bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSXI-36 Evaluation of fecal microbiota of dogs fed extruded diets containing white and red sorghum as primary carbohydrate source
Authors: von Schaumburg Patrick , Rodriguez-Zas Sandra L , Southy Bruce R , de Godoy Maria R C
Published: November 2020

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a cereal grain consisting of either white, yellow, red, brown or black endosperms. In human and pet nutrition, sorghum has gained increased attention as a gluten-free and non-GMO whole-grain option. However, a paucity of information exists about the effect of this cereal grain on the GI microbiome and host health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of extruded diets containing corn (CON), white sorghum (WHS) or red sorghum (RES) as the main carbohydrate source on fecal microbiota and metabolites in dogs. Animal care protocol used in this study was approved by the Institutional Care and Use Committee at the University of Illinois. Three diets containing either 30% of CON, WHS, or RES were formulated to meet or exceed the AAFCO (2018) nutrient profile for adult dogs. Nine adult female beagles were randomly assigned to one of the 3 dietary treatments using a replicated 3x3 Latin square design. Each experiment period consisted of 14d (10d of diet adaption and 4d of fecal collection). Fresh fecal samples were collected and allocated for microbial analysis. Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing from V4 region was completed using MiSeq and analyzed using QIIME 2. Linear models were used to evaluate the main effect of treatment. Over 1.8 million sequences were generated. Samples were rarified to 42,160 reads for analysis of diversity and species richness. Beta-diversity did not differ among dogs fed CON, WHS, or RES diets (q- and p-values > 0.05). Similarly, microbial richness was also not affected by treatment. Overall, fecal metabolite concentrations were similar among treatments and did not have a strong correlated with microbial taxa. Our findings indicate that extruded diets using sorghum as a substitute for corn as the main dietary carbohydrate result in similar fecal metabolite profile and microbiota in adult dogs.
PSXI-27 Chemical Composition and In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics of Legumes Using Canine Fecal Inoculum
Authors: Traughber Zac , He Fei , Hoke Jolene , Davenport Gary , de Godoy Maria R C
Published: November 2020

Legumes are a popular grain-free alternative carbohydrate source in canine diets; however, information on fermentative characteristics of select legumes have not been established. Thus, the objectives of the present study were to quantify the chemical compositions and fermentative profile of select legumes using canine fecal inoculum. Five legume varieties, whole yellow peas (WYP), green lentils (GL), black bean grits, navy bean powder, and garbanzo beans, were analyzed and compared to a control, beet pulp (BP). Substrates were analyzed for gross energy (GE), dry and organic matter, crude protein (CP), acid hydrolyzed fat, and total dietary fiber fractions, beta-glucans, starch, free and hydrolyzed sugars, and fermentative characteristics: pH, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA), total gas, hydrogen, and methane. Substrates underwent a two-stage in vitro digestion and subsequent fermentation using canine fecal inoculum for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. All test substrates contained approximately 8–9% moisture and 4.5 kcal/g GE. Crude protein concentrations of pulses ranged from 21–27%. Insoluble fiber values varied from 17–33%, with soluble fiber values ranging from 0–8%. Total starch content was greatest for GL (58%) and WYP (56%). Sucrose and stachyose were the most predominant free sugars and glucose was the most predominant hydrolyzed sugar among test substrates. Production of SCFA did not differ among substrates after 3 or 6 h of fermentation. BP and WYP had the greatest acetate (1,656 and 1,765 umol/g, respectively) and propionate production values (157.7 and 126.1 umol/g, respectively) after 9 h of in vitro fermentation. Pulses are good sources of dietary protein; however, they are also fiber-rich ingredients that appear to be slowly fermentable in vitro, which may have beneficial implications on the ratios of saccharolytic to proteolytic fermentation towards the distal colon in vivo.
PSXI-34 Evaluating the lysine requirements of adult and senior Labrador Retrievers using low and high crude protein inclusion levels
Authors: Weil Jordan T , Varney Jessica L , Fowler Jason W , Coon Craig N
Published: November 2020

Despite consumer interest in senior pet care, little is known about the effect of changing crude protein (CP) levels on the lysine (Lys) requirements in young and senior dogs. Feeding crude protein in excess can lead to long-term health problems. Moreover, changing the CP content of the diet can lead differences in Lys requirements. Two experiments were conducted to determine the Lys requirements in adult and senior Labrador Retrievers through the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. Six young (< 1.5 yrs) and six old (>8 yrs) dogs were allocated to two trials (6 dogs/exp) to determine the effects of feeding 13 and 18% CP on the Lys requirement. All dogs were supplied with constant dietary Phe across diets. The control diet was fed for two days, followed by a day in which the test diet was fed, a tracer amino acid was supplied, and breath samples were collected. On test day, a priming dose of L-[1-13C]phenylalanine (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.) based on the subject’s body weight was supplied, followed by [1-13C]Phe doses every 30 minutes, spanning a four hour period. A respiration mask was placed on each subject every 30 minutes (Oxymax, Columbus Instruments), 13CO2 was collected, and enrichment was determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Results for IRMS were converted to atom percent excess (APE) and analyzed using a broken-line model of best fit (JMP® Pro 15). Oxidation results showed that for a 13% CP diet, the Lys mean and population safe requirements (mean±2SD) were 1.56±0.25 and 0.81±0.37 g/1000kcal for adult and senior dogs, respectively. For the 18% CP diet, adult and senior dog mean and population safe requirements were 1.36±0.18 and 0.86±0.07 g/1000kcal accordingly. The results suggest that as dogs age, the lowered lean mass requires less AA nitrogen and Lys to maintain body tissues.
PSVIII-26 Extending the grazing season for grass-fed beef production into the spring transition period
Authors: Scaglia Guillermo
Published: November 2020

In the Gulf Coast region, the spring transition period is a 45–60 d period between late April and mid-June. Red and white clovers’ growth pattern is delayed compared to winter grasses making them suitable for this transition period; however, an appropriate rest period allowing stockpiling is needed. Three treatments were evaluated on pastures planted in September of three consecutive years: 1) grazed until mid-February (MF); 2) grazed until first week of March (EM); and 3) grazed until last week of March (LM). Grazing re-started on May 1. Pasture was a mixed of annual ryegrass, red, white and berseem clover. Each year, 24 crossbred steers (330 ± 11 kg) were blocked by BW, allotted to 1 of 6 groups (2 replicates/treatment), and continuously stocked at 995 kg BW/ha. Forage mass at the beginning of the grazing period was greater (P < 0.05) in MF, followed by EM and LM. This represented a forage allowance of 2.0, 1.6, and 1.1 kg DM/kg BW. On d0, the proportion of annual ryegrass was greater (P < 0.05) in MF than in EM and the smallest in LM. Proportion of clovers was greater (P = 0.04) in EM in Year 2 while MF and LM were similar but greater for MF in Year 1. Berseem clover represented 59% of the clover biomass in MF while red clover was 72% of the clover biomass in LM. Proportion of clovers decreased with time while annual ryegrass became mature affecting its palatability. Steers that grazed on MF and EM had greater ADG (1.83 and 1.71 kg) than those on LM (1.41 kg). Grazing season was longer (P = 0.03) for MF (66 days) than for LM (39 days) while EM was intermediate (50 days). A rest period from early March to late April would allow grazing of high-quality pastures during the spring transition period.
PSVIII-22 Effects of bag pore size and sample particle size on feed and fecal indigestible neutral detergent fiber concentration in dairy cows
Authors: Dai Xiaoxia , Kalscheur Kenneth
Published: November 2020

Bag pore sizes and sample particle sizes were evaluated for measuring indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) concentration of feeds and feces in dairy cows. Four forage samples (alfalfa silage (AS), corn silage (CS), grass hay (GH) and wheat straw (WS), four byproducts [canola meal (CM), soybean meal (SBM), soy hulls (SH) and soy plus (SP)], four TMRs (with 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% concentrate), and two fecal samples [from the same cow fed high- (FSHS) or low-starch diets (FSLS)] were incubated in 2 cows for 288-h. Treatments were arranged as a 3 × 2 factorial: Three bag pore sizes (15 um (BS15), 25 um (BS25) and 50 um (BS50) with the same dimension of 5 × 5 cm, and two sample particle sizes (1 mm (PS1) and 2 mm (PS2). Fecal samples had only PS1, with BS15PS2 considered the standard to measure iNDF concentration of feed in dairy cows. Bag pore size affected (P < 0.01) iNDF concentration of all the tested samples, while sample particle size only affected (P < 0.01; Figure 1) iNDF of forage and TMR samples. The BS50, with either PS1 or PS2, resulted in the lowest iNDF concentration for all tested samples, and on average was 31% lower than BS15PS2. Concentration of iNDF of CS with BS25PS1 was not different from BS15PS2. For AS and TMRs with 20%, 40% and 60% concentrate, iNDF was not different between BS25PS2 and BS15PS2. For high NDF forage, e.g. GH and WS, BS25 with either PS1 or PS2, can replace BS15PS2 because there is no difference in iNDF concentration. In conclusion, BS50 is not recommended for iNDF determination, whereas BS25PS2 could be used to determine iNDF for AS, high fiber forage, and TMR with low to medium concentrate. Concentration of iNDF of fecal samples can be determined by BS25.
PSVII-41 Late-Breaking Abstract: Impact of enhanced early life nutrition on the testes transcriptional profile of the bull calf
Authors: Coen Stephen P , Kenny David A , Fair Sean , Lonergan Pat , Keogh Kate
Published: November 2020

Enhanced plane of nutrition and metabolic status are known to progress sexual development in the bull calf. This is facilitated through neuroendocrine signaling in the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular signaling axis. Improved nutrition may lead to early release of hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and the subsequent production of follicle stimulating luteinizing hormones in the anterior pituitary and ultimately development of the testes and sexual development. Nonetheless the precise molecular mechanisms leading to this effect are yet to be expounded. The purpose of this study was to evaluate differentially expressed (DE) genes within the testes of bull calves differentially fed for the first 12 weeks of life. The main functions of the testes are the biosynthesis of androgens by the leydig cells and sperm production by the seminiferous tubules. Accelerating the development of this tissue may lead to enhanced reproductive development at an earlier stage. Holstein Friesian bull calves with a mean (SEM) age and bodyweight of 17.5 (2.8) days and 48.8 (5.3) kg, respectively, were assigned to either a high (H; n = 15) or moderate (M; n = 15) plane of nutrition, to achieve an average target growth rate of 1.0 and 0.5 kg/day, respectively. Calves on H and M received 1.5 and 0.5 kg of milk replacer (MR) per day, reconstituted at 15 and 12.5% (w/v), respectively. Calves on H were offered concentrate ad libitum, while those on M received, 500g day-1. Both groups were offered 500 g of hay daily. At 87 days (±2.141) of age, all calves were euthanized and the testes recovered from all calves. RNA was isolated from all testes samples and subsequently subjected to RNAseq analysis. Calves offered a higher plane of nutrition were heavier at slaughter (112 v 88 kg, P < 0.001), reflective of their higher ADG (0.88 v 0.58 kg, P < 0.001). Similarly, H also had heavier testes (29.2 v 20.1 g, P < 0.05) compared to M calves. Results from RNAseq analysis identified 27 DE genes (p.adj< 0.1; fold change >1.5). Cholesterol biosynthesis was an enriched pathway and reproductive system development was also affected. We also saw that Claudin11 was an up regulated DE gene which is involved in sertoli cell development. The results from this study would advocate that there is potential effects of improved nutrition on reproductive function within the testes of bull calves at 12 weeks of age.
PSVIII-39 Late-Breaking Abstract: Equations to predict the effects of dietary deoxynivalenol on the performance of pigs
Authors: Kim Jongkeon , Sung Jung Yeol , Kim Beob G
Published: November 2020

The objectives of this study were to assess the accuracy of previously published equations for predicting effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) on the growth performance of pigs and to update the equations based on the recently published data. A total of 55 data from 22 experiments published between 2013 and 2020 reporting the effects of DON on the performance of pigs were employed for the validation of the previously published equations and these data were used to update the equations. The REG procedure of SAS was used to validate and develop equations and the CORR procedure was used to determine correlation coefficients among variables. The validation of the previously published equations showed that the slope (0.33 ± 0.08, P < 0.05) representing the linear bias and intercept (-3.55 ± 1.60, P < 0.05) representing the mean bias of weight gain changes (ΔWG, %) were different from 0. The slope (0.55 ± 0.07, P < 0.05) and intercept (-6.94 ± 1.20, P < 0.05) of feed intake changes (ΔFI, %) were also different from 0. Dietary DON concentrations had a negative correlation with ΔWG (r = -0.80; P < 0.001) and ΔFI (r = -0.74; P < 0.001). Updated prediction equations for estimating ΔWG and ΔFI based on a total of 152 data from 41 experiments were: ΔWG = -5.76 × DON with r2 = 0.77 and ΔFI = -4.65 × DON with r2 = 0.71, respectively, where dietary DON concentrations ranged from 0 to 14.6 mg/kg. In conclusion, the novel equations developed based on the large number of observations including recent ones may accurately predict effects of dietary DON on the performance of pigs.
PSV-32 Pulmonary arterial pressure in cattle influences beef color during retail display
Authors: Zhai Chaoyu , Delmore Robert J , Geornaras Ifigenia , Speidel Scott , Holt Tim , Thomas Milt , Enns Mark , Nair Mahesh N
Published: November 2020

Pulmonary hypertension is a noninfectious disease of cattle at altitudes > 1524 m (5,000 ft). Mean pulmonary arterial pressures (mPAP) ≥ 50 mmHg is used as an indicator for pulmonary hypertension in cattle. Meat quality attribute, such as color, critically influencing consumer purchase decision, is economically significant. However, the effect of pulmonary arterial pressures (PAP) on postmortem beef color has not been investigated. To examine this, instrumental color, metmyoglobin reducing activity (MRA), and lipid oxidation of aged strip loins (longissimus lumborum; LL) steaks from high PAP (98±13; n = 5) and low PAP score (41±3; n = 6) fattened Angus steers (i.e., live weight of ~600 kg) were evaluated during simulated retail display (day 1, 3, 5, 7, 9). A split-plot design was used to analyze the effects of PAP score and display day on instrumental color, MRA, and lipid oxidation. Data analysis was performed using R with the lme4 package as a mixed model, where PAP score (high or low), display day, and their interactions were the fixed effects, and random effect was individual steer. Differences between least square means (P < 0.05) were determined by Tukey’s multiple comparisons. An interaction (P < 0.05) between PAP score and display day for redness (a* value), chroma, hue, and MRA was observed. The LL steaks from high PAP score animal had lower (P < 0.05) redness, chroma, and hue, than from low PAP score steer on day 9. A main effect (P < 0.05) of display day on lipid oxidation of was observed, with lipid oxidation increasing as display days increased. The results of current study indicated that the LL steaks from steers with high PAP score have lower color stability than those from steers with low PAP score during simulated retail display. Research partially supported by USDA-NIFA grant: 2018-67015-28241.
PSIII-21 Effect of active, dry yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ActiSaf HR+®) on postweaning performance, diarrhea and immune parameters of nursery pigs in cleaned or dirty environmental conditions
Authors: Tellman Claudia , Esselburn Thomas , Loughmiller Joseph , Jacobi Sheila
Published: November 2020

Weaning imposes multiple stressors that reduce feed intake and impair intestinal integrity. Furthermore, poor environmental management could compound the high stress period increasing morbidity and mortality of postweaning piglets. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of supplemental Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ActiSaf HR+®) on postweaning growth performance, fecal scores and immune parameters in a clean or dirty nursery environment. The experiment was a 2 X 2 factorial design with 2 dietary treatments fed in a sanitized (following barn SOP) and un-sanitized (pits flushed, feeders and pens scraped) nursery environment. Weaned piglets (n = 260 and 5pigs/pen; 14.7±1.5lbs wt., 20.8d of age) were allotted to the following dietary treatments: 1) control or 2) ActiSaf HR+® (0.1% in phase 1 and 2 and 0.05% phase 3 diets) for 5-wks postweaning. On days 3, 7, 14, 21 and 35 fecal scores/pen and blood samples were collected for monitoring diarrhea and measurement of cytokines. Overall, pigs fed ActiSaf tended towards greater ADG compared to control fed pigs regardless of environment (P = 0.09; 379 vs. 357 g/d, ActiSaf vs control, respectively). Final pen weights at d35 were greater in ActiSaf vs. control fed pigs (101 vs. 97 kg/pen; P < 0.05). Pigs reared in the dirty vs clean environment had reduced overall ADG (352 vs 384 g/d, respectively; P = 0.01), and pigs in the dirty environment tended towards higher overall feed:gain compared to pigs in clean environments; 1.87 vs. 1.76 g/g (P = 0.09). Diarrhea scores were increased in the dirty environment compared to the clean environment on days 3 and 7 (P < 0.01). Serum TNF-a concentrations were not significantly affected by diet or environment. In conclusion, nursery pigs raised in clean environments had higher ADG and improved feed conversion than pigs reared in a dirty environment. Pigs fed diets containing ActiSaf HR+® tended towards increased ADG regardless of environment.
PSII-27 Effect of endophyte-infected tall fescue seed and red clover isoflavones on the serum metabolites in beef steers
Authors: Seay Taylor B , Clemmons Brooke A , Melchior Emily A , Llarena Juan Fernando Cordero , Powers Joshua B , Campagna Shawn R , Bates Gary , McLean Kyle J , Myer Phillip R
Published: November 2020

Fescue toxicosis reduces animal performance, costing approximately $2 billion dollars to the beef industry annually. Emerging research has demonstrated effects of fescue toxicosis can be reduced by consumption of red clover isoflavones. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of isoflavone supplementation with endophyte infected seed consumption on serum metabolites in beef steers. Angus steers (n = 36) were randomly allocated to treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of endophyte-infected (E+) or endophyte-free (E-) tall fescue seed, with (P+) or without (P-) a red clover isoflavone supplement. For the 21d trial, steers were provided a basal diet supplemented with fescue seed head targeting a minimum of 0.011 mg×kg of body weight−1×d−1 of total alkaloids. A total of 943 mg isoflavones were administered daily via bolus. Following the 21d trial, blood samples were collected for metabolite analysis. Metabolites were filtered from serum and extracted using 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile:water:methanol (2:2:1) for analysis on the Dionex UltiMate 3000 UHPLC system and Exactive Plus Orbitrap MS. The Metabolomic Analysis and Visualization Engine program was used to determine peaks and identify metabolites. Resulting metabolite data were analyzed in MetaboAnalyst 4.0 and SAS 9.4 with significance at P≤0.05. Principle component analysis indicated separation of metabolomes between E+P+ and E-P- steers. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis depicted distinct separation between P+ and P- steers and partial separation between E+ and E- steers. The variation between P+ and P- metabolomes were mainly due to differences in citrulline (r = 0.47, P = 0.003), and AMP (r = -0.35, P = 0.03) between E+ and E- metabolomes. A total of 13 and 8 metabolic pathways were impacted from differences in seed type and isoflavone treatment, respectively (P ≤ 0.05). Therefore, metabolism is altered by isoflavone supplementation that may improve animal performance during fescue toxicosis.
PSXI-18 Influence of Akaushi Genetics on Beef Performance and Carcass Merit in Grain and Grass-finishing Systems
Authors: Maciel Isabella Cristina de Faria , Schweihofer Jeannine P , Fenton Jenifer I , Hodbod Jennifer , McKendree Melissa , Cassida Kim , Rowntree Jason E
Published: November 2020

The study objective was to investigate the impact of beef genetics and finishing system on beef production and carcass merit. Red Angus (RA, n = 30) and RA x Akaushi (AK, n = 30) were equally assigned to one of two finishing treatments: a mixed-species pasture forage (GRASS) or a total mixed feedlot ration (GRAIN) in three replications. Each finishing treatment had free access to mineral and water, and GRAIN were fed once daily (20% hay and 80% concentrate) over 107 d. The grazing period was 80 d. Body weight (BW) was measured after a 12-hour fasting period at the onset and end of the trial. Animals were slaughtered at 18 and 26 mo (GRAIN and GRASS, respectively), and carcass data was collected 48 h postmortem. Initial and final BW were greater for GRAIN (469.7 and 611.0 kg) than GRASS (439.1 and 548.7 kg). Although steers had different total BW gain (141 kg for GRAIN vs 90 kg for GRASS; P < 0.01), there was no difference for average daily gain between two systems. The GRAIN’s advantage in performance, led to higher HCW (+16%), ribeye area (+10%), and backfat (+52%) compared to GRASS. Dressing and marbling score were greater in GRAIN compared to GRASS (61.2 % and 621 vs 57.8 % and 417). The AK cattle presented higher values for dressing (58.7 vs 60.1%; P < 0.0001), ribeye area (70.2 vs 74.3 cm2; P = 0.02), and marbling (548 vs 490, P = 0.03) compared to RA. There was genetics x diet interaction for internal fat, where AK animals had greater value than RA (2.7 vs 2.3%; P < 0.0001) in the GRAIN treatment. These results indicate that GRAIN had superior performance and carcass merit and that AK enhanced these traits to a greater degree as compared to RA.
PSXI-1 Agent-based simulation model to evaluate the technical performance of reproductive programs in beef cattle
Authors: Ojeda-Rojas Oscar Alejandro , Gonella-Diaza Angela M , Coral Daniel Bustos , Sartorello Gustavo L , Reijers Thayla , Pugliesi Guilherme , Mercadante Maria , Gonçalves Cesar , Gameiro Augusto H
Published: November 2020

A stochastic, agent-based simulation model was created to compare the technical performance of reproductive strategies in beef cattle. The model was parameterized using field data and peer-reviewed scientific literature using AnyLogic software. Ten scenarios were evaluated: natural mating (NM) only (ONM); one timed artificial insemination (TAI) plus NM (1TAI+NM); two TAI plus NM, with 24, 32, and 40 days of interval between TAI (2TAI/24+NM, 2TAI/32+NM, and 2TAI/40+NM, respectively); three TAI without NM, with 24, 32, and 40 days of interval between TAI (3TAI/24, 3TAI/32, and 3TAI/40, respectively), and three TAI plus NM, with an interval between TAIs of 24 (3TAI/24+NM) and 32 days (3TAI/32+NM). The size of the female herd was up to 400 individuals. The bull population was 0, 7, or 15 bulls depending on the scenario used. The outcomes were assessed on 320 farms, using a 5,000-day time horizon at one-day time intervals and an animal-by-animal basis. The 3TAI/24+NM resulted in a higher number of births (293 births) and weaned calves (287 calves), while the ONM had the lowest number of births (207 births) as well as weaned calves (203 calves). The heaviest and lightest males at weaning belong to the 3TAI/24 (190.58 ± 0.77 kg) and ONM (166.59 ± 0.93 kg), respectively. The total pregnancy rate was highest in 3TAI/24+NM (0.90 ± 0.00) and lowest for ONM (0.61 ± 0.01). The ONM reach 50% of pregnancy 52.5 days longer when compared to the scenarios that included TAI. Our model accurately represents the main interactions of a real beef cattle herd, with all the advantages of a physical experiment without incurring significant money expenses or alterations to the system. This study suggests that scenarios with three TAI accompanied by early pregnancy diagnosis presented better technical performance and produced more and heavier calves.
PSII-10 Dynamic changes of the fecal bacterial community in dairy cows from early to mid-lactation
Authors: Huang Shuai , Wang Feiran , Ji Shoukun , Huang Jie , Alugongo Gibson Mtumishi , Li Shengli
Published: November 2020

The dynamics of the community structure and activity of the dairy cow fecal bacterial communities，therefore this study was conducted to characterize the fecal bacterial communities during gestation and lactation unclear. Here we aimed to characterize the fecal bacterial communities in dairy cows from early to mid-lactation. Feces were sampled from 20 healthy fresh Holstein dairy cows on day 1 (Fresh1d group) and day 14 (Fresh1d group) in milk, and from 10 mid-lactation dairy cows (mid group) from 45 to 60 days in milk (55.96 ± 6.51 days in milk). The early and mid-lactation ration was fed to fresh and mid-lactation cows. The relative abundance of microbial populations and operational taxonomic units revealed significant differences between the different lactation groups (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 (P < 0.01) and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group (P = 0.02) increased, while that of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group (P < 0.01) decreased as lactation progressed. Especially, low abundance of Bacillus, Escherichia-Shigella, Klebsiella and Streptococcus were detected in mid-lactation cows, this decreased further as lactation progressed, suggesting higher risk of these pathogenic infection during early lactation. Moreover, the relative abundance of predicted microbial genes involved in membrane transport, carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism were enriched, indicating an increase in the fermentation ability of hindgut microbiota as lactation progressed. Our study provides improved understanding of the dynamic composition and functional variation of the fecal microbiome from early to mid-lactation in dairy cows. The findings support the potential for microbial manipulation of the hindgut microbial community in dairy cows enabling the mitigation of environmental problems associated with dairy cows rearing and manure management.
PSIX-4 Fetal programming – Maternal plane of nutrition effects on progeny performance, feed efficiency, and carcass quality for feedlot steers
Authors: Acton Kortney , Mandell Ira B , Huber Lee-Anne , Steele Michael A , Wood Katharine M
Published: November 2020

To evaluate if maternal supplementation of protein and rumen-protected methionine during late gestation affects steer progeny performance and carcass quality, 138 Angus X cows were used in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Cows were randomly assigned one of three protein treatments (feeding to meet 90%, 100%, or 110% of metabolizable protein (MP) requirements), with(without) 9 g/d of rumen-protected methionine (MET) and fed these isocaloric diets for ~8 weeks before parturition. Steer progeny (n = 56) were assigned to one of seven pens by weight and received a common corn-based grower diet (58% corn silage, 26% alfalfa haylage, 15% soybean meal) for 47 days, followed by a finisher diet (78% high moisture corn, 12% alfalfa haylage, 8% soybean meal) for 115±31.5 days until slaughter. Body weights were recorded biweekly. Monthly ultrasound images of back and rump fats were captured. Organ weights were recorded at the time of slaughter, with carcass and meat quality recorded 24 to 48 hours later. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS, with maternal treatment as the fixed effect, and pen as the random effect. Feeding to meet 90% MP requirements resulted in heavier calf weaning weights compared to 100% and 110% (262, 251, and 245 ±13.9 kg, respectively; P = 0.01). Maternal nutritional treatment did not affect average daily gain, dry matter intake, feed conversion during finishing or organ weights. Increasing dietary MP content from 90%, 100% to 110% reduced grade fat thickness (15.5, 14.7, and 11.8 ±1.11 mm, respectively; P = 0.04) and yield grades (2.7, 2.9, and 2.3 ±0.17, respectively; P = 0.04), but increased lean meat yield (49.5, 49.4, and 50.6 ±0.3%, respectively; P = 0.04). These data suggest that maternal MP content may alter steer progeny carcass traits while maintaining animal performance during the finishing period.
PSIX-22 Performance, whole-blood immune gene expression, and plasma metabolome of beef steers fed diet supplemented with a Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based direct-fed microbial product
Authors: Ogunade Ibukun M , Compart Devan M , Pech-Cervantes Andres A
Published: November 2020

We examined the effects of dietary supplementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based direct-fed microbial on the performance, whole-blood immune gene expression, and plasma metabolome of beef steers during a 42-d receiving period. Forty newly weaned Angus crossbred steers (7 d post-weaning; 210 ± 12 kg of BW) were stratified by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: basal diet with no additive (CON; n = 20) or a basal diet top-dressed with 19 g of the DFM (PROB; n = 20). PROB (PMI, Arden Hills, MN) is an optimized blend of 6.2 × 1011 cfu/g of S. cerevisiae, 3.5 × 1010 cfu/g of a mixture of Enterococcus lactis, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecium, and L. casei. Daily DMI and weekly body weights were measured to calculate average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE). Expression of 84 immune-related genes was analyzed on whole blood samples collected on days 21 and 42. Plasma metabolome was analyzed on day 42. The data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with treatment as a fixed effect and BW as a random effect. Compared with CON, PROB increased or tended to increase final body weight (P = 0.01), ADG (P = 0.04), and FE (P = 0.10). Compared with CON, PROB increased (P ≤ 0.05) the expression of seven immune-related genes involved in detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns and T-cell differentiation. Plasma metabolome analysis revealed an increase (P ≤ 0.05) in concentrations of ten metabolites involved in protecting the animals against inflammation in steers fed PROB diet. This study demonstrated that supplementation of PROB improved the performance and health of newly weaned beef steers during a 42-d receiving period.
PSVI-18 Evaluation of alternative methodologies for dry matter degradability determination in the in vitro gas production method
Authors: Lobo Annelise G , Vincenzi Rafaela , Lobo Richard R , Junior Vanderlei Benetel , Panosso Leticia L , Bermudez Yuli Andrea P , Bueno Ives Claudio da Silva
Published: November 2020

The use of filter crucibles to determine the degradability increases the time required in the analytical process, thus reducing the speed of obtaining experimental data. This has made it necessary to search for alternative methods that ensure a homogeneous digestion and filtration system for all samples and provide accurate and accurate results. The study evaluated the in vitro dry matter degradability of five treatments: 1) Filter crucible; 2) F57 bags (Ankom®) with non-degradable mass; 3) TNT bags weighing g/m2 with non-degradable mass; 4) F57 bags (Ankom®); 5) TNT bags weighing g/m2. The in vitro gas production method used was the semiautomatic one with pressure transducer, for that 8 bovines Nellore castrated male were used as content and ruminal liquid donors. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with 5 treatments, 4 blocks (inocula), and three replicates within each block. PROC GLM was used to adjust for multiple comparisons of the data using the Tukey’s test at 5% significance. There was no difference in the in vitro dry matter degradability for 24 or 96 hours (P-value 0.0554 and 0.1411, respectively), regardless of the treatment. Thus, the possibility of using TNT made bag to the detriment of the F57 bag is affirmed because of the high cost of this one in relation to that one.
PSVI-21 Evaluation of passive immunity transfer and performance of calves receiving different sources of immunoglobulins
Authors: Tomaluski Cristiane , Coelho Marina , Dondé Sophia , Toledo Ariany , Bernardes João Pedro , Jeronymo Nathalia , Virgínio Júnior Gercino F , Bittar Carla Maris M
Published: November 2020

The efficiency in the passive immunity transfer (PIT) is directly associated with the production cost and productivity of the animals. When fresh maternal colostrum (FC) is not available, frozen colostrum or colostrum replacer (CR) are alternatives to avoid failures in PIT (FPIT). Thirty-nine Holstein calves were used in a randomized block design with gender, weight and date of birth as blocking effect, and distributed in treatments: 1) feeding of 10% BW of CF; 2) feeding of 10% BW of FC; 3) 1.5 dose of a CR (SCCL®, Saskatoon, Canada). Animals received 6L/d of milk until 56d of life when they were subjected to gradual weaning until the end of the study (63d). Feed intake and health was monitored daily, and weight and blood samples were weekly taken. The Brix value at 24h of life was higher in animals receiving maternal colostrum when compared to CR (FC: 9.52a; Frozen: 10.68a; CR: 8.23b; P < 0.01). The immunoglobulins intake was higher (P < 0.01) for calves fed with maternal colostrum (FC or Frozen), which may explain the differences observed in the apparent efficiency of absorption (P = 0.02). The colostrum protocols affected the serum IgG concentration assessed at 24h (FC: 26.65b; Frozen: 35.69a; CR: 16.93c; P < 0.01); however, no treatment resulted in FPIT, with values of serum IgG above 10g/L. Starter intake increased during the milk-feeding period (P < 0.01), with no effects of colostrum feeding. ADG was influenced by treatments (P = 0.01), with higher gains for calves fed FC, resulting in higher final BW (P = 0.04). During the milk-feeding period, plasma glucose and total serum protein were higher for FC than for CR calves, with no differences for calves fed frozen colostrum. Feeding FC resulted in heavier animals at weaning; however, the frozen colostrum and CR used in this study are adequate alternatives, with no FTIP observed.
PSVI-11 Effects of nutrient management and cropping strategies in a dual-crop forage production system of silage corn and perennial grass on nutritional quality and predicted milk production of dairy cattle
Authors: Koenig Karen , Bittman Shabtai , Li Carson , Hunt Derek , Beauchemin Karen
Published: November 2020

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of incrementally applied enhanced nutrient management, cropping practices, and advanced production technologies on nutrient composition and in vitro degradability of whole plant corn and perennial grass (tall fescue) and the predicted milk production of dairy cattle. Farm management strategies included: conventional system with manure slurry broadcast, late harvest corn, and grass cut 5 times per year (F1); improved nutrient management with manure sludge applied to corn and liquid applied to grass (F2); improved nutrient management and cropping practices with separated manure, an early harvest corn inter-seeded with a relay crop (Italian ryegrass), and grass cut 3 times per year (F3); and advanced technologies that included a nitrification inhibitor (diacyandiamide, DCD; F4). The field trial was conducted as a randomized complete block design over 2 years with 4 blocks each divided into corn and grass, 4 subplots for each crop, and 2 replicates within each subplot. Enhanced nutrient, cropping, and advanced management increased (P < 0.05) the crude protein (CP) concentration in corn compared to the conventional system (Table 1). The DCD reduced (P < 0.05) the CP concentration and the highly degradable fiber of the relay crop compared to management without DCD. Decreasing the number of cuts of grass reduced (P < 0.05) the CP concentration in the spring harvest, increased (P < 0.05) the fiber concentration in spring and summer harvests, and reduced (P < 0.05) fiber degradability in all harvests. Milk production predicted from the nutritional quality and representative proportions of forages using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System was increased with enhanced management. The lower forage quality of grass cut 3 times compared to 5 times annually was offset by the improved quality of corn and relay crop under enhanced field management of the dairy farm.
PSXII-12 The influence of long-term molybdenum supplementation (in drinking water or feed) on beef calf performance through weaning
Authors: Thorndyke Meghan P , Guimaraes Octavio , Tillquist Nicole M , Tangredi Briana V , Zervoudakis Joanis T , Engle Terry E
Published: November 2020

Fifty-four multiparous beef cows were used to examine the effect of molybdenum (Mo) supplemented in drinking water or feed on offspring performance. Cows were blocked by body weight (BW) and age into one of 6 groups. Group were then randomly assigned to treatment. Treatments consisted of: 1) Control (no supplemental Mo or Cu), 2) Control+Cu (3 mg Cu/kg DM from CuSO4·5H2O added to the basal diet), 3) Control + 500 µg Mo/L from MoNa2O4·2H2O in drinking water (Mo 500-water), 4) Control + 1000 µg Mo/L of MoNa2O4·2H2O in drinking water (Mo 1000-water), 5) Mo 1000-water plus 3 mg Cu/kg DM from CuSO4·5H2O added to the basal diet (Mo 1000-water+Cu, and 6) Control plus 3 mg Mo/kg DM from MoNa2O4·2H2O added to the basal diet (3.0 Mo-diet). Cows were housed in dry lot pens (n = 3 cows/pen; 3 pens/treatment) and fed a low-quality grass hay diet (DM basis: 6.6% CP; 0.14% S, 6.2 mg Cu/kg, 2.3 mg Mo/kg) and a protein supplement (30% CP). Cows received their respective treatments beginning 60 d prior to breeding and remained on treatments until all calves were weaned at approximately 7 mo. of age. Calf birth weights were collected on the day of birth and all calves were weaned on the same day. Data were analyzed using a mixed effects model for a completely randomized block design. Birthweight, ADG, and 205d adjusted weaning weights were similar (P > 0.05) across treatments. These data indicate that Mo supplemented in the drinking water or the diet regardless of the inclusion of additional Cu did not impact calf performance through weaning.
PSXII-5 Simulation of feed restriction and anorexia during auction market and transportation and its effects on concentrate intake and body weight recovery of unweaned crossbred Angus-Holstein calves
Authors: Pisoni Lucía , Devant Maria , Marti Sonia
Published: November 2020

Twenty unweaned Angus-Holstein bull calves (44.1 ± 2.0 kg and 14.7 ± 0.63 d) were used to evaluate the effects of feed restriction and anorexia (simulating auction market and transport) on concentrate intake (CI) and body weight (BW) recovery. Calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments; Control (CT; n = 5): from d-4 to -1, 2.5 L of milk replacer (MR) twice daily, concentrate and straw ad libitum; Mild (MD; n = 5): only MR (d-4 to -1) as described for CT, and at the end of d-1 feed withdrawal for 9 h; Moderate (MO; n = 5): only MR as described for CT and at the end of d-1 feed withdrawal for 19 h; and Severe (SV; n = 5): only 2.5 L of a hydrate solution (HS) twice daily (d -4 to -1) and at the end of d-1 feed withdrawal for 19 h. Simulating the arrival to the farm, from d 0 all calves were fed MR, concentrate and straw ad libitum. The CI was recorded daily, and BW was measured on d-4, -1 (restriction day), 0, 2 and 7. Data were analyzed using mixed models with repeated measures. BW was greater (P < 0.001) for CT compared with the rest from d0 to 7, while BW of SV was lesser compared with the rest from d-1 to d7. At d1 CI did not differ among treatments; however, at d 2 CI of MD, MO and SV was lesser (P < 0.05) compared with CT. At d5, CI of SV was similar to that for CT, and it was greater (P < 0.05) than CI of MD and MO. Calves BW and CI recovery was affected by the degree of restriction (9 vs 19 h) and by the type of liquid feeding (MR or HS) offered in long restriction periods.
PSXII-9 The effects of DFM plus tannins on measures of immunity and growth performance of weaned beef calves
Authors: DeMarco Claudia , Lake Scott L , Goodall S Richard , Cunningham Hannah , Paisley Steve , Brauner Cassio
Published: November 2020

A two-year study was conducted to determine the effects of direct-fed microbials plus tannins (DFM + TN) on weaned calf performance and indicators of innate immune response. Angus calves (n = 142 year 1; 143 year 2) were weaned at 6 months of age, transferred to a feedlot, and fed one of two diets for 42 days: a ration with added DFM + TN (2×108 Propionibacterium acidipropionici; 5×107 CFU/hd/day Lactobacillus animalis; 5×107 CFU/hd/day Bifidobacterium animalis; and tannins 15 g/hd/day) or a ration with no added DFM +TN (CON). Body weights were taken on consecutive days and averaged at the beginning and ending of the study, while single day weights were taken on d 14, and 28. Upon completion of the feeding study (year 2), calves (n = 72) were transported to Laramie, WY (204 km), where blood samples were taken on d 0, 2, 4, 7, and 9 relative to transportation to measure plasma haptoglobin. Data were compared among groups using a categorical response mixed model. The model included the fixed effect of treatment group and the data were measured repeatedly. DFM + TN calves had lower overall (P = 0.001) F:G and tended to have greater ADG (P = 0.15) and lower F:G (P = 0.12) during the first 28 days and greater overall ADG (P = 0.06) and greater (P = 0.11) total gain overall. There was a tendency (P = 0.09) for a treatment x day effect for DFM + TN calves to have lower plasma haptoglobin concentration on day 0 and 4 than CON calves. Weaned calves fed DFM + Tannins tended to have greater growth performance during the first 42 days post weaning and tended to have a reduction in plasma haptoglobin concentrations, suggesting a reduction in stress and a positive impact on calf growth.
PSX-21 Maternal dietary supplementation of fatty acids during late gestation on offspring’s growth, carcass characteristics and energy metabolism in sheep
Authors: Rosa-Velazquez Milca , Pinos-Rodriguez Juan M , Relling Alejandro E
Published: November 2020

Our objective was to evaluate the effect of different sources of fatty acids (FA) fed to ewes during late gestation on offspring growth, carcass characteristics (CC), and glucose and insulin metabolism [via glucose tolerance test (GTT)]. Fifty-four ewes (n = 18/treatment) were blocked by age, and BW; and within each block randomly assigned to one of three treatments fed from day 100 gestation until lambing. Treatments were: 1) no FA supplementation (CONT); or supplemented with 1% of lipid-enrich diet in 2) monounsaturated FA (MUFA); or 3) polyunsaturated FA (PUFA). At birth, all ewes and lambs were placed in a common pen and feed a common diet. At 60 days of age, lambs were weaned (d0), blocked by weight, and placed (3 lambs/pen; 6 pen/treatment; 3 pens of each sex) in a common diet until d56. Weight was measured on d0, d28, and d54; feed intake (FI) was measured daily. One lamb/pen was used on a GTT on d55, and another lamb/pen was used to determine CC (d56). Offspring data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with a 2x2 factorial arrangement (FA*Sex; SAS 9.4). Treatments did not affect (P > 0.1) offspring FI, neither plasma glucose concentration (GTT). There was a FA*Sex interaction (P < 0. 05) for insulin. Males’ plasma insulin concentration increased as FA unsaturation degree increased during the GTT, the opposite happened with females. There was an interaction of FA*Sex*Day (P < 0.05) on lamb growth. On d0 MUFA females were heavier than MUFA males, but PUFA males were heavier than PUFA females; these differences disappeared at d28. Lambs born from PUFA had a heavier (P < 0. 05) hot carcass weight. In conclusion, dam’s FA supplementation modified offspring growth, insulin sensitivity, and HCW; these changes depended on the supplement FA unsaturation degree and offspring sex.
Risk Assessment Scores in Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Hulse Matthew , Lowson Stuart
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses the importance of cardiac surgical risk scoring models in classifying risk in adult patients. These scores first came into construct in the 1980s when the rate of mortality following coronary bypass graft surgery began to increase. Since this time, numerous scoring systems have been developed to define patient risk factors. The first widely used risk model was the initial Parsonnet score developed in 1989, which predicted cardiac surgical mortality based on preoperative risk factors thought to be clinically significant. Today, the most commonly used risk assessment tools for cardiac surgical patients are the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons risk score. However, neither of these 2 major scoring systems assesses frailty. Frailty is consistently associated with a greater risk of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement procedures. The risk associated with frailty following open cardiac surgical procedures is less clear.
Oxygen Consumption and Delivery in Critical Illness
Authors: Tregear Hans , Flynn Brigid C.
Published: November 2020

This chapter evaluates the importance of identifying the oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption balance in critically ill patients. Mixed venous oxygen saturation is a valuable marker of oxygen consumption and delivery in an intensive care unit patient. Organ perfusion can be improved by optimizing all components of the oxygen delivery calculation and decreasing oxygen consumption, if indicated. Several tools that aid in this assessment include pulmonary artery catheter–derived mixed venous oxygen saturation, central venous line–derived central venous saturation, cardiac ultrasonography, and laboratory values such as the arterial blood gas and lactate levels. The chapter also discusses hyperlactatemia. Hyperlactatemia can be due to anaerobic metabolism (type A lactic acidosis) or aerobic metabolism (type B lactic acidosis).
Pulmonary Embolism and Postoperative Care
Authors: Haines Daniel , Grigsby Joel
Published: November 2020

This chapter assesses pulmonary embolism (PE), which is an obstruction of the pulmonary circulation by an occlusive material. The material may be thrombus, air, tumor, or fat. PE are classified as acute, subacute, or chronic; but they can be further classified into massive and submassive. Submassive PE is defined as an acute PE without systemic hypotension but with either right ventricular dysfunction or myocardial necrosis, while massive PE is defined as an acute PE with sustained shock. There are several strategies for treating PE depending on the stability of the patient and the location of the clot. Systemic thrombolysis, catheter-directed thrombolysis, and catheter-directed clot removal are all treatment options, if there are no contraindications. Bleeding risk is the largest contraindication for thrombolytic therapy. Meanwhile, surgical embolectomy is warranted for hemodynamically unstable patients as well as patients with contraindications to or who failed thrombolytic therapy and catheter-based approaches. Right ventricular failure is a serious complication following pulmonary embolectomy and is managed by a compilation of volume removal, inotropic support, pulmonary vasodilation, and mechanical support, if needed.