bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Silver Triflate Catalyzed Reaction of 2‐Alkynylbenzaldoxime with Phenol: A General and Facile Route to 1‐Aroxyisoquinolines.
Authors: Zheng Danqing , Wang Zhiyong , Wu Jie
Published: December 2011

The synthesis of the target compounds involves a AgOTf‐catalyzed 6‐endo cyclization of benzaldoximes followed by PyBroP‐mediated addition of phenols.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent Reactions in Ionic Liquids: Convenient and Ecocompatible Access to the 2,6‐DABCO Core.
Authors: El Asri Zhor , Genisson Yves , Guillen Frederic , Basle Olivier , Isambert Nicolas , del Mar Sanchez Duque Maria , Ladeira Sonia , Rodriguez Jean , Constantieux Thierry , Plaquevent Jean‐Christophe
Published: December 2011

Recycling of the ionic liquid proves to be practical for up to 5 runs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of [1,2,4,5]Tetrazino[6′,1′:2,3]imidazo[4,5‐c]isoquinolin‐5‐ones by Microwave‐Assisted Three‐Component Reaction.
Authors: Pellegatti Laurent , Vedrenne Emeline , Hiebel Marie‐Aude , Buron Frederic , Massip Stephane , Leger Jean‐Michel , Jarry Christian , Routier Sylvain
Published: December 2011

Reaction of aminotetrazines with 2‐carboxybenzaldehyde and isocyanides provides biologically interesting title heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of a Double Aza‐Michael Reaction in a “Click, Click, Cy‐Click” Strategy: From Bench to Flow.
Authors: Zang Qin , Javed Salim , Ullah Farman , Zhou Aihua , Knudtson Christopher A. , Bi Danse , Basha Fatima Z. , Organ Michael G. , Hanson Paul R.
Published: December 2011

Treatment of vinylsulfonamides (I) and (IV) with amines in the presence of DBU results in elimination of the Tbs‐ether moiety and subequent double aza‐Michael reaction to give thiadiazepane dioxides.
ChemInform Abstract: New Quinoline‐2, ‐3, and 4‐yl‐(amino) Methylphosphonates: Synthesis and Study on the C—P Bond Cleavage in Quinoline‐2‐ and ‐4 Derivatives under Acidic Conditions.
Authors: Michalska Joanna , Boduszek Bogdan , Olszewski Tomasz K.
Published: December 2011

New quinoline‐(amino)methylphosphonic acids, their phosphonate esters, and phosphine oxides are efficiently synthesized by nucleophilic addition of phosphorous species to quinoline‐derived Schiff bases.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Novel Artemisinin Derivatives Using Hybrid Approach.
Authors: Xie Lijun , Zhai Xin , Ren Lixiang , Meng Haiyan , Liu Chun , Zhu Wufu , Zhao Yanfang
Published: December 2011

Two novel series of artemisinin derivatives conjugated with chalcone moieties are designed, synthesized, and screened for their antitumor activities against several cell lines in vitro.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioactive Components from the Heartwood of Pterocarpus santalinus.
Authors: Wu Shou‐Fang , Hwang Tsong‐Long , Chen Shu‐Li , Wu Chin‐Chung , Ohkoshi Emika , Lee Kuo‐Hsiung , Chang Fang‐Rong , Wu Yang‐Chang
Published: December 2011

Pterolinus K (I) and pterolinus L (II) are isolated from the P.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of Novel Thieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐yl Hydrazone‐Based Cyclin‐Dependent Kinase 4 Inhibitors: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Structure—Activity Relationships.
Authors: Horiuchi Takao , Takeda Yasuyuki , Haginoya Noriyasu , Miyazaki Masaki , Nagata Motoko , Kitagawa Mayumi , Akahane Kouichi , Uoto Kouichi
Published: December 2011

Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel thieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐yl hydrazone analogues (I) as cyclin‐dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) inhibitors are described.
ChemInform Abstract: On the Mechanism of Carbon Nanotube Formation: The Role of the Catalyst
Authors: Ayre G. N. , Uchino T. , Mazumder B. , Hector A. L. , Hutchison J. L. , Smith D. C. , Ashburn P. , de Groot C. H.
Published: December 2011

Review: 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Features and Catalytic Properties of RhCu: A Review
Authors: Gonzalez Silvia , Sousa Carmen , Illas Francesc
Published: December 2011

Review: 68 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Marie Curie: Pioneering Discoveries and Humanitarianism
Authors: Greer Edyta M. , Tolmachova Mariya
Published: December 2011

Review: 45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Polypyridyl Metal Complexes with Biological Activity
Authors: Salassa Luca
Published: December 2011

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Characterization of Phthalated Hemicelluloses and Cellulose Derivatives
Authors: Liu Chuan‐Fu , Peng Feng , Ren Jun‐Li , Xu Feng , Sun Run‐Cang
Published: December 2011

Review: 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Click to Join Peptides/Proteins Together
Authors: Li Xuechen
Published: December 2011

Review: ca. 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of New Methods for Synthesis of Cyclopentanoids Using the Monoacetate of Cyclopent‐4‐ene‐1,3‐diol
Authors: Kobayashi Yuichi
Published: December 2011

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Strategy of Adult T‐Cell Leukemia Treatment Targeted for Antitumor Immunity and a Longevity Gene‐Encoded Protein
Authors: Kozako Tomohiro
Published: December 2011

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Approach to Curatives of Mibyou (Presymptomatic Diseases)
Authors: Miyata Takeshi
Published: December 2011

Review: 35 refs.
Use of surfactants and blends to remove DDT from contaminated soils
Authors: Rios L. E. , David M. , Vazquez‐Arenas J. , Anderson W. A.
Published: December 2011

Removal of dichloro‐diphenyl‐trichloroethane (DDT) from soils using surfactant‐enhanced solubilisation was studied both in batch and continuous flow arrangements to determine if there were advantages to using a combination of non‐ionic (Tween and Brij) and anionic surfactants. It was observed that the presence of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate improved the DDT removal efficiency, but had a potentially negative effect on flow rates in column leaching experiments at concentrations over 0.1%. The potential for re‐use of the surfactant mixture was studied and demonstrated by removing DDT and its metabolites from the surfactant solution using activated carbon. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Sm(III)‐Bi(III) Heterometallic Complexes with Aminopolycarboxylate Ligand: Structure, Thermal Stability and Spectral Property
Authors: Jiang Qiying , Deng Hongquan , He Ping , Zhong Guoqing , Yu Kaibei
Published: December 2011

Samnium(III)‐bismuth(III) heterobimetallic complexes, SmBi(edta)(NO3)2·7H2O (1) and SmBi(dtpa)(NO3)·3.5H2O(2) (edta=ethylenediaminetetraacetate, dtpa=diethylenetriaminepentaacetate), were synthesized and characterized by means of X‐ray single crystal diffraction, X‐ray powder diffraction, elemental analysis, ICP, FT‐IR spectra and thermal analysis. The structure analysis revealed that 1 is in crystalline and 2 is in non‐crystal state. Complex 1 crystallizes in monoclinic, space group P2(1)/n with a=1.2622(2) nm, b=0.81157(15) nm, c=2.3634(5) nm, β=105.340(2)°, V=2.3347(8) nm3, Z=4, Dc=2.563 g·cm−3, µ=10.125 mm−1. Bridging edta4− anions between Bi(III) atoms and Sm(III) atoms result into infinite 3D network structure. Thermal decomposition of the two complexes proceeds in similar stages, i.e., dehydration, pyrolysis of ligand, and decomposition of salt, and the final residue is oxide. In addition, the spectral properties have been studied through FL spectra and UV‐Vis DRS. The two complexes exhibit one broad band Bi 6s6p‐6s2 emission under UV excitation and the characteristic Sm3+ ion 4G5/2→6HJ/2 (J=5, 7, 9, 11) transitions under visible light excitation, respectively.
Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ethyl 2‐(Benzo[b]thiophen‐5‐yl)‐2‐oxoacetate with Ru‐SunPhos in the Formal Synthesis of T‐588
Authors: Li Xiaoming , Ma Xin , Li Wanfang , Tao Xiaoming , Meng Qinghua , Fan Weizheng , Zhang Zhaoguo
Published: December 2011

Application of catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation of ethyl 2‐(benzo[b]thiophen‐5‐yl)‐2‐oxoacetate for the formal synthesis of cognitive enhancer T‐588 is described. The hydrogenation was conducted under the catalysis of Ru‐SunPhos system with HCl as additive. Ethyl 2‐(benzo[b]thiophen‐5‐yl)‐2‐hydroxy‐acetate was obtained with 98.6% ee, which could be easily upgraded to 99.5% ee after a simple recrystallization and served as the key intermediate in the synthesis of T‐588.
An Effective Synthesis of Indazolo[2,1‐a]indazole‐6,12‐diones by Regioselective Copper‐Catalyzed Cascade Acylation/Coupling Cyclization Process
Authors: Wang Zhiming , Yu Bin , Cui Yuan , Sun Xiaoqiang , Bao Weiliang
Published: December 2011

A new and efficient cascade synthesis of indazolo[2,1‐a]indazole‐6,12‐diones has been developed. This protocol includes an intermolecular N‐acylation followed by a copper‐catalyzed intramolecular CN coupling reaction. The methodology is applied to a wide range of 2‐bromo and 2‐chloro benzoyl chlorides to yield the indazolo‐[2,1‐a]indazole‐6,12‐diones in good to excellent yields with high regioselectivities.
Study on the Interaction between Cephalosporin Drugs and Papain by Spectroscopic Method: Equivalence of Fluorescence Quenching and Enhancement Equation
Authors: Yang Manman , Xi Xiaoli , Yang Pin
Published: December 2011

The interaction between two 4th generation of new cephalosporin drugs and papain was studied through spectroscopy method at different temperatures. Their dissociation constants were calculated by using theoretical formula of fluorescence quenching and fluorescence enhancement, respectively, and their corresponding thermodynamic functions, dipole‐dipole non‐radiative energy‐transfer‐efficiency and the action distances of acceptor‐substrateetc. were calculated further. Analysis reveals that, the quenching on papain by cefpirome and cefepime is basically due to the dipole‐dipole non‐radiation energy‐transfer and certain dynamic collision between donor and acceptor, the interaction between drug and papain is mainly hydrophobic which may provide useful information for pharmacological and metabolic study on papain. In this paper fluorescence quenching is regarded as negative fluorescence enhancement, and two kinds of theoretical formula of fluorescence quenching and fluorescence enhancement were used to calculate the experimental data of fluorescence quenching of a same batch, and very close results were obtained but with certain difference. The results not only display the equivalence of the two theoretical equations when treating acceptor‐substrate action, but also show that the thermodynamic data based on the theoretical formula of fluorescence enhancement (4), which is deduced by us, are more reasonable. So we suggest that even in the process of studying the fluorescence quenching between receptor‐substrate, using the theoretical formula of fluorescence enhancement (4) can get more reliable results.
Synthesis of 14‐Fluorophenyl‐14H‐Dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes and Their Derivatives under Microwave Irradiation and Solvent‐free Conditions
Authors: Jin Jianan , Zhang Jianmin , Shang Wenli , Zhu Shizheng
Published: December 2011

A facile and efficient synthesis of 14‐fluorophenyl‐14H‐dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes has been developed by one‐pot condensation of fluorinated benzaldehydes with β‐naphthol in the presence of p‐TSA·H2O under microwave irradiation and solvent‐free conditions. These products are conveniently oxidized to 14‐fluorophenyl‐14‐hydroxy‐dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes by PbO2 in acetic acid in good yields.
Identification of Aspartic Acid Enantiomers Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polyaniline
Authors: Kong Yong , Yao Chao , Ni Junhua , Zhou Yongsheng , Chen Zhidong
Published: December 2011

Affinity sites for L‐aspartic acid (L‐Asp) in polyaniline (PAn) were created by two successive processes: first, L‐Asp was simply added as template molecules during the polymerization of aniline; second, L‐Asp incorporated in PAn backbone was extracted by solvent. PAn with cavities complementary to L‐Asp template molecules has been utilized for enantioselective recognition of L‐ and D‐Asp. Enantioselectivity of the imprinted PAn could be attributed to the cavities in the imprinted PAn which was complementary to L‐Asp templates both in shape and in positioning of groups. Also in this paper, the structural changes before and after extraction of L‐Asp templates were revealed by Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum.
Reversible Disassembly and Intercalation of 2‐Ureido‐4[1H]‐Pyrimidinone Quadruple Hydrogen‐bonded Supramolecular Assembly by Fluoride and Lead Ions
Authors: Yu Maolin , Zhao Chunchang , Feng Ke , Chen Bin , Tung Chenho , Zheng Yan‐Song , Wu Lizhu
Published: December 2011

2‐Ureido‐4[1H]‐pyrimidinone quadruple hydrogen‐bonded assembly 1·1 containing N,N‐dimethylaminophenyl moiety exhibits a sensitive response to fluoride anion and lead cation. Spectroscopic studies reveal that the presence of small amount of fluoride anions and lead cations can easily disassemble and intercalate 2‐ureido‐4[1H]‐pyrimidinone hydrogen‐bonded supramolecular architectures.
A Green and Novel Method for the Synthesis of 4,4‐Difluoro‐3‐oxo‐2‐(triphenylphosphoranylidene) δ‐Lactones by Reformatsky Reaction
Authors: Ibrayim Saidalimu , Fang Xiang , Zhang Dong , Liu Lu , Wu Fanhong
Published: December 2011

In the presence of In/CuCl, ethyl 4‐bromo‐4,4‐difluoro‐3‐oxo‐2‐(triphenylphosphoranylidene)butanoate reacted with various aldehydes in aqueous medium at room temperature to give the α,α‐difluorinated β‐hydroxy carbonyl compounds. Furthermore, treating Reformatsky addition compounds with 1 equiv. of sodium hydroxide in the mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water afforded gem‐di?uoromethylenated 2‐triphenylphosphoranylidene δ‐lactones in excellent yields.
Synthesis of CMOS analog circuit VHDL‐AMS descriptions using parameterizable macromodels
Authors: Doménech‐Asensi G. , Díaz‐Madrid J. A. , Ruiz‐Merino R.
Published: December 2011

Some of the advantages of very high speed integrated circuits hardware description language for analog and mixed signal (VHDL‐AMS) when used to describe analog circuits are its modeling capability and the speed of simulations, in comparison with device level simulators. However, VHDL‐AMS does not allow one to complete in a systematic way the synthesis of an analog circuit from higher description levels of the design hierarchy to lower ones. This is due to the lack of CAD tools and methods for analog circuits, contrary to the situation of pure digital circuits. This is a serious drawback because it is an obstacle to its success in analog CAD tools. The proposal described in this article, on the basis of the use of parameterizable macromodels, allows a systematic and rapid translation from a VHDL‐AMS description of analog circuits to schematic level‐sized descriptions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of expanded allowable capacity of wind power in power systems by charge control for plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles
Authors: Takagi Masaaki , Yamamoto Hiromi , Yamaji Kenji
Published: December 2011

In recent years, the total capacity of wind power generations is increasing drastically. However, the wind power can negatively influence the power grid frequency because of the output instability. In particular, the problem of frequency fluctuation becomes significant at nighttime, when the capacity of Load Frequency Control (LFC) tends to be insufficient. On the other hand, in the transport sector, the Plug‐in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) has been developed as an environmentally friendly vehicle. The batteries of PHEVs are charged mainly during nighttime, when the electricity price is low. Therefore, we propose a charging power control of PHEVs to compensate the LFC capacity in nighttime, and evaluate the expanded allowable capacity of wind power. We obtained the following results. (1) Charging power control can effectively suppress the frequency deviation caused by the output fluctuation of wind power. (2) Even if the number of PHEVs is small, optimum distribution of a daily charge demand could suppress the frequency fluctuation effectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 178(4): 39–48, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21066
Aerial flashover caused by surface flashover generated from microscopic pores of insulating solid
Authors: Shirai Jotaro , Shigefuku Akinao , Murakami Yoshinobu , Hozumi Naohiro , Nagao Masayuki , Natsume Kenji , Naito Norikazu , Hatano Kazuhisa , Kawamura Hirotoshi
Published: December 2011

This paper studies the possibility of an aerial flashover between a coil conductor and the casing in a rotating machine at voltages below Paschen's voltage even when sufficient insulation distance has been provided. It might be considered that partial surface flashover generated from microscopic pores of a solid insulator generates the aerial flashover. In this study, the flashover voltage was measured using a cable which had simulated microscopic pores to confirm the above reasoning. When a potential gradient existed on the surface of the insulating solid, the flashover voltage decreased from that in the absence of a potential gradient. It also became clear that the aerial flashover probability depends mainly on the energy of the surface flashover rather than the energy of the main aerial flashover. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 178(4): 16–23, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21221
Cthrc1 is a negative regulator of myelination in schwann cells
Authors: Apra Caroline , Richard Laurence , Coulpier Fanny , Blugeon Corinne , Gilardi‐Hebenstreit Pascale , Vallat Jean‐Michel , Lindner Volkhard , Charnay Patrick , Decker Laurence
Published: December 2011

The analysis of the molecular mechanisms involved in the initial interaction between neurons and Schwann cells is a key issue in understanding the myelination process. We recently identified Cthrc1 (Collagen triple helix repeat containing 1) as a gene upregulated in Schwann cells upon interaction with the axon. Cthrc1 encodes a secreted protein previously shown to be involved in migration and proliferation in different cell types. We performed a functional analysis of Cthrc1 in Schwann cells by loss‐of‐ and gain‐of‐function approaches using RNA interference knockdown in cell culture and a transgenic mouse line that overexpresses the gene. This work establishes that Cthrc1 enhances Schwann cell proliferation but prevents myelination. In particular, time‐course analysis of myelin formation intransgenic animals reveals that overexpression of Cthrc1 in Schwann cells leads to a delay in myelin formation with cells maintaining a proliferative state. Our data, therefore, demonstrate that Cthrc1 plays a negative regulatory role, fine‐tuning the onset of peripheral myelination. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protocolized post‐operative pain management in infants; do we stick to it?
Authors: Ceelie I. , de Wildt S.N. , de Jong M. , Ista E. , Tibboel D. , van Dijk M.
Published: December 2011

Background

The American Academy of Pediatrics states that ongoing assessment of pain is essential for adequate pain treatment. Pain assessment by means of the COMFORT behaviour scale and the Numeric Rating Scale is therefore an important component of the post‐operative pain treatment protocol for neonates and infants in our intensive care unit (ICU).

Aim

The study aims to determine degrees of staff compliance with this protocol.

Patients and methods

This retrospective chart review concerned post‐surgical patients under the age of 3 years admitted to our level III ICU over a 1‐year period. The degree of compliance to the post‐operative pain protocol was measured by the frequency of deviations from protocol‐dictated drug treatment and pain assessments.

Results

Records of 200 children with a median age at surgery of 98 days (interquartile range 6–320) were analysed. A mean of 11 assessments in the first 72 h post‐operatively per patient had been recorded. A total of 2103 pain assessments were retrieved, of which 1675 (79.7%) suggested comfort. Compliance to the protocol (reassessment and correct medication) was provided in 66 (15.4%) of the 428 assessments suggesting pain or distress.

Conclusion

The post‐operative pain protocol applied in our ICU appears to be effective; however, full compliance to the protocol was marginal, possibly leading to under‐treatment of pain.
Marathon runners’ reaction to potassium iontophoretic experimental pain: Pain tolerance, pain threshold, coping and self‐efficacy
Authors: Johnson M.H. , Stewart J. , Humphries S.A. , Chamove A.S.
Published: December 2011

There is equivocal evidence regarding pain responding in endurance athletes. When performing, their pain experience appears reduced but it is uncertain whether this persists when not competing or training. This study aimed to clarify how marathon runners perceive pain, and the influence of self‐efficacy and coping strategy use on their pain threshold and tolerance when they are not affected by immediate exercise. Pain threshold and pain tolerance were assessed in 26 marathon runners and 26 age‐ and sex‐matched non‐runners using potassium iontophoresis as the experimental pain stimulus. Use of associative and dissociative coping strategies, and catastrophizing were assessed using the Cognitive Coping Strategies Inventory, and pain specific and general self‐efficacy were measured. Elevated pain threshold, pain tolerance and self‐efficacy in marathon runners were revealed. Pain specific self‐efficacy accounted for 40% of the tolerance difference between the marathon and non‐marathon groups. Coping and catastrophizing did not differ between the two groups but higher associative coping when accompanied by lower dissociative coping was related to higher pain tolerance. These results indicate that marathon runners have a reduced experience of pain compared with non‐runners. This ability appears to be augmented by a high level of pain specific self‐efficacy but is unaffected by the influence of general cognitive coping strategies, although higher associative coping and lower dissociative coping together were related to reduced pain tolerance independent of running involvement.
Effects of sub‐perception threshold spinal cord stimulation in neuropathic pain: A randomized controlled double‐blind crossover study
Authors: Wolter T. , Kiemen A. , Porzelius C. , Kaube H.
Published: December 2011

Background

Recent studies suggest that perception of the paraesthesia elicited by spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is not necessarily required for the pain relieving effect.

Objective

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of sub‐perception threshold SCS in patients with neuropathic pain.

Methods

Ten patients with implanted SCS systems underwent continuous sub‐threshold stimulation and no stimulation in a blinded randomized crossover design. Pain scores under these treatment modalities were compared with usual supra‐threshold stimulation.

Results

Sub‐threshold stimulation elicited significantly lower pain relief than supra‐perception threshold SCS. Mean pain scores were 3.6 [max 6.3, min 1.9, standard deviation (SD) 1.3] under supra‐threshold stimulation, 5.6 (max 9.0, min 2.4, SD 1.9) under sub‐threshold stimulation and 6.4 (max 10.0, min 4.0, SD 2.0) without stimulation.

Conclusion

Sub‐threshold stimulation under otherwise conventional stimulation parameters has a measurable but not clinically sufficient effect. Thus, the pain relieving effect elicited by SCS is not necessarily linked to the perceptibility of stimulation but may instead be attributed to the intensity of the electric field.
Differences in perception and brain activation following stimulation by large versus small area cutaneous surface electrodes
Authors: Lelic D. , Mørch C.D. , Hennings K. , Andersen O.K. , Drewes A.M.
Published: December 2011

Introduction

Application of electrical stimulation through conventional surface electrodes activates both non‐nociceptive and nociceptive fibres. To encompass this problem, electrical stimulation through small area pin electrode was introduced where subjective description of stimulation quality indicated preferential activation of nociceptors. The present study aimed to show that brain areas involved in nociceptive processing are activated by stimulation through cutaneous pin electrode (CPE) to a larger extent than conventional surface electrodes.

Methods

Evoked potentials (EPs) were induced by electrical stimulation through conventional surface andCPEelectrodes. TheEPswere recorded from 62 scalp electrodes in 12 healthy volunteers where stimulation intensity was 10 times the sensory threshold. Dipolar models of brain sources were built by using the brain electrical source analysis.

Results

The solution for the conventional large area surface electrode was a four‐dipole model including contralateral primary somatosensory cortex, bilateral secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) and mid‐cingulate sources. The solution forCPEwas a five‐dipole model and very similar to that previously described to explain the topography of laserEPs. The solution included bilateralSII, bilateral insula and mid‐cingulate sources. Since laser stimuli mainly activate nociceptive fibres, the strong similarity suggests that mainly nociceptive inputs are involved in generation ofCPE‐evoked responses.

Conclusion

The current study gives evidence thatCPEactivates the nociceptive brain areas to a greater extent than conventional surface electrode. Therefore,CPEshould preferentially be utilized in future studies where electrical stimuli are used to study nociception.
Using graded motor imagery for complex regional pain syndrome in clinical practice: Failure to improve pain
Authors: Johnson S. , Hall J. , Barnett S. , Draper M. , Derbyshire G. , Haynes L. , Rooney C. , Cameron H. , Moseley G.L. , de C. Williams A.C. , McCabe C. , Goebel A.
Published: December 2011

Background

There is good evidence from studies conducted in a single‐centre research setting for the efficacy of graded motor imagery (GMI) treatment, a complex physiotherapy intervention, to reduce pain in long‐standing complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). However, whether GMI is effective in clinical practice is not established.

Aim

To establish whether GMI is effective in clinical practice.

Methods

We undertook a prospective audit of GMI treatment at two UK centres with a special interest in the management of patients with CRPS. All patients received GMI, in conjunction with a range of other ‘best practice’ physical and psychological interventions.

Results

The patients' average pain intensities did not improve with treatment [centre 1: n = 20, pre‐post numeric rating scale (NRS) difference 0.6 [confidence interval (CI) −0.3 to 1.5]; centre 2: n = 12, pre‐post NRS difference 0.2 (CI: −0.9 to 1.2)]. Patients at centre 1 reported significant functional improvement. Improved performance on left/right judgement replicated in both centres seen in the clinical trials.

Conclusions

The failure of our real‐world implementation of GMI suggests that better understanding of both the GMI methodology and its interaction with other treatment methods is required to ensure that GMI research results can be translated into clinical practice. Our results highlight challenges with the translation of complex interventions for chronic pain conditions into clinical practice.
Plasma corticosterone levels in mouse models of pain
Authors: Benedetti M. , Merino R. , Kusuda R. , Ravanelli M.I. , Cadetti F. , dos Santos P. , Zanon S. , Lucas G.
Published: December 2011

Background

Pain markedly activates the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis and increases plasma corticosterone release interfering significantly with nociceptive behaviour as well as the mechanism of action of analgesic drugs.

Aims/Methods

In the present study, we monitored the time course of circulating corticosterone in two mouse strains (C57Bl/6 and Balb/C) under different pain models. In addition, the stress response was investigated following animal handling, intrathecal (i.t.) manipulation and habituation to environmental conditions commonly used in nociceptive experimental assays. We also examined the influence of within‐cage order of testing on plasma corticosterone.

Results

Subcutaneous injection of capsaicin precipitated a prompt stress response whereas carrageenan and complete Freund's adjuvant induced an increased corticosterone release around the third hour post‐injection. However, carrageenan induced a longer increased corticosterone in C57Bl/6 mice. In partial sciatic nerve ligation, neuropathic pain model corticosterone increased only in the first days whereas mechanical hypersensitivity remained much longer. Animal handling also represents an important stressor whereas the i.t. injection per se does not exacerbate the handling‐induced stress response. Moreover, the order of testing animals from the same cage does not interfere with plasma corticosterone levels in the intrathecal procedure. Animal habituation to the testing apparatus also does not reduce the immediate corticosterone increase as compared with non‐habituated mice.

Conclusion

Our data indicate that HPA axis activation in acute and chronic pain models is time dependent and may be dissociated from evoked hyperalgesia. Therefore, HPA‐axis activation represents an important variable to be considered when designing experimental assays of persistent pain as well as for interpretation of data.
The amygdala, a relay station for switching on and off pain
Authors: Rouwette T. , Vanelderen P. , Roubos E.W. , Kozicz T. , Vissers K.
Published: December 2011

Neuropathic pain is strongly associated with mood disorders like anxiety and depression. Corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) plays a prominent role in these disorders as it is up‐regulated in limbic structures such as the amygdala, upon experimentally induced neuropathy. This review discusses recent literature on the role of CRF in pain processing and highlights the amygdala as a potential hot spot in supraspinal descending pain control. Many studies have demonstrated analgesic effects of CRF following local and systemic administration, but more recently also hyperalgesic effects were shown upon endogenous amygdalar CRF increase or by blocking the CRF type 1 receptor (CRFR1). On the basis of the reviewed literature, we postulate a central mechanism for pain control in which the amygdala plays a critical role by switching on and off chronic pain. In this mechanism, upon pain stimuli, CRFR1 in the amygdala is activated by CRF to induce hyperalgesia. When the activated CRFR1 is internalized (pain initiation), it triggers the translocation of the cytoplasmic CRF type 2 receptor (CRFR2) to the plasma membrane. Here, CRFR2 can be recruited by either high (pharmacological) concentrations of CRF or by endogenous CRFR2 ligands, the urocortins, leading to analgesia (pain termination). This on–off switching of pain is completed by redistribution of the CRF receptors to their initial activity state. We furthermore propose that in neuropathic pain, this mechanism is dysregulated and causes a state of permanent hyperalgesia, and present an integrative (patho)physiological model for the way disturbed CRF receptor signalling in the amygdala could initiate neuropathic pain.
Intellectual Creativity and the Teacher
Authors: WILLIAMS FRANK E.
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT Teachers must be trained to recognize the creative student, and we now have some useful materials for this purpose. Four characteristics of intellectual creativity are universality, diversity, its nature as a process, and its dependence on large inputs of information. The creative person is as complex as the creative process, and often possesses contradictory or inconsistent traits. We can encourage creativity through subject‐matter instruction, but this requires that teachers be trained to recognize and develop creativity, and be innovative themselves. Teachers need freedom to experiment with the involved concepts of divergent thinking if these are to be developed more fully in school classrooms.
Creativity in Comic Strip Authors1
Authors: HIGGINS JERRY
Published: December 2011

The Remote Associates Test of creativity was administered to 17 comic strip authors. These men obtained a higher mean score than any sample tested to date, including research scientists, psychology graduate students, and engineers.
The Rational Design of Toys
Authors: SPEETH SHERIDAN DAUSTER
Published: December 2011

A procedure for the rational design of educational toys is described. It consists, in part, of a checklist which may be used to evaluate a toy design and to suggest specific improvements. Justification for the items in the checklist is provided in terms of research findings in the area of originality training, curiosity motivation, and so on. The use of the checklist is demonstrated by applying it to a number of traditional and novel toy designs.
The Enhancement of Creativity*
Authors: HUGHES HAROLD K.
Published: December 2011

Upon submission of this article, Dr. Hughes wrote the following acknowledgement: “With gratitude, I wish to record my debt to the Director of the Creative Science Program at New York University and my longtime friend, Myron A. Coler, who first made me aware of the importance of creativity.”
A Critique of Six Measures for Assessing Creativity
Authors: COOPER EILEEN
Published: December 2011

Tests and measures of creativity are critical instruments guiding educators in identifying highly productive individuals capable of contributing insightful and far reaching solutionsto ourproblem ridden civilization. This paperanalyzesand critiques six popularlyused measures ofcreativity: 1) The Torrance Test of Creative Thinking by E. Paul Torrance (1966); 2) The Creativity Assessment Packet by frank Williams (1980); three subtests of divergent production of the 3) Structure ofthe Intellect Learning Abilities Test by Mary Meeker; 4) Thinking Creatively With Sounds and Words by E. Paul Torrance, Joe Khatena and Bert F. Cunnington (1973); 5) Thinking Creatively In Action and Movement by E. Paul Torrance (1981); 6) Khatena‐Torrance Creative Perception Inventory by Joe Khatena & E. Paul Torrance (1976). Reviewed through personal observation and published literature, these tests reveal a capacity as partial measures of divergent and productive thinking. Findings indicate that updating and upgrading of several tests with thought toward key constituent factors of the creative process would be qualitatively beneficial to test design.

Harnessing creative potential is a main concern of educators hoping to prepare America's youth for a fast paced and rapidly changing existence. The questions at the heart of this concern: what creativity is, what constitutes creative thinking, and what the creative individual is like, have given birth to many tests and biographical checklists. Understanding the dimensions ofcreativity is difficult at best, and assessing it through tests or biographical checklists is even more problematic. Through direct examination and a review ofthe literature, this paper critiques six such measures for validity, reliability and utility. Those measures included: the Creativity Assessment Packet (CAP), the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TICT), Thinking Creatively in Action and Movement, Thinking Creatively with Sound and Words, Khatena‐Torrance Creative Perception Inventory, and three divergent thinking subtests ofthe Structure of Intellect Learning Abilities Test (SOl‐LA).
Effects of Alcohol on Persistent Effort and Deductive Thinking During the Preparation Phase of the Creative Process
Authors: GUSTAFSON ROLAND , NORLANDER TORSTEN
Published: December 2011

According to the four stage model of creativity (Wallas, 1926/1970) the first stage is a phase of preparation, which requires a persistent intellectual effort over time and ability to reason deductively. The present study explored whether alcohol intoxication would impair these two abilities. 42 men and women were randomly assigned to either an Alcohol, a Placebo, or a Control group. After drinking subjects completed two tests measuring persistent effort and deductive reasoning. Results indicated that the Alcohol and Placebo groups were impaired with respect to persistent effort and that the Alcohol group also was impaired with respect to deductive reasoning. Consequences for the creative production under alcohol intoxication were discussed.
Creativity and Cooperation in the Elementary Music Classroom*
Authors: BALOCHE LYNDA
Published: December 2011

The author examines attitudes towards, and the effects of focus on, creativity and cooperation in the elementary music classroom. First, elementary music teachers were interviewed regarding their values towards creativity and cooperation. Then, a curriculum was field tested that utilized cooperative learning and emphasized activities designed to encourage creative thinking and problem solving. A pretreatment‐posttreatment study, with experimental and control group, was conducted to measure actual changes in student levels of creativity and attitudes towards cooperation. A follow‐up of creativity measures was conducted four years later. Results indicate that elementary music teachers can adapt cooperative learning models to their teaching and can, short‐term, influence students' levels of creativity and attitudes towards cooperation. Implications and opportunities for social‐psychological creativity research and classroom educators are discussed.

In 1983, Goodlad observed that, in general, there was a “gap between the rhetoric of individual flexibility, originality, and creativity … and the cultivation of these [things] in our schools” (p. 241) and that schools provided students with little opportunity to develop “satisfying relations with others based on respect, trust, cooperation, and caring” (p. 240). Goodlad encouraged teachers in the arts to provide opportunities for creative problem solving and to “boldly demonstrate the potentiality for doing through the arts what cannot be done readily through the other fields” (p. 238). His appeal to arts teachers is reminiscent of Maslow (1968):
The Cognitive Spiral: Creative Thinking and Cognitive Processing
Authors: EBERT EDWARD S.
Published: December 2011

Defining and measuring the construct of creative thinking has proven to be an elusive task. As Clark (1979) has pointed out, the term creativity is used as if there is general agreement as to what the construct means. Yet the fact is that research has taken many routes, and definitions are more often specific to the particular author than a matter of consensus. However, when applying creative thinking to instructional design and presentation, it would be prudent to have a concise definition which separates out potentially confounding elements. The Cognitive Spiral model conceptualizes creative thinking as an integral component of all cognitive processing. This article details the synthesis of a definition and the structure of a model of cognitive processing.
Creativity and Dream Recall
Authors: SCHREDL MICHAEL
Published: December 2011

The literature on creativity and dream recall often found significant positive correlations between measures of creativity and dream recall frequency (DRF). The present study investigated the relation between creative interests and DRF in detail. The findings confirmed the results reported in the literature, according to which persons with visual and verbal creative skills recalled more dreams. It is suggested that the visual memory may serve as a mediator variable in the relation between creativity and DRF.
Creative Employees: A Challenge to Managers
Authors: SCOTT RANDALL K.
Published: December 2011

Employee creativity and corporate innovation have become important topics in management literature. Because the broadcast industry is dependent upon entertainment to attract viewers and listeners, most radio and television stations are staffed by artistic, creative personnel. These creative employees do not always respond to standard management and motivational techniques. Recent theories focus upon the end product to define creativity. Artists, however, often consider the process of creativity as more important than the final product. A new modified‐process definition of creativity is suggested in which the artistic concerns of production personnel and the goal‐oriented business requirements of management combine to form a structured system for creative endeavors. Characteristics of creative people are discussed along with techniques to manage creative personnel.
Creative Transformation: A Design Perspective
Authors: UDALL NICK
Published: December 2011

This paper outlines a research program, which seeks to develop strategies to facilitate creative development through paradigmatic transformation. The paper begins with the notion of a “Being strategy” by exploring the Möbius Ring as a model for creativity. The model offers metaphors appropriate to design which seeks to build a connection with the underlying dynamics of subjective life. This paper then explores how these strategies can be employed within a design context to transform the consciousness of the designer.
The Kirton Adaption Innovation Inventory Find Group Problem Solving Success Rates
Authors: HAMMERSCHMIDT PETER K.
Published: December 2011

The findings are the result of a four year study tracking the problem solving success rates of 952 managers comprising 119 different 8‐person teams: each team consisting of a 4‐member planning team and a 4‐member implementing team. Unknown to the participants, each subteam was arranged according to their Kirton Adaption Innovation Inventory (KAI) into homogeneous subteams either similar to or dissimilar from the other subteam. It was found that coordination of subteam role (task) with KAI type significantly increased group success rates, and that placing KAI types outside of role preference resulted in significantly lower success rates. An exception to the subgroup role results occurred when the KAI types were performing tasks outside of their preferred style, and the KAI subgroup means were similar. In this case, significantly elevated success rates were found, probably due to enhanced interteam communication.
Prediction Study of Adult Creative Achievement: Torrance's Longitudinal Study of Creativity Revisited
Authors: YAMADA HIROYUKI , TAM ALICE YU‐WEN
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study is to reanalyze Torrance's longitudinal study (1981) by employing a multiple regression analysis to find the best predictors for adult creative achievement. A total of 211 cases were available for this study. The results of the regression analysis led to the predictive rule that comprised the following predictors: creativity test score, childhood future career image, intelligence test score, and the existence of a mentor. These four predictors explained 49% of the total variance in adult creative achievement.
Measurement of Social Freedom: The Starkweather Social Conformity Test Revised (SSCT‐R)
Authors: GOLDSMITH ELAINE
Published: December 2011

Freedom to conform or not to conform to peer choices is one of the traits of a child with high creative potential. The Starkweather Social Conformity Test‐Revised is described and compared to the original test. The Starkweather Social Conformity Test‐Revised is useful for determining conformity, nonconformity, and freedom of young children when they are given the opportunity to make a book based on their personal preferences or on the preferences of pictures chosen for their friends. The test is individually administered; it may be given to a child who is involved in a group or to a child in a therapeutic setting.
Characteristics of on Organizational Environment which Stimulate and Inhibit Creativity*
Authors: DE ALENCAR EUNICE M. L. SORIANO , DE BRUNO‐FARIA MARIA FÁTIMA
Published: December 2011

The study investigated the characteristics of Brazilian organizations which affect creativity. A sample of 25 workers were interviewed. The respondents answered several questions about the characteristics of a work environment which promote and inhibit creativity, and about factors in their own work environment that contribute to the promotion or inhibition of creativity. Content analysis of the transcribed interviews indicated 10 categories of stimulants and 11 categories of obstacles to creativity. Among the most mentioned stimulant factors to creativity were organization support, organization structure, support from the boss, and colleagues' support. On the other hand, some of the most prevalent obstacles to creativity were organization structure, boss characteristics, personal relationships, and organization culture. Results are discussed in terms of the similarity with data obtained in other contexts.
Problem Parameter and Problem Finding in Art Education
Authors: SAPP D. DAVID
Published: December 2011

The significance of problem parameters in art education is examined. Problem parameters are delineated by the art instructor in the problem finding stage of the creative process before problem solving occurs. Problem parameters define problems and focus students' creative processes. In the delivery of an assignment, the art teacher presents problem parameters to students and students respond to parameters. A model is proposed illustrating the relationship between the presented problem parameters of art assignments and the creative processes of students. Characteristics of the instructional implementations of parameters are examined: Incomplete Parameters; Overly and Inadequately Restrictive Parameters; and Expanding and Contracting Parameters. Student responses to parameters are explored: Disregarded, Self‐imposed, and Stretched Parameters. The implications of the model in art education are discussed.
Gender Differences in the Effects of Extrinsic Motivation on Creativity*
Authors: BAER JOHN
Published: December 2011

Four studies were conducted to assess gender differences in the effects of extrinsic motivation on creativity. The first study replicated an earlier one (Baer, 1997) in which expectation of evaluation lowered the creativity of middle school girls, but not boys. The second study investigated the effects of doing work for reward; again, middle school girls' creativity suffered, but not boys'. The third study, also with middle school subjects, investigated the impact of expecting ungraded feedback; this reduced both the overall negative impact of expecting evaluation and the gender difference in this regard. The fourth study investigated the impact of evaluation expectation on second‐grade subjects and found that boys', but not girls', creativity was increased when they expected evaluation.
Developing a Computer‐Based TTCT: Promises and Problems*
Authors: KWON MYOUNGSOOK , GOETZ ERNEST T. , ZELLNER RONALD D.
Published: December 2011

The purposes of the present study were to examine the equivalence of paper‐pencil and computer‐based versions of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT), Figural Forms A and B, and to investigate the patterns of responses involved in the computer‐based TTCT. The participants were 34 fifth‐ and sixth‐grade students currently enrolled in two public schools in southern Texas. The computer‐based TTCT was developed to present all the features of the paper‐pencil TTCT with the additional benefits offered by computer‐based testing. Means, variances, test‐retest reliability, and attitudinal differences were analyzed to investigate equivalence between the paper‐pencil and computer‐based TTCT. Response patterns involved in the figural tasks were explored based on data collected from the computer‐based test (e.g., latency, tool using patterns, correction activities). The findings of the study indicated that the results obtained from the computer‐based TTCT were not equivalent with the paper‐pencil version. However, additional information regarding response patterns obtained from the computer‐based TTCT showed clear indication of different response tendencies among different groups of students and between the two alternate test forms (A and B).