bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cyclic welding behavior of covalent adaptable network polymers
Authors: He Xu , Hanzon Drew W. , Yu Kai
Published: December 2017

Surface welding effect of covalent adaptable network (CAN) polymers enables self‐healing, reprocessing and recycling of thermosets, but little is known about their welding behaviors during repeated welding‐peeling cycles. In this article, we study the cyclic welding effect of an epoxy based thermal‐sensitive CAN. Surface roughness is generated by rubbing the sample on sandpapers with different grid sizes. The welding‐peeling cycles are repeated on the same pair of samples for five times, with roughness amplitude and interfacial fracture energy measured in each cycle. It is shown that the roughness gradually decreases during the repeated welding cycles, especially when a long welding time or high welding pressure is applied. Even though lower roughness amplitude promotes the contact area, the interfacial fracture energy reduces due to the increased BER activation energy after long‐time heating. A multiscale constitutive model is adopted, where we incorporate an explicit expression of interfacial contact area as a function of root‐mean‐square roughness parameter. The model is able to capture the evolving interfacial fracture energy during repeated welding cycles by using the measured roughness parameter, network modulus and BER activation energy. The study provides theoretical basis for the design and applications of CANs involving cyclic welding‐peeling operations. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018, 56, 402–413.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Al13Fe4 Highly Selective Catalytic Films for the Semi‐Hydrogenation of Acetylene
Authors: Aviziotis Ioannis G. , Duguet Thomas , Soussi Khaled , Heggen Marc , Lafont Marie‐Christine , Morfin Franck , Mishra Shashank , Daniele Stephane , Boudouvis Andreas G. , Vahlas Constantin
Published: December 2017

Catalytic properties of coatings containing the Al13Fe4 intermetallic phase are tested in the reaction of semi‐hydrogenation of acetylene. The selectivity to ethylene is found as high as 74% close to the reported values for pure, unsupported Al13Fe4. The initial conversion of acetylene to ethylene is 84% and rapidly drops due to the catalytic formation of carbon‐based by‐products on secondary Al‐Fe phases. Coatings are processed through sequential chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of aluminum (5 Torr, 180 °C) and iron (40 Torr, 140 °C) layers, followed by in situ annealing for 60 min at 575 °C. Deposition proceeds at high growth rate, resulting in 15 μm thick films. After annealing, coatings are composed of the Al13Fe4 phase, co‐existing with minor secondary Al‐Fe intermetallic phases. Overall, it is shown that films containing complex Al‐Fe intermetallic phases can be processed by CVD, opening new routes to the engineering of pure, supported Al13Fe4 catalysts on 3D or porous supports.
Internal Photoemission Metrology of Inhomogeneous Interface Barriers
Authors: Afanas'ev Valery , Kolomiiets Nadiia , Houssa Michel , Stesmans Andre
Published: December 2017

Interfaces of heterogeneous solids, ranging from polycrystalline materials to composites, are frequently encountered in nanotechnology. Electron transport in these materials and across their interfaces critically depends on the energy barriers electrons encounter on their way. Because of electrode structural heterogeneity, the barriers may exhibit significant spatial variations resulting in a broad distribution of barrier heights and built‐in potentials. Quantification of the distributed interface barriers represents a formidable experimental challenge since direct association of interface properties with those of an outer free surface is generally inaccurate. Here we present a methodology enabling quantification of electron barriers at interfaces of semiconductors and metals with insulators using the electric field‐dependent internal photo‐emission (IPE) of electrons. It is shown that practically relevant interfaces may contain “patches” with differences in barrier height (or the effective work function) of up to 1 eV, which makes the electrode heterogeneity a crucial factor in designing electron devices suitable for low‐voltage operation.
Magneto‐Optical Absorption in Graphene Superlattices: Dirac Point Effects
Authors: de Dios‐Leyva Melquiades , Hernández‐Bertrán Michael Alejandro , Morales Álvaro Luis , Duque Carlos Alberto
Published: December 2017

We investigate the effects of Dirac points on the magneto‐optical absorption of graphene superlattices (SLs) in a weak perpendicular magnetic field. It is shown that the absorption spectrum exhibits a resonant peak structure whose characteristics depend on the properties and number of these points. For SLs with only one Dirac point, the spectrum consists of resonant peaks satisfying the same selection rule as that for monolayer graphene, except for one of these peaks. For SLs with extra Dirac points, the resonant peaks arise from transition between singlet subbands or between doublet subbands and satisfy a circular polarization and peak intensity dependent selection rule.
Analysis of ketamine and xylazine in complex matrices using two‐dimensional liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Mella Malorie , Schweitzer Brendan , Botch‐Jones Sabra , Mallet Claude
Published: December 2017

Rationale

Analyzing tissue samples is routinely performed when liquid biological samples are not available for replicate analysis. Preparing complex matrices, such as tissue, for analysis can be time‐consuming. Traditional sample preparation methods typically begin with homogenization followed by a sample clean‐up step such as liquid‐liquid or solid‐phase extraction. Samples are typically eluted, evaporated and reconstituted prior to instrumental analysis. The aim of this project was to evaluate the utility of multi‐dimensional chromatography in reducing the amount of time from sample acquisition to analysis.

Methods

Tissue specimens were homogenized using a ceramic beads shaker. Homogenates were then diluted and loaded onto a mixed mode solid‐phase sorbent. The sorbent was washed, and the final eluate was transferred directly to vials without evaporation or reconstitution steps. Analysis was performed using a two‐dimensional (2D) ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) configuration with an At‐column dilution option coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The target analytes (xylazine and ketamine) were quantified under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) using electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive mode.

Results

The lowest limit of detection evaluated in this study was 0.01 ng/mL. The linear dynamic range utilized was 0.1 to 10 ng/mL. The concentrations for xylazine in their respective tissues ranged from 0 to 0.316 ng/mL. Ketamine concentrations ranged from 0 to 0.905 ng/mL. The overall time for sample preparation was reduced to 30 min. The total run time was 10 min.

Conclusions

The use of multidimensional chromatography with At‐column‐dilution allows for significant reduction in sample preparation time. The concentrations determined in these samples highlight the need for sensitive analytical techniques with the ability to detect analyte concentrations at sub ng/mL.
Dissipativity‐based asynchronous control of discrete‐time Markov jump systems with mixed time delays
Authors: Zhang Meng , Shi Peng , Liu Zhitao , Cai Jianping , Su Hongye
Published: December 2017

This paper addresses the problem of dissipativity‐based asynchronous control for a class of discrete‐time Markov jump systems. A unified framework to design a controller for discrete‐time Markov jump systems with mixed time delays is proposed, which is fairly general and can be reduced to a synchronous controller or a mode‐independent controller. Based on a stochastic Lyapunov function approach, which fully utilizes available information of the system mode and the controller, a sufficient condition is established to ensure the stochastic stability and strictly (
,
,
) dissipative performance of the resulting closed‐loop system. Finally, the effectiveness and validity of the proposed method are illustrated with a simulation example.
Miniaturized, Battery‐Free Optofluidic Systems with Potential for Wireless Pharmacology and Optogenetics
Authors: Noh Kyung Nim , Park Sung Il , Qazi Raza , Zou Zhanan , Mickle Aaron D. , Grajales‐Reyes Jose G. , Jang Kyung‐In , Gereau Robert W. , Xiao Jianliang , Rogers John A. , Jeong Jae‐Woong
Published: December 2017

Combination of optogenetics and pharmacology represents a unique approach to dissect neural circuitry with high specificity and versatility. However, conventional tools available to perform these experiments, such as optical fibers and metal cannula, are limited due to their tethered operation and lack of biomechanical compatibility. To address these issues, a miniaturized, battery‐free, soft optofluidic system that can provide wireless drug delivery and optical stimulation for spatiotemporal control of the targeted neural circuit in freely behaving animals is reported. The device integrates microscale inorganic light‐emitting diodes and microfluidic drug delivery systems with a tiny stretchable multichannel radiofrequency antenna, which not only eliminates the need for bulky batteries but also offers fully wireless, independent control of light and fluid delivery. This design enables a miniature (125 mm3), lightweight (220 mg), soft, and flexible platform, thus facilitating seamless implantation and operation in the body without causing disturbance of naturalistic behavior. The proof‐of‐principle experiments and analytical studies validate the feasibility and reliability of the fully implantable optofluidic systems for use in freely moving animals, demonstrating its potential for wireless in vivo pharmacology and optogenetics.
Optimizing Intraoperative Blood Management for One-Stage Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Soranoglou Vasileios , Poultsides Lazaros A. , Triantafyllopoulos Georgios K. , De Martino Ivan , Memtsoudis Stavros G. , Sculco Thomas P.
Published: December 2017

Background

Effective blood management strategies are a major determinant of successful outcomes after one-stage bilateral total knee arthroplasty (BTKA). Proper patient selection with preoperative optimization and intra- and postoperative interventions can reduce transfusion risk and associated morbidity in these patients.

Questions/Purposes

The purpose of this study was to evaluate intraoperative blood management modalities based on three keystone questions: (1) What is the role of the anesthesiologist?, (2) Which are the surgeon-dependent strategies?, and (3) Is there any place for pharmacologic interventions?

Methods

We searched the established electronic literature database MEDLINE. After critical appraisal, 94 studies were deemed eligible from which to draw documented evidence.

Results

A number of blood-conserving methods are currently implemented in patients undergoing one-stage BTKA. Among them, regional anesthesia, tourniquet use, and tourniquet deflation after wound closure, femoral canal sparing or femoral canal plugging, avoidance of drains, and tranexamic acid use were the intraoperative strategies with documented efficacy in blood conservation.

Conclusion

Combined proper intraoperative anesthesiologic, surgical, and pharmacologic interventions reduce blood loss and need for transfusion in BTKA patients. However, contemporary relevant literature is lacking evidence-based guidelines.
Unraveling the tripartite interactions among the woolly poplar aphid, its host tree, and their environment: a lead to improve the management of a major tree plantation pest?
Authors: Sallé Aurélien , Pointeau Sophie , Bankhead-Dronnet Stéphanie , Bastien Catherine , Lieutier François
Published: December 2017

Key message

For an optimal deployment of poplar resistance to the gall-inducing aphidPhloeomyzus passerinii, a laboratory susceptibility assay has been developed. The nature of aphid–tree interactions during compatible and incompatible situations has been studied in detail. This should help at identifying specific resistance markers and at testing effects of site conditions on tree–pest interactions.

Context

P. passeriniiis a major pest of poplar plantations in Europe, and the plantation of resistant poplar genotypes is regarded as the best long-term management strategy for this pest. This requires a sound knowledge of the interactions among the pest, its host and their environment.

Aims

Here, we review the recent advances aiming at developing an optimal deployment of host resistance versusP. passerinii.

Results

Investigations on aphid-host interactions demonstrated thatP. passeriniiinduces pseudogalls within the bark of susceptible hosts. This results in a reduction of starch bark content during aphid outbreaks, which could be involved in tree death. The constitutive level of starch in the bark could be related to the tolerance level of trees. A susceptibility test has been designed for poplar genotypes, discriminating three categories of susceptibility depending on tree’s ability to totally or partially inhibit pseudogall induction. The test still has several limitations however. It neither takes into account the large level of individual genetic diversity of the aphid in France, nor the environmental modulation of tree resistance and tolerance, while water deficit and fertilization could potentially affect these parameters.

Conclusion

The hypotheses drawn regarding the processes leading to tree death or resistance should help at identifying resistance markers, and at testing effects of site conditions on tree–pest interactions.
Null Hypothesis Significance Testing,p-values, Effects Sizes and Confidence Intervals
Authors: Perdices Michael
Published: December 2017

There has been controversy over Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST) since the first quarter of the 20th century and misconceptions about it still abound. The first section of this paper briefly discusses some of the problems and limitations of NHST. Overwhelmingly, the ‘holy grail’ of researchers has been to obtain significantp-values. In 1999 the American Psychological Association (APA) recommended that if NHST was used in data analysis, then researchers should report effect sizes (ESs) and their confident intervals (CIs) as well asp-values. The APA recommendations are summarised in the next section of the paper. But as neuropsychological rehabilitation clinicians, the primary interest is (or should be) to determine whether or not the effect of an intervention is clinically important, not just statistically significant. In this context, ESs and their CIs provide information relevant to clinicians. The next section of the paper reviews common ESs and worked out examples are provided for the calculation of three commonly used ES (Cohen'sd, Hedge'sgand Glass’delta). Web-based resources for calculating other ESs and their CIs are also reviewed.
Patent stimuli search and its influence on ideation outcomes
Authors: Song Binyang , Srinivasan V. , Luo Jianxi
Published: December 2017

Prior studies on design ideation have demonstrated the efficacy of using patents as stimuli for concept generation. However, the following questions remain: (a) From which part of the large patent database can designers identify stimuli? (b) What are their implications on ideation outcomes? This research aims to answer these questions through a design experiment of searching and identifying patent stimuli to generate new concepts of spherical rolling robots. We position the identified patent stimuli in the home, near and far fields defined in the network of patent technology classes, according to the network’s community structure and the knowledge proximity of the stimuli to the spherical rolling robot design. Significant findings are: designers are most likely to find patent stimuli in the home field, whereas most patent stimuli are identified in the near field; near-field patents stimulate the most concepts, which exhibit a higher average novelty; combined home- and far-field stimuli are most beneficial for high concept quality. These findings offer insights on designers’ preferences in search for patent stimuli and the influence of stimulation distance on ideation outcomes. The findings will also help guide the development of a computational tool for the search of patents for design inspiration.
Hyperbolic geometry and pointwise ergodic theorems
Authors: BOWEN LEWIS , NEVO AMOS
Published: December 2017

We establish pointwise ergodic theorems for a large class of natural averages on simple Lie groups of real rank one, going well beyond the radial case considered previously. The proof is based on a new approach to pointwise ergodic theorems, which is independent of spectral theory. Instead, the main new ingredient is the use of direct geometric arguments in hyperbolic space.
Trophic ecology of an Atlantic kelp forest fish assemblage (NW Spain) targeted by recreational fishers and implications for coastal management
Authors: Pita Pablo , Freire Juan
Published: December 2017

Although necessary for sustainable management of coastal ecosystems the understanding of trophic ecology of kelp fishes remains largely limited in the NE Atlantic. In this paper, stable isotope ratios of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), complementarily with analyses of stomach contents, were used to investigate the trophic ecology of an Atlantic kelp forest fish assemblage targeted by spear fishers in Galicia (NW Spain). Trophic habits of the fishes were consistent across the species ranges and six trophic niches were identified.Chelon labrosuswas the only pelagic omnivore, whileConger congerandDicentrarchus labraxwere the principal predators, preying on benthic osteichthyes. The intermediate carnivorousDiplodus sargusmainly preyed on benthic molluscs, whileLabrus bergyltaexploited a wider range of prey. Although associated with different trophic niches, the two morphotypes ofL. bergyltashowed some degree of diet overlap, providing little support to the hypothesis of their separate management. Moreover,L. bergyltacan be a keystone species whose adequate management has relevant implications for the sustainable use of the European kelp forest ecosystems.
Zanzibar's endemic red colobusPiliocolobus kirkii: first systematic and total assessment of population, demography and distribution
Authors: Davenport Tim R.B. , Fakih Said A. , Kimiti Sylvanos P. , Kleine Lydia U. , Foley Lara S. , De Luca Daniela W.
Published: December 2017

We present the first systematic assessment of the population, demography and distribution of the Endangered Zanzibar red colobusPiliocolobus kirkii, in Unguja in the Zanzibar archipelago, based on a survey effort of 4,725 hours. We estimate the total population comprises 5,862 individuals in 342 groups (mean group size 17.12); 3.4 times the mean of all previous estimates. We calculated a total area of occupancy of 376 km2, with 4,042 individuals living within protected areas. Mean group sizes were significantly higher within protected areas (20.57) than outside (12.80). The number of adult females was 3,179 (54.21%), with a mean of 9.29 per group, and the number of adult males was 932 (15.89%), with a mean of 2.71 per group, giving a ratio of 3.31 adult females to adult males. This ratio was significantly lower outside protected areas. The total number of infants was 958 (16.34%), with a mean of 2.80 per group, and the number of subadults/juveniles was 793 (13.52%), with a mean of 2.32 per group, giving ratios of 0.30 infants to adult females, and 0.25 subadults/juveniles to adult females. The results indicate thatP. kirkiiis resilient and thriving far better than assumed. However, recruitment is low and the population may be in decline, with individuals outside protected areas most at risk. We tentatively support the categorization ofP. kirkiias Endangered on the IUCN Red List, argue for greater protected area status for southern Uzi, Vundwe and Mchamgamle, and discuss conservation implications for this charismatic flagship species.
It Matters How You Move: An Ethnographic Memoir on Collaboration Between Dance Studies and Neuroscience
Authors: O'Shea Janet
Published: December 2017

This essay reflects on a collaboration between a neuroscientist and a dance scholar that took the form of a scientific study testing the cognitive benefits of Filipino martial arts (FMA). This piece reflects on the collaboration as it raised methodological issues regarding disciplinarity and cross-disciplinary exchange. This discussion extends to an examination of the intellectual underpinnings and assumptions of the sciences and the humanities, signaling where they can meet and why it is not only productive but also imperative that they do so.
When Is Contemporary Dance?
Authors: Kwan SanSan
Published: December 2017

This article interrogates the multivalent understandings of the term “contemporary dance” in concert, commercial, and world dance contexts. I argue that placing multiple uses of the term “contemporary” alongside one another can provide insight into the ways that “high art” dance, popular dance, and non-Western dance are increasingly wrapped up with each other and, at the same time, the ways that their separations reveal our artistic, cultural, and political prejudices, as well as the forces of the market.
Ideology and Palliative Care: Moral Hazards at the Bedside
Authors: RHODES ROSAMOND , STRAIN JAMES J.
Published: December 2017

Palliative care has had a long-standing commitment to teaching medical students and other medical professionals about pain management, communication, supporting patients in their decisions, and providing compassionate end-of-life care. Palliative care programs also have a critical role in helping patients understand medical conditions, and in supporting them in dealing with pain, fear of dying, and the experiences of the terminal phase of their lives. We applaud their efforts to provide that critical training and fully support their continued important work in meeting the needs of patients and families. Although we appreciate the contributions of palliative care services, we have noted a problem involving some palliative care professionals’ attitudes, methods of decisionmaking, and use of language. In this article we explain these problems by discussing two cases that we encountered.
A realist evaluation of social prescribing: an exploration into the context and mechanisms underpinning a pathway linking primary care with the voluntary sector
Authors: Bertotti Marcello , Frostick Caroline , Hutt Patrick , Sohanpal Ratna , Carnes Dawn
Published: December 2017

This article adopts a realist approach to evaluate a social prescribing pilot in the areas of Hackney and City in London (United Kingdom). It unpacks the contextual factors and mechanisms that influenced the development of this pilot for the benefits of GPs, commissioners and practitioners, and reflects on the realist approach to evaluation as a tool for the evaluation of health interventions. Primary care faces considerable challenges including the increase in long-term conditions, GP consultation rates, and widening health inequalities. With its emphasis on linking primary care to non-clinical community services via a social prescribing coordinator (SPC), some models of social prescribing could contribute to reduce the burden on primary care, tackle health inequalities and encourage people to make greater use of non-clinical forms of support. This realist analysis was based on qualitative interviews with users, commissioners, a GP survey, focus groups and learning events to explore stakeholders’ experience. To enable a detailed analysis, we adapted the realist approach by subdividing the social prescribing pathway into stages, each with contextual factors, mechanisms and outcomes. SPCs were pivotal to the effective functioning of the social prescribing service and responsible for the activation and initial beneficial impact on users. Although social prescribing shows significant potential for the benefit of patients and primary care, several challenges need to be considered and overcome, including ‘buy in’ from some GPs, branding, and funding for the third sector in a context where social care cuts are severely affecting the delivery of health care. With its emphasis on context and mechanisms, the realist evaluation approach is useful in understanding how to identify and improve health interventions, and analyse in greater detail the contribution of different stakeholders. As the SPC is central to social prescribing, more needs to be done to understand their role conceptually and practically.
DEMOCRATIC VISTAS
Authors: WINTERER CAROLINE
Published: December 2017

After a generation of grand stories about the rise of modern republican thought (the so-called “republican-synthesis” school epitomized by the works of Gordon Wood and J. G. A. Pocock), James Kloppenberg's new book, Toward Democracy: The Struggle for Self-Rule in European and American Thought, offers a history of democratic thought: what Kloppenberg calls “the idea of self-government.” In the course of nearly a thousand pages of text and notes, Kloppenberg traces democracy's emergence “as a widely shared, albeit still controversial, model of government” over the last four centuries in the North Atlantic world (1). The book is deeply learned and intellectually capacious, covering thinkers from the ancient Greeks, through the sixteenth-century wars of religion, through the American and French Revolutions, ending abruptly at the Civil War. Few intellectual historians writing today could have managed a book of such sweep. The number of authors, texts, and themes discussed is vast—so much so that at times it seems that the book could double as a history of thought in the West.
DEMOCRACY AS IDEAL AND DEMOCRACY AS STRUGGLE
Authors: BOURKE RICHARD
Published: December 2017

Toward Democracy traces a remarkable journey across two continents. Its aim, as the subtitle indicates, is to chart “the struggle for self-rule” in European and American thought. Its scope and erudition are at once imposing and inspiring. Not only has the author mastered several historical literatures, he also demonstrates considerable knowledge of a range of primary materials spanning ancient, European and American history.
Ernst Freund as precursor of the rational study of corporate law
Authors: Gindis David
Published: December 2017

The rise of large business corporations in the late 19th century compelled many American observers to admit that the nature of the corporation had yet to be understood. Published in this context, Ernst Freund's little-knownThe Legal Nature of Corporations(1897) was an original attempt to come to terms with a new legal and economic reality. But it can also be described, to paraphrase Oliver Wendell Holmes, as the earliest example of the rational study of corporate law. The paper shows that Freund had the intuitions of an institutional economist, and engaged in what today would be called comparative institutional analysis. Remarkably, his argument that the corporate form secures property against insider defection and against outsiders anticipated recent work on entity shielding and capital lock-in, and can be read as an early contribution to what today would be called the theory of the firm.
Lehrende als Stimmgabeln?
Authors: Eylmann Constanze
Published: December 2017

Zusammenfassung. Im Beitrag werden prominente theoretische Denkansätze Harmut Rosas zur Klärung der Begriffe Beschleunigung und Resonanz rezipiert, um im Anschluss ihre Bedeutung für Bildungsprozesse in der Pflege zu reflektieren.
Vom Entfremdungsdreieck zum Resonanzraum
Authors: Müller Christoph
Published: December 2017

Zusammenfassung. Wer sich Gedanken darüber macht, was das Faszinierende am psychiatrisch-pflegerischen Arbeitsfeld ist, wird erst mal lange grübeln. Mehr oder weniger hilflos beginnt das Stammeln über die Beziehungsarbeit und die zeitlichen Ressourcen, über die Offenheit und die Lebendigkeit des Arbeitsfeldes. Auf den ersten Blick erscheint dies für Auszubildende in der Gesundheits-und Krankenpflege attraktiv, sich auf dieses Arbeitsfeld einzulassen. Es braucht Wegbegleiter, die im Sinne Hartmut Rosas Resonanz schaffen können. Unterstützung kann das Gezeiten-Modell bieten.
„Manchmal bin ich ratlos …“
Authors: Maier Edith , Brenner Andrea , Fringer André
Published: December 2017

Zusammenfassung. Die bestehenden E-Learning-Angebote zu transkultureller Kompetenz sind vor allem auf den stationären Bereich ausgerichtet. Sie berücksichtigen nicht die speziellen Herausforderungen, denen sich Pflegekräfte im ambulanten Bereich gegenübersehen. Ziel des Projekts war, aus Fallbeispielen Szenarien abzuleiten, diese mit verschiedenen Konfliktlösungsstrategien zu verknüpfen und als digitale Geschichten zu verpacken.
Die praktische Pflegeausbildung aus Sicht Auszubildender und Studierender in Oberbayern
Authors: Schwab Sabrina , Fritz Elfriede
Published: December 2017

Zusammenfassung. In der Gestaltung der Pflegeausbildung nimmt die praktische Ausbildung der Gesundheits- und Krankenpflege einen großen Teil ein. Der vorliegende Artikel enthält ausgewählte Ergebnisse einer Studie zur praktischen Pflegeausbildung aus Sicht von Auszubildenden und Studierenden in Oberbayern. Befragt wurden Auszubildende und Studierende im dritten Ausbildungsjahr der Gesundheits- und Krankenpflege anhand eines Fragebogens.
Das Gezeitenmodell
Authors: Kirchhof Johannes
Published: December 2017

Zusammenfassung. Das philosophisch metaphorische Modell ist ein Kompass für Recovery – Orientierung in der Pflege und wird als Standard der Bezugspflege genutzt. Durch das umfassende Assessment werden die Pflegenden befähigt, Patienten zielgerichtet zu unterstützen. Die Patienten selbst werden zur Reflektion angeregt und der Prozess der Selbstwirksamkeit wird gestärkt. Patientenedukation wird in der Psychiatrie als Psychoedukation bezeichnet. Hier wird nun ein umfassendes Modell vorgestellt, in dessen Mittelpunkt die Beziehungsgestaltung steht.
H19 lncRNA alters methylation and expression of Hnf4α in the liver of metformin-exposed fetuses
Authors: Deng Jie , Mueller Martin , Geng Tingting , Shen Yuanyuan , Liu Ya , Hou Peng , Ramillapalli Ramanaiah , Taylor Hugh S , Paidas Michael , Huang Yingqun
Published: December 2017

Metformin is the most widely used anti-diabetic medication worldwide. However, human and animal studies suggest that prenatal metformin exposure may increase the risk of metabolic disorders in adult offspring, yet the underpinning mechanism remains unclear. Here we report that metformin-exposed mouse fetuses exhibit elevated expression of the H19 long noncoding RNA, which induces hypomethylation and increased expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α). As a transcription factor essential for morphological and functional differentiation of hepatocytes, HNF4α also has an indispensable role in the regulation of expression of gluconeogenic genes. Consistently, H19 overexpression in a human liver cell line leads to decreased methylation and increased expression of Hnf4α, with concomitant activation of the gluconeogenic program. Mechanistically, we show that the methylation change of Hnf4α is induced by H19-mediated regulation of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. We also provide evidence that altered H19 expression is a direct effect of metformin in the fetal liver. Our results suggest that metformin from the mother can directly act upon the fetal liver to modify Hnf4α expression, a key factor for both liver development and function, and that perturbation of this H19/Hnf4α-mediated pathway may contribute to the fetal origin of adult metabolic abnormalities.
Atomic-resolution three-dimensional hydration structures on a heterogeneously charged surface
Authors: Umeda Kenichi , Zivanovic Lidija , Kobayashi Kei , Ritala Juha , Kominami Hiroaki , Spijker Peter , Foster Adam S. , Yamada Hirofumi
Published: December 2017

Local hydration structures at the solid–liquid interface around boundary edges on heterostructures are key to an atomic-level understanding of various physical, chemical and biological processes. Recently, we succeeded in visualising atomic-scale three-dimensional hydration structures by using ultra-low noise frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy. However, the time-consuming three-dimensional-map measurements on uneven heterogeneous surfaces have not been achieved due to experimental difficulties, to the best of our knowledge. Here, we report the local hydration structures formed on a heterogeneously charged phyllosilicate surface using a recently established fast and nondestructive acquisition protocol. We discover intermediate regions formed at step edges of the charged surface. By combining with molecular dynamics simulations, we reveal that the distinct structural hydrations are hard to observe in these regions, unlike the charged surface regions, possibly due to the depletion of ions at the edges. Our methodology and findings could be crucial for the exploration of further functionalities.
A large multi-ethnic genome-wide association study identifies novel genetic loci for intraocular pressure
Authors: Choquet Hélène , Thai Khanh K. , Yin Jie , Hoffmann Thomas J. , Kvale Mark N. , Banda Yambazi , Schaefer Catherine , Risch Neil , Nair K. Saidas , Melles Ronald , Jorgenson Eric
Published: December 2017

Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness. IOP heritability has been estimated to up to 67%, and to date only 11 IOP loci have been reported, accounting for 1.5% of IOP variability. Here, we conduct a genome-wide association study of IOP in 69,756 untreated individuals of European, Latino, Asian, and African ancestry. Multiple longitudinal IOP measurements were collected through electronic health records and, in total, 356,987 measurements were included. We identify 47 genome-wide significant IOP-associated loci (P < 5 × 10−8); of the 40 novel loci, 14 replicate at Bonferroni significance in an external genome-wide association study analysis of 37,930 individuals of European and Asian descent. We further examine their effect on the risk of glaucoma within our discovery sample. Using longitudinal IOP measurements from electronic health records improves our power to identify new variants, which together explain 3.7% of IOP variation.
Breast cancer metastasis suppressor OTUD1 deubiquitinates SMAD7
Authors: Zhang Zhengkui , Fan Yao , Xie Feng , Zhou Hang , Jin Ke , Shao Li , Shi Wenhao , Fang Pengfei , Yang Bing , van Dam Hans , ten Dijke Peter , Zheng Xiaofeng , Yan Xiaohua , Jia Junling , Zheng Min , Jin Jin , Ding Chen , Ye Sheng , Zhou Fangfang , Zhang Long
Published: December 2017

Metastasis is the main cause of death in cancer patients. TGF-β is pro-metastatic for malignant cancer cells. Here we report a loss-of-function screen in mice with metastasis as readout and identify OTUD1 as a metastasis-repressing factor. OTUD1-silenced cancer cells show mesenchymal and stem-cell-like characteristics. Further investigation reveals that OTUD1 directly deubiquitinates the TGF-β pathway inhibitor SMAD7 and prevents its degradation. Moreover, OTUD1 cleaves Lysine 33-linked poly-ubiquitin chains of SMAD7 Lysine 220, which exposes the SMAD7 PY motif, enabling SMURF2 binding and subsequent TβRI turnover at the cell surface. Importantly, OTUD1 is lost in multiple types of human cancers and loss of OTUD1 increases metastasis in intracardial xenograft and orthotopic transplantation models, and correlates with poor prognosis among breast cancer patients. High levels of OTUD1 inhibit cancer stemness and shut off metastasis. Thus, OTUD1 represses breast cancer metastasis by mitigating TGF-β-induced pro-oncogenic responses via deubiquitination of SMAD7.
CTCF driven TERRA transcription facilitates completion of telomere DNA replication
Authors: Beishline Kate , Vladimirova Olga , Tutton Stephen , Wang Zhuo , Deng Zhong , Lieberman Paul M.
Published: December 2017

Telomere repeat DNA forms a nucleo-protein structure that can obstruct chromosomal DNA replication, especially under conditions of replication stress. Transcription of telomere repeats can initiate at subtelomeric CTCF-binding sites to generate telomere repeat-encoding RNA (TERRA), but the role of transcription, CTCF, and TERRA in telomere replication is not known. Here, we have used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to mutate CTCF-binding sites at the putative start site of TERRA transcripts for a class of subtelomeres. Under replication stress, telomeres lacking CTCF-driven TERRA exhibit sister-telomere loss and upon entry into mitosis, exhibit the formation of ultra-fine anaphase bridges and micronuclei. Importantly, these phenotypes could be rescued by the forced transcription of TERRA independent of CTCF binding. Our findings indicate that subtelomeric CTCF facilitates telomeric DNA replication by promoting TERRA transcription. Our findings also demonstrate that CTCF-driven TERRA transcription acts in cis to facilitate telomere repeat replication and chromosome stability.
Oxytocin enhances observational fear in mice
Authors: Pisansky Marc T. , Hanson Leah R. , Gottesman Irving I. , Gewirtz Jonathan C.
Published: December 2017

Empathy is fundamental to human relations, but its neural substrates remain largely unknown. Here we characterize the involvement of oxytocin in the capacity of mice to display emotional state-matching, an empathy-like behavior. When exposed to a familiar conspecific demonstrator in distress, an observer mouse becomes fearful, as indicated by a tendency to freeze and subsequent efforts to escape. Both intranasal oxytocin administration and chemogenetic stimulation of oxytocin neurons render males sensitive to the distress of an unfamiliar mouse. Acute intranasal oxytocin penetrates the brain and enhances cellular activity within the anterior cingulate cortex, whereas chronic administration produces long-term facilitation of observational fear and downregulates oxytocin receptor expression in the amygdala. None of these manipulations affect fear acquired as a result of direct experience with the stressor. Hence, these results implicate oxytocin in observational fear in mice (rather than fear itself) and provide new avenues for examining the neural substrates of empathy.
Ultrathin graphene oxide-based hollow fiber membranes with brush-like CO2-philic agent for highly efficient CO2 capture
Authors: Zhou Fanglei , Tien Huynh Ngoc , Xu Weiwei L. , Chen Jung-Tsai , Liu Qiuli , Hicks Ethan , Fathizadeh Mahdi , Li Shiguang , Yu Miao
Published: December 2017

Among the current CO2 capture technologies, membrane gas separation has many inherent advantages over other conventional techniques. However, fabricating gas separation membranes with both high CO2 permeance and high CO2/N2 selectivity, especially under wet conditions, is a challenge. In this study, sub-20-nm thick, layered graphene oxide (GO)-based hollow fiber membranes with grafted, brush-like CO2-philic agent alternating between GO layers are prepared by a facile coating process for highly efficient CO2/N2 separation under wet conditions. Piperazine, as an effective CO2-philic agent, is introduced as a carrier-brush into the GO nanochannels with chemical bonding. The membrane exhibits excellent separation performance under simulated flue gas conditions with CO2 permeance of 1,020 GPU and CO2/N2 selectivity as high as 680, demonstrating its potential for CO2 capture from flue gas. We expect this GO-based membrane structure combined with the facile coating process to facilitate the development of ultrathin GO-based membranes for CO2 capture.
Sexual recombination and increased mutation rate expedite evolution of Escherichia coli in varied fitness landscapes
Authors: Peabody V George L. , Li Hao , Kao Katy C.
Published: December 2017

Sexual recombination and mutation rate are theorized to play different roles in adaptive evolution depending on the fitness landscape; however, direct experimental support is limited. Here we examine how these factors affect the rate of adaptation utilizing a “genderless” strain of Escherichia coli capable of continuous in situ sexual recombination. The results show that the populations with increased mutation rate, and capable of sexual recombination, outperform all the other populations. We further characterize two sexual and two asexual populations with increased mutation rate and observe maintenance of beneficial mutations in the sexual populations through mutational sweeps. Furthermore, we experimentally identify the molecular signature of a mating event within the sexual population that combines two beneficial mutations to generate a fitter progeny; this evidence suggests that the recombination event partially alleviates clonal interference. We present additional data suggesting that stochasticity plays an important role in the combinations of mutations observed.
Dynamic cortical representations of perceptual filling-in for missing acoustic rhythm
Authors: Cervantes Constantino Francisco , Simon Jonathan Z.
Published: December 2017

In the phenomenon of perceptual filling-in, missing sensory information can be reconstructed via interpolation or extrapolation from adjacent contextual cues by what is necessarily an endogenous, not yet well understood, neural process. In this investigation, sound stimuli were chosen to allow observation of fixed cortical oscillations driven by contextual (but missing) sensory input, thus entirely reflecting endogenous neural activity. The stimulus employed was a 5 Hz frequency-modulated tone, with brief masker probes (noise bursts) occasionally added. For half the probes, the rhythmic frequency modulation was moreover removed. Listeners reported whether the tone masked by each probe was perceived as being rhythmic or not. Time-frequency analysis of neural responses obtained by magnetoencephalography (MEG) shows that for maskers without the underlying acoustic rhythm, trials where rhythm was nonetheless perceived show higher evoked sustained rhythmic power than trials for which no rhythm was reported. The results support a model in which perceptual filling-in is aided by differential co-modulations of cortical activity at rates directly relevant to human speech communication. We propose that the presence of rhythmically-modulated neural dynamics predicts the subjective experience of a rhythmically modulated sound in real time, even when the perceptual experience is not supported by corresponding sensory data.
Full-scale experimental investigation of deposition and corrosion of pre-protector and 3rd superheater in a waste incineration plant
Authors: Ma Wenchao , Wenga Terrence , Zhang Nan , Chen Guanyi , Yan Beibei , Zhou Zhihua , Wu Xiao
Published: December 2017

Municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration is widely adopted as a waste management strategy and for the energy production. However, this technology experience grave deposition and corrosion of the boiler tubes due to high chlorine (~1.09wt.%) and alkali metal (Na, K) content in MSW. Little is known about the concentration profile of these corrosive elements in the deposits at different boiler locations. Therefore, a full-scale experimental investigation was conducted to determine the concentration profile of Cl, K, Na, S, and Ca in the deposits at pre-protector and compare with those at 3rd superheater during MSW combustion at a 36 MWe waste incineration plant (WIP) in Chengdu, China. The deposit samples were analyzed using wet chemical techniques, scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The concentrations of Na, K, and Cl were high in the deposits at pre-protector while S and Ca concentrations were high on the 3rd superheater. The pre-protector was severely corroded than the 3rd superheater. The governing mechanisms for the deposition and corrosion on these boiler locations were elucidated.
Acoustic Waveguide Eigenmode Solver Based on a Staggered-Grid Finite-Difference Method
Authors: Dostart Nathan , Liu Yangyang , Popović Miloš A.
Published: December 2017

A numerical method of solving for the elastic wave eigenmodes in acoustic waveguides of arbitrary cross-section is presented. Operating under the assumptions of linear, isotropic materials, it utilizes a finite-difference method on a staggered grid to solve for the acoustic eigenmodes (field and frequency) of the vector-field elastic wave equation with a given propagation constant. Free, fixed, symmetry, and anti-symmetry boundary conditions are implemented, enabling efficient simulation of acoustic structures with geometrical symmetries and terminations. Perfectly matched layers are also implemented, allowing for the simulation of radiative (leaky) modes. The method is analogous to that in eigenmode solvers ubiquitously employed in electromagnetics to find waveguide modes, and enables design of acoustic waveguides as well as seamless integration with electromagnetic solvers for optomechanical device design. The accuracy of the solver is demonstrated by calculating eigenfrequencies and mode shapes for common acoustic modes across four orders of magnitude in frequency in several simple geometries and comparing the results to analytical solutions where available or to numerical solvers based on more computationally expensive methods. The solver is utilized to demonstrate a novel type of leaky-guided acoustic wave that couples simultaneously to two independent radiation channels (directions) with different polarizations – a ‘bi-leaky’ mode.
The development of spontaneous facial responses to others’ emotions in infancy: An EMG study
Authors: Kaiser Jakob , Crespo-Llado Maria Magdalena , Turati Chiara , Geangu Elena
Published: December 2017

Viewing facial expressions often evokes facial responses in the observer. These spontaneous facial reactions (SFRs) are believed to play an important role for social interactions. However, their developmental trajectory and the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms are still little understood. In the current study, 4- and 7-month old infants were presented with facial expressions of happiness, anger, and fear. Electromyography (EMG) was used to measure activation in muscles relevant for forming these expressions: zygomaticus major (smiling), corrugator supercilii (frowning), and frontalis (forehead raising). The results indicated no selective activation of the facial muscles for the expressions in 4-month-old infants. For 7-month-old infants, evidence for selective facial reactions was found especially for happy (leading to increased zygomaticus major activation) and fearful faces (leading to increased frontalis activation), while angry faces did not show a clear differential response. These results suggest that emotional SFRs may be the result of complex neurocognitive mechanisms which lead to partial mimicry but are also likely to be influenced by evaluative processes. Such mechanisms seem to undergo important developments at least until the second half of the first year of life.
Paper-based MoS2 nanosheet-mediated FRET aptasensor for rapid malaria diagnosis
Authors: Geldert Alisha , Kenry  , Lim Chwee Teck
Published: December 2017

There has been growing interest in the development of paper-based biosensors because their simplicity and low cost are attractive for point-of-care diagnosis, especially in low-resource areas. However, only a limited range of paper materials – primarily chromatography papers – have been incorporated into diagnostics thus far. Here, we investigate the performance of different types of paper in order to develop an aptamer- and MoS2 nanosheet-based sensor relying on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to signal the presence of a target protein. An aptamer which binds to a malarial biomarker, Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH), is chosen for this study, as point-of-care diagnostics would be especially advantageous in low-resource areas, such as those where malaria is prevalent. We observe that of all papers tested, a measurable and specific fluorescence recovery can only be produced on the sensor created with printer paper, while no significant fluorescence recovery is generated on sensors made from other types of paper, including chromatography, lens, and filter papers. Therefore, our findings demonstrate the importance of careful material selection for the development of a paper-based diagnostic test, and suggest that commercially-available products such as printer paper may serve as viable materials to develop cost-effective and simple diagnostics.