bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE BASES FOR ENHANCING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Saah Paul
Published: December 2023

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), continue to fail and discontinue operations at one of the highest rates in many developed and developing countries, such as South Africa. The chief goal of this study was to create a foundation for increasing the sustainability of SMEs. The methods utilised in this inquiry for gathering and analysing data were quantitative. The study's target population, the Central Supply Database of the Provincial Department of Finance, was utilised to count the number of South Africa's officially recognised SMEs. A non-probability sampling method was used to choose 400 small business managers and owners as the study's sample size. The study's findings indicate that there are a few key reasons why SMEs fail and discontinue operating in South Africa, including a lack of strategic business planning, insufficient funding, subpar management, a lack of innovation, a lack of business research, and insufficient human capital education and training.
DO DIFFERENT SECTORS AFFECT EQUITY RISK PREMIUMS IN EMERGING MARKETS? EVIDENCE FROM ASIA
Authors: Munir Ali Fayyaz , ul Hassan Naveed , Elahi Ali Raza , Majid Safyan
Published: December 2023

This paper explores intricacies of the higher equity risk premia of emerging Asian economies within the context of industrial composition. The conventional ex-post empirical analysis is executed to scrutinize the impact of industries on the country's stock performance, diverging from the contemporary literature on finance, which was restricted to "total market indexes." By utilizing the DataStream’s Total Return Indices (TRIs) data of emerging market industries, this study highlights the contribution of various industries towards higher equity risk premiums across prominent Asian emerging countries. The study unearths several salient empirical findings. Primarily, the study confirms the "high-volatile high-performance nature" in conjunction with the time-varying dynamics of excess returns for emerging markets at the industry level. Secondly, the study's findings identify the industries accountable for the most significant contribution to higher stock premia of emerging markets at both the country and dynamic context levels. Thirdly, we observe that certain industries demonstrate greater exposure to global factors than others. It is, therefore, argued that these observations provide a crucial indication for international portfolio diversification. The investigation of diversification opportunities due to the impact of global factors on country indexes, and the existence of some industries that offer little but advantageous insurance components provide valuable insights for the higher equity premia of emerging markets. The overall study findings suggest that foreign portfolio investors must not only diversify across countries but also across industries to generate augmented returns in emerging stock markets.
FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INVESTMENTS IN SOUTH AFRICAN SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZE ENTERPRISES: A CONCEPTUAL STUDY
Authors: Saah Paul , Mbohwa Charles , Sizwe Madonsela Nelson
Published: December 2023

Small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) are essential to South Africa's development and economic progress. Information technology (IT) expenditures have become crucial for SMEs to stay competitive in the quickly changing digital market. The purpose of this study is to examine the variables affecting IT investments in South African SMEs. The paper provides a thorough examination of the literature, the technique used, the findings, and a discussion of the implications through a conceptual study. The study's findings were derived from an analysis of 15 of the best and most relevant journal articles out of a total of 200 that were obtained and evaluated through Google Scholar that are related to factors impacting IT investments in South African SMEs. The objective was to aggregate the views of many scholars on the issues affecting IT investments in South African SMEs from their writings. The study's findings indicates that financial constraints, perceived return on investment (ROI), industry-specific factors, technological complexity and skills, perceived risk, outside influences, organisational culture, and leadership are among the factors that affect IT investments in South African SMEs. With regards to the study's findings, it is recommended that SMEs should work to understand and address the factors influencing information technology investments in South Africa so they can make informed IT investment decisions, and policymakers should foster an environment that encourages the uptake of technology and the expansion of this industry.
Makna Salib Menurut John Calvin Analisis Dogmatis Dan Relevansinya Terhadap Kualitas Ibadah Gereja Toraja
Authors: Kilala Dika , Masirri Mei
Published: December 2023

John Calvin meyakini bahwa salib memiliki peran penting sebagai sarana penebusan dosa manusia. Menurutnya, manusia berdosa namun Yesuslah yang mengambil tanggung jawab atas dosa-dosa tersebut. Cinta kasih Allah begitu besar sehingga Ia rela mengorbankan Anak-Nya yang tak bersalah untuk disalibkan, guna menebus dosa-dosa manusia. Dari keyakinan ini, penulis bertujuan untuk meneliti makna dogmatis salib menurut pandangan John Calvin, serta relevansinya terhadap kualitas ibadah di Jemaat Ampangan Klasis Tondon. Metode penelitian yang diterapkan adalah kualitatif studi lapangan, dengan melaksanakan observasi dan wawancara. Hasil dari data yang terkumpul kemudian diolah dan dianalisis oleh penulis. Kesimpulan yang diambil adalah bahwa Jemaat Ampangan telah memahami dengan baik makna salib dalam kehidupan berjemaat dan kehidupan pribadi masing-masing. Pemahaman ini berdampak positif terhadap peningkatan kualitas ibadah di Jemaat Ampangan. Dengan memahami dan menerima makna dogmatis salib menurut John Calvin, jemaat ini mampu mendalami dan mengalami pertumbuhan spiritual yang lebih dalam dalam ibadah mereka.
Ibadat Sabda Sebagai Model Pembentukan Spiritualitas Bagi Calon Katekis di Sekolah Tinggi Pastoral Yayasan Institut Pastoral Indonesia Malang
Authors: Dhiu Maria Sudri Yanti , Tarihoran Emmeria
Published: December 2023

Ibadat memiliki peran sentral dalam membentuk spiritualitas bagi mahasiswa calon katekis di Sekolah Tinggi Pastoral Yayasan Institut Pastoral Indonesia Malang. Artikel ini mengesplorasi bagaimana praktik ibadat sabda menjadi model penting dalam mengembangkan dimensi spiritual mahasiswa, membantu mereka memperdalam pemahaman akan ajaran agama, dan memberi pondasi kuat dalam membimbing jemaat di masa depan. Dengan fokus pada pengenalan, refleksi dan aplikasi ajaran agama melalui ibadat sabda. Artikel ini menggambarkan betapa esensialnya ibadat sabda dalam membentuk karakter dan komitmen spiritual bagi mahasiswa calon katekis. Ibadat Sabda juga dapat membantu mereka dalam menghadapi tantangan dan tuntutan dalam pekerjaan pastoral, serta memperkuat iman mereka dalam mengajar dan memimpin jemaat. Oleh karena itu, ibadat Sabda sebagai model pembentukan spiritualitas sangat penting bagi mahasiswa calon katekis di Sekolah Tinggi Pastoral Yayasan Institut Pastoral Indonesia Malang. Dalam melaksanakan tugas mereka sebagai pemimpin rohani, mahasiswa calon katekis harus memperhatikan pembentukan karakter dan spiritualitas yang kuat sebagai fondasi utama dalam menghadapi tantangan dan tuntutan dalam pekerjaan pastoral.
Kajian Hermenutik Tentang Praktek Puasa Menurut Matius 6:16-18 dan Implikasinya Bagi Pemahaman Orang Kristen Masa Kini
Authors: Bura Restia Nata , Yacob Imanuel
Published: December 2023

Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui studi kepustakaan dan pendekatan Gramatikal-historikal-kontekstual untuk menyelidiki praktek puasa sesuai dengan ajaran Matius 6:16-18, serta implikasinya terhadap pemahaman orang Kristen kontemporer. Puasa memegang peranan penting dalam kehidupan spiritual seorang Kristen, mewakili disiplin untuk menahan diri dari makanan dengan tujuan memperkuat iman dan memperdalam hubungan spiritual. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa praktek puasa tidak hanya merendahkan diri dan melatih kerendahan hati, tetapi juga merupakan ekspresi dari tobat yang tulus di hadapan Allah, serta bentuk ibadah dan pelayanan kepada-Nya. Puasa harus dilakukan dengan kesungguhan, bukan untuk mencari pengakuan dari orang lain sebagaimana dilakukan oleh orang munafik. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi penting dalam memperdalam pemahaman tentang pentingnya praktek puasa dalam kehidupan orang Kristen masa kini, mengajak untuk mengamalkannya dengan tulus dan sungguh-sungguh sebagai bentuk pengabdian kepada Allah
Pendidikan Karakter Katolik: Mengembangkan Etika dan Moralitas dalam Anak-Anak Katolik di Paroki
Authors: Sarma Anjeli , Tarihoran Emmeria
Published: December 2023

Pada penelitian ini akan membahas bagaimana mengembangkan etika dan moralitas anak-anak katolik di paroki. Etika dan moralitas termasuk Pendidikan karakter. Etika adalah tingkah laku yang dilakukan secara berulang-ulang, dan sudah menjadi kebiasaan. Sedangkan moralitas yaitu mengacu pada suatu nilai bagaimana manusia harus hidup yang baik. Peneliti mengangkat permasalahan ini karena kebanyakan orang mengetahui bahwa bagaimana tingkah laku anak-anak pada era saat ini. Untuk itu peneliti mengangkat judul ini agar bisa menyalurkan solusi atau anspirasi bagi pembaca. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah agar membantu para orang tua atau orang dewasa untuk membimbing anak-anak nya dengan baik, beretika dan bermoral sesuai dengan ajaran umat katolik sendiri. Untuk itu Pendidikan karakter bagi anak-anak ini sangat lah penting apalagi mengenai kemajuan zaman yang semakin pesat ini. Metode penelitian yang peneliti gunakan adalah memakai metode kualitatif yaitu observasi secara langsung kegiatan di sekolah maupun paroki dan juga mengambil sumber dari karya ilmiah atau artikel lain.
Teologi Kontekstual tentang Menghormati Orangtua Berdasarkan Dialog Antara Keluaran 20:12 dengan Tradisi Nidoi’
Authors: Elfis Rawi , Pabalik Darnia Lintin , Lipan Since
Published: December 2023

Menghormati orang tua adalah perintah yang harus ditaati dan dilakukan. Karena itu melalui tulisan ini diuraikan konep menghormati orang tua agar dapat dipahami dan melakukan perintah kelima. Ada begitu banyak anak yang tidak memperlihatkan sikap hormat mereka kepada orang tua mereka yang berujung pada konflik bahkan sampai membunuh orang tuanya. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pemahaman bagaimana menghormati orang tua yang dilaihat dari konsep injil dan tradisi. Beberapa tulisan telah membahas tentang menghormati orang tua dan bagaimana pentingnya menghormati orang tua. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif studi penelitian Biblika kontekstual yang dipadukan dengan penelitian lapangan, tulisan ini membahas tentang konsep menghormati orang tua berdasarkan Keluaran 20:12 dan kosep menghormati orang tua melalui Tradisi Nidoi’ masyarakat Seko Padang. Melalui pendekatan model sintesis di mendapatkan titik temu keduanya tentang konsep menghormati oran tua. Allah yang mahakuasa menyampaikan perintah kepada anak untuk menghormati orang tua dengan konteks masyarakat Seko Padang melalui taradisi Nidoi’.
Mobilisasi Misi di Gereja Batak Karo Protestan di Tahun 1965 hingga 2023
Authors: Kaban Frans Mezhya Lauta , Tarigan Mehamad Wijaya
Published: December 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui upaya Gereja yang harus memobilisasi misi. Mobilisasi misi tidak hanya melibatkan pelayan khusus melainkan jemaat. Mereka dilibatkan bukan hanya di dalam Gereja, melainkan ke luar Gereja untuk diutus memberitakan Injil kepada suku-suku terabaikan. Metode penelitian yang penulis pakai adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan mengumpulkan data dari buku-buku dan arsip. Gereja Batak Karo Protestan melakukan mobilisasi misi hanya untuk suku Batak Karo saja, belum menjangkau suku lainnya. Ada beberapa hambatan yang dialami Gereja Batak Karo Protestan yaitu kekurangan dana, kekurangan tenaga dan kurangnya metode dalam melakukan mobilisasi misi serta adanya tuduhan kristenisasi. Dalam hal ini, Gereja Batak Karo Protestan perlu membentuk kelompok kecil serta memilih salah satu suku tertentu yang belum beragama. Sebaiknya dilakukan mobilisasi misi agar jemaat semangat dalam mempersiapkan hal dana, daya dan doa untuk memberitakan Injil ke luar yaitu menjangkau suku-suku yang belum beragama.
Tinjauan Teologi Tentang Spiritualitas Ekologi Menyahabati Alam Melalui Gereja Toraja Sebagai Respon Krisis Ekologi
Authors: Jerpan Jelmiasner , Pranata Satria Yarnel , Julianto Radia Putra
Published: December 2023

Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan bagaimana Yayasan Marampa Tallulolona Gereja Toraja dengan konsep filosofis tallulolona melihat alam sebagai saudara. Persoalan krisis ekologi masih merupakan salah satu isu sentral untuk berteologi di Indonesia. Kerusakan alam perlu diperhatikan secara serius, sebab ketika alam mengalami kerusakan, manusia yang akan mendapatkan akibat buruknya. Gereja justru menjadi salah satu penyumbang terjadinya krisis ekologi ini dengan tidak menghemat pemakaian listrik, pemakaian AC secara berlebihan, dan lebih mementingkan bangunan dan dekorasi gereja dibandingkan dengan program-program tentang masalah krisis ekologi.  Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa spiritualitas ekologis Yayasan Marampa Tallulolona Gereja Toraja masuk dalam kategori anthropocentrism of responsibility dan bertipe naturalis, sebab membangun relasi dengan Tuhan ketika sedang melakukan kegiatan yang bersentuhan langsung dengan alam. Spiritualitas ini kemudian menjadi tidak pasif sebab dijadikan oleh Yayasan Marampa Tallulolona sebagai bentuk khotbah yang hidup (nyata/langsung). Hal ini yang kemudian menjadikan Yayasan Marampa Tallulolona terus konsisten dalam menyahabati alam dan terbangun dalam bentuk spiritualitasnya sendiri.
Peran Katekis Untuk Meningkatkan Partisipasi Orang Muda Katolik Dalam Doa Bersama Di Lingkungan St. Yosep
Authors: Lewar Marike Amanda Adeitania , Darianto Darianto
Published: December 2023

Orang muda katolik adalah harapan dan masa depan Gereja. Ditangan merekalah gereja tumbuh dan berkembang. Mereka memiliki kemampuan dan potensi yang diharapkan Gereja untuk dapat berpartisipasi dalam mewartakan kerajaan Allah dan membangun gereja lebih maju. Nyatanya omk kurang berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan menggereja dan mengabaikan kehidupan rohaninya. Secara sadar dan tidak sadar mereka melupakan Tuhan dan aktivitas spiritual, termasuk doa. Permasalahan yang ditemukan oleh peneliti adalah rendahnya tingkat partisipasi omk dalam doa bersama di lingkungan St. Yosep. Omk di lingkungan St. Yosep tidak terlibat aktif dalam doa dilingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan adalah untuk mendorong omk terlibat dalam doa bersama di lingkungan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara yang dilakukan dengan informan. Hasil penelitian mengatakan bahwa partisipasi omk di lingkungan St. Yosep dalam doa bersama sangat rendah. Omk di lingkungan ini katekis dalam mendorong dan mengarahkan mereka untuk terlibat dalam doa bersama.
Peran Katekis di Era Digital Menurut Perspektif Kaum Muda di Stasi Santo Thomas Moore
Authors: Setiawati Veronika Wulan , Tarihoran Emmeria
Published: December 2023

Para katekis harus memiliki kemampuan dalam dunia teknologi sekarang terlebih dalam komunikasi. Karena dengan kemajuan dunia digital kaum muda akan lebih tertarik dan antusias mengikuti kegiatan yang ada dan juga sebagai seorang katekis dapat mengajak mereka dalam menggunakan media sosial dengan baik dan benar. Dalam artikel ini, penulis menggunakan metode tinjauan pustaka melalui buku dan jurnal dengan pendekatan deskriptif dan analitis. Selain itu penulis juga menggunakan metode wawancara secara online yang ditujukan kepada kaum muda di Stasi Santo Thomas Moore kabupaten Lampung Tengah. Media digital memungkinkan orang memanipulasi dan membuat konten tanpa batas tanpa kehilangan kualitas. Di era digital saat ini, firman dapat diberitakan melalui aplikasi tertentu dan dengan cara yang lebih kreatif. Penginjilan dan pengembangan iman dikemas secara menarik dalam bentuk gambar atau animasi yang membuat masyarakat bersemangat mempelajari Injil. Di dunia era digital, para katekis dimampukan untuk menggunakan teknologi terlebih dalam komunikasi agar kaum muda tidak merasa bosan dalam kegiatan gerejawi.
Tinjauan Teologis Tentang Ritus Ma’pakande Tomate Dalam Kalangan Kristen Toraja di Dusun Sanik
Authors: Kenden Krisnawati , Limbong Ratnawati Lapik Taruk , Dandan Lia
Published: December 2023

Tujuan mengkaji Ma’pakande tomate merupakan tradisi dalam aluk todolo yang di percaya bahwa to membali puang (leluhur) dapat memberikan berkat kepada keturunanya, selain itu juga sebagai tandan penghormatan kepada to membali puang karena telah menjaga dan melindungi keluarganya. Kenyataan bahwa di dusun Sanik sudah memeluk agama Kristen tetapi masih hidup dalam kepercayaan aluktodolo. Mereka masih percaya bahwa arwah leluhur yang di percaya telah selamat dan menjadi dewa dapat memberikan berkat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dan teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara. Hasil penelitian menujukkan makna teologis terhadap berkat dalam ritus ma’pakand etomate yang dilakukan oleh umat Kristen di dusun Sanik, merupakan suatu bentuk tanda penghormatan dan ungkapan terimakasih terhadap to’ membali puang/nene’ todolo.  Namun Ma’pakande tomate sangat bertolak belakan dalam kekristenaan yang  sudah memeluk kepercayaan Kekristena dapat dipahami bahwa, berkat itu hanya dari Tuhan saja. bukan dari orang yang telah meninggal dapat memberikan berkat, melainkan dari Tuhan Yesus. sehingga perlu dipahami bahwa jangan menduakan Tuhan Allah-Mu sebab orang yang mendua  hatinya hidupnya tidak perna tenang.
Baptisan dan Relevansinya pada Kehidupan Jemaat Dalam Mewujudkan Hidup Baru
Authors: Ginting Januar Jesuil Eliasta , Tarigan Mehamad Wijaya
Published: December 2023

Pembaptisan adalah salah satu sakramen yang ada di suatu gereja yang memiliki maksud bahwa dengan baptisan itu seseorang yang dibaptis akan menjadi anggota Kristus. Hubungan kita dengan Kristus tidak terjadi dalam kehidupan kita sehari-hari maka hubungan lain pasti akan mengisi kekosongan ini jika bukan pikiran Kristus Tuhan yang mempengaruhi hubungan kita dengan orang lain maka pikiran-pikiran ilah-ilah yang lain pasti akan mempengaruhi hubungan itu. Penelitian menggunakan studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahaw upaya pembaptisan itu memiliki aneka ragam pendapat dan perlu dipahami oleh orang percaya dalam keberadaannya sebagai anggota gereja itu sendiri. Ketika seseorang dibaptis sudah selayaknya mereka harus menunjukkan relevansi baptisan itu di dalam kehidupannya sehari-hari baik sebagai orang Kristen dan juga sebagai anggota warga jemaat di gereja tempat dia dibaptis. Akan tetapi tidak sedikit orang yang sudah dibaptis masih tetap saja tidak ada pembaharuan dalam kehidupan mereka dari sikap pikiran perkataan dan perbuatan masih dalam kehidupan.
Etika Pelayanan Berdasarkan “Roma 12:7” Tentang Karunia Melayani Serta Implementasinya Bagi Pemuda Kristen
Authors: Risa Imelda , Sangga Sefrianto , Alik Reza
Published: December 2023

Dalam Kekristenan tidak akan pernah lepas dari sebuah pelayanan, baik pelayanan di gereja maupun pelayanan secara misi holistik. Tuhan memberikan sebuah karunia kepada semua orang percaya yaitu karunia untuk melayani, yang harus diaktualisasikan kepada sesama manusia dan terutama kepada Tuhan. Kemudian setiap orang percaya di harapkan mampu untuk menerapkan etika pelayan, kitab Roma 12:7 sebagai pedoman bagi semua orang Kristen dalam memahami sebuah pelayanan di dalam Kekristenan.  Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif, yang menggunakan kepustakaan tentang makna teologis karunia dalam melayani dalam kitab Perjanjian Baru yaitu Roma 12:7. Temuan penelitian bahwa pelayanan di kalangan para pemuda Kristen saat ini dikembangkan, karena pemuda Kristen adalah generasi penerus gereja yang harus dibina dan dipersiapkan bagi kemajuan gereja. Oleh karena itu, pemuda Kristen sejak dini harus bisa dilibatkan untuk ikut serta dalam pelayanan di gereja, dengan tujuan agar para pemuda bisa terbiasa untuk mengambil peran penting dalam melayani, sebab pelayanan merupakan sebuah kewajiban bagi setiap orang Kristen yang berasal dari Tuhan.
Eksistensi Yesus Sebagai Logos dalam Injil Yohanes
Authors: Yanti Krisda , Sutrisno Dimas Teguh
Published: December 2023

Penelitian ini mendalami fenomena Yesus sebagai sosok yang telah dijanjikan oleh Allah dan muncul dalam dunia sebagai manusia nyata. Proses ini dikenal sebagai inkarnasi, di mana keilahian dan kemanusiaan menyatu dalam diri Yesus, sering kali disebut sebagai Logos. Namun, apakah Logos hanya merupakan gelar atau juga mencakup aspek pribadi Yesus masih menjadi subjek perdebatan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan melalui literatur dan referensi kepustakaan. Melalui pendekatan ini, penulis menggali informasi mengenai Yesus dan peran-Nya dalam Perjanjian Baru. Inkarnasi Yesus menjadi fokus utama, mengungkap bagaimana keilahian dan kemanusiaan-Nya bersatu dalam satu entitas. Hasil penelitian ini mencakup empat aspek utama. Pertama, peran Yesus dalam Perjanjian Baru menjadi landasan penting untuk memahami pesan dan ajaran-Nya. Kedua, inkarnasi menjadi titik sentral, menunjukkan bagaimana Allah mengambil rupa manusia dalam Yesus. Ketiga, eksistensi Yesus sebagai Logos dalam kitab Injil Yohanes memberikan perspektif mendalam tentang siapa Yesus sebenarnya. Selain itu, Logos tidak hanya merupakan gelar, tetapi juga mencakup aspek pribadi Yesus. Hal ini tercermin dalam kisah kehidupan-Nya yang tercatat dalam kitab Yohanes. Secara keseluruhan, penelitian ini memberikan wawasan mendalam tentang sosok Yesus dan pentingnya inkarnasi dalam kepercayaan Kristen.
Peran Katekis Dalam Mengembankan Moderasi Beragama Di Lingkungan Sekolah
Authors: Lamak Yohana Letek , Koerniantono Marioes Eduardus Kakok
Published: December 2023

Artikel ini membahas peran penting katekis dalam mengembangkan moderasi beragama di lingkungan sekolah. Katekis, sebagai pendidik agama, memiliki tanggung jawab besar dalam membimbing siswa untuk memahami dan menghormati berbagai keyakinan agama. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian menggunakan literature review.Artikel ini juga mejelaskan bagaimana katekis dapat  mengintegrasikan pendidikan agama yang Inklusif, mempromosikan dialog antar agama dan membangun pemahaman yang mendalam tentang toleransi. Selain itu, artikel ini juga menguraikan tantangan yang mungkin dihadapi oleh Katekis dalam mengembangkan moderasi beragama di sekolah memiliki dampak yang signifikan terhadap pembentukan sikap dan perilaku toleran siswa, yang merupakan fondasi penting untuk masyarakat yang lebih harmonis.Moderasi beragama merupakan suatu sikap yang perlu dikembangkan oleh masyarakat terkhususnya anak-anak sekolah sehinggadapat memelihara rasa persaudraan dan kesatuan diantara mereka, maka seorang katekis sangat berperan aktif sebagai pewarta dan pelayanan pastoral.
Manajemen Pastoral terhadap Administrasi dan Keuangan di Gereja Toraja Jemaat Marandan Klasis Awan
Authors: Pakiding Rika
Published: December 2023

Gereja dari zaman ke zaman semakin berkembang, maka tentu dibutuhkan pula manajemen pelayanan yang baik secara khusus dalam hal manajemen keuangan dan administrasi. Pengelolaan yang baik akan memberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besarnya untuk kemuliaan Tuhan dan penggunaannya harus dipertanggungjawabkan dengan sungguh-sungguh. Manajemen adalah melakukan hal yang benar, kepemimpinan adalah melakukan hal yang benar,  berhasil tidaknya pelayanan bergantung pada manajemen  yang  baik. Sehingga akan berdapak kepada kehidupan berjemaat.  Tujuan dari manajemn dan penataan administrasi salah satunya adalah ada sikap terbuka mengenai keuangan serta adanya pedoman bersama. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melaksanakan manajemen Pastoral terhadap administrasi dan keuangan Gereja. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif. Lokasi dari penelitian di Gereja Toraja Jemaat Marandan Klasis Awan. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah pengelolaan yang baik akan memberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besarnya untuk kemuliaan Tuhan dan penggunaannya harus dipertanggungjawabkan dengan sungguh-sungguh.
Tinjauan Sosio-Antropologi Terhadap Fenomena Perpindahan Anggota Jemaat Antar Denominasi di Kecamatan Mengkendek, Tana Toraja
Authors: Banne Mariana , Sesa Mega Yulen , Vikarya Vikarya
Published: December 2023

Penelitian ini diangkat sebagai bahan untuk melihat  fenomena perpindahan anggota jemaat antar denominasi di Kecamatan Mengkendek, dengan meninjau dari sosio antropologi. Adapun pokok  masalah dalam skripsi ini yakni apa yang menjadi faktor penyebab anggota jemaat pindah denominasi ?  dengan tujuan penulisan untuk mengetahui faktor penyebab anggota jemaat pindah denominasi. Dalam tulisan ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pengumpulan data menggunakan studi kepustakaan, penelitian lapangan serta observasi. Setelah penulis mengadakan penelitian lapangan,  bahwa faktor penyebab perpindahan anggota jemaat antar denominasi ialah karena adanya faktor pernikahan, jarak, mantunu, perselisihan dan percaya pada  doktrin lain. Sehingga itu dapat  mempengaruhi akan pelayanan mereka dimana tempat ia nyaman  memuji dan menyembah Tuhan sesuai dengan keinginan pribadi masing-masing anggota jemaat untuk bersekutu dan melakukan pola hidup kasih dalam kehidupan mereka meskipun dengan berbagai perbedaan antar denominasi. Anggota jemaat yang pindah denominasi karena menghindari mantunu yang menurutnya bahwa menambah hutang dengan mengikuti adat istiadat terutama dalam rambu solo dan pindah denominasi karena  percaya pada doktrin lain.
Agrotechnical Characteristics of Some Vegetable Seeds Commonly Grown in Denizli-Acıpayam
Authors: DUMANOĞLU Zeynep , ÖZTÜRK Gülsüm
Published: December 2023

Vegetables are not only consumed fresh but also have an important place in nutrition in terms of vitamins, carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Parts of these plants such as roots, stems, leaves, fruits and seeds are used and consumed. This study was carried out in the laboratories of Bingol and Ege Universities in 2022. In the study, some physical properties (length, width, surface area, mean arithmetic and geometric diameters, and sphericity) of seeds belonging to five different vegetables (dill, lettuce, parsley, arugula and tongue grass) were investigated. Since the seeds examined in the study are "heirloom seeds", the values obtained will enable sowing operations to be carried out with minimum seed loss by making use of mechanization applications in small and narrow areas as well as breeding studies.
The Investigation of the Amount of Blue Crab Production Regarding Other Crustaceans and Molluscs’ Farming in Türkiye
Authors: GENCER Övgü
Published: December 2023

The aim of this study was to examine the factors affecting the catch rate of crustaceans and molluscs and to determine the effect of factors affecting the catch rate of blue crab. In this study, data of 14 variables (octopus, lobster, black mussel, etc.), total crustacean and mollusc content and total freshwater fish were examined from the crustaceans and molluscs caught from the TUIK website between 2012-2021. In addition to the comparison of these amounts, variables such as renewable water resources per capita, renewable surface water, total water withdrawal per capita, and water withdrawal for aquaculture were included in the study. Finally, the study was concluded by comparing seafood, aquaculture and freshwater products. The relationships between blue crab and other crustaceans and molluscs, water related statistics, aquaculture statistics were examined by regression analysis. As a result of the analyzes made, other creatures that affect the hunting rates of the blue crab; It was concluded that there is a category of jumbo shrimp, cuttlefish and other. At the same time, it was concluded that the total amount of fresh water and the amount of freshwater products affect the catch rate of the blue crab.
Comparison Of Direct Regional Head Election Systems In The Context Of Global Construction Law
Authors: Mannan Khaerul
Published: December 2023

This article analyzes the comparison of regional head election systems directly in the context of global constitutional law. The background to this research is driven by the complexity and diversity of regional head election systems implemented in various countries, as well as their impact on global state governance which is increasingly connected and interdependent. The main objective of this research is to understand the differences and similarities in these systems, identify the factors that influence the choice of the regional head election system, and explore the implications for global constitutional law issues. The research methods used involve literature analysis, comparative studies, and a review of various regional head election models, both based on direct elections and representative systems. The research results show that the direct regional head election system has the potential to increase public participation and accountability, by focusing on democratic principles. However, its implementation can also pose challenges, such as fragile political stability and the protection of minority rights which is often a concern. This research concludes that a deeper understanding of the direct regional head election system and its implications for global state governance is very important in efforts to build global statecraft law that is more inclusive and sustainable. This article contributes to the literature discussing global constitutional law issues and can be a guide for researchers, legal practitioners, and policymakers in planning and evaluating regional head election systems.
TURİNG OTOMOBİL KURUMU- Kuruluşu, Düzenlediği Uluslararası Kongreler, 1930’lu Yıllardaki Diğer Faaliyetleri
Authors: SEMİZ Yaşar , TOPLU Güngör
Published: December 2023

Bu çalışmanın ilk kısmında Birinci Dünya Savaşı ve Milli Mücadele yıllarının yarattığı olumsuz etkileri asgari düzeye indirmek, turizm faaliyetlerine ivme kazandırıp, ülkenin uluslararası alanda yanlış tanıtılmasının önüne geçmek için 6 Kasım 1923’te Cumhurbaşkanı Gazi Mustafa Kemal Paşa’nın himayeleri altında kurulan Türk Seyyahin Cemiyeti’nin nizamnamesi ve ilk çalışmaları değerlendirilmiştir.

İkinci kısmında ise Türkiye’de Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarından itibaren ivme kazanmaya başlayan turizm faaliyetlerinde devlet organları ile işbirliği hâlinde olan Türkiye Turing ve Otomobil Kulübü’nün çalışmaları önemli bir yere sahip olan 1930 İstanbul Uluslararası Turizm Kongresi ile 1931 yılındaki Balkan Devletleri Turizm Kongresi üzerinde durulmuştur. Her iki uluslararası kongrede üzerinde durulan konular anlatılarak alınan kararlar değerlendirilmiştir. Türkiye’deki ve dünyadaki turizm altyapısı ve faaliyetleri hakkında önemli bilgiler verilmiş, seyyahların ülke içinde ve ülkelerarası alanda seyahatlerini kolaylaştırmak için hangi alanlarda işbirliği yapmaya karar verdikleri tespit edilmiştir.

Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümde ise Cemiyetin 1930’lu yıllarda Türkiye Turing Otomobil Kurumunun yaptığı belli başlı faaliyetler ele alınmıştır. Bu şekilde söz konusu dönemde Cemiyetin Türkiye’de turizm altyapısını geliştirmek ve turistlerin seyahat ve konaklama faaliyetlerini kolaylaştırmak için yaptığı çalışmalar, örnek faaliyetler üzerinden ortaya konmuştur.
II. Abdülhamid Dönemi Memur Yolsuzlukları (1876-1908)
Authors: İLKTEN Hande
Published: December 2023

II. ABDÜLHAMİD DÖNEMİNDE KAMU PERSONELİNİN YOLSUZLUK FİİLLERİ VE CEZA MÜEYYİDELERİ*

Hande İLKTEN**

ÖZ

Osmanlı son döneminde Padişah II. Abdülhamid’in önemli bir yeri vardır. Tanzimat Fermanının ilanından sonraki yeni düşünce ve düzeni tesis etmede birçok reformu yapmıştır. Bu reformların yapılmasının amacı Osmanlı son döneminde devletin içinde bulunduğu zafiyeti yok etmek ve devletin yenidünyaya adaptasyonunu sağlamaktı. Ancak bu amacın önündeki en önemli engellerden biri hiç kuşkusuz yolsuzluklar olmuştur.

Bu yolsuz fiiller her devletin zafiyete düştüğü dönemlerde, ekonomik sorunlar yaşandığı zamanlarda, kıtlık ve savaş gibi olağanüstü koşullarda kendini gösterir. Osmanlı son döneminde ise birbiri ardına kaybedilen savaşlar, başkent-taşra arasındaki haberleşmenin zayıflığı, denetimsizlik, mali buhran yaşanması, kişisel hırsları olan idareciler sebebiyle bu dönemle alakalı olarak Osmanlı arşivinde çok sayıda yolsuzluk dosyası bulunmaktadır. Yaptığımız çalışmada amacımız uzun yıllar iktidarda kalan II. Abdülhamid döneminde yaşanan yolsuzluk fiillerini inceleyip kamu personellerinin durumu hakkında çıkarım yapmaktır. Çalışmamızda Osmanlı Arşivi yolsuzluk dosyaları incelenmiş olup konuyla alakalı yayınlarda yararlanılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Memurlar, Yolsuzluk, Rüşvet, Zimmet, Görevi Suistimal

CORRUPT ACTS OF CIVIL SERVANTS AND PENAL SANCTIONS DURING THE REIGN OF ABDULHAMID II

ABSTRACT

In the last period of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan II. Abdulhamid has an important place. He made many reforms to establish the new idea and order after the declaration of the Tanzimat Edict. The purpose of these reforms was to eliminate the weakness of the state in the last period of the Ottoman Empire and to ensure the adaptation of the state to the new world. However, one of the most important obstacles to this goal has been corruption.

These corrupt acts manifest themselves in times of weakness in every state, in times of economic problems, and in extraordinary conditions such as famine and war. In the last period of the Ottoman Empire, there are many corruption files in the Ottoman archives related to this period due to the wars that were lost one after another, the weakness of communication between the capital and the provinces, lack of control, financial depression, and administrators who personal ambitions. Our aim, in our study, is to examine the acts of corruption during the reign of Abdulhamid II, who remained in power for many years, and to make inferences about the situation of civil servants. In our study, the Ottoman Archive corruption files were examined and relevant publications were used.

Key Words: Civil Servants, Corruption, Bribery, Embezzle, Malpractice.
ANALISIS PROSES AUDIT EKSTERNAL ATAS AKUN UTANG SUATU ENTITAS IMPORTIR KOMPONEN ELEKTRONIK
Authors: Soesanto Slamet , Artini Ni Made , Abrar Muhammad Rafi
Published: December 2023

Using external auditor services by business entities aims to make the financial statements presented following the actual financial condition of the entity. In addition, the urgency of using an external auditor is to ensure that there is no impropriety or discrepancy in the financial statements or information directly related to the financial statements themselves. The purpose of the research is to find out how the external auditor carries out the phase of the auditing process on the debt of the importing company that has to managed properly to bring benefits. The method used the qualitative descriptive analysis method through direct observation and interviews with KAP-PCX office staff as an auditor institution of PT. XYZ is an electronic component importer entity. The results showed that the auditing of PT XYZ's debt account carried out by KAP-PCX was performed by the auditing provisions that had been planned. KAP-PCX also maintains an independent attitude even though PT XYZ has been audited by KAP-PCX in previous periods. However, what needs to be considered is the need to replace the use of Microsoft Excel with accounting software such as ATLAS (Audit Tool and Linked Archive System) that can be used in the auditing process to make it easier and more effective.
KORELASI DAN PENGARUH ASET, EKUITAS TERHADAP LABA USAHA PT. ADARO ENERGY INDONESIA TBK. JAKARTA
Authors: Wiryanti Tutik
Published: December 2023

PT Adaro Energy Indonesia Tbk is an integrated energy company with businesses in the coal mining, renewable energy, utility, and mineral sectors listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The purpose of this study was to determine (1) the correlation and influence between equity and assets on operating profit and (2) the extent of the correlation and influence between equity and assets on operating profit. The data source used is secondary data in the form of annual reports of PT Adaro Energy Indonesia Tbk (2018 - 2022) and several other references. Data analysis uses correlation and multiple linear regression analysis methods. The results showed that there was a positive, strong, significant correlation and influence between equity and assets on the operating profit of PT Adaro Energy Indonesia Tbk Jakarta
Toxicity of sibutramine hydrochloride-adulterated weight loss supplements in rats based on biochemical and organ weight parameters
Authors: Suparmi Suparmi , Yuliyanti Suryani , Karyadini Hesti W. , Syamsudin Andi M.R. , Gau Edil Kurniawan
Published: December 2023

Context: Weight-loss supplements are typically natural or herbal supplements that promote weight loss and enhance health. However, the increase in consumption results in the fraudulent adulteration of conventional pharmaceutical drugs, such as sibutramine hydrochloride (SHCl). Aims: To determine the toxicity of weight loss supplements adulterated with SHCl in rats. Methods: Five samples (J1–J5) of weight loss supplements adulterated with SHCl were collected from an online market. The toxicity of the samples was evaluated using 42 male Wistar rats for 35 days. The rats were divided into seven groups: control, J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, and SHCl. Results: The J1 supplement resulted in the most rapid weight loss in rats compared to the other supplements tested. The kidney and liver weights of rats administered weight loss supplements adulterated with SHCl were greater than those of control rats. J1 indicated the supplement with the highest level of toxicity. The group administered J1 exhibited the highest levels of toxicity across all evaluated parameters. Conclusions: This study confirmed the toxicity of weight loss supplements adulterated with SHCl in rats, contributing to the understanding and treatment of adulterated weight loss supplements. Dietary supplements for weight loss should be thoroughly screened for undeclared sibutramine hydrochloride adulteration to protect public health and strengthen legal provisions.
SEVERE HYPOFIBRINOGENEMIA IN A PATIENT WITH GIANT CELL ARTERITIS TREATED WITH TOCILIZUMAB: CASE-BASED REVIEW
Authors: Kardum Željka , Šimac Ana , Frketić Marović Kristina , Masle Ana Marija , MIlas Ahić Jasminka
Published: December 2023

The Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the most common form of systemic vasculitis in elderly patients. The treatment includes high doses of steroids and interleukin (IL)-6 inhibitor tocilizumab, especially in refractory or relapsing disease or in cases where there is an increased risk of steroid-related adverse events. This report discusses the case of a patient with giant cell arteritis who underwent treatment with tocilizumab for four years. The treatment was successful and resulted in clinical remission. However, four years after starting the therapy, the patient developed spontaneous hematomas on their extremities. After further investigation, it was discovered that the patient had developed thrombocytopenia and hypofibrinogenemia, which required substitution therapy. Malignancy and immune-mediated causes of hypofibrinogenemia and thrombocytopenia were ruled out. The patient experienced an extended period of hypofibrinogenemia that lasted for two months after the last dose of tocilizumab. During this time, the levels of CRP remained very low. This could be because the continued inhibition of IL-6 caused impaired hepatic synthesis of acute phase response proteins, which led to low fibrinogen and CRP levels in serum. The purpose of this case-based review is to emphasize the necessity of regular fibrinogen check-ups in GCA patients treated with tocilizumab.
AVASCULAR NECROSIS OF THE FEMORAL HEAD AFTER COVID-19: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Benlidayi Ilke Coskun , Ornek Ceren , Sariyildiz Aylin
Published: December 2023

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head can traumatic or non-traumatic in origin. Embolism (hemoglobinopathies, dysbaric osteonecrosis), corticosteroid treatment, alcohol usage, pelvic irradiation, and genetic susceptibility are among the causes of this clinical entity. Pathogenesis is influenced by thrombophilia, hypofibrinolysis, and hypoangiogenesis. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection stands as a cause of non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. The condition can be related to the use of corticosteroids throughout the disease course of COVID-19. Yet, there could be other disease-related factors that may contribute to the development of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. The current article aimed to present a case with COVID-19 associated avascular necrosis of the femoral head.
LIMITED JOINT MOBILITY OF THE HAND: COULD IT BE THE AGING HAND?
Authors: Gokcen Neslihan
Published: December 2023

Background: The progressive diminution of manual dexterity and functional capacity in the hands is an inherent aspect of the aging process. However, when assessing hand dysfunction and limitations in elderly individuals, it is imperative to exclude alternative etiologies before attributing such manifestations solely to age-related deterioration.
Case Report: This report presents the case of a 65-year-old female patient exhibiting skin thickening and restricted joint mobility in both hands. Subsequent comprehensive evaluation led to a diagnosis of diabetic cheiroarthropathy, commonly known as limited joint mobility syndrome.
Conclusion: The observed decline in hand function among elderly individuals with diabetes mellitus may be attributable to diabetic cheiroarthropathy. This underscores the importance of considering diabetes-related musculoskeletal disorders in the differential diagnosis of age-associated functional deterioration in the hands.
İllüstrasyon Sanatında MBE Stili
Authors: ÇAĞLA Erdem
Published: December 2023

Amaç: İllüstrasyon sanatı hakkında ve illüstrasyonun çeşitlerini konu alan kavramsal çerçevede pek çok çalışma yapılmış olsa da illüstrasyon alanında yeni bir stil olan MBE stilini ve bu üslupla yaratılan çizimleri konu alan herhangi bir çalışmanın literatürde yer almadığı görülmüştür. Bu çalışma; alanda tespit ettiğimiz bu eksikliği gidermeye yönelik olacak, MBE stilinin minimalizm ve düz tasarım kavramlarıyla olan bağlantısı irdelenerek bu kapsamda görsel örneklerle stilin tanımlaması yapılacaktır. Ayrıca çalışma; MBE akımı ve bu üslup kapsamında yapılan üretimleri değerlendirmeye ve çözümlemeye odaklanmıştır.
Kavramsal/Kuramsal Çerçeve: İllüstrasyon sanatında MBE stlinin ortaya çıkmasında etkili olan sanatsal gelişmelere değinilmiş, minimalizm, sadelik ve “flat design” akımıyla olan ilişkisi kavramsal boyutlarıyla değerlendirilmiştir.
Yöntem: Bu çalışmada, son birkaç yılda popülerlik kazanmış illüstrasyon alanında yeni bir stil olan MBE tarzı konu olarak ele alınmış ve analiz edilerek eleştirel bir literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Aynı zamanda çeşitli dokümanlar incelenerek gerçekçi ve kapsamlı sonuçlara ulaşmak amacıyla nitel bir araştırma süreci izlenmiştir.
Bulgular: MBE tarzında eserler üreten illüstrasyon sanatçıları desen, temel çizim, stlizasyon ve soyutlama bilgilerini dijital ortamda vektörel çizim becerileriyle birleştirerek aynı zamanda günlük hayattan esinlendikleri sanat deneyimlerinden de istifade ederek eserler üretmiş, dijital illüstrasyon alanının gelişimine de önemli katkılar sağlamıştır.
Sonuç: İllüstrasyon sanatı, çeşitli stiller ve yaklaşımlarla ifade edilmektedir. Bu çeşitlilik, sanatçılara ve tasarımcılara kendi benzersiz tarzlarını yaratma ve eserleriyle iletişim kurma fırsatını sunmaktadır. Son yıllarda MBE stilinde üretilen minimalist illüstrasyon eserleri, popülerlik kazanan bir yaklaşım haline gelmiştir. Günümüz tasarım dünyasının karmaşıklığı içinde kolay algılanabilir olan ve gereksiz detaylar barındırmayan MBE illüstrasyon stilinin, Minimalizm ve flat tasarım anlayışından da etkilendiğini saptanmıştır. Bu stilin ve barındırdığı genel özelliklerin makale kapsamında tarihe kayıt düşülmesi sonraki dönemlerde araştırma yapacak kişiler, öğrenciler, illüstratörler ve illüstrasyona gönül verenler için de önemli bir boşluğu dolduracağı düşünülmektedir.
Metaverse Kronolojisi ve Ulusal Mimarlık Ortamında Metaverse
Authors: KURTULUŞ Minel , TEKİN Çiğdem
Published: December 2023

Giriş ve Çalışmanın Amacı: 1765 yılında Jamess Watt’ın buharlı makineyi bulması ile Endüstri Devriminin gerçeklemiş ve teknoloji kavramı günlük hayata dâhil olmuştur. Son yıllarda teknoloji alanında ortaya çıkan hızlı gelişmeler bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin de aynı hızla gelişmesini sağlamıştır. Bilgisayar sistemleri yazılım sektöründeki önemli gelişmelerle birlikte çok daha donanımlı hale gelirken, sanal gerçeklik, arttırılmış gerçeklik, meta-evren gibi kavramlar ortaya çıkmıştır. 1980’li yıllarda ilk kez konsept olarak ortaya çıkmış olan Metaverse kavramı, 2000 ve sonrasında çok hızlı gelişme göstermiştir. Çalışmanın amacı ulusal akademik yayınlarda metaverse çalışmalarının hangi temalar üzerinden çalışıldığını tespit etmek ve konu hakkındaki akademik yaklaşımı belirleyebilmektir.
Kavramsal/Kuramsal Çerçeve: Uluslararası değişim sinyalleri ve senaryoları içinde bugün mevcut koşullarda mimarlığın metaverse ile ilişkisini belirleyebilmek yakın gelecekte Türkiye koşullarında olası değişim senaryolarını belirleyebilmek açısından önemlidir. Bu amaçla, mimarlık-metaverse ilişkisinin tarafsız ve güvenilir olarak ele alındığı bilimsel ortamdaki bilgi, yaklaşım, düzey ve içeriğinin irdelenmesi bu çalışmanın ana hedefi olmuştur. Ulusal akademik yayınlara ait anahtar kelimeler, yaklaşımları ve yayınların niteliği gelecekte bizleri bekleyen ulusal akademik ortama ve piyasalara ait bilgiler taşır. Bu nedenle araştırma materyali olarak ulusal akademik yayınlar kullanılmıştır. Metaverse- mimarlık ilişkisi tema ve içerikleri bakımından değerlendirilmiştir.
Yöntem: Çalışmanın yöntemi, odak konusu olan metaverse yayınlarının metin içinde tekrar edilen kelimeleri, kelimelerin tekrar sıklığı, metinlerde vurgulanan temalar ve temaları işaret eden anahtar kelimeler üzerinden içerik analizi yöntemidir.
Bulgular: Yakın gelecekte fiziksel dünyadan tamamen kopmadan metaverse’ün ayrılmaz bir parçamız haline geleceği, çalılmada incelenen akademik yayınlarda en çok yinelenen temaların; teknoloji, eğitim ve mimarlık olduğu, bu temaları eğitim, arttırılmış gerçeklik ve simülasyon temalarının takip ettiği gözlemlenmiştir çalışma sonunda elde edilen bulgular arasındadır.
Sonuç: Tüm yaşam biçimlerimizi değiştirmesi muhtemel olan bu yeni sanal evrenin mimarlar ve mimarlık sektörü için yakın gelecekte yeni bir iş modeli haline geleceği öngörülmüştür. Araştırma sürecinde metaverse kavramının pek çok farklı tema ile farklı disiplinlerin çalışma alanında yer aldığı görülmüştür. Bu durum yakın gelecekte birçok meslek alanı için önemli değişimler olabileceğinin sinyallerini vermiştir.