bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global implementation of the world health organization's International Classification of Diseases (ICD)‐11: The allergic and hypersensitivity conditions model
Authors: Tanno Luciana Kase , Chalmers Robert , Jacob Robert , Kostanjsek Nenad , Bierrenbach Ana Luiza , Martin Bryan , Molinari Nicolas , Annesi‐Maesano Isabella , Papadopoulos Nikolaos G. , Sanchez‐Borges Mario , Rosenwasser Lanny J. , Ansontegui Ignacio , Ebisawa Motohiro , Sisul Juan Carlos , Jares Edgardo , Gomez Maximiliano , Agache Ioana , Muraro Antonella , Wong Gary W. K. , Thien Francis , Pawankar Ruby , Mahr Todd A. , Sublett James L. , Lang David M. , Casale Thomas , Demoly Pascal
Published: June 2020

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) provides a common language for use worldwide as a diagnostic and classification tool for epidemiology, clinical purposes and health management. Since its first edition, the ICD has maintained a framework distributing conditions according to topography, with the result that some complex conditions, such as allergies and hypersensitivity disorders (A/H) including anaphylaxis, have been poorly represented. The change in hierarchy in ICD‐11 permitted the construction of the pioneer section addressed to A/H, which may result in more accurate mortality and morbidity statistics, including more accurate accounting for mortality due to anaphylaxis, strengthen classification, terminology and definitions. The ICD‐11 was presented and adopted by the 72nd World Health Assembly in May 2019, and the implementation is ongoing worldwide. We here present the outcomes from an online survey undertaken to reach out the allergy community worldwide in order to peer review the terminology, classification and definitions of A/H introduced into ICD‐11 and to support their global implementation. Data are presented here for 406 respondents from 74 countries. All of the subsections of the new A/H section of the ICD‐11 had been considered with good accuracy by the majority of respondents. We believe that, in addition to help during the implementation phase, all the comments provided will help to improve the A/H classification and to increase awareness by different disciplines of what actions are needed to ensure more accurate epidemiological data and better clinical management of A/H patients.
Modification of Affective Trajectory in a Positive Psychology Intervention
Authors: Congard Anne , Andreotti Eva , Dauvier Bruno , Le Vigouroux Sarah , Antoine Pascal
Published: June 2020

Enhancing positive affect (PA) and reducing negative affect (NA) are targets of positive psychology interventions, and well‐being and positive functioning are core elements of mental health. However, the underlying temporal dynamics of these elements are unknown. This study aimed at identifying how a 42‐day daily positive psychology intervention (PPI) impacts affective longitudinal dynamics compared to a control condition. This study employed an experience sampling method (self‐observation diary including the Measurement of Affectivity: Valence/Activation scale, MAVA) with two non‐randomised groups—a control group (n = 43) and an intervention group (n = 43)—taken from a community sample. Compared to the control participants, the PPI participants’ trajectories for activated and deactivated NA showed an important decrease over the course of the PPI. The deactivated PA trajectory increased non‐linearly across the PPI, whereas the activated PA trajectory showed a linear increase. This study suggests that PPIs change daily affective life.
Relationship and sexual experiences in women with early‐onset oestrogen deficiency: Comparison between women with Turner syndrome and premature ovarian insufficiency
Authors: Cardona Attard Carol , Cameron‐Pimblett Antoinette , Puri Davina , La Rosa Clementina , Talaulikar Vikram S. , Davies Melanie C. , Learner Hazel I. , Liao Lih‐Mei , Conway Gerard S.
Published: June 2020

Objective

Age at first date and sexual intercourse have been observed to be delayed in women with Turner syndrome (TS), with delayed puberty being the main factor. We sought to assess relationship and sexual experiences comparing women with TS and premature ovarian insufficiency (POI).

Design

Cross‐sectional observational study.

Patients

302 women with TS and 53 women with karyotypically normal POI (median age 33.0 [15.0‐78.4] and 26.3 [17.8‐52.3], respectively).

Measurements

A self‐reporting questionnaire was used to collect data on relationship and sexual experiences.

Results

Women with TS were older than women with POI (P = .002). Compared to women with POI, a smaller proportion of women with TS had ever had vaginal sexual intercourse (VSI) (40 [78.4%] vs 169 [58.1%], respectively, P = .006) and women with TS exhibited a delay in the median age at first relationship and VSI (POI 19.3 ± 0.4 vs TS 22.2 ± 1.1, P = <.001). Start of oestrogen replacement therapy at ≤ 14 years of age compared with > 14 years did not result in earlier relationship and sexual debut. After adjusting for age and diagnosis, induction of puberty, as opposed to spontaneous puberty, was associated with a delay in the median age at first relationship and VSI and a reduced probability of having VSI (Hazard ratio = 0.44 [95% confidence interval: 0.32‐0.60], P = <.001).

Conclusions

Turner syndrome and induction of puberty are associated with a reduced likelihood and a delay in relationship and sexual experiences. Women needing puberty induction and women with TS more than POI have a delayed mean age at first VSI compared to the general population.
Adult living donor liver transplantation from donors with Gilbert’s syndrome: Is it safe?
Authors: Akyildiz Murat , Gungor Gokhan , Guler Necdet , Acar Sencan , Erdogan Yalcin , Gencdal Genco , Dayangaç Murat , Tokat Yaman
Published: June 2020

Backgrounds

We evaluate whether it is safe to accept donors with Gilbert's syndrome (GS) for a living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) or not. This study is the first controlled study to be conducted.

Methods

Between January 2004 and May 2014, 600 LDLTs which used right lobe liver grafts were performed in our center. Forty‐five of the 600 donors had a GS diagnosis. For a control group, 99 donors without GS who had completed 1 year or more of follow‐up were selected retrospectively and consecutively. The clinical results of the donors and recipients were then analyzed.

Results

A total of 45 donors with GS and 99 donors without GS were included. There were no significant differences in patient demographics, actual graft weight, remnant ratio, portal and ductal variations, pre‐peri‐post–operative liver enzymes. The donors with GS had significantly higher bilirubin levels compared with the control group at first reading, at maximal peak, and post‐operative 1‐7 days, 1st and 6th months (P < .001 for all readings). Post‐operative complication ratio was 40% in GS, 34.3% in non‐GS group. In GS and non‐GS group, hospitalization period was 10.2 and 9.2 days, respectively. The 1‐year donor survival rate was 100% for both groups and 1‐year recipient survival was similar who have donors with GS and non‐GS (93.3%; 92.9%, P = .93).

Conclusions

The use of right lobe grafts from donors with GS appears to be safe for donor health.
Changes in floral nectar are unlikely adaptive responses to pollinator flight sound
Authors: Pyke Graham H. , Ren Zong‐Xin , Trunschke Judith , Lunau Klaus , Wang Hong
Published: June 2020

Under noiseless experimental conditions, sugar concentration of secreted floral nectar may increase after flower exposure to nearby sounds of pollinator flight (Veits et al. 2019). However, we reject the argument that this represents adaptive plant behaviour, and consider that the appealing analogy between a flower and human ear is unjustified.
Does acoustic priming ‘sweeten the pot’ of floral nectar?
Authors: Raguso Robert A. , Harder Lawrence D. , Johnson Steven D.
Published: June 2020

A recent claim that evening primrose flowers adaptively secrete nectar in response to vibrations from hovering bees lacks supporting evidence. The authors fail to demonstrate that bees can access the concealed nectar and that their visits enhance plant fitness. Reanalysis of the authors’ data raises additional concerns about their conclusions.
Public sector corruption and perceived government performance in transition
Authors: Moldogaziev Tima T. , Liu Cheol
Published: June 2020

We offer evidence that public sector corruption has an inverse association with evaluations of performance at both the local and central government levels. Consistent with ex ante expectations, perceptions of corruption among local government officials are directly and negatively related to performance evaluations at the local government level and relatively less so at the central government level. Conversely, perceptions of corruption among overall government officials have a stronger negative association with performance evaluations of central governments relative to performance evaluations of local governments. These results confirm that individual evaluations of public sector corruption affect perceived government performance evaluations, with local–local, local–central, central–local, and central–central level variances. Regressions by country groups—such as European Union membership, or geographic clusters, such as Southeastern Balkan or the former Soviet Union states—continue to support the core findings with one caveat. Results from two‐level random intercepts and slopes regression models show that the negative association between perceived corruption and government performance evaluation is weaker in contexts with relatively higher levels of public corruption.
Nursing assistants’ experiences of administering manual restraint for compulsory nasogastric feeding of young persons with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Kodua Michael , Mackenzie Jay‐Marie , Smyth Nina
Published: June 2020

Manual restraint, a type of physical restraint, is a common practice in inpatient mental health settings linked to adverse physical and psychological staff and patient outcomes. However, little is known about the use of manual restraint for compulsory nasogastric feeding of patients with anorexia nervosa within inpatient eating disorder settings. The present phenomenological study aimed to explore nursing assistants’ experiences of administering manual restraint for compulsory nasogastric feeding of young persons with anorexia nervosa. The study followed COREQ guidelines. Eight semi‐structured interviews were conducted with eight nursing assistants from one UK inpatient child and adolescent eating disorder service. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis. Three themes were extracted: An unpleasant practice, importance of coping, and becoming desensitized and sensitized. Nursing assistants commonly experienced emotional distress, physical exhaustion, physical injury and physical aggression as a result of their manual restraint use. Nursing assistants appeared to cope with their distress by talking with colleagues and young persons who were further in their recovery, and by detaching themselves during manual restraint incidents. The findings highlight that the use of manual restraint for compulsory nasogastric feeding of young persons with anorexia nervosa in the UK is a highly distressing practice for nursing assistants. It is therefore important that sufficient supervision, support, and training are made available to staff working in these settings.
Influenza‐like illness in Australia: A comparison of general practice surveillance system with electronic medical records
Authors: Bernardo Carla De Oliveira , González‐Chica David Alejandro , Chilver Monique , Stocks Nigel
Published: June 2020

Surveillance systems are fundamental to detect infectious disease outbreaks and guide public health responses. We compared influenza‐like illness (ILI) rates for 2015‐2017 using data from the Australian Sentinel Practice Research Network (ASPREN) and electronic medical records from 550 general practices across Australia (MedicineInsight). There was a high correlation between both sources (r = .84‐.95) and a consistent higher ILI rate in 2017. Both sources also showed higher ILI rates among women and patients aged 20‐49 years. The use of routinely collected electronic medical records like those in MedicineInsight could be used to complement active influenza surveillance systems in Australia.
SARS‐CoV‐2 environmental contamination associated with persistently infected COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Lei Hui , Ye Feng , Liu Xiaoqing , Huang Zhenting , Ling Shiman , Jiang Zhanpeng , Cheng Jing , Huang Xiaoqun , Wu Qiubao , Wu Shiguan , Xie Yanmin , Xiao Cheng , Ye Dan , Yang Zifeng , Li Yimin , Leung Nancy H. L. , Cowling Benjamin J. , He Jianxing , Wong Sook‐San , Zanin Mark
Published: June 2020

Background

Severe COVID‐19 patients typically test positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA for extended periods of time, even after recovery from severe disease. Due to the timeframe involved, these patients may have developed humoral immunity to SARS‐CoV‐2 while still testing positive for viral RNA in swabs. Data are lacking on exposure risks in these situations. Here, we studied SARS‐CoV‐2 environmental contamination in an ICU and an isolation ward caring for such COVID‐19 patients.

Methods

We collected air and surface samples in a hospital caring for critical and severe COVID‐19 cases from common areas and areas proximal to patients.

Results

Of the 218 ICU samples, an air sample contained SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA. Of the 182 isolation ward samples, nine contained SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA. These were collected from a facemask, the floor, mobile phones, and the air in the patient room and bathroom. Serum antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 were detected in these patients at the beginning of the study.

Conclusions

While there is a perception of increased risk in the ICU, our study demonstrates that isolation wards may pose greater risks to healthcare workers and exposure risks remain with clinically improved patients, weeks after their initial diagnoses. As these patients had serum antibodies, further studies may be warranted to study the utility of serum antibodies as a surrogate of viral clearance in allowing people to return to work. We recommend continued vigilance even with patients who appear to have recovered from COVID‐19.
Screening for intellectual disability in Dutch psychiatrically disturbed detainees: Assessing the psychometric properties of the Screener for Intelligence and Learning Disability (SCIL)
Authors: van Esch Ankie Yvonne Maria , de Vries Jolanda , Masthoff Erik David Marco
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Intellectual disability is a key subject in all mental healthcare institutions, including the forensic mental health services. The Screener for Intelligence and Learning Disability (SCIL) is designed to screen for intellectual disability in forensic populations. So far, this assessment method is only validated in “detention fit prisoners” with low need of care. The aim of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the SCIL in a population of mentally ill detainees with high need of care.

Materials and methods

Screener for Intelligence and Learning Disability scores, mental health reports including intelligence assessment, and criminal records of detainees were obtained. Reliability and validity of the SCIL were calculated, using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐Fourth Edition (WAIS‐IV) and prior studies of the SCIL as a reference.

Results

Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total SCIL was 0.72. The area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was 0.84. Different cut‐off values than the original were determined when achieving the optimum in true positives and negatives. The mean intelligence quotient (IQ) score of the study population was 82.6, and 60.3% could be classified with an IQ < 85.

Discussion

The SCIL gives a quick and accurate indication of whether a person is at risk for intellectual disabilities. Although both the reliability and validity of the SCIL are lower in the study population than in regular prison populations, for application of the SCIL in mentally ill detainees all psychometric properties could be classified as acceptable. When assessing the latter populations, it is recommended to use a cut‐off value of 20.5 instead of the original 19.5. Additionally, it is advised to revise item 4. Finally, it is important to mention that the estimated prevalence of intellectual disability is the forensic population seems to be larger than expected.
Reduced levels of actin gamma 1 predict poor prognosis in ovarian cancer patients
Authors: Chen Shiyan , Wang Xiaoxia , Yuan Jin , Deng Cui , Xie Xueman , Kang Jiali
Published: June 2020

Aim

To investigate the expression and function of actin gamma 1 (ACTG1) in ovarian cancer.

Methods

We performed immunohistochemical staining of 176 ovarian cancer tissue samples in a human tissue microarray to detect expression of ACTG1. Staining intensity was examined in relation to clinicopathological parameters. To investigate the prognostic value of ACTG1, ACTG1 mRNA data from 300 ovarian cancer patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas database were examined.

Results

The immunohistochemical results demonstrated that levels of ACTG1 were reduced in the samples of human ovarian cancer tissue that were examined, and the levels negatively correlated with various clinicopathological parameters. Levels of ACTG1 mRNA also negatively correlated with clinical stage. In Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, higher levels of ACTG1 mRNA were associated with improved overall survival. In multivariate analysis by Cox regression, ACTG1 expression was identified as an independent prognostic marker of favorable overall survival.

Conclusion

ACTG1 may represent a valuable marker for the prognosis of ovarian cancer, and further studies of ACTG1 are warranted.
In women with chronic or subclinical endometritis is hysteroscopy suitable for setting the diagnosis? A systematic review
Authors: Gkrozou Fani , Tsonis Orestis , Dimitriou Evangelos , Paschopoulos Minas
Published: June 2020

The role of hysteroscopy in cases of chronic or subclinical endometritis remains uncertain. Reevaluating the clinical relevance of diagnostic hysteroscopic in these cases will improve the level of case in women's health worldwide. The objective of this systematic review was to assess the suitability of hysteroscopy in detecting and diagnosing female patients with chronic or subclinical endometritis, as a first‐line diagnostic tool. For this systematic review, five major search engines PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, as well as ResearchGate were searched using MeSH (medical subject headings) without language or year restrictions up to November 2019. All types of scientific papers were taken into consideration, with a priority to randomized control trials enrolling women with chronic or subclinical endometritis and compared with standard diagnostic tools such as histology or immunohistochemistry, in order to ensure the efficacy of the method. Risk of bias was assessed using the recommended Cochrane Collaboration criteria. In order to gather more information and data, we have decided to include all the scientific evidence regardless of study design. Data collection and analysis were performed according to PRISMA protocol. Hysteroscopy is an important diagnostic tool in cases of endometritis when accompanied by endometrial samples assessment techniques. In cases of high suspicion endometritis facilitates greater diagnostic accuracy. Hysteroscopy facilitates also the assessment of antibiotic administration efficacy in cases of confirmed endometritis. Micropolyposis, stromal edema or congestion, diffuse or focal hyperemia are the dominant hysteroscopic features that are considered by most studies as suggestive of chronic or subclinical endometritis. The heterogeneity of the included studies presents a high risk of bias as assessed according to Cochrane Collaboration criteria. Hysteroscopy is not suitable as a first‐line diagnostic tool in cases of chronic or subclinical endometritis. Further randomized controlled trials need to be conducted in order to define the role of hysteroscopy as a first‐line diagnostic tool in cases of chronic or subclinical endometritis.
A Modern Day Caesar? Donald Trump and American Caesarism
Authors: Heino Brett
Published: June 2020

This article argues that the American political system under Donald Trump is an example of what Antonio Gramsci dubbed “Caesarism,” a situation where a taut balance of warring class forces allows for the emergence of a third force to freeze the antagonism and challenge/usurp established political institutions. To concretise Gramsci's rather abstract formulation and to better illuminate the nature of American Caesarism, this article employs a reading of the Roman poet Lucan's magisterialCivil War.Through a close reading of this text, we can explore the origins of Caesarism and study the efficacy of different means of struggle against it. Lucan thus helps us reinvigorate the concept of Caesarism and apply it in the contemporary American context. In particular, it will be demonstrated that whereas Lucan depicts a progressive form of Caesarism with a qualitatively new state form, the Trump administration embodies a regressive form of Caesarism within an old state form.
Molecular phylogeny and species delimitation of Stachyuraceae: Advocating a herbarium specimen‐based phylogenomic approach in resolving species boundaries
Authors: Su Jun‐Xia , Dong Cong‐Cong , Niu Yan‐Ting , Lu Li‐Min , Xu Chao , Liu Bing , Zhou Shi‐Liang , Lu An‐Ming , Zhu Yu‐Ping , Wen Jun , Chen Zhi‐Duan
Published: June 2020

Species concept and delimitation are fundamental to taxonomic and evolutionary studies. Both inadequate informative sites in the molecular data and limited taxon sampling have often led to poor phylogenetic resolution and incorrect species delineation. Recently, the whole chloroplast genome sequences from extensive herbarium specimen samples have been shown to be effective to amend the problem. Stachyuraceae are a small family consisting of only one genus Stachyurus of six to 16 species. However, species delimitation in Stachyurus has been highly controversial because of few and generally unstable morphological characters used for classification. In this study, we sampled 69 individuals of seven species (each with at least three individuals) covering the entire taxonomic diversity, geographic range, and morphological variation of Stachyurus from herbarium specimens for genome‐wide plastid gene sequencing to address species delineation in the genus. We obtained high‐quality DNAs from specimens using a recently developed DNA reconstruction technique. We first assembled four whole chloroplast genome sequences. Based on the chloroplast genome and one nuclear ribosomal DNA sequence of Stachyurus, we designed primers for multiplex polymerase chain reaction and high throughput sequencing of 44 plastid loci for species of Stachyurus. Data of these chloroplast DNA and nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences were used for phylogenetic analyses. The phylogenetic results showed that the Japanese species Stachyurus praecox Siebold & Zucc. was sister to the rest in mainland China, which indicated a typical Sino‐Japanese distribution pattern. Based on diagnostic morphological characters, distinct distributional range, and monophyly of each clade, we redefined seven species for Stachyurus following an integrative species concept, and revised the taxonomy of the family based on previous reports and specimens, in particular the type specimens. Furthermore, our divergence time estimation results suggested that Stachyuraceae split from its sister group Crossosomataceae from the New World at ca. 54.29 Mya, but extant species of Stachyuraceae started their diversification only recently at ca. 6.85 Mya. Diversification time of Stachyurus in mainland China was estimated to be ca. 4.45 Mya. This research has provided an example of using the herbarium specimen‐based phylogenomic approach in resolving species boundaries in a taxonomically difficult genus.
Virology analysis of chronic hepatitis B virus–infected patients treated for 28 days with JNJ‐56136379 monotherapy
Authors: Verbinnen Thierry , Hodari Moana , Talloen Willem , Berke Jan Martin , Blue David , Yogaratnam Jeysen , Vandenbossche Joris , Shukla Umesh , De Meyer Sandra , Lenz Oliver
Published: June 2020

Four weeks of once‐daily oral JNJ‐56136379 (JNJ‐6379; 25, 75, 150 or 250 mg), a class‐N capsid assembly modulator (CAM‐N), was well tolerated with potent antiviral activity in treatment‐naïve, chronic hepatitis B e antigen–positive and hepatitis B e antigen–negative patients (NCT02662712). Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome sequence analysis, using HBV DNA next‐generation sequence technology, was performed, and impact of substitutions on efficacy was assessed. Analyses focused on HBV core protein amino acid positions associated with JNJ‐6379 and/or other CAMs in vitro resistance, and those within the CAM‐binding pocket. 31/57 patients had ≥ 1 polymorphism at any of the core amino acid positions of interest, most frequently at positions 38 (32%), 105 (23%) and 109 (14%). None of these polymorphisms are known to reduce JNJ‐6379 in vitro activity (fold change [FC] in 50% effective concentration <3.0). Two JNJ‐6379‐treated patients carried a Y118F baseline core polymorphism known to reduce JNJ‐6379 activity in vitro (FC = 6.6) and had HBV DNA declines of 2.77 (75 mg) and 2.19 log10 IU/mL (150 mg) at the end of treatment. One 75 mg JNJ‐6379‐treated patient had an emerging T109S substitution (FC = 1.8; HBV DNA decline 3.18 log10 IU/mL). A 25 mg JNJ‐6379‐treated patient had on‐treatment enrichment of Y118F variant (HBV DNA decline 2.13 log10 IU/mL). In conclusion, baseline polymorphisms and enrichment of substitutions reducing JNJ‐6379 in vitro activity were rare, with no consistent impact on virological response during a 4‐week phase 1b study. Emergence of resistance to longer treatments of JNJ‐6379 will be evaluated in phase 2 studies.
dlf1 promotes floral transition by directly activating ZmMADS4 and ZmMADS67 in the maize shoot apex
Authors: Sun Huayue , Wang Chenglong , Chen Xiaoyang , Liu Hongbing , Huang Yumin , Li Suxing , Dong Zhaobin , Zhao Xiaoming , Tian Feng , Jin Weiwei
Published: June 2020

The floral transition of the maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) shoot apical meristem determines leaf number and flowering time, which are key traits influencing local adaptation and yield potential. dlf1 (delayed flowering1) encodes a basic leucine zipper protein that interacts with the florigen ZCN8 to mediate floral induction in the shoot apex. However, the mechanism of how dlf1 promotes floral transition remains largely unknown.

We demonstrate that dlf1 underlies qLB7‐1, a quantitative trait locus controlling leaf number and flowering time that was identified in a BC2S3 population derived from a cross between maize and its wild ancestor, teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis). Transcriptome sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing demonstrated that DLF1 binds the core promoter of two AP1/FUL subfamily MADS‐box genes, ZmMADS4 and ZmMADS67, to activate their expression.

Knocking out ZmMADS4 and ZmMADS67 both increased leaf number and delayed flowering, indicating that they promote the floral transition. Nucleotide diversity analysis revealed that dlf1 and ZmMADS67 were targeted by selection, suggesting that they may have played important roles in maize flowering time adaptation.

We show that dlf1 promotes maize floral transition by directly activating ZmMADS4 and ZmMADS67 in the shoot apex, providing novel insights into the mechanism of maize floral transition.
Moral philosophy's moral risk
Authors: Brennan Jason , Freiman Christopher
Published: June 2020

Commonsense moral thinking holds that people have doxastic, contemplative, and expressive duties, that is, duties to or not to believe, seriously consider, and express certain ideas. This paper argues that moral and political philosophers face a high risk of violating any such duties, both because of the sensitivity and difficult of the subject matter, and because of various pernicious biases and influences philosophers face. We argue this leads to a dilemma, which we will not try to solve. Either philosophers should reduce their risk by avoiding sensitive issues where they are likely to violate such duties or, for one reason or another, philosophers are to some degree exempt from such duties when doing their work. Either horn of the dilemma, we argue, has unpalatable implications.
Exploring the utility of small unmanned aerial system products in remote visual stream ecological assessment
Authors: Evans Alexandra D. , Gardner Kevin H. , Greenwood Scott , Pruitt Bruce
Published: June 2020

Many restoration projects' success is not evaluated, despite available conventional ecological assessment methods. There is a need for more flexible, affordable, and efficient methods for evaluation, particularly those that take advantage of new remote sensing and geospatial technologies. This study explores the use of illustrative small unmanned aerial system (sUAS) products, made using a simple structure‐from‐motion photogrammetry workflow, coupled with a visual assessment protocol as a remote evaluation and ecological condition archive approach. Three streams were assessed in the field (“surface assessments”) using the Stream Visual Assessment Protocol Version 2 (SVAP2) and later illustrated in sUAS products. A survey of 10 stream experts was conducted to (1) assess the general utility of the sUAS products (high‐resolution video, orthomosaics, and 3D models), and (2) test whether the experts could interpret the products and apply the 16 SVAP2 elements remotely. The channel condition, bank condition, riparian area quantity, and canopy cover elements were deemed appropriate for remote assessment, while the riparian area quality, water appearance, fish habitat complexity, and aquatic invertebrate complexity elements were deemed appropriate for remote assessment but with some potential limitations due to the quality of the products and varying site conditions. In general, the survey participants agreed that the illustrative products would be useful in stream ecological assessment and restoration evaluation. Although not a replacement for more quantitative surface assessments when required, this remote visual approach is suitable when more general monitoring is satisfactory.
Optionality of Movement
Authors: Titov Elena
Published: June 2020

This article looks at constructions involving optional movement of contrastive foci and argues that this type of reordering cannot be accounted for by assuming that it is driven by a syntactic feature. I maintain that an interface‐based approach that rests on the principles of economy fares better at capturing the data, as it accounts not only for optionality of contrastive‐focus movement, which is found in a wide variety of languages, but also for multiple landing sites for contrastive‐focus movement, which are found in scrambling languages, such as Russian.
Outpatient learning perspectives at a UK hospital
Authors: Horner Philippa , Hunukumbure Dilshani , Fox Jonathan , Leedham‐Green Kathleen
Published: June 2020

Background

Undergraduate students spend much of their training in the clinical workplace, increasingly in hospital outpatient settings; however, they report that this does not always yield the educational value that they expect. This study investigates ways in which outpatient learning can be enhanced from the perspectives of students and teachers, exploring which approaches may be most appropriate in different circumstances.

Methods

We conducted 14 semi‐structured interviews with medical students from one UK medical school and consultants (specialists) at a single teaching hospital. We explored their experiences and perceptions of clinical teaching and learning in this outpatient setting. Transcripts were analysed through a consensual qualitative research approach. An evaluation of established frameworks for outpatient teaching was conducted and strategies were matched to stakeholder needs.

Findings

A total of 24 core ideas were identified, which were categorised into: individual factors (student, doctor and patient), interpersonal factors, team factors and organisational factors. Teaching strategies that address stakeholder needs included: student‐led clinics, case‐based discussions, one‐minute preceptor, the SNAPPS tool (summarize, narrow differential, analyse, probe preceptor, plan and select issues for self‐learning), advanced organisers and supplementing.

Discussion

There is a complex interplay between personal, interpersonal, team and organisational factors that contribute to the effectiveness of the outpatient setting as a learning environment. Strategies at the personal and interpersonal levels are unlikely to be successful or sustained without organisational resourcing and support. Further research is needed to implement and evaluate these suggested strategies.
Absolute eosinophil count correlates with temperature and CD4 count independently of HIV infection among tuberculosis patients
Authors: Baluku Joseph Baruch , Anguzu Godwin Tukumbo , Bongomin Felix , Byonanebye Dathan Mirembe
Published: June 2020

Objective

To determine clinical correlates of the peripheral absolute eosinophil count (AEC) among bacteriologically confirmed TB patients in Uganda.

Materials and Methods

We evaluated data of bacteriologically confirmed adult TB patients who had a peripheral blood AEC measurement at the National TB Treatment Center in Uganda during a cross‐sectional study. We performed linear regression analysis for correlates of log‐transformed AEC.

Results

We included 235 patients in this analysis with a median (interquartile range, IQR) age of 31 (24–39) years. 60.4% were male, and 33.6% had TB/HIV co‐infection. In a multivariable linear regression model that controlled for age, residence type, HIV status, weight loss, anorexia, body mass index, CD8+ T‐cell count, haemoglobin level and TB bacillary load, males had a 47.0% higher AEC than females (adjusted coefficient (R2) = 0.385, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.012–0.759 P = 0.043). Also, a 1 °C raise in temperature resulted in an 11.5% decrease in the AEC (R2 = −0.122 95% CI (−0.233 to −0.011) P = 0.031) while a 1 cell/mm3 increase in the CD4+ T‐cell count resulted in a 0.10% increase in the AEC (R2 = 0.001 95% CI (0.000–0.001) P = 0.032).

Conclusion

The AEC was higher among males than females, consistent with the normal population distribution of AEC among Ugandans. The AEC was weakly but positively correlated with the CD4 count and negatively correlated with temperature.
Morphological and metabolic profiling of a tropical‐adapted potato association panel subjected to water recovery treatment reveals new insights into plant vigor
Authors: Toubiana David , Cabrera Rodrigo , Salas Elisa , Maccera Chiara , Franco dos Santos Gabriel , Cevallos Danny , Lindqvist‐Kreuze Hannele , Lopez Juan M. , Maruenda Helena
Published: June 2020

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the world's most important crops, but it is facing major challenges due to climatic changes. To investigate the effects of intermittent drought on the natural variability of plant morphology and tuber metabolism in a novel potato association panel comprising 258 varieties we performed an augmented block design field study under normal irrigation and under water‐deficit and recovery conditions in Ica, Peru. All potato genotypes were profiled for 45 morphological traits and 42 central metabolites via nuclear magnetic resonance. Statistical tests and norm of reaction analysis revealed that the observed variations were trait specific, that is, genotypic versus environmental. Principal component analysis showed a separation of samples as a result of conditional changes. To explore the relational ties between morphological traits and metabolites, correlation‐based network analysis was employed, constructing one network for normal irrigation and one network for water‐recovery samples. Community detection and difference network analysis highlighted the differences between the two networks, revealing a significant correlational link between fumarate and plant vigor. A genome‐wide association study was performed for each metabolic trait. Eleven single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were associated with fumarate. Gene Ontology analysis of quantitative trait loci regions associated with fumarate revealed an enrichment of genes regulating metabolic processes. Three of the 11 SNPs were located within genes, coding for a protein of unknown function, a RING domain protein and a zinc finger protein ZAT2. Our findings have important implications for future potato breeding regimes, especially in countries suffering from climate change.
Blood utilization and characteristics of patients treated with chronic transfusion therapy in a large cohort of Brazilian patients with sickle cell disease
Authors: Kelly Shannon , Belisário André Rolim , Werneck Rodrigues Daniela O. , Carneiro‐Proietti Anna B.F. , Gonçalez Thelma T. , Loureiro Paula , Flor‐Park Miriam V. , Maximo Claudia , Mota Rosimere Afonso , Dinardo Carla , Brambilla Don , Preiss Liliana , Sabino Ester , Custer Brian ,   for the NHLBI Recipient Epidemiology Donor Evaluation Study (REDS‐III) International Component–Brazil
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

Red blood cell (RBC) transfusions are used in sickle cell disease (SCD) to treat acute complications or as chronic transfusion therapy (CTT) to prevent severe manifestations. The objectives of this study were to describe blood utilization and adverse events (AEs) associated with RBCs in the Brazilian SCD population and compare characteristics of patients treated or not with CTT.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A SCD cohort was established at six Brazilian centers. Medical and blood bank records were abstracted for clinical and transfusion history. Two controls not treated with CTT matched on center, SCD genotype, sex, and age were selected for each CTT case within the cohort to compare characteristics between the two groups.

RESULTS

Most of the 2794‐member cohort had received a transfusion (75.0% of children and 89.2% of adults) with 29.2% of patients receiving transfusion in the prior year. There were 170 (10.6%) children and 115 (9.2%) adults treated with CTT. Children not treated with CTT were more likely to have pain and acute chest hospitalizations in the prior year (25.3% vs. 11.9%, p = 0.0003; and 22.0% vs. 10.7%, p = 0.002, respectively). Both iron overload and alloimmunization were more common in CTT cases compared to controls (65.6% vs. 17.0% and 36.2% vs. 15.9%, respectively). A higher proportion of adults treated with CTT demonstrated oxygen saturation of greater than 95% compared to controls not treated (51.1% vs. 39.2%), while there was no difference in oxygenation between children treated or not. Of 4501 transfusion episodes, 28 (0.62%) AEs were reported. There was no difference in AEs associated with transfusions for acute indications versus CTT.

CONCLUSION

Red blood cell transfusion was common in Brazilian SCD patients, with utilization driven by CTT. Transfusion reactions were not common; however, alloimmunization and iron overload were frequent among those on CTT, highlighting the need for novel clinical strategies to mitigate these risks.
Focused cardiac ultrasound and point‐of‐care NT‐proBNP assay in the emergency room for differentiation of cardiac and noncardiac causes of respiratory distress in cats
Authors: Janson Cassandra Ostroski , Hezzell Melanie J. , Oyama Mark A. , Harries Benjamin , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Reineke Erica L.
Published: June 2020

Objective

To assess the accuracy of focused cardiac ultrasound (FOCUS) and point‐of‐care N‐terminal proBNP assay in the emergency setting for differentiation of cardiac from noncardiac causes of respiratory distress in cats.

Design

Prospective diagnostic accuracy study between 2014 and 2016.

Setting

Emergency room at an urban university teaching hospital.

Animals

Forty‐one client‐owned cats presenting for evaluation of respiratory distress.

Interventions

Emergency clinicians made an initial diagnosis of noncardiac or cardiac cause of respiratory distress based on physical examination (PE) findings and history. The diagnoses were updated after performing FOCUS and point‐of‐care N‐terminal B‐type natriuretic peptide (POC‐BNP). Reference standard diagnosis was determined by agreement of a board‐certified cardiologist and critical care specialist with access to subsequent radiographs and echocardiograms.

Measurements and Main Results

Forty‐one cats were enrolled. Three cats with incomplete data and 1 cat with an uncertain reference standard diagnosis were excluded. The remaining 37 cats were used for analysis: 21 cardiac and 16 noncardiac cases. The ratio of left atrial to aortic root diameter (LA:Ao) measured by FOCUS was significantly correlated with LA:Ao measured by echocardiography (R = 0.646, P < 0.0001). Emergency clinicians correctly diagnosed 27 of 37 (73.0%), yielding a PE positive percent agreement = 76.2% (95% CI, 52.8–91.8%) and negative percent agreement = 68.8% (95% CI, 41.3–89.0%). Five noncardiac and 5 cardiac cats were misdiagnosed. Post FOCUS, overall percent agreement improved to 34 of 37 (91.9%), with positive percent agreement = 95.2% (95% CI, 76.2–99.9%) and negative percent agreement = 87.5% (95% CI, 61.7–98.5%). The POC‐BNP yielded an overall percent agreement = 32/34 (94.1%), positive percent agreement = 100% (95% CI, 82.4–100.0%), and negative percent agreement = 86.7% (95% CI, 59.5–98.3%) in differentiating cardiac versus noncardiac cases.

Conclusions

FOCUS evaluation of basic cardiac structure and LA:Ao by trained emergency clinicians improved accuracy of diagnosis compared to PE in cats with respiratory distress. FOCUS and POC‐BNP are useful diagnostics in the emergent setting.
A System Dynamics Model of Bitcoin: Mining as an Efficient Market and the Possibility of ‘Peak Hash’
Authors: Lasi Davide , Saul Lukas
Published: June 2020

The mining of bitcoin is modeled using a system dynamics model that represents both the mechanism of coin creation and the adjustment of the network hash rate based on the economic incentive of mining. The results show that the past evolution of the network hash rate can be explained, to a large extent, by an efficient market hypothesis applied to the mining of blocks. The possibility of a decreasing trend in the network hash rate from the halving event of May 2020 is exposed, implying that the network may be close to ’peak hash’ if the price of bitcoin and the revenues from transaction fees will be insufficient to cover the operational expenditures of mining.
How to Manage the Post Pandemic Opening? A Pontryagin Maximum Principle Approach
Authors: Mansilla R.
Published: June 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic has wholly disrupted the operation of our societies. Its elusive transmission process, characterized by an unusually long incubation period and a high contagion capacity, has forced many countries to take quarantine and social isolation measures that conspire against national economies' performance. This situation confronts decision-makers in different countries with the alternative of reopening the economies, thus facing the unpredictable cost of a rebound of the infection. This work tries to offer an initial theoretical framework to handle this alternative.
Neighborhood Resources Associated With Active Travel in Older Adults—A Cohort Study in Six European Countries
Authors: Portegijs Erja , Timmermans Erik J. , Castell Maria V. , Dennison Elaine M. , Herbolsheimer Florian , Limongi Federica , van der Pas Suzan , Schaap Laura A. , van Schoor Natasja , Deeg Dorly J.H.
Published: June 2020

Objectives: To study associations between perceived neighborhood resources and time spent by older adults in active travel. Methods: Respondents in six European countries, aged 65–85 years, reported on the perceived presence of neighborhood resources (parks, places to sit, public transportation, and facilities) with response options “a lot,” “some,” and “not at all.” Daily active travel time (total minutes of transport-related walking and cycling) was self-reported at the baseline (n = 2,695) and 12–18 months later (n = 2,189). Results: Reporting a lot of any of the separate resources (range B’s = 0.19–0.29) and some or a lot for all four resources (B = 0.22, 95% confidence interval [0.09, 0.35]) was associated with longer active travel time than reporting none or fewer resources. Associations remained over the follow-up, but the changes in travel time were similar, regardless of the neighborhood resources. Discussion: Perceiving multiple neighborhood resources may support older adults’ active travel. Potential interventions, for example, the provision of new resources or increasing awareness of existing resources, require further study.
Stress-responsive MTK1 SAPKKK serves as a redox sensor that mediates delayed and sustained activation of SAPKs by oxidative stress
Authors: Matsushita Moe , Nakamura Takanori , Moriizumi Hisashi , Miki Hiroaki , Takekawa Mutsuhiro
Published: June 2020

A new oxidative-stress sensor, MTK1, regulates the duration and magnitude of SAPK signaling to dictate cell fate decisions.
Single yeast cell nanomotions correlate with cellular activity
Authors: Willaert Ronnie G. , Vanden Boer Pieterjan , Malovichko Anton , Alioscha-Perez Mitchel , Radotić Ksenija , Bartolić Dragana , Kalauzi Aleksandar , Villalba Maria Ines , Sanglard Dominique , Dietler Giovanni , Sahli Hichem , Kasas Sandor
Published: June 2020

Single yeast cell nanomotions monitored by optical microscopy reveal cellular activity and antifungal drug response.
Functional role of respiratory supercomplexes in mice: SCAF1 relevance and segmentation of the Q
pool
Authors: Calvo Enrique , Cogliati Sara , Hernansanz-Agustín Pablo , Loureiro-López Marta , Guarás Adela , Casuso Rafael A. , García-Marqués Fernando , Acín-Pérez Rebeca , Martí-Mateos Yolanda , Silla-Castro JC. , Carro-Alvarellos Marta , Huertas Jesús R. , Vázquez Jesús , Enríquez J. A.
Published: June 2020

SCAF1 optimizes the performance of the N-respirasome by holding together complexes III and IV.
Elusive consensus: Polarization in elite communication on the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Green Jon , Edgerton Jared , Naftel Daniel , Shoub Kelsey , Cranmer Skyler J.
Published: June 2020

In discussing the COVID-19 pandemic during the early stages of the crisis, members of Congress polarized along party lines.
Patient-derived tumor-like cell clusters for drug testing in cancer therapy
Authors: Yin Shenyi , Xi Ruibin , Wu Aiwen , Wang Shu , Li Yingjie , Wang Chaobin , Tang Lei , Xia Yuchao , Yang Di , Li Juan , Ye Buqing , Yu Ying , Wang Junyi , Zhang Hanshuo , Ren Fei , Zhang Yuanyuan , Shen Danhua , Wang Lin , Ying Xiangji , Li Zhongwu , Bu Zhaode , Ji Xin , Gao Xiangyu , Jia Yongning , Jia Ziyu , Li Nan , Li Ziyu , Ji Jia-Fu , Xi Jianzhong Jeff
Published: June 2020

Patient-derived tumor-like cell clusters may be able to prospectively guide personalized therapeutic selection.
Prolonged Exposure to β-Lactam Antibiotics Reestablishes Susceptibility of Daptomycin-Nonsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus to Daptomycin
Authors: Jenson Rachel E. , Baines Sarah L. , Howden Benjamin P. , Mishra Nagendra N. , Farah Sabrina , Lew Cassandra , Berti Andrew D. , Shukla Sanjay K. , Bayer Arnold S. , Rose Warren E.
Published: June 2020

Daptomycin-nonsusceptible (DAP-NS)
Staphylococcus aureus
often exhibits gain-in-function mutations in the
mprF
gene (involved in positive surface charge maintenance). Standard β-lactams, although relatively inactive against methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
(MRSA), may prevent the emergence of
mprF
mutations and DAP-NS. We determined if β-lactams might also impact DAP-NS isolates already possessing an
mprF
mutation to revert them to DAP-susceptible (DAP-S) phenotypes and, if so, whether this is associated with specific penicillin-binding protein (PBP) targeting.