bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quick Release of Internal Water Storage in a Glacier Leads to Underestimation of the Hazard Potential of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods From Lake Merzbacher in Central Tian Shan Mountains
Authors: Shangguan Donghui , Ding Yongjian , Liu Shiyin , Xie Zunyi , Pieczonka Tino , Xu Junli , Moldobekov Bolot
Published: September 2017

Glacial meltwater and ice calving contribute to the flood volume of glacial lakes such as Lake Merzbacher in the Tian Shan Mountains of central Asia. In this study, we simulated the lake's volume by constructing an empirical relationship between the area of Lake Merzbacher, determined from satellite images, and the lake's water storage, derived from digital elevation models. Results showed that the lake water supply rate before Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) generally agreed well with those during the GLOFs from 2009 to 2012 but not in 2008 and 2015. Furthermore, we found that the combination of glacial meltwater and ice calving is not enough to fully explain the supply rate during GLOFs in 1996 and 1999, suggesting other factors affect the supply rate during GLOFs as well. To examine this further, we compared the water supply rate before and during GLOF events in 1999 and 2008. We inferred that quickly released short‐term and intermediate‐term water storage by glaciers have likely contributed to both flood events in those years. This study highlights the need to improve our understanding of the supply component of outburst floods, such as irregularly released stored water may lead to GLOF events with generally three different types: case I (singular event‐triggered englacial water release), case II (glacier melt due to temperature changes), and case III (englacial water release mixed with glacier melt).
Driving Roles of Tropospheric and Stratospheric Thermal Anomalies in Intensification and Persistence of the Arctic Superstorm in 2012
Authors: Tao Wei , Zhang Jing , Fu Yunfei , Zhang Xiangdong
Published: September 2017

Intense synoptic‐scale storms have been more frequently observed over the Arctic during recent years. Specifically, a superstorm hit the Arctic Ocean in August 2012 and preceded a new record low Arctic sea ice extent. In this study, the major physical processes responsible for the storm's intensification and persistence are explored through a series of numerical modeling experiments with the Weather Research and Forecasting model. It is found that thermal anomalies in troposphere as well as lower stratosphere jointly lead to the development of this superstorm. Thermal contrast between the unusually warm Siberia and the relatively cold Arctic Ocean results in strong troposphere baroclinicity and upper level jet, which contribute to the storm intensification initially. On the other hand, Tropopause Polar Vortex (TPV) associated with the thermal anomaly in lower stratosphere further intensifies the upper level jet and accordingly contributes to a drastic intensification of the storm. Stacking with the enhanced surface low, TPV intensifies further, which sustains the storm to linger over the Arctic Ocean for an extended period.
Effects of Australian Summer Monsoon on Sea Surface Temperature Diurnal Variation Over the Australian North‐Western Shelf
Authors: Wang Xiao Hua , Zhang Haifeng
Published: September 2017

Five‐year (2010 to 2014) sea surface temperature (SST) data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer are used to study the effects of the Australian summer monsoon on SST diurnal variation (DV) over the Australian northwestern shelf (NWS, defined as 105°E–125°E, 25°S–10°S). Strong DV events identified with amplitude of 0.5–2 K were observed over the NWS. A double‐peak seasonal pattern of DV is obtained, with the strongest DV occurring in February/March and October/November. This seasonal DV pattern over the NWS is largely due to the Australian summer monsoon, which reduces the easterly trade wind during the summer monsoonal period, favoring the development of SST DV. Since the monsoon region is distributed globally in the tropical oceans, in the western and eastern North Pacific, as well as in the southern Indian Ocean, we anticipate that strong SST DV may also exist in these parts of coastal oceans.
Seasonal Noise Versus Subseasonal Signal: Forecasts of California Precipitation During the Unusual Winters of 2015–2016 and 2016–2017
Authors: Wang Shuguang , Anichowski Alek , Tippett Michael K. , Sobel Adam H.
Published: September 2017

Subseasonal forecasts of California precipitation during the unusual winters of 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 are examined in this study. It is shown that two different ensemble forecast systems were able to predict monthly precipitation anomalies in California during these periods with some skill in forecasts initialized near or at the start of the month. The unexpected anomalies in February 2016, as well as in January and February 2017, were associated with shifts in the position of the jet stream over the northeast Pacific in a manner broadly consistent with associations found in larger ensembles of forecasts. These results support the broader notion that what is unpredictable atmospheric noise at the seasonal time scale can become predictable signal at the subseasonal time scale, despite that the lead times and verification averaging times associated with these forecasts are outside the predictability horizons of canonical midrange weather forecasting.
Gamma Ray Signatures of Neutrons From a Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flash
Authors: Bowers G. S. , Smith D. M. , Martinez‐McKinney G. F. , Kamogawa M. , Cummer S. A. , Dwyer J. R. , Wang D. , Stock M. , Kawasaki Z.
Published: September 2017

Following a lightning strike to a wind turbine in Japan, we have observed a large burst of neutrons lasting 100 ms with a ground fluence of ~1,000 n cm−2, thousands of times greater than the peak neutron flux associated with the largest ground level solar particle event ever observed. This is the first detection of an unequivocal signature of neutrons from a terrestrial gamma ray flash, consisting of a 2.223 MeV gamma‐ray spectral line from a neutron‐capture on hydrogen reaction occurring in our detector, and is shown to be consistent with the production of 1012–1013 photoneutrons from a downward terrestrial gamma ray flash (TGF) at 1.0 km, with a gamma ray brightness typical of upward TGFs observed by satellites.
First Detection of Two Near‐Earth Asteroids With a Southern Hemisphere Planetary Radar System
Authors: Benson Craig , Reynolds John , Stacy N. J. S. , Benner Lance A. M. , Edwards P. G. , Baines Graham , Boyce Russell , Giorgini Jon D. , Jao Joseph S. , Martinez George , Slade Martin A. , Teitelbaum Lawrence P. , Anabtawi Aseel , Kahan Daniel , Oudrhiri Kamal , Philips C. J. , Stevens J. B. , Kruzins Ed , Lazio T. Joseph W.
Published: September 2017

We describe the first demonstration of a Southern Hemisphere planetary radar system to detect two near‐Earth asteroids (NEAs). The demonstration was conducted in a bistatic manner, with the 70 m antenna of the Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex transmitting at 2.1 GHz and reception at the Parkes Radio Telescope, outfitted with multiple receivers, and the Australia Telescope Compact Array. This initial system was used to detect the NEAs (43577) 2005 UL5 and (33342) 1998 WT24 during their close approaches in 2015 November and 2015 December, respectively. We describe the performance of the system and consider future possibilities using other antennas of the Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex as transmitters.
The Pathway‐Flow Relative Permeability of CO2: Measurement by Lowered Pressure Drops
Authors: Zhang Yi , Nishizawa Osamu , Park Hyuck , Kiyama Tamotsu , Lei Xinglin , Xue Ziqiu
Published: September 2017

We introduce a simple method to measure the relative permeability of supercritical CO2 in low‐permeability rocks. The method is built on the assumption of the stability of formed CO2 percolation pathway under lowered pressure drops. Initially, a continuous CO2 flow pathway is created under a relatively high‐pressure drop. Then, several subsequent steps of lowered pressure drops are performed while monitoring the associated flow rates. When the pressure drop is lower than a threshold value, the created flow pathway is assumed to be adequately stable and does not vary significantly during successive flows, with the average saturation and flow rate achieving a quasi steady state. The relative permeability of CO2 is then calculated from the relationship between the pressure drop and flow rate at several lowered pressure drops according to the extended form of Darcy's law. We demonstrate this method using both numerical modeling and an experimental test using X‐ray CT imaging. The results indicate the validity of the assumption for the stability of flow pathway under lowered pressure drops. A linear relationship between the lowered pressure drops and the corresponding CO2 flow rate is found. Furthermore, the measurement results suggest that the relative permeability of CO2 can still be high in low‐permeability rocks if the CO2 saturation is higher than the threshold value required to build a flow pathway. The proposed method is important for measuring the pathway‐flow relative permeability of nonwetting fluids in low‐permeability rocks.
The Growth of Hydrological Understanding: Technologies, Ideas, and Societal Needs Shape the Field
Authors: Sivapalan Murugesu , Blöschl Günter
Published: September 2017

Inspired by the work of Newton, Darwin, and Wegener, this paper tracks the drivers and dynamics that have shaped the growth of hydrological understanding over the last century. On the basis of an interpretation of this history, the paper then speculates about what kind of future is in store for hydrology and how we can better prepare for it. The historical narrative underpinning this analysis indicates that progress in hydrological understanding is brought about by changing societal needs and technological opportunities: new ideas are generated by hydrologists through addressing societal needs with the technologies of their time. We suggest that progress in hydrological understanding over the last century has expressed itself through repeated cycles of euphoria and disenchantment, which have served as stimuli for the progress. The progress, for it to happen, also needed inspirational leaders as well as a supportive scientific community that provided the backdrop to major advances in the field. The paper concludes that, in a similar way to how Newton, Darwin, and Wegener conducted their research, hydrology too can benefit from synthesis activities aimed at “connecting the dots.”
Decreased grip strength, muscle pain, and atrophy occur in rats following long‐term exposure to excessive repetitive motion
Authors: Fujiwara Mitsuhiro , Iwata Masahiro , Inoue Takayuki , Aizawa Yosuke , Yoshito Natsumi , Hayashi Kazuhiro , Suzuki Shigeyuki
Published: September 2017

Work‐related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) are caused by the overuse of muscles in the workplace. Performing repetitive tasks is a primary risk factor for the development of WMSD. Many workers in highly repetitive jobs exhibit muscle pain and decline in handgrip strength, yet the mechanisms underlying these dysfunctions are poorly understood. In our study, rats performed voluntary repetitive reaching and grasping tasks (Task group), while Control group rats did not perform these activities. In the Task group, grip strength and forearm flexor withdrawal threshold declined significantly from week 2 to week 6, compared with these values at week 0 (P < 0.05). Relative muscle weight and muscle fiber cross‐sectional area of flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscles decreased significantly in the Task group, compared with the Control group, at 6 weeks (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Nerve growth factor, glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor, and tumor necrosis factor α‐expression in FDS muscles were not significantly different in Control and Task groups at 3 and 6 weeks. At 6 weeks, the Task group had elevated MuRF1 protein levels (P = 0.065) and significant overexpression of the autophagy‐related (Atg) proteins, Beclin1 and Atg5–Atg12, compared with in the Control group (both P < 0.05). These data suggested that long‐term exposure to excessive repetitive motion causes loss of grip strength, muscle pain, and skeletal muscle atrophy. Furthermore, this exposure may enhance protein degradation through both the ubiquitin‐proteasome and autophagy‐lysosome systems, thereby decreasing skeletal muscle mass.
Effect of Thermal Oxidation on Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of the PVD Hf‐Coated Mg Alloy
Authors: Zhang Dongfang , Qi Zhengbing , Wei Binbin , Wang Zhoucheng
Published: September 2017

Hafnium coatings are fabricated on magnesium alloys by magnetron sputtering and are further submitted to the thermal oxidation treatment at temperature of 200, 300, and 400 °C. The thin hafnium oxide film and new grain boundaries are observed on the hafnium coatings during the appropriate treatment temperature (300 °C). These changes in microstructure result in surface densification, oxidation, and low porosity of the treated coating that significantly decrease its susceptibility to corrosion. Consequently, the thermal oxidation treatment hafnium coating exhibits a more positive corrosion potential, lower corrosion current density, and higher polarization resistance than that of the as‐deposited coating using an electrochemical system. Moreover, the enhanced adhesion of the treated coating produced by applying an appropriate treatment temperature facilitates an efficient long‐term protection of magnesium alloy.
Conducting‐Polymer‐Based Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage
Authors: Wang Jianfeng , Wang Jinrong , Kong Zhuang , Lv Kuilin , Teng Chao , Zhu Ying
Published: September 2017

To alleviate the current energy crisis and environmental pollution, sustainable and ecofriendly energy conversion and storage systems are urgently needed. Due to their high conductivity, promising catalytic activity, and excellent electrochemical properties, conducting polymers have been attracting intense attention for use in electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Here, the latest advances regarding the utilization of conducting polymers for fuel cells and supercapacitors are introduced. The strategies employed to improve the electrocatalytic and electrochemical performances of conducting‐polymer‐based materials are presented. In addition, future research endeavors and possible directions for further progress in this field are outlined.
Highly Anisotropic Conductors
Authors: Wan Jiayu , Song Jianwei , Yang Zhi , Kirsch Dylan , Jia Chao , Xu Rui , Dai Jiaqi , Zhu Mingwei , Xu Lisha , Chen Chaoji , Wang Yanbin , Wang Yilin , Hitz Emily , Lacey Steven D. , Li Yongfeng , Yang Bao , Hu Liangbing
Published: September 2017

Composite materials with ordered microstructures often lead to enhanced functionalities that a single material can hardly achieve. Many biomaterials with unusual microstructures can be found in nature; among them, many possess anisotropic and even directional physical and chemical properties. With inspiration from nature, artificial composite materials can be rationally designed to achieve this anisotropic behavior with desired properties. Here, a metallic wood with metal continuously filling the wood vessels is developed, which demonstrates excellent anisotropic electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. The well‐aligned metal rods are confined and separated by the wood vessels, which deliver directional electron transport parallel to the alignment direction. Thus, the novel metallic wood composite boasts an extraordinary anisotropic electrical conductivity (σ||/σ⊥) in the order of 1011, and anisotropic thermal conductivity (κ||/κ⊥) of 18. These values exceed the highest reported values in existing anisotropic composite materials. The anisotropic functionality of the metallic wood enables it to be used for thermal management applications, such as thermal insulation and thermal dissipation. The highly anisotropic metallic wood serves as an example for further anisotropic materials design; other composite materials with different biotemplates/hosts and fillers can achieve even higher anisotropic ratios, allowing them to be implemented in a variety of applications.
3D Highly Conductive Silver Nanowire@PEDOT:PSS Composite Sponges for Flexible Conductors and Their All‐Solid‐State Supercapacitor Applications
Authors: Moon In Kyu , Yoon Seonno , Oh Jungwoo
Published: September 2017

Although increasing attention has been paid to wearable electronic devices in recent years, flexible supercapacitors with high performance remain not readily available because of the limitations of flexible electrode types. A highly conductive 3D macroporous sponge is fabricated by coating poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/silver nanowires (AgNWs) on a commercial sponge using a simple and low‐cost “immersion method.” The fabricated flexible 3D sponge conductor shows a high electrical conductivity of 3.94 × 10−4 S cm−1 with good stability in various environments and under bending deformation. To exploit the potential of the flexible 3D PEDOT:PSS/AgNW coating on the sponge as a current collector for energy‐related applications, urchin‐like Co(OH)F arrays are directly grown on PEDOT:PSS/AgNW‐on‐sponge conductors for all‐solid‐state supercapacitors. The resulting symmetric all‐solid‐state supercapacitor exhibits a mass‐specific capacitance of 103.7 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1, retaining 85.8% of the initial capacitance after 3000 cycles, and mechanical flexibility during bending. This fabrication of the 3D lightweight conductor can be easily scaled up for mass production and introduces new opportunities for flexible electronic applications.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Spirooxindole δ‐Lactones with Vicinal Tertiary and Quaternary Stereocenters via Regio‐, Diastereo‐, and Enantioselective Organocatalytic Vinylogous Aldol‐cyclization Cascade Reaction
Authors: Han Jeng‐Liang , Tsai You‐Da , Chang Chia‐Hao
Published: September 2017

A highly region‐, diastereo‐, and enantioselective organocatalytic vinylogous aldol‐cyclization cascade reaction of prochiral 3‐akylidene oxindoles to isatins has been achieved by using bifuctional organocatalysts. A variety of enantioenriched spirooxindole δ‐lactones with vicinal tertiary and quaternary stereocenters were generated in good to excellent yields with good to high diastereoselectivities and enantioselectivities.

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Corrosion‐Protected Hybrid Nanoparticles
Authors: Jeong Hyeon‐Ho , Alarcón‐Correa Mariana , Mark Andrew G. , Son Kwanghyo , Lee Tung‐Chun , Fischer Peer
Published: September 2017

Nanoparticles composed of functional materials hold great promise for applications due to their unique electronic, optical, magnetic, and catalytic properties. However, a number of functional materials are not only difficult to fabricate at the nanoscale, but are also chemically unstable in solution. Hence, protecting nanoparticles from corrosion is a major challenge for those applications that require stability in aqueous solutions and biological fluids. Here, this study presents a generic scheme to grow hybrid 3D nanoparticles that are completely encapsulated by a nm thick protective shell. The method consists of vacuum‐based growth and protection, and combines oblique physical vapor deposition with atomic layer deposition. It provides wide flexibility in the shape and composition of the nanoparticles, and the environments against which particles are protected. The work demonstrates the approach with multifunctional nanoparticles possessing ferromagnetic, plasmonic, and chiral properties. The present scheme allows nanocolloids, which immediately corrode without protection, to remain functional, at least for a week, in acidic solutions.
Recent Advances in Nanogenerator‐Driven Self‐Powered Implantable Biomedical Devices
Authors: Parvez Mahmud M. A. , Huda Nazmul , Farjana Shahjadi Hisan , Asadnia Mohsen , Lang Candace
Published: September 2017

Implantable medical devices (IMDs) have experienced a rapid progress in recent years to the advancement of state‐of‐the‐art medical practices. However, the majority of this equipment requires external power sources like batteries to operate, which may restrict their application for in vivo situations. Furthermore, these external batteries of the IMDs need to be changed at times by surgical processes once expired, causing bodily and psychological annoyance to patients and rising healthcare financial burdens. Currently, harvesting biomechanical energy in vivo is considered as one of the most crucial energy‐based technologies to ensure sustainable operation of implanted medical devices. This review aims to highlight recent improvements in implantable triboelectric nanogenerators (iTENG) and implantable piezoelectric nanogenerators (iPENG) to drive self‐powered, wireless healthcare systems. Furthermore, their potential applications in cardiac monitoring, pacemaker energizing, nerve‐cell stimulating, orthodontic treatment and real‐time biomedical monitoring by scavenging the biomechanical power within the human body, such as heart beating, blood flowing, breathing, muscle stretching and continuous vibration of the lung are summarized and presented. Finally, a few crucial problems which significantly affect the output performance of iTENGs and iPENGs under in vivo environments are addressed.
Design of Cyanovinylene‐Containing Polymer Acceptors with Large Dipole Moment Change for Efficient Charge Generation in High‐Performance All‐Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Cho Han‐Hee , Kim Seonha , Kim Taesu , Sree Vijaya Gopalan , Jin Sung‐Ho , Kim Felix Sunjoo , Kim Bumjoon J.
Published: September 2017

Designing polymers that facilitate exciton dissociation and charge transport is critical for the production of highly efficient all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs). Here, the development of a new class of high‐performance naphthalenediimide (NDI)‐based polymers with large dipole moment change (Δµge) and delocalized lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) as electron acceptors for all‐PSCs is reported. A series of NDI‐based copolymers incorporating electron‐withdrawing cyanovinylene groups into the backbone (PNDITCVT‐R) is designed and synthesized with 2‐hexyldecyl (R = HD) and 2‐octyldodecyl (R = OD) side chains. Density functional theory calculations reveal an enhancement in Δµge and delocalization of the LUMO upon the incorporation of cyanovinylene groups. All‐PSCs fabricated from these new NDI‐based polymer acceptors exhibit outstanding power conversion efficiencies (7.4%) and high fill factors (65%), which is attributed to efficient exciton dissociation, well‐balanced charge transport, and suppressed monomolecular recombination. Morphological studies by grazing X‐ray scattering and resonant soft X‐ray scattering measurements show the blend films containing polymer donor and PNDITCVT‐R acceptors to exhibit favorable face‐on orientation and well‐mixed morphology with small domain spacing (30–40 nm).
Anomalous Charge‐Extraction Behavior for Graphene‐Oxide (GO) and Reduced Graphene‐Oxide (rGO) Films as Efficient p‐Contact Layers for High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Jokar Efat , Huang Zhong Yi , Narra Sudhakar , Wang Chi‐Yung , Kattoor Vidya , Chung Chih‐Chun , Diau Eric Wei‐Guang
Published: September 2017

Reduced graphene oxides (rGO) are synthesized via reduction of GO with reducing agents as a hole‐extraction layer for high‐performance inverted planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells. The best efficiencies of power conversion (PCE) of these rGO cells exceed 16%, much greater than those made of GO and poly(3,4‐ethenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) films. A flexible rGO device shows PCE 13.8% and maintains 70% of its initial performance over 150 bending cycles. It is found that the hole‐extraction period is much smaller for the GO/methylammonium lead‐iodide perovskite (PSK) film than for the other rGO/PSK films, which contradicts their device performances. Photoluminescence and transient photoelectric decays are measured and control experiments are performed to prove that the reduction of the oxygen‐containing groups in GO significantly decreases the ability of hole extraction from PSK to rGO and also retards the charge recombination at the rGO/PSK interface. When the hole injection from PSK to GO occurs rapidly, hole propagation from GO to the indium‐doped tin oxide (ITO) substrate becomes a bottleneck to overcome, which leads to a rapid charge recombination that decreases the performance of the GO device relative to the rGO device.
Accountability, Collaboration, and Social Change: Ethical Tensions in an Action Research Project to Address Untested Sexual Assault Kits (SAKs)
Authors: Campbell Rebecca , Fehler‐Cabral Giannina
Published: September 2017

We conducted a collaborative action research project with stakeholders in Detroit, Michigan, to develop long‐term policy strategies to resolve ~11,000 untested rape kits that were discovered in a police storage facility in August 2009. In our research, we uncovered overwhelming evidence of victim‐blaming behaviors and fundamental disrespect of rape survivors by the police, which directly contributed to their decisions not to submit kits for forensic testing. We had an ethical responsibility to report these negative findings accurately and completely, and in doing so, we were concerned that police stakeholders might disengage from the action research project and hamper our other ethical responsibilities to promote general and public welfare. In this article, we examine the ethical challenges of balancing accountability, collaboration, and social change.
The Stories We Tell: Introduction to the Special Issue on Ethical Challenges in Community Psychology Research and Practice
Authors: Campbell Rebecca , Morris Michael
Published: September 2017

This Special Issue examines ethical challenges in community psychology research and practice. The literature on ethics in community psychology has remained largely abstract and aspirational, with few concrete examples and case studies, so the goal of this Special Issue was to expand our written discourse about ethical dilemmas in our field. In these articles, researchers and practitioners share stories of specific ethical challenges they faced and how they sought to resolve them. These first‐person narratives examine how ethical challenges come about, how community psychology values inform ethical decision making, and how lessons learned from these experiences can inform an ethical framework for community psychology.
Inversed Expression Patterns of S100A4 and E‐Cadherin in Cervical Cancers: Implication in Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition
Authors: Liu Ming , Liu Jia , Yang Bin , Gao Xue , Gao Ling‐Lu , Kong Qing‐You , Zhang Peng , Li Hong
Published: September 2017

Cervical cancer/CC is the third commonest female malignancy worldwide. The aggressive growth and distal metastases are the leading causes of CC mortality, which is largely due to epithelial–mesenchymal transition/EMT. Fibroblast specific protein S100A4 promotes cancer metastasis and epithelial type cadherin/E‐cadherin play pivotal roles in cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interaction. Therefore, the expression patterns of S100A4 and E‐cadherin reflect statuses of EMT of carcinoma cells. However, S100A4 expression and its relevance with E‐cadherin and HPV16 infection in cervical cancers remain unknown. This study aims to address the above issues using cervical cancer specimens. Immunohistochemistry reveals that the levels of mesenchymal marker S100A4 is upregulated (>++) in cervical adenocarcinomas/CACs (12/16; 75%) and squamous cell carcinomas/CSCCs (23/28; 82%) than that in noncancerous glandular epithelia/GE (0/12; 0%) and squamous epithelia/SE (0/12; 0%). Epithelial marker membranous E‐cadherin is remarkably reduced on the surface of CAC and CSCC cells (P = 0.00; P = 0.00), especially those showing poorly differentiated phenotypes (P < 0.05) in comparison with their noncancerous counterparts. Correlative analyses revealed an inverse relationship between S100A4 and E‐cadherin expression among the cervical cancer samples (P = 0.01, r = –0.38). S100A4 expression level in HPV16‐infected group is higher than that in HPV16‐free group (P = 0.02). These results suggest the close correlation of S100A4 upregulation with cervical cancer formation and HPV16 infection and E‐cadherin reduction with the grades of CC dedifferentiation. The concurrent gain of S100A4 and loss of membrane E‐cadherin suggest EMT tendency of CC cells and can be regarded as an unfavorable prognostic parameter of CC patients. Anat Rec, 300:2184–2191, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A bibliometric model for identifying emerging research topics
Authors: Wang Qi
Published: September 2017

Detecting emerging research topics is essential, not only for research agencies but also for individual researchers. Previous studies have created various bibliographic indicators for the identification of emerging research topics. However, as indicated by Rotolo et al. (Research Policy 44, 1827–1843, ), the most serious problems are the lack of an acknowledged definition of emergence and incomplete elaboration of the linkages between the definitions that are used and the indicators that are created. With these issues in mind, this study first adjusts the definition of an emerging technology that Rotolo et al. () have proposed to accommodate the analysis. Next, a set of criteria for the identification of emerging topics is proposed according to the adjusted definition and attributes of emergence. Using two sets of parameter values, several emerging research topics are identified. Finally, evaluation tests are conducted by demonstration of the proposed approach and comparison with previous studies. The strength of the present methodology lies in the fact that it is fully transparent, straightforward, and flexible.
Prepare for impact of potential shifts in affirmative‐action landscape
Authors: Porter Michael
Published: September 2017

Beginning in early 2017, many higher education administrators experienced anxiety about how the Trump administration would address various issues at colleges and universities. The federal government's position on affirmative action seemed ripe for a policy shift. (See “Prepare for potential changes in handling of key legal, civil rights issues on campus” in the March 2017 issue.)
Sprouty2 is involved in the control of osteoblast proliferation and differentiation through the FGF and BMP signaling pathways
Authors: Taketomi Takaharu , Onimura Tomohiro , Yoshiga Daigo , Muratsu Daichi , Sanui Terukazu , Fukuda Takao , Kusukawa Jingo , Nakamura Seiji
Published: September 2017

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) play essential roles in bone formation and osteoblast activity through the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and Smad pathways. Sprouty family members are intracellular inhibitors of the FGF signaling pathway, and four orthologs of Sprouty have been identified in mammals. In vivo analyses have revealed that Sprouty2 is associated with bone formation. However, the mechanism by which the Sprouty family controls bone formation has not been clarified. In this study, we investigated the involvement of Sprouty2 in osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. We examined Sprouty2 expression in MC3T3‐E1 cells, and found that high levels of Sprouty2 expression were induced by basic FGF stimulation. Overexpression of Sprouty2 in MC3T3‐E1 cells resulted in suppressed proliferation compared with control cells. Sprouty2 negatively regulated the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 after basic FGF stimulation, and of Smad1/5/8 after BMP stimulation. Furthermore, Sprouty2 suppressed the expression of osterix, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin mRNA, which are markers of osteoblast differentiation. Additionally, Sprouty2 inhibited osteoblast matrix mineralization. These results suggest that Sprouty2 is involved in the control of osteoblast proliferation and differentiation by downregulating the FGF‐ERK1/2 and BMP‐Smad pathways, and suppresses the induction of markers of osteoblast differentiation.
Specific Ion Effects on the Mediated Oxidation of NADH
Authors: Carucci Cristina , Salis Andrea , Magner Edmond
Published: September 2017

The electrochemical mediated oxidation of dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by 2,2‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) was examined in a range of electrolytes. Changes in the Faradaic response were observed that were dependent on the nature of the salt used. In the presence of 200 mM chloride salts, the Faradaic response followed the trend Na+>K+>Li+>Cs+>Gnd+ while in the presence of 200 mM sodium salts, the trend Cl−>Br−>F−>ClO4−>SCN− was observed. The observed trends varied when the concentration of the ions was altered. The effect of the cation also changed when the counterion was changed, indicating that specific ion pair effects were present. The results indicate that the nature of the electrolyte alters the Faradaic response.
Synthesis of 4′‐Selenoribonucleosides, the Building Blocks of 4′‐SelenoRNA, Using a Hypervalent Iodine
Authors: Saito‐Tarashima Noriko , Ota Masashi , Minakawa Noriaki
Published: September 2017

Herein is described a detailed protocol for the synthesis of 4′‐selenoribonucleoside derivatives that involves the use of a hypervalent iodine species. These derivatives are versatile units for the preparation of 4′‐selenoRNA. Large‐scale synthesis of a 4‐selenosugar starting from D‐ribose is achieved in eight steps, including a final chromatographic purification. The resulting 4‐selenosugar is then subjected to the one‐pot Pummerer‐like reaction using hypervalent iodine in the presence of silylated nucleobases. The reaction with silylated uracil affords the desired 4′‐selenouridine derivatives with excellent β‐selectivity and in good yield. Conversely, when purine nucleobases are used in the Pummerer‐like reaction, N7 4′‐selenoribonucleoside isomers are obtained alongside the desired N9 isomers. However, the undesired N7 isomers can be converted to the desired N9 ones under acidic conditions. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quantitative Analysis of Nucleic Acid Stability with Ligands Under High Pressure to Design Novel Drugs Targeting G‐Quadruplexes
Authors: Takahashi Shuntaro , Sugimoto Naoki
Published: September 2017

Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) can form various non‐canonical structures. Because some serious diseases are caused by the conformational change of G‐quadruplex DNA structures, the development of ligands that bind and stabilize G‐quadruplex DNA is of interest to the field of nucleic acid chemistry. Volumetric changes (ΔV) in the biomolecular reaction include the structural change of biomolecules and hydration behaviors, which provide information about the tertiary interaction between G‐quadruplex DNA and ligands. Thus, it is valuable to investigate ΔV values to understand the mechanism of interaction between non‐canonical structures and their ligands. This unit describes methods that can be used to quantitatively analyze the interaction between G‐quadruplex DNA and ligands by using high‐pressure UV melting. The combination of thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH, ΔS, and ΔV) is a powerful tool to elucidate the mechanism of ligand binding to G‐quadruplex without real structural analysis by NMR and X‐ray spectroscopy, and gives useful information to design novel drugs. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Role of Co‐Sensitizers in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Krishna Narra Vamsi , Krishna Jonnadula Venkata Suman , Mrinalini Madoori , Prasanthkumar Seelam , Giribabu Lingamallu
Published: September 2017

Co‐sensitization is a popular route towards improved efficiency and stability of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In this context, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) values of DSSCs incorporating Ru‐ and porphyrin‐based dyes can be improved from 8–11 % to 11–14 % after the addition of additives, co‐adsorbents, and co‐sensitizers that reduce aggregation and charge recombination in the device. Among the three supporting material types, co‐sensitizers play a major role to enhance the performance and stability of DSSCs, which is requried for commercialization. In this Minireview, we highlight the role co‐sensitizers play in improving photovoltaic performance of devices containing Ru‐ and porphyrin‐based sensitizers.
Polaronic Charge Carrier–Lattice Interactions in Lead Halide Perovskites
Authors: Wolf Christoph , Cho Himchan , Kim Young‐Hoon , Lee Tae‐Woo
Published: September 2017

Almost ten years after the renaissance of the popular perovskite‐type semiconductors based on lead salts with the general formula AMX3 (A=organic or inorganic cation; M=divalent metal; X=halide), many facets of photophysics continue to puzzle researchers. In this Minireview, light is shed on the low mobilities of charge carriers in lead halide perovskites with special focus on the lattice properties at non‐zero temperature. The polar and soft lattice leads to pronounced electron‐phonon coupling, limiting carrier mobility and retarding recombination. We propose that the proper picture of excited charge carriers at temperature ranges that are relevant for device operations is that of a polaron, with Fröhlich coupling constants between 1<α<3. Under the aspect of light‐emitting diode application, APbX3 perovskite show moderate second order (bimolecular) recombination rates and high third‐order (Auger) rate constants. It has become apparent that this is a direct consequence of the anisotropic polar A‐site cation in organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites and might be alleviated by replacing the organic moiety with an isotropic cation.
Mechanistic Parameters of Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation on LiMn2O4 in Comparison to Natural Photosynthesis
Authors: Köhler Lennart , Ebrahimizadeh Abrishami Majid , Roddatis Vladimir , Geppert Janis , Risch Marcel
Published: September 2017

Targeted improvement of the low efficiency of water oxidation during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is severely hindered by insufficient knowledge of the electrocatalytic mechanism on heterogeneous surfaces. We chose LiMn2O4 as a model system for mechanistic investigations as it shares the cubane structure with the active site of photosystem II and the valence of Mn3.5+ with the dark‐stable S1 state in the mechanism of natural photosynthesis. The investigated LiMn2O4 nanoparticles are electrochemically stable in NaOH electrolytes and show respectable activity in any of the main metrics. At low overpotential, the key mechanistic parameters of Tafel slope, Nernst slope, and reaction order have constant values on the RHE scale of 62(1) mV dec−1, 1(1) mV pH−1, −0.04(2), respectively. These values are interpreted in the context of the well‐studied mechanism of natural photosynthesis. The uncovered difference in the reaction sequence is important for the design of efficient bio‐inspired electrocatalysts.
Climatic and anthropogenic drivers of northern Amazon fires during the 2015–2016 El Niño event
Authors: Fonseca Marisa G. , Anderson Liana O. , Arai Egidio , Shimabukuro Yosio E. , Xaud Haron A. M. , Xaud Maristela R. , Madani Nima , Wagner Fabien H. , Aragão Luiz E. O. C.
Published: September 2017

The strong El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event that occurred in 2015–2016 caused extreme drought in the northern Brazilian Amazon, especially in the state of Roraima, increasing fire occurrence. Here we map the extent of precipitation and fire anomalies and quantify the effects of climatic and anthropogenic drivers on fire occurrence during the 2015–2016 dry season (from December 2015 to March 2016) in the state of Roraima. To achieve these objectives we first estimated the spatial pattern of precipitation anomalies, based on long‐term data from the TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission), and the fire anomaly, based on MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) active fire detections during the referred period. Then, we integrated climatic and anthropogenic drivers in a Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model to quantify fire probability, assessing (1) the model accuracy during the 2015–2016 and the 2016–2017 dry seasons; (2) the relative importance of each predictor variable on the model predictive performance; and (3) the response curves, showing how each environmental variable affects the fire probability. Approximately 59% (132,900 km2) of the study area was exposed to precipitation anomalies ≤−1 standard deviation (SD) in January and ~48% (~106,800 km2) in March. About 38% (86,200 km2) of the study area experienced fire anomalies ≥1 SD in at least one month between December 2015 and March 2016. The distance to roads and the direct ENSO effect on fire occurrence were the two most influential variables on model predictive performance. Despite the improvement of governmental actions of fire prevention and firefighting in Roraima since the last intense ENSO event (1997–1998), we show that fire still gets out of control in the state during extreme drought events. Our results indicate that if no prevention actions are undertaken, future road network expansion and a climate‐induced increase in water stress will amplify fire occurrence in the northern Amazon, even in its humid dense forests. As an additional outcome of our analysis, we conclude that the model and the data we used may help to guide on‐the‐ground fire‐prevention actions and firefighting planning and therefore minimize fire‐related ecosystems degradation, economic losses and carbon emissions in Roraima.
Concise and Efficient Access to 5,7‐Disubstituted Pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines by Pd‐Catalyzed Sequential Arylation, Alkynylation and SNAr Reaction
Authors: Jismy Badr , Guillaumet Gérald , Allouchi Hassan , Akssira Mohamed , Abarbri Mohamed
Published: September 2017

A simple and efficient method for synthesis of 5,7‐disubstituted pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines is reported. The synthetic route involved first a one‐pot two‐step synthesis of 7‐substituted pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidin‐5‐ones from the reaction of 3‐aminopyrazole 1 with activated alkynes. These compounds were used as key intermediates to access, with excellent yields, a library of new 5,7‐disubstituted pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines, which are known for their wide range of biological activities, through C–O bond activation with PyBroP (bromotripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate) as an activator reagent.
A Novel Chemical Sensor Based on Sb2S3 Film for Highly Sensitive Detection of Hydrazine
Authors: Guo Huiyun , Hou Wenlong , Yang Jingkai , Yu Lan , Liang Bo , Zhang Haiquan
Published: September 2017

The Sb2S3 film on indium‐tin oxide (ITO) substrate has been used as an efficient electron transfer mediator for the fabrication of novel chemical sensor towards hydrazine, which is a diamine known as neurotoxin and carcinogen. Sb2S3 film is deposited on ITO substrate by drop‐casting process using Sb2S3 solution as precursor and possesses reticular structure with the morphology of uniform hollow hemispheres. The fabricated chemical sensor for selective detection of hydrazine displays a high sensitivity of 106.25 μA/(mM cm2) with a low detection limit of 0.5 μM and it also exhibits excellent reproducibility and stability in hydrazine detection.
Gender differences in brain networks during verbal Sternberg tasks: A simultaneous near‐infrared spectroscopy and electro‐encephalography study
Authors: Gao Chenyang , Sun Jinyan , Yang Xiaoquan , Gong Hui
Published: September 2017

Gender differences in psychological processes have been of great interest in a variety of fields including verbal fluency, emotion processing and working memory. Previous studies suggested that women outperform men in verbal working memory (VWM). However, the inherent mechanisms are still unclear. To obtain a deeper insight into the gender differences in brain networks in VWM, this study used near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and electro‐encephalography (EEG) simultaneously to investigate gender‐related brain networks during verbal Sternberg tasks. NIRS results confirmed that women surpass men in VWM from the perspective of both brain activation and connectivity. Results of EEG (effective connectivity and event‐related spectral power) showed that men tend to use a more visuospatial strategy to encode memory. In addition, novel analysis methods of brain networks can provide useful information about the gender specifics of brain functions.

Gender‐related pseudo‐color maps constructed from all channels of average HbO2 activity during low‐ and high‐load tasks (from 0 to 6 seconds after beginning).
Single‐dose local administration of teriparatide with a octacalcium phosphate collagen composite enhances bone regeneration in a rodent critical‐sized calvarial defect
Authors: Kajii Fumihiko , Iwai Atsushi , Tanaka Hidenori , Matsui Keiko , Kawai Tadashi , Kamakura Shinji
Published: September 2017

Octacalcium phosphate and collagen composite (OCP/Col) achieves stable bone regeneration without cell transplantation in preclinical studies. Recently, a sponsor‐initiated clinical trial was conducted to commercialize the material. The present study investigated bone regeneration by OCP/Col with the single local administration of teriparatide (parathyroid hormone 1‐34; TPTD). OCP/Col was prepared by mixing sieved granules of OCP and atelocollagen for medical use and a disk was molded. After the creation of a rodent critical‐sized calvarial defect, OCP/Col or OCP/Col with dripped TPTD solution (1.0 or 0.1 µg; OCP/Col/TPTDd1.0 or OCP/Col/TPTDd0.1) was implanted into the defect. Six defects in each group were fixed 12 weeks after implantation. Radiographic examinations indicated that radiopaque figures in defects treated with OCP/Col with TPTD (OCP/Col/TPTDd) occupied a wider range than those treated with OCP/Col. Histological results demonstrated that most of the defect in OCP/Col/TPTDd was filled with newly formed bone. A histomorphometrical examination indicated that the percentage of newly formed bone was significantly higher in the defects of OCP/Col/TPTDd 1.0 (53.6 ± 4.3%) and OCP/Col/TPTDd 0.1 (52.2 ± 7.4%) than in those of OCP/Col (40.1 ± 8.4%), whereas no significant differences were observed between OCP/Col/TPTDd1.0 and OCP/Col/TPTDd0.1. These results suggest that OCP/Col with the single local administration of TPTD enhances bone regeneration in a rodent calvarial critical‐sized bone defect. © 2017 The Authors Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1851–1857, 2018.
Laser micro‐ablation of fibrocartilage tissue: Effects of tissue processing on porosity modification and mechanics
Authors: Matuska A. M. , McFetridge P. S.
Published: September 2017

The temporomandibular joint disk (TMJd) is an extremely dense and avascular fibrocartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM) resulting in a limited regenerative capacity. The use of decellularized TMJd as a biocompatible scaffold to guide tissue regeneration is restricted by innate subcellular porosity of the ECM that hinders cellular infiltration and regenerative events. Incorporation of an artificial microporosity through laser micro‐ablation (LMA) can alleviate these cell and diffusion based limitations. In this study, LMA was performed either before or after decellularization to assess to effect of surfactant treatment on porosity modification as well as the resultant mechanical and physical scaffold properties. Under convective flow or agitation schemes, pristine and laser ablated disks were decellularized using either low (0.1% w/v) or high (1% w/v) concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Results show that lower concentrations of SDS minimized collagen degradation and tissue swelling while retaining its capacity to solubilize cellular content. Regardless of processing scheme, laser ablated channels incorporated after SDS treatment were relatively smaller and more uniform than those incorporated before SDS treatment, indicating an altered laser interaction with surfactant treated tissues. Smaller channels correlated with less disruption of native biomechanical properties indicating surfactant pre‐treatment is an important consideration when using LMA to produce artificial porosity in ex vivo derived tissues. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1858–1868, 2018.