bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk of post‐tonsillectomy hemorrhage by clinical diagnosis
Authors: Perkins Jonathan N. , Liang Conan , Gao Dexiang , Shultz Lynn , Friedman Norman R.
Published: July 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been associated with upregulation of prothrombotic factors. We hypothesize that diagnosis of OSA may be protective against postoperative hemorrhage. This study investigates the relationships between preoperative clinical diagnosis and postoperative hemorrhage.

Study Design:

Seven‐year retrospective case–control study.

Methods:

Medical records of tonsillectomy subjects with and without hemorrhage were reviewed for demographics, clinical diagnosis, and treatment. Clinical diagnoses included OSA confirmed by polysomnogram, sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB), chronic tonsillitis, and a mixed group.

Results:

A total of 9,023 tonsillectomy patients were identified (52.0% male, 48.0% female; mean age, 6.9 years). Of these, 2.4% (n = 212) presented with hemorrhage. There were 48 (22.6%) primary and 164 (77.4%) secondary hemorrhages. The control group consisted of 1,488 nonhemorrhage patients. A multivariate logistic regression analysis compared the two groups controlling for age, sex, and clinical diagnosis. OSA patients were half as likely to hemorrhage compared to chronic tonsillitis patients (P = .04). SDB patients also had a lower chance of hemorrhage compared to chronic tonsillitis patients; this result was not significant (P = .09). Patients older than 6 years had a higher hemorrhage rate (P < .001).

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates that patients with OSA may be less likely to have postoperative hemorrhage than patients with chronic tonsillitis. Younger age was associated with fewer hemorrhages. Laryngoscope, 2012
A Lyapunov functional for a triangular reaction–diffusion system with nonlinearities of exponential growth
Authors: Abdelmalek S. , Kirane M. , Youkana A.
Published: July 2012

The aim of this work is to study the global existence of solutions to a triangular system of reaction–diffusion equations, which describes epidemiological or chemical situations. On the basis of the construction of a suitable Lyapunov functional, we show that for any initial data, classical global solutions exist even when the nonlinearities are of exponential growth. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The pointwise densities of 3‐part Cantor measure
Authors: Dai Meifeng , Tang Lixin
Published: July 2012

Let and K(λ,3), the 3‐part Cantor set, be the attractor of an iterated function system {φ1,φ2,φ3}on a line, where φ1(x) = λx, , φ3(x) = (1 − λ) + λx, x ∈ [0,1]. Set μ be the corresponding 3‐part Cantor measure and . We will determine by an explicit formula for every x ∈ K(λ,3) the upper and lower s‐densities Θ*s(μ,x), of the 3‐part Cantor measure at the point x. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐phase Extraction of Glycoraphanin from Broccoli Using Aminium Ionic Liquid‐based Silica
Authors: Tian Minglei , Bi Wentao , Row Kyung Ho
Published: July 2012

Introduction

Glucosinolates, a class of phytochemicals found in broccoli, have attracted recent interest due to the potential health benefits associated with their dietary intake. Glucoraphanin, the most common glucosinolate in broccoli can be converted to a known cancer chemopreventive agent. Multi‐phase extraction in solid‐phase extraction cartridges was developed to simultaneously extract and separate this compound.

Objective

Multi‐phase extraction with functionalised ionic liquid‐based silica as a sorbent was used to simultaneously extract and separate glucoraphanin from broccoli.

Methodology

The sorbent and broccoli sample were packed into a single cartridge, and a fixed volume of water was then used to extract and remove the target compound from the sample to the sorbent over 15 repetitions. The sorbent was then washed with n‐hexane to remove any interference and the target compound was eluted with water–1% acetic acid (vol.).

Results

Under the optimised condition, 0.038 mg/g of glucoraphanin was obtained by multi‐phase extraction with 0.2 g of sorbent.

Conclusion

The adsorption isotherm allowed investigation of the interactions between the sorbent and target compound and provided evidence for the accuracy of this method. The low deviation error, small amount of solvents required, highly selective separation and stability of the method justify further research. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of secondary structure in proteins by chemical cross‐linking coupled to MS
Authors: Fioramonte Mariana , dos Santos Aline Mara , McIIwain Sean , Noble William S. , Franchini Kleber G. , Gozzo Fabio C.
Published: July 2012

Chemical cross‐linking is an attractive technique for the study of the structure of protein complexes due to its low sample consumption and short analysis time. Furthermore, distance constraints obtained from the identification of cross‐linked peptides by MS can be used to construct and validate protein models. If a sufficient number of distance constraints are obtained, then determining the secondary structure of a protein can allow inference of the protein's fold. In this work, we show how the distance constraints obtained from cross‐linking experiments can identify secondary structures within the protein sequence. Molecular modeling of alpha helices and beta sheets reveals that each secondary structure presents different cross‐linking possibilities due to the topological distances between reactive residues. Cross‐linking experiments performed with amine reactive cross‐linkers with model alpha helix containing proteins corroborated the molecular modeling predictions. The cross‐linking patterns established here can be extended to other cross‐linkers with known lengths for the determination of secondary structures in proteins.
Synthesis and photophysical properties of polyethylene containing pyrenyl units in the side chain
Authors: Naga Naofumi , Tano Nobuo , Tomoda Haruhiko
Published: July 2012

Copolymerization of ethylene and diallyl‐bis(pyren‐1‐yl)‐silane (APyS) was investigated with zirconocene catalysts, rac‐ethylenebis(indenyl)zirconium dichloride (1) and diphenylmethylene(cyclopentadienyl)(9‐fluorenyl)zirconium dichloride (2), using methylaluminoxane as a cocatalyst. APyS was copolymerized via both 1,2‐insertion and cyclization insertion, and cyclization selectivity, ratio of cyclized insertion unit, of APyS in the copolymers obtained with Catalyst 1 was higher than that obtained with Catalyst 2. Catalyst 2 showed a higher reactivity for APyS than Catalyst 1. Photophysical properties of the copolymer were investigated by UV–vis and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and absorption and fluorescence derived from pyrenyl groups were detected in the copolymers. Chloroform solution of the copolymer showed emission derived from both monomer and eximer of pyrenyl units. Only the emission derived from eximer of pyrenyl units was observed in the cast film. The polarized PL spectrum of an oriented film showed anisotropy, and the polarization excitation parallel to the drawing direction showed high fluorescence intensity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Post‐traumatic stress symptoms among mothers of children with leukemia undergoing treatment: a longitudinal study
Authors: Tremolada Marta , Bonichini Sabrina , Aloisio Donatella , Schiavo Simone , Carli Modesto , Pillon Marta
Published: July 2012

Objective

To assess post‐traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in mothers of children over 2 years of leukemia treatment, to identify possible early family and child predictors of this symptomatology and to indicate the temporal trajectory of PTSS.

Methods

Participants were 76 Italian mothers (mean age = 37.30 years; SD = 6.07) of children receiving treatment for acute lymphoblastic (n = 69) or myeloid (n = 7) leukemia. Mothers had 12.05 years of education (SD = 3.87), and their incomes were average (52.1%), high (26%) and low (21.9%) for Italian norms, never in poverty. The pediatric patients with leukemia were equally distributed by gender with their mean age of 7.10 years (SD = 4.18).

Post‐traumatic stress symptoms were measured by a 17‐item checklist. Scales assessing anxiety, depression, physical (Brief Symptom Inventory 18) and cognitive functioning (Problem Scale), and life evaluation were also used. There were five assessment points: 1 week (T1), 1 month (T2), 6 months (T3), 12 months (T4) and 24 months post‐diagnosis (T5).

Results

The main results indicated moderate presence of clinical PTSS (≥9 symptoms: 24% at T2, 18% at T3, 16% at T4 and 19% at T5) that remained stable across time points, whereas Brief Symptom Inventory 18 Global score decreased and life evaluation improved. A series of hierarchical regression models identified cognitive functioning early after the diagnosis as the best predictive factor of PTSS across time points.

Conclusion

Specific psychological interventions could be devised for mothers at risk for short and long‐term PTSS just after the diagnosis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of organic multilayers and 3D structures using Ar cluster ions
Authors: Niehuis E. , Möllers R. , Rading D. , Cramer H.‐G. , Kersting R.
Published: July 2012

Ar cluster sputtering of organic multilayers such as organic light‐emitting diode model structures and Irganox delta layers is studied with time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy in the dual beam mode. Results for sputtering yield volumes and depth resolution are presented for Ar clusters with sizes from 500 to 5000 atoms in the energy range from 2.5 to 20 keV. The sputtering yield volume shows a linear dependence on the energy per atom for all materials in this study with a material‐dependent threshold below 1 eV/atom. The sputtering yield volume at a given energy per atom increases with the cluster size. At constant beam energies, the sputtering yield volume decreases slightly with increasing cluster size. The depth resolution is investigated for the two model systems as a function of energy and cluster size, and it will be shown that the depth resolution depends mainly on the sample roughening. The depth resolution is approximately proportional to the depth of the impact crater at a given cluster size and energy. The optimum depth resolution achieved is in the range of 4–5 nm and is fairly constant with depth. At very low energies per atom close to the threshold energy, ripple formation is observed that leads to a fast degradation of the depth resolution with depth. This can be completely eliminated by fast sample rotation. Finally, the perspective of 3D analysis of organic devices with high depth resolution in the dual beam mode will be discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Training The Mind's Eye: “Brain Movies” Support Comprehension and Recall
Authors: Wilson Donna
Published: July 2012

Explicit instruction on the skill of creating mental imagery from text supports reading comprehension and recall. This article shares a strategy for teaching students how to process what they read by comparing mental imagery to “brain movies.” It emphasizes choosing appropriate fiction and nonfiction texts to encourage readers to build the skill of creating mental imagery, and offers examples from two classrooms on how students use brain movies to make meaning from what they read.
Serosurvey of mountain lions in southern Arizona
Authors: Nicholson Kerry L. , Noon Ted H. , Krausman Paul R.
Published: July 2012

An understanding of the prevalence of diseases in free‐ranging populations of felids is limited, and there is even less known about the overall health and diseases of wild felids that inhabit or utilize urban areas. We collected serum samples from 9 radiocollared mountain lions (Puma concolor) in the mountains surrounding Tucson, Arizona, USA, from August 2005 to August 2008. We tested serum samples for evidence of exposure to 10 feline viruses: Feline Calicivirus (FCV), Feline Herpesvirus, Feline Enteric Coronavirus, Feline Syncytial Virus–Feline Foamy Virus, Feline Infectious Peritonitis, Feline Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPLV), Feline Leukemia Virus, Canine Distemper Virus (CDV), and Toxoplasma gondii. The highest prevalences of exposure were: T. gondii (8/9), FPLV (7/9), and FCV (6/9). One male was seropositive for CDV, T. gondii, and FPLV. Mountain lions inhabiting smaller fragmented landscapes and urban areas have more contact with other felids and domesticated animals. Frequent contact among mountain lions, other felids, and domesticated animals can lead to higher risk of exposure and facilitate the spread of the disease from animal to animal. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Effects of elevated selenium on body condition, oxidative stress, and organ health in greater scaup wintering at Lake Ontario
Authors: Ware Lindsay L. , Petrie Scott A. , Bailey Robert C. , Badzinski Shannon S. , Schummer Michael L. , Chen Yu‐Wei , Belzile Nelson
Published: July 2012

Elevated selenium (Se) concentrations have been detected in tissues of greater (Aythya marila) and lesser (A. affinis) scaup and it has been hypothesized that these Se concentrations may be affecting scaup health and reducing survival and, thus, negatively affecting scaup populations in North America. We evaluated the influence of hepatic Se concentrations on lipid and protein reserves, organ masses, tissue health, and oxidative stress of greater scaup wintering at western Lake Ontario during December–March, 2006–2007. Although we detected Se at elevated levels, all greater scaup with physical abnormalities (13 of 73 birds) had Se concentrations below the acute health problem threshold established for mallards (33 µg/g). Neither organ masses, protein reserves, nor measures of oxidative stress were influenced by hepatic Se concentrations, whereas lipid reserves varied positively with hepatic Se concentrations. Results suggest that hepatic Se concentrations at levels recorded in our study do not affect body condition or physical health of greater scaup. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
|(C6N4H21)2|[Ge7O14F6]: A New Germanate Compound Constructed from Alternately Stacked Pseudo Triple‐Sheet Layers
Authors: Ren Xiaoyan , Liu Jiancong , Li Yi , Yu Jihong
Published: July 2012

A novel layered germanate compound, |(C6N4H21)2|[Ge7O14F6] (JU‐86, JU = Jilin University), was solvothermally synthesized. Its structure consists of 4.6‐net sheets built up from dissymmetric 83 building units. Different from those found in several metal phosphate compounds, half of the 4.6‐net sheets in JU‐86 are constructed from right‐handed 83 building units and the other half are constructed from left‐handed ones. Right‐handed and left‐handed 4.6‐net sheets are stacked alternately in JU‐86. Each 4.6‐net sheet is sandwiched by two layers of protonated tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine (tren) molecules to form an unusual pseudo triple‐sheet layer through hydrogen‐bonding interactions. No hydrogen bonds are found between different pseudo triple‐sheet layers.
Crystal Structure and Vibrational Properties of a Sodium Oxoferrate(II) Hydroxide, Na5[FeO3][OH]
Authors: Gheorghe Dana E. , Litvinchuk Alexander P. , Möller Angela
Published: July 2012

Na5[FeO3][OH] has been obtained from a redox reaction between iron metal and CdO in the presence of Na2O and NaOH at 450 °C (5 d) as red crystals. The structure has been determined from single crystal data (Pnma, Z = 8, a = 990.94(7) pm, b = 1016.41(7) pm, c = 1185.35(8) pm, wR2 = 0.050) and evaluated by MAPLE calculations. In addition, we present experimental single‐crystal IR and Raman spectroscopic data to discuss aspects of the isolated [FeO3]4– complexes and non‐coordinating hydroxide in comparison with the respective cobalt compounds. Additional ab‐initio lattice dynamic calculations are included for comparison.
Automatic student modeling in adaptive educational systems through probabilistic learning style combinations: a qualitative comparison between two innovative stochastic approaches
Authors: Dorça Fabiano A. , Lima Luciano V. , Fernandes Márcia A. , Lopes Carlos R.
Published: July 2012

Considering learning and how to improve students’ performances, adaptive educational systems must know the way in which an individual student learns best. In this context, this work presents a comparison between two innovative approaches to automatically detect and precisely adjust students’ learning styles during an adaptive course. These approaches take into account the nondeterministic and nonstationary aspects of learning styles. They are based upon two stochastic techniques: Markov chains and genetic algorithms. We found that the genetic algorithm (GA) based approach detects learning styles earlier and consequently provides personalized content earlier, making the learning process easier. The Markov based approach produces more fine-tuned results, taking into account strengths of learning styles.
Looking up to Layton: The Case of Higher Degree Research
Authors: Young Louise , Jackson Laurel
Published: July 2012

This paper pays tribute to Roger Layton's contributions to Higher Degree Research Education as a thesis examiner. The tribute is in the form of two reflective case histories of two thesis examinations. Contributions are highlighted via consideration of these perspectives – in particular their similarities with respect the depth of the insights that are provided are noted as is their usefulness in facilitating further (post doctoral) research; this despite their quite different topics and feedback.
Heresy Trials and English Women Writers, 1400–1670
Authors: Gertz Genelle
Published: July 2012

This book charts the emergence of women's writing from the procedures of heresy trials and recovers a tradition of women's trial narratives from the late Middle Ages to the seventeenth century. Analyzing the interrogations of Margery Kempe, Anne Askew, Marian Protestant women, Margaret Clitherow and Quakers Katherine Evans and Sarah Cheevers, the book examines the complex dynamics of women's writing, preaching and authorship under religious persecution and censorship. Archival sources illuminate not only the literary choices women made, showing how they wrote to justify their teaching even when their authority was questioned, but also their complex relationship with male interrogators. Women's speech was paradoxically encouraged and constrained, and male editors preserved their writing while shaping it to their own interests. This book challenges conventional distinctions between historical and literary forms while identifying a new tradition of women's writing across Catholic, Protestant and Sectarian communities and the medieval/early modern divide.
Fauna Boreali-Americana; or, The Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America
Authors: Richardson John , Swainson William , Kirby William
Published: July 2012

Sir John Richardson (1787–1865), surgeon, naturalist and Arctic explorer, went on Sir John Franklin's first two Arctic expeditions as ship's doctor and naturalist, and made observations and collected a large number of plant and animal specimens from the Canadian Arctic. On his return to England after the second expedition he began to write this four-volume work of natural history, first published between 1829 and 1837. A volume is dedicated to each of the classes of mammal, bird, fish and insect, which are found in the Canadian Arctic. This work is an interesting example of pre-Darwinian natural history, full of detailed descriptions of the appearance, anatomy and behaviour of the different species. Volume 3 was first published in 1836 and is devoted to the species of fish found in the Canadian Arctic. It contains many detailed illustrations, and discussions of the similarities between different species of fish.
History of the Expedition to Russia, Undertaken by the Emperor Napoleon, in the Year 1812
Authors: Ségur Phillippe-Paul, Comte de
Published: July 2012

The French general and historian Philippe-Paul, Comte de Ségur (1780–1873) served as a member of Napoleon's personal staff during the Russian campaign. He had joined the cavalry in 1800 and had distinguished himself during earlier episodes of the European war; this led to him being chosen for several diplomatic missions. His two-volume account of the invasion of Russia, first published in French in 1824, has been through many editions and has been translated into many languages. It is both a military history and an eyewitness account. This English translation was first published in 1825 and remains immensely valuable to historians' understanding of Napoleon's ultimately disastrous Russian strategy. Volume 2 begins with Napoleon's arrival in Moscow on 14 September 1812. The remainder of the book charts the events of the army's retreat, details the conditions endured and the lives lost in the course of it.
A Portion of the Journal Kept by Thomas Raikes, Esq., from 1831–1847
Authors: Raikes Thomas
Published: July 2012

Diarist Thomas Raikes (1777–1848) was an Old Etonian whose social world included some of the most influential people of his day. Raikes was no politician - he had an established reputation as a 'dandy' - and he spent much of his time in gentlemen's clubs in London, especially the Carlton and White's. He was ostensibly employed by his father, a merchant and later governor of the Bank of England, and was married with four children. His reputation as a man about town was confirmed by the posthumous publication of these diary extracts, in four volumes from 1856 to 1857; they focus on his time abroad, mostly in Paris. Volume 1 covers the period from January 1832 to autumn 1834, a time of dramatic events in Britain and elsewhere, including the adoption of the Reform Act, uncertainty in Europe over Belgium and the abolition of slavery in the West Indies.
Bilateral congenital choanal atresia encountered in late adulthood
Authors: Tatar E Ç , Özdek A , Akcan F , Korkmaz H
Published: July 2012

Objective:

We describe a case of bilateral congenital choanal atresia in the oldest patient reported with this condition in the recent English language literature.

Method:

Case report and a review of the relevant English language literature, presenting the embryopathogenesis, diagnostic methods and treatment options for this condition.

Results:

A 53-year-old woman having difficulty with nasal breathing, and with a continuous nasal discharge, was admitted to our clinic. Bilateral congenital choanal atresia was diagnosed by endoscopic examination and paranasal sinus computed tomography. Surgical treatment used an endoscopic transnasal approach. The follow-up examination a year later revealed adequate choanal openings bilaterally.

Conclusion:

To our knowledge, this is the oldest patient with bilateral congenital choanal atresia to be reported in the recent literature. This condition is rarely encountered in adulthood but should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis of persistent nasal obstruction.
Brain natriuretic peptide level in a small series of children and grown-ups with congenital heart defects with chronic cardiac failure
Authors: Grutter Giorgia , Alfieri Sara , Parisi Francesco
Published: July 2012

The present study assessed the usefulness of brain natriuretic peptide in evaluating the cardiovascular status in children and grown-ups with congenital or acquired disease affected by chronic cardiac failure. Brain natriuretic peptide should be included in the risk stratification of children with dilated cardiomyopathy. In patients with congenital heart defects, it is useful to tailor the optimal medical strategy to individual patients.
Does tracking of dietary behaviours differ by parental education in children during the transition into adolescence?
Authors: Totland Torunn H , Gebremariam Mekdes K , Lien Nanna , Bjelland Mona , Grydeland May , Bergh Ingunn H , Klepp Knut-Inge , Andersen Lene F
Published: July 2012

Objective

The present study investigates the changes and tracking of dietary behaviours in Norwegian 11-year-olds and examines the association between parental education and dietary tracking over a time period of 20 months.

Design

Longitudinal data from the Norwegian HEalth In Adolescents (HEIA) cohort study followed up at three time points (2007–2009).

Setting

Intakes of fruits, vegetables and snacks were assessed by frequency and intakes of sugar-sweetened soft drinks and squash were assessed by frequency and amount. Tracking of dietary behaviours was assessed by adolescents’ relative position in rank over time and Cohen's kappa was used to measure tracking coefficients. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between parental education and the tracking of dietary behaviours.

Subjects

In total, 885 adolescents from the HEIA cohort study participated by answering Internet-based questionnaires at three time points.

Results

The results indicated that boys and girls maintained their relative position in rank of dietary intake over time, when grouped by baseline consumption. Fair to moderate tracking coefficients of dietary variables were observed. An inverse association was found between parental education and stability of soft drink and squash consumption during the 20 months.

Conclusions

The observed tracking pattern indicates the importance of promoting healthy dietary behaviours at an even earlier age. Furthermore, interventions should focus particularly on adolescents from families with low parental education and their consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages.
TRANSPLANTING THE FLOWER OF CIVILIZATION: THE “PEONY GIRL” AND JAPAN'S 1874 EXPEDITION TO TAIWAN
Authors: Fraleigh Matthew
Published: July 2012

This article examines available narratives and modes of representation concerning “civilization” and “savagery” in the early Meiji proto-colonial discursive sphere. It focuses on a major event in the 1874 Taiwan Expedition: Japan's capture and attempted assimilation of an orphaned aboriginal girl. Through an analysis of Japanese newspaper reports, woodblock prints, illustrated books, and commercial photography, this article argues that alongside the well-characterized “rhetoric of aboriginal savagery” that exaggerated the otherness of Taiwanese indigenes, there developed a synergistic “rhetoric of aboriginal civilization” that emphasized the indigenes' capacity for transformation. This mode of representation stressed not the aboriginals' alterity but rather their latent affinity to Japan. According the aboriginal a measure of temporality, the rhetoric of aboriginal civilization formed an indispensable counterpart to the rhetoric of aboriginal savagery: one that affirmed the campaign's “civilizing” component by demonstrating its viability.
An Australian Twin Study of Cannabis and Other Illicit Drug Use and Misuse, and Other Psychopathology
Authors: Lynskey Michael T. , Agrawal Arpana , Henders Anjali , Nelson Elliot C. , Madden Pamela A. F. , Martin Nicholas G.
Published: July 2012

Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug throughout the developed world and there is consistent evidence of heritable influences on multiple stages of cannabis involvement including initiation of use and abuse/dependence. In this paper, we describe the methodology and preliminary results of a large-scale interview study of 3,824 young adult twins (born 1972–1979) and their siblings. Cannabis use was common with 75.2% of males and 64.7% of females reporting some lifetime use of cannabis while 24.5% of males and 11.8% of females reported meeting criteria for DSM-IV cannabis abuse or dependence. Rates of other drug use disorders and common psychiatric conditions were highly correlated with extent of cannabis involvement and there was consistent evidence of heritable influences across a range of cannabis phenotypes including early (≤15 years) opportunity to use (h2 = 72%), early (≤16 years) onset use (h2 = 80%), using cannabis 11+ times lifetime (h2 = 76%), and DSM abuse/dependence (h2 = 72%). Early age of onset of cannabis use was strongly associated with increased rates of subsequent use of other illicit drugs and with illicit drug abuse/dependence; further analyses indicating that some component of this association may have been mediated by increasing exposure to and opportunity to use other illicit drugs.
Can spatial heterogeneity explain the perceived imbalance in Lake Superior's carbon budget? A model study
Authors: Bennington Val , McKinley Galen A. , Urban Noel R. , McDonald Cory P.
Published: July 2012

Lake Superior is the largest lake in the world by surface area, containing 10% of the world's surface freshwater. Yet, little is known about its role within the regional carbon budget. Observational studies on Lake Superior have been limited by harsh winters and the challenges of covering such a vast expanse. To date, carbon budgets extrapolated from observational studies are largely out of balance and suggest a large efflux of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere (∼3 TgC/yr) that cannot be supported by the estimated net inputs into the lake (<1 TgC/yr). We couple a hydrodynamic model of Lake Superior to an ecosystem model to understand the seasonal cycle of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in the lake surface waters, the resulting air‐lake carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes, and whether spatial heterogeneity can explain the previously imbalanced carbon budget. The model sufficiently simulates lake productivity, circulation, respiration, pCO2, and chlorophyll. We find that the seasonal cycle of pCO2is generally a double sinusoidal curve during the simulated period of 1996–2001. The lake acts as a sink of carbon dioxide in summer and during late winter of cold years and as a source to the atmosphere during winter and spring. We find significant spatial heterogeneity of respiration in Lake Superior, with near‐shore to offshore rates of respiration varying by two orders of magnitude. Thus, Lake Superior need not act as a significant source of carbon dioxide (∼0.5 TgC/yr) to the atmosphere in order to be consistent with in situ observations of respiration.
The relationship between land use and water
Authors: Bishop Kevin , Lyon Steve , Dahlke Helen
Published: July 2012

Water As the Mirror of Landscapes: How Useful a Hypothesis for Resource Management?; Uppsala, Sweden, 28–29 March 2012 The question posed in the title of this workshop formed its focus as an international group of more than 50 researchers and managers gathered to discuss our current level of understanding of land‐water interactions and the potential impacts this has for resource management. Special emphasis was placed on the Ethiopian highlands, which deliver more than 85% of the flow in the Nile in Egypt. The 2‐day workshop, held at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Uppsala, was cosponsored by the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs as part of its special allocation for global food security and by the International Union of Forest Research Organizations' Unit 3.05, Forest Operations Ecology.
Selective activation of Toll-like receptor 7 in activated hepatic stellate cells may modulate their profibrogenic phenotype
Authors: Chou Ming-Huei , Huang Ying-Hsien , Lin Tsun-Mei , Du Yung-Ying , Tsai Po-Chin , Hsieh Chih-Sung , Chuang Jiin-Haur
Published: July 2012

Cholestatic liver injury may activate HSCs (hepatic stellate cells) to a profibrogenic phenotype, contributing to liver fibrogenesis. We have previously demonstrated the involvement of TLR (Toll-like receptor) 7 in the pathogenesis of biliary atresia. In the present study we investigated the ability of TLR7 to modulate the profibrogenic phenotype in HSCs. Obstructive jaundice was associated with significant down-regulation of TLR7. Primary HSCs isolated from BDL (bile duct ligation) rats with obstructive jaundice exhibited reduced expression of TLR7 and increased expression of α-SMA (α-smooth muscle actin) and collagen-α1 compared with sham rats, reflecting HSC-mediated changes. Treatment of primary activated rat HSCs and rat T6 cells with CL075, a TLR7 and TLR8 ligand, significantly decreased expression of MCP-1 (monocyte chemotactic protein-1), TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor-β1), collagen-α1 and MMP-2 (matrix metalloproteinase-2), and inhibited cell proliferation and migration. In contrast, silencing TLR7 expression with shRNA (short hairpin RNA) in T6 cells effectively blocked the effects of CL075 stimulation, reversing the changes in MCP-1, TGF-β1 and collagen-α1 expression and accelerating cell migration. Our results indicate that obstructive jaundice is associated with down-regulation of TLR7 and up-regulation of profibrogenic gene expression in HSCs. Selective activation of TLR7 may modulate the profibrogenic phenotype in activated HSCs associated with cholestatic liver injury.
Impact of Four Nonclinical Speaking Environments on a Child’s Fundamental Frequency and Voice Level: A Preliminary Case Study
Authors: Hunter Eric J. , Halpern Angela E. , Spielman Jennifer L.
Published: July 2012

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate how a child’s fundamental frequency (F
0
) and estimated voice level (dB SPL) change in distinct speaking environments.

Method

A child age 5;7 (years;months) wore a National Center for Voice and Speech voice dosimeter for 4 days. The 2 parameters measured were F
0
and dB SPL. During analysis, the F
0
and dB SPL data were segmented to represent 4 typical speaking environments of school-age children: (a) free-play (2.5 hr), (b) preschool (3 hr), (c) home (10.7 hr), and (d) adult (5.6 hr). Unique to this study, the child’s voice data were presented as voice use profiles.

Results

The child’s F
0
and dB SPL patterns within an adult environment were similar to that found in the literature but showed much greater variation in the free-play environment. The preschool environment elicited speech of a lower modal F
0
than did the home, but a higher median and mean F
0
, as well as a somewhat elevated mean dB SPL.

Conclusion

The child produced significantly different F
0
and dB SPL patterns across 4 different speaking environments. If future studies substantiate this pattern, clinicians and researchers must be aware of this difference when working with children.
Emergent Literacy in Children With Autism: An Exploration of Developmental and Contextual Dynamic Processes
Authors: Lanter Elizabeth , Watson Linda R. , Erickson Karen A. , Freeman Daniel
Published: July 2012

Purpose

This investigation describes emergent literacy skills, print motivation, and home literacy environments in a linguistically diverse group of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD).

Method

Emergent literacy skills were directly assessed in 41 children between the ages of 4 and 8 years. Parent report was solicited to provide additional information concerning the children’s emergent literacy skills, as well as their print motivation and home literacy environments. The achievements of children with differential language abilities were compared, and associations among the children’s language and emergent literacy abilities were explored.

Results

Narrowly, children with typical language achieved significantly higher scores on an emergent literacy composite than those with mild-to-moderate or severe language impairments; broadly, these scores were highly correlated (ρ = .56) with the children’s language. Skill performance was varied but was characterized by relative strengths in discrete skills, such as letter name identification, and weaknesses in more holistic skills, such as print functions. Parents generally described the children as being motivated by print materials and the home environments as offering high levels of parent–child engagement in literacy activities.

Conclusion

Profiles were associated with language and were illustrated by heterogeneity with potentially unequal achievements between code- and meaning-based skills. Implications for speech-language pathologists and other educators are provided.
Note: Effect of the tilting angle of the wire on the onset of natural convection in the transient hot wire method
Authors: Lee Seung-Hyun , Jang Seok Pil
Published: July 2012

In this paper, numerical and experimental investigations are systematically performed to identify the effect of the tilting angle of the wire on the onset of natural convection in the transient hot wire method (THWM), a widely accepted technique for measuring the thermal conductivity of various media, especially nanofluids. To validate our numerical simulation code, the numerical results are compared with theoretical solutions as well as with experimental results. Based on the results, we show that the onset time of natural convection in THWM decreases rapidly with the increase of the wire's tilting angle from vertical position. Also, we systematically show the effect of the wire's tilting angle on the linear region, which is a suitable measurement interval, and on the measurement error of THWM.
Out-diffusion of deep donors in nitrogen-doped silicon and the diffusivity of vacancies
Authors: Voronkov V. V. , Falster R.
Published: July 2012

A strong resistivity increase in annealed nitrogen-doped silicon samples was reported long ago—but has remained not fully understood. It is now shown that the complicated evolution of the resistivity depth profiles observed can be reproduced by a simple model based on the out-diffusion of some relevant species. Two versions of such an approach were analyzed: (A) out-diffusion of deep donors treated as VN (off-centre substitutional nitrogen), (B) out-diffusion of vacancies (V) and interstitial trimers (N3) produced by dissociation of VN3. Version B, although more complicated, is attractive due to a coincidence of the deduced vacancy diffusivity DV at 1000 °C with the value extrapolated from low-temperature data by Watkins.
Effect of shock front geometry on shock depolarization of Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 ferroelectric ceramics
Authors: Shkuratov Sergey I. , Baird Jason , Talantsev Evgueni F.
Published: July 2012

By use of experimentation, we detected a shock wave geometry effect on the depolarization of poled Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT 52/48) ferroelectrics. It follows from the experimental results that shock front geometry is one of key parameters in the shock depolarization of PZT 52/48 ferroelectrics. This shock depolarization effect forms a fundamental limit to miniaturization of explosive-driven shock-wave ferroelectric generators (FEGs). Based on obtained experimental results, we developed miniature generators that reliably produce pulsed voltages exceeding 140 kV.
Note: Utilizing Pb(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3 ferroelectric ceramics to scale down autonomous explosive-driven shock-wave ferroelectric generators
Authors: Shkuratov Sergey I. , Baird Jason , Talantsev Evgueni F.
Published: July 2012

Further miniaturization of recently designed autonomous ferroelectric generators (FEGs) [S. I. Shkuratov, J. Baird, and E. F. Talantsev, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 086107 (2011)]10.1063/1.3625276, which are based on the effect of explosive-shock-wave depolarization of poled ferroelectrics is achieved. The key miniaturization factor was the utilization of high-energy density Pb(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3 (PZT 95/5) ferroelectric ceramics as energy-carrying elements of FEGs instead of the previously used Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT 52/48). A series of experiments demonstrated that FEGs based on smaller PZT 95/5 ferroelectric elements are capable of producing the same output voltage as those based on PZT 52/48 elements twice as large. It follows from the experimental results that the FEG output voltage is directly proportional to the thickness of PZT 95/5 samples. A comparison of the operation of FEGs based on PZT 95/5 and on PZT 52/48 ferroelectrics is presented.
Photoinduced conductance switching in a dye-doped gold nanoparticle transistor
Authors: Yamamoto Makoto , Terui Toshifumi , Ueda Rieko , Imazu Keisuke , Tamada Kaoru , Sakano Takeshi , Matsuda Kenji , Ishii Hisao , Noguchi Yutaka
Published: July 2012

Photoinduced conductance switching was demonstrated in a copper phthalocyanine (CuPc)-doped gold nanoparticle (GNP) transistor formed in a nanogap electrode with a back gate structure. Two specific states were reversibly induced in conductance of the CuPc-doped devices by light irradiation and applied voltages. The probability of occurrence of conductance switching decreased with a reduction in the number of incident photons. In addition, conductance switching was not observed in the devices before CuPc doping. Conductance switching originates from change in the local potential of GNPs, possibly induced by a charge-state bistability of an individual CuPc molecule worked as a floating gate.
Current-induced motion of a transverse magnetic domain wall in the presence of spin Hall effect
Authors: Seo Soo-Man , Kim Kyoung-Whan , Ryu Jisu , Lee Hyun-Woo , Lee Kyung-Jin
Published: July 2012

We theoretically study current-induced dynamics of a transverse magnetic domain wall in bi-layer nanowires consisting of a ferromagnetic layer on top of a nonmagnetic layer with strong spin-orbit coupling. Domain wall dynamics is characterized by two threshold current densities, JthWB and JthREV, where JthWB is a threshold for the chirality switching of the domain wall and JthREV is another threshold for the reversed domain wall motion caused by spin Hall effect. Domain walls with a certain chirality may move opposite to the electron-flow direction with high speed in the current range JthREV<JJthREV and α>β, where α is the Gilbert damping constant and β is the nonadiabaticity of spin torque. Micromagnetic simulations confirm the validity of analytical results.
Improving an organic photodiode by incorporating a tunnel barrier between the donor and acceptor layers
Authors: Campbell I. H. , Crone B. K.
Published: July 2012

We demonstrate increased photocurrent quantum efficiency in a model donor/acceptor (tetracene/C60) photodiode by incorporating an insulating tunnel barrier between the tetracene and C60 layers. Photodiode efficiency results from the interplay of a number of processes which add to or subtract from the overall device efficiency. The positive rates are those of exciton dissociation and charge separation, the negative rates include exciton and charge transfer complex recombination. We show that by introducing a thin insulating layer between the donor and acceptor layers in a photodiode, we can modify the exciton dissociation and charge transfer complex recombination rates and improve device performance.
The spectrum and energy levels of the neutral atom of boron (Bi)
Authors: Odintzova G. A. , Striganov A. R.
Published: July 2012

The published data on the spectrum of the neutral atom of boron are complied and presented. In one table 164 lines in the range 36010−993 Å are listed with their intensities and classifications. A second table gives 92 levels with the numerical values of the energy.
Retrieving Spatial Policy Parameters from an Alternative Plan Using Constrained Cellular Automata and Regionalized Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Long Ying , Shen Zhenjiang , Mao Qizhi
Published: July 2012

In this paper we propose an approach to identify the spatial policy parameters (termed the implementation intensity reflecting planning controls on corresponding spatial constraint) associated with a predefined alternative plan, namely, a predefined-binary urban form. During plan implementation, the alternative plan cannot be fully realized in some cases due to practical urban growth driven by both institutional forces and market incentives, which are comprehensive and complex. Few researchers have investigated spatial policies appropriate for an alternative plan. We aim to propose a novel approach incorporating constrained cellular automata and regionalized sensitivity analysis, a method for global sensitivity analysis to calculate the realization possibility and identify the spatial policy parameters for an alternative plan. This approach is first tested in a virtual space with four predefined urban forms and various point, line, and polygon spatial constraints, with both positive and negative impacts on urban growth. Finally, the approach is also tested in the Beijing Metropolitan Area to identify the required spatial policy parameters for four alternative plans with seven spatial constraints.
Measuring Detailed Urban Vegetation with Multisource High-Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery for Environmental Design and Planning
Authors: Li Weimin , Radke John , Liu Desheng , Gong Peng
Published: July 2012

The availability of high-resolution remote sensing imagery brings both opportunity and challenge to environmental designers and planners in obtaining high-quality landscape information for better design and planning decision making. To meet the challenge, in this paper we introduce a comprehensive approach to measuring urban vegetation data detailed to single patches of trees or shrubs and single patches of lawn or grass with multisource remote sensing imageries. Methodologically, the approach integrates advanced geospatial technologies to achieve the research objective. First, an automatic registration algorithm is applied to align an unorthorectified QuickBird satellite multispectral imagery to a high-resolution United States Geographical Survey orthoimage. Next, an image segmentation process extracts landscape objects from such multisource data for further object-based image classification. Third, the approach takes advantage of the strong power of a group of prioritized spectral, geometric, topological, and thematic image object features to produce satisfactory classification results. The approach was tested in the Oakland Metropolitan Area in California, USA and was assessed with both groundtruthing and imagetruthing data. The paper concludes with a discussion on the potential applications of both the approach and the generated data in environmental design and planning.
More Art Than Science: The Sources and Effects of Stylistic Variation in Visualization for Planning and Design
Authors: Lewis John L
Published: July 2012

Visioning exercises using computer-based environmental visualization hold significant promise for communicating information and engaging communities in the development and review of planning proposals. The field of visualization research and practice has achieved significant advances in computer technology to the point where it is now possible to represent alternative planning and engineering scenarios with a high degree of photographic realism, data-driven accuracy, and spatial and temporal interactivity. Despite the noteworthy benefits and developments in the field of environmental visualization technology comparatively little research has investigated how visualizations are used in urban planning practice. In particular, research is needed that examines how visualization presentation is affected by the social context of planning practice and the independent judgment of the preparer, which may in turn influence plan evaluation and decision making. In this paper I discuss the significance of visualization for urban planning and design and present the results from a study where students and representatives of a citizen-led planning committee evaluated four visualization presentation styles according to perceived realism, credibility and preference for the visualized environmental plans.
The social selection alternative to sexual selection
Authors: Roughgarden Joan
Published: July 2012

Social selection offers an alternative to sexual selection by reversing its logic. Social selection starts with offspring production and works back to mating, and starts with behavioural dynamics and works up to gene pool dynamics. In social selection, courtship can potentially be deduced as a negotiation, leading to an optimal allocation of tasks during offspring rearing. Ornaments facilitate this negotiation and also comprise ‘admission tickets’ to cliques. Mating pairs may form ‘teams’ based on the reciprocal sharing of pleasure. The parent–offspring relation can be managed by the parent considered as the owner of a ‘family firm’ whose product is offspring. The cooperation in reproductive social behaviour evolves as a mutual direct benefit through individual selection rather than as some form of altruism requiring kin or multi-level selection.