bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound-Guided Hip Injections
Authors: Lynch T. Sean , Oshlag Benjamin L. , Bottiglieri Thomas S. , Desai Natasha N.
Published: January 2019

The diagnosis of hip pain can be difficult to isolate because the discomfort can originate from several locations and compensatory pain patterns. Pain generators can include the intra- and extra-articular hip structures, the lumbar spine, the pelvic floor, or a combination of these. It can also be referred as pain from the bowel, bladder, or reproductive organs. Injections into and around the hip have become an important part of both diagnostic and nonsurgical treatment algorithm for hip pain. The proximity of the hip to important neurovascular structures, lack of palpable anatomic landmarks, and deep location of targets can make use of ultrasonography-guided injections ideal. These injections have been growing in popularity in the orthopedic community because ultrasonography allows for a real-time visualization of dynamic anatomy without any radiation exposure to the patient and physician. The use of ultrasonography has allowed for in-office image guidance with improved accuracy for more targeted and advanced procedures. The patient’s response to these injections can help guide patient selection for surgery and allow for better pain control of the soft-tissue pathology that often accompanies intra-articular pathology. This article highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic value of ultrasonography-guided hip injections for an orthopedic practice. The focus is on sonographic anatomy, introduction to technique, common indications, and pearls and pitfalls of these procedures.
Fundamental Frequency of Laminated Composite Thick Spherical Shells
Authors: Zannon Mohammad
Published: January 2019

In this study, we apply third-order shear deformation thick shell theory to analytically derive the frequency characteristics of the free vibration of thick spherical laminated composite shells. The equations of motion are derived using Hamilton’s principle of minimum energy and on the basis of the relationships between forces, moments, and stress displacements in the shell.

We confirm the derived equations and analytical results through the finite element technique by using the well-known software packages MATLAB and ANSYS. We consider the fundamental natural frequencies and the mode shapes of simply supported spherical cross-ply (0, 90), (0, 90, 0), and (0, 90, 90, 0) laminated composite shells. Then, to increase accuracy and decrease calculation efforts, we compare the results obtained through classical theory and first-order shear deformation theory.
Genderdiversiteit en organisatiecriminaliteit: een systematische literatuurreview
Authors: Kluin Marieke , de Ruiter Lucy
Published: January 2019

Gender diversity and white-collar crime: a systematic literature review

Women are less likely to commit criminal acts than men. This gender gap appears to be particularly pronounced in white-collar crime. This systematic literature review examines existing theories, such as the situational hypothesis and the ‘gendered theory of focal concerns’ and evaluates to what extent they find support in empiricism. The results seem to offer the most support to the ‘gendered theory of focal concerns’. This nourishes the hypothesis that with an increase of women at positions in the upper tiers of the company ladder a decrease in the prevalence of white-collar crime can be expected. However, it is also possible that the explanation of corporate crime does not lie in a lack of femininity, but in a lack of gender diversity. Furthermore, limited access to informal criminal networks, the ‘old boys networks’, seems to play an important role in the gender gap of white-collar crime.
Vrijheidsbeneming in Nederland sinds 1837
Authors: Nieuwbeerta Paul
Published: January 2019

Detention in the Netherlands since 1837. An analysis of 180 years of prison statistics

This article studies the development in the prison system over the period 1837-2016 in the Netherlands. It describes trends in three characteristics of the Dutch prison system: (a) the number of prisoners, (b) the number of cells, and (c) the inflow of persons from the free society. The findings are twofold. On the one hand – when examining absolute numbers – the article shows that three distinct periods can be distinguished: a period of 140 years with low stable numbers (1837-1975), four decades in which the numbers tripled (1975-2005), and a subsequent decade where the numbers halved (2005-2016). On the other hand – when examining relative numbers, i.e. per 100.000 inhabitants, and thus controlling for the growth in population – the article displays that developments in the prison system in the Netherlands between 1837-2016 can best be characterized by a long-term continuous decrease in detention.
Pro-health training and diet in selected disease entities
Authors: Wojtanowski Wiesław
Published: January 2019

Healthy lifestyle, of which integral part is physical activity and proper diet, has an essential influence on the level of occurrence of various illnesses, as well as the length of human life. Positive aspects of physical activity include: removal of negative factors of contemporary life (stress, mental overload by intellectual work, hypokinesis), prevention the overload of motor organs and spinal pains, as well as diminution of the risk of occurrence of various illnesses like obesity, overpressure, atherosclerosis and diabetes. Besides, it toughens the organism and increases immunity. The diet of people who lead an active lifestyle should have high nutritive value, which means that it should provide proper quantity of energy mainly in form of carbohydrates (proper quantity of liquids with electrolytes is also very important). The main basis of every diet should be its diversity and balance. Besides, the diet must be adjusted to the treatment program of the disease. The aim of this dissertation is to present the influence of physical activity, pro-healthy exercises and proper diet on the treatment of the chosen diseases.
The effect of thermal processing
parameters on the mechanical
properties of aluminium alloy foam
Authors: Puspitasari D. , Ginta T.L. , Puspitasari P. , Mustapha M.
Published: January 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of three thermal processing
parameter called stress relieving on mechanical properties of the aluminium alloy foam.
Design/methodology/approach: The samples were undergone by stress relieving
method using vacuum furnace. Hardness measurement was carried out using microhardness
Vickers at 150 mN load and 15 s loading time. Compressive strength, plateau stress and
energy absorption were calculated using a universal testing machine.
Findings: It was found that the highest value of hardness of 192.78 Hv was obtained when
the stress relieving process is set with the following parameters: heating (500°C); holding
time (120 min) and stabilization temperature (450°C). Since higher heating temperature and
longer holding time produce sample with larger grain size and has an adverse effect on
the hardness value It was revealed that the mechanical properties of aluminium alloy foam
were enhanced when the heating temperature was decreased, holding temperature was
diminished and the stabilization temperature was increased. Overall, the presented results
showed that the thermal processing parameters such as heating temperature, holding time
and stabilization temperature have a significant influence on improving the mechanical
properties of aluminium alloy foam.
Research limitations/implications: The properties of closed-cell aluminium alloy
foam are highly sensitive and depend on the post heat treatment process. The processing
parameters should be controlled in order to manipulate the properties of closed-cell
aluminium alloy foam.
Originality/value: To investigate the influences of these processing parameters on the
physical and mechanical properties of the closed-cell aluminium alloy foam.
Investigations of the Influence of Ignition on the Dynamic Vivacity of Propellants
Authors: TRĘBIŃSKI Radosław , LECIEJEWSKI Zbigniew , SURMA Zbigniew
Published: January 2019

The paper presents an attempt to determine the dynamic vivacity functions of propellants with taking into account a parallel burning of the black powder igniter and the tested propellant. The approach is based on presented results of closed vessel tests, proving that the burning of the tested propellant starts before complete burning of the black powder igniter. Basing on closed vessel tests results for black powder, its dynamic vivacity function was determined. It was used for a prediction of the partial pressure of black powder combustion products in the case when black powder was used as an igniter. Dynamic vivacity curves are compared with the dynamic vivacity curves calculated at the assumption that the combustion of the main charge starts after the complete burning of the igniter. Obtained results show that the considered approach fails due to a very complex interaction between the igniter and the tested propellant.
Inspeção da Acessibilidade de Aplicativos Móveis Utilizando Software Leitor de Telas
Authors: Alberto Silva Carlos , Pimenta Freire André
Published: January 2019

A acessibilidade é um aspecto fundamental para possibilitar a interação de pessoas com deficiência com sistemas computacionais, em particular para pessoas com deficiência visual que utilizam sistemas leitores de tela. A disseminação do uso de aplicações em dispositivos móveis tem colocado novos desafios para designers e pesquisadores de Design da Interação. Ao contrário do contexto de aplicações para Web utilizadas em desktop, por exemplo, ainda há pouca disseminação de técnicas para auxiliar no desenvolvimento e avaliação da acessibilidade de aplicações para dispositivos móveis. Neste minicurso, apresentamos técnicas para a realização de inspeções de acessibilidade de aplicativos móveis (nativos e aplicativos com uso de recursos Web), com foco na utilização dos sistemas por pessoas com deficiência visual que utilizam sistemas leitores de tela. O minicurso aborda conceitos sobre acessibilidade e boas práticas para desenvolvimento mobile, demonstração de utilização de recursos para interação e navegação em aplicativos móveis por pessoa com deficiência visual, e práticas com análise de tipos específicos de componentes de interface.
A Saúde da Mulher e a Tecnologia: Uma Análise Heurística e Netnográfica do Aplicativo Clue
Authors: Rodrigues Kalissa , Salerno Larissa , Johnstone Luiza , Jesus Mayara , Silveira Milene
Published: January 2019

Com a difusão de aplicações para apoio a cuidados pessoais e a propagação do ciberfeminismo e do ativismo digital, surgem tanto aplicativos voltados à saúde da mulher quanto ciberespaços voltados ao tema. Neste cenário, avaliamos o Clue, um aplicativo para monitoramento de controle menstrual, o qual, além de ser bem avaliado nas lojas de apps, como a App Store e o Google Play, também conta com usuárias assíduas as quais utilizam grupos para discorrer sobre o funcionamento deste e dos assuntos que o aplicativo aborda (ciclo menstrual, período fértil, etc). Para esta avaliação, foi aplicado o método de Avaliação Heurística e realizado um estudo etnográfico online (Netnografia) sobre discussões pautadas sobre o tema em um grupo específico do Facebook. Foi constatado que a aplicação possui poucos problemas de usabilidade considerados catastróficos, porém existe uma quantidade considerável de usuárias que relatam dificuldades no manejo de algumas de suas funcionalidades.
PWA-EU: uma abordagem para o desenvolvimento de aplicações PWA baseadas em EUD
Authors: De Andrade Cardieri Giulia , Martinez Zaina Luciana
Published: January 2019

Interfaces adaptativas propõem a mudança de seu comportamento de acordo com determinadas características de uso, como preferências do usuário e contextos de uso. Progressive Web App (PWA) é uma nova técnica de desenvolvimento de aplicações móveis proposta pela Google, que mistura tecnologia de recursos de desenvolvimento web e nativo. Essas aplicações são inicialmente apresentadas como web e progressivamente, com o crescimento da relação do usuário e a aplicação, tornam-se mais completas e parecidas com aplicações nativas. Contudo, essa abordagem não dá a liberdade para o usuário atuar como um agente ativo e participar de escolhas na adaptação da interface durante a interação. Este projeto de mestrado tem como objetivo propor a abordagem PWA-EU, uma extensão da arquitetura de uma aplicação PWA, considerando a perspectiva do usuário final utilizando meta-design, uma abordagem de End-user development. Como contribuição deste trabalho, pode-se destacar a inclusão do usuário como agente ativo no processo de adaptação e explorar esse novo modelo de desenvolvimento que são as PWAs.
Interfaces adaptativas tangíveis e virtuais para ensino de lógica
Authors: Almeida Chagas Daniel , Sucupira Furtado Elizabeth , Ponte Lisboa Rafaela
Published: January 2019

A presente pesquisa busca trazer uma releitura dos trabalhos de Papert na criação de uma linguagem de programação para crianças, à luz da educação tecnológica (STEM) e das interfaces tangíveis. Propõe a criação, avaliação e adoção de artefatos físicos e virtuais no ensino de lógica e matemática para crianças, adaptadas a diferentes perfis de idade, aderentes aos requisitos de ensino da realidade escolar brasileira. Busca também investigar práticas para apoio ao professor na adoção de tecnologias na sala de aula.
Interacting with Digital Memorials in a Cemetery: Insights from an Immersive Practice
Authors: Maciel Cristiano , Carvalho Pereira Vinicius , Leitão Carla , Pereira Roberto , Viterbo José
Published: January 2019

This research analyzes how users that are also HCI designers behave in the interaction with digital memorials linked to graves through QRCodes. We carried out an immersive practice in the Consolação Cemetery (São Paulo, Brazil), where QRCodes are used to tag graves of famous deceased people and to guide the visitors in the site. The QRCode tags link the graves to an online application for digital memorials called MemoriAll. This paper presents an overview of the study and its main results, promoting discussion on the topic.
Self-Tracking Para Fertilidade: Apoio Colaborativo para um problema altamente personalizado
Authors: Costa Figueiredo Mayara , Caldeira Clara , L. Reynolds Tera , Victory Sean , Zheng Kai , Chen Yunan
Published: January 2019

Infertilidade é um problema de saúde global que afeta muitos casais. Tratamentos de fertilidade requerem monitoramento contínuo de múltiplos indicadores de saúde através de selftracking. Esse processo de coletar e interpretar dados de fertilidade é complexo e costuma afetar as mulheres mais intensamente. Nesse estudo, nós analisamos conteúdo gerado por pacientes em uma comunidade online focada em fertilidade com o objetivo de entender os desafios enfrentados por mulheres que realizam atividades de selftracking objetivando engravidar. Nós discutimos como um contexto complexo e altamente personalizado aumenta a responsabilidade, a pressão, e a carga emocional, assim como o papel da colaboração na criação das soluções individualizadas. Finalmente, nós sugerimos implicações para as tecnologias que visam apoiar mulheres que enfrentam problemas de fertilidade.
Sandor Katz and the Possibilities of a Queer Fermentive Praxis
Authors: Maroney Stephanie
Published: January 2019

Fermentation, when embedded in queer politics, offers a conceptual and material challenge to the ideology of purism that structures dominant understandings of health in the North American context. Through a close reading of Sandor Katz’s book Wild Fermentation and the author’s experiences at a 2014 summer residency at Katz’s Foundation for Fermentation Fervor, this article contributes to food studies scholarship exploring the transformative potential of fermentation. In his teaching and writing, Katz challenges the ideology of purism through a queer fermentive praxis that advocates for improvisation, microbial inspiration, and interdependent nourishment. This praxis demonstrates an imperfect, do-it-yourself (DIY) ethos of fermentation that empowers folks to experiment with found and foraged materials. Katz’s theorization of fermentation as social change heralds the queer shape-shifting of microorganisms as inspiration for human action. And, in the context of the queer rural community where he makes his home, Katz’s fermentive praxis cultivates interdependent, inter-species nourishment. This queer fermentive praxis activates the political potential of fermentation by refusing the dominant view of human beings as individuals engaged in purity projects of control and subordination. Instead, it imagines humans as co-constituted, deeply dependent subjects who are responsible to, and in service of creating conditions for flourishing of all kinds of life.
Our Palace of Intestines: An Art Project-in-Progress
Authors: Couch Amanda
Published: January 2019

Our Palace of the Intestines was the final part of a workshop, Extispicy in the Everyday: An Exploration of Human-Environment Binaries through the Gut, delivered at the 9th Society of Artistic Research conference, “Artistic Research Eats Itself” at the University of Plymouth, England, on April 11, 2018. It performs multiple acts of inter-embodiment and engages with live audience-participants.
Le sens du projet lévinassien : une spiritualité athée universelle pour un nouveau paradigme ?
Authors: Briançon Muriel
Published: January 2019

Afin d’éclairer le sens de la religiosité de la philosophie de Lévinas et d’écarter le soupçon d’une soumission de celle-ci à des dogmes ou à des croyances incompatibles avec un principe de laïcité, notre contribution vise à clarifier le sens de son projet général. L’intention lévinassienne, ambitieuse et visionnaire, consiste en l’explicitation philosophique, métaéthique et phénoménologique, de l’idée cartésienne de l’Infini, transcendance non idolâtrique surgissant de la relation humaine. Cette quête philosophique de l’extrême conscience suppose un athéisme ou du moins une mise en question de l’idolâtrie, du sacré et des dogmes. Cette spiritualité laïque universelle réalisée dans un judaïsme repensé conduit à des questions philosophiques essentielles et à un changement paradigmatique.
Réflexions portant sur le développement d’un programme de mathématiques pour les communautés d’Ivujivik et Puvirnituq au Nunavik
Authors: Bacon Lily , Rajotte Thomas
Published: January 2019

À la suite d’un colloque portant sur l’histoire du développement de l’éducation dans les communautés d’Ivujivik et de Puvirnituq, et d’un processus de révision de programme de formation de leurs enseignants, des leaders inuit en éducation formulent le souhait de réviser le programme de mathématiques actuellement en vigueur dans leurs écoles afin d’y intégrer les savoirs mathématiques inuit. Ce texte se veut une première réflexion permettant de situer cette demande par rapport aux mouvements de prise en charge de l’éducation par ces populations. Il aborde également les changements curriculaires réalisés dans ces territoires mais aussi, ailleurs au pays. La réflexion touche aussi la dimension épistémologique des savoirs mathématiques issus de mondes culturels différents et soulève un questionnement quant à leur articulation. Enfin, cet article constitue l’apport des partenaires universitaires dans les travaux et les processus collaboratifs qui ont cours depuis plus de 30 ans avec les acteurs en éducation des communautés d’Ivujivik et de Puvirnituq.
Identity, Community, and Technology: Reflections on the Facebook Group Inuit Hunting Stories of the Day
Authors: Castleton Alexander
Published: January 2019

In this article I reflect on a particular Inuit use of the social networking site Facebook: the group called Inuit Hunting Stories of the Day. I focus on two main issues. First, I discuss the logic behind current technologies as conceptualized by Albert Borgmann (e.g., 1984), who states that rather than being neutral tools, modern devices foster a particular “taking-up” with the world that leads to disengagement from community and meaningful practices. Arguing against this view, I discuss how Inuit Hunting Stories of the Day is an example of how the internet and Facebook are appropriated and provide meaningful engagement. Second, I follow anthropologist Claudio Aporta’s (2013) notion of ecology of technology and argue that the relationship between technology and Inuit has to be understood within an ecological framework that encompasses the broader context of political, economic, and social change, which are intertwined with the use, appropriation, adoption, and adaptation of technology. Drawing from the ecology of technology perspective, it is my central argument that technology and computer-mediated communication bring proximity to cultural practices, activities, and the land rather than provoking distance and alienation from reality, as commonly expressed in dystopian notions.
Law and Violence in the Colombian Post-Conflict: State-Making in the Wake of the Peace Agreement
Authors: Lemaitre Ripoll Julieta , Restrepo Saldarriaga Esteban
Published: January 2019

Colombia’s 2016 Peace Agreement with the FARC guerrilla extends beyond the end of the war and those measures for the disarmament, demobilization and reincorporation of former guerrillas. A large portion of the agreement is dedicated to the extension of the presence of the Colombian State into those areas of the country formerly under FARC control. The premise behind this extension, shared by Colombian elites as much as former guerrilla leaders, is that if the State remains absent then the areas will be occupied by criminal organizations interested in controlling the FARC cocaine trade, and, more generally, that the vast and sparsely populated territories will further descend into barbarism. This premise resonates with a long arc of persistent aspiration for a national identity that is shaped by the opposition between civilization and barbarism. Especially since the transformations effected by Colombia’s 1991 Constitution, the extension of civilization has been increasingly identified with the expansion of the rule of law and, therefore, with law’s mythical powers to order society and control barbarism. Under this premise, violence is equated to lawlessness and the remedy for violence assimilated to the expansion of the Estado social de derecho, the state form that embodies the rule of law in the Colombian Constitution. The foundational narrative of civilization versus barbarism, reflected by the hopes placed on the rule of law and the recipes for State-building by the 2016 Peace Agreement, continues to obscure the continuities between law and violence, and particularly the fact that the execution of legal institutions in formerly “lawless” territories maintains the violence of the moment of the adoption of legality. Both theoretical and empirical explorations of the present process of expansion of the Colombian State require critical examination of the hopes vested on law. A critical examination of this sort needs to engage with the continuities between law and violence explored in contemporary political philosophy and developed by Jean and John Comaroff’s ethnography. The productivity of this approach is highlighted by the essays in this dossier, which share the impulse to interrupt the foundational narrative of civilization and barbarism that remains in the institutions of Colombias’s present post-conflict endeavor.
From Critique of the Postcolony to a Postcolonial Form of Critique. On the Uses and Misuses of Foucault in Jean and John Comaroff’s Work
Authors: Acosta López María del Rosario
Published: January 2019

This paper develops a philosophical approach to Jean and John Comaroffs’ work by fleshing out and theoretically articulating the form of critique that the Comaroffs employ in their reading of the “postcolonial” condition. Even though Walter Benjamin’s classical correlation between law and violence provides the framework for the kind of critique the Comaroffs perform, I want to show that when the question refers to what kind of critique they undertake in the context of the postcolony, as well as what form it needs to take in the specific context of the postcolonial world, it is the Comaroffs’ critical approaches to Michel Foucault rather than to Benjamin that become particularly illuminating.
Religious Practices, State Techniques and Conflicted Forms of Violence in Colombia’s Peacebuilding Scenarios
Authors: Manrique Carlos A.
Published: January 2019

This article analyzes the political reach and effects that diverse religious discourses and practices are having in Colombia’s current “peacebuilding” historical juncture. Examining two specific case studies of entanglements of the religious and the juridical, it traces pragmatically differential ways in which the complexes relations between religiosity, statecraft and violence can be played out in Colombia’s “post-agreement” historical epoch. It argues that our analysis of these case studies should move away from secularism, as a normative stance and an interpretative grid, towards a conceptualization of different forms of effective imbrication between the religious, the political and the juridical, that the understanding of the theologico-political in the works of Schmitt, Derrida and Foucault, might help us to think through. In this way we could better evaluate the contrasting political rationalities of diverse pastoral practices oriented by different figures of the theologico-political, and their social and political effects.
P-curve accurately rejects evidence for homeopathic ultramolecular dilutions
Authors: Reisman Samuel , Balboul Mostafa , Jones Tashzna
Published: January 2019

Background

P-curve has been proposed as a statistical test of evidential value. The distributions of sets of statistically significant p-values are tested for skewness. P-curves of true effects are right-skewed, with greater density at lower p-values than higher p-values. Analyses of null effects result in a flat or left-skewed distribution. The accuracy of p-curve has not been tested using published research analyses of a null effect. We examined whether p-curve accurately rejects a set of significant p-values obtained for a nonexistent effect.

Methods

Homeopathic ultramolecular dilutions are medicinal preparations with active substances diluted beyond Avogadro’s number. Such dilute mixtures are unlikely to contain a single molecule of an active substance. We tested whether p-curve accurately rejects the evidential value of significant results obtained in placebo-controlled clinical trials of homeopathic ultramolecular dilutions.

Results

P-curve accurately rejected the evidential value of significant results obtained in placebo-controlled clinical trials of ultramolecular dilutions. Robustness testing using alternate p-values yielded similar results.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that p-curve can accurately detect when sets of statistically significant results lack evidential value.
A Wearable All‐Fabric Thermoelectric Generator
Authors: Allison Linden K. , Andrew Trisha L.
Published: January 2019

Wearable thermoelectric generators are a promising energy source for powering activity trackers and portable health monitors. However, known iterations of wearable generators have large form factors, contain expensive or toxic materials with low elemental abundance, and quickly reach thermal equilibrium with a human body, meaning that thermoelectric power can only be generated over a short period of wear. Here, an all‐fabric thermopile is created by vapor printing persistently p‐doped poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT‐Cl) onto commercial cotton and this thermopile is integrated into a specially designed, wearable band that generates thermovoltages >20 mV when worn on the hand. It is shown that the reactive vapor coating process creates mechanically rugged fabric thermopiles that yield notably high thermoelectric power factors at low temperature differentials, as compared to solution‐processed counterparts. Further, best practices for naturally integrating thermopiles into garments are described, which allow for significant temperature gradients to be maintained across the thermopile despite continuous wear.
Magnetically‐ and Electrically‐Controllable Functional Liquid Metal Droplets
Authors: Li Fangxia , Kuang Shaolong , Li Xiangpeng , Shu Jian , Li Weihua , Tang Shi‐Yang , Zhang Shiwu
Published: January 2019

Gallium‐based room temperature liquid metal alloys have recently been explored to be an emerging functional material. They have attracted particular attentions in a variety of applications due to their unique properties. Many of the applications are based on the precise control over the motion of liquid metal, and yet, the fact that currently lacking the advanced and reliable controlling methods greatly hinders the potential of liquid metal to be applied in a wider range of fields. In this study, an innovative approach is developed to obtain functional liquid metal (FLM) by modifying it with copper–iron magnetic nanoparticles (Cu–Fe NPs). The magnetic modification process enables the Cu–Fe NPs to be suspended within the liquid metal and form the FLM. The FLM exhibits similar appearance, actuating behaviors, and deformability in alkaline solutions to those of pure liquid metal alloys. Meanwhile, the magnetic modification enables the precise and rapid manipulation of the liquid metal using a magnetic field. Most importantly, for the first time, the precise control and climbing locomotion of the FLM is demonstrated with the interworking of both electric and magnetic fields simultaneously. The remarkable features of the FLM may represent vast potentials toward the development of future intelligent soft robots.
Atomic‐Scale Structural Modification of 2D Materials
Authors: Xiao Yao , Zhou Mengyue , Zeng Mengqi , Fu Lei
Published: January 2019

2D materials have attracted much attention since the discovery of graphene in 2004. Due to their unique electrical, optical, and magnetic properties, they have potential for various applications such as electronics and optoelectronics. Owing to thermal motion and lattice growth kinetics, different atomic‐scale structures (ASSs) can originate from natural or intentional regulation of 2D material atomic configurations. The transformations of ASSs can result in the variation of the charge density, electronic density of state and lattice symmetry so that the property tuning of 2D materials can be achieved and the functional devices can be constructed. Here, several kinds of ASSs of 2D materials are introduced, including grain boundaries, atomic defects, edge structures, and stacking arrangements. The design strategies of these structures are also summarized, especially for atomic defects and edge structures. Moreover, toward multifunctional integration of applications, the modulation of electrical, optical, and magnetic properties based on atomic‐scale structural modification are presented. Finally, challenges and outlooks are featured in the aspects of controllable structure design and accurate property tuning for 2D materials with ASSs. This work may promote research on the atomic‐scale structural modification of 2D materials toward functional applications.
Fluorometric Recognition of Nucleotides within a Water‐Soluble Tetrahedral Capsule
Authors: Plajer Alex J. , Percástegui Edmundo G. , Santella Marco , Rizzuto Felix J. , Gan Quan , Laursen Bo W. , Nitschke Jonathan R.
Published: January 2019

The design of aqueous probes and binders for complex, biologically relevant anions presents a key challenge in supramolecular chemistry. Herein, a tetrahedral assembly with cationic faces and corners is reported that is capable of discriminating between anionic and neutral guests in water. Electrostatic repulsion between subcomponents can be overcome by the addition of an anionic template, or generating a robust covalent framework by incorporating tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine (TREN). The resultant TREN‐capped, water‐soluble, fluorescent cage binds mono‐ and poly‐phosphoric esters, including nucleotides. Its covalent skeleton renders it stable at micromolar concentrations in water, enabling the fluorometric detection of biologically relevant guests in an aqueous environment. Selective supramolecular encapsulants, such as 1, could enable new sensing applications, such as recognition of toxins and drugs, under biological conditions.
Synthesis, characterization and molecular docking of new C,N‐palladacycles containing pyridinium‐derived ligands: DNA and BSA interaction studies and evaluation as anti‐tumor agents
Authors: Karami Kazem , Jamshidian Nasrin , Zakariazadeh Mostafa
Published: January 2019

Four new monomeric Pd (II) complexes with formulas [Pd(C,N)‐(2′‐NH2C6H4)C6H4 (N3)(L)] (A), (B) and [Pd(C,N)‐C6H4CH2NH(C4H9)(N3)(L)] (C), (D), [L = isonicotinamide for (A) and (C), L = 4‐N,N‐dimethylaminopyridine for (B) and (D)] have been synthesized using four initial dimers [Pd2{(C,N)‐(2′‐NH2C6H4)C6H4}2(μ‐OAc)2] (1), [Pd2{(C,N)‐ (2′‐NH2C6H4)C6H4}2(μ‐N3)2] (3) for A and C, and [Pd2{(C,N)‐C6H4CH2NH(C4H9)}2(μ‐OAc)2] (2) and [Pd2{(C,N)‐C6H4CH2NH(C4H9)}2(μ‐N3)2] (4) for B and D. Then synthesized complexes have been characterized by Fourier transform‐infrared, NMR spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric‐differential thermal analysis. Furthermore, UV–Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) and helix melting temperature measurements have been employed to study the binding interaction of them with calf thymus‐deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The results reveal that all synthesized complexes can interact with DNA via groove‐binding mode. Bovine serum albumin (BSA)‐binding studies have been carried out using UV–Vis spectroscopy, emission titration and CD. However, competitive binding studies using warfarin, ibuprofen and digoxin on site markers demonstrated that the complexes bind to different sites on BSA. The results also indicated that the binding site was mainly located within site‐III for complex A, and site‐I for complexes B, C and D of BSA. In addition, molecular docking studies have been executed to determine the binding site of the DNA and BSA with complexes. Eventually, in vitro cytotoxicity of synthesized palladium complexes and cisplatin were carried out against human promyelocytic leukemia cancer (Hela) and breast cancer (MCF‐7) cell lines. Pursuant to the IC50 values, the cytotoxicity of complexes against MCF‐7 was more than Hela.
How does saliva function in planthopper–host interactions?
Authors: Huang Hai‐Jian , Zhang Chuan‐Xi , Hong Xiao‐Yue
Published: January 2019

Planthoppers are highly destructive pests that damage rice plants by feeding and transmitting viruses. They feed on phloem sap using specialized mouthparts and secrete saliva during feeding. Over the past decade, genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic approaches have greatly improved our understanding of the complexity of planthopper saliva, and have provided a glimpse of planthopper–plant interactions. Here we focus on a few recent advances in planthopper saliva and discuss how salivary components influence planthopper performance. Understanding the molecular basis of saliva in planthopper–plant interactions will provide evolutionary insights, and promote the development of novel strategies for controlling agricultural pests.
Efficacy and Safety of Belimumab and Azathioprine for Maintenance of Remission in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis: A Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Jayne David , Blockmans Daniel , Luqmani Raashid , Moiseev Sergey , Ji Beulah , Green Yulia , Hall Leanne , Roth David , Henderson Robert B. , Merkel Peter A. ,   BREVAS Study Collaborators
Published: January 2019

Objective

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of belimumab as adjunctive therapy to maintain remission in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)–associated vasculitis (AAV).

Methods

In this multicenter, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study, patients with AAV (ages ≥18 years) were randomized 1:1 to receive azathioprine (2 mg/kg/day), low‐dose oral glucocorticoids (≤10 mg/day), and either intravenous belimumab (10 mg/kg) or placebo, following remission induction with rituximab or cyclophosphamide along with glucocorticoids. The primary end point was time to first protocol‐specified event (PSE), with first PSE defined as a Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) of ≥6, presence of ≥1 major BVAS item, or receipt of prohibited medications for any reason, resulting in treatment failure (adjusted for ANCA type [proteinase 3 (PR3) or myeloperoxidase (MPO)], disease stage at induction, and induction regimen). Vasculitis relapse was defined as the PSE of either a BVAS activity score of ≥6 or receipt of prohibited medications for vasculitis. Changes in treatment practice led to truncation of the study population from ~300 patients to ~100 patients.

Results

The intent‐to‐treat population totaled 105 patients with AAV, of whom 52 (40 with PR3‐ANCAs, 12 with MPO‐ANCAs) received placebo and 53 (41 with PR3‐ANCAs, 12 with MPO‐ANCAs) received belimumab; 27 of the patients were in rituximab‐induced disease remission, while 78 were in cyclophosphamide‐induced disease remission at baseline. Compared with placebo, treatment with belimumab did not reduce the risk of a PSE (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.07, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.44–2.59; P = 0.884) or vasculitis relapse (adjusted HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.29–2.65; P = 0.821). The overall rate of PSEs was low (11 [21.2%] of 52 patients receiving placebo, 10 [18.9%] of 53 patients receiving belimumab). Vasculitis relapse in the placebo group (n = 8) occurred independent of the induction regimen, disease stage, or ANCA type. All vasculitis relapses in the belimumab group (n = 6) occurred in patients who had PR3‐ANCA–associated vasculitis with cyclophosphamide‐induced disease remission. Adverse events occurred in 49 (92.5%) of 53 patients receiving belimumab and 43 (82.7%) of 52 patients receiving placebo, with no new safety concerns.

Conclusion

Belimumab plus azathioprine and glucocorticoids for the maintenance of remission in AAV did not reduce the risk of relapse.
Tofacitinib in Combination With Methotrexate in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Clinical Efficacy, Radiographic, and Safety Outcomes From a Twenty‐Four–Month, Phase III Study
Authors: van der Heijde Désirée , Strand Vibeke , Tanaka Yoshiya , Keystone Edward , Kremer Joel , Zerbini Cristiano A. F. , Cardiel Mario H. , Cohen Stanley , Nash Peter , Song Yeong‐Wook , Tegzová Dana , Gruben David , Wallenstein Gene , Connell Carol A. , Fleischmann Roy ,   the ORAL Scan Investigators
Published: January 2019

Objective

Tofacitinib is an oral JAK inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The phase III, 24‐month, placebo‐controlled Oral Rheumatoid Arthritis (ORAL) Scan trial was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy, including inhibition of structural progression, and safety of tofacitinib in patients with active RA and an inadequate response to methotrexate (MTX). Month 24 data from the completed study are reported here.

Methods

Patients were randomized 4:4:1:1 to receive tofacitinib 5 mg or 10 mg twice daily, or placebo, switched to tofacitinib 5 mg or 10 mg twice daily, with stable background MTX. Patients receiving placebo switched to tofacitinib at month 3 (nonresponders) or month 6 (remaining patients). Clinical efficacy, structural progression, and treatment‐emergent adverse events were evaluated. Analyses were performed on the full analysis set with observed data or nonresponder imputation with no advancement penalty for clinical efficacy, and imputation by linear extrapolation for structural progression.

Results

Overall, 797 patients were treated; 539 (67.6%) completed 24 months of treatment. Responses according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria for 20% improvement (ACR20), ACR50, and ACR70; the proportion of patients in whom remission or low disease activity was achieved according to the 4‐variable Disease Activity Score in 28 joints using the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Clinical Disease Activity Index, or Simplified Disease Activity Index; Boolean remission; and Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index scores were maintained from month 12 to 24 and were similar between tofacitinib dosages. Limited structural damage was observed at months 12 and 24. Safety events were similar in type and frequency for both tofacitinib dosages, and were consistent with those previously reported.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that clinical and radiographic treatment effects are sustained in months 12–24 in patients with RA receiving tofacitinib 5 mg or 10 mg twice daily plus MTX. The safety profile is consistent with that of other tofacitinib studies.
BIM im Verkehrswegebau am Beispielprojekt „Verfügbarkeitsmodell A 10/A 24“
Authors: Tschickardt Thomas , Krause Daniel
Published: January 2019

Die BIM‐basierte Methode der Projektabwicklung befindet sich aktuell im Infrastrukturbau – insbesondere in der Ausführungs‐ und Erhaltungsphase – noch in der Erprobung. Das Projekt Verfügbarkeitsmodell A 10/A 24 wurde in diesem Zusammenhang von der Deutsche Einheit Fernstraßenplanungs‐ und ‐bau GmbH (DEGES), in Vertretung des Lands Brandenburg und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, als eines der nationalen Pilotprojekte zur Vorbereitung und Erprobung des vom Stufenplan Digitales Planen und Bauen vorgegebenen Leistungsniveaus 1 im Verkehrswegebau ausgeschrieben und vergeben. Es handelt sich um das erste Pilotprojekt, bei dem Planung, Ausführung und Erhaltung mit BIM aus einer Hand erfolgen. Das Vorhaben geht also mit einem in die operativen Prozesse integrierten BIM‐Ansatz bis in die Erhaltung über die Erfahrungen der bisherigen Pilotprojekte des Bundesministeriums für Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur (BMVI) hinaus. Im Folgenden werden erste Erkenntnisse aus der Implementierung und Umsetzung dieses BIM‐Projekts vorgestellt.
Open versus Closed Polyaromatic Nanocavity: Enhanced Host Abilities toward Large Dyes and Pigments
Authors: Tsutsui Takahiro , Kusaba Shunsuke , Yamashina Masahiro , Akita Munetaka , Yoshizawa Michito
Published: January 2019

Host functions of polyaromatic nanocavities were revealed by using an M2L4 molecular cage and capsule. On the basis of the previously reported M2L4 capsule with a closed polyaromatic cavity, a new M2L4 cage (as a mixture of the isomers) was prepared by the quantitative assembly of two metal ions and four desymmetrized bispyridine ligands with a single polyaromatic panel. The obtained, open nanocavity of the cage exhibited enhanced binding abilities toward large dyes and pigments in water. For example, two molecules of coumarin dyes were bound in the nanocavity and showed strong whitish emission (up to ΦF=34 %). Furthermore, metallopigments, the sizes of which are larger than the inner cavities of the cage and capsule, were bound only in the open polyaromatic nanocavity of the cage to give water‐soluble 1:1 host–guest complexes.
Secondary metabolites from nectar and pollen: a resource for ecological and evolutionary studies
Authors: Palmer‐Young Evan C. , Farrell Iain W. , Adler Lynn S. , Milano Nelson J. , Egan Paul A. , Irwin Rebecca E. , Stevenson Philip C.
Published: January 2019

Floral chemistry mediates plant interactions with herbivores, pathogens, and pollinators. The chemistry of floral nectar and pollen, the primary food rewards for pollinators, can affect both plant reproduction and pollinator health. Although the existence and functional significance of nectar and pollen secondary metabolites has long been known, comprehensive quantitative characterizations of secondary chemistry exist for only a few species. Moreover, little is known about intraspecific variation in nectar and pollen chemical profiles. Because the ecological effects of secondary chemicals are dose‐dependent, heterogeneity across genotypes and populations could influence floral trait evolution and pollinator foraging ecology. To better understand within‐ and across‐species heterogeneity in nectar and pollen secondary chemistry, we undertook exhaustive LC‐MS and LC‐UV‐based chemical characterizations of nectar and pollen methanol extracts from 31 cultivated and wild plant species. Nectar and pollen were collected from farms and natural areas in Massachusetts, Vermont, and California, USA, in 2013 and 2014. For wild species, we aimed to collect 10 samples from each of three sites. For agricultural and horticultural species, we aimed for 10 samples from each of three cultivars. Our data set (1,535 samples, 102 identified compounds) identifies and quantifies each compound recorded in methanolic extracts, and includes chemical metadata that describe the molecular mass, retention time, and chemical classification of each compound. A reference phylogeny is included for comparative analyses. We found that each species possessed a distinct chemical profile; moreover, within species, few compounds were found in both nectar and pollen. The most common secondary chemical classes were flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids and amines, and chlorogenic acids. The most common compounds were quercetin and kaempferol glycosides. Pollens contained high concentrations of hydroxycinnamoyl‐spermidine conjugates, mainly triscoumaroyl and trisferuloyl spermidine, found in 71% of species. When present, pollen alkaloids and spermidines had median nonzero concentrations of 23,000 μmol/L (median 52% of recorded micromolar composition). Although secondary chemistry was qualitatively consistent within each species and sample type, we found significant quantitative heterogeneity across cultivars and sites. These data provide a standard reference for future ecological and evolutionary research on nectar and pollen secondary chemistry, including its role in pollinator health and plant reproduction. Data are published under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0 US) and may be freely used if properly cited.
Dust climatology of Mildura, Victoria, Australia: transport direction
Authors: Love Benjamin M. , Leys John F. , Strong Craig L. , McTainsh Grant H.
Published: January 2019

Large‐scale geomorphic drivers that operate at continental scale are often climate driven. Changes in land use can accelerate wind erosion. The range of land management practises within one land use can have dramatic effect on ground cover and wind erosion. This study uses meteorological observations, land use, land management and dust concentration measurements of 129 dust events recorded between 1990 and 2007 to describe a dust chronology of Mildura, in south‐eastern Australia. Frontal and frontal trough weather systems account for 74% of dust events. Furthermore, 88% of dust events come from rangelands in the northwest and the cropping lands to the southwest. The cropping areas to the southwest are the most common source of dust, accounting for 66% of events There is no relationship between rainfall and dust activity in this study, suggesting that land‐management practices, especially on cropping lands, over‐ride the controlling effect of rainfall. When cropping lands received above average rainfall in spring and summer during the 1990s, cultivation for weed control lead to rapid decline in ground cover that predisposed the land to wind erosion in following summer and autumn. In drought years, dust blows into Mildura from all directions suggesting that dust is climate driven rather than controlled by land use. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.