bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF RETICULAR AND HYPOTHALAMIC STIMULATION UPON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE NEOCORTEX, AMYGDALA AND HIPPOCAMPUS TO SEIZURE DISCHARGES
Authors: Miyasaka Matué , Kawamura Hiroshi
Published: March 2008

The effects of high frequency electrical stimulation of the mid‐brain reticular formation and the hypothalamus upon the susceptibility of the neocortex, amygdala and hippocampus to the locally induced seizure discharge were studied in 25 non‐anesthetized, curarized cats.

1) Facilitatory effect on the neocortical seizure discharge: The preceding stimulation of the mid‐brain reticular formation and posterior hypothalamus which provoked markedly the desynchronized arousal pattern of the neocortex lowered the threshold or prolonged the duration of neocortical seizure discharge.

2) Inhibitory effect on the seizure discharges of the amygdala and hippocampus:The preceding stimulations of the hypothalamus and mid‐brain reticular formation, which provoked the typical arousal patterns of the amygdala or hippocampus, elevated the threshold or shortened the duration of the seizure discharges of the amygdala or hippocampus.

3) Opposite effects between the stimulations of the anterior part and posterior part of the hypothalamus upon the hippocampal seizure discharge: The preceding stimulations of the posterior hypothalamus and mid‐brain reticular formation, which provoked the regular slow activity in the hippocampus, elevated the threshold or shortened the duration of hippocampal seizure discharge. On the other hand, the preceding stimulation of the anterior part of the hypothalamus, which provoked low voltage fast activity in the hippocampus, lowered the threshold or exceedingly prolonged the duration of hippocampal seizure discharge.

The above remarked experimental results were discussed in relation to the clinical and electroencephalographid knowledges of the psychomotor and the other types of epilepsy.
A DYNAMIC THEORY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Odani Shoshiro
Published: March 2008

Based on experimental‐psychological investigations on schizophrenics of (1) resumption of interrupted activities, (2) retention of completed and uncompleted tasks, (3) substitute value of substitute actions, (4) activities of different degrees of reality, (5) psychical satiation, and (6) effect of success and failure on displacement of level of aspiration, a dynamic theory of schizophrenic personality has been developed.

Schizophrenic personality is characterized by pathological fluidity of psychical material with dedifferentiation of inner personality structure.

Symptomatology has been interpreted dynamically as modes of reaction of the pathologically changed person as a whole to his correspondingly changed world.
CONDITIONING OF SEIZURE DISCHARGES WITH ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE LIMBIC STRUCTURES IN CATS
Authors: Yoshii N. , Yamaguchi Y.
Published: March 2008

1. Using pure tone as the conditioned stimulus, conditioning of hippocampal or amygdaloid seizures with electrical stimulation of the limbic structures was tried in unanesthetized, half‐restrained cats.

2. In the early stage of conditioning, generalized evoked patentials followed by generalized desynchronization and then hippocampal arousal pattern were induced by the conditioned stimulus.

3. As conditioning proceeded, the single spikes or polyspikes diffusely irradiating from the sites electrically stimulated began to appear in the interval between two successive trials, and they could be seen during the conditioned stimulus after several hundreds and thousands trials.

4. As for peripheral reactions, tonic contractions such as head turning and tonic stiffening were conditioned, but phasic contractions such as facial tics, chewing and licking were not with the present experimental methods.

5. These animals often showed behavioral disorders such as rage reaction or lowering threshold of tonic‐clonic convulsions in the course of conditioning.

6. The above‐described electroencephalographic and behavioral changes could be extinguished after experimental or natural extinction.
AMINO ACIDS IN THE BRAIN —ANALYSIS OF AMINO ACIDS IN VARIOUS AREAS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX—
Authors: Yamamoto Yasuhisa , Iwado Takaaki , Kitamura Motoo , Uno Kazumasa , Sugiu Ryosuke
Published: March 2008

The authors have described the actual conditions of amino acids of the brain in each area as analysed. Many suppositions can be made from these findings, but it is extremely difficult to substantiate these suppositions, especially because the subject is the human brain. It appears dangerous to draw any conclusions based on such suppositions, but some of the problems for future studies may be pointed out.

1. Both glutamic acid and glutamine are contained in a considerable quantity in each area of the brain. Glutamine is found in greatest quantity in the motor and the occipital areas and it seems that glutamine plays an important role or that the inter‐reaction between glutamic acid and glutamine is very active in these areas.

2. Phosphoethanolamine is contained in the greatest quantity in the frontal and the motor areas and it ssems to play an important role in the metabolism of amino acids containing phosphorus in the anterior half of the brain.

3. Cystathionine is contained in a large quantity in the sensory, speech, and occipital areas, and it seems to play an important tole in the metabolism of amino acids containing sulfur.

4. GABA seems to be greatly affected by postmortal changes and it is believed to be an important substance in the physiological and biochemical vital reactions of the brain.
REINE DEPRESSION UND ZYKLOTHYME DEPRESSION —Von intrafamiliärer Psychose her gesehene Beobachtungen—
Authors: Kurosawa Ryosuke , Suwa Hisashi , Kitamura Sachi
Published: March 2008

Summary

We divided the endogeneous depression into two groups: Pure depression and cyclothymic depression. We observed two groups from the viewpoint of the psychosis of the family.

The pure depression, which had only pure depression in the family. showed monopolar and simple symptoms. In comparison with it the cyclothymic cleprcssion, which had manic‐depressiv psychosis or cycloid psychosis (Leonhard) in the family. showed hipolar or reactive unstability in the symptoms. If a violent anxiety or stupor was observed in depressive state, we must consider the relation to the cycloid psychosis.

This article is dedicated to Prof. Murakami in his honour of the tenth anniversary of the opening of his lecture at Kyoto University School of Medicine respectfully.
SIMILARITY OF ALPHA ACTIVITY DURING THE MOTOR CONDITIONING IN MONOZYGOTIC TWINS*
Authors: Higashi Masamoto
Published: March 2008

Summary

The EEGs during the repetition of thumb flexion responses at certain time intervals were investigated in seven pairs of monozygotic twins.

Especially noteworthy was the enhancement of the basic alpha rhythm occurring antecedent to the coming stimulation, and this was clearly shown by registering the instantaneous analysis of alpha waves in each frequency. Its appearance was markedly similar in each pair of monozygotic twins.

These results suggest there is a hereditary basis related to individual differences of conditional alpha activity. The significance of this phenomenon was discussed from a standpoint of active inhibition.

Grateful acknowledgement is made to Prof. Eiji Inouye, for his constant interest and guidance in this investigation and revision of the manuscript.
CLINICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATION OF THE THETA WAVE OF THE BACKGROUND ACTIVITY IN EPILEPSY
Authors: Nakazawa Yoichi , Omura Shigemitsu
Published: March 2008

Summary

1. We have examined the EEGs from 51 epileptics to see if there is any relationship between paroxysmal dysrhythmia and the theta wave of the background activity and found that there certainly exists an antagonistic relationship between the two.

2. It has been ascertained that the theta wave of the background activity is closely associated with irritability and that the relationship between the theta wave and so‐called epileptic personality such as irritability is particularly noteworthy.

3. It has also been found that the frequency of appearance of the theta wave does not depend on the duration of epilepsy in the patient.

4. The foregoing results we have obtained have led to the conclusion that in epilepsy paroxysmal dysrhythmia stands in a homeostatic relation to the continuous theta wave of the background activity, and to a sort of psychic symptom such as irritability to be developed in the patient.

5. The clinical trait of epileptic, such as irritability, is to be considered not as a trait of an epileptic personality but as psychic symptom of epilepsy.
INFLUENCE OF THE AFFERENT IMPULSE OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVES ON THE SPLANCHNIC AFFERENT IN THE ANTEROLATERAL FUNICULUS OF THE SPINAL CORD
Authors: Urabe Miyoshi , Tsubokawa Takashi , Sakurat Hiraki , Seki Masao
Published: March 2008

Summary

Evoked potentials to the splanchnic stimulation were recorded from the ipsi‐lateral posterior funiculus and from the bilateral anterolateral funiculi in the spinal cord. The former had a short latency and the latter had a long latency. Evoked potentials of the splanchnic nerve were recorded from the nucleus cuneatus and lemniscus medialis in the medulla, which had a short latency since their origin was in the impulses ascended through the posterior funiculus of the spinal cord. Evoked potentials were also recorded from the tractus spino‐m‐thalamicus and nucleus reticularis ventralis in the medulla, which had a long latency corresponding with those from the anterolateral funiculi of the spinal cord.

The splanchnic impulse, ascended through the anterolateral funiculus of the spinal cord, was influenced by the effect of the vagal stimulation as well as the stimulation of the somatosensory and proprioceptive systems through mediation of the activity of the brain stem reticular formation. The vagal stimulation also exerted an inhibitory effect on the splanchnic afferent impulse in the anterolateral funiculus through some other mechanism than mediation of the brain stem reticular formation.
SPONTANEOUS THROMBOSIS OF THE INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY IN CHILDREN
Authors: Kawakita Yukio , Abe Kazuhiko , Miyata Yusuke , Horikoshi Shoichi
Published: March 2008

Two cases of internal carotid artery thrombosis in apparently healthy girls were reported. The first case died of massive encephalomalacia and was demonstrated to have widespread occlusion of the circle of Willis and the distal segments of the bilateral internal carotid artery. Since histological changes characterized by numerous thick intimal plaques were similar to those which occur during infectious diseases, it was suspected that chronic tuberculosis or otitis media which were revealed at autopsy might be responsible for the pathogenetic processes.

The second case survived with a residual hemiparesis and dysphagia. No convincing etiological factor was found.
CLINICAL STUDIES ON THE EEG‐ACTIVATING EFFECTS OF A NEW CENTRAL STIMULANT, SODIUM‐BETA, BETA‐PENTAMETHYLENE‐GAMMA‐HYDROXYBUTYRATE
Authors: Kazamatsuri Hajime , Gotö Yökö , Sonoda Takaya , Taen Shiiji
Published: March 2008

Summary

The activating effects of a new central stimulant, sodium‐beta, beta‐pentamethy‐lene‐gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB), were examined on a total of 129 patients (composed of 56 epileptics and 73 non‐epileptics) who had almost normal resting electroencephalograms.

PHB was intravenously administered at the rate of 2.5 mg per minute of 0.1% solution up to the maximum 20 mg. 44 cases out of 56 epileptics (78.6%) as well as 14 out of 73 non‐epileptics (19.2%) showed paroxysmal discharges including spikes, spike and wave complex, multiple spikes and wave complex and high voltage slow burst; nearly all the known characteristic forms of epileptic seizure patterns were produced. The activating effect of PHB seemed to be most remarkable for the centrencephalic seizure discharge in the epileptic EEG.

Clinical attacks were unwittingly provoked with PHB in only four cases of epilepsy, and they all closely resembled the habitual seizures of the patients. This suggests the possibility of using PHB for the production of clinical attacks for diagnostic purposes.

In 18 patients, the activating effect of PHB was compared with that of Metrazol at intervals of several weeks and 20 mg of PHB proved to have an EEG activating potency approximately identical toL that of 400 mg of Metrazol. In comparison with Metrazol, it should be emphasized that PHB seemed to have several practical advantages, especially in regard to the lesser side effects at the dosage employed, and the great margin between the threshold of seizure discharge and that of clinical attack.

From the results obtained, the authors recommend provocation with a slow intravenous injection of PHB as an effective and safe procedure to obtain additional information in the EEG to establish a positive diagnosis of epilepsy in patients with suspected seizures.
EFFECTS OF THIOPENTAL ON THE HUMAN SOMATOSENSORY EVOKED RESPONSE
Authors: Ikuta Takumi
Published: March 2008

Summary

The effect of Thiopental on the human somatosensory evoked response (E.R.) recorded on the scalp was studied in chronic schizophrenic patients. The E.R. was recorded successively before, during and after the intravenous injection of different dosages of Thiopental until after awakening. The changes in the latencies of the main positive peak and the main negative peak and the changes in the amplitude were analyzed quantitatively, comparing with the mean latency and the mean amplitude before injection.

I observed a systematic change in latency, which increased and recovery was delayed proportional to the dosage. Among the peaks constituting the major positive peak, the latency of the later peak increased more, regardless of its polarity. The latency of the main positive peak increased without drug induced sleep. On an average, the increase without sleep is the same as the level to which the latency recovered when awakening occurred (125%).

The changes in amplitude were inconsistent. There was a tendency to decrease at the beginning, but the individual changes differed markedly among subjects and dosages. Although it can not be applied in all subjects, analysis revealed two phases during the drug induced sleep. The later phase accompanied by characteristic E.R. pattern with augmented the first positive peak was attributed to the postnarcotic sleep. With larger dosages, synchronization of the EEG in beta frequency to the peripheral stimulation occurred first prior to the appearance of E.R.
EFFECT OF A LARGE DOSE OF DEXAMETHASONE, A SYNTHETIC ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONE, ON THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM IN RABBITS WITH ELECTRODES CHRONICALLY IMPLANTED IN THE BRAIN
Authors: Shimada Takeshi
Published: March 2008

Summary

The effects of a synthetic adrenocortical hormone, dexamethasone, on the behavior and on the electroencephalogram of the neocortex and hippocampus, on the midbrain reticular arousal response, the thalamic arousal response and on the recruiting response were examined in unrestrained and unanesthetized rabbits to investigate the effect of the adrenocortical hormone on the brain and to elucidate the mechanism of its action.

Following the administration of dexamethasone the animal showed considerable alertness both in behavior and in EEG for about twenty minutes. The hormone caused an increase of both the midbrain reticular arousal response and the thalamic arousal response for ten to thirty minutes, but exerted little effect on the recruiting response.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BRAIN SWELLING I. CHANGES IN RESPIRATORY CONTROL 2,4‐DINITROPHENOL INDUCED ATPase ACTIVITY AND PHOSPHORYLATION — Correlation between Brain Swelling and Mitochondrial Function —
Authors: Ozawa Kazue , Itada Nobutomo , Kuno Sigeru , Seta Kiichiro , Handa Hajime , Araki Chisato
Published: March 2008

Summary

Brain swelling was produced by exposing the cerebral cortex to air (rat) and by epidural compression (cat). The isolated mitochondria from swollen brains were investigated with regard to some basic properties relevant to their functional state, such as respiration, phosphorylation, respiratory control and ATPase activity.

The biochemical findings correlated with clinical and electroencephalographic findings. In the moderate cases, the isolated mitochondria revealed a loosely coupled state of the oxidative phosphorylation, characterized by a decrease of respiration in the presence of a phosphate acceptor, with an essentially normal phosphorylative efficiency. The ATPase activity of the mitochondria was only slightly stimulated by 2,4‐dinitro‐phenol. On the other hand, the mitochondria of severe cases showed loss of phosphorylation, but in some cases, the improvement of phosphorylation was observed when serum albumin was added or the mitochondrial preparation was kept at 0 for two hours.

The possible mechanism of the development of brain swelling was discussed from the viewpoint of the biochemical change in the mitochondria.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BRAIN SWELLING II. INFLUENCE OF BRAIN SWELLING AND ISCHEMIA ON THE FORMATION OF AN ENDOGENOUS INHIBITOR IN MITOCHONDRIA
Authors: Ozawa Kame , Seta Kiichiro , Handa Hajime
Published: March 2008

Summary

Brain swelling or complete ischemia by decapitation causes the loss of the ability to couple phosphorylation to respiration and the simultaneous formation of an ethanol‐extrectable inhibitor. This material also inhibits respiration in the presence of a phosphate acceptor system, respiratory control ratio, and 2.4‐dinitrophenol‐induced ATPase activity. These actions of this inhibitor are abolished by the presence of serum albumin. Enzymic formation of the inhibitor also occurred during the incubation of tightly coupled rat brain mitochondria at 22“.

This inhibitor has properties consistent with those of higter fatty acids and its enzymic formation from endogenous lipides may be responsible for the rapid inactivation of oxidative phosphorylation in brain swelling or ischemia.

The possible mechanism of the development of brain swelling was discussed from the viewpoint of the endogenous inhibitor.
EFFECTS OF PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS ON BEHAVIOR AND EEG, FOLLOWING DIRECT ADMINISTATION TO DOG'S BRAIN
Authors: Kobayashi Tsukasa , Suzuki Jirô
Published: March 2008

Summary

1. Two kinds of psychotropic drugs, chlorpromazine and imipramine, were examined in forty‐one dogs by means of the conditioned avoidance response and the electrocorticogram. These drugs were administered through three routes, namely intra‐peritoneal, intra‐arachnoid, and intra‐ventricular injection, with neither anaesthesia nor restraint.

2. Following the intra‐arachnoid injection: Chlorpromazine produced the slow conditioned avoidance response in behavior, and asymmetrical ECoG, synchronized pattern. Imipramine demonstrated no attenuation of the conditioned avoidance response, and slight synchronization on the ECoG. The depressant action of chlorpromazine to the cerebral cortex was confirmed.

3. Following the intra‐ventricular injection: Both drugs blocked tentatively the conditioned avoidance response and produced a continuous desynchronized pattern on the ECoG. The dissociation between the behavior and the ECoG was noticeable. The periventricular area might have a more important role on the conditioned avoidance response than the cerebral cortex.

4. The difference of drug action between chlorpromazine and imipramine was manifested following the intra‐arachnoid injection.

5. The significance of the function of the cerebral cortex and periventricular structures to the conditioned avoidance response and to the action of the drug was discussed.
SUCCESSIVE MEASUREMENTS OF URINARY 5‐HIAA IN MENTAL ILLNESS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DIURNAL CHANGES AND LOADING TEST WITH TETRABENAZINE
Authors: Hirose Masashi
Published: March 2008

Summary

Successive measurement of 5‐HIAA excretion in relation to changes in the clinical condition revealed a tendency to a relative increase during the state of impaired consciousness, emotional disturbance or psychomotor restlessness.

Diurnal variations of 5‐HIAA levels in 3 hour urine fractions were the greatest in acute psychotics followed by organic psychotics, chronic schizophrenics and controls. Acute psychotics tended to stabilize with clinical improvement, but still were relatively unstable even in states of near remission. In the chronic schizophrenic group, variation was relatively small, about the same as in the control group.

No significant difference was demonstrated between the chronic schizophrenic and control groups in terms of the increase response of the 5‐HIAA level after L‐tryptophan loading.

Loading of tetrabenazine resulted in maximum release of 5‐HIAA within 9 hours and recovery to the initial level in 18 hours in the control group, while abnormal responses were seen in the three groups of psychotics, as follows;

In the chronic schizophrenic group, the maximum level of 5‐HIAA was reached more slowly and the recovery time prolonged (“delayed and probnged response”).

In the acute psychotic group, 5‐HIAA level was very high and recovered very rapidly (“excessive response”).

In the organic psychotic group, increase of 5‐HIAA level was more or less similar to that of the contro? group, but recovery tended to be delayed (“prolonged response”).
ON THE STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BLOOD SERUM IN SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS
Authors: Krasnova A. I. , Lozovsky D. V. , Faktor M. I.
Published: March 2008

Summary

The blood serum of schizophrenic patients differs from that of normal people and patients with a number of other mental diseases concerning its effect on glucose transformation with chicken erythrocites in the experiments in vitro causing an increase of the lactate/pyruvate coefficient. The extent of this effect is associated with the severity and duration of the schizophrenic process. A biologically active factor responsible for the described phenomenon is instable, thermolabile, and represents either a substance of a protein nature or a two‐component system consisting of a thermolabile protein carrier and an active low‐molecular compound proper.
A POLYGRAPHIC STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF ATROPINE ON HUMAN NOCTURNAL SLEEP
Authors: Toyoda T. , Sasaki K. , Kurihara M.
Published: March 2008

Summary

1) The effects of atropine on the human nocturnal sleep were studied polygraphically on nine male adults.

2) No specific EEG changes were observed during nocturnal sleep and at awakening with administration of atropine in the doses ranging from 0.25 to 10.0 mg per person.

3) A slight decrease in the amount of paradoxical stage in the first two hour segment of sleep was observed with atropine. Amount of stage increased slightly with smaller doses of atropine (0.25–0.5 mg). But these changes did not increase in parallel to the increase in the dose of the drug.

4) In the following hours of sleep the percentage of the spindle‐stage showed an increase. As a whole the percentage of each sleep stage throughout a night under atropine in the doses experimented (0.25–10.0 mg) was almost the same as in the control sleeps with placebo.

5) Pulse rate in the sleep with atropine of smaller doses (0.25–0.5 mg) showed no significant difference from that in the control sleep. With medium doses (1.0–2.5 mg) marked tachycardia was induced. With larger doses (5–10 mg) significant bradycardia preceding persistent tachycardia of marked degree was observed.

6) GSR was not significantly influenced by smaller doses of the drug. With medium doses GSR on volar side of the hand was suppressed. With larger doses, GSR on both volar and dorsal sides of the hand was suppressed.

7) These results were discussed with reference to the data reported in animal experiments, and also in relation to the effects of imipramine on sleep polygram.
THE EFFECT OF SOME PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS ON THE ELECTRIC ACTIVITY OF THE BRAIN AND SLEEP CYCLE PATTERN OF THE CAT
Authors: Okuma Teruo , Fujimori Masamoto , Hayashi Akio , Nakamura Keisuke
Published: March 2008

Summary

1) The effects of chronic administration of psychotropic drugs such as imipramine, atropine sulfate, chlorpromazine, perphenazine, levomepromazine, pentobarbital sodium, chlordiazepoxide, neostigmine and reserpine on the electric activity of the brain and sleep cycle pattern were investigated using adult cats carrying chronically implanted electrodes.

2) Modification of sleep cycle pattern by chronic administration of the psycho‐tropic drugs was classified into 5 types (Type I, II, III, IV, V).

3) Chronic administration of 7 mg/kg/day of imipramine increased the slow activity in the neocortical and limbic structures and also enhanced the fast activity in the amygdaloid nucleus. It also suppressed the occurrence of the activated sleep (S‐A) period almost completely (S‐A suppressing effect) and increased the amount of spindle and slow wave stage (S‐2 stage) (Type‐V modification). The amount of S‐A stage increased transiently at the time of discontinuation of the drug.

4) Atropine sulfate, 3 mg/kg/day, has the effects on both the electric activity of the brain and sleep cycle pattern similar to those of imipramine (Type‐V), though it was slightly weaker at this dosage.

5) Chlorpromazine 4 mg/kg/day caused both synchronization of the neocortical activity and increase in the total amount of sleep particularly that of S‐2 stage without significant change in the amount of S‐A stage (Type‐II). The same drug, 7 mg/kg/day, enhanced the fast activity and spikes in the amygdala and hippocampus. The medication increased the amount of A and S‐1 stages and decreased those of S‐2 and S‐A stages (Type‐III).

6) Perphenazine, 1.3 mg/kg/day, and levomepromazine, I mg/kg/day, increased the amount of S‐1 and S‐2 stages but they also had a slight S‐A suppressing effect (Type‐IV).

7) Chronic administration of 13 mg/kg/day of pentobarbital sodium increased total amount of sleep particularly those of S‐1 and S‐2 stages with a slight suppression of S‐A stage (Type‐I). A temporary reduction of the amount of sleep was observed at the time of discontinuation of the drug. The effect of 3 mg/kg/day of chlordiazepoxide on sleep cycle pattern was similar to that of pentobarbital (Type‐I), though it was less remarkable than the latter.

8) Neostigmine, 0.3 mg/kg/day, caused a reduction in the amount of S‐2 and S‐A stages and increased those of A and S‐1 stages (Type‐III). No increase in the amount of S‐A stage was observed. Reserpine, 1.5 mg/kg/day, also caused a remarkable suppression of S‐2 and S‐A stages during the period of medication (Type‐III).

9) The mode of action of these psychotropic drugs was discussed.
EFFECTS OF PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS UPON THE EYE MOVEMENTS WITH CLOSED EYES
Authors: Shimazono Y. , Ando K. , Tanaka T. , Hayashi M. , Sakamoto S. , Eguchi T. , Nakamura H. , Kamiya H.
Published: March 2008

Summary

In 45 normal subjects changes in the horizontal eye movements following the administration of psychotropic drugs have been studied.

1. Following the administration of amobarbital (250 mg, i.v.) and chlorpromazine (1.0mg/kg, i.m.), rapid eye movements (R) decreased gradually until they disappeared altogether.

2. LSD25 (0.5 or 1.0γ/kg, i.m.) produced increase of R in 80% and markedly increased incidence and amplitude of slow movements (S) in about a half of the subjects. These large, slow pendular movements appeared fairly continuously and rhythmically in the subjects exhibiting mainly euphoria, disinhibition and ecstasy.

3. Following the administration of psilocybin (3mg, i.m.), similar pendular movements could also appear, but the duration of each slow movement tended to be longer.

4. Methamphetamine (9mg, s.c.) and epinephrine (0.005–0.01 mg/kg, s.c.) decreased S and increased R, but later than 20 minutes after the injection of epinephrine S appeared transiently.

5. The mechanism of action of the substances on the development of the different groups of the eye movements were discussed on the basis of these data.

LSD25 and psilocybin offered by Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. were used in the above studies.
A Discussion of the Neurophysiological Basis of Disturbances in Consciousness: A Case Report in the Pons Tumor
Authors: HIRAI Tomio , NOMURA Hiroshi , SEKINO Toshiko
Published: March 2008

A case has been presented in which EEG desynchronization in deep coma followed lesions of the middle pontine structures. The involvement of the middle pontine structures was confirMed by the pathological findings. The authors conclude therefore that the middle pontine structures have the neuronal functions of influencing cortical potentials and inducing EEG desynchronization.
Experimental Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Its Electrophysiological Effects on the Visual Pathway in Cats
Authors: IKEDA Terutika
Published: March 2008

Cats were observed during and after CO exposure. Evoked potentials were measured in the visual pathway, and the results are as follows:

During CO exposure, the cortical evoked potential, especially postsynaptic elements, was greatly diminished, but its changes were reversible. Cortical presynaptic potential did not decrease during CO exposure, but afterward progressively decreased within several days. While the cortical potential were reduced after CO exposure, the lateral geniculate potential was intact or increased and the direct cortical response remained unchanged. These changes were coincidental with the histological findings that the degeneration was mainly located in the optic radiation fibers and the demye‐linisation progressed for some time after CO exposure.
A Case of Bobble‐head Doll Syndrome Associated with Psychopathic Behaviors
Authors: NISHIURA Nobuhiro
Published: March 2008

A 16‐year‐old boy with peculiar movement of head, hands and trunk with rhythmic oscillation, 1 to 2 per second forward and backward was reported. This tic‐like movement said to have developed after he has suffered from an unknown severe febrile illness. On pneumoencephalogram striking enlargement of lateral ventricles and communicating cavum septi pellucidi were demonstrated. The boy made a remarkable recovery, following a right ventriculoauri‐culostomy with insertion of a Pudenz valve. Hence, the bobbing tremor might be considered to be nonspecific manifestations of hydrocephalus which presumably causes pressure upon basal ganglia or other extrapyramidal structures.

Of clinical interest is an association with psychopathic tendency such as frequent vagrancy, confabulatory tendency, collecto‐mania and emotional instability which was not found in the previous cases. These personality changes might be considered from the same viewpoints as the bobbing tremor in which disturbance of basal ganglia seems to play an important role. The bobble‐head doll syndrome is a peculiar neuropathologi‐cal disorder which seems to be one of the extrapyramidal disturbances, but this bobbing tremor is a unique one; the head bobbing movement disappears or at least markedly decreases, following surgical relief of hydrocephalus. As stated Nellhaus4), this is considered to be reversible “tic”.
Untersuchung von geistig Gestörten im höheren Lebensalter und Betrachtungen über das Problem von Spätschizophrenie
Authors: SUGIMOTO Naoto , YASHIKI Takashi , MIWA Tokuhisa , HIRABAYASHI Kanji
Published: March 2008

A Study on Aged Psychotic Patients and Consideration of Late Schizophrenia
An Electron Microscopic Study of Axonal Changes in the Cerebellum of Diphenyl‐Hydantoin Intoxicated Rats. –the Formation of the So‐called “Honeycomb Structure” in the Axoplasm –
Authors: ITO Koichi , MIYAGISHI Tsutomu , TAKAHATA Naohiko
Published: March 2008

The cerebellum of DPH intoxicated rats were studied. Various types of unusual structures including vacuoles, tubules and honeycomb structures were observed in the axons of the granular cell layer. Though the observations of these structures, it was concluded that there are two types of honeycomb structures and that a developmental sequence of stage from vacuoles to honeycomb structures exists, which can be summarized as follows:

Stage 1: Vacuoles with fine granules on their membranes appear showing some relations with the mitochondria.

Stage 2: From the vacuoles one or more tubules with fine granules spirally arrayed thereon sprout and gradually lengthen.

Stage 3: The lengthened tubules are assembled and arrayed in parallel and the cut‐ends of tubules show honeycomb structures.

Stage 4: Each of the lengthened tubules swells torturously, as a result another type of honeycomb structure is seen.
Accumulation of Mercury in the Brains of Two Autopsy Cases with Chronic Inorganic Mercury Poisoning
Authors: TAKAHATA Naohiko , HAYASHI Hideo , WATANABE Shinya , ANSO Takeo
Published: March 2008

The brains of two autopsy cases from long term mercury mine workers were studied histopathologically, histochemically and by electron microscopy and neutron activating analysis Histopathologically, any specific changes were not observed.

The mercury in the brains showed a high concentration; high in the cerebral cortex and the substantia nigra, low in the spinal cord and in the cauda equina. By histo‐chemical analysis, small granules of mercury were seen scattered in the cytoplasm of nerve cells, in particular in the Purkinje cells. Electron microscopy revealed electron dense granules in the cytoplasm of Purkinje cells which were assumed to correspond to mercury granules.

Jt was concluded that the nervous tissue in the case of chronic inorganic mercury poisoning keeps high concentration of mercury over a long period whereas morphophysiological normally is well retained.
Changes in Blood Ammonia Levels Induced by Electro‐Stimulation of the Hypothalamus in Rabbits
Authors: HIGASHIMURA Teruhiko , MATSUDA Yoshihiro , KAMIYA Shigenori
Published: March 2008

Changes in blood ammonia levels induced by intracerebral electrical stimulation were studied in rabbits with permanently implanted electrodes in the hypothalamus and the thalamus.

Stimulation of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus for a period of two hours resulted in blood ammonia levels 1.5 to 2 times as high as those of the non‐stimulated controls, but after a 6‐hour stimulation period these levels returned to equal those of the controls, and after a 12‐hour stimulation period of the same nucleus they tended to become less.

Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic area or the centre médian nucleus of thalamus elicited no significant change in blood ammonia levels.

The possibility that ammonia metabolism in the liver may be modified through some functional linkage between the brain and the liver was suggested.
Non‐effective Group with L‐DOPA on Parkinsonism
Authors: IZUMI Kanji , INOUE Naohide , KUROIWA Yoshigoro
Published: March 2008

(L‐DOPA was supplied from Kyowa Hakko Co., Ltd. and from Dai‐Ichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.)

An effectiveness of L‐DOPA on 41 cases; 39 with idiopathic parkinsonism and 2 with olivopontocerebellar atrophy with parkinsonism, was observed. A comparison was made on several factors between 10 markedly and 9 non‐effective cases. It was found that there is a relationship between the effectiveness of L‐DOPA and an appearance of pyramidal signs which observed in all non‐effective whereas only in two out of 10 markedly effective cases. Discussions were made on the idiopathic parkinsonisms which accompany pyramidal signs and are refractive to L‐DOPA.
Differential Recall of Affective and Non‐Affective Phrases Among Schizophrenics, Neurotics and Normals*
Authors: YAMAGUCHI Takashi , JAMES Robert L.
Published: March 2008

A sample of 27 schizophrenics, 21 neurotics and 64 normals have been investigated by means of an English version of the Stories Test. The following statements summarize our findings: 1) No marked difference of either affective or non‐affective target phrases is noticed between the neurotics and their normal controls. In contrast with this negative finding, the schizophrenics in comparison with their normal controls have significantly lower scores on all the target phrases, particularly on the affective phrases. Thus, the present study has replicated the schizophrenics' decrements on the affective phrases shown earlier by the Japanese subjects. Also, the results of the present study have replicated those of the earlier study with the Japanese patients in regard to the effect of the obviousness of the emotion portrayed in the Stories Test. 2) The schizophrenics with sudden onset tend to show decrements only on the affective phrases, whereas those with insidious onset are inclined to show decrements on the both affective and non‐affective phrases. This difference between the two groups of schizophrenics with different acuteness of onset on the Stories Test had been unknown to us previously.

Particular attention is paid to this discrepancy in decrements between the acute and chronic schizophrenics on the target phrases, when the roles of psychopathology and affect in memorization of short stories are discussed. It is also suggested by the present comparative results, obtained on a relatively small sample, that the Stories Test may be a simple and useful instrument in the diagnosis and, in particular, in the prognosis of schizophrenia. (The present manuscript was prepared by the principal investigator‐ alone in Japan, after the investigation was carried out with his co‐investigator's assistance, in U.S.A.).
Opsoclonus‐Myoclonus Syndrome in Acute Cerebellar Ataxia –Clinical and electrophysiological observations of an adult case–
Authors: TAMURA Kiyoshi , KUROIWA Yoshigoro
Published: March 2008

This is a report of opsoclonus and somatic myoclonus associated with acute cerebellar ataxia. The cardinal feature is the acute onset, after the brief prodromal symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting, of dramatic cerebellar ataxia with opsoclonus and somatic myoclonus. The pathophysiological basis for this phenomenon is postulated.
An Autopsied Unusual Case of Pick's Disease
Authors: MITSUYAMA Yoshio , TAKAMATSU Isao
Published: March 2008

Th

is report presents findings from an unusual case of Pick's disease that was characterized by existence of choreo‐athetoid movements and frequent epileptic seizures in the clinical course, and, neuropathologi‐cally, by the absence of “wedge‐shaped” localized atrophy and fibrillary gliosis in the affected region in spite of thirteen years' clinical course.

These findings are compared to those of other case of unclassifiable presenile dementia.
A Comparative Psychiatric Study on the Narcotic Addicts in Seoul, Korea
Authors: CHO Yup
Published: March 2008

Psychiatric and socio‐psychiatric problems of 1,388 narcotic addicts discharged during a 4 year period (January 1, 1966‐December 31, 1969) from Seoul Municipal Mental Hospital are investigated and discussed.

The number of narcotic addicts is decreasing year by year. Admission rates are thus decreasing rapidly. On the contrary, there is a prominent tendency of transition from narcotic addicts to non‐narcotic, habit‐forming drug users.

Only 0.73% are teenagers and average ages of the addicts are 42.88 in males and 35.73 in females. There is a preponderance in the middle age group. New addicts are few and repetitively readmitted cases are usual.

Pure narcotic addicts are 28.94%, non‐narcotic, habit‐forming drug users are 26.94%, and mixed users are 31.56%. In 1969, narcotic addicts and mixed users decreased to 11.38% and 12.19% respectively. Non‐narcotic drug users increased to 54.48%. Among the narcotic drugs, heroin is the most frequently used, while barbiturates and meprobamate are most frequent among the non‐narcotic drugs. Narcotic drugs are mostly purchased in smuggling dens and non‐narcotic drugs are easily bought at drugstores. Abstinence syndromes were mild.

Characteristic findings in addicts were irregular and distorted marital life, poor economic status and criminal occupations.

Psychological conflicts were 68.90% of various motives of the first episodes. Among them interpersonal conflicts were most important. 72.98% became addicted during the course of self‐treatment of physical illness. In such cases, narcotic drugs were used as omnipotent drugs.

A characteristic psychopathological feature of Korean narcotic addicts was that they became addicted during the course of treatment of physical illness or psychological instability, rather than as a manifestation of antisocial behavior.
An Autopsy Case of Brain Stem Encephalitis with Spinal Cord Involvement
Authors: SHIRABE Teruo , TATSUTA Emiko , KUROIWA Yoshigoro , TANAKA Kenzo
Published: March 2008

An autopsy case was presented of brain stem encephalitis diagnosed clinically. A patient was taken ill with headache and double vision. He developed character change, dysphagia, dysarthria, nuchal rigidity and spastic quadriparesis with intermittent fever, following the disappearance of double vision. These symptoms and signs progressed slowly with transient remissions. He died at the age of thirty‐five years, three years and six months after the onset. On neuropathological examination, there were chronic inflammatory lesions together with demyelination and gliosis in the hypothalamus, lower end of the internal capsule, optic chiasm, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata and spinal cord. The clinicopathological features of our case were most similar to those of brain stem encephalitis described by Iizuka. However, the spinal cord involvement was severe in our case. Viral studies examined were all negative, despite that the neuropathological findings were suggestive of some viral infection.
Fine Structural Changes of the Rabbit Brain in the Cardiazol‐Convulsion
Authors: KOIZUMI Junzo , SHIRAISHI Hiroyasu
Published: March 2008

The cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex, hypothalamus, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus and hippocampus of the rabbit during the status epilepticus induced by the cardiazol injection were examined under the electron microscope, and were compared with the normal materials. Various fine structural alterations are observed in the neurons of the examined regions, especially in those of the hippocampal and hypothalamic regions. In the nerve cell cytoplasm of these regions, ribosomes are diffusely scattered all over the cytoplasmic matrix losing their original arrangement. The synaptic vesicles have a tendency to be distributed unevenly or to be lumped together in the synaptic boutons there. Glycogen granules in both the neurons and the glial cells of all the examined regions disappear completely. These findings might bs due to an energy exhaustion in the brain metabolism by the convulsive activity.
EEG Abnormality in Fisher's Syndrome
Authors: SHIBASAKI Hiroshi , IGISU Hideki , KUROIWA Yoshigoro
Published: March 2008

A case with syndrome of acute ophthal‐moparesis, ataxia and areflexia (Fisher) was described with special attention to the EEG abnormalities consisting of diffuse slowing. From the rhythmic appearance, bilateral synchrony, wide antero‐posterior distribution and blocking by visual attention of the slow waves, the deep‐seated origin of the abnormal discharges was postulated. The relevant literature was reviewed in regard to the cerebral involvement in this syndrome as well as in Guillain‐Barre syndrome.
Characteristics in Emotional Behavior of the Rat with Bilateral Olfactory Bulb Ablations
Authors: UEKI Showa , NURIMOTO Seiichi , OGAWA Nobuya
Published: March 2008

The general activity and emotional responses to various stimuli of the rats with olfactory bulb ablations (O.B. rat) were investigated in comparison with those of the rats with either septal or amygdaloid lesions. The results are summarized as follows:

1. The rat gradually became to exert hyperemotional responses to various stimuli, following bilateral removal of the olfactory bulb. This hyperemotionality remained unchanged for a long period of time. The rat with septal lesions, on the contrary, exhibited hyperemotionality immediately after lesioning, but the hyperemotionality disappeared within 2 weeks. Amygdaloid lesions caused no change in the emotional responses to stimuli of intact rats but abolished the hyperemotionality of the O.B. rats.

2. In the O.B. rats, muricidal behavior and attack response to a rod were more prominent tiian the other responses, whereas in the septal rat, the hyperemotional responses such as startle, flight, jump and squeak were more marked, and muricidal behavior was scarcely observed.

Hyperemotionality of the O.B. rat is regarded as active aggressiveness in nature and that of the septal rat would be better expressed as hyperreactivity or hyperirrit‐ability.

3. Exploratory behavior such as ambulation and rearing of the O.B. rat in an open‐field situation markedly increased, while that of the septal rat decreased instead even after the hyperemotionality disappeared. Amygdaloid lesions increased exploratory behavior in intact as well as in the O.B. rats, despite of reducing hyperemotionality of the latter.

(This study was supported in part by the grant for the research of science from the Department of Education of the Government of Japan.)
An Electroencephalographic Study on the Tolerance of Psychiatric and Neurologic Patients to the Hypnotic Effect of Diphenhydramine
Authors: Okuma Teruo , Kawahara Ryuzo , Umezawa Yoichi , Kashiwagi Tooru
Published: March 2008

1) The tolerance to the hypnotic effect of the diphenhydramine (Dph), one of anti‐histaminics, of normal subjects and psychiatric and neurologic patients was investigated on EEG data obtained in the routine EEG examination including Dph activation on 392 patients and 69 adult normal controls. EEG was recorded for 30 min following intravenous injection of 1 mg/kg body weight of Dph, and the time occupied by the stage of wakefulness and by each sleep stage were measured. The percent time waking EEG (% W‐EEG) was used as an index of the tolerance to the hypnotic effect of Dph.

2) The mean with standard deviation (SD) of % W‐EEG of the 69 controls was 35.6±29.0%, with no differences in age and sex. The cyclothymic and immodithy‐mic normals showed higher % W‐EEG than those with the other types of personality.

3) The means with SD of % W‐EEG following intravenous injection of Dph in various psychiatric and neurologic patient groups were as follows: 62.4±33.1% in 93 schizophrenics, 55.4±34.7% in 44 manic‐depressives, 71.1±31.4% in 143 psycho‐neurotics, 50.0±35.6% in 92 epileptics and 81.3±22.6% in 20 patients with organic brain diseases. They were all significantly higher than the % W‐EEG of normal controls. In the following pairs of groups, the former % W‐EEG was higher than the latter (P<0.05): between the patients with organic brain diseases and each of schizophrenics, manic‐depressives and epileptics; between schizophrenics and epileptics. No significant difference was found among the other groups.

4) No significant difference was found between the % W‐EEG's of the following two different stages and cases in both schizophrenics and manic‐depressives: the aggravated stage with active mental symptoms and improved stage; cases showing favorable response to pharmacotherapy and those without satisfactory effect. In psychoneurotics, the % W‐EEG's were higher in hysteria, hypochondriasis, anxiety neurosis, obsessive‐compulsive neurosis in this order. Significant differences in % W‐EEG were found between either of hysteria or hypochondriasis and obsessive‐compulsive neurosis (P<0.05), but not between cases received EEG examinations in aggravated and improved stages. Among epileptics, the % W‐EEG of cases with psychomotor seizure was lower than that of cases with generalized convulsion, and the value was close to that of normal controls.

5) From the finding mentioned above, it was demonstrated that some of the neuropsychiatric patients have higher tolerance to the hypnotic effect of Dph than normals. The higher tolerance was considered to be due not only to the clinical state of the patients but also to the predisposing factors or biological changes underlying the illness. The problems on the tolerance to Dph were discussed from various viewpoints.