bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐CHLORO‐6‐ALKYLISOINDOLO(2,1‐A)QUINAZOLIN‐5‐ONES
Authors: TYLTIN A. K. , KOVTUNENKO V. A. , RYTOVA N. N. , BABICHEV F. S.
Published: April 2016

Aus o‐Chlormethylbenzonitril (I) und 5‐Chlor‐anthranilsäure (II) wird ein Isoindolochinazolin (III) hergestellt, das durch Behandlung mit Dimethylsulfat oder p‐Toluolsulfonsäureethylester N‐alkyliert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF N‐8 SUBSTITUTED LUMAZINES
Authors: RAM V. J. , KNAPPE W. R. , PFLEIDERER W.
Published: April 2016

Zu einer systematischen Untersuchung der Zersetzung N‐S‐substituierter Lumazine werden zahlreiche Vertreter nach bekannten Verfahren hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: A NOVEL ACYLATIVE DEGRADATION OF URIC ACID. CARBON‐13 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDIES OF URIC ACID AND ITS DEGRADATION PRODUCTS
Authors: COXON B. , FATIADI A. J. , SNIEGOSKI L. T. , HERTZ H. S. , SCHAFFER R.
Published: April 2016

Harnsäure (I) reagiert mit Isobuttersäureanhydrid (II) zu einem Folgeprodukt (III), mit Acetanhydrid entsteht (V).
ChemInform Abstract: UNCONVENTIONAL NUCLEOTIDE ANALOGS. XVII. RING‐TRANSFORMATIONS OF URACIL DIHALOCARBENE ADDUCTS
Authors: THIELLIER H. P. M. , KOOMEN G. J. , PANDIT U. K.
Published: April 2016

Die Uracil Halogencarben‐Addukte (I) unterliegen beim Erhitzen mit Alkoholen der Ringerweiterung zu Diazepinen: (Ia) ‐+ (II) und (Ib)‐(III).
ChemInform Abstract: SEVEN‐MEMBERED HETEROCYCLES. 24. SYNTHESIS OF 1,4‐DIAZEPINO(1,2‐A)INDOLES
Authors: HAERTER H. P. , SCHINDLER O.
Published: April 2016

Die Mannich‐Reaktion von (III) mit den Aldehyden (II) liefert die Diazepinoindolene (I).
ChemInform Abstract: AZABICYCLOALKANES AS ANALGETICS. VII. 1‐PHENYL‐3‐AZABICYCLO(3.3.1)NONANES
Authors: TAKEDA M. , KAWAMORI M. , NOGUCHI K. , NURIMOTO S.
Published: April 2016

Das aus dem Cyclohexanonderivat (I) erhältliche Cyanhydrin (II) liefert mit Thionyl‐ Chlorid in Pyridin das ungesättigte Nitril (III) als Gemisch von Stellungsisomeren.
ChemInform Abstract: QUINAZOLINES AND 1,4‐BENZODIAZEPINES. 80. 1‐HYDROXY‐1,3‐DIHYDRO‐2H‐1,4‐BENZODIAZEPIN‐2‐ONE, A HYDROXAMIC ACID VIA AN AMIDINE N‐OXIDE
Authors: NING R. Y. , FRYER R. I. , SLUBOSKI B. C.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Behandlung mit m‐Chlorperbenzoesäure erhält man aus 7‐Chlor‐2‐amino‐5‐phenyl‐3 H‐l ,4‐benzodiazepin‐4‐oxid (I) das Di‐N‐oxid (II), das mit verd. Eisessig zum N‐Hydroxy‐Derivat (IIIa) verseift wird.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐BORYL SHIFTS AT THE CARBON‐CARBON‐OXYGEN SKELETON
Authors: PAETZOLD P. , BIERMANN H.‐P.
Published: April 2016

Bei der gleichmolaren Umsetzung der Borane (I) mit der Hg‐Verbindung (II) entsteht das reine Methoxycarbonylmethylboran (IIIa) (Ausb. 44%) oder das reine Vinyloxyboran (IVd) (58%) oder Gemische beider Verbindungen (IIIb)/(IVb) und (IIIc)/(IVc) (Gesamtausb.
ChemInform Abstract: PYROLYSIS OF TRIMETHYLBORANE. PART 2. FORMATION OF CARBABORANES AND OTHER BORON‐CONTAINING COMPOUNDS
Authors: BROWN M. P. , HOLLIDAY A. K. , WAY G. M. , WHITTLE R. B. , WOODARD C. M.
Published: April 2016

Mittels Gaschromatographie und Massenspektroskopie wird die Pyrolyse von Trimethylboran untersucht, wobei der Einfluß von Reaktionsdauer und Temperatur erörtert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: ACID AND BASE CATALYZED ALCOHOLYSES OF SOME CHIRAL O,S‐DIALKYL PHOSPHORAMIDOTHIOATES
Authors: HALL C. R. , INCH T. D.
Published: April 2016

In den beiden Arbeiten wird die Darstellung chiraler cyclischer Phosphorverbindungen beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: OLIGO(DIFLUOROPHOSPHORANES) BY DIRECT FLUORINATION OF TERTIARY PHOSPHINES
Authors: RUPPERT I. , BASTIAN V.
Published: April 2016

Die oxidative Fluorierung der phenyl‐ und methylsubstituierten Polymethylen‐bis‐ [phosphine] (I) und?er Phosphine (III) gelingt durch Einleiten eines mit Inertgas verdünnten Fluorstroms (20 ml/min) und führt zu den NMR‐spektroskopisch charakterisierten Oligodifluorphosphoranen (II) bzw. (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHETIC ROUTE TO VINYL SELENIDES AND VINYL SELENOXIDES
Authors: SEVRIN M. , DUMONT W. , KRIEF A.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Behandlung mit Methyliodid erhält man aus den Selenoacetalen (I) über die Salze (II) die Vinylselenide (III) unter Eliminierung von Methylseleniden (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: COMPOUNDS OF ZINC WITH HYDROXYETHYLIDENEDIPHOSPHONIC ACID
Authors: URINOVICH E. M. , BIKHMAN B. I. , SMIRNOVA V. A. , SELIVANOVA E. B. , GUREBICH M. Z. , ZHADANOV B. V. , SHUGAL N. F. , ADAMOVA G. M.
Published: April 2016

Zn‐nitrat oder ‐oxid bildet mit dem Titelliganden unter Zugabe von NaOH in wäßriger Lösung abhängig vom molaren Reaktantenverhältnis und dem NaOH/Ligand‐Verhältnis die als Hydrate isolierten Komplexe (I)‐(IV).
ChemInform Abstract: X‐RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC AND SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF THE BINDING OF METHYLMERCURY BY THE SULFUR AMINO‐ACID DL‐PENICILLAMINE‐ MODELS FOR METHYLMERCURY POISONING OF PROTEINS
Authors: WONG Y. S. , CARTY A. J. , CHIEH C.
Published: April 2016

Durch Reaktion entsprechender Mengen Methylquecksilberchlorid oder ′hydfoxid mit DL‐Penicillamin in 50% wäßrig‐ethanolischen Lösungen werden die Komplexe (I) und (II) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: CARBONYL COMPLEXES OF CHROMIUM, MOLYBDENUM, AND TUNGSTEN CONTAINING SULFANE LIGANDS
Authors: HERBERHOLD M. , SUESS G.
Published: April 2016

Die Photolyse der Metallhexacarbonyle in Gegenwart von Sulfiden liefert die monosubstituierten Derivate (II).
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF LARGE CATION SALTS CONTAINING COMPLEX TETRAHYDROBORATE ANIONS OF ALUMINUM, BERYLLIUM, AND URANIUM, AND DETERMINATION OF THE NATURE OF THE HYDROGEN BRIDGING IN THESE SALTS
Authors: BOND A. C. , HIMPSL F. L. JUN.
Published: April 2016

Die lösungsmittelfreie Reaktion von Me4NBH4 mit den entsprechenden Metalltetrahydridoboraten liefert nahezu quantitativ die Salze (I) und (II).
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISTRY OF RHENIUM ALKYLS. CLUSTER ALKYLS OF RHENIUM(III) AND RHENIUM(IV), DIMERIC OCTAALKYL DINITROGEN COMPOUNDS OF RHENIUM(IV), DIRHENIUM(II) TETRAALLYL
Authors: MASTERS A. F. , MERTIS K. , GIBSON J. F. , WILKINSON G.
Published: April 2016

Das Trirheniumnonachlorid (I) reagiert mit den Grignard‐Reagentien (II) zu den Trirheniumkomplexen (III), die mit Wasser oder Pyridin die ′Addukte (IV) bilden.
ChemInform Abstract: TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES OF SUBSTITUTED ALKYNES. PART XVI. THE REACTIONS OF F SOME DIYNES WITH CYCLOPENTADIENYLCOBALT DICARBONYL AND IRON PENTACARBONYL‐ INTER‐ OR INTRA‐MOLECULAR CYCLIZATIONS.
Authors: DICKSON R. S. , MOK C. , CONNOR G.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion des Diins (IIIa) mit der Co‐Carbonylverbindung (II) liefert durch intermolekulare Cyclisierung von zwei Diinen und CO die Komplexe (IV) und (V), wobei für (IV) drei chromatographisch trennbare Isomere nachgewiesen wurden.
ChemInform Abstract: CATIONIC RUTHENIUM(II) SYSTEMS. PART 1. THE PREPARATION AND REACTIVITY OF DIENE(HYDRAZINE)RUTHENIUM(II) CATIONS, AND THE FORMATION OF AMINO‐BONDED HYDRAZONE COMPLEXES
Authors: ASHWORTH T. V. , SINGLETON E. , HOUGH J. J.
Published: April 2016

Eine Suspension des Polymeren (I) in Methanol liefert mit wasserfreiem Hydrazin nach Zugabe eines Anions die Hydrazinkomplexe (II).
ChemInform Abstract: AN ACID‐BASE MODEL FOR MIXED METAL DIMER FORMATION. ENTHALPIES OF DIMER CLEAVAGE AND ADDUCT FORMATION OF (Π‐METHYLALLYL)PALLADIUM(II) CHLORIDE DIMER AND A LOOK AT MIXED METALLOMERS
Authors: LI M. P. , DRAGO R. S. , PRIBULA A. J.
Published: April 2016

Aus den calorimetrisch ermittelten Enthalpien und Gleichgewichtskonstanten der Reaktion des Dimeren (I) in Benzol zu den Produkten (II) erfolgt die quantitative Charakterisierung dieser Pd(II)‐Lewissäure und die Bestimmung der Enthalpie der Dimerspaltung.
ChemInform Abstract: η‐BONDED KETONE COMPLEXES OF PLATINUM(0). THE PREPARATION OF COMPLEXES OF CHLOROPENTAFLUOROPROPAN‐2‐ONE AND 1,3‐DICHLOROTETRAFLUOROPROPAN‐2‐ONE AND THE KINETICS OF ISOMERIZATION OF (PT(η‐CF3COCF2CL)(PPH3)2) TO CIS‐(PTCL(CF2COCF3)(PPH3)2)
Authors: BURGESS J. , CHAMBERS J. G. , CLARKE D. A. , KEMMITT R. D. W.
Published: April 2016

Abhängig vom Lösungsmittel, dem Ausganskomplex und der Reaktionszeit werden bei der Umsetzung der Olefin‐ und Acetylen‐bis‐[phosphin]‐Pt‐Komplexe (I) mit den Ketonen (II) die Oxaplatinacyclopropan‐Verbindungen (III) oder ihre Isomerisierungsprodukte (IV) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: EXTRACTIVES FROM GUTTIFERAE. PART 33. SYNTHESIS OF THE OZONOLYSIS PRODUCT FROM DIMETHYLMANGOSTIN, 1‐HYDROXY‐3,6,7‐TRIMETHOXY‐2,8‐BIS(2‐OXOETHYL)XANTHONE‐ SOME CARBON‐13 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTRA OF XANTHONES
Authors: IDRIS M. S. B. H. , JEFFERSON A. , SCHEINMANN F.
Published: April 2016

Selektive Demethylierung des (bereits früher dargestellten) Xanthons (Ia) mit konz. Schwefelsäure gibt die Dihydroxyverbindung (Ib), deren Allylierung die Derivate (IIa) bzw. (IIb) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: BACKBONE REARRANGEMENTS IN VITRO IN ACID MEDIUM. VII. ISOMERIZATION OF ETHYLENIC 17‐HYDROXY STEROIDS‐ POSSIBILITY OF A CONCERTED MECHANISM IN THE REARRANGEMENT OF THE C AND D RINGS
Authors: CHAVIS C. , MARCHAND J. , BASCOUL J. , DE PAULET A. C.
Published: April 2016

Grüstumlagerungen in vitro in saurem Medium.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 5β‐CHOL‐7‐EN‐6‐ONE ANALOGS OF ECDYSONE FROM CHOLIC ACID
Authors: DIAS J. R.
Published: April 2016

Aus Cholsäure (Ia) wird über die Derivate (Ib)‐(Ie) der Dinitroxyester (If) dargestellt und zu dem Olefin (IIa) dehydratisiert, aus dem durch reduktive Abspaltung der Nitrogruppen und anschließende Acetylierung das Diacetat (IIb) erhalten wird.
ChemInform Abstract: ASYMMETRIC INDUCTION IN THE SYNTHESIS OF THIOPHENE‐CONTAINING STEROIDLIKE MOLECULES VIA OLEFINIC CYCLIZATION. PRECOILING AS MODEL DESCRIPTION FOR THE STEREOCHEMICAL COURSE OF THE REACTION
Authors: MACCO A. A. , DE BROUWER R. , BUCK H. M.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Thienylketonen (Ia) und (Ib) erhält man nach Wittig die Olefine (III), die nach der Hydrierung über Ester (IVa) und Carbinole (IVb) in die Aldehyde (IVc) übergeführt werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: BORON COMPOUNDS. 45. 6‐DEOXY‐O‐ACYL‐α‐L‐MANNOFURANOSES VIA O‐ETHYLBORANEDIYL DERIVATIVES
Authors: DAHLHOFF W. V. , KOESTER R.
Published: April 2016

Die Herstellung verschiedener Zucker‐Borderivate wird beschrieben Aus der 6‐Desoxy‐a‐L‐mannopyranose (I) und Triethylbor (II) erhält man Substitutionsprodukte (III) bzw. (IV) und (V).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF N‐SUBSTITUTED ISOQUINOLONES. MODEL FOR THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF ISOQUINOLONE ALKALOIDS
Authors: RUCHIRAWAT S. , BORVORNVINYANANT U. , HANTAWONG K. , THEBTARANONTH Y.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Papaveriniumhalogeniden (I) erhält man mit Natronlauge die Enamine (II), die in Benzol mit Sauerstoff in Gegenwart von Kupfer(I)‐chlorid zu den Isochinolonen (III) gespalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS. V. SYNTHESES OF DIHYDROLYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: NAKAHARA Y. , NIWAGUCHI T. , ISHII H.
Published: April 2016

Durch Hydrierung von LSD (I) mit Wasserstoff an Pd/Cwird Dihydrolysergsäurediethylamid (II) erhalten, während die Hydrierung von Iso‐LSD (III) ein Gemisch aus den Dihydroverbindungen (IV) und (V) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: UNCONVENTIONAL NUCLEOTIDE ANALOGS. XVIII. RING EXPANSION OF URIDINE HALOCARBENE ADDUCTS. SYNTHESIS OF DIAZEPINE NUCLEOSIDES
Authors: THIELLIER H. P. M. , KOOMEN G. J. , PANDIT U. K.
Published: April 2016

Die diastereomeren Uridin‐ Halogencarbon‐Addukte (I) und (III) geben beim Erhitzen in Alkoholen die gleichen Diazepin‐Nucleoside (II) (beim Erhitzen in Me3C‐OH entstehen immer nur Einzelprodukte; (IIa) dagegen ist ein Gemisch von C‐7‐Epimeren).
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOCHEMISTRY OF THE METHYLCITRIC ACIDS FORMED IN THE CITRATE SYNTHASE REACTION WITH PROPIONYL‐COA
Authors: BRANDAENGE S. , JOSEPHSON S. , MAEHLEN A. , MOERCH L. , SWEETMAN L. , VALLEN S.
Published: April 2016

Die durch Schweineherz‐Citrat‐Synthase vermittelte Reaktion zwischen Propionyl‐Coenzym A und Oxalacetat führt zur Bildung der isomeren Methylcitronensäuren (Ia) und (Ib) in einer Gesamtausbeute von 10‐15% (das Verhältnis von (Ia):(Ib) schwankt zwischen 0.3 und 3).
ChemInform Abstract: A SYNTHESIS OF FLAVINS BY NITROSATIVE CYCLIZATION OF 6‐(N‐ALKYLANILINO)URACILS WITH N‐NITROSODIMETHYLAMINEPHOSPHORUS OXYCHLORIDE MIXTURE
Authors: YONEDA F. , SHINOZUKA K. , SAKUMA Y. , SENGA K.
Published: April 2016

A Synthesis of Flavins by Nitrosative Cyclization of ö‐(N‐Alkylanilinomracils with N‐Nitrosodimethylamine‐Phosphorus Oxychloride Mixtures.
ChemInform Abstract: AN EFFICIENT METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF CONJUGATED ALLENIC CARBONYL COMPOUNDS. THE SYNTHESIS OF TWO BARK BEETLE PHEROMONES
Authors: CLINET J. C. , LINSTRUMELLE G.
Published: April 2016

Lithiumallenverbindungen (I) reagieren mit N,N‐Dimethylamiden (II) und liefern nach anschließender milder Hydrolyse Allenketone und Allenaldehyde (III) ohne Acetylennebenprodukte.
ChemInform Abstract: MIMOSAMYCIN, A NOVEL ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCED BY STREPTOMYCES LAVENDULAE NO. 314‐ STRUCTURE AND SYNTHESIS
Authors: FUKUMI H. , KURIHARA H. , HATA T. , TAMURA C. , MISHIMA H. , KUBO A. , ARAI T.
Published: April 2016

Mimasamycin besitzt nach Abbau‐ und spektroskopische Reaktionen die Struktur (I).
ChemInform Abstract: FORMATION AND 6α‐SUBSTITUTION OF 6β‐(2‐CARBOXY) KETENIMINO PENICILLINS
Authors: TAYLOR A. W. , BURTON G.
Published: April 2016

Reaktionen an Ketenimino‐penicillinen werden untersucht, die z.B. aus den Amiden (I) oder den Imidchloriden (VI) oder (IX) erhalten werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: POLYOXIN ANALOGS. III. SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF AMINOACYL DERIVATIVES OF POLYOXINS C AND L
Authors: AZUMA T. , SAITA T. , ISONO K.
Published: April 2016

Die Synthese der Aminoacylderivate (I) bzw. (II) von Polyoxin C (R1 = H) bzw. Polyoxin L (R = H) wird beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: GIBBERELLINS, LIX. THE PREPARATION OF 3‐EPIGIBBERELLIN A3
Authors: VOIGT B. , ADAM G. , KOBRINA N. S. , SEREBRYAKOV E. P. , ZELINSKY N. D.
Published: April 2016

Als brauchbare Darstellungsmethode erweist sich die Reduktion von 3‐Dehydro‐GA3 (I) mit überschüssigem NaBH4 in Methanol, wobei das gewünschte 3‐epi‐GA3 (II) als Hauptprodukt neben GA3, GA, und B‐epi‐GA, entsteht.
ChemInform Abstract: GIBBERELLINS, LX. ACID‐CATALYZED HYDROLYSIS OF 15α‐HYDROXYGIBBERELLIC ACID (7 → 15α)‐LACTONE
Authors: VOIGT B. , ADAM G. , SEREBRYAKOV E. P.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Titellacton (I) entstehen als Hauptprodukt die Monolactonsäure (II) und als Nebenprodukte in geringer Menge die Monolactonsäure (III) und die Dicarbonsäure (IV).
A novel automatable enzyme-coupled colorimetric assay for endo-1,4-β-glucanase (cellulase)
Authors: Mangan David , Cornaggia Claudio , McKie Vincent , Kargelis Tadas , McCleary Barry V.
Published: April 2016

endo-1,4-β-Glucanase (endo-cellulase, EC 3.2.1.4) is one of the most widely used enzymes in industry. Despite its importance, improved methods for the rapid, selective, quantitative assay of this enzyme have been slow to emerge. In 2014, a novel enzyme-coupled assay that addressed many of the limitations of the existing assay methodology was reported. This involved the use of a bifunctional substrate chemically derived from cellotriose. Reported herein is a much improved version of this assay employing a novel substrate, namely 4,6-O-(3-ketobutylidene)-4-nitrophenyl-β-d-cellopentaoside.
What can we learn from Plausible Values?
Authors: Marsman Maarten , Maris Gunter , Bechger Timo , Glas Cees
Published: April 2016

In this paper, we show that the marginal distribution of plausible values is a consistent estimator of the true latent variable distribution, and, furthermore, that convergence is monotone in an embedding in which the number of items tends to infinity. We use this result to clarify some of the misconceptions that exist about plausible values, and also show how they can be used in the analyses of educational surveys.
Rossby wave propagation on potential vorticity fronts with finite width
Authors: Harvey B. J. , Methven J. , Ambaum M. H. P.
Published: April 2016

The horizontal gradient of potential vorticity (PV) across the tropopause typically declines with lead time in global numerical weather forecasts and tends towards a steady value dependent on model resolution. This paper examines how spreading the tropopause PV contrast over a broader frontal zone affects the propagation of Rossby waves. The approach taken is to analyse Rossby waves on a PV front of finite width in a simple single-layer model. The dispersion relation for linear Rossby waves on a PV front of infinitesimal width is well known; here, an approximate correction is derived for the case of a finite-width front, valid in the limit that the front is narrow compared to the zonal wavelength. Broadening the front causes a decrease in both the jet speed and the ability of waves to propagate upstream. The contribution of these changes to Rossby wave phase speeds cancel at leading order. At second order the decrease in jet speed dominates, meaning phase speeds are slower on broader PV fronts. This asymptotic phase speed result is shown to hold for a wide class of single-layer dynamics with a varying range of PV inversion operators. The phase speed dependence on frontal width is verified by numerical simulations and also shown to be robust at finite wave amplitude, and estimates are made for the error in Rossby wave propagation speeds due to the PV gradient error present in numerical weather forecast models.
Spatio-temporal patterns in inclined layer convection
Authors: Subramanian Priya , Brausch Oliver , Daniels Karen E. , Bodenschatz Eberhard , Schneider Tobias M. , Pesch Werner
Published: April 2016

This paper reports on a theoretical analysis of the rich variety of spatio-temporal patterns observed recently in inclined layer convection at medium Prandtl number when varying the inclination angle ${\it\gamma}$ and the Rayleigh number $R$. The present numerical investigation of the inclined layer convection system is based on the standard Oberbeck–Boussinesq equations. The patterns are shown to originate from a complicated competition of buoyancy driven and shear-flow driven pattern forming mechanisms. The former are expressed as longitudinal convection rolls with their axes oriented parallel to the incline, the latter as perpendicular transverse rolls. Along with conventional methods to study roll patterns and their stability, we employ direct numerical simulations in large spatial domains, comparable with the experimental ones. As a result, we determine the phase diagram of the characteristic complex 3-D convection patterns above onset of convection in the ${\it\gamma}{-}R$ plane, and find that it compares very well with the experiments. In particular we demonstrate that interactions of specific Fourier modes, characterized by a resonant interaction of their wavevectors in the layer plane, are key to understanding the pattern morphologies.
Turbulent drag in a rotating frame
Authors: Campagne Antoine , Machicoane Nathanaël , Gallet Basile , Cortet Pierre-Philippe , Moisy Frédéric
Published: April 2016

What is the turbulent drag force experienced by an object moving in a rotating fluid? This open and fundamental question can be addressed by measuring the torque needed to drive an impeller at a constant angular velocity ${\it\omega}$ in a water tank mounted on a platform rotating at a rate ${\it\Omega}$. We report a dramatic reduction in drag as ${\it\Omega}$ increases, down to values as low as 12 % of the non-rotating drag. At small Rossby number $Ro={\it\omega}/{\it\Omega}$, the decrease in the drag coefficient $K$ follows the approximate scaling law $K\sim Ro$, which is predicted in the framework of nonlinear inertial-wave interactions and weak-turbulence theory. However, stereoscopic particle image velocimetry measurements indicate that this drag reduction instead originates from a weakening of the turbulence intensity in line with the two-dimensionalization of the large-scale flow.
The Effects of Smoking Cessation on the Risk Factors for the Metabolic Syndrome: A Follow-Up Study of Veterans
Authors: Sharip Akbar , Firek Anthony , Tonstad Serena
Published: April 2016

Objective: To evaluate the impact of short-term smoking cessation on Metabolic Syndrome (Mets) component risk factors, and hormones related to MetS and human metabolism.

Methods: Smoking veterans with MetS, attending stop smoking class, were followed up close to one year. Paired comparisons between after the follow up and baseline data were made using t-test.

Results: A total of 95 smoking veterans with MetS completed average close to one year follow up. Thirty subjects completely quit for the average of 6 months, while 36 subjects continued smoking during the follow up. At the end of study, quitters average waist circumference increased 2.98 cm (0.69–5.27), weight increased 2.05 kg (−0.03 to 4.13), HDL cholesterol increased 4.17 mg/dl (1.03–7.32), triglyceride decreased 56.17 mg/dl ((−1.96 to 111.20), and MetS prevalence decreased 13% (p = 0.05). The changes in ghrelin were moderately positively associated with duration of quitting smoking (R2 = 43.99, and p < 0.01).

Conclusion: Compared to the baseline, quitters HDL was up, triglyceride was down, and overall MetS prevalence was lower. The longer the duration of quitting, bigger the increase in ghrelin. There were no significant changes in serum leptin, ghrelin, serum insulin, and insulin resistance after quitting smoking.
REAL LOVE VERSUS REAL LIFE: YOUTH, MUSIC AND UTOPIA IN FREETOWN, SIERRA LEONE
Authors: Stasik Michael
Published: April 2016

The most popular music among youths in Sierra Leone's capital Freetown is music dealing with love. While the music, which is mainly of foreign origin, evokes idealized images of ‘real love’, the real-life relationships of its young audiences are characterized by chronic states of emotional uncertainty and dissatisfaction. Economic disparities lead to an increasing monetization of young people's relationships, driving them either into a fragile flux of multiple partners or out of intimate engagements altogether. Taking this ‘dissonance’ between sonic representations and social relations as a point of departure, in this article I explore the ways in which young Freetonians position themselves at the juncture of desire and reality. After an introduction to Freetown's contemporary music scene, I juxtapose various life and love stories of youths with the fantasies they invest in ‘love music’. In so doing, I discuss the complex relationships between affect, exchange, deprivation and the strictures involved in attaining social adulthood. Drawing on the notion of utopia – denoting a desired yet unattainable state – I argue that it is within the experiential gap between the consumption of a representation and the desire to live (up to) that representation that Freetown's youths rework their horizons of possibilities.
THE ONTOGENY OF HYENA REPRESENTATIONS AMONG THE HARARI PEOPLE OF ETHIOPIA
Authors: Baynes-Rock Marcus
Published: April 2016

Employing a theoretical framework developed by ecologist Paul Shepard, I explore here the ways in which Harari people's representations of spotted hyenas develop in tandem with their ontogenesis. The Harari word for hyena,waraba, takes on different meanings depending on the socialization of Harari individuals and the particular life stages of these persons. In early childhood,warabais a terrifying beast of the imagination. As children mature, their initial conceptions are overturned as they learn that local hyenas are in fact peaceful; it is the hyenas from beyond Harar's borders whom they learn to fear. Throughout and beyond middle childhood, representations of hyenas are employed in folktales, songs, chants and idioms to represent other humans while at the same time reflecting an engagement with the local hyenas. The representations culminate in the conception ofDerma Sheikh: the reliable, protective, religious hyena who shares the same interest in peace and security as the Hararis. In Harar, representations of hyenas reflect an attention to what hyenas do ‘out there’ in the streets and in the surrounding farmland. They speak of a level of engagement with hyenas as persons: one that is atypical of an ‘urbanized, industrialized’ society.
CYBERCRIME, POLICE WORK AND STORYTELLING IN WEST AFRICA
Authors: Beek Jan
Published: April 2016

In West Africa, both cyber fraud and cyber policing are mainly about storytelling. Based on fieldwork in the Ghanaian police, this article explores criminal investigations of email scams; it shows how actors rely on, make use of, lose faith in and reinvent stories. Each cyber fraud case can be understood as a series of connected tales, and all involved try to change the direction of the narrative. While the first tale takes place in virtual spaces between continents, the later ones are located in Ghana and are about police work there. The actors' stories both tap into and create social imaginaries, and the involved actors thereby craft conflicting notions of order and disorder. However, not only the fraudsters' stories but also the police officers' and victims' stories are often factually inaccurate and are partly fictional. Ultimately, all actor groups struggle to create believable stories under current conditions.
NIGERIAN ACADEMIA AND THE POLITICS OF SECRECY
Authors: Ogen Olukoya , Nolte Insa
Published: April 2016

In this issue, Jeremiah Arowosegbe makes a number of valid and important observations about the challenges facing the humanities and social sciences in Nigeria. But while he recognizes the importance of the political sphere by discussing the unequal and asymmetric landscape of global knowledge production, he locates most problems of knowledge production in Nigeria within the academy. Focusing on individual and generational responsibility and morality, Arowosegbe also suggests that recent generations of Nigerian academics have been ‘complacent and nonchalant’ in their engagement with global theoretical and methodological debates, and thus bear responsibility for the apparent decline of Nigerian academia.
The Micro-Foundations of Party Competition and Issue Ownership: The Reciprocal Effects of Citizens’ Issue Salience and Party Attachments
Authors: Neundorf Anja , Adams James
Published: April 2016

While previous research on the reciprocal effects of citizens’ issue attitudes and their party support emphasize citizens’ issuepositions, political competition revolves equally around issuesalience– that is, debates over which issue areas political parties should prioritize. Using multi-wave panel survey data from Germany and Great Britain, this study analyzes the reciprocal effects of citizens’ issue salience and their party support, and concludes that citizens’ issue priorities bothinfluenceandare influenced bytheir party attachments and, moreover, that these effects are linked to parties’ long-term associative issue ownership. This effect is strongest among supporters of a small issue-orientated niche party, the German Greens.
The Emergence of Max Scheler: Understanding Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik's Philosophical Anthropology
Authors: Ozar Alex S.
Published: April 2016

An idea's genealogy is not the idea itself, and still less does an idea's historical context exhaust its potentialities for meaning. The excavation of sources and influences is then for the historian of ideas not an end in itself; it is more properly the inauguration, not the consummation, of efforts in intellectual history. But genealogical investigation does matter, because its vertical depth can illuminate the contours requisite for horizontal discernment, and because exploring its temporal register can free an idea from artificially inert stasis back into the stream of living reflective activity.
Praeparatio Evangelica—or Daemonica? C. S. Lewis and Anders Nygren on Spiritual Longing
Authors: Lepojärvi Jason
Published: April 2016

C. S. Lewis read Anders Nygren's Agape and Eros in his mid-thirties, probably during the Christmas holiday of 1934. His first recorded thoughts, including the statement above, are from a letter dated “Jan 8th 1935” to his Oxford colleague Janet Spens. Despite his decisive criticism of what he calls Nygren's “central contrast”—that agape is selfless and eros self-regarding—Lewis ends this letter with a declaration of uncertainty: “However, I must tackle him again. He has shaken me up extremely.” It is remarkable, then, that Nygren is not mentioned by name in Lewis's The Four Loves (1960). Lewis's opening remarks on his theology of love, which do not directly refer to Nygren, “are critical of Nygren's main thesis in Agape and Eros.”
Philosophy, Heresy, and Kabbalah's Counter-Theology
Authors: Valabregue Sandra
Published: April 2016

The role philosophy played in the rise of new Jewish esoteric traditions in the Middle Ages has always been a critical question for kabbalah scholarship. Many scholars have contributed to our understanding of kabbalah's relationship to Greek, Christian, and Jewish philosophy, Neoplatonic and Neo-Aristotelian traditions alike. In this article I wish to contribute to this vast scholarly discussion by enlightening some aspects of theosophical kabbalah's innovation in light of its dialogue with philosophical ideas. This dialogue is complex, and the extent of kabbalah's interaction with philosophy is difficult to evaluate. My assumption in the following is that such a dialogue is best apprehended where conflict can be detected. Consequently I will study different cases of theological conflict between theosophical and philosophical conceptions—cases of heresy, where a theological tension can be identified. These tensions will help us to evaluate the nature of the theosophical innovation in question. The framework of this article rests on the assumption that theosophical kabbalah shares with different philosophical traditions some important theological structures but also that it maintains important conceptual differences. In order to evaluate the theological tensions involved I will analyze different cases of theological heresies, both philosophical and theosophical. I hope with this analysis to clarify theosophical kabbalah in light of its theological renewal, a renewal that was not merely the result of the acceptance of or resistance to philosophical ideas but also of the emerging of what I propose to call counter-theology.
Il Trionfo? The Untold Story of Its Development and Pope Gregory XVI's Struggle to Attain Orthodoxy
Authors: Korten Christopher
Published: April 2016

For all of the criticism that Pope Gregory XVI (1831–1846) has attracted in the historiography for his severe, backward-thinking papal policies, such as condemning freedoms of speech and the press (Mirari vos; 1832) or his refusal to grant the construction of railroads, his reputation as a gifted theologian has remained untainted. Owen Chadwick called him “the best educated pope for nearly three-quarters of a century.” At the bottom of this assessment lies Gregory's only monograph, Il trionfo della Santa Sede (The triumph of the Holy See; 1799). Many have attempted to use this work to provide continuity or an appropriate backdrop to Gregory's later (papal) career. His order's own biographer has suggested that Il trionfo was responsible for his becoming cardinal. Alan Reinerman has claimed that the work's “fervor and erudition won him the esteem of the Curia” since it was written “at one of the darkest moments in Papal history.” Il trionfo acquired for Mauro Cappellari (later Gregory XVI) “an honored name among apologists,” claimed lifelong doting barber-turned-assistant Gaetano Moroni. Regarding its more immediate impact, Jean Leflon believed that Il trionfo caused Cappellari to be expelled from Rome.
PRINTING EMPIRE: VISUAL CULTURE AND THE IMPERIAL ARCHIVE IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY VENICE
Authors: STOURAITI ANASTASIA
Published: April 2016

This article analyses the relationship between imperial expansion and popular visual culture in late seventeenth-century Venice. It addresses the impact of the military on the marketplace of print and examines the cultural importance of commercial printmaking to the visualization of colonial motifs during the 1684–99 war with the Ottoman Empire. Through a broad array of single-sheet engravings and illustrated books encompassing different visual typologies (e.g. maps, siege views, battle scenes, portraits of Venetian patricians, and representations of the Ottomans), the article re-examines key questions about the imperial dimensions of Venetian print culture and book history. In particular, it shows how warfare and colonial politics militarized the communication media, and highlights the manner in which prints engaged metropolitan viewers in the Republic's expansionist ventures. In so doing, the analysis demonstrates how the printing industry brought the visual spectacle of empire onto the centre stage of Venetian cultural life.
Poverty in the Human Rights Jurisprudence of the Nigerian Appellate Courts (1999–2011)
Authors: Okafor Obiora Chinedu , Ugochukwu Basil
Published: April 2016

The major objective of this article is to examine the extent to which the human rights jurisprudence of the Nigerian appellate courts has been sensitive and / or receptive to the socio-economic and political claims of Nigeria's large population of the poor and marginalized. In particular, the article considers: the extent to which Nigerian human rights jurisprudence has either facilitated or hindered the efforts of the poor to ameliorate their own poverty; the kinds of conceptual apparatuses and analyses utilized by the Nigerian courts in examining the issues brought before it that concerned the specific conditions of the poor; and the key biases that are embedded in and shape Nigeria's jurisprudential orientation. The line of cases analysed in the article indicate that the Nigerian appellate courts, as elsewhere, possess great capacity, for good or ill, to impact public policy in the field of poverty reduction.
Visiting on the Air: Radio Homemakers and the Professionalization of Domesticity
Authors: BLISS ANN V.
Published: April 2016

An unusual kind of community existed between early twentieth-century women radio broadcasters in the American Mid-west – known as radio homemakers – and their listeners, one that depended on mutual trust. Radio homemakers established this trust via the concept of “visiting,” where the broadcasters used the familiar notion of informal social interaction to establish an ostensibly intimate relationship with their audience. Through playing with their listeners' understanding of visiting, radio homemakers made public the professionalization of domestic work that emerged from the Progressive Era's home economics movement. Because their shows primarily addressed domesticity, radio homemakers linked the conventions of domestic work to modernity through the technology of radio, drawing attention to women's frequently invisible household work.
Figuring Giorgio Agamben's “Bare Life” in the Post-Katrina Works of Jesmyn Ward and Kara Walker
Authors: BROWN HOLLY CADE
Published: April 2016

This article explores how Jesmyn Ward's novel Salvage the Bones and Kara Walker's visual essay After the Deluge can be read through the concept of Giorgio Agamben's “bare life” in order to explore the complexities of representing bodies that have been stripped of their political significance in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. Walker and Ward both situate Katrina within a longer lineage of representation of African American life extending back to slavery, prompting wider debate about the conceptual frameworks that we use in order to describe rupturing incidents that are connected to structural forms of persecution.
Thiol/disulphide homeostasis as a novel indicator of oxidative stress in sudden sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Dinc M E , Ulusoy S , Is A , Ayan N N , Avincsal M O , Bicer C , Erel O
Published: April 2016

Objectives:

To investigate a novel oxidative stress marker, thiol/disulphide literature homeostasis, in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss, and to compare the results with healthy controls for the first time.

Methods:

Thirty-two patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss and 30 healthy individuals were included in the study. Serum native thiol, total thiol and disulphide levels were measured, and disulphide/native thiol and disulphide/total thiol ratios were determined in all subjects.

Results:

Serum native thiol and total thiol levels were significantly lower in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss compared with controls (p < 0.05). Of the 32 patients, 25 had lower native thiol levels than controls (333.2 ± 73.9 vs 381.8 ± 35.6 μmol/l, p = 0.002) and 24 had lower total thiol levels (375.1 ± 74.3 vs 426.1 ± 39.3 μmol/l, p = 0.002).

Conclusion:

The changes in oxidative markers evident in a significant number of patients may be associated with oxidative stress, which may, in turn, have caused sudden sensorineural hearing loss in those patients.
Modified Korteweg–de Vries solitons at supercritical densities in two-electron temperature plasmas
Authors: Verheest Frank , Olivier Carel P. , Hereman Willy A.
Published: April 2016

The supercritical composition of a plasma model with cold positive ions in the presence of a two-temperature electron population is investigated, initially by a reductive perturbation approach, under the combined requirements that there be neither quadratic nor cubic nonlinearities in the evolution equation. This leads to a unique choice for the set of compositional parameters and a modified Korteweg–de Vries equation (mKdV) with a quartic nonlinear term. The conclusions about its one-soliton solution and integrability will also be valid for more complicated plasma compositions. Only three polynomial conservation laws can be obtained. The mKdV equation with quartic nonlinearity is not completely integrable, thus precluding the existence of multi-soliton solutions. Next, the full Sagdeev pseudopotential method has been applied and this allows for a detailed comparison with the reductive perturbation results. This comparison shows that the mKdV solitons have slightly larger amplitudes and widths than those obtained from the more complete Sagdeev solution and that only slightly superacoustic mKdV solitons have acceptable amplitudes and widths, in the light of the full solutions.
Memantine augmentation in clozapine-refractory schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study
Authors: Veerman S. R. T. , Schulte P. F. J. , Smith J. D. , de Haan L.
Published: April 2016

Background

Dysfunction of neuroplasticity due to N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hypofunction may be a causal factor for memory and executive dysfunctioning in schizophrenia. Deregulation of NMDA transmission in the prefrontal cortex may also explain negative and positive symptoms. Clozapine augmentation with memantine targets altered NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission in schizophrenia and showed substantial beneficial effects on several symptom domains in a small proof-of-concept study. We evaluate effects of memantine add-on treatment to clozapine for memory and executive function, and negative and positive symptoms in schizophrenia.

Method

Clozapine-treated patients with refractory schizophrenia were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of double-blind adjunctive treatment with memantine (n = 26) or placebo (n = 26). Crossover occurred after a 2-week placebo wash-out period. Primary endpoints were change from baseline to 12 weeks treatment and 14 weeks to 26 weeks treatment on memory and executive function using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and Clinical Global Impression Severity Scale (CGI-S). Side effects were assessed using the Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side-Effect Rating Scale.

Results

When compared with placebo, memantine improved a composite memory score comprising verbal recognition memory and paired associates learning task scores on the CANTAB (effect size = 0.30) and PANSS negative subscale score (effect size = 0.29). Side effects were mild and transient.

Conclusions

In patients with clozapine-treated refractory schizophrenia, memantine addition significantly improved verbal and visual memory and negative symptoms without serious adverse effects. These results justify further investigations on long-term memantine augmentation to clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
“Under Two Jurisdictions”: Immigration, Citizenship, and Self-Governance in Cross-Border Community Relocations
Authors: McAdam Jane
Published: April 2016

The governments of Kiribati and Fiji “should make every effort to minimise the difficulties of and inconveniences to this community which finds itself under two jurisdictions.”

Our younger generation have been taught that they also have another home. There are still two homes. That's their roots. That's where they belong.
Zero-inflated negative binomial mixed model: an application to two microbial organisms important in oesophagitis
Authors: FANG R. , WAGNER B. D. , HARRIS J. K. , FILLON S. A.
Published: April 2016

Altered microbial communities are thought to play an important role in eosinophilic oesophagitis, an allergic inflammatory condition of the oesophagus. Identification of the majority of organisms present in human-associated microbial communities is feasible with the advent of high throughput sequencing technology. However, these data consist of non-negative, highly skewed sequence counts with a large proportion of zeros. In addition, hierarchical study designs are often performed with repeated measurements or multiple samples collected from the same subject, thus requiring approaches to account for within-subject variation, yet only a small number of microbiota studies have applied hierarchical regression models. In this paper, we describe and illustrate the use of a hierarchical regression-based approach to evaluate multiple factors for a small number of organisms individually. More specifically, the zero-inflated negative binomial mixed model with random effects in both the count and zero-inflated parts is applied to evaluate associations with disease state while adjusting for potential confounders for two organisms of interest from a study of human microbiota sequence data in oesophagitis.
Longitudinal prediction of language emergence in infants at high and low risk for autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Edmunds Sarah R. , Ibañez Lisa V. , Warren Zachary , Messinger Daniel S. , Stone Wendy L.
Published: April 2016

This study used a prospective longitudinal design to examine the early developmental pathways that underlie language growth in infants at high risk (n= 50) and low risk (n= 34) for autism spectrum disorder in the first 18 months of life. While motor imitation and responding to joint attention (RJA) have both been found to predict expressive language in children with autism spectrum disorder and those with typical development, the longitudinal relation between these capacities has not yet been identified. As hypothesized, results revealed that 15-month RJA mediated the association between 12-month motor imitation and 18-month expressive vocabulary, even after controlling for earlier levels of RJA and vocabulary. These results provide new information about the developmental sequencing of skills relevant to language growth that may inform future intervention efforts for children at risk for language delay or other developmental challenges.
Neuropsychological performance measures as intermediate phenotypes for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A multiple mediation analysis
Authors: Kamradt Jaclyn M. , Nigg Joel T. , Friderici Karen H. , Nikolas Molly A.
Published: April 2016

Genetic influences on dopaminergic neurotransmission have been implicated in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and are theorized to impact cognitive functioning via alterations in frontal–striatal circuitry. Neuropsychological functioning has been proposed to account for the potential associations between dopamine candidate genes and ADHD. However, to date, this mediation hypothesis has not been directly tested. Participants were 498 youth ages 6–17 years (meanM= 10.8 years,SD= 2.4 years, 55.0% male). All youth completed a multistage, multiple-informant assessment procedure to identify ADHD and non-ADHD cases, as well as a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Youth provided a saliva sample for DNA analyses; the 480 base pair variable number of tandem repeat polymorphism of the dopamine active transporter 1 gene (DAT1) and the 120 base pair promoter polymorphism of the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) were genotyped. Multiple mediation analysis revealed significant indirect associations betweenDAT1genotype and inattention, hyperactivity–impulsivity, and oppositionality, with specific indirect effects through response inhibition. The results highlight the role of neurocognitive task performance, particularly response inhibition, as a potential intermediate phenotype for ADHD, further elucidating the relationship between genetic polymorphisms and externalizing psychopathology.
Dietary patterns extracted from the current Japanese diet and their associations with sodium and potassium intakes estimated by repeated 24 h urine collection
Authors: Fujiwara Aya , Asakura Keiko , Uechi Ken , Masayasu Shizuko , Sasaki Satoshi
Published: April 2016

Objective

To identify dietary patterns in the current Japanese diet and evaluate the associations between these patterns and Na and K intakes.

Design

Dietary patterns were extracted by factor analysis from the intakes of food groups assessed with a validated self-administrated diet history questionnaire. Na and K intakes and urinary Na:K were assessed by repeated 24 h urine collection.

Subjects

Healthy Japanese adults aged 20–69 years (353 men and 349 women).

Setting

Twenty study areas in twenty-three prefectures in Japan.

Result

Four dietary patterns were identified in each sex. After adjustment for several confounding factors, the ‘Fish and vegetable’ pattern was associated with higher urinary Na excretion, but the association was not significant (P=0·37 in men and P=0·06 in women). This pattern was also associated with higher K excretion in both sexes. The ‘Noodle’ pattern tended to be associated with higher urinary Na excretion (P=0·17 in men and P=0·04 in women) and higher Na:K (P=0·02 in men). The ‘Meat, vegetable and oil’ (in men)/‘Meat and oil’ (in women) and ‘Bread and confectioneries’ patterns were not associated with urinary Na excretion (in men) or were negatively associated (in women).

Conclusions

Contrary to the case in Western countries, the ‘Fish and vegetable’ and ‘Noodle’ patterns contributed to higher Na intake in Japan. Target foods for salt reduction should be set based on careful consideration of the relationships between dietary patterns and Na and K intakes in the target population.