bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Language Learning and Control in Monolinguals and Bilinguals
Authors: Bartolotti James , Marian Viorica
Published: April 2012

Parallel language activation in bilinguals leads to competition between languages. Experience managing this interference may aid novel language learning by improving the ability to suppress competition from known languages. To investigate the effect of bilingualism on the ability to control native‐language interference, monolinguals and bilinguals were taught an artificial language designed to elicit between‐language competition. Partial activation of interlingual competitors was assessed with eye‐tracking and mouse‐tracking during a word recognition task in the novel language. Eye‐tracking results showed that monolinguals looked at competitors more than bilinguals, and for a longer duration of time. Mouse‐tracking results showed that monolinguals’ mouse movements were attracted to native‐language competitors, whereas bilinguals overcame competitor interference by increasing the activation of target items. Results suggest that bilinguals manage cross‐linguistic interference more effectively than monolinguals. We conclude that language interference can affect lexical retrieval, but bilingualism may reduce this interference by facilitating access to a newly learned language.
Accuracy of bone surface size and cortical layer thickness measurements using cone beam computerized tomography
Authors: Gerlach Nicolaas Lucius , Meijer Gerrit Jacobus , Borstlap Wilfred Ary , Bronkhorst Ewald Maria , Bergé Stefaan Jozef , Maal Thomas Jan Jaap
Published: April 2012

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of Cone Beam Computerized Tomography (CBCT) reconstructions in displaying bone surface size and cortical layer thickness.

Materials and methods

Two fresh frozen cadaver heads were scanned using a CBCT (i‐CAT™ 3D Imaging System; Imaging Sciences International Inc.). The mandibles were sectioned and digitalized for histological evaluation. Dimensions as measured on these sections were compared with CBCT measurements of the same region with the use of 3D image‐based planning software (Procera System NobelGuide™; Nobel Biocare). To allow optimal comparison between histological and CBCT sections, reference markers were placed into the mandibles. The Student t‐test was utilized to analyze the data. Differences with P‐values <0.05 were considered significant.

Results

The total height and width of the mandibular body, as measured on CBCT views, were larger compared with the histological values with a maximum difference of 0.33 mm (SD ± 0.34). Cortical thickness measurements were significantly thicker on CBCT sections (P < 0.006) with absolute differences ranging up to ±0.63 mm (SD ±0.28) and relative differences ranging up to 82.6%.

Conclusion

CBCT images (i‐CAT 3D Imaging System), viewed on the planning software Procera System NobelGuide, tend to overestimate the anatomical truth in assessing both bone height and width; especially cortical thicknesses are depicted thicker than in reality. When using CBCT images for presurgical assessment, one should be aware of this phenomenon of exaggeration of dimensions.
Body mass index (BMI) and dental caries in 5‐year‐old children from southern Sweden
Authors: Norberg Carina , Hallström Stalin Ulla , Matsson Lars , Thorngren‐Jerneck Kristina , Klingberg Gunilla
Published: April 2012

Objectives

The aim of the present survey was to study the association between dental caries and body mass index (BMI) in Swedish preschool children (born in 1999).

Methods

A population‐based and cross‐sectional study design was used comprising all 920 5‐year‐old children in a defined area in and around the city of Lund. Anthropometric measures for the calculation of BMI were retrieved for each child from recordings at Child Health Care Centers (CHC). The occurrence of caries and fillings in the primary dentition, defined as deft (decayed, extracted, or filled primary teeth) and dt (decayed primary teeth), was collected from the children's dental records.

Results

The mean BMI was 16.1 (no differences between boys and girls). About 19.2% were overweight, of which 5.1% were obese. Overweight or obese children did not have higher deft or dt than others. However, children with low BMI (below −1 SD of national mean values for Swedish 5‐year‐olds) had statistically significantly higher deft and dt than children with normal BMI.

Conclusions

Children with low BMI may be at risk of caries development. Low BMI may be associated with eating habits endangering dental health.
Neuropathological, clinical and molecular pathology in female fragile X premutation carriers with and without FXTAS
Authors: Tassone F. , Greco C. M. , Hunsaker M. R. , Seritan A. L. , Berman R. F. , Gane L. W. , Jacquemont S. , Basuta K. , Jin L.‐W. , Hagerman P. J. , Hagerman R. J.
Published: April 2012

Fragile X‐associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is an adult‐onset neurodegenerative disorder associated with premutation alleles of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. Approximately 40% of older male premutation carriers, and a smaller proportion of females, are affected by FXTAS; due to the lower penetrance the characterization of the disorder in females is much less detailed. Core clinical features of FXTAS include intention tremor, cerebellar gait ataxia and frequently parkinsonism, autonomic dysfunction and cognitive deficits progressing to dementia in up to 50% of males.

In this study, we report the clinical, molecular and neuropathological findings of eight female premutation carriers. Significantly, four of these women had dementia; of the four, three had FXTAS plus dementia. Post‐mortem examination showed the presence of intranuclear inclusions in all eight cases, which included one asymptomatic premutation carrier who died from cancer. Among the four subjects with dementia, three had sufficient number of cortical amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles to make Alzheimer's disease a highly likely cause of dementia and a fourth case had dementia with cortical Lewy bodies. Dementia appears to be more common than originally reported in females with FXTAS. Although further studies are required, our observation suggests that in a portion of FXTAS cases there is Alzheimer pathology and perhaps a synergistic effect on the progression of the disease may occur.
A multivariate twin study of hippocampal volume, self‐esteem and well‐being in middle‐aged men
Authors: Kubarych T. S. , Prom‐Wormley E. C. , Franz C. E. , Panizzon M. S. , Dale A. M. , Fischl B. , Eyler L. T. , Fennema‐Notestine C. , Grant M. D. , Hauger R. L. , Hellhammer D. H. , Jak A. J. , Jernigan T. L. , Lupien S. J. , Lyons M. J. , Mendoza S. P. , Neale M. C. , Seidman L. J. , Tsuang M. T. , Kremen W. S.
Published: April 2012

Self‐esteem and well‐being are important for successful aging, and some evidence suggests that self‐esteem and well‐being are associated with hippocampal volume, cognition and stress responsivity. Whereas most of this evidence is based on studies on older adults, we investigated self‐esteem, well‐being and hippocampal volume in 474 male middle‐aged twins. Self‐esteem was significantly positively correlated with hippocampal volume (0.09, P = 0.03 for left hippocampus, 0.10, P = 0.04 for right). Correlations for well‐being were not significant (Ps > 0.05). There were strong phenotypic correlations between self‐esteem and well‐being (0.72, P < 0.001) and between left and right hippocampal volume (0.72, P < 0.001). In multivariate genetic analyses, a two‐factor additive genetic and unique environmental (AE) model with well‐being and self‐esteem on one factor and left and right hippocampal volumes on the other factor fits the data better than Cholesky, independent pathway or common pathway models. The correlation between the two genetic factors was 0.12 (P = 0.03); the correlation between the environmental factors was 0.09 (P > 0.05). Our results indicate that largely different genetic and environmental factors underlie self‐esteem and well‐being on one hand and hippocampal volume on the other.
Patterns of exotic plants in relation to anthropogenic edges within urban forest remnants
Authors: LaPaix Richard , Harper Karen , Freedman Bill
Published: April 2012

Question

How is the abundance of exotic plants within urban forest remnants influenced by distance to the edges of forest boundaries and recreational trails?

Location

Halifax,NovaScotia,Canada.

Methods

Gradients in the cover of exotic plants, as well as the richness of exotic and native vascular species, were examined as a function of distance from anthropogenic forest boundaries and recreational trails. Plants were sampled in 2 m × 10 m and 10 m × 10 m plots distributed among 11 urban forest remnants. Randomization tests were used to quantify the distance of edge influence from both forest boundaries and trails, and to determine if there was an interaction between them.

Results

The cover and richness of exotic plants and richness of native species decreased with increasing distance from forest boundaries and trails. Edge influences extended to distances of ca. 50 and 3 m for forest boundaries and trails, respectively, and were stronger for measures of understorey than of overstorey vegetation. Vegetation was simultaneously influenced by both edge types such that exotic cover and richness were higher when in close proximity to two edges than when subject to either edge alone (i.e. a positive interaction).

Conclusions

It is important to consider the influence of edges in the design and management of forest remnants to improve the ability to conserve native biodiversity within cities. Results from this study may be used to guide the design of such systems, particularly by suggesting appropriately sized patches and trail densities.
Dental Implants in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: López‐Jornet Pia , Camacho‐Alonso Fabio , Sánchez‐Siles Mariano
Published: April 2012

Purpose: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) and dental implants.

Material and Methods: Three groups of 16 patients took part in the study. Group I patients had received dental implants and been diagnosed with OLP; Group II had not received implants but were diagnosed with OLP; Group III had implants but not OLP. Clinical observations and OLP symptoms were registered in each case. Periodontal pocket depth, implant mobility, bleeding upon probing, erythema, pain, and radiolucency around implants were measured. Patient quality of life was evaluated using OHIP 14.

Results: Peri‐implant mucositis and peri‐implantitis were detected in 17.86% and 25% of the OLP‐implant group, while the control group with implants showed 18% and 16%. The implant survival rate in patients treated for OLP did not appear to differ from the survival rate among the general population. Quality of life was better among patients with implants and without OLP (p = .001).

Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that implants do not influence manifestations of OLP. OLP is not a risk factor for peri‐implantitis.
BioV Suite – a collection of programs for the study of transport protein evolution
Authors: Reddy Vamsee S. , Saier Milton H.
Published: April 2012

The Bio‐V Suite is a collection of Python scripts designed specifically for bioinformatic research regarding transport protein evolution. The Bio‐V Suite contains nine powerful programs for Unix‐based environments, each of which can be run as a standalone tool or be accessed in a programmatic manner. These programs and their functions are as follows. The transmembrane alpha‐helical statistical prediction tool (TMStats) generates topological statistics for transport proteins. The Global Sequence Alignment Tool (GSAT) performs shuffle‐based binary alignments and is fully scalable. It can cross‐compare two FASTA files or individual sequences. Protocol1 performs remote PSI‐Blast searches and filters redundant/similar sequences and annotates them. Protocol2 finds homologues between FASTA lists and generates graphical reports. The Targeted Smith–Waterman Search (TSSearch) uses a rapid search algorithm to find distant homologues in FASTA files in a heuristic manner. SSearch is the exhaustive version of TSSearch. Genome‐Blast (GBlast) will identify potential transport proteins in any genome/proteome file or find similar transport protein homologues between two different genomes/proteomes before generating a graphical report. AncientRep (AR) will find putative transmembrane repeat units using a list of homologues. DefineFamily (DF) will generate a FASTA list to represent an entire Transporter Classification family. These nine programs are tabulated with descriptions of their capabilities in Table 1.

 Programs developed for studies of transport protein evolution but useful for the analysis of other protein (and nucleic acid) classes.

Program
Task performed

TMStats
Creates graphical charts to represent topological statistics within any TC hierarchy or FASTA file

GSAT
Provides a simple, shuffle‐based global alignment tool for detecting distant homologies

Protocol1
Performs remote PSI‐BLAST searches with iterations using the NCBI NR database

Protocol2
Compares two different families of transport proteins to find similarities. It uses TSSearch and SSearch and generates easy‐to‐read graphical reports

TSSearch
Uses a heuristic local search algorithm for rapid comparison of two different FASTA files and find similarities between them

SSearch
Uses a simple, exhaustive shuffle‐based local search algorithm to compare two different FASTA files and find their similarities

GBlast
Provides a search tool designed to identify potential transporters within entire genomes/proteomes. It generates easy‐to‐read graphical reports

AncientRep
Provides a horizontal or vertical search approach to find transmembrane repeat units within a list of homologues

DefineFamily
Generates a FASTA list to represent any TC family
Development and evaluation of a self‐care assessment inventory for workers
Authors: OGASAWARA Eiko , SHIIHARA Yasufumi , ANDO Michiyo
Published: April 2012

Aim:  To develop and evaluate a self‐care assessment inventory for workers (SCAI‐W).

Methods:  A study using a self‐care assessment inventory for workers consisting of 27 self‐care items, the Japanese version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Japanese version of the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology Mood Adjective Checklist (JUMACL) was conducted. These questionnaires were distributed to 2297 workers. There were 893 valid responses (39.9%, 584 men and 309 women, mean age 37.2 ± 10.2 years).

Results:  Three primary and eight secondary factors were established for the conceptual structure of self‐care and validated by structural equation modeling. “Positive attitude” comprised the secondary factors, “hope” and “sense of fulfillment”, and was influenced by another secondary factor, “social support”. “Positive attitude” contributed to “attitude toward health”. “Attitude toward health” comprised the secondary factors, “care about one's health” and “correction of bad habits”. “Attitude toward health” influenced a primary factor, “everyday behavior”, comprised of “wakefulness”, “eating in moderation”, and “lack of self‐control”. The primary factors “positive attitude” and “everyday behavior” influenced the BDI scores. A multiple regression analysis indicated that JUMACL subscale scores (energetic arousal and tense arousal), demographic data (living alone, sex, and age) and health‐related data (exercise, smoking, body mass index, drinking more than three alcoholic drinks/day, and gambling) predicted the scores of the self‐care assessment inventory for workers.

Conclusion:  This assessment inventory could be a useful measure of workers' self‐care because it establishes a relationship between psychological and behavioral concepts that are important for health promotion.
Al2O3–Al2O3 and Al2O3–Ti Solder Joints—Influence of Ceramic Metallization and Thermal Pretreatment on Joint Properties
Authors: Leinenbach Christian , Weyrich Nico , Elsener Hans‐Rudolf , Gamez Gerardo
Published: April 2012

In this work, Al2O3–Al2O3 and Al2O3–Ti solder joints intended for space applications were realized by applying metallic multilayers both on Ti and on polycrystalline Al2O3 substrates to ensure wetting during the soldering process. The eutectic Au‐12Ge (wt%) alloy with a melting point of 361°C was used as solder material and two different multilayer systems on the ceramic (Cr‐Ni/Ti‐W/Au, Ti/Pt/Au) were investigated. The influence of different thermal pretreatments of the Al2O3 plates on the multilayer properties, the interface reactions during soldering and the mechanical properties were studied using Glow‐Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (GDOES), X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and a shear test device. It is shown that joints with a good quality can be produced at a soldering temperature of 400°C, whereas their properties and fracture behavior are strongly dependent on the metallization layer properties and the thermal pretreatments.
Evidence for a female‐produced, long range pheromone ofAnoplophora glabripennis(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Wickham Jacob D. , Xu Zhichun , Teale Stephen A.
Published: April 2012

Abstract Volatiles from female Asian longhorned beetle (ALB),Anoplophora glabripennis, were evaluated as candidate sex pheromone components. Previous studies on ALB have revealed several antennally active compounds from virgin females; however the origins and activity of these compounds were not apparent and require further investigation. We tested the hypothesis that one or more of the ALB contact sex pheromones is a precursor that undergoes abiotic oxidation to yield volatile pheromone components, and evaluated the activity of these compounds using laboratory and field bioassays. Gas chromatography coupled electroantennography detection (GC‐EAD) analysis indicated the presence of three antennally active aldehydes (heptanal, nonanal, and hexadecanal) in female cuticular extracts exposed to ozone or UV and visible light. In laboratory bioassays using a Y‐tube olfactometer, males were preferentially attracted to ozonized female body washes over crude body washes. Similarly, synthetic formulations of these compounds were preferred over controls in the olfactometer. Field trapping experiments conducted from 2006 to 2008 in Ningxia, China showed that synthetic lures of the three aldehydes formulated in a ratio simulating that of virgin females attracted more beetles compared to controls, and that combinations of these aldehydes, linalool oxide, and host kairomones captured more beetles than controls, and captured significantly more males.
Hemodialysis Vascular Access Dysfunction: Molecular Mechanisms and Treatment
Authors: Mima Akira
Published: April 2012

Hemodialysis vascular access complications are one of the main causes associated with an increase in morbidity and hospitalization in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The most common cause of vascular access dysfunction is venous stenosis as a result of venous neointimal hyperplasia within the peri‐anastomotic region (arteriovenous [AV] fistula) or at the graft‐vein anastomosis. There have been few studies regarding effective therapeutic interventions for HD vascular dysfunction at the present time, despite the magnitude of the clinical problem. This review will focus initially on the pathology and pathogenesis of HD vascular access dysfunction in the setting of both native AV fistula and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft, then experimental and clinical therapies that could potentially be used in the setting of HD vascular access dysfunction.
Probing the properties of Be star discs with spectroastrometry and NLTE radiative transfer modelling: β CMi
Authors: Wheelwright H. E. , Bjorkman J. E. , Oudmaijer R. D. , Carciofi A. C. , Bjorkman K. S. , Porter J. M.
Published: April 2012

While the presence of discs around classical Be stars is well established, their origin is still uncertain. To understand what processes result in the creation of these discs and how angular momentum is transported within them, their physical properties must be constrained. This requires comparing high spatial and spectral resolution data with detailed radiative transfer modelling. We present a high spectral resolution, R∼ 80 000, sub-milliarcsecond precision, spectroastrometric study of the circumstellar disc around the Be star β CMi. The data are confronted with 3D, non-local thermodynamic equilibrium radiative transfer calculations to directly constrain the properties of the disc. Furthermore, we compare the data to disc models featuring two velocity laws: Keplerian, the prediction of the viscous disc model, and angular momentum conserving rotation. It is shown that the observations of β CMi can only be reproduced using Keplerian rotation. The agreement between the model and the observed spectral energy distribution, polarization and spectroastrometric signature of β CMi confirms that the discs around Be stars are well modelled as viscous decretion discs.
A dynamical magnetosphere model for periodic Hα emission from the slowly rotating magnetic O star HD 191612
Authors: Sundqvist Jon O. , ud-Doula Asif , Owocki Stanley P. , Townsend Richard H. D. , Howarth Ian D. , Wade Gregg A.
Published: April 2012

The magnetic O star HD 191612 exhibits strongly variable, cyclic Balmer line emission on a 538-d period. We show here that its variable Hα emission can be well reproduced by the rotational phase variation of synthetic spectra computed directly from full radiation magnetohydrodynamical simulations of a magnetically confined wind. In slow rotators such as HD 191612, wind material on closed magnetic field loops falls back to the star, but the transient suspension of material within the loops leads to a statistically overdense, low-velocity region around the magnetic equator, causing the spectral variations. We contrast such ‘dynamical magnetospheres’ (DMs) with the more steady-state ‘centrifugal magnetospheres’ of stars with rapid rotation, and discuss the prospects of using this DM paradigm to explain periodic line emission from also other non-rapidly rotating magnetic massive stars.
A broad-band flux scale for low-frequency radio telescopes
Authors: Scaife Anna M. M. , Heald George H.
Published: April 2012

We present parametrized broad-band spectral models valid at frequencies between 30 and 300 MHz for six bright radio sources selected from the 3C survey, spread in right ascension from 0 to 24 h. For each source, data from the literature are compiled and tied to a common flux density scale. These data are then used to parametrize an analytic polynomial spectral calibration model. The optimal polynomial order in each case is determined using the ratio of the Bayesian evidence for the candidate models. Maximum likelihood parameter values for each model are presented, with associated errors, and the percentage error in each model as a function of frequency is derived. These spectral models are intended as an initial reference for science from the new generation of low-frequency telescopes now coming online, with particular emphasis on the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR).
Partnering between a geography department and a community initiative to provide a wind resource assessment for the Blueskin Bay region, Otago, New Zealand
Authors: Cullen Nicolas , Bowden Alice , Spronken‐Smith Rachel
Published: April 2012

This paper explores the partnership between a community group and a geography department to assess the wind energy potential of the Blueskin Bay region in southern New Zealand. The partnership has provided opportunities for research and is of strategic importance. Year‐long wind observations and numerical modelling have revealed that the hills surrounding Blueskin Bay show potential for wind energy generation. Despite challenges for both parties, the university–community partnership has allowed a successful research platform to be established.
Remote Ischemic Perconditioning in Thrombolysed Stroke Patients: Randomized Study of Activating Endogenous Neuroprotection – Design and MRI Measurements
Authors: Hougaard K. D. , Hjort N. , Zeidler D. , Sørensen L. , Nørgaard A. , Thomsen R. B. , Jonsdottir K. , Mouridsen K. , Hansen T. M. , Cho T-H. , Nielsen T. T. , Bøtker H. E. , Østergaard L. , Andersen G.
Published: April 2012

Background

Intravenous administration of alteplase is the only approved treatment for acute ischemic stroke. Despite the effectiveness of this treatment, 50% of patients suffer chronic neurological disability, which may in part be caused by ischemia-reperfusion injury. Remote ischemic perconditioning, performed as a transient ischemic stimulus by blood-pressure cuff inflation to an extremity, has proven effective in attenuating ischemia-reperfusion injury in animal models of stroke. Remote ischemic perconditioning increases myocardial salvage in patients undergoing acute revascularization for acute myocardial infarction. To clarify whether a similar benefit can be obtained in patients undergoing thrombolysis for acute stroke, we included patients from June 2009 to January 2011.

Aim and design

The aims of the study are: to estimate the effect of remote ischemic perconditioning as adjunctive therapy to intravenous alteplase of acute ischemic stroke within the 4½-h time window and to investigate the feasibility of remote ischemic perconditioning performed during transport to hospital in patients displaying symptoms of acute stroke. Patients are randomized to remote ischemic perconditioning in a single-blinded fashion during transportation to hospital. Only patients with magnetic resonance imaging-proven ischemic stroke, who subsequently are treated with intravenous alteplase, and in selected cases additional endovascular treatment, are finally included in the study.

Study outcomes

Primary end-point is penumbral salvage. Penumbra is defined as hypoperfused yet viable tissue identified as the mismatch between perfusion-weighted imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging lesion on magnetic resonance imaging scans. Primary outcome is a mismatch volume not progressing to infarction on one-month follow-up T2 fluid attenuated inversion recovery. Secondary end-points include: infarct growth (expansion of the diffusion-weighted imaging lesion) from baseline to the 24-h and one-month follow-up examination. Infarct growth inside and outside the acute perfusion-weighted imaging–diffusion-weighted imaging mismatch zone is quantified by use of coregistration. Clinical outcome after three-months. The influence of physical activity (Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly score) on effect of remote ischemic perconditioning. Feasibility of remote ischemic perconditioning in acute stroke patients.

This phase 3 trial is the first study in patients with acute ischemic stroke to evaluate the effect size of remote ischemic perconditioning as a pretreatment to intravenous alteplase, measured as penumbral salvage on multimodal magnetic resonance imaging and clinical outcome after three-months follow-up.
Channel Catfish Polyculture with Fathead Minnows or Threadfin Shad: Effects on Pond Plankton Communities and Catfish Fillet Flavor, Color, and Fatty Acid Composition
Authors: Mischke Charles C. , Tucker Craig S. , Li Menghe H.
Published: April 2012

Threadfin shad, Dorosoma petenense, or fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, were co‐cultured with channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, in earthen ponds to determine the effects of planktivory on plankton community dynamics and catfish fillet quality. Fathead minnows had no effect on the plankton community structure or catfish fillet flavor, color, and fatty acid composition. Fillet color was also unaffected by the presence of threadfin shad. Small differences were found in fillet fatty acid composition for catfish from ponds with shad, but these differences probably have no biological significance. Threadfin shad did, however, have important impacts on the plankton community structure and catfish flavor. Size‐selective filter‐feeding by shad reduced cyanobacterial abundance relative to ponds with catfish‐only and fathead minnows. Relative abundance of smaller phytoplankton in the groups Chlorophyta, Cryptophyta, Bacillariophyceae, and Euglenophyta increased in ponds with shad. Relative abundance of small zooplankton (rotifers) also increased in shad ponds. Reduced abundance of large, colonial cyanobacteria that are known to produce odorous metabolites caused a corresponding reduction in off‐flavor prevalence and intensity in catfish from ponds with threadfin shad when sampled in September. Although threadfin shad dramatically reduced catfish off‐flavor prevalence during the warm season, they apparently caused a high prevalence of “fishy” off‐flavors in the February sample. This undesirable flavor appeared to be caused by catfish foraging on shad killed during a preceding period of exceptionally cold water temperatures. Use of threadfin shad for phytoplankton biomanipulation therefore presents a dilemma: catfish–shad polyculture reduces prevalence of cyanobacteria‐related off‐flavors in warm months but may cause undesirable forage‐related off‐flavors in the colder months. Catfish farmers must consider these benefits and risks when deciding to use threadfin shad as a management tool.
Substrate‐attachment Preferences of Cultured Newborn Pot‐bellied Seahorses, Hippocampus abdominalis (Lesson, 1827)
Authors: Martinez‐Cardenas Leonardo , Purser John G.
Published: April 2012

During a series of observations, newborn pot‐bellied seahorses, Hippocampus abdominalis, were offered three size choices of diameter and density of substrate. The seahorses exhibited a marked preference for the greatest diameter and the lowest density substrates.
Does Dietary Administration of Lactococcus lactis Modulate the Gut Microbiota of Grouper, Epinephelus coioides
Authors: Sun Yun‐Zhang , Yang Hong‐Ling , Ma Ru‐Long , Zhai Shao‐Wei
Published: April 2012

The effect of dietary administration of probiotic Lactococcus lactis MM1 for 60 d on the autochthonous microbiota in the foregut, midgut and hindgut of juvenile grouper, Epinephelus coioides, was evaluated using polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Samples collected from the probiotic and control groups showed different DGGE patterns, while 11 common bands presented in both groups. The similarity dendrogram revealed three different clusters depending on the three sections of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and the probiotic triplicates in each GI section were generally clustered into one group distinctly different from the corresponding control triplicates. Increased species richness and Shannon index were observed in the foregut, midgut, and hindgut samples in the probiotic group compared with the control group, which suggested that probiotic L. lactis MM1 could improve the autochthonous microbial diversity along the GI tract of E. coioides. The growth of many potentially beneficial and unidentified bacteria was stimulated by the probiotic, whereas the growth of some potential harmful species, like Staphylococcus saprophyticus, was depressed.
Genetic Variations in Populations from Farms and Natural Habitats of Asian Green Mussel, Perna viridis, in Singapore Inferred from Nine Microsatellite Markers
Authors: Lin Grace , Lo Loong Chueng , Yue Gen Hua
Published: April 2012

The Asian green mussel, Perna viridis, has been widely cultured in Southeast Asia as delicious seafood depending on natural spat. We analyzed the genetic diversity and population structure of three populations (two from Singapore and one from Malaysia) from natural habitats and two from Singapore farms, by genotyping a total of 262 adult individuals using nine polymorphic microsatellites. In all five populations, high allelic (number of alleles A = 11.0–14.4,allelic richness Ar = 10.4–13.9) and gene diversity (expected heterozygosity He = 0.73–0.77) were observed, whereas deficiency of heterozygosity (inbreeding index f = 0.08–0.12) was detected in all populations. Genetic differentiation among populations was low (pairwise fixation index ranged from 0.003 to 0.088), but statistically significant. The usefulness of the information about genetic variations for genetic resource management of the populations in wild habitats and farms to keep genetic variation and setting up a breeding program of Asian green mussel was discussed.
Effect of Feed Protein and Carbohydrate Levels on Feed Intake, Growth, and Gonad Production of the Sea Urchin, Lytechinus variegatus
Authors: Hammer Hugh S. , Powell Mickie L. , Jones Warren T. , Gibbs Victoria K. , Lawrence Addison L. , Lawrence John M. , Watts Stephen A.
Published: April 2012

In this study, we evaluated protein and carbohydrate levels in cold‐extruded dry diets. Sea urchins (12.6 ± 0.12 SE g wet weight, 29.5 ± 0.11 SE mm diameter) were collected from St. Joseph Bay, Florida (30°N, 85.5°W), and transported to the Texas Agrilife Research Mariculture Laboratory in Port Aransas, Texas. Urchins were held individually in replicated enclosures within a recirculating seawater system (32 ± 2 ppt and 22 ± 2 C). Urchins (n = 16urchins) were fed diets that differed in protein : carbohydrate levels (31:33%, 25:39%, 21:44%, and 17:47% dry weight) for 12‐wk. Survival was 100% in all diet treatments. Urchins fed the 31:33% protein : carbohydrate diet consumed less feed, more dry protein, less dry carbohydrate, less energy, and had lower feed conversion ratios than urchins fed other diets. Urchins fed the 31:33% protein : carbohydrate diet had larger test diameters, total wet weights, production efficiencies, and gonad production efficiencies than urchins in the other diets. Weight gain varied directly and significantly with protein intake. Sufficient energy was available for maximum weight gain as protein was spared. Growth rates and production efficiencies for the urchins in this study were higher than in previous feeding studies with adult Lytechinus variegatus.
Sub‐Dimensions of the Four Factor Model of Cultural Intelligence: Expanding the Conceptualization and Measurement of Cultural Intelligence
Authors: Van Dyne Linn , Ang Soon , Ng Kok Yee , Rockstuhl Thomas , Tan Mei Ling , Koh Christine
Published: April 2012

Cultural intelligence (CQ) – the capability to function effectively in intercultural settings – has gained increasing attention from researchers and practitioners due to its contemporary relevance to globalization, international management, and workforce diversification. Research‐to‐date demonstrates that CQ predicts a variety of important outcomes in intercultural contexts, such as cultural adaptation, expatriate performance, global leadership, intercultural negotiation, and multicultural team processes. Moving beyond past research that tends to focus on the four primary factors of CQ – metacognitive CQ, cognitive CQ, motivational CQ, and behavioral CQ, we introduce an expanded conceptualization of CQ that delineates sub‐dimensions for each of the four factors. We briefly review psychometric evidence supporting the proposed second order 11‐factor structure and convergent/discriminant validity of the sub‐dimensions. We propose that the next wave of CQ research should be guided by a deeper understanding of each of four factors of CQ.
Automatic Optimism: Why People Assume Their Futures will be Bright
Authors: Lench Heather C. , Bench Shane W.
Published: April 2012

Why are people optimistic about their futures, continuously assuming that their futures will be full of the positive outcomes they desire and devoid of negative outcomes? This paper concerns the proposal that desire, represented as affective reactions to potential future events, causes optimism for the future. We propose that positive or negative affective reactions to future events innervate motivations to approach or avoid the events. These motivations can be satiated by judging that events that elicit positive affective reactions are likely to occur and events that elicit negative affective reactions are unlikely to occur. The tendency to be optimistic thus results from emotional processes that occur largely outside of conscious awareness. We discuss recent evidence that supports these propositions, the import of understanding optimism as the result of emotional processes for judgment and decision research as well as attempts to improve decision‐making, and remaining unresolved issues.
Changes in Parenting Behaviors, Attachment, Depressive Symptoms, and Suicidal Ideation in Attachment‐Based Family Therapy for Depressive and Suicidal Adolescents
Authors: Shpigel Maya S , Diamond Gary M. , Diamond Guy S.
Published: April 2012

This study examined whether Attachment‐Based Family Therapy (ABFT) was associated with decreases in maternal psychological control and increases in maternal psychological autonomy granting, and whether such changes were associated with changes in adolescents’ attachment schema and psychological symptoms. Eighteen suicidal adolescents and their mothers received 12 weeks of ABFT. Maternal psychological control and autonomy granting behaviors were observationally coded at sessions 1 and 4. Adolescents’ reports of perceived maternal care and control, attachment‐related anxiety and avoidance, and depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation were collected at baseline, 6, 12 weeks (posttreatment), and 36 weeks. Results indicated that from session 1 to session 4, maternal psychological control decreased and maternal psychological autonomy granting increased. Increases in maternal autonomy granting were associated with increases in adolescents’ perceived parental care from pre to mid‐treatment and decreases in attachment‐related anxiety and avoidance from pre to 3 months posttreatment. Finally, decreases in adolescents’ perceived parental control during the treatment were associated with reductions in adolescents’ depressive symptoms from pretreatment to 12 weeks posttreatment. This is the first study examining the putative change mechanisms in ABFT.
Long‐distance dispersal and habitat use of the butterfly Byasa impediens in a fragmented subtropical forest
Authors: LI XIU‐SHAN , ZHANG YA‐LIN , SETTELE JOSEF , FRANZÉN MARKUS , SCHWEIGER OLIVER
Published: April 2012

Abstract.  1. Central and Southeast Asia currently faces rapid loss and degradation of tropical and subtropical forests with potentially severe effects on its biodiversity.

2. We analysed population characteristics and dispersal of the butterfly Byasa impediens in eleven patches of a fragmented subtropical forest in Western China.

3. In an area covering 30 km2, we found an unexpected high dispersal capacity of more than 5 km, and estimated a mean dispersal distance of 1 km according to the negative exponential function. However, the inverse power function gave a better fit and predicted a reasonably large fraction of long‐distance displacements: 4% of all movements were estimated to exceed 5 km.

4. In spite of the high level of fragmentation and small sizes of some patches, we did not observe extinction or (re)colonisation events. Matching dispersal ability with the spatial grain of the resource patches in the landscape is seen as a major cause. In addition, persistence, emigration and immigration of individuals were exclusively affected by the amount of larval host plants, nectar plants and forest cover.

5. Our study indicates the importance of long‐distance dispersal and shows that species with large dispersal abilities and a somewhat broader dietary niche, such as B. impediens, can sustain in fragmented areas if patch quality is sufficient.

6. We suggest that conservation action may not only focus on particularly endangered species but also on relatively common, but often endemic, insect species. This is of particular concern given the global dominance of insects and their importance for ecosystem services, especially in an area of constantly increasing demands of agricultural products.
From Barber to Coiffeur: Art and Economic Liberalisation in Eighteenth‐Century France
Authors: FALAKY FAYÇAL
Published: April 2012

The history behind the emergence of the coiffeur holds key elements to understanding how art played a role in bringing about significant economic changes. By framing themselves not as artisans but as artistic (and often literary) figures of equal merit and distinction to painters and sculptors, coiffeurs believed it their right to practice their profession liberally, outside the remit of the barber‐wigmakers' guild. The artistic pretext they used reflected a larger economic trend in the eighteenth century: the arts were no longer just a means to liberate the mind but were a conduit for liberalising trade.
Rethinking Britishness in the Fictional Japanese Letters of T. J. Wooler's Black Dwarf
Authors: HWANG JING‐HUEY
Published: April 2012

This article explores national identity and Orientalism in the context of post‐1815 British politics by examining T. J. Wooler's radical weekly The Black Dwarf. The essay investigates Wooler's adaptation of the well‐known eighteenth‐century literary ploy of the imaginary Oriental correspondence, and maintains that his Black Dwarf's epistolary communications with Japanese and supernatural addressees challenge the boundaries of Britishness. A mysterious figure, Wooler's character of the Black Dwarf differs from his literary Oriental precedents, but it is precisely this otherness that contributes to his critical authority to puncture British pride and to illustrate the transnational values of truth and liberty.
Coquettes and Gallants: (Re‐)Assessing Eighteenth‐Century English Translations of French Memoirs
Authors: TOMALIN MARCUS
Published: April 2012

This article explores eighteenth‐century English translations of French memoirs and reconsiders the cultural impact of this controversial literary genre. The works discussed were all originally written by (or attributed to) female members of the French nobility, and the translators reveal the extent to which the shifting social and political conventions in France and Britain created conceptual instabilities concerning gender and sexual politics. Although French memoirs have been neglected by recent literary critics and social historians, this article demonstrates that the perspectives offered by these texts provide uniquely revealing insights into British attitudes towards many important aspects of French culture.
COMPETENCIES FOR PRACTICE IN RENAL CARE: A NATIONAL DELPHI STUDY
Authors: Lindberg Magnus , Lundström‐Landegren Kerstin , Johansson Pia , Lidén Susanne , Holm Ulla
Published: April 2012

The aim of this study was to describe essential competencies relevant for professional renal nursing in Sweden. A Delphi study with four rounds was conducted from November 2008 to April 2009. A national sample of renal nurses was used to achieve consensus about the core competencies required. The 43 competencies were reviewed for face validity by external experts representing general nursing, renal nursing, stakeholders and nephrologists. The core competencies were categorised in nine areas according to their structure; nursing and medical science, information and teaching, examinations and therapies, promoting health and preventing ill health, palliative care, safety and quality, care environment, research and development and management and cooperation in the patient care pathway. Altogether these categories represent a national description of competence in renal nursing.
Boreal rich fen vegetation formerly used for haymaking
Authors: Moen Asbjørn , Lyngstad Anders , Øien Dag‐Inge
Published: April 2012

In the present study, we describe the variation in rich fen (brown moss‐dominated) vegetation of boreal uplands in Norway, based on studies in two nature reserves representing an oceanic and a more continental area. The vegetation description included 134 sample plots and 200 taxa, using TWINSPAN classification and DCA ordination. The main aims were to describe the rich fen vegetation used for traditional haymaking, to find important ecological gradients and to compare the fen vegetation to the main European classification systems. We classified the fen vegetation into six plant communities. Rich (including extremely rich) fen vegetation of lawns and open margins were most common, representing the alliances Caricion atrofuscae, including alpine/continental species like Equisetum variegatum and Pedicularis oederi and Schoenion ferruginei (Caricion davallianae), including lowland/oceanic species like Drosera longifolia and Narthecium ossifragum. A majority of the constant species were in common for the two alliances, e.g. Thalictrum alpinum, Trichophorum cespitosum, Campylium stellatum and Gymnocolea borealis. The lawn communities included 30–38 species per plot (12.5 m2). We classified the flat fens with carpet communities dominated by Scorpidium cossonii and S. scorpioides to the alliances Stygio–Caricion limosae and Caricion lasiocarpae. The carpets contained ca 30 species per plot. Shrub‐dominated fen margin represents Sphagno–Tomentypnion, with the highest species number, more than 50 species per plot, including Molinia caerulea as a constant and abundant species, and a large number of herbs as constants. The plots of the margin community were in an overgrowing process, invaded by shrubs and wet grassland species. The peak in floristic diversity in abandoned margin communities fits well with both the humped‐back model of species richness and the intermediate disturbance hypothesis.
Encholirium pulchrum and E. diamantinum spp. nov. (Bromeliaceae) from the Espinhaço Range, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Forzza Rafaela Campostrini , Leme Elton M. C. , Ribeiro Otávio B. C.
Published: April 2012

Two new species of Encholirium from the Espinhaço range, restricted to the Diamantina plateau of Minas Gerais state, Encholirium pulchrum Forzza, Leme & O. B. C. Ribeiro and Encholirium diamantinum Forzza, are described and illustrated, and their morphological characters are discussed and compared to those of close relatives.
The nit1C gene cluster of Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344 involved in assimilation of nitriles is essential for growth on cyanide
Authors: Estepa Jessica , Luque‐Almagro Victor M. , Manso Isabel , Escribano M. Paz , Martínez‐Luque Manuel , Castillo Francisco , Moreno‐Vivián Conrado , Roldán M. Dolores
Published: April 2012

A proteomic approach was used to identify several proteins induced by cyanide in the alkaliphilic bacterium Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344, two of them, NitB and NitG, encoded by genes that belong to the nit1C gene cluster. The predicted products of the nit1C gene cluster are a Fis‐like σ54‐dependent transcriptional activator (NitA), a nitrilase (NitC), an S‐adenosylmethionine superfamily member (NitD), an N‐acyltransferase superfamily member (NitE), a trifunctional polypeptide of the AIRS/GARS family (NitF), an NADH‐dependent oxidoreductase (NitH) and two hypothetical proteins of unknown function (NitB and NitG). RT‐PCR analysis suggested that nitBCDEFGH genes were co‐transcribed, whereas the regulatory nitA gene was divergently transcribed. Real‐time RT‐PCR revealed that expression of the nitBCDEFGH genes was induced by cyanide and repressed by ammonium. The P. pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344 nit1C gene cluster was found to be involved in assimilation of free and organic cyanides (nitriles) as deduced for the inability to grow with cyanides showed by the NitA, NitB and NitC mutant strains. The wild‐type strain CECT5344 showed a nitrilase activity that allows growth on cyanide or hydroxynitriles. The NitB and NitC mutants only presented low basal levels of nitrilase activity that were not enough to support growth on either free cyanide or aliphatic nitriles, suggesting that nitrilase NitC is specific and essential for cyanide and aliphatic nitriles assimilation.