bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Composition of the essential oils of Tanacetum armenum (DC.) Schultz Bip., T. balsamita L., T. chiliophyllum (Fisch. & Mey.) Schultz Bip. var. chiliophyllum and T. haradjani (Rech. fil.) Grierson and the enantiomeric distribution of camphor and carvone†
Authors: Başer K. Hüsnü Can , Demirci Betül , Tabanca Nurhayat , Özek Temel , Gören Nezhun
Published: August 2002

Water‐distilled essential oils from herbal parts of Tanacetum armenum (DC.) Schultz Bip., T. balsamita L.(syn. Balsamita major), T. chiliophyllum (Fisch. & Mey.) Schultz Bip. var. chiliophyllum and T. haradjani (Rech. Fil.) Grierson (endemic) (Compositae) from Turkey were analysed by GC–MS. The leaf and herb oils of T. armenum were characterized with 1,8‐cineole (31% and 11%) and camphor (9% and 27%), respectively, as the main constituents. The major component characterized in the herb oil of T. balsamita was carvone (52%). Camphor (17% and 16%) was the main constituent in the oils of T. chiliophyllum var. chiliophyllum and T. haradjani, respectively. The enantiomeric distribution of carvone in the essential oil of T. balsamita and camphor in the essential oils of T. armenum, T. chiliophyllum var. chiliophyllum and T. haradjani were determined using a fused silica Lipodex E capillary column. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The eyeless mouse mutation (ey1) removes an alternative start codon from the Rx/rax homeobox gene
Authors: Tucker Priscilla , Laemle Lois , Munson Amanda , Kanekar Shami , Oliver Edward R. , Brown Nadean , Schlecht Hans , Vetter Monica , Glaser Tom
Published: August 2002

Summary: The eyeless inbred mouse strain ZRDCT has long served as a spontaneous model for human anophthalmia and the evolutionary reduction of eyes that has occurred in some naturally blind mammals. ZRDCT mice have orbits but lack eyes and optic tracts and have hypothalamic abnormalities. Segregation data suggest that a small number of interacting genes are responsible, including at least one major recessive locus, ey1. Although predicted since the 1940s, these loci were never identified. We mapped ey1 to chromosome 18 using an F2 genome scan and there found a Met10→Leu mutation in Rx/rax, a homeobox gene that is expressed in the anterior headfold, developing retina, pineal, and hypothalamus and is translated via a leaky scanning mechanism. The mutation affects a conserved AUG codon that functions as an alternative translation initiation site and consequently reduces the abundance of Rx protein. In contrast to a targeted Rx null allele, which causes anophthalmia, central nervous system defects, and neonatal death, the hypomorphic M10L allele is fully viable. genesis 31:43–53, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficient delivery of dsRNA into zona‐enclosed mouse oocytes and preimplantation embryos by electroporation
Authors: Grabarek Joanna B. , Plusa Berenika , Glover David M. , Zernicka‐Goetz Magdalena
Published: August 2002

Summary: Conditions for the electroporation of mouse oocytes and preimplantation embryos have been optimised by following the incorporation of rhodamine labeled dextran. This procedure includes a step to weaken but not remove the zona pellucida that helps achieve good survival. This approach has been applied to introduce double‐stranded RNA for c‐mos into oocytes and green fluorescent protein (GFP) into transgenic GFP‐expressing embryos at the 1‐ and 4‐cell stages. In both cases we were able to observe sequence‐specific interference with the expression of the target gene—a failure of oocytes to arrest at metaphase II and a loss in the green fluorescence of embryos by the morula or blastocyst stages. These effects could be observed in multiple oocytes or embryos allowed to develop together following electroporation. genesis 32:269–276, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PAHB1 is an evolutionary conserved HD‐GL2 homeobox gene expressed in the protoderm during Norway spruce embryo development
Authors: Ingouff Mathieu , Farbos Isabelle , Lagercrantz Ulf , von Arnold Sara
Published: August 2002

Summary: In angiosperms, the protoderm or outer cell layer is the first tissue to differentiate in the embryo proper. In gymnosperms, it is not known whether a protoderm is defined and similarly differentiated. Here, we report a cDNA designated PaHB1 (for Picea abies Homeobox1), which is expressed during somatic embryogenesis in Norway spruce. PaHB1 exon/intron organization and its corresponding protein are highly similar to those of the HD‐GL2 angiosperm counterparts. A phylogenetic analysis reveals that PaHB1 is strongly associated with one subclass consisting of protoderm/epiderm‐specific genes. Moreover, PaHB1 expression switches from a ubiquitous expression in proembryogenic masses to an outer cell layer‐specific localization during somatic embryo development. Ectopic expression of PaHB1 in somatic embryos leads to an early developmental block. The transformed embryos lack a smooth surface. These findings show that the PaHB1 expression pattern is highly analogous to angiosperm HD‐GL2 homologues, suggesting similarities in the definition of the outer cell layer in seed plants. genesis 30:220–230, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in northeastern Brazil
Authors: Peacock C.S. , Collins A. , Shaw M.‐A. , Silveira F. , Costa J. , Coste C.H. , Nascimento M.D. , Siddiqui R. , Shaw J.J. , Blackwell J.M.
Published: August 2002

Familial clustering of disease, racial differences in asymptomatic:disease ratios, and studies of mice all point to a genetic component for disease susceptibility in visceral leishmaniasis. Analysis of 87 multi‐case pedigrees (824 individuals; 138 nuclear families) from a region of northeastern Brazil endemic for Leishmania chagasi demonstrates a high relative risk ratio (λ2S = 34) to further siblings of affected sibling pairs. Complex segregation analysis using POINTER and COMDS show that all single locus models, as well as polygenic and multifactorial models, provide a signficantly (P < 0.001) better fit to the data than a sporadic model. Of the genetic models, the general single locus model was not significantly different from additive or dominant single locus models, all of which gave a gene frequency for the putative disease susceptibility allele of ∼0.002. The general single locus model was strongly favored (P < 0.001) over a recessive single gene model. Using POINTER, polygenic and multifactorial models were clearly rejected (P < 0.001 in all cases) in favor of the general single locus model. Using COMDS, the analysis was extended to consider two locus models. Results under a general two‐locus model did not differ significantly from the dominant, additive, or general single locus models. Under this model, one locus was estimated at a gene frequency of 0.0017, i.e., in the same range as the disease susceptibility locus for the most favored single gene models, with the second locus at a much lower frequency of 0.0002. Hence, the data support the hypothesis that a single major gene may be important in determining disease susceptibility in this population. To identify the gene(s) involved, a genome scan with replication using two subsets of these larger pedigrees with power to detect linkage is in progress. Genet. Epidemiol. 20:383–396, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exhumation paths of high‐pressure metapelites obtained from local equilibria for chlorite–phengite assemblages
Authors: Vidal O. , Parra T.
Published: August 2002

The compositional variation of phengite and chlorite pairs in rocks sampled across the metamorphic zonation of three different blueschist belts (Cycladic, Sambagawa and Schistes Lustrés) is characterized from the regional to the thin‐section scale. The different sample suites show different compositional trends, but similar trends are observed at the regional and thin‐section scale in the same unit. At the thin‐section scale, several local chlorite–phengite equilibria involving minerals of different compositions can be identified. These observations suggest that at temperature T < ∼550°C, equilibration of chlorite and phengite compositions with varying pressure and temperature is controlled by crystallization/recrystallization processes rather than by changing the composition of older grains by lattice diffusion. In some instances, the relative time of growth of the different phyllosilicate generations can be determined using microstructural criteria. The observed compositional variations are interpreted and quantified in terms of pressure (P) and temperature (T) variations using new thermodynamic solution models accounting for the Tschermak, di/trioctahedral, and pyrophyllitic substitutions. Chlorite–phengite local equilibria constrain the shape of the exhumation P–T paths of the rocks under consideration. The assemblage chlorite–phengite–paragonite–albite–quartz–H2O can be used to constrain different P–T paths for Tinos and Sambagawa blueschists. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exhumation of high‐pressure granulites of the Guaxupé Complex, southeastern Brazil
Authors: Del Lama E. A. , Zanardo A. , Oliveira M. A. F. , Morales N.
Published: August 2002

This paper describes tectonic and metamorphic features of Precambrian rocks from the Guaxupé Complex and Varginha Shear Zone (VSZ) near the city of Guaxupé in the southern part of the São Francisco Craton, southeastern Brazil. The VSZ separates the metasediments of Araxá Group to the north from the granulites of Guaxupé Complex to the south. The sinistral transcurrent VSZ crosses the entire area striking approximately E–W, bending towards SE in the eastern part. Because of this bend, transpressional movement occurred, facilitating the exhumation of the garnet‐rich rocks of the deepest exposed part of the granulite‐facies terrane.

In the garnet granulites the highest pressure–temperature conditions recorded are approximately 1040°C and 14.4 kbar. The rocks underwent decompression from 14.0 kbar to 8.0 kbar, cooling from 980°C to 710°C, the retrograde path following the boundary between the kyanite and sillimanite stability fields. This interval is interpreted to record the uplift of the lower crustal granulite‐facies terrane and re‐equilibration during magmatic intrusions. For the felsic granulites an interval of 700–810°C and 8.0–11.5 kbar was attained, also pointing to regional decompression.

The granulites of the Guaxupé Complex comprise a medium‐ to high‐pressure lower‐crustal terrane, with local occurrences of higher‐pressure garnet‐rich gneisses, which were uplifted along a transpressional segment of the VSZ. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative study of psychiatric symptoms in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease with and without dementia
Authors: Aarsland Dag , Ballard Clive , Larsen Jan P. , McKeith Ian
Published: August 2002

Objectives

To compare the frequency and clinical correlates of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) with and without dementia and in those with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB).

Methods

Neuropsychiatric symptoms during the month prior to assessment were assessed in clinically diagnosed PD patients with dementia (PDD; n = 48) and without dementia (PDND; n = 83) and in 98 DLB patients (33% autopsy confirmed) using standardized instruments.

Results

Delusions and hallucinations were significantly more common in DLB (57% and 76%) than PDD (29% and 54%) and PDND (7% and 14%) patients (p < 0.001). In all groups, auditory and visual hallucinations and paranoid and phantom boarder delusions were the most common psychotic symptoms. Frequency of major depression and less than major depression did not differ significantly between the three groups. Clinical correlates of hallucinations in PD were dementia (odds ratio (OR) = 3.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5–10.4) and Hoehn–Yahr stage 3 or more (OR 3.4; 95% CI 1.0–12.0), whereas no significant clinical correlates of hallucinations were found in DLB patients.

Conclusions

Delusions and hallucinations occur with increasing frequency in PDND, PDD and DLB patients, but the presentation of these symptoms is similar. These findings support the hypothesis that psychiatric symptoms are associated with cortical Lewy bodies or cholinergic deficits in the two disorders. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Psychometric properties of the state part of the Spielberger State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in geriatric patients
Authors: Kvaal Kari , Laake Knut , Engedal Knut
Published: August 2002

Background

A conspicuously high score on the state part of the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) has been observed among geriatric inpatients who are neither demented nor critically ill; 43% of them had a sumscore that, according to Spielberger's criteria, would reflect clinically relevant anxiety symptoms.

Objectives

To explore the reasons for this high score.

Methods

101 geriatric inpatients and 68 healthy controls of similar age, living at home and recruited through senior citizen centres participated in a controlled cross‐sectional study.

Results

High item‐scores were more frequent on the symptom‐negative items than on the symptom‐positive items. Multi‐group factor analysis produced two factors termed ‘well‐being’ and ‘nervousness’, which had a moderate correlation (0.61). The intercept was much higher on ‘well‐being’ than on ‘nervousness’, showing that a lack of well‐being contributes significantly to the high score on the STAI. This confounds the sumscore. However, the geriatric inpatients nevertheless had a high score on the factor ‘nervousness’. Female controls scored higher than males on both factors, whereas among the geriatric patients neither age nor gender related to them.

Conclusions

The STAI state sumscore is a biased indicator of anxiety in geriatric inpatients owing to confounding by well‐being. The most important cause for the observed high score on the STAI state instrument in geriatric patients relates to a reduced well‐being. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sleep disturbances among nursing home residents
Authors: Fetveit Arne , Bjorvatn Bjørn
Published: August 2002

Study objectives

This study assesses the prevalence and characteristics of sleep disturbances among an entire nursing home population, consisting of 29, mainly demented, long‐term patients.

Design and setting

Sleep was evaluated for 14 consecutive days using actigraphic measurements and nursing staff observations. No alterations were made in every‐day routines or medications during the observation period.

Measurements and results

Actigraphy showed a mean sleep onset latency of one hour and a mean wake after sleep onset of more than two hours, while there was no findings of early morning awakening. Mean sleep efficiency was 75%, and more than 13 hours were spent in bed. 72% of the subjects had sleep efficiency below 85%. Nursing staff reported sleep onset latency of more than 30 minutes in 158 of the 203 analysed days, while early morning awakening was reported in only 12 of 203 days. Actigraphical measurements and nursing staff observations gave similar results. The validity of actigraphy in this population is discussed.

Conclusion

Sleep disturbances were common among the residents in this nursing home. Sleep onset latency was prolonged, and the patients experienced frequent wake bouts after sleep onset. The diminished ability of sustained sleep may have been influenced by the prolonged time in bed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vascular responses to syntactic processing: Event‐related fMRI study of relative clauses
Authors: Caplan David , Vijayan Sujith , Kuperberg Gina , West Caroline , Waters Gloria , Greve Doug , Dale Anders M.
Published: August 2002

Event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to investigate the localization of syntactic processing in sentence comprehension. Matched pairs of sentences containing identical lexical items were compared. One member of the pair consisted of a syntactically simpler sentence, containing a subject relativized clause. The second member of the pair consisted of a syntactically more complex sentence, containing an object relativized clause. Ten subjects made plausibility judgments about the sentences, which were presented one word at a time on a computer screen. There was an increase in BOLD hemodynamic signal in response to the presentation of all sentences compared to fixation in both right and left occipital cortex, the left perisylvian cortex, and the left premotor and motor areas. BOLD signal increased in the left angular gyrus when subjects processed the complex portion of syntactically more complex sentences. This study shows that a hemodynamic response associated with processing the syntactically complex portions of a sentence can be localized to one part of the dominant perisylvian association cortex. Hum. Brain Mapping 15:26–38, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An efficient chiral phosphorus derivatizing agent for the determination of the enantiomeric excess of chiral alcohols and amines by 31P NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Li Kang Ying , Zhou Zheng Hong , Chan Albert. S. C. , Tang Chu Chi
Published: August 2002

The chiral phosphorus derivatizing agent (CDA) 1 was prepared from optically pure (S)‐1,1‐bis‐2‐naphthol. It was first used in the determination of the enantiomeric excess of chiral alcohols and amines by means of 31P NMR spectroscopy. It showed that, for the chiral aromatic alcohols, no apparent kinetic resolution was noted and good base‐line separation was observed. Furthermore, the chemical shift difference (Δδ) of 31P NMR spectroscopy was much larger than those determined by the use of other chiral phosphorus derivatizing agents reported previously. However, for aliphatic alcohols, it showed not only obvious kinetic resolutions but incomplete base‐line separation. Moreover, we also found that the use of CDA 1 was suitable for the determination of enantiomeric excess of chiral primary amines. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:93–95, 2002; DOI 10.1002/hc.10018
Selective reductions in the sphere of organophosphorus compounds
Authors: Keglevich György , Gaumont Annie‐Claude , Denis Jean‐Marc
Published: August 2002

Recent results on the selective reduction of cyclic vinylphosphine oxides and vinylphosphinates, as well as their refunctionalization by the use of borane, are summarized. The selective reduction of the phosphorus moiety of unsaturated phosphonates, phosphinates, and phosphine oxides is also discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:161–167, 2001
Oxidation reactions of 1,8‐bis(phosphino)naphthalenes: syntheses and molecular structures of bis(phosphine oxides) and of a bis(phosphine sulfide)
Authors: Karaçar Atilla , Freytag Matthias , Thönnessen Holger , Omelanczuk Jan , Jones Peter G. , Bartsch Rainer , Schmutzler Reinhard
Published: August 2002

A series of naphthalenediyl‐1,8‐bis(phosphine oxides) 1‐RR′P(:O)(C10H6)‐8‐P(:O)RR′ (R = R′ = Me (2a), Et (2b), iPr (2c), Cy (2d), Ph (2f) and R = tBu, R′ = Ph (2e) was prepared by oxidation of the corresponding bis(phosphines) 1a–f with molecular oxygen or H2O2·(H2N)2C(:O) and characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis (2a, 2b, 2d–f). X‐ray crystal structure analyses were performed for 1,8‐bis(dimethylphosphinyl)naphthalene (2a), (RR,SS)‐1,8‐bis(phenyl‐tert‐butylphosphinyl)naphthalene (2e) and 1,8‐bis(diphenylphosphinyl)naphthalene (2f). Treatment of 1,8‐bis(diphenylphosphino)naphthalene (dppn, 1f) with an excess of sulfur in hot toluene afforded the bis(phosphine sulfide) 1‐Ph2P(:S)(C10H6)‐8‐P(:S)Ph2 (dppnS2, 3f) the structure of which was elucidated by X‐ray crystal structure analysis. The geometries of the compounds 2a, 2e, 2f, and 3f revealed an increase of strain from the corresponding bis(phosphines). In each case, the proximity of the P(:X)R2 groups (X = O, S) led to distortion, the main feature of which was the out‐of‐plane displacement of the P atoms. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:102–113, 2001
The impact of income inequality on individual and societal health: absolute income, relative income and statistical artefacts
Authors: Wildman John
Published: August 2002

The relative income hypothesis, that relative income has a direct effect on individual health, has become an important part of the literature on health inequalities. This paper presents a four‐quadrant diagram, which shows the effect of income, relative income and aggregation bias on individual and societal health. The model predicts that increased income inequality reduces average health regardless of whether relative income affects individual health. If relative income does have a direct effect then societal health will decrease further. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primary mucosal malignant melanoma of the head and neck
Authors: Patel Snehal G. , Prasad Manju L. , Escrig Margarita , Singh Bhuvanesh , Shaha Ashok R. , Kraus Dennis H. , Boyle Jay O. , Huvos Andrew G. , Busam Klaus , Shah Jatin P.
Published: August 2002

Introduction

The relative rarity of mucosal melanomas of the head and neck (MMHN) has made analysis of treatment approaches difficult. Advances in diagnostic techniques and treatment interventions have had obvious impact on outcomes in cutaneous melanoma, but the effects on outcome in MMHN remain undefined. This study aims to assess the outcome and identify clinical and histologic prognostic indicators in a recent cohort of patients with MMHN treated at a single institution.

Methods

The clinical records of 59 patients with the diagnosis of MMHN treated at Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) between 1978 and 1998 were retrospectively reviewed. Pathologic material on each of these patients was prospectively reviewed by at least two pathologists (MP, KB, or AH) for confirmation of diagnosis and assessment of histologic variables. Survival was calculated by the Kaplan‐Meier method. Clinical (patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatment) and histologic data (tumor thickness, melanosis, melanoma in situ, vascular invasion, and multifocality) were analyzed for impact on outcome by both univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

Thirty‐five patients (59%) had sinonasal tumors (SNMM), whereas 24 (41%) had oral (ORMM) tumors. Forty‐seven patients (79.6%) were staged as stage I, 8 (13.6%) as stage II, and 4 (6.8%) were classified as stage III. Regional lymphatic metastases at presentation were more frequent in ORMM compared with SNMM (25% vs 6%, p = .05). Surgery was used in all patients. Adjuvant radiation therapy was used more frequently in the SNMM group compared with the ORMM group (40% vs 17%, p = .04). The rates of local failure for ORMM and SNMM were 51% and 50%, nodal failure rates were 42% and 20%, and distant failure rates were 67% and 40%, respectively (p = NS). With a median follow‐up of 20 months, the 5‐year disease‐specific survival rate was 44% (40% for ORMM vs 47% for SNMM, p = NS). Significant prognostic factors for disease‐specific survival on univariate analysis included advanced clinical stage at presentation, tumor thickness greater than 5 mm, presence of vascular invasion, and development of nodal and distant metastases. On multivariate analysis, however, regional nodal failure lost significance.

Conclusions

Clinical stage at presentation, tumor thickness greater than 5 mm, vascular invasion on histologic studies, and development of distant failure are the only independent predictors of outcome in MMHN. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 247–257, 2002; DOI 10.1002/hed.10019
Abnormalities in hemostasis in acute promyelocytic leukemia
Authors: Kwaan Hau C. , Wang Jun , Boggio Lisa N.
Published: August 2002

Our understanding of the hemostatic abnormalities in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) has undergone remarkable changes over the past three decades. Hemorrhagic complications lead to significant morbidity and mortality in patients with APL. Up to 30% of early deaths are due to hemorrhagic complications. Our concept of the coagulation changes in APL have evolved from a simple belief that the bleeding was due to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) from underlying infection, to a knowledge that the APL cells themselves are responsible for the bleeding. We have observed that apoptotic APL cells have increased generation of thrombin and therefore contribute to the hypercoagulability and DIC. In addition, excessive fibrinolysis has been recognized to play an important role. The advent of a new therapeutic approach with all‐trans‐retinoic acid has improved overall survival and has greatly shortened the hemorrhagic phase of the disease, but only to produce a new complication, the retinoic acid syndrome. Its pathogenesis and management still remain to be the challenge for the present. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visual search and urban driving under the influence of marijuana and alcohol
Authors: Lamers C. T. J. , Ramaekers J. G.
Published: August 2002

The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of low doses of marijuana and alcohol, and their combination, on visual search at intersections and on general driving proficiency in the City Driving Test. Sixteen recreational users of alcohol and marijuana (eight males and eight females) were treated with these substances or placebo according to a balanced, 4‐way, cross‐over, observer‐ and subject‐blind design. On separate evenings, subjects received weight‐calibrated doses of THC, alcohol or placebo in each of the following treatment conditions: alcohol placebo + THC placebo, alcohol + THC placebo, THC 100 μg/kg + alcohol placebo, THC 100 μg/kg + alcohol. Alcohol doses administered were sufficient for achieving a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of about 0.05 g/dl. Initial drinking preceded smoking by one hour. The City Driving Test commenced 15 minutes after smoking and lasted 45 minutes. The test was conducted over a fixed route within the city limits of Maastricht. An eye movement recording system was mounted on each subject's head for providing relative frequency measures of appropriate visual search at intersections. General driving quality was rated by a licensed driving instructor on a shortened version of the Royal Dutch Tourist Association's Driving Proficiency Test. After placebo treatment subjects searched for traffic approaching from side streets on the right in 84% of all cases. Visual search frequency in these subjects did not change when they were treated with alcohol or marijuana alone. However, when treated with the combination of alcohol and marijuana, the frequency of visual search dropped by 3%. Performance as rated on the Driving Proficiency Scale did not differ between treatments. It was concluded that the effects of low doses of THC (100 μg/kg) and alcohol (BAC < 0.05 g/dl) on higher‐level driving skills as measured in the present study are minimal. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial patterns of sediment delivery to valley floors: sensitivity to sediment transport capacity and hillslope hydrology relations
Authors: Rustomji Paul , Prosser Ian
Published: August 2002

There is considerable interest in large‐scale spatial patterns of sediment transport in catchments, and this topic is often approached using terrain‐based modelling. In such models topography influences the discharge of overland flow and its sediment transport capacity. The sediment transport capacity of overland flow is commonly expressed as a power function of slope and discharge (i.e. qs=k1qβSγ). The relationship between discharge and contributing area can also be expressed as a power function. Several reviews reveal a limited range of values for the two exponents β and γ. In this paper we examine the sensitivity of catchment‐scale patterns of sediment delivery to valley floors to a range of sediment transport capacity and hillslope hydrology parameterizations, using two catchments on the southern tablelands of New South Wales. The results indicate that, over the limited range of β and γ identified within the literature, sediment deliveries to valley floors across the two catchments are similar for all but one of five sediment transport capacity relationships. The patterns are dominated by the trend in slope through each catchment. The sensitivity to hillslope hydrology of predicted sediment delivery patterns is strong in the catchment with systematic variation in unit hillslope area, and weak in the catchment for which there are no systematic trends in unit hillslope area. We believe there is less experimental evidence to restrict choice of hillslope hydrology parameters than there is for sediment transport capacity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil frost effects on soil water and runoff dynamics along a boreal transect: 2. Simulations
Authors: Stähli Manfred , Nyberg Lars , Mellander Per‐Erik , Jansson Per‐Erik , Bishop Kevin H.
Published: August 2002

A physically based SVAT‐model was tested with soil and snow physical measurements, as well as runoff data from an 8600 m2 catchment in northern Sweden in order to quantify the influence of soil frost on spring snowmelt runoff in a moderately sloped, boreal forest. The model was run as an array of connected profiles cascading to the brook. For three winter seasons (1995–98) it was able to predict the onset and total accumulation of the runoff with satisfactory accuracy. Surface runoff was identified as only a minor fraction of the total runoff occurring during short periods in connection with ice blocking of the water‐conducting pores. Little surface runoff, though, does not mean that soil frost is unimportant for spring runoff. Simulations without frost routines systematically underestimated the total accumulated runoff. The possibility of major frost effects appearing in response to specific combinations of weather conditions were also tested. Different scenarios of critical initial conditions for the winter, e.g. high water saturation and delayed snow accumulation leading to an increased frost penetration, were tested. These showed that under special circumstances there is potential for increased spring runoff due to soil frost. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling the long‐term sediment trap efficiency of small ponds
Authors: Verstraeten Gert , Poesen Jean
Published: August 2002

A numerical model (sediment trap efficiency for small ponds—STEP) is developed to simulate sediment deposition in small ponds (i.e. <1 ha) and to calculate the sediment trap efficiency (STE). The algorithms are kept simple to allow the model to simulate larger time periods (i.e. several years). Eight runs with an experimental pond were executed to test the model. The STEP model produces reasonable predictions of STE as well as the shape and magnitude of the effluent sediment concentration graph. The model efficiency of STEP for the prediction of STE equals 0·38 and the root mean square error equals 4·7%. Similar models, such as DEPOSITS and CSTRS, were inefficient in predicting the experimental results. The STEP model was used to simulate the long‐term (33 years) STE of small retention ponds in central Belgium using 10‐min rainfall data. For a typical pond (1000 m2) with a catchment area of 25 ha, annual STE can vary from 58 to 100%, with a long‐term STE of only 68%. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamics of stormflow generation—A hillslope‐scale field study in east‐central Pennsylvania, USA
Authors: Srinivasan M. S. , Gburek W. J. , Hamlett J. M.
Published: August 2002

A 40 m × 20 m mowed, grass hillslope adjacent to a headwater stream within a 26‐ha watershed in east‐central Pennsylvania, USA, was instrumented to identify and map the extent and dynamics of surface saturation (areas with the water table at the surface) and surface runoff source areas. Rainfall, stream flow and surface runoff from the hillslope were recorded at 5‐min intervals from 11 August to 22 November 1998, and 13 April to 12 November 1999. The dynamics of the water table (0 to 45 cm depth from the soil surface) and the occurrence of surface runoff source areas across the hillslope were recorded using specially designed subsurface saturation and surface runoff sensors, respectively. Detailed data analyses for two rainfall events that occurred in August (57·7 mm in 150 min) and September (83·6 mm in 1265 min) 1999, illustrated the spatial and temporal dynamics of surface saturation and surface runoff source areas. Temporal data analyses showed the necessity to measure the hillslope dynamics at time intervals comparable to that of rainfall measurements. Both infiltration excess surface runoff (runoff caused when rainfall intensity exceeds soil infiltration capacity) and saturation excess surface runoff (runoff caused when soil moisture storage capacity is exceeded) source areas were recorded during these rainfall events. The August rainfall event was primarily an infiltration excess surface runoff event, whereas the September rainfall event produced both infiltration excess and saturation excess surface runoff. Occurrence and disappearance of infiltration excess surface runoff source areas during the rainfall events appeared scattered across the hillslope. Analysis of surface saturation and surface runoff data showed that not all surface saturation areas produced surface runoff that reached the stream. Emergence of subsurface flow to the surface during the post‐rainfall periods appeared to be a major flow process dominating the hillslope after the August rainfall event. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating areal snowmelt infiltration into frozen soils
Authors: Gray D. M. , Toth Brenda , Zhao Litong , Pomeroy J. W. , Granger R. J.
Published: August 2002

An algorithm for estimating areal snowmelt infiltration into frozen soils is developed. Frozen soils are grouped into classes according to surface entry condition as: (a) Restricted—water entry is impeded by surface conditions, (b) Limited–capillary flow predominates and water entry is influenced primarily by soil physical properties, and (c) Unlimited—gravity flow predominates and most of the meltwater infiltrates. For Limited soils cumulative infiltration over time is estimated by a parametric equation from surface saturation, initial soil moisture content (water + ice), initial soil temperature and infiltration opportunity time. Total infiltration into Unlimited and Limited soils is constrained by the available water storage capacity. This constraint is also used to determine when Limited soils have thawed.

The minimum spatial scale of the infiltration model is established for Limited soils by the variabilities in surface saturation, snow water equivalent, soil infiltrability, soil moisture (water + ice) and depth of soil freezing. Since snowmelt infiltration is influenced by other processes and factors that affect snow ablation, it is assumed that the infiltrability spatial scale should be consistent with the scales used to describe these variables. For open, northern, cold regions the following order in spatial scales is hypothesized: frozen ground ≥ snowmelt ≥ snow water equivalent ≥ frozen soil infiltrability ≥ soil moisture (water + ice) and snow water.

For mesoscale application of the infiltration model it is recommended that the infiltrability scale be taken equal to the scale used to describe the areal extent and distribution of the water equivalent of the snowcover that covers frozen ground. Scaling the infiltrability of frozen soils in this manner allows one to exploit established landscape‐stratification methodology used to derive snow accumulation means and distribution.

Scaling of soil infiltrability at small scales (microscale) is complicated and requires information on the association(s) between the spatial distributions of soil moisture (water + ice) and snow water.

A flow chart of the algorithm is presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The development and neural bases of face recognition
Authors: Nelson Charles A.
Published: August 2002

Evidence from fields as diverse as cognitive, evolutionary, and developmental psychology, as well as cognitive neuroscience, has increasingly pointed to the ‘special’ nature of face recognition. A critical examination of the literature supports the view that faces begin to be seen as a separate class of objects within the first 6 months of life. Not surprisingly, the neural systems that underlie face recognition also come on line during this period of time. Less clear, however, are the mechanisms whereby these events occur. It seems likely that face recognition reflects an experience‐expectant process, whereby exposure to faces during a sensitive period of development likely leads to perceptual and cortical specialization. However, it is unknown what the role of experience is in maintaining this ability, and how long this sensitive period lasts. After reviewing three related models that attempt to account for the way the ability to recognize faces develops, a number of suggestions are offered for testing the hypothesis that face recognition depends on experience for acquisition, and for evaluating the role of experience in maintaining this ability. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mother's face recognition in newborn infants: learning and memory
Authors: Bushnell I.W.R.
Published: August 2002

Two studies are reported that address issues related to memory for faces in young infants. The first correlates the opportunity to view the mother's face with expressed visual preference for that face, and shows that very little exposure is required, with greater levels of exposure showing stronger preferences. The second study examines the role of delay between exposure to the mother's face and preference testing, finding that strength of preference is not significantly impacted by a 15‐min delay. Implications for a model of face processing are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Candidate tumor suppressor, HCCS‐1, is downregulated in human cancers and induces apoptosis in cervical cancer
Authors: Kim Tae E. , Kim Yong W. , Hwang Seung Y. , Shin Seung M. , Shin Jin W. , Lee Young H. , Shin Sun Y. , Han Ku T. , Lee Joon M. , Namkoong Sung E. , Kim Jin W.
Published: August 2002

To identify the genes involved in cervical carcinogenesis, we applied the mRNA differential display method and identified a candidate tumor suppressor gene, HCCS‐1, which was present in normal cervical tissue but absent in cervical cancer, metastatic lymph node and CUMC‐6 cervical cancer cell line. HCCS‐1 transcripts were expressed in many normal tissues including leukocyte, lung, spleen, liver, heart and uterine cervix. Its expression was absent in 8 human cancer cell lines. HCCS‐1‐transfected HeLa cells exhibited growth inhibition by about 50%. This inhibitory effect of HCCS‐1 on cervical cancer cells was associated with apoptotic process including DNA fragmentation. HCCS‐1‐transfected HeLa cells were shown to release cytochrome c from mitochondria, which activates caspase‐9 and ‐3 and finally results in cleavage of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase. Apoptosis formation was detected by propidium‐iodide/annexin V. HCCS‐1‐transfected HeLa cells were more sensitive to adriamycin or UVC ray triggered apoptosis. These results suggest that HCCS‐1 is downregulated in multiple human tumor types and may serve as a candidate tumor suppressor gene through apoptotic pathway against human cervical cancer. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oral cancer in southern India: The influence of smoking, drinking, paan‐chewing and oral hygiene
Authors: Balaram Prabha , Sridhar Hema , Rajkumar Thangarajan , Vaccarella Salvatore , Herrero Rolando , Nandakumar Ambakumar , Ravichandran Kandaswamy , Ramdas Kunnambath , Sankaranarayanan Rengaswamy , Gajalakshmi Vendhan , Muñoz Nubia , Franceschi Silvia
Published: August 2002

Between 1996 and 1999 we carried out a case‐control study in 3 areas in Southern India (Bangalore, Madras and Trivandrum) including 591 incident cases of cancer of the oral cavity (282 women) and 582 hospital controls (290 women), frequency‐matched with cases by age and gender. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained from unconditional multiple logistic regressions and adjusted for age, gender, center, education, chewing habit and (men only) smoking and drinking habits. Low educational attainment, occupation as a farmer or manual worker and various indicators of poor oral hygiene were associated with significantly increased risk. An OR of 2.5 (95% CI 1.4–4.4) was found in men for smoking ≥ 20 bidi or equivalents versus 0/day. The OR for alcohol drinking was 2.2 (95% CI 1.4–3.3). The OR for paan chewing was more elevated among women (OR 42; 95% CI 24–76) than among men (OR 5.1; 95% CI 3.4–7.8). A similar OR was found among chewers of paan with (OR 6.1 in men and 46 in women) and without tobacco (OR 4.2 in men and 16.4 in women). Among men, 35% of oral cancer is attributable to the combination of smoking and alcohol drinking and 49% to pan‐tobacco chewing. Among women, chewing and poor oral hygiene explained 95% of oral cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ZD1839 (IRESSA), an EGFR‐selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, enhances taxane activity in bcl‐2 overexpressing, multidrug‐resistant MCF‐7 ADR human breast cancer cells
Authors: Ciardiello Fortunato , Caputo Rosa , Borriello Gaetano , Del Bufalo Donatella , Biroccio Annamaria , Zupi Gabriella , Bianco A. Raffaele , Tortora Giampaolo
Published: August 2002

Constitutive bcl‐2 overexpression increases the tumorigenic and metastatic potential of doxorubicin‐resistant, estrogen‐independent, MCF‐7 ADR human breast cancer cells. We evaluated the sensitivity to taxanes (paclitaxel, docetaxel and IDN 5109) of 2 bcl‐2‐overexpressing MCF‐7 ADR clones and control neomycin‐transfected MCF‐7 ADR neo cells. The 2 bcl‐2‐overexpressing MCF‐7 ADR clones were relatively resistant to all 3 taxanes, whereas the MCF‐7 ADR neo cells were relatively resistant to paclitaxel and docetaxel, but sensitive to IDN 5109. We found that both MCF‐7 ADR neo and bcl‐2‐overexpressing MCF‐7 ADR clones express high levels of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligand, transforming growth factor‐α (TGF‐α). Therefore, we tested the growth inhibitory effect of ZD1839 (Iressa™, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK), an orally active, selective EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR‐TKI) that is in clinical development. ZD1839 inhibited the growth in soft agar of all 3 clones in a dose‐dependent manner (IC50 of approximately 0.1 μM). This effect was accompanied by a dose‐dependent inhibition of EGFR tyrosine autophosphorylation and of the production of TGF‐α, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). To determine whether the blockade of EGFR signaling might affect the sensitivity of bcl‐2‐overexpressing MCF‐7 ADR cells to taxanes, cells were treated with ZD1839 in combination with paclitaxel, docetaxel or IDN 5109, and dose‐dependent cooperative growth inhibition as well as apoptosis potentiation were observed. Combined treatment with IDN 5109 and ZD1839 also resulted in a significant inhibition of bcl‐2 expression in bcl‐2‐overexpressing MCF‐7 ADR cells. These results demonstrate the ability of ZD1839 to overcome taxane resistance in a model of hormone‐independent, multidrug‐resistant, human breast cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
αv‐Integrin antagonist EMD 121974 induces apoptosis in brain tumor cells growing on vitronectin and tenascin
Authors: Taga Takashi , Suzuki Atsushi , Gonzalez‐Gomez Ignacio , Gilles Floyd H. , Stins Monique , Shimada Hiroyuki , Barsky Lora , Weinberg Kenneth I. , Laug Walter E.
Published: August 2002

Orthotopic brain tumor growth is inhibited in athymic mice by the daily systemic administration of the αv‐integrin antagonist EMD 121974. This compound, a cyclic RGD‐penta‐peptide, is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis, which induces apoptosis of growing endothelial cells through inhibition of their αv‐integrin interaction with the matrix proteins vitronectin and tenascin. Here we show that EMD 121974 also induces apoptosis in the αv‐integrin‐expressing tumor cell lines U87 MG and DAOY by detaching them from vitronectin and tenascin, matrix proteins known to be essential for brain tumor growth and invasion. These matrix proteins are shown to be produced by the brain tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, only tumor cells expressing αv‐integrins responded to the treatment with EMD 121974, after xenotransplantation into the forebrain of nude mice, supporting the importance of tumor cell‐matrix interactions in tumor cell survival in the brain. Thus, the αv‐antagonist EMD 121974 suppresses brain tumor growth through induction of apoptosis in both brain capillary and brain tumor cells by preventing their interaction with the matrix proteins vitronectin and tenascin. The dual action of this peptide explains its potent growth suppression of orthotopically transplanted brain tumors. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
UV‐B‐type mutations and chromosomal imbalances indicate common pathways for the development of Merkel and skin squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Popp Susanne , Waltering Stefan , Herbst Christel , Moll Ingrid , Boukamp Petra
Published: August 2002

Two developmentally highly divergent nonmelanoma skin cancers, the epidermal squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and the neuroendocrine Merkel cell carcinomas (MCC), occur late in life at sun‐exposed body sites. To determine whether these similarities may indicate common genetic alterations, we studied the genetic profile of 10 MCCs and analyzed 6 derived cell lines and 5 skin SCC lines by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and molecular genetic analyses. Although the MCCs were highly divergent—only 3 of the 10 tumors exhibited common gains and losses—they shared gain of 8q21‐q22 and loss of 4p15‐pter with the genetically much more homogeneous SCC lines. In addition, 2 of 5 SCC and 2 of 6 MCC lines exhibited UV‐B‐type‐specific mutations in the p53 tumor‐suppressor gene and a high frequency (9/11) of CC→TT double base changes in codon 27 of the Harvey (Ha)‐ras gene. Since 45% of the tumor lines were homozygous for this nucleotide substitution compared to 14% of the controls and in 1 MCC patient the wild‐type allele was lost in the tumor, this novel polymorphism may contribute to tumor development. On the other hand, loss of 3p, characteristic for SCCs, was rare in MCCs. Although in 2 of 3 SCC lines 3p loss was correlated with reduced expression of the FHIT (fragile histidine triad) gene, the potential tumor suppressor mapped to 3p14.2 and 2 MCC lines with normal 3p showed aberrant or no FHIT transcripts. Taken together, in addition to the common UV‐B‐specific mutations in the p53 and Ha‐ras gene, MCCs and SCCs also share chromosomal imbalances that may point to a common environmental‐derived (e.g., UV‐A) oxidative damage. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Financial development and poverty reduction in developing countries
Authors: Jalilian Hossein , Kirkpatrick Colin
Published: August 2002

Empirical investigation of the link between financial development and economic growth has established that finance exerts a significant and positive influence on growth. This paper extends this line of analysis by examining the contribution that financial development makes to poverty reduction in low‐income countries. The results reported support the contention that financial sector development policy can contribute to achieving the goal of poverty reduction in developing countries. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.