bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Palladia from Mycenae
Authors: Gardner Ernest
Published: May 2006

The objects which form the subject of the present paper, and which may be easily identified by the accompanying cuts, Nos. 5—8, have for some time been a puzzle to students of Mycenaean archaeology. Certain specimens exhibited in the cases of the Mycenae Room in the Polytechnic Museum at Athens are described as ‘objects of unknown use’; and although some suggestions have been thrown out in various publications of isolated examples, I do not think any satisfactory explanation of them has yet been offered. The cause of this failure seems to be the impossibility of understanding properly any such specimen, apart from the whole class to which it belongs. I will therefore begin this paper with a list of instances which, while not pretending to be exhaustive, is at least representative, and so will give some notion of the character, size, shape, and material of the objects now before us.
Tithonus on a Red-Figured Vase
Authors: Gardner Percy
Published: May 2006

The vase now published is a Nolan amphora (height, 14¼ inches). It was acquired by the Ashmolean Museum from Castellani, and is No. 275 in the published catalogue of Ashmolean vases. As however it is unfortunately not engraved in that catalogue, I give here a sketch by Mr. F. Anderson of the two sides.

On one side is Eos, clad in chiton, winged, running r. with outstretched arms: on the other side is Tithonus standing l., bald but for a thin line of hairs, and leaning on staff. Under the figures is a line of maeander pattern. An Ε is scratched beneath the foot.

The date of the vase is about the middle of the fifth century, or a little later. Its main interest lies in its subject, the love of Eos and Tithonus being almost unrepresented in ancient art. Eos appears frequently on vases pursuing or carrying off young men: her pursuit of Cephalus is an ordinary motive in art: but the artists avoid Tithonus, either because he is unfamiliar to them, or perhaps with the usual Greek dislike for the incongruous and undignified.
Archaeology in Greece, 1892
Authors: Gardner E. A.
Published: May 2006

The chief interest of the excavations that have taken place in 1892 is associated, directly or indirectly, with Delphi. The French School, under M. Homolle's direction, has now actually begun systematic work upon the site, which will probably continue for many years, and which is certain to yield results of the highest importance. Indirectly, also, the charm of Delphi has led to discoveries of the most valuable kind during the past season. The American School had, owing to the indefatigable exertions of Dr. Waldstein, raised a large sum of money with a view to the excavation of the site; and when the French School succeeded after all in establishing its claim to Delphi, the Americans turned their energies and their resources into another channel; their excavations at the Heraeum near Argos have realized the expectations that so promising a site could not fail to raise. One head, in particular, is a most valuable addition to the known monuments of the very finest period of Greek sculpture, whatever may be the ultimate decision of experts as to its exact position in the history of art.

I will, as before, begin my description of the year's excavation with Athens and Attica, and then go on to speak of what has been done both by the Government Department of Antiquities, the Greek Archaeological Society, and the Foreign Schools, in various parts of Greece. Finally, I will describe the progress made in the arrangement, cleaning, and cataloguing of antiquities in the Museums of Athens.
Newly-Discovered Fragments of the Balustrade of Athena Nike
Authors: Yorke V. W.
Published: May 2006

The immediate object of this paper is to publish three fragments of sculpture, which I had the good fortune to find on the Acropolis at Athens during the present year, and which may be, I think, claimed as belonging to the reliefs which ran round the bastion of Athena Nike. At the same time I should like to draw attention to, and discuss, certain corrections which have recently been made in some fragments of the same reliefs in the Acropolis Museum, and to make a few suggestions with regard to others.

The most important of the new fragments, which is reproduced in the plate, was found among a small heap of débris upon the top of the bastion fifteen yards to the east of the temple of Athena Nike. The marble is Pentelic; the sculptured surface measures roughly ·40 m. by ·28 m., the back of the slab is finished and the thickness from the back to the ground from which the relief springs is ·23 m., while the height of the relief is ·12 m. These measurements, which correspond exactly to the measurements of other slabs that we possess of the balustrade, the high relief, and delicate style of the torso all show that this fragment undoubtedly belongs to the balustrade. Further evidence is present in the small hole drilled in the top for the in-insertion of the bronze screen, which ran along the top of the slabs. The fragment consists of the left shoulder and breast, and portions of the left arm and wing of a Nike.
On Waxen Tablets with Fables of Babrius (Tabulae Ceratae Assendelftianae)
Authors: Hesseling D. C.
Published: May 2006

Some six months ago Mr. A. D. van Assendelft de Coningh presented the Leiden library with a set of seven waxen tablets, forming a small book. They were acquired at Palmyra in 1881 by his brother, Mr. H. van Assendelft de Coningh, officer in the Royal Dutch Navy. Mr. H. van Assendelft de Coningh died soon after his return to his country; we know, however, that the tablets were found at Palmyra from a fragment of a letter which he wrote some days before his death. It runs as follows: ‘During my brief visit to Palmyra I acquired these wooden tablets.’ The tablets came into the possession of Mr. A. D. van Assendelft de Coningb and were put aside with other souvenirs of his brother's travels. They happened to be shown to me and I easily saw that they contained Greek writing. The tablets were then presented to the Leiden library, the principal librarian of which, Dr. W. N. du Rieu, gave them the name of Tabulae ceratae graecae Assendelftianae, in honour of the generous giver and his deceased brother.

The seven tablets are covered with writing on both sides, except the first one, of which the recto-side is plain wood. Of the others the wooden surface is sunk to a slight depth, leaving a raised frame at the edges; they are of beech-wood, like most waxen tablets preserved in the British Museum. The wood is coated with wax of a very dark colour, probably due to pitch being added to the wax in order to prevent melting and to make the writing clearly visible. They measure 14·5 by 12 cm. (5·7 by 4·7 inches).
Archaeological Research in Italy during the last Eight Years
Authors: von Duhn F.
Published: May 2006

Eight years ago, I had the honour of speaking at the Philologists' Convention at Zürich on the methods aims and materials of archaeological research in Italy. A summary of work, both prospective and retrospective was then not inappropriate, for we stood at a point of transition. With the altered constitution of the Archäologisches Institut, the death of Henzen and the retirement of Helbig one epoch had come to an end, and we had reason to suppose that the new period would present many features of difference.

Until the unification of Italy there could be no question of a thorough scientific and consistent investigation of the country. Even the Istituto di Corrispondenza archeologia, the only scientific body whose activity was not confined within the bounds of a single state, found itself so hampered by want of means and the hindrances arising from the bad condition of communications, that all it could do was to contribute a meagre report of discoveries made in the limited area including Rome itself, Southern Etruria, where excavations were undertaken by the Papal government and private persons, and Pompeii, where under the Naples government work was slowly proceeding. In other districts excavation either fell entirely into neglect or took the form of secret and irresponsible plunder.
Epigraphical Notes from Eastern Macedonia and Thrace
Authors: Munro J. Arthur R.
Published: May 2006

These notos are a result of a short tour in the autumn of 1896 through the coastlands north of the Aegean from Xerxes' canal to the Hebrus. Professor W. C. F. Anderson of Firth College, Sheffield, accompanied me. and gave much valuable help. Of the inscriptions which we copied the following seem to be either unknown, or imperfectly published or described, If I have overlooked a previous publication of any of them, I may plead the difficulty of finding out what has or has not been edited.

1. Hierissos (Acanthus): in a wall near the Byzantine gate on the acropolis. Fragment of coarse marble block, 1 foot 11 inches high, 10 inches broad. Letters about 3½ inches. Published by Cousinéry, Voyage dans la Macédoine, t. II., p. 151; by Boeckh, C.I.G. 2007k; and, the epigraphic text only, by Le Bas, No. 1414.

I believe that the right half of the stone has been cut away. If so, it is better to read with Cousinéry than with Boeckh. The stone may have marked the boundary of public land.

2. Lympiada: in a wall on the beach. Rough block of granite, 3 feet 3 inches long, 1 foot 7 inches high. Letters 5½ to 3 inches, irregular and much weathered.
A Greek Goldsmith's Mould in the Ashmolean Museum
Authors: Jones H. Stuart
Published: May 2006

The monument represented in the dimensions of the original by tbe annexed figure (Fig. 1) was acquired by Mr. Arthur Evans in Corfú, in 1895, and is now in the Ashmolean Museum. It is a piece of bronze, irregularly oblong in shape, measuring 4⅞ in. in length by 1 to l⅛ in. in breadth, and ⅜ to in. in thickness. Each of the four long surfaces is decorated with a series of incised patterns separated by bands of ornament. There can be no doubt as to the destination of the object, which was evidently intended to serve as a mould for the manufacture of plaques, diadems, &c., in repoussé. A series of gold plaques (Figs. 2–5) have been executed from the mould by Mr. Ready, and are exhibited beside the original in the Ashmolean Museum. At the same time it may well have been used for work in other metals, such as the thin sheets of bronze used for the well-known ‘Argo-Corinthian’ plaques which furnish the nearest analogies to the subjects of our monument.
The Bronze Statue from Cerigotto and the Study of Style
Authors: Waldstein Charles
Published: May 2006

The article of Mr. Frost in the preceding number of this Journal (pp. 217, seq.) gives me an opportunity to protest against what I consider a dangerous development of archaeological study in our days. I must thank the Editors for having, in spite of the great pressure upon their space, granted me a few pages in the present number to record this protest; while I must defer to a later issue of this Journal the fuller exposition of my views on the Cerigotto Bronze, the statue of Agias from Delphi, on Scopas and Lysippus.

The protest—or, perhaps better, the warning—which I wish to publish concerns the course given in the present day to the study of style in Classical Art. To this study, as practised by the late Heinrich v. Brunn, Archaeology owes its greatest advance; and the serious students of Mediaeval and Renaissance art have borrowed these methods from classical archaeology, thus opening out a vast field of accurate information. I have myself devoted my energies to its cultivation and endeavoured to lay down the principles of its proper application in the first chapter of my Essays on the Art of Pheidias published in 1885. I believe, moreover, that we are only at the beginning of this line of work which promises such great results ia the future. Nor need we remain content with the establishment and amplification of our knowledge of Greek art in the great classical period, as little as in Greek literature study, and especially research, are to be confined to the great classical writers.
The so-called ‘Sardanapalus’
Authors: McDowall Katharine A.
Published: May 2006

This interesting type, of which six replicas are known, has received comparatively little attention at the hands of archaeologists. One authority (see Roscher, Lexikon, pp. 1117–8) treats it as an example of a Hellenistic statue of the bearded Dionysos, adducing numismatic evidence for purposes of comparison. There is, however, no evidence of the erection of cultus statues of the Bearded Dionysos either during the later fourth century or the Hellenistic age, and this work alone is quoted as at once the justification and the example of the assertion. Nor can the coins be considered copies of contemporary statues: they are mere types, possibly reminiscences of existing works, certainly nothing more. No better instance of the use made by fourth century die-cutters of a cultus statue could be given than the Olympian Zeus as he appears on the coinage of Alexander compared with the representation on the famous Elean coin of the time of Hadrian.
Greek Inscriptions from Lycia
Authors: Davies Gilbert
Published: May 2006

1. At Lydae, on the western edge of the horizontal slabs of a tomb, on the side of which is Mr. Hicks' No. 12.

This may be compared with the inscription No. 16 of Mr. Hicks, which it very closely resembles. The builder would seem to be the same Heliodoros who is numbered 6 in the genealogical tree. Letters ·04m.

Below the three lower heroa and further south we found two inscribed fragments. One had the letters ΑΥΤΟ (·06m.) and obviously had an imperial connection: the other showed ΩΡΟΥΤΟΥ ΝΙΑΗΛΙΟ and must have referred to the Diophantus family.
Work and Wages in Athens
Authors: Jevons F. B.
Published: May 2006

Büchsenschütz in his Besitz und Erwerb comes to the conclusion (on pp. 343 and 349) that the rate of pay in Athens for an artizan was from 5 obols to a drachma and for a labourer 3 obols. The facts and figures on which he bases his conclusions are taken from Boeckh (Staatshaushaltung, Bk. I. c. 21), the conclusions are his own. Büchsenschütz is indeed somewhat puzzled by two facts, viz. that on 3 obols a man could scarcely support himself, much less a wife and family, and that in an inscription of the Periclean age (now published in C.I.A. I. 325) a mere labourer got a drachma a day. However, Büchsenschütz neither attempts to explain these two facts nor does he allow them to modify his conclusions.

But since the publication of Besitz und Erwerb some inscriptions have been discovered (now in C.I.A. II. ii. 834 b and c) which throw more light on these points. These inscriptions are fragments of the building accounts of the epistatae of Eleusis and the treasurers of the two goddesses, 834b in the archonship of Cephisophon (329/8), and 834c some ten or twenty years later.
On some Traces connected with the original Entrance of the Acropolis of Athens
Authors: Penrose F. C.
Published: May 2006

At the south-western angle of the Athenian Acropolis and immediately to the south of the temple of Nike Apteros are some traces of foundations of walls and other indications which appear to throw some light on the original approach to the citadel before what is called the Beulé gate, which gave a direct west access to the Propylaea, was constructed.

The evidence seems to show that this approach coincided with that which was until very recently (i.e. previous to about 1890) the only regular approach, immediately under the S. W. angle of the Nike bastion; and where, a little within the old gateway (now destroyed), may be seen rough rock-cut grooves which had been made to assist the ascent. If from the site of that gateway a straight line be produced to the southward for about twenty feet, we find a portion of the rock of uneven surface but worn quite smooth. Indeed, when first uncovered on the removal of the Turkish or mediaeval buildings in 1889—1890, the surface was so extremely smooth that it appeared to have been worn by the feet of multitudes who had used it as a path to the Acropolis during a long series of years.
The Scenic Arrangements of the Philoktetes of Sophocles
Authors: Woodhouse W. J.
Published: May 2006

The Philoktetes is a play of singular interest and importance, on account of the light which it throws upon dramatic representation in the Athenian theatre of the fifth century B.C. I am not aware, however, that any consistent and intelligible interpretation of it from that point of view has yet been given. In Jebb's edition and translation spasmodic stage directions and obiter dicta on the scenic arrangements and action are to be found, but no coherent or complete exposition. I propose, therefore, to analyse the play so far as may be necessary in order to exhibit the apparatus of the drama, and its bearings upon the action. It is evident that the result of this examination must finally be brought into connexion with certain fundamental problems relating to the theatre of the Greeks and their methods of dramatic representation; but throughout this investigation at any rate those issues remain entirely in the background. The aim is not to support a thesis. Orchestra, Stage, Parodoi—we will for the nonce allow ourselves to forget that these ever existed; the problem for us is simply this—What can we infer from the bare text of the Philoktetes as to the mise en scène of that drama?
Archaeology in Greece (1911–1912)
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: May 2006

During the past year no sensational discoveries have been made by the spade in the Greek area except at Sardes. Excavations in progress have been continued, old excavations re-studied, and a number of smaller sites explored. Symptomatic of the prominence forced upon ceramics by the interest shewn latterly in prehistoric archaeology is the tendency to apply the same methods to the historic period and especially to recognise more fully the value of tomb-groups as chronological data. The disturbed state of the Aegean has been responsible for the postponement of the British School's excavation at Datcha, which is unfortunately in the area immediately affected.
Statue of a Boy leaning on a Pillar
Authors: Strong Eugénie
Published: May 2006

This statue, which was in the possession of Dr. Philip Nelson of Liverpool, has recently become the property of the Bavarian ‘Verein der Kunstfreunde’ who allow the charming work to be exhibited on loan in the Munich Glyptothek.

That the original, of which this statue is a copy, was famous and popular in antiquity is amply proved by the large number of extant replicas. The present example brings up to twenty the number of authenticated replicas given in the English edition of Furtwängler's ‘Masterpieces’ (p. 272, note 4) and the list could doubtless easily be increased if the eleven replicas in Rome (Matz-Duhn, Antike Bildwerke in Röm, vol. i. pp. 275–278) and the thirtyseven replicas enumerated by M. Salomon Reinach in his Répertoire de la Statuaire (Index, s.v. ‘Narcissus’) could be thoroughly examined and sifted. This is a task which I had proposed to myself in view of this paper, but which I have as yet been unable to carry out.
Clay-sealings from the Fayum
Authors: Milne J. G.
Published: May 2006

During the excavations of Messrs. Hogarth Grenfell and Hunt for the Egypt Exploration Fund in the winter of 1895–6 on the site of Karanis (Kom Ushim) in the Fayum, a considerable number of clay-sealings were found, mainly in the cellars of the Roman houses. These were recently put in my hands for investigation and offer some interesting material.

The sealings have evidently come from various kinds of articles: in many instances the clay is too much broken for any determination of the shape which it had taken to be possible; but among the better preserved pieces are examples from the mouths of bottles, some of which have been squeezed down into the neck like a cork, others placed over a linen covering, sometimes tied down with cord: others are from the flat sides of wooden boxes, often showing the marks of cord: others again from parcels of irregular shape, in some cases seemingly wrapped in papyrus. The common points of all are that they consist of lumps of Nile-mud, and that they have been impressed, while the clay was damp, with signets, which were presumably those of the merchants who forwarded the goods upon which the sealings were placed.
Greek Boxing
Authors: Frost K. T.
Published: May 2006

The boxing of the Hellenic world even in the fifth century B.C. could boast an antiquity and renown to which modern pugilism can offer no parallel. The ‘noble art’ was associated with some of the most famous names of the heroic age, including even kings and demigods, so that the opprobrium which has become attached, perhaps unjustly, to the term ‘prize-fighter’ was precluded from the titles of the Greek champions. The antiquity of the sport is shown by the vivid descriptions of Homer and the place assigned to it in the Funeral Games, while a fragment of a relief showing a boxer armed with ίμάντεσ discovered by Dr. Evans at Cnossus carries us back to a remoter past. In historic times especially in the earlier period we find the Ionians were the chief boxers and supplied most of the champions. The Dorians, especially the Spartans, do not seem to have looked upon pugilism with much favour, although some victors are known to bave come from the Peloponnesus.
Coins from Lycia and Pamphylia
Authors: Robinson E. S. G.
Published: May 2006

The following list of coins bought on our journey may be of interest as showing what the currency of the districts must have been. Only Greek coins are here treated; of Roman coins it was noticed that denarii rarely occur earlier than Trajan, after whom they become increasingly common, while the copper hardly appears till the second quarter of the third century.
The Pottery called Minyan Ware
Authors: Forsdyke E. J.
Published: May 2006

The name ‘Minyan’ has recently been given to a kind of pottery which was first noticed at Orchomenos by Schliemann in 1881. In the report of his excavation which Schliemann contributed to the second volume of the Hellenic Journal, he carefully described the nature and position of this ware. ‘It is very remarkable that at Orchomenos painted pottery, with spirals and other Mycenean ornamentation, also cows with two long horns and the same variegated colours as at Mycenae, as well as goblets of the very same form and colour as at Mycenae, are generally only found down to a depth of about six feet below the surface of the ground, and that at a greater depth, monochrome, black, red, or yellow, hand-made or wheelmade pottery is found almost exclusively, analogous to some of that collected by me in the royal sepulchres at Mycenae. Very frequent here are the large hand-made black goblets or bowls, with a hollow foot and horizontal flutings in the middle, which I also found at Mycenae. . .
On the Long Walls of Athens
Authors: Caspari M. O. B.
Published: May 2006

According to the view which has long held the field and is still the most widely accepted, the Long Walls which the Athenians constructed in the fifth century to connect their town and harbour were three in number, viz., two outer walls extending respectively to the northern and southern sections of the harbour fortifications, and an intermediate wall running longitudinally in the gap between the outer pair.

This theory rests on evidence which prima facie appears very strong. Harpocration distinctly enumerates three walls, known respectively as the Northern, the Southern or Middle, and the Phaleric one, and in support of his statement he quotes a passage from Aristophanes, in which three walls are likewise mentioned. The same number of walls also seems to be implied in a passage of Thucydides, where mention is made, firstly, of a Phaleric wall, and secondly, of ‘Long Walls,’ which should presumably be identified with the Northern and Southern walls of Harpocration, so as to make three walls in all.
Some Hellenistic Portraits
Authors: Dickins Guy
Published: May 2006

1. Ptolemy Soter, the general of Alexander and founder of the Egyptian dynasty, is as well known to us numismatically as any figure in ancient history. His head appears not only on the coins of all his successors up to the time of the Roman conquest, but also on his own later issues, and therefore we have every reason to suppose that the portraits is a faithful one. On this question of verisimilitude in ancient portraits there are of course great distinctions to be drawn not only between periods but also between personages of ancient history.

Hellenistic portraits are, as a class, faithful renderings of nature, but we have still to make some reservations in comparing them with modern or with Roman likenesses. Idealism never died out of Greek art, and especially in the case of monarchs an official likeness is not always faithful in detail. This applies as much to coins as to statues or busts. Provided the coin shewed an easily recognised type, there was no need to reproduce accidental details. There is a tendency in all coin-portraits to over-emphasise the distinguishing personal features and to omit the unnecessary accidentals. One might take as an instance Alexander Balas of Syria. The length of his nose and the size of his chin were the most marked features of his face, and they are reproduced on all his coins. But the exact contour of his nose was not remarkable, and it appears as aquiline on some coins and retroussè on others.
Ancient Flutes from Egypt
Authors: Southgate T. Lea
Published: May 2006

In examining and dealing with the fragments of some Flutes found by Professor Garstang during his excavations at the Royal City of Meroë, about fifty miles from Khartoum in the Sûdân, a brief consideration may perhaps be permitted respecting the conditions which obtained at this old Nubian capital on the Upper Nile, so far as they appertain to a phase of music long passed away. It may aid in tracing the origin of these particular flutes, and determining whether they are of local workmanship, or imported.

Kush, an ancient kingdom comprised in Ethiopia, later became one of the dependencies of Egypt proper. From the period of the invasion of Cambyses, B.C. 530, his seizure and destruction of Thebes, the island city of Meroë, decreed by the conqueror to be the capital of the province, became a great trade emporium. Greek influence then began to obtain in the land of the Nile. Although of course the customs, arts, and learning of the more ancient Egyptians extensively prevailed among these more southern people, Meroë was a place of great importance, possessing enough rich and cultured persons to import for use and enjoyment products of art from notable places beyond the Egyptian shores of the Mediterranean.
Antiques in the Collection of Sir Frederick Cook, Bart., at Doughty House, Richmond
Authors: Strong Eugénie
Published: May 2006

The monumental work of Professor Michaelis, Ancient Marbles in Great Britain, must always remain the basis of any study among English collections of antiques. But since its publication in 1882 not a few collections have changed hands, others have been dispersed, while others, more fortunate, have been enlarged; in these various processes much that was unknown even to Michaelis has come to light, and he himself soon supplemented his great work by two important papers printed in this Journal in 1884 and 1885. He prefaced the first of these supplementary papers with the following words:

‘I cannot help thinking that there must be in Great Britain a good deal of bidden treasure…which would perhaps easier come to light if there were a place expressly destined to receive such communications…I have therefore ventured to propose to the Editors to open in this Journal a corner for storing up such supplements…As a first instalment, I here offer some notes which may begin the series…May other lovers and students of the Classic art, especially in Great Britain, follow my example.’
The Aphrodito Papyri
Authors: Bell H. I.
Published: May 2006

In vol. iii. (1902) of the Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Egypte Mr. J. E. Quibell gave an account of a large discovery of papyrus at Kom Ishgau, a village situated 7 kil. to the S.W. of Tema in Upper Egypt. The discovery was made in 1901 by some of the villagers who were digging a well, and the papyri found were divided among the inhabitants. News of the discovery coming to the authorities, a police-guard was despatched, only to find that the papyri had disappeared; some seem to have been burnt, the rest were hidden for the time being and afterwards no doubt disposed of to various dealers, through whom, like the famous and much larger ‘Faijum-fund,’ they became dispersed through Europe.
Excavations at Rhitsóna in Boeotia
Authors: Burrows R. M. , Ure P. N.
Published: May 2006

The following article is a direct continuation of that which has just appeared in the Annual of the British School at Athens, Vol. xiv. pp. 226 to 318, and must be read in the light of the general introduction to the whole excavations there given. It is enough to say here that part of the Necropolis of Rhitsóna, five miles on the Boeotian side of Chalcis, the conjectured site of the ancient Mycalessos, was excavated by the writers in the autumn of 1907 and the spring of 1908; and that the vase finds were so considerable that they have had to be divided up between several articles. In the B.S.A. referred to there were published general sections on Topography, History, and Method of Burial, the Catalogue of eight Graves, and a discussion of their Dating and of what we have decided to call the Boeotian Kylix Style. The present article will contain the Catalogue of four more graves, a description of two individual vases from the B.S.A. graves now reproduced in colours, and general sections on the meaning of our incised Inscriptions, and the provenance of some of our vase types.
Archaeology in Greece (1908–1909)
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: May 2006

The twelve months since the writing of the last of these Reports have witnessed a continuation of most of the excavations then noticed, although it has been a year rather of promise than of many important discoveries. The prospect of a Middle Minoan III cemetery at Knossos, a period which has yielded some of the finest objects, and the discovery of Mycenean remains by the British School near Sparta give good hope for the future, whilst the French excavation of Delos has made steady progress, and the German work at Tiryns and in the neighbourhood of Olympia has produced good results.

The Greek Archaeological Society has continued all through the year the work on the buildings of the Acropolis. The Erechtheion is now finished, and the Propylaia has been begun. The fallen blocks from the architrave and elsewhere are now to be replaced in situ, and when this has been done a decision is to be taken as to how much further it is desirable to continue the work.
A ‘Polycleitan’ Head in the British Museum
Authors: Gardner Ernest A.
Published: May 2006

The artistic character of Polycleitus is attested by ancient writers in remarkably clear and definite language; his position at the head of the Argive School of sculpture during the latter half of the fifth century also seems easy to understand. Friedrich's identification of the Doryphoros, which has met with universal acceptance, supplied the necessary link between the literary evidence and extant sculpture; and with this help the Diadoumenos and the Amazon soon fell into their places. But even here the study of the work of Polycleitus is by no means free from difficulty; the extant copies of the Diadoumenos vary perhaps more than those of any other well-known work, and there are associated with them other statues, whether variations on the same type or different renderings of the same subject, which have added to the confusion. Then there is a whole mass of statues which have been loosely grouped together as ‘Polycleitan,’ some of them perhaps copies of the master's own work, others probably to be attributed to his pupils or his direct influence, others more remotely affected by the traditions of his school; and in some of these the influence of Myron, of Cresilas, or of other sculptors, has to be recognised and assigned its proper value. It is evident therefore that the study of a ‘Polycleitan’ head offers a problem by no means so simple as it appears at first sight. At present we are concerned only with one of the numerous types that fall into this category; but it is difficult if not impossible to consider any such type without some general discussion of the larger class to which it belongs.
An Unedited Funeral Monument
Authors: Haines C. R.
Published: May 2006

In the Rectory garden at Ewhurst, Sussex, while the late Rev. A. J. Tuck was rector, there was discovered in 1905, obscured by earth and debris in the rockery, the remarkable Greek stele here illustrated. It is now in the possession of the rector's widow, Mrs. Tuck Powell.

The living of Ewhurst had previously been held by the Rev. G. J. Boudier, a fellow of King's College, Cambridge, who had been a chaplain in the Crimea; and he may have procured this marble there or on his way out or back in Greece. Nothing further is known of its provenance, or can be guessed except from the relic itself.

The face which we have has been roughly broken off from its back, leaving the surface uneven. At the back on the upper part about two inches of marble remain at the left end, which gradually slopes down to a very thin edge on the right end, the marble here being left in the rough. On the left side of the marble at the back the broken portion is smoothed and slopes inwards, being from 2½ inches thick to 3¼ inches at the bottom end. Along the bottom and at the back the stone has been smoothed and is 3½ inches thick.
The North Greek Affiliations of Certain Groups of Trojan Names
Authors: Macurdy Grace Harriet
Published: May 2006

In the Quarterly Review for July, 1916, Professor J. B. Bury writes as follows:—

‘The Trojans were doubtless early immigrants from the Balkan peninsula. How comes it that their rulers have Greek names? The name of Priam himself is not indeed obviously Greek, but in its Aeolic form Perramos it may well be so; and Priam's father was Laomedon. Hector is Greek as Nestor, and was in later time the name of a prince of Chios. Paris has the second name of Alexandros; and the natural assumption is that “Paris” was a Phrygian name given him by his Phrygian mother, Hecuba. The names of the other children of Priam who come into the story—Cassandra, Helenus, Deiphobus, etc.—are Greek. We have to choose between two inferences. Either the bards deliberately substituted Greek for foreign names, or the rulers of the Troad were Greek. The second alternative, startling as it may appear, seems to us to accord with other evidence and to afford the most satisfactory explanation of the data of the Iliad.
The System of the Pentathlon
Authors: Pihkala Captain Lauri , Gardiner E. Norman
Published: May 2006

Mr. Norman Gardiner, in his Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals, pp. 369–370, comes to the following conclusions as to the method of deciding the pentathlon:—

1. From a passage in Xenophon, Hellenica, vii. 4. 29, he concludes that some sort of elimination took place and that only those were allowed to compete in wrestling who had qualified in the first four events. ‘As to the qualification, speculation is useless. We must be content to accept the words of Xenophon and hope that the discovery of some inscription or papyrus may enlighten us.’

2. From the account given by Philostratus of the mythical invention of the pentathlon by Jason, he concludes that victory in three events was sufficient but not necessary. Peleus, we are told, was victorious in wrestling and second in the four other events, and ‘ Jason wishing to please Peleus, combined the five events and thus secured to him the victory in the whole competition.’ ‘Only two explanations are possible. Either wrestling counted more than the other events, a quite unwarranted assumption, or, in case of a tie at least, account was taken of places, i.e. the result was determined by a system of marks.’ As to details, ‘ speculation is useless.’
Two North Greek Mining Towns
Authors: Davies O.
Published: May 2006

The question as to the sources of metals in ancient Greece, as also in the whole of Europe, in the bronze age, has for some time exercised archaeologists. Apart from certain regions, little exploration has been carried out with regard to ancient mines, and there has especially been a tendency to take a long view in archaeology, and to connect across considerable distances regions where metal is known to have been worked in early times with regions where there is no information on the subject. But early mines are often hard to detect, as either the ore was completely exhausted, or the early workings have been obliterated by later peoples. There is, however, room for much careful investigation in this field, and metal being one of the most important objects of early commerce, the discovery of the sources used should throw a considerable light on this extremely complicated subject.
The Shield Signal at the Battle of Marathon
Authors: Reynolds P. K. Baillie
Published: May 2006

So much has already been written about the battle of Marathon that it is only with great hesitation that the present writer ventures to make another contribution to the subject. But it seems that in spite of the various conjectures and explanations that have been advanced, there is still a solution of the shield signal which has escaped notice hitherto, and which simplifies the story.

For the general scheme of the battle this paper follows in the main the first reconstruction by Mr. J. A. R. Munro (J.H.S. xix. p. 185), with which Dr. Grundy is in substantial agreement (The Great Persian War): the essential feature in this version is, of course, the division of the Persian forces at Marathon after a delay of several days. It is only in the interpretation of the shield signal that any claim to originality can be made, and the view of the signal here given is based on the acceptance of the Herodotean story that a shield was flashed, and that it was flashed when the barbarians were already in their ships.
Addendum to J.H.S., XLIV. pp. 223–253
Authors: Walston Charles
Published: May 2006

In my desire for compression in my article on ‘The Establishment of the Classical Type in Greek Art,’ I omitted to mention the influence of ‘costume’ in emancipating the Greek type of body from the dominant Eastern or tropical type with the fashion of the narrow or wasp-like waist. In a few words it may be stated: that, in tropical and in most savage life, the ‘loin-cloth’ is the common form of dress. In Oriental and Egyptian art this loin-cloth often takes a long, conventional and triangular form. The girdle, or belt, which fastens and upholds this loin-cloth, must be tightly drawn round the waist, and then marks a division between the upper and lower body. It thus habituates the eye to this subdivision between the upper and lower body, and has of itself the tendency to introduce the taste for the narrow waist.

The Greek shirt or chiton, supplemented or followed by the peplos or outer cloak, hides the waist. But, in most cases where the chiton only is worn, it is drawn over the belt or thong at the waist in graceful folds, and thus hides the waist-line. In athletic exercises and games, however, the figures were nude, and showed no compression or narrowing of the waist. Even when draped, Greek dress did not tend to produce the ‘narrow-waist fashion’ which the loin-cloth favoured. But the really efficient cause for the characteristic Hellenic type of the nude body is—as I stated—to be found in the establishment of Greek athletic games and the Ephebic order.
‘The Tomb of Aspasia’
Authors: Smith A. H.
Published: May 2006

In the literature of the Elgin Collection there is not infrequent reference to the ‘Tomb of Aspasia’ and its contents, which are of interest. The name, however, as I show below, has not even such measure of authority as may be supposed to attach to a local tradition.

During Philip Hunt's stay at Athens, his attention was called to a large tumulus in the Attic plain, and he made arrangements for its excavation. ‘The Calmuck,’ he wrote to Lord Elgin, November 28, 1802, ‘is to begin his excavation of a Tumulus near the Piraeus tomorrow.’ When Lord Elgin visited Athens in January, 1803, on his homeward journey from Constantinople, he sent men from the Diana frigate to continue the excavation, the Diana being the man-of-war in which, as a returning Ambassador, he made his passage.

Nothing apparently was found at this attempt. Indeed the tumulus was much too large an undertaking for such cursory treatment. Fifteen months later the work was taken up again by Lusieri, who reported to Lord Elgin (May 18, 1804) that while he was for the time being excluded from the Acropolis, he was employing the workmen ‘in excavations in various places, not without success.’ This is followed by the account of the excavation ‘du grand tombeau dans les vignes pour aller au Pirée,’ which has been already printed in this Journal.
Military Operations on the North Front of Mount Taurus
Authors: Ramsay W. M.
Published: May 2006

The route by which the army of Xerxes marched across the plateau of Anatolia has never been determined with certainty. On general considerations it may be stated with perfect confidence that the army crossed the Taurus by the pass of the Cilician Gates. The reasons are conclusive; there was, in fact, no other way, and the matter is so generally admitted as to need no discussion. Thereafter the great army gathered on the north side of Taurus at a place called Kritala in Cappadocia (Herodotus, vii. 26). Whether Kritala was a town or a locality (such as a plain with a river) is not stated; but, taking into consideration all the conditions, one can say with certainty that it was situated either in the fertile plain of Tyana or in the equally fertile and well-watered plain that lies between Kybistra and the lake called in modern times Ak-Gyol. The next point stated exactly by Herodotus in the route of the army is Kelainai at the source of the Maeander. The question is how the journey was performed between those points, the Cilician Pass on the east and Kelainai on the west.
The North-West Frontier of Attica
Authors: Chandler Lilian
Published: May 2006

Of all the states in ancient Greece, Attica seems to have had the most interesting and complete system of land defences. A chain of important fortresses, of most of which there are still considerable remains, follows the line of the Kithairon–Parnes range: Eleutherai, Oinoe, Panakton, Phyle, Dekeleia, Aphidna and Rhamnous. It may appear at first that this series of strongholds was designed expressly to mark off Athenian territory, but whilst incidentally and in large measure they served this end, in origin they were intended rather to defend the various roads from Attica into Boeotia. A fresh examination of these forts and their relation to the Attic frontier may be of some service and interest.

The natural boundary of Attica on the N.W. is the mountain ridge which begins on the Halkyonian sea-coast behind Aigosthena and continues almost due eastward to the Straits of Euboea, reaching the sea at Cape Kalamos. It is not surprising, therefore, to learn that the early tradition made the Megarid and Attica into a single kingdom. Plato, describing an idealised primitive Attica, gives as the boundaries the Isthmus and the heights of Kithairon and Parnes extending down to the sea, with Oropos on the right and the Asopos on the left.
Corpus Inscriptionum Neo-Phrygiarum III
Authors: Calder W. M.
Published: May 2006

I have deferred the publication of ten new Neo-Phrygian inscriptions discovered in 1912 and 1913, and of my revisions of some of the known texts, in the hope that further revision might be practicable. Careful revision of more of the texts, e.g. Nos. VI, XII, XV, XXV, XLVIII, is essential to a definitive publication of these inscriptions. Such publication should be accompanied by a discussion of the date of the Neo-Phrygian inscriptions, and by a map showing their distribution in relation to the Imperial estates and their bearing on the boundaries of Galatic Phrygia. A provisional discussion of these and other points has appeared in the Journal of the Manchester Egyptian and Oriental Society, No. X. p. 25 ff. The present paper is another provisional instalment, called for by the publication of Professor Sayce's paper on p. 29 of this issue of the Journal. I have continued the numbering adopted in J.H.S. 1911, p. 161 ff. and 1913, p. 97 ff.; it should be observed that the collection includes several Greek inscriptions. Among the inscriptions first published by myself, Nos. LII and LXVI are in Greek; the second contains at most a Phrygian dative form; the former should be transcribed (ll. 4 ff.) π(ρωτ)οκωμήτης Παρεθθ(ω)ν ϒοῃ Όρονδίῳ εὐχήν. The village was probably Παρεθθα, Βαρεττα, or Βαρδαεττα (Dedeler): see Ramsay in Studies in the Eastern Roman Provinces, p. 250 f.
Archaeology in Greece, 1928–1929
Authors: Woodward A. M.
Published: May 2006

This report, in which the usual arrangement is adopted, includes all the excavation-accounts which have reached me up to September 30th, 1929. Those concerning the work of the French School, the German School and the Greek Archaeological Service relate to work done in 1928; the rest mainly concern the campaigns of 1929.

American School

During the season of 1929 the American School, under Professor Rhys Carpenter, have continued their work on Old Corinth, selecting three areas for excavation:—the first, just north of the Peribolos of Apollo and east of the Lechaeum Road, revealed a large though much-destroyed Roman thermal establishment, where the well-preserved floor-piers of two hypocaust rooms and a deep marble-lined pool leave no doubt as to the purpose of the building, identified by Professor Carpenter with the famous Baths of Eurykles, described by Pausanias. The second area lies between the Temple of Apollo and the village road on the north. In antiquity the rocky hill on which the Temple stood had been cut away to a vertical rock-face, some 20 feet high, and Professor Carpenter's purpose is to restore the ancient isolation of the Temple.
Seven Vases from the Hope Collection
Authors: Lamb Winifred
Published: May 2006

It is by publication that a private collection can best apologise for its existence, and for the following vases which passed from the Hope Collection to mine this apology is due:—

B.-F. Lekythos (Figs. 1, 2). Overbeck, Die Bildwerke zum Thebischen und Troischen Heldenkreis, Pl. XIX. 7, p. 455; Raoul Ruchette, Mon. In. xviii. 2; Hope Sale Catalogue, No. 19. Ht. 312 m. The body is wide in order to accommodate the subject, the neck short, the foot low and spreading. The back of the vase has been restored. Below the neck are rays, on the shoulder palmettes, above the design a pattern of dots between lines, below a line and a broad band of black edged with purple.
The Commerce of Sinope
Authors: Leaf Walter
Published: May 2006

A year ago I had the honour of speaking to you on the need of a History of Greek Commerce, and of proposing to you a way in which this Society might make an important contribution to that history, in the shape of a commentary on the three books of Strabo which deal with Asia Minor. That proposal, I am happy to think, has been warmly taken up by the Council; a Strabo Committee has been appointed, and has settled the main outlines of the work, which will consist of a Greek text, a translation, and a commentary laid out on broad lines. Large portions of the work have been assigned to the men who are best fitted to deal with them, and even under the shadow of the great preoccupation some progress has actually been made in putting on paper materials already in hand. The war must of necessity delay the completion of the task; in some cases it will be desirable that contributors should make special journeys to their districts, and Asia Minor is at the moment a sealed land to us. But there is much which can be dealt with already, and we can make progress not merely with spade-work, but with actual construction.