bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Adults With Chronic Illnesses
Authors: Demirtepe-Saygili Dilek
Published: April 2022

The chapter aims to examine the adaptation to the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic process of adults previously diagnosed with a chronic illness. Chronic illnesses negatively affect a person's psychosocial functioning as well as their physical health. When the COVID-19 pandemic entered people's lives, a higher risk was expected for individuals with chronic illnesses. Several studies were conducted to understand their COVID-19 adaptation process and psychosocial consequences. Studies revealed high levels of depressive and anxious symptoms as well as non-compliance, fear of COVID-19, isolation, and loneliness. From another viewpoint, individuals with chronic illnesses were also able to cope with COVID-19-related stressors and some of them experienced better well-being outcomes. Online and telehealth interventions were offered for people in need of psychosocial support. The pandemic experience helped people develop an understanding of the management of health threats and a multidimensional perspective toward health.
Effects of COVID-19 on OCD Severity and Coping Strategies
Authors: Hounton Manuella
Published: April 2022

In early 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 Virus made its appearance and has, since then, substantially impacted our lives. Those with mental health issues have been significantly impacted and are still adjusting. Multiple studies since then have been conducted to study its effects. This literature review aims to expand on the research conducted regarding the effects of COVID-19 on patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). After briefly reviewing research articles, coping and management techniques were discussed. Lastly, future research suggestions are provided. Five research studies are reviewed, and all of the results reveal that the pandemic has worsened OCD severity. For example, results of the Khosravani et al. study, which included 270 participants, showed that stress reactions related to compulsive checking and contamination exacerbated patient's OCD. A study by Tanir et al., which included 61 participants, discovered that contamination obsessions and cleaning or washing compulsions increased during the pandemic. Additionally, a study by David et al. with 30 participants found that contamination symptoms, particularly along with remitters, showed a worsening of OCD when compared to pre-COVID levels. Regarding coping mechanisms, patients with OCD used instrumental support, religion, denial, and self-blame when dealing with changes to their disorder. Researchers have advised therapists to monitor patients' screen time, since that's one of the ways that OCD levels of those with contamination, hygiene, and cleanliness obsessions tends to worsen. As for future directions, researchers should aim for longitudinal studies, which would fully measure the effects of the pandemic on OCD. The chapter concludes by elaborating on suggestions, since a vaccine is now available.
Domestic Violence and Child Abuse
Authors: Blackwell Brianna Victoria
Published: April 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic revealed unforeseen consequences for those already experiencing domestic abuse, violence, or child abuse with intensified, new, and recurring stressors, which made individuals more susceptible to abuse. The stressors covered in this literature review include isolation, mental health issues, economic or job instability, parental stress or burnout, global social and economic crisis, school and protective services closures, limited access to childcare, the threat of contagion, grief, and increased alcohol and drug consumption or abuse. Due to the nature of government-mandated stay-at-home orders and mass closures intended to stop the spread of COVID-19, victims have had few options for outreach to friends, family, or to protective services. This literature review identifies the current stressors throughout the COVID-19 pandemic that can increase risk factors for domestic abuse, violence, and child abuse.
Answers to the Crisis in the Tourism Sector in a COVID Environment
Authors: Pimentel de Oliveira Danielle , Granados Ramón Hernando , Cely Andrade Sandra Liliana
Published: April 2022

In an unstable environment, amid a global crisis, creativity and innovation still remain as effective tools for local development. Tourism was strongly affected by COVID-19 due to the severe restrictions on travel imposed as a security measure, but it is an actor capable of promoting development in the territories. For this reason, it is beginning to take on a special role in destinations that wish to bet on local idiosyncrasies as a path towards sustainable tourism based on local resources. In this sense, the orange economy is presented as a tool that, together with tourism, offers the necessary instruments to enhance the value of the locals. This chapter presents the Orange Cluster Initiative for the State of Boyacá, Colombia focused on the tourism sector. It is concluded that orange tourism can become a recovery of post-COVID-19 tourism, serving as an element of sustainable union between local agents, tourists, and the environment.
Recognition of Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage for the Sustainability of Tourism
Authors: Sonuç Nil
Published: April 2022

This chapter is designed to portray how sustainability for cultural heritage tourism management can be ensured through recognition of the tangible and intangible cultural heritages. Creating a bridge among people, the recognition of the intangible and tangible cultural heritages brings their revaluation for more sustainable tourism and opens the way to their acknowledgement in tourism industry practices. The chapter gives an overall idea of the tangible, intangible, and mixed cultural heritages in Turkey, representing one of the most prominent destinations in the world for the richness of its cultural heritage. Academic studies and the reports related to cultural heritage recognition practices in Turkey and the world are revised to bring recommendations and to develop a base for the discussion of practical implications for sustainable cultural heritage tourism management in Turkey. The study aims to be inspirational for both theoreticians and practitioners to create brighter cooperative projects.
Supply Chain Resilience as a Productive Relocation Strategy for Multinational Companies
Authors: Vargas-Hernández José G. , Higuera María Fernanda
Published: April 2022

This chapter aims to critically analyze the implications that the national protectionist policies have on the global supply and value chains and the relocation of production. The analysis is based on the assumptions that the global economy is facing the possibility of decoupling of many trade connections, and this trend favors deglobalization processes that have long been promoted by populism, nationalism, and economic protectionism. It is concluded that global supply, production, and value chains, although being economically efficient, are no longer any more secure under national protectionist policies, and therefore, the relocation of production processes is mainly due to the increase in the level of income and wages of the developing countries that are the destination and which reduce the advantages to relocate.
Supply Chain Resiliency, Efficiency, and Visibility in the Post-Pandemic Era in China
Authors: Yu Poshan , Liu Ziqi , Hanes Emanuela
Published: April 2022

The sudden COVID-19 pandemic had a serious impact on the catering industry, and lockdown policies put a strain on the food supply chain. However, online food delivery (OFD) services have played an important role in the fight against the epidemic in the catering industry. In this chapter, the authors analyzed the development of keywords attributed to supply chains in the academic view by investigating the core selection of Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, respectively, and drew keywords cluster graphs of Chinese catering supply chain by using CiteSpace. The contrastive analysis shows that more attention has been turned to supply chain resiliency, efficiency, and visibility in the post-pandemic era. Moreover, this chapter discusses whether and how Chinese OFD platforms contribute to the food supply chain. The results show that these OFD platforms, with domestic policy support, internet technologies, and the ecosystem advantages, have effectively enhanced supply chain resiliency, efficiency, and visibility.
The Influence of Cybersecurity Attacks on E-Governance
Authors: Shah Imdad Ali , Habeeb Riyaz Ahamed Ariyaluran , Rajper Samina , Laraib Areeba
Published: April 2022

The use of e-government is growing as the world is progressively becoming more interconnected. However, data security systems must be designed to address new and effective vulnerabilities that are increasing due to emerging technological innovations. In the dynamic and ever-changing world, the issues and challenges of protecting information infrastructure are growing. Due to various vulnerabilities in the system, these networks are vulnerable to cyber-attack. As a result, it is critical to speed security efforts that include application software and infrastructure to provide an efficient governance system without the risk of being rigged. It has been observed during review of associated articles that limited studies have been done on e-governance and cyber-attacks. The cyber-attacks influence e-governance and damage public trust. The main objective of this chapter is to review the last 15 years of associated research articles, and the result will be a comparison of every five years. The findings provide potential recommendations and solutions.
The Consequences of Integrity Attacks on E-Governance
Authors: Hussain Manzoor , Talpur Mir Sajjad Hussain , Humayun Mamoona
Published: April 2022

With the development of new advanced technology, people's expectations and grievances of improving services and values in all aspects of life are growing. Changes in technology are offering better solutions to problems, hence improving existing systems. At the same time, new technologies are presenting new security and privacy violations. As information resources become more digitized, infrastructure and digital data are also facing increasing challenges. For advanced nations, the security parameters and optimization techniques have been thoroughly tested and are in good working order. However, these issues have yet to be adequately addressed in developing countries. An unauthorized person applies several different methods and techniques in the modern age for getting self-profit. The major goal of the research is to discover and assess the implications of integrity attacks and threats that have been used in e-governance research during the last 15 years. This research will be supported in assessing the security of various organizations that are working under e-governance.
Digital Archives and Data Science
Authors: Tasker Kate , Taketa Rachel , Macquarie Charles , Deardorff Ariel
Published: April 2022

This chapter describes work by the UCSF Industry Documents Library to develop resources, programs, and initiatives to support data science work with a diverse audience in the fields of health sciences, history of medicine, public health policy, and tobacco control. The Industry Documents Library (IDL) is a digital archive of over 15 million documents created by industries impacting public health, hosted by the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Library. The chapter describes the public health impact of industry documents research, highlights several examples of computational projects conducted by IDL scholars, outlines the IDL's developing plans for using data science techniques to assist with large-scale digital collection appraisal and metadata enhancement, and discusses how the IDL is expanding its collaborations with the UCSF Library's Data Science Initiative and Archives and Special Collections departments to further develop impactful data science programs across the university.
An Approach to Supporting Teaching With Data in the Social Sciences
Authors: Hayslett Michele , Bardeen Angela , Olson Kayla
Published: April 2022

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is moving rapidly toward integrating data literacy and data science in the undergraduate curriculum. This study interviewed instructors across the social sciences to identify ways the university libraries could improve and expand support for teaching undergraduates with data. While the library already offers an extensive suite of data support services, instructors were not always aware of all the services available. In addition to expanded outreach, the study identified three areas in which to expand the library's services: helping instructors obtain data for teaching, extending course-specific and direct-to-student support, and expanding workshop instruction for working with data. It includes advice for libraries wanting to build new data services.
Family Literacy
Authors: Pacheco Patricia , Mata Lourdes
Published: April 2022

In this chapter, the authors intend to highlight the importance of family literacy in the development of children's emergent literacy, stressing the school/family partnership as fundamental for development. They propose to develop this chapter taking into account three main topics: 1) the involvement and participation of families in education, 2) family literacy, 3) (re)thinking the intervention in the context of family literacy. In the first two topics, they highlight some models and empirical studies that support the relevance of involving families in their children's learning, along with the implications and benefits for the various actors involved. They also highlight the evidence of the diversity of environments and practices that parents develop with their children. The third topic suggests some principles and strategies underlying family literacy interventions in early childhood education contexts, along with some clues and activities that facilitate greater parental involvement and the support of meaningful learning.
Nickel Porous Compacts Obtained by Electrical Discharge Consolidation
Authors: Fernández Fátima Ternero , Urban Petr , Lopez Raquel Astacio , Louvier Rosa María Aranda , Martos Juan Manuel Montes
Published: April 2022

A commercially pure (c.p.) nickel powder was consolidated by Electrical-Discharge-Consolidation (EDC technique), using an equipment based on the technology developed for the welding industry (stud welding). The main advantage of the EDC technology is its high speed, in the order of the millisecond, which makes it particularly interesting when a high final porosity is aimed, or when the inherent nanostructure of the powders needs to be preserved. The working pressure was 100 MPa, but compacts were consolidated both directly from loose powders and from previously cold pressed green compacts (with 400, 700 and 1000 MPa). The discharge conditions were always fixed (voltage of 200 V, and electrical capacity of 132 mF), but different experiments were carried out varying the number of discharge cycles (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30), maintaining the applied pressure between cycles. Porosity and micro-hardness measurements were carried out on the final compacts.
Corrosion Resilience of 2101 LDX Duplex Stainless Steels in Varying Sulphate Anion Concentrations
Authors: Loto Roland Tolulope
Published: April 2022

The general and localized corrosion resilience of 2101 LDX duplex stainless steel (2101ST) was assessed in specific concentrations of H2SO4 electrolyte by Potentiodynamic polarization, potentiostatic evaluation, open circuit potential analysis and optical illustration characterization. Data output shows 2010ST exhibited sufficient resistance to general corrosion (0.28 mm/y and 1.01 mm/y) at low concentrations of H2SO4 solution (1M and 2 M H2SO4) whose values correlates to polarization resistance of 42.47 Ω and 19.74 Ω. Further increment in H2SO4 concentration results in substantial increase in degradation rate which culminated at 58.32 mm/y at 6M H2SO4 and polarization resistance of 0.10 Ω. Due to the destructive action of SO42- anions. Corrosion potential shifts indicates dominant anodic dissolution reactions with respect to H2SO4 concentration. Metastable pitting activity was observed on the plot following anodic polarization but prior to passivation of the steel. The metastable pitting current and passivation potential of the steel grew with increase in H2SO4 concentration. This weakened the localized corrosion resistance of the steel at higher H2SO4 solution. This is evident in the decrease in passivation range values plot configuration. Open circuit potential plots depict significant passivation of the steel at 1M H2SO4 solution compared to the plot at 6M H2SO4 which indicates strong tendency to corrode despite its thermodynamic stability. Optical images of 2101ST exterior after corrosion at 1M H2SO4 solution shows mild surface deterioration coupled with miniature corrosion pits. This contrasts the morphology of the steel at 6M H2SO4 which showed the presence of deep and enlarged, corrosion pits, and a badly etched surface showing the grain boundary coupled with a severely degraded exterior.
Tailoring the Properties of Polyurethane Coatings with Epoxidized Bio-Polyol Spin-Coated onto Glass and P-Type Si(100) Substrates
Authors: Patricio Jonathan , Budlayan Marco Laurence , Arco Susan , Alguno Arnold C. , Lubguban Arnold A.
Published: April 2022

High-performance plastics or engineering polymers have been actively studied for various microelectronic applications as the demand for faster processing speeds increases. Taking advantage of its high Young’s modulus ideal for inter-layer dielectric applications, polyurethane (PU), a class of linearly-segmented polymer primarily made by reacting isocyanate and polyol, were deposited on borosilicate glass and p-type Si (100) substrates via spin coating method utilizing epoxidized soybean oil as a bio-polyol replacement. Optical micrographs showed that 100% ESBO-based PU coatings exhibited homogeneous and superior quality coatings in contrast to 50% ESBO-and 100% petroleum-based PU coatings as confirmed by scanning electron micrographs and EDX analysis. Based on the surface profilometry data, we found out that PU coatings with film thickness ranging from 6 μm to 28.5 μm can be achieved. FTIR-ATR analysis revealed that maintaining the stoichiometric ratio between O–H and N–C–O vibrational modes closer to unity is a vital factor to produce a high-quality PU coating regardless of the choice of substrate. The average bandgap energy of 4.35 ± 0.03 eV was estimated from the UV-vis reflectance spectra, and the electrical resistance of 107–1010 orders of magnitude was measured using a two-probe method which are typical for dielectric materials. Preliminary insights about the dielectric response of the fabricated PU coatings were investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and a low κ-value of 2.749 was calculated from the Nyquist plot of the 7.9-μm thick 100% ESBO-based PU coating deposited at 6000 rpm for 45 seconds. These promising results proved that PU coatings from bio-polyols can be tailored to achieve desired coating properties that are amenable for next-generation microelectronic packaging and curable photoresists.
Optimizing the Process Parameters of Hydro-Deep Drawing of Cylindrical Parts Using Fiber Metal Laminates
Authors: Sumon Foyjullah , Wang Yao , Qiang Wei , Khan Shahrukh
Published: April 2022

Forming Fiber Metal Laminates (FMLs) is still challenging. There are some inherent limitations to forming smaller and complex-shaped FML parts. In particular, the process parameters have a major impact on the final FMLs part. In this paper, several investigations were conducted to optimize these process variables. In the investigations, different Blank Holder Gap (BHG) thicknesses were used to predict the optimal range; variable Blank Holder Force (BHF) and Cavity Pressure (CP) were chosen to make the results more convincing. Based on the numerical analysis, it is found that the optimum BHF should be between 10 to 15 KN; CP has a range from 8 to 10 MPa; optimum BHG should be 1.0 mm. And through using these predicted process parameters, a successful Glare cup has been formed. Furthermore, the forming performance of the Glare material is improved and the laminate has shown better formability. Finally, optimized process variables can be used for mass production of FMLs parts.
Effect of Graphene Nanoplatelets on Mechanical Performance of GFRP Composites
Authors: Shabberhussain Shaik , Velmurugan Ramachandran
Published: April 2022

The carbonaceous nanofillers such as graphene nanoplatelets (GN) due to their unique properties have been increasingly used as nanofillers to improve the mechanical properties of FRP composites. In the present study, unidirectional glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites and GFRP composites with graphene nanoplatelets (GN-GFRP) are fabricated using vacuum bag process and hand layup method. The percentage of GN added in GN-GFRP composites is 0.1% and 0.5% in case of hand layup method and 0.5% in case of vacuum bag process. The specimens are tested under uniaxial tension and three-point bending to study the effect of GN on the tensile and flexural performance of GFRP composites. In case of composites fabricated using hand layup method, the tensile strength of GFRP composites increased by 35.8% and 40.4% with the addition of 0.1% and 0.5% GN respectively. The tensile modulus of GN-GFRP composites with 0.5% GN decreased by 11.8% compared to GFRP composites. The flexural strength of GN-GFRP composites with 0.1% and 0.5% GN are found to have increased by 6.5% and 5.3% respectively compared to GFRP composites. The flexural modulus of GN-GFRP with 0.1% GN increased by 11% and the same for GN-GFRP with 0.5% decreased by 8.2% compared to GFRP composites. The tensile strength and modulus of GN-GFRP composites fabricated using vacuum bag process decreased by 24.4% and 7.7% respectively compared to GFRP composites. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) investigation reveals that poor adhesion of resin with the fibers caused delamination in GN-GFRP composites fabricated using vacuum bag process resulting in reduction of tensile properties.
A Collaborative Critical Care Preceptorship for APRN Students
Authors: Çoruh Başak , Roberson-Wiley Gayle , Wright Cameron H. , Kritek Patricia A.
Published: April 2022

Advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) increasingly are caring for critically ill patients as a part of interprofessional teams, but new APRNs may have limited critical care exposure in their training. We created a 12-week critical care preceptorship for APRN students as well as a curriculum composed of daily case-based teaching. Student assessment methods included direct observation, pretests and posttests of critical care knowledge, and presurveys and postsurveys of perceptions about critical care skills. The average score on the knowledge pretest was 50% and increased to 74% on the posttest (N = 10). Students reported increased comfort in several aspects of managing critically ill patients after the preceptorship. Descriptive feedback noted that the preceptorship is distinctive, comprehensive, and focused on student education. The evolving intensive care unit will have increasing numbers of APRNs, and a collaborative preceptorship can improve critical care knowledge and perceptions of critical care skills in APRN students.
Nursing Mortality and Morbidity and Journal Club Cycles
Authors: Staveski Sandra , Leong Kit , Graham Katelyn , Pu Linda , Roth Stephen
Published: April 2022

The ability to perform professional scrutiny is a required component of autonomous practice, and the ability to use science to guide care delivery is a hallmark of professional practice. The cardiovascular intensive care unit staff initiated a forum for peer review to encourage the use of the best available evidence to guide system and practice changes. A focus group was formed, resulting in development and implementation of a specific process for regular cycles of nursing mortality and morbidity (M & M) conferences, a journal club, and interdisciplinary educational sessions in staff meetings. After performing several cycles, the team observed interdisciplinary practice changes that improved patient care delivery. Thus, cycles of nursing M & M conferences, a journal club, and educational sessions can help support patient safety, enhance professional autonomy, and foster evidence-based interdisciplinary practice in the cardiovascular intensive care setting.
Improving Glycemic Control With the Adjunct Use of a Data Management Software Program
Authors: Reed Charles C. , Richa Jacqueline M. , Berndt Andrea E. , Beadle Randy D. , Gerhardt Susan D. , Stewart Ronald , Corneille Michael
Published: April 2022

Background

Published studies have supported the implementation of tight glucose control (TGC) programs to improve patient outcomes and reduce mortality rates. However, measuring a program’s efficiency is challenging, because of a lack of systems that capture data, allow access to data, and support analysis and interpretation in a near prospective time frame. We hypothesized that providing clinicians access to real-time blood glucose (BG) results reports could improve the efficacy of our TGC program.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of BG data during a 12-month period in a surgical trauma intensive care unit at a level I trauma center. A unit-specific insulin algorithm was used throughout the study. We compared BG values before and after the implementation of a data management software program that allowed clinicians access to real-time BG results reports. Reports were run daily and weekly to monitor the unit’s TGC program.

Results

A total of 70 616 BG values from 1044 patients were analyzed. An overall decrease was observed in the BG level mean, from 121 mg/ dL to 112 mg/dL (P<.001), as well as a decrease in the aggregated mean across patients, from 132 mg/dL to 119 mg/dL (P<.001), after implementation of the software. The percentage of values within the target range of 80 to 110 mg/dL increased from 38.9% to 50.4% (P<.001). The percentage of BG values less than 70 increased from 2.7% to 3.4% (P<.001). However, the percentage of severe hypoglyce-mic episodes (≤40 mg/dL) remained unchanged.

Conclusions

Access to real-time aggregated BG data reports through the use of a data management software program improved the efficacy of our TGC program.
Providing Safe Passage
Authors: Dalley Carrie Bowman , Tola Denise H. , Kesten Karen S.
Published: April 2022

Rapid sequence intubation (RSI) is a lifesaving technique performed by advanced practice nurses when patients require endotracheal intubation but are at risk for gastric aspiration. In the acute care setting, the procedure often is indicated when critically ill or injured patients exhibit difficulty maintaining a patent airway and/or are displaying inadequate oxygenation and ventilation. The goal of this article is to provide advanced practice nurses with information that promotes safe and effective clinical decision making during RSI on the basis of the current state of the science. Standard RSI practices in stable patients are reviewed, and the need for individualized modifications of this “ideal” practice in unstable, critically ill patients is addressed. Factors predisposing a patient to difficult airway management, proper equipment, and patient preparation are highlighted, along with the relevant pharmacology. Finally, prevention of potential complications during RSI in the acute care setting is discussed.
Effects of Education on Nurse Confidence and Cardiac Surgical Glycemic Control
Authors: Destree Lani , Ludwig-Beymer Patti , Vercellino Mary , Rowe Amy
Published: April 2022

This research was conducted to (1) determine the relationship between nurses’ confidence levels using an endocrine order set after educational interventions and experience and (2) measure glycemic control after cardiac surgery with the use of order sets. Findings showed that nurses’ confidence increased with ongoing education and experience. Furthermore, tighter glycemic control was achieved on postoperative days 1 and 2, as the protocol was refined, and as the nurses became more comfortable with its use.
Energy Transition Meets Digital Transformation: Design and Implementation of a Comprehensive Carbon Emissions Estimation and Forecasting Platform
Authors: Rafiee Javad , Sarma Pallav , Gutierrez Fernando , Hilliard Ryan , Calad Carlos Mario , Angulo Oscar , Boyer Brian
Published: April 2022

With growing worldwide consensus about the impacts of climate change, the oil and gas industry faces unprecedented pressure to redefine itself, minimize its carbon footprint, and ultimately move towards net zero emissions. It is therefore imperative that the industry can easily and accurately measure its carbon footprint, forecast impact on emissions from operational decisions, monitor key sources of emissions and ultimately minimize it via operational and other optimizations. This need is further accelerated by regulatory, investor, consumer, and market forces, in many cases making it mandatory for corporations to report their carbon footprints. The objective of this work is to present the design and implementation of a carbon estimation and forecasting platform, henceforth called Aurion, to be the one-stop-shop for all the carbon needs of the oil and gas industry.

We leverage the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Subpart W model and the California Air Resources Board (CARB) OPGEE model as the underlying calculation engines for estimating carbon intensity and footprint. Subpart W is an equipment and inventory-based accounting approach to estimating carbon footprint, and is mandated by EPA for the oil and gas industry for all operations that emit more than 25000 MT of CO2 equivalent. OPGEE is a life-cycle assessment (LCA) tool that estimates the GHG emissions of petroleum production operations from reservoir to transport to the refinery. Using these well-known tools not only provides a robust, tested, and reliable approach to estimate carbon intensity, but also provides standardization and transparency to all calculations, thereby making it thoroughly auditable and consistent across an organization.

Aurion provides a user-friendly, cloud based, scalable interface to Subpart W and OPGEE, and allows users to seamlessly integrate various sources of data (public, private, third party) for continuous estimation and monitoring of GHG emissions across the whole organization. It further integrates with production forecasts to provide an estimate for future carbon footprint and intensity to understand the GHG impact of different operational plans. Additionally, the platform provides tools for collaboration, as estimating carbon intensity requires expertise and data from many domains. Sensitivity analysis is also implemented to understand key factors impacting carbon intensity for a field and helps the managers to make sustainable decisions and reduce their carbon footprint. Aurion also provides standard ESG frameworks and customizable surveys for understanding and documenting additional GHG emissions related issues. Finally, Aurion provides tools to aggregate, report and benchmark GHG emissions across an organization.
The Use of Localized Well-Drainage Reservoir Pressure Model in Fracturing Design and Optimization
Authors: Ekeregbe Merit P.
Published: April 2022

This study is to determine the effective use of localized reservoir pressure of each well drainage area in a multi-well reservoir system model to determine optimum fracturing design for production improvement.

A static bottom-hole pressure (BHP) survey may present different values for each well draining from the same reservoir but these different pressure values have not been incorporated into determining the performance of each individual well based on the pressure as seen by each well, rather an indeterminate average reservoir pressure is used. Fracturing as a concept of increasing reservoir permeability will further expose the well to reservoir pressure as seen by the individual well than the assumed single-value reservoir-wide pressure. This is so except when the fracture half-length is equal to the drainage length of the reservoir, connecting the whole reservoir to justify the single reservoir pressure effect if it is a single-well reservoir system. In reality, many reservoirs are multi-well reservoir systems and this simplified assumption may pose some drawbacks. The damaged wellbore area may truly be more exposed to the localized reservoir pressure as seen by the well than the apparent reservoir single value pressure assumed to determine drawdown and damage. In a multi-well reservoir system with each well-drainage area subjected to different reservoir pressures than the single reservoir pressure, fracturing and stimulation candidates screening may not present the actual effect of each well-drainage area static reservoir pressure.

This paper is to present a new model that incorporates the average reservoir pressure for whole reservoir system and the reservoir pressure as seen by individual wells in the determination of the drawdown and damage. The knowledge of the different pressures in different well locations in the reservoir system will be utilized to present a linear flow model in well fracturing to enhance better well performance.

With this new model, the actual and more realistic damage estimation and ways to achieve a linear flow for optimum performance through fracturing will be better understood. The effect of other flowing wells on the skin of the candidate well will enhance a better planning than is done now because the existing formulations are done with a single-well reservoir system in mind; no account for contributing skin of other flowing wells in the industry applied model approaches.
Offshore Liquefied Natural Gas LNG and Monetization
Authors: Alabi Femi Adeoye
Published: April 2022

Objectives/Scope

The development of gas market has been allowed to evolve with the introduction of the GMP (Gas Master Plan). A well-thought process plan of gas infrastructural development model that supports flexible growth of the local market, consolidation of strategic export and regional market expansion. The lock-in areas are expressly re-navigated for easy processing and gas transportation. This paper would contain a detailed striking difference between LNG and international pipeline gas business for all regions.

Methods, Procedures, Process

The GMP elements are created to assist or support the intentions of the government in solidifying the economy and policy formulation that entails natural gas pricing to tackle the long term price model problem. The hinterland gas networking and monetization and its untapped wealth should be evaluated and explored. FLNG can change the oil and gas business from a business and technical viewpoint by influencing the economic development of inaccessible offshore oil and gas fields.

Results, Observations, Conclusions

This section unveils the investment opportunity involved in GMP. By critically analyzing the GMP, it will reveal certain lapses like lack of proper regulatory, legal and policy framework, which are major challenges in the achievements of GMP aims and objectives. Across the world, gas flaring is currently reducing, and many countries are introducing new strategies like emission or anti-flaring policies and taxes to reduce gas wastage and pollution.

Novel/Additive Information

The government, on the other hand, needs to intervene by passing into law appropriate bills and implementing policies formulated in regards to the oil and gas industry. Closely analyzing monetization and Offshore LNG, a new understanding of the neglected issue of Supply Chain Management will be established for economic growth. This paper gives an insight on the FLNG, by looking into FLNG publications and some contributions from several energy studies such as the Institute of Energy Studies and others.
A Calculation Model for the Temperature Field of the Shallow Submarine Strata Considering the Heat of Hydration of Cement Slurry
Authors: Diao Haoyu , Fan Honghai , Leira Bernt Johan , Sangesland Sigbjørn , Ye Yuguang , Liu Yuhan , Zhou Fei , wu Bangchen , Sevillano Lucas Cantinelli , Yao Changqing
Published: April 2022

During offshore oil and gas resource exploration, the large amount of heat generated by cement hydration will cause the hydrates around the wellbore to decompose, leading to cementing operation failure or more serious types of accidents. Therefore, the influence of the heat on temperature of hydrate layer, overlying and underlying strata during the cementing process is studied in this paper. A calculation model for the temperature field of deep-water hydrate layer cementing is established. The model considers the influence of cement slurry hydration heat release, hydrate decomposition, and heat transfer between hydrate layer, overlying and underlying strata on temperature distribution of the hydrate layer, overlying and underlying strata. Using MATLAB language programming, the partial differential equations were solved by the difference method, and numerical simulations were carried out through simulated wells. The temperature distribution of drilling fluid, cement slurry, hydrate layer and strata during the deep-water cementing process is calculated. Through analysis, the following conclusions are obtained: 1. The cement hydration in the cementing process generates a lot of heat, which severely destroys the stable temperature and pressure conditions of the hydrate layer and causes a large amount of decomposition of the hydrate; 2. The decomposition of hydrate is a long-term process comparing with the cement hydration process. Therefore, the decomposition of hydrate during the cementing operation and for a period of time after completion will bring safety threats to the drilling and completion operations; 3. Considering the heat transfer between hydrate layer, overlying and underlying strata is more accurate to reflect the temperature change of the hydrate layer during the cementing process than only considering the heat exchange between the cement column and the hydrate layer; 4. Reducing the volume of the annulus between the conductor casing and the surface casing can effectively reduce the heat of hydration of the cement slurry, which is beneficial in order to reduce the impact of hydrate decomposition, so it is recommended to use a casing combination with a smaller annulus in the cementing through the hydrate layer. The models studied in this paper can more accurately predict the deep-water cementing temperature field of hydrate layers, provide safety guidance for cementing design in deep-water hydrate layer cementing operations, and lay a foundation for deep-water drilling stability studies.
Predict Drilling Equipment Failure Using AI-Based Sound Waive Analysis Methodology
Authors: Alsaif Saif Abdulmohsen , Alothman Tameem Saud
Published: April 2022

Using AI-Based sound wave analysis of drilling equipment to assess its health condition and to predict equipment failure by detecting anomalous sound patterns in both time and frequency domains, and apply predictive maintenance.

Machines can produce noise with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing, which is referred to as ultrasound (or ultrasonic sound). Thus, by listening to a wider sound spectrum, a better understanding of equipment state is achieved; and will lead to more accurate failure prediction methods. The process starts by capturing sounds via microphone. Then, Short Time Fourier Transform is used to convert time domain sound wave to its corresponding frequency domain. Both time and frequency domain signals are combined to form a two-dimensional spectrogram. This spectrogram is trained using an AI model to learn the difference between normal and abnormal equipment sounds. After training, the system identifies anomalous sounds the equipment might produce. Hence, generate an alert to the operational team to take actions, preventing equipment failure.

Compared to the human auditory system, the experimental results showed that the proposed method achieved significant improvement in anomalous sounds detection only for machines that can produce noise in the ultrasound region, while other machines achieved worse results compared to the audible sound region.
Evolution in the Development of Pre-Salt Carbonate Drill Bits in the Santos Basin
Authors: Lima Flank Melo de , Passos Adriano Gouveia Lima Gomes dos
Published: April 2022

The pre-salt reserves offshore from Santos basin represent a great opportunity and probably the most important recent oil discovery in Brazil. These carbonate reservoirs are currently drilled with various types of drill bits, and have proven to be a challenging environment. Since their discovery, there has been an incessant search for the development of drill bits that are able to drill these hard and, in some cases, very abrasive formations in a single run and with optimized drilling rates. In this way, the costs for wells construction would be increasingly reduced, which would further increase the attractiveness of the development of these fields in Santos basin. This paper presents the technological evolution employed in drill bits, from the beginning of the exploratory campaign in Santos basin until newer developments, newer PDC bits designs, and geometric cutters currently used in pre-salt carbonate drilling. In addition, the contractual improvements and results are also presented, showing consistent evolution of ROP and perforated extension over the years, with the development and use of new drill bits in Petrobras.
Pile Driving in Heavily Overconsolidated Clays
Authors: Stevens Robert F. , Millan Carlos , Gupta Umesh , Park Gavin
Published: April 2022

Results are presented for the driving of 48-in.-diameter open-ended piles in heavily overconsolidated clay for a fixed offshore platform located about 28 miles off the northeast coast of Trinidad. A comparison of observed and predicted blow counts, measured maximum driving stresses, the energy transmitted to the pile, and the soil resistance to driving for different damping factors are presented. The results of signal matching analyses also are presented.
Strategic Roadmap for Digitalized Asset Lifecycle Management
Authors: Kusumawardhani Mayang , Johansen Jan-Viggo , Markeset Tore
Published: April 2022

The oil and gas industry is facing an increasingly complex world, characterized by the diffusion of digital emergence, sustainability awakening, and the seemingly continuous pandemic. To keep their competitive advantage, companies need to map their organizational strategy to prepare for what lies ahead. asset lifecycle management (ALM) is an integral part of oil and gas facilities and could not escape from this diffusion as well.

Digital advancement in ALM has been proliferating for years as companies strive to catch up with current development while anticipating future requirements. The pandemic has massively accelerated the pace of digital advancement of the organization and changed the role of ALM in the organization and the way it's executed. Thus, this paper arises from the motivation to share knowledge in ALM digital efforts with companies of mutual background.

In the paper, we will discuss the current drivers in asset management and how these drivers stir the transformation of asset integrity management (AIM) into ALM. The paper will also discuss how the holistic lifecycle approach and sustainability are retrofitted as part of the organization's transformation that is needed for long-term competitive advantage in the digital age. Finally, a fit-for-purpose roadmap for strategic ALM digitalization will be presented, along with the possibility for further research.
Standardization of Procurement Equipment Specifications: Establishing a Strong Foundation for Oil & Gas Capital Project Development and Delivery
Authors: Postema Adri , Harris David , Berry Dominic
Published: April 2022

Operators need industry-wide standardization to manage the $3 trillion in CAPEX expenditure forecast for 2018-2025 (Global Data, 2018), while maintaining competitiveness and mitigating risks.

With the backing of the World Economic Forum, Joint Industry Program 33 (JIP 33) was initiated to drive industry-level standardization for procuring equipment items, moving the industry structurally – across the value chain - towards common engineering designs and solutions, established by means of cross-company and value-chain collaboration.

By 2022 over 50 standardized, freely available specifications will have been delivered. Their adoption by 12 major operators is being measured and is progressing well. This enables the program to capture and evaluate successes, challenges, key learnings and feedback. The program has also established a process for future maintenance of JIP33 specifications in order to achieve sustained benefits.

The success of JIP33 is measured, within the operating companies and the wider industry, by the extent of adoption and use of the JIP33 specifications. This requires aligning corporate engineering and procurement processes with JIP33 methodology, embedding the JIP33 specifications in company systems, and using JIP33 specifications as default on projects, with a policy of ‘no deviations’.

In 2019-2021 JIP33 specifications have been downloaded over 110,000 times from the IOGP website. Supplier feedback indicates cost savings of up to 50% and a potential reduction of 65% in supplier engineering hours could be achieved if the specifications become industry standard designs. Key information that is filtered through constructive feedback from vendors during the purchase process, has led to a series of recommendations for further improving existing JIP33 specifications. These now become part of a structured maintenance process. JIP33 is closely collaborating with Standards Development Organisations to ensure that valuable learning can be included in updates of the international parent standards.

Industry networks have been established to engage with engineering contractors and suppliers to create awareness of JIP33, and to further efforts in advocating the use of JIP33 specifications across the wider oil and gas industry.

This paper will present the status of the JIP33 program after 5 years. It will showcase some of its early successes, challenges and learnings. Learnings from the adoption and use of the specifications by the JIP33 members will be discussed. Initiatives that further encourage operators, EPC's and suppliers to use the specifications will be shared.