bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Critical Period in Maturation of Performance with Space-Displaced Vision
Authors: Smith Karl U. , Greene Paul
Published: September 2011

This research rests two specific hypotheses of neurogeometric theory that a critical period of maturation of space-displaced visual feedback in behavior occurs in childhood, and that a differential organization of inverted, reversed, and inverted-reversed visual feedback in motion will be found at the time when children are first capable of giving compensatory response to the geometric disorientation of vision. Thirty-six right-handed boys between the ages of 9.5 yr. and 13.5 yr. were tested in the different motions under conditions of normal, reversed, inverted, and inverted-reversed visual feedback. The results confirmed both main hypotheses. Ss younger than Age 12 consistently failed to perform the drawing tasks with inverted visual feedback while older Ss seldom failed. In keeping with theoretical expectations the results also showed that, when the different inverted and reversed feedback conditions could be performed, the response to the inverted feedback conditions was poorest, while that to the reversed condition was the most effective.
Some Physiognomic Aspects of Naming, or, Maluma and Takete Revisited
Authors: Holland Morris K. , Wertheimer Michael
Published: September 2011

In an effort to understand some of the functional determinants of naming, Koehler's maluma-takete demonstration was examined in two studies, to see whether the matching of the nonsense words and nonsense figures could be accounted for on the basis of physiognomic similarity, as measured by the semantic differential. Matching was found to occur overwhelmingly in the expected direction, and the similarity of semantic differential locations of matched pairs was far greater than that of non-matched pairs. This held strikingly for “literal” scales (such as “Angular-Rounded”) but also held to a lesser extent for clearly “non-literal” scales (such as “Fresh-Stale”), indicating that physiognomic properties over and beyond simple literal description of the stimuli were involved. Study of the semantic differential locations of letters composing the nonsense words, and of ratings of the “fittingness” of the letters as names for the nonsense figures, showed that the physiognomic similarity presumably mediating the naming phenomenon may, at least in the Koehler demonstration, reside in the individual letters rather than in some emergent quality of the whole word. All in all, the study attempted to go beyond just checking whether a “fittingness” phenomenon occurs in naming, by exploring processes hypothesized to underlie the “fittingness.” In at least some cases, physiognomic similarity may be the psychological process mediating naming.
Object Properties Mediating Visual Object Discrimination in the Cat
Authors: Daves Walter F. , Boostrom Eugene
Published: September 2011

In two experiments 25 cats were trained to discriminate objects differing in several properties and then tested to determine which properties provided the basis for discrimination. In both experiments outline shape was a more effective property than texture or three-dimensional shape. In Exp. 1 texture and three-dimensional shape were more effective when the rough, angular (as opposed to the smooth, rounded) object was positive. In Exp. 2 texture was effective when the rough object was positive whether or not the visually “rough” object was also factually rough. Evidence from both experiments indicates that Ss' reactions were primarily determined by the properties of the positive object, and without regard for the properties of the negative object.
Searching for Novel Targets
Authors: Neisser Ulric , Lazar Robert
Published: September 2011

Ss can search for “any unfamiliar symbol” in a list of letters as rapidly as for “any numeral,” but less rapidly than for a fixed and familiar symbol. This suggests that “novelty” is not an immediately given property of stimuli, but one outcome of a particular kind of pattern processing.
Faster Reaction Time through Facilitation of Neuromuscular Junctional Transmission in Muscles under Maximal Stretch
Authors: Smith Leon E. , Whitley Jim D.
Published: September 2011

Fifty male students were volunteers in an experiment in which it was postulated that maximal muscular stretch would significantly increase the reaction time of an extended limb. Results substantiated the hypothesis. It was conjectured that the faster reaction time may be facilitated by the neuromuscular junctional transmission resulting from muscular stretch. Muscular stretch did not affect the movement time of the limb but had a negative influence upon the application of static strength. Relationships between “normal” (minimal stretch) and maximal stretch speeds with reaction time and static strength were found to be very low.
Psychomotor Task with Perfect Recall after Fifty Weeks of No Practice
Authors: Roehrig William C.
Published: September 2011

Seven Ss were trained to varying extents on a difficult balancing task, and then tested after 50 wk. without practice. The learning curves of all but one S continued after the hiatus as if there had been no break in training. The results were compared with those from other studies of long-term retention of motor skills, and various possible explanations for the unusually high retention were discussed.
Factors in Perception and Rigidity
Authors: Baer Daniel J.
Published: September 2011

A 36-variable test battery consisting of 6 rigidity scales, 16 objective perception tests, 10 personality scales, and 4 college aptitude tests was administered to 100 college males. Using the Centroid method of factor analysis and the Quartimax method of rotation, 11 factors were identified. It was concluded that the rigidity scales cannot be represented by a common rigidity factor and that the trait personality rigidity as measured by such scales is independent of S's performance on objective perception and scholastic aptitude tests.
Reaction Time and the Expectancy Hypothesis
Authors: Aiken Lewis R.
Published: September 2011

The measurement and meaning of the term expectancy and equivalent concepts as used in areas such as learning and vigilance are discussed briefly, and some experiments designed to measure the temporal course of expectancy are reviewed. A visual reaction time experiment is reported in which the effects of 1, 2, 3, or 4 recurrences of 2-, 3-, 4-, or 5-sec. “training” intervals on reaction time to a single “test” stimulus appearing 2, 3, 4, or 5 sec. after the last training stimulus were investigated. The results showed an insignificant effect of number of training intervals, but both the training and test interval effects and the interaction between the two were statistically significant. The general features of the curves plotted from the 16 training × test interval reaction time means illustrate that, under the conditions employed in the present experiment, mean reaction time is minimum when the training and test intervals are equal and increases as the absolute difference in duration of training and test intervals increases. Since expectancy in this investigation was operationally defined as the reciprocal of reaction time, the results obtained here are consistent with those of several previous investigations of the temporal course of expectancy.
Interaction of Ability and Motivation in Performance
Authors: Locke Edwin A.
Published: September 2011

Four studies are reported which attempted to replicate previous findings of significant interactions between ability and motivation in performance. In general, the previous findings were not strongly replicated, though there was some evidence that the effects of motivation on High Ability Ss are relatively greater than on Low Ability Ss. However, several significant motivation and ability effects were found for both Low Ability and Low Motivation Ss, respectively.
Time Estimation: Dependence and Independence of Modality-Specific Effects
Authors: Brown D. R. , Hitchcock Lloyd
Published: September 2011

80 Ss were required to reproduce 9 time intervals, ranging from 1 to 17 sec. duration, under 8 experimental conditions: the factorial arrangement of auditory and visual interval presentation, auditory and visual interval reproduction, and patterned and unpatterned stimulus filling the interval. Mode of stimulus presentation and of reproduction had no consistent effect on time estimation. Significant modifications occurred with repeated trials and reliabilities of duration estimations were consistently high.
Evidence Supporting an Intratrial Interpretation of Delayed Response Performance of Monkeys
Authors: Fletcher Harold J. , Davis J. Kent
Published: September 2011

Eight 4-yr.-old lab-reared Ss received delayed response problems which were factorial combinations of 3 intertrial intervals (8, 16, and 24 sec.) and 3 intratrial delay intervals (0, 10, and 20 sec.). Errors were directly related to delay duration, but no effect of intertrial interval was measured. Errors were not correlated with general activity during delay intervals, but errors were related to bodily positioning. In a second experiment 6 of the same Ss were given 18-sec. delay trials interrupted by lowering the opaque screen at 1, 6, and 11 sec. for durations of 1, 4, and 7 sec. While both onset time and duration were significant dimensions of screen lowering, only the combination of earliest and longest screen interruption increased errors significantly. Activity increased directly with interruption duration. These results were interpreted as supporting an intratrial performance analysis of the delayed response.
Effects of Inducing Luminance and Area on Test-Threshold Luminance
Authors: Torii Shuko , Uemura Yasuko
Published: September 2011

Results for 2 Ss showed that threshold luminance of a discshaped test-field increased with increase in the inducing luminance and was slightly altered by larger area of the inducing field.
The Obscure Figures Test: An Instrument for Measuring “Cognitive Innovation”
Authors: Acker Mary , McReynolds Paul
Published: September 2011

A pencil-and-paper test for the assessment of individuals' capacities for cognitive innovation was developed. The construct of “cognitive innovation” refers to the process whereby new organization is introduced into the cognitive structure. The test consists of 40 figures which S is asked to interpret in clever and unusual ways. It has satisfactory reliability and appears to be a potentially useful instrument in studies concerned with creativity and reactions to novel stimuli.
Perception Bibliography: XXIV. Psychological Index No. 20, 1913
Authors: Ammons R. B. , Ammons C. H.
Published: September 2011

96 articles and books dealing with perception and closely related fields are listed alphabetically.
A Time Perception Task
Authors: Weber Dale S.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes the use of a novel method and apparatus for the study of time perception. This method of concurrent comparisons requires temporal discrimination among visual signals in the absence of appropriate exteroceptive cues. Seventy-two Ss were asked to identify from a panel of 9 flashing lights the one light containing interflash intervals of fixed duration. Three intervals under 1.0 sec. were used. Sex differences and feedback were significant variables. Duration of interval, use of rhythm or kinesthetic cues, and practice had little effect on performance.
Response Variables in the Estimation of Relative Frequency
Authors: Pitz Gordon F.
Published: September 2011

6 groups of 20 Ss each observed a sequential series of digits, 4s and 8s, and judged what proportion (P) of the total was made up by one of the digits. Three kinds of response were used, estimates of percentage, the ratio of one frequency to the other, and the two frequencies themselves. P was varied from .1 to .9, either by holding total frequency constant, or by holding one frequency constant and varying the second. All responses were converted to log ratios, and the relationship of log estimated ratio to log ratio was found to be generally linear. There were significant differences in scales of proportion for the three response modes, and for the two methods of P variation. Percentages, ratios and frequencies gave different slopes, which were possibly a function of an assimilation-contrast effect. Differences due to methods of P variation were thought to result primarily from differences in total frequency at certain levels of P.
Tables of the Function 1 — (1 — p)N
Authors: Wiener Earl L.
Published: September 2011

Tables are given for the function 1 – (1 – p) N, the probability of at least one success in N independent trials, each with probability of success p, for p = .01(.01).99, N = 1(1)15; and p = .02(.02).38, N = 16(2)104. Several examples of the use of this function are discussed briefly.
Factor-Analytic Study of the Maitland Graves Design Judgment Test
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: September 2011

A factor-analysis was carried out of the 90 items of the Maitland Graves Design Judgment Test based on responses from 172 young males. Five factors were found, of which only four could be interpreted.
“Spontaneity vs Deliberateness” as a Dimension of Esthetic Judgment
Authors: Klein Stephen P. , Skager Rodney W.
Published: September 2011

The authors' previous research indicated that there were two major viewpoints among experts as to what constituted quality in a drawing. It was hypothesized that these viewpoints were related to the distinction between “spontaneous” and “deliberate” drawing styles. To investigate this hypothesis, drawings rated high and low by the experts holding each viewpoint were sorted by laymen into a “spontaneous” or a “deliberate” pile. A partitioning of the total chi square indicated that one of the viewpoints was highly related to this distinction and that, even though laymen and experts do not agree on what constitutes quality, laymen could easily adopt an orientation that permitted such agreement.
Motivational Properties of Self-Reinforcement
Authors: Kanfer Frederick H. , Duerfeldt Pryse H.
Published: September 2011

To examine the motivational effects of Self-reinforcement (SR), Ss were asked to match to sample tachistoscopically presented stimuli from four response choices 100 trials with non-repeated samples were given. Three groups received 60% non-contingent reinforcement in Phase I. A fourth (NR) group received no reinforcement during the experiment. In Phase II, an External reinforcement (ER) group received continued non-contingent reinforcement, an SR group was given control over reinforcement delivery, and an Extinction (EX) group received no reinforcement. In Phase III no Ss were reinforced. Analysis of correct responses indicated no group differences in Phases I or II but significant differences under extinction in Phase III. The SR group gave significantly more accurate recognitions than all other groups. In Phase 11, SR administration closely matched the preceding ER schedule.
Clinical Depression and Conformity
Authors: Taylor A. J. W. , Vaughan Graham M.
Published: September 2011

Ss diagnosed clinically and psychometrically as depressives were less conforming in a group pressure situation than were normal Ss. This finding was interpreted as an outcome of general social apathy and unresponsiveness among depressives. Results were compared with those of a previous study of anxious Ss tested in the same situation.
The Power Law as a Special Case of Fechner's Law
Authors: Cook M. L.
Published: September 2011

Ekman has suggested that, if Fechner's law held for both the stimulus dimension being investigated and number, power functions would result from magnitude estimation procedures. It is shown that his argument implies that the exponents in these functions would depend on both the choice of the modular stimulus and the number to be assigned to it. Existing data are inconsistent with the predicted form of this dependence.
Perception of Horizontality as a Function of Age and Stimulus Setting
Authors: Barna James D. , O'Connell Daniel C.
Published: September 2011

Esbtimation of horizontality was tested by having three groups of 43 Ss in the first and third grades and first year college draw the water surface on pictures of tilted glasses, simulating a half-filled condition. The two primary grade groups did not appear to grasp the concept of horizontality, while college Ss made relatively accurate estimations. These results empirically supported the conclusion of Piaget and Inhelder (1956), reconfirmed Smedslund's (1963) results, and failed to confirm Rebelsky's (1964) conclusion that adults make as much error as young children.
Alpha and Theta EEG in Vigilance
Authors: Daniel Robert S.
Published: September 2011

During a 1-hr. vigilance session Ss were required to detect specified digit triads in an uninterrupted random digit series. EEG was recorded continuously with sampled epochs analyzed by computer for autocorrelation and period analysis. Correlogram ratios indicated progressively decreasing arousal through the session but did not distinguish responses from detection failures. Incidence of alpha waves by period analysis also did not identify errors, but incidence of theta waves dropped significantly just prior to failures and did not do so around responses.
Effects of Operator Mood on Performance in a Simulated Driving Task
Authors: Heimstra Norman W. , Ellingstad Vernon S. , Dekock Arlan R.
Published: September 2011

175 males and 175 females were administered a Mood Adjective Check List and were then tested in a simulated driving task. Correlations between mood factor scores and performance measures were computed. Little relationship appeared between mood factors and performance on the various tasks required in the operation of the device. However, in an analysis involving high and low mood-score groups for each mood factor, Ss scoring high on factors of aggression, anxiety, and fatigue performed more poorly on various tasks than Ss who scored lower on these factors. Also, performance of males was superior to that of the females on several tasks.
Cognitive Style Differences between Engineers and College Students
Authors: Barrett Gerald V. , Thornton Carl L.
Published: September 2011

The description of Witkin's field-independent individuals as those who tend to be analytical, logical, and able to extract subtle aspects from problems for analysis bears a close resemblance to the description of engineering job functions. It was therefore hypothesized that engineers would be more field-independent than Witkin's standardization sample. It was determined that 46 engineers and technicians were significantly more field independent, as measured by the rod-and-frame test, than Witkin's standardization sample. Alternate explanations for the obtained results are discussed, including intelligence, sampling, and shift to adult status.
Reading Readiness and its Relation to Maturational Unreadiness as Measured by the Spiral Aftereffect and other Visual-Perceptual Techniques
Authors: Snyder Robert T. , Freud Sheldon L.
Published: September 2011

The Spiral aftereffect (SAE), the Necker Cube, and the Schroeder Staircase were the principal visual-perceptual techniques used to investigate the incidence of perceptual immaturity among 667 first grade children of essentially normal intelligence who were individually tested. Depending upon the nature and complexity of the task, from 25 to 80% were unable to report experiencing a perceptual phenomenon which 100% of non-brain-damaged 10-yr.-olds report. Educational implications are cited and an emphasis is made upon maturational unreadiness at the first grade level as a major contributor to later reading disability. Norms and base rates for various SAE functions are presented by age, sex, socio-economic, reading-readiness and Bender-Gestalt test groupings. Similar findings are reported for the Necker and Schroeder reversing phenomena. Comparisons are made between previous SAE findings for adults and present findings for children. The potential utility of the SAE as an educational-diagnostic tool is emphasized. An implication of the over-all findings is that many children of normal intelligence are not ready to begin reading in the first grade.
The Young Child's Ability to See a Difference between Mirror-Image Forms
Authors: Robinson John S. , Higgins Kent E.
Published: September 2011

Are children who fail on a discrimination learning task involving mirror-image (MI) forms unable to see a difference between them? When given the more purely perceptual task of judging form pairs as same (identically oriented) or different (non-identically oriented, MI or non-MI) a much larger proportion of children show evidence of discriminating MI pairs, even though there is still an age-related tendency to judge them “same.” Only 8 out of 75 Ss in grade levels K through 3 actually failed to discriminate MI forms using this paired-comparison task. Even such non-discriminators were apparently able to “see a difference,” however, since they very readily pointed in different directions when asked to show which way the forms faced.
Some Relationships between Creativity and Perception in Sixth-Grade Children
Authors: McWhinnie Harold J.
Published: September 2011

This study sought to explore possible relationships between perceptual behaviors and measures of creative thinking. 136 sixth-grade children in an elementary school district in Newhall, California, were tested on the perceptual variables of: (a) preference for complexity, (b) field-independence, (c) ability to differentiate form in drawing, and (d) on non-verbal measures of creative thinking developed by Torrance. A correlational analysis separately by sex did not confirm the hypothesized relationships between the perceptual variables and measures of creative thinking. These relationships had been predicted from a study of the previous research done on creativity and perception. The study did find significant sex differences on a number of the creativity measures.
Effects of Auditory Stimulation upon Decrement and Reminiscence in Rotary Pursuit Tracking
Authors: Catalano John F. , Whalen Patricia M.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were carried out to determine the effects of an auditory stimulus which was considered to be activating upon rotary pursuit tracking performance. In Exp. I 70-db stimulation presented during a tracking period tended to prevent the occurrence of decrement for 20 of 27 Ss. In Exp. II both 70 db and 100 db presented during a rest period appeared to enhance the amount of subsequent reminiscence for 15 Ss of 21. The results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that changes of activation level may contribute to such performance changes as decrement and reminiscence.
Temporal Experience as a Function of Sensory Stimulation and Motor Activity
Authors: Miller Alan R. , Frauchiger Roland A. , Kiker Vernon L.
Published: September 2011

This study was concerned with establishing quantifiable continua of phenomenal temporal judgments. Using 6 levels of sensory input and 3 levels of motor behavior, a linear relationship was found between sensory input and temporal estimations for a 90-sec. interval. Both sensory input and motor behavior had significant effects, but not the interaction. It was postulated that the so-called unfilled interval could be better understood if it could be related to various levels of information input.
Effects of Low-Intensity Acoustical Stimulation on Visual Thresholds
Authors: Ince Laurence P.
Published: September 2011

The effects of low-intensity acoustical stimulation on the visual threshold of 2 Ss were investigated. 4 levels of white noise intensity were used, paired in random sequence with 10 different intensities of light, and randomly alternated with periods of quiet. It was found that white noise affects visual threshold, although the exact nature of this effect was not determined.
Impact of Anxiety Produced by Delayed Auditory Feedback on Verbal Intelligence
Authors: Rankin Richard J.
Published: September 2011

The Wide Range Intelligence Test was administered to 24 undergraduate students under conditions of normal feedback and delayed auditory feedback. Subjects perform at a lower level under DAF. DAF is proposed as a temporary intelligence suppressor useful in exploring intelligence and retardation theories.
Geometric Form Reproduction: Relationship to Chronological and Mental Age
Authors: Beery Keith E.
Published: September 2011

195 children from Grades 1, 4, and 6 of middle-class suburban schools were given SRA Primary Mental Abilities tests, a developmental sequence of geometric forms to be copied, and a pencil-and-paper test of eye-hand dexterity. Correlations among form-reproduction scores and those of the PMA subtests and totals, eye-hand dexterity and chronological age suggested that form reproduction was related primarily to MA rather than CA within the age groups. MA and CA appear to be highly related to form reproduction among the younger children.
Intersensory Integration of Spatial Position during Early Childhood
Authors: Abravanel Eugene
Published: September 2011

The research concerned correspondences of elementary attributes of spatial position (up-down, inside-outside, and upright vs upside-down) between haptic and visual sense-modalities by young children. Ss between the ages of 3 to 6 made cross-modal Sameness-Difference judgments and recognition matches in which accuracy required differentiating spatial position. Ss aged 3 and 4 yr. showed little accuracy in Sameness-Difference judgments, whereas significant increases in accuracy were found by ages 5 and 6. Results are discussed in terms of developments in perceptual activity and the process of intersensory integration.
Restricted Perceptual Experience Effects on the Later Avoidance Behavior of Two Subspecies of Deermice, Peromyscus Leucopus and Peromyscus Polionotus
Authors: Karl Norman J. , Schell Robert E.
Published: September 2011

Groups of Peromyscus leucopus and Peromyscus polionotus were placed under conditions of restricted perceptual experience at two different ages and for two periods of time. In testing for effects on later avoidance behavior, measures were taken of the time required before S drank water while in a novel setting, reactivity to shock, and speed of avoidance conditioning and extinction. Duration and age of restricted perceptual experience had no systematic effect on avoidance behavior across or within subspecies; effects varied with subspecies and the measure under consideration. Decrements in avoidance behavior were more marked and longer lasting for Peromyscus polionotus and, depending upon the measure, were primarily a function of either duration or age of restricted perceptual experience.
Note on Differential Payoff and Time-Cost Functions in Choice Reaction Time
Authors: Schneider Robert J. , Stilson Donald W. , Ulehla Z. J.
Published: September 2011

In a choice reaction-time (RT) situation with rewards for correct responses, the effect of the payoff scheme upon RTs appears to depend upon the way in which S is charged for the time he takes to respond.
Cognitive Control of Differentiation in the Perception of Persons and Objects
Authors: Gardner Riley W. , Lohrenz Leander J. , Schoen Robert A.
Published: September 2011

Performances in tests of 4 dimensions of cognitive control that have implications for the differentiation of experience were used as bases for prediction of response to additional cognitive tests, including a Semantic Differential procedure designed to sample one aspect of differentiation in the perception of persons and objects. Factor analysis was used as a means of assessing relationships among the variables and their relationship to the sex of S. Use of husband-wife pairs as Ss provided partial control of socioeconomic status and yielded some new information concerning cognitive similarity-difference in marriage partners. The major results add to the demonstrated generality of cognitive control dimensions relevant to experiential differentiation and indicate the complexity of such differentiation with respect to persons and objects.
Field Dependency-Independency and Eye-Movement Patterns
Authors: Conklin Rodney C. , Muir Walter , Boersma Frederic J.
Published: September 2011

Eye-movement patterns of high and low scoters on a test of field-dependency-independency were compared. Significant differences were found for track length and informative search but none for sex and duration of fixation. Support for the notion that field-independent Ss employ more effective search patterns is suggested.
Distribution of Practice in Individual Differences and Intra-Variability
Authors: Stelmach George E.
Published: September 2011

2 groups of Ss ( n = 50) were tested on one of two practice conditions on a large muscle motor task to determine the effects of distribution of practice on true score variance (individual differences) and intra-individual variability. Under distributed practice conditions (30 sec. work-30 sec. rest) the true score variance decreased 49% while under massed conditions the decrease amounted to 13%. The corresponding decreases in intra-individual variance were 37% and 11%, respectively. Only the decrease in true score variance under the distributed condition was significant.
Visual-Color Reinforcement in Establishment of Speech by an Autistic Child
Authors: Fineman Kenneth R.
Published: September 2011

Data have indicated that through the use of systematic visual-color reinforcement by means of operant conditioning, a non-verbal autistic child can be taught to verbalize. Visual consequences can be used as a reinforcer to increase the rate of verbalizations. The technique could be used as a diagnostic tool in determining what sounds are already in the child's repertoire.
Changes in Copying Ability of Young Children
Authors: Keogh Barbara K. , Smith Carol E.
Published: September 2011

This study focused upon definition and description of rate and Wind of changes in children's form copying ability by evaluating Bender Gestalt performances of 140 children in September, November, February, and May of their kindergarten year. The findings emphasize the need to consider age, extent of school experience, and sex, when interpreting young children's performance on the Bender.
Visual Imagery and Level of Mediator Abstractness in Induced Mediation Paradigms
Authors: Christiansen Ted , Stone David R.
Published: September 2011

Two objective tests, presumed to measure S's ability to form visual images, were administered to 240 seventh grade students. On the basis of test scores, equal numbers of Ss were assigned to visualizer and non-visualizer categories. Ss in each category were now assigned at random to one of four conditions and their performance compared in a mediate association learning experiment. Paradigms were designed to compare visualizers and non-visualizers on learning tasks which used concrete and abstract nouns as mediators. The findings showed that mediation was related both to the type of mediator used in the paradigm and S's ability to visualize.
Motivational Factors in Vigilance: Effects of Instructions on Performance in a Complex Vigilance Task
Authors: Lucaccini Luigi F. , Freedy Amos , Lyman John
Published: September 2011

Pre-task instructions have been a neglected source of motivation in vigilance. In the present study, 32 Ss monitored a complex visual vigilance display for 40 min. with a signal rate of 60/hr. 16 Ss were told that such tasks are usually challenging (positive set) and 16 were told such tasks are usually monotonous (negative set). Performance was significantly better throughout the session by Ss with the positive set and decrements did not occur with either group. The results indicate the importance of motivational factors in vigilance. Implications for vigilance research are discussed.
New Applications of the Porteus Maze Tests
Authors: Porteus S. D.
Published: September 2011

A review of recent studies which suggest new applications of the Mazes is presented.
Interindividual Differences in Scaling Performance
Authors: Ekman Goesta , Hosman Brita , Lindman Ralf , Ljungberg Leif , Akesson Caj A.
Published: September 2011

21 Ss performed complete ratio estimation of 7 stimuli in each of 6 continua. Individual scales were constructed and condensed into a measure of scale range. The coefficients of correlation between continua were positive and mostly statistically significant but much lower than the coefficients of reliability. The results support a two-factor hypothesis, according to which individual differences in scaling behavior reflect both a genuine perceptual variability and differences in response bias.
Cross-Cultural Perceptions of Johnson and Kosygin
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Mohan Jitendra , Clarke Walter V. , Schulz Hartmut , Strehse Wolfgang , Winneke Gerhard
Published: September 2011

Using the Activity Vector Analysis (AVA), an adjective check list for measuring self-concept, cross-cultural perceptions were obtained of President Johnson and Premier Kosygin. The three cultures involved in the study were American, Indian, and German. Ss were graduate students at the Universities of Rhode Island (U.S.A.), Panjab (India), and Hamburg (Germany). For the German Ss a German form of the AVA was used. Data were analyzed on the basis of compatibility with three stereotyped personality profiles obtained in earlier studies. These were (1) public perception of Nikita Khrushchev, (2) ideal U.S. President's image, and (3) personality profiles of self-made company presidents in the U.S. There was consensual agreement among Ss of different nationalities, except for the Indian students' perceptions of Kosygin. The Indian Ss as a group perceived Kosygin as possessing a personality structure consistent with the American perception of the ideal U.S. President, and personality traits which are relatively unrelated to both the public image of Khrushchev and the personalities of company presidents. All Ss agreed in that their perception of Johnson was highly related both to the public image of Khrushchev and the personalities of the company presidents and rather unrelated to the ideal U.S. President stereotype.
Visual Orientation as a Function of Head Tilt
Authors: Wade N. J.
Published: September 2011

The visual vertical was measured in two experiments for head tilts from 40° left to 40° right in 10° intervals. For all tilts the visual vertical was located on the opposite side of the gravitational vertical to tilt (E-effect), with maximum values at 30° left and 40° right tilt.
Reactions of Large Groups Experimentally Confined in an Austere Environment
Authors: Ahearn Thomas R. , Beussee Mary P. , Hammes John A.
Published: September 2011

7 large-group simulated fallout shelter occupancy tests have been conducted at the University of Georgia during the past 4 yr. These studies included large groups of men, women, and children confined for periods varying from 1 day to 1 wk. This report presents shelteree reaction in terms of post-shelter questionnaire response and in terms of defections, i.e., occupants who left shelter prior to completion of the study.
Individual Differences in Tapping Performance as a Function of Time on the Task
Authors: Wilson Glenn D. , Tunstall Olive A. , Eysenck H. J.
Published: September 2011

A group of 187 apprentices were given two sessions on a 1-min. finger-tapping task in which output was taken as the criterion measure. Various individual difference variables changed in the degree and direction of their association with tapping performance as a function of time through the session, presumably reflecting a motivational variable such as persistence. Positive correlations between intelligence and tapping performance became progressively greater toward the end of each 1-min. period, and while high n Ach Ss and extraverts began tapping at a faster rate than low n Ach Ss and introverts, this pattern had reversed by the end of the 1-min. practice periods. It is concluded that studies of the relationship between individual difference variables and task performance must take account of changes which occur as a result of “time into the task.”
The Orthogonality of Psychoticism and Neuroticism: A Factorial Study
Authors: Eysenck Hans J. , Eysenck Sybil B. G.
Published: September 2011

Questionnaire scales for the measurement of psychoticism, neuroticism, extraversion and dissimulation (“Lie scale”) were administered to 216 boys and 224 girls 11 and 12 yr. old; all 111 items of the questionnaire were intercorrelated and factor analyzed separately for the two sexes. Four main factors emerged, as expected, with the 3 personality factors (P, E, and N) almost entirely independent of each other. Scales of 20 items were made up to measure each of these factors, as well as L, and the scores on these scales were again largely independent of each other, with the exception of the L scale. The interpretation of these results is discussed.
Interaction Distances in Same-Sex and Mixed-Sex Groups
Authors: Thomas David R.
Published: September 2011

Interaction distances of same-sex and mixed-sex groups were studied by photographing groups sitting or lying on a public beach. Male-female distances were significantly smaller than both male-male and female-female distances. Furthermore, clothed individuals were closer together than persons wearing bathing suits. The results are related to the findings of previous studies which have shown that opposite-sex strangers tend to exhibit less intimacy than same-sex strangers, and it is suggested that where “sexual interaction” is regarded as inappropriate, greater distance is shown by mixed-sex groups, but where “sexual interaction” is appropriate less distance is shown, compared to same-sex groups.
Repeated Presentation of Stimuli and Production of Original Responses by Children
Authors: Khatena Joe
Published: September 2011

Form I of the Children's Version of Onomatopoeia and Images was administered to 107 elementary school students and Form II to 100 junior high school students. Their responses to 4 presentations of 5 verbal stimuli showed progressive mean gains in originality scores with the greatest gains occurring on the first repetition.
Personality Characteristics of Creative Women
Authors: Bachtold Louise M. , Werner Emmy E.
Published: September 2011

Women authors who were listed in Who's Who in America, and women artists in Who's Who in American Women responded to the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. Both groups were found to be more aloof, intelligent, emotional, aggressive, adventurous, imaginative, radical, and self-sufficient, and less group-dependent and controlled than women in the general population. Although the women artists did not score beyond the average on sensitivity and self-control, the authors were more sensitive and less controlled than women in general.
Birth Order and Relative Effectiveness of Social and Nonsocial Reinforcers
Authors: Hines George H.
Published: September 2011

Undergraduates were administered a probability learning task to determine the relationship between birth order and the relative effectiveness of social and nonsocial reinforcers. Firstborn individuals performed better than later-born Ss under social reinforcement conditions. Over-all, social reinforcers enhanced performance more than nonsocial reinforcers. Findings were interpreted as supporting greater social dependence of firstborns.
Comparison of Self-Esteem of Prison and Non-Prison Groups
Authors: Fichtler Helmuth , Zimmermann Robert R. , Moore Ray T.
Published: September 2011

2 prison groups made up of newly arrived prisoners and maxinum security prisoners, and 2 non-prison groups made up of psychology students from the University of Montana and rural church members were given a self-concept inventory. Self-esteem was defined in terms of the discrepancy between scores on the actual-self and ideal-self measures. The greater the discrepancy, the lower the self-esteem. The maximum security prisoners had the lowest self-esteem, the rural church group had the highest self-esteem, and the other groups fell in between. A positive correlation was found between self-esteem and time in prison. The greater the time in prison, the lower self-esteem scores.
Effect of Alcohol on the Visual Autokinetic Phenomenon
Authors: Moskowitz Herbert , Sharma Satanand
Published: September 2011

The effect of a 0.69 gm. alcohol/kg. body weight dose was compared with a control treatment upon visual autokinesis using 12 Ss. No alcohol effect was found on an objective measure of the apparent distance moved by the fixation light.
Stimulus-Presentation Methods and Ability to Shift Dimensions in Color-Form Preference of Retardates
Authors: Goesling Wendell J.
Published: September 2011

A color-form sorting task was given to 40 institutionalized male retardates divided into two groups equated in mental age. Part I, a preference test, required that 8 stimulus figures, varying in color (red or green) and form (triangle or square), be sorted into 2 bins each marked by a comparison stimulus-figure resembling test stimuli on only one dimension. In Part II, stimuli were again presented but with the instructions to shift the basis of categorization. The procedure with both groups differed only in the method of stimulus presentation; one group received 8 figures simultaneously, the other successively. Retardates in general preferred color to form in categorization and ability to shift dimensions is facilitated by successive presentation.
Psychophysiological Effects of Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields: A Review
Authors: Persinger M. A. , Ludwig H. W. , Ossenkopp K-P.
Published: September 2011

Extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic field-waves, defined in this paper as occupying the frequency band of .01 to 100 Hz, are associated with geomagnetic disturbances, weather perturbations, electrical appliance discharges, and possibly seismic movements. ELF electromagnetic phenomena have been recorded as sinusoidal-like wave forms or as ELF pulses of short duration from higher frequency (10 to 100 kHz) waves. Although natural ELF electrical component intensities range from less than 1 mV/m to slightly more than 1 V/m with magnetic components less than a μ gauss and calculated power densities of 10−8 watts/m3, these waves can propagate long distances without appreciable attenuation and penetrate housing structures. Theoretically, it has been calculated that energy available from ELF phenomena can contribute to neuroenergetic functioning and protein-lipid activity. Correlational and experimental data indicate that ELF fields can influence reaction time, timing behavior, ambulatory behavior, oxygen uptake, endocrine changes, cardiovascular functions, and precipitation-clotting times of colloids. Possible mechanisms of ELF-organismic interactions are discussed.
Effects of Uniqueness, Sex of Subject, and Sex of Photograph on Facial Recognition
Authors: Going Merideth , Read J. D.
Published: September 2011

In a face-recognition task, highly unique faces were correctly identified more often than low-unique faces and female faces more frequently than male faces. At both levels of uniqueness, female Ss recognized female faces more frequently than male faces whereas male Ss recognized male and female faces with equal facility.
Single-Channel Data Sampling: Note on Fabrication of an Inexpensive, Periodic Scanner
Authors: Sterner Ray T. , Rawson Ricky L. , Schulz John W.
Published: September 2011

Classic sinosoidal circadian temperature patterns were observed for 7 albino rats maintained under standard laboratory conditions using an inexpensively fabricated periodic scanner. These data validate use of both the device and the sequential sampling approach in certain biological-behavioral research applications.
Effects of Eye Dominance and Retinal Distance on Binocular Rivalry
Authors: Collins James F. , Blackwell Loren K.
Published: September 2011

6 right- and 6 left-eye dominant Ss were tested as to the effects of this dominance on the percent of time suppression of conflicting line stimuli in the two eyes occurred. The amount of suppression also depended on whether the suppressed stimulus was a vertical or horizontal line and the distance between the suppressing lines. The results were discussed in terms of several partial explanations regarding rivalry phenomena.
Critique of Bergman and Engelbrektson: An Examination of Factor Structure of Rod-and-Frame Test and Embedded-Figures Test
Authors: Van Hemert N. A.
Published: September 2011

The study of Bergman and Engelbrektson (1973), who intended to test some hypotheses concerning the factor structure of the Rod-and-frame Test and the Embedded-figures Test, apart from some minor points is criticized mainly because they allow their criterion variables, i.e., rod-and-frame and embedded-figures, to play a role in the construction of the factors from which the variance of the criteria has to be explained. Further main objections are that in the test battery each of the hypothesized factors is represented by three tests only and that Embedded-figures Test is a modification of one of the market tests for the factor which should account for the Embedded-figures Test variance. Some advice is given to improve the procedures.
Cognitive Styles and Learning Strategies in Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Majeres Raymond L.
Published: September 2011

Paired-associate learning strategy and performance of Ss ( N = 96) high and low on the Stroop Test color/word ratio under different motivation and learning conditions were studied. There was a significant relationship between task, strategy, and cognitive style ( p < .01), though no relationships with performance were found. Results indicated that strategy may be less dependent on specific task demands than performance.
Device for Study of Communication of Dominance without Physical Contact
Authors: Wise Larry A. , Zimmermann Robert R. , Strobel David A. , Smith Olin W.
Published: September 2011

Dominance competition between paired rhesus monkeys ( ns = 4) was compared using a standard apparatus, the Wisconsin General Test Apparatus, and a new device called the Parallel Competition Box. The Parallel Competition Box does not allow physical contact between individual Ss during testing as does the Wisconsin General Test Apparatus. Results comparing the Parallel Competition Box and the Wisconsin General Test Apparatus on food incentive competition indicate that physical contact is not necessary for assertion and maintenance of dominance between socialized rhesus monkeys.
Arrow-Dot Measures of Impulse, Ego, and Superego Functions in Noncheaters, Cheaters and Supercheaters
Authors: Roll Samuel , Hertel Paula
Published: September 2011

Impulse, Ego, and Superego scales of the Arrow-Dot test and the Psychopathic Deviance scale of the MMPI were correlated with a measure of resistance to temptation. Using 76 college males, positive correlations ( p < .05 and p < .001) were found between the Impulse scores and yielding to temptation and the Ego scores and resistance to temptation. The correlations of the Psychopathic Deviance scale with both the Arrow-Dot test and the behavioral measure were not significant. The study provides evidence for the predictive validity of the Arrow-Dot test.