bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Genetics of the α‐Thalassaemias
Authors: Aguilar‐Martinez Patricia , Gulbis Béatrice
Published: October 2018

α‐Thalassaemias are widespread disorders worldwide, with the exception of rare non‐α‐globin gene related forms and of acquired forms in patients with myelodysplasia. However, the most severe forms are found among the populations of Asian and Mediterranean ancestry. Clinical manifestations of α‐thalassaemia are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic subjects to a more or less severe haemolytic anaemia. Haemoglobin Bart'shydrops foetalis(absence of functional α‐globin genes) leads to deathin uteroor at birth. Antenatal screening is available for couples at risk for this severe form, that is carriers of an α zero thalassaemia allele (absence of any functional α gene on one chromosome 16). Carrier detection is first based on red blood cell indices and confirmed by molecular analysis. Selective advantage against severePlasmodium falciparuminfection has been demonstrated for individuals with α‐thalassaemia. α‐Thalassaemia is also a genetic modifier in sickle cell syndromes and β‐thalassaemia.

Key Concepts

α‐Thalassaemia has become a widespread genetic disorder worldwide due to the relative protection it conferred against life‐threatening malarial anaemia.

There are four main forms of α‐thalassaemia depending on the number of remaining functional α globin gene(s) in the individual.

α‐Thalassaemia can be a severe condition: absence of three functional α‐globin genes results in chronic haemolytic anaemia of variable severity (haemoglobin H disease), whereas the total absence of functional α‐globin gene leads to haemoglobin Bart'shydrops foetalis, a usually lethal condition.

In uterotransfusion therapy and stem cell transplantation may improve the outcome of foetuses and infants with Hb Bart'shydrops foetalisin very rare cases.

α‐Thalassaemia carriers are usually clinically asymptomatic; however, detection of carriers of an α zero thalassaemia allele is of utmost importance to allow preventinghydrops foetalis.

α‐Thalassaemia carriers may benefit from the diagnosis of their condition, as this may avoid unnecessary iron therapy due to the presence of microcytosis.

α‐Thalassaemia is a genetic modifier of sickle cell disease severity through the reduction of the haemolytic rate and higher haemoglobin levels.
Genetics of Human Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Wilsdon Anna
Published: October 2018

Congenital heart disease (CHD) affects 0.9% of babies born in the United Kingdom. With improvements in medical and surgical treatments, individuals are surviving longer, and there are now more adults surviving with CHD than children. Prospective parents may ask about the chances of any children they have being affected. Unfortunately, the rate of genetic diagnosis in CHD is relatively low. CHD is likely to result from a complex interaction of genes and the environment. Recent sequencing studies in large cohorts of individuals with CHD have started to decipher the genetic contribution. There is a role for
de novo
and inherited mutations in CHD, in addition to chromosomal abnormalities, copy number variation, somatic mutations and epigenetics. Whole exome sequencing studies have identified novel CHD genes and expanded the phenotype of known CHD genes, but researchers and clinicians must also consider how to deal with secondary findings which are unrelated to the primary research aim.

Key Concepts

Congenital heart disease is the most common birth defect. Some individuals have complex health needs requiring lifelong follow‐up.

Mendelian inheritance is rare in CHD, and it is likely that CHD results from a complex interaction between genes and the environment.

Reduced penetrance and variable expressivity are common in CHD.

Most individuals have CHD in isolation (nonsyndromic CHD). Syndromic CHD affects a smaller proportion of people, and is the combination of CHD with another extracardiac congenital abnormality and/or neurodevelopmental disability.

A genetic diagnosis is more likely to be identified in syndromic CHD, but the majority of individuals have nonsyndromic CHD.

Untargeted sequencing in large cohorts with CHD can identify novel genes and expand the phenotypic spectrum of known genes.

There may be a shared pathogenesis between CHD and neurodevelopmental disability.

Collaboration between researchers will be required to fully understand the genetic causes of CHD.

Sequencing will generate secondary findings that are not related to the primary aim of the research. Clinicians and researchers have a duty of care to their research participants and should consider the methods to deal with these.
Cultural Evolution
Authors: Mesoudi Alex
Published: October 2018

Cultural evolution is the idea that cultural change, that is changes in socially acquired information such as knowledge or beliefs, constitutes a Darwinian evolutionary process that shares fundamental similarities with (but also some differences to) genetic evolution. While parallels between cultural and biological change have been drawn ever since Darwin provided his theory of evolution, it is only in the last few decades that this parallel has been fully pursued. Models, experiments and fieldwork has probed the details of how individuals learn from one another within societies (cultural microevolution), while comparative phylogenetic methods have been used to reconstruct long‐term cultural change and diversity over long timescales (cultural macroevolution). Key topics include language, cooperation, technology, innovation, migration and religion. The theory and field of cultural evolution can link the biological and social sciences by providing an evolutionarily based theory of cultural change and diversity.

Key Concepts

Culture is defined as information that is passed from individual to individual nongenetically, via social learning processes such as teaching or imitation.

Cultural evolution is the idea that cultural change constitutes an evolutionary process.

Cultural change constitutes an evolutionary process because cultural traits vary, they are inherited via social learning from individual to individual, and some cultural traits are more likely to be passed on than others.

Many species possess culture in the form of social learning, but few (perhaps only humans) have cumulative cultural evolution where the body of culturally evolving knowledge exceeds that which a single individual could invent or discover.

Cultural microevolution describes the ways in which cultural traits change within groups or societies, such as via different social learning biases.

Social learning biases include tendencies to learn from specific classes of individuals (e.g. one's parents, knowledgeable teachers, prestigious celebrities), learn particular kinds of things (e.g. about disgust‐inducing stimuli), or learn from others in particular situations (e.g. when uncertain).

Cultural macroevolution describes long‐term changes in culture at or above the level of the society and can be studied using phylogenetic methods similar to those used to reconstruct past genetic evolution.

Gene‐culture coevolution describes cases where culturally evolving traits alter selection pressures on genes and vice versa.

Common topics of study in the field of cultural evolution include language, cooperation, technology, innovation, migration and religion.

The theory of cultural evolution can link the biological or natural sciences with the social sciences and humanities, by providing an evolutionarily‐based theory of cultural change.
Autophagic vacuolar myopathy is a common feature of CLN3 disease
Authors: Radke Josefine , Koll Randi , Gill Esther , Wiese Lars , Schulz Angela , Kohlschütter Alfried , Schuelke Markus , Hagel Christian , Stenzel Werner , Goebel Hans H.
Published: October 2018

Objective

The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are genetic degenerative disorders of brain and retina. NCL with juvenile onset (JNCL) is genetically heterogeneous but most frequently caused by mutations of CLN3. Classical juvenile CLN3 includes a rare protracted form, which has previously been linked to autophagic vacuolar myopathy (AVM). Our study investigates the association of AVM with classic, non‐protracted CLN3.

Methods

Evaluation of skeletal muscle biopsies from three, non‐related patients with classic, non‐protracted and one patient with protracted CLN3 disease by histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and Sanger sequencing of the coding region of the CLN3 gene.

Results

We identified a novel heterozygous CLN3 mutation (c.1056+34C>A) in one of our patients with classic, non‐protracted CLN3 disease. The skeletal muscle of all CLN3 patients was homogeneously affected by an AVM characterized by autophagic vacuoles with sarcolemmal features and characteristic lysosomal pathology.

Interpretation

Our observations show that AVM is not an exceptional phenomenon restricted to protracted CLN3 but rather a common feature in CLN3 myopathology. Therefore, CLN3 myopathology should be included in the diagnostic spectrum of autophagic vacuolar myopathies.
More on what treatment can learn from harm reduction
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: October 2018

Last week, our lead story focused on how harm‐reduction approaches, such as meeting the patient where he or she is at — even that is continued drug use, as is welcomed by syringe exchange programs (SEPs) and supervised injecting facilities (SIFs) — can benefit substance use disorder treatment. Below are three more responses to add to the conversation.
High‐Efficiency Deep‐Blue‐Emitting Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Iridium(III) Carbene Complexes
Authors: Pal Amlan K. , Krotkus Simonas , Fontani Mattia , Mackenzie Campbell F. R. , Cordes David B. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Samuel Ifor D. W. , Zysman‐Colman Eli
Published: October 2018

High‐efficiency pure blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) remain one of the grand challenges, principally because the emissive complexes employed either do not possess sufficiently high photoluminescence quantum yields or exhibit unsatisfactory Commission International de l'Éclairage (CIE) coordinates. Here two deep‐blue‐emitting homoleptic iridium(III) complexes are reported and OLEDs are demonstrated with CIE coordinates of (0.15, 0.05) and maximum external quantum efficiency of 13.4%, which decreases slightly to 12.5% at 100 cd m−2. They represent examples of the most efficient OLEDs surpassing the CIEy requirement of the National Television System Committee (NTSC) and the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Emitter orientation contributes to the excellent device performance.
Visible‐ and NIR‐Light Responsive Black‐Phosphorus‐Based Nanostructures in Solar Fuel Production and Environmental Remediation
Authors: Feng Rongjuan , Lei Wanying , Liu Gang , Liu Minghua
Published: October 2018

Direct utilization of the full spectrum of renewable solar light, in particular the visible‐ and near‐infrared (NIR) portions, is currently receiving a great deal of attention in solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion—a clean, economically, and environmentally sustainable process. Black phosphorus (BP), a newly emerging class of ultrathin 2D nanomaterials rediscovered in early 2014, fulfills this purpose due to its unique properties like high charge‐carrier mobility and tunable direct‐bandgap. To this end, the rational combinations of BP in the form of few‐layer nanosheets or ultrasmall quantum dots with a range of organic and inorganic nanomaterials offer more versatile and robust hybrids and nanocomposites that are functional in solar fuel production and environmental remediation. Herein, the most recent and key achievements of BP‐based nanostructured photocatalysts in water splitting, organic pollutant degradation, and nitrogen fixation under either visible‐ or NIR‐light illumination are summarized. Furthermore, perspectives on the potential future research directions are provided.
Ultrastable Graphene‐Encapsulated 3 nm Nanoparticles by In Situ Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Choi Dong Sung , Kim Chanhoon , Lim Joonwon , Cho Su‐Ho , Lee Gil Yong , Lee Ho Jin , Choi Jang Wook , Kim Heeyeon , Kim Il‐Doo , Kim Sang Ouk
Published: October 2018

Nanoscale materials offer enormous opportunities for catalysis, sensing, energy storage, and so on, along with their superior surface activity and extremely large surface area. Unfortunately, their strong reactivity causes severe degradation and oxidation even under ambient conditions and thereby deteriorates long‐term usability. Here superlative stable graphene‐encapsulated nanoparticles with a narrow diameter distribution prepared via in situ chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are presented. The judiciously designed CVD protocol generates 3 nm size metal and ceramic nanoparticles intimately encapsulated by few‐layer graphene shells. Significantly, graphene‐encapsulated Co3O4 nanoparticles exhibit outstanding structural and functional integrity over 2000 cycles of lithiation/delithiation for Li‐ion battery anode application, accompanied by 200% reversible volume change of the inner core particles. The insight obtained from this approach offers guidance for utilizing high‐capacity electrode materials for Li‐ion batteries. Furthermore, this in situ CVD synthesis is compatible with many different metal precursors and postsynthetic treatments, including oxidation, phosphidation, and sulfidation, and thus offers a versatile platform for reliable high‐performance catalysis and energy storage/conversion with nanomaterials.
Sulfite‐Induced N‐Alkylation and Thioketonization of Azoles Enable Access to Diverse Azole Thiones
Authors: Deng Jian‐Chao , Chen Jia‐Hao , Zhang Jun‐Rong , Lu Ting‐Ting , Tang Ri‐Yuan
Published: October 2018

The direct modification of azole skeletons enables access to drug‐like molecules. The development of a highly compatible reaction platform for this pursuit still remains challenging. Herein, we report the use of sulfite as the single electron transfer (SET) reducing agent for the activation of functionalized bromoalkanes, elemental sulfur, and imidazoliniums for the transition metal‐free and base‐free N‐alkylation and thioketonization of azoles. Excellent functional group tolerance and high synthetic efficiency proved particularly advantageous for the rapid assembly of a large array of pharmaceutically‐oriented azole thiones, many of which contain synthetically and biologically useful functional groups. The direct transformation of drug molecules (such as Ketoconazole, Econazole, and Fluconazole) into their corresponding azole thiones has also been successfully achieved. Reactions with selenium also proceeded smoothly under the optimized conditions. Successful gram‐scale reactions demonstrate the good applicability of this methodology.

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Photocatalytic H2O2 and H2 Generation from Living Chlorella vulgaris and Carbon Micro Particle Comodified g‐C3N4
Authors: Fu Yijun , Liu Chang'an , Zhang Mengling , Zhu Cheng , Li Hao , Wang Huibo , Song Yuxiang , Huang Hui , Liu Yang , Kang Zhenhui
Published: October 2018

Hydrogen production from water splitting using photocatalysts and solar energy is an ideal pathway to obtain future energy sources which are cheap and easy to industrialize. In the water splitting process, the reduction of H2O gives H2, while H2O oxidation produces O2 with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in tiny amounts as a by‐product (poisoning the catalyst). It remains challenging to simultaneously produce H2O2 and H2 within one photocatalytic system. Inspired by a biological H2O2 generator, chlorella, the authors firstly realize the simultaneous photocatalytic water splitting and biological H2O2 generation by a living Chlorella vulgaris and carbon micro particle (needle coke) comodified g‐C3N4 (C‐N‐g‐C3N4) photocatalyst. The C‐N‐g‐C3N4 exhibits the optimal H2O2 (H2) evolution rate of 0.98 µmol h−1 (0.84 µmol h−1), giving an apparent quantum efficiency of 0.86% for H2 evolution at 420 nm. In this system, the needle coke serves as cocatalyst to work as reduction sites for H2 evolution, while the living C. vulgaris plays the key role in the production of H2O2 under the protection of g‐C3N4.
Critical Appraisal of Emergency Medicine Educational Research: The Best Publications of 2016
Authors: Dubosh Nicole M. , Jordan Jaime , Yarris Lalena M. , Ullman Edward , Kornegay Joshua , Runde Daniel , Juve Amy Miller , Fisher Jonathan
Published: October 2018

Objectives

The objectives were to critically appraise the emergency medicine (EM) medical education literature published in 2016 and review the highest‐quality quantitative and qualitative studies.

Methods

A search of the English language literature in 2016 querying MEDLINE, Scopus, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), and PsychInfo identified 510 papers related to medical education in EM. Two reviewers independently screened all of the publications using previously established exclusion criteria. The 25 top‐scoring quantitative studies based on methodology and all six qualitative studies were scored by all reviewers using selected scoring criteria that have been adapted from previous installments. The top‐scoring articles were highlighted and trends in medical education research were described.

Results

Seventy‐five manuscripts met inclusion criteria and were scored. Eleven quantitative and one qualitative papers were the highest scoring and are summarized in this article.

Conclusion

This annual critical appraisal series highlights the best EM education research articles published in 2016.
A tribute to Professor Jay Bailey: A pioneer in biochemical engineering
Authors: Khosla Chaitan , Clark Douglas S. , Chen Wilfred
Published: October 2018

This article, and this issue of the AIChE Journal, is a tribute to Professor James (Jay) E. Bailey who, as an intellectual leader of biochemical engineering, has had a profound impact on chemical engineering. Over his 30‐year career, Bailey pioneered many new approaches that have become cornerstones of modern metabolic engineering, enzyme engineering, and cell culture engineering. We highlight some of these seminal contributions as well as his legacy as a research mentor. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 4179–4181, 2018
Photocleavable Supramolecular Polysaccharide Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Release in Cancer Cells
Authors: Liu Jiang‐Hua , Wu Xianjing , Zhang Ying‐Ming , Liu Yu
Published: October 2018

Photocontrolled, targeted and biocompatible supramolecular nanoparticles were constructed through the host‐guest interactions of 2‐nitrobenzyl ester‐linked β‐cyclodextrin and adamantane‐grafted hyaluronic acid (HA). In this system, we used HA and 2‐nitrobenzyl ester as targeting and photoresponsive groups, respectively. Moreover, the introduction of β‐cyclodextrin further enhanced the biocompatibility of the supramolecular nanoparticles. Benefiting from the light‐responsive capability of a 2‐nitrobenzyl ester moiety, the hydrophobic anticancer drug camptothecin was loaded in the internal hydrophobic microenvironment of the supramolecular nanoparticle and could be specifically released in the cancer cells. These results demonstrated that supramolecular polysaccharide drug nanocarriers with targeting ability and intelligent light‐stimulus responsiveness may have excellent potential in the clinical cancer treatments.
Rhodiumkatalysierte sp2‐ und sp3‐C‐H‐Funktionalisierungen mit entfernbaren dirigierenden Gruppen
Authors: Rej Supriya , Chatani Naoto
Published: October 2018

In den letzten Jahren hat sich die übergangsmetallkatalysierte C‐H‐Aktivierung zu einer Schlüsselstrategie der organischen Synthese entwickelt. Von den verschiedenen Übergangsmetallkomplexen finden die Rhodiumkomplexe aufgrund ihrer hohen Reaktivität und Selektivität als Katalysatoren bei einer Vielzahl von C‐H‐Funktionalisierungsreaktionen breite Anwendung. Da zudem eine Reihe von Rhodiumkomplexen in verschiedenen Oxidationsstufen zur Verfügung steht, resultieren verschiedene Reaktionswege. Die Regioselektivität, ein wichtiger Aspekt in der C‐H‐Aktivierungschemie, kann durch die Verwendung einer dirigierenden Gruppe erreicht werden. Um die funktionalisierten Zielverbindungen zu erhalten, ist es jedoch notwendig, eine dirigierende Gruppe zu verwenden, die leicht entfernt werden kann. Eine ganze Reihe von dirigierten C‐H‐Funktionalisierungsreaktionen, die durch Rhodiumkomplexe katalysiert werden, wurde bisher veröffentlicht. In diesem Aufsatz diskutieren wir Rh‐katalysierte C‐H‐ Funktionalisierungsreaktionen, die durch die Verwendung einer entfernbaren dirigierenden Gruppe (Phenol, Amin, Aldehyd, Ketone, Ester, Säure, Sulfonsäure und N‐heteroaromatische Derivate) realisiert wurden.
Surface‐Driven Keto–Enol Tautomerization: Atomistic Insights into Enol Formation and Stabilization Mechanisms
Authors: Attia Smadar , Schmidt Marvin‐Christopher , Schröder Carsten , Pessier Pascal , Schauermann Swetlana
Published: October 2018

Tautomerisation of simple carbonyl compounds to their enol counterparts on metal surfaces is envisaged to enable an easier route for hydrogenation of the C=O bond in heterogeneously catalyzed reactions. To understand the mechanisms of enol formation and stabilization over catalytically active metal surfaces, we performed a mechanistic study on keto–enol tautomerization of a monocarbonyl compound acetophenon over Pt(111) surface. By employing infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy in combination with scanning tunneling microscopy, we found that enol can be formed by building a ketone–enol dimer, in which one molecule in the enol form is stabilized through hydrogen bonding to the carbonyl group of the second ketone molecule. Based on the investigations of the co‐adsorption behavior of acetophenone and hydrogen, we conclude that keto–enol tautomerization occurs in the intramolecular process and does not involve hydrogen transfer through the surface hypothesized previously.
A Molecular Secret Sharing Scheme
Authors: Lustgarten Omer , Carmieli Raanan , Motiei Leila , Margulies David
Published: October 2018

A method for implementing a secret sharing scheme at the molecular level is presented. By creating molecular code generators that are self‐assembled from several molecular components, we established a means for distributing distinct code‐activating elements among several participants. In this way, an authorization code can only be generated when all the participants are present, which ensures that highly secured systems cannot be operated by unauthorized individuals or disloyal users. Additional layers of protection result from the ability to program the security code by replacing one or several molecular components and by subjecting the system to distinct chemical inputs.
Diazuleno‐s‐indacene Diradicaloids: Syntheses, Properties, and Local (anti)Aromaticity Shift from Neutral to Dicationic State
Authors: Jiang Qing , Tao Tao , Phan Hoa , Han Yi , Gopalakrishna Tullimilli Y. , Herng Tun Seng , Li Guangwu , Yuan Liu , Ding Jun , Chi Chunyan
Published: October 2018

Non‐alternant, non‐benzenoid π‐conjugated polycyclic hydrocarbons (PHs) are expected to exhibit very different electronic properties from all‐benzenoid PHs. Reported herein are the syntheses and physical properties of four derivatives of two azulene‐fused s‐indacene isomers, the diazuleno[2,1‐a:2′,1′‐g]‐s‐indacene (DAI‐1) and diazuleno[2,1‐a:1′,2′‐h]‐s‐indacene (DAI‐2). The backbone of both isomers contains 28π electrons and is a 7‐5‐5‐6‐5‐5‐7 fused ring system. X‐ray crystallographic analysis, NMR spectra, and theoretical calculations (ACID, NICS) reveal a structure with two aromatic azulene units fused with a central anti‐aromatic s‐indacene moiety. All compounds exhibit open‐shell diradical character and are magnetically active, but the derivatives of DAI‐2 show larger radical character than the respective ones of DAI‐1. Their dications were isolated in crystalline form and all experimental and theoretical analyses disclose a shift of local (anti)aromaticity along the backbone, with two aromatic tropylium rings at the termini.
Inorganic Triphenylphosphine
Authors: Gorman Adam D. , Bailey Jonathan A. , Fey Natalie , Young Tom A. , Sparkes Hazel A. , Pringle Paul G.
Published: October 2018

A completely inorganic version of one of the most famous organophosphorus compounds, triphenylphosphine, has been prepared. A comparison of the crystal structures of inorganic triphenylphosphine, PBaz3 (where Baz=B3H2N3H3) and PPh3 shows that they have superficial similarities and furthermore, the Lewis basicities of the two compounds are remarkably similar. However, their oxygenation and hydrolysis reactions are starkly different. PBaz3 reacts quantitatively with water to give PH3 and with the oxidizing agent ONMe3 to give the triply‐O‐inserted product P(OBaz)3, an inorganic version of triphenyl phosphite; a corresponding transformation with PPh3 is inconceivable. Thermodynamically, what drives these striking differences in the chemistry of PBaz3 and PPh3 is the great strength of the B−O bond.
Disorder Engineering in Monolayer Nanosheets Enabling Photothermic Catalysis for Full Solar Spectrum (250–2500 nm) Harvesting
Authors: Yang Min‐Quan , Shen Lei , Lu Yuyao , Chee See Wee , Lu Xin , Chi Xiao , Chen Zhihui , Xu Qing‐Hua , Mirsaidov Utkur , Ho Ghim Wei
Published: October 2018

A persistent challenge in classical photocatalyst systems with extended light absorption is the unavoidable trade‐off between maximizing light harvesting and sustaining high photoredox capability. Alternatively, cooperative energy conversion through photothermic activation and photocatalytic redox is a promising yet unmet scientific proposition that critically demands a spectrum‐tailored catalyst system. Here, we construct a solar thermal‐promoted photocatalyst, an ultrathin “biphasic” ordered–disordered D‐HNb3O8 junction, which performs two disparate spectral selective functions of photoexcitation by ordered structure and thermal activated conversion via disordered lattice for combinatorial photothermal mediated catalysis. This in situ synthetically immobilized lattice distortion, constrained to a single‐entity monolayer structure not only circumvents interfacial incompatibility but also triggers near‐field temperature rise at the catalyst–reactant complexes’ proximity to promote photoreaction. Ultimately, a generic full solar conversion improvement for H2 fuel production, organic transformation and water purification is realized.
Utilization of linseed cake as a postagricultural functional filler for poly(lactic acid) green composites
Authors: Mysiukiewicz Olga , Barczewski Mateusz
Published: October 2018

Linseed cake (LC), a byproduct of linseed oil extraction, is used as a functional filler for production of biodegradable composites. To determine the influence of residual linseed crude oil contained in lignocellulosic filler on the properties of the poly(lactic acid) (PLA)‐based composites with 5–30% filler content, two types of LC were analyzed: a defatted and an unmodified one. Complex analysis of the composites' properties change was conducted in relation to their structure modification caused by the addition of a waste filler. It was found that the addition of LC resulted in simultaneous plasticization and improved crystallization of PLA. Lignocellulosic particles and crude linseed oil contained in the LC powder provided a modifying effect, influencing the level of crystallinity and mechanical and thermomechanical properties. Using LC may thus overcome one of the main drawbacks of PLA, which is brittleness and low crystallinity. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47152.
Effect of chemical treatment on the thermal properties of hybrid natural fiber‐reinforced composites
Authors: Neto J. S. S. , Lima R. A. A. , Cavalcanti D. K. K. , Souza J. P. B. , Aguiar R. A. A. , Banea M. D.
Published: October 2018

The main objective of this work is to study the effect of chemical treatment on the thermal properties of hybrid natural fiber‐reinforced composites (NFRCs). Different chemical treatments [i.e., alkalized and mixed (alkalized+ silanized)] were used to improve the adhesion between the natural fibers (jute, ramie, sisal, and curauá) and the polymer matrix. A differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, and a dynamic mechanical analysis were performed to study the thermal properties of hybrid NFRC. It was found that the chemical treatments increased the thermal stability of the composites. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the chemical treatments altered the morphology of the natural fibers. A rougher surface was observed in case of alkali treated fiber, whereas a thin coating layer was formed on the fiber surface during the mixed treatment. However, for some fibers (i.e., sisal and rami), the chemical treatment has a positive impact on the composite properties, whereas for the jute and curauá composites, the best behavior was found for untreated fibers. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47154.
Optimization of testing parameters for tensile property evaluation of poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibers webs
Authors: Lou Lihua , Wang Jilong , Ramkumar Seshadri
Published: October 2018

An optimization study was conducted to understand the influence of thickness, speed of testing, and gauge length (specimen test length) on important mechanical properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofiber webs. Using orthogonal experimental design, experimental trials were optimized for the three testing parameters, which enabled to undertake 25 experiments involving the three variables at five different levels. Polynomial regression equations show that the three variables have interactive influence on the mechanical properties tested. Of the three variables, thickness of nanofiber webs seems to have maximum influence on tensile properties. This study showed that the optimal values for tensile testing of nanowebs are gauge length at 0.50 cm, thickness of nanowebs at 0.10 mm, and speed of testing at 25 mm·min−1. This study will provide an opportunity to establish a standard method for the tensile evaluation of nanowebs involving gauge length, thickness, and speed of testing. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47159.
Radial crystallization difference of melt‐spun polypropylene fiber along spinning line
Authors: Pan Dan , He Houkang , Sun Junfen , Cao Min , Qin Zongyi , Chen Long
Published: October 2018

The radial crystallization difference of polypropylene (PP) fiber along spinning line was investigated via synchrotron radiation microbeam X‐ray diffraction (μ‐XRD) analysis for the first time. Running fibers were collected at different spinning line positions to study its radial crystallization difference. The distribution of crystallinity, crystal form, and crystal size of PP fiber were obtained based on peak deconvolution. The relation between radial crystallization difference and processing condition was also investigated. The results indicate that the crystallinity of PP in the center region is found higher than the surface due to the radial temperature gradient during melt spinning, and the structure of fiber is highly sensitive to the radial temperature gradient. The crystallinity increased along spinning line and reaches a steady rate after 50 cm of spinning line position. The crystallite size increased before 50 cm of spinning line position and has a slight decrease after 50 cm due to the growth and splitting of crystal. These results display a 2D view of crystallization development of fiber during the melt spinning and give us a basic knowledge about the relation between structure evolution and processing conditions both in axis and radial directions. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47175.
Uterine Epithelial Cells Undergo a Plasma Membrane Transformation During Early Pregnancy in the Domestic Cat (Felis catus)
Authors: Dudley Jessica S. , Murphy Christopher R. , Thompson Michael B. , Carter Tanya , McAllan Bronwyn M.
Published: October 2018

Mammals exhibit similar changes in uterine epithelial morphology during early pregnancy despite having a diverse range of placental types. The uterine epithelium undergoes rapid morphological and molecular change (“plasma membrane transformation”) during the early stages of pregnancy to allow attachment of the blastocyst. The domestic cat, Felis catus is in the order Carnivora; all species within the Carnivora studied so far develop an endotheliochorial placenta during pregnancy. The endotheliochorial placental type is a common form of placental invasion in mammals. The molecular changes that allow remodeling of the uterine epithelium in preparation for implantation are unknown in most mammals but would provide us with an understanding of what molecules underpin successful implantation and pregnancy among Carnivora. We used immunofluorescence microscopy to localize the key adherens junction proteins desmoglein‐2 and E‐cadherin in the lateral plasma membrane of the uterine epithelium of F. catus during pregnancy. We show that redistribution of desmoglein‐2 and E‐cadherin likely facilitates reduction of cell‐to‐cell adhesion allowing for implantation of the blastocyst and formation of the placenta. The ultrastructural and molecular changes to the uterine epithelium during early pregnancy in F. catus are similar to that in species with other levels of placental invasiveness, suggesting that key molecules such as desmoglein‐2 and E‐cadherin are crucial to successful pregnancy across all mammals. Anat Rec, 301:1497–1505, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Systematic Analysis of the Smooth Muscle Wall Phenotype of the Pharyngeal Arch Arteries During Their Reorganization into the Great Vessels and Its Association with Hemodynamics
Authors: Ryvlin Jessica , Lindsey Stephanie E. , Butcher Jonathan T.
Published: October 2018

Early outflow morphogenesis is a critical event in cardiac development. Understanding mechanical and molecular based morphogenetic relationships at early stages of cardiogenesis is essential for the advancement of cardiovascular technology related to congenital heart defects. In this study, we pair molecular changes in pharyngeal arch artery (PAA) vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) with hemodynamic changes over the course of the same period. We focus on Hamburger Hamilton stage 24–36 chick embryos, using both Doppler ultrasound and histological sections to phenotype PAA VSMCs, and establish a relationship between hemodynamics and PAA composition. Our findings show that PAA VSMCs transition through a synthetic, intermediate, and contractile phenotype over time. Wall shear stress magnitude per arch varies throughout development. Despite distinct hemodynamic and fractional expression trends, no strong correlation was found between the two, indicating that WSS magnitude is not the main driver of PAA wall remodeling and maturation. While WSS magnitude was not found to be a major driver, this work provides a basic framework for investigating relationships between hemodynamic forces and tunica media during a critical period of development. Anat Rec, 302:153–162, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changes in the Morphology of Hypoglossal Motor Neurons in the Brainstem of Developing Rats
Authors: Williams Paul Allen , Bellinger Denise L. , Wilson Christopher G.
Published: October 2018

The autonomic brainstem generates breathing rhythm by integrating inputs from chemosensors and mechanosensors in the viscera and coordinating descending outputs from higher structures in the central nervous system. Hypoglossal motoneurons (XII MNs) receive inputs from respiratory premotor neurons, important for maintaining airway patency. Previous studies in rodents report significant changes in breathing control during the first 3 weeks of life, with a sensitive period at 10 to 13 days postbirth (P10–P13) characterized by pronounced changes in neurotransmitters, excitation‐inhibition balance, and breathing physiology. However, age‐dependent morphological changes of XII MNs during the first 3 weeks postbirth and especially this sensitive period are under‐studied. Here, we comprehensively characterize and quantify the early morphological changes in rat XII MNs. We hypothesized that morphological changes in XII MNs correspond to the functionally defined sensitive period observed at postnatal day 10–13 (P10–P13). To test this hypothesis, we used an innovative contemporary statistical approach to analyze Golgi‐Cox stained XII MNs at nine postnatal ages between P1 and P21. Our findings reveal two subpopulations of XII MNs, which are dependent on age and morphological features. Soma size increased approximately 40% from P1 to P21, without changing shape. However, dendritic arborization increased in extent/distance and complexity. Dendritic branching of developing neurons significantly increased from P1 through P13, with the greatest increase at P10–P13 based on the Sholl method. Our detailed characterization of XII MN morphological development establishes a foundation for the study and elucidation of morphological changes caused by maternal and perinatal conditions. Anat Rec, 302:869–892, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Das BIM‐Fachmodell Ingenieurvermessung
Authors: Riemenschneider Andreas
Published: October 2018

Ab Ende 2020 sollen alle vom Bund finanzierten Verkehrsinfrastrukturprojekte mit der BIM‐Methode (BIM: engl. Building Information Modeling) realisiert werden. Die zielgerichtete Planung, der störungsfreie Bau und der anschließende Betrieb von Verkehrsanlagen benötigen aktuelle Zustandsdaten. Daten, die präzise Rückschlüsse auf die Geoposition, die Dimension, die Geometrie und die Beschaffenheit der Objekte zulassen. Das BIM‐Fachmodell Ingenieurvermessung liefert diese Daten und steht am Anfang eines ganzheitlichen, digitalen Prozesses, wenn zukünftig Verkehrsinfrastrukturprojekte geplant, gebaut und letztlich auch betrieben werden sollen. Der folgende Beitrag aus der Praxis zeigt auf, worum es sich bei dem Modell handelt, wie es entsteht und welche Ergebnisse die am BIM‐Prozess beteiligten Institutionen erwarten können.
Schwindverhalten von Beton aus kalksteinreichen Zementen
Authors: Rezvani Moien , Proske Tilo , Herget Christian , Graubner Carl‐Alexander
Published: October 2018

Mit der Zement‐ und Betonherstellung sind ein hoher Energieaufwand und mehr als 5 % der anthropogenen Kohlendioxidemissionen verbunden. Durch die Verwendung kalksteinreicher Zemente, deren Kalksteingehalte deutlich höher liegen als die in DIN EN 197‐1 festgelegten Höchstwerte, könnte die Umweltwirkung von Beton signifikant reduziert werden. Bislang wurde das Schwindverhalten von Beton aus derartigen Bindemitteln nicht vertiefend untersucht. In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse von Schwindversuchen an Zementleim und Beton aus kalksteinreichen Zementen mit Kalksteingehalten von bis zu 70 M.‐% vorgestellt. Untersucht wurden das autogene Schwinden und das Trocknungsschwinden. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass das Schwindverhalten von Zementstein und Beton aus kalksteinreichen Zementen nicht nur vom Kalksteingehalt, sondern stark von den chemisch‐mineralogischen Eigenschaften des Kalksteins abhängig ist. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden der Methylenblauwert und der Anteil alkalischer Oxide des Kalksteins als wichtigste Einflussparameter auf das Schwindverhalten identifiziert. Es wird aufgezeigt, dass Betone aus kalksteinreichen Zementen im Vergleich zu Betonen aus Portlandzement (CEM I) bei identischer Druckfestigkeit in der Regel geringere Schwindverformungen aufweisen. Abschließend wird ein Vorschlag zur Anpassung der Berechnungsansätze in DIN EN 1992‐1‐1 hinsichtlich des Schwindens von Betonen aus kalksteinreichen Zementen präsentiert.
A microfluidic gradient mixer‐flow chamber as a new tool to study biofilm development under defined solute gradients
Authors: Zhang Yingdan , Li Cheng , Wu Yichao , Zhang Yilei , Zhou Zhi , Cao Bin
Published: October 2018

Understanding the dynamics of biofilm development in response to chemical cues and signals is required toward the development of controllable biofilm‐mediated bioprocesses. In this study, we report a new biofilm growth system that integrates a microfluidic gradient mixer with a biofilm growth chamber. The biofilm growth system allows biofilms to grow under defined solute gradients and enables nondestructive monitoring of the biofilm development dynamics in response to the defined gradients. The solute gradients generated in the system were simulated and then validated experimentally. We then demonstrated the applicability of the biofilm growth system in studying biofilm development under defined solute gradients. Specifically, we examined biofilm development of Shewanella oneidensis and
Comamonas testosteroni under a defined calcium and nitrate gradient, respectively. Using two
C. testosteroni strains (WDL7 and I2), we further demonstrated the applicability of our biofilm growth system to study the development of coculture biofilms under a defined solute gradient. Our results show that the biofilm growth system we have developed here can be a promising tool to reveal the dynamics of biofilm development in response to chemical cues and signals as well as the interorganism interactions in coculture biofilms.
From retribution to reconciliation after critical events in surgery
Authors: de Vos M S , Hamming J F
Published: October 2018

Facilitates learning
Synthesis of magnetic nanoparticle‐based molecularly imprinted polymer as a selective sorbent for efficient extraction of ezetimibe from biological samples
Authors: Peyrovi Moazameh , Hadjmohammadi Mohammadreza , Saeidi Iman
Published: October 2018

In the present study, a novel and efficient adsorbent constructed of molecularly imprinted polymer on the surface of modified magnetic nanoparticles with oleic acid (MNPs) was applied for the selective extraction of ezetimibe. The magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MMIP) was polymerized at the surface of modified MNPs using methacrylic acid as functional monomer, ezetimibe as template and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross‐linker. The resulting MMIP showed high adsorption capacity, good selectivity and fast kinetic binding for the template molecule. It was characterized by Fourier transform infrared analysis, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy methods. The maximum adsorption capacity of MMIP was obtained as 137.1 mg g−1 and it took about 20 min to achieve the equilibrium state. The adsorption model of the adsorbent was fitted with the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm equations. The assay exhibited a linear range of 0.003–20.000 mg L−1 for ezetimibe with a correlation coefficient of 0.995. The relative standard deviations for the recoveries were <5.2. The method was also examined for the analysis of ezetimibe in the biological samples.
Blood flow reversal from the external into the internal carotid artery—New insights into the hemodynamics at the carotid bifurcation
Authors: Meyer Patrick , Pelz Johann Otto
Published: October 2018

Background

Complex blood flow patterns are a well‐known phenomenon at the carotid bifurcation. However, unlike for the descending aorta, a blood flow reversal has not been detected at the carotid bifurcation, so far.

Methods

In 17 subjects, flow patterns with focus on blood flow reversal were examined at the carotid bifurcation with vector flow imaging.

Results

We found a blood flow reversal from the external carotid artery (ECA) into the internal carotid artery (ICA) in 13 of 25 (52%) carotid bifurcations. The blood flow reversal ranged 5.3 ± 1.7 mm (range 2.6–8.3 mm) distally to the beginning of the ECA and lasted 105 ± 59 ms (range 32–225 ms). The mean peak systolic velocity within the blood flow reversal was 12.5 ± 4.6 cm/s (range 5–18 cm/s).

Conclusion

A blood flow reversal from the ECA into the ICA during the systole is a frequent finding at the carotid bifurcation. Considering ischemic stroke, retrograde embolism from plaques in the proximal ECA into the ICA might play a role.
Early experience of seven hepatocellular carcinoma cases treated with regorafenib
Authors: Uchikawa Shinsuke , Kawaoka Tomokazu , Aikata Hiroshi , Kodama Kenichiro , Inagaki Yuki , Hatooka Masahiro , Morio Kei , Nakahara Takashi , Murakami Eisuke , Hiramatsu Akira , Tsuge Masataka , Imamura Michio , Kawakami Yoshiiku , Chayama Kazuaki
Published: October 2018

Key Clinical Message

Regorafenib became second‐line treatment for the patients with sorafenib refractory. In our study, two patients could not continue regorafenib for its adverse effects. It was suggested that appropriate use criteria of regorafenib should be observed and manage adverse effects earlier.
GATA4 variant identified by whole‐exome sequencing in a Japanese family with atrial septal defect: Implications for male sex development
Authors: Shimizu Daisuke , Iwashima Satoru , Sato Keisuke , Hayano Satoshi , Fukami Maki , Saitsu Hirotomo , Ogata Tsutomu
Published: October 2018

Key Clinical Message

We identified a heterozygous p.(R284H) variant of GATA4 in a Japanese family with atrial septal defect, including boys with apparently normal male sex development. The findings, together with the previous data, imply that GATA4 variants primarily cause congenital heart disease and rarely result in 46,XY disorder of sex development.
B‐cell lymphoblastic lymphoma of the nictitating membrane as the first presenting sign in a 2‐year‐old Springer Spaniel
Authors: Holm Frederik , Hardon Tommy , Clasen‐Linde Erik , Hjorth Mikkelsen Lauge , Heegaard Steffen
Published: October 2018

Key Clinical Message

B‐cell lymphoblastic lymphoma is an aggressive malignant disease. Necropsy and microscopical examination revealed widespread disease with a high proliferation index. This is the first reported case of B‐cell lymphoblastic lymphoma presenting in the ocular region and only the second reported lymphoma of the nictitating membrane.
Identification of a de novo case of COL5A1‐related Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome in an infant in the West Indies leading to improved targeted clinical care
Authors: Wardeh Amr , Jackson Tyson , Nelson Beverly , Ernst Carl , Théroux Jean‐François , Al‐Hertani Walla , Sobering Andrew K. , Maj Mary C.
Published: October 2018

Key Clinical Message

A 1‐year‐old girl from an underserved community presented with irritability, pain, and delayed motor skills. Our genetics outreach program facilitated the diagnosis of Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome masquerading as developmental delay after noting hyperextensible skin. Diagnosis for this family allows for state‐of‐the‐art cardiac monitoring and appropriate symptomatic treatment for this rare disease.
Analytical Simulation of the Cloud Combustion of Corn Starch Microparticles
Authors: Wang Bo , Sharifian Seyedmehdi , Surendar Arvindhan , Ilyashenko Lubov K. , Yaghoubi Ebrahim
Published: October 2018

Knowledge of the fundamentals of dust combustion is necessary for designing safety technologies such as flame arrestors. The structure of flame propagation in a uniformly distributed cloud of volatile fuel particles was simulated. A model based on energy and mass conservation laws was generated. The obtained system of equations was nondimensionalized and solved according to the introduced boundary conditions. Comparison of the results with the existing experimental data in the literature showed remarkable agreement. Finally, the effect of parameters such as particle size and Lewis number on the characteristics of the cloud combustion of biomass microparticles under both lean and rich conditions was studied.