bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human–automation interaction strategies and models for life science applications
Authors: Kaber David B. , Stoll Norbert , Thurow Kerstin , Green Rebecca S. , Kim Sang‐Hwan , Mosaly Prithima
Published: September 2009

The objective of this research was to identify current and future approaches to the design of automated systems for life science processes, including humans in control loops, in applications such as high‐throughput compound screening and high‐performance analytical chemistry. The identified approaches were classified according to existing theories of human‐centered automation, which provided a basis for projecting human performance implications. We provide background on the life sciences domain and established theories of types and levels of automation (LOAs) in complex human–machine systems. We describe specific forms of robotic and automated technologies used in life science applications and the general design of high‐throughput screening (HTS) and analytical systems to accommodate particular process configurations. Example classifications of life science automation (LSA) schemes are presented by referring to a taxonomy of LOAs from the literature. We project the implications of these classified forms of automation on human performance on the basis of prior empirical research in other domains. A mathematical model for predicting the cost of LSA from an operator perspective is also defined to support hypotheses for future study. Finally, we identify the need for additional empirical research on human performance consequences of LSA and remedial measures, including enhanced supervisory control interface design. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Progesterone effects on subjective and physiological responses to intravenous nicotine in male and female smokers
Authors: Sofuoglu Mehmet , Mitchell Ellen , Mooney Marc
Published: September 2009

Objective

Previous studies suggest possible modulatory effects of progesterone on nicotine addiction. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of progesterone, on acute physiological and subjective responses to intravenous (IV) nicotine in overnight abstinent male and female smokers.

Methods

Twelve smokers, six males and six females, participated in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover study, which consisted of two experimental sessions. Before each session, subjects were treated orally with a single dose of either 200 mg progesterone or placebo. Starting 2 h following the medication treatment, subjects received an IV saline injection, followed by 0.5 and 1.0 mg/70 kg IV nicotine.

Results

Progesterone treatment, compared to placebo, enhanced the ratings of “bad effects,” from IV nicotine and attenuated the rating of “drug liking.” Progesterone also enhanced suppression of smoking urges by nicotine as assessed by the Brief Questionnaire on Smoking Urges (BQSU).

Conclusions

These results suggest that progesterone may alter the subjective effects of nicotine as well as urges to smoke cigarettes. Further studies are warranted to examine the modulation of nicotine's effects by gonadal hormones. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biochemical and histopathological effects of dietary oxidized cholesterol in rats
Authors: Soto‐Rodríguez Ida , Campillo‐Velázquez Perla J. , Alexander‐Aguilera Alfonso , Rodríguez‐Estrada María Teresa , Lercker Giovanni , Garcia Hugo S.
Published: September 2009

Cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) have been associated with the genesis of chronic degenerative diseases, such as atherosclerosis. The purpose of this work was to study the histological changes by toxic effects of dietary COPs in liver and kidney. Five‐week‐old male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into three groups of 10 rats each. Standard rat chow was supplemented with either 1% (w/w) pure cholesterol or 1% oxidized cholesterol and fed to the rats for 8 weeks. Control animals were fed standard rat chow. At the end of the treatment period, the serum lipid profile was determined. The aorta, liver and kidneys were excised immediately, frozen with liquid nitrogen, and held at −70 °C. The histological study was carried out using conventional hematoxylin‐eosin staining, and histochemical red oil ‘O’ was applied. COPs were analyzed by gas chromatography. Intake of dietary COPs altered biochemical parameters involved in lipid metabolism associated with atherogenesis in rats: total cholesterol, triacylglycerols and low density lipoproteins in serum. COPs detected in the liver and kidneys modified the organ original structure, caused an inflammatory process and promoted atherogenesis and atrophy of the tissue. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approach to estimation of absorption of aliphatic hydrocarbons diffusing from interior materials in an automobile cabin by inhalation toxicokinetic analysis in rats
Authors: Yoshida Toshiaki
Published: September 2009

The interior air of an automobile cabin has been demonstrated in our previous studies to be contaminated by high concentrations of a large variety of aliphatic hydrocarbons diffusing from the interior materials. In the present study, the amounts of seven selected aliphatic hydrocarbons absorbed by the car driver were estimated by evaluating their inhalation toxicokinetics in rats. Measured amounts of the substances were injected into a closed chamber system in which a rat had been placed, and the concentration changes in the chamber were examined. The toxicokinetics of the substances were evaluated based on concentration–time courses using a nonlinear compartment model. Their absorption amounts in humans at the levels of actual concentrations in the cabins without ventilation were extrapolated from the results found with the rats. The absorption amounts estimated for a driver during a 2 h drive were as follows: 6 µg/60 kg of human body weight for methylcyclopentane (interior concentration 23 µg/m3 as median value in previous study), 5 µg for 2‐methylpentane (36 µg/m3), 13 µg for n‐hexane (65 µg/m3), 51 µg for n‐heptane (150 µg/m3), 26 µg for 2,4‐dimethylheptane (97 µg/m3), 17 µg for n‐nonane (25 µg/m3) and 49 µg for n‐decane (68 µg/m3). An inverse relationship was found between the exposure and absorption among the substances (e.g. between n‐decane and 2,4‐dimethylheptane). These findings suggest that not only the exposure concentrations but also the absorption amounts should be taken into account to evaluate the health effects of exposure to low concentrations of volatile compounds as environmental contaminants. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved xylitol production in media containing phenolic aldehydes: application of response surface methodology for optimization and modeling of bioprocess
Authors: Vieira Cortez Daniela , Conceição Roberto Inês
Published: September 2009

BACKGROUND: The combined effects of vanillin and syringaldehyde on xylitol production by Candida guilliermondii using response surface methodology (RSM) have been studied. A 22 full‐factorial central composite design was employed for experimental design and analysis of the results.

RESULTS: Maximum xylitol productivities (QP = 0.74 g L−1h−1) and yields (YP/S = 0.81 g g−1) can be attained by adding only vanillin at 2.0 g L−1 to the fermentation medium. These data were closely correlated with the experimental results obtained (0.69 ± 0.04 g L−1 h−1 and 0.77 ± 0.01 g g−1) indicating a good agreement with the predicted value. C. guilliermondii was able to convert vanillin completely after 24 h of fermentation with 94% yield of vanillyl alcohol.

CONCLUSIONS: The bioconversion of xylose into xylitol by C. guilliermondii is strongly dependent on the combination of aldehydes and phenolics in the fermentation medium. Vanillin is a source of phenolic compound able to improve xylitol production by yeast. The conversion of vanillin to alcohol vanilyl reveals the potential of this yeast for medium detoxification. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Agriculture, economic growth and regional disparities in India
Authors: Birthal Pratap S. , Singh Harvinder , Kumar Shiv
Published: September 2009

This paper investigates the process of convergence and catching‐up among major Indian states during 1980/81–2004/05—a period of economic liberalisation and accelerated economic growth, and also analyses the factors that enhance economic growth and lead states towards an identical steady state. In particular, we examine the role of agricultural conditions in this process. Results indicate absolute divergence in income levels across states. However, after controlling for structural characteristics of states there is a strong tendency of convergence among states. Physical infrastructure and human capital are found to enhance economic growth, but alone are not sufficient for convergence. For convergence, the investment in physical infrastructure and human resources should be accompanied by a reduction in employment pressure on agriculture by improving labour market linkages of agriculture with non‐agricultural sectors, and by promoting growth‐enhancing labour‐intensive agricultural technologies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Work values: Development of a new three‐dimensional structure based on confirmatory smallest space analysis
Authors: Lyons Sean T. , Higgins Chris A. , Duxbury Linda
Published: September 2009

We tested the psychological structure of the work values ratings of 119,167 Canadian workers using confirmatory smallest space analysis (SSA). Contrary to our hypotheses, the SSA did not support a two‐dimensional radex structure, but suggested a three‐dimensional cylindrex structure composed of three facets: (a) Amodalityfacet comprised of four types of work values (cognitive, instrumental, social, and prestige) forming angular sectors of a circle; (b) agrowth‐orientationfacet with growth‐related work aspects located closest to the center of the circle and context‐related work aspects located in the peripheral ring; and (c) alevel of focusfacet that divided the overall cylindrical structure into three separate vertical levels (individual, job/organizational, and societal). The findings extend the theory of work values by providing a richer typology of work values and a more complete picture of the complex structure of their inter‐relations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving bone density at the rotator cuff footprint increases supraspinatus tendon failure stress in a rat model
Authors: Cadet Edwin R. , Vorys George C. , Rahman Ra'Kerry , Park Sang‐Hyun , Gardner Thomas R. , Lee Francis Y. , Levine William N. , Bigliani Louis U. , Ahmad Christopher S.
Published: September 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether supraspinatus tendon failure stress at the footprint can increase by improving the bone density at the rotator cuff footprint in a rat model. Bilateral ovariectomies were performed in twenty‐four 4‐month‐old Sprague‐Dawley rats. Half received bisphosphonate (zoledronic acid) and the other half received no treatment (OVX + ZOM and OVX, respectively). Twelve additional rats did not undergo ovariectomy or receive bisphosphonate treatment (CON). All rats were sacrificed at 7 months of age. Quantitative micro‐computed tomography was used to assess bone density in the proximal humerus. A series of stress–relaxation tests were performed to assess stiffness and failure stress of the supraspinatus tendon. Bone density in OVX + ZOM was significantly higher at the rotator cuff footprint when compared to CON and OVX rats (p < 0.0001). The supraspinatus tendons in the OVX group were significantly stiffer when compared to the CON and OVX + ZOM groups (p < 0.05). The failure stress of the OVX + ZOM group was significantly greater than the CON and OVX groups (22.89 ± 4.43 MPa vs. 18.36 ± 3.16 and 17.70 ± 4.92, respectively). In conclusion, improving the bone density at the rotator cuff footprint enhances failure stress of the suprapinatus tendon. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:308–314, 2010
Exposure‐dependent increases in IL‐1β, substance P, CTGF, and tendinosis in flexor digitorum tendons with upper extremity repetitive strain injury
Authors: Fedorczyk Jane M. , Barr Ann E. , Rani Shobha , Gao Helen G. , Amin Mamta , Amin Shreya , Litvin Judith , Barbe Mary F.
Published: September 2009

Upper extremity tendinopathies are associated with performance of forceful repetitive tasks. We used our rat model of repetitive strain injury to study changes induced in forelimb flexor digitorum tendons. Rats were trained to perform a high repetition high force (HRHF) handle‐pulling task (12 reaches/min at 60 ± 5% maximum pulling force [MPF]), or a low repetition negligible force (LRNF) reaching and food retrieval task (three reaches/min at 5 ± 5% MPF), for 2 h/day in 30 min sessions, 3 days/week for 3–12 weeks. Forelimb grip strength was tested. Flexor digitorum tendons were examined at midtendon at the level of the carpal tunnel for interleukin (IL)‐1β, neutrophil, and macrophage influx, Substance P, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and periostin‐like factor (PLF) immunoexpression, and histopathological changes. In HRHF rats, grip strength progressively decreased, while IL‐1β levels progressively increased in the flexor digitorum peritendon (para‐ and epitendon combined) and endotendon with task performance. Macrophage invasion was evident in week 6 and 12 HRHF peritendon but not endotendon. Also in HRHF rats, Substance P immunoexpression increased in week 12 peritendon as did CTGF‐ and PLF‐immunopositive fibroblasts, the increased fibroblasts contributing greatly to peritendon thickening. Endotendon collagen disorganization was evident in week 12 HRHF tendons. LRNF tendons did not differ from controls, even at 12 weeks. Thus, we observed exposure‐dependent changes in flexor digitorum tendons within the carpal tunnel, including increased inflammation, nociceptor‐related neuropeptide immunoexpression, and fibrotic histopathology, changes associated with grip strength decline. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:298–307, 2010
FT‐IR, FT‐Raman, and computational calculations of 4‐chloro‐2‐(3‐chlorophenyl carbamoyl)phenyl acetate
Authors: Yohannan Panicker C. , Varghese Hema Tresa , Madhavan V. S. , Mathew Samuel , Vinsova Jarmila , Van Alsenoy Christian , Sheena Mary Y. , Shyma Mary Y.
Published: September 2009

FT‐IR and FT‐Raman spectra of 4‐chloro‐2‐(3‐chlorophenylcarbamoyl) phenyl acetate were studied. Vibrational wavenumbers and corresponding vibrational assignments were examined theoretically using the Gaussian03 set of quantum chemistry codes and the normal modes are assigned by potential energy distribution (PED) calculations. Simultaneous IR and Raman activation of the CO stretching mode shows the charge transfer interaction through a π‐conjugated path. Optimized geometrical parameters of the title compound are in agreement with the reported values. Analysis of the phenyl ring modes shows that CC stretching mode is equally active as strong bands in both IR and Raman, which can be interpreted as the evidence of intramolecular charge transfer via conjugated ring path and is responsible for hyperpolarizability enhancement leading to nonlinear optical activity. The red‐shift of the NH‐stretching wavenumber in the infrared spectrum from the computed wavenumber indicates the weakening of the NH bond resulting in proton transfer to the neighboring oxygen atom. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probing the structure and Franck–Condon region of protochlorophyllide a through analysis of the Raman and resonance Raman spectra
Authors: Hanf Robert , Tschierlei Stefanie , Dietzek Benjamin , Seidel Sonja , Hermann Gudrun , Schmitt Michael , Popp Jürgen
Published: September 2009

The structure and Franck–Condon region of protochlorophyllide a, a precursor in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and substrate of the light‐regulated enzyme protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR), were investigated by Raman and resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy. The spectroscopic results are compared to the spectra of the structurally closely related porphyrin model compound magnesium octaethylporphyrin (MgOEP), and interpreted on the basis of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It is shown that the electronic properties of the two porphyrin macrocycles are affected by different vibrational coupling modes, resulting in a higher absorption cross section of protochlorophyllide a in the visible spectral region. Furthermore, a comparison of the Fourier transform (FT)‐Raman and RR spectra of protochlorophyllide a indicates the modes that are resonantly enhanced upon excitation. Based on vibrational normal mode calculations, these modes include CC ring‐breathing and CC stretching vibrations of the porphyrin macrocycle. In particular, the strong band at 1703 cm−1 can be attributed to the CO carbonyl vibration of the cyclopentanone ring, which is attached in conjugation to the π‐electron path of the porphyrin ring system. The enhancement of that mode upon electronically resonant excitation is discussed in the light of the reaction model suggested for the photoreduction of protochlorophyllide a in the POR. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Should PTSD Criterion A be retained?
Authors: Kilpatrick Dean G. , Resnick Heidi S. , Acierno Ron
Published: September 2009

Criterion A has been controversial since its inception, partially because it performs a key gate keeping function. Major criticisms of Criterion A of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) include that it has resulted in “criterion creep.” The authors tested the hypothesis that a nonrestrictive definition would substantially increase posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence by determining PTSD based on Criteria B, C, D, E, and F, without restricting Criterion A in large probability samples of U.S. adolescents and Florida adults. Few PTSD cases occurred in the absence of Criterion A1 events, providing little support for the criterion creep hypothesis. Specific recommendations are to retain Criterion A; permit additional events; consider expanding Criterion A2; consider that either Criterion A1 or A2 be met; and place greater emphasis on Criterion F.
Is posttraumatic stress disorder a stress‐induced fear circuitry disorder?
Authors: Shin Lisa M. , Handwerger Kathryn
Published: September 2009

Neuroimaging studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have reported functional abnormalities in brain regions involved in fear conditioning, extinction, and emotion regulation. These findings have prompted researchers to consider whether PTSD can be characterized as a stress‐induced fear circuitry disorder. In this review, the authors summarize the results of functional neuroimaging studies and conclude that there is a strong argument for characterizing PTSD as a stress‐induced fear circuitry disorder. They also acknowledge that (a) fear is not the only emotion associated with PTSD, (b) a state of fear is not required to observe fear‐circuitry abnormalities in this disorder, and (c) not all functional abnormalities in PTSD are related to fear circuitry. Implications for future diagnostic classifications are discussed.
Reformulating PTSD forDSM‐V: Life after Criterion A
Authors: Brewin Chris R. , Lanius Ruth A. , Novac Andrei , Schnyder Ulrich , Galea Sandro
Published: September 2009

The diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder has been criticized on numerous grounds, but principally for three reasons (a) the alleged pathologizing of normal events, (b) the inadequacy of Criterion A, and (c) symptom overlap with other disorders. The authors review these problems along with arguments why the diagnosis is nevertheless worth retaining in an amended form. A proposal for the fifth edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM‐V) is put forward that involves abolishing Criterion A, narrowing the B criteria to focus on the core phenomena of flashbacks and nightmares, and narrowing the C and D criteria to reduce overlap with other disorders. The potential advantages and disadvantages of this formulation are discussed.
Kinetic Modeling of Nitroxide‐Mediated Polymerization: Conditions for Living and Controlled Polymerization
Authors: Gigmes Didier , Bertin Denis , Lefay Catherine , Guillaneuf Yohann
Published: September 2009

Simulations of conversion versus time, molecular weight (), polydispersity index (PDI), and living fractions versus conversion plots are performed using the PREDICI software, to study the influence of several kinetic parameters on the living and controlled character of nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (NMP). In particular, the crucial role of the main equilibrium represented by both kd and kc (the rate coefficients respectively of dissociation and recombination) is highlighted. On the other hand, the importance of the initiation step, the targeted value, and the initial excess of free nitroxide are also demonstrated. It is further proved that side reactions, such as disproportionation and transfer to solvent, have a strong impact on the polymerization characteristics.

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Cellular DNA breakage by soy isoflavone genistein and its methylated structural analogue biochanin A
Authors: Ullah Mohd Fahad , Shamim Uzma , Hanif Sarmad , Azmi Asfar S. , Hadi Sheikh M.
Published: September 2009

Epidemiological studies have indicated that populations with high isoflavone intake through soy consumption have lower rates of breast, prostate, and colon cancer. The isoflavone polyphenol genistein in soybean is considered to be a potent chemopreventive agent against cancer. In order to explore the chemical basis of chemopreventive activity of genistein, in this paper we have examined the structure–activity relationship between genistein and its structural analogue biochanin A. We show that both genistein and its methylated derivative biochanin A are able to mobilize nuclear copper in human lymphocyte, leading to degradation of cellular DNA. However, the relative rate of DNA breakage was greater in the case of genistein. Further, the cellular DNA degradation was inhibited by copper chelator (neocuproine/bathocuproine) but not by compounds that specifically bind iron and zinc (desferrioxamine mesylate and histidine, respectively). We also compared the antioxidant activity of the two isoflavones against tert‐butylhydroperoxide‐induced oxidative breakage in lymphocytes. Again genistein was found to be more effective than biochanin A in providing protection against oxidative stress induced by tert‐butylhydroperoxide. It would therefore appear that the structural features of isoflavones that are important for antioxidant properties are also the ones that contribute to their pro‐oxidant action through a mechanism that involves redox cycling of chromatin‐bound nuclear copper.
Molekulare Bistabilität
Authors: Weber Birgit
Published: September 2009

Birgit Weber

Spin‐Crossover‐Verbindungen mit breiter Hysterese zu designen, stellt präparativ arbeitende Chemiker vor Herausforderungen. Crystal Engineering von Spin‐Crossover‐Koordinationspolymeren unter Nutzung von Wasserstoffbrückennetzen könnte zu einem Durchbruch bei der Entwicklung solcher Verbindungen führen.
Hydrolytic degradation of poly(ε‐caprolactone) with different end groups and poly(ε‐caprolactone‐co‐γ‐butyrolactone): characterization and kinetics of hydrocortisone delivery
Authors: Orozco‐Castellanos Luis Manuel , Marcos‐Fernández Angel , Martínez‐Richa Antonio
Published: September 2009

Asymmetric telechelic α‐hydroxyl‐ω‐(carboxylic acid)‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) (HA‐PCL), α‐hydroxyl‐ω‐(benzylic ester)‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) (HBz‐PCL), and an asymmetric telechelic copolymer α‐hydroxyl‐ω‐(carboxylic acid)‐poly(ε‐caprolactone‐co‐γ‐butyrolactone) (HA‐PCB) were synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone (CL). CL and CL/γ‐butyrolactone mixture were used to obtain homopolymers and copolymer respectively at 150°C and 2 hr using ammonium decamolybdate (NH4) [Mo10O34] (Dec) as a catalyst. Water (HA‐PCL and HA‐PCB) or benzyl alcohol (HBz‐PCL) were used as initiators. The three polylactones reached initial molecular weights between 2000 and 3000 Da measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR). Compression‐molded polylactone caplets were allowed to degrade in 0.5 M aqueous p‐toluenesulfonic acid at 37°C and monitored up to 60 days for weight loss behavior. Data showed that the copolymer degraded faster than the PCL homopolymers, and that there was no difference in the weight loss behavior between HA‐PCL and HBz‐PCL. Caplets of the three polylactones containing 1% (w/w) hydrocortisone were placed in two different buffer systems, pH 5.0 with citrate buffer and pH 7.4 with phosphate buffer at 37°C, and monitored up to 50 days for their release behavior. The release profiles of hydrocortisone presented two stages. The introduction of a second monomer in the polymer chain significantly increased the release rate, the degradation rate for HA‐PCB being faster than those for HBz‐PCL and HA‐PCL. At the pH studied, only slight differences on the liberation profiles were observed. SEM micrographs indicate that hydrolytic degradation occurred mainly by a surface erosion mechanism. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of boron containing materials on flammability and thermal degradation of polyamide‐6 composites containing melamine cyanurate
Authors: Doğan Mehmet , Yılmaz Ayşen , Bayramlı Erdal
Published: September 2009

Three different boron containing materials, zinc borate (ZnB), borophosphate (BPO4), and boron and silicon containing oligomer (BSi), were used to improve the flame retardancy of melamine cyanurate (MC) in a polyamide‐6 (PA‐6) matrix. The combustion and thermal degradation characteristics were investigated using limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 standard, thermogravimetric analysis‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA‐FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All the three boron compounds showed no synergistic effect with MC, and only BPO4 at high loadings showed comparable LOI values by increasing the dripping rate. For ZnB and BSi glassy film and char formation decreases the dripping rate and sublimation of melamine and give rise to low LOI. According to TGA‐FTIR results, addition of boron compounds does not alter the gaseous product distribution of both MC and PA‐6. The addition of boron compounds affects flame retardancy through physical means. It was noted from the TGA data that boron compounds reduced the decomposition temperature of both MC and PA‐6, also affecting the flame retardancy negatively by premature degradation of MC at low temperatures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical activity and childhood cancer
Authors: Winter Corinna , Müller Carsten , Hoffmann Christiane , Boos Joachim , Rosenbaum Dieter
Published: September 2009

This review provides a survey of studies investigating physical activity and exercise interventions in patients during tumor treatment and survivors of childhood cancer. PubMed and Medline databases were searched using relevant terms. References of selected papers were tracked. A total of 28 studies could be identified. Seventeen studies investigated physical activity, 11 studies determined the effect of activity enhancing interventions during and after therapy. Even though most studies showed limitations and results were not consistent, considerably reduced physical activity is highly probable in patients during and after therapy. Studies on interventions provided promising results and revealed challenges to be faced. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:501–510. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rheological properties of polypropylene/hemp fiber composites
Authors: Twite‐Kabamba Eddy , Mechraoui Ahmed , Rodrigue Denis
Published: September 2009

This study investigates the effect of hemp fibres on the shear and elongational rheology of polypropylene (PP). The parameters studied were hemp content (0‐30%) and maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) addition (0‐0.6%). Shear rheology revealed that fibre content mainly influences low shear rate properties like yield stress and zero‐shear‐viscosity while coupling agent addition mainly influences intermediate to high shear rate parameters like relaxation time, power‐law index and Yasuda parameter. On the other hand, elongational rheology results showed a strain softening behaviour of the composites with increasing consistency and decreasing strain at break as fibre concentration increases. MAPP addition is also shown to improve the fibre‐polymer compatibility, but at the same time produces a plasticizing effect having a significant effect on rheological properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Analysis of the monosaccharide composition of purified polysaccharides in Ganoderma atrum by capillary gas chromatography
Authors: Chen Yi , Xie Ming‐Yong , Wang Yuan‐Xing , Nie Shao‐Ping , Li Chang
Published: September 2009

Introduction – Ganoderma, one of the best‐known traditional Chinese medicines, has attracted considerable attention owing to the fact that dozens of polysaccharides isolated from it have shown diverse and potentially significant pharmacological activities. However, no work has been reported on the analysis of monosaccharide composition of polysaccharide isolated from the aqueous extract of Ganoderma atrum yet.

Objective – To develop a simple and sensitive GC‐based method for the analysis of monosaccharide composition of purified polysaccharides in Ganoderma atrum.

Methodology – The polysaccharide was first hydrolysed to give the constituent monosaccharides, which were subsequently derived into acetylated aldononitriles and analysed by gas chromatography using a capillary column packed with a (5%phenyl) methylpolysiloxane stationary phase with the addition of acetyl inositol as the inner standard. High‐performance liquid chromatography was also used for comparison.

Results – The stable derivatives of the most common monosaccharides could be separated and reproducibly determined with high sensitivity. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.013 and 0.043 mg/mL, respectively. The intermediary precision values (expressed as the RSD) were less than 10%. The mean recovery of the method was 100 ± 3%, with RSD values of less than 5%. The results obtained from GC and HPLC methods were found to be close to each other within acceptable error ranges.

Conclusion – This study demonstrated that the developed method could be applied as an accurate method for the compositional analysis of monosaccharides in the field of biological and biochemical study. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics oriented by correlation analysis for wound‐induced molecule discovery: identification of a novel jasmonate glucoside
Authors: Glauser Gaetan , Boccard Julien , Rudaz Serge , Wolfender Jean‐Luc
Published: September 2009

Introduction − Jasmonates are members of the oxylipin family involved in various plant regulatory processes, particularly in the response to biotic and abiotic stresses. They are present in very low amounts in wounded plants, which complicates their detection within complex plant extracts. Therefore, advanced analytical methods are needed for the profiling and characterisation of novel jasmonate derivatives.

Objective – To use metabolomics to search for original wound‐induced metabolites belonging to the jasmonate family.

Methodology – Numerous Arabidopsis specimens harvested at various time points after wounding were analysed by ultra‐high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/TOFMS). A correlation analysis based on kinetic profile similarities with known jasmonates was applied to find wound‐induced molecules having a potential role in defence signalling. Their characterisation was performed by tandem mass spectrometry and capillary nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Results – The statistical data treatment highlighted several previously reported jasmonates as well as a new glucoside derivative of the jasmonate 3‐oxo‐2‐(2Z‐pentenyl) cyclopentane‐1‐butyric acid (OPC‐4). The monitoring of its kinetics in response to wounding revealed a delayed accumulation compared to the profile of OPC‐4. This suggests an inactivation or elimination of OPC‐4 through the formation of a polar glucosylated metabolite.

Conclusion – The metabolomic approach developed has proved useful in the discovery of original jasmonates synthesised in response to plant wounding. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolomic analysis of Echinacea spp. by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and multivariate data analysis technique
Authors: Frédérich Michel , Jansen Céline , de Tullio Pascal , Tits Monique , Demoulin Vincent , Angenot Luc
Published: September 2009

Introduction – The genus Echinacea (Asteraceae) comprises about 10 species originally distributed in North America. Three species are very well known as they are used worldwide as medicinal plants: Echinacea purpurea, E. pallida, E. angustifolia.

Objective – To discriminate between these three Echinacea species and E. simulata by 1H NMR‐based metabolomics.

Methodology – 1H NMR and multivariate analysis techniques were applied to diverse Echinacea plants including roots and aerial parts, authentic plants, commercial plants and commercial dry extracts.

Results – Using the 1H NMR metabolomics, it was possible, without previous evaporation or separation steps, to obtain a metabolic fingerprint to distinguish between species.

Conclusion – A clear distinction between the three pharmaceutical species was possible and some useful metabolites were identified. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic, functional and motif‐based analysis of C‐terminal Src kinase‐interacting proteins
Authors: Yang Guang , Li Qingrun , Ren Siyuan , Lu Xuefeng , Fang Longhou , Zhou Wenchao , Zhang Fan , Xu Feilai , Zhang Zhe , Zeng Rong , Lottspeich Friedrich , Chen Zhengjun
Published: September 2009

C‐terminal Src kinase (Csk) that functions as an essential negative regulator of Src family tyrosine kinases (SFKs) interacts with tyrosine‐phosphorylated molecules through its Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, allowing it targeting to the sites of SFKs and concomitantly enhancing its kinase activity. Identification of additional Csk‐interacting proteins is expected to reveal potential signaling targets and previously undescribed functions of Csk. In this study, using a direct proteomic approach, we identified 151 novel potential Csk‐binding partners, which are associated with a wide range of biological functions. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the majority of identified proteins contain one or several Csk‐SH2 domain‐binding motifs, indicating a potentially direct interaction with Csk. The interactions of Csk with four proteins (partitioning defective 3 (Par3), DDR1, SYK and protein kinase C iota) were confirmed using biochemical approaches and phosphotyrosine 1127 of Par3 C‐terminus was proved to directly bind to Csk‐SH2 domain, which was consistent with predictions from in silico analysis. Finally, immunofluorescence experiments revealed co‐localization of Csk with Par3 in tight junction (TJ) in a tyrosine phosphorylation‐dependent manner and overexpression of Csk, but not its SH2‐domain mutant lacking binding to phosphotyrosine, promoted the TJ assembly in Madin‐Darby canine kidney cells, implying the involvement of Csk‐SH2 domain in regulating cellular TJs. In conclusion, the newly identified potential interacting partners of Csk provided new insights into its functional diversity in regulation of numerous cellular events, in addition to controlling the SFK activity.
Shotgun proteome profile of Populus developing xylem
Authors: Kalluri Udaya C. , Hurst Gregory B. , Lankford Patricia K. , Ranjan Priya , Pelletier Dale A.
Published: September 2009

Understanding the molecular pathways of plant cell wall biosynthesis and remodeling is central to interpreting biological mechanisms underlying plant growth and adaptation as well as leveraging that knowledge towards development of improved bioenergy feedstocks. Here, we report the application of shotgun MS/MS profiling to the proteome of Populus developing xylem. Nearly 6000 different proteins were identified from the xylem proteome. To identify low‐abundance DNA‐regulatory proteins from the developing xylem, a selective nuclear proteome profiling method was developed. Several putative transcription factors and chromatin remodeling proteins were identified using this method, such as NAC domain, CtCP‐like and CHB3‐SWI/SNF‐related proteins. Public databases were mined to obtain information in support of subcellular localization, transcript‐level expression and functional categorization of identified proteins. In addition to finding protein‐level evidence of candidate cell wall biosynthesis genes from xylem (wood) tissue such as cellulose synthase, sucrose synthase and polygalacturonase, several other potentially new candidate genes in the cell wall biosynthesis pathway were discovered. Further application of such proteomics methods will aid in plant systems biology modeling efforts by enhancing the understanding not only of cell wall biosynthesis but also of other plant developmental and physiological pathways.
Nanozeolite‐driven approach for enrichment of secretory proteins in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Cao Jing , Hu Yuanyuan , Shen Chengpin , Yao Jun , Wei Liming , Yang Fengying , Nie Aiying , Wang Hong , Shen Huali , Liu Yinkun , Zhang Yahong , Tang Yi , Yang Pengyuan
Published: September 2009

Given the importance of secreted proteins as a source for early detection and diagnosis of disease, secreted proteins have been arousing considerable attention. However, the analysis of secreted proteins represents a challenge for current proteomic techniques. One of the difficulties in secretomic study is to concentrate proteins from large volume of growth media, particularly, the low abundant and low molecular weight proteins (molecular weight <30 kDa). Herein, we describe a novel strategy for harvesting secretory proteins. In this approach, proteins secreted from the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line were enriched by zeolite LTL nanocrystals, followed by 1‐D SDS‐PAGE for protein fractionation and then by LC‐ESI‐MS/MS for protein identification. In total, 1474 unique proteins were confidently identified, including 505 low molecular weight proteins, and covered a broad range of pI and molecular weight. Furthermore, this study not only offered an efficient and powerful method for the enrichment of secretory proteins but also allowed in‐depth study of secretome of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. The reported work is expected to represent one of the most comprehensive secretomic analyses so far.
Proteolysis during long‐term glucose starvation in Staphylococcus aureus COL
Authors: Michalik Stephan , Liebeke Manuel , Zühlke Daniela , Lalk Michael , Bernhardt Jörg , Gerth Ulf , Hecker Michael
Published: September 2009

A combination of pulse‐chase experiments and 2‐D PAGE revealed that protein degradation appears to play a crucial role for the cell physiology of Staphylococcus aureus COL during extended periods of glucose starvation. The synthesis rate of virtually all cytosolic and radioactively labeled proteins from growing cells seemed dramatically reduced in the first 3.5 h of glucose starvation. The stability of proteins synthesized in growing cells was monitored by a pulse‐chase approach on a proteome wide scale. Especially, enzymes involved in nucleic acid and amino acid biosyntheses, energy metabolism and biosynthesis of cofactors were found rather rapidly degraded within the onset of the stationary phase, whereas the majority of glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes remained more stable. Furthermore, single enzymes of biosynthetic pathways were differentially degraded. A metabolite analysis revealed that glucose completely depleted from the medium in the transient phase, and amino acids such as alanine and glycine were taken up by the cells in the stationary phase. We suggest that vegetative proteins no longer required in non‐growing cells and thus no longer protected by integration into functional complexes were degraded. Proteolysis of putative non‐substrate‐bound or “unemployed” proteins appears to be a characteristic feature of S. aureus in order to access nutrients as an important survival strategy under starvation conditions.
Interaction networks: Lessons from large‐scale studies in yeast
Authors: Cagney Gerard
Published: September 2009

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the simplest eukaryotic model organism and has made countless contributions to cell biology. The ease with which it can be genetically manipulated has made it a favourite organism among technologists for developing methods for large‐scale analysis based on reverse genetics. Consequently, more genomewide datasets describing aspects of gene and protein biology are available for yeast than for any other organism. This has led to the pioneering of many computational analysis techniques using yeast data. Here, we make a brief survey of yeast physical and genetic interaction networks, highlighting major experimental and computational achievements first described in this organism.
Modification‐specific proteomics: Strategies for characterization of post‐translational modifications using enrichment techniques
Authors: Zhao Yingming , Jensen Ole N.
Published: September 2009

More than 300 different types of protein post‐translational modifications (PTMs) have been described, many of which are known to have pivotal roles in cellular physiology and disease. Nevertheless, only a handful of PTMs have been extensively investigated at the proteome level. Knowledge of protein substrates and their PTM sites is key to dissection of PTM‐mediated cellular processes. The past several years have seen a tremendous progress in developing MS‐based proteomics technologies for global PTM analysis, including numerous studies of yeast and other microbes. Modification‐specific enrichment techniques combined with advanced MS/MS methods and computational data analysis have revealed a surprisingly large extent of PTMs in proteins, including multi‐site, cooperative modifications in individual proteins. We review some of the current strategies employed for enrichment and detection of PTMs in modification‐specific proteomics.
Nucleophilic reactivity of thiolate, hydroxide, and phenolate ions toward a model O2‐arylated diazeniumdiolate prodrug in aqueous and cationic surfactant media
Authors: Ning Matthew S. , Price Stacy E. , Ta Jackie , Davies Keith M.
Published: September 2009

The kinetics of aromatic nucleophilic substitution of the nitric oxide‐generating diazeniumdiolate ion, DEA/NO, by thiols (L‐glutathione, L‐cysteine, DL‐homocysteine, 1‐propanethiol, 2‐mercaptoethanol, and sodium thioglycolate) from the prodrug, DNP‐DEA/NO, has been examined in aqueous solution and in solutions of cationic DOTAP vesicles. Second‐order rate constants in buffered aqueous solutions (kRS‐ = 3.48–30.9 M−1 s−1; 30 °C) gave a linear Brønsted plot (βnuc = 0.414 ± 0.068) consistent with the rate‐limiting SNAr nucleophilic attack by thiolate ions. Cationic DOTAP vesicles catalyze the thiolysis reactions with rate enhancements between 11 and 486‐fold in Tris‐HCl buffered solutions at pH 7.4. The maximum rate increase was obtained with thioglycolate ion. Thiolysis data are compared to data for nucleophilic displacement by phenolate (kPhO‐ = 0.114 M−1 s−1) and hydroxide (kOH‐ = 1.82 × 10−2 M−1 s−1, 37 °C) ions. The base hydrolysis reaction is accelerated by CTAB micelles and DODAC vesicles, with the vesicles being ca 3‐fold more effective as catalysts. Analysis of the data using pseudo‐phase ion‐exchange (PIE) formalism implies that the rate enhancement of the thiolysis and base hydrolysis reactions is primarily due to reactant concentration in the surfactant pseudo‐phase. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Covalently Bound Biomimetic Layers on Plasma Polymers with Graded Metallic Interfaces for in vivo Implants
Authors: Yin Yongbai , Fisher Keith , Nosworthy Neil J. , Bax Daniel , Rubanov Sergey , Gong Bill , Weiss Anthony S. , McKenzie David R. , Bilek Marcela M. M.
Published: September 2009

Surfaces capable of covalently immobilizing a dense layer of bioactive protein may be used to stimulate desired cellular responses at the surface of an implant. Pulse biased plasma polymerization onto metallic substrates is studied with the aim of producing surfaces suitable for such biomimetic in vivo implants. Plasma polymers were formed that are graded from stainless steel to a pure plasma polymer to provide the exceptionally strong adhesion necessary for in vivo applications, such as in cardiovascular stents. We show that the use of pulsed bias during deposition enhances the density of free radicals and improves the covalent protein binding capacity of the surface, indicating that the free radicals are responsible for the direct covalent attachment of protein observed after incubation in protein‐containing buffer solution. The radical density and degree of covalent binding was found to increase with the magnitude of the pulsing voltage. Aging in air reduced the radical density in the plasma polymer surfaces for all deposition conditions examined but substantially more radicals remained for the surfaces deposited with pulsed bias. Annealing in vacuum recovered the density of the radicals in the polymers subjected to pulsed bias while those prepared without pulsed bias showed a reduction in radical density upon annealing. The degree of covalent attachment increased linearly with the thickness of the polymer layer and showed a saturation at a thickness at which the total number of free radicals was equal to the number required to bind a full monolayer of the protein.

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Development of DBD‐Plasmas Across Fibre Rovings
Authors: Ermel Vladimir , Kurrat Michael
Published: September 2009

Development of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasmas across a 3D‐microporous medium as a glass fibre fabric is introduced in this paper. The barrier plasma is produced on the high field blade‐to‐plate arrangement with the lateral air flow at atmospheric pressure as a background gas. A uniformly distributed production of discharges over the substrate surface is obtained by the generation of a high inhomogeneous field along the blade electrode. The redistribution of the field due to insertion of the microporous medium in the plasma region is also investigated. The simulation results showed that the microdischarge develops in cavity of the roving as a streamer. Electron density decays due to the rising impact on the wall of orifice. The field shift in the neighbour cells causes avalanche‐like plasma ignition through the roving during the DBD development.
Fabrication of Tunable Band Pass Filters for CWDM Applications
Authors: Meister Stefan , Franke Bülent A. , Scharfenorth Chris , Eichler Hans J.
Published: September 2009

The paper describes a method to fabricate tunable band pass filters. The thin film optical filters are based on a Fabry‐Perot structure with laterally varying layer thickness. This leads to a variation of the transmission band along the substrate. The filter can be tuned by lateral translation of the filters through an optical beam path. A linear variation of the layer thickness and, therefore, of the transmission band along a 75 mm long substrate could be achieved by choosing proper geometries in the coating chamber. Filters are designed for a centre wavelength of 1300 nm with a −3 dB transmission bandwidth of 2.0 nm. A tuning range of more than 150 nm could be achieved with constant filter losses of ≈0.9 dB. So, the filters are well suited for side band suppression in CWDM applications.