bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AYURVEDIC MANAGEMENT OF INDRALUPTA (ALOPECIA AREATA) IN CHILDREN: A CASE STUDY
Authors: (Talekar) Manisha Waghulkar , Jibhkate Sunil , Kale Arundati
Published: February 2023

Purpose: Alopecia areata is a condition in which hair is lost from some or all areas of the body, usually from the scalp. Because it causes bald spots on the scalp, especially in the first stages, it is sometimes called spot baldness. In Ayurveda, this condition can be correlated with Indralupta. Indralupta is a raktapradoshaja vikara characterized by hair loss and has been mentioned underneath the caption of Kshudraroga by Acharya Sushruta. Method: This is a single case study of a 12-year-old boy suffering from a hair loss patch on the scalp along with itching and anorexia (associated complaint) with irregular bowel habits visited the Ayurveda OPD (Registration No 6856) at cantonment General Hospital, Kamptee, Nagpur. As per Ayurveda, this case was treated in the line of Indralupta. The treatment regimen includes nasya karma with Anu taila and shamana chikitsa for 60 days. The assessment was done based on symptoms and photography. Result: The hair eruption started from patches of the scalp. In this case, hair regrowth from the hair follicle was evident within 15 days of treatment. No adverse reactions were reported or observed during the treatment period. Conclusion: This case report showed that combined Ayurveda modalities resulted in remarkable improvement in the patient's overall condition with no side effects.
ANTICANCER PROPERTY OF AN AYURVEDIC POLYHERBAL PREPARATION CHIEFLY CONTAINING ARECA NUT AND BETEL LEAF
Authors: Bhat Jeddu Ganapathi , Bhat Manorama G , Bhat S. Keshava , Bhat Sukesh , Pujari Gajanand R
Published: February 2023

Background: Areca nut, the nut of the areca palm (Areca catechu L.) and the leaf of betel vine (Piper betle L.) are the two inevitable ingredients of the common chewing mixture popularly known as betel quid. Both traditional and modern research findings proved that these two plant products have many medicinal values, including anticancer properties. With this information, we formulated a polyherbal preparation chiefly containing these two plant products and evaluated its anticancer efficacy on the specific cancer cell line. Methods: The polyherbal preparation called ‘Pugasaram’ was prepared using 12 different plant products, including areca nut and betel leaf, in different proportions. It was screened for its anticancer properties against A549 cancer cell lines. Results: The study showed a dose-dependent cytotoxicity of ‘Pugasaram’ on cultured A549 cancer cells with the IC50 value of 109.32 µg/ml. Conclusion: The present study reveals great potential for ‘Pugasaram’ to develop as an effective anticancer drug. This information could be the basis for further studies in this field.
CLINICAL EFFICACY OF PIPPALYADI GHRITA MATRA BASTI IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ADRA ARSHAS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INTERNAL HAEMORRHOIDS
Authors: Gupta Bal Govind
Published: February 2023

Background: Arsha /haemorrhoids affect millions of people worldwide and hamper the quality of life. Multiple factors have been identified as the aetiology of haemorrhoids, like low fibre diet, constipation and prolonged straining. So, betterment of humankind, this study was conducted. Material and Methods: 10 patients with internal haemorrhoids were selected randomly from the Shalya O.P.D of sex, race, and religion. All the ingredients were purchased from the local market and authenticated by the Dravyaguna department, and medicine was prepared in the teaching pharmacy under an aseptic method. Lukewarm 40 ml of Pippalyadi ghrita was used per rectum for matra basti. Administration of basti was advised to lie in a supine position for 15 to 20 minutes. Duration of basti 07 days and followed up on 15 days. The student “t” test was used for analysing the clinical efficiency of matra basti, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Discussion: The study showed that most patients were males with a history of taking a non-vegetarian diet in the daily regimen, and the common age group for the Adra Arsha was 41 to 60 years may be due to high protein and low fibre in their diet. After treatment with Pippalyadi ghrita matra basti, symptoms are reduced, and treatment results reach a statistically significant level. Conclusion: Pippalyadi ghrita matra basti successfully reduced the symptom of Adra Arsha and showed 46.52% clinical efficacy.
Interleukin-6 and Ferritin as Prognosticators in SARS-CoV-2 Patients from Kashmir, North India
Authors: Farooq Iqra , Eachkoti Rafiqa , Tanvir Masood , Hussain Saleem , Farooq Sanah , Jan Ifrah , Saleem Sadaf , Majid Sabhiya
Published: February 2023

Background: Identifying early predictive biomarkers of disease severity and disease outcome is fundamental for the practical management of Covid -19 patients. Although prognostic value of several Pro- and inflammatory markers have been determined in different population studies, however, it remained to be determined in SARS-CoV-2 patients from Kashmir.

Aim: To evaluate the predictive value of ferritin and IL-6 levels in RT- PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patients from Kashmir.

Study Design: A Cohort Study.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was done at Government Medical College, Srinagar Kashmir, North India between October 2020 to November 2021.

Method: Here, we estimated ferritin and IL-6 levels respectively by chemiluminescent method on fully automated immune analyzer and by ELISA in a cohort of 100 RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patients, which were followed twice (14th and 28th day) for a period of  one month.

Results: Based on estimated ferritin levels, the cohort was categorized into Mild = <500 ng/ml, Moderate = ≥500-<1500, and High = ≥1500ng/ml. Also patients were grouped as Mild = 0-<10pg/ml, Moderate = ≥10-<80pg/ml and High =≥80pg/ml based on Interleukin IL-6 levels. Correlation analysis of SARS-CoV-2 patients of varying ferritin levels with disease severity revealed a percent increase in the number of patients of stage 3 severity as ferritin levels increased from mild, to moderate and high levels. Similarly, a percent increase in the number of SARS-CoV-2 patients of increased severity was found as IL-6 levels increased from mild to moderate and high levels. Further, the ROC analysis of ferritin and IL-6 levels with disease outcome suggested both ferritin and IL-6 as early predictive markers of poor disease outcome. However, IL-6, with AUC =0.70 and sensitivity of 70% and specificity of 62%, is a better early predictive marker of poor disease outcome than ferritin with AUC=0.66 at sensitivity of 60% and specificity of 68% in SARS-CoV-2 patients from Kashmir. Further ROC analysis of patients with very high ferritin levels (>1500ng/ml) alone suggests it as an early predictive marker of patients with hyperinflammatory phenotype.

Conclusion: Estimation of ferritin and IL-6 levels as simple complementary early prognostic markers that are helpful in clinical decision-making and selecting appropriate treatment options in SARS-CoV-2 patients from Kashmir, North India.
Satisfaction of COVID-19 Patients with Health Care Facilities during Pandemic and Its Association with Knowledge, Attitude & Practice
Authors: Yadav Anuradha , Punjabi Poonam , Yadav Kavita , Sankhla Manisha , Lata Gaur Kusum
Published: February 2023

Aims: Patient satisfaction is critical for ensuring the quality of the healthcare system, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The public's knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) concerning COVID-19 may affect patient satisfaction. Since patient satisfaction and KAP plays an important role in controlling any public health crisis, the current study was conducted.

Study Design: Community-based cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur. The survey was done between January and March 2021 for residents of the Jaipur district.

Methodology: The present study is conducted via an online survey after the approval of the ethics committee. The Google Forms questionnaire link was shared on various WhatsApp groups. The data were collected about patient’s satisfaction and KAP from those (n=68) who had been admitted to any of the hospitals in past for COVID-19. The collected data were analyzed by the student chi-square and Pearson’s correlation to find any association between different variables. A p-value <.05 was considered as significant.

Results: More than half of hospitalized patients were satisfied with doctors, particularly with the medical explanation of COVID-19, treatment plan, and hospital stay. No discernible difference was depicted in patient satisfaction scores between private (47.27) and government (48.29) hospitals. Patients' satisfaction was significantly positively correlated with good COVID-19 knowledge (r=.511) and practices (r=.385).

Conclusion: The present research found that the majority of hospitalized COVID-19 patients were satisfied with healthcare services, and knowledge and practice have positive association with patients’ hospital satisfaction levels. Therefore, we must increase the patient's understanding about the disease so that the patient is satisfied with the therapy received, which may improve the treatment compliance and doctor-patient relationship.
Prevalence of Salmonella in Sea Foods and Its Resistance to Drugs
Authors: Akintola A. A.
Published: February 2023

Salmonella are non-spore forming, predominantly motile enterobacteria with peritrichous flagella (all around the cell body). They are intracellular pathogens causing illness. They usually invade only the gastrointestinal tract and cause Salmonellosis. Humans become infected most frequently through contaminated food or water.  Sea foods are mostly associated with Salmonella infections. This study therefore was carried out to isolate Salmonella and determine the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the Salmonella isolates from sea foods associated with food-borne diseases. These sea foods were obtained from three different selected markets within Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State. A total of three (3) sea food samples were collected at random from each of the market. The samples were put through standard microbiological techniques. The result of total heterotrophic bacterial counts showed that Prawn from Mile 1 market had high count of 2.06x108 cfu/g while Crab from Creek Road market had the least count of 1.15x108 cfu/g. The result of total coliform count showed that Crab from Mile 1 market had the highest count of 2.86x106 cfu/g while Periwinkle from Creek Road market had the least count of 2.30x106 cfu/g. Also, the result of salmonella shigella count showed that Periwinkle from Mile 1 market had the least count of 0.76x105 cfu/g while Crab from Creek Road market had the highest count of 2.80x105 cfu/g. Characteristics of bacterial isolates from the sea foods showed that Proteus sp., Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas sp., Micrococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp. were present and identified from the samples. The result of the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the Salmonella isolates showed that all the isolates were 100% susceptible to Tarivid, Peflacine, Septrine and Ciprofloxacin while they exhibited 100% intermediate sensitivity or resistance to the other antibiotics such as Ceporex, Nalidixic acid, Ampicillin, Gentamycin, Streptomycin, and Augmentin. The result of the multidrug resistance index of 3 (100%) of the 3 Salmonella isolates had a MAR index ≥ 0.2. The presence of these organisms in sea food could pose threat of food-borne infection as well as resistance to some commonly used antibiotics. Enforcement of existing laws associated with food storage, preparation and hygiene should be done in order to prevent or reduce these food-borne diseases such as salmonellosis.
The Public Health Fixes That Missed the Omnibus
Authors: Mello Michelle M. , Lurie Nicole , Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: February 2023

This JAMA Forum discusses the $1.7 trillion omnibus bill passed in December 2022 and the areas of pandemic preparedness and the public health system it addresses and misses.
Association Between Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs and Antibiotic Use Globally
Authors: Zay Ya Kyaw , Win Phyo Thet Naing , Bielicki Julia , Lambiris Mark , Fink Günther
Published: February 2023

Importance

Antimicrobial resistance continues to spread rapidly at a global scale. Little evidence exists on the association of antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) with the consumption of antibiotics across health care and income settings.

Objective

To synthesize current evidence regarding the association between antimicrobial stewardship programs and the consumption of antibiotics globally.

Data Sources

PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched from August 1, 2010, to Aug 1, 2020. Additional studies from the bibliography sections of previous systematic reviews were included.

Study Selection

Original studies of the association of ASPs with antimicrobial consumption across health care and income settings. Animal and environmental studies were excluded.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

Following the Preferred Reporting Items in Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline, the pooled association of targeted ASPs with antimicrobial consumption was measured using multilevel random-effects models. The Effective Public Health Practice Project quality assessment tool was used to assess study quality.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main outcome measures were proportion of patients receiving an antibiotic prescription and defined daily doses per 100 patient-days.

Results

Overall, 52 studies (with 1 794 889 participants) measured the association between ASPs and antimicrobial consumption and were included, with 40 studies conducted in high-income countries and 12 in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). ASPs were associated with a 10% (95% CI, 4%-15%) reduction in antibiotic prescriptions and a 28% reduction in antibiotic consumption (rate ratio, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.56-0.92). ASPs were also associated with a 21% (95% CI, 5%-36%) reduction in antibiotic consumption in pediatric hospitals and a 28% reduction in World Health Organization watch groups antibiotics (rate ratio, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.56-0.92).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, ASPs appeared to be effective in reducing antibiotic consumption in both hospital and nonhospital settings. Impact assessment of ASPs in resource-limited settings remains scarce; further research is needed on how to best achieve reductions in antibiotic use in LMICs.
Reclassification of the Etiology of Infant Mortality With Whole-Genome Sequencing
Authors: Owen Mallory J. , Wright Meredith S. , Batalov Sergey , Kwon Yonghyun , Ding Yan , Chau Kevin K. , Chowdhury Shimul , Sweeney Nathaly M. , Kiernan Elizabeth , Richardson Andrew , Batton Emily , Baer Rebecca J. , Bandoli Gretchen , Gleeson Joseph G. , Bainbridge Matthew , Chambers Christina D. , Kingsmore Stephen F.
Published: February 2023

Importance

Understanding the causes of infant mortality shapes public health, surveillance, and research investments. However, the association of single-locus (mendelian) genetic diseases with infant mortality is poorly understood.

Objective

To determine the association of genetic diseases with infant mortality.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study was conducted at a large pediatric hospital system in San Diego County (California) and included 546 infants (112 infant deaths [20.5%] and 434 infants [79.5%] with acute illness who survived; age, 0 to 1 year) who underwent diagnostic whole-genome sequencing (WGS) between January 2015 and December 2020. Data analysis was conducted between 2015 and 2022.

Exposure

Infants underwent WGS either premortem or postmortem with semiautomated phenotyping and diagnostic interpretation.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Proportion of infant deaths associated with single-locus genetic diseases.

Results

Among 112 infant deaths (54 girls [48.2%]; 8 [7.1%] African American or Black, 1 [0.9%] American Indian or Alaska Native, 8 [7.1%] Asian, 48 [42.9%] Hispanic, 1 [0.9%] Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and 34 [30.4%] White infants) in San Diego County between 2015 and 2020, single-locus genetic diseases were the most common identifiable cause of infant mortality, with 47 genetic diseases identified in 46 infants (41%). Thirty-nine (83%) of these diseases had been previously reported to be associated with childhood mortality. Twenty-eight death certificates (62%) for 45 of the 46 infants did not mention a genetic etiology. Treatments that can improve outcomes were available for 14 (30%) of the genetic diseases. In 5 of 7 infants in whom genetic diseases were identified postmortem, death might have been avoided had rapid, diagnostic WGS been performed at time of symptom onset or regional intensive care unit admission.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of 112 infant deaths, the association of genetic diseases with infant mortality was higher than previously recognized. Strategies to increase neonatal diagnosis of genetic diseases and immediately implement treatment may decrease infant mortality. Additional study is required to explore the generalizability of these findings and measure reduction in infant mortality.
Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride on Caries Arrest and Prevention
Authors: Ruff Ryan Richard , Barry-Godín Tamarinda , Niederman Richard
Published: February 2023

Importance

Dental caries is the most common global childhood disease. To control caries, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends school-based caries prevention, and the World Health Organization lists glass ionomer cement and silver diamine fluoride as essential medicines for oral disease.

Objective

To determine the noninferiority of silver diamine fluoride with fluoride varnish vs traditional glass ionomer sealants with fluoride varnish after 2 years when provided to children via a school-based health care program.

Design, Setting, and Participants

The CariedAway study is an ongoing single-blind, cluster randomized, noninferiority trial conducted between February 1, 2019, and June 1, 2023, among 2998 children in 47 New York City primary schools. Children aged 5 to 13 years of any race and ethnicity were recruited from block-randomized schools. Inclusion criteria for schools were a student population of at least 50% Hispanic or Latino or Latina ethnicity and/or Black race and at least 80% of students receiving free or reduced-cost lunch. Statistical analysis is reported through March 2022.

Interventions

Children received a single application of silver diamine fluoride with fluoride varnish or an active comparator of glass ionomer sealants and atraumatic restorations with fluoride varnish.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Primary outcomes were caries arrest and incidence after a 2-year follow-up, assessed using mixed-effects multilevel models and clustered 2-sample proportion tests. The noninferiority margin was 10%. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed using multiple imputation.

Results

A total of 2998 children (1566 girls [52.2%]; mean [SD] age at baseline, 6.6 [1.2] years; 1397 Hispanic or Latino or Latina children [46.6%]; 874 [29.2%] with untreated dental caries) were recruited and treated from September 16, 2019, to March 12, 2020. Follow-up observations were completed for 1398 children from June 7, 2021, to March 2, 2022. The mean (SE) proportion of children with arrested caries was 0.56 (0.04) after experimental treatment and 0.46 (0.04) after control treatment (difference, −0.11; 95% CI, −0.22 to 0.01). The mean (SE) proportion of patients without new caries was 0.81 (0.02) after experimental treatment and 0.82 (0.02) after control treatment (difference, 0.01; 95% CI, −0.04 to 0.06). Analysis of imputed data for the full sample did not deviate from per-protocol analyses. There were no adverse events.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this randomized clinical trial, silver diamine fluoride with fluoride varnish was noninferior to sealants and atraumatic restorations with fluoride varnish for caries arrest and prevention. Results may support the use of silver diamine fluoride as an arresting and preventive agent in school-based oral health programs.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03442309
Improving Diversity in Clinical Trials by Using Real-world Data to Define Eligibility Criteria
Authors: Royce Trevor J. , Zhao Yihua , Ryals Cleo A.
Published: February 2023

This Viewpoint discusses the need for thoughtful, modernized eligibility criteria with equity prioritization in clinical trials.
Cancer in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Persons
Authors: Leone Alberto Giovanni , Trapani Dario , Schabath Matthew B. , Safer Joshua D. , Scout N. F. N. , Lambertini Matteo , Berardi Rossana , Marsoni Silvia , Perrone Francesco , Cinieri Saverio , Miceli Rosalba , Morano Federica , Pietrantonio Filippo
Published: February 2023

Importance

Transgender and gender-diverse individuals face unique challenges, including barriers to health care access and inequities in treatment, that may influence cancer risk and outcomes.

Observations

In this narrative review, a scoping review was conducted focusing on primary and secondary prevention and epidemiology of cancer, barriers to health care services, and health care practitioners’ knowledge about specific issues pertaining to transgender and gender-diverse individuals. PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Embase, were reviewed for citations from their inception to December 31, 2021. This review revealed that transgender and gender-diverse people had a high prevalence of tobacco consumption and alcohol use and high rates of infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) and HIV. Transgender and gender-diverse individuals were less likely to adhere to cancer screening programs and had a higher incidence of HIV- and HPV-associated cancers. Social and economic determinants seemed to drive these disparities in risk factors and outcomes. A lack of knowledge about gender minorities’ health needs among health care practitioners was evidenced, and it represented a major hurdle to cancer prevention, care, and survivorship for transgender and gender-diverse individuals. Discrimination, discomfort caused by gender-labeled oncological services, stigma, and lack of cultural sensitivity of health care practitioners were other barriers met by transgender and gender-diverse persons in the oncology setting.

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings suggest that transgender and gender-diverse peoples’ needs in the cancer care continuum are not optimally addressed. Effective solutions are needed to offer the best care to every patient in a person-centric and gender diversity–sensitive environment.
Hyaluronic Acid Spacer for Hypofractionated Prostate Radiation Therapy
Authors: Mariados Neil F. , Orio Peter F. , Schiffman Zvi , Van Thanh John , Engelman Alexander , Nurani Rizwan , Kurtzman Steven M. , Lopez Escarlata , Chao Michael , Boike Thomas P. , Martinez Alvaro A. , Gejerman Glen , Lederer John , Sylvester John E. , Bell Gregory , Rivera Douglas , Shore Neal , Miller Katie , Sinayuk Boris , Steinberg Michael L. , Low Daniel A. , Kishan Amar U. , King Martin T.
Published: February 2023

Importance

Hypofractionated radiation therapy (RT) for prostate cancer has been associated with greater acute grade 2 gastrointestinal (GI) toxic effects compared with conventionally fractionated RT.

Objective

To evaluate whether a hyaluronic acid rectal spacer could (1) improve rectal dosimetry and (2) affect acute grade 2 or higher GI toxic effects for hypofractionated RT.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This randomized clinical trial was conducted from March 2020 to June 2021 among 12 centers within the US, Australia, and Spain, with a 6-month follow-up. Adult patients with biopsy-proven, T1 to T2 prostate cancer with a Gleason score 7 or less and prostate-specific antigen level of 20 ng/mL or less (to convert to μg/L, multiply by 1) were blinded to the treatment arms. Of the 260 consented patients, 201 patients (77.3%) were randomized (2:1) to the presence or absence of the spacer. Patients were stratified by intended 4-month androgen deprivation therapy use and erectile quality.

Main Outcomes and Measures

For the primary outcome, we hypothesized that more than 70% of patients in the spacer group would achieve a 25% or greater reduction in the rectal volume receiving 54 Gy (V54). For the secondary outcome, we hypothesized that the spacer group would have noninferior acute (within 3 months) grade 2 or higher GI toxic effects compared with the control group, with a margin of 10%.

Results

Of the 201 randomized patients, 8 (4.0%) were Asian, 26 (12.9%) Black, 42 (20.9%) Hispanic or Latino, and 153 (76.1%) White; the mean (SD) age for the spacer group was 68.6 (7.2) years and 68.4 (7.3) years for the control group. For the primary outcome, 131 of 133 (98.5%; 95% CI, 94.7%-99.8%) patients in the spacer group experienced a 25% or greater reduction in rectum V54, which was greater than the minimally acceptable 70% (P < .001). The mean (SD) reduction was 85.0% (20.9%). For the secondary outcome, 4 of 136 patients (2.9%) in the spacer group and 9 of 65 patients (13.8%) in the control group experienced acute grade 2 or higher GI toxic effects (difference, −10.9%; 95% 1-sided upper confidence limit, −3.5; P = .01).

Conclusions and Relevance

The trial results suggest that rectal spacing with hyaluronic acid improved rectal dosimetry and reduced acute grade 2 or higher GI toxic effects. Rectal spacing should potentially be considered for minimizing the risk of acute grade 2 or higher toxic effects for hypofractionated RT.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04189913
Necrotizing Blepharoconjunctivitis and Keratitis in Human Monkeypox
Authors: Vasquez-Perez Alfonso , Magan Tejal , Volpe Giulio , Osborne Sarah F. , McFaul Katie , Vahdani Kaveh
Published: February 2023

Importance

Ophthalmic manifestations occur in less than 5% of patients with human mpox (monkeypox), most commonly presenting with self-limiting conjunctivitis and keratitis. Cases with severe ophthalmic complication are uncommon.

Objective

To present a case of human mpox with sight-threatening necrotizing blepharoconjunctivitis.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This is a report of a patient who developed necrotizing conjunctivitis due to the monkepox virus at a large university hospital. Data were collected from July to October 2022.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Description of the progression and clinical evaluation of the ocular condition and the management.

Results

A 63-year-old HIV-positive man presented initially with conjunctivitis and eyelid swelling and developed skin lesions from monkeypox virus 2 days later. Despite remaining stable systemically, after 4 days, his ophthalmic condition evolved to necrotizing blepharoconjunctivitis for which systemic antiviral treatment with tecovirimat was given along with topical trifluoridine, 1%, eye drops. In addition, he required repeated tissue debridement with amniotic membrane grafting to preserve the eye integrity.

Conclusions and Relevance

The severity of this observation was associated with a coexisting immunocompromised state and appeared similar to findings associated with other orthopoxviruses. Ophthalmic manifestations could be the initial presentation of human mpox and could also be severe. Early recognition and intervention may limit the likelihood of substantial ocular morbidity.
Pigmented Corneal Lesions After Cataract Surgery
Authors: Schimansky Sarah , El Haddad Omar
Published: February 2023

An 81-year-old woman was referred for darkly pigmented corneal lesions affecting the corneal endothelium and stroma after uncomplicated right cataract surgery 2 years earlier. She was being treated with maintenance loteprednol, 0.5%, eye drops for persistent low-grade anterior uveitis. What would you do next?
Characterization of the Tribological Behavior of Different Tool Coatings and Dry Lubricant for High‐Strength Aluminum Alloys at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Rigas Nikolaos , Merklein Marion
Published: February 2023

The use of high‐strength aluminum components in automotive manufacturing offers the opportunity to reduce vehicle weight significantly and provide new lightweight potentials. In the past, the so‐called hot forming and quench process (HFQ) successfully demonstrates the potential for the production of complex‐shaped components made out of age‐hardenable high‐strength aluminum alloys. Currently, no method permits wear‐free quench forming without the use of lubricants. To fulfill the increasing ecological and economic requirements, it is necessary to identify wear‐reducing techniques to promote this forming technology in the future. This contribution investigates the interaction of lubricant and tool coatings on the tribological performance during quench forming of the high‐strength aluminum alloy AA7075 at elevated temperatures. For this purpose, the tribological behavior is investigated using both, flat strip drawing tests and deep drawing operations. Subsequently, the component quality is compared and discussed. The results demonstrate that tool coatings are effective for the production of high‐strength components in the HFQ process with minimal or even no lubrication and thus provide ecological as well as economic advantages.
Hot Deformation Analysis and Microstructure Evolution of a Novel Al–Cu–Li Alloy by Isothermal Compression
Authors: Chen Peng Cheng , Li Xi Wu , Yao Yong , Shi Guo Hui , Wen Kai , Li Zhi Hui , Zhang Yong An , Xiong Bai Qing
Published: February 2023

The hot deformation behavior of a novel Al–Cu–Li alloy is investigated by isothermal compression with a temperature range of 350–510 °C and a strain rate range of 0.001–10 s−1. Constitutive analysis and hot processing maps are used to analyze the influence of deformation parameters on hot deformation behavior, and the related microstructure evolution is characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations. The results indicate that the microstructure evolution of the alloy during deformation was dominated by dislocation movement and substructure evolution. With the increase in temperature or the decrease in strain rate, the dislocations introduced by deformation gradually transform into dislocation walls and substructures, showing distinct dynamic recovery (DRV) and slight dynamic recrystallization (DRX) characteristics. The degree of DRX is very low, while it is more sensitive to strain rate than temperature. According to the analysis of hot processing maps and microstructure, the optimum deformation temperature and strain rate of the alloy are determined as at least 430 °C and 0.008–0.15 s−1, respectively. These results can be referable for the industrial thermomechanical processing of this novel Al–Cu–Li alloy.
Recent Advancements and Perspectives of Biodegradable Polymers for Supercapacitors
Authors: Wu Lu , Shi Xiaoyu , Wu Zhong‐Shuai
Published: February 2023

Supercapacitors (SCs) have demonstrated great potential for integration into future wearable and implantable electronics, yet the insufficient environmental adaption and biosafety limit their further development. To this regard, application of biodegradable polymers is considered as an ideal solution strategy for the environmentally sound disposal of SCs. The biodegradable polymers with satisfactory degradability and excellent biocompatibility demonstrate an irreplaceable role in the future development of SCs and provide an ideal solution strategy for its environmentally sound disposal. In this review, the research progress and challenges of biodegradable polymers in the field of SCs are discussed and analyzed. First, the classification of existing biodegradable polymers and their typical structure, properties, and preparation processes are elucidated. Subsequently, the main applications of biodegradable polymers in different components of SCs, including electrodes, electrolytes, substrate, and encapsulation materials, are summarized. In addition, the research progress of biodegradable polymer‐based SCs in terms of preparation strategies and modification methods is summarized, and the key role of biodegradable polymers in the development process of green SCs is deeply discussed. Finally, the future perspectives and challenges faced by the biodegradable polymer‐based SCs are briefly proposed.
Merging Nanowires and Formation Dynamics of Bottom‐Up Grown InSb Nanoflakes
Authors: Rossi Marco , Badawy Ghada , Zhang Zhi‐Yuan , Yang Guang , Li Guo‐An , Shi Jia‐Yu , Op het Veld Roy L. M. , Gazibegovic Sasa , Li Lu , Shen Jie , Verheijen Marcel A. , Bakkers Erik P. A. M.
Published: February 2023

Indium Antimonide (InSb) is a semiconductor material with unique properties, that are suitable for studying new quantum phenomena in hybrid semiconductor‐superconductor devices. The realization of such devices with defect‐free InSb thin films is challenging, since InSb has a large lattice mismatch with most common insulating substrates. Here, the controlled synthesis of free‐standing 2D InSb nanostructures, termed as “nanoflakes”, on a highly mismatched substrate is presented. The nanoflakes originate from the merging of pairs of InSb nanowires grown in V‐groove incisions, each from a slanted and opposing {111}B facet. The relative orientation of the two nanowires within a pair, governs the nanoflake morphologies, exhibiting three distinct ones related to different grain boundary arrangements: no boundary (type‐I), Σ3‐ (type‐II), and Σ9‐boundary (type‐III). Low‐temperature transport measurements indicate that type‐III nanoflakes are of a relatively lower quality compared to type‐I and type‐II, based on field‐effect mobility. Moreover, type‐III nanoflakes exhibit a conductance dip attributed to an energy barrier pertaining to the Σ9‐boundary. Type‐I and type‐II nanoflakes exhibit promising transport properties, suitable for quantum devices. This platform hosting nanoflakes next to nanowires and nanowire networks can be used to selectively deposit the superconductor by inter‐shadowing, yielding InSb‐superconductor hybrid devices with minimal post‐fabrication steps.
Wearable Janus‐Type Film with Integrated All‐Season Active/Passive Thermal Management, Thermal Camouflage, and Ultra‐High Electromagnetic Shielding Efficiency Tunable by Origami Process
Authors: Li Xiaolong , Sheng Xinxin , Fang Yu , Hu Xinpeng , Gong Shang , Sheng Mengjie , Lu Xiang , Qu Jinping
Published: February 2023

Multifunctional films with integrated temperature adjustment, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and thermal camouflage are remarkably desirable for wearable products. Herein, a novel Janus‐type multifunctional ultra‐flexible film is fabricated via continuous electrospinning followed by spraying. Interestingly, in the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/phase change capsules (PCC) layer (P1), the PCC is strung on PVA fibers to form a stable “candied haws stick” structure that obviates slipping or falling off. The film with sufficient melting enthalpy (141.4 J g−1) guarantees its thermoregulation capability. Simultaneously, its high mid‐IR emissivity (90.15%) endows the film with radiative cooling properties (reducing temperature by 10.13 °C). Mechanical strength is significantly improved by superimposing a polylactic acid (PLA) layer (P2) on its surface. By spraying a thin MXene layer on the PLA surface of P2P1 film, the obtained (MXene/P2P1) MP2P1 film is endowed with satisfactory low‐voltage heating, photo‐thermal and superior thermal camouflage performance, achieving all‐season thermal comfort. Impressively, the flexible MP2P1 film achieves enhanced EMI shielding effect from 50.3 to 87.8 dB through a simple origami process, which simplifies the manufacturing process of high‐performance EMI shielding materials. In brief, the multifunctional Janus‐type MP2P1 film is an attractive candidate for future wearable products with personalized thermal management and anti‐electromagnetic radiation.
Exciton Manipulation for Enhancing Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Wrinkled 2D Heterostructures
Authors: Ghosh Rapti , Papnai Bhartendu , Chen Yu‐Siang , Yadav Kanchan , Sankar Raman , Hsieh Ya‐Ping , Hofmann Mario , Chen Yang‐Fang
Published: February 2023

2D materials’ junctions have demonstrated capabilities as metal‐free alternatives for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). To date, the HER has been limited to heterojunctions of different compositions or band structures. Here, the potential of local strain modulation based on wrinkled 2D heterostructures is demonstrated, which helps to realize photoelectrocatalytically active junctions. By forming regions of high and low tensile strain in wrinkled WS2 monolayers, local modification of their band structure and internal electric field due to piezoelectricity is realized in the lateral direction. This structure produces efficient electron–hole pair generation due to light trapping and exciton funneling toward the crest of the WS2 wrinkles and enhances exciton separation. Additionally, the formation of wrinkles induces an air gap in‐between the 2D layer and substrate, which reduces the interfacial scattering effect and consequently improves the charge‐carrier mobility. A detailed study of the strain‐dependence of the photocatalytic HER process demonstrates a 2‐fold decrease in the Tafel slope and a 30‐fold enhancement in exchange current density. Finally, optimization of the light absorption through functionalization with quantum dots produces unprecedented photoelectrocatalytic performance and provides a route toward the scalable formation of strain‐modulated WS2 nanojunctions for future green energy generation.
Interface Engineering Toward Expedited Li2S Deposition in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: A Critical Review
Authors: Sun Jinmeng , Liu Yuhang , Liu Lei , Bi Jingxuan , Wang Siying , Du Zhuzhu , Du Hongfang , Wang Ke , Ai Wei , Huang Wei
Published: February 2023

Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) with superior energy density are among the most promising candidates of next‐generation energy storage techniques. As the key step contributing to 75% of the overall capacity, Li2S deposition remains a formidable challenge for LSBs applications because of its sluggish kinetics. The severe kinetic issue originates from the huge interfacial impedances, indicative of the interface‐dominated nature of Li2S deposition. Accordingly, increasing efforts have been devoted to interface engineering for efficient Li2S deposition, which has attained inspiring success to date. However, a systematic overview and in‐depth understanding of this critical field are still absent. In this review, the principles of interface‐controlled Li2S precipitation are presented, clarifying the pivotal roles of electrolyte–substrate and electrolyte–Li2S interfaces in regulating Li2S depositing behavior. For the optimization of the electrolyte–substrate interface, efforts on the design of substrates including metal compounds, functionalized carbons, and organic compounds are systematically summarized. Regarding the regulation of electrolyte–Li2S interface, the progress of applying polysulfides catholytes, redox mediators, and high‐donicity/polarity electrolytes is overviewed in detail. Finally, the challenges and possible solutions aiming at optimizing Li2S deposition are given for further development of practical LSBs. This review would inspire more insightful works and, more importantly, may enlighten other electrochemical areas concerning heterogeneous deposition processes.
Prominent Free Charges Tunneling Through Organic Interlayer of 2D Perovskites
Authors: Li Weijun , Feng Xiaopeng , Guo Keke , Pan Wanting , Li Mingbian , Liu Lulu , Song Jinmei , He Yuhong , Wei Haotong
Published: February 2023

The diversity of organic cations greatly enriches the species of 2D perovskites; traditional 2D Ruddlesden‐Popper (RP) and Dion‐Jacobson (DJ) perovskites are synthesized by two different organic amines. Here, according to the difference in pKa values between conjugated acids of monoprotonated and biprotonated 4‐(2‐Aminoethyl)pyridine (4AEPy) ions, the 2D perovskites of RP (4AEPy)2PbI4 and DJ (4AEPy)PbI4 from same organic amine is reported, which can realize reversible transformation under the treatment of HI and NH3, respectively. The interaction of N‐H···N hydrogen bond between adjacent organic molecules in (4AEPy)2PbI4 leads to the bending conformation of ethylamine groups, which results in a 2.4 Å reduction in layer spacing compared to typical phenylethylamine lead iodine ((PEA)2PbI4) 2D perovskite. Besides, the ethylamine groups of organic layers in (4AEPy)PbI4 are deeply inserted into octahedral cavities and directly participate in the construction of the conduction band minimum, which leads to a small exciton binding energy of 27.3 meV to generate free charges. The stronger coupling between the organic and inorganic layers and the minor exciton binding energy can promote the DJ phase to possess a more stable structure and better optoelectronic properties. Thus the (4AEPy)PbI4 device displays better light response and X‐ray detection capability with a high sensitivity of 5627 µC Gyair‐1 cm‐2 and the lowest detectable dose rate of 20 nGyair s‐1.
Tunable Spin Seebeck Thermopower in Nonlocal Perovskite MAPbBr3‐Based Structure
Authors: Ren Lixia , Zhang Qi , Tian Yinyi , Li Yong , Zhang Yanrui , Zhang Lu , Wang Shuanhu , Zhai Peng , Jin Kexin , Liu Shengzhong (Frank)
Published: February 2023

Recently organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite (OIHP) has risen suddenly to become a superstar for spintronic applications. Fundamental understanding of its spin properties is of great importance for future advances of its applications in spin‐optoelectronic devices. In this work, the authors pioneer modulation of the spin Seebeck thermopower (SSTP) in a Pt/MAPbBr3/NiFe nonlocal structure via longitudinal spin Seebeck effect measurements. They unravel the effective magnon injection into the perovskite film from the NiFe layer, and the tunability of SSTP in this structure is easily realized through the optimization of morphology and component engineering of the OIHP film. First, upon biasing samples with a magnetic flux density during the preparation process, a high‐quality OIHP film can be obtained, in which the spin scattering can be reduced leading to the SSTP enhancement. Second, by doping Cr into the OIHP lattice, the increased magnetic moment density and the additional in‐plane inverse Rashba–Edelstein effect synergistically improve spin accumulation in the Pt layer and thus tune its SSTP. Unveiling those phenomena is important to understanding magnon transport in the OIHP interlayer, which is instructive for designing magnonic devices based on OIHP film.
Regeneration of Humeral Head Using a 3D Bioprinted Anisotropic Scaffold with Dual Modulation of Endochondral Ossification
Authors: Li Tao , Ma Zhengjiang , Zhang Yuxin , Yang Zezheng , Li Wentao , Lu Dezhi , Liu Yihao , Qiang Lei , Wang Tianchang , Ren Ya , Wang Wenhao , He Hongtao , Zhou Xiaojun , Mao Yuanqing , Zhu Junfeng , Wang Jinwu , Chen Xiaodong , Dai Kerong
Published: February 2023

Tissue engineering is theoretically thought to be a promising method for the reconstruction of biological joints, and thus, offers a potential treatment alternative for advanced osteoarthritis. However, to date, no significant progress is made in the regeneration of large biological joints. In the current study, a biomimetic scaffold for rabbit humeral head regeneration consisting of heterogeneous porous architecture, various bioinks, and different hard supporting materials in the cartilage and bone regions is designed and fabricated in one step using 3D bioprinting technology. Furthermore, orchestrated dynamic mechanical stimulus combined with different biochemical cues (parathyroid hormone [PTH] and chemical component hydroxyapatite [HA] in the outer and inner region, respectively) are used for dual regulation of endochondral ossification. Specifically, dynamic mechanical stimulus combined with growth factor PTH in the outer region inhibits endochondral ossification and results in cartilage regeneration, whereas dynamic mechanical stimulus combined with HA in the inner region promotes endochondral ossification and results in efficient subchondral bone regeneration. The strategy established in this study with the dual modulation of endochondral ossification for 3D bioprinted anisotropic scaffolds represents a versatile and scalable approach for repairing large joints.
Selective Translation of Maternal mRNA by eIF4E1B Controls Oocyte to Embryo Transition
Authors: Guo Jing , Zhao Hailian , Zhang Jue , Lv Xiangjiang , Zhang Shen , Su Ruibao , Zheng Wei , Dai Jing , Meng Fei , Gong Fei , Lu Guangxiu , Xue Yuanchao , Lin Ge
Published: February 2023

Maternal messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) are driven by a highly orchestrated scheme of recruitment to polysomes and translational activation. However, selecting and regulating individual mRNAs for the translation from a competitive pool of mRNAs are little‐known processes. This research shows that the maternal eukaryotic translation initiation factor4e1b(Eif4e1b) expresses during the oocyte‐to‐embryo transition (OET), and maternal deletion ofEif4e1bleads to multiple defects concerning oogenesis and embryonic developmental competence during OET. The linear amplification of complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) ends, and sequencing (LACE‐seq) is used to identify the distinct subset of mRNA and its CG‐rich binding sites within the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) targeted by eIF4E1B. The proteomics analyses indicate that eIF4E1B‐specific bound genes show stronger downregulation at the protein level, which further verify a group of proteins that plays a crucial role in oocyte maturation and embryonic developmental competence is insufficiently synthesized inEif4e1b‐cKO oocytes during OET. Moreover, the biochemical results in vitro are combined to further confirm the maternal‐specific translation activation model assembled by eIF4E1B and 3′UTR‐associated mRNA binding proteins. The findings demonstrate the indispensability of eIF4E1B for selective translation activation in mammalian oocytes and provide a potential network regulated by eIF4E1B in OET.
“Block and attack” strategy for tumor therapy through ZnO2/siRNA/NIR‐mediating Zn2+‐overload and amplified oxidative stress
Authors: Jiang Yuping , Shao Kai , Zhang Fenglan , Wang Tianyi , Han Lei , Kong Xiaoying , Shi Jinsheng
Published: February 2023

Intracellular zinc ion (Zn2+) accumulation disrupts the Zn2+ homeostasis, providing an ion‐overloading anticancer strategy with great potential. The self‐adaptation of tumor cells to ion concentration, however, puts forward higher requirements for the design of ion‐overloading strategy. Herein, “block and attack” antitumor strategy was applied through a composite nanomaterials (UHSsPZH NPs). The strategy demonstrated powerful ion interference ability through both “blocking” the efflux of excess Zn2+ via gene silencing and “attacking” tumor cells via target delivery of ZnO2. After cellular internalization, ZnO2 was degraded to Zn2+ and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the gene expression of zinc transporter 1 (ZnT1) was silenced by targeting of released siRNA, which together caused intracellular Zn2+‐overload. Disorder of Zn2+ further interfered with intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, inhibited the electron transport chain and promoted the production of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS), which assisted the “attack” to tumor cells together with the exogenous ROS generated by UHSsPZH NPs under 980 nm laser irradiation. In summary, this work supplies a “block and attack” strategy for the application of ion homeostasis interference in tumor therapy.