bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic spatio-temporal generation of large-scale synthetic gridded precipitation: with improved spatial coherence of extremes
Authors: Diederen Dirk , Liu Ye
Published: September 2019

With the ongoing development of distributed hydrological models, flood risk analysis calls for synthetic, gridded precipitation data sets. The availability of large, coherent, gridded re-analysis data sets in combination with the increase in computational power, accommodates the development of new methodology to generate such synthetic data. We tracked moving precipitation fields and classified them using self-organising maps. For each class, we fitted a multivariate mixture model and generated a large set of synthetic, coherent descriptors, which we used to reconstruct moving synthetic precipitation fields. We introduced randomness in the original data set by replacing the observed precipitation fields in the original data set with the synthetic precipitation fields. The output is a continuous, gridded, hourly precipitation data set of a much longer duration, containing physically plausible and spatio-temporally coherent precipitation events. The proposed methodology implicitly provides an important improvement in the spatial coherence of precipitation extremes. We investigate the issue of unrealistic, sudden changes on the grid and demonstrate how a dynamic spatio-temporal generator can provide spatial smoothness in the probability distribution parameters and hence in the return level estimates.
Genetic diversity in wild populations of the restinga ecotype of the cashew (Anacardium occidentale) in coastal Piauí, Brazil
Authors: dos Santos Juelina O. , Mayo Simon J. , Bittencourt Cleiton B. , de Andrade Ivanilza M.
Published: September 2019

The cashew,Anacardium occidentale, is a globally important tropical fruit tree, but little is known about its natural infraspecific systematics. Wild Brazilian populations occur in the cerrado biome and coastal restinga vegetation. We investigated whether wild coastal and domesticated populations could be distinguished genetically using inter-simple repeat molecular markers (ISSRs). In total, 94 polymorphic loci from five primers were used to characterise genetic diversity, structure and differentiation in four wild restinga populations and four domesticated ones from eight localities in Piauí state (30 individuals per population). Genetic diversity was greater overall in wild (%P: 57.2%,I: 0.24,He: 0.15) than domesticated populations (%P: 49.5%,I: 0.19,He: 0.12). Significant structure was observed among the eight populations (between-population variance 22%,ΦPT = 0.217,P ≥ 0.001), but only weak distinctions between wild and domesticated groups. Cluster and principal coordinate analyses showed marked genetic disparity in populations. No correlation of genetic and geographical inter-population distance was found (Mantel test,r = 0.02032,P = 0.4436). Bayesian analysis found an eight-group optimal model (ΔK = 50.2,K = 8), which mostly corresponded to sampled populations. Wild populations show strong genetic heterogeneity within a small geographical area despite probable gene flow between them. Within-population genetic diversity of wild plants varied considerably and was lower where extractive activities by local people are most intense (Labino population). The study underlines the importance of wild populations as in situ genetic reserves and the urgent need for further studies to support their conservation.
Pre-frontal parvalbumin interneurons in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of post-mortem studies
Authors: Kaar Stephen J. , Angelescu Ilinca , Marques Tiago Reis , Howes Oliver D.
Published: September 2019

Parvalbumin interneurons are fast-spiking GABAergic neurons that provide inhibitory control of cortical and subcortical circuits and are thought to be a key locus of the pathophysiology underlying schizophrenia. In view of the contradictory results regarding the nature of parvalbumin post-mortem findings in schizophrenia, we conducted a quantitative meta-analysis of the data on parvalbumin cell density and parvalbumin mRNA levels in pre-frontal regions in the brains of patients with schizophrenia (n = 274) compared with healthy controls (n = 275). The results suggest that parvalbumin interneurons are reduced in density in the frontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia (Hedges’ g = − 0.27; p = 0.03) and there is a non-significant reduction in parvalbumin mRNA levels (g = − 0.44; p = 0.12). However, certain methodological issues need to be considered in interpreting such results and are discussed in more detail. A meta-regression was conducted for post-mortem interval and year of publication as covariates which were both non-significant, except in the mRNA meta-analysis where post-mortem interval was found to be significant. Overall our findings provide tentative support for the hypothesis that the GABAergic system is deficient in schizophrenia and that parvalbumin-containing interneurons offer a potential target for treatment. However, further well-controlled studies that examine multiple regions and layers are warranted to determine whether parvalbumin alterations are region or layer specific and to test the robustness of the findings further.
Porous Y and Cr–doped SrTiO3 materials—electrical and redox properties
Authors: Łącz Agnieszka , Drożdż Ewa
Published: September 2019

Highly porous materials in the Sr0.96Y0.04Ti1-xCrxO3 system (where x = 0, 2, 4, 8 mol.%) were obtained by wet synthesis method. The structural and electrical properties of these materials were determined together with the ability to participate in oxidation/reduction reactions, since yttrium is responsible for high electrical conductivity in reducing atmosphere and chromium is a factor affecting the catalytic properties. For the material with the highest assumed amount of chromium, the small content of an additional phase (Cr2O3) was observed. SrTiO3 lattice parameters together with the results of temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and temperature-programmed oxidation (TPOx) tests and Seebeck coefficient measurements allowed to determine the oxidation states of chromium in the received materials. It was shown that introduction of Y into strontium sublattice stabilises the strontium titanate structure and affects the oxidation state of chromium incorporated into the titanium sublattice. The defect structure in Sr0.96Y0.04Ti1-xCrxO3 system is a complex problem, since yttrium is a donor type dopant and chromium due to the possible +3 and +6 oxidation states can be considered both acceptor and donor type one. Thus, a change in the conduction mechanism with the chromium content was observed in both oxidising and reducing atmosphere.
Alleviation of Plant Stress Precedes Termination of Rich Fen Stages in Peat Profiles of Lowland Mires
Authors: Jabłońska Ewa , Michaelis Dierk , Tokarska Marlena , Goldstein Klara , Grygoruk Mateusz , Wilk Mateusz , Wyszomirski Tomasz , Kotowski Wiktor
Published: September 2019

Mesotrophic rich fens, that is, groundwater-fed mires, may be long-lasting, as well as transient ecosystems, displaced in time by poor fens, bogs, forests or eutrophic reeds. We hypothesized that fen stability is controlled by plant stress caused by waterlogging with calcium-rich and nutrient-poor groundwater, which limits expansion of hummock mosses, tussock sedges and trees. We analysed 32 European Holocene macrofossil profiles of rich fens using plant functional traits (PFTs) which indicate the level of plant stress in the environment: canopy height, clonal spread, diaspore mass, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, Ellenberg moisture value, hummock-forming ability, mycorrhizal status and plant functional groups. Six PFTs, which formed long-term significant trends during mire development, were compiled as rich fen stress indicator (RFSI). We found that RFSI values at the start of fen development were correlated with the thickness of subsequently accumulated rich fen peat. RFSI declined in fens approaching change into another mire type, regardless whether it was shifting into bog, forest or eutrophic reeds. RFSI remained comparatively high and stable in three rich fens, which have not terminated naturally until present times. By applying PFT analysis to macrofossil data, we demonstrated that fens may undergo a gradual autogenic process, which lowers the ecosystem’s resistance and enhances shifts to other mire types. Long-lasting rich fens, documented by deep peat deposits, are rare. Because autogenic processes tend to alleviate stress in fens, high levels of stress are needed at initial stages of rich fen development to enable its long persistence and continuous peat accumulation.
Quality of life measures in older adults after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review
Authors: Hunt Cindy , Zahid Shatabdy , Ennis Naomi , Michalak Alicja , Masanic Cheryl , Vaidyanath Chantal , Bhalerao Shree , Cusimano Michael D. , Baker Andrew
Published: September 2019

Background

On average older adults experiencing TBI are hospitalized four times as often, have longer hospital stays, and experience slower recovery trajectories and worse functional outcomes compared to younger populations with the same injury severity. A standard measure of Qol for older adults with TBI would facilitate accurate and reliable data across the individual patient care continuum and across clinical care settings, as well as support more rigorous research studies of metadata.

Purpose

The aim of this systematic review was to investigate patient reported Qol measures in studies with older adults post TBI.

Method

A systematic review was carried out focusing on the various tools to measure Qol in older adults, ≥ 65 years of age with a diagnosis of TBI. Data bases searched included Medline, Embase, PubMed, CINAHL, and PsychInfo from date of inception to September 25, 2017.

Results

A total of 20 articles met the inclusion criteria. Nine different tools were identified.

Conclusions

Findings based on the comparison of reliability and construct validity of the Qol measures reported in this review suggest that no single instrument is superior to all others for our study population. Future research in this field should include the enrollment of larger study samples of older adults. Without these future efforts, the ability to detect an optimal Qol measure will be hindered.
Slanted Stixels: A Way to Represent Steep Streets
Authors: Hernandez-Juarez Daniel , Schneider Lukas , Cebrian Pau , Espinosa Antonio , Vazquez David , López Antonio M. , Franke Uwe , Pollefeys Marc , Moure Juan C.
Published: September 2019

This work presents and evaluates a novel compact scene representation based on Stixels that infers geometric and semantic information. Our approach overcomes the previous rather restrictive geometric assumptions for Stixels by introducing a novel depth model to account for non-flat roads and slanted objects. Both semantic and depth cues are used jointly to infer the scene representation in a sound global energy minimization formulation. Furthermore, a novel approximation scheme is introduced in order to significantly reduce the computational complexity of the Stixel algorithm, and then achieve real-time computation capabilities. The idea is to first perform an over-segmentation of the image, discarding the unlikely Stixel cuts, and apply the algorithm only on the remaining Stixel cuts. This work presents a novel over-segmentation strategy based on a fully convolutional network, which outperforms an approach based on using local extrema of the disparity map. We evaluate the proposed methods in terms of semantic and geometric accuracy as well as run-time on four publicly available benchmark datasets. Our approach maintains accuracy on flat road scene datasets while improving substantially on a novel non-flat road dataset.
Ground penetrating radar use in flood prevention
Authors: Tomecka-Suchoń Sylwia
Published: September 2019

The main goal of the work is to create an automatic method of locating weak zones within flood embankments structure based on ground penetrating radar (GPR) measurements. The presented research shows the possibilities of using advanced methods of GPR signal processing and its analysis with the help of signal attributes for detecting zones threatening the stability of the structure of flood embankments. Obtained results may help in quick detection of potential weak zones of the embankments and consequently give means to ameliorate them, which may prevent damage to the embankments during rise in the level of river water. The presented analyses were carried out on GPR data obtained for the flood banks of the Rudawa River (Kraków, Poland) in the area of their visible degradation. The use of signal attributes, such as Energy, instantaneous frequency, similarity, curvature gradient, dominant frequency, allowed initial indication of anomalous zones threatening the stability of embankment. Advanced processing supported by the use of advanced filters such as GLCM, Grubbs filter threshold and Convolve Prewitt helped in the analysis of the structure of the embankments. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) in the supervised and unsupervised variants were used to perform the automatic classification of weakened zones within the embankments. The results demonstrated the usefulness of GPR geophysical method through integration of ANN in the analysis of the data.
Platelet-rich plasma. Evidenze, limiti e prospettive future
Authors: Bove A. , Russo B. , Traficante F. , Barile A. , Orabona N.
Published: September 2019

Regenerative medicine is a promising frontier in several fields of medicine and surgery. In orthopaedics, cell products are used to facilitate the regeneration of bone, tendons, and cartilage in many orthopaedic disorders. A large portion of scientific literature is developing while basic science provides further information on tissue healing and the biological pathways to enhance it. PRP is one of the most promising products used as biological therapy. Even though a standardised methodology of preparation and utilisation is still missing, promising results coming from clinical research encourage its use. Further research will meet the challenge of standardising procedures, timing and way of application, and outcomes reporting, so as to allow researcher to make analyses and comparisons that will expand our knowledge of this interesting field of medicine.
A GIS-based assessment of recent changes in drainage and morphometry of Betwa River basin and sub-basins, Central India
Authors: Venkatesh Madavi , Anshumali
Published: September 2019

Morphometric characterization of the Betwa River basin (BRB) in Central India has been carried out to understand the spatial variations in morphometric parameters and evaluate hydrological, geological and topographical characteristics by analyzing SRTM DEM and topographical maps using geographic information system. Based on catchment characteristics and anthropogenic activities, the Betwa River basin and sub-basins were divided into three regions: (a) upstream, (b) midstream and (c) downstreams regions. The BRB comprised a dendritic drainage pattern where the maximum number of the stream was found in the first order. The mean bifurcation ratio (4.61) showed that the drainage pattern was not affected by structural disturbances. The drainage texture analysis showed the dominance of coarse texture, low runoff, low erosional potential, permeable subsurface material, high vegetation cover and low relief. The circularity ratio (0.13) showed an elongated shape of the basin. The > 74.5% of the study area had < 3° slope indicates gentle terrain condition. These results could be utilized in developing watershed management, agricultural land-use planning, forestry management and planning of sustainable industrial facilities.
A Numerical Approach to Design the Kretschmann Configuration Based Refractive Index Graphene-MoS2 Hybrid Layers With TiO2-SiO2 Nano for Formalin Detection
Authors: Hossain Md. Biplob , Tasnim Tamanna , Abdulrazak Lway F. , Rana Md. Masud , Islam Md. Rabiul
Published: September 2019

In this paper, a Kretschmann configuration based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor is numerically designed using graphene-MoS2hybrid structure TiO2-SiO2nano particles for formalin detection. In this design, the observations of SPR angle versus minimum reflectance and SPR frequency (FSPR) versus maximum transmittance (Tmax) are considered. The chitosan is used as probe legend to perform reaction with the formalin (40% formaldehyde) which acts as target legend. In this paper, both graphene and MoS2are used as biomolecular acknowledgment element (BAE) and TiO2as well as SiO2bilayers is used to improve the sensitivity of the sensor. The numerical results show that the variation of FSPR and SPR angles for inappropriate sensing of formalin is quite insignificant which confirms the absence of formalin. On the other hand, these variations for appropriate sensing are considerably significant that confirm the presence of formalin. At the end of this article, the variation of sensitivity of the proposed biosensor is measured in corresponding to the increment of a refractive index with a refractive index step 0.01 refractive index unit (RIU). In inclusion of TiO2-SiO2bilayers with graphene-MoS2, a maximum sensitivity of 85.375% is numerically calculated.
Differences in the diet and trophic niche of three sympatric carnivores in a marshland
Authors: Lanszki Zsófia , Horváth Győző F. , Bende Zsolt , Lanszki József
Published: September 2019

In order to conserve wetlands, it is crucial to have reliable knowledge of population and community processes. Our aims were to explore the dietary differences that allow coexistence of carnivores belonging to different trophic guilds, and to detect the presence of the relict Pannonian root vole subspecies (Microtus oeconomus méhelyi) within the Kis-Balaton marshland (Hungary). The 1-year dietary study was based on faecal analysis of the main mammalian predators of the area, i.e. red fox (Vulpes vulpes), martens (Martes spp.) and Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra). Small mammals, mainly Microtus species and water vole (Arvicola amphibius), were the primary foods for each carnivore. The dietary pattern of the otter was unique among European studies. Analysis of frequency data and estimated consumed biomass data revealed significant interspecific and intraspecific (seasonal) foraging differences among the three predators. Based on diets and live trapping of small mammals, foxes and martens selected voles, they selected against mice and shrews. The selection of the root vole was confirmed from faecal samples of foxes and martens. Consequently, faecal analysis of common carnivores can be an effective monitoring tool in providing data about prey species under special habitat conditions. Thus, it may contribute to wetland conservation indirectly.
Focus on Chronic Variable Immunodeficiency for Primary Care Practitioners, the Gatekeepers to Optimal Health Outcomes for Primary Immunodeficiency Syndromes
Authors: Gerber William A.
Published: September 2019

Purpose of Review

This review sought to assess the extent and causes of suboptimal healthcare outcomes for chronic variable immunodeficiency (CVID).

Recent Findings

Significant improvements in diagnostic technology and treatment protocols over time were found, leading to reduced morbidity and mortality for those accessing therapies. Treatments continue to be largely non-curative with financing (mainly insurance coverage) an obstacle. Symptom recognition by primary care practitioners (PCP) remains a gating factor to treatment and a widespread and persistent barrier to optimal health outcomes.

CVID is a subtype of primary immunodeficiency (PIDD) associated with under-diagnosis. It has emerged as a health issue more prevalent than historically known. No symptom-recognition framework for early detection of CVID has been generally accepted; those proposed for primary immunodeficiencies have shown low sensitivity, low specificity or both. Positive trends in cases diagnosed have been aided by awareness campaigns and international collaborations. However, treatments for CVID will not realize full potential without effective, accepted frameworks for timely identification in the clinic.
The Association of Sedentary Behaviour and Cognitive Function in People Without Dementia: A Coordinated Analysis Across Five Cohort Studies from COSMIC
Authors:   COSMIC Collaborators, Maasakkers Carlijn M. , Claassen Jurgen A. H. R. , Gardiner Paul A. , Olde Rikkert Marcel G. M. , Lipnicki Darren M. , Scarmeas Nikolaos , Dardiotis Efthimios , Yannakoulia Mary , Anstey Kaarin J. , Cherbuin Nicolas , Haan Mary N. , Kumagai Shuzo , Narazaki Kenji , Chen Tao , Ng Tze Pin , Gao Qi , Nyunt Ma S. Z. , Crawford John D. , Kochan Nicole A. , Makkar Steve R. , Sachdev Perminder S. , Thijssen Dick H. J. , Melis René J. F.
Published: September 2019

Background

Besides physical activity as a target for dementia prevention, sedentary behaviour is hypothesized to be a potential target in its own right. The rising number of persons with dementia and lack of any effective treatment highlight the urgency to better understand these modifiable risk factors. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether higher levels of sedentary behaviour are associated with reduced global cognitive functioning and slower cognitive decline in older persons without dementia.

Methods

We used five population cohorts from Greece, Australia, USA, Japan, and Singapore (HELIAD, PATH, SALSA, SGS, and SLAS2) from the Cohort Studies of Memory in an International Consortium. In a coordinated analysis, we assessed the relationship between sedentary behaviour and global cognitive function with the use of linear mixed growth model analysis (mean follow-up range of 2.0–8.1 years).

Results

Baseline datasets combined 10,450 older adults without dementia with a mean age range between cohorts of 66.7–75.1 years. After adjusting for multiple covariates, no cross-sectional association between sedentary behaviour and cognition was found in four studies. One association was detected where more sedentary behaviour was cross-sectionally linked to higher cognition levels (SLAS2, B = 0.118 (0.075; 0.160), P < 0.001). Longitudinally, there were no associations between baseline sedentary behaviour and cognitive decline (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Overall, these results do not suggest an association between total sedentary time and lower global cognition in older persons without dementia at baseline or over time. We hypothesize that specific types of sedentary behaviour may differentially influence cognition which should be investigated further. For now, it is, however, too early to establish undifferentiated sedentary time as a potential effective target for minimizing cognitive decline in older adults without dementia.
Ethical Conduct in International Criminal Courts: Whose Ethics?
Authors: Cima Elena , Mbengue Makane Moïse
Published: September 2019

Ethics plays a crucial role in international adjudication, in particular in the context of international criminal proceedings where the liberty of the accused is at stake. Criminal courts have been trying to create an “international judicial culture” based on shared ethical standards. In doing so, however, they are constantly faced with an obstacle inherent in the very idea of ethics: the impossibility of defining what constitutes “ethical conduct” divorced from one's culture, tradition, legal system, or professional background. This contribution intends to explore the complexity of trying to define the contours of ethical standards in international criminal proceedings, in particular in the absence of precise written rules, by focusing on the Furundžija case. Even when rules are codified, however, they often remain open to divergent interpretations depending on one's cultural, social, and legal background. Ultimately, it is not simply a matter of codifying ethical rules but, more importantly, of agreeing on “whose ethics” these rules should reflect.
Stakeholder Dialogue as Agonistic Deliberation: Exploring the Role of Conflict and Self-Interest in Business-NGO Interaction
Authors: Brand Teunis , Blok Vincent , Verweij Marcel
Published: September 2019

Many companies engage in dialogue with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) about societal issues. The question is what a regulative ideal for such dialogues should be. In the literature on corporate social responsibility (CSR), the Habermasian notion of communicative action is often presented as a regulative ideal for stakeholder dialogue, implying that actors should aim at consensus and set strategic considerations aside. In this article, we argue that in many cases, communicative action is not a suitable regulative ideal for dialogue between companies and NGOs. We contend that there is often an adversarial element in the relation between companies and NGOs, and that an orientation towards consensus can be in tension with this adversarial relation. We develop an alternative approach to stakeholder dialogue called ‘agonistic deliberation.’ In this approach, conflict and strategic considerations play a legitimate and, up to a certain point, desirable role.
Training methods that improve MD–PhD student self-efficacy for clinical research skills
Authors: Sebastian Mathew , Robinson Matthew A. , Dumeny Leanne , Dyson Kyle A. , Fantone Joseph C. , McCormack Wayne T. , Stratford May W.
Published: September 2019

Introduction:

MD-PhD training programs train physician-scientists to pursue careers involving both clinical care and research, but decreasing numbers of physician-scientists stay engaged in clinical research. We sought to identify current clinical research training methods utilized by MD–PhD programs and to assess how effective they are in promoting self-efficacy for clinical research.

Methods:

The US MD–PhD students were surveyed in April–May 2018. Students identified the clinical research training methods they participated in, and self-efficacy in clinical research was determined using a modified 12-item Clinical Research Appraisal Inventory.

Results:

Responses were received from 61 of 108 MD–PhD institutions. Responses were obtained from 647 MD–PhD students in all years of training. The primary methods of clinical research training included no clinical research training, and various combinations of didactics, mentored clinical research, and a clinical research practicum. Students with didactics plus mentored clinical research had similar self-efficacy as those with didactics plus clinical research practicum. Training activities that differentiated students who did and did not have the clinical research practicum experience and were associated with higher self-efficacy included exposure to Institutional Review Boards and participation in human subject recruitment.

Conclusions:

A clinical research practicum was found to be an effective option for MD–PhD students conducting basic science research to gain experience in clinical research skills. Clinical research self-efficacy was correlated with the amount of clinical research training and specific clinical research tasks, which may inform curriculum development for a variety of clinical and translational research training programs, for example, MD–PhD, TL1, and KL2.
First record of the Paleozoic land snail family Anthracopupidae in the Lower Jurassic of China and the origin of Stylommatophora
Authors: Jochum Adrienne , Yu Tingting , Neubauer Thomas A.
Published: September 2019

Computed tomographic (CT) imaging allows new accessibility to shells of gastropod fossil taxa and their extant relatives, providing new data for interpreting former systematic assignments. The highly questionable ellobiid assignment of the nonmarine gastropod genusProtocarychiumPan, 1982 from the Lower Jurassic of Hunan, China, is reevaluated using CT imaging to assess internal aspects of the shell. By comparing these new data to those of stylommatophoran, ellobiid, and caenogastropod clades in the literature, this work reveals thatProtocarychiumbears no affinity to the Carychiidae, which are otherwise known only from the Cenozoic, but rather to the Paleozoic land snail family Anthracopupidae Wenz, 1938. This finding constitutes the first Asian appearance of anthracopupid snails beyond their known North American and European range. Contrary to the current opinion, we suggest the Anthracopupidae to be a basal stylommatophoran clade, which places the origin of Stylommatophora at least in the late Carboniferous.
Species of the Devonian aulacopleurid trilobiteCyphaspidesfrom southeastern Morocco
Authors: Chatterton Brian D.E. , Gibb Stacey , McKellar Ryan C.
Published: September 2019

Three new species ofCyphaspidesare proposed:C. ammari, C. nicoleae, andC. pankowskiorum. These species are based on specimens obtained from Middle Devonian (Eifelian) strata of the Bou Tchrafine Group, near Erfoud, in the Province of Errachidia, southeastern Morocco. The present contribution enhances our knowledge ofCyphaspidesby providing details of three new species that are based on well-preserved, complete, and articulated types. The genusCyphaspidesis discussed, and an emended diagnosis is provided. The paleobiogeography, ontogeny, and relationships of the genus are discussed.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/4a7aab8f-8c8e-4498-9cc2-6f8c69b85213
Cognitive restructuring in the bilingual mind: motion event construal in early Cantonese–English bilinguals
Authors: WANG YI , WEI LI
Published: September 2019

abstract

Languages differ typologically in motion event encoding (Talmy, 2000). Furthermore, the cross-linguistic variations in lexicalization modulate cognition in a dynamic and task-dependent manner (Slobin, 1996a). This study aims to investigate whether early Cantonese–English bilinguals behave differently from monolinguals in each language when lexicalizing and categorizing voluntary motion in different language contexts. Specifically, monolinguals were instructed and narrated in their native languages. We assigned bilinguals to a monolingual and a bilingual context by manipulating immediate language use in their oral descriptions. Results from monolinguals suggested an effect of language on event conceptualization. However, results from bilinguals showed that their performances patterned with English monolinguals in both event lexicalization and conceptualization regardless of the language context. These findings indicate that early exposure to a second language has motivated speakers to converge to a single lexicalization pattern compatible for both languages. And the degree of convergence is modulated by the amount of language contact with each language. The study demonstrates that participants draw on their linguistic knowledge during the non-verbal task and provides evidence for L2-biased cognitive restructuring within the framework of thinking-for-speaking.
Government Partisanship, Unionization and the Structure of Investment Liberalization
Authors: Chen Jia , Park Seungbin
Published: September 2019

Governments in advanced industrial democracies generally regulate foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows with two types of policy measures: entry barriers and post-establishment restrictions. This article provides an integrated account for the two types of FDI restrictions, which is largely absent in the existing literature. We argue that the government's choice of FDI policies is shaped by a compound effect of the incumbent's ideological orientation and the political influence of unionized labour. Although inward FDI broadly benefits domestic workers, the entrance of multinational corporations (MNCs) adversely impacts the unionized interests of labour by transforming the labour market in ways detrimental to unions’ wage-bargaining leverage. Leftist governments, driven by the preferences of their labour constituency, tend to lift entry barriers to FDI in order to promote capital inflows. At the same time, leftist governments may also need to address unions’ concerns about inbound MNCs by tightening post-establishment restrictions on FDI, which impose constraints on the globalized business and operational model of MNCs. We argue that leftist incumbents generally liberalize entry barriers but tighten post-establishment restrictions when the level of labour unionization is high. We found evidence consistent with our argument from country-level and sector-level analysis of FDI restrictions, using a sample from the early 2000s to the mid-2010s of Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries.
Availability of existing early-season rice cultivars as resources for selecting high-yielding short-duration cultivars of machine-transplanted late-season rice
Authors: Chen Jiana , Huang Min , Cao Fangbo , Yin Xiaohong , Zou Yingbin
Published: September 2019

High-yielding short-duration cultivars are required due to the development of mechanized large-scale double-season rice (i.e. early- and late-season rice) production in China. The objective of this study was to identify whether existing early-season rice cultivars can be used as resources to select high-yielding, short-duration (less than 115 days) cultivars of machine-transplanted late-season rice. Field experiments were conducted in Yongan, Hunan Province, China in the early and late rice-growing seasons in 2015 and 2016. Eight early-season rice cultivars (Liangyou 6, Lingliangyou 211, Lingliangyou 268, Xiangzaoxian 32, Xiangzaoxian 42, Zhongjiazao 17, Zhongzao 39, and Zhuliangyou 819) with growth durations of less than 115 days were used in 2015, and four cultivars (Lingliangyou 268, Zhongjiazao 17, Zhongzao 39, and Zhuliangyou 819) with good yield performance in the late season in 2015 were grown in 2016. All cultivars had a growth duration of less than 110 days when grown in the late season in both years. Zhongjiazao 17 produced the maximum grain yield of 9.61 Mg ha−1 with a daily grain yield of 108 kg ha−1 d−1 in the late season in 2015. Averaged across both years, Lingliangyou 268 had the highest grain yield of 8.57 Mg ha−1 with a daily grain yield of 95 kg ha−1 d−1 in the late season. The good yield performance of the early-season rice cultivars grown in the late season was mainly attributable to higher apparent radiation use efficiency. Growth duration and grain yield of early-season rice cultivars grown in the late season were not significantly related to those grown in the early season. Our study suggests that it is feasible to select high-yielding short-duration cultivars from existing early-season rice cultivars for machine-transplanted late-season rice production. Special tests by growing alternative early-season rice cultivars in the late season should be done to determine their growth duration and grain yield for such selection.
Investor Sentiment and Employment
Authors: Montone Maurizio , Zwinkels Remco C. J.
Published: September 2019

We develop a multi-country model with moral hazard and noise traders and show that investor sentiment should affect employment growth both domestically and abroad. Using a large sample of international industry-level data, we find strong support for the model’s predictions. We show that U.S. investor sentiment has a positive association with labor market conditions around the world, due to spillover effects as well as foreign direct investments from the United States. We also find that U.S. sentiment amplifies the negative effect of local financial crises on job losses, which supports the idea that financial development has a “dark side.”
Treatment response after 6 and 26 weeks is related to baseline glutamate and GABA levels in antipsychotic-naïve patients with psychosis
Authors: Bojesen Kirsten B. , Ebdrup Bjørn H. , Jessen Kasper , Sigvard Anne , Tangmose Karen , Edden Richard A.E. , Larsson Henrik B.W. , Rostrup Egill , Broberg Brian V. , Glenthøj Birte Y.
Published: September 2019

Background

Poor response to dopaminergic antipsychotics constitutes a major challenge in the treatment of psychotic disorders and markers for non-response during first-episode are warranted. Previous studies have found increased levels of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in non-responding first-episode patients compared to responders, but it is unknown if non-responders can be identified using reference levels from healthy controls (HCs).

Methods

Thirty-nine antipsychotic-naïve patients with first-episode psychosis and 36 matched HCs underwent repeated assessments with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and 3T magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Glutamate scaled to total creatine (/Cr) was measured in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and left thalamus, and levels of GABA/Cr were measured in ACC. After 6 weeks, we re-examined 32 patients on aripiprazole monotherapy and 35 HCs, and after 26 weeks we re-examined 30 patients on naturalistic antipsychotic treatment and 32 HCs. The Andreasen criteria defined non-response.

Results

Before treatment, thalamic glutamate/Cr was higher in the whole group of patients but levels normalized after treatment. ACC levels of glutamate/Cr and GABA/Cr were lower at all assessments and unaffected by treatment. When compared with HCs, non-responders at week 6 (19 patients) and week 26 (16 patients) had higher baseline glutamate/Cr in the thalamus. Moreover, non-responders at 26 weeks had lower baseline GABA/Cr in ACC. Baseline levels in responders and HCs did not differ.

Conclusion

Glutamatergic and GABAergic abnormalities in antipsychotic-naïve patients appear driven by non-responders to antipsychotic treatment. If replicated, normative reference levels for glutamate and GABA may aid estimation of clinical prognosis in first-episode psychosis patients.
Depressive psychopathology in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression
Authors: Herniman Sarah E. , Allott Kelly , Phillips Lisa J. , Wood Stephen J. , Uren Jacqueline , Mallawaarachchi Sumudu R. , Cotton Sue M.
Published: September 2019

Background

Despite knowing for many decades that depressive psychopathology is common in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders (FES), there is limited knowledge regarding the extent and nature of such psychopathology (degree of comorbidity, caseness, severity) and its demographic, clinical, functional and treatment correlates. This study aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of depressive disorder and caseness, and the pooled mean severity of depressive symptoms, as well as the demographic, illness, functional and treatment correlates of depressive psychopathology in FES.

Methods

This systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression was prospectively registered (CRD42018084856) and conducted in accordance with PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines.

Results

Forty studies comprising 4041 participants were included. The pooled prevalence of depressive disorder and caseness was 26.0% (seven samples,N= 855, 95% CI 22.1–30.3) and 43.9% (11 samples,N= 1312, 95% CI 30.3–58.4), respectively. The pooled mean percentage of maximum depressive symptom severity was 25.1 (38 samples,N= 3180, 95% CI 21.49–28.68). Correlates of depressive psychopathology were also found.

Conclusions

At least one-quarter of individuals with FES will experience, and therefore require treatment for, a full-threshold depressive disorder. Nearly half will experience levels of depressive symptoms that are severe enough to warrant diagnostic investigation and therefore clinical intervention – regardless of whether they actually fulfil diagnostic criteria for a depressive disorder. Depressive psychopathology is prominent in FES, manifesting not only as superimposed comorbidity, but also as an inextricable symptom domain.
Carers’ experiences of timely access to and use of dementia care services in eight European countries
Authors: Jelley Hannah , Kerpershoek Liselot , Verhey Frans , Wolfs Claire , de Vugt Marjolein , Bieber Anja , Stephan Astrid , Meyer Gabriele , Michelet Mona , Selbaek Geir , Sjölund Britt-Marie , Sköldunger Anders , Hopper Louise , Irving Kate , Marques Maria , Balsinha Maria Conceição , Gonçalves-Pereira Manuel , Portolani Daniel Michael , Zanetti Orazio , Woods Bob ,   the Actifcare Consortium
Published: September 2019

Timely access to care services is crucial to support people with dementia and their family carers to live well. Carers of people with dementia (N = 390), recruited from eight countries, completed semi-structured interviews about their experiences of either accessing or not using formal care services over a 12-month period in the Access to Timely Formal Care (Actifcare) study. Participant responses were summarised using content analysis, categorised into clusters and frequencies were calculated. Less than half of the participants (42.3%) reported service use. Of those using services, 72.8 per cent reported timely access and of those not using services 67.2 per cent were satisfied with this situation. However, substantial minorities either reported access at the wrong time (27.2%), or feeling dissatisfied or mixed feelings about not accessing services (32.8%). Reasons for not using services included use not necessary yet, the carer provided support or refusal. Reasons given for using services included changes in the condition of the person with dementia, the service's ability to meet individual needs, not coping or the opportunity to access services arose. Facilitators and barriers to service use included whether participants experienced supportive professionals, the speed of the process, whether the general practitioner was helpful, participant's own proactive attitude and the quality of information received. To achieve timely support, simplified pathways to use of formal care services are needed.
Thermal resonance effect by a strong shock wave in D–T fuel side-on ignition by laser-driven block acceleration
Authors: Payun S. , Malekynia B.
Published: September 2019

Ignition with the help of a shock wave is performed by the interaction of accelerated plasma block by a petawatt-picosecond (PW-ps) laser, with a solid-state density fuel that it is a new possibility for achieving controlled fusion by inertial confinement. The unexpected production of plasma blocks provides new access to the ignition of solid-state density fuel according to the Chu hydrodynamic model. When the produced plasma block by the PW-ps laser hits the main fuel due to the density differences between the plasma block and the main fuel of the shock wave, this progressive wave increases the density of solidified fuels and reduces the energy of the ignition threshold and increases the flammability. In this study, a new discovery of shock waves has been observed leading to the resonance phenomenon. Nuclear heat shock waves resonance in the side-on ignition of fuel in the internal layer of fuel at x ≠ 0 appears from the exact solution of the hydrodynamic equations with respect to the density profile. This important finding achieves the required ignition temperature for solid-state fuel deuterium–tritium (D–T) in certain energies, with a significant increase due to the resonance of thermonuclear waves. This discovery will facilitate practical experiments on the ignition of advanced solid-state fuels with the accelerated plasma blocks by a PW-ps laser at certain energies.
A method for choosing adapted life cycle assessment indicators as a driver of environmental learning: a French textile case study
Authors: Reyes Tatiana , Gouvinhas Reidson Pereira , Laratte Bertrand , Chevalier Bruno
Published: September 2019

Despite alefforts for a sustainable production system, many companies are still struggling to implement environmental aspects in their daily product development processes. Among the evaluation and improvement methods, life cycle assessment (LCA) is one of the most popular tools to achieve this goal. Up to date, LCA has been applied to many products, services, and industrial systems to evaluate their environmental impact aspects. However, there is a wide range of indicators available to be applied for LCA, and choosing an inappropriate indicator may lead the product designer to achieve wrong and weak results. Therefore, this paper proposes to overcome this difficulty by developing a method that can be used as a knowledge transfer to product designers and LCA practitioners in order to help them to make the most appropriate choice of LCA indicators. This method should have some characteristics, such as (a) to be adaptable to a given context and (b) to be dynamic, scalable, and easy to learn. The purpose of this paper is to present the Evaluation Method for Choosing Indicator (EMCI) developed to facilitate the learning process of LCA methods and to quickly select their most appropriate indicators. To validate the EMCI method, a case study on a French textile industry has been implemented. The focus was to evaluate how LCA indicators and methods were chosen to be integrated into the suitable eco-design LCA tool.
Perturbation confusion in forward automatic differentiation of higher-order functions
Authors: MANZYUK OLEKSANDR , PEARLMUTTER BARAK A. , RADUL ALEXEY ANDREYEVICH , RUSH DAVID R. , SISKIND JEFFREY MARK
Published: September 2019

Automatic differentiation (AD) is a technique for augmenting computer programs to compute derivatives. The essence of AD in its forward accumulation mode is to attach perturbations to each number, and propagate these through the computation by overloading the arithmetic operators. When derivatives are nested, the distinct derivative calculations, and their associated perturbations, must be distinguished. This is typically accomplished by creating a unique tag for each derivative calculation and tagging the perturbations. We exhibit a subtle bug, present in fielded implementations which support derivatives of higher-order functions, in which perturbations are confuseddespitethe tagging machinery, leading to incorrect results. The essence of the bug is as follows: a unique tag is needed for each derivative calculation, but in existing implementations unique tags are created when taking the derivative of a function at a point. When taking derivatives of higher-order functions, these need not correspond! We exhibit a simple example: a higher-order functionfwhose derivative at a pointx, namelyf′(x), is itself a function which calculates a derivative. This situation arises naturally when taking derivatives of curried functions. Two potential solutions are presented, and their deficiencies discussed. One uses eta expansion to delay the creation of fresh tags in order to put them into one-to-one correspondence with derivative calculations. The other wraps outputs of derivative operators with tag substitution machinery. Both solutions seem very difficult to implement without violating the desirable complexity guarantees of forward AD.
The category of implicative algebras and realizability
Authors: Ferrer Santos Walter , Malherbe Octavio
Published: September 2019

In this paper, we continue with the algebraic study of Krivine’s realizability, completing and generalizing some of the authors’ previous constructions by introducing two categories with objects the abstract Krivine structures and the implicative algebras, respectively. These categories are related by an adjunction whose existence clarifies many aspects of the theory previously established. We also revisit, reinterpret, and generalize in categorical terms, some of the results of our previous work such as: the bullet construction, the equivalence of Krivine’s, Streicher’s, and bullet triposes and also the fact that these triposes can be obtained – up to equivalence – from implicative algebras or implicative ordered combinatory algebras.