bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
C3-IoC: A Career Guidance System for Assessing Student Skills using Machine Learning and Network Visualisation
Authors: José-García Adán , Sneyd Alison , Melro Ana , Ollagnier Anaïs , Tarling Georgina , Zhang Haiyang , Stevenson Mark , Everson Richard , Arthur Rudy
Published: December 2022

Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED) has witnessed significant growth over the last twenty-five years, providing a wide range of technologies to support academic, institutional, and administrative services. More recently, AIED applications have been developed to prepare students for the workforce, providing career guidance services for higher education. However, this remains challenging, especially concerning the rapidly changing labour market in the IT sector. In this paper, we introduce an AI-based solution named C3-IoC (https://c3-ioc.co.uk), which intends to help students explore career paths in IT according to their level of education, skills and prior experience. The C3-IoC presents a novel similarity metric method for relating existing job roles to a range of technical and non-technical skills. This also allows the visualisation of a job role network, placing the student within communities of job roles. Using a unique knowledge base, user skill profiling, job role matching, and visualisation modules, the C3-IoC supports students in self-evaluating their skills and understanding how they relate to emerging IT jobs.
Applications of the Bernoulli wavelet collocation method in the analysis of MHD boundary layer flow of a viscous fluid
Authors: Kumbinarasaiah S. , Preetham M. P.
Published: December 2022

This study focuses on the flow of viscous, electrically conducting incompressible fluid over a stretching plate. The Falkner–Skan equation is a nonlinear, third-order boundary value problem. No closed-form solutions are available for this two-point boundary value problem. Here, we developed a new functional matrix of integration using the Bernoulli wavelet and also generated a new technique called Bernoulli wavelet collocation method (BWCM) to solve the nonlinear differential equation that arises in the fluid flow over a stretching plate. The boundary layer model is transformed to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation called the Falkner-Skan type equation using suitable transformation. Using BWCM, we have solved the unbounded governing equations of different types that arise in the MHD boundary-layer flow of a viscous fluid over a stretching plate. Several aspects of this problem are justified using the Haar wavelet and the previously obtained theoretical results. It is observed that the boundary-layer thickness decreases as the pressure gradient and magnetic field parameters increase. The overshoots and undershoots are observed for some particular parameters using BWCM. Furthermore, our research yields dual solutions for some physical parameters, which are investigated for the first time in the literature using the Bernoulli wavelet approach. The nature of the flow problem is discussed through the graphs by varying the physical parameters.
Reforming to Survive
Authors: Rasmussen Magnus B. , Knutsen Carl Henrik
Published: December 2022

This Element details how elites provide policy concessions when they face credible threats of revolution. Specifically, the authors discuss how the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent formation of Comintern enhanced elites' perceptions of revolutionary threat by affecting the capacity and motivation of labor movements as well as the elites' interpretation of information signals. These developments incentivized elites to provide policy concessions to urban workers, notably reduced working hours and expanded social transfer programs. The authors assess their argument by using original qualitative and quantitative data. First, they document changes in perceptions of revolutionary threat and strategic policy concessions in early inter-war Norway by using archival and other sources. Second, they code, for example, representatives at the 1919 Comintern meeting to proxy for credibility of domestic revolutionary threat in cross-national analysis. States facing greater threats expanded various social policies to a larger extent than other countries, and some of these differences persisted for decades.
Characteristics of antifungal utilization for hospitalized children in the United States
Authors: Eguiguren Lourdes , Lee Brian R. , Newland Jason G. , Kronman Matthew P. , Hersh Adam L. , Gerber Jeffrey S. , Lee Grace M. , Schwenk Hayden T.
Published: December 2022

Objective:

To characterize antifungal prescribing patterns, including the indication for antifungal use, in hospitalized children across the United States.

Design:

We analyzed antifungal prescribing data from 32 hospitals that participated in the SHARPS Antibiotic Resistance, Prescribing, and Efficacy among Children (SHARPEC) study, a cross-sectional point-prevalence survey conducted between June 2016 and December 2017.

Methods:

Inpatients aged <18 years with an active systemic antifungal order were included in the analysis. We classified antifungal prescribing by indication (ie, prophylaxis, empiric, targeted), and we compared the proportion of patients in each category based on patient and antifungal characteristics.

Results:

Among 34,927 surveyed patients, 2,095 (6%) received at least 1 systemic antifungal and there were 2,207 antifungal prescriptions. Most patients had an underlying oncology or bone marrow transplant diagnosis (57%) or were premature (13%). The most prescribed antifungal was fluconazole (48%) and the most common indication for antifungal use was prophylaxis (64%). Of 2,095 patients receiving antifungals, 79 (4%) were prescribed >1 antifungal, most often as targeted therapy (48%). The antifungal prescribing rate ranged from 13.6 to 131.2 antifungals per 1,000 patients across hospitals (P < .001).

Conclusions:

Most antifungal use in hospitalized children was for prophylaxis, and the rate of antifungal prescribing varied significantly across hospitals. Potential targets for antifungal stewardship efforts include high-risk, high-utilization populations, such as oncology and bone marrow transplant patients, and specific patterns of utilization, including prophylactic and combination antifungal therapy.
County-level spatiotemporal distribution of fluoroquinolone-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in outpatient settings of the Veterans’ Health Administration, 2000–2017
Authors: Smith Matthew W. , Carrel Margaret , Goto Michihiko
Published: December 2022

Fluoroquinolone resistance among Enterobacteriaceae is a notable challenge for appropriate empiric therapy in outpatient settings. We describe the spatial distribution of fluoroquinolone resistance and its chronological change between 2000 and 2017 in the nationwide Veterans’ Health Administration system. We found spatially concentrated increasing prevalence in the 2000s, followed by spatial dispersion in the 2010s.
Social policies in democratic and authoritarian regimes: comparing the introduction and implementation of the National Rural Employment Guarantee in India and Dibao in China
Authors: Ho Carmen Jacqueline , Béland Daniel , Bodruzic Dragana , Shi Shih-Jiunn , Nizar Zainab
Published: December 2022

Research on the welfare state often examines social policies in democratic regimes separately from social policies in authoritarian regimes. Two bodies of research have emerged, as the extant literature views these political systems as sufficiently distinct to merit the division of analysis. In this article, we challenge the existing approach by showing that differing regime types can indeed be analysed together. By looking for patterns of similarities, rather than differences, we bring the two literatures into conversation and show how a common factor can trigger social policy expansion in both regime types. Using case studies of India and China, the two most populous democratic and authoritarian regimes, this article illustrates how the expansion of policies that serve low-income groups – India’s Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee (NREGA) and China’s Minimum Livelihood Guarantee Scheme (dibao) – were both prompted by social mobilisation.
On the turbulence modelling of waves breaking on a vertical pile
Authors: Li Yuzhu , Fuhrman David R.
Published: December 2022

Incipient wave breaking on a vertical circular pile is simulated with a Reynolds stress–

$\omega$

turbulence model. Comparison of results simulated with a stabilized two-equation turbulence model, as well as no turbulence model, demonstrates that the breaking point and the peak force on a vertical cylinder due to incipient breaking should not be affected by the turbulence closure model, provided that it is stable and the simulations are converged. Notably, the present results show that the build-up to peak force induced by incipient wave breaking can be accurately predicted without any turbulence closure model. However, for the prediction of the secondary load cycle (SLC), proper turbulence modelling is required, as this process involves both turbulence production and lee-side flow separation. The Reynolds stress–

$\omega$

model is demonstrated to predict the SLC more accurately than a stabilized two-equation

$k$

–

$\omega$

turbulence model, as the flow separation points and vorticity field are better predicted. Some existing studies indicate that the generation of the SLC does not necessarily result from flow separation, but is rather due to the suction force. The present work finds that the occurrence and point of flow separation significantly affect the magnitude of the suction force, which hence affects the SLC prediction significantly. For waves breaking on a vertical pile, proper turbulence modelling is therefore essential for accurate SLC predictions. (In the above,

$k$

is the turbulent kinetic energy density and

$\omega$

is the specific dissipation rate.)
IDENTIFICATION IN PORE WATERS OF RECYCLED SEDIMENT ORGANIC MATTER USING THE DUAL ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF CARBON (δ13C AND Δ14C): NEW DATA FROM THE CONTINENTAL SHELF INFLUENCED BY THE RHÔNE RIVER
Authors: Dumoulin J-P , Rabouille C , Pourtout S , Bombled B , Lansard B , Caffy I , Hain S , Perron M , Sieudat M , Thellier B , Delqué-Količ E , Moreau C , Beck L
Published: December 2022

Estuaries and deltas are crucial zones to better understand the interactions between continents and oceans, and to characterize the mineralization and burial of different sources of organic matter (OM) and their effect on the carbon cycle. In the present study, we focus on the continental shelf of the northwest Mediterranean Sea near the Rhône river delta. Sediment cores were collected and pore waters were sampled at different depths at one station (Station E) located on this shelf. For each layer, measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon concentration (DIC) and its isotopic composition (δ13C and Δ14C) were conducted and a mixing model was applied to target the original signature of the mineralized OM. The calculated δ13C signature of the mineralized organic matter is in accordance with previous results with a δ13COM of marine origin that is not significantly impacted by the terrestrial particulate inputs from the river. The evolution with depth of Δ14C shows two different trends indicating two different Δ14C signatures for the mineralised OM. In the first 15 cm, the mineralized OM is modern with a Δ14COM = 100 ± 17‰ and corresponds to the OM produced during the nuclear period of the last 50 years. Deeper in the sediment, the result is very different with a depleted value Δ14COM = –172 ± 60‰ which corresponds to the pre-nuclear period. In these two cases, the marine substrate was under the influence of the local marine reservoir effect with more extreme Δ14C results. These differences can be largely explained by the influence of the river plume on the local marine DIC during these two periods.
LARGE -FREE SUBGRAPHS IN -CHROMATIC GRAPHS
Authors: HE ZHEN , LV ZEQUN , ZHU XIUTAO
Published: December 2022

For a graph G and a family of graphs
$\mathcal {F}$
, the Turán number
${\mathrm {ex}}(G,\mathcal {F})$
is the maximum number of edges an
$\mathcal {F}$
-free subgraph of G can have. We prove that
${\mathrm {ex}}(G,\mathcal {F})\ge {\mathrm {ex}}(K_r, \mathcal {F})$
if the chromatic number of G is r and
$\mathcal {F}$
is a family of connected graphs. This result answers a question raised by Briggs and Cox [‘Inverting the Turán problem’, Discrete Math.342(7) (2019), 1865–1884] about the inverse Turán number for all connected graphs.
ON THE LOWEST EIGENVALUE OF THE FRACTIONAL LAPLACIAN FOR THE INTERSECTION OF TWO DOMAINS
Authors: DUONG ANH TUAN , NGUYEN VAN HOANG
Published: December 2022

We extend a result of Lieb [‘On the lowest eigenvalue of the Laplacian for the intersection of two domains’, Invent. Math.74(3) (1983), 441–448] to the fractional setting. We prove that if A and B are two bounded domains in
$\mathbb R^N$
and
$\lambda _s(A)$
,
$\lambda _s(B)$
are the lowest eigenvalues of
$(-\Delta )^s$
,
$0<s<1$
, with Dirichlet boundary conditions, there exists some translation
$B_x$
of B such that
$\lambda _s(A\cap B_x)< \lambda _s(A)+\lambda _s(B)$
. Moreover, without the boundedness assumption on A and B, we show that for any
$\varepsilon>0$
, there exists some translation
$B_x$
of B such that
$\lambda _s(A\cap B_x)< \lambda _s(A)+\lambda _s(B)+\varepsilon .$
The Rise and Fall of Social Housing? Housing Decommodification in Long-run Comparison
Authors: Kholodilin Konstantin Arkadievich , Kohl Sebastian , Müller Florian
Published: December 2022

The comparative study of housing decommodification lags behind classical welfare state research, while housing research itself is rich in homeownership studies but lacks comparative accounts of private and social rentals due to missing comparative data. Building on existing works and various primary sources, this study presents a new collection of up to forty-eight countries’ social housing shares in stock and new construction since the first housing laws around 1900. The interpolated benchmark time series generally describes the rise and fall of social housing across a residual, a socialist, and a Northern-European housing group. The decline was steeper than for the classical welfare state, but the degree of erosion was surprisingly small in some countries where public housing associations remained resilient. Within the broader housing welfare state, social housing correlates positively with rent regulation and allowances, but negatively with homeownership subsidies and liberal mortgage regulation. A multivariate analysis shows that social housing is rather explained by housing shortages and complementarities with rental and welfare policies than by typical welfare state theories (GDP, political parties). Generally, the paper shows that conventional housing typologies are difficult to defend over time and argues more generally for including housing decommodification in welfare state research.
Inequality of Opportunity in Health Among Urban, Rural, and Migrant Children: Evidence from China
Authors: Chindarkar Namrata , Nakajima Maki , Wu Alfred M.
Published: December 2022

Rural-urban migrants, though facing unique social and institutional constraints, remain a largely overlooked population in research on health inequality in China. This study applies the inequality of opportunity (IOp) framework to investigate health inequality among children in China. Instead of comparing only urban and rural children, we include rural-urban migrants. Drawing upon three waves of a nation-wide survey, we find that migrant children in China remain disadvantaged in terms of health when compared to urban and rural children. The decomposition of the determinants indicates that while the direct influence of hukou, China’s household registration system, on IOp in health is low and has decreased, particularly between 2007 and 2013, one’s province of residence still matters. Parental health contributes substantially to IOp in health, which likely is an indirect effect of hukou that creates barriers for migrant parents in regard to accessing healthcare. The policy implication of these findings is that although the direct influence of hukou has decreased, when coupled with the continued lack of local government support for the welfare of migrant workers, it perpetuates health inequalities.
The Schumpeterian Consensus: The New Logic of Global Social Policy to Face Digital Transformation
Authors: Silva Vicente
Published: December 2022

Digitalisation emerged as a central problem in global social governance in the past decade. ‘Digital transformation’ was expected to bring new social risks, requiring a redesign of the welfare state. This study examines the social policy responses of international actors on the digitalisation agenda in the 2010s and early 2020s. Inspired by sociological institutionalism, it shows different trajectories followed by UN agencies, the OECD and the World Bank in terms of addressing the social implications of this transformation. Despite these divergent organisational agendas, the article reveals the emergence of a new transnational policy paradigm, the ‘Schumpeterian consensus’, overcoming the antagonism between ‘economic’ and ‘social’ institutions from previous decades. In this paradigm, the ‘Schumpeterian investment state’ is seen as a mediator between the creative and destructive potential of technological change. Its social model encourages governments to invest in skills, universal social protection and flexicurity for the digital era.
Mandarin-learning 19-month-old toddlers’ sensitivity to word order cues that differentiate unaccusative and unergative verbs
Authors: WANG Ziqi , YANG Xiaolu , SHI Rushen
Published: December 2022

Languages employ different means to manifest the unaccusative-unergative distinction. In Mandarin Chinese, unaccusative verbs are allowed in the inversion construction “V-le NP”, while unergative verbs are not. This grammaticality contrast brings a presence/absence contrast between the two verb classes in the inversion construction in the input. Using an eye fixation task, we investigated whether Mandarin-learning 19-month-olds were sensitive to this specific input frequency contrast. We found that infants distinguished the grammatical versus ungrammatical uses of the two verb classes in the inversion construction “V-le NP” (Experiment 1). When the verb classes were in the “NP V-le” order (Experiment 2) (i.e., the same level of grammaticality), infants showed no evidence of a looking difference. These responses indicate toddlers’ sensitivity to the distribution of the two verb classes in the inversion construction. This distributional information is likely to be one of the potential cues that facilitate their acquisition of the unaccusative-unergative distinction.
Movement ecology of the threatened Campo MinerGeositta poecilopteraand its implications for the conservation of tropical open grassland birds
Authors: Lopes Leonardo E. , Meireles Ricardo C. de , Peixoto Helberth José C. , Teixeira João Paulo G. , Machado Tamara Luciane de S. S. , Lombardi Vitor T.
Published: December 2022

Understanding the types of movements exhibited by a threatened species is paramount for creating conservation and management strategies. The Campo Miner (Geositta poeciloptera) is a threatened obligate grassland bird endemic to the South American Cerrado. Literature disagrees about its movement ecology, with authors suggesting strategies as contradictory as residency and nomadism. The species requires short and sparse grass cover to breed and seems to be associated with fires, tracking recently burned grassland patches. We studied the movement ecology of marked Campo Miners for seven years, integrating our results with information from citizen science data, museum specimens, and the literature. After investigating every main movement strategy exhibited by bird populations, we found no evidence of regular migration in the species (e.g. altitudinal, short- or long-distance). The Campo Miner is a resident species with territorial behaviour restricted to the breeding season, which apparently results in seasonal variation in its detectability, biasing our perception about its seasonal abundance and distribution. We propose a theoretical framework for understanding local movements in the species, which predicts that Campo Miners: (1) establish their territories at the beginning of the breeding season in patches of suitable habitat; (2) stop defending their territories after the breeding season; (3) stay during the non-breeding season in their home ranges, also wandering across neighbouring home ranges; (4) abandon their home ranges if the grass cover becomes high and dense or when a better quality habitat patch becomes available, using fires as a cue for locating recently burned patches that will soon
Parental influences on children’s dairy products consumption: a narrative review
Authors: Greene Ellen , Murrin Celine
Published: December 2022

Objective:

To review research on the influence of parent-related factors on children’s dairy products consumption.

Design:

A search of electronic databases and a narrative synthesis of the literature were conducted. English-language articles were included if they reported data relating to parental influences on children’s consumption of dairy products and if statistical significance was reported.

Setting:

Studies were carried out in the USA (n 8) and in a range of countries across Europe (n 12) and Asia (n 5).

Participants:

The subjects of this research were children aged between 2 and 12 years of age, from a range of geographical locations.

Results:

Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. The studies examined children’s dairy products consumption in relation to parental socio-economic status (education level and income) (n 12), home availability (n 2), home food environment (n 3), parental dairy products consumption (n 4), parent feeding practices (n 3), parents’ beliefs and attitudes (n 3) and parental nutrition knowledge (n 3). Results on the association between socio-economic status and children’s dairy products consumption varied; however, studies reporting a significant association generally observed a positive relationship. Fifteen studies reported children’s total dairy products intake as an outcome measure, with the remaining studies reporting intake of milk or other dairy products as individual foods.

Conclusions:

This review identified literature exploring a range of parental factors in relation to children’s dairy products intake. However, there were limited numbers of studies published within each category of modifiable factors. Further research on the parent-related determinants of dairy products consumption in children is required in order to identify potential intervention targets in this age group.
From harmful nutrients to ultra-processed foods: exploring shifts in ‘foods to limit’ terminology used in national food-based dietary guidelines
Authors: Anastasiou Kim , Ribeiro De Melo Patricia , Slater Scott , Hendrie Gilly A , Hadjikakou Michalis , Baker Phillip K , Lawrence Mark Andrew
Published: December 2022

Objective:

The choice of terms used to describe ‘foods to limit’ (FTL) in food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) can impact public understanding, policy translation and research applicability. The choice of terms in FBDG has been influenced by available science, values, beliefs and historical events. This study aimed to analyse the terms used and definitions given to FTL in FBDG around the world, including changes over time and regional differences.

Design:

A review of terms used to describe FTL and their definitions in all current and past FBDG for adults was conducted, using a search strategy informed by the FAO FBDG website. Data from 148 guidelines (96 countries) were extracted into a pre-defined table and terms were organised by the categories ‘nutrient-based’, ‘food examples’ or ‘processing-related’.

Setting:

National FBDG from all world regions.

Participants:

None.

Results:

Nutrient-based terms (e.g. high-fat foods) were the most frequently used type of term in both current and past dietary guidelines (91 %, 85 %, respectively). However, food examples (e.g. cakes) and processing-related terms (e.g. ultra-processed foods) have increased in use over the past 20 years and are now often used in conjunction with nutrient-based terms. Regional differences were only observed for processing-related terms.

Conclusion:

Diverse, and often poorly defined, terms are used to describe FTL in FBDG. Policymakers should ensure that FTL terms have clear definitions and can be integrated with other disciplines and understood by consumers. This may facilitate the inclusion of the most contemporary and potentially impactful terminology in nutrition research and policies.
Did Rousseau Teach Kant Discipline?
Authors: Alberg Jeremiah
Published: December 2022

Both Rousseau and Kant wrote their works with the intention of contributing to the well-being of humans. The ways in which Kant followed Rousseau to achieve this aim were many and go beyond those easily recognized. This article presents evidence for Rousseau’s influence in the Discipline of Pure Reason chapter of the Doctrine of Method in the First Critique. Both Rousseau and Kant emphasized discipline as a necessary part of a proper education that leads to a well-ordered life. Kant’s form of discipline is modeled on the education given to Emile. This approach to the Discipline chapter also affords an enlightening view of Kant’s position in Dreams of a Spirit-Seer.
The why, what, when, who and how of assessing CBT competence to support lifelong learning
Authors: Muse Kate , Kennerley Helen , McManus Freda
Published: December 2022

Assessment of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) competence is a critical component in ensuring optimal clinical care, supporting therapists’ skill acquisition, and facilitating continuing professional development. This article provides a framework to support trainers, assessors, supervisors and therapists when making decisions about selecting and implementing effective strategies for assessing CBT competence. The framework draws on the existing evidence base to address five central questions: Why assess CBT competence?; What is CBT competence?; When should CBT competence be assessed?; Who is best placed to assess CBT competence?; and How should CBT competence be assessed? Various methods of assessing CBT competence are explored and the potential benefits and challenges are outlined. Recommendations are made about which approach to use across different contexts and how to use these effectively to facilitate the acquisition, enhancement and evaluation of CBT knowledge and skills.

Key learning aims

After reading this article you will be able to:

(1)

Identify key issues about why, what, when, who and how to assess CBT competence and use this framework to guide decisions about the best strategy to use.

(2)

Be aware of the range of methods for assessing CBT competence and consider the main benefits and potential challenges of these.

(3)

Consider the most effective ways to implement CBT competence assessment strategies as a tool for evaluation and learning.
A novel isolation improvement technique using fractal neutralization line with dual band rejection attributes in a compact UWB MIMO antenna
Authors: Banerjee Jeet , Gorai Abhik , Ghatak Rowdra
Published: December 2022

A closely confined coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed MIMO antenna sheltering the entire ultra-wideband (UWB) spectrum with high isolation as well as dual-band rejection attributes is presented and evaluated. The intended wideband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radiator embodies a pair of similar planar monopole elements (PME) together with the integration of the ingredients like a defected ground structure with Koch fractal boundaries, parasitic strips, cross-linked C-shaped parasitic resonators, and a Hilbert fractal neutralization line. The suggested UWB MIMO antenna houses an extensive bandwidth spanning between 2.64 and 12 GHz, sharply rejecting a pair of bands centered at 3.3 and 4.5 GHz. The wideband diversity antenna is realized in a closely packed measure of 26.50 mm (L) × 29.84 mm (W). A minute inter-element spacing of 0.51 mm is attained with the suggested layout. The numerical and experimental investigations of vital diversity parameters such as the envelope correlation coefficient, mean effective gain, total active reflection coefficient, as well as multiplexing efficiency depict high diversity performance. The consistency amidst the simulation as well as the empirical results recommends the worthiness of the intended antenna for handy UWB and UWB MIMO systems.
Dyadic Coping, Dyadic Coping Based Gratitude (DC-G), and Relationship Satisfaction in Pakistani Couples
Authors: Shujja Sultan , Bodenmann Guy , Randall Ashley K. , Adil Adnan , Malik Farah
Published: December 2022

Dyadic coping-based gratitude (DC-G) refers to the reaction of appreciation and thankfulness in response to received problem-focused and emotion-focused positive dyadic coping (DC) behaviors by the partner. The actor-partner interdependent mediation model was used to test the mediating role of DC-G between DC and relationship satisfaction in a purposive sample of 300 Pakistani married couples, which were treated as indistinguishable following the use of a test for distinguishability. Mediation analysis demonstrated that DC-G partially mediated the couples’ DC and relationship satisfaction implying that the association between DC and relationship satisfaction strengthened as the DC-G intervenes in the path model. Additionally, the actor-actor or partner-partner indirect effects were stronger compared to the cross-partner effect suggesting that husbands or wives’ DC more strongly predicted corresponding relationship satisfaction via DC-G compared to husbands-wives’ DC. Implications are discussed within collectivistic cultural orientation and Islamic religious obligations regarding marital relationships in Pakistani couples.
The Policy Blame Game: How Polarization Distorts Democratic Accountability across the Local, State, and Federal Level
Authors: Jin Rongbo , Cloudt Alexander , Choi Seoungin , Jia Zhuofan , Klar Samara
Published: December 2022

Democratic accountability relies on voters to punish their representatives for policies they dislike. Yet, a separation-of-powers system can make it hard to know who is to blame, and partisan biases further distort voters’ evaluations. During the COVID-19 pandemic, precautionary policies were put into place sometimes by governors, sometimes by mayors, and sometimes by no one at all, allowing us to identify when voters hold out-party versus in-party politicians responsible for policies. With a survey spanning 48 states, we test our theory that attitudes toward policies and parties intersect to determine when selective attribution takes place. We find that as individuals increasingly oppose a policy, they are more likely to blame whichever level of government is led by the out-party. This is most pronounced among partisans with strong in-party biases. We provide important insight into the mechanisms that drive selective attribution and the conditions under which democratic accountability is at risk.
Implementierung einer „Nurse Practitioner“-Rolle in der stationären Chirurgie
Authors: Dach Christoph von , Lendner Ilka , Cecini Ramona
Published: December 2022

Zusammenfassung: Hintergrund: Die Studie beschreibt die Einführung und Erprobung einer Nurse-Practitioner-Rolle in der akutstationären Chirurgie in einem schweizerischen Krankenhaus über ein Jahr. Der Einsatz Nurse Practitioner kann die Kontinuität in der Betreuung, die Versorgungsqualität und die Patientensicherheit verbessern. Ziel: Aufgezeigt werden die kurzfristigen Ergebnisse einer solchen Rolle im stationär chirurgischen Bereich nach einem Jahr Laufzeit. Die Zielgrößen umfassten neun Messkriterien. Methode: Die Evaluation erfolgte mittels eines Mixed-Methods-Ansatzes, teilweise im Prä-post-Vergleich. Quantitativ wurden Anzahl betreute Patient_innen, Austrittszeit, interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit, Liegedauer, Störungen im Alltag und die Verfügbarkeit der Austrittsdokumente erfasst. Die qualitative Erfassung beinhaltete das Erleben der Beteiligten. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse der Evaluation weisen auf einen Mehrwert durch die neue Rolle hin. Hinweise finden sich in der Betreuungskontinuität und Zugänglichkeit in medizinischen Fragen der Beteiligten sowie in der Optimierung der Patient_innenprozesse. Erschwerend erwies sich die gesetzlich ungeklärte Situation in der Schweiz. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Stärke dieser Rolle lag in der Erhöhung der Betreuungskontinuität, der Verbesserung der Ansprechbarkeit in medizinischen Fragen für Patient_innen und Pflegende sowie in der Optimierung der Patientenprozesse und damit auch der Patientensicherheit. Die gesetzlichen Vorgaben bezüglich der Kompetenzen erschweren derzeit den Einsatz von Nurse Practitioner im stationären Bereich.
Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter and Dissolved Organic Carbon in Lakes Across an Elevational Gradient From the Mountains to the Sea
Authors: Juetten Kyle , Strecker Angela L. , Harrison Aaron , Landram Zachary , De Bruyn Warren J. , Clark Catherine D.
Published: December 2022

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in lakes across elevation gradients is a complex function of topography, climate, vegetation coverage, land use, and lake properties. To examine sources and processing of DOM from sea level to mountain lakes (3–1,574 m), we measured dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) optical properties, lake characteristics, and water quality parameters in 62 freshwater lakes in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Higher elevation lakes had lower DOC concentrations and absorbance. These lakes had higher forest cover and minimal wetlands in their watershed, in addition to low nutrients, water temperatures, and chlorophyll a in the lake itself. Two humic‐like and one protein‐like fluorescent component were identified from excitation‐emission matrix spectroscopy. The index of recent autochthonous contribution (BIX), fluorescence index (FIX), and SR optical indices showed that most lakes were dominated by terrestrially derived material. The humification index (HIX) and specific ultra‐violet absorbance (SUVA254) were consistent with more aromatic humic CDOM at lower elevations. The lower fluorescence of humic‐like components at higher elevation was attributed to lower inputs from vegetation. The relative contribution of the protein‐like component increased at higher elevation. This may be due to reduced allochthonous terrestrial inputs relative to in situ production of autochthonous material or increased photochemical/biological degradation of allochthonous material. Differences in optical characteristics associated with the amount and source of CDOM were observed across the elevational gradient. These differences were driven by characteristics at both within‐lake and watershed scales.
An Updated CLUBB PDF Closure Scheme to Improve Low Cloud Simulation in CAM6
Authors: Li Te , Wang Minghuai , Guo Zhun , Yang Ben , Xu Yifei , Han Xiaomen , Sun Jianning
Published: December 2022

Cloud Layers Unified By Binormals (CLUBB) adopts the joint probability density function (PDF) to close higher‐order turbulence and diagnose the cloud fraction. CLUBB assumes the equal PDF width of vertical velocity () as the default closure scheme, called Analytic Double Gaussian 1 (ADG1). In this study, a new unequal width PDF closure scheme is adopted in CLUBB, in which the PDF width of is assumed to be associated with skewness and kurtosis of vertical velocity. Offline calculation shows that the updated closure scheme improves the tail in the joint PDF and produces the saturation area from the joint PDF of the total water and liquid water potential temperature closer to that derived from large‐eddy simulations than ADG1. The new PDF scheme implemented in Community Atmosphere Model Version 6 is shown to increase low cloud fraction by 20%–30% in most stratocumulus‐to‐cumulus transition regions. The updated closure scheme is found to improve the low cloud simulation by simulating more symmetric turbulence in stratocumulus and stronger turbulent transport in shallow cumulus. Furthermore, the updated closure scheme enhances the cloud fraction near the cloud base by interacting with the microphysical scheme. Our work indicates the importance of continuous improvement in the PDF closures for higher‐order turbulence schemes.
Oligocene/Early Miocene E/W‐Shortening in the Oman Mountains Related to Oblique Arabia‐India Convergence
Authors: Scharf Andreas , Mattern Frank , Bolhar Robert , Callegari Ivan , Mattern Paul , Ring Uwe
Published: December 2022

Field survey, literature review, geological map interpretation, GPlates reconstruction and LA‐ICP‐MS U‐Pb dating of synkinematic calcite demonstrate that ∼E/W‐shortening in eastern Oman was significant and related to oblique convergence of Arabia and India from 32.5 to 20 Ma. Approximately N/S‐striking contractional structures, WNW to NNW‐striking sinistral faults and ∼E/W‐striking normal faults characterize a ∼250 km × ∼50 km wrench corridor in the eastern Oman Mountains (Hajar Wrench Corridor, HWC). Numerous faults/folds indicate that deformation of the HWC is widely distributed but concentrated along WNW to NNW‐striking major faults at the SW margin of the Saih Hatat Dome, forming the Hajar Shear Zone, which reactivated basement faults. GPlates reconstructions reveal that N‐drifting India rotated 8° counter‐clockwise with respect to fixed Arabia from 32.5 to 20 Ma, leading to a minimum of 100 km E/W convergence between both plates. This convergence created the sinistral HWC with a displacement of a few to several tens of kilometers. Independently from the GPlates time constraints, two U‐Pb ages of synkinematic calcites, crystallized along faults during HWC movement, yield compatible ages of 30.08 ± 0.47 and 22.31 ± 2.15 Ma (2 standard error). E/W‐shortening also affected the northern Oman Mountains, creating the ∼N/S‐striking Hagab Thrust in the Musandam Peninsula and the Jabal Hafit Anticline.
Late Miocene Exhumation of the Western Cordillera, Ecuador, Driven by Increased Coupling Between the Subducting Carnegie Ridge and the South American Continent
Authors: Margirier Audrey , Strecker Manfred R. , Reiners Peter W. , Thomson Stuart N. , Casado Ismael , George Sarah W. M. , Alvarado Alexandra
Published: December 2022

The subduction of bathymetric highs, such as aseismic ridges, leads to far‐reaching changes in the dynamics of subduction zones with increased plate coupling and deformation in the upper plate. Subduction of the submarine Carnegie Ridge on the Nazca Plate has fundamentally impacted late Cenozoic magmatism and tectonic activity in the northern Andes. However, the timing of onset of Carnegie Ridge subduction has been a matter of debate. Time‐temperature inverse modeling of new thermochronological data from the Western Cordillera of Ecuador reveals two phases of cooling separated by isothermal conditions. The first cooling phase postdates early and middle Miocene magmatism in the Western Cordillera and is attributed to post‐magmatic thermal relaxation. The second cooling phase started after 6 Ma. Inferred to record the onset of tectonically controlled rock uplift and exhumation in the Western Cordillera, this phase is coeval with the last cooling phase recorded in the Eastern Cordillera. Based on these findings, we suggest that the onset of subduction of the Carnegie Ridge at ∼6–5 Ma increased plate coupling at the subduction interface, promoting shortening, regional rock uplift, and exhumation in the northern Andes. Overall, our results highlight the essential role of bathymetric highs in driving regional upper‐plate deformation at non‐collisional convergent plate margins.
The skin is no barrier to mixtures: Air pollutant mixtures and reported psoriasis or eczema in the Personalized Environment and Genes Study (PEGS)
Authors: Lowe Melissa E. , Akhtari Farida S. , Potter Taylor A. , Fargo David C. , Schmitt Charles P. , Schurman Shepherd H. , Eccles Kristin M. , Motsinger-Reif Alison , Hall Janet E. , Messier Kyle P.
Published: December 2022

Background

Autoimmune (AI) diseases appear to be a product of genetic predisposition and environmental triggers. Disruption of the skin barrier causes exacerbation of psoriasis/eczema. Oxidative stress is a mechanistic pathway for pathogenesis of the disease and is also a primary mechanism for the detrimental effects of air pollution.

Methods

We evaluated the association between autoimmune skin diseases (psoriasis or eczema) and air pollutant mixtures in 9060 subjects from the Personalized Environment and Genes Study (PEGS) cohort. Pollutant exposure data on six criteria air pollutants are publicly available from the Center for Air, Climate, and Energy Solutions and the Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group. For increased spatial resolution, we included spatially cumulative exposure to volatile organic compounds from sites in the United States Environmental Protection Agency Toxic Release Inventory and the density of major roads within a 5 km radius of a participant’s address from the United States Geological Survey. We applied logistic regression with quantile g-computation, adjusting for age, sex, diagnosis with an autoimmune disease in family or self, and smoking history to evaluate the relationship between self-reported diagnosis of an AI skin condition and air pollution mixtures.

Results

Only one air pollution variable, sulfate, was significant individually (OR = 1.06,p = 3.99E−2); however, the conditional odds ratio for the combined mixture components of PM2.5(black carbon, sulfate, sea salt, and soil), CO, SO2, benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene is 1.10 (p-value = 5.4E−3).

Significance

While the etiology of autoimmune skin disorders is not clear, this study provides evidence that air pollutants are associated with an increased prevalence of these disorders. The results provide further evidence of potential health impacts of air pollution exposures on life-altering diseases.

Significance and impact statement

The impact of air pollution on non-pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases is understudied and under-reported. We find that air pollution significantly increased the odds of psoriasis or eczema in our cohort and the magnitude is comparable to the risk associated with smoking exposure. Autoimmune diseases like psoriasis and eczema are likely impacted by air pollution, particularly complex mixtures and our study underscores the importance of quantifying air pollution-associated risks in autoimmune disease.
A failure of sleep-dependent consolidation of visuoperceptual procedural learning in young adults with ADHD
Authors: Ballan Ranin , Durrant Simon J. , Stickgold Robert , Morgan Alexandra , Manoach Dara S. , Gabay Yafit
Published: December 2022

ADHD has been associated with cortico-striatal dysfunction that may lead to procedural memory abnormalities. Sleep plays a critical role in consolidating procedural memories, and sleep problems are an integral part of the psychopathology of ADHD. This raises the possibility that altered sleep processes characterizing those with ADHD could contribute to their skill-learning impairments. On this basis, the present study tested the hypothesis that young adults with ADHD have altered sleep-dependent procedural memory consolidation. Participants with ADHD and neurotypicals were trained on a visual discrimination task that has been shown to benefit from sleep. Half of the participants were tested after a 12-h break that included nocturnal sleep (sleep condition), whereas the other half were tested after a 12-h daytime break that did not include sleep (wakefulness condition) to assess the specific contribution of sleep to improvement in task performance. Despite having a similar degree of initial learning, participants with ADHD did not improve in the visual discrimination task following a sleep interval compared to neurotypicals, while they were on par with neurotypicals during the wakefulness condition. These findings represent the first demonstration of a failure in sleep-dependent consolidation of procedural learning in young adults with ADHD. Such a failure is likely to disrupt automatic control routines that are normally provided by the non-declarative memory system, thereby increasing the load on attentional resources of individuals with ADHD.
TSSK4 upregulation in alveolar epithelial type-II cells facilitates pulmonary fibrosis through HSP90-AKT signaling restriction and AT-II apoptosis
Authors: Chen Huifang , He Andong , Li Haoyang , Chen Honglv , Xie Huancheng , Luo Liping , Huang Yuyi , Chen Jiaqian , Guan Jieying , He Qiaoling , Ma Jianjuan , Ou Changxing , Tao Ailin , Yan Jie
Published: December 2022

Alveolar epithelial injury is one of the important pathological changes in idiopathic pulmonary interstitial fibrosis (IPF), but the regulatory mechanism remains unclear. Here, we reported that alveolar epithelial type-II cells (AT II) play important roles in pathological process of pulmonary fibrosis. Through iTRAQ (isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantification) quantitative proteomics, TSSK4 was identified to be upregulated in bleomycin-induced fibrotic mice model, which was further confirmed in clinical IPF patients’ tissue specimens. TSSK4 is a germ-related protein, but its expression in other tissues and the association with other diseases are not reported. Immunofluorescence staining showed that TSSK4 selectively expressed in AT-II cells, which are essential for inflammation-induced AT-II loss during fibrosis. Luciferase assay and other molecular biological experiments proved that TSSK4 expression is regulated by TNF-α-mediated NF-κB signaling. The TSSK4 kinase activity is found to be closely related to the function of HSP90-AKT pathway that TSSK4 can phosphorylate its substrate HSP90β on serine 255, to inhibit the ATPase activity of HSP90β and reduce its molecular chaperone function on AKT. Under this condition, kinase activity of AKT is diminished to interfere its survival function, subsequently facilitating AT-II cellular apoptosis through the mitochondrial death machinery. Our findings highlight the importance of TSSK4 in regulating pulmonary fibrosis by facilitating AT-II loss through HSP90-AKT signaling, all of which suggest TSSK4 and the regulating mechanism as attractive targets for the clinical intervention of pulmonary injury and fibrosis.
NRG1 knockdown rescues PV interneuron GABAergic maturation deficits and schizophrenia behaviors in fetal growth restriction mice
Authors: Dong Jianfeng , Chen Wen , Liu Nana , Chang Shujuan , Zhu Wei , Kang Jiuhong
Published: December 2022

Schizophrenia is a highly debilitating mental disorder, those who experienced fetal growth restriction (FGR) in the early stage of life have a greater probability of schizophrenia. In this study, FGR mice showed hyperactivity in locomotor activity test, sociability dysfunction in three chamber test and nesting social behavior tests, cognition decline in Morris water maze and impaired sensory motor gating function in prepulse inhibition test. Mechanistic studies indicated that the number of parvalbumin (PV) interneuron was significantly reduced in FGR mouse media prefrontal cortex (mPFC). And the mRNA and protein level of neuregulin 1(NRG1), which is a critical schizophrenia gene, increased significantly in FGR mouse mPFC. Furthermore, NRG1 knockdown in FGR mouse mPFC improved PV interneuron GABAergic maturation and rescued schizophrenia behaviors including hyperactivity, social novelty defects, cognition decline, and sensorimotor gating deficits in FGR mice. This study indicates that mPFC NRG1 upregulation is one of the main causes of FGR-induced schizophrenia, which leads to significant reduction of PV interneuron number in mPFC. NRG1 knockdown in mPFC significantly rescues schizophrenia behaviors in FGR mouse. This study thus provides a potential effective therapy target or strategy for schizophrenia patients induced by FGR.