bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANGIOTONIN-ACTIVATOR, RENIN- AND ANGIOTONIN-INHIBITOR, AND THE MECHANISM OF ANGIOTONIN TACHYPHYLAXIS IN NORMAL, HYPERTENSIVE, AND NEPHRECTOMIZED ANIMALS
Authors: Page Irvine H. , Helmer O. M.
Published: June 2004

1. Angiotonin does not exert its vasoconstrictor effect in the absence of a substance contained in red blood cells and serum which we have called "angiotonin-activator." A fraction has been separated from blood in which angiotonin-activator is concentrated. It contains little or no reninactivator.

2. Repeated intravenous injections of angiotonin into animals causes the pressor response gradually to lessen and finally to disappear (the phenomenon of tachyphylaxis), but much more slowly than when renin is injected. When the response to angiotonin is abolished, renin also fails to act. Large doses of renin reduce and finally abolish the responsiveness to angiotonin. Exhaustion of renin-activator in the blood abolishes the response to renin without abolishing the response to angiotonin.

3. Blood from animals made tachyphylactic by infusion of angiotonin contains greatly reduced amounts of angiotonin-activator. An inhibitor also appears in the blood.

4. Bilateral nephrectomy prolongs and greatly enhances the rise of arterial pressure following injection of angiotonin and renin. The enhancement reaches a maximum in from 24 to 30 hours after operation. Blood from these animals exhibits greatly increased ability to activate angiotonin and renin when tested in isolated perfused organs. Large amounts of angiotonin are required to reduce the amount of activator in their blood. Renin-activator is simultaneously but little affected.

5. Tranfusion of blood from an animal made tachyphylactic to angiotonin into a nephrectomized dog reduces the response of the latter to angiotonin. Angiotonin when added to the blood of the recipient of the transfusion and perfused through a rabbit's ear also exhibits greatly reduced vasoconstrictor action.

6. Transfusion of normal blood in large amounts into nephrectomized or hypertensive dogs reduces the recipient's response to renin. If renintachyphylaxis is established in the donor, transfusion abolishes the response to renin in the recipient. The blood from such animals exhibits greatly reduced vasoconstrictor properties when perfused through an isolated organ with renin or angiotonin.

7. Renin-tachyphylactic or normals dog's blood does not reduce arterial pressure elevated by a single injection of renin into nephrectomized dogs.

8. Nephrectomized dogs exhibit the greatest pressor response to infusion of angiotonin and renin, normal animals the least, and hypertensive animals about midway between.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF M AND T ANTIGENS IN THE CROSS REACTIONS BETWEEN CERTAIN TYPES OF GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C.
Published: June 2004

In any one strain the occurrence of the previously recognized type-specific protein, M, is usually completely correlated with the presence of the recently recognized type-specific antigen, T. Strain C203 is exceptional in having the T substance of type 1 as well as the two type-specific antigens, M and T, characteristic of type 3. It does not have the M antigen of type 1. While other strains with similar antigenic peculiarities have not been encountered, it is probable that they occur, and the existence of such anomalies must be suspected when unusual serological reactions occur.
AMINO ACIDS AND HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION IN ANEMIA
Authors: Whipple G. H. , Robscheit-Robbins F. S.
Published: June 2004

Certain individual amino acids when given to standard anemic dogs cause an increase in new hemoglobin production. Occasional negative experiments are recorded.

Glycine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, cystine, histidine, phenylalanine, and proline when given in 1 gm. doses daily for 2 weeks, increase hemoglobin output on the average 23 to 25 gm. above the control level. This reaction amounts to 25 to 30 per cent of the new hemoglobin produced by the feeding of 300 gm. liver daily for 2 weeks—a standard liver test.

Alanine, valine, isoleucine, and arginine in the same dosage increase the hemoglobin output on the average 13 to 17 gm. per 2 weeks over the control level.

Leucine, methionine, lysine, tryptophane, and tyrosine fall in a middle group with hemoglobin output of about 20 gm.

Isovaleric acid, ß-hydroxybutyric acid, glutaric acid, and asparagine have shown positive effects and the butyrate is unusually potent for hemoglobin production (Table 2).

The isomeric and dl-synthetic forms of the amino acids are as effectively utilized in this reaction as are the natural forms.
SOME PROPERTIES OF THE ENCEPHALOPATHIC AGENT IN PRIMATE BONE MARROW (THE GORDON AGENT)
Authors: King Lester S.
Published: June 2004

The nature of the encephalopathic agent present in monkey bone marrow has been investigated. It is readily soluble at a pH of 7.4, as well as at the low pH of 2.0 and 3.0. The point of minimal solubility is pH 4.2. Heat inactivation is produced by a temperature of 75°C., acting for 15 minutes. The agent is digested by pepsin. It exhibits a slight degree of sedimentation with the air-driven centrifuge. It is non-dialyzable. It is precipitated from solution (pH 7.4) by ammonium sulfate, over a range of 0.4 to 0.8 saturation. These findings all suggest that the agent is a protein. No immunological reactions could be elicited.
PROPERTIES OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF A CHICKEN TUMOR
Authors: Claude Albert , Rothen Alexandre
Published: June 2004

1. The tumor-producing fraction, isolated from Chicken Tumor I by means of differential centrifugation at high speed, has been investigated as regards its power to absorb ultraviolet light. A characteristic absorption spectrum was found, with a maximum at λ2575. The absorbing power of the material in that region was largely due to the presence of nucleic acid, or of a closely related compound.

2. Inactivation of the purified tumor fraction with ultraviolet light depressed the absorbing power of the material, especially in the region of 2600–2500Å. These changes were those which nucleic acid would present under the same conditions.

3. Inactivation of the tumor agent with acid or alkali was accompanied by decomposition of the tumor nucleoprotein and passage of free nucleic acid into solution.

4. Partial or complete inactivation of the tumor agent by heat, at 50° or 65deg;C., was attended by liberation of nucleic acid of low molecular weight.

5. The parallelism between tumor-producing activity and the integrity of the tumor ribonucleoprotein suggests that the nucleoprotein may be an essential part of the active principle.
THE INACTIVATION OF THE VIRUS OF EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA BY SOAPS
Authors: Stock C. Chester , Francis Thomas
Published: June 2004

The capacity of certain fatty acids at pH 7.5 to inactivate the virus of epidemic influenza has been demonstrated. Most effective of these are oleic, linolic, and linolenic acids.

Studies were made of such variables as pH, rate of inactivation, and ratios of reactant concentrations, using oleic acid as a prototype of the effective acids. Attempts to recover active virus from inactive mixtures by decrease in pH, dialysis, dilution, or addition of calcium chloride solution to inactivated virus have been unsuccessful.

The stability of virus at different hydrogen ion concentrations has been determined.

Quantitative comparisons have been made of the immunizing capacity of fully active virus and virus rendered non-infectious by treatment with oleic acid. It was found that while the infectious property of the virus is removed the immunogenic capacity is essentially unaltered.

The possible mechanism by which the soaps act upon influenza virus has been discussed.
A DOG TEST FOR MEASURING THE IMMUNIZING POTENCY OF ANTIRABIES VACCINES
Authors: Webster Leslie T. , Casals J.
Published: June 2004

1. A quantitative method is described for testing the immunizing potency of antirabies vaccines in dogs.

2. Phenolized, single-injection, canine vaccines from seven manufacturers, when administered to dogs according to directions, failed to protect them against the least measurable amount of test virus fatal to 50 per cent or more of controls. Chloroformized vaccines from two of three manufacturers, under the same conditions, gave equivocal or suggestive results.

3. Commercial chloroformized vaccines in 10 cc. doses, injected intraperitoneally rather than subcutaneously into dogs, conferred a significant degree of immunity but proved temporarily irritative to the peritoneum.

4. These results of canine vaccines in dogs parallel closely those already reported in mice.
A TRANSPLANTABLE RABBIT CARCINOMA ORIGINATING IN A VIRUS-INDUCED PAPILLOMA AND CONTAINING THE VIRUS IN MASKED OR ALTERED FORM
Authors: Kidd John G. , Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

A squamous cell carcinoma derived from a virus-induced rabbit papilloma has been propagated in fourteen successive groups of animals. It grows rapidly now in most individuals to which it is transplanted, killing early and metastasizing frequently. The original cancer was the outcome of alterations in epidermal cells already rendered neoplastic by the virus, and the latter, or an agent nearly related to it, has persisted and increased in the malignant tissue, as a study of the blood of the first ten groups of cancerous animals has shown. An antibody capable of specifically neutralizing the virus in vitro appeared in the blood of every new host in which the tumor enlarged progressively, and reached a titer comparable with that obtaining in animals which had long carried large papillomas. The antibody was absent from normal rabbits and those in which the cancer failed to grow.

The implications of these facts are considered.
THE USE OF ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT IN PREPARING A NON-VIRULENT ANTIRABIES VACCINE
Authors: Hodes H. L. , Webster L. T. , Lavin G. I.
Published: June 2004

Rabies virus, exposed to the rays of a mercury vapor lamp under proper conditions, loses virulence yet retains considerable immunizing potency for mice.
INFLUENCE OF AGE FACTORS ON SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MICE TO RABIES VIRUS
Authors: Casals J.
Published: June 2004

1. 7 to 9 day old mice are more susceptible than older mice to injections of fixed or street virus by any route.

2. 20 day old mice are more susceptible than 60 day old mice to peripheral but not intracerebral injection of fixed virus.

3. 20 day and 60 day old mice are equally susceptible to street virus.
INFLUENCE OF AGE FACTORS ON IMMUNIZABILITY OF MICE TO RABIES VIRUS
Authors: Casals J.
Published: June 2004

1. W-Swiss mice 60 or more days old are more readily immunizable against rabies virus infection than 20 day old or younger mice; this difference in immunizability with increasing age is most conspicuous when vaccination with virulent virus is followed by intracerebral test infection and least apparent when vaccination with avirulent virus is followed by intramuscular test infection.

2. The titre of circulating neutralizing antibodies does not parallel the titre of immunity.
THE MECHANISM BY WHICH EXPERIMENTAL NEPHRITIS IS PRODUCED IN RABBITS INJECTED WITH NEPHROTOXIC DUCK SERUM
Authors: Kay Calvin F.
Published: June 2004

1. Glomerulonephritis was produced in rabbits by the injection of antirabbit-kidney duck serum.

2. The clinical and pathologic characteristics of the disease are discussed.

3. It was found possible by appropriate means either to accelerate the development of the nephritis or to prevent its appearance entirely.

4. An apparent correlation was found between the development of the nephritis and the formation of antibodies to duck serum by the injected rabbit.

5. The generally accepted concept of the mechanism of the disease does not appear to be in accordance with the facts here observed. A new hypothesis is presented.
EXPERIMENTAL ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: King Lester S.
Published: June 2004

The action on mice of several neurotropic viruses was studied with reference to factors which influence infection.

With pseudorabies virus, section of the sciatic nerve with inoculation into the ipsilateral foot pad significantly retarded the speed of infection. The virus ascended other nerves of the leg, but at a slower rate. It would appear that the number of nerve fibers available for passage may play a rôle in the speed with which infection occurs with this virus.

When pseudorabies virus was inoculated into an area of inflammation its effects were markedly lessened. Similar experiments with unmodified equine encephalomyelitis virus which, unlike pseudorabies, does not ascend along local nerves, showed no impedance of infection.

Brain trauma did not change the rate of infection with the viruses of St. Louis encephalitis, herpes, or pseudorabies. But intraperitoneal injection of glycerine, followed by intramuscular inoculation of St. Louis virus, resulted in marked facilitation of infection, as already remarked of fixed equine encephalomyelitis virus. This phenomenon did not occur with pseudorabies or herpes.

In contrast to certain other viruses, pseudorabies and herpes viruses were only slightly more effective in young mice than in adults.

With St. Louis virus, as with fixed equine encephalomyelitis viruses, inoculation into the eye or nose was far more effective than other peripheral routes. This was not the case with pseudorabies. Herpes, however, also showed greater sensitivity of the intraocular route.

After injection into the eye, St. Louis and fixed equine encephalomyelitis viruses invaded the optic pathway, while herpes and pseudorabies avoided the optic fibers and attacked the trigeminal nerve. These phenomena are discussed in the light of cellufugal and cellupetal progression of viruses.

The similarities in the action of fixed equine encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis viruses are discussed and contrasted with herpes and pseudorabies.
INFECTIOUS CATARRH OF THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

A disease syndrome referred to as infectious catarrh, encountered under natural conditions of exposure in a rat colony, was transmitted to selected animals and maintained for 5 years by nasal instillation or contact.

During this period 37 passages were made in 156 rats, the rates of pneumonia, otitis media, and rhinitis being 28, 63, and 87 per cent, respectively.

After the 12th passage, Brucella bronchiseptica and Actinobacillus muris (B. actinoides var. muris), which were originally present, were no longer cultivable from infected rats.

By reason of the maintenance of infectious catarrh in the absence of the latter and also because of its non-invasiveness on nasal instillation, it is now believed that Actinobacillus muris is of no direct etiological significance.
INFECTIOUS CATARRH OF THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

Evidence is presented that infectious catarrh of the rat is caused by Gram-negative coccobacilliform bodies which resemble the agents of fowl coryza and mouse catarrh.

These bodies were demonstrable microscopically in at least 90 per cent of the exudates from the nasal passages and middle ears. The characteristic syndrome was reproduced in selected rats by the nasal instillation of pure tissue culture growths and was maintained for 10 successive passages by the injection of exudate. The experimentally produced disease was also communicable by direct contact.

The biological characteristics of the specific bodies are discussed in relation to the organisms of the pleuropneumonia group.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF PROSTATIC SECRETION
Authors: Huggins Charles , Clark Philip Johnson
Published: June 2004

Cystic hyperplasia of the prostate occurs spontaneously in senile dogs only when they possess physiologically effective amounts of androgenic hormone. The cysts are closely grouped and radially arranged in a conical manner with the base of the cone at the periphery of the gland. Flattened and columnar epithelium, varying from about 5 to 25µ are seen in each cyst. The cysts communicate with the urethra by way of ducts.

Both normal and cystic prostates undergo marked atrophy when the testes are removed, the chief difference 3 months after orchiectomy being the persistence of slightly dilated clefts and spaces at the site of the former cysts in the senile state.

In the castrate dog whose prostate gland is being reconstructed as result of the influence of daily injections of androgen, certain doses of estrogen prevent increase of secretion and still larger doses greatly depress the output of the gland. In dogs so treated by daily injections of testosterone propionate, 10 mg., the amount of secretion is maintained from day to day at a level by daily injections of stilbestrol, 0.4 to 0.6 mg. and greatly depressed by doses of 1 to 1.5 mg. When the larger amounts of estrogen are used, together with androgen, squamous metaplasia occurs in the posterior lobe of the prostate while the epithelium of the acini decreases in height to cuboidal or low columnar form; these histological signs of activity of both androgen and estrogen on the prostate show that inhibition of the male hormone by stilbestrol is incomplete at these ratios.

In dogs with either normal or cystic prostate glands, the prostate decreases in size when estrogen is injected in amounts to depress prostatic secretion profoundly. The gland is maintained in an atrophic state and overdosage avoided by controlled periodic injections of stilbestrol until secretion is reduced to the minimum, followed by free intervals, the estrogen being again administered when secretion measurably increases. The shrinkage is related to depression of male hormone production.

Overdosage of estrogen causes the prostate gland of dogs to enlarge, and structures of the posterior lobe and utriculus respond first and most markedly with metaplasia caused by this material. The prostatic enlargement does not resemble the common cystic hyperplasia of senile dogs. Metaplasia rapidly disappears from the prostate, and the epithelial structures quickly return to normal when estrogen is discontinued and androgen is administered.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPREADING FACTOR AND HYALURONIDASE
Authors: Hobby Gladys L. , Dawson Martin H. , Meyer Karl , Chaffee Eleanor
Published: June 2004

A comparative study of spreading factor and hyaluronidase in preparations from various sources revealed the following points of similarity and dissimilarity in the two reactions.

1. Similarities: (a) All preparations containing hyaluronidase also produced spreading. (b) Heating at 65° and 100°C. for 30 minutes produced a comparable effect on both reactions. (c) The demonstration of the presence of hyaluronic acid in skin offers a plausible explanation for the mechanism of spreading on the basis of hyaluronidase activity.

2. Dissimilarities: (a) No parallelism was observed in the degree of activity of spreading factor and hyaluronidase in the same preparations. (b) All preparations which produced spreading did not contain hyaluronidase. (c) Antisera to hyaluronidase preparations specifically and completely inhibited the activity of the homologous enzyme but did not inhibit the spreading factor in the same preparations.

The significance of the similarities and dissimilarities between the two reactions is discussed. It is concluded that while hyaluronidase may play a rôle in the spreading reaction the phenomenon is a complex one and cannot be explained on the basis of a simple chemical reaction.
EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH INFLUENZA A VIRUS IN MICE
Authors: Taylor R. M.
Published: June 2004

Following intranasal inoculation of influenza A virus (strain PR8) there is a rapid increase of the virus in the lungs which with large doses reaches a maximum within 24 hours. With smaller doses, although the proportional increase is greater, the maximum concentration is not reached until 48 hours following inoculation. If a lethal dose is administered, the ultimate concentration of the virus in the lungs is the same, irrespective of the size of the dose.

If a sublethal dose is given, the titer of the virus in the lungs does not achieve the titer reached in mice receiving a lethal dose. Within 48 hours following inoculation of a sublethal dose the lungs of a mouse may contain at least 76,000 M.L.D., yet the mouse survives.

The intranasal instillation of sterile fluid (distilled water, varying concentrations of NaCl, broth, or 10 per cent normal serum) into a mouse sublethally infected produces a sharp rise in the virus content of the lung usually followed by death within 3 to 8 days. If, however, the instillate consists of 10 per cent immune serum, there is no rise in the virus titer, and no apparent harm results from the instillation.

The implications of these phenomena are discussed and an hypothesis presented to explain their occurrence.
A COMPARISON OF CUTANEOUS SENSITIZATION AND ANTIBODY FORMATION IN RABBITS IMMUNIZED BY INTRAVENOUS OR INTRADERMAL INJECTIONS OF INDIFFERENT OR HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI AND PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Angevine D. Murray
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits that had received repeated intravenous injections of heat-killed indifferent streptococci with no resulting sensitization were subsequently made skin-sensitive to them by repeated intracutaneous injection of heat-killed vaccine.

2. Serum agglutinins and precipitins developed earlier in rabbits that had received repeated intravenous injections of killed streptococci and pneumococci than in those injected intracutaneously. However, when such injections were continued over a longer period, the antibodies in both groups of animals reached a similar level.

3. Species specific agglutinins reached about the same level after either intracutaneous or intravenous injections of heat-killed Type I(S) pneumococcus vaccine. Type specific agglutinins were present only in the intravenously injected animals after 33 days but were present in all the animals after 63 days although the titres were somewhat lower in those injected intradermally. Both groups developed precipitins which were only slightly less in the intradermally injected rabbits.

4. These experiments indicate that rabbits intravenously injected with heat-killed streptococci can be made highly skin-sensitive in the same manner as animals injected intracutaneously and that they are not immune or refractory to skin sensitization. When antigen was injected either intracutaneously or intravenously into rabbits for a fairly long time, the amount of circulating antibody in both groups was approximately equal.
THE OCCURRENCE DURING ACUTE INFECTIONS OF A PROTEIN NOT NORMALLY PRESENT IN THE BLOOD
Authors: MacLeod Colin M. , Avery Oswald T.
Published: June 2004

The C-reactive protein present in the albumin fraction of the serum of patients during certain acute bacterial infections is highly antigenic upon injection into rabbits. The antiserum thus prepared reacts specifically with this protein and does not react with the proteins of normal human serum. Immunological specificity has been demonstrated by both precipitin and complement-fixation tests.

Antiserum prepared in rabbits to the C-reactive protein from human sources also reacts specifically with the similar protein in the serum of monkeys acutely ill with experimental pneumococcus infection.

By means of immunological reactions it is possible to detect amounts of reactive protein which are too small to yield a visible precipitate in tests with the C polysaccharide.

Certain of the properties are discussed which distinguish the C-reactive protein from the proteins of normal human serum.
THE ROENTGEN RADIATION OF PAPILLOMA VIRUS (SHOPE)
Authors: Syverton J. T. , Harvey R. A. , Berry G. P. , Warren S. L.
Published: June 2004

Virus-induced papillomas (Shope) on domestic rabbits are susceptible to Roentgen rays. The dosage which uniformly brings about their complete and permanent disappearance has been found to be 3600 r (200 kilovolts), whether this dose be administered at one time or fractionally. 60 per cent of the tumors are cured when irradiated with 3000 r.
ACTION OF SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS ON THE METABOLISM OF BACTERIA
Authors: Baker Zelma , Harrison R. W. , Miller Benjamin F.
Published: June 2004

A study of the effects of synthetic detergents and wetting agents on respiration and glycolysis of Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms has led to the following conclusions.

1. All the cationic detergents studied are very effective inhibitors of bacterial metabolism at 1:3000 concentration, and several are equally active at 1:30,000. Few of the anionic detergents inhibit as effectively as the cationic compounds.

2. Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms are equally sensitive to the action of the cationic detergents. On the other hand, all the anionic detergents included in our studies selectively inhibit the metabolism of Gram-positive microorganisms.

3. The inhibitory action of both types of detergents is influenced markedly by hydrogen ion concentration. Cationic detergents exhibit their maximum activity in the alkaline pH range, and the anionic, in the acid range.

4. Studies of homologous series of straight chain alkyl sulfates and sulfoacetates (C8 to C18) demonstrate that maximum inhibition is exerted by the 12, 14, and 16 carbon compounds (lauryl, myristyl, and cetyl).

5. It has been observed that three lauryl esters of amino acids are powerful inhibitors of bacterial metabolism. To our knowledge, the effects on bacterial metabolism of such cationic detergents (without the quaternary ammonium structure) have not been studied previously. Our results demonstrate that other cationic detergents can exhibit an inhibitory activity comparable to quaternary ammonium compounds.

6. Certain detergents stimulate bacterial metabolism at concentrations lower than the inhibiting values. This effect has been found more frequently among the anionic detergents.
NEUTRALIZATION OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS BY HUMAN SERUM
Authors: Horsfall Frank L. , Lennette Edwin H.
Published: June 2004

A linear relationship exists between the quantity of human serum used and the quantity of influenza A virus neutralized. By means of this relationship it is possible to determine the maximum quantity of virus which a given human serum can neutralize. This quantity, the neutralizing capacity, is a fixed value and, unlike the serum dilution end point, is independent of the amount of virus used in the neutralization test.
A COMPLEX VACCINE AGAINST INFLUENZA A VIRUS
Authors: Horsfall Frank L. , Lennette Edwin H. , Rickard Elsmere R.
Published: June 2004

A quantitative study of the antigenicity of various vaccines containing influenza A virus has been made in human beings. A complex vaccine prepared from chick embryos inoculated with both influenza A virus and the X strain of canine distemper virus was found to be more effective than other vaccines in stimulating the production of neutralizing antibodies against the former virus. The increased antibody levels which resulted from the administration of this vaccine remained almost unaltered for at least 5 months.
THE RÔLE OF RENAL METABOLISM IN HYPERTENSION AND UREMIA
Authors: Rodbard S. , Katz L. N.
Published: June 2004

1. The chemical mediator of renal hypertension is rapidly destroyed by the metabolic activity of the normal kidney. The excretory function of the kidney plays little, if any, rôle in eliminating the mediator of hypertension.

2. If specific substances are responsible for the uremic syndrome, they are neither produced nor eliminated to any significant extent by the metabolic activity of the kidneys. The elimination of these postulated uremia-producing substances would have to be primarily dependent upon the excretory activities of the kidney.

3. No evidence was obtained to support the view that a unilateral ureterovenous fistula leads to "nephrotoxic" symptoms.
STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Chase M. W.
Published: June 2004

Experiments with guinea pigs are described which show that under special experimental conditions the intraperitoneal injection of conjugates made with homologous erythrocyte stromata leads to typical skin sensitization of the contact type towards the respective simple chemicals, namely picryl chloride or 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. Therefore such sensitivity can be brought about not only by low molecular chemical compounds but by a material which must be regarded as a typical antigen.
EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS IN CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS SABAEUS (THE GREEN AFRICAN MONKEY) BY ORAL AND OTHER ROUTES
Authors: Trask James D. , Paul John R.
Published: June 2004

The green African monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus, has been infected with experimental poliomyelitis after feeding artificially contaminated food. This species is also highly susceptible to intracerebral, intranasal, and intraabdominal inoculations. In one experiment with a human stool from a case of poliomyelitis, Cercopithecus was more susceptible to intranasal and to intraabdominal inoculation than Macaca mulatta.
HETEROLOGOUS TRANSPLANTATION OF MAMMALIAN TUMORS
Authors: Greene Harry S. N.
Published: June 2004

The successful heterologous transplantation of several human tumors, including a breast carcinoma, a carcinoma of the colon, a melanotic sarcoma, and a fibrosarcoma, has been reported. Histologically, the appearance of the transplants of the carcinomata differed from that of the spontaneous tumors, but the directly observed growth of the transplanted fragments together with the presence of invasion in microscopic sections afforded proof of successful transfer. Transplants of the sarcomata, on the other hand, were morphologically identical with the primary tumors, and in the case of the fibrosarcoma serial passage to a second generation of animals was successfully performed.
THE ISOLATION OF AN O SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE FROM GASTRIC JUICE OF SECRETORS AND CARBOHYDRATE-LIKE SUBSTANCES FROM GASTRIC JUICE OF NON-SECRETORS
Authors: Witebsky Ernest , Klendshoj Niels C.
Published: June 2004

1. The isolation of a group specific O substance from the gastric juice of human beings belonging to group O is described. Absorbed normal beef serum constitutes the anti-O reagent.

2. The O specific substance inhibits the agglutination of human red blood cells belonging to group O. The agglutination of A cells by the isoagglutinin anti-A, or B cells by the isoagglutinin anti-B, is not influenced by the O substance.

3. The A and B specific substances isolated from human gastric juices inhibit the agglutination of O cells by absorbed normal beef serum, frequently to about the same extent as does the O substance itself.

4. The carbohydrate fraction isolated from the gastric juice of non-secretors belonging to group B does not inhibit the agglutination of human red blood cells of group B by the isoagglutinin anti-B nor the agglutination of O cells by the anti-O reagent. The significance of these findings for the conception of the nature of the blood groups and their inheritance is discussed.
FATAL INFECTION OF IRRADIATED WHITE MICE WITH EUROPEAN TYPHUS BY THE INTRA-ABDOMINAL ROUTE
Authors: Liu P. Y. , Snyder John C. , Enders John F.
Published: June 2004

A fatal infection of irradiated white mice with the Breinl strain of European typhus has been established and passed serially for 22 passages by the intra-abdominal route. Rickettsiae were abundant and easily demonstrable in the moribund or dead mice.

The mortality of irradiated mice infected with passage material (peritoneal washings or blood) was nearly 100 per cent as contrasted to no mortality in the control mice given the same dose of x-ray (450 R) and the same volume of fluid intra-abdominally. (The observation period of control mice was arbitrarily limited to 14 days.)

After eighteen passages in irradiated mice no increase in virulence for non-irradiated adult mice was detected.

After passage in guinea pigs, the rickettsial infection deriving from the mouse passage material was identical with the Breinl strain as judged by fever, cross immunity tests, and brain lesions in sections.
A METHOD TO DETERMINE THE PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE IN THE MOUSE
Authors: McMaster Philip D.
Published: June 2004

Advantage has been taken of the relative transparency of the claw of the mouse to devise a method, here described, to measure the blood pressure in the animal's leg. Direct measurements of the systolic blood pressure from the carotid arteries of anesthetized mice have also been made. Simultaneous blood pressure readings by both these methods applied to the same animal showed close agreement.

The systolic pressure ranged from 60 to 126 mm. Hg, according to the conditions.
THE SWINE LUNGWORM AS A RESERVOIR AND INTERMEDIATE HOST FOR SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

Multiple intramuscular injections of H. influenzae suis were found to precipitate swine influenza virus infections in a group of apparently normal swine. The most likely explanation of the phenomenon seemed to be that the animals, though healthy and susceptible, harbored the virus in some unknown manner. The factors possibly determining the phenomenon were explored experimentally but without success.
AN INQUIRY INTO THE STRUCTURAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING FLUID TRANSPORT IN THE INTERSTITIAL TISSUE OF THE SKIN
Authors: McMaster Philip D.
Published: June 2004

With the aim of determining the structural conditions which affect fluid movement in the cutaneous connective tissue of mice, various test fluids were brought into contact with it under conditions such that neither blood vessels nor lymphatics were directly entered. Locke's solution, mouse serum, and a mixture of Locke's solution with a dye which causes edema were all employed. At atmospheric pressure, Locke's solution entered the tissues intermittently. When subjected to very low pressures it continued to enter the skin intermittently and at approximately the same rate. At pressures above 4.5 cm. of water, however, the flow became continuous but it did not increase in rate significantly until pressures of about 8.5 cm. were employed. There was no relationship between the rate of flow and the pressure employed. At a pressure of about 8.5 cm. the resistance of the tissues seemed to give way abruptly as if the formed elements had been separated. This has been termed the "breaking point." After it had been reached each further increase of pressure produced a proportionately greater inflow.

Under the conditions of our experiments, the dye-Locke"s solution and also the homologous serum failed to enter the tissues at atmospheric pressure. It was necessary to subject these fluids to pressure to force them into the skin at the same rate at which the Locke's solution entered it spontaneously. Under these circumstances the dye-Locke's solution and the serum entered the skin continuously, not intermittently like the plain Locke's solution. As the pressure was gradually raised, no significant increase of flow into the tissues occurred until a point was reached, on the average 8.5 cm. of water, at which fluid suddenly began to enter very rapidly. This point, the "breaking point" already mentioned, was reached at the same pressure irrespective of the character of the fluid employed, showing that the phenomenon was produced by the fluid bulk. Once it had been attained, further increases in pressure caused proportionately greater inflow of fluid. The circulation had nothing to do with the phenomenon, for it occurred in the skin of dead mice."

The findings indicate that under normal circumstances the movement of fluid in the interstitial tissue does not take place as though in preexisting channels. The experiments confirm previous observations from this laboratory (13, 14) that in normal skin tissue the state of affairs is such that fluid cannot flow freely. However, when fluid is introduced into the skin under pressure spaces are forcibly opened up.

Inflammatory edema in the skin changed the phenomena of fluid entrance into it under pressure. The reason is that there then occurred a separation of the formed elements and the interstitial fluid moved as in preformed channels. Even when very low pressures were employed (3.0 to 7.0 cm. of water), there appeared usually a linear relationship between the pressure and the rate of flow.
THE CARDIAC FACTOR IN THE "PRESSOR" EFFECTS OF RENIN AND ANGIOTONIN
Authors: Hill W. H. Philip , Andrus E. Cowles
Published: June 2004

Upon the isolated hearts of cats perfused with Ringer-Locke solution renin produced no significant effect. Angiotonin, on the other hand, brought about decrease in coronary flow and increase in amplitude of beat without any consistent effect upon heart rate.

Both renin and angiotonin augmented the cardiac output and raised the "arterial" pressure in the Starling heart-lung preparation; here too without influence on the heart rate.

Electrocardiograms recorded before, during and after the pressor effects of renin and angiotonin in the anesthetized cat showed no abnormalities until the blood pressure had risen above 190 mm. Hg when various types of cardiac arrhythmias appeared. These were prevented, or normal rhythm was restored, by cutting the vagus nerves or injecting atropine.

It is concluded that the "pressor" effects of renal pressor substances include direct stimulation of the myocardium and augmentation of ventricular beat. Unless these actions lead to excessive decrease in diastolic volume of the ventricles, the cardiac output will be increased. The significance of this in the production of the pressor effect is discussed.
THE TUBULAR FACTOR IN RENAL HEMOGLOBIN EXCRETION
Authors: Yuile Charles L. , Steinman John F. , Hahn P. F. , Clark William F.
Published: June 2004

A drop has been observed in the renal threshold for hemoglobin in dogs, of over 60 per cent, following repeated injections daily. It was not associated with a cessation of tubular reabsorption.

Hemoglobin excretion rate curves, obtained initially and after lowering the threshold, have proved to be parallel lines originating at the respective levels.

Hemoglobin containing radio-active iron has been used to determine the amount of iron retained by the kidneys 24 hours after injection.

The kidneys of normal animals retain slightly less iron than those of animals with lowered thresholds, despite the fact that the former group has a much higher estimated rate of tubular reabsorption.

It is suggested that hemoglobin products are more rapidly removed from the kidneys of normal animals, following reabsorption, than from those of animals which have received multiple injections of hemoglobin.
THE ROENTGEN RADIATION OF PAPILLOMA VIRUS (SHOPE)
Authors: Syverton J. T. , Berry G. P. , Warren S. L.
Published: June 2004

Cell-free suspensions of papilloma virus (Shope) required for their inactivation in vitro amounts of Roentgen irradiation that are much greater than those needed to inactivate other infectious agents previously described. These amounts, millions of r units, are several thousand times greater than those required to eradicate permanently papillomas induced by the virus in domestic rabbits. Large doses of Roentgen radiation reduce the titer of papilloma virus, lengthen the period of time between inoculation and the appearance of papillomas, and decrease the size attained by the papillomas.
INFLUENCE OF CHARACTER OF ANTIBODY UPON VELOCITY OF FLOCCULATION
Authors: Boyd William C.
Published: June 2004

Results of a thorough study of the rates of flocculation of 20 antisera when mixed with their antigens in all proportions are presented. The relation between the α (constant antibody) and ß (constant antigen) optima is discussed. It is suggested that most of the antisera examined can be classified into two main types, one of which, the H type, gives an optimum by both the α and ß procedures, whereas the R type gives an optimum only by the former technique. It appears that these differences can only be accounted for by the influence of differences in the physical and chemical properties of the various antibodies.
STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: Evans T. H. , Hawkins W. Lincoln , Hibbert Harold
Published: June 2004

Anti-Leuconostoc mesenteroides sera have been produced in rabbits. These antisera gave precipitin reactions with relatively high dilutions of the homologous polysaccharide, dextran, having a maximum nitrogen content of 0.08 per cent. It can therefore be concluded that this dextran is a haptene.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF HUMAN POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Sabin Albert B. , Ward Robert
Published: June 2004

Studies on the elimination of virus in human paralytic poliomyelitis during the first 2 weeks of the disease, revealed the following:—

1. The nasal (not nasopharyngeal) secretions collected from 22 patients on cotton plugs over a period of 3 days and the saliva and oral secretions expectorated during a similar period by 20 patients failed to yield virus.

2. In 10 of the patients whose secretions (nasal, oral, or both) were investigated, virus was isolated from single specimens of the lower intestinal contents.

3. No virus was found in large amounts of urine (up to 200 cc.) obtained from 12 patients, 6 of whom had paralysis of the bladder.

4. In the present tests virus was found 4 times more often in the stools of patients under 8 years of age (64 per cent of 11 cases) than in older individuals (17 per cent of 12 cases). This difference was found to obtain when our data were combined with those which could justifiably be selected from the literature, the total figures indicating that virus has been isolated from 50 per cent of 58 children under 8 years of age and from 12 per cent of 60 older individuals.

5. No support was found for the hypothesis that poliomyelitis virus in the stools originates from swallowed nasal secretions and saliva or oral secretions.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS INFECTION
Authors: Sabin Albert B. , Ward Robert
Published: June 2004

1. Eight rhesus monkeys with experimental poliomyelitis following intrasciatic inoculation of "M.V." virus were used to study the extent of virus spread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and the question of its elimination in the nasal secretions.

2. Tests on nasal secretions collected on absorbent cotton plugs daily and continuously from the moment of inoculation to the end of the disease failed to reveal virus.

3. No virus was found in the olfactory bulbs, nasal mucosa, tonsils and adjacent pharyngeal tissue, salivary glands, adrenals, superior cervical sympathetic ganglia, abdominal celiac ganglia, and small intestine.

4. Elimination of virus by the nasal route was not one of the consequences of poliomyelitis infection resulting from invasion of the "M.V." virus by way of a peripheral nerve in rhesus monkeys.

5. No indiscriminate widespread dissemination of virus occurred in the central nervous system of the intraneurally inoculated rhesus monkeys nor did the virus spread outward sufficiently to involve the collateral sympathetic ganglia or the collections of nerve cells in various peripheral tissues. Under certain circumstances, therefore, the presence of virus in these ganglia and tissues may be used as an index to the portal of entry of the virus.
A COMPARISON OF ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATES AND ELECTROPHORETIC PATTERNS OF NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL HUMAN BLOOD
Authors: Shedlovsky Theodore , Scudder John
Published: June 2004

Electrophoretic studies and erythrocyte sedimentation rate measurements were carried out on normal and pathological human blood. An increase in α globulin levels appears to take place, as well as an increase in sedimentation rates, when there is present any considerable inflammation or tissue destruction, irrespective of its cause. A graphic correlation is presented between sedimentation rates and α globulin levels, which is at least as good as a similar correlation involving fibrinogen levels.
COMPARATIVE DIABETOGENIC ACTION OF THE HYPOPHYSIS FROM VARIOUS ANIMALS
Authors: Houssay B. A. , Smyth F. S. , Foglia V. G. , Houssay A. B.
Published: June 2004

Of all the anterior hypophyses tested, those of the human produced the most marked diabetogenic action in the dog with its pancreatic tissue reduced to 4 gm., and in the hypophysectomized and pancreatectomized toad. The human hypophysis also produced diabetogenic action in the normal dog on daily doses of 1.26 mg. per kilo per day for 2 days.

The hypophysectomized dog with its pancreas reduced to 4 gm. is very sensitive to the anterior hypophyseal diabetogenic action and is the best test animal for demonstrating such action in mammals.

The anterior hypophysis of man, toad, rat, and chicken produces in such animals a diabetogenic action with doses of from 10 to 15 mg. per kilo per day. The bovine anterior hypophysis has identical action in 20 mg. doses. That of canine origin was much less active in a few though inconclusive experiments.

It was impossible to demonstrate a diabetogenic action with either guinea pig hypophysis or with that of fish probably because insufficient doses were injected.

The diabetogenic action was not obtained by the injection of other organ extracts of toads, dogs and oxen, of corticosterone (30, 40, and 60 mg. in 4 days) or of desoxycorticosterone (80 mg. and 200 mg. in 4 days).

The toad (Bufo arenarum Hensel), deprived of its hypophysis and pancreas is the most sensitive biological reactor for testing the diabetogenic action. In this animal the diabetogenic action of anterior hypophyses from varied sources decreased in the following order: man, dog, toad (Bufo arenarum Hensel), white rat, guinea pig, chicken (whole hypophysis), ox, serpent (Constrictor constrictor (L.)), the fish "corvina" Micropogon opercularis (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824), and "merluza" Merlucius hubbsi (Marini, 1933).
QUANTITATIVE EXPERIMENTS WITH ANTIBODIES TO A SPECIFIC PRECIPITATE
Authors: Treffers Henry P. , Moore Dan H. , Heidelberger Michael
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbit antisera to a Type II pneumococcus specific precipitate from horse serum were tested with fractions prepared by ultracentrifugation and electrophoresis of normal and immune horse serum.

2. In one instance a rapidly sedimenting protein from normal horse serum had nearly the same quantitative antigenic properties toward the anti-antibody rabbit serum as did the purified pneumococcus antibody solutions previously reported. In another instance a comparable fraction removed only a part of the rabbit antibody.

3. Electrophoretic γ-globulin from an immune horse serum had quantitatively the same antigenic properties as did antibody solutions prepared by salt-dissociation of specific precipitates.

4. Electrophoretic γ-globulin from normal horse serum differed in its antigenic behavior from γ-globulin containing antibody. The data are compared with the antigenic properties of acid and alkali treated pneumococcus specific polysaccharides toward antipneumococcus horse sera. An interpretation in terms of polymers is suggested.

5. The cross-reaction of goat serum γ-globulin against the anti-antibody serum is reported and the extent of the reaction compared with those of goat and horse serum albumins against a rabbit antiserum to the latter.
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS DIETS ON THE LIVER DAMAGE CAUSED BY EXCESS CYSTINE
Authors: Earle David P. , Victor Joseph
Published: June 2004

1. The effect of 9 different diets on the liver lesions resulting from excess dietary cystine has been studied in 130 rats.

2. The incidence and severity of each of the following liver lesions were varied by changes in the composition of diets containing 5 or 10 per cent cystine:

(a) Hemorrhage was least severe with low fat diets.

(b) Necrosis was most severe with synthetic diets.

(c) Cirrhosis was delayed by a diet high in lard, 20 per cent, and cod liver oil, 5 per cent, but not by a diet high in butter, 25 per cent.

(d) Fatty infiltration was found consistently only with low protein, high fat diets.

In other words, the pathogenesis of the liver lesion due to excess dietary cystine can be modified by diet.

3. In the presence of cystine as 5 per cent of a low protein, high fat diet, 1 per cent choline inhibited fatty infiltration but did not protect the liver against damage by cystine.

4. In these experiments there was no apparent correlation between fatty infiltration of the liver and the incidence or degree of cirrhosis.