bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GeoPick ‐ A web application for georeferencing natural history collections following best practices
Authors: Marcer Arnald , Escobar Agustí , Chapman Arthur D. , Wieczorek John R.
Published: August 2024

Georeferencing is a key process in the digitization of natural history collections as it assigns spatial coordinates to preserved specimen collecting locations, facilitating their use in ecological, evolutionary and conservation research. Georeference data in public repositories such as GBIF is often missing or incomplete, jeopardising their use in research and limiting the return on investment made by public institutions. Despite the existence of guidelines for best practices for georeferencing and widely accepted standards for biodiversity data, there is a lack of a simple yet effective software tool that offers the implementation of both concepts. We present GeoPick with the aim to offer the collections community a standards‐compliant tool that eases the georeferencing process, making it more cost‐effective, and which, by applying best practices, contributes to the betterment of the occurrence data in public repositories. GeoPick also offers the possibility of collaboration between users and institutions through the sharing of georeferences. The tool is hosted by GBIF at https://geopick.gbif.org, and is open source. Its code is available at a public GitHub repository (https://github.com/rtdeb/GeoPick).

Keywords: Darwin Core, georeferencing, natural history collections, point‐radius method, web application, Well Known Text Format, WKT
What lies behind melasma: a review of the related skin microenvironment
Authors: Gu Duoduo , Pan Ruoxin , Meng Xiaoqi , Liu Tingwei , Zhong Hui , Chen Nuoran , Xu Yang
Published: August 2024

Melasma is an acquired chronic pigmentary disorder affecting millions of individuals worldwide. However, the pathogenesis of melasma remains unclear. This article provides a comprehensive review of the pathophysiological changes occurring in the skin microenvironment of melasma lesions, which can be summarized as follows: (1) skin barrier dysfunction and abnormal synthesis, transport, and intracellular distribution of melanin in the epidermis; (2) basement membrane damage; (3) solar elastosis, vascular changes, senescent fibroblasts, mast cell infiltration, and sebocyte participation in the dermis; and (4) systemic factors such as sex hormones and oxidative stress. Furthermore, potential therapeutic strategies are introduced to provide novel perspectives for fundamental and clinical research related to melasma.
Effect of non‐selenium glutathione peroxidase activity of peroxiredoxin 6 on beef tenderness: underlying mechanisms
Authors: Huang Linlin , Wang Xinyi , Holman Benjamin W. B. , Dong Pengcheng , Zhang Yimin , Zhu Lixian , Luo Xin , Mao Yanwei
Published: August 2024

This study investigated the effect of non‐selenium glutathione peroxidase (NSGPx) activity of Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) on beef tenderness. Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle from six cattle were obtained at 30 min post‐mortem. Samples from each muscle were randomly assigned to each of four treatment groups: being incubated in H2O2 (simulation of oxidative stress), mercaptosuccinic acid (MA; inhibiting NSGPx activity), N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (NAC; inhibiting oxidative stress and increasing NSGPx activity), and saline (control), respectively. Results indicated that cells increased the expression of Prdx6 and NSGPx activity to resist oxidative stress. The inhibition of NSGPx activity group (MA) significantly decreased the Warner‐Bratzler shear force and increased the degradation of desmin. Moreover, both the H2O2 and the MA treatment significantly increased the Ca2+ concentration in the sarcoplasm, cell apoptotic rate, and caspase 9 and 3 activity. These results demonstrated that inhibiting NSGPx activity of Prdx6 could accelerate beef tenderization by promoting mitochondrial apoptosis.
Dehydration of tomato peels and seeds as affected by the temperature
Authors: Conte Amalia , Lordi Adriana , Del Nobile Matteo Alessandro
Published: August 2024

An empirical model was developed for dehydrating tomato's peels and seeds (TPS) at three different temperatures (i.e. 50 °C, 60 °C and 70 °C). The model assumes that there is an initial constant drying rate period (first stage) followed by a decreasing drying rate period (second stage). To assess the goodness of fitting procedure, the mean relative deviation modulus was calculated. Results indicate that the model can adequately describe the dehydration data. The robustness of the model was further tested by evaluating the dependence of model parameters on the temperature, using an Arrhenius‐type equation. Recorded findings show that model parameters changed with the temperature, thus confirming that the proposed model can be advantageously used to describe the dehydration kinetic of TPS. The influence of TPS dehydration on temperature was also assessed by calculating the dehydration rate as function of TPS water content. Results demonstrate that the dehydration rate increases as the testing temperature increases too. In both drying stages, the difference between the dehydration rate at 50 °C and the one at the other two temperatures is more marked.
Metabolite profiling highlights the effect of microbial intervention in the soaking step of tempe
Authors: Riyanto Rifqi Ahmad , Fukusaki Eiichiro , Putri Sastia Prama
Published: August 2024

Soaking of soybeans is an essential step in tempe fermentation. Owing to the uncontrolled microflora, spontaneous soaking during tempe production leads to inconsistencies in tempe quality. Common methods to control it include the addition of acids or microbial starters. Despite knowing the benefits, their impact on tempe's composition was less understood. In this study, prior to tempe fungal fermentation, soybeans were soaked with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NBRC 101978 and Pichia burtonii NBRC 0844. Tempe samples were subjected to comprehensive analysis using a widely targeted gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) metabolomics approach and evaluation of physical characteristics. A total of 100 metabolites of sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and organic acids were annotated in all samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) explaining 47.6% of the variance showed that microbial interventions led to alterations in the metabolome of all samples, including the accumulation of amino acids in lactic acid bacteria (LAB)‐soaked soybean tempe and tyramine in yeast‐soaked soybean tempe. Unlike chemically added soaked soybean tempe, microbial intervention significantly reduced the relative intensity levels of several sugars by more than twofold. Furthermore, microbial interventions in the tempe‐soaking step significantly elevated the levels of bioactive metabolites more than twofold. The introduction of microbial interventions in the tempe‐soaking step also influences the physical characteristics of the end product. These findings merit further consideration for tempe development and the food industry.
Nurses' Beliefs About Pain Assessment in Dementia: A Qualitative Study Informed by the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Authors: Kodagoda Gamage Madushika Wishvanie , Pu Lihui , Todorovic Michael , Moyle Wendy
Published: August 2024

Aim

To explore registered nurses' beliefs regarding pain assessment in people living with dementia.

Design

A descriptive exploratory qualitative study informed by the Theory of Planned Behaviour.

Methods

Online semi‐structured in‐depth interviews were conducted from January to April 2023 with a purposive sample of 15 registered nurses caring for people with dementia. Following transcription, data were analysed using direct content analysis.

Findings

Registered nurses believe pain assessment improves the well‐being of people with dementia and informs and evaluates practice. However, there is a possibility of misdiagnosing pain as agitation or behavioural problems, leading to inaccurate pain management. Interpersonal factors, such as registered nurses' knowledge and experience, beliefs and motivation to improve care provision, were the primary facilitators of pain assessment. Physical and behavioural dimensions of the pain of the dementia syndrome were the most reported barriers to pain assessment. Registered nurses reported that multidisciplinary team members expect them to do pain assessments. Most did not experience disapproval when performing pain assessments.

Conclusion

Registered nurses hold beliefs about pain assessment benefits, consequences, enablers, barriers, approvals and disapprovals regarding dementia. The findings could inform interventions to enhance pain assessment practices.

Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care

Policymakers should provide education opportunities for registered nurses to improve their knowledge, skills and beliefs about pain assessment in dementia. Future research should develop and implement multidisciplinary, multifaceted pain assessment protocols to enhance the accuracy of pain assessment practices.

Impact

Pain is underassessed in dementia, and this could stem from registered nurses' beliefs about pain assessment in dementia. The findings could inform interventions to enhance pain assessment beliefs and practices.

Reporting Method

This study adhered to the COREQ criteria.

Patient or Public Contribution

Registered nurses caring for people living with dementia participated as interview respondents.
Mechanical properties of 3D‐printed resin denture teeth: An in vitro study
Authors: Al‐Fodeh Rami S. , Al‐Dwairi Ziad N. , Almasri Mahmoud , Baba Nadim Z.
Published: August 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to compare the wear, fracture strength, and mode of failure of various brands of 3D‐printed resin denture teeth with prefabricated acrylic resin. Additionally, the study aimed to analyze the different modes of failure exhibited by these teeth.

Materials and Methods

The study utilized 90 3D‐printed and 30 prefabricated, 3D‐printed resin teeth from three brands: L = Optiprint Lumina, A = ASIGA DentaTooth, P = Power resins, along with prefabricated acrylic teeth from M = Major Super Lux. Each of the 30 samples per main group was divided into two subgroups: The first subgroup samples (M1, A1, L1, P1) were subjected to thermal cycling and mechanical loading; M2, A2, L2, and P2 were not aged and tested directly. A scan of a prefabricated acrylic tooth was taken using an intraoral scanner, and then the STL file was printed using an Asiga 3Dprinter. The specimens underwent aging to simulate 5 years of clinical use with 10,000 thermal cycles and 1,200,000 dynamic load cycles on a chewing simulator. Surface roughness parameters (Rz, Ra, Rq) were measured using a 3D Optical Profilometer, fracture resistance was assessed using a universal testing machine, and SEM analysis was performed to observe failure modes. Statistical analysis using T‐test, one‐way analysis, and two‐way analysis processed by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23.0 (SPSS: Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was done with a level of significance set at <0.05.

Results

The results showed that the difference in surface roughness parameters (Rz, Ra, Rq) before and after aging for Group M, Group A, Group L, and Group P was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Two‐way ANOVA for wear resistance between aging and groups on dependent variable Rz (p = 0.002), Ra (p = 0.001), Rq (p = 0.001) were significant. Multiple comparisons for surface roughness parameters showed Group A and Group L were lower than Group P and Group M (p < 0.05). For fracture strength, One‐way ANOVA showed a significant difference between groups for fracture strength either without or after the aging procedure (p < 0.05). Multiple comparisons for fracture strength without aging showed no significant difference between Group M, Group A, and Group L (p > 0.05). After the aging procedure fracture strength for Group M was higher than Group A, Group L, and Group P (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

3D‐printed resin teeth showed a greater and comparable wear resistance to prefabricated acrylic teeth. Fracture strength was comparable between prefabricated acrylic teeth and 3D‐printed resin (Asiga and Lumina) before aging, but after aging 3D‐printed resin teeth showed less fracture strength.
Estimating lagged (cross‐)covariance operators of Lp‐m‐approximable processes in Cartesian product Hilbert spaces
Authors: Kühnert Sebastian
Published: August 2024

Estimating parameters of functional ARMA, GARCH and invertible processes requires estimating lagged covariance and cross‐covariance operators of Cartesian product Hilbert space‐valued processes. Asymptotic results have been derived in recent years, either less generally or under a strict condition. This article derives upper bounds of the estimation errors for such operators based on the mild condition ‐‐approximability for each lag, Cartesian power(s) and sample size, where the two processes can take values in different spaces in the context of lagged cross‐covariance operators. Implications of our results on eigen elements and parameters in functional AR(MA) models are also discussed.
Action, passion, power
Authors: Oderberg David S.
Published: August 2024

The active/passive distinction, once a hallmark of classical metaphysics, has largely been discarded from contemporary thought. The revival of powers theory has not seen an equally vigorous rehabilitation of the real distinction between active and passive powers. I begin an analysis and vindication with a critique of E.J. Lowe's discussion. I then argue that the active/passive problem is a metaphysical one, not a logical or logico‐linguistic one, and so logic is impotent to solve it. Following this is a discussion of the rights and wrongs of Aristotle's and Aquinas's (identical) defence of the distinction. We will see that one main part of their analysis is a bright red herring while the other part contains the solution to the problem. I then state and clarify the key Scholastic principle concerning action and passion, which I call the Fundamental Thesis – one that will appear scandalous to contemporary ears, yet from which we can derive the tools needed to understand action and passion in the right way. I end with a definition of what I call the Minimal Metaphysical Agent, where the formulation is to be understood as an epistemic criterion for identifying agent and patient in a given causal interaction.
Changes in Danish bird communities over four decades of climate and land‐use change
Authors: Davison Charles W. , Rahbek Carsten , Morueta‐Holme Naia
Published: August 2024

Our understanding of how human activities impact biodiversity comes largely from space‐for‐time substitutions. However, spatial gradients are a poor surrogate for changes through time as they do not account for dynamic processes such as delayed extinction debts. Here we contribute towards filling this research gap by assessing the trajectories of local avian assemblages over 40+ years of climate and land‐use change. Using four decades of volunteer observations in Denmark we investigated long‐term trends of local bird richness, community structure, function, abundance, and biomass to better understand their anthropogenic drivers. Between 1976 and 2020, volunteers recorded ~ 2.4 million birds at 378 routes spanning a median of 15 years (range: 10–44). At the local level, we found a restructuring of bird communities over time (6% change per decade) and declines in abundance (−7% per decade), but stability in biomass, functional diversity, and spatial turnover. Local species richness showed a shallow decline on average. These results provide evidence that temporal turnover and loss of individuals are the most prominent features of recent ecological change in these communities. We found that the rate of local warming was positively associated with trends of species richness and functional diversity, suggesting a potential redistribution of warm‐adapted species. Meanwhile, communities that were becoming more spatially homogenous were associated with urban and farmland areas. In space, environmental changes are often distinct and recognisable, e.g. between forest and farmland. Through time, however, changes can be infrequent, gradual, and non‐linear. Despite these challenges, our results illustrate the power of spatially replicated, long‐term biodiversity monitoring programs for detecting the trends and attributing drivers of local biodiversity change.
Effect of Distraction Arthroplasty in the Treatment of Moderate‐to‐Severe Ankle Arthritis
Authors: Wang Jian , Wang Chenhan , Ding Xiaoheng , Dong Quanyu
Published: August 2024

Objective

Currently, the traditional treatment of moderate‐to‐severe ankle arthritis is joint fusion or joint replacement. The aim of this article is to explore the clinical efficacy of distraction arthroplasty in the treatment of moderate‐to‐severe ankle arthritis.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted with a total of 34 cases who were diagnosed with moderate‐to‐severe ankle arthritis and treated by distraction arthroplasty from January 2007 to November 2021. The average age was 42.3 years. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle–hindfoot score and pain visual analog scale (VAS) were used to evaluate ankle pain and functional improvement before surgery and at the last follow‐up. Based on age, the patients were divided into the ≤45‐year‐old group [young group, 15 cases, age (36.37 ± 4.31) years old] and the >45‐year‐old group [middle‐aged and elderly group, 19 cases, age (53.74 ± 3.17) years old]. The analysis included comparing preoperative and postoperative AOFAS ankle–hindfoot and VAS scores and the influence of age on distraction arthroplasty.

Results

All 34 patients were followed up, and the follow‐up time ranged from 13 to 143 months, with an average of 45.3 months. The follow‐up times for the young and middle‐to‐elderly groups were (33.19 ± 21.37) months and (55.63 ± 29.69) months, respectively. At the last follow‐up, the AOFAS ankle–hindfoot and VAS scores were significantly improved compared with the preoperative assessment (p < 0.05). According to the etiological analysis, except for Pilon fracture, which showed no differences pre‐ and postoperation in the AOFAS ankle–hindfoot score and VAS score (p > 0.05), all other patients showed significant differences in these two scores (p < 0.05). The difference in preoperative AOFAS ankle–hindfoot scores between the young and middle‐to‐elderly groups was statistically significant (t = 3.422, p = 0.021). The preoperative and postoperative comparison of preoperative VAS scores, AOFAS ankle–hindfoot scores, and VAS scores before and after surgery showed no differences (p > 0.05). The joint space width (JSW) of 10 patients who were followed up for more than 5 years was (2.9 ± 0.5) mm. Two patients who were followed up for more than 10 years showed 3.3 and 3.0 mm, respectively, JSW.

Conclusion

Distraction arthroplasty with the Ilizarov external fixator can achieve satisfactory results in the treatment of moderate‐to‐severe ankle arthritis (except arthritis caused by Pilon fracture surgery). Age has no statistical impact on the efficacy of distraction arthroplasty.
Strategic Pricing and Positioning in the Telecommunications Industry: Retaining Customers and Attracting Subscribers
Authors: Soltaninejad Mahsa , Shaghaghi Samin
Published: August 2024

The telecommunications industry provides a real-world example of the strategic use of pricing and positioning strategies to retain existing customers and attract new subscribers. Telecom companies offer special discounts and incentives to retain long-term customers, acknowledging the challenges and costs associated with switching service providers. Loyalty programs and exclusive offers are designed to cater to both inertial and variety-seeking consumers, aligning with the concepts explored in the paper. In addition, telecom companies may offer discounted plans and promotional deals to attract new subscribers, targeting consumers with lower switching costs. These strategic pricing and positioning strategies demonstrate how businesses in the telecommunications industry adjust their pricing and promotional strategies based on consumer behavior and market dynamics, aligning with the concepts explored in the paper. This model was solve with two-period duopoly method concentrating on Switching and remaining cost to figure out how consumers behavior effect on companies strategies.
An Efficient Numerical Approach to Solve Fractional Coupled Boussinesq Equations
Authors: Kumar Saurabh , Gupta Vikas
Published: August 2024

In this study, we compute and analyze the numerical solution of fractional coupled Boussinesq equations using fractional-order Laguerre operational matrices of differentiation. The fractional derivative is taken into Caputo's sense. In the first step, we derived a pseudo-operational matrix of differentiation for integer and fractional order. We approximated each term of the fractional coupled Boussinesq equations in terms of the pseudo-operational matrix. Hence, we get the fractional coupled Boussinesq equation in matrix representation. A system of algebraic equations is obtained by collocating this system at Newton–Cotes nodal points, which can be solved easily with Newton's iterative method. The function approximation error estimate has also been discussed. The proposed approach is simple, accurate and produces numerical results with high accuracy, which is evidenced by the given numerical results.
Fast Kinematic Calibration of a Robotic Manipulator Through a Single Continuous Motion
Authors: Jian Sheng , Xiong Hao , Wang Anjia , Lou Yunjiang
Published: August 2024

The measurement step of the existing calibration approaches for robotic manipulators can take a considerable amount of time to settle a robotic manipulator down at certain static configurations, making the calibration approaches time-consuming. For applications of robotic manipulators requiring periodic recalibration (e.g., human–robot collaborative production lines and robotic inspecting systems), the time consumption of the data collection phase is a critical issue. This paper proposes a fast kinematic calibration approach for robotic manipulators, based on the measurement of a robotic manipulator tracking only a smooth and continuous time-optimal trajectory, rather than static measurement. Data samples on configurations are recorded continuously without settling the robotic manipulator down. To demonstrate and evaluate the proposed approach, experiments are performed based on a four degrees-of-freedom parallel manipulator. Experiment results show that compared to an existing calibration approach based on static measurement, the proposed approach improves the time efficiency of calibration by 93.13% with only a position accuracy loss of 1.77% and an orientation accuracy loss of 2.36%.
Experimental Study on the Endwall Aerothermal Performance of Turbine Cascades in a Novel Transient Test Facility
Authors: Bai Bo , Hao Mingyang , Li Yuanyuan , Li Zhigang , Li Jun , Mao Shuo , Ng Wing F.
Published: August 2024

Linear turbine cascades have been widely used to conduct fundamental and applied investigations, but only a few transient test facilities with the linear turbine cascade are available in the open literature. A novel transient test facility was presented in this paper, including detailed design and structure, and various experimental measurements (aerodynamic and thermodynamic) were conducted to verify the transient test facility’s capability. This test facility mainly includes a main air supply line (bypass line and test line), a coolant supply line, a test section, and a control system (heater and various valves). The linear cascade holds up six equally spaced cascade profiles, forming five completed cascade passages, and the center passage is used for aerodynamic and thermodynamic measurements. The aerodynamic loss and heat transfer performance were measured at various flow conditions (incidence angle, Ma, and blowing ratio (BR)). The endwall heat transfer coefficient and film cooling effectiveness were estimated by adopting a dual linear regression technique. Results indicate that the mianstream pressure and temperature present a desired step change, and remain relatively steady in the test window. The magnitudes of endwall heat transfer significantly increase as the Maex increases from 0.2 to 0.5, but the thermal load distributions remain the same. The BR is a key parameter for endwall film cooling performance, and the optimal film cooling coverage is acquired at the critical value of BR. Both insufficient and excessive coolant flowrate can result in undesirable endwall film cooling coverage, and may cause unnecessary consumption of the coolant flow.
A New Five-step Method for Advanced Evaluation of Shale Gas Formations and a Field Case Study of Marcellus Shale
Authors: Yildirim Levent Taylan Ozgur , Wang John , Elsworth Derek
Published: August 2024

This paper presents a new five-step method to evaluate shale gas formations with intricate pore networks. The method overcomes challenges posed by traditional workflows through an improved workflow and a new unconventional petrophysical model: (a) the new model accurately defines components of shale gas formations, including effective and isolated pores occupied by free and adsorbed gas; (b) total organic carbon (TOC) is evaluated using three techniques using conventional well logs to determine which techniques are more accurate; and (c) the improved method provides integrated evaluation of geomechanical properties, resources in place, and selection of stimulation candidate. Our field case study on Marcellus shale shows that (a) density-based TOC technique is more accurate and average TOC in the study area is 2.8%; (b) density porosity model is more reliable and average porosity in the study area is 8.5%. Positive correlation between TOCs and porosities in the upper and lower Marcellus suggests that effective pores contribute more significantly to the pore network than isolated pores; (c) gas in place is 120 Bcf with 60% free gas for a drilling unit of 640 acres. Large contrasts in Young's modulus (1 million psi) and minimum in situ stress (893 psi) along the upper Marcellus-Stafford limestone boundary, and resistivity separations in the lower Marcellus member, show that the upper Marcellus is a good stimulation candidate. This method and field case study provide valuable insights to evaluate Marcellus shale reservoirs and improve economic recovery of the resources in place.
Methods for Simultaneously Obtaining Endocardial and Epicardial Electrophysiology Maps from Reanimated Swine Hearts
Authors: Duong Neal , Iaizzo Paul A.
Published: August 2024

Cardiac electrophysiology plays pivotal roles for both diagnosing and treating heart rhythm disorders; relying on generated anatomic electrical mapping for providing critical insights into the given patient’s cardiac conduction. This study merges Visible Heart methodologies with Medtronic’s Affera endocardial and CardioInsight epicardial mapping systems to concurrently explore activation and repolarization patterns within reanimated swine hearts. By integrating these systems, we aimed to comprehensively characterize functional electrophysiology and hemodynamic responses while assessing therapeutic interventions: like ablation procedures and implantable devices. The integration allowed us to observe and correlate endocardial and epicardial electrical activities and associated hemodynamics during sinus rhythm and post-procedures, offering unique insights into cardiac conduction dynamics and device-tissue interactions. Despite the complexities of employing the combined systems, clinically this integrated approach unveils promising implications for tailored patient-specific therapies and advancements in cardiac interventions
Quantifying Nasal Wall Cartilage Stiffness: The Development of a Nasal Cartilage Caliper
Authors: Shenoi Jason , Razmi Samuel E. , Zhang James , Sears Nicholas , Khan Faizaan , Rashidi Keyvon , Brissett Anthony , Bressler Fred , Takashima Masayoshi , Ahmed Omar G.
Published: August 2024

Nasal obstruction is a widespread issue in the US, with dynamic collapse during inspiration being a common cause. Current treatment methods using radiofrequency lack precise quantification of nasal cartilage strength and rely on subjective measures such as QOL surveys. This study introduces a novel approach employing custom-designed nasal cartilage calipers with off-the-shelf electronics, offering a lightweight, accurate measurement of nasal cartilage stress-strain relationships based on force and distance. The graphical representation of real-time deformation and pressure provides a specific assessment compared to traditional rhinomanometry, aiding physicians in evaluating nasal cartilage strength and assessing postprocedural changes. Future iterations should address limitations and include comparisons with rhinomanometry, enhancing the device's utility in clinical settings. This innovative device addresses a critical gap in current medical practices by contributing to treatment decision-making and advancing nasal cartilage research.
Comparison of Bionic Hand Finger Actuation Mechanisms
Authors: Moodie Donato , Rawlings Christopher , Mohamed Abdul-Khaaliq
Published: August 2024

Finger actuation mechanisms were investigated to aid the development of a low-cost prosthetic hand. A novel method was used to assess the finger actuation mechanisms individually as opposed to assessing the entire hand. This has the benefit of enabling the finger designs to be applied to multiple hand designs. Each finger actuation mechanism consisted of a finger design and a driver. The three finger designs considered were the Tact finger; a derivative of the OpenBionics hand, denoted the Channel finger; and a 4-Bar Linkage finger. The two actuation drivers tested for each finger were a solid-bar linkage system and a pulley system —both of which are motor-driven. The finger actuation mechanisms were assessed based on the force produced, movement precision, degrees of movement, power consumption, contraction and extension times, and mass. A weighted summation method was used to aggregate the results into a score for each finger design. The motor-driven linkage systems outperformed the motor-driven pulley systems with the 4-Bar linkage finger being the best-performing finger actuation mechanism overall. It was recommended that the number of actuation mechanisms be expanded to provide a more comprehensive set of results. Different motors should be tested to improve the force produced to bring it in line with an average human finger.
Solar and Mechanically Charged Fetal Heart Rate Doppler for Global Health Utilization
Authors: Bass Hannah , Tran Khue
Published: August 2024

Frequent prenatal visits allow for early detection of fetal abnormalities and prevention of f etal mortality. While research has shown that the use of the fetal heart rate Doppler is superior compared to the Pinard stethoscope for detecting abnormal fetal heart rate, the usability of the device is limited in areas that lack consistent electricity sources or battery access. Our proposed device is a low-cost, self-powered method to monitor the fetal heart rate for pregnant women in low resource, rural areas in order to reduce fetal mortality and bridge key gaps in care. Using solar power and supplemental mechanical energy (via motor crank), this device is able to run without the need of replaceable batteries or an external power supply. Through multiple iterations and testing, our team was able to create a working prototype that incorporates key design input from stakeholders while also remaining compact and low cost. Future considerations include increasing the length of the battery life in order to assist in continuous monitoring for deliveries and further exploration on the adaptability of the device in developing countries.
A Novel Tool for Application of Bone Wax in Neurotologic and Skull Base Surgery
Authors: Smetak Miriam R. , O’Connor Zachary , Shew Matthew , Kim Albert H.
Published: August 2024

Surgeries of the ear and lateral skull base frequently require the use of bone wax to seal off small vessels and to repair or prevent leakage of cerebrospinal fluid. Application of bone wax to the hard, wet, and irregular surface of the bone is challenging with conventional instruments due to the tendency of the wax to slip off the bone and the narrow surgical corridors of the lateral skull base. Here we present a novel surgical tool for bone wax application, comprised of a rigid core with a coating of softer material over the ends. We tested several combinations of 3D printed materials in cadaveric temporal bones simulating surgical conditions. The tool was superior to conventional methods of bone wax application for all material combinations tested. Further studies into optimal materials and additional applications are planned.
In Search of a Quantitative Facial Analysis Tool: An Initial Study
Authors: Alias Basil P. , Upadhyaya Raghave , Zhang James
Published: August 2024

The subjective nature of analyzing outcomes following facial plastic surgery poses a great challenge to providing objective evaluations of patients. Currently, there is a lack of accurate quantitative tools to monitor facial appearance and function. We introduce a novel quantitative facial analysis tool dubbed numeriFACE, which utilizes the recent advances in mobile camera technology and machine learning to provide precise and reliable automated facial mapping and scoring. numeriFACE allows for both retrospective analysis of existing 2D images, as well as more advanced prospective analysis utilizing depth information. numeriFACE was used in its two study arms to harvest six key facial measurements: intercanthal distance, mouth width, pronasale to menton, alar base width, mid-face height, and lower-face height. These were then compared to standard-of-care caliper measurements showing a strong degree of correlation overall. numeriFACE provides a reliable and repeatable point-by-point registration of human facial features. It has the potential to be used in a vast array of facial characterization most specifically analyzing mid-face symmetry. Future studies are aimed at utilizing the software in the fields of reconstructive as well as aesthetic surgery.
Validation of a Novel Mobile Flexible Hysteroscopy System Through a Comparative Usability Trial
Authors: Wessels Edmund , Sivarasu Sudesh
Published: August 2024

Hysteroscopy is currently regarded as the gold standard for diagnosing and treating abnormal uterine conditions. Procedures are typically performed in operating theatres with general anesthesia, but recent developments of hysteroscopy systems allow for procedures to be performed in-office without the need for anesthesia. Shortcomings of existing hysteroscopy systems, however, limit the adoption of in-office procedures which in turn reduces access for patients. Identifying these shortcomings led to outlining the requirements of a proposed hysteroscopy system that would allow more specialists to perform in-office procedures. This paper presents an overview of the subsequently developed novel mobile flexible hysteroscopy system that was validated through a usability trial with a user group consisting of gynecologists and compared to the current standard hysteroscopy system. The results of the trial showed users were able to successfully perform mock procedures on a hysteroscopy simulator and the developed system had a higher usability score than the standard system, especially among less experienced users.
Wearable Ultrasound Device for Monitoring Blood Flow in Internal Carotid Artery
Authors: Hage Benjamin D. , Krings Ethan J. , Walker Quentin , Markvicka Eric J. , Bashford Gregory R.
Published: August 2024

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage affects 6.1/100,000 people annually worldwide. After initial bleeding has stopped, victims are at high risk of vasospasm, a narrowing of cerebral arteries that may lead to stroke, for two weeks. One currently used method of monitoring for vasospasm involves calculation of the Lindegaard ratio, a ratio of blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery to the ipsilateral internal carotid artery. However, this method requires trained operators, limiting the frequency at which it is performed (no more than once per day). This work demonstrates a proof-of-concept device for frequent Lindegaard ratio calculation via periodic monitoring of blood flow in the internal carotid artery.
User-Centered Design Enhancements for Minimally Invasive Stapler-Cutter Instruments
Authors: Swerczek Nick , Kullmann Peyton , Nelson Carl A. , Carlson Mark A.
Published: August 2024

This paper presents design advancements for minimally invasive surgical stapler-cutters. Considering existing constraints including range of articulation, a cable-pulley transmission design is pursued. Kinematic relationships to optimize toward constant cable path length are presented. A more ergonomic handle layout is proposed to improve force transmission and comfort for the surgeon. Prototyping results demonstrate achievement of design goals related to range of motion and instrument size.
Medical Product Development Competencies for Biomedical Engineers: A Survey of Industry Stakeholders
Authors: Stegemann Jan P. , Gandhi Agharnan , Haskin Ambrose , Louttit Cameron , Mays Elizabeth , Schmedlen Rachael , Wrobel Melissa
Published: August 2024

A survey of the competencies needed for biomedical engineers working in medical product development (MPD) was sent to medtech professionals in industry. The MPD survey received 120 responses from participants in small, medium, and large organizations. Almost half the respondents reported >10 years of experience in medtech. Respondents numerically scored 41 competencies related to medical product development based on their importance to engineers. In addition, respondents provided open-ended input on expected changes in the industry, as well as key drivers and trends in the next 5-10 years. Professional skills such as communication, teamwork, creativity, and self-awareness were highly ranked, as was practical experience. Fundamental medical product development competencies such as quality, risk, and regulatory were also considered important, as were training in statistics and design for manufacturing. Respondents noted the recent emphasis on remote monitoring and telehealth necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-23. Big data, artificial intelligence, machine learning, robotics, and automation were identified as expanding areas that will influence the evolution of the field. The survey data provide direct insight into the needs of the medical technology workforce, which can be used to inform the education and training of biomedical engineers.
Motor Characterization of a Wearable Device to Manage Upper Extremity Lymphedema
Authors: Wangler Selah , Rechani Jennifer , Jarvis Seth , Newberry Tara , Muelenaer Andre , Arena Christopher B.
Published: August 2024

Lymphedema is an incurable, progressive condition characterized by painful swelling that affects 140 to 200 million people worldwide [1,2]. The primary treatment for lymphedema is manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) massage combined with compression garments. MLD is performed by certified lymphedema therapists, which limits the frequency of treatment sessions and decreases patient independence. We have created a wearable device that uses vibration to mimic the patterns of MLD, with the long-term goal to enable at-home maintenance therapy between MLD sessions. In this study, the acceleration and frequency of our motors were tested and compared to vibratory, handheld massagers that have been combined clinically with MLD. Acceleration testing utilized an accelerometer placed in the center of an arm-mimicking tissue phantom, with a model of the current device placed on the outside. Data was collected at varying voltages and motor configurations, and frequency information was calculated in MATLAB using an FFT. The rms acceleration ranged from approximately 0.5 to 2 g and the frequency ranged from 70 to 180 Hz. The amplitude was comparable to a small clinical vibration tool and less than a large clinical vibration tool; the frequencies were comparable across all devices.
Effect of Myocardial Postconditioning with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on the Hemodynamics of Reanimated Swine Hearts
Authors: Toczyl Samanta , Reifart Jörg , Iaizzo Paul A
Published: August 2024

Even a small to moderate degree of global cardiac ischemia during a cardiac procedure or surgery can significantly contribute to a patient’s postoperative morbidity and mortality. While various ischemic damage mitigation strategies have been implemented, the efficacy of the intravenous administration of polyunsaturated fatty acids has not been extensively studied. This research evaluates the impact of myocardial pharmacological postconditioning via intravenous infusion of lipid emulsions on the hemodynamic performance during global cardiac ischemia using Visible Heart® Methodologies: swine hearts reanimated ex-vivo and maintained with an acellular perfusate saturated with oxygen. Intravascular postconditioning with omega 3/omega 6 fatty acid improved cardiac performance metrics during global ischemia in reanimated swine hearts. These findings suggest that further investigation into the protective effects of PUFAs is warranted. Due to the use of a Krebs-Henseleit physiological buffer solution for the isolated heart models, any effect seen in these experiments would be independent of blood components (e.g. lymphocyte-mediated effects) and most likely a direct effect on the cardiac myocytes.
Fetal Surgery Device Concepts for the Treatment of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome with Intact Atrial Septum
Authors: Byju Achu G. , Chun Kwonsoo , Belfort Michael A. , Haridas Balakrishna
Published: August 2024

Outcomes for children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome have improved over the years, but there remains a subgroup for which the mortality rate remains extremely high: those with an intact/restrictive atrial septum. Fetal surgical approaches for this group involve balloon septoplasty or stenting (off-label use of adult coronary stents) of the atrial septum to relieve left atrial hypertension. However, significant challenges exist with these approaches on account of atrial recoil and the lack of devices engineered for this application. We present two device concepts that demonstrate potential to address these challenges. The first is a self-expanding flanged stent that eases positioning challenges and reduces the risk of stent migration. The second is a balloon with an electrode array that uses radiofrequency electrical energy to denature the atrial septal tissue following a balloon septoplasty to reduce the degree of tissue recoil. The two device concepts were tested for first-order feasibility on an atrial septum analogue. The stent device was fabricated from a commercially available self-expanding carotid stent and the balloon device was simulated using an electrode array bonded to a dilating mandrel. Both devices successfully created a channel in the atrial septum analogue, demonstrating the feasibility of these device concepts.
Pediatric 3D Head Scan Evaluation for Customized Respiratory Support Mask Development
Authors: Duque Vanessa Segura , Bur Julianne , Seifert Emily , Goertzen Lexie , Schwab Elizabeth , Saladin Katrina , Fischer Gwenyth , Griffin Linsey
Published: August 2024

The process of developing customizable non-invasive respiratory support masks for the pediatric population relies heavily on capturing 3D facial scans in dynamic pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospital environments. This research aimed to develop and test a method to evaluate the quality and usability of pediatric 3D head scans collected in a PICU. The goal of this research was to design a protocol to examine 3D scans and determine the feasibility of its use for NIV mask development, subsequently outlining the first stage for a customized NIV mask design strategy. The procedure consists of three distinct phases: model reconstruction and visual inspection, followed by a second phase to scrutinize specific facial areas, and a final third phase that involves landmark identification to assess the viability of the personalized support mask development from the 3D scan. This research presents one method to bridge the gap between the processes of two vastly different systems--product development and pediatric healthcare--to achieve a vision of customized respiratory mask solutions that blend seamlessly into the complex healthcare system. The results of this study present new perspectives on how to approach 3D scans of the pediatric population for the end purpose of developing customized devices. The method serves a dual purpose: one, to identify areas in the scan that require improvement retrospectively, and two, to prospectively devise strategies for transforming these scans into personalized mask designs.
Implementing a New Standard for the Development of Doppler Ultrasonic Devices Towards Peripheral Blood Vessel Use
Authors: Oberleitner Emily
Published: August 2024

Doppler ultrasound is applied towards the detection and diagnosis of blood vessel disorders and disease. Through the comparison of three readily available Doppler systems, a difference in the sensitivity between the systems was observed and used to determine if a new standard should be implemented to guarantee that each commercially available Doppler system reaches a minimum degree of sensitivity before commercialization. The three Doppler systems tested all included a Doppler device and pencil probe. The angle of the probe relative to the blood vessel, flow of blood through the vessel, gel used as an ultrasound coupling medium, and simulated blood (22% hematocrit) were all held constant throughout the experiment. The distance from directly on top of the blood vessel to the most proximal point at which the Doppler system detected a maximum signal-to-noise ratio of 2:1 was recorded for a total of 10 trials. Normal distributions of the distances found in the 10 trials for each Doppler system were created and a one-way ANOVA test was conducted from these distributions. The ANOVA test resulted in a p-value of 1.176E-10, proving a significant difference in the sensitivity between Doppler systems. Clinical use of Doppler systems that lack sensitivity may result in misdiagnosis or a false negative. Therefore, a significant difference in the sensitivity between systems suggests that a standard should be implemented to ensure that all Doppler systems operate with a minimum degree of sensitivity.
Analysys of a Wearable Active Airbag for Falling Injury Protection of the Elderly
Authors: Jung Soonmoon , Lee Youngho , Kim Jaemin , Song Hyeyeong , Oh Seungyun , Jang Jiwoo , Na Inyeop , Hong Junghwa
Published: August 2024

This study designs a biomechanically optimized wearable airbag system to prevent fall-induced injuries among the elderly. The system uses sensors to detect falls, deploying airbags with helium to cushion the body, specifically protecting the pelvis, femur, and spine. Simulations replicate fall conditions to evaluate the impact and injury reduction capabilities of the airbag, measuring forces and injury severity through established criteria like HIC and CTI. The results show that the airbag significantly decreases the risk of fractures and serious injuries during falls. The simulations are supplemented with real-world tests to validate the protective benefits of the airbag system. Both sets of data agree, confirming the airbag's potential to enhance elderly safety. These findings suggest that the proposed system could serve as an effective tool in reducing fall-related injuries, providing a new direction in fall prevention strategies for the aging society. This research contributes to the growing field of eldercare technology and opens avenues for further innovations in personal safety devices for the elderly.