bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An interpretative phenomenological analysis of service users’ experiences in a psychosocial addictions intervention
Authors: Dawood Runa , Done John
Published: July 2020

Objectives

The aim of this study was to explore the subjective experiences of participants who: (1) received a psychosocial intervention as part of an addiction recovery research trial, and (2) responded to treatment through drug reduction, with the intention of eliciting qualitative change processes of recovery.

Design

Data were collected using semi‐structured interviews designed to capture detailed descriptions of participants’ experiences of recovery within the intervention.

Methods

Eleven participants who had achieved drug abstinence or significant drug reduction by successfully completing the psychosocial intervention took part in the study. The data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA).

Results

Five superordinate themes were identified relating to (1) An active, individualised and skills‐based intervention that validates a new way of being; (2) Staff that foster good working relationships based on trust and safety within services that do not stigmatise; (3) To be understood individually, historically and psychologically, and with regard to the pernicious relationship with drugs; (4) Motivation is personal, intrinsic, requires vigilance and is driven forward by periods of success through abstinence; and (5) Interpersonal connectedness is essential to recovery; family is a key reason to abstain and friendships can either facilitate or hinder success.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that the success of the psychosocial intervention may be due to a combination of modality specific factors and also broader holistic aspects that were provided through intervention. Future research is required to generalise these findings to wider addiction populations.

Practitioner points

Review of the evidence base suggests the need to move beyond testing addiction interventions and instead understand change processes through psychosocial intervention.

Narratives of lived experience of those undergoing psychosocial intervention inform us that specific features relating to intervention, working relationship, motivation, identity and interpersonal factors instigate recovery.

Practitioners should consider a multi‐faceted approach in designing and applying psychosocial intervention for addiction.
More and more of less and less: Is genomics‐based breeding of dry direct‐seeded rice (DDSR) varieties the need of hour?
Authors: Sagare Deepti B. , Abbai Ragavendran , Jain Abhinav , Jayadevappa Pranesh K. , Dixit Shilpi , Singh Arun Kumar , Challa Venkateshwarlu , Alam Shamshad , Singh Uma Maheshwar , Yadav Shailesh , Sandhu Nitika , Kabade Pramod G. , Singh Vikas Kumar , Kumar Arvind
Published: July 2020

Rice is a staple food for half of the world's population. Changing climatic conditions, water and labour scarcity are the major challenges that shall limit future rice production. Dry direct‐seeded rice (DDSR) is emerging as an efficient, resources conserving, mechanized, climate smart and economically viable strategy to be adopted as an alternative to puddled transplanted rice (TPR) with the potential to address the problem of labour‐water shortages and ensure sustainable rice cultivation. Despite these benefits, several constraints obstruct the adoption of DDSR. In principle, the plant type for DDSR should be different from one for TPR, which could be achieved by developing rice varieties that combine the traits of upland and lowland varieties. In this context, recent advances in precise phenotyping and NGS‐based trait mapping led to identification of promising donors and QTLs/genes for DDSR favourable traits to be employed in genomic breeding. This review discusses the important traits influencing DDSR, research studies to clarify the need for breeding DDSR‐specific varieties to achieve enhanced grain yield, climate resilience and nutrition demand. We anticipate that in the coming years, genomic breeding for developing DDSR‐specific varieties would be a regular practice and might be further strengthened by combining superior haplotypes regulating important DDSR traits by haplotype‐based breeding.
Genetic variants and mutational spectrum of Chinese Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome patients
Authors: Liu Teng , Yuan Yefeng , Bai Dayong , Qi Zhan , Yang Lin , Zhang Tianjiao , Yang Xiumin , Li Wei , Wei Aihua
Published: July 2020

Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare recessive disorder characterized by oculocutaneous albinism or ocular albinism, bleeding diathesis, and other symptoms such as colitis and pulmonary fibrosis. Eleven causative genes have been identified for HPS‐1–HPS‐11 subtypes in humans. We have identified 16 newly reported patients including the first HPS‐2 case in the Chinese population. In a total of 40 HPS patients, hypopigmentation was milder in HPS‐3, HPS‐5, and HPS‐6 patients than in HPS‐1 and HPS‐4 patients. HPS‐1 accounted for 47.5% (19 of 40) of HPS cases which is the most common subtype. Exons 11 and 19 were the hotspots of the HPS1 gene mutations. In total, 55 allelic variants were identified in HPS1–HPS6 gene, of which 17 variants were previously unreported. These results will be useful for the evaluation of the relationship between HPS genotypes and phenotypes, and for the precise intervention of HPS patients in the Chinese population.
Viability assessment of spermatozoa in large falcons (Falco spp.) using various staining protocols
Authors: Fischer Dominik , Schneider Helena , Failing Klaus , Meinecke‐Tillmann Sabine , Wehrend Axel , Lierz Michael
Published: July 2020

Viability assessment is an important part of semen analysis, and various live/dead staining protocols have been used in semen of avian species. Results of live/dead count differed between dyes, staining protocols and bird species, impeding comparability between studies and requiring species‐specific comparisons of viability stains. In raptor semen, similar comparisons are absent. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare eight conventional viability stains. Eosin blue 2% [EB], eosin blue 2% with the addition of 3% sodium citrate [EB2], eosin blue–nigrosin 5% [EBN5], eosin yellow–nigrosin 5% [EYN5], eosin yellow–nigrosin 10% [EYN10], eosin blue–aniline blue [EBA], eosin yellow–aniline blue [EYA] and bromophenol blue–nigrosin [BBN] were evaluated in comparison with the fluorescence stain SYBR® Green–propidium iodide [SYBR‐PI] in spermatozoa of falcons. The comparison was performed using conventional light microscopy which is applicable in breeding centres, veterinary practices and field studies. Additionally, live/dead stains were correlated to motility values of the same samples to validate sperm viability. Light microscopy using EB and using SYBR‐PI enabled an effective and clear differentiation between alive and dead spermatozoa of falcons. Motility values correlated significantly and strongly with EB only (r = .629; p < .001), but not with any other stain used in the study. Therefore, our results suggest EB as the most suitable stain for viability assessment in the semen of large falcons.
The hybrid regulatory regime in turbulent times: The role of the state in China's stock market crisis in 2015–2016
Authors: Li Chen , Zheng Huanhuan , Liu Yunbo
Published: July 2020

The hybridization of socialist state control with increasingly complex financial markets has generated unusual features in China's financial regulatory regime. Using the 2015–2016 stock market crisis as a case study, this article draws on the Legal Theory of Finance (LTF) to analyze the state‐market interface and crisis governance in China's stock market. It illustrates the shift of China's stock market governance away from traditional administrative hierarchies to more plural and hybrid forms of ownership, control, and regulatory governance. By examining the policy process, market dynamics, and crisis management in the evolution of China's 2015–2016 stock market crashes, it identifies the endogenous dilemmas of regulatory elasticity and campaign‐style enforcement in China's hybrid regulatory regime, which have amplified policy noises and led to a destabilizing feedback loop between policy‐induced market turbulence and market‐induced organizational turbulence inside the regulatory bureaucracy.
A Scope Argument against T‐to‐C Movement in Sluicing
Authors: Landau Idan
Published: July 2020

Most accounts of sluicing assume it is derived byTPdeletion atPF; however, C′ deletion is a viable option, which is even better equipped to explain the Sluicing–Comp Generalization. Nonetheless, this article shows that C′ deletion must be rejected, because it predicts scope enhancement for modals that raise to C in sluicing when in fact they take scope in T or below it. An implication is that some independent principle must block T‐to‐C movement under sluicing. The results further confirm that head movement must be a syntactic operation insofar as it affects semantic interpretation.
HLA‐A*02:411 identified in a platelet donor from China
Authors: Li Xiao‐Feng , Zhang Xu , Lin Feng‐Qiu , Jiang Li‐Zhu , Li Jian‐Ping
Published: July 2020

HLA‐A*02:411 differs from HLA‐A*02:01:01:01 at nucleotides 770 and 771, where Threonine (T) replaces Isoleucine (I) at residue 233.
SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING BUILDING IN BANGLADESH USING JAPANESE INDEX METHOD
Authors: Mohammad Shams Wahid Chowdhury , Alam Md. Jahir , Islam Mohammad Rafiqul
Published: July 2020

Over the years buildings are constructed in earthquake prone areas without following proper seismic design code. So the structural seismic analysis of existing buildings in the earthquake prone areas will be a prime requirement in the field of civil engineering in near future. Also the structural seismic analysis will lead to the feasibility of application of earthquake retrofitting technique in the vulnerable structures. Currently the urbanization of metropolitan cities in Bangladesh is booming rapidly leading these cities to densely populated area. In the past, there has been vulnerability assessment done for building stock on several metropolitan cities, in most cases using rapid visual screening (RVS) method. But the lacking has always been there on a detailed structural vulnerability assessment. Considering these facts a study has to be done to estimate precisely the possible damage of a building’s structure. In this study an in-depth structural seismic analysis of a medium rise building has been performed using all the 3 levels of Japanese Index Method. The Seismic Index (Is) value of the building is compared with the Seismic Demand Index (Iso) value which is 0.864 for the first level and 0.648 for the second and third level of the area to check vulnerability condition of the building structure. It is observed from this study that Japanese Index Method is developed in a way that it can be used for the seismic analysis of medium rise buildings in Bangladesh.
DESIGN OF A TRAFFIC SIGNALISATION SCHEME AT OLA-OLU INTERSECTION, ILORIN, NIGERIA
Authors: Adeleke Oluwafemi Oyetunde , Adeogun Kabiru Abiodun , Kolo Stephen Sunday
Published: July 2020

Ola-Olu intersection in Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria, is a 3-legged intersection in a typical urban centre of a developing economy. It is presently traffic warden controlled at morning peak period on weekdays and occasionally in the evening when there’s an event in a neighbouring public event centre that is expected to increase the traffic at the intersection. It is observed that the delay experienced at the intersection is quite high and traffic crashes at the intersection is a weekly occurrence. The study thereby aims at ameliorating the hazards by designing a fixed-time traffic signalization for the intersection. The objectives are to i. determine the geometric layout of the intersection ii. determine the traffic volume and vehicular turning movement pattern and iii. design and provide the signal timings at the T-intersection. Traffic volume survey and geometric layout survey were carried out at the intersection and analyzed to determine the optimum cycle length and signal setting using the Webster’s method. A 3-phase fixed time traffic signalization of 155 seconds cycle length was designed for an effective signal traffic control. The green time for phases 1, 2 and 3 are 102 seconds, 16 seconds and 22 seconds respectively. The implementation of the traffic signal will enhance both traffic flow and safety at the intersection.
Investigating the Nonlinear Dynamics of Human Balance Using Topological Data Analysis
Authors: Siegrist Kyle W. , Kramer Ryan M. , Chagdes James R.
Published: July 2020

Understanding the mechanisms behind human balance has been a subject of interest as various postural instabilities have been linked to neuromuscular diseases (e.g., Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, and concussion). This paper presents a method to characterize an individual's postural stability and estimate of their neuromuscular feedback control parameters. The method uses a generated topological mapping between a subject's experimental data and a dataset consisting of time-series realizations generated using an inverted pendulum mathematical model of upright balance. The performance of the method is quantified using a set of validation time-series realizations with known stability and neuromuscular control parameters. The method was found to have an overall sensitivity of 85.1% and a specificity of 91.9%. Furthermore, the method was most accurate when identifying limit cycle oscillations (LCOs) with a sensitivity of 91.1% and a specificity of 97.6%. Such a method has the capability of classifying an individual's stability and revealing possible neuromuscular impairment related to balance control, ultimately providing useful information to clinicians for diagnostic and rehabilitation purposes.
A nucleotidyltransferase toxin inhibits growth of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
through inactivation of tRNA acceptor stems
Authors: Cai Yiming , Usher Ben , Gutierrez Claude , Tolcan Anastasia , Mansour Moise , Fineran Peter C. , Condon Ciarán , Neyrolles Olivier , Genevaux Pierre , Blower Tim R.
Published: July 2020

The human pathogen
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
produces a toxin that can stall bacterial growth by blocking the activity of tRNAs.
Living swine to maintain donor organs
Authors: Keller Steven P.
Published: July 2020

Use of xenogeneic cross-circulation recovered injured human lungs and expand the pool of donor organs in lung transplantation.
Phase I EnACT Trial of the Safety and Tolerability of a Novel Oral Formulation of Amphotericin B
Authors: Skipper Caleb P. , Atukunda Mucunguzi , Stadelman Anna , Engen Nicole W. , Bangdiwala Ananta S. , Hullsiek Katherine H. , Abassi Mahsa , Rhein Joshua , Nicol Melanie R. , Laker Eva , Williams Darlisha A. , Mannino Raphael , Matkovits Theresa , Meya David B. , Boulware David R.
Published: July 2020

Amphotericin B deoxycholate (AMB) has substantial toxicities. A novel encochleated amphotericin B deoxycholate (cAMB) formulation has oral bioavailability, efficacy in an animal model, and minimal toxicity due to targeted drug delivery into macrophages, where intracellular fungi reside. We conducted a phase I, ascending-dose trial of cAMB administered at 1.0 g, 1.5 g, or 2.0 g per day in 4 to 6 divided doses among HIV-positive survivors of cryptococcosis (
n
 = 9 per cohort).
Integration of the pSLT Plasmid into the
Salmonella
Chromosome Results in a Temperature-Sensitive Growth Defect Due to Aberrant DNA Replication
Authors: Wozniak Christopher E. , Hendriksen Jordan J. , Olivera Baldomero M. , Roth John R. , Hughes Kelly T.
Published: July 2020

In studies that insert a second replication origin into the chromosome, both origins are typically active at the same time. In contrast, the integrated pSLT plasmid initiated replication in stationary phase after normal chromosomal replication had finished. The gradient in read coverage extending out from a single site could be a simple but powerful tool for studying replication and detecting chromosomal rearrangements. This technique may be of particular value when a genome has been sequenced for the first time to verify correct assembly.
Pyk2 Regulates Human Papillomavirus Replication by Tyrosine Phosphorylation of the E2 Protein
Authors: Jose Leny , DeSmet Marsha , Androphy Elliot J.
Published: July 2020

Human papillomaviruses are the major causative agents of cervical, oral, and anal cancers. The present study demonstrates that the Pyk2 tyrosine kinase phosphorylates E2 at tyrosine 131, interfering with genome replication. We provide evidence that phosphorylation of E2 prevents binding to the Brd4-CTM. Our findings add to the understanding of molecular pathways utilized by the virus during its vegetative life cycle and offers insights into the host-virus interactome.
Whole-Genome Sequences of Two New
Caballeronia
Strains Isolated from Cryoturbated Peat Circles of the Permafrost-Affected Eastern European Tundra
Authors: Hetz Stefanie A. , Poehlein Anja , Horn Marcus A.
Published: July 2020

Annotated genomes of
Caballeronia
strains SBC1 and SBC2 from acidic permafrost suggest a new species with a facultative lifestyle via oxygen and nitrate respiration. Thus, a contribution to nitrogen cycling in cold and low-pH environments is anticipated.
Identification of Simplified Microbial Communities That Inhibit Clostridioides difficile Infection through Dilution/Extinction
Authors: Auchtung Jennifer M. , Preisner Eva C. , Collins James , Lerma Armando I. , Britton Robert A.
Published: July 2020

Clostridioides difficile
is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and a significant health care burden. Fecal microbiota transplantation is highly effective at treating recurrent
C. difficile
disease; however, uncertainties about the undefined composition of fecal material and potential long-term unintended health consequences remain. These concerns have motivated studies to identify new communities of microbes with a simpler composition that will be effective at treating disease. This work describes a platform for rapidly identifying and screening new simplified communities for efficacy in treating
C. difficile
infection. Four new simplified communities of microbes with potential for development of new therapies to treat
C. difficile
disease are identified. While this platform was developed and validated to model infection with
C. difficile
, the underlying principles described in the paper could be easily modified to develop therapeutics to treat other gastrointestinal diseases.
Predictors of health-related quality of life among patients with diabetes on follow-up at Nekemte specialised Hospital, Western Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Feyisa Bikila Regassa , Yilma Mekdes Tigistu , Tolessa Belachew Etana
Published: July 2020

Objective

To assess health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and its predictors among patients with diabetes on follow-up at Nekemte Specialised Hospital in Western Ethiopia.

Design, setting and participants

This facility-based cross sectional study was conducted among 224 patients with diabetes mellitus (types I and II) on follow-up at one of the public hospitals in western Ethiopia. Respondents were selected by systematic random sampling and interviewed with the aid of a questionnaire.

Main outcome measured

HRQoL was measured by using the Medical outcomes study 36-item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey from 15 April to 5 June 2019. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection from participants selected by systematic random sampling. Multiple linear regression was used for the final model.

Result

A total of 215 patients with diabetes consented and completed the study, giving a response rate of 96%. The mean score of the overall HRQoL of the study participants was 50.3±18.1. The highest mean score was obtained in the physical functioning domain and the lowest mean score in the general health domain. Age, education status, history of smoking, feeling of stigmatisation and body mass index were inversely associated with the overall HRQoL. Gender (male), marital status (currently married), absence of comorbidity and absence of chronic complications related to diabetes mellitus were positively associated with overall HRQoL.

Conclusion

The overall HRQoL of patients with diabetes on follow-up at the study area was found to be moderate. General health, mental health, bodily pain and vitality were the most affected domains. Both the mental and physical components need to be considered when caring for the patients with diabetes on follow-up beyond provision of treatment.
Concordance of hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia in married couples: cross-sectional study using nationwide survey data in Japan
Authors: Watanabe Taeko , Sugiyama Takehiro , Takahashi Hideto , Noguchi Haruko , Tamiya Nanako
Published: July 2020

Objective

Because married couples have many environmental influences in common, spouses may develop similar diseases. This study aimed to determine the concordance of hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia, which are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease, among married couples in Japan.

Research design and methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study of married couples who were both aged ≥40 years using the 2016 Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions, which is a Japanese national survey. We first determined the proportions of wives and husbands who were receiving therapy for each of the diseases of interest. We then conducted logistic regression analyses using the wives undergoing therapy for each disease as outcomes and the husbands undergoing therapy for the same disease as the principal exposure, adjusting for covariates.

Results

The subjects of the analyses were 86 941 married couples. The wives of male patients were significantly more likely to be receiving therapy for the same disease. Logistic regression revealed that when husbands were undergoing therapy for these diseases their wives had ORs (95% CIs) of 1.79 (1.72–1.86) for hypertension, 1.45 (1.34–1.58) for diabetes, 2.58 (2.41–2.75) for dyslipidaemia and 1.87 (1.80–1.93) for any of these diseases.

Conclusions

If men have hypertension, diabetes or dyslipidaemia, their wives were also more susceptible to the same disease. Medical professionals and couples may need to recognise these results and consider couple-based interventions to help the prevention, early detection and treatment of these diseases.
Cohort profile: the AUstralian Twin BACK pain and physical activity study (AUTBACK study)
Authors: Carvalho-e-Silva Ana Paula , Pinheiro Marina B , Ferreira Manuela L , Hübscher Markus , Calais-Ferreira Lucas , Ferreira Paulo H
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Despite the growing evidence that physical activity and familial factors play a role in low back pain (LBP), there is a lack of robust longitudinal studies that (1) investigate the types and dosages of physical activity that are protective or harmful for LBP, (2) employ objective measures of physical activity and (3) conduct appropriate adjustment for confounders. The AUstralian Twin BACK (AUTBACK) study was established to elucidate the longitudinal LBP–physical activity relationship with the benefits of controlling for familial (both genetic/nongenetic) factors that may influence physical activity engagement and LBP.

Participants

Participants are twins registered at Twins Research Australia (TRA), older than 18 years, with access to internet. We collected data on LBP status (weekly) and physical activity levels (monthly) for 12 months as well as a wide range of health, lifestyle and physical activity (objective, self-reported, including different types and dosages) data.

Findings to date

We included 401 twins, 157 being complete twin pairs (n=314). Lifetime prevalence of LBP was 85%. Participants spent 61% of their week in sedentary time and only 4% in moderate/vigorous intensity physical activity (accelerometer). So far, 168 participants (40% of the sample) have completed the 12-month follow-up. A total of 7150 weekly (LBP status) and 1763 monthly questionnaires (physical activity status) have been answered (92% response rate).

Future plans

The 12-month follow-up will be completed by June 2020. This cohort represents a novel and comprehensive resource for researchers in the field, and includes high-quality, and frequent data on LBP and physical activity. It allows the investigation of genetic and shared environmental factors on the LBP–physical activity relationship. The AUTBACK group has planned a number of projects, with the main one being the investigation of the influence of physical activity on recurrence of LBP. Data linkage opportunities are available, including with other studies conducted by TRA.
Gestational weight gain and rate of late-onset preeclampsia: a retrospective analysis on 57 000 singleton pregnancies in Reunion Island
Authors: Robillard Pierre-Yves , Dekker Gustaaf , Boukerrou Malik , Boumahni Brahim , Hulsey Thomas , Scioscia Marco
Published: July 2020

Objectives

To investigate in singleton term pregnancies (≥37 weeks gestation) if applying optimal gestational weight gains (optGWG) on our population could have an effect on the incidence of late-onset preeclampsia (LOP).

Design

18.5-year-observational cohort study (2001–2019).

Settings

Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hospitalier Sud Reunion’s maternity (French overseas department, Indian Ocean), the only maternity providing services to take care of all preeclamptic cases in an area with approximately 360 000 inhabitants.

Main outcomes and measures

Simulation rates of LOP between women achieving optimal versus inappropriate GWG (insufficient and excessive) in the non-overweight, overweight and class I–III obesity categories.

Results

Among 66 373 singleton term pregnancies with a live birth, and 716 LOP (≥37 weeks, LOP37), the GWG could be determined in 87% of cases. In a logistic regression model validating the independent association of optGWG, maternal ages and body mass index (BMI), primiparity, smoking habit, chronic hypertension with term preeclampsia, optGWG reduced the risk of LOP37, aOR 0.74, p=0.004. Primiparity, higher maternal BMI, chronic hypertension and higher maternal age increased the risk of LOP37. The ‘protective’ effect of optGWG appeared stronger in patients with overweight and obesity in a linear manner: 0.57% versus 1.07% (OR 0.53, p=0.003), overweight; class I obese (30–34.9 kg/m²), 0.70% vs 1.56% (OR 0.44, p=0.01); severe obesity (≥35 kg/m²) 0.86% vs 2.55% (OR 0.33, p=0.06). All patients with overweight/obesity together, OR 0.42, p<0.0001.

Conclusions

Overweight and obesity may not result in a higher risk of developing LOP at term when a optGWG is achieved. The results of this large retrospective population cohort study suggest that targeted and strictly monitored interventions on achieving an optGWG might represent an effective method to reduce the rate of LOP and would have the potential to halve its rate in women with overweight/obesity. These findings suggest a potentially achievable pathway to actively counterbalance the morbid effects of high BMIs, so we solicit adequately powered prospective trials.
Unfavourable sedentary and physical activity behaviour before and after retirement: a population-based cohort study
Authors: ter Hoeve Nienke , Ekblom Maria , Galanti Maria R , Forsell Yvonne , Nooijen Carla F J
Published: July 2020

Background

During transition to retirement there is often a rearrangement of daily life which might provide a key opportunity for interventions to promote a non-sedentary and active lifestyle. To be able to design effective interventions, it is essential to know which sedentary and physical behaviour domains (eg, at home or during leisure time) have potential to facilitate healthy ageing during the retirement transition.

Objective

To determine whether unfavourable sedentary and physical activity behaviour before retirement predict unfavourable sedentary and physical activity behaviour after retirement.

Design

Population-based cohort.

Setting and participants

Adults (n=3272) employed in 2010 but retired in 2014.

Methods

Self-reported preretirement job activity, sedentary leisure time, physical activity at home, and walking-cycling and exercise were assessed as predictors for unfavourable sedentary and physical activity behaviours after retirement using logistic regression. Unfavourable behaviours were defined based on the respective median of the cohort distribution. Furthermore, the OR for having multiple unfavourable behaviours after retirement was determined, based on the amount of unfavourable behaviours before retirement. All models were adjusted for gender and education.

Results

Unfavourable preretirement physical activity and sedentary behaviour at home or during leisure time were the strongest predictors of the same behaviours after retirement. Unfavourable job activity did not predict physical activity but did predict unfavourable sedentary behaviour after retirement (OR=1.66, 95% CI 1.41 to 1.96). Unfavourable exercise behaviour before retirement predicted unfavourable sedentary and physical activity after retirement in all domains. With all behaviours being unfavourable before retirement, the OR of having at least three unfavourable behaviours after retirement was 36.7 (95% CI 16.8 to 80.5).

Conclusions

Adults with a higher number of unfavourable preretirement physical activity and sedentary behaviours are likely to carry these unfavourable behaviours into retirement age. Interventions should target those with more unfavourable preretirement physical activity and sedentary behaviours before retirement, and those interventions focusing on exercise might have greatest potential.
Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the changes in marijuana use in the USA, 2005–2018
Authors: Mitchell William , Bhatia Roma , Zebardast Nazlee
Published: July 2020

Objectives

Understanding trends of marijuana use in the USA throughout a period of particularly high adoption of marijuana-legalisation, and understanding demographics most at risk of use, is important in evolving healthcare policy and intervention. This study analyses the demographic-specific changes in the prevalence of marijuana use in the USA between 2005 and 2018.

Design, setting and participants

A 14-year retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database, a publicly available biennially collected national survey, weighted to represent the entire US population. A total of 35 212 adults between 18 and 69 years old participated in the seven-cycles of surveys analysed (2005–2018).

Primary outcome measured

Lifetime use, first use before 18 years old, and past-year use of marijuana.

Results

The majority of adults reported ever using marijuana. While the overall prevalence of lifetime marijuana use remained stable (p=0.53), past-year use increased significantly between 2005 and 2018 (p<0.001) with highest rate of past-year use among younger age groups (p<0.001), males (p<0.001) and those with income below poverty level (p<0.001). Past-year use was the most common among non-Hispanic blacks, and less common among Hispanic/Mexican populations (p<0.002). Trends in past-year use increased among all age categories, males/females, all ethnicities, those with high school education/above, and those at all income levels (p<0.01 for all).

Conclusions

While lifetime marijuana use remained stable, past-year use significantly increased between 2005 and 2018. While past-year use remained the most common in younger age groups, males, non-Hispanic blacks and those with lower income; increasing trends in past-year use were significant for all age, sex, race and income categories, and for those with high school education/above. With high adoption of marijuana-legalisation laws during this period, our results suggest an associated increase in past-year marijuana use.

An accurate understanding of those most at risk can help to inform decisions of healthcare policy-makers and professionals, and facilitate a safe transition of changing marijuana legalisation and use in the USA.
Psychiatric comorbid disorders of cognition: a machine learning approach using 1175 UK Biobank participants
Authors: Li Chenlu , Gheorghe Delia A , Gallacher John E , Bauermeister Sarah
Published: July 2020

Background

Conceptualising comorbidity is complex and the term is used variously. Here, it is the coexistence of two or more diagnoses which might be defined as ‘chronic’ and, although they may be pathologically related, they may also act independently. Of interest here is the comorbidity of common psychiatric disorders and impaired cognition.

Objectives

To examine whether anxiety and/or depression are/is important longitudinal predictors of cognitive change.

Methods

UK Biobank participants used at three time points (n=502 664): baseline, first follow-up (n=20 257) and first imaging study (n=40 199). Participants with no missing data were 1175 participants aged 40–70 years, 41% women. Machine learning was applied and the main outcome measure of reaction time intraindividual variability (cognition) was used.

Findings

Using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, the anxiety model achieves the best performance with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.68, followed by the depression model with an AUC of 0.63. The cardiovascular and diabetes model, and the covariates model have weaker performance in predicting cognition, with an AUC of 0.60 and 0.56, respectively.

Conclusions

Outcomes suggest that psychiatric disorders are more important comorbidities of long-term cognitive change than diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and demographic factors. Findings suggest that psychiatric disorders (anxiety and depression) may have a deleterious effect on long-term cognition and should be considered as an important comorbid disorder of cognitive decline.

Clinical implications

Important predictive effects of poor mental health on longitudinal cognitive decline should be considered in secondary and also primary care.
Mental health first aid: strengthening its impact for aid recipients
Authors: Mei Cristina , McGorry Patrick D
Published: July 2020

Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) is a potentially valuable first response in mental healthcare. MHFA is formulated as an extension of Psychological First Aid, the latter being a more focal response to crises and disasters. MHFA is a broader strategy which aims to improve the general public’s immediate response to mental ill health and mental health crisis. While its effect on those trained in MHFA has been promising, recent meta-analyses have failed to detect any significant benefit to individuals who receive support from an MHFA trainee. Such outcomes highlight the need to revisit the content and implementation of MHFA to optimise and realise the full potential of the concept. Possible solutions are discussed, including developing new MHFA content using methodologies that foster innovation and creativity, in addition to improving the quality and effectiveness of MHFA training.
Blood–brain barrier: mechanisms governing permeability and interaction with peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor antagonists
Authors: Viscusi Eugene R , Viscusi Andrew R
Published: July 2020

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) describes the unique properties of endothelial cells (ECs) that line the central nervous system (CNS) microvasculature. The BBB supports CNS homeostasis via EC-associated transport of ions, nutrients, proteins and waste products between the brain and blood. These transport mechanisms also serve as physiological barriers to pathogens, toxins and xenobiotics to prevent them from contacting neural tissue. The mechanisms that govern BBB permeability pose a challenge to drug design for CNS disorders, including pain, but can be exploited to limit the effects of a drug to the periphery, as in the design of the peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor antagonists (PAMORAs) used to treat opioid-induced constipation. Here, we describe BBB physiology, drug properties that affect BBB penetrance and how data from randomized clinical trials of PAMORAs improve our understanding of BBB permeability.
Efficient algorithm to compute Markov transitional probabilities for a desired PageRank
Authors: Berend Gábor
Published: July 2020

We propose an efficient algorithm to learn the transition probabilities of a Markov chain in a way that its weighted PageRank scores meet some predefined target values. Our algorithm does not require any additional information about the nodes and the edges in the form of features, i.e., it solely considers the network topology for calibrating the transition probabilities of the Markov chain for obtaining the desired PageRank scores. Our experiments reveal that we can reliably and efficiently approximate the probabilities of the transition matrix, resulting in the weighted PageRank scores of the nodes to closely match some target distribution. We demonstrate our findings on both quantitative and qualitative evaluations by reporting experimental results on web traffic (the English Wikipedia and a Hungarian news portal) and the bicycle sharing network of New York City.
The Importance of Restoring Anatomy of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint in Dorsal Fracture Dislocations
Authors: Tan Ruth En Si , Cheah Andre Eu Jin
Published: July 2020

The proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) is a complex anatomical structure. In managing fracture dislocations about the PIPJ, the aim is to restore a congruent joint that allows for smooth gliding motion. Detailed knowledge of the anatomy and biomechanics of the PIPJ is necessary in managing these injuries with predictable success. The breadth of techniques previously described in the treatment of such injuries is testament to the difficulties faced in achieving optimal clinical and radiological outcomes. In this article we detail the anatomy and biomechanics of the PIPJ and summarize current literature and principles for the treatment of dorsal fracture dislocations.
Clinical Outcomes of Ready-Made J-Shaped Nail Fixation for Unstable Metacarpal Fractures
Authors: Itadera Eichi , Okamoto Seiji
Published: July 2020

Background: The purpose of this study was to report the clinical outcomes of ready-made J-shaped intramedullary nail fixation for unstable metacarpal fractures.

Methods: A total of 25 unstable fractures from 24 patients were evaluated in this retrospective study, comprising 20 metacarpal neck and 5 metacarpal shaft fractures. The mean follow-up was 22 weeks. Functional outcomes were assessed based on the range of motion of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Radiographic outcomes were evaluated by four projections of the postoperative plain radiographs at the final follow-up, and then were rated as excellent if projections at the fracture site showed no correction loss or angular deformity greater than 10°. Surgery time and complications during the treatments were recorded for each case.

Results: All 25 fractures obtained bony union. The mean range of motion of the metacarpophalangeal joint was 78° (range, 45°–90°). Radiographic outcomes were excellent in 24 (96%) of 25 fractures. Only one fracture had correction loss. The mean surgery time was 29 minutes (range, 14–61 minutes). Two cases had extensor tendon adhesion at the insertion site, which was easily released when the implant was removed.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates that intramedullary fixation with a ready-made J-shaped nail is a reliable treatment option for unstable metacarpal fractures.
Translation of 2-Dimensional Wrist Radiographic Measurements to 3-Dimensional CT Scans
Authors: Wollstein Ronit , Kramer Aviv , Babb James , Petchprapa Catherine
Published: July 2020

Background: Anatomical structure affects function. The morphology of articulations dictates the way forces will travel through the joint. A better understanding of the structure and function of the wrist will enhance our ability to diagnose and treat wrist conditions. Two wrist types have been described based on the morphology of the midcarpal joint. Biomechanically it is important to see if these 2-dimensional (2D) observations reflect articular contact areas. Our purpose was to assess the correlation between measurements performed on wrist radiographs (2D) to measurements performed on 3-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT).

Methods: Retrospective review of a database of normal wrist radiographs and corresponding normal CT scans. Only imaging pairs with normal carpal alignment and technically optimal imaging were included. Evaluations included lunate, capitate and wrist type, capitate circumference, percent capitate circumference and volume that articulates with the lunate, scapholunate ligament, scaphoid, hamate, trapezoid, base of the index and middle and ring metacarpal bones.

Results: Midcarpal joint radiographic measurements were positively correlated with measurements on CT scans. Correlations were 0.51 for capitate type and 0.71 for lunate type with both p < 0.001. Percent contact of the lunate with the hamate: r was 0.74 p < 0.001. Using logistic regression analysis, percent lunate-hamate contact on CT was a significant predictor of radiographic lunate type 2 p < 0.001. Percent contact area between lunate and hamate > 7.8% on CT scan achieved a sensitivity of 100% and specificity 79.4% for a type 2 lunate.

Conclusions: 1) Good correlations found between CT and plain radiographs in lunate type, capitate type, and midcarpal joint contact support the use of plain radiographs to describe contact between the carpal bones in the clinical setting. 2) The retrospective nature of this study limited the technical quality of the measurements. Volumetric analysis may aid in a more exact evaluation of surface contact area.
Constructing the Human Right to a Healthy Environment
Authors: Knox John H.
Published: July 2020

Despite the absence of a right to a healthy environment in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights or any global human rights treaty, environmental human rights law has rapidly developed over the past 25 years along three paths: ( a) the widespread adoption of environmental rights in regional treaties and national constitutions; ( b) the greening of other human rights, such as the rights to life and health, through their application to environmental issues; and ( c) the inclusion in multilateral environmental instruments of rights of access to information, public participation, and access to justice. After describing these developments, this review assesses the possible effects of UN recognition of the human right to a healthy environment, both on the environment and on human rights law itself.
Tool for Surveillance or Spotlight on Inequality? Big Data and the Law
Authors: Johnson Rebecca A. , Rostain Tanina
Published: July 2020

The rise of big data and machine learning is a polarizing force among those studying inequality and the law. Big data and tools like predictive modeling may amplify inequalities in the law, subjecting vulnerable individuals to enhanced surveillance. But these data and tools may also serve an opposite function, shining a spotlight on inequality and subjecting powerful institutions to enhanced oversight. We begin with a typology of the role of big data in inequality and the law. The typology asks questions—Which type of individual or institutional actor holds the data? What problem is the actor trying to use the data to solve?—that help situate the use of big data within existing scholarship on law and inequality. We then highlight the dual uses of big data and computational methods—data for surveillance and data as a spotlight—in three areas of law: rental housing, child welfare, and opioid prescribing. Our review highlights asymmetries where the lack of data infrastructure to measure basic facts about inequality within the law has impeded the spotlight function.
The Biogeochemistry of Marine Polysaccharides: Sources, Inventories, and Bacterial Drivers of the Carbohydrate Cycle
Authors: Arnosti C. , Wietz M. , Brinkhoff T. , Hehemann J.-H. , Probandt D. , Zeugner L. , Amann R.
Published: July 2020

Polysaccharides are major components of macroalgal and phytoplankton biomass and constitute a large fraction of the organic matter produced and degraded in the ocean. Until recently, however, our knowledge of marine polysaccharides was limited due to their great structural complexity, the correspondingly complicated enzymatic machinery used by microbial communities to degrade them, and a lack of readily applied means to isolate andcharacterize polysaccharides in detail. Advances in carbohydrate chemistry, bioinformatics, molecular ecology, and microbiology have led to new insights into the structures of polysaccharides, the means by which they are degraded by bacteria, and the ecology of polysaccharide production and decomposition. Here, we survey current knowledge, discuss recent advances, and present a new conceptual model linking polysaccharide structural complexity and abundance to microbially driven mechanisms of polysaccharide processing. We conclude by highlighting specific future research foci that will shed light on this central but poorly characterized component of the marine carbon cycle.
More than just a garbage can: emerging roles of the lysosome as an anabolic organelle in skeletal muscle
Authors: Abou Sawan Sidney , Mazzulla Michael , Moore Daniel R. , Hodson Nathan
Published: July 2020

Skeletal muscle is a highly plastic tissue capable of remodeling in response to a range of physiological stimuli, including nutrients and exercise. Historically, the lysosome has been considered an essentially catabolic organelle contributing to autophagy, phagocytosis, and exo-/endocytosis in skeletal muscle. However, recent evidence has emerged of several anabolic roles for the lysosome, including the requirement for autophagy in skeletal muscle mass maintenance, the discovery of the lysosome as an intracellular signaling hub for mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation, and the importance of transcription factor EB/lysosomal biogenesis-related signaling in the regulation of mTORC1-mediated protein synthesis. We, therefore, propose that the lysosome is an understudied organelle with the potential to underpin the skeletal muscle adaptive response to anabolic stimuli. Within this review, we describe the molecular regulation of lysosome biogenesis and detail the emerging anabolic roles of the lysosome in skeletal muscle with particular emphasis on how these roles may mediate adaptations to chronic resistance exercise. Furthermore, given the well-established role of amino acids to support muscle protein remodeling, we describe how dietary proteins “labeled” with stable isotopes could provide a complementary research tool to better understand how lysosomal biogenesis, autophagy regulation, and/or mTORC1-lysosomal repositioning can mediate the intracellular usage of dietary amino acids in response to anabolic stimuli. Finally, we provide avenues for future research with the aim of elucidating how the regulation of this important organelle could mediate skeletal muscle anabolism.