bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enseñanza de la filosofía como disciplina aplicada a través de ambientes virtuales de aprendizaje
Authors: Torres Juan
Published: September 2022

Por tradición, la filosofía se ha pensado como una disciplina que implica la abstracción y el ejercicio particularmente teórico. En este texto, proponemos la posibilidad de una filosofía aplicada e interdisciplinar, a través del análisis cualitativo y crítico de un ejercicio didáctico realizado en clase con los estudiantes del Seminario de filosofía moderna: Kant. Esto nos lleva a concluir que es posible lograr esa relación, pero que es también necesario dejar a un lado la modernidad para encarnarse y situarse dentro de las realidades particulares de cada estudiante. Para lograr lo anterior, la educación y los ambientes virtuales de aprendizaje son fundamentales a la hora de posibilitar nuevas estrategias y, a la vez, formas de pensamiento. No se trata de replantear la filosofía desde cero, sino de reconocer su relación necesaria con las realidades sociopolíticas de quienes la estudian.
On new results on extremal graph theory, theory of algebraic graphs, and their applications
Authors: Ustimenko V.O.
Published: September 2022

New explicit constructions of infinite families of finite small world graphs of large girth with well-defined projective limits which is an infinite tree are described. The applications of these objects to constructions of LDPC codes and cryptographic algorithms are shortly observed. We define families of homogeneous algebraic graphs of large girth over the commutative ring K. For each commutative integrity ring K with |K| > 2, we introduce a family of bipartite homogeneous algebraic graphs of large girth over K formed by graphs with sets of points and lines isomorphic to Kn, n > 1, and cycle indicator ≥ 2n + 2 such that their projective limit is well defined and isomorphic to an infinite forest.
BIO-BASED CYANATE ESTER RESINS AND THERMOSTABLE POLYMER NETWORKS DERIVED THEREOF. MINI REVIEW
Authors:   Institute of macromolecular Chemistry NAS of Ukraine, 48, Kharkivske shose, Kyiv, 02160, Ukraine, FAINLEIB A.M.
Published: September 2022

This article is devoted to a review of the literature on a very promising direction in the chemistry of macromolecular compounds: the synthesis and study of polymers, more specifically, high performance polycyanurates based on bis(poly)phenols) of natural origin. Cyanate Ester Resins (CER) are characterized by a very regular structure of the polymer networks, namely polycyanurates (PCNs), obtained by their polycyclotrimerization. They have received much attention because of their unique combination of physical properties, including high thermal stability (> 400 °C), high glass transition temperature (> 270 °C), high fire-, radiation and chemical resistance, low water absorption and low outgassing, high adhesion to different substrates and excellent dielectric properties (ε=2,64−3,11). As a result, CER are currently used as structural or functional materials in aeronautics, space (composite strakes, fins, nose radomes, heat shields), printed circuit boards, adhesives etc. It has to be noted here that CER thermosetting resins, expanding the high-temperature operations regimes, are produced from synthetic petroleum-derived bisphenols, such as bisphenol A, which are toxic and dangerous for environment. In the past decade, naturally occurring phenolic derivatives have arisen as attractive precursors for developing new materials from renewable bio-sources for use in eco-friendly processes. Resins have been prepared utilizing either the whole liquid product or a phenolic-enriched fraction obtained after fractional condensation or further processing, such as solvent extraction or use of greener extraction methods. However, to date, none of the phenolic production and fractionation techniques has been utilized to allow for substitution of 100% of the phenol content of the resin without impacting its effectiveness compared to commercial formulations based on petroleum-derived phenol. The variable nature of the percentage of phenolic compounds in terms of purity from different batches of crops from one season to another and geographical influence does not allow from the reproducibility of phenolic compounds, and hence the resulting polymers. However, the direction that needs to be explored should be oriented towards complete replacement of petro-based phenolics with bio-based ones in the face of an urgent petroleum crisis. In addition, there is a necessity for materials showing enhanced applicability and improved performance. It is a beginning of the era of such a step, which requires further exploration of natural phenolic sources aimed at their enhanced utilization.
SARS-CoV-2 infection in cardiovascular disease: Unmet need of stem cell models
Authors: Bors Luca Anna , Orsolits Barbara , Ahmed Norah Mahnoor , Cho Hyunsoo , Merkely Béla , Földes Gábor
Published: September 2022

This review aims to summarise new approaches in SARS-CoV-2-related research in cardiology. We provide a head-to-head comparison of models, such as animal research and human pluripotent stem cells, to investigate the pathomechanisms of COVID-19 and find an efficient therapy. In vivo methods were useful for studying systemic processes of the disease; however, due to differences in animal and human biology, the clinical translation of the results remains a complex task. In vitro stem cell research makes cellular events more observable and effective for finding new drugs and therapies for COVID-19, including the use of stem cells. Furthermore, multicellular 3D organoids even make it possible to observe the effects of drugs to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection in human organ models.
Effect of ractopamine on the release of dopamine from the striatum dissected from mice
Authors: Bán Erika G. , Dho-Nagy Eszter A. , Brassai Attila M.
Published: September 2022

In the past two decades, ractopamine has been used as a feed additive to increase protein synthesis in farmed animals (swine, cattle, and turkeys) and to produce high-quality meat. However, the excessive feeding of animals with ractopamine may result in its accumulation in animal and human tissues after consuming the meat. Ractopamine is a trace amine-associated receptor1 and β-adrenoceptor agonist banned in the EU but approved in the USA, and it may pose a potential risk to human health. In this paper, the authors, for the first time, provide neurochemical evidence that ractopamine leads to the release of dopamine from nerve terminals of the nigrostriatal pathway in the striatum.
VSIG4 regulates macrophages polarization and alleviates inflammation through activating PI3K/AKT and inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB pathway in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury rats
Authors: Wang Yanan , Ding Jie , Song Hejian , Teng Yanling , Fang Xiaoling
Published: September 2022

Background

Myocardial infarction is the primary cause of high disability and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease worldwide. The pathological process of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) may trigger harmful inflammatory response and ultimately lead to serious cardiac dysfunction. The mechanism of myocardial repair post myocardial infarction has not been fully elucidated. The present study speculated that VSIG4 is related to the regulation of heart injury.

Methods

The myocardial I/R injury model was established in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Before I/R operation, the viral solution containing AAV-NC or AAV-VSIG4 was intravenously injected into rats. Cardiac function indicators, mRNA expression, the apoptosis ratio of cardiomyocytes, myocardial infarct area, phenotype polarization of macrophage, and the protein expression of apoptosis or macrophage phenotype were measured.

Results

Myocardial I/R injury decreased the expression of VSIG4 and subsequently triggered myocardial apoptosis. The induction of AAV-VSIG4 produced a protective effect on general cardiac function and attenuated the I/R-induced cellular apoptosis in rats. Moreover, VSIG4 signaling might potentially modulate macrophage M1/M2-related inflammatory disorders via activation of PI3K/AKT and inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB expression.

Conclusion

In summary, the present study provided evidence that VSIG4 had cardiac protective role in myocardial I/R injury. More importantly, enhanced VSIG4 expression inhibited M1 polarization of macrophages by blocking TLR4/NF-κB activation, subsequently suppressing cardiomyocyte apoptosis. This finding provides vital insights into the role of VSIG4 in I/R injury and may provide a new target for I/R therapy.
Comparison of the health risks associated with exposure to toxic metals and metalloids following consumption of freshwater catches in China
Authors: Luo Cuirong , Sun Junxiao , Tan Yunfei , Xiong Lijing , Peng Bo , Peng Guohui , Bai Xufeng
Published: September 2022

Crayfish, carp, and crab threaten the consumer’s health due to the enrichment of the toxic elements. The concentration of the toxic elements (As, Cr, Cd, and Pb) in these aquatics was less investigated simultaneously in situ. In this study, the toxic elements in these aquatics from the same site of Hanchuan, Hubei Province, China were measured by ICP-MS to assess the enrichment of the four toxic elements in them and the health risk to the consumer. The results showed that the concentrations of these elements in muscle were lower than those in hepatopancreas/ liver, except for Cr in crayfish. Furthermore, the concentrations of Cd in the hepatopancreas of crayfish and crab exceeded the standards of China and the European Union. Accordingly, the hepatopancreas of crayfish and crab are not recommended for consumption. The estimated daily intake of these elements in the muscle of crayfish, carp, and crab did not exceed the provisional tolerable daily intakes, the corresponding target hazard quotient (THQ), and the cancer risk (CR) values for As were lower than 1 and 1 × 10–6, respectively. However, the accumulated consumption of the muscle of the three freshwater catches could result in a significant increase in the total THQ value. The total ingestion of the muscle of these catches should be limited. Collectively, these findings may renew interest in food safety and the health risk to humans owing to the consumption of freshwater catches.
ANÁLISE BIBLIOMÉTRICA E CONTEXTUAL DA OBRA “CONEXÕES": FILOSOFIA DELEUZIANA EM EVIDÊNCIA
Authors: Mostafa Solange Puntel , Silva Marcia Regina da , Rocha Ednéia Silva Santos
Published: September 2022

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar as referências da área de educação tendo como corpus a coleção Conexões, buscando identificar as principais contribuições de Deleuze. Trata-se de um estudo reflexivo, exploratório e descritivo de abordagem bibliométrica. Os Seminários que deram origem às obras Conexões tiveram Deleuze como escopo temático, o que justifica que a autoria da maior parte das obras citadas é atribuída à Deleuze. A proximidade de outros filósofos em torno da filosofia de Deleuze, seja os que com ele formularam posições importantes no interior da filosofia da diferença, como é o caso de Félix Guattari, sejam outros pensadores contemporâneos da dupla como Michel Foucault, Zourabchvilli ou Rancière. Destaca-se também a posição do pesquisador Silvio Gallo, liderança brasileira nos estudos de Foucault e Deleuze na instituição-sede dos seminários Conexões. No que se refere as instituições de afiliação dos autores destacam-se a Universidade Estadual de Campinas e Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, além de diversas instituições internacionais, como Universidade da Georgia, USA e Universidade de St. Andrews, Escócia. As áreas do conhecimento dos autores dos capítulos que mais se destacaram foi a Educação seguida da área de Artes e Filosofia. As obras de Deleuze mais citadas foram Mil Platôs e O que é filosofia. Os estudiosos de Gilles Deleuze e Felix Guattari se espraiam por várias áreas do conhecimento. Os principais conceitos filosóficos presentes nos livros Conexões que oportunizaram mostrar o esforço dos pesquisadores em criar palavras novas, frequentemente na junção de palavras inteiras ou recortadas para alcançar sentidos inovadores.
A sign and a symbol
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Gorbachev Maxim D.
Published: September 2022

There exist rather contradictory interpretations of the concepts of sign and symbol. The author explores a number of approaches to their distinction in order to indicate the most appropriate one. Before proceeding to the approaches, the author turns to the concepts of a sign, sense and denotation, and comes to a conclusion that one of the reasons for the ambiguity of the relationship between a sign and a symbol lies in following the understanding of a sign and denotation provided by Frege. To study the problem outside of Frege’s theory, the author defines a sign as nothing more or less than what makes sense, and also expands the denotation by introducing the concept of an actual situation. Then, based on the proposed understanding of a sign and also the features of the category of sense, it is indicated what a sign or a symbol cannot be. In the course of consideration of various approaches to the distinction between a sign and a symbol, the author comes to a conclusion that the most promising of them is the separation of a special symbolic meaning. Despite the fact that both the sign and the symbol, provided it becomes possible to distinguish between them, will be the same at the level of the very presence of sense, we see the possibility of distinguishing a special, symbolic, sense based on its depth or sublimeness. However, these concepts are vague, so the first thing to do is to define a clear criterion that would make it possible to distinguish this symbolic sense among other senses, without narrowing the concept of a sign in order to artificially create a symbolic sense in the empty space left after such a narrowing.
Religious identity of young Muslim males from the Commonwealth of Independent States as a transforming phenomenon (a case study of the city of Kazan)
Authors:   Center of Islamic Studies of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Lipatova Tatyana N.
Published: September 2022

The article examines the phenomenon of religious identity of young Muslim migrants in the city of Kazan. The study is based on a premise that religious identity is a transforming phenomenon influenced by personal experience, historical factors, and social changes. Among these, migration appears to be a significant factor in the transformation of religious identity of individuals. In the study of Muslim migrants’ identity transformation processes the author rests upon the work of L. Peek distinguishing three forms of religious identity: ascribed, chosen, and declared. Each form of identity replaces the previous when religiosity becomes deeper and the implementation of religious practices becomes more conscious. Based on foreign methodology, the author of the article carried out qualitative research in the city of Kazan using in-depth interviews to identify key stages in the transformation of young Muslim migrants’ religious identity — ascribed, chosen, and declared. The first is formed during primary socialization in an environment with the majority of the population practising Islam and is taken for granted, not causing questions and reflection; the second is formed as the individual grows up, transforming from the ascribed identity under the influence of reflection, the external environment, and personal choice; the third is formed as a result of emigration and can undergo relatively small changes during the person’s life
Historiography of the post-Soviet period of Russian psychology: on the problem statement
Authors:   Saint Petersburg State Institute of Psychology and Social Work, Shchukina Mariia A.
Published: September 2022

The article draws attention to the problem of scarcity of historical and psychological research on the post-Soviet period of Russian psychology. Based on the analysis of the content of textbooks, dissertation research, and scientific publications, a conclusion is made about the insufficient coverage of facts, personalities, events, and factors of the formation of psychological science, practice, and education in the specified period. The paper notes the fragmented nature of the available data in publications devoted to individual personalities or subject areas and identifies the publications that can be regarded as laying groundwork for the development of the historiography of the period. It is shown that in recent decades the historiography of Russian psychology has mainly focused on the tasks of rediscovering and rethinking the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods. Assumptions are made about the determinants of the historiographical gap of the period under consideration, including the following: the illusion of modernity in the last three decades; the historical and political incompleteness of the period; methodological and axiological unpreparedness of the psychological community for a holistic, open-minded, and multivariate discussion of the period. The objectives of the holistic panoramic historiography of the post-Soviet period are as follows: the identification of the main features of the context, factors of influence, events, microperiods, and leading personalities of the period; the identification of the main institutional changes in the organization of science, psychological education, and practice; systematization of the main advances and losses, innovations and contradictions. To solve the tasks set, in addition to traditional methods of documentary analysis being employed, it is proposed to actively use the methods of autobiography and interviewing living witnesses of the post-Soviet period. The difficulties of the historiography of the period include: the uncertainty of the temporal depth of the «beginning of history»; the need to substantiate the status of the event behind selected historical moments; the importance of choosing the proper historical, axiological, and methodological approaches to analysis and generalization; the recognition of the possibility of alternative versions of history in multiple interpretations of facts and personal assessments of contemporaries.
History of temperament and character research in Russian psychology: scientometric analysis of dissertation research
Authors:   Moscow University for the Humanities, Oleinik Yuri N. , Yeliseyeva Irina N. ,   Moscow University for the Humanities
Published: September 2022

Based on the analysis of modern Russian research on the history of psychology, two important trends in such research have been identified — the reflection of theoretical and methodological foundations and the use of scientometric methods. The paper deals with the analysis of the dynamics of Russian dissertation research works containing the categories «temperament» and «character» in their titles; the period under study is 1992–2018. In total, the data of 128 dissertations defended in the Russian Federation during the specified period were analyzed. To structure the thematic focus of these dissertations (in accordance with V.A. Ganzen’s requirements of a systematic description of any object), the following elements (units) of the classification were used: phenomenology; varieties (types); the structure and the constituent elements; object as a substructure; the relationship of the object with other phenomena; variability and dynamics of the object; factors affecting the state of the object; methods of influence on the object; diagnostics of the object’s state; study history. The study provides a description and structuring of the data arrays formed by the authors of the paper for the specified dissertations taking into account the studied samples and centers for preparing such dissertations, their thematic focus, and scientific specialties. Based on the analysis of the number of prepared and defended dissertations, the dynamics (by three-year periods) of the development of the thematic space including the sought categories was revealed. The authors also compared the dynamics of dissertations in psychological sciences and pedagogical sciences for the same three-year periods and conducted a comparative analysis of the relative indicators of the preparation of dissertations in psychological sciences with the considered categories in the titles and other scientific papers. The analysis showed a consistently low interest of modern Russian researchers in studying these categories. Based on the analysis of data on dissertations prepared in the Soviet period, it was concluded that the category of «temperament» was intensively developed at that time (until 1992). The paper also formulates some limitations of the use of quantitative methods identified in the course of study.
The ethics of pleasure as a hermeneutic problem in the early H.G. Gadamer
Authors:   Perm Institute (branch) of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Riazanov Ivan V.
Published: September 2022

The article proposes an analytical reconstruction of the interpretive strategy of the German philosopher H.G. Gadamer associated in his early works with the phenomenological interpretation of Plato’s dialogue Philebus. This reconstruction is necessary to understand the views of the creator of the «hermeneutic Bible of the XX century» in their development. The study of the phenomenological interpretation of the dialogue in the early H.G. Gadamer makes it possible to determine the conceptual difference of the question of the genealogy of pleasures posed in the philosophical thought in the 20th century. The conceptual definition of the attitude to the ethical tradition dating back to Aristotle and the dynamic understanding of the problem of the relationship between pleasure and reason in human life becomes a meaningful moment of the reconstruction of H.G. Gadamer’s interpretive strategy. On the example of the hermeneutic structure of the concept of «good», the paper identifies the dialectical difference between ethos and praxis, which is considered in the context of the textual heritage of Plato and Aristotle. The significance of the genetic concept of V. Yeager for the formulation of the hermeneutic problem in H.G. Gadamer’s works is highlighted. The study analyzes existential aspects in the phenomenological interpretation of H.G. Gadamer that date back to the concept of the «life world» in the late E. Husserl. It traces the development of the concepts «hermeneutic experience» and «hermeneutic circle» at the early phenomenological stage in the development of H.G. Gadamer’s ideas. The reconstruction of the dialectical analysis of the correlation of the one and the many in the dialogue Philebus proposed by H.G. Gadamer, is traced in the context of M. Heidegger’s ontological positions. The article substantiates the position that the dialectical difference between the kinds of pleasure arising from the Platonic difference between the soul and the body should be considered as a conceptual difference between the phenomenological interpretation of H.G. Gadamer and the genealogy of corporeality, going in European philosophy from F. Nietzsche to M. Foucault.
Theory of mind and socio-emotional competence in children of primary school age (as estimated by parents and teachers)
Authors:   Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lebedeva Evgeniya I.
Published: September 2022

The paper deals with the role of theory of mind in the development of socio-emotional competence in children of primary school age. The purpose was to study the role of theory of mind in the socio-emotional competence of children aged 7–9 as assessed by parents and teachers. To assess the level of children’s social and emotional competence, teachers and parents have developed a questionnaire aimed at assessing: the recognition and understanding of emotions; the understanding of the mental states of other people and the possibility of using them to predict behavior; the understanding of deception, false beliefs, and misunderstandings in social situations; empathy, pro-social behavior, the understanding of moral and ethical norms and rules; the development of social and communication skills. The development of theory of mind was assessed using the «Reading the Mind in the Eyes» test and the «Faux Pas Recognition Test». The study involved 49 children aged 7–9 (21 girls). When assessing the socio-emotional competence of primary school children, adults mainly rely on social understanding skills such as recognizing emotions and expressing empathy. The results of the study demonstrate differences in the assessments of socio-emotional competence depending on the children’s performance in tests for theory of mind. Significant relationships were found between the children’s recognition of mental states by eye expressions and adults’ assessments. Interestingly, no significant correlations were found between understanding of false beliefs and teachers’ assessments of socio-emotional competence, in contrast to the parents’ assessments. Interpretation of the results suggests a possible difference in the observation of children’s behavior among peers (by teachers) and among adults and siblings (by parents).
Competitividad e Innovación: El poder competitivo de la innovación
Authors:   Universidad Simón Bolívar, Mendoza Guerra José María
Published: September 2022

El poder competitivo de la innovación representa un esfuerzo por examinar la relación que existe entre la competitividad y la innovación y aclarar cómo hacerse competitivo a través de la gerencia innovadora. Se parte del hecho de que la competitividad está determinada por una fórmula, en la cual participan el valor creado por la empresa, su costo unitario de producción y la forma cómo la compañía se enlaza con el entorno. Esta ecuación se aplica a la innovación mediante la expresión del valor por el indicador más utilizado para medirla: la participación de los productos nuevos en las ventas totales. En esta obra se aclaran las estrategias disponibles para competir mediante la innovación, se profundiza en su naturaleza, se estudia con detenimiento el carácter y el funcionamiento de la imaginación, y se aclaran y clasifican los sistemas de innovación como capacidad dinámica y se analiza la manera cómo se gestiona la innovación. Todo lo cual permita ampliar la competitividad por la vía innovadora.
Highlighting the importance of STEM education in early childhood through play-based learning: A Literature Review
Authors: Sydon Tshering , Phuntsho Sonam
Published: September 2022

This paper aims to focus on the international studies regarding early integrated STEM education and its importance for developing 21st-century skills in young children to prepare them for an ever-changing world. The paper reviews the importance of integrated STEM education in early childhood settings and how it supports the development of scientific concepts and 21st-century skills such as critical thinking and problem solving through play-based learning based on the current literature. Adding to the importance of STEM education, the paper explores what STEM education means in early childhood and how different types of play-based learning can support early integrated STEM concepts and skills in young children concerning the literature from different parts of the world. Furthermore, the literature presents the role of teachers in implementing STEM practices and the challenges encountered by teachers. The literature indicates low self-efficacy and confidence in teachers as the main factor affecting the delivery of STEM teaching and suggests ways to overcome this through STEM professional development to enhance the STEM practices in early childhood. The paper concludes with further recommendations and implications for stronger policies, and more research in this field to achieve high-quality integrated STEM education in early childhood.
བཤད་གྲྭ་དང་ སློབ་གྲྭ་གཉིས་ནང་ རིག་གཞུང་སློབ་སློན་འབད་བའི་སྐབས་ སློབ་སློན་ཐབས་ལམ་ཚུ་ མཉམ་ སྦྲེལ་ཐློག་ལས་ ལག་ལེན་འཐབ་དགོཔ་ཡློད་པའི་སྐོར།
Authors: རྒྱལ་མཚན། ཀུན་ལེགས་ , ཀུན་དགའ།
Published: September 2022

འཛམ་གླིང་སྤྱི་འགྱུར་གྱི་སྲིད་བྱུས་དང་བསྟུན་ རྒྱལ་ཁབ་ནང་ལུ་ སློབ་གྲྭ་གཞི་བཙུགས་འབད་མི་ལས་ཚུར་ དེ་ནང་གི་ཆོས་ཚན་དང་ སློབ་སྦྱོང་འབད་ཐངས་ཚུ་ཡང་ རིག་གསར་སློབ་སྟོན་ཐབས་ལམ་ཚུ་གཞིར་བཞག་ལུ་སློབ་སྟོན་ཚུ་འབད་ནི་འགོ་བཙུགས་ཏེ་ཡོད་རུང་ སློབ་གྲྭ་ནང་ རྫོང་ཁ་དང་ རིག་གཞུང་སློབ་སྟོན་ལུ་བརྟེན་པའི་གྲུབ་འབྲས་ཚུ་ རེ་བ་བསྐྱེད་དོ་བཟུམ་རང་འབྱུང་སྟེ་མེད་པའི་ཁར་ ད་ལྟོ་ གཡོག་ནང་ལས་ཕར་རྫོང་ཁ་དང་ རིག་གཞུང་གི་ཡོན་ཏན་ལེགས་ཤོམ་སྦེ་ཡོད་མི་ཚུ་ཡང་ མང་ཤོས་རང་ བཤད་གྲྭ་དང་ སེམས་རྟོགས་ཁར་རིག་གཞུང་སློབ་གྲྭ་ཚུ་ནང་ལས་ མཐར་འཁྱོལ་ཏེ་ཡོད་མི་ཚུ་ཨིནམ་སྦེ་ངོས་འཛིན་བྱུང་སྟེ་ཡོད། དེ་འབད་ནི་འདི་གིས་ སློབ་གྲྭ་ཁག་ནང་ལས་ཕར་ རྫོང་ཁ་དང་ རིག་གཞུང་ཚུ་སློབ་སྟོན་འབད་བའི་སྐབས་ ད་རེས་རིག་གསར་གྱི་ཐབས་ལམ་འདི་རྐྱངམ་ཅིག་ལག་ལེན་འཐབ་སྟེ་ སློབ་སྟོན་འབད་ནི་ལས་ལྷག་སྟེ་ བཤད་གྲྭ་ཁག་ཚུ་ནང་གི་སློབ་སྟོན་ཐབས་ལམ་ཚུ་ཡང་ ལག་ལེན་འཐབ་ཚུགས་པ་ཅིན་ ཕན་ཐོགས་སྦོམ་བྱུང་ནི་ཨིན་པའི་ཁར་ བཤད་གྲྭ་ཁག་ཚུ་ནང་ལས་ཕར་ཡང་ དུས་ཀྱི་འགྱུར་བ་དང་བསྟུན་ ཧེ་མའི་ཐབས་ལམ་རྐྱངམ་ཅིག་མེན་པར་ འོས་འབབ་ཡོད་པའི་ད་རེས་ཀྱི་རིག་གསར་ཐབས་ལམ་ཚུ་ཡང་མཉམ་སྦྲེལ་གྱི་ཐོག་ལས་ ལག་ལེན་འཐབ་ཚུགས་པ་ཅིན་ ཕན་ཐོགས་སྦོམ་འབྱུང་ནི་ཨིན་པའི་ཞིབ་འཚོལ་གྲུབ་འབྲས་དང་འཁྲིལ་ཏེ་ ང་བཅས་སློབ་གྲྭ་ཁག་ནང་ལུ་ཨིན་པ་ཅིན་ བཤད་གྲྭ་ཁག་ནང་ ལག་ལེན་འཐབ་སྲོལ་ཡོད་པའི་མཐོང་བ་རྒྱུད་པའི་ལག་ལེན་ ལུང་ཞུ་ནི་དང་ སྐྱོར་སྦྱང་འབད་ནི་ ཁག་ཆེ་བའི་དོན་ཚན་ཚུ་གུར་ རྩོད་གླེང་འབད་ནི་ ཁག་ཆེ་བའི་རྩ་ཚིག་བློར་གཟུང་ནི་ལ་སོགས་པ་ཚུ་ སློབ་གྲྭ་ཁག་གི་རིག་གཞུང་ཆོས་ཚན་གྱི་རྩ་གཞུང་ནང་ ཚུད་དེ་ ལག་ལེན་འཐབ་དགོཔ་ཡོད་པའི་ཁར། དེ་ལས་ བཤད་གྲྭ་ཁག་ནང་ལུ་ཨིན་པ་ཅིན་ དེང་སང་གི་རིག་གསར་ཐབས་ལམ་ ཕན་ཚུན་འབྲེལ་རྟོགས་འབད་དེ་ལྷབ་ནི་དང་ ཆོས་སྟོན་མི་འདི་ལས་ ཕྱོགས་གཅིག་རྐྱངམ་ཅིག་སྦེ་མེན་པར་ སྟོན་མི་དང་ ལྷབ་མི་ཕྱོགས་གཉིས་ཆ་རའི་ཁ་ཐུག་ལས་ ལྷབ་སྦྱངའབད་བའི་སློབ་སྟོན་ཐབས་ཤེས་ཚུ་ལག་ལེན་འཐབ་དགོཔ་ དེ་ལས་ གནས་སྟངས་གཞིར་བཞག་གི་ཞིབ་འཚོལ་འབད་ཐོག་ལས་ ལྷབ་དགོཔ་ཚུ་འདུག་ཟེར་ཞུ་ནི་ཨིན། ཞིབ་འཚོལ་གྲུབ་འབྲས་འདི་གིས་ ང་བཅས་སློབ་གྲྭ་ཁག་ནང་ རྫོང་ཁ་དང་རིག་གཞུང་སློབ་སྟོན་འབད་ནིའི་དོན་ལུ་ ཐབས་ལམ་ལེགས་བཅོས་འབད་ནི་ལུ་ ལྷན་ཐབས་འབད་ནི་ཨིན་པའི་ཁར་ བཤད་གྲྭ་ཁག་ནང་ལས་ཕར་ཡང་ རིག་གསར་ཐབས་ལམ་ཚུ་མཉམ་སྦྲེལ་འབད་ནི་ལུ་ ཕན་ཐོགས་འབྱུང་ཚུགས་ནི་དང་། དེ་ལས་ རྩ་གཞུང་དང་ཁྱད་རིག་གོང་འཕེལ་ལས་ཁུངས་ལུ་ཡང་ རྫོང་ཁ་དང་རིག་གཞུང་སློབ་སྟོན་འབད་ཐངས་ལུ་ ཕན་ཐོགས་ཅན་གྱི་ཁྱད་རིག་གོང་འཕེལ་གཏང་དགོ་པའི་གྲོས་འཆར་ཚུ་བཀོདཔ་ཨིན།
Burnout: ein offensichtlich selbsterklärendes Phänomen!?
Authors:   Schön-Klinik Roseneck, Prien am Chiemsee, Hillert Andreas
Published: September 2022

Wenn sich Praktiker über aktuelle, im Alltag relevante Themen informieren wollen, haben es psychiatrische und psychologische Fächer, verglichen mit näher am naturwissenschaftlichen Bereich liegenden Disziplinen, schwer, diese Bedürfnisse zu befriedigen. Diagnosen liegen in der Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie Definitionen zugrunde, die, wenn man sie hinterfragt, durchaus nicht so trennscharf sind, wie es die Formulierungen zum Beispiel in den Diagnose-Manualen DSM-V und ICD-10/11 (Dilling et al. 2015) zunächst vermuten lassen. Noch unschärfer wird es, wenn es sich um Begriffe und Phänomene handelt, die ursprünglich von Betroffenen entdeckt beziehungsweise eingeführt wurden. Betroffene möchten wissen, woher ein Problem kommt, Anhaltspunkte haben, wie man es wieder los wird beziehungsweise bewältigen kann und sie wollen zudem nicht „stigmatisiert“ werden. Das Spannungsfeld zwischen den für Sachverständige relevanten Kriterien (Objektivität, Reliabilität, Validität) und der Betroffenenperspektive und ein angemessener Umgang eben damit lassen sich am Burnout-Phänomen exemplarisch aufzeigen.
Mutterschutz (Folge 4): PCB-Belastungen in Innenräumen – ein Mutterschutz-Thema?
Authors:   Bereichsleiter Toxikologie der Arbeitsstoffe Institut für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (IFA), Sankt Augustin, Steinhausen Marco
Published: September 2022

Mit dem 2017 neu geregelten Mutterschutzgesetz soll die Gesundheit von schwangeren und stillenden Frauen sowie ihrer Kindern geschützt, aber gleichzeitig auch die Fortführung ihrer Erwerbstätigkeit (gilt immer auch für Schülerinnen, Auszubildende, Praktikantinnen, Studentinnen und weitere) ermöglicht werden, soweit es nach den Vorschriften dieses Gesetzes zulässig ist. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, sollen Regeln für den Mutterschutz erstellt werden, auch für Arbeitsbedingungen mit Expositionen gegenüber Gefahrstoffen.
Evaluation eines online-basierten Motivations- und Dokumentationsprogramms zur Gewichtsreduktion
Authors:   BASF SE, Corporate Health Management Department, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Hofmann Bernd , Zimmermann Jörg ,   pronova BKK, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Schreiner Thorsten ,   BASF SE, Corporate Health Management Department, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Webendörfer Stefan ,   BASF SE, Corporate Health Management Department, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Claus Matthias ,   BASF SE, Corporate Health Management Department, Ludwigshafen am Rhein
Published: September 2022

Evaluation of an online-based motivation and documentation programme for weight loss. Results of a randomised controlled study Objectives: The objective of the study was to examine whether the use of an online-based motivation and documentation programme leads to weight loss within one year in overweight employees, compared to a control group. Methods: This is a randomised controlled trial conducted from 2018 to 2019 in Ludwigshafen. Members of the intervention and control groups received a measuring tape and a pedometer at the start of the study. Subjects in the intervention group also received access to a website with a motivational programme. At study inclusion, after 6 and 12 months, all study participants received a questionnaire regarding subjective assessment of fitness status, dietary behaviour, and evaluation of the website and pedometer. All study participants also received a monthly newsletter with information on health topics. Results: A total of 279 subjects participated in the study, with information on the primary study endpoint available for 165 (59 %) after 12 months. After 12 months, weight was reduced by 0.73 kg and 1.16 kg in the intervention and control group respectively (mean difference: 0.43 kg; 95% CI: –1.06 kg to 1.92 kg; p = 0.571). Abdominal circumference was reduced by 1.27 cm and 1.74 cm in the intervention and control group respectively (mean difference: 0.47 cm; 95 % CI: –0.96 cm to 1.91 cm; p = 0.521). Regarding subjective assessment of physical activity and dietary behaviour, there were also no statistically significant differences between the groups. Of those who participated in the final survey and, in relation to the website, logged in at least once, the website and pedometer were predominantly rated positively. Conclusions: The study did not show a weight-reducing effect of intervention through the online app. Further studies on digital applications (apps) with adapted or additional functions are needed to evaluate whether they can be a component on the path to desired permanent weight loss in the future. Keywords: randomised controlled trial (RCT) – app – weight loss – fitness
NATURE OF NEW ORDER RIGHTS TO MINERALS: A RUBIKIAN EXERCISE SINCE PASSING THE MAYDAY RUBICON WITH A CUBIC ZIRCONIUM?
Authors: PJ Badenhorst
Published: September 2022

The Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 has created new categories of rights to “minerals” that may be granted to applicants by the Minister of Minerals and Energy. In this article the nature of these rights will be examined. The legislature has labelled prospecting rights and mining rights to minerals as limited real rights in the MPRD Act. The remaining rights to minerals are not labelled. Provision is made for registration or recording rights in the revived Mining Titles Registration Act 16 of 1967 (as amended). Registered rights are claimed to constitute a limited real right binding against third parties. Discrepancies and contradictions regarding the nature of rights to minerals are created by the two statutes. It is concluded that only upon clarification of the provisions of the two sister statutes, would the nature of rights to minerals be more evident. The proposed amendment of section 5(1) of the MPRD Act would be in line with property doctrine based upon the common law and is to be welcomed.
UNDOING THE PAST THROUGH STATUTORY INTERPRETATION: THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT AND MARRIAGE LAWS OF APARTHEID
Authors: Wessel le Roux
Published: September 2022

Recent legal scholarship has increasingly focussed on the way in which the law can be employed as a strategy of memory in post-conflict societies. War crimes trials, civil reparation or restitution claims, and the like, have all been extensively discussed as memorial practices. However, the way in which ordinary process of statutory interpretation can be employed to undo the past has thus far received little or now attention. In this article I investigate how the South African Constitutional Court has approached the interpretation of a number of apartheid marriage laws under sections 35(2) of the interim and 39(2) of the final Constitutions. I argue that, far from adopting a purposive approach to statutory interpretation as is often claimed, the court has in fact adopted a very narrow textual approach to statutory interpretation. I claim that this approach to the legislative legacy of the past is both hermeneutically and politically suspect. What is more, it discloses a predilection for monumental, as opposed to, memorial practices of memory.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEFENCES IN UNFAIR DISCRIMINATION CASES (PART 2)
Authors: Jonathan Partington  , Adriaan van der Walt
Published: September 2022

All anti-discrimination legislation that applies in the employment context contains defences to or justifications for discrimination. In South Africa, the defences available against a discrimination claim in the employment context are contained in the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998.The Employment Equity Act gives only a basic structure of a prohibition on unfair discrimination. It is left to our courts to give content to and develop discrimination law. It is within this context that the Employment Equity Act expressly mentions “affirmative action consistent with the purpose” of the Employment Equity Act and “an inherent requirement of a job” as two specific exceptions to the right to equal treatment. The Employment Equity Act does not, however, state these exceptions to be a numerus clausus. It has been questioned whether there may, in addition to the statutory exceptions, be a residual “general fairness” defence to a claim of unfair discrimination.The development of the defences in South Africa is discussed and it is concluded that any possible derogations from the right to equal treatment must be strictly construed. This conclusion is mandated by the wording of the legislation itself and the influence of the Constitution. Accordingly, the notion of an implied “general fairness” defence is not supported. The remaining defences, it is submitted, should develop within the parameters of established principles in a disciplined manner, having due regard for the achievement of substantive equality.
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION FOR SOUTH AFRICAN CITIZENS: THE ROLE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOUR
Authors: Marié McGregor
Published: September 2022

In the Auf der Heyde case the Labour Appeal Court held that in the South African context affirmative action should be limited to South African citizens. In this article the author evaluates the case and concludes that this interpretation by the Labour Appeal Court is acceptable in the historical context of the country. The main focus of the article is on the role of the Department of Labour in this regard. The Department provided certain guidelines concerning the issue of citizenship in the context of affirmative action. These guidelines are important but unfortunately not clear. The author recommends that the Department takes a clear policy decision with a view to ensuring that South African citizens are preferred in terms of affirmative action policies.
THE WEARING OF THE HEADSCARF – THE PLIGHT OF MUSLIM WOMEN: A BRIEF COMPARATIVE SYNOPSIS
Authors: Marita Carnelley  , Waheeda Banoobhai
Published: September 2022

In 2002 Prof JMT Labuschagne published a South African legal perspective on the Muslim headscarf entitled “Die Regsstatus van die Islamkopdoek: Opmerkinge Oor die Begrensing van Religieuse Simbole en Gebruike in die Regstaat” (2002 17 SA Public Law 382). In this note he referred to the legal solutions regarding the wearing of a headscarf and other religious symbols in two European countries, Germany and Switzerland, and noted that a distinction is generally made between the wearing of religious symbols in the private and public spheres with specific reference to educational institutions. He concluded that in these countries the freedom of religion, belief and opinion is one of the cornerstones of a democratic society and that there is a duty on society to be tolerant towards divergent views to ensure social peace; and that this also applies in an educational environment. However, the majority of courts, with regard to the headscarf in the public domain, require that teachers especially must be seen to be strictly neutral, making the wearing of the headscarf in a public school unacceptable.The aim of this note is to provide an update on Germany, one of the jurisdictions discussed by Labuschagne; to expand the comparative view to other jurisdictions that have also grappled with the issue; and to set out the South African legal position.Before the South African legal situation is discussed, the position in other jurisdictions is described. With regard to the wearing of the headscarf at educational institutions, be it schools or universities, the situation in Singapore, Turkey, France, Germany and England is of comparative interest, whilst regarding the wearing thereof at work, the French and German solutions are considered. For reasons to become clear subsequently, this distinction in South Africa is not of particular importance as the same legal principles are applicable to both scenarios.
THE ENLIGHTENED-SHAREHOLDER-VALUE APPROACH VERSUS PLURISM IN THE MANAGEMENT OF COMPANIES
Authors: Irene-marie Esser
Published: September 2022

Social, safety, health and environmental factors have recently been reconsidered in the managing of a company. The so-called triple bottom line is the buzzphrase, embracing not only financial performance but also social and environmental responsibility of companies (Crook “The Good Company” January 2005 The Economist 1-18; and Freemantle and Rockey The Good Corporate Citizen (2004) 7).Executive and non-executive directors are the people responsible for monitoring and controlling companies. The issue is, however, in whose interests this should be done? (Havenga Fiduciary Duties of Company Directors with Specific Regard to Corporate Opportunities (1998) 1; Mongalo “The Emergence of Corporate Governance as a Fundamental Research Topic in South Africa” 2003 SALJ 176-177, and generally Du Plessis “Direkteure se Pligte Teenoor Partye Anders as die Maatskappy” 1992 De Jure 378-392). The generally accepted viewpoint is that the paramount fiduciary duty of directors, individually and collectively, is to exercise their powers in good faith and in the best interest of the company as a whole (see generally Du Plessis 1992 De Jure 378-392; Havenga “The Company, the Constitution, and the Stakeholders” 1997 Juta Business Law Journal 134, 136; and Sealy “Directors‟ „Wider‟ Responsibilities – Problems Conceptual, Practical and Procedural” 1989 Monash University Law Review 164-188).This note focuses on arguments for and against exclusive shareholder protection. The current company law reform process in South Africa and the recent reform process in the United Kingdom are discussed and evaluated. The consideration of matters affecting stakeholders and whether they are subordinate to that of the directors' primary goal to promote the success of the company in the best interest of the shareholders is discussed.
WRONGFUL LIFE CLAIMS IN THE NETHERLANDS − THE HOGE RAAD DECIDES C03/206 HR JHM/RM
Authors: André Mukheibir
Published: September 2022

The Netherlands has always had a reputation for being more progressive than most societies. In addition to the booming prostitution trade and the ubiquitous coffee-shops where one may drop in for a whiff of cannabis without fearing prosecution, euthanasia was legalised in 2001 (after having been practised and tolerated (“gedoogd”) for many years prior to legalisation).The Hoge Raad has done it again with its decision in the Kelly case, in which a child, Kelly Molenaar, was awarded damages for the fact that she had been born with a severe handicap (Nr. C03/206HR JMH/RM, www.rechtspraak.nl).Ever since this case reached the lower courts, it has resulted in much publicity in both academic journals and the popular press. Awarding Kelly damages for being born with a handicap gave rise to several ethical problems, inter alia the fact that a child would in fact be claiming damages for the fact that it had not been aborted. Furthermore, one would invariably be faced with a comparison of the non-being of the child with its present state, something which is extremely problematic.In South Africa only one wrongful life claim has served before the courts, and it was turned down on the basis that it was against public policy (see par 6 below). The courts in England, Germany, Australia and the majority of states in the United States of America have also refused wrongful life claims.This note focuses on the Kelly case, and explores possible bases in South African law for a claim made on behalf of a handicapped child.
The BRICS Agenda on the Internet Governance
Authors:   MGIMO University, Ignatov Aleksandr ,   Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
Published: September 2022

The key features of the modern Internet governance system are its decentralized structure, inhomogeneous internal “geography,” and the diverse nature of its decision-making actors. These factors determine the complexity of the decision-making process on Internet governance-related issues. Under these conditions, the BRICS group of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa is viewed as a suitable platform to establish a common ground and align the interests of the participating countries on five key spheres of Internet governance: infrastructure development, legal matters, economic issues, development, and social and cultural perspectives. The goal of this article is to study BRICS’ approach to Internet governance. The study presents an analysis of the BRICS countries’ priorities regarding Internet governance and incorporates a panel data on BRICS’ commitments and decisions regarding the issue. Several conclusions on the BRICS approach to Internet governance were drawn: the most prominent sphere for BRICS cooperation is digital infrastructure development; considerable discrepancies exist among the BRICS states regarding managing Internet content that contribute to a lack of concrete decisions on social and cultural aspects of Internet governance; there is a step-by-step convergence of the BRICS counterterrorism and counter-extremism agenda with a broader issue of cybersecurity. The author assumes that the infrastructure component dominates the BRICS Internet governance discussion due to China’s influence, which gives it the potential to be one of the key players and agenda-setters within BRICS, along with Russia. Steady incorporation of the counterterrorism and counter-extremism agenda into the cybersecurity discussion is strongly supported by Russia, in keeping with its declared national priorities regarding Internet governance. In the author’s opinion, it would be problematic for BRICS to reach a collective decision regarding Internet content governance given the conflict of interests among the participating countries revealed by this analysis.