bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
20.—Rowleya trifurcata gen. et sp. nov., a Simple Petrified Vascular Plant from the Lower Coal Measures (Westphalian A) of Lancashire
Authors: Long Albert G.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Rowleya trifurcata gen. et sp. nov. is described from specimens discovered in coal-balls from the Union Mine of Burnley, Lancashire. It consists of slender cylindrical axes (0·3–1·4 mm diam.) branched at long intervals by anisotomous dichotomies. Often three closely consecutive dichotomies produce a lateral trifurcation in which one or both outer branches have been arrested in growth. These bear one or two pairs of vascularised tapering appendages interpreted as ‘leaves’. Main axes usually possess a tetrarch solid strand of primary xylem somewhat like certain branches of Stauropteris. Slightly smaller axes often have a triarch strand of primary xylem triangular in cross-section. Backwardly directed branches are occasionally borne above a trifurcation and opposite a pair of ‘leaves’.

Rowleya trifurcata is associated with Psalixochlaena cylindrica and Botryopteris hirsuta. Its closest affinities seem to be with Stauropteris and Psilotum.
23.—Psalixochlaena berwickense sp. nov., a Lower Carboniferous Fern from Berwickshire
Authors: Long Albert G.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Psalixochlaena berwickense sp. nov. is described from specimens found in the Cementstone Group of Berwickshire. The incomplete fossils consist of short cylindrical stems, 0·7–1·5 mm diameter, and probably represent portions of one or more branching rhizomes. Attached petioles have not been seen but one detached fragment shows a resemblance in structure to the petioles of P. cylindrica (Williamson) Holden. Branching of the stem is by trifurcate laterals and this distinguishes it from P. cylindrica but bears a superficial resemblance to Rowleya trifurcata Long.
I.—The Glaciation of East Lothian South of the Garleton Hills
Authors: Kendall P. F. , Bailey E. B.
Published: January 2013

The glaciation of East Lothian has already been dealt with separately by Professor John Young, who, when attached to the Geological Survey, treated this subject in the memoir of the district published in 1866. His account of the phenomena, striæ, boulder clay, dry valleys, etc., is concise and clear, but he does not enter deeply into a discussion of causes. A guarded reference to submersion to account for the presence of an erratic boulder of carboniferous sandstone at a height of 1500 feet above sea-level shows in fact that he had not arrived at a full conception of the possibilities involved in glaciation by land ice. He was, however, quite definite in ascribing many important erosion effects in the district to the work of an “ice-stream.” In this as in most other points he had been forstalled by Sir Archibald Geikie, who had already described the immediately adjoining area to the south.
III.—On the Source of the Amniotic and Allantoic Fluids in Mammals
Authors: Paton D. Noël , Watson B. P. , Kerr James
Published: January 2013

In all vertebrates, as the embryo develops at one pole of the egg, it sinks inwards till it becomes completely enclosed in a hood or sac filled with fluid, the amnion. When the sac or true amnion has completely closed over the embryo, it becomes separated from the outer layer, which remains in contact with the covering of the egg as the false or chorionic amnion.
V.—The Marine Mollusca of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
Authors: Melvill James Cosmo , Standen Robert
Published: January 2013

The marine Mollusca obtained during the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition of s.s. Scotia are particularly interesting, not merely on account of certain benthal forms having been for the first time brought to light from unusual depths, but also as demonstrating an extended geographical range for certain meridional species already known; while the occurrence of sundry British and North European individuals in the Falkland Islands—perhaps brought there adventitiously—is, to some extent, a new feature in the fauna. Regarding the deep-sea species just alluded to, the dredging of a second example of the hitherto unique Guivillea alabastrina, Watson, from a station not far from the original Challenger locality, is very noteworthy; while we may at the same time signalise a Columbarium, Cuspidaria, Chrysodomus, and Dentalium, from 1775, 2645, 1775, and 1410 fathoms respectively.
XXVI.—Temperature Observations in Loch Earn. With a further Contribution to the Hydrodynamical Theory of the Temperature Seiche
Authors: Wedderburn E. M.
Published: January 2013

There are a number of gaps which exist in our knowledge of the temperature changes which occur in fresh-water lakes. The broad lines on which the changes occur are fairly well known, but on almost every point there is a lack of detailed knowledge, and every investigation shows new problems requiring attack. One of the most interesting of these problems is the causation of the temperature seiche, and the effect of varying meteorological conditions. The problem is a difficult one, as the factors to be taken into consideration are so numerous, and the data from which to form conclusions are difficult to procure. We must first obtain an accurate knowledge of the changes which are occurring in the body of water under consideration—not only at one point but at all points, and this necessitates observations at frequent intervals of time, at numerous depths, made from several points on the surface of the loch. As yet there are no satisfactory self-recording instruments by means of which we can record the temperature of water at a considerable depth below the surface, and recourse must be had to the reading of mercury thermometers.
(1) The Etiology of the Disease
Authors: Rennie John , White Philip Bruce , Harvey Elsie J.
Published: January 2013

Isle of Wight Bee Disease has been known in this country certainly since 1904, when it was first recognised in the island from which it derives its popular name. According to Imms it was probably present in Derbyshire in 1902, and was also known in Cornwall and other districts in 1904. Prior to these dates periodic losses of bees of a serious character are on record, dating as far back as the middle of the eighteenth century. Bullamore and Malden (1912) have summarised fully these outbreaks in historical series in their report inJournal of Board of Agriculture, Supplement 8, xix. From a study of the records which they have brought together and from personal inquiries which we have made at various bee-keepers of wide experience, it would appear that none of these earlier outbreaks attained the general distribution throughout the country which we know in Isle of Wight Disease at the present date, nor did any of them remain established over such an extensive period of years as that which has continued without interruption from 1902 until the present time.
(2) The Pathology of Isle of Wight Disease in Hive Bees
Authors: White P. Bruce
Published: January 2013

Isle of Wight disease is, as we have seen, primarily a disease of the respiratory system, in which the organism remains localised throughout the entire course of the attack.

The effects are, however, far-reaching, and are registered in the disordered functioning of several organs, and in visible pathological changes in some of them.

The parasitic invasion has two aspects.

We have, in the first place, to consider the active injury wrought upon the host by a parasite developing and living at the expense of its body fluids. With this aspect of the question may be coupled the possibility of a definite toxic action on the part of the parasite.

In the second place, we have to consider the passive rôle of the mites in hindering or inhibiting the normal functions of the infected organs.

Before proceeding to consider the various pathological conditions, a few words on the distribution of the parasite within the host is called for.
(3) Isle of Wight Disease in Hive Bees—Experiments on Infection with Tarsonemus woodi, n. sp.
Authors: Harvey Elsie J.
Published: January 2013

The following experiments and observations have been undertaken with a view to discovering the means by which Tarsonemus is transmitted from one bee to another. It is obvious that a stage of the parasite exists outside the bee, and that there are also several possibilities (which may occur). One is the passage from bee to bee within the hive either directly or through the medium of frames or combs. Another, also within the hive, where the mites may in wandering upon the frames enter the cells and invade the body of the developing larvæ or pupæ, and in this way be present in the bee when it hatches. A third possibility is that whereby foraging infected bees may leave the mite upon flowers, vegetation generally, drinking grounds, or other situations, to be picked up later by other bees chancing to visit these. Crawling or dead bees may in a similar manner prove to be a source of infection through the contamination of the ground about the hive or of the actual hive itself.
XXX.—Shackleton Antarctic Expedition, 1914–1917: Depths and Deposits of the Weddell Sea
Authors: Wordie J. M.
Published: January 2013

Previous to the voyage of the Endurance in 1914–1915, the depth and extent of the Weddell Sea were either based on or surmised from the deep-sea soundings made on the Scotia by Dr Bruce in 1903 and 1904; on Dr Otto Nordenskjöld's ship Antarctic in 1901–1902; and on the German Expedition ship Deutschland under the leadership of Lieut. Filchner in 1912–1913. The first set are confined to the eastern and north-eastern portion, and may be said to run diagonally across the mouth of the sea; the second set were made in the extreme north-western area; whilst those of the Deutschland are disposed right down the centre of the sea, and consist mainly of a south-to-north series approximately along the meridian of 43° W.
XII.—The Old Red Sandstone of Shetland. Part I. South-Eastern Area. With an Account of The Fossil Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone of the Shetland Islands
Authors: Finlay T. M. , Woodward Arthur Smith , White Errol Ivor
Published: January 2013

The exact horizon occupied by the Shetland strata of Old Red Sandstone age, and their relation to the corresponding series in the north of Scotland, have long been subjects of considerable speculation and much uncertainty. While their resemblance to the flag-stones of Caithness and Orkney was generally recognised, more definite palæontological evidence was required for correlation purposes, and the barrenness of the islands in this respect has been commented on again and again. Up to quite recent years the only fossils found in Shetland were fragmentary plant remains of doubtful affinities, and the small crustacean Estheria membranacea; the abundant ichthyolites which characterise the beds of Caithness and Orkney seemed here to be wanting, and the dearth of fossil evidence is reflected in the conservative and guarded opinions as to the position to be assigned to the series.
XVIII.—The Geology of Jan Mayen
Authors: Wordie J. M.
Published: January 2013

Jan Mayen, so far as at present known, is entirely volcanic in origin. The rocks, therefore, are conveniently grouped with the Tertiary and later volcanics of the Faroes, Iceland, and Scoresby Sound in East Greenland. It should be noted, however, that these three localities are linked together by the Faroe-Iceland Ridge, the water everywhere being shallower than 500 fathoms. Jan Mayen, on the other hand, though lying at the same distance from Iceland as the Faroes, is not on the Ridge, and is separated by depths of over 1000 fathoms. Its position is somewhat to the west of the centre of the Norwegian Sea, and at no great distance from depths exceeding 2000 fathoms.
II.—The Readvance, Marginal Kame-moraine of the South of Scotland, and some Later Stages of Retreat
Authors: Charlesworth J. Kaye
Published: January 2013

In the course of researches into the glaciation of the western part of the Southern Uplands of Scotland the writer accidentally stumbled upon a series of large and continuous moraines bordering the Central Valley. Some of these had been observed and described by earlier workers, others—probably constituting the larger part—had either escaped detection or had been differently interpreted.

The solution of the problem presented by these moraines not only required their careful mapping from coast to coast, but also inevitably led to an attempt to decipher the history of the retreat of the ice out of the Central Valley.
VI.—The Development of the Hypophysis Cerebri in Man, with a Note upon its Structure in the Human Adult
Authors: Waterston David
Published: January 2013

The development of the hypophysis cerebri throughout the Vertebrates has attracted the attention of many workers, and our knowledge of its development and adult structure is comprehensive in many forms of the Reptilia, Amphibia, Fishes, in certain Marsupials, and in several of the best-known Mammals.

Its development in man has recently been investigated by Rudel (1) and by Hochstetter (12), but the small number of specimens as yet examined and described by these and other writers makes it desirable that further work should be done on this subject.
VII.—The Igneous Geology of Ardsheal Hill, Argyllshire
Authors: Walker Frederick
Published: January 2013

Ardsheal Hill is situated in Argyllshire amidst country of great petrographic interest. It is easily reached by road or rail, for it overlooks the main road from Oban to Port William, and is under 2 miles from the station of Kentallen on the Ballachulish Branch of the L.M.S. Railway. The area considered in the present communication is bounded by Loch Linnhe on the west and on the east by the above-mentioned road.
XVIII.—Jurassic and Eocene Echinoidea from Somaliland
Authors: Currie Ethel D.
Published: January 2013

The collection of echinoids, which is the subject of this report, was made by Mr R. A. Farquharson, M.A., M.Sc., F.G.S., Government Geologist, during his survey of British Somaliland in the year 1923–24. The collection was presented by the Colonial Office to the Geological Department of the British Museum, and the Keeper, Dr F. A. Bather, F.R.S., has been good enough to allow me to examine and describe these interesting specimens. I have been fortunate in having beside me for comparison the echinoids from Somaliland in the Hunterian Museum, which were collected by Mr B. K. N. Wyllie, B.Sc., F.G.S., and Dr W. E. Smellie, and through them presented by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. I take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to Professor Gregory for his interest in the collection and for much kind help.
XXV.—Metamorphism in Relation to Structure in the Scottish Highlands
Authors: Elles Gertrude Lilian , Tilley Cecil Edgar
Published: January 2013

The main object of tho present paper is the consideration of the structure of the Central and S.W. Highlands as shown up by the metamorphic condition of the beds. This metamorphic condition has boon studied over the length and breadth of the country, mapped and deduced from very many outcrops in all districts. Sometimes it was possible to superpose the the details respecting the metamorphism upon the 1-inch maps of the Geological Survey, but in many other cases the areas were mapped upon the 6-inch scale. Naturally this work has taken a long time, for it has necessitated the collection of many thousands of specimens, and nearly 3000 rocks have been sliced and examined, since it is not always possible to define the limits of a metamorphic zone with precision by field work alone, and many rock types were encountered that rendered a more careful study advisable than was possible from the mere examination of a hand specimen.
XXX.—The Dolerite Isles of the North Minch
Authors: Walker Frederick
Published: January 2013

North of Skye the waters of the Minch conceal Tertiary igneous rocks, probably of great interest, the nature of which may be surmised only from the study of a few small skerries or islands projecting above sea-level. The group of the Shiant Isles is the best known and most interesting of these, and has been described elsewhere; but the more southerly islets, which form the subject of the present communication, are not without importance in themselves, besides forming a useful geological connecting link between the Shiants and Trotternish. As shown in the sketch map (fig. 1), they comprise the little archipelago a league off the Trotternish coast, which will be referred to as the Fladda group; the island of Trodday, two miles north-east of Rudha Hunish in Skye, and three small rocks or skerries lying close to the track of the Harris mail steamer.
X.—On the Structure and Function of the Alimentary Canal of the Limpet
Authors: Graham Alastair
Published: January 2013

The work, of which the results are described in the following pages, was carried out in the Department of Zoology of the University of Sheffield and at the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association, Plymouth. I wish to thank the British Association and the University of Sheffield for the use of tables at the Plymouth Laboratory, and I would also express my gratitude to Dr C. M. Yonge for much assistance, particularly for the loan of numerous papers.
XII.—Scottish Carboniferous Ostracoda
Authors: Latham Mary H.
Published: January 2013

The first known fossil Ostracoda were collected by the Rev. David Ure from the Carboniferous Limestone of East Kilbride. In 1793 he figured his specimens, describing them merely as “microscopic shells.” Some years later Dr S. Hibbert (1836) described and figured as Cypris scotoburdigalensis some Ostracoda he had collected from the Burdiehouse Limestone near Edinburgh. The most important work on this group of fossils was done by T. R. Jones. In 1866, together with J. W. Kirkby, he gave a short account of previous research, and from 1855 until 1901 published a large number of papers, either alone or in collaboration with J. W. Kirkby, H. B. Holl and others, mainly in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History. In 1927 Dr Hopkins used an ostracod bed for correlation purposes in the Northumberland and Durham Coalfield, and in 1931 W. B. Wright observed that the ostracods show a definite succession of forms. A new species described by Wright as Cytherella foveolata occurs at the top of the Pulchra Zone and may be of zonal significance since it has not so far been recognised in any other horizon.
XX.—The Metamorphism of the Deeside Limestone, Aberdeenshire
Authors: Hutchison Arthur G.
Published: January 2013

The limestone to be described occurs in two separate areas (fig. 1)—one in Lower Deeside around Banchory, another in Middle Deeside around Aboyne. The whole of the Banchory and a large part of the Aboyne outcrops provide limestone types in a high grade of regional metamorphism (the associated schists contain sillimanite). In the latter outcrop the limestone has undergone thermal metamorphism at the contacts with Newer Granite intrusions. Many of the resulting hornfelses have suffered hydrothermal alterations with development of prehnite and zeolites. Newer Granite pegmatites, intruded at the time of hornfelsing, share in this hornfelsing and later hydrothermal modifications. In addition, they exercise exopneumatolytic and exohydrothermal metamorphism. Quite local metamorphisms take place at hornblende-schist and Older Granite contacts.
XXVIII.—The Structure of the Foot in certain Mosses and in Anthoceros lœvis
Authors: Blaikley Nellie M.
Published: January 2013

The writer recently undertook an investigation of certain aspects of the water relationships in the gametophyte of Polytrichum (2), showing that a large quantity of water ascends through the central strand of the stem and is given off in transpiration from the leafy shoot. The experiments were later extended to the sporophyte, the transpiration rate again being measured (3). While these observations were in progress, it was suggested that it would be useful at the same time to examine in detail the structure of the absorbing organ of the sporophyte, usually referred to as the “foot,” an organ which has been defined by Hy (16) as that part of the seta which is embedded throughout its life in the tissues of the gametophyte.
XXXIII.—The Sequence of Floras in the Upper Carboniferous, with special reference to South Wales
Authors: Dix Emily
Published: January 2013

In 1925 Professor A. E. Trueman handed to the writer a copy of Professor Bertrand's paper, “Les Zones Végétales du Terrain Houiller du Nord de la France” (1914, p. 208), with the suggestion that it would be interesting to find out whether the succession of plants in South Wales is similar to that of the North of France, and to determine whether Bertrand's zones can be applied to the Coal Measures of South Wales. Since that time every opportunity has been taken to collect fossil plants from known horizons in South Wales and other coalfields. In addition, specimens have been examined in all the important museums and private collections, and in particular in the collections of the late Dr R. Kidston, which are now preserved in the Museum of Practical Geology.
XXV.—The Petrology of South Georgia.
Authors: Tyrrell G. W.
Published: January 2013

The first petrographic description of the rocks of South Georgia was given by H. Thürach in 1890, as part of the results of the German Scientific Expedition to that area of 1882–83. He described the rocks as clay-slates interstratified with phyllite and phyllite-gneiss, with quartz-phyllite, calc-phyllite, and quartzite-slate. He also mentions a great development of interbedded schalsteine or diabase tuffs, and describes a rolled pebble of “korniger gneiss.” His phyllite-gneiss is said to contain tourmaline, apatite, and andalusite. He emphasises the great crushing and disturbance the rocks have undergone.
XIX. — Foraminifera of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
Authors: Pearcey F. Gordon
Published: January 2013

The fauna of the Polar regions is of deep interest to zoologists generally, that of the Antarctic specially so, and in this the Rhizopodist can justly claim his share.

Since the return of theChallengerExpedition in 1876, the later British expeditions to this area, with the exception of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, did but little in the way of sounding and trawling in the deeper waters of the Antarctic. Although much additional work has been carried out, and many new and rare species of the higher forms of marine life from this region have been brought to light, comparatively little has been added to the Rhizopod fauna since the results of theChallengerExpedition were published. The following pages on the Foraminifera are due to the energy and enthusiasm of Dr W. S. Bruce, F.R.S.E., and his colleagues. The genera and species here enumerated and described have been obtained from samples of deposits sent to me at intervals by Dr Bruce and Dr J. H. Harvey Pirie, collected by them, during the S.Y.ScotiaExpedition in 1903-4, chiefly from the area of the Weddell Sea, where the ocean floor is covered with terrigenous deposits of Blue Mud, or (as Dr Pirie calls them) Glacial Muds and Clays.
V.—On the Fossil Flora of the Staffordshire Coal Fields.
Authors: Kidston R.
Published: January 2013

The first of this series of papers, that on the “Fossil Plants collected during the sinking of the shaft of the Hamstead Colliery, Great Barr, near Birmingham,” was published in 1888, and the second, dealing with the “Fossil Flora of the Coal Field of the Potteries,” in 1891.

Since that date the North Staffordshire Coal Field has been re-surveyed by members of the Geological Survey, and the result of this re-examination of the geology of the Potteries Coal Field was the classification of the strata into several well-defined groups.
VII.—Rupture Stresses in Beams and Crane Hooks.
Authors: Fulton Angus R.
Published: January 2013

CONCLUSIONS

1. It may be taken as conclusive that the final distribution of stress at rupture point in a member subjected to an external bending moment is a rectangular one, unless where the cohesion of adjacent layers is not sufficient to withstand the shear induced by the resisting moment of the section.

2. That, provided shear does not take place, the neutral axis moves always to the position which reduces the summation of the tensile and compressive stress areas, across a section, to the equilibrant of the external forces. (In the case of a beam this reduces to zero; in that of a hook, at the principal section to the suspended weight.)

3. That the total resisting moment of these stresses must be equal to the external bending moment as measured to the neutral axis at rupture point, but that these balancing moments do not differ materially from those measured to an axis obtained by dividing the sectional area into tensile and compressive stress areas which are in inverse proportion to the magnitude of their respective ultimate direct stresses.

The advantage of these formulæ are important. It is possible to indicate with certainty the magnitude of the load which will cause rupture in a beam or a hook provided there is known the point of application or the effective arm of the load, the cross-section of the beam or hook, and the breaking strengths of the material when subjected to the different forms of direct loading.
XXI.—The Life-history and Development of Agriolimax agrestis L., the Gray Field Slug.
Authors: Carrick Robert
Published: January 2013

Among Gasteropod Molluscs the life-histories and development of the most highly evolved members, the terrestrial Pulmonates, have been less intensively studied than those of more primitive aquatic forms. This has been due in part to the technical difficulties involved in the permanent preparation of material for study, and in part to the fact that the investigator seeking for primitive features of phyletic interest is more likely to find these among more generalised species of Gasteropods than among those which are obviously adapted, both during the early stages of their development and in adult life, to a habitat far removed from the ancestral one.

It is the purpose of this paper to present data bearing upon the life-history of a single species of land Pulmonate, Agriolimax agrestis L., to enlarge upon certain aspects of the embryology of this species, and to demonstrate the structural and functional changes of the larva which have accompanied the transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial breeding habit.
XXIII.—The Cytology of the Thelytokously Parthenogenetic Saw-Fly Thrinax macula Kl
Authors: Peacock A.D. , Sanderson Ann R.
Published: January 2013

Since the preliminary cytological work of Doncaster (1906) nothing has been recorded on the maturation of the thelytokously (female-producing) parthenogenetic saw-flies (Ten-thredinidæ). Doncaster worked with the four species now known, according to Enslin (1918), as Empria abdominalis F., E. pulverata Ritz., crœsus varus Vill., and Hemichroa crocea Geoffr., and he concluded (1907) that the chromosome number in the oocyte, polar nuclei and egg pronucleus was 8, there being two maturation divisions giving rise to an egg pronucleus and three polar nuclei. As stated in our note to Nature (1937) recent work on the thelytokously parthenogenetic species, Pristiphora pallipes Lep., by our colleague, Mr L. C. Comrie, confirms Doncaster regarding the number of maturation divisions and polar nuclei, but raises strong doubts on Doncaster's interpretations of chromosome number and behaviour. Doncaster did not make it clear whether the diploid number was 8 or 16, or whether auto regulation occurred during or after maturation. It appears probable that the real diploid number is 16, for intensive study of over twenty species of saw-flies, carried on mainly by Dr F. Greenshields in this department (unpublished work), shows that the characteristic diploid number for Tenthredinidæ is 16. Further, judging by Mr Comrie's research on Pristiphora pallipes, in which the diploid number is also found to be 16, it would appear probable that autoregulation in Doncaster's types is brought about by fusion of egg pronucleus and second polar nucleus.
XXIX.—An EarlyDictyoconus, and the GenusOrbitolina: Their Contemporaneity, Structural Distinction, and Respective Natural Allies
Authors: Davies Lieut.-Colonel L. M.
Published: January 2013

The author summarises recent reports regarding the appearance in Mesozoic rocks of Blanckenhorn's genusDictyoconus, long supposed to have originated in the Middle Eocene. He figures and describes the best known of these Mesozoic forms, in order to place its age and generic attribution beyond question, and discusses the problem of its relationship to allied genera as affected by its early appearance. He then describes d'Orbigny's contemporary (Cretaceous) genusOrbitolina, with whichDictyoconushas often been confused, in order to show its radical difference in structure and the characteristics of forms which can be more justly regarded as related to it. He also discusses the genotype ofOrbitolina, since the species lately quoted as such is unsuitable.
VII.—Experimental Researches in Mountain Building
Authors: Cadell Henry M.
Published: January 2013

Among most of the geologists who had of late years been engaged in investigating the structure of the North-West Highlands, and especially among those who did not concur in Murchison's explanation of the phenomena exhibited there, it was a growing belief that great overthrusts had been largely instrumental in producing the remarkable stratigraphical relations of the rock masses of that region. After a most careful detailed examination of the ground by the Geological Survey, the existence and importance of such thrusts was not only placed beyond a doubt, but a variety of additional remarkable structures were discovered, which open up new fields of investigation to the physical geologist.
XV.—On Benzyl Phosphines and their Derivatives
Authors: Letts  , Blake R. F.
Published: January 2013

The phosphines which have been obtained as yet are not very numerous, and with one or two exceptions their properties have not been exhaustively studied, a fact which is no doubt largely due to the difficulties encountered in preparing them in any quantity.

There are consequently a great many points in their history which require examination, and the object we had in view in the present investigation was chiefly to extend our knowledge of this interesting group of substances.
III.—Cytological Studies in the Genus Solanum. I. Wild and Native Cultivated “Diploid” Potatoes
Authors: Choudhuri H. G.
Published: January 2013

Previous studies on the cytology of the wild and less highly developed “diploid” forms of potatoes have been mainly concerned with the number of chromosomes. Rybin (1933) in his cytological investigation on the South American cultivated and wild potatoes has recorded 12 as the haploid number of chromosomes in seven species including S. Rybinii. Ratera (1938) reported the same number of haploid chromosomes in S. Parodii and six other species indigenous to Argentine.

The present study is concerned primarily with the secondary pairing of chromosomes at meiosis in six “diploid” species with a view to determining the basic number in potatoes and to ascertaining the exact “status” of these species.
VIII.—The Petrography of the Franz Josef Fjord Region, North-East Greenland, in Relation to its Structure: A Study in Regional Metamorphism
Authors: Odell N. E.
Published: January 2013

In the introduction to his previous paper on the Structure (Odell, 1939) the author included a short description of the stratigraphy of the region under review, and the briefest account only is therefore here deemed necessary.

A principal feature of north-east Greenland is the considerable number of representatives of the Geological Succession which lie exposed in the ice-free mountainous tract between the Inland Ice Cap and the Greenland Sea. These formations include Pre-Cambrian, Palæozoic, and Mesozoic sedimentaries with Kainozoic eruptives. They have a general trend north and south, and while the older rocks are situated mainly inland, the younger ones lie along the fringes of the coast-line. Consequently, as one sails westward up the immense fjords which cut transversely across the formations, one moves downwards in the succession towards the older rocks. The older rocks, however, underlie by far the greater part of the ice-free area, and of these, sandstones and coarse elastics of Old Red type, quartzites, slates, and limestones ranging from Ordovician to Pre-Cambrian, and metamorphic rocks with granites comprising a Metamorphic Complex, are found in three great belts in order from east to west, between latitudes 72° and 74°. Within these limiting latitudes, the numerous inlets and deeply entrenched fjords, whose great bare walls display in remarkable fashion the multi-coloured formations and their structures, have yielded a considerable amount of information in recent years to the British, Scandinavian, and other geologists who have studied them.
XVIII. On the Laws which regulate the Distribution of the Polarising Force in Plates, Tubes, and Cylinders of Glass, that have received the Polarising Structure
Authors: Brewster David
Published: January 2013

In the Philosophical Transactions for 1816, I have described at great length the various phenomena which are exhibited by glass and other substances to which the property of double refraction has been communicated by heat, by rapid cooling, by evaporation, or by mechanical compression and dilatation. In pursuing the same subject, I have observed many singular facts respecting the developement of new axes, by a change in the form and condition of the plates; and by submitting the phenomena to accurate measurement, I have succeeded in determining the laws which regulate the distribution of the polarising force. A brief account of these results will form the subject of the following paper.
XXIII. Observations on the Junction of the Fresh Water of Rivers with the Salt Water of the Sea
Authors: Fleming John
Published: January 2013

It is possible, that the following observations may contain little that is new to those who are familiarly acquainted with the details of the science of Hydrostatics. But as I have not met with any remarks on the subject, in the course of my limited reading, the experiments which were performed, and the conclusions to which they lead, are here submitted to the consideration of the Royal Society.
VII.—On the Structure of the Chondracanthus Lophii, with Observations on its Larval Form.
Authors: Turner Wm. , Wilson H.S.
Published: January 2013

The very curious Parasitic Crustacean, the structure and larval form of which we propose to consider in the following communication, we obtained in the month of August last, in considerable numbers, in the branchial pouches of a Lophius piscatorius, which we captured at Whitby in Yorkshire.
X.—On the Existence of Acari between the Laminæ of Mica in Optical Contact.
Authors: Brewster David
Published: January 2013

In searching for crystals of titanium between films of mica, I was surprised to observe something resembling the remains of insects. Upon submitting the specimen which contained them to a more careful examination, I found, in different parts of it, five completely formed Acari, all of which were much smaller than those found in cheese, brown sugar, and damp bran, specimens of which I obtained for the purpose of comparison.
XI.—On certain Vegetable and Mineral Formations in Calcareous Spar.
Authors: Brewster David
Published: January 2013

When occupied several years ago in studying the fluid and gaseous cavities in minerals, my attention was drawn to certain remarkable formations in perfectly transparent specimens of calcareous spar. These formations were of two kinds—the one apparently of vegetable origin, and the other obviously mineral.
XII.—Memoir of the Life and Writings of Robert Whytt, M.D., Professor of Medicine in the University of Edinburgh from 1747 to 1766.
Authors: Seller William
Published: January 2013

It does not always happen that the memory of inquirers into nature, who have the merit or the fortune to strike first into a right path, is cherished as it deserves. This remark applies forcibly to the eminent person, whether regarded as a physiologist or as a physician, of whose life aud labours a brief memoir is now laid before the Society. The name of Robert Whytt was familiar to his contemporaries both at home and abroad. Increase of distance should hardly yet have dimmed its lustre. Yet, in proportion as the views which he initiated have expanded more and more in growing to maturity, the less and less is heard of their author. Biography—which never did Whytt great justice—begins already to put him aside. A few particulars of his life, with a catalogue of his works, have hitherto been common in books of that description, principally in those of Germany and France. In some newer French biographies his name has dropped out. But of a late Edinburgh Biographical Dictionary, extending to not a few volumes, while restricted to the lives of eminent Scotsmen, it will hardly obtain credit that an early luminary of the rising University, conspicuous among the European leaders of medical science during a busy period of the eighteenth century, should, amidst a cloud of mediocrity, be there sought for in vain.
XXII.—On the Laws of the Fertility of Women
Authors: Duncan J. Matthews
Published: January 2013

In a former paper I described the variation of the fecundity of women according to age, and arrived at the conclusion that the climax of fecundity in women was at or near the age of 25 years. Researches, completed since that paper was read, regarding the variations of length and weight of children according to the mother's age, and regarding the mortality of childbed as influenced by the mother's age, have been published in the “Edinburgh Medical Journal.” The results of these investigations seem to illustrate and confirm the statement made as to the age of the climax of fecundity, for I have found that, about that age, women produce the bulkiest children, as measured by length and weight; and about the same age of the mother there is the smallest mortality in childbed. As still further adorning the age of 25, I may add, that several sets of observations, including some made in St George's-in-the-East, London, and published in the eleventh volume of the “Journal of the Statistical Society,” show a greater amount of survival and rearing among children born of women about that age than at any other; and recently Dr Arthur Mitchell has published a collection of cases of idiocy, with the respective ages of the mothers at the time of the idiots' births, and these also show a smaller proportion born of women about the age of 25 years than at greater and lesser ages.
XXVIII.—On the Buried Forests and Peat Mosses of Scotland, and the Changes of Climate which they indicate
Authors: Geikie James
Published: January 2013

The following communication is an attempt to eliminate the geological history of our Scottish Peat Mosses. So much, however, has already been done in this matter, that the reconsideration of phenomena, for the most part well known, may appear almost a superfluous task. But, notwithstanding the essays of Walker, Rennie, Anderson, and others, in this department of geological inquiry, there is still probably much to be gathered from the same source, which shall greatly increase our knowledge of the condition of these latitudes in the ages that followed upon the close of the glacial epoch. At present, I mean to give only an outline of the subject, reserving for some future occasion a fuller statement of the facts on which the conclusions arrived at are based.
XXX.—Observations on New Lichens and Fungi collected in Otago, New Zealand
Authors: Lindsay W. Lauder
Published: January 2013

In 1861, in a part of the province of Otago, New Zealand, not previously botanically explored, I made, among other botanical collections, one of Lichens and Fungi. The number of new species and varieties proved to be considerable, amounting to about 20 per cent. of the whole lichens, and 40 per cent. of the whole fungi, collected. Since my return home, I have submitted (with a view specially to the study of the minute anatomy of the reproductive organs and their contents) the new species (and varieties) in question—some of them repeatedly—to microscopical examination: the results whereof are contained in the notes which follow.
II.—On some littoral Oligochæta of the Clyde
Authors: Stephenson J.
Published: January 2013

The following paper contains an account of certain of the littoral Oligochæta of the Firth of Clyde, found at and near Millport on the Island of Cumbrae, and at Wemyss Bay on the mainland. The investigation was begun during a two months' stay at Millport, from May to July, 1909, at which time I was working in the Marine Biological Station there, and it was completed after my return to India. I have to thank Mr R. Elmhirst, the Superintendent of the Station, for his constant kindness, and for the courtesy with which he placed all the appliances and resources of the Station at my disposal.
IV.—The Pharmacological Action of Harmine
Authors: Gunn James A.
Published: January 2013

The seeds of Peganum Harmala contain two alkaloids, Harmaline and Harmine. The pharmacological actions of the former alkaloid have been described in a previous communication to this Society; in this paper an account is given of the pharmacology of the second alkaloid, Harmine.

Harmine (C13H12N2O) was discovered by Fritche in 1847. Apart from a few observations by Tappeiner, its pharmacology has not been investigated. Tappeiner states that, in mammals at least, the general nature of poisoning by harmine is qualitatively the same as by harmaline, but that the former alkaloid is weaker in action. He found that a dose of 0·2 gramme per kilo of harmine is fatal to the guinea-pig in about 12 hours, while the same dose is fatal to the rabbit in about 1 hour, and that a frog is killed in about 7 hours by a dose of 0·03 gramme (per kilo?). He states further that there appears to be one qualitative difference between the actions of the two alkaloids, in that harmine produces paralysis of reflex excitability before arrest of the heart. It may be stated here that this does not constitute a qualitative difference between the actions of harmaline and harmine, because the same effect is produced by harmaline.
V.—A Contribution to the Craniology of the People of Scotland. Part II. Prehistoric, Descriptive and Ethnographical
Authors: Turner Wm.
Published: January 2013

In Part I of a Memoir “On the Craniology of the People of Scotland,” published in the Transactions of the Society twelve years ago (vol. xl), I described the anatomical characters of 176 skulls, the majority of which had been obtained in the counties south of the Clyde and the Tay. The dimensions, form and proportions of the cranial box and of the face were examined, the cranial and facial indices were computed, several of the skulls were figured from the vertex, lateral aspect and face, and mesial sagittal sections of the skulls with radial and other measurements were reproduced. The Memoir gave the fullest account of the characters of the skulls of the modern Scottish people which had been produced up to that time. In the concluding paragraph I stated that I had formed a collection of skulls of the prehistoric in-habitants of Scotland, which I proposed to describe to the Society in Part II of the Memoir, and to discuss the general ethnographical relations of the Scottish people. From various causes the presentation to the Society of this Part has been too long delayed.
XIX.—The Female Reproductive System in the Guinea-Pig: Intravitam Staining; Fat Production; Influence of Hormones
Authors: Nicol Thomas
Published: January 2013

This research was begun in 1929, and a preliminary account of some of the results of the investigation was published in theJournal of Anatomy, January 1932. It was initiated by the discovery, during experiments on intravitam staining in the guinea-pig, that dye-bearing cells collected in large numbers in the endometrium of the uterus and that their incidence there was cyclic. The first results were obtained in animals injected immediately after parturition and killed at intervals thereafter. In a short series of virgin animals, the series being established by determining the date of heat by the vaginal smear method (Stockard and Papanicolaou, 1917, 1919), practically identical results were obtained.
XXI.—The Geology of St Kilda
Authors: Cockburn A. M.
Published: January 2013

St Kilda (Pl. V), the largest of a group of four islands located some 50 miles west of Harris in Latitude 57° 49′ N., Longitude 8° 34′ W., has an extreme length and breadth of 2½ by 1¾ miles and a circumference of about 8¾ miles. The highly indented coast-line is guarded by almost impregnable cliffs except in the Village Bay or Loch Hirta where there is a strip of sand a quarter of a mile long backed by a great storm-beach. The two principal inlets of the sea, Village Bay or Loch Hirta, and the Glen Bay open to the south-east and north-west respectively.
XXV.—Calathospermum scoticum—An Ovuliferous Fructification of Lower Carboniferous Age from Dunbartonshire
Authors: Walton John
Published: January 2013

The Clyde Plateau Lavas which are part of the Lower Carboniferous succession in the west of Scotland form the main mass of the Campsie Hills in Stirlingshire and the Kilpatrick Hills in Dunbartonshire. Below the lavas at the western end of the Campsie Hills are cement-stones and sandstones of the Ballagan Series. These are the lowest beds of the Carboniferous in this area, and in places are seen to overlie without apparent unconformity the Upper Old Red Sandstone. Few fossils have been found in them; the only plants so far recorded are Asterocalamites scrobiculatus Schloth. sp. and Alcicornopteris convoluta Kidst. (Walton, Weir and Leitch, 1938, p. 1345). All that may be said with certainty is that these beds are part of the Calciferous Sandstone Series and are probably the equivalent of the Cement-stone Group. In the Edinburgh area Alcicornopteris convoluta has been found at the base of the Cement-stone Group in beds which lie conformably on the Upper Old Red Sandstone. In the Kilpatrick Hills there are sandstones, shales and thin coal seams below the lavas in Glenarbuck and near the Loch Humphrey Burn. From the latter locality Scott (1924, p. 569) has recorded Calamopitys radiata Scott, C. zonata Kidston, Bilignea solida Kidst. and B. resinosa Scott, which were found in coarse volcanic ash.
XXVI.—On Some Lower Carboniferous Equisetineæ from the Clyde Area I. Protocalamostachys arranensis gen. et sp. nov.—a hitherto undescribed Type of Strobilus. II. The Nodal Structure of Asterocalamites Göpperti Solms sp.
Authors: Walton John
Published: January 2013

Among the numerous fragments of plants found inside the fossil hollow tree stumps of Lepidophloios wünschianus Carr. from the Calciferous Sandstone Series in the island of Arran (Walton, 1935, p. 313) are two small portions of a strobilus. These fragments are embedded in the calcite matrix, and as they are separated from one another by a distance of only a few millimetres it is possible that they are parts of one strobilus. They have suffered considerable maceration and distortion before petrification occurred. A series of over 54 peel sections transverse to the axes of the two fragments and a series of 80 longitudinal sections through one of them were prepared. The longitudinal sections were made from 4 mm. of the block of material. Each section therefore used on an average 0·05 mm. of the block.