bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diabetic macular oedema: physical, physiological and molecular factors contribute to this pathological process
Authors: Ehrlich Rita , Harris Alon , Ciulla Thomas A. , Kheradiya Nisha , Winston Diana M. , Wirostko Barbara
Published: March 2010

Diabetic macular oedema (DMO) is an important cause of vision loss in patients with diabetes mellitus. The underlying mechanisms of DMO, on both macrocellular and microcellular levels, are discussed in this review. The pathophysiology of DMO can be described as a process whereby hyperglycaemia leads to overlapping and inter‐related pathways that play a role not only in the initial vascular events, but also in the continued tissue insult that leads to chronic DMO. On a macrocellular level, DMO is believed to be in part caused by alterations in hydrostatic pressure, oxygen tension, oncotic pressure and shear stress. Three key components of the microvascular pathways include angiogenic factor expression, inflammation and oxidative stress. These molecular mediators, acting in conjunction with macrocellular factors, which are all stimulated in part by the hyperglycaemia and hypoxia, can have a direct endothelial effect leading to hyperpermeability, disruption of vascular endothelial cell junctions, and leukostasis. The interactions, signalling events and feedback loops between the various molecules are complicated and are not completely understood. However, by attempting to understand the pathways involved in DMO, we can help guide new treatment options targeted towards specific factors or mediators.
Evaluation of Ifosfamide for Treatment of Various Canine Neoplasms
Authors: Rassnick Kenneth M. , Frimberger Angela E. , Wood Carrie A. , Williams Laurel E. , Cotter Susan M. , Moore Antony S.
Published: March 2010

Ifosfamide (3‐[2‐chloroethyl]‐2[(2 chloroethyl)amino]tetrahydro‐2H‐1,3,2‐oxazaphosphorine 2‐oxide) is an alkylating agent with a broad spectrum of antitumor activity. The efficacy and toxicity of ifosfamide were evaluated in 72 dogs with spontaneously occurring tumors. Forty dogs (56%) had lymphoma, 31 (43%) had sarcomas, and 1 had a metastatic carcinoma. Five dogs received ifosfamide at dosages <350 mg/m2 IV. Neither toxicity nor response were observed, and the remaining dogs received ifosfamide at 350 mg/m2 (n = 18) and 375 mg/m2 body surface area IV (n = 49). Saline diuresis and the thiol compound mesna were used to prevent urothelial toxicity. Fifty‐two dogs had measurable tumors and could be evaluated for response. Complete responses were seen in 1 dog with metastatic leiomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder and in 1 dog with metastatic cutaneous hemangiosarcoma. One dog with lymphoma had a partial response for 112 days. Six dogs with splenic hemangiosarcoma received ifosfamide post‐splenectomy and their median survival time was 147 days. The acute dose‐limiting toxicity was neutropenia 7 days after administration of ifosfamide. The median and mean neutrophil counts 7 days after ifosfamide at 350 mg/m2 were 2,035 cells/μL and 4,773 cells/μL, respectively (n = 12). The median and mean neutrophil counts 7 days after ifosfamide at 375 mg/m2 were 2,500 cells/μL and 3,594 cells/μL, respectively (n = 37). No dog developed clinical or microscopic evidence of hemorrhagic cystitis. Ifosfamide appears safe to use in tumor‐bearing dogs, and the evaluation of combination chemotherapy protocols that include ifosfamide should be considered.
Prospective Comparative Study of 3 Treatment Protocols Using Doxycycline or Imidocarb Dipropionate in Dogs with Naturally Occurring Ehrlichiosis
Authors: Sainz A. , Tesouro M.A. , Amusategui I. , Rodríguez F. , Mazzucchelli F. , Rodríguez M.
Published: March 2010

This paper reports the clinicopathologic responses of 93 dogs with spontaneously occurring ehrlichiosis to 3 different treatment protocols. Thirty‐two dogs were treated with doxycycline (10 mg/kg/day for 28 days), 31 were treated with imidocarb dipropionate (5 mg/kg given 15 days apart in 2 separate injections), and 30 were treated with both drugs simultaneously, at the doses as specified. The dogs underwent clinicopathologic evaluation before and after treatment, and were examined periodically during the 24‐month period after the treatment. No differences were found in the clinical responses among the dogs in the 3 treatment groups. As for the clinicopathologic response, in spite of the fact that at the end of the study the results obtained with the 3 protocols were similar, the platelet count and serum protein electrophoresis results returned to normal more slowly in dogs that received imidocarb dipropionate as compared to those given the other 2 treatments.
A Study of the Lifetime Occurrence of Neoplasia and Breed Differences in a Cohort of German Shepherd Dogs and Belgian Malinois Military Working Dogs that Died in 1992
Authors: Peterson Michael R. , Frommelt R. Allen , Dunn Dale G.
Published: March 2010

The population of U.S. Department of Defense military working dogs provides an opportunity to study the lifetime occurrence of neoplasia in 2 breeds of dogs—the German Shepherd Dog and the Belgian Malinois. Medical records were reviewed for all dogs that died or were euthanized in 1992 (135 German Shepherd Dogs and 106 Belgian Malinois). Histologically confirmed neoplasms were recorded. More than 30% of both breeds (41 German Shepherd Dogs and 33 Belgian Malinois) developed at least 1 primary neoplasm during their lives, with 10% developing more than 1 neoplasm. Nearly 57% of the neoplasms were benign, and approximately 43% were malignant. German Shepherd Dogs lived 9.7 years, on average, and Belgian Malinois lived 7.9 years, on average. Of the dogs that developed any neoplasm, Belgian Malinois had a mean age at 1st diagnosis that was 1.1 years younger and a mean age at 1st diagnosis of malignancy that was 1.7 years younger than those in German Shepherd Dogs. The risk of a malignancy being the cause of death or euthanasia of a Belgian Malinois was 4.21 times the risk in German Shepherd Dogs (95% CI: 1.32, 13.47). Seminoma was the malignancy that occurred most frequently. Hemangioma was the benign neoplasm that occurred most frequently. Veterinarians identified masses clinically at equal rates in both groups.
Hypercalcemia in Cats: A Retrospective Study of 71 Cases (1991–1997)
Authors: Savary Karine CM. , Price G. Sylvester , Vaden Shelly L.
Published: March 2010

A retrospective study was conducted to characterize the diseases, clinical findings, and clinicopathologic and ultrasonographic findings associated with hypercalcemia (serum calcium concentration >11 mg/dL) in 71 cats presented to North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. The 3 most common diagnoses were neoplasia (n = 21), renal failure (n = 18), and urolithiasis (n = 11). Primary hyperparathyroidism was diagnosed in 4 cats. Lymphoma and squamous cell carcinoma were the most frequently diagnosed tumors. Calcium oxalate uroliths were diagnosed in 8 of 11 cats with urolithiasis. Cats with neoplasia had a higher serum calcium concentration (13.5 ± 2.5 mg/dL) than cats with renal failure or urolithiasis and renal failure (11.5 ± 0.4 mg/dL;P<.03). Serum phosphorus concentration was higher in cats with renal failure than in cats with neoplasia (P< .004). Despite the fact that the majority of cats with uroliths were azotemic, their serum urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations and urine specific gravity differed from that of cats with renal failure. Additional studies are warranted to determine the underlying disease mechanism in the cats we identified with hypercalcemia and urolithiasis. We also identified a small number of cats with diseases that are not commonly reported with hypercalcemia. Further studies are needed to determine whether an association exists between these diseases and hypercalcemia, as well as to characterize the underlying pathophysiologic mechanism for each disease process.
Ataxia and Paresis with Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Infection in a Herd of Riding School Horses
Authors: Friday Philippa A. , Scarratt W. Kent , Elvinger Francois , Timoney Peter J. , Bonda Anne
Published: March 2010

An outbreak of neurologic disease associated with serologic evidence of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV‐1) infection occurred in a herd of 46 riding school horses. Ataxia and paresis were observed in 14 geldings and 5 barren mares. Eight affected horses had distal limb edema, 1 horse had a head tilt, and 3 others had urinary incontinence. Other clinical signs included fever, depression, and inappetance in 30 horses. Seven horses with neurologic signs were treated with acyclovir. Serum neutralizing antibody titers against EHV‐1 increased 4‐fold between acute and convalescent samples or exceeded 1: 256 in 19 of 44 horses, confirming recent infection. A significantly greater proportion of horses that seroconverted were mares (P= .014). Of the 19 horses exhibiting ataxia and paresis, 17 made a complete recovery, 1 made a partial recovery, and 1 was euthanized.
Prevalence of Ocular Abnormalities in Cats with Hyperthyroidism
Authors: van der Woerdt Alexandra , Peterson Mark E.
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of ocular abnormalities in hyperthyroid cats. One hundred hyperthyroid cats and 30 clinically normal, geriatric cats were studied. In both groups, ophthalmic examination was performed by use of slit‐lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy after application of 1% tropicamide to dilate the pupil. Ocular abnormalities were common in both the hyperthyroid and euthyroid cats. Approximately 75% of all eyes were affected with 1 or more abnormalities, and the range of abnormalities involved all structures of the eye. Significant differences between the euthyroid and hyperthyroid cats were found in the prevalence of prominent suture lines, nonpigmented deposits on the posterior lens capsule, hyperreflective ring around the optic nerve, and hyperpigmentation of the area centralis, but all of these abnormalities were more common in the euthyroid cats than in the cats with hyperthyroidism. Active retinal lesions were only observed in 3 hyperthyroid cats (3%). The results of this study indicate that hyperthyroidism does not seem to be a frequent cause of abnormalities in the eyes of cats.
Canine Hemangiosarcoma Treated with Standard Chemotherapy and Minocycline
Authors: Sorenmo Karin , Duda Lili , Barber Lisa , Cronin Kim , Sammarco Carl , Usborne Amy , Goldschmidt Michael , Shofer Frances
Published: March 2010

Standard treatments for canine hemangiosarcoma include surgery and chemotherapy with doxorubicin, but in spite of treatment most dogs with this disease die within 6 months of diagnosis. Tumor growth and metastasis are angiogenesis dependent. Antian‐giogenic drugs such as minocycline may provide therapeutic benefits in cancer patients. The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of chemotherapy with doxorubicin and minocycline, an antiangiogenic agent, in dogs with hemangiosarcoma. Eighteen dogs with histologically confirmed hemangiosarcoma of any stage were treated with doxorubicin, cyclophospha‐mide, and minocycline. Complete staging was performed before and during the treatment period to assess remission status and response to therapy. No statistically significant difference was found in survival between the dogs treated with chemotherapy and minocycline, and historical controls consisting of dogs that received chemotherapy alone. Postmortem examination revealed widespread metastasis, suggesting that minocycline is ineffective as a single antiangiogenic agent in canine hemangiosarcoma.
Evaluation of Four 2‐Dimensional Echocardiographic Methods of Assessing Left Atrial Size in Dogs
Authors: Rishniw Mark , Erb Hollis N.
Published: March 2010

Two‐dimensional (2D) echocardiography is the cornerstone of noninvasive evaluation of the cardiac patient, and often involves estimating left atrial (LA) size. However, 2D echocardiographic methods of estimating LA size have been inadequately described, and most reference intervals are based on M‐mode echocardiographic measurements. We determined reference intervals for 4 different 2D echocardiographic methods of estimating LA size in adult (≥ 9‐month‐old) dogs without cardiovascular disease. Thirty‐six dogs, placed in right lateral recumbency, were examined by 2D echocardiography. The left atrium was measured at specific time points in the cardiac cycle. Measurement methods were LA diameter in short axis, LA diameter in long axis, LA circumference in short axis, and LA cross‐sectional area in short axis. Comparisons of these LA dimensions to appropriate aortic dimensions provided body weight‐independent estimates of LA size. We found strong associations of LA dimensions with body weight (r2= .76–88). Comparable body weight‐independent 2D echocardiographic estimates of LA size in short axis exceeded historical M‐mode reference intervals. These data provide echocardiographers with reference intervals for 2D echocardiographic estimates of LA size in adult dogs.
Treatment of Immune‐Mediated Hemolytic Anemia in Dogs with Cyclophosphamide
Authors: Burgess Kristine , Moore Antony , Rand William , Cotter Susan M.
Published: March 2010

A review of 60 cases of immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) in the dog was performed in order to characterize the disease and to identify potential prognostic indicators. Dogs ranged in age from 1 to 13 years, with a mean age of 6.5 years. The 2 most commonly affected breeds were Cocker Spaniels and Labrador Retrievers. Fifty‐two of the 60 dogs tested (87%) were autoagglu‐tination positive and spherocytes were present in 45 (75%). Forty‐one (89%) of 46 patients tested positive for the presence of immunoglobulin on the red blood cell surface (Coombs assay). The most common clinical signs at presentation were lethargy, weakness, pale mucous membranes, icterus, hemoglobinuria, and anorexia. PCV less than 25% was present in 59 (98%) dogs. At the time of presentation, 35 dogs (58%) had a nonregenerative anemia, whereas 25 patients (42%) had a regenerative response. Thrombocytopenia was seen in 41 (68%) dogs. Nine of 34 dogs (26%) had a prolonged prothrombin time, 19 of 34 (56%) had a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin clotting time, and 12 of 34 (35%) had abnormal fibrinogen concentrations. All dogs received prednisone at immunosuppressive doses (2.2–4.4 mg/kg PO as a single or divided dose every 24 hours) and cyclophosphamide as primary therapy. Forty‐one dogs (63%) received cyclophosphamide at 50 mg/m2q24h for 4 days, whereas 9 dogs (15%) received an initial high dose (200 mg/m2) followed by 3 days of a lower dose (50 mg/m2q24h). No statistical difference in survival times was found for either protocol. Thirteen dogs were treated with azathioprine in addition to cyclophosphamide and prednisone. The median survival time of dogs that received all 3 drugs was 370 days as compared to 9 days for those dogs that were treated with cyclophosphamide and prednisone alone. Thirty‐one (52%) dogs died from the disease, 13 (22%) dogs were alive, and 15 (25%) dogs were lost to follow‐up. The median length of survival for all dogs was 21 days. Eight dogs that were discharged from the hospital suffered a relapse (PCV < 25%).
Tolerance of a Rice‐Based Oral Rehydration Solution Given to Normal Calves
Authors: Sweeney Raymond W.
Published: March 2010

The objective of the study was to test the tolerance of a rice‐based oral rehydration formula when fed to calves. Six healthy Holstein calves, 1 week of age, were fed the formula instead of milk replacer for 3 days. Pre‐ and posttreatment results of clinical examination and laboratory parameters were compared. Vital signs, attitude, appetite, clinical hydration status, urine specific gravity, and most routine serum biochemistry test results did not vary and remained within the normal range. Five of the 6 calves developed diarrhea when fed the rice‐based formula, which was accompanied by a reduction in fecal pH and presence of reducing sugars in the feces. This effect was reversed when calves were returned to the milk replacer diet at the end of the study. Diarrhea was accompanied by increased water consumption, which allowed the calves to maintain normal hydration status. These results suggest that calves are unable to properly digest the rice‐derived carbohydrate, and this type of formula is not recommended for oral rehydration of calves.
Cisplatin and Doxorubicin Combination Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Canine Osteosarcoma: A Pilot Study
Authors: Chun Ruthanne , Kurzman Ilene D. , Couto C. Guillermo , Klausner Jeff , Henry Carolyn , MacEwen E. Gregory
Published: March 2010

Sixteen dogs with histologically confirmed appendicular osteosarcoma were treated by amputation followed by cisplatin and doxorubicin chemotherapy. All dogs began chemotherapy within 24 hours of surgery. Cisplatin was administered at 50 mg/m2intravenously (IV) concurrent with saline‐induced diuresis. Doxorubicin was administered 24 hours later at 15 mg/m2as a slow IV bolus. This protocol was given on a 21‐day cycle for 4 cycles. No dose delays were required, but dose reduction of doxorubicin was required in 2 dogs because of neutropenia. Thoracic radiography was performed every 2 months after completion of therapy to monitor for metastatic disease. Two dogs were still alive and free from disease at the time of last contact (24 and 75 months, respectively). Postmortem examinations were performed on 13 of the 14 dogs that died. Eight of these dogs were euthanized because of metastatic osteosarcoma. Of the remaining 5 dogs, euthanasia was performed because of complications of idiopathic megaesophagus (n = 1), arthritis (n = 2), and hemangiosarcoma (n = 2). The median disease‐free interval and survival times were 15.7 and 18 months, respectively. When compared to a historical group of 36 dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma treated with surgery and 4 doses of cisplatin, both disease‐free interval and overall survival were significantly longer in the study population (P< .015 andP< .007, respectively).
Thiopurine Methyltransferase in Red Blood Cells of Dogs, Cats, and Horses
Authors: White Stephen D. , Rosychuk Rod A.W. , Outerbridge Catherine A. , Fieseler Kathryn V. , Spier Sharon , Ihrke Peter J. , Chapman Phillip L.
Published: March 2010

Our objective was to determine if thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT), the enzyme important in the metabolism of azathioprine in human beings, is detectable in red blood cell lysates (RBCL) of healthy dogs, cats, and horses. Values for TPMT activity were determined from blood collected from 20 healthy dogs, cats, and horses. The TPMT activity in each animal's RBCL was determined using a radioenzymatic end point involving TPMT‐facilitated metabolism of 6‐mercaptopurine to 6‐methylmercaptopurine (6‐MMP). One unit of TPMT activity represents the formation of 1 nmol of 6‐MMP per milliliter of packed red blood cells per hour of incubation at 37°C. TPMT activity in RBCL was detectable in all species, with mean RBC values ± standard deviation of 17.9 ± 3.79 U/mL in dogs; 2.76 ± 0.70 U/mL in cats; and 2.185 ± 0.36 U/mL in horses. Values for TPMT in the 3 species were significantly (P< .05) different from one another. TPMT values for dogs were significantly higher than the other species, and TPMT values for cats were significantly higher than those for horses. We conclude that RBCL TPMT values are measurable in dogs, cats, and horses and that dogs have higher values than cats or horses. These findings are consistent with the lower tolerance for azathioprine in cats as compared with dogs. It remains to be determined whether RBCL TPMT values in these species correlate with TPMT activity in the liver, where most of the metabolization of azathioprine is believed to occur.
Serum Alpha 1‐Acid Glycoprotein Concentrations in Healthy and Tumor‐Bearing Cats
Authors: Selting K.A. , Ogilvie G.K. , Lana S.E. , Fettman M.J. , Mitchener K.L. , Hansen R.A. , Richardson K.L. , Walton J.A. , Scherk M.A.
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate alpha 1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP) concentrations in tumor‐bearing and healthy cats. The hypothesis of the present study was that AGP concentrations would be significantly increased in tumor‐bearing cats. Serum from 51 healthy and 97 tumor‐bearing, client‐owned cats was harvested at the time of presentation and stored at — 80°C until assayed. Cats with measurable, histologically confirmed malignancies, and healthy cats of similar ages were included. Serum was assayed for AGP concentration by using a radial immunodiffusion method. AGP concentrations were significantly (P= .0051) higher in tumor‐bearing (763 ± 595 μg/mL; mean ± SD) when compared to healthy cats (501 ± 377 μg/mL; mean ± SD). Of the tumorbearing cats, 35 had carcinomas, 33 had sarcomas, and 26 had discrete, round cell tumors. AGP concentrations were 645 ± 62 μg/mL, 660 ± 540 μg/mL, and 967 ± 860 μg/mL, respectively, and there were no significant differences among the groups.
Quantitative Bacterial Cultures and Cytological Examination of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Specimens in Dogs
Authors: Peeters Dominique E. , McKiernan Brendan C. , Weisiger Rita M. , Schaeffer David J. , Clercx Cecile
Published: March 2010

Cytology and quantitative bacterial cultures of lower respiratory tract secretions are widely used in human medicine to differentiate airway infection from simple bacterial colonization. A retrospective study was conducted to determine the usefulness of quantitative aerobic cultures and Gram stain intracellular bacteria counts from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens in dogs in diagnosing lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and to determine whether chronic bronchitis is associated with marked bacterial growth in dogs. The threshold determined to define clinically relevant bacterial growth was 1.7 × 103 colony‐forming units per milliliter of BAL fluid. We used this threshold and found that diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 86% and 100%, respectively. With a threshold for infection of >2 intracellular bacteria observed in any of 50 fields, microscopic examination of Gram stain BAL preparations had a sensitivity of 71% and a specificity of 97% in establishing LRTI. There was a high correlation between bacterial morphology on BAL Gram stain and bacterial cultures. Combining the results of intracellular bacteria counts from the BAL Gram stain with those from the quantitative cultures, the sensitivity in diagnosing LRTI was 87% and the specificity was 97%. BAL quantitative cultures as well as quantitating intracellular bacteria on Gram stain BAL cytology were revealed to be useful in identifying LRTI in dogs. Chronic bronchitis does not appear to be associated with marked bacterial growth in dogs.
Passive Transfer of Colostral Immunoglobulins in Calves
Authors: Weaver Dusty M. , Tyler Jeff W. , VanMetre David C. , Hostetler Douglas E. , Barrington George M.
Published: March 2010

Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins has long been accepted as imperative to optimal calf health. Many factors, including timing of colostrum ingestion, the method and volume of colostrum administration, the immunoglobulin concentration of the colostrum ingested, and the age of the dam have been implicated in affecting the optimization of absorption. The practice of colostrum pooling, the breed and presence of the dam, and the presence of respiratory acidosis in the calf also may affect passive transfer. Various tests have been reported to accurately measure passive transfer status in neonatal calves. The radial immunodif‐fusion and the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are the only tests that directly measure serum IgG concentration. All other available tests including serum total solids by refractometry, sodium sulfite turbidity test, zinc sulfate turbidity test, serum γ‐glutamyl transferase activity, and whole blood glutaraldehyde gelation estimate serum IgG concentration based on concentration of total globulins or other proteins whose passive transfer is statistically associated with that of IgG. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature of passive transfer in calves including factors that affect passive transfer status, testing modalities, effects of failure of passive transfer on baseline mortality, consequences of failure of passive transfer, and some treatment options. Many previously accepted truisms regarding passive transfer in calves should be rejected based on the results of recent research.
Postoperative Radiotherapy for Canine Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Authors: Forrest Lisa J. , Chun Ruthanne , Adams WM. , Cooley A. James , Vail David M.
Published: March 2010

Thirty‐five dogs with 37 soft tissue sarcoma tumors that were incompletely excised and treated with radiotherapy in the postoperative, adjuvant setting were reviewed. Variables evaluated included age, sex, tumor site, tumor histology, total tumor radiation dose, radiotherapy field size, time to recurrence, and survival. The majority of tumors were fibrosarcomas and hemangiopericytomas, but small numbers of other tumor types were also represented. Total tumor radiation dose ranged from 42 to 57 Gy given in 3‐ to 4.2‐Gy daily fractions on a Monday through Friday schedule. Overall median survival was 1,851 days. Median time to local recurrence was greater than 798 days. Soft‐tissue sarcoma tumors at oral sites had a statistically significant lower median survival (540 days) as compared to other tumor sites (2,270 days). Radiotherapy may be a useful adjuvant therapy for incompletely excised soft‐tissue sarcomas with a reasonable expectation for long‐term patient survival.
The Clinical and Metabolic Effects of Rapid Weight Loss in Obese Pet Cats and the Influence of Supplemental Oral L‐Carnitine
Authors: Center S.A. , Harte J. , Watrous D. , Reynolds A. , Watson T.D.G. , Markwell P.J. , Millington D.S. , Wood P.A. , Yeager A.E. , Erb H.N.
Published: March 2010

The efficacy, safety, and metabolic consequences of rapid weight loss in privately owned obese cats by means of a canned weight‐reduction diet and the influence of orally administered L‐carnitine on rate of weight loss, routine clinical evaluations, hepatic ultrasonography, plasma amino acid profiles, and carnitine analytes were evaluated. A double‐blinded placebo‐controlled design was used with cats randomly divided into 2 groups: Group 1 (n = 14) received L‐carnitine (250 mg PO q24h) in aqueous solution and group 2 (n = 10) received an identical‐appearing water placebo. Median obesity (body condition scores and percentage ideal body weight) in each group was 25%. Caloric intake was restricted to 60% of maintenance energy requirements (60 kcal/kg) for targeted ideal weight. The reducing formula was readily accepted by all cats. Significant weight loss was achieved by week 18 in each group without adverse effects (group 1 = 23.7%, group 2 = 19.6%). Cats receiving carnitine lost weight at a significantly faster rate (P< .05). Significant increases in carnitine values developed in each group (P< .02). However, significantly higher concentrations of all carnitine moieties and a greater percentage of acetylcarnitine developed in cats of group 1 (P< .01). The dietary formula and described reducing strategy can safely achieve a 20% weight reduction within 18 weeks in obese cats. An aqueous solution of L‐carnitine (250 mg PO ql2h) was at least partially absorbed, was nontoxic, and significantly increased plasma carnitine analyte concentrations as well as rate of weight loss.
Spirocerca lupiEsophageal Granulomas in 7 Dogs: Resolution after Treatment with Doramectin
Authors: Berry Wayne L.
Published: March 2010

Seven dogs withSpirocerca lupiesophageal granulomas were identified based on the site of involvement (ie, distal esophagus) and characteristic endoscopic appearance. Six dogs presented with signs of esophageal disease and 1 dog was asymptomatic. Ova were only identified in the feces of 2 dogs. On thoracic radiographs, 4 dogs had evidence of a caudodorsal mediastinal mass, and 2 of these dogs had spondylitis of midthoracic vertebrae. On endoscopy, single esophageal nodules were observed in 5 dogs, 1 dog had 3 nodules, and 1 dog had 6 nodules. All 7 dogs were treated with doramectin at a dosage of 200 μg/kg SC at 14‐day intervals for 3 treatments. Dogs had physical and endoscopic examinations at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after treatment. By 6 weeks, clinical signs had resolved in 6 dogs (1 dog was asymptomatic), and the esophageal nodules had completely resolved in 4 dogs, and incompletely resolved in 3 dogs. Two dogs with incomplete resolution were treated again with doramectin at 500 μg/kg PO daily for an additional 6 weeks. Complete resolution of the esophageal nodules was confirmed by endoscopy in all dogs. Nodules had resolved in 4 dogs by 6 weeks, in 2 dogs by 12 weeks (after 6 weeks additional daily oral therapy), and in 1 dog 22 months after the initial 200 μg/kg treatment regimen. No dog experienced adverse effects to the drug, and all symptomatic dogs have been free of disease for periods ranging from 3 to 4 years.
Evaluation of Urinary Carnitine and Taurine Excretion in 5 Cystinuric Dogs with Carnitine and Taurine Deficiency
Authors: Sanderson Sherry L. , Osborne Carl A. , Lulich Jody P. , Bartges Joseph W. , Pierpont Mary Ella , Ogburn Phillip N. , Koehler Lori A. , Swanson Laurie L. , Bird Kathy A. , Ulrich Lisa K.
Published: March 2010

Five client‐owned dogs with cystinuria were diagnosed with carnitine and taurine deficiency while participating in a clinical trial that used dietary management of their urolithiasis. Stored 24‐hour urine samples collected from the cystinuric dogs before enrollment in the clinical diet trial were quantitatively evaluated for carnitine and taurine. These results were compared to those obtained from 18 healthy Beagles. Both groups of dogs were fed the same maintenance diet for a minimum of 2 weeks before 24‐hour urine collection. The protocol used for 24‐hour urine collections was the same for cystinuric dogs and healthy Beagles except that cystinuric dogs were catheterized at baseline, 8 hours, 12 hours, and at the end of the collection, whereas Beagles were catheterized at baseline, 8 hours, and at the end of the collection. Three of 5 dogs with cystinuria had increased renal excretion of carnitine. None of the cystinuric dogs had increased renal excretion of taurine, but cystinuric dogs excreted significantly less (P< .05) taurine in their urine than the healthy Beagles. Carnitinuria has not been recognized previously in either humans or dogs with cystinuria, and it may be 1 risk factor for developing carnitine deficiency. Cystinuric dogs in this study were not taurinuric; however, cystine is a precursor amino acid for taurine synthesis. Therefore, cystinuria may be 1 risk factor for developing taurine deficiency in dogs. We suggest that dogs with cystinuria be monitored for carnitine and taurine deficiency or supplemented with carnitine and taurine.
Efficacy of a Single Oral Dose of Isosorbide 5‐Mononitrate in Normal Dogs and in Dogs with Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Adin Darcy B. , Kittleson Mark D. , Hornof William J. , Kass Philip H.
Published: March 2010

Isosorbide 5‐mononitrate (5‐ISMN) was evaluated in normal dogs and dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF) in a randomized, blinded, and placebo‐controlled study. Equilibrium blood pool imaging was used to detect changes in regional blood volume distribution. Six normal dogs were administered placebo, 2, 3, and 4 mg/kg 5‐ISMN PO on separate days with a 1‐week washout period between randomized dosings. Six dogs with CHF were administered placebo or 4 mg/kg 5‐ISMN on separate days with a 1‐week washout period between randomized dosings. Data were collected at baseline and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, and 240 minutes after dosing. Measured variables included indirect arterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), packed cell volume (PCV), scintigraphic count rates for normal dogs, and scintigraphic count rates for CHF dogs. Blood for plasma 5‐ISMN concentration determination was collected at 60 minutes. Scintigraphic counts were corrected for decay and expressed as a percentage of the whole. No differences were detected in BP, HR, PCV, thoracic blood volume percentage (TBVP), or abdominal blood volume percentage (ABVP) between placebo and 5‐ISMN in normal dogs at any dose. No differences were detected in TBVP or ABVP between placebo and 5‐ISMN in dogs with CHF. Plasma 5‐ISMN concentration exceeded the minimum therapeutic concentration in all dogs and at all doses 60 minutes after drug administration. Equilibrium blood pool imaging failed to detect a shift in blood volume with oral 5‐ISMN administration at any dose tested in normal dogs and dogs with CHF, despite adequate drug absorption. On the basis of the results of this study, 5‐ISMN may not be beneficial in the treatment of dogs with CHF.
Canine Motor Neuron Disease: Clinicopathologic Features and Selected Indicators of Oxidative Stress
Authors: Green Sherril L. , Bouley Donna M. , Pinter Martin J. , Cork Linda C. , Vatassery Govind T.
Published: March 2010

Hereditary canine spinal muscular atrophy (HCSMA) is an inherited motor neuron disease affecting a kindred of Brittanies. We have examined the clinicopathologic abnormalities in 57 animals with HCSMA, including 43 affected adult dogs and 14 homo‐zygote pups. We also measured selected biochemical indices of oxidative stress: serum vitamin E (α‐tocopherol) and Se concentrations; serum concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mg, and Fe; and total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in red blood cells. Dogs with HCSMA had the following abnormalities: regenerative anemia, hypoglobulinemia, hypochloremia, and abnormally high creatine kinase and liver alkaline phosphatase activities. Serum Cu concentration was significantly (P= .01) increased in adult dogs with HCSMA compared to control dogs. Serum vitamin E concentrations tended to be lower in adult dogs with HCSMA compared to controls, and were significantly (P= .01) lower in homozygote pups compared to control pups.
Single Agent Chemotherapy with Doxorubicin for Feline Lymphoma: A Retrospective Study of 19 Cases (1994–1997)
Authors: Kristal Orna , Lana Susan E. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Rand William M. , Cotter Susan M. , Moore Antony S.
Published: March 2010

Medical records of 21 cats with confirmed lymphoma treated with single‐agent doxorubicin were reviewed. Nineteen cats met the inclusion criteria for this retrospective study. Doxorubicin was given at a dosage of 25 mg/m2(n = 8) or 1 mg/kg (n = 11) IV, every 3 weeks for a total of 5 treatments. Four of 16 tested cats were positive for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and all 16 cats tested negative for feline immunodeficiency virus. Eight of the 19 cats (42%) responded to doxorubicin for a median duration of 64 days (range, 35–575 days). Five cats (26%) achieved a complete response (CR) to doxorubicin for a median duration of 92 days (range, 54–575 days). Partial response was observed in 3 cats. Institution was the only significant prognostic indicator for response, with cats treated at Colorado State University being more likely to achieve CR than cats treated at Tufts University. Cats that achieved CR to doxorubicin and FeLV‐negative cats had significantly longer survival times. Loss of appetite was the most common toxicity, observed in 9 cats (47%), and was severe in 5 cats (26%). Other toxicoses were less frequent and included vomiting, diarrhea, and myelosuppression. Doxorubicin was not very effective at inducing and maintaining remission in the cats in this study. Therefore, if doxorubicin is used for the treatment of feline lymphoma, it should be combined with other effective chemotherapeutic drugs in a combination protocol.
Plasma Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Concentrations in Healthy Dogs and Dogs with Hemangiosarcoma
Authors: Clifford Craig A. , Hughes Dez , Beal Matthew W. , Mackin Andrew J. , Henry Carolyn J. , Shofer Frances S. , Sorenmo Karin U.
Published: March 2010

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a dimeric glycosylated polypeptide growth factor with potent angiogenic, mitogenic, and vascular permeability‐enhancing properties specific for endothelial cells. In humans, VEGF seems to play a major role in tumor growth, and plasma concentrations correlate with tumor burden, response to therapy, and disease progression. This study compared plasma VEGF concentrations in healthy client‐owned dogs (n = 17) to dogs with hemangiosarcoma (HSA; n = 16). Dogs with HSA were significantly more likely to have detectable concentrations of plasma VEGF (13/17) compared to healthy dogs (1/17; P < .001). The median plasma VEGF concentration for dogs with HSA was 17.2 pg/mL (range, <1.0—66.7 pg/mL). Plasma VEGF concentrations in dogs with HSA did not correlate with stage of disease or tumor burden, but 1 dog had undetectable VEGF during chemotherapy that subsequently increased with disease progression.
Renal Tubular Acidosis in Horses (1980–1999)
Authors: Aleman Monica R. , Kuesis Bruce , Schott Harold C. , Carlson Gary P.
Published: March 2010

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is characterized by altered renal tubular function resulting in hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. The purpose of the study was to describe RTA in 16 horses. No breed or sex predilection was found. The mean age at onset of the disease was 7 years of age. The type of diet had no apparent effect on development of RTA. The most common clinical signs were depression, poor performance, weight loss, and anorexia. Initial blood work revealed a marked hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in all horses and a compensatory respiratory response in most horses. Sixty‐three percent (10/16) of the horses had some evidence of renal damage or disease. Initial treatment consisted of large amounts of sodium bicarbonate given intravenously and orally for the prompt correction of the acidosis. Response to treatment was largely dependent on the rate of sodium bicarbonate administration. Long‐term oral supplementation with NaHCO3was required for the maintenance of normal acid‐base status in individual horses. Recurrence of RTA was noted in 56% (9/16) of the horses. Horses with evidence of renal disease had multiple relapses. RTA should be considered as a differential diagnosis in horses with vague signs of depression, weight loss, and anorexia. The pathogenesis of RTA in horses remains uncertain, but prompt recognition and early aggressive intravenous sodium bicarbonate therapy followed by long‐term oral supplementation seem to be important to successful management.
Usefulness of the Indexed Effective Orifice Area in the Assessment of Subaortic Stenosis in the Dog
Authors: Bélanger Marie Claude , Fruscia Rocky Di , Dumesnil Jean G. , Pibarot Philippe
Published: March 2010

To evaluate the usefulness of the Doppler‐derived effective orifice area (EOA) in assessing the hemodynamic severity of subaortic stenosis (SAS) in dogs, 2‐dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic examinations were performed in 16 dogs with SAS, 22 normal adult dogs, and 22 normal puppies. The EOA was calculated by the continuity equation using the stroke volume determined in the right ventricular outflow tract. The EOA was significantly lower (P< .001) in the SAS dogs (0.76 ± 0.45 cm2) and in the normal puppies (1.58 ± 1.00 cm2) than in the normal adult dogs (2.34 ± 0.78 cm2). The EOA indexed for body surface area (IEOA) was significantly lower (0.89 ± 0.48 cm2/m2) in SAS dogs than in the normal puppies (2.42 ± 0.85 cm2/m2) or adults (2.22 ± 0.76 cm2/m2). The normal dogs (adults and puppies) had an IEOA of ≥1.25 cm2/m2. Among the demographic and echocardiographic parameters measured in this study, only the indexed EOA was significantly associated (P= .03) with the occurrence of adverse events (eg, syncope, episodic weakness, ventricular arrhythmias). This study demonstrates the usefulness and feasibility of the indexed EOA as measured by Doppler echocardiography for noninvasive assessment of SAS severity in dogs.
The Mixed Acid‐Base Disturbances of Severe Canine Babesiosis
Authors: Leisewitz Andrew L. , Jacobson Linda S. , de Morais Helio S.A. , Reyers Fred
Published: March 2010

Thirty‐four dogs suffering from severe babesiosis caused byBabesia canis rossiwere included in this study to evaluate acid‐base imbalances with the quantitative clinical approach proposed by Stewart. All but 3 dogs were severely anemic (hematocrit <12%). Arterial pH varied from severe acidemia to alkalemia. Most animals (31 of 34; 91%) had inappropriate hypocapnia with the partial pressure of CO2< 10 mm Hg in 12 of 34 dogs (35%). All dogs had a negative base excess (BE; mean of —16.5 mEq/L) and it was below the lower normal limit in 25. Hypoxemia was present in 3 dogs. Most dogs (28 of 34; 82%) were hyperlactatemic. Seventy percent of dogs (23 of 33) were hypoalbuminemic. Anion gap (AG) was widely distributed, being high in 15, low in 12, and normal in 6 of the 33 dogs. The strong ion difference (SID; difference between the sodium and chloride concentrations) was low in 20 of 33 dogs, chiefly because of hyperchloremia. Dilutional acidosis was present in 23 of 34 dogs. Hypoalbuminemic alkalosis was present in all dogs. Increase in unmeasured strong anions resulted in a negative BE in all dogs. Concurrent metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis was identified in 31 of 34 dogs. A high AG metabolic acidosis was present in 15 of 33 dogs. The lack of an AG increase in the remaining dogs was attributed to concurrent hypoalbuminemia, which is common in this disease. Significant contributors to BE were the SID, free water abnormalities, and AG (all withP< .01). Mixed metabolic and respiratory acid‐base imbalances are common in severe canine babesiosis, and resemble imbalances described in canine endotoxemia and human malaria.
Postprandial Venous Ammonia Concentrations in the Diagnosis of Hepatobiliary Disease in Dogs
Authors: Walker Mark C. , Hill Richard C. , Guilford W. Grant , Scott Karen C. , Jones Galin L. , Buergelt Claus D.
Published: March 2010

A postprandial ammonia tolerance test (PPATT) was performed on normal dogs and dogs with signs that suggested they may have liver disease. All dogs underwent transcolonic scintigraphy, liver biopsy, or both and were assigned to extrahepatic disease, primary hepatocellular, and congenital portosystemic vascular anomalies (PSVA) groups. Each dog was fed a chicken and rice diet providing 25% of its estimated daily metabolizable energy requirement (MER) as an ammonia challenge. This is practical in patients with liver disease because ammonium chloride administration often causes vomiting or ammonia toxicity. Venous ammonia concentrations were measured before feeding and every 2 hours after feeding for 8 hours. No difference in mean ammonia concentrations between dogs with extrahepatic disease and control dogs was found. Therefore, the specificity of the PPATT was 100%. Dogs with hepatocellular disease showed no change in mean ammonia concentration at any time point, before or after feeding, but sensitivity was greatest when venous ammonia was measured 6 hours after feeding (sensitivity before feeding, 28%, and after feeding, 36%). Among dogs with congenital PSVA, mean ammonia concentrations were higher than the reference range at all time points before and after feeding, and peak mean ammonia concentration occurred 6 hours after feeding. In this group, the sensitivity of the PPATT was 81% before feeding and 91% 6 hours after feeding. This study demonstrates that the measurement of venous ammonia concentration is a useful test to detect congenital PSVA, and the sensitivity of the test may be improved by sampling 6 hours after feeding. The PPATT has poor sensitivity in detecting primary hepatocellular disease.
Hematologic Abnormalities and Outcome of 16 Cats with Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Authors: Hisasue Masaharu , Okayama Hiromi , Okayama Taro , Suzuki Takafumi , Mizuno Takuya , Fujino Yasuhito , Naganobu Kiyokazu , Hasegawa Atsuhiko , Watari Toshihiro , Matsuki Naoaki , Masuda Kenichi , Ohno Koichi , Tsujimoto Hajime
Published: March 2010

We investigated the hematologic abnormalities and prognoses in 16 cats with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Nonregenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia were observed in 15, 13, and 4, respectively, of the 16 cats with MDS. Morphologic abnormalities characteristic of MDS included megaloblastoid rubricytes (9 cats), hyposegmentation of neutrophils (7 cats), nuclear abnormality of rubricytes (10 cats) and neutrophils (13 cats), and micromegakaryocytes (10 cats). Disease in these 16 cats was subclassified into refractory anemia (RA; 8 cats), RA with excess of blasts (RAEB; 5 cats), RAEB in transformation (RAEB in T; 1 cat), and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMMoL; 2 cats), according to the human French‐American‐British (FAB) classification. In the cats in which the clinical outcome was known, 3 of 6 cats with high blast cell count MDS, including RAEB, RAEB in T, and CMMoL, developed acute myeloid leukemia, but only 1 of 8 cats with low blast cell count MDS (RA) developed acute myeloid leukemia. Based on the Dusseldorf scoring system for the prognosis of human MDS, the survival times of the cats showing high scores (≥3 points) were significantly shorter than those of the cats with low scores (<3 points). The FAB classification and Dusseldorf scoring system were considered to be useful for predicting the prognosis of feline MDS. Furthermore, 15 of the 16 cats with MDS in this study were infected with feline leukemia virus, indicating its possible etiologic role in the pathogenesis of feline MDS.
Shetland Sheepdog Leukodystrophy
Authors: Wood Sheri L. , Patterson Jon S.
Published: March 2010

Three litters of Shetland Sheepdog pups born to the same bitch and 2 different sires were studied because of uncontrollable seizures or progressive neurologic dysfunction. Four pups from the 1st litter, 1 from the 2nd litter, and 4 from the 3rd litter had severe diffuse spongy degeneration of the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. An inherited basis for this syndrome was suspected. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pups with currently available screening tests for the metabolic, biochemical, infectious, and toxicologic causes of leukodystrophy seen in humans and animals. Computed tomography scans revealed diffuse hypomyeli‐nation in the affected pup. Complete postmortem examination, including histopathology and electron microscopy, delineated a leukodystrophy resembling human Canavan's disease, but amino acid and organic acid metabolism abnormalities were not detected. No etiology for Shetland Sheepdog leukodystrophy has been found, but this condition represents another familial disease in the purebred dog population.
Cardiac Troponin I in the Normal Dog and Cat
Authors: Sleeper Margaret M. , Clifford Craig A. , Laster Larry L.
Published: March 2010

Cardiac troponin I (cTnl) has proven to be a highly specific and sensitive marker for myocardial cellular damage in many mammalian species. The structure of cTnl is highly conserved across species, and assays for human cTnl (including the one used in the current study) have been validated in the dog. Blood concentrations of cTnl rise rapidly after cardiomyocyte damage, and assay of cTnl potentially may be valuable in many clinical diseases. The purpose of this study was to establish the normal range of cTnl in heparinized plasma of dogs and cats. Forty one clinically normal dogs and 21 cats were included in the study. One to 3 milliliters of blood were collected by venipuncture into lithium heparin vacutainers for analysis of cTnl (Stratus® CS). The range of plasma cTnl concentrations in dogs was < 0.03 to 0.07 ng/mL with a mean of 0.02 ng/mL, with the upper tolerance limit (0.07 ng/mL) at the 90th percentile with 95% confidence. In cats, the range was < 0.03 to 0.16 ng/mL with a mean of 0.04 ng/mL, and the upper tolerance limit (0.16 ng/mL) at the 90th percentile as well with 90% confidence. This study establishes preliminary normal ranges of plasma cTnl in normal dogs and cats for comparison to dogs and cats with myocardial injury or disease.