bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fuel Cell Electric Buses: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Danielis Romeo , Scorrano Mariangela , Masutti Manuela , Awan Asees Muhammad , Niazi Arsalan Muhammad Khan
Published: October 2024

This paper presents a comprehensive review of scientific papers and market reports analyzing the economic competitiveness of fuel cell electric buses (FCEBs) with respect to their conventional alternatives via the total cost of ownership (TCO) methodology. We discussed the variables and data taken into account and compared the resulting outcomes by year and geographical areas. It emerged that FCBs are not currently cost competitive. The decreasing trend in acquisition and fuel costs, however, indicates potential for future competitiveness. We find that the current TCO literature on FCEBs presents several areas of uncertainty and weakness. Potential improvements can be achieved by: (i) extending the geographic coverage to Asian and African developing countries; (ii) making use of real-world data instead of simulated data, in particular, concerning acquisition costs, hydrogen costs under different pathways, fuel efficiency, and maintenance costs; (iii) clarifying the role of infrastructural costs; (iv) exploring the existence of economies of scale at fleet level; (v) distinguishing among different bus sizes.
Application of a GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach to the Siting of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Power Plants: A Case Study of the Xisha Sea Area, China
Authors: Tian Fei , Li Xuelin , Liu Mengdi , Xia Changfa , Guo Xudong , Fang Xiaocheng , Huang Lei
Published: October 2024

In order to achieve the goals of carbon neutrality and reduced carbon emissions, China is increasingly focusing on the development and utilization of renewable energy sources. Among these, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) has the advantages of small periodic fluctuations and large potential reserves, making it an important research field. With the development of the “Maritime Silk Road”, the Xisha Islands in the South China Sea will see a growing demand for electricity, providing the potential for OTEC development in this region. Optimal site selection of OTEC power plants is a prerequisite for developing thermal energy provision, affecting both the construction costs and future benefits of the power plants. This study establishes a scientific evaluation model based on the decision-making frameworks of geographic information systems (GISs) and multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods, specifically the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for assigning weights, the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to reclassify the factors, and weighted linear combination (WLC) to compute the suitability index. In addition to commonly considered factors such as temperature difference and marine usage status, this study innovatively incorporates geological conditions and maximum offshore distances of cold seawater based on cost control. The final evaluation identifies three suitable areas for OTEC development near the Xuande Atoll and the Yongle Atoll in the Xisha Sea Area, providing valuable insights for energy developers and policymakers.
Electrochemical Behavior of Tantalum Nitride Protective Layers for PEMFC Application
Authors: Achille Aurélie , Mauvy Fabrice , Fourcade Sebastien , Michau Dominique , Cavarroc Marjorie , Poulon-Quintin Angéline
Published: October 2024

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are promising technology to convert chemical energy from dihydrogen in electrical energy. HT-PEMFCs are working at high temperatures (above 120 °C) and with doped orthophosphoric acid H3PO4 PBI membranes. In such devices, bipolar metallic plates are used to provide reactive gas inside the fuel cell and collect the electrical current. The metallic elements used as bipolar plates, end plates, and interconnectors in acid electrolyte and gaseous fuel cells are severely damaged by a combination of oxidation (due in particular to the use of oxygen, whether pure or contained in the air) and corrosion (due in particular to acid effluents from the electrolyte). This degradation rapidly leads to the loss of the electrical conductivity of the metallic elements and today requires the use of very specific alloys, possibly coated with pure gold. The solution investigated in the present study is the use of a protective coating based on single-phase nitrides obtained by reactive magnetron sputtering or reactive HiPIMS (High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering). The influence of the microstructure on the physical–chemical properties was studied. The electrochemical properties were quantified following two approaches. First, the corrosion current of the developed coatings was measured at room temperature and at higher temperatures using the Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) technique. Then, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed to better identify and evaluate their corrosion-resistance performances.
Assess the Economic and Environmental Impacts of the Energy Transition in Selected Asian Economies
Authors: Hou Kexin , Waqas Muhammad
Published: October 2024

Energy transition and green innovation have appeared as new hopes for environmental impact due to human activity, which has destroyed biodiversity and increased environmental degradation. Therefore, developed and emerging economies are focusing on green innovation and energy transition to tackle the environmental impact. Thus, this study was initiated to provoke a meaningful relationship between energy transition, economic growth, trade, green innovation, and good governance to measure the role of concerning factors in achieving environmental sustainability. For this objective, dynamic econometric approaches such as cointegration, heteroskedastic OLS estimation using GMM (HOLS-GMM), AMG, and Driscoll–Kraay were implemented to estimate the Asian dataset between 1990 and 2022. The result indicates that concerning factors have a significant influence on environmental impact. The findings specify that a 1% rise in the energy transition and green innovation will influence the environment by 0.0517% and 3.051%, respectively. Further, AMG and Driscoll–Kraay validate the findings of HOLS-GMM. The robust tests indicate that the factors, which are concerning, significantly impact environmental sustainability. Consequently, the energy transition, trade, and green innovation significantly contribute to attaining ecological sustainability in the long term, and the Sustainable Development Theory prevails in the economy. Thus, innovative policy implications, including energy transition, green innovation, trade, and economic growth, are required to make Asia prominent in achieving environmental sustainability via implementing sustainable and green technologies and clean energy sources.
Solar Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Systems: A Review of Technologies, Parameters, and Applications
Authors: Matuszewska Dominika
Published: October 2024

The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is a widely utilized technology for generating electricity from various sources, including geothermal energy, waste heat, biomass, and solar energy. Harnessing solar radiation to drive ORC is a promising renewable energy technology due to the high compatibility of solar collector operating temperatures with the thermal requirements of the cycle. The aim of this review article is to present and discuss the principles of solar-ORC technology and the broad range of solar-ORC systems that have been explored in the literature. Various solar energy technologies capable of powering ORC are investigated, including flat plate collectors, vacuum tube collectors, compound parabolic collectors, and parabolic trough collectors. The review places significant emphasis on the operating parameters of technology.
The Role of Deadwood in Forests between Climate Change Mitigation, Biodiversity Conservation, and Bioenergy Production: A Comparative Analysis Using a Bottom–Up Approach
Authors: De Meo Isabella , Sefidi Kiomars , Bayraktar Selim , Sergiacomi Carlotta , Paletto Alessandro
Published: October 2024

Recent literature highlights the crucial role of deadwood in forests, emphasizing its contribution to biodiversity conservation, soil fertility, climate change mitigation, and bioenergy production. However, managing deadwood presents challenges as decision-makers must balance trade-offs and synergies between these ecological benefits. A participatory approach, incorporating user opinions, can support effective decision-making. This study surveyed 1207 university students from Iran, Italy, and Türkiye to explore their perceptions of deadwood’s role and the potential trade-offs among climate change mitigation, biodiversity conservation, and bioenergy production. Results indicate a high level of awareness among students regarding deadwood’s ecological functions, but preferences vary significantly across cultural and regional contexts. Results show that for students of all three countries, the most important function related to the deadwood in forests is the provision of microhabitats for wildlife, while in second place for Iranian students, there is bioenergy production, and for Turkish and Italian students, soil fertilization. In addition, results highlight that students prefer the management strategies based on leaving both standing dead trees and lying deadwood in the forest. This study reinforces existing literature on deadwood’s importance for biodiversity and underscores the need for informed policies that balance ecological values with practical management considerations.
Exploring the Nexus between Greenhouse Emissions, Environmental Degradation and Green Energy in Europe: A Critique of the Environmental Kuznets Curve
Authors: Horobet Alexandra , Belascu Lucian , Radulescu Magdalena , Balsalobre-Lorente Daniel , Botoroga Cosmin-Alin , Negreanu Cristina-Carmencita
Published: October 2024

This study examines the intricate relationship between economic growth and European environmental degradation via the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). Our results contest the traditional inverted U-shape model of the Environmental Kuznets Curve, indicating that the theory may not be consistently applicable across European countries. Utilizing CS-ARDL and MMQR modelling, we reveal substantial regional disparities. Western European nations demonstrate a typical Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) pattern in the short term, characterized by an initial increase in emissions alongside GDP development, followed by a subsequent fall. Conversely, Eastern and Balkan nations exhibit a U-shaped connection, described by an early decline in emissions followed by a subsequent increase as their development levels increase. The influence of renewable energy differs, as it decreases emissions in the short term in Western Europe. However, its long-term impacts are variable, especially when contrasted with its more pronounced effect on emissions in Eastern and Balkan countries. Furthermore, trade openness intensifies environmental degradation in the short-term across all regions, although its long-term impact diminishes, particularly concerning greenhouse gases (GHG). The relationship between renewable energy and trade openness is substantial for the short-term reduction of carbon dioxide emissions, but this effect declines with time. The results indicate that a uniform environmental policy throughout Europe may lack efficacy. Customized strategies to expedite the transition in Western Europe and more specific interventions in Eastern Europe are essential to harmonize economic progress with environmental sustainability. Future research should examine the determinants of the diminishing long-term effects of renewable energy and the interplay between trade and environmental policies.
Chemical Characteristics of Zirconium Chloride and Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles Driving Toxicity on Lemna minor
Authors: Diallo Mohamadou , Dewez David
Published: October 2024

The increasing global production and utilization of zirconium (Zr) compounds, including zirconium chloride (ZrCl4) and zirconium oxide nanoparticles (NPs-ZrO2), raises concerns about their potential environmental impact. This study investigated the toxicity mechanisms of ZrCl4 and NPs-ZrO2 on the aquatic plant Lemna minor. The physicochemical properties of NPs-ZrO2 in the test medium were characterized, revealing concentration-dependent changes in the hydrodynamic diameter, zeta potential, and solubility over time. The analysis of Zr speciation showed the predominance of Zr(OH)4(aq) species from ZrCl4. Plants of L. minor exposed to ZrCl4 and NPs-ZrO2 exhibited differential Zr bioaccumulation, growth inhibition, oxidative stress, and antioxidant responses. ZrCl4 induced a higher toxicity than NPs-ZrO2, with bioaccumulation strongly correlating with adverse effects. The differential toxicity impact between these two Zr-compounds was also determined by the lowest observed-effect doses for growth and biochemical parameters. The scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed internalization of NPs-ZrO2 and Zr uptake in the L. minor plant. Therefore, these findings highlighted the importance of chemical speciation, environmental transformations, and biological responses in assessing the ecological impact of Zr-compounds for effective risk assessment and management strategies for protecting aquatic ecosystems.
Investigating the Spatial Patterns of Heavy Metals in Topsoil and Asthma in the Western Salt Lake Valley, Utah
Authors: Lee Long Yin , Kerry Ruth , Ingram Ben , Golden Connor S. , LeMonte Joshua J.
Published: October 2024

Mining activities, particularly in large excavations like the Bingham Canyon Copper Mine in Utah, have been increasingly linked to respiratory conditions due to heavy-metal-enriched waste and dust. Operating continuously since 1906, the Bingham Canyon Copper Mine contributes 4.4% of the Salt Lake Valley PM2.5 pollution. However, the extent of its contributions to larger-sized particulate matter (PM10) dust, soil and water contamination, and human health impacts is largely unknown. Aerosol optical depth data from Sentinel-2 imagery revealed discernible dust clouds downwind of the mine and smelter on non-prevailing-wind days, suggesting potential heavy metal dispersion from this fugitive dust and subsequent deposition to nearby surface soils. Our analysis of topsoils from across the western Salt Lake Valley found mean arsenic, copper, lead, and zinc concentrations to be well above global background concentrations. Also, the minimum values for arsenic and maximum values for lead were well above the US EPA regional screening levels for residential soils. Thus, arsenic is the metal of greatest concern for impacts on human health. Elevated concentrations of all metals were most notable near the mine, smelter, and tailings pond. Our study linked these elevated heavy metal levels to regional asthma outcomes through cluster analysis and distance-related comparison tests. Significant clusters of high asthma rates were observed in regions with elevated topsoil heavy metal concentrations, impacting both low- and high-income neighborhoods. The findings of this preliminary study suggest that the mine, smelter, and recent construction activities, especially on lands reclaimed from former tailings ponds, could be contributing to atmospheric dust containing high levels of heavy metals and exacerbating asthma outcomes for residents. However, the methods used in the study with aggregated health outcome data cannot determine causal links between the heavy metal contents of soil and health outcomes; they can only point to potential links and a need for further investigation. Such further investigation should involve individual-level data and control for potential confounding factors, such as socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, and lifestyle factors, to isolate the effect of metal exposures on asthma outcomes. This study focused on atmospheric deposition as a source of heavy metal enrichment of topsoil. However, future research is also essential to assess levels of heavy metals in subsoil parent materials and local surface and groundwaters to be able to assess the links between the sources or methods of soil contamination and health outcomes.
Quantifying Ecosystem Services to Maximize Co-Benefits under Market-Based Conservation Solutions in the Edisto River Basin, South Carolina
Authors: Clay Lucas , Motallebi Marzieh , O’Halloran Thomas L.
Published: October 2024

As climate change intensifies, the need to conserve ecosystem services and our natural resources increases. Nature-based solutions projects that focus on sequestering carbon can also have significant impacts on the ecosystem services in the project area. Herein, we describe a method to quantify ecosystem services via the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (Version 3.14) model. We use those quantitative methods to show where carbon projects and other restoration projects could increase certain ecosystem services through best practices. Using the Edisto River Basin in South Carolina as a study site, we developed a spatial additionality model that shows where water retention, carbon, and sediment retention can be improved. InVEST modeling showed high levels of sediment export and water yield, with 0.12 tons/acre of sediment exported and 256.3 cm/acre of water yielded downstream on average. The model indicates that over 70,000 acres comprised of parcels greater than 20 contiguous acres could implement management to increase ecosystem service provisioning. This model output shows spatially where best management practices can be implemented to achieve positive outcomes and where carbon projects could be implemented to derive additional co-benefits. Furthermore, it can be used as a tool for measurement and verification as data is updated.
Probiotic SYNBIO® Blend’s Impact on Constipation in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Coman Maria Magdalena , Egidi Nadaniela , Silvi Stefania , De Leone Renato , Verdenelli Maria Cristina
Published: October 2024

Aims: Research on probiotics for constipation management is still growing, and plays a crucial role in the definition of a management strategy for bowel wellbeing, constipation, and related outcomes. The present systematic review and meta-analysis of the beneficial effects of the SYNBIO® blend, to consolidate the data from various clinical trials, was conducted. Methods: A literature search using PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases was conducted. The search was limited to clinical trials that used the SYNBIO® blend, either as dietary supplements or probiotic-enriched foods. Independently, two reviewers evaluated the trial’s quality and extracted all data. A 95% confidence interval (CI) of a weighted mean difference (MD) was used to pool continuous data. For the analysis, Review Manager version 5.4 was used. Results: Seven clinical trials involving a total of 1095 subjects were included in the analysis. Overall, the SYNBIO® blend significantly improved constipation relief by 0.75 (95% CI: 0.31 to 1.19; p = 0.0008) in 52% of the subjects, and significantly increased intestinal regularity by 1.90 compared to the placebo (95% CI: 1.02 to 2.78; p < 0.0001) in more than 60% of individuals. No adverse events were reported. Conclusions: The SYNBIO® blend was found to significantly improve overall constipation, intestinal regularity, abdominal pain, and intestinal cramping. This suggests that people with these specific symptoms could benefit from this probiotic combination.
Effect of Lentilactobacillus buchneri on Chemical and Microbial Compositions of Herba Leonuri (Leonurus japonicus Houtt.)-Contained Alfalfa Silage
Authors: Zhang Mingjie , Liao Chaosheng , Tang Xiaolong , Wang Bi , Lu Guangrou , Chen Cheng , Huang Xiaokang , Li Lin , Li Ping , Chen Chao
Published: October 2024

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants are commonly used in silage production, yet their effects on silage containing antimicrobial components, such as those found in Leonurus japonicus, remain less explored. Herein, the harvested alfalfa were thoroughly mixed with dried Leonurus japonicus Houtt. (LJH) at a ratio of 9:1 on a fresh weight basis and treated without (CK) or with a lactic acid bacterial inoculant (L; Lentilactobacillus buchneri). The mixtures were stored under anaerobic conditions in vacuum-sealed polyethylene bags for 30 days at ambient temperature. The L-treated silage exhibited high levels of water-soluble carbohydrates (4.98% dry matter (DM)) and acid detergent fiber (27.88% DM). Compared to that of treatment CK, treatment with L increased the acetic acid content of the silage, as a result of increased (p < 0.05) bacterial dominance and decreased (p < 0.05) bacterial richness indices (e.g., Pielou’s E, Shannon, and Simpson) in the pre-storage period. However, these changes gradually reduced as the storage length increased. Treatment L reshaped the bacterial community structure of silage, by increasing the prevalence of Lactobacillus and reducing relative abundances of Enterococcus and Weissella. However, the principal coordinate and Bray–Curtis index analyses illustrated that samples from the L-treated silages exhibited similarities to the CK samples post-fermentation. Overall, the effect of LJH on LAB was only observed in the later stages of fermentation, which did not sufficiently change the silage quality. Hence, using LJH in silage is vital for clean livestock production without compromising the function of LAB when mixed with alfalfa silage.
Investigation of the Effect of Fragrance-Enhancing Temperature on the Taste and Aroma of Black Tea from the Cultivar Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze cv. Huangjinya Using Metabolomics and Sensory Histology Techniques
Authors: Jiang Bin , Luo Xueping , Yan Jingna , Liu Kunyi , Wang Congming , Jiao Wenwen , Zhao Hu , Liu Mingli , Yang Liran
Published: October 2024

Huangjinya has recently seen widespread adoption in key tea-producing areas of China, celebrated for its unique varietal traits. Its leaves are also used to produce black tea with distinctive sensory characteristics. The fragrance-enhancing (EF) process is essential in crafting Huangjinya black tea (HJYBT) and is significant in flavor development. However, the impact of EF on non-volatile metabolites (NVMs), volatile metabolites (VMs), and their interactions remains poorly understood. This study aims to investigate how EF temperatures (60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, 90 °C, and 110 °C) influence HJYBT flavor transformation. Quantitative descriptive analysis revealed that EF improved the color, aroma, and appearance of tea leaves. Moreover, after an EF temperature of 80 °C, the HJYBT exhibited lower bitterness and astringency, whereas floral, sweet, and fruity aromas became stronger. However, when EF temperatures exceeded 90 °C, a pronounced burnt aroma developed, with HJYBT at 100 °C exhibiting caramel and roasted notes. Partial least squares discriminant analysis indicated that geraniol and linalool contribute to floral and fruity aromas, while 2-ethyl-6-methyl-pyrazine, furfural, and myrcene are key volatiles for caramel and roast aromas. Heptanal, methyl salicylate, α-citral, 1-hexanol, and (E)-3-hexen-1-ol were found to modify the green and grassy odor. Overall, HJYBT treated at 80 °C EF exhibited the highest umami, sweetness, floral and fruity aromas, and overall taste, exhibiting the least astringency, bitterness, and green and grassy notes. These results provide a significant theoretical basis for enhancing HJYBT quality and selecting the optimal EF method.
Harnessing Bacillus subtilis QY5 PP784163 for Bioethanol Production from Potato Peel Waste and Nutrient Recovery for Animal Feed: Maximizing Resource Efficiency
Authors: Mushtaq Qudsia , Ishtiaq Uzair , Joly Nicolas , Spalletta Alexis , Martin Patrick
Published: October 2024

The present work focuses on the utilization of potato peel waste for the production of bioethanol. In the present study, extensive screening was undertaken to isolate amylolytic and cellulolytic microbes using starchy biomass. After confirming the chemical composition of potato peel waste (PPW), several trials were performed to enhance the amylase and cellulase production from Bacillus subtilis to hydrolyze the PPW in submerged fermentation. Optimization of physical parameters was performed using both commercial and indigenous media from enzymatically hydrolyzed PPW. Different routes of various combinations were designed to enhance bioethanol production. The maximum ethanol titer of 0.50% and 0.41% was recorded in Route B and A, i.e., separate saccharification and ethanol fermentation and consolidated fermentation. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) also measured a good ethanol yield of 0.46%. The fermented residual cake was checked for nutritional components and showed a high content of protein and amino acids because of the addition of unicellular yeasts. This cake can be utilized as an animal feed supplement.
The Structure Analysis and mRNA Expression of CaV2 Gene Responding to Hypoxia Stress in Anadara granosa
Authors: Zhang Yang , Liu Hongxing , Bao Yongbo , Peng Zhilan
Published: October 2024

The blood clam (Anadara granosa) is an economic bivalve that is relatively tolerant to hypoxia, but its molecular mechanism of hypoxia tolerance is unclear. We found that a significant decrease in extracellular Ca2+ concentration and a marked increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration was observed in the blood clam through the fluorescence probe method, under hypoxic conditions at 0.5 mg/L. Concomitantly, there was a downward trend in the expression level of CaV2 mRNA, whereas NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) expression increased by qRT-PCR. These findings suggest that the elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentration may activate negative transcription factors of NFAT, which subsequently suppresses the transcription of CaV2, leading to its decreased expression. Then, the NFAT RNA interference experiments supported this hypothesis. Sequence analysis and 3D structure prediction revealed conserved and mutated residue sites in blood clam compared to other bivalves. Hypoxia-induced changes in intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ concentrations, activating transcription factor NFAT and suppressing CaV2 expression. This study highlights the key roles of CaV2 and NFAT in hypoxia adaptation, paving the way for further exploration of hypoxia tolerance mechanisms in mollusca.
Seasonal Distribution of Key Small-Sized Fish in the South Inshore of Zhejiang, China
Authors: Xu Minghao , Gao Xiaodi , Liu Weicheng , Wang Jiaqi
Published: October 2024

Small-sized fish are a vital food source for large predatory commercial fish and play a key role in marine food webs, bridging lower and higher trophic levels. They are indispensable in maintaining the energy flow and material cycling within aquatic ecosystems. This study utilized bottom-trawl survey data from 2017 to 2020 along the south inshore of Zhejiang, China, complemented by concurrent environmental data, to examine the influence of environmental factors on the resource density and seasonal distribution patterns of four dominant small-sized fish species. The research findings indicated that SSH (sea surface height) and Chl (chlorophyll-a concentration) emerged as the key environmental factors influencing resource densities, with all four species exhibiting similar preferences toward these variables. However, significant disparities were observed in their preferences for SST (sea surface temperature), SSS (sea surface salinity), and DO (dissolved oxygen). The various species’ resource density and distribution patterns underwent significant seasonal variations. Additionally, the seasons and regions with the highest resource densities consistently aligned, occurring predominantly in autumn within the northern waters of the study area. This research further elucidated the environmental predilections and seasonal spatial distribution traits of small-sized fish in the south inshore of Zhejiang, an important feeding ground for economic fish species in the East China Sea. This provides scientific backing for forecasting alterations in coastal fishery resources under environmental and climate change scenarios and supports ecosystem-based fisheries management strategies.
Engine Mass Flow Estimation through Neural Network Modeling in Semi-Transient Conditions: A New Calibration Approach
Authors: Savioli T. , Pampanini M. , Visani G. , Esposito L. , Rinaldini C. A.
Published: October 2024

Nowadays, engine experimental research represents a very expensive field within the automotive industry, but it remains fundamental for engine and vehicle development. The present work aims to investigate a novel approach for engine control system calibration, by adopting machine learning techniques to model physical parameters of the engine starting from experimental data measured at the test bench. The main goal is to create a methodology which accelerates the calibration process without losing accuracy. A model that estimates air mass flow is created by adopting either a tree ensemble model or an artificial neural network trained on a small dataset, which was previously acquired at the test bench using a random calibration of the volumetric efficiency map. The model’s performance is first validated on a larger, random dataset. Then, the volumetric efficiency calculated from the air mass flow model estimation is used to calibrate the transfer function of the Engine Control Unit. Finally, the sensitivity of the model error correlated with the number of data points acquired is used in order to determine the best practice for a Design Of Experiment, which minimizes data acquisition. The methodology proposed can lead to reduced time and costs of the whole calibration process of the engine, without losing accuracy. The analysis was conducted on the entire vehicle, which is crucial for drivability, especially in motorcycles since they are highly sensitive to air-to-fuel ratio adjustments. This work demonstrates that machine learning models can be adopted for the fine-tuning of the calibration process, which is normally performed manually.
Multivariate Modelling Based on Isotopic, Elemental, and Fatty Acid Profiles to Distinguish the Backyard and Barn Eggs
Authors: Cristea Gabriela , Covaciu Florina-Dorina , Feher Ioana , Puscas Romulus , Voica Cezara , Dehelean Adriana
Published: October 2024

The ability to trace the origin of eggs from backyard-raised hens is important due to their higher market value compared to barn-raised eggs. This study aimed to differentiate eggs from these two rearing systems using isotopic, elemental, and fatty acid profiles of egg yolks. A total of 90 egg yolk samples were analyzed, analytical results being followed by statistical tests (Student’s t-test) showing significant differences in δ18O, several elements (Mg, K, Sc, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Ba, Pb), and fatty acids compositions (C23:0, C17:0, C18:0, C16:1n7, C18:1n9, C18:2n6, C20:1n7, C20:4n6, C20:5n3, C22:6n3), as well as in the ratios of SFA, PUFA, and UFA. The results indicated a nutritional advantage in backyard eggs due to their lower n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid content and a more favorable n-6 to n-3 ratio, linked to differences in the hens’ diet and rearing systems. To classify the production system (backyard vs. barn), three pattern recognition methods were applied: linear discriminant analysis (LDA), k–nearest neighbor (k–NN), and multilayer perceptron artificial neural networks (MLP–ANN). LDA provided perfect initial separation, achieving 98.9% accuracy in cross-validation. k-NN yielded classification rates of 98.4% for the training set and 85.7% for the test set, while MLP–ANN achieved 100% accuracy in training and 92.3% in testing, with minor misclassification. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of fusion among isotopic, elemental, and fatty acid profiles in distinguishing backyard eggs from barn eggs and highlight the nutritional benefits of the backyard-rearing system.
Dynamic Changes in Aroma Compounds during Processing of Flat Black Tea: Combined GC-MS with Proteomic Analysis
Authors: Ao Cun , Niu Xiaojun , Shi Daliang , Zheng Xuxia , Yu Jizhong , Zhang Yingbin
Published: October 2024

Flat black tea (FBT) has been innovatively developed to alleviate homogenisation competition, but the dynamic changes in aroma components during the process remain unclear. This study employed HS-SPME-GC-MS to analyse the aroma components of tea samples from various processing stages of FBT, and to make a comparative assessment with conventional strip-like Congou black tea (SBT). Additionally, a proteomic analysis was conducted on fresh leaves, withered leaves, and frozen–thawed leaves. Significant changes were observed in the aroma components and proteins during the processing. The results of the multivariate and odour activity value analysis demonstrated that the principal aroma components present during the processing of FBT were linalool, (E)-2-hexen-1-al, methyl salicylate, geraniol, hexanal, benzeneacetaldehyde, (Z)-3-hexenyl butyrate, dimethyl sulphide, 2-methylbutanal, 2-ethylfuran, nonanal, nonanol, 3-methylbutanal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 2-pentylfuran, linalool oxide I, and β-myrcene. Freezing–thawing and final roasting are the key processing steps for forming the aroma quality of FBT. The final roasting yielded a considerable quantity of pyrazines and pyrroles, resulting in a high-fried aroma, but caused a significant reduction in linalool, geraniol, β-myrcene, and esters, which led to a loss of floral and fruity aromas. The freezing–thawing treatment resulted in an accelerated loss of aroma substances, accompanied by a decrease in the expression level of lipoxygenase and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase. The formation of aroma substances in the linoleic acid metabolic pathway and terpenoid metabolic process was hindered, which had a negative impact on tea aroma. This study elucidates the causes of unsatisfactory aroma quality in tea products made from frozen tea leaves, providing theoretical support for the utilisation of frostbitten tea leaves, and helps us to understand the mechanism of aroma formation in black tea.
Sublethal Damage Caused by Cold Plasma on Bacillus cereus Cells: Impact on Cell Viability and Biofilm-Forming Capacity
Authors: Eced-Rodríguez Laura , Beyrer Michael , Rodrigo Dolores , Rivas Alejandro , Esteve Consuelo , Pina-Pérez Maria Consuelo
Published: October 2024

The Bacillus cereus group represents a serious risk in powdered and amylaceous foodstuffs. Cold plasma (the fourth state of matter) is emerging as an alternative effective nonthermal technology for pasteurizing a wide range of matrices in solid, liquid, and powder form. The present study aims to evaluate the mechanisms involved in Bacillus cereus inactivation via cold plasma, focusing on (i) the technology’s ability to generate damage in cells (at the morphological and molecular levels) and (ii) studying the effectiveness of cold plasma in biofilm mitigation through the direct effect and inhibition of the biofilm-forming capacity of sublethally damaged cells post-treatment. Dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma (DBD-CP) technology was used to inactivate B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, and B. mycoides under plasma power settings of 100, 200, and 300 W and treatment times ranging from 1 to 10 min. Inactivation levels were achieved in 2–7 log10 cycles under the studied conditions. Percentages of sublethally damaged cells were observed in a range of 45–98%, specifically at treatment times below 7 min. The sublethally damaged cells showed poration, erosion, and loss of integrity at the superficial level. At the molecular level, proteins and DNA leakage were also observed for B. cereus but were minimal for B. mycoides. Biofilms formed by B. cereus were progressively disintegrated under the DBD-CP treatment. The greater the CP treatment intensity, the greater the tearing of the bacteria’s biofilm network. Additionally, cells sublethally damaged by DBD-CP were evaluated in terms of their biofilm-forming capacity. Significant losses in the damaged cells’ biofilm network density and aggregation capacity were observed when B. cereus was recovered after inactivation at 300 W for 7.5 min, compared with the untreated cells. These results provide new insights into the future of tailored DBD-CP design conditions for both the inactivation and biofilm reduction capacity of B. cereus sensu lato species, demonstrating the effectiveness of cold plasma and the risks associated with sublethal damage generation.
Exploring the Biological Value of Red Grape Skin: Its Incorporation and Impact on Yogurt Quality
Authors: Covaliov Eugenia , Capcanari Tatiana , Reșitca Vladislav , Chirsanova Aurica , Boiștean Alina , Sturza Rodica , Patras Antoanela , Pocol Cristina Bianca , Ruseva Olga , Chioru Ana
Published: October 2024

The study was conducted to study the sustainability and enhanced nutrition gains obtained from incorporating grape skin powder (GSP) extracted from both Fetească Neagră and Rară Neagră grape varieties into yogurt. Grape skins are major leftovers from wineries, having high amounts of phenolic compounds and dietary fiber responsible for their ability to improve the characteristics of food. The research aimed to evaluate the effect of GSP addition at varying concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) on the yogurt’s physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, color parameters, and sensory attributes. Analysis revealed that both Fetească Neagră and Rară Neagră GSP increased the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity; however, Fetească Neagră showed greater improvements, with TPC reaching 1.52 mg GAE/100 g and DPPH inhibition up to 26.63%. Although slightly lower, TPC rose to 1.43 mg GAE/100 g and DPPH inhibition increased to 18.93% with Rară Neagră enhancing these parameters conversely. Color changes were observed in fortified yogurts where lightness decreased (L*) and redness increased (a*) due to the pH-dependent anthocyanin stability. Syneresis, indicative of yogurt’s water-holding capacity, was reduced at higher concentrations of GSP from both varieties, suggesting improved textural integrity. Sensory evaluation indicated that consumers generally favored yogurts with lower concentrations of GSP. Yogurts fortified with Fetească Neagră GSP received higher overall preference, while those with Rară Neagră GSP were also well-received for their distinct flavor profiles when used at suitable levels. These results show that GSP from both types of grapes improves the nutritional value of yogurt and complies with the principles of sustainable food production through reutilizing agro-industrial waste.
Physicochemical and Antioxidative Properties of Protein Hydrolysates from Residual Goat Placenta Extract by Two Different Methods
Authors: Hou Yinchen , Chen Xinyang , Shi Qihui , Zhang Mingyi , Yang Shengru , Pan Long , Liu Quanping , Fan Yongchao , Qiu Rongchao , Liao Aimei
Published: October 2024

Protein hydrolysates from the goat placenta provide multiple benefits, such as immune system enhancement, antioxidant activities, and reductions in uric acid levels. Despite these benefits, their industrial applications have been underexplored. This study aimed to prepare extract protein hydrolysates (GPERPs) from residual goat placenta extract (GPER) and assess their functional properties, focusing on how different drying methods influence these properties. The essential amino acid contents were 30.94% for the GPER and 34.11% for the GPERPs. Moreover, all the essential amino acids were present, and the amino acid score (AAS) for each exceeded 1.0 in the GPERPs. The foaming properties of the spray-dried GPERPs (95.56 ± 5.89%) were significantly greater than those of the freeze-dried GPERPs (49.13 ± 4.17%) at pH values of 4.0~10.0. The emulsion stability (ES) of the spray-dried GPERPs (453.44 ± 8.13 min) was notably greater than that of the freeze-dried GPERPs (245.58 ± 7.12 min). Furthermore, the water retention capacity (WRC) of the freeze-dried GPERPs (201.49 ± 6.12%) was significantly greater than that of the spray-dried GPERPs (103.35 ± 7.13%), except at pH 10.0 (101.44 ± 8.13%). Similarly, at pH values of 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0, the oil retention capacity (ORC) of the freeze-dried GPERPs (715.58 ± 12.15%) was significantly greater than that of the spray-dried GPERPs (560.56 ± 11.15%), although the opposite trend was noted under acidic conditions. In terms of the antioxidant activity, the ability of the goat placenta extract residual protein hydrolysates (GPERPs) to scavenge DPPH radicals and superoxide anion radicals increased with the increasing peptide powder concentration, and the maximum scavenging rates of the DPPH radicals (39.5 ± 0.56%) and superoxide anions (81.2 ± 0.54%) in the freeze-dried peptide powder were greater than those in the spray-dried peptide powder. These findings contribute to the understanding of the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of GPERPs under various drying methods and provide fundamental data for the development of functional foods based on GPERPs.
Conspiratorial Narratives and Ideological Constructs in the Russia–Ukraine Conflict: From the New World Order to the Golden Billion Theories
Authors: De Luca Marino , Giungato Luigi
Published: October 2024

This article explores the pervasive influence of conspiracy theories, specifically the New World Order (NWO) and Golden Billion theories, within the context of the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine. These theories form key narrative frameworks in Russian state media and global conspiracy communities, shaping perceptions of geopolitical events. This study dissects four pivotal episodes within the Russia–Ukraine conflict to illustrate how conspiracy theories shape public perception and policy direction, further entrenching ideological divides. In the first episode of the 2022 full-scale invasion, narratives of the Golden Billion were utilised to justify the attack, presenting Russia as a bastion against the Western elite’s plans to dominate the global economy and resources. The second episode examines the attack on Mariupol in 2022, framed by Russian propaganda as a necessary act to thwart the supposed expansion of NATO and the EU, underpinned by the NWO agenda aiming to dilute Russian influence in Eastern Europe. The third episode analyses the Nord Stream pipeline sabotage in 2022, interpreted by some conspiracy theorists as an act by the NWO to destabilise Europe’s energy security, thus consolidating control over energy routes and resources. The fourth episode delves into the 2024 Moscow terrorist attacks, which were seen by some as either a false flag operation conducted by Western powers or as a legitimate repercussion of Western encroachment orchestrated to weaken Russia’s resolve and international standing. Each episode is contextualised within a broader conspiratorial framework, highlighting the dualistic nature of the NWO and Golden Billion theories that paint the conflict not merely as territorial disputes but as a clash between fundamentally opposing worldviews and global orders. This narrative analysis not only underscores the role of conspiracy theories in shaping geopolitical discourse but also demonstrates their utility in mobilising domestic support, framing international criticism, and justifying military actions. Our findings suggest that these conspiratorial narratives provide a resilient, albeit misleading, lens through which supporters of the Kremlin’s policies can rationalise the war, attributing complex sociopolitical dynamics to the malevolent machinations of a global elite. This study contributes to understanding how modern conflicts are interpreted through ancient conspiratorial lenses, impacting national and international policy and public opinion.
The Molecular Basis of Multiple Morphological Abnormalities of Sperm Flagella and Its Impact on Clinical Practice
Authors: Zhou Yujie , Yu Songyan , Zhang Wenyong
Published: October 2024

Multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF) is a specific form of severe flagellar or ciliary deficiency syndrome. MMAF is characterized by primary infertility with abnormal morphology in the flagella of spermatozoa, presenting with short, absent, bent, coiled, and irregular flagella. As a rare disease first named in 2014, studies in recent years have shed light on the molecular defects of MMAF that comprise the structure and biological function of the sperm flagella. Understanding the molecular genetics of MMAF may provide opportunities for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for this rare disease. This review aims to summarize current studies regarding the molecular pathogenesis of MMAF and describe strategies of genetic counseling, clinical diagnosis, and therapy for MMAF.
PRODH Regulates Tamoxifen Resistance through Ferroptosis in Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Zhang Ping , Qian Na , Lai Haigen , Chen Shu , Wu Kuaiying , Luo Xiaofeng , Lei Bo , Liu Mengqi , Cui Jiajun
Published: October 2024

Background: Estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer accounts for around 70% of all cases. Tamoxifen, an anti-estrogenic inhibitor, is the primary drug used for this type of breast cancer treatment. However, tamoxifen resistance is a major challenge in clinics. Metabolic reprogramming, an emerging hallmark of cancer, plays a key role in cancer initiation, progression, and therapy resistance. The metabolism of non-essential amino acids such as serine, proline, and glutamine is involved in tumor metabolism reprogramming. Although the association of glutamine metabolism with tamoxifen resistance has been well established, the role of proline metabolism and its critical enzyme PRODH is unknown. Objective: The aim of this study is to explore the role and mechanism of PRODH in tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells. Methods: PRODH and GPX4 expressions in tamoxifen-resistant cells were detected using real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. The breast cells’ response to tamoxifen was measured using MTT assays. Trans-well assays were used to detect cell migration and invasion. A Xenograft tumor assay was used to detect the role of PRODH in tumor growth. Reactive oxygen species were measured using flow cytometry. Results: PRODH expression is reduced in tamoxifen-resistant cells, and its overexpression enhances tamoxifen response in vitro and in vivo. Conversely, PRODH knockdown confers tamoxifen resistance in tamoxifen-sensitive cells. Mechanistic studies show that ferroptosis is inhibited in tamoxifen-resistant cells and overexpression of PRODH restores the ferroptosis in tamoxifen-resistant cells. Moreover, Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), the ferroptosis inhibitor, reversed the effect of PRODH on tamoxifen resistance. Conclusions: These findings suggest that PRODH regulates tamoxifen resistance by regulating ferroptosis in tamoxifen-resistant cells.