bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distinct Functions of Epidermal and Myeloid-Derived VEGF-A in Skin Tumorigenesis Mediated by HPV8
Authors: Ding Xiaolei , Lucas Tina , Marcuzzi Gian P. , Pfister Herbert , Eming Sabine A.
Published: November 2014

Beta human papillomaviruses (HPV) have been suspected to be carcinogenic in nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC), but the basis for potential viral contributions to these cancers is poorly understood. In particular, it is unresolved how HPV-infected keratinocytes escape cell-cycle control and whether their cross-talk with immune cells is critical for tumorigenesis. In nonviral preclinical models, the angiogenic cytokine VEGF-A has been identified as a critical regulator of NMSC. In this study, we dissected the contribution of epidermal versus myeloid cell–derived VEGF-A in HPV-mediated skin cancer by interbreeding an HPV8 transgenic mouse model with a conditional disruption of VEGF-A restricted to either epidermal or myeloid cells. Although only epidermal-derived VEGF-A was essential for initiation of skin tumor development, both spontaneously and UV-light triggered, both epidermal and myeloid cell–derived VEGF-A contributed to regeneration-induced tumorigenesis upon HPV8 overexpression, partly not only through a paracrine effect on endothelial cells, but also most probably through an additional autocrine effect on epidermal cells. Our findings offer new mechanistic insights into distinct functions of epidermal versus myeloid cell–derived VEGF-A during HPV-mediated tumorigenesis, with possible implications for preventing this disease. Cancer Res; 75(2); 330–43. ©2014 AACR.
TUBB3/βIII-Tubulin Acts through the PTEN/AKT Signaling Axis to Promote Tumorigenesis and Anoikis Resistance in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: McCarroll Joshua A. , Gan Pei Pei , Erlich Rafael B. , Liu Marjorie , Dwarte Tanya , Sagnella Sharon S. , Akerfeldt Mia C. , Yang Lu , Parker Amelia L. , Chang Melissa H. , Shum Michael S. , Byrne Frances L. , Kavallaris Maria
Published: November 2014

βIII-tubulin (encoded by TUBB3) expression is associated with therapeutic resistance and aggressive disease in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but the basis for its pathogenic influence is not understood. Functional and differential proteomics revealed that βIII-tubulin regulates expression of proteins associated with malignant growth and metastases. In particular, the adhesion-associated tumor suppressor maspin was differentially regulated by βIII-tubulin. Functionally, βIII-tubulin suppression altered cell morphology, reduced tumor spheroid outgrowth, and increased sensitivity to anoikis. Mechanistically, the PTEN/AKT signaling axis was defined as a critical pathway regulated by βIII-tubulin in NSCLC cells. βIII-Tubulin blockage in vivo reduced tumor incidence and growth. Overall, our findings revealed how βIII-tubulin influences tumor growth in NSCLC, defining new biologic functions and mechanism of action of βIII-tubulin in tumorigenesis. Cancer Res; 75(2); 415–25. ©2014 AACR.
Sylvian Cistern Arachnoid Cyst - A Rare Cause of Precocious Puberty
Authors: Upadhyaya Sunil , Nair Rajesh , Kumar Vinod , Nayal Bhavna , Shetty Arjun
Published: November 2014

Precocious puberty still remains an elusive diagnosis in the majority of patients. Infrequently, lesions of the central nervous system are associated with sexual precocity. Depending on their location, these cysts may affect many systems, however, there is little information concerning their involvement in endocrinological disorders. We report a case of a sylvian cistern arachnoid cyst presenting with precocious puberty in a 3-year-old girl. The child recovered following a cystoperitoneal shunt. The mass effect of the arachnoid cyst upon the hypothalamus was, at least in part, responsible for the development of precocious puberty. To the best of our knowledge, this is the 1st case of a sylvian cistern arachnoid cyst presenting with precocious puberty. The role of surgical decompression of the cyst is also discussed.
Echocardiographic Changes in Patients with Stage 3-5 Chronic Kidney Disease and Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction
Authors: Gromadziński Leszek , Pruszczyk Piotr
Published: November 2014

Background: Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients frequently leads to the development of congestive heart failure. We evaluated changes in echocardiographic parameters among CKD patients with LV diastolic dysfunction. Methods: We examined 70 ambulatory patients with CKD at stages 3-5 and 26 patients without CKD as a control group. Standard echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging were performed on all patients. Patients with CKD were divided into two groups according to the results of lateral mitral early diastolic velocity (EmLVlat): a group with diastolic dysfunction (DD group; EmLVlat <8 cm/s) and a group without diastolic dysfunction (WDD group; EmLVlat ≥8 cm/s). Results: Compared to the patients in the WDD group, those in the DD group were characterized by lower values of mitral annular plane systolic excursion [MAPSE; 13 (11-17) vs. 14 (11-16) mm, p < 0.0001] and lateral mitral annular systolic velocity [SmLVlat; 7 (5-14) vs. 8 (5-13) cm/s, p = 0.006]. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the MAPSE level for the detection of LV diastolic dysfunction was 0.801 [95% CI 0.684-0.890, p < 0.0001], whereas a ROC-derived MAPSE value of ≤13 mm was characterized by a sensitivity of 84.4% and a specificity of 75.8% for diagnosing LV diastolic dysfunction. The only independent variable predicting LV diastolic dysfunction was MAPSE [OR = 0.39; 95% CI 0.21-0.74, p = 0.003]. Conclusion: We showed that reduced MAPSE, but not SmLVlat, is an independent predictive factor for LV diastolic dysfunction in CKD patients.
A novel role for the fibrinogen Asn-Gly-Arg (NGR) motif in platelet function
Authors: Moriarty Róisín , McManus Ciara A. , Lambert Matthew , Tilley Thea , Devocelle Marc , Brennan Marian , Kerrigan Steven W. , Cox Dermot
Published: November 2014

The integrin αIIbβ3 on resting platelets can bind to immobilised fibrinogen resulting in platelet spreading and activation but requires activation to bind to soluble fibrinogen. αIIbβ3 is known to interact with the general integrin-recognition motif RGD (arginine–glycine–aspartate) as well as the fibrinogen-specific γ-chain dodecapeptide; however, it is not known how fibrinogen binding triggers platelet activation. NGR (asparagine–glycine–arginine) is another integrin-recognition sequence present in fibrinogen and this study aims to determine if it plays a role in the interaction between fibrinogen and αIIbβ3. NGR-containing peptides inhibited resting platelet adhesion to fibrinogen with an IC50 of 175 μM but failed to inhibit the adhesion of activated platelets to fibrinogen (IC50 > 500 μM). Resting platelet adhesion to mutant fibrinogens lacking the NGR sequences was reduced compared to normal fibrinogen under both static and shear conditions (200 s-1). However, pre-activated platelets were able to fully spread on all types of fibrinogen. Thus, the NGR motif in fibrinogen is the site that is primarily responsible for the interaction with resting αIIbβ3 and is responsible for triggering platelet activation.
New record of the deep water Epimeria morronei Winfield, Ortiz & Hendrickx (Amphipoda, Gammaridea, Epimeriidae) in the east Pacific
Authors: Hendrickx Michel E. , Winfield Ignacio , Ortiz Manolo
Published: November 2014

New records for the deep-water amphipod Epimeria morronei Winfield, Ortiz & Hendrickx, 2012, are presented for the eastern Pacific. Also, new data related to its depth range and environmental conditions are given.
The Spy (K.G.B. General Alexander Orlov), the Dupe (Bertram D. Wolfe), and the Documents (The Stalin Resolutions)
Authors: McDowell Jennifer , Loventhal Milton
Published: November 2014

Two-hundred and forty-two consecutive, Soviet Politburo resolutions on foreign policy covering 1934–1936, some built on reports by Stalin with his actual words, and 34 pieces of 1934 espionage correspondence that traveled between the Moscow Foreign Office and its branch in the Soviet Embassy in Vienna, were purchased clandestinely by German intelligence, at the time, and as they were written. A German Sovietologist named Dr. Georg Leibbrandt authenticated them right at the time. Adolf Hitler read them. They influenced his decision to attack the Soviet Union in 1941. Captured by the U.S. Army in Germany (OMGUS) at the close of World War II, they were brought to the United States, to the National Archives and Hoover Institution. Milton Loventhal and Jennifer McDowell translated and authenticated them, using both sets of copies. The story of their authentication sheds light on the 1960–1961 machinations of one of Stalin’s foremost secret agents, master spy K.G.B. General Alexander Orlov, who fled to the United States in 1938 to escape Stalin’s terror. But this “loyal Soviet dropout” (Stanley G. Payne’s term) was in reality a cloaked agent who had never renounced his loyalty to the Soviet state. Asked by Bertram D. Wolfe to comment on the resolutions’ authenticity, Orlov informed Milton Loventhal and Wolfe that these documents were forgeries, using arguments that were proven worthless in their entirety. Untangling the web of deception Orlov wove around these detailed, complex documents is the focus of this article, shining a bright light on the power a mesmerizing secret agent can have when the rules of research are abandoned by influential experts.
What Roles Can Constitutional Law Play in Investment Arbitration?
Authors: de Chazournes Laurence Boisson , McGarry Brian
Published: November 2014

Interplays between international and domestic legal spheres have attracted increased attention in investor-State dispute settlement. From the treaty ratification process to award execution, constitutional norms play recurring roles before, during and after investment arbitrations. This contribution deals with the manner in which parties to such disputes can rely upon constitutional law or, more broadly speaking, domestic law. Notably, major hurdles to the application of domestic law in transnational fora have not necessarily constrained the arbitral profile of constitutional principles. This is because they may gain prominence through informal paths. Rather than directly applying constitutional law per se, tribunals may utilize other paths such as deferring to domestic interpretations of constitutional principles, or to constitutional procedures that appear, for example, to protect fair and equitable treatment. Reexamining recent case law through this lens of informal application, we can then envision other synergies that intermingle these regimes.
Le Liban et les retombées économiques des révoltes arabes
Authors: Corm George
Published: November 2014

The article focuses on the impact on the Lebanese economy of the major political and military events that have affected the country since the 1943 independence. In particular the article discusses the consequences of the Arab Uprisings and comparatively analyzes them within the context of previous external and domestic crises affecting Lebanon. The study shows how and to which extent, the Lebanese economy often took advantage from the crisis of its neighbors but, at the same time, how those crises had some long-term destabilizing effects on the country, especially between 1975 and 1990.

The external interferences on the current Syrian crisis and its disruptive consequences on the Lebanese political and economic system are also considered.
Epipactis hyblaea (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae; Neottieae) a new species from Sicily
Authors: Brullo Salvatore , ZIMMITTI ANGELO
Published: November 2014

A new species of Epipactis from Sicily is described and illustrated. It shows closer relationships mainly with E. distans, species widespread in northern Mediterranean territory from SE Spain to N Croazia and also some Central and Northern European territory, with an isolated population in N Calabria. Numerous morphological features, as well as ecological requirement and phenology allow to distinguish very well the two taxa at specific level. Besides, the conservation status, habitat and a distribution map of this new species are presented.
A new species of Monanthotaxis from Gabon with a unique inflorescence type for Annonaceae
Authors: Hoekstra Paul H. , Chatrou Lars W. , Wieringa Jan J.
Published: November 2014

Monanthotaxis paniculata, a new species endemic to Gabon, is described. This species differs from all known Annonaceae by a unique panicle-like inflorescence type.
On the Generation of Bottom-Trapped Internal Tides
Authors: Falahat Saeed , Nycander Jonas
Published: November 2014

The interaction of the barotropic tide with bottom topography when the tidal frequency ω is smaller than the Coriolis frequency f is examined. The resulting waves are called bottom-trapped internal tides. The energy density associated with these waves is computed using linear wave theory and vertical normal-mode decomposition in an ocean of finite depth. The global calculation of the modal energy density is performed for the semidiurnal M2 tidal constituent and the two major diurnal tidal constituents K1 and O1. An observationally based decay time scale of 3 days is then used to transform the energy density to energy flux in units of watts per square meter. The globally integrated energy fluxes are found to be 1.99 and 1.43 GW for the K1 and O1 tidal constituents, respectively. For the M2 tidal constituent, it is found to be 1.15 GW. The Pacific Ocean is found to be the most energetic basin for the bottom-trapped diurnal tides. Two regional estimates of the bottom-trapped energy flux are given for the Kuril Islands and the Arctic Ocean, in which the bottom-trapped waves play a role for the tidally induced vertical mixing. The results of this study can be incorporated into ocean general circulation models and coupled climate models to improve the parameterization of the vertical mixing induced by breaking of the internal tides.
An Examination of Wind Decay, Sustained Wind Speed Forecasts, and Gust Factors for Recent Tropical Cyclones in the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States
Authors: Tyner Bryce , Aiyyer Anantha , Blaes Jonathan , Hawkins Donald Reid
Published: November 2014

In this study, several analyses were conducted that were aimed at improving sustained wind speed and gust forecasts for tropical cyclones (TCs) affecting coastal regions. An objective wind speed forecast analysis of recent TCs affecting the mid-Atlantic region was first conducted to set a benchmark for improvement. Forecasts from the National Digital Forecast Database were compared to observations and surface wind analyses in the region. The analysis suggests a general overprediction of sustained wind speeds, especially for areas affected by the strongest winds. Currently, National Weather Service Weather Forecast Offices use a software tool known as the Tropical Cyclone Forecast/Advisory (TCM) wind tool (TCMWindTool) to develop their wind forecast grids. The tool assumes linear decay in the sustained wind speeds when interpolating the National Hurricane Center 12–24-hourly TCM product to hourly grids. An analysis of postlandfall wind decay for recent TCs was conducted to evaluate this assumption. Results indicate that large errors in the forecasted wind speeds can emerge, especially for stronger storms. Finally, an analysis of gust factors for recent TCs affecting the region was conducted. Gust factors associated with weak sustained wind speeds are shown to be highly variable but average around 1.5. The gust factors decrease to values around 1.2 for wind speeds above 40 knots (kt; 1 kt = 0.51 m s−1) and are in general insensitive to the wind direction, suggesting local rather than upstream surface roughness largely dictates the gust factor at a given location. Forecasters are encouraged to increase land reduction factors used in the TCMWindTool and to modify gust factors to account for factors including the sustained wind speed and local surface roughness.
Factors determining online sustainability reporting by local governments
Authors: Alcaraz-Quiles Francisco J. , Navarro-Galera Andrés , Ortiz-Rodríguez David
Published: November 2014

Although international organizations and prior literature have recognized the importance of sustainability reporting for governments nowadays, some studies have revealed that this is an issue that has received little attention and thus needs further investigation. This article studies the publication of information on sustainability issues by local governments, analysing the relationship between diverse levels of sustainability information disclosure and some socioeconomic, financial and population variables. Based on the increased use of the Internet by governments, the methodology applied in this study is to analyse the websites of 55 major towns and cities in Spain, seeking 61 items that are recommended in the Global Reporting Initiative guidelines. By applying multiple linear regression analysis, we analysed the influence of 13 factors on the sustainability reporting provided by these municipal authorities. The results show that social information is the most widespread, and that the dependent population has a positive impact on the sustainability disclosures. The major opportunities to improve sustainability practices lie in improving the disclosure of economic and environmental information, through the publication of formal sustainability reports and the enhanced coordination of information published individually by different departments.

Points for practitioners

The results obtained highlight several issues of particular interest for managers. On the one hand, the public sector financial crisis has heightened the need to legitimize government actions. Moreover, the incidence of the variable ‘dependent population’ on the disclosure of sustainability information suggests that there is an important relation between the population structure and such disclosure, highlighting the need to consider the age of the population and its evolution over time as the basis for creating specific reports on sustainability. The public demand for information on sustainability does not depend on the level of taxes paid. Finally, local governments are not motivated by their level of financial autonomy with respect to information about their commitments on economic sustainability.
Absent Fathers or Absent Variables? A New Look at Paternal Incarceration and Delinquency
Authors: Porter Lauren C. , King Ryan D.
Published: November 2014

Objectives:

This research examines the association between paternal incarceration and children’s delinquency. Prior research suggests an association, although omitted variable bias is an enduring issue.

Methods:

To help address issues related to unobserved heterogeneity, we employ a method uncommonly used in criminological research. Rather than comparing the children of incarcerated fathers to respondents who have never had a father incarcerated, we exploit the longitudinal nature of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to generate a strategic comparison group: respondents who will have a father incarcerated in the future. We also examine two types of delinquency, expressive and instrumental, to infer plausible mechanisms linking paternal incarceration and delinquency.

Results:

When using “futures” as comparison cases, results differ from much prior work and suggest a spurious association between paternal incarceration and instrumental delinquency (e.g., theft). Paternal incarceration retains a significant effect on expressive delinquency, which is partly mediated by reduced attachment to fathers.

Conclusions:

The association between paternal incarceration and expressive (but not instrumental) crime supports Agnew’s strain theory and elements of control theory. Our comparison group also offers important advantages in terms of addressing unobserved heterogeneity, and we think this approach would prove useful for other topics in criminology.
A journey through the labyrinth of mental illness
Authors: Cowan Katherine C.
Published: November 2014

Behind every student dealing with a mental health problem is a family trying to grasp what’s happening to their child and struggling to do its best. This personal story shares the journey of a family as it confronts a child with Generalized Anxiety and Panic Disorder and describes the many starts and stops and confusion of diagnosing and treating a mental illness.
Re-engaging school dropouts with emotional and behavioral disorders
Authors: Wilkins Julia , Bost Loujeania Williams
Published: November 2014

Students with emotional and behavioral disorders have the highest dropout rates of any student group — about 40%. The outcomes for students who drop out of school are dire but are particularly bleak for students with poor academic, interpersonal, and decision-making skills. Helping students earn a high school diploma and gain the skills needed to lead productive, independent lives is critical for society. This article presents the characteristics of reentry programs designed to reengage youth who have dropped out of school, with a focus on the needs of students with emotional and behavioral disorders.
The Affordable Care Act and school-based mental health services
Authors: Vaillancourt Kelly , Kelly John
Published: November 2014

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) offers a potentially significant effect on school-based mental and behavioral health services.
Should individual U.S. schools participate in PISA?
Authors: Rutkowski David , Rutkowski Leslie , Plucker Jonathan A.
Published: November 2014

The OECD and its U.S. administrator, McGraw-Hill Education CTB, have recently concluded the first cycle of the OECD-Test for Schools in the U.S. This test is being marketed to local schools and is designed to compare 15-year-olds from individual participating schools against peers nationally and internationally using the OECD's PISA test as its foundation. This article discusses what PISA can and can’t tell the United States about its education system and describes important aspects of the PISA design that educators should consider before participating in the school-based version of this international assessment.
Highlighted & Underlined
Authors: Richardson Joan
Published: November 2014

News and information about the education enterprise. As teachers use the Common Core more, support for it grows. School environments are becoming less hostile to LGBT students. School boards of underperforming districts also underperform.
Washington View
Authors: Ferguson Maria
Published: November 2014

Ideally, education policy would be informed by evidence-based research results. But the realms and ways of education researchers and education policy makers are incongruent. Policy makers can’t wait for decade-long research to conclude before political realities force their hands, and the research community wants its product to be separate from politics. But this makes it even more important that the U.S. expand its education research apparatus to better inform policy decisions.
Epistemologies of Rebellion
Authors: Olson Kevin
Published: November 2014

This essay follows Michel Foucault’s inspiration to develop an archaeology of subaltern politics. In the archives left from the Haitian Revolution, we find occasional references to slaves wearing the tricolor cockade, the famous symbol of French republicanism. The archives are silent on what wearing the cockade “meant,” however, or why whites found it so threatening. Rich layers of meaning are packed into these silences. They reveal a great deal about the performative character of the public sphere and the epistemological complexity of mixing race with revolutionary politics. Wearing the cockade was a screen of projection for all kinds of ideas, including the paranoid fears and guilty conscience of white slaveholders. It probed tensions implicit within Enlightenment colonialism, making those tensions explicit to white elites. By eliciting this self-critical response, the cockade served as a disruptive enigma well suited to the critical and political needs of people not allowed to speak.
A Two-Study Investigation Into How Television News Frames the Steroid Scandal in Major League Baseball and Fans’ Support for Bonds, McGwire, and Palmeiro’s Pending Induction Into the Baseball Hall of Fame
Authors: Quick Brian L. , White Lambert Natalie J. , Josey Christopher S.
Published: November 2014

Under the guidance of social categorization theory (SCT), this project analyzed news coverage of steroid use in major league baseball (MLB), and fans’ perceptions of three players indicted for using steroids—Barry Bonds, Mark McGwire, and Rafael Palmeiro—should be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Study 1 results revealed that widespread attention was given to issues of legality with fewer reports regarding the health costs of using steroids between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2011, with Bonds receiving the most negative coverage for his alleged use. Study 2 examined fans’ support of Bonds, McGwire, and Palmeiro’s pending Hall of Fame inductions by drawing from the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and cultivation theory. The results revealed that player likability, similarity, attitudes, and subjective norms predicted support for each player with differences emerging between each player. The results are discussed with an emphasis on how SCT was used to intersect the health, media effects, and race literatures.
Small nations, the press and the digital challenge
Authors: Schlesinger Philip , Benchimol Alex
Published: November 2014

This editorial begins by discussing the current challenges faced by the Scottish press, in the run-up to the referendum on independence. It focuses on a gradual transition to a new business model that is combining print and digital content. The particular dilemmas faced in Scotland are also being addressed elsewhere, but in quite distinctive ways. A brief overview of comparable nation-states (Denmark, Norway) and stateless nations (Catalonia, Quebec) sets the stage for the five case studies that follow.
The ROARI project – Road Accident Acute Rehabilitation Initiative: a randomised clinical trial of two targeted early interventions for road-related trauma
Authors: Faux SG , Kohler F , Mozer R , Klein LA , Courtenay S , D’Amours SK , Chapman J , Estell J
Published: November 2014

Objectives:

To determine the effectiveness of an Early Rehabilitation Intervention (ERI ) versus a Brief Education Intervention (BEI) following road trauma. Primary objective: return to work or usual activities at 12 weeks (for minor/moderate injury) and 24 weeks for major injury. Secondary objectives: Reduction in pain, anxiety, depression, disability and incidence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and improved quality of life.

Design:

A multi-site single-blinded stratified randomized clinical trial (RCT).

Methods:

184 patients (92 in each arm) were recruited over 18 months and followed for 12 weeks (minor/moderate injury) and 24 weeks (major injury). Screening questionnaires at 2-4 weeks and follow-up interviews by phone for all outcome measures were undertaken. For those in the ERI group with a positive screen for high risk of persistent symptoms, an early assessment and intervention by a Rehabilitation Physician was offered. Those in the BEI group were sent written information and advised to see their GP.

Results:

89.4% of injuries were mild in this cohort. At 12 weeks 73.8% and 69.1% of patients in the ERI and the BEI groups respectively had returned to work or usual activities. There were no significant differences between the two intervention groups with respect to the primary or any secondary outcome measures.

Conclusion:

This is the first RCT of an ERI following road trauma in Australia. A targeted ERI is as effective as a BEI in assisting those with mild/moderate trauma to return to work or usual activities.
The safety and feasibility of an intervention to improve balance dysfunction in ambulant adults with cerebral palsy: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Morgan Prue , Murphy Anna , Opheim Arve , Pogrebnoy Dina , Kravtsov Stella , McGinley Jennifer
Published: November 2014

Objective:

To investigate the safety, feasibility and potential efficacy of balance training in adults with cerebral palsy.

Design:

Phase 2, assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial.

Setting:

Outpatient rehabilitation facility.

Subjects:

A total of 17 ambulatory adults with cerebral palsy.

Interventions:

Participants were randomly allocated to an eight-week, once-weekly, small group programme of balance training, or seated attention control activity. Balance training was individually tailored using the Balance Evaluation Systems test.

Main measures:

Primary focus was feasibility, addressed by recruitment, retention, adherence, and safety. Efficacy was primarily evaluated with the Ambulatory Self-Confidence Questionnaire and the Balance Evaluation Systems test, at intervention conclusion and Week 24. Secondary outcomes included gait speed, walking distance, falls efficacy, fatigue, quality of life, and global impression of change.

Results:

Interventions were safe and feasible with no major adverse events. Adherence was high. At eight and 24 weeks, there were negligible between-group differences in Balance Evaluation systems test total. At 24 weeks, there was a small, non-significant between-group difference in favour of the balance group with effect sizes of 0.14 for ambulatory self-confidence, 0.10 for falls efficacy, and 0.12 for fatigue. There were significant between-group differences for self-reported walking confidence and balance change, in favour of the balance group at Weeks 8 and 24 ( p < 0.05).

Conclusion:

A customised balance programme is feasible and safe for ambulant adults with cerebral palsy. Small effects from balance training in selected outcomes occurred. Study replication with at least 38 participants per group to confirm efficacy is warranted.
Robot grasp planning based on demonstrated grasp strategies
Authors: Lin Yun , Sun Yu
Published: November 2014

This paper presents a novel robot grasping planning approach that extracts grasp strategies (grasp type, and thumb placement and direction) from human demonstration and integrates them into the grasp planning procedure to generate a feasible grasp concerning the target object geometry and manipulation task. Our study results show that the grasp strategies of grasp type and thumb placement not only represent important human grasp intentions, but also provide meaningful constraints on hand posture and wrist position, which highly reduce both the feasible workspace of a robotic hand and the search space of the grasp planning. This approach has been thoroughly evaluated both in simulation and with a real robotic system for multiple daily living representative objects. We have also demonstrated the robustness of our approach in the experiment with different levels of perception uncertainties.
Magnetic resonance imaging of microvascular obstruction in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy after percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation
Authors: Amano Yasuo , Kitamura Mitsunobu , Yamada Fumi , Aita Kumiko , Takayama Morimasa , Tachi Masaki , Kumita Shinichiro
Published: November 2014

Background

The clinical significance of microvascular obstruction (MO) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HOCM) after percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) remains unknown.

Purpose

To assess the relationship between the location of MO and the improvement in symptoms and pressure gradient after PTSMA in patients with HOCM.

Material and Methods

Twenty-three patients with HOCM underwent MRI within 24 weeks after PTSMA. The MO was defined visually as the hypointense region adjacent to the left or right ventricular cavity, which was surrounded by myocardial infarction. The location of MO and improvement in clinical symptoms and pressure gradient at 3–6 months follow-up were assessed.

Results

MO was observed in 16 patients who underwent MRI within 7 weeks after PTSMA. Left-sided MO was observed in 12 patients, and right-sided MO was observed in four patients. Improvement in clinical symptoms and reduction in the pressure gradient were not sufficient in the patients with right-sided MO, while PTSMA was effective in the patients with the left-sided MO.

Conclusion

The location of MO identified by MRI may be related to the effectiveness of PTSMA at the short-term follow-up. The left-sided MO is related to complete improvement in clinical symptoms and pressure gradients.
The influence of musical training on acculturation processes in migrant children
Authors: Frankenberg Emily , Fries Kirsten , Friedrich E Kamala , Roden Ingo , Kreutz Gunter , Bongard Stephan
Published: November 2014

Music is a promising candidate for the enhancement of cultural integration through increased group cohesion and social support. This study assessed the impact of a music program on elementary school-aged migrants’ cultural orientation, as measured via the Frankfurt Acculturation Scale for Children (Frankenberg et al., 2013). The music program is an extension of schools’ regular curriculum and provides students with basic introduction to music and instrument lessons (Years 1 and 2), followed by school-wide music performances within an ensemble (Years 3 and 4). Results showed that music program participants who had performed in musical ensembles showed larger increases in orientation to mainstream culture over a period of 1.5 years than control students who had not received extended music tuition. For younger program participants who had not yet participated in ensemble play, no such differences were found. Results indicate that it was the experience of collaborating and performing within a larger group which led to stronger host culture orientation. Thus, programs providing young migrants with the opportunity to perform music within a larger, culturally heterogeneous group can be viewed as an effective intervention to encourage adaptation to mainstream culture and integration within and beyond the classroom.
Protective effect of crocin against apoptosis induced by subchronic exposure of the rat vascular system to diazinon
Authors: Razavi Bibi Marjan , Hosseinzadeh Hossein , Abnous Khalil , Khoei Alireza , Imenshahidi Mohsen
Published: November 2014

Research has suggested that natural antioxidant, crocin, an active ingredient of saffron, may protect against diazinon (DZN)-induced toxicity. Although increased production of lipid peroxidation by DZN in rat aorta has been shown previously, the effects of DZN on oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in vascular system have not been evaluated. In this study, the effect of crocin on DZN-induced apoptosis in rat vascular system was investigated. The rats were divided into 7 groups: corn oil (control), DZN (15 mg/kg/day, gavage), crocin (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) + DZN, vitamin E (200 IU/kg, i.p., 3 days a week) + DZN, and crocin (50 mg/kg/day, i.p.). The treatments were continued for 4 weeks. Levels of apoptotic (Bax, caspase 3, and caspase 9) and antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl2) were analyzed by Western blotting. Transcript levels of Bax and Bcl2 genes were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results showed DZN-induced apoptosis by activation of caspase 9 and caspase 3 and by increasing the Bax/Bcl2 ratio (both protein and messenger RNA levels). Crocin and vitamin E inhibited apoptosis induced by DZN. In summary, subchronic exposure to DZN induced caspase-mediated apoptosis, and crocin reduced the toxic effects of DZN by inhibiting apoptosis in aortic tissue.
Carbon tetrachloride-induced kidney damage and protective effect of Amaranthus lividus L. in rats
Authors: Yilmaz-Ozden Tugba , Can Ayse , Karatug Ayse , Pala-Kara Zeliha , Okyar Alper , Bolkent Sehnaz
Published: November 2014

This study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of water extract of Amaranthus lividus L. ( A. lividus) (Amaranthaceae) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced toxicity in kidneys of rats. For this purpose, male albino Wistar rats were pretreated with A. lividus (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)) daily for 9 days and a single dose of CCl4 was applied intraperitoneally (50% in olive oil; 1.5 mL/kg b.w.) on the 10th day. All rats were killed 24 h after CCl4 administration, and kidneys were excised and used for determination of histopathological and biochemical parameters. CCl4 administration caused a remarkable increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and glutathione levels and glutathione- S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities and a decrease in catalase (CAT) activity when compared to the control group. Pretreatment with A. lividus (250 and 500 mg/kg b.w.) significantly prevented the elevation in LPO level and MPO activity as well as protected the decrease in CAT activity but did not alter other biochemical parameters. The protective effect of A. lividus was further evident through the decreased histological alterations in kidneys. In conclusion, this study has indicated that A. lividus possesses protective and antioxidant effects against CCl4-induced oxidative kidney damage.
Determining mercury levels in anchovy and in individuals with different fish consumption habits, together with their neurological effects
Authors: Çamur Derya , Güler Çağatay , Vaizoğlu Songül Acar , Özdilek Betül
Published: November 2014

An increase in enviromental pollution may lead to mercury toxicity of fish origin due to the accumulative nature of methylmercury in fish. The main sources of human exposure to organic mercury compounds are contaminated fish and other seafoods. This descriptive study was planned to determine mercury levels in anchovy and in hair samples from individuals with different fish consumption habits, and to evaluate those individuals in terms of toxic effects. For that purpose, we analyzed 100 anchovies from the Black Sea and 100 anchovies from the Sea of Marmara, and assessed 25 wholesale workers in fish markets and 25 cleaning firm employees from both Ankara and Istanbul. Mercury levels in samples were measured using a cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Participants were examined neurologically and mini mental state examination was applied to evaluate their cognitive functions. Mercury levels in fish were found to be below the national and international permitted levels. There was no statistically significant relation between mercury levels and the sea from which fish were caught. Hair mercury levels for all participants were within permitted ranges. However, hair mercury levels in both cities increased significantly with amount and frequency of fish consumption. A significant correlation was determined at correlation analysis between levels of fish consumption and hair mercury levels in the fishmongers and in the entire group ( r = 0.32, p = 0.025; r = 0.23, p = 0.023, respectively). Neurological examination results were normal, except for a decrease in deep tendon reflexes in some participants in both cities. There was no correlation between Standardized Mini Mental State Examination results and hair mercury levels. We conclude that establishing a monitoring system for mercury levels in fish and humans will be useful in terms of evaluating potential neurotoxic effects.
Visual Development and Neuropsychological Profile in Preterm Children from 6 Months to School Age
Authors: Sayeur Mélissa Sue , Vannasing Phetsamone , Tremblay Emmanuel , Lepore Franco , McKerral Michelle , Lassonde Maryse , Gallagher Anne
Published: November 2014

The aim of this semilongitudinal study was to investigate the development of central visual pathways in children born preterm but without major neurologic impairments and to establish their cognitive and behavioral profile at school age. Ten children born preterm were assessed at 6 months and at school age, using visual evoked potentials at both time points and cognitive and behavioral tests at school age. We also tested 10 age-matched children born full-term. At 6 months’ corrected age, we found no significant differences between preterm and full-term groups for either amplitude or latency of N1 and P1 components. At school age, the preterm group manifested significantly higher N1 amplitudes and tended to show higher P1 amplitudes than the full-term group. We found no significant differences in cognitive and behavioral measures at school age. These results suggest that preterm birth affects visual pathways development, yet the children born preterm did not manifest cognitive problems.
Acceptability of a Nipple Shield Delivery System Administering Antiviral Agents to Prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV through Breastfeeding
Authors: Hart Catherine W. , Israel-Ballard Kiersten A. , Joanis Carol L. , Baniecki Mary Lynn , Thungu Florence , Gerrard Stephen E. , Kneen Elizabeth , Sokal David C.
Published: November 2014

Background:

Breastfeeding is a route of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The World Health Organization recommends antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis as the best method to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) during breastfeeding. The nipple shield delivery system (NSDS) is being developed as an accessible method to deliver ARVs to infants and PMTCT during breastfeeding. The NSDS can potentially circumvent hygiene and storage issues in delivering drugs to infants in low-resource settings.

Objectives:

The primary objective was to determine acceptability of the NSDS for PMTCT in Kenya. Secondary objectives included assessing mothers’ understanding of MTCT and identifying cultural and implementation issues that might affect NSDS acceptability.

Methods:

Eleven focus group discussions were conducted, each group consisting of 7 to 12 participants. Seven focus group discussions consisted of HIV-positive mothers, 2 included grandmothers/mothers-in-law, and 2 included fathers/husbands. Ten in-depth interviews were also conducted with individual maternal/child health care providers. Topics included infant feeding and HIV stigma, as well as safety, effectiveness, and feasibility of the NSDS. Device prototypes were used in discussions.

Results:

Participants felt that the NSDS could be trusted if validated scientifically and promoted by health care professionals. HIV-related stigma, access, efficacy, and hygiene were identified as important considerations for acceptance.

Conclusion:

The NSDS is a potentially acceptable method of PMTCT during breastfeeding. Further studies are needed to confirm acceptability, safety, and efficacy. For NSDS adoption to PMTCT, strategies will need to be developed to minimize HIV-related stigma and to ensure that continuous hygiene of the device is maintained.
Association Between Polymorphisms of the Insulin-Degrading Enzyme Gene and Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Wang Shitao , He Feiyan , Wang Ying
Published: November 2014

The insulin-degrading enzyme ( IDE) gene is a strong positional and biological candidate for late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD) susceptibility, with recent studies independently demonstrating an association between IDE gene variants and LOAD. However, previous data have been controversial. To investigate the relationship between IDE gene polymorphisms and LOAD risk, a case–control association study of 406 Han Chinese participants in Xinjiang, China, was undertaken. The LOAD and control groups consisted of 202 and 204 participants, respectively. The single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs1887922 and rs1999764 of the IDE gene were linked to LOAD incidence. The presence of the CT + CC genotype of rs1999764 had a protective effect compared to the TT genotype (adjusted P = .0001; odds ratio [OR] = 0.226; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.116-0.441), while the CT + CC genotype of rs1887922 was associated with increased LOAD risk (adjusted P = .0001; OR = 3.640; 95% CI = 1.889-7.016). Moreover, the effects of rs1887922 and rs1999764 were associated with LOAD risk independent of the apolipoprotein E ∊4 polymorphism and were more significant in men and women, respectively. These results demonstrate that the polymorphisms rs1887922 and rs1999764 of the IDE gene are associated with LOAD susceptibility in the Xinjiang Han population.
Concept description and assessment of the main features of a geared intercooled reversed flow core engine
Authors: Camilleri William , Anselmi Eduardo , Sethi Vishal , Laskaridis Panagiotis , Grönstedt Tomas , Zhao Xin , Rolt Andrew , Cobas Pedro
Published: November 2014

Intercooled turbofan cycles allow higher overall pressure ratios to be reached which gives rise to improved thermal efficiency. Intercooling also allows core mass flow rate to be reduced which facilitates higher bypass ratios. A new intercooled core concept is proposed in this paper which promises to alleviate limitations identified with previous intercooled turbofan designs. Specifically, these limitations are related to core losses at high overall pressure ratios as well as difficulties with the installation of the intercooler. The main features of the geared intercooled reversed flow core engine are described. These include an intercooled core, a rear-mounted high-pressure spool fitted rearwards of the low-pressure spool as opposed to concentrically as well as a mixed exhaust. In these studies, the geared intercooled reversed flow core engine has been compared with a geared intercooled straight flow core engine with a more conventional core layout. This paper compares the mechanical design of the high-pressure spools and shows how different high-pressure compressor and high-pressure turbine blade heights can affect over-tip leakage losses. In the reversed configuration, the reduction in high-pressure spool mean diameter allows for taller high-pressure compressor and turbine blades to be adopted which reduces over-tip leakage losses. The implication of intercooler sizing and configuration, including the impact of different matrix dimensions, is assessed for the reversed configuration. It was found that a 1-pass intercooler would be more compact although a 2-pass would be less challenging to manufacture. The mixer performance of the reversed configuration was evaluated at different levels of mixing effectiveness. This paper shows that the optimum ratio of total pressure in the mixing plane for the reversed flow core configuration is about 1.02 for a mixing effectiveness of 80%. Lower mixing effectiveness would result in a higher optimum ratio of total pressure in the mixing plane and fan pressure ratio.
An adaptive wavelet collocation method for solving optimal control problem
Authors: Zhang Qingbin , Feng Zhiwei , Tang Qiangang , Zhang Yi
Published: November 2014

A sequential solution approach based on an adaptive wavelet collocation method is proposed for solving optimal control problems. By expanding the state and control variables with wavelet multi-resolution decomposition, an original optimal control problem can be transcribed into a nonlinear programming problem that can be solved by general methods. In the proposed framework, an iterative algorithm starts from an initial coarse grid with few collocations. Subsequent solutions can thus be obtained on a dynamically refined grid by an adaptive wavelet collocation method, while the previous coarser level solution can be taken as the initial guess for the next iteration. Consequently, the computational grid for direct numerical optimization method is able to automatically adapt to any irregularities or discontinuities in the solution. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed algorithm are verified by two typical examples.