bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First Direct Glycosylation of Unprotected Nonreducing Mono‐ and Disaccharides
Authors: Steinmann Andreas , Thimm Julian , Thiem Joachim
Published: September 2007

The first single‐step random‐glycosylation methodology for fully unprotected glycosyl acceptors is reported by random glycosylation leading to all possible regioisomers. For such systems conventional glycosylation methods such as Koenigs–Knorr glycosylation, Schmidt's trichloroacetimidate glycosylation and reactions employing glycosyl fluoride donors fail entirely. Starting from unprotected nonreducing saccharides, the glycosylation of β‐glucosylated and β‐galactosylated monosaccharides (Glc, Gal), symmetric disaccharides (e.g. α,α‐trehaloses) as well as unsymmetric disaccharides (e.g. sucrose) were studied. The influence of base type and concentration were examined. Several libraries of di‐ and trisaccharides were generated. All regioisomers were formed in approximately equal proportions, and their partial separation was achieved by flash column chromatography. Even though it appears that overall yields are lower when comparing to classical protecting‐group chemistry, this synthetic effort may be superior especially for access to higher saccharides. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Metacognition in patients with anorexia nervosa, dieting and non‐dieting women: a preliminary study
Authors: Woolrich Rachel A. , Cooper Myra. J. , Turner Hannah M.
Published: September 2007

Objective

To explore metacognition in women with anorexia nervosa (AN), dieting and non‐dieting women.

Method

A cross‐sectional study between groups design compared women with AN (n = 15), normal dieters (n = 17) and non‐dieters (n = 18). A semi‐structured interview was used to explore presence and content of explicit metacognitions and use of metacognitive control strategies.

Results

Explicit metacognitions and metacognitive control strategies were present in all three groups of women. There were group differences in amount and function of metacognitive activity and trends in the qualitative data suggested participants with AN believed that their thoughts were abnormal and uncontrollable. They used six metacognitive strategies more than control groups and were less successful at using thought re‐appraisal and attending to body and others. Half of participants with AN reported using these strategies to deliberately make themselves feel worse.

Discussion

It is suggested that metacognitive activity may play a role in the maintenance of AN, particularly in reinforcing negative self‐evaluations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Aglomerular kidney function when challenged with exogenous MgSO4 loading or environmental MgSO4 depletion
Authors: Mcdonald M. Danielle , Walsh Patrick J.
Published: September 2007

The goal of this study was to investigate the role of MgSO4 in aglomerular kidney function, independent of changes in NaCl. The renal handling of MgSO4 was manipulated by intravenous infusion of an isoosmotic solution containing 80 mmol/L MgSO4 or through exposure to an environment that was reduced in MgSO4 concentration by 90%. Intravenous infusion resulted in a transient increase in circulating Mg2+ and SO42− levels; however, the concentration of both divalent ions in the urine remained elevated throughout the entire infusion period. Infusion also resulted in a transient increase in urine flow rate and apparent glomerular filtration rate, measured using the glomerular filtration rate marker, [3H] PEG 4000. Exposure to MgSO4‐depleted conditions resulted in a significant decrease in plasma and urine concentrations of Mg2+ and in the urine concentrations of SO42−; correspondingly, urine flow rate was significantly depressed. The urinary excretion of both Mg2+ and SO42− demonstrated nonlinear saturation kinetics. The urinary excretion of Mg2+ was significantly correlated with plasma Mg2+ concentration (r=0.75, P=0.04) and yielded a Michealis constant (Km) of 1.67±1.43 mmol/L; P=0.26 and a maximal velocity (Vmax) of 117.4±47.0 µmol/kg/hr; P=0.046. The urinary excretion of SO42− was significantly correlated with plasma SO42− concentration (r=0.94, P<0.02) with a Km of 0.76±0.54; P=0.26 and a Vmax of 59.3±13.1; P=0.02. J. Exp. Zool. 307A:676–687, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploring the role of hope in job performance: results from four studies
Authors: Peterson Suzanne J. , Byron Kristin
Published: September 2007

According to Snyder's hope theory, high hope individuals possess more goal‐related strategies and are more motivated to achieve their goals than their low hope counterparts. Therefore, we examined the relationship between hope and job performance using three different samples of employees of different job levels and industries. We found that more hopeful sales employees, mortgage brokers, and management executives had higher job performance, as measured a year later, even after controlling for their self‐efficacy and cognitive ability. In a fourth study, we examined if more hopeful employees attempt to solve problems differently than do those with less hope. Higher hope management executives produced more and better quality solutions to a work‐related problem, suggesting that hopefulness may help employees when they are confronted with problems and encounter obstacles at work. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing the relevance of organizational behavior by embracing performance management research
Authors: Aguinis Herman , Pierce Charles A.
Published: September 2007

There is a science‐practice gap in organizational behavior (OB) whereby entire bodies of scholarly knowledge are ignored by practitioners. We identify research needed to improve performance management practices that is likely to enhance the relevance of OB in the eyes of practitioners and thus help reduce the science‐practice gap. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scale transition and enforcement of RVE boundary conditions in second‐order computational homogenization
Authors: Kaczmarczyk Łukasz , Pearce Chris J. , Bićanić Nenad
Published: September 2007

Formulation of the scale transition equations coupling the microscopic and macroscopic variables in the second‐order computational homogenization of heterogeneous materials and the enforcement of generalized boundary conditions for the representative volume element (RVE) are considered. The proposed formulation builds on current approaches by allowing any type of RVE boundary conditions (e.g. displacement, traction, periodic) and arbitrary shapes of RVE to be applied in a unified manner. The formulation offers a useful geometric interpretation for the assumptions associated with the microstructural displacement fluctuation field within the RVE, which is here extended to second‐order computational homogenization. A unified approach to the enforcement of the boundary conditions has been undertaken using multiple constraint projection matrices. The results of an illustrative shear layer model problem indicate that the displacement and traction RVE boundary conditions provide the upper and lower bounds of the response determined via second‐order computational homogenization, and the solution associated with the periodic RVE boundary conditions lies between them. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization, and investigation of structure‐thermal cycloimidization relationship of novel poly(amide amic acid)s to poly(amide imide)s by thermogravimetric analysis
Authors: Mohan D. J. , Reddy A. V. R.
Published: September 2007

Novel diamic acids (DAAs) and poly(amide amic acid)s (PAAs) were prepared and their thermal cycloimidization to the corresponding imide form was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis under isothermal conditions at four different temperatures, that is, at 175, 200, 225, and 260 °C for 75 min. A general equation, 18NW/RMW, where, the numerical 18 corresponds to the molecular weight of water, N is the number of water molecules, which would be eliminated per repeat unit of the PAA upon cycloimidization, W is the weight of PAA taken for TGA, and R is the molecular weight of the repeat unit of PAA, has been derived for the calculation of theoretical amount of weight loss of PAA upon complete cycloimidization. The degree of cycloimidization (DCI%) of PAAs to poly(amide imide)s (PAI) has been calculated from their isothermal TGA curves. The variation in DCI on temperature, time, and the structures of diamine and acid chloride, especially, with respect to meta‐ and para‐linkages and the presence of electron withdrawing groups has been discussed. Cycloimidization occurs at faster rate in the initial stages of about 20 min, curing and then proceeds in a gradual manner and reaches almost a plateau within an hour. The DCI was more at higher temperatures, and the final values were 22−60% at 175 °C, 34−78% at 200 °C, 50−96% at 225 °C, and 85−99% at 260 °C after 75 min of heating, depending on the nature of diamine and acid chloride in the PAA. The DCI of PAAs with meta‐linkages in either of diamine or diacid chloride was somewhat lower than those having para‐linkages. The DCI of PAAs containing electron withdrawing group like sulfone in the diamine is somewhat higher compared with those of others. The final DCI (%) values obtained from FT‐IR spectra and isothermal TGA curves were very close to each other. Further, the thermal and thermooxidative stabilities of the PAIs were discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2937–2947, 2007
Aspects of BCS to BEC “Crossover” as illustrated by fulleride superconductivity
Authors: Squire Richard H. , March Norman H.
Published: September 2007

The pioneering works by Eagles, Leggett, and Nozieres/Schmitt‐Rink [Eagles, Phys Rev, 1969, 186, 456; Leggett, In: Modern Trends in the Theory of Condensed Matter, Springer‐Verlag: Berlin, 1980; Nozieres and Schmitt‐Rink, Low Temp Phys, 1985, 59, 980] (reviewed and augmented by Randeria [Randeria, Bose‐Einstein Condensation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995, p 255]) emphasize that in the limits of the models studied both at T = 0 and T ≠ 0, the “cross‐over” from a BCS‐type to a BEC‐type superconductor is continuous. The BCS and BEC “end points” seem to be well‐established. However, in the intermediate region—home to fulleride and high temperature superconductors—considerable extrapolation of the models must be done as there still is no exact theory. Yet, considerable current literature is devoted to what appears to be more “singular‐type phenomena” such as quantum critical points, “stripe” formation, insulator to superconductor phase transitions, loss of validity of the Fermi liquid theory, etc. Using a connection we have made with “cold” atom fermion‐boson crossover theory [Chen, Stajic, Levin, 2005, e‐print cond‐mat/0508603], we can establish that the resonance previously discussed [Squire and March, Int J Quant Chem, 2006, 106, 3343] is a result of the crossing of the fermion band by the boson band. While the ground state appears to remain continuous, the paired energy gap becomes transformed. We discuss features of the resonance and the experimentally observed pre‐formed “BEC Cooper pair” formation, essential to the boson‐fermion resonance theory. In addition some of the various singular phenomena discussed above can be put more into perspective. Finally, in both limits the relation of characteristic lengths to the inverse Fermi momentum is strongly emphasized, as is the role of the chemical potential near the pseudogap regime. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Accumulation of dechlorination daughter products: A valid metric of chloroethene biodegradation
Authors: Bradley Paul M. , Chapelle Frank H.
Published: September 2007

In situ reductive dechlorination of perchloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) generates characteristic chlorinated (cis‐dichloroethene [cis‐DCE] and vinyl chloride [VC]) and nonchlorinated (ethene and ethane) products. The accumulation of these daughter products is commonly used as a metric for ongoing biodegradation at field sites. However, this interpretation assumes that reductive dechlorination is the only chloroethene degradation process of any significance in situ and that the characteristic daughter products of chloroethene reductive dechlorination persist in the environment. Laboratory microcosms, prepared with aquifer and surface‐water sediments from hydrologically diverse sites throughout the United States and amended with [1,2‐14C] TCE, [1,2‐14C] DCE, [1,2‐14C] DCA, or [1,2‐14C] VC, demonstrated widely variable patterns of intermediate and final product accumulation. In predominantly methanogenic sediment treatments, accumulation of 14C‐DCE, 14C‐VC, 14C‐ethene, and 14C‐ethane predominated. Treatments characterized by significant Fe(III) and/or Mn(IV) reduction, on the other hand, demonstrated substantial, and in some cases exclusive, accumulation of 14CO2 and 14CH4. These results suggest that relying on the accumulation of cis‐DCE, VC, ethene, and ethane may substantially underestimate overall chloroethene biodegradation at many sites. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.*

This article is a U.S. government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
A deterministic approach to evaluate and implement monitored natural attenuation for chlorinated solvents
Authors: Truex Michael J. , Johnson Christian D. , Spencer James R. , Clement T. Prabhakar , Looney Brian B.
Published: September 2007

A US EPA directive and related technical protocol outline the information needed to determine if monitored natural attenuation (MNA) for chlorinated solvents is a suitable remedy for a site. For some sites, conditions such as complex hydrology or perturbation of the contaminant plume caused by an existing remediation technology (e.g., pump‐and‐treat) make evaluation of MNA using only field data difficult. In these cases, a deterministic approach using reactive transport modeling can provide a technical basis to estimate how the plume will change and whether it can be expected to stabilize in the future and meet remediation goals. This type of approach was applied at the Petro‐Processors Inc. Brooklawn site near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, to evaluate and implement MNA. This site consists of a multicomponent nonaqueous‐phase source area creating a dissolved groundwater contamination plume in alluvial material near the Mississippi River. The hydraulic gradient of the groundwater varies seasonally with changes in the river stage. Due to the transient nature of the hydraulic gradient and the impact of a hydraulic containment system operated at the site for six years, direct field measurements could not be used to estimate natural attenuation processes. Reactive transport of contaminants were modeled using the RT3D code to estimate whether MNA has the potential to meet the site‐specific remediation goals and the requirements of the US EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response Directive 9200.4‐17P. Modeling results were incorporated into the long‐term monitoring plan as a basis for evaluating the effectiveness of the MNA remedy. As part of the long‐term monitoring plan, monitoring data will be compared to predictive simulation results to evaluate whether the plume is changing over time as predicted and can be expected to stabilize and meet remediation goals. This deterministic approach was used to support acceptance of MNA as a remedy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
General risk factors for dementia: A systematic evidence review
Authors: Patterson Christopher , Feightner John , Garcia Angeles , MacKnight Chris
Published: September 2007

This review identifies and quantifies general (ie, nongenetic) risk factors for all‐cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia specifically.
Mild cognitive impairment and cognitive impairment, no dementia: Part B, therapy
Authors: Massoud Fadi , Belleville Sylvie , Bergman Howard , Kirk John , Chertkow Howard , Nasreddine Ziad , Joanette Yves , Freedman Morris
Published: September 2007

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and cognitive impairment, no dementia (CIND) might be the optimum stage at which to intervene with preventative therapies. This article reviews recent work on the possible treatment and presents evidence‐based recommendations approved at the meeting of the Third Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia held in Montreal in March, 2006. A number of promising nonpharmacologic interventions have been examined. Associations exist with both cognitive and physical activity that suggest that both of these, together or separately, can delay progression to dementia. Similarly, case control studies as well as prospective long‐term studies suggest a number of low toxicity interventions and supplements that might significantly impact on MCI progression; folate, B6, and B12 to lower homocysteine levels, omega‐fatty acids, and anti‐oxidants (fruit juices or red wine) are good examples. In selected genotypes such as individuals with APOE e4, therapy with donepezil might slow progression. The concern, however, is that none of these therapies (including cholinesterase inhibitors) have demonstrated a clinically meaningful effect with randomized, placebo‐controlled studies. Just as randomized controlled studies have failed to support primary prevention of dementia by using estrogen or nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), there exists the possibility that well‐designed randomized controlled trials might fail to definitively demonstrate putative or promising mild cognitive impairment interventions. Pharmacologic interventions and nonpharmacologic therapies, while tantalizing, are currently for the most part insufficiently proven to allow serious consideration by physicians. Recommendation were supported for a general “healthy lifestyle” including physical exercise, healthy nutrition, smoking cessation, and mental stimulation. Close monitoring and treatment of vascular risk factors are justified and were also supported.
Toward a revision of criteria for the dementias
Authors: Rockwood Kenneth , Bouchard Rémi W. , Camicioli Richard , Léger Gabriel
Published: September 2007

This article critically considers current diagnostic criteria for dementia and reports recommendations approved by at least 80% of experts attending the Third Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia (CCCDTD3). There was consensus that many of the features proposed as essential to a diagnosis of dementia in the 1980s no longer are relevant (for example, the requirements for memory impairment, electroencephalogram and cerebrospinal fluid studies, age‐specific exclusions). In addition, other syndromes such as frontotemporal dementia have been recognized and need to inform new dementia criteria. It is also recognized that a diagnosis of depression need not exclude a dementia diagnosis. Other proposals, such as neuropathology should be considered as additional evidence and not as a gold standard or that some people with dementia have prolonged plateaus so that progressive decline need not be a criterion for Alzheimer's disease (AD), were more controversial and did not receive similar support. Given the evidence of the last three decades, there is merit in reconsidering the criteria by which dementia and AD are diagnosed.
Fractures of the Tubular Bones of the Hand
Authors: STANTON J. S. , DIAS J. J. , BURKE F. D.
Published: September 2007

Age related differences in demographics, morphology, treatment and outcome were investigated in 701 fractures of the metacarpals or phalanges, including fracture-dislocations, in 655 patients. Fractures mainly due to sport occurred in 184 children, usually after 10 years of age. The base of the proximal phalanx was especially vulnerable. Thirty-seven percent of 256 young adults fractured their fifth metacarpal. The thumb was rarely involved. Half of these two groups fractured the fifth ray. Older adults had more fractures of the distal phalanx and displaced extraarticular fractures requiring stabilisation. Women predominated in the patients over 65. Forty percent of this group sustained their fracture on the road and more fractures involved the thumb, were oblique, intraarticular or multiple than in other groups. Detailed analysis of 423 X-rays demonstrated that only 10% of 70 intraarticular fractures and 19% of 363 extraarticular fractures were completely undisplaced. Patient response to postal questionnaire based outcome assessment using SF-12, MHQ was very poor.
Significance of blood-tinged post-nasal drip in paranasal sinus disease
Authors: Chao T-K , Liu C-M , Huang W-H
Published: September 2007

Objectives:

Blood-tinged post-nasal drip is a rare manifestation of paranasal sinus disease. Although the presence of such a symptom would intuitively prompt suspicion of malignancy, no previously published study has addressed this issue.

Methods:

One hundred and ninety-three patients with paranasal sinus lesions, who had undergone endoscopic sinus surgery for treatment or biopsy, were prospectively recruited. Their clinical information was collected and analysed.

Results:

In patients without blood-tinged post-nasal drip, 177/181 (97.8 per cent) had chronic paranasal sinusitis and fungal sinusitis. However, in patients who presented with this symptom, six of 12 (50 per cent) were diagnosed with other conditions. The difference was statistically significant (Fisher's exact test, two tails, p < 0.001). In patients with blood-tinged post-nasal drip, diagnoses other than chronic paranasal sinusitis and fungal sinusitis were found more frequently in older males.

Conclusion:

The chance of diagnoses other than the usual sinusitis increased significantly in patients with paranasal sinus diseases who presented with blood-tinged post-nasal drip, especially in older males.
On categorical models of classical logic and the Geometry of Interaction
Authors: FÜHRMANN CARSTEN , PYM DAVID
Published: September 2007

It is well known that weakening and contraction cause naive categorical models of the classical sequent calculus to collapse to Boolean lattices. In previous work, summarised briefly herein, we have provided a class of models calledclassical categoriesthat is sound and complete and avoids this collapse by interpreting cut reduction by a poset enrichment. Examples of classical categories include boolean lattices and the category of sets and relations, where both conjunction and disjunction are modelled by the set-theoretic product. In this article, which is self-contained, we present an improved axiomatisation of classical categories, together with a deep exploration of their structural theory. Observing that the collapse already happens in the absence of negation, we start with negation-free models calledDummett categories. Examples of these include, besides the classical categories mentioned above, the category of sets and relations, where both conjunction and disjunction are modelled by the disjoint union. We prove that Dummett categories are MIX, and that the partial order can be derived from hom-semilattices, which have a straightforward proof-theoretic definition. Moreover, we show that the Geometry-of-Interaction construction can be extended from multiplicative linear logic to classical logic by applying it to obtain a classical category from a Dummett category.

Along the way, we gain detailed insights into the changes that proofs undergo during cut elimination in the presence of weakening and contraction.
Review of: Metalloproteinase axes increase β-catenin signaling in primary mouse mammary epithelial cells lacking TIMP3
Authors: Salomon D. S.
Published: September 2007

Citation of original article:

C. V. Hojilla, I. Kim, Z. Kassiri, J. E. Fat, H. Fang, R. Khokha.Journal of Cell Science2007;120(6): 1050–1060.

Abstract of the original article:

Multiple cancers exhibit mutations in β-catenin that lead to increased stability, altered localization or amplified activity. β-Catenin is situated at the junction between the cadherin-mediated cell adhesion and Wnt signaling pathways, and TIMP3 functions to alter β-catenin signaling. Here we demonstrate that primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and mammary epithelial cells (MECs) deficient inTimp3have increased β-catenin signaling. Functionally, the loss of TIMP3 exerted cell-type-specific effects, withTimp3−/−MEFs being more sensitive andTimp3−/−MECs more resistant to EGTA-induced cell detachment than the wild type.Timp3−/−MECs had higher dephosphorylated β-catenin levels and increased β-catenin transcriptional activity as measured by TCF/LEF-responsive reporter assays. Real-time PCR analysis of β-catenin target genes in MEFs and MECs showed no alteration in Myc, decreasedCcnd1(cyclin D1) and increasedMmp7mRNA levels upon loss of TIMP3, with the latter occurring only in epithelial cells. Recombinant TIMP3 and synthetic metalloproteinase inhibitors reverted the increase in dephosphorylated β-catenin, decrease inCcnd1gene expression and increase inMmp7gene expression. Physiologically,Timp3−/−mammary glands displayed accelerated mammary ductal elongation during pubertal morphogenesis. Gain-of-function studies using slow-release TIMP-containing pellets revealed distinct effects of individual TIMPs on ductal morphogenesis. Recombinant TIMP1, TIMP3 and TIMP4 inhibited ductal elongation whereas TIMP2 promoted this process.
Global MHD test particle simulations of >10 MeV radiation belt electrons during storm sudden commencement
Authors: Kress B. T. , Hudson M. K. , Looper M. D. , Albert J. , Lyon J. G. , Goodrich C. C.
Published: September 2007

Prior to 2003, there are two known cases where ultrarelativistic (≳10 MeV) electrons appeared in the Earth's inner zone radiation belts in association with high speed interplanetary shocks: the 24 March 1991 and the less well studied 21 February 1994 storms. During the March 1991 event electrons were injected well into the inner zone on a timescale of minutes, producing a new stably trapped radiation belt population that persisted for ∼10 years. More recently, at the end of solar cycle 23, a number of violent geomagnetic disturbances resulted in large variations in ultrarelativistic electrons in the inner zone, indicating that these events are less rare than previously thought. Here we present results from a numerical study of shock‐induced transport and energization of outer zone electrons in the 1–7 MeV range, resulting in a newly formed 10–20 MeV electron belt near L ∼ 3. Test particle trajectories are followed in time‐dependent fields from an MHD magnetospheric model simulation of the 29 October 2003 storm sudden commencement (SSC) driven by solar wind parameters measured at ACE. The newly formed belt is predominantly equatorially mirroring. This result is in part due to an SSC electric field pulse that is strongly peaked in the equatorial plane, preferentially accelerating equatorially mirroring particles. The timescale for subsequent pitch angle diffusion of the new belt, calculated using quasi‐linear bounce‐averaged diffusion coefficients, is in agreement with the observed delay in the appearance of peak fluxes at SAMPEX in low Earth orbit. We also present techniques for modeling radiation belt dynamics using test particle trajectories in MHD fields. Simulations are performed using code developed by the Center for Integrated Space Weather Modeling.
Teachers' Perceptions of Students With Speech Sound Disorders: A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Overby Megan , Carrell Thomas , Bernthal John
Published: September 2007

Purpose

This study examined 2nd-grade teachers' perceptions of the academic, social, and behavioral competence of students with speech sound disorders (SSDs).

Method

Forty-eight 2nd-grade teachers listened to 2 groups of sentences differing by intelligibility and pitch but spoken by a single 2nd grader. For each sentence group, teachers rated the speaker’s academic, social, and behavioral competence using an adapted version of the Teacher Rating Scale of the Self-Perception Profile for Children (S. Harter, 1985) and completed 3 open-ended questions. The matched-guise design controlled for confounding speaker and stimuli variables that were inherent in prior studies.

Results

Statistically significant differences in teachers' expectations of children’s academic, social, and behavioral performances were found between moderately intelligible and normal intelligibility speech. Teachers associated moderately intelligible low-pitched speech with more behavior problems than moderately intelligible high-pitched speech or either pitch with normal intelligibility. One third of the teachers reported that they could not accurately predict a child’s school performance based on the child’s speech skills, one third of the teachers causally related school difficulty to SSD, and one third of the teachers made no comment.

Conclusion

Intelligibility and speaker pitch appear to be speech variables that influence teachers' perceptions of children’s school performance.
Discovering Communicative Competencies in a Nonspeaking Child With Autism
Authors: Stiegler Lillian N.
Published: September 2007

Purpose

This article is intended to demonstrate that adapted conversation analysis (CA) and speech act analysis (SAA) may be applied by speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to (a) identify communicative competencies in nonspeaking children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), especially during particularly successful interactions, and (b) identify communicative patterns that are exhibited by interventionists and communication partners that may positively or negatively impact interactions with such children.

Method

A case example involving an 8-year-old boy with autism and the author, an SLP, is explicated. A videotaped segment from an intervention session was transcribed and subjected to adapted forms of CA and SAA.

Results

CA and SAA helped reveal several underlying competencies in the boy’s communicative output, including an awareness of conversational structure and sequence, diversity of communicative acts, functional use of gaze and smile behavior, and the ability to spontaneously initiate interactions. Observations regarding the SLP’s interactive style included the use of multiple instances of “asking” as well as multiple “derailments” of the boy’s obvious communicative bids.

Conclusion

CA and SAA may be adapted to gain a clearer picture of what takes place during especially positive communicative interactions with nonspeaking children with ASD.
Rotational spectra of vibrationally excited CCH and CCD
Authors: Killian T. C. , Gottlieb C. A. , Thaddeus P.
Published: September 2007

The millimeter-wave rotational spectra of the lowest bending and stretching vibrational levels of CCH and CCD were observed in a low pressure discharge through acetylene and helium. The rotational, centrifugal distortion, and fine structure constants were determined for the (0200) and (0220) bending states, the (100) and (001) stretching levels, and the (011) combination level of CCH. The same pure bending and stretching levels, and the (110) combination level were observed in CCD. Apparent anomalies in the spectroscopic constants in the bending states were shown to be due to l-type resonances. Hyperfine constants, which in CCH are sensitive to the degree of admixture of the AΠ2 excited electronic state, were determined in the excited vibrational levels of both isotopic species. Theoretical Fermi contact and dipole-dipole hyperfine constants calculated by Perić et al. [J. Mol. Spectrosc. 150, 70 (1991)] were found to be in excellent agreement with the measured constants. In CCD, new rotational lines tentatively assigned to the (100) level largely on the basis of the observed hyperfine structure support the assignment of the C–H stretching fundamental (ν1) by Stephens et al. [J. Mol. Struct. 190, 41 (1988)]. Rotational lines in the excited vibrational levels of CCH are fairly intense in our discharge source because the vibrational excitation temperatures of the bending vibrational levels and the (110) and (011) combination levels are only about 100K higher than the gas kinetic temperature, unlike the higher frequency stretching vibrations, where the excitation temperatures are five to ten times higher.
Structure of a semidilute polymer solution under steady shear
Authors: Jose Prasanth P. , Szamel Grzegorz
Published: September 2007

We use Brownian dynamics computer simulations to investigate the structure of a semidilute polymer solution undergoing a steady, uniform shear flow. We find that the contributions to structure factor from intra- and interchain correlations, which cancel each other almost completely for an equilibrium semidilute solution, are modified in different ways by the shear flow. Incomplete cancellation of these contributions leads to anisotropic patterns that resemble those observed in light scattering experiments on sheared semidilute solutions [Wu et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2408 (1991)]. For small wave vectors the structure factor change is dominated by the interchain contribution. We also monitor the distortion of the pair correlation function and show that for small distances it is dominated by the intrachain contribution. Finally, we investigate nonlinear shear viscosity and find that, like the short-distance part of the distortion of the pair correlation function, it is predominantly of intrachain origin.
Organic bistable devices based on core/shell CdSe∕ZnS nanoparticles embedded in a conducting poly(N-vinylcarbazole) polymer layer
Authors: Li Fushan , Son Dong-Ik , Seo Seung-Mi , Cha Han-Moe , Kim Hyuk-Ju , Kim Bong-Jun , Jung Jae Hun , Kim Tae Whan
Published: September 2007

Current-voltage measurements on the Al/[CdSe∕ZnS nanoparticles embedded in a hole-transporting poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) layer]/indium tin oxide (ITO)/glass structures at 300K showed a nonvolatile electrical bistability behavior. Capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements on the Al/[CdSe∕ZnS nanoparticles embedded in a PVK layer]/ITO/glass structures at 300K showed a metal-insulator-semiconductor behavior with a flatband voltage shift due to the existence of the CdSe∕ZnS nanoparticles, indicative of trapping, storing, and emission of charges in the electronic states of the CdSe nanoparticles. Operating mechanisms for the Al/[CdSe∕ZnS nanoparticles embedded in the PVK layer]/ITO/glass devices are described on the basis of the C-V results.
Displacement current and surface flashover
Authors: Harris J. R. , Caporaso G. J. , Blackfield D. , Chen Y.-J.
Published: September 2007

High-voltage vacuum insulator failure is generally due to surface flashover rather than insulator bulk breakdown. Vacuum surface flashover is widely believed to be initiated by a secondary electron emission avalanche along the vacuum-insulator interface. This process requires a physical mechanism to cause secondary electrons emitted from the insulator surface to return to that surface. Here, it is shown that when an insulator is subjected to a fast high-voltage pulse, the magnetic field due to displacement current through the insulator can provide this mechanism. This indicates the importance of the voltage pulse shape, especially the rise time, in the flashover initiation process.
Focused ion beam implantation induced site-selective growth of InAs quantum dots
Authors: Mehta M. , Reuter D. , Melnikov A. , Wieck A. D. , Remhof A.
Published: September 2007

The site-selective growth of InAs quantum dots (QDs) by a combined focused ion beam (FIB) and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) process has been demonstrated. An array of FIB modified spots on MBE grown GaAs was fabricated. Thereafter, an in situ annealing step followed by InAs deposition was performed. The InAs QDs were preferentially formed in the holes generated by the FIB. The influences of ion dose, annealing parameters, and InAs amount were investigated. With optimized parameters, the authors observe more than 50% single dot occupancy per holes. Photoluminescence spectra confirm the good optical quality of the QDs.
Reversible strain effect in La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 step edge junctions
Authors: Gangineni R. B. , Schultz L. , Thiele C. , Mönch I. , Dörr K.
Published: September 2007

The spin-polarized electric transport in ferromagnetic La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 films on piezoelectric substrates with etched steps has been investigated. The Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3)0.72Ti0.28O3 substrate is strained reversibly by application of electric voltage. This includes strain control in film junctions formed at step edges. The film resistance (R) is very sensitive to both strain and magnetic field in a wide temperature range, 30K<T<300K, in contrast to the behavior of step-free films. Both R and magnetoresistance decrease (increase) significantly upon in-plane compression (expansion). In this way, strain is introduced as variable parameter for experiments on step edge grain boundaries.
Folded reflective tandem polymer solar cell doubles efficiency
Authors: Tvingstedt Kristofer , Andersson Viktor , Zhang Fengling , Inganäs Olle
Published: September 2007

Conjugated polymers are promising materials for the production of inexpensive and flexible photovoltaic cells. Organic materials display tunable optical absorption within a large spectral range. This enables the construction of organic tandem photovoltaic cells. The authors here demonstrate a reflective tandem cell where single cells are reflecting the nonabsorbed light upon another adjacent cell. By folding two planar but spectrally different cells toward each other, spectral broadening and light trapping are combined to give an enhancement of power conversion efficiency of a factor of 1.8±0.3.
Effects of reach-scale canopy cover on trophic pathways of caddisfly larvae in a Japanese mountain stream
Authors: Doi Hideyuki , Takemon Yasuhiro , Ohta Taichi , Ishida Yuko , Kikuchi Eisuke
Published: September 2007

Differences in trophic pathways between reaches with and without tree canopy cover above the channel were assessed using stable isotopes in a 1.4-km stretch of the Kamo River, Japan. The trophic pathways of two larval trichopteran species, a grazer (Goera joponica, Goeridae) inhabiting stone surfaces and a net-spinning filter-feeder (Stenopsyche marmorata, Stenopsychidae) inhabiting interstices of the stony stream bottom, were estimated using carbon and nitrogen isotopes in reaches with and without canopy cover in winter. The δ13C values of G. japonica were similar to those of periphyton at each station, suggesting that G. japonica is a grazer on periphyton. A significant positive correlation between carbon isotope values of S. marmorata and benthic particulate organic matter (BPOM) indicated that BPOM varied in composition according to the amount of solar energy within a reach. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between carbon isotope values of filter-feeders and the periphytic algal contribution to BPOM using an isotope mixing model, indicating that the main food source of the filter feeders was derived from the in situ periphytic algae in open reaches and from a terrestrial source in canopy-covered reaches.
The
Ralstonia solanacearum
pathogenicity regulator HrpB induces 3-hydroxy-oxindole synthesis
Authors: Delaspre Fabien , Nieto Peñalver Carlos G. , Saurel Olivier , Kiefer Patrick , Gras Emmanuel , Milon Alain , Boucher Christian , Genin Stéphane , Vorholt Julia A.
Published: September 2007

The transcriptional activator HrpB of the bacterial wilt causing betaproteobacterium
Ralstonia solanacearum
represents a key regulator for pathogenicity. In particular, it drives expression of
hrp
genes encoding a type III secretion system (T3SS) as well as effector molecules for delivery into the host cytosol to promote disease. However, the HrpB regulon extends beyond this T3SS. We describe here an HrpB-activated operon of six genes that is responsible for the synthesis of a fluorescent isatin derivative of 149 Amu that we named HDF for HrpB-dependent factor and that we purified from culture supernatants. The structure of the labile molecule was solved by using NMR and CD spectroscopy to be (3
S
)-3-hydroxy-indolin-2-one and confirmed by its chemical synthesis and MS spectrometry. HDF was found to be present at 20 nM in wild-type cultures grown on minimal medium, and its synthesis increased 15-fold upon overproduction of HrpB, confirming that HrpB activates HDF synthesis. The addition of tryptophan significantly stimulated HDF biosynthesis and was shown to represent the precursor molecule for HDF synthesis. A search for the biological function of the molecule revealed that HDF induces acyl-homoserine lactone receptor-mediated reporter activity of the well studied LuxR transcriptional regulator of
Vibrio fischeri
. Thus, our results provide evidence that the specificity of acyl-homoserine lactone (acyl-HSL) receptors is clearly broader than previously considered. The failure to detect induction by HDF of the described endogenous quorum-sensing circuits of the pathogen points to a role in interfering with cell–cell signaling of rivalling bacteria.
Structure and function of the yeast U-box-containing ubiquitin ligase Ufd2p
Authors: Tu Daqi , Li Wei , Ye Yihong , Brunger Axel T.
Published: September 2007

Proteins conjugated by Lys-48-linked polyubiquitin chains are preferred substrates of the eukaryotic proteasome. Polyubiquitination requires an activating enzyme (E1), a conjugating enzyme (E2), and a ligase (E3). Occasionally, these enzymes only assemble short ubiquitin oligomers, and their extension to full length involves a ubiquitin elongating factor termed E4. Ufd2p, as the first E4 identified to date, is involved in the degradation of misfolded proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum and of a ubiquitin–β-GAL fusion substrate in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. The mechanism of action of Ufd2p is unknown. Here we describe the crystal structure of the full-length yeast Ufd2p protein. Ufd2p has an elongated shape consisting of several irregular Armadillo-like repeats with two helical hairpins protruding from it and a U-box domain flexibly attached to its C terminus. The U-box of Ufd2p has a fold similar to that of the RING (Really Interesting New Gene) domain that is present in certain ubiquitin ligases. Accordingly, Ufd2p has all of the hallmarks of a RING finger-containing ubiquitin ligase: it associates with its cognate E2 Ubc4p via its U-box domain and catalyzes the transfer of ubiquitin from the E2 active site to Ufd2p itself or to an acceptor ubiquitin molecule to form unanchored diubiquitin oligomers. Thus, Ufd2p can function as a bona fide E3 ubiquitin ligase to promote ubiquitin chain elongation on a substrate.
Chromatin fine structure of the c-
MYC
insulator element/DNase I-hypersensitive site I is not preserved during mitosis
Authors: Komura Jun-ichiro , Ikehata Hironobu , Ono Tetsuya
Published: September 2007

During mitosis in higher eukaryotic cells, transcription is silenced and transcription complexes are absent from promoters in the condensed chromosomes; however, epigenetic information concerning the pattern of expressed and silent genes must be preserved. Recently, it has been reported that CTCF, a major protein in vertebrate insulator elements, remains associated with mitotic chromatin. If the structure of insulators is preserved during mitosis, then it is possible that insulators can function as components or elements of the mechanism involved in the transfer of epigenetic information through the mitotic phase and can help guide the reconstitution of domain structure and nuclear organization after the completion of this phase. We have studied the chromatin structure of the insulator upstream of the c-
MYC
gene in mitotic HeLa cells. The region of the insulator corresponds to the DNase I hypersensitive site I, but Southern blot analysis revealed that hypersensitivity was lost during mitosis. High resolution
in vivo
footprinting analysis using dimethyl sulfate, UV light, psoralen, and DNase I also demonstrated the disappearance of the sequence-specific direct binding of CTCF and the absence of detectable structures during mitosis. Thus, it appears that the nucleoprotein complex involving this insulator element must be reassembled
de novo
with each new cell generation.
Allometric scaling of plant life history
Authors: Marbà Núria , Duarte Carlos M. , Agustí Susana
Published: September 2007

Plant mortality and birth rates are critical components of plant life history affecting the stability of plant populations and the ecosystems they form. Although allometric theory predicts that both plant birth and mortality rates should be size-dependent, this prediction has not yet been tested across plants ranging the full size spectrum. Here we show that both population mortality and population birth rates scale as the −¼ power and plant lifespan as the ¼ power of plant mass across plant species spanning from the tiniest phototrophs to the largest trees. Whereas the controls on plant lifespans are as yet poorly understood, our findings suggest that plant mortality rates have evolved to match population birth rates, thereby helping to maintain plant communities in equilibrium and optimizing plant life histories.
IκB kinase α kinase activity is required for self-renewal of ErbB2/Her2-transformed mammary tumor-initiating cells
Authors: Cao Yixue , Luo Jun-li , Karin Michael
Published: September 2007

NF-κB is constitutively active in many solid tumors, including breast cancer. However, the role of NF-κB in breast carcinogenesis is unknown.
Ikk
α

AA
/
AA

“knockin” mice in which activation of IκB kinase α (IKKα) is prevented by replacement of activation loop serines with alanines exhibit delayed mammary gland growth during pregnancy, because IKKα activity is required for cyclin D1 induction and proliferation of lobuloalveolar epithelial cells. Given the role of cyclin D1 in breast and mammary cancer, we examined involvement of IKKα in mammary carcinogenesis induced by oncogenes or a chemical carcinogen, 7,12-dimethylbenz[
a
]anthracene (DMBA). The
Ikk
α

AA

mutation retarded tumor development in response to either 7,12-dimethylbenzaanthracene or the
MMTV-c-neu
(
ErbB2
/
Her2
) transgene but had no effect on
MMTV-v-Ha-ras
-induced cancer, although both oncogenes rely on cyclin D1. Strikingly, primary
Ikk
α

AA
/
AA

/
MMTV-c-neu
carcinoma cells exhibited diminished self-renewal capacity, resulting in the inability to establish secondary tumors.
Ikk
α

AA
/
AA

/
MMTV-c-neu
carcinoma cells underwent premature senescence when cultured under conditions used for propagation of mammary gland stem cells. Thus, IKKα is not only a regulator of mammary epithelial proliferation, but is also an important contributor to ErbB2-induced oncogenesis, providing signals that maintain mammary tumor-initiating cells. IKKα may represent a novel and specific target for treatment of ErbB2-positive breast cancer.
Polylactosamine on glycoproteins influences basal levels of lymphocyte and macrophage activation
Authors: Togayachi Akira , Kozono Yuko , Ishida Hiroyasu , Abe Sumie , Suzuki Nami , Tsunoda Yuki , Hagiwara Kozue , Kuno Atsushi , Ohkura Takashi , Sato Nobuo , Sato Takashi , Hirabayashi Jun , Ikehara Yuzuru , Tachibana Kouichi , Narimatsu Hisashi
Published: September 2007

β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 (β3GnT2) is a polylactosamine synthase that synthesizes a backbone structure of carbohydrate structures onto glycoproteins. Here we generated β3GnT2-deficient (β3GnT2−/−) mice and showed that polylactosamine onN-glycans was markedly reduced in their immunological tissues. In WT mice, polylactosamine was present on CD28 and CD19, both known immune costimulatory molecules. However, polylactosamine levels on these molecules were reduced in β3GnT2−/−mice. β3GnT2−/−T cells lacking polylactosamine were more sensitive to the induction of intracellular calcium flux on stimulation with anti-CD3ε/CD28 and proliferated more strongly than T cells from WT mice. β3GnT2−/−B cells also showed hyperproliferation on BCR stimulation. Macrophages from β3GnT2−/−mice had higher cell surface CD14 levels and enhanced responses to endotoxin. These results indicate that polylactosamine onN-glycans is a putative immune regulatory factor presumably suppressing excessive responses during immune reactions.