bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence for the Tf locus being associated with an early lethal factor in a strain of pigs
Authors: Imlah P.
Published: August 2010

The frequencies of three co‐dominant alleles TfA, TfB and Tfc controlling the serum transferrin locus in native and exotic breeds of pig in the United Kingdom are shown. Matings between different transferrin genotypes and segregation of the transferrin alleles in piglets from 131 litters are also recorded.

In eleven litters from matings within a closely related group of animals heterozygous for the Tfc allele, no offspring of the Tfc/Tfc genotype were born. Matings between heterozygous related boars believed to be carrying a lethal factor linked to the Tf locus and heterozygous unrelated sows of the Saddleback breed, resulted in offspring of the Tfc/Tfc genotype being born.

An excess of heterozygote genotypes was found in all litters from matings between animals heterozygous for the Tfc allele. In all these litters the average litter size was 0.5 piglets less per litter than the average for all other litters studied. For the eleven litters from matings involving closely related animals heterozygous for the Tfc allele, the average litter size was 1.4 piglets less per litter than the average for all other litters.

The possibility of an early lethal factor being linked to the Tf locus in this family of pigs is discussed.
Immunoelectrophoretic study of esterase in blood serum, spermatozoa and genital tract fluids of bulls
Authors: Veselský L. , Kúbek A.
Published: August 2010

Immunoelectrophoretic methods were used to observe the formation of precipitates with esterase activity in the blood serum, spermatozoa and the genital tract fluid of bulls, and also in the follicular fluid of cows. Fractions with esterase activity were found in the seminal vesicle fluid and the ampullar fluid of all investigated animals. Considerable individual differences in the formation of precipitates with esterase activity were found in the mentioned fluids. Ejaculated and ampullar spermatozoa, spermatozoa from the tail of the epididymis and the testicle fluid formed fractions with esterase activity only in some individuals. Esterase activity was not detected in the fluid of the tail of the epididymis of bulls nor in the follicular fluid of cows.
The M‐L blood group system and its influence on red cell potassium levels in sheep
Authors: Tucker Elizabeth M. , Ellory J. C.
Published: August 2010

Five phenotypes within the M‐L blood group system of sheep were identified with three reagents: anti‐L(m), anti‐M and anti‐M'. Factor M' only occurred in combination with M. The serological properties were studied and the potassium concentrations in the red cells of the various phenotypes were compared. Like M, the L antigen was only weakly developed on the red cells of newborn lambs, and it was only when adult low potassium levels were established that full L activity was reached. These results support the hypothesis that antigen L is acting as an inhibitor of active potassium transport.
Studies on bovine serum amylase; evidence for two loci
Authors: Mazumder N. K. , Spooner R. L.
Published: August 2010

Two genetically controlled polymorphic systems of amylase enzymes are described in sera from Friesian, Jersey, Guernsey, Hereford, Ayrshire and Charolais cattle. One of these Ami has been described previously and is controlled by two codominant alleles in British cattle, AmIB and AmIC. Evidence presented here suggests that it could be a gamma.amylase. The other enzyme which is described here for the first time has many of the properties of an alpha amylase. It is also polymorphic and controlled by two codominant alleles AmIIA and AmIIB. AmIIA is only present in low frequency. The inheritance of both enzyme systems has been studied in 419 families.
Polymorphism of postalbumins in the serum of pigs and the ovarian follicular fluid of sows
Authors: Kúbek A. , Matoušek J.
Published: August 2010

By means of starch‐gel electrophoresis blood serum postalbumins of pigs were separated into two polymorphic regions. The first region forms a genetic system determined by two codominant alleles, Pa1A and PA1B. Segregation data are presented which support this hypothesis. It was found that neither sex nor age of the animal have any influence on the mobility of fractions. Identical types of blood serum postalbumins were also found in the ovarian follicle fluid.
An improved method for horizontal starch‐gel electrophoresis
Authors: Geldermann H.
Published: August 2010

An improved simple, inexpensive method for horizontal starch‐gel electrophoresis is described. With this procedure uniform separations can be obtained quickly.
Genetic and in vitro molecular hybridization of malate dehydrogenase isozymes in interspecific bass (Micropterus) hybrids
Authors: Wheat T. E. , Childers W. F. , Miller E. T. , Whitt G. S.
Published: August 2010

Supernatant malate dehydrogenase (MDH) isozymes (as visualized by starch gel electrophoresis) are encoded by two distinct gene loci in both the largemouth and smallmouth bass. When an interspecific F1 hybrid is formed between these two fish, a unique MDH isozyme is generated. The results of freeze‐thaw molecular hybridization (which is the first application of this technique to MDH) indicate that this unique isozyme in the F1 hybrid is a heterodimer composed of one subunit of each parental type. The F1 hybrids produced F2 hybrids which in turn formed the F3 hybrid population. The inheritance of alleles at the MDH‐B locus is consistent with a single Mendelian autosomal locus. Furthermore, there is no evidence of linkage between the lactate dehydrogenase‐E locus and the MDH‐B locus.
The choice and use of an index of red cell osmotic fragility
Authors: Hall J. G. , Shukla G. K.
Published: August 2010

Using two techniques, the authors collected replicated data on red cell osmotic fragility of normal Jersey cows having different haemoglobin genotypes. The data were tested against several theoretical distributions. The logistic sigmoid was chosen as a model, the concentration of added salt solution at which 50% haemolysis occurred was taken as an index. Red cells of haemoglobin genotype BB were more fragile than AA, with AB intermediate.
The time of appearance of blood group antigens in miniature pigs
Authors: Hojný J. , Hradecký J.
Published: August 2010

Erythrocytes of foetuses and piglets of miniature pigs of different age were tested with 50 to 55 blood group reagents of 15 genetic systems. Out of 49 blood factors found to be present in parent animals, 40 were present in 34–46‐day‐old foetuses. Factor Kb was detected in 66‐day‐old foetuses, and other factors of the K system (Ka, Kc, Kd and Ke) at 77 days of age. Factor A was demonstrated in one day old piglets, factor 0 not earlier than in piglets aged 13 to 24 days.
Haemolytic factor in bovine seminal vesicle fluid. 3. Inheritance of cattle erythrocyte sensitivity towards the haemolytic factor
Authors: Matoušek J. , Staněk R.
Published: August 2010

Cattle erythrocyte sensitivity towards the haemolytic factor of bovine seminal vesicles is genetically determined. On grounds of Mendelian analysis, two alleles, HfR and HfS, may be considered responsible for genetic determination. No significant linkage has been proved between locus Hf controlling the mentioned sensitivity and locus Hb determining the individual differences in haemoglobins. Different sensitivity of cattle erythrocytes towards the haemolytic factor is manifested already at the embryonic stage of development and lasts throughout the whole life.
Gene interaction and the A‐0 and H blood‐group systems in pigs
Authors: Rasmusen B. A.
Published: August 2010

A total of 1533 blood samples from adult Duroc, Yorkshire, and Duroc‐Yorkshire crossbred pigs were tested for A and O in the A‐O system and for Ha in the H system. Results of these tests indicate that the H‐system genotype influences expression of A and O.
Hemoglobin function in the developing goat and sheep
Authors: Blunt Michael H.
Published: August 2010

Comparative studies of the blood of newly born goats and sheep have indicated a number of mechanisms which are responsible for a decreasing affinity for molecular oxygen in these developing animals during the first 40 to 60 days after birth.

The concentration of 2,3‐DPG in the red cells of young goats increases four to sixfold during the first 3 to 4 days of life, and this increase is associated with a marked decrease in the cellular pH; 2,3‐DPG does not bind to hemoglobins of goats and the decreased affinity for oxygen of goat blood at this period is apparently due to the lowered pH produced by the large increase of intracellular anions. Similar changes occur in young lambs.

After 15 to 20 days the changes of the dissociation curve are related more to structural differences between adult and fetal hemoglobins; cellular pH moves closer to the values of adult red cells. In goats of this age the predominate hemoglobins are those with β chains and these have dissociation curves shifted further to the right than other adult hemoglobins.

In young lambs Hb‐C is found only in association with Hb‐A but the amount present seldom exceeds 5 to 10%. The oxygen affinities of sheep Hb‐A and Hb‐C are identical but higher than that of sheep Hb‐B.
A method for simultaneous electrophoresis of four horse red cell enzyme systems
Authors: Bengtsson S. , Sandberg K.
Published: August 2010

A method was developed for simultaneous electrophoresis of the enzymes 6‐phos‐phogluconate dehydrogenase (6‐PGD), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), phospho‐hexose isomerase (PHI) and acid phosphatase (AP) from horse red cells. Genetically controlled variants of PHI were discovered by this technique. The patterns obtained for 6‐PGD and PGM were similar to those obtained by the original methods described for these enzymes. The AP patterns differed somewhat from those previously described in horse.
Isoenzyme polymorphism of 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44) in the family Equidae
Authors: Hof J. Op ‘t , Osterhoff D. R.
Published: August 2010

Isoenzymes of 6‐PGD were investigated in three Equidae species. In this family the enzyme 6‐PGD is controlled by one autosomal gene locus with differential allele frequencies occurring in the horse, mule and donkey.
Transferrin types and reproduction in sheep
Authors: Rasmusen B. A. , Tucker Elizabeth M.
Published: August 2010

Transferrin types were determined for flocks of Finnish Landrace, Clun Forest, Soay and Merino sheep and gene frequencies were calculated. Analysis of ratios of transferrin types in segregating matings of Finnish Landrace and Clun Forest revealed a significant excess of heterozygotes in matings of heterozygous rams with heterozygous and with homozygous ewes. In Finnish Landrace, matings of sheep homozygous for Tfc to those heterozygous for TfC gave a significant excess of homozygous male lambs and heterozygous female lambs. Finnish Landrace ewes of transferrin type BD had smaller litters than ewes of other types.
H blood group genotypes and expression of A and 0 antigens in pigs
Authors: Hojný J.
Published: August 2010

Tests of over 2000 pigs, with the blood group reagents Ac, Ap and 0, and the reagents Ha, Hb, He, Hd, He and Hc/c, confirmed that the H locus affects the expression of A and 0 antigens. The ‘exceptional’ phenotypes Ap and — were found in Ha homozygotes of Miniature pigs and in Hcd homozygotes of a semi‐inbred Landrace line. They were also found in unrelated pigs of other breeds, and moreover in some individuals with genotypes HaHcd, HabHcd, H‐H‐ and HaHab or HabHab.

The mechanism of the effect of the H locus on the A phenotypes may consist in the interaction of certain, not yet completely defined, H genotypes, or in linkage of the H system with the hypothetical ‘S’ locus.
Bovine leukocyte antigens
Authors: Ostrand‐Rosenberg Suzanne , Stormont Clyde
Published: August 2010

Using bovine erythrocyte typing reagents in a leukocyte microcytotoxicity system, bovine peripheral blood leukocytes were found to have specific surface antigens. In this study, no obvious association between leukocyte.antigens and erythrocyte antigens of any individual animal was found. The leukocyte and erythrocyte antigens appeared to be distinct from each other.
Agglutinability of cattle red cells. 4. The effect of antiglobulin in comparison with treatment by pronase
Authors: Sellei J.
Published: August 2010

The average titre scores varied from zero to 24.7 for the cattle red cells (CRC) from different MZ pairs. These CRC were sensitized with different blood‐typing reagents and were titre‐tested against the double dilution series of an anti‐bovine y‐globulin serum. A significant negative correlation (r = ‐ 0.82; P <0.001) was found between the degree of agglutinability and the amount of neuraminic acid of the surface component of CRC cleaved by pronase.

After pronase treatment of the CRC it could be demonstrated that (1) the activity of the V and E'3blood factors became destroyed; (2) three new specific receptors became evolved; (3) the degree of ‘direct’ agglutinability due to the A2, O3W, S2and Z anti‐sera did not parallel with the titre scores obtained in the anti‐globulin tests.
Studies on hemoglobin variants in Korean cattle
Authors: Han Sang Kee , Suzuki Shozo
Published: August 2010

814 hemoglobin samples from Korean cattle were investigated by starch gel electrophoresis for the detection of hemoglobin variants. A new variant of cattle hemoglobin, called Hb, H, was recognized. It has a slower rate of migration than Hb A.

Hemoglobin types from 814 Korean cattle were as follows: 652 of Hb AA type (80.1 %), 133 of Hb AB (16.4 %), 12 of Hb AC (1.5 %), 9 of Hb BB (1.1 %), 2 of Hb BC (0.2 %), 4 of Hb AH (0.5 %), 1 of Hb CH (0.1 %), 1 of Hb HH (0.1 %). These figures correspond to the frequencies:HbA= 0.893,HbB= 0.093,Hbc=0.009,HbH= 0.004.

Gene frequencies at theHblocus in Korean cattle were compared among six population from different provinces. Generally, high frequencies ofHbAwere observed in each province.
Polymorphic variation in the amount of sialic acid attached to bovine transferrin
Authors: Spooner R. L. , Oliver R. A. , Williams G.
Published: August 2010

In this paper family studies are presented which support the hypothesis of polymorphism in the process controlling sialic acid binding to bovine transferrin which modifies its phenotype as seen in starch gel electrophoresis. It has been shown that this polymorphism is controlled by a locus Tfs with two alleles Tfs A and Tfs a. Tfs a/a animals have the abnormal phenotype with the two faster bands of the four bands of a normal transferrin allele being virtually absent. Tfs A/a and Tfs A/A are phenotypically normal. Limited evidence is presented which suggests that the Tf and Tfs loci are not linked.
Ox erythrocyte agglutinability. 4. The effect of neuraminidase treatment on the agglutinability of cells and ghosts
Authors: Green J. R. , Spooner R. L.
Published: August 2010

1. The inherited differential agglutinability of cattle erythrocytes is shown to be similarly expressed on ghosts and intact cells.

2. Removal of virtually all sialic acid by prolonged neuraminidase treatment does not alter the agglutinability status of ghosts prepared from either high or low agglutinable cells. Hence the differing sialic acid content of the two cell types is not responsible for the differential agglutinability.

3. The significance of these findings with respect to other well defined agglutination systems and current theories of membrane structure is discussed.
Genetic control of alkaline phosphatase isozymes in chicken duodenum
Authors: Tamaki Yoshinori , Watanabe Shozo , Moriuchi Sachiko
Published: August 2010

A genetic control of alkaline phosphatase (AP) in chicken duodenum was studied in a White Plymouth Rock strain. Unpurified chicken duodenum AP heated in an extraction procedure comprised either F or S band by isozyme types. On the other hand, chromatographically purified intestinal AP (NBCo, USA) had three bands, i.e., F', S' and B' bands. Characterization by urea, heat and neuraminidase treatments suggested that the genetic control of plasma AP isozymes may be applicable to the duodenum AP isozymes.
Gene frequencies of blood groups in Dutch swine breeds
Authors: van Asten P. H. F. M. , Buis R. C.
Published: August 2010

Gene frequencies of blood groups at 6 loci were estimated within two Dutch breeds of swine, Dutch Landrace and Dutch Large White. At all loci there were significant differences between breeds. The relationship of the two breeds with, respectively, the German Landrace breed and the German Large White breed could be confirmed by the gene frequencies.
Hemoglobin polymorphism in Italian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalus (Arnee))
Authors: Masina Piero , Iannelli Domenico , Iorio Mario , Ramunno Luigi
Published: August 2010

Electrophoretic analysis of 794 individual samples of water buffalo hemoglobin shows the presence of three phenotypes, AA, AB and BB. Phenotype AA has only the fast hemoglobin (Hb‐fast). Phenotype AB and BB have the fast as well as the slow hemoglobin (Hb‐slow). The quantitative ratio Hb‐fast: Hb‐slow is approximately 68:32 in BB and 84:16 in AB. Several genetic mechanisms are discussed in the light of the biochemical and family data provided.
Mitochondrial iso‐citrate dehydrogenase variation in the Australian bush‐rat, Rattus fuscipes greyii
Authors: Schmitt Lincoln H.
Published: August 2010

Four reproductively isolated populations of the Australian bush‐rat, Rattus fuscipes greyii, are polymorphic for electrophoretic variants of the mitochondrial enzyme, NADP‐dependent iso‐citrate dehydrogenase (M‐Idh). The electrophoretic patterns of M‐Idh and a small amount of breeding data are in agreement with the hypothesis that the variation is controlled by two alleles at an autosomal locus, Idh‐2. In three relatively large populations, the proportion of heterozygotes at the Idh‐2 locus ranges from 0.07 to 0.23, while on a small off‐shore island it is 0.60. In this latter population there is an excess of heterozygotes which is on the borderline of statistical significance, suggesting that heterotic selection may be maintaining the polymorphism. Populations on eight other small islands are monomorphic for the allele which is the most frequent in the large populations. In most species M‐Idh is less variable than most other enzymic proteins and the results presented here constitute one of the few published examples of an extensive M‐Idh polymorphism.
Horizontal polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis for the simultaneous phenotyping of transferrin, post‐transferrin, albumin and post‐albumin in the blood plasma of cattle
Authors: Gahne Bo , Juneja R. Kumar , Grolmus Jan
Published: August 2010

A simple method of horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was described for the simultaneous phenotyping of transferrin, post‐transferrin, albumin and post‐albumin in the blood plasma of cattle. A step gradient gel of 8, 4, 12 and 14 % acrylamide concentration was used. The method enabled the detection of a new protein polymorphism in the post‐transferrin region. Two alleles were observed. The transferrin phenotypes involving D1 and D2 alleles were clearly separated. The resolution of the post‐albumin fractions was also better than described by earlier methods.
Haemolytic anaemia in Basenji dogs. 2. Partial deficiency of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PK; EC 2.7.1.40) in heterozygous carriers1
Authors: Andresen E.
Published: August 2010

Congenital nonspherocytic haemolytic anaemia (HA) in dogs of the Basenji breed is inherited as a simple, autosomal recessive trait. Previous results of pyruvate kinase (PK) assays suggest a causal relationship between the anaemia and PK deficiency in erythrocytes. In the present investigation assays of this enzyme have been performed on haemolysates from 45 Basenji dogs, comprising 3 anaemic and 42 non‐anaemic individuals of which 13 were known heterozygotes. The PK activity in haemolysates from the 42 non‐anaemic dogs exhibited a bimodal distribution corresponding to the genotypic classes: heterozygotes and normal homozygotes. The results indicate that heterozygotes have a partial, detectable enzyme deficiency, not reflected in clinical disease, and thus give evidence of a gene dosage effect in agreement with observations in man. The proposed genotypes PK PK, PK pk and pk pk refer to normal homozygotes, heterozygotes, and anaemic individuals, respectively. The findings strengthen the genetic hypothesis of recessiveness of the anaemia by direct detection of heterozygosity of parents of affected individuals. Moreover, the results are of value in comparative studies and they have practical application in connection with eradication programmes.
Analysis of alloantisera against bovine lymphocytes. Joint report of the 1st International Bovine Lymphocyte Antigen (BoLA) Workshop
Authors: Spooner R. L. , Oliver R. A. , Sales D. I. , McCoubrey C. M. , Millar P. , Morgan A. G. , Amorena B. , Bailey E. , Bernoco D. , Brandon M. , Bull R. W. , Caldwell J. , Cwik S. , van Dam R. H. , Dodd J. , Gahne B. , Grosclaude F. , Hall J. G. , Hines H. , Leveziel H. , Newman M. J. , Stear M. J. , Stone W. H. , Vaiman M.
Published: August 2010

The results and agreements of the 1st international BoLA workshop, held in Edinburgh, Scotland in August 1978, are reported. Most of these concern the results from a comparison test of 249 alloantisera to bovine lymphocytes, the antisera being contributed by 9 laboratories. These sera were compared directly in Edinburgh on a panel of lymphocytes from 130 cattle of 21 breeds. In the micro‐lymphocytotoxicity test used 75% of the sera reacted. Sixty eight of these sera were grouped into clusters according to their reaction patterns against the lymphocyte panel. Eleven of these clusters were clearly defined and were given workshop BoLA designations. In addition 22 sera were assigned to subgroups of the agreed clusters. There was no evidence that the method of production of the sera had any effect on their specificity.

Although genetic data was not available, the phenotypes of the test panel of lymphocytes are consistent with the clusters detecting antigens controlled by multiple alleles at a single autosomal locus. It was agreed to name the genetic region where this putative locus is located BoLA (bovine lymphocyte antigen).
Production of foetally stimulated lymphocytotoxic antibodies by primiparous cows
Authors: Newman M. J. , Hines H. C.
Published: August 2010

Serum samples from groups of heifers at different pregnancy‐related stages (preconception, month of pregnancy, and postpartum) were examined for the presence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies. Only a few weak and transitory antibodies were observed before or during the first pregnancy. These did not appear to be foetaliy stimulated. Strong or medium strength antibodies were detected in first or second month postpartum samples from 8 of 27 heifers (30%). The reactive sera were in every case reactive with the offspring of the cows from which the respective sera were collected.
The histocompatibility complex GLA in the goat*
Authors: van Dam R. H. , ďAmaro J. , van Kooten P. J. S. , van der Donk J. A. , Goudswaard J.
Published: August 2010

The current status of research on the major histocompatibility complex of the goat (GLA) is discussed, as well as its similarities to other species, although some of the results are preliminary.
Halothane sensitivity and linkage of genes for H red blood cell antigens, phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) and 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6‐PGD) variants in pigs*
Authors: Rasmusen B. A. , Beece Cheryl K. , Christian L. L.
Published: August 2010

Data from matings appropriate to test linkage in pigs of genes for halothane sensitivity (HAL), H red cell antigens, phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) and 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6‐PGD) red cell isoenzyme variants were consistent with a gene order of Phi‐Hal‐H‐Pgd. There was no unequivocal evidence for a Hal locus separate from Phi, although the phenotype of one pig not tested for halothane sensitivity suggested recombination between Hal and Phi. Breeding tests confirmed that in two cases there had been recombination between Hal and H. Offspring of one of these recombinant types provided evidence for a locus for a gene for inhibition of expression of A and O separate from the locus for H.
Chemical classification of cattle. 1. Breed groups
Authors: Baker C. M. Ann , Manwell Clyde
Published: August 2010

From approximately 1000 papers with data on protein polymorphism in some 216 breeds of cattle, 10 polymorphic proteins were compared in means and variances of gene frequencies (arcsin p½) for ten well‐recognized breed groups for 196 of the breeds. The polymorphic proteins were α‐lactalbumin, β‐lactoglobulin, caseins (αsl, β and x), serum albumin, transferrin, haemoglobin, amylase I and carbonic anhydrase II. The breed groups were North European, Pied Lowland, European Red brachyceros, Channel Island brachyceros, Upland brachyceros, primigenius‐brachyceros mixed, primigenius, Indian Zebu, African Humped (with Zebu admixture), and African Humped (Sanga).

The coherence within groups and the differences between groups are often impressive. Only carbonic anhydrase II fails to differentiate at least some of the major breed groups.

In some cases paradoxical distributions of rare genetic variants can be explained by a more detailed inspection of breed history.

The chemical data support the morphological and geographical divisions of cattle into major breed groups. There are three distinct but related brachyceros groups; for some polymorphisms the two Channel Island breeds, the Jersey and the Guernsey, are quite divergent. Although some authorities have considered the Pied Lowland as primigenius, it is a very distinct breed group.
The human Duffy blood group in rhesus monkeys1
Authors: Stong Robin C. , Stone W. H.
Published: August 2010

There is good evidence that susceptibility to Plasmodium vivax infection and to P. knowlesi erythrocyte invasion is influenced by certain human Duffy (Fy) blood group antigens. Since P. knowlesi readily infects rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto), it was not surprising to find an Fy‐like antigen on rhesus erythrocytes. Using human Fy antisera in elution and absorption experiments, we found that all 40 rhesus monkeys tested displayed the Fy(a‐b +) phenotype. Furthermore, the rhesus Fybantigen was inactivated by chymotrypsin but not by trypsin, suggesting that it is homologous to the human Fybantigen. Preliminary serological analyses and enzyme hydrolysis experiments suggest that none of the 13 blood group systems that we have described in rhesus are analogous to the human Fy system. Thus, it appears that there is no Duffy‐like polymorphism in rhesus monkeys.
Genetic polymorphism of erythrocyte esterase‐D in pigs
Authors: Tanaka K. , Kurosawa Y. , Kurokawa K. , Oishi T.
Published: August 2010

The erythrocyte esterase‐D (Es‐D) of four European‐American pig breeds, two Taiwan native pigs (Taoyuan and Short ear breeds), Philippine native pig and wild boar populations (Sus scrofa riukiuanus) in Japan was investigated by using starch gel electrophoresis. Analysis of parentage records of the pigs revealed that the phenotypic variation of erythrocyte esterase‐D was controlled by two codomi‐nant alleles Es‐DA and Es‐DB. The allele Es‐Db was mostly found in three European ‐American pig breeds, Landrace (0.100), Hampshire (0.135) and Duroc (0.102). All of the wild boar populations were monomorphic for allele Es‐DA.
Production of foetally stimulated lymphocytotoxic antibodies by multiparous cows
Authors: Hines H. C. , Newman M. J.
Published: August 2010

Serum samples were collected monthly from second gestation cows and examined for the presence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies. Of 25 cows studied 16 (64 %) raised antibodies during or immediately after second gestation. Ten of these cows (40 %) raised antibodies during gestation, some as early as 5 months before parturition. Reactors which had had first‐gestation reactivity responded earlier, but had peak antibody titers no higher than cows without observable first gestation reactions. Cows with antibodies of similar specificity in the first two gestations responded earlier than those with different antibody specificities. Regardless of the time of first antibody detrection, peak titers were usually achieved during the first month postpartum. Antibody persistence increased with parity. Among cows of all ages sampled at random times, there was a linear relationship of serum reactivity to cow age.
Genetics of four plasma protein loci in Equus przewalskii: new alleles at the prealbumin, postalbumin and transferrin loci
Authors: Putt W. , Whitehouse D. B.
Published: August 2010

This paper reports genetic variation at the prealbumin (Pr), postalbumin (Pa) and transferrin (Tf) loci in Equus przewalskii found using thin layer isoelectric focusing and an amphoteric separator. The method resolves all three loci plus serum esterase (Es) on a single gel, and typing of all four loci is readily achieved. In addition to the esterase alleles previously reported by Fisher & Scott (1979), five alleles were found at the Pr locus. three at the Pa locus and six at the Tf locus. Analysis of several mating types confirms inheritance is autosomal and codominant for all four loci.
Relationships between rare breeds of sheep in the Netherlands as based on blood‐typing
Authors: Buis R. C. , Tucker E. M.
Published: August 2010

Genetic distances between seven Dutch rare breeds of sheep were established as based upon blood groups and biochemical polymorphisms, A rather close relationship was observed between three breeds of heath sheep (Drente, Veluwe and Kempen) and the Schoonebeker sheep, The Mergelland sheep was less related to this cluster, The largest distances were between Friesian sheep and Black Blaze sheep and all others.
Population studies on the ELA system in American Standardbred and Thoroughbred mares
Authors: Bailey Ernest
Published: August 2010

336 Standardbred mares and 334 Thoroughbred mares in the vicinity of Lexington, Kentucky, were lymphocyte typed for 11 allelic antigenic specificities of the equine lymphocyte antigen (ELA) system. The Standardbred mares were divided into a population of pacers and a population of trotters. Substantial differences in ELA gene frequencies were found between the 3 groups. When the distribution of antigens within populations were compared to Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium expectations, relatively good agreement was found.
New phenotypes of α5‐casein in sheep1
Authors: Di Stasio L.
Published: August 2010

In an electrophoretic analysis of 198 milk samples from the Massa and Biella breeds of sheep, six different α5‐casein phenotypes were observed, of which three have not been reported previously.
Genetic variability at the pig SLA complex in U.S. breeds of pigs1
Authors: F. Rothschild M. , R. Lie W. , L. Chen H. , M. Warner C. , L. Christian L.
Published: August 2010

Lymphocytes from 90 mature pigs and 548 growing pigs from 6.5 litters were screened with cytotoxic antibodies against swine lymphocyte antigens. Pigs included in the survey were from the Chester White, Duroc, Hampshire, Landrace and Yorkshire breeds. Significant differences between breeds were found in the frequency of the three haplotypes tested. Such differences may provide the genetic variability needed to determine associations between disease susceptibility and the pig's major histocompatibility gene complex.
An investigation of five genetic loci controlling polymorphic variants in the red cells of goats*
Authors: M. Tucker E. , W. Clarke S. , R. Osterhoff D. , Groenewald J.
Published: August 2010

Results of a joint study carried out in South Africa and England to search for new genetic markers in the blood of goats are presented. Haemoglobin (Hb) phenotypes were reinvestigated with the technique of isoelectric focusing; frequencies in different goat breeds are given. Anaemic Hb type A, AB and B goats all produced a Hb C with an identical electrophoretic pattern. All goats tested had identical carbonic anhydrase (CA) types, but showed polymorphism of ‘X’ protein. Preliminary results indicated that nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) may be polymorphic.
A study of a polymorphic globulin in the serum of Silurus glanis L.
Authors: Stratil A. , Bobák P. , Kouřil J. , Hamáčová Jitka
Published: August 2010

A polymorphism of S‐globulin was detected in serum of Silurus glanis L. by starch gel electrophoresis. Three phenotypes were observed which are apparently controlled by two codominant alleles, SgA and SgB, of an autosomal locus, Sg. Although on electrophoresis S‐globulin and transferrin have similar mobilities, the properties of the two proteins differ.
Urinary proteins: interstrain differences in the laboratory rat
Authors: Brdička R.
Published: August 2010

By comparing electrophoretic patterns of urinary proteins from males of different inbred strains and pertinent hybrids, a new polymorphic locus designated Mur‐2 has been detected.
Lymphocyte alloantigens of the horse. III. ELY‐2.1: a lymphocyte alloantigen not coded for by the MHC
Authors: Antczak Douglas F.
Published: August 2010

A new polymorphic locus of the horse which has several unusual properties is described. The suggested name for the locus isELY‐2. The gene product of one allele at this locus, designatedELY‐2.1, has been identified with antisera raised as a result of pregnancy. Antibody to ELY‐2.1 was first detected on day 55 after conception in the serum of a mare in first pregnancy. This early onset of antibody is similar to that seen for antibody to ELA antigens, and suggests that the source of the antigenic stimulus may be the tissue of the equine endometrial cups.

The antisera identifying ELY‐2.1 are cytotoxic and kill all peripheral blood lymphocytes from horses carrying the antigen. ELY‐2.1 is a cell surface molecule expressed on lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets. Other cell types have not been investigated. The overall phenotypic frequency of ELY‐2.1 in several horse breeds was 16 %. The ELY‐2.1 antigen is controlled by an autosomal, dominant gene which is not coded by the ELA region (the major histocompatibility complex of the horse), nor is it identical to theELY‐1locus, which codes for another cell surface alloantigen of equine lymphocytes. Stimulator cells carrying ELY‐2.1 did not induce proliferation of ELY‐2.1 negative responder cells in mixed cultures of horse lymphocytes. Attempts to raise alloantisera to other alleles of theELY‐2locus through immunization with lymphocytes were unsuccessful. It is possible that the alternate allele(s) does not code for a gene product which is expressed. The function and biochemical nature of the ELY‐2.1 molecule are unknown.
Relation of genetic distance between cattle breeds and heterosis of resulting crosses
Authors: Gram1 R. , Pirchner F.
Published: August 2010

The relationship was investigated between performance differences, and genetic distance between parental breeds, and heterosis increment in milk and fat yield. Heterosis increments were positively correlated with both yield difference and genetic distance but only the relation between heterosis of fat yield and genetic distance between parental breeds was statistically significant. It appears that measures of genetic distance could provide a useful tool in selecting breeds for crossbreeding.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Manwell C. , Baker C. M. A. , Beatty E. M.
Published: August 2010

Correspondence with Editor regarding glucosephosphate isomerase polymorphism in sheep
Sheep histo compatibility antigens: a population level comparison between lymphocyte antigens previously defined in France, England and Scotland, and sheep red cell groups
Authors: Cullen P. R. , Millot P. , Nguyen T. C.
Published: August 2010

A comparison test was performed to look for correlations between the three nomenclature systems for sheep histo compatibility antigens which have been previously described in France, England and Scotland. 187 French sheep from a wide variety of breeds were typed for lymphocyte antigens with antisera which detect the OLA, P and ED series of antigens; they were also tested against. 387 uncharacterized French antisera. Six clusters of sera were found which showed correspondence between antigens of at least two of the three nomenclatures; five of these clusters gave highrvalues of 0.78–0.94. New antisera from French sheep were found which contributed to the above clusters but few additional clusters were noted. No correlation was found between any of the lymphocyte groups of antisera tested and the sheep red cell antigens which were also tested.
Restriction site polymorphisms in the pig β‐globin gene cluster
Authors: Rando A. , Masina P.
Published: August 2010

A restriction fragment length polymorphism was detected in pig DNA digested with Hind III restriction endo nuclease and probed with rabbit β1‐globin gene. Eight different phenotypes were observed and for six of them family data demonstrated that they are determined by three alleles. As this polymorphism is not found with four other restriction endo nucleases (Bam HI, Eco RI, Kpn I, and Pst I), single point mutations are proposed to explain the observed differences.
Sheep twin chimaeras with admixtures of red cell amino acid and potassium transport phenotypes
Authors: Tucker E. M. , Young J. D.
Published: August 2010

A pair of sheep twins each had two populations of red cells. Population 1 was positive for antigens Aa, Ma and Mb, was low‐potassium type, possessed an amino acid transport system and was lysine‐negative phenotype. Population 2 was negative for antigens Aa, and Mb, was high‐potassium type, lacked the amino acid transport system and was lysine‐positive phenotype. Population 2 disappeared from both sheep over a period of 8 years.
Serum and tissue alkaline phosphatases in pigs*
Authors: Kierek‐Jaszczuk Danuta , Geldermann H.
Published: August 2010

The alkaline phosphatases from serum, liver, bone and intestine of pigs were separated by starch and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Treatments with neuraminidase, urea, heat, L‐homoarginine and L‐phenylalanine were performed. Variants of serum alkaline phosphatases were derived from different tissues and hence must be under the control of at least two different loci. Within the intestinal phosphatases, polymorphic electrophoretic patterns were observed among 195 animals.
Equine lymphocyte antigens in four major Belgian horse populations. Contribution to serology and antigen distribution
Authors: Varewyck H. , Bouquet Y. , Lazary S. , Guérin G. , Van de Weghe A. , Van Zeveren A.
Published: August 2010

158 Belgian Saddlebreds, 130 Belgian Trotters, 108 Belgian Draft horses and 92 Shetland ponies have been typed for serologically defined antigens at the ELA and ELY systems. Gene frequencies were estimated in each breed for the internationally established ELA, ELY‐1 and ELY‐2 alleles as well as for locally assigned additional ELA markers and for subtypes of ELA‐W3, W9 and W11. The distribution of ELA alleles was in agreement with the expected Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium for the 4 horse breeds described here. Differences in gene frequencies between these main Belgian horse populations were observed.
Trends in economic traits, halothane sensitivity, blood group and enzyme systems of Swiss Landrace and Large White pigs
Authors: Vögeli P. , Schwörer D. , Kühne R. , Wysshaar M.
Published: August 2010

Pigs deriving from 150 breeding centres constituting a representative section of elite breeding herds (2496 Swiss Landrace pigs, 587 Swiss Large White pigs) were subjected to blood typing during the period 1981 to 1984. Production traits such as daily gain, feed conversion ratio, lean meat content and meat quality score were available to show the trend in these performance traits since 1978. Field data on the halothane reaction of 14 270 Swiss Landrace (SL) pigs were used to assess the porcine stress syndrome during the period 1978–1983.

In SL pigs the frequency of the alleles Ha, PhiB and AdaA decreased significantly, and that of the Hc and PhiA increased during the period of the study. The frequency of the Ha allele dropped from 0.36 in 1981 to 0.20 in 1984, whereas the Hc allele rose from 0.22 to 0.37. In Swiss Large White (SLW) pigs, on the other hand, the frequency of the Ha allele increased constantly from 0.31 to 0.37 during this period.

An initial frequency of 17.7 % (1978) halothane reactors in SL pigs was lowered to 0.7 % (1982) after five years of halothane testing.

In SL pigs the meat quality scores improved regularly, whereas in SLW pigs it did not change very much. The percentage of PSE animals in the SL breed was reduced from 32.7 % in 1978 to 7.1 % in 1983.

Because the Hal locus is associated with production traits such as meat quality, linkage disequilibria could explain the observed associations between the H and Phi types and production traits.
Gene order and recombination rates in the linkage group S‐Phi‐Hal‐H‐(Po2)‐Pgd in pigs
Authors: Hojný J. , Čpica S. , Hradecký J.
Published: August 2010

Families of Czech Landrace (94 litters and 636 offspring) were tested for halothane sensitivity, A‐O (S), H, PHI and PGD phenotypes. Informative matings for the estimation of recombination rates between marker loci were selected. The following recombination frequencies were established: S‐Phi= 4.8 % (2.5 % ‐10.7 %);S‐H = 6.8 % (4.3 %‐11.7 %); Phi‐H= 2.6 % (0.9 %‐5.3 9%); H‐Pgd = 4.4 % (1.6 %‐8.0 %). CCCC‐overs were observed also between S‐ Hal, Hal‐H andHal ‐ Pgd, but were not found between Phi ‐ Hal. On the basis of these results it has been possible to revise the position of the S locus in this linkage group. The most probable gene order would be: S ‐ Phi ‐ Hal (or Hal ‐ Phi) ‐H‐ (P02) ‐ Pgd.

A striking difference was found between the number of halothane‐sensitive pigs (87) and HalnHaln genotypes determined by haplotyping (123). Segregation rates in 19 backcross matings and experimental matings of the animals proved that this difference is mostly due to incomplete CCC or low expression of halothane sensitivity.
Associations between marker genotypes, halothane reaction, CC activity and meat quality characters in a sample of German Landrace pigs
Authors: Glodek P. , Meyer J.‐N. , Brunken H.‐G.
Published: August 2010

Routine blood typing of German Landrace pedigree populations and an earlier study revealed very low frequencies of the favourable alleles at the marker loci Phi, Pgd and H. The hypothesis was that in this population the whole linkage group of favourable alleles at the halothane and neighbouring marker loci may have been lost as a consequence of intense selection for leanness and type. The present study of 1050 German Landrace pigs at the Relliehausen experimental station, where some effort has been made to maintain a higher frequency of the favourable alleles PhiA (0.48), H‐ (0.43) and PgdA (0.70) gave quite different results.

The frequency of halothane‐positive pigs found by using a severe test was only 30 %. Only 5.4 %, 8.8 %, 13.4 % and 13.9 7% of animals with PhiAIA, H‐I‐, PgdA/A and PhiA/B genotypes respectively were halothane‐positive. Forty to sixty per cent of pigs with these marker genotypes could therefore be expected to be homozygous halothane‐negative (N/N) animals. Creatine kinase activity and three selected meat quality characters showed highly significant differences between the A/A and the B/B genotypes for the marker loci Phi and Pgd, with the heterozygotes being intermediate. These differences are greater than those observed between halothane‐negative and halothane‐positive phenotypes. The only other consistently superior marker genotype in this population was the H blood group genotype H‐I‐. In contrast to findings from Sweden and Switzerland, the postalbumin locus Po2 and the suppressor locus S for the A‐O blood groups did not exhibit useful marker qualities.

It is concluded that in the German Landrace the marker loci Phi, Pgd and H could also be helpful in breeding homozygous halothane‐negative pigs with distinctly better meat quality characteristics.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single and multiple doses of the MAO‐6 inhibitor lazabemide in healthy subjects
Authors: Dingemanse Jasper , Wood Nolan , Jorga Karin , Kettler Rolf
Published: August 2010

AimThe objectives of this study were to assess the tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the reversible monoamine oxidase B (MAO‐B) inhibitor, lazabemide, in healthy subjects.

MethodsSingle and multiple (1 week) twice daily oral doses (100–350 mg) of lazabemide were administered sequentially to five groups of six healthy male subjects in a placebo‐controlled, double‐blind design. Adverse events, vital signs, and clinical laboratory variables were recorded. Pharmacokinetic parameters of lazabemide were determined after single and multiple doses. Pharmacodynamics were assessed by determination of MAO‐B activity in blood platelets and intravenous tyramine potentiation tests.

ResultsLazabemide was well tolerated at all dose levels, causing no clinically relevant changes in vital signs or laboratory parameters. Headache was the most frequent adverse event at higher doses. Lazabemide was rapidly absorbed and eliminated by mixed linear and non‐linear pathways. Only minor accumulation occurred upon multiple dosing and steady‐state plasma concentrations were achieved on the third day. Lazabemide caused a rapid and reversible inhbition of MAO‐B activity in platelets. The twice dady dosing regimen resulted in complete inhbition at all dose levels. The duration of complete inhbition was dose‐dependent and ranged from 16 h with 100 mg to 36 h with 350 mg. The sensitivity to i.v. tyramine dd not change to a clinically relevant extent following single and multiple doses of lazabemide.

ConclusionsThe clinical pharmacology characteristics of lazabemide did not differ markedly after single and multiple oral doses. A dose regimen of lazebemide 100 mg twice daily is anticipated because it caused full and continuous MAO‐B inhibition.
Onset of the neuromuscular block simulated in an anatomical model
Authors: Nigrovic V. , Banoub A. , Diefenbach C. , Mellinghoff H. , Buzello W.
Published: August 2010

AimsThe aim of this study was to develop a pharmacodynamic model for nondepolarizing muscle relaxants (neuromuscular blocking agents, NMBAs) based on anatomical, Physicalogical, and pharmacological considerations and analyse whether the time to onset of the submaximal neuromuscular block (NMB) depends on the affinities of the NMBAs for the postsynaptic receptors or on the pharmacokinetic properties of the NMBAs.

MethodsA quantitative description of the development of neuromuscular block was acheived by formulating a pharmacodynamic model based on anatomical, Physicalogical and pharmacological considerations. The principal characteristics of the model are: (1) Diffusion of the NMBAs out of the capillaries into the interstitial space of muscle and from there into the synaptic space of the motor end plates. (2) Receptor concentration in the synaptic space of 300 μm and the total amount of receptors in 100 g muscle of between 1.43 × (10−11to 10−10) mol. (3) Interaction of NMBAs with the receptors defined by the association (kaSSOC= 4 × 108min−1× m−1) and dissociation (kdissocone of 4, 40, or 400 min−1) rate constants.

ResultsThe simulations demonstrated that different affinities of the NMBAs for the postsynaptic receptors (defined bykassoc/kdissoc) do not influence the onset of the submaximal NMB. On the other hand, the time to the peak submaximal NMB is dependent on the pharmacokinetic properties of the drugs: Those NMBAs that leave plasma rapidly produce the block faster but the fraction of the dose that contributes to the block is small. This fraction is larger for those NMBAs that produce NMB later and, hence, these NMBAs require smaller equieffective doses.

ConclusionsWe conclude that those muscle relaxants that produce neuromuscular block rapidly require larger equieffective doses due to their more rapid initial disappearance from plasma.