bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent development of metal hydroxides as electrode material of electrochemical capacitors
Authors: Cheng J. P. , Zhang J. , Liu F.
Published: August 2014

Recent research on electrochemical capacitors using transition metal hydroxides as electrode materials is reviewed.
Highly active antibacterial ferrocenoylated or ruthenocenoylated Arg-Trp peptides can be discovered by anl-to-dsubstitution scan
Authors: Albada H. Bauke , Prochnow Pascal , Bobersky Sandra , Bandow Julia E. , Metzler-Nolte Nils
Published: August 2014

By taking a systematic approach several short organometallic AMP conjugates were discovered which have very low hemolytic activity but virtually the same antimicrobial activity against MRSA as that of vancomycin.
Elevation of the intracellular Zn2+level by 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one in rat thymocytes: an involvement of a temperature-sensitive Zn2+pathway
Authors: Fukunaga Eri , Oyama Tomohiro M. , Oyama Yasuo
Published: August 2014

High amounts of 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OIT), an antimicrobial, are found in wet polyvinyl alcohol towels with cooling properties.
Kinetic characterization of human butyrylcholinesterase mutants for the hydrolysis of cocaethylene
Authors: Hou Shurong , Zhan Max , Zheng Xirong , Zhan Chang-Guo , Zheng Fang
Published: August 2014

It is known that the majority of cocaine users also consume alcohol. Alcohol can react with cocaine to produce a significantly more cytotoxic compound, cocaethylene. Hence a truly valuable cocaine-metabolizing enzyme as treatment for cocaine abuse/overdose should be efficient for not only cocaine itself, but also cocaethylene. The catalytic parameters (kcat and KM) of human BChE (butyrylcholinesterase) and two mutants (known as cocaine hydrolases E14-3 and E12-7) for cocaethylene are characterized in the present study, for the first time, in comparison with those for cocaine. On the basis of the obtained kinetic data, wild-type human BChE has a lower catalytic activity for cocaethylene (kcat=3.3 min−1, KM=7.5 μM and kcat/KM=4.40×105 M−1·min−1) compared with its catalytic activity for (−)-cocaine. E14-3 and E12-7 have a considerably improved catalytic activity against cocaethylene compared with the wild-type BChE. E12-7 is identified as the most efficient enzyme for hydrolysing cocaethylene in addition to its high activity for (−)-cocaine. E12-7 has an 861-fold improved catalytic efficiency for cocaethylene (kcat=3600 min−1, KM=9.5 μM and kcat/KM=3.79×108 M−1·min−1). It has been demonstrated that E12-7 as an exogenous enzyme can indeed rapidly metabolize cocaethylene in rats. Further kinetic modelling has suggested that E12-7 with an identical concentration as that of the endogenous BChE in human plasma can effectively eliminate (−)-cocaine, cocaethylene and norcocaine in simplified kinetic models of cocaine abuse and overdose associated with the concurrent use of cocaine and alcohol.
Dynamitin affects cell-surface expression of voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.5
Authors: Chatin Benoît , Colombier Pauline , Gamblin Anne Laure , Allouis Marie , Le Bouffant Françoise
Published: August 2014

The major cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.5 associates with proteins that regulate its biosynthesis, localization, activity and degradation. Identification of partner proteins is crucial for a better understanding of the channel regulation. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified dynamitin as a Nav1.5-interacting protein. Dynamitin is part of the microtubule-binding multiprotein complex dynactin. When overexpressed it is a potent inhibitor of dynein/kinesin-mediated transport along the microtubules by disrupting the dynactin complex and dissociating cargoes from microtubules. The use of deletion constructs showed that the C-terminal domain of dynamitin is essential for binding to the first intracellular interdomain of Nav1.5. Co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the association between Nav1.5 and dynamitin in mouse heart extracts. Immunostaining experiments showed that dynamitin and Nav1.5 co-localize at intercalated discs of mouse cardiomyocytes. The whole-cell patch-clamp technique was applied to test the functional link between Nav1.5 and dynamitin. Dynamitin overexpression in HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney 293) cells expressing Nav1.5 resulted in a decrease in sodium current density in the membrane with no modification of the channel-gating properties. Biotinylation experiments produced similar information with a reduction in Nav1.5 at the cell surface when dynactin-dependent transport was inhibited. The present study strongly suggests that dynamitin is involved in the regulation of Nav1.5 cell-surface density.
Speech Abilities in Preschool Children With Speech Sound Disorder With and Without Co-Occurring Language Impairment
Authors: Macrae Toby , Tyler Ann A.
Published: August 2014

Purpose

The authors compared preschool children with co-occurring speech sound disorder (SSD) and language impairment (LI) to children with SSD only in their numbers and types of speech sound errors.

Method

In this post hoc quasi-experimental study, independent samples
t
tests were used to compare the groups in the standard score from different tests of articulation/phonology, percent consonants correct, and the number of omission, substitution, distortion, typical, and atypical error patterns used in the production of different wordlists that had similar levels of phonetic and structural complexity.

Results

In comparison with children with SSD only, children with SSD and LI used similar numbers but different types of errors, including more omission patterns (
p
< .001,
d
= 1.55) and fewer distortion patterns (
p
= .022,
d
= 1.03). There were no significant differences in substitution, typical, and atypical error pattern use.

Conclusions

Frequent omission error pattern use may reflect a more compromised linguistic system characterized by absent phonological representations for target sounds (see Shriberg et al., 2005). Research is required to examine the diagnostic potential of early frequent omission error pattern use in predicting later diagnoses of co-occurring SSD and LI and/or reading problems.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Spine in Children: Spinal Incidental Findings in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Ramadorai Uma E. , Hire Justin M. , DeVine John G.
Published: August 2014

Study Design

Retrospective case series.

Objective

To determine the rate of spinal incidental findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine in the pediatric population.

Methods

We reviewed MRI imaging of the neuraxial spine in patients less than 18 years of age and documented abnormal spinal findings. We then reviewed the charts of these patients to determine the reason for ordering the study. Those who presented with pain were considered symptomatic. Those who had no presenting complaint were considered asymptomatic. The data were analyzed to break down the rate of spinal incidental findings in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine, respectively.

Results

Thirty-one of the 99 MRIs had positive findings, with the most common being disk protrusion (51.6%). Spinal incidental findings were most common in the lumbar spine (9.4%) versus the cervical spine (8%) or thoracic spine (4.7%). In this group, Schmorl nodes and disk protrusion were the two most common findings (37.5% each). Other spinal incidental findings included a vertebral hemangioma and a Tarlov cyst. In the thoracic spine, the only spinal incidental finding was a central disk protrusion without spinal cord or nerve root compression.

Conclusion

MRI is a useful modality in the pediatric patient with scoliosis or complaints of pain, but the provider should remain cognizant of the potential for spinal incidental findings.
Overview of C-2 field-reversed configuration experiment plasma diagnostics
Authors: Gota H. , Thompson M. C. , Tuszewski M. , Binderbauer M. W.
Published: August 2014

A comprehensive diagnostic suite for field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasmas has been developed and installed on the C-2 device at Tri Alpha Energy to investigate the dynamics of FRC formation as well as to understand key FRC physics properties, e.g., confinement and stability, throughout a discharge. C-2 is a unique, large compact-toroid merging device that produces FRC plasmas partially sustained for up to ∼5 ms by neutral-beam (NB) injection and end-on plasma-guns for stability control. Fundamental C-2 FRC properties are diagnosed by magnetics, interferometry, Thomson scattering, spectroscopy, bolometry, reflectometry, and NB-related fast-ion/neutral diagnostics. These diagnostics (totaling >50 systems) are essential to support the primary goal of developing a deep understanding of NB-driven FRCs.
Phase diagram of the CulnSe2-CuGaSe2 pseudobinary system studied by combined ab initio density functional theory and thermodynamic calculation
Authors: Xue H. T. , Lu W. J. , Tang F. L. , Li X. K. , Zhang Y. , Feng Y. D.
Published: August 2014

The phase diagram of the CuInSe2-CuGaSe2 pseudobinary system was determined using a combination of special quasirandom structure approach, ab initio density functional theory calculations, and thermodynamic modelling. It is shown that the CuIn1−xGaxSe2 solution phase has a tendency to phase separation at low temperature. The calculated consolute temperature is 485 K. It is found that both the binodal and spinodal curves are significantly asymmetric and on both curves there are a local maximum and a local minimum, which have not been reported in the previous studies. Our phase diagram can well explain the finding that the inhomogeneity of CuIn0.25Ga0.75Se2 is higher than that of CuIn0.75Ga0.25Se2 at the same temperature, while the previous phase diagrams cannot. Hence, our phase diagram should be more reliable and applicable.
Electromagnetic envelope solitons in ultrarelativistic inhomogeneous electron-positron-ion plasma
Authors: Du Hong-E , Cheng Li-Hong , Yu Zi-Fa , Xue Ju-Kui
Published: August 2014

The nonlinear interaction of ultra-intense short laser beam and homogeneous/inhomogeneous electron-positron-ion (e-p-i) plasma is investigated. It is found that soliton solutions can exist in both homogeneous and inhomogeneous e-p-i plasma. The influence of the positron density, the phase velocity, the inhomogeneity nature, and the Hamiltonian of the system on the soliton structure is investigated. The evolution of envelope solitons in homogeneous e-p-i plasma is analyzed analytically by using a two-time-scale method and confirmed by numerical simulations. However, the soliton solutions can exist in inhomogeneous e-p-i plasma only when the positron density is high enough. Furthermore, the phase diagram for existing envelope soliton in positron density and phase velocity of the wave plane is obtained.
Pre-ignition confinement and deflagration violence in LX-10 and PBX 9501
Authors: Tringe J. W. , Glascoe E. A. , McClelland M. A. , Greenwood D. , Chambers R. D. , Springer H. K. , Levie H. W.
Published: August 2014

In thermal explosions of the nitramine octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX)-based explosives LX-10 and PBX-9501, the pre-ignition spatial and temporal heating profile defines the ignition location. The ignition location then determines the extent of inertial confinement and the violence of the resulting deflagration. In this work, we present results of experiments in which ∼23 g cylinders of LX-10 and PBX 9501 in thin-walled aluminum confinement vessels were subjected to identical heating profiles but which presented starkly different energy release signatures. Post-explosion LX-10 containment vessels were completely fragmented, while the PBX 9501 vessels were merely ruptured. Flash x-ray radiography images show that the initiation location for the LX-10 is a few mm farther from the end caps of the vessel relative to the initiation location of PBX 9501. This difference increases deflagration confinement for LX-10 at the time of ignition and extends the pressurization time during which the deflagration front propagates in the explosive. The variation in the initiation location, in turn, is determined by the thermal boundary conditions, which differ for these two explosives because of the larger coefficient of thermal expansion and greater thermal stability of the Viton binder in LX-10 relative to the estane and bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) acetal/formal binder of the PBX 9501. The thermal profile and initiation location were modeled for LX-10 using the hydrodynamics and structures code ALE3D; results indicate temperatures in the vicinity of the ignition location in excess of 274 °C near the time of ignition. The conductive burn rates for these two explosives, as determined by flash x-ray radiography, are comparable in the range 0.1–0.2 mm/μs, somewhat faster than rates observed by strand burner experiments for explosives in the temperature range 150–180 °C and pressures up to 100 MPa. The thinnest-wall aluminum containment vessels presented here rupture at lower pressures, in the range 10 MPa, suggesting that moderately higher temperatures and pressures are present near the deflagration front. For these explosives, however the most important property for determining deflagration violence is the degree of inertial confinement.
Pressure dependent elastic constants of alpha and gamma cyclotrimethylene trinitramine: A quantum mechanical study
Authors: Taylor DeCarlos E.
Published: August 2014

The elastic constants of the α and γ polymorphs of cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) have been computed using dispersion corrected density functional theory (DFT). The DFT results validate the values obtained in several experiments using ultrasonic and impulsive stimulated thermal scattering techniques and disagree with those obtained using Brillouin scattering which, in general, exceed the other experimental and theoretical results. Compressibility diagrams at zero pressure are presented for the ab, ac, and bc crystallographic planes, and the anisotropic linear compressibility within the ac plane of α-RDX at 0 GPa, observed using ultrasonic and impulsive stimulated thermal scattering measurements, is verified using DFT. The pressure dependence of the elastic constants of α-RDX (0–4 GPa) and γ-RDX (4–8 GPa) is also presented.
A Facile Synthesis of Tris(indolyl)propanes by Concerted 1,2- and 1,4-Friedel-Crafts Attack of Indoles to α,β-Unsaturated Aldimines
Authors: Zhao Manping , Zhang Xiuli , He Chengxiang , Bhadury Pinaki S. , Sun Zhihua
Published: August 2014

The Friedel-Crafts reaction of indoles with a wide range of α,β-unsaturated aldimines catalysed by binaphthyl phosphoric acid is demonstrated. The resulting tris(indolyl)propanes are presumably generated by a concerted 1,2- and 1,4-nucleophilic attack to the conjugated imines. According to the preliminary bioassay results, the compound 4e exhibits moderate activity against pancreatic cancer cells.
Convex lens-induced nanoscale templating
Authors: Berard Daniel J. , Michaud François , Mahshid Sara , Ahamed Mohammed Jalal , McFaul Christopher M. J. , Leith Jason S. , Bérubé Pierre , Sladek Rob , Reisner Walter , Leslie Sabrina R.
Published: August 2014

Significance

Convex lens-induced nanoscale templating (CLINT) represents a conceptual breakthrough in nanofluidic technology for single-molecule manipulation. CLINT solves a key challenge faced by the nanofluidics field by bridging the multiple-length scales required to efficiently bring single-molecule analytes from the pipette tip to the nanofluidic channel. To do this, CLINT loads single-molecule analytes into embedded nanofeatures via dynamic control of applied vertical confinement, which we have demonstrated by loading and extending DNA within nanochannels. CLINT offers unique advantages in single-molecule DNA mapping by facilitating surface passivation, increasing loading efficiency, obviating the need for applied pressure or electric fields, and enhancing compatibility with physiological buffers and long DNA molecules extracted from complex genomes.
Multimonth controlled small molecule release from biodegradable thin films
Authors: Hsu Bryan B. , Park Myoung-Hwan , Hagerman Samantha R. , Hammond Paula T.
Published: August 2014

Significance

Drug release from implants and coatings provides a means for local administration while minimizing systemic toxicity. Controlled release can provide a slowly eluting drug reservoir to maintain elevated therapeutic levels. Devices based on degradable polymer matrices can control drug release for multiple weeks, but longer durations typically require bulky, nondegradable devices. Using a combination of a polymer–drug conjugate and its electrostatic thin film assembly, we discovered a predictable long-term sustained release of more than 14 mo, far exceeding the duration noted in most previous reports, especially those from biodegradable matrices. Because of the substantial drug loading, nanoscale films were able to maintain significant concentrations that remained highly potent. We report a versatile, long-term drug delivery platform with broad biomedical implications.
Cross-resistance mechanism of respiratory syncytial virus against structurally diverse entry inhibitors
Authors: Yan Dan , Lee Sujin , Thakkar Vidhi D. , Luo Ming , Moore Martin L. , Plemper Richard Karl
Published: August 2014

Significance

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes major disease in pediatric and elderly patients, urging the development of efficacious therapeutics. This study establishes a recombinant RSV reporter strain for drug discovery and identifies an entry inhibitor class targeting the viral fusion (F) protein. Biochemical, structural, and functional characterization of the inhibitor spotlights two microdomains governing the conformational stability of prefusion F. Mutations in these domains cause broad cross-resistance against the compound and RSV entry inhibitors in preclinical and clinical development, without mandatory loss of in vivo pathogenicity, challenging the possible clinical benefit of current RSV entry inhibitor classes. Anti-RSV campaigns should better target postentry steps or proactively circumvent resistance to entry inhibition. The resistant RSV reporter strain developed here establishes a strategy toward this goal.
Allostery within a transcription coactivator is predominantly mediated through dissociation rate constants
Authors: Shammas Sarah L. , Travis Alexandra J. , Clarke Jane
Published: August 2014

Significance

Various intrinsically disordered proteins form structure on binding to partner proteins. The mechanism of this process is still poorly understood, and kinetic measurements will be important in furthering understanding. Here, we have performed the first comparison of the kinetics for various different intrinsically disordered partners with a protein [CREB binding protein–kinase-inducible domain interacting (KIX)] that is key in deciding which proteins are expressed within a cell. We compare the rate constants in the presence and absence of a ligand at a second binding site on KIX, thereby providing insight into the mechanism of allostery between the two sites.
Structural investigation of ribosomally synthesized natural products by hypothetical structure enumeration and evaluation using tandem MS
Authors: Zhang Qi , Ortega Manuel , Shi Yanxiang , Wang Huan , Melby Joel O. , Tang Weixin , Mitchell Douglas A. , van der Donk Wilfred A.
Published: August 2014

Significance

Ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs) constitute a promising repertoire of natural products with potentially useful properties. Several tools have been developed in recent years to facilitate RiPP discovery and to connect genetic information with the chemical entities produced by microorganisms. Structure elucidation remains challenging for the RiPP field and is a bottleneck for genome mining and/or synthetic biology efforts to identify and characterize new RiPP members. This study presents a method for automated structural analysis of RiPPs, which is based on enumeration of a collection of hypothetical structures predicted based on genomic information and evaluation of each structure with multiple tandem mass spectra. We show that this approach provides a powerful method for structural characterization of complex RiPPs and their biosynthetic intermediates.
Acoustic excitations and elastic heterogeneities in disordered solids
Authors: Mizuno Hideyuki , Mossa Stefano , Barrat Jean-Louis
Published: August 2014

Significance

What makes the difference when sound propagation is investigated in a crystal or in a glass? One hundred years ago, Debye rationalized the former case in terms of phonons. In contrast, years of effort have failed to provide a convincing picture for vibrations in disordered solids. We provide a contribution to this issue by reporting clear evidence that a mechanical feature, elastic heterogeneity at the nanoscale, profoundly affects the main properties and even the very nature of sound waves. Our picklock is the numerical study of a toy model that, at fixed macroscopic thermodynamical conditions, allows to investigate in a unified framework the perfect crystal, increasingly defective ordered phases, and the fully developed amorphous state.
Protective hinge in insulin opens to enable its receptor engagement
Authors: Menting John G. , Yang Yanwu , Chan Shu Jin , Phillips Nelson B. , Smith Brian J. , Whittaker Jonathan , Wickramasinghe Nalinda P. , Whittaker Linda J. , Pandyarajan Vijay , Wan Zhu-li , Yadav Satya P. , Carroll Julie M. , Strokes Natalie , Roberts Charles T. , Ismail-Beigi Faramarz , Milewski Wieslawa , Steiner Donald F. , Chauhan Virander S. , Ward Colin W. , Weiss Michael A. , Lawrence Michael C.
Published: August 2014

Significance

Insulin provides a model for analysis of protein structure and evolution. Here we describe in detail a conformational switch that enables otherwise hidden nonpolar surfaces in the hormone to engage its receptor. Whereas the classical closed conformation of insulin enables its stable storage in pancreatic β cells, its active conformation is open and susceptible to nonnative aggregation. Our findings illuminate biophysical constraints underlying the evolution of an essential signaling system and provide a structural foundation for design of therapeutic insulin analogs.
From Cognitive Linguistics to Historical Sociolinguistics
Authors: Díaz-Vera Javier E.
Published: August 2014

This paper focuses on the analysis of the different motifs that shape the linguistic expression ofshameandguiltin Old English. Through the fine-grained analysis of the whole set of shame and guilt expressions recorded in a corpus of Old English texts, a network of literal and figurative conceptualizations for each emotion is proposed. On the basis of these expressions, I argue here that body-related expressions (either metonymic or metaphoric) occupy a very secondary role in the Anglo-Saxon imagery of shame and guilt. In clear contrast with this view of shame and guilt as instruments of social control, the Christianization of England implied the spread of new shame-related values and the growing use of a new set of embodied conceptualizations for the two emotions under scrutiny here, most of which have become common figurative expressions of shame and guilt in later varieties of English. The new expressions (e.g. SHAME IS REDNESS IN THE FACE and SHAME IS SOMETHING COVERING A PERSON) illustrate the shift towards a progressive embodiment of the new emotional standards brought by Christianization. According to these standards, rather than an external judgment or reproach, shame and guilt involve a negative evaluation of oneself. Furthermore, I argue here that these onomasiological changes are informing us on the lexical choices of Old English speakers and on the sociolinguistic factors that conditioned the development of new emotional styles (i.e., the different ways feelings were expressed and, surely, felt) in Anglo-Saxon England.
Lexical expansion in the HAVE and BE perfect in Dutch
Authors: Coussé Evie
Published: August 2014

This article investigates lexical expansion in the HAVE and BE perfect in Dutch. It is known from previous research that early perfects show more lexical restrictions than their modern counterparts. The aim of this article is to uncover how perfects change their collocational preferences over time. The present study tackles this issue taking a quantitative corpus perspective. The empirical basis for this study is a sample of HAVE and BE perfects taken from a corpus of Dutch legal texts (1250–1800). The sample is analyzed using the method of diachronic distinctive collexeme analysis. The statistical analysis indicates that both perfect constructions show fine-grained shifts in collocational preferences over time. The observed lexical expansion has the following properties: it proceeds (a) gradually, (b) through semantically related verb classes, (c) away from a prototype. These properties are accounted for making use of insights from prototype theory and construction grammar.
The analysis of Westphalian German Spirantization
Authors: Hall T. Alan
Published: August 2014

Westphalian German Spirantization refers to the change from an original prevocalic long vowel to the corresponding short vowel plus fricative (i.e. [ɣ]). For example, the [ɪɣ] sequence in the Westphalian word [klɪɣə] “bran” derived historically from [iː]. The present article offers a new treatment for the historical shift from [iː] to [ɪɣ] — as well as similar ones involving other vowels — which breaks the process down into five separate changes. It is argued that each of these changes modified non-linear representations involving syllables, moras and segmental features. A crucial component of the proposed analysis is that each of the five changes is seen as a repair to a constraint.
The genesis of a district-wide Spanish FLES program
Authors: Tucker G. Richard , Donato Richard , Murday Kimmaree
Published: August 2014

In this paper, we describe the systematic planning and subsequent implementation of a new system-wide Spanish program at the primary level in one of the school districts in suburban Pittsburgh, PA. We discuss the steps involved in selecting the target language — involving community, teacher, and board consultation; the incorporation of the language program into the overall curriculum of the district; and the active participation by all senior administrators, including the superintendent, in a year-long planning effort that culminated in teacher selection, curriculum development and in-service training for all primary school faculty members. We then describe the current program which is presently in its third full year of implementation. This program involves all children in kindergarten, grade one, and grade two with plans to add one additional cohort each year until all children in the school system are included. We present information concerning the language and attitudinal development of the participating children. Through a series of detailed interviews with the stakeholders of the program, we analyze the planning and implementation process. We identify and discuss six themes that emerge across interviewees. We conclude with a discussion of factors that have contributed to the successful implementation of this exemplary program.
7. Adjective + Noun sequences in attributive or NP-final positions: Observations on lexicalization
Authors: Arnaud Pierre , Ferragne Emmanuel , Lewis Diana M. , Maniez François
Published: August 2014

Frequent Adjective + Noun sequences in the British National Corpus based on the most frequent ‘central’ adjectives were examined in their use as noun premodifiers and in other uses (predicative, adverbial, or with N being the head of a noun phrase). Hyphenated and non-hyphenated occurrences were taken into account. An investigation of the presence of these sequences in dictionaries shows a relatively strong correlation with frequency of occurrence, as well as with hyphenated spelling. Six Adj + N sequences were more closely examined in the Periodicals and Spoken sections of the BNC, and evidence of reanalysis was found in changes of scope, predicative uses of an adjectival nature, adverbial uses, and occurrences of Adj + N as subjects or objects with restricted sense. A small, but not negligible, proportion of unambiguously lexicalized occurrences was found. Finally, the accentual behaviour of Adj + N sequences was investigated in a laboratory experiment. The prevalence of the /12/ accentual pattern across the frequency of occurrence range and in attributive as well as predicative uses showed that degree of lexicalization had no influence on the stress pattern.
10. The Good Lord and his works: A corpus-driven study of collocational resonance
Authors: Williams Geoffrey
Published: August 2014

The idiom principle outlined by John Sinclair has shown how much language consists of reused formulae of a collocational and colligational nature. Resonance seeks to look at the usage of words and expressions that have retained strong semantic prosodies from earlier usage, prosodies of which the current user may not necessarily be aware. It appears here as a very diffuse form of intertextuality with an initial move from contextual to restricted collocation followed by a gradual move to the purely formulaic. This chapter illustrates this by exploring certain key words from the New Testament to see how they have been used in the works of Shakespeare, the other most cited source in the English language, and finally how these expressions are used in the British National Corpus. Although having become almost purely formulaic, these expressions seem to retain sufficient religious resonance to give them their force.
16. Free and bound prepositions in a contrastive perspective. The case of with and avec
Authors: Cosme Christelle , Gilquin Gaëtanelle
Published: August 2014

The starting point of this chapter is the observation that the French preposition avec, which is generally considered as the translational equivalent of with, is rarely used as a translation of with in parallel corpus data. A more detailed analysis of the corpus data reveals that polysemy partly explains this situation (with is more polysemous than avec, having developed more metaphorical senses than its French equivalent), but that another important factor is phraseology. Contrary to expectations, free uses of the preposition with are less often translated by means of avec than bound uses. This, however, takes no account of the fact that some bound uses with a word-for-word translation in French occur repeatedly in the data. It also conceals the fact that it is mainly nominal bound uses which often correspond to avec.
9. Visual health communication: Why and how do literate and low literate South Africans differ in their understanding of visual health messages?
Authors: Maes Fons , Foesenek Karen , Hoogwegt Hanneke
Published: August 2014

This chapter focuses on the use of stand alone visuals as a health promotion medium in South-Africa. First, we survey the effectiveness of visuals as health intervention medium in a low literacy context. Second, we present an interpretation framework for complex communicative visuals, based on two related ideas: (i) the interpretation of visuals benefits from different types of natural correspondences with perceptual real world experiences, and (ii) interpreting visuals requires three interpretation strategies (symptomatic, iconic, symbolic) which increase in the level of abstraction they require and decrease in the level of natural correspondence with the real world they rely on. This framework enables us to predict an increase in comprehension problems as visuals rely less on natural correspondences and require more abstract interpretation strategies. Furthermore, these comprehension problems are expected to increase as viewers are less experienced and educated in reading the formal language of visuals. Third, we present the set up and results of a study in which we tested these predictions. We asked literate and low literate South African respondents to interpret complex visuals taken from recent South African HIV/AIDS brochures. The results confirm a decrease in comprehension performance as visuals require more abstract, convention based interpretation strategies, an evolution which is more pronounced in the group of low literates.
Chomsky 1951a and Chomsky 1951b
Authors: Daniels Peter T.
Published: August 2014

The December 1951 version of Morphophonemics of Modern Hebrew that has been available to scholars since its publication in 1979 is very different from the original M.A. thesis accepted six months earlier. To assess the importance of this work to the history of linguistics, a number of factors must be studied: Chomsky’s background in Semitic philology and linguistics; the other influences to which he was exposed to date; the degree to which those influences were assimilated and/ or transcended; the archival nature of the materials concerned and those that followed; and the nature and causes of the differences between the versions.
Chomsky’s other Revolution
Authors: Harris Randy Allen
Published: August 2014

Noam Chomsky is closely associated with the eponymous Chomskyan Revolution, a dramatic shift of allegiances, interests, and methodologies in linguistics over the decade or so following his 1957 Syntactic Structures. But these events did not occur in isolation. The developments in linguistics, and Chomsky’s currents of influence more generally, were shaped by movements in other fields, chiefly mathematics, philosophy, and psychology; in turn, Chomsky’s picture of linguistics, and his arguments, shaped developments in those fields as they participated in another revolution, an umbrella revolution, the Cognitive Revolution. The Cognitive Revolution, also dated to the 1950s but still expanding today, grew largely out of artificial intelligence and psychology, dilating to include disciplines such as philosophy, anthropology, the neurosciences, literary criticism, and even several distinctly non-Chomskyan frameworks within linguistics. All histories of this revolution name Chomsky prominently among the founding figures, on the basis of the shared features between his approach to linguistics and the model of mind that anchored the revolution, and on the basis of his systematic dismissal of the psychological framework that cognitive revolutionaries forcefully rejected, behaviorism. This chapter charts the interpenetration of Chomskyan linguistics, Cognitive Psychology, and Artificial Intelligence, as the Cognitive Revolution took form. It pays particular attention to Chomsky’s collaborations with George Miller, another universally identified founding figure of the Cognitive Revolution whose work profoundly and directly shaped Cognitive Psycholinguistics; and to the consonance Chomsky’s model had with the algorithmic, information-processing, computational picture of mental life that was among the first principles of the Cognitive Revolution.
What do we talk about, when we talk about ‘universal grammar’, and how have we talked about it?
Authors: Thomas Margaret
Published: August 2014

This article sketches the history of ‘universal grammar’ as a term and as a concept, attending in particular to the range of expressions that have been used to label what human languages have in common. I focus on three contexts: medieval speculative grammar, which developed a concept of universal grammar without using that name; seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe, the acknowledged heyday of western “craving for universals” (Robins 1990: 16), when terms and concepts for universal grammar proliferated; and Chomskyan generative grammar, which has adapted and reinvented universal grammar as a theoretical trademark. Chomsky asserts the continuity of seventeenth-century and generative universal grammar, while differentiating his use of the term from earlier usage and from contemporary Greenbergian terminology. I examine Chomsky’s shifting assignment of the expression ‘universal grammar’ to different lexical subclasses (modified count noun; mass noun; proper noun), as a tool for understanding the recefnt development of this notion in western language science.
The “linguistic wars”
Authors: Graffi Giorgio
Published: August 2014

In the last two decades a debate developed about the historiography of the so-called “linguistic wars” of the late 1960s and the early 1970s, the fight between “generative semantics” (GS) and “extended standard theory” (EST). This historiographical debate looks as rough as the original “wars” themselves: according to Newmeyer (1986; 1996), the collapse of generative semantics was mainly due to its intrinsic weaknesses, while several other scholars (e.g., Huck & Goldsmith 1995; R.T. Lakoff 1989; Murray 1994) stress sociological reasons for the victory of EST, notably the rhetorical ability and the academic strength of Chomsky and his staunch followers. The aim of this article is to offer an external assessment of the “linguistics wars” based on the evidence provided by an outside observatory: the community of Italian linguists during the 1970s. The article first reviews the recent debate about the “linguistic wars”. Then the Italian reception of both GS and EST is sketched: it is shown that GS was initially preferred, but later abandoned. Since every kind of generative linguistics had very little space in Italian universities at that time (Italian academic linguistics was almost exclusively historically-oriented), sociological factors cannot be assumed to have played any role in this abandonment. Therefore, a not merely sociological explanation for the “victory” of EST over GS has to be found.
Representing minority languages and cultures on the World Wide Web
Authors: Golumbia David
Published: August 2014

An inevitable and welcome consequence of linguistic documentation of minority languages is the production of world wide web resources made about, by, and for speakers of those languages. One danger of this development is that websites can proliferate in which speakers of minority languages are portrayed as objects of study, promulgating the view and the reality that the global electronic network exists “for” – is culturally oriented toward – members of majority cultures. This same development provides linguists with great opportunities to create resources in which speakers of all languages see themselves as subjects, in part by working with community members to create linguistic websites.
Native speakers as documenters
Authors: Ajo Frances , Guérin Valérie , Hattori Ryoko , Robinson Laura C.
Published: August 2014

The Language Documentation Training Center (LDTC), a student-run initiative in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Hawai‘i at Manoa, is an innovative program which brings native speakers into the field of documentary linguistics and elevates their roles to central participants in the documentary process. At LDTC, graduate students in linguistics partner up with native speakers of underdocumented languages during a series of workshops where native speakers learn best practices in documentary linguistics. While the linguistic training is pared down to the skills and knowledge relevant to the native speakers’ languages, the documentary training empowers the speakers to undertake further documentation efforts in their own communities. This paper details the methods and practices of the LDTC.
Rosa Schätze – Pink zum kaufen
Authors: Frenzel-Biamonti Claudia
Published: August 2014

Over the past decades, English has had a strong influence on the German language, including the introduction of new words, among them the colour term pink. A first study (Frenzel 2006) investigated German speakers’ perception of rosa/pink as two separate colours rather than different shades of the same colour. The results suggested that pink was causing a shift in the semantic scope of the German colour term rosa. In order to further investigate this change in progress, a corpus of six popular magazines has been compiled since 2006. To objectively determine the application of the two colour terms and their status in German, instances of pink and rosa were selected on the basis of visual support from illustrative material in the magazines. The interpretation of the corpus takes semantic, connotative, contextual, and, particularly, stylistic considerations into account to ascertain the level of basicness of pink in the German language.
Terms for red in Central Europe
Authors: Uusküla Mari
Published: August 2014

In 1969 Brent Berlin and Paul Kay suggested that Hungarian may constitute an exception to their theory of universal BCCs by possessing 12 BCTs, including two basic reds. Recently some researchers have proposed that this is also true for Czech. These two genetically distant Central European languages were tested in large empirical-cognitive field studies in 2002, 2003 and 2007. The data collected show that both languages possess exactly 11 BCTs, including one basic term for red. However, it seems that the other term for red is culturally salient on a non-basic level. The puzzle of two salient terms for red could be best understood by drawing attention to the contextual impact on meaning, which is handled by examining syntagmatic and paradigmatic collocations. The case of the two colour terms may represent a unique areal phenomenon.
The power of colour term precision
Authors: Steinvall Anders
Published: August 2014

In this paper I analyze and discuss the effects of the use of specific colour vocabulary employed by five English-speaking travelogue writers visiting northern Scandinavia in the nineteenth century. The number of different colour terms (types) and their frequency of occurrence (tokens) as well as the objects they describe are presented and analyzed. The results show that the objects described most often with specific colour vocabulary are natural objects in the landscape. I argue that this use of colour precision in the discourse can be viewed as reflecting two aspects: first, a desire to add attributes such as exoticness and exclusiveness to the narrative as they are readily available associations in many terms; second, the writers’ engagement and involvement in the landscape they travel through, as the use of specific terminology can be very clearly linked to the writers’ opinions about what is described.
Colors and color adjectives in the cortex
Authors: Plebe Alessio , Mazzone Marco , Cruz Vivian De la
Published: August 2014

An important question in studies on color perception in humans concerns the extent to which lexical items related to colors affect color concepts. In the hope of shedding additional light on this longstanding debate, we propose a computational model of the convergence between visual and linguistic processing paths in the cortex, aimed at exploring the emergence of color concepts in pre-linguistic and linguistic phases of early human development. Three versions of the model, trained with color terms in three different languages, English, Berinmo and Himba, are compared.
Chapter 5. Complex cognition required for compound adhesive manufacture in the Middle Stone Age implies symbolic capacity
Authors: Wadley Lyn
Published: August 2014

Compound adhesives were made in the Middle Stone Age (MSA) of southern Africa using a complex process in order to attach stone tools to shafts. Glue-makers must switch attention between fire control, measuring ingredients, and assembling compound tools. No rehearsals or recipes guarantee success; artisans must multi-task (a characteristic of modern human minds involving cognitive fluidity) and think abstractly about properties of glue ingredients. Mental rotation, an ability implying advanced working memory capacity, is needed to place stone inserts in various positions to create novel weapons and tools. The manufacturing process is sufficiently intricate that the early artisans must have had minds with abilities that overlapped those of people living today; such minds are capable of symbolic thought and action.
Chapter 9. Biology and mechanisms related to the dawn of language
Authors: Ellis George F.R.
Published: August 2014

The purpose of language is prediction and problem solving in the social and ecological context. Its implementation is enabled by the combination of bottom-up and top-down causation in the brain. Visual thinking develops basic abilities of pattern recognition and classification, but music and play can more effectively develop the key feature of recursion. The motivational impulse for language use starts with mother-child nurturing but moves on to the joy of imaginative play, which develops theories of other minds and basic symbolic abilities; it also easily includes music and song. Key steps towards language could be changes in neural connectivity allowing recursion to emerge, in the context of developing technological needs.
Classifying illocutionary acts, or, a tale of Theory and Praxis
Authors: Sbisà Marina
Published: August 2014

I became interested in the problem of the classification of illocutionary acts in the framework of my uneasiness about the Fact-Value and Theory-Praxis dichotomies. In my decades-long research on it, I defended Austin’s classification and reformulated it, applying my reformulation fruitfully to various discourse genres as well as to the analysis of conversation. I introduced original perspectives as to the relationship between action and linguistic form in illocution and as to the role of performative verbs, but gradually lost sight of my initial interest in the Fact-Value and Theory-Praxis dichotomies. I summarize those results of my research which can help to bridge these dichotomies and indicate the next steps to be taken in this direction.
The public face of language
Authors: Cook-Gumperz Jenny , Gumperz John J.
Published: August 2014

This chapter looks at the debates surrounding the reform of the German spelling system that took place from the early 1990s through to 2006. Given Germany’s federal system of government such changes, although proposed by a Government appointed Commission, had to be debated, and enacted by each individual State. During the course of this process a great deal of controversy was generated both in the media and in protests by the general public, and by the refusal of some leading newspapers and publishers to adopt the reformed spelling/orthographic principles. The debates speak to the newly discovered awareness of the importance of the visual character of language as a tangible token of language identity, and to the depth of the ideological issues that language matters evoke.
Chapter 6. Lexicographic description of recent Anglicisms in Serbian
Authors: Prćić Tvrtko
Published: August 2014

This article offers an account of a pioneering project in the lexicographic description of recent Anglicisms in Serbian, the main result of which was the publication of a dictionary, entitled Du yu speak anglosrpski? Rečnik novijih anglicizama (Vasić et al. 2001). The discussion includes the following topics: (a) a typological identification of this dictionary, (b) a detailed presentation of a checklist of twenty-five problems which the authors had to address and the solutions which they implemented, regarding strategic decisions about the dictionary and aspects of its macrostructure, microstructure and graphic design, (c) a critical appraisal of the merits, demerits and implications of this dictionary and the entire project, and (d) an assessment of the future prospects of the dictionary.
Elî Teremaxî and the Vernacularization of Medrese Learning in Kurdistan
Authors: Leezenberg Michiel
Published: August 2014

Eli Teremaxi's Serfa Kurmancî has not yet received the critical attention it deserves. It was dismissed by Auguste Jaba as a text of “minor interest,” but in fact it is of paramount importance both for the study of the Kurdish language and for the history of Kurdish learning. Not only does it contain the oldest extant detailed remarks on Kurdish grammar, in all likelihood preceding even Garzoni's 1787 Grammatica; it is also among the first examples of Kurdish-language prose writing. The rise of prose texts of learning in Kurdish in the eighteenth century is an aspect of so-called “vernacularization,” i.e. the use of a vernacular language for new purposes of written literature and learning. Vernacularization is, this article argues, a crucial prerequisite for the rise of a national language. The article also briefly discusses traces of a similar development in some of Teremaxî's near-contemporaries.