bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diversity of anti‐inflammatory polyacetylenes in colored carrots (Daucus carota L.)
Authors: Metzger Brandon Troy , Barnes David M.
Published: June 2021

The heterogeneity of phytochemical profiles in colored carrots represents a challenge to the functional food and dietary supplement industry. Results from our lab previously demonstrated that polyacetylenes (falcarindiol, falcarindiol 3‐acetate, and falcarinol) isolated from purple carrot were responsible for a reduction in nitric oxide and pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐6, IL‐1β, TNF‐α) in macrophage and endothelial cells. Freeze‐dried carrots were extracted in dichloromethane and analyzed by GC‐MS. Polyacetylene standards were obtained from preparative HPLC. The deep purple carrot variety contained the highest total average concentration of polyacetylenes. Commercial long orange and baby carrots contained 25 vs. 70% less falcarindiol, 112 vs. 68% falcarindiol 3‐acetate, and 61 vs. 85% less falcarinol respectively compared to deep purple. Other carrot varieties had lower concentrations of polyacetylenes including atomic red and snow white which contained 77 and 81% less falcarindiol, 73 and 63% less falcarindiol 3‐acetate, and 79 and 80% less falcarinol respectively compared to deep purple carrot. The dichloromethane lipophilic extract of colored carrots contains a diversity of phytochemicals including carotenoids (lutein, lycopene, αand β‐carotene), phenolics, vitamin E, and phytosterols; however, the anti‐inflammatory bioactivity is correlative with the polyacetylene content.
Glycemic response of type 2 diabetics to sweetened dried cranberries
Authors: Wilson Ted , Morcomb Erin F , Schmidt Travis P , Luebke Justin L , Carrell Emily J , Leveranz Megan C , Kobs Lisa , Singh Ajay P , Vorsa Nicholi , Limburg Paul J
Published: June 2021

Diabetics tend to have inadequate fruit consumption, elevated plasma glucose and insulin, and increased cardiovascular disease risk. Dried fruit may represent one way to increase fruit consumption among diabetics. Polydextrose is a commonly used soluble fiber and bulking agent providing very little available carbohydrate energy. The glycemic and insulinemic response of type 2 diabetics (n=13) to a single serving of white bread (57g; 160 Cal; 1 g fiber), raw cranberries (RC; 55g; 21 Cal; 1 g fiber), sweetened dried cranberries‐original (SCDO; 40g, 138 Cal; 2.1g fiber), and SDC‐less sugar (SDCLS; 40g; 113 Cal; 1.8g fiber + 10g polydextrose) was measured in a single cross‐over design. Plasma glucose (mg/dl) and insulin ( μU/ml) was measured prior to consumption, then 30, 60 and 120 minutes postprandially. Plasma glucose peaked at 30 or 60 min following bread, RC, SDCO, and SDCLS at 175 ± 10, 127 ± 7, 175 ± 10 and 158 ± 9 min, respectively, and remained significantly elevated 120 min following bread consumption. Peak plasma insulin for SDCO (15 ± 2) and RC (10 ± 1) was significantly less than bread (22 ± 2) or SDCO (22 ± 4), and remained slightly elevated at 120 minutes. The area under the curve values reflected similar changes. SDCLS consumption could be useful for improving fruit consumption by type 2 diabetics in a manner that provides glycemic and insulinemic benefits. Sponsor: Ocean Spray Cranberries Inc.
Effect of saffron on levels of blood lipids in rats fed a high cholesterol diet
Authors: Thomson Martha , Bou‐Abbas Fatima , Alansary Abrar , Al‐Qattan Khaled K. , Ali Muslim
Published: June 2021

Saffron (Crocus sativus Linneatus), a precious spice, is used in food preparation for its yellow‐orange color and strong flavor.Saffron has biological activities including antihumoral, cytotoxic, hypolipidemic, anti‐inflammatory, etc. Rats fed a 2% cholesterol diet have been shown to develop hypercholesterolemia and triglyceridemia, risk factors for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Thus, in the present study weanling Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed a 2% cholesterol diet for 4 weeks with and without supplementation with water containing saffron (3 mg/L). The experimental groups were: 1, normal diet + water (controls); 2, normal diet + saffron; 3, 2% cholesterol diet + water; and 4, 2% cholesterol diet + saffron. Food and fluid intake was assessed daily and body weight was recorded at 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, the rats were sacrificed after overnight fasting, blood was collected by cardiac puncture and serum was prepared. Serum glucose and lipid levels were assessed. No significant differences were seen in body weight, fluid and food consumption and serum glucose levels among the groups. Serum cholesterol was significantly elevated in the cholesterol‐fed, water‐drinking rats (8.9 + 0.74) and this increase was nearly abolished in the cholesterol‐fed rats drinking saffron (5.14 + 0.33). In comparison, cholesterol‐fed, water‐drinking rats had serum triglyceride (TG) levels equal to the rats fed a normal diet. In contrast, the cholesterol‐fed rats drinking saffron had serum TG levels lowered by more than 50% (p< 0.00001). Therefore, the results of this study indicate that consumption of saffron can reduce serum cholesterol and TG levels in cholesterol‐fed rats, suggesting that saffron may be useful in treatment of hyperlipidemia. This work was partially supported by the College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
Synergistic effect of Zyflamend® and hormone ablation therapy on prostate cancer regression: adjuvant therapy for standard care
Authors: Huang E‐Chu , McEntee Michael F , Baek Seung J , Whelan Jay
Published: June 2021

Zyflamend® is an extract of 10 medicinal herbs. We demonstrate that Zyflamend® may be an effective treatment for prostate cancer when used with hormone ablation therapy (HAT) to induce tumor regression and disease remission. We examined the mechanisms responsible for the synergistic effects of Zyflamend® and HAT in vivo. Human prostate cancer cells (CWR22) were seeded into sixty nude mice and randomly divided into two dietary groups. Following tumor growth, testosterone was withdrawn (HAT) to induce regression and mice were placed on diets ± Zyflamend® at a human equivalent dose. Zyflamend® significantly enhanced tumor regression (p<0.0001) and the response was more consistent compared to controls (R2=0.998). In vitro, Zyflamend® inhibited CWR22Rv1 prostate cancer cells growth in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner, by increasing cell cycle inhibitors, p21 and p27, mediated by the MAPK (Erk and JNK) and AKT pathways, along with reducing pro‐tumorigenic androgen receptor and insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor‐a. Finally, Zyflamend® increased apoptosis in a caspase‐dependent manner (↓ procaspase‐3 expression). These results suggest Zyflamend® provides an additive advantage against prostate cancer progression and increases tumor regression when used with HAT via multiple molecular actions. The research was funded by New Chapter, Inc. Brattleboro, VT and the TN Agricultural Experiment Station.

Grant Funding Source

NewChapter, Inc.
Effects of lotus root and lotus leaf extracts on physical and sociopsychological stress in rats fed high fat diet
Authors: Chang Kyung Ja , You Jeong Soon , Pant Asha , Xu Zhao , Huan Du
Published: June 2021

Lotus has been known to be effective in the lowering of hyperlipidemic levels. But, there have not been reports regarding the effects of lotus in lowering serum lipid levels under stress. The present study was designed to determine the possible effect of lotus root and leaf extracts on physical and sociopsychological stress in rats which were fed a high fat diet. The experiments were performed with the use of young (5 weeks of age) male rats of Sprague‐Dawley strain. The rats were fed with high fat diets and orally administered once a day 200 mg/kg body weight of lotus root extract for 8 weeks. Physical stress and sociopsychological stress were exposed by foot‐shock for 1 hour (10 sec duration at intervals of 60 sec) everyday for 3 weeks using a communication box. The rats were divided into seven groups: CON (without stress), FS (Foot‐shocked group), NFS (Nonfoot‐shocked group), FSR(Foot‐shocked with lotus root extracts), FSL (Foot‐shocked with lotus leaf extracts), NFSR (Nonfoot‐shocked with lotus root extracts) and NFSL (Nonfoot‐shocked with lotus leaf extracts). The final body weight of the rats in the groups of FS, FSR and FSL were lower compared to the CON group. Prolonged 3‐week physical stress resulted in reduced total body weight gains. Blood triglyceride and total‐cholesterol levels were decreased by physical stress and blood total‐cholesterol level was increased by sociopsychological stress. The lipid lowering effect was the most prominent in the FSL group. Blood lipid levels of the sociopsychological stress groups showed an increasing tendency when lotus root and lotus leaf extracts were administered. These results suggest that administration of lotus leaf extracts on physical stress was effective in reducing lipid levels in a high fat diet.
Decrease of DNA methylation in spinal cord caused by maternal folate deficiency is not fully recovered by folic acid supplementation after birth
Authors: Kim Ki Nam , Roh Seung Ju , Kim Soo Jung , Kim Hye Won , Oh Kyung Hee , Chang Namsoo
Published: June 2021

DNA methylation is critical in regulating gene expression and epigenetic control during the neurodevelopmental stage, which is dependent on folate availability as a methyl donor for methionine synthase. We performed this study to evaluate the effect of maternal folate status during pregnancy and lactation on the methyl status and DNA methylation in the brain and spinal cord of their 7‐week old offspring. Folic acid deficiency during the gestational period caused a significant decrease in the plasma folate level, liver SAM/SAH ratio, spinal cord methionine synthase (MS) activity and DNA methylation level, and an increase in the plasma homocysteine. When folic acid was provided in the diet during either lactation or after weaning, all of the above parameters were recovered except for the DNA methylation level in the spinal cord. These results suggest that maternal folate deficiency during pregnancy affect DNA methylation level in spinal cord of the offspring, which is not fully recovered by folic acid supplementation after birth. Further study is needed to evaluate the effect of DNA hypomethylation of the spinal cord in the early developmental stage on neurologic function in the adulthood.
Digestive tolerance, fecal characteristics, total tract nutrient digestibility, and blood chemistry profiles of dogs as affected by alpha‐cyclodextrin supplementation
Authors: Guevara Marcial Antonio , Garleb Keith A. , Fahey George C.
Published: June 2021

The objective was to examine digestive tolerance, nutrient digestibility, and blood chemistry profiles of dogs as affected by alpha‐cyclodextrin (ACD) supplementation. Nine mixed‐breed hounds were used in a crossover design with 3 periods of 10 d each, including 6 d for diet adaptation and 4 d for fecal collection. Dogs were fed twice per day a diet with poultry by‐product meal and brewer's rice as the main ingredients, and chromic oxide (0.2%) was included as a digestion marker. Dogs were supplemented with either 0, 3, or 6 g of ACD diluted in 15 ml of water twice per day for a total of 0, 6, and 12 g of ACD per day. Average daily food intake, fecal production, and fecal scores were not significantly different among treatments. Body weight and condition score, and blood triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations, remained unaltered throughout the duration of the experiment. Dry matter, organic matter, and fat digestibility coefficients were lower (p<0.05) for both treatment groups compared to control. Alpha‐cyclodextrin lowered fat digestibility somewhat without affecting blood lipid concentrations or outcomes related to tolerance. Supported by Abbott Nutrition.

Grant Funding Source

Abbott Nutrition
Nitric oxide synthesis by the chicken macrophage (HD‐11) cell line results in altered gene expression of multiple arginine transport systems
Authors: Moulds Michael B , Humphrey Brooke D
Published: June 2021

Macrophages metabolize arginine (ARG) to nitric oxide (NO) via inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In mammals, macrophage NO synthesis is dependent upon CAT‐2B mediated ARG uptake; however, in avian macrophages the transporter(s) coordinating ARG uptake for NO synthesis are unknown. Therefore, HD‐11 cells were cultured in complete media with 0 (control) or 1μg/ml E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to determine any changes in the ARG transporter(s) involved in ARG uptake for NO production. At 24 and 48 h of culture, media nitrite concentrations were measured and ARG transporter systems and iNOS mRNA abundance were measured by quantitative real‐time PCR. LPS increased nitrite 18‐fold and 76‐fold at 24 and 48 h, respectively, compared to control (P<0.05). LPS increased iNOS mRNA 8.5‐fold compared to control at 48 h (P<0.05). CAT‐2B mRNA was not detected in control or LPS treated HD‐11 cells. LPS increased the mRNA abundance of ARG importers CAT‐2A by 1.6‐fold and b0,+ by 3.7‐fold at 48 h. LPS induced mRNA expression of ARG importers CAT‐1 and CAT‐3 at 48 h. LPS decreased the mRNA abundance of the ARG exporter y+LAT1 by 71% at 48 h. Unlike mammals, avian macrophages appear to utilize a number of ARG transport systems to increase ARG uptake for NO production. Funding: California Agricultural Research Initiative
Conjugated linoleic acid reduces joint inflammation in a murine collagen‐induced arthritis model
Authors: Huebner Shane M , Campbell James , Loy Meaghan , Butz Daniel E , Cook Mark E
Published: June 2021

Previously, mice fed mixed isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) had reduced antibody‐dependent inflammation in two murine models of arthritis. The objective of this study was to determine the CLA isomer responsible for reduced inflammation in the collagen‐induced model of arthritis (CIA). To avoid CLA's effects on the acquired immune response, arthritis was first induced in mice by a chick type II collagen injection. Post inflammation, mice were randomized to one of four diets: 1.0% corn oil (control); 0.5% c9,t11‐CLA; 0.5% t10,c12‐CLA; or 1.0% mix‐CLA isomers. The severity of arthritis was determined both subjectively (arthritic score) and objectively (paw thickness). The absolute increase in paw thickness due to arthritis at 12 weeks (sham injected/control fed versus collagen‐injected/control fed) was 0.22mm. At 12 weeks, the reduction in paw swelling due to CLA feeding was 33.4, 66.3, and 39.5% for mice fed c9, t11‐CLA, t10,c 12‐CLA, and mixed isomers, respectively. The reduction in arthritic scores, relative to control fed/collagen‐injected mice, due to CLA feeding was 39.7, 57.1, and 37.5% for mice fed c9,t11‐CLA, t10,c12‐CLA, and mixed isomers, respectively. Hence, both isomers of CLA had anti‐inflammatory properties in this murine CIA model. The t10,c12‐CLA isomer was more effective than either the t9,c12‐ or mixed‐CLA isomers as an anti‐inflammatory treatment. Research was supported by a Hatch Grant.
Dietary sevelamer hydrochloride prevents dietary 1 alpha‐hydroxycholecalciferol (1 alpha‐OH D3)‐induced increases in plasma phosphorus
Authors: Bobeck Elizabeth Ann , Meyer Katie M , Cook Mark E
Published: June 2021

A study on the mechanism by which sevelamer hydrochloride (Sev), a polymeric phosphate binder, lowers plasma phosphorus in end‐stage renal failure patients was conducted using a day‐old chick model. Three pens of 5 broiler‐type male chicks/treatment were fed a diet marginally deficient in phosphorus (diet 1, P deficient), diet 1 plus adequate inorganic phosphorus (diet 2), diet 1 plus 20ug/Kg 1 alpha‐OH D3 (diet 3), diet 2 plus 2 g/Kg diet Sev, or diet 3 plus 2g/Kg diet Sev. After three weeks, all chicks were weighed, bled (to determine plasma phosphorus), and the right tibiotarsus was collected for determination of dry fat‐free bone ash. Addition of phosphorus or 1 alpha‐OH D3 to the P deficient diet (diet 1) increased weight, bone ash, and plasma phosphorus as compared to chicks fed a phosphorus deficient diet (p<0.001). Addition of Sev was ineffective at reducing body weight, plasma phosphorus or bone ash when phosphorus was made adequate using inorganic phosphorous, but did decrease these variables when added to the diet supplemented with 1 alpha‐OH D3 (p<0.001). These data showed that Sev, at the dose used, was not able to counteract improved phosphorus status associated with inorganic phosphorus supplementation but was effective in preventing improved phosphorus status resulting from the addition of 1 alpha‐OH D3. This work was supported by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.
The infectious nature of protein misfolding disorders
Authors: Soto Claudio , Estrada Lisbell , Morales Rodrigo
Published: June 2021

Compelling evidence indicate that a variety of human diseases arise from the misfolding and oligomerization of an otherwise normal protein. These diseases include some highly prevalent disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson disease and diabetes type 2. These and more than 25 other diseases share as a hallmark event the misfolding of a protein to form ß‐sheet rich aggregates that deposit in diverse organs inducing cell death and tissue damage. The process of misfolding and aggregation follows a seeding‐nucleation mechanism in which small oligomers act as seeds to trigger an uncontrolled aggregation process. The seeding mechanism appears to be the basis by which misfolded prion protein (PrPSc) propagates prion disease in an infectious manner. We have been able to create infectious prion protein in the test tube and produce a variety of novel diseases. So far, prion disease is the only member of the group of protein misfolding disorders that has an infectious origin. However, the inherent infectious nature of misfolded aggregates propagating by a seeding mechanism suggests that other diseases of the group may be transmissible in the same manner as prion disorders. In this presentation, we will show evidences that Alzheimer's disease pathology can be experimentally transmitted in vivo.
Tea catechins reduce viability and cytokine‐induced inflammation in gastric cancer (AGS) cells
Authors: Gutierrez Orozco Fabiola , Green Rodney J , Ferruzzi Mario , Bomser Joshua A
Published: June 2021

Chronic inflammation is involved in the development of gastric cancer, the second leading cause of cancer‐related death worldwide. Epidemiological evidence suggests that increased consumption of catechin rich tea may be associated with reduced risk of gastrointestinal cancers. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of catechin‐rich extracts of green (GT) and black tea (BT) and individual tea catechins (EGC, EGCG, EGC/EGCG) on cell viability, intracellular oxidation and inflammation in the AGS gastric cancer cell line. Cell viability was measured using the MTT assay. Intracellular oxidation was evaluated using the probe dichlorofluorescin. Inflammatory markers included measurement of intracellular and secreted IL‐8 protein and the activation of nuclear factor‐kappa B (NFκB). Treatment of AGS cells (48h) with EGC, EGC/EGCG and EGCG, reduced cell viability by 36%, 31% and 19%, respectively. Interestingly, a similar reduction in cell viability (27%) was observed upon treatment of cells with BT and GT extracts. Treatment of cells with GT (1.5 mg/ml), BT (1.5 mg/ml) and EGCG (1.5 mg/ml) also inhibited cytokine‐induced IL‐8 production and subsequent secretion. These anti‐inflammatory effects are due, in part, to a reduced activation of NFkB in the AGS cell line. This study demonstrates a potential mechanism by which tea catechins reduce gastric inflammation.
Expression of inflammatory genes are altered by trans fatty acids in primary aortic endothelial cells
Authors: Rezamand Pedram , Myers Elizabeth , Hunt Katherine M , McGuire Mark A
Published: June 2021

Inflammation is a contributing factor in many patho‐physiological conditions such as cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Endothelial cells are targets for and produce pro‐inflammatory mediators. The objective was to investigate the effect of trans fatty acids (tFA) on markers of inflammation in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) isolated and cloned by the limiting dilution method to a single cell. After 4‐5 passages, BAEC were sub‐cultured in a medium without FBS, to which incremental concentrations (up to 90 μM) of tFA:BSA (FA‐free) solution were added and cells were collected at specific time‐points up to 6 h. RNA was extracted and converted to cDNA for quantitative real time PCR analysis of pro‐inflammatory genes. Expression of vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM)‐1 mRNA was up‐regulated 3.3‐fold 45 min after treating with 60 μM elaidic acid (ELDA: trans 9 C18:1) whereas mRNA expression of IL‐1β was not altered due to ELDA. Expression IL‐6 and IL‐8 mRNA was increased at 45 or 90 min in response to 30 or 60 μM linoleidic acid (LLDA; trans 9, trans 12 C18:2) whereas expression of IL‐1β was reduced with LLDA. Under our experimental conditions, BAEC behaved differently in response to tFA. Response of endothelial cells to specific tFA may accentuate or ameliorate conditions that promote inflammatory‐based pathologies. Supported by NIH‐NRRI grant P20 RR15587.
Effects of alpha‐linolenic acid‐enriched rations on markers of inflammation in dairy cattle
Authors: Rezamand Pedram , Carnahan Kevin G , Williams Janet E , Hatch Brent P , Parnell Kelleen O , McGuire Mark A
Published: June 2021

α‐linolenic acid (αLA: 18:3 ?3) affects inflammatory responses. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of αLA‐enriched rations on gene expression of systemic (blood) and local (mammary gland) inflammatory markers in dairy cattle. Camelina (camelina sativa) meal (24.2% αLA) was fed at 0, 3, 6, and 9% (DM basis) replacing canola meal (18:1 ω‐9) to provide rations with incremental concentrations of αLA. Lactating primiparous cows (n=18) were randomly assigned to a treatment sequence in a 4x4 Latin square design. Each period lasted 16 d and milk and blood samples were collected during the final 2 d of each period. Peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMC) and milk cells (MC) were harvested, and RNA extracted and converted to cDNA for quantitative real time PCR analysis. Expression of pro‐inflammatory TNF‐α in MC was linearly reduced (up to 40%) as dietary αLA increased. Expression of pro‐inflammatory markers IL‐1β, IL‐8, and TNF‐α was reduced (29, 20, and 27%, respectively) in PBMC isolated from cows fed 6% camelina meal ration as compared with cows fed 0%. Expression of IL‐6 was, however, increased as dietary αLA increased. Further, mRNA expression of TGF‐β in PBMC was decreased. Dietary αLA linearly increased serum phospholipids and milk αLA contents, and down‐regulated expression of local and systemic pro‐inflammatory markers. Supported by the United Dairymen of Idaho and NIH‐NRRI grant P20 RR15587.
The anti‐inflammatory effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis licorice extract
Authors: Cho Han Jin , Lim Soon Sung , Kim Jong‐Sang , Park Jung Han Yoon
Published: June 2021

Glycyrrhiza uralensis has long been used throughout the world as a sweetener and in folk medicine because of its antioxidative, anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial, antiangiogenic properties. Licorice contains various bioactive compounds, including glycyrrhizin, which is known to induce hypertension. We assessed the effect of the hexane/ethanol (90:10) extract of licorice (HEL) lacking glycyrrhizin on inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐treated Raw264.7 murine macrophages. HEL (0 ‐ 2 μg/mL) decreased nitric oxide release, which was accompanied by decreases in the protein expression and transcriptional activity of iNOS. HEL decreased prostaglandin E2 release via inhibition of phospholipase A2 expression. HEL decreased LPS‐induced increases in the protein and mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐1β. HEL prevented LPS‐induced degradation of inhibitor of κBα, translocation of p65 to the nucleus, and NF‐κB DNA binding activities. HEL inhibited LPS‐induced phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK and c‐Jun, and LPS‐induced AP‐1 DNA binding activity. In skin inflammation model, HEL suppressed TPA‐induced swelling of skin. These results suggest that HEL exerts anti‐inflammatory effects via inhibition of NF‐κB and AP‐1 signaling.
Resting Metabolism and Meal‐induced Metabolic Responses in Sedentary and Exercising College‐age Males
Authors: Ratcliff Lance , Huggins Kevin , Gropper Sareen , Shannon David
Published: June 2021

Differences in resting metabolic rate (RMR) were measured in sedentary and exercising college‐age males, as were their metabolic responses (diet‐induced thermogenesis, DIT) to solid and liquid meals. A group of 9 males was classified as sedentary, 11 as endurance exercisers, and 9 as weight lifters (resistance exercise). RMR was measured soon after waking; DIT for each meal was measured immediately following meal consumption, and then every 30 minutes for 3 hours. RMR and DIT were measured via indirect calorimetry, height was determined via stadiometer, and bioelectrical impedance was used to determine body composition. No significant differences existed between groups for age, body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, fat‐free mass (ffm), percent ffm, or hydration. No significant differences existed in DIT based on meal form (Eta2 = 0.049, F = 1.336, p = 0.258), nor on exercise group (p = 0.416). However, both exercise groups had a significantly (p < 0.05) greater RMR compared to the sedentary group. There were no significant RMR differences between exercise groups (p = 0.843). RMR and DIT were negatively correlated (r = ‐0.38; p = 0.023). RMR was positively correlated with ffm (r = 0.59; p < 0.001) and BMI (r = 0.39; p = 0.020). These findings further support the importance of exercise, specifically frequent and intense exercise, in amplifying RMR and increasing total energy expenditure.
The dietary intake of 2‐year‐old children born to overweight/obese mothers
Authors: Street Erin , Lovelady Cheryl , Ostbye Truls , Pendzich Margaret , Fuemmeler Bernard
Published: June 2021

Dietary intakes of 2 yr olds born to overweight/obese mothers (mean BMI = 32.8 ± 7.5 kg/m2) were studied. Two 24‐hr dietary recalls were obtained with Nutrition Data System for Research. 243 children participated; 50% white, 44% African American, and 6% other race. Using WHO growth standards, 23% were at risk for overweight (85th‐94.9th percentile) and 22% were overweight (= 95th percentile). ANOVA was used to compare the diet of normal weight, at risk for overweight, and overweight children. Among all groups, average servings of fruits, vegetables, and fats were less than recommended by MyPyramid. In addition, average consumption of sweetened beverages was 1/3 cup/d, fast food was eaten once during the 2 days, and soft drink consumption was minimal. Overweight children consumed more vegetables (p=0.07), 100% juice (p=0.06), and desserts (p=0.03). Overweight children consumed more kcal/d; however, normal weight children consumed more kcal/kg body weight (106 ± 31 vs 90 ± 24). After adjusting for kcal intake, there were no significant differences in nutrient intakes between groups. Average intake of all nutrients met the DRI's except dietary fiber. Low consumption of fruits and vegetables may contribute to the low fiber intake. The high kcal/kg intake of normal weight children suggests they are more physically active. Desserts and 100% juice may be contributing factors to overweight in 2 yr olds.

Supported by R01‐DK064986
Dietary Behavior of Korean Adolescents by stress level
Authors: Kwon Kyoungnam , Zhu Tingting , Joung Hyojee
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether dietary behaviors are related with the level of stress among Korean adolescents. The subjects were 58,224 students (29,874 boys and 28,350 girls) of 7 to 11 graders enrolled in middle and high schools, who responded to the '2005 Youth Risk Behavior Survey Data in Korea'. Mean age was 14.8±1.6 years. Data on general characteristic, dietary behaviors and the level of stress were collected a web‐based self‐administered questionnaire. A group of students who were under heavy stress revealed several features. In this group, both boys and girls, the higher level of stress became, the more students tend to have snack (p<=0.001) and girls drink carbonated beverage more frequently (p<=0.001). Students in this group have less breakfast (p<=0.001) and less frequently consume vegetable and fruits (p<=0.001) than other students under low level of stress. Consequently, this investigation showed that heavily‐stressed students tend to have unhealthy dietary behaviors. For better dietary behavior of adolescents, further researches to reduce stress of adolescents are needed. (This work was supported by the Brain Korea 21 Project in 2008.)
Health‐related life style and health condition related to skipping breakfast in Korean elementary school students
Authors: Chang Kyung Ja , Kim Sun Mi , You Jeong Soon
Published: June 2021

This study was conducted to investigate health‐related life style and health condition related to skipping breakfast among 6th grade elementary school students in Korea. A cross‐sectional survey was carried out consisting of 238 6th grade elementary school students in the Daejeon metropolitan city located in middle of Korea. In an anthropometric study of subjects, body weight and BMI increased with skipping‐breakfast rates in females. As for self‐recognition regarding body weight by the frequency of eating breakfast, the more subjects who considered high weight, the lower the frequency of eating breakfast. Although self‐reported diseases were not significantly (p>0.05) related with skipping‐breakfast, anemia (22.2%) was found to be related to subjects with a breakfast eating frequency of 0‐2 times/week. Higher sleeping time and lower stress were significantly related with a higher eating‐breakfast rate (p>0.05). Eating‐breakfast rate significantly affected school grades and friend relationships (p<0.05). The results showed a high skipping‐breakfast rate in Korean elementary school students in spite of the importance of eating breakfast. Nutrition education for eating breakfast and balanced diet is necessary to reduce skipping breakfast. Thus eating breakfast with family members, maintaining a healthy life style, and creative menu development to increase appetite for breakfast would be helpful to decrease the tendency of some students to skip breakfast.
Maternal zinc deficiency affects postnatal growth and glucose homeostasis in rat pups differently depending upon adequacy of nutrient intake
Authors: Jou Ming‐Yu , Philipps Anthony F , Lonnerdal Bo
Published: June 2021

The "thrifty" phenotype hypothesis suggests that inadequate nutrition (IN) during fetal life results in permanent metabolic modifications and increased risk of diabetes. Effects of moderate maternal zinc (Zn) deficiency on growth and glucose homeostasis in the offspring and the interaction between maternal Zn deficiency and postnatal nutrition are not well understood. Rats were fed Zn deficient (ZnD, 7 μg/g) or control diet (CON, 25 μg/g) for 3 wks, bred and kept on ZnD diet during pregnancy+lactation. Litters were culled to 7 pups/dam (AN adequate nutrition) or 13 pups/dam (IN), and another group to 3‐4 pups/dam (EN excess nutrition) at 10 d. After weaning, pups were fed rat chow, and insulin and glucose tolerance tests were done at 5 and 10 wks. Lower serum Zn and weight gain was found in ZnD‐IN than in CON‐IN pups at 20 d, but ZnD‐AN and ZnD‐EN pups weighed more than controls (+10% and +40%) with increased serum IGF‐1 in the ZnD‐AN group and increased serum glucose and insulin in the ZnD‐EN group. ZnD‐AN rats had insulin insensitivity compared to CON‐AN rats at 5 and 10 wks. At 15 wks, male ZnD‐AN rats had higher serum leptin than CON‐AN rats. Maternal Zn deficiency interacts with postnatal nutrition, resulting in divergent effects on growth and insulin resistance in the offspring. Prenatal Zn deficiency may have subsequent and potentially long term effects on glucose homeostasis through altering leptin signaling in male rats.
Academic performance in urban schoolchildren with metabolic syndrome
Authors: BENITEZ ALEJANDRA , VALDES‐RAMOS ROXANA , TLATEMPA‐SOTELO PATRICIA , JAIMES‐AVILES MARIA‐GUADALUPE , MARTINEZ‐CHAVEZ CYNTHIA , FLORES‐ROMERO JUAN , GARCIA‐ABARCA ANNARZHVAELIG
Published: June 2021

Objective

To describe the effect of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) on Methods: Cross‐sectional evaluation of 910 children, 6‐12 years, 460 girls (F) and 450 boys (M) from two public and one private schools. Informed consent from children and their parents. Anthropometry (weight & height for Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) for abdominal obesity (AO), Biochemistry (glucose (G), triglycerides (TG), HDL‐cholesterol (HDL‐chol), and systolic blood pressure (BP) were obtained by trained personnel. We used ATPIII modified criteria for metabolic syndrome (MS). Academic performance (AP) was categorized using official parameters "bad", "regular", "good" and "very good". Data are described in means and standard deviations. Independent sample t‐test, ANOVA and Chi‐squared tests were used. Frequencies and proportions were used for categorical variables.

Results

MS was present in 10.9% (12.4% F, 9.3% M). Significant differences were found in AO according to gender (t=3.24,p<0.001); between children with and without MS in AP. (AP mean in F with MS = 8.8 + 0.7 ; in M with MS = 8.4 + 0.87). In children without MB, AP in girls and boys was 8.8 + 0.67, mean=8.8 and 8.7 + 0.71 mean=8.6 respectively. AP categorized as "regular" was considered in this study as "low academic performance", and was higher in children with MB, (t‐student 2.0, p<0.05).

Conclusion

Children with MS had lower academic performance
International nutrition: a comparison of genetically modified food prevalence in the United States and Central and South America
Authors: Brandon Claire , O'Shaughnessy Katherine , Cheesman Kerry
Published: June 2021

New technology has created a heated debate on genetically modified (GM) food and the consequences of it on health and nutrition. Fears about GM include effects on pediatric nutrition, antibiotics, toxicity of plants, and allergies. Benefits to GM include nutritional enhancement and the production of more food for an overpopulated world. In light of this debate, we sought to determine whether corn products manufactured in Central and South America show the same prevalence for GM as do corn products manufactured in the United States. Using standard biochemical techniques, DNA was extracted from a variety of store‐bought foods, and amplified with PCR to detect the transgenic CaMV 35S promoter and/or NOS terminator sequences (found in approximately 85% of all GM foods). Samples were run on 3% agarose gels, along with known GM‐positive and negative controls, and viewed with UV light after staining with ethidium bromide. The US corn products (n=36) were 75% positive for GM. However, the corn products from Central and South America (n=17) were only 23% positive for GM. The future of GM will likely depend on the economic and ethical debates and the weighed benefits versus risks that may be determined in the future. From a nutritional standpoint it will be important for the public to be knowledgeable about the GM content they are ingesting and where their foods originate. Supported by the Biological Sciences Dept, Capital University.
Combining child weight‐for‐height and height‐for‐age to identify macronutrients as a limiting factor for growth
Authors: Leroy Jef L , Verhofstadt Ellen , Frongillo Edward A , Neufeld Lynnette M
Published: June 2021

Many countries have coexistent linear growth retardation and micronutrient (MiN) deficiency in young children. Wasting prevalence is often low and unhealthy high weight begins early. Countries seeking to address stunting through distribution of nutritional supplements confront the key question of whether macronutrients (MaN) limit linear growth. If not, MiN (perhaps with other interventions) rather than MaN‐containing supplements may be more cost‐effective. There is no straightforward indicator to identify whether MaN limit linear growth. We studied using a combination of child weight‐for‐height (WH) and height‐for‐age (HA) to indicate risk of insufficient MaN. DHS and MICS data from 20 low‐ and middle‐income countries were used. We hypothesized that if stunted children have lower WH, insufficient MaN intake is a probable cause of linear growth faltering. If stunted children do not have lower WH, and wasting prevalence is low, MaN deficiency is less probable a cause of linear growth faltering. No consistent WH‐HA relation was found across countries. This was not explained by country GDP, mean child WH, or mean maternal BMI, and may relate to diverse non‐nutritional causes of linear growth faltering across countries. Data from populations with unconstrained growth are necessary to fully test usefulness of this or alternate indicators.
Fruit and vegetable intake in the Mexican population: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Survey, 2006
Authors: Ramírez‐Silva Claudia Ivonne , Rivera‐Dommarco Juan
Published: June 2021

Objective

To quantify fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake in the Mexican population, ages 1 to 59 years. Material and methods: Using dietary information (Semiquantitative 7‐days Food Frequency Questionnaire) from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey, 2006, F&V intake (grams) was computed, and compliance with international (WHO and AHA) recommendations (CIR) was ascertained. Linear regression and ordinals models were used to calculate intake and compliance, considering the study design effect.

Results

The average dietary intake ranged 70‐100g for fruits, and 14‐50g for vegetables, for different age groups. The average F & V intake was 88.3g in preschool‐age and, 92.5 in school‐age children, 129.2g in adolescent and 155.4g in adults. The subgroups with the lowest intakes and compliance were the northern region, rural areas, and the quintile with the lowest wellbeing conditions. Relative to the CIR, the intake of F&V amounted to 26.7% in adolescents, 35% in adults and preschoolers, and 18% in school‐age children.

Conclusions

Less than one third of the Mexican population had an adequate intake of F&V. School‐age children had the lowest intake, relative to CIR, of all the subgroups. Given the high prevalence of overweight and obesity in all age groups, developing and implementing strategies and programs aimed are increasing the intake of these food groups is a national priority.
Prevention of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) in Mexico: An overall successful story, but some lessons to be learned
Authors: Martinez Homero , Pineda‐Lucatero Alicia Getzabel , Avila‐Jimenez Laura , Castañeda‐Limones Ruty , Ramos‐Hernandez Rosa Isela
Published: June 2021

Objective

To identify causes of persistence of endemic goiter in specific areas in Mexico, despite a mandatory salt iodination program established since the early 1960s.

Results

In the mountainous state of Hidalgo school‐age children (SAC) had a prevalence of goitre between 6% (capital city) ‐ 21.2% (tropical low‐lands). Prevalence of low (<50 µg/L) urinary iodine excretion (UIE) ranged between 28% ‐ 52%. 97% of families consumed iodized table salt; only 50% of the samples were adequately iodized (>50 ppm). Goitrogens included consumption of yucca, sweet potato, broccoli and cauliflower; 24% of the population consumed water from wells contaminated with E. coli or heavy metals (arsenic and mercury). In the coastal state of Colima, goiter in SAC had a prevalence of 21 4%, with low UIE in 19.5% and high UIE in 32.0%. 92% of the population used coarse‐grain ocean salt, with 86.8% of locally‐iodized salt samples <50 ppm. Goitrogens included consumption of peanuts (31.5%), cabbage (30.1%), broccoli (27.7%) and cauliflower (25.7%). Median counts of colony‐forming units/100ml of drinking water were: 207.5 (well water), 151 (cisterns), 52 (private homes), 25 (elementary schools) and 12 (kindergartens). Percentile (P) IQ scores were: P5 (low): 48.5%; P5 to P25 (below average): 24 2%; P25 to P75 (average): 18.8%; P75 to P95 (above average): 3.6%; P95 (high): 4 9%. Moderate ID was associated with a 4.26 times higher risk of low IQ.
Nutrition Impacts of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI)
Authors: Iannotti Lora Lynn , Barron Manuel , Roy Devesh
Published: June 2021

Little is known about the livelihood implications of HPAI and control measures despite extensive culling and endemnicity in some regions. This study aimed to characterize the importance of animal source foods (ASF) and the effects of HPAI on nutrition in young children ages 12‐36 mo (n=1,553) using data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey‐3 conducted in 2000. 52% of the children had consumed meat or poultry and 79% eggs in the last week, with significant differences between the upper and lower per capita expenditure (PCE) quartiles (P<0.001). 44% of the children were stunted, 27% underweight, 11% wasted, and 65% anemic. Key determinants of child anthropometry and hemoglobin concentration/anemia, derived using multivariate probit and seemingly unrelated regressions, were: ASF (milk, meat/poultry, eggs, fish) presence in the diet and frequency of consumption; PCE; age, sex; mother's schooling, BMI, and Hb; density of health posts; diarrhea; and fever. Assuming poultry and egg consumption drop to zero in the event of an HPAI shock, propensity score matching demonstrated a 13.2 percentage point increase in anemia, 13.5 percentage point increase in stunting, and 0.62 g/dl decrease in mean hemoglobin concentration (SATT, P<0.01). Through the pathway of ASF consumption in young children, HPAI and control measures could have nutrition‐related consequences with public health significance. Source of support: UK Department for International Development (DFID)
Severe household food insecurity is associated with childhood malaria in rural South Haiti
Authors: Perez‐Escamilla Rafael , Dessalines Michael , Finnigan Mousson , Hromi‐Fiedler Amber , Pachón Helena , Gupta Nishang
Published: June 2021

Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere and is heavily affected by food insecurity (FI) and malaria. To find out if these two conditions are associated with each other we studied a convenience sample of 153 women with children under five in Camp Perrin, South Haiti. Household food insecurity was assessed with the 16‐item ELCSA scale previously validated in the target communities. ELCSA's reference time period was the three months preceding the survey and it was answered by the mother. Since no households were food secure, households were categorized as either mild/moderately FI (42.7%, ELCSA score range:1‐10) or severely FI (57.3%, ELCSA score range:11‐16). 34.0% of women reported that their children had malaria during the 2 months preceding the survey. Multivariate analyses showed that severe FI was a risk factor for malaria (OR: 5.4; 95% CI: 1.7‐17.2). Children who were not fed colostrum at birth were also at higher risk for malaria (4.9; 1.3‐18.9). Additional risk factors for malaria were: female headed household, trader/farmer (vs. wage worker), maternal education, poor child health (maternal self‐report), and a child BMI < 16. Funded by the AgroSalud Project (CIDA # 7034161).
Risk factors for severe household food insecurity in rural South Haiti
Authors: Perez‐Escamilla Rafael , Dessalines Michael , Finnigan Mousson , Hromi‐Fiedler Amber , Pachón Helena , Gupta Nishang
Published: June 2021

Haiti, the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, is ravished by food insecurity (FI). A convenience sample of 149 households was studied to find out what the most significant independent factors associated with food insecurity in Haiti are. Household FI was assessed with the 16‐item ELCSA scale previously validated in the target communities. ELCSA's reference time period was the three months preceding the survey and it was answered by the mother. Households were categorized as either very FI (42.7%, ELCSA score range: 1‐10) or severely FI (57.3%, ELCSA score range: 11‐16). Multivariate logistic regression results indicated that landownership (OR: 0.18; 95% CI: 0.05‐0.68), trader‐headed household (vs. farmer) (0.09; 0.01‐0.58), and lower frequency of rice consumption (0.17; 0.05‐0.52) were associated with lower risk of severe FI. Lunch (6.9, 1.8‐27.0) and dinner skipping (16.5, 2.4‐114.5), female index child (3.2, 1.1‐9.4) and larger household size (3.4, 1.0‐11.5) increased the risk of severe FI. These findings suggest that policies that increase landownership and occupation status are likely to reduce household food insecurity. Funded by the AgroSalud Project (CIDA # 7034161).
Resistant Starch Improves Laxation in Healthy Adults
Authors: Maki Kevin C. , Sanders Lisa , Reeves Matthew S , Kaden Valerie , Cartwright Yolanda
Published: June 2021

Objective. The present study evaluated the effects of PROMITOR(tm) resistant starch (RS) vs. wheat bran (WB, positive control) on fecal weight, frequency, and consistency in healthy adults. Methods. This was a randomized, controlled, double‐blind crossover trial. Following a 14‐day baseline period during which subjects (n = 14) consumed low‐fiber (<2 g) test products, eligible subjects were randomly assigned to receive 25 g/d RS or WB daily for 14 days, then crossed over to the opposite treatment after a 7‐day washout. Test fibers were incorporated into muffins and cereals (12.5 g fiber/serving). Subjects recorded frequency and other characteristics of daily bowel movements (4‐point scales) and fecal consistency using the 7‐point Bristol Stool Scale. Fecal collections were obtained and gastrointestinal symptoms and diet records were evaluated at the end of each condition. Results. Mean±SEM daily fecal output increased from 129±18 g/d at baseline to 164±24 g/d (p=0.013) with RS and to 195±25 g/d (p=0.0003) in the WB condition (p=0.14 for RS vs. WB). Significant differences were observed in the RS vs. WB conditions for changes in Bristol score (0.0±0.2 vs. 0.8±0.2, p=0.002) and fecal hardness (‐0.1±0.1 vs. ‐0.3±0.1, p=0.02) ratings. Conclusions. These findings suggest that resistant starch incorporated as a food ingredient improves laxation in healthy adults. Funded by Tate & Lyle Health and Nutrition Sciences
Daily Chickpea and Oligosaccharide Consumption on Gastrointestinal Symptoms
Authors: Dahl Wendy J , Zello Gordon A , Tyler Robert T , Van Kessel Andrew
Published: June 2021

Galactosides (e.g. raffinose) in pulses, such as chickpeas (CP), are generally thought to be gas forming, contributing to unpleasant gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. In this study, we determined the effects CP, added to soups and desserts, or raffinose (R) consumption on GI symptoms. Healthy adults (n=12) consumed a control diet (C), C plus 5 g R, and C plus 200 g of canned CP (11 g fibre) per day, in random order, each for 3 weeks. Macronutrient provision was similar for all diets. GI symptoms were recorded daily. No significant differences in bowel movements were found (C: 1.5±0.7; R: 1.7±0.7; CP: 1.7±0.8 stools/d). Flatulence was greater on the CP diet (C: 0.41±0.38; R: 0.42±0.38; CP: 0.61±0.42 /d; p=0.04), but no differences were found for bloating or abdominal pain (p>0.05). No diarrhea was noted. Most participants experienced no appreciable symptoms with CP or R, which provided approximately ten times the galactosides of CP. Excellent compliance was evident across diets. Therefore, avoidance of pulses because of GI effects may be unnecessary. The galactosides present in canned CP are too low to contribute significantly to the flatulence noted in this study. The direct addition of CP to foods offers a practical, economical and acceptable way of meeting recommendations for fibre and pulse consumption. (Supported by Saskatchewan Pulse Growers and Pulse Canada)