bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development Ability of Sweet Bread Made from Liquid and Dry Raisin Yeast
Authors: Pangesthi L T , Indrawati V
Published: March 2021

Raisin sweet bread is made from wheat flour, water, sugar, salt, margarine, and the sponge dough A which produce from the fermentation of liquid and dry raisin yeast. Raisin yeast is selected because it has 38% of treholase sugar which related to starch degradation so it indirectly retards the quality of bread stalling. The objectives of this study were to know the development ability of sweet bread and the nutritional value of the best sweet bread with the application of sponge dough A from liquid and dry (coated with 15% skim milk) raisin yeast. This study was an experiment on sweet bread products. The primary data was obtained from 1) the volume development measurement of dough at the initial intermediate proof, final proof, and after baked dough; 2) the proximate test data. Data were analysed descriptively and qualitatively. The results showed that: 1) the development volume of sweet bread dough increased for 37% with the application of sponge dough A processed with fermented liquid raisin yeast compared with other treatment; 2) the nutritional value of sweet bread from the application the sponge dough processed from the liquid yeast fermentation was in carbohydrate-protein, fat, ash and water (%) were respectively 61.30; 7.60; 3.90; 1,72 and 25.47.
Water-Soaked Leucaena Leucocephala Leaf Meal as Feed For Rabbits: Effect of Inclusion on the Performance
Authors: Wiratmini N I , Setyawati I , Warmadewi D A , Setiasih N L E
Published: March 2021

Leucaena leucocephala is high-nutrient legume due to its crude protein rate (20-30%). Unfortunately, its utilization needs to be restricted due to the presence of mimosine, a compound that exhibits negative effects on livestocks. This study aimed to compare the performance of adult male rabbits after given commercial feed supplemented with water-soaked and air-dried Leucaenaleaf meal (WSADL) with those given air-dried Leucaena leaf meal (ADL).Fifty local male rabbits, 6 months old and weighing around 2.0-2.3 kg, were used as samples. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatment groups (n=10), consisting of one control group that were fed commercial feed (R0), three groups that were fed WSADL (15%, 22.5%, and 30%) and one group that was fed 15% of ADL. Those rabbits were fed for 60 days. The independent variables being observed were the dry matter intake, daily weight gain, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The result showed that the supplementation of Leucaena leaf meal which was processed through water-soaking and air-dried as much as 30% on rabbit feed did not reduce the dry matter intake, while it increased body weight gain and efficiency of feed usage.
The Duck Responses to the Diets Containing Fermented Palm Kernel Meal with Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Mirnawati  , Ciptaan G. , Ferawati
Published: March 2021

This research aimed to study the effect of the use of fermented palm kernel meal (FPKM) with Bacillus subtilis in the ration on the performance of broiler ducks. This study used 100 DOD of Mojosari and Alabio crossbred ducks. The types of cages used were 20 units of box cages measuring 80x80x60 cm and each unit was filled with 5 ducks. This research used a completely randomized design (CRD) experimental method with five ration treatments and four replications. The diet treatments were given 0, 20, 25, 30 and 35% FPKM respectively. The ration was prepared with an 18% protein, and 2700 kcal/kg energy. The variables were observed: feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion, body weight, carcass percentage and abdominal fat percentage. The results of variance analysis showed that the utilization of FPKM with Bacillus subtilis in the ration had a significantly different effect (P<0.05) on feed consumption, body weight gain, body weight and carcass percentage, but not significantly different (P>0.05) on feed conversion and percentage of ducks abdominal fat. From the results of this research it can be resumed that the utilization of FPKM with Bacillus subtilis can only be used up to 30% in duck rations seen from the consumption of rations 689.48 g/head/week, weight gain 145.50, conversion of 4.75 rations, body weight of 1158, 50 g/head, the percentage of carcasses was 61.85% and the percentage of abdominal fat was 0.88%.
Isolation and Identification of Effective Microorganisms from Water Hyacinth Biofertilizer
Authors: Sondang Yun , Anty Khazy , Siregar Ramond
Published: March 2021

The use of microorganisms to promote growth and increase crop production has begun to be studied. Microorganisms that isolated from biofertilizers vary according to the source of organic matter. One of the biofertilizer quality determinants is the type and number of populations of microorganisms. This study aims to know is the type and abundance of microorganisms, as well as nutrient content in water hyacinth biofertilizers. The experiment was conducted at the Greenhouse and Laboratory of Food Crops Cultivation, Payakumbuh State Agricultural Polytechnic, Limapuluh Kota Regency, West Sumatra from March to July 2019. The experimental stages included (1) Manufacture water hyacinth biofertilizers, the experiments using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four measurements of water hyacinth treatment in biofertilizer, A = 25%, B = 50%, C = 75%, and D = 100% and five replications, (2) Isolation of microorganisms from biofertilizers using pure plate and streak plate methods. Eleven bacterial species and two fungal species were identified using molecular analysis based on 16S rRNA gene fragments. Effective microorganisms that play a role in the degradation of biofertilizers are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma asperellum, and Trichoderma harzianum. Biofertilizers contain C-organic 3.61-3.92%, N 0.166-0.278%, C/N 14,10-21,75, P2O5 0.347-0.729%, K2O 1.422-2.090%, and Ca 0.140-0.259%.
Shoot Pruning and Potassium Application Effect on Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.) Seeds Production and Quality
Authors: Hartatik Sri , Hudah Miftachul , Soeparjono Sigit , Suharto
Published: March 2021

In order to determine the effect of shoot pruning and potassium fertilization on the production and quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) seeds, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out in Arjasa Village, Jember regency, East Java, Indonesia, in 2018. The first factor is shoot pruning which consists of 4 levels i.e. of 6th internode, 8th internode, 10th internode, and 12th internode shoot pruning. The second factor is the potassium fertilization in three levels i.e. 100 kg ha-1, 200 kg ha-1, 300 kg ha-1. Production and quality of seed cucumber was assessed based on fruit weight, number of grain per fruit, percentage of filled grain, 1000 grains weight, seed viability and vigor. The results indicated that was significant different on interactions of two factors effect on physiological ripe fruit weight, grain number and percentage of filled grain. The 8th internode pruning gives best result on physiological ripe fruit weight, seed viability and vigor. Application of potassium at a dose of 300 kgha-1 gives the best results on fruit weight, 1000 grain weight and percentage of filled grain.
Organic Fertilizer from Starfruit Waste Sustainable Agriculture Solution
Authors: Puspitawati Mutiara Dewi , Sumiasih Inanpi Hidayati
Published: March 2021

Waste from starfruit cultivation could attract flies around the plantation which can reduce the quality of starfruit plants and also reduce the aesthetic value. To resolve these problems, waste from starfruit cultivation could be utilized as organic fertilizer. The utilization of starfruit waste into organic fertilizer can increase added value as a source of organic material for vegetable crops grown in starfruit plantations in a sustainable agriculture system. Organic fertilizer from starfruit waste was expected to replace inorganic fertilizer in pakcoy vegetable crops on verticulture system. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the nutrient content of organic fertilizer made from starfruit leaves and fruits waste; (2) to determine the effect of starfruit organic fertilizer on pakcoy growth as substitution of inorganic fertilizer. This study was conducted in October 2018 - February 2019. The location for this tudy was at Attaqie Agroeduwisata Farm, Tuban Regency, East Java. Soil and fertilizer analysis were carried out at the Soil Research Institute, Bogor. The study used Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The first factor was the dose of inorganic fertilizer with 3 levels namely 0%, 50%, and 100% of the standard dose and the second factor was starfruit leaf compost dose with 4 levels namely 0 ton/ha, 10 tons/ha, 20 tons / ha, and 30 ton/ha. The treatment of compost 20 ton/ha + 50% inorganic fertilizer showed no significant difference with the use of 100% inorganic fertilizer, which was the best treatment with optimal results on plant height, leaf width and fresh weight of pakcoy. Thus, that the use of 20 tons/ha + 50% inorganic fertilizer can save 50% use of inorganic fertilizer on verticulture system.
Potential use of Natural Pesticide to Control of Orseolia oryzae and Leptocorisa oratorius in Saline Paddy Ecosystem in Percut Northern Sumatera
Authors: Siregar Ameilia Zuliyanti
Published: March 2021

Rice and fish are an important source of protein for the people of North Sumatra that can be produced from saline paddy cultivation. The research was conducted started from March 2017 to September 2017 using group random design method on two plots of rice plantation in Paluh Merbau Sub-district, Percut Sei Tuan district, North Sumatera. Comparison between IR 64 paddy types with nila tilapia (Tilapia mosambicca) on two plots, in the control area and tidal area is predicted to show a comparison of fish composition and diversity of species of insects identified to family/species levels categorized into 4 groups (Predators, Parasites, Pests, Parasitoids). Yellow Sticky Trap (YST) more effective used than Sweep Net (SN) and Core Sampler (CS) in Paddy of Percut. The calculation of richnesse index of Margallef (R1), Index Jaccard, Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H’) in saline paddy fields were done. Dominant pests such as Orseolia oryzae and Leptocorisa oratorius are controlled using by environmentally friendly bioinsecticides, such as P1(Neem leaf extract 100 ml), P2 (Papaya leaf extract 100 ml), and P3 (100 ml poison yam plant extract). T-Test, Kruskal-Wallis test and correlation test showed significant differences between the abundance and the dominance of insects in the control and saline areas; the effectiveness of insect trap testing and the most effective use of vegetable pesticides. Furthermore, differences in insect biodiversity during the sampling period and phase of paddy were affected by physical, chemical, and biological factors in Percut Sei Tuan, Northern Sumatra.
The Influence of Some Type of Manure on The Growth and Production of Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum) CV. Taiwan in Acid Soil
Authors: Sari Rica M. , Ali Akbar S. , Astuti T. , Afrini D. , Harissatria
Published: March 2021

This study aims to determine the effect of some types of manure on growth and production of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) cv. Taiwan. The expected results of this research can determine which is the type of manure suitable for the area of the former coal mines that have acid soils (marginal lands). This research using Complete Random Design with four treatments and six replications. The treatment is different source of manure which is control, cow manure, goat manure, and chicken manure. The parameters observed were plant growth including plant height, leaf width, leaf length, fresh weight production, and dry weight production. This study uses the acid soils of the former coal mine with a pH of 4.2 which is input into the polybags, seedlings of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) cv Taiwan in the form of cuttings, Cow, goat and chicken dung are used as a source of manure. This research was conducted in the green house for 60 days. The results of the research obtained the data for plant height (cm) the highest Goat Manure (P2) 229.85; leaf Length (cm) the highest Goat Manure (P2) 113.10: Leaf width (cm) the highest Goat Manure (P2) 5.50; Production of Fresh Weight (gr/polybag) the highest Goat Manure (P2) 1361.67; the Production of Dry Weight (gr/polybag) the highest Goat Manure (P2) 214.28. The conclude that the manure suitable for the area of the former coal mines that have acid soils (critical area) is the manure from goat because it produces the highest growth and production than others.
Endophytic Root Dynamics, Yield and Quality of Aloe vera L. Plants by Application of Bio-Mineral Fertilizer Combined in Sandy Soil
Authors: Darini Maria Theresia , Sulistyaningsih Endang
Published: March 2021

This research was aimed to determine endophytic root population dynamics, yield and quality of Aloe vera L. by application of nitrogen fertilizer dosage and biofertilizers sources in sandy soil. The research was conducted in Bantul, Special Region of Yogyakarta Indonesia and arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The first factor were two level of nitrogen fertilizer dosages namely 300 and 400 kg ha-1. The second factor were eight sources of biofertilizer and control (200 kg urea ha-1, without biofertilizer) treatment. The variables observed were endophytic root population, yield and quality of Aloe vera L plant. Statistic analysis of data was test by analysis of variant (ANOVA) and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at P < 0.05. The results showed that there was interaction between nitrogen fertilizer dosage and biofertilizer sources on all of observation variable. The highest endophyt population was obtained at a combination of a 300 kg urea fertilizer dosage and indigenous Rhizobacteria bamboo roots with PGPR, while hight yield and quality of Aloe vera plant obtained at a combination of a 300 kg urea fertilizer dosage and mycorrhiza source. All observational variables showed better application of a combination of urea fertilizer with biofertilizer sources than control treament.
The Performance of Oil Palm Productivity and Management of Organic Materials at Various Rain Intensity in Sandy Soil
Authors: Gunawan Sri , Sri Budiastuti Maria Theresia , Sutrisno Joko , Wirianata Herry
Published: March 2021

Climate anomalies marked by the presence of el Nino and la Nina need attention in managing oil palm plantations. These conditions have a bad influence on water conditions, especially in sandy land. The application of empty fruit bunches as organic matter source is expected to reduce the adverse effects of la Nina on palm oil production. This study aims to reveal variations of rainfall intensity and organic matter on the productivity of oil palm in sandy land. Results shows that the application of empty bunches accompanied by vegetation management is useful in maintaining the condition of the sand in holding water on one side and controlling excess water on the other side for 24 months (2011-2012). The application has succeeded in increasing production 23% higher than its potential yield in sandy soil with annual high rainfall (3,700 mm).
Assessment of Durability Properties of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Using Two Rejuvenators: Waste Engine Oil and Asphalt Cement (60-70) Penetration Grade
Authors: Joni Hasan H , Al-Rubaee Rasha H A , Shams Mohammed Kh.
Published: March 2021

The production of asphalt pavements using Reclaim Asphalt Pavement (RAP) has achieved economic and environmental benefits. However, one of the main challenges when using untreated RAP in pavement construction is the hardness of the binder due to aging. The purpose of this study is to recycle and restore damaged asphalt using two types of regenerative agents: Waste Engine Oil (WEO) and Asphalt Cement (AC (60-70)) Penetration Grade. Five ratios (1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3) % of both types of regenerators were added to the RAP, separately, for the purpose of regeneration. Marshall Test was performed on the regenerated samples in order to obtain the optimum ratios for the regenerative additives, which will be adopted in subsequent tests, which include; indirect tensile strength (ITS), tensile strength Ratio (TSR) and Duple Punch Shear Strength Test (DPSST) to evaluate the performance of regenerated RAP mixes and compare them with the original RAP. The results indicated that (1.5 and 3) % are the optimal ratios for (WEO and AC (60-70)), respectively. In addition, the results of the performance tests indicated that the regenerated RAP mixes are better than the original RAP in terms of cracking resistance, stripping resistance and resistance to moisture damage, as well as achieving the specification requirements for the surface course. It can be concluded that rap recycling using (WEO and AC (60-70)) is an effective process that reduces paving costs, reduces environmental pollution and leads to gain sustainable paving.

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Studying the mechanical properties of improved cold emulsified asphalt mixtures containing cement and lime
Authors: Shanbara Haydar Kamil , Dulaimi Anmar , Al-Mansoori Tariq
Published: March 2021

Cold emulsified asphalt mixtures (CEAM) is a cost-effective and ecological technique for bituminous road pavements construction. This investigation evaluates the mechanical properties and durability of CEAM modified using cement and lime as filler replacement. The initial and long-term stiffness modulus, water damage resistance, permanent deformation and fatigue cracking resistance were investigated. To achieve this objective, different laboratory tests were carried out, including stiffness modulus, water damage resistance, wheel tracking and fatigue tests. The results show that incorporating cement and lime in cold emulsified mixtures have an optimistic impact on the mechanical properties and performance. In addition, accelerate the curing time was achieved using such modifiers that are capable of absorbing water.
Calculating the fundamental frequency of power law functionally graded beam using ANSYS software
Authors: Marzoq Zainab Abbood , Al-Ansari Luay S.
Published: March 2021

In this work free vibration of simply supported, clamped-clamped and clamped-free functionally graded (FG) beam with material graduation transversally through the thickness, using the power-law model, were investigated. The beam’s functionally graded material (FGM) consists of aluminium (Al2O3) and steel (used in a typical case). Pure steel is the beam’s bottom surface, whereas pure aluminium is the beam’s top surface throughout the thickness change condition. Two finite element models were proposing to calculate the first non-dimensional frequency parameters of FG beam. These models are shell and solid, and they were employed using the ANSYS APDL version 17.2. The two models have been verifying with the previously published works, and a good agreement was founding. Numerical results were presented in graphical forms to study the effects of the power-law index (i.e. material distribution), length-to-thickness ratio, modulus ratio and types of support for the first non-dimensional frequency parameter of the FG beam. The above mention effects play a significant role in the free vibration of the beam. Power-law index (k) is one of the parameters affecting mainly on the frequency parameter of FG beam. The frequency parameter increase with increasing the power-law index when the modulus ratio less than one and decease with increasing the power-law index when the modulus ratio more than one, when the modulus ratio equal one ( i.e. pure material ), there is no effect of the power-law index in this case. When the modulus ratio (E ratio) increases, the frequency parameter increases too, but with the change rate depending on the length-to-thickness ratio (L/h) and power-law index(K). Also, the frequency increase with increasing the length to thickness ratio at any power-law index.
Impact of high volume GGBS replacement and steel bar length on flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams
Authors: Al-Khafaji Zainab S. , Majdi Ali , Shubbar Ali A. , Nasr Mohammed Salah , Al-Mamoori Shahad F. , Alkhulaifi Abdullah , Al-Mufti Rafal Latif , Al-Rifaie Ali , Alkhayyat Ahmed , Hashim Khalid
Published: March 2021

The Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is one of the major ingredient utilized for the manufacture of concrete. The manufacturing of cement includes the release of huge amounts of CO2gas as a main contributor for greenhouse influence and global warming. Several researchers have investigated the characteristics of OPC concrete utilizing cementitious materials like fly ash, silica fume, and Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) as replacement materials. The article aims to investigate experimentally the flexural behavior of concrete beams with GGBS. The experimental work was divided into three stages, the first one consists of six reinforced concrete beam specimens with (0%, 40% and 60%) of GGBS. During this stage, the used steel bars were 8 mm diameter and 500 mm in length. In the second stage, the length of the steel bars was reduced to 400 mm with the best mixture of (GGBS+OPC) that obtained from stage 1. In the third stage, the best length of steel bars was used with the best (GGBS+OPC) ratio to be tested at 7, 14 and 28 days from the date of casting. Consequences of this exploration suggests that replacement of OPC with 40 percent GGBS with 500 mm steel bar length can be used in reinforced concrete specimens as it shows comparable results relative to control mixtures (0% GGBS).
Shear Behaviour of Steel Girder with Web-Corrugated Core Sandwich Panels
Authors: Ammash Haider K. , Al-Bader Marwan A.
Published: March 2021

Last few decades, corrugated web steel girders have the foremost widespread and used steel constructions due to their lightweight and high load carrying capacity compared with the stiffened flat web. This study aims to comprise an experimental work by testing ten specimens to improve the girders shear resistance. One reference specimen with a flat web in addition to nine models that are categorised to three groups in which each group differs in the corrugation shape. Rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular corrugation shapes of different heights (20, 40, and 60 mm) were utilised. All specimens used in the study have equal weight, which is approximately 30 kilograms per specimen. The experimental work included measuring the ultimate load capacities and load-deflection curves. Results showed that different failure modes were observed for those beams. It was also found that the beam with trapezoidal corrugation web has an increase in its strength by nearly 28% compared with the reference beam.
Distribution of Stresses in Reinforced and Unreinforced Flexible Pavement Layers under Dynamic Load
Authors: Jebur Fatin F. , Fattah Mohammed Y. , Abduljabbar Ahmed S.
Published: March 2021

Nowadays, the increasing demand for road transport makes maintenance and repair of road infrastructures key tasks for road engineering. The current experimental work consists of laboratory model experiments to understand the conduct of sand as a subgrade under dynamic load and its effect on the flexible pavement and base layer. Geogrid reinforcement was applied at the interface between the base and subgrade using SS2 type of geogrid. The road layers were exposed to harmonic dynamic load with two load amplitudes 10 and 15 kN and two frequencies 0.5 and 1 Hz. The vertical stresses in the road layers are measured using stress gauge sensor. It revealed that when laying the geogrid between the base course and subgrade and when base course thickness is 150 mm, the stress and displacement decreased with increase in the frequency and load amplitudes. But in the case of reinforcing layer at the center of the base course layer, the displacement decreased with increase in the frequency and loads except for one case when the load was 15 kN and frequency 0.5 Hz. It can be suggested that the maximum vertical displacement increased with the increase of base course thickness for both reinforced and unreinforced base layers. Also, it can be observed that the vertical stress increased by increasing the base course layer-thickness for unreinforced models.
Marshall Parameters of Hot Mix Asphalt with Variable Filler Types and Aggregate Gradations
Authors: Al-Mansoori Tariq , Dulaimi Anmar , Shanbara Haydar Kamil , Musa Sarah S.
Published: March 2021

This research aims to evaluate the effect of aggregate nominal maximum size and type of filler on Marshall properties of asphalt mixture. A planned laboratory study is implemented by preparing the asphalt samples using locally available materials and an asphalt binder of 40-50 penetration grade (AC-20). Three types of aggregate nominal maximum size according to SCRB specifications and three types of fillers including limestone dust, cement and hydrated lime were used. Three bitumen contents were used led to nine types of mixtures were prepared and tested that includes all the variables studied. The optimum asphalt content of the asphalt mixture was determined to be 4.75%w using the Marshall method of mix design. A total of 81 Marshall specimens were prepared and tested. The results showed that the aggregate nominal maximum size and filler type have a variable effect on Marshall properties while optimum asphalt content has a significant effect on Marshall Properties regardless of other variables in the mixture. Experimental results showed that using cement as a filler material can significantly increase the Marshall Stability compared to that of using hydrated lime and limestone dust.
A Comparison Study between Porous and Conventional Asphalt Concrete Mixtures
Authors: Hashim Tameem Mohammed , Ali Alaa Hussein , Al-Khafaji Ruqayah , Al-Khazraji Ashraf Anwer , Zahra Dharb Firas Razzaq Abdul
Published: March 2021

Asphalt concrete is the surface layer, which lay to carry the vehicles above & to transfer the loads effectively without experiencing any significant deformations. This research offers a comparison between porous and conventional asphalt mixtures in physical and service properties. Porous asphalt is an environmentally friendly mix for water runoff management, which can perform similarly to that of other pavements. It can be designed for road construction projects that can carry moderate traffic loads, while the conventional flexible pavement is designed for different projects with higher carrying ability to traffic loads. In this research, a total of 39 asphalt mixture specimens have been used to evaluate the volumetric and service properties for both types of asphalt mixtures; namely, stability, air voids, flow, and indirect tensile strength to reveal the essential differences among them. There is a considerable variation in physical and service properties of both types of asphalt concrete; in general, conventional asphalt concrete tends to have the best physical properties in the lab. The results show that conventional asphalt mixture is more efficient and durable than the porous asphalt but at the same time, porous asphalt mixture can be implemented in heavy rainfall regions regardless of traffic volume.
A Study on Economical Design of Reinforced Concrete Tie Columns
Authors: Sultan Hussein Kareem , Aziz Hussein Yousif , Mohammed Alaa T.
Published: March 2021

Designing a reinforced concrete column to resist an axial load and bending moment is an iterative procedure which involves tedious calculations. The design is influenced by many variables, such as load eccentricity, column cross-section size, steel percentage, neutral axis location, steel grade, and concrete grade, requiring the use of interaction diagrams. In the present research, an attempt was made to determine the optimum design under direct load, uniaxial and biaxial moments of reinforced concrete columns that meets all ACI-318 code specifications and therefore results in minimum cost. The purpose of the paper is to achieve the optimum design of the columns of reinforced concrete. Column optimisation results in cost savings. The objective function is to minimize the total cost of the column. It is consists of the cost of concrete, reinforcement, formwork and links per unit length of column. Concrete and steel strength, cross-sectional dimensions, and steel bar diameters used as longitudinal reinforcement and tie were treated as design variables in the formulation of the optimal design problem. The optimal design was performed using the program MATLAB (The Mathworks, Inc.). The problem of optimization was conceived as a problem of nonlinear, restricted minimization. Many problems have been formulated and the best solutions have been obtained. It was noticed that the most economical design is provided by the solutions. The use of optimal quantities of reinforcement advances the goal of enhancing the sustainability of the construction of reinforced concrete.
Retrofitting of RC beams using FRP techniques: a review
Authors: Sharba Amjad Ali K , Hussain Hussain Dhafir , Abdulhussain Mohammed
Published: March 2021

In structural and civil engineering, reinforced concrete structures are susceptible to inordinate loadings such as earthquake disasters, terrorist attacks and accidental impacts. This prompts an increasing desire to strengthen as well as enhance the fatigue performance and extend the ability of fatigue life of reinforced concrete structural components especially beams. Since 2003, Iraq has suffered major damage to the structural buildings, so it has become an important issue to study the existing concrete structures. Among the different techniques of rehabilitation of existing structures, fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) as an external bonding has been considered as a popular one. This paper reviews several features of Reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with FRP. Also this paper aims to impart a comprehensive insight on adhesive curing, surface arrangement, and failure modes of RC beams modified with FRP. This effect of FRP for enhancing the techniques of rehabilitation is a three-fold task, to strengthen and retrofit of concrete structures, to extend the fatigue life of the structural element, and eliminates the crack growth rate.
Photovoltaic cell Electro-Oxidation for Oil Removal in oil field produced H2O
Authors: Alakoul Karrar A. , Atiyah Abass Swayeh , Azeez Mohammed Zuhair , Hassan Ali A.
Published: March 2021

This education compares Electro-oxidation of produced H2O created through oil manufacturing using Al and Fe electrodes in photovoltaic batch reactor was designed and reflects the degree of its tradition in such produced H2O purifying that is a cell as photovoltaic, a battery, DC to AC convertor, and reactor as electric –Fenton. During electro-oxidation processes, various limits of operation were tested, i.e., Current, H2O2, time of electrolysis and total organic carbon besides consumption of energy. Solution of pH, Sodium chloride and agitation speed had stayed engaged as 3, 0.25 g, 250 rpm correspondingly. High elimination of oil content was identified. Beneath the employed variables finest standards, further than 98% content elimination competence oil and 39.11 k Wh/m3 for the consumption of energy was got.
Early and Long-Term Assessment of High-Performance Concrete Contained Nano-Silica Exposed to Sulfate Attack
Authors: Jabbar Dhiaa Neama , Abed Mohammed Kareem , Habeeb Zuhair Dhaher
Published: March 2021

This research aims to study the influence of using the Nano-silica in high-performance concrete subjected to external sulfate attack with different levels. Four concrete mixes were prepared by using two types of Portland cement: ordinary and sulfate resistant cement. From each mix, cubic concrete specimens were cast and subjected to different exposure conditions. The concrete cubes were immersed in sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and calcium sulfate (CaSO4) solutions with concentrations of (1.5, 10 and 15) %. The specimens were tested for compressive strength at (3, 7, 14, 28, 90, 180, 270, 365, and 545) days and the values of sulfate penetration in concrete samples were determined. It can be found from the results that high-performance concrete containing Nano-silica gave a relatively good sulfate resistance compared to the reference sample. Moreover, results indicated that the strength deterioration was reduced after incorporating nano-silica.
Transformation Types of Transitional Spaces in The Local Dwelling in Iraq
Authors: Alanbaki J H , Almoqaram A M
Published: March 2021

Transitional space was considered as one of important parts in any different building types. These spaces contributed to the connection between many parts of spaces like (inside-inside or inside-outside), even in relationships between parts to parts or the whole building to the parts –and also to the urban context. Previous knowledge that focused on this space among limited types of functional patterns led to surfaced the research problem identified as” the need to identify the Transitional Spaces patterns in domestic houses in Iraq among different period times “. the research hypothese is “The patterns of transitional spaces in domestic Iraqi houses varied according to the function and location and the number of these spaces and these changed over time by drop in their types, in addition to reduce in its functional diversity”. The research methodology was consisting of three stages, first: building theoretical framework about characteristics of these kind of spaces in houses, second: select samples of Iraqi domestic houses from different periods times, third: analyzed finding and drawing conclusions. The research conclude that Transitional spaces are affected by many local environments forces, and by social, economic and cultural activities.
Technological cities’ networks: The city of Baghdad as a model
Authors: Hasan Maryam Mohammed , Abaas Zaynab Radi
Published: March 2021

Contemporary cities today are heading towards technological development and intelligence and are attempting to meet the needs of the population according to the best standards. This has led to the evolution of these cities from being simple to complex cities that display the level of intelligence of the city and the urban development. Many levels and smart wired and wireless networks have emerged while building contemporary technological cities, this divides each city into several levels, starting from the infrastructure to all the physical city components and elements. These levels are linked to all urban buildings and spaces, and new methods are constantly being developed to facilitate technological presence. This study provides an extrapolation of the most important levels necessary for the establishment and application of technology according to the network system of the GIS program. This has been used to identify the most important networks that can be activated to transform the city of Baghdad into a technologically advanced city. The study is directed towards identifying the basic levels that contribute to building the technological network of a city that can be applied or accepted by the local community. This is done by identifying the capabilities and determining the most important standards that are required for their existence. Network elements, the links between them, and the number of nodes, that comprise a single network, are the factors required for establishing technological cities.
Cloud Services and Cloud Perspectives: A Review
Authors: Ahmed Shaymaa Taha , Khadhim Ban Jawad , Kadhim Qusay Kanaan
Published: March 2021

Cloud computing is a popular paradigm in information technology and computing as it offers numerous advantages in terms of economical saving and minimal management effort to many organizations agencies. Although elasticity and flexibility brings tremendous benefits, it still raises many information security challenges that have created a barrier against adopting this agile Cloud computing. This paper provides a review study on the cloud computing as well identifying 25-key factors to fulfil better practice in cloud computing and way of making the environment of the cloud computing more qualified to many organizations agencies.
Analysis of the Performance of the Main Algorithms for Educational Data Mining: A Review
Authors: Jassim Mustafa Abdalrassual
Published: March 2021

Data mining is the process of extracting useful and valuable information from vast amounts of data. Algorithms and various tools to use are some of the most popular data mining applications to estimate future events based on past experiences. Many researchers use techniques and tools to extract useful data to address and solve higher education problems in this context. EDM analyzes educational data using methods and algorithms to develop and apply DM data extraction to the information stored in academic data repositories. As a result, it provides essential knowledge of the teaching and learning process for successful and effective educational planning. This paper focuses on comparing the algorithms’ performance and applied to the same educational data set. Educational Data Mining (EDM) uses these algorithms to explore patterns, educational statistics, and predictions in the data. Thus, statistics are generated based on all classification algorithms. A comparison of all eight classifiers was made to predict results and find the best performance classification algorithm accurately. This paper aims to use a literary survey to determine the most appropriate algorithm according to EDM’s needs.
The Relationship between the Servant Spaces and the Served Spaces in Single Families Residential Patterns: Baghdad as a Case Study
Authors: Karam Ali Israa H , Al Bazzaz Inaam A
Published: March 2021

Servant and Served spaces is a concept used in Architectural theory and planning; Servant space represents those spaces that connect, frame and enable the served spaces to perform its functions. Servant Spaces could be a circulation space (a stair, a corridor), a storage, a bathroom, a mechanical room, or any auxiliary space. In this research, we tried to study the relationship between the servant spaces and the served spaces in different types of Baghdadi house plans based on temporal division through a period of 120 years, started from the beginning of the 20th century till now. Research goals are: to address the role of this relationship in organizing the plan of the house in Baghdad city for the above mentioned period, to find the different types of the relationship between the Servant spaces and the Served spaces, and how it had been changed through time. Depending on a descriptive, analytic, and logical reasoning methodology. The research had examined four patterns of houses which represent the main shifts in Baghdadi house plans. The research found that the placement and utility of the Servant and Served spaces is one of the main factors that give each pattern its characteristics, so the served spaces achieve beauty all their own.
Brace Forces in Horizontally Curved Steel Box Girder with Two Types of Lateral Bracing System by Using ANSYS Program
Authors: Malik Hawraa Sami , Jawad David A.M.
Published: March 2021

The U-shaped steel trapezoidal box girder is designed to work compositely with the concrete deck to form a closed-section for live loading. The critical stage of these girders are during construction since the fresh concrete and the whole construction load must be support by the non-composite steel section. At the top flange level, a lateral bracing system is typically mounted to form a quasi-closed section and thus increase the torsional stiffness at construction stage. In the current study, A horizontally curved steel box girder with two and three spans were used, lateral bracing includes two types of bracing system; Single Diagonal (SD) and a Crossed Diagonal (XD). Equations from prior studies estimate the lateral bracing forces for box girders with a good accuracy. The axial forces evaluated by 3-D Finite Element Analyses (ANSYS 19.2) are compared with the axial forces computed from the equations, there are excellent correlations between the finite element analysis and the equations, where the average of difference in the first case study with SD and XD was equal to 0.66% and 2%, respectively, while in the second case study it was 1.3%. Also it can be note that the deflection diagram for girder with XD bracing type is more uniform than the girder with SD bracing type. ANSYS software has been an efficient, inexpensive method and easy to use for designers of bridges.
Using Kaolin as Alternative for Na-Bentonite to Improve Hole Cleaning Process in Deviated Wells
Authors: Amer Maream , Alwasiti Asawer A. , Al-Bidry Mayssaa Ali
Published: March 2021

A lot of researches are proposed to improve the drilling operations to reduce the drilling cost to reach the target and to avoid a lot of drilling problems especially hole cleaning. In this research, an alternative material of bentonite was used in drilling fluid preparation to improve its ability in hole cleaning. An experimental rig was built to simulate the drilling process in the oil field. It consists of 3 m length of the outer pipe (OD 5 cm & ID 4.56 cm) and the Inner pipe with 1.25 cm OD. Na Iraqi Bentonite has been used as the main component. then kaolin was used as an alternative to the Na-Bentonite with four different concentrations (25 %, 50%, 75% &100%). it was proven that using kaolin with (25% and 50%) to water-based mud (bentonite 75% and 50%) will lead to increasing the density and decreasing the viscosities and yield point of drilling mud but within this decline in the viscosities and YP values, the percentage of cutting recovery (CR%) was improved. Especially with using drilling mud contains 50% kaolin + 50% Bentonite that leads to an increase in the capacity of drilling mud in lifting the cuttings in different inclinations. The results also showed that increasing the directional angle of the wells will reduce the quantities of cuttings lifted to the surface and increasing drill pipe rotation (120 RPM) will improve cuttings movement inside the hole and prevent them from accumulating in the bottom of the hole.
Optimum Design of Reinforced Concrete Box Culvert by Using Deterministic Approach
Authors: Al-Jazaairry Ali A.
Published: March 2021

An optimum safe design is achieved for a reinforced concrete box culvert considering hydraulic, geotechnical and structural requirements and prices. To reach this intention, an optimization technique methodology is applied in estimation a safe design with a minimum price. The non-linear constrained optimization problem is generally expressed in terms of an objective function and constraints. Eleven design variables and forty constraint equations were employed in this work, with the total price of reinforced concrete box culvert as the objective function. The solution is obtained by means of developed computer software written in Visual BASIC. The computer software considers the Sequential Unconstrained Minimization Technique (SUMT), which is one of non-linear optimization techniques. In order to evaluate the influence of the input parameters on the box culvert design, the optimization program has been modified. The input design parameters are the discharge, head loss, length, entrance loss coefficient, Manning’s roughness coefficient, angle of internal friction of soil, compressive strength of concrete, yield strength of steel, unit price of concrete, unit price of excavation, unit price of filling and unit price of steel. A parametric study is formed to examine the influence and significance of each input design parameter on the total price of box culvert.
An analytical study of John Ruskin’s treatises on honesty in Architecture
Authors: Al-Sadkhan A
Published: March 2021

Most critics of architecture agree that Ruskin has a positive impact on architecture just as he hurts it. His treatises are sometimes superficial, extremist, individualistic, and opposing one of them to the other, which led some critics to attack him harshly and stand against him. Ruskin lived in a crowded with different intellectual and sometimes contradictory climates and saw many thought, politics, sociology, science, and industry changes. Ruskin was only the victim of ideological dualism, which caused some of his treatises’ contradiction and superficiality despite others’ depth. Ruskin’s theoretical aspect was not complete with the practical aspect because he never cared about applied arts. Ruskin represented what might be called “man of letters,” interested in many diverse topics as the diversity of human life itself. The research aims to reveal contradictions, superficiality, specifically, those implied in the chapter of “Lamp of Truth,” and try to return them to the duality of his ideology or the gap between theory and practice that he suffers from it or both. This research is not an attempt to seek excuses to Ruskin, but an attempt to understand his treatises, thus enabling the man not to be enthusiastic to all his treatises without discrimination for the reference of any of them and vice versa be entirely opposed. The internal view of Ruskin’s thoughts enables a profit gained from those that are immortal, which makes him considered among the great philosophers and thinkers of different ages and eras.
Aerodynamic study for the flow through cascade blades of gas turbine with vibration effect: a review
Authors: Almensoury Mushtaq F , Alkhafaji Dhirgham , Al-Turaihi Riyadh S
Published: March 2021

A research survey on aerodynamic with/without vibration effect and investigations for turbine components of gas turbine engines is presented. Experimental and numerically predicted results are presented from investigations undertaken over the past 70 years. The aerodynamics between the turbine blades is very important as it determines the overall system performance. The importance of aerodynamics is being in the pressure distribution above and below each airfoil, the locations of the vortices occurring, their number, distribution, direction, and shedding, and the determination of the regions of fluid separation from the wall that is directly related to the fluid velocity. Many ranges of vibration that affect different bodies were taken, and some of these ranges were small (10-200 Hz), and others had large ranges from 1.5 to 10 KHz. therefore the result evolution and shedding of vortices corresponding to the deformation in fluid structure depends on the Reynolds number and value of amplitude and frequency for vibration. The Mach number is a clear indicator to represent these characteristics. It also includes studying the theoretical methods used and simulations of the researchers’ aerodynamics, the accuracy of the results reached, the representation of the body contour and the diagrams for each of the pressure and Mach number, the pressure (Cp
) and lift (CL
) coefficients, and their amount of change occurring at each location of the airfoil. The importance of the above topics has motivated us to prepare a comprehensive review mostly of the aerodynamics of turbine blades and the effect of the vibration on the flow. The main concepts of aerodynamics, such as Cp
and CL
as well as vibration frequency are presented. It also highlights the performance of the turbine blades as a result of vibration
A comparison study for the Different Geometry of Tools used in the FSW
Authors: Jafar M. , Hameed A. , Altemeemi O.
Published: March 2021

This research aims to investigate the influence of different tool geometries on the tensile strength of Al alloys joints(AA 6060), which have performed by the friction stir welding process (FSW). Three types of tool geometries were used that, cylindrical, a conical with threads, conical. Taguchi method was used to design the experiments to chose fewer experiments, ANOVA analysis was used to find the significant parameter which affects the output such as tensile strength of the weld joint, the parameters such as rotation speed, welding speed, and tool shape have been chosen for each parameter three-level were chosen. The results show that the parameter of tool shape was the significant factor with contribution 79.4% compared to other parameters and the other parameters like rotation speed and welding speed have less effect, and between the three shapes, the conical shape with thread is better to achieve higher tensile stress.