bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Locating Noctiluca miliaris in the Arabian Sea: An optical proxy approach
Authors: Thibodeau Patricia S. , Roesler Collin S. , Drapeau Susan L. , Prabhu Matondkar S. G. , Goes Joaquim I. , Werdell P. Jeremy
Published: October 2014

Coincident with shifting monsoon weather patterns over India, the phytoplankter Noctiluca miliaris has recently been observed to be dominating phytoplankton blooms in the northeastern Arabian Sea during the winter monsoons. Identifying the exact environmental and/or ecological conditions that favor this species has been hampered by the lack of concurrent environmental and biological observations on time and space scales relevant to ecologic and physiologic processes. We present a bio‐optical proxy for N. miliaris measured on highly resolved depth scales coincident with hydrographic observations with the goal to identify conducive hydrographic conditions for the bloom. The proxy is derived from multichannel excitation chlorophyll a fluorescence and is validated with microscopy, pigment composition, and spectral absorption. Phytoplankton populations dominated by either diatoms or other dinoflagellates were additionally discerned. N. miliaris populations in full bloom were identified offshore in low‐nutrient and low–N : P ratio surface waters within a narrow temperature and salinity range. These populations transitioned to high‐biomass diatom‐dominated coastal upwelling populations. A week later, the N. miliaris blooms were observed in declining phase, transitioning to very‐low‐biomass populations of non–N. miliaris dinoflagellates. There were no clear hydrographic conditions uniquely associated with the N. miliaris populations, although N. miliaris was not found in the upwelling or extremely oligotrophic waters. Taxonomic transitions were not discernible in the spatial structure of the bloom as identified by the ocean color Chl imagery, indicating that in situ observations may be necessary to resolve community structure, particularly for populations below the surface.
Dissolved organic carbon concentration controls benthic primary production: Results from in situ chambers in north‐temperate lakes
Authors: Godwin Sean C. , Jones Stuart E. , Weidel Brian C. , Solomon Christopher T.
Published: October 2014

We evaluated several potential drivers of primary production by benthic algae (periphyton) in north‐temperate lakes. We used continuous dissolved oxygen measurements from in situ benthic chambers to quantify primary production by periphyton at multiple depths across 11 lakes encompassing a broad range of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total phosphorous (TP) concentrations. Light‐use efficiency (primary production per unit incident light) was inversely related to average light availability (% of surface light) in 7 of the 11 study lakes, indicating that benthic algal assemblages exhibit photoadaptation, likely through physiological or compositional changes. DOC alone explained 86% of the variability in log‐transformed whole‐lake benthic production rates. TP was not an important driver of benthic production via its effects on nutrient and light availability. This result is contrary to studies in other systems, but may be common in relatively pristine north‐temperate lakes. Our simple empirical model may allow for the prediction of whole‐lake benthic primary production from easily obtained measurements of DOC concentration.
Proxies of community production derived from the diel variability of particulate attenuation and backscattering coefficients in the northwest Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Barnes Morvan , Antoine David
Published: October 2014

A 6 yr time series of high frequency inherent optical property (IOP) measurements in the Mediterranean was used to derive information on the diel and seasonal variability of particulate production. Empirical relationships between particulate attenuation (cp), particulate backscattering (bbp), and particulate organic carbon allowed calculation of estimates of net community production (NCP), daytime NCP (NCPd), and gross community production (GCP) from the diel variations in either IOP. Similar seasonal variations and good correlation (r = 0.83, p < 0.001) between daily means of cp and bbp were observed, yet differences in the timing and amplitude of their diel cycles led to significant differences in their derived production metrics. Best agreement was obtained during bloom proliferation (44.1–66.7% shared variance) when all three production estimates were highest, while worst was during bloom decline. Best overall correlation was found for NCPd. Accordingly, only cp‐derived estimates reproduced predicted seasonal variations in community production and seasonality of “traditional” chlorophyll‐based primary production models. Analysis of the diel cycles of “real‐time” net community production (NCPh), determined from the first‐derivative of either cp or bbp, revealed ca. fourfold to eightfold lower daytime NCPh, twofold to fivefold lower daily maximum NCPh, and twice as much intraseasonal variability relative to the mean amplitude of diel variations for bbp. Although the timing of maximum of cp‐derived NCPh was consistently prior to solar noon, significant seasonal differences in the timing of maximum bbp‐derived NCPh was observed. Particulate backscattering may be used to infer biogeochemical properties, while greater understanding of the diel cycles of bbp is needed before bbp can be used to investigate daily community production.
Prediction of surface temperature in lakes with different morphology using air temperature
Authors: Toffolon Marco , Piccolroaz Sebastiano , Majone Bruno , Soja Anna‐Maria , Peeters Frank , Schmid Martin , Wüest Alfred
Published: October 2014

Temperature of the surface layer of temperate lakes is reconstructed by means of a simplified model on the basis of air temperature alone. The comparison between calculated and observed data shows a remarkable agreement (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency indices always larger than 0.87, mean absolute errors of approximately 1°C) for all 14 lakes investigated (Mara, Sparkling, Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario, Biel, Zurich, Constance, Garda, Neusiedl, Balaton, and Baikal, in west‐to‐east order), which present a wide range of morphological and hydrological characteristics. Differently from a pure heat flux balance approach, where the different fluxes are determined on the basis of independent relationships, the input data directly inform parameters of a simple model that, in turn, provides meaningful information about the properties of the real system. The dependence of the model parameters on the main morphological indicators is presented, which allows for a quantitative description of the strong influence of the mean depth of the lake on the thermal inertia and the hysteresis pattern between air and lake surface temperatures.
Direct measurements of near-highway emissions in a high diesel environment
Authors: DeWitt H. L. , Hellebust S. , Temime-Roussel B. , Ravier S. , Polo L. , Jacob V. , Buisson C. , Charron A. , André M. , Pasquier A. , Besombes J. L. , Jaffrezo J. L. , Wortham H. , Marchand N.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Diesel-powered passenger cars currently outnumber gasoline-powered cars in many countries, particularly in Europe. In France, diesel cars represented 61% of Light Duty Vehicles in 2011 and this percentage is still increasing (French Environment and Energy Management Agency, ADEME). As part of the September~2011 joint PM-DRIVE (Particulate Matter- DiRect and Indirect on-road Vehicular Emissions) and MOCOPO (Measuring and mOdeling traffic COngestion and POllution) field campaign, the concentration and high-resolution chemical composition of aerosols and volatile organic carbon (VOC) species were measured adjacent to a major urban highway south of Grenoble, France. Alongside these atmospheric measurements, detailed traffic data were collected from nearby traffic cameras and loop detectors, which allowed the identification of vehicle type and characteristics, traffic concentration, and traffic speed to be quantified and compared to measured aerosol and VOCs. Six aerosol age and source profiles were resolved using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model on real-time high-resolution aerosol mass spectra. These six aerosol source/age categories included a hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) commonly associated with primary vehicular emissions, a nitrogen containing aerosol (NOA) with a diurnal pattern similar to that of HOA, oxidized organic aerosol (OOA), and biomass burning aerosol (BBOA). While quantitatively separating the influence of diesel vs. gasoline proved impossible, a low HOA : black carbon ratio, similar to that measured in other high-diesel environments, and high levels of NOx, also indicative of diesel emissions, were observed. A comparison between these high-diesel environment measurements and measurements taken in low-diesel (North American) environments was examined and the potential feedback between vehicular emissions and SOA formation was probed. Although the measurement site was located next to a large source of primary emissions, which are typically found to have low oxygen incorporation, OOA was found to comprise the majority of the measured organic aerosol, and the measured OOA contained mainly modern carbon, not fossil-derived carbon. Thus, even in this heavily vehicular-emission impacted environment, photochemical processes, biogenic emissions, and aerosol oxidation dominated the overall organic aerosol mass measured during most of the campaign.
Reassessing flood frequency for the Sussex Ouse, Lewes: the inclusion of historical flood information since AD 1650
Authors: Macdonald N. , Kjeldsen T. R. , Prosdocimi I. , Sangster H.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. The application of historical flood information as a tool for augmenting instrumental flood data is increasingly recognised as a valuable tool. Most previous studies have focused on large catchments with historic settlements, this paper applies the approach to the smaller lowland system of the Sussex Ouse in southeast England. The reassessment of flood risk on the Sussex Ouse is pertinent in light of the severe flooding in October 2000 and heightened concerns of a perceived increase in flooding nationally. Systematic flood level readings from 1960 and accounts detailing past flood events within the catchment are compiled back to ca. 1750. This extended flood record provides an opportunity to reassess estimates of flood frequency over a timescale not normally possible within flood frequency analysis. This paper re-evaluates flood frequency at Lewes on the Sussex Ouse downstream of the confluence of the Sussex Ouse and River Uck. The paper considers the strengths and weaknesses in estimates resulting from contrasting methods of analysis and their corresponding data: (i) single site analysis of gauged annual maxima; (ii) combined analysis of systematic annual maxima augmented with historical peaks of estimated magnitude; (iii) combined analysis of systematic annual maxima augmented with historical peaks of estimated magnitude exceeding a known threshold, and (iv) sensitivity analysis including only the very largest historical flood events. Use of the historical information was found to yield much tighter confidence intervals of risk estimates, with uncertainty reduced by up to 40% for the 100-year return frequency event when historical information was added to the gauged data.
Nombres de dominio de las sociedades anónimas en Nicaragua
Authors: Obregon Ortega Pauni
Published: October 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/derecho.v0i5.1507
Delincuencia Económica
Authors: Moreno Castillo María Asunción , Aráuz Ulloa Manuel
Published: October 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/derecho.v0i5.1513
Jurisprudencia civil
Authors: Guzmán García Jairo José
Published: October 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/derecho.v0i5.1515
El Derecho Comunitario: Concepto, Naturaleza y caracteres
Authors: Guerrero Mayorga Orlando
Published: October 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/derecho.v0i6.1520
Genomics applied to the study of adaptation in pine species
Authors: Guevara M. A. , Soto A. , Collada C. , Plomion C. , Savolainen O. , Neale D. B. , Gonzalez-Martinez S. C. , Cervera M. T.
Published: October 2014

This manuscript provides an overview on the use of genomics to study pine adaptation to environmental conditions, such as drought or photoperiod. We briefly discuss molecular tools that permit to acquire a comprehensive view of pine genome, such as cytogenetic and genetic linkage maps. We will also discuss the application of two complementary strategies to dissect complex adaptive traits based on linkage disequilibrium between neutral molecular markers and quantitative trait loci: QTL mapping and association analysis. An important step in these studies is the identification of candidate genes involved in the response of pine trees to environmental variation using functional genomic approaches.
Phenotypic plasticity: a useful framework for understanding adaptation in forest species
Authors: Chambel M. R. , Climent J. , Alia R. , Valladares F.
Published: October 2014

Phenotypic plasticity is a relatively new name for a very old issue in plant sciences: the ability of a genotype to generate a range of different phenotypes, depending on the environment. Contrasting with a great deal of published research works recognising plastic responses in a wide variety of organisms, direct evidences of the adaptive role of such responses are still scarce and the evolutionary implications of phenotypic plasticity is under discussion. Different types of plasticity, operating at different levels within individuals or across generations have been recognised and several methodologies have been applied to characterize and quantify plasticity. Further research on this issue regarding forest tree species, especially in Mediterranean ecosystems is needed in order to understand the impact that global climate change may have on the existing populations.
Use of physiological traits in tree breeding for improved yield in drought-prone environments. The case of Eucalyptus globulus
Authors: Pita P. , Cañas I. , Soria F. , Ruiz F. , Toval G.
Published: October 2014

Selecting for improved growth in drought-prone environments may lead to a trade-off between traits related to both growth and drought resistance. This paper provides a review of the use of physiological traits in breeding for yield improvement in water-limited environments. Plant responses to water stress can be grouped into strategies, which are species-specific. Once a species drought resistance strategy is known, several physiological traits can be selected to be used in the species breeding program. Despite there are multiple physiological traits involved in plant responses to drought, only a few of them have been actually used to improve both growth and drought resistance. This review highlights the relevance of stomatal conductance and water-use efficiency as well as hydraulic traits in breeding for improved growth in drought-prone environments. It is illustrated with unpublished results obtained in several research programmes that share a common objective: improving Eucalyptus globulus growth and survival in south-western Spain throughout early selection based on morpho-physiological traits.
Effect of nitrogen fertilization in the nursery on the drought and frost resistance of Mediterranean forest species
Authors: Villar-Salvador P. , Puértolas J. , Peñuelas J. L. , Planelles R.
Published: October 2014

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of N fertilization in the nursery on frost and water stress resistance of seedlings in Mediterranean forest species. We reviewed the data of six independent fertilization experiments that were performed between 1997 and 2003 in six Mediterranean forest species: three oaks (Quercus suber L., Q. ilex L., and Q. coccifera L.), and three conifer (Pinus pinea L., P. halepensis Mill., and Juniperus thurifera L.). Plants were cultivated under two contrasting N fertilization regimes and at the end or during the cultivation period several parameters related to drought and frost resistance were measured. N fertilization affected more the morphological than the physiological characters. Changes in most morphological traits in response to N fertilization tended to have the same variation pattern, whereas physiological traits had variable responses. N Fertilization reduced frost hardiness in Pinus species and increased the osmotic potential both at full turgor and at turgor loss point in J. thurifera. High-fertilized (HN) seedlings in all species were larger and had greater shoot to root mass ratio than low-fertilized or unfertilized (LN) plants. HN pine seedlings also had higher stomatal conductance than LN plants. These characteristics might impair the water balance of HN plants if soil water content remains low immediately after transplanting. In contrast, HN plants showed higher new root growth capacity than LN seedlings and the proportion of new roots emerging from the plug with respect to shoot size did not differ between fertilization treatments or it was greater in HN plants than in LN seedlings. These responses could improve the efficiency of roots to explore the soil and, therefore, the drought avoiding capacity of HN plants.
Controlled inoculation of reforestation seedlings with ectomycorrhizal fungi: current knowledge in Spain
Authors: Pera J. , Parlade J.
Published: October 2014

After the paper published by Pardos in 1962 a considerable effort of investigation on ectomycorrhizas has been done in Spain, especially during the last 20 years. In our article we review the progress achieved in our country concerning the knowledge of ectomycorrhizal fungi, in particular their use in the controlled inoculation of nursery grown plants for reforestation and revegetation purposes, and the performance of these mycorrhizal plants in experimental plantations. Published results mainly involve different conifer species inoculated with fungi belonging to the genera: Hebeloma, Laccaria, Pisolithus, Rhizopogon, Scleroderma or Suillus. These results show that controlled mycorrhizal inoculations with selected fungi improve the reforestation and revegetation processes in defined environmental situations, such as: reforestation of productive forest soils, both using native or introduced tree species, reforestation of set-aside agricultural lands, or revegetation of arid soils in the Mediterranean regions of Spain.
Ecophysiology of natural regeneration of forest stands in Spain
Authors: Pardos M. , Ruiz del Castillo J. , Cañellas I. , Montero G.
Published: October 2014

Natural regeneration is a slow and unpredictable process because of the complex interaction between the success of seedling establishment and site factors. In this review, we focus on four groups of factors that influence natural regeneration: seeds (seed production, seed banks, seed viability, serotinous cones in conifers, seed dormancy and seed germination), seedling performance, sprouting and ecological factors of the site (soil characteristics, weed competition, temperature, salinity, water availability, light, wildfires, predation, pests and diseases). The knowledge of the effect of all these factors and their interactions on the physiology of seedlings is essential for the management of natural stands. In this sense, simulations of forest regeneration are a useful tool.
Stromal Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential of the Prostate
Authors: Murer Lauren M. , Talmon Geoffrey A.
Published: October 2014

Stromal tumor of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP) of the prostate is a rare tumor with a variable and unpredictable clinical course. Many STUMPs are diagnosed incidentally and never progress, while others may invade locally and rapidly recur after surgical intervention, and yet others may lead to distant metastasis and death. A wide array of histologic patterns is encompassed by STUMP, and distinguishing these tumors from prostatic stromal sarcoma or other causes of stromal expansion often proves difficult. Owing to the rarity of this tumor, there is not yet a consensus on appropriate management. However, owing to the possibility of aggressive behavior, close management and consideration of definitive resection is warranted.
Methylated TIMP-3 DNA in Body Fluids Is an Independent Prognostic Factor for Gastric Cancer
Authors: Yu Jiang-Liu , Lv Ping , Han Jing , Zhu Xin , Hong Lian-Lian , Zhu Wang-Yu , Wang Xin-Bao , Wu Yi-Chen , Li Pei , Ling Zhi-Qiang
Published: October 2014

Context

Fluid methylated DNA may be a suitable biomarker for cancer patients.

Objective

To investigate whether circulating methylated tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP-3) DNA in body fluids is a useful prognostic biomarker in gastric cancer (GC).

Design

TIMP-3 methylation was detected by real-time methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction in tumor tissues, paired preoperative peritoneal washes (PPWs), and paired serum samples from 92 GC patients.

Results

The frequency of TIMP-3 methylation was significantly elevated in GC tissues (63.04%; 58 of 92) compared with that in paired adjacent normal tissue (4.3%; 4 of 92) (P < .001). TIMP-3 methylation correlated closely with peritoneal metastasis and TNM stage (all P < .001). The frequency of TIMP-3 methylation in preoperative peritoneal washes and serum samples was 53.3% (49 of 92) and 58.7% (54 of 92), respectively. The Aζ values of the receiver operator characteristic curve for methylated TIMP-3 were 0.966 and 0.922 for serum and preoperative peritoneal washes, respectively, compared with those in GC tissues. The patients with elevated methylated TIMP-3 levels in body fluids had poorer disease-free survival rates than those without (all P < .001). Cox regression analysis showed that detection of methylated TIMP-3 DNA in body fluids was an independent risk factor for GC patients, with a remarkable decrease in disease-free survival 30 months after surgical resection of the gastric tumor.

Conclusion

Presence of methylated TIMP-3 DNA in body fluids is a useful biomarker for predicting the progression and prognosis of GC patients.
Use of a Cytokine-Release Assay to Demonstrate Loss of Platelet Secretory Capacity During Blood Bank Processing and Storage
Authors: Tormey Christopher A. , Stack Gary
Published: October 2014

Context

The extent to which changes in secretory function contribute to the storage lesion of platelets (PLTs) prepared for transfusion is not well described.

Objective

To develop a cytokine-release assay for the assessment of PLT secretory capacity during the preparation and storage of PLTs.

Design

Small volumes of PLT-rich plasma and PLT concentrate (PC) were prepared from whole blood (WB; N = 4 donors). Aliquots of WB, PLT-rich plasma, and PC were treated with 20 μM adenosine diphosphate or saline (control). Samples of WB-derived PCs obtained from a regional blood center were similarly stimulated at various storage times (N = 10 units). Plasma levels of RANTES (chemokine ligand 5; regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) and PLT aggregation were measured following agonist addition.

Results

Adenosine diphosphate stimulated RANTES release from PLTs in fresh WB on average by 4.1-fold (P < .001), in PLT-rich plasma by 4.7-fold (P = .002), and in PC by 1.3-fold (P < .001). For blood center PCs, adenosine diphosphate failed to stimulate RANTES release at day 2 of storage or later (P ≥ .31). Baseline RANTES levels in the plasma/supernatant increased 660% during PC preparation (P = .02) and an additional 30% during subsequent storage (P < .001). Mean PLT aggregation decreased during processing from WB (95.6%) to PC (60.5%; P = .04). For blood center PCs, mean PLT aggregation decreased substantially from days 2 (41.0%) to 7 (2.3%; P < .001).

Conclusions

A cytokine-release assay revealed a diminution in PLT secretory capacity during PC processing and storage, with complete elimination by day 2 of storage. Loss of PLT aggregability occurred more slowly. The cytokine-release assay may be a useful endpoint for optimizing PLT preparation and storage.
The Challenging Road to Reconciliation in Rwanda: Societal Processes, Interventions and Their Evaluation
Authors: Staub Ervin
Published: October 2014

This article briefly discusses some efforts that Rwanda has made to recover from the genocide, ranging from trying perpetrators to creating just social arrangements. It also discusses problematic policies and practices that may interfere with reconciliation. It then describes work the author and his associates have engaged in to promote healing and reconciliation in Rwanda. First, they conducted training/workshops to help people understand the influences that lead to genocide and other great violence, and avenues to prevention, healing and reconciliation. Following this they created educational radio programs for the same ends. The article describes a highly popular radio drama in Rwanda, which has been broadcast since 2004. Evaluation studies of both the effects of the trainings and of the radio drama have found positive effects that are highly relevant for reconciliation. These include more positive attitudes toward the other group, more empathy, more willingness to say what one believes, and more moderate respect for authority (presumably leading to less blind obedience). Anecdotal reports from the community also show the positive effects of the radio drama.
A Massive Suspension Culture System With Metabolic Purification for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Hemmi Natsuko , Tohyama Shugo , Nakajima Kazuaki , Kanazawa Hideaki , Suzuki Tomoyuki , Hattori Fumiyuki , Seki Tomohisa , Kishino Yoshikazu , Hirano Akinori , Okada Marina , Tabei Ryota , Ohno Rei , Fujita Chihana , Haruna Tomoko , Yuasa Shinsuke , Sano Motoaki , Fujita Jun , Fukuda Keiichi
Published: October 2014

Cardiac regenerative therapy with human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), such as human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, has been hampered by the lack of efficient strategies for expanding functional cardiomyocytes (CMs) to clinically relevant numbers. The development of the massive suspension culture system (MSCS) has shed light on this critical issue, although it remains unclear how hPSCs could differentiate into functional CMs using a MSCS. The proliferative rate of differentiating hPSCs in the MSCS was equivalent to that in suspension cultures using nonadherent culture dishes, although the MSCS provided more homogeneous embryoid bodies (EBs), eventually reducing apoptosis. However, pluripotent markers such as Oct3/4 and Tra-1-60 were still expressed in EBs 2 weeks after differentiation, even in the MSCS. The remaining undifferentiated stem cells in such cultures could retain a strong potential for teratoma formation, which is the worst scenario for clinical applications of hPSC-derived CMs. The metabolic purification of CMs in glucose-depleted and lactate-enriched medium successfully eliminated the residual undifferentiated stem cells, resulting in a refined hPSC-derived CM population. In colony formation assays, no Tra-1-60-positive colonies appeared after purification. The nonpurified CMs in the MSCS produced teratomas at a rate of 60%. However, purified CMs never induced teratomas, and enriched CMs showed proper electrophysiological properties and calcium transients. Overall, the combination of a MSCS and metabolic selection is a highly effective and practical approach to purify and enrich massive numbers of functional CMs and provides an essential technique for cardiac regenerative therapy with hPSC-derived CMs.
Considérations théoriques et pratiques liées à la mesure de la coopération en contexte scolaire
Authors: Plante Isabelle
Published: October 2014

Cet article synthétise les différents outils disponibles pour mesurer la coopération en contexte scolaire, d’une part, et les avantages et limites qui s’y rattachent, d’autre part. L’examen de près de 230 documents a révélé trois principales catégories de mesures : les questionnaires, l’observation en classe et le jeu de l’investissement. En dépit de certains biais potentiels, la simplicité des questionnaires et leur durée d’administration brève en font une option intéressante pour mesurer les attitudes coopératives. Les pratiques d’observation offrent une validité écologique accrue, mais leur potentiel à produire une mesure généralisable de la tendance individuelle à coopérer reste à démontrer. Le jeu de l’investissement procure des indices directs de la coopération, tout en contournant certains biais relatifs à sa mesure. ainsi, malgré le coût élevé relatif à son administration, cette tâche constitue une piste intéressante pour les chercheurs en éducation désireux d’évaluer la coopération entre les élèves.
Un processus itératif pour réduire l’impact de réponses aberrantes sur l’identification de patrons de réponses inappropriés
Authors: Magis David , Béland Sébastien , Raîche Gilles
Published: October 2014

La présence de réponses aberrantes est habituellement détectée par l’utilisation d’indices d’ajustement permettant de déterminer si le patron de réponses est inapproprié par rapport aux caractéristiques du test. Cette approche nécessite cependant une préestimation des paramètres d’items qui est souvent réalisée sur le même ensemble de données. La présence de réponses aberrantes pourrait donc influencer le processus de calibration et la détection de patrons inappropriés. Cet article présente un processus itératif pour réduire le risque d’une calibration biaisée causée par la présence de réponses aberrantes. La démarche consiste à retirer successivement les patrons identifiés comme inappropriés du processus de calibration des items. Ce processus est illustré en analysant les données d’un test de classement en anglais langue seconde (TCaLS-II) au Québec. L’application du processus itératif aux données met en évidence une augmentation du nombre de patrons de réponses détectés comme inappropriés, présentant un impact relativement faible sur les paramètres d’items estimés et un nombre restreint d’itérations nécessaires pour obtenir une convergence du processus itératif.
Une adaptation française du Questionnaire de Régulation Émotionnelle à la situation d’apprentissage
Authors: Leroy Véronique , Boudrenghien Gentiane , Grégoire Jacques
Published: October 2014

Cet article présente deux études de validation de l’Emotion Regulation Question - naire (Gross & John, 2003) traduit en français et adapté à la situation de préparation d’un examen universitaire. Cet outil mesure l’utilisation de deux stratégies de régulation émotionnelle : la réévaluation cognitive (changer sa façon de penser une situation émotionnelle) et la suppression expressive (inhiber l’expression de l’émotion dans une situation émotionnelle). La première étude (1) confirme les qualités psychométriques de l’instrument et (2) explore les corrélations entre le score obtenu au test et les émotions académiques ressenties par les étudiants. La seconde étude (1) confirme les qualités psychométriques de l’instrument chez les deux sexes et (2) investigue les différences de genre dans les scores obtenus au test. L’adaptation de cet outil est prometteuse pour la communauté des chercheurs en éducation soucieuse d’approfondir la question de la régulation émotionnelle en situation d’apprentissage.
Les étudiants sont-ils compétents pour évaluer la qualité des enseignements ?
Authors: Detroz Pascal , Blais Jean-Guy
Published: October 2014

Cet article répond à cette question centrale : « Les étudiants sont-ils compétents pour évaluer la qualité des enseignements ? » en l’abordant selon deux angles distincts. Le premier a trait aux attitudes et représentations des différentes parties prenantes quant à cette question. Ces attitudes ne sont pas univoques bien qu’elles soient, en tendance, favorables à l’implication des étudiants dans les dispositifs d’évaluation des enseignements. Le second a trait à la validité de l’information ainsi récoltée. La plupart des recherches et les méta-analyses effectuées soutiennent plutôt la validité de l’EEE. Ce n’est cependant pas toujours le cas et cette validité est au moins partiellement en débat. Les auteurs plaident, dans les conclusions, pour que l’écologie locale et le contexte, notamment disciplinaire, soient pris en compte lors d’analyses de la validité qui devraient, selon eux, envisager des méthodologies plus naturalistes.
Les effets de l’EEE sur le développement professionnel des enseignants et l’expérience d’apprentissage des étudiants
Authors: Dumont Ariane , Rochat Jean-Moïse , Berthiaume Denis , Lanarès Jacques
Published: October 2014

En suisse, les institutions d’enseignement supérieur disposent d’une autonomie importante pour implémenter leur modèle d’évaluation des enseignements par les étudiants (EEE). Certaines, comme l’Université de Lausanne, ont opté pour des modèles minimisant la part de contrôle ; d’autres, comme la Haute école d'ingénierie et de gestion du Canton de Vaud, ont préféré contrôler davantage la prestation enseignante. L’espace suisse de l’enseignement supérieur constitue donc un terrain de recherche intéressant pour s’interroger sur les impacts de l’EEE. Dans le présent travail, les auteurs ont opté pour une étude de cas mobilisant des données quantitatives et qualitatives afin de chercher à comprendre si l’impact sur le développement professionnel des enseignants et l’expérience d’apprentissage des étudiants diffère selon le modèle d’EEE utilisé. sur la base des résultats, les auteurs débattront du développement professionnel des enseignants et de l’expérience d’apprentissage des étudiants en lien avec l’EEE, puis concluront avec quelques perspectives de recherches futures.
L’appréciation de l’environnement d’études et la manière d’étudier des étudiants
Authors: Paivandi Saeed
Published: October 2014

Le texte propose d’analyser les résultats de l’enquête triennale de l’Observatoirede la vie étudiante national en France (OVE), réalisée en 2010 sur un échantillonreprésentatif de 33 009 étudiants inscrits dans les différentes filières de l’enseignementsupérieur. Le questionnaire de l’OVE aborde, notamment, les pratiquesd’études et le contexte pédagogique des établissements en demandant aux étudiantsd’évaluer les différents aspects de leur environnement d’études. Les donnéesde cette enquête permettent de tester si les variables contextuelles exercentune influence sur l’attitude étudiante vis-à-vis des études. Trois variables compositessont utilisées pour examiner le rapport à l’environnement d’études : ledispositif pédagogique, la qualité pédagogique et le contexte humain. L’analysestatistique révèle l’existence d’une corrélation significative entre ces trois dimensionsdu contexte pédagogique et les manières d’étudier. L’attitude étudiante tendà changer avec le contexte : l’évaluation subjective de l’étudiant est susceptiblede devenir un vecteur important de son engagement et constitue la médiationentre le contexte et sa façon de concevoir et de pratiquer son investissement studieux.
Une typologie du savoir-faire enseignant en matière d’évaluation formative
Authors: Morrissette Joëlle , Nadeau Marie-Hélène
Published: October 2014

Jusqu’à présent, les pratiques d’évaluation formative des enseignants et des enseignantes ont été appréhendées à l’aune d’une perspective normative et prescriptive. Cette recherche adopte un autre angle d’approche en s’intéressant aux savoirs de terrain d’enseignantes du primaire en cette matière, à la faveur de l’éclairage des travaux de Schön (1983) sur le savoir construit dans l’expérience pratique du quotidien. Elle implique cinq enseignantes du primaire auprès desquelles a été conduite une série de trois entretiens individuels pour chacune, prenant appui sur des bandes vidéo produites dans leur classe. La coanalyse des épisodes d’évaluation formative captés a permis de dégager un ensemble de « manières de faire » l’évaluation formative, et leur analyse a permis de distinguer des savoirs stratégiques, des savoirs sur le processus de travail, des savoirs sur les conditions de la pratique, des savoirs sur les relations, des savoirs sur la posture et, enfin, des savoirs théoriques.
Impurely Applied: The Architecture and Landscape Architecture of Vito Acconci
Authors: Forster Andrew
Published: October 2014

Par un survol sommaire de la démarche de Vito Acconci – de la poésie à l’art de la performance, à l’installation et à l’art public – et par une discussion plus approfondie de ses récents projets d’architecture et d’aménagement de l’espace public, nous examinons certaines questions centrales de la pratique du design, notamment celle des définitions toujours mouvantes de la criticalité et celle des répercussions sur le design contemporain de la polarité persistante entre le « pur » et l’« appliqué ».
L’impossible « chambre des horreurs » du Museum of Ornamental Art : une archéologie du design criminel
Authors: Marchand Marie-Ève
Published: October 2014

In 1852, the Museum of Ornamental Art, today the Victoria and Albert Museum, opened its doors to the public. Taking part in a general reform of the British art and design education system, the museum sought to instill what were considered good design principles. To do so, a museographic strategy that proved to be as popular as it was controversial was chosen: the exhibition gallery entitled “Decorations on False Principles,” which immediately became known as the “Chamber of Horrors.” This gallery, a dogmatic expression of the functionalist conception of ornament advocated by the museum, referred through its nickname to another then famous Chamber of Horrors, the one in Mme Tussaud’s wax museum. In this paper, I will first argue that the Museum of Ornamental Art’s Chamber of Horrors is an early example of the association of ornament with crime that reappears in later design theories. Second, by examining the means taken to transmit the idea of the criminalization of ornaments designed after “bad principles,” I demonstrate why the concept of the Chamber of Horrors is in itself doomed to failure. I thus analyze this uncommon exhibition as a manifestation of the museum’s aesthetic philosophy and mechanisms at a time when the institution’s modalities were still in the process of elaboration.
Les « portraits de portrait » de Jim Campbell : ambiguïté et traitement de l’information
Authors: Masse Isabelle
Published: October 2014

The ability or inability to perceive facial features and expressions has a direct impact on communication. In this sense, the clarity or elusiveness of the image in the experience of portraiture should influence spectatorship. It is from this perspective that American artist Jim Campbell uses scientific references to explore the effects of visual ambiguity in electronic portraits belonging to his series “Ambiguous Icons.” This article focuses on two of these portraits, namely a matching pair in which the medium significantly obfuscates the representation: Portrait of a Portrait of Harry Nyquist and Portrait of a Portrait of Claude Shannon (2000). The sitters are two scientists whose work laid the foundation for information theory, a mathematical model of communication originally created for telecommunications, but whose applications later extended to cognitive science. I examine how these artworks, by material and formal means, can be understood as artistic analogies of information theory and then argue that through this theoretical reference they evoke a traditional model of human cognition. Lastly, I discuss the strategies adopted to elicit the viewer’s response from two perspectives: the perceptual experience and, more broadly, the aesthetic experience, respectively analyzed through the artist’s reinterpretation of a 1973 experiment on facial recognition and through a 1960s transposition of information theory to the arts.
Turning the World Inside Out: Situating JR’s Wish within Cultures of Participation
Authors: Orpana Jennifer
Published: October 2014

En 2011, l’artiste de rue et photographe JR lance un défi à l’auditoire de la conférence TED : l’aider à la réalisation de son projet Inside Out en participant à des projets de montage de portraits publics qui viseront à générer un dialogue, susciter la sensibilisation, raconter des histoires ou rendre les communautés visibles. Trois ans plus tard, avec plus de 196,500 portraits affichés dans le monde entier, 902 actions de groupe et un flot constant de nouveaux projets publiés sur le site web et la page Facebook de Inside Out, ce phénomène mondial continue de croître. Cet article situe Inside Out parmi les cultures de participation qui ont émergé depuis les années 1990. De plus, il explique comment l’impact et les conséquences du néolibéralisme mondial ont contribué à établir les conditions dans lesquelles les actions de groupe de Inside Out peuvent se développer.
Infractions à certaines dispositions de la Loi sur les normes du travail : analyse selon les formes d’emploi1
Authors: Dumaine Jean-Nickolas , Perreault Maxime
Published: October 2014

Plusieurs recherches ont mis en lumière la détérioration des conditions de travail associées à certaines formes d’emploi atypiques et l’incapacité des normes minimales du travail québécoises à offrir une protection équivalente à tous les types de travailleurs. Cet article évalue la mise en oeuvre de certaines dispositions de la Loi sur les normes du travail (LNT) en fonction de différentes formes d’emploi. Les données sont issues d’un sondage mené en 2010 auprès de 3 413 salariés québécois non syndiqués. Les résultats montrent que l’emploi temporaire est associé à un plus grand risque d’infractions à certaines dispositions de la LNT.
Interactions between reactive nitrogen and the Canadian landscape: A budget approach
Authors: Clair Thomas A. , Pelletier Nathan , Bittman Shabtai , Leip Adrian , Arp Paul , Moran Michael D. , Dennis Ian , Niemi David , Sterling Shannon , Drury Craig F. , Yang Jingyi
Published: October 2014

The movement of excess reactive nitrogen (Nr) from anthropogenic activities to natural ecosystems has been described as one of the most serious environmental threats facing modern society. One of the approaches for tracking this movement is the use of budgets that quantify fluxes. We constructed an Nr budget for Canada using measured and modeled values from the scientific literature, government databases, and data from new agri‐environmental indicators, in order to produce information for policy makers and scientists to understand the major flows of nitrogen to allow a better assessment of risks to the Canadian environment. We divided the Canadian territory south of 60°N into areas dominated by natural ecosystems, as well as by agricultural and urban/industrial activities to evaluate Nr flows within, between, and out of these units. We show that Canada is a major exporter of Nr due to the availability of inexpensive commercial fertilizers. The large land area suitable for agriculture makes Canada a significant agricultural Nr exporter of both grain crops and livestock. Finally, Canada exports petroleum N mainly to the United States. Because of its location and prevailing atmospheric transport patterns, Canada is a net receptor of Nr air pollution from the United States, receiving approximately 20% of the Nr leaving the U.S. airshed. We found that overall, terrestrial natural ecosystems as well as the atmosphere are in balance between Nr inputs and outputs when all N reactive and nonreactive fluxes are included. However, when only reactive forms are considered, almost 50% of N entering the Canadian atmosphere cannot be accounted for and is assumed to be lost to the Atlantic and Arctic oceans or to unmeasured dry deposition. However, agricultural and freshwater landscapes are showing large differences between measured inputs and outputs of N as our data suggest that denitrification in soils and aquatic systems is larger than what models predict. Our work also shows that Canada is a major contributor to the global flow of nitrogen through commercial exports.
Magnetic field topology for northward IMF reconnection: Ion observations
Authors: Fuselier S. A. , Petrinec S. M. , Trattner K. J. , Lavraud B.
Published: October 2014

Ion observations from the Cluster spacecraft are used to investigate magnetopause reconnection for northward Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) conditions. When the spacecraft cross the magnetopause and enter the magnetosphere at low latitudes, equatorward of the magnetospheric cusps, multiple ion populations of magnetosheath origin are almost always observed. The bulk flow velocities of these separate populations are consistent with their entry at high northern and southern latitudes. Furthermore, characteristics of the pitch angle distributions provide a means to estimate the entry point of the magnetosheath ions and the relative timing of the reconnections in opposite hemispheres. In the example presented, these entry points are poleward of both magnetospheric cusps, and the reconnections are separated by minutes. In a survey of magnetopause crossing events, most ion observations and associated electron observations are consistent with this dual‐lobe reconnection process as long as the reconnections are separated in time by several minutes. A small percentage of events are not consistent with this reconnection model and may indicate reconnection at other locations, such as equatorward of the cusp.
Stereo‐specific LC and LC‐MS bioassays of antidepressants and psychotics
Authors: Nageswara Rao R. , Guru Prasad K.
Published: October 2014

Stereochemistry in drug action is gaining importance because the enantiomers often differ in their biological activity and pharmacokinetic profiles. The use of racemic drugs may contribute to adverse effects owing to the presence of either inactive or toxic enantiomers. Most of the drugs currently used to treat psychiatric disorders, including depression, contain one or more chiral centers and are mostly sold as racemates. Single‐enantiomer drugs provide greater selectivity for their biological targets, improved therapeutic indices and better pharmacokinetics compared with racemates. Therefore it is of great importance to monitor body fluid/tissue levels of drugs used to treat depression and psychiatric disorders. The present manuscript gives an overview of liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques reported during 2000–2013 for enantiomeric separation of various classes of antidepressants, viz. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors, nonamphetamine central nervous system stimulants, serotonin and dopamine inhibitors and γ‐aminobutyric acid receptor agonists in biological matrices. Techniques used for extraction, separation and quantification are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of malondialdehyde by HPLC‐FL – application to various biological samples
Authors: Domijan Ana‐Marija , Ralić Jovica , Radić Brkanac Sandra , Rumora Lada , Žanić‐Grubišić Tihana
Published: October 2014

Malondialdehyde (MDA) is stabile product of lipid peroxidation (LPO), and therefore MDA is frequently used as a biomarker of LPO. To determine MDA level in various biological samples (human plasma, fish liver tissue and cells in culture), we used an HPLC method with fluorescent detection based on 2‐thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay. The method was validated by the use of spiked pooled plasma samples. In tested concentration range (0.15–3.0 µmol/L) the method was linear (R2 = 0.9963), the between‐day variability (coefficient of variations, CVs) was between 4.7 and 7.6%, the within‐day variability CVs was between 2.6 and 6.4% and recovery was between 91.2 and 107.6%. The level of MDA in human plasma (healthy male, non‐smokers, 46.3 ± 4.7 years; N = 38) was 2.2 ± 1.4 µmol/L; that in liver tissue of common carp (Cyprinus carpio; N = 12) was 0.02 ± 0.004 µmol/g tissue, and in cultured cells (human laryngeal carcinoma cells; N = 10) it was 0.18 ± 0.02 nmol/mg proteins. The HPLC‐FL method is rapid, accurate and reliable to follow the extent of LPO in various biological samples, particularly in samples in which a low level of MDA is expected, such as cells in culture. Owing to the rapid analytical process and run time, it can be used for routine analysis of MDA in clinical laboratory. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.