bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Herpes Zoster in the Ulnar Nerve Distribution
Authors: ATHWAL G. S. , BARTSICH S. A. , WEILAND A. J.
Published: June 2005

Varicella zoster is a ubiquitous virus which usually affects school-aged children as Chicken Pox. While the initial disease is self-limiting and seldom severe, the virus remains in the body. It lies dormant in the dorsal root ganglia and reactivation may occur years later with variable presentations as Herpes Zoster, or Shingles. While Shingles is common, it rarely presents exclusively in the upper extremity. It is important that hand surgeons recognize the possibility of zoster infection, with or without a rash, when evaluating the onset of neuralgia in a dermatomal distribution in the upper limb. Early diagnosis allows rapid and appropriate treatment, with a lower risk of complications. We report on a case of Herpes Zoster isolated to the ulnar nerve distribution in a young woman.
Thumb Polydactyly with Symphalangism
Authors: AL-AITHAN B. , AL-BLAIHED L. , MAHMOUD S. , HASSANAIN J. , AL-QATTAN M. M.
Published: June 2005

Three cases of thumb polydactyly in which one of the components demonstrates symphalangism are reported. This is a very rare anomaly and only one similar case could be found in the literature. The rarity of this anomaly was explained by the occurrence of two different abnormal molecular events along two different limb growth axes. Finally, the anomaly does not fit into the classification systems described for thumb polydactyly.
Schwannoma of the nasal septum removed with endoscopic surgery
Authors: Shinohara Kaoru , Hashimoto Kimio , Yamashita Masaru , Omori Koichi
Published: June 2005

A 50‐year‐old woman presented with a 30‐year history of nasal obstruction. She had been treated for paranasal sinusitis at other hospitals and she was referred to our hospital for further examination. Flexible endoscopy revealed a mass in the posterior aspect of the right nasal cavity to the posterior aspect of the left nasal cavity around the posterior edge of the nasal septum.
Total tympanic membrane reconstruction: AlloDerm versus temporalis fascia
Authors: Fishman Andrew J. , Marrinan Michelle S. , Huang Tina C. , Kanowitz Seth J.
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Patients who require surgery for chronic otitis media with perforation and cholesteatoma frequently provide no residual tympanic membrane that is usable in grafting procedures. A novel technique of total tympanic membrane reconstruction (TTMR) is described that maximizes perforation closure rate in these situations while minimizing mucosalization, incomplete healing, and anterior blunting. The specific aim of this report is to assess the safety and efficacy of TTMR and to compare the results obtained with AlloDerm compared with temporalis fascia as a grafting material.

METHODS

The records of 50 patients operated within the years 1999 and the 2004 were reviewed. TTMR with intact canal wall was performed in all cases. Both clinical and audiometric data were analyzed.

RESULTS

Overall perforation closure rate was 92%. There was no statistical significance in closure rate when grafting with AlloDerm versus temporalis fascia. A statistically significant shortened healing time was observed with AlloDerm grafting.

CONCLUSIONS

TTMR is a highly effective and safe technique.
Treatment results on advanced neck metastasis (N3) from head and neck squamous carcinoma
Authors: Carvalho André l. , Kowalski Luiz P. , Agra Ivan M. G. , Pontes Everton , Campos Olimpio D. , Pellizzon Antonio Cássio A.
Published: June 2005

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the long‐term results of patients with N3 neck metastasis from squamous carcinoma of the head and neck.

STUDY DESIGN

This study is based on the analysis of a retrospective cohort of 224 previously untreated patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and lymph node metastasis sized greater than 6 cm (N3) who were evaluated from 1981 to 1996.

RESULTS

Fifty‐four patients (24.1%) underwent neck dissection, 137 underwent radiotherapy alone (61.2%), and 33 received only supportive care (14.7%). Control of the neck metastasis was achieved in 46 cases among the treated ones (24.1%), varying from 51.9% for the patients who underwent surgery to 13.1% for radiotherapy alone (P >0.001). Exclusive distant metastasis occurred in 37.0% of the cases who had control of the neck disease. The 3‐year overall survival rates were 17.9% for patients who underwent surgery and 7.0% for radiotherapy alone (P = 0.003). The multivariate analysis showed as independent predictive factors the treatment approach (P >0.001) and tumor site (P = 0.016).

CONCLUSIONS

This study confirms the poor prognosis of patients with N3 neck disease, mainly when treated by radiotherapy alone. A radical neck dissection associated with adjuvant radiotherapy is indicated whenever feasible. Because of the high rate of distant metastasis, protocols including adjuvant chemotherapy should be investigated.
Pattern of regional metastases from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Barzilai Geva , Greenberg Elhanan , Cohen‐Kerem Raanan , Doweck Ilana
Published: June 2005

OBJECTIVE

To assess the pattern of regional metastases from SCC of the skin of the head and neck as a prognostic factor.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

A retrospective chart review of 22 patients treated in a tertiary academic center.

RESULTS

Metastases could be assessed clinically in the parotid gland and the neck in 50% and 59% of the patients, respectively. Histologic examination showed metastases in the parotid gland and the neck in 68% and 45.5%, respectively. Occult disease was 36% and 20% in the parotid gland and neck, respectively. The 1st echelon for metastasis was the parotid gland lymph nodes, whereas level II lymph nodes were the 1st echelon in the neck. Metastases to both the parotid gland and neck decreased the overall survival to 0, compared with 60% for metastases to the parotid gland and 100% for the neck.

CONCLUSIONS

SCC of the skin of the head and neck with regional metastases has a high incidence of occult metastases in the parotid gland and the neck. Patients with metastases in both sites have a poor prognosis.
Prognostic significance of stromal eosinophilic infiltration in cancer of the larynx
Authors: Ercan ÇBrahim , Çakir Burak , Baçak Tülay , Özdemir Tuncay , Sayin Árahim , Turgut Suat
Published: June 2005

OBJECTIVE

To investigate prevalence and possible role of tumor‐associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) as a prognostic factor in laryngeal squamous cell cancer.

STUDY DESIGN

Prospective case series.

METHODS

Seventy‐eight consecutive patients with diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and who were treated surgically in our center were evaluated. The possible role of TATE as a prognostic factor in laryngeal squamous cell cancer was investigated with respect to tumor differentiation, depth of invasion, perineural and vascular invasion (histopathological parameters), and neck metastasis (clinical parameter). The relation between presence of TATE and age was also examined.

RESULTS

TATE was positive in the tumors of 32% of the patients, including low grade, 20 (26%); medium grade, 4 (5%); and high grade, 1 (1%). The relationships between TATE and tumor differentiation, perineural invasion, vascular invasion, pathologic N stage, and depth of invasion were not statistically significant (P>0.05). According to Spearman correlation analysis (r= −0.383,P= 0.001), there is a negative correlation between TATE and age. Ages of TATE‐positive patients tend to be clustered in the 5th and 6th decades of life, whereas the TATE‐negative patients’ ages tend to be clustered in the 6th and 7th decades.

CONCLUSIONS

TATE has no correlation with prognostic parameters in laryngeal squamous cell cancer. Presence of TATE is highly correlated with age. Incidence of TATE is very low over the age of 60 years, and this may suggest that age influences the tissue inflammatory response to tumor. Further investigation is needed to explain the associations of TATE and age and also the host response to malignancy.
Thyroid nodules: Evaluation with power Doppler and duplex Doppler ultrasound
Authors: Chammas Maria Cristina , Gerhard Renê , Oliveira Ilka Regina Souza De , Widman Azzo , Barros Nestor De , Durazzo Marcelo , Ferraz Alberto , Cerri Giovanni Guido
Published: June 2005

This study purposes a new classification of thyroid nodules blood flow by power duplex Doppler ultrasound. A total of 177 nodules were studied with B‐mode scanning, power Doppler, and spectral analysis. These data were compared with cytological results from ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed. The power Doppler analysis of the nodules produced 5 vascular patterns: I, absence of signal blood flow; II, exclusively perinodular blood flow; III, perinodular > central blood flow; IV, central blood flow > perinodular blood flow; V, exclusively central blood flow. Statistical analysis revealed a significant relationship between these vascular patterns and cytological results. The spectral analysis demonstrated that the resistance index were higher in nodules with malignant versus other cytology (P >0.001). The results indicate that power duplex Doppler facilitates screening of thyroid nodules at high risk for malignancy with elevated sensitivity (92.3%) and specificity (88%).
Evaluation of botulinum toxin A in treatment of tinnitus
Authors: Stidham Katrina R. , Solomon Perry H. , Roberson Joseph B.
Published: June 2005

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential benefit of botulinum toxin A in treatment of tinnitus with a prospective, double‐blinded study design.

STUDY DESIGN

Double‐blinded, prospective clinical study.

METHODS

Thirty patients with tinnitus were randomly placed into 1 of 2 treatment arms. Patients either received botulinum toxin A (20 to 50 units) or saline injection at the first treatment, and the opposite treatment 4 months later. Prospective data including tinnitus matching test, tinnitus handicap inventory (THI), tinnitus rating scale (TRS), and patient questionnaires were obtained over a 4‐month period after each injection.

RESULTS

Twenty‐six patients completed both injections and follow‐up and were included in data analysis. After botulinum toxin A, subjective tinnitus changes included 7 patients improved, 3 worsened, and 16 unchanged. Following placebo, 2 patients were improved, 7 worsened, and 17 unchanged. Comparison of the treatment and placebo groups was statistically significant (P >0.005) when including better, worse, and same effects. A significant decrease in THI scores between pretreatment and 4 month postbotulinum toxin A injection (P = 0.0422) was recorded. None of the other comparisons of pretreatment to 1 month, or pretreatment to 4 months were significantly different.

CONCLUSIONS

This small study found improvement in THI scores and patient subjective results after botulinum toxin A injection compared with placebo, suggesting a possible benefit of botulinum toxin A in tinnitus management. Larger studies need to be completed to further evaluate potential benefits of botulinum toxin A in treatment of this difficult problem.
Implementation of duty hour standards in otolaryngology‐head and neck surgery residency training
Authors: Kupferman Todd A. , Lian Tim S.
Published: June 2005

OBJECTIVE

To determine what impact, if any, of the recently implemented duty hour standards have had on otolaryngology‐head and neck surgery residency programs from the perspective of program directors. We hypothesized that the implementation of resident duty hour limitations have caused changes in otolaryngology training programs in the United States.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Information was collected via survey in a prospective, blinded fashion from program directors of otolaryngology‐head and neck residency training programs in the United States.

RESULTS

Overall, limitation of resident duty hours is not an improvement in otolaryngology‐head and neck residency training according to 77% of the respondents. The limitations on duty hours have caused changes in the resident work schedules in 71% of the programs responding. Approximately half of the residents have a favorable impression of the work hour changes. Thirty‐two percent of the respondents indicate that changes to otolaryngology support staff were required, and of those many hired physician assistants. Eighty‐four percent of the respondents did not believe that the limitations on resident duty hours improved patient care, and 81% believed that it has negatively impacted resident training experience. Forty‐five percent of the program directors felt that otolaryngology‐head and neck faculty were forced to increase their work loads to accommodate the decrease in the time that residents were allowed to be involved in clinical activities. Fifty‐four percent of the programs changed from in‐hospital to home call to accommodate the duty hour restrictions.

CONCLUSIONS

According to the majority of otolaryngology‐head and neck surgery program directors who responded to the survey, the limitations on resident duty hours imposed by the ACGME are not an improvement in residency training, do not improve patient care, and have decreased the training experience of residents.

SIGNIFICANCE

This study demonstrates that multiple changes have been made to otolaryngology‐head and neck surgery training programs because of work hour limitations set forth by the ACGME.
Pediatric dermoid cysts of the head and neck
Authors: Pryor Shepherd G. , Lewis Jean E. , Weaver Amy L. , Orvidas Laura J.
Published: June 2005

OBJECTIVE

To review the characteristics and determine treatment outcomes of pediatric dermoid cysts.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Retrospective review of the presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of all pediatric dermoid cysts of the head and neck examined between 1980 and 2002 at Mayo Clinic.

RESULTS

Forty‐nine patients (59% girls) had a dermoid cyst of the head and neck. The median age at diagnosis was 22 months. The most common presenting sign was a palpable mass, noted in 100% of patients. During evaluation, approximately 25 patients (51%) had imaging studies. The most common location of the cysts was periorbital (61%), followed by the neck (18%; including 1 submental cyst). Various surgical approaches were chosen. In 2 patients (4%), the dermoid cyst had an intracranial extension. Only 1 patient experienced recurrence. The median pathologic diameter of the cysts was 1.2 cm.

CONCLUSIONS

Dermoid cysts are unusual neoplasms that often present in childhood, with the orbit being the area most commonly affected in the head and neck region. Imaging studies help rule out an intracranial or intraorbital extension. With complete excision, recurrence is unusual.

SIGNIFICANCE

Our review will assist both primary care physicians and subspecialists in diagnosing and treating dermoid cysts.
Preoperative antibiotic and steroid therapy and hearing loss caused by semicircular canal transection in pseudomonas otitis media
Authors: Lee James C. , Remtulla Rahim A. , Stevens Gary R. , Zhang MEI , Antonelli Patrick J.
Published: June 2005

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether preoperative administration of antibiotics and corticosteroids can attenuate the severity of hearing loss (HL) with semicircular canal (SC) transection in a guinea pig model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) otitis media (OM).

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Prospective and controlled.

METHODS

OM was induced in 64 pigmented guinea pigs by bilateral, transtympanic injection of PA. Two to 4 days later, 1 horizontal SC was randomly transected. In the 1st series, antibiotic therapy was initiated either immediately before or after surgery. In the 2nd series, all animals received preoperative antibiotics, and half received dexamethasone before surgery. Hearing was tested before and after surgery.

RESULTS

PA was recovered in all ears. SC transection was associated with significant HL. HL was better in animals given antibiotics preoperatively (clicks, 16 versus 32 dB, P = 0.0220). Addition of preoperative steroids did not significantly further reduce HL (7 versus 14 dB for clicks, P = 0.6919).

CONCLUSIONS

HL caused by SC transection in PA OM may be attenuated with preoperative antibiotic therapy in the guinea pig.
Satisfaction and gender issues in otolaryngology residency
Authors: Wynn Rhoda , Rosenfeld Richard M. , Lucente Frank E.
Published: June 2005

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the otolaryngology residency experience with attention to operative experience, career guidance, and gender.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Otolaryngology residents were anonymously surveyed by mail about their residency experience. The 22‐item survey was scored on a 5‐point ordinal Likert scale. Responses were analyzed with respect to gender and postgraduate year (PGY) level.

RESULTS

Complete surveys were returned by 261 otolaryngology residents (24% female). PGY level correlated with confidence that surgical skills were appropriate (P = 0.003), establishment of solid career network (P = 0.003), and confidence that surgical abilities are adequate for practice (P = 0.028). Female residents reported less confidence that surgical skills were appropriate (P = 0.050) and that surgical abilities were adequate for postresidency practice (P = 0.035). Women were encouraged to enter private practice more often (P = 0.012), were less likely to have a solid career network (P = 0.025), and were less confident about being able to run their own practice (P = 0.036)

CONCLUSIONS

Significant differences exist for several questions regarding surgical confidence and career issues, even after correction for PGY level.
Forecasting the returns of reusable containers
Authors: Kelle Peter , Silver Edward A.
Published: June 2005

Executive Summary

A number of organizations sell products in containers that can be reused. Illustrative cases include beverages (in kegs, plastic cartons, etc.) and liquid gases (in cylinders). The time from issue to return of an individual container is usually not known with certainty and there is a chance that the container is never returned (because of loss or irreparable damage). In such a situation, even if the demand pattern is known and level with time, it is still necessary to acquire new containers from time to time. Such an acquisition must be initiated when the inventory level of containers drops too low in relation to the anticipated net demand (demand minus returns) during the replenishment lead time. Thus, it is important to forecast the net demand as well as to obtain an estimate of the accuracy of the forecast. In this paper, four different forecasting procedures, based upon different amounts of information, are developed. The information possibilities include recent issues period by period and recent returns (either individually identified or on an aggregate basis). The methods are compared on a wide range of simulated data, including some cases based on empirical data obtained from industry. Not surprisingly, the use of additional information improves the performance. However, most of the benefit associated with using the costly approach of identifying and tracking the issues and returns of individual containers is achieved by the more practical method of recording only aggregate issues and aggregate returns period by period.
Stochastic unpaced line design: A reply
Authors: Smunt Timothy L. , Perkins William C.
Published: June 2005

Executive Summary

In the May 1985 issue of the Journal of Operations Management, we published a paper containing two major segments (Smunt and Perkins (1985)). The first segment provided a comprehensive review of previously published research on unpaced assembly lines. Two of the primary references in this review were path‐breaking studies by Hillier and Boling (1966) and Hillier and Boling (1979). These studies introduced the idea of the “bowl phenomenon,” which suggests that line output can be increased (compared to a balanced line) by unbalancing the line with high service times placed at the beginning and end of the line and low service times placed in the middle of the line. This pair of studies also verified the existence of the bowl phenomenon for exponential and Erlang service times with line lengths up to five stations and buffer capacities between stations from zero to four units.

The second segment of our 1985 paper reported on a set of experiments to investigate the “robustness” of the bowl phenomenon under varying service time and buffer capacity assumptions. We tested and confirmed three primary hypotheses:

The use of the bowl distribution to unbalance an assembly line will not significantly increase the output rate as compared to a balanced configuration when normally‐distributed work station service times are employed with less variance than the exponential distribution.

Minimal increases of buffer storage capacity will significantly reduce or will negate the benefit of using the bowl distribution.

Output rate is not highly sensitive to moderate variations from optimal task time allocation for stochastic unpaced lines.

In other words, we found that the bowl distribution does not have advantages over a balanced line if either more realistic normally‐distributed service times are used or larger buffer capacities are available. Thus the bowl phenomenon, while interesting, does not appear to exist in most real world unpaced lines.

In the “Note” which immediately precedes this “Reply,” the authors take issue with our conclusions, based primarily on their view that our 1985 experiments were “flawed.” While the “Note” authors provide some valuable arguments and correctly point out a weakness concerning the number of simulation repetitions in our 1985 study, in general it is their arguments that are “flawed,” as we will establish in this paper. In responding to the preceding “Note,” we have conducted a very extensive simulation experiment—much larger than either our 1985 study or the small study conducted as part of the preceding paper. The results of this enhanced study provide strong support for the conclusions of our 1985 paper.
The African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption
Authors: Schroth Peter W.
Published: June 2005

The African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption, which was opened for signature in 2003, contains some innovative and valuable provisions, but also several unacceptable provisions that violate the presumption of innocence, make it too easy to disregard data privacy and threaten good-faith whistleblowers, among others. In addition, the translations are unsatisfactory, to the point that the texts in different languages are significantly different in substance and sometimes contradict one another. Parts of the English text are almost unintelligible. The Convention should be revised before it enters into force.
Self-inflicted constraints on judicial government in Nigeria
Authors: Ogowewo Tunde I.
Published: June 2005

Although the prevailing tendency is to view the executive and, to a lesser extent, the legislature as the primary drivers of the developmental process in any country, this paper situates the judiciary in the Nigerian developmental process. Seldom is the judiciary recognized as an equal partner in the developmental process: when the system works, which suggests that their job is being done well, the judiciary is rarely the destination of praise, but as their failure (real or imagined) is often incandescent, blame is easily lavished on them. This article brings attention to what it terms “judicial government” but contextualizes the judiciary's performance against the backdrop of the constraints to which it is subject and it crucially identifies self-inflicted constraints. These self-inflicted constraints impact on the size of the Supreme Court's docket (which affects the quality of dispensed justice) and the issue of costs in the litigation process.
Who owns the Nigerian offshore seabed: federal or states? An examination of the Attorney General of the Federation v. Attorney General of Abia State & 35 Ors Case
Authors: Egede Edwin
Published: June 2005

The decision of the Nigerian Supreme Court in the case of the Attorney General of the Federation v. the Attorney General of Abia State & 35 Ors. was delivered on 5 April, 2002 in respect of the proviso to section 162(2) of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, which incorporates what is popularly known in Nigeria as the “derivation formula”. It brought to the forefront the need to determine (especially as regards revenue derived from the oil and gas resources) whether the offshore bed of the territorial sea, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of Nigeria should be regarded as part of the littoral states of the federation or not? This article critically examines the decision of the Supreme Court as it relates to the “ownership” of the offshore seabed as between the federal Government and the littoral states in the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
Ecological impacts of the microsporidian parasite Pleistophora mulleri on its freshwater amphipod host Gammarus duebeni celticus
Authors: FIELDING N. J. , MacNEIL C. , ROBINSON N. , DICK J. T. A. , ELWOOD R. W. , TERRY R. S. , RUIZ Z. , DUNN A. M.
Published: June 2005

The microsporidian parasite, Pleistophora mulleri, infects the abdominal muscle of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus duebeni celticus. We recently showed that P. mulleri infection was associated with G. d. celticus hosts being more vulnerable to predation by the invasive amphipod Gammarus pulex. Parasitized G. d. celticus also had a reduced ability to prey upon other co-occurring amphipods. We suggested the parasite may have pervasive influences on host ecology and behaviour. Here, we examine the association between P. mulleri parasitism and parameters influencing individual host fitness, behaviour and interspecific interactions. We also investigate the relationship between parasite prevalence and host population structure in the field. In our G. d. celticus study population, P. mulleri prevalence was strongly seasonal, ranging from 8·5% in summer to 44·9% in winter. The relative abundance of hosts with the heaviest parasite burden increased during summer, which coincided with high host mortality, suggesting that parasitism may regulate host abundance to some degree. Females were more likely to be parasitized than males and parasitized males were paired with smaller females than unparasitized males. Parasitism was associated with reduction in the host's activity level and reduced both its predation on the isopod Asellus aquaticus and aggression towards precopula pairs of the invasive G. pulex. We discuss the pervasive influence of this parasite on the ecology of its host.
Tetratrichomonads from the oral cavity and respiratory tract of humans
Authors: KUTISOVA K. , KULDA J. , CEPICKA I. , FLEGR J. , KOUDELA B. , TERAS J. , TACHEZY J.
Published: June 2005

To clarify the taxonomy of trichomonads associated with human respiratory diseases, we examined a collection of axenic trichomonad strains isolated from the oral cavity and bronchi of patients from pulmonary diseases clinics in Tallin, Estonia. The oral and bronchial strains were compared mutually as well as with a reference strain ofTrichomonas tenax, a common inhabitant of the human oral cavity, and other trichomonad species from humans and animals. Unexpectedly, the morphological studies, as well as DNA sequencing of ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2 regions revealed that the Estonian strains belong to the genusTetratrichomonas, with a high similarity to the avian speciesTetratrichomonas gallinarum. None of the strains belonged toTrichomonas tenax. DNA fingerprinting using the RAPD method separated Estonian strains into 2 distinct groups: ‘bronchial’ consisting of 5 and 2 strains isolated from bronchi and ‘oral’ cavity, respectively, and oral consisting of 3 oral strains. Consistent differences between ‘bronchial’ and ‘oral’ groups were confirmed by analysis of ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2 sequences. Our results have revealed novel trichomonad species of the human oral cavity and bronchi.
The emergence of spaces of control in early commercial capitalism: the Casas de Misericordia in sixteenth-century Spain
Authors: FRAILE PEDRO
Published: June 2005

In the late sixteenth century, the Spanish thinkers Miguel Giginta and Cristóbal Pérez de Herrera proposed a model for welfare reform based on the design of institutions in which the organization of space made possible new ways of imposing discipline. In these institutions, known as Casas de Misericordia, the relation between the disposition of space and the possibility to control and influence the will of individuals was studied. This new consideration of space had a profound influence on areas as diverse as urban development and penitentiary systems.
Shifts in the economic structure of a medium-sized Spanish town: La Coruña, 1939–60
Authors: MIRÁS-ÁRAUJO JESÚS
Published: June 2005

This article focuses on aspects of the economic evolution of La Coruña during the 1940s and 1950s by analysing the entrepreneurial activities in a stage characterized by an urban demographic take-off. The tertiary sector, based mainly on port traffic, fishing, commerce and other traditional urban functions, contributed significantly to the diversification of the economic structure of this town.
Black hands and white hearts: Italian immigrants as ‘urban racial types’ in early American film culture
Authors: BERTELLINI GIORGIO
Published: June 2005

Through the concept of ‘character’ or ‘urban racial type’, traversing literature, science and metropolitan life, Bertellini reconsiders early American cinema's colour-based biracialism epitomized by D.W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation (1915). In the New York-based film industry race also emerged from the city's dense intermingling of ‘white ethnics’ and broader shifts in epistemological emphasis – from inheritance to the environment. If Italian immigrants were racialized as innately violent in early gangster films, after 1915 heartbreaking melodramas of destitution and misfortunes adopted instead a combination of still othering and universal characterizations.

Half the people in ‘the Bend’ are christened Pasquale…When the police do not know the name of an escaped murderer, they guess at Pasquale and send the name out on alarm; in nine cases out of ten it fits.
Jacob Riis, 1890

I like to play the Italian because his costume, his mannerisms, his gestures, and his unlikeness to the everyday people of the street make him stand out as a romantic and picturesque person.
Actor and director George Beban, 1921
The garden city in early twentieth-century Latin America
Authors: ALMANDOZ ARTURO
Published: June 2005

As it happened in other parts of the world, the ‘Garden City’ was used more as an image than as a model in early twentieth-century Latin America. While attempting to set the regional diffusion of the model in international perspective, the review intends to explore the analogous use of the concept by Latin American historiography, following the two senses according to which it has been simplified: namely for its bucolic resonance, and to denote the suburban layouts that were different from traditional models.
The ‘Hobrecht Plan’ (1862) and Berlin's urban structure
Authors: BERNET CLAUS
Published: June 2005

The Hobrecht Plan of 1862 is the framework for Berlin's urban development. The changing assessments of this plan over the past 150 years can be followed using contemporary evaluations of street and park layout and the Mietskaserne (tenement). Following early suggestions that it was authoritarian, and persistent criticism that it was responsible for bad housing, it later came to be seen more positively, as renewal and conservation took over from clearance and when reunification highlighted its significance as a common factor in the new capital city.
Mapping, regularizing and modernizing Ottoman Istanbul: aspects of the genesis of the 1839 Development Policy
Authors: GÜL MURAT , LAMB RICHARD
Published: June 2005

Modernization and westernization in the urban morphology of Istanbul during the late Ottoman period has frequently been presented by Turkish scholars in a linear process, linking urban development plans and later changes to the influence of historic figures, such as Helmuth von Moltke, a Prussian military adviser of the 1830s. A more holistic reading of this phenomenon based on primary sources, including letters in German by von Moltke, reveals a complex array of forces, responses and reactions, and simultaneously, a more modest and less seminal role for von Moltke in the development of the historic city.
Spectral identification of hydrated sulfates on Mars and comparison with acidic environments on Earth
Authors: Bishop Janice L. , Darby Dyar M. , Lane Melissa D. , Banfield Jillian F.
Published: June 2005

We interpret recent spectral data of Mars collected by the Mars Exploration Rovers to contain substantial evidence of sulfate minerals and aqueous processes. We present visible/near-infrared (VNIR), mid-IR and Mössbauer spectra of several iron sulfate minerals and two acid mine drainage (AMD) samples collected from the Iron Mountain site and compare these combined data with the recent spectra of Mars. We suggest that the sulfates on Mars are produced via aqueous oxidation of sulfides known to be present on Mars from Martian meteorites. The sulfate-rich rock outcrops observed in Meridiani Planum may have formed in an acidic environment similar to AMD environments on Earth. Because microorganisms are typically involved in the oxidation of sulfides to sulfates in terrestrial AMD sites, sulfate-rich rock outcrops on Mars may be a good location to search for evidence of life on that planet. Whether or not life evolved on Mars, following the trail of sulfate minerals is likely to lead to aqueous processes and chemical weathering. Our results imply that sulfate minerals formed in Martian soils via chemical weathering, perhaps over very long time periods, and that sulfate minerals precipitated following aqueous oxidation of sulfides to form the outcrop rocks at Meridiani Planum.
The Theory of Everything and the future of life
Authors: Karthik Trishank
Published: June 2005

This paper is a philosophical essay on metaphysics, in which we develop a justification for Algorithmic Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence by considering the relationship between the Theory of Everything and the future of life or physical eschatology.
Origin and dynamics of the heliospheric streamer belt and current sheet
Authors: Roberts D. Aaron , Keiter Paul A. , Goldstein Melvyn L.
Published: June 2005

The broad high‐density, low‐temperature region around the thin heliospheric current sheet at solar minimum forms a relatively stable “streamer belt” associated with the slow wind flow. This region contains highly structured magnetic fields, with large rotations and discontinuities being common. This observational study examines the likely origins and dynamics of the interplanetary plasma and current sheets primarily using Helios data. The striking differences sometimes observed between the plasma on the two sides of the current sheet support the common interpretation that the plasma above and below the sheet comes from often very different regions located either side of the helmet streamer at the base of the slow wind flow. The entropy per proton in the streamer belt often shows sharply defined regions of strongly different plasma; this implies that the origin of the filamentary structure is in initial conditions near the Sun because dynamical evolution can only equalize entropy. The observed large relative density and other fluctuations may thus represent the conditions on flow tubes with different boundary conditions. The average entropy in the streamer belt increases by about the same factor as in the surrounding high‐speed streams, indicating that this region is heated substantially, consistent with studies of the temperature evolution and with turbulence modeling. Compressive stream interaction regions are not preferentially heated (in the sense of an entropy increase) in the inner heliosphere. Strong anticorrelations between density and both temperature and magnetic field magnitude are observed within the streamer belt but not in the surrounding regions, and these become weaker as the flow moves outward. Both the smoother appearance of the entropy at greater heliocentric distance and simulation evidence support the view that the streamer belt region undergoes significant dynamical evolution. This evolution seems to also affect the current sheet because sector boundary crossings are observed to become more complex (more multiple crossings) with increasing heliocentric distance. The crossings are more complex in general near solar maximum, although the complexity still increases with radial distance.
Simultaneous observations of equatorial plasma depletion by IMAGE and ROCSAT‐1 satellites
Authors: Lin Chin S. , Immel Thomas J. , Yeh Huey‐Ching , Mende Stephen B. , Burch J. L.
Published: June 2005

Simultaneous observations of the equatorial ionosphere by the ROCSAT‐1 and IMAGE satellites were used to study zonal propagation characteristics of equatorial plasma bubbles. IMAGE far ultraviolet (FUV) nighttime images have indicated signatures of depression in the brightness of equatorial airglow arcs. Using the list of airglow brightness depression events observed by IMAGE, we surveyed ROCSAT‐1 Ionospheric Plasma and Electrodynamics Instrument data and found three ROCSAT‐1 passes with simultaneous plasma observations in the same local time sector. Brightness depressions seen in FUV images are found to correlate with equatorial plasma bubbles detected by ROCSAT‐1 at 600 km altitude with a separation distance between bubbles varying from 300 to 1000 km. Successive FUV images are averaged to produce a keogram with UT versus longitude, which is then used to deduce zonal drift velocity for plasma density depletions. The drift speed determined from FUV images is compared with ion drift velocities measured by ROCSAT‐1. The analysis indicates that the bubbles drift faster than the ambient plasma. The relative zonal velocity of plasma bubbles with respect to the ambient plasma is large, over 200 m/s when plasma bubbles are first created in the early evening hours. The relative zonal velocity decreases rapidly with magnetic local time (MLT) from over 200 m/s at 20 MLT to ∼30 m/s at 22 MLT. ROCSAT‐1 has detected quasiperiodic structures for equatorial plasma bubbles, corresponding to the quasiperiodic appearance of FUV brightness depression. The quasiperiodic structure of plasma bubbles has been interpreted as evidence of zonal propagation of atmospheric gravity waves with a wavelength in the range of about 300–1000 km. The observed zonal drift velocity of plasma bubbles is shown to be consistent with the horizontal propagation velocity of acoustic gravity waves. The dependence of the horizontal group velocity of acoustic gravity waves on various parameters is further investigated. The vertical wavelength of acoustic gravity waves is found to be the most sensitive parameter for determining the horizontal group velocity of acoustic gravity waves and thus presumably the zonal propagation of equatorial plasma bubbles. The relative zonal propagation of equatorial plasma bubbles might imply strong coupling between atmospheric gravity waves and the Rayleigh‐Taylor instability. The obtained results suggest that atmospheric gravity waves play an important role not only for initiating plasma bubbles but also for maintaining the horizontal motion of equatorial plasma bubbles.
Orientation and motion of two‐dimensional structures in a space plasma
Authors: Sonnerup B. U. Ö. , Hasegawa H.
Published: June 2005

We present a new least squares technique for the determination of axis orientation, motion, and intrinsic axial electric field for two‐dimensional coherent structures in a space plasma. This single‐spacecraft method is based on Faraday's law, which, under the model assumptions, requires the intrinsic axial electric field to be constant in space and time. The technique is applied to two flux transfer events seen by the four Cluster spacecraft, although data from only one of them (Cluster 1) is used in the analysis. For these events, excellent agreement is found with the orientations obtained from optimal Grad‐Shafranov reconstruction (Hasegawa et al., 2005), a method that uses data from all four Cluster spacecraft. However, the new method can also fail to produce such agreement. It must therefore be used with caution.
A strong positive phase of ionospheric storms observed by the Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar and global GPS network
Authors: Huang Chao‐Song , Foster J. C. , Goncharenko L. P. , Erickson P. J. , Rideout W. , Coster A. J.
Published: June 2005

During geomagnetic storms, the ionospheric F region electron density may be greatly increased or decreased, which are termed positive storms or negative storms. It is generally accepted that negative storm phases are caused by neutral composition changes. In contrast, different mechanisms have been proposed to explain the generation of positive storm phases. In this paper, we present observations of a strong positive storm at middle latitudes. The Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar detected significant increases of the midlatitude ionospheric F region electron density during a magnetic storm on 3 April 2004. The positive phase of the ionospheric storm started to occur in the morning sector (0912 LT at Millstone Hill) and lasted for more than 10 hours. Compared with the quiet‐time ionosphere, the daytime F peak altitude over Millstone Hill during the storm was ∼80 km higher, the F region electron density was increased by a factor of 2–4, and the F region electron temperature was decreased by ∼1000 K (or ∼40%). The radar also measured an enhanced eastward electric field and a slightly more equatorward neutral wind. Global GPS measurements show that total electron content (TEC) was increased at middle latitudes and decreased at lower latitudes, and the large TEC enhancements occurred primarily in the Atlantic sector. We suggest that electric fields may play an important role in the generation of the observed positive storm phase. The eastward electric field will cause increases in the midlatitude ionospheric electron density by moving the plasma particles upward and decreases in the equatorial ionospheric electron density by strengthening the fountain effect. The daytime poleward wind was reduced or even reversed during the storm, which may also contribute to the occurrence of the positive storm.
Observations of elevated power near the Brunt‐Väisälä frequency
Authors: Sivjee G. G. , Walterscheid R. L.
Published: June 2005

High‐frequency peaks close to the Brunt‐Väisälä frequency (N) are observed in the spectra of the nightglow brightness derived from OH Meinel airglow measurements made over the foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Boulder (40°03′N, 105°14′W), Colorado during the summer of 1999. Over a 57‐day period there were 28 nights of sufficient duration and continuity to support reliable spectral analyses. Measurements for these nights yield persistently spectral features near N. The periods of the spectral peaks are in the range ∼5.6–5.8 min, usually appearing as a double‐peaked feature. These periods are compared with values of the Brunt‐Väisälä period (τN) derived from concurrent lidar soundings of the temperature of the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere over Fort Collins (40°35′N, 105°03′W), Colorado, about 49 km distant from Boulder. Detailed comparisons of the observed periods and the profiles of N suggest that the double‐peaked features in the spectra may arise because the OH M nightglow emissions is double‐peaked, as observed by Evans and Llewellyn (1972) and by Llewellyn et al. (2002). Several theories are explored for the spectral enhancement. The data do not support a definitive answer, but we favor an explanation in terms of orographically excited waves related to the proximity of our airglow observations to the Rocky Mountains. A strong possibility is the parametric excitation described by Klostermeyer (1990). This explanation requires the presence of a large‐amplitude low‐frequency primary wave and is supported by the observed frequent occurrence of strong wave activity in the approximately hour period range.
Source analysis of the Mw 6.3 2004 Al Hoceima earthquake (Morocco) using regional apparent source time functions
Authors: Stich Daniel , Mancilla Flor de Lis , Baumont David , Morales Jose
Published: June 2005

We use small and moderate aftershocks of the 24 February 2004 Al Hoceima earthquake as empirical Greens' functions (EGFs) to retrieve the rupture history of the main event. The magnitude, depth, and geometry of faulting were estimated for the main shock and 20 small and moderate aftershocks (Mw between 3.9 and 5.2) computing moment tensor solutions. For the main shock, we obtain a moment magnitude of Mw = 6.3 and a nearly pure double‐couple source (4% compensated linear vector dipole) with predominately strike‐slip faulting. The preferred fault plane has a strike of N11°E, a dip of 72°, and a rake of −17°. Fourteen aftershocks, having depths (±4 km) and faulting geometries (±11° for the strike of the preferred plane) similar to the ones found for the main event, were used as EGFs. Apparent source time functions (ASTFs) of the Al Hoceima event were retrieved at twelve regional stations using an iterative time domain deconvolution on the P waveforms. At each station, time functions are enhanced by stacking of the deconvolved waveforms for different EGFs. ASTFs show total durations of 5 to 6 s, two consecutive subevents separated by about 3 s, and only a weak effect of directivity. We further investigate the source history by inverting the set of ASTFs for the distribution of fault slip and rupture propagation. Two different source models were selected for presentation, one involving one single fault plane and the other involving two parallel fault planes. The two‐fault model fits more accurately the observations and leads to a more plausible slip distribution. We estimate rupture dimensions of about 10 × 10 km2 and 8 × 8 km2 and moment magnitudes of Mw = 6.2 and 6.0 for the first and second subevent, respectively.