bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling of CO
2
diffusion and related poro-elastic effects in a smectite-rich cap rock above a reservoir used for CO
2
storage
Authors: Wentinck Hendrik M. , Busch Andreas
Published: March 2017

The transport of dissolved CO
2
in brine through a smectite-rich shale-type cap rock above a CO
2
storage reservoir may lead to the adsorption of CO
2
in the smectite and the associated swelling of this material. These effects on the cap-rock permeability and on the stress in the cap rock have been modelled by combining single-phase two-species convective–diffusive flow with poro-elastic effects. We assume that the cap rock behaves as a poro-elastic, uniform and isotropic rock with two intermingled networks of macropores and of interlayer space between the clay layers. The empirical expressions for the chemical potentials and partial molar volumes of water and CO
2
in the macropores and in the interlayer space have been derived from experimental data.

With an emphasis on the physics underlying clay swelling, we have applied the model for uniaxial deformation in a cylindical symmetrical geometry. Considering that this geometry is, to some extent, only representative of the geometry at a reservoir edge, and that anisotropy, plasticity and a possible permeability increase when the stress in the rock is close to shear-type failure have not been included in this work and recognizing the present uncertainties in the experimental clay and shale data, the results are indicative. The model predicts that the stresses following CO
2
adsorption in a smectite-containing cap rock are substantial at typical subsurface conditions for a carbon capture and storage (CCS) project. When the rock is under an unfavourable stress condition, local shear-type failure may occur in the cap rock exposed to CO
2
over a period of 100–10 000 years, despite the fact that the permeability of the rock may reduce under the increasing compressive stress. For this reason, we recommend including the possibility of swelling cap rock into a containment risk assessment of a CCS project.
Strain superposition and fault stability during sequential hydraulic fracturing
Authors: Harper T. R.
Published: March 2017

Numerical simulations of a naturally fractured shale reservoir are used to investigate the influence of sequential hydraulic fractures on the shear displacements and evolving stability of a fault. The effect of the heterogeneous elastic strains arising from natural fractures and faults in the reservoir on the displacements around hydraulic fractures is simulated. The displacements experienced by the hydraulic fractures depart strongly from the elliptical distribution characteristic of homogeneous elastic media, and are a result of the influence of natural fractures and faults by both superposition of elastic strains and inelastic behaviour. It is shown that interaction between the pre-existing reservoir strains and those induced by hydraulic fracturing influence shear displacements along the fault. Displacements on the fault respond to the hydrofracture-induced shear strains, tend to be restricted to certain patches of the fault and mainly tend to stabilize the fault. The results imply that the numerous closely spaced hydraulic fractures characteristic of current shale reservoir completion practice may, to some extent, increase the stability of potentially unstable faults before they are intersected by a propagating hydraulic fracture. The stability of the fault as the fractures sequentially approach the fault depends upon the direction of approach and the dimensions of the hydraulic fractures.
Mitochondrial Machineries for Protein Import and Assembly
Authors: Wiedemann Nils , Pfanner Nikolaus
Published: March 2017

Mitochondria are essential organelles with numerous functions in cellular metabolism and homeostasis. Most of the >1,000 different mitochondrial proteins are synthesized as precursors in the cytosol and are imported into mitochondria by five transport pathways. The protein import machineries of the mitochondrial membranes and aqueous compartments reveal a remarkable variability of mechanisms for protein recognition, translocation, and sorting. The protein translocases do not operate as separate entities but are connected to each other and to machineries with functions in energetics, membrane organization, and quality control. Here, we discuss the versatility and dynamic organization of the mitochondrial protein import machineries. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial protein translocation is crucial for understanding the integration of protein translocases into a large network that controls organelle biogenesis, function, and dynamics.
Epigenetic Regulation: A New Frontier for Biomedical Engineers
Authors: Chen Zhen , Li Shuai , Subramaniam Shankar , Shyy John Y.-J. , Chien Shu
Published: March 2017

Gene expression in mammalian cells depends on the epigenetic status of the chromatin, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, promoter–enhancer interactions, and noncoding RNA–mediated regulation. The coordinated actions of these multifaceted regulations determine cell development, cell cycle regulation, cell state and fate, and the ultimate responses in health and disease. Therefore, studies of epigenetic modulations are critical for our understanding of gene regulation mechanisms at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organ levels. The aim of this review is to provide biomedical engineers with an overview of the principles of epigenetics, methods of study, recent findings in epigenetic regulation in health and disease, and computational and sequencing tools for epigenetics analysis, with an emphasis on the cardiovascular system. This review concludes with the perspectives of the application of bioengineering to advance epigenetics and the utilization of epigenetics to translate bioengineering research into clinical medicine.
Weighted Ensemble Simulation: Review of Methodology, Applications, and Software
Authors: Zuckerman Daniel M. , Chong Lillian T.
Published: March 2017

The weighted ensemble (WE) methodology orchestrates quasi-independent parallel simulations run with intermittent communication that can enhance sampling of rare events such as protein conformational changes, folding, and binding. The WE strategy can achieve superlinear scaling—the unbiased estimation of key observables such as rate constants and equilibrium state populations to greater precision than would be possible with ordinary parallel simulation. WE software can be used to control any dynamics engine, such as standard molecular dynamics and cell-modeling packages. This article reviews the theoretical basis of WE and goes on to describe successful applications to a number of complex biological processes—protein conformational transitions, (un)binding, and assembly processes, as well as cell-scale processes in systems biology. We furthermore discuss the challenges that need to be overcome in the next phase of WE methodological development. Overall, the combined advances in WE methodology and software have enabled the simulation of long-timescale processes that would otherwise not be practical on typical computing resources using standard simulation.
Random-Phase Approximation Methods
Authors: Chen Guo P. , Voora Vamsee K. , Agee Matthew M. , Balasubramani Sree Ganesh , Furche Filipp
Published: March 2017

Random-phase approximation (RPA) methods are rapidly emerging as cost-effective validation tools for semilocal density functional computations. We present the theoretical background of RPA in an intuitive rather than formal fashion, focusing on the physical picture of screening and simple diagrammatic analysis. A new decomposition of the RPA correlation energy into plasmonic modes leads to an appealing visualization of electron correlation in terms of charge density fluctuations. Recent developments in the areas of beyond-RPA methods, RPA correlation potentials, and efficient algorithms for RPA energy and property calculations are reviewed. The ability of RPA to approximately capture static correlation in molecules is quantified by an analysis of RPA natural occupation numbers. We illustrate the use of RPA methods in applications to small-gap systems such as open-shell d- and f-element compounds, radicals, and weakly bound complexes, where semilocal density functional results exhibit strong functional dependence.
Identification of β-catenin-interacting proteins in nuclear fractions of native rat collecting duct cells
Authors: Hwang Jacqueline R. , Chou Chung-Lin , Medvar Barbara , Knepper Mark A. , Jung Hyun Jun
Published: March 2017

The gene encoding the aquaporin-2 water channel is regulated transcriptionally in response to vasopressin. In the renal collecting duct, vasopressin stimulates the nuclear translocation and phosphorylation (at Ser552) of β-catenin, a multifunctional protein that acts as a transcriptional coregulator in the nucleus. The purpose of this study was to identify β-catenin-interacting proteins that might be involved in transcriptional regulation in rat inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells, using experimental and computational approaches. We used a standard chromatin immunoprecipitation procedure coupled to mass spectrometry (ChIP-MS) in a nuclear fraction isolated from rat IMCD suspensions. Over four biological replicates, we reproducibly identified 43 β-catenin-binding proteins, including several known β-catenin-binding partners as well as novel interacting proteins. Multiple proteins involved in transcriptional regulation were identified (Taf1, Jup, Tdrd3, Cdh1, Cenpj, and several histones). Many of the identified β-catenin-binding partners were found in prior studies to translocate to the nucleus in response to vasopressin. There was only one DNA-binding transcription factor (TF), specifically Taf1, part of the RNA-polymerase II preinitiation complex. To identify sequence-specific TFs that might interact with β-catenin, Bayes’ theorem was used to integrate data from several information sources. The analysis identified several TFs with potential binding sites in the Aqp2 gene promoter that could interact with β-catenin in the regulation of Aqp2 gene transcription, specifically Jun, Junb, Jund, Atf1, Atf2, Mef2d, Usf1, Max, Pou2f1, and Rxra. The findings provide information necessary for modeling the transcriptional response to vasopressin.
Swimming attenuates d-galactose-induced brain aging via suppressing miR-34a-mediated autophagy impairment and abnormal mitochondrial dynamics
Authors: Kou Xianjuan , Li Jie , Liu Xingran , Chang Jingru , Zhao Qingxia , Jia Shaohui , Fan Jingjing , Chen Ning
Published: March 2017

microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to be involved in many neurodegenerative diseases. To explore the regulatory role of miR-34a in aging-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) during exercise intervention, we constructed a rat model with d-galactose (d-gal)-induced oxidative stress and cognitive impairment coupled with dysfunctional autophagy and abnormal mitochondrial dynamics, determined the mitigation of cognitive impairment of d-gal-induced aging rats during swimming intervention, and evaluated miR-34a-mediated functional status of autophagy and abnormal mitochondrial dynamics. Meanwhile, whether the upregulation of miR-34a can lead to dysfunctional autophagy and abnormal mitochondrial dynamics was confirmed in human SH-SY5Y cells with silenced miR-34a by the transfection of a miR-34a inhibitor. Results indicated that swimming intervention could significantly attenuate cognitive impairment, prevent the upregulation of miR-34a, mitigate the dysfunctional autophagy, and inhibit the increase of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) in d-gal-induced aging model rats. In contrast, the miR-34a inhibitor in cell model not only attenuated D-gal-induced the impairment of autophagy but also decreased the expression of DRP1 and mitofusin 2 (MFN2). Therefore, swimming training can delay brain aging of d-gal-induced aging rats through attenuating the impairment of miR-34a-mediated autophagy and abnormal mitochondrial dynamics, and miR-34a could be the novel therapeutic target for aging-related diseases such as AD.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the present study, we have found that the upregulation of miR-34a is the hallmark of aging or aging-related diseases, which can result in dysfunctional autophagy and abnormal mitochondrial dynamics. In contrast, swimming intervention can delay the aging process by rescuing the impaired functional status of autophagy and abnormal mitochondrial dynamics via the suppression of miR-34a.
Acclimatization of the systemic microcirculation to alveolar hypoxia is mediated by an iNOS-dependent increase in nitric oxide availability
Authors: Casillan Alfred J. , Chao Jie , Wood John G. , Gonzalez Norberto C.
Published: March 2017

Rats breathing 10% O2 show a rapid and widespread systemic microvascular inflammation that results from nitric oxide (NO) depletion secondary to increased reactive O2 species (ROS) generation. The inflammation eventually resolves, and the microcirculation becomes resistant to more severe hypoxia. These experiments were directed to determine the mechanisms underlying this microvascular acclimatization process. Intravital microscopy of the mesentery showed that after 3 wk of hypoxia (barometric pressure ~380 Torr; partial pressure of inspired O2 ~68–70 Torr), rats showed no evidence of inflammation; however, treatment with the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) inhibitor L-N6-(1-iminoethyl) lysine dihydrochloride led to ROS generation, leukocyte-endothelial adherence and emigration, and increased vascular permeability. Mast cells harvested from normoxic rats underwent degranulation when exposed in vitro to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), the proximate mediator of mast cell degranulation in acute hypoxia. Mast cell degranulation by MCP-1 was prevented by the NO donor spermine-NONOate. MCP-1 did not induce degranulation of mast cells harvested from 6-day hypoxic rats; however, pretreatment with either the general NOS inhibitor L-NG-monomethyl arginine citrate or the selective iNOS inhibitor N-[3-(aminomethyl) benzyl] acetamidine restored the effect of MCP-1. iNOS was demonstrated in mast cells and alveolar macrophages of acclimatized rats. Nitrate + nitrite plasma levels decreased significantly in acute hypoxia and were restored after 6 days of acclimatization. The results support the hypothesis that the microvascular acclimatization to hypoxia results from the restoration of the ROS/NO balance mediated by iNOS expression at key sites in the inflammatory cascade.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY The study shows that the systemic inflammation of acute hypoxia resolves via an inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase-induced restoration of the reactive O2 species/NO balance in the systemic microcirculation. It is proposed that the acute systemic inflammation may represent the first step of the microvascular acclimatization process.
Acute impact of conventional and eccentric cycling on platelet and vascular function in patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: Haynes Andrew , Linden Matthew D. , Chasland Lauren C. , Nosaka Kazunori , Maiorana Andrew , Dawson Ellen A. , Dembo Lawrence H. , Naylor Louise H. , Green Daniel J.
Published: March 2017

Evidence-based guidelines recommend exercise therapy for patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Such patients have increased atherothrombotic risk. Exercise can transiently increase platelet activation and reactivity and decrease vascular function in healthy participants, although data in CHF are scant. Eccentric (ECC) cycling is a novel exercise modality that may be particularly suited to patients with CHF, but the acute impacts of ECC cycling on platelet and vascular function are currently unknown. Our null hypothesis was that ECC and concentric (CON) cycling, performed at matched external workloads, would not induce changes in platelet or vascular function in patients with CHF. Eleven patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) took part in discrete bouts of ECC and CON cycling. Before and immediately after exercise, vascular function was assessed by measuring diameter and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery. Platelet function was measured by the flow cytometric determination of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa activation and granule exocytosis in the presence and absence of platelet agonists. ECC cycling increased baseline artery diameter (pre: 4.0 ± 0.8 mm vs. post: 4.2 ± 0.7 mm; P = 0.04) and decreased FMD%. When changes in baseline artery diameter were accounted for, the decrease in FMD post-ECC cycling was no longer significant. No changes were apparent after CON. Neither ECC nor CON cycling resulted in changes to any platelet-function measures (all P > 0.05). These results suggest that both ECC and CON cycling, at a moderate intensity and short duration, can be performed by patients with HFrEF without detrimental impacts on vascular or platelet function.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first evidence to indicate that eccentric (ECC) cycling can be performed relatively safely by patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), as it did not result in impaired vascular or platelet function compared with conventional cycling. This is important, as acute exercise can transiently increase atherothrombotic risk, and ECC cycling is a novel exercise modality that may be particularly suited to patients with CHF.
AMPA receptor-mediated rapid EPSCs in vestibular calyx afferents
Authors: Kirk Matthew E. , Meredith Frances L. , Benke Timothy A. , Rennie Katherine J.
Published: March 2017

In the vestibular periphery neurotransmission between hair cells and primary afferent nerves occurs via specialized ribbon synapses. Type I vestibular hair cells (HCIs) make synaptic contacts with calyx terminals, which enclose most of the HCI basolateral surface. To probe synaptic transmission, whole cell patch-clamp recordings were made from calyx afferent terminals isolated together with their mature HCIs from gerbil crista. Neurotransmitter release was measured as excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in voltage clamp. Spontaneous EPSCs were classified as simple or complex. Simple events exhibited a rapid rise time and a fast monoexponential decay (time constant < 1 ms). The remaining events, constituting ~40% of EPSCs, showed more complex characteristics. Extracellular Sr2+greatly increased EPSC frequency, and EPSCs were blocked by the AMPA receptor blocker NBQX. The role of presynaptic Ca2+channels was assessed by application of the L-type Ca2+channel blocker nifedipine (20 µM), which reduced EPSC frequency. In contrast, the L-type Ca2+channel opener BAY K 8644 increased EPSC frequency. Cyclothiazide increased the decay time constant of averaged simple EPSCs by approximately twofold. The low-affinity AMPA receptor antagonist γ-d-glutamylglycine (2 mM) reduced the proportion of simple EPSCs relative to complex events, indicating glutamate accumulation in the restricted cleft between HCI and calyx. In crista slices EPSC frequency was greater in central compared with peripheral calyces, which may be due to greater numbers of presynaptic ribbons in central hair cells. Our data support a role for L-type Ca2+channels in spontaneous release and demonstrate regional variations in AMPA-mediated quantal transmission at the calyx synapse.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY In vestibular calyx terminals of mature cristae we find that the majority of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) are rapid monophasic events mediated by AMPA receptors. Spontaneous EPSCs are reduced by an L-type Ca2+channel blocker and notably enhanced in extracellular Sr2+. EPSC frequency is greater in central areas of the crista compared with peripheral areas and may be associated with more numerous presynaptic ribbons in central hair cells.
Autoantibodies to Synaptic Receptors and Neuronal Cell Surface Proteins in Autoimmune Diseases of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Dalmau Josep , Geis Christian , Graus Francesc
Published: March 2017

Investigations in the last 10 years have revealed a new category of neurological diseases mediated by antibodies against cell surface and synaptic proteins. There are currently 16 such diseases all characterized by autoantibodies against neuronal proteins involved in synaptic signaling and plasticity. In clinical practice these findings have changed the diagnostic and treatment approach to potentially lethal, but now treatable, neurological and psychiatric syndromes previously considered idiopathic or not even suspected to be immune-mediated. Studies show that patients' antibodies can impair the surface dynamics of the target receptors eliminating them from synapses (e.g., NMDA receptor), block the function of the antigens without changing their synaptic density (e.g., GABAb receptor), interfere with synaptic protein-protein interactions (LGI1, Caspr2), alter synapse formation (e.g., neurexin-3α), or by unclear mechanisms associate to a new form of tauopathy (IgLON5). Here we first trace the process of discovery of these diseases, describing the triggers and symptoms related to each autoantigen, and then review in detail the structural and functional alterations caused by the autoantibodies with special emphasis in those (NMDA receptor, amphiphysin) that have been modeled in animals.
Mass of the Stabilized Radion in the Limit of Finite Quartic Coupling
Authors: Tofighi Ali , Shajiee Vahid Reza
Published: March 2017

We present an exact treatment of the modulus stabilization condition with the general boundary conditions of the bulk scalar field in the Randall-Sundrum model. We find analytical expressions for the value of the modulus and the mass of the radion.
Attitude towards the Practice of Female Genital Cutting among School Boys and Girls in Somali and Harari Regions, Eastern Ethiopia
Authors: Abathun Asresash D. , Gele Abdi A. , Sundby Johanne
Published: March 2017

Introduction. Female genital cutting (FGC) is a harmful traditional practice that violates women’s rights and threatens their health. Although much work has been done to tackle this practice in Ethiopia, the prevalence remains very high in Somali and Harari regions. This study aims to investigate the attitude towards FGC of young people (boys and girls) in Somali and Harari regions of Eastern Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional quantitative study was carried out in Somali and Harari regions from October to December 2015. Two districts were purposely selected from the two regions, and a stratified random sampling technique was employed to select 480 subjects from the randomly selected schools. Results. Out of 480 questionnaires distributed, 478 (99.6%) respondents filled the questionnaires and returned them. The finding of the study reveals that 86% of study participants condemn the practice of FGC. Almost 59% of male participants from both study areas preferred to marry uncircumcised girls. Being a female and being a Muslim are significantly associated with the support toward the continuation of the FGC (P<0.05). Conclusion. Although the study demonstrates a positive attitude towards the abandonment of FGC, there is a need to increase the knowledge about the position of Islam in FGC and to educate women about the harmful effect of FGC.
Crosstalk between Tryptophan Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Liu Gang , Chen Shuai , Zhong Jin , Teng Kunling , Yin Yulong
Published: March 2017

The cardiovascular diseases (CVD) associated with the highest rates of morbidity are coronary heart disease and stroke, and the primary etiological factor leading to these conditions is atherosclerosis. This long‐lasting inflammatory disease, characterized by how it affects the artery wall, results from maladaptive immune responses linked to the vessel wall. Tryptophan (Trp) is oxidized in a constitutive manner by tryptophan 2,3‐dioxygenase in liver cells, and for alternative cell types, it is catalyzed in the presence of a differently inducible indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO1) in the context of a specific pathophysiological environment. Resultantly, this leads to a rise in the production of kynurenine (Kyn) metabolites. Inflammation in the preliminary stages of atherosclerosis has a significant impact on IDO1, and IDO1 and the IDO1‐associated pathway constitute critical mediating agents associated with the immunoinflammatory responses that characterize advanced atherosclerosis. The purpose of this review is to survey the recent literature addressing the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation in CVD, and the author will direct attention to the function performed by IDO1‐mediated tryptophan metabolism.
Security Enrichment in Intrusion Detection System Using Classifier Ensemble
Authors: Salunkhe Uma R. , Mali Suresh N.
Published: March 2017

In the era of Internet and with increasing number of people as its end users, a large number of attack categories are introduced daily. Hence, effective detection of various attacks with the help of Intrusion Detection Systems is an emerging trend in research these days. Existing studies show effectiveness of machine learning approaches in handling Intrusion Detection Systems. In this work, we aim to enhance detection rate of Intrusion Detection System by using machine learning technique. We propose a novel classifier ensemble based IDS that is constructed using hybrid approach which combines data level and feature level approach. Classifier ensembles combine the opinions of different experts and improve the intrusion detection rate. Experimental results show the improved detection rates of our system compared to reference technique.
Adsorption of Toluene and Paraxylene from Aqueous Solution Using Pure and Iron Oxide Impregnated Carbon Nanotubes: Kinetics and Isotherms Study
Authors: Abbas Aamir , Abussaud Basim Ahmed , Ihsanullah  , Al-Baghli Nadhir A. H. , Redhwi Halim Hamid
Published: March 2017

Multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and iron oxide impregnated carbon nanotubes (CNTs-iron oxide) were investigated for the adsorption of hazardous toluene and paraxylene (p-xylene) from aqueous solution. Pure CNTs were impregnated with iron oxides nanoparticles using wet impregnation technique. Various characterization techniques including thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, elemental dispersion spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and nitrogen adsorption analysis were used to study the thermal degradation, surface morphology, purity, and surface area of the materials. Batch adsorption experiments show that iron oxide impregnated CNTs have higher degree of removal of p-xylene (i.e., 90%) compared with toluene (i.e., 70%), for soaking time 2 h, with pollutant initial concentration 100 ppm, at pH 6 and shaking speed of 200 rpm at 25°C. Pseudo-second-order model provides better fitting for the toluene and p-xylene adsorption. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models demonstrate good fitting for the adsorption data of toluene and p-xylene.
Protective Effects of an Ancient Chinese Kidney-Tonifying Formula against H2O2-Induced Oxidative Damage to MES23.5 Cells
Authors: Xu Yihui , Lin Wei , Ye Shuifen , Wang Huajin , Wang Tingting , Su Youyan , Wu Liangning , Wang Yuanwang , Xu Qian , Xu Chuanshan , Cai Jing
Published: March 2017

Oxidative damage plays a critical role in the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson’s disease (PD). In our study, an ancient Chinese kidney-tonifying formula, which consists ofCistanche,Epimedii,andPolygonatum cirrhifolium, was investigated to protect MES23.5 dopaminergic neurons against hydrogen peroxide- (H2O2-) induced oxidative damage. The damage effects of H2O2on MES23.5 cells and the protective effects of KTF against oxidative stress were evaluated using MTT assay, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunocytochemistry (ICC), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunoblotting. The results showed that cell viability was dramatically decreased after a 12 h exposure to 150 μM H2O2. TEM observation found that the H2O2-treated MES23.5 cells presented cellular organelle damage. However, when cells were incubated with KTF (3.125, 6.25, and 12.5 μg/ml) for 24 h after H2O2exposure, a significant protective effect against H2O2-induced damage was observed in MES23.5 cells. Using ICC, we found that KTF inhibited the reduction of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) induced by H2O2, upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of HO-1, CAT, and GPx-1, and downregulated the expression of caspase 3. These results indicated that KTF may provide neuron protection against H2O2-induced cell damage through ameliorating oxidative stress, and our findings provide a new potential strategy for the prevention and treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
Pathogenic Roles of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 Autoantibodies in Cerebellar Ataxias
Authors: Mitoma Hiroshi , Manto Mario , Hampe Christiane S.
Published: March 2017

Reports suggesting a pathogenic role of autoantibodies directed against glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65Abs) in cerebellar ataxias (CAs) are reviewed, and debatable issues such as internalization of antibodies by neurons and roles of epitopes are discussed. GAD65 is one of two enzymes that catalyze the conversion of glutamate to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). A pathogenic role of GAD65Ab in CAs is suggested by in vivo and in vitro studies. (1) Intracerebellar administration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immunoglobulins (IgGs) obtained from GAD65Ab-positive CA patients impairs cerebellar modulation of motor control in rats. (2) CSF IgGs act on terminals of GABAergic neurons and decrease the release of GABA in cerebellar slices from rats and mice. (3) Absorption of GAD65Ab by recombinant GAD65 diminishes the above effects, and monoclonal human GAD65Ab (b78) mimic the effects of CSF IgGs in vivo and in vitro. Studies using GAD65-KO mice confirm that the target molecule is GAD65. (4) Notably, the effects of GAD65Ab depend on the epitope specificity of the monoclonal GAD65Ab. Taken together, these results indicate that epitope-specific GAD65Ab-induced impairment of GABA release is involved in the pathogenesis of GAD65Ab-positive CA and support the early detection of GAD65Ab-associated CA to initiate immunotherapy before irreversible neuronal death in the cerebellum.
Effect of Antipyretic Therapy on Mortality in Critically Ill Patients with Sepsis Receiving Mechanical Ventilation Treatment
Authors: Ye Sheng , Xu Dan , Zhang Chenmei , Li Mengyao , Zhang Yanyi
Published: March 2017

Purpose. The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of antipyretic therapy on mortality in critically ill patients with sepsis requiring mechanical ventilation. Methods. In this study, we employed the multiparameter intelligent monitoring in intensive care II (MIMIC-II) database (version 2.6). All patients meeting the criteria for sepsis and also receiving mechanical ventilation treatment were included for analysis, all of whom suffer from fever or hyperthermia. Logistic regression model and R language (R version 3.2.3 2015-12-10) were used to explore the association of antipyretic therapy and mortality risk in critically ill patients with sepsis receiving mechanical ventilation treatment. Results. A total of 8,711 patients with mechanical ventilator were included in our analysis, and 1523 patients died. We did not find any significant difference in the proportion of patients receiving antipyretic medication between survivors and nonsurvivors (7.9% versus 7.4%, p=0.49). External cooling was associated with increased risk of death (13.5% versus 9.5%, p<0.001). In our regression model, antipyretic therapy was positively associated with mortality risk (odds ratio [OR]: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.20–1.66, p<0.001). Conclusions. The use of antipyretic therapy is associated with increased risk of mortality in septic ICU patients requiring mechanical ventilation. External cooling may even be deleterious.
Detection of Gastrointestinal Pathogens from Stool Samples on Hemoccult Cards by Multiplex PCR
Authors: Alberer Martin , Schlenker Nicklas , Bauer Malkin , Helfrich Kerstin , Mengele Carolin , Löscher Thomas , Nothdurft Hans Dieter , Bretzel Gisela , Beissner Marcus
Published: March 2017

Purpose. Up to 30% of international travelers are affected by travelers’ diarrhea (TD). Reliable data on the etiology of TD is lacking. Sufficient laboratory capacity at travel destinations is often unavailable and transporting conventional stool samples to the home country is inconvenient. We evaluated the use of Hemoccult cards for stool sampling combined with a multiplex PCR for the detection of model viral, bacterial, and protozoal TD pathogens.Methods. Following the creation of serial dilutions for each model pathogen, last positive dilution steps (LPDs) and thereof calculated last positive sample concentrations (LPCs) were compared between conventional stool samples and card samples. Furthermore, card samples were tested after a prolonged time interval simulating storage during a travel duration of up to 6 weeks.Results. The LPDs/LPCs were comparable to testing of conventional stool samples. After storage on Hemoccult cards, the recovery rate was 97.6% forC. jejuni, 100% forE.histolytica, 97.6% for norovirus GI, and 100% for GII. Detection of expected pathogens was possible at weekly intervals up to 42 days.Conclusion. Stool samples on Hemoccult cards stored at room temperature can be used in combination with a multiplex PCR as a reliable tool for testing of TD pathogens.
Predictions for the Isolated Prompt Photon Production at the LHC ats= 13 TeV
Authors: Goharipour Muhammad , Mehraban Hossein
Published: March 2017

The prompt photon production in hadronic collisions has a long history of providing information on the substructure of hadrons and testing the perturbative techniques of QCD. Some valuable information about the parton densities in the nucleon and nuclei, especially of the gluon, can also be achieved by analysing the measurements of the prompt photon production cross section whether inclusively or in association with heavy quarks or jets. In this work, we present predictions for the inclusive isolated prompt photon production in pp collisions at center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV using various modern PDF sets. The calculations are presented as a function of both photon transverse energyETγand pseudorapidityηγfor the ATLAS kinematic coverage. We also study in detail the theoretical uncertainty in the cross sections due to the variation of the renormalization, factorization, and fragmentation scales. Moreover, we introduce and calculate the ratios of photon momenta for different rapidity regions and study the impact of various input PDFs on such quantity.
Modulation of Colorectal Cancer Risk by Polymorphisms in 51Gln/His, 64Ile/Val, and 148Asp/Glu of APEX Gene; 23Gly/Ala of XPA Gene; and 689Ser/Arg of ERCC4 Gene
Authors: Dziki L. , Dziki A. , Mik M. , Majsterek I. , Kabzinski J.
Published: March 2017

Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes may affect the activity of the BER (base excision repair) and NER (nucleotide excision repair) systems. Using DNA isolated from blood taken from patients (n=312) and a control group (n=320) with CRC, we have analyzed the polymorphisms of selected DNA repair genes and we have demonstrated that genotypes 51Gln/His and 148Asp/Glu of APEX gene and 23Gly/Ala of XPA gene may increase the risk of colorectal cancer. At the same time analyzing the gene-gene interactions, we suggest the thesis that the main factor to be considered when analyzing the impact of polymorphisms on the risk of malignant transformation should be intergenic interactions. Moreover, we are suggesting that some polymorphisms may have impact not only on the malignant transformation but also on the stage of the tumor.
Time-Dependent Variations in Structure of Sheep Wool Irradiated by Electron Beam
Authors: Hanzlíková Zuzana , Lawson Michael Kenneth , Hybler Peter , Fülöp Marko , Porubská Mária
Published: March 2017

Wool scoured in tap water with no special degreasing and containing a balanced humidity responding to usual laboratory conditions was irradiated by accelerated electron beam in the range of 0–350 kGy dose. Time variations of the wool structure were measured using FTIR, Raman, and EPR spectroscopy. The aim was to determine whether preexposure treatment of the wool, as well as postexposure time, affects the properties of the irradiated wool. Reactive products such as S-sulfonate, cystine monoxide, cystine dioxide, cysteic acid, disulphides, and carboxylates displayed a considerable fluctuation in quantity depending on both the absorbed dose and time. Mutual transformations of S-oxidized products into cysteic acid appeared to be faster than those in dry and degreased wool assuming that the present humidity inside the fibres is decisive as an oxygen source. EPR results indicated a longer lifetime for free radicals induced by lower doses compared with the radicals generated by higher ones. The pattern of the conformational composition of the secondary structure (α-helix,β-sheet, random, and residual conformations) also showed a large variability depending on absorbed dose as well as postexposure time. The most stable secondary structure was observed in nonirradiated wool but even this showed a small but observable change after a longer time, too.
Bilateral Facial Diplegia: A Rare Presenting Symptom of Lyme
Authors: Ashurst John , Perry Matthew
Published: March 2017

Lyme disease is a common disease that is faced by the physician but also acts a mimicker of many other disease processes. Facial palsies, especially bilateral, are a relatively rare presenting symptom of Lyme disease and may warrant further investigation. A thorough history and physical examination coupled with precision testing may aid the physician when faced with a patient with the diagnostic dilemma of facial diplegia.
L-Glutamine Supplementation Alleviates Constipation during Late Gestation of Mini Sows by Modifying the Microbiota Composition in Feces
Authors: Zhang Yuanyuan , Lu Taofeng , Han Lingxia , Zhao Lili , Niu Yinjie , Chen Hongyan
Published: March 2017

Constipation occurs frequently in both sows and humans, particularly, during late gestation. The microbial community of the porcine gut, the enteric microbiota, plays a critical role in functions that sustain intestinal health. Hence, microbial regulation during pregnancy may be important to prevent host constipation. The present study was conducted to determine whether L-glutamine (Gln) supplementation improved intestinal function and alleviated constipation by regulation of enteric microbiota. 16S rRNA sequences obtained from fecal samples from 9 constipated sows (3 in the constipation group and 6 in the 1.0% Gln group) were assessed from gestational day 70 to 84. Comparative analysis showed that the abundance of intestinal-friendly microbiota, that is, Bacteroidetes (P=0.007) and Actinobacteria (P=0.037), was comparatively increased in the 1.0% Gln group, while the abundance of pernicious bacteria,Oscillospira(P<0.001) andTreponema(P=0.011), was decreased. Dietary supplementation with 1.0% Gln may ameliorate constipation of sows by regulated endogenous gut microbiota.
Motion Planning for Omnidirectional Wheeled Mobile Robot by Potential Field Method
Authors: Li Weihao , Yang Chenguang , Jiang Yiming , Liu Xiaofeng , Su Chun-Yi
Published: March 2017

In this paper, potential field method has been used to navigate a three omnidirectional wheels’ mobile robot and to avoid obstacles. The potential field method is used to overcome the local minima problem and the goals nonreachable with obstacles nearby (GNRON) problem. For further consideration, model predictive control (MPC) has been used to incorporate motion constraints and make the velocity more realistic and flexible. The proposed method is employed based on the kinematic model and dynamics model of the mobile robot in this paper. To show the performance of proposed control scheme, simulation studies have been carried to perform the motion process of mobile robot in specific workplace.
CD147 as a Novel Prognostic Biomarker for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Peng Fei , Li Hui , You Qian , Li Hongru , Wu Dongwen , Jiang Chunxiang , Deng Guangtong , Li Yan , Li Yuyan , Wu Yi
Published: March 2017

We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the controversial association of CD147 expression with HCC prognosis and clinicopathological characteristics. Eight studies from PubMed (1966–2016), EMBASE (1980–2016), Cochrane Library (1996–2016), Web of Science (1945–2016), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (1982–2016), and Wanfang databases (1988–2016) were considered. The associations between CD147 expression and clinicopathological parameters and overall survival (OS) or DFS/RFS were reassessed using the meta-analysis for odds ratio (OR) or hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). CD147 expression was associated with DFS/RFS (HR = 3.26; 95% CI: 1.82–5.83; P<0.0001) but not with OS (HR = 1.35; 95% CI: 0.56–3.29; P=0.51). We also delved deeper into the association between median survival time and CD147 expression owing to significant heterogeneity and found significant differences between high and low CD147 expression groups with respect to median survival time. CD147 expression was closely associated with the TNM stage (OR = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.04–0.85; P=0.03) and venous invasion (OR = 6.29; 95% CI: 1.70–23.20; P=0.006). In contrast, there was no association between CD147 expression and tumor stage, cirrhosis, differentiation, lymph node metastasis, HBsAg, and serum AFP levels. Thus, CD147 expression is potentially closely related to HCC survival and associated clinicopathological parameters, paving the way for further research.
Clinical Study on the Etiology of Postthyroidectomy Skin Sinus Formation
Authors: Jin Shan , Bao Wuyuntu , Borkhuu Oyungerel , Yang Yun-Tian
Published: March 2017

Background. Thyroidectomy is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures worldwide. Despite technical advances and high experience of thyroidectomy of specialized centers, it is still burdened by a significant rate of postoperative complications. Among them, the skin sinus formation is an extremely rare postthyroidectomy complication. Here, we first report the incidence of the skin sinus formation after thyroidectomy to identify the causes for skin sinus formation after thyroidectomy and to discuss its prevention and treatment options.Methods. A retrospective analysis was carried out of patients who underwent excision operation of fistula for postthyroidectomy skin sinus formation. Data were retrieved from medical records department of the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University.Results. Of the 5,686 patients who underwent thyroid surgery, only 5 patients (0.088%) had developed skin sinus formation. All 5 patients successfully underwent complete excision of fistula.Conclusion. Infection, foreign body, thyroid surgery procedure, combined disease, and iatrogenic factors may be related with skin sinus formation after thyroidectomy. To reduce the recurrence of postoperative infections and sinus formation, intra- and postoperative compliance with aseptic processing, intraoperative use absorbable surgical suture/ligature, repeated irrigation and drainage, and postoperative administration of anti-inflammatory treatment are to be followed.
Optimized Distribution of Beijing Population Based on CA-MAS
Authors: Liang Haoguang , Wang Zhong
Published: March 2017

In recent years rapid expansion of populations, disruption of ecological environments, and power shortages to areas of high population density in undeveloped areas have appeared in major cities in China. Well-planned population distribution in a city has become one of the key development strategies of urbanization in the country. Taking Beijing as a case-study and using 2010 as the base period, this study simulates city population size and distribution during 2011–2030 using the CA-MAS model. The results showed that (1) the unplanned layout of Beijing’s population is inefficient and will result in the slow agglomeration of populations into surrounding small towns, (2) the suburbanization of the population (while employment opportunities remain centralized) increases the stress of the city commuters, (3) the current policy guiding the distribution of residential and commercial areas is effective, accelerating the formation of small town clusters, which play a role in the city’s radiation and diffusion, contributing to reducing urban commuter stress, and (4) promoting the homogenization of public resources, planning the development of a multicenter urban area, and promoting mixed use (commercial and residential) zoning are the main measures recommended to strengthen the sustainability of Beijing’s urban development and to optimize spatial layout.
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Doped with Carbon Materials for High-Performance Supercapacitor: A Comparison Study
Authors: Syed Zainol Abidin Shariffah Nur Jannah , Azman Nur Hawa Nabilah , Kulandaivalu Shalini , Sulaiman Yusran
Published: March 2017

A comparative study of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), graphene oxide (GO), and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) as a dopant in the preparation of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)- (PEDOT-) based hybrid nanocomposites was presented here. The hybrid nanocomposites were prepared via the electrochemical method in aqueous solution. The FTIR and Raman spectra confirmed the successful incorporation of dopants (MWCNT, GO, and NCC) into PEDOT matrix in the process of formation of the hybrid nanocomposites. It was observed that the choice of the carbon material affected the morphologies and supercapacitive properties of the hybrid nanocomposites. Incorporation of GO with PEDOT produces a paper-like sheet nanocomposite in which the wrinkled surface results in larger surface area compared to the network-like and rod-like structures of PEDOT/MWCNT and PEDOT/NCC, respectively. Owing to larger surface area, PEDOT/GO exhibits the highest specific capacitance (120.13 F/g), low equivalent series resistance (34.44 Ω), and retaining 87.99% of the initial specific capacitance after 1000 cycles, signifying a long-term cycling stability. Furthermore, the high performance of PEDOT/GO is also demonstrated by its high specific energy and specific power.
Genotyping of IL-4 −590 (C>T) Gene in Iraqi Asthma Patients
Authors: Hussein Ihsan A. , Jaber Saddam H.
Published: March 2017

This study is the first investigation in Iraq dealing with genotyping of IL-4 −590 (C>T) gene, especially in Iraqi patients with asthma. We studied forty-eight blood samples collected from patients with asthma and compared with age-matched 25 healthy individuals as controls. The polymorphism results of IL-4 −590 (C>T) gene by using amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS-PCR) showed the presence of C and T alleles and three genotypes (CC, CT, and TT). Interestingly the frequency of C allele and CC genotype was higher in patients with asthma in comparison with the same allele and genotype in control (P 1 × 10−6). This increase was associated with an increased risk factor of asthma (odds ratio [OR] 9.21; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.58–23.71). Genotypes analysis by using Hardy-Weinberg distribution showed no significant differences between patients with asthma and healthy subjects. In conclusion, the increasing risk of asthma was associated with C allele and the CC genotype and these are revealed as etiological fraction with risk by having this disease, while the T allele percentage ratio in controls was higher when it is compared with asthma patients suggesting that these alleles have a protective effect (preventive fraction).