bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphology and Variation in Porpoise (Cetacea: Phocoenidae) Cranial Endocasts
Authors: Racicot Rachel A. , Colbert Matthew W.
Published: June 2014

Evolution of endocranial anatomy in cetaceans is important from the perspective of echolocation ability, intelligence, social structure, and alternate pathways for circulation to the brain. Apart from the importance of studying brain shape and asymmetries as they relate to aspects of behavior and intelligence, cranial endocasts can show a close correspondence to the hydrostatic shape of the brain in life, and canals and grooves can preserve features of the circulatory system. Multiple samples are rarely available for studies of individual variation, especially in fossils, thus a first step in quantifying variation and making comparisons with fossils is made possible with CT scans of osteological specimens. This study presents a series of high‐resolution X‐ray CT‐derived cranial endocasts of six extant species of Phocoenidae, a clade including some of the smallest and one of the rarest cetaceans. Degree of gyrification varies interspecifically and intraspecifically, possibly resulting from variation in preservation of the ossified meninges. Computed tomographic data show that visually assessed asymmetry in the cranial endocasts is not correlated with volumetric measurements, but nonetheless may reflect torsion in the skull's shape such that the right cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres extend rostrally and laterally more than the left. Vasculature and canals are similar to other described cetacean species, but the hypophyseal casts are unusual. Similarities between brain shape and volume measurements in the different species can be attributed to paedomorphism and concomitant variation in ecological preferences. This may explain similarities Neophocaena phocaenoides and Phocoena sinus share with the juvenile Phocoena phocoena specimen studied. Anat Rec, 296:979–992, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ontogeny of the Vertebral Column of Eleutherodactylus johnstonei (Anura: Eleutherodactylidae) Reveals Heterochronies Relative to Metamorphic Frogs
Authors: Meza‐joya Fabio Leonardo , Ramos‐pallares Eliana Patricia , RamÍrez‐pinilla Martha Patricia
Published: June 2014

Over the last century, the morphogenesis of the vertebral column has been considered as a highly conserved process among anurans. This statement is based on the study of few metamorphic taxa, ignoring the role of developmental mechanisms underlying the evolution of specialized life‐histories. Direct development in anurans has been regarded as evolutionarily derived and involves developmental recapitulation and repatterning at different levels in all amphibian taxa studied so far. Herein, we analyze the vertebral column morphogenesis of the direct‐developing frog Eleutherodactylus johnstonei, describing the sequence of chondrification and ossification, based on cleared and double‐stained specimens from early stage embryos to adults. In general, our results show that the morphogenesis of the vertebral column in E. johnstonei recapitulates the ancestral tadpole‐like pattern of development. However, the analysis of the sequence of events using heterochrony plots shows important heterocronies relative to metamorphic species, such as a delay in the chondrification of the vertebral centra and in osteogenesis. These ontogenetic peculiarities may represent derived traits in direct‐developing frogs and are possibly correlated with its unusual life history. In addition, several features of the vertebral column of E. johnstonei are highly variable from its typical morphology. We report some malformations and small deviations, which do not seem to affect the survival of individuals. These anomalies have also been found in other frogs, and include many vertebral defects, such as vertebral fusion, and vertebral preclusion and/or induction. Anat Rec, 296:00000–#2013, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Seasonal Changes in the Activity of the Adrenal Medulla of Viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus)
Authors: Rodriguez Hugo , Filippa VerÓnica Palmira , Penissi Alicia , Fogal Teresa , DomÍnguez Susana , Piezzi RamÓn Salvador , Scardapane Luis
Published: June 2014

Animals living in nontropical climates modify their physiology and behavior to adapt to seasonal environmental changes. Part of this adaptation involves the release of catecholamine from sympathetic nerve endings and the adrenal medulla, which play a major role in regulating energy balance. The aim of this work was to investigate whether adult male viscachas in their natural habitat exhibits structural changes in the adrenal medulla during the annual seasonal cycle. In August–September, chromaffin granules revealed ultrastructural changes suggestive of piecemeal degranulation. Quantitative morphometric analysis by transmission electron microscopy showed a significantly lower percentage of resting chromaffin granules and a higher percentage of altered granules and empty containers in August–September (late winter) compared to February–March (late summer), suggesting an increased secretory process of catecholamines in August–September. The mechanism of piecemeal degranulation might amplify this process, encouraging the adaptive response to winter environmental conditions. Tissue levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine (analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography) changed throughout the year, reaching maximum values in February–March and minimum values in August–September. These results demonstrate morphological and biochemical seasonal variations of the adrenal medulla, suggesting that epinephrine might promote energy mobilization, which allow the Lagostomus to cope with adverse environmental conditions and thus to survive during winter season. Anat Rec, 296:1089–1095, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of the effect of estrogen/androgen perturbation on penile development in transgenic and diethylstilbestrol‐Treated mice
Authors: Blaschko Sarah D. , Mahawong Phitsanu , Ferretti Max , Cunha Tristan J. , Sinclair Adriane , Wang Hong , Schlomer Bruce J. , Risbridger Gail , Baskin Laurence S. , Cunha Gerald R.
Published: June 2014

Because both androgens and estrogens have been implicated in penile morphogenesis, we evaluated penile morphology in transgenic mice with known imbalance of androgen and estrogen signaling using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), histology, and immunohistochemistry of androgen and estrogen receptors α/β. Penises of adult wild‐type, estrogen receptor‐α knockout (αERKO), estrogen receptor‐β knockout (βERKO), aromatase knockout (Arom‐KO), and aromatase overexpression (Arom+) mice were evaluated, as well as adult mice treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) from birth to day 10. Adult penises were examined because the adult pattern is the endpoint of development. The urethral orifice is formed by fusion of the MUMP (male urogenital mating protuberance) with the MUMP ridge, which consists of several processes fused to each other and to the MUMP. Similarly, the internal prepuce is completed ventrally by fusion of a ventral cleft. In adult murine penises the stromal processes that form the MUMP ridge are separated from their neighbors by clefts. αERKO, βERKO, and Arom‐KO mice have penises with a MUMP ridge clefting pattern similar to that of wild‐type mice. In contrast, Arom+ mice and neonatally DES‐treated mice exhibit profound malformations of the MUMP, MUMP ridge clefting pattern, and internal prepuce. Abnormalities observed in Arom+ and neonatally DES‐treated mice correlate with the expression of estrogen receptor‐beta (ERβ) in the affected structures. This study demonstrates that formation of the urethal orifice and internal prepuce is due to fusion of separate epithelial‐surfaced mesenchymal elements, a process dependent upon both androgen and estrogen signaling, in which ERβ signaling is strongly implicated. Anat Rec, 296:1127–1141, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Three‐Dimensional Atlas of Human Tongue Muscles
Authors: Sanders Ira , Mu Liancai
Published: June 2014

The human tongue is one of the most important yet least understood structures of the body. One reason for the relative lack of research on the human tongue is its complex anatomy. This is a real barrier to investigators as there are few anatomical resources in the literature that show this complex anatomy clearly. As a result, the diagnosis and treatment of tongue disorders lags behind that for other structures of the head and neck. This report intended to fill this gap by displaying the tongue's anatomy in multiple ways. The primary material used in this study was serial axial images of the male and female human tongue from the Visible Human (VH) Project of the National Library of Medicine. In addition, thick serial coronal sections of three human tongues were rendered translucent. The VH axial images were computer reconstructed into serial coronal sections and each tongue muscle was outlined. These outlines were used to construct a three‐dimensional (3D) computer model of the tongue that allows each muscle to be seen in its in vivo anatomical position. The thick coronal sections supplement the 3D model by showing details of the complex interweaving of tongue muscles throughout the tongue. The graphics are perhaps the clearest guide to date to aid clinical or basic science investigators in identifying each tongue muscle in any part of the human tongue. Anat Rec, 296:1102–1114, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How Effective Are Geometric Morphometric Techniques for Assessing Functional Shape Variation? An Example From the Great Ape Temporomandibular Joint
Authors: Terhune Claire E.
Published: June 2014

Functional shape analyses have long relied on the use of shape ratios to test biomechanical hypotheses. This method is powerful because of the ease with which results are interpreted, but these techniques fall short in quantifying complex morphologies that may not have a strong biomechanical foundation but may still be functionally informative. In contrast, geometric morphometric methods are continually being adopted for quantifying complex shapes, but they tend to prove inadequate in functional analyses because they have little foundation in an explicit biomechanical framework. The goal of this study was to evaluate the intersection of these two methods using the great ape temporomandibular joint as a case study. Three‐dimensional coordinates of glenoid fossa and mandibular condyle shape were collected using a Microscribe digitizer. Linear distances extracted from these landmarks were analyzed using a series of one‐way ANOVAs; further, the landmark configurations were analyzed using geometric morphometric techniques. Results suggest that the two methods are broadly similar, although the geometric morphometric data allow for the identification of shape differences among taxa that were not immediately apparent in the univariate analyses. Furthermore, this study suggests several new approaches for translating these shape data into a biomechanical context by adjusting the data using a biomechanically relevant variable. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Circuits of the Olfactory Bulb. The Exception as a Rule
Authors: Crespo Carlos , Liberia Teresa , Blasco‐Ibáñez José Miguel , Nácher Juan , Varea Emilio
Published: June 2014

The connectivity of the neurons of the olfactory bulb is highly idiosyncratic and constitutes an exception to the general plan of how neurons, and especially cortical neurons, construct circuits. The majority of synaptic contacts in the circuits of the cortex are axo‐dendritic. In these contacts, the axon is the presynaptic element, which transmits the signal, and the dendrite is the postsynaptic element, which receives the signal. However, the majority of synaptic contacts in the circuits of the olfactory bulb are dendro‐dendritic. In fact, most of the neurons of the olfactory bulb lack an axon. Moreover, a high percentage of the dendro‐dendritic synapses are reciprocal. This means that the roles of presynaptic and postsynaptic element are not clearly defined, in clear contrast with the universality of unidirectional synaptic transmission in the cortex and elsewhere in the central nervous system. In this review, we analyze and discuss some peculiarities of the circuits of the olfactory bulb. Anat Rec, 296:1401‐1412, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adult Neural Stem Cells From the Subventricular Zone: A Review of the Neurosphere Assay
Authors: Gil‐Perotín Sara , Duran‐Moreno María , Cebrián‐Silla Arantxa , Ramírez Mónica , García‐Belda Paula , García‐Verdugo José Manuel
Published: June 2014

The possibility of obtaining large numbers of cells with potential to become functional neurons implies a great advance in regenerative medicine. A source of cells for therapy is the subventricular zone (SVZ) where adult neural stem cells (NSCs) retain the ability to proliferate, self‐renew, and differentiate into several mature cell types. The neurosphere assay, a method to isolate, maintain, and expand these cells has been extensively utilized by research groups to analyze the biological properties of aNSCs and to graft into injured brains from animal models. In this review we briefly describe the neurosphere assay and its limitations, the methods to optimize culture conditions, the identity and the morphology of aNSC‐derived neurospheres (including new ultrastructural data). The controversy regarding the identity and “stemness” of cells within the neurosphere is revised. The fine morphology of neurospheres, described thoroughly, allows for phenotypical characterization of cells in the neurospheres and may reveal slight changes that indirectly inform about cell integrity, cell damage, or oncogenic transformation. Along this review we largely highlight the critical points that researchers have to keep in mind before extrapolating results or translating experimental transplantation of neurosphere‐derived cells to the clinical setting. Anat Rec, 296:1435‐1452, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distribution and size of mucous glands in the ferret tracheobronchial tree
Authors: Hajighasemi‐Ossareh Mohammad , Borthwell Rachel M. , Stevens Jeremy E. , Finkbeiner Walter E. , Widdicombe Jonathan H.
Published: June 2014

A transgenic ferret model of cystic fibrosis has recently been generated. It is probable that malfunction of airway mucous glands contributes significantly to the airway pathology of this disease. The usefulness of the ferret model may therefore depend in part on how closely the airway glands of ferrets resemble those of humans. Here, we show that in the ferret trachea glands are commonest in its most ventral aspect and disappear about half way up the lateral walls; they are virtually absent from the dorsal membranous portion. Further, the aggregate volume of glands per unit mucosal surface declines progressively by about 60% between the larynx and the carina. The average frequency of glands openings for the ferret trachea as a whole is only about one‐fifth that in humans (where gland openings are found at approximately the same frequency throughout the trachea). Glands in the ferret trachea are on average about one‐third the size of those in the human. Therefore, the aggregate volume of tracheal glands (per unit mucosal surface area) in the ferret is only about 6% that in humans. As in other mammalian species, airway glands in the ferret disappear at an airway internal diameter of ∼1 mm, corresponding approximately in this species to airway generation 6. Anat Rec, 296:1768–1774, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Subpopulation, Pluripotent Muse Cells, in Basic Research and Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Kuroda Yasumasa , Dezawa Mari
Published: June 2014

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have gained a great deal of attention for regenerative medicine because they can be obtained from easy accessible mesenchymal tissues, such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, and the umbilical cord, and have trophic and immunosuppressive effects to protect tissues. The most outstanding property of MSCs is their potential for differentiation into cells of all three germ layers. MSCs belong to the mesodermal lineage, but they are known to cross boundaries from mesodermal to ectodermal and endodermal lineages, and differentiate into a variety of cell types both in vitro and in vivo. Such behavior is exceptional for tissue stem cells. As observed with hematopoietic and neural stem cells, tissue stem cells usually generate cells that belong to the tissue in which they reside, and do not show triploblastic differentiation. However, the scientific basis for the broad multipotent differentiation of MSCs still remains an enigma. This review summarizes the properties of MSCs from representative mesenchymal tissues, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, and the umbilical cord, to demonstrate their similarities and differences. Finally, we introduce a novel type of pluripotent stem cell, multilineage‐differentiating stress‐enduring (Muse) cells, a small subpopulation of MSCs, which can explain the broad spectrum of differentiation ability in MSCs. Anat Rec, 297:98–110. 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TGFBR3 Co‐Downregulated With GATA3 Is Associated With Methylation of the GATA3 Gene in Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Long , Xue Bo‐Xin , Lei Zhe , Yang Dong‐Rong , Zhang Qing‐Chuan , Shan Yu‐Xi , Zhang Hong‐Tao
Published: June 2014

Bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) accounts for ∼90% of all cases of bladder cancer. Reduced expression of TGFBR3 has been frequently observed in several types of human cancers. However, little is known about whether expression of TGFBR3 reduced in BUC and the underlying mechanisms. In the present study, we performed quantitative real‐time PCR to examine the mRNA expression of TGFBR3 and GATA3, and bisulfite genomic sequencing to evaluate the methylation status in TGFBR3 and GATA3 promoter regions in fresh tumor and the corresponding paracarcinoma tissues from 29 patients with BUC. As a result, the expression of TGFBR3 and GATA3, a transcriptional factor of the TGFBR3 gene, were found to be co‐downregulated in BUC. Moreover, our findings indicated that GATA3 promoter methylation was one of the reasons for silencing of GATA3 and TGFBR3 in BUC, albeit TGFBR3 methylation and mutation were not associated with reduced expression of TGFBR3 mRNA in BUC. In summary, our findings suggest that methylation in the GATA3 promoter region may inhibit the expression of GATA3 mRNA, which leads to the reduced expression of TGFBR3 mRNA in BUC. Anat Rec, 296:1717–1723, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tissue Engineering in Periodontal Tissue
Authors: Iwata Takanori , Yamato Masayuki , Ishikawa Isao , Ando Tomohiro , Okano Teruo
Published: June 2014

Periodontitis, a recognized disease worldwide, is bacterial infection‐induced inflammation of the periodontal tissues that results in loss of alveolar bone. Once it occurs, damaged tissue cannot be restored to its original form, even if decontaminating treatments are performed. For more than half a century, studies have been conducted to investigate true periodontal regeneration. Periodontal regeneration is the complete reconstruction of the damaged attachment apparatus, which contains both hard tissue (alveolar bone and cementum) and soft tissue (periodontal ligament). Several treatments, including bone grafts, guided tissue regeneration with physical barriers for epithelial cells, and growth factors have been approved for clinical use; however, their indications and outcomes are limited. To overcome these limitations, the concept of “tissue engineering” was introduced. Combination treatment using cells, growth factors, and scaffolds, has been studied in experimental animal models, and some studies have been translated into clinical trials. In this review, we focus on recent progressive tissue engineering studies and discuss future perspectives on periodontal regeneration. Anat Rec, 297:16–25. 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Decreased Apoptosis and Persistence of the Common Nephric Duct During the Development of an Aberrant Vesicoureteral Junction in Dlg1 Gene‐Targeted Mice
Authors: Iizuka‐Kogo Akiko , Akiyama Tetsu , Senda Takao
Published: June 2014

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract occur at a frequency of 1 in 500 live births in humans. Mutant mice null for Dlg1 (Dlg1−/− mice), a membrane‐associated guanylate kinase containing PDZ domains, exhibit various urogenital malformations, including hypoplasia of the kidney and ureter, megaureter, hydronephrosis, and aplasia of the seminal vesicle and the vagina. The common nephric duct (CND) is a distal part of the Wolffian duct between the ureteric branch and the opening to the urogenital sinus, and normally disappears by embryonic day (E) 12.5 by a downward shift of the ureteric branch. Although retardation of the disappearance of the CND is apparent during urogenital development in Dlg1−/− mice, its pathogenesis and prognosis are unclear. In the present study, we found a decrease in apoptotic cells in the CND epithelium in Dlg1−/− mice at E11.5. Cell proliferation did not change. Additionally, histological observation of the development of the ureteral orifice indicated that the CND remained at E15.5 and was widely open to the vesical lumen in Dlg1−/− mice, in contrast to the complete disappearance of the CND and a narrow ureteric orifice in control mice. The dilatation of the vesicoureteral junction remained at E18.5. Opening of the vesicoureteral junction is known to cause vesicoureteral reflux and subsequent megaureter and hydronephrosis. Therefore, our present observation demonstrates that lack of the Dlg1 gene induces a decrease in apoptotic epithelial cell death and the persistence of the CND, which result in a dysfunctional vesicoureteral junction and cause megaureter or hydronephrosis through vesicoureteral reflux. Anat Rec, 296:1936–1942, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Size of the Anterior Fontanelle: Three‐Dimensional Measurement of a Key Trait in Human Evolution
Authors: Moffett Elizabeth A. , Aldridge Kristina
Published: June 2014

The anterior fontanelle (AF) is an integral element of the developing human infant craniofacial system. Consideration of the AF is crucial for assessing craniofacial growth, as altered development of this feature may indicate abnormal growth. Moreover, prolonged patency of the AF may represent a derived hominin feature. The AF is regarded as essential for fetal head molding during birth in humans, with deformation of the head during birth often necessary for successful delivery. However, the function of a patent AF among fossil hominins is unclear. Because the AF represents an important structure in both a clinical and evolutionary context, techniques for estimating the size of the AF must be accurate and reproducible. Therefore, we have developed a novel method for assessing surface area of the AF with the goal of creating a more accurate measure of this feature. In this study, we test the accuracy and repeatability of a novel three‐dimensional (3D) method for assessing the size of the AF in human infants and compare the results obtained for surface area of the AF using the conventional and 3D methods. Anat Rec, 297:234–239, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of environmental noise on growth and neuropsychological development of newborn rats
Authors: Zheng Yanyan , Meng Meng , Zhao Congmin , Liao Wei , Zhang Yuping , Wang Liyan , Wen Enyi
Published: June 2014

We aimed to investigate the effects of environmental noise exposure on the growth and neuropsychological development in neonatal rats. Twenty‐four postnatal 7‐day‐old Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly assigned into control, high‐noise and reduced noise groups. The rats in the high‐noise group were exposed to 90 dB white noise, and those in the control group were grown under standard condition, while those in the reduced noise group were exposed to standard condition with sound‐absorbing cotton. Ten, 15, and 20 days post noise exposure, both the body weight and length of the rats in high‐noise group were lower than those in the control and reduced noise groups, respectively. The secretion of growth hormone was significantly decreased in the rats exposed to high noise environment, compared to those exposed to standard condition and reduced noise. More interestingly, the swimming distance was apparently increased and the swimming speed was significantly decreased in high‐noise group compared with those in control and reduced noise groups. Importantly, the mRNA and protein levels of SYP in the rats hippocampus were significantly decreased in high‐noise group compare with those in control and reduced noise groups. Similarly, the positive expression of SYP in the CA1 region of hippocampus was also significantly decreased in the high noise group rats. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that high noise exposure could decrease the production of growth hormone and SYP in neonatal rats, which may retard the growth of weight and length and the capability of learning and memory. Anat Rec, 297:949–954, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Are Hemipenial Spines Related to Limb Reduction? A Spiny Discussion Focused on Gymnophthalmid Lizards (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae)
Authors: Sales Nunes Pedro M. , Curcio Felipe F. , Roscito Juliana G. , Rodrigues Miguel T.
Published: June 2014

Calcified spines in the hemipenial surface occur convergently in several gymnophthalmid lizard species and in advanced snakes. Based on the pronounced degrees of limb reduction in these distantly related lineages, such hemipenial structures were suggested to play a functional role in couple‐anchoring during copulation, partly assuming the function of the limbs during mating. Herein, we assessed the hemipenial morphology of virtually all the valid genera of the family Gymnophthalmidae to test for a phylogenetic correlation between limb reduction and the presence of calcified hemipenial spines. The occurrence of calcified structures was mapped on the two most comprehensive phylogenies of the family. We concluded that spiny hemipenes are by no means necessarily associated with reduction of limbs. Conversely, the presence of well‐developed hemipenial spines in specific limb‐reduced taxa does not allow one to disregard the possibility that in some instances such structures might indeed be functionally associated with couple‐anchoring, improving the success of mating. Anat Rec, 297:482–495, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three‐dimensional computed tomography reconstruction measurements of acetabulum in Chinese adults
Authors: Ma Hecheng , Han Yingying , Yang Qiwei , Gong Yubao , Hao Shuang , Li Youqiong , Liu Jianguo
Published: June 2014

The present study was designed to define the morphological dimensions of the acetabulum in normal Chinese adults and to statistically compare these data with the available data worldwide. This information is important for the diagnosis of dysplasia and treatment of total hip arthroplasty. In this study, the gender and bilateral differences were evaluated. One‐hundred CT scans of patients were retrospectively studied. These individuals showed no signs of developmental disturbances in either of the hip joints. Thirty‐five morphometric parameters of the acetabulum were measured. The size of acetabulum was evaluated by the acetabular perimeter, anteroposterior diameter, vertical diameter, the depth and width of fossa ovalis in both transaxial and coronal plane. The parameters of acetabular orientation were the acetabular angle, anterior center edge angle, neck shaft angle, acetabular anteversion, and abduction angle. The coverage of acetabulum was examined as the, acetabular head index, center edge angle, the distance between the femoral head, and acetabulum. Gender and bilateral differences were analyzed for each parameter, and compared with available worldwide data. The results showed statistically significant differences between the Chinese genders and also between the Chinese and other human races in some parameters. In conclusion, gender, bilateral and racial differences exist in the morphology of acetabulum. The data may be helpful for the design of total hip arthroplasty for the Chinese population. Anat Rec, 297:643–649, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Elastic Modulus of Cetacean Auditory Ossicles
Authors: Tubelli Andrew A. , Zosuls Aleks , Ketten Darlene R. , Mountain David C.
Published: June 2014

In order to model the hearing capabilities of marine mammals (cetaceans), it is necessary to understand the mechanical properties, such as elastic modulus, of the middle ear bones in these species. Biologically realistic models can be used to investigate the biomechanics of hearing in cetaceans, much of which is currently unknown. In the present study, the elastic moduli of the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) of eight species of cetacean, two baleen whales (mysticete) and six toothed whales (odontocete), were measured using nanoindentation. The two groups of mysticete ossicles overall had lower average elastic moduli (35.2 ± 13.3 GPa and 31.6 ± 6.5 GPa) than the groups of odontocete ossicles (53.3 ± 7.2 GPa to 62.3 ± 4.7 GPa). Interior bone generally had a higher modulus than cortical bone by up to 36%. The effects of freezing and formalin‐fixation on elastic modulus were also investigated, although samples were few and no clear trend could be discerned. The high elastic modulus of the ossicles and the differences in the elastic moduli between mysticetes and odontocetes are likely specializations in the bone for underwater hearing. Anat Rec, 297:892–900, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparative Anatomy, Evolution, and Homologies of Tetrapod Hindlimb Muscles, Comparison with Forelimb Muscles, and Deconstruction of the Forelimb‐Hindlimb Serial Homology Hypothesis
Authors: Diogo Rui , Molnar Julia
Published: June 2014

For more than two centuries, the idea that the forelimb and hindlimb are serially homologous structures has been accepted without serious question. This study presents the first detailed analysis of the evolution and homologies of all hindlimb muscles in representatives of each major tetrapod group and proposes a unifying nomenclature for these muscles. These data are compared with information obtained previously about the forelimb muscles of tetrapods and the muscles of other gnathostomes in order to address one of the most central and enigmatic questions in evolutionary and comparative anatomy: why are the pelvic and pectoral appendages of gnathostomes generally so similar to each other? An integrative analysis of the new myological data, combined with a review of recent paleontological, developmental, and genetic works and of older studies, does not support serial homology between the structures of these appendages. For instance, many of the strikingly similar forelimb and hindlimb muscles found in each major extant tetrapod taxon were acquired at different geological times and/or have different embryonic origins. These similar muscles are not serial homologues, but the result of evolutionary parallelism/convergence due to a complex interplay of ontogenetic, functional, topological, and phylogenetic constraints/factors. Anat Rec, 297:1047–1075, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Homology of the Pelvic Elements of Zygaspis quadrifrons (Squamata: Amphisbaenia)
Authors: Urben Carling C. , Daza Juan D. , Cadena Cristhian , Lewis Patrick J. , Thies Monte L.
Published: June 2014

Limb attenuation with element loss has occurred multiple times among the Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians). Although most of the attention has been focused on the appendicular bones, we found that the pelvic rudiments have been studied less thoroughly and recurring disagreement is common among different authors studying the same species. We studied the osteology of the pelvic region of female and male Zygaspis quadrifrons with high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography data. We report an osteological landmark (acetabulum) not previously detected in this taxon, the presence of which has repercussions that call for a reconsideration of the primary homology hypothesis for the identity of these bones in amphisbaenians and other squamates. Finally, we observed that the acetabulum and limb rudiments in amphisbaenians (i.e., the stylopodium when present) are situated medial to the pelvic girdle, contrasting with the large majority of tetrapods where these structures are laterally oriented. Anat Rec, 297:1407–1413, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultrastructural and Histochemical Study on the Paneth Cells in the Rat Ascending Colon
Authors: Mantani Youhei , Nishida Miho , Yuasa Hideto , Yamamoto Kyouji , Takahara Ei‐Ichirou , Omotehara Takuya , Udayanga Kankanam Gamage Sanath , Kawano Junichi , Yokoyama Toshifumi , Hoshi Nobuhiko , Kitagawa Hiroshi
Published: June 2014

Paneth cells (PCs) contribute to the host defense against indigenous bacteria in the small intestine. We found Paneth cell‐like cells (PLCs) in the rat ascending colon, but the nature of PLCs is never clarified. Therefore, the present study aimed to clarify the cytological characteristics of PLCs and discuss their cellular differentiation. PLCs were localized in the bases of intestinal crypts, especially follicle‐associated intestinal crypts in proximal colonic lymphoid tissue, but were very seldom found in the ordinary intestinal crypts of the ascending colon. PLCs possessed specific granules with highly electron‐dense cores and haloes, as well as PCs in the small intestine. The secretory granules of PLCs were positive for PAS reaction, lysozyme and soluble phospholipase A2, but negative for Alcian blue staining, β‐defensin‐1 and ‐2, as well as the ones of PCs. Furthermore, intermediate cells possessing both the PLC‐specific granules and the mucus granules similar to those of goblet cells (GCs) were occasionally found in the vicinity of PLCs. Intermediate cells ranged from goblet cell‐like cells rich in mucus granules to PLC‐like cells with few mucus granules. The cellular condensation and fragmentation were exclusively found in PLCs but never seen in intermediate cells or GCs. The PLCs, which were identified as PC, were suggested to be transformed from GCs through intermediate cells and finally to die by apoptosis in intestinal crypts of proximal colonic lymphoid tissue in the rat ascending colon. Anat Rec, 297:1462–1471, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Myeloid‐Lymphoid Ontogeny in the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Batchelder Cynthia A. , Duru Nadire , Lee Charles I. , Baker Chris A.R. , Swainson Louise , Mccune Joseph M. , Tarantal Alice F.
Published: June 2014

Establishment of a functional immune system has important implications for health and disease, yet questions remain regarding the mechanism, location, and timing of development of myeloid and lymphoid cell compartments. The goal of this study was to characterize the ontogeny of the myeloid‐lymphoid system in rhesus monkeys to enhance current knowledge of the developmental sequence of B‐cell (CD20, CD79), T‐cell (CD3, CD4, CD8, FoxP3), dendritic cell (CD205), and macrophage (CD68) lineages in the fetus and infant. Immunohistochemical assessments addressed the temporal and spatial expression of select phenotypic markers in the developing liver, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, gut‐associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), and bone marrow with antibodies known to cross‐react with rhesus cells. CD3 was the earliest lymphoid marker identified in the first trimester thymus and, to a lesser extent, in the spleen. T‐cell markers were also expressed midgestation on cells of the liver, spleen, thymus, and in Peyer's patches of the small and large intestine, and where CCR5 expression was noted. A myeloid marker, CD68, was found on hepatic cells near blood islands in the late first trimester. B‐cell markers were observed mid‐second trimester in the liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, bone marrow spaces, and occasionally in GALT. By the late third trimester and postnatally, secondary follicles with germinal centers were present in the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. These results suggest that immune ontogeny in monkeys is similar in temporal and anatomical sequence when compared to humans, providing important insights for translational studies. Anat Rec, 297:1392–1406, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Interpretive Power of Infraorbital Foramen Area in Making Dietary Inferences in Extant Apes
Authors: Muchlinski Magdalena N. , Deane Andrew S.
Published: June 2014

The infraorbital foramen (IOF) is located below the orbit and transmits the sensory infraorbital nerve (ION) to mechanoreceptors located throughout the maxillary region. The size of the IOF correlates with the size of the ION; thus, the IOF appears to indicate relative touch sensitivity of maxillary region. In primates, IOF size correlates well with diet. Frugivores have relatively larger IOFs than folivores or insectivores because fruit handling/processing requires increased touch sensitivity. However, it is unknown if the IOF can be used to detect subtle dietary differences among closely related hominoid species. Hominoids are traditionally grouped into broad dietary categories, despite the fact that hominoid diets are remarkably diverse. This study examines whether relative IOF size is capable of differentiating among the dietary preferences of closely related species with overlapping, yet divergent diets. We measured IOF area in Hylobates lar, Symphalangus syndactulus, Pongo pygmaeus spp., Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri, and Gorilla beringei beringei. We classified each species as a dedicated folivore, mixed folivore/frugivore, soft object frugivore, or hard object frugivore. The IOF is documented to be larger in more frugivorous species and smaller in more folivorous taxa. Interestingly, G.b. beringei, had the largest relative IOF of any gorilla, despite being a dedicated folivore. G.b. beringei does have unique food processing behavior that relies heavily on maxillary mechanoreception, thus this finding is not entirely unsupported behaviorally. The results of this study provide evidence that the IOF is an informative feature in interpretations of fossil apes. Anat Rec, 297:1377–1384, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Need for Speed in Rodent Locomotion Analyses
Authors: Batka Richard J. , Brown Todd J. , Mcmillan Kathryn P. , Meadows Rena M. , Jones Kathryn J. , Haulcomb Melissa M.
Published: June 2014

Locomotion analysis is now widely used across many animal species to understand the motor defects in disease, functional recovery following neural injury, and the effectiveness of various treatments. More recently, rodent locomotion analysis has become an increasingly popular method in a diverse range of research. Speed is an inseparable aspect of locomotion that is still not fully understood, and its effects are often not properly incorporated while analyzing data. In this hybrid manuscript, we accomplish three things: (1) review the interaction between speed and locomotion variables in rodent studies, (2) comprehensively analyze the relationship between speed and 162 locomotion variables in a group of 16 wild‐type mice using the CatWalk gait analysis system, and (3) develop and test a statistical method in which locomotion variables are analyzed and reported in the context of speed. Notable results include the following: (1) over 90% of variables, reported by CatWalk, were dependent on speed with an averageR2value of 0.624, (2) most variables were related to speed in a nonlinear manner, (3) current methods of controlling for speed are insufficient, and (4) the linear mixed model is an appropriate and effective statistical method for locomotion analyses that is inclusive of speed‐dependent relationships. Given the pervasive dependency of locomotion variables on speed, we maintain that valid conclusions from locomotion analyses cannot be made unless they are analyzed and reported within the context of speed. Anat Rec, 297:1839–1864, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sister Nivedita's influence on J. C. Bose's writings
Authors: Jana Siladitya
Published: June 2014

This article examines whether Sister Nivedita (1867–1911) played any role in the writing of the articles and books by J. C. Bose (1858–1937), an Indian scientist, during their long period of association (1898–1911). Here, the writings of J.C. Bose are studied from this perspective. It may be noted that the relation between Bose and Nivedita was personal in nature. Three important style markers—function words, punctuation marks, and usage of words are used to trace the changes in Bose's writing style, if any. The results show that during the association between Bose and Nivedita, Bose's style of writing changed considerably in comparison to the earlier period when they did not know each other. It shows Nivedita helped Bose in preparing his journal articles and books. The results reveal a distinct change in Bose's writing style after his meeting with Nivedita. This is reflected in his changing pattern of usage of these three stylistic features. Bose slowly moved back towards his original style of writing after Nivedita's death, but his later works still carried Nivedita's influence.
Investigating the irregularity of bus routes: highlighting how underlying assumptions of bus models impact the regularity results
Authors: Hans Etienne , Chiabaut Nicolas , Leclercq Ludovic
Published: June 2014

A bus route is inherently unstable: when the system is uncontrolled, buses fail to maintain their time‐headways and tend to bunch. Several mathematical bus motion models were proposed to reproduce the bus behavior and assess management strategies. However, no work has established how the choice of a model impacts the irregularity of modeled bus systems, that is, the non‐respect of scheduled headways. Because of this gap, a large body of existing works assumes that the ability of these models to reproduce instability comes only from stochasticity, although the link between stochastic inputs and the level of irregularity remains unknown. Moreover, some recognized phenomena such as a change of travel conditions during a day or delays at signalized intersections are ignored. To address these shortcomings, this paper provides an overview of existing dynamic bus‐focused models and proposes a simple way to classify them. Commonly used deterministic and stochastic models are compared, which allows quantifying the relative influence of stochasticity of each model component on outputs. Moreover, we show that a change in the system equilibrium in a full deterministic system can lead to irregularity. Finally, this paper proposes a refinement of travel time models to account for non‐dynamic signals. In presence of traffic signals, we show that a bus system can be self‐regulated. Especially, these insights could help to calibrate bus model inputs to better reproduce real data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of the extent and variation of grapefruit juice–drug interactions from the pharmacokinetic profile in the absence of grapefruit juice
Authors: Kogure Natsuki , Akiyoshi Takeshi , Imaoka Ayuko , Ohtani Hisakazu
Published: June 2014

The aim of this study was to develop a method for predicting the extent of grapefruit juice (GFJ)–drug interactions and their interindividual variations from the pharmacokinetic profile in the absence of GFJ. The pharmacokinetic profiles of 13 drugs after intravenous and oral administration were used to develop and validate the method. For each drug, the proportion absorbed into the intestine and the intestinal availability (Fg) were calculated from clinical data taken from the literature. Then, the AUC ratio (the ratio of the AUC with GFJ to that without GFJ) was predicted by assuming that Fg was 1.0 when GFJ was concomitantly ingested. According to the developed method, the AUC ratio of felodipine was 2.50 and its coefficient of variation (CV) was 45%, which agreed well with the observed AUC ratio of 2.48 and CV of 51%. Although the developed method overestimated the AUC ratios of some drugs such as nisoldipine, no underestimation occurred. The predicted CV values were consistent with those observed. The developed method might be useful to predict the AUC ratio, along with its interindividual variation, from the pharmacokinetic profile in the absence of grapefruit juice. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding melatonin receptor pharmacology: Latest insights from mouse models, and their relevance to human disease
Authors: Tosini Gianluca , Owino Sharon , Guillaume Jean‐Luc , Jockers Ralf
Published: June 2014

Melatonin, the neuro‐hormone synthesized during the night, has recently seen an unexpected extension of its functional implications toward type 2 diabetes development, visual functions, sleep disturbances, and depression. Transgenic mouse models were instrumental for the establishment of the link between melatonin and these major human diseases. Most of the actions of melatonin are mediated by two types of G protein‐coupled receptors, named MT1 and MT2, which are expressed in many different organs and tissues. Understanding the pharmacology and function of mouse MT1 and MT2 receptors, including MT1/MT2 heteromers, will be of crucial importance to evaluate the relevance of these mouse models for future therapeutic developments. This review will critically discuss these aspects, and give some perspectives including the generation of new mouse models.
Management of complex colonic polyps in the English Bowel Cancer Screening Programme
Authors: Lee T J W , Rees C J , Nickerson C , Stebbing J , Abercrombie J F , McNally R J Q , Rutter M D
Published: June 2014

Background

Large sessile or flat colonic polyps, defined as polyps at least 20 mm in size, are difficult to treat endoscopically and may harbour malignancy. The aim of this study was to describe their current management to provide insight into optimal management.

Methods

This retrospective observational study identified patients with large sessile or flat polyps detected in the English Bowel Cancer Screening Programme between 2006 and 2009. Initial therapeutic modality (surgical or endoscopic), subsequent management and outcomes were recorded. The main outcome measures analysed were: presence of malignancy, need for surgical treatment, complications, and residual or recurrent polyp at 12 months.

Results

In total, 557 large sessile or flat polyps with benign appearance or initial histology were identified in 557 patients. Some 436 (78·3 per cent) were initially managed endoscopically and 121 (21·7 per cent) were managed surgically from the outset. Seventy of those initially treated endoscopically subsequently required surgery owing to the presence of malignancy (19) or not being suitable for further endoscopic management (51). Residual or recurrent polyp was present at 12 months in 26 (6·0 per cent) of 436 patients managed endoscopically. There was wide variation between centres in the use of surgery as a primary therapy, ranging from 7 to 36 per cent. Endoscopic complications included bleeding in 13 patients (3·0 per cent) and perforation in two (0·5 per cent).

Conclusion

Management of large sessile or flat colonic polyps is safe and effective in the English Bowel Cancer Screening Programme. Wide variation in the use of surgery suggests a need for standardized management algorithms.

Presented to a meeting of the British Society of Gastroenterology, Birmingham, UK, March 2011