bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Alpha Female: Observations on Captive Pigtail Monkeys
Authors: Gouzoules Harold
Published: September 2008

In an 11-month study, data on the establishment of dominance and grooming relations were collected over a 3-month period on an all-female pigtail monkey group. Subsequently, 3 adult males were introduced singly to the females and remained in the group for 1 month each. Data on social relations were collected to examine stability among female relationships with and without males present, and the dependence of female dominance on male support. The results revealed: (1) males were accepted into the group and attained dominance; (2) reciprocal affinitive relationships were established between each of the males and the alpha female, and (3) the alpha female’s dominance status was independent of male preference for another female.
An Experimental Study of Mother Loss in the Indian Langur Monkey (Presbytis entellus)
Authors: Dolhinow Phyllis
Published: September 2008

Langur monkeys normally have many important caregivers from birth. Mothers of 6- to 8-month-old infants were removed from the infants’ social groups for 2 weeks, and the effects of the separations on infant behavior were assessed. All infants showed changes in behavior. Their reactions to loss ranged from minimal to severe − in 2 instances, death. All infants sought care during separation, and most infants showed strong preferences for certain females. A majority of infants adopted a major caregiver during the mother’s absence. Adoptions were entirely infant-initiated, and most infants remained with their adopted caregivers when the mothers were returned. Factors influencing infant response to mother loss included previous quality of maternal care, availability of accepting caregivers, and peer competition.
Social Interactions of Orphans Observed in a Free-Ranging Troop of Japanese Monkeys
Authors: Hasegawa Toshikazu , Hiraiwa Mariko
Published: September 2008

During 4 years of observations of a troop of free-ranging Japanese monkeys, more than 40 ‘orphans’, young monkeys who lost their mothers, were found. Most infants who lost their mothers before the weaning period could not survive, while young animals over 1 year old could survive their mothers’ deaths. Adult males of the troop and immature close relatives were observed to become the caretaker of these orphans. With a few exceptions, adult females were indifferent to orphans. Grooming behavior, rank, solitariness of males, and maternal behavior of females are compared between orphans and non-orphans.
Similarities and Differences in the Cortical Areal Patterns of Galago demidovii (E. Geoffroy, 1796; Lorisidae, Primates) and Microcebus murinus (E. Geoffroy, 1828; Lemuridae, Primates)
Authors: Zilles Karl , Schleicher Axel
Published: September 2008

The areal patterns of the telencephalic cortices of Galago demidovii and Microcebus murinus were compared. A very similar pattern was found in both species. This striking similarity is considered a further argument for the newly proposed phylogenetic relationship of cheirogaleids and galagos.
Local Differences in Responses to Water among Wild Chimpanzees
Authors: Nishida Toshisada
Published: September 2008

Behaviors in relation with water are described in detail for wild chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania: drinking, wading streams, feeding, responses to rain, etc. When the results are compared with those of Gombe National Park, some behavioral differences emerge: drinking directly from the lake, feeding on aquatic plants, back/shoulder rubbing behavior by making day-beds, etc. are observed only for chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains, while sponging to obtain water is observed only for those of Gombe. These may be examples of ‘tradition drift’ in wild chimpanzees. Moreover, it is suggested that there is no innate hydrophobia among any of the African great apes.
Miocene Hominoid Palatofacial Morphology
Authors: McHenry Henry M. , Andrews Peter , Corruccini Robert S.
Published: September 2008

The palatofacial morphology of Proconsul africanus, P. nyanzae, P. major and Sivapithecus meteai is compared to extant catarrhines. The early Miocene hominoids (Proconsul) are unlike modern great apes, but retain a primitive catarrhine pattern more similar to some extant cercopithecoids. By middle Miocene times the typical hominoid palatofacial morphology can be recognized in at least one species (S. meteai) and this corresponds to the evolution of the postcranium in which the hominoid pattern is also only recognizable by the middle Miocene.
Chromosomal Evolution in Malagasy Lemurs
Authors: Rumpler Y. , Dutrillaux B.
Published: September 2008

The karyotype of Lemur fulvus albifrons, L. rubriventer and its hybrids with L. fulvus fulvus were compared with that of L. fulvus fulvus. The two subspecies of L. fulvus have the same karyotype. L. rubriventer differs from L. fulvus by five Robertsonian translocations and also by increased heterochromatin in the juxtacentromeric region of the X chromosome. The karyotypes in the present study compared with those of other lemurs allowed us to propose a general scheme representing the chromosomal evolution of the genus Lemur. In this genus Robertsonian translocations represent 29 of the 33 chromosomal rearrangements which have so far been identified. We cannot affirm that sterility of the hybrids is exclusively due to the accumulation of Robertsonian translocations.
Age at First Pregnancy and Reproductive Outcome among Colony-Born Squirrel Monkeys (Saimirisciureus, Brazilian)
Authors: Taub David M.
Published: September 2008

In a colony of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) of Brazilian origin, 40% of all first pregnancies occurred among females aged 3.5−4 years; 57% of all first pregnancies occurred between the ages of 3.5 and 5 years while 62% occurred between the ages of 2.5 and 4 years. A total of 79% of all first pregnancies occurred among females between the ages of 2.5 and 5 years. 70% of all first pregnancies and 67% of all second pregnancies were unsuccessful. Females with unsuccessful first pregnancies were those most likely to have an unsuccessful second pregnancy, and vice versa. The most common reproductive event in the season immediately following first pregnancy was a failure to become pregnant (33%).
Normal Blood Values of an Adult Male Perodicticus potto with Comparative Data from Other Primates
Authors: Cowgill U.M. , Zeman L.B.
Published: September 2008

The hemogram and blood chemistry profile of a 20-year-old male Perodicticus potto are presented. Comparative data from other primates are included so that P. potto information may be viewed in proper perspective. With noted exceptions, the values are reminiscent of other prosimians.
Causes of Variation between Months in the Distance Traveled Daily by Gibbons
Authors: Raemaekers Jeremy
Published: September 2008

The monthly medians of the distances traveled daily by siamang and lar gibbons are negatively correlated with rainfall and positively correlated with the separate and combined abundance of different food categories. The latter correlations indicate that the apes follow a policy of cutting their losses by reducing travel when food abundance falls.
Interventions and the Development of Dominance Relationships in Female Baboons
Authors: Walters Jeffrey
Published: September 2008

Dominance relationships between adult and adolescent female yellow baboons, Papio cynocephalus. were studied in Amboseli Park, Kenya. Adolescents attempted to become dominant to some females (called ‘targeted females’) while remaining subordinate to others. Agonistic relationships with targeted females passed through a sequence of stages before the younger female achieved dominance. An examination of nondyadic agonistic interactions revealed that adolescents frequently intervened against targeted females, but never against nontargeted females, and that others sometimes aided adolescents against targeted females, but aided nontargeted females against adolescents. Interveners were unrelated adult females and other adolescents as well as kin. Targeting was determined by birth rank (the rank of the adolescent’s mother at the time of the adolescent’s birth) and did not depend on interventions by the mother.
Types of Dominance in a Chimpanzee Colony
Authors: Noë Ronald , de Waal Frans B.M. , van Hooff Jan A.R.A.M.
Published: September 2008

This study examines to what extent the concept of dominance can be used to describe the social structure of a group of semi-free-living chimpanzees. 15 behavioural variables, based on agonistic, competitive and affinitive behaviour patterns, have been compared with respect to the interindividual directions in which they occurred. In this analysis use was made of indices that reflect the position an individual occupies in the relationship structure. These indices were calculated per individual for all variables and subjected to factor analysis and cluster analysis. As a result, 13 of the variables could be grouped in three categories which have been labelled: (1) agonistic dominance; (2) bluff dominance, and (3) competitive dominance. Whereas the top positions in the hierarchies based on the first two closely related types of dominance were occupied by the adult males, the hierarchy based on the third type was headed by several adult females.
Feeding Behavior of Yellow Baboons (Papio cynocephalus): Relationship to Age, Gender and Dominance Rank
Authors: Post D. G. , Hausfater G. , McCuskey S.A.
Published: September 2008

This paper examines the relationship of age, gender and dominance rank to certain quantitative measures of food intake and diet among free-living Amboseli baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Adult males and adult females showed no significant difference in proportion of time spent feeding although the two classes differed markedly in body weight and hence basal metabolic rate. Among adults, individuals of high, middle and low dominance status showed no consistent differences in proportion of time spent feeding. However, within the group as a whole and among adult males, high ranking individuals generally had longer feeding bout durations than lower ranking individuals. Also, high ranking individuals were less likely to have their feeding bouts aggressively interrupted than were lower ranking individuals and those individuals whose feeding bouts were most frequently interrupted showed the lowest mean feeding bout duration. Application of the Kaplan-Meier (1958) statistical procedure to these data on feeding bout duration showed that the reduction in expected bout duration due to disruptive social factors was proportionately greater among low ranking individuals than among higher ranking individuals. Quantitative analysis of dietary overlap showed that individuals of all age-sex classes except adult males had a greater degree of overlap with members of their own class than with members of other classes. Pairs of closely-ranked individuals showed greater dietary overlap than did pairs of individuals occupying more disparate rank positions. Alternative behavioral strategies for minimizing interference from higher ranking individuals and at the same time assuring adequate food intake are discussed.
The Structure of Social Space among a Captive Group of Vervet Monkeys
Authors: Ehardt-Seward C. , Bramblett C.A.
Published: September 2008

Proximity data collected during a 34-month longitudinal study of captive vervets are used to generate a quantitative, predictive model consistent with age, gender, kinship, and dominance status variables. Differential ontogenetic patterns of uterine and non-uterine passive contact and nearness are described for males and females, illustrating decreased distance with age in females and increased disperson for males. Proximal relationships are structured by kinship, although not uniformly across genders and age ranges. Higher-ranking kin-groups appear more cohesive, based on uterine contact and nearness, while non-uterine proximity is not significantly differentiated on the basis of matrilineal dominance.
Social and Nonsocial Behaviours of Sex- and Age-Matched Enclosed and Free-Ranging Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Baulu J. , Redmond D.E.
Published: September 2008

The behavioural profiles (time budgeting of social and nonsocial activities) and the frequencies of major social interactions of corral-enclosed rhesus monkeys were compared with sex- and age-matched free-ranging rhesus monkeys on La Cueva Island, Puerto Rico. All animals (n = 32) were provisioned ad libitum at specific feeder sites. The occurrence of 14 behaviours around feeders was compared with their occurrence away from the feeders by noting the location of each monkey relative to the feeder at the time of observation. An analysis of variance between free-ranging versus corral-enclosed groups and within groups by location (around or away from the feeder) revealed significant differences in several behavioural categories, including foraging, lookout, inactive, dominant, submissive, allogrooming, social contact, social initiative, active, and passive behaviours. When the effect of limited food distribution sites was analyzed by comparing data recorded away from the feeding sites, there were remarkably few differences between the groups.
Banding Patterns of the Chromosomes of Cercopithecus petaurista (Schreber, 1775): Comparison with Other Primate Species
Authors: Caballin M.R. , Miró R. , Ponsȧ M. , Florit F. , Massa C. , Egozcue J.
Published: September 2008

We describe the G, Q and C banding patterns and the localization of the nucleolar organizing regions in the chromosomes of Cercopithecus petaurista and compare them to those of other primate species.
New and Revised Data on Volumes of Brain Structures in Insectivores and Primates
Authors: Stephan Heinz , Frahm Heiko , Baron Georg
Published: September 2008

More than 2,000 data on volumetric measurements of 42 structures in a variety of up to 76 species (28 insectivores, 21 prosimians, 27 simians) are given. All volumes measured in serial sections were converted to fresh volumes of a brain having a standard size within a given species. The data are available to all scientists for comparison and analysis. To allow critical evaluation, details on fixation and preparation, on determination of fresh brain weights and volumes of brain parts and on intraspecific variability are given.
Growth of the Fetal Pigtailed Macaque (Macaca nemestrina)
Authors: Sirianni J. E. , Newell-Morris L. , Campbell M.
Published: September 2008

The prenatal growth of the macaque cephalofacial region is described using cephalofacial measurements taken on 89 fetal Macaca nemestrina whose known gestational ages range from 60 to 184 days. During the prenatal period, the macaque neurocranium flattens and elongates in an anteroposterior direction; the height of the upper face increases at a faster rate than facial breadth, and the ear dimensions grow at a faster rate than any other cephalofacial dimension. Formulae based on the independent variables of ear height and bizygomatic diameter are recommended for estimating fetal age in this species.
Natural Regulation of Rhesus Monkey Populations in Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Teas Jane , Richie Thomas L. , Taylor Henry G. , Siddiqi M. Farooq , Southwick Charles H.
Published: September 2008

In Kathmandu valley, two populations of rhesus monkeys which are totally protected, have shown relatively stable numbers over a period of several years. Population stability within heterosexual troops appears to have been maintained through lower birth rates and slightly higher infant and adult mortality rates than in comparable rhesus populations in India which have been subject to trapping. Although the behavioral and physiological mechanisms by which these demographic changes occur are not known, behavioral observations on these populations suggest several possibilities. These data represent the first indication of possible mechanisms for population regulation in natural rhesus populations.
Diet Choice among Red Colobus (Colobus badius rufomitratus) on the Tana River, Kenya
Authors: Marsh C. W.
Published: September 2008

The feeding behaviour of a group of red colobus was observed in gallery forest beside the Tana River, Kenya, between October 1973 and December 1974. Food availability was quantified from tree enumeration data and a monthly sample of phenology. 22 species contributed to the annual diet but there was great variation in selection among them. Young leaves were not only the most important items in the diet, but also the most consistently selected in relation to their availability. Compared to red colobus studied at rain-forest sites in Uganda and Tanzania, those at the Tana have a much less diverse diet and eat more fruit but less mature leaf. The hypothesis is discussed that more use can be made of mature leaves in rain forest, because there are more species from which to choose.
Comparative Anatomy of Platyrrhine Mandibular Cheek Teeth dpm4, pm4, m1 with Particular Reference to Those of Homunculus (Cebidae), and Comments on Platyrrhine Origins
Authors: Hershkovitz Philip
Published: September 2008

Comparisons of a moderately worn pmsub4/sub in its jaw, and an isolated dpmsub4/sub of the Oligocene-Miocene Homunculus (the second tooth originally described as that of a marsupial), indicate cebid identity with affinities nearest Alouatta. Diagnoses of dpmsub4/sub, pmsub4 /suband msub1/sub of all known platyrrhines and comparisons with teeth of strepsirhines and tarsioids reveal that platyrrhines cannot be derived from any known non-platyrrhine stock. Speculations on platyrrhine ancestry are reviewed.
Ein Schädel von Mesopithecus mit Biss-Spuren
Authors: Zapfe Helmulh
Published: September 2008

A skull of Mesopithecus pentelicus (Roth and Wagner) from the Turolian (Upper Miocene) of Pikermi (Greece) shows hole-shaped bitemarks. Considering the behavior and the character of the dentition of the groups of carnivores represented in Pikermi, it is supposed that these bitemarks have been caused by a felid of the size of a leopard. In the fauna of Pikermi only Metailurus parvulus (Hensel) can be taken into consideration. By the defects on a skull of a juvenile Australopithecine, interpreted by Brain in 1970 as bitemarks of a leopard, the above explanation gets a very essential support.
A Field Study of the Socio-Ecology of the Goeldi’s Monkey (Callimico goeldii) in Northern Bolivia
Authors: Pook A. G. , Pook G.
Published: September 2008

A 5-month field study on both the distribution and ecology of Callimico goeldii was carried out in the seasonally dry rain forest of north-western Bolivia. The species was found to be very sparsely distributed (approximately one group per 4 kmsup2/sup) in isolated groups of about 6 animals throughout the study area. Callimico was found to associate a great deal with two species of Saguinus that inhabit the same region in greater densities. It appears to be a habitat specialist, preferring low-lying and damp, but well-drained, bamboo forest and spending nearly all its time within 3 m of ground level, travelling mainly by vertical clinging and leaping. We believe that this ecological specialisation accounts for the species’ discontinuous microdistribution, and that this in turn is related to Callimico’s distinctive pattern of social organisation.
Phylogeny and the Problem of Adaptive Significance: the Case of the Earliest Primates
Authors: Szalay Frederick S.
Published: September 2008

Methods by which adaptations, particularly in fossils, may be ascertained, are discussed in detail. A scheme for evaluating particular types of characters is offered which should facilitate both predicting value and testability of proposed adaptational hypotheses. It is suggested that studies by Kay and Cartmill which analyzed cranial and dental characters of early Paleogene plesiadapiform primates and marshalled evidence to suggest that these features are indicative of a terrestrial habitus are based on (a) nonphylogenetic and static assumptions, (b) misinteφretation of the form and mechanical attributes of the features analyzed, and (c) employment of irrelevant characters for the establishment of substrate preference. The diverse and now studied postcranial evidence, particularly the pedal and elbow moφhology of selected groups of eutherians as well as Paleogene plesiadapiforms and euprimates, is reviewed. It appears that moφhological features associated with inversion of the foot and increased radiohumeral mobility in Paleogene primates were present in the common ancestor of the Plesiadapiformes. Having uniquely similar, shared and derived, form-function complexes in the upper and lower ankle, astragalonavicular, and calcaneaocuboid joints, as well as in the known remains of radii and humeri, strongly suggests that these traits evolved for biological roles which are almost invariably associated with an arboreal environment.
Annual Variation in the Plasma Testosterone in Microcebus murinus
Authors: Petter-Rousseaux A. , Picon R.
Published: September 2008

There is a great annual variation in plasma testosterone in M. murinus. The averages for a dozen males can reach over 52.4 ng/ml in April and 1.97 ng/ml in October. During the breeding season, the values can reach more than 100 ng/ml and are among the highest found in mammals. The reasons for the important individual variations are open to discussion.
Social Rank and Darwinian Fitness in a Multimale Group of Barbary Macaques (Macaca sylvana Linnaeus, 1758)
Authors: Witt R. , Schmidt C. , Schmitt J.
Published: September 2008

In a 5-year study data were compared on rank and reproductive success of 3 mature males in a group of barbary macaques who had sired 32 infants on 14 females. The results indicate that the absolute number of offspring as well as the proportion of offspring from higher-ranking females is a function of the male’s rank. Asymmetrical access to receptive females was produced by either a high basic rank or by the formation of a coalition, or both of these, which resulted in at least partial exclusion of competitors from reproduction. Rank reversals in basic rank was preceded by severe fights between the opponents involving deep wounds or loss of canine teeth. When such fights occurred they reaped benefits in each case for the challenger, which were measurable in terms of reproductive success.
Blood Groups of Barbary Apes (Macaca sylvanus)
Authors: Socha Wladyslaw W. , Merz Ellen , Moor-Jankowski Jan
Published: September 2008

32 Barbary macaques were all found to be secretors of the A and H blood group substances and to have an M-like agglutinogen on their red cells. Hemagglutination tests for other human-type red cell specificities were negative. In contrast, several so-called simian-type specificities were detected on the erythrocytes of Barbary apes by means of the cross-reacting rhesus and baboon antisera. Among those, only the specificities of the graded Dsuprh/sup blood group system were found to be polymorphic in this species of macaques. Blood groups of Barbary apes are compared with those of several other species of macaques and some taxonomic aspects of blood grouping tests are discussed.
A Comparison of Infant-Adult Male Relations in a One-Male Group with Those in a Multi-Male Group for Yellow Baboons (Papio cynocephalus)
Authors: Stein David M. , Stacey Peter B.
Published: September 2008

We compared interactions between an infant and adult male in a one-male group with those between infants and adult males in a multi-male group in the same area. Proximity interactions in the one-male group were common, like those for dyads in the multi-male group in which the adult male was high-ranking or a likely father of the infant. Contact interactions in the one-male group were rare, like those for dyads in the multi-male group in which the adult male was low-ranking or unlikely to have sired the infant. This suggests that proximity to an adult male is important in coping with the physical environment (similar for both groups), and more contiguous interactions are important in coping with the social environment (more complex in a larger multi-male group).
Untersuchungen am Hautleistensystem der Palma und Planta der mittel- und südamerikanischen Brüllaffen (Alouatta)
Authors: Brehme H. , Newell-Morns L.
Published: September 2008

The epidermal pattern frequencies and pattern intensity values of the palms and soles are described for 110 male and 80 female howler monkeys (genus Alouatta) including the species A. belzebul, A. seniculus, A. caraya and A. villosa. Interspecific comparisons are made and obvious sex and side differences are noted. The plantar surface tends to show greater interspecific variability than does the palmar surface. A. caraya is possibly the most divergent species of the genus. Comparison of the results with those for Ateles and Lagothrix confirms the aberrant position of Ateles arachnoides.
Polymorphism of Erythrocyte Glyoxalase II in Anthropoid Primates
Authors: Board P. G. , Gibbs C. J. , Gajdusek D. C.
Published: September 2008

A survey of 10 anthropoid primate species indicated a high degree of genetic polymoφhism of erythrocyte glyoxalase II. In man, variation at this locus is rare. The electrophoretic pattern presented by heterozygotes was a double band, suggesting that, as in man, the structure of erythrocyte glyoxalase II in other anthropoid primate species is monomeric.
The Karyotype of Cacajao melanocephalus (Platyrrhini, Primates)
Authors: Koiffmann C. P. , Saldanha P. H.
Published: September 2008

Chromosome studies were performed in a male representative of Cacajao melanocephalus. The diploid number was 45: the chromosome complement consisting of 12 pairs of acrocentric autosomes, 9 pairs of biarmed autosomes and 1 heteromorphic pair composed of one subtelocentric and one acrocentric chromosome. The X chromosome was submetacentric and the Y chromosome was apparently translocated to an acrocentric autosome. G-banding patterns were studied and the results compared to karyotypes previously described for Cacajao rubicundus and Cacajao calvus.
A New Genus of Picrodontid Primate from the Paleocene of Utah
Authors: Tomida Yukimitsu
Published: September 2008

A new picrodontid primate, Draconodus apertus, is described from the North Horn Formation, Dragon Canyon, central Utah, USA. The fauna from Dragon Canyon is considered to be early middle Paleocene (early Torrejonian) in age by faunal and paleomagnetic correlation with the sequence in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. Draconodus is the earliest known member of the family Picrodontidae, and possesses a flattened, squared-off first upper molar with separated postpara- and premetacristae (thus forming incomplete centrocrista) and other primitive characters. The morphology of the teeth suggests that the last three upper teeth of the family Picrodontidae are homologous with M1M2M3 of other primates as traditionally designated, rather than ‘P5’M1M2. If Draconodus is close to the stem of the picrodontids, then Picrodus and Zanycteris probably represent separate lineages within the family.
Winter Range Utilization of a Japanese Macaque Troop in a Snowy Habitat
Authors: Furuichi Takeshi , Takasaki Hiroyuki , Sprague Daxid S.
Published: September 2008

The winter range utilization pattern of a Japanese macaque troop in a snowy habitat was studied. The vegetation areas essential for subsistence were found to be relatively undisturbed mixed and deciduous forests. The concept of essential resource area (ERA) is defined. Our comparison among three troops in the same habitat in the past and present with different population densities indicated that the per capita ERA is quite important in determining the range area. This implies that the population and range area are resource-correlated .
Analysis of the Estrous Cycle of the Laboratory-Housed Senegal Galago (Galago senegalensis senegalensis) : Natural and Induced Cycles
Authors: Darney Kirwin J. , Franklin L.E.
Published: September 2008

The natural estrous cycle of captive Senegal galagos was analyzed from daily records of 11 cycling females for 18 months, and induction of vaginal estrus and ovulation by gonadotropins and estrogen were examined in 9 females. No seasonal trend in cycling was indicated, as at least 5 of the 11 cycling females exhibited vaginal estrus during each month. Cycle lengths and duration of estrus were consistent for each female but varied significantly among females. Individuals’ average cycle lengths ranged from 29.2 ± 0.8 to 39.3 ± 3.4 days, and duration of estrus from 4.8 ± 0.2 to 6.7 ± 0.4 days. Vaginal estrus was induced by PMSG and PMSG-HCG combinations, and by estradiol. The gonadotropins also induced growth and ovulation of more than one follicle.
Pleistocene Macaca from Hoxne, Suffolk, EnglandPleistocene Macaca from Hoxne, Suffolk, England
Authors: Singer Ronald , Wolff Ronald G. , Gladfelter Bruce G. , Wymer John J.
Published: September 2008

Pleistocene macaque remains are uncommon in Great Britain. In addition to three specimens previously known from three sites, four teeth from Hoxne, Suffolk are recorded here. Closely resembling teeth of modern Macaca sylvanus (Barbary ape), they were recovered from a Middle Pleistocene stratum containing stone artifacts (including handaxes) and fauna including cold-climate lemmings.

Pleistocene macaque remains are uncommon in Great Britain. In addition to three specimens previously known from three sites, four teeth from Hoxne, Suffolk are recorded here. Closely resembling teeth of modern Macaca sylvanus (Barbary ape), they were recovered from a Middle Pleistocene stratum containing stone artifacts (including handaxes) and fauna including cold-climate lemmings.
A Critique of Some Recently Proposed Paleogene Primate Taxa and Suggested Relationships
Authors: Szalay Frederick S.
Published: September 2008

The Paleocene mammal from China, Petrolemur brevirostre, is almost certainly not a primate but possibly an early artiodactyl. ‘Teilhardina americana’, described in 1976, is not Teilhardina found in North America but part of the Anemorhysis tenuiculus sample. The genera ‘Aycrossia’ and ‘Strigorhysis’ are the same, single species of Absαrokius. The genus ‘Gazinius’ is the same as Anaptomorphus. The cladistics of primate relationships by some authors are based on either embryologically and paleontologically unacceptable dental homologies or assumptions of bizarre character polarities and of numerous parallelisms, unsupported by any evidence.
Convergence with Terrestrial Cercopithecines by the Monkey Rhinopithecus roxellana e
Authors: Davison G. W. H.
Published: September 2008

Results are presented from a brief study of the behaviour of captive snub-nosed monkeys, Rhinopithecus roxellanae. Chief points are that facial colouring and nasal development mimic the colour and form of the genitalia, and that limb proportions, sexual dimorphism, perineal colouring, and behaviour reflect a tendency towards terrestrialism convergent with cercopithecines such as baboons and macaques. Limb proportions, pelage length and tactile behaviour represent cold-weather adaptations.
Range Use of Gray Langurs in Highland Nepal
Authors: Curtin Richard A.
Published: September 2008

A 16-month study of foraging and ranging among gray langurs (Presbytis entellus) in the Nepal Himalaya revealed that these animals range over larger areas than other gray langurs so far studied and that they show great seasonal differences in foraging and ranging. A summer monsoon and winter dry season characterize the Himalayan climate. During summer, broadleaf forest provides the basic foraging substrate for the langurs, and when its resources fail during the winter dry season, they radically shift their diet and feed largely in meadow, range over wider areas, use their range more evenly and make longer day journeys. It is hypothesized that the ability of the langurs to make these changes in response to the dry season is vital to their survival at the study site.
Control Role of an Adult Male in a Captive Group of Lowland Gorillas
Authors: Hoff Michael P. , Nadler Ronald D. , Maple Terry L.
Published: September 2008

An adult male gorilla was removed from the social group in which it had resided for 27 months. There was an immediate increase in aggressive behaviors among the remaining adult females, as well as an intensification of mother-infant social behaviors. The return of the male resulted in an immediate rise in male aggression and a decline in female aggression, with a gradual return to baseline levels in most behaviors. The control role of the male in the group through aggressive behaviors is suggested.
Color Vision in the Spider Monkey (Ateles )
Authors: Blakeslee Barbara , Jacobs Gerald H.
Published: September 2008

Spectral sensitivity and color vision were investigated in 2 spider monkeys (Ateles) using a forced-choice discrimination paradigm. The increment-threshold spectral sensitivity functions of both animals were very similar to those of normal human trichromats; all had three regions of peak sensitivity located at 440–460, 520–540, and 600–620 nm. However, color vision tests (neutral point, anomaloscope, and wavelength discrimination) indicated that at least two qualitatively different types of color vision exist among spider monkeys. The female tested had essentially normal trichromatic color vision (although her anomaloscope match was shifted slightly in the deutan direction) with acute wavelength discrimination. The male, however, was clearly a protanomalous trichromat. He required much more red light in a red/green mixture to match a standard yellow than did normal trichromats. This variation in color vision is discussed in the context of an analogous variation known to exist among other South American monkeys.
Ontogenetic Changes in the Bony Labyrinth of Macaca mulatt a
Authors: Daniel Hal J. , Schmidt Raymond T. , Olshan Andrew F. , Swindler Daris R.
Published: September 2008

Age-related changes in the labyrinths of rhesus monkeys were observed. The interfenestral axis increases in verticality from the youngest to the oldest age groups.
Cytogenetic Study of a Cercopithecus pogonias grayi × Cercopithecus mona mon a Hybrid
Authors: Dugoujon Jean-Michel , Moro Françoise , Larrouy Georges
Published: September 2008

The G- and C-banded karyotypes of hybrid born of the cross between a male Cercopithecus pogonias grayi (2 n = 72 XY) and a female C. mona mona (2 n = 68 XX) are reported. The chromosome number is 2 n = 70 and equals half the total number of parental chromosomes. A correlation between the hybrid karyotype and those of its parents is proposed. The typical autosomes of C. pogonia grayi are again found in the young hybrids.
On the Life History of a Female Greater Galago, Galago agisymbanus Coquerel, 1859, in Captivity
Authors: Welker Christian
Published: September 2008

This paper reports some data on the life history of a greater galago which was nearly 15 years in captivity and within this time produced 11 offspring. The animal was reproductive until the end of its life.
The Face of Sivapithecus indicus : Description of a New, Relatively Complete Specimen from the Siwaliks of Pakistan
Authors: Preuss Todd M.
Published: September 2008

A recently recovered specimen of Sivapithecus indicus from Late Miocene Siwalik deposits which preserves much of the face is described. The face is generally gracile, although the mandibular corpus is deep and robust. The specimen exhibits numerous similarities to Pongo pygmaeus and it is suggested that S. indicus and P. pygmaeus bear a close phyletic relationship; a taxonomic scheme is proposed to accomodate these conclusions. The orang-like specializations of S. indicus indicate that it probably was not ancestral to the hominids or African apes, although this may not be the case for other Sivapithecus species.
Development and Eruption of the Mandibular Cheek Teeth in Cebus albifron s
Authors: Fleagle John G. , Schaffler Mitchell B.
Published: September 2008

The development and eruption of the mandibular cheek teeth of Cebus albifrons is described from a longitudinal series of whole body radiographs. Males are generally ahead of females in both development and eruption times. The dental development and eruption in C. albifrons is intermediate between the smaller New World primates and the larger catarrhines.
Function of the Subclavius Muscle in a Nonhuman Primate, the Spider Monkey (Ateles )
Authors: Konstant William , Stern Jack T. , Fleagle John G. , Jungers William L.
Published: September 2008

Within the primate order, the morphology of the subclavius muscle is known to be unique among the prehensile-tailed South American monkeys. 3 spider monkeys, Ateles, were monitored electromyographically to determine the recruitment of this muscle during various locomotor and postural activities. Rather than indicating a static stabilizing function, which has typically been inferred from classical anatomical studies, results from this study suggest that the subclavius performs more as a dynamic element in movements of the pectoral girdle during brachiation, vertical climbing, pronograde quadrupedalism and leaping. Complementary activity patterns were also identified between the subclavius and the caudal fibers of the trapezius indicating that the subclavius is used when the animal must depress, or resist cranial displacement, of the protracted shoulder girdle, while the caudal trapezius is recruited when the girdle is retracted on the chest wall.
Behavior and Ranging Patterns of a Solitary Female Red Howler (Alouatta seniculus )
Authors: Sekulic Ranka
Published: September 2008

Behavior and ranging patterns of a solitary red howler female (Alouatta seniculus ) are documented as she tried to integrate herself into an existing troop. The response by troop males and solitary males, as well as aggression by troop females are also described.
Influence of Male Aggression on Mating of Gorillas in the Laboratory
Authors: Nadler R.D. , Miller L.C.
Published: September 2008

The frequency of sexual interactions between oppositely-sexed pairs of gorillas tested in the laboratory was directly related to the frequency of male aggression directed toward the female. The data suggest that male aggression stimulated female presenting and copulation, and accounted for mating temporally dissociated from the periovulatory period. Among the great apes tested in the laboratory, the male primarily accounts for mating that is unlikely to contribute to reproduction.
Seasonal and Daily Activity Changes in Captive Cheirogaleus mediu s
Authors: Foerg Renate , Hoffmann Rolf
Published: September 2008

Seasonal and daily variations in locomotor activity are recorded in 11 animals over 17 weeks, covering the last 8 weeks of the inactive season and the ensuing breeding season. The results are compared with changes in body weight and with the onset, duration and frequency of reproductive activity. These and some behavioral observations are related to the conclusions of previous publications.
Ecology and Population Dynamics of the Pygmy Marmoset, Cebuella pygmaea
Authors: Soini Pekka
Published: September 2008

The pygmy marmoset population of a 3-km2 sample area of Amazonian lowland forest was censused and monitored intensively between September 1976 and January 1978. Floodplain forest constituted the habitat of Cebuella and supported a population density of 51.5 independently locomoting individuals (ILI) per square kilometer. The highest population concentration occurred along the edges of the river, where the density reached 274 ILI per km2. Adults comprised about one half of the total population. About 83% of the population lived in stable troops; the remaining 17% was made up by incipiently associated pairs and solitary individuals. Stable troops were made up of 1 breeding female, her mate, and her maturing offspring of up to four successive litters. Moreover, some troops contained 1–2 additional adult members. Troop size ranged from 2 to 9 ILI, with a modal size of 6 ILI. The births showed two annual peaks and the interbirth intervals ranged between 5 and 7 months. Infant survival was about 67%. Exudates (sap and gums) of trees and vines, insects and arachnids constituted the principal food resources of the population. The troops occupied exclusive home ranges of 0.2–0.4 ha. Several troops changed home range sites temporarily or permanently in the course of the study.
Population and Troop Ranges of Lemur catta and Lemur fulvu s at Berenty, Madagascar: 1980 Census
Authors: Jolly Alison , Oliver William L.R. , O’Connor Sheila M.
Published: September 2008

The November 1980 census suggests that population size and troop ranges have remained stable since 1972 and in a small area since 1963. This prolongs the apparent stability described by some authors, remarkable in a 200-ha reserve containing a maximum of 300 Lemur catta. However, inadvertent introduction of Lemur fulvus rufus and apparent loss of tamarind trees, as well as general genetic and biogeographic considerations, imply this stability may not continue. Berenty underlines the need for long-term, widespread primate research and practical conservation.
Propithecus verreaux i Population and Ranging at Berenty, Madagascar, 1975 and 1980
Authors: Jolly Alison , Gustafson Herbert , Oliver William L.R. , O’Connor Sheila M.
Published: September 2008

Propithecus verreauxi have been repeatedly censused in parts of the 200-ha reserve at Berenty between 1963 and 1975. Troop rearrangements in 1963 and 1975 showed that both males and females can change troop outside the breeding season. Group sex ratio varies from 0.3 female/male to 5.0 female/male. Usually, at Berenty, groups defend highly exclusive territories, in contrast to ranging patterns elsewhere. In 1980 troops were censused during 2 weeks in November at a different season from earlier studies. They had larger troop feeding dispersion than before, and pairs and triplets of males who travelled apart from bisexual troops. This may be a season of mass male migration, as in Lemur catta, or else a long-term population change. This small reserve should be carefully monitored as its lemurs have so far maintained relative population stability.
Relationships of Microadapis sciureu s (Stehlin, 1916), and Two New Primate Genera from the Eocene of Switzerland
Authors: Schwartz Jeffrey H. , Tattersall Ian
Published: September 2008

We review the fossil material from the Swiss middle Eocene site of Egerkingen allocated to Adapis sciureus and transferred to the new genus Microadapis. Three species at least are represented in this assemblage. Microadapis sciureus is represented only by the holotype, whose affinities appear to lie with the North American Smilodectes. Most of the original hypodigm is allocable to the new genus Simonsia, which does bear the affinities to Adapis suggested by earlier authors for sciureus. Two specimens are placed in the new genus, Chasselasia, which may be related to the extant galagids.
Ein Menschenaffenfund (Primates: Pongidae) aus dem Pannon (Jung-Miozän) von Niederösterreich
Authors: Thenius Erich
Published: September 2008

Description of an (?) My of a small pongid {Dryopithecus brancoi Schlosser) from the Late Miocene (Pannonian = Vallesian) of Mariathal in Lower Austria. The accompanying fauna is a typical Hipparion fauna with Hipparion primigenium, Gomphotherium (Tetralophodon) longirostre, Dinotherium giganteum, Aceratherium bavaricum, Anchitherium aurelianense, Chalicotherium goldfussi, Microstonyx (Korynochoerus) palaeochoerus, Dorcatherium naui, Amphiprox anocerus and Miotragocerus pannoniae. It is the first documentation of Dryopithecus brancoi in Austria and one of the youngest occurrences of a pongid in Middle Europe. The existence of this species in a biotop which is comparable with the recent mixed mesophytic forests in southeastern Asia is discussed. It is a vegetation of the warm-temperate zone, but between 48° and 50° of northern latitude.
Molar Size Sequence in Old World Monkeys
Authors: Swindler Daris R. , Olshan Andrew F.
Published: September 2008

The molar size sequence is examined in a variety of Old World monkeys. The M3 M2 M1 progression is common in the Papionini and Colobinae and rare in the Cercopithecini. The maxillary molars are much more variable in their size relations than the mandibular molars. The findings indicate necessary caution when using the molar size sequence for taxonomic purposes.
Ranging Behaviour of a Group of Black Colobus (Colobus satanas ) in the Douala-Edea Reserve, Cameroon
Authors: McKey Doyle , Waterman Peter G.
Published: September 2008

Data are presented from an 11-month study of the ranging movements of a group of Colobus satanas in a rain forest on the coast of Cameroon. Discussion centers on correlations between seasonal variation in ranging behaviour and seasonal variation in food availability, diet composition and diversity, and weather conditions. The data support the hypothesis that the scarcity of nutrient-rich, highly digestible leaves in this site has led to a feeding strategy based on seeds, which are characterised by high nutritive quality and occurrence in large clumps, allowing monotonous feeding and low expenditure of energy in ranging movements.
Langur Monkey (Presbytis entellus ) Development. The First 3 Months of Life
Authors: Dolhinow Phyllis , Murphy Greer
Published: September 2008

Observation for the first 3 months of life of 19 Indian langur monkey infants (Presbytis entellus) living in well-established colony social groups revealed complex and related patterns of social development. This is a period of rapidly increasing infant motor ability and increasing infant-initiated independence. Infant transfer, a behavior initiated by others towards the infant and a characteristic of the species, occurs most frequently in weeks 1 and 2, then steadily declines to low frequency in weeks 11 and 12. Infants are not punished or rejected, and to the extent the mother allows, the infant leaves her. She leaves her infant infrequently. The infant widens its radius of activity and increases the kinds and frequency of active interactions it has with others in the group. Patterns of behavior appear to develop in tandem during key periods of early life. Week 1 is the time of greatest dependence with 100 % contact at first. During weeks 3 and 4, the infant efficiently expresses itself and can actively prevent transfers. Week 4 sees a constellation of major changes and a rising infant drive for independence. Play increases as do interactions with other immatures. Carrying decreases as the infant is able to follow. Some restraints are observed because of a new set of infant management problems presented to the mother. Throughout the first 3 months of life the mother is the focus of her infant’s attention and activities – she is crucial to its survival. The 3-month-old infant is an active strategist with many options of action and choices of behavior and social partners.
Front Dentition of the Omomyiformes (Primates)
Authors: Schmid Peter
Published: September 2008

Within the primates the front dentition plays a major role in the classification of the different taxa. The extant strepsirhines are clearly characterized by the possession of a tooth comb. Tarsius differs in this complex by a construction which remembers the beak of an owl (vertically implanted medial incisors, upper pair bigger than mandibular pair). The front teeth of the extinct Microchoeridae are described. The dental formula of the group is discussed and compared with the Omomyidae. The wear pattern presents evidence of a dental comb as early as the Late Eocene.