bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proactive Policing of Gangs: Cops as “Guardians”
Authors: Deuchar Ross , Crichlow Vaughn J. , Fallik Seth W.
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, we draw on the context of gang culture as an illustrative context for our analysis, and begin by discussing the reactive and proactive approaches that have been used to police gang violence and criminality in minority US neighborhoods over the years. In the main body of the chapter insights from participant observation of police deployments and interventions in our fieldwork sites are shared, complemented by the voices of law enforcement officers captured via semi-structured interviews and informal conversations. We illustrate how an increased conceptual awareness of procedural justice had emerged among these officers. Case studies of proactive, community-centered policing approaches are shared that illustrate the active attempts that officers were making to enhance positive relationships, particularly with young Black men, and prevent violence in gang-affected neighborhoods. These insights are used to illustrate the ways officers are increasingly viewing themselves primarily as “guardians” in their approaches to the policing of gangs and the remaining challenges.
Police as “Guardians” and “Warriors”: Non-Law Enforcement Insights
Authors: Deuchar Ross , Crichlow Vaughn J. , Fallik Seth W.
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, we begin by placing the spotlight on the voices of non-police practitioners who worked closely with racial minority youths in one of the Counties. Drawing on data from semi-structured interviews, we outline the insights we gained into the current challenges faced by young racial minority males in local communities, the relationship between some of these issues and gang-related violence and crime in their neighborhoods. Insights are presented into the type of community-centered interventions in place within the County to prevent violence and to re-engage disadvantaged young men (including those involving law enforcement) and practitioners’ reflections on their nature and impact. The prominent role or apparent absence of police in these interventions is considered, drawing on the perspectives of practitioners, and supplementary insights from youth focus groups shed light on justice-involved young men’s continued distrust of law enforcement. We draw implications from practitioners on the challenges stemming from the policing of young men located in gang-affected neighborhoods, and how this may have evolved in the post-Ferguson era.
Europe to the Rescue?
Authors: Moses Jonathon W.
Published: January 2022

In recognizing the real costs of market integration, and the reduced capacity of member states to protect their local labour markets, we might expect the EU to fill the policy void. It could do this by providing a strong regulatory floor and social policy and by using its common budget to help redistribute the burdens of economic adjustment. This chapter describes the inadequacies of the European response on both fronts. These shortcomings are implicitly recognized in the EU’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic, as some of the most onerous restrictions were lifted (albeit temporarily) to help local authorities respond to the crisis.
Introduction
Authors: Šabič Zlatko , Huang David W. F.
Published: January 2022

This introductory chapter shows how parliamentarians and parliamentary institutions can be agents of change and make an impact on international relations. It argues that gathering knowledge about the structure, scope, practice, and potential of parliamentary diplomacy of unrepresented and unrecognized entities is important if one is to aim for a comprehensive knowledge about parliamentary diplomacy in the contemporary international community, and for an understanding of its opportunities and limitations for entities with parliamentary representation that cannot fully enter international relations due to their ‘non-status’. The chapter briefly presents an analysis of Taiwan's parliamentary diplomacy, which is contextualized within the dialectical relationship between parliamentarians as actors (agents); acting as members of parliamentary institutions (the Legislative Yuan, national parliaments, international parliamentary associations, parliamentary organs of international governmental organizations and party alliances); and the environment in which they operate and which affects, by both enabling and limiting, their opportunities and the choices they make as agents of parliamentary diplomacy. Such an environment (the structure) is complex and a result of numerous processes over time. Accordingly, this environment is researched at three levels: individuals, states, and at international level.
Local Markets: Value-added Products at Farmers’ Markets
Authors: Byrd Kaitland M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter situates the experiences of women who sell their goods at farmer’s markets into the social and historical context of the region. Southern food culture is rife with gender inequality. Women, whether white or black, were traditionally relegated to labor within the home. This chapter addresses how the resurgence of a culture and subsequent spaces catering to slow and local foods makes it possible to revalue traditional food preparation techniques, specifically farming, canning, and baking from scratch, by placing them into the space of alternative productive relationships and embedding the with value as a form of knowledge and art, instead of isolating them within the exploitive and oppressive space of capitalism.
From Sleepy Hollow to Winning from Second: Identity, Autonomy and Borrowed Size in an Australian Urban Region
Authors: Johnson Louise C.
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the secondary cities concept through a case study of Geelong. In an era of neoliberal dominance, regions in Australia have been left to compete with each other, and secondary cities are seen as ‘lesser’ or ‘provincial’ in comparison to the country’s primate cities. However, recent years have brought new forms of integration between secondary cities and their more dominant neighbors. This integration has fostered new appreciation for the growth potential of ‘regions’ as well as new opportunities for secondary cities to exploit agglomeration benefits. For Geelong, the boom is built on separateness and an autonomous identity, one promoted successfully by local lobby groups and their embrace of wider development agendas that work. This chapter draws lessons from the case of Geelong to consider how cities may manage the functional, institutional and symbolic dimensions of metropolitan integration in ways that improve secondary city conditions and prospects.
Metropolization Processes and Intra-Regional Contrasts: The Uneven Fortunes of English Secondary Cities
Authors: Cardoso Rodrigo , Meijers Evert
Published: January 2022

As urbanization spreads across territories, interdependencies between the cities composing a city-region fuel a process of functional and spatial integration labelled as metropolisation. This chapter discusses metropolisation to determine whether secondary cities can benefit from that process. Focusing on the case of England, the study assesses 64 secondary cities in eight city-regions on their potential to engage with metropolisation, situating them in four quadrants of a functions-demography matrix. Results point to a variegated landscape of secondary cities with contrasting features regarding (1) the structure and size of the city-region; (2) local spatial-environmental factors; (3) demographic profile; (4) functional performance; (5) population growth; and (6) transport connectivity. The chapter concludes with a discussion of incentives and deterrents to metropolisation typical of each quadrant to show the need for governance and planning to adopt a model of metropolitan development that stimulates integration in ways that serve the interests of secondary cities.
Varieties of Austerity
Authors: Whiteside Heather , McBride Stephen , Evans Bryan
Published: January 2022

Austerity is not always one-size-fits-all; it can be a flexible, class-based strategy taking several forms depending on the political-economic forces and institutional characteristics present. This book identifies continuity and variety in crisis-driven austerity restructuring across Canada, Denmark, Ireland and Spain. In the book's analysis, it focuses on several components of austerity, including fiscal and monetary policy, budget narratives, public sector reform, labour market flexibilization, and resistance. In so doing, it uncovers how austerity can be categorized into different dynamic types, and expose the economic, social, and political implications of the varieties of austerity.
Selling Restraint
Authors: Whiteside Heather , McBride Stephen , Evans Bryan M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the main aspects of austerity budgeting in each country and delves into the budget discourse offered at the height of austerity. Public budgets might be thought of as technocratic documents that set out planned revenues and expenditures for the fiscal year. But with fiscal policy connected to all aspects of government activity, budgets hold significant repercussions for a wide range of actors including the state, private enterprise and labour. Thus, the chapter examines themes such as: fiscal narratives and budget framing; characterizing the nation; justifying crisis management via austerity; priorities of crisis-era governance; rationalizing reforms beyond cuts; and European citizenship. Given that budgets focus the relationship between government and economy, their design and discourse implicates existing institutions, empowers (new or recently established) agencies, insulates or exposes particular segments of society, and insinuates degrees of blame and responsibility for both the good and bad times.
Understanding the Dynamics of White-Collar Criminality in Ukraine
Authors: Markovska Anna , Soldatenko Iryna
Published: January 2022

This essay examines the concept of politically-driven white-collar criminality and its influence on legal and illegal businesses in Ukraine. Politically-driven criminality is discussed from a number of angles: starting from the transition to a market economy and abuses in the mining sector, to political neglect of the labour laws. The essay notes that Ukrainian markets became vulnerable to abuse by both national and international criminals, and it is important to consider the nature and mechanisms of European participation in white-collar criminality in Ukraine.
Learning (Multiple) Lessons from Europe: Criminological Scholarship on White-Collar Crime
Authors: Haines Fiona
Published: January 2022

This essay is an antipodean reflection on the unique contribution provided by this collection on European perspectives on white collar crime. The structure is framed around identifying units of analysis; the challenges of comparative work; orientation towards the study of white-collar crime and the multiple facets to collaboration. Within this framing the essay highlights the need to attend to boundaries of concern relevant to a specific piece of research and linkages within those boundaries (for example between an activity and a place) in order to tease out how broader context shapes, and is shaped by, the dynamics at the centre of the study. This attention can allow different research projects to learn from their similarities and differences in effective ways. The multiple benefits in collaboration also require careful attentions: shared aims may be important to collaboration, but are not essential. Further, a prioritisation of shared goals can gloss over the way they can be shaped to in particular ways and towards specific ends that may undermine the position and scholarship of some. There are other approaches, such as agonistic collaboration, can provide mutual benefit to collaborative scholarship without the need for tight agreement over aims.
Religion and Marriage Law
Authors: Sandberg Russell
Published: January 2022

Marriage law in England and Wales is a historical relic which reflects a bygone age. Successive governments have made a series of progressive but ad hoc reforms, most notably the introduction of civil partnerships and same-sex marriage. However, this has resulted in a legal framework which is complex and controversial, especially in relation to religion. Different rules apply to different religions and some of the legal requirements indirectly discriminate against some religions that do not have a tradition of marriages occurring in a place of worship. This leads to the problem of unregistered religious marriages where the couple have a religious marriage but do not comply with the requirements to make it legally binding and so on relationship breakdown they do not have the rights that legally married couples enjoy. Moreover, unlike many jurisdictions English law does not recognise weddings conducted by humanist or independent celebrants as being legally binding. This book provides the first accessible guide to how contemporary marriage law affects religion and identifies pressure points particularly in relation to non-religious organisations and unregistered religious marriages. It reveals the need for the consolidation, modernisation and reform of marriage law and sets out proposals for how the transformation of these laws can be achieved.
Reforming Validity and Criminal Offences
Authors: Sandberg Russell
Published: January 2022

This chapter turns to the fourth and fifth reform proposals highlighted in chapter 7. While the proposals discussed in the last chapter were directly concerned with how people get married, the proposals discussed here are concerned with related laws which concern the effect and regulation of marriage: looking at the law on what constitutes a valid marriage and possible criminal offences. The proposals discussed in the previous chapter will not be sufficient to overcome the problem of unregistered religious marriages which are entered unwittingly or involuntarily. The proposals discussed here and in the chapter 9 serve as backstops to provide further protection in such a scenario.
Conclusions: Relationship Solutions
Authors: Sandberg Russell
Published: January 2022

This short conclusion sums up the main arguments of the book. It contends that the inadequacy of the current law on marriage is underlined by two issues that have come to the fore in recent years: the issues of unregistered religious marriages and of non-religious marriages. It reiterates how the need for reform in relation to these two issues differs. It stresses that unregistered religious marriages are not always problematic. Where they result from a free and deliberate choice then the decision not to comply with legal formalities should be respected. Legal redress should be provided to those in unregistered religious marriages where the failure to comply with registration requirements is unwitting or is not truly voluntary on the part of one of the parties.
Strange Fruit: Black Music (Re)presenting the Race and Crime
Authors: Glynn Martin
Published: January 2022

Black music is a loose term that locates music created, produced, or inspired by people of African descent. This music genre reveals key messages, insights, understandings, and perspectives that illuminates the connection to, and relationship with, the structural elements that have disproportionately criminalized, incarcerated, and executed many black people. It is therefore important to examine the role of black music in the study of the racialization of crime and criminal justice systems.
Speaking Data and Telling Stories
Authors: Glynn Martin
Published: January 2022

The importance of breaking free from the peer review journal and conference circuit within academia, requires the creation and production of criminological counter-narratives contesting some of the biased claims made by many white academic and scholars when disseminating research data centring on black criminality. This chapter envisions a way for research data to be seen, heard, and experienced using a frame of reference that is unapologetically black, creative, and accessible to the wider community.
The Diversity of Mini-Publics: A Systematic Overview
Authors: Curato Nicole , Farrell David M. , Geissel Brigitte , Grönlund Kimmo , Mockler Patricia , Pilet Jean-Benoit , Renwick Alan , Rose Jonathan , Setälä Maija , Suiter Jane
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduces the principal core design features of Deliberative Mini-Publics (DMPs): their composition; the format of their deliberations; the topics they discuss; and their outputs. Drawing mostly on the POLITICIZE inventory of DMPs organized by national and regional public authorities across Europe since 2000, this chapter argues that DMPs take a wide variety of forms in terms of composition, format, the policy issues they discuss and the process of producing and approving their final reports. All these elements show the need for careful examination of DMPs, by scholars, political actors, practitioners and interested citizens.
The Deliberative Experience
Authors: Curato Nicole , Farrell David M. , Geissel Brigitte , Grönlund Kimmo , Mockler Patricia , Pilet Jean-Benoit , Renwick Alan , Rose Jonathan , Setälä Maija , Suiter Jane
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on core design features concerned with the ‘deliberative experience.’ It starts by identifying the guiding principles in design – inclusiveness, equality in participation and integrity – and then discusses core design features relating to the deliberative experience. DMPs are dynamic processes. Flexibility and appropriateness of the design to the particular DMP’s purpose, size, and mandate are critical.
Deliberative Mini-Publics in Democratic Systems
Authors: Curato Nicole , Farrell David M. , Geissel Brigitte , Grönlund Kimmo , Mockler Patricia , Pilet Jean-Benoit , Renwick Alan , Rose Jonathan , Setälä Maija , Suiter Jane
Published: January 2022

This chapter uses real-world examples to show how DMPs can be integrated into the wider democratic system, supplementing and reinforcing institutions of representative democracy and beyond, thus presenting the conceptual, actual and potential role of DMPs. The relationship of DMPs to the key arenas and practices of will formation and decision making are discussed, as well as how DMPs can be combined with other practices. Of course, DMPs are no panacea, but the examples presented suggest that DMPs can enhance democratic will-formation, decision making, and empowered inclusion. Much depends on how the DMPs are sequenced into a process.
Conclusion
Authors: Curato Nicole , Farrell David M. , Geissel Brigitte , Grönlund Kimmo , Mockler Patricia , Pilet Jean-Benoit , Renwick Alan , Rose Jonathan , Setälä Maija , Suiter Jane
Published: January 2022

Deliberative mini-publics do not a deliberative democracy make. Yet the surge of deliberative mini-publics around the world is a reminder of the growing appetite for finding ways to do democracy differently. Even if DMPs cannot alone cure all of democracy’s ills, they have proved themselves able to make a major contribution. This chapter provides a summary of the core design features presented in the book, and identifies how DMPs can be more responsive in today’s world that continues to be defined by stark inequalities.
Erich Fromm and Global Public Sociology
Authors: McLaughlin Neil
Published: January 2022

Erich Fromm’s contribution to public sociology around the world has largely been forgotten as Burawoy highlighted C. Wright Mills, David Riesman, WEB Du Bois and Jane Adams as canonical figures. This book puts the story of Fromm’s sociological training with Alfred Weber, key role in the critical sociology of the early Frankfurt School, influence on C. Wright Mills, David Riesman and early sociological Marxism back on our historical awareness. The book outlines Fromm’s major contributions to sociological theory and public sociology, theorizes how his optimal marginality created his activist and public intellectual career, tells the story of how he became a forgotten public sociologist, narrates his activism in the 1960s and evaluates how his public role improved but also created limitations to his work. We also offer a reformulation of his psychosocial ideas first outlined in Escape from Freedom (1941) but updated in the context of a global Fromm revival to help us understand global Trumpism, the current crisis of democracy and rise of authoritarianism and narcissism of both the right and the left.
Studying Social Character and Theorizing Violence
Authors: McLaughlin Neil
Published: January 2022

Fromm’s academic reputation was damaged by the 1970, a victim of sectarian battles among the Frankfurt School network, the New Left era and the excessive narrowness of academic fields by this period. Social Character in a Mexican Village (1970) written with Michael Maccoby was his most impressive and sustained empirical study where he attempted to refine his theory of social character, develop a method for what he called the “interpretive questionnaire” and contribute to Mexican society after having lived there for 15 years. The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness (1973) is his most sustained effort at refining Freud’s theory of violence while engaging anthropology, neuro-sciences and evolutionary psychology. This chapter discusses these two major works.
Tourist Travel
Authors: Andrews Hazel
Published: January 2022

As people become richer, they choose to do more tourism, such that it has recently represented 10% of the global economy. This chapter explores the wide range of motivations that have influenced the development of tourist travel from ancient times to today. These include specific types of tourist activity, from health tourism to education and rest and relaxation. Within these activities, there are underlying motivations which include a search for authenticity, for knowledge, status, self-transformation/understanding, escape from constraints and routines of home and social conformity. The chapter also looks briefly at the possibilities for tourism in the future, challenged by pandemics, environmental and political changes and yet underpinned by seemingly innate desire to travel and the marketing of a powerful global industry.
The Anglo–American World View1
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2022

This essay examines the various terms used to characterise the relationship between Britain and the United States, particularly Anglo-America and the Anglosphere. It argues that the substance of Anglo-America was the co-operation which developed between the two states in creating and sustaining a hegemonic conception of world order. It examines the ideas and institutions which were crucial to this project, and the differences between British and US hegemony, tracing the stages by which the collaboration between these two states came about. The Anglosphere is analysed as the latest narrative of Anglo-American hegemony and the essay concludes with a discussion of how it fared in the era of Brexit and Trump.
Economic Growth and Political Dilemmas1
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2022

This essay discusses the nature of the post-war Keynesian social democratic settlement, its unexpected success in the 1950s and 1960s, the reasons for its unravelling in the 1970s and the insights provided by Fred Hirsch into this process, specifically his analysis of the political dilemmas confronting affluent consumer societies. The way economic activity is organised in a capitalist economy undermines the non-economic political conditions which must be sustained if capitalism is to survive. The essay examines post-war policies in Britain on full employment, economic growth and redistribution, and pinpoints the difficulties which Governments of both parties experienced in managing the strains which emerged, particularly in the form of inflation and its consequences, and how this helped create the intellectual and the policy context for Thatcherism.
The Thatcher Myth1
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2022

This essay written shortly after Thatcher’s death in 2013 reflects on what was true and what was false in the way she was being remembered both by her admirers and by her detractors. It discusses the power of the myth surrounding her, particularly the heroism of the warrior leader, and gives an assessment of her tumultuous years as Leader of her party after 1975 and Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990, highlighting a number of episodes such as the Falklands War. It examines her political character, particularly her willingness to take risks on big issues but also her caution and pragmatism, the role of structure and agency in politics, and what her legacy has meant for her party and for British politics.
Epilogue: Last Thoughts
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: January 2022

The epilogue reflects on the contexts in which the original essays were written and on what has changed since then.
Building Regional Communities: The Role of Regional Organizations in Africa
Authors: Mumford Densua
Published: January 2022

Theories of comparative regionalism are Eurocentric and do not meaningfully explain the fundamental dynamics of diverse regional organisations in world politics. In particular, only rare attempts have been made to theorise regionalism from the perspective of African peoples, which has led to the loss of important insights for the field. Drawing on African conceptions of the international, I argue that African regional organisations are best understood as instruments used by states to build regional communities that will empower them vis-à-vis the European Other. The concept of ‘regional communities’ developed in this chapter is useful for wider scholarship in the field because it reveals the systematic vertical relationship between the region and the formal regional organisation, and it also allows for systematic horizontal comparison of diverse regional arrangements while incorporating region-specific self-understandings. This argument is illustrated with a discourse analysis of the speeches of African leaders at the founding of the Organization of African Unity (OAU).
Environmental Regionalism in the Caspian Sea: A Functionalist Approach
Authors: Bayramov Agha
Published: January 2022

It is argued that the new literature on comparative regionalism should keep away from classical functionalism because it is an idealistic theory and it does not supposed to explain regional integration other than the EU. Against this established backdrop, the starting point of this chapter is to challenge this perception and demonstrate the usefulness of classical functionalism’s relevance to contemporary regionalism and regionalizing process in the Caspian. This chapter revises functionalism via social constructivist insights. Integrating constructivist assumptions broadens the theoretical contours of functionalism and adds a richer understanding of regional integration process highlighted by functionalism. Empirically, this chapter examines environmental regionalism in the Caspian Sea. More specifically, it shows how common environmental issues challenged the individual littoral states and brought their respective governments under the Caspian Environmental Program (CEP) in 1998. Lessons learned from environmental cooperation have spilled over into the discussion on the uncertain legal status of the sea, which culminated in the signing of the Legal Status Convention.
India and West Asia: Re‑Emerging Region(s)?
Authors: Blarel Nicolas
Published: January 2022

In the fluid international order we are witnessing today, India is considered by both academics and policy-makers as a rising power whose reach and influence will increasingly be global. For instance, some argue there is a debate over the exact definition of India’s regional sphere of influence. While India may have concentrated on the subcontinent in past decades, one example of India's new extra-regional ambitions is its broader engagement of South East Asia and the Middle-East over the last two decades. However, I argue in this chapter that these debates and projections are built on problematic theoretical assumptions of how regions emerge or re-emerge. Rather than a new phenomenon, India’s policy towards its Western flank can be seen a predictable development. At different historical periods such as under the British Raj, India, and South Asia in general, were integrated into a broader region which included parts of the Middle-East, notably the Gulf. Is India’s renewed involvement in the Middle-East about the (re-)emergence of a former integrated region? This study aim to offer a different understanding of the conditions under which regions emerge and decline.
The Rise and Fall of an Emerging Power: Agency in Turkey’s Identity‑Based Regionalism
Authors: Kınacıoğlu Müge
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores Turkey’s regional agency based on the idea of regions as specific formulation of identities to discern one specific project of regionalism with a different notion of “region”, and a particular interpretation of the international order. It inquiries about Turkey’s claim to leadership and agency in its “imagined region” comprising various geographies of the world identified with the faith of Islam, in the emerging post-hegemonic global order. It demonstrates how Turkey’s objectives based on its changed self-conception under the AKP rule have given way to a different form of regionalism rooted in its claim to the leadership of the Islamic world and interrogates whether Turkey has been an agent of change in the global and regional normative order. Within this framework, the chapter traces Turkey’s emerging power trajectory and examines how Turkey has moved from pursuing a humanitarian diplomacy in seeking regional leadership and increased agency in the global affairs, to reconstituting the regional order through militarized policies and the use of force utilizing its material capabilities. The chapter mainly argues that the capacity of Turkey for agency and its ability to be a stability-provider, effective reform-seeker, rule-maker and norm-contributor are heavily constrained by its very notion of “region”.
Is Europe Good for You?
Authors: Dellmuth Lisa
Published: January 2022

Throughout the history of European integration economic wealth has increased to the benefit of citizens in the European Union (EU). Yet inequalities in well-being persist within and between Europe’s regions, which may undermine the legitimacy of the EU in the eyes of citizens and fuel populist nationalism. This book investigates how the EU can use its regional funding programmes in ways that increase citizen well-being.
The book shows that while EU social investments improve labour market performance in rich EU regions, they exacerbate income inequality in poor regions. Based on this insight, the book presents a theory on the conditions under which EU spending will enhance well-being. Crucially, it argues the case for enhancing the inclusivity of EU growth, which yields the promise of a more legitimate and stronger union.
Rethinking Regional Development
Authors: Dellmuth Lisa
Published: January 2022

This chapter articulates the research problem that economic growth in the EU since the 2008 global financial crisis has made the EU ostensibly successful, yet we continue to see pervasive well-being problems in the EU. Despite a large literature on EU spending effects on growth, we know little about how the EU can use its budgetary resources to enhance well-being. Well-being and related concepts such as inequality, inclusive growth, and social investments, have been extensively studied in the welfare state and social policy literature, but not in relation to EU spending. This chapter describes how the book fills this knowledge gap. It presents the book’s main argument and contribution, introduces the empirical context of EU spending in which the inquiry is undertaken, and summarizes the main evidence in the context of a chapter synopsis.
A Theory of EU Spending and Regional Well-Being
Authors: Dellmuth Lisa
Published: January 2022

This chapter develops the theoretical argument of this study about the conditions under which EU spending will contribute to enhancing well-being in the EU. The chapter explicates the concept of regional well-being put forward in this study. Regional well-being is conceptualized as distributive justice, which strengthens people’s capabilities to achieve the good things for which human beings strive. The bulk of the chapter is dedicated to a discussion of the mechanisms EU social investments use to enhance regional well-being, drawing from previous insights on distributive justice, welfare economics and welfare state research. Taken together, the chapter sets out an intricate argument about the conditions that would increase the likelihood of EU spending effects on regional well-being.
Barriers to Improving Regional Well-Being
Authors: Dellmuth Lisa
Published: January 2022

This chapter analyses the weak and adverse effects of EU funding on regional well-being found in the statistical analysis in Chapter 5. Drawing from news media and interview evidence, the qualitative inquiry in this chapter highlights the high levels of skills and infrastructure in urbanized areas, which tend to receive the bulk of EU social investments. Five main barriers are identified that crucially prevent the benefits from EU spending from reaching poor and otherwise disadvantaged groups: (a) social and economic investments remain largely siloed; (b) social funding amounts continue to be small; (c) small amounts of EU funding are spread thinly and to richer areas; (d) severe information asymmetries work to the disadvantage of potential beneficiaries that may have otherwise been able to put forward suitable projects that benefit the poor, and (e) shortfalls in administrative capacity contribute to exacerbating adverse EU funding effects on income inequality in poor regions.
Simple: But Not Easy
Authors: Biscop Sven
Published: January 2022

This chapter explains why grand strategy must be simple: a grand strategy that is too complicated to explain will not be implemented. The chapter describes how grand strategy is made by a strategic establishment that holds a certain strategic culture. It then sketches the key points of the current grand strategies of the great powers of the 21st century: the United States, China, Russia, and the European Union – and finds that competition and rivalry have increased.
Rational: Reason Trumps Ideology, Religion and Emotion
Authors: Biscop Sven
Published: January 2022

This chapter explains that making grand strategy is a rational process – religion, ideology, and emotion are bad counsellors and lead to ineffective strategy. The chapter assesses the rationality of Russian grand strategy, which aims at creating a buffer zone or sphere of influence on its western borders. It is at risk of becoming dogmatic, however, using its nuisance power against the US and the EU whenever possible. The contrast with China’s pragmatic grand strategy is great, except when China reckons its national territory to be at risk. US and EU grand strategy, however, is not as rational as they perceive it to be.
Comprehensive: There Is No Hard, Soft or Smart Power – Just Power
Authors: Biscop Sven
Published: January 2022

This chapter explains why grand strategy must be comprehensive: because every issue in international politics has a political, economic and military dimension, the great powers need to pursue a comprehensive approach that combines political, economic and military power. Russia’s over-reliance on an exclusively military approach is showing its limits, even though the EU and the US overestimate the innovation of its “hybrid warfare”. China makes better use of its different sources of power, and remains reluctant to use military power unless what it defines as the national territory is at stake. The US is prone to use the military instrument, whereas the EU’s military power is too limited, for lack of an integrated European defence, to project power without American support.
Conclusion: Power to Engage
Authors: Biscop Sven
Published: January 2022

The concluding chapter warns not to create a dynamic that would lead to a rivalry without end. Therefore, the great powers must accept that multipolarity is normal and that they will have peer competitors. They must invest in multilateralism and agree on the core of the rules-based order. They ought to respect the sovereignty of all other states and abstain from seeking a sphere of influence. Finally, they must maintain their own sovereignty and power basis in order to be able to confidently engage, rather than confront, each other. In the end, predicting war is easy; building peace is difficult.
Governance of Security in Ports
Authors: Sergi Anna , Reid Alexandria , Storti Luca , Easton Marleen
Published: January 2022

Chapter three explores some of the main vocabulary used in the governance of security literature, defining key concepts such as flows, nodes, plural policing, nodal governance, polycentric systems, partnerships, networks, assemblages, regulation, hybridity and accountability. This vocabulary is then used to illustrate some of the main findings of research on security governance in ports. Without being exhaustive, it explores the importance of ports as hubs in a multitude of flows, ports as hybrid spaces, illustrations of plural policing and nodal mapping, the nature of relations between security providers and ports and the importance of regulation and accountability are illustrated. The findings discussed are mainly based on the case studies developed by the authors of this book, supplemented by the findings of other empirical research done by colleagues in the field. The text is underpinned by the testimonials of port professionals around the world, reflecting upon the dynamics of security governance in practice.
Conclusions: Flourishing Life in the World
Authors: Lelkes Orsolya
Published: January 2022

In sum, we can become both more virtuous and better hedonists. A flourishing life offers an alternative, where our value-seeking, moral selves and our instinctive, pleasure-seeking selves can be integrated. It also offers a pathway to a both sustainable and happy life. We will be able to actively contribute to the collective effort to create a more ecologically sustainable world in a way which does not reduce our well-being. A vital element of this is reassessing our needs. The sense of safety is a necessary prerequisite for personal change, which needs to be supported by public policies as well as transformative methods and therapies. This thriving life is an utopia that lives already within us and among us. There are islands of communities, companies, movements and people that already live a thriving life that does not cost the earth. We already have the needed repertoire of tools for such a life.
Liminality, Gender, and Ethnic Dynamics in Urban Space: COVID-19 and its Consequences for Young Female Migrants (YFM) in Dhaka
Authors: Bal Ellen , Nencel Lorraine , Shewly Hosna J. , Drong Sanjeeb
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the lives of young female migrants in Bangladesh, primarily employed in the ready-made garment (RMG) industry or beauty parlors. It uses the concept of liminality, which is a period of fundamental uncertainty characterized by a reversal or dissolution of existing social hierarchies where futures once taken for granted are cast into doubt. It is based on several online conversations with different partners that are currently situated in Bangladesh, resulting in an in-depth ethnographic research project on young female migrants in Dhaka. The chapter explores how the liminal period provoked by COVID-19 has caused shifts and interruptions in the labor market, as well as in women's daily lives. It describes how the shifts and interruptions reinforced unequal gender relations and demanded both workers and management to rework and reshuffle pre-existing labor relations and daily household and livelihood routines.
The Role of Social Infrastructures for Trans* People During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Rodekirchen Magdalena , Phinney Sawyer
Published: January 2022

This chapter argues that, in the UK, pre-existing conditions, such as austerity cuts to public services, have disproportionately affected trans* people, particularly through the loss of social infrastructure. It draws on the concept of social infrastructure to outline the ways in which the urban inequities of transgender and gender non-conforming people have changed because of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also situates trans* people's urban inequities against the backdrop of UK austerity cuts that have undermined social infrastructures vital to LGBTQ communities. The chapter argues that pre-existing conditions caused trans* people to become disproportionately affected by the pandemic in terms of social infrastructures of health, community, and housing. It explains how social relations and invisible labor that underlie social infrastructures broke down during the onset of the pandemic, placing trans* people in a particularly precarious position.
COVID-19 and Blind Spaces: Responding to Digital (In)Accessibility and Social Isolation During Lockdown for Blind, Deafblind, Low Vision, and Vision Impaired Persons in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Graham Rebekah , Masters-Awatere Bridgette , Cowan Chrissie , Stevens Amanda , Wilkinson Rose
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines how digital and urban spaces excluded blind, deafblind, low-vision, and vision impaired (BLV) persons during the initial lockdown in New Zealand. It focuses on how New Zealanders with disabilities and/or Māori are over-represented within the digital exclusion. It also implies that the spaces inhabited during the lockdown prioritize the needs of a fully able citizenry. The chapter discusses digital and associated technologies that extended the interpersonal space of the home beyond the physical confines of the domestic dwelling, drawing people together in digital spaces. It looks at everyday space that is typically designed by and for non-disabled people.
Housing, Homelessness and COVID-19
Authors: Alcock Rowan , Carr Helen , Kirton-Darling Ed
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines what COVID-19 and the response to it has revealed, in the context of housing and homelessness. The argument is that responses have been limited by what is deemed possible by current housing politics. It goes on to consider the possibilities for a different housing politics, post the pandemic, suggesting that we need to find something new, something between the promotion of the entrepreneurial individual and a collective response characterised by uniformity, exclusion and authoritarianism. Perhaps the description of classical music’s response to Covid 19 restrictions may provide a useful metaphor. Socially distanced performances and reduced numbers of instrumentalists produce what has been described as an ‘orchestra of soloists’. Applied to housing, this suggests a possibility of combining the individual expression of identity through home and housing simultaneously with a collective effort to achieve a minimum standard of provision. The method may be as important as the goal. We should not be afraid to explore alternatives, to trial messy and slow interventions as long as they reflect an inclusive, democratic and accountable politics as we search for an alternative to the current failed model of marketized housing provision and a discredited albeit collective past.
Is COVID-19 a Housing Disease? Housing, COVID-19 Risk, and COVID-19 Harms in the UK
Authors: Tunstall Rebecca
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines evidence from the UK to assess whether COVID-19 and lockdown harms are housing diseases. It focuses on poor housing conditions, such as overcrowding and its relationship with poor health, in order to analyze the ongoing harms caused by the pandemic and factors that inhibit abilities to contain it. It also looks at issues concerning the shortage of space, lack of bedrooms, and poor-quality housing to mental health, noting that much of the population are staying at home during lockdowns. The chapter explains that COVID-19 is a disease that exposes vulnerabilities in the UK housing system, in both the public sector and the private market. It points out that the UK has had among the highest COVID-19 death rates in the world.
Towards the Post-Pandemic (Healthy) City: Barcelona’s Poblenou Superblock Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Camerin Federico , Francesco Fabris Luca Maria
Published: January 2022

This chapter engages with a specific feature of existing debates about urban design, planning, and COVID-19, introducing the 'superblock' concept in Barcelona. It explains that the superblock groups nine blocks of the city's 19th-century neighborhoods into a tight-knit community with shared facilities that can be resilient against threats of climate change, social vulnerability, and, in today's context, the COVID-19 pandemic. It also mentions the reallocation of road space as parks, public facilities, and community spaces, which are central to a superblock. The chapter details how the reallocation led to a sharp decline in traffic and an increase in air quality within superblocks, noting its importance to mitigating the spread and effects of COVID-19. It sheds light on the role of superblocks in providing a more inclusive, resilient, healthy, sustainable, and safer environment in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
Living through a Pandemic in the Shadows of Gentrification and Displacement: Experiences of Marginalized Residents in Waterloo Region, Canada
Authors: Turman William , Doucet Brian , Diwan Faryal
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the lived experiences of very low-income and marginalized residents in a mid-sized Canadian city. It demonstrates that the concept of ‘home’ that often exists outside of one's own dwelling, particularly for unsheltered people. It talks about how many spaces that functioned as ‘living rooms’ closed during the COVID-19 pandemic, meaning that residents faced not only the pre-existing threats of gentrification and displacement, but a significant disruption to their daily lives. The chapter addresses the question on what happens to marginalized communities that were already facing gentrification and displacement pressures when a major pandemic arrives. It focuses on the everyday lives, challenges, experiences, and opportunities of some of the most marginalized members of the community.
Cities Under Lockdown: Public Health, Urban Vulnerabilities, and Neighborhood Planning in Dublin
Authors: Kayanan Carla Maria , Moore-Cherry Niamh , Clavin Alma
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses the experiences of lockdown on inner city Dublin, which are contextually dependent, and rely on a normative interpretation of the home as a safe, comfortable space. It emphasizes that already-disadvantaged communities were disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, compounding their vulnerabilities. It also highlights the ways in which closing third spaces, such as community centers, negatively impacts low-income residents. The chapter looks at a trend that is visible in Dublin, wherein the lockdown created a void in community and public services and local community bonds became critical to resilience. It emphasizes how the community's experience during lockdown demonstrates the need to reconceptualize the idea of ‘home’ and return urban planning to its public health roots to deliver more just and healthy cities.
Introduction
Authors: van Melik Rianne , Filion Pierre , Doucet Brian
Published: January 2022

While at the start of the pandemic public space was considered a threat to urban health that needed to be avoided and restricted, gradually the acknowledgement emerged that public spaces are critical urban infrastructures. This chapter introduces the three parts of the volume: part 1 on what constitutes public space and who the city is for; part 2 on the effect of public space on human well-being during a pandemic; and part 3 on the relation between public space and mobility.