bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘TifEagle’ Bermudagrass Response to Plant Growth Regulators and Mowing Height
Authors: McCarty Lambert B. , Willis Thomas G. , Toler Joe E. , Whitwell Ted
Published: July 2011

Ultradwarf bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt‐Davy] cultivars require considerable field research to determine best management practices for successful long‐term culture. A field study was conducted in 2004 and 2005 on an experimental ‘TifEagle’ bermudagrass putting green in Clemson, SC, to examine effects of plant growth regulators (PGRs) applied bimonthly and three mowing heights on turf performance. The PGRs included ethephon [(2‐chloroethyl)phosphonic acid] at 1.91 kg a.i. ha−1, flurprimidol [α‐(1‐methylethyl)‐α‐[4‐(trifluoro‐methoxy)phenyl]‐5‐pyrimidine‐methonol] at 0.07 kg a.i. ha−1, trinexapac‐ethyl [4‐(cyclopropyl‐α‐hydroxymethylene)‐3,5‐dioxo‐cyclohexane carboxylic acid ethyl ester] at 0.0175 kg a.i. ha−1, all pairwise PGR combinations at half the individual rates, and a nontreated control. Turf was mowed five times weekly at 2.50, 3.25, or 4.00 mm. Lateral regrowth with ethephon and trinexapac‐ethyl was comparable to nontreated turf, while flurprimidol impeded lateral regrowth ∼25%. All three PGRs reduced dry clipping weights, with flurprimidol most effective (>50% each harvest) and ethephon least effective (maximum 17%). Turf quality for trinexapac‐ethyl, ethephon, and flurprimidol was excellent (8.0–8.4), acceptable (6.8–7.1) and unacceptable (3.6–5.2), respectively. Compared to the control, root length density increased 33% with trinexapac‐ethyl, unaffected by ethephon, and reduced 25% with flurprimidol. Flurprimidol increased ball roll distances in morning (AM) and (PM) by 21 and 26 cm, respectively, trinexapac‐ethyl provided increases of 5 and 10 cm, respectively, while ethephon had no effect, compared to the control. No evidence of synergistic effects was observed for PGR combinations. Raising mowing heights increased lateral regrowth, turf quality, and root length density but decreased ball roll distances. Best overall performance of TifEagle bermudagrass was achieved with trinexapac‐ethyl, as it increased root length density, provided excellent turf quality, reduced vertical growth, did not impede lateral regrowth, and increased ball roll distances, compared to the control.
Drought Effects on Gas Exchange, Chlorophyll, and Plant Growth of 1‐Methylcyclopropene Treated Cotton
Authors: da Costa Vladimir A. , Cothren J. Tom
Published: July 2011

Drought impacts cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), affecting its physiological, morphological, and agronomic parameters. Ethylene, a growth hormone, can induce fruit abscission. Ethylene inhibitors, such as 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP), may minimize the loss of reproductive structures. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of 1‐MCP on gas exchange, plant growth/development, and yield components of cotton under drought during the reproductive phase. A 2‐yr greenhouse study was conducted as a 2 × 2 factorial design in a split‐block arrangement with five replications. Treatments were two 1‐MCP rates (0 and 2.4 g a.i. L−1) during a 14‐h overnight incubation that were then subjected to two water regimes (control and drought). Drought started to impact gas exchange at a moderate water stress, 5 DAT (days after 1‐MCP treatment) (–1.4 MPa). The 1‐MCP increased water use efficiency (WUE) in well‐watered plants at 1 DAT. Many of the yield components, plant mapping, and biomass parameters investigated were adversely affected by drought. However, drought increased specific leaf weight (SLW), chlorophyll (Chl) content, and harvest index. The 1‐MCP improved reproductive node numbers mainly during drought, but did not lead to a better harvest index, since 1‐MCP caused high fruit abscission. In conclusion, 1‐MCP did not ameliorate the detrimental effects of drought on gas exchange when water stress started to impact cotton plants. Additionally, 1‐MCP had little or no positive effect on plant mapping, dry matter partitioning, and Chl content.
Using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index to Estimate Carbon Fluxes from Small Rotationally Grazed Pastures
Authors: Skinner R. H. , Wylie B. K. , Gilmanov T. G.
Published: July 2011

Satellite‐based normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data have been extensively used for estimating gross primary productivity (GPP) and yield of grazing lands throughout the world. However, the usefulness of satellite‐based images for monitoring rotationally‐grazed pastures in the northeastern United States might be limited because paddock size is often smaller than the resolution limits of the satellite image. This research compared NDVI data from satellites with data obtained using a ground‐based system capable of fine‐scale (submeter) NDVI measurements. Gross primary productivity was measured by eddy covariance on two pastures in central Pennsylvania from 2003 to 2008. Weekly 250‐m resolution satellite NDVI estimates were also obtained for each pasture from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. Ground‐based NDVI data were periodically collected in 2006, 2007, and 2008 from one of the two pastures. Multiple‐regression and regression‐tree estimates of GPP, based primarily on MODIS 7‐d NDVI and on‐site measurements of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), were generally able to predict growing‐season GPP to within an average of 3% of measured values. The exception was drought years when estimated and measured GPP differed from each other by 11 to 13%. Ground‐based measurements improved the ability of vegetation indices to capture short‐term grazing management effects on GPP. However, the eMODIS product appeared to be adequate for regional GPP estimates where total growing‐season GPP across a wide area would be of greater interest than short‐term management‐induced changes in GPP at individual sites.
Western Oregon Grass Seed Crop Rotation and Straw Residue Effects on Soil Quality
Authors: Griffith S. M. , Banowetz G. M. , Dick R. P. , Mueller‐Warrant G. W. , Whittaker G. W.
Published: July 2011

Understanding the impact of crop rotation and residue management in grass seed production systems on soil quality and, in particular soil C dynamics, is critical in making long‐term soil management decisions supporting farm sustainability. The effects of a 6‐yr rotation and residue management (high vs. low residue) on soil quality were investigated at three locations in Oregon, each contrasting in soil drainage classification. The crop rotations were continuous perennial grass seed production, grass/legume seed production, and grass/legume/cereal seed production. The grass species grown at each location were different and represented those most commonly produced in each environment; perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue [Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub], and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.). All three grass seed crop rotations and residue methods maintained high soil quality in conventional or direct seeded soils, but under some situations, soil quality was higher with continuous grass rotation and high residue. Data suggest that straw removal for value‐added use, like bioenergy production, can be accomplished in the Pacific Northwest Marine climate without appreciably affecting soil quality. Furthermore, grass seed cropping systems play an important role in soil C storage and enhancement, a valuable ecosystem service in this region where grass seed is produced on land that is not suitable for production of conventional crops that require better‐drained soil. We conclude that by nature perennial grass seed crops promote high soil fertility and enriched soil C pools and consequently contribute to the tolerance of these systems to the use of less conservation‐oriented crop management methods at times when crop loss could be potentially high. This attribute provides producers greater latitude in selecting soil and crop management options to address issues of soil fertility, pest, weed, or seed certification to minimize economic crop yield losses.
Winter Cereal Canopy Effect on Cereal and Interseeded Legume Productivity
Authors: Blaser Brock C. , Singer Jeremy W. , Gibson Lance R.
Published: July 2011

Interseeding red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) or alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) into winter cereals in the North Central United States can provide forage and a green manure crop. We hypothesized that winter cereal canopy traits such as leaf area index (LAI) and whole plant dry matter (DM) would influence interseeded legume establishment and productivity, yet the effect of canopy traits on resource competition in intercropping systems is not well understood. This study was conducted from 2005 to 2007 to evaluate the impact of diverse cereal canopy traits on the establishment of frost‐seeded legume intercrops. In March, red clover and alfalfa were frost‐seeded into three winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and three triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) varieties selected for differences in maximum LAI, plant height, and DM. Across three growing seasons, the cereals produced a range of LAI from 2.1 to 6.2 and whole plant harvest DM of 817 to 2029 g m−2. In the 2 yr with legume data, densities were influenced by cereal 1 yr and DM was affected by cereal both years. Alfalfa and red clover densities were similar, yet DM production was 42% higher in red clover 40 d after grain harvest. The presence of a legume intercrop did not affect grain yield, but reduced weed densities and weed DM 40 d after harvest. Producers implementing this intercrop may select cereal varieties based on grain yield, but must be cautious of varieties known to produce above normal LAI values because of the potential to reduce legume productivity.
Variation in the Fatty Acid Composition of Alpine Grassland during Spring and Summer
Authors: Revello‐Chion A. , Tabacco E. , Peiretti P. G. , Borreani G.
Published: July 2011

Although fatty acids (FAs) comprise the components of plant fats and are the main influence on the fat composition of livestock production, their variability during the season is poorly understood. The objective of this research was to quantify FA variation in a northwest Italy alpine grassland over 2 yr. A randomized complete block design was used to study the effect of five harvesting dates per year on FA composition and concentration. The herbage was analyzed for botanical composition, dry matter (DM) yield, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total nitrogen (TN), and total and individual FAs. Weather data were used to calculate the growing degree days (GDD) and Hargreaves evapotranspiration. The total FA concentration of the herbage decreased throughout the growing season, and was negatively related to the plant age and GDD. The α‐linolenic acid (C18:3 n‐3), the main precursor of the FAs beneficial to human health present in milk and meat, decreased during the growing stages, and showed a negative relationship with oleic acid (C18:1 n‐9) in both the whole herbage samples and in the individual forage species. Drought during 2003 negatively affected the herbage FA concentrations and composition. In general, the greatest C18:3 n‐3 forage concentration and the best nutritive value were observed for early spring growth, which suggested that utilization of the sward early in the growing season could provide more FA precursors of milk polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) for animal diets.
Temperature and Photoperiod Effects on Vicia faba Phenology Simulated by CROPGRO‐Fababean
Authors: Confalone Adriana , Boote Kenneth J. , Lizaso Jon I. , Sau Federico
Published: July 2011

Models may be useful tools to design efficient crop management practices provided they are able to accurately simulate the effect of weather variables on crop performance. The objective of this work was to accurately simulate the effects of temperature and day length on the rate of vegetative node expression, time to flowering, time to first pod, and time to physiological maturity of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) using the CROPGRO‐Fababean model. Field experiments with multiple sowing dates were conducted in northwest Spain during 3 yr (17 sowing dates: 12 used for calibration and five for validation). Observed daily minimum and maximum air temperatures were within the range of –9.0 and 39.2°C and observed photoperiods within 10.1 to 16.6 h. Optimization of thermal models to predict leaf appearance raised the base temperature (Tb) from the commonly used value of 0.0 to 3.9°C. In addition, photothermal models detected a small accelerating effect of day length on the rate of leaf appearance. Accurate prediction of the flowering date required incorporating day length, but the solved Tb approached negative values, close to –4°C. All the reproductive phases after flowering were affected only by temperature, but postanthesis Tb was also >0°C and approached values close to 8°C for time to first pod set and 5.5°C for time from first pod to physiological maturity. Our data indicated that cardinal base temperatures are not the same across all phenological phases.
Root Growth of Barley as Affected by Tillage Systems and Nitrogen Fertilization in a Semiarid Mediterranean Agroecosystem
Authors: Morell F. J. , Cantero‐Martínez C. , Álvaro‐Fuentes J. , Lampurlanés J.
Published: July 2011

Conservation tillage systems are being widely adopted in the Mediterranean region. A long‐term field experiment was established in 1996 comparing three N fertilization levels (zero, 0 kg ha−1; medium, 60 kg ha−1; and high, 120 kg ha−1), under three tillage systems (conventional tillage, CT; minimum tillage, MT; and no‐tillage, NT) in a semiarid Mediterranean agroecosystem annually cropped with winter barley (Hordeum vulgare, L., cultivar Hispanic), to study the response of root growth. During four consecutive growing seasons, from 2005 to 2009, root length density (RLD) and soil water content were evaluated. Penetration resistance (PR) and soil bulk density were only evaluated in the fourth and last year of this experiment. In dry years, root growth was similar under NT and MT systems but highly reduced under CT due to reduced water availability, which, in the surface 25 cm of soil was 7% and 18% lower than under MT and NT systems, respectively. However, in a wet year (i.e., 2009), RLD was double under CT than under NT due to reduced soil strength. PR at 5 to 15 cm soil depth under NT was 1MPa greater than under MT or CT. Root growth was not affected by N fertilization, in contrast to the response of grain yield that showed a significant interaction between N fertilization and tillage system. In spite of moderate soil compaction, which may reduce root growth in wet years, long‐term NT adoption does not reduce grain yields for monoculture of barley under semiarid Mediterranean conditions.
Evaluation of Satellite‐Based, Modeled‐Derived Daily Solar Radiation Data for the Continental United States
Authors: White Jeffrey W. , Hoogenboom Gerrit , Wilkens Paul W. , Stackhouse Paul W. , Hoel James M.
Published: July 2011

Decision support tools for agriculture often require meteorological data as inputs, but data availability and quality are often problematic. Difficulties arise with daily solar radiation (SRAD) because the instruments require electronic integrators, accurate sensors are expensive, and calibration standards are seldom available. NASA's Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources (NASA/POWER; power.larc.nasa.gov) project estimates SRAD based on satellite observations and atmospheric parameters obtained from satellite observations and assimilation models. These data are available for a global 1° × 1° coordinate grid. The SRAD can also be generated from atmospheric attenuation of extraterrestrial radiation (Q0). We compared daily solar radiation data from NASA/POWER (SRADNP) with instrument readings from 295 stations (observed values of daily solar radiation, SRADOB) and values estimated by Weather Generator for Solar Radiation (WGENR) generator. Two sources of air temperature and precipitation records provided inputs to WGENR: the stations reporting solar data and the NOAA Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) stations. The resulting data were identified as solar radiation valaues obtained using the Weather Generator for Solar Radiation software in conjunction with daily weather data from the stations providing values of observed values of daily solar radiation (SRADWG) and solar radiation values obtained using the Weather Generator for Solar Radiation software in conjunction with daily weather data from NOAA COOP stations (SRADCO), respectively. Values of SRADNP for individual grid cells consistently showed higher correlations (typically 0.85–0.95) with SRADOB than did SRADWG or SRADCO. Mean values of SRADOB, SRADWG, and SRADNP for a grid cell usually were within 1 MJ m−2 d−1 of each other, but NASA/POWER values averaged 1.1 MJ m−2 d−1 lower than SRADOB. This bias increased at lower latitudes and during summer months and is partially explained by assumptions about ambient aerosol properties. The NASA/POWER solar data are a promising resource for studies requiring realistic accounting of historic variation.
Nodal Leaf Area Distribution in Soybean Plants Grown in High Yield Environments
Authors: Setiyono T. D. , Bastidas A. M. , Cassman K. G. , Weiss A. , Dobermann A. , Specht J. E.
Published: July 2011

At any given time, the leaf area index (LAI) of a soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] crop consists of the summed contributions of each trifoliolate leaf present at each main stem node and on branches. No data are available on nodal LAI distributions in modern indeterminate (IN) or semi‐determinate (SD) cultivars grown in irrigated, early‐planted, high‐yield production systems. The impact of stem termination type and row spacing on that distribution was investigated in such environments at Lincoln, NE in 2003, 2004, and 2005. Trifoliolate LAI at each stem node followed a temporal pattern of rapid increase (after leaf initiation) to a peak before declining due to senescence‐driven leaf abscission, thus emulating, on a shorter time‐scale, the canopy LAI pattern. The post‐peak decline in nodal LAI was rapid in nodes initiated prebloom (i.e., nearly 100% abscission before seed‐fill), but was gradual in nodes initiated after pod initiation (i.e., little abscission before plant maturity). Nodal LAI peaked at the eighth node of the IN cultivar, but rapid leaf expansion at preflowering nodes of the SD cultivar led to a broad peak spanning the fifth to eighth node. Simulation of the Beer‐Lambert law of light attenuation in both canopies revealed that light penetration was deeper in the IN canopy than in the SD canopy. Although higher plant density suppressed branching (and thus branch leaf area) in the SD cultivar, this was not observed in the IN cultivar. These findings suggested that nodal LAI development can be used to mechanistically model canopy LAI.
Orchardgrass Ley for Improved Manure Management in Wisconsin: II. Nutritive Value and Voluntary Intake by Dairy Heifers
Authors: Hedtcke Janet , Posner Joshua , Coblentz Wayne , Hall John , Walgenbach Richard , Davidson Jill
Published: July 2011

Confinement dairy feeding operations in the Upper Midwest could benefit from using a wider range of forages than alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and corn silage (Zea mays L.). A short‐term ley of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) (OG) frequently treated with manure, was compared with corn silage (CS) in a 2 × 2 factorial trial conducted across 3 yr at two locations in Wisconsin. Nutrients were applied as either manure (M) or fertilizer (F) to meet crop N needs. Weighted on the basis each cut contributed to the total annual yield of OG, concentrations of crude protein (163 g kg−1) and 48‐h neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility (657 g kg−1 NDF) were suitable for incorporation into the diets of dairy cows (Bos taurus) and replacement heifers. Tissue concentrations of P and K were 3.7 and 32.0 g kg−1, respectively. High tissue concentrations of P can help with soil‐test P drawdown, and reduce purchases of supplemental dietary P. Although heavy manuring resulted in high tissue K, especially in late‐season cuts, K concentrations were not significantly greater in the hay‐production years relative to the seeding year in either M or F. Based on results with 483 ± 37.6 kg Holstein heifers, there were no differences in voluntary intake by heifers offered commercially fertilized compared to manured OG hays. These results indicate that an OG ley system could be part of a larger alfalfa–corn silage rotation, providing confinement dairies with an alternative forage option, and additional manuring opportunities during summer months.
Soybean Response to Drainage and Subirrigation on a Claypan Soil in Northeast Missouri
Authors: Nelson K. A. , Smoot R. L. , Meinhardt C. G.
Published: July 2011

Integrated water management systems using drainage plus subirrigation (DSI) have reduced nitrate‐loading of drainage water flow and may increase soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield. Shallow drain tile depths and narrow spacings are recommended for claypan soils. Field research (2003–2006) evaluated the effects of drainage (DO) and DSI on planting date and the effects of DO and DSI at 6.1 and 12.2 m spacings on soybean yield compared to nondrained (ND) and nondrained delayed planting (NDDP) controls on claypan soils. Soybean were planted up to 17 d earlier with DO or DSI systems. Plant populations were reduced 29 to 52% in the nondrained control due to poor drainage in 3 of the 4 yr. Grain yield, water applied through the DSI system, and water level depth were similar at a 6.1 or 12.2 m drain tile spacing. Average yield increase with DSI at 6.1 and 12.2 m spacings was 12 to 29% (410–910 kg ha−1) while DO at the same spacings increased yield 9 to 22% (300–710 kg ha−1) compared to ND or NDDP controls. In a dry year (2005), drainage plus subirrigation increased yield up to 1200 kg ha−1 compared to DO. Plant population variability at harvest was lower with the DO or DSI systems compared to ND or NDDP controls. Yield variability over the 4 yr was lower with DSI compared with DO or ND controls, which was affected by the spring–summer precipitation regimes and is important to farmers for a more predictable soybean marketing strategy.
Fiscal policy is still an effective instrument of macroeconomic policy
Authors: Arestis Philip
Published: July 2011

Recent developments in macroeconomics and macroeconomic policy, what has come
to be known as ?New Consensus in Macroeconomics?, downgrades the role of
fiscal policy and upgrades that of monetary policy. This contribution aims
to consider this particular contention by focusing on fiscal policy. We
consider fiscal policy within the current ?new consensus? theoretical
framework, which views fiscal policy as ineffective, and argue that it
deserves a great deal more attention paid to it than it has been recently.
We review and appraise recent and not so recent theoretical and empirical
developments on the fiscal policy front. The possibility of fiscal and
monetary policy coordination is proposed and discussed to conclude that it
deserves a great deal more attention and careful consideration than it has
been given to in the past. Our overall conclusion is that discretionary
application of fiscal and monetary policy in a coordinated and focused
manner as a tool of macroeconomic policy deserves serious attention paid to
it than hitherto.
Robustno optimalna monetarna politika sa skoro-racionalnim ocekivanjima
Authors: Woodford Michael
Published: July 2011

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Banking concentration in the European Union during the last fifteen years
Authors: Santillán-Salgado Roberto
Published: July 2011

The increase in the concentration of the banking industry across European
Union countries during the last fifteen years can be explained in terms of:
a) global factors, like the comprehensive adoption of technological
innovations, the intensification of competition that has resulted from the
deregulation of the financial sector and, more recently, as a consequence of
the government interventions and forced acquisitions prompted by the
2007-2009 financial crisis; and, b) factors that have been specific to the
E.U., in particular, the structural changes that took place in the region as
a result of the creation of the Single Financial Market (1993) and the
introduction of the euro (1999). This work analyzes the concentration process
of the banking industry in the E.U. during the last fifteen years giving
preeminence to the strategic choices made by the region?s commercial banks.
It also reports the most visible E.U. banks? M&As and government
interventions that resulted from the 2007-2009 financial crisis, make a
preliminary evaluation of the outcomes, and suggests possible future trends
for the banking industry in the region.
Selectivity of some herbicides to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), grown for seed production
Authors: Dimitrova Tsvetanka , Katova Aneliya
Published: July 2011

During the period 2008-2010, on the experimental field of the Institute of
Forage Crops - Pleven, on slightly leached chernozem a study was conducted
with the purpose to determine the selectivity of some herbicides to perennial
ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and their influence on the seed productivity.
As a result of the study the following was found: herbicides for broadleaf
weeds control - Arat (500 g/l dicamba + 250 g/l tritosulfuron) at rate of 100
ml/ha, Korida 75 VDG (750 g/kg tribenuron-methyl) - 15 g/ha and Cambio SL
(320 g/l bentazone + 90 g/l dicamba) - 1250 ml/ha had high selectivity to
perennial ryegrass, applied at 2-4 leaf stage during establishing year of the
stand and until the stage of the beginning of shooting up in seed production
year. Herbicide for grass weeds control: Topik 080EK (80 g/l
clodinafop-prop-argyl + antidote) at rate of 300 ml/ha, applied at the same
stage can be applied in seed production stands of perennial ryegrass.
Herbicide for grass weeds control - Grasp 25SK (250 g/l tralkoxydim) + Atplus
463 at rate of 1000 + 1000 ml/ ha showed phytotoxic effect on L. perenne and
caused the reduction of seed and dry biomass productivity. Realization of the
biological potential concerning seed and dry mass yield of perennial ryegrass
demands application of selective herbicides Arat, Korida 75 VDG and Cambio SL
in control of broadleaf weeds and Topik 080EK in control of grass weeds.
System theoretic approach to sustainable development problems
Authors: Batanovic Vladan , Guberinic Slobodan , Petrovic Radivoj
Published: July 2011

This paper shows that the concepts and methodology contained in the system
theory and operations research are suitable for application in the planning
and control of the sustainable development. The sustainable development
problems can be represented using the state space concepts, such as the
transition of system, from the given initial state to the final state. It is
shown that sustainable development represents a specific control problem. The
peculiarity of the sustainable development is that the target is to keep the
system in the prescribed feasible region of the state space. The analysis of
planning and control problems of sustainable development has also shown that
methods developed in the operations research area, such as multicriteria
optimization, dynamic processes simulation, non-conventional treatment of
uncertainty etc. are adequate, exact base, suitable for resolution of these
problems.
On-line computation and maximum-weighted hereditary subgraph problems
Authors: Demange Marc , Kouakou Bernard , Soutif Eric
Published: July 2011

In this paper1 we study the on-line version of maximum-weighted hereditary
subgraph problems. In our on-line model, the final instance (a graph with n
vertices) is revealed in t clusters, 2 ? t ? n . We first focus on an on-line
version of the maximumweighted hereditary subgraph problem. Then, we deal
with the particular case of the independent set problem. We are interested in
two types of results: the competitive ratio guaranteed by the on-line
algorithm and hardness results that account for the difficulty of the
problems and for the quality of algorithms developed to solve them.
An integrated supply chain model for the perishable items with fuzzy production rate and fuzzy demand rate
Authors: Singh Chaman , Singh S.R.
Published: July 2011

In the changing market scenario, supply chain management is getting
phenomenal importance amongst researchers. Studies on supply chain management
have emphasized the importance of a long-term strategic relationship between
the manufacturer, distributor and retailer. In the present paper, a model has
been developed by assuming that the demand rate and production rate as
triangular fuzzy numbers and items deteriorate at a constant rate. The
expressions for the average inventory cost are obtained both in crisp and
fuzzy sense. The fuzzy model is defuzzified using the fuzzy extension
principle, and its optimization with respect to the decision variable is also
carried out. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the model and
sensitivity analysis is performed to study the effect of parameters.
Solving the two-dimensional packing problem with m-M calculus
Authors: Savic Aleksandar , Sukilovic Tijana , Filipovic Vladimir
Published: July 2011

This paper considers the two dimensional rectangular packing problem. The
mathematical formulation is based on the optimization of a non-linear
function with piecewise linear constraints with a small number of real
variables. The presented method of m-M calculus finds all optimal solutions
on small instances. Computational performance is good on smaller instances.
Return distribution and value at risk estimation for BELEX15
Authors: Djoric Dragan , Nikolic-Djoric Emilija
Published: July 2011

The aim of this paper is to find distributions that adequately describe
returns of the Belgrade Stock Exchange index BELEX15. The sample period
covers 1067 trading days from 4 October 2005 to 25 December 2009. The
obtained models were considered in estimating Value at Risk ( VaR ) at
various confidence levels. Evaluation of VaR model accuracy was based on
Kupiec likelihood ratio test.
Recorded lag times of snowmelt events in a small catchment
Authors: Hejduk Agnieszka , Banasik Kazimierz
Published: July 2011

Recorded lag times of snowmelt events in a small catchment

The hydrological and meteorological data collected in small, lowland catchment during snowmelt floods have been used to calculate lag time of runoff (Lag) and lag time of sediment yield (Lags). Both, Lag and Lags are important characteristics of the instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) and instantaneous unit sedimentgraph (IUSG). Field data from Zagożdżonka River catchment have been used to demonstrate the relationship between lag times. The results of investigation show that: a) there is a strong relationship between Lag and Lags; b) in most cases the value of a = Lags/Lag is smaller than 1; c) in case of snowmelt floods there was only poor correlation between parameter a and the total runoff depth (water supply).
Effect of hydrogel on the turf grass species growing under salt stress
Authors: Anna Hadam , Mariola Wrochna , Zbigniew Karaczun
Published: July 2011

Effect of hydrogel on the turf grass species growing under salt stress

Hydrogels can absorb huge amount of water and so are able to decrease the drought stress in plants. They are used in horticulture and agriculture for years. It is possible that they may be applied also on the grass near - road areas. Because of water deficient and high salinity growth of plants in these conditions is however hard. Meanwhile, too high concentration of ions in soil can decrease efficacy of hydrogel, since it can absorb water and cations as well. Nevertheless there is still too less studies on such problem. From this point of view it seems that the complex assessment of hydrogels effect on urban lawn grass is needed. The aim of the study was therefore the evaluation of grasses condition after their cultivation under salt stress with and without hydrogels amendment. Experience was conducted for four months in the controlled green house conditions. The efficacy of hydrogels amendment was measured by the grass reactions (turfs height, fresh matter content and level of membranes injury) on three levels of salinity. The results allowed concluding that, concentration of the road de- icing salt was the main factor, which affected condition of all tested species. This reaction was independent on the presence of hydrogel. Nevertheless under low and medium saline conditions watersorbent weakened significantly influence of salt stress on the grass.
Nutrient output from rural areas on the example of two catchments Skuterud and Zagożdżonka
Authors: Sawa Karolina , Hejduk Leszek , Deelstra Johannes , Øygarden Lillian
Published: July 2011

Nutrient output from rural areas on the example of two catchments Skuterud and Zagożdżonka

In this paper, two rural catchment - the Zagożdżonka catchment in Poland and the Skuterud catchment in Aas, Akershus county in Norway are compared. In addition to the general description, more in particular information, runoff, N-NO3 load, P-PO4 load, total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations in streams are compared. The data compared are from 1993 to 1995 in Zagożdżonka catchment and from 1994-1996 from Skuterud catchment. The average concentration of N-NO3 in Zagożdżonka River in the period was 0.85 mg·l-1 and the mean concentration of P-PO4 was 0.13 mg·l-1. In the stream in Skuterud catchment the average concentration of N-NO3 was 4.95 mg·l-1 and the mean concentration of P-PO4 was 0.04 mg·l-1. For both catchments the same data were also compared for the 2008. In Skuterud catchment the highest concentration of nutrients occurred in November, March and April, which was connected to the higher runoff from agricultural areas during the snowmelt period. In Zagożdżonka catchment the highest concentration of nutrients was noted in March, April and in summer time, which was connected to periods with high amounts of precipitation. Comparison of the two rural catchments showed many differences in applied measurement methods for water sampling, water measurement, discharge measurement, runoff amounts and management practices, which had an effect on results of monitoring program. The compared data can be useful to predict the development of future environmental conditions for example water quality. It can also be useful for predict how nutrient runoff will be in future. What is more the different conditions for runoff in Skuterud and Zagożdżonka then different measures are needed.
Stellilabium kukwae (Telipogoneae, Orchidaceae), a new species from Bolivia
Authors: Szlachetko Dariusz , Mytnik-Ejsmont Joanna
Published: July 2011

Stellilabium kukwae (Telipogoneae, Orchidaceae), a new species from Bolivia

A new species from Bolivia of the genus Stellilabium Salisb. (Telipogonae, Orchidaceae), S. kukwae Szlach. & Mytnik, is described and illustrated. It is morphologically most similar to S. pampatamboense Dodson & R.Vásquez, but it is distinct in having densely, entirely ciliate petals, scarcely ciliate lip laminae, and furculate hairs covering the gynostemium.
Analysis of distribution patterns of selected ephemeral wetland species in Western Pomerania (NW Poland, NE Germany)
Authors: Popiela Agnieszka , Nalepka Dorota , Łysko Andrzej
Published: July 2011

Analysis of distribution patterns of selected ephemeral wetland species in Western Pomerania (NW Poland, NE Germany)

Phytogeographical conditions of the occurrence of 13 selected ephemeral wetland species of the Isoëto-Nanojuncetea class in Western Pomerania are analysed and discussed on the basis of distribution in Western Pomerania (maps are provided), distribution in Europe, general distribution range, taxonomic relations and palynological data. Present distribution patterns of the analysed taxa in Western Pomerania can thus be permanent not for a very long time and reflect the history of the settling of Pomerania by these species.
Damp beech forests on calcareous tufas in the Parsęta River basin (Western Pomerania)
Authors: Osadowski Zbigniew
Published: July 2011

Damp beech forests on calcareous tufas in the Parsęta River basin (Western Pomerania)

Damp beech forests in the Parsęta River basin (Western Pomerania) constitute a rare and unique type of beechwood community in post-glacial landscape of the Pomerania region. They grow on calcareous soil of pararendzina type formed from calcareous tufas and are characterized by the presence of two orchids Cephalanthera rubra and Neottia nidus-avis accompanied by many rare and endangered plant species occurring in habitats rich in calcium.
Professor Adam Zając — a sketch on His scientific output on the 70th birthday
Authors: Jackowiak Bogdan , Żukowski Waldemar
Published: July 2011

Professor Adam Zając — a sketch on His scientific output on the 70th birthday
Grasses in Poland: invincible, but threatened
Authors: Frey Ludwik
Published: July 2011

Grasses in Poland: invincible, but threatened

The paper presents problems connected with expansiveness and threats of grasses in Poland. Some subjectively selected grass species are given. They have conventionally been divided into two opposite groups: (i) expansive or even invasive grasses, referred to here as "invincible", and (ii) grasses that are threatened for a variety of reasons, and deserving protection.
Scaling of flow phenomena in circulating fluidized bed boilers
Authors: Mirek Paweł
Published: July 2011

Scaling of flow phenomena in circulating fluidized bed boilers

The paper presents an overview of scaling models used for determining hydrodynamic parameters of Circulating Fluidized Bed boilers. The governing equations and the corresponding dimensionless numbers are derived and presented for three different approaches to the scaling law of fluidized beds: classical dimensional analysis, differential equations and integrated solutions and experimental correlations. Some results obtained with these equations are presented. Finally, the capabilities and limitations of scaling experiments are discussed.
Modelling the effects of failure of pipelines transporting hydrogen
Authors: Rusin Andrzej , Stolecka Katarzyna
Published: July 2011

Modelling the effects of failure of pipelines transporting hydrogen

The depletion of stocks of fossil fuels and the environment protection requirements increase the significance of hydrogen as a future energy carrier. The present research is focused on the development of new safe methods of production, transport and storage of hydrogen. The paper presents an analysis of problems related to the assessment of the effects of failure of hydrogen transporting pipelines. Scenarios of hazardous events connected with an uncontrollable leakage of hydrogen are discussed. The sizes of heat radiation and pressure wave hazard zones are determined.
Studies on the populations of Carabus (Morphocarabus) scheidleri seriatissimus Reitter, 1896 (Insecta: Coleoptera) in Maramureş (North Romania)
Authors: Barloy Jean , Prunar Florin
Published: July 2011

Studies on the populations of Carabus (Morphocarabus) scheidleri seriatissimus Reitter, 1896 (Insecta: Coleoptera) in Maramureş (North Romania)

Carabus (Morphocarabus) scheidleri seriatissimus Reitter, 1896 is a subspecies whose distribution is poorly known in Romania, only mentioned in two locations in the Maramureş county at Vişeul de Sus and near Sighetu Marmaţiei. The research conducted by the authors in Maramureş (2007-2009) allowed the identification of 5 other locations. It also occurs in the Bistriţa-Năsăud county, west of the Rodna Mountains, at Fiad and Telciu.
Dynamics of the aquatic nesting bird populations in the mixed colonies from Vulpaşu, Chiriloaia and Cucova (Balta Mică a Brăilei Nature Park, Romania)
Authors: Nicolae Onea
Published: July 2011

Dynamics of the aquatic nesting bird populations in the mixed colonies from Vulpaşu, Chiriloaia and Cucova (Balta Mică a Brăilei Nature Park, Romania)

This study presents the observations made during a three-year period of time (2007-2009) in the three mixed colonies of the Balta Mică a Brăilei Nature Park: Vulpaşu, Chiriloaia and Cucova. In the colonies, there was reported a number of ten aquatic nesting species, with specific differences for each colony separately. The 10 species are: Phalacrocorax carbo (Great Cormorant), Phalacrocorax pygmaeus (Pygmy Cormorant), Nycticorax nycticorax (Night Heron), Ardeola ralloides (Squacco Heron), Egretta garzetta (Little Egret), Egretta alba (Great White Egret), Bubulcus ibis (Cattle Egret), Ardea cinerea (Grey Heron), Plegadis falcinellus (Glossy Ibis) and Platalea leucorodia (Spoonbill). The presence or absence of certain species in a colony is closely related to its ecological requirements, with the structural features of the ecosystems and the climatic conditions.
Insects on the Biodiversity Map of Poland - objectives and scope of the project
Authors: Tykarski Piotr
Published: July 2011

Insects on the Biodiversity Map of Poland - objectives and scope of the project
Towards redefining the regional division of Poland for faunistic studies
Authors: Tykarski Piotr
Published: July 2011

Towards redefining the regional division of Poland for faunistic studies

For summaries and inventories of fauna of Poland, especially insects, research professionals and amateurs apply a division of the country into regions that became a functional standard in the 1960s when Catalogus Faunae Poloniae was published. Despite its long tradition in the local entomological literature, this approach should be treated as inadequate and provisional. The present article gives an overview of the roots of the traditional division, discusses its limitations and proposes a new, more precise and informative division, together with a description of the requirements and tools needed for the transition. Based on the "Physico-Geographical Regionalization of Poland" by Kondracki, this proposal redefines the borders of most of the KFP regions and presents a solution compatible with the widely used regionalization system, approved by geographers. In consequence of this direct connection with physical geography, some of the KFP regions have been removed or rearranged and new ones formed. The new system is not meant to be treated as a zoogeographical regionalization; rather, it aims to replace the unclearly defined objects of the old division, facilitating regional comparisons of fauna. Used with appropriate caution, it may also be helpful in analyses involving elements of biogeographical inference that were not justified in the old system.
New records of leafhoppers for Poland (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha)
Authors: Świerczewski Dariusz , Walczak Marcin
Published: July 2011

New records of leafhoppers for Poland (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha)

The paper presents data on the distribution and biology of five leafhopper species new to the Polish fauna: Eupteryx lelievrei (Lethierry, 1874), Zyginidia pullula (Boheman, 1845), Zygina schneideri (Günthart, 1974), Macrosteles sardus Ribaut, 1948 and Metalimnus steini (Fieber, 1869).
Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) of the Stobrawski Landscape Park
Authors: Mazur Miłosz
Published: July 2011

Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) of the Stobrawski Landscape Park

The work presents the results of faunistic and ecological studies on the weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea without Scolytinae) of the Stobrawski Landscape Park. Between 2006-2008 more than 4 000 specimens representing 285 species of weevils were collected from nine types of plant communities.Mesotrichapion punctirostre, Nanophyes brevis, Otiorhynchus lepidopterus, Phytobius leucogaster, Rhaphitropis marchicuswere collected for the first time in Lower or Upper Silesia. The geographical, habitat and food preferences of particular species are presented. The relationships between weevil species and the different habitats are analysed.
Faunistic review of Polish Platypodinae and Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Mokrzycki Tomasz , Hilszczański Jacek , Borowski Jerzy , Cieślak Rafał , Mazur Andrzej , Miłkowski Marek , Szołtys Henryk
Published: July 2011

Faunistic review of Polish Platypodinae and Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Based on a survey of the literature and collections, the distributions of the Platypodinae and Scolytinae (Curculionidae) within the present-day borders of Poland are summarized. An updated and annotated checklist is given of Polish pinhole borers (1 genus, 1 species) and bark beetles (35 genera, 110 species).Carphoborus cholodkovskyiSpessivtsev has been removed from the list; the presence ofHylastinus obscurus(Marsham),Pteleobius kraatzii(Eichhoff),Pityophthorus exsculptus(Ratzeburg),Cryphalus saltuariusWeise,Thamnurgus kaltenbachii(Bach),T. varipesEichhoff,Pityogenes irkutensis monacensisFuchs,P. saalasiEggers,Xyleborus eurygraphus(Ratzeburg) andX. pfeilii(Ratzeburg), reported by previous authors, needs to be confirmed by new findings.Pitophthorus carniolicusWichmann,Xylosandrus germanus(Blandford) andCrypturgus subcribrosusEggers were recorded generally from Poland.Hylastes plumbeusBlandford,Phloeosinus aubei(Perris),Gnathotrichus materiarius(Fitch),Orthotomicus erosus(Wollaston),Scolytus sulcifronsRey andTrypodendron laeveEggers (Knížek 2011) were erroneously recorded from Poland.
New localities of Elmidae (Coleoptera: Byrrhoidea), with a revised checklist of species occurring in Poland
Authors: Przewoźny Marek , Buczyński Paweł , Greń Czesław , Ruta Rafał , Tończyk Grzegorz
Published: July 2011

New localities of Elmidae (Coleoptera: Byrrhoidea), with a revised checklist of species occurring in Poland

Seventeen species of elmid beetles have been unequivocally recorded from Poland. The paper presents new data on the distribution of 13 species of this family, among which Esolus parallelepipedus and Riolus cupreus have been proved to occur in the country. Altogether 227 localities are given, either from the authors' own observations or from materials gathered during the implementation of the programme "Monitoring of the ecological state of surface waters, studies and an assessment of the ecological state of rivers" coordinated by the Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection in Poland. The paper also includes a revised checklist of Elmidae occurring in Poland.
Indium Doping in BaSn3–x Inx (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) with Ni3Sn Structure
Authors: Schäfer Marion C. , Yamasaki Yuki , Fritsch Veronika , Bobev Svilen
Published: July 2011

Investigations of the system Ba–In–Sn, with the objective to synthesize Ba8In16Sn30 clathrate using Sn and In flux reactions, yielded instead the known BaSn3 compound (P63/mmc; a = 7.228(2) Å, c = 5.469(3) Å) from Sn flux and its In-doped variant BaSn2.8In0.2(1) (a = 7.260(1) Å, c = 5.382(2) Å) from In flux. BaSn3–xInx is the first, and up until now, the only ternary phase containing these elements. Its structure is isomorphic with the Ni3Sn type (Pearson symbol hP8) and is apparently capable of sustaining small variations in the valence electron count by virtue of replacing Sn with the electron poorer In. Electrical resistivity measurements on single-crystals of both undoped and doped phases show different metallic-like behavior, suggesting that neither BaSn3 nor BaSn3–xInx are valence compounds.
Long-Range Wireless Mesh Network for Weather Monitoring in Unfriendly Geographic Conditions
Authors: Toledano-Ayala Manuel , Herrera-Ruiz Gilberto , Soto-Zarazúa Genaro M. , Rivas-Araiza Edgar A. , Trujillo Rey D. Bazán , Porrás-Trejo Rafael E.
Published: July 2011

In this paper a long-range wireless mesh network system is presented. It consists of three main parts: Remote Terminal Units (RTUs), Base Terminal Units (BTUs) and a Central Server (CS). The RTUs share a wireless network transmitting in the industrial, scientific and medical applications ISM band, which reaches up to 64 Km in a single point-to-point communication. A BTU controls the traffic within the network and has as its main task interconnecting it to a Ku-band satellite link using an embedded microcontroller-based gateway. Collected data is stored in a CS and presented to the final user in a numerical and a graphical form in a web portal.