bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Could low prolactin levels after radiotherapy predict the onset of hypopituitarism?
Authors: Mele Chiara , Pigni Stella , Caputo Marina , Birtolo Maria Francesca , Ciamparini Carola , Mazziotti Gherardo , Lania Andrea Gerardo Antonio , Marzullo Paolo , Prodam Flavia , Aimaretti Gianluca
Published: August 2024

Both local and external cranial radiotherapy (RT) can induce neurotoxicity and vascular damage of the hypothalamic-pituitary area, which can promote neuroendocrine alterations. While anterior pituitary insufficiency after RT has been extensively characterized, data on the effect of RT on prolactin (PRL) secretion are limited and heterogeneous, with different patterns of PRL behavior described in the literature. A progressive decline in PRL levels, reflecting a time-dependent, slowly evolving radiation-induced damage to the pituitary lactotroph cells has been reported. To date, the association between hypopituitarism and hypoprolactinemia in patients undergoing RT has not yet been fully investigated. The few available data suggest that lower PRL levels can predict an extent damage of the pituitary tissue and a higher degree of hypothalamic dysfunction. However, most studies on the effect of RT on pituitary function do not properly assess PRL secretion, as PRL deficiency is usually detected as part of hypopituitarism and not systematically investigated as an isolated disorder, which may lead to an underestimation of hypoprolactinemia after RT. In addition, the often-inadequate follow-up over a long period of time may contribute to the non-recognition of PRL deficiency after RT. Considering that hypoprolactinemia is associated with various metabolic complications, there is a need to define appropriate diagnostic and management criteria. Therefore, hypoprolactinemia should enter in the clinical investigation of patients at risk for hypopituitarism, mainly in those patients who underwent RT.
Mass Spectrometer Experiment for a Uranus Probe
Authors: Vorburger Audrey , Wurz Peter , Helled Ravit , Mousis Olivier
Published: August 2024

Uranus distinguishes itself from other planets in the Solar System with a range of remarkable attributes, including a magnetosphere with a unique configuration, its quiescent atmosphere, its heating imbalance, its dense and narrow rings, and its unusually dark and tectonically processed icy satellites. Yet no mission to date has investigated either this ice giant or Neptune from up close. A Uranus Orbiter and Probe has thus been identified as the highest-priority new NASA Flagship mission for initiation in the decade 2023–2032. One invaluable instrument on a Uranus probe is a mass spectrometer experiment that analyzes the planet’s chemical composition in situ in real-time during the probe’s descent through the atmosphere. The selection of a mass spectrometer experiment is profoundly driven by the scientific questions the mission seeks to address and necessitates the accurate measurements of crucial elements including their isotope ratios. In addition to fulfilling the posed science requirements, the chosen experiment must adhere to stringent constraints such as mass, power, and size limitations while also prioritizing speed, simplicity of operation, a high level of reliability, and a completely autonomous operation. Here, we offer a succinct overview of the scientific rationale driving the Uranus probe mission, exploring various potential configurations for the mass spectrometer experiment, detailing instruments that complement a mass spectrometer, and discussing key factors that influence the mission’s profile. We also address the possibility of a collaborative effort between NASA and ESA, which could play a pivotal role in ensuring the successful development of this groundbreaking mission.
Neoliberal Agendas in English Language Education in Urban Latin America: The Case of Medellín, Colombia
Authors: Sucerquia Paula Andrea Echeverri , Rúa Cristian Andrés Medina
Published: August 2024

In this article we discuss the findings of a diagnostic study of (foreign and native) language use in the department of Antioquia, in the Northwest region of Colombia; we specifically focus on the findings pertaining to the largest urban area of the department, Medellín, along with its metropolis. We discuss how the current development agenda, centered around turning the city into a technological and business hub, intertwined with a bilingualism program, poses challenges to language education. In addition, we discuss how city development plans that have an effect on education are influenced by neoliberal discourses centered on ideas of economic development and competition.
Unlocking the Potential of Algae for Heavy Metal Remediation
Authors: Machado Avryl Anna , Valiaparampil Jithu George , M Lavanya
Published: August 2024

Algae have emerged as a promising approach for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater due to their low-cost, efficient, and eco-friendly characteristics. The unique structural and biochemical properties of algae enable them to remove heavy metals from wastewater using various mechanisms, including physical adsorption, ion exchange, complexation, precipitation, phycoremediation, and bioaccumulation. Algal modification techniques such as pre-treatment, immobilization, and genetic modification are also discussed as means of enhancing the efficiency and specificity of heavy metal removal. Additionally, the regeneration of algal biomass is presented as a sustainable solution to the issue of algal disposal.
Die Erziehungswissenschaft der Gegenwart im Spiegel ihrer Theorierezeption
Authors: Vogel Katharina
Published: August 2024

Der Beitrag gibt einen empirischen Überblick über die Rezeption von Theorien in der Erziehungswissenschaft der Gegenwart und jüngeren Vergangenheit. Dazu werden über einen Zeitraum von zehn Jahren (2007–2016) Zeitschriftenbeiträge aus einschlägigen Fachzeitschriften voll- und halbautomatisiert analysiert, in denen Theorien explizit benannt werden. Diese Ergebnisse sollen einen Einblick in die Theorieentwicklung der Disziplin geben und dabei nicht nur prominente Theoretiker*innen und Theoriebezugsfelder, sondern auch erziehungswissenschaftliche Theorie-Rezeptionslogiken identifizieren. Dabei wird deutlich, dass die Disziplin nach wie vor nicht auf eine eigenständige Theorieproduktion zurückgreift, sondern überwiegend fremddisziplinäre Theorien rezipiert.
Erziehungswissenschaft seit 1990: Reduktion, Segmentierung, Identitätsprobleme – Vom Bedeutungsverlust einer Disziplin
Authors: Tenorth Heinz-Elmar
Published: August 2024

Der Beitrag untersucht die Sozialgestalt der Erziehungswissenschaft seit der Vereinigung 1990, die als historische Zäsur auch deshalb gilt, weil sie eine lange Phase distanzierter Selbstbeobachtung der Disziplin markiert. Gestützt auf Indikatoren zur Infrastruktur der Disziplin im Hochschulsystem, auf ihre Stellung in der außeruniversitären Forschung sowie in der evaluativen Beobachtung und angesichts der Nachfrage nach erziehungswissenschaftlicher Expertise wird insgesamt ein Bedeutungsverlust der Disziplin konstatiert, weil die Erziehungswissenschaft sich weder akademisch mit Professoren noch im Wissenschaftssystem insgesamt als eigenständige Forschungskraft behaupten kann.
Group formation based on extraversion and prior knowledge: a randomized controlled study in higher education online
Authors: Mueller Adrienne , Konert Johannes , Röpke René , Genc Ömer , Bellhäuser Henrik
Published: August 2024

The study investigates how the 2×2 configuration of homogeneous and heterogeneous distributions of extraversion and prior knowledge influences group outcomes, including satisfaction, performance, and stability. Based on the standard deviation of extraversion and prior knowledge, groups were established to test experimentally, what form of grouping leads to best outcomes. The randomized controlled trial took place in the context of an online course with 355 prospective students, working in 82 groups. The two characteristics extraversion and prior knowledge were distributed algorithmically, either homogeneously or heterogeneously. Results showed no superiority of heterogeneous formation, yet there were systematic interaction effects by the experimental group formation on satisfaction and performance. Due to the increasing relevance of online groupwork, explorative results are reported and integrated. Ideas for future research on group formation as an important influencing factor are discussed. Findings supports knowledge about cooperative online learning by optimizing the selection of group members using a therefore implemented algorithm.
The Composting of Water Hyacinth: A Life Cycle Assessment Perspective
Authors: Serafini Laís Fabiana , Arrobas Margarida , Rodrigues Manuel Ângelo , Feliciano Manuel , Miguens Filomena , Oliveira Verónica , Santos Daniela , Tuesta Jose Luis Diaz De , Gonçalves Artur
Published: August 2024

Water hyacinth is an invasive species that causes eutrophication in lentic waters. While mechanical removal is effective, it generates hazardous waste with biological contamination risk. Composting is a safe waste treatment option, inhibiting seeds and yielding agriculturally suitable compost. Life cycle assessment evaluated the environmental impacts of six composting piles using eight different by-products (potato peel, cattle manure, wood chip, rice straw, potato leftovers, olive pomace and biochar), all formulations containing water hyacinth. The worst environmental performances were the M2 pile (water hyacinth + olive pomace + cattle manure + potato leftovers) which achieved the highest AP (47.33 kg SO2 eq.) and EP (10.56 kg PO4³− eq.), while M3 (water hyacinth + olive pomace + rice straw + potato leftovers) had the highest GWP (816.51 kg CO2 eq.) and OLD (2.99E-11 kg R11 eq.). The biological composting process contributed the most to the overall increase in the impact categories for all piles due to air emissions (CH4 and N2O). M3 and M5 (water hyacinth + wood chip) had the worst performance in fossil fuel consumption due to distances travelled from by-products and energy use in the maintenance of composting piles. Concerning packaging, Big Bags with polypropylene had a greater impact than polyethylene bags (50 kg capacity). Evaluating the potential avoidance of mineral fertilisers, M3 compost showed potential for reducing TSP fertiliser production by 46%. Overall, M4, which incorporated a mixture of water hyacinth, olive pomace, wood chips and biochar, was the most favourable option from an environmental point of view.
Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: The Role of the Complement and Innate Immune System
Authors: Provencio Jose Javier , Inkelas Sonya , Vergouwen Mervyn D. I.
Published: August 2024

Specific inflammatory pathways are important in the development of delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Understanding the specific pathways of inflammation may be critical for finding new treatments. Evidence is accumulating that innate inflammatory cells and proteins play a more important role than cells of the adaptive inflammatory system. In this work, we review the evidence from clinical and preclinical data regarding which cells of the immune system play a role in DCI with particular emphasis on the bone-marrow-derived cells monocytes and neutrophils and the brain parenchymal microglia. In addition, we will review the evidence that complement proteins, a non-cellular part of the innate immune system, play a role in the development of DCI.
Application of a multivariate approach to the study of chemometric and sensory profiles of cookies fortified with brewers’ spent grain
Authors: Baiano Antonietta , Fiore Anna , Rutigliano Mariacinzia , Gatta Barbara la
Published: August 2024

This work was aimed to investigate the effects of three factors on cookie quality: brewers’ spent grain (BSG) composition [65% malted barley and 35% of unmalted durum (DA) or soft (RI), or emmer (EM) wheats]; geographical origin of the cereals used in brewing (Daunia or Salento); and percentages of BSG in cookie formulation (30 or 40%). A control made of 100% Manitoba flour was produced. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the effects of those factors (Analysis of Variance), the possibility to distinguish the various types of cookies (Principal Component Analysis), and the relationships among variables (Pearson Correlation Analysis).The single and interactive effects of the three factors were significant for almost all variables. Cookies with 40% EM spent grains showed the highest ash, dietary fibre, and total phenolic contents but cookies with 30% DA or RI spent grains received the highest overall quality scores due to the higher intensity of their fresh baked flavour and their lower hardness and fibrousness. Based on the nutritional and sensory characteristics, cookies fortified with RI and DA were the best to consume. Although few physicochemical differences can be attributed to geographical origin, a slightly higher overall sensory score was assigned to those produced with Salento cereals. Principal Component Analysis showed a clear separation between the control made of 100% Manitoba flour and the group of fortified cookies. Among the latter, the cookies produced with RI and DA spent grains were indistinguishable from each other due to their similar quality characteristics.
Temporal forecasting by converting stochastic behaviour into a stable pattern in electric grid
Authors: Qashou Akram , Yousef Sufian , Hazzaa Firas , Aziz Kahtan
Published: August 2024

The malfunction variables of power stations are related to the areas of weather, physical structure, control, and load behavior. To predict temporal power failure is difficult due to their unpredictable characteristics. As high accuracy is normally required, the estimation of failures of short-term temporal prediction is highly difficult. This study presents a method for converting stochastic behavior into a stable pattern, which can subsequently be used in a short-term estimator. For this conversion, K-means clustering is employed, followed by long-short-term memory and gated recurrent unit algorithms are used to perform the short-term estimation. The environment, the operation, and the generated signal factors are all simulated using mathematical models. Weather parameters and load samples have been collected as part of a dataset. Monte-Carlo simulation using MATLAB programming has been used to conduct experimental estimation of failures. The estimated failures of the experiment are then compared with the actual system temporal failures and found to be in good match. Therefore, to address the gap in knowledge for any future power grid estimated failures, the achieved results in this paper form good basis for a testbed to estimate any grid future failures.
Evaluating machine learning models in predicting GRI drought indicators (case study: Ajabshir area)
Authors: Faramarzpour Mahtab , Saremi Ali , Khosrojerdi Amir , Babazadeh Hossain
Published: August 2024

Examining the condition of groundwater resources and the impact of droughts is valuable for effective water resources management. Today, machine learning (ML) models are recognized as one of the useful tools in time series predictions. In this study, the groundwater condition of one of the most important aquifers in northwest Iran was investigated using MODFLOW, followed by estimating the groundwater resource index (GRI) utilizing the multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) and least squares support vector regression (LSSVR) for a period between 2001 and 2019. Meteorological and hydrological drought indicators along with precipitation and flow rate were used as input variables for prediction. The simulation results revealed a groundwater level decrease since the aquifer withdrawal amount is more than the recharge amount. Besides, results showed that there is a limited interaction between surface water and groundwater resources, mainly caused by the decrease in the river flow and aquifer groundwater level drop. Both ML models performed well in GRI estimation, using groundwater flow, streamflow drought index, standardized precipitation index, and runoff as input variables. The performance of the MARS model with RMSE, MAE, and NSE error evaluation criteria of 0.37, − 0.19, and 0.83, respectively, exerted slightly better results than LSSVR with RMSE, MAE, and NSE of 0.48, − 0.06, and 0.80, respectively. The findings reveal the appropriate performance of both models in forecasting drought indicators, highlighting the necessity of using ML models in hydrology and drought prediction problems.
Analyzing digital propaganda and conflict rhetoric: a study on Russia’s bot-driven campaigns and counter-narratives during the Ukraine crisis
Authors: Marigliano Rebecca , Ng Lynnette Hui Xian , Carley Kathleen M.
Published: August 2024

The dissemination of disinformation has become a formidable weapon, with nation-states exploiting social media platforms to engineer narratives favorable to their geopolitical interests. This study delved into Russia’s orchestrated disinformation campaign, in three times periods of the 2022 Russian-Ukraine War: its incursion, its midpoint and the Ukrainian Kherson counteroffensive. This period is marked by a sophisticated blend of bot-driven strategies to mold online discourse. Utilizing a dataset derived from Twitter, the research examines how Russia leveraged automated agents to advance its political narrative, shedding light on the global implications of such digital warfare and the swift emergence of counter-narratives to thwart the disinformation campaign. This paper introduces a methodological framework that adopts a multiple-analysis model approach, initially harnessing unsupervised learning techniques, with TweetBERT for topic modeling, to dissect disinformation dissemination within the dataset. Utilizing Moral Foundation Theory and the BEND Framework, this paper dissects social-cyber interactions in maneuver warfare, thereby understanding the evolution of bot tactics employed by Russia and its counterparts within the Russian-Ukraine crisis. The findings highlight the instrumental role of bots in amplifying political narratives and manipulating public opinion, with distinct strategies in narrative and community maneuvers identified through the BEND framework. Moral Foundation Theory reveals how moral justifications were embedded in these narratives, showcasing the complexity of digital propaganda and its impact on public perception and geopolitical dynamics. The study shows how pro-Russian bots were used to foster a narrative of protection and necessity, thereby seeking to legitimize Russia’s actions in Ukraine whilst degrading both NATO and Ukraine’s actions. Simultaneously, the study explores the resilient counter-narratives of pro-Ukraine forces, revealing their strategic use of social media platforms to counteract Russian disinformation, foster global solidarity, and uphold democratic narratives. These efforts highlight the emerging role of social media as a digital battleground for narrative supremacy, where both sides leverage information warfare tactics to sway public opinion.
Purification and immobilization of β-glucosidase using surface modified mesoporous silica Santa Barbara Amorphous 15 for eco-friendly preparation of sagittatoside A
Authors: Yang Ya-Ya , Jing Shun-Li , Shao Jia-Li , Chen Ji-Xuan , Zhang Wei-Feng , Wan Si-Yuan , Shen Yu-Ping , Yang Huan , Yu Wei
Published: August 2024

Functionalized mesoporous materials have become a promising carrier for enzyme immobilization. In this study, Santa Barbara Amorphous 15 (SBA-15) was modified by N-aminoethyl-γ-aminopropyl trimethoxy (R). R-SBA-15 was employed to purify and immobilize recombinant β-glucosidase from Terrabacter ginsenosidimutans (BgpA) in one step for the first time. Optimum pH of the constructed R-SBA-15@BgpA were 7.0, and it has 20 ℃ higher optimal temperature than free enzyme. Relative activity of R-SBA-15@BgpA still retained > 70% at 42 ℃ after 8-h incubation. The investigation on organic reagent resistance revealed that the immobilized enzyme can maintain strong stability in 15% DMSO. In leaching test and evaluation of storage stability, only trace amount of protein was detected in buffer of the immobilized enzyme after storage at 4 ℃ for 33 days, and the immobilized BgpA still maintained > 50% relative activity. It also demonstrated good reusability, with 76.1% relative activity remaining after fourteen successive enzymatic hydrolyses of epimedin A to sagittatoside A. The newly proposed strategy is an effective approach for the purification and immobilization of BgpA concurrently. In addition, R-SBA-15@BgpA was demonstrated to have high efficiency and stability in this application, suggesting its great feasibility and potential to produce bioactive compounds such as secondary glycosides or aglycones from natural products.

Graphical Abstract
Micro-scale screening of genetically modified Fusarium fujikuroi strain extends the apicidin family
Authors: Fischle Alica , Lutsch Mika , Hübner Florian , Schäker-Hübner Linda , Schürmann Lina , Hansen Finn K. , Kalinina Svetlana A.
Published: August 2024

Apicidins are a class of naturally occurring cyclic tetrapeptides produced by few strains within the Fusarium genus. These secondary metabolites have gained significant attention due to their antiprotozoal activity through HDAC inhibition, thereby highlighting their potential for the treatment of malaria. Predominantly, apicidins have been isolated from Fusarium semitectum, offering a deep insight into the biosynthetic pathway responsible for their formation. A similar biosynthetic gene cluster has also been identified in the rice pathogenic fungus F. fujikuroi, leading the discovery of three additional apicidins through genetic manipulation. Routine mass spectrometric screening of these compound-producing strains revealed another metabolite structurally related to previously studied apicidins. By optimizing culture conditions and developing an effective isolation method, we obtained a highly pure substance, whose chemical structure was fully elucidated using NMR and HRMS fragmentation. Further studies were conducted to determine cytotoxicity, antimalarial activity, and HDAC inhibitory activity of this new secondary metabolite alongside the previously known apicidins. This work not only expands the apicidin class with a new member but also provides extensive insights and comparative analysis of apicidin-like substances produced by F. fujikuroi.

Graphical Abstract
A Comprehensive Review of the Non-operative Management of Traumatic Rib Fractures
Authors: Hemati Kaveh , Gray Andrew T. , Agrawal Ashish
Published: August 2024

Purpose of Review

This review summarizes current literature on the non-operative management of traumatic rib fractures, including risk assessment scores, respiratory therapy, and multimodal and regional analgesia.

Recent Findings

Rib fractures are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, especially in elderly patients. Risk assessment scores, such as the Pain Inspiration Cough (PIC) score, allow for early identification and dynamic assessment of those at risk for ICU admission or increased length of stay. Incentive spirometry is both prognostic and therapeutic for patients with rib fractures, while high flow nasal cannula and non-invasive ventilation strategies lack robust evidence. Multimodal analgesia regimens have been associated with significant reductions in opioid exposure and pain scores. Epidural and regional anesthesia remain common analgesic modalities to decrease unplanned intubation and ICU admission especially in elderly patients.

Optimizing pulmonary hygiene and analgesia regimens remain the primary evidence-based goals of management for patients with rib fractures.
Imperfect discrimination, similarity, and stochastic transitivity
Authors: Caliari Daniele
Published: August 2024

We study the relationship between imperfect discrimination, similarity, and stochastic transitivity in generalized versions of Perturbed Utility (Fudenberg et al. in Econometrica 83(6):2371–2409, 2015) and Fechnerian models (Debreu in Econometrica 26(3):440–444, 1958). We show that these models are equivalent and that, within them, the properties of a similarity function can characterize all notions of stochastic transitivity (as Weak, Moderate, and Strong). Specifically, He and Natenzon (Am Econ Rev Insights 6(2):176–195, 2024) have recently shown that choice probabilities are moderately transitive if and only if the similarity function is a metric. We provide a counterpoint and show that unless choice probabilities are strongly transitive, the similarity function can violate the triangle inequality.
Combining Forward-Looking Expenditure Targets and Fixed OPEX-CAPEX Shares for a Future-Proof Infrastructure Regulation: the ROSS Approach in Italy
Authors: Bovera Filippo , Schiavo Luca Lo , Vailati Riccardo
Published: August 2024

Purpose of Review

Decarbonization of many energy sectors is led by a process of “new electrification”, which poses great challenges to achieve in parallel a timely and cost-effective development of electricity networks. It becomes thus fundamental to assess the best approach on how to successfully regulate new investments in power grids, addressing their development in the general interest of consumers.

Recent Findings

Over the last twenty years, many researchers and practitioners highlighted the bias towards capital intensive investments, induced by regulatory frameworks currently adopted, based on rate-of-return regulation for capital expenditure (CAPEX) and incentive regulation for operational expenditures (OPEX). This issue is exacerbated by the potential of digital-based solutions, that are often overlooked by system operators as they mainly entail operating costs (OPEX), often subject to incentive regulation.

This work discusses an analytical model, combining total expenditures evaluation with a forward-looking approach (business planning and output-based incentives) and a fixed opex capex share, aiming at overcoming the CAPEX-bias. This is done leveraging on the Italian recent change in infrastructure regulation, introduced by the Italian regulatory authority (ARERA), that builds on a core incentive on productive total efficiency (i.e. CAPEX + OPEX) plus a scheme of output-based rewards and penalties. In the new ROSS (Regolazione per Obiettivi di Spesa e di Servizio) approach, several elements are in place in the first stage (“ROSS base”) to likely mitigate the capital bias effect, even though a more complete approach (“ROSS integrale”), including the forward-looking dimension of planned expenditures, is still under consideration by the Italian regulator.
Causal factors for osteoarthritis risk revealed by mendelian randomization analysis
Authors: Luo Qingfeng , Zhang Shiyong , Yang Qiyuan , Deng Yuyi , Yi Hengjing , Li Xingsheng
Published: August 2024

Osteoarthritis (OA), a prevalent chronic disease among the elderly, presents a complex pathogenesis and currently lacks effective treatment. Traditional observational studies are time-consuming, labor-intensive, susceptible to confounding factors, and cannot establish causal relationships. Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, leveraging genetic variation to assess causal associations between exposures and outcomes, offers a cost-effective and efficient alternative. Over the past decade, large-scale genome-wide association studies have identified numerous genetic variants linked to OA risk factors, facilitating MR study design. In this review, we systematically identified 52 MR studies meeting specific criteria and evaluated their quality, exploring the impact of lifestyle, nutrition, comorbidities, circulating metabolites, plasma proteins, and other health factors on OA risk. We discuss the results and potential mechanisms of MR findings, addressing conflicting evidence based on existing literature and our prior research. With the ongoing expansion of genome-wide association data, we anticipate MR’s role in future OA studies to broaden, particularly in drug development research using targeted MR approaches. We thus aim for this paper to offer valuable insights for researchers and clinicians in related fields.
Effects of detraining on neuromuscular function and structural adaptations following once- or twice-weekly eccentric resistance training in older adults
Authors: Baxter Brett A. , Baross Anthony W. , Ryan Declan J. , Kay Anthony D.
Published: August 2024

Background

Eccentric resistance training elicits greater preservation of training-induced muscular adaptations compared with other training modalities, however the detraining profiles of different training dosages remain unknown.

Aims

To examine the detraining effects following once- or twice-weekly eccentric-specific resistance training in older adults.

Methods

Twenty-one older adults (age = 70.5 ± 6.0 year) completed a 12-week detraining period following the 12-week eccentric training programmes with neuromuscular function and muscle structure assessed six (mid-detraining) and 12 (post-detraining) weeks following training cessation.

Results

From post-training to post-detraining, no significant regression of the training-induced improvements (collapsed group data reported) occurred in power (0%), strength (eccentric = 0%, isometric = 39%), or explosive strength over numerous epochs (0–32%), resulting in values that remained significantly greater than at pre-training. However, significant regression in the improvements in muscle thickness (91%) and fascicle angle (100%) occurred, resulting in values that were not significantly greater than pre-training.

Discussion

The limited regression in neuromuscular function following a 12-week detraining period has important implications for supporting eccentric exercise prescription in older adults who often face periods of inactivity. However, further work is required to develop an effective maintenance dosage strategy that preserves improvements in muscle structure.

Conclusions

Eccentric resistance training elicits improvements in the neuromuscular function of older adults, which are sustained for at least 12 weeks after eccentric training cessation.
On some features of quadratic unconstrained binary optimization with random coefficients
Authors: Isopi Marco , Scoppola Benedetto , Troiani Alessio
Published: August 2024

Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO or UBQP) is concerned with maximizing/minimizing the quadratic form

$$H(J, \eta ) = W \sum _{i,j} J_{i,j} \eta _{i} \eta _{j}$$

H

(
J
,
η
)

=
W

∑

i
,
j

J

i
,
j

η
i

η
j

with J a matrix of coefficients,

$$\eta \in \{0, 1\}^N$$

η
∈

{
0
,
1
}

N

and W a normalizing constant. In the statistical mechanics literature, QUBO is a lattice gas counterpart to the (generalized) Sherrington–Kirkpatrick spin glass model. Finding the optima of H is an NP-hard problem. Several problems in combinatorial optimization and data analysis can be mapped to QUBO in a straightforward manner. In the combinatorial optimization literature, random instances of QUBO are often used to test the effectiveness of heuristic algorithms. Here we consider QUBO with random independent coefficients and show that if the

$$J_{i,j}$$

J

i
,
j

’s have zero mean and finite variance then, after proper normalization, the minimum and maximum per particle of H do not depend on the details of the distribution of the couplings and are concentrated around their expected values. Further, with the help of numerical simulations, we study the minimum and maximum of the objective function and provide some insight into the structure of the minimizer and the maximizer of H. We argue that also this structure is rather robust. Our findings hold also in the diluted case where each of the

$$J_{i,j}$$

J

i
,
j

’s is allowed to be zero with probability going to 1 as

$$N \rightarrow \infty $$

N
→
∞

in a suitable way.
Race, Ethnicity, and Gender Differences in Patient Reported Well-Being and Cognitive Functioning Within 3 Months of Symptomatic Illness During COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Hill Mandy J. , Huebinger Ryan M. , Ebna Mannan Imtiaz , Yu Huihui , Wisk Lauren E. , O’Laughlin Kelli N. , Gentile Nicole L. , Stephens Kari A. , Gottlieb Michael , Weinstein Robert A. , Koo Katherine , Santangelo Michelle , Saydah Sharon , Spatz Erica S. , Lin Zhenqiu , Schaeffer Kevin , Kean Efrat , Montoy Juan Carlos C. , Rodriguez Robert M. , Idris Ahamed H. , McDonald Samuel , Elmore Joann G. , Venkatesh Arjun
Published: August 2024

Background

Differences in acute COVID-19 associated morbidity based on race, ethnicity, and gender have been well described; however, less is known about differences in subsequent longer term health-related quality of life and well-being.

Methods

This prospective cohort study included symptomatic adults tested for SARS-CoV-2 who completed baseline and 3-month follow-up surveys. Using the PROMIS-29 tool, a validated measure of health and well-being, we compared outcomes at 3 months and change in outcomes from baseline to 3 months among groups with different races, ethnicities, and/or sexes.

Results

Among 6044 participants, 4113 (3202 COVID +) were included. Among COVID + participants, compared to non-Hispanic White participants, Black participants had better PROMIS T-scores for cognitive function (3.6 [1.1, 6.2]) and fatigue (− 4.3 [− 6.6, − 2.0]) at 3 months and experienced more improvement in fatigue over 3 months (− 2.7 [− 4.7, − 0.8]). At 3 months, compared with males, females had worse PROMIS T-scores for cognitive function (− 4.1 [− 5.6, − 2.6]), physical function (− 2.1 [− 3.1, − 1.0]), social participation (− 2.8 [− 4.2, − 1.5]), anxiety (2.8 [1.5, 4.1]), fatigue (5.1 [3.7, 6.4]), and pain interference (2.0 [0.9, 3.2]). Females experienced less improvement in fatigue over 3 months (3.1 [2.0, 4.3]). Transgender/non-binary/other gender participants had worse 3-month scores in all domains except for sleep disturbance and pain interference.

Conclusions

Three months after the initial COVID-19 infection, Black participants reported better cognitive function and fatigue, while females and other gender minoritized groups experienced lower well-being. Future studies are necessary to better understand how and why social constructs, specifically race, ethnicity, and gender, influence differences in COVID-19-related health outcomes.

Trials Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04610515
Detection of new adult plant leaf rust resistance loci in a Tunisian wheat landrace Aus26670
Authors: Baranwal Deepak , Bansal Urmil , Bariana Harbans
Published: August 2024

Transfer of leaf resistance genes into elite lines can assist in developing future wheat cultivars and mitigate economic losses caused by the leaf rust pathogen, Puccinia triticina Erikss. (Pt). Some previously reported leaf rust resistance QTL have been challenged by aggressive Pt pathotypes. This experiment aims to detect genetically diverse resistance QTL using a Tunisian landrace, Aus26670, which confers a high level of adult plant leaf rust resistance against Australian Pt pathotypes. One hundred nineteen F7 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were generated after crossing Aus26670 and a susceptible line Avocet ‘S’ (AvS). The Aus26670/AvS RIL population was evaluated against mixture of five Pt pathotypes under field conditions for two years. The same RIL population was also screened using three Pt pathotypes individually in the greenhouse under controlled conditions. Genetic analysis of the seedling leaf rust response against Pt104-2,3,6, (7) confirmed the presence of an all-stage resistance (ASR) gene, Lr13. The RIL population was genotyped using a targeted genotyping-by-sequencing (tGBS) assay, and Lr13 was mapped in the 153.9–182.1 Mb region in chromosome 2BS. QTL analysis suggested the involvement of three genomic regions/adult plant resistance genes (APR) namely QLr.sun-1BL/Lr46, QLr.sun-5DL and QLr.sun-7DS, in controlling leaf rust resistance. Data of seedling assays, known marker survey, and comparison of genomic regions detected in this study with previously reported APR indicated the uniqueness of QLr.sun-5DL (559.7 Mb) and QLr.sun-7DS (11 Mb). Both QTL represent new additions to the APR toolbox.
Truly monogamous? Investigating multiple paternity in Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber) in a reestablished population in Austria
Authors: Sittenthaler Marcia , Chai Min , Kruckenhauser Luise , Kropf Matthias , Parz-Gollner Rosemarie
Published: August 2024

Knowledge on the mating system of a species is central to understand population dynamics and development. Special attention has been paid to the investigation of monogamous species and evolutionary causes and advantages of this mating system. However, social monogamy does not necessarily imply also genetic monogamy. Given the rarity of genetic monogamy in mammal species and the uncertain conclusions regarding multiple paternity in Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber), here, we undertake a further attempt to clarify the genetic monogamy of Eurasian beavers studying an Austrian beaver population by genotyping of gestating females and their foetuses at 19 microsatellite loci. Microsatellite analysis of mother–offspring groups suggest the occurrence of multiple paternity at a low level: two out of 42 litters (4.8%) were sired by two different males. We discuss the occurrence of extra-pair mating and potential drivers of multiple paternity in the light of beaver biology, population densities, territory characteristics and resulting activity ranges during reproduction period. Especially in the context of increasing beaver population densities in recovering populations and related increase of human-wildlife conflicts, sound knowledge on breeding biology, including species-specific reproduction tactics and their general applicability, is important for population monitoring.
Three discs for the Mittenpunkt
Authors: Lukarevski Martin
Published: August 2024

The aim of this paper is to give a solution to three conjectures from Euclidean geometry concerning the location of the Mittenpunkt. The first two are solved without dependence on computer technology and with only a moderate amount of calculations. They were initially tackled by heavy calculations using computer algebra systems.
An extension of the curious binomial identity of Simons
Authors: Batir Necdet , Atpinar Sevda
Published: August 2024

In 2001 Simons [1] discovered a curious binomial identity which can be written as
(1)
Sudoku strategies using graph theory
Authors: Brown Jeff
Published: August 2024

In this paper we discuss sudoku-solving strategies and how graph theory can be used to explain some of the advanced techniques. There are many websites that provide tutorials on solving sudoku puzzles. The sites [1] and [2] discuss the xy-chain technique, and the two explanations are quite different. We will define xy-chains as paths in a graph, and properties of the paths show why the technique works.
Social Vulnerability and Water Insecurity in the Western United States: A Systematic Review of Framings, Indicators, and Uncertainty
Authors: Drakes Oronde , Restrepo‐Osorio Diana , Powlen Kathryn A. , Hines Megan
Published: August 2024

Water insecurity poses a complex challenge for the western United States. Large populations are exposed and susceptible to physical and social factors that can leave them with precarious access to sufficient water supplies. Consideration of social issues by water managers can help ensure equitable supply. However, how social factors affect water insecurity conditions remains unclear. This paper reviews literature on how social vulnerability influences water insecurity in the western United States. Through a meta‐analysis, indicators measuring how dimensions of social vulnerability influence water insecurity were classified and hierarchical clustering was used to characterize the relationships among these vulnerability dimensions for the largest water‐users—the agricultural and municipal sectors. The study then assessed uncertainty associated with social vulnerability dimensions and their indicators. There is greatest evidence for the influence of demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, and exposure. Indicators of these determinants were mainly significant and exacerbated conditions of water insecurity. Evidence for indicators of social dependence and special needs populations was limited, although studies assessing these factors showed significant agreement on their influence on water insecurity. Conceptual framings of social vulnerability and water security determined which indicators were measured, whereas studies of the water‐use sectors focused on differing associations of social vulnerability. These findings indicate the importance of recognizing the different contexts posed by water‐use sectors and diverse conceptual framings. Further, some determinants such as living conditions remain important but underexplored drivers of a community's experience of water insecurity. Understanding the uncertainty associated with these measures has implications to equitable decision making.
From Sun to Earth: A New Network for Comprehensive Space Weather Monitoring
Authors: Scharping Nathaniel
Published: August 2024

The Chinese Meridian Project combines hundreds of instruments for a detailed, three-dimensional view of the solar-terrestrial environment.
Tectonic Reorganization of the Caribbean Plate System in the Paleogene Driven by Farallon Slab Anchoring
Authors: Conrad Ethan M. , Faccenna Claudio , Holt Adam F. , Becker Thorsten W.
Published: August 2024

The tectonic configuration of the Caribbean plate is defined by inward‐dipping double subduction at its boundaries with the North American and Cocos plates. This geometry resulted from a Paleogene plate reorganization, which involved the abandonment of an older subduction system, the Great Arc of the Caribbean (GAC), and conversion into a transform margin during Lesser Antilles (LA) arc formation. Previous models suggest that a collision between the GAC and the Bahamas platform along the North American passive margin caused this event. However, geological and geophysical constraints from the Greater Antilles do not show a large‐scale compressional episode that should correspond to such a collision. We propose an alternative model for the evolution of the region where lower mantle penetration of the Farallon slab promotes the onset of subduction at the LA. We integrate tectonic constraints with seismic tomography to analyze the timing and dynamics of the reorganization, showing that the onset of LA subduction corresponds to the timing of Farallon/Cocos slab penetration. With numerical subduction models, we explore whether slab penetration constitutes a dynamically feasible set of mechanisms to initiate subduction in the overriding plate. In our models, when the first slab (Farallon/Cocos) enters the lower mantle, compressive stresses increase at the eastern margin of the upper plate, and a second subduction zone (LA) is initiated. The resulting first‐order slab geometries, timings, and kinematics compare well with plate reconstructions. More generally, similar slab dynamics may provide a mechanism not only for the Caribbean reorganization but also for other tectonic episodes throughout the Americas.
Influences of Background Rotation on Secondary Eyewall Formation of Tropical Cyclones in Idealized f‐Plane Simulations
Authors: Wang Yi‐Fan , Li Yuanlong
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the background rotational influences on the secondary eyewall formation (SEF) in tropical cyclones (TCs) in quiescent f‐plane environments. For given initial structures, simulated vortices tend to experience earlier SEF at lower latitudes. Yet the size of the secondary eyewall does not change monotonically with the latitudes. Specifically, ∼20°N provides the optimal amount of background rotation for the largest secondary eyewall size without considering other environmental forcings. Different background rotation rates affect SEF mainly by modulating the outer‐core convection as well as the wind structures. Specifically, the lower rotation rate causes more outer‐core surface fluxes, thus facilitating the outer rainbands (ORBs) at larger radii. Yet the secondary eyewall does not necessarily form at larger radii at lower latitudes since the transition from the ORBs to secondary eyewall is localized in a region of boundary layer (BL) convergence preceded by accelerated tangential winds. Budget analysis reveals that the differences in the acceleration of outer‐core tangential winds among vortices at different latitudes are dominated by the radial flux of absolute vorticity. Due to the non‐uniform influences of background rotation on the BL inflow and absolute vorticity, the most efficient spin‐up of outer‐core tangential winds is achieved at a medium latitude of 20°N, which leads up to SEF at the largest radii. By comparison, for TCs at lower (higher) latitudes, the lower outer‐core absolute vorticity (radial inflow) limits the acceleration of outer‐core tangential winds, thus placing SEF at smaller radii.
Mapping Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations by Combining Shipboard and Argo Observations Using Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors: Ito Takamitsu , Cervania Ahron , Cross Kaylin , Ainchwar Sanika , Delawalla Sara
Published: August 2024

The ocean oxygen (O2) inventory has declined in recent decades but the estimates of O2 trend are uncertain due to its sparse and irregular sampling. A refined estimate of deoxygenation rate is developed using machine learning techniques and biogeochemical Argo array. The source data includes historical shipboard (bottle and CTD‐O2) profiles from 1965 to 2020 and biogeochemical Argo profiles after 2005. Neural network and random forest algorithms were trained using approximately 80% of this data and the remaining 20% for validation. The training data is further divided into 5‐fold decadal groups to perform cross validation and hyperparameter tuning. Through different combinations of algorithm types and predictor variable sets, an ensemble of gridded monthly O2 data sets was generated with similar skills (root‐mean‐square error ∼13–18 μmol/kg and R2 ∼ 0.9). The largest errors are found in the oxycline and frontal regions with strong lateral and vertical gradients. The mapping was repeated with shipboard data only and with both shipboard and Argo data. The effect of including Argo data on the estimated global deoxygenation trends has a major impact with an 56% increase while reducing the uncertainty by 40% as measured by the ensemble spread. This study demonstrates the importance of new biogeochemical Argo arrays in relatively data‐poor regions such as the Southern Ocean.
Large quantum alphabets with a tiny footprint
Authors: Nothlawala Fazilah , Forbes Andrew
Published: August 2024

High-dimensional quantum states are known to offer advantages over their two-dimensional qubit counterparts, but their preparation and manipulation has been bulky and cumbersome. Now, quantum state control has been demonstrated on-chip with a ~1 μm2 footprint and nm-scale features, producing up to eight-dimensional quantum states and ushering in a new route to large quantum information encoding on a small footprint.