bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Being Coloured and Looking Coloured
Authors: Allen Keith
Published: February 2010

Intuitively, there is an intimate connection between being coloured and looking coloured. As Strawson memorably remarked, it is natural to assume that ‘colours are visibilia or they are nothing’ (1979, 109). But what exactly is the nature of this relationship?

A traditionally popular view of the relationship between being coloured and looking coloured starts from the common place that the character of our perceptual experience changes as the conditions in which an object is perceived vary. For instance, our experience changes when we view an object under different illuminants, as when we move from artificial illumination indoors to natural daylight outside. It changes under one and the same illuminant, depending on whether the object is directly or indirectly illuminated. And it varies independently of this, as the background against which the object is perceived varies. Placing a lot of weight on the idea that objects look or appear different as the perceptual conditions vary, proponents of this approach suggest that we can understand what it is for something to be coloured in terms of what it is for something to look coloured in specific perceptual conditions.
An Independent Review of The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe's Monetary Policy Transparency
Authors: Nhavira John Davison
Published: February 2010

The purpose of this paper is to conduct an independent review of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe's monetary policy in the context of monetary policy transparency, through comparing the results with other central banks in order to draw conclusions regarding the monetary policy of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. Monetary policy transparency is essential in anchoring inflationary expectations. This paper employs Eijffinger and Geraats (2006)'s 'independent analysis approach' to measure monetary transparency of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. The results indicate that the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe scores 2.5 out of 15 a score which is lower than any of the central banks' score in Eijffinger and Geraats (2006), Malik and Din (2008) and Aron and Muellbauer (2006) studies. The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe is the least transparent in political and procedural transparency, while it is partially transparent on economic matters. It is relatively more transparent on policy and operational issues. In comparison with other central banks, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe is only above par with regard to policy transparency only against Pakistan, but is below par against all other countries regarding political, economic, procedural and operational transparency.
Migration in Tanzania: Patterns, Characteristics and Impact
Authors: Moshi Humphrey P.B.
Published: February 2010

In recent years, there has been a growing interest on the subject of migration, not only on issues of scale, structure and regional trends, but more so on the socio-economic impact of migration. On the economic consequences of migration a lot of emphasis has been placed on remittances. This is understandable for two main reasons. One, remittances have emerged as a major source of external development finance in recent years. Given their large size, governments from developing and developed countries have focused attention on both the development impact of remittances and on regulatory issues in sender and receiver markets. Two, remittances do affect positively poor people's livelihoods to the extent that they now constitute a major source of income, insurance and capital accumulation. This being the case, direct and indirect linkages unfold between migration and poverty reduction strategies. These linkages become of interest to academics and development practitioners in Africa given the on-going poverty reduction initiatives, in almost all sub-Saharan Africa countries, aimed at achieving one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of reducing poverty by half by the year 2015. In this context, migration constitutes one of the strategies for attaining the goal. This is more so when one views remittances as private financial aid that flow directly into the hands of households and the fact that they tend to be counter-cyclical. This suggests that very often they serve as an important source of both income and consumption smoothing strategies for vulnerable poor and non-poor households.
Development and Health: The Case of HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa
Authors: Nkomo JC
Published: February 2010

HIV/AIDS is imposing immense challenges in achieving social and economic development in Southern Africa. The epidemic is reducing the stock of skills, experience and human capital and, in turn, driving up costs and decreasing productivity. Resources are being diverted away from savings and investment, and the transfer of knowledge is being interrupted from one generation to the next. HIV/AIDS is generating increased demand for health services, leading to and other health care needs being neglected and compromising health care for the whole community. By eroding gains towards achieving universal primary education, HIV/AIDS is weakening the educational system and keeps children from affected areas from attending, and affects the equality of education, shortage of teachers, higher absenteeism and lower productivity. Furthermore, HIV/AIDS poses a vital threat to food security, deemed fundamental to the maintenance of human security by lowering food production and food insecurity, and long-term livelihoods failure. All these factors have a long-lasting effect on social and economic development, and make it difficult for Southern Africa to attain goals for meeting Millennium Development Goals, eradicating poverty and achieving sustainable development.
State-Civil Society Partnership in Poverty Reduction in Uganda
Authors: Muhumuza William
Published: February 2010

The growing partnerships between the state and civil society organizations (CSOs) in the development process of aid-dependent states are largely explained by the New Policy Agenda, which put emphasis on a minimalist state and the enhanced role of civil society. The article observes that the partnership has been derailed by conflicting interests, approaches, suspicions and competition for aid and legitimacy. It also points out that the partnership has been affected by the state's goal to co-opt CSOs while CSOs also suffer from dependency, lack of downward accountability and linkages to grassroots organizations, which compromise their autonomy and legitimacy. The article argues that unless a framework is established in which terms of collaboration are spelled out for purposes of coordination and conflict resolution, the partnership in poverty reduction may not achieve significant gains.
Managerial Effectiveness: Impact of Emotional Intellegence and Work-Family Role Conflict in Work Organizations in Nigeria
Authors: Akintayo D. I
Published: February 2010

This study investigated the impact of emotional intelligence and work-family role conflict on managerial effectiveness of managers in work organizations in Nigeria. The descriptive survey research method was adopted for the study. Instruments used for data collection in this study are: Emotional Intelligence Scale, Work-Family Role Conflict Scale and Managerial Effectiveness Scale. Linear Regression Analysis was used to test hypotheses that were generated for the study at 0.05 alpha levels. Finding reveals that there was a significant combined contribution of emotional intelligence and work-family role conflict to managerial effectiveness. Also, it was found that emotional intelligence significantly predicts managerial effectiveness of the managers. Also, the finding shows that there is no significant contribution of work-family role conflict to managerial effectiveness. Besides, the finding indicates that the role conflict experienced by the managers resulting from work-family role interface has deleterious effects on their performance effectiveness. Based on the findings of the study, the emotional intelligence of the managers needs to be considered in the selection and placement process for managerial effectiveness to be guaranteed. The managers with high emotional intelligence should be posted to highly challenging managerial positions while the low emotional intelligence should be posted to less challenging managerial positions for their leadership effectiveness to result in goals achievement.
Perceptions of Economic Distributive Injustice: The Influence of Economic Powerlessness and Causal Attributions for Unemployment in Lesotho
Authors: Khaola Peter P.
Published: February 2010

The purpose of the current study was to examine the influence of the feelings of economic powerlessness and causal attributions for unemployment on the perceptions of economic distributive injustice of young people, controlling for gender and level of education. The study was based on a survey of 523 undergraduate students, and the data was analysed by means of descriptive, correlation, hierarchical regression and factor analyses. The results indicated that both the feelings of economic powerlessness and external attribution for unemployment were positively and significantly associated with the perceptions of economic distributive injustice. These results are discussed in light of the pressing socio-economic problems in Lesotho.
"Unpopularity is the Least of My Worries": Captain R.W. Bates and Lieutenant E.M. Hemingway
Authors: Bates Stephen
Published: February 2010

Making use of unpublished diaries, correspondence, and official records from his service in France and Italy, this article discusses the World War I experiences of Captain Robert W. Bates, the commanding officer of Hemingway's ambulance unit.
Esquire 's Failure with Hemingway's "Bimini "
Authors: Hemmingson Michael
Published: February 2010

Explores correspondence between Mary Hemingway and Gordon Lish, fiction editor of Esquire (1969–1976), about publication of the "Bimini" segment of Islands in the Stream in the October 1970 issue of the magazine. Reveals Mary's dissatisfaction with Esquire 's treatment of her husband's work, and Lish's dashed hopes that a posthumous appearance by Hemingway would boost the magazine's diminishing sales and stature in the literary community.
The Jungle Out There: Nick Adams Takes to the Road
Authors: Monteiro George
Published: February 2010

"The Battler" and "The Light of the World" can be viewed as contributions to hobo-tramp literature. Evoking the work in this vein of Jack London, W. H. Davies, Josiah Flynt, and Glenn H. Mullin, these hard-edged stories delineate late adolescent encounters—out-in-the-real-world experiences—that stand in stark contrast to those invented by Fitzgerald in This Side of Paradise , a defining work of what Updike calls "collegiate romanticism," as well as those presented in Owen Johnson's high-jinks romps— The Prodigious Hickey (1908), The Varmint (1910), and The Tennessee Shad (1911)—the Lawrenceville prep-school stories so avidly read at the time.
An Error in the Introduction to A Moveable Feast : The Restored Edition
Authors: Yarup Robert L.
Published: February 2010

In the introduction to the restored edition of Hemingway's A Moveable Feast (2009), Hemingway's grandson, Seàn Hemingway, states that the title for the book was suggested to Mary Hemingway by "A.E. Hotchner, who recalls Ernest mentioning the phrase to him at the Ritz Bar in Paris in 1950" (12). Yet if we turn to the source cited in editor Hemingway's endnote 19, A. E. Hotchner's Papa Hemingway: A Personal Memoir (New York: Random House, 1966), page 57, we find that when Hemingway made the remark that "Paris is a moveable feast" to Hotchner, they were at Hemingway's favorite café, the Closerie des Lilas on the Boulevard du Montparnasse, and not the Ritz Bar in Paris.
"Brett Couldn't Hold Him": Lady Ashley, Pedro Romero, and the Madrid Sequence of The Sun Also Rises
Authors: Daiker Donald A.
Published: February 2010

This essay challenges consensus that Lady Brett Ashley ends the affair with Pedro Romero by sending the bullfighter away after several days with him in a Madrid hotel. In fact, Romero leaves Brett. Through Jake Barnes's words and actions, as well as the inconsistencies of Brett's story, her desperate need for rescue, her acute depression, her lack of self-control, her self-contempt—especially in her references to her fiancé Mike Campbell—and finally her self-pity, Hemingway shows that Brett could not hold on to Romero's affection in Madrid any more than she could physically hold Romero down in Pamplona.
Hemingway's Pragmatism: Truth, Utility, and Concrete Particulars in A Farewell to Arms
Authors: Owens-Murphy Katie
Published: February 2010

Critics have often noted Hemingway's aversion to theory and abstraction and his penchant for the practical and the concrete, but Hemingway scholarship has yet to invoke the pragmatism of William James as an explanatory framework for these issues of meaning and truth, of abstract universals and concrete particulars. Because it privileges the latter over the former, Jamesian pragmatism is particularly useful for an understanding of A Farewell to Arms , helping to explain why Frederic's oblique first-person narration focuses primarily on physical sensations. Pragmatism's emphasis on utility also helps us to understand the lying and role-playing that complicate the romance between Frederic and Catherine Barkley. Finally, while pragmatism illuminates A Farewell to Arms in particular, it is an important interpretive framework for Hemingway's fiction in general.
PEN Hemingway Prize Keynote Address Delivered at the John F. Kennedy Library 29 March 2009
Authors: Rhodes Richard
Published: February 2010

Each year the Ernest Hemingway Foundation and PEN New England award the PEN Hemingway prize for the year's best first work of fiction. The ceremony takes place at the John F. Kennedy Library in Boston, home of the Hemingway Collection, and a distinguished author delivers a keynote address. Here we present the keynote address of Richard Rhodes, who spoke at the ceremony honoring 2009 PEN Hemingway award winner Michael Dahlie and his novel, A Gentleman's Guide to Graceful Living . The author of more than twenty books of fiction and nonfiction, Rhodes is best-known for his 1986 history, The Making of the Atomic Bomb , which won both a Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award.
A Clash of Certainties, Old and New: For Whom the Bell Tolls and the Inner War of Ernest Hemingway
Authors: Solow Michael K.
Published: February 2010

For decades, critics have argued over the politics and worldview in Hemingway's novel of the Spanish Civil War. By looking closely at the author's pre-war writings and his experience and writings during the war, as well as by performing a close reading of key passages, this essay attempts to illuminate the novel's ambiguities and dissonances, arguing that they can be traced to warring certainties within Hemingway that found expression in the work. By evolving beyond isolationism, partisanship, and disillusionment, Hemingway gained greater access to a Keatsian "negative capability," marking an enlarged perspective and greater maturity in his art.
"New Coke vs. Old Coke": The Debate Over A Moveable Feast: The Restored Edition
Authors: Paul Steve
Published: February 2010

Steve Paul of the Kansas City Star summarizes the controversy surrounding publication of A Moveable Feast: The Restored Edition , and interviews Feast scholars Jacqueline Tavernier-Courbin and Gerry Brenner about the book, as well as Charles Scribner III .
Hemingway, Gender Identity, and the "Paris 1922" Apprenticeship
Authors: Bonds Patrick Blair
Published: February 2010

In Paris, Hemingway arrived at young manhood at a time of major historical change, marked by the radical reconfiguration of sexual traditions and assumptions about gender roles. This essay places the experimental sentences of "Paris 1922" in their historic context and examines how they reflect Hemingway's sense of those changes—socially, politically, and personally.
A Moveable Feast: The Restored Edition : A Review and a Collation of Differences
Authors: Trogdon Robert W.
Published: February 2010

Trogdon reviews the new edition of A Moveable Feast from a textual scholar's point of view, asserting that "The restored edition of A Moveable Feast is not ideal, but it is the best handled of the posthumous Hemingway books that Scribner has published." He offers a collation of 373 substantive differences between the 1964 and 2009 editions.
Rabbit at the Riverside: Names and Impossible Crossings in Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls
Authors: Link Alex
Published: February 2010

For Whom the Bell Tolls expresses the idealistic fantasies of national peace and perfect love most succinctly in Jordan's controversial use of the nickname "rabbit" for Maria. As yet, there has been no critical discussion of how the word "Spain" resonates etymologically both with the name "Jordan" and the nickname "rabbit." Jordan's two names (Jordan and Inglés), Maria's names (Maria and "rabbit"), and the naming of Spain are deeply interconnected. By examining these names and their relationship, one sees that, for Jordan, Maria embodies the seamless integration, or bridging, of contradictory values. That she does so in a novel written across cultures only furthers the sense that the novel is replete with unbridgeable distances. Nevertheless, Jordan remains faithful to this fantasy of synthesis, and thus to Maria, until his dying breath.
“The Sermon on Saint Nobody”: A Verse Translation of a Middle Dutch Parodic Sermon
Authors: Parsons Ben , Jongenelen Bas
Published: February 2010

During the medieval and early modern periods, the mock sermon was one of the most widely staged festive rituals. There are records of its performance in most European countries and cultures. But despite its clear popularity in England, few of these texts are extant in English. Fewer still have been translated in their entirety. To remedy this situation, we provide here a translation of the sixteenth-century Dutch poem Spotsermoen over Sint Niemand . This piece embodies most of the key features of the mock sermon; the text’s rhetorical strategies, its content, and the details it reveals about its performance are all typical of the genre. Thus, the poem is offered as a specimen of the mock sermon’s overall conventions and forms.
Sins of Objectification?: Agency, Mediation, and Community Cultural Self-Determination in Public Folklore and Cultural Tourism Programming
Authors: Baron Robert
Published: February 2010

Critics claim that by objectifying culture, public folklorists limit or deny the agency of the practitioners of traditions whom they represent. This article analyzes how public folklorists engage dialogically with community members to mutually shape frames of representation, while facilitating community cultural self-determination. Arguing against a view of objectification as categorically exploitative, I demonstrate how agency is pursued and accomplished through cultural representations that may entail objectification but generate benefits for community members as well as for folklorists.
The Sound of Rocks Aquiver?: Composing Racial Ambivalence in Territorial Hawai‘i
Authors: Szego C. K.
Published: February 2010

This article explores racial ambivalence in the social activism and music composition of Uldrick Thompson, a European American teacher and eugenicist living in Hawai‘i during the early territorial period. I read Thompson’s song “Pele’s Chant” as a revisionist text of Hawaiian legendry adapted to his liberal Christian ethos and eugenic thinking. Ambivalence is evident in the composer’s simultaneous emulation and denial of Hawaiian musical models; it is also evident in his guardianship of young Hawaiians and his belief in Hawaiians’ fate as a “dying race.” The concept of ambivalence is at the core of much of the contemporary literature on orientalism that examines the subject positions of those who simultaneously idealize and repudiate ethnic/racial others. Despite its importance, the concept is often treated in an implicit manner, and this article seeks to bring it into full and explicit relief.
Ben Botkin’s FBI File
Authors: Davis Susan G.
Published: February 2010

A reading of the recently declassified FBI file of prominent folklorist Benjamin A. Botkin suggests that his career was powerfully shaped by government surveillance and the midcentury Red Scares. Botkin’s file reveals connections to cultural experiments that fed into his regional miscellany Folk-Say (1929–32) and his work with the Federal Writers’ Project. Considering the tensions between radicalism and repression in the mid-twentieth century allows new insights into the development of folklore as an American discipline and profession.
Association of hyperhomocysteinemia with left ventricular dilatation and mass in human heart
Authors: Alter Peter , Rupp Heinz , Rominger Marga B. , Figiel Jens H. , Renz Harald , Klose Klaus J. , Maisch Bernhard
Published: February 2010

Background: Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for ischemic heart disease. Several other mechanisms apply also to dilative types of heart failure of various, non-ischemic etiologies. We hypothesized that hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with left ventricular (LV) dilatation and hypertrophy in dilative cardiomyopathy.

Methods: Homocysteine was measured in 66 individuals with suspected cardiomyopathy. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess LV volume, mass, and wall stress.

Results: Hyperhomocysteinemia (>12 μmol/L) was found in 45 patients (68%). LV mass was greater in these patients compared with individuals with normal homocysteine (83±27 vs. 67±19 g/m2; p<0.02). Homocysteine was increased in patients with increased brain natriuretic peptide ≥100 pg/mL (18.3±5.9 vs. 14.9±5.1 μmol/L; p=0.018). LV mass, LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volume (LVEDV, LVESV) were significantly increased in individuals in the upper quartile compared with the lower quartile (90±25 vs. 65±18 g/m2, p=0.021; 114±50 vs. 71±23 mL/m2, p=0.042; 76±51 vs. 36±22 mL/m2, p=0.045). LV dilatation (LVEDV≥90 mL/m2) was more common in hyperhomocysteinemia (>12 μmol/L, p=0.0166). Normalized LV mass was correlated with homocysteine (r=0.346, p=0.065). Homocysteine was not significantly correlated with LVEDV (r=0.229, p=0.065), LV end-diastolic wall stress (r=0.226, p=0.069) and LV ejection fraction.

Conclusions: Hyperhomocysteinemia appears to be, at least in part, involved in a disproportional LV dilatation, where the ensuing hypertrophy is not sufficient to compensate for the increased wall stress. A potential mechanism is the hyperhomocysteinemia associated increase in oxidative stress that favors muscle fiber slippage.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:555–60.
Endocrine treatment of transsexual persons: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline: commentary from a European perspective
Authors: Meriggiola M C , Jannini E A , Lenzi A , Maggi M , Manieri C
Published: February 2010

The treatment of transsexual subjects is a challenging task for the endocrinologist who, in collaboration with the mental health professional and the surgeon, is called upon to confirm the diagnosis and adjust hormonal treatment aimed at suppressing endogenous sex hormones and to develop hormone characteristics of the desired gender. These guidelines are structured to provide evidence-based suggestions or, where evidence is lacking, expert recommendations on diagnostic procedures and hormonal treatment in adolescent and adult transsexuals, including long-term care and eligibility for surgery. The multidisciplinary approach to treatment, the additional diagnostic role of hormone administration and the need to maintain hormone levels within the physiological range are key suggestions stressed in the guidelines which are particularly important for an endocrinologist unfamiliar with this field. The need for psychological assessment before surgery is not common in many countries and should be stressed further in the guidelines. Some important issues such as time and method of hormone withdrawal before surgery together with when and which hormones should be administered after sex reassignment surgery has been completed also remain unclear.

These guidelines represent a pivotal document for endocrinologists setting a standard for the care of transsexuals and providing directions for future research.
The effect of plantation silviculture on soil organic matter and particle-size fractions in Amazonia
Authors: Beldini Troy Patrick , McNabb Kenneth L , Lockaby B. Graeme , Sanchez Felipe G , Navegantes-Câncio Osvaldo , Oliveira Raimundo Cosme de
Published: February 2010

Eucalyptus grandis and other clonal plantations cover about 3.5 million ha in Brazil. The impacts of intensively-managed short-rotation forestry on soil aggregate structure and Carbon (C) dynamics are largely undocumented in tropical ecosystems. Long-term sustainability of these systems is probably in part linked to maintenance of soil organic matter and good soil structure and aggregation, especially in areas with low-fertility soils. This study investigated soil aggregate dynamics on a clay soil and a sandy soil, each with a Eucalyptus plantation and an adjacent primary forest. Silvicultural management did not reduce total C stocks, and did not change soil bulk density. Aggregates of the managed soils did not decrease in mass as hypothesized, which indicates that soil cultivation in 6 year cycles did not cause large decreases in soil aggregation in either soil texture. Silt, clay, and C of the sandy plantation soil shifted to greater aggregate protection, which may represent a decrease in C availability. The organic matter in the clay plantation soil increased in the fractions considered less protected while this shift from C to structural forms considered more protected was not observed.
Características agronômica de híbridos diploides de bananeira em três ciclos de produção em Cruz das Almas, Bahia
Authors: Lessa Lauro Saraiva , Ledo Carlos Alberto da Silva , Silva Sebastião de Oliveira e , Amorim Edson Perito , Oliveira Tadário Kamel de
Published: February 2010

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar agronomicamente híbridos diploides de bananeira, em três ciclos de produção, visando à seleção de genótipos para utilização em programas de melhoramento. O experimento foi conduzido entre os anos de 2005 e 2007, em blocos casualizados, no esquema de parcela subdividida no tempo, com quatro repetições, em Cruz das Almas, Bahia. Os híbridos diploides 4279-06, TH03-01, 8987-01, 0323-03, 1318-01, 0116-01, 8694-20, 1304-06 e 9179-03 foram avaliados quanto à altura de plantas, diâmetro do pseudocaule, número de folhas vivas na floração e na colheita, presença de pólen, período de formação do cacho, número de pencas e frutos, e massa média dos frutos. O híbrido 1304-06 apresentou a maior altura nos três ciclos estudados, enquanto o 0323-03 e o 1318-01 apresentaram porte intermediário. À exceção des 8987-01, 0323-03, 1304-06 e 9179-03, os demais híbridos apresentaram número de folhas, na floração, superior a oito. Na colheita, 0323-03, 1318-01, 0116-01, 1304-06 e 9179-03 destacaram-se com os maiores números de folhas. Existe variabilidade genética entre os híbridos diploides de bananeira estudados. Os híbridos 4279-06, 0323-03, 1318-01, 0116-01, 1304-06 e 9179-03 apresentaram características agronômicas favoráveis e podem ser utilizados como genitores em programas de melhoramento genético da bananeira.
Tunelização esofágica na fístula esofagotraqueobrônquica
Authors: Domene Carlos Eduardo , Cecconello Ivan , Zilberstein Bruno , Ishioka Shinishi , Sakai Paulo , Pinotti Henrique Walter
Published: February 2010

Foram estudados 121 casos de câncer avançado do esôfago e da cárdia submetidos a tunelização esofágica por via endoscópica ou cirúrgica. Os doentes foram avaliados, tratados e seguidos segundo protocolo que constou de avaliação clínica, exames subsidiários, estadiamento, tratamento, avaliação intra e pós-operatória imediata. Verificaram-se a taxa de mortalidade, período de internação, complicações tardias, sobrevida e causa de óbito. Foram submetidos a tunelização cirúrgica 69 (53%) doentes, e 52 (47%) a tunelização endoscópica. Nos 17 casos de fístula esofagotraqueobrônquica houve sua oclusão eficiente pela tunelização endoscópica em 80% dos casos, com mortalidade de 13,3%, credenciando o método para tratamento dessa complicação tumoral. Os resultados obtidos com a tunelização endoscópica e cirúrgica recomendam seu uso em doentes com câncer avançado do esôfago e da cárdia.
Esterilização de farinha de subprodutos animais em esterilizador industrial
Authors: Mazutti Marcio Antônio , Treichel Helen , Di Luccio Marco
Published: February 2010

As farinhas de subprodutos animais se apresentam como uma fonte praticamente completa da maioria dos aminoácidos requeridos para uma alimentação equilibrada. Estas farinhas são amplamente usadas para corrigir as deficiências nutricionais, que ocorrem em outras matérias-primas para rações, como os farelos de origem vegetal. No entanto, constituem um ambiente favorável à proliferação de microrganismos, tanto durante o processamento quanto na estocagem. A Portaria SARC 002 de 13/02/2003 no Anexo I da Instrução Normativa Número 15 do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento propõe que a etapa de esterilização das farinhas poderá ser realizada antes do processo de cocção dos subprodutos ou na própria farinha, contanto que seja empregado vapor saturado direto a uma temperatura mínima de 133 °C por um tempo mínimo de 20 minutos. Industrialmente, o que se deseja é obter um produto final com padrões higiênicos sanitários aceitáveis, com teor proteico o mais alto possível. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar diferentes estratégias de processamento da farinha de subprodutos de indústria de aves, observando aquela mais eficiente para a esterilização: se no subproduto antes da digestão ou se na própria farinha. Foram realizados testes em escala piloto com capacidade para 150 kg e em escala industrial com capacidade de 3.000 kg. O processo de esterilização em escala industrial apresentou um melhor desempenho comparado com o processo piloto. O teor de proteína aumentou em todos os testes e a digestibilidade final da farinha foi de aproximadamente 92%, o que eleva seu valor de mercado. Com relação à eliminação de microrganismos, o processo industrial foi eficiente, uma vez que não foi verificada contagem em nenhum dos três testes realizados.
Proposta de um framework para prototipagem de sistemas heurísticos multiagentes baseados em algorítmos de colônia de formigas
Authors: Tavares Neto Roberto Fernandes , Godinho Filho Moacir
Published: February 2010

O estudo de sistemas multiagentes muitas vezes se inicia com a implementação de um algoritmo-base, com variações conforme a necessidade do objeto de estudo. Porém, a comparação entre técnicas propostas se torna difícil, pois não existe uma metodologia de implementação de algoritmos. Deste modo, o presente artigo propõe um framework computacional que permita a prototipagem de um grande conjunto de variações de heurísticas baseadas em sistemas de formigas. Como exemplificação desta proposta de framework, escolheu-se quatro algoritmos considerados significativos na literatura. Então, realizou-se a implementação dos mesmos, analisando o esforço de implementação necessário. Os resultados mostraram uma redução significativa no tempo de implementação com o uso do framework proposto.
Lidocaína com vasoconstrictor isolada e associada ao fentanil via peridural em cães
Authors: Cassu Renata Navarro , Melchert Alessandra , Silva Ana Paula Gasparotto da , Reis Atilana Maniezo dos , Meirelles Carlos Collares
Published: February 2010

O objetivo deste estudo cego foi avaliar os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e analgésicos de diferentes doses de fentanil associado à lidocaína com vasoconstrictor via peridural em cães. Foram avaliados 28 cães adultos, distribuídos em quatro tratamentos: 5mg kg-1 de lidocaína isolada (L) e associada ao fentanil nas doses de 2,5, 5 e 7mg kg-1 (F2,5, F5 e F7, respectivamente). Quinze minutos antes da punção peridural, todos os animais foram tranquilizados por via intravenosa (IV) com acepromazina (0,05mg kg-1), além de um bolus (IV) de fentanil (2,5mg kg-1), administrado imediatamente antes da injeção peridural. Foram avaliados: frequência cardíaca (FC), eletrocardiograma (ECG), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), frequência respiratória (f), gases sanguíneos, período de latência, duração e extensão do bloqueio sensitivo. Houve redução da FC após a anestesia peridural em relação ao basal em F2,5, F5 e F7. A FC foi superior no L em relação ao F5 e F7 aos 30 e 60 minutos após a anestesia peridural. O período de latência não variou entre os grupos, enquanto a duração do bloqueio foi superior no F5. Bloqueio sensitivo até a 6ª vértebra lombar foi observado em quatro animais no L. Bloqueio sensitivo até a 1ª vértebra lombar foi observado em cinco cães no F2,5 e F7 e em seis cães no F5. Conclui-se que a adição do fentanil à lidocaína determinou bloqueio sensitivo mais cranial em relação ao uso isolado desse anestésico local. Paralelamente, bloqueio anestésico mais duradouro foi determinado pela adição de 5mg kg-1 de fentanil à lidocaína em relação aos demais tratamentos.
Unquiet Treatment: Handling Treatment Refusal in Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Gruber June , Persons Jacqueline B.
Published: February 2010

Individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) frequently refuse to accept an adequate treatment plan. We describe strategies to help people with BD overcome treatment refusal and accept adequate treatment. We describe several strategies aimed at helping the clinician increase the patient’s willingness to accept an adequate treatment plan. We also discuss strategies clinicians can use when negotiating a compromise treatment plan for patients who refuse to accept optimal treatment and for situations where the patient and clinician cannot negotiate a mutually agreeable treatment plan.
CBT for Adult ADHD: Adaptations and Hypothesized Mechanisms of Change
Authors: Ramsay J. Russell
Published: February 2010

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was formerly thought to be exclusively a disorder of childhood. However, research has indicated that a majority of individuals diagnosed with ADHD will continue to exhibit clinical significant symptoms in adulthood. Many other individuals may not have their symptoms recognized and diagnosed until facing difficulties in adulthood. Medications are the most effective single treatment for individuals with ADHD of all ages. However, medications alone may represent insufficient treatment for many adults with ADHD. Consequently, various adjunctive treatments for adult ADHD have been developed, with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) emerging as a particularly promising one. The goal of this article is to discuss how CBT has been adapted in light of the prevailing model of dysfunction for ADHD and to propose hypothesized mechanisms of change that may produce the positive therapeutic changes obtained in clinical outcome studies.
Recent Advances in the Understanding and Treatment of Trichotillomania
Authors: Walther Michael R. , Ricketts Emily J. , Conelea Christine A. , Woods Douglas W.
Published: February 2010

Trichotillomania (TTM), or chronic hair pulling, is associated with significant levels of distress and impairment. While research is in its infancy, more data are accumulating regarding the impact, phenomenology, maintaining variables, etiology, and treatment of TTM. Behavior therapy and clomipramine have been moderately effective in reducing TTM symptoms in clinical trials. Enhancing behavior therapy with techniques designed to address TTM patients’ emotional control tendencies (e.g., acceptance-based procedures) represents a promising direction in treating TTM.
From Research to Practice: The Importance of Community Collaboration in the Translation Process
Authors: Villarruel Antonia M. , Gal Taryn L. , Eakin Brenda L. , Wilkes Aisha , Herbst Jeffrey H.
Published: February 2010

In order for effective interventions to make an impact on their target population, they must be successfully translated and disseminated to the organizations that will ultimately deliver them to those in need. ¡Cuídate!, a culturally based intervention to reduce HIV sexual risk among Latino youth, was identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Prevention Research Synthesis (PRS) project as “best evidence” of intervention efficacy and selected as part of the CDC’s Replicating Effective Programs (REP). The REP process consisted of the design, development, and field-testing of the ¡Cuídate! program package in community-based, nonacademic settings. Project staff worked with CDC and community-based partners throughout the REP process. Community partners included a community advisory board (CAB) and four case agencies. Case agency staff participated in a facilitator training and subsequently implemented the ¡Cuídate! program at their respective agencies. Process evaluation findings showed that facilitators were able to effectively use program materials and implement the program with fidelity. Adolescent participants reported they liked the program and would recommend the project to others. Only slight modifications to program and training materials were necessary following evaluation. Lessons learned included the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and utilizing the resources available from each collaborative partner.
Translation Science and Context
Authors: Titler Marita G.
Published: February 2010

Evidence-based health care practices are available for a number of conditions such as asthma, smoking cessation, heart failure, and management of diabetes. However, these practices are not routinely implemented in care delivery and variations in practices abound. Implementing evidence-based practices (EBPs) is challenging, and difficulties implementing evidence may be largely explained by contextual factors. Thus, strategies are needed that address the complexity and systems of care, individual practitioners, senior leadership, and ultimately changing health care cultures to promote an evidence-based practice environment. To advance knowledge about promoting and sustaining adoption of EBPs in health care, translation science needs more studies that test translating research into practice (TRIP) interventions; studies are needed that investigate what TRIP interventions work, for whom, in what circumstances, in what types of settings, and studies that explain the underlying mechanisms of effective TRIP interventions. According to the Translation Research Model, adoption of innovations, such as EBPs, are influenced by the nature of the innovation (e.g., the type and strength of evidence; the clinical topic), and the manner in which it is communicated (disseminated) to members (e.g., physicians, nurses) of a social system (organization, nursing profession). This article discusses the importance of context in translation using this framework as a guide.
Disentangling the Translational Sciences: A Social Science Perspective
Authors: Burgio Louis D.
Published: February 2010

In this article the author first attempts to disentangle a number of issues in translational science from a social science perspective. As expected in a fledgling field of study being approached from various disciplines, there are marked differences in the research literature on terminology, definition of terms, and conceptualization of staging of clinical research from the pilot phase to widespread dissemination in the community. The author asserts that translational efforts in the social sciences are at a crossroads, and its greatest challenge involves the movement of interventions gleaned from clinical trials to community settings. Four strategies for reaching this goal are discussed: the use of methods derived from health services research, a yet-to-be-developed strategy where decisions to modify aspects of an intervention derived from a clinical trial are triggered by data-based criteria, community based participatory action research (CBPR), and a hybrid system wherein methods from CBPR and traditional experimental procedures are combined to achieve translation. The author ends on an optimistic note, emphasizing the impressive advances in the area over the existing barriers and calling for a unified interdisciplinary science of translation.
Toward a Roadmap for Interdisciplinary Academic Career Success
Authors: McBride Angela Barron
Published: February 2010

The 21st century is a period of increased focus on interdisciplinary collaboration. To facilitate movement in the direction of interdisciplinary research, this article discusses some generic stumbling blocks, unique problems, and advantages that nurses experience, plus the rewards and hallmarks of well-functioning interdisciplinary research teams. The article ends with an overview of how interdisciplinary development can and should be part of each stage of academic career success.
Translational Research: Why Nursing’s Interdisciplinary Collaboration Is Essential
Authors: Woods Nancy Fugate , Magyary Diane L.
Published: February 2010

The heightened demand for benefit from scientific contributions has driven scientific initiatives such as the NIH Roadmap, the recently established Clinical Translational Science Awards, and requests for applications for funding by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Agency for Health Research and Quality (AHRQ) to support studies of translational efforts. Our article focuses on a rapidly developing area—translational research—and the value, if not necessity, of nursing’s contributions to interdisciplinary efforts. Our objectives are to: 1. Relate the changing nature of research (and clinical practice) to the need for interdisciplinary efforts in translational research; 2. Delineate the skills necessary for translation of research to clinical and community-based practice; 3. Review nursing’s contributions to national interdisciplinary initiatives; 4. Identify critical areas for nursing leadership in translational research and consequences of our absence from these efforts; and 5. Propose a translational research agenda for nursing.
Prevalence of Peri‐Implantitis Related to Severity of the Disease With Different Degrees of Bone Loss
Authors: Koldsland Odd Carsten , Scheie Anne Aamdal , Aass Anne Merete
Published: February 2010

Background:Several measurements are combined to diagnose peri‐implant disease, and different thresholds are used to describe the disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of peri‐implant disease and to apply different diagnostic thresholds to assess its prevalence in relation to severities of peri‐implantitis with different degrees of bone loss.

Methods:A total of 164 subjects with dental implants inserted at the Institute of Clinical Odontology, University of Oslo, between 1990 and 2005, were invited to join the project, and 109 subjects attended the examination (mean age: 43.8 years; range: 18 to 80 years). The mean functional loading time was 8.4 years (SD: 4.6 years). The participants were examined clinically and radiographically. The following aspects of disease were assessed to describe the peri‐implant condition: detectable radiographic peri‐implant bone loss and inflammation, the presence of bleeding on probing at a probing depth ≥4 or ≥6 mm, and radiographic peri‐implant bone loss assessed at ≥2.0 and ≥3.0 mm.

Results:Assessing peri‐implantitis at different levels of severity yielded a substantial variance in prevalence (11.3% to 47.1%) in the present study population.

Conclusion:Peri‐implant inflammation was a frequent finding with and without peri‐implant bone loss.
Salivary and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Melatonin in Periodontal Health and Disease
Authors: Srinath Rashmi , Acharya Anirudh B. , Thakur Srinath L.
Published: February 2010

Background: Melatonin, with its antioxidant properties, plays a pertinent role in influencing the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. This study aims to detect the presence of melatonin in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and to assess the levels of salivary and GCF melatonin in periodontal disease and show the correlation between salivary and GCF melatonin.

Methods: Forty‐five subjects, based on the gingival and Russell periodontal indexes, were grouped as 15 healthy subjects (group 1), 15 subjects with gingivitis (group 2), and 15 subjects with periodontitis (group 3). Saliva and GCF samples were collected from all subjects. Melatonin levels were assessed using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The paired‐sample test was used to correlate between saliva and GCF.

Results: Melatonin was present in GCF (mean: 1.54 pg/ml) with significantly less concentration compared to that of saliva (mean: 2.17 pg/ml). Salivary and GCF melatonin levels were reduced to the lowest concentrations in patients with chronic periodontitis (salivary melatonin: 0.07 pg/ml; GCF melatonin: 0.06 pg/ml; P <0.05), which were inversely proportional to the clinical indices. There was no significant correlation between salivary and GCF melatonin levels (P >0.05).

Conclusions: Melatonin was expressed in GCF. Salivary and GCF melatonin levels varied from clinically healthy subjects (group 1) to subjects with periodontitis (group 3). Both salivary and GCF melatonin levels decreased in group 3 subjects compared to group 1 subjects, indicating that melatonin may have a protective role against periodontal disease, although further research is required to validate this hypothesis.
Initial Periodontal Therapy Reduced Systemic and Local 25‐Hydroxy Vitamin D3 and Interleukin‐1β in Patients With Aggressive Periodontitis
Authors: Liu Kaining , Meng Huanxin , Lu Ruifang , Xu Li , Zhang Li , Chen Zhibin , Shi Dong , Feng Xianghui , Tang Xiaolin
Published: February 2010

Background: 25‐hydroxy vitamin D3 is the major circulating metabolite of vitamin D. Elevated plasma 25‐hydroxy vitamin D3 levels were verified to be associated with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP). In the present study, the influence of initial periodontal therapy on systemic and local levels of 25‐hydroxy vitamin D3 and three related elements (osteocalcin and interleukin‐1β and ‐6) in patients with GAgP was investigated.

Methods: Nineteen patients with GAgP were enrolled. All patients received initial periodontal therapy. Gingival crevicular fluid at two sites of each subject were obtained before therapy and 2 and 6 months after therapy. Plasma was obtained before and 2 months after therapy from 12 of 19 subjects. Systemic and local levels of 25‐hydroxy vitamin D3, osteocalcin, and interleukin‐1β and ‐6 before and after therapy were measured using radioimmunoassay or enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kits and compared.

Results: The respective systemic 25‐hydroxy vitamin D3 and interleukin‐1β levels significantly dropped from baseline to 2 months after therapy (29.28 nmol/l versus 22.50 nmol/l, P = 0.001, and 6.71 ng/l versus 3.23 ng/l, P <0.001, respectively). The respective local 25‐hydroxy vitamin D3 and interleukin‐1β levels significantly decreased from baseline to 2 and 6 months after therapy (8,950 nmol/l versus 5,650 nmol/l versus 3,438 nmol/l, P <0.001, and 10,595 ng/l versus 5,495 ng/l versus 3,960 ng/l, P <0.001, respectively). Systemic and local 25‐hydroxy vitamin D3 concentrations were positively correlated at baseline (r = 0.877; P = 0.022), as was osteocalcin (r = 0.939; P = 0.005).

Conclusions: 25‐hydroxy vitamin D3 and interleukin‐1β levels were systemically and locally reduced in patients with GAgP by initial periodontal therapy. 25‐hydroxy vitamin D3 might be involved in periodontal inflammation.