bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Yield Response of African Rice Genotypes to Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizobium Inoculation
Authors: Oladele Segun , Awodun Moses , Odiyi Alex
Published: April 2019

Aims: A short term field study was conducted to investigate the yield performance of selected African rice genotypes inoculated with biofertilizers.  

Study Design: A randomized complete block design laid out in a split-plot arrangement was used to evaluate response of yield components and grain yield of some selected African rice genotypes will be to mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium inoculation.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Teaching and Research farm of the Federal university of technology, Akure Ondo state, Nigeria during the 2013 planting season.

Methodology: The study was laid out in a split plot arrangement in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with mycorrhizal fungi, rhizobium inoculation and control in the main plot, while genotypes (N-U-1, N-U-8, WAB 56-104, OFADA GR and MOROBEREKAN) were in the sub-plot and treatments were replicated thrice. There were three main blocks, each block consist of 15 sub-plots with a size measurement of 2m x 1m and inter sub-plot spacing of 0.5m in between plots. A total of 50 plants were raised per sub plot. Transplanted seedlings were planted with the soil slurry containing rhizobium and mycorrhizal fungi inoculum into planting holes in the field at two seedlings per stand, according to their respective plot at a spacing of 25cm x 25cm. Yield component data collected include; number of days to 90% maturity, number of days to 50% flowering; plant height at maturity, number of primary tillers per plot, number of grains per panicle, number of panicles, number of filled and unfilled spikelet, weight of 1000 filled grains and grain yield per plot. 

Results: Result showed significant (P<0.05) single and interactive effect of rhizobium and mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on rice yield and yield components. 61.4% increase in grain yield was observed in rhizobium inoculated genotypes when compared to 37.4% increase in mycorrhized genotypes and the un-inoculated control. WAB56–104 and N-U-8 had the best interactive response amongst genotypes inoculated with rhizobium while genotypes WAB56-104 and MOROBEREKAN responded better amongst mycorrhized genotypes in relation to yield components.

Conclusion: The results from this study indicate that African rice genotypes differ in grain yield response and host specifity when inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium inoculums. However, inoculating specific African rice genotypes with mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium can positively influence their grain yield and yield component development and this could play an important role in improving African rice productivity.
Diseases of Major Bulbous Vegetable Crops and Their Management
Authors: Rasool Farahanaz , Mushtaq Nighat , Slathia Divya , Hussain Sharafat
Published: April 2019

Onion and garlic are the major bulbous vegetable crops grown throughout the world. They are commercially used in the form of spice, vegetable or medicine. India ranks second in world production of both onion and garlic. These are mostly grown in states of Maharastra, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Gujrat, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir and Karnataka. These bulbous crops are attacked by various pests and diseases at different growth stages causing considerable losses in yield, besides reducing the export potential. The continuous use of chemicals and pesticides pose severe threats to both environment and mankind, besides enhancing insect resistance to chemicals. It also disturbs microbial diversity which is an essential part of an ecosystem. This has created a new dimension in research for biological control and integrated approach for insect pest and disease control. Essential diseases and pests affecting major bulbous vegetable crops and their management are summarised in this manuscript.
Overexpression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Its Correlation with Clinicopathological Characteristics in Central Uganda
Authors: Munema Asafu M. , Yahaya James J. , Lukande Robert , Kalungi Sam
Published: April 2019

Aims: The aims of the current study were to determine the prevalence of epidermal growth factor (EGFR) receptor in patients diagnosed with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) as well as assessing the correlation of overexpression of EGFR with age, gender and tumor grades of the cases.

Study Design: This was a cross-sectional analytical study.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the pathology laboratory at the department of pathology, Makerere College of Health Sciences, Kampala-Uganda for five months.

Methodology: A sample of 127 archival tissue blocks from patients with ESCC diagnosed between 2010 and 2012 were retrieved from the tissue repository and used to assess overexpression of EGFR using monoclonal mouse Anti-human wild type EGFR antibody. For association between age and overexpression of EGFR, Kruskal- Wallis H test was used and for tumor grade and sex and EGFR, Chi-Square test was performed using SPSS version 16.0. P ˂ .05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: The age range of the patients with ESCC in this study was 35-99 years with mean of 59.55 years. The peak age of the cases was 55-64 years. Males and females were 68.5% and 31.5% respectively. Moderately differentiated tumors dominated by comprising 59.9%. The prevalence of overexpression of EGFR was 61.4%. The highest overexpression of EGFR was seen in cases with grade 2 compared to grade 1 and 3 but not statistically significant (P = .255). Overexpression of EGFR was relatively higher in cases with age ≥ 50 years, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = .931). Males expressed relatively higher EGFR than females, however, the difference was not statistically significant (P = .944).

Conclusions: Majority of patients with ESCC in Uganda have moderately differentiated tumor and a significant number of them tend to show overexpression of EGFR antigen.
Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis of Maize (Zea mays L.) for Maize Streak Virus Resistance
Authors: Arusei P. , Runo S. , Warigia M. , Ngetich A. , Leley P.
Published: April 2019

Aims: This study was conducted to evaluate partial resistance to Maize Streak Virus (MSV) in F2 segregating population derived from a single cross of two inbred lines VLO73311 (resistant) and CLRCW92 (susceptible).

Study Design: The experimental design was an incomplete block design replicated two times.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of plant sciences Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Institute in Biotechnology center laboratory, in June 2014 to December 2015.

Methodology: Resistance was evaluated in replicated field trials under artificial inoculation while selecting using SNP markers. The method of composite interval mapping was employed for QTL detection with a linkage map based on 350 SNP markers.

Results: The final linkage map comprised of 100 individuals and 61 SNP markers distributed in ten linkage maps and covering a distance of 437.282cM. One QTL located in linkage group four was detected with a LOD score of above 2.0 with two SNP markers (PZA00413_20 and PZA03198_3) tightly linked to the QTLs. A significant QTL explaining 14% of the phenotypic variance for early resistance to MSV was detected on chromosome three. 

Conclusion: The SNPs significantly associated with MSV resistance can be used in marker-assisted selection and will accelerate the breeding process for the development of MSV resistant maize genotypes.
Evaluation of Genetic Diversity by Molecular Markers ISSR of Algodoeiro (Gossypium mustelinum) in Native Populations of Pernambuco, Brazil
Authors: Duarte Filho Luiz Sergio Costa , Da Silva Edson Ferreira , Ribeiro Danielson Ramos , Da Silva Allison Vieira , De Oliveira Iêda Ferreira
Published: April 2019

In order to assure and evaluate the genetic diversity, wild populations of Cotton (Gossypium mustelinum) were collected and evaluated from the coastal plain north of Pernambuco, Brazil. Such populations occur in urban areas in a state of real expansion and with imminent risks of extinction. As a result of these risks and the state of real expansion, aiming at the ex situ conservation of these genetic resources, branches of 66 plants were collected in three populations of G. mustelinum that are located in restinga vegetation in the localities of Ponta de Pedras and Bara of Catuama, both in the municipality of Goiana and in the locality Sossego Beach in the municipality Island of Itamaracá. The collected genotypes were inserted in a new Germplasm Bank (BAG) at the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, after which a sample composed of 24 genotypes contained in the BAG was collected to perform genetic diversity studies using molecular markers of ISSR type. For the molecular analysis, 24 accesses with 4 ISSR primers were analyzed, which produced a total of 36 bands, with a mean of 1,52 alleles per amplified locus. The genetic dissimilarity values, calculated according to the complement of the Jaccard index, ranged from 0.000 to 0.080. The UPGMA method grouped the accesses into three groups. The UFRPE30, UFRPE42 and UFRPE45 accessions were more dissimilar and UFRPE-48, UFRPE-50, UFRPE-52, UFRPE-55, UFRPE60, UFRPE06, UFRPE28, UFRPE29, UFRPE1, UFRPE2, UFRPE17 the least dissimilar. The ISSR markers used in this study demonstrated efficiency in the detection of molecular polymorphisms, revealing genetic variability among the 24 accessions. Considering the results obtained in this work, it is possible to infer that there is considerable genetic variability among the accessions of cotton, demonstrating the importance of the markers in the analysis of variability of species not studied, such as (G. mustelinum).
Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Gastrointestinal Study on the Leaf Extract of Stachytarpheta angustifolia Mill Vahl (Verbenaceae) in Rabbit Jejunum
Authors: Mohammed M. , Danmallam A. , Kolo M. T. , Abubakar A. A. , Babakano M. , Jajere U. M.
Published: April 2019

angustifolia (Verbenaceae) is mostly prescribed by the folkloric healers for various gastrointestinal disorders. This study was carried out to ascertain the gastrointestinal effect of the ethanol leaf extract and other various fractions (CHCl3, EtOAc, n- BuOH and residual aqueous) on rabbit Jejunum. The ethanol, n-butanol and residual aqueous of the extract exhibited dose concentration at (0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mg/ml) dependent contraction of the rabbit Jejunum which was blocked by atropine suggesting that the observed pharmacological actions was mediated through the muscarinic receptors. In contrast, chloroform and ethylacetate fraction of the leaf extract exhibit dose concentration dependent relaxation of the rabbit jejunum. Intreperitoneal LD50 of the extract in mice was found to be 295.8 mg/kg. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaf extract revealed the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycoside, sterols and terpenoids. The result indicated that, the plant extract possesses some pharmacological activity, hence justifying its use traditionally in alleviating gastrointestinal disorder.
Grooming Telecommunications Network: Optimization Replicas and Techniques
Authors: Oluwatoyin Kadiri Kamoru , Odunola Alimi Maryam , Yusuph Ajisafe
Published: April 2019

The rapid expansion of the use of internet in the last decade has been made feasible largely by optical networks with high bandwidth and consistency. This paper explores the meaning of grooming, the methodological context in which it can be applied. An innovative nomenclature incarcerates useful aspects of grooming problems and is used to review publications on traffic-engineering and optimization problem class. The paper proposed an efficient traffic grooming model for all optical networks. The model has low complexity and it can be easily implemented for traffic grooming problems.
An Exploratory Study of Cognitive Based Complexity Measures of Online Algorithms
Authors: Esther O. Isola , Stephen O. Olabiyisi , Elijah O. Omidiora , Rafiu A. Ganiyu
Published: April 2019

Measuring the complexity of software has been an insoluble problem in software engineering. Complexity measures can be used to predict critical information about testability of software system from automatic analysis of the source code. In this paper, Improved Cognitive Complexity Metric (ICCM) is applied on C programming language. Since C is a procedural language, the cognitive complexity metric is capable to evaluate any procedural language. This paper presents a cognitive complexity metric named ICCM. First, the metric is analytically evaluated using Weyuker’s properties for analyzing its nature. Secondly, perform a comparative study of the metric with the existing metric such as NCCOP, CFS, CICM and CPCM, and the result shows that ICCM does better than other metrics by giving more information contained in the software and reflecting the understandability of a source code. Also, an attempts has also been made to present the relationship among ICCM, NCCOP, CICM, CFS and CPCM using pearson correlation coefficient method.
Golden Section and Evolving Systems
Authors: Mamombe Lovemore
Published: April 2019

We present a body of results that demonstrate that the golden section can be implemented in the design of evolving systems. Albeit we only develop the mathematics, both mathematician and computer expert should find the concept clear. Perhaps of particular interest to the number theorist is the observation that the sequence  defined by  known as the Teleois number system, crops up in our results. Having shown in previous works how this sequence is closely related to the golden section, this manuscript gives further confirmation and the fact that Teleois numbers penetrate the golden section renders it a proportion of great splendour. Our results can find a wide range of applications from information technology to manufacturing.
Analysis of Congestion of Mobile Network in Offa
Authors: Kadiri K. O. , Lawal Samuel Oluwaseun , Adejuwon Arowoduye Abubakar
Published: April 2019

The study of congestion of mobile network in Offa is necessary as congestion remains a major challenge to telecommunication service provision both to service providers and the subscribers as well, even in developed country. Offa is a renowned city in Kwara State, Nigeria. Cellular wireless systems such as GSM suffer from congestion resulting in overall system degradation and poor service delivery. Obviously, subscribers are susceptible to quite network providers who fail to meet up with the services required of them. In this research, areas on the GSM network where congestion occurred were analyzed including the various causes of congestion on GSM network. This research work also brought to bear recommendation that necessitate the need for service providers to create a mutual benefit between the service providers and subscribers.

The tool used for data collection was a Five Point Likert attitude scale questionnaire. The Data collected for this study were analyzed using frequency counts, simple percentage (%) and mean score (x).
Primitive Reflexes of Neonates Born in a Maternity in the Rio Grande do Sul State / Reflexos Primitivos de Neonatos Nascidos em uma Maternidade no Sul do Brasil
Authors: Getelina Caroline Ottobelli , Rheinheimer Valéria , Centenaro Odilara , Casaril dos Santos Cargnin Marcia , Pereira Vanessa , Gerber Franciscatto Laura Helena
Published: April 2019

Objetivo: Quais as associações entre os reflexos primitivos de neonatos nascidos com sexo, cor, estatura, perímetro cefálico, perímetro torácico, índice de apgar, idade gestacional, tipo de parto, intercorrências durante o trabalho de parto Método: estudo quantitativo do tipo documental. Foram analisados os prontuários de gestantes e neonatos que nasceram nos meses de agosto a novembro de 2014 na maternidade de um hospital do norte do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Resultados: Foram estudados 164 prontuários avaliando se nestes constava presença ou ausência de reflexos primitivos descritos na ficha de avaliação do nascimento. A presença de reflexos primitivos do neonatos apresentou significância no que se refere a estatura perímetro cefálico perímetro torácico intercorrências no trabalho de parto e idade gestacional. Conclusão: a presença de reflexos primitivos em neonatos tem uma relação direta com a gestação, parto e pós-parto, assim verifica-se a necessidade de desenvolver ações efetivas de assistência ao pré-natal e parto.
The Japanese Scalp Acupuncture as an Instrument for Non- Specific Pain Treatment in Health Professionals / A Craniopuntura Japonesa como Instrumento para o Tratamento da Dor não Específica em Profissionais de Saúde
Authors: Barreiros Raphael Neves , Dutra Luana Borges , Silva Roberto Carlos Lyra da , Ribeiro Yonara Cristiane , Louro Lidiane da Fonseca Moura , Louro Thiago Quinellato
Published: April 2019

Objetivo: Caracterizar a técnica de craniopuntura japonesa como instrumento para o tratamento da dor não específica em profissionais de saúde. Método: Estudo do tipo antes e depois. O cenário foi uma instituição pública de saúde, de assistência em nível primário. O processo de coleta dos dados ocorreu por um período de 4 semanas, totalizando 8 sessões. Foi utilizada a Escala Visual/verbal Numérica antes e após a sessão. Os dados foram analisados com auxílio do programa Bioestat 5.3. Resultados: Foi composto por 7 sujeitos, aproximadamente 41% do total dos profissionais da equipe que compõem o cenário do estudo. A técnica de craniopuntura japonesa auxiliou na redução da dor (p=0,009) em 100% dos participantes deste estudo. Conclusão: A craniopuntura japonesa foi eficaz em todas as sessões, na redução da dor não específica dos sujeitos do estudo.Descritores: Enfermagem, Saúde do Trabalhador, Terapias Complementares, Acupuntura.
Mortality in Women of Reproductive Age: A Comparative Study Between Two Periods / Mortalidade de Mulheres em Idade Reprodutiva: Estudo Comparativo Entre dois Períodos
Authors: Pitilin Érica de Brito , Sbardelotto Taize
Published: April 2019

OBJETIVO: Identificar os fatores sociodemográficos associados com a mortalidade de mulheres em idade fértil do Paraná nos períodos de 1996 e 2014. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico transversal descritivo com dados coletados por meio do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade e processados pelo teste de associação qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Houve uma redução na prevalência de óbitos das mulheres em idade fértil nos períodos, de 17% para 13,2%, respectivamente.  As principais causas de morte para ambos os períodos ocorreram por causas evitáveis sendo as principais causas básicas as causas externas, neoplasias, doenças cardíacas e do aparelho circulatório. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados contribuíram para mostrar que as mortes de MIF são evitáveis a partir da introdução de medidas sociais e de diagnóstico e tratamento precoce. O padrão de mortalidade do estado é semelhante ao do país apontando necessidade de implementar ações nas três esferas de governo voltadas para a saúde da população feminina.
The Guidelines Regarding Puerperal Period that are Received by Women Under Immediate Puerperium / Orientações Sobre Período Puerperal Recebidas por Mulheres no Puerpério Imediato
Authors: Oliveira Thais Damasceno , Rocha Katia da silva , Escobal Ana Paula , Matos Greice Carvalho de , Cecagno Susana , Soares Marilu Correa
Published: April 2019

Objetivo: Conhecer as orientações sobre período puerperal, fornecidas à mulher no puerpério imediato. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de caráter qualitativo e exploratório, cujo cenário de investigação foi uma Unidade Básica de Saúde do Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Participaram seis puérperas vinculadas à essa Unidade Básica, e a coleta dos dados foi realizada em setembro de 2014 através de entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas. Para análise dos dados, optou-se pela análise temática, seguindo as etapas descritas por Minayo (2013): ordenação, classificação e análise. Resultados: Foram classificados em duas categorias: orientações quanto às modificações fisiológicas e os cuidados em relação à mulher no puerpério imediato, e quanto às alterações emocionais nesse período. Conclusão: Os profissionais estão comprometidos em orientar à amamentação no período puerperal, mas existem deficiências relacionadas às ações de educação em saúde, além de orientações tangentes às mudanças fisiológicas do período puerperal.
Intersectoral Actions for Mental Health: An Integrative Review / Ações de Intersetorialidade em Saúde Mental: Uma Revisão Integrativa
Authors: Michelon Silva Luzia , Olschowsky Agnes , Basso da Silva Aline , Machado Pavani Fabiane , Wetzel Christine
Published: April 2019

Objetivo: Identificar na literatura científica as açes intersetoriais desenvolvidas em saúde mental. Métodos: Revisão integrativa realizada nas bases de dados LILACS e MEDLINE, entre janeiro de 2005 a agosto de 2015. Foram encontradas 1027 publicações, das quais 28 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Na análise dos dados, evidenciamos ações intersetoriais que foram categorizadas em: intervenções na escola/instituição de ensino; ações educativas; parcerias com ONGs; fóruns de discussões; subsídios sociais; ações de inclusão no trabalho; intervenções na comunidade; intervenção domiciliar; acolhimento das instituições religiosas; e lazer. Resultados: Observa-se a importância das ações intersetoriais na inclusão social com a descentralização do cuidado para outros serviços e dispositivos. No entanto, é necessário problematizar que esse processo não é somente incluir outros espaços, e sim, estimular e desenvolver a comunicação entre eles. Conclusão: O desafio da consolidação da intersetorialidade é que haja a articulação entre diversos setores e a responsabilização compartilhada da rede.
Radiotherapy Experiences from the Perspective of Head and Neck Cancer Patients: Integrative Literature Review / Experiência Da Radioterapia Na Perspectiva Do Paciente Com Câncer De Cabeça E Pescoço: Revisão Integrativa
Authors: Macedo Dhiancarlo Rocha , Neris Rhyquelle Rhibna , Dos Anjos Anna Claúdia Yokoyama
Published: April 2019

Objetivo: Sintetizar o conhecimento de estudos primários que investigaram a experiência da radioterapia, na perspectiva do paciente com câncer de cabeça e pescoço. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura. Resultados: Amostra final composta por 13 estudos publicados entre 1998 a 2015. Pela análise temática dos estudos foram identificados quatro temas maiores: “repercussões físicas da radioterapia”, “repercussões psicológicas e emocionais da radioterapia”, “falta de informação sobre o tratamento e a postura do profissional de saúde perante os efeitos adversos do tratamento” e “redes de apoio”. Conclusão: Os estudos evidenciaram que o tratamento radioterápico trouxe repercussões negativas importantes na vida dos pacientes frente às reações e rearranjos na vida e nos papéis desempenhados dentro da família, decorrentes do tratamento. Verificou-se também uma lacuna importante de conhecimento sobre a temática, demostrando a necessidade de novos estudos, com abordagem qualitativa, para melhor compreensão desta experiência, refletindo em aprimoramento da assistência.
Information sharing in building technology in Bangladesh: Focusing on formal and informal relationships
Authors: Sasaki Rumiko , Seike Tsuyoshi , Kim Yongsun
Published: April 2019

This paper aims to clarify the reality related to technology acquisition by private engineers, and the relationship between public engineers, private engineers, and technical academicians to disseminate technology in Bangladesh. The country is in such a condition where even the central government does not grasp any statistical data of building industry. Bangladeshi engineers had to acquire the technical information in reality through the informal sharing such as alumni relations or individual relations. Mainly informal relationship is functioning between the public sector and academic institutions, in contrast, is sparse between the public and private sector. This paper represents unlikely to developed countries; informal sharing is also contributing a lot in developing countries. However, informal knowledge sharing is difficult to control the incentives and deliberate or spontaneous reconfiguration to false information is unacceptable due to importance and delicacy of building structural performance. In conclusion, this paper proposes to leverage existing informal relationship among engineers society of recipient countries for initial awareness of information dissemination.
A daily diary investigation of self‐reported alcohol‐related direct and indirect aggression
Authors: Sheehan Brynn E. , Lau‐Barraco Cathy
Published: April 2019

Research supports the relationship between alcohol use and direct aggression, however, scant research has examined the association between alcohol use and indirectly aggressive behavior. Further, extant research has relied on retrospective reporting of behaviors, which may be subject to recall bias. The daily diary methodology enables the assessment of both the between‐ and within‐subject variation, as well as reduces the likelihood of biased reporting. Consequently, the current study utilized a daily diary design to examine (a) associations between daily alcohol use and alcohol‐related aggressive behaviors (i.e., direct and indirect); and (b) the co‐occurrence of alcohol‐related direct and indirect aggression. Participants were 105 (80% female) college student drinkers. Students completed baseline questionnaires and up to 14 consecutive, daily surveys regarding their previous day alcohol use, alcohol‐related direct aggression, and alcohol‐related indirect aggression. Findings revealed that alcohol use was associated with same day alcohol‐related direct and indirect aggression, after controlling for baseline alcohol use. Self‐reported alcohol‐related direct aggression was more likely to occur on days in which self‐reported alcohol‐related indirect aggression occurred, after controlling for dispositional aggression, trait self‐control, and baseline alcohol use. Results of the study suggest that, similar to alcohol‐related direct aggression, alcohol use is associated with an increased likelihood of alcohol‐related indirect aggression. Further, the co‐occurrence of alcohol‐related indirect and direct aggression supports that individuals may be engaging in multiple types of aggressive behaviors. Findings extend previous cross‐sectional and qualitative research suggesting that indirect aggression may co‐occur, perhaps increasing in severity.
Analog Circuit Applications Based on All‐2D Ambipolar ReSe2 Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Lee Ko‐Chun , Yang Shih‐Hsien , Sung Yung‐Shang , Chang Yuan‐Ming , Lin Che‐Yi , Yang Feng‐Shou , Li Mengjiao , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Ho Ching‐Hwa , Lien Chen‐Hsin , Lin Yen‐Fu
Published: April 2019

Complementary circuits based on 2D materials show great promise for next‐generation electronics. An ambipolar all‐2D ReSe2 field‐effect transistor (FET) with a hexagonal boron nitride gate dielectric is fabricated and its electronic characteristics are comprehensively studied by temperature dependence and noise measurements. Ambipolar transfer characteristics are achieved owing to the tunable Fermi level of the graphene contact and negligible and 30 meV Schottky barrier heights for the n‐ and p‐channel regimes, respectively. An inverter is also fabricated to demonstrate ambipolar ReSe2 FET operation in a logic circuit. Furthermore, a p/n switchable unipolar FET is designed and shows potential for building complimentary circuits from a signal device. This work demonstrates the potential of all‐2D ReSe2 FETs and makes available new approaches for designing next‐generation devices.
An Electrically Renewable Air Filter with Integrated 3D Nanowire Networks
Authors: Yang Kai , Yu Zhihao , Yu Changcheng , Chen Haibiao , Pan Feng
Published: April 2019

Particulate matter (PM) is a major pollutant in air and filtration at the source and on‐site is an effective approach to remedy PM pollution. Filters integrated with nanowires are advantageous for their high PM removal efficiency and low resistance to airflow. In this work, carbon nanowires are directly grown as 3D networks on a 304 stainless steel mesh to form a robust air filter. The growth of the carbon nanowires is initiated by exposing the stainless steel substrate to the vapor generated from the thermal decomposition of a silicone. The stainless steel is attacked by the carbon supersaturated vapor and releases metal nanoparticles, which catalyze the growth of carbon nanowires. The air filter with integrated 3D nanowire networks achieves a high PM removal efficiency with a low pressure drop. Moreover, the filter is heat resistant and can be renewed by electrical resistive heating to burn off the captured PM. After electrical renewal treatment, the filter recovers the low pressure drop while still maintaining a high PM removal efficiency. This air filter is promising for applications requiring on‐site renewal and will be useful for treating high temperature emissions.
Supramolecular Engineering for Formamidinium‐Based Layered 2D Perovskite Solar Cells: Structural Complexity and Dynamics Revealed by Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Milić Jovana V. , Im Jeong‐Hyeok , Kubicki Dominik J. , Ummadisingu Amita , Seo Ji‐Youn , Li Yang , Ruiz‐Preciado Marco A. , Dar M. Ibrahim , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Emsley Lyndon , Grätzel Michael
Published: April 2019

Perovskite solar cells are one of the most promising photovoltaic technologies, although their molecular level design and stability toward environmental factors remain a challenge. Layered 2D Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite phases feature an organic spacer bilayer that enhances their environmental stability. Here, the concept of supramolecular engineering of 2D perovskite materials is demonstrated in the case of formamidinium (FA) containing A2FAn−1PbnI3n+1 formulations by employing (adamantan‐1‐yl)methanammonium (A) spacers exhibiting propensity for strong Van der Waals interactions complemented by structural adaptability. The molecular design translates into desirable structural features and phases with different compositions and dimensionalities, identified uniquely at the atomic level by solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. For A2FA2Pb3I10, efficiencies exceeding 7% in mesoscopic device architectures without any additional treatment or use of antisolvents for ambient temperature film deposition are achieved. This performance improvement over the state‐of‐the‐art FA‐based 2D perovskites is accompanied by high operational stability under humid ambient conditions, which illustrates the utility of the approach in perovskite solar cells and sets the basis for advanced supramolecular design in the future.
Methylxanthine use for acute asthma in the emergency department in Japan: a multicenter observational study
Authors: Morikawa Miki , Hagiwara Yusuke , Gibo Koichiro , Goto Tadahiro , Watase Hiroko , Hasegawa Kohei ,   the JEAN‐3 Investigators
Published: April 2019

Aim

Methylxanthines are no longer recommended for emergency department (ED) patients with acute asthma according to international guidelines. We aimed to describe the current methylxanthine use for acute asthma and to determine factors related to its use in the ED.

Methods

We undertook a multicenter retrospective study in 23 EDs across Japan. From each participating hospital, we randomly identified 60 ED patients aged 18–54 years with acute asthma from 2009 through 2011. We examined the associations of ED and patient characteristics with methylxanthine use by constructing a multivariable logistic regression model adjusting for a predefined set of ED‐ and patient‐level factors.

Results

Among 1,380 patients, methylxanthines were used for 79 patients (5.7%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.6–7.0%). The proportion of methylxanthine treatment varied substantially among EDs, ranging from 0% to 26.1%. In the multivariable analysis, the number of annual ED patients with acute asthma (odds ratio [OR] per 100 increase in annual asthma patients, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.04–0.34; P < 0.001) and having a protocol for asthma treatment (OR 2.91; 95% CI, 1.06–8.00; P = 0.04) at the ED level, and systemic corticosteroid use (OR 6.39; 95% CI, 3.34–12.22; P < 0.001) at the patient level were associated with likelihood of methylxanthine use.

Conclusions

In this multicenter study, approximately 6% of ED patients with acute asthma were treated with methylxanthines, with a wide variation across EDs. The number of annual ED patients with acute asthma was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of methylxanthine use, whereas having an ED asthma treatment protocol and systemic corticosteroid use in the ED were associated with a higher likelihood of methylxanthine treatment.
Activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase is the primary trigger of epileptic seizures in rodent models
Authors: Malkov Anton , Ivanov Anton I. , Latyshkova Alexandra , Bregestovski Piotr , Zilberter Misha , Zilberter Yuri
Published: April 2019

Objective

Despite decades of epilepsy research, 30% of focal epilepsies remain resistant to antiseizure drugs, with effective drug development impeded by lack of understanding on how seizures are initiated. Here, we report the mechanism of seizure onset relevant to most seizures that are characteristic of focal epilepsies.

Methods

Electric and metabolic network parameters were measured using several seizure models in mouse hippocampal slices and acutely induced seizures in rats in vivo to determine metabolic events occurring at seizure onset.

Results

We show that seizure onset is associated with a rapid release of H2O2 resulting from N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor‐mediated activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX). NOX blockade prevented the fast H2O2 release as well as the direct current shift and seizurelike event induction in slices. Similarly, intracerebroventricular injection of NOX antagonists prevented acutely induced seizures in rats.

Interpretation

Our results show that seizures are initiated by NMDA receptor‐mediated NOX‐induced oxidative stress and can be arrested by NOX inhibition. We introduce a novel use for blood–brain barrier‐permeable NOX inhibitor with a significant potential to become the first seizure‐specific medication. Thus, targeting NOX may provide a breakthrough treatment for focal epilepsies. ANN NEUROL 2019;85:907–920.
Deep brain stimulation: Connectivity profile for bradykinesia alleviation
Authors: Strotzer Quirin D. , Anthofer Judith M. , Faltermeier Rupert , Brawanski Alexander T. , Torka Elisabeth , Waldthaler Josefine A. , Kohl Zacharias , Fellner Claudia , Beer Anton L. , Schlaier Juergen R.
Published: April 2019

Objective

Subthalamic deep brain stimulation may alleviate bradykinesia in Parkinson patients. Research suggests that this stimulation effect may be mediated by brain networks like the corticocerebellar loop. This study investigated the connectivity between stimulation sites and cortical and subcortical structures to identify connections for effective stimulation.

Methods

We retrospectively investigated 21 patients with Parkinson disease with bilateral subthalamic deep brain stimulation. Stimulation effectiveness in reducing bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity was evaluated for each electrode contact in brain hemispheres contralateral to the affected hemibody. Dysarthric side effects were also examined. Probabilistic tractography based on diffusion‐weighted imaging was performed in individual patient‐specific brains using electrode contacts as seeds. Connectivity profiles of contacts with effective and noneffective stimulation were compared.

Results

Connectivity profiles of effective and noneffective contacts differed. Moreover, the connectivity profile for bradykinesia differed from that for rigidity, tremor, or dysarthria. Regarding bradykinesia, effective contacts were significantly more often connected with the ipsilateral superior cerebellar peduncle and the ipsilateral dentate nucleus, which correspond to the ipsilateral portion of the cerebellothalamocortical pathway. Rigidity was mitigated by stimulation of ascending brainstem and intralaminar thalamic connections. Tremor alleviation was related to connections with the internal capsule (anterior limb) and the pallidum. Dysarthric side effects were associated with connections to the supplementary motor area and the decussating cerebellothalamocortical pathway.

Interpretation

Whereas bradykinesia seems to be mitigated by stimulation of the ascending, ipsilateral cerebellothalamocortical pathway, stimulation of the descending corticopontocerebellar pathway may be ineffective. Rigidity, tremor, and dysarthric side effects seem to be influenced by different neural networks. ANN NEUROL 2019;85:852–864.
The Negativity‐to‐Violation Map between Wigner Function and Quantum Contextuality Inequality for a Single Qudit
Authors: Huang Ming‐Da , Yu Ya‐Fei , Zhang Zhi‐Ming
Published: April 2019

The relation between discrete Wigner function and quantum contextuality based on graph theory has been studied, following the work in [Nature 510,351(2014)]. To do this, non‐stabilizer projectors have been introduced to a series of non‐contextuality graphs based on stabilizer projectors for a single qudit with odd prime dimension. It has been found that, for a phase space point defined by Wootters, there exists a given set of states for an odd‐prime qudit where the negative discrete Wigner function on the phase space point means its quantum contextuality under measurements on the graphs designed by a specific method. To implement this method, a subset of non‐stabilizer projectors has been found. In the union of the set of states for all phase space points, there exists a negativity‐to‐violation map between Wigner function and quantum contextuality inequality. The robustness of the equivalence under depolarizing noise has been analyzed and discussed. For demonstration purposes, the graphs with different independence numbers and the corresponding set of states have been established on a single qutrit. Different to the cited work, this method involves only a single qudit, then is experimentally feasible for a qutrit.
β‐Ketoesters as Mono‐ or Bisnucleophiles: A Concise Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (−)‐Englerin A and B
Authors: Guo Lei , Plietker Bernd
Published: April 2019

A short enantioselective total synthesis of englerin A, a guaiane sesquiterpene with significant in vitro antitumor activity, is reported. Key features of this total synthesis are an organocatalytic asymmetric decarboxylative aldol reaction, a neighboring‐group‐participating [4+3] cycloaddition, a novel one‐pot Heck coupling/regioselective 1,4‐hydrosilylation/Tamao–Fleming oxidation cascade, and a kinetic CBS reduction, generating the optically pure natural product in 6.7 % overall yield over twelve steps starting from methylglyoxal. Selective saponification of the more reactive glycolic ester moiety of englerin A also gave (−)‐englerin B.
A Tale of Two Trimers from Two Different Worlds: A COF‐Inspired Synthetic Strategy for Pore‐Space Partitioning of MOFs
Authors: Wang Yanxiang , Zhao Xiang , Yang Huajun , Bu Xianhui , Wang Yong , Jia Xiaoxia , Li Jinping , Feng Pingyun
Published: April 2019

The introduction of a symmetry‐ and size‐matching pore‐partitioning agent in the form of either a molecular ligand, such as 2,4,6‐tri(4‐pyridinyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (tpt), or a metal‐complex cluster, into the hexagonal channels of MIL‐88/MOF‐235‐type (the acs net) to create pacs‐type (partitioned acs) crystalline porous materials is an effective strategy to develop high‐performance gas adsorbents. We have developed an integrated COF–MOF coassembly strategy as a new method for pore‐space partitioning through the coassembly of [(M3(OH)1−x(O)x(COO)6] MOF‐type and [B3O3(py)3] COF‐type trimers. With this strategy, the coordination‐driven assembly of the acs framework occurred concurrently and synergistically with the COF‐1‐type condensation of pyridine‐4‐boronic acid into a C3‐symmetric trimeric boroxine molecule. The resulting boroxine‐based pacs materials exhibited dramatically enhanced gas‐sorption properties as compared to nonpartitioned acs‐type materials and are among the most efficient NH3‐sorption materials.
Rational Design of Polymers for Selective CO2 Reduction Catalysis
Authors: Leung Jane J. , Vigil Julian A. , Warnan Julien , Edwardes Moore Esther , Reisner Erwin
Published: April 2019

A series of copolymers comprising a terpyridine ligand and various functional groups were synthesized toward integrating a Co‐based molecular CO2 reduction catalyst. Using porous metal oxide electrodes designed to host macromolecules, the Co‐coordinated polymers were readily immobilized via phosphonate anchoring groups. Within the polymeric matrix, the outer coordination sphere of the Co terpyridine catalyst was engineered using hydrophobic functional moieties to improve CO2 reduction selectivity in the presence of water. Electrochemical and photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction were demonstrated with the polymer‐immobilized hybrid cathodes, with a CO:H2 product ratio of up to 6:1 compared to 2:1 for a corresponding “monomeric” Co terpyridine catalyst. This versatile platform of polymer design demonstrates promise in controlling the outer‐sphere environment of synthetic molecular catalysts, analogous to CO2 reductases.
Biredox Eutectic Electrolytes Derived from Organic Redox‐Active Molecules: High‐Energy Storage Systems
Authors: Zhang Changkun , Qian Yumin , Ding Yu , Zhang Leyuan , Guo Xuelin , Zhao Yu , Yu Guihua
Published: April 2019

One promising candidate for high‐energy storage systems is the nonaqueous redox flow battery (NARFB). However, their application is limited by low solubility of redox‐active materials and poor performance at high current density. Reported here is a new strategy, a biredox eutectic, as the sole electrolyte for NARFB to achieve a significantly higher concentration of redox‐active materials and enhance the cell performance. Without other auxiliary solvents, the biredox eutectic electrolyte is formed directly by the molecular interactions between two different redox‐active molecules. Such a unique electrolyte possesses high concentration with low viscosity (3.5 m, for N‐butylphthalimide and 1,1‐dimethylferrocene system) and a relatively high working voltage of 1.8 V, enabling high capacity and energy density of NARFB. The resulting high‐performance NARFB demonstrates that the biredox eutectic based strategy is potentially promising for low‐cost and high‐energy storage systems.
Eine DNA‐kodierte Molekülbibliothek mit Elementen natürlicher Makrocyclen
Authors: Stress Cedric J. , Sauter Basilius , Schneider Lukas A. , Sharpe Timothy , Gillingham Dennis
Published: April 2019

Wir zeigen die Synthese einer DNA‐kodierten Makrocyclenbibliothek (DKMB) über sieben Schritte auf DNA. Diese Bibliothek wurde, inspiriert von Polyketid‐ und gemischten Peptid‐Polyketid‐Naturstoffen, mit stark variierender Grundstruktur geplant. Die hohe Vielfalt wurde mit selbst synthetisierten Bausteinen erreicht, deren Herstellung allerdings arbeitsintensiv ist. Diese Studie zeigt die Wichtigkeit eines durchdachten Retrosynthesedesigns von DNA‐kodierten Bibliotheken und offenbart Herausforderungen, für die neue, DNA‐kompatible Synthesemethoden benötigt werden.
Sodium Cobalt Metaphosphate as an Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalyst in Alkaline Solution
Authors: Gond Ritambhara , Singh Dheeraj Kumar , Eswaramoorthy Muthusamy , Barpanda Prabeer
Published: April 2019

Sodium cobalt metaphosphate [NaCo(PO3)3] has CoO octahedra (CoO6) and shows superior oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity in alkaline solution, comparable with the state‐of‐the‐art precious‐metal RuO2 catalyst. OER catalysts of this metaphosphate are prepared by combustion (Cb) and solid‐state (SS) methods. The combustion‐assisted method offers a facile synthesis and one‐step carbon composite formation. Unusually high catalytic activity was observed in NCoM‐Cb‐Ar and could be due to chemical coupling effects between NaCo(PO3)3 and partially graphitized carbon. This novel electrocatalyst exhibits very small overpotential of 340 mV with high mass activity of 532 A g−1. Good charge transfer abilities and chemical coupling between NaCo(PO3)3 and amorphous carbon gives the OER activity in NCoM‐Cb‐Ar.
A DNA‐Encoded Chemical Library Incorporating Elements of Natural Macrocycles
Authors: Stress Cedric J. , Sauter Basilius , Schneider Lukas A. , Sharpe Timothy , Gillingham Dennis
Published: April 2019

Here we show a seven‐step chemical synthesis of a DNA‐encoded macrocycle library (DEML) on DNA. Inspired by polyketide and mixed peptide‐polyketide natural products, the library was designed to incorporate rich backbone diversity. Achieving this diversity, however, comes at the cost of the custom synthesis of bifunctional building block libraries. This study outlines the importance of careful retrosynthetic design in DNA‐encoded libraries, while revealing areas where new DNA synthetic methods are needed.
Committee Report: Getting Started in Transient Analysis
Authors:   Transient Analysis Subcommittee Of The Engineering Modeling Applications Committee
Published: April 2019

You have a hydraulic model of your system but you're hesitant to dip your toe into transient analysis. Here is some guidance to get you started.
Innovative Technologies to Address Water System Resilience and Response
Authors: Stern Chris
Published: April 2019

Regardless of what leads to crisis in a water system—natural disaster, seasonal conditions, human‐caused accidents—operators can shore up their preparedness with new monitoring and reporting technologies.
Mechanism of Lithium Cation Hopping between Tetragonal Thiophene Cages
Authors: Partovi‐Azar Pouya , Sebastiani Daniel
Published: April 2019

We report on the atomistic mechanism of elementary hopping processes of Li+ ions in liquid thiophene obtained from ab‐initio molecular dynamics simulations. We observe the formation of cage structures which solvate the cation. Besides the actual molecular solvation structure, we provide an analysis of the pathway and timescale of basic Li+ diffusion steps in terms of coordination by sulfur atoms. We compare our results to the situation in a thiophene derivative, namely 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT). The calculations reveal that in both thiophene and EDOT liquids, a tetrahedral structure is formed around the Li+ ion. While in the case of the former, the Li cation is coordinated by four sulfur atoms, in the latter case it is surrounded by four oxygens. The tetrahedrons act as cages, which accommodate the cation for a considerable duration (of the order of 100 ps). The elementary diffusion step occurs through a “permeable edge” of the tetrahedron formed by two sulfur (or oxygen) atoms at a characteristic distance. This finding indicates that Li+ conduction in thiophene derivatives can be improved by rationally designing the compound in such a way that maximizes the occurrence of sulfur atoms at that particular distance from each other.