bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pancreatic duct fluid culture in patients with chronic pancreatitis undergoing operative intervention and its implications on post operative course
Authors: Krishna Sai P. , Somasekar R. D. R. , A. Sivasankar , B. Kesavan , Chidambaram Pon M. , Ramamurthy C.
Published: November 2021

Background: The role of bacteria in pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis is poorly understood. Our aim was to analyse pancreatic duct fluid culture in patients undergoing operative intervention for chronic pancreatitis and its implications in post operative outcomes.Methods: Among 35 patients, 17 underwent Freys, 13 underwent longitudinal pancreatico-jejunostomy, 5 underwent cystojejunostomy. Duct fluid culture was obtained intraoperatively and analysed and compared with preoperative parameters and post operative outcomes.Results: 20 patients had positive duct fluid culture. Most common pathogen isolated was Klebsiella (8 patients). The only preoperative parameter which showed significant association was fasting blood glucose level. Wound infections were seen in 11 of which 10 had positive duct culture, out of which 9 had the same organism of that in duct culture. Mean hospital stay was 9±1.07 and 10±1.13 days in patients without and with infectious complications respectively.Conclusions: Older concept of sterile PD fluid in patients with CP may no longer hold true. In our study upto 60% of patients showed positive PD culture. By starting appropriate antibiotic we can reduce the length of hospital stay in patients who have septic complications. However large centre studies may guide us further into the importance of this concept and the role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of CP.
Predictive risk factors for lower limb amputations in patients with diabetic foot ulcer in correlation with Wagner’s grading
Authors: Mohan Ambikavathy , Ravura Saideep , Srinivasan Kumar
Published: November 2021

Background: Lower extremity amputation in diabetic patients results in high morbidity causing poor quality of life despite high medical expenses. A correlate of risk factors with Wagner‘s grading of foot ulcers and their improvement with multidisciplinary team approach would form a basis for preventive diabetic foot care guidelines in health care policy. Objectives of current study were to assess the risk factors and role of multidisciplinary team approach in patients undergoing lower extremity amputations with diabetic footulcer with different Wagner‘s grading.Methods: Prospective data of diabetic patients above eighteen years with foot ulcers admitted in departments of general surgery/general medicine at Vydehi Institute of medical sciences and research centre, between October 2017 to October 2019 were included. Multi-disciplinary treatment approach was adopted and treated accordingly. Patients were followed up for three months to reassess the risk factors for lower extremity amputation and correlated with Wagner‘s grading system and analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis, SPSS-21.Results: fifty patients with Wagner’s grade 1-4 of which forty four (88%) males and six (12%) females. Four (8%) of the patients underwent major limb amputation. 18% underwent minor amputation and 16% SSG. 54% were grade 3,4 on day 1 and 24% patients were grade 3, 4 and 5 after 3 months of follow up (p=0.034).Conclusions: Clinical assessment of diabetic foot ulcer and identification of risk factors for the nonhealing predicts the favourable outcome in the management of diabetic foot combined with multi-disciplinary team approach strategy.
A prospective study of outcome of double pigtail catheter drainage in the management of breast abscess: analysis of outcome
Authors: Prasad Dinesh , Kalaria Darshit , Satani Yogesh
Published: November 2021

Background: Breast abscesses, localized collection of pus in the breast, are most common in young lactating women. Traditional treatment of breast abscesses is by surgical incision, digital disruption of septa, evacuation of contents with occasional placement of surgical drains, and administration of systemic antibiotics. Percutaneous large-bore needle aspiration with or without ultrasound guidance is generally employed as the first line treatment of breast abscesses. It is generally done for medium to large sized unilateral abscesses and requires repeated aspirations for complete resolution of the abscess cavity.Methods: We have conducted this prospective study at SMIMER Hospital, Surat, Gujarat, India from January 2020 to January 2021. After ethical approval a group of 25 patients with unilateral breast abscesses irrespective of the lactational status were treated by percutaneous double catheter drains inserted under ultrasound guidance under the effect of local anaesthesia and evaluated for 3 months.Results: The resultant cosmetic effect was good, with no reported recurrence on 3 month follow-up.Conclusions: Double pigtail catheter drainage in appropriately selected cases of beast abscess has superior outcome in compare to published result of other technique for drainage of beast abscess specially in minimal scarring, early resolution of abscess cavity and decreases in the total duration of treatment.
Comparison of vacuum assisted closure therapy with conventional dressing in the management of necrotizing fasciitis wound
Authors: Kumar Birbal , Mohil R. S. , Mohan Sajith K. , Bhardwaj Navnik Singh , Pasricha Arush , Singh Kashinath , Garg Raghav , Namdeo Ratnakar
Published: November 2021

Background: The purpose of our study was to compare the effect of vacuum assisted closure (VAC) therapy and conventional dressings in patients with open wounds due to necrotizing fasciitis (NF) on the basis of healing rate, infection control, frequency of dressing and pain score.Methods: The study evaluated 50 patients admitted with NF requiring surgery over a period      of 18 months.  The patients were randomized to two groups. In group A patients, the wounds were managed with conventional dressings and in group B patients, negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) was applied. Serial assessment of both groups was done for four weeks. The parameters including size of wound, wound bed, granulation tissue formation, color, amount and odor of exudate, edema, frequency of dressing, re-debridement and pain were monitored and analysed.Results: In our study, patients with NF wounds who underwent VAC therapy had earlier granulation tissue formation, resolution of infection and readiness for skin grafting. The frequency of dressing, requirement of re-debridement, resolution of edema, odor, skin maceration, inflammation around wound and pain significantly reduced in group B (VAC) when compared to conventional dressing group.Conclusions: When compared to the conventional dressing on NF wound, application of VAC helped in early appearance of granulation tissue, significant reduction of inflammation, wound odor, exudate, need for re-debridement, frequency of dressing and pain. Thus, VAC dressing can be considered as a better option in the management of NF wounds.
An observational study of incidence of surgical site infections in gastrointestinal surgeries
Authors: Modi Jenishkumar Vijaykumar , Kalaria Darshit
Published: November 2021

Background: This study analysed the incidence of surgical site infections in gastrointestinal surgeries and its risk factors. so this study helped us in reducing surgical site infection by avoiding or minimizing that risk factors.Methods: The present study was conducted at general surgery department, SMIMER, Surat. An observational study of 400 cases that have undergone abdominal surgery in SMIMER hospital and were followed up from the day of operation to 30 days after discharge was done.Results: The overall infection rate for a total of the 400 cases was 17.25%. The incidence rate in this study was well within the infection rates of 2.8% to 17% seen in other studies. Different studies from India at different places have shown the SSI (surgical site infection) rate to vary from 6.09% to 38.7%.Conclusions: Our study reveals that though SSIs have been widely studied since a long time, they still remain as one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in surgically treated patients.
Clinical evaluation and management of scrotal swelling
Authors: Pawar Upendra , Gubbi Sharanbasappa
Published: November 2021

Background: The present study was conducted with the main purpose to identify the mode of presentation, various treatment modalities and outcome of these with their complications.Methods: This prospective study was carried out on a total of 100 subjects presented with scrotal swellings. Exhibiting symptoms were noted including discomfort, painless swelling, urine symptoms and fever. Questionnaires were used to analyse all the predisposing factors of patients, which were then categorized as idiopathic, urinary problems, trauma or previous history. Ultrasound as well as colour Doppler was carried out on all subjects. The options for treatment were either surgical or conservative. The cases treated were recorded accordingly and follow up was done.Results: The majority of study patients, that is, 56%, suffered with scrotal swelling on the right side, followed by left (40%) and bilateral side (4%). 63% of the subjects were presented with symptoms of painless swelling. Whereas 27% of the study subjects were presented with symptoms of pain and fever and 10% of them showed only the symptoms of pain. The majority of study subjects, that is, 71% were treated with surgical modality. Whereas 29% with conservation modality. The most common USG finding found among the study subjects was hydrocoele (37%). 37 (37.0%) subjects having hydrocoele suffered postoperative complications.Conclusions: Younger age group and manual labourers were more prone to scrotal swellings. Few of the operated cases developed postoperative complications like epididymoorchitis. There is a resurgence of thorough clinical examination to establish a diagnosis in patients with scrotal swelling.
A prospective comparative study of ureterorenoscopy with and without DJ stenting for the management of ureteric stones
Authors: Prasad Dinesh , Satani Yogesh , Singh Shivam , Gajera Darpen
Published: November 2021

Background: Urolithiasis is the most common urological disease. Surgical treatment of ureteral stones consists of four minimally invasive modalities including ESWL, URS, PCNL, and laparoscopic or robotic-assisted stone surgery. URS and ESWL are the most widely used techniques. However, the use of ureteral stents for the treatment of ureteral stones is still controversial. Herein, we did a comparative study of URS with and without DJ stenting for the management of ureteric stones. Objectives of current study were to compare prevalence of post-operative complications in patients undergoing ureterorenoscopy without ureteral stenting as compared to patients undergoing stenting procedure, to study the frequency of morbidity in patients during post -operative period in both ‘stent’ and ‘no stent’ groups. Stone free-rate, operative time, complications, hospital stay and need for re-treatment in both groups will be determined.Methods: 50 patients with ureteric stones admitted in our hospital-SMIMER fulfilling our inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomly divided in two groups- patients in group A (25) underwent URS without DJ stenting and group B (25) underwent URS with DJ stenting.Results: URS without DJ stenting had less operative time, less postoperative complications like pain, requirement of analgesia, hematuria, UTI, dysuria, fever, less readmission rate and less hospital stay, similar stone free rate compared to URS with DJ stenting but it requires higher surgical endoscopy skills with urological expertise.Conclusions: Thus, after adequate training, URS without DJ stenting can be recommended as a safe alternative procedure than URS with DJ stenting for management of ureteric stones.
Correlation of plasma D-dimer levels with breast carcinoma
Authors: Halugodu Amruthavarshini Satish , Sharma Vidhyasagar M.
Published: November 2021

Background: Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in women. There is a correlation between cancer and hyper coagulation. Carcinoma increases the level of cross-linked fibrin degradation product (plasma D-dimer), indicative of systemic activation of fibrinolysis, hemostasis and angiogenesis. This study attempted to correlate raised plasma D-dimer in breast cancer.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in the department of general surgery in GCS hospital, Ahmedabad where in patients admitted and treated for breast cancer between July 2020 to June 2021 were selected. Plasma D-dimer levels were correlated with final histopathological examination of breast specimen.Results: Plasma D-dimer levels were increased with advancing stage of disease, lymph node involvement and lymphovascular invasion. There was no significant relationship with increase in tumour size and histopathological grade of tumour.Conclusions: Plasma D-dimer levels are elevated in breast cancer, especially with advanced stage. It is an important marker of clinical stage, lymphovascular invasion, lymph node involvement. However it does not correlate with tumour size and histological grade. So pre- operative plasma D-dimer level is a safe, cost effective and convenient method for prediction of advanced stage in breast cancer.
Evaluation of predictors of mortality in patients of ruptured liver abscess: a prospective study
Authors: Faridi Syed A. , Harris Syed H. , Alvi Yasir
Published: November 2021

Background: Ruptured liver abscess is a rare condition which is associated with high mortality. Ruptured liver abscess should be assessed carefully especially in patients with poor prognostic factors, which highlight the need for early diagnosis to further improve our results of management. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the predictors of mortality in patients of ruptured liver abscess.Methods: This was a prospective study, performed at Jawaharlal Nehru medical college, AMU, Aligarh between October 2015 to October 2017. For each case-patient, we reviewed demographic data, underlying medical conditions, clinical features, laboratory data, imaging and microbial findings and treatment. The prognostic factors independently related to mortality were then identified using univariate and multivariate analysis considering significance at p<0.05.Results: The overall in-hospital mortality was 27% (11 out of 40). On multivariate regression analysis, the factors that independently predicted mortality were shock at presentation, time of presentation (>48 hours), left lobe abscess and APACHE II score on admission more than 15.Conclusions: The independent predictors of mortality in ruptured liver abscess are shock at presentation, delayed presentation, higher APACHE II score on admission and left lobe abscess.
Outcome of latissimus dorsi free flap in-case of large scalp defect a single center study
Authors: Islam Abu Faisal M. Ariful , Ahmed M. Iqbal , Uddin M. Salah , Hamid M. A.
Published: November 2021

Reconstruction of scalp and calvarial defects following trauma post burn and after tumor ablation frequently requires prosthetic cranioplasty and soft tissue coverage. Furthermore, patients often have advanced disease and receive perioperative radiotherapy following tumor ablation. We evaluated the outcome of scalp reconstruction in traumatic cases with a free Latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle flap in this setting. The aim of this study was to evaluate outcome of latissimus dorsi free flap in-case of large scalp defect. This prospective non-randomized study was conducted on 10 patients with scalp defects following trauma attended emergency unit and outpatient department of burn and plastic surgery, Dhaka medical college hospital (DMCH) in the period between July 2017 and June 2018. Durability of coverage, flap success, infection and overall satisfaction were studied. The age distribution of the study population shows highest number of patients (60%) were in middle (24-30 years) age group whereas lowest are in older group (30-50 years). The lowest age was 24 years and the highest age was 45 years. Highest number of patients (80%) were standard myocutanous type of flap whereas lowest were in (20.0%) were partial latissimus muscle flap. Outcome of the reconstruction (80.0%) were excellent 10% partial flap necrosis occur and total flap loss in 1 (10%) patient. The reconstruction of scalp defects continues to be a challenge for the reconstructive surgeon, who must achieve a satisfactory functional and aesthetic outcome.
Post-ERCP Dormia basket impaction: a case report and literature review
Authors: Sedik Alaaeldin Mohamed , Hussein Abrar , Alshimary Abdelmajid , Elsayed Mostafa , Alzayed Ahmed , Alharbi Nada
Published: November 2021

The incidence of Common bile duct stones (CBD) in patients undergoing cholecystectomy is 10%. The present-day management of common bile duct stone may be pre-, intra-, or post-operative Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) with stone extraction. The reported complications of ERCP and CBD stone extraction range from 5 to 10% cases, that might be life threatening. Herein, we reported a case of calculus obstructive jaundice and cholangitis. Unfortunately, trials for ERCP and stone retrieval was followed by impacted Dormia basket which was successfully managed by surgerys.
Scalp metastasis of oesophageal adenocarcinoma: a rare case
Authors: Lata Tahmina Jahan , Gahankari Dilip , Arnold Colin
Published: November 2021

Cutaneous metastases of oesophageal adenocarcinoma are uncommon. Several different sites of metastases including skin and lip has been reported.  However, metastases to the scalp is an extremely rare event. We present a unique case of oesophageal adenocarcinoma metastasis to the scalp. Further, a discussion is offered on the mechanism of route of spread from the oesophagus to the scalp.
Cholecystitis suspicion followed by and unexpected diagnosis: a case report
Authors: Gonçalves Maria C. , Gonçalves Inês C. , Salvado Mafalda , Diniz Sara
Published: November 2021

Gallbladder cancer is the 5th most common gastrointestinal cancer, is 2-3 times more frequent in females, and gallstones represent the most important association with this type of cancer. It is generally diagnosed incidentally after cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis and complete surgical resection offers the only potential cure. We report a case of a 42-year-old female, previously healthy, with upper right quadrant pain for 2 weeks and an ultrasound suggestive of cholecystitis. Unfortunately, intraoperative findings were discouraging.
Left parathyroid adenoma with features of brown tumor, incidental finding: a case report
Authors: Bhandary Disha , Suvarna Rithin , Bhandary Bhaskara
Published: November 2021

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) occurs in a setting of excessive parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion with an autonomous parathyroid gland which resulting in hypercalcemia. Cases of parathyroid adenoma are rare, PTH is a chief regulator of calcium homeostasis in the human body. PHPT could be caused by solitary adenomas, hyperplasia, multiple adenomas and carcinomas. A 35-year-old female who came in with complaints of left hip pain past 1 month which aggravated since 1 week, with previous medical history of hyperthyroidism. Laboratory and biochemical findings suggested features of PHPT. She underwent left parathyroid excision with subtotal thyroidectomy. Histopathology analysis revealed features of parathyroid adenoma with eosinophilic to clear cytoplasm, few foci with oxyphilic nodules. Patient showed significant fall in PTH levels after tumor excision and is being discharged 5th day after surgery. PHPT occurs at any age, but it is most commonly seen in people over the age of 50 years and postmenopausal women. The current presentation of PHPT shifts from the classical symptomatic form to the asymptomatic form. parathyroidectomy is still the treatment of choice for both symptomatic and asymptomatic forms. Parathyroid adenoma has an excellent prognosis with surgical treatment.
A rare case of idiopathic multiple small bowel strictures in Indian subcontinent: a case report
Authors: Dwivedi Garima , Singla Sanjeev Kumar , Virmani Rohit
Published: November 2021

Small bowel ulcers and strictures are uncommon but when they occur they can be an important cause of morbidity. We reported a case of a multiple strictures in small bowel that was treated surgically pain for 15 years. She also had hypoalbuminemia and iron deficiency anemia. A diagnosis of small bowel stricture was made on CT and surgery was advised. Resection of the 100 cm long segment of small bowel was done. Approximately 10 smooth strictures were identified in the resected segment. Histology did not identify any specific cause. A 43 year old Indian female was diagnosed with subacute small bowel obstruction. She had a history of chronic abdominal pain for 15 years. She also had hypoalbuminemia and iron deficiency anemia. A diagnosis of small bowel stricture was made on CT and surgery was advised. Resection of the 100 cm long segment of small bowel was done. Approximately 10 smooth strictures were identified in the resected segment. Histology did not identify any specific cause. Subacute small bowel obstruction can be associated with various factors. Multiple idiopathic small bowel strictures can be considered as one of the causes. In present case no cause of ulcers and strictures could be found. Idiopathic multiple bowel strictures with fecalith is rare. Histopathology and other investigations revealed no specific cause. We recorded no postoperative complications 2 months after surgery by resection and anastomosis.
Do you think of gangrenous gallbladder following blunt trauma abdomen? a rare case report
Authors: Jagne Nilesh , Kumar Ajay , Dhiman Ajay , Patil Vishal , Uniyal Madhur
Published: November 2021

Isolated gangrenous gallbladder secondary to blunt trauma abdomen (BTA) is the rarest entity comes with great challenge due to low incidence. Gallbladder injury was reported to be between 1.9%-2.1% of all abdominal trauma, out of it, gall bladder rupture seen in <1%. Till date only one case report has been published. Clinical presentation of gallbladder injury is variable, resulting in a delay in diagnosis and treatment. This case report describes a significant mechanism of blunt force injury resulting in an isolated gangrenous gallbladder as it is a relatively well-protected organ; consequently, its gangrenous following blunt abdominal injury is rare and usually associated with other visceral injuries. Almost all gallbladder injuries following blunt trauma are associated with other significant intra-abdominal injuries and in the setting of acute trauma. We recommend an open procedure to facilitate a detailed exploration to exclude associated injuries. We report a case of a healthy 23years old adult male who sustained isolated gangrenous gallbladder following BTA who sustained injury following fall from riding a two wheeler motor cycle. We recommend an open cholecystectomy procedure to facilitate a detailed exploration to exclude associated injuries and has a good outcome.
Histological surprise, mammary analogue secretory carcinoma of parotid gland
Authors: Pasha Iram T. , K. Akhila , V. Ravikumar , Kumar Sandeep
Published: November 2021

A recent described entity, mammary analogue secretary carcinoma (MASC) in 2010 by Skalova et al whose morphological and immunohistochemical features are similar in secretory carcinoma of the breast and salivary gland. This is a low-grade carcinoma which presents as a firm, slow-growing, circumscribed lesion with male preponderance. We present a case report of MASC.
Early pancreaticogastrostomy: a better and novel approach for high grade traumatic pancreatic injuries - case report from tertiary care centre in India
Authors: Vyas Shashwat , Porwal Pankaj
Published: November 2021

Traumatic pancreatic injury is a rare entity which is associated with severe morbidity and mortality. The management varies according to the American association for the surgery of trauma-organ injury scale (AAST-OIS) grading of injury, hemodynamic status and time of definitive diagnosis. Non-operative versus operative management has potential risks and benefits and long term debate on the ideal management is still ongoing. A 19-year boy, with severe, generalised pain abdomen was admitted after road traffic accident. Upon admission, the investigations: ultrasonography (USG) and computed tomography (CT) scan abdomen, showed traumatic pancreatic injury (AAST-OIS, grade V), was taken for exploratory laparotomy which revealed lacerated head of pancreas along with normal distal segment of pancreas with no associated injury to nearby hollow viscera, vascular structures. He underwent primary closure of head of pancreas with distal segment pancreaticogastrostomy. Postoperatively he recovered well with no complications. In the present case, as he had traumatic pancreatic injury (AAST-OIS, grade V) and there was no involvement of hollow viscera and vascular structures, the operative intervention can decrease morbidity as by pancreaticogastrostomy we have diverted the pancreatic fluid into stomach, subsequently decreasing the chances of pseudocyst, fistula, necrosis of pancreas. Thus we conclude, high grade blunt traumatic abdomen injuries should be managed with adequate resection and subsequent reconstruction and/or drainage procedure. Pancreaticoduodenectomy, distal pancreatectomy, pancreaticogastrostomy, pancreaticojejunostomy are the available options to be used according to the grading of injury and associated injuries.
Pancreatic pseudoaneurysm and its conundrum
Authors: Bakhshi Girish , Baligar Sushrut , Dutt Aishwarya , Venkateswaran Rajalakshmi , Gutte Avinash , Landge Ravi , Teja Chettubattina Ravi
Published: November 2021

Rupture of visceral artery pseudoaneurysm can lead to hypovolemic shock in a patient with pancreatitis. With the advent of minimally invasive treatment techniques most of these can be managed by minimally invasive route and have excellent prognosis when timely intervention is initiated. Herewith, we reported a case of ruptured pseudoaneurysm of superior pancreaticoduodenal artery in a patient with pancreatitis who presented with haematemesis. The patient was successfully managed with coil embolization. A brief case report with review of literature is presented here.
Current management of choledocholithiasis after bariatric surgery
Authors: Alzahrani Khalid M. , Jafri Sumayyah A. , Hamdi Hafiz A.
Published: November 2021

The increasing prevalence of obesity all over world has led to a growing number of metabolic and bariatric surgeries. Bariatric surgery is more effective for weight loss than medical therapy, with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) being considered the gold standard of care over the past decade. Bariatric surgery and the subsequent weight loss are associated with an increased risk for the development of gallstone formation. Common bile duct stones prevalence around 10% among patients with symptomatic gallbladder stones. Choledocholithiasis can be technically challenging problem to treat in patients post-laparoscopic RYGB (LRYGB) or a biliopancreatic diversion (BPD/DS) due to the altered upper gastrointestinal anatomy. This review describes the different treatment options of common bile duct stones after malabsorptive bariatric surgery, success rate, and adverse effects of each treatment modality including enteroscopy-assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (EA-ERCP), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), endoscopic ultrasound-directed transgastric retrograde cholangiopancreatography (EDGE), and laparoscopic-assisted ERCP (LAERCP).
Management of significant atherosclerotic carotid artery disease: review of literature
Authors: Dalai Sibasankar , Datla Aravind V.
Published: November 2021

Stroke is the third leading cause of death and disability in the world. Carotid artery stenosis due to atherosclerosis accounts for 20 to 30% of all strokes. The patients can be asymptomatic or present with a transient ischemic attack or stroke. Diagnosis is based primarily on imaging modalities like carotid Doppler, CT (Computed tomography) angiogram, MR (Magnetic resonance) angiogram or DSA (Digital subtraction angiogram). Treatment options include optimal medical therapy, carotid endarterectomy-touted as the gold standard for treating significant carotid stenosis; and carotid artery stenting, whose safety and efficacy have undergone significant improvements due to technological advances in the field. We presented a review of the literature outlining the various aspects of atherosclerotic carotid stenosis and the findings of several randomized controlled trials conducted to settle the debate between endarterectomy and stenting for carotid stenosis.
Concept of Vidradhi WSR to abscess: an ayurvedic review
Authors: Gujjarwar Shriniwas , Arya Poonam
Published: November 2021

Ayurveda, a characteristic arrangement of medication, started in India over 3,000 years prior. The term Ayurveda is taken from the Sanskrit words ayur (life) and veda (science or information). In this manner, Ayurveda means information on life. In the wake of Collecting the information from various samhitas, ayurvedic texts and current books. Acharya sushruta- the father of Indian surgery has logically characterized in a foundational way an abundance of clinical material and the standards of the board for vidradhi, which are legitimate even today. "Sheegra vidhahivat'' meaning of vidradhi itself recommends the destructiveness of the disease. Vidradhi word is advanced from vidra, i.e, a painfull condition like pricking, stabbing or cutting sensation in the skin. The infection Vidradhi (abscess) is a typical infirmity disturbing mankind and debilitate the victim for his standard work. It presents as a limited expanding with torment, red discoloration,local rise of temperature, delicacy and confined capacity of impacted part. it is normal in India with second most noteworthy frequency because of helpless disinfection, stuffing and deficient sustenance. Around the world, roughly 40-50 million individuals are contaminated every year with amoebic abscesses.  The current exploration article is intended for relative investigation of Vidradhi and Abscess as far as Samprapti (Pathophysiology), Lakshanas (Clinical elements) and Chikitsa (Treatment) affirms that Vidradhi and Abscess can be comparable disease entities.
Avaliação educacional nas graduações tecnológicas: desafios durante a pandemia
Authors: Barrichello Alcides , Kanaane Roberto , Pamboukian Sergio , Queiroz Lucileila do Rosário
Published: November 2021

Esta pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa, procura refletir sobre os métodos avaliativos utilizados antes e durante o período de distanciamento social provocado pela pandemia de covid-19, utilizando uma rede pública de instituições de ensino superior profissional do estado de São Paulo como objeto de estudo. A partir do referencial teórico e do questionário enviado aos docentes e gestores da rede, a percepção dos respondentes acerca da avaliação do processo de aprendizagem dos alunos das graduações tecnológicas, em comparação a procedimentos utilizados antes das medidas de isolamento, sugere a necessidade de revisão sobre a prevalência de conteúdos a serem avaliados e reflexão sobre a mensuração dos resultados esperados dos alunos de cursos superiores de educação profissional.
Performance Assessment of the Heat Exchanger with and without a Coating of Hybrid Nanoparticles the User Cooling System in Solar Heating Systems
Authors: Sultan Khalid Faisal , Jabal Mohammed Hassan , Jaddoa Ameer Abed
Published: November 2021

The aim of this article was to examine the effect of hybrid nano – coating that could potentially impact the enhancement of heat transfer coefficient of distilled water, Reynolds number, and temperature through a swirl heat exchanger, as well as the indicator of the effect Zeta voltage in the coating process. In this experimental work, type of coating used was Aluminum (Al) + Aluminum oxide Al2O3. Outcomes of study showed that the coating of heat exchanger is much better than without coating in improving the thermal properties for liquids passing through heat exchanger as well as increasing the heat exchange through the surface of the exchanger. Results in the article indicated that the use of hybrid nano – structure coating is for inducing the feature of super – hydrophobicity for the surface that touches the fluid included within the heating transferring. Such feature can make an increase in the heating transferring factor and a decreasing in power losing produced via friction. This article indicated that the Zeta voltage analysis is to show the stability of the hybrid nanofluids used in the coating process. The enhanced technology depends upon the concept that exists in nature under the name “Lotus effect” to get super-hydrophobic surfaces. The rate of improvement in heat transfer using hybrid nanoparticles is 33% compared to that without coating condition.
Review of Desiccant in the Drying and Air-Conditioning Application
Authors: Ramli Muhammad Safwan Asyraf , Misha Suhaimi , Haminudin Nor Faizah , Rosli Mohd Afzanizam Mohd , Yusof Ahmad Anas , Md Basar Mohd Farriz , Sopian Kamaruzzaman , Ibrahim Adnan , Abdullah Ahmad Fazlizan
Published: November 2021

Desiccant is a hygroscopic substance generally used in the dryer and air-conditioning system as a drying agent. The function of desiccant is to remove moisture from the air to reduce the humidity of the surrounding air been conditioned. This paper presents several works on the performance of desiccant material in the drying and air-conditioning application. It puts focus on the various advantages and disadvantages of the use of desiccant as a drying agent. There are some advantages of using desiccant include consistent drying and low energy usage. However, there are several disadvantages of using desiccants which are low capacity for moisture absorption and pressure drop in solid desiccant. Solar drying applications have some advantages such as being comparatively cheaper than other methods and less risk of spoiling the product. On the contrary, drying applications have disadvantages include being lower in comparison to the original foodstuff and drying foods eventually leads to shrinkage. The advantages of using desiccant in air-conditioning applications offer dehumidified fresh air to keep the building's temperature in a comfortable range and enhances water recovery efficiency. There are disadvantages such as desiccant will substantially impact the system's performance and desiccant should be cooled after completely dried.
Linking theory and practice in teacher training: pandemic lessons from three countries (Russia, Kazakhstan and Slovakia)
Authors: Baklashova Tatiana A. , Bulatbayeva Kulzhanat N. , Marcos Juan Jose Mena , Plavcan Peter
Published: November 2021

The objective of this comparative study devoted to the theoretical and practical training of future teachers (as e.g. French as a foreign language) in the context of Covid-19 is conditioned by the challenge that the pandemic represents for social institutions, by the global trends of the evolution of teacher training, by national priorities in the implementation of professional training in Russia, Kazakhstan, Slovakia as well as by the institutional educational strategies of the universities of the above-mentioned countries (Federal University of Kazan, National University Eurasian named after LN Goumilev and Comenius University of Bratislava). In this article, we analyze the institutional contexts of the training of future French teachers under the conditions of Covid-19 and from the point of view of changes in content and procedural aspects as well as the evaluative component of their professional training. The research priority was to assess the influence of pandemic conditions on the quality of the training of future French teachers and on the degree of training of their teaching skills, as well as to identify and justify a certain number of principles of the future training of French teachers. The study is based on systemic and task-based approaches. Research data was provided by 20 teachers and 44 university students from Russia and Kazakhstan; and by 11 students from Comenius University in Bratislava. The authors performed a reflexive-systematic analysis of educational activity and a qualitative factor analysis of unstructured interviews. The research results indicate the potential of integrating the theoretical and practical training of a future teacher of French in a pandemic environment, respecting a number of principles: 1) modularity; 2) polymodality (multimedia); 3) continuity of the contents of disciplines and practices; 4) dialogue between educational actors; 5) combination of assessment tools from theoretical and practical disciplines. The transition from face-to-face to distance training as well as the presence of gaps in digital teaching constitute a particular challenge in the training of future French teachers. The results of the study can be used for the development of educational programs for the training of French teachers and the implementation of joint research in the field of comparative pedagogy.
Success and Challenges in MOOCs: A Literature Systematic Review Technique
Authors: Chansanam Wirapong , Poonpon Kornwipa , Manakul Theeradej , Detthamrong Umawadee
Published: November 2021

The rapid evolution of massive open online courses (MOOCs) has attracted widespread media coverage to the propensity of conventional education methods to disrupt readily available and free or cheap content delivery. MOOCs enable the possibility to offer students, even throughout the leastserved parts of the globe, access to high-quality learning. MOOCs are progressively seen as a possibility for millions worldwide who want free or low-cost educational opportunities. The students just required a well-established internet connection to register for MOOCs. However, at the same time, Where MOOCs have such options of openness and flexibility, there are some challenges to MOOCs that are present as well. In this article, we have tried to examine all possible factors contributing to MOOCs and learners as a success, along with the challenges faced by MOOCs.
Financial efficiency of the municipal waste management system on the example of selected cities in Poland
Authors: Stachowicz Monika
Published: November 2021

Purpose of the study: The municipal waste management system covers all activities related to waste, and its organization is a mandatory task of the local government. The system is financed by income from fees paid by property owners in the commune and should be balanced. The aim of the paper is to assess the functioning of waste management systems in selected cities in Poland, in terms of their self-financing.

Methodology: The comparative analysis covered the revenues and expenses related to municipal waste management systems as well as the fee rates in 2020. In some cases, the change of the phenomenon over time was analyzed.

Main findings: In seven out of ten analyzed cities, the system was deficient, while the other ones generated a surplus, which could result from an increase in the fee rates. Compared to other cities, high rates do not cause a surplus of the system, an example of which is Łódź. The presented data, concerning the last two or three years, are insufficient to explain clearly what is behind the shortages of municipal waste management systems.

Application of the study: The content of the paper may be useful for local government practitioners and other people dealing with the effectiveness of municipal finance.

Originality/Novelty of the study: The municipal waste management system in communes, described in the paper, is used in Poland since 2013 and is still being modificated. There are no studies on its effectiveness and efficiency. The presented data may inspire to a deeper analysis, which should be subjected to the financial efficiency of municipal waste management systems in the time perspective.
Enterprise capital - Definition, theory and determinants of the structure
Authors: Walczak Marcin
Published: November 2021

Purpose of the study: The main goal of the article is to define the company's capital, the concept of which in the literature is insignificant and broad. The subject of the research is also the characteristics of the capital structure and the factors that determine it.

Methodology: The main research method was a critical review of the literature in the field of shaping the capital structure of enterprises, also in the perspective of the evolution of the theory of the optimal capital structure and the factors determining it.

Main findings: The most common definition of capital describes this concept as a source of financing for the activities of an enterprise, and therefore equates it with the balance sheet concept of liabilities. The sources of origin of funds financing business activities forces the managers to search for their optimal structure ensuring the proper relationship between the planned profit and the acceptable level of risk. The literature presents many theories of capital structure and factors shaping it. When shaping the share of equity and borrowed capital in the total of liabilities, one should take into account the business sector of the enterprise, its environment and the risk appetite of the managers.

Application of the study: The presented attempt to define the company's capital is in line with the considerations on this subject so far and aims to standardize this concept in the literature. The cross-section of the theory of capital structure allows for a historical approach to this issue and confirmation of the multidimensionality of the presented issues. The presented factors shaping the capital structure of enterprises specify the areas on which managers should focus when looking for an optimal relationship of equity and foreign capital.

Originality/Novelty of the study: The issue of defining capital and its optimal structure is not new in the literature. However, it requires permanent analysis, which is conditioned by the volatility of macroeconomic and microeconomic conditions. Difficulties in a universal approach to this subject also force detailed research in specific industries and economic conditions.
The role and importance of the European Union and the WHO (World Health Organization) in ensuring social safety during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Molendowska Magdalena
Published: November 2021

Purpose of the study: The object of the analysis is to evaluate the effectiveness of the measures taken by international organizations in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic and thus to assess the effectiveness in ensuring public security. Two very important organizations were chosen for the analysis – the European Union, whose competences resulting from treaty provisions do not directly concern health, and in contrast – the World Health Organization (WHO), which was established to promote, ensure, and protect health.

Methodology: The paper was prepared based on critical analysis of literature and the uncontrolled observation method.

Main findings: The methods, forms of action and measures adopted to combat the pandemic, both by the EU and the WHO, cannot be described as fully effective. This was due to many reasons, different for both organizations, including lack of experience, adequate preparation, response time, information flow, access to vaccines, etc. Nevertheless, both organizations played a very important role. The EU has played and continues to play an integrating role, providing a sense of solidarity in the fight against the pandemic. The WHO, in turn, acts as an authority in the medical field, its guidelines and recommendations are credible to most of the international community.

Application of the study: The presented article refers to the issue of security in a crisis situation, which is the COVID-19 pandemic. It implies reflections in such scientific fields as, among others security, healty and psychology. In addition, the study may be relevant to the discussion on strengthening the competences of the EU and WHO.

Original/Novelty of the study: The subject matter addressed is very timely, in fact we are all caught up in the problem identified. The fight against the pandemic is still on and the current assessment is probably only a fraction of the research that can be fully presented once the pandemic is over. Therefore, the article may serve as an inspiration to continue deliberations about this topic. Perhaps only the invention of an effective drug, rather than a vaccine for COVID-19, can be declared a battle won.
"Physical factors affecting the strength of arm wrestling"
Authors: Hirai Hideo , Miyahara So , Otuka Akira
Published: November 2021

Arm-wrestling is known as an easy-to-use, friendly play or competition. Since arm-wrestling is won by involving the opponent's arm and falling down, it is said that the size of the body frame, the grip strength, which is the gross muscle strength of the entire arm, or the effective mechanical activity of the muscle groups is important. However, there has been no research on the factors that are effective in winning arm wrestling. Therefore, we examined the factors necessary to win arm wrestling by examining the arm wrestling rate and forearm length, weight, grip strength, and maximum internal rotation vector value of the shoulder joint by using 16 healthy 20-22 years old as subjects. The relationship was examined statistically by Spearman's correlation coefficient. Then, using a multiple regression analysis, the winning rate of arm wrestling was analyzed as a dependent variable, and items with significant correlation were analyzed as independent variables. As a result, it was found that the winning rate of arm wrestling has a high correlation between forearm length and the maximum internal rotation vector value of the shoulder joint, and the latter is particularly involved.
How Important Is Liver Damage During COVID-19?
Authors: EBİK Berat , EKİN Nazım , BACAKSIZ Ferhat , KILIÇ Jihat
Published: November 2021

Aim: The present study aimed to examine the prevalence of liver dysfunction in patients hospitalized due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to investigate the role of liver dysfunction in predicting intensive care unit admission and mortality.
Material and Methods: A total of 2168 patients who had no previously known chronic liver disease and were found to be COVID-19 positive on polymerase chain reaction test were divided into mild and severe COVID-19 groups. The effect of the development of liver damage on the course and prognosis of COVID-19 was investigated.
Results: Elevated liver enzymes developed in 26.3% (n=461) of the patients with mild COVID-19 and in 45.3% (n=189) of the patients with severe COVID-19. The highest ALT and AST elevation was detected in patients using more than one drug with antibiotics (p<0.001). Severe hepatitis developed in 1.4% (n=25) of the patients with mild COVID-19 and 6.5% (n=27) of the patients with severe COVID-19 (p<0.001). There was a weak negative correlation between ALT and albumin (p=0.017, r=-0.497), while a weak positive correlation with bilirubin (p=0.024, r=0.352), a moderate positive correlation with ferritin (p=0.016, r=0.504), and a weak positive correlation with INR (p=0.022, r=0.383) were found in patients with severe COVID-19.
Conclusion: The results showed that 30% of COVID-19 patients had impaired liver function of varying severity and that liver damage was more common in patients with severe COVID-19. It was also determined that liver damage occurring during COVID-19 was an indicator of intensive care requirement and the mortality risk.