bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SURVIVAL OF SURFACE‐INOCULATED LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES ON COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FRANKFURTERS FOLLOWING GAMMA IRRADIATION1
Authors: SOMMERS C.H. , THAYER D.W.
Published: April 2007

Frankfurter is a generic term for a cured and cooked sausage, which may consist of almost any meat type and include a wide variety of nonmeat fillers and additives. When several “brands” or types of commercially available frankfurters were surface‐inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes and vacuum‐packed, gamma radiation D‐values ranged from 0.49 kGy to 0.71 kGy, with an average D‐value of 0.61 kGy. Differences in gamma radiation D‐value were observed for nine of twenty one pair‐wise comparisons (α= 0.01) as determined by analysis of covariance. Therefore, frankfurter formulation may affect radiation D‐values for surface inoculated L. monocytogenes. If low dose gamma irradiation, cold pasteurization, were to be used for control of L. monocytogenes on frankfurters, gamma radiation dosage should be based on individual product formulation.
DIRECT PLATING: A METHOD FOR DETECTING FUNGAL CONTAMINATION IN PAPERBOARD CARTONS
Authors: NARCISO JAN A. , PARISH MICKEY E.
Published: April 2007

Contamination of refrigerated juice products in gable‐top cartons can occur by filamentous fungi that are present in the paperboard. A method was developed to assay the mycoflora of paperboard carton material used in beverage packaging. This method involved direct plating on an agar surface of 1 cm2 carton pieces rather than disintegration of carton material in a blender prior to plating. When compared to the standard disintegration method traditionally used for monitoring contamination of paperboard, the new method is less cumbersome, more efficient, and reduces opportunities for contamination. The number of colonies produced by the direct plating method was greater than or equal to the modified standard disintegration method. Direct plating also resulted in a larger number of different genera isolated.
EVALUATION OF SURVIVAL PATTERNS AND CELLULAR INJURY OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IN DIFFERENT BOTTLED WATERS STORED UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS
Authors: TEIXEIRA PAULA , CUNHA JOAQUIM , ALBANO HELENA , RAMALHO RITA , GIBBS PAUL
Published: April 2007

Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells were inoculated into different waters and sampled after different periods of starvation in order to evaluate the influences of storage under daylight or dark conditions, the presence or absence of the autochthonous flora, the chemical composition of the water and the storage temperature, on survival Survival was investigated by plate counts on selective and nonselective agar media. Light, low temperature (4C) and presence of the autochthonous flora negatively influenced the survival of P. aeruginosa during starvation in water. Higher survival rates were observed in waters with high mineral content. During starvation, cells developed sensitivity to the selective medium demonstrating that research is needed in the development of new media, or improvement in the existing ones, for the enumeration of P. aeruginosa in water. Current selective media/methodologies for detecting P. aeruginosa in mineral waters may seriously underestimate the levels of or presence of this organism which might represent, in some cases, a hazard to the public health.
INDICATOR AND PATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN GUACAMOLE AND THEIR BEHAVIOR IN AVOCADO PULP
Authors: ARVIZU‐MEDRANO SOFÍ M. , ITURRIAGA MONTSERRAT H. , ESCARTÍN EDUARDO F.
Published: April 2007

The presence of some indicator microorganisms and pathogenic bacteria in guacamole sampled from restaurants and street vendors, and the behavior of Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 were studied in avocado pulp. Coliform, yeast and mold populations showed a wide dispersion, in agreement with the diversity of sanitary conditions observed among places sampled. The frequency of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and E. coli were 1.3, 16.0, and 60.0 %, respectively; with higher numbers among street vendors. Populations of E. coli ranged from 29 to 3800 NMP/g and S. aureus from 2.95 to 5.35 log CFU/g. Thirteen out of 16 hemolytic L. monocytogenes strains were pathogenic for mice. In avocado pulp Salmonella spp. and E. coli O157:H7 showed a lag phase close to 3 h, and a generation time of 54 min and 1.23 h, respectively. No growth of pathogens was observed in avocado pulp stored at 4‐7C.
GROWTH, SURVIVAL AND HEAT RESISTANCE OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM AND ESCHERICHIA COLI IN REGULAR AND OMEGA‐3 HENS EGG PRODUCTS
Authors: HU YANG , BLANK GREG , PRZYBYLSKI ROMAN , ISMOND ANNE
Published: April 2007

Omega‐3 enriched eggs are currently produced by hens fed a flax diet. Since omega‐3 polyunsaturatedfatty acids are prone to oxidation, the addition of vitamin E is supplemented into the hen's diet as an antioxidant. Typically these eggs contain about 2 and 4 times more omega‐3 fatty acids and vitamin E, respectively compared to regular eggs. Since table eggs have a long history of association with foodborne salmonellosis, it was of interest to compare the growth and/or survival of several bacterial pathogens in omega‐3 and regular eggs. In this respect nalidixic‐resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium were inoculated into regular and omega‐3 hen's egg products (whole eggs, albumen, yolk) and incubated at 22, 8 and −20C. Time‐course studies indicated that by 72 h both Salmonella and E. coli levels increased by 7 logs at 22C in both types of whole egg. At 8C population levels for these bacteria both increased by approximately 3 logs at 6 weeks. In regular and omega‐3 yolks, salmonellae maintained at 22 and 8C for 48 h and 6 weeks increased by approximately 6 and 1.5 logs, respectively. E. coli levels were higher in egg yolk compared to Salmonella at both temperatures. Regardless of the yolk source, however, no significant (P > 0.05) differences in population levels were observed. Survival patterns of E. coli at −20C were not significantly (P > 0.05) different between whole egg sources. This trend was also observed in the yolks. For Salmonella no significant (P > 0.05) differences in survival were observed between yolk preparations maintained at −20C. Increasing the level of α‐tocopherol from c. 63 to 240 ppm in regular egg yolk, resulted in no significant (P > 0.05) differences in the growth of Salmonella at 22C. In addition, when the bacterium was heated in regular egg yolk amended with vitamin E at 56.5C, no significant (P > 0.05) difference was observed in resistance regardless of α‐tocopherol (55‐713 ppm) or total tochopherol (92–1238 ppm) level.
ASSESSMENT OF SODIUM DICHLOROISOCYANURATE IN THE CONTROL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL CROSS‐CONTAMINATION IN BROILER CARCASS IMMERSION CHILLING SYSTEMS
Authors: WHYTE PAUL , COLLINS JOHN DANIEL , McGILL KEVINA , MONAHAN CLAIRE
Published: April 2007

Commercial immersion chilling systems used in poultry processing are a major source in the cross‐contamination of carcasses with pathogenic microorganisms. In the current study, the efficacy of a chlorine based bactericidal compound, sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NADCC), to control contamination between carcasses was compared to the more traditional sodium hypochlorite solutions in a simulated carcass immersion chilling system. The addition of either sodium dichloroisocyanurate or sodium hypochlorite to the immersion chill tank water at concentrations of 50 ppm or more significantly reduced total aerobic mesophilic (37C) and psychrophilic (22C) counts when compared to corresponding untreated water samples in which dressed broiler carcasses had been immersed (P <0.01). Both compounds significantly reduced the numbers of fecal coliforms and thermophilic campylobacters in the immersion water samples compared to corresponding control samples (P <0.01). In contrast to the control water samples, salmonellae were not detected in immersion water samples treated with either of the chlorine based compounds.
RAPID DETECTION OF A SMALL NUMBER OF VIABLE CELLS BY THE FLUORESCENT GLUCOSE METHOD
Authors: MATSUOKA HIDEAKI , KUROKAWA TOMOKO , OISHI KANENARI , SAITO MIKAKO
Published: April 2007

A fluorescent glucose, 2NBDG, was rapidly consumed by 4 different species of microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Candida tropicalis. E. coli and L. acidophilus became fluorescent enough for microscopic observation within 1 min, while S. cerevisiae and C. tropicalis became fluorescent in a longer time span. All of the 14 coliforms that were isolated from various foods consumed 2NBDG and became fluorescent within 1 min. Therefore, 2NBDG is expected to be a useful indicator of viable cells irrespective of species as long as they could assimilate glucose. This 2NBDG method is valid in counting small amount of cells, such as 10–100 cells, accurately and carefully. Also, the 2NBDG method was successfully applied to the rapid detection of a small number of E. coli in milk. The feasibility of the 2NBDG method is discussed from the viewpoint of food safety control.
EVALUATION OF BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY IN SELECTED COMMERCIAL INFANT FORMULAS AVAILABLE IN POLAND AND EGYPT
Authors: MOSTAFA USAMA EL‐SAYED , FILIPIAK MARIAN , SEKULSKA MARIA STRYJAKOWSKA ‐
Published: April 2007

One hundred samples of commercial infant formula bought in shops in the Poznan region (Poland) and Cairo region (Egypt) were investigated. Samples were analyzed for aerobic plate counts (APC), total Bacillus cereus (TBC), and incidences of Bacillus spp. and coliforms. The mean APC and TBC did not show any important variation with country, being practically the same in products bought in Poland and Egypt. All commercial infant formula analyzed immediately after opening were of satisfactory bacteriological quality, exhibiting APC lower than 104 CFU g−1 (mean 4.9 × 102) and TBC lower than 103 CFU g−1 (mean 1.1 × 102). However, 60% of the examined fruit juice and ready‐to‐feed infant formula presented TBC above the recommendation safety limit after storage at 22C for 72 h and at 35C for 48 h. In most cases the mean log APC and TBC were highest (P > 0.05) for fruit juice and ready‐to‐feed infant formula stored at elevated temperature (35 ± 1C).
A SURVEY ON INSTITUTIONAL USERS OF SHELL EGGS AND EGG PRODUCTS IN FLANDERS
Authors: MESSENS WINY , GRIJSPEERDT KOEN , HERMAN LIEVE , BILLIET LUITGARDE
Published: April 2007

A survey assessed the handling of shell eggs and processed eggs from purchase until serving to potentially vulnerable people in care homes, acute hospitals, handicapped institutions, and crèches (i.e. nurseries). In 94% of the institutions shell eggs are consumed at a weekly average of 1.1 ± 0.3 eggs for each person. In 52% of the institutions egg products are used. The shell eggs are held on average at 6.4C for 1–2 weeks. The questionnaire listed a series of egg dishes, which were classified afterwards in three risk categories. Of the high‐risk dishes, shell eggs are particularly used for addition to mashed potatoes, for preparing soft‐boiled eggs and eggs sunny‐side‐up and for inclusion in hot sauces. Of the medium‐risk dishes, shell eggs are used for preparing scrambled eggs and omelets. When egg products are bought next to shell eggs, relatively less high‐risk dishes and more low‐risk dishes on the total dishes were made from shell eggs. Thus, egg products are purchased on a rational base. The distribution of storage temperature, storage time and preparation frequency of high‐risk meals were combined using a Monte Carlo resampling technique, which indicated that the majority of the samples (98.5%) fell into a low‐hazard category.
CALCOFLUOR AS A FLUORESCENT PROBE TO DETECT BIOFILMS OF FOODBORNE PATHOGENS
Authors: DE REZENDE C.L. ERIKSSON , JOSEPH S.W. , TEICHER E. , CARR L.E. , TALL B. , WEINER R.M.
Published: April 2007

Biofilms enable foodborne pathogens to resist removal from surfaces, survive disinfection and elude detection. This study evaluated the use of Calcofluor, which binds to polysaccharides containing β‐D‐glucans, to detect biofilms produced by Salmonella enterica serovar Berta and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 (St DT104), Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio cholerae O139 and Hyphomonas adhaerens. Biofilms produced by St DT104, S. berta and V. cholerae on five types of surfaces (glass, polypropylene, Teflon™, stainless steel and aluminum) were detected by Calcofluor. Results suggest the potential use of Calcofluor as probes of foodborne pathogens in biofilms.
RAPID DETECTION OF OUTBREAK ESCHERICHIA COLI O157 AND SALMONELLA ON ALFALFA SPROUTS BY IMMUNOMAGNETIC CAPTURE AND TIME‐RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE1
Authors: TU SHU‐I , GOLDEN MARSHA , FETT WILLIAM F. , GEHRING ANDREW , IRWIN PETER
Published: April 2007

Commercially available alfalfa seeds were inoculated with low levels (∼ 4 CFU/g) of pathogenic bacteria and sprouted at 25C. At 48 h, the spent irrigation water and sprouts were separately transferred to brain heart infusion (BHI) broth and enriched for 4 h at 37C and 160 rpm. Specific immunomagnetic beads (IMB) were then applied to capture the E. coli O157 or Salmonella in the enriched media. Separation and concentration of captured pathogens were achieved using magnetic particle concentrators (MPC). IMB captured E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. then formed sandwiched complexes with europium (Eu) labeled anti‐E. coli O157 antibodies and samarium (Sm) labeled anti‐Salmonella antibodies, respectively. After washing the complexes, the lanthanide labels were extracted out from the complexes by specific chelators to form strongly fluorescent Eu‐ and Sm‐chelates. The specific time‐resolved fluorescence (TRF) associated with Eu or Sm was measured to estimate the extent of capture of the E. coli O157 and Salmonella, respectively. The results indicated that the approach could detect E. coli O157 and many Salmonella spp. from spent irrigation water or sprouts grown from contaminated seeds. Nontargeted bacteria, e.g., native microflora present on the untreated seeds and inoculated Aeromonas and Citrobacter, exhibited no crossreactivity and counts were not significantly different from background fluorescence of the IMB alone. Since pathogen detection was achieved within 6 h, the assay could detect contamination levels as low as 4 CFU/g of seeds and it showed no cross‐reactivity with nonpathogenic microflora present on the sprouts, the developed methodology could be used as a rapid, sensitive and specific screening process for E. coli O157 and Salmonella spp. in sprouts and their irrigation water.
SIMPLE oPSU BROTH‐BAX® PCR‐PICOGREEN® SYSTEM FOR RAPID DETECTION OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN PASTEURIZED MILK AND HOT DOGS
Authors: PARAMESWARAN SANGEETHA , GUYER ROBERT B. , KNABEL STEPHEN J.
Published: April 2007

Factors that significantly affect BAX® PCR detection of Listeria monocytogenes from optimized Penn State University (oPSU) broth were identified and optimized. Concentration of PCR product was significantly reduced by BAX™ protease and significantly increased by eliminating the lysis step and directly diluting oPSU broth prior to PCR. A simple oPSU broth‐BAX® PCR‐PicoGreen® (PSU‐BAX‐PicoGreen) system was developed and compared with current methods for detecting low levels of L. monocytogenes in commercial milk and hot dogs. All 30 milk samples inoculated with 10–20 CFU per mL L. monocytogenes were positive by FDA, BAX® and PSU‐BAX‐PicoGreen methods and all 42 uninoculated milk samples were negative by all of the above methods. All 30 hot dog samples inoculated with 10‐20 CFU/g L. monocytogenes were positive by the USDA and PSU‐BAX‐PicoGreen methods, however, 2 hot dog samples gave indeterminate results with the standard BAX® method. All 42 uninoculated hot dog samples were negative by USDA, 9 were indeterminate by BAX® and 2 were positive by PSU‐BAX‐PicoGreen. The PSU‐BAX‐PicoGreen system may provide a simple and accurate method for rapidly screening pasteurized foods for both injured and noninjured L. monocytogenes.
A BELGIAN SURVEY OF HYGIENE INDICATOR BACTERIA AND PATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN RAW MILK AND DIRECT MARKETING OF RAW MILK FARM PRODUCTS
Authors: DE REU K. , GRIJSPEERDT K. , HERMAN L.
Published: April 2007

To monitor the bacteriological quality of raw milk and raw milk farm products, 143 samples of raw farm milk and 100 samples of raw milk farm products, 64 butters, 9 yogurts, 16 cheeses, 7 ice creams and 4 fresh cheeses, produced in Belgium were examined for coliforms, β‐glucuronidase positive Escherichia coli, verotoxin producing Escherichia coli O157, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. The results were compared with the threshold and maximum values of the EC directive 92/46/EC or the maximum values of the Belgian Order of Council from September 3, 2000. The presence of staphylococcal enterotoxins was investigated on samples with S. aureus counts higher than the legal threshold values mentioned in the EC directive or, if not regulated in the directive, higher than the maximum value mentioned in the Belgian Order of Council. The obtained results for the hygiene‐indicators coliforms, β‐glucuronidase positive E. coli and S. aureus in the raw milk samples were comparable with most other industrialized countries. Compared to a prevalence of 0.7% and 6.3% for, respectively, E. coli O157 and L. monocytogenes, no Salmonella was found in the 25 g raw milk farm samples. The isolated E. coli O157 strain was confirmed to be verotoxigenic; it was positive for VT2, eaeA and hlyA. In butter not only a prevalence of 18.7% for L. monocytogenes in 25 g was found but also the maximum values for the hygiene‐indicators mentioned in the Belgian Order of Council were often exceeded. No significant difference was found between the count of hygiene‐indicators and the presence of Listeria spp. as well in raw milk as in raw milk butter. The bacteriological quality of on‐farm made raw milk butter suggest that suitable hygienic conditions are not always provided. One of the 7 ice cream samples contained L. monocytogenes in 25 g.
The Toxicity of Erythromycin, Minocycline, Malachite Green, and Formalin to Nauplii of the Shrimp Penaeus stylirostris
Authors: Castille Frank L. , Lawrence Addison L.
Published: April 2007

The toxicities of erythromycin, minocycline, malachite green, and formalin to nauplii of the shrimp Penaeus stylirostris were determined in a static bioassay. Toxicity was assessed on the basis of survival of nauplii after 12 and 24 hours of exposure to the compounds and metamorphosis of the nauplii to protozwa. The results suggested that metamorphosis to protozoea is more susceptible to toxic effects than is naupliar survival. Metamorphosis was either reduced or completely inhibited by lower concentrations of erythromycin, minocycline, and malachite green than was naupliar survival at 12 or 24 hours. Metamorphosis was either reduced or completely inhibited by erythromycin, minocycline, malachite green, and formalin concentrations of 80, 100, 0.08, and 27 mg/ L, respectively. Toxic effects were not observed at erythromycin, minocycline, malachite green, and formalin concentrations of 16, 62.5, 0.016, and 2.7 mg/L, respectively. The results suggest that formalin may be toxic at therapeutic levels frequently recommended for post larvae and older penaeids, but that erythromycin, minocycline and malachite green are not.
Development and Evaluation of Diets for Crustacean Aquaculture
Authors: Bordner Clark E. , D'Abramo Louis R. , Conklin Douglas E. , Baum Nancy A.
Published: April 2007

Effective purified and unrefined diets have been developed and evaluated for use in studying the nutrition of lobsters (Homarus sp.). A 4‐month growth experiment showed that the purified diets yielded weight increases nearly 80% of that achieved on a live food diet, with concomitant high survival rates. Lower‐cost unrefined diets supported growth over half of that observed on live food diets. Supplementation of a purified diet with an astaxanthin concentrate derived from crayfish waste enhanced growth significantly, and all the diets tested promoted growth and survival with only 0.2% dietary cholesterol.

Growth and survival are the most useful criteria for evaluating crustacean diets, but other factors such as proximate analyses of feeds, physical characteristics such as pellet leaching rates, and measurable physiological effects can provide important supplemental information. Our analysis of some of these factors suggests that pellet integrity and resistance to leaching may not be directly related either to growth, or to levels of binder in the diets.
Polyculture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Notemigonus crysoleucas
Authors: Perry W. Guthrie , Tarver Johnnie
Published: April 2007

A polyculture study was conducted in southwest Louisiana comparing production of Malaysian prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, in monoculture and polyculture with Golden shiners, Notemigonus crysoleucas.

This test revealed stocking of shiners at 24.7/m2 with prawns at 4.4/m2 resulted in increased total pond production over monoculture of prawns at 4.4/m2 with equal prawn yields in both systems and little increase in labor. Feeding rates were based on prawn biomass. Food conversion ratios ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 in polyculture and 0.9 to 1.1 in monoculture when total production was considered. Prawn production averaged 640 kg/ha in polyculture and 629 kg/ha in monoculture. Mean size of prawns was 19 g in polyculture and 20 g in monoculture. The polyculture of shiners with prawns added an average of 307 kg/ha of the bait fish to pond production.

Shiners did not compete seriously with prawns when stocked at these rates. This practice could result in added revenues to producers culturing these species together.
Larval Lobster (Homarus americanusMilne Edwards) Development with Great Salt Lake, Utah and Reference I Strains ofArtemiaNauplii
Authors: Mackenzie Brian R.
Published: April 2007

Lobster larvae were reared on a diet of unfedArtemianauplii from either Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA (harvested in late 1981), or from theArtemiaReference Center, Ghent, Belgium. The two strains produced equivalent survival, development, and growth rates in the experimental animals. Success at metamorphosis for lobsters fed each strain was high despite observations in the literature that other larvae which experience a pronounced metamorphosis could show high mortalities when fed UtahArtemia. The results indicate that either temporal variability in nutritional value of UtahArtemiacan alter growth patterns of predaceous lanae or that larval lobsters have appropriate metabolic mechanisms to overcome dietary deficiencies previously associated with UtahArtemia.
Effects of Stocking Size and Density of Tilapia on Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Polyculture
Authors: Rouse David B. , El Naggar G. O. , Mulla M. A.
Published: April 2007

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of stocking size and density of prawns in polyculture.

In one experiment, postlarval prawns (av. wt. 0.02 g) were stocked in six 0.02 ha earthen ponds at 35,00O/ha. Two ponds were stocked with tilapia fry (av. wt. 0.14 g) and two were stocked with tilapia fingerlings (av. wt. 30.1 g), each at 10,000/ha. Two control ponds had no tilapia. Tilipia stocking size had no effect on prawn growth. Mean weight of prawns after 70 days of culture ranged from a low of 4.5 g when cultured with tilapia fingerlings to a high of 6.6 when cultured in monoculture. Prawn survival was adversely affected by tilapia fry. Average prawn survival in tilapia fry ponds was 65% compared to 75% and 91%, respectively, in tilapia fingerling and monoculture ponds.

In a second experiment, postlarval prawns were stocked in nine 0.02 ha earthen ponds at 40,000/ ha. Six ponds were stocked with 30 g tilapia fingerlings, three at 5,000/ha and three at 15,000/ha. Three control ponds received prawns only. After 100 days of culture, prawn weight ranged from an average of 15.9 g in monoculture ponds to 11.5 g in polyculture ponds. Survival was highest (93.8%) in low density polyculture ponds. Survival was lowest (85.6%) in prawn monoculture ponds. Tilapia reproduction had a negative impact on shrimp production.
Oxygen Consumption and Ammonia Excretion of the American Eel Anguilla rostrata Fed Diets with Varying Protein Energy Ratios and Protein Levels
Authors: Lee Gallagher Margie , Matthews Anne Marie
Published: April 2007

The effect of protein/energy ratio and protein level on utilization of protein and energy as indicated by oxygen consumption and ammonia production was investigated. When protein/energy ratio of the diet was optimum, there was no significant increase in ammonia production, indicating no increase in catabolism of protein for energy as protein levels increased. However, when the protein/ energy level was below optimum, there was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in ammonia production as protein increased, indicating increased catabolism of protein for energy. However, there was no significant increase in oxygen consumption rate.
Economics of Tray Culture of the Mother‐of‐pearl Shell Pinctada margaritifera in the Red Sea, Sudan
Authors: Rahma Ismail Haj , Newkirk. Gary F.
Published: April 2007

An economic analysis of tray cultured oysters in Dongonab Bay, Red Sea was conducted based on production costs collected by the Red Sea Fisheries Research Centre. The analysis showed that oflbottom oyster farming was economically attractive at a price around 1.5 Sudanese pounds (US $0.75) per kilogram of shell and discount rates of 40% or less.
Biochemical Composition of Pond Biota, Shrimp Ingesta, and Relative Growth of Penaeus vannamei in Earthen Ponds
Authors: Hunter Brian , Pruder Gary , Wyban James
Published: April 2007

Indigenous pond biota contribute to the nutrition of shrimp grown in semi‐intensive and extensive earthen ponds. Penaeus vannomei ingesta was used to assess the nutritional contribution of pond biota and applied feed in model 225 m2 nominally managed earthen ponds. Biochemical analyses were also performed on representative pond biota and pond environment samples. Average dry matter shrimp ingesta composition (N= 64) was: available carbohydrate, 4.2%± 1.8%; lipid, 4.8%± 2.3%; available protein, 9.6%± l.0%; carbon, 9.6%± 1.0%; nitrogen, 5.9%± 2.9%. Ingesta carbon decreased from 27.0%± 3.9% on week 2 to 16.3%± 3.3% on week 8, and nitrogen content decreased from 9.5%± 4.3% to 3.6%± 0.8% during the same interval. The decrease of ingesta C:N ratio from weeks 2 to 8 may indicate changing nutritional requirements of the shrimp. Ingesta essential amino acids varied by less than 10% from short‐neck clam protein. Except for several samples which were low in arginine, pond biota and environment samples contained amino acid profiles which were close to short‐neck clam. Essential fatty acid composition of shrimp ingesta was highly variable. Ingesta 22:6 fatty acid was present in populations of shrimp from ponds experiencing the highest weekly growth rates. Ingesta 22:6 fatty acid was not present in measurable amounts in shrimp experiencing the lowest growth. The unsaturated fatty acids 20:5 and 22:6 were absent from some pond biota and environment samples and abundant in others. The applied diet contained no measurable 20:5 or 22:6. The management implications of shrimp ingesta biochemical analyses are that diets may be fed which nutritionally complement pond biota consumed by the shrimp.
Pre‐Flood Evaluation of Seven Grasses (Graminae L.) as Planted Forage for Crawfish1
Authors: Brunson Martin W.
Published: April 2007

Seven potential alternatives to rice (Oryza sativa) as planted forage for pond production of crawfish in southwest Louisiana were evaluated. Browntop (Panicum ramosum L.), Japanese [Echinochloa crusgulli var. frumentacea (Roxb.) Wight], proso (Panicum miliaceum L.), and pearl [Pennisetum typhoides (Burn.) Stapf & C.E. Hubb] millets were compared with volunteer weeds (primarily Cyperus spp.), grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench] and a sorghum sudangrass hybrid [S. bicolor (L.) Moench]. Early maturation and rapid senescence and decomposition characterized all except the two sorghums and pearl millet. The sorghum sudangrass was superior in biomass production and exhibited slow senescence. Grain sorghum and pearl millet also exhibited characteristics which might be desirable for use in some crawfish production ponds.
Gas Bubble Trauma in the Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana
Authors: Colt John , Orwicz Kris , Brooks Dale L.
Published: April 2007

Adult bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana, were exposed to water supersaturated with atmospheric air. Exposure to a differential pressure (δP) of 250 mm Hg [total gas pressure (TGP) = 132.9% of atmospheric pressure] resulted in a 40% mortality within one day owing to the accumulation of gas in the vascular system. Exposure to a AP of 128 mm Hg (TGP = 116.8%) for four days had no effect on bullfrog mortality, but produced subcutaneous gas bubbles in the webbing and on body surfaces, followed by hyperemia (tissue engorged with blood through blood vessel dilation), and petechial (small subcutaneous hemorrhage spot) and ecchymotic (large subcutaneous hemorrhage spot) hemorrhaging. Owing to accumulation of gas under the skin, these frogs typically floated and were unable to remain submerged. These clinical signs are similar to those commonly reported for “redleg” disease syndrome in bullfrogs. When held at a δP of 67 mm Hg (TGP = 108.8%) for 27 days, no clinical signs of gas bubble trauma were observed.
Preliminary Studies on Stocking Density and Production of Hamoor Epinephelus tauvina in PVC‐Lined Raceways
Authors: Abdullah Mohammed Saif , Wuan Thong Onn , Kawahara Shogo
Published: April 2007

The results of two stocking density trials on the nursery and grow‐out stages of Epinephelus tauvina (Family: Serranidae), in PVC‐lined raceways are presented.

At the nursery stage, fry of 17.1 g initial mean weight showed no significant differences in growth rate, survival rate and condition factor when stocked at densities of 200 and 400 fish/m3 over a period of 52 days. Fish grew to mean weights of 61.7 and 63.7 g, giving growth rates of 0.86 and 0.90 g/fish/day and final biomasses of 12.1 and 2S.2 kg/m3 for densities of 200 and 400 fish/m3, respectively. Survival rates were excellent for both treatments at 98percnt; or greater. Food conversion efficiency was slightly improved at the higher density.

At the grow‐out stage, E. tauvina of mean weights ranging from 150‐170 g cultured for a period of 215 days grew better at a density of 5 fish/m3 than at densities of 20 and 60 fish/m3 (final size: 770, 560 and 450 g with growth rates of 2.8, 1.8 and 1.4 g/fish/day, respectively). Survival rates were higher at the two lower densities. Overall, total biomass increased with stocking density (3.9, 11.1 and 23.4 kg/m3, for 5, 20 and 60 fish/m3, respectively). These results indicate that hamoor has potential to be successfully cultured in raceways.
Studies on the Maturation and Spawning of Milkfish Chanos chanos Forsskal in a Photoperiod‐Controlled Room
Authors: Lee Cheng‐Sheng , Tamaru Clyde S. , Weber G. M.
Published: April 2007

Progress in propagation of milkfish has been impeded by the shortage of mature broodstock. This study was a first step toward revealing the environmental cues for the maturation of milkfish. Experiments were carried out during 1978‐1985 in an indoor tank (5.2 × 4.8 × 13 m) under photoperiod control and in an outdoor tank (63 × 5.4 × 13 m). In two controlled, long‐photoperiod regime experiments, 86 and 83% of the fish matured, the highest percentages yet reported. In these experiments, milkfish matured one month earlier than the normal spawning season, two months after the fish were exposed to the long daylight regime. Only 21% of the fish under a natural photoperiod regime in the outdoor tank matured. Results of the current study suggest that a change and increase in photoperiod are necessary for the onset of maturation.
Regulatory Status of Therapeutants for Penaeid Shrimp Culture in the United States
Authors: Williams Rodney R. , Lightner Donald V.
Published: April 2007

The lack of approved drugs and chemicals needed to manage disease and pests in culture systems is the major constraint facing the penaeid shrimp culture industry in the United States. The industry needs the timely approval of the therapeutants for disease control for cost effectiveness and public safety. The approval process for the needed chemotherapeutants (drugs, parasiticides, disinfectants, and water quality agents) is administered by the US. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the US. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Both FDA and EPA have procedures for registration of compounds for minor use whereby needed approvals may be obtained at far less cost than is typical for uses in major agricultural industries.

Aquatrine® is the only compound with specific approval for use in shrimp culture. Three others—formalin, oxytetracycline, and trifluralin—have entered the approval process. Because of human safety concerns, replacements are needed for malachite green, chloramphenicol, and the nitrofurans. Candidates for replacing these compounds include trifluralin, oxolinic acid, nalidixic acid, the potentiated sulfonamides, erythromycin, and oxytetracycline. A need exists for an environmentally safe and effective agent to treat fusarium disease.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture Interregional Research Project Number 4 (IR‐4), in conjunction with FDA, has begun addressing the problems of the aquaculture industry. Thus, the penaeid shrimp industry has an excellent opportunity to obtain the approvals of chemotherapeutants that are needed for continued growth toward a full potential in this country.
Using Experimental Microcosms in Shrimp Research: The Growth‐Enhancing Effect of Shrimp Pond Water
Authors: Leber Kenneth M. , Pruder Gary D.
Published: April 2007

After preliminary six week experiments showed that shrimp pond effluent from an intensive culture growout pond had the capacity to nearly double shrimp growth in laboratory tanks, an 18 day experiment was designed to determine if similar results occurred in the presence of high quality feeds. The results presented here corroborate the hypothesis that autochthonous factors in shrimp pond water stimulate shrimp growth. These results revealed that performance of currently available shrimp feeds is greatly improved in the presence of pond effluent, regardless of feed quality. Increased feed performance did not appear to be an artifact of supplemental feed availability in pond effluent. The implications from these experiments are that, even in intensive culture systems (above 40 shrimp per m2), in‐situ sources of nutrition play an important role in shrimp growth.
Intensification of Shrimp Culture in Earthen Ponds in South Carolina: Progress and Prospects
Authors: Sandier Paul A. , Hopiuns J. Stephen , Stokes Alvin D.
Published: April 2007

Experiments on the intensive cultivation of Pacific white shrimp, Penueus vunnumei, in ponds in South Carolina were begun in 1985 at the Waddell Mariculture Center. A preliminary study involved two 0.1 ha ponds stocked at an average of 43 postlarvae/m2, with management practices based on those used in Taiwan for intensive pond culture of Penueus monodon. Harvest yields averaged 6,757 kg/ha for one crop, demonstrating the technical feasibility of such intensive culture of P. vannumei. In 1986, 2.5 ha of ponds at the Waddell Center (six ponds totaling 2.0 ha at 40 postlarvae/m2 and two totaling 0.5 ha at 60/m2) yielded a total of 13,606 kg (5,442 ke/hn). These results were obtained even though aeration and water exchange rates were substanthlly reduced and South Carolina experienced its worst heat wave and drought. This served as a pilot‐sde, proof‐ofconcept test. Tank studies in 1985 and 1986 showed little effect of stocking density on shrimp growth rate at densities of 20–100 animals/m2. This was confirmed in ponds in 1987 when no differences in growth rates were observed at densities of 20–100 postlarvae/m2. Harvest biomass increased directly with stocking density in all trials, reaching a maximum of 12,680 kg/ha/crop at 100 shrimp/m2 in 1987.

Initial attempts to intensify production in the nascent South Carolina shrimp farming industry occurred in 1986, when approximately 32 ha of private ponds were stocked at densities of 10–32 postlarvae/m2. Farm harvests increased with stocking density, with maximum yield of 3,656 kg/ ha/crop. This trend toward intensification in the private sector is continuing, and in 1987 maximum harvests from private ponds were 5,050 kg/ha from a 0.3 ha pond and 4,625 kg/ha from a 1.5 ha pond. Prospects for further implementation of intensive culture in the private sector appear excellent, with yields of ≥ 10,000 kg/ha/crop expected from private farms within the next few years.
Joint Action of Ammonia and Nitrite on Tiger Prawn Penaeus monodon Postlarvae
Authors: Chen Jiann‐Chu , Chin Tzong‐Shean
Published: April 2007

Tiger prawn Penaeus monodon postlarvae (PL6) were exposed to a mixture of ammonia and nitrite by the static renewal method. When the toxicity ratio of the ammonia‐nitrite mixture was 1:1, the 48 h, 72 h and 96 h LC50 values were 2.20, 1.43 and 0.84 toxicity units which were equivalent to 12.66 mg/L ammonia‐N (0.60 mg/L NH3‐N) plus 14.91 mg/L nitrite‐N, 8.23 mg/L ammonia‐N (0.39 mg/L NH3‐N) plus 9.69 mg/L nitrite‐N, and 4.83 mg/L ammonia‐N (0.23 mg/ L NH3‐N) plus 5.69 mg/L nitrite‐N. When the toxicity ratio of the ammonia‐nitrite mixture was 51, the 48 h, 72 h and 96 h LC50 values were 2.50, 1.56 and 0.85 toxicity units which were equivalent to 23.98 mg/L ammonia‐N (1.13 mg/L NH3‐N) plus 5.65 mg/L nitrite‐N; 14.96 mg/L ammonia‐N (0.71 mg/L NH3‐N) plus 3.52 mg/L nitrite‐N, and 8.15 mg/L ammonia‐N (0.39 mg/ L NH, N) plus 1.92 mg/L nitrite‐N. A mixture of ammonia and nitrite exerted greater toxicity than high concentrations of either ammonia or nitrite alone. The combined effect of ammonia and nitrite on P. monodon postlarvae was antagonistic for 48 and 72 hours exposure, but synergistic after 96 hours exposure.
Evaluation of Hach Fish Farmer's Water Quality Test Kits for Saline Water
Authors: Boyd Claude E. , Daniels Harry V.
Published: April 2007

Hach Company Fish Farmer's Water Quality Test Kits (Models FF‐2 and FF‐1A) were compared with Standard Methods of analysis by determining dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, total ammonia‐nitrogen, and nitrite nitrogen in waters of 0, 17, and 30 ppt salinity. Results indicate that the kits generally are reliable for making routine water analyses of saline waters for practical aquacultural applications.
pH Dependent Growth of Chlorella in a Continuous Culture System 1
Authors: James Charles M. , Al‐Khars Abdul Mohsen , Chorbani Parwiz
Published: April 2007

Production and growth of a local strain of marine Chlorella sp. was investigated under different pH levels ranging from pH 6.0–8.5 using 200 L capacity algal tubes. The results show that a pH of 6.5 will be most conducive for producing this species in a continuous culture system. The highest production was 136 g/m3/d with a mean of 117 ± 11 g/m3/d at pH 6.5 compared with other pH levels tested. The total fatty acid content was elevated at low pH levels and ω 3 PUFA increased as the pH was lowered from 8.5 to 6.5. The investigations show that algal productivity is considerably higher in the continuous culture system than in any of the other culture systems available.
Induced Maturation and Spawning of the Chinese Catfish Clarias fuscus
Authors: Young Michael J. A. , Fast Arlo W. , Olin Paul G.
Published: April 2007

Chinese catfish (Clarias fuscus) were successfully spawned in Hawaii using human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) at dosage rates of two and four international units (IU) per gram body weight. Fish not injected with HCG did not produce viable eggs. Successful spawns with HCG occurred between May and October. Hatch rates of up to 80% were obtained during June, July, and August for those fish given either a 2 or 4 IU per gram body weight injection of HCG. Fish spawned in either May or October yielded significantly higher hatch rates when injected with 4 rather than 2 IU per gram body weight. Fish held at elevated temperatures (28 to 30 C) prior to the normal spawning season developed significantly larger oocyte diameters, 60 days earlier than fish held under ambient temperature conditions (21.5 to 24 C). Photoperiod manipulation at ambient temperature conditions was associated with earlier oocyte maturation, but photoperiod effects were much less important than temperature.
Oxidation Requirements of a Formulated Micropulverized Feed1
Authors: Chieng Chyi , Garcia Albert , Brune David
Published: April 2007

A commercial micropulverized 50% crude protein diet for penaeid culture was studied for biochemical oxygen demand and to assess its effect upon water quality in the hatchery and raceway environment. The feed was separated into 13 sizes ranging from 250 μm to 2 mm in diameter. The first order reaction rate constant (k) increased with decreasing particle size. The micropulverized feed was highly biologically reactive and the rate constant (k) varied from 0.1 to 0.24 day‐1, depending on the particle size. The ultimate BOD was 660 mg/g. The goal of this research was to predict the impact of this feed in relation to varying particle size upon the oxygen and ammonia dynamics of the water. This information will enable shrimp hatchery managers to more effectively assess the water quality impact and water replacement schemes when using artificial micropulverized feeds.
Growth and Survival of Larval Red Sea Bream Pagrus major and Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus Fed Microbound Diets
Authors: Kanazawa Akio , Koshio Shunsuke , Teshima Shin‐Ichi
Published: April 2007

To establish the practical use of microbound diets (MBD) for larval fish in mass seedling production, rearing experiments of larval red sea bream, Pagrus major, and Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaeeus, were conducted. A mixture of various protein sources was used, and dietary amino acid patterns were approximated to those of larval whole body protein. Two thousand red sea bream larvae and 1,000 Japanese flounder larvae, all 10 days old, were placed in 100 liter tanks with running sea water under ambient water temperature, which ranged from 18 to 20C. The particle size of MBD was 125 μm at the beginning of the experiment and adjusted as fish size increased thereafter. Employing MBD together with a small amount of live food could sustain the growth and survival of larval red sea bream and Japanese flounder. Thus, data from the present study indicates that substitution of artificial feeds for live foods is possible for larval fish production, although improvements in MBD diets may be necessary before they are adequate for large scale seedling production.
Salinity During Early Development Influences Growth and Survival of Florida Red Tilapia in Brackish and Seawater
Authors: Watanabe Wade O. , French Kathleen E. , Ernst Douglas H. , Olla Bori L. , Wicklund Robert I.
Published: April 2007

Growth of juvenile Florida red tilapin (1.57 g average weight) spawned and sex‐reversed (monosex male) at salinities of 4 ppt and 18 ppt was compared at rearing salinities of 18 ppt and 36 ppt in 200 L aquaria under controlled photoperiod (12 L:12 D) and temperature (28 C). Growth was significantly higher for progeny spawned at 18 ppt than those spawned at 4 ppt under both rearing salinities with no difference observed between 18 ppt and 36 ppt.

In another experiment, growth of juvenile progeny (0.98 g average weight) spawned and sex‐reversed at salinities of 2 ppt and 18 ppt was compared in 24 m3 outdoor pools at 36 ppt. When water temperatures exceeded 27 C, growth and survival were not significantly different between these groups. However, when temperatures fell below 25 C, growth and survival were significantly higher among progeny spawned at 18 ppt.

The results showed that progeny spawned and reared through early ontqenetic development in brackishwater are better adapted for growth in brackish and seawater and suggested that these fish may have higher resistance to cold‐stress in seawater than progeny spawned in freshwater.
Production Characteristics and Size Variability of Channel Catfish Reared in Cages and Open Ponds1
Authors: Schwedler Thomas E. , Tomasso Joe R. , Collier John A.
Published: April 2007

Production characteristics of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) reared in cages and open ponds were compared. Fish reared in open ponds had significantly better growth and food conversion ratios than fish reared in cages. Cages and open ponds stocked with fish which were closely graded in size produced fish with less size variability at harvest compared to ponds and cages stocked with nongraded and coarsely graded fish. The decrease in size variability at harvest was reflected in a greater proportion of marketable fish.
Growth Acceleration of Seawater‐Adapted Female Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha by Constant Infusion of Recombinant Bovine Growth‐Hormone Under Ambient Summer Conditions
Authors: (Ted) Down N. E. , Schulte Patricia M. , Donaldson Edward M. , Dye Helen M. , Souza Lawrence M.
Published: April 2007

Seawater‐adapted female chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in their second summer were treated with one of three doses of recombinant bovine growth‐hormone (rbGH) administered in a continuous fashion by osmotic pump for approximately five weeks. Untreated fish, sham‐treated fish and fish treated with the low dose of hormone (0.003 μg/g bwt/day) did not differ significantly in their growth performance over the 10 week course of the experiment. By the end of the treatment period (week 6) the mean increases in fork length and weight for these groups were 7.6% and 38.9%, respectively. A dose‐dependent enhancement of growth was observed for the fish treated with the mid (0.016 μg/g bwt/day) and high (0.078 μg/g bwt/day) doses of hormone. After 6 weeks, the fish given the mid dose of rbGH had gained 9.6% in fork length and 45.3% in weight, while the fish treated with the high dose of rbGH had gained 13.9% in fork length and 52.9% in weight. A significant increase in specific growth rate was observed for these latter two groups during the treatment period while condition factor declined in response to the high dose of rbGH. This experiment indicates that chronic administration of growth‐hormone to chinook salmon can result in a dose dependent elevation of growth rate. Results are discussed in relation to previous attempts to accelerate the growth of Pacific salmon with growth‐hormone and the potential for using recombinant growth‐hormone to improve the production characteristics of salmon being cultured in seawater.
Effects of Water Quality, Weather and Lunar Phase on Crawfish Catch1
Authors: Araujo Marco A. , Romaire Robert P.
Published: April 2007

The relationship between water quality, weather, lunar phase and daily changes in crawfish (Proearnbums clurkii) catch per unit effort (CPUE) was determined in five experimental crawfish ponds from March through May, 1984 and 1985. Air and water temperatures, solar radiation, dissolved oxygen, wind velocity, barometric pressure, precipitation and lunar phase were recorded daily during the harvesting phase of the study. Crawfish CPUE (g/trap/24 h) was significantly correlated with water temperature, dissolved oxygen, lunar phase, barometric pressure, wind velocity and the relative density of harvestable size crawfish. Most statistically significant environmental or climatological variables explained less than 20% total daily variation in crawfish CPUE.

The nine environmental variables were reduced to four factors—temperature‐harvestable crawfish, cold fronts, rain showers, and lunar phase—with principal‐components analysis. Eighty‐five percent of the variation in daily crawfish catch was attributed to water temperature and relative density of harvestable crawfish, and 7.1% was explained by lunar phase. Rain showers and cold fronts accounted for 4.8 and 2.5% of the daily variation in crawfish CPUE, respectively. Crawfish catch increased with an increase in water temperature and relative abundance of harvestable crawfish, and with short duration rain showers. Conversely, crawfish CPUE declined with the approach of full moon and with passage of cold fronts.