bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Letter of Consequence: Referral Letters From General Practitioners to Secondary Mental Health Services
Authors: Shaw Ian , Smith Katherine M. Clegg , Middleton Hugh , Woodward Louise
Published: December 2004

The referral letter is a key instrument in moving patients from primary to secondary care services. Consequently, the circumstances in which a referral should be made and its contents have been the subject of clinical guidelines. This article is based on a project that demonstrated that physicians do not adhere to clinical guidelines when referring patients to secondary mental health services. This research supports earlier findings into noncompliance with guidelines by general practitioners (GPs). The authors briefly note possible reasons, which have been the subject of some debate. They also present a content analysis of referral letters to demonstrate the important ways in which they differ from guideline criteria. However, their central argument is that the role of the referral letter in relation to the GP’s repertoire of treatments has not been understood fully. Such understanding implies the need for a reexamination of the support available for GPs.
Family Treatment for a Chinese Family With an Adolescent Suffering From Anorexia Nervosa: A Case Study
Authors: Ma Joyce L. C.
Published: December 2004

In this article, the self-starvation problem of a Chinese adolescent girl is contextualized within the unique sociocultural characteristics of Hong Kong. Using this case illustration, the cultural differences between the East and the West are discussed to reveal how Chinese families and their way of handling conflicts can be both a hindrance and an asset to family treatment. Based on Micucci’s family treatment model, the author has augmented her approach with Chinese patients using two culture-sensitive strategies: (a) making use of the emotional anomie and (b) assisting in conflict resolution.
Case Conceptualizations: The Missing Link Between Theory and Practice
Authors: Sperry Len
Published: December 2004

A good case conceptualization should effectively link a client’s presenting problem to a treatment plan as well as provide the basis for tailoring treatment to client need and expectations. Case conceptualization can also provide a tangible marker of a trainee’s capacity to link or integrate theory and practice. Unfortunately, family therapy has been notably silent about case conceptualizations and either of these links, despite the fact that case conceptualization is probably indispensable when health issues impact couples or family dynamics. This article discusses these considerations. It then describes pattern analysis, a clinically useful strategy for case conceptualization and sequencing treatment for individuals, couples, and families and applies it to the impact of health issues on family dynamics. A case example illustrates the linking functions of a case conceptualization and the application of pattern analysis to the planning and sequencing of treatment involving adolescent diabetes in a family context.
Theoretical Considerations of “Resistant Families”
Authors: Mason Michael Gerard
Published: December 2004

The terminology “red zone,” originally published in schoolwide behavioral support literature, is used to conceptualize a population of families that are traditionally labeled resistant in family counseling. A measure of the family counselor’s and the family’s engagement-disengagement into mainstream values and norms is an empowering reframe of traditional resistance. Examples of disengagement across three dimensions are offered, all of which support the notion that families can consciously choose to disengage from mainstream values without negative outcomes in counseling.
Assessing Interactive Creativity in Couples
Authors: Sarnoff David P. , Sarnoff Pepper
Published: December 2004

The Couples Creativity Assessment Tasks (C-CAT) were designed based on research in the fields of creative problem solving and marital psychotherapy and the authors’ clinical experiences with couples in therapy. The tasks provided here can be used in a conjoint counseling session or as self-help home exercises for couples. The tasks are varied to assess different dimensions of interactive creativity relevant to good, long-term intimate relationships utilizing diverse modalities. The tasks include describing positive memories of each partner in the relationship, describing each partner’s positive visions for their future together, answering questions about each partner’s perception of the couple’s problem-solving abilities, and working on a brainstorming task together as a couple.
Staging Sex and Masculinity at the Mineshaft
Authors: Tattelman Ira
Published: December 2004

This article serves as an inquiry into masculine space: it uses the gay male clubs of the 1970s to discuss masculinity, performance, and spatial configuration. Within these spaces, gay men underwent a conversion (public to the other men at the clubs, private to society at large); they inverted dominant culture for their own purposes, projecting, acting on, and maybe even transcending their imaginings and desires. The reciprocity between space and program as conceptual frame and the individual’s practices as intervention are important parts of this article.
Parties, Voters and Policy Priorities in the Netherlands, 1971-2002
Authors: Pennings Paul
Published: December 2004

To what extent are the priorities of voters reflected by the policy pledges of parties? And how decisive are party pledges for the policy-making of governments? The chain of delegation assumes direct linkages between voters, parties and governments, of which the voters are the principal actor. When this assumption is tested for The Netherlands, it turns out that parties are not very responsive to voter priorities and that the policy distances between parliamentary parties and governments are relatively small. This pattern makes sense in a consensus democracy in which parties have to compromise and cannot afford simply to reflect what voters perceive as important. It also suggests that the mandate theory is more directly applicable to majoritarian democracies, where the winner takes all and therefore has more scope to translate voter priorities into policy-making.
Fractured identities: injury and the balletic body
Authors: Wainwright Steven P. , Williams Clare , Turner Bryan S.
Published: December 2004

Social worlds shape human bodies and so it is inevitable that there are strong relationships between the body, professional dance and identity. In this article we draw on Bourdieu’s notions of habitus, and various forms of capital, as the main theoretical framework for our discussion. Our ethnography of the balletic body elicited dancers and ex-dancers’ perceptions of their bodies and sought to reveal some of the facets of their embodied habitus. The sheer physicality of their working lives - of feeling exhausted, sweaty and out of breath - is something dancers (like all athletes) become ‘addicted to’. Ageing and injury can reveal this compulsion to dance and so dancers invariably find it very difficult to, for example, give up class once they retire from the stage; or miss a performance if they have a ‘slight injury’. In other words, the vocational calling to dance is so overwhelming that their balletic body is their identity. In addition, there is an unremitting loop between individual habitus and institutional habitus (the ballet company), which affects both the meaning and management of injury. All our informants at the Royal Ballet (London: n = 20) had suffered dance injuries. The injured, dancing body is perceived as an inevitable part of a career in ballet. Everyone spoke of the improved athleticism of dancers, and of the expansion in facilities to maintain healthy dancers. However, most dancers can expect several major injuries during their careers. Such epiphanies force dancers to confront their embodiment, and their thoughts invariably turn to their body, career and self. Critical injuries threaten to terminate a dancer’s career and so endanger their embodied sense of self. On a more everyday level, dancing and performing with painful, niggling injuries is the norm.
Taijin Kyofusho in University Students: Patterns of Fear and Predispositions to the Offensive Variant
Authors: Tarumi Shin , Ichimiya Atsushi , Yamada Shin , Umesue Masahiro , Kuroki Toshihide
Published: December 2004

Taijin Kyofusho (TKS), a disorder characterized by a fear of interpersonal relations, and regarded as a culture-bound disorder in Japan, is related to social anxiety disorder (SAD). A variant of TKS, the ‘offensive type,’involves fear of offending others by one’s inappropriate social behavior or appearance. Reports of offensive-type TKS have hitherto been limited to a small number of case reports. To delineate the characteristics of offensive-type TKS and to determine the patterns of fear and factors involved, we investigated 111 Japanese university students who reported feeling tense or nervous in social or interpersonal interactions. We analyzed subjects’ responses to items on a scale for TKS, and isolated five factors. Cluster analysis of the factor scores revealed a group ( N = 25) with symptomatic profiles that fit ‘offensive-type TKS.’ Despite this group’s high TKS scores, their scores on the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale – Japanese version were relatively low. Our results suggest that the symptoms of some TKS sufferers do not fall within the SAD spectrum.
Aliens and Indians: Science Fiction, Prophetic Photography and Near-Future Visions
Authors: Marez Curtis
Published: December 2004

Building upon the insights of Indian media-makers and critics, this article considers the ways in which science fiction about alien abduction incorporates and transforms histories of Indian slavery. Specifically, it historicizes science fiction in relationship to Indian slavery to explore its implications for contemporary demographic, political and cultural transformations. Narratives of encounter and conquest in Hollywood films such as Contact (1997) and Men in Black (1997) are considered in tandem with Indian media-makers and critics such as Ward Churchill, Jimmie Durham, Jacquelyn Kilpatrick, Victor Masayesva, Leslie Marmon Silko and Beverly Singer, who stress the long-term historical continuities among dominant images of Indians, at different times and places and in diverse forms, more or less from Columbus to the present.
Establishing an Internet-Based Tobacco-Control Network for Czech Health Professionals
Authors: Chew Fiona , Palmer Sushma
Published: December 2004

This article describes the background, implementation, and evaluation of an Internet-based health promotion network in the Czech Republic. The network was intended to build the indigenous capacity of Czech health professionals in the use of the Internet for tobacco control to organize and coordinate public health campaigns, heighten public awareness, and catalyze policy change. Multiple methods of evaluation included three needs assessment surveys, three training workshop evaluations, an Internet survey of participating member organizations, and quarterly reports from the project partners. The evaluation showed that an Internet-based network was established with 40 health professionals from 30 organizations. A grassroots heart disease prevention and tobacco-control advocacy group was formed. Network participants utilized and continue to utilize the Internet to communicate, research, coordinate outreach, and advocate tobacco-control issues.
Telephone Support for Pregnant Smokers Who Want to Stop Smoking
Authors: Solomon Laura J. , Flynn Brian S.
Published: December 2004

This article describes a statewide, proactive telephone peer-support system to help low-income pregnant women stop smoking. From October 1994 to December 2000, 948 pregnant smokers attending the Women, Infants, Children program accepted an offer to receive support by telephone from a woman ex-smoker who called weekly, biweekly, and then monthly to provide guidance, encouragement, and reinforcement for smoking cessation. This free service, funded by the Vermont Department of Health, resulted in 25% self-reported abstinence at last telephone contact when women never reached for telephone support were counted as smokers, and self-reported abstinence during pregnancy of 20% among participants who returned for their postpartum Women, Infants, Children visit. These findings suggest that proactive telephone peer support is a viable way to help pregnant women stop smoking during pregnancy.
Frizzled 9 knock-out mice have abnormal B-cell development
Authors: Ranheim Erik A. , Kwan Helen C. K. , Reya Tannishtha , Wang Yu-Ker , Weissman Irving L. , Francke Uta
Published: December 2004

The binding of frizzled (Fzd) receptors by their Wnt ligands results in the inhibition of β-catenin degradation and subsequent transcription of β-catenin/LEF–inducible genes. The β-catenin pathway is known to be involved in development, tumorigenesis, and stem cell self-renewal. In humans, the FZD9 gene lies in the region of chromosome 7q11.23 deleted in the neurodevelopmental disorder, Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS). Fzd9-/- mice show no obvious features of WBS, but reveal a role for Fzd9 in lymphoid development and maturation. Fzd9-/- mice show pronounced splenomegaly, thymic atrophy, and lymphadenopathy with age, with accumulation of plasma cells in lymph nodes. There is a depletion of developing B cells in the bone marrow (BM), particularly in the pre-B stage where immunoglobulin heavy chains are expressed and the cells are undergoing clonal expansion prior to light chain rearrangement. The pre-B defect is partially intrinsic to the hematopoietic system; as in competitive BM reconstitution studies, Fzd9-/--derived BM exhibits defective B-cell development when implanted into a wild-type host. Mature B cells are present in normal numbers in lymph node and spleen. These findings suggest a role for Fzd9 signaling in lymphoid development, particularly at points where B cells undergo self-renewal prior to further differentiation.
Antiphospholipid antibodies predict early damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Ruiz-Irastorza G , Egurbide M-V , Martinez-Berriotxoa A , Ugalde J , Aguirre C
Published: December 2004

The aim of this study was to determine whether the different autoantibodies predict early damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The patients comprised a prospective inception cohort of 205 patients with SLE, 154 on follow-up for at least five years after diagnosis. Eight patients who died before the fifth year of disease course were included in analyses comprising survival. Organ damage was measured using the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics - American College of Rheumatology damage index (SDI). Endpoints were the development of some (SDI ≥1) or severe (SDI > 2) damage at five years after diagnosis or the combined outcome ‘SDI ≥1 or death at five years’. Autoantibodies [anti-DNA, anti-Ro, anti-La, anti-Sm, anti-U1 RNP, any anti-ENA and antiphospholipid (aPL)] were included in univariate and multivariate analysis. ‘Age at diagnosis’ was also included as an independent variable in multivariant analyses. Sapporo criteria were used to define aPL positivity. Eighty-four patients (54.5%) had accrued damage at five years, 17 patients (11.0%) having severe damage. Patients with aPL had damage in a higher proportion (63.2% any damage, 17.6% severe damage). Only aPL were related to damage in univariate analysis ( P = 0.03). In logistic regression models, aPL were the only independent predictors of damage at five years (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.01-3.73), severe damage at five years (OR 3.34, 95% CI 1.11-10.03) and increasing damage since diagnosis (OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.24-4.87). No autoantibody was a predictor of the outcome ‘SDI ≥1 or death at five years’. The conclusion was that aPL predict early damage in patients with SLE.
Mentoring for Clinician–Educators
Authors: Farrell Susan E. , Digioia Natalie M. , Broderick Kerry B. , Coates Wendy C.
Published: December 2004

Mentorship has been shown to have a positive impact on academic faculty members in terms of career advancement. The guidance of a mentor has been shown to increase academic outcome measures such as peer‐reviewed publications and grant support for junior academic faculty. In addition, career satisfaction of mentored faculty is greater than those with no mentorship. There is little research on the effects of mentorship on the careers of clinician‐educators. This group has also been reported to have a lower scholarly productivity rate than the typical research‐based faculty. This article addresses the current state of mentorship as it applies specifically to clinician‐educators, offers advice on how a potential protégé might seek out a potential mentor, and finally, suggests a possible mentoring system for academic emergency physicians who are focusing on careers in medical education.
Downregulation of Smac/DIABLO Expression in Renal Cell Carcinoma and Its Prognostic Significance
Authors: Mizutani Yoichi , Nakanishi Hiroyuki , Yamamoto Kosuke , Li Yong Nan , Matsubara Hiroki , Mikami Kazuya , Okihara Koji , Kawauchi Akihiro , Bonavida Benjamin , Miki Tsuneharu
Published: December 2004

Purpose

Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein with low pI (Smac/DIABLO) was recently identified as a protein that is released from mitochondria in response to apoptotic stimuli and promotes apoptosis by antagonizing inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. Furthermore, Smac/DIABLO plays an important regulatory role in the sensitization of cancer cells to both immune- and drug-induced apoptosis. However, little is known about the clinical significance of Smac/DIABLO in various cancers, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This study examined Smac/DIABLO expression in 78 healthy kidneys and 78 RCCs.

Materials and Methods

The level of Smac/DIABLO expression was quantified by Western blot analysis using nonfixed fresh frozen tissues.

Results

The expression of Smac/DIABLO was lower in RCC compared with the autologous normal kidney. Sixty-four (82%) of 78 of RCC expressed Smac/DIABLO, and 18% were negative, whereas 100% of normal kidney tissues were positive. In stage I/II RCC, 96% expressed Smac/DIABLO, whereas only 50% expressed Smac/DIABLO in stage III/IV. Smac/DIABLO expression inversely correlated with the grade of RCC. Patients with RCC expressing Smac/DIABLO had a longer postoperative disease-specific survival than those without Smac/DIABLO expression in the 5-year follow-up. Transfection with Smac/DIABLO cDNA enhanced tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) –mediated and cisplatin-mediated cytotoxicity in RCC.

Conclusion

The present study demonstrates for the first time that Smac/DIABLO expression was downregulated in RCC and that no Smac/DIABLO expression in RCC predicted a worse prognosis. In addition, transfection with Smac/DIABLO sensitized RCC to TRAIL/cisplatin-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that Smac/DIABLO expression in RCC may be used as a prognostic parameter, and that enhancement of Smac/DIABLO expression in RCC may potentiate immunotherapy and chemotherapy.
p38α, but not p38β, inhibits the phosphorylation and presence of c-FLIPS in DISC to potentiate Fas-mediated caspase-8 activation and type I apoptotic signaling
Authors: Tourian Leon , Zhao Hong , Srikant Coimbatore B.
Published: December 2004

Pharmacological inhibitors of JNK (SP600125) and p38 (PD169316) sensitize tumor cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis. PD169316 is less potent than SP600125 and diminishes its effect when present together. Because the p38 isoforms that promote (p38α) or inhibit (p38β) apoptosis are both suppressed by PD169316, we investigated their regulatory involvement in Fas-signaling. We report here, that p38α, but not p38β, exerts its proapoptotic effect by inhibiting the phosphorylation and presence of c-FLIPS, but not c-FLIPL, in the DISC to promote caspase-8 activation and type I signaling in Fas-activated Jurkat cells. Its effect was enhanced by enforced expression of Flag-tagged p38α and was attenuated by its inactive mutant (p38α-AGF) or by translational silencing. By contrast, type II signaling was facilitated by p38α-dependent mitochondrial presence of tBid and inhibition of Bcl-2 (Ser70) phosphorylation as well as by p38α/β-dependent mitochondrial localization of Bax and inhibition of phosphorylation of Bad (Ser112/Ser155). Potentiation of Fas-mediated apoptosis by the inhibition of JNK1/2 correlated with the loss of Bad (Ser136) phosphorylation and was dependent on the stimulatory effect of p38α on DISC and the downstream effects of both p38α and p38β. These data underscore the need to reassess the findings obtained with pan-p38 inhibitors and suggest that activation of p38α coupled with targeted inhibition of p38β and JNK1/2 should optimally sensitize tumor cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis.
Role of myosin VIIa and Rab27a in the motility and localization of RPE melanosomes
Authors: Gibbs Daniel , Azarian Sassan M. , Lillo Concepcion , Kitamoto Junko , Klomp Adriana E. , Steel Karen P. , Libby Richard T. , Williams David S.
Published: December 2004

Myosin VIIa functions in the outer retina, and loss of this function causes human blindness in Usher syndrome type 1B (USH1B). In mice with mutant Myo7a, melanosomes in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) are distributed abnormally. In this investigation we detected many proteins in RPE cells that could potentially participate in melanosome transport, but of those tested, only myosin VIIa and Rab27a were found to be required for normal distribution. Two other expressed proteins, melanophilin and myosin Va, both of which are required for normal melanosome distribution in melanocytes, were not required in RPE, despite the association of myosin Va with the RPE melanosome fraction. Both myosin VIIa and myosin Va were immunodetected broadly in sections of the RPE, overlapping with a region of apical filamentous actin. Some 70-80% of the myosin VIIa in RPE cells was detected on melanosome membranes by both subcellular fractionation of RPE cells and quantitative immunoelectron microscopy, consistent with a role for myosin VIIa in melanosome motility. Time-lapse microscopy of melanosomes in primary cultures of mouse RPE cells demonstrated that the melanosomes move in a saltatory manner, interrupting slow movements with short bursts of rapid movement (>1 μm/second). In RPE cells from Myo7a-null mice, both the slow and rapid movements still occurred, except that more melanosomes underwent rapid movements, and each movement extended approximately five times longer (and further). Hence, our studies demonstrate the presence of many potential effectors of melanosome motility and localization in the RPE, with a specific requirement for Rab27a and myosin VIIa, which function by transporting and constraining melanosomes within a region of filamentous actin. The presence of two distinct melanosome velocities in both control and Myo7a-null RPE cells suggests the involvement of at least two motors other than myosin VIIa in melanosome motility, most probably, a microtubule motor and myosin Va.
An experimental study of the effects of combustion systems and fuel properties on the performance of a diesel engine
Authors: Lee Seang-Wock , Park Simsoo , Daisho Yasuhiro
Published: December 2004

This paper investigates the effects of combustion system and fuel properties on spray, mixture formation, combustion process, and emissions, using a constant volume chamber and single- cylinder engine. In a combustion system, high-pressure injection, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and impingement spray are applied while visualizing and analysing exhaust gas. Also, light diesel fuel, which has approximately the same cetane value as the diesel but has low values of PAHs, boiling point, density, viscosity, and surface tension, were used. Spray and combustion images were taken using a high-speed video camera and analysed by their penetration and evaporation characteristics in comparison with current diesel fuel. The results showed that the mixture formation of the high- pressure injection, impingement spray, and light diesel fuel is faster than that of diesel fuel, depending on physical properties. In the engine test, a considerable reduction of smoke emission was observed using the high-pressure injection with supercharging, due to the enhanced fuel atomization and air entrainment. In addition, a high reduction of NOx emission can be achieved with a high EGR rate, and with supercharging can achieve a reduction of NOx emission without deteriorating BSFC.
Emission reduction during cold start via catalyst surface control
Authors: Karkanis A N , Botsaris P N , Sparis P D
Published: December 2004

The present paper is a preliminary investigation of a new approach to the reduction of pollutant emissions during a cold start. During a cold start the volume of the exhaust gases is considerably smaller than those under full load. Therefore, only a small portion of the catalyst active surface is required to process the gases. As the exhaust gases flow from the upstream surface to the downstream surface, they meet with the cold surface of the catalyst, which they should warm up first, before light-off. The larger that surface, the more time will be needed for its warm-up, which will increase the time required for a light-off. The experimental results presented here indicate that there can be a significant reduction of the pollutant emissions during the cold start of an engine, if a system can be devised that could adjust the catalyst active surface during start-up proportionally to the exhaust gas volume. There are strong indications that a quicker warm-up of the catalyst and a faster initiation of catalysis can be achieved by focusing the gas flow towards the centre core of the monolith. In this way the remaining ceramic body of the catalytic converter operates as a heat insulator. This idea may be utilized in the design of catalyst system with variable active surface.
Control of the transient behaviour of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell systems
Authors: Grujicic M , Chittajallu K M , Pukrushpan J T
Published: December 2004

The transient behaviour of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system following abrupt changes in the stack current is analysed using a non-linear dynamic, control-oriented computer model. Such changes in the stack current are associated with the abrupt changes in power demanded by a vehicle powered by the fuel cell system. The PEMFC system analysed consists of air and fuel supply subsystems, a perfect air/fuel humidifier, and a fuel cell stack, and is assumed to operate under a constant fuel cell temperature. The model is next used to develop a feedback control scheme to regulate the transient behaviour of the PEMFC system with respect to maintaining the necessary level of the oxygen partial pressure in the cathode following abrupt changes in the stack current demanded by the user. Maintaining the level of oxygen in the cathode is critical to prevent short circuit and membrane damage. The results obtained indicate that the oxygen level in the cathode can be successfully maintained using a feedback control of the air-compressor-motor voltage. However, the net power provided by the fuel cell system is compromised during the transients following abrupt changes in the stack current, suggesting a need for power management via a secondary power source, such as an electric battery.
Environment within a car door
Authors: Attridge A , Walton D
Published: December 2004

With increasing sophistication of the motor car, particularly in the areas of ergonomics and user-friendly features, the need for, and expectation of, reliability have also increased, with all major car manufacturers offering up to five-year warranties on their vehicles as standard. Certain fundamental components, whose levels of sophistication continue to increase, are located within the car door, such as the latching and window-winding mechanisms, and the reliability requirements of these components are no less stringent than for components located in other areas of the vehicle. In order to design a component or system that will be reliable, the environment in which it is to operate must be taken into account, and this paper is therefore concerned with the quantification of environmental conditions within a car door, under a variety of naturally occurring and simulated weather conditions, and in other relevant situations, such as during car washes. Variables measured include temperature and humidity, and volume of water flowing through the door compartment under certain conditions; visual observations and recordings were also made, in order to best define the environment within the car door.
Review of engine cooling technologies for modern engines
Authors: Pang H H , Brace C J
Published: December 2004

The performance of the conventional engine-cooling system has always been constrained by the passive nature of the system and the need to provide the required heat-rejection capability at high-power conditions. This leads to considerable losses in the cooling system at part-load conditions where vehicles operate most of the time. A set of design and operating features from advanced engine- cooling systems is reviewed and evaluated for their potential to provide improved engine protection while improving fuel efficiency and emissions output. Although these features demonstrate significant potential to improve engine performance, their full potential is limited by the need to balance between satisfying the engine-cooling requirement under all operating ambient conditions and the system effectiveness, as with any conventional engine-cooling system. The introduction of controllable elements allows limits to be placed on the operating envelope of the cooling system without restricting the benefits offered by adopting these features. The integration of split cooling and precision cooling with controllable elements has been identified as the most promising set of concepts to be adopted in a modern engine-cooling system.
First Geometrical Isomerization of [Co(d-pen-N,O,S)2]− Induced by Forming S-Bridged Structure with AuI or AgI: Crystal Structure of a CoIII3AuI3 Hexanuclear Metallacycle [Au3{Co(d-pen-N,O,S)2}3] (d-pen = d-Penicillaminate)
Authors: Konno Takumi , Hattori Masashi , Yoshimura Takashi , Hirotsu Masakazu
Published: December 2004

The reactions of trans(N)-[Co(d-pen-N,O,S)2]− with AuI or AgI in water led to the formation of novel S-bridged CoIII3M3 hexanuclear metallacycles [M3{Co(d-pen-N,O,S)2}3] (M = AuI (1), AgI (2)), in which [Co(d-pen-N,O,S)2]− units adopt a trans(O) geometry. The molecular structure of 1 was determined by X-ray crystallography.
Lattice Inclusion Complexation under Two-Guest Conditions. Preservation of a Single Phase vs Separation of Two Phases
Authors: Dewa Takehisa , Aoyama Yasuhiro
Published: December 2004

9-(3,5-Bishydroxy-1-phenyl)anthracene (1) as a hydrogen-bonded solid host forms 1:1 adducts with 3-pentanone (2) and ethyl acetate (3) as guests with differing stabilities (1·2 > 1·3) in different lattice patterns. Under two-guest conditions is obtained a ternary adduct 1·2x·3y (x + y = 1) which essentially preserves the single-phase lattice pattern for the stabler adduct 1·2.
Colorimetric Sugar Sensing Method Useful in “Neutral”Aqueous Media
Authors: Koumoto Kazuya , Shinkai Seiji
Published: December 2004

Azobenzene derivatives bearing one or two aminomethylphenylboronic acid groups were synthesized: they were confirmed to be useful for practical colorimetric saccharide sensing in “neutral” aqueous media.
Synthesis of 1,2,4-Ditellurazolidines by Oxidative Ring Contraction of 2H,6H-Tetrahydro-1,5,3,7-ditelluradiazocines
Authors: Takikawa Yuji , Yoshida Takamasa , Koyama Yutaka , Sato Kazuto , Shibata Yuko , Aoyagi Shigenobu , Shimada Kazuaki , Kabuto Chizuko
Published: December 2004

Synthesis of novel five-membered cyclic ditellurides, 4-aryl-1,2,4-ditellurazolidines was achieved by treating 3,7-diaryl-2H,6H-tetrahydro-1,5,3,7-ditelluradiazocines with oxidizing agents or by aerobic exposure. The oxidative ring contraction of the heterocycles was assumed to proceed through formation and subsequent fragmentation of bicyclic ditellura dications.
Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Study on Aggregation in Acetonitrile–D2O and Acetonitrile–D2O–NaCl Mixtures
Authors: Takamuku Toshiyuki , Matsuo Daisuke , Yamaguchi Atsushi , Tabata Masaaki , Yoshida Koji , Yamaguchi Toshio , Nagao Michihiro , Otomo Toshiya , Adachi Tomohiro
Published: December 2004

The salt-induced phase separation was, for the first time, directly observed at a molecular level by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments performed at room temperature on acetonitrile–D2O and acetonitrile–D2O–NaCl mixtures as a function of acetonitrile mole fraction, XAN, and NaCl concentration, respectively. Aggregation or microheterogeneity in the acetonitrile–D2O mixtures was most enhanced at XAN = 0.3–0.4 with Debye correlation lengths LD ∼19 Å. In the acetonitrile–D2O–NaCl mixtures at XAN = 0.2 the aggregation increased with NaCl content and reached a plateau of LD ∼20 Å.
Synthesis and Absolute Stereochemisty of a Cruciferous Phytoalexin, (−)-Spirobrassinin
Authors: Monde Kenji , Osawa Shuichi , Harada Nobuyuki , Takasugi Mitsuo , Suchy Mojmir , Kutschy Peter , Dzurilla Milan , Balentova Eva
Published: December 2004

Synthetic (±)-spirobrassinin (1) was enantioresolved by a chiral auxiliary method giving (+)-1 and natural (−)-1. The absolute configuration was unambiguously determined by X-ray crystallography of a (1′S,4′R)-camphanoyl derivative of (+)-1. Consequently, natural (−)-1 has an S configuration. Their CD spectra supported this result.
The NMR Spectroscopic Evaluation of Immobility of a Crowd of Porphyrin Rings Combined with Dendritic Poly(l-lysine)s
Authors: Kato Tamaki , Maruo Naoki , Akisada Hideo , Arai Toru , Nishino Norikazu
Published: December 2004

Since the dendritic poly(l-lysine)s combining eight to thirty-two free base-porphyrins showed split circular dichroism at the Soret band in toluene/N,N-dimethylformamide (9/1, v/v), the immobility of porphyrin rings was evaluated by 1H NMR measurements in terms of the peak width at half-height and spin-lattice relaxation time.
Electric-Field-Induced Quenching of Fluorescence of Tetraphenylporphyrin in a PMMA Polymer Film
Authors: Iwaki Yuji , Ohta Nobuhiro
Published: December 2004

Fluorescence of tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) doped in a polymer film is quenched by an electric field. Field-induced enhancement of the internal conversion from S1 to the ground state is considered to be accelerated by a molecular association. Electroabsorption spectra and electrofluorescence spectra also show that change in molecular polarizability following excitation increases by a molecular association of TPP.
UV-Raman Characterizations of MoO3/ZrO2 Catalysts with Extremely Low MoO3 Loadings
Authors: Hu Yuhai , Dong Lin , Wang Jun , Chen Yi , Li Can , Li Meijun , Feng Zhaochi , Ying Piliang
Published: December 2004

UV-Raman spectroscopy was first used and proved to be a powerful tool for the characterization of the surface molybdenum oxide species supported on ZrO2, especially for samples with extremely low MoO3 loadings due to the Raman bands of the surface molybdenum oxide species are greatly enhanced by this method. Only one kind of molybdenum oxide species was detected in samples with very low to near a mono-layer coverage of MoO3 loading, and it is suggested that the structure of the highly dispersed molybdenum species is inevitably related to the structure of the support.
Preparation of Hollow Fibers of Tin Oxide with and without Antimony Doping
Authors: Imai Hiroaki , Iwaya Yukie , Shimizu Kazuhiko , Hirashima Hiroshi
Published: December 2004

Hollow fibers of tin oxide with and without antimony doping were prepared by a chemical solution deposition technique using cotton fibers as a template. Homogeneous coating of tin dioxide undoped and doped with antimony was achieved on the organic fibers in aqueous solutions of tin difluoride and antimony trifluoride. Crystalline tin oxide hollow fibers were then obtained by removing the organic compounds with combustion in air. Since antimony-doped tin oxide annealed at 500–600 °C showed a low resistivity around 3.5 × 10−3 ohm·cm, the ceramic fibers produced by this technique have great potential as a novel conductive material.
Conversion of NO to N2 in Continuous Microwave Discharge
Authors: Tang Junwang , Zhang Tao , Liang Dongbai , Sun Xiaoying , Lin Liwu
Published: December 2004

The direct conversion of NO to N2 by a continuous microwave stable discharge at atmospheric pressure is reported, and the conversion of NO to N2 is up to 60% or more in the presence of excess O2 or O2 and H2O. The effect of the power of microwave on the conversion of NO is observed, and novel results are obtained.
Structures and Magnetic Properties of 4-(9-Anthrylmethylamino)TEMPO and Its Dimer
Authors: Ojima Takeo , Akutsu Hiroki , Yamada Jun-ichi , Nakatsuji Shin’ichi
Published: December 2004

4-(9-Anthrylmethylamino)TEMPO radical (1a) and its photo-dimer 1b have been prepared to show ferromagnetic interactions in the former radical and the variable spin–spin interactions depending on the solvent molecules incorporated in the crystals in the latter biradical.
A Novel Route to Obtain Molybdenum Dichalcogenides by Hydrothermal Reaction
Authors: Fan Rong , Chen Xianhui , Chen Zuyao
Published: December 2004

Hydrothermal reactions between aqueous Na2MoO4, Na2ESO3 (E = S, Se) and hydrazine monohydrate at 135 °C for 12 h produce phase-pure MoS2 and MoSe2 with good yield of about 90%. X-Ray powder diffraction, chemical analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize the structure and composition of the products annealed at 350 °C. Transmission electron microscopy images show that the samples of MoS2 and MoSe2 consist of nano-crystallites with average particle size of 4 nm and 7 nm, respectively.
Electrochemical Saccharide Recognition by a Phenylboronic Acid-Terminated Redox Active Self-Assembled Monolayer on a Gold Electrode
Authors: Murakami Hiroto , Akiyoshi Hiromi , Wakamatsu Takanari , Sagara Takamasa , Nakashima Naotoshi
Published: December 2004

Phenylboronic acid-terminated viologen-carrying alkyl disulfide (1) and a reference compound 2 were designed and synthesized. Self-assembled monolayers of 1 on gold electrodes were found to function as a highly sensitive saccharide sensor in aqueous solution.
A New One-Pot Synthesis of Bisperfluoroalkanesulfonylamides and Bispentafluorobenzenesulfonylamide as Potassium Salts
Authors: Sogabe Kensaku , Hasegawa Yasuchika , Wada Yuji , Kitamura Takayuki , Yanagida Shozo
Published: December 2004

Bisperfluoroalkanesulfonylamides were synthesized as potassium salts by one-pot reaction of perfluoroalkanesulfonyl halides with acetamide derivatives in the presence of K2CO3 in THF.
Preparation and Charge–Discharge Properties of a Novel Organosulfur Polymer, Poly(p-phenylene thiuret), for Battery Applications
Authors: Uemachi Hiroshi , Iwasa Yoshihiro , Mitani Tadaoki
Published: December 2004

A new redox polymer consisting of benzene and thiuret, poly(p-phenylene thiuret) (PPT), is presented as a cathode material for lithium secondary batteries. The high capacity and cycleability are achieved by introduction of an S–S bond as a side group to a polymer. To prepare PPT, we synthesized a precursor polymer by a condensation of S-benzylthiourea with isothiocyanate and modified this polymer to PPT by an electrochemical reaction.
Preparation, Conformation and Reaction of Medium-sized [1.n.n]Metacyclophanes
Authors: Tsuge Akihiko , Takagi Nobuko , Kakara Takehiro , Moriguchi Tetsuji , Sakata Kazunori
Published: December 2004

A series of metacyclophanes consisting of three aromatic rings have been prepared. The detailed study of their conformational properties by means of the NMR spectroscopy and the X-ray analysis confirmed the “n,m-alternate(folded-inwards)” and “n,m-alternate(cone-like)” conformations. Two conformers of 3a exhibited a different reactivity in demethylation by BBr3.
One-Dimensional S = 1 Ferromagnetic Chain Formed by a Square Ni2S2 Motif in Ni(qt)2 (qt = Quinoline-8-thiolate)
Authors: Miyake Takashi , Ishida Takayuki , Hashizume Daisuke , Iwasaki Fujiko , Nogami Takashi
Published: December 2004

X-Ray crystallographic analysis of the title complex reveals that nickel(II) ions are arranged to form a one-dimensional chain structure with double thiolate-bridges. The Ni–S–Ni angle is 94.3°. Magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate that the nickel S = 1 spins are ferromagnetically coupled within a chain.
Design, Preparation, and Characterization of Novel ET Salts with Supramolecular Assembly. Sheet, Chain, and Pore Structures Based on Difluorotetraiodobenzene
Authors: Yamamoto Hiroshi M , Kato Reizo
Published: December 2004

To control the donor/anion ratio of an ET (= bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene) salt, an anionic supramolecular assembly was designed. The supramolecular assembly based on 1,4-difluoro-2,3,5,6-tetraiodobenzene (DFTIB) and the bromide anion thus afforded an ET salt with desired 3:1 donor/anion ratio, while it also gave three other salts with unexpected structures. These salts showed semiconductive behaviors in the resistivity.
Multiattribute Preference Analysis with Performance Targets
Authors: Bordley Robert F. , Kirkwood Craig W.
Published: December 2004

This paper develops an approach based on performance targets to assess a preference function for a multiobjective decision under uncertainty. This approach yields preference functions that are strategically equivalent to conventional multiattribute utility functions, but the target-oriented approach is more natural for some classes of decisions. In some situations, the target-oriented preference conditions are analogous to reliability theory conditions for series or parallel failure modes in a system. In such cases, reinterpreting the conditions using reliability concepts can be useful in assessing the preference function. The target-oriented approach is also a generalization of common forms of goal programming. The approach has particular applicability for resource allocation decisions where the outcome of the decision is significantly determined by the actions of other stakeholders to the decision, such as new product development or decision making in a controversial regulated environment.
Scenario-Based Planning for Partially Dynamic Vehicle Routing with Stochastic Customers
Authors: Bent Russell W. , Van Hentenryck Pascal
Published: December 2004

The multiple vehicle routing problem with time windows (VRPTW) is a hard and extensively studied combinatorial optimization problem. This paper considers a dynamic VRPTW with stochastic customers, where the goal is to maximize the number of serviced customers. It presents a multiple scenario approach (MSA) that continuously generates routing plans for scenarios including known and future requests. Decisions during execution use a distinguished plan chosen, at each decision, by a consensus function. The approach was evaluated on vehicle routing problems adapted from the Solomon benchmarks with a degree of dynamism varying between 30% and 80%. They indicate that MSA exhibits dramatic improvements over approaches not exploiting stochastic information, that the use of consensus function improves the quality of the solutions significantly, and that the benefits of MSA increase with the (effective) degree of dynamism.
A Periodic Inventory Routing Problem at a Supermarket Chain
Authors: Gaur Vishal , Fisher Marshall L.
Published: December 2004

Albert Heijn, BV, a supermarket chain in the Netherlands, faces a vehicle routing and delivery scheduling problem once every three to six months. Given hourly demand forecasts for each store, travel times and distances, cost parameters, and various transportation constraints, the firm seeks to determine a weekly delivery schedule specifying the times when each store should be replenished from a central distribution center, and to determine the vehicle routes that service these requirements at minimum cost. We describe the development and implementation of a system to solve this problem at Albert Heijn. The system resulted in savings of 4% of distribution costs in its first year of implementation and is expected to yield 12%–20% savings as the firm expands its usage. It also has tactical and strategic advantages for the firm, such as in assessing the cost impact of various logistics and marketing decisions, in performance measurement, and in competing effectively through reduced lead time and increased frequency of replenishment.
Transactive Memory Systems in Organizations: Matching Tasks, Expertise, and People
Authors: Brandon David P. , Hollingshead Andrea B.
Published: December 2004

Transactive memory is the shared division of cognitive labor with respect to the encoding, storage, retrieval, and communication of information from different knowledge domains, which often develops in groups and can lead to greater efficiency and effectiveness. Although discussions of transactive memory theory suggest that components of the theory are dynamic, research tends to treat transactive memory as evolving linearly, using static measures rather than assessing development over time. In response, we offer a model emphasizing both linear and cyclical aspects of transactive memory development in work groups, and we propose that task is a major influence on developmental processes. We introduce task representation and the task-expertise-person (TEP) unit as basic constructs involved in transactive memory development, and we provide a dynamic model of how TEP units are constructed, evaluated, and utilized. Regarding observable changes over time, we propose that transactive memory systems can vary in terms of accuracy (the degree to which group members' perceptions about others' task-related expertise are accurate), sharedness (the degree to which members have a shared representation of the transactive memory system), and validation (the degree to which group members participate in the transactive memory system). Convergence is the optimal state of transactive memory systems and reflects high levels of accuracy, sharedness, and validation.
Distal and Local Group Learning: Performance Trade-offs and Tensions
Authors: Wong Sze-Sze
Published: December 2004

There is increasing recognition that group members learn not only within the group (i.e., local learning), but also externally (i.e., distal learning), and these two group learning processes may facilitate group performance in different ways. Yet, despite this recognition, there is much that is not understood about whether they complement or inhibit each other in affecting group performance, and whether group social and task conditions that foster one type of learning do so at the expense of the other. The findings from this field study of teams from four firms show that (1) local learning and distal learning are positively related to group efficiency and group innovativeness, respectively; (2) distal learning negatively interacts with local learning to impede group efficiency; and (3) high levels of group cohesion promote distal learning but diminish local learning. Overall, these findings suggest that there are not only performance trade-offs to engaging in either only local or distal learning, but also performance disadvantages to engaging in both types of group learning because distal learning impedes local learning from achieving a high level of group efficiency. In addition, there is preliminary evidence to suggest that tensions can arise from simultaneously managing both types of group learning because a high level of group cohesion increases distal learning but decreases local learning.