bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Release probability is regulated by the size of the readily releasable vesicle pool at excitatory synapses in hippocampus
Authors: Dobrunz Lynn E.
Published: September 2002

Synapses in the central nervous system can be very unreliable: stimulation of an individual synapse by an action potential often does not lead to release of neurotransmitter. The probability of transmitter release is not always the same, however, which enables the average strength of synaptic transmission to be regulated by modulation of release probability. Release probability is believed to be determined by the number of fusion competent vesicles (the readily releasable vesicle pool) and the release probability per vesicle. Studies from single synapses have shown that release probability correlates with the size of the readily releasable pool of vesicles across the population of excitatory CA3–CA1 synapses, both in hippocampal slices and in cultured cells. Here I present evidence that the same relationship exists between release probability and the size of the readily releasable vesicle pool within individual synapses, further suggesting that the size of the readily releasable pool helps determine release probability. In addition, using a simple model, I examine how both the number of readily releasable vesicles and the average release probability per vesicle change during trains of high frequency stimulation, and present evidence for non‐uniformity of the release probability among vesicles.
The E.K. Shriver Center at the University of Massachusetts Medical School
Authors: McIlvane W.J.
Published: September 2002

The UMMS Shriver Center promotes an understanding of typical and atypical neurological, cognitive, and behavioral development, emphasizing mental retardation. To accomplish its mission, the Center conducts basic and applied research to determine the biological and environmental factors that influence development and provides training and service programs that directly benefit people with developmental disabilities and their families.
RESCISSION OF GUARANTEES FOR MISREPRESENTATION AND ACTIONABLE NON-DISCLOSURE
Authors: Watts Peter
Published: September 2002

It has been a traditional requirement of rescission (ab initio), even as a response to fraudulent misrepresentation, that it must be possible to restore both parties to the relevant contract to some equivalence of their pre-contract positions. A line of cases involving rescission of guarantees has, however, permitted a surety to be entirely released from the guarantee even though the creditor has relied on it by supplying credit to the principal debtor. The suggested rationalisation is that the traditional requirement is confined to cases where rescission in specie is being sought and the innocent party can be adequately protected by a claim for damages. The article also addresses the relevance to rescission of the restitutionary concepts of change or position and counter-restitution.
A BRITISH REPUBLIC
Authors: Brazier Rodney
Published: September 2002

Arguments are generated in an ad hoc way about the continuation of the monarchy. Such media-led arguments are no substitute for a rational analysis of constitutional issues, although of course public opinion has an important part to play in the future of any constitutional institution. At present there is not even a basic framework against which any such reasoned analysis could begin. While a case against the British monarchy has been constructed by several people, the silence of constitutional lawyers on the central issue of monarchy or republic is surprising, for what is that issue if not one concerning a central part of the constitution, and, indeed, a very pervasive one? The author,a constitutional lawyer, examines the constitutional arguments and implications about the alternatives of monarchy or republic in the United Kingdom and attempts to make clear which matters would require decision if the United Kingdom were to opt for republicanism. He demonstrates that a change to a British republic would require the resolution of many interrelated issues. Even the answer to the apparently simple question of principle of whether a monarchy or a republic is preferred may turn on the type of republic which was on offer. Conversion to a republic would involve wide and deep changes to much of the constitution because of the legal peculiarities of the ancient British monarchy. These are not insoluble difficulties, but they do mean that the abolition of the monarchy would be an intellectually challenging exercise.
FOREIGN LAW INSPIRING NATIONAL LAW. LESSONS FROM GREATOREX V. GREATOREX
Authors: Markesinis Basil
Published: September 2002

The author focuses on the voluntary use by judge or counsel of foreign law and foreign legal ideas as a means of shaping national law when this is unclear, contradictory, or otherwise in need of reform, as distinct from the formal presentatin of foreign law through expert witnesses where such law has to be applied. The number of instances in which this kind of borrowing may happen must, of necessity, be limited. The problem is that foreign law is unlikely to come in a simple form, attractively packaged; and language is a major problem in judicial attempts to be inspired by a foreign idea if not to transplant the actual solution. This has led the author to advocate a more co-ordinated use of the different talents that judges, practitioners, and academics bring to the process of creating and interpreting law and to assist the process by provision, in the English language, of easily accessible accounts of relevant foreign material. The approach finds an excellent practical illustration in the judgment of the High Court in Greatorex v. Greatorex.
EXTRADITION—JURISDICTION
Authors: Hopkins John
Published: September 2002

Extradition from the United Kingdom, save to the Republic of Ireland, is now governed by the Extradition Act 1989. It repealed the Extradition Act 1870 and the Fugitive Offenders Act 1967.
THE LIABILITY OF SCHOOLS FOR BULLYING
Authors: Elvin Jesse
Published: September 2002

InBradford-Smart v. West Sussex County Council [2002] EWCA Civ 07, Leah Bradford-Smart, a former pupil of a school maintained by West Sussex County Council, based her claim for damages for psychiatric injury and consequent loss on the school’s failure to prevent fellow pupils bullying her outside the school. It is clear that “a school is under a duty to take reasonable care for the health and safety of the pupils in its charge” (Van Oppen v. Clerk to Bedford Charity Trustees [1990] 1 W.L.R. 235, 250), and that it also assumes responsibility for a pupil’s educational needs (X v. Bedfordshire County Council [1995] 2 A.C. 633, 766, per Lord Browne-Wilkinson; Phelps v. Hillingdon London Borough Council [2000] 2 A.C. 619). In Bradford-Smart, the Court of Appeal held that a school is generally responsible for its pupils only when they are inside the school, but that exceptional circumstances might arise when failing to take reasonable steps to combat bullying occurring outside the school would give rise to a breach of its duty of care to a pupil.
CONTROLLING CONTRACTUAL DISCRETION
Authors: Sims V.K. , Goddard R.J.
Published: September 2002

In 1993 Leggatt L.J. said in Abu Dhabi National Tanker Co. v. Product Star Shipping Ltd. (The Product Star) [1993] 1 Lloyds Rep. 397, 404: Where A and B contract with each other to confer a discretion on A, that does not render B subject to A’s uninhibited whim. In my judgment, the authorities show that not only must the discretion be exercised honestly and in good faith, but, having regard to the provisions of the contract by which it is conferred, it must not be exercised arbitrarily, capriciously or unreasonably.
ALLOCATING RISK AND LOSS IN MISTAKEN PAYMENTS
Authors: Fox David
Published: September 2002

Two fraudsters persuaded Dextra Bank to draw a cheque for $US2,999,000 payable to the Bank of Jamaica (“BOJ”). They led Dextra to believe that BOJ wished to borrow the money as a loan. BOJ, however, was a victim of the same fraud and knew nothing of the loan. The fraudsters had caused it to believe that Dextra was selling US currency to it. BOJ’s foreign currency agents received Dextra’s cheque, and forwarded it to BOJ which duly received payment on it. Shortly before the agents received Dextra’s cheque—and the timing was significant—they had drawn Jamaican dollar cheques on BOJ’s behalf, payable to the supposed sellers of the US currency. In this they acted on the fraudsters’ instructions. Most of the payees of the cheques were fictitious, and once the proceeds had been paid into the relevant accounts, the fraudsters appropriated them.
Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships: A Study of National, European and International Law. Edited by Robert Wintemute and Mads AndenÆs. [Oxford: Hart Publishing. 2001. xvi, 773, (Appendices) 16 and (Index) 6 pp. Paperback £48 net. ISBN 1–84113–138–5.]
Authors: Sumner Ian
Published: September 2002

The veritable necessity for a book of this ilk is unquestionably long overdue. As nations from all continents grapple with novel concepts, theories and socio-legal models intended to deal with the regulation and recognition of homosexuals’ relationships, the previous lack of interdisciplinary and international research had somewhat hindered this progress. This book not only goes some way to fill that gap but in doing so accomplishes it in a truly valuable way to all those interested in this field. By providing a theoretical basis to the issue of same-sex partnership regulation, followed by in-depth national, European and international legal surveys, this book is an essential tool to all those involved in research related not only to the position of homosexuals within society, but also those involved in family law in a broader sense.
Tariff Negotiations and Renegotiations under the GATT and the WTO: Procedures and Practices. By Anwarul Hoda. [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2001, 137, (Appendices) 136 and (Index) 36 pp. Hardback £45.00 net. ISBN 0–521–80449–3.]
Authors: Mitchell AndrewD. , Voon Tania
Published: September 2002

Oneof the most important achievements of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) to date has been a substantial reduction in the level of tariffs applied in international trade. The average tariff on industrial products has diminished from more than 40 per cent. in 1947 to less than 5 per cent. today. As a result of this success, multilateral negotiations within the WTO have begun to place more emphasis on non-tariff barriers. Nevertheless, tariffs remain an important issue. Many OECD countries, for example, continue to impose high tariffs on agricultural products and other products of particular interest to developing countries. The work programme adopted at the Fourth WTO Ministerial Conference held in Doha late last year provides for negotiations to improve market access for agricultural products and to reduce or eliminate tariffs on non-agricultural products and environmental goods.
FARMER AND RESEARCHER PARTNERSHIPS IN MALAWI: DEVELOPING SOIL FERTILITY TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE NEAR-TERM AND FAR-TERM
Authors: Snapp S. , Kanyama-Phiri G. , Kamanga B. , Gilbert R. , Wellard K.
Published: September 2002

In Malawi, intensive production of maize (Zea mays) is pursued on over 60% of smallholder land, yet application of nutrients is almost nil. To improve adoption of soil productivity-enhancing technologies, two participatory methods were pursued: (i) a novel ‘mother-and-baby’ trial design and (ii) participatory action research with communities in a southern Malawi watershed. The central ‘mother trial’ was managed by researchers (replicated within a site) and systematically linked to farmer-managed ‘baby’ trials to cross-check biological performance with farmer assessment. The watershed approach involved a partnership of researchers and farmers addressing soil management. Technologies tested in both approaches integrated legumes into existing maize-based systems, sometimes in combination with inorganic fertilizers. Across methods, legume intensification increased yields by approximately 40% (net benefit increase of approximately US$50 ha−1) and fertilizer increased yields by approximately 70% compared with continuous maize grain yields of about 1100 kg ha−1. Farmer assessment prioritized technologies that included secondary benefits, such as weed suppression, grain legume yields, and low-labour-demanding fertilizer. A survey indicated that participating researchers and extension staff had reservations about the amount of time required to interact with farmers, and no clear consensus emerged regarding the best approach. There has been wider adoption of the mother-and-baby trial method by scientists in neighbouring countries, indicating the value of systematically incorporating farmers' input.
Turbulent convection driven by surface cooling in shallow water
Authors: ZIKANOV OLEG , SLINN DONALD N. , DHANAK MANHAR R.
Published: September 2002

We present the results of large-eddy simulations (LES) of turbulent thermal convection
generated by surface cooling in a finite-depth stably stratified horizontal layer with
an isothermal bottom surface. The flow is a simplified model of turbulent convection
occurring in the warm shallow ocean during adverse weather events. Simulations are
performed in a 6 × 6 × 1 aspect ratio computational domain using the pseudo-spectral
Fourier method in the horizontal plane and finite-difference discretization on a high-resolution
clustered grid in the vertical direction. A moderate value of the Reynolds
number and two different values of the Richardson number corresponding to a weak
initial stratification are considered. A version of the dynamic model is applied as
a subgrid-scale (SGS) closure. Its performance is evaluated based on comparison
with the results of direct numerical simulations (DNS) and simulations using the
Smagorinsky model. Comprehensive study of the spatial structure and statistical
properties of the developed turbulent state shows some similarity to Rayleigh–Bénard
convection and other types of turbulent thermal convection in horizontal layers, but
also reveals distinctive features such as the dominance of a large-scale pattern of
descending plumes and strong turbulent fluctuations near the surface.
The structure of an unstable circular vortex in a
background straining flow
Authors: HIGGINS KEITH , OOI ANDREW , CHONG M. S.
Published: September 2002

The formation of compound vortices from a ‘shielded’ vortex monopole embedded
in a two-dimensional background straining flow is studied numerically. The
computations are performed in plane polar coordinates using an infinite radial domain
Navier–Stokes solver. The straining flow excites an azimuthal instability, leading to
vortex tripole formation in the case of small strain rates. For larger strain rates,
tripole formation proceeds briefly before the structure is destroyed by the dominant
background straining flow.
Numerical investigation of the propagation of
planar shock waves in saturated flexible porous
materials: development of the computer code
and comparison with experimental results
Authors: LEVI-HEVRONI D. , LEVY A. , BEN-DOR G. , SOREK S.
Published: September 2002

The three-dimensional governing equations of the flow field that is developed when
an elasto-plastic exible porous medium, capable of undergoing extremely large
deformations, is struck head-on by a shock wave, are developed using a multi-phase
approach. The one-dimensional version of these equations is solved numerically
using an arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) based numerical code. The numerical
predictions are compared qualitatively to experimental results from various sources
and good agreement is obtained. This study complements our earlier study in which
we developed and solved, using a total variation diminishing (TVD) based numerical
code, the governing equations of the flow field that is developed when an elastic
rigid porous medium, capable of undergoing only very small deformations, is struck
head-on by a shock wave.
Vortical flow. Part 1. Flow through a
constant-diameter pipe
Authors: MATTNER T. W. , JOUBERT P. N. , CHONG M. S.
Published: September 2002

This paper describes an exploration of the behaviour and properties of swirling flow
through a constant-diameter pipe. The experiments reveal a complicated transition
process as the swirl intensity Ω is increased at fixed pipe Reynolds number Re ≈ 4900.
For Ω [les ] 1.09, the vortex was steady, laminar, axisymmetric, and developed slowly with
streamwise distance. The upstream velocity profiles were similar to those commonly
appearing in the literature in similar apparatus. Spiral vortex breakdown appeared
in the test section for 1.09 [les ] Ω [les ] 1.31 and was associated with a localized transition
from jet-like to wake-like mean axial velocity profiles. Further increase in Ω caused
the breakdown to move upstream of the test section. Downstream, the core of
the post-breakdown flow was unsteady and recovered toward jet-like profiles with
streamwise distance. At Ω = 2.68, a global transition occurred in which the mean
axial velocity profiles suddenly developed an annular axial velocity deficit. At the
same time, disturbances began to appear in the outer flow. Further increase in Ω
eventually led to an annulus of reversed axial flow and a completely unsteady vortex.
Solitary waves with recirculation zones in axisymmetric rotating flows
Authors: DERZHO OLEG , GRIMSHAW ROGER
Published: September 2002

In this paper, we describe a theoretical asymptotic model for large-amplitude travelling
solitary waves in an axially symmetric rotating flow of an inviscid incompressible fluid
confined in an infinitely long circular tube. By considering the special, but important,
case when the upstream flow is close to that of uniform axial flow and uniform
rotation, we are able to construct analytical solutions which describe solitary waves
with ‘bubbles’, that is, recirculation zones with reversed flow, located on the axis of the
tube. Such waves have amplitudes which slightly exceed the critical amplitude, where
there is incipient flow reversal. The effect of the recirculation zone is to introduce into
the governing amplitude equation an extra nonlinear term, which is proportional to
the square of the difference between the wave amplitude and the critical amplitude.
We consider in detail a special, but representative, class of upstream inflow conditions.
We find that although the structure of the recirculation zone is universal, the presence
of such solitary waves is quite sensitive to the actual upstream axial and rotational
velocity shear configurations. Our results are compared with previous theories and
observations, and related to the well-known phenomenon of vortex breakdown.
Investigation of a ‘transonic resonance’ with
convergent–divergent nozzles
Authors: ZAMAN K. B. M. Q. , DAHL M. D. , BENCIC T. J. , LOH C. Y.
Published: September 2002

Experimental studies have shown that convergent–divergent nozzles, when run at low
pressure ratios, often undergo a flow resonance accompanied by emission of acoustic
tones. The phenomenon, different in characteristics from conventional ‘screech’ tones,
is addressed in this paper. Unlike screech, the resonant frequency (fN) increases
with increasing supply pressure. There is a ‘staging’ behaviour; odd-harmonic stages
resonate at lower pressures while the fundamental occurs in a wide range of higher
pressures corresponding to a ‘fully expanded Mach number’ (Mj) around unity. Within
a stage, fN varies approximately linearly with Mj; the slope of the variation steepens
when the angle of divergence of the nozzle is decreased. Based on the data, correlation
equations are provided for the prediction of fN. A companion computational study
captures the phenomenon and predicts the frequencies, including the stage jump,
quite well. While the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood yet, it is
clear that the unsteadiness of a shock occurring within the divergent section plays
a direct role. The shock drives the flow downstream like a vibrating diaphragm,
and resonance takes place similarly to the (no-flow) acoustic resonance of a conical
section having one end closed and the other end open. Thus, the fundamental is
accompanied by a standing one-quarter wave within the divergent section, the next
stage by a standing three-quarter wave, and so on. The distance from the foot of the
shock to the nozzle exit imposes the pertinent length scale. The principal trends in
the frequency variation are explained qualitatively from the characteristic variation of
that length scale. A striking feature is that tripping of the nozzle's internal boundary
layer tends to suppress the resonance. It is likely that the trip effect occurs due to a
break in the azimuthal coherence of the unsteady flow.
Experimental study of a vortex in a magnetic field
Authors: SREENIVASAN BINOD , ALBOUSSIÈRE THIERRY
Published: September 2002

It is well-known that magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows behave differently from
conventional fluid flows in two ways: the magnetic field makes the flow field
anisotropic in the sense that it becomes independent of the coordinate parallel
to the field; and the flow of liquid across the field lines induces an electric current,
leading to ohmic damping. In this paper, an experimental study is presented of the
long-time decay of an initially three-dimensional flow structure subject to a steady
magnetic field, when the ratio of the electromagnetic Lorentz forces to the nonlinear
inertial forces, quantified by the magnetic interaction parameter, N0, takes large as
well as moderate values. This investigation is markedly different from previous studies
on quasi-two-dimensional MHD flows in thin layers of conducting fluids, where only
Hartmann layer friction held the key to the dissipation of the flow.

The initial ‘linear’ phase of decay of an MHD flow, characterized by dominant
Lorentz forces and modelled extensively in the literature, has been observed for the
first time in a laboratory experiment. Further, when N0 is large compared to unity, a
distinct regime of decay of a vortex follows this linear phase. This interesting trend
can be explained in terms of the behaviour of the ratio of the actual magnitudes
of the Lorentz to the nonlinear inertial forces – the true interaction parameter – which
decreases to a constant of order unity towards the end of the linear phase of decay,
and remains invariant during a subsequent ‘nonlinear’ phase.
Surviving Economic Crises in Southeast Asia and Southern China: The History of Eu Yan Sang Business Conglomerates in Penang, Singapore and Hong Kong
Authors: Chung Stephanie Po-Yin
Published: September 2002

Prologue: Business Environment and Economic Behavior

For more than two decades, sociologists, historians and economic geographers have produced many case studies on Chinese family businesses. A major consensus of these works suggests that ‘networking’, especially ethnic and familial, is extremely important to Chinese businesses. Various models and theories have been employed to explain this phenomenon. Notable among these explanations is the idea of Chinese entrepreneurship. According to this idea, such ethnicity-based groups as the Cantonese and the Fujianese (of the provinces of Guangdong and Fujian), are regarded to be culturally oriented towards business entrepreneurship and the cultivation of business networks. Before the outbreak of the Asian economic crisis in October 1997, many researchers believed that ‘Chinese entrepreneurship’ and the ‘business culture of networking’ contributed to the success of Chinese businesses in Asia (especially in the ‘Four Little Dragons’ of coastal Asia). For example, Confucian ethics and its emphasis on familial and ethnic networks is regarded as an asset for business expansion by Chinese international enterprises based in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore. After the outbreak of the crisis, more research on the nature of Chinese entrepreneurship and the culture of networking was carried out. This research started from a different angle. The reliance on politically secured economic privileges (i.e.; nepotism), was identified as a defect of networking and thus, one of the major underlying causes of the crisis. The claim that the culture of networking contributes to business success actually offers a readily available explanation for its failure as well (see for examples Redding, 1990; Yeung, 1997; Yeung, 1998).
‘Grandparents Are the Next Best Thing’: Informal
Childcare for Working Parents in Urban Britain
Authors: WHEELOCK JANE , JONES KATHARINE
Published: September 2002

This article is based on a unique empirical investigation of the contribution
that informal childcare – relatives, friends or neighbours looking
after children, usually on an unpaid basis – makes in allowing parents to
go out to work. There has been little research on either the use of such
complementary childcare by parents, or of the carers who undertake it,
and this is a review of a two-stage investigation of both. One of the earliest
initiatives of the Labour government elected in 1997 was to put a
National Childcare Strategy in place. The strategy recognised the importance
of childcare both for the development of children and in enabling
parents – particularly mothers – to go out to work. To date, however,
childcare needs and provision have been assessed almost entirely in terms
of formal childcare. A clear understanding of why working parents use
complementary childcare (particularly from grandparents) is essential
for any childcare policy that hopes to be attuned to what families actually
want. The article argues that policy makers, lured by a simplistic vision of
economic vitality into adopting a behavioural paradigm from economics
– in which parents are assumed to respond to purely financial incentives
– are likely to find themselves distracted from important issues of the
social well-being of working families with children. Childcare needs are
related to dramatic changes in women's labour market participation over
recent years, where the largest increase in female employment has been
among mothers of children under the age of five. Neither mothers nor
fathers may be in a position to provide the desired amount of childcare
inside the nuclear household. This situation gives rise to the possibility of
a ‘childcare deficit’. In failing to acknowledge and underpin the value
which parents place upon complementary forms of childcare, policy makers
are in danger of committing themselves to institutional arrangements
which may make that deficit worse in the longer term.
New Labour, Modernisation and the Medical
Labour Process
Authors: HARRISON STEPHEN
Published: September 2002

The label ‘modernisation’, originally coined to signify reform within the
Labour Party, has since 1997 increasingly been used as a descriptor of
various facets of public policy. This paper addresses three questions, all
in the context of health policy. What (if anything) is the impact of the
notion of modernisation on NHS medical labour process, what is its
substantive content, and how might we explain its rise to prominence?
On the first question, I suggest that a model of medicine (which I term
‘scientific-bureaucratic medicine’) is being developed that embodies
many of the specific characteristics of Fordist labour processes. On the
second question, I suggest that ‘modernisation’ denotes a philosophy
towards the governance of the NHS which entails the distinctive characteristics
of the project which social theorists have termed ‘modernity’.
The third question has particular significance in a social context (variously
termed ‘late modernity’ or ‘postmodernity’) generally thought of as
characterised by trends towards postFordist labour processes. I tentatively
suggest that scientific-bureaucratic medicine can be viewed as the state's
(not necessarily successful) strategy for coping with radical consumerism
and changing perceptions of risk and expertise in the context of health
and medicine.
The invasibility of tropical forests by exotic plants
Authors: Fine Paul V. A.
Published: September 2002

Current research efforts to understand the relative invasibility of different plant communities have mostly ignored tropical forests. Only a few studies have treated invasive species in tropical forests, and recent worldwide analyses have not provided clear predictions concerning the relative invasibility of tropical forests. In this review, the extent to which exotic species have invaded tropical forests is summarized and four leading hypotheses to explain the apparently low frequency of invading plants in tropical forests are evaluated. In general, it is found that invasibility positively correlates with human disturbance, and that undisturbed tropical forests harbour few exotic species. To date, there is no evidence to attribute the low invasibility of undisturbed tropical forests to either their high species diversity or their high diversity of functional types. Instead, the low occurrence of exotic species in most tropical forests is most likely due to the fact that the great majority of exotic species that are transported to tropical countries lack specific life history traits, most importantly shade tolerance, necessary for successful invasion of undisturbed tropical forests. Unfortunately, this situation could change in the future with the expected increase in the plantation forestry of high-grade timber combined with common forestry practices that favour the cultivation of exotic species.
Eric Raimy (2000). The phonology and morphology of reduplication. (Studies in Generative Grammar 52.) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Pp. viii+200.
Authors: Downing Laura J.
Published: September 2002

The theory of reduplication developed in this book distinguishes itself from
most recent work in reduplication in important ways. First of all, it adopts the
Distributed Morphology framework (Halle & Marantz 1993, 1994, Noyer 1997)
and a derivational, rule-based approach to reduplication (and to phonology in
general). It explicitly argues against parallel, surface-based models of prosodic
morphology, like Optimality Theory (McCarthy & Prince 1993, Prince &
Smolensky 1993, etc.). Further, the analyses proposed in the book reject the
proposal, current since McCarthy & Prince (1986), that the shape of reduplicative morphemes (like other fixed-shape morphemes) is constrained to be
(roughly) equivalent to a prosodic constituent, syllable or foot. The book is
organised as follows. After a brief introduction in Chapter 1 outlining the goals
of the book, Chapter 2 introduces enough of the theory to show how
backcopying in reduplication, argued since Wilbur (1973) to be impossible to
account for without reference to reduplicative surface-identity effects, can be
handled in a derivational framework. Chapter 3, the longest chapter, discusses
the technical details of the theory in more detail and goes on to show how the
fixed shape and unmarked featural and prosodic structure typical of reduplicative morphemes can be accounted for without reference to either prosodic
structure or general markedness. The fourth and final chapter discusses in more
detail theoretical issues raised in earlier chapters, like how this approach defines
markedness of reduplication patterns and avoids reduplication-specific mechanisms. The review discusses each of these points in turn.
April McMahon (2000). Change, chance, and optimality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. x+201.
Authors: Kirchner Robert
Published: September 2002

It is generally acknowledged, by both its proponents and detractors, that
Optimality Theory has provoked a reexamination, in recent years, of the role of
functional considerations, and their typological reflexes, in phonological theory.
April McMahon's Change, chance, and optimality attempts an in-depth examination of this issue, particularly from the perspective of the relation between
synchrony and diachrony in linguistic theory.
The issue, and OT's general stance towards it, are summarised by Prince &
Smolensky (1993: 198):

One might feel compelled to view a grammar as a more-or-less arbitrary assortment of
formal rules, where the principles that the rules subserve (the ‘laws’) are placed entirely
outside the grammar, beyond the purview of formal or theoretical analysis, inert but
admired. It is not unheard of to conduct phonology in this fashion. We urge a reassessment of this essentially formalist position. If phonology is separated from the
principles of well-formedness (the ‘laws’) that drive it, the resulting loss of constraint and
theoretical depth will mark as major defeat for the enterprise. The danger, therefore, lies
in the other direction: clinging to a conception of Universal Grammar as little more than
a loose organizing framework for grammars. A much stronger stance, in accord with the
thrust of recent work, is available. When the scalar and the gradient are recognized and
brought within the purview of theory, Universal Grammar can supply the very substance
from which grammars are built: a set of highly general constraints which, through
ranking, interact to produce the elaborate particularity of individual languages.
Aditi Lahiri (ed.) (2000). Analogy, levelling, markedness: principles of change in phonology and morphology. (Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs 127.) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Pp. viii+385.
Authors: Rice Keren
Published: September 2002

This book grew out of a 1997 workshop sponsored by Aditi Lahiri and her
group at the University of Constance. It consists of eleven chapters and an
introduction by Aditi Lahiri, the editor. The articles are focused largely on
Germanic languages, although not entirely, as Bengali and Latin also receive
detailed discussion. There is diversity in the range of topics covered in the
volume – tonogenesis, stress, quantity changes, voicing alternations, allomorphy, paradigms and grammaticalisation are some of the major areas of
phonology and morphology that are addressed. Authors adopt different theoretical frameworks, with Optimality Theory playing some role in many articles.
Optimality Theory is assumed by some, argued against by others and modified
by yet others.
The phonological word and stress assignment in Turkish
Authors: Kabak Barış , Vogel Irene
Published: September 2002

It is generally believed that Turkish stress is always word-final. Closer examination, however, reveals several types of exceptions to this pattern involving both roots and affixes. This paper proposes a unified analysis of regular and irregular stress in Turkish that crucially depends on our definition of the Phonological Word. In addition, we discuss stress in constituents beyond the word, and provide evidence for the Clitic Group as well as the Phonological Phrase. Finally, we also briefly discuss vowel harmony and a set of syllabification phenomena, and show how the latter, in particular, provide independent support for the proposal we advance here.
The phonological status of Dutch epenthetic schwa
Authors: Warner Natasha , Jongman Allard , Cutler Anne , Mücke Doris
Published: September 2002

In this paper, we use articulatory measures to determine whether Dutch schwa epenthesis is an abstract phonological process or a concrete phonetic process depending on articulatory timing. We examine tongue position during /l/ before underlying schwa and epenthetic schwa and in coda position. We find greater tip raising before both types of schwa, indicating light /l/ before schwa and dark /l/ in coda position. We argue that the ability of epenthetic schwa to condition the /l/ alternation shows that Dutch schwa epenthesis is an abstract phonological process involving insertion of some unit, and cannot be accounted for within Articulatory Phonology.
Poetic Quotations in the Arabic Version of Aristotle's Rhetoric
Authors: Lyons Malcom C.
Published: September 2002

The influence of Greek sources on the Arab philosophers is both obvious and
important. What is less clear is how the quality of the translations from
which the philosophers worked affected their understanding of the points
that the Greek writers were making. This article investigates one small but
self-contained topic from within the field of translation literature, covering
the translations of poetic quotations in the Rhetoric of Aristotle in its Arabic
translation, together with an analysis of the types of mistakes to be found
there. In itself this is of no more than curiosity value, but an application of
the lessons to be learnt here to a linguistic study of Arabic philosophical
commentaries, and, by extension, to philosophical theory, will be of clear
importance.
Liaison psychiatry in old age practice
Authors: Fahy Sabina T , Lawlor Brian A
Published: September 2002

Liaison psychiatry, a term that is sometimes used interchangeably with consultation-liaison psychiatry, refers to the interface between psychiatry and general hospital patients and specialists. It involves psychiatrists’ intervention in the care of medically ill patients who present with psychiatric symptoms whilst in a general hospital setting. It may also involve assessment of patients who have pre-existing psychiatric illness or those who develop psychiatric symptoms because of their medical or surgical illness (e.g. coping with bad news).
The neuropathogenesis of delirium
Authors: White Susan
Published: September 2002

Delirium is a common disorder in ill older patients, characterized by a fluctuating disturbance of consciousness and changes in cognition that develop over a short period of time. Studies have shown that delirium is an independent predictor of increased length of hospital stay, and is associated with increased dependency and mortality, as well as being distressing for patients and families. Much is known about the epidemiology of delirium, including predisposing factors such as pre-existing dementia and advanced age, and common precipitants such as infection, drugs and major surgery. In comparison, very little is known about the neuropathological mechanisms that lead to the development of delirium.
Outcomes following prenatal diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Authors: Somerset David A , Barber Katherine J , Kilby Mark D
Published: September 2002

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS) was first described fifty years ago. It is characterised by underdevelopment of the left ventricle with associated aortic and mitral valve hypoplasia or atresia, and varying degrees of hypoplasia of the aortic arch (Figure 1). In utero a physiological right to left shunt of oxygenated blood through the ductus arteriosus bypasses the obstruction and allows normal fetal growth. Closure of the ductus arteriosus in the post-natal period interrupts systemic blood flow, resulting in rapid deterioration and death. Untreated it is a universally fatal condition, leading to neonatal death within the first few days or weeks of life. Although HLHS affects only one baby in 10,000 and accounts for less than 10% of all congenital heart disease, HLHS is responsible for 25% of all deaths due to congenital cardiac disease occurring within the first week of life.
Smoking cessation and pregnancy
Authors: West Robert
Published: September 2002

Cigarette smoking continues to be the main preventable cause of premature death in industrialised countries. It is estimated globally to kill 3 million people annually and this figure is expected to rise to 10 million per year within the next 30–40 years. In the UK alone, smoking is responsible for 120,000 premature deaths per year and in the US the death toll from smoking is running at approximately 420,000. Most of the harm from cigarette smoking results from decades of exposure. Thus deaths generally do not occur in substantial numbers until the smoker has reached 40 years of age. However, there are some circumstances in which smoking has acute effects which can lead to serious illness or death. One of these is prior to surgery, where smoking is strongly associated with adverse post-operative outcomes. The other is during pregnancy. This review examines the health consequences of smoking as it relates to pregnancy, the effects of stopping smoking at this time, the prevalence of smoking and smoking cessation in pregnancy and factors associated with these and finally the effectiveness of interventions aimed at tackling this problem.
Impact of adding 5.5 mM glucose to SOF medium on the development, metabolism and quality of in vitro produced bovine embryos from the morula to the blastocyst stage
Authors: Donnay I. , Feugang J.M. , Bernard S. , Marchandise J. , Pampfer S. , Moens A. , Dessy F.
Published: September 2002

Although toxic for early stages of embryo development, glucose is a physiological metabolic substrate at the morula and blastocyst stages. We evaluated the effect of adding 5.5 mM glucose from the morula stage on bovine blastocyst development and quality. In vitro matured and fertilised bovine oocytes were cultured in modified Synthetic Oviduct Fluid medium containing 5% fetal calf serum, but without added glucose, up to day 5 post-insemination (pi). Morulae were selected and further cultured in the presence or absence of 5.5 mM glucose. Blastocyst and hatched blastocyst rates were recorded. Oxygen, glucose and pyruvate uptakes as well as lactate release were evaluated. The quality of the resulting blastocysts was evaluated by the cell allocation to the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) and by the apoptotic index. Adding glucose increased the blastocyst rate at day 8 pi (80% vs 65%) but had no impact on hatching rate (25% vs 28%). A 22% decrease in oxygen uptake was observed in the presence of glucose, concomitant with an increase in lactate release, although no change was observed in pyruvate uptake. A slight decrease in blastocyst cell number was observed at day 7 in the presence of glucose while neither the ICM/TE cell ratio nor the apoptotic index were affected. In conclusion, adding 5.5 mM glucose from the morula stage has a limited impact on blastocyst rate and quality although important modifications were observed in embryo metabolism. It remains to be determined whether those modifications could influence embryo viability after transfer.
Involvement of catecholamines in the regulation of oocyte maturation in frogs
Authors: Ramos Inés , Cisint Susana , Crespo Claudia A. , Medina Marcela F. , Fernández Silvia N.
Published: September 2002

The present study investigates the role of catecholamines in the regulation of Bufo arenarum oocyte maturation. The metabolic changes in the oxidation of carbohydrates and the meiotic resumption evinced by the germinal vesicle breakdown were used as indicators of cytoplasmic and nuclear maturation, respectively. The results obtained suggest that noradrenaline (norepinephrine) could be one of the factors responsible for the metabolic behaviour that characterises cytoplasmically immature oocytes. The use of adrenaline (epinephrine), on the other hand, induced a metabolic change which made oocytes cytoplasmically mature. The effect of both catecholamines, which was dose-dependent, was observed in ovarian oocytes (surrounded by follicle cells) as well as in coelomic oocytes (free from follicle cells), suggesting the presence of adrenergic receptors in the gamete. The results obtained using adrenergic agonists and antagonists suggest that the effect of adrenaline would be due to an interaction with β2-receptors. Although catecholamines have an influence on the determination of the stage of cytoplasmic maturation of the oocytes, they do not affect nuclear maturation by themselves. Nevertheless, pretreatment of follicles with adrenaline caused a significant inhibition in progesterone-induced nuclear maturation even though this effect was markedly weaker when using noradrenaline.
Numerical simulation of a super cyclonic storm, Orissa 1999: impact of initial conditions
Authors: Trivedi D K , Sanjay J , Singh S S
Published: September 2002

Numerical simulations are performed using the Penn State University/ National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) to study the impact of initial conditions on the super cyclone which hit the coast of Orissa in 1999. Because analysis of the cyclone's circulation was inadequate in the initial fields owing to the coarse resolution of the operational analysis systems and sparse oceanic data coverage, synthetic vortex data were generated using empirical relations and used in the analysis. Four‐dimensional data assimilation is performed in order to assimilate the synthetic vortex in the initial stage to the model.

Considerable improvement in the track is obtained by using the synthetic vortex. With better specification of the initial vortex structure, the model successfully simulated the typical tropical cyclone characteristics, such as asymmetries in the wind field: the strongest winds occurred in the east and close to the cyclone's centre, strong wind gradients were found between the centre and the maximum wind region, and there was a slow decrease in wind speed up to the middle troposphere. Despite failing to produce the intense pressure drop observed for this cyclone, the model shows much better cyclone development with enhanced initial condition than the analysis. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
The effect of form similarity on bilingual children's lexical development
Authors: Schelletter Christina
Published: September 2002

Previous studies of adult bilinguals have shown that cognates (translation equivalents similar in sound and spelling) are translated faster than non-cognates and different representations for the two categories in bilingual memory have been suggested (Kroll and Stewart 1994, van Hell and de Groot 1998). Assuming that bilingual children's representations are similar to those of adults, effects of form similarity between words should also be observed. This paper examines form-similar nouns in the early lexical development of a bilingual German/English child aged 1;11–2;9 as well as effects of form similarity in picture naming and translation in two groups of German/English children aged 8–9. Form similarity here differs from the cognate status of a word in that it implies similarity of sound only. Considering the way hearing children acquire words, it seemed necessary to restrict the similarity of words to this modality. Similarly, the presentation of items in the translation tasks was auditory. The results show an effect of form similarity in early lexical development, whereby form-similar words occurred frequently in the beginning of the observation period in both languages and were more likely to have a translation equivalent in the child's English. In the translation task, form similarity resulted in lower latencies for both language directions. The results thereby confirm that form similarity affects representations in both adult and child learners.
Is there primacy of aspect in child L2 English?
Authors: Gavruseva Elena
Published: September 2002

This article investigates whether the Aspect-before-Tense Hypothesis (Antinucci and Miller, 1976; Shirai and Andersen, 1995) accounts for the acquisition of tense-aspect morphology in child L2 English. The main question addressed is whether early uses of tense-aspect inflections can be analyzed as a spell-out of semantic/aspectual features of verbs (such as punctuality, telicity, durativity, etc.). The data are drawn from a detailed longitudinal study of an eight-year-old Russian-speaking child who was acquiring English as L2 in the USA. It is first shown that the emergence of tense-aspect morphology patterns by aspectual verb class. However, contrary to the Aspect-before-Tense Hypothesis, it is argued that the acquisition patterns cannot be attributed to “defective” tense, nor do they reflect the spell-out of aspectual features. A new approach to the data is developed that proposes underspecification of the syntactic aspectual head in early L2 child grammar.