bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plastic Properties of Microcrystalline Mg with Ceramic Nanoparticles
Authors: Drozd Zdeněk , Trojanová Zuzanka
Published: March 2009

The Mg micropowder was mixed and ball milled with ceramic nanoparticles. The
material was compacted and then hot extruded. Samples have been deformed in tensile as well as
compression tests at temperatures between 20 and 300 °C at a constant initial strain rate. The flow
stress is significantly influenced by temperature. The yield stress and maximum stress decrease with
increasing temperature. Stress strain curves obtained at lower temperatures in tensile tests
substantially differ from ones estimated in compression. Stress relaxation tests were conducted in
order to find the internal stress as well as to identify possible thermally activated process(-es).
Structure and Properties of Magnesium-Based Hydrogen Storage Alloys
Authors: Novák Pavel , Vojtech Dalibor , Prusa Filip , Šerák Jan , Fabián Thomáš
Published: March 2009

Hydrogen is the promising pollutant-free fuel of the near future. For various hydrogen
applications, suitable storage systems have to be developed. One of the safe ways is the reversible
storage of hydrogen in the form of light metal (lithium or magnesium) hydrides. MgH2 magnesium
hydride shows very high storage capacity (approx. 7 wt. %), but its problem is high thermodynamic
stability. Therefore, high temperature (over 400°C) is necessary for MgH2 to decompose producing
hydrogen. The solution of this problem can be the utilization of the complex magnesium hydrides
containing nickel, copper or other transition metals.
In this work, the microstructure and hydrogen storage properties of the various magnesium alloys
(Mg-Ni, Mg-Zn, Mg-Cu and Mg-Cu-Al) are described. The aim was to find suitable hydrogen
storage system with good storage capacity and sufficient rate of formation and decomposition of
hydrides. Microstructure, chemical and phase composition of the alloys were determined by the
light and scanning electron microscopy, EDS and XRD. Hydrogen saturation was carried out by
cathodic polarization in the alkaline solution. Hydrogen content in the material was estimated by
XRD from the shift of the diffraction lines of present phases.
X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Oxide Layers of Zr-Based Alloys
Authors: Gosmanová Galina , Kraus Ivo , Kolega Michal , Vrtílková Věra
Published: March 2009

The results of X-ray diffraction analysis of macroscopic stresses σ and crystallite size D
in oxide layers are presented in this contribution. The oxide layers were formed on tubular
specimens of Zircaloy 4 and Zr1Nb alloys which were simultaneously oxidized for various times
under temperature transient conditions (oxidation in water at 360 °C with a short-time shock in
steam at 500 °C). A qualitative relation was outlined between the residual stresses in oxide layers
and corrosion kinetics of the alloys under investigation.
Cell Adhesion and Proliferation on Modified Polyethylene
Authors: Kasálková Nikola , Kolářová Kateřina , Bačáková Lucie , Pařízek Martin , Macková Anna , Švorčík Václav
Published: March 2009

The interaction of cells with polymers is important for their potential applications in medicine and
various areas of biotechnology. Their physico-chemical surface properties strongly influence the cell
morphology, adhesion and growth. Physical and chemical properties of pristine and modified
polyethylene (PE) films were studied. PE was modified by Ar plasma (0–400 s, 2.0 W) and than
grafted with amino acid (glycine). Structural and morphological changes of polymer were studied by
goniometry and Rutherford back-scattering (RBS). The interaction of these samples with vascular
smooth muscle cell (VSMC) from the rat aorta was studied. Number and morphology of the adhered
and proliferated cell on the pristine and modified PE was studied in vitro method. It was found that
wetting angle of the modified films decreased with exposure time. Experiments in vitro indicated
that the adhesion and proliferation of VSMC is increasing function of degradation time and glycine
grafting.
Experimental Evaluation of Plastic Property of a Low-Dimensional Cu Nano-Component
Authors: Takahashi Yoshimasa , Hirakata Hiroyuki , Kitamura Takayuki
Published: March 2009

The plasticity of a copper (Cu) nano-component is experimentally evaluated by a cantilever
specimen with multi-layered structure. The cantilever is monotonically loaded by a diamond tip and
the deflection at the free-end is precisely measured by a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
The plastic deformation of the Cu nano-component is successfully monitored through the non-linear
behavior of applied load, P, and cantilever deflection, δ. The plastic constitutive quation of the Cu
component is inversely analyzed by finite element method (FEM) assuming that the component obeys
the Ramberg-Osgood law. The parameters in the R-O law (σ0, n and α) are optimally fitted to
reproduce the experimentally evaluated P-δ relation. The resultant parameter set is derived as (σ0, n,
α) = (345 MPa, 3.2, 1.25). The Cu nano-component has a much higher yield stress and a hardening
rate compared with the ones in a bulk Cu.
Degradation of Protective Al - Si Coatings during Exploitation of Gas Turbine Blades
Authors: Kianicová Marta , Pokluda Jaroslav
Published: March 2009

Diffusion Al-Si coatings are often used to protect rotor blades of aircraft engines against
high-temperature corrosion in environments containing sulfur compounds. Besides other
microstructural changes, the degradation of AlSi layers can be indicated by an increasing amount of
surface oxide phases and changes in parameters of the layer geometry. In practice, the timetemperature
area beyond a critical temperature of the outgoing gas is used as an empirical
exploitation parameter D indicating a degradation level. The efficiency of such approach was
investigated by analyzing degradation features in the surface layers of rotor blades after
exploitations corresponding to different values of D. Determined simple relationships between the
relative thickness of degraded layer and the parameter D verify the methodology and yield its clear
geometrical interpretation. However, this method fails to provide reasonable information in case
when the gas is burning outside the combustion chamber due to a sudden decrease of turbine
revolutions.
Fatigue Crack Growth in Titanium and Aluminium Alloys under Bending
Authors: Rozumek Dariusz , Macha Ewald
Published: March 2009

The paper contains results of investigations of the crack growth in plane specimens made
of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy and AlCu4Mg1 aluminium alloy under cyclic bending. The tests were
done on specimens with the stress concentrators being one-sided sharp notch. On the fractures there
have been observed first of all transcrystalline cracks through the α phase grains for both materials.
Effect of Quenching Temperature on Age Hardening of AA6016 Sheets
Authors: Slámová Margarita , Janeček Miloš , Cieslar Miroslav , Šíma Vladimír
Published: March 2009

Heat treatable AlMgSi alloys are being used increasingly for automotive skin sheet. AA6016 sheets
produced from direct chill (DC) cast ingots are the material of choice in Europe. However,
manufacturing of sheets using twin-roll casting (TRC) is a cost effective alternative to DC casting.
The effect of processing parameters on the age hardening of TRC AA6016 sheets was assessed. The
influence of quenching temperature after solution annealing and subsequent pre-aging at 100 °C was
studied. Sheets in the artificially aged condition were prepared using a simulated car-body paint
baking procedure (180 °C/30 min). The precipitation kinetics, resulting dispersion of the agehardening
phase and their correlations with properties were investigated by differential scanning
calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy and tensile tests. It is demonstrated that pre-aging
results in increased age hardening effect, especially in the material quenched to 20 °C after solution
annealing. The differences in strength are ascribed to the differences in the nucleation rate of β''
precipitates during stabilisation and the formation of stable GP-I zones in naturally aged specimen.
The differences in precipitate microstructure inherited from the pre-treatment affect precipitation
kinetics during paint baking and result in different precipitate dispersion and sheet strength.
Superplasticity of an AZ91 Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Száraz Zoltán , Trojanová Zuzanka , Ryspaev Talant , Wesling Volker
Published: March 2009

The superplastic deformation characteristics of the AZ91, the mostly used magnesium
alloy, were investigated at various strain rates in the interval from 3x10-5 to 1x10-2 s-1 and
temperature of 420 °C. To prepare superplastic alloys thermo-mechanical treatment was used. Cast
materials were heat-treated in two stages, after homogenization at 415 °C for 10 h were submitted to
the precipitation annealing at temperature in the range of 200-380 °C for 10 h, and deformed by hot
extrusion. Microstructure of samples was observed by the light microscope Olympus. Strain rate
sensitivity parameter m has been estimated by the abrupt strain rate changes method. The strong
strain rate dependence of the m-parameter was found. The highest elongation to failure, 584%, was
found for the samples aged at 380 °C. Possible physical mechanisms of the superplastic flow are
discussed.
Casting Porosity and Long-Life Fatigue Strength of a Cast Al-Alloy
Authors: Nicoletto Gianni , Konečná Radomila , Baicchi P. , Majerová V.
Published: March 2009

The sand casting process usually generates porosity that is highly detrimental especially
to the fatigue behavior of Al-Si alloys. Since pores favor early fatigue crack initiation, the total
fatigue life is crack-propagation-dominated and, for a given stress level, strongly depends on the
initiating pore size. Here long life fatigue strengths were estimated using specimens extracted from
different AlSi7Mg castings. Detailed metallographic characterization of specimen sections was
carried out to determine pore size distributions and correlate it to test results. Murakami’s
experimental procedure for applying the largest extreme value statistics to small defect
characterization is applied and discussed.
Multiscale 2D Rectangular and 3D Rhombic Gratings Created by Self-Organization of Crystal Structure Defects under Constrained Cyclic Deformation and Fracture
Authors: Gordienko Yuri , Kuznetsov Pavel V. , Zasimchuk Elena , Gontareva Rimma , Schreiber Jürgen , Karbovsky Vladimir
Published: March 2009

The substructure evolution was observed in the range of scales from dozens nanometers
to millimeters on the surface of the aluminum single crystalline plates under restricted cyclic
tension. The self-similar systems of crossing bands that create the grid-like ordered structures on
different scales are assumed to be clear manifestation of their self-organization. The selforganization
of these grid-like structures is assumed to be inevitably related to the crystal structure
defects (dislocations, point-like defects and their ensembles). The model is proposed for explanation
of 2-dimensional rectangular "tweed" and 3-dimensional rhombic "pullover" pattern formations
which are related to cooperative arrangement of crystal structure defects.
Crack Orientation versus Ductile-Brittle Behavior in 3D Atomistic Simulations
Authors: Spielmannová Alena , Machová Anna , Hora Petr
Published: March 2009

The paper presents results of molecular dynamic (MD) simulations in 3D bcc iron
crystals with edge pre-existing cracks (001)[110] and (110) [110] (crack plane/crack front) loaded
uni-axially in tension mode I at temperature of 300 K. The iron crystals in MD have the same
orientation and similar geometry as in our recent fracture tests performed at room temperature on
iron (3wt.%Si) single crystals [1].
The Resistivity-Temperature Property of Transition Metal Oxide Co3O4 with In2O3 Addition
Authors: Liang Sen , Gao Ji Qiang , Yang Jian Feng , Luo Min
Published: March 2009

The electrical and structural properties of the mixture of Co3O4 and In2O3 were studied.
All the samples were added with 2% nanocrystalline SiO2 and sintered at 1000°C for 2 hours. The
sintered bodies of the samples were of high density and the average particle size was ~2μm. The
materials showed the NTC behavior in a wide temperature range (100-350°C). The resistivity of the
materials at room temperature decreased with increase the content of the In2O3 from 0% to 10%.
The thermistor constant (B) values and activation energy(E) were 7835, 6637, 5903K, and 0.675,
0.572, and 0.509 eV as the content of In2O3 were 0%, 5% and 10%, respectively.
Fabrication of Porous Plate with Bimodal Pore Size Distribution Using Molten Slag from Incinerator
Authors: Watari Takanori , Ogawa Katsuhiro , Torikai Toshio , Yada Mitsunori , Akiyama Masaki , Ida Masaki
Published: March 2009

Porous plate with bimodal size distribution was prepared using the molten slag from
the incinerator. The slag was pulverized to 1-10μm using a planetary ball mill. On heating the
pellet formed with this powder, its relative density at 750°C and 800°C were 70% and 85%,
respectively. At 750°C, each particle partially attached together at the contacted point. At
800°C, however, all particles melted, coagulated together and increased their size. The slag
powder was granulated using a tumbling granulator, resulting granules of 0.5-5mm size. The
compressive strength of the granule sintered at 750°C was 0.39 kgf. The density of the granule
decreased by ~60%. The sintered granules were mixed with a proper amount of glass powder
and starch water, and the slurry was cast to a mold (φ80mmx10mm). After drying the cast plate,
it was heated at 630°C. The density of the plate was 1.2 gcm-3, ~43% of original slag value. The
sound absorption coefficients of the plate were 0.02 and 0.4 at 200Hz and 1500Hz, respectively.
Study on the Recognition of the Registration Marks for Low-Energy Microcolumn Lithography
Authors: Ahn Seung Joon , Kim Ho Seob , Kim Dae Wook , Ahn Seong Joon
Published: March 2009

The electron beam lithography has been paid great attention as a future lithography
technology for the patterning of extremely fine structures. Generally the e-beam lithography means
high-energy e-beam lithography where the kinetic energies of electrons are rather high(10~100 keV).
Although the high-energy e-beam technology is mature and being used in semiconductor industry,
the low-energy microcolumn lithography(LEML) has many great advantages as a next-generation
technology, which explains the active research on the subject these days. In this work, we developed
a new method to recognize the registration marks in LEML. With this novel method, there is no need
to supply the bias to the mark electrodes, which remarkably simplifies the fabrication process of IC
devices.
Rapidly Solidified Al-6Si-3Cu Alloy
Authors: Triveño Rios C. , Bolfarini Claudemiro , Botta Filho Walter José , Kiminami Claudio Shyinti
Published: March 2009

Rapid solidification processes, RSP, are powerful tools to induce microstructural modifications, which may improve mechanical properties of alloys. In this paper the influence of rapid solidification on the formation of the undesirable brittle intermetallic compounds promoted by Si and Fe in Al-6Si-3Cu (A319-type) alloy have been investigated. The alloy have been casted using both conventional method and water-cooled wedge-copper mould. The microstructures have been evaluated by using a combination of X-ray diffraction, optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and by Vickers microhardness. By increasing the cooling rate the length of the intermetallic β-Al5FeSi phase decreased, accompanying the same tendency of the secondary dendritic arm spacing. These results are accompanied by an increasing in hardness. Moreover, the formation and growth of the Al2Cu phase have been suppressed. These microstructural and hardness changes with the rapid solidification might be attributed to the increased solid solution content of the elements in the Al matrix.
Crystallization of Amorphous Al85Ce5Ni10 Ribbon
Authors: Triveño Rios C. , Suriñach Santiago , Baró Maria Dolores , Bolfarini Claudemiro , Botta Filho Walter José , Kiminami Claudio Shyinti
Published: March 2009

In the present work the crystallization process of an aluminum-based amorphous metal
have been investigated. Rapidly quenched Al85Ce5Ni10 ribbon has been produced by melt-spinning.
The amorphous structure evolution during heating has been studied by a combination of X-ray
diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermograms obtained in
continuous heating regime reveal a glass transition, Tg, resulting in a supercooled liquid
temperature range of ∼16°C. Multiple crystallization events were observed by isothermal annealing
of the as-quenched melt-spun ribbon at temperatures below Tg; precipitation of a metastable phase
in the amorphous matrix has been observed. Further heating at increasing temperatures resulted in
complete crystallization with α-Al and intermetallic compounds. Kinetics analyses indicate that
crystallization occurs though nucleation and three-dimensional growth.
Deformation Effects in Metal - Hydrogen Systems
Authors: Skryabina N.E. , Fruchart Daniel , Cagnon L. , Shelyakov A.V.
Published: March 2009

The creep deformation process initiated by hydrogen in both amorphous and nanocrystalline TiNi
based alloys has been investigated. The mechanical behaviour has been interpreted in terms of
microstructure phase transformations.
Study of Elasto-Plastic Anisotropic Response of Stainless Steel Weld Metal Using Neutron Diffraction
Authors: Sharma Shiv , Turski Mark , Fitzpatrick Michael E. , Edwards Lyndon
Published: March 2009

Current analytical techniques for simulating the generation of residual stresses within
welded structures make approximations and simplifications relating to the mechanical properties of
the weld metal. This is due to the paucity of knowledge on the anisotropic nature of weld metal.
Consequently, the study of elastic and plastic anisotropy, within metals has been a subject of
considerable interest to both experimentalists and modellers alike. This study investigates the elastic
and plastic response of crystal lattice planes within single-pass and multi-pass austenitic steel weld
metal using time-of -flight (TOF) neutron diffraction. As this material is often used for the
fabrication of high temperature, pressure vessel components, it is important to understand the
evolution of lattice strains within each set of planes during elastic and plastic loading.
Neutron diffraction measurements were carried out for both single and multi-pass weld metal
subjected to in-situ uni-axial tensile loading. The elastic response of individual reflections was
recorded by diffraction measurements. All measurements were carried out at the ENGIN-X facility
at ISIS, UK.
The objective of the measurements was to determine the Young's modulus and characterise the
elastic and plastic anisotropy of the weld metal. Measurements indicate a significant variation
between the Young's modulus for the two materials, with values close to 210 GPa for the singlepass
weld metal and 90-130 GPa for the multi-pass welds. These results are explained in terms of
the texture of the welds.
In Situ Investigation of the Deformation Behaviour of the Wrought Mg Base Alloy AZ31 Using Energy Dispersive Synchrotron Diffraction
Authors: Gibmeier Jens , Klaus Manuela , Scholtes Berthold
Published: March 2009

The deformation behavior of the magnesium base alloy AZ31 was studied by means of
energy dispersive diffraction using high energy synchrotron radiation. The investigations were
performed at the EDDI-beamline operated by the Hahn-Meitner-Institute at Bessy II, Berlin. In-situ
stress analyses were carried out for samples subjected to purely elastic as well as elasto-plastic 4-
point-bending. In addition reversely loaded states were investigated. The results impressively
illustrate the potential of the energy dispersive diffraction analysis processed in transmission mode
for residual stress analysis of challenging material states. Inhomogeneous loading and residual
stress distributions with respect to the bending height of the prestressed bars were determined for
the highly textured material state indicating different predominant deformation mechanisms during
tensile loading and compressive loading, respectively. After load inversion also the predominant
deformation mechanisms reverse.
Diffraction Contrast Tomography - A Synchrotron Radiation Technique for Mapping Polycrystalline Microstructures in 3D
Authors: King Andrew , Johnson Greg , Ludwig Wolfgang
Published: March 2009

In this paper the authors describe a technique based on synchrotron x-ray diffraction
which has been used to produce full 3D grain maps (both grain shapes and orientations) in annealed
aluminium alloy and stainless steel samples containing around 500 grains. The procedure is termed
diffraction contrast tomography (DCT), reflecting its similarities with conventional absorption
contrast tomography. It is an extension of the 3D X-ray diffraction microscopy (3DXRD) concept,
and has been developed in collaboration with its inventors. The specimen is illuminated using a
monochromatic synchrotron x-ray beam, and grains imaged using the extinction contrast that
appears in the transmitted beam when grains are aligned in the diffraction condition during rotation
of the sample. The beams of radiation diffracted by the grains are captured simultaneously on the
same detector as the direct beam image. The combination of diffraction and extinction information
aids the grain indexing operation, in which pairs of diffraction and extinction images are assigned to
grain sets. 3D grain shapes are determined by algebraic reconstruction from the limited number of
extinction projections, while crystallographic orientation is found from the diffraction geometry.
The non-destructive nature of the technique allows for in-situ studies of mapped samples. Research
is in progress to extend the technique to allow the determination of the elastic strain and stress
tensors on a grain-by-grain basis.
A Critical Discussion of the sin2ψ Stress Measurement Technique
Authors: Korsunsky Alexander M.
Published: March 2009

The sin2ψ technique for near-surface and bulk stress evaluation is frequently considered
to be the method of reference, largely due to the historical reason of being established early on in the
development of experimental study of residual stress, and due to the widespread availability of
laboratory X-ray facilities equipped with goniometers allowing ψ-tilting to be carried out. In recent
years other diffraction-based techniques of residual strain and residual stress evaluation have been
developed, some of them based at large facilities such as synchrotrons, neutron reactors or spallation
sources, and others becoming available in the laboratory setting. It is therefore perhaps relevant and
timely to review the strengths and shortcomings of the sin2ψ technique in today’s context. In the
present study this task is addressed through the use of polycrystal elasto-plastic modelling that
allows the determination of equivalent average elastic lattice strains following complex deformation
history, and by post-processing of the model results in order to extract the parameters measurable in
diffraction experiments. In particular, it is possible to extract the simulated strain values that would
be measured at different tilt angles, and to build a family of sin2ψ plots for different reflections. It
then becomes possible to assess the degree to which the hypotheses underpinning the principle of
this method are enforced or violated; to select the most suitable reflections; and to discuss how the
method could be improved or varied to provide more reliable residual stress measurement
procedures.
Measurement of all Six Components of X-Ray Elastic Factors
Authors: Ortner Balder , Antretter Thomas , Hofmann Michael , Werner Ewald
Published: March 2009

A method is presented by which all components of Fij(ϕ, ψ, hkl) belonging to the same
measurement direction and reflection can be determined. The neutron measurements are to be done
with a single specimen, shaped as a cuboctahedron. An apparatus for producing a compressive
stress state in the specimen is needed. It must be small enough to fit into the neutron goniometer
and to allow movement of the goniometer to all Eulerian angles. Using this set-up the tensors F(ϕ,
ψ, hkl) can be measured for any ϕ, ψ and (hkl).
Corrections for Residual Stress in X- Ray Grazing Incidence Technique
Authors: Wroński Sebastian , Wierzbanowski Krzysztof , Baczmanski Andrzej , Braham Chedly , Lodini Alain
Published: March 2009

Grazing incidence technique can be used to study samples with important stress
gradients. The stress can be measured at very small depths, of the order of a few μm. The
penetration depth of radiation is almost constant in a wide 2θ range for a given incidence angle α. It
can be changed by an appropriate selection of α angle. This enables the investigation of stress
variation with depth below the sample surface.
There are, however, some factors which have to be corrected in this technique. The most
important one is the X-ray wave refraction: it changes the wave length and direction of the beam
inside a sample. These two effects cause some shift of a peak position and they have to be taken
into account. For small incidence angles (α≤100) the corrections are significant and can modify the
measured stress even of 70 MPa. The refraction correction decreases with increasing of the
incidence angle. The corrections were tested on ferrite powder and on the ground AISI316L steel
samples.
Study of Microstructure and Residual Stresses in Dissimilar Al/Steels Welds Produced by Cold Metal Transfer
Authors: Agudo L. , Weber S. , Pinto Haroldo , Arenholz Enno , Wagner Juergen , Hackl Heinz , Bruckner Jürgen , Pyzalla Anke
Published: March 2009

Recently a new welding technique, the so-called ‘Cold Metal Transfer’ (CMT) technique
was introduced, which due to integrated wire feeding leads to lower heat input and higher
productivity compared to other gas metal arc (GMA) techniques. Here microstructure formation and
residual stress state in dissimilar steel to aluminum CMT welds are investigated. The intermetallic
phase seam between the filler and the steel is only a few micrometers thick. Residual stress analyses
reveal the formation of the typical residual stress state of a weld without phase transformation. Both
in longitudinal and in transversal direction compressive residual stresses exist in the steel plate
parent material, tensile residual stresses are present in the heat affected zone of the steel and the
aluminum alloy. The area containing tensile residual stresses is larger in the aluminum alloy due to
its higher heat conductivity than in the steel. Due to the symmetry in the patented voestalpine
welding geometry and the welding from bottom and face side of the weld, the residual stress
distributions at the top and at the bottom side of the weld are very similar.
Effect of Varying Cold-Drawing Deformation on Residual Stresses Measured by Neutron Diffraction in Steel Rods
Authors: Ruiz-Hervias Jesus , Luzin Vladimir , Prask Henry , Gnaeupel-Herold T. , Elices Calafat Manuel
Published: March 2009

Cold-drawing is employed to fabricate wires and rods, which are mainly used as
structural reinforcements in construction as well as in the tyre industry. As a consequence of
processing, a residual stress profile is developed. In this paper, residual stress profiles are measured
by neutron diffraction in cold-drawn pearlitic steel rods subjected to different deformations (true
strain from 0.3 to 1.7). The results show that the residual stress profile produced by cold-drawing is
similar in all the samples, irrespective of the degree of deformation.
High-K: Latest Developments and Perspectives
Authors: Bauer Anton J. , Lemberger Martin , Erlbacher Tobias , Weinreich Wenke
Published: March 2009

The paper reviews recent progress and current challenges in implementing high-k dielectrics
in microelectronics. Logic devices, non-volatile-memories, DRAMs and low power mixedsignal
components are found to be the technologies where high-k dielectrics are implemented or
will be introduced soon. Two gate architectures have to be considerd: MOS with metal as gate electrode
and MIM. In particular, Hf-silicates for logic and NVM devices in conventional MOS architecture
and ZrO2 for DRAM cells in MIM architecture are discussed.
Production Worthy ALD in Batch Reactors
Authors: Gschwandtner Alexander
Published: March 2009

Scaling of CMOS structures through the deep sub-micron range and into the nano-scale
range (< 100 nm) has posed a number of difficult problems for processing technology. One main
technological approach has been to improve the uniformity and conformality of deposited layers. As
the Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) has already demonstrated that it can overcome many of the
limitations of current film deposition techniques, it seems to be the solution for very conformal
layers of high quality on severe topography. The ALD method has been developed already in the
1970’s by Tumo Suntola and co-workers [1-4]. However, it has been in the past a rather unused
method in the semiconductor industry. This has recently changed. During the last couple of years,
the large semiconductor companies have spent a lot of effort in the utilization of ALD, but until
now a production worthy ALD tool with low ‘Cost-of-Ownership’ (CoO) numbers was not
available. One reason for the late introduction of ALD is that the method is rather slow compared
with the state of art methods like CVD, PECVD and PVD. Nevertheless, due to the outstanding
properties of the ALD technique, the drawback of slow deposition rate may be balanced by the
parallel processing of many wafers in semiconductor furnaces, as described here.
Doping Strategies for FinFETs
Authors: Pawlak Bartek J. , Duffy Ray , De Keersgieter An
Published: March 2009

In this paper the formation strategies for source and drain regions in vertical FinFETs are
discussed. The technology challenges are very different than for planar bulk devices. Here the main
doping approaches are presented with their advantages and drawbacks. Source/drain formation by
ion implantation, and deposition techniques are discussed with respect to process simplicity, and
device requirements.
Conduction Heating in RTP Fast, and Pattern-Independent
Authors: Granneman Ernst
Published: March 2009

Various types of conduction-based RTP systems are discussed. It is shown that simple
hot plate systems suffer from severe bow of the wafer, when placed directly on the susceptor. This
results in non-uniform heating. A solution is to place the wafer on pins; however, this considerably
reduces the heat-up rate. An effective way to heat wafers through conduction fast and wellcontrolled
is by placing it in a so-called gas bearing, an arrangement in which the wafer floats in
between two hot blocks, at a well-controlled, small distance from both blocks. The heat-up rate in
this so-called Levitor system is very high (~900°C/s) and uniform. It is demonstrated that this
conduction-based system does not suffer from non-uniformities caused by variations in emissivity
and/or pattern density across-wafer or within-die. In a direct comparison on pattern-dependent
heating effects, substrates with trenches with varying dimensions are spike-annealed in a state-ofthe-
art lamp system and in the Levitor. It was shown that temperature non-uniformities in the lampbased
and the conduction-based systems are > 40°C and < 1°C, respectively. The conclusion is that
the Levitor provides emissivity and pattern-independent heating.
High Temperature RTP Application in SOI Manufacturing
Authors: Maleville Christophe , Neyret Eric , Delprat Daniel , Ecarnot Ludovic
Published: March 2009

Significant performance enhancements are offered by silicon on insulator (SOI) or
strained silicon, SOI being adopted for advanced devices in sustaining Moore’s law. Sub-45 nm
device options are including fully depleted (FD) devices, that are stressing even more specifications
for thickness uniformity. Nano-uniformity, considering thickness variation contributions from
device level to wafer scale, has been introduced in substrate optimization and latest Unibond
products are verifying FD requirements. Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP) based surface smoothing
has been introduced in Unibond processing to combine thickness control and product quality
requirements.
Cleaning of Silicon Surfaces for Nanotechnology
Authors: Senftleben Oliver , Baumgärtner Hermann , Eisele Ignaz
Published: March 2009

An overview of various cleaning procedures for silicon surfaces is presented. Because in-situ
cleaning becomes more and more important for nanotechnology the paper concentrates on physical
and dry chemical techniques.
As standard ex-situ wet chemical cleaning has a significant impact on surface quality und thus
device properties, its influence on further processes is also considered. Oxygen and carbon are
unavoidable contaminations after wet chemical treatment and therefore we discuss their in-situ
removal as one of the main goals of modern silicon substrate cleaning. As surface roughness
strongly influences the electrical quality of interfaces for epitaxy and dielectric growth, we
concentrate on techniques, which meet this requirement.
It will be shown that multi-step thermal sequences in combination with simultaneous passivation
of the clean surface are necessary in order to avoid recontamination. This can be achieved not only
for ultra hich vacuum but also for inert gas atmosphere. In this case the process gases have to be
extremely purified and the residual partial pressure of contaminats such as oxygen and carbon has
to be negligible.
It will be demonstrated that 800°C is an upper limit for thermal treatment of silicon surfaces in
the presence of carbon because at this temperature SiC formation in combination with a high
mobility of silicon monomers leads to surface roughness. In addition mechanical stress causes
dislocations and crystal defects.
Physical Simulation of Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of 7050 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Yi You Ping , Shi Yan
Published: March 2009

This work aims to investigate the influence of hot deformation on dynamic
recrystallization(DRX) behavior of 7050 aluminum alloy by means of physical simulation method.
The hot compression tests were carried out on Gleeble 1500 machine in temperature range of
250-450°C and strain rate range of 0.01–10 s-1. Transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) was
employed to observe and analyze the microstructure and DRX behavior in different deformation
conditions. The results show that the effects of deformation temperature and strain rate on
microstructural evolution of the alloy are remarkable. When temperature is lower than 350°C, only
the dynamical recovery( DRV) occurs and typical sub-grains appear. In the range of 350-400°C, the
incomplete DRX occurs and the recrystallized grain size increases with increasing temperature. The
complete DRX occurs at 450°C and the fine equiaxied grains with high-angle boundaries develop
resultantly. The DRX grain size increases as strain rate decreases. The desirable microstructure and
properties can be obtained by optimizing the forging process parameters.
Amorphous Compositions for Production of Thick Films
Authors: Setina Janina , Akishins V.
Published: March 2009

The article gives an overview of suitability of three kinds of phosphorus-containing glass
systems: phosphate, alumosilicate phosphate and fluorophosphate for production of thick-films.
Amorphous compositions based on metaphosphate glasses characterize high electric resistivity,
thermal expansion coefficients matching with substrate, appropriate viscosity-temperature
relationship, and suitable chemical reactivity, that they can be applied in thick-film technology for
screen printed resistors on alumina substrate as an alternative of lead borosilicate glasses.
Alumosilicate phosphate glasses are the base for the wide range of glass-crystalline high
temperature materials (operating up to 10000C) for sealing of the silicon chip in microelectronics.
Perfect adhesion of glass ceramics with substrate (the transition zone 5-7.5 μm) is provided by the
formation of chemical bond with the oxidized surface of silicon and by the occurrence of analogous
structural elements on the silicon surface and in the glass-ceramics.
Due to the unique optical properties, low melting temperature of fluorine containing
borophosphate glasses (FBP) can be used as brazing material (optical glue) for SiO2 glass optical
fiber construction knots.
A Study on Tribology Characteristics of SM53C by High Frequency Heat Treatment
Authors: Song Tae Hoon , Lee Kwang Young , Huh Sun Chul , Park Won Jo
Published: March 2009

The Cam nose part of the Automobile's Cam shaft is strongly bumped with rocker arm or valve-lift.
Therefore abnormal wear such as unfair-wear and early-wear occur in the surface. This abnormal
wear causes a defect that bad timing open and close actions of the engine valve happen in the
combustion chamber so the fuel gas will be combustion imperfect. Therefore, the Cam shaft has to
be high hardness and wear resistance. In this study, high frequency heat treatment method was
accomplished for wear test for material SM53C.
The Austenite Inverse Phase Transformation Quenching in Zero Time Holding of 20MnV Steel
Authors: Li An Ming , Wang Xiang Jie , Huang Li Juan
Published: March 2009

The effect of second quenching temperature in zero time holding on 20MnV steel's
strength and hardness was studied by the orthogonal regressive principle. The microstructure and
property of the steel after austenite inverse phase transformation quenching in zero time holding
were analyzed. Experiment results showed that the fine lath martensite of 20MnV steel was
obtained through austenite inverse phase transformation quenching in zero time holding at
830°C-930°C. Within the range of Experiment's temperature, the structure of this steel quenched at
830°C is the finest. The microstructure will become coarse and the strength and hardness will
become lower if the temperature goes up. The property of this steel can be increased remarkably by
austenite inverse phase transformation quenching in zero time holding at lower temperature.
The Effects of Substrate Temperature on the Residual Stress for EBPVD TBCs
Authors: Zhong Ye Sheng , Shi Li Ping , Yu Jia , He Xiao Dong
Published: March 2009

The preparation technologies of thermal barrier coating by the Electron Beam Physical Vapor
Deposition (EBPVD) technique were briefly introduced in this paper. And design principal of
thermal barrier coating is discussed, at the same time the selection of raw material was also taken
into account. On the basis of several assumed perfect conditions, a reasonable Finite Element
Analysis (FEA) physical model was built up in order to exactly describe the whole deposition
process. Taking the advantage of the large-scale commercial software of FEA, the distribution of
residual stress and the possible displacement tendency were obtained. The analysis results show that:
with the increasing substrate preheating temperature, the inter-laminar shear stress increases but the
axial residual stress decreases. And the probability of cracking after de-bonding tends to enhance as
the thickness of deposition coating is increased. Also it is verified that the FE model has produced
little numerical error.
Stability Analysis of Diversion Tunnels in Jinping II Hydropower Station Project
Authors: Zhang Chuan Qing , Feng Xia Ting , Zhou Hui , Huang Shu Ling , Jiang Quan
Published: March 2009

Surrounding rock mass stability is one of the key technical problems in the design of the
diversion tunnels in Jinping II Hydropower Plant Project. The major difficulties lie in three facts: (1)
high stress induced by the great depth; (2) the brittle failure characters of marble; (3) the interaction of
these four tunnels. A systemic procedure is introduced in this paper. Firstly, the integration of the code
FLAC3D and the multivariate linear regression method is adopted to back analyze the in situ stress
field. Then the mechanical parameters of the surrounding rock mass are back analyzed based on the
PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) algorithm and the code FLAC3D. The stress release method is
adopted in the numerical analysis of the excavating and supporting process of tunnels by the code
FLAC3D. Finally, the multi indexes integration method is presented to analyze and evaluate the
stability of the tunnels and to validate the rationality of the design scheme.
Flashover Condition Analysis on Passenger Carriage Fire by Using Swallowtail Catastrophe Theory
Authors: Lei Bing , Dai Guang Ze , Wang Qing Yuan
Published: March 2009

Flashover in compartment fire itself is a catastrophe process. Its catastrophe behavior can
be analyzed, and its topological function equation can also be set up by catastrophe theory. On the
basis of analyzing swallowtail catastrophe characteristic, a flashover model of hot smoke layer,
which is established based on energy conservation, is transformed in the dimensionless form firstly,
and then diffeomorphism is applied to simplify it. By these transform, a catastrophe potential
function is gained. The format of the catastrophe potential function makes it clear that this type of
flashover belongs to swallowtail catastrophe. Subsequently, taking passenger carriage fire as an
idiographic object, the connection between system control variable and burning condition is
discussed. The results show that the space of catastrophe bifurcation in muster divide the fire into
two section, namely flashover section and non-flashover section. If in flashover section, an unstable
point can be obtained by using qualitative curve or differential coefficient curve of potential
function. Furthermore, the temperature of hot smoke layer is calculated by the value of the critical
point when flashover occurs. The calculation case of passenger carriage fire shows that the
temperature of hot smoke layer is 625.3°C when flashover occurs in the carriage, which is
agreement with real instance.
An Abrasive Wear Model of Interpenetrating Composites
Authors: Wang Shou Ren , Guo Pei Quan , Wang Hong Yan , Wang Min
Published: March 2009

Owing to two phases are continuous and penetrated each other, Interpenetrating
composites exhibit good abrasive wear properties, can be an attractive candidate for structural and
functional materials. Specifically, the abrasive wear model of IPCs is an important topic in the field
of tribology. In present work, the model has been proposed according to the mixing rule. Many
factors such as special topology structure characteristic of reinforcement, hardness and elastic
module are discussed in this model. One kind of Al2O3/Mg composite with different volume
content was fabricated and many test data of friction wear were obtained. These data validate the
correctness and universality of model.
Study of Electroplating Zn-Sn-Ni Alloy
Authors: Wang Zheng , An Mao Zhong , Yu Jie , Hu Xu Ri
Published: March 2009

When Zn-Sn-Ni ternary alloy is electroplated on electrolyte copper foil, the surface
properties can be comprehensively improved by using alkaline salt pyrophosphate solution. After
the bath composition and processing conditions are optimized, and an appropriate additive is chosen,
the SEM images shows the electrocrystalized substance obtained is composed of nano-crystals.
Besides, XRD analysis on the deposits of electroplated Zn-Sn-Ni alloy shows Zn in the deposits
exist in the form of metal compound, including δ phase Ni3Zn22 as well as γ Ni5Zn21. This indicates
under the pyrophosphate salt the process of nucleation of Zn-Sn-Ni ternary alloy is similar to the
process of three-dimensional successive nucleation controlled by diffuseness. All these demonstrate
that after the disposal of this study, the corrosion resistance, the heat resistance and the binding
intensity of electrolyte copper foil are obviously improved.
Derivation and Application for Time Step Model in Simulation of Solidification Process
Authors: Gong Wen Bang , Chen Li Liang , Hao Jing
Published: March 2009

The heat transfer during the casting solidification process includes: the heat radiation of the
high temperature casting and the mold, the heat convection between the casting and the mold, and the
heat conduction in the casting and the casting to the mold. In this paper, a formula of time step in
simulation of solidification is derived, considering the heat radiation, convection and conduction based
on the conservation of energy. The different heat transfer condition between the ordinary sand casting
and the permanent mold casting is taken into account in this formula. The characteristic of heat
transfer in the interior and surface of the casting is also considered.
The numerical experiments show that this formula can avoid radiation of the computation, and
can improve the computational efficiency about 20% in the simulation of solidification process.
Analysis on Section Effect of Heavy Plate by Finite Element Method during Controlled Cooling
Authors: Li Nan , Yang Cai Fu , Pan Tao
Published: March 2009

ANSYS implicit finite element method (FEM) was used to simulate the process of
controlled cooling of 50mm heavy plate. And the corresponding cooling curve and temperature field
distribution were obtained from the calculations. The results indicated the section inhomogeneity of
temperature at different place from surface to center of steel plate. Different cooling conditions
were compared to analyze the effect of cooling schedule on section inhomogeneity, which could
provide theoretical basis for selecting appropriate cooling schedule to alleviate the section effect.
The Simulation of Thermal Field in Induction Melting with Cold-Crucible and Dual Frequencies
Authors: Lian Shuang Shii , Wang I Hsuan , Ke Jen Jen
Published: March 2009

A study of thermal field in induction melting with cold crucible and dual induction
frequencies is presented in this paper. Numerical simulation was done by finite element based
software COMSOL with use of multi-physical modeling. A method of superposing of magnetic
vector potential is proposed to solve the complexity of dual induction frequencies. Different
conditions of high and low frequencies were given in the calculation to find the effects on
distribution of thermal fields. The computed temperature distribution was compared with the macro
etched section of solidified ingots and the results showed that the orientation of dendritic grain
structures follow to the similar direction of heat flow. This indicates that proper set of induction
coils could enable more uniform thermal field distribution and attaining controlled solidification
morphology in the ingots.
Research on Behavior of Slab Surface Defects in Forward Slip Zone during V-H Rolling Process
Authors: Yu Hai Liang , Liu Xiang Hua , Li Chang Sheng , Chen Li Qing
Published: March 2009

Behavior of the transversal crack and the longitudinal crack on slab surface during V-H
rolling was simulated by the FEM. The contact pressure on crack surfaces and the crack-tip stress
change rules during rolling were analyzed. Results show that the contact pressure on crack surfaces
decreases and the tensile stress appears at crack tip in the zone of slippage on the delivery side,
which may make the cracks propagation. For the phenomenon, the stress distribution along rolling
direction and along width direction in rolling are analyzed, and the influence of forward slip on the
closure and growth of the surface transversal crack and the surface longitudinal crack are discussed.
Results support some significant information for researching the behavior of the slab surface defects
in rolling process.