bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growing Cities in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Land Competing Interests in Peri‐Urban Areas and Organised Violence
Authors: Balestri Sara
Published: January 2019

Competing interests over land are sharply rising worldwide; they are pushed by several factors, including peri‐urban dynamics and growing commercialisation of land. Through a quasi‐experimental design based on spatially disaggregated data, the analysis explores the effect of peri‐urbanisation processes and large‐scale land acquisitions on the risk of organised violence. The results, confirmed throughout several model specifications and robustness checks, provide evidence that peri‐urbanisation processes are strongly associated with a higher risk of experiencing events of organised violence. The likelihood of being the arena of such events is even higher when large acquisitions are concluded within peri‐urban areas. Urbanisation processes and large land acquisitions should therefore be framed within a comprehensive strategy grounded on inclusive urban planning and land access safeguards, in order to minimise the risk that land access insecurity may be translated into violence.
Subspecies description rates are higher in morphologically complex land snails
Authors: Páll‐Gergely Barna , Asami Takahiro , Sólymos Péter
Published: January 2019

Subspecies richness (average number of subspecies per species = SSP/SP) has traditionally been explained by niche breadth, characteristics of the preferred habitat (“habitat hypothesis”), dispersal ability, range size (“range size hypothesis”), etc. However, in several invertebrate groups, there are striking differences between SSP/SP across families, which cannot be explained using classic arguments, and we might assume some hidden factor in the background. For example, some families of terrestrial molluscs, that possess conspicuously more subspecies than others, have higher degree of morphological complexity (shell size, number of diagnosable shell characters), for which we propose the “artefact hypothesis.” According to this, morphological complexity plays an important role in taxonomists' subspecies recognition. We used shell size, number of characters mentioned in species descriptions and area extent in six European land snail families, and habitat characteristics (rock‐dwelling vs. non‐rock‐dwelling) in one largest European snail families (Clausiliidae) to test our hypothesis. We found that all three factors (range size, morphological complexity and habitat type) correlated positively with the SSP/SP ratio. Although the generality of our findings has to be tested in other invertebrate phyla, we provide examples of striking differences between SSP/SP ratios in butterflies (Lepidoptera) and beetles (Coleoptera) as well. Our findings imply that researchers (a) should use the number of SSP more carefully in comprehensive studies, and (b) should maintain and use the rank subspecies in order to provide a stronger status for the species rank, and avoid taxonomic inflation. Furthermore, the subspecies rank might be more useful for “cryptic species” (clades that are indistinguishable morphologically) than species.
New Closed-Form Thermal Boundary Layer Solutions in Shear Flow With Power-Law Velocity
Authors: Wang Chang Yi , Chang Chien-Cheng
Published: January 2019

The forced convection problem for a developing thermal boundary layer in a parallel shear flow is studied. If the shear flow has a power-law velocity profile, exact similarity thermal boundary layer solutions in terms of Gamma functions can be found. Specifically, three types of thermal boundary conditions are considered: a step temperature change, a step flux change, and a concentrated heat source. The latter is also analogous to mass diffusion form an isolated source. The mixing index for mass diffusion is found exactly.
Synchronization for Incommensurate Riemann–Liouville Fractional-Order Time-Delayed Competitive Neural Networks With Different Time Scales and Known or Unknown Parameters1
Authors: Gu Yajuan , Wang Hu , Yu Yongguang
Published: January 2019

Synchronization for incommensurate Riemann–Liouville fractional competitive neural networks (CNN) with different time scales is investigated in this paper. Time delays and unknown parameters are concerned in the model, which is more practical. Two simple and effective controllers are proposed, respectively, such that synchronization between the salve system and the master system with known or unknown parameters can be achieved. The methods are more general and less conservative which can also be applied to commensurate integer-order systems and commensurate fractional systems. Furthermore, two numerical ensamples are provided to show the feasibility of the approach. Based on the chaotic masking method, the example of chaos synchronization application for secure communication is provided.
Micro-Calorimetric Study on the Thermal Stability of N, N-Dimethylhydroxylamine in the APOR Process
Authors: Zhi Cao , Taihong Yan , Xiaoyan Bian , Chuanbo Li , Chen Zuo , Weifang Zheng
Published: January 2019

The thermal stability of N, N-dimethylhydroxylamine (DMHAN) in the HNO3 solution was studied using microcalorimeter. The influence of concentration of HNO3, DMHAN, methylhydrazine (MH), atmosphere (air and nitrogen), and metals was investigated. The kinetic parameters and self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) of the feed in process (stripping reagents 1BX, scouring agent 2DS, stripping reagents 2BX, and waste aqueous phase 2DW) were calculated by Advanced Kinetics and Technology Solutions (akts) thermokinetics software. The molar enthalpy of the reaction of NaNO2 with DMHAN and MH was also determined. The results show that the initial reaction temperature (T0) of DMHAN/HNO3 (HNO3: 1.5–3.0 mol/L, DMHAN: 0.05–0.8 mol/L) is increased as the acidity is reduced or the concentration of DMHAN is increased. Holding reductant MH made the induction period of the autocatalytic reaction longer. The air, nitrogen atmosphere, Fe, and the fission products (Zr, Ru) do not affect the decomposition of DMHAN, but the stainless steel made the T0 of DMHAN/HNO3 become lower. The SADT of 1BX/2DS, 2BX, and 2DW is 56 °C, 52 °C and 47 °C, respectively. The molar enthalpies of formation of the reaction of NaNO2 with DMHAN and MH are −411.3 kJ/mol, −246.0 kJ/mol, respectively.
A Thermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Model for Crowned Rollers and Its Application on Apex Seal–Housing Interfaces
Authors: Liu Zhong , Pickens III David , He Tao , Zhang Xin , Liu Yuchuan , Nishino Takayuki , Jane Wang Q.
Published: January 2019

This paper presents a thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) model for analyzing crowned roller lubrication performances under the influence of frictional heating. In this thermal EHL model, the Reynolds equation is solved to obtain the film thickness and pressure results while the energy equation and temperature integration equation are evaluated for the temperature rise in the lubricant and at the surfaces. The discrete convolution fast Fourier transform (DC-FFT) method is utilized to calculate the influence coefficients for both the elastic deformation and the temperature integration equations. The influences of the slide-to-roll ratio (SRR), load, crowning radius, and roller length on the roller lubrication and temperature rise are investigated. The results indicate that the thermal effect becomes significant for the cases with high SRRs or heavy loads. The proposed thermal EHL model is used to study the thermal-tribology behavior of an apex seal–housing interface in a rotary engine, and to assist the design of the apex seal crown geometry. A simplified crown design equation is obtained from the analysis results, validated through comparison with the optimal results calculated using the current crowned-roller thermo-EHL (TEHL) model.
Theoretical and Experimental Study of Viscoelastic Damper Based on Fractional Derivative Approach and Micromolecular Structures
Authors: Xu Yeshou , Xu Zhao-Dong , Guo Ying-Qing , Ge Teng , Xu Chao , Huang Xinghuai
Published: January 2019

Viscoelastic dampers are one of the most popular earthquake mitigation devices for building structures with a large number of applications in civil engineering. The seismic performance of viscoelastic dampers is greatly affected by viscoelastic materials. The present paper addresses the theoretical and experimental studies of the viscoelastic damper. The regular polyhedron chain network models for viscoelastic materials are proposed based on the molecular chain network microstructures and the temperature–frequency equivalent principle. Several dynamic property tests for the viscoelastic damper at different temperatures, frequencies, and displacements are carried out, and the proposed models are verified by comparing the numerical and experimental results. The comparisons show that the viscoelastic damper has perfect energy dissipation capacity, and the regular polyhedron chain network models can well describe the mechanical properties of the viscoelastic damper at different environmental temperatures and excitation frequencies.
Flexible thermoelectric modules based on ALD-grown ZnO on different substrates
Authors: Marin Giovanni , Tynell Tommi , Karppinen Maarit
Published: January 2019

The authors have designed and tested prototype thin-film thermoelectric devices based on 100–500 nm thick layers of n-type ZnO fabricated with atomic layer deposition on different substrate materials: oxidized silicon, polyethylene naphtalate plastics, and thin flexible glass. In addition, they address the benefits of depositing intermittent organic (benzene) layers within the ZnO matrix through molecular layer deposition for thermal conductivity suppression. Thermoelectric performance of the test devices composed of several ZnO or ZnO:benzene thin-film legs was evaluated by generating the temperature difference using a hotplate and measuring the output voltage at the ends of the circuit in both open circuit and load configurations. The output voltage was found to increase with increasing ZnO film thickness. Most interestingly, the ZnO:benzene superlattice film investigated had better performance compared to plain ZnO of the same thickness, thus opening the way to further developments of thermoelectric thin-film devices.
Low temperature surface preparation of GaN substrates for atomic layer epitaxial growth: Assessment of ex situ preparations
Authors: Rosenberg Samantha G. , Pennachio Daniel J. , Wagenbach Christa , Johnson Scooter D. , Nepal Neeraj , Kozen Alexander C. , Woodward Jeffrey M. , Robinson Zachary , Joress Howie , Ludwig Karl F. , Palmstrøm Chris J. , Eddy Charles R.
Published: January 2019

In situ and in vacuo surface studies of in situ and ex situ GaN substrate preparation were conducted to advance fundamental understanding of GaN surface preparation for low temperature atomic layer epitaxial growth. Grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering (GISAXS) information is complemented with in vacuo x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ex situ atomic force microscopy studies to assess different ex situ sample preparation methods to produce the most suitable GaN surface for epitaxy. The authors have determined that a UV-ozone exposure followed by an HF dip produces the cleanest and smoothest GaN surface. They have further determined with GISAXS that subjecting the optimum surface to the established low temperature emulated gallium flash-off atomic level process (ALP) eliminates the need for any nitridation ALP. These ex situ and in situ cleaning preparations result in clean, highly-ordered surfaces that should provide an ideal substrate for high quality crystalline epitaxial films.
Beneficial Impact of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity Program on Circulating Number and Functional Capacity of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Children: The Crucial Role of Nitric Oxide and VEGF-A
Authors: Souza Livia Victorino , De Meneck Franciele , Oliveira Vanessa , Higa Elisa Mieko , Akamine Eliana Hiromi , Franco Maria do Carmo
Published: January 2019

Purpose: Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) appear to interact with physical training. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of the relationship of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with both angiogenic factors and EPC function in healthy children. Methods: Forty children (22 boys and 18 girls) aged 7 to 11 years participated in a 10-week MVPA program (duration: 45 min; intensity: 75%–85% of heart rate reserve; frequency: 4 sessions/wk). The anthropometric data, biochemical profile, EPCs number, EPCs colony-forming units, and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and nitric oxide (NO) plasma levels were evaluated before and after the MVPA program. Results: After a 10-week MVPA program, a significant increase was detected in circulating/functional capacity of EPCs, NO, and VEGF-A levels, associated with improvement of waist circumference and estimated maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max). A strong positive correlation was found between delta of EPCs number and variation of both NO level (r = .677, P < .001) and VEGF-A level (r = .588, P < .001). Furthermore, a significant correlation between NO level variation and delta of VEGF-A level was observed (r = .708, P < .001). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that lifestyle intervention implemented by MVPA program can contribute meaningfully to improve circulating/functional capacity of EPCs in healthy children, possibly due to the increase of plasma NO and VEGF-A levels.
Real-time tracking of fluorescent magnetic spore–based microrobots for remote detection of
C. diff
toxins
Authors: Zhang Yabin , Zhang Lin , Yang Lidong , Vong Chi Ian , Chan Kai Fung , Wu William K. K. , Kwong Thomas N. Y. , Lo Norman W. S. , Ip Margaret , Wong Sunny H. , Sung Joseph J. Y. , Chiu Philip W. Y. , Zhang Li
Published: January 2019

We report fluorescent magnetic spore–based microrobots for remote sensing of
C. diff
toxins in clinical stool supernatants.
High-Quality Draft Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas reidholzensis Strain CCOS 865
T
Authors: Rutz Dominik , Frasson David , Sievers Martin , Blom Jochen , Rezzonico Fabio , Pothier Joël F. , Smits Theo H. M.
Published: January 2019

We have sequenced and assembled the genome of
Pseudomonas reidholzensis
CCOS 865
T
, which was isolated in 2014 from forest soil. Members of the genus
Pseudomonas
play important roles in environmental systems and are utilized in many biotechnological processes.
Draft Genome Sequences of Four Rhodobacter sphaeroides Strains Isolated from a Marine Ecosystem
Authors: Guzman Michael S. , Bose Arpita
Published: January 2019

Rhodobacter sphaeroides
is an alphaproteobacterium found in freshwater and marine ecosystems. To better understand the metabolic diversity within this species, we isolated and sequenced four
R. sphaeroides
isolates obtained from Trunk River in Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
Diagnostic accuracy of the T-MACS decision aid with a contemporary point-of-care troponin assay
Authors: Body Richard , Almashali Malak , Morris Niall , Moss Phil , Jarman Heather , Appelboam Andrew , Parris Richard , Chan Louisa , Walker Alison , Harrison Mark , Wootten Andrea , McDowell Garry
Published: January 2019

Objectives

The rapid turnaround time of point-of-care (POC) cardiac troponin (cTn) assays is highly attractive for crowded emergency departments (EDs). We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the Troponin-only Manchester Acute Coronary Syndromes (T-MACS) decision aid with a POC cTn assay.

Methods

In a prospective diagnostic accuracy study at eight EDs, we included patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Blood drawn on arrival and 3 hours later was analysed for POC cTnI (i-Stat, Abbott Point of Care). The primary outcome was a diagnosis of ACS, which included both an adjudicated diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) based on serial laboratory cTn testing and major adverse cardiac events (death, AMI or coronary revascularisation) within 30 days.

Results

Of 716 patients included, 105 (14.7%) had ACS. Using serial POC cTnI concentrations over 3 hours could have ‘ruled out’ ACS in 198 (31.2%) patients with a sensitivity of 99.0% (95% CI 94.4% to 100.0%) and negative predictive value 99.5% (95% CI 96.5% to 99.9%). No AMIs were missed. T-MACS ‘ruled in’ ACS for 65 (10.4%) patients with a positive predictive value of 91.2% (95% CI 82.1% to 95.9%) and specificity 98.9% (97.6% to 99.6%).

Conclusion

With a POC cTnI assay, T-MACS could ‘rule out’ ACS for approximately one-third of patients within 3 hours while ‘ruling in’ ACS for another 10%. The rapid turnaround time and portability of the POC assay make this an attractive pathway for use in crowded EDs or urgent care centres. Future work should also evaluate use in the prehospital environment.
Optimal management of acute severe ulcerative colitis
Authors: Jain Saransh , Ahuja Vineet , Limdi Jimmy K
Published: January 2019

Acute severe ulcerative colitis is a life-threatening medical emergency, which can be associated with significant morbidity and is preventable through prompt and effective management. Corticosteroids remain the cornerstone of initial therapy, although a third of patients will not respond. Further management hinges on timely decisions with use of rescue therapy with ciclosporin or infliximab, without compromising the health or safety of the patient, or timely surgery. Although such patients need specialist care, it is imperative that emergency care physicians are aware of the important principles of management of this condition to achieve successful outcomes. Risk stratification and the use of predictive models using clinical parameters have reduced the morbidity associated with this condition.We discuss current evidence and present a clinical approach to clinicians involved in the emergency care of patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis in this review.
Lower extremity regional anesthesia: essentials of our current understanding
Authors: Tran De Q , Salinas Francis V , Benzon Honorio T , Neal Joseph M
Published: January 2019

The advent of ultrasound guidance has led to a renewed interest in regional anesthesia of the lower limb. In keeping with the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine’s ongoing commitment to provide intensive evidence-based education, this article presents a complete update of the 2005 comprehensive review on lower extremity peripheral nerve blocks. The current review article strives to (1) summarize the pertinent anatomy of the lumbar and sacral plexuses, (2) discuss the optimal approaches and techniques for lower limb regional anesthesia, (3) present evidence to guide the selection of pharmacological agents and adjuvants, (4) describe potential complications associated with lower extremity nerve blocks, and (5) identify informational gaps pertaining to outcomes, which warrant further investigation.
Can an inflammatory reaction in the meninges, caused by spinal puncture through tattooed skin, evolve into adhesive arachnoiditis? An experimental model in rabbits
Authors: da Silva Ronaldo Antonio , Ferraz Isabela Leite , Zuza Ricardo Santos , Camara Camila , Marques Mariângela Alencar , Machado Vânia Maria de Vasconcelos , Navarro Laís Helena Camacho , de Barros Guilherme Antônio Moreira , Ganem Eliana Marisa
Published: January 2019

Background and objectives

As the number of people with tattoos has been increasing, anesthesiologists are more and more faced with the decision to perform a neuraxial blockage through tattooed skin. In this study, we evaluated the possibility of puncture through tattooed skin determines acute inflammatory changes in the meninges and spinal cord and later evolve into adhesive arachnoiditis.

Method

Forty-two male rabbits were randomized into 3 groups of 14: G1, spinal puncture through non-tattooed skin and saline solution injection; G2, spinal puncture through tattooed skin and saline solution injection, captive for 30 days; G3, spinal puncture through tattooed skin and saline solution injection, captive for 360 days. The animals were anesthetized and ultrasound-guided spinal puncture was performed in the intervertebral spaces between S1 – S2. During the period of captivity, the animals were clinically assessed for sensitivity and motor function. After that, they were sacrificed and the lumbosacral portion of the spinal cord was excised for histological analysis.

Results

No histological changes were found on group 1. Eleven animals from group two presented with foci of perivascular lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate in the pia mater and/or arachnoid. In Group 3, eight rabbits presented with inflammatory changes in the meninges, which were associated with thickening and/or adhesion of the pia mater and arachnoid in some cases and five rabbits presented only thickening of pia-mater.

Conclusions

Spinal puncture through tattooed skin of rabbits can trigger acute inflammatory changes in the meninges and after a prolonged period of observation evolve into adhesive arachnoiditis.
Predicting adherence to therapy in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis: a large cross-sectional study
Authors: Smolen Josef S , Gladman Dafna , McNeil H Patrick , Mease Philip J , Sieper Joachim , Hojnik Maja , Nurwakagari Pascal , Weinman John
Published: January 2019

Objective

This analysis explored the association of treatment adherence with beliefs about medication, patient demographic and disease characteristics and medication types in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA) or ankylosing spondylitis (AS) to develop adherence prediction models.

Methods

The population was a subset from ALIGN, a multicountry, cross-sectional, self-administered survey study in adult patients (n=7328) with six immune-mediated inflammatory diseases who were routinely receiving systemic therapy. Instruments included Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ) and 4-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-4©), which was used to define adherence.

Results

A total of 3390 rheumatological patients were analysed (RA, n=1943; PsA, n=635; AS, n=812). Based on the strongest significant associations, the adherence prediction models included type of treatment, age, race (RA and AS) or disease duration (PsA) and medication beliefs (RA and PsA, BMQ-GeneralHarmscore; AS, BMQ-SpecificConcernsscore). The models had cross-validated areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.637 (RA), 0.641 (PsA) and 0.724 (AS). Predicted probabilities of full adherence (MMAS-4©=4) ranged from 5% to 96%. Adherence was highest for tumour necrosis factor inhibitors versus other treatments, older patients and those with low treatment harm beliefs or concerns. Adherence was higher in white patients with RA and AS and in patients with PsA with duration of disease <9 years.

Conclusions

For the first time, simple medication adherence prediction models for patients with RA, PsA and AS are available, which may help identify patients at high risk of non-adherence to systemic therapies.

Trial registration number

ACTRN12612000977875.
Abnormal dynamics induced by congestion effect in cascading failures
Authors: Wang Dayong , Jia Guozhu , Zong Hengshan , He Wei
Published: January 2019

Robustness of infrastructure networks is essential for our modern society. Cascading failures are the cause of most large-scale network outages. We study the cascading failure of networks due to overload, using the betweenness centrality of an edge as the measure of its initial load. Taking into account the congestion effect of a slightly overloading edge, we define two capacities (the basic capacity and the removal capacity) of every edge and give three possible states (the free state, the congestion state, and the removal state) of every edge according to its current load. We propose a new method to dynamically adjust two capacities of the slightly overloading edge and study the dynamical features of cascading propagation induced by removing the edge with the highest load in two artificial networks, two traffic networks, and two power grids. We mainly focus on the relationship between the capacity parameters and two robust metrics. By simulations, we find two interesting and counterintuitive results, i.e. enhancing the basic capacity of every edge may weaken the network robustness, and fixing the basic capacity of every edge, simply improving the removal capacity of every edge sometimes makes the whole network more invulnerable. These findings show that investing more maintenance resources to alleviate flow congestion is not always better to avoid the cascading propagation, which is similar to Braess’s paradox in traffic networks.
The Impossibility of Language Acquisition (and How They Do It)
Authors: Gleitman Lila R. , Liberman Mark Y. , McLemore Cynthia A. , Partee Barbara H.
Published: January 2019

This autobiographical article, which began as an interview, reports some reflections by Lila Gleitman on the development of her thinking and her research—in concert with a host of esteemed collaborators over the years—on issues of language and mind, focusing on how language is acquired. Gleitman entered the field of linguistics as a student of Zellig Harris, and learned firsthand of Noam Chomsky's early work. She chose the psychological perspective, later helping to found the field of cognitive science; and with her husband and long-term collaborator, Henry Gleitman, for over 50 years fostered a continuing research community aimed at answering questions such as: When language input to the child is restricted, what is left to explain language acquisition? The studies reported here find that argument structure encoded in the syntax is key (syntactic bootstrapping) and that children learn word meaning in epiphanies (propose but verify).
Beyond the “Sinew of War”: The Political Economy of Security as a Subfield
Authors: Poast Paul
Published: January 2019

Since at least Cicero, we have known that “money is the sinew of war.” Is it possible for a political economy of security (PES) subfield to contribute knowledge beyond Cicero's claim? This article aims to delineate the boundaries of a PES subfield by using the classic “guns versus butter” trade-off to define the existing literature within the subfield. Thinking seriously about this trade-off, including conditions under which a trade-off may not exist, raises a host of questions. The two most direct questions are: How does consuming “guns” influence the consumption of “butter”? And how does using “guns” influence the consumption of “butter”?
Lasernadel-Akupunktur bei hyperaktiver Blase: Eine Kasuistik
Authors: Stähler van Amerongen Kirsten
Published: January 2019

In diesem Fallbericht wird die Lasernadel-Akupunktur bei einer Patientin mit Hyperaktive-Blase(OAB)-Symptomatik beschrieben. Nach 7 Behandlungen mit dieser neuen, nichtinvasiven Therapie war eine deutliche Verbesserung der Symptome - häufiger und verstärkter Harndrang, Nykturie und Inkontinenz - zu verzeichnen, und das Patientenempfinden der Blasenbeschwerden war auf der visuellen Analogskala um 60% verbessert. Die invasive sakrale Neuromodulation über den Sakrallöchern am Becken und die perkutane tibiale Nervenstimulation über dem medialen Knöchel am Fuss sind in der Schulmedizin anerkannte Methoden zur Behandlung der OAB. Genau diese Punkte aus der Schulmedizin wurden mit der nichtinvasiven, schmerzlosen Lasernadel mit positivem Patientenempfinden bezüglich der OAB therapiert. Dabei handelte es sich um die Akupunkturpunkte Bl 27, 28, 29, 30 und MP 6. Die schmerzlose Lasernadel-Therapie scheint zukunftsweisend für die Behandlung der OAB zu sein.
Divergence and Convergence: How Do Income Inequalities in Mortality Change over the Life Course?
Authors: Rehnberg Johan , Fors Stefan , Fritzell Johan
Published: January 2019

Background: Do inequalities in health by income increase or decrease with age? The empirical evidence is not conclusive and competing theories arrive at different conclusions. Objective: This study examined inequality in mortality by income over the adult life course with longitudinal data on people aged 30–99 between the years 1990 and 2009. Each person was followed for 19 years. Methods: We used Swedish total population data with 5,011,414 individual observations. We calculated the probability of having died for ages between 31 and 99. This approach to calculating death risk incorporates selective mortality during the follow-up period into the measure. Age and year standardized income positions were calculated for all individuals. Inequality was assessed by comparing the top 10% income group and the bottom 10% income group. Relative inequality was measured by risk ratios (RR) and absolute inequality by percentage point differences. Results: The results showed that the highest relative income inequality in mortality was at age 56 for men (RR: 4.7) and at age 40 for women (RR: 4.1) with differing patterns across the younger age categories between the sexes. The highest absolute income inequality in mortality was found at age 78 for men (19% difference) and at age 89 for women (14% difference) with similar patterns for both sexes. Both measures of inequality decreased after the peak, with small or no inequalities above age 95. Income inequality in mortality remained in advanced age, with larger absolute inequalities in older ages and larger relative inequalities in younger ages. Conclusion: The results for absolute and relative measures of inequality differed substantially; this highlights the importance of discussing and making an active choice of inequality measure. To explain and understand the patterns of inequality in mortality over the adult life course, we conclude that the “age-as-leveler” and “cumulative disadvantage” theories are best applied to an absolute measure of inequality.
Influence of the Topographic Vascular Distribution of the Face on Dermal Filler Accidents
Authors: Palomar-Gallego María Angustias , Gómez-Esquer Francisco , Gómez-Sánchez Stella Maris , Díaz-Gil Gema , Linares García-Valdecasas Rafael
Published: January 2019

Objective: Dermal fillers are an important tool in the field of aesthetic dermatology. Fillers are relatively noninvasive and easy to use but are not free of secondary complications. The main complications are vascular and are due to either the compression of an artery or the direct introduction of the product into the arterial lumen. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the vascular territories of the face to avoid many possible complications when using facial fillings. Anatomical localization of the main arterial supply to the face has been described to assess the risk of vascular injury. Methods: The authors dissected 17 hemifaces of embalmed adult cadavers that had previously been injected, through the common carotid artery, with latex containing a red dye. Results: A topographic distribution was generated by facial regions following a clinical approach from where the facial fillings were placed and related to the pathways of the arteries. Following these criteria, we established 8 topographic regions (I–VIII) that indicate the main vascular problems of each of these regions. Detailed anatomical localizations of the main arteries in these topographic regions of the face and their relationships are described. Conclusions: The highest index of vascular lesions and especially visual alterations occurred for fillings of the upper third of the face. To prevent and avoid this type of lesion, it is advisable to avoid, as much as possible, treatments with filling materials in the upper third of the face, mainly including the glabellar and nasal region (III) and supraorbital region (VIII).
Morphological and Functional Changes in the Vagina following Critical Lifespan Events in the Ewe
Authors: Hympanova Lucie , Rynkevic Rita , Urbankova Iva , Blacher Silvia , de Landsheere Laurent , Mackova Katerina , Krofta Ladislav , Deprest Jan
Published: January 2019

Background/Aims: The ewe is increasingly being used as an animal model for pelvic floor disorders. The aim was to further characterize changes in the vaginal properties during its entire lifespan. Methods: Vaginal tissues were collected at different stages of reproductive life (neonatal, prepubescence, nulliparous, primiparous, multiparous, and menopausal; ≥6 ewes/group). Vaginal size, as well as active and passive biomechanics, was measured. Microscopy included thickness of glycogen, epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis thickness, densities of collagen, elastin, smooth muscle, and nerves. Results: Vaginal dimensions increase during adolescence, peak at reproductive levels, and decrease sharply after ovariectomy. One year after first delivery, the distal vagina gets more compliant, yet this is reversed later in life. The thickness of glycogen staining epithelial layers changed with puberty and menopause. The epithelium was markedly thicker after multiple deliveries. The thickness of lamina propria and muscularis increased in puberty and in nulliparous. Semi-quantitative collagen assessment demonstrated a lower collagen and higher elastin content after first and multiple deliveries. Conclusion: The changes in the ovine vaginal wall during representative moments of her lifespan parallel those observed in women.
Sex-Related Variations of Retinal and Choroidal Thickness and Foveal Avascular Zone in Healthy and Diabetic Children Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging
Authors: Niestrata-Ortiz Magdalena , Fichna Piotr , Stankiewicz Witold , Stopa Marcin
Published: January 2019

Purpose of the Study: The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of gender differences in the chorioretinal microvasculature of children with and without vascular pathology. Methods: Healthy and type 1 diabetic children without diabetic retinopathy underwent optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and structural OCT. We measured the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep CP (DCP), central retina, and choroid thickness. Results: OCTA examination was conducted in 112 diabetic and 30 healthy children, and structural OCT in 121 diabetic children and 32 controls. DCP FAZ area in boys was significantly smaller than in girls both in diabetics (p = 0.0010) and healthy children (p = 0.0302). In diabetics, SCP FAZ area was significantly smaller in boys (p = 0.0006), analogically to controls (p = 0.0870). Central retinal thickness was significantly greater in boys compared with girls in diabetics (p = 0.0001) and controls (p = 0.1008). Conclusion: Significant differences exist in the FAZ area and retinal thickness between sexes, likely representing physiological differences. Different norms must be used for boys and girls regardless of diabetic status.
Implication of Deep-Vascular-Layer Alteration Detected by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography for the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Dimitrova Galina , Chihara Etsuo
Published: January 2019

The aim of this narrative mini review is to analyze optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) parameters from reports that involved both superficial and deep vascular layers in patients with diabetes and to assess their relevance for the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Papers published from January 2015 to August 2018 describing the use of OCTA in diabetes were identified and reviewed through a Medline/PubMed search. OCTA studies suggest that parameters are altered in patients with diabetes in all retinal vascular layers. From all included studies that evaluated both the superficial and the deep vascular layer, a number of studies suggested that the deep vascular layer was affected at an earlier stage of DR. OCTA parameter alterations were more prominent in the deep vascular layer than in the superficial vascular layer in patients with DR, and deep-vascular-layer alterations were most evident in patients with diabetic macular edema. Regarding that retinal venules originate from the deep vascular layer of the retina, alteration of OCTA parameters at the deep vascular layer in diabetic patients may imply a predominant affection of the venous side of the retinal vascular system in the pathogenesis of DR.
Cerebral Vasospasm after Open Fenestration of an Arachnoid Cyst in a 4-Year-Old Boy: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Shao Belinda , Banu Matei A. , Carroll Jason J. , Meyers Philip M. , Lavine Sean D. , Feldstein Neil A. , Anderson Richard C.E.
Published: January 2019

Cerebral vasospasm is associated with significant morbidity, and most commonly occurs following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Rarely, vasospasm can follow tumor resection and traumatic brain injury. We present the first reported case of a young child who developed diffuse vasospasm following open fenestration of an arachnoid cyst and was promptly treated, with full recovery of neurologic function. Although vasopasm after arachnoid cyst fenestration is rare, it can be included in the differential for a new focal neurologic deficit.
Two new species of Leydigia Kurz, 1875 (Chydoridae, Cladocera) from Spain
Authors: KOTOV ALEXEY A. , ALONSO MIGUEL
Published: January 2019

We describe two new species of Leydigia Kurz, 1875 (Chydoridae, Cladocera) from Spain. L. (Neoleydigia) iberica sp. nov. has a series of traits rarely observed in well-studied species of the subgenus L. (Neoleydigia), and never in this combination: (1) PP distance large; (2) numerous, low hillocks on preanal margin of postabdomen; (3) numerous setae in lateral fascicles on postabdomen, plus distalmost and next setae subequal in size; (4) sensory seta shifted to distal end of antenna I, but not so markedly as in L. microps; (5) fully setulated basal segment of distalmost scraper on limb III; (6) 5 setae on exopodite III. L (N.) korovchinskyi sp. nov. has seven setae on limb III exopodite, characteristic for only two species of the subgenus L. (Neoleydigia) Kotov, 2009, namely L. (N.) propinqua and L. (N.) microps, but the former differs from both latter taxa in: (1) absence of a “coarse” striation; (2) rounded apex of labral keel and (3) longer setae 34 of exopodite III. At this moment, each species was found in a single locality. Both species are rare and seem endemic of Iberian Peninsula (but may be found in some surrounded Mediterranean territories); they could be regarded as relicts sensu Korovchinsky (2006).
Coronabrotica, a new genus and species of Luperini, and a key to genera of Section Phyllecthrites (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae)
Authors: DE A. MOURA LUCIANO
Published: January 2019

Coronabrotica, a new genus of Diabroticina Section Phyllecthrites (Luperini) is proposed from the Neotropical Region with the type-species Coronabrotica amazonensis Moura sp. nov. from states of Pará and Amazonas, north of Brazil. The new genus differs from others of the Section by the anterior coxal cavities being closed and, in males, by a rounded pore on the basal half of the pronotum, surrounded by a crown of long erect setae. Descriptions and illustrations of the new taxa and a key for the identification of the thirteen genera that compose the Section Phyllecthrites are provided.
Tvetenia vitracies (Sæther, 1969), a synonym of Tvetenia tshernovskii (Pankratova, 1968), comb. n. (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: PRZHIBORO ANDREY A. , SÆTHER OLE A.
Published: January 2019

Type material of Eukiefferiella tshernovskii Pankratova, 1968 is re-examined, and the lectotype is designated. The characters of E. tshernovskii fit the diagnosis of the genus Tvetenia Kieffer, 1922. Consequently, a new combination and synonymy are established, Tvetenia tshernovskii (Pankratova, 1968), comb. n. = T. vitracies (Sæther, 1969), syn. n. Diagnostic characters of the larva of T. tshernovskii are emended. Nomenclatural notes on the species are given, and its distribution and bionomics are briefly reviewed.
Post-larval stages of Ascoschoengastia (Laurentella) lorius (Gunther) (Acariformes: Trombiculidae) provide evidence for a nest-based life history
Authors: SHAW MATTHEW
Published: January 2019

While certain ecological groups of trombiculid mites are thought to be specialised for nest occupation, supporting evidence is rare. A putatively nest-specialised trombiculid is here described in detail. Larvae, a deutonymph and adults of the trombiculid genus Ascoschoengastia were collected from three tree hollow nests occupied by Eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus) and Sulphur-crested Cockatoos (Cacatua galerita) at Iron Range, Cape York Peninsula. The larvae are A. (Laurentella) lorius (Gunther), a species originally described from an Eclectus parrot in Papua New Guinea. Deutonymph and adult Ascoschoengastia are also assigned to this species based on their co-occurrence with larvae in this specific and isolated microhabitat. A. (L.) lorius is inferred to have a nest-based life history. Active stases are described with attention to sensory setae. The previous synonomy of A. (L.) daria with A. (L.) lorius is rejected. A key to Australian species of Ascoschoengastia is presented.
Three new species of Anacroneuria (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from Centre-West and Southeast Brazil
Authors: RIGHI-CAVALLARO KARINA O. , LECCI LUCAS S.
Published: January 2019

Three new species of Anacroneuria are described herein: A. otafroehlichi sp. n., A. terere sp. n. and A. singularis sp. n. In addition, we report the presence of A. atrifrons Klapálek and A. pastaza Stark for the first time in Mato Grosso do Sul State. The reported distributions of A. payagua Froehlich and A. ofaye Froehlich are expanded into Mato Grosso do Sul State.
Review of the genus Ceratopriomorphus Pic, 1922 (Coleoptera: Lycidae)
Authors: BARANCIKOVA BARBORA , NASCIMENTO ELYNTON ALVES DO , BOCAKOVA MILADA
Published: January 2019

The Neotropical genus Ceratopriomorphus Pic, 1922 is reviewed. Three species are currently placed in the genus, one of which, C. bolivianus sp. nov., is described here. All diagnostic characters are illustrated, and a key to known Ceratopriomorphus species is given.
Flustrellidra armata (Bryozoa: Ctenostomatida)—a new species from the southern shoreline of Korea
Authors: GRISCHENKO ANDREI V. , SEO JI EUN , MIN BUM SIK
Published: January 2019

Flustrellidra armata sp. nov. is described from ten intertidal and four subtidal sites along the southern coast of Korea. The new species possess a series of small lateral and occasionally proximal kenozooids with simple spines; large scattered vicarious kenozooids with long, tubular, sharp or weakly ramified spines; and a marginal fringe of spiny kenozooids. Colonies of F. armata provide a habitat for a large number of associated benthic organisms. This species is an abundant and prominent component of rocky intertidal to upper subtidal communities and is the third species of Flustrellidra with low-Boreal to Subtropical distribution.
A new classification of the Chirostyloidea (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura)
Authors: SCHNABEL KAREEN E. , AHYONG SHANE T.
Published: January 2019

The high level classification of the Chirostyloidea Ortmann, 1892, is reviewed. Eumunididae Milne-Edwards & Bouvier, 1900, is resurrected for two genera formerly placed in the Chirostylidae Ortmann, 1892, Eumunida Smith, 1883, and Pseudomunida Haig, 1979, based on shared characteristics such as the dorsal carapace striation, presence of supraocular spines of the rostrum, dentition of the mandible, presence of an epipod and an annulated exopod flagellum of maxilliped 1. Three families are now included in the Chirostyloidea: Chirostylidae, Eumunididae and Kiwaidae. Diagnoses are provided for each family as well as a key to the families. The fossil record of the Chirostyloidea is discussed, with putative records of Eumunida in the fossil record referred to the galatheid genus Sadayoshia Baba, 1969.
Self-Responsibility of the “Active Social Citizen”: Different Types of the Policy Concept of “Active Social Citizenship” in Different Types of Welfare States
Authors: Eggers Thurid , Grages Christopher , Pfau-Effinger Birgit
Published: January 2019

The article aims to answer the following research questions: (a) How far do European welfare states differ in the use of the policy concept of the active social citizen? and (b) How far is it possible to explain the differences with welfare regime types and welfare culture? The article distinguishes between two different types of the policy concept of active social citizenship with regard to self-responsibility. It argues that the active social citizen’s self-responsibility could be underpinned either by a major role of the welfare state, which promotes the citizens’ self-determination, or by a minor role of the state, which forces citizens to be self-reliant for funding and for organizing their own social security and services. The article is based on a cross-national comparative study for two policy fields (unemployment and long-term care policies for older people) in three welfare states (Denmark, England, and Germany), and analyzes legal frameworks, data from MISSOC (Mutual Information System on Social Protection) and secondary literature. The comparative analysis shows that countries differ in the type of the policy concept of active social citizenship they use. Differences in the type of welfare regime and also differences in the welfare culture contribute to an explanation of these differences. The article is innovative in that it offers a systematic analysis of the differences in the ways in which welfare states of different regime types conceptualize “active social citizenship” with regard to the citizens’ self-responsibility.
Still ‘skiing their own race’ on New Public Management implementation? Patient choice and policy change in the Finnish and Swedish health-care systems
Authors: Smith Christopher J. , Rauhut Daniel
Published: January 2019

This article applies an agenda-setting approach to the impact of New Public Management on health-care reform in Sweden and Finland (1993–2016). A system-level view of agenda setting and New Public Management implementation is used to order the historical data derived from literature reviews of each health reform process. New Public Management is viewed as a hybrid concept rooted in the search for efficiency gains and cost containment but, here, generating system preservation and system change strategies, characterised as ‘public competition’ and ‘choice and marketisation’. Sweden and Finland are viewed as ‘pragmatic modernisers’ in the public management literature. Health-care system reform in each country was based on similar problems and similar policy ‘solutions’, and was promoted by similar actors, while the implementation of choice and marketisation again saw windows of opportunity open in a similar manner in each. Policy divergence nevertheless occurred. We identify three key reasons for this, relating to the site and pervasiveness of conflict, the impact of party systems, and administrative openness to outside ideas. Sweden’s conflictual politics produced stalemate while consensual Finland produced radical policy change.

Point for practitioners

• Finland and Sweden wanted to modernise rather than overturn the traditional welfare settlement with New Public Management implementation. • Similar policy problems emerged and similar solutions were forwarded, often by similar actors and for similar reasons. • In both countries, powerful centre-right government correlates with the promotion of fundamental ‘choice and marketisation’ policies. • National differences in New Public Management implementation remain.