bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Filipino Translation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale
Authors: Nuñez Aaron S. , Sosa Ken Erbvin R. , Chavez Fe Therese M. , Bagsic Leila Janina R. , Dato Ma. Sophia Louise B. , Dela Cruz Luis Miguel A. , Wenna Mitchelle H. , Rojano Jhellina L. , Sy Paul Jimson U. , Levante Sophia Joy C.
Published: March 2022

Aim: To translate, cross-culturally adapt, and validate the Lower Extremity Functional Scale to Filipino.
Methods: In this cross-sectional validation study, the Lower Extremity Functional Scale was translated and cross-culturally adapted to Filipino using the guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures by Beaton et al. and Sousa and Rojjanasrirat. The pre-final version of the Filipino Lower Extremity Functional Scale (FIL-LEFS) underwent online pilot testing (n = 11) among Filipinos across the Philippines who have musculoskeletal conditions. This was to ensure that the scale and item questions were clear and comprehensible. Subsequently, the experts' committee determined the psychometric properties of face validity using FVI and content validity using CVI and COSMIN criteria and rating system.
Results: The FIL-LEFS used Filipino terms that are understandable to Filipinos of all ages with lower extremity conditions. The Face Validity Index scores showed that all items were acceptable (> 0.80). In addition, the content validity was rated excellent (S-CVI Ave > 0.90), with all items indicating relevance and acceptability. The COSMIN content validation further showed that the study was of moderate quality in terms of sufficient content validity as rated by five experts and inconsistent content validity as rated by four experts.
Conclusion and Implications: The translation and cultural adaptation of LEFS was successful. The pilot testing results showed that the FIL-LEFS is a valid tool in measuring difficulty in functional activities involving the lower extremity. However, there is still a need to establish its full psychometric properties.
Patients’ Perceptions on Telerehabilitation as a Mode of Physical Therapy Service Delivery
Authors: Ico Angelo Amiel R. , Bautista Kathleen Kelly Q. , Espiritu Mark Angel G. , Ramos Danielle B.
Published: March 2022

Aim: Since telerehabilitation is a relatively new service in the Philippines translating to a scarcity in related literature, this study determined the perceptions of patients regarding the recorded facilitators and barriers to this mode of physical therapy service delivery.
Methods: A quantitative, descriptive, survey type research design was utilized, wherein a self-reported survey questionnaire formulated by the researchers was administered to the respondents. The data gathered were analyzed using frequency, percentage, weighted mean (WM), and class interval.
Results: Findings showed that the perceived top facilitators include less travel time and cost (WM = 3.606) and less exposure to external risk (WM = 3.545). In comparison, the top barriers were technical difficulties (WM = 3.273) and internet connectivity (WM = 3.242). The majority of the respondents were highly satisfied (WM = 3.338) and compliant (WM = 2.798) with telerehabilitation.
Conclusion and Implications: With the results of this study, it was revealed that telerehabilitation is a viable alternative to conventional rehabilitation, as seen with the respondents' generally positive perception towards this mode of service that ultimately enhances both access and continuity of care, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Awareness, Attitude, and Barriers on Evidence-Based Practice among Physical Therapists in Ilocos
Authors: Umblas Kristine Anne , Aguinaldo Alyssa Marie , Assuncion Lyca Mariel , Guardians Katrine Danielle , Hernandez Mary Claire , Palecpec Maeryl , Batin Ruth Anne Claricel
Published: March 2022

Aim: To determine the awareness and attitude on evidence-based practice (EBP) among physical therapists in Ilocos and identify the barriers to implementation in clinical practice.
Method: This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional research design using a pilot-tested and validated questionnaire on awareness, attitude, and barriers in EBP and conducted a key informant interview (KII). A total of 48 practicing physical therapists (hospital = 21; clinic = 18; homecare = 9) in Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur participated in the study considering ethical guidelines. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, and mean were used to analyze the collected data.
Results: The majority of the respondents were recent graduates with less than five years of clinical experience. The respondents were moderately aware (𝑋̅ = 4.11) of the use of EBP and had a positive attitude (𝑋̅ = 4.34) on using it on a day-to-day basis. The top three barriers that hindered the use of EBP is lack of time (37.5%) due to heavy workload, inability to apply research findings to patients with unique characteristics and (20.8%) and lack of research skills, lack of understanding of statistical analysis and lack of interest (12.5%).
Conclusion and Implications: There is an increasing awareness of EBP among physical therapists in Ilocos, which positively influenced clinical practice. Results of the study may further encourage the daily practical application of EBP among physical therapists in clinical practice.
Experiences of Filipino Physical Therapists in Using Outcome Measure Tools in Pediatric Telerehabilitation: A Phenomenological Study
Authors: Maya Arlene Chiong , Dela Cruz Maria Eliza , Rimando Christian Rey , Nartea Christian James , Borromeo Danica Gabrielle , Del Rosario Mellissa Gail , Fabian Don Matthew , Murillo Hilary Claire , Ramos Geoff Brent , Sembrano Eliora Pauline
Published: March 2022

Aim: The researchers describe Filipino physical therapists' experiences using outcome measure tools (OMTs) in pediatric telerehabilitation during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods: Using a phenomenological qualitative study design, researchers employed one online focus group discussion with six de-identified participants through purposive and snowball sampling and transcribed them manually. Researchers utilized Colaizzi’s thematic analysis and constant comparison to analyze data. Findings underwent member checking and peer debriefing with a qualitative expert.
Results: Thematic analysis identified the following themes: facilitators, barriers, and recommendations, categorized under three domains. On the OMT's level, facilitators include objective and standardized measures, appropriateness, and modifiable, while barriers include lack of evidence and time-consuming. No facilitators were identified on the carer's level, while barriers include lack of resources, lack of clinical background, technical issues, a non-conducive environment, and language barrier. Finally, the interdisciplinary approach was identified as a facilitator on the therapist's level, while barriers include optional use and lack of handling. Sub-themes for recommendations include selecting appropriate tools, understanding the child's context, carer empowerment, pre-session preparation, time efficiency, and support group.
Conclusion and Implications: The study found that barriers outweigh the facilitators, particularly at the carer’s level, possibly limiting the use of standardized tools. These findings instigate the need to explore carers' perceptions on OMT usage in pediatric telerehabilitation. Researchers recommend that academicians, clinicians, and administrators adjust to the current situation by mitigating these barriers and encouraging facilitators through therapists’ recommendations.z
The Effects of Active Range of Motion on Upper Trapezius’ Fasciae Displacement among Individuals with and without Myofascial Pain Syndrome
Authors: Dellosa Edrin Isabel P. , Dones Valentin C. , Tangcuangco Lyle Patrick D. , Del Rosario Chrizelle Joy E. , Co Andrea Janelle S. , Agbayani Sean Jerimiah , Cabrera Patricia Denise C. , Ibo Daniel Rey S. , Pagente Ivy Sophia A. , Sua Angelika Camille Q. , Almazan Clarence Pryce Joshua O. , Capistrano Marie Arallu B. , Enriquez Kimberly-Anne S. , Inarda Jorell Angelo D. , Quebral Maria Hellena E. , Rigor John Aldee N. , Supangan Angelica A.
Published: March 2022

Aim: This study determined the differences in upper trapezius' superficial and deep fascia slides among MPS and non-MPS participants after performing cervical active range of motion (AROM). The association between the fascia slides, age, sex, occupation, clinical diagnosis, and symptoms’ chronicity were determined.
Methods: This retrospective study constituted a reliability and case-control study. Three hundred participants (174 MPS: 126 non-MPS) were included. For each fascia level, six physiotherapy interns read 19 MSUS videos. Bland Altman Plot and Single Measures Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) determined the physiotherapy interns' intratester and intertester reliability. Twelve physiotherapy interns quantified the fascia slides in 3,600 MSUS videos. MPS and non-MPS groups were compared against differences in fascia slides using independent samples t-test. A p-value of <0.05 indicated significant differences in fascia slides. Multiple regression analyses determined fascia slides and independent variables’ relationship.
Results: Intertester reliability in tracking the superficial and deep fasciae was very good (ICC = 0.90 to 1.00). Intratester reliability showed minimal to no individual bias (95% CI). A significant difference in superficial fascia displacement between groups was only observed during active cervical extension (p< 0.05). No difference in cervical AROM was reported in deep fascia displacement between groups (p> 0.05). No associations were found between superficial fascia slides and independent variables (p >0.05). Sex was the only variable associated with deep fascia slide difference (p <0.05).
Conclusion and Implications: Limited fascia slide is not a characteristic of individuals with MPS. There is no association between differences in fascia slides and independent variables.
Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Ilokano Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) among Ilokanos with Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Manzanillo Rona Mae J. , Barut Ma Czerina R. , Barut Denise Tricia E. , Sto. Domingo Cathline G. , Villalobos Rafael Neil C. , Batin Ruth Anne Claricel P.
Published: March 2022

Aim: To translate, cross-culturally adapt and evaluate the validity and reliability of the Ilokano-KOOS to patients with knee osteoarthritis in Ilocos Norte.
Methods: A quantitative non-experimental methodological research design was used in the study. The Ilokano-KOOS was developed according to the standard cross-cultural adaptation guidelines. KOOS data were obtained in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Reliability was tested using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Construct validity was evaluated by quantifying the correlation between the Ilokano-KOOS and original-KOOS with Pearson's correlation coefficients.
Results: No major difficulties were encountered during the translation and pre-testing stages. All five domains of the Ilokano-KOOS have demonstrated a good test-retest reliability between two assessment points: 0.77- 0.97 (95% of CI). For all domains, the internal consistency was determined to be good (α = 0.770- 0.969). Construct validity of all domains showed a good to an excellent correlation which ranged from 0.969-0. 996.
Conclusion and Implications: The Ilokano-KOOS is a valid, reliable, relevant instrument with good psychometric properties. Results of the study suggest its use in physical therapy to assess the functional disabilities of Ilokano patients with knee osteoarthritis and to provide instructions for future interventions.
PT Practices in the Rehabilitation of Patients with Covid-19 Comorbid with Cardiovascular Diseases in the USA: Basis for Philippine Recommendations
Authors: Ricardo Lizzy Jane Nicole Y. , Licuan Ma Cecilia D. , Caraig Chiara Alexandra Lorenze C. , Crisostomo Elija Dominic C. , Mauricio Julia Jalinah L. , Santiago Mary Mae Q. , Sapin Ariel Christopher D.
Published: March 2022

Aim: To determine physical therapy (PT) practice recommendations for COVID-19 patients with CVD applicable to the Philippines setting based on the clinical practices of PTs in the USA
Methods: A convergent mixed-method research design was used. The quantitative data were collected using a five-part electronic survey, and the qualitative data were collected through open-ended questions and interviews. The survey instrument covered the critical areas of scope, namely, acute setting; subacute; adult and geriatric; client management; and stages of patient handling. Through the snowball sampling technique of recruitment, 50 PT clinicians (seven from the Philippines and 43 from the USA) served as respondents. Data gathered were processed using descriptive statistics, measures of central tendency, and thematic analysis.
Results: The best practices focused on incorporating individualization, evidence-based practice towards safe early mobilization, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Limitations covered the lack of evidence, scarce resources, and difficulty attaining an interdisciplinary approach. Weaknesses deduced were lack of awareness, preparedness, and collaboration in formulating protocols and service delivery. Key points of strength underscore sufficient resources and effective service delivery as requisites for holistic care for COVID-19 patients with CVD.
Conclusion and Implications: Analyzing the results, the practice recommendations for the Philippine setting focused on integrating evidence and continuing education to develop clinical reasoning, empowering interdisciplinary collaboration, providing better administrative support to PTs, promoting staff safety and adherence to protocols, and enforcing holistit, individualized rehabilitation.
Development and Content Validation of a Questionnaire on the Perception of PPE Usage in Response to COVID-19 for Filipino Physical Therapists
Authors: Cruz Christopher C. , Dones Valentin C. , Bunye Joshua Kyle E. , Chin Milea Margarette U. , Cu Marion Dominique T. , Lim Leewin N. , Rosales Mary Avegail Y. , Sison Lorenzo Miguel V. , Vitug Shanen Alyanna M.
Published: March 2022

Aim: To develop and perform content validation on a questionnaire that determines Filipino physical therapists' perception of the use of PPE in response to COVID-19.
Methods: The study comprises three phases, Phase 1 for Questionnaire Development, Phase 2 for Questionnaire Validation, and Phase 3 for Data analysis. The researchers recruited five (5) experts to participate in the validation process consisting of three (3) rounds and a focus group discussion. The computed scores and comments received per round determined the action taken for each item.
Results: The final questionnaire has 33 items covering all domains of the Health Belief Theory and other sections. The final FVI (overall agreement scores), I-CVI, S-CVI/Ave, and S-CVI/UA scores for each item and the entire questionnaire are acceptable.
Conclusion and Implications: After the validation process, the final questionnaire has 33 items covering all Health Belief Theory domains with good face and content validity scores. Future researchers can now conduct a pilot study with the questionnaire to test its other psychometric properties further. The questionnaire appears to be promising in evaluating physical therapists' perceptions of using PPE about COVID-19 and may be helpful to policymakers who want to understand such perceptions better to implement better policies.
Factors Associated with Post-Injury Physical Therapy Compliance among University of Santo Tomas Student-Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Correlational Study
Authors: Valelo Brent , Sosa Ken Erbvin , Chavez Fe Therese , Aquino Shercel Nicole , Cuenca Ernestine Zaria , Del Rosario Mauro , Dolo Margel King , Mainit Shinmae , Muncal Marion Joseph , Tiempo Sabina Kristianne
Published: March 2022

Aim: To identify factors associated with post-injury physical therapy compliance and provide a baseline measure of the prevalence of compliance among the University of Santo Tomas-University Athletics Association of the Philippines (UST-UAAP) athletes.
Methods: A single-center, cross-sectional analytic study was conducted using data gathered from a 49-item electronic survey. Thirty-nine (39) senior-division athletes who received physical therapy after an injury completed a semi-structured, self-report questionnaire sent through their institutional emails. The questionnaire explored demographics, sports, academic, and injury background, while compliance indicators were measured using the Rehabilitation Adherence Questionnaire. Compliance was dichotomized, and between-group differences were assessed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify factors that are associated with compliance.
Results: The prevalence of compliance to post-injury physical therapy among UST-UAAP athletes was 89.7%. Only the category of sports division (Team A) was found to be significantly associated with compliance (Adjusted Odds Ratio: 70.03, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.120 - 4381.1, p-value = 0.044).
Conclusion and Implications: Most UST-UAAP athletes were compliant with post-injury physical therapy. The only predictor of compliance is sports division, with Team A athletes being more compliant. Collaborative interventions to facilitate compliance in members of Team B are recommended. Further studies on athletic compliance to PT rehabilitation in the local setting should be considered.
Comparison Between Current and Pre-Pandemic Physical Activity Level of Freshmen College Students
Authors: Justo Odette , Catacutan Jerell , Pacaldo Alaize , Pielago Ronald , Soliven Rina Theresa
Published: March 2022

Aim: The restricted mobility of the students during the global COVID pandemic impacted on their physical activity level (PAL) and physical fitness level (PFL). The objectives of the study were to (1) describe the current PAL and health- and skill-related PFL of 1st year college students, (2) determine the correlation between PAL and PFL, and (3) compare current and pre-pandemic perceived PALs.
Methods: A descriptive research design was used. A retrospective data from students enrolled in Physical Education (PE) 1 was reviewed. International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to measure PAL; health-related and skill-related PFL were measured using traditional PE-based standardized tests and 10-cm visual analog scale for perceived current and pre-pandemic PAL. Spearman rho was used to determine the correlation between PAL and PFL and paired t test to compare change in PAL.
Results: The students had moderate PAL. All health-related and skill-related PFL was good except for flexibility and agility which was poor. Spearman rho correlations revealed a statistically significant correlation between PAL and muscle endurance (r = .397; n = 55; p = .004). Paired t test showed a statistically significant reduction in current compared with the pre-pandemic PAL t (54) = 2.34, p = 0.023.
Conclusion and Implications: Freshmen students have acceptable PAL and PFL except for flexibility and agility while poor muscle endurance correlated with lower PAL. A reduction in their PAL was noted during the pandemic. This indicates the need for programs to improve students’ flexibility, agility, and muscle endurance to be incorporated in their PE classes and daily activities to improve their PAL and PFL.
Filipino Physical Therapists’ Social Responsibility Entails Adopting a Societal Practice Framework: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Palad Yves Y.
Published: March 2022

Aim: To define the social responsibility of Filipino physical therapists from a synthesis of Filipino physical therapy leaders' and practitioners' views
Methods: Constructivism-based qualitative design was used to inquire into perspectives on the social responsibility of Filipino physical therapists. Sixteen physical therapy leaders and practitioners in the Philippines were invited to share their insights via email. Leaders were invited for their macro perspectives and influence on the profession; practitioners from various practice areas were invited to provide more practical viewpoints. Participants were interviewed one-to-one via an online conferencing platform. Interviews were transcribed, translated to English, and subjected to thematic analysis.
Results: Six themes were generated. Participants viewed Filipino physical therapists' social responsibility as a professional duty to be fulfilled with altruistic and social justice motivations. It should be particularly targeted towards responding to pressing health and social issues affecting Filipinos' access to physical therapy and experience of health.
Conclusion and Implications: Filipino physical therapists' social responsibility entails engaging in roles aside from clinical practice to contribute to Filipinos' attainment of health. This calls for the expansion of their ethical and practice frameworks to include addressing not only client issues but also the wider societal barriers to equal access to physical therapy and better experiences of health. This also calls for the scaling-up of the transformative purposes of physical therapy education to prepare future physical therapists for their social responsibilities.
Efficacy of Aqua-Aero Fit: A Water-Based Exercise Program for Cardiorespiratory Endurance
Authors: Ocampo Erwin
Published: March 2022

Aim: To determine the efficacy of an Aqua-AeroFit, a Water-Based Exercise program, on cardiorespiratory endurance on patients with psychiatric conditions in selected rehabilitation centers.
Methods: This study had a quasi-experimental design with 30 participants assigned to a water-based exercise program and 30 participants assigned to a land-based program. All participants were patients of a psychiatric center. The water exercise program consisted of Aqua jogging for 10 mins, Aqua-Aero Zumba and calisthenics for 15 minutes , Aquatic Resistive exercises and active swimming for 10 minutes, twice a day for 16 weeks of exercises done using 4-foot pool, supervised by a physical therapist and a lifeguard. The land-based program consisted of calisthenics exercise for 10 minutes, Zumba and general body rhythmical activities for 15 minutes. Warm up and cool down exercise were performed the before and after the exercise implementation phase. Outcome measures included BMI, Karvonen’s formula, Perceived exertion scale, Mini Mental status exam and VO2 Max calculator using the Chester step test for cardiorespiratory endurance.
Results: Results showed a statistically significant improvement of VO2 max in the water-based group compared to the land-based group (p=0.000).
Conclusion and Implications: The inclusion of a water-based exercise program via Aqua-AeroFit as part of a rehabilitation program may improve cardiorespiratory endurance in patients with psychiatric conditions.
Telerehabilitation-Based Physical Therapy Practice in the Philippines: Knowledge, Perceptions, Barriers, and Risks
Authors: Lombridas Antonio D. , David Nicole Mae M. , Hernandez Erron C. , Naval Alexandra , Plopenio Kristine Mae C. , Manlutac Jessie Anne
Published: March 2022

Aim: The study aimed to determine the level of knowledge, perception, perceived barriers, and risks of telerehabilitation among Filipino Physical Therapists during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Method: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey on the knowledge, perception, barriers, and risk to telerehabilitation-based Physical Therapy practice was conducted among Filipino Physical Therapists. The electronic survey questionnaire includes demographic profile, knowledge towards telerehabilitation, perceived barriers and risk, and overall perception of telerehabilitation practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the responses.
Results: A total of 55 respondents participated in the study. Results showed that most respondents (43; 78.2%) considered telerehabilitation a viable option to deliver rehabilitation services to patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, 62% (34) reported that they have a good knowledge of telerehabilitation. The main barriers that led to their limited use of telerehabilitation systems are lack of Information & Communication Technology knowledge, its high cost, rapid changes, and patient compliance (31; 56.4%). In addition, patient data security, privacy, consultation from an unauthorized person, and difficulty establishing meaningful interactions with the patient were identified as risks associated with telerehabilitation (42; 76.4%).
Conclusion and Implications: The use of telerehabilitation in the midst of the pandemic COVID-19 was well recognized and widely accepted by Filipino Physical Therapists; however, barriers and potential threats need to be minimized. Establishing telerehabilitation guidelines and increasing awareness will allow better delivery of telerehabilitation services. This study is vital in the provision of rehabilitation services to patients and the advancement of the profession in this time of public health crisis.
Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Reliability of the Multidimensional Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale (MOEES) In Filipino Older Adults
Authors: Herras Andrei Rafael R. , Lipardo Donald S. , Aquino Eunice Jessica P. , Cruz Fiona S. , De Leon Robert Joshua M. , Llantino Marrianne Natividad P. , Tibigar Christine Mae H. , Tupaz Christian Joi P.
Published: March 2022

Aim: Older adults have varying outcome expectations on why they exercise. The Multidimensional Outcomes Expectation for Exercise Scale (MOEES) is used to measure this; however, it has not been cross-culturally adapted yet in the Filipino setting. Therefore, this study aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt the MOEES into Filipino and establish its preliminary psychometric properties in community-dwelling Filipino older adults.
Methods: This psychometric study had two phases. Phase 1 was the MOEES translation and cross-cultural adaptation following the Beaton Protocol. Phase 2 established preliminary psychometric properties based on the internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the adapted MOEES from 38 conveniently sampled community-dwelling Filipino older adults aged 60 or above. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and item-total correlations. Intraclass correlation/ ICC (3, K) was utilized to establish test-retest reliability.
Results: MOEES-F has high overall internal consistency (α = 0.925). The internal consistency for both the physical (α = 0.927) and social (α = 0.950) subscales are high, while the self-evaluative subscale is adequate (α = 0.76). Item-total correlations are acceptable for clinical measures (0.520- 0.764). Test-retest reliability is excellent (ICC = 0.974, 95% CI [.949,.986]).
Conclusion and Implications: The MOEES-F is a valid and reliable tool that healthcare professionals in the Philippines can use to design and deliver exercise interventions to older adults aligned with their outcome expectations. This can now be used as an outcome measure tool for prospective observational and experimental studies on exercise among older Filipino adults.
Infrared spectroscopy chemometric model for determination of phenolic content of plant leaf powder
Authors: Wulandari Lestyo , Rahmadania Tyas Putri , Kristiningrum Nia
Published: March 2022

Introduction: The leaf is the part of the plant often used in traditional medicine because it is rich in one class of secondary metabolite compounds, namely phenolic compounds.

Objectives: This study aims to establish a chemometric model for determining the phenolic content of plant leaf powders using the infrared spectroscopy (FTIR and NIR) method with a combination of chemometrics.

Methods: The dried and powdered plant leaves were scanned using FTIR and NIR spectroscopy. Spectra were used to form calibration models. The calibration models were Partial Least Square (PLS), Principal Component Regression (PCR), and Support Vector Regression (SVR). The selected calibration model was validated using LOOCV and external cross-validation. The best calibration model was PCR, with R2 and RMSEC values of FTIR and NIR of 0.9918885; 0.9752648 and 0.8675906; 1.5150245, respectively.

Results: The results of the Paired-Sample T-test analysis of actual samples determined by the selected calibration model compared to the comparison method showed no significant difference.
Theobroma cacao L. (Cocoa) pod husk as a new therapy for transient receptor protein vanilloid-1 (TRPV1)-targeted diabetic neuropathy: An in silico study
Authors: Nisa Pungky Azarotul , Adzani Alviyani Mahdalina , Amalia Sinta Noor , Maulidiana Risa , Yuniar Eka , Mufidah Fania Mufti , Fajrin Fifteen Aprila
Published: March 2022

Backgrounds: Theobroma cacao L. (cocoa) is one of the leading commodities found in Indonesia. Cocoa pod husk has many bioactive compounds with antinociceptive properties. One of the targets in treating pain, especially painful diabetic neuropathy, is the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1).     Aim: This study aimed to investigate the activity of active compounds from cocoa pod husk extracts against TRPV1 and their toxicity.     Methods: Molecular docking was used to predict the activity of the test ligands, and the results were analysed with Molegro Virtual Docker 6.0. The TRPV 1 structure was taken from the Protein Data Bank (ID: 5IS0), with capsazepine as a native ligand. The toxicity prediction was evaluated using pkCSM.    Results: The results showed that the active chemical compounds from cocoa pod husks with the strongest affinity for TRPV1 were phlorofucofuroeckol-A (-95.7785 ± 1.868), catechins (-92.6868 ± 2.681), 7-phloroeckol (-91.9788 ± 0.356), and resveratrol (-91.1921 ± 0.579), and the safest compounds were catechins, resveratrol, and 7-phloroeckol.    Conclusion: Catechins, resveratrol, and 7-phloroeckol from cacao pod husks are safe and potential therapy for diabetic neuropathy.
Formulation and effectivity testing of pining fruit extract gel (Hornstedtia alliacea) for healing burns
Authors: Gustaman Firman , Setiawan Fajar , Fadhilah Nida Nur , Idacahyati Keni , Wulandari Winda Trisna , Indra Indra
Published: March 2022

Background: Pining fruit is a traditional medicinal plant employed to treat burns for its content of active natural ingredients such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins acting as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory.    
Objective: The objective of this study was to formulate the best formula for gel preparations and test the effectiveness of pining fruit extract gel preparations for healing burns.   
Methods: Evaluation tests of the gel preparations included organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and viscosity tests. The gel effectiveness test was conducted in five treatment groups for 14 days. The data were analysed statistically using the one-way ANOVA method followed by the LSD (Least Significant Different) test.    
Results: The physical evaluation of pining fruit gel preparations, i.e. organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, dispersion, and viscosity tests on all three formulas (F1, F2, and F3), met the requirements. The results of the one-way ANOVA analysis revealed a significant difference in the experimental group with a score of 0.022 (p < 0.05). Hence, the most effective formula for curing burns was F3, with a 1.5% extract concentration and a healing percentage of 19.175%.
Comparison of antipyretic activities of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Bandotan herb (Ageratum conyzoides L.) in hyperpyrexia mice
Authors: Christianty Fransiska Maria , Holidah Diana , Haulani Junita , Fitriasaria Lady Refrina , Fajrin Fifteen Aprila
Published: March 2022

Background: Fever is one of the body's physiological responses to metabolic stress, characterised by increasing body temperature. Based on its phytochemical content, Bandotan (tropical whiteweed) is an alternative antipyretic therapeutic agent. Flavonoids are potential chemical contents that can be extracted with various solvents, including ethanol and ethyl acetate. So far, research on its antipyretic potential is limited.       
Aim: To compare the antipyretic activity of ethanol extract to ethyl acetate extract of Bandotan herb in hyperpyrexia mice.        
Methods: Bandotan herb extracts were prepared by maceration, followed by phytochemical screening and determining total flavonoid content. Hyperpyrexia mice were made by induction of baker's yeast. Four hours after injection, mice were treated with Bandotan herb extracts, a dose of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight (BW), then the rectal temperature was observed for four hours.          
Results: Both extracts contained flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, tannin, and steroid, while terpenoid was only found in ethanol preparation. The total flavonoid content of ethyl acetate extract was higher than that of ethanol extract. The best antipyretic activity was a dose of 400 mg/kg BW, but there was no significant difference in the percentage of pyrexia inhibition.           
Conclusion: Both extracts have the same ability to be developed as an alternative antipyretic agent.
Effect of Rosmarinus officinalis L inhalation on reducing primary dysmenorrhoea in female students of the Bali International University
Authors: Sutema Ida Ayu Manik Partha , Mahardika I Gede Argham
Published: March 2022

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is a symptom that occurs in the absence of genital organ abnormalities. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can be used but may cause adverse reactions if used repeatedly without doctor supervision. This study aims to analyse the effect of rosemary aromatherapy inhalation on reducing primary dysmenorrhoea in female students of the Bali International University.    Method: This experimental research with a pretest and posttest control group design was conducted in March 2021 among 56 female students of the Bali International University. Pain intensity was measured by the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) scale.    Result: The Mann Whitney test revealed a p-value = 0.0001, indicating that rosemary aromatherapy (-3.250) has a significant effect on reducing the intensity of menstrual pain compared to jojoba oil used as a placebo (0,928).    Conclusion: This research could demonstrate that rosemary aromatherapy inhalation can reduce pain levels and be a non-pharmacological therapy option for primary dysmenorrhoea.
Medication adherence of diabetes mellitus patients in Indonesia: A systematic review
Authors: Pertiwi Maria Vini , Alfian Riza , Nita Yunita , Athiyah Umi
Published: March 2022

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that requires long-term drug therapy. Adherence in taking medication increases the potential to obtain the optimum therapeutic target.   
Aim: This systematic review aimed to identify and describe medication adherence of diabetes mellitus patients in Indonesia.    
Methods: A systematic review was carried out on published research articles from three electronic databases (Pubmed, Scopus, and DOAJ). The eligibility criteria were that studies should be cross-sectional designs, and should display the result data of the measurement of medication adherence level of diabetes mellitus patients in Indonesia. A manual search was also carried out using Google Scholar and from the bibliography of the articles found. The risk of bias was assessed using the NIH quality assessment tool for cross-sectional studies. The synthesis of the results was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart.    
Results: Thirty published research articles were selected. Medication adherence of diabetes mellitus patients in Indonesia had varying levels. It was dominated by the category of low level and non-adherence. The limitations of the evidence used were: small sample size, the majority using only one method to measure adherence, and the validity and reliability tested was only used in a small number of studies.   
Conclusion: This finding showed that non-adherence to medication was still a problem for patients undergoing diabetes mellitus treatment in Indonesia.
Effectiveness of telemedicine use to improve patient outcome in cancer patients: A narrative review
Authors: Arkandhi Angela Judhia , Harjaningsih Woro
Published: March 2022

Background: Cancer as a chronic disease requires special attention and intensive care to all aspects of treatment. Besides, in a crisis like the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, telemedicine is beneficial for healthcare, including patient care in cancer.     
Objective: This review aims to explore the different types of telemedicine interventions that effectively improve patient outcomes and describe their effectiveness in improving these outcomes.    
Method: This study was a narrative review with articles retrieved from PubMed and Scopus databases according to inclusion and exclusion criteria.      
Result: A total of 26 articles was analysed in this study. The most effective form of telemedicine was mHealth, followed by web or internet-based, with the majority of activities replaced by telemedicine being monitored and followed up.    
Conclusion: Telemedicine is effective in improving cancer patient outcomes. This study can be considered for telemedicine implementation in Indonesia.
Cost of illness analysis of diabetes mellitus with complications in one hospital in Surabaya
Authors: Patty Yohana Febriani Putri Peu , Nita Yunita , Libriansyah
Published: March 2022

Introduction: The high prevalence and incidence of complications due to diabetes mellitus impose an economic burden on patients and society.    
Aim: To obtain an overview of the cost of diabetes mellitus with complications and identify the factors that affect it.    
Methods: This study was conducted based on the perspective of health care providers.     
Results: The cost of illness for diabetes mellitus with complications was IDR 2,654,047,597 and an average cost of IDR 15,688,528/patient. Diabetes mellitus type 2 with peripheral circulation complications (E11.5) had the highest average cost (IDR 34,135,284/patient). The factors that significantly influenced direct medical costs were the length of stay, class of hospitalisation, and type of complications (Charlson comorbidity index).    
Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the presence of complications increases the cost of diabetes mellitus treatment.
Tocilizumab therapy in COVID-19 patients
Authors: Yulistiani  , Izka A Humaira , Rindang A Mareta , A W Prastuti
Published: March 2022

A severe pneumonia-associated respiratory syndrome caused by the new coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) was identified in December 2019 as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). It has spread rapidly and has become a worldwide health challenge. Some patients experienced severe complications, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and have even progressed to an intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death. Research has reported that pathogenic T cells and inflammatory monocytes prompt an inflammatory storm with large amounts of interleukin 6. Consequently, IL-6 receptor inhibitors have been repurposed to treat COVID-19, but their exact role in treatment remains unclear. Tocilizumab (TCZ), a monoclonal antibody against IL-6, emerged as an alternative treatment in COVID-19 patients with ARDS syndrome. Therefore, the authors hypothesise that tocilizumab might be effective in decreasing the inflammatory storm and reducing mortality in COVID-19 severe cases. This observational retrospective study explored the use of a single dose of tocilizumab 400 mg intravenous infusion for an hour in COVID-19 patients.  The results showed that tocilizumab could not improve the parameters related to mortality rates,  such as IL-6 levels, leukocytes, C-reactive protein (CRP), Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and ferritin. IL-6 levels increased after tocilizumab administration.
Pharmaceutical care model for antituberculosis drug therapy in tuberculosis patients at a primary healthcare centre in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Priyandani Yuni , Rahem Abdul , Athiyah Umi , Qomaruddin M. B. , Kuntoro
Published: March 2022

Background: Indonesia ranks third in the world for tuberculosis (TB), which remains a public health problem, where the role of health workers, including pharmacists, is needed. The role of pharmacists in primary health care centres is still limited to providing fixed-dose combination antituberculosis drugs (FDC) as a product. The provision of drugs as a means of therapy through pharmaceutical care in TB patients is still not optimal.   
Objective: This study aimed to create a pharmaceutical care model to improve adherence to FDC treatment regimens in TB patients at the primary health care centre.   
Methods: The study consisted of three stages, with the unit of analysis being pharmacist. The first stage was mapping the profile of FDC services in TB patients. The second stage was the creation of pharmaceutical care training modules. The third stage was testing the pharmaceutical care model with module training for pharmacists. The first stage of the study was an observational analytic cross-sectional design, including 63 pharmacists and 249 TB patients from July to September 2018. The third stage of the study was a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test post-test control group in October 2018, enrolling 36 pharmacists divided into 18 pharmacists in the intervention group and 18 pharmacists in the control group. The research was approved by the Health Research Ethics Commission, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga.
Results: The results consisted of a model of pharmaceutical care in TB patients. Pharmacists knowledge affects their abilities, including verification, explanation of indications, effectiveness, safety, and adherence. Pharmacists ability to influence patient response includes belief, understanding, expectation, concern, and adherence to the drug therapy regimen.   
Conclusion: The pharmaceutical care model improved adherence to the FDC therapy regimen in TB patients at the primary healthcare centre.
Relationship between family support and compliance in diabetes mellitus patients
Authors: Zafirah Devi Nur , Pristianty Liza , Rahem Abdul , Priyandani Yuni
Published: March 2022

Background: Indonesia holds fourth place in the world with the highest number of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), and the province of East Kalimantan is in third place with the city of Bontang. The existence of distance restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic led to restrictions on the number of outpatients in health facilities, so family support had a prominent role in drug therapy adherence in DM patients.

Aim: This study aims to determine the relationship between family support and adherence to antidiabetic drug therapy in DM patients.

Methods: This observational cross-sectional research conducted from May to June 2021 at the Pupuk Kaltim Hospital, Bontang city, used a purposive sampling technique. It enrolled 104 DM outpatients who completed a validated questionnaire instrument to measure family support and drug therapy adherence.

Results: Data analysis showed a significant relationship between family support and drug therapy adherence (p=0.009) and the emotional support dimension (p=0.0001), while the three other dimensions (informational support, instrumental support, and reward support) were not significant.

Conclusion: Family support, especially emotional support, is associated with adherence to antidiabetic drug therapy in DM patients.
Molecular docking study of vemurafenib derivatives on melanoma inhibitory activity (MIA) as anti-melanoma
Authors: Muttaqin Fauzan Zein , Sari Anita Pramudya Ratna , Kurniawan Fransiska
Published: March 2022

Background: Melanoma is one of the cancers with high mortality rates in Indonesia. The newest potential anti-melanoma target is the Melanoma Inhibitory Activity (MIA/5IXB) macromolecule, but the location of the binding pocket interaction is unknown. Vemurafenib is known to be active in vivo as against melanoma. Thus, it can be used as a lead compound. This study aimed to examine the location of the binding pocket and the interactions that occur between macromolecules and the test compounds.    
Methods: It was carried out using the blind docking method between vemurafenib and an MIA macromolecule.   
Results: The results showed that the best molecular docking was obtained in the distribution of the grid box area in the third area with a ∆G value of -7.80 kcal/mol. Docking validation results showed the value of ∆G 11.06 kcal/mol with an average value of RMSD 1.788 Å, and the amino acid residues that played a role in the interaction were MET31, TYR30, and PRO33. Targeted docking to the binding pocket results on 45 test compounds showed that the most potent compound was Compound-17 with a ∆G value of 11.31 kcal/mol with hydrophobic bond interactions on amino acid residues TYR30. This hydrophobic bond is responsible for the MIA mechanism as an inhibitor of melanoma cell metastasis in the body. It can be concluded that the binding pocket of the MIA(5IXB) macromolecule with the vemurafenib compound is at the amino acid residues MET31, TYR30, and PRO33 with the interaction of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic bonds. Also, it was observed that T.C-17 is the most potential anti-melanoma test compound.
The potential role of pharmacists in counteracting health misinformation in social media
Authors: Sukorini Anila Impian , Rahayu Titik Puji , Suwito Kandi Aryani , Hermansyah Andi
Published: March 2022

Background: Health misinformation is often circulated on social media (SM), leading to confusion and jeopardising patients’ health.   
Aim: This study aimed to identify the pharmacist’s role in responding to health misinformation on SM.    
Methods: Several focus group discussions were conducted involving pharmacist participants purposively recruited. The discussions were audiotaped and thematically analysed.    
Results: A total of 41 pharmacists participated in this study. The most frequent misinformation on SM was related to the use of herbal medicines. The misinformation tended to decrease medication compliance, increase delayed treatment, and worsen the illness. Participants reported difficulty in seeking reliable references about traditional and alternative medicines. They were often asked for advice and opinion related to information on SM.    
Conclusion: Pharmacists need to counteract the health misinformation on SM actively. Lack of reference to a particular topic is a significant obstacle.
Effect of gelling agent and penetration enhancer on the release rate of ibuprofen-PEG 6000 solid dispersion from gel preparations
Authors: Wisudyaningsih Budipratiwi , Ameliana Lidya
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Ibuprofen is a non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drug which shows low bioavailability. For gel preparations it is important to increase the release rate of ibuprofen by using solid dispersion systems.          
Objective: To obtain the optimum release rate of ibuprofen-PEG 6000 solid dispersion from gel, by optimising the gelling agent and the penetrating enhancers.      
Method: Determination of gelling agent was carried out by comparing the ibuprofen release flux. The gel formulation with the best release flux will be used in the determination of penetrating enhancer to obtain the optimum release flux, by using a two-factor factorial design.         
Result: HPMC showed the highest release flux (339.5 g/cm2min). The results showed an increase in the release flux (489.4 g/cm2min) in the optimum formula with 39.9% propylene glycol and 3.3% isopropyl myristate.        
Conclusion: The increase in the ibuprofen solid dispersion release flux has been carried out using HPMC, and propylene glycol-isopropyl myristate as a penetrating enhancer.