bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extratropical–Tropical Interaction during Onset of the Australian Monsoon: Reanalysis Diagnostics and Idealized Dry Simulations
Authors: Davidson Noel E. , Tory Kevin J. , Reeder Michael J. , Drosdowsky Wasyl L.
Published: October 2007

The onset of the Australian monsoon is examined using (i) reanalysis data for seasons when enhanced observational networks were available and (ii) a 15-yr onset composite. Similar to previous findings, onset is characterized by a sudden strengthening and deepening in tropical westerly winds, which are overlain with upper-tropospheric easterlies. All onsets are preceded by up to a 7-day preconditioning period of enhanced vertical motion and moistening. During the transition season, the 6 weeks prior to onset, a number of moist westerly events occur. Generally they are only sustained for short periods and overlain by upper-level westerly winds, suggesting an association with midlatitude troughs, which protrude into the deep Tropics.

For individual years and for a 15-yr composite, monsoon onset is associated with major cyclogenesis events over the southwest Indian Ocean in the presence of a subtropical jet over the eastern Indian Ocean. The proposed mechanism for extratropical–tropical interaction is northeastward Rossby wave propagation from the cyclogenesis region toward the Tropics at upper levels. At these levels, westerly winds extend to nearly 10°S and provide a favorable background flow for such propagation. The process eventually results in the amplification of an equatorward-extending midlatitude upper trough and tropical ridge, which appears to trigger the development of the underlying monsoon trough. To test the hypothesis, the influence of high-latitude cyclogenesis on the tropical circulation is investigated with the aid of an idealized, dry, three-dimensional, baroclinic wave channel model. The initial state consists of (i) a zonally constant baroclinic region centered on 40°S, from which the high-latitude cyclogenesis develops, (ii) a weak monsoon trough at 15°S, and (iii) a subtropical jet at 25°S.

The major findings from the simulations are as follows: 1) There is evidence of northeastward Rossby wave propagation from the cyclogenesis region toward low latitudes. 2) Consistent with theoretical studies, the subtropical jet plays a key role by providing a favorable westerly background flow for group propagation into the Tropics. 3) High-latitude cyclogenesis in the presence of a subtropical jet can influence the meridional location, zonal structure, vorticity, and divergence in the monsoon trough. 4) Vorticity and divergence changes are consistent with enhancement of the monsoon trough (increases in low-level cyclonic vorticity) and the potential for triggering a large-scale convective outbreak (changes in upper-level divergence).
On the Lagrangian Dynamics of Atmospheric Zonal Jets and the Permeability of the Stratospheric Polar Vortex
Authors: Rypina I. I. , Brown M. G. , Beron-Vera F. J. , Koçak H. , Olascoaga M. J. , Udovydchenkov I. A.
Published: October 2007

The Lagrangian dynamics of zonal jets in the atmosphere are considered, with particular attention paid to explaining why, under commonly encountered conditions, zonal jets serve as barriers to meridional transport. The velocity field is assumed to be two-dimensional and incompressible, and composed of a steady zonal flow with an isolated maximum (a zonal jet) on which two or more traveling Rossby waves are superimposed. The associated Lagrangian motion is studied with the aid of the Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser (KAM) theory, including nontrivial extensions of well-known results. These extensions include applicability of the theory when the usual statements of nondegeneracy are violated, and applicability of the theory to multiply periodic systems, including the absence of Arnold diffusion in such systems. These results, together with numerical simulations based on a model system, provide an explanation of the mechanism by which zonal jets serve as barriers to the meridional transport of passive tracers under commonly encountered conditions. Causes for the breakdown of such a barrier are discussed. It is argued that a barrier of this type accounts for the sharp boundary of the Antarctic ozone hole at the perimeter of the stratospheric polar vortex in the austral spring.
The Response of a Uniform Horizontal Temperature Gradient to Heating
Authors: Ambaum Maarten H. P. , Athanasiadis Panos J.
Published: October 2007

The response of a uniform horizontal temperature gradient to prescribed fixed heating is calculated in the context of an extended version of surface quasigeostrophic dynamics. It is found that for zero mean surface flow and weak cross-gradient structure the prescribed heating induces a mean temperature anomaly proportional to the spatial Hilbert transform of the heating. The interior potential vorticity generated by the heating enhances this surface response. The time-varying part is independent of the heating and satisfies the usual linearized surface quasigeostrophic dynamics. It is shown that the surface temperature tendency is a spatial Hilbert transform of the temperature anomaly itself. It then follows that the temperature anomaly is periodically modulated with a frequency proportional to the vertical wind shear. A strong local bound on wave energy is also found. Reanalysis diagnostics are presented that indicate consistency with key findings from this theory.
The Effect of the Ocean Eddy on Tropical Cyclone Intensity
Authors: Wu Chun-Chieh , Lee Chia-Ying , Lin I-I.
Published: October 2007

The rapid intensification of Hurricane Katrina followed by the devastation of the U.S. Gulf States highlights the critical role played by an upper-oceanic thermal structure (such as the ocean eddy or Loop Current) in affecting the development of tropical cyclones. In this paper, the impact of the ocean eddy on tropical cyclone intensity is investigated using a simple hurricane–ocean coupled model. Numerical experiments with different oceanic thermal structures are designed to elucidate the responses of tropical cyclones to the ocean eddy and the effects of tropical cyclones on the ocean. This simple model shows that rapid intensification occurs as a storm encounters the ocean eddy because of enhanced heat flux. While strong winds usually cause strong mixing in the mixed layer and thus cool down the sea surface, negative feedback to the storm intensity of this kind is limited by the presence of a warm ocean eddy, which provides an insulating effect against the storm-induced mixing and cooling.

Two eddy factors, FEDDY-S and FEDDY-T, are defined to evaluate the effect of the eddy on tropical cyclone intensity. The efficiency of the eddy feedback effect depends on both the oceanic structure and other environmental parameters, including properties of the tropical cyclone. Analysis of the functionality of FEDDY-T shows that the mixed layer depth associated with either the large-scale ocean or the eddy is the most important factor in determining the magnitude of eddy feedback effects. Next to them are the storm’s translation speed and the ambient relative humidity.
How Organizational Standards and Coworker Support Improve Restaurant Service
Authors: Susskind Alex M. , Kacmar K. Michele , Borchgrevink Carl P.
Published: October 2007

A model examining the relationship between restaurant employees' reactions to their work environment and their jobs as service providers and guest satisfaction was tested among twenty-five restaurants from a casual dining restaurant chain. In the model, the relationship between guest service employees' work-related perceptions and attitudes are connected to guests' reported satisfaction. Results show that employees' perceptions of the presence of organizational standards for service delivery were strongly related to their perceptions of receiving adequate support from coworkers and supervisors to perform their jobs. Employees' perceived support from coworkers was significantly related to service providers' guest orientation (commitment to their guests), while perceived support from supervisors proved to be a weak influence on guest orientation. Ultimately, service providers' guest orientation was strongly related to guests' satisfaction with their service experience in the restaurant.
Perceptions of Chinese Hotels
Authors: Ryan Chris , Gu Huimin
Published: October 2007

The evaluations of 941 respondents who had recently stayed in a Chinese hotel revealed that guests' satisfaction with the hotels were influenced by hotels' star ratings. By comparing the importance-evaluation matrices for each category of hotel, a clear trend emerges in which higher levels of satisfaction are discernable for five-star and deluxe hotels than for one- and two-star hotels. At all levels, however, respondents gave high ratings to the key attributes of cleanliness and bed comfort. The findings raise a question of how to ensure satisfaction for China's one- and two-star hotels.
Taiwan's Hotel Rating System
Authors: Su Ching-Shu , Sun Lou-Hon
Published: October 2007

This study applies content analysis to compare four hotel rating systems, in the United Kingdom, United States, China, and Taiwan as well as to compare the evaluating methods and service-quality measurement of the four hotel rating systems. Focusing on Taiwan's newly revised hotel-evaluation schema, the study analyzes the Criteria of Hotel Service Quality Evaluation established by the Taiwan Tourism Bureau in the light of the five SERVQUAL dimensions. Though Taiwan's hotel rating system is strong on assurance and tangibles, the study suggests that the system would be made more effective by adding factors for reliability, responsiveness, and empathy. Surveys should also be conducted on an ongoing basis to clarify and incorporate consumer viewpoints and to keep hotel rating systems updated. These measures would also increase acceptance and recognition of the hotel rating system by consumers.
Internet Hotel Reservations
Authors: Wilson Robert H.
Published: October 2007

A review of U.S. case law finds that the web-based approach used by most hotel companies to alert customers to the terms and conditions for making an internet reservation might not hold up in the event of a lawsuit. Most courts will enforce a so-called click wrap covenant when an individual makes a reservation or purchase on the company website. In the click wrap procedure, a reservation cannot be completed until the customer clicks the “agree” button to the terms and conditions of sale. However, most hotel websites use a slightly different approach, known as “browse wrap,” in which the terms and conditions are available on the site but the reservation can be completed without the customer's express assent. The terms and conditions usually dictate the controlling legal jurisdiction or mandate arbitration for disagreements, and thus it is in the hotel company's interest to demonstrate that would-be guests have read and definitively agreed to those terms and conditions.
Tourism and the Transformation of Cuba—Revisited
Authors: Macaulay James
Published: October 2007

Changes in Cuba's tourism industry will be slow to come, if they come at all, because the Cuban people have become acclimated to a command economy. Moreover, those who work in Cuba's hospitality industry, particularly general managers, have little incentive to change from the current arrangement to a U.S.-style model. Nevertheless, if title disputes can be resolved and if U.S. companies are willing to operate under Cuba's joint-venture structure, they could profit handsomely should the U.S. embargo be lifted.
The Challenge of Cuban Tourism
Authors: Backman Kenneth
Published: October 2007

Prospects for opening joint ventures in Cuba by U.S. hotel operators remain dim, despite inevitable changes in the island's government. Expatriate Cubans remain adamantly opposed to the current regime, thus providing a political headwind. Beyond that, a question arises of why Cuba's tourist interests would want to invite more leakage of tourism revenues beyond the European and other interests now on the island. Although ecotourism presents an attractive mechanism for expanding Cuba's tourist arrivals, the island's industry is currently focused on sun and sand tourism. Finally, the likely clash of operating styles might well doom any effort toward a U.S.—Cuban joint venture.
Reputation, History, and War
Authors: Crescenzi Mark J.C. , Kathman Jacob D. , Long Stephen B.
Published: October 2007

This article investigates the role of direct and reputational information in the onset of interstate war. Scholars have recently identified the importance of separating the phenomenon of conflict from the rare event of war. Building on earlier work concerning the role of reputation and history in the onset of militarized interstate disputes, this article argues that states in crises face competing pressures brought on by their history of interactions with their opponents and their opponents' reputations generated through interactions with other states. While historical conflict reveals private information regarding the credibility of state demands, this history also generates constraints upon the ability of governments to seek peaceful resolutions to the current crisis. An empirical analysis supports the hypothesis that both a direct history of conflict within the dyad and reputational histories for conflict increase the likelihood of war onset. These results hold for a sample including all dyads 1817—2000 and a sample including politically relevant dyads in the same period. The results also suggest that contiguous states are more likely to go to war with each other, as are pairs of major powers, while democracies and pairs of minor powers are less likely to go to war with each other. These results support previous findings on the influence of these factors on the likelihood of war onset.
Intergroup Forgiveness: East Timorese and Angolan Perspectives
Authors: Neto Félix , Da Conceiçao Pinto Maria , Mullet Etienne
Published: October 2007

The present study is a survey on intergroup forgiveness conducted among people from East Timor and Angola, most of whom have been personally touched by the various conflicts affecting their countries. Only one of the two aspects of intergroup forgiveness was assessed: granting forgiveness. A sample of 354 East Timorese adults was presented with a questionnaire addressing the meaningfulness of intergroup forgiveness and possible conceptions about granting intergroup forgiveness. Using exploratory factor analysis, an eight-factor model was derived from the participants' responses. Using confirmatory factor analysis, this model was subsequently tested on a sample of 250 Angolan adults. In both samples, a large majority of participants agreed with the idea that a group of people can forgive another group of people. Furthermore, the model derived from the East Timorese data also fitted the data from the Angolan sample: in both samples, the participants appeared to have articulated conceptions on what could define an intergroup granting of forgiveness. Specifically, a majority of participants agreed with the idea that (a) the aim of this process is reconciliation and that intergroup forgiveness is not strictly conditional on adequate reparation or compensation, and (b) this process must be democratic; in other words, granting forgiveness should be decided by a majority, and only then could forgiveness be granted on behalf of the whole community.
The Resolution of the Cambodian Conflict: Assessing the Explanatory Value of Zartman's `Ripeness Theory'
Authors: Amer Ramses
Published: October 2007

This study is an analysis of the explanatory value of I. William Zartman's `ripeness theory' in the resolution of the Cambodian conflict. This is done through the identification and testing of the core concepts in Zartman's theoretical approach to the study of conflict resolution in studies ranging from the late 1980s to the early 2000s. The identified core concepts are `hurting stalemate', `ripe moment' and `ripe for resolution'. The development of the conflict in Cambodia is outlined from its background in the 1970s through the different phases of the conflict, from Vietnam's military intervention, launched in late 1978, to the formal resolution of the conflict in 1991. The empirical developments of the Cambodian conflict show that it has to be analysed at three different levels — the internal Cambodian level, the regional level and the global level. The main finding of the study is that Zartman's theoretical approach may have some explanatory value in the case of the resolution of the conflict situation at the internal Cambodian level. No explanatory value is identified at the regional and global levels of the conflict. Thus, if all three levels of the conflict situation are taken into account, no overall explanatory value of Zartman's theoretical approach has been established.
Studies on Mechanical Behavior of Glass Epoxy Composites with Induced Defects and Correlations with NDT Characterization Parameters
Authors: Pradeep D. , Janardhana Reddy N. , Rahul Kumar C. , Srikanth L. , Rao R.M.V.G.K.
Published: October 2007

Degradation in mechanical properties (compression, flexural and ILS) of glass epoxy composite laminates with induced defects (simulating delaminations) was studied. The defects were characterized by using the A-scan ultrasonic pulse-echo technique. The two A-scan parameters, viz. the back wall echo amplitude and time of flight, were followed respectively, as functions of the defect size (diameter) and its location in the laminate thickness. The mechanical properties of laminates were evaluated destructively for different defect sizes and locations. An attempt has been made to express the mechanical properties in terms of the two NDT scan parameters characterizing the defects and empirical equations presented.
Improving Local Buckling Capacity of Pultruded I-Beams Using Flange Lips
Authors: Ragheb Wael F.
Published: October 2007

An analytical study to investigate the improvement in local buckling capacity of pultruded FRP I-sections as a result of adding flange lips is presented. A finite element model of an I-beam loaded in four point bending was used in the investigation. The results of the model were verified through comparison with reported experimental results. The modeled beams had flange lips of a constant width and varying height. The effect of flange lips on the behavior of the beams has been investigated by comparing them with the behavior of beams with no flange lips. The results show that providing the compression flanges with lips significantly improves the buckling and ultimate loads of the beams.
Instrumented Impact Testing of Kenaf Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites: Effects of Temperature and Composition
Authors: Clemons Craig , Sanadi Anand R.
Published: October 2007

An instrumented Izod test was used to investigate the effects of fiber content, coupling agent, and temperature on the impact performance of kenaf fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP). Composites containing 0—60% (by weight) kenaf fiber and 0 or 2% maleated polypropylene (MAPP) and PP/wood flour composites were tested at room temperature and between -50°C and +50°C. At room temperature, kenaf greatly reduced energy to maximum load (EML) in reversed notch tests but had little effect in notched tests. MAPP improved all test values. At —25°C, PP specimens changed from ductile to brittle. Kenaf composites containing MAPP consistently yielded higher EML values than did both unfilled PP specimens and wood flour composites in notched impact tests, over the temperature range investigated. The EML values for kenaf composites were about half those for unfilled PP specimens in reversed notch tests at room temperature, but performance was similar at low temperatures.
An Elastic-Plastic Stress Analysis of Woven Ni-Cr Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite Cantilever Beam
Authors: Aykul Halil , Sayman Onur
Published: October 2007

In the present study an analytical elastic-plastic stress analysis is carried out for a low-density homogeneous polyethylene thermoplastic cantilever beam reinforced by Ni-Cr steel fibers. The beam is loaded by a constant single force at its free end. The expansion of the region and the residual stress component of σx are determined for 0°, 15° , 30° and 45° orientation angles. For 0 ° and 45° orientation angles yielding begins at the upper and lower surfaces of the beam, at the same distances from the free end. However, for 15° and 30° orientation angles it starts first at the upper surface. The elastic-plastic analysis is carried out for both the plastic region which spreads only at the upper surface and the plastic region which spreads at the upper and lower surfaces together. The residual stress components of σx and τxy are also determined. The intensity of the residual stress component is maximum at the upper and lower surfaces of the beam, but the residual stress component of τ xy is maximum on or around the x-axis. The beam can be strengthened by using the residual stresses. The distance between the plastically collapsed point and the free end is calculated for the same load in the beam for 0 °, 15°, 30° and 45° orientation angles.
Closing the Gap, Raising the Bar
Authors: "Jeff" Gulati Girish J. , Williams Christine B.
Published: October 2007

This article examines online campaigning for the U.S. Congress in 2006. Increases in web presence have slowed, but with minor-party candidates closing the gap with major-party candidates in Senate races. A content analysis of the campaign web sites of every Senate and House candidate reveals that baseline informational web content and features have become standardized but that Senate sites are more sophisticated technologically. Multivariate analyses reveal that financial resources underwrite the highest levels of content and constitute a moving hurdle for disadvantaged candidates. Democrats, Greens, and challengers demonstrated more interest in relationship building, and the competitiveness of the race increased the likelihood of using the web site for mobilizing supporters. Features and functionality that allow citizens to coproduce content and interact in two-way communication are not being adopted widely, and it is an open question how candidates might integrate new social networking tools into their campaign strategies.
Trickle-Down Technology? The Use of Computing and Network Technology in State Legislative Campaigns
Authors: Rackaway Chapman
Published: October 2007

Does a lag effect exist in the integration of technology into state legislative campaigns? Have state legislative campaigns followed the example of congressional campaigns and become users of voter files, web sites, and other forms of electronic voter communication? Using a survey of state legislative candidates in two states from the 2006 election cycle, the author probes candidates on their use of 18 technological elements. Legislative professionalism, party affiliation, professionalism of a campaign, and money raised were not significantly related to technology use in campaigns. And technology is not in widespread use for elections to state houses. Campaign success is strongly related to the use of online fund-raising, suggesting an incentive for candidates in the future to become more aggressive users of technology.
Online Fund-Raising and Contributors in the 2004 Presidential Campaign
Authors: Panagopoulos Costas , Bergan Daniel
Published: October 2007

Online fund-raising for political campaigns has grown substantially in recent election cycles, raising new and important questions about how this phenomenon is affecting the composition of the donor pool. In this article, the authors use data from a survey of donors in the 2004 presidential election to compare the demographic, socioeconomic, and political characteristics of online and offline donors. The authors find mostly similarities between the two donor pools, although online donors tend to be younger and more politically active. The results also show that candidates on the left were more successful at motivating online contributions in 2004.
The Ineffectiveness of E-Vites to Democracy
Authors: Nickerson David W.
Published: October 2007

Political campaigns are just now learning how to put the Internet to best use. This article conducts seven field experiments containing 161,633 participants testing whether an e-mail campaign can be effective for voter registration and mobilization. No increase in registration or turnout was detected, and the conclusion drawn is that e-mail is not currently a cost-effective means of boosting rates of registration or increasing voter turnout.
Weblog Campaigning in the German Bundestag Election 2005
Authors: Albrecht Steffen , Lübcke Maren , Hartig-Perschke Rasco
Published: October 2007

Election campaigns are catalysts for new forms of political communication. They are a field of experimentation for new techniques and technologies to reach target groups and influence voters. This article explores how weblogs were used in the 2005 Bundestag election campaign in Germany, examining their effect on the mediatized political field. It is based on an empirical analysis of 317 campaign weblogs. Building on mediatization theory and research on campaign weblogs in other countries, weblog usage is examined along the dimensions of activity, interactivity, and connectedness. The results of the study indicate that weblog communication largely follows the dominant logic of mass media. But weblogs also offer forms of communication that allow political actors to bypass established media practices. Although the results are limited by the fact that the political blogosphere in Germany is still under construction, they reveal the potential of weblogs to enrich campaigns.
Women Trafficked Into Prostitution: Determinants, Human Rights and Health Needs
Authors: Gajic-Veljanoski Olga , Stewart Donna E.
Published: October 2007

Human trafficking is an international challenge that increasingly affects industrialized countries. It represents a gross violation of a person's right to liberty and freedom of movement, and is often accompanied by violence and degrading treatment which can have detrimental effects on health. In this article, we review the definition and extent of human trafficking, and focus on the human rights abuses and determinants of trafficking in women. Mental health and other health outcomes are reviewed, and differences between countries in organized activities for victim assistance and protection are assessed. Finally, we discuss the roles of mental health and other healthcare providers in identifying and helping trafficked women, and recommend a tailored multidisciplinary approach for victim assistance.
Global Evidence for a Biopsychosocial Understanding of Refugee Adaptation
Authors: Porter Matthew
Published: October 2007

Early research on refugee mental health and adaptation has largely proceeded from a life-events/biomedical framework. That approach has helped elucidate the relationship between life events and psychiatric symptoms, but has been criticized as reductionistic or exclusionary. This article argues that the complexity of the social domain of refugee experience and the causal interactions among biological, psychological and social domains make individual effects difficult to study in isolation. A biopsychosocial approach could complement the more focal research to move the field forward. Evidence in support of this position is marshaled from new analyses conducted on a meta-analytic data set of five decades of the worldwide empirical literature on refugee mental health, reflecting data derived from 67,294 primary study participants (Porter & Haslam, 2005). Results demonstrate the importance of higher-order interactions between distal and proximal social variables, as well as associations among biological, psychological and community-level social functioning in refugees. Interdisciplinary research and novel analytic methods can complement more focal research. The presumed benefits of returning refugees to their country of origin are questioned in light of the important effects of social variables on refugee adaptation.
Psychiatric Symptoms and Service Utilization among Refugee Children Referred to a Child Psychiatry Department: A Retrospective Comparative Case Note Study
Authors: Vaage Aina Basilier , Garløv Ida , Hauff Edvard , Thomsen Per Hove
Published: October 2007

Refugee children may encounter barriers to accessing mental health services. We conducted a case—control study based on a systematic review of clinic records to compare psychopathology and service utilization in refugee and Norwegian children referred to a child psychiatry department in a county in southern Norway. Sixty-one refugee children were compared with 61 Norwegian-born children matched for gender, age and time of referral to the clinic. There was no significant difference in rates of referral or level of service utilization, which were proportional to the population. Compared with Norwegian children, refugee children were diagnosed more frequently with post-traumatic stress disorder and other affective and emotional disorders, and less often with pervasive developmental disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The results are discussed in terms of referral pathways and the need for culturally competent care for refugee children.
Trusting, Complex, Quality Conscious or Unprotected?
Authors: Halkier Bente , Holm Lotte , Domingues Mafalda , Magaudda Paolo , Nielsen Annemette , Terragni Laura
Published: October 2007

In the new European food policy following the BSE crisis, the consumer is called upon to take an active and responsible role. But in the political and organizational restructuring processes following the European Union policy, diverse constructions of the food consumer can be identified in different national contexts. The article analyses the discursive framings of the food consumer in four national settings: Norway, Denmark, Italy and Portugal, based on interview data from a comparative research project, TRUSTINFOOD. The main discursive framings that in each national context were shared by all types of actors in the food sector were: `the trusting consumer' (Norway); `the complex consumer' (Denmark); `the quality conscious consumer' (Italy); and `the unprotected consumer' (Portugal). These consensual constructions tie in with national survey results illuminating consumers, self-understandings of individual agency and acting. But consumer responsibilities for food issues also fuel conflictual representations, in the northern countries between different food issues and in the southern countries between different types of actors. Both consensual and main and conflicting framings relate to national organizational institutionalizations in the food sector. It is concluded that references to the European consumer are misleading.
Enchanting Ethical Consumerism
Authors: Thompson Craig J. , Coskuner-Balli Gokcen
Published: October 2007

This article analyzes Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) as a form of ethical consumerism organized by a nexus of ideological discourses, romantic idealizations, and unconventional marketplace practices and relationships. Our analysis explicates the aspects of CSA that enable consumers to experience its pragmatic inconveniences and choice restrictions as enchanting moral virtues. We conclude by assessing the societal implications that follow from these localized marketplace relationships and their ideological distinctions to the modes of enchantment that are constituted in postmodern cathedrals of consumption.
added value or a familiar face?
Authors: Gray Colette , McCloy Sarah , Dunbar Carol , Dunn Jill , Mitchell Denise , Ferguson James
Published: October 2007

As the number of learning support assistants (also referred to as classroom assistants, teaching aides, auxiliary support and paraeducators) employed in the primary sector continues to increase, questions concerning the contribution they make to raising standards of attainment remain to be answered. This article reports evidence from a small-scale study undertaken to evaluate the impact learning support assistants have on the reading attainment of young children taught in schools using a whole class systematic phonics approach. A matched sample test/retest approach was employed to examine differences in the reading performance of pupils who did and did not receive additional reading support. Whilst overall, pupils exposed to the whole class systematic phonics approach showed a significant improvement in reading performance, no added value was noted for pupils receiving learning support assistance. On the contrary, the results suggest that learning support may have a detrimental impact on lower ability readers. Contradictions between the empirical findings and the views of teachers are discussed here.
understanding differences in fathering activities across race and ethnicity
Authors: Shears Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2007

This study examines the differences in self-reported fathering activities of men who were reported to be a residential biological father or father figure. Specifically, this study examines self-reported fathering activities which include physical play activities, social skills activities, cognitive activities, and caregiving activities across African American, European American, and Latino fathers of low income families. The subjects for this study were 485 men who were identified as fathers or father figures of children enrolled in the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project in 14 communities across the United States. The results indicate that there were reported differences in types of fathering activities across race and ethnicity.
A Participation Observation Analysis of the Once & Again Internet Message Bulletin Boards
Authors: Menon Siddhartha
Published: October 2007

This article uses an ethnographic and participant observation approach to analyze discourse among members of the internet message bulletin boards dedicated to the ABC television program Once and Again. The discussion emphasizes community and activism as dimensions of the members' electronically mediated social interactions within the context of voice theory. The phenomenon within this computer-mediated fan community suggests a richness of human self-involvement with the program's text and a dogged grassroots campaign to “save” the show from cancellation.
“He Needs to Face His Fears With These Five Queers!”
Authors: Lewis Tania
Published: October 2007

This article examines the figure of the lifestyle expert on television through an analysis of a popular U.S. makeover show, Queer Eye for the Straight Guy. It situates the popularity and significance of this program within the context of recent scholarship documenting a broader shift away from more traditional, educational modes of mediatized expertise toward revalued, “feminine” forms of “ordinary” knowledge. Despite the persuasive claims for this shift, the lifestyle expert nevertheless plays a strongly pedagogical role by authorizing certain models of social identity and “good” citizenship—lifestyle and makeover culture being associated with idealized images of the self as a reflexive and enterprising consumer—citizen. Using Queer Eye as a generative exemplar of this increasingly common mode of pedagogy, the article analyzes the way in which the show attempts to negotiate the potential disjuncture between a conception of the self as reflexive and “post-traditional” and more traditional classed and gendered models of selfhood.
Therapeutics of the Self
Authors: Dubrofsky Rachel E.
Published: October 2007

The article uses the reality-based television shows The Bachelor and The Bachelorette as a lens through which to examine the representation of therapeutic behavior, arguing that a re-articulation of the therapeutic is necessary to understand the coupling of surveillance and the therapeutic on television. The work examines how participants on reality shows, to legitimate themselves under surveillance, must assert what the author terms the “therapeutics of the self,” a pride in displaying a consistent self verified by surveillance. The “therapeutics of the self” builds on the trend observed by scholars studying therapeutic culture in which people are incited to constantly work on, hence change, the self. The author argues that the “therapeutics of the self” promotes as therapeutic the assertion of self-sameness across disparate social spaces (on the shows and in “real” life): stasis. Hence, paradoxically, the unchanged self works to improve—change—the self.
The Changing Space of Animation: Disney's Hybrid Films of the 1940s
Authors: Telotte J.P.
Published: October 2007

In the early 1940s, Disney animation underwent a critical reassessment, one in which commentators who had previously praised Disney's efforts, particularly for the studio's realistic advances, began to emphasize how, in its efforts at realism, Disney had moved away from, even betrayed animation's avant-garde possibilities. That seeming `break' with animation's subversive spirit, however, was hardly as definitive or deliberate as many critics claimed. This article examines Disney's hybrid animation efforts of the 1940s, particularly films like The Three Caballeros (1945), Song of the South (1946), and Fun and Fancy Free (1947), in light of the tension between animation's realistic and subversive possibilities. In these films, the author suggests, we can see the Disney studio's interest in recouping something of the modernist attitude with which it had earlier been associated, or at least an effort at finding some accommodation between what Disney had been and what it was becoming as it came to dominate the American animation industry.
Vanishing Point: Spatial Composition and the Virtual Camera
Authors: Jones Mike
Published: October 2007

This article examines new aesthetic modes of cinematic space. Specifically, the author examines the `virtual camera' (in practical and technical terms derived from animation born of computer-generated 3D graphics, layer-based motion graphics and most distinctly from computer and video gaming) as a construct for spatial composition, scenic depiction and viewer immersion that possesses distinct and unique qualities of engagement. The article argues that under the influence of the virtual camera, both a hybridized and re-mediated means of moving-image acquisition, cinema aesthetics are shifting; from the duopoly of composition in the frame and the staging for the camera, to a new mode entailing a composition of space and a staging of the camera. This article also examines the virtual camera in the framework of three key, oppositional, cinematic animation and narrative concepts — diegetic positioning; mediated and unmediated engagement; and diegesis and mimesis in narrative and perspective condition. This examination also scrutinizes the impact of the virtual camera on the production process and conceptual assembly of cinematic media.
Concrete Animation
Authors: Griffin George
Published: October 2007

This article was originally delivered as an illustrated lecture at the 2007 `Pervasive Animation' symposium at Tate Modern, London, 2—4 March 2007. My goal was to describe a category of animation practice emerging today and to compare its various tendencies with my experience making films, books, and installations. I have attempted to balance my personal art history with an analysis of larger issues in animation. `Concrete animation' refers to work that focuses primarily on materiality and process. It has a precedence in contemporary art practice; it has one foot in the distant, pre-cinema past, and one foot on a path leading to a future of digital and manual animation.
Rituximab in relapsed lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: long-term results of a phase 2 trial by the German Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group (GHSG)
Authors: Schulz Holger , Rehwald Ute , Morschhauser Franck , Elter Thomas , Driessen Christoph , Rüdiger Thomas , Borchmann Peter , Schnell Roland , Diehl Volker , Engert Andreas , Reiser Marcel
Published: October 2007

Because nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) express CD20, rituximab may be used as a nonmutagenic treatment option to avoid late toxicities in this rather indolent entity. Between 1999 and 2004, the German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG) investigated the activity of rituximab (375 mg/m2 in 4 doses) in a phase 2 trial in 21 relapsed or refractory NLPHL patients. The initial diagnosis of NLPHL was confirmed in 15 of the 21 enrolled patients by reference pathology. The remaining cases were reclassified as Hodgkin lymphoma transformed to T-cell rich B-cell lymphoma (TCRBCL; n = 2) or CD20+ classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL; n = 4). In NLPHL patients the overall response rate was 94%, including 8 complete remission (CR) and 6 partial remission (PR). With a median follow-up of 63 months (range, 3-84), the median time to progression was 33 months, with the median overall survival (OS) not reached. Thus, rituximab is highly effective in relapsed and refractory NLPHL. This study is registered at http://www.klinisches-studienzentrum.de/trial/285.
Computational methods and experimental validation of welding distortion models
Authors: Camilleri D , Mollicone P , Gray T G F
Published: October 2007

Multiply-stiffened, thin plate, welded fabrications are used in a wide variety of transport fields, however the resulting out-of-plane distortion associated with welding exacts a severe design penalty. Depending on the information required, the size of the structure under investigation and the computer power at hand, three computational strategies may be considered to predict welding distortion. If prediction of the localized residual stresses from welding is of major importance, then a full transient, uncoupled thermo-elastoplastic analysis is preferred. This method is not readily applicable to predict welding distortions in industrial-scale welded structures. More computationally efficient models are required and two other models are suggested in the current study. A series of experimental tests of a realistic nature were performed to validate the proposed computational strategies. Computational and experimental study of butt and fillet welding of small and industrial size fabrications is considered.
Numerical simulation of P91 pipe welding including the effects of solid-state phase transformation on residual stresses
Authors: Yaghi A H , Hyde T H , Becker A A , Sun W
Published: October 2007

The methodology of numerically simulating residual stresses in a welded P91 pipe section is described. The finite element (FE) method has been applied to simulate residual axial and hoop stresses generated in the weld region and heat affected zone (HAZ) of an axisymmetric 50-bead circumferentially butt-welded P91 steel pipe, with outer diameter of 145 mm and wall thickness of 50mm. The FE simulation consists of a thermal analysis which is followed by a sequentially-coupled structural analysis. Solid-state phase transformation (SSPT), which is characteristic of P91 steel during welding thermal cycles, has been modelled in the FE analysis by allowing for volumetric changes in steel and associated changes in yield stress due to austenitic and martensitic transformations. Phase transformation plasticity has also been taken into account. Preheat and interpass temperature control has been included in the modelling process. Thermally-obtained temperature contours indicate the size of the weld region, parent metal penetration, and HAZ. Residual axial and hoop stresses have been depicted through the pipe wall thickness as well as along the outer surface of the pipe. The results indicate the importance of including SSPT in the simulation of stresses during the welding of P91 steel.
Finite element modelling of the manufacturing process for aluminium aerosol cans
Authors: Hardy S J , Abdusslam R
Published: October 2007

The current paper provides an illustration of the application of non-linear finite element analysis to the modelling of the extrusion and forming processes, using the manufacture of a one-piece aluminium aerosol can by the back extrusion process as an example. It also demonstrates how this numerical method can be used to predict the axial buckling of such cans, which is a potential failure mode during manufacture. The various stages of the modelling process are described and finite element predictions are presented. Where possible, these predictions are compared with experimental results. The paper also highlights some of the modelling issues associated with analyses of this type and provides recommendations as to how the correlation between the model and the actual physical problem can be improved.
Modelling and simulation of the inertia friction welding of shafts
Authors: Bennett C J , Hyde T H , Williams E J
Published: October 2007

The commercial materials forming package DEFORM-2D is used to model the inertia friction welding (IFW) process with particular reference to aero-engine mainline drive shafts. Both representative and predictive modelling techniques are presented, and models are described for the welding of identical and dissimilar material/geometry combinations. The range of material properties required for the models are discussed and details of the tests carried out to produce suitable material data are included. Case studies involving Inconel 718 and AerMet 100 are presented. The phase transformations in a high-strength aerospace steel are included in the model and their effects on residual stresses are presented. Temperature profiles are compared with experimental thermocouple measurements and the models are also compared with upset and rotational velocity data collected during welding. The DEFORM-2D software in conjunction with a friction law coded into a subroutine are shown to be suitable for modelling the IFW process between similar and dissimilar shaft materials. Results highlight the importance of the inclusion of the volume change associated with the martensite transformation on the residual stresses generated during the post-weld cooling of IFW joints.
Developments in modelling of metal cutting processes
Authors: Soo S L , Aspinwall D K
Published: October 2007

Following a brief historical perspective on the development of orthogonal cutting model's, including key work by Merchant and Oxley, the paper concentrates on the use of finite element techniques to simulate two-dimensional orthogonal turning and the subsequent transition to three-dimensional formulations, thus enabling milling and drilling to be realistically modelled. Input requirements including material models, mechanical property data at elevated strain rates and temperatures, contact conditions, and other boundary conditions needed to ensure accurate simulation and predictions are discussed. Current academic research and commercial developments involving simulation of non-conventional processes, microscale cutting, workpiece surface integrity, and microstructure modelling, etc., are also highlighted.
Establishment of integrated information displays in aluminium surfaces using nanomanufacturing
Authors: Prichystal J. P. , Bladt H. H. , Hansen H. N. , Møller P
Published: October 2007

Bang & Olufsen has been working with a method for manufacturing ultra-thin structures in aluminium that can be penetrated by light. This work has resulted in a patent describing how to obtain this effect by material removal in local areas in a solid material. The idea behind an invisible display in aluminium concerns the processing of a metal workpiece in such a way that microcavities are formed from the backside of the workpiece. The microcavities must not penetrate the metal front side, but an ultra-thin layer of metal is left. It is possible to shine light through this layer. By ordering microcavities in a matrix, different symbols can be obtained by shining light from the backside of the workpiece. When there is no light from the backside, the front surface seems totally untouched. Three different manufacturing processes were investigated to achieve the desired functionality: laser micromachining with ultra-short pulses, selective etching combined with anodizing, and electrochemical machining.