bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The BBSome assembly is spatially controlled by BBS1 and BBS4 in human cells
Authors: Prasai Avishek , Cernohorska Marketa Schmidt , Ruppova Klara , Niederlova Veronika , Andelova Monika , Draber Peter , Stepanek Ondrej , Huranova Martina
Published: March 2020

Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) is a pleiotropic ciliopathy caused by dysfunction of primary cilia. Most BBS patients carry mutations in one of eight genes encoding for subunits of a protein complex, BBSome, which mediates the trafficking of ciliary cargoes. Although, the structure of the BBSome has been resolved recently, the mechanism of assembly of this complicated complex in living cells is poorly understood. We generated a large library of human retinal epithelial cell lines deficient in particular BBSome subunit and expressing another subunit tagged with a fluorescent protein. We performed a comprehensive analysis of these cell lines using biochemical and microscopy approaches. Our data revealed that the BBSome formation is a sequential process including a step of the pre-BBSome assembly at pericentriolar satellites nucleated by BBS4, followed by the translocation of the BBSome into the ciliary base mediated by BBS1.
MiR-146a controls age related bone loss
Authors: Saferding Victoria , Hofmann Melanie , Brunner Julia S. , Niederreiter Birgit , Timmen Melanie , Magilnick Nathaniel , Hayer Silvia , Heller Gerwin , Steiner Günter , Stange Richard , Boldin Mark , Schabbauer Gernot , Weigl Moritz , Hackl Matthias , Grillari Johannes , Smolen Josef S. , Blüml Stephan
Published: March 2020

Bone loss is one of the consequences of aging, leading to diseases such as osteoporosis and increased susceptibility to fragility fractures and therefore considerable morbidity and mortality in humans. Here we identify microRNA 146a as an essential epigenetic switch controlling bone loss with age. Mice deficient in miR-146a show regular development of their skeleton. However, while WT mice start to lose bone with age, animals deficient in miR-146a continue to accrue bone throughout their life span. Increased bone mass is due to increased generation and activity of osteoblasts in miR-146a deficient mice as a result of sustained activation of bone anabolic Wnt signaling during aging. Deregulation of the miR-146a target genes Wnt1 and Wnt5a parallel bone accrual and osteoblast generation, which is accompanied by reduced development of bone marrow adiposity. Furthermore, miR-146a deficient mice are protected from ovariectomy induced bone loss. In humans, levels of miR-146a are increased in patients suffering fragility fractures in comparison to those who do not.

These data identify miR-146a as a crucial epigenetic temporal regulator which essentially controls bone homeostasis during aging by regulating bone anabolic Wnt signaling. Therefore, miR-146a might be a powerful therapeutic target to prevent age related bone dysfunction such as the development of bone marrow adiposity and osteoporosis.
The evolving systemic biomarker milieu in obese ZSF1 rat model of human cardiometabolic syndrome: Characterization of the model and cardioprotective effect of GDF15
Authors: Stolina Marina , Luo Xin , Dwyer Denise , Han Chun-Ya , Chen Rhonda , Zhang Ying , Xiong YuMei , Chen Yinhong , Yin Jun , Ason Brandon , Hale Clarence , Véniant Murielle M.
Published: March 2020

Cardiometabolic syndrome has become a global health issue. Heart failure is a common comorbidity of cardiometabolic syndrome. Successful drug development to prevent cardiometabolic syndrome and associated comorbidities requires preclinical models predictive of human conditions. To characterize the heart failure component of cardiometabolic syndrome, cardiometabolic, metabolic, and renal biomarkers were evaluated in obese and lean ZSF1 20-to 22-week-old male rats. Cardiac function, exercise capacity, and left ventricular gene expression were also analyzed. Obese ZSF1 rats exhibited multiple features of human cardiometabolic syndrome by pathological changes in systemic renal, metabolic, and cardiovascular disease circulating biomarkers. Hemodynamic assessment, echocardiography, and decreased exercise capacity confirmed heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. RNA-seq results demonstrated changes in left ventricular gene expression associated with fatty acid and branched chain amino acid metabolism, cardiomyopathy, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure. Twelve weeks of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) treatment significantly decreased body weight, food intake, blood glucose, and triglycerides and improved exercise capacity in obese ZSF1 males. Systemic cardiovascular injury markers were significantly lower in GDF15-treated obese ZSF1 rats. Obese ZSF1 male rats represent a preclinical model for human cardiometabolic syndrome with established heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. GDF15 treatment mediated dietary response and demonstrated a cardioprotective effect in obese ZSF1 rats.
Direct and indirect nutritional factors that determine reproductive performance of heifer and primiparous cows
Authors: Eloy Lidiane R. , Bremm Carolina , Lobato José F. P. , Pötter Luciana , Laca Emilio A.
Published: March 2020

Pregnancy rate is a major determinant of population dynamics of wild ungulates and of productivity of livestock systems. Allocation of feeding resources, including stocking rates, prior to and during the breeding season is a crucial determinant of this vital rate. Thus, quantification of effects and interaction among multiple factors that affect pregnancy rate is essential for management and conservation of pasture-based systems. Pregnancy rate of 2982 heifers and primiparous cows was studied as a function of animal category, average daily gain during the breeding season, stocking rate, pasture type and body weight at the beginning of the breeding season. Data were obtained from 43 experiments conducted in commercial ranches and research stations in the Pampas region between 1976 and 2015. Stocking rate ranged from 200 to 464 kg live weight/ha, which brackets values for most of the grazinglands in similar regions. Age at breeding was 14-36 months (24.6 ± 7.5 months); initial breeding weights were 129-506 kg and 194-570 kg for heifers and primiparous cows. Pregnancy rate was modeled with an apriori set of explanatory variables where proximate variables (breed, body weight at start of breeding, weight gain during breeding and category) were included first and subsequently modeled as functions of other variables (pasture type, supplementation and stocking rate). This modeling approach allowed detection of direct and indirect effects (through nutrition and body weight) of factors that affect pregnancy rate. Taurine (Bos taurusbreeds, N = 1058) had higher pregnancy rate thanB. TaurusxB. indicuscrossbreed (N = 1924) females. Pregnancy rate of heifers and primiparous cows grazing in natural grasslands decreased with increasing stocking rate, but no effect of stocking rate was detected in cultivated and improved pastures. Pregnancy rate increased with increasing average daily gain during the breeding season. Use of cultivated or improved natural pastures promotes higher pregnancy rate, as well as allows higher in stocking rate at the regional level. Body weight at the start of the breeding season is the primary determinant of pregnancy rates in heifer and primiparous cows.
Kinetochore protein Spindly controls microtubule polarity inDrosophilaaxons
Authors: Castillo Urko del , Müller Hans-Arno J. , Gelfand Vladimir I.
Published: March 2020

Microtubule polarity in axons and dendrites defines the direction of intracellular transport in neurons. Axons contain arrays of uniformly polarized microtubules with plus-ends facing the tips of the processes (plus-end-out), while dendrites contain microtubules with minus-end-out orientation. It has been shown that cytoplasmic dynein, targeted to cortical actin, removes minus-end-out microtubules from axons. Here we have identified Spindly, a protein known for recruitment of dynein to kinetochores in mitosis, as a key factor required for dynein-dependent microtubule sorting in axons ofDrosophilaneurons. Depletion of Spindly affects polarity of axonal microtubulesin vivoand in primary neuronal cultures. In addition to these defects, depletion of Spindly in neurons causes major collapse of axonal patterning in the third-instar larval brain as well as severe coordination impairment in adult flies. These defects can be fully rescued by full-length Spindly, but not by variants with mutations in its dynein-binding site. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that Spindly binds F-actin, suggesting that Spindly serves as a link between dynein and cortical actin in axons. Therefore, Spindly plays a critical role during neurodevelopment by mediating dynein-driven sorting of axonal microtubules.

Significance Statement

Neurons send and receive electrical signals through long microtubule-filled neurites called axons and dendrites. One of the main structural differences between axons and dendrites is how their microtubules are organized. Axons contains microtubules with their plus-ends out while microtubules in dendrites are organized with mixed or plus-end-in orientation. Dynein, the main minus-end microtubule motor, anchored to cortical actin filaments in the axons is responsible for the uniform microtubule polarity in axons. However, it is unknown how dynein is recruited to the actin cortex in axons. The major finding of this work is that Spindly, a protein involved in anchoring dynein to kinetochores during cell division, has a second important function in interphase cells recruiting dynein to the actin cortex in axons.
SGK1 Signaling Promotes Glucose Metabolism and Survival in Extracellular Matrix Detached Cells
Authors: Mason Joshua A. , Cockfield Jordan A. , Pape Daniel J. , Meissner Hannah , Sokolowski Michael , White Taylor C. , Valentín López José C. , Liu Juan , Liu Xiaojing , Martínez-Reyes Inmaculada , Chandel Navdeep S. , Locasale Jason W. , Schafer Zachary T.
Published: March 2020

Loss of integrin-mediated attachment to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins can trigger a variety of cellular changes that impact cell viability. Foremost among these is the activation of anoikis, caspase-mediated cell death induced by ECM-detachment. In addition to anoikis, loss of ECM-attachment causes profound alterations in cellular metabolism that can lead to anoikis-independent cell death. Here, we describe a surprising role for serum and glucocorticoid kinase-1 (SGK1) in the promotion of energy production when cells are detached. Our data demonstrate that SGK1 activation is necessary and sufficient for ATP generation during ECM-detachment and anchorage-independent growth. More specifically, SGK1 promotes a substantial elevation in glucose uptake due to elevated GLUT1 transcription. In addition, carbon flux into the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is necessary to accommodate elevated glucose uptake and PPP-mediated glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) is necessary for ATP production. Thus, our data unmask SGK1 as master regulator of glucose metabolism and cell survival during ECM-detached conditions.
The molecular structure of primary cilia revealed by cryo-electron tomography
Authors: Kiesel Petra , Viar Gonzalo Alvarez , Tsoy Nikolai , Maraspini Riccardo , Honigmann Alf , Pigino Gaia
Published: March 2020

Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles involved in key signaling and sensing processes in eukaryotic cells. Unlike motile cilia, which have been thoroughly studied, the structure and the composition of primary cilia remain largely unexplored despite their fundamental role in development and homeostasis. They have for long been falsely regarded as simplified versions of motile cilia because they lack distinctive elements such as dynein arms, radial spokes, and central pair complex. However, revealing the detailed molecular composition and 3D structure of primary cilia is necessary in order to understand the mechanisms that govern their functions. Such structural investigations are so far being precluded by the challenging preparation of primary cilia for cryo-electron microscopy. Here, we developed an enabling method for investigating the structure of primary cilia at molecular resolution by cryo-electron tomography. We show that the well-known “9+0” arrangement of microtubule doublets is present only at the base of the primary cilium. A few microns away from the base the ciliary architecture changes into an unstructured bundle of EB1-decorated microtubule singlets and some actin filaments. Our results suggest the existence of a previously unobserved crosstalk between actin filaments and microtubules in the primary cilium. Our work provides unprecedented insights into the molecular structure of primary cilia and a general framework for uncovering their molecular composition and function in health and disease. This opens up new possibilities to study aspects of this important organelle that have so far been out of reach.
Mechanosensation Mediates Long-Range Spatial Decision-Making in an Aneural Organism
Authors: Murugan Nirosha J. , Kaltman Daniel H. , Jin Hong , Chien Melanie , Flores Ramses M. , Nguyen Cuong Q. , Tuzoff Dmitry , Minabutdinov Alexey , Kane Anna , Novak Richard , Ingber Donald E. , Levin Michael
Published: March 2020

The unicellular protistPhysarum polycephalumis an important emerging model for understanding how aneural organisms process information toward adaptive behavior. Here, we reveal thatPhysarumcan use mechanosensation to reliably make decisions about distant objects its environment, preferentially growing in the direction of heavier, substrate-deforming but chemically-inert masses. This long-range mass-sensing is abolished by gentle rhythmic mechanical disruption, changing substrate stiffness, or addition of a mechanosensitive transient receptor potential channel inhibitor. Computational modeling revealed thatPhysarummay perform this calculation by sensing the fraction of its growth perimeter that is distorted above a threshold strain – a fundamentally novel method of mechanosensation. Together, these data identify a surprising behavioral preference relying on biomechanical features and not nutritional content, and characterize a new example of an aneural organism that exploits physics to make decisions about growth and form.

Highlights

The aneural Physarum makes behavioral decisions by control of its morphology

It has a preference for larger masses, which it can detect at long range

This effect is mediated by mechanosensing, not requiring chemical attractants

Machine learning reveals that it surveys environment and makes decision in < 4 hours

A biophysical model reveals how its pulsations enable long-distance mapping of environmental features
Gobies (Perciformes: Gobiidae) in Bolinao, northwestern Philippines
Authors: Stiefel Klaus M. , Manogan Dana P. , Cabaitan Patrick C.
Published: March 2020

We conducted a visual and photographic survey of the gobiidae in the Bolinao area of the Philipines, located on the western tip of the Lingayen gulf, on the west coast of Luzon island. We identified a total of 40 species, of which 18 are shrimp-associated. One species found (Myersina lachneri) constitutes a range expansion into the Philippines. This number of species is in the expected range compared to other studies of marine goby faunae in the coral triangle, despite the significant anthropogenic pressures onto the marine ecosystem in the surveyed area.
ZmCLA4 regulates leaf angle through multiple plant hormone-mediated signal pathways in maize
Authors: Dou Dandan , Han Shengbo , Ku Lixia , Liu Huafeng , Su Huihui , Ren Zhenzhen , Zhang Dongling , Zeng Haixia , Dong Yahui , Liu Zhixie , Zhu Fangfang , Zhao Qiannan , Xie Jiarong , Liu Yajing , Cheng Haiyang , Chen Yanhui
Published: March 2020

Leaf angle in cereals is an important agronomic trait contributing to plant architecture and grain yield by determining the plant compactness. Although ZmCLA4 was identified to shape plant architecture by affecting leaf angle, the detailed regulatory mechanism of ZmCLA4 in maize remains unclear. ZmCLA4 was identified as a transcriptional repressor using the Gal4-LexA/UAS system and transactivation analysis in yeast. The DNA affinity purification (DAP)-seq assay showed that ZmCLA4 not only acts as a repressor containing the EAR motif (CACCGGAC), but was also found to have two new motifs, CCGARGS and CDTCNTC. On analyzing the ZmCLA4-bound targeted genes, we found that ZmCLA4, as a cross node of multiple plant hormone-mediated pathways, directly bound to ARF22 and IAA26 to regulate auxin transport and mediated brassinosteroid signaling by directly binding to BZR3 and 14-3-3. ZmCLA4 bound two WRKY genes involved with abscisic acid, two genes (CYP75B1, CYP93D1) involved with jasmonic acid, B3 involved in the response to ethylene, and thereby negatively regulated leaf angle formation. We built a new regulatory network for theZmCLA4gene controlling leaf angle in maize, which contributed to the understanding of ZmCLA4’s regulatory mechanism and will improve grain yields by facilitating optimization of plant architecture.
Association between social factors and gastrointestinal parasite product excretion in a group of non-cooperatively breeding carrion crows
Authors: Wascher Claudia A.F.
Published: March 2020

The social environment strongly affects the physiological stress response in group living animals, which in turn can affect the immune system and increase susceptibility to parasites. Here, I investigate relationships between social behavior and gastrointestinal parasite product excretion in the carrion crow (Corvus corone). Individuals from a population of non-cooperatively breeding carrion crows excreted less samples containing coccidian oocysts when kept in larger groups (8 or 9 individuals) compared to those individuals kept in smaller groups (2 or 3 individuals). Lower-ranking individuals excreted more samples containing parasite oocysts compared to higher-ranking individuals. The strength of affiliative relationships and number of related individuals in the group did not relate to the proportion of droppings containing coccidian oocysts. The present results confirm an association between social environment and parasite excretion patterns in carrion crows, but the patterns described in the present study differ from previously published data derived from a group of cooperatively breeding crows. This illustrates that differences between the social systems of carrion crows might result in different associations between the social environment and parasite product excretion patterns.

Significance statement

One major cost of group living is an increase in susceptibility to parasites, however not all group living animals are affected by this in the same way. A better understanding how social behavior is associated with parasite burden can help to better understand evolution of group living. This study attempts to investigate associations between dominance rank, affiliative relationships as well as groups size and gastrointestinal parasite product excretion in a group of captive carrion crows. Lower-ranking individuals excreted more samples containing parasite oocysts compared to higher-ranking individuals, confirming an association between social relationships within the groups (for example dominance rank) and parasite excretion patterns.
Network resilience modelling: a New Zealand forestry supply chain case
Authors: Childerhouse Paul , Al Aqqad Mohammed , Zhou Quan , Bezuidenhout Carel
Published: March 2020

Purpose

The objective of this research is to model supply chain network resilience for low frequency high impact disruptions. The outputs are aimed at providing policy and practitioner guidance on ways to enhance supply chain resilience.

Design/methodology/approach

The research models the resilience of New Zealand's log export logistical network. A two-tier approach is developed; linear programming is used to model the aggregate-level resilience of the nation's ports, then discrete event simulation is used to evaluate operational constraints and validate the capacity of operational flows from forests to ports.

Findings

The synthesis of linear programming and discrete event simulation provide a holistic approach to evaluate supply chain resilience and enhance operational efficiency. Strategically increasing redundancy can be complimented with operational flexibility to enhance network resilience in the long term.

Research limitations/implications

The two-tier modelling approach has only been applied to New Zealand's log export supply chains, so further applications are needed to insure reliability. The requirement for large quantities of empirical data relating to operational flows limited the simulation component to a single region

Practical implications

New Zealand's log export supply chain has low resilience; in most cases the closure of a port significantly constrains export capacity. Strategic selection of location and transportation mode by foresters and log exporters can significantly enhance the resilience of their supply chains.

Originality/value

The use of a two-tiered analytical approach enhances validity as each level's limitations and assumptions are addressed when combined with one another. Prior predominantly theoretical research in the field is validated by the empirical investigation of supply chain resilience.
Proposing a model of manager's strategic intelligence, organization development, and entrepreneurial behavior in organizations
Authors: Ahmadi Masoud , Baei Fahimeh , Hosseini-Amiri Seyyed-Mahmoud , Moarefi Alireza , Suifan Taghrid S. , Sweis Rateb
Published: March 2020

Purpose

The main purpose of this article is to examine the relationship among the manager's Strategic Intelligence (SI) with Organization Development (OD), and Entrepreneurial Behaviour (EB) in governmental agencies in underdeveloped countries.

Design/methodology/approach

To fulfill the purpose of this study, 274 staff were selected from a population of 480 based on stratified sampling. Descriptive and inferential statistics (including the measurement methods, KMO, Bartlett, Durbin–Watson, and path analysis tests) were performed by using SPSS22 software and Lisrel 8.5.

Findings

Based on the results of the analysis, there is a positive significant relationship between the manager's SI and organizational development. Moreover, there is a positive significant relationship between the manager's SI and entrepreneurial behavior. However, examining the moderator variables including demographic characteristics revealed that the demographic characteristics have no effect on the manager's SI–OD relationship and manager's SI–EB relationship. Only gender influences the manager's SI–EB relationship.

Practical implications

This research proposes a model of the relevant internal variables that have a positive effect on the organization's development and growth. The model is intended to help organizations gain competitive advantage and opportunity by improving the internal factors (managers' SI and entrepreneurial behavior of managers and staff) for the development and survival.

Originality/value

This study proposed a model of manager's SU, OD and Entrepreneurial Behavior in organizations based on data collected from underdeveloped countries. Also, the result of this study could be used by startup and entrepreneurial companies around the world.
The geographic mosaic in parallel: Matching patterns of newt tetrodotoxin levels and snake resistance in multiple predator–prey pairs
Authors: Reimche Jessica S. , Brodie Edmund D. , Stokes Amber N. , Ely Erica J. , Moniz Haley A. , Thill Vicki L. , Hallas Joshua M. , Pfrender Michael E. , Brodie Edmund D. , Feldman Chris R.
Published: March 2020

The Geographic Mosaic Theory of Coevolution predicts that coevolutionary arms races will vary over time and space because of the diverse ecological settings and population histories of interacting species across the landscape. Thus, understanding coevolution may require investigating broad sets of populations sampled across the range of the interaction. In addition, comparing coevolutionary dynamics between similar systems may reveal the importance of specific factors that structure coevolution.

Here, we examine geographic patterns of prey traits and predator traits in the relatively unstudied interaction between the Sierra garter snake (Thamnophis couchii) and sympatric prey, the rough‐skinned newt (Taricha granulosa), Sierra newt (Ta. sierrae) and California newt (Ta. torosa). This system parallels, in space and phenotypes, a classic example of coevolution between predatory common garter snakes (Th. sirtalis) and their toxic newt prey exhibiting hotspots of newt tetrodotoxin (TTX) levels and matching snake TTX resistance.

We quantified prey and predator traits from hundreds of individuals across their distributions, and functional trait matching at sympatric sites.

We show strong regional patterns of trait covariation across the shared ranges of Th. couchii and newt prey. Traits differ significantly among localities, with lower newt TTX levels and snake TTX resistance at the northern latitudes, and higher TTX levels and snake resistance at southern latitudes. Newts and snakes in northern populations show the highest degree of functional trait matching despite possessing the least extreme traits. Conversely, newts and snakes in southern populations show the greatest mismatch despite possessing exaggerated traits, with some snakes so resistant to TTX they would be unaffected by any sympatric newt. Nevertheless, individual variation was substantial, and appears to offer the opportunity for continued reciprocal selection in most populations.

Overall, the three species of newts appear to be engaged in a TTX‐mediated arms race with Th. couchii. These patterns are congruent with those seen between newts and Th. sirtalis, including the same latitudinal gradient in trait covariation, and the potential ‘escape’ from the arms race by snake predators. Such concordance in broad scale patterns across two distinct systems suggests common phenomena might structure geographic mosaics in similar ways.
Evidence for seasonal cycles in deep‐sea fish abundances: A great migration in the deep SE Atlantic?
Authors: Milligan Rosanna J. , Scott E. Marian , Jones Daniel O. B. , Bett Brian J. , Jamieson Alan J. , O’Brien Robert , Pereira Costa Sofia , Rowe Gilbert T. , Ruhl Henry A. , Smith Ken L. , de Susanne Philippe , Vardaro Michael F. , Bailey David M.
Published: March 2020

Animal migrations are of global ecological significance, providing mechanisms for the transport of nutrients and energy between distant locations. In much of the deep sea (>200 m water depth), the export of nutrients from the surface ocean provides a crucial but seasonally variable energy source to seafloor ecosystems. Seasonal faunal migrations have been hypothesized to occur on the deep seafloor as a result, but have not been documented.

Here, we analyse a 7.5‐year record of photographic data from the Deep‐ocean Environmental Long‐term Observatory Systems seafloor observatories to determine whether there was evidence of seasonal (intra‐annual) migratory behaviours in a deep‐sea fish assemblage on the West African margin and, if so, identify potential cues for the behaviour.

Our findings demonstrate a correlation between intra‐annual changes in demersal fish abundance at 1,400 m depth and satellite‐derived estimates of primary production off the coast of Angola. Highest fish abundances were observed in late November with a smaller peak in June, occurring approximately 4 months after corresponding peaks in primary production.

Observed changes in fish abundance occurred too rapidly to be explained by recruitment or mortality, and must therefore have a behavioural driver. Given the recurrent patterns observed, and the established importance of bottom‐up trophic structuring in deep‐sea ecosystems, we hypothesize that a large fraction of the fish assemblage may conduct seasonal migrations in this region, and propose seasonal variability in surface ocean primary production as a plausible cause. Such trophic control could lead to changes in the abundance of fishes across the seafloor by affecting secondary production of prey species and/or carrion availability for example.

In summary, we present the first evidence for seasonally recurring patterns in deep‐sea demersal fish abundances over a 7‐year period, and demonstrate a previously unobserved level of dynamism in the deep sea, potentially mirroring the great migrations so well characterized in terrestrial systems.
Species‐level drivers of mammalian ectoparasite faunas
Authors: Dáttilo Wesley , Barrozo‐Chávez Nathalia , Lira‐Noriega Andrés , Guevara Roger , Villalobos Fabricio , Santiago‐Alarcon Diego , Neves Frederico Siqueira , Izzo Thiago , Ribeiro Sérvio Pontes
Published: March 2020

Traditionally, most studies have described the organization of host–parasite interaction networks by considering only few host groups at limited geographical extents. However, host–parasite relationships are merged within different taxonomic groups and factors shaping these interactions likely differ between host and parasite groups, making group‐level differences important to better understand the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of these interactive communities.

Here we used a dataset of 629 ectoparasite species and 251 species of terrestrial mammals, comprising 10 orders distributed across the Nearctic and Neotropical regions of Mexico to assess the species‐level drivers of mammalian ectoparasite faunas. Specifically, we evaluated whether body weight, geographical range size and within‐range mammal species richness (i.e. diversity field) predict mammal ectoparasite species richness (i.e. degree centrality) and their closeness centrality within the mammal–ectoparasite network. In addition, we also tested if the observed patterns differ among mammal orders and if taxonomic closely related host mammals could more likely share the same set of ectoparasites.

We found that ectoparasite species richness of small mammals (mainly rodents) with large proportional range sizes was high compared to large‐bodied mammals, whereas the diversity field of mammals had no predictive value (except for bats). We also observed that taxonomic proximity was a main determinant of the probability to share ectoparasite species. Specifically, the probability to share ectoparasites in congeneric species reached up to 90% and decreased exponentially as the taxonomic distance increased.

Further, we also detected that some ectoparasites are generalists and capable to infect mammalian species across different orders and that rodents have a remarkable role in the network structure, being closely connected to many other taxa.

Hence, because many rodent species have synanthropic habits they could act as undesired reservoirs of disease agents for humans and urban animals. Considering the reported worldwide phenomenon of the proliferation of rodents accompanying the demographic decrease or even local extinction of large‐bodied mammal species, these organisms may already be an increasing health threat in many regions of the world.
Immunological outcomes in infants with ROP after dexamethasone and aminophylline
Authors: Balashova Larisa , Bykovskaya Svetlana , Korobova Ludmila , Kuznetsova Yulia , Kantardgy Elena , Mukhin Vladimir , Popov Andrey
Published: March 2020

This research aims to improve anaesthesia services given to preterm infants by the use of dexamethasone and aminophylline administrated under sevoflurane, and to analyze its effect on the cell‐mediated immunity (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+(T‐reg) and CD4+CD25highFoxp3+CD127low). We have examined 74 premature babies with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) at the 3–5 stages during the 25–32 week gestation period (1–6 months after birth). Both immunomodulators had no significant effect on clinical parameters after one dose (P > .05). Aminophylline (2.4% solution, 0.1 mL/kg or 0.132 mL per infant on average) and dexamethasone (0.4% solution, 0.1 mg/kg or 0.132 mL per infant on average) were intravenously injected 15 minutes before the end of the surgery. Required anaesthesia depth was maintained with inhalation anaesthetic (1.5–2.0 IAC), and the minimum fresh gas flow was not less than 2 L. Blood samples were taken from the vein (anaesthesia induction stage) into the tubes containing EDTA (the anticoagulant), stored at 20–25°C, and then, processed and stained within 24 hours after sampling. Both immunomodulators had no significant effect on clinical parameters after one dose (P > .05). Short‐term shift in regulatory T‐cell level affected by dexamethasone has a negative effect combined with further withdrawal effect that this hormonal drug has. Aminophylline has such clinical effects as improving pulmonary ventilation, decrease in apnoea frequency, and improving blood gas indices. Aminophylline has less expressed but more prolonged positive effect during the day when used for several days. It may lead to a persistent positive effect with progressive treatment outcomes.
Modeling the buffer capacity of ingredients in salad dressing products
Authors: Longtin Madyson , Price Robert E. , Mishra Ritu , Breidt Fred
Published: March 2020

The pH of most acid food products depends on undefined and complex buffering of ingredients but is critically important for regulatory purposes and food safety. Our objective was to define the buffer capacity (BC) of ingredients in salad dressing products. Ingredients of salad dressings were titrated individually and in combination using concentrations typical of dressing products. Titration curves from pH 2 to 12 were generated with sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid, which were then used to generate BC curves. A matrix of concentration and pK values for a series of monoprotic buffers approximated the pH of each ingredient. Some buffer series required anion or cation corrections for accurate pH prediction, possibly due to the presence of salts of acid or bases. Most buffers had BC values less than 10‐fold the BC of acetic acid (0.25 β) typically in dressing formulations and had little influence on the final product pH of the dressings tested. Unexpectedly, we found that sugars in dressing formulations, including sucrose or corn syrup, exhibited buffering at pH values greater than 11 (0.035 β and 0.059 β, respectively), which was likely due to weakly acidic hydroxyl groups on the sugar molecules. However, the concentration and pK for buffers above pH 11 or below pH 2 were difficult to quantify due to the BC of water. The BC data may help to quantify the effects of salad dressing ingredients on the final product pH and benefit regulatory agencies and manufacturers in assessing product pH and safety.

Practical Application

Buffer capacity data for salad dressing ingredients may help determine the influence ingredient addition will have on the final pH of a salad dressing product. The addition of low acid ingredients with little or no buffering may not significantly alter pH. The modeling method may be useful for regulatory purposes to estimate the effects of low acid ingredients on pH changes for food safety and may also be useful for product development of acid and acidified foods.
Effect of chitosan–essential oil, a surface mold inhibitor, on microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of semidried fermented sausages
Authors: Küçükkaya Seren , Arslan Betül , Demirok Soncu Eda , Ertürk Duygu , Soyer Ayla
Published: March 2020

Mold growth on sausage casing during processing is an important problem in fermented sausages. In this work, sausages were dipped into 1% chitosan (C), 1% thyme essential oil in 1% chitosan (CT), 1% rosemary essential oil in 1% chitosan (CR), 20% potassium sorbate (PS) as chemical antifungal, and 1% acetic acid solution (AA) as chitosan solver, or distilled water (DW) as control after fermentation (at day 4). The changes in microbiological (total viable count, lactic acid bacteria [LAB], Micrococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and mold and yeast counts) and physicochemical attributes of the sausages during 12 days of processing were monitored. As expected, LAB were the most dominant microbiota in fermented sausages and the dipping process did not have any negative effect. Additionally, the treatment with C, CT, and CR suppressed the growth of spoilage microorganisms, which resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.01) of about 1.4 to 1.6 log CFU/g in Enterobacteriaceae counts at day 12. The C, CT, and CR similarly suppressed the growth of fungi in the interior of the sausages, and the antifungal treatment significantly reduced (P < 0.01) the load of fungi on the casing. Throughout the study, approximately log counts of 3 and 4 in lower molds and yeasts in the casings treated with PS and CR were found, respectively, as compared to DW. Finally, the microbial quality of the end product was notably improved.

Practical Application

Processing conditions such as high humidity and O2 in the ripening chamber result in undesirable fungal growth on the casings of the sausages. Fermented sausages are usually treated with weak acids such as sorbic or benzoic acids or their salts to inhibit mold growth during the drying process. However, increasing consumer demand to reduce the use of chemicals encourages the applications of natural antifungals.
The impact of the managed care backlash on health care spending
Authors: Pinkovskiy Maxim L.
Published: March 2020

The health spending slowdown associated with the managed care revolution in the 1990s suggests that managed care may have been successful in controlling health care spending. I exploit the passage of state regulation during the “managed care backlash” as well as geographic variation in managed care intensity to measure the impact of managed care on spending. I find that restricting managed care causes a large and significant increase in hospital spending, which cannot be explained by changes in hospital market concentration, other regulatory activity, and multiple other possible explanations. I also do not find effects of the backlash on mortality.
Long‐term changes and host plant differences in the incidence of parasitoids attacking Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in agricultural landscapes in eastern Australia
Authors: Baker Geoff H , Tann Colin R
Published: March 2020

Transgenic (Bt) varieties have improved the control of key insect pests, Helicoverpa spp. (Noctuidae), and reduced pesticide use within Australian cotton crops. Approval to use Bt cotton varieties in Australia required assurance that they would have no significant adverse impact on non‐target invertebrates resident in cotton fields. However, little is known of any influences that Bt cotton might have on non‐target invertebrates, especially beneficial species, found elsewhere in cotton production landscapes. We collected large numbers of Helicoverpa eggs, larvae and pupae in various major crop types in several cotton production regions in eastern Australia over 26 years and reared them to determine parasitoid frequencies. In addition, more limited collections were made on minor crops, exotic weeds and native vegetation (the latter also surveyed in inland Australia). The most common parasitoids found in crops included Trichogramma spp. and Chelonus spp. (for eggs), Microplitis demolitor, Heteropelma scaposum, Chaetophthalmus sp. and Carcelia sp. (for larvae) and H. scaposum and Ichneumon promissorius (for pupae). Larval parasitoid communities on weeds were similar to those found on crops. Greater parasitoid frequencies were often found in eggs, larvae and pupae of Helicoverpa in crops surveyed after the advent of Bt cotton, compared with earlier years. Similar patterns were found for larvae on the common weed, Echium plantagineum, and native daisies (Asteraceae). No negative associations involving parasitoids and the use of Bt cotton were found.
Anatomical parameters of the body and the digestive tract ofCallithrix sp. marmosets under the influence of seasonality
Authors: Guimarães‐Lopes Vanessa de Paula , Gomes Maria Raquel Varino Sá , Kagueyama Mislene , Faria Rita de Cássia Vieira , Ribeiro Filho Oswaldo Pinto , de Melo Fabiano Rodrigues , Sartori Sirlene Souza Rodrigues
Published: March 2020

Due to the ecological importance and given the scarcity of studies on the digestive morphology of primates, anatomical aspects of the body and digestive tract, as well as food content were analysed for marmosetsCallithrixsp. (hybrids of exotic species) captured in forest fragments in Minas Gerais ‐ Brazil, during the dry and rainy seasons, considering that seasonal variations affect the availability of food and quality of diet. Data such as body weight and length, and thoracic and abdominal perimeters were analysed, and no significant difference was found between dry and rainy seasons. In relation to the digestive tract, length, weight and diameter of the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine were measured, in addition to the isolated caecum. There was a significant difference in the diameter of the ascending colon, which was larger in the animals in the dry season than in the rainy season. The difference found may be related to diet, and through analysis of the gastric and caecal contents, it was observed that gum was the main food item for the dry season marmosets, while in the rainy season the animals consumed mainly arthropods. Thus, the characteristic observed in the digestive tract of dry season marmosets is a reflection of an adaptive response to gum intake, since this food item is of low digestibility, necessitating that the food content be retained for a long time in this segment of the large intestine, helping the process of microbial fermentation and better energy utilization for these animals.
Cold‐inducible RNA‐binding protein contributes to tissue remodeling in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps
Authors: Shi Li‐Li , Ma Jin , Deng Yi‐Ke , Chen Cai‐Ling , Wang Heng , Cao Ping‐Ping , Long Xiao‐Bo , Zeng Ming , Liu Zheng
Published: March 2020

Background

Cold‐inducible RNA‐binding protein (CIRP) is a newly identified damage‐associated molecular pattern molecule. Its roles beyond promoting inflammation and in human diseases are poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of CIRP in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP).

Methods

Immunohistochemistry, quantitative RT‐PCR, and ELISA were used to detect the expression of CIRP and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in sinonasal mucosal samples and nasal secretions. Human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) and THP‐1 cells, a human monocytic/macrophage cell line, were cultured to explore the regulation of CIRP expression and MMP expression.

Results

Cytoplasmic CIRP expression in nasal epithelial cells and CD68+ macrophages in sinonasal tissues, and CIRP levels in nasal secretions were significantly increased in both patients with eosinophilic and noneosinophilic CRSwNP as compared to those in control subjects. IL‐4, IL‐13, IL‐10, IL‐17A, TNF‐α, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus group 1, and lipopolysaccharide induced the production and secretion of CIRP from HNECs and macrophages differentiated from THP‐1 cells. CIRP promoted MMP2, MMP7, MMP9, MMP12, and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF‐A) production from HNECs, macrophages differentiated from THP‐1 cells, and polyp tissues, which was inhibited by the blocking antibody for Toll‐like receptor 4, but not advanced glycation end products. The expression of MMPs and VEGF‐A in tissues correlated with CIRP levels in nasal secretions in patients with CRSwNP.

Conclusions

The upregulated production and release of CIRP from nasal epithelial cells and macrophages may contribute to the edema formation in both eosinophilic and noneosinophilic CRSwNP by inducing MMP and VEGF‐A production from epithelial cells and macrophages.
CD23 expression on switched memory B cells bridges T‐B cell interaction in allergic rhinitis
Authors: Yao Yin , Wang Nan , Chen Cai‐Ling , Pan Li , Wang Zhi‐Chao , Yunis Joseph , Chen Zhi‐An , Zhang Yu , Hu Si‐Tao , Xu Xiao‐Yan , Zhu Rong‐Fei , Yu Di , Liu Zheng
Published: March 2020

Background

The contribution of B‐cell subsets and T‐B cell interaction to the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR) and mechanisms of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) remain poorly understood. This study aimed to outline circulating B‐cell signature, the underlying mechanism, and its association with clinical response to AIT in patients with AR.

Methods

IgD/CD27 and CD24/CD38 core gating systems were used to determine frequencies and phenotypes of B cells. Correlations between B cells, T cells, antigen‐specific IgE, and disease severity in AR patients were investigated. Switched memory B cells were co‐cultured with type 2 follicular helper T (Tfh2) cells and follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells. Associations between B‐cell subsets and clinical benefits of AIT were analyzed.

Results

Frequencies and absolute numbers of circulating memory B cells were increased in AR patients. CD23 expression on CD19+CD20+CD27+IgD− switched memory B cells was significantly enhanced and positively correlated with antigen‐specific IgE levels, symptom scores, and Tfh2/Tfr cell ratio in AR patients. Compared with those from healthy controls, Tfh2 cells from AR patients had a greater capacity to induce CD23 expression on switched memory B cells via IL‐4, which was unable to be sufficiently suppressed by AR‐associated Tfr cells with defective IL‐10 expression. CD23 expression on switched memory B cells was downregulated after 12‐month AIT, which positively associated with disease remission in AR patients.

Conclusion

T‐B cell interaction, bridged by CD23 expression particularly on switched memory B cells, may be involved in the disease pathogenesis and mechanism of AIT in patients with AR.
Panics over Plastics: A Matter of Belonging in Kenya
Authors: Meiu George Paul
Published: March 2020

Anthropologists have shown how recent efforts to tell apart foreigners from autochthons have played out, often subtly disguised, in panics over objects that may seem trivial: “alien species” of fish, trees, or plants that endanger “local” nature. Little has been said about plastic's dominant position among these objects. In Samburu county, northern Kenya, “plastic boys” are unemployed men whom others despise for being unattached, “useless paupers,” who, not unlike plastic itself, have allegedly no capacity to grow roots and thrive. Analyzing this subject position against a wider background of objects and afflictions deemed “foreign”—including plastic bags, plastic rice, plastic hair, plastic smiles, and homosexuality as a “plastic pollutant”—I show how different troublesome objectifications of plastic resonate with one another and their wider context. I argue that panics over plastics and the politics of belonging shape one another, producing new, less‐obvious forms of inclusion and exclusion. [belonging, materiality, plastic, Samburu, Kenya]
Sudden death in a patient with long QT syndrome presenting with an epileptic phenotype
Authors: Sharma Esseim , Gannon Stephen , McCauley Brian , Chu Antony F.
Published: March 2020

Patients with epilepsy suffer from a higher mortality rate than the general population, a portion of which is not due to epilepsy itself or comorbid conditions. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a common but poorly understood cause of death in patients with intractable epilepsy and often afflicts younger patients. The pathophysiology of SUDEP is poorly defined but does not appear to be related to prolonged seizure activity or resultant injury. Interestingly, a subset of patients with confirmed long QT syndrome (LQTS) present with a seizure phenotype and may have concurrent epilepsy. In this case, we present a patient who initially presented with a seizure phenotype. Further workup captured PMVT on an outpatient event monitor, and the patient was subsequently diagnosed with LQTS1. A substantial number of patients with LQTS initially present with a seizure phenotype. These patients may represent a subset of SUDEP cases resulting from ventricular arrhythmias. Appropriate suspicion for ventricular arrhythmias is necessary for proper arrhythmia evaluation and management in patients presenting with epilepsy.