bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sign-based semantics: meaning as linguistically-signified cognitive content
Authors: Duffley Patrick
Published: November 2020

This chapter demonstrates the explanatory power of an approach that grounds the analysis of natural-language meaning on the linguistic sign itself. Cases covered include the multifarious uses of the preposition for, verbal complementation with aspectual and causative verbs, the phenomena of control and raising in adjective + to-infinitive constructions, the use of wh- words with the bare and to-infinitives, the modal and non-modal uses of the verbs dare and need, and a meaning-based account of full-verb inversion and existential-there constructions.
The International Origins and Global Aspirations of Chinese Universities
Authors: Kirby William C.
Published: November 2020

Despite the resurgence of nationalism in China, the United States, and several European countries, and rhetoric of a “decoupling” between China and the West, the internationalist agendas of Chinese universities remain robust. This trajectory would appear to be strengthened by the broad, inclusive, if still ill-defined mission given to Chinese institutions by Beijing to “go out” along the “New Silk Road” (NSR). Although the international origins and aspirations of Chinese universities have been shaped mainly by Western models, there are increased incentives for exchange between Chinese and NSR-based universities. However, hopes that educational exchanges will strengthen higher education in both China and the NSR may be unrealistic. Themselves products of international models, Chinese institutions have no distinct “China model” to offer NSR universities. Furthermore, although academic collaboration along the NSR may increase the quantity of Chinese scholarship, it is unlikely to help Chinese universities achieve a larger goal: world-class status.
East Meets West in Suzhou at the Dushu Lake Higher Education Town
Authors: van Marrewijk Charles
Published: November 2020

Xi’an Jiaotong–Liverpool University (XJTLU) is a young Sino-English university in Suzhou, China. It is a pioneer in making China rather than foreign universities the center of China’s internationalization process. The chapter discusses the background of XJTLU’s location and successful development, measured in terms of breadth of teaching experience, quality of research and teaching, and rising international reputation. For personal and internationalization reasons, there is special attention given to the International Business School Suzhou (IBSS) as the most important department of XJTLU. We analyze long-term demographic challenges facing all Chinese institutes of higher education, followed by a discussion of XJTLU-specific organizational challenges (regarding mutual dependencies, human resources, and correct incentives) and cooperation challenges (relative to its parent institutions and local government).
Artificial Intelligence along the New Silk Road
Authors: Hardman Lynda
Published: November 2020

Chapter 13 gives an impression of the development of the relatively young AI and computer science fields in Europe and China and how the current situation has developed over the past twenty years, where European and Chinese researchers are equal colleagues on an international stage and where diplomatic relations between the USA and China on the international stage have consequences felt directly by European AI researchers in their labs. In what ways are AI researchers in China and Europe competitors with each other, for example in terms of the global shortage of trained AI researchers and practitioners? At the same time, the AI research community collaborates globally, so how can we ensure that the field continues to benefit from open international collaboration?
Russia, China, and Central Asia in Higher Education
Authors: Froumin Isak , Cao Ruoqi
Published: November 2020

This chapter explores relations between Russia and China in higher education and the role of China in Central Asia, where both countries are active. During the Soviet period Russia exercised a profound influence in Chinese higher education. Though China (unlike Russia after 1991) maintains a Leninist political system, China has moved further from Soviet system structure. The two countries continue multiple interactions in higher education, including system level partnerships, and student mobility, though cooperation at the institutional and individual level does not match the goals in intergovernmental documents. The five former Soviet Central Asian republics (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan) are developing their own higher education systems, but the Russian language is widely used, and partnerships with Russian higher education institutions continue. Though China has not prioritized higher education in Central Asia there are signs of growing regional competition between China and Russia in this sector.
Introduction
Authors: Bessard Fanny
Published: November 2020

This volume offers fresh perspectives on the origins of the economic success of the early Islamic caliphate, identifying a number of previously unnoticed or underplayed yet crucial developments, such as the changing conditions of labour, attitudes towards professional associations, and the interplay between the state, Islamic religious institutions, and the economy. Caliphs and Merchants: Cities and Economies of Power in the Near East (700–950) combines detailed analysis of a large corpus of literary sources in Arabic with presentation of new physical and epigraphic evidence. The introduction provides an overview of the history of scholarship in the field and lays out the structure and argumentation of the following chapters.
Conclusion to Part I
Authors: Bessard Fanny
Published: November 2020

In certain respects, the development of urban retailing and crafts in the Near East from 700 to 950 was a natural response to the Muslim conquests, which joined up the late Roman and Persian trading zones. Still, it was not a self-generated process. Archaeological and textual sources reveal the prominent role that Muslim imperial authority played in the patronage of urban market and production spaces, possibly from as early as the late seventh century. While literary testimonies unanimously depict ‘Abbāsid sovereigns as more coercive in provincial life and the patronage of urban economy to support imperial propaganda, we can extrapolate from earlier accounts orally transmitted that caliphs and governors pursued an active investment policy as early as the rule of ‘Abd al-Malik in the late seventh and early eighth centuries....
‘External’ Case Law as a Source of Inspiration for the Court of Justice of the European Union
Authors: Rosas Allan
Published: November 2020

Whilst the other contributions to this book focus on the extent to which the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is taken into account in EU neighbouring countries, notably by the national courts of these countries, this chapter deals with the reverse situation; that is, the extent to which the CJEU pays attention to the case law of both international courts and national courts of third countries. This is done mainly by looking at explicit references to such extraneous sources to be found in CJEU judgments and orders. The main focus is on the case law of the Court of Justice, but some information is also provided concerning the case law of the General Court. In the context of references to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case law contained in Court of Justice judgments, some examples are also given of references to CJEU judgments which can be found in the case law of the Human Rights Court.
The Influence of CJEU Judgments on the Legal Order of the Eurasian Economic Union
Authors: Karliuk Maksim
Published: November 2020

The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)—an international organization for regional economic integration in post-Soviet space—has a judicial body aimed at ensuring uniform application of law. The predecessor of the EAEU—the Eurasian Economic Community (EURASEC)—also had its own judicial body. This chapter presents findings on the impact of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) on the legal system of the EAEU through the lens of citations of CJEU cases by the EAEU and EURASEC courts. Both courts refer to CJEU case law extensively, sometimes even adopting similar approaches, albeit others choosing to pursue different paths. The chapter shows the relevant statistics, explores the relative impact of citations, presents several prominent examples of judgments, and provides possible explanations of the approaches taken.
The Impact of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the Turkish Legal System
Authors: Karan Ulaş
Published: November 2020

This chapter explores whether the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) produces any impact on the Turkish legal system and, if so, its possible underlying causes. Protection of intellectual, industrial, and commercial property rights, competition, trade defence instruments, government procurement, direct and indirect taxation have been regarded as the main areas of ‘approximation of legislation’. Accordingly, laws adopted mostly in the past three decades show that the influence of EU law is valid only in certain fields of law, such as intellectual property law, labour law, and competition law, and this is also where we find most CJEU citations. This influence forms part of the EU accession process, which requires Turkey to harmonize its laws with the acquis. According to the research, despite the existence of a long-standing accession process and legislation based on the acquis in certain fields of law, on the whole, the Turkish judiciary does not seem committed to follow EU law in general or CJEU jurisprudence in particular.
The Impact of the Court of Justice of the European Union on Jordan
Authors: Nawafleh Abdullah
Published: November 2020

Jordan and the EU have developed a strong relationship on several levels. This relationship has been strengthened by the signing of the Association Agreement which forms the legal basis of the relations between the EU and Jordan. Further, the Agreement established a mechanism for cooperation to harmonize legislation between the EU and Jordan. The EU has supported Jordan to enhance the effectiveness and independence of the judiciary, including judicial training and the modernization of Jordan’s court system. This chapter examines the external impact of the CJEU on Jordan judges. The research shows that despite the strong relationship between the EU and Jordan, CJEU decisions have not been cited or influenced Jordanian judges’ decisions.
Introduction
Authors: Siegel Jonah
Published: November 2020

Material Inspirations is a study of the inextricable relationship between matter and idea that shaped the nineteenth-century culture of art, and of the ways in which those who reflected on that relationship so often returned to art in order to orient their thinking. This Introduction addresses the emotional force of arguments touching on a set of interrelated categories—matter, objects, and things—but especially on reality itself. These categories are consistently evoked by critics and theorists, whether the aim is to lay out a causal explanation for the production of a work of art or to argue for the existence of a special realm of direct experience beyond the realm of analysis. How, the Introduction asks, do art and literature intersect with claims driven by the aspiration to move beyond artifice?
“Strange Aphrodite”
Authors: Siegel Jonah
Published: November 2020

This chapter brings to a close the argument of the first part of the book through an analysis of the social crises Ruskin discovers in the works of Joseph Mallord William Turner. Ruskin gave the name “the English death,” to the grim combination of economic and military violence and social indifference characteristic of the nineteenth century, which he finds at the heart of the achievement of his preeminent modern painter. According to this account, even Turner’s most beautiful landscape is shaped by the boyhood experience of urban poverty that determined the painter’s sensibility, and which fitted him to capture the melancholy forms of alienation and suffering in reaction to which the experience of nature derives its force. This chapter puts Ruskin’s claims about the formal evidence of the sources of the painter’s sensibility in relation to later theoretical and artistic attempts to represent the relationship between material conditions and the reactions they provoke. Returning to the split form of Raphael’s Transfiguration and looking forward to arguments about historical crisis in Walter Benjamin and Jacques Rancière, it proposes the recognition of the power of material conditions driving both the nineteenth-century painter and his major critic by highlighting a number of linked displacements that have been difficult for criticism to address: not just the sophistication of the political work entailed in the creation of beautiful objects in the nineteenth century, but the complex forms of solidarity and social analysis that may be discovered in the critical work of the period
Ipsa Dixit
Authors: Dutsch Dorota M.
Published: November 2020

Chapter IV analyses five fictitious letters of advice from the early Imperial period by Melissa, Myia, and Theano. These letters (like Platonic epistles) remain in tension with theoretical discourses. The chapter offers close readings of each of them to demonstrate that Pythagorean women offer a subtle critique of medical and philosophical texts on a number of topics, including infants, the education of children, and relationships with slaves. This strategy is particularly prominent in Myia’s letter about hiring a wet nurse, which goes against the advice of medical writers and Stoic philosophers, but corresponds to the practice and advice preserved in Greek letters from Egypt from this period. More clearly than the treatises, the letters are concerned with women’s interest, while expressing confidence in the intellectual potential of both elite and non-elite women, making a strong case for women’s knowledge based on lived experience.
Conclusion
Authors: Dutsch Dorota M.
Published: November 2020

The Conclusion brings together the views on the gender of knowledge as found in Pythagorean texts. The texts repeatedly consider the possibility that philosophy is a female as well as male endeavor. Because female philosophizing is always contingent, it is crucial to approach these testimonies with a mixture of suspicion and belief. Pythagorean women philosophers exist not as textual representations of discrete historical figures, but as tangled entities, straddling history and fiction. From ancient fragments we may create modern narratives of exclusion or inclusion. However, the persistent presence of women in representations of Pythagorean history bears witness to the Greek writers’ conviction that women have the capacity to contribute to philosophical knowledge and have done so in the past.
Introduction
Authors: Arkadiev Peter , Gardani Francesco
Published: November 2020

This chapter overviews some of the foundational assumptions informing contemporary views on morphological complexity and raises some of the central questions to be addressed in the volume's chapters from different perspectives. We propose a new composite approach in terms of a set of complexities in morphology instead of a view of morphological complexity as a unified phenomenon. This, we argue, allows us to individuate different aspects (e.g., syntagmatic vs. paradigmatic; inflectional vs. derivational, etc.) as logically independent variables of crosslinguistic variation requiring their own measures and analyses. A synopsis of the volume and of the individual contributions is also provided.
The prostitute as an urban savage, Paris 1830–1914
Authors: Charbit Yves
Published: November 2020

This chapter explores the nineteenth-century premises of the anthropological demography of health, especially the category of ‘urban savages’, which is proposed as a proxy to the reality of prostitution as perceived by the dominant social groups of the time. The chapter first delineates the concept of urban savages and discusses to what extent period writings on the prostitute as an archetypal figure anticipate later anthropological demography. It then turns to the issue of sexuality and public health. At the beginning of the period under study, prostitutes were blamed for propagating venereal epidemics. Later on, when the ‘venereal peril’ reached alarming proportions, public health specialists developed a different argument. It is argued that throughout the nineteenth century, the perception of the urban savage as a radically distinct out-group did not remain static, reflecting changes in social, economic, political, and ideological contexts. Moreover, as the sexual behaviour of the in-group evolved, barriers weakened and boundaries between in- and out-groups became porous. Present theoretical themes often seen as directly relevant to prostitution, notably Foucault’s notion of bio-power, prove inadequate. Finally, ideology and anthropology converged, with the body of the prostitute being the locus of intertwined threats to nineteenth-century French patriarchal bourgeois society.
‘As list e karhayee ke bayad anjame midadam khat khord’
Authors: Tremayne Soraya
Published: November 2020

The history of the population growth and decline in Iran dates back to the late nineteenth century, when the state first took a pro-natalist approach to preventing the considerable population decline. By the 1960s, considering the rapid population growth, the state developed an anti-natalist policy, which was abandoned in the early 1980s by the Islamic Republic of Iran, which adopted a pro-natalist stance once again. But by 1986, with the census showing a high rate of population growth, the state formulated a coherent anti-natalist policy, which proved highly successful and, by 2011, the census showed that the population growth had fallen to below the replacement level and Iran reversed to a pro-natalist policy once more. Between the late nineteenth century and the present day, Iran has changed its population policies five times, each contradicting the previous one, and expecting the citizens to reverse their reproductive behaviour and practices accordingly, targeting women in particular to achieve the state’s goals. So far, the response of the citizens to the state’s latest demands have not proved successful, and the population decline continues. This chapter examines the reasons for the resistance of the generation of reproductive age to the state’s demands for more children. It further explores the complexities of the competing demands on young people and the compromises they have to make to accommodate their own reproductive values and lifestyles against the demands and pressures of family, kin, society, and the state.
Reproductive genetics, risk, and context
Authors: Shaw Alison
Published: November 2020

This chapter uses the example of consanguineous marriages to illustrate how risk for offspring with genetic disease has become a focal concern in the governance of the health of populations, and to explore some local responses to the scientific discourse of genetic risk in cousin marriages. It first outlines the principles of Mendelian genetics that underpin clinical assessments of risk for single gene conditions as backdrop for the analysis of divergences between scientific and local understandings of genetic risk. It considers similarities and differences between public and policy discourses about the health risks of consanguineous marriage in Europe, where such marriages are rare, and in the Middle East, where such marriages are more common. In Europe, the issue is bound into discourses concerning the non-integration of immigrant-origin minorities; across the Gulf States, consanguineous marriage seems to have become a proxy for genetic risk, its identification and management associated with modernity. It then explores some consistent disconnects between scientific understandings of causality and risk for recessive disease across these contexts. It notes, locally, the common invocation of environmental and spiritual factors and the equation of genes with blood, the influence of patrilineal kinship, and the ambiguities of the concept of being a ‘carrier’ and of probabilistic risk assessments. The chapter shows how scientific and local ideas about risk perception and management evolve alongside and relation to one other, sometimes with clinically significant consequences for families and for health services.
The collegium poetarum
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

This paper presents an examination of the existence or non-existence of the collegium poetarum in Rome with a close look at the evidence of other collegia and a wide-ranging and detailed survey of the literary, textual, epigraphic, archaeological, and topographic evidence for the existence of the collegium poetarum. In the present state of knowledge, no definitive conclusion for the existence of the collegium poetarum can be reached.
Some problems in the Aeneas-legend
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

This paper considers the pre-Virgilian Aeneas-legend, in Homer, the Epic Cycle, Stesichorus, Hellanicus, pre-Roman art. The general conclusions to be drawn from this detailed discussion are limited and negative, which is fully in keeping with tendencies in the interpretation of the supposed archaeological evidence for the establishment of the Aeneas-legend in Italy. There is no evidence and may have been no connexion whatever in legendary terms between Troy and Rome/Lavinium/Alba before the late fourth century, at which point the polemical advantage or disadvantages of such a connexion may have suggested themselves more or less simultaneously to Greek historians and Roman statesmen.
Virgil and the conquest of chaos
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

The detailed survey of Virgil’s sources, sadly abandoned in modern times, leads to immensely valuable advances in an understanding of the poet’s compositional techniques. This is every bit as true of the prose sources as it is of Homer and the Homer scholia. In turning to the prose sources for a story in the mythology of Italy, Virgil was confronted by chaos. This paper gives a detailed survey of these sources and their confusion and the way in which the poet, by eliminating superfluous details, achieves simplicity in his outlines of place and time.
The structure and purpose of Virgil’s parade of heroes
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

The parade of heroes at Aeneid 6.756ff. has attracted a huge bibliography but little attention has been paid elsewhere to its elaborate and elusive network of themes and links which the poet draws between the heroes portrayed and the Golden Age of Augustus. This is a detailed and scholarly examination of the parallels and possible links and of the purpose of the parade, both for Aeneas and for the contemporary Roman reader. Virgil must be considered as having the disturbances of 23 BC in mind, with his veiled warning to Caesar and Pompey against civil discord.
The Caudine Forks
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

The site of the Roman conflict at the Caudine Forks is not seriously in doubt, but the topographical problems still exert a fascination over scholars. To succeed in squaring Livy’s account with the actual terrain is to raise grave literary and historiographical problems. It is clearly possible to extract from Livy’s narrative a picture of narrow gorges with the Romans under constant attack, at the cost of grave difficulties in reconciling that picture with the topography of the Arienzo–Arpaia valley. Livy’s account has all the character of a formulaic description.
Non uiribus aequis
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

Virgil, it has long been recognized, radically alters the sequence, schedule, participants, and alliances in the battles fought between Aeneas’ landing and the founding of Lavinium; they are above all drastically simplified in structure and shortened in time. Nothing suggests that Virgil’s source material contained the inherited names of numerous participants. In particular, the number of inherited major warriors is severely restricted, which entails problems of narrative development. The careful reader of Aeneid 9–12 will also be greatly struck by the almost total absence of important secondary characters in whom the reader may take a growing interest. Virgil labours under a self-imposed problem: how to write an epic of war in four books, given a tiny cast of major figures.
The cultural horizons of the Plebs Romana
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

The paper treats the evidence for a memory-rooted, music-based oral culture among the Romans below equestrian rank. Sources of popular culture for this group include the army, Greek immigrants, popular preachers and poets, the theatre and other public performances, mingling in inns and other public places, and story-telling. Sources discussed include Petronius and Cicero.
The unity of Roman Italy
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

Further research (following Chapter 31) on anomalies in the supposed unity of Roman Italy shows the abundant (and mysteriously neglected) evidence, which does much to question the ‘standard view’ of the topic, as enshrined in Toynbee, ‘the political unification of the Peninsula by Rome…led eventually to the population of the whole Peninsula becoming uniform in language and culture’. We are talking about explicit evidence in authors of the late Republic and early Empire about ample and specific instances of regional diversity.
Virgil and the Jews
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: November 2020

This paper examines the question of Virgil’s Jewish sources, whether present or absent. It does not pretend to offer a new or decisive answer, whether for Buc. 4 or for Aen. 6, but is hoped to have made some progress in understanding the cultural context in which the question(s) of influence should be studied. The Greco-Jewish texts at the centre of this paper were certainly a rarity, an oddity at Rome, but the textual evidence that there had been cultural contact between the Jewish and Roman literary traditions is very strong, and the existence of a cultural context in Rome which could account for fruitful contacts proves unexpectedly easy to sketch. If the balance of probability in the old debate over Virgil and the Jews should be thought to have shifted slightly, that would be a real step forward.
Quine’s Non-ontological Structuralism (and Mine)
Authors: Resnik Michael D.
Published: November 2020

In ‘Structure and Nature’ Quine advocates a ‘global ontological structuralism’, one that sees all objects, even nonmathematical ones, as positions or nodes in a structure. The term ‘ontological’ here is misleading and would be better deleted. For Quine is no ontological structuralist; in the same paper he makes it clear that he is not proposing a structuralist ontology or even an ontological doctrine in which structures are eliminated in favour of systems instantiating them. Resnick’s own mathematical structuralism evolved from a sui generis ontological form to a Quinean non-ontological form. In this chapter Resnick discusses the evolution of Quine’s structuralism and how it shaped his own.
Quine on Ontological Commitment in Light of Predicate-Functor Logic
Authors: Collins John
Published: November 2020

Quine is renowned for offering a criterion of ontological commitment in terms of the values of bound variables. Simultaneously, however, Quine had a long-standing interest in formal systems that dispense with variables and quantifiers that permit variables to be explained away. The chapter seeks to resolve this often-neglected tension in a way that is sensitive to Quine’s allegiance to first-order logic, but is somewhat relaxed about the connection between semantics (/truth) and ontology.
On What Exists
Authors: Salmón Nathan
Published: November 2020

Quine’s criterion of theoretical ontological commitment is subject to a variety of interpretations, all of which save one yield incorrect verdicts. Moreover, the interpretation that yields correct verdicts is not what Quine meant. Instead the intended criterion unfairly imputes ontological commitments to theories that lack those commitments and fails to impute commitments to theories that have them. Insofar as Quine’s criterion is interpreted so that it yields only correct verdicts, it is trivial and of questionable utility. Moreover, the correct criterion invokes analyticity, a notion that Quine spent most of his life tirelessly combating. This yields a dilemma for Quinean philosophy: either his criterion of ontological commitment is incorrect, or else Quine is committed to a traditional philosophical notion that he emphatically rejected as disreputable.
Classics and Irish Politics
Authors: Torrance Isabelle , O’Rourke Donncha
Published: November 2020

This chapter provides a contextualized overview of the contents of the book Classics and Irish Politics, 1916–2016. Rather than summarizing each chapter in order of appearance and according to the subsections of the volume, the introduction draws alternative thematic connections across the different chapters. Strands of interpretation include: the different political implications of Irish authors identifying with Greece, Rome, or indeed Carthage; the imperial contexts of neoclassical architecture; pivotal figures such as Patrick Pearse, W. B. Yeats, James Joyce, and Seamus Heaney; the significance of the Irish Literary Revival and the Irish language; classical reception vs. the classical tradition as a theoretical framework; the Classics in Irish education.
Greece, Rome, and the Revolutionaries of 1916
Authors: McGing Brian
Published: November 2020

This chapter argues for a tension in the writings of Patrick Pearse, with some discussion also of Thomas MacDonagh, between commitment to the Gaelic and Catholic movement, which had eclipsed the classicism of earlier political rhetoric, and a marked interest in classical culture. Following an overview of the reception of classical rhetoric in political oratory before Irish independence, Pearse’s essays and speeches are analysed and shown to be permeated with classical tropes. Pearse’s oration for O’Donovan Rossa is discussed in particular detail, and it is suggested that the affinities with Thucydides in this funeral oration may have been mediated by Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg address, with which Pearse was familiar.
Yeats and Oedipus
Authors: Morash Chris
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses how reception of Sophocles enabled W. B. Yeats to address domestic political tensions and negotiate his position in Irish nationalism in the context of British and subsequent Catholic censorship, and later to locate Ireland in the years between the two world wars within his vision of a universal cycle. A production of Oedipus the King at the University of Notre Dame, a Catholic institution in the US, inspired Yeats to produce his own version of the play, for which he closely consulted the edition of distinguished classicist Richard Claverhouse Jebb, who was of Irish descent. Yeats continued to be inspired by Sophocles and by Greek philosophy as he worked on A Vision. His thoughts on cyclical transformations reflect a classically informed system of gyres which he saw instantiated in the end of the classical era, the death of Christ, and the violent upheavals of his own times.
Elegies for Ireland
Authors: O’Rourke Donncha
Published: November 2020

This chapter investigates the reception of Roman elegy in the work of W. B. Yeats and Michael Longley, a continuum that brings to light both the constant presence and changing shape of classical reception in the century since the 1916 Rising. Ezra Pound’s anti-imperialist reading of Propertius mediates this reception for the Irish poets, but whereas Yeats takes a similarly partisan and anti-imperial line, albeit blended with his personal affairs, Longley’s approach is more ecumenical, albeit interwoven with the Troubles of his native Northern Ireland. As a genre born in civil war, but which views the world through an erotic lens, elegy is found to give Longley the lyrical form for his anti-war appropriation of epic. His versions of Tibullus and Sulpicia also expose cycles of brutality and the imbrication of public and domestic violence. Longley thus offers a more pacific model of the elegiac woman than Yeats’s revolutionary muse.
Michael Longley’s ‘Ceasefire’ and the Iliad
Authors: Alden Maureen
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines the genesis and global reception of Michael Longley’s ‘Ceasefire’, offering a close reading of its relationship with Homer’s Iliad. Both Longley and Homer share a concern with decorum in bereavement. Of the many bereaved in the Northern Irish conflict some were incited to further violence while others found a way to move towards forgiveness; the Iliad, however, offers a different path forward, away from these alternatives, through decorum, ceremony, and endurance. For Longley, the opposite of war is not peace but civilization. A ceasefire, after all, is not the end of the conflict, yet it enables the Iliad to end not with war but with ceremony. In Northern Ireland, too, cooperation between enemies, such as that between Priam and Achilles, is what enabled the Good Friday Agreement.
Corporate Governance in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Anheier Helmut K. , Abels Christoph M.
Published: November 2020

In a broad sense, corporate governance describes the mechanisms, relations, and processes through which the interests of a corporation’s stakeholders are balanced. Yet, corporate governance is not limited to companies but can be found in international organisations, philanthropic foundations, and social enterprises, among other organisational forms. This chapter outlines the volume’s comparative approach that highlights the diversity of corporate governance across different forms and fields. Starting with the financial crisis, the chapter discusses the legal foundation of corporate governance regimes and introduces the relevant laws and codes as well as prominent indicators to measure the quality of governance in corporations. Afterwards, the book’s chapters are briefly introduced and connected to the volume’s overarching interest.
The Graying of American Debt
Authors: Brown Meta , Lee Donghoon , Scally Joelle , van der Klaauw Wilbert
Published: November 2020

Real aggregate debt in the hands of Americans age 50 to 80 increased by 59 percent between 2003 and 2015. Meanwhile, real debt held by Americans in their 20s and 30s was approximately flat. Using data from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s Consumer Credit Panel, we describe the extent of this debt increase and the distribution of debt growth by loan type. Real per capita home-secured debts held by older consumers show the steepest growth, though older borrowers have increased their obligations in all major debt categories. For long-held debts, these developments lead us to evaluate how such changes emerged.
The Risk of Financial Hardship in Retirement
Authors: Brown Jason , Dynan Karen , Figinski Theodore
Published: November 2020

This chapter explores the likely prevalence of hardship in old age for individuals now nearing retirement. We use longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study to determine what observable demographic, socioeconomic, and financial factors in late middle age predicted economic hardship in old age for the cohort nearing retirement in the mid-1990s. These findings are then used to predict economic hardship in old age for the cohort nearing retirement age in the mid-2010s. Our analysis suggests that the more recent cohort is likely to realize higher economic insecurity, particularly among men.
Financial Distress among the Elderly
Authors: Li Wenli , White Michelle J.
Published: November 2020

Both the proportion of bankruptcy filings by the elderly and the proportion of foreclosure starts that affect the elderly have increased dramatically over the past 20 years, suggesting an increase in financial distress of the elderly relative to younger age groups. This chapter uses new data to examine whether these trends can be explained by either the 2005 bankruptcy reform or the 2008 financial crisis. Our results show that while these events made both the elderly and younger age groups worse off, they do explain the increase in relative financial distress of the elderly.
Interviews with Whom?
Authors: Gerson Kathleen
Published: November 2020

Chapter 3 considers the principles underlying the selection of an appropriate sample for depth interviewing and the range of strategies available to identify and recruit participants in that sample. Rather than claiming representativeness, as a quantitative researcher might, a depth interviewer aims to select a sample capable of yielding theoretically generalizable insights—an approach called theoretical sampling. Theoretical sampling focuses on finding a variety of participants who are well positioned to reveal the practices, mechanisms, and relationships the research seeks to explain. The chapter then looks at the range of strategies for finding a good sample and deciding whom to include and whom to exclude. Whether the sampling strategy involves recruiting randomly selected participants, snowball sampling, seeking volunteers, or some combination, a good sample contains both the core controls and the built-in comparisons needed to answer the study questions and develop an explanation for the outcomes.
Conducting Interviews
Authors: Gerson Kathleen
Published: November 2020

Chapter 5 guides the reader through the process of conducting interviews. From gaining trust to discussing the core issues to reaching a close, each stage poses distinct challenges. The beginning goal is to make a personal connection and establish trust so that the rest of the interview can flow comfortably, effectively, and enjoyably. The heart of the interview—and the lengthiest stage—consists of asking the core substantive questions and following where they lead, which is often in unexpected directions. The final stage requires bringing the interview to a close, taking care that each participant feels satisfied with the experience and ready to finish. Success at all these stages depends on close attention and careful listening—to what participants say, to how they say it, and even to matters about which they are reluctant to speak. Active listening is integral to building a collaborative process that takes the interview where each person’s responses lead. The chapter also considers practical matters such as the best settings for interviews and how to record the interactions. Additionally, it considers the ethical issues involved in interviewing, including such core principles as ensuring privacy, confidentiality, and respect. Following these principles protects interviewees and creates a safe environment that enhances open communication.
Who Are the Rohingya?
Authors: Uddin Nasir
Published: November 2020

Chapter 2 places the Rohingyas in the historical, political, and cultural context of Burma/Myanmar. Who they are, where did they come from, and how did they appear in the demographic composition of Burma, now Myanmar; and the human geography of Arakan or what is now called the Rakhine State. It brings in the historical trajectory of Muslim settlements in this region dating back to the eighth century when Arab traders first anchored in the northern Arakan state and settled down there. Among other things, it also critically engages in the debate on whether the emergence of Muslims in Arakan laid down the foundation of Rohingya ethnicity or whether becoming Rohingya was tied to their distinctive social practices, cultural heritage, and continuity of a particular ethnicity. Towards this objective, this chapter explores the historical chronology of different political upheavals that have gradually pushed them to the margin of the state.
State of Stateless People
Authors: Uddin Nasir
Published: November 2020

Chapter 4 examines the state of stateless people who are born in one state but live in another, neither of which recognizes them as full citizens. This practice is in sharp contrast with the individual right to citizenship. In an era characterized by people’s increasing mobility, while moving across borders is becoming a universal right, albeit slowly, legal implications of the individual right to citizenship require that globally, citizenship should not be limited within territorial boundaries and nation states. The individual right to citizenship instead could even be de-territorialized and seen in a post-national framework, where border crossers could have the right to citizenship. This may open roads to resolving many looming issues of illegal migration, refugee conflicts, and complexities of interstate border crossing. This chapter particularly discusses the plight of Rohingyas living in the borderland of Myanmar and Bangladesh both as non-citizens and refugees beneath the complex notions of citizenship.
Conclusion
Authors: Uddin Nasir
Published: November 2020

The concluding chapter discusses the existing scholarship on the potential solution of the Rohingya problem with a critical examination of the roles of regional political dynamics, South and Southeast Asian geopolitics, bilateral and multilateral interstate relations, and the roles of the global communities such as the United Nations (UN) (and its organs like the UNHCR and United Nations International Children’s Education Fund [UNICEF]), IOM, International Labour Organization (ILO), European Union (EU), Amnesty International (AI), Human Rights Watch (HRW), Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and the Arab League. This chapter attempts to explain some practical issues stemming from the field through ethnographic studies regarding how the Rohingyas think of changing their vulnerable and miserable lives in Bangladesh and Myanmar. It ends with a practical proposal, echoing what the author has learned on the ground from his interaction with hundreds of Rohingyas, that is, repatriation could be the enduring and sustainable solution of the Rohingya crisis, but it should be done following three conditions: legal recognition, social safety, and human dignity.
Beyond Reality?
Authors: Percival Philip
Published: November 2020

My focus is the divide between reality and that which is beyond reality. On what I call an “all-encompassing” view of reality, this is the divide between everything and nothing: reality encompasses everything, and beyond it there is nothing at all. Opposed to the all-encompassing view is what I call a “restriction” view of reality: reality is coincident with some kind of restriction on, or partition of, what there is; it is not the case that what resides beyond reality is nothing. I have two main aims: to first classify restriction views of reality and then to assess a species of the restriction view that pertains to time and modality.
Fine’s New Semantics of Vagueness
Authors: Forbes Graeme
Published: November 2020

The chapter discusses Fine’s new approach to vagueness, which he terms “compatibilist semantics.” I explain compatibilist semantics and show how it invalidates crucial principles Sorites reasoning depends on. I then compare compatibilist semantics with fuzzy logic over their treatments of three versions of the Sorites.
Comments on Gabriel Sandu’s “Indefinites, Skolem Functions, and Arbitrary Objects”
Authors: Fine Kit
Published: November 2020

Gabriel Sandu has made important contributions to the development of independence-friendly logic and I am grateful to him for his searching and sympathetic critique of my own work on arbitrary objects in relation both to independence friendly logic and to other treatments of quantificational and anaphoric dependence....
Comments on Penelope Mackie’s “Can Metaphysical Modality Be Based on Essence?”
Authors: Fine Kit
Published: November 2020

Penelope Mackie’s chapter raises a serious challenge to the essentialist account of modality. According to this account, the necessity of S is a matter of its being essential to some F’s that S be the case. Thus, under a familiar notation, the advocate of such an account will accept, for any sentence S, the equivalence:...
Comments on Fabrice Correia’s “More on the Reduction of Necessity to Essence”
Authors: Fine Kit
Published: November 2020

I have long admired Fabrice Correia’s work on the conceptual foundations of metaphysics and his present chapter is a characteristically judicious and original contribution to the subject.

He is principally concerned with certain reductive theses that I propounded in “Essence and Modality” (EM; 1994). These are that a metaphysical necessity is a proposition true in virtue of the nature of all objects, that a conceptual necessity is a proposition true in virtue of the nature of all concepts, and that a logical necessity is a proposition true in virtue of the nature of all logical concepts. Given that there are different notions of what it is for a proposition to be true in virtue of the nature of some objects, Correia’s interest is in what notion or notions of this sort might underwrite these various reductive claims and, to this end, he is prepared in principle to relinquish any other desiderata one might wish to impose upon these notions....
Health-related quality of life in patients with systemic sclerosis: evolution over time and main determinants
Authors: van Leeuwen Nina M , Ciaffi Jacopo , Liem Sophie I E , Huizinga Tom W J , de Vries-Bouwstra Jeska K
Published: November 2020

Objectives

In SSc patients, disease specific determinants that influence health-related quality of life (HRQoL) over time have not been described. We aim to, in patients with SSc, (i) evaluate if and how HRQoL changes over time, and (ii) assess how different SSc domains and functional impairments contribute to changes in HRQoL over time.

Methods

All SSc patients from the Leiden SSc cohort were included; patients with disease duration <24 months were classified as incident cases. HRQoL was assessed prospectively on an annual basis using the EQ-5D and the SF36. To assess baseline associations between clinical characteristics and HRQoL, linear regressions were performed. To identify possible associations between SSc characteristics and HRQoL change over time, linear mixed models were performed in both incident and prevalent cases.

Results

In total, 492 SSc patients were included (n = 202 incident cases), with a median follow-up duration of 3.4 years. At baseline, presence of organ involvement was independently associated with a worse SF36 physical component score and lower EQ-5D score. Over time, gastrointestinal symptoms, Raynaud and digital ulcers were independently associated with deterioration of HRQoL in both incident and prevalent cases. In prevalent cases, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) was associated with a decrease in HRQoL over time. Worse functioning as measured by six-min walking distance, mouth-opening, finger-to-palm distance and grip-strength contributed significantly to deterioration of HRQoL over time.

Conclusion

In SSc, key clinical burdens that contribute to worsening of HRQoL over time include digital ulcers, Raynaud and gastrointestinal involvement. In addition, PAH is a significant burden in prevalent disease.