bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Goal achievement provides new insights into interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome symptoms and outcomes
Authors: Payne Christopher , Allee Tina
Published: December 2008

Aims

Goal Assessment Scaling (GAS), wherein patients specify goals then evaluate treatments with regard to goal achievement, has proven utility in assessing treatment of complex conditions such as chronic pain, rheumatoid arthritis, and incontinence. We used surveys and focus groups to characterize the goals of patients with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) in order to create a pilot GAS.

Methods

37 patients with IC/PBS recorded and ranked their treatment goals which were pooled and analyzed for emergent domains and priority rankings. 15 patients participated in 3 separate focus groups. Focus group audiotapes were transcribed and reviewed to identify major themes and goals domains.

Results

140 separate goals were collected. Mean number of goals 4±2.73% had pain goals and 56% had frequency and/or nocturia goals. Focus groups revealed that urgency is a separate entity from pain or frequency and any of these may take priority. The groups defined urgency for IC/PBS patient as “the need to urinate due to an unpleasant sensation that prevents attention to any other task.” Additional goal domains of control, predictability, and information were explored. Unsatisfactory aspects of common urological surveys were discussed as well as positive and negative aspects of GAS.

Conclusions

Patients have individualized treatment goals. GAS holds promise for addressing individuality in a standardized format. A new instrument developed from this work is being piloted in a multicenter RCT. We also suggest that questionnaires investigating urgency in IC/PBS clarify the definition in a way more applicable to the specific condition. Neurourol. Urodynam. 28:13–17, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fundraising in the new philanthropy environment: The benefits and challenges of working with giving circles
Authors: Eikenberry Angela M.
Published: December 2008

This article reports on an exploratory study to understand the impact of the new philanthropy on funding recipients by asking nonprofit professionals about their experiences working with giving circles. Giving circles are growing in number across the United States. They are attractive to new philanthropy donors who pool their resources and then decide together where to give them away. They also frequently include social, educational, and volunteer engagement components. Giving circles seem to be an important source of new and expanded resources for nonprofit organizations, but there are both benefits and challenges to working with giving circles that reveal several problematic tensions for nonprofit funding recipients, the philanthropic relationship, and society more broadly.
Characterization and control of plastic deformation in mesoscale premolded components to realize in‐mold assembled mesoscale revolute joints
Authors: Ananthanarayanan Arvind , Gupta Satyandra K. , Bruck Hugh A.
Published: December 2008

This article reports a mold design strategy and a detailed mechanics‐based modeling approach to characterize and control the plastic deformation of premolded components during in‐mold assembly of mesoscale revolute joints. The following new results are reported in this article. First, a mesoscale mold design with varying cavity shape is described to perform in‐mold assembly of the mesoscale revolute joint. Second, a transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling approach to determine the forces experienced by the mesoscale parts due to injection molding is described. Finally, a mechanics‐based model approach developed using a combination of experimental materials property data and the CFD results as input to a finite element simulation of the deformation response of the mesoscale part is presented for the determination of critical mold design parameters that are necessary for repeatable fabrication of articulating mesoscale revolute joints. Using the advances reported in this article a mesoscale revolute joint has been successfully molded. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of in‐mold assembly process using a varying cavity shape mold tocreate an articulating mesoscale revolute joint. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Rapid thermal cycling with low thermal inertia tools
Authors: Xu Ronald X. , Sachs Emanuel
Published: December 2008

Solid freeform fabrication processes offer the manufacturing flexibility for tools with low thermal inertia and internal conformal channels for rapid thermal cycling in injection molding. This article analyzed each step of a rapid thermal cycling process and provided quantitative guidance for tooling design. The proposed design methodology was tested on a three‐dimensional (3D) printed benchmark tool with truss support. Rapid cooling test on the benchmark tool resulted in the mold time constant shorter than 2.3 s and the cavity temperature uniformity better than 3°C. Preliminary tests demonstrated the technical feasibility of using a solid freeform fabrication process to fabricate low thermal inertia tools for improved heat management in injection molding. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Investigation of the relationships between die build up and die swell
Authors: Hogan Todd A. , Walia Parvinder , Dems Bernard C.
Published: December 2008

Die build up (DBU) is a common problem encountered during extrusion of polymers where material accumulates around the die exit and may cause defects in the surface of the product. This study was initiated to better understand the fundamental relationships between DBU and die swell. The study was conducted on a strand die extrusion system using an ethylene‐octene polyolefin elastomer resin. This study demonstrated that die swell is not a root cause of DBU. It was shown that at constant shear rate, increasing the die L/D ratio results in an increase in DBU, while die swell decreases. The important variables influencing DBU for the resin used in this study were: the shear rate or shear stress in capillary portion of the die, the nominal residence time that the resin is exposed to the high shear stress in the die capillary, and the concentration of oligomers present in the resin or generated during processing. These data support the conclusion that DBU is due to the shear‐induced migration of oligomeric species in the polymer to the die surface. Higher shear rates and stresses in the die promote this migration and result in a higher concentration of oligomeric species near the die wall. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae), reproduction during exposure to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid and azadirachtin
Authors: Christopher Cutler G , Ramanaidu Krilen , Astatkie T , Isman Murray B
Published: December 2008

BACKGROUND: Resurgence of insect pests following insecticide applications is often attributed to natural enemy disturbance, but hormesis could be an alternative or additional mechanism. Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is an important insect pest of many crops worldwide that may be exposed to sublethal insecticide concentrations over time. Here, the hypothesis that exposure to low concentrations of imidacloprid and azadirachtin can induce hormetic responses in M. persicae is tested in the laboratory.

RESULTS: When insects were exposed to potato leaf discs dipped in sublethal concentrations of insecticide, almost all measured endpoints—adult longevity, F1 production, F1 survival and F2 production—were affected, and a statistically significant (P < 0.05) stimulatory response was recorded for F2 production following exposure to imidacloprid. No other measures for hormesis were statistically significant, but other trends of hormetic response were consistently observed.

CONCLUSIONS: Given that variable distribution and degradation of insecticides in the field would result in a wide range of concentrations over time and space, these laboratory experiments suggest that exposure to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid and azadirachtin could stimulate reproduction in M. persicae. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis, conformational analysis and immunological activity of β3Phe‐substituted Cyclolinopeptide A analogues
Authors: Kaczmarek Krzysztof , Farina Biancamaria , Zubrzak Paweł , Jankowski Stefan , Zimecki Michał , Suder Piotr , Benedetti Ettore , Fattorusso Roberto , Saviano Michele , Zabrocki Janusz
Published: December 2008

CLA, a natural, highly hydrophobic cyclic nonapeptide with sequence c(Pro1‐Pro2‐Phe3‐Phe4‐Leu5‐Ile6‐Ile7‐Leu8‐Val9‐), isolated from linseed oil, was found to possess a strong immunosuppressive activity comparable, in low doses, with that of CsA, with a mechanism that depends on the inhibition of the interleukin‐1 and interleukin‐2 action. Structural analysis of CLA and its related compounds has underlined that the presence of the tetrapeptide Pro‐Pro‐Phe‐Phe sequence, the Pro‐Pro cis amide bond, and the ‘edge‐to‐face’ interaction are possible important features for the immunosuppressive activity of CLA. To evaluate the role and significance of ‘edge‐to‐face’ interaction in the process of molecular recognition by receptors, we have synthesised three linear precursors and three cyclic analogues of CLA, in which one or both Phe residues have been replaced by β3Phe residues. A conformational analysis by NMR in CD3CN/H2O mixture has been carried out on the CLA analogue, in which Phe3 has been replaced by a βPhe, to study the influence of the mutation on the three‐dimensional structure. All linear and cyclic CLA analogues containing βPhe have been tested in the humoral and cellular immune response in vivo assays in mice. The peptide activities have been compared with CsA, as a reference drug. Copyright © 2008 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linking baby boomer and Hispanic migration streams into rural America – a multi‐scaled approach
Authors: Nelson Peter B. , Lee Ahn Wei , Nelson Lise
Published: December 2008

Dramatic transformations in the nature of urban economies across the globe have led to the arrival of linked migration streams into destination ‘global cities’. This paper extends these theorisations of linked migration streams into the rural context by examining the overlap between baby boomer and Hispanic migration streams into non‐metropolitan counties and across spatial scales. We argue that boomers arriving in non‐metropolitan destinations are likely to stimulate demand in personal and household services, construction, restaurants, and other service sectors, and such demands are akin to those precipitated by economic restructuring in global cities. Just as immigrants flock to global cities to fill labour demand in burgeoning service sectors, we argue Latinos are arriving in certain non‐metropolitan destinations in response to growing service demands brought about by recently arriving boomers. Our exploratory analysis documents the extent to which these migration streams converge in rural America, and describes the residential geographies that emerge in the wake of such migration. The analysis identifies 75 counties in which these migration streams overlap, and these counties are distinct in terms of geographical distribution and economic structure. Within these counties, however, there is considerable residential separation between these two populations, leading to new questions concerning community integration and fragmentation in these increasingly diverse non‐metropolitan destinations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geo‐additive models of childhood undernutrition in three sub‐Saharan African countries
Authors: Kandala Ngianga‐Bakwin , Fahrmeir Ludwig , Klasen Stephan , Priebe Jan
Published: December 2008

We investigate the geographical and socioeconomic determinants of childhood undernutrition in Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia, three neighbouring countries in southern Africa, using the 1992 Demographic and Health Surveys. In particular, we estimate models of undernutrition jointly for the three countries to explore regional patterns of undernutrition that transcend boundaries, while allowing for country‐specific interactions. We use geo‐additive regression models to flexibly model the effects of selected socioeconomic covariates and spatial effects. Inference is fully Bayesian based on recent Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques.

While the socioeconomic determinants generally confirm findings from the literature, we find distinct residual spatial patterns that are not explained by the socioeconomic determinants. In particular, there appears to be a belt transcending boundaries and running from southern Tanzania to northeastern Zambia which exhibits much worse undernutrition. These findings have important implications for planning, as well as in the search for left‐out variables that might account for these residual spatial patterns. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N,N‐Bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)formamide as a New Plasticizer for Thermoplastic Starch
Authors: Dai Hongguang , Chang Peter R. , Yu Jiugao , Ma Xiaofei
Published: December 2008

N,N‐Bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)formamide (BHF) was synthesized efficiently and used as a new plasticizer for corn starch to prepare thermoplastic starch (TPS). The hydrogen bond interaction between BHF and starch was proven by Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy. As detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), starch granules were completely disrupted and a continuous phase was obtained. The crystallinity of corn starch and BHF‐plasticized TPS (BTPS) was characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The thermal behavior of glycerol‐plasticized TPS (GTPS) and BTPS was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The water resistance of BTPS was better than that of GTPS. Generally, at low relative humidity (RH), the tensile strength of BTPS was higher than that of GTPS. At high RH, the elongation at break of BTPS was higher than that of GTPS.
Glutamate receptor mGlu2 and mGlu3 knockout striata are dopamine supersensitive, with elevated D2Highreceptors and marked supersensitivity to the dopamine agonist (+)PHNO
Authors: Seeman Philip , Battaglia Giuseppe , Corti Corrado , Corsi Mauro , Bruno Valeria
Published: December 2008

The finding that the mGlu2/3 metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, LY404039, improves clinical symptoms in schizophrenia warrants a search for a possible interaction between mGlu2/3 receptors and dopamine D2 receptors. Here, this topic is examined in striatal tissue of mice lacking either mGlu2 or mGlu3 receptor. Such mice are known to be behaviorally supersensitive to dopamine receptor agonists. Therefore, to determine the basis of this dopamine supersensitivity, the proportion of dopamine D2Highreceptors was measured in the striata of mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptor knockout mice. The proportion of D2Highreceptors was found to be elevated by 220% in the striata of both knockouts. To measure the functional dopamine supersensitivity, the D2 agonist (+)PHNO was used to stimulate the incorporation of GTP‐γ‐S in the striatal homogenates in the presence of drugs that blocked the dopamine D1, D3, and D5 receptors. Compared with control striata, the mGlu2 receptor knockout tissues were 67‐fold more sensitive to (+)PHNO, while the mGlu3 receptor knockout tissues were 17‐fold more sensitive. These data suggest that group II mGlu receptors—mGlu2 receptors in particular—may normally regulate D2 receptors by reducing the proportion of high‐affinity D2 receptors in membranes. Such regulation may contribute to the antipsychotic action of mGlu2/3 receptor agonists. Synapse 63:247–251, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Collective Bargaining Or Legal Enactment? The Austrian Development
Authors: Gulick Charles A.
Published: December 2008

It will be recalled that within the 16 “industrial” unions in the ÖGB there are sections and sub-sections. These divisions are reflected in the agreements. For instance, among those supplied to me by Proksch for the Metal and Mine Workers Union are ones for “coal and iron mining,” for “non-coal mining”, for the “iron and metal manufacturing and fabricating industry and trade [Gewerbe] of Austria”, for the “[manual] workers in electricity-supplying undertakings of Austria”, and for the “scythe and sickle industry”. In all five instances the pacts are nationwide and the partners are one or more employer associations, the ÖGB, and the union. In all except that for the scythe and sickle industry all workers other than commercial apprentices are included; in it they too are covered. Each agreement is of indefinite duration but may be terminated by either partner after a notice period of three months. This notice may be given only on the last day of any calendar month by means of a registered letter. Negotiations for renewal or alteration are to take place within the notice period. Under this arrangement Austrians appear to believe that no-strike, no-lockout clauses make little or no sense; at any rate, they do not appear. Nor is there any provision about grievances and their adjustment, or about the interpretation of the contract. In conformity with legal prescriptions, these matters are left to the works councils (shop steward if no council exists), the labor courts, or the conciliation offices.
Greeks and the Greeks
Authors: den Boer W.
Published: December 2008

To make generalisations, whether in speech or in print, is always a dangerous thing to do – dangerous not only in everyday affairs but also in scholarly research. All too frequently we are inclined to draw general conclusions from a larger or smaller number of special cases. Because the living voice of an age long past is no longer there to put us right, this inclination has become, from a danger, a positive menace in the study of history; and not least is it present in modern scholarship as concerned with ancient Greece.
Aristonicus, Blossius, and the City of the Sun
Authors: Africa Thomas W.
Published: December 2008

In Asia Minor in the Second Century B.C., an ephemeral revolutionary regime held sway which has been variously hailed as the first volley of Marxism or the last stand of Cloudcuckooland. Since Aristonicus did not hesitate to openly proclaim class warfare against the bourgeoisie of Pergamum, even restrained scholars label his City of the Sun as a “proletarian state”. Ironically, though he challenged the majesty of Rome, Aristonicus won the support of Blossius of Cumae, the Stoic adviser of Tiberius Gracchus and the ideologue of the Roman reformers, who would perish in the debacle of the Pergamene revolution.
The Transition to Democracy in Victorian England
Authors: Tholfsen Trygve R.
Published: December 2008

“The organization and the establishment of democracy in Christendom”, de Tocqueville wrote in 1835, “is the great political problem of the time.” Nowhere was the problem more urgent than in England, whose industrial towns were soon to be torn by intense class conflict. Yet England resolved the tensions of the 1830's and 1840's, and went on to build a tough and supple political democracy in a massively undemocratic society.
Late-Victorian Sexual Respectability and the Social System
Authors: Cominos Peter T.
Published: December 2008

As others before him, the late Humphrey House once remarked upon the paucity of our knowledge concerning sexual behavior in Victorian England. For House the extreme reticence of the Victorians magnified the value of every fragment of evidence pertaining to sexual behavior that scholars uncovered. To fathom the meaning of the extreme reticence itself does not seem to have been particularly relevant to the problem for House. In this paper, which is an analysis of late-Victorian Sexual Respectability, not only the fragmentary sorts of knowledge that House alluded to, but a comparatively unexplored source, medical books, have been made meaningful and interpreted within the frame of reference of the Respectable Social System prevailing in England roughly between 1859 and 1895.
German Social Democracy and German State Socialism, 1876–1884
Authors: Lidtke Vernon L.
Published: December 2008

In the late eighteen-seventies, the German Social Democratic Party, while still healing the wounds of old battles between Lassalleans and Eisenachers, was confronted by foes who delivered attacks on two levels. On the one level, Bismarck and his supporters fought energetically to annihilate the party with the passage of the Socialist Law (October 21, 1878). After some initial faltering steps, the Social Democrats found a firm footing and struggled successfully to preserve their political existence. The movement was preserved, even though the party organization, its affiliates and its newspapers were suppressed. On another level, the Social Democrats faced an ideological challenge. Their political suppression broadly paralleled the emergence of a conservative socialism which flourished for a short time in a variety of forms. Whatever clothing it wore, conservative socialism aimed to undermine the growing appeal of Social Democracy to the working-men of Germany. A theory of State Socialism was the most attractive garment designed by conservative social thought. The response of the Social Democratic Party to the various facets of this conservative socialism is a significant chapter in the history of the German socialist movement.
Bibliographie der Arbeiterbewegung heute und morgen
Authors: Andreas Bert , Haupt Georges
Published: December 2008

Welchen Platz nimmt die Bibliographic der Arbeiterbewegung und des Sozialismus heute ein und wie füllt sie ihn aus? Der beträchtliche Aufschwung, den in den letzten 15 Jahren die Historiographie auf diesem Gebiet erfahren hat, fand seinen Ausdruck auch in erheblich vermehrter bibliographischer Tätigkeit. Die Zahl der in den letzten 10 bis 15 Jahren veröffentlichten Bibliographien ist bedeutend höher als die der im vorhergegangenen halben Jahrhundert gedruckten. Der Historiker der Arbeiterbewegung, wie übrigens auch manche seiner Kollegen anderer Spezialgebiete, benutzt häufig die ihm von den Hilfs-wissenschaften zur Verfügung gestellten Arbeitsinstrumente, insbesondere Bibliographien, ohne die ihrer Herstellung eigenen Bedingungen und Probleme näher zu kennen. Dies mangelnde Verständnis ist der Forschung im allgemeinen abträglich und führt, wie wir weiterhin sehen werden, zu Kraftvergeudung. In einzelnen Fällen kann man sich des Eindrucks nicht erwehren, die Geschichtsschreibung sei der Bibliographie vorausgeeilt, die unumgängliche bibliographische Vorbereitung der Arbeit durch den Historiker sei unzulänglich gewesen oder jedenfalls nicht von dem dazu berufenen Spezialisten durchgeführt worden. Die eigentliche Ursache solcher Erscheinungen ist weniger in Uebereilung des Historikers oder im Zurückbleiben des Bibliographen zu suchen, sondern vielmehr in mangelnder Koordination beider Tätigkeiten und infolgedessen ungenügend formulierten Ansprüchen an die Qualität der von der Hilfswissenschaft geforderten Arbeit. Auf die Frage der Koordination werden wir noch zurückkommen. Wenden wir uns zuerst, ohne jegliche polemische Absicht, einigen Fragen zu, die uns für den Bibliographen wesentlich zu sein scheinen. 1. Die Isolierung der Bibliographen fährt zu einer bedeutenden Kraft-verschwendung. Gar nicht selten unternehmen zwei oder mehr Forscher ungewusst und unabhängig voneinander eine gleiche Arbeit.
Technological Change and the 1852 Lock-Out in the British Engineering Industry
Authors: Burgess Keith
Published: December 2008

The period 1780-1850 marked the rapid industrialization of the British economy. This not only meant the creation of new industries. Profound changes took place within these industries. Engineering was one of these. During the period 1780-1850 the British engineering industry was transformed from a labour to a capital-intensive one. This was the result of technological change.
The Independent Labour Party and Planning, 1920–26
Authors: Oldfield Adrian
Published: December 2008

The failure of the ILP to convince a Labour opposition, and then a Labour government after 1929, to abandon its view that banking and politics were quite separate fields of activity is well-known. Politicians were not bankers: it was as simple as that. Ramsay MacDonald, though not averse to political programmes as such, was certainly suspicious of “unauthorised” programmes. In a veiled but unmistakable reference to ILP policy statements, he told the 1927 Labour Party conference that

“authorised programmes might have a certain number of inconveniences, but unauthorised programmes had many more inconveniences, and he was not at all sure that during the last twelve months or two years the Labour Party had not suffered more from unauthorised programmes and statements than it had suffered from the issue of well-considered and well-thought-out documents and pronouncements.”

Philip Snowden was much more explicit. Unlike Sir Montagu Norman, Governor of the Bank of England, Snowden did recognise a causal relationship between changes in the availability of credit and changes in the levels of production and employment, but thought that this was a relationship which politicians should not interfere with. Control of credit held within it the possibility of inflation. “It might be highly dangerous”, Snowden warned the 1928 Labour Party conference, “in the hands of a Government that wanted to use this means in order to serve some purpose, or to gain popular support.” One might achieve temporary benefits, such as the reduction of unemployment from one and a quarter million to a quarter of a million in nine months, but there would be a terrible price to pay later – all the more terrible because unspecified.
Immigration of British Coal Miners in the Civil War Decade
Authors: Gottlieb Amy Zahl
Published: December 2008

British coal miners immigrated to the United States in increasing numbers during the Civil War decade. Their movement from the collieries gathered momentum in the early war years and reached its peak in 1869. In 1862, almost all of the immigrants entering the United States who listed their occupation as “miner” were from Britain. As shown in the table, such men accounted for more than 73% of all immigrant miners in each of the following years of the decade for which data are available, with the exception of 1864. In 1870, the 57,214 British immigrant miners listed in the United States Census represented more than 60% of all foreign-born miners (94,719) in the country. The movement from Britain had already slowed when news of the American economic depression that began in 1873 reached the collieries in Britain, where an extraordinary demand for iron in the early 1870's had hiked coal miners' wages far above normal levels. However, when employment in the American coalfields was readily available in the 1860's and early 1870's, the risk involved in spending hard-won savings on the journey, which cost approximately £5 and took ten days by steamer, appeared reasonable. In comparison with other wage earners coal miners in Britain were relatively well-paid. They could, therefore, accumulate the cost of the trans-Atlantic passage during “good-times” at home.
Der Kommunistische Arbeiterbildungsverein in London: Ein Beitrag Zu den Anfängen der deutschen Arbeiterbildungsbewegung (1840–47)
Authors: Brandenburg Alexander
Published: December 2008

Eine selbständige Gesamtdarstellung der Geschichte des kommunisti-schen Arbeiterbildungsvereins in London, des langlebigsten deutschen Auslandsvereins, ist ein Desiderat der Forschung. Diese Forschungslücke schließt der folgende Aufsatz nicht. Als Teildarstellung beschränkt er sich darauf, die Anfangs- und Konsolidierungsphase des Londoner Arbeiterbildungsvereins vornehmlich auf der Grundlage einer Auswertung bereits publizierten Quellenmaterials darzustellen; eine Ausnahme ist die Auswertung der Statuten und des Bibliotheksverzeichnisses des Arbeiterbildungsvereinsaus dem Jahre 1845–46. Diese bis in das Jahr 1847 reichende Phase wird in der Literatur zur frü Geschichte der Arbeirterbewegung zumeist skizzenuhaft im Rahmen einer Geschichte des Bundes der Gerechten / Bundes der Kommunisten behandelt.4
La Suisse
Authors: Vuilleumier Marc
Published: December 2008

L'une des particularités de la proscription communaliste en Suisse par rapport à celle des autres pays, c'est d'être, pour une bien plus large part, issue des mouvements qui soulevèrent diverses villes de province. Cela signifie qu'elle n'a pas débuté au lendemain de la Semaine sanglante, mais bien avant déjà, au fur et à mesure qu'échouaient les différentes Communes provinciales. Le décalage chronologique entre l'insurrection parisienne et les mouvements qui agitèrent le reste du pays fit qu'au moment où celle-ci résistait encore victorieusement, toute une série de réfugiés de Lyon, du Creusot, de Marseille ou d'ailleurs se morfondaient à Genève, prêts à saisir la première occasion pour rentrer dans leur pays et y déclencher un nouveau soulèvement.
Russian Political Masonry and the February Revolution of 1917
Authors: Norton Barbara T.
Published: December 2008

Few problems in modern Russian history are more complex or more bewildering than that of political Masonry (politicheskoe masonstvo) and its contribution to early-twentieth-century oppositional politics. A decade and a half ago Nathan Smith observed that “Available firsthand evidence about the [political Masonic] movement […] is incredibly limited and raises as many questions as it answers.” That observation is still valid as the origins, structure, composition and activities of the conspiratorial political Masonic organization remain among the best-kept secrets of Russia's past. Indeed, political Masonry was first mentioned in the historiography on the February Revolution only in the early 1930's. Then, for nearly three decades, scholars simply ignored the problem altogether. This was partially due to a paucity of sources; but equally important was the fact that the subject conjured up images of that pernicious Jewish-Masonicconspiracy theory so popular among right-wing émigré circles. During the 1960's historians once again turned their attention to political Masonry, although infrequently and usually only in passing. Since that time a number of treatments have appeared, yet none takes account of all the available evidence. Moreover, many historians continue to reject out of hand all efforts to deal with political Masonry, dismissing them as attempts to perpetuate the Jewish-Masonic-conspiracy myth, while other scholars reject the suggestion that the political Masonic organization played a crucial role in the overthrow of the Russian Monarchy and the establishment of the Provisional Government in 1917.
Political Economy, Ideology and the Persistence of Working-Class Housing Problems in Britain, 1850–1914
Authors: Rodger Richard
Published: December 2008

Nineteenth-century housing was not all gloom and doom. For significant elements of the nation the standard of comfort and material welfare improved substantially. Suburbanization of the middle classes in the second half of the century appreciably improved environmental conditions, the family in particular benefitting from a semi-rural existence with only the commuting breadwinner subject to the hostility of urban conditions. In the last third of the nineteenth century rising real incomes were especially beneficial to artisans and the more regularly employed labouring class. last third of the nineteenth century rising real incomes were especially beneficial to artisans and the more regularly employed labouring class. Linoleum, curtains, parlour furniture, even pianos transformed the immediate appearance of the home; shoes, a change of clothes and running water that of the people; and the kitchen range, water closets and gas mantles re-arranged the domestic patterns in other respects. The possibility of an outing to the seaside was for many a realistic one, while the growth of organized sport created leisure possibilities, as did the expansion of clubs and other social activities.
A Guide to the “New” Chinese History: Recent Publications Concerning Chinese Social and Economic Development before 1800
Authors: Zurndorfer Harriet T.
Published: December 2008

During the last 15 years or so, the study of Chinese history in the United States and Europe has been transformed through new foci of interest as well as the employment of social science methodologies. This article surveys a selected number of recent publications and categorizes them according to five themes: “commoners, women, and outsiders”, “the structural approach”, “state and society”, “China andl'histoire globale”, and “China and the West”. It is demonstrated that the continuities within Chinese development, including the progressive demographic expansion of the Chinese population, the formulation and exercise of gentry rulership, the general vigour of the economy, and increased regional and subregional agricultural/industrial production and distribution are not confined to specific dynastic periods and should be viewed in a long-term context.
“Equal Rights for all Civilized Men”:
Authors: West Michael O.
Published: December 2008

Between 1924 and 1961 elite Africans in Southern Rhodesia (colonial Zimbabwe) waged a protracted political struggle for the right legally to drink “European” liquor, which had been banned to colonized Africans under the Brussels Treaty of 1890. Refusing to be lumped with the black masses and basing their claim on the notion that there should be “equal rights for all civilized men”, elite Africans argued that they had attained a cultural level comparable to that of the dominant European settlers and should therefore be exempt from the liquor ban. This struggle, which ended successfully in 1961, also highlights other important themes in the history of the emergent African elite in Southern Rhodesia, most notably its political tactics and consciousness. The quest for European liquor helped to hone political skills as well, as a number of individuals who participated in it later became important African nationalist leaders.
Field fitness, phalanx-guerrilla morphological variation, and symmetry of colonial growth in the encrusting hydroid genusHydractinia
Authors: Ferrell David L.
Published: December 2008

‘Phalanx’ and ‘guerrilla’ phenotypes have been characterized as distinct, adaptive growth strategies exhibited by marine encrusting taxa, as well as a variety of other colonial taxa, that differ in patterns of colonial growth and areal expansion. Phalanx morphs exhibit compact growth, expanding outward concentrically and generating radially symmetric colony shapes, whereas guerrillas exhibit diffuse growth and typically elongate, asymmetric colony shapes. Several species in the colonial hydroid genusHydractiniadisplay inter-genotypic morphological variation in early developmental growth, although it is unclear if and how this growth form variation is tied to colony symmetry. Here I show that the phalanx versus guerrilla distinction does not adequately characterize genetic variation inHydractiniagrowth form. Genotypes characterized by extreme mat and stoloniferous growth exhibited high levels of symmetry while genotypes generating growth forms intermediate between these two extremes were more asymmetric. Asymmetric growth is tied to reduced field fitness as a result of slower growth, reduced investment in future reproduction, and increased susceptibility to abiotic environmental stress. Asymmetric, guerrilla-like growth may be the morphological symptom of maladaptive growth early in colony development. This notion contrasts greatly with the traditional view of guerrilla growth as an adaptive strategy. Several hypotheses are proposed to address why asymmetric, guerrilla-like growth may be maladaptive in this and similar systems.
Heritability and short-term effects of inbreeding in the progenetic trematodeCoitocaecum parvum: is there a need for the definitive host?
Authors: LAGRUE C. , POULIN R.
Published: December 2008

Self-fertilization (or selfing), defined as the fusion of male and female reproductive cells originating from the same individual, is the most extreme case of inbreeding. Although most hermaphroditic organisms are in principle able to self-fertilize, this reproductive strategy is commonly associated with a major disadvantage: inbreeding depression. Deleterious effects due to the loss of genetic diversity have been documented in numerous organisms including parasites. Here we studied the effects of inbreeding depression on the offspring of the progenetic trematodeCoitocaecum parvum. The parasite can use 2 alternative life-history strategies: either it matures early, via progenesis, and produces eggs by selfing in its second intermediate host, or it waits and reproduces by out-crossing in its definitive host. We measured various key parameters of parasite fitness (i.e. hatching and multiplication rates, infectivity, survival) in offspring produced by both selfing and out-crossing. Altogether, we found no significant difference in the fitness of offspring from progenetic (selfing) and adult (out-crossing) parents. In addition, we found no evidence that either strategy (progenesis or the normal three-host cycle) is heritable, i.e. the strategy adopted by offspring is independent of that used by their parents. Although it is unclear why both reproductive strategies are maintained inC. parvumpopulations, our conclusion is that producing eggs by selfing has few, if any, negative effects on parasite offspring. Inbreeding depression is unlikely to be a factor acting on the maintenance of the normal three-host life cycle, and thus out-crossing, inC. parvumpopulations.
Cryptic species complexes in manipulative echinostomatid trematodes: when two become six
Authors: LEUNG T. L. F. , KEENEY D. B. , POULIN R.
Published: December 2008

Recent studies have shown that some digenean trematodes previously identified as single species due to the lack of distinguishing morphological characteristics actually consist of a number of genetically distinct cryptic species. We obtained mitochondrial 16S and nuclear ITS1 sequences for the redial stages of Acanthoparyphium sp. and Curtuteria australis collected from snails and whelks at various locations around Otago Peninsula, New Zealand. These two echinostomes are well-known host manipulators whose impact extends to the entire intertidal community. Using phylogenetic analyses, we found that Acanthoparyphium sp. is actually composed of at least 4 genetically distinct species, and that a cryptic species of Curtuteria occurs in addition to C. australis. Molecular data obtained for metacercariae dissected from cockle second intermediate hosts matched sequences obtained for Acanthoparyphium sp. A and C. australis rediae, respectively, but no other species. The various cryptic species of both Acanthoparyphium and Curtuteria also showed an extremely localized pattern of distribution: some species were either absent or very rare in Otago Harbour, but reached far higher prevalence in nearby sheltered inlets. This small-scale spatial segregation is unexpected as shorebird definitive hosts can disperse trematode eggs across wide geographical areas, which should result in a homogeneous mixing of the species on small geographical scales. Possible explanations for this spatial segregation of the species include sampling artefacts, local adaptation by first intermediate hosts, environmental conditions, and site fidelity of the definitive hosts.
Lessons from the Injured Brain: A Bioethicist in the Vineyards of Neuroscience
Authors: FINS JOSEPH J.
Published: December 2008

I would like to share some reflections on how bioethics fosters dialogue between the sciences and humanities by talking a bit about my work as a physician-ethicist collaborating with neuroscientists studying severe brain injury and mechanisms of recovery. If I am successful in this Pilgrim's Progress, I hope I will convince you that the injured brain can teach us much about ourselves. It is not something I was prepared to believe as a medical student, when I was more certain of things than I am now.
Migration and the Human Right to Health
Authors: COLE PHILLIP
Published: December 2008

In December 2007 it was revealed that the British government is considering the exclusion of certain groups of migrants—those considered to be present “illegally”—from primary health care provided by the National Health Service (NHS). At present, practitioners have discretion to accept any individual for NHS treatment regardless of their status. A joint Home Office and Department of Health review is examining this access for foreign nationals, and the likely outcome is the restriction of access to irregular migrants, which would, according to the Institute of Public Policy Research, affect around 390,000 people. In 2004 such groups were excluded from NHS secondary care, most controversially from treatment for HIV, and so the present proposal would bar them from all but emergency health treatment.
FROBENIUS GROUPS AS MONODROMY GROUPS
Authors: GURALNICK ROBERT M.
Published: December 2008

We study Frobenius groups acting on curves.
A POLYNOMIAL APPROACH TO COCYCLES OVER ELEMENTARY ABELIAN GROUPS
Authors: FARMER D. G. , HORADAM K. J.
Published: December 2008

We derive bivariate polynomial formulae for cocycles and coboundaries in Z2(ℤpn,ℤpn), and a basis for the (pn−1−n)-dimensional GF(pn)-space of coboundaries. When p=2 we determine a basis for the $(2^n + {n\choose 2} -1)$-dimensional GF(2n)-space of cocycles and show that each cocycle has a unique decomposition as a direct sum of a coboundary and a multiplicative cocycle of restricted form.
EMBEDDINGS OF COMPLEX LINE SYSTEMS AND FINITE REFLECTION GROUPS
Authors: KRISHNASAMY MURALEEDARAN , TAYLOR D. E.
Published: December 2008

A star is a planar set of three lines through a common point in which the angle between each pair is 60∘. A set of lines through a point in which the angle between each pair of lines is 60 or 90∘ is star-closed if for every pair of its lines at 60∘ the set contains the third line of the star. In 1976 Cameron, Goethals, Seidel and Shult showed that the indecomposable star-closed sets in Euclidean space are the root systems of types An, Dn, E6, E7 and E8. This result was a key part of their determination of all graphs with least eigenvalue −2. Subsequently, Cvetković, Rowlinson and Simić determined all star-closed extensions of these line systems. We generalize this result on extensions of line systems to complex n-space equipped with a hermitian inner product. There is one further infinite family, and two exceptional types arising from Burkhardt and Mitchell’s complex reflection groups in dimensions five and six. The proof is a geometric version of Mitchell’s classification of complex reflection groups in dimensions greater than four.
The International Association (1855–1859)
Authors: Lehning A. Müller
Published: December 2008

The International Association, which existed in London from 1855 to1859 and which was founded by French, Polish and German refugees and English chartists, is to be regarded as the first international organization of a proletarian and socialist character, and forms the last and most important link in the series of international manifestations during the three decades prior to the foundation of the First International, which will be briefly sketched here).

When in Europe about 1830 the working-class movement came into existence, When in Europe about 1830 the working-class movement came into existence, there arose simultaneously, as an immediate result of the awakening class-consciousness, the idea of international proletarian solidarity, which has continued to be a basic element of the proletarian ideology and to find expression in manifestations of international solidarity, as well as in the formation of various organizations of an international tenor.
Retrievals of aerosol single‐scattering albedo and effective aerosol layer height for biomass‐burning smoke: Synergy derived from “A‐Train” sensors
Authors: Jeong Myeong‐Jae , Hsu N. Christina
Published: December 2008

In this paper, we present results from a new algorithm which provides aerosol layer height (ALH) as well as single‐scattering albedo (SSA) for biomass‐burning smoke aerosols by merging measurements from three of the “A‐Train” satellite sensors: MODIS, OMI, and CALIOP. This algorithm has been applied successfully to biomass burning episodes over North America and Southeast Asia, and the corresponding SSA retrievals show good agreement with those from the AERONET. Furthermore, by combining ALH information from CALIOP with the retrieved SSA, extended information of ALH over wide areas can be obtained outside the CALIPSO track. Even when CALIPSO data are not available, this algorithm will still allow for the separation of aerosols residing within the boundary layer from those elevated in the free troposphere by combining only MODIS and OMI data. Results from this study will provide a better understanding of the height of smoke layers generated from biomass burning and thus improve aerosol models and the prediction of smoke aerosol transport.
Global Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud detection and height evaluation using CALIOP
Authors: Holz R. E. , Ackerman S. A. , Nagle F. W. , Frey R. , Dutcher S. , Kuehn R. E. , Vaughan M. A. , Baum B.
Published: December 2008

A global 2‐month comparison is presented between the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for both cloud detection and cloud top height (CTH) retrievals. Both CALIOP and MODIS are part of the NASA A‐Train constellation of satellites and provide continuous near‐coincident measurements that result in over 28 million cloud detection comparisons and over 5 million CTH comparisons for the months of August 2006 and February 2007. To facilitate the comparison, a computationally efficient and accurate collocation methodology is developed. With the collocated MODIS and CALIOP retrievals, nearly instantaneous comparisons are compiled regionally and globally. Globally, it is found that the MODIS 1‐km cloud mask and the CALIOP 1‐km averaged layer product agreement is 87% for cloudy conditions for both August 2006 and February 2007. For clear‐sky conditions the agreement is 85% (86%) for August (February). The best agreement is found for nonpolar daytime and the poorest agreement in the polar regions. Differences in cloud top heights depend strongly on cloud type. Globally, MODIS underestimates the CTH relative to CALIOP by 1.4 ± 2.9 km for both August 2006 and February 2007. This value of 1.4 km is obtained using the CALIOP 1 km layer products. When compared to the CALIOP 5‐km products, the differences increase to −2.6 ± 3.9 km as a result of CALIOP's increased sensitivity to optically thin cirrus. When only high clouds above 5 km are considered, the differences are found to be greater than 4 km with individual comparisons having differences larger than 10 km. These large differences (>10 km) represent approximately 16% of the nonpolar high cloud retrievals (>5 km). For high clouds it is found that MODIS retrieves a cloud top height for 90% of the clouds detected by the CALIOP 5‐km layer products. The large MODIS underestimates for optically thin cirrus occur for cases when MODIS reverts to a window brightness temperature retrieval instead of CO2 slicing. A systematic bias is found for marine low‐level stratus clouds, with MODIS overestimating the CTH by over 1 km in dense marine stratocumulus regions. The cause of the bias was identified in the MODIS Collection 5 algorithm; an application of a modified algorithm reduced this bias.