bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transnational Terrorism
Authors: Wilner Alex S.
Published: July 2018

Transnational terrorism, an enduring phenomenon that became a hallmark of the post-cold-war era, continues to evolve. This chapter explores several emerging trends in Islamist terrorism that are likely to challenge European security institutions in the coming years and decades. The chapter argues that the Islamic State has revolutionized the jihadist landscape. ISIS has effectively eclipsed al-Qaeda, modernizing its predecessor’s hidebound model of allegiance and recruitment, sponsoring and facilitating attacks overseas, lighting sectarian fires across the Middle East and North Africa, and exploiting cyber tools and social media to propagandize itself widely. Relatedly, European foreign fighters have joined ISIS at an unprecedented clip: several thousand have fought within its ranks. Combining these trends helps illustrate how transnational terrorism challenges European security in new and complex ways.
Air and Space Warfare
Authors: Anrig Christian F.
Published: July 2018

Through the prism of post-cold-war air campaigns, differing national positions of contributing European air forces, as well as their relative weights and evolving capabilities, are gauged. Since major Western air campaigns have occurred only with substantial US involvement, American capabilities offer natural benchmarks. The issue of breadth versus depth has affected all European air forces. Maintaining a coherent set of aerospace capabilities has proven a challenge even for larger European countries. Smaller countries can pursue only limited ambitions and maintain segments of aerospace power. Nonetheless, selected smaller air forces with the right equipment, training, and attitude have managed to make visible contributions to multinational air campaigns. Air campaigns also spurred Europe’s military space ambitions. Space assets have become indispensable enablers of modern warfare, and selected European countries have deployed important capabilities into orbit.
Non-Proliferation and Counter-Proliferation
Authors: Kienzle Benjamin
Published: July 2018

European approaches to the proliferation of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons—the so-called weapons of mass destruction (WMD)—have undergone a profound transformation during the last few decades. This chapter will trace the varying European policy responses to WMD proliferation over time and examine how European security doctrines have evolved more recently in this area. It will focus on processes of doctrinal convergence and divergence both in the three major powers in Europe—France, Germany, and the United Kingdom—and in other European states with a significant non-proliferation policy of their own, especially Austria, Ireland, and Sweden. In this context, it will also take into consideration the influence of relevant international organizations such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Union.
Arms Procurement
Authors: Uttley Matthew
Published: July 2018

Since 1990, the European states have confronted tensions in balancing security of supply imperatives and equipment affordability constraints in procuring advanced weapons systems. Security of supply is equated with the retention of a national defence technological and industrial base (DTIB). Correspondingly, intergenerational cost increases in weapons production have progressively eroded the affordability of maintaining autonomous DTIBs, leading to the internationalization of what were formerly considered ‘national’ defence firms. This chapter challenges the argument of some analysts that these structural factors will lead inevitably to loss of control by national governments over weapons production and the inexorable rise of a globalized defence industry. It demonstrates instead that the European states do exercise significant agency in national defence procurement and industrial policy such that national DTIB protection still prevails, which explains why EU attempts to integrate and foster a strategically autonomous European defence technological and industrial base (EDTIB) have hitherto failed.
NATO Operations
Authors: Sperling James , Webber Mark
Published: July 2018

In the post-cold-war period, NATO’s mission has shifted from static territorial defence against a well-defined adversary to expeditionary missions against ill-defined adversaries along the entire conflict spectrum. We trace the evolution of NATO security strategies and the attendant changes in allied threat perception, purpose, and force structure, the range and kinds of military operations between 1990 and 2016, and military exercises undertaken after the Russian annexation of Crimea. We then assess allied contributions to those operations (burden- and risk-sharing) and the selective participation of allies in operations (risk-assuming and risk-shirking). A final substantive concern is the growing capabilities gap among the allies, its implications for future allied operations, and its consequences for the alliance. The conclusion addresses the key question facing the alliance: should NATO abandon expeditionary operations and return to static territorial defence consistent with the original intent of the North Atlantic Treaty?
Paradoxes of Definability, Russell’s Paradox, the Liar
Authors: Simmons Keith
Published: July 2018

Chapter 5 moves beyond the simple paradoxes discussed in Chapters 2-4. The chapter applies the singularity approach to the traditional paradoxes of definability (or denotation), associated with Berry, Richard, and König. The chapter goes on to argue that there are two settings for Russell’s paradox, one in terms of the mathematical notion of set, and the other in terms of the logico-semantic notion of extension. The chapter then applies the singularity approach to Russell’s paradox for extensions. The chapter moves on to the case of truth, and applies the singularity approach to various versions of the Liar paradox, paying particular attention to the so-called strengthened Liar.
The Theory at Work
Authors: Simmons Keith
Published: July 2018

Chapter 7 puts the singularity theory to work on a number of semantic paradoxes that have intrinsic interest of their own. These include a transfinite paradox of denotation, and variations on the Liar paradox, including the Truth-Teller, Curry’s paradox, and paradoxical Liar loops. The transfinite paradox of denotation shows the need to accommodate limit ordinals. The Truth-Teller, like the Liar, exhibits semantic pathology-but, unlike the Liar, it does not produce a contradiction. The distinctive challenge of the Curry paradox is that it seems to allow us to prove any claim we like (for example, the claim that 2+2=5). Paradoxical Liar loops, such as the Open Pair paradox, extend the Liar paradox beyond single self-referential sentences. The chapter closes with the resolution of paradoxes that do not exhibit circularity yet still generate contradictions. These include novel versions of the definability paradoxes and Russell’s paradox, and Yablo’s paradox about truth.
Introduction
Authors: Sumner Andy
Published: July 2018

This introductory chapter sets out the rationale for the book, the existing literature, the intended contribution of the book, the methodology, and analytical approach taken in the book and the structure of the book. The chapter introduces the ‘developer’s dilemma’ at the core of the book. Specifically, how are developing countries to address the tension between economic development and structural change, putting upward pressure on income inequality and the need for inclusive growth to provide social stability to capital accumulation, which requires steady or even falling income inequality to spread the benefits of economic growth more broadly. It is argued that South East Asia is a region of interest for understanding the developer’s dilemma as Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand achieved structural change with more or less steady inequality up to a point.
Structural Transformation and Inclusive Growth
Authors: Sumner Andy
Published: July 2018

This chapter sets out some conceptual points of departure for the book in terms of structural transformation and inclusive growth. It revisits the Lewis model of economic development and proposes it as a heuristic device to connect structural transformation and inclusive growth. The chapter argues first, that both structural transformation and inclusive growth have tended to be defined in a reductionist sense, in a way that disconnects the two concepts. It is contended that this matters because the relationship between structural transformation and inclusive growth is embedded in—rather than separated from—the modality of late capitalism pursued. Second, that the work of pioneering development economist, W. Arthur Lewis and the Lewis dual economy model provides a useful heuristic device for thinking about the relationship between structural transformation and inclusive growth.
Pseudo-Miracles
Authors: Sumner Andy
Published: July 2018

In this chapter, we consider the ‘miracle’ in its heady heyday of exceptionally fast growth rates and structural transformation from the mid 1980s to the eve of the Asian financial crisis in the mid to late 1990s. We argue for a simpler explanation of rapid growth and structural transformation in this period in South East Asia. That is, that changes in international prices—the global oil price shock—induced a crisis. Then a new form of developmentalism evolved which opportunistically took advantage of another change in global prices—national exchange rates vis-à-vis the US dollar and yen, and global versus national interest rate differentials—to trigger, respectively, large inflows of foreign direct investment and finance capital. These inflows were attracted by what the first era of developmentalism had built in infrastructure, financial systems, and human capital, and drove growth and employment until the exchange rate advantage diminished.
Introduction
Authors: Schroeter François , Jones Karen , Schroeter Laura
Published: July 2018

The first part of this introductory chapter introduces and discusses four core theses of moral rationalism: (i) the psychological thesis that reason is the source of moral judgment, (ii) the metaphysical thesis that moral requirements are constituted by the deliverances of practical reason, (iii) the epistemological thesis that moral requirements are knowable a priori, and (iv) the normative thesis that moral requirements entail valid reasons for action. The chapter sketches different—stronger and weaker—versions of each thesis, and tentatively examines whether specific versions of the different theses can be recombined into attractive rationalist packages, in which the various strands are mutually supporting. The chapter’s second part provides an overview of the contributions included in this volume.
Humanity as an End in Itself
Authors: Markovits Julia
Published: July 2018

This chapter develops an internalist defense of the claim that we all have most reason to be moral, drawing on Kant’s argument for his “formula of humanity,” which states: “so act that you use humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, always at the same time as an end and never merely as a means.” It argues that rational pressure to form maximally coherent, systematically justifiable sets of ends gives us all reason to respect others as ends in themselves—reason that cannot be outweighed by our reasons to promote our own optional ends. It defends the Kantian argument against some prominent objections.
Three Kinds of Moral Rationalism
Authors: Smith Michael
Published: July 2018

Moral rationalism can be formulated in three very different ways depending on which of three features the moral rationalist thinks is more fundamental when it comes to explaining what we are obliged to do, permitted to do, and forbidden from doing. The first of these is the relation that holds between certain considerations and intentions or desires when those considerations provide reasons for having those intentions or desires. The second is the choiceworthiness or desirability of the objects of an agent’s intentions or desires. The third is the set of structural relations that an agents’ intentions or desires stand in to each other, and to other psychological states, insofar as that agent is rational. The main aim of the paper is to demonstrate that the last of these is explanatorily fundamental. A subsidiary aim is to spell out the epistemological consequences of this fact.
Constitutivism about Reasons
Authors: Schafer Karl
Published: July 2018

Contemporary forms of Kantian constitutivism generally begin with a conception of agency on which the constitutive aim of agency is some form of autonomy or self-unification. This chapter argues for a re-orientation of the Kantian constitutivist project towards views that begin with a conception of rationality on which both theoretical and practical rationality aim at forms of understanding. In a slogan, then, understanding-first as opposed to autonomy-first constitutivism. Such a view gives the constitutivist new resources for explaining many classes of reasons, while also offering a new way of understanding the unity of theoretical and practical reason. The chapter concludes by arguing that the resulting view is best understood, not so much as an alternative to autonomy-first constitutivism, but as a complement to it.
Reasons and Justifiability
Authors: Schroeter Laura , Schroeter François
Published: July 2018

This chapter sketches a metasemantic model that promises to vindicate a broadly rationalist version of normative realism. It introduces a metasemantic principle that ties reference determination to what is justifiable from the perspective of the conceptually competent subject. The chapter explains how this metasemantic principle can help vindicate something close to the traditional rationalist claim that normative truths can be known a priori. It then shows how an anti-individualist version of this metasemantic principle can handle the problem of radical disagreement among competent speakers. The last part of the paper explains how our metasemantic model can help vindicate the traditional rationalist thesis that moral requirements entail valid reasons for action.
The Motivating Power of the A Priori Obvious
Authors: Neta Ram
Published: July 2018

How does moral reasoning motivate? Michael Smith argues that it does so by rationally constraining us to have desires that motivate, but the plausibility of his argument rests on a false assumption about the relation between wide-scope and narrow-scope constraints of rationality. Michael Huemer argues that it does so by generating motivating appearances, but the plausibility of his argument rests on a false assumption about the skeptical costs of a thoroughgoing empiricism. The chapter defends an alternative view, according to which moral facts can be a priori obvious, and our a priori knowledge of them can motivate us to act.
A New Hope
Authors: Oklopcic Zoran
Published: July 2018

As the final chapter of the book, Chapter 10 confronts the limits of an imagination that is constitutional and constituent, as well as (e)utopian—oriented towards concrete visions of a better life. In doing so, the chapter confronts the role of Square, Triangle, and Circle—which subtly affect the way we think about legal hierarchy, popular sovereignty, and collective self-government. Building on that discussion, the chapter confronts the relationship between circularity, transparency, and iconography of ‘paradoxical’ origins of democratic constitutions. These representations are part of a broader morphology of imaginative obstacles that stand in the way of a more expansive constituent imagination. The second part of the chapter focuses on the most important five—Anathema, Nebula, Utopia, Aporia, and Tabula—and closes with the discussion of Ernst Bloch’s ‘wishful images’ and the ways in which manifold ‘diagrams of hope and purpose’ beyond the people may help make them attractive again.
The Birth of Stars and Planets
Authors: Schrijver Karel
Published: July 2018

Exoplanets were discovered only a century after the true nature of stars was revealed, and yet—as explained in this chapter—their existences are inseparably linked. The birth of stars in densely packed nurseries obscured by gas and dust initially hid how planetary systems formed around these stars. With powerful new telescopes, capable of looking from the infrared to X-rays, a complete picture has emerged. But first, astronomers had to work out the properties of the stars themselves so that eventually their planetary systems could be understood: planets can change orbits, toss asteroids about to fracture budding planets or strip them of their atmospheres, and can deliver precious water. Giant planets need the icy cold of distant space far from their stars in order to take shape fast enough to capture large amounts of gas, so how can it be that many are found close to their stars?
Aged Stars and Disrupted Exosystems
Authors: Schrijver Karel
Published: July 2018

Several chapters in this book illustrate the long, complex paths that the scientific community takes to uncover the workings of the Universe. This chapter focuses on the chemical analysis of stars by spectrographically unravelling their light into its constituent colors that, in retrospect, revealed the first evidence of planetary systems, although that remained unrecognized for a long time. A century ago astronomers discovered that many burned-out stars, no longer working as fusion reactors, had unexpected chemicals in their atmospheres. Now these are recognized as evaporated fragments of planetary-system bodies that came too close to the dead star and were eventually pulled into it. With aged stars first clearing their neighborhood by swelling into giants, how can it be that fragments of planetary-system bodies end up in a continuing stream of material crashing into the resulting white dwarfs, ongoing even as they are observed many millions of years after that occurred?
Habitability of Planets and Moons
Authors: Schrijver Karel
Published: July 2018

The author takes us to visit Saturn’s moon Titan, and Venus, Mars, and to the unconfirmed planet GJ581d. Although we find unearthly conditions on these bodies’ surfaces today, things were different in the past. Even now, there are oceans deep below Titan’s frozen ice shell that itself sees liquid methane rains and vast ethane-filled lakes. Venus and Mars both had liquid water long ago, while Venus may even have been comfortably warm and humid before modern complex life developed on Earth. Many potentially habitable exoplanets are likely locked in their rotation to always face their star with the same side, causing incredible differences between their day and night sides. This chapter reviews how oceans and atmospheres are lost by the Sun’s magnetism or protected by that of the planets’, how masses of carbon dioxide can be stored in solid limestone, and how habitable zones shift to and from planets.
Tolerance as a Dimension of Hobbes’s Absolutism
Authors: Lessay Franck
Published: July 2018

The sovereign’s unlimited power, including in religious matters, was a logical consequence of Hobbes’s politics. Yet this chapter argues that by making civil peace the criterion by which public doctrines must be appraised, instead of intrinsic truth or the citizens’ salvation, Hobbes restricted the sovereign’s mission in the field of religion to a secular preoccupation, thus legitimizing a policy of non-interference with theological debates. Besides, Hobbes’s ecclesiology tended to transform the church into a mere function of the state, while a comprehensive structure like the Church of England appeared to Hobbes as the best adapted for allowing maximum individual autonomy in terms of belief. By a striking paradox, this chapter concludes, it was as ‘supreme pastor’ that the sovereign could assume full independence from religious concerns and implement a policy of religious toleration oriented towards peace between contending faiths.
Devil in the Details
Authors: Davis Paul B.
Published: July 2018

This chapter documents where and how Hobbes’s scriptural quotations diverged from contemporary translations of the Bible. While Hobbes usually relied on these translations, it reveals that on some points—especially regarding supernatural phenomena—he took considerable liberties to reconcile the Bible with the key tenets of his own political philosophy. The chapter also shows that attending to Hobbes’s translations both helps to locate some of the key sources for his biblical exegesis, such as work by the biblical scholar Joseph Mede, and provides further evidence confirming that a Latin text of Leviathan did not predate the English version. Hobbes’s alterations were of great interest to contemporary critics like Edward Hyde and Alexander Ross; this chapter shows why they should be of interest to modern critics as well.
Hobbes and Early English Deism
Authors: Carmel Elad
Published: July 2018

This chapter argues that the relationship between Hobbes and English deism was closer than is usually appreciated. Hobbes and the subsequent deists had similar ideas on the relationship between politics and religion, a topic which was at the very centre of their projects. They all were motivated primarily by anticlericalism and were the leading figures in the early battle against priestcraft. This argument is presented in two parts. The first reviews the ways in which Charles Blount, John Toland, Matthew Tindal, and Anthony Collins were indebted to Hobbes, each in his own distinct way. The second part argues that Hobbes’s theory contained some central elements that were, in fact, rather ‘enlightened’—the hope for natural reason being one main theme—thus bringing Hobbes’s project closer to that of subsequent deists. Deism, in this sense, was one possible highway to what may be seen as a Hobbesian enlightenment.
Religious Conflict and Moral Consensus
Authors: Eggers Daniel
Published: July 2018

This chapter is devoted to Hobbes’s attempt to set up the moral theory that grounds his political argument in a way that makes it equally acceptable to proponents of quite different religious and ideological views. The purpose of the chapter is, first, to demonstrate that Hobbes does in fact pursue this strategy and appeal to a consensus omnium at various points of his derivation of the state of war and his doctrine of natural law and natural right; secondly, to systematically describe Hobbes’s underlying approach as an example of ‘extra-moral justification’ and contrast it with John Rawls’s appeal to an ‘overlapping consensus’ as an example of ‘intra-moral justification’; and thirdly, to assess the respective merits of the two types of moral justification with regard to the challenge of religious pluralism.
Economic Reintegration
Authors: Carrol Alison
Published: July 2018

This chapter traces the economic reintegration of Alsace. Upon the region’s return to French rule, the primary priority was recovery from the devastation of the First World War, and the realignment of the Alsatian economy towards French structures and institutions. While some sectors of the economy achieved successes in their efforts to produce goods suitable for French markets, these remained in their early stages when the global economic depression hit the recovered departments in the 1930s and triggered unemployment and protest. Throughout, economic developments were shaped by the border and were inseparable from social relations. This chapter considers this history and is suggestive of the ways in which a change of national regime and fluctuations in the global economic and political situation affected the Alsatian economy.
The Border Landscape
Authors: Carrol Alison
Published: July 2018

This chapter discusses the remaking of the Alsatian landscape after 1918, and considers the establishment of the new boundary line, the redesign of the region’s towns, and the fixing of its commemorative landscape. This was achieved through practical measures, and through debates about what the landscape represented. These discussions involved voices from across Alsace, France, and further afield, and they saw some of the most overt and explicit articulations of the two ideas of the borderland that shaped debates about the return of Alsace to France; that on the one hand Alsace represented France’s limits, and on the other that Alsace was the heart of a cross-border, transnational community. These two ideas coexisted, but were not articulated simultaneously. And the tension between the two understandings lies at the heart of Alsace’s return to France.
Conclusion
Authors: Carrol Alison
Published: July 2018

In 1918 Alsace was restored to French rule after almost fifty years of annexation into the German Empire. Its return was greeted with enthusiasm in Alsace and across France, but reintegration proved much more difficult than expected. This concluding chapter traces how the return of Alsace to France was shaped by the border, and suggests that consideration of the border as a driver of change encourages us to avoid a binary view of Alsace as either French or German or falling between two nations. Instead, a focus on the border encourages the consideration of Alsace as a dynamic force and draws our attention to the multiple languages that the population adopted to describe return. It underlines that reintegration proved a multi-cornered struggle and reveals that nations are not formed in isolation, but rather through interactions involving actors at the centre, at the periphery, and beyond the national boundaries.
Reversing Financialization
Authors: Deakin Simon
Published: July 2018

The debate over corporate governance is skewed by the common misunderstanding that shareholders are the owners of companies, and are entitled to have them run in their interest. The legal model of the firm is more nuanced, seeing the corporation as a complex entity characterized by co-operation between the suppliers of capital and labour, with a co-ordinating role for management. The elevation of shareholder primacy as a focal point for corporate strategy over recent decades is the result of government deferring to financial interests in the making of rules governing takeovers and board structure. Reversing financialization, and the negative impact it is having on social cohesion and innovation, will require a new legislative framework for corporate governance, with a greater role for employee voice and a reorientation of investment priorities.
Corporate Governance
Authors: Krafft Jackie , Ravix Jacques-Laurent
Published: July 2018

Little attention has been devoted to the impact of corporate governance practices on firms’ innovative performance. This chapter reviews the literature to show that there is theoretical ambiguity. There is the argument that corporate governance and new forms of finance realign managers’ interests, with greater efficiency for all types of investments. However, some argue that innovative R&D has distinctive characteristics, like high risk and long-term horizon, that may modify the efficiency effect. The issue has generated many studies where the long tradition of positive relationships between governance and efficiency is now contrasted by some recent empirical evidence suggesting a negative relationship. The chapter argues that shareholder primacy or owner activism in corporate governance and new forms of finance represent a potential mismatch with innovation.
The Incompatibles
Authors: Crouch Colin
Published: July 2018

It is essential to the wider public legitimacy of the shareholder value maximization approach to corporate governance that share values can be maximized only by meeting consumers’ preferences and by using resources as efficiently as possible; and that therefore shareholders’ interests represent the general interest. The claim rests on the assumption that firms are operating in more or less pure markets. Since few markets are pure, theorists have moved from the idea of consumer sovereignty to that of consumer welfare, but this represents a sleight of hand. Further, not all human needs can be served by trading in markets. That leads us to the search for alternatives. There must be a variety of these, as one lesson of the failure of neo-liberal market theory to realize its ambitions is that there is no one best way. Neo-liberal dogmatism must be replaced by a genuinely liberal pursuit of diversity.
Government Regulation of Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Knudsen Jette Steen
Published: July 2018

Governments increasingly require that firms address a wide range of corporate social responsibility (CSR) stakeholder demands, rather than narrow shareholder needs. This chapter explores implications for corporate governance of mandatory CSR reporting requirements, focusing in particular on non-financial disclosure, and tax transparency in extractives. Non-financial disclosure requirements are overwhelmingly soft, while tax transparency reporting requirements are hard. Firms typically manage soft CSR programmes in non-core support functions such as communications or health, safety and environment. Soft CSR reporting criteria have limited impact on the internal governance of firms and top-level management decisions. In contrast, hard CSR reporting criteria constitute a key element of corporate governance. Firms manage tax transparency in core corporate functions such as the audit committee, and it is the responsibility of the chief financial officer, who usually sits on the executive board. Top-level management is more likely to take CSR programmes seriously that impose mandatory hard requirements.
Introduction
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: July 2018

This Introduction sets the scene for what is to come. It starts with some initial remarks about the relation between practical and theoretical reasoning. It gives an initial explanation of the title of the book. It introduces the notion of the Primacy of the Practical, and tries to explain what is meant by calling the account offered here a minimalist and a focalist one. There is then an outline of the general structure of the book, with a brief run through the topics of the following chapters.
How Practical Reasoning Is Possible
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: July 2018

This chapter asks whether action can stand in much the same relation (or relations) to the considerations adduced in reasoning as can belief, and suggests that the answer is going to be yes. It considers the nature of the favouring relation, which will be central to the book’s overall approach. The relation is a tripartite one with three places in it, one for that which favours, one for the agent, and one for the response that is favoured. It argues that only matters of fact can favour anything; propositions are incapable of this feat. But it allows, or rather insists, that no particular action or belief can be favoured either by reasons or by reasoning. Practical reasoning can only take us to acting in a certain way, never to the particular action that we perform in the light of that reasoning
Moral Reasoning and the Primacy of the Practical
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: July 2018

This chapter considers how to locate moral reasoning in terms of the structures that have emerged so far. It does not attempt to write a complete theory of moral thought. Its main purpose is rather to reassure us that moral reasoning—which might seem to be somehow both practical and theoretical at once—can be perfectly well handled using the tools developed in previous chapters. It also considers the question how we are to explain practical reasoning—and practical reasons more generally—by contrast with the explanation of theoretical reasons and reasoning offered in Chapter 4. This leads us to the first appearance of the Primacy of the Practical. The second appearance concerns reasons to intend.
Instrumental and Other Forms of Reasoning
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: July 2018

This chapter considers various ways of capturing the nature and force of instrumental reasoning, normally understood as reasoning to a necessary means to an already existing end. It gives a new account, which, it argues, is much more flexible than others, to its advantage. It then considers various problems which that account faces in making sense of the appeal to one’s end in such reasoning, and more generally of the role of autobiographical considerations (I believe that p, my aim is to V, I hope/fear that p etc.) in reasoning. It ends by considering the possibility of reasoning from and to hope, doubt, and fear.
Reasoning to Normative Belief
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: July 2018

This chapter considers the first of two worked-out views that are opposed to mine, namely Joseph Raz’s claim that the only thing worth calling practical reasoning is reasoning to ‘practical beliefs’ such as the belief that one has most reason or ought, to act in a certain way. It considers Raz’s various arguments on the point, suggesting in various ways that Raz’s arguments, if sound, would apply equally well to reasoning to belief, generating a regress. It addresses issues to do with equipollence, which arrives when reasoning serves up more than one equally good form of response. It concludes that Raz’s position cannot be maintained.
Reasoning to Intention
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: July 2018

This chapter considers John Broome’s account of instrumental reasoning. It argues that his account is far too restrictive. Broome fails to allow for various perfectly good forms of reasoning, such as reasoning to a sufficient but not necessary means and reasoning to a partial means. This failure is not an accident; it derives from an unnecessarily limited conception of what reasoning could be. The chapter offers a different account of instrumental reasoning, consistent with the position developed in earlier chapters. This account is far more flexible and makes good sense of the various forms of instrumental reasoning that we actually engage in.
Loose Ends
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: July 2018

This short chapter ties up some loose ends. It considers briefly the question how much of the picture presented in this book is available to those who take a Humean approach to practical reason. It considers very briefly the relation of the views presented earlier to those of Anscombe, Peirce, and Dewey. It considers whether, on the account here given, we should accept anything worth calling the Primacy of Practical Reason—a general view about the relation between practical reason and theoretical reason, which is not the same as the Primacy of the Practical, which is a view about the relation between certain sorts of reasons. And it asks how much should change if we allow, as I do not, that propositions can be reasons.
Inequality and Living Standards
Authors: Förster Michael , Nolan Brian
Published: July 2018

This chapter provides an overview of how inequality and living standards have evolved across the rich countries of the OECD in recent decades, of the factors driving income inequality upwards in many of them, and of the channels through which this may undermine real income growth and opportunity for households across the middle and lower parts of the income distribution. It presents an overview of key trends drawing on comparative data from the OECD’s Income Distribution Database. It reviews existing evidence on the drivers of income inequality and on how inequality may affect income growth around the middle. It highlights key gaps in knowledge, to be addressed by the in-depth examination of the varying experiences of a range of rich countries in this book.
Inequality and Inclusive Growth
Authors: Grimshaw Damian , Rafferty Anthony , Whittaker Matt
Published: July 2018

This chapter sets out how inequality and household incomes evolved in the United Kingdom in recent decades and the extent to which different periods saw very different outcomes in that regard. The very sharp increase in inequality seen in the early/mid-1980s was followed by broad stability, but still meant that inequality has been at a substantially higher level since then than through the preceding decades. Substantial growth in real incomes was seen over the period from the mid-1980s to the mid-2000s, though fluctuating within those years, but wages and household incomes flatlined in the years coming up to the economic Crisis and were significantly hit by it. Prospects for the future are even more concerning in light of recent price inflation, further cuts to working-age benefits in prospect, and the impact of Brexit.
Conclusions and Implications
Authors: Nolan Brian
Published: July 2018

This chapter brings together the findings from the ten individual country case-study chapters to highlight the lessons to be learned about inequality and living standards. It highlights the extent to which countries facing what might be thought of as common drivers in terms of globalization and technological change none the less had very different outcomes in terms of increases in inequality and real income growth. This variation did not align neatly with pre-existing welfare-state regimes or economic models, but some common elements can be identified in countries or periods where increases in inequality were limited, and ones where significant real income increases were achieved. The chapter brings out the implications in terms of macroeconomic policy, employment, wage-setting, and labour-market institutions and policies, and redistributive mechanisms as well as broader social provision and supports.
Introduction
Authors: Kupelyants Hayk
Published: July 2018

The introduction sets the scene for the examination of sovereign defaults. It sets the structure of and the methodology employed in the book. It provides a summary overview of sovereign debt crises, ensuing restructurings, and litigation. It also introduces the reader to the debate about the legitimacy of litigation against impecunious sovereign debtors.
Contractual Background of Sovereign Debt Litigation
Authors: Kupelyants Hayk
Published: July 2018

Chapter 2 set out the panoply of collective action clauses found in sovereign debt documentation, and in particular majority action clauses which allow the majority of bondholders to modify the obligations of the State with binding effect on the minority of bondholders. Chapter 2 also examines other types of collective action clauses.
Unilateral Modification of Sovereign Domestic-Law Bonds
Authors: Kupelyants Hayk
Published: July 2018

Chapter 5 addresses whether the State may modify domestic-law governed bonds in a unilateral fashion by passing an Act of Parliament. Contrary to the common belief, the chapter claims that English courts will, or at least should, deny recognition to unilateral modifications of domestic-law obligations so long as they conflict with English public policy. The chapter makes a reservation for certain types of unilateral modification (e.g. moratorium on payment) which are not so objectionable a modification as to trigger the exception of public policy.
Defences to Repayment
Authors: Kupelyants Hayk
Published: July 2018

Chapter 6 addresses the range of substantive defences that the sovereign debtor may raise against the repayment of the debt. The chapter argues for full repayment of sovereign debt, unless one or more legal defences can be raised against repayment. The defences discussed include the following: act of State, prescription, champerty, odious debt, capacity to issue bonds, capacity to repay, frustration, counterclaims and so on.
A Cross-National Comparison of Party Change
Authors: Rahat Gideon , Kenig Ofer
Published: July 2018

The chapter presents an integrative cross-national comparative analysis of party change in all twenty-six countries under study. It finds that, apart from often sharing the same decline trend, the various indicators of party change appear to be independent of one another. The indicators that refer to the various mediators and those that refer to voters point clearly to decline, while those that look at the party background of representatives stand out as prominent survivors of a major decline trend. Party decline is evident in almost all countries, but its levels vary. Many explanations for variance are ruled out, leaving room for the possibility that human agency rather than environmental factors may prove to be the cause. Parties are not on their way out, but in some countries they have already experienced sharp decline, while in others their experience may be better described as adaptation. In many others still, parties lie somewhere in-between these poles.
Parties versus Politicians Online
Authors: Rahat Gideon , Kenig Ofer
Published: July 2018

The chapter starts with a brief overview of the study of political personalization online, then focuses on its claims concerning the influence of online platforms on political personalization. It then analyses online personalization by comparing the online presence and activity of parties, party leaders, and prominent politicians from twenty-five democracies, and also the consumption rate of their Facebook pages. High variance at the national levels of personalization online demonstrates that personalization is not a necessary development of politics in the age of online social networks. Levels of online controlled media personalization do not seem to be generally high. Parties are present online more than individual politicians, and in most cases the amount of their output is higher. Online personalization in voters’ behavior—the consumption side—is, however, prevalent. Such personalization is evident in the amounts of the consumption of the outputs of party leaders, but not of other prominent politicians.
Party Change and Political Personalization
Authors: Rahat Gideon , Kenig Ofer
Published: July 2018

The chapter presents an empirical cross-national analysis of the relationship between the two processes of party change and political personalization. It demonstrates that there is indeed a moderate negative correlation between partyness and personalization when we focus on what happens off-line in the more veteran democracies. It also explains why, in some cases, partyness and personalization will not be in zero-sum relationships. It then turns to the question of the causal direction of this relationship: does party decline cause personalization, or is it the other way round? While it makes sense that the two should interact, our argument is that decline in partyness occurred first and was in fact one of the causes of personalization.
Introduction
Authors: Gersel Johan , Jensen Rasmus Thybo
Published: July 2018

Empirical thought is made true or false by how the world is. Through experience subjects are brought into contact with the empirical world. Hence, the following premise seems as solid a starting point for philosophical enquiry as any: Perceptual experience provides reasons for empirical thought. Though not uncontested...
The Move, the Divide, the Myth, and its Dogma
Authors: Travis Charles
Published: July 2018

A simple idea: Perception is of what is in view (before the eyes), or making noise, or the noises made, or emitting odours, or the thus emitted (etc.). What we see is, say, a pig, or its perambulations, or its rooting beneath that oak. Sight offers us a certain form of awareness of this, characterized in one way by its objects. It thus offers us occasion for another sort: we may recognize what we are aware of as, for example, a case of a pig rooting, or of an interminable drum machine. We take up the offer in exercising capacities for recognition such as they are. John McDowell has argued that this cannot be quite right (or anyway complete). For it needs to posit rational relations where there can be none. What follows argues that McDowell cannot be quite right: if he were, thought would cease to exist.
What is the Myth of the Given?
Authors: Gersel Johan
Published: July 2018

McDowell defends conceptualism about experiential content by arguing that contrary views of experience are forms of the Myth of the Given. The direct realist view of experience, which rejects experiential content altogether, is thus, according to McDowell, a mythical view of experience. A series of defenders of direct realism have responded to McDowell’s accusations. However, the recent debate has revealed that there is very little agreement on the details of McDowell’s argument, let alone on how to respond to it. I will argue that the responses to McDowell given by thinkers such as Travis, Brewer, Kalderon and Johnson, all rest on various misunderstandings of his line of argument. The aim of this paper is to provide an interpretation of the Myth of the Given, which lives up to the dialectical role it plays in McDowell’s argumentation. I aim to elaborate the notions of reasons and the notion of conceptuality in play in McDowell’s writings. On this basis I present an argument leading from the requirement that experience provides reasons for thought to the conclusion that experience must possess conceptual content.
Seeing, Knowing, Understanding
Authors: Stroud Barry
Published: July 2018

This book presents a volume of writings on knowledge, perception, and meaning from this millennium. The volume opens with introductory pieces on the practice of philosophy. Some of the chapters are epistemological, including new approaches to questions about perception and knowledge. Others examine self-knowledge and knowledge of one’s own actions, with links with Ludwig Wittgenstein and Immanuel Kant. One chapter presents an attempt to say in the simplest, least-cluttered terms exactly what Kant’s transcendental deduction is really meant to do. There are three chapters about the nature and reality of colours. Another chapter is about Kant and Gottlob Frege and necessary truth. Two more consider meaning and understanding, first in Wittgenstein and then in both Donald Davidson and Wittgenstein. The final chapter attempts, among other things, to connect questions of meaning with questions of evaluation and morality.
Introduction
Authors: Stroud Barry
Published: July 2018

I assemble here nineteen recent essays of mine on distinct but interconnected subjects. All but two of the essays have been published before; they appear here with the permission of their original publishers. They remain in the form in which they were published, despite some overlaps between them, and despite the urge to improve them in ways that now seem obvious....
The Pursuit of Philosophy
Authors: Stroud Barry
Published: July 2018

This chapter reflects on a long philosophical career. According to the author, what attracted him to philosophy was in part precisely the idea that it wasn’t like getting a job or following a professional career. He thought of philosophy as something you studied just for its own sake. The author also shares his life as a graduate student at Harvard University, where he was influenced by the likes of Burton Dreben and Rogers Albritton. He went to Berkeley in 1961, and cites his erstwhile colleague Thompson Clarke as the one philosopher to whom he owes the most. The author concludes by asserting that what he and his fellow philosophers have been doing is similar to the kind of investigation undertaken by greats such as Plato, Aristotle, René Descartes, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant.
Epistemological Self-Profile
Authors: Stroud Barry
Published: July 2018

This chapter considers the problem of trying to explain how knowledge of the world is possible in general, not simply how human beings come to know certain things about it on the basis of certain other things they already know about it. The goal was to understand how anyone ever comes to know anything at all about a public objective world on the basis of perceiving the sorts of things human beings are capable of perceiving. On the prevailing conception, what was ‘directly’ available to unaided perception alone was not part of that ‘external’ world at all. Not only necessary truths, but no truths about the world at all seemed knowable on that conception of perception and knowledge. This chapter argues that we must move beyond ‘externalism’ about knowledge to a broader ‘externalist’ or ‘anti-individualist’ understanding of all thoughts and beliefs and experiences concerning the world in which people live.