bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tracking the turnover of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs Gamma to Delta in a Brazilian state (Minas Gerais) with a high-vaccination status
Authors: Fonseca Paula L C , Moreira Filipe R R , de Souza Rafael M , Guimarães Natália R , Carvalho Nara O , Adelino Talita E R , Alves Hugo J , Alvim Luige B , Candido Darlan S , Coelho Helena P , Costa Alana V B , Costa Walyson C , de Carvalho Alex F , de Faria Bruna W F , de Lima Aline B , de Oliveira Eneida S , de Souza Carolina S A , de Souza Fernanda G , Dias Rillery C , Geddes Victor E V , Godinho Igor P , Gonçalves Alessandro L , Lourenço Karine L , Magalhães Rubens D M , Malta Frederico S V , Medeiros Eva L A , Mendes Fernanda S , Mendes Pedro H B de P , Mendonça Cristiane P T B , Menezes Andre L , Menezes Diego , Menezes Mariane T , Miguita Lucyene , Moreira Rennan G , Peixoto Renata B , Queiroz Daniel C , Ribeiro Adriana A , Ribeiro Ana Paula de B , Saliba Juliana W , Sato Hugo I , Silva Joice do P , Silva Natiely P , Faria Nuno R , Teixeira Santuza M R , da Fonseca Flávio G , Fernandes Ana Paula S M , Zauli Danielle A G , Januario José Nélio , de Oliveira Jaqueline S , Iani Felipe C de M , de Aguiar Renato S , de Souza Renan P
Published: July 2022

The emergence and global dissemination of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOCs) have been described as the main factor driving the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic. In Brazil, the Gamma variant dominated the epidemiological scenario during the first period of 2021. Many Brazilian regions detected the Delta variant after its first description and documented its spread. To monitor the introduction and spread of VOC Delta, we performed Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) genotyping and genome sequencing in ten regional sentinel units from June to October 2021 in the State of Minas Gerais (MG). We documented the introduction and spread of Delta, comprising 70 per cent of the cases 8 weeks later. Comparing the viral loads of the Gamma and Delta dominance periods, we provide additional evidence that the latter is more transmissible. The spread and dominance of Delta did not culminate in the increase in cases and deaths, suggesting that the vaccination may have restrained the epidemic growth. Analysis of 224 novel Delta genomes revealed that Rio de Janeiro state was the primary source for disseminating this variant in the state of MG. We present the establishment of Delta, providing evidence of its enhanced transmissibility and showing that this variant shift did not aggravate the epidemiological scenario in a high immunity setting.
Provocative Discography
Authors: Pinto Manuel , Mehbod Amir A. , Swanberg Berit A. , Dawson John M. , Schellhas Kurt
Published: July 2022

Study Design:

This was a retrospective cohort analysis.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to report the efficacy and safety profile of provocative discography.

Summary of Background Data:

It is reported that the provocative discogram as a diagnostic test for symptomatic degenerative disk disease induces disk degeneration.

Materials and Methods:

Discogram cases from 1998 to 2011 were identified. A matched control group with no discogram was identified. Both had pre–magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and post-MRI with 5 years minimum between MRI studies. Statistics were generated by group for each level and for all levels combined.

Results:

The discogram cohort comprised 53 patients (193 disks). The control group had 51 subjects (255 disks). There were no significant demographic differences between the groups. Time intervals between the index and follow-up MRI were 11 and 8 years for the discogram and control groups, respectively. The most common injected level was L4–L5; the most painful level was L5–S1 (Visual Analog Scale=7.9); the most concordant level was L5–S1 (75%). The most deranged level as seen on discography was L5–S1 (98%). Degeneration from normal to abnormal MRI among discogram patients was 60%. For controls, the rate was 33%. The discogram and control cohorts were statistically different (P<0.01). Among discogram patients, 58% had a fusion surgery between MRI studies. Comparing the discogram group without interval fusion to controls, the degeneration rate was not different at a 5 years’ minimum follow-up.

Conclusions:

The L5–S1 intervertebral disk level was the most painful, concordant, and deranged level as seen on discogram. Patients who underwent a provocative discogram and interval fusion had a higher rate of subsequent degeneration than similar low back pain sufferers with no discogram. Degeneration rates were comparable at 5 years’ minimum follow-up between discogram patients without interval spine fusion and patients without discogram exposure. The provocative discogram did not accelerate degeneration among these patients.
Adoption and Deadoption of Medications to Treat Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19
Authors: Barbash Ian J. , Davis Billie S. , Minturn John S. , Kahn Jeremy M.
Published: July 2022

OBJECTIVES:

The COVID-19 pandemic was characterized by rapidly evolving evidence regarding the efficacy of different therapies, as well as rapidly evolving health policies in response to that evidence. Data on adoption and deadoption are essential as we learn from this pandemic and prepare for future public health emergencies.

DESIGN:

We conducted an observational cohort study in which we determined patterns in the use of multiple medications to treat COVID-19: remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, IV corticosteroids, tocilizumab, heparin-based anticoagulants, and ivermectin. We analyzed changes both overall and within subgroups of critically ill versus Noncritically ill patients.

SETTING:

Data from Optum’s deidentified Claims-Clinical Dataset, which contains multicenter electronic health record data from U.S. hospitals.

PATIENTS:

Adults hospitalized with COVID-19 from January 2020 to June 2021.

INTERVENTIONS:

None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:

Of 141,533 eligible patients, 34,515 (24.4%) required admission to an ICU, 14,754 (10.4%) required mechanical ventilation, and 18,998 (13.4%) died during their hospitalization. Averaged over the entire time period, corticosteroid use was most common (47.0%), followed by remdesivir (33.2%), anticoagulants (19.3%), hydroxychloroquine (7.3%), and tocilizumab (3.4%). Usage patterns varied substantially across treatments. For example, hydroxychloroquine use peaked in March 2020 and leveled off to near zero by June 2020, whereas the use of remdesivir, corticosteroids, and tocilizumab all increased following press releases announcing positive results of large international trials. Ivermectin use increased slightly over the study period but was extremely rare overall (0.4%).

CONCLUSIONS:

During the COVID-19 pandemic, medication treatment patterns evolved reliably in response to emerging evidence and changes in policy. These findings may inform efforts to promote optimal adoption and deadoption of treatments for acute care conditions.
Progesterone and Preterm Birth
Authors: Standard Venus , Jones-Beatty Kimberly , Joseph-Lemon Lodz , Marcelle Ebony , Morris Charlotte E. , Williams Trinisha , Brown Tracie , Oura Haley Shizuka , Stapleton Susan , Jolles Diana R.
Published: July 2022

Background:

Progesterone has been the standard of practice for the prevention of preterm birth for decades. The drug received expedited Food and Drug Administration approval, prior to the robust demonstration of scientific efficacy.

Methods:

Prospective research from the American Association of Birth Centers Perinatal Data Registry, 2007-2020. Two-tailed t tests, logistic regression, and propensity score matching were used.

Results:

Midwifery-led care was underutilized by groups most at risk for preterm birth and was shown to be effective at maintaining low preterm birth rates. The model did not demonstrate reliable access to progesterone. People of color are most at risk of preterm birth, yet were least likely to receiving progesterone treatment. Progesterone was not demonstrated to be effective at decreasing preterm birth when comparing the childbearing people with a history of preterm birth who used the medication and those who did not within this sample.

Conclusions:

This study adds to the body of research that demonstrates midwifery-led care and low preterm birth rates. The ineffectiveness of progesterone in the prevention of preterm birth among people at risk was demonstrated.
Prediction of Renal Function in Living Kidney Donors and Recipients of Living Donor Kidneys Using Quantitative Histology
Authors: Buus Niels Henrik , Nielsen Cecilie Mølgaard , Skov Karin , Ibsen Lotte , Krag Søren , Nyengaard Jens Randel
Published: July 2022

Background.

Living kidney donors (LKDs) are at increased risk of chronic kidney disease, whereas transplant recipients experience progressive reduction of graft function. We examined the predictive value of quantitative stereology on renal function in LKDs and recipients of living donor kidneys, based on perioperative biopsies from the donated kidney.

Methods.

Cortex volume of both donor kidneys was determined by contrast-enhanced computed tomography and single-kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by 51chrome-EDTA clearance together with renography. Glomerular density was used to estimate total glomeruli number in addition to glomerular volume, glomerular sclerosis, kidney fibrosis, and arteriole dimensions. GFR measurements were repeated 1 y after transplantation in both LKDs and recipients. Associations between GFR at follow-up and cortex volume and histomorphometric parameters after adjustment of age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, 24-h blood pressure, and single-kidney GFR were examined.

Results.

We included 49 LKDs (age, 51 ± 12 y) and 51 recipients (age, 44 ± 13 y). At follow-up, GFR was 71 ± 16 mL/min in LKDs and 61 ± 18 mL/min in recipients with hyperfiltration being more prominent in LKDs (30.4%) as compared to recipients (16.4%; P < 0.05). One-year GFR in donors correlated to cortex volume (P < 0.001) but not to any histological parameters, whereas GFR in recipients correlated to the amount of interstitial fibrosis (P < 0.01) but not to other histological parameters or cortex volume.

Conclusions.

Kidney cortex volume, but not renal histology parameters, predicts 1-y renal outcome in LKDs. In contrast, the amount of interstitial fibrosis, but not cortex volume, predicts 1-y graft function in recipients.
Sir Peter Markham Scott CH. 14 September 1909—29 August 1989
Authors: Moore Chris , Rees Eileen C.
Published: July 2022

Conservationist, scientist, artist, author, broadcaster and sportsman, Sir Peter Scott was one of the leaders of the international conservation movement in the twentieth century. As founder of the Severn Wildfowl Trust (now the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust) he and his team initiated research into the movements, ecology and behaviour of migratory populations of wildfowl (ducks, geese and swans), which were poorly known at the time, while also developing captive breeding programmes to save species such as the Hawaiian goose from extinction. As a co-founder of the World Wildlife Fund (later the Worldwide Fund for Nature), Scott worked tirelessly to raise money for programmes to save many globally endangered animals, with a particular interest in birds and cetaceans. As chairman of the Survival Service Commission (later the Species Survival Commission) of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Scott founded the
IUCN red list
, by which the level of threat to individual species and populations is measured. Through his writing and broadcasting, Scott connected with millions of ordinary citizens, raising awareness of the threat to biodiversity and the future wellbeing of mankind. A skilled wildlife artist, Scott painted throughout his life, held 16 one-man exhibitions of his work during his lifetime and illustrated numerous publications, including many of his own 23 books. Scott's sporting achievements included winning a bronze Olympic sailing medal and becoming British national gliding champion. He received a knighthood in 1973 for services to conservation and the environment, and was appointed Companion of Honour to Her Majesty the Queen in 1987.
Practical guide to using Kendall’s
τ
in the context of forecasting critical transitions
Authors: Chen Shiyang , Ghadami Amin , Epureanu Bogdan I.
Published: July 2022

Recent studies demonstrate that trends in indicators extracted from measured time series can indicate an approach of an impending transition. Kendall’s
τ
coefficient is often used to study the trend of statistics related to the critical slowing down phenomenon and other methods to forecast critical transitions. Because statistics are estimated from time series, the values of Kendall’s
τ
are affected by parameters such as window size, sample rate and length of the time series, resulting in challenges and uncertainties in interpreting results. In this study, we examine the effects of different parameters on the distribution of the trend obtained from Kendall’s
τ
, and provide insights into how to choose these parameters. We also suggest the use of the non-parametric Mann–Kendall test to evaluate the significance of a Kendall’s
τ
value. The non-parametric test is computationally much faster compared with the traditional parametric auto-regressive, moving-average model test.
Language acquisition and speech rhythm patterns: an auditory neuroscience perspective
Authors: Goswami Usha
Published: July 2022

All human infants acquire language, but their brains do not know which language/s to prepare for. This observation suggests that there are fundamental components of the speech signal that contribute to building a language system, and fundamental neural processing mechanisms that use these components, which are shared across languages. Equally, disorders of language acquisition are found across all languages, with the most prevalent being developmental language disorder (approx. 7% prevalence), where oral language comprehension and production is atypical, and developmental dyslexia (approx. 7% prevalence), where written language acquisition is atypical. Recent advances in auditory neuroscience, along with advances in modelling the speech signal from an amplitude modulation (AM, intensity or energy change) perspective, have increased our understanding of both language acquisition and these developmental disorders. Speech rhythm patterns turn out to be fundamental to both sensory and neural linguistic processing. The rhythmic routines typical of childcare in many cultures, the parental practice of singing lullabies to infants, and the ubiquitous presence of BabyTalk (infant-directed speech) all enhance the fundamental AM components that contribute to building a linguistic brain.
Peptide mass fingerprinting of preserved collagen in archaeological fish bones for the identification of flatfish in European waters
Authors: Dierickx Katrien , Presslee Samantha , Hagan Richard , Oueslati Tarek , Harland Jennifer , Hendy Jessica , Orton David , Alexander Michelle , Harvey Virginia L.
Published: July 2022

Bones of Pleuronectiformes (flatfish) are often not identified to species due to the lack of diagnostic features on bones that allow adequate distinction between taxa. This hinders in-depth understanding of archaeological fish assemblages and particularly flatfish fisheries throughout history. This is especially true for the North Sea region, where several commercially significant species have been exploited for centuries, yet their archaeological remains continue to be understudied. In this research, eight peptide biomarkers for 18 different species of Pleuronectiformes from European waters are described using MALDI-TOF MS and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry data obtained from modern reference specimens. Bone samples (
n
= 202) from three archaeological sites in the UK and France dating to the medieval period (
ca
seventh–sixteenth century CE) were analysed using zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry (ZooMS). Of the 201 that produced good quality spectra, 196 were identified as flatfish species, revealing a switch in targeted species through time and indicating that ZooMS offers a more reliable and informative approach for species identification than osteological methods alone. We recommend this approach for future studies of archaeological flatfish remains as the precise species uncovered from a site can tell much about the origin of the fish, where people fished and whether they traded between regions.
Volcanic hazard exacerbated by future global warming-driven increase in heavy rainfall
Authors: Farquharson Jamie I. , Amelung Falk
Published: July 2022

Heavy rainfall drives a range of eruptive and non-eruptive volcanic hazards. Over the Holocene, the incidence of many such hazards has increased due to rapid climate change. Here, we show that extreme heavy rainfall is projected to increase with continued global warming throughout the twenty-first century in most subaerial volcanic regions, increasing the potential for rainfall-induced volcanic hazards. This result is based on a comparative analysis of nine general circulation models, and is prevalent across a wide range of spatial scales, from countries and volcanic arcs down to individual volcanic systems. Our results suggest that if global warming continues unchecked, the incidence of primary and secondary rainfall-related volcanic activity—such as dome explosions or flank collapse—will increase at more than 700 volcanoes around the globe. Improved coupling between scientific observations—in particular, of local and regional precipitation—and policy decisions may go some way towards mitigating the increased risk throughout the next 80 years.
Probing ligand binding of endothiapepsin by `temperature-resolved' macromolecular crystallography
Authors: Huang Chia-Ying , Aumonier Sylvain , Engilberge Sylvain , Eris Deniz , Smith Kate Mary Louise , Leonarski Filip , Wojdyla Justyna Aleksandra , Beale John H. , Buntschu Dominik , Pauluhn Anuschka , Sharpe May Elizabeth , Metz Alexander , Olieric Vincent , Wang Meitian
Published: July 2022

Continuous developments in cryogenic X-ray crystallography have provided most of our knowledge of 3D protein structures, which has recently been further augmented by revolutionary advances in cryoEM. However, a single structural conformation identified at cryogenic temperatures may introduce a fictitious structure as a result of cryogenic cooling artefacts, limiting the overview of inherent protein physiological dynamics, which play a critical role in the biological functions of proteins. Here, a room-temperature X-ray crystallographic method using temperature as a trigger to record movie-like structural snapshots has been developed. The method has been used to show how TL00150, a 175.15 Da fragment, undergoes binding-mode changes in endothiapepsin. A surprising fragment-binding discrepancy was observed between the cryo-cooled and physiological temperature structures, and multiple binding poses and their interplay with DMSO were captured. The observations here open up new promising prospects for structure determination and interpretation at physiological temperatures with implications for structure-based drug discovery.
Students' adoption of e-learning: evidence from a Moroccan business school in the COVID-19 era
Authors: Alami Youssef , El Idrissi Issam
Published: July 2022

Purpose

This article aims to study the determinants of e-learning acceptability by university students based on their experiences with distance learning during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Design/methodology/approach

A questionnaire was used to collect data from 448 students enrolled in a Moroccan business school's fourth and fifth years. The technology acceptance model (TAM) was the primary framework used for this analysis, into which variables from the expectation confirmation model were injected, namely facilitating conditions, social influence, expectation confirmation and satisfaction. The proposed conceptual model was tested and evaluated using the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique. Then the authors have offered an in-depth analysis by employing the importance-performance map analysis (IPMA) approach.

Findings

The investigation suggested that the proposed measurement scale effectively assesses the factors impacting students' decision to continue using e-learning in the future. This study’s results show that e-learning acceptance depends significantly on the students' satisfaction, perceived ease of use (PEU) and perceived usefulness (PU). In contrast, the facilitating conditions are not a valid measurement scale to determine students' attitudes toward e-learning.

Originality/value

This is one of the first studies in the Moroccan context to evaluate e-learning acceptability by management students after COVID-19 using a unique research model.
A method for the ontology-based risk management of PPP construction projects
Authors: Jiang Xiaoyan , Wang Sai , Liu Yong , Xia Bo , Skitmore Martin , Nepal Madhav , Ghanbaripour Amir Naser
Published: July 2022

Purpose

With the increasing complexity of public–private partnership (PPP) projects, the amount of data generated during the construction process is massive. This paper aims to develop a new information management method to cope with the risk problems involved in dealing with such data, based on domain ontologies of the construction industry, to help manage PPP risks, share and reuse risk knowledge.

Design/methodology/approach

Risk knowledge concepts are acquired and summarized through PPP failure cases and an extensive literature review to establish a domain framework for risk knowledge using ontology technology to help manage PPP risks.

Findings

The results indicate that the risk ontology is capable of capturing key concepts and relationships involved in managing PPP risks and can be used to facilitate knowledge reuse and storage beneficial to risk management.

Research limitations/implications

The classes in the risk knowledge ontology model constructed in this research do not yet cover all the information in PPP project risks and need to be further extended. Moreover, only the framework and basic methods needed are developed, while the construction of a working ontology model and the relationship between implicit and explicit knowledge is a complicated process that requires repeated modifications and evaluations before it can be implemented.

Practical implications

The ontology provides a basis for turning PPP risk information into risk knowledge to allow the effective sharing and communication of project risks between different project stakeholders. It can also have the potential to help reduce the dependence on subjectivity by mining, using and storing tacit knowledge in the risk management process.

Originality/value

The apparent suitability of the nine classes of PPP risk knowledge (project model, risk type, risk occurrence stage, risk source, risk consequence, risk likelihood, risk carrier, risk management measures and risk case) is identified, and the proposed construction method and steps for a complete domain ontology for PPP risk management are unique. A combination of criteria- and task-based evaluations is also developed for assessing the PPP risk ontology for the first time.
Attitudes of nursing students towards mental health and the influence of social desirability: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Giralt Palou Rosa , Prat Vigué Gemma , Romeu-Labayen Maria , Tort-Nasarre Glòria
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Identifying negative attitudes toward mental illness among students on nursing undergraduate degrees can help to design teaching strategies able to reduce the stigma attached to this condition. This study aims to assess attitudes toward mental health and intentions regarding future behavior in university nursing students initiating their training in the treatment of mental health problems (MHPs).

Design/methodology/approach

A descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was designed. A sample of 162 nursing students completed scales to assess their attitudes toward mental health, stigma, predicted behavior and social desirability. Simple and a multiple linear regression was performed adjusted for the social desirability scale result.

Findings

Nursing students with previous experience of MHPs presented positive attitudes and behavioral intentions toward mental illness. Those who had no such experience before their training in mental health nursing presented certain stigmatizing attitudes. Attitudes toward MHPs may be affected by stigma and also by social desirability bias. The training in mental health care given to nursing students should aim to reduce its influence to help them carry out their future duties efficiently and compassionately.

Originality/value

This study demonstrates the relevance of university teaching plans, which should place special emphasis on promoting knowledge and developing skills and attitudes in nursing students undergoing training in mental health care to ensure optimal levels of performance in their future careers.
Industry globalization: construct, measurement and variation across industries
Authors: Sambharya Rakesh B. , Contractor Farok J. , Rasheed Abdul A.
Published: July 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify some of the major issues relating to the conceptualization and operationalization of industry globalization.

Findings

Globalized industries have four important characteristics: cross-border product flows, cross-border capital flows, dispersal of global value chains and global competition. However, lack of availability of data limits our ability to develop an operationalization that encompasses all these four aspects of globalization.

Practical implications

The authors identify some of the most important factors driving industry globalization as well as the major impediments to globalization.

Originality/value

Although the term “globalization” has attained a nearly “taken for granted” status, its meaning is rather vaguely specified and is often context dependent. This paper delineates the domain of the construct and identifies many of the practical issues in operationalizing the construct.
How does green intellectual capital affect environmental performance? Evidence from manufacturing firms in Ghana
Authors: Boso Richard Kwasi , Adusei Enoch , Demah Emmanuel
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Industrialization has contributed to global environmental problems, especially in developed countries, but increasingly so in developing ones as well. Leveraging on the natural resource-based view theory, this study aims to examine the mediating role of environmental consciousness (EC) on the relationship between green intellectual capital (IC) and environmental performance among manufacturing firms in Ghana against a backdrop of increasing national drive towards greater industrialization.

Design/methodology/approach

This study used a cross-sectional survey design to obtain data from 245 manufacturing firms using purposive sampling technique. Structural equation modelling was used to test for the hypothesized relationships among variables.

Findings

Evidence suggests that green IC has a significantly positive effect on environmental performance. Furthermore, it was found that green IC has a positive and significant effect on EC, but EC only mediated the relationship between green IC and environmental performance.

Practical implications

Manufacturing firms within emerging economies like Ghana can improve on their green practices by incorporating these findings in their business models, while research could be guided to focus their inquiries on this and related genre of scholarly work.

Originality/value

This study is an early-stage study to identify EC as a variable which mediates the relationship between green IC and environmental performance among manufacturing firms in an emerging economy like Ghana.
A sampling, exposure and receptor framework for identifying factors that modulate behavioural responses to disturbance in cetaceans
Authors: Booth Cormac G. , Brannan Naomi , Dunlop Rebecca , Friedlander Ari , Isojunno Saana , Miller Patrick , Quick Nicola , Southall Brandon , Pirotta Enrico
Published: July 2022

The assessment of behavioural disturbance in cetacean species (e.g. resulting from exposure to anthropogenic sources such as military sonar, seismic surveys, or pile driving) is important for effective conservation and management. Disturbance effects can be informed by Behavioural Response Studies (BRSs), involving either controlled exposure experiments (CEEs) where noise exposure conditions are presented deliberately to meet experimental objectives or in opportunistic contexts where ongoing activities are monitored in a strategic manner. In either context, animal‐borne sensors or in situ observations can provide information on individual exposure and disturbance responses.

The past 15 years of research have greatly expanded our understanding of behavioural responses to noise, including hundreds of experiments in nearly a dozen cetacean species. Many papers note limited sample sizes, required knowledge of baseline behaviour prior to exposure and the importance of contextual factors modulating behavioural responses, all of which in combination can lead to sampling biases, even for well‐designed research programs.

It is critical to understand these biases to robustly identify responses. This ensures outcomes of BRSs help inform predictions of how anthropogenic disturbance impacts individuals and populations. Our approach leverages concepts from the animal behaviour literature focused on helping to avoid sampling bias by considering what shapes an animal's response. These factors include social, experience, genetic and natural changes in responsiveness.

We developed and applied a modified version of this framework to synthesise current knowledge on cetacean response in the context of effects observed across marine and terrestrial taxa. This new ‘Sampling, Exposure, Receptor’ framework (SERF) identifies 43 modulating factors, highlights potential biases, and assesses how these vary across selected focal species.

In contrast to studies that identified variation in ‘Exposure’ factors as a key concern, our analysis indicated that factors relating to ‘Sampling’ (e.g. deploying tags on less evasive individuals, which biases selection of subjects), and ‘Receptor’ (e.g. health status or coping style) have the greatest potential for weakening the desired broad representativeness of BRSs. Our assessment also highlights how potential biases could be addressed with existing datasets or future developments.
Measuring the Middle Ages
Authors: Walker James T. , Lee John S. , Broadberry Stephen
Published: July 2022

James Walker, John Lee and Stephen Broadberry synthesise and analyse ancient sources to address three fascinating questions: What can Domesday Book tell us about medieval England and Wales? How can we estimate medieval populations? What was the size of the medieval economy?
Genotyping of cerebrospinal fluid in lung cancer patients with leptomeningeal metastasis
Authors: Nie Naifu , Zhou Haodong , Zhang Kejun , liu Lan , Luo Nuo , Wang Renyuan , Li Xin , Zhu Mengxiao , Hu Chen , Wang Yubo , Liu Zhulin , Li Li , He Yong
Published: July 2022

Background

The prognosis of non–small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) is poor. Detection of cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) by next generation sequencing (NGS) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may facilitate diagnosis of LM and identification of drug resistance mechanisms, yet its clinical use needs to be further verified.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study to assess the genetic profiles of paired CSF and plasma samples in lung cancer patients with LM. Of 17 patients screened, a total of 14 patients with LM and paired NGS tests were enrolled.

Results

All patients harbor driver gene mutations, including 12 epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activating mutations, 1 anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement, and 1 ROS‐1 fusion. Genetic mutations were detected in CSF cfDNA from 92.9% patients (13/14), which was significantly higher than that from the plasma (9/14, 64.2%). The mutations were highly divergent between CSF and plasma cfDNA, with a concordance rate of 24.38% and 10 mutations shared by the two media. CSF cfDNA could also benefit the analysis of resistance mechanisms to targeted therapies. In five patients who experienced progression on 1st or 2nd generation EGFR‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), RB1 mutation, and amplification of MET and EGFR were detected in CSF cfDNA only. In eight patients with LM progression on osimertinib resistance, EGFR amplification was detected in CSF cfDNA from four patients, whereas no CNVs were detected in the matched plasma samples.

Conclusions

In conclusion, CSF could be superior to plasma in providing a more comprehensive genetic landscape of LM to find out drug resistance mechanisms and guide subsequent treatments.
Micro‐habitat drivers of saproxylic beetle assemblages in old woodlands of Mediterranean cork oak (Quercus suber)
Authors: Della Rocca Francesca , Jansson Nicklas , Chiari Stefano , Zauli Agnese , Carpaneto Giuseppe Maria
Published: July 2022

Cork oak landscapes are fascinating ecosystems, historically managed for cork extraction. The persistence in this habitat of many hollow veteran trees provides suitable micro‐habitats for saproxylic beetles.

We investigated the saproxylic beetle community of two isolated cork oak woodlands of central Italy with different degree of recovery after human transformation: (1) an open woodland and (2) a dense mixed woodland, both dominated by cork oak trees.

We found endemic, rare and threatened saproxylic beetles in both the areas, confirming the important conservation value of cork oak landscapes. In the open woodland we observed a higher number of species in all trophic categories, except for mycophagous specialists. Several microhabitat variables reflected the different stage of recovery of the two woodlands.

Our findings suggest the crucial role of diversified environments in protected areas: even a small difference in the degree of recovery (i.e., tree closeness) can affect the number of beetle species. Specifically, we found (1) more xerophilous species in the open woodland and (2) more mesophilous species in the dense mixed woodland.
Anthropology of proprioception: Endurance and collectivity on unstable grounds in postrevolutionary Cairo
Authors: Elyachar Julia
Published: July 2022

In this article, I turn from the anthropology of resistance to an anthropology of proprioception. I draw on the concept of proprioception—conscious awareness of the body in space—to provide conceptual language for rethinking collective agency in the long aftermath of mass revolt. I bring proprioception together with the concept of barzakh, or estuary, as interpreted by Ibn ‘Arabi (1165–1240) and Abou El Fetouh (2015), to consider different groundings of collective movement. I do so, for one thing, because of a lingering individualism of the body in formulations of resistance and because of the urgency of thinking collectivity together with ground in times of climate emergency. I draw from debates about collectivity and ground in Egypt, the Middle East, and the broader region of the former Ottoman Empire to make my arguments about why this matters for anthropology. I think this through with ethnographic material from Cairo over the span of 1996–2019, focusing less on conversation and interaction in a particular location than on interactions in movement, across and down the street, and among interlocutors in fields of anthropology, physiology, and social theory in nineteenth‐century Great Britain, the United States, and Egypt.
Circadian rhythm and clinical characteristics in patients with acute myocardial infarction combined with obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Zhao Fang , Zhao Xiaoyun , Yang Liheng , Li Yuechuan
Published: July 2022

Objective

The present study aimed to investigate the circadian rhythm and clinical characteristics of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) combined with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Methods

Patients with AMI combined with OSA were enrolled in the study, and those that met the inclusion criteria were divided into three time‐period groups based on their sleep–wake rhythm (22:00–5:59, 6:00–13:59, and 14:00–21:59). The differences between the three groups of patients in sleep‐monitoring data, blood routine, biochemical indicators, and coronary angiographic parameters were analyzed and compared. Count data were expressed as the number of cases, and the chi‐square test was used for statistical analysis. Continuous data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and analysis of variance was used for the statistical analysis of these data. The characteristics of circadian rhythm and clinical features in patients with AMI combined with OSA were analyzed.

Results

Of the 148 patients, 90/148 (61%) had chest pain and 58/148 (39%) had non‐chest pain symptoms. In the 22:00–05:59 group, there were 70/148 (47%) patients with AMI (of these, 46/70 [66%] had chest pain). In the 06:00–13:59 period group, there were 44/148 (30%) patients with AMI (of these, 26/44 [60%] had chest pain). In the 14:00–21:59 period group, there were 34/148 (23%) patients with AMI (of these, 17/34 [50%] had chest pain). There was no statistically significant difference in the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) and SYNTAX score between patients in the 22:00–5:59 and 6:00–13:59 groups. However, the AHI and SYNTAX scores in the 22:00–5:59 and 6:00–13:59 groups were higher than those in the 14:00–21:59 group, and the differences were statistically significant. In patients in the 22:00–5:59 group, the levels of serum D‐dimer (DD), hemoglobin (Hb), and oxygen desaturation index (ODI3) were higher, the sleep mean oxygen saturation (MeanSaO2) was lower and the percentage of nighttime spent with oxygen saturation of less than 90% (Tsat90) and less than 85% (Tsat85) was longer.

Conclusion

The peak period for the onset of AMI in patients with OSA was 22:00–5:59, and the incidence of chest pain was high. During this period, patients had higher DD and Hb, higher ODI3, lower MeanSaO2 during sleep, and longer TSat90 and TSat85. During the 22:00–5:59 and 6:00–13:59 periods, patients had higher AHI and a higher SYNTAX score.
Electrical injury and the long‐term risk of cataract: A prospective matched cohort study
Authors: Kærgaard Anette , Nielsen Kent J. , Carstensen Ole , Biering Karin
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Over the years, many cases of electric cataract related to severe electrical injuries have been reported. Most have been cases where the entrance or exit point of the current was on the skull or near the eyes. Still, cases of cataract have been reported where an electric current has passed through the body between two contact points remote from the eyes. This study investigates whether persons exposed to an electric current develop cataracts in the subsequent years.

Methods

We identified 14 112 persons who had received electrical injuries in two Danish registries. We matched these with patients partly with dislocation/sprain injuries and partly with persons from the workforce from the same occupation using year of accident, sex and age as matching variables in a prospective, matched‐cohort design. We identified cataract as outcome (DH25, DH26 and DH28) in the Danish National Patient Registry. The associations were analysed using conditional Cox and logistic regression.

Results

We did not identify an increased risk of cataract following electrical injury compared to matched controls.

Conclusion

A review of the literature clearly substantiates the occurrence of electric cataract as a consequence of electric current coming in contact with a point on the skull or near the eye. However, our results indicate that electric cataract is not a delayed‐onset effect of electrical injury, in general, and do not suggest a need for cataract screening in all cases of electrical injury.
Predicting developmental outcomes in middle childhood from early life language and parenting experiences
Authors: von Stumm Sophie , O'Reilly Jelena , d'Apice Katrina
Published: July 2022

Children's early life experiences of language and parenting are thought to have pervasive, long‐term influence on their cognitive and behavioural development. However, studies are scarce that collected naturalistic observations to broadly assess children's early life experiences and test their associations with developmental outcomes in middle childhood. Here, we used digital audio‐recorders to collect three full days of naturalistic observations from 107 British families with children (46 boys) aged 2–4 years, of whom 89 participated in a follow‐up assessment four years later when the children were 5–8 years old. We found that children's early life experiences of language and parenting were not significantly associated with their later language ability, academic performance and behavioural outcomes. We explore differences in methodology, sample characteristics and the role of developmental periods as possible explanations for the discrepancy in findings between the current and previous studies.
Home literacy in the digital era: The role of mobile screen media frequency in a U.S. state
Authors: Turco Rosa G. , Lesaux Nonie K. , Jones Stephanie M.
Published: July 2022

Studies suggest that mobile screen media can play a positive role in young children's language and literacy development. However, the role of mobile screen media in the home literacy environment of pre‐school aged children has not been widely explored. Currently, it is unclear whether the amount of time on mobile devices has any association with their language and literacy development. The present study therefore explored the frequency of mobile digital media use and its relationship to children's language and emergent literacy skills, and whether and how child and family characteristics may have mediated this relationship. The sample consisted of 881 children in Massachusetts (Mage = 5.16; 69% White, non‐Hispanic; 48% female) who completed language and literacy assessments on letter/word recognition, phonological awareness, vocabulary, syntax and language. Parents completed a survey on their child's literacy and technology activities at home. Results suggest that any associations between mobile screen media and language and literacy development may not be explained by quantity of use, but rather the nature of use. No robust statistically significant associations were found between the frequency of mobile media device use and children's language and literacy skills after controlling for key child and family background characteristics. Although rhyme awareness scores were significantly related to frequency of mobile device use, the association was weak. Thus, further research should explore types of activities, app features, and interactions that are important for children's development of language and literacy skills when using mobile media devices.

Practitioner notes

What is already known about this topic

Pre‐school aged children are spending an increasing amount of time with mobile screens.

Mobile screen media can play a positive role in young children's language and literacy development.

What this paper adds

This paper describes the frequency in which pre‐school children in one US state use mobile screen media.

The results of this paper provide suggest that there are no associations between mobile screen media and language and literacy development.

This paper discusses how several home environmental factors play a role in children's early development of language and literacy.

Implications for practice and/or policy

Practitioners and teachers working with families of pre‐school children can focus on supporting the quality of interactions children have with mobile media rather than focusing on limiting the amount of time children spend with mobile media.

Parents, practitioners and teachers should become familiar with educational media available and learn about effective ways to use it especially among children from low‐income household who engage with mobile media at higher rates.
Nomograms for prognostic risk assessment in glioblastoma multiforme: Applications and limitations
Authors: Zheng Hong , Yan Taoning , Han Yunsong , Wang Qiang , Zhang Guosen , Zhang Lu , Zhu Wan , Xie Longxiang , Guo Xiangqian
Published: July 2022

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive form of brain cancer. Prognosis evaluation is of great significance in guiding individualized treatment and monitoring of GBM. By integrating different prognostic variables, nomograms simplify the statistical risk prediction model into numerical estimates for death or recurrence, and are hence widely applied in prognosis prediction. In the past two decades, the application of high‐throughput profiling technology and the establishment of TCGA database and other public data deposits have provided opportunities to identify cancer‐related molecules and prognostic biomarkers. As a result, both molecular features and clinical characteristics of cancer have been reported to be the key factors in nomogram model construction. This article comprehensively reviewed 35 studies of GBM nomograms, analyzed the present situation of GBM nomograms, and discussed the role and significance of nomograms in personalized risk assessment and clinical treatment decision‐making. To facilitate the application of nomograms in the prognostic prediction of GBM patients, a website has been established for the online access of nomograms based on the studies of this review, which is called Consensus Nomogram Spectrum for Glioblastoma (CNSgbm) and is accessible through https://bioinfo.henu.edu.cn/nom/NomList.jsp.
Association of combustible and non‐combustible tobacco use with clinically diagnosed adverse oral health outcomes among US adults, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2009–2014)
Authors: Chido‐Amajuoyi Onyema G. , Omega‐Njemnobi Onyinye , Okoli Chimuanya , Ozigbu Chamberline , Okoroafor Ibeawuchi , Anikpezie Nnabuchi , Odani Satomi , Agaku Israel
Published: July 2022

Introduction

There is an established link between tobacco use and adverse oral health outcomes. However, there is a paucity of research exploring the effect of various tobacco products on clinically diagnosed adverse oral health outcomes.

Methods

Data were pooled from three cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: 2009–2010; 2011–2012; and 2013–2014 (n = 11,453). Multivariable logistic regressions examined the associations between periodontitis and dental caries with the type of tobacco product used (combustible, non‐combustible or both).

Results

Overall, 42.3% of the study sample had any periodontitis, 7.8% had severe periodontitis and 21.7% had dental caries. There was a higher prevalence of periodontitis and caries among combustible tobacco users than non‐combustible tobacco use; 62.1% of combustible tobacco smokers had any periodontitis, 17.1% had severe periodontitis, while 39.4% of adults with dental caries were dual users. Compared to non‐smokers, combustible tobacco use increased the odds of any periodontitis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.28, 3.45) and severe periodontitis (aOR 2.62, 95% CI 1.90, 3.61). Compared to non‐smokers, both combustible tobacco (aOR 2.11, 95% CI 1.61, 2.76) and non‐combustible tobacco use (aOR 2.09, 95% CI 1.19, 3.66) increased the odds of dental caries.

Discussion and Conclusions

In this study of US adults, combustible tobacco use was associated with periodontitis and dental caries, while non‐combustible tobacco use was associated with dental caries. In addition to conducting extensive oral health screening among all smokers, oral health‐care providers should counsel smokers on the need for smoking cessation.
Activity participation in children and young people with cerebral palsy: A neglected problem in low‐ and middle‐income countries
Authors: Kija Edward
Published: July 2022

This commentary is on the original article by Andrews et al. on pages 274–284 of this issue.