bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uftrastruktur der Genitalorgane interstitieller Polychaeten II. Männliche Kopulationsorgane mit intrazellulären stilettstäben in einer Microphthalmus‐Art1
Authors: WESTHEIDE WILFRIED
Published: May 2008

The paired penis papillae of the hermaphroditic polychaete Microphthalmus cf. similis are supported each by eight stylet rods. TEM studies reveal that these are intracellular structures each situated in a special elongated cell. They are composed of an electron‐dense amorphous material surrounding a central cylindrical structure that is characteristically striated. The pattern and the periodicity show striking similarities to ciliary rootlet systems. The rod cells border an inner circle of four elongated ciliated cells that surround the central lumen of the papilla. The periphery of the organ is built up of thin epidermis cells and the dendritic parts of special receptor cells. The intracellular nature of these stylet rods is quite in contrast to the tube‐like stylets of Microphthalmus cf. lislensis which have been found to be extracellular structures derived from the cuticle of corresponding copulatory papillae.
Species of Aphanolaimus (Nematoda, Araeolaimida) from Africa
Authors: COOMANS AUGUST , WAELE DIRK DE
Published: May 2008

Aphanolaimus louisae sp.n. from mountain lakes on Mt. Kenya is described and figured in detail. Examination by scanning electron microscopy revealed some interesting morphological characters, such as the structure of the amphideal fovea, extremely small mouth opening, cuticular striation, lateral field, cuticular pores and setae and male supplements. A. louisae most closely resembles A. aquaticus Daday, 1894, but differs in the number of preanal supplements and shape of the spicules. A specimen from Zaïre comes close to the new species and is described as Aphanolaimus sp. Finally A. microlaimus De Coninck, 1935 is redescribed on the basis of the type material.
Indication of an Anal Pore in Gnathostomulida
Authors: KNAUSS ELIZABETH B.
Published: May 2008

Two species of Haplognathia (Gnathostomulida, Filospermoidea) were examined by electron microscopy and found to possess a tissue connection between the posterior end of the intestine and the dorsal epidermis. This anal tissue connection is characterized by a thinned out epidermis, interdigitation of epidermal and intestinal cells, and the absence of the basement membrane. An open anal pore was not observed. It is possible that the anal tissue connection of Haplognathia serves as a functional anal pore. The implications of this discovery with respect to the various theories of early Metazoan evolution are discussed.
Taxonomic Notes on Species of Tisbe (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from a Belgian Sluice Dock
Authors: BERGMANS MARC
Published: May 2008

Tisbe furcata, T. gracilis, T. bulbisetosa, T. holothuriae and T. battagliai are reported from the Sluice Dock near Ostend (Flemish Coast). The latter three species are new to the Belgian fauna. A cross‐breeding experiment between strains of T. holothuriae from Ostend and Venice (Italy) confirms perfect interfertility and hybrid F1 heterosis. T. furcata, the “stumbling block” of the genus, is redescribed and an account is presented of the characteristics and ontogeny of its colour pattern.
Meiomenia swedmarki gen. et sp.n., a New Interstitial Solenogaster from Washington, USA1
Authors: MORSE M. PATRICIA
Published: May 2008

Meiomenia swedmarki gen. et sp.n. is the first interstitial solenogaster described from North America, found in coarse sand off Friday Harbor, Washington. The cuticular scales and spines and copulatory spicules which characterize the new genus and species are described along with the internal anatomy. A comparison of this species with the two other described interstitial forms is included.
New Data on the Internal Anatomy of the Heterostraci (Agnatha), with General Remarks on the Phytogeny of the Craniota
Authors: JANVIER PHILIPPE , BLIECK ALAIN
Published: May 2008

Some new impressions have been observed on the visceral surface of a dorsal shield of Ctenaspis sp. from the Lower Devonian of Spitsbergen. They indicate the probable position of the ophthalmicus profundus and o. lateralis nerves, and of two branchial nerves. The impressions left by the branchial arches are also visible on the same specimen. Furthermore, a median dorsal series of circular impressions previously observed in Seretaspis zychi StensiÖ is compared to similar impressions observed in two osteostracans, and it is suggested that vertebral elements were present in the Heterostraci. Finally, the affinities of the Heterostraci are discussed and it is suggested that they may represent the sister group of the Myopterygii (Cephalaspidomorphi + Gnathostomata).
Theoretical Models of Speciation
Authors: BENGTSSON BENGT OLLE
Published: May 2008

Some population genetical models bearing on the question of speciation are reviewed, and a new kind of model dealing with resource competition between animals in partially reproductively isolated populations is introduced.
Underlying Synapomorphies and Anagenetic Analysis
Authors: SÆTHER OLE A.
Published: May 2008

Evaluations of holomorphological similarities are based on synapomorphies, symplesiomorphies, convergence, and parallelisms as results of parallel selection and of underlying synapomorphies respectively. Only synapomorphies and underlying synapomorphies can show genealogical relationships. Distinctions between parallel selections and underlying synapomorphies are of major phylogenetic importance, while distinctions between different evolutionary histories (eu‐parallelisms and pseudo‐parallelisms) are not. The circumstance when underlying synapomorphies are of special phylogenetic importance has been termed unique inside‐parallelism. Three such unique inside‐parallelisms are found in the female genitalia of the Chironomidae, where they are shown necessary for the understanding of subfamily relationships. — The first minimum criterion for recognizing synapomorphy (Schlee 1971) is corrected to: It should be present within the whole group or clearly secondarily reduced an apomorphic taxa. It should not be present in the same formation in any taxon outside the group which can be regarded as a possible sister group. — The anagenetic component of the evolutionary processes can, following a cladistic analysis, be calculated by means of the adjusted evolution index assigning the different recognizable steps of trends or morphocline number from 1 to 2 and calculating the arithmetic mean of all numbers. Examples from Chaoboridae and Chironomidae support the cladistic diagrams and point out that different stages belong to differing “grades”. Methods of numerical taxonomy may give a finer gradation of anagenetic levels.
Malacophrys viridis sp.n. (Malacophryidae fam.n.), ein Ciliat (Protozoa, Ciliophora) mit Merkmalen der Kinetofragminophora und Oligohymenophora
Authors: FOISSNER WILHELM
Published: May 2008

The morphology, infraciliature, and silverline system of Malacophrys viridis sp.n., a green‐yellow coloured ciliate with symbiotic blue‐green algae is described. Dying animals discharge a substance with a dark red autofluorescence. This curious ciliate shares features of the classes Kinetofragminophora (basket) and Oligohymenophora (true buccal cavity with two adoral membranelles and a paroral membrane). Its infraciliature and silverline system shows criteria of the orders Prostomatida, Nassulida‐, Parahymenostomatida, Hymenostomatida, and Scuticociliatida. This unique combination allows us to create the new family Malacophryidae whose systematic position remains uncertain. Perhaps they are primitive Nassulida or Parahymenostomatida.
Redescriptions of Phallodrilus parthenopaeus Pierantoni and P. obscurus Cook (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae)
Authors: ERSÉUS CHRISTER
Published: May 2008

The type species of Phallodrilus Pierantoni, 1902, P. parthenopaeus Pierantoni, 1902; is redescribed on the basis of new material from W Scotland. The species is characterized by its specific spermathecal and penial setae, its very slender atria, and its long spermathecal ducts. Sexually fully mature specimens of P. obscurus Cook, 1969 are described for the first time, on the basis of material from New Jersey (E USA). The new material shows that this species possesses 5 to 9 penial setae in each ventral bundle of segment XI, and that its atria are coated with a relatively thick musculature.
Taxonomic Studies on the Marine Genera Aktedrilus Knöllner and Bacescuella Hrabe' (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae), with Descriptions of Seven New Species
Authors: ERSÉUS CHRISTER
Published: May 2008

The taxonomy and morphology of Aktedrilus Knöllner, 1935 and Bacescuella Hrabe' 1973 (subfamily Phallodrilinae), both common genera of the marine, littoral meiofauna, were studied on the basis of material from various geographical areas. A. monospermathecus Knöllner, 1935 is redescribed from France and Scotland. A. magnus sp.n., A. hrevis sp.n., A. curvipenis sp.n. and A. floridensis sp.n. are described from Italy, Brazil, France and Florida, respectively. Two very closely related forms are described from the Pacific: A. locyi sp.n. (California) and A. parviprostatus sp.n. (Great Barrier Reef). B. mediterranea sp.n. is described from Italy, and new European records are given forB. arclica Erséus, 1978 andfi. parvithecata Erséus, 1978. Both genera are characterized by having two pairs of prostate glands, well developed penes, and unpaired, mid‐dorsal spermatheca (if present). The species of Bacescuella transfer their sperm by means of external spermatophores, structures that are not developed in Aktedrilus. The eight species of Aktedrilus are largely distinguished by means of the morphology of the spermatheca, penes and prostates. The four species of Bacescuella differ principally from each other in the length of the vasa deferentia, and in the morphology of the prostates and copulatory organs. Most Bacescuella species lack spermatheca.
The Tidal Genus Echiniscoides and Its Variability, with Erection of Echiniscoididae fam.n. (Tardigrada)1
Authors: KRISTENSEN REINHARDT M. , HALLAS THORKIL E.
Published: May 2008

The family Echiniscoididae, comprising Anisonyches Pollock, 1975 and Echiniscoides is erected. Members of the latter genus were found in barnacles collected from the coasts of the USA, Greenland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, France and Spain. From this material and from available museum specimens it can be concluded that two species of Echiniscoides exist. E. hoepneri sp.n. is parasitic in Balanus balanoides in W Greenland. E. sigismundi (M. Schultze, 1865) is a complex of small species mainly distinguished by its co‐variation of cutic‐ular and claw features. E. sigismundi groenlandicus subsp.n. appeared from the coasts of the USA, Greenland and Norway. For E. sigismundi s.str. we were forced to establish a neotype typical of the findings from S Norway to N France, thus including the traditional finding places of this species. Less widely distributed are perhaps E. s. galliensis subsp.n. (N France), E. s. hispaniensis subsp.n. (N Spain, the Atlantic coast) and E. s. mediterranicus subsp.n. (the Mediterranean coast of N Spain). E. s. polynesiensis Renaud‐Mornant, 1976 is recorded from Melbourne (Australia) and against the background of the other subspecies an amended diagnosis is presented. Key characters are provided and besides an analysis of the variation of taxonomic characters, a brief account of the biology and ecology of the members of Echiniscoides is given.
Histologic Studies of Ostracoderms, Placoderms and Fossil Elasmobranchs
Authors: ØRVIG TOR
Published: May 2008

InPlourdosteus. Pholidosteusand other brachythoracids, the gnathalia exhibit a limited number of dental fields with much the same distribution pattern. Each of these either carries semidentine teeth or marks the location of a column of semidentine (or, in cases, other dental hard tissue) which phyletically represents the product of fusion of originally independent teeth. The basal portion of the superognathalia and of the biting division of the inferognathal were regions of active growth where formation of new hard tissue went onpari passuwith the abrasion on the biting areas of the plates. The inferognathal formed during ontogeny by the fusion of two separate elements, a dental component on which all the dental fields of the plate were situated, and an axial component which was devoid of such fields. InHolonema, the narrow ridges on the lingual side of the gnathal plate of the lower jaw consist in part of semidentine; even these formed phyletically by the fusion of teeth. Dermal jaw‐elements with quite the same developmental and structural features as those of brachythoracid or holonematid arthrodires are unknown in other fishes, including elasmobranchs.
Comparison of Postembryonic Organization of the Genital Segments in Trichoceridae, Tipulidae, and Anisopodidae (Diptera, Nematocera)
Authors: DAHL CHRISTINE
Published: May 2008

The number of abdominal segments in Tipulomorpha and Bibionomorpha larvae and aduts is discussed. For Nematocera, the most primitive number of abdominal segments in both male and female larvae is nine. Reduction of the IX abdominal segment and its subsequent fusion with the VIII segment occurs in different phyletic lines in Nematocera and might have evolved several times. In Trichocera spp. nine abdominal segments are present. In the genital segments the main interrelationships in the position of the anus and some main innervation areas, especially the ventral lobes, and the derivatives of the genital primordia were followed during postembryonic reorganization by studying variously stained serial sections from all developmental stages from the first larval instar to the adult stage. Homologies between male and female derivatives of the IX segment genital primordium were established for Trichoceridae. The trichoceroid male claspers and female ovipositor were found to be of sternal origin and highly specialized structures. They appear to be unique features of the Tipulomorpha. Postembryonic development in Limonia nubeculosa Meigen, 1804 and Sylvicola cinctu (Fab‐ricius, 1787) was studied in the same way. In Limonia males the trichoceroid functional system for grasping is present. In Anisopodidae (Sylvicola), another functional system for grasping has been evolved by the male, which only includes primordial derivatives. In the adults, fusion of the VIII and IX segments prevents development of outer clasping organs or special structures for egg guidance.
Morphology and Differentiation of Non‐sensory Cuticular Structures in Mysidacea, Cumacea and Tanaidacea (Crustacea, Peracarida)
Authors: KLEPAL WALTRAUD , KASTNER ROBERT T.
Published: May 2008

The non‐sensory cuticular structures of some peracarideans (Mysidacea, Cumacea, Tanaidacea) were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The various types of structures present in the adult specimens are listed and the relation amongst them is elucidated. Three ways of differentiation of the structures can be distinguished: 1) a differentiation in the complexity of the structures themselves, 2) a differentiation of their arrangement on the body. 3) a differentiation of their distribution on the various parts of the body. A highly differentiated type of arrangement (row) of a number of simple structures (e.g. teeth) may lead to a higher complex structure (comb), which is seen to be developed best on special regions of the body (e.g. the distal segments of thoracic legs). The function of the cuticular structures–by analogy with other taxonomic groups–is discussed.
Indigenous Development and the Developing World
Authors: Hunter Guy
Published: May 2008

‘The problem is not to wipe the slate clean in undeveloped countries, and to write our own technical and economic equations on it, but to recognise that different countries have a different language of social action; and possess, and indeed have long exercised, peculiar aptitudes for solving the problems of their own time and place; aptitudes which must be further developed in the historic setting of their own past to meet the exigencies of the present and the future.’2
The Brandt Report
Authors: Stewart Frances
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

C. Paul Hallwood and Stuart W. Sinclair, Oil, Debt and Development: OPEC in the Third World. George Allen and Unwin, London, forthcoming.

The Management of Squatter Upgrading: A Case Study of Organisation, Procedures and Participation. By David Pasteur.

Planning for Growing Populations. Ed. by Robert Cassen and Margaret Wolfson.

Experiments in Family Planning. Lessons from the Developing World. By Roberto Cuca and Catherine S.

Rural Industralization in China. By Jon Sigurdson.

Le Dialogue Euro‐Arabe. Ed. by Jacques Bourrinet.

Financing and Risk in Developing Countries. Edited by Stephen H. Goodman.

The International Monetary System and the Less Developed Countries. By Graham Bird.

Human Resources and African Development. Ed. by Ukandi G. Damachi and Victor P.
Pursuing National Versus Local Interests: The Development Dilemma
Authors: Toulmin Camilla
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Pastoral Man in the Garden of Eden: The Maasai of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania. By Kaj Arhem

Livestock Development in Kenya's Maasailand: Pastoralists' Transition to a Market Economy. By Phylo Evangelou

Tenants and Nomads in Eastern Sudan: A Study of Economic Adaptations in the New Harfa Scheme. By Gunnar M . Sorbo

Animal Health Services in SubSaharan Africa: Alternative Approaches. By Cornelis de Haan and Nico J. Nissen

Food Production and Rural Development in the Sahel: Lessons from Mali's Operation Riz‐Segou. By James R. Bingen

Population, Health and Nutrition in the Sahel: Issues in the Werfare of Selected West African Communities. Edited by Allan G. Hill

The Camelid: an All Purpose Animal. Edited by Ross W. Cockrill
Integrating Developing Countries into International Economics
Authors: Page Sheila
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Protectionism. By Jagdish Bhagwati

Protection. Cooperation, Integration and Development. Edited by Ali M. El‐Agraa

The New Protectionist Threat to World Welfare. Edited by Dominick Salvatore

Global Macroeconomics. Edited by Ralph C. Bryant and Richard Portes

Macroeconomic Interactions Between North and South. Edited by David Currie and David Vines
Famine, Food Insecurity, Poverty and Public Action
Authors: Clay Edward
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Hunger and Public Action. By Jean Drèze and Amartya Sen

The Political Economy of Hunger. Edited by Jean Drèze and Amartya Sen.
The Political Economy of International Agricultural Research: Innovation for Whom in the 1990s?
Authors: Cromwell Elizabeth
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Rice Science and Development Politics: IRRI's Strategies and Asian Diversity 1950–1980. By Robert S. Anderson, Edwin Levy and Barrie Morrison.

First the Seed: the Political Economy of Plant Biotechnology 1492–2000. By Jack Ralph Kloppenburg Jr.
Policy‐induced Innovation in Sub‐Saharan African Agriculture: A Multilateral Malmquist Productivity Index Approach
Authors: Thirtle Colin , Hadley David , Townsend Robert
Published: May 2008

To meet the [African] crisis one must turn to agricultural‐led growth. But, based on historical experience, an agricultural‐led strategy must be framed in no less than a twenty‐year horizon and must entail a combination of technological innovation, policy reform, and institutional restructuring because each, by itself, is limited. (Eicher, 1989)
Structural Adjustment and Poverty—Blunting the Criticisms
Authors: Please Stanley
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Adjustment and Poverty: Options and Choices. By Frances Stewart

Structural Adjustment and the Working Poor in Zimbabwe: Studies on Labom Women Informal Sector Workers and Health. Edited by Peter Gibbon

Structural Adjustment and Ethnicity in Nigeria. By Eghosa Osaghae

The Social Impact of Adjustment Operations. By the Operations Evaluations Department, World Bank
Hidden action, risk aversion and variable fines in agri‐environmental schemes*
Authors: Ozanne Adam , White Ben
Published: May 2008

This note analyses the design of agri‐environmental schemes for risk‐averse producers whose input usage is only observable by costly monitoring. The scheme penalises producers in proportion to input use in excess of a quota. A striking result is that if the scheme is designed in such a way that producers always comply with the quota, risk aversion is not relevant in determining the level of input use.
Fuzzy Clustering of Stability Diagrams for Vibration‐Based Structural Health Monitoring
Authors: Carden E. Peter , Brownjohn James M. W.
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  A primary challenge to implementing structural health monitoring techniques on civil infrastructure is the identification of structural changes in the presence of natural changes in structural response due to environmental variables such as temperature. Data from the Z24 Bridge recorded over the course of nearly a year are analyzed in this article. Covariance‐driven Stochastic Subspace Identification is applied to the data to identify the modal parameters of the structure. A large number of numerical poles are identified with the real physical poles. A Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm is then used to extract parameters indicative of the bridge's state from the mixture of real and numerical poles. The main benefit of this approach is the lack of need for mode shape information and thus its applicability to structures monitored with spatially sparse sensor grids. The method is shown to provide very encouraging results in separating the response data from the Z24 Bridge in healthy and damaged states in varying environmental conditions. The method does not explicitly identify the changes due to environmental variables but it is found that the changes in the parameters identified due to damage are greater than those due to environmental variability and therefore may be flagged. The procedure is also applied successfully to a second data set obtained from monitoring a tall building over several years of its early life to identify gradual or sudden structural changes.
ON THE REAL IDENTITY OF FICUS MAGNOLIOIDES
Authors: Fici S. , Raimondo F.M.
Published: May 2008

Summary. The correct name of Ficus magnolioides Borzì var. magnolioides (Moraceae) is F. macrophylla Desf. ex Pers. subsp. columnaris (C. Moore) P.S. Green.
ODONTOGLOSSUM HARRYANUM Orchidaceae
Authors: Thomas Sarah
Published: May 2008

Summary. The history, taxonomy, distribution, habitat and cultivation of the Colombian Odontoglossum harryanum (Orchidaceae) are discussed and a full botanical description of the species is provided.
CONSERVATION OF THE FLORA OF THE MASCARENE ISLANDS
Authors: Strahm Wendy
Published: May 2008

Summary.The current threatened state of the Mascarene flora is described and some remedial measures are proposed.
HELLEBORUS THIBETANUS Ranunculaceae
Authors: Hall Tony , Mathew Brian
Published: May 2008

Summary. The Chinese Helleborus thibetanus (Ranunculaceae), a geographically isolated species in the genus, is illustrated; its history, relationships, distribution, ecology and cultural requirements are discussed and a full description of the species is provided.
Implicit Proactive Interference, Age, and Automatic Versus Controlled Retrieval Strategies
Authors: Ikier Simay , Yang Lixia , Hasher Lynn
Published: May 2008

We assessed the extent to which implicit proactive interference results from automatic versus controlled retrieval among younger and older adults. During a study phase, targets (e.g., “ALLERGY”) either were or were not preceded by nontarget competitors (e.g., “ANALOGY”). After a filled interval, the participants were asked to complete word fragments, some of which cued studied words (e.g., “A_L__GY”). Retrieval strategies were identified by the difference in response speed between a phase containing fragments that cued only new words and a phase that included a mix of fragments cuing old and new words. Previous results were replicated: Proactive interference was found in implicit memory, and the negative effects were greater for older than for younger adults. Novel findings demonstrate two retrieval processes that contribute to interference: an automatic one that is age invariant and a controlled process that can reduce the magnitude of the automatic interference effects. The controlled process, however, is used effectively only by younger adults. This pattern of findings potentially explains age differences in susceptibility to proactive interference.
Smarter Than We Think
Authors: Neys Wim De , Vartanian Oshin , Goel Vinod
Published: May 2008

Human reasoning is often biased by stereotypical intuitions. The nature of such bias is not clear. Some authors claim that people are mere heuristic thinkers and are not aware that cued stereotypes might be inappropriate. Other authors claim that people always detect the conflict between their stereotypical thinking and normative reasoning, but simply fail to inhibit stereotypical thinking. Hence, it is unclear whether heuristic bias should be attributed to a lack of conflict detection or a failure of inhibition. We introduce a neuroscientific approach that bears on this issue. Participants answered a classic decision-making problem (the “lawyer-engineer” problem) while the activation of brain regions believed to be involved in conflict detection (anterior cingulate) and response inhibition (lateral prefrontal cortex) was monitored. Results showed that although the inhibition area was specifically activated when stereotypical responses were avoided, the conflict-detection area was activated even when people reasoned stereotypically. The findings suggest that people detect their bias when they give intuitive responses.
Dissociable Interference-Control Processes in Perception and Memory
Authors: Nee Derek Evan , Jonides John
Published: May 2008

Control over interference is a pervasive feature of cognitive life. Central to research on interference control has been the identification of its underlying mechanisms. Investigations have focused on processes that filter out distracting perceptual information, leading to negative priming, and processes that discard intruding memories that cause proactive interference. Theories differ regarding whether or not a single process during episodic retrieval underlies both negative priming and the resolution of proactive interference. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we combined both phenomena into a single paradigm and found that occipital cortex shows activation uniquely related to negative priming, whereas activation increases in left lateral prefrontal cortex are uniquely associated with proactive interference. This pattern of results contradicts theories that rely on a single process to account for both phenomena. However, results also showed common recruitment of right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and parietal regions and therefore suggest that some control processes are shared.
Social Feedback to Infants' Babbling Facilitates Rapid Phonological Learning
Authors: Goldstein Michael H. , Schwade Jennifer A.
Published: May 2008

Infants' prelinguistic vocalizations are rarely considered relevant for communicative development. As a result, there are few studies of mechanisms underlying developmental changes in prelinguistic vocal production. Here we report the first evidence that caregivers'speech to babbling infants provides crucial, real-time guidance to the development of prelinguistic vocalizations. Mothers of 9.5-month-old infants were instructed to provide models of vocal production timed to be either contingent or noncontingent on their infants' babbling. Infants given contingent feedback rapidly restructured their babbling, incorporating phonological patterns from caregivers'speech, but infants given noncontingent feedback did not. The new vocalizations of the infants in the contingent condition shared phonological form but not phonetic content with their mothers' speech. Thus, prelinguistic infants learned new vocal forms by discovering phonological patterns in their mothers' contingent speech and then generalizing from these patterns.
THE TIME‐ORDER ERROR IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF A SUBJECTIVE TIME SCALE
Authors: Björkman Mats , Holmkvist Olle
Published: May 2008

(1) A method to obtain a scale of subjective time unbiased by the time‐order error is suggested. (2) The method gives as by‐product some preliminary results on the memory process which gives rise to the time‐order error. (3) The method is applied in an experimental study. Two methods, the adjustment method and the reproduction method were used to construct a subjective time scale within the range 1–7 seconds. The former method gave an almost linear R‐S curve while the latter resulted in a positively accelerated curve. (4) The time‐order error seems to be a very rapid process. The memory curve reaches very near its asymptotic value within a few tenths of a second.
ON THE NEW PSYCHOPHYSICS
Authors: Stevens S. S.
Published: May 2008

A discussion of problems and methods in modern psychophysics is presented. A distinction is made between prothetic and metathetic continua, and between ratio scales, category scales and what are called confusion scales. The paper includes a survey of some scaling experiments and reports the exponents of a number of power functions describing the relation between stimulus magnitude and subjective magnitude.
SUBJECTIVE ESTIMATION OF DRUG‐INDUCED CHANGES IN ACTIVATION LEVEL
Authors: Dureman Ingmar , Scholander Torkel
Published: May 2008

For comparative evaluation of the subjective effects of 50 mg chlorpromazine, 0.10 g amobarbital and 10 mg amphetamine (phenopromine. sulf.) two types of formalized rating procedures—a verbal check list and graphic rating scales—were administered to 187 university students. Repeated self‐ratings were performed 45, 90 and 180 minutes after oral intake. By the check‐list method the expected difference between amphetamine and chlorpromazine was significantly established in all the three ratings. Only in the 45‐minute rating was a significant difference obtained between amobarbital and amphetamine. The graphic rating scales were clearly less efficient as judged from the greater proportion reporting ‘no change’.
SERIAL PERFORMANCE PATTERNS IN RAVEN'S PROGRESSIVE MATRICES: A contribution to the discussion of structural intravariation and its significance for intelligence testing
Authors: Nyman G. Eberhard , Smith Gudmund J. W.
Published: May 2008

The paper intends to characterize, from a serial point of view, the five subsequent scores in Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) and to study the significance of various ‘serial types’: (1) by employing parallelly a diagnostic instrument, the serial version of Stroop's colour‐word test (CW), (2) by correlating serial patterns in RPM and ratings of temperamental traits. One RPM pattern implied early, another late maximum performance. As predicted, the sequence of part‐performances in RPM, independently of the total score, appeared to correlate with ‘cognitive style’ in the CW test and with the subject's observable behaviour in an interview situation.
STAGES IN CONCEPT FORMATION AND LEVELS OF COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING
Authors: Rommetveit Ragnar
Published: May 2008

This paper deals with a process of intuitive concept formation which is assumed to take place when learning of the concept involves unfamiliar discriminations, and is subordinate relative to some salient behavioral goal. Under such conditions, three separate stages of learning are hypothesized. At first, the defining property acquires perceptual dominance. After that, the functional concept is achieved. Finally, the verbal concept is developed as an insight into and symbolic representation of an already established intuitive discriminatory mechanism. This follows from certain theoretical assumptions concerning levels of cognitive organization, it is maintained, and is also in part corroborated by the findings from a preliminary experimental study.
THE EFFECT OF PERFORMANCE TIME AND RETESTING UPON THE FACTOR STRUCTURE OF INTELLIGENCE TESTS
Authors: Häkkinen Sauli , Ruoppila Isto
Published: May 2008

Changes in the factor structure of intelligence tests between early and later stages of performance and between testing and retesting were studied. In addition to factor analyses, correlations between the test scores of various time periods and the final factor scores were computed. The principal findings were the powerful influence of the verbal ability in the initial stages of most tests, the gradual ‘purification’ of the factors, and the occurrence of a shift of the highest factor loadings of some tests from one factor to another, particularly in tests with increasing item difficulty.
SENSORY AND PREPARATORY FACTORS IN RESPONSE LATENCY: Simple reaction or compensatory interaction?
Authors: Thrane Vidkunn Coucheron
Published: May 2008

The so‐called simple reaction is viewed as a dynamically integrated organismic response, modifiable by sensory and preparatory factors and their interactions. The procedure used in presenting several variants of the focal stimulus regulates the specificity of the respondent's preknowledge of stimulus, and thereby the opportunity for interaction as suggested. Additional results confirm the previous finding that the differential effect of stimulus intensity is inversely related to the degree of preknowledge. The interaction is therefore considered to be of a compensatory nature.
NOTE ON THE SUBJECTIVE SPEED OF MANUAL WORK
Authors: Ekman Gösta , Herbert Anders
Published: May 2008

A preliminary experiment is described, in which the speed of three manual activities was estimated by the method of magnitude estimation. Within the rather narrow stimulus range of 1/1.35 the subjective range was 1/1.86 for card dealing, 1/1.64 for shoveling gravel, and 1/1.41 for packing. Tentative interpretations of these differences are discussed.
VELOCITY PERCEPTION — CENTRALLY OR RETINALLY ORGANISED?
Authors: Cohen R. L.
Published: May 2008

Cohen, R. L. Velocity perception—centrally or retinally organised?Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 45–48.—5 subjects were asked to estimate (a) the relative and (6) the absolute velocities of two spots moving in a simple harmonic motion, 180° out of phase under two experimental conditions: (1) both spots projected on to bothretinas, and (2) one spot projected on to one retina and the second on to the other. Theresults were precisely the same under both conditions. This was taken as indicating that(a) the organisation of velocity perception is central rather than retinal, and (b) the effect of interference caused by one spot when trying to estimate the velocity of the other (the signal) is not lessened when the interference is fed into the eye other than the one receiving the signal spot.
THE PERCEPTION OF A VISUAL SHAPE AND OF ITS FRAME‐SURFACE DURING CONTINUOUS TRANSFORMATION
Authors: von Fieandt K.
Published: May 2008

The procedure differed from that of traditional shape constancy experiments in that cues for the slant of the total frame‐surface containing the main figure, a shadow rectangle, were given. The impression of slant was determined by gradients of continuous perspective transformations caused by movable elastic material casting its shadow on a translucent screen. The following hypothesis was confirmed: the tendency to see a shape in its original proportions (i.e., those it has when shown in a frontal‐parallel orientation) increases with the increasingly strong impression of the slant of its plane surface.
THE ACQUISITION OF CONSERVATION OF SUBSTANCE AND WEIGHT IN CHILDREN: II.External reinforcement of conservation of weight and of the operations of addition and subtraction
Authors: Smedslund Jan
Published: May 2008

Smedslund, J. The acquisition of conservation of substance and weight in children. II. External reinforcement of conservation of weight and of the operations of addition and subtraction. Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 71–84. —The subjects were 5–7 years old. Group I was allowed to observe empirical conservation of weight on a balance. Group II practised on additions and subtractions of material with controls on the scales. Group III took only the pre‐ and posttests. The data show no appreciable differences in frequency of acquisition of conservation between the three groups. It is concluded that none of the experimental conditions were necessary or sufficient for the acquisition of principles of conservation. The hypothesis is advanced that cognitive conflict may be the crucial factor involved.
HUMAN FIGURE DRAWINGS BY NORMAL AND PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED CHILDREN: DRAW‐A‐PERSON TEST
Authors: Nielsen Helle H.
Published: May 2008

Nielsen, Helle H. Human figure drawings by normal and physically handicapped children. Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 129–138.—Cerebral palsied children (spastic hemiplegia and paraplegia) were compared with normal children on nineteen formal variables of Draw‐a‐Person Test. Contrary to prediction, no differences were found between the experimental and matched control group, but one variable (Extremities lacking) was scored more frequently on hemiplegic than on paraplegic children. A comparison of the two groups showed that a significantly larger number of spastic drawings than normal drawings had a Goodenough IQ that was more than 10 points lower than their Binet IQ. A clinical psychologist, with much experience of figure drawings, sorted the drawings better than chance, only informed about age and IQ of the subject.
THE IMPORTANCE OF TIME FOR THE INTROMISSION FREQUENCY IN THE MALE RAT MATING BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Larsson Knut
Published: May 2008

Larsson, K. The importance of time for the intromission frequency in the male rat mating behaviour. Scand. J. Psychol. 1961, 2, 149–152.—A prolongation of the intervals separating the intromissions in the male rat mating pattern produces a decrease in the number of intromissions to ejaculate. By comparing the length of the interval effective in inducing a reduction of the response frequency in two groups of subjects, one composed of extremely ‘slow’ animals and another of extremely ‘fast’ ones, it was found that the appearance of the reduction effect was dependent on the length of the interco‐pulatory interval characteristic of the individual. A reduction appeared in all animals when the interval of enforced rest was longer than the normal inter‐copulatory interval.
THE ACQUISITION OF CONSERVATION OF SUBSTANCE AND WEIGHT IN CHILDREN
Authors: Smedslund Jan
Published: May 2008

Smedslund, J. The acquisition of conservation of substance and weight in children. IV. Attempt at extinction of the visual components of the weight concept. Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 153–155.—The normal development from non‐conservation to conservation is also a transition from a perception‐bound concept to one liberated from the dependence on immediate perception. Using 6‐year‐old children it was attempted to extinguish the visual cues to weight by making them artificially unreliable. This procedure was expected to make the subjects search for more reliable cues at the level of symbolic representation of past events, and thereby to lead to conservation. The prediction was not borne out.
SENSORY AND PREPARATORY FACTORS IN RESPONSE LATENCY
Authors: Thrane Vidkunn Coucheron
Published: May 2008

Thrane, V. C. Sensory and preparatory factors in response latency. V. Stimulus blanks as regulator of preparatory set. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 1–15.—When otherwise nearly replicating the preceding experiment, but excluding the final reaction signal in 14 per cent of the trials under all conditions, response latency was much less affected, if at all, by differential warning of stimulus strength. It is concluded that a constant proportion of stimulus blanks serves largely to equalize perceptual uncertainty on the part of the respondent as to presence of a stimulus, in spite of variations in the sensory adequacy of the expected stimulus, and hence may be used when necessary as an antecedent variable for generating more comparable preparatory sets in studies concerned with the sensory effects of stimulus variables.
ON THE PROBLEM OF CATEGORY SCALES IN PSYCHOPHYSICS
Authors: Eisler Hannes
Published: May 2008

Eisler, H. On the problem of category scales in psychophysics. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 81–87.—In the first Part of the paper it is shown that, if three assumptions are granted, the category scale must be logarithmically related to the magnitude scale: K =α log φ+β. In the second part of the paper, the relation K =α log (kφ+ q) +β is derived, starting from the assumptions that the category scale is a pure function of discrimination and that discrimination is appropriately described by the linear generalization of Weber's law for prothetic continua. We can reconcile these two formulas by defining the zero‐point of the magnitude scale as the point where variability vanishes.
NON‐HYPNOTIC EXPERIENCES RELATED TO HYPNOTIZABILITY IN MALE AND FEMALE COLLEGE STUDENTS
Authors: ÅS Abvid
Published: May 2008

Ås, A. Non‐hypnotic experiences related to hypnotizability in male and female college students. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 112–131.—Some recent research on the relation between subjective experiences and hypnotic susceptibility is reviewed. In a male sample of 50 subjects significant correlations between scores on the Experience Inventory and hypnotizability were found. A cross‐validation of composite experience scores on this sample and a female sample studied earlier gave positive results. Based on several sources of data a preliminary analysis is made of the similarities and differences between male and female students regarding experiences related to hypnotizability.
SUBJECTIVE INTOXICATION INDUCED BY NITROUS OXIDE IN VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: Frankenhaeuser Marianne , Jarpe Gundla
Published: May 2008

Frankenhaeuser, M. & Jarpe, G. Subjective intoxication induced by nitrous oxide in various concentrations. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 171–176.—Subjective intoxication at various dose‐levels of nitrous oxide was investigated by the method of magnitude estimation. Estimates of intoxication were obtained from the intoxicated subjects themselves and from a group of observers. Both these sets of subjective scale values showed a pronounced and regular increase with increasing dose‐levels of the drug. Objective performance changes followed the same general pattern, but were much less pronounced. It was concluded that subjective scaling methods are well suited for measurements of drug‐induced changes in subjective variables.
INTROMISSION FREQUENCY AND INTROMISSION DURATION IN THE MALE RAT MATING BEHAVIOR
Authors: Carlsson Sven G. , Larsson Knot
Published: May 2008

Carlsson, S. G. & Larsson, K. Intromission frequency and intromission duration in the male rat mating behavior. Scand, J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 189–191.—The male rat attains ejaculation after repeatedly mounting and penetrating the receptive female. By artificially prolonging the intervals of rest separating the intromissions the male is made to ejaculate after fewer intromissions than occurs when he copulates ad libitum. It was found that the reduction in intromission frequency was accompanied by an increase in intromission duration.
THE LAW OF COMPARATIVE JUDGMENT: A case not assuming equal variances and covariances
Authors: Sjöberg Lennart
Published: May 2008

Sjöberg, L. The law of comparative judgment: a case not assuming equal variances and covariances. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 219–225.—Anew case of the law of comparative judgment is described. It utilizes information contained in the tetrachoric correlations between pairs of stimuli. A multivariate normal distribution of subjective values is assumed. A second assumption is that covariances are unaffected by changes in ‘surrounding’ stimuli. The computational work is rather heavy but programs for two Swedish computers are now available in Algol code.
A FORMULA FOR THE USE OF SUPPRESSION VARIABLES IN CORRECTING INDIVIDUAL RATINGS
Authors: Dunér A. , Magnusson D.
Published: May 2008

Dunér, A. & Magnusson, D. A formula for the use of suppression variables in correcting individual ratings. Scand. J. Psychol, 1962, 3, 226–232.—Ratings of aptitude, ability or performance used for selection and/or prediction or as criteria for the estimation of the validity of other methods are often influenced by irrelevant factors. Two correction formulas based on a suppression variable have been derived. The relation between the correlation formula derived and the partial correlation formula is discussed, as well as the effect of the application of the formula on the estimation of differential validity.
ON LEARNING TO PREDICT EVENTS
Authors: Björkman Mats
Published: May 2008

Björkman, M. On learning to predict events. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 233–240.—A rather large group of ‘real life situations’ requires a subject to predict events which are causally related to variables of the situation. Some operational characteristics of such situations are described. A primary question concerns the learning of the connection between situation and event (S → E learning).—In an illustrative experiment frequency of ‘reinforcement by observation’ is varied. It is found that this factor can vary considerably without affecting rate of learning. As a preliminary conclusion it is suggested that reinforcement by observation as a differentiating factor is dependent on other factors, e.g. the dispersion of states of the situation.
THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF UNCERTAINTY
Authors: Eckblad Gudrun
Published: May 2008

Problem solving tasks of different informational content were presented for free choice, and the attractiveness of the situation was measured by repeated ratings. The hypothesis of an inverted U‐shaped relationship between uncertainty and attractiveness of the situation was supported. The value of rating as a method for this purpose, and some results indicating the importance of stimulus patterning are discussed.
THE MOVING RADII ILLUSION
Authors: Junge Kenneth
Published: May 2008

When a set of concentric circles is subjected to a rinsing motion, moving radii will be seen. The phenomenon is explained in terms of the dependency of the intensity of the receptor processes on the time of stimulation. It is suggested that the term effect be substituted for the term illusion in describing the phenomenon.
VOLITION: A NEW EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
Authors: Nielsen Torsten Ingemann
Published: May 2008

The subjects were presented with a drawing task, i.e. to follow a straight line. Later, without the subjects' knowledge, the experimenter inserted a mirror so that the subjects were looking at another person's hand in a mirror, placed so that the subjects still thought they were looking at their own hands. When both the subjects' and the stooge's hand were following the straight line, the subjects experienced the alien hand as their own and that its movements were controlled by themselves (voluntary movements). When the stooge drew a curve to the right, the subjects still experienced the hand as their own, but now making involuntary movements. Thus, ‘the visual hand’ dominated ‘the kinesthetical hand’ despite the fact that the subjects objectively made compensatory movements to the left.
REWARD AND PUNISHMENT: A DETERMINANT IN FIGURE‐GROUND PERCEPTION?
Authors: Lie Ivar
Published: May 2008

In a repetition of D. N. Jackson's experiment (1954) only half of 32 subjects reported previously rewarded profiles more often than punished ones. Post‐experimental interviews suggest that the effect may depend upon whether or not the subject grasps the purpose of the experiment. Another alternative to the original interpretation, based on the concept of ‘autism.’, is that rewarded profiles are reported more frequently because they are learned better than the punished profiles. A second experiment supports the assumption that the one profile of a reversible pair which is learned most completely is also the one reported most frequently in the post‐training series. The appropriateness of the experimental design for the study of figure‐ground perception is questioned.