bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Sensuality of Possession: Cañizares’sMarta la Romarantina
Authors: De García Susan Paun
Published: April 2018

Marta la Romarantina, a comedia de magia (magic play) by the eighteenth century playwright José de Cañizares, engages popular beliefs in demonic possession. The play centers on the internal conflicts of the protagonist, based on a historical figure. However, the playwright goes beyond a historical depiction, taking advantage of the comedia de magia’s innate emphasis on visual and aural elements to suggest the sensual possibilities of possession, real or imagined. This discussion of the play focuses on the manifestation of possession, its performance in theatrical and psychological contexts, and its relation and similarity to hysteria.
Pericles and the Sultan’s Queen:Performing the Mediterranean World of Shakespeare and Cervantes
Authors: Ortiz Lottman Maryrica , Reynolds James
Published: April 2018

James Reynolds (Kingston University, UK) and Maryrica Ortiz Lottman (UNC Charlotte, USA) collaborated on an innovative theatrical production and summer study abroad program. They developed and staged a student production that paired a new, hour-long abridgment of Shakespeare’s Pericles with an original, hour-long adaptation of Cervantes’s La gran sultana (which they called The Sultan’s Queen). The authors juxtaposed the plays to highlight Shakespeare’s and Cervantes’s shared roots and interests, especially in their depictions of the early modern Mediterranean world. Both plays depict not only the conflicts and perils of cross-cultural travels but also the fertile promise of those experiences, and both demonstrate the transnational character of early modern theater. The project required international and cross-disciplinary collaboration at every level and appealed to a variety of academic and performance disciplines.
Approaches to Adaptation in Performance: Merging Characters in Tirso de Molina’sJealous of Herself
Authors: Grunnah Sarah
Published: April 2018

Given their distance from modern audiences, comedias sometimes demand—to varying degrees—adaptation. This is especially true when the plays are moved not only from page to stage, but from Spanish to English. In recent scholarship, there have been many studies that justify adaptive approaches to both translating and staging the comedia, yet the debate has remained largely centered on issues of language and the individual expression of characters. Meaning-making and the reception of plays on the stage, though, are not limited to characters’ dialogue, because performance is made up of more than just text. Through an exploration of the potential role of the translator in the constructive (rather than interpretive) nature of theater, this article articulates a theoretical justification for not only linguistic but also dramaturgical and structural adaptive strategies when translating comedias. It furthermore explores this theory in practice, documenting the discoveries made when two characters are merged into one in the English-language world premiere of Tirso de Molina’s La celosa de sí misma (Jealous of Herself) in performance at the University of Oxford in November 2016.
Towards an Evolutionary Understanding of the Current Global Socio-economic Crisis and Restructuring: From a Conjunctural to a Structural and Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Vlados Charis Michael , Deniozos Nikolaos , Chatzinikolaou Demosthenes , Demertzis Michail
Published: April 2018

The current global socio-economic crisis and restructuring reshapes the terms of study of the global dynamics as a whole. A new generation of interdisciplinary socio-economic research on the matter in question seems to be progressively emerging in international literature.Against this background, it gradually emerges the understanding, that any attempt to interpret the individual contemporary socio-economic phenomena, which relate to the crisis and the attempt to restructure globalization, can only be inadequate and ineffective, since it fails to fully approach the current dynamics of globalization in synthetic, holistic terms.In this direction, new interpretative approaches seem to intensify interpenetration and conceptual syntheses between the different fields of socio-economic sciences, in an increasingly unified perspective, by extensively "borrowing" –in a direct and indirect way– methods and theoretical "lenses" derived from system science, chaos theory, and evolutionary economics.In the depth of this methodological rearrangement, according to the position put forward in the following paper, it is crucial that an effort is made to move from a conjunctural to a structural perception of the crisis. Ultimately, the great challenge for the field of study of global dynamics nowadays is the transition from the methodological principles of the traditional mechanistic interpretative method to a coherent and integrated evolutionary socio-economic perspective.
Clinical Applications of Ultrasonography in the Shoulder and Elbow
Authors: Lin Albert , Gasbarro Gregory , Sakr Mark
Published: April 2018

In the past 30 years, the use of ultrasonography in the field of orthopaedics has evolved. As ultrasonography has been refined, smaller machines with higher fidelity and better transducers have become available at a lower cost. Diagnostic and therapeutic applications of ultrasonography in the shoulder and elbow have expanded imaging options and provided alternatives to surgical management. Ultrasonography is a dynamic tool that affords immediate diagnostic assessment for clinical correlation and can be used for serial examinations and image guidance during therapeutic procedures. This imaging modality is highly reliable and accurate and may limit the need for costly imaging referrals, particularly in geographic areas where advanced imaging is not readily available. However, clinical expertise is paramount for ultrasonography, which is an operator-dependent modality. Ultrasonography is an effective educational resource; therefore, the curriculum in orthopaedic residency training programs should include education on this modality as the use of ultrasonography increases among orthopaedic surgeons.
Visual qualitative evaluation of diffusion-weighted imaging, apparent diffusion coefficient quantification and Ki-67 proliferation index for predicting atypia in surgical meningiomas
Authors: YİLMAZ Baran , SENER Süleyman , TEYYUB Hasanaov , AKAKIN Akın , YAPICIER Özlem , DEMİR Mustafa Kemal
Published: April 2018

Object. The goal in this study was to investigate the
efficiency of qualitative evaluation using DW imaging, ADC quantification, and Ki-67 proliferation labeling index in grading
intracranial meningiomas compared to our reference standard histopathology.Methods.
From our database, we enrolled 35 consecutive patients
with pathologic report of a meningioma, conventional
MR imaging, contrast-enhanced MR imaging, DW imaging and ADC maps.Results.
Eight patients (23%) had atypical
meningioma (5 women and 3 men; mean age: 57.1±15.8
years); 27 (77%) had low-grade-typical (19 women, 8 men; mean age: 54.3±14.0 years). The most frequent histological subtype
was the meningothelial type in both low-grade (37%) and atypical meningiomas
(59%). The mean Ki-67 proliferation index for low-grade and atypical
meningiomas were 2.31±1.44% (range: 1-5) and 7.37 ±
2.72% (range: 3-10), respectively. Meningiomas
with Ki-67 proliferation index higher than 4% (except one) were atypical
(p<0.001). In visual qualitative evaluation;
diffusion restriction was significantly
more common in atypical meningiomas (p<0.05). In
quantitative evaluation, benign and atypical tumor
groups had no significant difference in mean ADC values (p=0.471).

Conclusion.
We suggest that visual qualitative
evaluation of DW imaging may be helpful to predict atypia and the risk of
recurrence in patients with surgically treated meningiomas.
The Influence of Cognitive Learning Style and Learning Independence on the Students’ Learning Outcomes
Authors: - Prayekti
Published: April 2018

Students of Open University are strongly required to be able to study independently. They rely heavily on the cognitive learning styles that they have in attempt to get maximum scores in every final exam. The participants of this research were students in the Physics Education program taking Thermodynamic subject course. The research analysis employed a two-way ANOVA statistical analysis with the following findings. First, the significance value of the students’ cognitive learning styles variable equals to 0,000 < α =5%, so it was concluded that the students’ cognitive learning styles strongly influenced their learning outcomes in Thermodynamic Science course manifested in the form of either dependent or independent cognitive styles. Second, the students’ learning independence variable turned out to be not having any significant relationship with the students’ learning outcomes in Thermodynamic. The learning independence variable had no significant influence on the students’ learning outcomes with the level of significance of dependent cognitive style 0.007 < α =5%, so it was concluded that the dependent cognitive learning style influenced the learning outcomes, and the learning independence as well as cognitive learning styles, especially the dependent type, altogether influenced the students’ learning outcomes in Thermodynamic. The learning independence variable significantly had no influence on the learning outcomes, with 0.007 < α =5% meaning that the dependent cognitive learning style strongly influenced the learning outcomes.
Croce as Reviewer of Simmel’s War Writings
Authors: Picchio Marta
Published: April 2018

This essay comments on Benedetto Croce’s review ofDer Krieg und die geistigen Entscheidungen. After illustrating Croce and Simmel’s opposing philosophical visions of the Great War, light will be thrown on the reviewer’s manipulative choices made to crush his colleague’s intellectual stature and writings. Croce’s was a prejudiced attitude that ignored the deeply felt evolution of Simmel’s thought in the course of the conflict: from his enthusiastic support of the national war effort, manifested in 1914, to the subsequent anguished and critical eye when he perceived that Europe had set out on the road to civil and cultural suicide.
La révolte avortée de 1736 et la répression du marronnage à la Guadeloupe
Authors: Abénon Lucien-René
Published: April 2018

En décembre 1736, les nègres marrons du nord-ouest de la Guadeloupe décidèrent de se révolter avec l’aide des esclaves fugitifs de la Grande Terre. Leurs desseins ayant été prématurément dévoilés, ils se tinrent cois. Pourtant les colons qui avaient connu de vives alarmes firent une chasse très active aux nègres marrons pendant toute l’année 1737. Un premier procès eut lieu en mai 1737 qui aboutit à six condamnations à mort. Un second procès pour une affaire d’anthropophagie au début de 1738 eut la même conclusion. Cet épisode qui permet de connaître d’importants détails sur le marronage à la Guadeloupe, arrêta, pendant quelques dizaines d’années, dans l’île, la croissance du nombre des nègres marrons.
La citoyenneté des adolescents du 21e siècle dans une perspective de justice sociale : pourquoi et comment ?1
Authors: Caron Caroline
Published: April 2018

Comment sait-on ce que l’on sait sur la citoyenneté des adolescents et leurs pratiques de participation civique ? Cette question épistémologique a été négligée dans les écrits traitant de l’engagement civique et de la participation politique des jeunes. Cet article utilise la perspective théorique de la justice sociale pour examiner le rôle que jouent les rapports sociaux fondés sur l’âge dans la production de connaissances qui offrent un portrait pessimiste du rapport des jeunes à la politique. L’analyse montre que l’injustice épistémique et la validation empirique déficiente des connaissances à propos de la compétence civique appellent une théorisation alternative, précisément inclusive, de la citoyenneté des jeunes. L’analyse souligne aussi que l’avènement du Web social a créé de nouveaux besoins de connaissances que les cadres de recherche établis par tradition peinent à satisfaire. Un premier pas vers la production de connaissances socialement justes au sujet des compétences civiques des adolescents à l’ère du Web social consiste à analyser les fondements épistémologiques des approches de recherche prédominantes afin de susciter des échanges fructueux au sujet des critères normatifs qui devraient guider la confection des protocoles de recherche dans le futur.
Participation et exercice de la citoyenneté des élèves à l’école
Authors: Bélanger Nathalie
Published: April 2018

Cet article retrace les courants théoriques qui permettent de penser l’enfant en tant que sujet et donne la parole aux enfants au sujet de leur expérience scolaire. Dans ce contexte, des programmes d’éducation à la citoyenneté sont apparus, sans toutefois que l’exercice de la citoyenneté des élèves et leur prise de parole soient pris en compte et valorisés. Pour y remédier, il s’agit d’interroger des élèves au sujet de ce que représente pour eux une école accueillante. La méthodologie recourt à une approche inductive et les données ont été recueillies à partir de l’administration d’un questionnaire conçu pour des enfants, d’observation et d’entretiens semi-dirigés. Les résultats montrent l’incidence de la culture de l’école et de la forme scolaire sur l’exercice de la citoyenneté des élèves, sur les thèmes qu’ils abordent, les soucis et les priorités qui sont les leurs. Plus les enjeux d’installation et d’intégration sont prédominants, moins l’exercice de la citoyenneté inclut de possibilités délibératives quant au fonctionnement scolaire.
Citoyen·ne·s, mais pas encore adultes ? Les injonctions à la responsabilité et à la citoyenneté dans les rituels d’accession à la majorité en Suisse
Authors: Felder Maxime , Ossipow Laurence , Csupor Isabelle
Published: April 2018

Les communes suisses organisent un rituel pour célébrer l’accession à la majorité civile et civique de leurs résident·e·s qui atteignent l’âge de dix-huit ans. Dans les six communes que nous avons étudiées, les autorités invitent les jeunes à participer à une séance du conseil communal, les convient à un repas ou un apéritif, ou leur organisent une soirée de témoignages, de spectacle ou encore de jeux en plein air. Ces événements font place à des discours dans lesquels des représentant·e·s des autorités enjoignent les jeunes à être de « bonnes » et « bons » citoyens. Si l’appel au vote est toujours le leitmotiv, les discours se centrent aussi sur des définitions plus larges de la citoyenneté, insistant tantôt sur l’engagement associatif et local, tantôt sur la nécessité d’agir pour l’écologie ou contre les inégalités. Le croisement de ces analyses avec celles des entretiens menés avec de jeunes participant·e·s fait émerger des tensions. En effet, les autorités s’adressent à des jeunes qu’elles ne considèrent pas tout à fait comme des adultes (et qui ne se considèrent pas non plus comme tel·le·s), qui sont pour certain·e·s déjà engagé·e·s dans ces formes de citoyenneté vernaculaire, et qui s’apprêtent à quitter leur commune pour étudier ou voyager. Ces promotions citoyennes permettent ainsi de mettre en scène l’intérêt des élu·e·s pour les jeunes, considéré·e·s comme des citoyen·ne·s en apprentissage dont dépend le renouvellement de la démocratie.
La fabrique des « bons petits gars »
Authors: Basson Jean-Charles
Published: April 2018

Facteur structurel du système toulousain d’action publique dont il contribue à assurer la stabilité, le rugby tend à maintenir la dimension socio-éducative de celui-ci dans une forme d’entre-soi confinant à l’immobilisme. Adossée à la « grande famille du rugby » sans en être partie prenante, l’association socio-sportive Rebonds ! joue la différence et développe des actions éducatives sollicitant le rugby distinctes des clubs et de la logique fédérale. Prestataire des collectivités locales, elle intervient prioritairement auprès des établissements scolaires des quartiers populaires identifiés par la politique de la Ville. Concevant l’éducation comme une socialisation méthodique à même de permettre l’articulation des dispositions des jeunes rugbymen d’origine populaire à une variété de contextes fréquentés, elle oeuvre à la fabrication d’une citoyenneté du quotidien.
Ethnopharmacological plants used to treat hepatitis and their anti-oxidant activity of district of Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso)
Authors: Traore Tata Kadiatou , Andre Tibiri , Noufou Ouedraogo , Ernest Sombie Nogma , Yhi-pene N’do Jotham , Pierre Guissou Innocent
Published: April 2018

Background: Plants are frequently used by traditional healer for the care of the hepatic pathologies.Objective: This study is part of the valorization of the hepatoprotective potential of some plants used in traditional medicine for the care of hepatitis in the Hauts-Bassins region of Burkina Faso.Materials and methods: A survey realized in this region allowed retaining 5 species, after the classification according to the frequency of quotation and the bibliographic review, among the 44 species recorded: Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr (Combretaceae), Balanites aegyptiaca Delie. (Balanitaceae), Cassia alata L. (Ceasalpiniaceae), Opilia celtidifolia (Guill. & Perr.) Endl. (Opiliaceae) and Ziziphus mauritiana L. (Rhamnaceae). The content in phenolic compounds of the aqueous extracts of these plants was determined. Their antioxidant activity was evaluated by two methods: discoloration of radical cation ABTS and iron reduction (FRAP).Results: Anogeissus leiocarpus and Ziziphu smauritiana gave the strongest antioxidant activities and high phenolic compounds (total phenolics, total flavonoids, total tannins and flavonols). The antioxidant activity (FRAP, ABTS) was associated with the total phenolic content of the extracts expressed in tannic acid equivalent per 100 grams of dry matter with R2 of 0.8148 and 0.7966.Conclusion: The antioxidant activity and the content phenolic compounds observed during this study with Anogeissus leiocarpus and Ziziphus mauritiana indicates that these two plants have a high hépato protective potential which can justify their use by the Traditional healer in the care of hepatitis.
The neglected bee trees: European beech forests as a home for feral honey bee colonies
Authors: Kohl Patrick Laurenz , Rutschmann Benjamin
Published: April 2018

It is a common belief that feral honey bee colonies (Apis melliferaL.) were eradicated in Europe through the loss of habitats, domestication by man and spread of pathogens and parasites. Interestingly, no scientific data are available, neither about the past nor the present status of naturally nesting honeybee colonies. We expected near-natural beech (Fagus sylvaticaL.) forests to provide enough suitable nest sites to be a home for feral honey bee colonies in Europe. Here, we made a first assessment of their occurrence and density in two German woodland areas based on two methods, the tracing of nest sites based on forager flight routes (beelining technique), and the direct inspection of potential cavity trees. Further, we established experimental swarms at forest edges and decoded dances for nest sites performed by scout bees in order to study how far swarms from beekeeper-managed hives would potentially move into a forest. We found that feral honey bee colonies regularly inhabit tree cavities in near-natural beech forests at densities of at least 0.11–0.14 colonies/km2. Colonies were not confined to the forest edges; they were also living deep inside the forests. We estimated a median distance of 2,600 m from the bee trees to the next apiaries, while scout bees in experimental swarms communicated nest sites in close distances (median: 470 m). We extrapolate that there are several thousand feral honey bee colonies in German woodlands. These have to be taken in account when assessing the role of forest areas in providing pollination services to the surrounding land, and their occurrence has implications for the species’ perception among researchers, beekeepers and conservationists. This study provides a starting point for investigating the life-histories and the ecological interactions of honey bees in temperate European forest environments.
The effects of plantail peel ash on biogas production from cow dung
Authors: Aderinlewo Adewole Ayobami , Layode Oyebisi Francis
Published: April 2018

A study was carried out to investigate the effect of pretreatment with plantain peel ash on biogas production from cow dung. Two portable floating drum digesters of the same capacity were used for the experiment. One was filled with substrate prepared from cow dung and the second was also filled with substrate prepared from cow dung but pretreated with plantain peel ash. Results showed that 11,998 cm3 of biogas was produced from the digester that contained substrate of cow dung only while 20,493 cm3 was produced from the digester that contained substrate pretreated with plantain peel ash. This showed that the increase in the volume of biogas producedas a result of plantain peel ash addition is 8,495 cm3 which is equivalent to 70.8%.
Increased Winter‐Mean Wave Height, Variability, and Periodicity in the Northeast Atlantic Over 1949–2017
Authors: Castelle Bruno , Dodet Guillaume , Masselink Gerhard , Scott Tim
Published: April 2018

A 69‐year (1948–2017) numerical weather and wave hindcast is used to investigate the interannual variability and trend of winter wave height along the west coast of Europe. Results show that the winter‐mean wave height, variability, and periodicity all increased significantly in the northeast Atlantic over the last seven decades which primarily correlate with changes in the climate indices North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and West Europe Pressure Anomaly (WEPA) affecting atmospheric circulation in the North Atlantic. NAO and WEPA primarily explain the increase in winter‐mean wave height and periodicity, respectively, while both WEPA and NAO explain the increase in interannual variability. This increase in trend, variability, and periodicity resulted in more frequent high‐energy winters with high NAO and/or WEPA over the last decades. The ability of climate models to predict the winter NAO and WEPA indices a few months ahead will be crucial to anticipate coastal hazards in this region.
The Detached Auroras Induced by the Solar Wind Pressure Enhancement in Both Hemispheres From Imaging and In Situ Particle Observations
Authors: Zhou Su , Luan Xiaoli , Søraas Finn , Østgaard Nikolai , Raita Tero
Published: April 2018

This paper presents simultaneous detached proton auroras that appeared in both hemispheres at 11:06 UT, 08 March 2012, just 2 min after a sudden solar wind pressure enhancement (~11:04 UT) hit the Earth. They were observed under northward interplanetary magnetic field Bz condition and during the recovery phase of a moderate geomagnetic storm. In the Northern Hemisphere, Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager observed that the detached arc occurred within 60°–65° magnetic latitude and covered a few magnetic local time (MLT) hours ranging from 0530 to 0830 MLT with a possible extension toward noon. At the same time (11:06 UT), Polar Orbiting Environment Satellites 19 detected a detached proton aurora around 1300 MLT in the Southern Hemisphere, centering ~62° magnetic latitude, which was at the same latitudes as the northern detached arc. This southern aurora was most probably a part of a dayside detached arc that was conjugate to the northern one. In situ particle observations indicated that the detached auroras were dominated by protons/ions with energies ranging from around 20 keV to several hundreds of keV, without obvious electron precipitations. These detached arcs persisted for less than 6 min, consistent with the impact from pressure enhancement and the observed electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. It is suggested that the increasing solar wind pressure pushed the hot ions in the ring current closer to Earth where the steep gradient of cold plasma favored EMIC wave growth. By losing energy to EMIC waves the energetic protons (>20 keV) were scattered into the loss cone and produced the observed detached proton auroras.
Interplanetary Magnetic Field Bx Component Influence on Horizontal and Field‐Aligned Currents in the Ionosphere
Authors: Laundal K. M. , Reistad J. P. , Finlay C. C. , Østgaard N. , Tenfjord P. , Snekvik K. , Ohma A.
Published: April 2018

Statistical analyses have shown that the sunward component of the interplanetary magnetic field, Bx (Geocentric Solar Magnetospheric), moderately but significantly affects the auroral intensity. These observations have been interpreted as signatures of a similar interplanetary magnetic field Bx control on Birkeland currents yet to be observed directly. Such a control, attributed to differences in magnetic tension on newly opened magnetic field lines, would lead to stronger region 1 (R1) Birkeland currents for Bx negative (positive) conditions in the Northern (Southern) Hemispheres than when Bx is positive (negative). In this paper we perform a detailed investigation of three different sets of magnetic field measurements, from the Challenging Minisatellite Payload and Swarm low Earth orbit satellites, from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment products derived from the Iridium satellite constellation, and from the SuperMAG ground magnetometer network, each analyzed using different techniques, to test these predictions. The results show that a change in sign of Bx changes the Birkeland currents by no more than ≈10%. The current patterns show little support for an interhemispheric asymmetry of the kind proposed to explain auroral observations. Instead, we propose an alternative interpretation, which is consistent with most of the auroral observations and with the current observations in the present paper, except for those based on Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment: The solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling is more efficient when the dipole tilt angle and Bx have the same sign than when they are different. We suggest that the higher coupling is because the dayside reconnection region is closer to the subsolar point when the dipole tilt angle and Bx have the same sign.
Spatially Varying Stress State in the Central U.S. From Bayesian Inversion of Focal Mechanism and In Situ Maximum Horizontal Stress Orientation Data
Authors: Carlson Grace , Johnson Kaj , Chuang Ray , Rupp John
Published: April 2018

The crustal stress state in the Midcontinent of the United States has been a focus of research for many years due to anomalously high rates of seismicity in the region. This interest is recently renewed because of ongoing wastewater injection and CO2 sequestration in the Illinois Basin and its potential to induce seismicity. When fluid is injected, pore pressure increases, decreasing effective normal stress and increasing the potential for faults optimally oriented with respect to the direction of maximum compressive stress to slip. In order to better manage this risk, we present a study on the spatial distribution of principal stress orientations in the Illinois Basin and surrounding region using focal mechanism solutions and in situ measured maximum horizontal stress orientation indicators from borehole breakout, core fracture, overcoring, hydraulic fracture, and strain gauge measurements. To invert these data for the deviatoric stress tensor, we extend the damped‐least stress inversion of Hardebeck and Michael (2006, https://doi:10.1029/2005JB004144) with the mixed linear/nonlinear Bayesian inversion scheme of Fukuda and Johnson (2010, https://doi:10.1111/j.1365‐246X.2010.04564.x). The stress inversion provides an objective means to estimate nonlinear parameters including the spatial smoothing parameter, unknown data uncertainties, and selection of focal mechanism nodal planes. Results indicate a systematic rotation of the maximum horizontal stress orientation (SHmax) across a 1,000‐km width of the Midcontinent. SHmax rotates from ~N60°E to ~E/W orientation across the southern Illinois Basin. The principal stress orientations are largely consistent with the observed pattern of strike‐slip faulting and reverse faulting near the New Madrid and Wabash Valley Seismic Zones.
Seismicity Structure of the Northern Chile Forearc From >100,000 Double‐Difference Relocated Hypocenters
Authors: Sippl C. , Schurr B. , Asch G. , Kummerow J.
Published: April 2018

In this study, we present high‐resolution seismicity images of the northern Chile subduction zone forearc. We used 8 years of continuous seismic waveform data from the Integrated Plate Boundary Observatory Chile network and auxiliary stations to produce an extensive earthquake catalog containing 101,601 double‐difference relocated earthquake hypocenters using automatic event detection and phase picking routines. The minimum magnitude of retrieved events is <2, and the catalog is estimated to be complete at magnitudes above ∼2.8. Intraslab seismicity makes up the majority of detected earthquakes. Where the seismogenic zone of the megathrust is active, a clear separation of seismicity into three distinct planes can be observed. The uppermost plane corresponds to the plate interface, which is observed to terminate downdip at a depth of 50–55 km. The other two planes, located ∼7 and ∼26 km below the slab surface, dip at a constant angle of about 20° until they are absorbed by a 25 km thick highly active cluster of intermediate‐depth seismicity at depths of 80–120 km. Downdip of this cluster, the slab steepens and lower plate seismicity is considerably sparser, even absent in the northern part of the study area. Upper plate seismicity is also considerable, with a segment between 21 and 21.6°S standing out for featuring pervasive activity occurring all the way down to the plate interface. Here the seismicity resembles a wedge in west‐east profile view and occurs where the upper plate crust is coldest based on thermal models.
Gulf Stream Transport and Mixing Processes via Coherent Structure Dynamics
Authors: Liu Yi , Wilson Chris , Green Melissa A. , Hughes Chris W.
Published: April 2018

The Gulf Stream has been characterized as either a barrier or blender to fluid transfer, a duality relevant to gyre‐scale climate adjustment. However, previous characterization depended on relatively sparse, Lagrangian in situ observations. The finite‐time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) is calculated from satellite altimetry to identify Lagrangian coherent structures (LCS) in the Gulf Stream region. These LCS provide dense sampling of flow and capture distinct regions associated with mixing. Independent observations of ocean color contain similar flow‐dependent structures, providing verification of the method and highlighting transport and mixing processes that influence sea surface temperature and chlorophyll, among other water properties. Diagnosed LCS support the existing Bower kinematic model of the Gulf Stream, but also highlight novel behavior of comparable importance. These include vortex pinch‐off and formation of spiral eddies, clearly identified by LCS and which may be explained by considering changes to flow topology and the dynamics of shear‐flow instability at both small and large Rossby number. Such processes, seen though LCS, may further enable validation of climate models. The spatial distribution of these intermittent processes is characterized in terms of the criticality of jet dynamics with respect to Rossby wave propagation, and whether the jet is in an unstable or wave‐maker regime. The generation and connectivity of hyperbolic trajectories in the flow appears to play an important role in governing large‐scale transport and mixing across the Gulf Stream.
Indo‐Atlantic Exchange, Mesoscale Dynamics, and Antarctic Intermediate Water
Authors: Capuano Tonia Astrid , Speich Sabrina , Carton Xavier , Laxenaire Remi
Published: April 2018

This study evaluates the capability of eddy‐permitting regional ocean models to reproduce the interocean exchange south of Africa. In this highly turbulent region, we show that the vertical structure of the horizontal flows need to be appropriately resolved to realistically advect thermocline water masses into the South Atlantic. Our results point out that a grid‐spacing of 1/24° on the horizontal and 50 m on the vertical homogeneously distributed are required to account for a correct transport of surface and subsurface water masses properties and their in‐route transformation by mixing. Preliminary Lagrangian analyses highlight the primary role of the upper‐ocean mesoscale eddies on water masses transport and fate, with a particular emphasis on Antarctic Intermediate Waters (AAIWs) dynamics and characteristics. We evaluate the numerical results against observations (AVISO data and Argo floats profiles). Modeled and observed eddies were examined in number, polarity, size, trajectory, and for their contribution to AAIW properties. A clear asymmetry, in number and radius, emerges between cyclones and anticyclones. The high‐resolution simulation was the most energetic, with more abundant and smaller structures than those detected in AVISO. However, eddy statistics compare reasonably well in terms of mean pathways when restricted to Agulhas Rings, which are on average quasi‐Gaussian in shape. Regionally, the Ertel potential vorticity anomaly is marked at the surface by a temporal variability with winter intensification, directly reflected in the seasonal cycle of the eddies number. Noting the growth of the baroclinic Rossby radius in winter, this suggests baroclinic processes as essential for these eddies generation.
Exploring the Utility of IASI for Monitoring Volcanic SO2 Emissions
Authors: Taylor Isabelle A. , Preston James , Carboni Elisa , Mather Tamsin A. , Grainger Roy G. , Theys Nicolas , Hidalgo Silvana , Kilbride Brendan McCormick
Published: April 2018

Satellite remote sensing is a valuable method for detecting and quantifying sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions at volcanoes. The use of ultraviolet satellite instruments for monitoring purposes has been assessed in numerous studies, but there are advantages to using infrared measurements, including that they can operate at night and during high‐latitude winters. This study focuses on the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI). Retrievals developed for this instrument have been shown to be successful when applied to large eruptions, but little has been done to explore their potential for detecting and quantifying emissions from smaller and lower altitude emissions or for the assessment of ongoing activity. Here a “fast” linear retrieval has been applied across the globe to detect volcanic sources of SO2. The results are dominated by emissions from explosive eruptions, but signals are also evident from weak eruptions, passive degassing, and anthropogenic activity. Ecuador and Kamchatka were selected for further study with a more processing intensive iterative retrieval which can quantify the SO2 amount. At Tungurahua in Ecuador, good agreement was seen between IASI, the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and ground‐based flux data, demonstrating that the retrieval is capable of capturing relative changes in activity. Similarly, good agreement was found between IASI and OMI in Kamchatka. In this high‐latitude region, OMI is unable to operate for 3 or 4 months in each year. It is therefore suggested that IASI could be used alongside other instruments for evaluating changes in volcanic activity.
Explaining the Year‐to‐Year Variability of the Eastern Pacific Intertropical Convergence Zone in the Boreal Spring
Authors: Yu Haiyang , Zhang Minghua
Published: April 2018

The year‐to‐year variability of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the eastern tropical Pacific is a significant phenomenon of the tropical climate system. Asymmetric interannual variation of precipitation on two sides of the Equator is often observed there in the boreal spring. We introduce a simple normalized asymmetric index and a double ITCZ index as well as a hierarchical clustering method to describe the ITCZ variation based on the tropical boreal spring precipitation from 1979 to 2017. We show that the indices and the clustering method give consistent categorization of asymmetric ITCZ variation. We find that the asymmetry of precipitation can be explained by the remote impact of the interannual variability of the central Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) on the horizontal gradient of surface pressure and surface wind convergence, especially the Modoki mode. The central Pacific SST also remotely modulates free‐tropospheric temperature and vertical stability in the eastern equatorial Pacific, but this remote impact is secondary to the wind convergence. Interannual variability of local SST south of the Equator plays little role in the precipitation variability, which is supported by numerical experiments with a regional atmospheric model. Results imply that surface wind convergence should be considered in convection schemes to improve the simulation of precipitation in the eastern tropical Pacific in climate models.
Zonally Symmetric Oscillations of the Thermosphere at Planetary Wave Periods
Authors: Forbes Jeffrey M. , Zhang Xiaoli , Maute Astrid , Hagan Maura E.
Published: April 2018

New mechanisms for imposing planetary wave (PW) variability on the ionosphere‐thermosphere system are discovered in numerical experiments conducted with the National Center for Atmospheric Research thermosphere‐ionosphere‐electrodynamics general circulation model. First, it is demonstrated that a tidal spectrum modulated at PW periods (3–20 days) entering the ionosphere‐thermosphere system near 100 km is responsible for producing ±40 m/s and ±10–15 K PW period oscillations between 110 and 150 km at low to middle latitudes. The dominant response is broadband and zonally symmetric (i.e., “S0”) over a range of periods and is attributable to tidal dissipation; essentially, the ionosphere‐thermosphere system “vacillates” in response to dissipation of the PW‐modulated tidal spectrum. In addition, some specific westward propagating PWs such as the quasi‐6‐day wave are amplified by the presence of the tidal spectrum; the underlying mechanism is hypothesized to be a second‐stage nonlinear interaction. The S0 total neutral mass density (ρ) response at 325 km consists of PW period fluctuations of order ±3–4%, roughly equivalent to the day‐to‐day variability associated with low‐level geomagnetic activity. The variability in ρ over short periods (∼< 9 days) correlates with temperature changes, indicating a response of hydrostatic origin. Over longer periods ρ is also controlled by composition and mean molecular mass. While the upper‐thermosphere impacts are modest, they do translate to more significant changes in the F region ionosphere.
Low‐Level Baroclinic Jets Over the New Arctic Ocean
Authors: Guest Peter , Persson P. Ola G. , Wang Shouping , Jordan Mary , Jin Yi , Blomquist Byron , Fairall Christopher
Published: April 2018

During the Sea State cruise in the fall of 2015, in the Chukchi/Beaufort Sea region, there were five strong (>10 m s−1) surface wind events associated with low‐level atmospheric jets. These jets were analyzed using rawinsonde observations, ship measurements, and a numerical forecast model. The jets occurred when easterly winds aligned with the ice edge, generating low‐level baroclinicity in a direction favorable for increasing the geostrophic wind speed toward the surface. The maximum wind speed usually occurred at the top of the atmospheric boundary layer with wind speeds greater than 8 m s−1 extending through the capping inversion to 2,000–3,000 m elevation, with winds decreasing toward the surface in the boundary layer due to friction. The width (crosswind) dimensions of the jets were 250–400 km and they existed downwind for as long as the winds remained generally parallel to the ice edges, typically several hundred kilometers. Thermal winds calculated from crosswind‐oriented rawinsonde temperature profiles matched the observed vertical wind speed gradients in the inversion regions, indicating that the jets were in quasi‐geostrophic (inversion layer) or quasi‐frictional (boundary layer) balance, with low Rossby numbers. We define these as “baroclinic” type jets, which are distinct from “ice/sea breeze” type jets which flow more down the pressure and density gradients, and have high Rossby numbers. The operational model analyses matched the observations quite well, giving confidence that these types of jets can be simulated and predicted as long as the models have sufficient resolution and accurately parameterize vertical heat fluxes.
Entrainment and Energy Transfer Variability Along the Descending Path of the Denmark Strait Overflow Plume
Authors: North Ryan P. , Jochumsen Kerstin , Moritz Martin
Published: April 2018

The descent of the Denmark Strait overflow plume is an important process in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Downstream of the sill, the plume entrains ambient water, increasing its volume transport. The entrainment and related transfer of energy can be driven by vertical or horizontal turbulent mixing, and varies spatially, as the plume descends, and temporally, as the volume transport at the sill changes. Using over 30 years of profile data, this spatial and temporal variability in the first 200 km downstream of the sill was investigated. Dissipation and entrainment rates were derived from Thorpe scales, and each profile was identified as either a low‐ or high‐transport flow, defined as below or above‐average volume transport at the sill. In the first 175 km flow type explains most of the variability in entrainment and dissipation rates, with high‐transport flow producing order of magnitude higher rates. Sections crossing the plume and yo‐yo casts (continuous profiling) indicate that dissipation and entrainment are likely driven by the formation of shear instabilities in the interfacial layer, when the vertical velocity shear overcomes the stratification. This vertical turbulent mixing explains most of the variability within the first 175 km, suggesting horizontal turbulent mixing processes may not play as important a role in this region. The importance of temporal flow variability means that further improvements to our understanding of plume dynamics in the Denmark Strait will require a novel observational approach to fully account for spatial and temporal contributions.
Supramolecular polymer formation by a de novo hemoprotein with a synthetic diheme compound
Authors: Isogai Yasuhiro , Takao Eisuke , Nakamura Ryuta , Kato Minoru , Kawabata Shigeki
Published: April 2018

Proteins are attractive materials for supramolecular chemistry due to their multifunctionality and self‐organization ability. In this work, we synthesized a diheme compound, in which two iron‐protoporphyrin IX molecules are associated via a linker chain, and introduced it into a de novo designed four‐helix bundle protein with two heme‐binding sites. The protein gradually bound the diheme compound by bis‐histidyl ligation and formed supramolecular polymers. Polymer formation was observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), which revealed the highly branched, dendritic forms of the fibrous architecture. The present results may open a pathway toward nanowire construction with de novo heme‐proteins.
Perception and Action
Authors: Witt Jessica K.
Published: April 2018

Theories of perception and action challenge the current mainstream model of the mind that processing is sequential from perceiving to thinking to acting. Three challenges of this model are that action is often for the purpose of perception, perception depends on action, and perception and action share a common currency. Many actions are taken with the purpose of enriching the information for perception—making action the start, rather than the end, of mental processing. Perception depends on action, as demonstrated by the role for action in perceptual development, perception of biological motion, spatial perception, and perhaps all of perception, according to Gibson's ecological approach. In turn, actions are learned, selected, and controlled by their perceptual outcomes, thus making perception and action share a common language with each other. Action and perception should be considered in relation to each other.
Perceptual Organization
Authors: Wagemans Johan
Published: April 2018

Perceptual organization is the process of giving structure to our experience of objects, scenes, and events in the world. The literature on this complex and fascinating topic is huge, dealing with a wide range of phenomena, processes, neural mechanisms, models, and theories. The present overview starts from the seminal work by the Gestalt psychologists, covering the classic laws of perceptual grouping and figure–ground organization. Then follows a review of the main lines of psychophysical and neural research carried out on these and related topics in the past 50 years. The final section covers new directions of research. They refine the conceptual framework and sketch theoretical approaches that could offer interesting alternatives to the mainstream view of information processing in the cortical hierarchy. There is hope for a synthesis to emerge from this scattered field of research, leading to a better understanding of perceptual organization.
Models and Methods for Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Dayan Peter , Nakahara Hiroyuki
Published: April 2018

Adaptive behavior requires learning predictions of rewards and punishments, and learning actions that increase the chance or magnitude of the former and avoid the latter. This is the purview of many fields; we consider it in the context of reinforcement learning, which was spawned by behavioral psychology and artificial intelligence, but now also encompasses a wealth of findings in neuroscience. We consider the foundational algorithms of reinforcement learning, such as direct and indirect actors, temporal difference learning, ‐learning and the actor‐critic, discuss aspects of their links to sophisticated ideas from conditioning, and hint at the geography of the main aspects of the terrain that is currently being explored.
Open Science
Authors: Spellman Barbara A. , Gilbert Elizabeth A. , Corker Katherine S.
Published: April 2018

Open science is a collection of actions designed to make scientific processes more transparent and results more accessible. Its goal is to build a more replicable and robust science; it does so using new technologies, altering incentives, and changing attitudes. The current movement toward open science was spurred, in part, by a recent series of unfortunate events within psychology and other sciences. These events include the large number of studies that have failed to replicate and the prevalence of common research and publication procedures that could explain why. Many journals and funding agencies now encourage, require, or reward some open science practices, including preregistration, providing full materials, posting data, distinguishing between exploratory and confirmatory analyses, and running replication studies. Individuals can practice and promote open science in their many roles as researchers, authors, reviewers, editors, teachers, and members of hiring, tenure, promotion, and awards committees. A plethora of resources are available to help scientists, and science, achieve these goals.
The Freedom of Aesthetics
Authors: Furman Adam Nathaniel
Published: April 2018

Architecture begins when ‘building’ ends. This may make it sound like an unnecessary add‐on to construction, but – argues London‐based designer, educator and writer Adam Nathaniel Furman – the architect's function as a spatialiser of aesthetics and meaning is precisely what makes the profession crucially enriching to human existence. Observing how it is too often dominated by a consensus on style and approach that prevents it from embodying the full complexity of its time, he highlights brief past periods of greater aesthetic freedom, and invites today's architects to a similarly open attitude, to create works that are truly inspired – and inspiring.