bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uncovering the Role of Anmeidan against Atherosclerosis from Integrated Network Pharmacology and Pharmacological Experiments
Authors: Zheng Yuting , Wang Jianxiang , Pan Chengcheng , Song Jihong , Li Xingyue , Ta Wenjing , Lu Wen
Published: April 2024

Background:

Atherosclerosis (AS) is the leading cause of mortality in elderly individuals
worldwide. Anmeidan (AMD) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula composed
of many herbs, many of which have been accepted for treating AS. This study aimed to
explore whether AMD can inhibit the progress of AS and its possible mechanism.

background:

Atherosclerosis (AS) is the leading cause of mortality in elderly individuals worldwide. Anmeidan (AMD) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula composed of many herbs that have been accepted for treating AS.

Methods:

ApoE-/- mice were used to establish the AS model and evaluate the therapeutic effect
of AMD on AS. Based on network pharmacology technology, the potential mechanism of
AMD for treating AS was explored, and lipid metabolism pathways related to AS were mainly
studied. Next, the effects of AMD on liver lipid levels, antioxidant capacity, liver tissue morphology,
and gene expression related to lipid metabolism in ApoE-/- mice were investigated.
Cellular experiments were performed to confirm the lipid-lowering effect of AMD. Finally, the
AMD composition was determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
(LC-MS/MS).

Results:

In ApoE-/- mice, AMD effectively alleviated AS by reducing serum total cholesterol,
triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein levels, and plaque area, and increasing high-density lipoprotein
levels. Network pharmacology indicated that AMD may suppress AS by regulating lipid
metabolism pathways with multiple TCM components, which is consistent with the results
of in vivo experiments and LC-MS/MS component identification. AMD significantly reduced
liver lipid aggregation, intensified antioxidant enzyme activity, and upregulated the mRNA
levels of ABCA1, ABCG1, and LDLR with increased cholesterol efflux. In addition, AMD decreased
cholesterol levels in foam cells.

Conclusions:

This study confirmed that AMD could treat AS by regulating lipid metabolism
and preliminarily explored the related mechanism. These findings provide new ideas for the
treatment of AS with TCM.

result:

In ApoE-/- mice, AMD effectively alleviated AS by reducing serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein levels, and plaque area, and increasing high-density lipoprotein levels. Network pharmacology indicated that AMD may suppress AS by regulating cholesterol metabolism pathways through multicomponent, which is consistent with the results of in vivo experiments and LC–MS/MS component identification. AMD significantly reduced liver lipid aggregation, intensified antioxidant enzyme activity, and upregulated the mRNA levels of ABCA1, ABCG1, and LDLR with increased cholesterol efflux. In addition, AMD decreased cholesterol levels in foam cells.

other:

none
Ethnobotanical Significance, Phytopharmacology, and Toxicological Profile of Limonia acidissima L. (Rutaceae): A Review
Authors: Mohanty Satyajit , Pattnaik Ashok
Published: April 2024

Medicinal plants play a crucial role in traditional medicine, where they are extensively
employed by traditional physicians for treating a wide array of ailments. Limonia acidissima
(Linn), commonly known as the Wood apple and belonging to the Rutaceae family, is widely
cultivated in countries, such as Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka. The various parts of Limonia
acidissima, including its roots, leaves, fruits, stem, and even the whole plant, have been traditionally
used in the treatment of numerous conditions, such as constipation, diarrhea, dysentery,
skin diseases, asthma, astringent, diabetes, jaundice, and dyspepsia and act as diuretic agents,
cardiotonic, cardiac stimulant, and hepato-protectant. Extensive research has revealed that Limonia
acidissima possesses a rich chemical composition, including quinones, lignans, flavonoids,
sterols, coumarins, alkaloids, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and volatile oils, present in its
stem, leaves, fruits, stem bark, and roots. These chemical constituents contribute to its diverse
therapeutic properties. In recent years, numerous studies have explored the ethanopharmacological
properties of Limonia acidissima extracts, highlighting their anticancer, antidiabetic,
anti-diarrheal, antimicrobial, antiulcer, wound healing, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antibacterial,
antifungal, larvicidal, neuroprotective, antispermatogenic, antihistaminic, diuretic,
and adsorbent activities. This comprehensive review focuses on the traditional uses, biological
activities, and phytoconstituents isolated from different parts of Limonia acidissima Linn. The
gathered information provides valuable insights into the therapeutic potential of this plant, serving
as a foundation for further research and the development of novel pharmaceuticals. The integration
of traditional knowledge with scientific evidence enhances the understanding of the medicinal
properties of Limonia acidissima, fostering its utilization in modern medicine and
healthcare systems.
To Explore Potential Inhibitors Against Various Enzymatic Targets of Human African Trypanosomiasis
Authors: Brahma Sayandeep , Moitra Susmita , Bagchi Soumya Ranjan , Samadder Asmita , Nandi Sisir
Published: April 2024

Synthetic drugs currently prescribed for the treatment of Human African Trypanosomiasis
(HAT) are non-specific, toxic, demand extended therapeutic regimes and are of varying
efficacy. Along with the challenging demographic and socio-economic hurdles, the everincreasing
risk of drug resistance is another major problem to be addressed. Cysteine protease,
Heat shock proteins (HSP-90), Trypanothione reductase (TR), Farnesyl diphosphate synthase,
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, UP-4-galactose epimerase, and Cytidine triphosphate synthetase
are potential enzymatic targets for the development of novel inhibitors against HAT
which are the main focus of this review. The potential enzymatic targets of Trypanosoma brucei,
especially small molecules like cysteine proteases and heat shock proteins are identified as major
candidates for the sustenance of the parasite, their proliferation, infection, and spread of the disease.
The development of new compounds to combat the disease by thorough ligand modification
has been explored in the current review. Extracting these compounds and studying their efficacy,
toxicity, and target mechanism extensively, this review has proposed a list of different
compounds, including some synthetic and natural compounds along with multi-target inhibitors
such as acoziborole, fexinidazole, etc. Potential inhibitors against these enzymatic targets of the
T. brucei are important candidates for designing novel therapeutics against HAT. Multi-target
inhibitors have also been identified as crucial molecules because of their potential advantage
against the development of drug resistance.

method:

The potential enzymatic targets of Trypanosoma brucei, especially small molecules like cysteine proteases and heat shock proteins are identified as major candidates for the sustenance of the parasite, their proliferation, infection and spread of the disease. Development of new compounds to combat the disease by thorough ligand modification have been explored in the current review.

result:

Extracting these compounds and studying their efficacy, toxicity, and target mechanism extensively, this review have proposed a list of different compounds, including some synthetic and natural compounds along with multi-target inhibitors such as acoziborole, fexinidazole etc.
Mogroside V Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Diabetic Mice by Altering MicroRNA Profiles
Authors: Luo Yicai , Ye Zhimao , Li Cuiping , Hong Le , Li Hao
Published: April 2024

Background:

Mogroside V (MV), a triterpene glycoside, exhibits diverse biological
functions. However, its ability to promote the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal
stem cells (BMSCs) under diabetic conditions is yet to be elucidated.

Objective:

To study the regulation of osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in diabetic mice by
MV and determine the potential mechanism.

Methods:

BMSCs were isolated from both normal (referred to as N-BMSCs) and diabetic (referred
to as DM-BMSCs) C57BL/6 mice. DM-BMSCs were treated with different concentrations
of MV for varying durations, and cell viability was detected using the cell counting kit-8
assay. Following 2 weeks of osteogenic induction, osteogenic differentiation capability was
evaluated using alizarin red S staining, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity analysis, and quantitative
real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, the microRNA
(miRNA) expression profiles of N-BMSCs, DM-BMSCs, and DM-BMSCs treated with MV
were tested using high-throughput sequencing.

Results:

Treatment with MV enhanced the viability of DM-BMSCs and mitigated the reduction
of calcium nodule deposition, ALP activity, and mRNA expression of ALP, osteocalcin, and
runt-related transcription factor 2. Of the analyzed miRNAs, miR-10b-5p was the only one that
exhibited differential expression in N-BMSCs, DM-BMSCs, and DM-BMSCs treated with MV.
An analysis of the top four protein clusters based on KEGG suggested that the target genes of
differentially expressed miRNAs were closely linked to the PI3K/AKT pathway.

Conclusion:

MV significantly enhances the viability and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs
under diabetic conditions. The alteration of miRNA profiles provides a foundation for further
research into the regulatory role of miRNAs and MV in this process.
The NeuroProtect Formula: A Preventive Approach to AD Targeting the
HIF-1/PI3K-AKT Signaling Pathway Evaluated through In Vivo, In Vitro,
and Network Pharmacology Approaches
Authors: Li Haiyan , Hua Qian , Cheng Shuo , Liu Xiaoge , Cai Qingyuan , Zhang Jiani , Peng Tiantian , Li Jiao , Wang Chunxiang , Liang Chengbang , shi Yu , Wang Xu , Tan Yan
Published: April 2024

Objective:

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder
with limited options for reversing its middle-to-late stages. Early intervention is crucial to slow
down disease progression. This study aimed to investigate the potential of the NeuroProtect
(NP) formula, a combination of geniposide and Panax notoginseng saponins, in preventing AD.
We evaluated the effects of the NP formula on amyloid plaque accumulation, neuronal degeneration, and molecular signaling pathways using in vivo and in vitro models.

Methods:

To predict functional pathways and potential downstream targets of NP intervention,
we employed network pharmacology. The preventative impact of the NP formula was assessed
using APP/PS1 mice. We conducted HE staining, ELISA assay, Golgi staining, and immunohistochemistry to detect the protective effect of NP. Additionally, cell experiments were performed to assess cell activity and target protein expression.

Results:

Network pharmacology analysis revealed 145 drug-disease interactions and identified 5
core active targets associated with AD. Molecular docking results demonstrated strong binding
affinity between the components of the NP formula (GP, GN-Rb1, GN-Rg1, NS-R1) and target
proteins (STAT3, HIF1A, TLR4, mTOR, VEGFA). Notably, the binding energy between NS-R1
and mTOR was -11.4kcal/mol. Among the top 10 enriched KEGG pathways, the HIF-1 and
PI3K-AKT signaling pathways were highlighted. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the NP
formula significantly ameliorated pathological changes, decreased the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio in the
hippocampus and cortex, and increased dendritic spine density in the CA1 region during the early stage of AD. In vitro experiments further illustrated the NP formula’s ability to reverse the inhibitory effects of Aβ25-35 on cell viability and regulate the expression of Tlr4, Mtor, Hif1a,
Stat3, and Vegfa.

Conclusion:

Our findings suggest that NP exhibits neuroprotective effects during the early stages of AD, positioning it as a potential candidate for AD prevention. The NP formula may exert
its preventive effects through the HIF-1/PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, with mTOR identified as
a key target.
Phloridzin's Diabetic Wound Healing Potential through DPP-4 Enzyme
Inhibition: A Review Article
Authors: Sharma Khushi , Ramachandran Vadivelan , Sharma Ashutosh , Mohanasundaram Tharani , Mageshkumar Harshini
Published: April 2024

Diabetic wound healing is a dynamic medical process that takes place in an environment
within the body that is complex and contains elevated sugar levels, oxygen deprivation,
and cellular oxidative stress. Phloridzin (Phlorizin) is one of the most well-known polyphenols
found in apples because of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic, and antiseptic
properties; it can also play a significant part in the healing of diabetic wounds.
The study aimed to investigate the role of phloridzin as an efficient DPP-4 inhibitor with additional
therapeutic effects in diabetic wound healing, as Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) expression
increases in response to increases in glucose, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), and inflammation.
Phloridzin inhibiting DPP-4 preserves Stromal cell-derived Factor-1α (SDF-1α),
Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF), and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1), which are possible
DPP-4 substrates involved in wound healing.
The accessible material from systemic searches in PubMed, Scopus, and published articles was
reviewed with no period of limitation.
The in silico study showed strong binding of phloridzin with DPP-4 protein (2P8S); also, in
vitro DPP-4 inhibition assay has shown better inhibition by phloridzin. This study offers new
research directions for examining phloridzin’s capacity to withstand oxidative stress, as well as
for redefining its tactical function as a powerful DPP-4 inhibitor to regulate the process involved
in the healing of diabetic wounds.
Substituted 4H-3,1-benzoxazine-4-one Derivatives as Inhibitors of Cathepsin G
Authors: Aliter Kholoud F. , Al-Horani Rami A.
Published: April 2024

Background:

Cathepsin G (CatG) is a cationic serine protease with a wide substrate
specificity. CatG has been reported to play a role in several pathologies, including rheumatoid arthritis,
ischemic reperfusion injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and cystic fibrosis, among
others.

Objective:

We aim to develop a new class of CatG inhibitors and evaluate their potency and selectivity
against a series of serine proteases.

Methods:

In this communication, we report on a new class of CatG inhibitors of 4H-3,1-benzoxazin-
4-one derivatives. We constructed a small library of seven substituted 4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one
derivatives and identified their inhibition potential against CatG. Five molecules were identified as
CatG inhibitors with values of 0.84-5.5 μM. Inhibitor 2 was the most potent, with an IC50 of 0.84 ±
0.11 μM and significant selectivity over representative serine proteases of thrombin, factor XIa,
factor XIIa, and kallikrein.

Results:

In this communication, we report on a new class of CatG inhibitors of 4H-3,1-benzoxazin-
4-one derivatives. We constructed a small library of seven substituted 4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one
derivatives and identified their inhibition potential against CatG. Five molecules were identified as
CatG inhibitors with values of 0.84-5.5 μM. Inhibitor 2 was the most potent, with an IC50 of 0.84 ±
0.11 μM and significant selectivity over representative serine proteases of thrombin, factor XIa,
factor XIIa, and kallikrein.

Conclusion:

Thus, we propose this inhibitor as a lead molecule to guide subsequent efforts to develop
clinically relevant potent and selective CatG inhibitors for use as anti-inflammatory agents.
Designing a Novel di-epitope Diphtheria Vaccine: A Rational Structural
Immunoinformatics Approach
Authors: Shadmani Mahsa , Ghasemnejad Atefeh , Bazmara Samira , Bagheri Kamran Pooshang
Published: April 2024

Background:

The design of an epitope-based vaccine against diphtheria toxin (DT)
originated from the idea that many strong binder epitopes may be structurally located in the
depth of DT. Subsequently, many ineffective antibodies may be produced by the presentation of
those epitopes to T and B lymphocytes. The other critical issue is the population coverage of a
vaccine that has been neglected in traditional vaccines.

Objective:

Given the issues above, our study aimed to design a peptide-based diphtheria vaccine, considering the issues of unwanted epitopes and population coverage.

Methods:

The frequencies of pre-determined HLA alleles were listed. A country in which almost all HLA alleles had been determined in almost all geographical distribution was selected.
The epitopes within the sequence of diphtheria toxin were predicted by the NetMHCIIPan server based on the selected HLA alleles. Strong binder epitopes on the surface of diphtheria toxin
were selected by structural epitope mapping. The epitopes, which cover almost all the human
population for each of the HLA alleles in the candidate country, were then selected as epitopebased vaccines.

Results:

At first, 793 strong binder epitopes were predicted, of which 82 were surface epitopes.
Nine surface epitopes whose amino acids had extruding side chains were selected. Finally, 2
epitopes had the most population coverage and were suggested as a di-epitope diphtheria vaccine. The population coverage of the di-epitope vaccine in France and the world was 100 and
99.24 %, respectively. HLA-DP had the most roles in epitope presentation.
Rapid Development and Validation of Atoltivimab, Maftivimab and
Odesivimab in Pharmaceutical Dosage form by using the RP-HPLC
Method
Authors: Rao Pallepogu Venkateswara , Rao Naidu Srinivasa , Sahoo Biswa Mohan , Babu Nayaka Raghavendra
Published: April 2024

Background:

The reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC)
method was developed for the quantitative measurement of monoclonal antibodies (Maftivimab, Atoltivimab,
and Odesivimab) in the pharmaceutical dosage form. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
has approved these monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of Zaire ebolavirus infection in adults

Methods:

Maftivimab, Atoltivimab, and Odesivimab were separated chromatographically on the Waters
Alliance-e2695 platform using the Luna Phenyl Hexyl (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column and a mobile
phase made up of Acetonitrile (ACN) and ortho-phosphoric acid (OPA) buffer in a ratio of 70:30 (v/v).

Results:

The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min, and a photodiode array (PDA) detector operating at room temperature
was used to measure absorption at 282 nm. For Maftivimab, Atoltivimab, and Odesivimab, the
theoretical plates were not less than 2000, and the tailing factor shouldn't be greater than 2, accordingly.
All measurements have a constant relative standard deviation of peak areas that is less than 2.0.

Conclusion:

The suggested procedure was approved following the International Conference on Harmonisation
(ICH) recommendations. When used for the quantitative analysis of Maftivimab, Atoltivimab,
and Odesivimab, the approach was found to be straightforward, affordable, appropriate, exact,
accurate, and robust.
From Evidence to Practice: A Comprehensive Analysis of Side Effects in Synthetic Anti-Depressant Therapy
Authors: Pannu Arzoo , Goyal Ramesh K.
Published: April 2024

Depression, a pervasive mental health disorder, affects millions worldwide, necessitating
the widespread use of synthetic anti-depressant medications. While these pharmaceutical
interventions have demonstrated efficacy in alleviating depressive symptoms, they are not without
their associated side effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the side effects
of synthetic anti-depressants, aiming to enhance the understanding of their clinical implications.
Common side effects explored include gastrointestinal disturbances, sexual dysfunction,
insomnia, weight gain, and cognitive impairments. Additionally, this review delves into less
frequent but potentially severe adverse events, such as serotonin syndrome, hyponatremia, and
cardiac complications associated with specific classes of synthetic anti-depressants.
Moreover, the review examines the interplay between side effects and treatment adherence,
emphasizing the importance of monitoring and managing these effects in clinical practice. It
also discusses strategies to mitigate side effects, including dose adjustments, combination
therapy, and alternative treatment approaches. In conclusion, this comprehensive review sheds
light on the multifaceted landscape of side effects associated with synthetic anti-depressants. By
providing clinicians with a nuanced understanding of these effects, it aims to facilitate informed
decision-making, personalized treatment plans, and improved patient outcomes in managing
depression.
The Role of Nanotechnology in Understanding the Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Selvaraj Saranya , Weerasinghe Laksiri
Published: April 2024

Recently, traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been a growing disorder due to frequent
brain dysfunction. The Glasgow Coma Scale expresses TBI as classified as having mild, moderate,
or severe brain effects, according to the effects on the brain. Brain receptors undergo various
modifications in their pathology through chemical synaptic pathways, leading to depression,
Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's disease. These brain disorders can be controlled using central receptors
such as dopamine, glutamate, and γ-aminobutyric acid, which are clearly explained in
this review. Furthermore, there are many complications in TBI's clinical trials and diagnostics,
leading to insignificant treatment, causing permanent neuro-damage, physical disability, and
even death. Bio-screening and conventional molecular-based therapies are inappropriate due to
poor preclinical testing and delayed recovery. Hence, modern nanotechnology utilizing nanopulsed
laser therapy and advanced nanoparticle insertion will be suitable for TBI's diagnostics
and treatment. In recent days, nanotechnology has an important role in TBI control and provides
a higher success rate than conventional therapies. This review highlights the pathophysiology of
TBI by comprising the drawbacks of conventional techniques and supports suitable modern alternates
for treating TBI.
Effects of Metformin Therapy on Thyroid Volume and Functions in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Single-center Prospective Study
Authors: Olgun Mehtap Evran , Pire Gizem , Güney İsa Burak
Published: April 2024

Objective:

Patients with impaired glucose metabolism have increased thyroid volume
and a higher prevalence of nodules. Yet, some studies show that there is an improvement in
these thyroid parameters after diabetes treatment. Our observational study aimed to reveal the
effect of treatment on thyroid function, thyroid volume, and the presence of nodules in newly
diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients who were started on metformin treatment.

Methods:

Euthyroid and subclinically hypothyroid patients with a serum TSH level of <10 mU/L,
who were newly diagnosed with T2DM and started on metformin as an antidiabetic treatment and
not used any thyroid medication previously, were included in our study. Patients' characteristics
were recorded. Baseline and 6th-month serum thyroid function tests were scheduled. Baseline and
6th-month thyroid gland characteristics were examined by thyroid ultrasonography.

Results:

A total of 101 (37 males, 64 females) newly diagnosed T2DM patients with euthyroid
(n=95) or subclinical hypothyroidism (n=6) were included in the study. The mean age of the patients
was 53.02 ± 11.9 years, and the mean BMI was 29.60 ± 3.9 kg/m2. Fifty-two (52%) patients
were classified as obese. Body weight, BMI, serum TSH, ALT, Anti-TPO levels, and thyroid volume
decreased significantly in the 6th-month compared to baseline values (p = 0.000; p = 0.000; p
= 0.011; p = 0.022; p = 0.000, respectively). Serum anti-Tg, fT4, fT3 levels, and thyroid nodule
count did not change significantly. A high agreement was found between the baseline and 6thmonth
nodule counts (gamma= 0.886; p < 0.001) and the presence of multi-nodularity in the thyroid
(gamma= 0.941; p < 0.001), but no significant change was observed. Anti-TPO levels showed
a significant decrease in both with and without obesity groups at the end of 6 months (p = 0.003, p
= 0.009, respectively). Serum TSH level decreased significantly only in non-obese subjects (p =
0.004), and thyroid volume decreased significantly only in obese subjects (p = 0.000).

Conclusion:

Our results suggest that metformin treatment significantly reduces body weight,
BMI, thyroid volume, and serum TSH, ALT, and Anti-TPO levels in patients with newly diagnosed
T2DM. Moreover, serum TSH levels showed a significant decrease in non-obese subjects,
while thyroid volume showed a significant decrease in obese subjects.
Radioprotective effect of Cerebrolysin in the Rat’s Brain Tissues
Authors: Ghavipanjeh Gholamreza , Taeb Shahram , Farzin Mohammad Amin , Farhood Bagher , Najafi Masoud , Ardjmand Abolfazl
Published: April 2024

Aim:

The aim of this study is to evaluate radioprotective effects of Cerebrolysin (CBL)
in rats' brain tissues after local irradiation.

background:

CBL has demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and tissue repair properties. In this study, the radioprotective effects of CBL (50 mg/ kg) were evaluated in the brain tissues of rats after RT.

Background:

CBL has demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and tissue repair properties.
In this study, the radioprotective effects of CBL in the brain tissues of rats after Irradiation (IR)
(50 mg/ kg) were evaluated.

objective:

The levels of different oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were examined after treatment with radiation and CBL.

Objective:

The levels of different oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric
oxide (NO), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)
were examined after treatment with radiation and CBL.

Methods:

First, 20 male adult Wistar rats weighing 180-200 g were used. The animals were exposed
to a single fraction of 15Gy using a linear accelerator unit at a dose rate of 200 cGy/mine.
In this study, to check the amount of oxidative stress following the IR, the level of four markers
MDA, NO, GPx, CAT, and SOD were examined and measured using the spectrophotometric
method and purchased kits.

Results:

The results showed that compared to the IR group, the administration of CBL increases
the levels of GPX and SOD significantly (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:

Our finding suggests that CBL has radioprotective effects on the brain by enhancing
antioxidant defense mechanisms.
Role of Artificial Intelligence in VLSI Design: A Review
Authors: Thakur Garima , Jain Shruti
Published: April 2024

:

Artificial intelligence (AI) related technologies are being employed more and more
in a range of industries to increase automation and improve productivity. The increasing volumes
of data and advancements in high-performance computing have led to a sharp increase in
the application of these methods in recent years. AI technology has been widely applied in the
field of hardware design, notably in the design of digital and analogue integrated circuits (ICs),
to address challenges such as rising networked devices, aggressive time-to-market, and everincreasing
design complexity. However, very little attention has been paid to the issues and
problems related to the design of integrated circuits. The authors of this article review the stateof-
the-art in AI for circuit design and optimization. AI offers knowledge-based technologies
that give challenges a foundation and structure. A technology known as AI makes it possible
for machines to mimic human behavior. Data in all formats, including unstructured, semistructured,
and structured, can be processed by AI. It is crucial to incorporate all of the features
and levels of the many CAD programmes into a single, cohesive environment for creation, as
was mentioned in the section that came before this one. Consequently, the application of AI
automation helps to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of CAD's performance.
Corrigendum to: An 88-year-old Man with Rare Giant Liposarcoma of the
Scrotum
Authors: Zhou Lili , Zhang Caixiang , Xu Yongde , Wei Xuan , Wang Zhenchang
Published: April 2024

A typographical error has appeared in the ethical
acceptance number in the manuscript titled “An 88-year-old
Man with Rare Giant Liposarcoma of the Scrotum”, 2024;
20: e310823220564 [1].

Original:

This study was approved by the ethics committees of
Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University (2023-
P2-110-02) and conducted by the Declaration of Helsinki.

Corrected:

This study was approved by the ethics committees of
Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University (2024-
P2-073) and conducted by the Declaration of Helsinki.

The original article can be found online at
https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/134182
Ben-Hur/1959
Authors: Erdoğan Nevnihal
Published: April 2024

Ben-Hur has been filmed three times. The protagonist of the film, who was
shot during the time of silent cinema in 1925, was Ramon Novarro, the great star of the
era. The most memorable one, which won 11 Oscars and has an important place in
cinema history, is the 1959 film by the master director William Wyler. This review
focuses on the 1959 film, considered more successful due to its impressive, sincere,
and convincing spatial setup.

Judah Ben-Hur was a wealthy Jewish merchant prince, living in Jerusalem in 26 AD
(early first century). What is told in the movie is the story of a large family who lived
in Jerusalem when the cruel and imperious administration of the Roman Empire was
ruling, and Jesus Christ was spreading his teachings.

In this section, the construction of space that can form the common language of both
disciplines in the cinema-architecture relationship, design, innovations and invention,
inspiration for real-life, and beyond, the richness of imaginary fiction, ideas about
different lives and worlds, art and aesthetics in space setup, and the similarities of
cinema and architecture will be the topics of interest. Since the film occurs in the
atmosphere of ancient cities such as Rome and Jerusalem, which were at the center of
classical world civilization, it provides a suitable setting for conducting analyses in this
field. The film presents a wide range of architectural facades within these rich themes.
“Power and architecture,” “Faith and architecture,” and “Politics and architecture” are
the main ones. The method of the article will be to explain the analysis of the Ben-Hur
film over these themes.

The influence of government power on shaping the city and its architecture is excellent.
The ideologies, administrative approaches, and practices of the rulers of Rome and
Jerusalem were created through monumental buildings that command, subjugate, and
spiritually influence, and magnificent architectural works that oppress the ruled. Today,
we often cannot show the ability to look at the texture and layers of cities from a
historical perspective. However, a well-executed political-religious-architectural film
can turn into a civilization narrative that reveals these issues in detail and history. That
is what happened with Ben-Hur.
Doctor Zhivago
Authors: Erdoğan Nevnihal
Published: April 2024

Adapted from the novel, the film is about historical events depicting the last
period of Tsarist Russia, the city of Moscow between 1903-1905, when the Socialist
Revolution gained strength, the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, and the Russian
Civil War (1917-1922), the turmoil in the postrevolutionary Soviet Union and the
Second World War. An essential forty-year period in terms of political balance and
social development both in the Soviet Union and in the world is described through the
life of Doctor Zhivago.

Throughout the narrative, Yuri Zhivago, a bourgeois intellectual, poet, writer, and
physician who lived through the times before and after the 1917 October Revolution, is
traumatized by the erasure of all values belonging to the Revolution he believed in, and
then, coming of a corrupted new system that follows. All these staggering
developments turn his life upside down. The multilayered plot of the film is based
mainly on love.

In the film, the reflections of events on the architectural space, especially the transition
process from bourgeois life to socialist life, are examined through space. Pre- and postrevolutionary events are explained by stunning spatial fiction.

The director reflected almost all emotions through the space. The most important
lesson to be learned from this movie is the answer to the question of how to use
architectural phenomena or existing situations while expressing emotion in design. The
combination of emotions and architectural space is successfully reflected in the film
Doctor Zhivago. It can be said that this film has shown the ability of architecture to be
successfully assembled in a cinematic structure only at this level, transforming it into a
narrative element of dramatic structure.

The main instrument of the film, which constantly leans on the vitality of both the
Tsarist and Soviet eras, as a tribute and satirical, is often the architecture. However,
beyond that, Russia's extraordinary nature and idyllic environments, endless steppes,
and snow-covered countryside are used as elements of an epic narrative, reflecting a
different perception of space. 
The Belly of an Architect/ 1987
Authors: Arabulan Selin
Published: April 2024

This study aims to analyze the film, The Belly of an Architect, which was
presented to the audience in 1987 by director Peter Greenaway, from an architectural
point of view. British cinema director Greenaway has an interest in different branches
of art such as stage design, painting, and exhibition curation. The Cook, the Thief, His
Wife, and Her Lover; The Pillow Book, and The Baby of Macon are among the most
popular films of the director.
It is followed in the drama, written by the director, that the American architect Stourley
Kracklite's process of questioning his wife, career, and life in Rome after being invited
to organize an exhibition on behalf of the French neoclassical architect Étienne-Louis
Boullée. Boullée lived between 1728-1799 and is famous for his circular forms and
buildings where he uses geometry in its pure form. In the film, Rome plays a key role
in the formation of the story, not only formally but also narratively. The historical
buildings of the city, especially the Pantheon appear as important roles. The “belly”,
dome, and circular forms, which are used intensely as the focal point and axis of
symmetry, also constitute other roles.
Cinematographic readings were made in order to be able to see the flow that the
director created in his film, to obtain information, and to analyze the film. It is seen that
most of the elements and principles used in art production are common, such as light,
color, and composition. From this point of view, the analysis of the film was made on
the basis of design elements and principles in general. While the movie is watched,
line, form, size, color, light, harmony, contrast, dominance, hierarchy, and most
dominantly, symmetry and balance can be observed. These architectural elements can
be read both on the architecture, on the axis of vital images, and in the scenario,
through the semantic fiction in the film. The film ranks high among the recommended
films on social platforms with architectural content. When the instructiveness of
reading design elements and principles in different branches of art are evaluated, it is
being watched within the scope of undergraduate and graduate level courses in
architecture faculty.
The City of God / Cidade de Deus (CDD): Crime and Violence in the Favela
Authors: Özkan Dilek Yıldız
Published: April 2024

The City of God, whose original name is Cidade de Deus (CDD), is an epic
film that deftly narrates life in the favelas, which is full of crime and violence in Brazil.
The events in the film occur in the CDD social housing, a western suburb of Rio de
Janeiro. It is one of the most notorious social housing complexes, established by the
Brazilian government in remote areas of the city as part of the project to systematically
move the ugly and crime-generating favelas to the outskirts of the city to prevent
slums. Narrating the gang wars and brutality in the CDD settlement, the protagonists of
the film are “the boys who flirt with the crime”. This article aims to examine crime and
violence, which are the main phenomena of the film, by considering them together with
their sociological and spatial dimensions. For this purpose, firstly a short introduction
of the film is presented, and then the story of the film is summarized. Next, the brief
history of the CDD, which evolved from a planned social housing to a favela, is given.
The scenes of the film were analyzed through its space and discourse, associating them
with crime theory in the field of environmental design. In the film, the sequence of
events that began in the '60s and spanned three consecutive decades, the '70s and '80s,
was interpreted at the scale of the city, building (housing), and interior space. The first
episode describes the initial years of social housing, where life began. The housing
settlement has been isolated and excluded from the city as an indicator of class
divisions. In this period, which is interpreted through defensible space theory, the
housing settlement with an extremely low physical and spatial quality is depicted. This
housing settlement, which is lacking in privacy, has no definition of territory, and
cannot provide transitions between public and private, which is far from meeting the
psychological and social needs of its residents as a result. In the second episode, the
dim and old interiors of an apartment, which triggers the perception of crime and fear,
are described. In the third episode, the labyrinth-like settlement draws attention with its
rundown, secluded, quite neglected, garbage-filled streets with graffiti on the building
facades. This period, in which the role of environmental quality and disorder in the
formation of crime is discussed through the broken windows theory, also shows the
evolution of the planned social housing in the favela. When all these periods are
examined together, the film relates that urban poverty, social fragmentation, and an
environment lacking spatial and physical quality, each of which interacts with the
other, affects the formation of crime.
Nostos or Ritournelle: The Spatio-Temporal Narrative of the Journey and Homecoming in the Movie of Ulysses’ Gaze
Authors: Görgül Emine
Published: April 2024

This chapter focuses on the movie Ulysses’ Gaze-To Vlemma tou Odyssea
(1995) by renowned Greek director Theodoros Angelopoulos. It was shot during the
Yugoslavian War. While depicting the socio-political climate of the late 1990s Europe,
the aftermath of the Cold War, and the falling communist ideology in the Balkans;
Angelopoulos develops a traversal narrative of the Balkan region and portrays the
multicultural structure and the shared history of the region. Looking at the last hundred
years of the territory, Angelopoulos blurs the line between the past and the present
conditions by reconstructing a selected perspective of time-space, while highlighting
the ever-changing faith and unrest in the region over the ages. More concretely, the
movie depicts the fictive journey of protagonist A, a movie director coming home from
his exile in the US for a film screening, to find three undeveloped roles of the Manaki
Brothers, starting from Thessaloniki and moving through Sarajevo. This journey is
dismantled by elaborating the notions of anastylosis and ritournelle-refrain, which are
used as the methodology of the film. The key scenes of the journey are also dismantled
sequentially to reflect the systematic representation and repeating scheme of
Angelopoulos in developing the visual narrative via key actions, characters, spaces, and
ambiance, as well as feelings.
The Man Who Fell to Earth
Authors: Akarsu Hikmet Temel
Published: April 2024

The Man Who Fell on Earth, directed by Nicolas Roeg in 1976 and starring
David Bowie, is an influential dystopia film on emotional episodes. Although the
images seem to be about the world we live in, the story in its essence is based on aliens
characterized through sublimation. The plot is briefly as follows: Aliens belonging to a
planet that has exhausted the world they live in need water to survive. Leaving behind
the last few surviving family members, the alien figure Thomas Jerome Newton (David
Bowie) comes to Earth, a planet with plenty of water, to find a solution. His vehicle is
damaged during the descent and is unable to take off again.

Thomas Jerome Newton (David Bowie) in this, that is, our beautiful world with
abundant water, wonderful nature, and endless possibilities, tries to seem like a normal
person by camouflaging his real appearance and trying to find methods to send water to
his own planet in order to save his family as soon as possible. Using his alien
knowledge and technology, he obtains many patents and soon earns a large amount of
money, under the astonishing, greedy, and lustful gaze of his lawyers and advisors.

However, the wealth he gained unexpectedly in a short time and through successful
patents attracts the attention not only of the state but also of many other intriguing and
mischievous circles. Evil people who want to seize Thomas Jerome Newton's fortune
meanwhile destroy his chance to return to save his family as well.

A sustainable world and environment, green, organic architecture, environmentally
compatible buildings, conservation of natural water resources, energy-efficient
buildings, designs that consider carbon dioxide emissions, smart buildings, landscape,
etc. , are the concepts that have settled into the focal point of architecture and have
become significant after the 21st century. Although the movie “The Man Who Fell to
Earth” was produced in 1976, it owes its worth to the fact that it introduces an early
awareness of the agenda of this field in an indirect fashion.
The Use of Claustrophobic Spaces as a Cinematographic Tool: Panic Room-D. Fincher (2002)
Authors: Hale Kozlu H.
Published: April 2024

The use of the art of cinematography in conveying the emotions desired to
be reflected on the audience in cinema films has an important role, especially in the
spatial arrangement and design of cinema spaces. While the spaces discussed in the
films are sometimes produced virtually, the spaces that exist/are built in real life are
either used directly or designed. These usage possibilities and contingencies allowed by
the technology of the period are also a facilitating tool for the emotions that are to be
conveyed to the audience within the scope of the film. In addition to different shooting
techniques, the arrangement of spatial data such as width, height, and light has been
frequently used in this emotion transfer. The space setups of the scenes where positive
emotions are to be reflected are often different from the space setups of the scenes
where negative emotions are handled. Creating a claustrophobic atmosphere by setting
up narrow, dark, closed spaces in some scenarios that are intended to be reflected in
emotions such as anxiety and fear is frequently encountered, especially in
thriller/horror movies.

Panic Room, one of the important movies in which the feeling of claustrophobia is
handled with different dimensions, primarily allows the audience to weigh their
feelings towards a closed space with the reflections of its name. It is disturbingly
reminiscent of the familiar problems of modern social psychology, with the help of the
word “panic”. Panic Room, directed by David Fincher in 2002, is a striking movie that
evokes feelings of tension, fear, excitement, and claustrophobia with its cinematic
space design and camera movements. In the movie, which is about a mother (Meg) and
her daughter (Sarah) struggling with thieves on their first night in their new home, the
building that is shown as the house where the events occurred is in New York
Manhattan Upper West Side. Exterior and interior shots, based on this building and the
street it is located on, were shot in spaces built in the studio environment. This study
aims to examine the spaces where the interior and exterior shots of the film are made
architecturally. The reflection of claustrophobic emotions, especially emphasized in the
interior shots, on cinematic techniques, and the processing of these emotions through
space are discussed.
Lives Reflected in the Window Rear Window (Alfred Hitchcock)
Authors: Yeler Gülcan Minsolmaz
Published: April 2024

Events and plots in cinema occur in relation to time and space. The script
also changes accordingly. The idea that is aimed to be narrated in the film is conveyed
to the audience not only through the script but also through space. The director
emphasizes the idea of using space. By being situated at the intersection of architecture
and cinema, the notion of space connects these two disciplines, constituting their
foundation. Both cinema and architecture take experience and life as their concern.
They also include symbolic connections without withdrawing from space-place-time.
Concepts such as houses, streets, cities, windows, doors, and stairs qualify for spatial
images and are used for creating context in cinema. At this point, the study aims to
evaluate the interaction between cinema and space/architecture and how an
architectural element “a window” transforms from its main function into a tool of
observation. It illuminates different spaces and lives although an analysis of Alfred
Hitchcock’s film Rear Window.

Rear Window holds an important place in the history of cinema, with features such as
the story being set in a number of apartments that are situated around a courtyard; the
protagonist Jefferies identifying the rear window of his apartment with a cinema screen
and therefore identifying the protagonist with the audience; shooting the film from the
room of the protagonist/a limited space with special techniques; paying attention to the
decoration so that it will reflect the most significant features of the character; and
inclusion of a number of themes such as love, murder, and detecting.

In order to establish the relationship between cinema and architecture, the study
focuses on the meanings that are attributed to the spatial organization of the film set,
the spaces that the characters in the film spend their lives in, and architectural elements
such as doors, walls, and stairs, particularly the windows.