bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low Soluble Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1, Endoglin, and Endothelin-1 Levels in Women With Confirmed or Suspected Preeclampsia Using Proton Pump Inhibitors
Authors: Saleh Langeza , Samantar Raaho , Garrelds Ingrid M. , van den Meiracker Anton H. , Visser Willy , Danser A.H. Jan
Published: July 2017

Patients with preeclampsia display elevated placenta-derived sFlt-1 (soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1) and endoglin levels and decreased placental growth factor levels. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) decrease trophoblast sFlt-1 and endoglin secretion in vitro. PPIs are used during pregnancy to combat reflux disease. Here, we investigated whether PPIs affect sFlt-1 in women with confirmed/suspected preeclampsia, making use of a prospective cohort study involving 430 women. Of these women, 40 took PPIs (6 esomeprazole, 32 omeprazole, and 2 pantoprazole) for 8 to 45 (median 29) days before sFlt-1 measurement. Measurements were only made once, at study entry between weeks 20 and 41 (median 33 weeks). PPI use was associated with lower sFlt-1 levels, with no change in placental growth factor levels, both when compared with all non-PPI users and with 80 gestational age-matched controls selected from the non-PPI users. No sFlt-1/placental growth factor alterations were observed in women using ferrous fumarate or macrogol while, as expected, women using antihypertensive medication displayed higher sFlt-1 levels and lower placental growth factor levels. The PPI use-associated decrease in sFlt-1 was independent of the application of antihypertensive drugs and also occurred when restricting our analysis to patients with hypertensive disease of pregnancy at study entry. PPI users displayed more cases with preexisting proteinuria, less gestational hypertension, and a lower number of neonatal sepsis cases. Finally, their plasma endoglin and endothelin-1 levels were lower while sFlt-1 levels correlated positively with both. In conclusion, PPI use associates with low sFlt-1, endoglin, and endothelin-1 levels, warranting prospective trials to investigate the therapeutic potential of PPIs in preeclampsia.
Relationship between Vascular Resistance and Sympathetic Nerve Fiber Density in Arterial Vessels in Children With Sleep Disordered Breathing
Authors: Kontos Anna , Lushington Kurt , Martin James , Schwarz Quenten , Green Ryan , Wabnitz David , Xu Xiangjun , M. Sokoya Elke , Willoughby Scott , Baumert Mathias , Ferrante Antonio , La Forgia Melissa , Kennedy Declan
Published: July 2017

Background

Sleep disordered breathing in children is associated with increased blood flow velocity and sympathetic overactivity. Sympathetic overactivity results in peripheral vasoconstriction and reduced systemic vascular compliance, which increases blood flow velocity during systole. Augmented blood flow velocity is recognized to promote vascular remodeling. Importantly, increased vascular sympathetic nerve fiber density and innervation in early life plays a key role in the development of early‐onset hypertension in animal models. Examination of sympathetic nerve fiber density of the tonsillar arteries in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy for Sleep disordered breathing will address this question in humans.

Methods and Results

Thirteen children scheduled for adenotonsillectomy to treat sleep disordered breathing underwent pupillometry, polysomnography, flow‐mediated dilation, resting brachial artery blood flow velocity (velocity time integral), and platelet aggregation. The dorsal lingual artery (tonsil) was stained and immunofluorescence techniques used to determine sympathetic nerve fiber density. Sympathetic nerve fiber density was correlated with increased resting velocity time integral (
r
=0.63;
P
<0.05) and a lower Neuronal Pupillary Index (
r
=−0.71,
P
<0.01), as well as a slower mean pupillary constriction velocity (mean,
r
=−0.64;
P
<0.05). A faster resting velocity time integral was associated with a slower peak pupillary constriction velocity (
r
=−0.77;
P
<0.01) and higher platelet aggregation to collagen antigen (
r
=0.64;
P
<0.05). Slower mean and peak pupillary constriction velocity were associated with higher platelet aggregation scores (
P
<0.05;
P
<0.01, respectively).

Conclusions

These results indicate that sympathetic activity is associated with change in both the function and structure of systemic vasculature in children with sleep disordered breathing.
Blood Biomarkers for the Early Diagnosis of Stroke
Authors: Bustamante Alejandro , López-Cancio Elena , Pich Sara , Penalba Anna , Giralt Dolors , García-Berrocoso Teresa , Ferrer-Costa Carles , Gasull Teresa , Hernández-Pérez María , Millan Mónica , Rubiera Marta , Cardona Pedro , Cano Luis , Quesada Helena , Terceño Mikel , Silva Yolanda , Castellanos Mar , Garces Moisés , Reverté Silvia , Ustrell Xavier , Marés Rafael , Baiges Joan Josep , Serena Joaquín , Rubio Francisco , Salas Eduardo , Dávalos Antoni , Montaner Joan
Published: July 2017

Background and Purpose—

Stroke diagnosis could be challenging in the acute phase. We aimed to develop a blood-based diagnostic tool to differentiate between real strokes and stroke mimics and between ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes in the hyperacute phase.

Methods—

The Stroke-Chip was a prospective, observational, multicenter study, conducted at 6 Stroke Centers in Catalonia. Consecutive patients with suspected stroke were enrolled within the first 6 hours after symptom onset, and blood samples were drawn immediately after admission. A 21-biomarker panel selected among previous results and from the literature was measured by immunoassays. Outcomes were differentiation between real strokes and stroke mimics and between ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. Predictive models were developed by combining biomarkers and clinical variables in logistic regression models. Accuracy was evaluated with receiver operating characteristic curves.

Results—

From August 2012 to December 2013, 1308 patients were included (71.9% ischemic, 14.8% stroke mimics, and 13.3% hemorrhagic). For stroke versus stroke mimics comparison, no biomarker resulted included in the logistic regression model, but it was only integrated by clinical variables, with a predictive accuracy of 80.8%. For ischemic versus hemorrhagic strokes comparison, NT-proBNP (N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide) >4.9 (odds ratio, 2.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.55–3.71;
P
<0.0001) and endostatin >4.7 (odds ratio, 2.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.19–3.45;
P
=0.010), together with age, sex, blood pressure, stroke severity, atrial fibrillation, and hypertension, were included in the model. Predictive accuracy was 80.6%.

Conclusions—

The studied biomarkers were not sufficient for an accurate differential diagnosis of stroke in the hyperacute setting. Additional discovery of new biomarkers and improvement on laboratory techniques seem necessary for achieving a molecular diagnosis of stroke.
Systematic Review of the Cost and Cost-Effectiveness of Rapid Endovascular Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Sevick Laura K. , Ghali Sarah , Hill Michael D. , Danthurebandara Vishva , Lorenzetti Diane L. , Noseworthy Tom , Spackman Eldon , Clement Fiona
Published: July 2017

Background and Purpose—

Rapid endovascular therapy (EVT) is an emerging treatment option for acute ischemic stroke. Several economic evaluations have been published examining the cost-effectiveness of EVT, and many international bodies are currently making adoption decisions. The objective of this study was to establish the cost-effectiveness of EVT for ischemic stroke patients and to synthesize all the publicly available economic literature.

Methods—

A systematic review of the published literature was conducted to identify economic evaluations and cost analyses of EVT for acute ischemic stroke patients. Systematic review best practices were followed, and study quality was assessed.

Results—

Four-hundred sixty-three articles were identified from electronic databases. After deduplication, abstract review, and full-text review, 17 studies were included. Seven of the studies were cost analyses, and 10 were cost-effectiveness studies. Generally, the cost analyses reported on the cost of the approach/procedure or the hospitalization costs associated with EVT. All of the cost-effectiveness studies reported a cost per quality-adjusted life year as the primary outcomes. Studies varied in regards to the costs considered, the perspective adopted, and the time horizon used. All the studies reported a cost per quality-adjusted life year of <$50 000 as the primary outcome.

Conclusions—

There is a robust body of evidence for the cost and cost-effectiveness of EVT. The cost analyses suggested that although EVT was associated with higher costs, it also resulted in improved patient outcomes. From the cost-effectiveness studies, EVT seems to be good value for money when a threshold of $50 000 per quality-adjusted life year gained is adopted.
Real-World Setting Comparison of Nonvitamin-K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants Versus Vitamin-K Antagonists for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Ntaios George , Papavasileiou Vasileios , Makaritsis Konstantinos , Vemmos Konstantinos , Michel Patrik , Lip Gregory Y.H.
Published: July 2017

Background and Purpose—

Evidence from the real-world setting complements evidence coming from randomized controlled trials. We aimed to summarize all available evidence from high-quality real-world observational studies about efficacy and safety of nonvitamin-K oral anticoagulants compared with vitamin-K antagonists in patients with atrial fibrillation.

Methods—

We searched PubMed and Web of Science until January 7, 2017 for observational nationwide or health insurance databases reporting matched or adjusted results comparing nonvitamin-K oral anticoagulants versus vitamin-K antagonists in patients with atrial fibrillation. Outcomes assessed included ischemic stroke, ischemic stroke or systemic embolism, any stroke or systemic embolism, myocardial infarction, intracranial hemorrhage, major hemorrhage, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and death.

Results—

In 28 included studies of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban compared with vitamin-K antagonists, all 3 nonvitamin-K oral anticoagulants were associated with a large reduction of intracranial hemorrhage (apixaban hazard ratio [HR], 0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.31–0.63; dabigatran HR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.37–0.49; rivaroxaban HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.47–0.86); similar rates of ischemic stroke and ischemic stroke or systemic embolism (apixaban HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.75–1.19 and HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.95–1.22 / dabigatran HR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.80–1.16 and HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.92–1.50 / rivaroxaban HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.76–1.04 and HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.52–1.04, respectively); apixaban and dabigatran with lower mortality (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.56–0.75 and HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.53–0.75, respectively); apixaban with fewer gastrointestinal (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.42–0.95) and major hemorrhages (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.48–0.63); dabigatran and rivaroxaban with more gastrointestinal hemorrhages (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.06–1.36 and HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.08–1.41, respectively); dabigatran and rivaroxaban with similar rate of myocardial infarction (HR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.77–1.21 and HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.54–1.89, respectively).

Conclusions—

This meta-analysis confirms the main findings of the randomized controlled trials of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban in the real-world setting and, hence, strengthens their validity.
On “Dative Idioms” in English
Authors: Larson Richard K.
Published: July 2017

Appeals to idiom data have played an important role in arguments about the relation between English prepositional datives ( Mary gave a present to John) and double object forms ( Mary gave John a present).The claimed existence of idioms in both types has led researchers to conclude that the two constructions are independent, with no derivational relation between them. This article shows that the factual claims are mistaken: no English dative idioms exist in either type. Forms like give ~ the creeps/ show ~ the ropes are not double object idioms because they are not idioms—they are fully compositional. Forms like throw ~ to the wolves/ send ~ to the showers are not dative idioms because they are not datives—they are caused-motion constructions. The former misanalysis arises from a confusion of idioms with collocations. The latter misanalysis arises from a simplistic view about the syntax-semantics mapping, namely, that oblique datives univocally express caused motion. Given that English dative idioms do not exist, arguments about the derivational relatedness of dative forms in English must appeal to other data.
Icelandic Object Extraposition Is Still a Problem for the Movement Theory of Control: A Reply to Drummond and Hornstein
Authors: Wood Jim
Published: July 2017

In Wood 2012 , I argued that object extraposition of infinitive clauses in Icelandic reveals a problem for the movement theory of control (MTC). Object extraposition involves a pronoun that, when present, prevents any movement out of the extraposed clause, but allows the control dependency. Drummond and Hornstein (2014) claim that the facts discussed in Wood 2012 are compatible with the MTC. In this reply, I show that their response is based on a misunderstanding of how Icelandic object extraposition works and that the problem observed in Wood 2012 remains. I also present a novel argument against the MTC by showing that Drummond and Hornstein’s account of ‘promise’ - type verbs cannot be extended to Icelandic.
Clause-Bounded Movement: Stylistic Fronting and Phase Theory
Authors: Ingason Anton Karl , Wood Jim
Published: July 2017

In this squib, we provide novel empirical support for treating the thematic domain—the vP—as a locality domain like CP (a phase), in agreement with a growing body of research (see Fox 1999 , Barbiers 2002 , Legate 2003 , Rackowski and Richards 2005 , Cozier 2006 , Kahnemuyipour and Megerdoomian 2011 , Buell 2012 , Van Urk and Richards 2015 ; see Den Dikken 2006 for an opposing view). We show how vP phasehood solves a previously unsolved problem for defining the locality of Icelandic Stylistic Fronting. We present novel data to show that Stylistic Fronting of verbs and particles can only cross one phase boundary, a generalization that is empirically superior to clause-boundedness. Our study supports the view that v defines a phase edge whether the verb is linked to an external argument or not ( Legate 2003 , Marantz 2007 ).
Close Encounters of the Sufi Kind
Authors: Homerin Th. Emil
Published: July 2017

In a well-known story, ʿUmar Ibn al-Fāriḍ appears to ʿUmar al-Suhrawardī in Mecca during the Hajj with good news from the Unseen world. The two Sufi masters later meet again, and al-Suhrawardī invests Ibn al-Fāriḍ’s sons and others with the khirqah, or Sufi robe. Despite the wondrous elements in this account, new evidence suggests that much of this story is true. The proof texts are two poems by Muḥammad Ibn al-Khiyamī, and they underscore the value of poetry, particularly the ikhwāniyyāt, or verse exchanged between friends and colleagues, as a vital source for the social history of Islamic mysticism at that time.
Chusquea kleinii, a new bamboo from the Atlantic forests of Brazil segregated from C. capituliflora (Poaceae: Bambusoideae)
Authors: MOTA ALINE C. , OLIVEIRA REYJANE P. , CARVALHO-SOBRINHO JEFFERSON G. , VIDAL KAIO VINICIUS A. , CLARK LYNN G.
Published: July 2017

A new species belonging to the woody bamboo genus Chusquea (Poaceae, Bambusoideae) is herein segregated from C. capituliflora and described as C. kleinii, based upon observations of macromorphological characters made on living plants in the field, and the micromorphology of leaf surfaces, especially papillae on the abaxial epidermis. Both taxa are endemic to the southern Brazilian Atlantic forest.
A new species of Phaseolus (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) sister to Phaseolus vulgaris, the common bean
Authors: RENDÓN-ANAYA MARTHA , HERRERA-ESTRELLA ALFREDO , GEPTS PAUL , DELGADO-SALINAS ALFONSO
Published: July 2017

Integrating the information provided by different lines of evidence generated in previous studies, Phaseolus debouckii, a new species is described and illustrated. This species occurs only in central-southern Ecuador and north western Peru, mostly in what is known as the Amatope-Huancabamba Depression, and represents a sister species to Phaseolus vulgaris L. A comparison table with quantitative and qualitative morphological characters is given, as well as a distribution map and ecological information.
Two new species of Dyfrolomyces (Dyfrolomycetaceae, Dothideomycetes) from karst landforms
Authors: ZHANG JIN-FENG , LIU JIAN-KUI , HYDE KEVIN D. , CHEN YA-YA , LIU YONG-XIANG , LIU ZUO-YI
Published: July 2017

A survey of saprobic fungi yielded two new ascomycetes, Dyfrolomyces maolanensis and D. thamplaensis, which were isolated from dead branches collected from karst landforms of China and Thailand respectively. Both of them are characterized by immersed, clypeate, papillate ascomata, long cylindrical, short-pedicellate asci and fusiform, guttulate, 3-septate ascospores. Molecular analysis of combined LSU, SSU and TEF1-a sequence data placed them in the family Dyfrolomycetaceae with good support. Morphologically, they differ from other species of Dyfrolomyces by their ascospores, which are normally 3-septate, fusiform with acute or angular ends. And those reported Dyfrolomyces species were collected aquatic habitats, while our new species in this study were collected from terrestrial habitats. Saccardoella aquatica shares the similar morphology with these two new taxa, but can be distinguished in having its smaller asci and ascospores. Therefore, we introduce D thamplaensis and D. maolanensis here as new species and also transfer S. aquatica to Dyfrolomyces based on its similar morphological characters, as well as the molecular evidence of above two new taxa.
Two new species of the genus Sinotilla Lelej, 1995 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with notes on taxonomic characters
Authors: OKAYASU JURIYA
Published: July 2017

Sinotilla calopoda sp. nov. (Indonesia, Jawa Barat) and S. ohbayashii sp. nov. (China, Fujian) are described and illustrated based on females. A key to species (females) of the genus Sinotilla is given. The importance of head shape for taxonomy is discussed.
New Tanytarsus van der Wulp from the Brazilian Amazonia indicate clues to intrageneric relations (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: DANTAS GALILEU P.S. , GIŁKA WOJCIECH
Published: July 2017

Three new distinctive species of the genus Tanytarsus van der Wulp, 1874 are described from the Amazon rainforest, Brazil, and their systematic position is analysed. As a result, three new species groups are proposed. Tanytarsus illustris sp. nov. (Roraima) couples with T. hirsutus Trivinho-Strixino, Wiedenbrug et da Silva, 2015, both species featuring an elongated hypopygial anal tergite point lacking crests and spinulae, a strongly shortened digitus and a median volsella bearing two peculiar lamellae (the Tanytarsus hirsutus species group). Tanytarsus insignis sp. nov. (Amazonas) keys with T. impar Trivinho-Strixino et Strixino, 2004 and T. magnus Trivinho-Strixino et Strixino, 2004, all the species distinct in having an elongate superior volsella and digitus, a strong club-shaped inferior volsella and anal point lacking crests and/or spinulae (the Tanytarsus impar species group). Tanytarsus insolens sp. nov. (Amazonas) displays an extraordinarily structured, bilobed superior volsella, the character treated as diagnostic for a group proposed for this species and T. kiche Vinogradova, Riss et Spies, 2009 (the Tanytarsus kiche species group).
New species of the genus Elimaea Stål, 1874 (Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) from China
Authors: WANG GANG , SHI FUMING
Published: July 2017

Eight new species of the genus Elimaea are described from China, belonging to subgenera Rhaebelimaea and Poaefoliana, i.e. E. (Rhaebelimaea) acuminata sp. nov., E. (Rh.) expansa sp. nov., E. (Rh.) trapeziformis sp. nov., E. (Rh.) maculata sp. nov., E. (Rh.) mucronatis sp. nov., E. (Rh.) saturata sp. nov., E. (Rh.) elongata sp. nov., and E. (Poaefoliana) emlobata sp. nov. Appropriate photographs and illustrations for new species are provided. The material is deposited in the Museum of Hebei University.
3. Love and its Absences in Late Latin and Greek Poetry
Authors: Bryson Michael , Movsesian Arpi
Published: July 2017

This chapter investigates both the poetic presence of love and its distinct absence in Latin and Greek poetry of the late antiquity. Focusing first on Latin, the author underlines that after Virgil and Ovid, love began to disappear from the literary scene, with more contemporary poets following in the footsteps of Lucan, rather than Ovid. Over time, theology came to dominate Latin writing, and this was accompanied by a marked distancing from the human as poetic topic, and a movement to the divine. Contrastingly, love was kept alive in the Greek counterpart, particularly in the group of writers known as Erotici Graeci, whose most notable member was Longus. The chapter pays specific attention to Longus’ work, Daphnis and Chloe, which was referred to by Hagstrum as ‘one of the subtlest explorations of dawning love in literature’. It then turns its focus to Musaeus’ version of the legend of Hero and Leander, where, not unlike the poetry of the Troubadours, Shakespeare, and Milton, the ‘theme of love’s mutuality’ is explored.
5. Fin’amor Castrated: Abelard, Heloise, and the Critics who Deny
Authors: Bryson Michael , Movsesian Arpi
Published: July 2017

A brief chapter on the famous story of Abelard and Heloise, illustrating the difference between the fraud (courtly love) and the real, if dangerous, thing (fin’amor). This chapter also deals with criticism—specifically the tradition (contested, though far from extinguished today) of denying the authenticity of the famous letters amidst suggestions that the passions portrayed therein are either false, or merely pedagogical.
Diverse Characteristics of U.S. Summer Heat Waves
Authors: Lyon Bradfield , Barnston Anthony G.
Published: July 2017

Heat waves are climate extremes having significant environmental and social impacts. However, there is no universally accepted definition of a heat wave. The major goal of this study is to compare characteristics of continental U.S. warm season (May–September) heat waves defined using four different variables—temperature itself and three variables incorporating atmospheric moisture—all for differing intensity and duration requirements. To normalize across different locations and climates, daily intensity is defined using percentiles computed over the 1979–2013 period. The primary data source is the U.S. Historical Climatological Network (USHCN), with humidity data from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) also tested and utilized. The results indicate that heat waves defined using daily maximum temperatures are more frequent and persistent than when based on minimum temperatures, with substantial regional variations in behavior. For all four temperature variables, heat waves based on daily minimum values have greater spatial coherency than for daily maximum values. Regionally, statistically significant upward trends (1979–2013) in heat wave frequency are identified, largest when based on daily minimum values, across variables. Other notable differences in behavior include a higher frequency of heat waves based on maximum temperature itself than for variables that include humidity, while daily minimum temperatures show greater similarity across all variables in this regard. Overall, the study provides a baseline to compare with results from climate model simulations and projections, for examining differing regional and large-scale circulation patterns associated with U.S. summer heat waves and for examining the role of land surface conditions in modulating regional variations in heat wave behavior.
The Chiricahua Gap and the Role of Easterly Water Vapor Transport in Southeastern Arizona Monsoon Precipitation
Authors: Ralph F. Martin , Galarneau Thomas J.
Published: July 2017

Between North America’s Sierra Madre and Rocky Mountains exists a little-recognized terrain “gap.” This study defines the gap, introduces the term “Chiricahua Gap,” and documents the role of easterly transport of water vapor through the gap in modulating summer monsoon precipitation in southeastern Arizona. The gap is near the Arizona–New Mexico border north of Mexico and is approximately 250 km wide by 1 km deep. It is the lowest section along a 3000-km length of the Continental Divide from 16° to 45°N and represents 80% of the total cross-sectional area below 2.5 km MSL open to horizontal water vapor transport in that region. This study uses reanalyses and unique upper-air observations in a case study and a 15-yr climatology to show that 72% (76%) of the top-quartile (decile) monsoon precipitation days in southeast Arizona during 2002–16 occurred in conditions with easterly water vapor transport through the Chiricahua Gap on the previous day.
Subthermocline and Intermediate Zonal Currents in the Tropical Pacific Ocean: Paths and Vertical Structure
Authors: Cravatte S. , Kestenare Elodie , Marin Frédéric , Dutrieux Pierre , Firing Eric
Published: July 2017

The mean subthermocline and intermediate zonal circulation in the tropical Pacific is investigated using a compilation of shipboard ADCP measurements and absolute geostrophic velocities constructed from a high-resolution 0–2000-m Argo climatology referenced to a 1000-m velocity field derived from Argo float drifts. This reference field is dominated by basinwide alternating zonal jets with a meridional wavelength of about 3°. In regions where the sampling of SADCP data is sufficient, the consistency between the two independent datasets is striking; using the Argo drift reference is crucial to capture the current structures. Two apparently distinct systems of alternating westward and eastward zonal jets are seen in both datasets equatorward of 10°: a series of low-latitude subthermocline currents (LLSCs) below the thermocline, extending from about 200 to 800 m, including the eastward Tsuchiya jets; and a series of low-latitude intermediate currents (LLICs), extending from about 700 to at least 2000 m. These systems seem to merge poleward of 10°. Both series shoal to lighter densities eastward. The subthermocline currents and their associated potential vorticity structures undergo a major shift near 155°W, suggesting some difference in the dynamic regime between the regions west and east of this longitude. Differing behaviors (the LLSCs tend to angle poleward to the east, whereas the LLICs angle slightly equatorward) suggest that these jets may be dynamically distinct, with different forcing mechanisms.
An Evaluation of Radar-Based Tornado Track Estimation Products by Oklahoma Public Safety Officials
Authors: Kuster Charles M. , Heinselman Pamela L. , Snyder Jeffrey C. , Wilson Katie A. , Speheger Douglas A. , Hocker James E.
Published: July 2017

Many public safety officials (e.g., emergency managers and first responders) use weather-radar data to inform many life-saving decisions, such as sounding outdoor warning sirens and directing storm spotters. Therefore, to include this important user group in ongoing radar applications research, a knowledge coproduction framework is used to interact with, learn from, and provide information to public safety officials. From these interactions, it became clear that radar-based products that estimate a tornado’s location, intensity, or both could be valuable to public safety officials. Therefore, a survey was conducted and a focus group formed to 1) collect feedback on several of these products currently under development, 2) identify potential decisions that could be made with these products, and 3) examine the impact of radar update time on product usefulness. An analysis of the survey and focus group responses revealed that public safety officials preferred simple interactive products provided to them using multiple communication methods. Once received, any product that could clearly communicate where a tornado may have occurred would likely help public safety officials focus search and rescue efforts in the immediate aftermath of a tornado. Additionally, public safety officials preferred products created using rapid-update data (1–2-min volumetric updates) over conventional-update data (4–5-min volumetric updates) because it provided them with more complete information.
The Desire of God
Authors: Moore Dom Sebastian
Published: July 2017

Would they somehow grope their way towards Him? Would they find Him? And jet, after all, He is not far away from any one of us; it is in Him that we live and move and have our being (Acts xvii, 27).
Riding the First-Year Roller Coaster
Authors: Moir Ellen
Published: July 2017

Are you feeling overwhelmed by the demands of your classroom? If so, you're not alone. These tips will help you survive and even thrive.
Teachers Talk about Using Social Media
Authors: Magette Kristin
Published: July 2017

Would you like to use social media tools in your classroom? Four Kansas teachers share their social media stories and what works for them.
Articular Disc and Eminence Modeling after Experimental Relocation of the Glenoid Fossa in Growing Rabbits
Authors: Pirttiniemi P. , Kantomaa T. , Tuominen M. , Salo L.
Published: July 2017

The articular surface of the glenoid fossa shows some analogy to the mandibular condyle, since the surface is covered by secondary cartilage, which makes the process more elastic than purely bony structures. The condylar cartilage has been shown to be responsive to alterations in load pressures, and this secondary type of cartilage is also able to increase its proliferative activity to a limited extent when the load pressure is altered. The aim here was to measure changes in proliferative activity and type II collagen secretion in the articular surface of the glenoid fossa after steady experimental posterior relocation of the fossa in the rabbit without actively interfering with normal masticatory action. The shape of the articular disc and interrelations of the joint components were measured macroscopically.

Twenty-four five-day-old rabbits underwent gluing of the interparietal, temporoparietal, and lambdoidal sutures. Three experimental and 3 control rabbits were injected with tritiated thymidine at 10, 15, 20, and 30 days and were killed after 2 h for histological, autoradiographic, and immunohistochemical examination. The total number of labeled cells in the proliferative layer near the articular eminence was higher in the experimental group, the difference being greatest in the 15-and 20-day-old rabbits.

Immunohistochemical examination revealed less staining for type II collagen on the postero-inf erior side of the eminence in the experimental group. The articular disc was flattened in the experimental group, and the elastic tissue bundle connecting the articular eminence and the anterior border of the disc was significantly narrower and longer.
Proton Probe and Acid Etching for Determining Fluoride Profiles in Porous Porcine Enamel
Authors: Richards A. , Coote G.E. , Pearce E.I.F.
Published: July 2017

An acid-etch technique and a proton probe were used to obtain profiles of changes in fluoride concentrations across enamel of 24 normal and 24 fluorotic porcine teeth. Polished and unpolished sections were used for probe measurements, and blocks of enamel cut from tissue adjacent to the sections were used for acid etching. Additional blocks were etched with acid containing dye to study penetration of acid beyond the sampling sites. Probe-derived values were characterized by wide fluctuations. They were also higher than acid-etch values, and this difference was reduced but not eliminated by polishing the sections prior to scanning. Profiles obtained with the two methods followed a parallel course in fluorotic and normal enamel. Thus, errors due to chemical estimations of enamel depth with the etch technique were not demonstrated, although penetration of acid deep to the surf ace of the porous fluorotic enamel was observed. Further development of the precision of the probe method is required to optimize the unique advantage provided by the potential accuracy, speed of data collection, and spatial resolution of this method.
Transforming Growth Factor-beta-1 Reduces Alkaline Phosphatase mRNA and Activity and Stimulates Cell Proliferation in Cultures of Human Pulp Cells
Authors: Shirakawa M. , Shiba H. , Nakanishi K. , Ogawa T. , Okamoto H. , Nakashima K. , Noshiro M. , Kato Y.
Published: July 2017

Transforming growth factor-beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) is a potent modulator of proliferation and differentiation in various tissues, and may be involved in the control of dental development and repair. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of TGF-beta-1 on alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity and mRNA level, and on DNA content in cultures of human pulp cells. Four lines of pulp cells (P1-P4), isolated from the upper wisdom teeth of four patients, were maintained separately in monolayer cultures in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum. TGF-beta-1, at 0.1 ng/mL, increased ALPase activity and DNA content in P1 cultures, but not in P2-P4 cultures. In all cultures, TGF-beta-1, at 5 ng/mL, decreased ALPase activity to a very low level, and increased DNA content. Northern analysis showed that human pulp cells synthesized a single species of 2.6-kb liver/bone/kidney-type ALPase, and that TGF-beta-1, at 5 ng/mL, decreased the level of the ALPase mRNA. These results suggest that TGF-beta-1 is a mitogen for human pulp cells, and that it regulates the activity of the universal-type ALPase at the pre-translational level.
Induction of Dentin Formation on Canine Amputated Pulp by Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP)-2 and -4
Authors: Nakashima M.
Published: July 2017

Dental pulp cells have the potential to differentiate into odontoblasts. The molecular mechanisms underlying differentiation are not clear. Demineralized dentin matrix is osteoinductive and contains bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) activity. BMPs have been implicated in embryonic odontogenic differentiation and hence may play a role in the differentiation of adult pulp cells into odontoblasts during pulpal healing. This study examined the hypothesis that BMPs induce dentin formation on amputated canine pulp. Recombinant human BMP-2 and BMP-4 were capped with inactivated dentin matrix on amputated pulp. At two months, the amputated pulp was filled with tubular dentin in the lower part and osteodentin in the upper part. The amount of dentin formed was markedly diminished when dentin matrix alone was implanted. These findings imply that recombinant human BMP-2 and BMP-4 induce differentiation of adult pulp cells into odontoblasts. Thus, BMPs may have a role in dentistry as a bioactive pulp-capping agent to induce dentin formation.
A Two-body Frictional Wear Test
Authors: Wassell R.W. , McCabe J.E. , Walls A.W.G.
Published: July 2017

Enamel abraders used in two-body wear tests suffer the disadvantage that standardization is difficult or impossible to obtain. The aim of this study was to test whether steatite (a ceramic material with a Vickers Hardness similar to that of enamel) could be used as a satisfactory human enamel analogue. The friction and wear characteristics of 'spherical' abraders made from these two materials against composite and amalgam specimens were therefore compared. A two-body wear test for restorative materials was devised which could be carried out in a Universal Testing Machine and which allowed for continuous monitoring of the frictional forces during wear. The results showed that steatite and enamel abraders produced similar coefficients of friction (correlation coefficient, r = 0.98). A linear relationship was found between depth (and volume) of wear and number of cycles (r = 0.98 to 0.99). Wear rate was not affected by the increase in abrader facet area. The wear rate against the steatite abrader was slightly greater than that against enamel, but the two abraders were reasonably correlated (r = 0.94). Friction and wear were correlated for the steatite abrader (P < 0.05, r = 0.88) but not the enamel abrader. The hybrid composites had a high wear rate and wore both the abraders more than did the microfilled composites or amalgam. These findings suggest that steatite is a suitable substitute for enamel in this type of test.
Clinical Characteristics of Halitosis: Differences in Two Patient Groups with Primary and Secondary Complaints of Halitosis
Authors: Iwakura M. , Yasuno Y. , Shimura M. , Sakamoto S.
Published: July 2017

Halitosis, defined as an unpleasant oral odor, has become a health concern among the general public. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity of clinical characteristics of halitosis of the patients who visited dental clinics. Sixty-eight patients with primary complaints of halitosis and 19 patients with primary complaints of periodontal diseases but secondary complaints of halitosis were studied by organoleptic examination. The patients with primary complaints were diagnosed as having halitosis in fewer cases than the patients with secondary complaints-25% and 53%, respectively. Patient complaints for halitosis were further categorized, by questionnaire, into three types: Type 1, self-conscious ; Type 2, conscious by the indication of others; and Type 3, conscious by presumptions from the attitude of others. Although 80% of the patients of both groups were of Type 1, only 24.1% of the Type 1 patients with primary complaint, in comparison with 50% of the Type 1 patients with secondary complaint, were actually found to have halitosis. The results suggest that the majority of patients with primary complaints of halitosis at the dental clinic did not actually have halitosis, but suffered from an imaginary halitosis due to presumptions based upon others' attitudes. After treatment, these patients were more likely to be dissatisfied than patients who had visited the clinic with halitosis as their secondary complaint.
Pulsating Electromagnetic Field Stimulates mRNA Expression of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 and -4
Authors: Nagai M. , Ota M.
Published: July 2017

The effects of a pulsating electromagnetic field on mRNA expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and -4 in chick embryonic calvaria were examined. From the onset of embryogenesis (Day 0), chick embryos were incubated in a continuously generated pulsating electromagnetic field with a peak of 3.5 milli-Tesla (mean: 2 milli-Tesla) and vibration at 15 Hz. Control chicks were incubated in a normal magnetic field. Northern-blot analysis showed that the mRNAs of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and -4 were expressed in the calvaria. Quantitative analysis of the mRNA expressions was done by means of slot-blot hybridization. The magnetic field enhanced the expressions of both mRNAs. The enhancements were more pronounced in younger chick embryos (Day 15 > Day 17), and no significant change was observed in the 19-day-old embryos. These results indicate that osteo-inductive effects of the magnetic field were mediated at least in part by bone morphogenetic protein-2 and -4.
Selected Restoration and Tooth Conditions: United States, 1988–1991
Authors: White B.A. , Albertini T.F. , Brown L.J. , Larach-Robinson D. , Redford M. , Selwitz R.H.
Published: July 2017

The DMF index provides one source of information on past and present dental caries experience; however, important limitations hinder its ability to characterize fully the impact of dental caries. The purpose of this paper is to describe a measure of selected restoration and tooth conditions that supplements information from the DMF index and to report on the application of this measure as part of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Phase 1, conducted between 1988 and 1991. Data from this survey were used to estimate the prevalence and severity of selected disaggregated physical and biological oral conditions among dentate adults aged 18 to 74 years. Trained, standardized, and calibrated dentist examiners assessed 28 permanent teeth or tooth spaces for each of 6,767 subjects. Teeth or tooth spaces were classified based on criteria for: defective intracoronal restorations, crowns, or bridges; gross loss of tooth structure associated with a restoration; pulpal involvement; or retained roots. Approximately 40.5%, or 61.6 million, dentate adults had at least one tooth or tooth space that met the criteria. Among all persons, an average of 0.9 teeth or tooth spaces met the criteria for at least one category. Adults with at least one scored tooth or tooth space had an average of 2.2 such teeth or tooth spaces. Data from this assessment supplement information available from the DMF index to provide a broader profile of the impact of dental caries on permanent teeth of US adults.
‘A young man's brow and an old man's beard’
Authors: Cunningham Jack
Published: July 2017

Although the accounts of Joseph of Arimathea's mission to England have their origins in the medieval era, it was during the early modern period that they began to provide a polemical purpose. The English had for centuries used Joseph as proofpositive that their Church had been founded in apostolic times. In the Reformation this usefulness only increased as Joseph could now be used to demonstrate that the English Church had been founded independently of Rome. What emerged was something of a theological oddity. This article discusses how the British Reformed writers used exactly the type of myths that the Reformation had set its face against, and how ultimately these legends fell from grace.
USAID's health challenge: improving US foreign assistance
Authors: Bate Roger
Published: July 2017

This is the fourth in a series of articles on leadership in international health. The series was coordinated by Kent Buse.
A systematic review of cognition in homeless children and adolescents
Authors: Parks Randolph W , Stevens Richard J , Spence Sean A
Published: July 2017

Objectives

The cognitive function of homeless children and adolescents may be overlooked, albeit understandably, when societal interventions focus on their immediate housing needs. Nevertheless, homelessness might be hypothesized to carry many risks for the developing mind and brain. We wanted to discover whether this hypothesis had been tested previously.

Design

A systematic review to examine whether cognitive impairments were reported in homeless children and adolescents.

Setting

Objective, systematic review of standard databases, examined by key word searches.

Participants

Children and adolescents.

Main outcome measures

Formal assessments of cognition.

Results

We found that in spite of there being many homeless children in the world, fewer than 2000 have been assessed cognitively and reported in the literature. Yet when compared with those who are domiciled, these children tend to have lower intellectual functioning and decreased academic achievement. Furthermore, adolescents evince cognitive impairments in the contexts of drug, physical, and sexual abuse.

Conclusions

We suggest that cognitive and mental health screening be incorporated into those intervention programs deployed to facilitate societal reintegration of homeless children and adolescents.
“Turning Out the Grassroots”
Authors: Lorenzen Janet A. , Gill Elizabeth , Andreoni Mark
Published: July 2017

How can the average person influence environmental policy making? To answer this question, we draw on 21 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with environmental activists, lobbyists, and legislative staff members at the state level. In addition, we supplement our data with field notes at lobby days and legislative hearings as well as 22 interviews with state capital interns. We find that public feedback (e-mails, letters, phone calls, and lobby days) focuses attention on environmental bills and turns them into public issues. We discuss the rare conditions under which e-mail advocacy is modestly effective and also detail the continued importance of personalized communication in interactive lobbying by phone and in person. Environmental activists strategically deploy moderate identities (i.e., concerned parent) in order to transform public issues into personal stories that legitimize their concerns, depoliticize problems, and establish connections with legislators. Personal stories, in turn, benefit from a logical fallacy or the assumption that vocal constituents likely represent concerns shared by additional community members. This interpretation has the potential to convert individualized problems back into public issues with policy solutions.
Association of DNA Aneuploidy with Human Papillomavirus‐Induced Malignant Transformation of Sinonasal Transitional Papillomas
Authors: Klemi Pekka J. , Joensuu Heikki , Siivonen Lasse , Virolainen Erkki , Syrjänen Stina , Syrjänen Kari
Published: July 2017

The nuclear DNA content of 19 transitional papillomas of the sinonasal region and 9 maxillary squamous cell carcinomas was studied by flow cytometry; the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA types 11 and 16 was determined by the in situ hybridization technique from paraffin‐embedded tissue. Thirteen (68%) of the papillomas and none of the carcinomas contained HPV genome. Six (32%) of the papillomas and 4 (44%) of the carcinomas had an aneuploid DNA content. The relative DNA content (DNA Index) of the aneuploid maxillary carcinomas was larger than that of aneuploid papillomas (p = 0.004). Three of the papillomas underwent malignant transformation, all three of which contained HPV type 16 DNA; two were also aneuplold. Data Indicate that papillomas containing HPV type 16 DNA have a tendency (p = 0.06) to undergo malignant transformation, and that this tendency Is greater If DNA aneuploidy or HPV type 11 DNA Is also present (p = 0.02).
Sinus Disease and Surgical Treatment: A Results Oriented Quality Assurance Study
Authors: Hoffman Sanford R. , Dersarkissian Raffi M. , Buck Steven H. , Stinziano Gerald D. , Buck Germaine M.
Published: July 2017

The efficacy of sinus surgery continues to be an Issue of debate among otolaryngologists. In an attempt to address this controversy, a case‐series study design was used to assess the perceived efficacy of sinus surgery in terms of the alleviation of sinus symptoms and overall health benefit. Self‐administered questionnaires were mailed to 142 Individuals who had sinus surgery performed between January 1984, and December 1985. After one follow‐up attempt, 114 questionnaires were completed and returned (80% response). Overall, a high percentage of cases reported postoperative Improvement in breathing difficulties (90%), nasal congestion (88%). headache/facial pain (85%). recurrent sinus Infections (83%), and postnasal drip (80%). In addition. 88% of cases reported the surgery to be of some overall health benefit. These results suggest that sinus surgery, as perceived by surgically treated Individuals, may be effective in the management of chronic sinus disease.
Free Omental Flap Reconstruction of Complicated Head and Neck Wounds
Authors: Panje William R. , Pitcock James K. , Vargish Thomas
Published: July 2017

Complicated wounds of the head and neck Involve a severe deficiency of tissue in a contaminated or Irradiated area that Is predisposed to Infection and necrosis. Reconstruction of these wound areas frequently requires multiple operations and prolonged hospitalization. We have successfully reconstructed complicated head and neck wounds in thirteen patients by means of a single‐stage microvascular tissue transfer of the greater omentum with or without an attached segment of the stomach wall. There were 11 complete successes, two partial failures, and no complete failures. We describe four cases to Illustrate the basic fundamentals of this reconstructive technique.
The Effect of Unilateral Corneal Anesthesia on the Schirmer Test
Authors: Crabtree Gary , Dobie Robert A.
Published: July 2017

Unilateral corneal anesthesia (or hypesthesla) caused by trigeminal nerve disease has an unknown effect on the Schirmer test. Using topical anesthesia, we found that unilateral corneal anesthesia reduces tearing bilaterally, with a greater decrease on the anesthetized side. Clinicians should be aware that trigeminal nerve deficit may alter Schirmer test results, and use bilateral topical corneal anesthesia or alternative methods to stimulate tearing in these cases.