bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Un patronato evanescente. La capilla española de La Haya durante la Guerra de Sucesión = An Evanescent Patronage. The Spanish Chapel in The Hague during the War of Succession
Authors: Bravo Lozano Cristina
Published: December 2018

El real palacio y la capilla de España en La Haya se convirtieron en objeto de conflicto entre Felipe V y los miembros de la Gran Alianza durante la guerra de Sucesión. Mediatizada por las alternativas diplomáticas, la actividad religiosa del oratorio atravesaría distintas realidades políticas, sociales y confesionales, particularmente tras la salida del representante regio filipino, Francisco Bernardo de Quirós, y como consecuencia del impago de deudas de diversa naturaleza. Ante la incapacidad madrileña para garantizar su continuidad, la propiedad, el patronato y la vida pública de los capellanes proseguirían al servicio de varios legados europeos, pasando de una gestión portuguesa hasta las diferentes reclamaciones de los ministros de la Casa de Austria y, durante el congreso de Utrecht, de los plenipotenciarios del rey Felipe. Esta historia particular de un ámbito religioso católico permitirá ahondar en la relevancia otorgada a las dinámicas confesionales en un mundo, el diplomático, donde se iría imponiendo la razón de Estado como su naturaleza privativa en los albores del Setecientos.The royal palace and the Spanish chapel in The Hague became a matter of dispute between Philip V and the members of the Grand Alliance during the War of the Spanish Succession. Mediated by diplomatic alternatives, the religious activity of the chapel went through different political, social and confessional realities, particularly after the Philip’s representative, Francisco Bernardo de Quirós, left the embassy, and as consequence of the non-payment of debts and taxes. Due to the incapacity of the court of Madrid to guarantee its continuity, the property, patronage and the public life of the chaplains resumed in the service of several European legates, from the Portuguese management to the claims of Habsburg ministers and, during the Congress of Utrecht, the plenipotentiaries of the King Philip. This study focuses on a Catholic space which shows the significance of confessional dynamics in diplomacy where the reason of State would be prevailed as its private nature at the beginning of the 18th century.
Algunas características del proceso de entrega de dotes a jóvenes que trabajaban en familias por la Casa de la Misericordia de Sevilla = Some Characteristics of the Process to Give Dowries to Young Women who Worked in Families by the House of Mercy of Sevilla
Authors: Rivasplata Varillas Paula Ermila
Published: December 2018

Esta investigación se centra en las dotes entregadas a mujeres pobres por una institución religiosa castellana, ubicada en Sevilla. Dotes de legados testamentarios que administraba este organismo. Este trabajo es una aproximación a la labor realizada por la casa pía de la Misericordia en la entrega de dotes a jóvenes pobres que habían trabajado en una institución familiar como criadas en forma continua por un lapso largo de tiempo, convirtiéndose en una ayuda al amo para cumplir con su promesa de dote.This investigation centres on the dowries gave to poor women for a religious Castilian institution located in Seville and the dowries of testamentary legacies that this organism was administrated. This work is an approximation to the labour realized in the pious house of the Mercy in the delivery of dowries to poor young women for having been employed at a familiar institution as servant at constant form for a long space of time, turning into a help to the owner to fulfil with his dowry promise.
Reseña de: García Espada, Antonio, El imperio mongol
Authors: Martínez Shaw Carlos
Published: December 2018

García Espada, Antonio, El imperio mongol, Madrid, Editorial Síntesis, 2017, 342 pp., ISBN: 9788491710516.
The Benefits of Enterprise Architecture for Library Technology Management: An Exploratory Case Study
Authors: Searle Sam
Published: December 2018

This case study describes how librarians and enterprise architects at an Australian university worked together to document key components of the Library’s “as-is” enterprise architecture (EA). The article covers the rationale for conducting this activity, how work was scoped, the processes used, and the outputs delivered. The author discusses the short-term benefits of undertaking this work, with practical examples of how outputs from this process are being used to better plan future library system replacements, upgrades, and enhancements. Longer-term benefits may also accrue in the future as the results of this architecture work inform the Library’s IT planning and strategic procurement. This article has implications for practice for library technology specialists as it validates views from other practitioners on the benefits for libraries in adopting enterprise architecture methods and for librarians in working alongside enterprise architects within their organizations.
Gaps in IT and Library Services at Small Academic Libraries in Canada
Authors: Hoover Jasmine
Published: December 2018

Modern academic libraries are hubs of technology, yet the gap between the library and IT is an issue at several small university libraries across Canada that can inhibit innovation and lead to diminished student experience. This paper outlines results of a survey of small (<5,000 FTE) universities in Canada, focusing on IT and the library when it comes to organizational structure, staffing, and location. It then discusses higher level as well as smaller scale solutions to this issue.
The “Black Box”: How Students Use a Single Search Box to Search for Music Materials
Authors: Dougan Kirstin
Published: December 2018

Given the inherent challenges music materials present to systems and searchers (formats, title forms and languages, and the presence of additional metadata such as work numbers and keys), it is reasonable that those searching for music develop distinctive search habits compared to patrons in other subject areas. This study uses transaction log analysis of the music and performing arts module of a library’s federated discovery tool to determine how patrons search for music materials. It also makes a top-level comparison of searches done using other broadly defined subject disciplines’ modules in the same discovery tool. It seeks to determine, to the extent possible, whether users in each group have different search behaviors in this search environment. The study also looks more closely at searches in the music module to identify other search characteristics such as type of search conducted, use of advanced search techniques, and any other patterns of search behavior.
President’s Message: Imagination and Structure in Times of Change
Authors: Kim Bohyun
Published: December 2018

A report on the work of the Steering Committee investigating the proposed merger of LITA with ALCTS (Association for Library Collections and Technical Services) and LLAMA (Library Leadership and Management Association) and the four working groups.
Conformação dos membros pélvicos de fêmeas bovinas Holandesas em diferentes idades
Authors: Casagrande Fernando Passon , Ferreira Paulo Marcos , Carvalho Antônio Último de , Facury Filho Elias Jorge , Amorim Jader Bastos , Pozzatti Pricilla , Kasper Neliton Flores
Published: December 2018

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a conformação dos membros pélvicos de fêmeas bovinas da raça Holandesa desde o nascimento até a vida adulta. Foram utilizados 210 animais, divididos em sete categorias com 30 animais cada: (C1) bezerras do nascimento até os 3 meses de idade; (C2) bezerras dos 3 aos 6 meses de idade; (C3) bezerras dos 6 meses a 1 ano de idade; (C4) novilhas de 1 ano de idade até o parto; (C5) vacas de uma lactação; (C6) vacas de duas lactações; (C7) vacas de três ou mais lactações. A conformação dos membros pélvicos foi avaliada na sua vista lateral, vista caudal e grau de abdução (locomoção). As conformações dos membros pélvicos na vista caudal e locomoção apresentaram desvios da conformação normal em uma alta proporção nos animais com idade superior a 1 ano, enquanto a conformação dos membros pélvicos na vista lateral apresentou um baixo número de animais com alterações. Conclui-se que a conformação dos membros pélvicos, vista caudal e locomoção apresentou maior variação com a idade e mudança de categoria produtiva dos animais avaliados.
Prevalência das afecções podais em vacas leiteiras da região sul do estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil
Authors: Pozzatti Pricilla Nascimento , Casagrande Fernando Passon , Dórea Marcus Dantas , Menezes Borges Luiz Felipe Nunes , Porfírio Lenir Cardoso , Pinheiro Hyran Bernardes , Amaral Ribeiro da Silva Paulo Cesar
Published: December 2018

O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal realizar o levantamento das principais afecções podais que acometem os bovinos na região do sul capixaba do estado do Espírito Santo. Foram avaliadas propriedades leiteiras contemplando diferentes sistemas de produção, classificados nas categorias extensivo, semiconfinamento e confinamento. De 1225 vacas leiteiras examinadas, 25 apresentaram pelo menos um tipo de lesão podal, identificando-se um total de 64 lesões. A prevalência das afecções podais foi de 2,04%. Das afecções de casco, 82,10% ocorreram nos membros posteriores e 17,90% nos membros anteriores. As afecções de maior frequência encontradas no presente estudo foram erosão de talão (18,75%), dermatite interdigital (14,07%), pododermatite séptica e dermatite digital (10,94% cada), e úlcera de sola (9,37%). O conhecimento da prevalência das afecções podais na região sul do Espírito Santo nos permite identificar possíveis falhas de manejo existentes e estabelecer medidas profiláticas de maneira mais eficiente.
Whole-genome comparisons of Penicillium spp. reveals secondary metabolic gene clusters and candidate genes associated with fungal aggressiveness during apple fruit decay
Authors: Wu Guangxi , Jurick II Wayne M , Lichtner Franz J , Peng Hui , Yin Guohua , Gaskins Verneta L , Yin Yanbin , Hua Sui-Sheng , Peter Kari A. , Bennett Joan W
Published: December 2018

Blue mold is a postharvest rot of pomaceous fruits caused by Penicillium expansum and a number of other Penicillium species. The genome of the highly aggressive P. expansum strain R19 was re-sequenced and analyzed together with the genome of the less aggressive P. solitum strain RS1. Whole genome scale similarities and differences were examined. A phylogenetic analysis of P. expansum, P. solitum, and several closely related Penicillium species revealed that the two pathogens isolated from decayed apple with blue mold symptoms are not each other’s closest relatives. Among a total of 10,560 and 10,672 protein coding sequences respectively, a comparative genomics analysis revealed 41 genes in P. expansum R19 and 43 genes in P. solitum RS1 that are unique to these two species. These genes may be associated with pome fruit–fungal interactions, subsequent decay processes, and mycotoxin accumulation. An intact patulin gene cluster consisting of 15 biosynthetic genes was identified in the patulin producing P. expansum strain R19, while only a remnant, seven-gene cluster was identified in the patulin-deficient P. solitum strain. However, P. solitum contained a large number of additional secondary metabolite gene clusters indicating that this species has the potential capacity to produce an array of known, as well as not-yet-identified products, of possible toxicological or biotechnological interest.
Reconstructing an unusual specimen of Haplocanthosaurus using a blend of physical and digital techniques
Authors: Wedel Mathew J , Atterholt Jessie , Macalino Jeff , Nalley Thierra , Wisser Gary , Yasmer John
Published: December 2018

A partial skeleton of a sauropod dinosaur, Museum of Western Colorado 8028, was recovered from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation near Snowmass, Colorado, USA, and in 2014 it was referred to Haplocanthosaurus sp. The material includes four proximal caudal vertebrae, which are unique in having strongly amphicoelous vertebral bodies, in which the centrum is reduced to a thin vertical plate of bone between the concave articular surfaces, and neural canals that are laterally and ventrally expanded and strongly sloped relative to the centrum. To reconstruct the soft tissues that left these traces on the skeleton, we rebuilt these vertebrae using both physical and digital techniques. We CT scanned the specimens, generated digital models, 3D-printed the vertebrae, physically sculpted missing material onto the printed models, optically scanned the sculpted vertebrae to create second-generation digital models, and finally, retro-deformed and articulated those digital versions of the vertebrae. The spaces between the deeply amphicoelous caudal centra were likely filled by large, ellipsoidal intervertebral discs, as in the amphicoelous vertebrae of Sphenodon and gekkotan lizards. The expanded neural canals remain enigmatic. In ostriches, the lumbosacral spinal cord is expanded laterally and ventrally in each vertebra, lending the spinal cord a shape that roughly resembles beads on a string. Similar spinal cord morphology might explain the expanded neural canals in the Snowmass Haplocanthosaurus, but it is not clear why a relatively small-bodied, small-tailed sauropod would need such a spinal expansion, given that similar expansions have not been reported in larger-bodied and larger-tailed taxa.
Gi/o protein-coupled receptors in dopamine neurons inhibit the sodium leak channel NALCN
Authors: Philippart Fabian , Khaliq Zayd M
Published: December 2018

Dopamine (D2) receptors provide autoinhibitory feedback onto dopamine neurons through well-known interactions with voltage-gated calcium channels and G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels. Here, we reveal a third major effector involved in D2R modulation of dopaminergic neurons - the sodium leak channel, NALCN. We found that activation of D2 receptors robustly inhibits isolated sodium leak currents in wild-type mice but not in NALCN conditional knockout mice. Intracellular GDP-βS abolished the inhibition, indicating a G protein-dependent signaling mechanism. The application of dopamine reliably slowed pacemaking even when GIRK channels were pharmacologically blocked. Furthermore, while spontaneous activity was observed in nearly all dopaminergic neurons in wild-type mice, neurons from NALCN knockouts were mainly silent. Both observations demonstrate the critical importance of NALCN for pacemaking in dopaminergic neurons. Finally, we show that GABA-B receptor activation also produces inhibition of NALCN-mediated currents. Therefore, we identify NALCN as a core effector of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors.
Dogs can be trained to find a bar magnet
Authors: Martini Sabine , Begall Sabine , Findeklee Tanja , Schmitt Marcus , Malkemper E. Pascal , Burda Hynek
Published: December 2018

Magnetoreception, the ability to sense the Earth’s magnetic field (MF), is a widespread phenomenon in the animal kingdom. In 1966, the first report on a magnetosensitive vertebrate, the European robin (Erithacus rubecula), was published. After that, numerous further species of different taxa have been identified to be magnetosensitive as well. Recently, it has been demonstrated that domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) prefer to align their body axis along the North–South axis during territorial marking under calm MF conditions and that they abandon this preference when the Earth’s MF is unstable. In a further study conducting a directional two-choice-test, dogs showed a spontaneous preference for the northern direction. Being designated as putatively magnetosensitive and being also known as trainable for diverse choice and search tests, dogs seem to be suitable model animals for a direct test of magnetoreception: learning to find a magnet. Using operant conditioning dogs were trained to identify the MF of a bar magnet in a three-alternative forced-choice experiment. We excluded visual cues and used control trials with food treats to test for the role of olfaction in finding the magnet. While 13 out of 16 dogs detected the magnet significantly above chance level (53–73% success rate), none of the dogs managed to do so in finding the food treat (23–40% success rate). In a replication of the experiment under strictly blinded conditions five out of six dogs detected the magnet above chance level (53–63% success rate). These experiments support the existence of a magnetic sense in domestic dogs. Whether the sense enables dogs to perceive MFs as weak as the Earth’s MF, if they use it for orientation, and by which mechanism the fields are perceived remain open questions.
Remains of Leatherback turtles, Dermochelys coriacea, at Mid-Late Holocene archaeological sites in coastal Oman: clues of past worlds
Authors: Frazier John G. , Azzarà Valentina , Munoz Olivia , Marcucci Lapo Gianni , Badel Emilie , Genchi Francesco , Cattani Maurizio , Tosi Maurizio , Delfino Massimo
Published: December 2018

Small, irregular isolated bones identified as remains of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) were recovered from Mid to Late Holocene sites at Ra’s al-Hamra and Ra’s al-Hadd, coastal Oman. These provide the third instance of this animal being documented from any prehistoric site anywhere, and the records provide one of the oldest, if not the oldest, dates for this distinctive chelonian—even though they do not refer to fossils. Decades of research in this region has yielded vast amounts of archeological information, including abundant evidence of intense exploitation and utilization of marine turtles from about 6,500 to 4,000 BP. During part of this period, turtle remains in human burials have been extraordinary; the turtle involved, Chelonia mydas, has been abundant in the region during modern times. Yet despite intense and varied forms of prehistoric marine resource exploitation, and major, long-term archeological work, no other turtle species has been previously authenticated from these, or other coastal sites. The documentation of remains of the largest and most distinctive of living marine turtles, D. coriacea, at Ra’s al-Hamra and Ra’s al-Hadd, presented herein, provide detailed information that serves as the basis for future interpretations and discussions regarding incomplete, disarticulated remains from the Mid to Late Holocene, particularly in reference to taphonomic questions and diverse environmental conditions.
Niche modeling for the genus Pogona (Squamata: Agamidae) in Australia: predicting past (late Quaternary) and future (2070) areas of suitable habitat
Authors: Rej Julie E. , Joyner T. Andrew
Published: December 2018

Background

As the climate warms, many species of reptiles are at risk of habitat loss and ultimately extinction. Locations of suitable habitat in the past, present, and future were modeled for several lizard species using MaxEnt, incorporating climatic variables related to temperature and precipitation. In this study, we predict where there is currently suitable habitat for the genus Pogona and potential shifts in habitat suitability in the past and future.

Methods

Georeferenced occurrence records were obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, climate variables (describing temperature and precipitation) were obtained from WorldClim, and a vegetation index was obtained from AVHRR satellite data. Matching climate variables were downloaded for three different past time periods (mid-Holocene, Last Glacial Maximum, and Last Interglacial) and two different future projections representative concentration pathways (RCPs 2.6 and 8.5). MaxEnt produced accuracy metrics, response curves, and probability surfaces. For each species, parameters were adjusted for the best possible output that was biologically informative.

Results

Model results predicted that in the past, there was little suitable habitat for P. henrylawsoni and P. microlepidota within the areas of their current range. Past areas of suitable habitat for P. barbata were predicted to be similar to the current prediction. Pogona minor and P. nullarbor were predicted to have had a more expansive range of suitable habitat in the past, which has reduced over time. P. vitticeps was predicted to have less suitable habitat in the past when examining the region of their known occurrence; however, there was predicted growth in suitable habitat in Western Australia. Both 2070 models predict a similar distribution of habitat; however, the model produced using the 2070 RCP 8.5 climate change projection showed a larger change, both in areas of suitable habitat gain and loss. In the future, P. henrylawsoni and P. microlepidota might gain suitable habitat, while the other four species could possibly suffer habitat loss.

Discussion

Based on the model results, P. henrylawsoni and P. microlepidota had minimal areas of suitable habitat during the Last Glacial Maximum, possibly due to changes in tolerance or data/model limitations, especially since genetic analyses for these species suggest a much earlier emergence. The predicted late Quaternary habitat results for all species of Pogona are conservative and should be compared to the fossil record which is not possible at the moment due to the current inability to identify fossil Pogona to the species level. P. nullarbor and P. vitticeps future models predict substantial habitat loss. P. nullarbor could potentially be considered vulnerable in the present since it already has a restricted range, and a conservation plan may need to be considered.
A Fallacy Analysis of the Arguments on the First U.S. Presidential Debate Between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump
Authors: Santoso Jennifer Marella
Published: December 2018

This research studies the fallacy in the arguments on the first 2016 U.S. presidential debate between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. This research is aimed to find out the fallacies occurred in the debate, the dominant fallacy made by each candidate, and the similarities and differences in each candidate’s fallacy. The topic on fallacy is chosen because fallacies are persuasive, yet misleading arguments which might contribute on influencing the people’s vote. In analyzing the data, the writer used the theory of arguments by Bierman and Assali (1996) and the theory of fallacy by Inch and Warnick (2011). From the total of 22 arguments, four of which are sound arguments. There is a total of 25 fallacies falling into six types which occurred. The most frequently occurred fallacy type is the “straw person” while the “audience-based” category becomes the dominant fallacy category. Furthermore, the writer found that Clinton made all of the sound arguments while Trump made all of the “hasty generalization” and the “ad populum” fallacy.
Gender Role Ideology in Pixar’s “Wall-E” and “Monsters University”
Authors: Putri Rosalia Tania
Published: December 2018

Animation films have increasingly evolved throughout the years. No longer just a medium to convey stories, films also become an agent to express one’s beliefs. In this thesis, I discuss how Pixar demonstrates their ideal gender role through their films, Wall-E and Monsters University, with the assumption that Pixar deconstructs traditional gender role to show Pixar’s belief that a character can only be successful when he or she is able to adopt traits from both extremes. In order to accomplish this, I use gender role theory. In the analysis, I find out that both films’s existing ideology is that masculine gender role traits are put in higher hierarchy. However, the main characters’s characterization shows gender role traits which debunk the existing ideology such that both masculine and feminine traits become equally important to adopt. As a result, I can see that Pixar supports androgyny through their main characters. I also discover that their ideology can be used for increasing their profit income.
Genetics of the Pathophysiology of Retinoblastoma
Authors: Lohmann Dietmar R , Gallie Brenda L
Published: December 2018

Retinoblastoma is a malignant tumour that originates from cone precursors of the developing retina and is usually diagnosed in children under age of 5 years. This tumour emerges from cells with inactivating alterations of both alleles of the tumour suppressor gene
RB1
. In nonheritable retinoblastoma, these two alterations have occurred in somatic cells and are not passed to offspring. Variant alleles of the
RB1
gene transmitted via the germline cause heritable predisposition to retinoblastoma and some other neoplasms (second cancers). In families, this trait shows autosomal dominant inheritance with variable phenotypic expression and incomplete penetrance. Analysis of genotype–phenotype associations has shown that the mean number of tumour foci that develop in carriers of mutant
RB1
alleles varies depending on which, and to what extent the mutant allele has retained functions of the normal allele. The
RB1
gene product, pRb, has a role in several cellular processes. One of its functions is to be a gatekeeper that negatively regulates progression through G
1
phase of the cell cycle. The
RB1
gene is imprinted and this may explain some of the observed parent‐of‐origin effects.

Key Concepts

Two‐step inactivation of the retinoblastoma gene (
RB1
) is a prerequisite for the development of retinoblastoma.

Germ‐line variants in the
RB1
gene can cause heritable retinoblastoma that is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity.

Variable phenotypic expression of heritable retinoblastoma is in part explained by allelic heterogeneity of
RB1
gene variants.

In patients with nonheritable retinoblastoma, the two alleles of the retinoblastoma gene are inactivated by somatic mutations.

The human
RB1
gene is imprinted with skewed expression in favour of the maternal allele.
Biological Redox Mediation in Electron Transport Chain of Bacteria for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts in Lithium–Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Ko Youngmin , Park Hyeokjun , Kim Jinsoo , Lim Hee‐Dae , Lee Byungju , Kwon Giyun , Lee Sechan , Bae Youngjoon , Park Sung Kwan , Kang Kisuk
Published: December 2018

Governing the fundamental reaction in lithium–oxygen batteries is vital to realizing their potentially high energy density. Here, novel oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts capable of mediating the lithium and oxygen reaction within a solution‐driven discharge, which promotes the solution‐phase formation of lithium peroxide (Li2O2), are reported, thus enhancing the discharge capacity. The new catalysts are derived from mimicking the biological redox mediation in the electron transport chain in Escherichia coli, where vitamin K2 mediates the oxidation of flavin mononucleotide and the reduction of cytochrome b in the cell membrane. The redox potential of vitamin K2 is demonstrated to coincide with the suitable ORR potential range of lithium–oxygen batteries in aprotic solvent, thereby enabling its successful functioning as a redox mediator (RM) triggering the solution‐based discharge. The use of vitamin K2 prevents the growth of film‐like Li2O2 even in an ether‐based electrolyte, which has been reported to induce surface‐driven discharge and early passivation of the electrode, thus boosting the discharge capacity by ≈30 times. The similarity of the redox mediation in the biological cell and lithium–oxygen “cell” inspires the exploration of redox active bio‐organic compounds for potential high‐performance RMs toward achieving high specific energies for lithium–oxygen batteries.
High‐Performance Ferroelectric–Dielectric Multilayered Thin Films for Energy Storage Capacitors
Authors: Silva José P. B. , Silva João M. B. , Oliveira Marcelo J. S. , Weingärtner Tobias , Sekhar Koppole C. , Pereira Mário , Gomes Maria J. M.
Published: December 2018

Herein, the effect of the insertion of a thin dielectric HfO2:Al2O3 (HAO) layer at different positions in the Pt/0.5Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3–0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 (BCZT)/Au structure on the energy storage performance of the capacitors is investigated. A high storage performance is achieved through the insertion of a HAO layer between BCZT and Au layers. The insertion of the dielectric layer causes a depolarization field which results in a high linearity hysteresis loop with low energy dissipation. The Pt/BCZT/HAO/Au capacitors show an impressive energy storage density of 99.8 J cm−3 and efficiency of 71.0%, at an applied electric field of 750 kV cm−1. Further, no significant change in the energy storage properties is observed after passing 108 switching cycles through the capacitor. The presence of resistive switching (RS) in leakage current characteristics confirms the strong charge coupling between ferroelectric and insulator layers. The same trend of the RS ratio and the energy storage performance with the variation of the architecture of the devices suggests that the energy storage properties can be improved through the charge coupling between the layers. By combining ferroelectrics and dielectrics into one single structure, the proposed strategy provides an efficient way for developing highly efficient energy storage capacitors.
Tissue Engineering for the Temporomandibular Joint
Authors: Acri Timothy M. , Shin Kyungsup , Seol Dongrim , Laird Noah Z. , Song Ino , Geary Sean M. , Chakka Jaidev L. , Martin James A. , Salem Aliasger K.
Published: December 2018

Tissue engineering potentially offers new treatments for disorders of the temporomandibular joint which frequently afflict patients. Damage or disease in this area adversely affects masticatory function and speaking, reducing patients' quality of life. Effective treatment options for patients suffering from severe temporomandibular joint disorders are in high demand because surgical options are restricted to removal of damaged tissue or complete replacement of the joint with prosthetics. Tissue engineering approaches for the temporomandibular joint are a promising alternative to the limited clinical treatment options. However, tissue engineering is still a developing field and only in its formative years for the temporomandibular joint. This review outlines the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the temporomandibular joint, clinical management of temporomandibular joint disorder, and current perspectives in the tissue engineering approach for the temporomandibular joint disorder. The tissue engineering perspectives have been categorized according to the primary structures of the temporomandibular joint: the disc, the mandibular condyle, and the glenoid fossa. In each section, contemporary approaches in cellularization, growth factor selection, and scaffold fabrication strategies are reviewed in detail along with their achievements and challenges.
Strategies for Building Robust Traffic Networks in Advanced Energy Storage Devices: A Focus on Composite Electrodes
Authors: Wang Yu , Fu Xuewei , Zheng Min , Zhong Wei‐Hong , Cao Guozhong
Published: December 2018

The charge transport system in an energy storage device (ESD) fundamentally controls the electrochemical performance and device safety. As the skeleton of the charge transport system, the “traffic” networks connecting the active materials are primary structural factors controlling the transport of ions/electrons. However, with the development of ESDs, it becomes very critical but challenging to build traffic networks with rational structures and mechanical robustness, which can support high energy density, fast charging and discharging capability, cycle stability, safety, and even device flexibility. This is especially true for ESDs with high‐capacity active materials (e.g., sulfur and silicon), which show notable volume change during cycling. Therefore, there is an urgent need for cost‐effective strategies to realize robust transport networks, and an in‐depth understanding of the roles of their structures and properties in device performance. To address this urgent need, the primary strategies reported recently are summarized here into three categories according to their controllability over ion‐transport networks, electron‐transport networks, or both of them. More specifically, the significant studies on active materials, binders, electrode designs based on various templates, pore additives, etc., are introduced accordingly. Finally, significant challenges and opportunities for building robust charge transport system in next‐generation energy storage devices are discussed.
A High Current Density Direct‐Current Generator Based on a Moving van der Waals Schottky Diode
Authors: Lin Shisheng , Lu Yanghua , Feng Sirui , Hao Zhenzhen , Yan Yanfei
Published: December 2018

Traditionally, Schottky diodes are used statically in the electronic information industry while dynamic or moving Schottky diode–based applications are rarely explored. Herein, a novel Schottky diode named “moving Schottky diode generator” is designed, which can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy by means of lateral movement between the graphene/metal film and semiconductor. The mechanism is based on the built‐in electric field separation of the diffusing carriers in moving Schottky diode. A current‐density output up of 40.0 A m−2 is achieved through minimizing the contact distance between metal and semiconductor, which is 100–1000 times higher than former piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators. The power density and power conversion efficiency of the heterostructure‐based generator can reach 5.25 W m−2 and 20.8%, which can be further enhanced by Schottky junction interface design. Moreover, the graphene film/semiconductor moving Schottky diode–based generator behaves better flexibility and stability, which does not show obvious degradation after 10 000 times of running, indicating its great potential in the usage of portable energy source. This moving Schottky diode direct‐current generator can light up a blue light‐emitting diode and a flexible graphene wristband is demonstrated for wearable energy source.
Ultrasmall MoOx Clusters as a Novel Cocatalyst for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zhang Huabin , Zhang Peng , Qiu Mei , Dong Juncai , Zhang Yongfan , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: December 2018

To enhance the performance of semiconductor photocatalysts, cocatalysts are used to accelerate surface reactions. Herein, ultrasmall molybdenum–oxygen (MoOx) clusters are developed as a novel non‐noble cocatalyst, which significantly promotes the photocatalytic hydrogen generation rate of CdS nanowires (NWs). As indicated by extended X‐ray absorption fine structure analysis, direct bonds are formed between CdS NWs and MoOx clusters, which guarantee the migration of photo‐generated charge carriers. Moreover, the MoOx clusters induce deep electron trap states owing to the unique atomic arrangement and configuration with the generation of long‐lived electrons to enhance the activity. These findings may guide the design of efficient cocatalytic materials for solar water splitting and open a new avenue toward practical applications of ultrasmall clusters.
Broadband Extrinsic Self‐Trapped Exciton Emission in Sn‐Doped 2D Lead‐Halide Perovskites
Authors: Yu Jiancan , Kong Jintao , Hao Wei , Guo Xintong , He Huajun , Leow Wan Ru , Liu Zhiyuan , Cai Pingqiang , Qian Guodong , Li Shuzhou , Chen Xueyuan , Chen Xiaodong
Published: December 2018

As emerging efficient emitters, metal‐halide perovskites offer the intriguing potential to the low‐cost light emitting devices. However, semiconductors generally suffer from severe luminescence quenching due to insufficient confinement of excitons (bound electron–hole pairs). Here, Sn‐triggered extrinsic self‐trapping of excitons in bulk 2D perovskite crystal, PEA2PbI4 (PEA = phenylethylammonium), is reported, where exciton self‐trapping never occurs in its pure state. By creating local potential wells, isoelectronic Sn dopants initiate the localization of excitons, which would further induce the large lattice deformation around the impurities to accommodate the self‐trapped excitons. With such self‐trapped states, the Sn‐doped perovskites generate broadband red‐to‐near‐infrared (NIR) emission at room temperature due to strong exciton–phonon coupling, with a remarkable quantum yield increase from 0.7% to 6.0% (8.6 folds), reaching 42.3% under a 100 mW cm−2 excitation by extrapolation. The quantum yield enhancement stems from substantial higher thermal quench activation energy of self‐trapped excitons than that of free excitons (120 vs 35 meV). It is further revealed that the fast exciton diffusion involves in the initial energy transfer step by transient absorption spectroscopy. This dopant‐induced extrinsic exciton self‐trapping approach paves the way for extending the spectral range of perovskite emitters, and may find emerging application in efficient supercontinuum sources.
Experimental Observation of Toroidal Dipole Modes in All‐Dielectric Metasurfaces
Authors: Xu Su , Sayanskiy Andrey , Kupriianov Anton S. , Tuz Vladimir R. , Kapitanova Polina , Sun Hong‐Bo , Han Wei , Kivshar Yuri S.
Published: December 2018

The study of toroidal dipole modes has attracted a growing attention due to the specific properties of the toroidal electromagnetic response which differs from more familiar electric and magnetic dipole modes. Herein, toroidal dipole modes generated by metasurfaces composed of trimer clusters of high‐index dielectric particles are observed. Both far‐field transmission measurements and direct near‐field mapping of the electromagnetic fields are performed in microwave experiments, and two distinct types of the toroidal dipole modes are observed in a single geometry of the metasurface design, where the toroidal modes are generated either inside of the three‐particle clusters (the so‐called intra‐cluster toroidal modes) or between the neighboring particles in the clusters (inter‐cluster toroidal modes). A transient response of the toroidal dipole modes excited by a pulse is studied in detail. Since the metasurface is composed of simple dielectric disks without the use of any metallic components, the proposed design can be feasibly scalable to both micro‐ and nanometer‐size dielectric structures, and it can be employed in the flat‐optics platform for realizing the beams shaping and efficient light–matter interaction for multiple hotspot energy localization, nonlinear frequency conversion, and highly efficient trapping of light.
Poly(Ionic Liquid) Nanoparticles Selectively Disrupt Biomembranes
Authors: Ewins Eleanor , Lira Rafael B. , Zhang Weiyi , Yuan Jiayin , Antonietti Markus , Robinson Tom , Dimova Rumiana
Published: December 2018

Polymer‐based nanoparticles have an increasing presence in research due to their attractive properties, such as flexible surface functionality design and the ability to scale up production. Poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) nanoparticles of size below 50 nm are very unique in terms of their high charge density and internal onion‐like morphology. The interaction between PIL nanoparticles and giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) of various surface charge densities is investigated. GUVs represent a convenient model system as they mimic the size and curvature of plasma membranes, while simultaneously offering direct visualization of the membrane response under the microscope. Incubating PIL nanoparticles with GUVs results in poration of the lipid membrane in a concentration‐ and charge‐dependent manner. A critical poration concentration of PILs is located and the interactions are found to be analogous to those of antimicrobial peptides. Microbial mimetic membranes are already affected at submicromolar PIL concentrations where contrast loss is observed due to sugar exchange across the membrane, while at high concentrations the collapse of vesicles is observed. Finally, a confocal microscopy–based approach assessing the particle permeation through the membrane is reported and a mechanism based on bilayer frustration and pore stabilization via particle integration in the membrane is proposed.
Nucleation‐Limited Ferroelectric Orthorhombic Phase Formation in Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 Thin Films
Authors: Lee Young Hwan , Hyun Seung Dam , Kim Hae Jin , Kim Jun Shik , Yoo Chanyoung , Moon Taehwan , Kim Keum Do , Park Hyeon Woo , Lee Yong Bin , Kim Baek Su , Roh Jangho , Park Min Hyuk , Hwang Cheol Seong
Published: December 2018

Various possibilities have been proposed as the cause of the doped‐ or undoped‐HfO2 thin film materials showing unusual ferroelectricity. These assumptions are based on empirical results, yet finding the origin of the unprecedented ferroelectricity within HfO2 has suffered from a serious gap between its theoretical calculation, mostly based on thermodynamic approach and the actual experimental results. To fill the gap, this study proposes to consider the kinetic energy, providing the evidence of the kinetic energy barrier upon a phase transformation from the tetragonal phase to the monoclinic phase affected by the TiN top electrode (capping layer). 10 nm thick Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 thin films are deposited and annealed with or without the TiN capping layer with subsequent annealing at different time and temperature. Arrhenius plot is constructed to obtain the activation energy for the tetragonal‐to‐monoclinic phase transformation by calculating the amount of the transformed phase using X‐ray diffraction pattern. Johnson–Mehl–Avrami and nucleation‐limited transformation models are utilized to describe the characteristic nucleation and growth time and calculate the activation energy for the monoclinic phase transformation of the Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 thin film. Both models demonstrate that the TiN capping layer provides a kinetic energy barrier for tetragonal‐to‐monoclinic phase transformation and enhances the ferroelectric property.
Cerebrofaciothoracic dysplasia: Four new patients with a recurrent TMCO1 pathogenic variant
Authors: Michael Yates Thabo , Ng Oon‐Hui , Offiah Amaka C. , Willoughby Josh , Berg Jonathan N. ,   DDD Study, Johnson Diana S.
Published: December 2018

Biallelic loss of function variants in the TMCO1 gene have been previously demonstrated to result in cerebrofaciothoracic dysplasia (CFTD; MIM #213980). The phenotype of this condition includes severe intellectual disability, as well as distinctive craniofacial features, including brachycephaly, synophrys, arched eyebrows, “cupid's bow” upper lip, and microdontia. In addition, nonspecific skeletal anomalies are common, including bifid ribs, scoliosis, and spinal fusion. Only 19 molecularly confirmed patients have been previously described. Here, we present four patients with CFTD, including three brothers from a Pakistani background and an additional unrelated white Scottish patient. All share the characteristic craniofacial appearance, with severe intellectual disability and skeletal abnormalities. We further define the phenotype with comparison to the published literature, and present images to define the dysmorphic features in a previously unreported ethnic group. All of our patient series are homozygous for the same c.292_293del (p.Ser98*) TMCO1 pathogenic variant, which has been previously reported only in an isolated Amish population. Thus we provide evidence that CFTD may be more common than previously thought. The patients presented here further delineate the phenotypic spectrum of CFTD and provide evidence for a recurrent pathogenic variant in TMCO1.
Hypermobility in individuals with Kabuki syndrome: The effect of growth hormone treatment
Authors: Schott Dina A. , Stumpel Constance T. R. M. , Klaassens Merel
Published: December 2018

Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a multiple congenital malformation syndrome which has been described across all ethnic groups. Most KS patients possess two genetic subtypes: KMT2D‐associated, autosomal‐dominant KS type 1 (KS1; OMIM 147920); and KDM6A‐associated, X‐linked‐dominant KS type 2. Generalized joint hypermobility is one feature of KS, but its exact incidence and pattern is not well described in the literature. As part of our prospective study on the metabolic and growth effect of GH treatment, we assessed children from our Dutch Kabuki cohort who were eligible for growth hormone therapy. We assessed severity and pattern of joint hypermobility, both before and after 24 months of growth hormone replacement therapy. The prevalence of hypermobility was 31% in boys and 14% in girls using the Beighton score and 69% in boys and 57% in girls using the Bulbena score. This varies from the general population where girls are more affected. After 2 years of growth hormone treatment, there was a statistically significant decrease in the presence of joint hypermobility to 6% using the Bulbena score and none with respect to the Beighton score. We hypothesized that this result suggests a direct effect of growth hormone on connective tissue in patients with KS.
Enrichment of pathogenic variants in genes associated with inborn errors of metabolism in psychiatric populations
Authors: Sriretnakumar Venuja , Harripaul Ricardo , Vincent John B. , Kennedy James L. , So Joyce
Published: December 2018

Many genetic conditions can mimic mental health disorders, with psychiatric symptoms that are difficult to treat with standard psychotropic medications. This study tests the hypothesis that psychiatric populations are enriched for pathogenic variants associated with selected inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs). Using next‐generation sequencing, 2046 psychiatric patients were screened for pathogenic variants in genes associated with four IEMs, Niemann‐Pick disease type C (NPC), Wilson disease (WD), homocystinuria (HOM), and acute intermittent porphyria (AIP). Among the 2046 cases, carrier rates of 0.83, 0.98, and 0.20%, for NPC, WD and HOM, and affected rates of 0.10 and 0.24% for NPC and AIP were seen, respectively. An enrichment of known and predicted pathogenic variants in the genes associated with NPC and AIP was found in the psychiatric cohort and especially in schizophrenia patients. The results of this study support that pathogenic variants in genes associated with IEMs are enriched in psychiatric populations. Underlying undiagnosed IEMs could account for the psychiatric symptomatology in a subset of psychiatric patients. Further studies are warranted to investigate the possibility that carriers for IEMs may have an increased risk for psychiatric disorders, particularly in the context of poor treatment response.
MnO2/Cr2O3/PANI nanocomposites prepared by in situ oxidation polymerization method: Optical and electrical behaviors
Authors: Mohammad Shafiee Mohammad Reza , Sattari Ahmad , Kargar Mahboubeh , Ghashang Majid
Published: December 2018

Metal oxide–polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite with spherical morphologies were prepared in a one‐pot oxidation–reduction method via various salts as reactive oxidants. Aniline monomers polymerize as a shell on the surface of one‐pot prepared metal oxides, when the aqueous solutions of aniline, a free‐radical oxidant, and/or a metallic salt were exposed together. The particle size and morphology of as‐prepared narrowly dispersed PANI nanocomposites were revealed by field emission scanning electron microscope images. Fourier transform infrared spectra of nanocomposites indicate that the PANI exists in the emeraldine form. The ultraviolet–visible analysis not only shows PANI is in the emeraldine form, but also indicates modified optical properties of PANI in the composite form. The hypsochromic shift of the n–π* and polaron transitions of PANI reveals the incorporation of PANI by metal oxides. The direct current (dc) electrical conductivity (σ) of as‐prepared nanocomposites was measured by a four‐probe method in the room temperature. Compared to PANI nanoparticles, the electrical conductivity of the composites increased with the presence of metal oxides in the nanocomposites. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47219.