bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptation Isn’t Just for the Tundra: Rethinking Teaching and Schooling in Alaska’s Arctic
Authors: Hirshberg Diane B. , Cost Douglas , Alexander Edward
Published: January 2023

In Alaska, schools as structured do not work for far too many of Alaska’s students, especially Indigenous students. This chapter raises issues that are not being addressed in most discussions on the schooling and teacher crisis in Alaska. We call out the failure of the existing system of teacher preparation. We then move into a critical discussion around what is missing from the current deliberations around improving schooling outcomes in rural Alaska: how the history of colonization and assimilation efforts in Alaska has created and propagated the current situation. We explore recent proposals to transfer more authority over rural schools to tribes and local communities and ask whether tribes should rethink the entire enterprise of education in rural Alaska, by fully enacting tribal control and self-determination in education.
The Role of Evaluative Thinking in Generating, Evaluating and Scaling Innovations in Learning: A Case Study of the Greenland Education System
Authors: Lennert Mitdlarak
Published: January 2023

The Greenland education system has had an impressive growth over the past 50 years. But how are things with the quality and content of the primary school? The role of national government versus local government in countering the quality of learning is examined. What types of objectives are being set, what is being monitored and for what purpose? The chapter discusses the overall objectives for the education system, how context shapes evaluation culture and conditions for development, and how reforms inspired by foreign countries do not make sense if country and regional specific contexts, needs, stakeholder involvement and capacity building are not considered.
Personal and Ethnic Identity in Representatives of the Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Far North: The Nenets and the Sami
Authors: Flotskaya Natalya , Bulanova Svetlana , Ponomareva Maria , Flotskiy Nikolay , Kagan Olga
Published: January 2023

In the modern multicultural Russian society, the preservation of ethnocultural continuity, the formation of modern-day understanding of history, and the integration of ethnic and civic identities in the Indigenous peoples of the Far North and the Arctic, which are currently characterized by the intensification of ethnic processes, are becoming increasingly relevant. When describing the contemporary Russian North, we should note that it is characterized by highly contradictory processes, which combine both the integration of the Indigenous population and newcomers and the separation of different ethnic groups. Trying to understand this highly contradictory situation, we have conducted an empirical study of ethnic and personal identity in adolescents, as described below. Within the study, we have focused on the Nenets and the Sami communities as representative of the Indigenous peoples of the Russian Far North.
GA Adjustments in Amsterdam: Reinforcing Authority Through Transparency and Accountability (Late Sixteenth–Early Seventeenth Century)
Authors: Go Sabine
Published: January 2023

This essay analyses GA procedures in Amsterdam in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries by discussing the Statute Book of the ‘Chamber of Insurance and Average’. This manuscript is a unique guide to the handling of Averages in Amsterdam as it contains the regulations, the clarifications of the rules, some of the Chamber’s judgments and their accompanying calculations. The essay thus provides a snapshot of the institutional framework of maritime risk management in a critical period critical for the development of GA procedures in the emerging mercantile centre of Amsterdam.
Risky Narratives: Framing General Average into Risk-Management Strategies (Thirteenth–Sixteenth Centuries)
Authors: Ceccarelli Giovanni
Published: January 2023

Over the last few years, historians have extensively investigated on the role of risk in the history of finance, and the development of risk-management techniques in the United States since the late nineteenth century. Well-established approaches that considered such innovations beneficial in themselves have been questioned, by pointing out the consequences of the pervasive spread of financial tools designed to mitigate risks. It appears, rather, that a socially uneven distribution of risk went along with the financial efficiency brought by these novelties, whose legitimacy rested on narratives identifying individual freedom with the taking of risks. This essay explores the possibility that something similar might have occurred in early modern Europe, when marine insurance provided an alternative to contracts previously used to mitigate the risks connected to sea trade. It also aims at discussing whether the spread of specialized insurance markets, beginning in the sixteenth century, brought to a substantial shift in the distribution of these types of risks from a restricted trading group to a broader social base.
General Average in Byzantium
Authors: Penna Daphne
Published: January 2023

The present essay focuses on the Byzantine sources on General Average and is a contribution on the evolution of the laws of General Average (GA). The GA principle has its roots in very ancient times. In Justinian’s Digest (sixth century AD), we find fragments of Roman jurists discussing Average rules from the so-called Rhodian law of jettison (lex Rhodia de iactu). There is also a later text, a Byzantine collection of maritime law provisions, compiled in the seventh or eighth century, the Νόμος Ροδίων Ναυτικός, which is known under the name Rhodian Sea-Law, and includes GA rules. The aim of this paper is to examine the GA rules in the Digest and in the Byzantine collection Rhodian Sea-Law and their transmission in the Basilica, which were promulgated around 900 A.D. and are considered the last important extensive Byzantine legislation. Short references will also be made to the development of GA rules after the Basilica.
Principles and Developments of General Average: Statutory and Contractual Loss Allowances from the Lex Rhodia to the Early Modern Mediterranean
Authors: Addobbati Andrea
Published: January 2023

The purpose of GA is to partition the damage of maritime transport in an equitable and proportional way among all those who took part in the expedition. The legal principle is commonly deduced from the famous Lex Rhodia de jactu contained in the Digest, which would seem to limit the right of indemnity only to those losses which have been suffered voluntarily in order to save the ship, the men and most of the cargo. This limitation, which excludes all damages of fortuitous nature, will become axiomatic in the jurisprudence of the early modern age, but in more ancient times it was not always strictly observed, and above all it leaves open a space of indecision from which derive innumerable problems of practical order.
Who Are the Marine Mammals?
Authors: Das Krishna , Sköld Helen , Lorenz Anna , Parmentier Eric
Published: January 2023

Marine mammals include toothed and baleen whales, as well as seals, sea lions, sea cows, sea otters and polar bears. They are adapted to an aquatic life in oceanic, coastal and riverine habitats. They range in size from sea otters to blue whales. The extreme diversity of marine mammals is related to their adaptations to different habitats and their use of different feeding strategies. The different kinds of marine mammals are not closely related but evolved from different terrestrial ancestors. Because they have been exposed to similar environmental constraints in their aquatic way of life, many evolutionary convergences can be found in different lineages. They have torpedo-shaped bodies, thick fur or fat layers to preserve heat, as well as impressive diving abilities. Here, we discuss these adaptations in their physiology and anatomy. Through hands-on exercises, students can test how their own muscle strength and heartbeat are affected by cold water.
How to Become a Marine Mammal Scientist
Authors: Knickmeier Katrin , Reckendorf Anja , Brennecke Dennis
Published: January 2023

Many young students dream about a career working with marine mammals. Although marine mammal jobs are limited and highly competitive, there are several ways to obtaining them. But, there is no magic formula to pursue a career in marine mammal science. We describe various skill sets and experiences that can improve your chances. Not the least, it is important to actively work towards your career goals and believe in your strengths. We interview marine mammal researchers to inspire students to follow their passion and pursue a career in natural sciences, which may lead to work on marine mammals. In times of climate change, pollution, habitat and biodiversity loss, there is a huge need for students interested in science, technology, biology, engineering and mathematics, to provoke a general change for the better.
Introduction to the Mohist Canon
Authors: Schemmel Matthias , Boltz William G.
Published: January 2023

We briefly introduce the approach to a historical theory of knowledge that underlies our comparison of the Mohist Canon to other historical sources. Next, we discuss the text and its tradition, starting from their socio-cultural origins and ending with their reception in modern times. In this context we provide a translation of Liang Qichao’s preface to his interpretative work on the Mohist Canon from 1921. Finally, we outline the philological difficulties arising from the text’s confused transmission and give an overview of the structure of the text.
Lexical Appendix
Authors: Schemmel Matthias , Boltz William G.
Published: January 2023

The chapter presents text, translation and commentary for the 12 sections that constitute a ‘lexical appendix’ to the definitions of the Mohist Canon. The Canon of each typically gives one or more glosses for the entry word, the Explanations usually provide contexts and specific examples for the glosses that show what the intended inter-connections are and allow us to see how the semantic scope of the entry word might be conceived.
Solar Water Heating: Informing Decarbonization Policy by Listening to the Users
Authors: Moezzi Mithra , Wilhite Harold , Lutzenhiser Loren , Bartiaux Françoise
Published: January 2023

Solar water heating, working correctly, can slash fossil fuel use in households. These systems have been popular in some countries for decades. But even in places environmentally well-suited to solar water heating, the technology is not necessarily widely used. Despite favourable weather, its early embrace of rooftop photovoltaics, and a generous decade-long incentive program, solar water heating is uncommon in California households. While there are many possible explanations, there has been little fieldwork on who uses solar water heating, the experiences of those who do, and how they relate to these conventional explanations. This chapter presents a picture of what we learned by talking to California households who use solar water heating systems, and relates these findings to policies and strategies for achieving low-carbon futures. The interviews were an unusual ethnographic element of a larger research project that sought to provide a broad view of the socio-technical landscape of solar water heating in California. We also discuss the role of these interviews in that project and the challenges of producing an integrated socio-technical analysis that can satisfactorily inform technology-centred solutions to problems seen by policy.
Practices, Provision and Protest: Power Outages in Rural Norwegian Households
Authors: Wethal Ulrikke
Published: January 2023

Electricity plays a vital role in everyday life. However, electricity-dependent practices are often taken for granted, and the complex underlying infrastructure tends to be invisible—until power supply is disrupted. Drawing on qualitative interviews with rural Norwegian households, this chapter takes practices as the starting point for examining how daily life changes during power outages and how households experience the consequences of such outages. The aim is to use households’ perspectives to understand the consequences of power outages and show how disruption influences relations between infrastructures, practices, customers and providers. Using the three elements of practice—materials, competences, meanings—I demonstrate how power failures temporarily break the linkages between elements in electricity-dependent practices, and how households forge linkages between other items and technologies, embodied knowledge and competences, and new meanings, in order to continue daily life. This re-assembling of elements in practices demonstrates the complexity of power-outage consequences and explains how rural Norwegian households can cope relatively well with lengthy power outages. The chapter also sheds light on the difficulties of trying to reduce consequences to monetary terms. Rather than worrying about the economic costs of power outages, households focus on maintaining their daily routines. The ability to adapt during outages demonstrates a relatively high level of flexibility, but this does not mean that households do not value having secure power supplies.
Vision on Vision: Defining Similarities Among Early Modern Illustrations on Cosmology
Authors: Valleriani Matteo , Kräutli Florian , Lockhorst Daan , Shlomi Noga
Published: January 2023

In the present work we show how many scientific illustrations of the early modern period can be used to track the evolution of visual knowledge and to detect historical communities involved in the production of the editions analyzed. In particular, we define three sorts of historically meaningful similarities among scientific illustrations, we show how such illustrations can be extracted from the sources and then clustered by means of fully computer-based methods, and finally we conclude with an example to show the potential of our approach.
A Brief History and Structure of KGEMM
Authors: Hasanov Fakhri J. , Joutz Frederick L. , Mikayilov Jeyhun I. , Javid Muhammad
Published: January 2023

It is useful to provide a brief overview of the development stages of KGEMM, as these stages shaped the structure of the current version of the model. As mentioned previously, KGEMM has been developed to have a better representation of the Saudi Arabian economic (sectoral and macro) and energy relationships. The main motivation for developing it was that there was no available model (including subscription based) that properly represented the Saudi Arabian economy and could comprehensively inform the policy decision-making process.
The Patient Workers Inside Hospital
Authors: Freebody Jane
Published: January 2023

Freebody explores how a patient’s class, gender, age, physical health and mental condition influenced the allocation of occupation in French and English institutions. Class was an important consideration since manual labour was considered unsuitable for the middle classes, particularly for women, despite its alleged benefits as a therapy. Whether a patient’s condition was perceived as curable or incurable made a difference to the type of occupation prescribed in England, and to whether it was prescribed in France. The reasons why curable patients at the acute stage of their illness were more likely to be prescribed occupational therapy in England, or unoccupied and treated biologically in France, are examined. In both countries, incurable patients, and those whose condition had deteriorated into chronicity, were allocated work around the hospital, provided they were physically fit, for the benefit of both institution and patient. Freebody compares the material conditions of English and French, rural and metropolitan institutions, that provided the context for patient work, and the varied approaches towards offering incentives to work.
The Reform that Never Happened: A History of Children’s Suffrage Restrictions
Authors: Sandin Bengt , Josefsson Jonathan
Published: January 2023

In this chapter we discuss the history of children’s voting rights in Sweden. Despite the remarkable strengthening of children’s rights in Sweden in the late twentieth century, and the fact that proposals to expand children’s right to vote have continuously been filed, this has not resulted in a lowering of the voting age after 1974 when it was set to 18 years of age. At the same time a growing number of other countries have lowered the voting age. In this chapter we explore historical restrictions on children’s voting rights and possible explanations to why age limits to voting rights have not been lowered. The answers can be sought in how the age barriers on voting have been situated in relation to other political questions, to party-political dynamics, and to how the institutional framework around children’s rights has developed. The voting age has not been lowered largely because of institutional path dependencies and political barriers to change. Partly, apparently, because of the prolific development of democratic institutions and child inclusive policies. The Swedish case serves as an illustration of the complexity of the historical factors that influence changes in the age of voting, and the interplay between national and international processes.
Reform and Revolution
Authors: Sutterlütti Simon , Meretz Stefan
Published: January 2023

To overcome capitalism, the strategies of reform and revolution continue to play a prominent role. Historically, both strategies have led to state-dominated societies with a top-down structure of domination. This is no coincidence, as both strategies are fundamentally state-oriented and aim at gaining state power by “climbing the mountain” or “jumping over the gorge” and a subsequent reorganisation of society by the state. However, both strategies provide valuable insights into overcoming capitalism, with reformism strengthening the process element and revolution heralding the necessary break. Strengths and weaknesses of both strategies are discussed and variants critical of the state are evaluated. In the end, it is not the name that matters, but combining reformist and revolutionary insights with the development of a societal alternative as part of the struggle to overcome capitalism.
Transvolution
Authors: Sutterlütti Simon , Meretz Stefan
Published: January 2023

Transvolution is a third strategy for societal transformation alongside from reform and revolution. A liberation process must include needs-oriented self-organised societal constitution. In a first step, an early form of a society-constituting new way of re/production and mediation emerges. In a second step, this early form is societally generalised; it expands and creates a fundamental break with capitalism. Transvolution is a new paradigm of societal transformation linked to theories such as prefigurative and interstitial practices that can help rethink emancipatory politics.
The Individual and Society
Authors: Sutterlütti Simon , Meretz Stefan
Published: January 2023

In this chapter, the authors’ own theoretical foundations are outlined. Their theory of the individual comes from Klaus Holzkamp’s Critical Psychology. For Critical Psychology, humans stand out from animals because they produce their own living conditions such as houses, infrastructure, language or state, racism and market, and therefore can change them. According to Critical Psychology, humans have both sensual-vital needs such as the pursuit of food or shelter, and productive needs to participate in the disposition of the societal conditions in order to secure the sources of need satisfaction. They understand society as a material, symbolic and social framework for action that has a certain degree of independence. Society is determined by forms of mediation via market, state planning, self-organisation and so on. This mediation can provide a logic of inclusion that promotes solidary and just action, or a logic of exclusion that prompts living at the expense of others to satisfy one’s own needs.
Commonism
Authors: Sutterlütti Simon , Meretz Stefan
Published: January 2023

Commonism is an alternative to market economy and real socialism because it goes beyond their common basis of wage labour, money and private or state property. Products are not produced in the form of commodities that are sold for money, but as commons for the direct satisfaction of needs. The chapter discusses common questions such as “Who cares about waste disposal?” and focuses on the question of coordination and mediation through commoning. Stigmergy, a signal-based coordination mechanism that communicates needs, can be used to create ex-ante planning of re/production. Conflicts are an important part of a free society and are not resolved by a central institution as envisioned by the followers of council theory, but in many places in a polycentric coordination mechanism. This polycentric coordination allows for planning and aggregation as long as the needs of the (care-) workers involved and their (commons-) enterprises are included. It builds on meta-structures providing information such as CO2emissions or expected shortages or helps negotiate conflicts. It creates a society that can overcome ethics as the basis of solidarity and create a logic of inclusion that makes the inclusion of others the best selfish option.
Seed Form Theory
Authors: Sutterlütti Simon , Meretz Stefan
Published: January 2023

The final chapter explores how the seed form of commonism—the commons—can become societally dominant. It introduces the five-step process, a heuristic model for analysing historical processes of qualitative change. It discusses various existing commons such as open pastures, free software and commoning within top-end multinationals or social movements, as well as their limits and strengths. The main section assesses different scenarios of a shift in dominance from capitalism to commonism, such as slow expansion, crisis, partner state and social movements. It ends with some remarks on current practices.
Food Systems: Seven Priorities to End Hunger and Protect the Planet
Authors: von Braun Joachim , Afsana Kaosar , Fresco Louise O. , Hassan Mohamed Hag Ali
Published: January 2023

Food Systems at the global level and in many countries and regions are failing to end hunger, assure the safety of foods, provide adequate nutritious foods and contribute to obesity. How we produce and consume food has implications for the health of people, animals, plants and the planet itself. In this chapter, we focus on priority actions and the key role of science and research to accelerate the transformation to healthier, more sustainable, equitable, and resilient food systems. We stress that policy innovations, institutional innovations, and technology innovations are closely connected and need to be pursued in an integrated approach. We note the need for systems innovations and call on the science communities to commit to enhanced collaboration among all relevant disciplines of sciences for this purpose. Drawing on a comprehensive food systems framework, actions for seven science-driven innovations are elaborated in this chapter, each with concrete examples.
The Future of Small Farms: Innovations for Inclusive Transformation
Authors: Diao Xinshen , Reardon Thomas , Kennedy Adam , DeFries Ruth S. , Koo Jawoo , Minten Bart , Takeshima Hiroyuki , Thornton Philip
Published: January 2023

The number of people living in rural areas of low and middle-income countries is projected to increase in the coming decades. It is in the rural areas of these countries where a large majority of the world’s extreme poor reside. The livelihoods of two to three billion rural people depend on small farms. These small farms are responsible for the production and supply of a large portion of the calories feeding low- and middle-income countries. Small farms are also preservers of crops and associated biodiversity and with the right incentives can contribute to land stewardship. Small farms are diverse, and, hence, so are their associated challenges. We categorize small farms as commercial farms, small farms in transition and subsistence-oriented farms and highlight evidence-based innovations for the sustainable transformation of each type of small farm. Broadly, small farms face high transaction costs, lack collective action, and experience coordination failure in production and marketing. Lack of market access is also a major challenge. Investments in infrastructure, including those that support access to digital technologies, can improve farmers’ access to markets and incentives as well as foster growth in the midstream segments of the value chain that provide inputs, storage, processing, and logistics to small farms. Rural Non-Farm Employment (RNFE) is increasingly the main source of income for most small farmers and provides them with a risk diversification strategy and cash, both to purchase food and for farm investments to raise productivity, expand commercial activities, and produce higher-value products. Public investments and policies that facilitate growth of the agrifood system must pay more attention to creating enabling environments for the development of RNFE and strengthening the synergy between agriculture and RNFE in rural areas.
Secondary Cities as Catalysts for Nutritious Diets in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: van Zutphen Kesso Gabrielle , Barjolle Dominique , van den Berg Sophie , Gavin-Smith Breda , Kraemer Klaus , Musard Capucine , Prytherch Helen , Six Johan , Winter Simon , Woltering Kris
Published: January 2023

The world is facing a malnutrition crisis in the midst of rising rates of urbanization; more than half of the world’s population lives in urban areas, a number that is expected to reach two-thirds by 2050, consuming 80% of the world’s food. Instead of the development of existing cities into ‘mega-cities,’ urbanization is creating a patchwork of smaller urban areas. In 2018, close to half of the world’s urban residents lived in settlements or towns with less than 500,000 inhabitants. These settlements are classified as secondary cities and are, in terms of population, the fastest growing urban areas. Poor diets among city inhabitants are the consequence of a combination of forces. These include changes in types of occupation, particularly for women; food-environment factors; shifts in norms and attitudes regarding food; globalization of food supply chains; lack of infrastructure; post-harvest food loss and waste, etc. Secondary cities offer entry points for food system transformation. Secondary cities are characterized by strong urban-rural linkages and the opportunity for localized food production and consumption. These cities could also play a key role in enhancing resilience to food security shocks. This chapter discusses the challenge of the growing triple burden of malnutrition in urban contexts and argues for the important role of secondary cities in transforming urban food systems. Through three case studies of secondary cities in LMICs, these cities are shown as emerging players in nutrition-centered food system interventions.
Pathways to Advance Agroecology for a Successful Transformation to Sustainable Food Systems
Authors: Niggli Urs , Sonnevelt Martijn , Kummer Susanne
Published: January 2023

Agroecology is a powerful strategy that reduces the trade-offs between productivity and sustainability. It promotes the diversity of crops and livestock, fields, farms and landscapes, which together are key to improving the sustainability of food and farming systems in terms of long-term productivity, food actors’ empowerment and inclusion and environmental health. Agroecology is a bundle of measures taken by farmers that, individually or combined, mobilize biodiversity and ecosystem services for productivity. Ideally, it leads to economically and ecologically resilient production systems that are high-yielding. It does not necessarily mean a predefined farming system, and the shift from simplified by industrial standards to agroecological farms is gradual. The transformation and upscaling of agroecological practices requires changes that affect not only the management of farms, or production and consumption patterns at the food system level, but also the institutional framework conditions and the way in which we measure the performance of agricultural and food systems. In our chapter, we describe four domains of transformation – knowledge systems, markets, collaborations and policy coherence – each with enabling and constraining factors.
A Whole Earth Approach to Nature-Positive Food: Biodiversity and Agriculture
Authors: DeClerck Fabrice A. J. , Koziell Izabella , Benton Tim , Garibaldi Lucas A. , Kremen Claire , Maron Martine , Del Rio Cristina Rumbaitis , Sidhu Aman , Wirths Jonathan , Clark Michael , Dickens Chris , Carmona Natalia Estrada , Fremier Alexander K. , Jones Sarah K. , Khoury Colin K. , Lal Rattan , Obersteiner Michael , Remans Roseline , Rusch Adrien , Schulte Lisa A. , Simmonds Jeremy , Stringer Lindsay C. , Weber Christopher , Winowiecki Leigh
Published: January 2023

Agriculture is the largest single source of environmental degradation, responsible for over 30% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 70% of freshwater use and 80% of land conversion: it is the single largest driver of biodiversity loss (Foley JA, Science 309:570–574, 2005, Nature 478:337–342, 2011; IPBES. Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. IPBES Secretariat, Bonn, 2019; Willett W et al. The Lancet 393:447–492, 2019). Agriculture also underpins poor human health, contributing to 11 million premature deaths annually. While too many still struggle from acute hunger, a growing number of individuals, including in low to middle-income countries (LMICs), struggle to access healthy foods. Greater consideration for, and integration of, biodiversity in agriculture is a key solution space for improving health, eliminating hunger and achieving nature-positive development objectives.

This rapid evidence review documents the best available evidence of agriculture’s relationships with biodiversity, drawing on the contributions of leading biodiversity experts, and recommends actions that can be taken to move towards more biodiversity/nature-positive production through the delivery of integrated agricultural solutions for climate, biodiversity, nutrition and livelihoods. The analysis, which takes a whole-of-food-system approach, brings together a large body of evidence. It accounts for aspects not typically captured in a stand-alone primary piece of research and indicates where there are critical gaps.
The Role of Science, Technology and Innovation for Transforming Food Systems in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Hodson de Jaramillo Elizabeth , Trigo Eduardo J. , Campos Rosario
Published: January 2023

Food systems (FS) incorporate nutrition, health, resource use, biodiversity, transformation, jobs and livelihoods, all of which ideally should be covered under the concept of the SDGs. This chapter outlines the crucial role of the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region as the world’s largest net exporter of agricultural products and recognizes the circular economy and the bioeconomy as strategic areas for FS transformation to improve productivity and the sustainable use of biological resources and to reduce waste. Significant developments have been achieved in some countries in biotechnology agricultural applications, conservation and regenerative agriculture and sustainable livestock production systems, as well as young entrepreneurships developing start-ups with impact in the regional bioeconomy. Considering this dichotomy should be an essential component of any strategy for confronting the climate change crisis and the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, which are threatening food supply, nutrition, health and sustainability. The integration of science, technology and innovation (STI) developments and investment opportunities with national and regional policymaking is essential, as well as communicating its potential to the public. Specific actions for LAC include: (a) using the great agrobiodiversity of LAC to diversify the FS, thereby increasing nutritional content and climate change resilience and new bioproducts; (b) enabling and promoting the use of digital technologies in the food value chain: and (c) using beneficial soil microorganisms and the microbiome for sustainable increases in productivity.
Transforming Chinese Food Systems for Both Human and Planetary Health
Authors: Fan Shenggen , Huang Jikun , Zhang Fusuo , Zhao Wenhua , Song Hongyuan , Nie Fengying , Sheng Yu , Wang Jinxia , Bi Jieying , Cong Wenfeng
Published: January 2023

Over the past four decades, China’s food security and nutritional status have improved significantly, as witnessed in the elimination of hunger and poverty, increased diversity of diets, and reduction in child stunting. However, Chinese food systems will face even greater challenges in the future. These include constraints of natural resources, climate change, and multiple challenges of malnutrition, food safety, and external shocks from a volatile international market. Fortunately, the Chinese government has made important commitments in the “Fourteenth Five-year Plan” on food and nutrition security, health, the environment and climate change, including achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. The purpose of this chapter is to review major achievements and their enabling factors, future challenges and government strategies, as well as our recommendations for transforming Chinese food systems in regard to both human and planetary health. This chapter will help to bring voices of emerging economies like China in setting the global food system agenda, providing useful insights on the transformation of its own food systems, as well as those in other countries.
The Role of Science, Technology and Innovation in Transforming Food Systems Globally
Authors: Fears Robin , Canales Claudia
Published: January 2023

Although much progress has been made in past decades, the prospects for food and nutrition security are now deteriorating and the converging crises of climate change and Covid-19 present major risks for nutrition and health, and challenges to the development of sustainable food systems. In 2018, the InterAcademy Partnership published a report on the scientific opportunities and challenges for food and nutrition security and agriculture based on four regional reports by academy networks in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Europe. The present chapter draws on new evidence from the regions reaffirming the continuing rapid pace of science, technology and innovation and the need to act urgently worldwide to capitalise on the new opportunities to transform food systems. We cover issues around sustainable, healthy food systems in terms of the whole food value chain, including consumption and waste, the interconnections between agriculture and natural resources, and the objectives for developing a more balanced food production strategy (for land and sea) to deliver nutritional, social and environmental benefits. Our focus is on science, and we discuss a range of transdisciplinary research opportunities that can underpin the UN FSS Action Tracks, inform the introduction of game-changers, and provide core resources to stimulate innovation, inform practice and guide policy decisions. Academies of science, with their strengths of scientific excellence, inclusiveness, diversity and the capacity to link the national, regional and global levels, are continuing to support the scientific community’s a key role in catalysing action. Our recommendations concentrate on priorities around building the science base – including the recognition of the importance of fundamental research – to generate diverse yet equitable solutions for providing sustainable, healthy diets that are culturally sensitive and attend to the needs of vulnerable populations. We also urge better use of the transdisciplinary science base to advise policymaking, and suggest that this would be greatly advanced by constituting an international advisory Panel for Food and Nutrition Security, with particular emphasis on sustainable food systems.
Fruits and Vegetables for Healthy Diets: Priorities for Food System Research and Action
Authors: Harris Jody , de Steenhuijsen Piters Bart , McMullin Stepha , Bajwa Babar , de Jager Ilse , Brouwer Inge D.
Published: January 2023

Fruits and vegetables are vital for healthy diets, but intake remains low for a majority of the global population. This chapter reviews academic literature on food system issues, as well as opportunities for research and action, as an input into the 2021 UN Food Systems Summit in the context of the International Year of Fruits and Vegetables.

The chapter summarises evidence underpinning food system actions to make fruits and vegetables more available, accessible and desirable through push (production and supply), pull (demand and activism) and policy (legislation and governance) mechanisms, with action options at the macro (global and national), meso (institutional, city and community) and micro (household and individual) levels. It also suggests the need to recognise and address power disparities across food systems, and trade-offs among diet, livelihood and environmental food system outcomes.

We conclude that there is still a need to better understand the different ways that food systems can make fruits and vegetables available, affordable, accessible and desirable across places and over time, but also that we know enough to accelerate action in support of fruit- and vegetable-rich food systems that can drive healthy diets for all.
Machine Learning for Thermoacoustics
Authors: Juniper Matthew P.
Published: January 2023

This chapter demonstrates three promising ways to combine machine learning with physics-based modelling in order to model, forecast, and avoid thermoacoustic instability. The first method assimilates experimental data into candidate physics-based models and is demonstrated on a Rijke tube. This uses Bayesian inference to select the most likely model. This turns qualitatively-accurate models into quantitatively-accurate models that can extrapolate, which can be combined powerfully with automated design. The second method assimilates experimental data into level set numerical simulations of a premixed bunsen flame and a bluff-body stabilized flame. This uses either an Ensemble Kalman filter, which requires no prior simulation but is slow, or a Bayesian Neural Network Ensemble, which is fast but requires prior simulation. This method deduces the simulations’ parameters that best reproduce the data and quantifies their uncertainties. The third method recognises precursors of thermoacoustic instability from pressure measurements. It is demonstrated on a turbulent bunsen flame, an industrial fuel spray nozzle, and full scale aeroplane engines. With this method, Bayesian Neural Network Ensembles determine how far each system is from instability. The trained BayNNEs out-perform physics-based methods on a given system. This method will be useful for practical avoidance of thermoacoustic instability.
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Subgrid-Scale Flame Wrinkling Modeling
Authors: Xing V. , Lapeyre C. J.
Published: January 2023

Subgrid-scale flame wrinkling is a key unclosed quantity for premixed turbulent combustion models in large eddy simulations. Due to the geometrical and multi-scale nature of flame wrinkling, convolutional neural networks are good candidates for data-driven modeling of flame wrinkling. This chapter presents how a deep convolutional neural network called a U-Net is trained to predict the total flame surface density from the resolved progress variable. Supervised training is performed on a database of filtered and downsampled direct numerical simulation fields. In an a priori evaluation on a slot burner configuration, the network outperforms classical dynamic models. In closing, challenges regarding the ability of deep convolutional networks to generalize to unseen configurations and their practical deployment with fluid solvers are discussed.
Reduced-Order Modeling of Reacting Flows Using Data-Driven Approaches
Authors: Zdybał K. , Malik M. R. , Coussement A. , Sutherland J. C. , Parente A.
Published: January 2023

Data-driven modeling of complex dynamical systems is becoming increasingly popular across various domains of science and engineering. This is thanks to advances in numerical computing, which provides high fidelity data, and to algorithm development in data science and machine learning. Simulations of multicomponent reacting flows can particularly profit from data-based reduced-order modeling (ROM). The original system of coupled partial differential equations that describes a reacting flow is often large due to high number of chemical species involved. While the datasets from reacting flow simulation have high state-space dimensionality, they also exhibit attracting low-dimensional manifolds (LDMs). Data-driven approaches can be used to obtain and parameterize these LDMs. Evolving the reacting system using a smaller number of parameters can yield substantial model reduction and savings in computational cost. In this chapter, we review recent advances in ROM of turbulent reacting flows. We demonstrate the entire ROM workflow with a particular focus on obtaining the training datasets and data science and machine learning techniques such as dimensionality reduction and nonlinear regression. We present recent results from ROM-based simulations of experimentally measured Sandia flames D and F. We also delineate a few remaining challenges and possible future directions to address them. This chapter is accompanied by illustrative examples using the recently developed Python software, PCAfold. The software can be used to obtain, analyze and improve low-dimensional data representations. The examples provided herein can be helpful to students and researchers learning to apply dimensionality reduction, manifold approaches and nonlinear regression to their problems. The Jupyter notebook with the examples shown in this chapter can be found on GitHub at https://github.com/kamilazdybal/ROM-of-reacting-flows-Springer.
Introduction: Equality, Inclusion and Alienation in Learning Philosophy
Authors: Ruonakoski Erika
Published: January 2023

When we are talk about the underrepresentation of women in philosophy, what do we mean, and what kind of data do we have on it? Why is the low percentage of women and other minorities in philosophy a problem? Are there specific mechanisms of discrimination that contribute to women and minorities opting out of philosophy?
1983–1990: The Era of General Management
Authors: Bramwell Donna , Checkland Kath , Shields Jolanta , Allen Pauline
Published: January 2023

This was another period of churn for the NHS. First, the service endured another restructuring exercise, reducing hierarchical layers to a less rigid bureaucratic structure. Area Health Authorities (AHAs) were abolished in 1982 and replaced by 192 District Health Authorities (DHAs). Second, there was a move away from ‘consensus’ style management towards ‘general management’ following the publication of the influential Griffiths Report in 1983. This marked an important phase in the NHS in which a clearly defined management function was implemented to improve efficiency, planning and accountability but bought shifting sands to the way community nursing services were managed. A review of community nursing services in a similar vein, The Cumberlege Report (1986), also proved significant. We focus on the recommendations of this report for improving the role and function of district nursing services and their geographical deployment to strengthen the concept of a localised, neighbourhood nursing structure. Whilst this was a period of change in terms of the organisation and management of Community Health Services and indeed the NHS as a whole, the core role of community or district nurses remained as one of care in the community but with an emphasis on greater multi-disciplinary team working.
1990s: The Introduction of the Internal Market
Authors: Bramwell Donna , Checkland Kath , Shields Jolanta , Allen Pauline
Published: January 2023

The National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990, set in motion by the publication of the 1989 White Papers—Working for Patients and Caring for People, saw an intense time of policy change which would profoundly impact community and district nursing services. These papers ushered in the introduction of the internal market with purchaser/provider split between commissioners and providers of services, aiming for better services, better patient choice and to reduce costs. This chapter focuses on how the NHS was re-structured to facilitate this quasi-market organisation with Health Authorities (HAs), once pivotal, replaced by Primary Care Groups (PCGs) at the end of the decade. We document here the impact of these changes on the district nursing service as well as bringing to the fore that it was a service in crisis and in need of attention. Heavy caseloads coupled with a diminishing workforce led to a review of the grading system and an increasing use of ‘skill-mix’. We also highlight that aligned with internal marketisation ideals, funding of community services was based on a crude count of average number of contacts rather than based on the complexities of the role. As ever, there was a need for district nurses to ‘deliver more for less’ (Audit Commission, 1999, p. 94) at the end of the era.
2000s: Transforming Community Services
Authors: Bramwell Donna , Checkland Kath , Shields Jolanta , Allen Pauline
Published: January 2023

The new millennium saw the publication ofThe NHS Planin 2000, which bought a welcome focus to community health services (CHS) and the role of community nursing. We outline the proposals contained in the plan which furthered the quasi-marketisation of the NHS and increased commissioning of health care at the local level of Primary Care Trusts (PCTs)—replacing Health Authorities (HAs) and Primary Care Groups (PCGs). A further review by Lord Darzi and subsequent policy,Transforming Community Services: Enabling new patterns of provision(DoH, 2009) instigated the separation of commissioning/provision and laid out timetables for how PCTs were to do this. The long held roles of the district nursing service continues in this era, although not always clearly defined, understood or acknowledged and policy attempts to expand their remit feature heavily. This included more clinical tasks as well as focusing on such things as public health/health protection and promotion programmes that improve health and reduce inequalities. This chapter also describes the uncertainty for frontline nurses that the Transforming Community Services (TCS) brought in terms of who their employer would be or what management arrangements they would work under given the establishment of some standalone Trusts, some third sector and some combined acute/community Trusts. The aims of the TCS programme were bold but in reality achieved little by the end of the era.
One Rights: Indivisibility and Interdependence of Human and Animal Rights
Authors: Stucki Saskia
Published: January 2023

The previous chapters have argued that human rights can and should be extended to animals. This final part advocates the recognition of animal rights as new human rights. Accepting animal rights as the next generation of (non)human rights would constitute a seismic shift and likely lead to the formation of a new (post-)human rights paradigm. Based on the indivisibility and interdependence of human and animal rights, this chapter proposes One Rights as a novel, holistic human rights paradigm for the Anthropocene.