bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microbiome Evolution of Brewer’s Spent Grain and Spent Coffee Ground Solid Sidestreams Under Industrial Storage Conditions
Authors: Hermansen Christian , Chong Qi Kang , Ho Sherilyn , Natali Federica , Weingarten Melanie , Peterson Eric Charles
Published: October 2024

Brewer’s spent grain (BSG) and spent coffee ground (SCG) are solid sidestreams from beverage production increasingly being upcycled into food, feed and other value-added products. These solid sidestreams are prone to microbial spoilage, negatively impacting their upcycling potential. Three samples each of BSG and SCG were obtained from generators and recycling facilities in Singapore, and their chemical, elemental, and microbial composition was characterized. The spoilage mechanisms were investigated during storage under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Bacterial loads of sidestreams were low from craft brewery and café sources (<1 and 3.53 ± 0.03 log10 CFU/g) and high from recycling facilities (>6 log10 CFU/g). The microbiome of BSG from recycling facilities was dominated by Bacilli, and B. coagulans was identified as the most prevalent species. SCG from recycling facilities was dominated by lactic acid bacteria, with L. panis being the most prevalent species. Storage up to 14 days under anaerobic conditions led to further bacterial proliferation mainly by Bacilli, lactic acid bacteria, and acetic acid bacteria, while aerobic storage led to extensive fungal contamination, including potential aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus flavus. The results shed light on the spoilage mechanisms, while highlighting the short shelf-life and food safety risks of BSG and SCG to inform valorization strategies.
Study on Frost Heave and Thaw Settlement Characteristics of Sanya Estuary Channel Soil Layer
Authors: Wu Xiuwen , Hu Jun , Shi Junxin , Xiang Hui , Xia Jiangtao
Published: October 2024

In order to explore the frost heave and thaw settlement characteristics of soil layers in the Sanya Estuary Channel Project, the frost heave rate and thaw settlement coefficient of gravel sand, fine sand, silty clay, and clay are obtained. The most unfavorable soil layers are then compared and analyzed. The variation law of frost heave and thaw settlement performance of the most unfavorable soil layer under different water content is studied. The results are as follows: (1) The freezing stage of the passage through the typical soil layer is divided into four stages: frost shrinkage, rapid frost heave, slow frost heave, and frost heave stability. The melting stage is divided into three stages: slow thaw settlement, rapid thaw settlement, and thaw settlement stability. (2) The most unfavorable soil layer in the typical soil layer of the Sanya Estuary Channel Project is silty clay, with a frost heave rate and thaw settlement coefficient of 4.51% and 5.88% at −28 °C. (3) The frost heave and thaw settlement performance of the most unfavorable soil layer is linearly related to water content. The larger the water content, the greater the frost heave rate and thaw settlement coefficient, and the more prone to damage.
Application of Date Palm Tree Branch-Based Activated Carbon for Aqueous Toxicity Reduction
Authors: Vohra Muhammad , Al-Suwaiyan Mohammad
Published: October 2024

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has millions of date palm trees for commercial scale date-fruit production. The respective industry also generates agricultural waste including date palm tree branches. This rich bio-resource can be used for several beneficial applications. The present study therefore investigated the application of granular activated carbon (GAC) produced using date palm tree branches to successfully remove phenol, p-cresol, and copper from synthetic wastewater. The respective adsorption equilibrium results fitted well to the Langmuir-type adsorption isotherm. Furthermore, the pH-dependent adsorption results both for phenol and p-cresol appeared to follow an anionic-type adsorption behavior (i.e., decreasing adsorption with an increase in aqueous phase equilibrium pH). However, the pH-dependent adsorption finding for copper showed a cationic-type adsorption behavior. These adsorption trends were explained employing the pH-dependent speciation of the respective pollutants. In general, findings from the present work indicate that a high-specific-surface-area (SSABET) GAC material from the date palm tree branches can be successfully employed for aqueous phase pollution control.
Innovative Strategies for Combining Solar and Wind Energy with Green Hydrogen Systems
Authors: Nnabuife Somtochukwu Godfrey , Quainoo Kwamena Ato , Hamzat Abdulhammed K. , Darko Caleb Kwasi , Agyemang Cindy Konadu
Published: October 2024

The integration of wind and solar energy with green hydrogen technologies represents an innovative approach toward achieving sustainable energy solutions. This review examines state-of-the-art strategies for synthesizing renewable energy sources, aimed at improving the efficiency of hydrogen (H2) generation, storage, and utilization. The complementary characteristics of solar and wind energy, where solar power typically peaks during daylight hours while wind energy becomes more accessible at night or during overcast conditions, facilitate more reliable and stable hydrogen production. Quantitatively, hybrid systems can realize a reduction in the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) ranging from EUR 3.5 to EUR 8.9 per kilogram, thereby maximizing the use of renewable resources but also minimizing the overall H2 production and infrastructure costs. Furthermore, advancements such as enhanced electrolysis technologies, with overall efficiencies rising from 6% in 2008 to over 20% in the near future, illustrate significant progress in this domain. The review also addresses operational challenges, including intermittency and scalability, and introduces system topologies that enhance both efficiency and performance. However, it is essential to consider these challenges carefully, because they can significantly impact the overall effectiveness of hydrogen production systems. By providing a comprehensive assessment of these hybrid systems (which are gaining traction), this study highlights their potential to address the increasing global energy demands. However, it also aims to support the transition toward a carbon-neutral future. This potential is significant, because it aligns with both environmental goals and energy requirements. Although challenges remain, the promise of these systems is evident.
Impulse Controllability for Singular Hybrid Coupled Systems
Authors: Li Jian , Zhang Xuefeng , Jiang Xiong
Published: October 2024

This study examines the concept of impulse controllability within singular hybrid coupled systems through the utilisation of decentralised proportional plus derivative (P-D) output feedback. By employing the Differential Mean Value Theorem, the nonlinear model can be converted into a linear parameter-varying large-scale system. Our analysis leads to the establishment of algebraic conditions that are both necessary and sufficient for the existence of a decentralised P-D output feedback controller that can guarantee impulse controllability in these complex systems. Moreover, we address the issue of admissibility within these systems by employing matrix trace inequalities. We present a novel sufficient condition for impulse controllability, which offers a new perspective on addressing this challenging problem. To validate our findings, we present numerical examples that demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodologies in practice.
Cross-Layer Routing Protocol Based on Channel Quality for Underwater Acoustic Communication Networks
Authors: He Jinghua , Tian Jie , Pu Zhanqing , Wang Wei , Huang Haining
Published: October 2024

Due to the physical characteristics of acoustic channels, the performance of underwater acoustic communication networks (UACNs) is more susceptible to the impacts of multipath and Doppler effects. Channel quality can serve as a measure of the reliability of underwater communication links. A cross-layer routing protocol based on channel quality (CLCQ) is proposed to improve the overall network performance and resource utilization. First, the BELLHOP ray model is used to calculate the channel impulse response combined with the winter sound speed profile data of a specific sea area. Then, the channel impulse response is integrated into the communication system to evaluate the channel quality between nodes based on the bit error rate (BER). Finally, during the selection of the next hop node, a reinforcement learning algorithm is employed to facilitate cross-layer interaction within the protocol stack. The optimal relay node is determined by the channel quality index (BER) from the physical layer, the buffer state from the data link layer, and the node residual energy. To enhance the algorithm’s convergence speed, a forwarding candidate set selection method is proposed which takes into account node depth, residual energy, and buffer state. Simulation results show that the packet delivery rate (PDR) of the CLCQ is significantly higher than that of Q-Learning-Based Energy-Efficient and Lifetime-Extended Adaptive Routing (QELAR) and Geographic and Opportunistic Routing (GEDAR).
Electroless Copper Patterning on TiO2-Functionalized Mica for Flexible Electronics
Authors: Stefanov Bozhidar I. , Tzaneva Boriana R. , Mateev Valentin M. , Iliev Ivo T.
Published: October 2024

The formation of conductive copper patterns on mica holds promise for developing cost-effective flexible electronics and sensing devices, though it is challenging due to the low adhesion of mica’s atomically flat surface. Herein, we present a wet-chemical method for copper patterning on flexible mica substrates via electroless copper deposition (Cu-ELD). The process involves pre-functionalizing 50 µm thick muscovite mica with a titanium dioxide (TiO2) layer, via a sol–gel dip-coating method with a titanium acetylacetonate-based sol. Photolithography is employed to selectively activate the TiO2-coated mica substrates for Cu-ELD, utilizing in situ photodeposited silver (Ag) nanoclusters as a catalyst. Copper is subsequently plated using a formaldehyde-based Cu-ELD bath, with the duration of deposition primarily determining the thickness and electrical properties of the copper layer. Conductive Cu layers with thicknesses in the 70–130 nm range were formed within 1–2 min of deposition, exhibiting an inverse relationship between plating time and sheet resistance, which ranged from 600 to 300 mΩ/sq. The electrochemical thickening of these layers to 1 μm further reduced the sheet resistance to 27 mΩ/sq. Finally, the potential of Cu-ELD patterning on TiO2-functionalized mica for creating functional sensing devices was demonstrated by fabricating a functional resistance temperature detector (RTD) on the titania surface.
Properties and Production Assumptions of Organic Biofertilisers Based on Solid and Liquid Waste from the Food Industry
Authors: Pocienė Odeta , Šlinkšienė Rasa
Published: October 2024

The latest World Food Security Outlook predicted stabilization in global food security by 2024; however, nearly one billion people still face the threat of food insecurity. Fertilisers, crucial for maximizing crop yields, are the subject of scrutiny due to their environmental impact and health concerns. Efforts are being made to use fertilisers more efficiently and maintain soil nutrient balance to address these issues. In this research, different solid and liquid wastes from the food industry were used to granulate organic biofertilisers with a rotary drum granulator. This included buckwheat biomass (BBM), buckwheat husks (BH), buckwheat husk ash (BHA), bone meal (BM), molasses solution (MS), and beaten eggs (BE). Using standardized fertiliser testing methods, it was found that the biofertilisers produced by the drum granulator comply with the requirements for bulk fertilisers, as they are rich in plant nutrients, the static strength of their granules is high (7–14 N/granule), and their moisture content is higher (4–8%) than that of conventional mineral fertilisers, but the hygroscopicity of the granules when stored in standard conditions (30–60% humidity, temperature of 20–25 °C) is low. Due to their slightly alkaline pH, it is likely that such fertilisers could be used in acidic soils and would have a double effect—they would improve plant growth and soil properties (increase the amount of organic matter and reduce acidity).
The Contribution of Moisture Sources of Precipitation to Water Resources Recharge in Semi-Arid Regions
Authors: Mohammadzadeh Hossein , Sorí Rogert , Heydarizad Mojtaba
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the isotopic composition of precipitation in Iran and its moisture sources, offering insights crucial for addressing water recharge and management in semi-arid regions. This study analyzes 150 precipitation events collected from 11 stations across Iran over multiple years. The HYSPLIT model was used to trace air mass trajectories contributing to these events. The isotopic composition of precipitation from each moisture source was examined to identify their distinct characteristics. Furthermore, the contribution of each air mass to groundwater and surface water recharge was quantified using the Simmr mixing model in R programming language, combining stable isotope data from precipitation and surface/groundwater samples. Precipitation in northern Iran is associated with low d-excess values, indicating moisture from high-latitude sources, particularly the Caspian Sea, while higher d-excess values in the west and south point to moisture mainly from the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea. Air mass trajectory analysis via the HYSPLIT model identified the dominant pathways of Continental Tropical (CT), Continental Polar (CP), and Mediterranean (MedT) air masses across Iran. Quantitative analysis using the Simmr mixing model revealed that the CT air mass contributes up to 33.6% to groundwater recharge in southern Iran’s karstic regions, while the CP air mass dominates in the north, with up to 46.8% contribution. The MedT air mass, although significant in the west, decreases in influence towards the east. Isotope data from groundwater and surface water sites showed more depleted values than local precipitation, likely due to larger catchment areas. These findings contribute to water management strategies by identifying the variations in moisture sources that influence groundwater and surface water recharge in Iran. Understanding these variations enables the development of targeted strategies for managing water resources in semi-arid regions facing increasing water scarcity. The methodologies applied in this study can be adapted to other regions, providing a valuable framework for sustainable water management in areas where identifying moisture sources is critical.
Development of PM2.5 Forecast Model Combining ConvLSTM and DNN in Seoul
Authors: Koo Ji-Seok , Wang Kyung-Hui , Yun Hui-Young , Kwon Hee-Yong , Koo Youn-Seo
Published: October 2024

Accurate prediction of PM2.5 concentrations is essential for public health management, especially in areas affected by long-range pollutant transport. This study presents a hybrid model combining convolutional long short-term memory (ConvLSTM) and deep neural networks (DNNs) to enhance PM2.5 forecasting in Seoul, South Korea. The hybrid model leverages ConvLSTM’s ability to capture spatiotemporal dependencies and DNN’s strength in feature extraction, enabling it to outperform standalone CMAQ and DNN models. For the T1 forecast (6 h averages), the ConvLSTM-DNN model exhibited superior performance, with an RMSE of 7.2 µg/m3 compared to DNN’s 8.5 µg/m3 and CMAQ’s 10.1 µg/m3. The model also maintained high categorical accuracy (ACC) and probability of detection (POD) for critical PM2.5 levels while reducing false alarms (FARs), particularly in bad and very bad events. Although its performance decreases over extended forecast periods, the ConvLSTM-DNN model demonstrates its utility as a robust forecasting tool. Future work will focus on optimizing the network structure to improve long-term forecast accuracy.
Gordon Decomposition of the Magnetizability of a Dirac One-Electron Atom in an Arbitrary Discrete Energy State
Authors: Stefańska Patrycja
Published: October 2024

We present a Gordon decomposition of the magnetizability of a Dirac one-electron atom in an arbitrary discrete energy eigenstate, with a pointlike, spinless, and motionless nucleus of charge Ze. The external magnetic field, by which the atomic state is perturbed, is assumed to be weak, static, and uniform. Using the Sturmian expansion of the generalized Dirac–Coulomb Green function proposed by Szmytkowski in 1997, we derive a closed-form expressions for the diamagnetic (χd) and paramagnetic (χp) contributions to χ. Our calculations are purely analytical; the received formula for χp contains the generalized hypergeometric functions 3F2 of the unit argument, while χd is of an elementary form. For the atomic ground state, both results reduce to the formulas obtained earlier by other author. This work is a prequel to our recent article, where the numerical values of χd and χp for some excited states of selected hydrogenlike ions with 1⩽Z⩽137 were obtained with the use of the general formulas derived here.
A Comprehensive Investigation on Catalytic Behavior of Anaerobic Jar Gassing Systems and Design of an Enhanced Cultivation System
Authors: Sayin Fatih S. , Erdal Hasan , Ulger Nurver T. , Aksu Mehmet B. , Guncu Mehmet M.
Published: October 2024

The rapid and reliable diagnosis of anaerobic bacteria constitutes one of the key procedures in clinical microbiology. Automatic jar gassing systems are commonly used laboratory instruments for this purpose. The most critical factors affecting the cultivation performance of these systems are the level of residual oxygen remaining in the anaerobic jar and the reaction rate determined by the Pd/Al2O3 catalyst. The main objective of the presented study is to design and manufacture an enhanced jar gassing system equipped with an extremum seeking-based estimation algorithm that combines real-time data and a reaction model of the Pd/Al2O3 catalyst. The microkinetic behavior of the palladium catalyst was modeled through a learning-from-experiment methodology. The majority of microkinetic model parameters were derived from material characterization analysis. A comparative validation test of the designed cultivation system was conducted using conventional gas pouches via six different bacterial strains. The results demonstrated high cell viability, with colony counts ranging from 1.26 × 105 to 2.17 × 105 CFU mL−1. The favorable catalyst facets for water formation on Pd surfaces and the crystal structure of Pd/Al2O3 pellets were identified by X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The doping ratio of the noble metal (Pd) and the support material (Al2O3) was validated via energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) measurements as 0.68% and 99.32%, respectively. The porous structure of the catalyst was also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). During the reference clinical trial, the estimation algorithm was terminated after 878 iterations, having reached its predetermined termination value. The measured and modelled reaction rates were found to converge with a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of less than 10−4, and the Arrhenius parameters of ongoing catalytic reaction were obtained. Additionally, our research offers a comprehensive analysis of anaerobic jar gassing systems from an engineering perspective, providing novel insights that are absent from the existing literature.
Tumor Initiation and Progression in People Living on Antiretroviral Therapies
Authors: Olufemi Seun E. , Adediran Daniel A. , Sobodu Temitope , Adejumo Isaac O. , Ajani Olumide F. , Oladipo Elijah K.
Published: October 2024

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly extended the lifespan of people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), thereby transforming the disease into a manageable chronic condition. However, this increased longevity has led to a higher incidence of non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs) among this population. In this holistic review, we explore the complex interactions between HIV, ART, and cancer development, focusing on how ART influences tumor initiation and progression in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Our findings from this reveal several critical aspects of cancer risk in PLWHA. Firstly, while ART restores immune function, it does not fully normalize it. Chronic immune activation and persistent inflammation continue to be prevalent, creating a conducive environment for oncogenesis. Additionally, PLWHA are more susceptible to persistent infections with oncogenic viruses such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), further increasing cancer risk. Some ART drugs have been implicated in genotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction, potentially promoting tumorigenesis. ART-induced metabolic changes, including insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, are also associated with heightened cancer risk. Common NADCs in PLWHA include lung cancer, liver cancer, anal cancer, and Hodgkin lymphoma, each with distinct etiologies linked to both HIV-related and ART-related factors. The interplay between HIV infection, chronic inflammation, immune restoration via ART, and the direct effects of ART drugs creates a unique cancer risk profile in PLWHA. Although ART reduces the incidence of AIDS-defining cancers, it does not confer the same protective effect against NADCs. Persistent HIV-related inflammation and immune activation, despite viral suppression, are key factors in cancer development. Additionally, long-term exposure to ART may introduce new oncogenic risks. These insights highlight the need for integrated cancer screening and prevention strategies tailored to PLWHA. Future research is needed to focus on identifying biomarkers for early cancer detection and developing ART regimens with lower oncogenic potential. Healthcare providers should be vigilant in monitoring PLWHA for cancer and adopt comprehensive screening protocols to mitigate the increased cancer risk associated with ART.
Genetic Diversity, Analysis of Some Agro-Morphological and Quality Traits, and Utilization of Plant Resources of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) Supported with Cluster and Multivariate Analyses
Authors: Basol Abdurrahman , Yaldiz Gulsum , Camlica Mahmut
Published: October 2024

In this study, 119 different coriander genotypes (38 different countries), including 114 genotypes and five cultivars, were undertaken to characterize the genotypes based on phenotypic, morphological, yield, and International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) properties, along with some chemical properties. The yield components were between 1.34 and 21.49 g for thousand-grain weight, 0.02–9.58 g/plant for fruit yield, 0.01–50.78 g/plant for biological yield, and 8.48–73.36% for harvest index. Similarly, the results of this study revealed significant variations in essential oil (0.05–1.86%v/w) and fixed oil content (10.22–34.03%v/w). The main components of the essential oil were determined as linalool (3.13–45.70%v/v), p-cymene (0.10–15.77%v/v), ɣ-terpinene (0.04–13.80%v/v), while the fixed oil main acids were determined as petroselinic (24.47–87.70%v/v), palmitic (7.13–23.04%v/v), elaidic (1.55–47.44%v/v), and behenic acids (3.17–12.56%v/v). The cluster, heat map, correlation, and principal coordinate (PCA) analyses were conducted to determine the genetic diversity and relationship among the genotypes based on the examined properties. The cluster and heat map analyses showed differences in the same origin genotypes. Petroselinic acid was the major contributing factor for PCA. As a result of this study, Ames 13900 and Ames 18595 genotypes had high values for fruit yield, fixed oil content, and essential oil content.
Comparative Analysis of Intestinal Morphology and Gut Microbiota of Spinibarbus sinensis Under Different Aquaculture Systems
Authors: Deng Qi , Feng Zhifeng , Xiang Jin , Wu Hao , Yang Xin , Zhang Zhou , Li Cheng , Cheng Xiaofei , Xie Min , Li Shaoming
Published: October 2024

Fish gut health is influenced by various factors, with the environment being a significant one. S. sinensis is a key aquaculture species in China, yet research on the impact of different aquaculture systems on its intestinal health remains limited. This study aims to explore the changes in intestinal morphology and gut microbiota of S. sinensis under two aquaculture systems. The juveniles of S. sinensis were divided into two groups and cultured in traditional ponds (CT) and an in-pond tank culture system (JY), with equal amounts of feed provided daily over a 72-day experimental period. The results showed no significant differences in growth performance metrics, including the specific growth rate, weight gain rate, hepatosomatic index, and viscerosomatic index between the two groups. In terms of intestinal morphology, the JY group villus width was significantly wider than the CT group, and the number of goblet cells in the CT group was significantly higher than that of the JY group (p < 0.05), which suggested that the fish in the JY group may have better intestinal nutrient absorption capacity, while the water quality in the CT group may be worse. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis of the gut microbiota showed that the JY group had a significantly higher Shannon index compared to the CT group (p < 0.05), indicating greater species richness and evenness. Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) revealed a distinct clustering of gut microbiota between the two groups. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Fusobacteriota was significantly higher in the CT group, whereas Bacteroidota and Proteobacteria were significantly higher in the JY group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, KEGG pathway predictions indicated differences in the potential metabolic capabilities of the gut microbiota between the two groups (p < 0.05). Overall, this study is the first to conduct a comparative analysis of the growth performance, intestinal tissue morphology, and gut microbiota of S. sinensis under two different aquaculture systems, which has valuable implications for the further optimization of aquaculture practices.
Clam Genome and Transcriptomes Provide Insights into Molecular Basis of Morphological Novelties and Adaptations in Mollusks
Authors: Sun Xiujun , Chen Xi , Wu Biao , Zhou Liqing , Chen Yancui , Zheng Sichen , Wang Songlin , Liu Zhihong
Published: October 2024

Bivalve mollusks, comprising animals enclosed in two shell valves, are well-adapted to benthic life in many intertidal zones. Clams have evolved the buried lifestyle, which depends on their unique soft tissue structure and their wedge-shaped muscular foot and long extendible siphons. However, molecular mechanisms of adaptative phenotype evolution remain largely unknown. In the present study, we obtain the high-quality chromosome-level genome of Manila clam R. philippinarum, an economically important marine bivalve in many coastal areas. The genome is constructed by the Hi-C assisted assembly, which yields 19 chromosomes with a total of 1.17 Gb and BUSCO integrity of 92.23%. The de novo assembled genome has a contig N50 length of 307.7 kb and scaffold N50 of 59.5 Mb. Gene family expansion analysis reveals that a total of 24 single-copy gene families have undergone the significant expansion or contraction, including E3 ubiquitin ligase and dynein heavy chain. The significant expansion of transposable elements has been also identified, including long terminal repeats (LTR) and non-LTR retrotransposons. The comparative transcriptomics among different clam tissues reveals that extracellular matrix (ECM) receptors and neuroactive ligand receptors may play the important roles in tissue structural support and neurotransmission during their infaunal life. These findings of gene family expansion and tissue-specific expression may reflect the unique soft tissue structure of clams, suggesting the evolution of lineage-specific morphological novelties. The high-quality genome and transcriptome data of R. philippinarum will not only facilitate the genetic studies on clams but will also provide valuable information on morphological novelties in mollusks.
Characterization of E-Cadherin, SSEA-1, MSI-1, and SOX-2 Expression and Their Association with Pale Cells in Adenomyosis
Authors: Tian Jingjun , Hoffmann Veronika , Ibrahim Mohamed Gamal , Hansen Uwe , Schüring Andreas N. , Velho Renata Voltolini , Mechsner Sylvia , Götte Martin
Published: October 2024

Adenomyosis (AM) is a gynecological disease characterized by the invasion of endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium. The etiology and pathogenesis of AM remain inadequately understood. Pale cells were identified as a novel cell type characterized by the absence of desmosomal contacts and light-colored cytoplasm. These cells were observed to migrate individually through ultra-micro ruptures in the basal membrane of the endometrial glands, translocating into the stroma and then further into the myometrium. Our study aimed to explore the possible stem cell properties of these pale cells. Forty hysterectomy specimens were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence to assess negative E-cadherin expression and the positive expression of stem cell markers SSEA-1, MSI-1, and SOX-2. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of pale cells and occasionally rounded, enlarged E-cadherin-negative cells predominantly in the basal endometrial epithelium. The stem cell marker SSEA-1 was significantly elevated in the basalis epithelium, as well as in the ectopic epithelium. SSEA-1 positive cells were also identified in the stroma and myometrium. Sporadic colocalization of SSEA-1+/E-cadherin– cells was confirmed through immunofluorescence. The positive staining of pale cells for SSEA-1 and MSI-1 was also confirmed at the ultrastructural level by immunoelectron microscopy. These findings indicate that pale cells may possess stem cell characteristics, particularly a positive SSEA-1 profile, warranting further in vitro investigation into their role in the pathogenesis of adenomyosis.
The N-Terminal Region of the Transcription Factor E2F1 Contains a Novel Transactivation Domain and Recruits General Transcription Factor GTF2H2
Authors: Zhao Lin , Nakajima Rinka , Zhou Yaxuan , Shirasawa Mashiro , Fikriyanti Mariana , Kamiya Yuki , Toh Hiroyuki , Komori Hideyuki , Iwanaga Ritsuko , Bradford Andrew P. , Nishitani Hideo , Kurayoshi Kenta , Araki Keigo , Ohtani Kiyoshi
Published: October 2024

The transcription factor E2F1 is the principal target of the tumor suppressor pRB. E2F1 promotes cell proliferation by activating growth-promoting genes upon growth stimulation. In contrast, E2F1 contributes to tumor suppression by activating tumor suppressor genes, such as ARF, upon loss of pRB function, a major oncogenic change. The transactivation domain of E2F1 has previously been mapped to the C-terminal region. We show here that the N-terminal region of E2F1 is critical for the activation of tumor suppressor genes. Deletion of the N-terminal region dramatically compromised E2F1 activation of tumor suppressor genes. The N-terminal region showed transactivation ability when fused to the DNA-binding domain of GAL4. A search for novel interacting factors with the N-terminal region, using a yeast two-hybrid system, identified the general transcription factor GTF2H2. Overexpression of GTF2H2 enhanced E2F1 activation of tumor suppressor genes and induction of cell death. Conversely, the knockdown of GTF2H2 compromised both. E2F1 binding enhanced the binding of GTF2H2 to target promoters depending on the integrity of the N-terminal region. Taken together, these results suggest that the N-terminal region of E2F1 contains a novel transactivation domain that mediates the activation of tumor suppressor genes, at least in part, by recruiting GTF2H2.
Cellular Senescence: A Bridge Between Diabetes and Microangiopathy
Authors: Liu Jiahui , Guo Buyu , Liu Qianqian , Zhu Guomao , Wang Yaqi , Wang Na , Yang Yichen , Fu Songbo
Published: October 2024

Cellular senescence is a state of permanent cell cycle arrest and plays an important role in many vascular lesions. This study found that the cells of diabetic patients have more characteristics of senescence, which may cause microvascular complications. Cell senescence, as one of the common fates of cells, links microangiopathy and diabetes. Cell senescence in a high-glucose environment can partially elucidate the mechanism of diabetic microangiopathy, and various types of cellular senescence induced by it can promote the progression of diabetic microangiopathy. Still, the molecular mechanism of microangiopathy-related cellular senescence has not yet been clearly studied. Building on recent research evidence, we herein summarize the fundamental mechanisms underlying the development of cellular senescence in various microangiopathies associated with diabetes. We gradually explain how cellular senescence serves as a key driver of diabetic microangiopathy. At the same time, the treatment of basic senescence mechanisms such as cellular senescence may have a great impact on the pathogenesis of the disease, may be more effective in preventing the development of diabetic microangiopathy, and may provide new ideas for the clinical treatment and prognosis of diabetic microangiopathy.
Individualized and Controlled Exercise Training Improves Fatigue and Exercise Capacity in Patients with Long-COVID
Authors: Kieffer Simon , Krüger Anna-Lena , Haiduk Björn , Grau Marijke
Published: October 2024

(1) Background: Long-term health effects after SARS-CoV-2 infections can manifest in a plethora of symptoms, significantly impacting the quality of life of affected individuals. (2) Aim: The present paper aimed to assess the effects of an individualized and controlled exercise intervention on fatigue and exercise capacity among Long-COVID (LC) patients in an ambulatory setting. (3) Methods: Forty-one (n = 41) LC patients performed an exercise protocol with an individualized control of the patients’ training intensity during the study period based on the individual’s ability to achieve the target criteria. The program was carried out two to three times a week, each session lasted 30 min, and the study parameters were recorded at the beginning of the program, as well as after 6 and 12 weeks, respectively. These included both patient-reported (PCFS questionnaire, FACIT–Fatigue questionnaire) and objective (one-minute sit-to-stand test (1MSTST), workload) outcomes. (4) Results: The exercise training intervention resulted in significant improvements in the FACIT–Fatigue (F(2, 80) = 18.08, p < 0.001), 1MSTST (χ2(2) = 19.35, p < 0.001) and workload scores (χ2(2) = 62.27, p < 0.001), while the PCFS scores remained unchanged. Changes in the workload scores were dependent on the frequency of the completed exercise sessions and were higher in the LC patients with a moderate Post COVID Syndrome Score (PCS) compared to a severe PCS. (5) Conclusions: The individualized and controlled training approach demonstrated efficacy in reducing fatigue and enhancing exercise capacity among outpatient LC patients. However, for complete regeneration, a longer, possibly indefinite, treatment is required, which in practice would be feasible within the framework of legislation.
UHT Cow’s Milk Supplementation Affects Cell Niches and Functions of the Gut–Brain Axis in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Lemos Felipe S. , Prins Caio A. , Martinez Ana M. B. , Carpi-Santos Raul , Neumann Arthur S. , Meireles-da-Costa Nathalia , Luisetto Roberto , de Mello-Coelho Valeria , Oliveira Felipe L.
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Cow’s milk is a bioactive cocktail with essential nutritional factors that is widely consumed during early childhood development. However, it has been associated with allergic responses and immune cell activation. Here, we investigate whether cow’s milk consumption regulates gut–brain axis functions and affects patterns of behaviors in BALB/c mice, previously described by present low sociability, significant stereotypes, and restricted interest features. The major objectives consist of to investigate cow’s milk supplementation as possible triggers interfering with cellular niches of the gut–brain axis and behavioral patterns. Methods: Male BALB/c at 6 weeks were randomly divided into two groups, one supplemented with cow’s milk processed at ultra-high temperature (UHT) and another group receiving water (controls) three times per day (200 μL per dose) for one week. Results: Milk consumption disturbed histological compartments of the small intestine, including niches of KI67+-proliferating cells and CD138+ Ig-secreting plasma cells. In the liver, milk intake was associated with pro-inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and atypical glycogen distribution. Milk-supplemented mice showed significant increase in granulocytes (CD11b+SSChigh cells) and CD4+ T cells in the blood. These mice also had neuroinflammatory signals, including an enhanced number of cortical Iba-1+ microglial cells in the brain and significant cerebellar expression of nitric oxide synthase 2 by Purkinje cells. These phenotypes and tissue disorders in milk-supplemented mice were associated with atypical behaviors, including low sociability, high restricted interest, and severe stereotypies. Moreover, synaptic niches were also disturbed after milk consumption, and Shank-3+ and Drebrin+ post-synaptic cells were significantly reduced in the brain of these mice. Conclusions: Together, these data suggest that milk consumption interfered with the gut–brain axis in BALB/c mice and increased atypical behaviors, at least in part, linked to synapse dysfunctions, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress regulation.
Clinical and Pathological Characteristics of Bladder Cancer in Patients Aged 18–45 Undergoing Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor
Authors: Croitor Alexei , Dema Vlad , Latcu Silviu , Bardan Razvan , Novacescu Dorin , Barbos Vlad , Dema Alis , Cumpanas Alin
Published: October 2024

Background and Objectives: Bladder cancer in patients under 45 is poorly characterized and rarely described, with variabilities in clinical outcomes and tumor properties. Our study aimed to elucidate the clinical and pathological features and outcomes of bladder cancer in this younger demographic to better inform management strategies. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis at the Urology Department of “Pius Brînzeu” County Emergency Clinical Hospital in Timișoara, Romania, on 60 patients aged 18–45 who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) during a 9-year period. Results: The cohort had a mean age of 38.5 ± 5.6 years with a male predominance (70%). Most tumors were non-muscle-invasive (NMIBC; 80%), with 16.7% being papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential (PUNLMP), 50% stage pTa, and 30% stage pT1. High-grade tumors were present in 43.3% of the patients. Recurrence occurred in 40% of the patients, while progression was observed in 16.7%. The 3-year overall survival rate was 93.3%, and the progression-free survival rate was 83.3%. Patients with high-grade tumors had a significantly higher recurrence rate (61.5% vs. 23.5%, p = 0.003) and lower survival rates compared to those with low-grade tumors. Conclusions: Young patients predominantly present with low-to-intermediate-stage tumors, yet a significant portion exhibit high-grade tumors associated with poorer outcomes. These findings suggest that while bladder cancer in younger patients tends to be less invasive, aggressive follow-up and treatment are crucial in those with high-grade tumors.
Unraveling the Serotonergic Mechanism of Stress-Related Anxiety: Focus on Co-Treatment with Resveratrol and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Authors: Tseilikman Vadim E. , Tseilikman Olga B. , Karpenko Marina N. , Traktirov Dmitrii S. , Obukhova Daria A. , Shatilov Vladislav A. , Zhukov Maxim S. , Manuilov Gennady V. , Yegorov Oleg N. , Aristov Maxim R. , Lipatov Ilya A. , Buksha Irina A. , Epitashvili Alexandr E. , Pashkov Anton A. , Novak Jurica
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: In post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety-like symptoms are often associated with elevated noradrenaline levels and decreased serotonin. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are frequently used to treat anxiety, but elevated serotonin has been observed in some anxiety disorders. This study investigates stress-induced anxiety as an immediate effect of chronic stress exposure using the predator stress paradigm. Methods: We examined serotonin levels, serotonin transporter (SERT), and 5-HT3A receptor gene expression in response to stress. The effects of SSRIs (paroxetine, sertraline) and resveratrol on these parameters were also analyzed, alongside co-treatment with resveratrol and sertraline. Results: Chronic stress exposure led to a significant increase in serotonin levels and upregulation of SERT and 5-HT3A receptor expression. SSRIs failed to prevent anxiety or reduce serotonin levels, partly due to suppressed SERT expression. Resveratrol downregulated SERT and 5-HT3A expression less than SSRIs but effectively reduced anxiety and restored serotonin, likely by upregulating MAO-A expression. Co-treatment with resveratrol and sertraline produced the strongest anxiolytic effect. Conclusions: Elevated serotonin and increased expression of SERT and 5-HT3A receptor genes are key factors in stress-related anxiety. Resveratrol and SSRIs target these mechanisms, suggesting potential therapeutic strategies for anxiety disorders. Future research will focus on further elucidating the serotonergic mechanisms involved and identifying new anxiolytic drug targets.
Research on AUV Multi-Node Networking Communication Based on Underwater Electric Field CSMA/CA Channel
Authors: Feng Xinglong , Zhang Yuzhong , Gao Ang , Hu Qiao
Published: October 2024

To address the issues of high attenuation, weak reception signal, and channel blockage in the current electric field communication of underwater robots, research on autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) multi-node networking communication based on underwater electric field Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) channel was conducted. This article, first through simulation, finds that the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol has a smaller routing packet delay time and higher reliability compared to the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol on underwater electric field CSMA/CA channels. Then, a 2FSK underwater electric field communication system was established, and dynamic communication experiments were carried out between two AUV nodes. The experimental results showed that within a range of 0 to 3.5 m, this system can achieve underwater dynamic electric field communication with a bit error rate of 0 to 0.628%. Finally, to avoid channel blockage during underwater AUV multi-node communication, this article proposes a dynamic backoff method for AUV multi-node communication based on CSMA/CA. This system can achieve dynamic multi-node communication of underwater electric fields with an error rate ranging from 0 to 0.96%. The research results have engineering application prospects for underwater cluster operations.
Single Nucleotide Recognition and Mutation Site Sequencing Based on a Barcode Assay and Rolling Circle Amplification
Authors: Zhong Linmin , Chen Huiping , Cao Shuang , Hu Shanwen
Published: October 2024

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present significant challenges in microbial detection and treatment, further raising the demands on sequencing technologies. In response to these challenges, we have developed a novel barcode-based approach for highly sensitive single nucleotide recognition. This method leverages a dual-head folded complementary template probe in conjunction with DNA ligase to specifically identify the target base. Upon recognition, the system triggers rolling circle amplification (RCA) followed by the self-assembly of CdSe quantum dots onto polystyrene microspheres, enabling a single-particle fluorescence readout. This approach allows for precise base identification at individual loci, which are then analyzed using a bio-barcode array to screen for base changes across multiple sites. This method was applied to sequence a drug-resistant mutation site in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), demonstrating excellent accuracy and stability. Offering high precision, high sensitivity, and single nucleotide resolution, this approach shows great promise as a next-generation sequencing method.
Embodied Semantics: Early Simultaneous Motor Grounding in First and Second Languages
Authors: Britz Juliane , Collaud Emmanuel , Jost Lea B. , Sato Sayaka , Bugnon Angélique , Mouthon Michael , Annoni Jean-Marie
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Although the embodiment of action-related language is well-established in the mother tongue (L1), less is known about the embodiment of a second language (L2) acquired later in life through formal instruction. We used the high temporal resolution of ERPs and topographic ERP analyses to compare embodiment in L1 and L2 and to investigate whether L1 and L2 are embodied with different strengths at different stages of linguistic processing. Methods: Subjects were presented with action-related and non-action-related verbs in a silent reading task. Subjects were late French–German and German–French bilinguals, respectively, and we could therefore collapse across languages to avoid common confounding between language (French and German) and order of acquisition (L1, L2). Results: We could show distinct effects of embodiment and language. Embodiment affected only the sensory and lexical stages of processing with increased strength and power of the N1 component for motor vs. non-motor verbs, and language affected the lexical and semantic stages of processing with stronger P2/N400 components for L2 than for L1. Non-motor verbs elicited a stronger P1 component in L2. Conclusions: Our results suggest that processing words in L2 requires more effortful processing. Importantly, L1 and L2 are not embodied differently, and embodiment affects early and similar stages of processing in L1 and L2, possibly integrating other process of action–language interaction
Understanding the Integration of Building Energy Modeling into the Building Design Process: Insights from Two Collaborative Construction Projects
Authors: Hashempour Najme , Zadeh Puyan A. , Staub-French Sheryl
Published: October 2024

This research investigates the integration of building energy modeling (BEM) within collaborative construction projects to inform design decisions for achieving high-energy performance goals. The study aims to understand current practices, benefits, and challenges associated with this integration. Using an ethnographic case study approach focused on two high-energy performance social housing projects with integrated project delivery and integrated design processes, data were collected through direct observations, document analysis, and interviews with project team members. Design process modeling was utilized to dissect current practices, followed by a hybrid inductive and deductive thematic analysis to find challenges related to energy performance design in collaborative projects. Findings from this research revealed that BEM experts often operate in isolation, with late integration of energy models into design decisions. Compliance-centric BEM usage and challenges related to interoperability of design and BEM tools further compound the issue of seamless collaboration. However, the study highlights that early collaboration among project stakeholders emerges as a pivotal factor in informed design decisions, bridging the gap between energy modeling and design. This research provides valuable insights for practitioners seeking to optimize BEM in their design process, and offers support to policymakers aiming to enhance the role of BEM in projects.