bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Triassic sequences in turkey
Authors: Öunder Fuat
Published: July 2010

In general, Triassic rocks throughout the studied areas are dominated by limestones locally containing foraminifers and conodonts. Interbedded terrigenous clastics are present in the Lower Triassic wherever it occurs, but otherwise are restricted to the Upper Triassic sections of Hadim. The Lower‐Middle Triassic rocks of Hadim were deposited in a persistent tidal lagoon, invaded from time to time by marine faunas when the enclosing barrier shoal was breached. At other times, the lagoon became very shallow and hypersaline but never dried out completely. Occasionally the lagoon was filled with clastics deposited by sheet‐floods from the land. At the beginning of the Upper Triassic, tectonic uplift of the hinterland resulted in a massive supply of terrigenous gravels and sand to the marginal lagoon. When this supply ceased, marine influence reasserted itself, forming a semi‐enclosed sea.
The stratigraphy of the arenig series in the Aberdaron to Sarn Area, Western Llŷcn, North Wales
Authors: Beckly A. J.
Published: July 2010

A new interpretation of the Arenig succession in the Aberdaron area is presented based on biostratigraphical correlation. A lithostratigraphy based on section correlation is presented, and three subareas are identified, each with a different stratigraphy.

The Sarn Formation comprises the basal ‘flaggy’ sandstone unit in all three areas but is diachronous: in the south it underlies a Moridunian fauna whilst north of the Bryncroes fault it comprises the majority of the Arenig succession and is probably Fennian in age. The Aberdaron Formation is restricted to the south and is dominated by laminated siltstone. The Wǐg Member, a mudstone unit at the base with a Mordunian fauna is found only to the east of the Wǐg–Nefyn fault, whilst the breccio‐conglomerate Porth Meudway Member, at the top of the formation, is restricted to the west of the fault and is probably Fennian in age. The Arenig–Llanvirn boundary is approximately marked throughout the area by a tufaceous unit termed the Carw Formation.

The new correlations require the repetition of the succession by a previously unrecognized NNE–SSW trending fault. The junction with the Mona Complex west of Aberdaron is considered to be predominantly faulted.

The two subareas south of Bryncroes are sufficiently similar to suggest both belonged to the same deepening basin, probably initiated in the Moridunian. The absence of the Aberdaron Formation and the development of contemporary shallower water facies to the north is taken to indicate this area lay on the footwall of a normal fault bounding the basin to the northwest.
The clew bay group: A displaced terrane of highland border group rocks (Cambro‐ordovician) in Northwest Ireland
Authors: Max Michael D.
Published: July 2010

Marine turbidites, tuffs, black mudstones and conglomerates of the Cambro‐Ordovician Clew Bay Group, were deposited in the E–W elongate transtensional Clew Bay Graben that is centred on Clew Bay, NW Ireland. The group is characterized by extensive sedimentary deformation and mass movement on slides; olistostromes, autoclastic breccias and course proximal turbidites are interbedded with apparently less disturbed but often overturned sediments.

The Clew Bay Group lies structurally above serpentinized dunite/harzburgite breccias, schistose carbonate peridotites, and other basic and ultrabasic igneous rocks that have ophiolitic geochemical affinities; the sediments may have been in part deposited upon oceanic crust. Ophiolites and sediments that now rest on the Clew Bay Thrust abut Silurian shallow water strata in which the main tectonothermal history, associated with sinistral transcurrent faulting along the thrust zone, is dated at about 410 Ma. The sole thrust dips northward and coalesces with a major deep structure along the Fair Head‐Clew Bay Line (FCL) that is the western continuation of the Highland Border Fault of Scotland. Blueschist relics in the Dalradian immediately to the north of the FCL indicate that subduction was active early in the history of the late Cambrian–early Ordovician Grampian orogeny. The Clew Bay Thrust was a sinistral, transpressional shear zone late in its history, but it probably originated as an obduction complex.

The Clew Bay Group cannot be traced into sedimentary, metamorphic or structural continuity with the adjacent Dalradian to the north or Ordovician and Silurian rocks in the South Mayo Trough to the south. It should be considered as a distinct terrane (Clew bay Terrane) or a subterrane of Highland Border‐type rocks along the southern margin of the Grampian Terrane.
Revised and supplemented data on Gibbs' free energies of substances at the parameters of the Earth's mantle
Authors: Ostrovsky I. A.
Published: July 2010

New (revised) data on thermodynamic properties of 60 substances are calculated by extrapolating their compressibilities and calorific properties up to 4000 K and 1 Mbar. Stability of pyrrhotite throughout the mantle supports Goldschmidt's idea about a sulphide zone between the mantle and the core. Such a zone could serve as a primary source of ores. Volatile H2O and H2S are stable throughout the mantle. Some hydrocarbons decompose into a mixture of methane and carbon over a wide range of pressures and temperatures. Natural oil may be regarded as a mixture of metastable hydrocarbons. FeO does not dissociate into a mixture of Fe2O3and Fe at high pressure and temperature. Alkali‐free carbonate magmas may arise in the mantle. The greater the proportion of iron‐silicates in the mantle, the more probable is the existence of a ferrous‐ferric garnet zone at great depth.
Environmental changes in the Hirnantian (upper Ordovician) of the Prague Basin, Czechoslovakia
Authors: Brenchley P. J. , Štorch P.
Published: July 2010

Sedimentary sequences through the uppermost Ordovician (Hirnantian), Kosov Formation, are described. The Kosov Formation is a shale‐dominated formation with two thin horizons of sandy diamictites near the base and two ‘flysch’ units separated by shales forming the main part of the formation, which is overlain abruptly by Silurian graptolitic shales. The diamictites are interpreted as of glaciomarine origin, probably deposited from coastal winter ice. The flysch units have many beds with hummocky cross‐stratification and wave‐ripples indicating deposition from storm generated currents above storm wave‐base. The shales between the two flysch units have thin interbedded sandstones and siltstones with mainly unidirectional current structures, but also some wave‐ripples, suggesting deposition around storm wave‐base.

The sequence shows clear evidence of two regressive phases, the second of which is the more pronounced, followed by rapid transgression near the Ordovician/Silurian boundary. The regressions and subsequent transgression are interpreted as being caused by Hirnantian glacioeustatic changes rather than being tectonic in origin.

The importance of the glaciomarine diamictites is that they record the onset of cold climatic conditions in the region as being early Hirnantian. The disappearance of most of the fauna at about the same time might reflect the influence of low temperatures on faunal diversity, and could have significance for the end Ordovician extinction.
Diagenesis of the Gully Oolite (Lower Carboniferous), South Wales
Authors: Searl Alison
Published: July 2010

Deposition of the Gully Oolite was locally interrupted by emergence and a regionally extensive palaeosol is present at the top of the unit. Early diagenetic phases include isopachous, fibrous submarine cements, nonluminescent vadose cements, and mixing zone dolomite. Subsequent nonferroan phreatic cements are non‐ to dully luminescent and in restricted vertical intervals predate significant compaction. More usually, however, phreatic cements postdate extensive overpacking of allochems. Ooid isotopic composition (δ18O=‐7·80° to ‐3·10° and δ13C = ‐2·38° to +3·28°) is similar to that of associated phreatic cements and the data suggest that the bulk of ooid stabilization and cementation occurred within meteoric groundwaters. The extensive allochem overpacking appears to have occurred during the first few tens of metres of burial and intergranular macroporosity was eliminated prior to deep burial. Fracturing of the Gully Oolite during the Hercynian Orogeny and subsequent post‐orogenic uplift led to localized dolomitization, several generations of calcite veins, and the restricted occurrence of 18O depleted cements in inter‐ and intragranular microporosity. Some of the veins clearly relate to Triassic exhumation of the Carboniferous Limestone, but others may be related to post‐Mesozoic uplift and erosion of South Wales. Fracture‐associated dolomitization may have occurred within a large‐scale post‐orogenic groundwater system, with Mg2+ being supplied through the release of deeply buried diagenetic brines.
Provenance of late Ashgill (Hirnantian) fine‐grained sediments and pebbles in the Welsh Basin: A ND and SR isotope study
Authors: Leng M. J. , Evans J. A.
Published: July 2010

The isotope characteristics of interbedded fine‐grained sedimentary rocks and pebbles from an Ashgill sequence in the Welsh Basin show that they have different provenance. Gondwana‐derived continental crustal material dominates the Nd‐Sr isotope signatures of the fine‐grained rocks whereas the pebbles sample the Avalonian basement. Detritus from Gondwana and Avalonia accounts for the isotopic composition of most of the lower Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks of Southern Britain and this suggests that any contribution from the reworking of Lower Palaeozoic volcanic rock is minimal.
Petrology of basic and intermediate orogenic granitoids from the Sila Massif (Calabria, southern Italy)
Authors: Caggianelli A. , Moro A. Del , Piccarreta G.
Published: July 2010

Hercynian gabbroic, dioritic and tonalitic rocks crop out in the neighbourhood of Rovale (Sila Grande, Calabria). They make up a crude rectangular outcrop with the western part consisting of gabbroic rocks and the eastern of dioritic and tonalitic rocks. They come into contact with medium to high grade metapelites on the western side and with heterogeneous granodiorites on the other sides. In the gabbroic body both opx ± ol bearing cumulates and amphibole differentiates occur and are characterized by the widespread presence of brown pargasite. Sporadic magmatic to subsolidus corona textures between olivine and plagioclase or orthopyroxene and plagioclase can be observed and their preservation clearly suggests a post‐tectonic emplacement for the gabbroic magma. Diorites and tonalites display hypidiomorphic textures free of olivine and orthopyroxene and bearing green Mg‐hornblende. The granitoids, on the basis of chemical data, display orogenic features of the continent‐continent collision type. The gabbroic rocks have high Al tholeiitic composition and fractionation of orthopyroxene and plagioclase played an important part in their evolution.

The Rb/Sr isochron method did not give a precise emplacement age for the granitoids as a whole. Initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (at 290 Ma) are higher in the gabbroic body (0.7091–0.7095) than in diorites and tonalites (0.7083–0.7092). Thus gabbroic rocks appear more displaced than diorites and tonalites towards crustal isotopic composition. The eNd data seem to confirm this feature, thus suggesting that the gabbroic rocks and diorites derived from distinct mantle magma batches. Interestingly, small isotropic gabbroic masses occur within the diorites and show general features that allow them to be considered as possibly parental with respect to the host diorites. The evolution to the dioritic composition might have occurred through fractionation and minor mixing with a more acidic component such as the northern granodiorites.

Geochemical, Sr and Nd isotopic data indicate a scenario of a composite plutonic body formed by distinct magma batches of mixed crust and mantle origin.
Freshwater tufa stromatolites in the basal Purbeck Formation (Upper Jurassic), Isle of Portland, Dorset
Authors: Perry Christopher T.
Published: July 2010

Recent interpretations of the tufaceous limestones from within the ‘Caps Beds’ on the Isle of Portland have suggested a depositional environment of intertidal flats and lagoons with typically higher than normal marine salinity levels, a stark contrast with earlier ideas of a freshwater origin. However, evidence is presented in this paper to show that these deposits are indeed most likely to be freshwater in origin. The micro‐fabrics observed are typical of those seen in freshwater tufas forming at the present day, and contrast with those observed within intertidal/subtidal stromatolites. Furthermore, the Portland deposits lack syndepositional evaporite deposits, they lack recognizable intertidal deposits, and any lagoonal sediments observed are depositionally distinct from the tufas. Finally, the soil horizons observed are clear evidence of periodic subaerial exposure and isolation from marine influences.

Four facies types are identified on Portland: (1) tufaceous limestone; (2) littoral grainstones; (3) subaerial stromatolites; and (4) paleosols. Each facies is repeated a number of times through the sequence, and evidence is presented to show that these formed in a marginal marine setting as a response to a series of minor transgressive (soils to freshwater lakes/lagoon to saline marine/lagoonal) and regressive events (saline marine/lagoonal to soils).

The tufa stromatolite deposits themselves, which are often developed around cylindrical holes (representing former tree trunks and branches), are shown to have developed seasonally, by the precipitation of carbonate, due to microbial activity within the freshwater lake environment. Precipitation appears to have been most intense around tree bases (and any associated vegetation), where an active biofilm developed on the underlying soil substrate. Two distinct textures are recognized in this material: (1) micro‐porous and (2) macro‐porous. These developed together in a crudely laminated, semi‐concentric pattern around the holes and together may represent a seasons growth of tufa.
Contrasting sediment gravity flow processes in the late Llandovery, Rhuddnant Grits turbidite system, Welsh Basin
Authors: Clayton Chris J.
Published: July 2010

The Rhuddnant Grits turbidite system was deposited within an elongate, fault‐bounded trough in the late Llandovery (Telychian) Welsh Basin. Two groups of sandstones are identified within the system: high‐matrix sandstones and laminated sandstones. The high‐matrix sandstones are medium to very thick bedded, fine to very coarse‐grained muddy sandstones. The high‐matrix sandstone beds are almost entirely structureless and have several features indicative of deposition from high density turbidity currents, probably undergoing late stage debris flow behaviour (e.g. grain size discontinuities, inverse grading, floating clasts). The laminated sandstones are thin to very thin bedded, fine‐grained and have a distinctive mud/silt lamination. Tractional structures and convolution are common in these beds. They were probably deposited by slow moving, dilute turbidity currents. Dissimilar palaeocurrent vectors and estimates of flow properties from the two types of sandstone support the contrasting nature of the depositing flows. A coarsening and thickening upwards trend is identified in the laminated sandstones of the Rhuddnant Grits Formation. This trend is not reflected in the high‐matrix sandstone beds. Although the high‐matrix sandstones appear in packets or groups within the laminated sandstone background, they were otherwise deposited in an entirely random manner throughout the exposed system. This may suggest that the two types of sandstone are the result of different triggering mechanisms at source, or of contrasting flow properties developed early in the flow histories.
Diagenesis of diatomite from the Kolubara Coal Basin, Baroševac, Serbia
Authors: Obradović J. , Hein James R. , Djurdjević J.
Published: July 2010

Diatomite associated with the Kolubara Coal Basin was studied to better understand early stage silica diagenesis of shallow water deposits. The Kolubara Basin consists of Neogene siliciclastic rocks, diatomite, marlstone and rare carbonates. Palaeozoic metamorphic and Mesozoic sedimentary and igneous basement rocks are transgressively overlain by Upper Miocene sandstone, siltstone, shale and mudstone. This Upper Miocene section is transgressively overlain by the Pontian section, which contains diatomite and coal beds.

White and grey diatomite forms beds 0.7‐2.2 m thick that are continuous over an area of about 2 km2. Siliceous rocks vary in composition from diatomite (81‐89 per cent SiO2) to diatom‐bearing shale (58‐60 per cent SiO2). Siliceous deposits are laminated in places, with the laminae defined by variations in clay minerals, organic matter and diatoms. Diatomite shows only incipient diagenesis characterized by the fragmentation of diatom frustules, the minor to moderate corrosion of frustules and the formation of minor amounts of opal‐A' (X‐ray amorphous inorganic opal) cement. The low degree of diagenesis results from the young age of the deposits, low burial temperatures and possibly also from the presence of abundant organic matter and the dissolution of kaolinite. The presence of only weak diagenesis is also reflected by the characteristically poor consolidation of the rocks and low rank of the associated coal.
Human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors reduce the growth of human tumors via a proteasome‐independent block of angiogenesis and matrix metalloproteinases
Authors: Toschi Elena , Sgadari Cecilia , Malavasi Laura , Bacigalupo Ilaria , Chiozzini Chiara , Carlei Davide , Compagnoni Daniela , Bellino Stefania , Bugarini Roberto , Falchi Mario , Palladino Clelia , Leone Patrizia , Barillari Giovanni , Monini Paolo , Ensoli Barbara
Published: July 2010

Human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors (HIV‐PIs), such as indinavir and saquinavir, have been shown to block angiogenesis and tumor cell invasion and to induce tumor cell apoptosis and growth arrest, respectively, both in vitro and in vivo. These findings have suggested that HIV‐PIs or their analogues can be used as antitumor drugs. To this regard, indinavir and saquinavir were assessed for their ability to inhibit in vivo the growth of highly prevalent human tumors, such as lung, breast, colon and hepatic adenocarcinomas. We show here that both HIV‐PIs significantly inhibited the growth of all adenocarcinomas tested in the mice model. This was not mediated by effects on proteasome‐dependent cell growth arrest or on apoptosis but by the block of angiogenesis and matrix metalloproteinase activity. Accordingly, therapeutic steadystate concentrations of indinavir or saquinavir were highly effective in inhibiting invasion of tumor cells in vitro. In contrast, growth arrest was induced only by high concentrations of saquinavir that are not reached or are only transiently present in plasma of treated patients, likely through a proteasome‐mediated mechanism. These data suggest that HIV‐PIs or their analogues, characterized by a better biodistribution and lower toxicity, may represent a new class of antitumor drugs capable of targeting both matrix metalloproteinases and the proteasome for a most effective antitumor therapy.
Collagen/heparin coating on titanium surface improves the biocompatibility of titanium applied as a blood‐contacting biomaterial
Authors: Chen Jialong , Chen Cheng , Chen Zhuoyue , Chen Junying , Li Quanli , Huang Nan
Published: July 2010

Thrombosis and restenosis are the main causes leading to failure of cardiovascular and other blood‐contacting biomedical devices. It is recognized that rapid re‐endothelialization is a promising method for preventing these complications. This article deals with improving the endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) compatibility and hemocompatibility of titanium by coating an extracellular matrix‐like film with heparin(hep) and collagen(col) by a layer‐by‐layer (LBL) self‐assembly technique. In the work described here, LBL‐produced col/hep coating growth is initialized by deposition of a layer of poly‐L‐lysine on a titanium surface, which is negatively charged after treatment with NaOH, followed by formation of a multilayer film formed by alternating deposition of negatively charged heparin and positively charged collagen using electrostatic interaction. The X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results and fluorescence staining of collagen show that collagen is predominant on the surface and that collagen interpenetrates the heparin layer.In vitroEPC attachment and proliferation increase greatly on the col/hep coating. Immunofluorescent staining of cytoskeleton actin reveals that cells on the col/hep coating form a compact confluent cell layer after culture for 3 days. After culture for 5 days, cell viability on the col/hep increases persistently and on titanium the cell viability begins to decrease, showing that the coating possesses the ability to maintain cell viability. Platelet adhesion under dynamic conditionsin vitroimplies that the hemocompatibility of the col/hep coating is superior to that of titanium. The col/hep coating improves the biocompatibility of titanium and has good potential for application in blood‐contacting biomaterials. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Rinseback during red blood cell exchange with COBE Spectra does not affect fraction of cells remaining or post‐exchange hematocrit
Authors: Bhagat Ramesh , Matevosyan Karén , Jones Rebecca , Vetus Maria L. , Burner James , Sarode Ravi
Published: July 2010

CaridianBCT currently does not recommend rinseback with its COBE Spectra cell separator during red blood cell (RBC) exchange procedure, as the machine's software does not take into account the “rinseback” when calculating the fraction of cells remaining (FCR, and therefore target hemoglobin S (HbS) value) and postexchange hematocrit (Hct). To our knowledge, no study has investigated the effect of rinseback on these laboratory values. Therefore, we performed pre‐ and postrinseback evaluations of FCR and Hct in 22 consecutive combined Isovolemic Hemodilution/Red blood cell (IHD‐RBCx) exchange procedures in sickle cell anemia patients with stroke currently enrolled in our institution's chronic RBC exchange program. The pre‐ and‐post rinseback values for HbS were 9.9 ± 4.66 and 10.7 ± 4.83 (P = 0.56) with corresponding FCRs of 22.6 ± 8.57 and 24.7 ± 8.75 (P = 0.44), and for Hct were 32.4 ± 2.93% and 32.2 ± 3.19% (P = 0.79), respectively. Since there was no significant difference in the “pre” and “post” values, we conclude that rinseback can be used during RBC exchange without any concern for significantly affecting Post Exchange HbS and Hct and possibly not waste 53 mL of precious red cell mass in the rinseback. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ion Exchange Properties of Pyridinium Molybdoarsenate
Authors: Jain Ajay K. , Srivastava Suresh K. , Singh Raj P. , Agrawal Sushma
Published: July 2010

The ion exchange behaviour of pyridinium molybdoarsenate has been investigated with some uni‐ and bi‐valent cations. The slopes of the isotherms are widely different for various cations suggesting that separation of these ions is feasible. Barrer's equation has been applied to the exchange reaction and various thermodynamic parameters, viz. interaction energy between the ions on surface, thermodynamic equilibrium constant and free energy change for the exchange process, have been evaluated. This exchanger is found to be highly specific for Tl+ ions and can be used for its removal from mixtures of various uni‐ and bi‐valent cations.
Pore Structure of Silica Gel
Authors: Saran Tripurari , Paul Indu B. , Chatterjee Deb S. , Ramachandran Lakshminarayanapuram V. , Mukherjee Phanindra N.
Published: July 2010

The effect of washing on the texture of silica gel has been investigated in terms of parameters such as porosity, pore size distribution, surface area and absorption of moisture. It was observed that if silica gel (before activation) is washed with water containing dissolved ions such as Ca and Mg wider pores are formed at the expense of smaller ones. This phenomenon has been explained in terms of change in the size distribution of gel particles which is brought about by solution of very fine particles followed by growth, through condensation, of larger particles. The experimental observations have been interpreted to suggest guidelines to control the texture of gels by washing with solutions comaining different cations.
Kinetics of the hydrolysis of ethyl acetate catalysed by cation‐exchange resin
Authors: Rajamani Kuppuswami , Shenoy Subhash C. , Rao Musti S. , Rao Manthripragada G.
Published: July 2010

The mechanism of the hydrolysis of ethyl acetate, catalysed by Dowex 50 W resins, was studied using a batch reactor. The effects of resin cross‐linkage and initial reactant ratio on the conversion were investigated. At the high stirring speed used, the film diffusional resistance was found to be insignificant. The results were analysed using the Langmuir‐Hinshelwood models. It was found that the irreversible surface reaction between ethyl acetate and water in the adsorbed state (dual site mechanism) was the most plausible rate‐controlling step. The rate data were best denoted by the model:

where a1 denotes the activity of the species i.
Synthesis of molybdenum(IV) sulphide: I. Reaction of hydrogen sulphide with molybdenum(vi) oxide in the presence of ammonium chloride
Authors: Bhuiyan Nurul Haque
Published: July 2010

Molybdenum(VI) oxide reacted with hydrogen sulphide to give, either a mixture of molybdenum(IV) sulphide and molybdenum(IV) oxide, which is very difficult to separate, or, at higher temperatures molybdenum(IV) oxide only. In the presence of ammonium chloride, the reaction gave pure lubricant grade molybdenum(IV) sulphide. The reaction was studied with different process variables. Under optimum can be conditions 81.5% pure MoS2 was obtained at 700°C. The overall reaction represented as:

The densities of the products were measured. X‐ray diffraction patterns of pure samples were taken.
Virtual electron microscopy in cell biology
Authors: Mione Sylvia , Bacher Klaus , Thierens Hubert , Cornelissen Maria
Published: July 2010

Virtual microscopy of histological glass slides can emulate conventional light microscopy. Up till now, such a digital simulation does not exist for ultrathin electron microscopic slides. Because of the relative inaccessibility of electron microscopy, evaluation of subcellular structures by (bio)medical students is performed with the aid of photographic prints. In this article, the generation and evaluation of virtual electron microscopic slides is discussed. A T‐lymphoblastic cell was used as an example. Electron microscopic pictures were taken at two magnifications (25,000 and 50,000), processed in an analogue or digital way and stitched to reconstruct the image of the total cell. This image is viewed with a webviewer equipped with pan and zoom functions. The possibility of distinguishing the trilaminar structure of cellular membranes was the requisite. Virtual images obtained at an original magnification of 25,000, scanned at a resolution of 800 ppi could compete with pictures developed directly from negatives obtained by electron microscopy. It is possible to navigate and zoom into details in a way emulating electron microscopy. Virtual electron microscopy is innovative and offers new perspectives to interpret cytological pictures and to teach cell biology in an interactive and unique way. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acetic acid treatment for wrinkle‐free oral mucosal epithelia in paraffin section preparation
Authors: Ahsan MD. Shahidul , Maruyama Satoshi , Cheng Jun , Al‐Eryani Kamal , Yamazaki Manabu , Hasegawa Mayumi , Tsuneki Masayuki , Saku Takashi
Published: July 2010

For histopathological assessment of oral borderline malignancies, it is important to carefully detect subtle epithelial changes on fully stretched tissue sections. However, it is not generally easy to obtain wrinkle‐free sections when using formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded oral mucosal samples. Since acetic acid treatment is already utilized for large brain tissue sections, we examined whether that treatment was also effective for oral mucosal tissues containing normal to malignant epithelial lesions. Paraffin sections were floated in various concentrations of acetic acid for 10 min after stretching in water for 1 min, then wrinkle formations were examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining, as well as for staining intensity with keratin immunohistochemistry. Wrinkles were formed in both epithelial and connective tissue zones of sections treated with less than a 40‐mM (0.25%) concentration of acetic acid. In contrast, treatments with concentrations at 80 mM (0.5%) and higher resulted in cracking between the epithelial layer and lamina propria, as well as poor immunohistochemical results for keratins 13 and 17, even though the wrinkles completely disappeared. These results indicate that 40 mM is the optimal concentration of acetic acid solution to prevent wrinkles in the epithelial layer while maintaining the immunohistochemical qualities of oral mucosa tissue sections, especially those containing borderline malignant epithelial lesions. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technique for visual demonstration of germinating arbuscular mycorrhizal spores and their multiplication in pots
Authors: Panwar Jitendra , Tarafdar Jagadish C. , Yadav Ranjeet S. , Saini Vinod K. , Aseri Gajendra K. , Vyas Anil
Published: July 2010

We describe a simple technique for the germination of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM)–fungal spores and their multiplication in pots. Glomus fasciculatum, G. mosseae, and Gigaspora margarita were used. A single wheat seedling was tied to a glass slide, previously covered with filter paper with the help of thread. One single surface‐sterilized AM‐fungal spore was placed on the middle portion of the root of the wheat seedling using a sterilized syringe. The slide was placed vertically in a 100 mL glass beaker filled with 25 mL of root exudates–water (1:4, v/v) solution, which was collected by growing twenty wheat seedlings in a 150 mL beaker filled with 100 mL sterilized distilled water for 7 d. The slide was observed daily using a compound microscope to follow the time course of germination. In this technique, the spore is directly in contact with the host root, and a visualization of spore germination, hyphal development, and appressorium formation is possible without disrupting fungal growth or the establishment of the symbiosis. The method allows to document the germination events and to assess hyphal‐elongation rates by photographing the same spore on consecutive days. The inoculated seedling was used to initiate single‐spore multiplication in a sterilized (autoclave on 3 alternate days at 120°C for 120 min at 1.05 kg cm–2 pressure) potted sandy soil (150 mL volume) into which the slide with the inoculated seedling was inserted carefully through a previously made slit. The wheat seedlings in all pots (4 treatments and 15 replications) became colonized by mycorrhiza, confirming that the establishment of the AM‐fungal symbiosis is highly reproducible. Our technique permits the relatively undisturbed growth of the symbiotic partners, the visualization of germinating AM‐fungal spores, and their multiplication in pots. This simple and low‐cost method facilitates the production of pure lines of AM fungi from single spores, allowing for the study of intraspecific variation and potentiality for cytological, biochemical, physiological, and taxonomical studies.
Podzol: Soil of the Year 2007. A review on its genesis, occurrence, and functions
Authors: Sauer Daniela , Sponagel Herbert , Sommer Michael , Giani Luise , Jahn Reinhold , Stahr Karl
Published: July 2010

The Podzol has been elected “Soil of the year 2007” in Germany. This article reviews the present knowledge on the development, functions, and threats of Podzols. The main theories on mobilization and transport of organic matter, Fe, Al, and Si are (1) metal‐organic migration, (2) metal reduction, and (3) inorganic sol migration. Immobilization theories include precipitation or polymerization due to increasing pH/abundance of base cations with depth, mechanical filtering in soil pores, oxidation of metal‐organic complexes, biodegradation of the organic part, decreasing C‐to‐metal ratios during translocation, adsorption to soil particles, and flocculation at the point of zero charge. Podzolization is discussed also on the catena scale, where vertical and lateral translocation processes (across pedon boundaries) need to be considered to understand Podzol patterns in landscapes. Chronosequence studies show that incipient podzolization usually becomes visible between 100 and 500 y and mature Podzols develop in 1,000–6,000 y. The occurrence of Podzols worldwide is concentrated mainly on the boreal zone and mountain regions within the humid temperate zone. Smaller Podzol areas are found in some perhumid tropical and subtropical regions. In Germany, Podzols occur in the Alps, in the glaciofluvial valleys and heathlands of N Germany, and in the mountain ranges. They fulfil several ecological functions, especially for groundwater recharge. Main threats for these mostly sandy soils are wind erosion and surface mining of sand. Two pedons which were chosen to represent the “Soil of the year 2007” are presented. Finally, some conclusions about podzolization processes are drawn, which may explain the diverse observations reported in the literature.
Type, Cotype Constants and Clarkson's Inequalities for Banach Spaces
Authors: Kato Mikio , Takahashi Yasuji
Published: July 2010

It is shown that a Banach space satisfies Clarkson's inequalities if and only if its “type or cotype constant” is 1, which implies in particular that the notions of Go ‐ and Gn ‐ Fourier type by Milman [16] are equivalent. A sequence of related results is also given.
A case–control study of multiple system atrophy in Korean patients
Authors: Seo Joo‐Hyun , Yong Seok Woo , Song Sook K. , Lee Ji E. , Sohn Young H. , Lee Phil Hyu
Published: July 2010

A few case–control studies of multiple system atrophy (MSA) have been reported in Western populations. In this study, we included various epidemiological factors to evaluate whether the risk factors for MSA differed in Korean and Western populations. A total of 100 consecutive MSA patients and 104 controls at two referral hospitals participated. Information was obtained through face‐to‐face interviews using a structured questionnaire: history of living area, occupational history, food habits, alcohol and tobacco consumption, and use of drugs. Odds ratios and 95% confident intervals (OR [95% CI]) were computed using logistic regression. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that use of antihypertensive medication (OR = 0.30 [0.12–0.78]) and vitamins (OR = 0.30 [0.14–0.64]) and consumption of meat and poultry (OR = 0.27 [0.13–0.56]) were associated with decreasing risk for MSA, whereas use of herbal medications (OR = 3.17 [1.28–7.84]) was associated with increasing risk for MSA. In univariate analysis adjusted for age, sex, education level, and recruitment center, use of aspirin (OR = 0.21 [0.07–0.61]) and coffee consumption (OR = 0.44 [0.23–0.84]) were significantly less frequent in MSA patients than in controls, whereas heavy smoking (≥40 pack‐years) was significantly more prevalent in MSA patients than in controls (OR = 3.44 [1.05–11.23]). There was no difference in living area, participation in farming, or exposure to agrichemicals and solvents between groups. This study showed that MSA in Korea is characterized by risk factors that are both similar to and different from those affecting Western populations and that herbal medicines constitute a new MSA risk factor for the Korean population. © 2010 Movement Disorders Society
Die Mallophagengattung Trinoton
Authors: Eichler Wolfdietrich , Mitwirkung unter , Vasjukova Tamara T.
Published: July 2010

The available literature on Trinoton species is analyzed and reviewed. Rich material especially from Yakutia is studied. The taxonomic features of species and subspecies are compared. A new species is described, Trinoton verakopskeae spec. nov. from Baikal teal, Nettion (Sibirionetta) formosum. Some more probably new subspecies or species are discussed.
Die Untergattung cosmolaelaps berlese, 1903, der Raubmilbengattung hypoaspis canestrini, 1884 (Acarina, Parasitiformes)
Authors: Karg Wolfgang
Published: July 2010

The subgenus Cosmolaelaps BERLESE of Hypoaspis CANESTRINI is revised. Keys for determination of the females of 40 species are arranged. 9 new species are described and documented by figures. The subgenus is divided into 3 species‐complexes.
Die Köcherfliegenfauna der Mongolei (Insecta, Trichoptera)
Authors: Mey Wolfram , Dulmaa Ayuur
Published: July 2010

The Caddisflies of Mongolia (Insecta, Trichoptera)

The paper presents a complete list of caddisfly species that have been recorded in the Mongolian People's Republic. Distributional records, collecting sites and seasonal occurrence of each are indicated. Annotations for some species include notes on taxonomic and zoogeographic problems. At present a total of 94 species are recorded from localities in Mongolia. It is expected that this number will increase considerably in the next years.
Beiträge zur Insektenfauna der DDR: Coleoptera – Bruchidae (Chrysomeloidea). I. Zur Biologie und Verbreitung
Authors: Wendt Hella
Published: July 2010

On the Biology and Distribution of Bruchidae (Coleoptera, Chrysomeloidea) in the GDR

About 6000 specimens of 11 genera of Burchidae from many localities of the GDR have been studied. 14 species are thriving now in the natrual habitats whereas further species have been brought in once several times some of which became pests to legumens thus having a temporal economic significance. The family Bruchidae, three subfamilies and most of the species hitherto recorded in the GDR are characterised and their distribution is given in detail.
Bemerkungen über die Sammlung der Cyprinodontiformes (Pisces: Teleostei) des Zoologischen Museums Berlin. I. Die Gattungen Aphyosemion Myers, 1924 und Fundulosoma Ahl, 1924. Teil 1
Authors: Seegers Lothar
Published: July 2010

Remarks on the Collection of Cyprinodontiformes (Pisces: Teleostei) of the Zoological Museum, Berlin. I. The Genera Aphyosemion Myers, 1924 and Fundulosoma Ahl, 1924. Part 1

This paper is the first part of a revision of the type specimens of the Cyprinodontiformes sensu PARENTI (1981) of the ichthyological collection of the Zoological Museum Berlin including most species of the genus Aphyosemion MYERS, 1924 as we understand these species and its synonyms nowadays.
Bionomics of Trioxys (Binodoxys) indicus Subba Rao & Sharma, an Aphidiid Parasitoid of Aphis craccivora Koch. 20. Isolation of Host‐Habitat Seeking Stimulant
Authors: Pandey Ranjan K. , Singh Rajendra
Published: July 2010

The main point of the present study is the isolation of pigeon pea leaf‐oil, isolated from the fresh leaves of Cajanus cajan. This oil was found to lure the parasitoid towards the source at very low concentration (0.025%) indicating that either the oil itself functions as allomones or certain active gradients are dissolved in it. The parasitoid Trioxys (Binodoxys) indicus parasitoidises the pigeon pea aphid Aphis craccivora.
Haplothrips christiani spec. nov., eine neue Thysanopterenart aus der Mongolischen Volksrepublik
Authors: Klimt Karlheinz
Published: July 2010

A new species of Thysanoptera is described from the Kharkhiraa‐uul, Mongolian People's Republic.
Bemerkungen über die Sammlung der Cyprinodontiformes (Pisces: Teleostei) des Zoologischen Museums Berlin. I. Die Gattungen Aphyosemion MYERS, 1924 und Fundulosoma AHL, 1924. Teil 2
Authors: Seegers Lothar
Published: July 2010

Remarks on the Collection of Cyprinodontiformes (Pisces: Teleostei) of the Zoological Museum Berlin I. The Genera Aphyosemion MYERS, 1924 and Fundulosoma AHL, 1924. Part 2

The species of the genera Aphyosemion MYERS, 1924 and Fundulosoma AHL, 1924 which are not mentioned in the first part of this revision of the type specimens of these genera stored in the collections of the Zoological Museum of Berlin are included in this second part.
Trogulus cisalpinus n. sp. from the Italian Alps (Arachnida: Opiliones: Trogulidae)
Authors: Chemini Claudio , Martens Jochen
Published: July 2010

Trogulus cisalpinus n. sp. from the Italian Alps (Provinces of Como, Bergamo and Trento) is described and illustrated. The new species belongs to the T. nepaeformis‐group, being closely related to T. nepaeformis (SCOPOLI, 1763) and T. martensi CHEMINI, 1983; it is readily distinguishable from the especially similar and syntopic T. nepaeformis by the significantly smaller size of body, legs and penis, and by the shape of penis.
Kritischer Katalog der Typen der Fischsammlung des Zoologischen Museums Berlin. Teil 2: Agnatha, Chondrichthyes
Authors: Paepke Hans‐Joachim , Schmidt Karin
Published: July 2010

Critical Catalogue of the Types of the Fish Collection of the Zoological Museum Berlin. Part 2: Agnatha, Chondrichthyes

This paper is the second part of the catalogue of the Agnatha and fish types stored at the Zoological Museum of the Humboldt‐University of Berlin. It includes the types of the Agnatha classes Myxini and Cephalaspidomorphi with the orders Myxiniformes and Petromyzontiformes as well as the types of the Gnathostomata class Chondrichthyes with the orders Chimaeriformes, Squaliformes, Squatiniformes, Orectolobiformes, Lamniformes, Carcharhiniformes, Torpediniformes, Rajiformes and Myliobatiformes. Some remarks about the history and special problems of the research activities on this groups in the 19th century in Berlin (connected with the names of J. MÜLLER and F. G. J. HENLE as well as some others) are given in a short introduction.
Beiträge zur Insektenfauna der DDR: Coleoptera – Bruchidae (Chrysomeloidea). II. Bestimmungstabellen der heimischen Arten
Authors: Wendt Hella
Published: July 2010

Determination Keys for the Species of Bruchidae (Coleoptera, Chrysomeloidea) in the GDR

In continuation of part I, determination keys for the species of Bruchidae hitherto recorded in the GDR are given.
Polymorphism in Rhinocoris marginatus Fabricius (Insecta, Heteroptera, Reduviidae)
Authors: Ambrose Dunston P. , Livingstone David
Published: July 2010

Rhinocoris marginatus Fabricius is a reduviid existing in three different morphs viz., (A) niger (B) sanguineous and (C) nigrosanguineous. Inter and intramorph breeding experiments in the laboratory establish the existence of polymorphism in this species. The sanguineous morph appears to be the most biologically successfull morph and the nigrosanguineous morph appears to be the least successful one. The existence of polymorphism in R. marginatus appears to be a non‐mutational, non‐adaptive trend in evolution an equivalent of antogenetic evolution.
Cornicle Length as a Criterion for Identifying Field Collected Nymphal Instars of Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Singh Rajendra , Srivastava Mamta
Published: July 2010

The cornicle lengths of the nymphs and adults of four aphid species, viz., Aphis craccivora, A. gossypii, Brevicoryne brassicae and Lipaphis erysimi reared in the laboratory proved to be instar‐ as well as species‐specific. Multimodal analysis of the cornicle lengths of field collected aphids of all the species studied detected five distribution peaks (4 nymphal instars and one adult). There was a considerable overlap (2.22–10.3%) between successive instar distributions in three species, viz., A. craccivora, A. gossypii and L. erysimi. However, there was little overlap between successive instar distributions in B. brassicae. Therefore, the cornicle length proved to be a useful criterion for identifying only virginoparous B. brassicae instars.
Studies on Apanteles litae var. operculellae, a Parasite of the Diamond‐back Moth, Plutella xylostella in Egypt
Authors: Abbas M. S. T.
Published: July 2010

Apanteles litae var. operculellae was reared in the laboratory on 2nd instar larvae of Plutella xylostella. The incubation period of the egg was 44 hours at 25 °C and 26 hours at 30°C. The larval stage (3 instars) lasted 6.7 and 5.6 days, the pre‐pupa lasted 24 and 15 hours, the pupa lasted 4.7 and 3.8 days at 25° and 30°C, respectively. The total developmental period of the parasite (from egg to adult) was 14.5 days at 25°C and 11.1 days at 30°C. Sex ratio in A. litae var. operculellae was found to be 1 ♂: 0,83 ♀ in nature and 1 ♂: 0.80 ♀ in the laboratory. Adult females, fed on honey, lived an average of 15.9 and 11.6 days at 25° and 30°C, respectively. The respective figures for males were 14.6 and 6.2 days. – Percentages of parasitism by A. litae var. operculellae in P. xylostella larvae collected from cabbage fields ranged between 0 and 13.7 in Kalubyia Governorate (during May 1981–May 1982) and between 0 and 9.8 in Fayioum Governorate (during July–December 1982).
Effect of Different Concentrations of Thiourea on the Longevity, Fecundity, and Egg Hatchability of the Beetle, Epilachna dodecastigma (Muls.)
Authors: Shanker Shiv , Kumar A. , Pandey K. P. , Tripathi C. P. M.
Published: July 2010

The present paper elucidates that 0.005 to 0.05 per cent of thiourea has no significant effect on the longevity of Epilachna dodecastigma. However, when the concentration was raised from 0.05 to 0.10 per cent (t = 7.72, P < 0.001) and from 0.10 to 0.20 per cent (t = 1.90, P < 0.20), the longevity of the beetles was significantly reduced. Further, it has also been observed that as the concentration of thiourea increases, the number of eggs laid by the beetle decreases and complete sterility was achieved when 0.05 per cent of thiourea was applied. Therefore, 0.05 per cent of thiourea concentration is the most suitable dose for the sterilization of E. dodecastigma.
Vorläufige Liste der Chloropidenarten (Diptera, Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptrata) der DDR
Authors: Wendt Hella
Published: July 2010

Preliminary List of the Chloropid Flies (Diptera, Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptrata) of the GDR

A preliminary list comprising 159 species of chloropid flies recorded in the German Democratic Republic is presented. For each species, details of the distribution in the GDR and in the neighbouring countries are given, for some of them the ranges are briefly characterized.
Revision der Gattung Odontotarsus Laporte de Castelnau, 1832 (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae)
Authors: Göllner‐Scheiding Ursula
Published: July 2010

Revision of the Genus Odontotarsus Laporte de Castelnau, 1832 (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae)

A revision of the genus Odontotarsus is given with the redescription of 16 species including one new species, latissimus. The genus is distributed in the Palearctis except North‐Europe.
Astogenese und Phylogenese der letzten Retioliten (Graptolithina; Silur)
Authors: Jaeger Hermann
Published: July 2010

Astogeny and Phylogeny of the Last Retiolitids (Graptolithina; Silurian)

Some twenty retiolitid species of the latest Wenlockian (Zone of Cyrtograptus lundgreni) and much of the Early Ludlovian (up to the Zone of M. chimaera), i.e., through about five million years have been etched out of the rock. The astogeny of many species is now known in great detail, and the phylogeny can be traced fairly well. The major evolutionary trend consists of the progressive simplification and diminution of the rhabdosome (colony) as follows: from six main supporting rods to four, and from complex structures to such without any fine mesh‐work (reticula) and without thecal apertural processes; and from 10‐25 thecal (zooidal) pairs to only two pairs in the very last species. It would appear that the retiolitids evolved themselves out of history. The observed very profound structural transformations are operative throughout the considered time span as rapid, but gradual and stepwise processes.