bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wählen wir die richtigen Mittel zur Zwangsvermeidung?
Authors: Heumann Kolja , Stückle Luise , Jung Andreas , Bock Thomas , Mahlke Candelaria , Lincoln Tania M.
Published: March 2021

Ziel Zu untersuchen, welche Milderen Mittel Menschen, die Zwangsmaßnahmen erfahren haben, als besonders nützlich zur Zwangsvermeidung einschätzen und in welchem Ausmaß ihnen diese angeboten wurden.

Methode Deutschlandweit wurden 155 von Zwangsmaßnahmen betroffene PatientInnen online oder per Papierfragebogen befragt.

Ergebnisse Den Befragten wurden durchschnittlich 4,7 von 25 Milderen Mittel im Vorfeld der zuletzt erlebten Zwangsmaßnahmen angeboten. Die potenziell am nützlichsten eingeschätzten Mittel waren „Krisengespräche“, „Bedürfnisse berücksichtigen“ und „Interesse signalisieren“. Es zeigte sich ein negativer Zusammenhang zwischen Angebotshäufigkeit und potenzieller Nützlichkeitseinschätzung. Ein Großteil der Befragten war unzufrieden mit der erhaltenen Behandlung.

Schlussfolgerungen PatientInnen erhalten in eskalierenden Situationen nicht die Mittel, die sie als am nützlichsten einschätzen. Der Fokus sollte vermehrt auf Krisengespräche und einem empathischen, bedürfnisorientierten Umgang gelegt werden.
Diagnostic Imaging of Patellofemoral Instability
Authors: Maas Kai-Jonathan , Warncke Malte Lennart , Leiderer Miriam , Krause Matthias , Dust Tobias , Frings Jannik , Frosch Karl-Heinz , Adam Gerhard , Henes Frank Oliver Gerhard
Published: March 2021

Background Throughout the literature, patellofemoral instability (PI) is defined as an increased risk of re-/luxation of the patella within the patellofemoral joint (PFJ). In most patients it is caused by traumatic patella luxation or the existence of a range of predisposing anatomic risk factors leading to an unphysiological movement sequence within the PFJ also known as patellofemoral maltracking. In order to provide an individualized therapy approach, clinical and radiological evaluation of those risk factors of variable magnitude becomes essential. Diagnostic imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), plain radiography, and computed tomography (CT) are straightforward diagnostic tools in terms of evaluation and treatment of PI.

Method In this review we performed a precise analysis of today’s literature concerning the radiological evaluation of anatomic risk factors leading to PI. The purpose of the review is to present a logical compilation of the different anatomical risk factors causing PI and provide a straight overview of valuable radiological imaging techniques.

Results and Conclusion PI is frequently based on a multifactorial disposition. The most relevant predisposing risk factors are trochlea dysplasia, rupture of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL), patella alta, abnormal tibial tubercle to trochlea groove distance (TT-TG), femoral torsion deformities, and genu valgum. Although plain X-rays may provide basic diagnostic value, cross-sectional imaging (MRI, CT) is the standard radiological tool in terms of evaluation and detection of severity of predisposing anatomic variants leading to PI.

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Strukturmerkmale und Anwendungshäufigkeit von Zwangsmaßnahmen im deutschen Maßregelvollzug
Authors: Reinwald Jonathan Rochus , Horten Barbara , Dreßing Harald , Salize Hans-Joachim
Published: March 2021

Ziel der Studie Bundesweite Erfassung von Strukturdaten und der Anwendungshäufigkeit von Zwangsmaßnahmen im Maßregelvollzug in Deutschland.

Methodik Quantitative Erhebung von Strukturmerkmalen in Maßregelvollzugseinrichtungen und Häufigkeiten und Arten von Zwangsmaßnahmen mittels postalischer Fragebögen im Rahmen der „ZIPHER“-Studie.

Ergebnisse Zwangsmaßnahmen kommen in stationären Maßregelvollzugseinrichtungen bei etwa einem Viertel aller Patienten zur Anwendung, wobei Isolierungen (21,2 %) mehr als 6-mal so häufig wie Fixierungen (3,2 %) sind. Dies steht in Diskrepanz zur Allgemeinpsychiatrie, wo die Rate an Fixierungen höher ist.

Schlussfolgerung Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie zeigen Besonderheiten in der Anwendungshäufigkeit von Zwangsmaßnahmen im Maßregelvollzug auf Bundesebene. Dabei wurde offenbar, dass hinsichtlich der Verfügbarkeit grundlegender Struktur- und Prozessdaten des Maßregelvollzugs in Deutschland ein erhebliches Defizit besteht.
Obesity does not Impair Ambulatory Cardiovascular and Autonomic Responses Post-exercise
Authors: Tricot Gabriel Kolesny , Novelli Fabiula Isoton Isoton , Cambri Lucieli Teresa
Published: March 2021

This study aimed to assess whether obesity and/or maximal exercise can change 24 h cardiac autonomic modulation and blood pressure in young men. Thirty-nine men (n: 20; 21.9±1.8 kg·m−2, and n: 19; 32.9±2.4 kg·m−2) were randomly assigned to perform a control (non-exercise) and an experimental day exercise (after maximal incremental test). Cardiac autonomic modulation was evaluated through frequency domain heart rate variability (HRV). Obesity did not impair the ambulatory HRV (p>0.05), however higher diastolic blood pressure during asleep time (p=0.02; group main effect) was observed. The 24 h and awake heart rate was higher on the experimental day (p<0.05; day main effect), regardless of obesity. Hypotension on the experimental day, compared to control day, was observed (p<0.05). Obesity indicators were significantly correlated with heart rate during asleep time (Rho=0.34 to 0.36) and with ambulatory blood pressure(r/Rho=0.32 to 0.53). Furthermore, the HRV threshold workload was significantly correlated with ambulatory heart rate (r/Rho=− 0.38 to−0.52). Finally, ambulatory HRV in obese young men was preserved; however, diastolic blood pressure was increased during asleep time. Maximal exercise caused heart rate increase and 24h hypotension, with decreased cardiac autonomic modulation in the first hour, regardless of obesity.
Unerwünschte Arzneimittelwirkungen in der Gerontopsychiatrie
Authors: Wenzel-Seifert Katharina , Haen Ekkehard , Seifert Johanna , Fay Bianca , Strueven Nina Theresa , Schiekofer Stephan
Published: March 2021

Ziel der Studie war es zu überprüfen, ob die Verordnung „potenziell inadäquater Wirkstoffe“ (PIW) mit einem erhöhten Risiko für unerwünschte Arzneimittelwirkungen (UAW) einhergeht.

Methodik 304 stationäre gerontopsychiatrische Patienten wurden in die Studie eingeschlossen. Anhand der klinischen Daten und Verlaufsdokumentationen wurden Hinweise auf UAW identifiziert. Der Kausalzusammenhang der UAW und der verordneten Wirkstoffe wurde von Experten bewertet.

Ergebnisse Vor der stationären Aufnahme erhielten ca. 30 % aller Patienten ≥ 1 PIW, bei Entlassung waren es 22 %. Risikofaktoren für die Verordnung ≥ 1 PIW waren zunehmende Anzahl verordneter Wirkstoffe und Schizophrenie. Protektiv wirkten daher die Faktoren Demenz und zunehmendes Lebensalter. Die Verordnung von ≥ 1 PIW führte zu einem 5-fach erhöhten Risiko für das Auftreten von ≥ 1 UAW; das Risiko für UAW stieg mit der Zahl der PIW. Die Verordnung von ≥ 1 PIW ging mit einem 4-fach erhöhten Risiko für das Auftreten schwerwiegender UAW einher. Bei Einnahme von ≥ 2 PIW war das Risiko hierfür sogar um ein 10-Faches erhöht.

Schlussfolgerungen Die PRISCUS-Liste bildet wesentliche Risiken für das Auftreten von UAW in der Gerontopsychiatrie ab.
Clinical Relevance of Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography Beyond Coronary Artery Stenosis
Authors: Meah Mohammed Nooruddin , Williams Michelle C.
Published: March 2021

Background The capabilities of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) have advanced significantly in the past decade. Its capacity to detect stenotic coronary arteries safely and consistently has led to a marked decline in invasive diagnostic angiography. However, CCTA can do much more than identify coronary artery stenoses.

Method This review discusses applications of CCTA beyond coronary stenosis assessment, focusing in particular on the visual and quantitative analysis of atherosclerotic plaque.

Results Established signs of visually assessed high-risk plaque on CT include positive remodeling, low-attenuation plaque, spotty calcification, and the napkin-ring sign, which correlate with the histological thin-cap fibroatheroma. Recently, quantification of plaque subtypes has further improved the assessment of coronary plaque on CT. Quantitatively assessed low-attenuation plaque, which correlates with the necrotic core of the thin-cap fibroatheroma, has demonstrated superiority over stenosis severity and coronary calcium score in predicting subsequent myocardial infarction. Current research aims to use radiomic and machine learning methods to further improve our understanding of high-risk atherosclerotic plaque subtypes identified on CCTA.

Conclusion Despite rapid technological advances in the field of coronary computed tomography angiography, there remains a significant lag in routine clinical practice where use is often limited to lumenography. We summarize some of the most promising techniques that significantly improve the diagnostic and prognostic potential of CCTA.

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Kosten der Depression in Deutschland
Authors: Eden Jan-Luca , Konnopka Alexander , König Hans-Helmut
Published: March 2021

Ziel Die Depression ist eine weit verbreitete Erkrankung, die hohe Kosten verursacht. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, eine systematische Übersicht über Krankheitskostenstudien der Depression in Deutschland zu erstellen.

Methoden Es wurde eine systematische Literaturrecherche von Bottom-up-Krankheitskostenstudien der Depression in Deutschland durchgeführt. Die eingeschlossenen Studien berichteten Kosten der Versorgung von Erwachsenen in mindestens einem Versorgungssektor (ambulant, stationär) oder gesamte medizinische Kosten. Sie wurden nach der Art ihrer Kostenberechnung in 3 Gruppen (Gesamtkostenstudien, krankheitsspezifische Kostenstudien, Exzess-Kostenstudien) unterteilt.

Ergebnisse Je nach Art der Kostenberechnung lagen die angegebenen durchschnittlichen jährlichen gesamten Kosten der medizinischen Versorgung pro Patient zwischen 400–3300 € bei krankheitsspezifischen Kostenstudien, ca. 3000 € bei Exzess-Kostenstudien und zwischen 3000–5000 € bei Gesamtkostenstudien. Angaben zu indirekten Kosten fehlten in fast allen Studien.

Schlussfolgerung Depressionen in Deutschland sind mit hohen Kosten assoziiert, aber insbesondere die indirekten Kosten wurden in der Literatur bisher kaum untersucht und sollten eingehender bearbeitet werden.
Akzeptanz von Videokonsultationen in Justizvollzugsanstalten aus der Perspektive von Patient/-innen – Ergebnisse der gemischt-methodischen Evaluation eines Modellprojekts aus Baden-Württemberg
Authors: Colombo Miriam Giovanna , Koch Roland , Joos Stefanie
Published: March 2021

Ziel der Studie Videokonsultationen haben sich international im Strafvollzug bewährt und wurden 2018 im Rahmen eines Modellprojekts erstmals in 5 Justizvollzugsanstalten (JVA) in Baden-Württemberg angeboten. Ziel der Evaluation war es, die Akzeptanz der Videokonsultationen bei Patient/-innen zu erfassen.

Methodik Die gemischt-methodische Evaluation beinhaltete Begehungen der JVA, Interviews, Fragebögen und eine Behandlungsdatenanalyse.

Ergebnisse Von Juni bis Dezember 2018 fanden 305 Videokonsultationen statt. Zu den häufigsten Beratungsanlässen zählten Gefühle der Angst/Unruhe, Schlafstörungen, Kopfschmerzen und Drogenabusus. Die Einbindung des Personals vor Ort und die Schulung der beteiligten Ärzt/-innen waren wichtige Faktoren für eine vertrauensvolle Kommunikation.

Schlussfolgerung Die Videokonsultationen wurden als Ergänzung zur bestehenden Versorgung gut akzeptiert. Die begrenzte Eignung in Notfallsituationen und die eingeschränkte körperliche Untersuchung stellten Limitationen dar.
Imaging of Bone Sarcomas and Soft-Tissue Sarcomas
Authors: Igrec Jasminka , Fuchsjäger Michael H.
Published: March 2021

Background In the diagnosis of bone and soft-tissue sarcomas, the continuous advancement of various imaging modalities has improved the detection of small lesions, surgical planning, assessment of chemotherapeutic effects, and, importantly, guidance for surgery or biopsy.

Method This review was composed based on a PubMed literature search for the terms “bone sarcoma,” “bone cancer” and “soft tissue sarcoma,” “imaging,” “magnetic resonance imaging”, “computed tomography”, “ultrasound”, “radiography”, and “radiomics” covering the publication period 2005–2020.

Results and Conclusion As discussed in this review, radiography, ultrasound, CT, and MRI all play key roles in the imaging evaluation of bone and soft-tissue sarcomas. In daily practice, advanced MRI techniques complement standard MRI but remain underused, as they are considered time-consuming, technically challenging, and not reliable enough to replace biopsy and histology. PET/MRI and radiomics have shown promise regarding the imaging of sarcomas in the future.

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Computed Tomography Perfusion Analysis of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma using Deconvolution, Maximum Slope, and Patlak Methods – Evaluation of Diagnostic Accuracy and Interchangeability of Cut-Off Values
Authors: Koell Marco , Klauss Miriam , Skornitzke Stephan , Mayer Philipp , Fritz Franziska , Stiller Wolfram , Grenacher Lars
Published: March 2021

Purpose The goal of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of perfusion computed tomography (CT) parameters obtained by different mathematical-kinetic methods for distinguishing pancreatic adenocarcinoma from normal tissue. To determine cut-off values and to assess the interchangeability of cut-off values, which were determined by different methods.

Materials and Methods Perfusion CT imaging of the pancreas was prospectively performed in 23 patients. 19 patients with histopathologically confirmed pancreatic adenocarcinoma were included in the study. Blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV) and permeability-surface area product (PS) were measured in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and normal tissue with the deconvolution (BF, BV, PS), maximum slope (BF), and Patlak methods (BV, PS). The interchangeability of cut-off values was examined by assessing agreement between BF, BV, and PS measured with different mathematical-kinetic methods.

Results Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated poor agreement between perfusion parameters, measured with different mathematical-kinetic methods. According to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, PS measured with the Patlak method had the significantly lowest diagnostic accuracy (area under ROC curve = 0.748). All other parameters were of high diagnostic accuracy (area under ROC curve = 0.940–0.997), although differences in diagnostic accuracy were not statistically different. Cut-off values for BF of ≤ 91.83 ml/100 ml/min and for BV of ≤ 5.36 ml/100 ml, both measured with the deconvolution method, appear to be the most appropriate cut-off values to distinguish pancreatic adenocarcinoma from normal tissue.

Conclusion Perfusion parameters obtained by different methods are not interchangeable. Therefore, cut-off values, which were determined using different methods, are not interchangeable either. Perfusion parameters can help to distinguish pancreatic adenocarcinoma from normal tissue with high diagnostic accuracy, except for PS measured with the Patlak method.

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Beurteilung psychischer Beanspruchung bei Kindergartenerzieherinnen mit unterschiedlichem Overcommitment
Authors: Darius Sabine , Hohmann Christina Barbara , Siegel Lydia , Böckelmann Irina
Published: March 2021

Ziel der Studie Erzieherinnen sind in ihrem Beruf psychoemotionalen Belastungen ausgesetzt, die zu gesundheitlichen Beeinträchtigungen führen können.

Das Anliegen der Studie war festzustellen, ob und inwieweit sich erhöhtes Arbeitsengagement (Overcommitment, OC) auf die Gesundheit von Erzieherinnen auswirkt.

Methodik Für die Studie wurden 163 Erzieherinnen (Alter 44,5 ± 12,4 Jahre) rekrutiert. OC, die psychische Gesundheit und das Burnout-Risiko wurden mit standardisierten Fragebögen erhoben. EKG-Aufnahmen über 24 h dienten als Grundlage zur Berechnung der Herzratenvariabilität (HRV).

Ergebnisse 121 Erzieherinnen zeigten ein normales und 42 Erzieherinnen ein erhöhtes OC. Bei Erzieherinnen mit erhöhtem OC ist die selbstberichtete psychische Gesundheit beeinträchtigt sowie die vagal vermittelte HRV (RMSSD und HF) reduziert.

Schlussfolgerungen Da die subjektiv eingeschätzte psychische Gesundheit bei Erzieherinnen mit erhöhtem OC verschlechtert und die HRV reduziert ist, müssen für die Erhaltung der Gesundheit von Erzieherinnen präventive Maßnahmen ergriffen werden.
Endonasale konfokale Laserendomikroskopie – erste Anwendung und Validierung von Malignitätskriterien
Authors: Wenda Nina , Kiesslich Ralf , Gosepath Jan
Published: March 2021

Hintergrund Die konfokale Laserendomikroskopie (CLE) ist eine Methode zur In-vivo-Echtzeit-Visualisierung von Schleimhautveränderungen auf zellulärer Ebene. Erste Untersuchungen bei Kopf-Hals-Karzinomen beschrieben die oropharyngeale Anwendbarkeit. Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist es, anhand der im Oropharynx validierten Kriterien zu klären, ob diese auf die endonasalen Schleimhäute übertragen werden können.

Methode Wir verwendeten die CLE mit intravenöser Fluorescein-Färbung vor und während der endoskopischen Operation bei einem Patienten mit einem sinunasalen invertierten Papillom sowie einem Patienten mit einem endonasalen Plattenepithelkarzinom. Wir verglichen die zelluläre Darstellung der pathologischen Veränderungen mit der der gesunden Schleimhaut der Gegenseite desselben Patienten sowie mit unseren früheren Befunden im Oropharynx.

Ergebnisse Die endonasale CLE erwies sich als im operativen Setting gut durchführbar und die Übertragung von Malignitätskriterien in Analogie zur histologischen Untersuchung konnte optisch gut nachvollzogen werden. Darüber hinaus ergaben sich zusätzliche Kriterien zur geweblichen Dignitätsbeurteilung.

Schlussfolgerung Unsere Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass die endonasale CLE eine wertvolle Erweiterung des diagnostischen Repertoires durch eine zusätzliche Echtzeitanalyse der Nasenschleimhaut darstellt. Dies ist von besonderem Wert in chirurgisch anspruchsvollen anatomischen Bereichen wie den Nasennebenhöhlen. Weitere Untersuchungen und eine Validierung dieser Ergebnisse werden notwendig sein, um die Sicherheit der Methode beurteilen zu können.
C–H Bond Functionalization Using Pd- and Au-Supported Catalysts with Mechanistic Insights of the Active Species
Authors: Ishida Tamao , Tokunaga Makoto , Zhang Zhenzhong , Murayama Haruno , Yamamoto Eiji
Published: March 2021

The process of C–H functionalization has been extensively studied as a direct C–C bond-forming reaction with high atomic efficiency. Efforts have also been made on such reactions by using supported catalysts, which are superior in terms of catalyst separation from the reaction mixture and reusability. In this review, an overview of C–H functionalization reactions, especially those involving Pd- and Au-supported catalysts, is presented. In particular, we discuss reaction mechanisms, active species, leaching, reusability, etc.

1 Introduction

2 Types of Supported Metal Catalysts and Their Active Species

3 Modes of C–H Bond Activation

4 Oxidative C–H C–H Coupling of Aryl Compounds

5 C–H C–H Coupling Where One Side Is Aromatic

6 C–H Acylation of Aromatic Compounds and Related Reactions

7 Conclusion
Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Cyclization of Inert N-Substituted Pyrroles to Benzo[f]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepines
Authors: Zhang Jinlong , Jiang Gaoxi , Gao Zeng , Qian Jinlong , Yang Huameng
Published: March 2021

Two approaches involving intramolecular and intermolecular cyclization, respectively, have been developed for the direct and practical construction of a series of important benzo[f]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]azepines by using Brønsted acid catalysts. Upon catalysis by TsOH, the intramolecular dehydroxylation/ring closure of 3-hydroxy-2-[2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)benzyl]isoindolin-1-ones provided various racemic benzo[f]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]azepines in high yields. Furthermore, enantioenriched benzo[f]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]azepines were also obtained by chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed intermolecular addition of [2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)phenyl]methanamines to 2-formylbenzoates under mild conditions.
Visible-Light-Mediated Synthesis of Rutaecarpine Alkaloids through C–N Cross-Coupling Reaction
Authors: Wang Guixia , Kong Xiangfei , Chen Dong , Li Shiqing , Wang Jinhua , Gou Tiantian , Zhang Linfeng
Published: March 2021

A visible-light-initiated cross-dehydrogenative-coupling amination is described, featuring metal- and photocatalyst-free, at room temperature, and using air as an oxidant. The reaction provides a facile approach for the synthesis of rutaecarpine and its derivatives. The substrates with electron-withdrawing groups give higher yields than those with electron-donating groups, but the substituent position has a negligible influence on the yield. Using binaphthyl-diyl hydrogen phosphate and dibenzyl phosphate as catalysts both deliver satisfying yields. This straightforward light-driven strategy might be applicable to the synthesis of quinazolinone derivatives.
Total Intravenous Anesthesia for Myocardial Protection and Preconditioning
Authors: Choudhury Minati
Published: March 2021

Perioperative myocardial injury is common after any major surgical procedure even with best possible anesthesia and surgical management. Organ preservation during surgical procedure prevents morbidity and mortality. The effect of ischemic preconditioning on myocardial as well as other organ protection is well known. A variety of other agents also shown to have preconditioning thus protective effect on myocardium during anesthesia and surgery. The beneficial effect of volatile anesthetic preconditioning is well studied. However, the effect of intravenous anesthetic agents on this context is still way to go. This review is an attempt to look into the latest available research regarding the preconditioning and myocardial protective effect of intravenous anesthetic agents.
Community crime prevention in Portugal: an introduction to Local Safety Contracts
Authors: Amante Ana , Saraiva Miguel , Marques Teresa Sá
Published: March 2021

Following the philosophy of other international programs as proximity policing or situational crime prevention, the Local Safety Contracts (CLS) have been an innovative strategy in Portugal, as they allow the sharing of accountabilities between the central and the local administration, in association with the police and the community. Nonetheless, little has been written in Portugal about such strategies, and nothing at all for the international scientific community. The aim of this paper is therefore to present the CLS, discussing their crime prevention stance and their impacts on local communities. First, the new preventive and multidisciplinary organizational model that is at the basis of CLS is discussed. Then a qualitative assessment of implementation is made through a set of interviews to relevant actors. Conclusions are drawn based on the experiences of municipalities, police and administration, contributing to the debate on community crime prevention, and enhancing the need for multidisciplinary, multilevel and place-specific approaches.
Phragmidium assamense.
Authors:   USDA-ARS
Published: March 2021

There is little published information on this plant pathogenic fungus, which has limited geographic distribution. It infects Rubus spp., which exist in other regions of the world with similar environmental conditions, therefore this species may pose a threat to native or agricultural plants if introduced.
Amylostereum areolatum.
Authors:   USA, USDA-ARS
Published: March 2021

A. areolatum is a basidiomycete that causes a white rot of a broad range of conifers. Its invasiveness arises from a symbiotic association with woodwasps of the genus Sirex. The species Sirexnoctilio is listed as "highly invasive" on the ISSG/IUCN website (ISSG, 2008) and is a Regulated Pest for the USA (APHIS, 2009a). The wasp and the fungus are native to Europe, North Africa and western Asia where their damage is considered secondary (Spradbery and Kirk, 1978). Introduced to areas of the Southern Hemisphere where exotic pine species are grown in plantations, these organisms have caused major losses. The insect invaded New Zealand by at least 1900, but did not cause serious concern until the 1940s (Talbot, 1977). It later spread to Tasmania and the southern parts of Australia and the wasp/fungus association was introduced into southern South America, beginning in Uruguay in 1980 (Ciesla, 2003). Invasion of South Africa occurred in 1994 (Tribe, 1995). Woodwasps are repeatedly detected in material imported to the USA, but were successfully excluded until 2004 (Wilson et al., 2009). The wasp and fungus were later found in nearby Canada (Ontario), although apparently due to a separate introduction (Bergeron et al., 2008; Wilson et al., 2009). Recent surveys found the wasp in four states of the USA (Evans-Goldner and Bunce, 2009) and 25 counties of Ontario in Canada (Shields, 2009). Schiff (2008) summarizes differences in complexity of the ecological situations in the Southern Hemisphere countries and North America that could affect spread and impact of the fungus and wasp.
Diarthrothrips coffeae (coffee thrips).
Authors: Bigger Mike
Published: March 2021

The eggs are reniform and inserted into a slit cut in the leaf. They are small but visible to the naked eye. There are two nymphal stages on the tree, the full grown nymph being about 1.1 mm long and pale yellow. The prepupal and pupal stages are passed in the leaf litter beneath the tree. The prepupa is also pale yellow and about 1 mm long. Although small numbers can be found at any time of year, large build up of population tends to be found at the end of the dry season in February and March. Notley (1936) found a close correlation between temperature and population increase, slight infestations occuring when the mean monthly temperature exceeded 18.3°C for 4 months and a severe infestation after 6 months. He could find no correlation with temperature or with relative humidity. The infestation ended after a marked drop in temperature. Shading of coffee and mulching have beneficial effects. The insect more typically infests coffee at lower altitudes. Since the general use of grass mulch around the coffee, serious attacks have become rare (Crowe, 2004).
Gibberella xylarioides (coffee wilt).
Authors: Flood Julie
Published: March 2021

Conidia and ascospores are spread by wind, rain and through human activities (harvesting, pruning etc.) (Jacques-Felix, 1954). The pathogen can penetrate through wounds so any agency causing wounds will aid the spread of the fungus. Krantz and Mogk (1973) noted that most dying and dead trees had been wounded during weeding. Insects may also spread the disease from tree to tree (Wrigley, 1988). Seed from infected berries may contain the pathogen and seedborne infection was considered to be the way in which the disease has spread in Zimbabwe (Wrigley, 1988) but there is some uncertainty as to the identification of the pathogen in Zimbabwe and Girma et al. (2001) reported that seeds did not transmit the pathogen in Ethiopia.
Agave sisalana (sisal hemp).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa , Acevedo-Rodríguez Pedro
Published: March 2021

Tropical succulent perennial of 1.5-2 m height, with thick leaves in a basal rosette of elongated sword-shaped leaves from the base. Stems: Two to three years after transplanting, a 20 cm tall stem is formed, which will reach a height of about 1.2 m when flowering. White, fleshy stems develop from underground buds at the base of the plant, first growing sideways and then upwards to form new plants. These new plants are known as suckers (DAFF, 2015). Trunk: The plant base is a short trunk (30-150 cm), from the top of which the spirally arranged leaves grow (DAFF, 2015). The components of the dry weight of sisal fibre are approximately 55-65% α-cellulose, 11-18% hemicelluloses, 7-15% lignin, 1% pectin and 1-8% ash (Elzebroek and Wind, 2008). Leaves: Stiff, heavy, persistent leaves that are 0.6-1.2 m long, 10.2-20.3 cm wide, and 2.5-10.2 cm thick when mature. Leaves are spirally arranged around the trunk, greyish-green in colour and covered by a layer of wax. Leaves contain coarse, cream-coloured or pale-yellow fibres (3%) (DAFF, 2015). Young leaves may have small spines along their margins; they disappear when the plant matures. Leaves have a terminal, dark brown, rigid, very sharp spine, 2-3 cm long. The cross-section at the base of the leaf resembles a flattened triangle (Elzebroek and Wind, 2008). Inflorescences: A large panicle with flowers arranged on the terminal portion in dense clusters, sessile, 4-5 cm long. Perianths with 6 segments, 6 stamens, filaments longer than the perianth segment, 3-4 cm long anthers. Style exserted, stigma 3-lobed (EOL, 2018). It only flowers once at around 2 years. Before flowering, a flower stalk of 4.5-6.0 m develops from the growth point. The flower stalk subdivides to form branches that bear the flowers. The flowers do not produce seed, but form bulbils, which are used for reproduction. Bulbils are borne in the axils of the bracteoles of the inflorescence after flowering. Flowers are yellowish green, with reddish filaments. Roots: A. sisalana has a shallow, fibrous root system up to 60 cm deep. The 2-4 mm thick root arises from leaf scars at the base of the bole beneath the soil surface, and extends up to 5 m horizontally way from the mother plant, forming suckers. These can be used for propagation (DAFF, 2015). Sisal produces subterraneous rhizomes from buds in the axils of the lower leaves. Along the rhizomes there are buds that may grow into new plants, forming colonies. Most of the roots are concentrated in the upper 40 cm of the soil, where they spread horizontally up to 5 m. A number of roots grow deeper than 40 cm, which results in good anchorage (Elzebroek and Wind, 2008). Fruit: This species is monocarpic (i.e., dies after fruiting). Fruits are capsules up to 6 cm long, 2-2.5 cm diameter, stipitate and beaked. Capsules rarely formed, and seeds (if any) are probably not viable. Vegetative bulbils are commonly produced below the flowers in the axils of bracts (Weber, 2003; Acevedo-Rodriguez and Strong, 2005).
Thekopsora areolata (cherry spruce rust).
Authors:   USA, USDA-ARS
Published: March 2021

T. areolata is a heteroecious rust fungus; an obligate parasite with stages of its life cycle on cones of Picea species and leaves of Prunus spp. Reported from Europe and Asia, the fungus is a Regulated Pest for the USA. It is absent from North America, where susceptible species are native or introduced, and Australia and New Zealand, where such species are introduced. Although usually not a major problem in its native range, this rust could be more damaging as an invasive in other temperate areas. Due to the fact that small amounts of infection may be overlooked, accidental introduction could occur through importation of infected cones carrying aeciospores. The one known introduction to North America involved a tree of Prunus sp. in a garden, from which there was no documented spread.
Report on 2020 Safe to Touch Consensus Conference on Hazardous Drug Surface Contamination
Authors: Gabay Michael , Johnson Philip , Fanikos John , Amerine Lindsey , Kienle Patricia , Olsen MiKaela , Roussel Christine , Moody Mary Lynn
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The 2020 Safe to Touch Consensus Conference on Hazardous Drug Surface Contamination was convened in order to gather subject matter experts in the field of hazardous drug (HD) handling to develop consensus statements regarding surface contamination monitoring for adoption by stakeholders in the drug supply chain, policy, and healthcare arenas.

The Safe to Touch conference convened virtually on September 22, 24, and 26, 2020. An expert panel of healthcare providers with experience in HD handling, monitoring, and research; pharmacy and nursing operations; and medication safety led the conference. An experienced audience of approximately 25 reaction panel members provided feedback to the panel via a preconference survey, during the conference, and at a postconference virtual town hall. Additionally, expert speakers presented on a range of issues, including the impact of HD surface contamination on health, current regulations and standards, surface contamination monitoring technologies, and variables impacting surface contamination testing.

Conclusion

At the end of the conference, the expert panel developed 11 consensus statements and corresponding recommendations that should be widely disseminated in order to educate individuals regarding the impact of HD surface contamination and increase the scope of HD surface contamination monitoring. Institutions involved in the handling of HDs should set short- and long-term goals for implementation of applicable consensus statements.
Semiparametric regression analysis of bivariate censored events in a family study of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Gao Fei , Zeng Donglin , Wang Yuanjia
Published: March 2021

Assessing disease comorbidity patterns in families represents the first step in gene mapping for diseases and is central to the practice of precision medicine. One way to evaluate the relative contributions of genetic risk factor and environmental determinants of a complex trait (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease [AD]) and its comorbidities (e.g., cardiovascular diseases [CVD]) is through familial studies, where an initial cohort of subjects are recruited, genotyped for specific loci, and interviewed to provide extensive disease history in family members. Because of the retrospective nature of obtaining disease phenotypes in family members, the exact time of disease onset may not be available such that current status data or interval-censored data are observed. All existing methods for analyzing these family study data assume single event subject to right-censoring so are not applicable. In this article, we propose a semiparametric regression model for the family history data that assumes a family-specific random effect and individual random effects to account for the dependence due to shared environmental exposures and unobserved genetic relatedness, respectively. To incorporate multiple events, we jointly model the onset of the primary disease of interest and a secondary disease outcome that is subject to interval-censoring. We propose nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation and develop a stable Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm for computation. We establish the asymptotic properties of the resulting estimators and examine the performance of the proposed methods through simulation studies. Our application to a real world study reveals that the main contribution of comorbidity between AD and CVD is due to genetic factors instead of environmental factors.
The rareC9P167S risk variant for age-related macular degeneration increases polymerization of the terminal component of the complement cascade
Authors: McMahon O , Hallam T M , Patel S , Harris C L , Menny A , Zelek W M , Widjajahakim R , Java A , Cox T E , Tzoumas N , Steel D H W , Shuttleworth V G , Smith-Jackson K , Brocklebank V , Griffiths H , Cree A J , Atkinson J P , Lotery A J , Bubeck D , Morgan B P , Marchbank K J , Seddon J M , Kavanagh D
Published: March 2021

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex neurodegenerative eye disease with behavioral and genetic etiology and is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss among elderly Caucasians. Functionally significant genetic variants in the alternative pathway of complement have been strongly linked to disease. More recently, a rare variant in the terminal pathway of complement has been associated with increased risk, Complement component 9 (C9) P167S. To assess the functional consequence of this variant, C9 levels were measured in two independent cohorts of AMD patients. In both cohorts, it was demonstrated that the P167S variant was associated with low C9 plasma levels. Further analysis showed that patients with advanced AMD had elevated sC5b-9 compared to those with non-advanced AMD, although this was not associated with the P167S polymorphism. Electron microscopy of membrane attack complexes (MACs) generated using recombinantly produced wild type or P167S C9 demonstrated identical MAC ring structures. In functional assays, the P167S variant displayed a higher propensity to polymerize and a small increase in its ability to induce hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes when added to C9-depleted serum. The demonstration that this C9 P167S AMD risk polymorphism displays increased polymerization and functional activity provides a rationale for the gene therapy trials of sCD59 to inhibit the terminal pathway of complement in AMD that are underway.
PPARγ: The Central Mucus Barrier Coordinator in Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Fang Jian , Wang Hui , Xue Zhe , Cheng Yinyin , Zhang Xiaohong
Published: March 2021

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic, long-term inflammatory disorder of the colon, characterized by a continuous remitting and relapsing course. The intestinal mucus barrier is the first line at the interface between the host and microbiota and acts to protect intestinal epithelial cells from invasion. Data from patients and animal studies have shown that an impaired mucus barrier is closely related to the severity of UC. Depletion of the mucus barrier is not just the strongest but is also the only independent risk factor predicting relapse in patients with UC. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a nuclear transcription regulator, is involved in the regulation of inflammatory cytokine expression. It is also known to promote mucus secretion under pathological conditions to expel pathogenic bacteria or toxins. More important, PPARγ has been shown to affect host-microbiota interactions by modulating the energy metabolism of colonocytes and the oxygen availability of the intestinal microbiome. It is well known that gut microbiota homeostasis is essential for butyrate generation by the commensal bacteria to supply energy resources for colonocytes. Therefore, it can be speculated that PPARγ, as a central coordinator of the mucus barrier, may be a promising target for the development of effective agents to combat UC.
Posterior aortic plication for tracheal compression by aortic dilatation in infants with congenital heart disease
Authors: Ko Yoshihiro , Nomura Koji , Murayama Fumiaki , Isobe Sho
Published: March 2021

Two infants with congenital heart disease developed life-threatening airway obstruction due to progressive dilatation of the aorta. Both underwent posterior aortic plication with extracorporeal bypass (9 and 4 months of age). After surgery, the arterial diameter was adequately reduced with a smooth aortic route leading to a wide airway space. Both patients were weaned from the ventilator shortly after surgery and are currently asymptomatic.
Triennial reproduction symposium: L. E. Casida Award for Excellence in Graduate Education: mentoring graduate students in animal science
Authors: Wettemann Robert P
Published: March 2021

Graduate education in animal science prepares students to enhance the understanding of biology and to utilize this knowledge to increase animal productivity. The mentor is instrumental in the development of scientists and must be dedicated to success of students. The approach used to guide an inquisitive student into a productive researcher and educator is formulated from the experiences of the mentor. The training program that the mentor was exposed to, as well as experiences to identify activities that are successful, can result in a unique program to nurture and stimulate students. A dedication to a productive research program is essential for mentoring. Participation in research early in a graduate program is important and it helps students realize that their research can be innovative and exciting. Frequent meetings between students and mentors are essential and participation in data collection and analyses by the student and mentor are great teaching events. Students must have knowledge of the basic sciences and the discipline as well as their focused research area. A demanding and comprehensive graduate education is essential to expand the scientific development of the future generation of researchers and educators.
Factors Associated With Outcomes After Burn Care: A Retrospective Study in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Murhula Gauthier Bahizire , Musole Patrick Bugeme , Kafupi Nama Bienfait , Tshibwid Florent A Zeng , Mayeri Garhalangwamuntu Daniel , Cikomola Fabrice Gulimwentuga , Pompermaier Laura
Published: March 2021

In low-income countries, the incidence of burns is high and severe burns are frequently managed at peripheral facilities. Outcome after burn care is poorly studied although it might help identify risk-group and improve treatment strategies. This study aimed to study factors associated with in-hospital outcomes in a burn cohort in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In this retrospective study, we included burn patients admitted to the surgical department at the Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu between January 2013 and December 2018. Differences between groups were tested using χ 2 test or Fisher's exact tests or Wilcoxon rank sum test, as appropriate. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the effect of patients and of burn characteristics on in-hospital mortality, prolongated length of stay (=LOS ≥ 25 days), and occurrence of complications. The study population consisted of 100 patients, mainly young males with the rural origin, moderate-sized but deep burns. Of them, 46 developed complications, 12 died. Median LOS was 25 days (IQR: 15–42). In-hospital death was independently associated with Total Burn Surface Area percentage “TBSA%” (OR = 3.96; 95% CI = 1.67–9.40) and Full-thickness Burns (FTB) (10.68; 1.34–84.74); prolongated LOS with FTB (3.35; 1.07–10.49), and complication with rural origin (5.84; 1.51–22.53), TBSA% (3.96; 1.67–9.40), FTB (4.08; 1.19–14.00), and burns on multiple sites (4.38; 1.38–13.86). In-hospital death was associated with TBSA% and FTB, prolongated LOS with FTB, and complications with burns characteristics and rural origin of the patients. Additional studies are necessary to investigate the effect of provided burn care on outcomes.
Wordify: A Tool for Discovering and Differentiating Consumer Vocabularies
Authors: Hovy Dirk , Melumad Shiri , Inman J Jeffrey
Published: March 2021

This work describes and illustrates a free and easy-to-use online text-analysis tool for understanding how consumer word use varies across contexts. The tool, Wordify, uses randomized logistic regression (RLR) to identify the words that best discriminate texts drawn from different pre-classified corpora, such as posts written by men versus women, or texts containing mostly negative versus positive valence. We present illustrative examples to show how the tool can be used for such diverse purposes as (1) uncovering the distinctive vocabularies that consumers use when writing reviews on smartphones versus PCs, (2) discovering how the words used in Tweets differ between presumed supporters and opponents of a controversial ad, and (3) expanding the dictionaries of dictionary-based sentiment-measurement tools. We show empirically that Wordify’s RLR algorithm performs better at discriminating vocabularies than support vector machines and chi-square selectors, while offering significant advantages in computing time. A discussion is also provided on the use of Wordify in conjunction with other text-analysis tools, such as probabilistic topic modeling and sentiment analysis, to gain more profound knowledge of the role of language in consumer behavior.
Power and Privilege
Authors: Koenig Alexa , Egan Ulic
Published: March 2021

Digital open source information — including the videos and photographs that people post to social media and other publicly accessible platforms — is increasingly valued as a critical source of evidence. While investigators have repeatedly established the value of open source information for researching a range of crimes, there is a subset of crimes that investigators have struggled to address with digital open sources — namely, sexual violence. In this article, we report on findings pulled from our interviews with international investigators and gender experts with regards to the perceived strengths and weaknesses of integrating digital open source information into international criminal investigations of sexual violence. More specifically, we elaborate on three insights into how open source investigations may be refined to better respect and protect the interests of survivors: by considering contextual issues related to ethics, power, and privilege, including the identity of the investigator and of the victims; by integrating a gender analysis and an intersectional analysis into online investigation planning; and by being thoughtful about consent, privacy, trauma and control — including who determines what happens with open source information and how such information is used in courts. We conclude with a discussion of what is needed to strengthen the efficacy and ethics of sexual violence investigations through the use of digital open sources.
First Report of Chaetocnema minuta (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Associated With Turfgrass Damage in the Desert Southwest United States
Authors: Van Dyke Adam , McGraw Benjamin A
Published: March 2021

Chaetocnema minuta Melsh., a Nearctic flea beetle, has been recently isolated from damaged perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. var. Palmer/Prelude) and hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers. × Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt Davy var. Midiron) in southern Utah and Nevada, respectively. Though previous surveys have found this insect associated with grasses, this short communication is the first report of economic damage to turfgrasses. Little is known about C. minuta seasonal phenology and host plant damage, and the distribution and understanding of the population dynamics in the Southwestern United States remain unstudied. Area turfgrass managers report the need for multiple insecticide applications throughout the growing season to maintain populations below turf damaging levels. This report serves to characterize turfgrass damage and document monitoring efforts to assist with future management programs.
Dynamic landscapes in northwestern North America structured populations of wolverines (Gulo gulo)
Authors: Krejsa Dianna M , Talbot Sandra L , Sage George K , Sonsthagen Sarah A , Jung Thomas S , Magoun Audrey J , Cook Joseph A
Published: March 2021

Cyclic climatic and glacial fluctuations of the Late Quaternary produced a dynamic biogeographic history for high latitudes. To refine our understanding of this history in northwestern North America, we explored geographic structure in a wide-ranging carnivore, the wolverine (Gulo gulo). We examined genetic variation in populations across mainland Alaska, coastal Southeast Alaska, and mainland western Canada using nuclear microsatellite genotypes and sequence data from the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and Cytochrome b (Cytb) gene. Data from maternally inherited mtDNA reflect stable populations in Northwest Alaska, suggesting the region harbored wolverine populations since at least the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21 Kya), consistent with their persistence in the fossil record of Beringia. Populations in Southeast Alaska are characterized by minimal divergence, with no genetic signature of long-term refugial persistence (consistent with the lack of pre-Holocene fossil records there). The Kenai Peninsula population exhibits mixed signatures depending on marker type: mtDNA data indicate stability (i.e., historical persistence) and include a private haplotype, whereas biparentally inherited microsatellites exhibit relatively low variation and a lack of private alleles consistent with a more recent Holocene colonization of the peninsula. Our genetic work is largely consistent with the early 20th century taxonomic hypothesis that wolverines on the Kenai Peninsula belong to a distinct subspecies. Our finding of significant genetic differentiation of wolverines inhabiting the Kenai Peninsula, coupled with the peninsula’s burgeoning human population and the wolverine’s known sensitivity to anthropogenic impacts, provides valuable foundational data that can be used to inform conservation and management prescriptions for wolverines inhabiting these landscapes.