bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Characteristics of Body Size Estimation
Authors: Shontz Franklin C.
Published: September 2011

Groups of male and female Ss estimated the sizes of 10 body parts and of 3 non-body-object stimuli. They also provided ratings of their degree of satisfaction with 40 body parts and somatic characteristics. Women were found to overestimate body part sizes; men's judgments of body part sizes tended to be more veridical. No sex differences in size estimation tendencies were evident for non-body-object stimuli. Women tended to show less stability, i.e., higher average errors, of body part size estimations than men; this difference was not apparent on non-body-object size estimation responses. Body-part size estimation tendencies and non-body-object size estimation tendencies generally correlated about .40, a value high enough to suggest important common psychological processes, but not sufficiently great to alter the statistical conclusions. Scores on the body acceptance scale did not correlate significantly with size estimation tendencies. No difference in over-all level of body acceptance existed between sexes, but females had higher response-variabilities than males. Important sex differences seem to exist in body cognition. Men show greater veridicality of responses at the level of sensorily-mediated perception of the body. Women demonstrate a greater degree of differentiation among body parts and functions. Body-part size estimation responses appear to be sensitive to variations in the measurement conditions under which they are obtained; differences among the findings of independent researches may be a function of procedural dissimilarities. The presence or absence of visual stimulation appears to be an important factor which influences results.
Declines in Auditory Vigilance during Periods of High Multiple-Task Activity
Authors: Alluisi Earl A. , Hall Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

Five, 5-man crews of AFROTC students performed an auditory-vigilance task 4 hr./day on each of 4 days while concurrently performing two other passive tasks and various combinations of three active tasks. In spite of the high level of multiple-task activity required, auditory-vigilance performance declined in the typical way during each 4-hr. duty period. This is interpreted as a demonstration of the inapplicability of an “activation-hypothesis” explanation of vigilance behavior.
Reactions to Novel and Familiar Stimuli as a Function of Schizophrenic Withdrawal
Authors: McReynolds Paul
Published: September 2011

3 groups of schizophrenics, selected in such a way as to represent 3 degrees of withdrawal (Very Withdrawn, n = 19; Moderately Withdrawn, n = 22; and Not Withdrawn, n = 24) were compared on the relative times spent viewing novel and familiar pictures projected onto a screen. The hypothesis was that the novel pictures, as compared with the familiar pictures, would be less appealing to the withdrawn than to the non-withdrawn schizophrenics, as reflected in the times spent viewing the two types of slides. The results supported the hypothesis.
Auditory Pain Thresholds for Intermittent, “Beat” and Steady Signals
Authors: Plutchik Robert
Published: September 2011

Eight Ss were given audiograms and ear examinations to insure normality and then presented with a series of tones at either 1000 cps or 2500 cps. For each frequency the sounds were presented as constant tones, as interrupted pulses, or as “beats,” the pulses and beats being given at repetition rates of either 3, 6, or 15 per sec. For each condition the intensity of the sound was increased by a series of steps. S was to indicate when the tone was “just noticeably unpleasant” (JNU) and when it was “just noticeably painful” (JNP). These thresholds were measured in terms of the db attenuation from a given maximum of 130 ± 2 db. It was found that individual pain thresholds varied from about 100 db to over 130 db, with unpleasantness thresholds about 8 to 10 db below pain thresholds. The 2500-cps signal, irrespective of whether it is presented as a steady stimulus, a series of pulses, or a series of beats, is reacted to as “unpleasant” or as “painful” at a slightly, but consistently lower intensity level than the corresponding 1000-cps tone. At each frequency used, intermittent tones are judged as “unpleasant” or “painful” at lower intensity levels than steady tones. The differences are slight but consistent. Repetition rates of three pulses or beats per second were fairly consistently found to have a lower unpleasantness and pain threshold than either 6 or 15 per sec. In general, pain thresholds seemed to be related primarily to power per pulse, rather than total energy in a series of pulses.
Psychology of the Scientist: VII. The Scientist and the Mortality of Science
Authors: Shelly Maynard W.
Published: September 2011

The culture of science institutionalizes impermanence and this creates a source of adventure but also threatens the results of a lifetime's work.
Visual Orientation in Three-Dimensional Space
Authors: Pfeiffer Mark G.
Published: September 2011

A molar hypothesis concerning visual orientation in three-dimensional space was developed, which considered the task variables and perceptual variables. The key word was synthesis. It was predicted that synthesis (integration) of visual stimuli in varying degrees was required for accurate perception of displacement, velocity, and acceleration. The quality and quantity of this integrative process and its locus were expounded to explain the facts of visual space orientation.
Long-Term Retention under Conditions of Artificially Induced Recall of Related Events
Authors: Bilodeau Edward A. , Levy C. Michael , Sulzer Jefferson L.
Published: September 2011

This is the second of a series of four major studies which examine the interrelationships between two training factors (the first response and informative feedback) and three memory factors (the second response, the recalled feedback, and the response alternative). Only two trials were given, 28 days apart. 671 Ss were reminded of two of the three antecedents in order to evaluate the effect of near perfect recall of two antecedents on memory for the third. The results confirm the hypothesis that reminders are effective in altering memory in a variety of ways. The method of reminders is analysed in detail and so is its relation to similar techniques recently evolved in the field of verbal learning and retention.
Time Gap in the Estimation of Long Duration
Authors: Chatterjea Ram G.
Published: September 2011

Using flash durations of 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 sec., reproduced estimates of duration as well as of the time gap between stimuli were obtained for 23 Ss under three experimental conditions. In general, all the durations were overestimated in all the three conditions. Time gap in Exp. I was fairly constant but was greater as well as less than some stimulus magnitudes in Exp. II. A fixed time gap (Exp. III), however, produced the same trend as in Exp. I.
An Interpretation of the Phenomenological Structure of Perceived Motions
Authors: Mulholland Thomas B.
Published: September 2011

Criteria for classifying perceived motions according to their structure are presented. A numerical index of structure based on discrete serial samples of perception is described. The effects of duration of viewing, illumination level, and instructional sets on the perceived motion as measured with the index of perceptual structure are described, and a speculative interpretation of the results is offered.
Namatjira: Famous Australian Artist
Authors: Porteus S. D.
Published: September 2011

The history of an Australian aboriginal artist is cited as an example of the potential ability in primitive groups and of the difficulties these groups encounter in trying to adapt to Western culture.
A Developmental Study of the Delboeuf Illusion
Authors: Santostefano Sebastian
Published: September 2011

Six-, 9-, and 12-yr.-old boys and girls were compared in terms of the strengths of positive and negative Delboeuf illusions elicited by standards which Piaget demonstrated produced maximal illusion effects in various age groups. Results obtained with the positive illusion, although not statistically significant, give some support to the contention that the illusion decreases with age. However, the negative illusion increased with age and the results indicate that the interaction of age with sex is significant in the operation of this illusion.
Individual Differences in Verbal Learning
Authors: Cieutat Victor J.
Published: September 2011

This study constituted pilot work in the prediction of individual differences on a group-administered paired-associate learning task. A battery of tests was administered to 101 Ss who had practiced for 7 min. on the group task. Scores on the Mechanics of Expression Test of the Cooperative English Test correlated significantly with the criterion ( r = .26, p < .01), as did the sex of Ss ( r = .30, p < .01) (females scored higher than males) and the age of Ss ( r = –.22, p < .05). Suggestions were presented for a more extensive investigation.
Comparison of Physical Performance and Psychological Traits of College Women with High and Low Fitness Indices
Authors: Harris Dorothy V.
Published: September 2011

There is a tendency for the “fit” individual to appear more stable in certain psychological traits and to appear less anxious in others.
Sex Differences in Response to Short-Term Sensory Deprivation and Isolation
Authors: Arnhoff Franklyn N. , Leon Henry V.
Published: September 2011

As part of a larger study of the effects of expectancy on short-term sensory deprivation, the performance of 19 males and 17 females, undergoing 2 hr. of sensory deprivation, was compared on three behavioral measures: Isolation Disturbance, Time Disturbance, and Imagery Disturbance. No significant differences were found between the sexes on any measure.
Effect of the Weight-Contrast Illusion on Rotary Pursuit Performance
Authors: Lordahl Daniel S.
Published: September 2011

The effect of lifting a 7.5-lb. weight during rest intervals on pursuit rotor tracking was compared with no-lift controls and a condition in which Ss lifted only the stylus. Two weights of stylus were also used but this factor had no over-all effect on time on target (TOT) scores. Stylus weight did interact significantly with sex of Ss, the women showing lower TOT scores with the heavier stylus weight. The lifting of either the 7.5-lb. weight or the stylus alone produced significantly lower TOT scores than the no-lift conditions. The weight contrast effect induced by lifting the 7.5-lb. weight produced a short term improvement over the stylus-lifting condition but also a compensating inhibitory effect in later trials.
Note on Estimation of Short Inter-Flash Intervals
Authors: Lichtenstein M. , White C. T. , Harter M. R.
Published: September 2011

When physical time between flashes is 500 msec., perceived time between them decreases as their retinal displacement is increased. A previous study on apparent rate of flicker showed perceived time, contrariwise, to increase with stimulus eccentricity. It was inferred that time judgments in the two situations are founded upon operation of different time referent scales within the visual system.
A Vestibular Technique in the Teaching of Psychology
Authors: Bauer John
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this paper is to show that a course in introductory psychology may be designed and structured in such a way as to meet all academic course requirements and to meet as well, in a most opportune if fortuitous setting, some of the serious emotional needs of young college students. The course serves as a diagnostic and catalytic device for constructively mobilizing the anxieties of “needy,” emotionally burdened, or “traumatized” students, thus accelerating their otherwise often postponed search for professional help in their attempts toward meaningful self-realization. Three case illustrations are given.
Differentiation of Human Figure Drawings Made before and after Temporal Lobectomy and by Schizophrenics
Authors: Weinstein Sidney , Johnson Linda , Guerra Joseph R.
Published: September 2011

Twenty-one clinical psychologists with from 1 to 25 years of experience judged figure drawings made by epileptics before and after temporal lobectomy and by hospitalized schizophrenics. There was no significant ability to differentiate the pre- from the postoperative drawings, or the schizophrenic from either the pre- or postoperative drawings. There was no significant relationship between the ability to differentiate the drawings and years of experience, nor between this ability and certainty of judgment
Relation of Intelligence to Effectiveness of Praise and Reproof as Reinforcers for Fourth-Graders
Authors: Willcutt Herman C. , Kennedy Wallace A.
Published: September 2011

Ninety lower-middle and upper-lower class fourth-grade students of high, medium, and low intelligence were divided into three verbal incentive treatment groups—praise, reproof, and no incentive. Each group was given two trials on a discrimination task, the incentive treatment being applied between trials. The major hypothesis, that there is an interaction between effectiveness of incentive and intelligence, was supported in previous research on high school juniors. But for these fourth graders, although the trend was in the predicted direction, there was no significant relationship between intelligence and effectiveness of verbal incentive. There was a significant difference for this age child, however, between the main effects, with praise being more effective than reproof or no incentive.
Perception Bibliography: X. Psychological Index, No. 7, 1900
Authors: Ammons R. B. , Ammons C. H.
Published: September 2011

This bibliography of 92 references covers all sensory avenues, many illusions, as experiences and in relation to basic skills such as reading and writing.
Continuing Memory Span for Digits
Authors: Pollack Irwin , Johnson Lawrence
Published: September 2011

An estimate of the continuing memory span for digits was obtained by having Ss reproduce a sequence of digits after a fixed delay. By this technique, the continuing memory span is only about three digits. The span decreases with rate of digit presentation and is relatively constant between 2 and 4 alternatives per digit.
Strength of Grip on Arousal from Full Night's Sleep
Authors: Jeanneret Paul R. , Webb Wilse B.
Published: September 2011

The grip strength of 20 males on arousal from sleep was compared with their afternoon performance as measured by the Smedly Hand Dynamometer. There was a significant decrease in grip strength. No recovery effect in the 1-min. tests was found nor was there an effect of repeated morning testings.
Motor Skills Bibliography: XXXVIII. Psychological Abstracts, 1961, Volume 35, First Half
Authors: Ammons R. B. , Ammons C. H.
Published: September 2011

Alphabetical listing of 107 articles on skills.
Effects of Stimulus Reversals on Lateral Dominance in Word Recognition
Authors: Harcum E. Rae , Filion R. D. L.
Published: September 2011

In two experiments, eight-letter words and nonsense words, having the letters and the sequence of letters in normal or reversed orientations, were briefly exposed across fixation. Recognition of letters to the right and left of fixation was, on the whole, affected by directional attributes of the stimuli. These results are interpreted as providing evidence for functional factors in the scanning of visual patterns, as opposed to “structural” dominances in the nervous system.
On the Interrelationship of Binocular Rivalry Rate and Instructions
Authors: Meredith Gerald M. , Meredith Connie G. W.
Published: September 2011

The results of a factor analysis of mean numbers of binocular rivalry reversals perceived by 24 Ss under various instructions are suggestive of further factor analytic work needed in the domain of visual perception, especially reversibility phenomena.
Sensory Preconditioning in Cats following Bilateral Ablation of Temporal Cortex
Authors: Scharlock Donald P. , De Nosaquo Samuel , Stewart David L.
Published: September 2011

Nine normal and eight operated cats with similar bilateral lesions in the auditory cortex were given preconditioning treatment in the form of 200 paired presentations of light and tone. All Ss were subsequently trained to make an avoidance response in a shuttle box with the light serving as a CS. After reaching criterion on this problem they were then trained to make the same avoidance response to a tone. The number of trials saved in learning the tone-avoidance following training on light-avoidance was used as a measure of sensory preconditioning effects. Although such effects were found in normal cats, animals sustaining bilateral ablation of auditory cortex did not appear to profit from the preconditioning treatment.
Some Methods of Psychophysics for Ascertaining Visual Processes in the Pigeon
Authors: Meyer Merle E.
Published: September 2011

Methods of psychophysics can be applied to research on the pigeon by bringing the behavior of the bird under stimulus control and by measuring the appropriate response. When used properly, the methods would show the least amount of energy (the absolute threshold) and the least amount of change in stimuli (the relative threshold) that the bird can detect. One of the foremost problems of animal psychophysics is to find a simple and dependable response. Various methods that have been used are described and evaluated in light of the response problem.
Stimuli Affecting Vocalizations and Basal Skin Resistance of Neonate Chimpanzees
Authors: Berkson Gershon
Published: September 2011

Neonate chimpanzees (N = 5) were presented with lights and sounds of varying intensities and with various tactual stimuli. Tickling lowered basal skin resistance.
Economics of Psychophysical Scales
Authors: Roby T. B.
Published: September 2011

The basic assumption of this paper is that the scalability properties of stimulus continua have functional applicability to the generalization and transfer of adjustive responses: a ratio scalable stimulus continuum, for example, lends itself to more efficient and precise extrapolation of behavior to new conditions than does a nominally ordered set of stimuli. The paper lists auxiliary assumptions necessary to translate this contention into quantitative estimates and derives the comparative performance estimates for the acquisition and retention of an S-R mapping under various scale relations. A final section assesses the assumptions from the standpoint of realism and susceptibility to experimental test.
Effects of Aspirin on Shock Induced Deterioration of Hand Steadiness
Authors: Dinnerstein A. J. , Lowenthal M.
Published: September 2011

Effects of aspirin on hand steadiness were studied as a function of shock intensity and of the temporal relation of shock to behavior. Aspirin had no direct effect on hand steadiness, but increased the disruptive effects of pain and of shock anticipation. Aspirin lacked evident analgesic effects and apparently potentiated Ss responses to anxiety evoking stimuli.
Some Personality Correlates of Attributive Projection
Authors: Silverman Paul L.
Published: September 2011

A procedure was devised to assess individually the degree to which one ascribes his own motivations, feelings, and behavior to others (attributive projection). Attributive projection was found to occur in individuals in varying degrees. Personality variables (three scales of the California Psychological Inventory) were found to relate to individuals' predisposition to employ this mechanism. The results were interpreted as signifying that attributive projection may arise from an excessive need for social approval.
Sex Differences in Body Imagery and Orientation under Sensory Deprivation of Brief Duration
Authors: Reed G. F. , Kenna J. C.
Published: September 2011

Among 14 male Ss and 14 female Ss undergoing 20 min. sensory deprivation sessions, no sex differences were found in numbers reporting movement or disturbances of orientation or body-image.
Button-Pressing for a Time-off Reward during Sensory Deprivation: I. Relation to Activity Reward; II. Relation to Descriptions of Experience
Authors: Rossi Ascanio M. , Solomon Philip
Published: September 2011

Ss in sensory deprivation (S-D) were given the opportunity to button-press for a promised time-off reward. In one study, 10 Ss were in S-D for two 3-hr. sessions, exactly 1 wk. apart. During one session Ss were promised a time-off reward for button-pressing and during the other session, they were given the opportunity to button-press to relieve any felt need for activity. The orders of the two sessions were counterbalanced. The button-press response totals for the two sessions indicated that the activity reward was insignificant for the button-press response while the promised time-off reward produced high rates of responding by some Ss. In a second study, 9 Ss who were promised a time-off reward for button-pressing, upon release from a 3-hr. session, used an adjective check list to describe their subjective experiences while in S-D. Based upon their button-press response totals, the 9 Ss were classified into 3 groups of 3 Ss each: Low Responders, Medium Responders, and High Responders. A comparison of the types of adjectives checked by the 3 groups indicated that there was a gross positive relationship between amount of button-pressing for a promised time-off reward and relative use of adjectives descriptive of unpleasant subjective states in describing the S-D experiences.
Synchronous Tapping and the Concept of Quantized Psychological Units of Duration
Authors: Lichtenstein M. , White C. T.
Published: September 2011

Evidence for the postulate that psychological time is quantized, rather than continuous, has heretofore come almost exclusively from experiments in sensation and perception. The present study, which involved motor factors as well as perceptual ones, produced results compatible with that postulate.
Class Demonstration of Visual Depth Perception with the Albino Rabbit
Authors: Walk Richard D.
Published: September 2011

The young albino rabbit is a good S with which to demonstrate the principles of visual depth perception. It is small enough for a portable apparatus and behaviorally consistent enough for a reliable class demonstration. The results of a demonstration using a portable visual cliff apparatus to four laboratory sections with 10-wk.-old albino rabbits as Ss are presented. On the whole, one animal was used for each section. After a series of observations planned by E, students were allowed to request additional trials of depth-related behavior using conditions they chose themselves. The behavior of the rabbits during E-controlled and student-controlled trials is described.
Short-Term Retention of a Simple Motor Task as a Function of Interpolated Activity
Authors: Boswell John J. , Bilodeau Edward A.
Published: September 2011

During Pretraining, S was guided to two targets on a lever positioning device; during Training, S made an unguided move to the first target. After a 28-sec. retention period, S was tested by asking him to repeat his last move. Two disengagement variables were applied in a factorial combination during the retention interval. One required S to retrieve a pencil from the floor, the other required S to return the lever to zero. It was concluded that the zeroing response did not interfere with retention and that the retrieving response did.
Visual Apparent Movement Research: Review, 1935–1955, and Bibliography, 1955–1963
Authors: Aarons Louis
Published: September 2011

Publications from 1935 to 1955 on visual apparent movement are compiled, described and broadly classified by content to facilitate reference search. Since understanding of the basic processes in visual real movement is regarded as essential to the explanation of apparent movement, critical evaluation is minimal and studies of real movement are cited where pertinent. A supplementary appendix provides references covering the period of 1955 to 1963 organized to correspond with text sections that describe the earlier work.
Visual Pattern Perception with Varied Fixation Locus and Response Recording
Authors: Camp David S. , Harcum E. Rae
Published: September 2011

10-element binary patterns of open and blackened circles were tachistoscopically exposed such that 0–10 of the elements appeared on the left of a fixation-cross. The specific orientation relative to fixation was unknown to O before exposure. O was required to reproduce the pattern of blackened circles on a blank template after each exposure. In each of three experiments a different arrangement of the template for recording responses was used. The usual tendency for greater accuracy for elements at the left was overcome when more than half of the elements had appeared to the left of the fixation-point. The form of response recording affected the results, which were accounted for in terms of visual sensitivity, implicit motor factors, and organizational factors in the memory system of O.
Color and Form in Children's Perceptual Behavior
Authors: Corah Norman L.
Published: September 2011

Recent studies have questioned earlier work on the child's mode of matching perceptual stimuli with color and form choices. Specifically, these studies report sex differences and one failed to support established age differences. The current study presented 80 preschool children and 80 older children with perceptual stimuli to be matched by either color or form choices. The results support the earlier studies in that age differences were highly significant (younger children match on basis of color) while there were no sex differences. These results were considered in relation to Piaget's concepts of centration and decentration.
Motor Skills Bibliography: XXXIX. Psychological Abstracts, 1961, Volume 35, Second Half
Authors: Ammons C. H. , Ammons R. B.
Published: September 2011

This list contains 101 references to articles, books, and theses, arranged in alphabetical order, dealing with motor skills.
Negative Stimulus Duration as a Factor in Frequency Discrimination by Cats Lacking Auditory Cortex
Authors: Scharlock Donald P. , Miller Michael H.
Published: September 2011

The learning of frequency discrimination by the cat after removal of auditory cortex depends on the duration of the negative conditioned stimulus. Generally, this stimulus must be presented for at least 1 min., if learning is to occur.
Effects of Postnatal Chlorpromazine on Discrimination in Rats
Authors: Doty Larry A. , Doty Barbara A. , Wise Mildred A. , Senn Ronda K.
Published: September 2011

Rats treated chronically with 2 mg/kg chlorpromazine from 3 days to 60 days of age, and simultaneously exposed in their home cages to 2 geometric forms (circle and triangle), were significantly inferior to saline-treated controls in their ability at maturity to learn discriminated avoidance responses involving the forms. Chlorpromazine-treated Ss were essentially similar in discrimination learning ability to rats which were not exposed to the forms in early life. The results were interpreted as supporting an hypothesis that chlorpromazine reduces responsiveness to environmental cues by reducing sensory stimulation in general.
Reliability of Duration as a Measure of the Spiral Aftereffect
Authors: Pinckney George A.
Published: September 2011

Data supported the reliability of duration as a measure of the spiral aftereffect and showed that a contracting spiral was judged more reliably than an expanding one.
Behavioral Changes after Prolonged Perceptual Deprivation (No Intrusions)
Authors: Zubek John P.
Published: September 2011

16 Ss were placed individually in an isolation chamber under a condition of constant, unpatterned light and white noise for 1 wk. The severity of the condition was increased through the use of heavy gloves and the elimination of all intrusions during the isolation period. 12 Ss endured isolation for the full week. A battery of perceptual-motor tests was administered before and after the experience and 30 control Ss were also given the same tests and at the same time intervals. Increasing the severity of perceptual deprivation above that of our earlier experiments did not affect the incidence of hallucinations and post-isolation distortions of the perceptual environment. Both phenomena were rare. Brightness discrimination, size constancy, and kinesthetic acuity were not affected. However, the autokinetic effect was impaired while the tactual acuity of the forearm and index finger was increased significantly.
Nonvisual Components in Visual Form Perception
Authors: Hochberg Julian , Held Richard
Published: September 2011

Since certain curvature aftereffects require active movements during prismatic adaptation, non-visual components must affect some (but not all) visual shape perception.
An Attempt to Replicate a Study of Disarranged Eye-Hand Coordination
Authors: Weinstein Sidney , Sersen Eugene A. , Weinstein Deanna S.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of 15 Ss each were tested for disarranged eye-hand coordination in the distance dimension. All groups were tested using a bipartite box which permitted lighting only the upper or lower chambers. S was required to place a dot at the location of a virtual image of a target without seeing his hand. After making 30 such dots he was exposed to one of three conditions, after which he repeated the pre-exposure test. The three conditions were: (a) constrained self-produced hand movement with 7.6 cm. displacement, (b) free hand movement with 7.6 cm. displacement, (c) free hand movement without displacement (control). The results indicated a predominant proportion of individuals with negative adaptation in all groups. The two groups with reafference (stimulation through self-induced movement) and displacement did not differ significantly from the control group in the magnitude or the direction of adaptation. Our results could not be predicted from reafference theory and do not conform to the results of Held and Schlank, in which positive adaptation was obtained in a similar mirror-displacing situation.
Perceptual Vertigo: A Dimensional Study
Authors: Benfari Robert C.
Published: September 2011

Nine Ss were used in an experiment to determine the effects of peripheral flicker and the degree of structure of the stimulus field upon the incidence and degree of vertigo. The groups of Ss were defined as: (a) Susceptible, (b) Non-susceptible, and (c) a highly-trained Aviator group. Visual presentation of the stimuli was accomplished by means of a hemispheral scene and a wide-angle lens system. Ss' verbal responses were recorded and analyzed. The groups responded with a greater degree of vertiginous response to the stimuli of peripheral flicker in a field of low structure.
Is Reafference Necessary for Visual Adaptation?
Authors: Weinstein Sidney , Sersen Eugene A. , Fisher Larry , Weisinger Marvin
Published: September 2011

Two studies were performed to determine the necessity of reafference (stimulation due to self-induced movement) in the production of adaptation to prismatic displacement. In Exp. I, 48 Ss exposed to laterally-displacing prisms, were equally divided into four groups comprising combinations of each of the two following variables: self-induced versus passive movement, and self-directed versus externally-directed motion. These groups were non-differential in the magnitude of positive adaptation, although the total population adapted positively and significantly to the prisms. In Exp. II, 17 Ss were tested before and after exposure to the same prisms in a situation which provided informational feedback regarding error and which eliminated self-produced movement. The group demonstrated significant positive adaptation. It is concluded that reafference is not necessary for adaptation and that informational feedback is, at least, sufficient and may be necessary for adaptation.
Effect of Some Personality Variables on Electrical Vestibular Stimulation
Authors: Dunstone John J. , Dzendolet Ernest , Heuckeroth Otto
Published: September 2011

Seventeen graduate student Ss were divided into higher and lower scoring groups on 13 scales of the MMPI. Their objective and subjective absolute thresholds (RLs) to sinusoidal electrical stimulation at 1.0 and 0.20 cps, applied by electrodes on the mastoid processes, were determined, and a mean difference score between these RLs was calculated. Analyses of variance showed that significant differences were present at 0.20 cps in the objective RLs for the Depression, Social Introversion-Extraversion, and Manifest Anxiety scales, in the subjective RL for Paranoia, and in the difference score for Paranoia. At 1.0 cps, significant differences occurred in the subjective RLs for the Hysteria, Psychopathic Deviate, and Paranoia scales, and in the difference score for Paranoia. The results with the Manifest Anxiety scale were discussed in terms of a Hull-Spence framework. The lowering of the objective RLs at 0.20 cps was discussed as a possible mechanism for facilitating the appearance of motion sickness symptoms.
Controlling Student Responses through Programmed Visual Presentations
Authors: Gropper George L.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was performed to demonstrate: (1) that student responses can be effectively brought under the control of programmed visual presentations, and (2) that verbal concepts can be acquired through the practice of discriminations about non-verbally presented science demonstrations. Results based on the test performance of 7th and 8th grade students provided support for both propositions.
Similarity, Consistency, and Dissociation in Figure Drawings with the Nondominant Hand: Preliminary Report
Authors: Fisher Harwood
Published: September 2011

Figure drawings with the non-dominant hand, used clinically, show value in diagnostic discrimination and analysis of character structure. If task administration is controlled, effects of field variables on these drawings are different from those on S‘s written descriptions of the drawings; however, some Ss' responses are more complex and Jess “field-dependent” than those of other Ss.
Connotations of Color Names among Negroes and Caucasians
Authors: Williams John E.
Published: September 2011

The study demonstrated highly significant differences in the connotative meanings of five “race-related” and five control color names. For all colors, semantic differential scores (Evaluation, Activity, Potency) were found to be virtually identical for Caucasian students in the South and Midwest. Responses of the pooled Caucasian group and a Southern Negro group were shown to be generally similar with many small but significant differences. In both groups, the color names white and black were shown to differ markedly in evaluative meaning with the former being rated quite “good,” and the latter somewhat “bad.” This was related to the custom of designating Negroes as “black persons” and Caucasians as “white persons.” The possible implication of this factor in racial prejudice was discussed.
Transfer of a Complex Perceptual Skill
Authors: Foulke Emerson
Published: September 2011

Communication systems that depend upon stimulation of the skin will be more flexible and useful if it is possible to shift to new sets of loci in accordance with the needs of particular situations. However, the feasibility of making such shifts will depend upon the amount of transfer that can be expected. To explore this problem, an experiment was performed in which braille readers served as Ss. They were required to read lines of braille characters with each of eight fingers. Performance was best when the forefingers were used and fell off sharply as the little fingers were approached. Explanations of the results in terms of anatomical, physiological and experiential factors were discussed. Some implications for cutaneous communication systems in general were suggested.
Autonomic Levels and Lability, and Performance Time on a Perceptual Task and a Sensory-Motor Task
Authors: Obrist Paul A. , Hallman Shannon I. , Wood Donald M.
Published: September 2011

This experiment was intended to evaluate further an hypothesis in which perceptual and sensory-motor performances were considered to be influenced by autonomic processes via autonomic regulation of cortical activity. For this purpose, lability and level measures of sudomotor activity and heart rate were obtained during rest and performance in 54 male Ss. The hypothesis was consistently supported in 7 significant or near-significant correlations out of a possible 14. Faster performance time on the sensory-motor task was found with Ss having low resting heart rate, increased heart-rate variability during performance, and low levels of skin resistance. Faster performance time on the perceptual task was found in Ss with a high frequency of GSR activity during performance. Also, an interaction effect was suggested between some of the autonomic measures, being most pronounced in the perceptual task.
Assessing Interpersonal Behavior in Group Therapy
Authors: Whitaker Dorothy Stock , Lieberman Morton A.
Published: September 2011

The manual describes a procedure developed to identify interpersonal behavior and the context in which the patient displays this behavior in therapy groups. The purpose of this procedure was to develop a method of assessing change during group psychotherapy.
Stimulus Categorization and Response Time
Authors: Nickerson Raymond S. , Feehrer Carl E.
Published: September 2011

Generally, in disjunctive reaction time experiments there is a one-to-one correspondence between the number of stimulus alternatives and the number of response alternatives. Consequently, the roles of stimulus recognition or categorization processes and response choice processes are confounded in the data. Two experiments were conducted in which the stimulus set was mapped onto the response set in a many-to-one-fashion. In each case S's task was to press a key in response to those stimuli designated as “critical” and to not press the key in response to stimuli designated as “non-critical.” In the first experiment RT increased monotonically as the number of different stimuli in the critical stimulus category was increased from one to four. In the second experiment RT varied with the number of independent disjunctively combined attributes used to designate the critical category.
Button-Pressing for a Time-Off Reward during Sensory Deprivation: Iii. Effects of Varied Time-Off Rewards
Authors: Rossi Ascanio M. , Solomon Philip
Published: September 2011

Ss were given the opportunity to button-press for 3 different amounts of promised time-off reward during a 3-hr. sensory deprivation (S-D) session. The promised rewards were 1 min., 2 min., and 3 min. off the scheduled S-D session for every 200 button-presses. Ss produced significantly more button-presses for greater amounts of promised time-off reward.
Modification of the Word-Recognition Threshold by Hypnotic Suggestion and Monetary Reward
Authors: Zamansky Harold S. , Brightbill Roger
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of hypnotic suggestion, monetary reward, and a control condition (no special incentive) in reducing the recognition threshold for common English words was measured, using 3 groups of 11 Ss. Threshold reductions were obtained ultimately under all 3 conditions, although the reductions occurred sooner with the two incentive conditions. Since, for all three groups, initial thresholds were apparently inflated by Ss expectancy for hypnosis, the subsequent threshold reductions may reflect merely the termination of this expectancy and not the direct influence of the incentive conditions. The interpretation is offered that hypnotic or monetary incentives for threshold reduction may be relatively ineffective when Ss operate initially near optimal levels.
The Bender-Gestalt Test in Differential Diagnosis of Temporal Lobectomy and Schizophrenia
Authors: Weinstein Sidney , Johnson Linda
Published: September 2011

Twelve epileptic patients with uncontrolled seizures copied Bender-Gestalt (B-G) drawings before and after unilateral temporal lobectomy, as did 12 hospitalized schizophrenics, individually matched to these patients for age, sex and IQ. Twenty clinical psychologists attempted to differentiate 12 pairs of drawings within one of three sets: (a) pre- vs postoperative, (b) preoperative vs schizophrenic, or (c) postoperative vs schizophrenic. Each judgment was accompanied by a certainty rating. None of the judges exceeded chance expectations; the mean correct performance, 65.4%, exceeded chance expectations. There was also no consistent relationship between the certainty ratings and accuracy of judgment. Twenty laymen with no training in psychology correctly differentiated 62.5% of the postoperative from the schizophrenic drawings. This figure exceeded chance expectations and did not differ significantly from that earned by the psychologists. The Pascal-Suttell objective scoring method demonstrated no relationship between scores and seizure frequency and no predictable change after lobectomy. The authors recommend deletion of B-G, whether clinically judged or objectively scored, from the clinician's armanentarium, at least with regard to differential diagnosis of epilepsy or brain damage from schizophrenia.
Rorschach S: Oppositional Tendencies or Mastery Strivings
Authors: Weltman Robert , Wolfson William
Published: September 2011

The relationship of undifferentiated, primary and secondary space responses to oppositional and/or mastery tendencies was studied. Rorschach records of 210 applicants to a nursing school were evaluated in a four-group design. Behavioral and ideational characteristics were set up as assumptions derived from the constructs of oppositional tendencies and mastery strivings. Significant support for the space responses to be viewed as representative of oppositional tendencies rather than mastery tendencies was found.
Analysis of Variance: Effects of Interchanging Main Effects and Interactions by Rearranging Data
Authors: Gerjuoy Herbert , Myers Albert E.
Published: September 2011

Fictitious data in a 2 × 2 factorial design are analyzed in two alternative ways, both consistent with standard procedure. The alternative analyses give opposite results: hypotheses whose tests prove significant in one analysis are nonsignificant in the other. This problem arises when cell frequencies are constant with respect to one factor and proportional with respect to the other. We may interchange interaction and main effect tests by rearranging the data, thereby altering the results of testing a particular hypothesis since interaction tests weight all cells equally while main effect tests weight each simple effect involved by its cell frequencies. Uncritical reliance on conventional analysis is questioned.
Kinetic Frame Effects: Ii. Vista Motion
Authors: Sayons K.
Published: September 2011

Perception of a three-dimensional kinetic vista resulted when Ss viewed a quadrilaterally moving frame. The frame was a white rectangle continuously expanding and contracting in size, with a black stationary line in the center. Two vista effects were obtained: (1) wall-penetrating AdAb motion, i.e., when Ss focused on the line it oscillated back and forth in a frame which was seen as a hole in the wall and a (2) pyramid effect, i.e., the rectangle became solid resembling a shell of a pyramid, or a “wooden funnel popping out at you” when Ss focused upon it. Vista effects broaden the family of motion perspective phenomena and suggest that the kind of motion perspective depends not only on Gibson's principle of perspective transformations but also on the area of focus.
Judgment of Slant with Constant Outline Convergence and Variable Surface Texture Gradient
Authors: Smith A. H.
Published: September 2011

Twenty-four Os estimated the slants of rectangles and trapezia, using monocular vision with fixed head under reduced viewing conditions. The trapezia were the frontal-parallel projections of the rectangles at 45° slant. The rectangles, one untextured and three textured, were presented in the frontal-parallel plane and at 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60° slant. The trapezia, one untextured and three textured, were presented only in the frontal-parallel plane. For the rectangles at 45° and the trapezia, the six textured forms presented four variations in texture density gradient produced by photographing a uniform but random texture of solid circles in the frontal-parallel plane and at 45° slant. The estimated slants for the rectangles at 45° slant and the trapezia at 0° slant were generally equivalent, differences in texture notwithstanding. Outline convergence was almost exclusively the effective cue for slant and texture was generally ineffective.
Cross-Validation of Psychomotor Tests for Children
Authors: Stachnik Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

Portions of a fine motor performance test for children, standardized in the Netherlands, were administered to a sample of 8-, 9-, and 10-yr.-old American children. The results indicated that in certain fine motor tasks (1) there is an improvement with age, (2) there are significant sex differences, and (3) European and American children appear to be different.
Rapid Procedure for Equi-Discriminability Scaling
Authors: Pollack Irwin
Published: September 2011

A procedure is described for quickly obtaining a set of stimuli which approaches an equi-discriminability scaling. The procedure is based upon the iterative technique of adjusted spacing for category estimation. The results of identification tests are presented which demonstrate the effectiveness of the procedure.
Time Estimates Measured by Reproduction
Authors: Richards Whitman
Published: September 2011

Four Ss, two adults and two children, were asked to reproduce time intervals. Contrary to expectation, the time estimates can not be described by a single monotonic function of the actual time. However, for each individual, a family of power functions having the same constant exponent can adequately fit the data. Therefore, there are several objectively measured times which are reproduced most exactly for each individual. This fact implies that internal rhythms serve as cues for time estimates. For all Ss, the times reproduced most exactly are shown to be approximately 2 n times 1.5 sec., where n has integer values.
A Constant Power Shock Source and Electronic Grid Scrambler with an Historical Introduction
Authors: England Samuel J. M.
Published: September 2011

By means of a brief historical resume are considered some of the problems encountered when administering electric shock to laboratory animals during behavioral experiments, principally via use of the grid floor. The complexity of the variable electric shock leads us to suggest that there is no simple quantitative and qualitative characterization of electric shock. An apparatus is described for administering electric current to a grid floor; it incorporates an optimum compromise of theoretical, electrical, and mechanical techniques presently available.
Eidetic Imagery: I. Frequency
Authors: Haber Ralph Norman , Haber Ruth B.
Published: September 2011

Eidetic imagery, defined as a visual image persisting after stimulation, relatively accurate in detail, colored positively, and capable of being scanned, was measured in nearly all children in an elementary school in New Haven, Conn. Care was taken to specify and follow precise methods for the measurement, and strict criteria were used for the discrimination of eidetic images from after images and from memory. Discontinuous distributions of scores were found on all of the measures used to define eidetic images, with 12 Ss (8%) falling into this qualitatively different eidetic category on each measure Their images lasted as long as 4 min., during which nearly all of the details of the stimulus could be reproduced. However, their memory of the stimulus was not much better after their imagery had faded than that of Ss who did not have eidetic imagery. These results were discussed in terms of models of translation of stimulation into memory, and further research was outlined.