozen‐thawed bovine oocytes were suitable for ICSI procedure. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 449–455, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of terminal sugar residues in the testis of the spotted ray Torpedo marmorata
Authors: Liguoro Annamaria , Prisco Marina , Mennella Clotilde , Ricchiari Loredana , Angelini Francesco , Andreuccetti Piero
Published: June 2004

Lectins represent a class of proteins/glycoproteins binding specifically to terminal sugar residues. The present investigation aims to identify lectin‐binding sites in testis of Torpedo marmorata. Using a panel of lectins coupled with fluoresceine isothiocyanate, we demonstrated that germ and somatic cells present in Torpedo testis contain glycoconjugates, whose distribution at the level of the surface, the cytoplasm and the nucleus changes during germ cell differentiation. Moreover our observations demonstrate that the germ cells undergoing apoptosis (Prisco et al., 2003a: Mol Reprod Dev 64:341–348) overexpress a residual sugar recognised by WFA lectin that can be considered a specific marker for apoptotic germ cells. Finally, our results indicate that there is a progressive increase in glycosilation during spermatogenesis, especially at the level of the acrosome in the spermatocyte‐spermatid step, and that Leydig cells are differently stained in relation to the spermatogenetic cycle. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 524–530, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of speed of development on mRNA expression pattern in early bovine embryos cultured in vivo or in vitro
Authors: Gutiérrez‐ad´n A. , Rizos D. , Fair T. , Moreira P.N. , Pintado B. , Fuente J. de la , Boland M.P. , Lonergan P.
Published: June 2004

Recent data have demonstrated that fast‐cleaving embryos produced in vitro are more likely to develop to blastocyst stage, and that the postfertilization culture system used impacts considerably on the mRNA expression and quality of blastocysts produced. The present study is the first to investigate the relationship between the developmental speed of embryos produced in vivo or in vitro and the temporal transcription pattern. Genes related to important preimplantation events are monitored during the first 4 days of embryo development in embryos with fast or slow development. The set of genes analyzed in the present study characterizes several important physiological processes including: transport and metabolism of fructose (Glut‐5), stress (SOX), mitochondrial activity and detoxification of reactive oxygen species (MnSOD), cell communication (Cx43), maternal recognition of pregnancy (IFN‐τ), imprinting (IGF‐II), apoptosis (Bax), growth factor binding and metabolism (IGF‐IR), and oxidative stress (G6PD). Using real time PCR, we have found that for all the genes analyzed there are differences in mRNA expression between embryos with fast and slow developmental speed produced both in vitro and in vivo. Frequently, genes that may be stress induced such as SOX, MnSOD, BAX, IFτ, and G6PD were highly transcribed in in vitro produced embryos and in embryos with slow developmental speed. On the other side, transcripts from genes related with metabolism, growth, and differentiation (Glut‐5, Cx 43, IGF‐II, and IGF‐IR) were detected in higher amounts in in vivo produced embryos and in embryos with fast developmental speed. Moreover, it is interesting to stand out that for some genetic markers (such as SOX and G6PD) there are in vivo and in vitro differences that can be observed even before materno‐zygotic transition, which probably reflects a differential mRNA degradation. These transcription patterns reflects the embryonic response to the adverse in vitro culture conditions, and connect the low quality of embryos which slow developmental speed produced in vivo and in vitro, with the mRNA expression pattern of some embryonic genes. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 441–448, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessing the knowledge, attitudes and understanding of type 2 diabetes amongst ethnic groups in Glasgow, Scotland
Authors: Baradaran H , Knill‐Jones R
Published: June 2004

Type 2 diabetes is a growing public health problem amongst ethnic groups in developed countries. For example, people from the Indian subcontinent living in the UK have a higher rate of type 2 diabetes and a poorer prognosis than that of the host population, but there is a paucity of information about knowledge and attitudes concerning control, complications and the impact of diabetes among ethnic minority groups.

We conducted a cross‐sectional study in people with diagnosed type 2 diabetes in ethnic minority groups in Glasgow and a comparison group from the host population. We modified a questionnaire developed by the Diabetes Research and Training Center in Michigan, USA, and the Chinese University of Hong Kong. It was administered by the researcher (with translators when needed) to 145 type 2 diabetes patients, including British (n=27), Indian (n=33) and Pakistani (n=85) people living in Glasgow, UK.

The mean age was 58.3 (SD=11.9), 51% were male. The mean duration of diabetes was 8.5 (SD=7.4) years. The mean knowledge scores (minimum 3, maximum 25) were 17.7 (95% CI 15.6, 19.6), 14.3 (95% CI 12.4, 16.2), and 13.8 (95% CI 12.8, 14.8) in the British, Indian and Pakistani groups respectively. There were significant differences between the British and each ethnic group (p=0.002). The mean attitude scores about seriousness of type 2 diabetes were similar at 9.8 (95% CI 8.9, 10.6), 8.2 (95% CI 8.0, 9.3), and 9.1 (95% CI 8.8, 9.5) respectively. The mean attitude scores about control and complications were 15.4 (95% CI 14.5, 16.2), 13.2 (95% CI 12.2, 14.1), and 13.9 (95% CI 13.5, 14.2) respectively, with significant differences between the British and each ethnic group (p=0.001).

The results indicate that the knowledge of ethnic groups about diabetes is poor. Therefore an appropriate educational intervention is necessary for this group. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of admissions and management of diabetic ketoacidosis in a large teaching hospital
Authors: Dave J , Chatterjee S , Davies M , Higgins K , Morjaria H , McNally P , Lawrence I , Blackledge H
Published: June 2004

We evaluated admissions with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) between April 1997 and March 1999 to Leicester Royal Infirmary, a large teaching hospital with a catchment population of 960 000. Our estimated prevalence of type 1 diabetes was 3360 (350 per 100 000 population/year). We examined whether current standards of care matched our existing protocols and those of other centres. We also studied outcomes to determine whether admissions could be avoided.

The total number of medical admissions was 20 664 patients, excluding those direct to the Coronary Care Unit. Diagnosis was confirmed using Accident and Emergency notes, the Hospital Health Informatics Service, the Leicestershire Diabetes Register and the departmental clinical workstation.

In total, 46 patients were admitted with confirmed DKA. There were no deaths. Immediate intravenous access and a fluid replacement regimen were established in all patients. Over 80% had their blood glucose and biochemical profiles documented on arrival. Nearly 90% were started on an intravenous insulin regimen with blood glucose monitoring at appropriate intervals. All received potassium. Intercurrent illness was identified in 67%. Prior to admission, 50% had either received a reduced dose of insulin or missed their usual dose. Nearly 50% had missed their last outpatient appointment. A third had had at least one episode of DKA in the previous two years.

More than 50% of admissions were preventable. Patient education and a team approach are effective ways of preventing or reducing the severity of future episodes. Increasing levels of awareness about the ‘sick day rule’ among patients and health care providers should reduce repeated admissions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of crosslinked chitosan formed by γ irradiation in the presence of carbontetrachloride as a sensitizer
Authors: Ramnani S. P. , Chaudhari C. V. , Patil N. D. , Sabharwal S.
Published: June 2004

Synthesis of crosslinked chitosan using γ irradiation in the presence of carbon tetrachloride as a sensitizer is carried out. The resultant crosslinked product, which is yellow in color, is characterized by elemental analysis, which shows the presence of chlorine. Crosslinked chitosan on hydrolysis with alkali results in the formation of another product that retains the crosslinked structure but does not have chlorine in it. Gel formatting characteristics of both these products have been studied. The crosslinked chitosan and its hydrolysis product are further characterized by various physical methods such as X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and thermogravimetry. Based on the results, a probable mechanism of crosslinking whereby chitosan chains are crosslinked by a >CCl2 group is suggested. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3897–3909, 2004
Preparation of novel macromonomers and study of their polymerization
Authors: Deng Guohua , Chen Yongming
Published: June 2004

Novel macromonomers of polystyrene and poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) containing a methacryloyl group as a polymerizable unit and two chains of the same length were prepared in two steps: the synthesis of the precursors through the atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene and tert‐butyl acrylate initiated by 1‐hydroxymethyl‐1,1‐di[(2‐bromoisobutyryloxy)methyl] ethane and the esterification of the hydroxyl group in the precursors with methacryloyl chloride. The molecular weight and polydispersity of the macromonomers were controllable because of the living nature of the atom transfer radical polymerization. Gel permeation chromatography, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, and hydrolysis confirmed the structure of the novel macromonomers. The homopolymerization and copolymerization of the macromonomers were investigated to prepare branched copolymers in which two chains were grafted from every repeating unit. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3887–3896, 2004
Photocrosslinkable smart terpolymers responding to pH, temperature, and ionic strength
Authors: Szczubiałka Krzysztof , Moczek Łukasz , Błaszkiewicz Sebastian , Nowakowska Maria
Published: June 2004

A series of copolymers of acrylic acid, N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), and cinnamoyloxyethyl acrylate were synthesized and studied. The polymers were responsive to four stimuli: UV light, temperature, pH, and ionic strength. The polymeric cinnamoyl chromophores underwent efficient photodimerization with concomitant photocrosslinking of the polymeric micelles. Because of the content of NIPAM, the terpolymers displayed a lower critical solution temperature, which could be controlled by the polymer composition, pH, and ionic strength. The ability to respond to the pH resulted from the content of acrylic carboxyl groups, which became protonated at low pHs. The changes in the polymer properties due to the application of the aforementioned stimuli were studied with pyrene and perylene as fluorescent probes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3879–3886, 2004
Explaining racial differences in prostate cancer in the United States: Sociology or biology?
Authors: Freedland Stephen J. , Isaacs William B.
Published: June 2004

Black men in the United States have the highest incidence and mortality from prostate cancer in the world. Even after adjusting for stage at diagnosis, black men have higher mortality rates than white men. Multiple reasons have been postulated to explain these findings including access to care, attitudes about care, socioeconomic and education differences, differences in type and aggressiveness of treatment, dietary, and genetic differences. While each reason may contribute to the higher incidence or higher mortality, likely combinations of reasons will best explain all the findings. Racial differences in socioeconomic status have been well established and we review the significance of these findings in relationship to prostate cancer. Also, with recent advances in the understanding of genetic variation in the human genome, in general, and in the genes involved in pathways relevant to prostate cancer biology, in particular, a number of genes with alleles which differ in frequency between black and white men have been proposed as a genetic cause or contributor to the increased prostate cancer risk in black men. However, the clinical significance of these genetic differences is not fully known. Finally, we conclude with some thoughts as to how to integrate the findings from sociological as well as biological studies and touch upon methods to reduce the disparate burden of prostate cancer among blacks in the United States. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New epitope peptides derived from parathyroid hormone‐related protein which have the capacity to induce prostate cancer‐reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes in HLA‐A2+ prostate cancer patients
Authors: Yao Akihisa , Harada Mamoru , Matsueda Satoko , Ishihara Yuki , Shomura Hiroki , Takao Yukari , Noguchi Masanori , Matsuoka Kei , Hara Isao , Kamidono Sadao , Itoh Kyogo
Published: June 2004

BACKGROUND

Parathyroid hormone‐related protein (PTHrP) is produced by cancer cells and has been suggested to be responsible for malignancy‐associated hypercalcemia and osteolysis after bone metatsases. Therefore, PTHrP is a promising target in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer.

METHODS

Seven PTHrP‐derived peptides were prepared based on the HLA‐A2 binding motif. These peptide candidates were screened by their ability to induce peptide‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and their ability to be recognized by immunoglobulin G (IgG).

RESULTS

Both the PTHrP59–67 and PTHrP42–51 peptides were found to efficiently induce peptide‐specific CTLs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HLA‐A2+ prostate cancer patients with several HLA‐A2 subtypes. These CTLs showed HLA‐A2‐restricted cytotoxicity toward prostate cancer cells. IgG reactive to the PTHrP42–51 peptide was frequently detected in prostate cancer patients.

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicate that these two new PTHrP peptides will be useful in the peptide‐based immunotherapy of HLA‐A2+ prostate cancer patients, especially those with bone metastases. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased CD59 protein expression predicts a PSA relapse in patients after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Xu Chuanliang , Jung Monika , Burkhardt Mick , Stephan Carsten , Schnorr Dietmar , Loening Stefan , Jung Klaus , Dietel Manfred , Kristiansen Glen
Published: June 2004

BACKGROUND

Human protectin (CD59) is a regulator of complement activation that inhibits complement‐mediated cell lysis, and thus might confer immune resistance to tumor cells. CD59 expression has been described in a variety of human malignancies, including breast cancer. Since a comprehensive investigation of CD59 expression in prostate cancer has not been conducted yet, we aimed to determine the significance of CD59 expression in prostate cancer.

METHODS

Eighty‐six primary adenocarcinomas of the prostate were immunostained using a monoclonal CD59 antibody (clone MEM‐43) and a standard detection system. The immunoreactivity of the tumor was evaluated as low versus high for statistical analysis. Additionally, CD59 mRNA levels were determined by real‐time PCR in matched (tumor/normal) microdissected tissues from 26 cases.

RESULTS

Cytoplasmic CD59 immunoreactivity was found in epithelia of prostate cancer, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, benign hyperplasia, atrophic, and normal glands. High rates of CD59 expression were noted in 36% of prostate cancer cases and were significantly associated with tumor pT stage (P = 0.043), Gleason grade (P = 0.013) and earlier biochemical (PSA) relapse in Kaplan–Meier analysis (P = 0.0013). On RNA level, we found an upregulation in 19.2% (five cases), although the general rate of CD59 transcript was significantly lower in tumor tissue (P = 0.03).

CONCLUSION

CD59 protein is strongly expressed in 36% of adenocarcinomas of the prostate and and is associated with disease progression and adverse patient prognosis. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell‐physiological effects of elastin derived (VGVAPG)n oligomers in a unicellular model system
Authors: Köhidai László , Kun Lídia , Éva Pállinger , Csaba György , Mihala Nikolett , Majer Zsuzsa , Süli‐Vargha Helga
Published: June 2004

Elastin is one of the most significant components of the extracellular matrix, which supports the stretchiness of the blood vessels via its helical structure and cross‐links. Enzymatic decomposition of this protein could induce chemotactic responses of cell populations in the surrounding tissues by several peptide sequences, e.g. XGXXPG. In our present work the VGVAPG variant and its oligomers were studied. The objective of the experiments was to learn (i) whether the chemotactic effect of these peptides is general in different levels of phylogeny; (ii) whether increasing the number of monomer units influences the chemotactic behaviour of the cell? The trimer had the strongest chemoattractant effect in a wide concentration range (10−12–10−7 M), while the monomer and the pentamer were chemorepellent. All tri‐, tetra‐, penta‐ and hexamers could chemotactically select subpopulations with a high chemotactic responsiveness to the identical peptide, in the long term. With regard to its repellent effect, the pentamer had a negative effect on phagocytosis. All six oligomers had a growth‐promoter effect in Tetrahymena. The characteristic cell‐physiological effects of VGVAPG oligomers signal that molecules of the extracellular matrix can induce identical responses even in lower levels of phylogeny, e.g. in the Ciliates. Copyright © 2004 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geometrical and conformational preferences of the 9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl‐amino moiety
Authors: Broda Małgorzata Anna , Mazur Liliana , Kozioł Anna Eugenia , Rzeszotarska Barbara
Published: June 2004

Structural parameters, originating from x‐ray crystallographic data, have been compiled for 13 derivatives of amino acids, peptides and related compounds, which contain a total of 14 Fmoc‐NH– moieties. For these moieties, molecular geometries and conformations—described by the ω0, θ1, θ2 and θ3′ torsion angles—were analysed and compared with the corresponding parameters for the Z‐NH– and Boc‐NH– moieties (290 and 553, respectively). To gain a deeper insight into the conformational features of the Fmoc‐NH– moiety, ab initio free molecule calculations were performed for fully relaxed minima. Also the potential energy surface as a function of the torsion angles (θ3′, θ2) was generated. The conformational features of the Fmoc‐NH– moiety: (i) two possible values for the angle ω0 (∼180° or, rarely, ∼0° ) and (ii) the angle θ1 = 180° ± 15°, are common to the Z‐NH– and Boc‐NH– systems. By contrast, the θ2 and θ3 angles in the Fmoc, Z and Boc groups differ essentially. In the Fmoc groups θ2 mostly has values of 180° ± 30° and values up |115°| seem to be forbidden, whereas fewer than half of the Z groups adopt θ2 ∼ 180° and the remainder have θ2 in the range of |90° ± 20°|. On the other hand, the Boc methyl groups are staggered. The θ3 values observed for Fmoc are limited to the regions of 180° ± 20° and |60° ± 20°|, while for the Z group a variety of θ3 occurs. The orientation of the fluorenyl vs the urethane function is mostly trans. Our results suggest a lower conformational flexibility for the Fmoc group compared with that of the Z group. Our calculations confirm that the observed conformational features for the Fmoc‐NH– moiety are inherent properties. The Fmoc‐NH– moiety in crystals involves the participation of its OC–NH functionality in hydrogen bonds. Copyright © 2004 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and characterization of two LysB29 specifically labelled fluorescent derivatives of human insulin
Authors: Ciencialová Alice , Žáková Lenka , Jiráček Jiří , Barthová Jana , Barth Tomislav
Published: June 2004

The preparation and characterization of two novel LysB29 selectively labelled fluorescent derivatives of human insulin are described. Two probes were chosen: 4‐chloro‐7‐nitrobenz‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazole (NBD) and 7‐methoxycoumarin‐4‐acetic acid (MCA), which have a relatively small, compact structure and are able to react with amino groups to form highly fluorescent derivatives. The combination of solid phase peptide synthesis and enzymatic semisynthesis was chosen for preparation of these fluorescent derivatives. Using two different protocols of solid‐phase peptide synthesis, two fluorescent octapeptides were prepared corresponding to the position B23–B30 of human insulin, each with a different fluorescent label, NBD or MCA, on the ε‐amino group of lysine. Then, the fluorescent octapeptides were coupled to desoctapeptide‐(B23–B30)‐insulin by a trypsin catalysed reaction. The receptor binding affinities of two novel fluorescent derivatives of human insulin with NBD and MCA (HI‐NBD and HI‐MCA) were determined on rat adipose tissue plasma membranes. Both fluorescent insulins, HI‐NBD and HI‐MCA, had only slightly reduced binding affinity and will be used for studying the interaction of insulin with its receptor. Copyright © 2004 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conformational and biochemical analysis of the cyclic peptides which modulate serine protease activity
Authors: Pakkala Miikka , Jylhäsalmi Anu , Wu Ping , Leinonen Jari , Stenman Ulf‐Håkan , Santa Harri , Vepsäläinen Jouko , Peräkylä Mikael , Närvänen Ale
Published: June 2004

Prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), a member of the kallikrein sub‐group of the trypsin serine protease family, is a widely used marker for prostate cancer. Several sequences with specific binding to PSA have been identified by using phage display peptide libraries. The GST‐fusion proteins of the characterized sequences have been shown to increase the enzyme activity of PSA to a synthetic substrate. The corresponding three cyclic synthetic analogues CVFTSNYAFC (A‐1), CVFAHNYNYLVC (B‐2) and CVAYCIEHHCWTC (C‐4) have similar PSA promoting activity. Despite differences in the amino acid sequences, all three peptides bind to the same region of PSA. The conformation of the peptides was investigated by proton NMR spectroscopy. In addition, alanine replacement was used to characterize the prerequisites for binding. It is proposed that interactions with PSA are based on the aromatic and hydrophobic features of the amino acid side chains. Furthermore, it is suggested that peptides form β–turn structures forced by cysteine bridges directing important aromatic side chains to the same side of the turn‐structure. Copyright © 2004 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tat cell‐penetrating peptide has the characteristics of a poly(proline) II helix in aqueous solution and in SDS micelles
Authors: Ruzza Paolo , Calderan Andrea , Guiotto Andrea , Osler Alessio , Borin Gianfranco
Published: June 2004

Tat cell‐penetrating peptide (GRKKRRQRRRPPQG) is able to translocate and carry molecules across cell membranes. Using CD spectroscopy the conformation of this synthetic peptide was studied in aqueous and membrane‐mimicking, micellar SDS solutions at different temperatures. The CD spectrum of the Tat cell‐penetrating peptide in SDS micellar solution was virtually unchanged from that in aqueous solution, and at low temperature it was close to that of a poly(proline) II helix. Copyright © 2004 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Life and Work of Josef Rudinger
Authors: Jones John
Published: June 2004

The life and work of Josef Rudinger (1924–1975), a key figure in the history of peptide science, are outlined. Copyright © 2004 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grading for structural timber
Authors: Leicester R H
Published: June 2004

This paper describes the current state of play in the production and quality control of stress‐graded lumber, a material intended for structural engineering purposes. Examples from European, Australian and American Standards are used to illustrate these concepts. Some of the current issues and future possibilities, such as those related to product definition, utilization efficiency and international trade are also covered.
Structural damage detection and localization by response change diagnosis
Authors: Faravelli Lucia , Casciati Sara
Published: June 2004

The need for quantitative, global damage detection methods applicable to complex structures is pushing structural engineering research toward processes able to outline changes in the system response. Indicators of the onset and progress of structural damage should also be coupled with approaches enable one to identify and diagnose the nature of the damage. This paper, after a short overview on the recent developments within structural health assessment, focuses on the potential of response surface schemes when formulated as statistical methods of discriminant analysis: from the comparison of two approximations, not only the damage, but also its location is inferred.
Laminated timber frames with composite fibre‐reinforced connections
Authors: Kasal Bo , Heiduschke Andreas , Kadla John , Haller Peer
Published: June 2004

Laminated timber frames behave well under dynamic earthquake loads, but the beam‐to‐column connections may be susceptible to a brittle‐type failure, due to tensile stresses across wood fibres. Fibre‐based materials such as non‐woven glass‐fibre fabric are effective in mitigating the tensile failures and increasing the ductility of the connections. While global performance of such connections and frames shows satisfactory results, some fundamental questions associated with the performance of the composite–wood system and interface in aggressive environments, under elevated temperatures and long‐term loading, must be answered before the composite systems can be safely used in engineering practice.
Performance of timber buildings under seismic load. Part 2: modelling
Authors: Lam F. , Filiatrault A. , Kawai N. , Nakajima S. , Yamaguchi N.
Published: June 2004

Several comprehensive research programmes have been initiated recently in North America and Japan to improve our understanding of the seismic performance of timber buildings. A large database of experimental results and innovative modelling approaches has been developed in these programmes. This paper is the second part of a two‐part series. It reports highlights from the state‐of‐art North American and Japanese modelling and analytical research activities.
Structural safety–issues and progress
Authors: Elms D G
Published: June 2004

A major aspect of ensuring safe structures is the management of uncertainty. The nature of safety, risk and uncertainty is discussed. Three types of uncertainty are considered: aleatoric, epistemic and ontological. The first is readily described in terms of probability distributions, so within this type of uncertainty, safety involves achieving less than a particular failure probability. The second cannot so easily be described by probability distributions, though the uncertainty can be estimated. The third type of uncertainty is essentially unknown. The different kinds of uncertainty call for different strategies. Probabilistic structural analysis deals with aleatoric uncertainty and to some extent epistemic uncertainty. Ontological uncertainty requires different strategies such as quality assurance or indicator methods. In addition, the traditional narrow focus on structural analysis is now broadening to include economic analysis and the social and environmental context of safety. This requires a different way of looking at safety. There is a shift from a narrow technical focus to the broader systemic viewpoint required for modern problems. The paper ends with a summary of problems needing to be addressed.
Computational optical band gap bowing of III–V semiconductors alloys
Authors: Ferhat M.
Published: June 2004

A phenomenological model is described for the calculations of the optical band bowing of III–V semiconductor alloys. The optical band gap bowing is shown to account successfully for theoretical calculations and the experimental data. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Size extensivity of a general‐model‐space state‐universal coupled‐cluster method
Authors: Li Xiangzhu , Paldus Josef
Published: June 2004

We show that the recently formulated general‐model‐space (GMS), state‐universal (SU), coupled‐cluster (CC) method, exploiting the so‐called C‐conditions, is size extensive (in the sense that the energy of a composite system consisting of noninteracting subsystems equals the sum of the subsystem energies, while employing the appropriate method in each case). This assumes that the reference or model space employed for the composite system is size consistent, i.e., is given by a tensor product of subsystem model spaces. For pedagogical reasons, the demonstration is carried out for the single reference case before the multireference SU CC case is addressed. The importance of the C‐conditions and a relationship with earlier approaches is discussed, as well as the limiting case of a complete‐model‐space SU CC method. Finally, the size extensivity of a GMS‐based SU CCSD method is illustrated by actual numerical examples. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Ethical Dialogues on Campus
Authors: Sundberg David Carl , Fried Jane
Published: June 2004

Student development educators must engage with faculty colleagues, community stake holders, and students as well as other administrators in establishing ethical principles and virtues on campus.
Ethics, Reflection, Purpose, and Compassion: Community Service Learning
Authors: Saltmarsh John
Published: June 2004

Through the processes of community service, journaling, and group reflection, students shape their own sense of ethics and integrity as members of a national democracy and local democratic communities.
Assessing the Campus' Ethical Climate: A Multidimensional Approach
Authors: Banning James H.
Published: June 2004

Visual anthropology—analysis of campus artifacts, graffiti, and other visual phenomena—is an innovative way to assess the ethical climate on a campus.
Next Steps and Emerging Possibilities
Authors: Fried Jane
Published: June 2004

Ethical inquiry and action now involves weblike interactions between means and ends, principles and context, particulars and universals.
System thermodynamics: A model illustrating complexity emerging from simplicity
Authors: Aslaksen Erik W.
Published: June 2004

A high‐level model of a self‐sustaining system exhibiting the life cycle phases of growth, survival, and decay is introduced. The model, which is anchored in thermodynamics, does not make any assumptions about the functionality or physical nature of the system, and only very general assumptions about the structure of the system and the processes involved in growth and decay. The central features of the model are that the interaction between the system and its environment depends on the match between the structures of the system and the environment and that the decay of the system is caused by fluctuations in this match. The relationship between fluctuations and lifespan is investigated through numerical simulation, and it is shown that the space spanned by fluctuation amplitude and mismatch tolerance is divided into a stable and an unstable region. An example of how the model might be applied is provided, and some extensions of the model are suggested. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 7: 271–284, 2004
Sonographic diagnosis of Fallopian tube carcinoma
Authors: Haratz‐Rubinstein N. , Russell B. , Gal D.
Published: June 2004

Primary Fallopian tube carcinoma (FTC) is one of the rarest gynecological malignancies, accounting for 0.18% to 1.6% of all malignant neoplasms of the female reproductive tract. Preoperative diagnosis of FTC has been previously reported; however, most patients with FTC undergo laparotomy with a presumed diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma. The final diagnosis of FTC is usually established at the time of surgery or on pathological examination. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the English scientific literature in which the preoperative diagnosis of FTC was established by the presence of an adnexal mass with an incomplete septation on transvaginal sonography. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ‘spin’ technique: a new method for examination of the fetal outflow tracts using three‐dimensional ultrasound
Authors: DeVore G. R. , Polanco B. , Sklansky M. S. , Platt L. D.
Published: June 2004

Background and objective

The prenatal detection of congenital heart defects remains one of the most difficult challenges for the sonologist/sonographer when performing the second‐ or third‐trimester screening examination. The four‐chamber view has been used for a number of years as the primary screening image for detection of heart defects, but the inclusion of the right and left outflow tracts increases the detection of cardiac malformations. One of the difficulties, however, is obtaining and interpreting two‐dimensional images of the outflow tracts. This paper reviews a new technique using three‐dimensional (3D) multiplanar imaging that allows the examiner to identify the outflow tracts within a few minutes of acquiring the 3D volume dataset by rotating the volume dataset around the x‐ and y‐axes.

Methods

3D multiplanar imaging of the fetal heart using static 3D or spatio‐temporal image correlation (STIC) imaging allows the examiner to obtain a volume of data that can be manipulated along the x‐ and y‐axes using reference points from the four‐chamber view, five‐chamber view, three‐vessel view at the level of the bifurcation of the pulmonary arteries, and three‐vessel view at the level of the transverse aortic arch and trachea.

Results

The full length of the main pulmonary artery, ductus arteriosus, aortic arch and superior vena cava could be identified easily in the normal fetus by rotating the volume dataset along the x‐ and y‐axes. The vessels were identified using the four‐chamber view, the five‐chamber view, and the two three‐vessel views. The technique was useful in identification of d‐transposition of the great vessels and evaluation of the outflow tracts in hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

Conclusion

3D multiplanar evaluation of the fetal heart allows the examiner to identify the outflow tracts using a simple technique that requires only rotation around x‐ and y‐axes from reference images obtained in a transverse sweep through the fetal chest. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antenatal renal sonographic anomalies and postnatal follow‐up of renal involvement in Bardet–Biedl syndrome
Authors: Cassart M. , Eurin D. , Didier F. , Guibaud L. , Avni E. F.
Published: June 2004

Objectives

To describe an antenatal sonographic renal pattern encountered in Bardet–Biedl syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive disorder whose definitive diagnosis is often delayed, and to describe the evolution of the sonographic appearance of the kidneys after birth.

Methods

Among a large group of fetuses with hyperechoic kidneys, we retrospectively analyzed the prenatal sonographic findings and clinical and postnatal renal sonographic evolution of 11 patients who were found to be affected by Bardet–Biedl syndrome.

Results

All 11 fetuses presented enlarged homogeneously hyperechoic kidneys without corticomedullary differentiation. The diagnosis was established before birth in three fetuses thanks to their familial history. It was confirmed during childhood in the remaining eight based on the development of the classic features of the syndrome. In the postnatal period, the prenatal pattern persisted for a few months in all 11 cases. The sonographic aspects of the kidneys normalized in most cases between 1 and 2 years after birth.

Conclusions

In affected families, the prenatal appearance of enlarged hyperechoic kidneys without corticomedullary differentiation should prompt a diagnosis of recurrence in the family of Bardet–Biedl syndrome, especially when polydactyly is present. In non‐affected families, Bardet–Biedl syndrome should be included in the differential diagnosis whenever such an appearance is discovered in utero. The postnatal evolution of the renal sonographic findings is variable and normalization generally occurs by the age of 2 years. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abnormal maternal cardiac function precedes the clinical manifestation of fetal growth restriction
Authors: Vasapollo B. , Valensise H. , Novelli G. P. , Altomare F. , Galante A. , Arduini D.
Published: June 2004

Objective

To compare maternal hemodynamics in women whose fetuses are small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) with those in women with fetal growth restriction (FGR) before manifestation of the clinical disease.

Methods

Thirty‐five normotensive pregnant women with fetal abdominal circumference < 10th centile, normal fetal anatomy and normal umbilical artery pulsatility index (PI) underwent maternal echocardiographic examinations between 27 and 30 weeks of gestation. Pregnancies were followed until delivery and fetuses were retrospectively classified as either SGA or FGR and the maternal hemodynamic data were compared.

Results

Nineteen SGA and 16 FGR patients were retrospectively identified after delivery. Heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, left atrial function and left ventricular mass index were higher, while mean blood pressure and total vascular resistance were lower in the SGA group compared with the FGR group. A significant inverse linear correlation was found between total vascular resistance and weight centile (r = 0.83; P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Mothers of SGA fetuses show hemodynamic features similar to those with physiological pregnancies suggesting that their fetuses are likely to be constitutionally small and not pathologically growth‐restricted. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.