bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Dinuclear MnIII–CuII Single‐Molecule Magnet
Authors: Oshio Hiroki , Nihei Masayuki , Yoshida Ayano , Nojiri Hiroyuki , Nakano Motohiro , Yamaguchi Akira , Karaki Yoshitomo , Ishimoto Hidehiko
Published: December 2004

The reaction of 1/3 equivalent of CuCl2⋅2 H2O with MnCl2⋅4 H2O and 5‐bromo‐2‐salicylideneamino‐1‐propanol (H25‐Br‐sap) in methanol gave dark brown crystals of [MnIIICuIICl(5‐Br‐sap)2(MeOH)] (1). Complex 1 has an alkoxo‐bridged dinuclear core of MnIII and CuII ions, which have elongated octahedral and square‐planar coordination geometries, respectively. In dc magnetic susceptibility measurements, χmT values increased as the temperature was lowered, followed by a sudden decrease below 20 K. This behavior is indicative of the occurrence of intramolecular ferromagnetic interactions, and fitting gave an S=5/2 spin ground state with an exchange coupling constant JMnCu of +78 cm−1. Magnetization data collected as a function of temperature and applied magnetic field were analyzed by using a spin Hamiltonian with isotropic Zeeman and axial zero‐field splitting (ZFS) terms, and a negative D5/2 value (−1.86 cm−1) was obtained. A high‐field EPR (HFEPR) spectrum (342.0 GHz) at 4.2 K was composed of four peaks, and two additional peaks at higher magnetic field appeared as the temperature was increased. The temperature dependences in the HFEPR spectra are indicative of a negative D5/2 value, and fitting of the data gave D5/2=−1.81 cm−1. In the ac magnetic susceptibility measurements, frequency dependent in‐phase (χm′) and out‐of‐phase (χm′′) signals with peak maxima at 0.7–1.5 K were observed and small peaks below 0.7 K appeared. The ac susceptibility data supports that 1 is a single‐molecule magnet (SMM). Arrhenius plots for the χm′′ peaks from 0.7–1.5 K gave the re‐orientation energy barrier (ΔE) of 10.5 K with a pre‐exponential factor of 8.2×10−8 s.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Vibrational Properties of K0.38TaPS6 and Rb0.46TaPS6: Chemical Intercalation and Deintercalation of the Ternary TaPS6 Phase.
Authors: Gutzmann Andreas , Naether Christian , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis and Structure of [C3N2H5] [Cu(H2PO4)2Cl]×H2O with a Chain Structure: The First Example of an Organically Templated Copper(II) Phosphate.
Authors: Neeraj S. , Loiseau T. , Rao C. N. R. , Cheetham Anthony K.
Published: December 2004

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Mg2+xIr3‐x (x = 0.30) — A Binary Variant of the Monoclinic V2(Co0.57Si0.43)3 Type.
Authors: Hlukhyy Viktor , Poettgen Rainer
Published: December 2004

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Calcium and Strontium Thiosulfate, CaS2O3×6H2O and SrS2O3×5H2O.
Authors: Held Peter , Bohaty Ladislav
Published: December 2004

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Antimony and Antimony—Tin Doped Indium Oxide, IAO and IATO: Promising Transparent Conductors.
Authors: Choisnet J. , Bizo L. , Retoux R. , Raveau B.
Published: December 2004

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Theoretical Study on the Thermochemistry of Chlorinated and Fluorinated Germanes and Their Radical Fragments
Authors: Wang Liming , Zhang Jingsong
Published: December 2004

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Water Reduction and Oxidation on Pt—Ru/Y2Ta2O5N2 Catalyst under Visible Light Irradiation.
Authors: Domen Kazunari , et al. et al.
Published: December 2004

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Solid Mercury Dihydride: Mercurophilic Bonding in Molecular HgH2 Polymers.
Authors: Wang Xuefeng , Andrews Lester
Published: December 2004

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Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Amino 1,3‐Dithioketals from Sulfinimines (N‐Sulfinyl Imines). Synthesis of (2S,3R)‐(‐)‐3‐Hydroxy‐3‐methylproline.
Authors: Davis Franklin A. , Ramachandar Tokala , Liu Hu
Published: December 2004

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Chiral Norbornadienes as Efficient Ligands for the Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Fumaric and Maleic Compounds.
Authors: Shintani Ryo , Ueyama Kazuhito , Yamada Ichiro , Hayashi Tamio
Published: December 2004

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Nitrogen Fixation: Synthesis of Heterocycles Using Molecular Nitrogen as a Nitrogen Source.
Authors: Mori Miwako , Akashi Masaya , Hori Masanori , Hori Katsutoshi , Nishida Mayumi , Sato Yoshihiro
Published: December 2004

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Metalloporphyrins as New Catalysts in the Mild, Efficient and Regioselective Conversion of Epoxides to β‐Hydroxy Thiocyanates with NH4SCN.
Authors: Sharghi Hashem , Nejad Alireza Hassani , Nasseri Mohammad Ali
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis of Peroxide Compounds by the BF3‐Catalyzed Reaction of Acetals and Enol Ethers with H2O2.
Authors: Terent'ev A. O. , Kutkin A. V. , Platonov M. M. , Vorontsov I. I. , Antipin M. Yu. , Ogibin Yu. N. , Nikishin G. I.
Published: December 2004

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Chemoselective Iodination of Alcohols with CeCl3×7H2O/NaI over SiO2 under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Rahman , Tajbakhsh Mahmood , Lasemi Zahra , Sharifi Ali
Published: December 2004

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N‐Alkylation of N‐Monosubstituted Sulfonamides in Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Hu Yi , Chen Zhen‐Chu , Le Zhang‐Gao , Zheng Qin‐Guo
Published: December 2004

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Reactions of CH‐Acids with α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes in Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Kryshtal G. V. , Zhdankina G. M. , Astakhova I. V. , Zlotin S. G.
Published: December 2004

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Cu(I)‐Mediated Alkyl Group Transfer of Alkylboranes to Carboxylic Acid Chlorides.
Authors: Choi Jung Hoon , Chang Jee Hwa , Kwak Eun Jin
Published: December 2004

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An Efficient Procedure for Deprotection of Acetals under Mild and Heterogeneous Conditions.
Authors: Mirjalili BiBi Fatemeh , Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Bamoniri Abdolhamid , Hazar Azizeh
Published: December 2004

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Tributyl(3,3,3‐trifluoro‐1‐propynyl)stannane as an Efficient Reagent for the Preparation of Various Trifluoromethylated Heterocyclic Compounds.
Authors: Hanamoto Takeshi , Hakoshima Yuhko , Egashira Mikio
Published: December 2004

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Double Deprotonation of Acetylenic Oxiranes: Synthesis of Allenic Ketones Through Dilithio Ynenolates.
Authors: Denichoux Aurelien , Ferreira Franck , Chemla Fabrice
Published: December 2004

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Enantioselective Synthesis of Acyclic Allylic Esters Catalyzed by a Palladium/BINAP(S) System.
Authors: Faller J. W. , Wilt Jeremy C.
Published: December 2004

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One‐Pot Assembly of Tricyclo[6.2.1.01,6]undecan‐4‐one and Related Polycyclic Compounds by Tandem Electroreductive Cyclization.
Authors: Toyota Masahiro , Ilangova Andivelu , Kashiwagi Yoshitomo , Ihara Masataka
Published: December 2004

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α‐Hydroxy Carboxylic Acids as Ligands for Enantioselective Diethylzinc Additions to Aromatic and Aliphatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Bauer Tomasz , Gajewiak Joanna
Published: December 2004

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Selective Oxidation of Alcohols at the Benzylic Position by Benzeneseleninic Anhydride.
Authors: Toki Naotoshi , Satoh Tsuyoshi
Published: December 2004

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Catalytic Efficiency of a New Tridentate Ferrocenyl Phosphine Auxiliary: Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Alkynes with Aryl Bromides and Chlorides at Low Catalyst Loadings of 10‐1 to 10‐4 mol %.
Authors: Hierso Jean‐Cyrille , Fihri Aziz , Amardeil Regine , Meunier Philippe , Doucet Henri , Santelli Maurice , Ivanov Vladimir V.
Published: December 2004

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Facile Synthesis of 2‐Substituted 1,2‐Dihydro‐1‐naphthols and 2‐Substituted 1‐Naphthols.
Authors: Chen Chi‐Li , Martin Stephen F.
Published: December 2004

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A Simple Approach to the Synthesis of Dialkyl 5‐tert‐Butylamino‐[2,2′]bifuranyl‐3,4‐dicarboxylates.
Authors: Yavari Issa , Nasiri Farough , Moradi Loghman , Djahaniani Hoorieh
Published: December 2004

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Preparation of Indoles from o‐Alkynyltrifluoroacetanilides Through the Aminopalladation—Reductive Elimination Process.
Authors: Cacchi Sandro , Fabrizi Giancarlo , Parisi Luca M.
Published: December 2004

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Regiospecificity of Nucleophilic Substitution in 4,6‐Dinitro‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐indazole.
Authors: Starosotnikov A. M. , Lobach A. V. , Kachala V. V. , Shevelev S. A.
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis of 1,8‐Naphthyridinyl‐pyrazoles Using Microwave Irradiation under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Mogilaiah K. , Reddy Ch. Srinivas
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis and Biological Activity of Novel 2‐Methyl‐4‐trifluoromethyl‐thiazole‐5‐carboxamide Derivatives.
Authors: Liu Chang‐Ling , Li Zheng‐Ming , Zhong Bin
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activities of Some New 1‐(5‐Phenylamino‐[1,3,4]thiadiazol‐2‐yl)methyl‐5‐oxo‐[1,2,4]triazole and 1‐(4‐Phenyl‐5‐thioxo‐[1,2,4]triazol‐3‐yl)methyl‐5‐oxo‐[1,2,4]triazole Derivatives.
Authors: Demirbas Neslihan , Karaoglu Senguel Alpay , Demirbas Ahmet , Sancak Kemal
Published: December 2004

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Chloramine‐T Mediated Synthesis of 1,8‐Naphthyridinyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles.
Authors: Mogilaiah K. , Srinivas K. , Sudhakar G. Rama
Published: December 2004

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Microwave‐Mediated Intramolecular Diels—Alder Cyclization of Biodihydroxylated Benzoic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Mihovilovic Marko D. , Leisch Hannes G. , Mereiter Kurt
Published: December 2004

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Stereocontrolled Synthesis of 2‐Alkenyl‐4‐methylene Tetrahydropyrans.
Authors: Hansen Eric C. , Lee Daesung
Published: December 2004

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A Simple and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of 1,2‐Benzisoxazoles: A Series of Its Potent Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors.
Authors: Basappa Basappa , Mantelingu K. , Sadashiva M. P. , Rangappa K. S.
Published: December 2004

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Rapid Microwave‐Assisted Solution Phase Synthesis of Substituted 2‐Pyridone Libraries.
Authors: Gorobets Nikolay Yu. , Yousefi Behrooz H. , Belaj Ferdinand , Kappe C. Oliver
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis of Novel Hydropyrazolopyridine Derivatives in Solvent‐Free Conditions via Benzotriazole Methodology.
Authors: Abonia Rodrigo , Rengifo Emerson , Quiroga Jairo , Insuasty Braulio , Cobo Justo , Nogueras Manuel
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis of Annulated Dioxins as Electron‐Rich Donors for Cation Radical Salts.
Authors: Hellberg Jonas , Dahlstedt Emma , Pelcman Margit E.
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis of Certain 6‐(Arylthio)uracils and Related Derivatives as Potential Antiviral Agents.
Authors: El‐Emam Ali A. , Massoud Mohamed A. M. , El‐Bendary Eman R. , El‐Sayed Magda A.
Published: December 2004

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An Expeditious, Practical Large Scale Synthesis of 4‐Amino‐2‐chloro‐6,7‐dimethoxyquinazoline.
Authors: Kumaraswamy G. , Jena Nivedita , Sastry M. N. V. , Kumar B. Ashok
Published: December 2004

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Green Chemical Synthesis of Fluorinated 1,3,5‐Triaryl‐s‐triazines in Aqueous Medium under Microwaves as Potential Antifungal Agents.
Authors: Dandia Anshu , Arya Kapil , Sati Meha , Sarawgi Pritima
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis of Diazepinones via Intramolecular Transamidation.
Authors: Vasudevan Anil , Villamil Clara I. , Djuric Stevan W.
Published: December 2004

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Microwave‐Assisted Preparation of Aryltetrazoleboronate Esters.
Authors: Schulz Mark J. , Coats Steven J. , Hlasta Dennis J.
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis of N‐Octyl‐2,7‐dimethoxy‐1,8‐bistrimethylsilyl‐3,6‐dibromocarbazole.
Authors: Bouchard Jimmy , Wakim Salem , Leclerc Mario
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Dimerization Disilylation of 1,3‐Butadiene with Chlorosilanes.
Authors: Terao Jun , Oda Akihiro , Kambe Nobuaki
Published: December 2004

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A Convenient Synthesis of Phosphorines and Phospholidins by Lawesson′s Reagent and Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Deng Sheng‐Lou , Chen Ru‐Yu
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regioselective Synthesis of 4‐ and 5‐Oxazole‐phosphine Oxides and ‐phosphonates from 2H‐Azirines and Acyl Chlorides.
Authors: Palacios Francisco , Ochoa de Retana Ana M. , Gil Jose I. , Alonso Jose M.
Published: December 2004

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3Δ‐1,2,3,4‐Disilagermastannetene: The First Cyclic Germastannene
Authors: Lee V. Ya. , Takanashi K. , Nakamoto M. , Sekiguchi A.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Derivatives of Prenylacetic Acids by Reactions of Alkyl Malonate, Cyanoacetate, and Acetoacetate with Alkylating Reagents in Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Kryshtal G. V. , Zhdankina G. M. , Zlotin S. G.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ultrasound Promoted Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐8‐Hydroxy‐5‐isopropyl‐8‐methyl‐6(E)‐nonen‐2‐one ((.+‐.)‐Solanone Hydrate) and 3,7‐Dimethyl‐2(E),7‐octadienylpropionate.
Authors: Singh Vasundhara , Chaudhary Sangeeta , Sapehiyia Varinder , Kaur Irvinder , Kad Goverdhan Lal , Singh Jasvinder
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Studies Toward the Total Synthesis of Wiedemannic Acid.
Authors: Sauer Effiette L. O. , Barriault Louis
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A General Approach Toward Bakkanes: Short Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Bakkenolide‐A (Fukinanolide).
Authors: Reddy D. Srinivasa
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Withanolide from the Roots of Withania somnifera
Authors: Kumar A. , Ali M. , Mir S. R.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Six Immunosuppressive Features from an Ascomycete, Zopfiella longicaudata, Found in a Screening Study Monitored by Immunomodulatory Activity.
Authors: Fujimoto Haruhiro , Nakamura Etsuko , Okuyama Emi , Ishibashi Masami
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Aminoalkylation of 10‐Hydroxycamptothecin Using Methylene Chloride under Solid—Liquid Phase Transfer Catalysis: A New Approach for the Preparation of Topotecan.
Authors: Puri S. C. , Handa G. , Dhar K. L. , Suri O. P. , Qazi G. N.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Intramolecular [3 + 2]‐Cycloaddition Reaction of Push—Pull Dipoles Across Heteroaromatic π‐Systems.
Authors: Mejia‐Oneto Jose M. , Padwa Albert
Published: December 2004

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New Xanthone from the Seeds of Tectona grandis.
Authors: Singh Abha , Srivastava Nidhi , Purwar Chhavi , Singh J.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Glycerol Derivatives and Sterols from Sargassum parvivesiculosum.
Authors: Qi Shu‐Hua , Zhang Si , Huang Jian‐She , Xiao Zhi‐Hui , Wu Jun , Long Li‐Juan
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis of Novel 26‐Substituted Milbemycin A4 Derivatives and Their Acaricidal Activities.
Authors: Tsukiyama Takahiro , Kajino Hisaki , Tsukamoto Yoshihisa , Nakagawa Harumi , Yanai Toshiaki , Sato Kazuo , Yokoi Shinji , Ichinose Reiji , Tanaka Keiji
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cephalosporins with the Dichlorophenyl Group at C‐7 Position and Pyrimidines at C‐3 Position Exhibiting Potent Activity Against Gram‐Positive Strains.
Authors: Kim Geun Tae , Ryu Eun‐Jung , Jang Yong‐Jin , Lee Chang‐Seok , Youn Hasik , Cho Yang Rae , Joo Hyung Yeul
Published: December 2004

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Cephalosporins with the (E)‐Thiovinyl Linker with Pyrimidine at C‐3 Position Exhibiting Potent Activities Against Gram‐Positive Strains.
Authors: Kim Geun Tae , Jang Yong‐Jin , Ryu Eun‐Jung , Koo Ki Dong , Lee Chang‐Seok , Youn Hasik , Cho Yang Rae , Joo Hyung Yeul
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
FR182876, a New Microtubule Modulator with High Water‐Solubility, from a Streptomyces.
Authors: Yoshimura Seiji , Sato Bunji , Takase Shigehiro , Terano Hiroshi
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Growth of Single‐Crystal Indium Nitride Nanotubes and Nanowires by a Controlled‐Carbonitridation Reaction Route.
Authors: Yin Long‐Wei , Bando Yoshio , Golberg Dmitri , Li Mu‐Sen
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fe—Pt Alloy Thin Films with Various Functionalities Relating to Their Magnetism
Authors: Watanabe Masato
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Layered Organic—Inorganic Materials. A Way Towards Controllable Magnetism
Authors: Rabu Pierre , Drillon Marc
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Zinc—Zinc Bonds: A New Frontier
Authors: Parkin Gerard
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Thienopyrimidines: Synthesis, Properties, and Biological Activity.
Authors: Litvinov V. P.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
When the Pauson—Khand and Pauson—Khand Type Reactions Go Awry: A Plethora of Unexpected Results
Authors: Bonaga Llorente V. R. , Krafft Marie E.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Advances in Cinchona Alkaloid Chemistry
Authors: Hoffmann H. Martin R. , Frackenpohl Jens
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phosphoryl Transfer Enzymes and Hypervalent Phosphorus Chemistry.
Authors: Holmes Robert R.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Intelligent Design in Combinatorial Chemistry: Use of Designed Peptide Libraries to Explore Secondary and Tertiary Structures in Peptides and Proteins
Authors: Cowell Scott M. , Gu Xuyuan , Vagner Josef , Hruby Victor J.
Published: December 2004

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Stereoselective Enolate Formation Using Lithium Amides
Authors: Woltermann Christopher J. , Hall Randall W. , Rathman Terry
Published: December 2004

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Chemical and Enzymatic Synthetic Methods for Asymmetric Oxidation of the C—C Double Bond
Authors: Chang Dongliang , Zhang Jie , Witholt Bernard , Li Zhi
Published: December 2004

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Peptide Transformation Leading to Peptide‐Peptidosulfonamide Hybrids and Oligo Peptidosulfonamides
Authors: Liskamp Rob M. J. , Kruijtzer John A. W.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solid‐Phase Oligosaccharide Chemistry and Its Application to Library Synthesis
Authors: Grathwohl Matthias , Drinnan Nicholas , Broadhurst Max , West Michael L. , Meutermans Wim
Published: December 2004

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Automated Synthesis of Polysaccharides
Authors: Plante Obadiah J. , Palmacci Emma R. , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A P‐Benzyne to M‐Benzyne Conversion Through a 1,2‐Shift of a Phenyl Group. Completion of the Benzyne Cascade
Authors: Polishchuk Alexei L. , Bartlett Kevin L. , Friedman Lee A. , Jones Maitland Jr.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Physical Chemical Considerations of Lipid‐Based Oral Drug Delivery‐Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
Authors: Bummer Paul M.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Analytic Aspects of Monitoring Therapy with Thiopurine Medications
Authors: Armstrong Victor W. , Shipkova Maria , von Ahsen Nicolas , Oellerich Michael
Published: December 2004

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Nuclear Spin Relaxation in Liquids and Gases
Authors: Ludwig R.
Published: December 2004

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Crystallographic texture for tube and plate of the superelastic/shape‐memory alloy Nitinol used for endovascular stents
Authors: Robertson S. W. , Imbeni V. , Wenk H.‐R. , Ritchie R. O.
Published: December 2004

The superelastic/shape‐memory material, Nitinol, an approximately equiatomic alloy of Ni and Ti, is rapidly becoming one of the most important metallic implant materials in the biomedical industry, in particular for the manufacture of endovascular stents. As such stents are invariably laser‐machined from Nitinol tubes or sheets rolled into tubes, it is important to fully understand the physical phenomena that may affect the mechanical behavior of this material. With tubing and plate, one major issue is crystallographic texture, which can play a key role in influencing the mechanical properties of Nitinol. In this article, we present a study on how geometry and heat treatment can affect the texture of Nitinol, with specific quantification of the texture of Nitinol tube used for the production of endovascular stents. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 72A: 190–199, 2005
Culturing primary brain astrocytes under a fully controlled environment in a novel bioreactor
Authors: Santos Sónia Sá , Fonseca Luís L. , Monteiro Miguel A.R. , Carrondo Manuel J.T. , Alves Paula M.
Published: December 2004

We report the first approach for growth and maintenance of primary astrocytes on a fully controlled environment. For this purpose, cells were immobilized in Cytodex microcarriers and grown in a stirred tank bioreactor. The distribution of astrocytes at the microcarrier surface was visualized using confocal microscopy and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) labeling, a specific glial probe. Crucial bioreaction parameters such as agitation rate, microcarrier type, and concentration, as well as cell inoculum concentration were assessed. Cytodex 3 proved the best microcarrier for astrocyte growth, with the highest cell densities obtained for 6 g/l of Cytodex 3 using an inoculum of approx. 0.15 × 106cells/ml in vessels operated at 60 rpm, using a refeed operational mode consisting of complete medium replacement every 5 days. Using such optimized conditions, cells were maintained in steady‐state for approximately 24 days, allowing online monitoring and control of environmental variables such as temperature, pH, and O2. To test further the advantages of this fully controlled system, astrocytes were also subjected to hypoxic stress for 5 hr; the cell number was not affected by hypoxia but the glycolytic flux was enhanced during the stress imposed. The culture system described is a novel tool to study brain cell metabolism, allowing sampling over time and the monitoring of cellular behavior through stressful conditions and during recovery. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Schwann cell lines derived from malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors respond abnormally to platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB
Authors: Dang Ian , DeVries George H.
Published: December 2004

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disease caused by the loss of neurofibromin, which can lead to formation of highly invasive malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST). We characterized platelet‐derived growth factor‐β (PDGF‐β) receptor expression levels and signal transduction pathways in NF1 MPNST cell lines and compared them with the expression of PDGF‐β receptors in normal human Schwann cells (nhSC). As examined by Western blotting, PDGF‐β receptor expression levels were similar in nhSC and NF1 MPNST cell lines. MAPK and Akt also were phosphorylated in both cell types to a similar degree in response to PDGF B chains (PDGF‐BB). However, increased intracellular calcium (Ca2+) levels in response to PDGF‐BB were observed only in the NF1 MPNST cell lines; nhSC did not show any increase in intracellular calcium when stimulated with PDGF‐BB. The calcium response in NF1 MPNST cell lines was blocked with thapsigargin, suggesting that the PDGF‐BB‐stimulated increases in intracellular calcium originated in the internal compartment of the cell rather than reflecting influx of calcium from the extracellular compartment. Calmodulin kinase II (CAMKII) is phosphorylated in response to PDGF‐BB in the NF1 MPNST cell lines, whereas no phosphorylation of CAMKII was observed in nhSCs. The decreased growth of NF1 MPNST cell lines after treatment with a CAMKII inhibitor is consistent with the view that aberrant activation of the calcium‐signaling pathway by PDGF‐BB contributes to the formation of MPNST in NF1 patients. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The leaders we need
Authors: Hesselbein Frances
Published: December 2004

This is a time of testing for leaders.
Delay discounting determines delivery fees in an e‐commerce simulation: A behavioral economic perspective
Authors: Hantula Donald A. , Bryant Kimberly
Published: December 2004

Participants ordered music CDs and bargained for delivery time and fees in a simulated on‐line store. After ordering a CD, participants engaged in a delivery‐fee bargaining task that was embedded in a psychophysical up–down staircase titration procedure in which options of next‐day delivery for a fee and delayed free delivery were made more or less attractive based on previous choices. A hyperbolic function derived from the matching law fit the data. These results are consistent with a behavioral‐economic account of intertemporal choice in which delivery fees are seen as a swap of money for time. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In‐line optical detection in the transient state of extrusion polymer blending and reactive processing
Authors: Mélo Tomás Jeferson A. , Canevarolo Sebastião V.
Published: December 2004

Using an opticaldetector we followed the transient state of blends and composites, including a reactive blending during extrusion. The detection system is composed of a slit‐die with transparent windows fixed at the extruder exit, an optical arrangement with a W incandescent light microbulb with fixed luminescence, and a CdS photocell. As the tracer passes though the light path, it absorbs and backscatters part of the light, reducing the total transmitted light intensity. This is followed by changes in the voltage induced by the photocell to an electric circuit. We calibrated the response of the photocell at room temperature using a set of various films with a second phase dispersed, and obtained a logarithmic relationship. The tracers were particulate (phthalocyanine, TiO2) and polymeric (PS, PA6) phases that absorb and scatter light, producing a residence time distribution (RTD) curvelike trace. Measurements were taken from a twin‐screw extruder Werner‐Pfleiderer ZSK 30 equipped with K‐Tron gravimetric feeders operating at various screw configurations and speeds, and feeding rates. The transient state of PP/PA6 blends can be easily detected optically and recorded using one of the components (either PP or PA6) added as a pulse in a steady‐state flow of the other component. With the simultaneous addition of a compatibilizer (polypropylene grafted with acrylic acid (PP‐g‐AA)) with the PA6, the intensity of the detector signal is substantially increased as a result of the PA6/PP‐g‐AA reaction. Quantitative off‐line infrared spectroscopy of the total amide group corroborated the in‐line measurements. These observations suggest that an in‐line optical detector may be a fast and simple way to study the flow behavior of blends and composites, including reactive processing. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 45:11–19, 2005. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
A novel strategy for quantitative proteomics using isotope‐coded protein labels
Authors: Schmidt Alexander , Kellermann Josef , Lottspeich Friedrich
Published: December 2004

Stable isotope labelling in combination with mass spectrometry has emerged as a powerful tool to identify and relatively quantify thousands of proteins within complex protein mixtures. Here we describe a novel method, termed isotope‐coded protein label (ICPL), which is capable of high‐throughput quantitative proteome profiling on a global scale. Since ICPL is based on stable isotope tagging at the frequent free amino groups of isolated intact proteins, it is applicable to any protein sample, including extracts from tissues or body fluids, and compatible to all separation methods currently employed in proteome studies. The method showed highly accurate and reproducible quantification of proteins and yielded high sequence coverage, indispensable for the detection of post‐translational modifications and protein isoforms. The efficiency (e.g. accuracy, dynamic range, sensitivity, speed) of the approach is demonstrated by comparative analysis of two differentially spiked proteomes.
A subcellular prefractionation protocol for minute amounts of mammalian cell cultures and tissue
Authors: Guillemin Isabelle , Becker Michael , Ociepka Kornelia , Friauf Eckhard , Nothwang Hans Gerd
Published: December 2004

Subcellular localization represents an essential, albeit often neglected, aspect of proteome analysis. Generally, the subcellular location of proteins determines the function of cells and tissues. Here we present a robust and versatile prefractionation protocol for mammalian cells and tissues which is appropriate for minute sample amounts. The protocol yields three fractions: a nuclear, a cytoplasmic, and a combined membrane and organelle fraction. The subcellular specificity and the composition of the fractions were demonstrated by immunoblot analysis of five marker proteins and analysis of 43 proteins by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. To cover all protein species, both conventional two‐dimensional and benzyldimethyl‐n‐hexadecyl ammonium chloride‐sodium dodecyl sulfate (16‐BAC‐SDS) gel electrophoresis were performed. Integral membrane proteins and strongly basic nuclear histones were detected only in the 16‐BAC‐SDS gel electrophoresis system, confirming its usefulness for proteome analysis. All but one protein complied to the respective subcellular composition of the analyzed fractions. Taken together, the data make our subcellular prefractionation protocol an attractive alternative to other prefractionation methods which are based on less physiological protein properties.
The Holm Oak leaf proteome: Analytical and biological variability in the protein expression level assessed by 2‐DE and protein identification tandem mass spectrometry de novo sequencing and sequence similarity searching
Authors: Jorge Inmaculada , Navarro Rafael M. , Lenz Christof , Ariza David , Porras Carlos , Jorrín Jesús
Published: December 2004

As a first approach in establishing the holm oak leaf proteome, we have optimised a protocol for this plant and tissue which includes the following steps: trichloroacetic acid‐acetone extraction, two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) on pH 5 to 8 linear gradient immobilised pH gradient strips as the first dimension, and sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on 13% polyacrylamide gels as the second one. Proteins were detected by Coomassie staining. Gel images were recorded and digitalized, and the protein spots quantified by using a linear regression equation of protein quantity on spot volume obtained against standard proteins. Analytical variance was calculated for one‐hundred protein spots from three replicate 2‐DE gels of the same protein extract. Biological variance was determined for the same protein spots from independent tissue extracts corresponding to leaves from different trees, or the same tree at different orientations or sampling times during a day. Values of 26% for the analytical variance and 58.6% for the biological variance among independent trees were obtained. These values provide a quantified and statistical basis for the evaluation of protein expression changes in comparative proteomic investigations with this species. A representative set of the major proteins, covering the isoelectric point range of 5 to 8 and the relative molecular massr range of 14 to 78 kDa, were subjected to liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Due to the absence of Quercus DNA or protein sequence databases, a method based on the procedure reported by Liska and Shevchenko [1] including de novo sequencing and BLAST similarity searching against other plant species databases was used for protein identification. Out of 43 analysed spots, 35 were positively identified. The identified proteins mainly corresponded to enzymes involved in photosynthesis and energetic metabolism, with a significant number corresponding to RubisCO.
Partial hepatectomy induced liver proteome changes in mice
Authors: Strey Christoph W. , Winters Mike S. , Markiewski Maciej M. , Lambris John D.
Published: December 2004

Acceleration of liver regeneration could be of great clinical benefit in various liver‐associated diseases. However, at present little is known about therapeutic interventions to enhance this regenerative process. Our limited understanding and the complexity of the mechanisms involved have prevented the identification of new targets for treatment. Here we propose a broad‐range proteomic approach to this problem that makes possible the simultaneous study of different signaling and metabolic pathways on the liver proteome. Changes in protein expression in mouse livers (n = 5 per group) at 6 h and 12 h after partial hepatectomy and sham operation, as compared to untreated controls, were analyzed using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry (MS), and mass fingerprinting. Twelve proteins, identified by MS, were up‐regulated by at least 2‐fold after partial hepatectomy. These included adipose differentiation‐related protein, gamma‐actin, enoyl coenzyme A hydratase 1, serum amyloid A and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3. These results indicate that liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy affects various signaling and metabolic pathways.
Preparation and physical properties of novel nonionic surfactants and their grafting copolymers with linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)
Authors: Xin Zhirong , Ding Yongtao , Yin Jinghua , Ke Zhuo , Xu Xiaodong , Gao Ying , Costa Giovanna
Published: December 2004

Three nonionic surfactants, S1, S2, and S3 and their acrylates, AS1, AS2, and AS3, were synthesized with poly(ethylene oxide) and diols such as glycol, 1,6‐hexanediol, and 1,10‐decanediol as the main starting materials. Their chemical structures were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and 1H NMR. The surface activity and surface tension (γ) of S1, S2, and S3 were evaluated by a drop weight method. The surface tension was found to decrease with the length of the lipophilic spacer in the molecular chains (γS1 < γS2 < γS3). AS1, AS2, and AS3 were adopted as functionalizing monomers and grafted onto linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) with a melt reactive extrusion procedure. The graft degrees of LLDPE were determined by FTIR. Three grafted LLDPE samples with grafting degrees of 1.16% (AS1), 0.82% (AS2), and 0.71% (AS3) were prepared. Thermal and rheological properties of grafted LLDPE samples were studied with differential scanning calorimetry and a rotational rheometer. Crystallization rates of grafted LLDPE were faster than that of plain LLDPE at a given crystallization temperature because graft chains could act as nucleating agents. The isothermal crystallization behavior of grafted LLDPE was in accordance with the Avrami model only in the first stage, and deviated from the model with an increase in the crystallization time. Shear thinning at high shear rates and shear thickening at low shear rates were observed for the grafted LLDPE. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 314–322, 2005
3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine counteracts akinesia enantioselectively in rat rotational behavior and catalepsy
Authors: Lebsanft Heike B. , Kohles Timo , Kovar Karl‐Artur , Schmidt Werner J.
Published: December 2004

We have shown recently that 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has symptomatic antiparkinsonian activity in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. In search of its mechanism of action, we further investigated the enantiomers of MDMA in the rotational behavioral model and catalepsy test. Catalepsy testing was done in drug‐naive unlesioned animals. The parkinsonian symptoms rigor and akinesia (i.e., catalepsy) were induced by intraperitoneal administration of haloperidol 0.5 mg/kg and measured repeatedly as descent latency from a horizontal bar and a vertical grid. MDMA and both its enantiomers were effective in counteracting haloperidol‐induced catalepsy, but if given as racemic, the effects were more pronounced than with the enantiomers. For testing of rotational behavior, male Sprague Dawley rats were lesioned unilaterally with 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) at the medial forebrain bundle. Administration of S‐MDMA (5 mg/kg) produced ipsilateral rotations. R‐MDMA was far less effective in inducing ipsilateral rotations in 6‐OHDA unilaterally lesioned rats, but when S‐MDMA was given additionally rotations immediately increased. Regarding their overall antiparkinsonian effects, the S‐enantiomer of MDMA was more effective than its R‐congener. R‐MDMA was able to increase the actions of S‐MDMA. Synapse 55:148–155, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of school context in the increase in young people's health complaints in Finland
Authors: Karvonen Sakari , Vikat Andres , Rimpelä Matti
Published: December 2004

According to biological indicators trends in young people's health appear favourable, but the psychosocial aspects suggest a different pattern. We studied the differences across schools in common health complaints and in three groups of factors behind them: pupils’ individual characteristics, family related factors and school‐related factors. Multilevel linear regression models were used to analyse repeated cross‐sectional data from Finnish 8th and 9th graders (14‐ and 15‐year‐olds, ) in 109 schools that were surveyed in 1996, 1998 and 2000. Common health complaints increased steadily during the follow‐up for all schools and they varied across schools. Both individual and school‐level factors contributed significantly to the variation in common health complaints. The study suggests that young people's psychosocial health involves a range of influences deriving from individual susceptibility and from the social and educational functioning of schools. However, none of these factors can account for the rapid decrease in young people's psychosocial health.
Evolved mechanisms in adolescent anxiety and depression symptoms: the role of the attachment and social rank systems
Authors: Irons C. , Gilbert P.
Published: December 2004

One hundred and forty adolescent students were assessed on measures of attachment, social rank (social comparison and submissive behaviour), and depression and anxiety symptoms. Secure attachment was significantly correlated with positive social comparison and inversely with submissive behaviour, depression and anxiety symptoms. In contrast, insecure attachment of both avoidance and ambivalence was associated with unfavourable comparison with others, and positively correlated with submissive behaviour, depression and anxiety symptoms. Exploring the relationship of attachment with depression and anxiety symptoms revealed that this link might have different routes through social rank perceptions. For secure attachment, social rank concerns (i.e. social comparison and submissive behaviour) did not mediate the linkage with anxiety or depression symptoms. However, for insecure attachment, social rank concerns showed either a partial or complete mediation of these relationships. This data may indicate that insecure attachment sensitizes individuals to become focused on the competitive dynamics of groups, the power of others to shame, hurt or reject, and the need to defend against these possibilities.
The association between bullying behaviour, arousal levels and behaviour problems
Authors: Woods Sarah , White Eleanor
Published: December 2004

Research into bullying behaviour has identified two main categories of bullying behaviour, direct bullying and relational bullying, within which different profiles are evident, namely ‘pure’ bullies, ‘pure’ victims, bully/victims and neutral children. The current study examined the relationship between direct and relational bullying profiles, arousal levels, and behaviour problems. 242 (males: 121, females: 121) Secondary school pupils (mean age 13.5 years) completed three questionnaires; the Arousal Predisposition Scale (APS) (Behav. Res. Therapy 26 (1988) 415); the School Relationships Questionnaire (SRQ) (detailed in J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 41(8) (2000) 989; Br. J. Psychol. 92 (2001) 673); the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) (J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 38(5) (1997) 581). Results revealed that the bully/victim profile for direct and relational bullying had the highest levels of arousal compared to other bullying profiles. Conversely, direct ‘pure’ bullies had low levels of arousal. Clinical behaviour problems as measured by the SDQ were associated with high levels of arousal. Clinically low arousal was not related to either bullying profiles, or behaviour problems. These findings were largely consistent with the arousal theory of behaviour (Crime and personality, 1964), which indicates that arousal levels are differentially associated with distinct behaviour patterns. The results provide implications for bullying intervention strategies, and methods to manage the school environment in relation to arousal levels.
Requirement of tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase‐A for proper cuticle formation in the nematode C. elegans
Authors: Kim Tai Hoon , Hwang Soon Baek , Jeong Pan-Young , Lee Junho , Cho Jin Won
Published: December 2004

Tyrosine O‐sulfation is one of the post‐translational modification processes that occur to membrane proteins and secreted proteins in eukaryotes. Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST) is responsible for this modification, and in this report, we describe the expression pattern and the biological role of TPST‐A in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We found that TPST‐A was mainly expressed in the hypodermis, especially in the seam cells. Reduction of TPST‐A activity by RNAi caused severe defects in cuticle formation, indicating that TPST‐A is involved in the cuticle formation in the nematode. We found that RNAi of TPST‐A suppressed the roller phenotype caused by mutations in the rol‐6 collagen gene, suggesting that sulfation of collagen proteins may be important for proper organization of the extracellular cuticle matrix. The TPST‐A RNAi significantly decreased the dityrosine level in the worms, raising the possibility that the sulfation process may be a pre‐requisite for the collagen tyrosine cross‐linking.
Glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase and actin associate with RNA polymerase II and interact with its Rpb7 subunit
Authors: Mitsuzawa Hiroshi , Kimura Makoto , Kanda Emi , Ishihama Akira
Published: December 2004

RNA polymerase II (pol II) purified from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe was previously reported to be associated with the general transcription factor TFIIF and the C‐terminal domain phosphatase Fcp1, as well as glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which has recently been implicated in transcriptional activation in human cells. Here, we provide evidence that the Rpb7 subunit of pol II interacts with GAPDH. Two‐hybrid screen identified GAPDH as an Rpb7‐binding protein. In addition, GAPDH was affinity‐purified from S. pombe extract by using an Rpb4/Rpb7‐coupled column. We also identified actin as a pol II‐associated protein and revealed the interaction between actin and Rpb7.
Phosphoinositide 3‐kinase γ controls autonomic regulation of the mouse heart through Gi‐independent downregulation of cAMP level
Authors: Alloatti Giuseppe , Marcantoni Andrea , Levi Renzo , Gallo Maria Pia , Sorbo Lorenzo Del , Patrucco Enrico , Barberis Laura , Malan Daniela , Azzolino Ornella , Wymann Matthias , Hirsch Emilio , Montrucchio Giuseppe
Published: December 2004

Cardiac β‐adrenergic and the muscarinic receptors control contractility and heart rate by triggering multiple signaling events involving downstream targets like the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase γ (PI3Kγ). We thus investigated whether the lack of PI3Kγ could play a role in the autonomic regulation of the mouse heart. Contractility and I
CaL of mutant cardiac preparations appeared increased in basal conditions and after β‐adrenergic stimulation. However, basal and β‐adrenergic stimulated heart rate were normal. Conversely, muscarinic inhibition of heart rate was reduced without alteration of the Gβγ‐dependent stimulation of I
K,ACh current. In addition, muscarinic‐mediated anti‐adrenergic effect on papillary muscle contractility and I
CaL was significantly depressed. Consistently, cAMP level of PI3Kγ‐null ventricles was always higher than wild‐type controls. Thus, PI3Kγ controls the cardiac function by reducing cAMP concentration independently of Gi‐mediated signaling.
Degradation of HER2/neu by apigenin induces apoptosis through cytochrome c release and caspase‐3 activation in HER2/neu‐overexpressing breast cancer cells
Authors: Way Tzong-Der , Kao Ming-Ching , Lin Jen-Kun
Published: December 2004

We have shown that exposure of the HER2/neu‐overexpressing breast cancer cells to apigenin resulted in induction of apoptosis by depleting HER2/neu protein and, in turn, suppressing the signaling of the HER2/HER3‐PI3K/Akt pathway. Here, we examined whether inhibition of this pathway played a role in the anti‐tumor effect. The results revealed that treatment with apigenin induced apoptosis through cytochrome c release and caused a rapid induction of caspase‐3 activity and stimulated proteolytic cleavage of DFF‐45. Furthermore, apigenin downregulated cyclin D1, D3 and Cdk4 and increased p27 protein levels. Colony formation in the soft agar assay, a hallmark of the transformation phenotype, was preferentially suppressed in HER2/neu‐overexpressing breast cancer cells in the presence of apigenin. In addition, a structure–activity relationship study indicated that (1) the position of B ring; and (2) the existence of the 3′, 4′‐hydroxyl group on the 2‐phenyl group were important for the depletion of HER2/neu protein by flavonoids. These results provided new insights into the structure–activity relationship of flavonoids.