bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
POLEMIK TENTANG PIDANA MATI DI INDONESIA: Suatu Tinjauan Qur’ani
Authors: Bunyamin Bunyamin
Published: August 2018

Dalam perundang-undangan di Indonesia, terdapat beberapa kejahatan yang diancam pidana mati, misalnya mengganggu keamanan negara, pembunuhan berencana, kejahatan dalam pelayaran/penerbangan, narkotika, terorisme, dan korupsi. Meski demikian, penerapannya diperdebatkan oleh kalangan pakar hukum. Sebagian di antara mereka tetap mempertahankan pemberlakuannya dengan argumentasi, antara lain, pidana mati tetap dibutuhkan dalam kejahatan yang serius, terutama yang membahayakan keamanan negara dan kepentingan masyarakat, pidana mati merupakan alat negara yang ampuh untuk memberantas kejahatan, dan pidana mati tidak bertentangan dengan Pancasila dan UUD 1945. Namun, sebagian pula menolak penerapannya dengan argumentasi, antara lain, tidak bisa diperbaiki jika keputusan hukum mengandung kesalahan, bertentangan dengan perikemanusiaan, tertutup upaya untuk memperbaiki moral terpidana, dan  pidana mati tidak mampu mencegah terjadinya kejahatan.

 
Al-Qur’an memandang pidana mati sebagai balasan yang setimpal terhadap pelaku kejahatan yang membahayakan kestabilan masyarakat. Di antara hikmahnya adalah memberikan pelajaran pada manusia agar tidak melakukan kejahatan terhadap orang lain, membuat manusia takut dan jera berbuat jahat terhadap orang lain, mendatangkan rasa aman dan tentram dalam jiwa manusia, sehingga semua orang tidak merasa was-was atas keselamatan jiwa raganya, dan dapat melindungi jiwa raga manusia dari kejahatan orang lain
PENDIDIKAN AGAMA PADA SEKOLAH LUAR BIASA (Studi pada SDLB-C Kertha Wiweka Kota Denpsar)
Authors: Alba Wahab
Published: August 2018

Abstrak

Realitas empirik hingga kini terkait dengan pelaksanaan pendidikan di Sekolah Luar Biassa (SLB) khususnya pada Sekolah Dasar Luar Biasa (SDLB) masih lebih cenderung pada pembelajaran pembekalan kognisi dan motorik peserta didik. Sedangkan pembelajaran yang sifatnya untuk pembekalan kerohanian (keagamaan) kurang mendapatkan perhatian yang seimbang dengan materi pembelajaran lainnya (Ciptono, 13 Mei 2008 : Materi Pembekalan Menjelang Penelitian SDLB). Berdasarkan realitas empirik tersbut maka penelitian ini bertujuaan menggali secara mendalam bagaimana implementasi pendidikan agama pada Sekolah Dasar Luar Biasa-C, profil guru pendidikan agama pada Sekolah Dasar Luar Biasa-C, dan faktor yang mendukung maupun menghambat untuk impelemntasi pendidikan agama pada Sekolah Dasar Luar Biasa-C.
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pelakasanaan pendidikan agama Islam berjalan kurang sitematis dan terstruktur sebagaimana panduan kurikulum, terutama terkait dengan struktur standar kompetensi maupun kompetensi dasar untuk peserta didik tunagraita (SDLB). Sedangkan pelakssanaan pendidikan agama Hindu ternyata sedikit lebih sistematis dan terstruktur. Oleh karena pendidik pendidikan agama Hindu pada SDLB-C Kertha Wiweka Kota Denpasar lebih banyak mempunyai waktu untuk menyusun program pembelajaran, silabus maupun RPP. Mengingat kondisi keterbatasan kemampuan intelegensi peserta didik tunagrahita itulah maka pendidik lebih cenderung pada upaya pembentukan sikap, perilaku, dan berbudi pekerti luhur.  Faktor pendukung pelaksanaan pendidikan agama pada SDLB-C Kertha Wiweka Kota Denpasar adalah adanya perhatian dan dorongan pihak yayasan dan Kepala Sekolah. Di samping itu loyalitas, dedikasi, dan kesabaran para pendidik khususnya pendidikan agama, toleransiyang tinggi antara sesama pendidik maupun peserta didik yang berbeda-beda agama. Sedangkan faktor penghambatnya adalah belum tersedianya sarana kegiatan rituan maupun seremonial untuk semua agama, kurangnya pendidik pendidikan agama yang betul-betul berlatar belakang pendidikan agama, keterbatasanya dana, dan kodisi riil kemampuan intelegensia peserta didik.
PUANG KALI TAHERONG, PANRITA KITTAK, DAN KISAH-KISAH AJAIB ITU
Authors: Muslim Abu
Published: August 2018

Penelitian ini merupakan sebuah penulisan Biografi Ulama yang memilih secara purposive seorang ulama lokal yang memiliki kharisma, kemampuan membaca dan mentramisi kitab kuning, serta mempunyai lembaga pendidikan yang menjadi pusat pengajaran Islam di daerahnya. Penelusurannya kemudian dilakukan melalui pendekatan kualitatif, dengan observasi dan wawancara sebagai alat pencarian datanya. Penelitian yang dilakukan di Kabupaten Sinjai ini selanjutnya memilih sosok KH. Muhammad Tahir atau yang lebih dikenal dengan sebutan Puang Kali Taherong. Pemaknaan hidup keberagamaan yang dipunyai oleh Puang Kali membuat masyarakat sinjai sangat menghormati dan memposisikannya sebagai pelopor Panrita Kittak yang belakangan menjadi slogan penyebutan Sinjai, sebagai patron pengajaran kitab-kitab kuning dan pencetak ulama pada zamannya. Puang Kali Taherong, oleh kerabat dikenal juga sebagai tokoh yang sangat MANINI (wara) dalam kehidupan kesehariannya. Puang Kali Taherong juga dikisahkan banyak memiliki Qaramah dalam perjalanan hidupnya, sehingga oleh masyarakat Sinjai ada yang mengasosiasikannya sebagai seorang wali Allah. Kontribusinya dalam pengajaran Kitab Kuning juga telah melahirkan banyak murid yang kemudian dikenal sebagai panrita baik di Kabupaten Sinjai, maupun di luar kabupaten Sinjai. Beliau sangat memerhatikan arti penting pengajaran dan pengamalan keislaman dalam kehidupannya. Sehingga dalam keteguhannya itulah, kemudian mempelopori berdirinya lembaga pendidikan agama Islam yang dikenal dengan Madrasah Islamiyah Al Watoniyah
INOVASI PENDIDIKAN AGAMA DI SMP FRATER BINAAN YAYASAN TAMAN TUNAS KOTA KENDARI
Authors: Amiruddin Amiruddin
Published: August 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan proses implementasi dan inovasi pembelajaran pendidikan agama di SMP Frater Kendari yang merupakan sekolah Katolik, binaan Yayasan Taman Tunas yang memiliki latar belakang peserta didik yang multi agama. Rumusan Masalah yang ada dalam penelitian ini adalah:  Bagaimana Inovasi Pendidikan Agama yang diimplementasikan serta faktor pendukung dan penghambat dalam proses  Inovasi Pendidikan Agama di SMP Frater Kendari?. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa wawancara, observasi, dan studi dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasidan inovasi pembelajaran pendidikan agama yang diterapkan adalah pembelajaran Pendidikan agama Katolik untuk semua siswa tanpa melihat dari latar belakang siswa yang multi agama sesuai dengan ciri khas sekolah Katolik. Adapun materi pendidikan agama Katolik bersifat umum (universal) yang pembahasannya sedapat mungkin bisa dipahami oleh siswa yang beragama non Katolik.
THE CHANGING OF SANTRI’s PREFERENCE TOWARDS STUDIES AND PROFESSIONS: A Case Study at Pondok Pesantren Alhikmah 2 Brebes, Central Java
Authors: Ode Hayyadin
Published: August 2018

This research aimed to figure out the santri’s preference toward studies and professions in which conduct study at pesantren. Common perceived and stated also at Government Ordinancenumber 55, 2007, that pesantren purposes was to reproduce Islamic scholar (ulama). However, through this study, it proved that not all santri wanted to be ulama, most of them wanted to be a scientist. This study was a case study, conducted in 2015 at Pesantren Alhikmah2 Brebes. Data collected using questionnaire, interview, and document. Those all derived from santris, Kyais, and teachers (asatidz). The research concluded as showed from questionnaire that santri’s  preferences toward study has gotten  changing to general subject matters instead of religious subject matters; and the santri’s professions and jobspreference has gotten changing to the jobs and professions that based on general subject matter, instead of choose to be ulama (Islamic scholar) most of santri wanted to be scientists, or researchers, or doctors as well as athlete.
IDENTIFIKASI SENI BUDAYA BERNUANSA KEAGAMAAN DI PALU DAN POSO SULAWESI TENGAH
Authors: Kholis Nurman
Published: August 2018

tidak ada abstrak
RADIKALISME KAUM MUDA ISLAM TERDIDIK DI MAKASSAR
Authors: Rijal Syamsu
Published: August 2018

Radikalisme Islam akhir-akhir ini marak di Indonesia. Persekusi atas nama agama, kekerasan, penyegelan rumah ibadah, bahkan aksi-aksi terorisme kerap mewarnai kehidupan kita dalam berbangsa dan bernegara. Dalam situasi tersebut, anak muda muslim, khususnya dari kalangan terdidik diharapkan dapat menjadi pionir untuk mengatasi radikalisme agama ini. Sayangnya, fakta justru menunjukkan sebaliknya. Kalangan muda terdidik muslim seperti mahasiswa dan kalangan siswa justru terjangkiti virus-virus radikalisme. Di kalangan mereka ini radikalisme justru tumbuh dengan pesat. Tulisan ini  menggambarkan sejauh mana paham radikalisme ini berkembang di kalangan kaum muda Islam terdidik dan bagaimana hal tersebut bisa terjadi. Ada dua kategori kaum muda terdidik dalam tulisan ini, yaitu mahasiswa Islam di perguruan Tinggi dan siswa di kalangan SMA.  Data dalam tulisan ini didapatkan dari penelitian dengan mixed method. Penelitian ini mengombinasikan penelitian kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Data di dapatkan dari empat sampel perguruan tinggi di Makassar, yaitu UNHAS, UNM, UIN dan  UMI. Sementara penelitian siswa sampelnya dari SMA I dan MAN I Makassar
Cobalt-catalyzed nucleophilic addition of the allylic C(sp3)–H bond of simple alkenes to ketones
Authors: Mita Tsuyoshi , Uchiyama Masashi , Michigami Kenichi , Sato Yoshihiro
Published: August 2018

We herein describe a cobalt/Xantphos-catalyzed regioselective addition of simple alkenes to acetophenone derivatives, affording branched homoallylic alcohols in high yields with perfect branch selectivities. The intermediate of the reaction would be a nucleophilic allylcobalt(I) species generated via cleavage of the low reactive allylic C(sp3)–H bond of simple terminal alkenes.
Multi-color Optical Monitoring of 10 Blazars from 2005 to 2011
Authors: Meng Nankun , Zhang Xiaoyuan , Wu Jianghua , Ma Jun , Zhou Xu
Published: August 2018

We carried out multi-color optical monitoring of a sample of 10 blazars from 2005 to 2011. The sample contains 3 LBLs, 2 IBLs, 4 HBLs, and 1 FSRQ. Our monitoring focused on the long-term variability and the sample included nine BL Lac objects and one flat-spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ). A total of 14,799 data points were collected. This is one of the largest optical databases for a sample of 10 blazars. All objects showed significant variability except for OT 546. Because of the low sampling on each single night, only BL Lacertae were observed to have intraday variability on 2006 November 6. Most BL Lac objects showed a bluer-when-brighter (BWB) chromatism, while the FSRQ, 3C 454.3, displayed a redder-when-brighter trend. The BWB color behaviors of most BL Lacs can be at least partly attributed to the trend of increasing variation amplitude with increasing frequency observed in these objects. The average spectral index of LBLs is around 1.5, as expected from the model dominated by synchrotron self-Compton loss. The optical emission of HBL is probably contaminated by the thermal emission from the host galaxies. Correlation analysis did not reveal any time delay between variations at different wavelengths.
First report of Trichogramma danausicida and Trichogramma cacaeciae reared from Thaumatotibia leucotreta eggs in Israel
Authors: Kaspi Roy , Kontsedalov Svetlana , Ghanim Murad
Published: August 2018

The egg parasitpoids Trichogrammadanausicida (Nagaraja) and Trichogrammacacaeciae (Marchal) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), are reported for the first time in Israel. Moreover, our discovery of T.danausicida is the first report of this parasitoid species outside of India. The occurrence of those trichogrammatids was first discovered and documented in May 2016 during a survey of egg parasitoids of the False codling moth Thaumatotibialeucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The field survey was conducted on castor bean fruits (Ricinuscommunis) in the Israeli central coastal plain. The identity of the parasitoids was revealed by means of sequencing a portion of the cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) of the studied parasitoids.
Phylogeny of hydrothermal vent Iphionidae, with the description of a new species (Aphroditiformia, Annelida)
Authors: McCowin Marina F. , Rouse Greg W.
Published: August 2018

The scale-worm family Iphionidae consists of four genera. Of these, Thermiphione has two accepted species, both native to hydrothermal vents in the Pacific Ocean; T.fijiensis Miura, 1994 (West Pacific) and T.tufari Hartmann-Schröder, 1992 (East Pacific Rise). Iphionella is also known from the Pacific, and has two recognized species; Iphionellarisensis Pettibone, 1986 (East Pacific Rise, hydrothermal vents) and I.philippinensis Pettibone, 1986 (West Pacific, deep sea). In this study, phylogenetic analyses of Iphionidae from various hydrothermal vent systems of the Pacific Ocean were conducted utilizing morphology and mitochondrial (COI and 16S rRNA) and nuclear (18S and 28S rRNA) genes. The results revealed a new iphionid species, described here as Thermiphionerapanuisp. n. The analyses also demonstrated the paraphyly of Thermiphione, requiring Iphionellarisensis to be referred to the genus, as Thermiphionerisensis (Pettibone, 1986).
Les détachements transfrontaliers d’intérimaires du Luxembourg vers la Lorraine
Authors: Belkacem Rachid , Kornig Cathel , Michon François , Nosbonne Christophe , Scalvinoni Benoît
Published: August 2018

Les règles européennes concernant le détachement de travailleurs entre États-membres de l’Union européenne sont aujourd’hui de nouveau en débat. L’intérim transfrontalier est l’une des formes assez méconnue de détachement. Cet article s’intéresse aux flux de détachements sur intérim du Luxembourg vers la Lorraine. Le statut luxembourgeois de l’intérim est à plusieurs égards avantageux. Il n’est pas rare que des résidents français soient détachés en mission d’intérim en France par des agences luxembourgeoises, parfois non loin de leur domicile. La sédimentation de telles pratiques de part et d’autre des frontières, voire leur banalité, questionne bien sûr les règles nationales ou européennes qui les encadrent.
Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment: Nurses Helping Colorado Training Program
Authors: Cook Paul F. , Aagaard Laurra , Bowler Fara , Rosenthal Laura , Avery Lisa Krug , Weber Mary
Published: August 2018

Background:

Nurses Helping Colorado was a Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration–funded program to train nurses on
S
creening,
B
rief
I
ntervention, and
R
eferral to
T
reatment (SBIRT), a research-based strategy for preventing substance use disorders.

Method:

Trainees were 678 undergraduate nursing students and 480 graduate advanced practice nursing students at an academic medical center. Training included classroom lectures, role-play simulation, and supervised practice. The program was evaluated using participant self-reports immediately posttraining, 3 to 12 months later, and postgraduation.

Results:

Trainees reported high satisfaction, increased knowledge, and willingness to use SBIRT. Gains were maintained after training. After students graduated, 52% used screening, 52% offered brief interventions, and 37% used referral to treatment. Results were higher than those for past graduates, and most were higher than community benchmarks.

Conclusion:

When SBIRT training was woven through nursing curricula, students demonstrated learning and used these methods in practice after graduation. SBIRT education is appropriate across the lifespan and across settings in nursing. [
J Nurs Educ.
2018;57(8):476–482.]
An Interprofessional Education Simulation Workshop: Health Professions Learning Palliative Care Communication
Authors: Bradway Christine , Cotter Valerie T. , Darrah Neha J. , Gibbs Varleisha D. , Hadley Diane , Kim Eun Hae , LaMarra Denise , Packel Lora , Westcott Amy M.
Published: August 2018

Background:

Patients with life-limiting illnesses need health professionals who can communicate with each other, as well as with patients and family members. Nursing faculty teach these skills in a variety of formats and, increasingly, via simulation experiences.

Method:

This pilot study aimed to compare a group of interprofessional health professions students' (
N
= 73) self-reported level of confidence in communication, explore behavior change and professional identity, and identify areas for future interprofessional education. Students participated in a simulated team meeting with a standardized family member of an older adult patient hospitalized with an acute aspiration pneumonia and a chronic, progressive illness.

Results:

Postworkshop, students rated themselves as significantly more confident in interprofessional and palliative care communication (
p
⩽ .001) than preworkshop, identified important areas of behavior change and professional identity, and provided faculty with ideas for future simulation workshops.

Conclusion:

Additional research is needed regarding longitudinal curricular efforts and direct patient care outcomes. [
J Nurs Educ.
2018;57(8):493–497.]
Prescribing With a Trauma-Informed Perspective
Authors: Limandri Barbara J.
Published: August 2018

As a survival strategy, trauma arouses intensive neurobiological mechanisms that, if unchecked, contribute to severe chronic stress responses and disability. Although posttraumatic stress disorder can be considered a distinctive psychiatric disorder, it likely underlies many psychiatric disorders, including depression and mood, anxiety, substance use, and personality disorders. Psychiatric–mental health nurses need to carefully assess for trauma symptomatology in all patients and diverse populations, such as children; adolescents; immigrants; active and inactive military personnel; women; and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer individuals. Pharmacotherapy should focus on priority of target symptoms with first-line medications including serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and adrenergic blocking agents. Serotonin antagonists (i.e., second-generation antipsychotic agents) and benzodiazepine drugs are contraindicated and should be used sparingly and with caution. Psychotherapy is an effective adjunct to pharmacotherapy in treating trauma-related conditions. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 56
(8), 7–10.]
It's Not a Nightmare: Understanding Sleep Terrors
Authors: Ellington Erin
Published: August 2018

Sleep terrors, one of the non–rapid eye movement parasomnias, are interesting nighttime phenomena that can be distressing for parents. For most children, this behavior is temporary and does not cause significant problems. However, some psychiatric conditions may have a higher prevalence of parasomnias, including sleep terrors. Although sleep terrors may be a benign and common event in children, a basic mental health examination should include a sleep-related screening to possibly identify underlying issues. Nurses must be knowledgeable about sleep terrors and able to provide education and support when parents share their concerns. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 56
(8), 11–14.]
L’histoire de la musique en France depuis 1945
Authors: Campos Rémy
Published: August 2018

En moins d’un siècle, l’histoire de la musique a connu en France un développement considérable. Passées les années de fondation où un petit nombre de savants impose la philologie comme moyen de donner une consistance scientifique à la musicologie naissante, celle-ci connaît une certaine peine à renouveler son modèle épistémologique alors même qu’elle connaît une fortune institutionnelle considérable. Dans l’après-guerre, en effet, les postes au CNRS, les chaires universitaires ou les cursus de formations se multiplient à travers le pays. Concurrencée dans les années 1970-1980 par l’analyse musicale, l’histoire de la musique s’est beaucoup renouvelée dans les deux dernières décennies en se rapprochant des sciences sociales.
Étudier la musique sous toutes ses formes : la démultiplication des approches scientifiques en musicologie
Authors: Féron François-Xavier , Guastavino Catherine
Published: August 2018

La musicologie, en tant que discipline académique, est née au XIXe siècle dans le sillage des pratiques philologiques. Au cours de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, les objets d’étude et approches méthodologiques se sont diversifiés. Cet article ne prétend pas offrir une vision d’ensemble des recherches scientifiques qui se penchent sur la musique mais cherche à illustrer les bienfaits d’une approche interdisciplinaire à travers la présentation de quelques cas d’études révélant les liens féconds entre la musicologie d’une part, et l’acoustique, le traitement du signal ou la psychologie cognitive d’autre part.
Mechanical Response and Damage of Woven Composite Materials Reinforced with Fique
Authors: González-Estrada Octavio Andrés , Díaz-Ramírez Germán , Quiroga Mendez Jabid E.
Published: August 2018

In this paper, we present the experimental and numerical modelling for the mechanical behaviour of woven composites reinforced with fique (furcraeaselloa) fibre, for different fique fibre woven configurations embed in an R744 epoxy matrix. The woven configurations are taken from commercial models and their mechanical properties validated by experimental data. We perform experimental tests using ASTM D3039 for the tensile response. We obtain values for Young’s modulus, ultimate strength, and deformation of unidirectional and woven reinforced composites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used for the fractographic analysis of the reinforced specimens. For the numerical model of the woven composite, we use the Texgen software to define the finite element voxel model and to estimate orthotropic mechanical parameters. Then, we determine the equivalent elastic properties of the composite, according to the materials and the fibre-matrix relations. We compare and validate the numerical results with the experimental data. We obtain stress and strain fields for the yarns and the matrix. The objective of this work is to establish a baseline of the mechanical behaviour of these natural reinforced composites to propose applications for structural engineering.
Finite Element Analysis for Palm Oil Bunches Press Shaft Fractured in Service
Authors: Bohórquez O. , Parra Sergio Andrés Ardila , Pertuz Alberto , González-Estrada Octavio Andrés
Published: August 2018

In this work, the behaviour of a palm fruit bunch press shaft is investigated, which has presented early failure several times, not reaching its expected lifetime. The study allows determining the failure mode of the shaft by using the finite element method (FEM). The model is used to estimate the load produced by the fruit bunches over the worm screw and transferred to the shaft. Geometrical analysis of the shaft shape helps to determine failure mode. The stress and strain fields are obtained to determine the critical points of the design, in order to propose modifications to the shaft design. Moreover, after a short time of operation, the structure presented plastic deformation, the hexagonal shape in the shaft is repaired using a welding procedure, as showed metallographic and hardness results obtained on surface and subsurface level of the affected area for the fractographic analysis. This is compared with a raw steel SAE AISI 4340 under tempered like original condition.
Effect of the Type of Silica Fume and Filler on Mechanical Properties of Ultra High Performance Concrete
Authors: Koh Kyung Taek , Park Seung Hun , Ryu Gum Sung , An Gi Hong , Kim Byung Suk
Published: August 2018

The large quantities of expensive materials such as steel fiber, silica fume, filler and superplasticizer required in the composition of Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) make its fabrication cost significantly higher than ordinary concrete. This study evaluates the effect of the type of silica fume and filler on mechanical properties of UHPC. The evaluation shows that the use of Zr silica powder instead of common silica fume improves significantly the fluidity of UHPC without loss of the strength and enables to reduce the amount of superplasticizer by maximum 70%. Moreover, the evaluation of the effect of the type and size of the filler reveals that modifying the size of the filler from 2 μm to 4 μm enhances the fluidity without strength loss and that the use of cement kiln dust (CKD) and limestone powder can achieve UHPC with compressive strength higher than 150 MPa. These results show that the use of the materials such as Zr silica powder, CKD and limestone powder can help to fabricate more economic UHPC.
Stress Intensity Factors for Cracks Emanating from a Notch under Shear-Mode Loading
Authors: Horníková Jana , Šandera Pavel , Žák Stanislav , Pokluda Jaroslav
Published: August 2018

The influence of the notch geometry on the stress intensity factor at the front of the emanating cracks is well known for the opening loading mode. The critical length of the crack corresponding to a vanishing of the influence of the notch stress concentration can be approximately expressed by the formula aI,c = 0.5ρ(d/ρ)1/3, where d and ρ are the depth and radius of the notch, respectively. The aim of the paper was to find out if this formula could be, at least nearly, applicable also to the case of shear mode loading. The related numerical calculations for mode II and III loading were performed using the ANSYS code for various combinations of notch depths and crack lengths in a cylindrical specimen with a circumferential U-notch. The results revealed that, for mode II loading, the critical length was much higher than that predicted by the formula for mode I loading. On the other hand, the critical lengths for mode I and mode III were found to be nearly equal.
Levelling Up: Minors' Play in a Closed-system MMOG
Authors: Jenson Jennifer , De Castell Suzanne , McArthur Victoria , Fisher Stephanie
Published: August 2018

In this paper, we present a study of 182 youths (ages 9 - 17) playing a closed-system Massively Multiplayer Online Game (MMOG), Guardian Academy. Its purpose was to investigate the online virtual world behaviours of youth under the age of 18 playing in an educational setting. We report on a mixed-methods study of minor players in situ across eight socioeconomically diversified educational communities, focused on characteristics, patterns, and trajectories of development of school-aged youths’ online play. The study has implications for other trajectories of MMOG research, particularly those concerned with distinctive features of minors’ play, the development of game-play expertise, and previous.
Making Science Fiction Real: Neoliberalism, Real-Life and Esports in Eve Online
Authors: Johnson Mark Richard , Mejia Robert
Published: August 2018

In this paper, we argue that EVE Online is a fruitful site for exploring how the representational and political-economic elements of science fiction intersect to exert a sociocultural and political-economic force on the shape and nature of the future-present. EVE has been oft heralded for its economic and sociocultural complexity, and for employing a free market ethos and ethics in its game world. However, we by contrast seek not to consider how EVE reflects our contemporary world, but rather how our contemporary neoliberal milieu reflects EVE. We explore how EVE works to make its world of neoliberal markets and borderline anarcho-capitalism manifest through the political economic and sociocultural assemblages mobilized beyond the game. We explore the deep intertwining of  behaviors of players both within and outside of the game, demonstrating that EVE promotes neoliberal  activity in its players, encourages these behaviors outside the game, and that players who have found success in the real world of neoliberal capitalism are those best-positioned for success in the time-demanding and resource-demanding world of EVE. This thereby sets up a reciprocal ideological determination between the real and virtual worlds of EVE players, whereby each reinforces the other. We lastly consider the “Alliance Tournament” event, which romanticizes conflict and competition, and argue that it serves as a crucial site for deploying a further set of similar rhetorical resources. The paper therefore offers an understanding of the sociocultural and political-economic pressure exerted on the “physical” world by the intersection of EVE’s representational and material elements, and what these show us about the real-world ideological power of science fictional worlds.
Virtual Parent-Child Relationships: A Case Study
Authors: Downing Steven
Published: August 2018

Studies on parenting and online gaming abound, most of this literature considering the role of parents in educating their children about online safety, maintaining boundaries and limiting time spent online. Embedded within these inquiries is often the assumption that parents live with their children and must balance the physical-virtual divide. Relatively little research has considered the role of the virtual in the lives of parents who do not live with their children. In this inquiry, I present a narrative-ethnographic account of my experiences as a father living apart from my six-year-old son, communicating daily through various online games. I draw on my own experiences over the past three years, as well as formal and informal interviews with my son. I consider how our relationship has evolved in relation to virtual constructs including spaces, characters, and stories, and the extension of the virtual worlds we inhabit into our face-to-face conversations, play, and subjective individual and collective constructions of the reality of our relationship. Ultimately, I propose broader implications for the study of virtual worlds and relationships, as well as an expansion of the understanding of parenting in a digital age, where gaming is not always a distraction from familial engagement but can in fact integrate with family life.
Dreaming the Virtual: How Lucid Dream Practice Can Inform VR Development
Authors: Healey Kevin
Published: August 2018

Using the grounded theory method (GTM), this article proposes an “integral” model for studying the development and use of virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) technologies. Integral models seek holistic understanding by combining third-person, empirical perspectives with first-person, subjective experience. Here, the proposed model provides a comparative analysis of immersive virtual reality (VR) platforms and the practice of lucid dreaming (maintaining conscious self-awareness while dreaming). Based on a discursive analysis of technologists’ statements about VR, and a review of literature on lucid dreaming, this article identifies a largely unexamined area of research. Indeed, the proposed model suggests that dream research is highly relevant to VR development as a catalyst for ethical critique of emerging commercial technologies. Though informed by Buddhist philosophy, this is primarily a secular approach based in moral-developmental psychology and contemplative studies. It constitutes an example of Contemplative Media Studies, which involves the application of contemplative practices and principles to the critical analysis of media technologies, content, and institutions.
An Assembled Issue
Authors: Herold David Kurt
Published: August 2018

Despite differences in topics, style, and methodologies, all the papers in this assembled issue share the desire to see virtual worlds researched in far greater depth. Virtual worlds research, it appears from the papers in this issue, is still in its infancy. As these five papers highlight that role of virtual worlds in student experience, identity in virtual worlds, and use of virtual worlds by people with disabilities are some of the areas that require further investigation, experimentation, analysis, and discussion.
Escaping the World: A Chinese Perspective on Virtual Worlds
Authors: Herold David Kurt
Published: August 2018

Virtual worlds and 'the Internet' in general are highly popular in the People's Republic of China. This article will argue, though, that in contrast to non-Chinese perceptions of virtual worlds and the Internet, Chinese users tend to see virtual worlds as wholly separate from their offline existence and identity.Based on the authors research experience with the Chinese Internet, and his years of teaching Chinese students in the 3D online world Second Life, the paper will demonstrate that Chinese usage frames virtual worlds (and the Internet in general) as spaces, in which it is permissible to rebel against authority, where users receive validation and approval from their peers, and where they can escape their often stressful and boring lives. The low costs involved, and the high entertainment value of virtual worlds, combined with a perception of virtual worlds as 'gaming', 'consequence-less' and 'not serious' spaces, contributes to the high attractiveness of virtual worlds to young Chinese, which has led to a moral panic in society about the dangers of Internet or gaming 'addiction'.The article will conclude that this framing of virtual worlds is so strong in China, in particular among young Chinese, that any attempt to utilize virtual worlds for other purposes, e.g. marketing, education, etc. will have to carefully re-frame and re-situate virtual worlds for Chinese Internet users.
Collaboration in Virtual Worlds: The Role of the Facilitator
Authors: Wigert Benjamin G , De Vreede Gert-Jan , Boughzala Imed , Bououd Ikram
Published: August 2018

Virtual worlds (VWs) are becoming a popular medium for meetings and collaborative problem solving efforts. However, complex VW communication tools and challenges in managing online social interactions are likely to complicate VW collaboration efforts. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to investigate the role of the facilitator when collaboration is conducted in a virtual environment. In order to conduct our study, we developed a questionnaire based on major issues in real world collaboration and interviewed 14 subject-matter experts. Participants were asked to identify what key differences facilitators perceive between virtual and real world collaboration. In response, participants provided many insights, such as the new interpersonal management challenges that arise from the absence of face-to-face communication. Participants also warned of the challenges associated with the introduction of more technology to the collaboration process. Further, they identified credibility and trust issues that arise due to facilitators’ avatar manipulation skills and avatar appearance. Suggestions for avoiding pitfalls and optimizing collaboration are provided.
The Abyss Observatory - Designing for Remote Collaboration, Self-directed Discovery and Intuition Development in Multi-user Interactive 3D Virtual Environments
Authors: Nishimura Hajime , Lim Kenneth Y T , Koyamada Koji
Published: August 2018

The Abyss Observatory is a museum of Earth System Science, Marine Life and Undersea Technology created in Second Life, currently supported by JAMSTEC as a test bed of remotely collaboration and 3D visualization to create new scientific value.First, Second Life is remarkable platform for remotely, interdisciplinary and international collaboration. Secondary, Second Life has also useful for not only visualization of each content but also visualization of relation between each content to conduct new findings. Such exhibits need to arrange relating contents under some story by not only language communication but also visual communication. For these purpose, we attempt to learn curating methods of Art museums. Third attempt of the Abyss is to create new scientific value by assimilation or synthesize of 3D model and real data. 3D model is incomplete but real data is also incomplete. For example, deep sea life samples are quickly changed its shape and color at one atmospheric pressure. On the other hand, photo and video are also limited on viewing angle and resolution. We are working on 3D modeling of “Bolinopsis infundibulum” which can apply to taxonomic descriptions based on discerning observation of researcher’s eyes, and evaluating its scientific value now.
Avatar Identification on a 3D Commercial Website: Gender Issues
Authors: Poncin Ingrid , Garnier Marion
Published: August 2018

This research examines the influence of identification with an avatar on immersion in a 3D commercial website and its subsequent effect on satisfaction with the website. It also focuses on the potential moderating role of gender in these relationships. Two studies were conducted. The first study comprised 286 students and collected both quantitative and qualitative data on the visit to the website; the second, longitudinal study consisted of 32 participants who visited the website additional times during a two-month period. The results show that during the first visit, (1) gender influenced the creation of the avatar, (2) identification with the avatar strongly influenced immersion and satisfaction, and (3) gender moderated the identification–immersion relationship. The longitudinal results reveal the dynamics of avatar personalization over time and show that gender influence is not significant over time anymore. Implications of these results for managers and academics conclude the study.
Time for a Post-Mortem?: Business Professionals’ Perspectives on the Disillusionment of Virtual Worlds
Authors: Bateman Patrick J. , Pike Jacqueline C. , Berente Nicholas , Hansen Sean
Published: August 2018

Virtual worlds (VWs) are powerful three-dimensional technologies where users can assume identities and interact with others. While designed as open-platforms for creativity, expression, and experimentation by recreational users, VWs were once lauded for their potential applications to business. Today, much of the business community has either moved on from the hype of VWs or struggles to understand whether value can be obtained by using VWs. This paper attempts to provide an understanding of these outcomes through the analysis of assessments written by 59 business professionals, who each spent an extended period of time in a popular VW during the peak of the hype. From these assessments, four broad perspectives on the value of VWs to organizations (or lack thereof) were identified, along with challenges facing use of VWs if they are to become more widely used within business.
Content Management for the Live Music Industry in Virtual Worlds: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Lüthy Marco , Aucouturier Jean-Julien
Published: August 2018

The real-world music industry is undergoing a transition away from the retailing and distribution of fixed objects (records, files) to the consumption of live, interactive events (concerts, happenings). This development is paralleled by the recent flourishing of live music in virtual worlds, which in many ways could become the epitome of its real-world counterpart. For the artists, virtual concerts are cheap and easy to organize, and can therefore be a viable alternative to performing in the real world. For the music promoter and marketer, virtual concert attendance can be traced and analyzed more easily than in the real world. For the virtual concertgoer, attending concerts that are happening a (virtual) world away is possible with a single click.Taking insights from both a survey among the Second-Life music practitioners and from our own prototype of a live music recommendation system built on top of Second-Life, this article shows that the technical infrastructure of current virtual worlds is not well-suited to the development of the content management tools needed to support this opportunity. We propose several new ways to address these problems, and advocate for their recognition both by the artistic and the technical community.
Virtual World Television Products and Practices: Comparing Television Production in Second Life to Traditional Television Production
Authors: Reinhard CarrieLynn D. , Amsterdam Pooky
Published: August 2018

The virtual world Second Life provides for user-generated content creation as a necessary condition for its construction and sustenance.  Throughout the course of designing the world, in individual and collective acts, Second Life users have become television producers.  Their ability to produce content analogous to traditional television indicates how the virtual world is a social medium aligned with the paradigmatic shift from consumption to produsage known as Web 2.0.  Introduced here is a project analyzing the television production in this virtual world that begins with the definition of virtual world television (VWTV).  The analysis presented considers how the products, practices, positions and power dynamics of the VWTV producers in Second Life are comparable to those of traditional television. The comparisons are made to consider the extent to which VWTV producers are embracing the disruptive capabilities of Web 2.0 to transgress traditional television. The analysis of products and practices indicates that there is no widespread transgression of the content formats of television, or in how television productions are deemed to be successful. In addition, there appear to be numerous overlaps in the practices, positions and power dynamics of production.  However, the very act of changing their relationship to the concept of television-as-text by engaging with a new form of television-as-technology indicates how the producers are able to transgress traditional television due to the capabilities of this Web 2.0 social medium.
Art Medium Too: Avatar, Art, and Assemblages
Authors: Liao Christine
Published: August 2018

This article looks at the connections between avatars and art and proposes avatars as an art medium and the assembling or creating of avatars as an art-making process. The term assembling is used to indicate that avatars are assemblages in that they are combinations of representations (images), and the process of constructing an avatar involves putting together body parts (and clothes).Framed by Deleuze and Guattari’s idea of assemblage, avatar assembling constitutes the in-between space wherein new connections between art and identity play form and the possibility of a new art genre likewise takes shape. Three ways to conceive the connections between avatars and art are discussed. The first focuses on avatars as the subject of art, the second on avatars as performance art, and the third on connecting avatar reassembling with the process of art-making.
Dutch Supreme Court 2012: Virtual Theft Ruling a One-off or first in a Series?
Authors: Lodder Arno R.
Published: August 2018

In January 2012 the Dutch Supreme Court decided that virtual objects and pre-paid accounts can be stolen. This paper examines the Supreme Court’s Runescape decision and discusses virtual theft. Virtual theft is legally interesting from various perspectives. First, the rules of Runescape do not allow items to be stolen and are designed to make illegal transfer of objects impossible. Second, normally a person loses ownership of property in case of theft, but the owner of the virtual objects is the producer of the game and loses nothing. Therefore, theft is taking place between two avatars under the all-seeing eye of the owner. Third, it is not clear why classification as theft is preferred over hacking and the transfer of data. This question was reinvigorated during the writing of this paper, when at the same time both a leading cybercrime scholar and a prominent criminal law scholar argued against the theft classification. Following the Runescape decision, the position of participants in virtual worlds towards objects remain the same, but we can anticipate more cases on the theft of virtual items generally over the next five to ten years.
Blazing Trails: A New Way Forward for Virtual Currencies and Money Laundering
Authors: Bombace Michael P.
Published: August 2018

Virtual currencies grew up in virtual worlds. They were a central element in the game experience. They remain so and now represent a widespread form of value exchange on the Internet. They are an increasingly effective way to monetize games. Because of their versatility within games as part of game play and as a monetization method, they are a central tool of innovation for game developers. In tandem with their rise in use and complexity come anti-money laundering concerns. Their use for illegal acts is predicted to grow. Because of their still nascent state there is a window of opportunity to get regulation right and balance the cost of constraining innovation and online trade with the benefits of addressing anti-money laundering concerns. There is now some urgency because of recent regulatory guidance issued by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, a bureau of the United States Treasury Department.This paper presents a new approach. First, a data retention policy that includes identity authentication requirements. Second, restrictions on the use of payment systems at a high risk for abuse. Third, a safe harbor granting criminal and civil immunity for good faith efforts by game companies to help reduce the cost of compliance. Absent from this proposal are suspicious activity reports, which are expensive and place a burden that is handled better, and already done, by payment systems that connect to game companies, such as PayPal, and traditional services such as bank accounts or credit cards. Virtual currencies are an important tool for game developers that in turn provide real economic development and creativity that require unique treatment in the law. Regulation will occur—the question is how it will be crafted. This paper presents a path forward in that discussion.
Magic Modders: Alter Art, Ambiguity, and the Ethics of Prosumption
Authors: Trammell Aaron
Published: August 2018

This paper explores the perspectives of Magic: The Gathering (MTG) fans, as they interpret and parse intellectual property law regarding the alteration, and subsequent sale of artwork on Magic: The Gathering cards. MTG is a transmedia product that is supported by a fan base, which collects, plays, and discusses the game online in web forums and virtual game-spaces, and offline in hobby stores and community spaces across the world. This fan community is atypical because, for the most part, participants are highly concerned with the economic value of the MTG cards they own and trade. This paper draws attention to the complicated ethical landscape of intellectual property law as it pertains to artistic modification. The paper concludes that corporations should be legally required to set up a “safe haven” policy regarding the rights of consumers to produce derivative works, and, similar to creative commons licensing, to stipulate therein how issues of acknowledgement, reproduction, and sale of the product should be managed.