bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brain World or Life World? Critique of Neuroconstructivism
Authors: Fuchs Thomas
Published: October 2021

From a neuro-constructivistic point of view, the brain creates an internal simulation of the external world which appears as the phenomenal world in consciousness. This view presupposes in particular that the subjective body and the organic or objective body belong to two fundamentally different worlds, the mental and the physical. The spatiality of the subject-body must then be declared an illusion, for example by referring to dissociations of the subject- and object-body as in the rubber hand illusion or the phantom limb. However, this alleged virtuality of body experience can be refuted by the intersubjectivity of perception, which confirms the co-extensivity of subject-body and object-body. Subjectivity thus proves to be as embodied as it is spatially extended, that means, as bodily being-in-the-world.
Embodiment and Personal Identity in Dementia
Authors: Fuchs Thomas
Published: October 2021

Theories of personal identity in the tradition of John Locke emphasize the importance of psychological continuity and the abilities to think, to remember and to make rational choices as basic criteria for personhood. As a consequence, persons with severe dementia are threatened to lose the status of persons. Such concepts, however, are situated within a dualistic framework, in which the body is regarded as a mere vehicle of the brain as the organ of mental faculties. The chapter elaborates a different approach to personal identity: according to this, selfhood is primarily constituted by pre-reflective self-awareness and the body memory. Dementia is then characterized as a loss of reflexivity and meta-perspective, which is contrasted with the preservation of individual forms of body memory even in the later stages of the illness. The ethical consequences of such an embodied approach to dementia are outlined.
Who Were the Stoics?
Authors: Sherman Nancy
Published: October 2021

This lesson introduces readers to the ancient Greek and Roman Stoics—who they were, their ideas in historical context, and their legacy. The arc of Stoic influence is long and strong. Stoic DNA is embedded in Judaism and Christianity, medieval and Renaissance thought, Enlightenment writing, and American intellectual thought. And it influenced American political thought: Jefferson read the Roman Stoics. So, too, did Washington. Seneca is the flawed protagonist in this work. He yearns for self-freedom in an ecosystem larger than himself. He’s a pragmatic philosopher who knows all too well the muddy waters of politics and power. He swims in those currents, as Nero’s tutor, political advisor, and speechwriter. His struggle to find inner freedom as Nero’s minister offers a sharp lesson in moral aspiration and moral compromise.
The Art of Stoic Living
Authors: Sherman Nancy
Published: October 2021

Meditation is key to the art of Stoic living. But it’s not Zen or Buddhist meditation. If you are meditating like an Eastern monk, you are trying to quiet the chattering mind. If you are meditating like a Stoic, you are cultivating that busy mind. How does self-talk, and often self-blame, promote calm? Stoic living also involves monitoring the onset of disruptive emotions, and some Stoic-minded teachers have designed Stoic exercises for this kind of impulse control in their classrooms. Others practice Stoicism by looking to moral exemplars. A Cato or a Socrates, as the Stoics would say. But who is a modern moral exemplar? Take Hugh Thompson, the young American Army helicopter pilot who stopped the My Lai massacre. Would he be part of a Stoic pantheon? Moral outrage at the brutal massacre of 500 innocents prompted him to land his helicopter that day and stop the onslaught. Would a Stoic permit, or extoll, just action motivated by righteous anger?
Rebalancing Our Climate
Authors: Rohling Eelco J.
Published: October 2021

Over recent decades, a wide variety of studies and assessment reports has portrayed a stark picture of humanity’s detrimental impacts on our planet’s life and environmental health. Climate change is at the heart of many of these impacts. This cannot be allowed to continue, given the relentless human population growth and ever-expanding energy and resource consumption. We have but one planet, and its ecosystem services are essential to our survival. As Rebalancing Our Climate reports, the doomsday scenario can still be averted; humanity stands at a crossroads where it must take the route of sustainable behavior. Decisive action can still make a significant difference to climate change. This is humanity’s greatest challenge. To have any chance of success, however, the time to act can be delayed no longer. Instead, it is right now: today is the future. This book documents a wealth of ways to adjust the trajectory of climate change. It outlines measures to drive massive reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, and to reflect part of the incoming energy from the Sun. For all measures, the book evaluates both advantages and disadvantages. Finally, it discusses the need to protect ourselves from impacts that have become inevitable already and looks at how society may be driven to get the job done. In short, this book provides powerful facts and arguments to support informed choices.
The Controversial One
Authors: Rohling Eelco J.
Published: October 2021

This chapter considers solar radiation management, also known as solar geoengineering, which seeks to manipulate Earth’s climate energy balance by reducing the absorption of incoming solar energy. As the chapter explains, this approach spans a class of proposed measures that has been polarizing the community, with some advocating it as an essential means of keeping global warming within acceptable limits, while others see only grave drawbacks and dangers. The chapter describes the two approaches to limiting the absorption of solar energy: measures taken in space, between Earth and the Sun, to reflect or disperse solar radiation before it even hits Earth’s atmosphere; and measures taken in Earth’s atmosphere or at the Earth’s surface to reflect incoming solar radiation. It goes on to discuss the various proposed methods, their potential, and their drawbacks.
The Movement for Black Lives and Transitional Justice
Authors: Murphy Colleen
Published: October 2021

Transitional justice is the process of dealing with wrongdoing committed in the context of conflict or repression for the sake of recognizing victims, holding perpetrators to account, and, most fundamentally, contributing to societal transformation. This paper considers, from the perspective of transitional justice, the Movement for Black Lives (M4BL). The author’s analysis is comparative. Specifically, the focus is on the armed struggle to end apartheid in South Africa and the pursuit of transitional justice in the aftermath of apartheid’s end with the civil rights movement in the United States. Although the achievement of transitional justice in South Africa is unfinished in important respects, explicit steps in that direction were made in South Africa that were not made in the United States. This account conceptualizes M4BL in the United States in part as a response to the absence of transitional justice in this context, and as calling for mechanisms of transitional justice to address explicitly past wrongs as part of the pursuit of broader societal transformation.
From Embodying Injustice to Embodying Equity
Authors: Krieger Nancy
Published: October 2021

Chapter 1 explains ecosocial theory, its origins, and its focus on multilevel spatiotemporal processes of embodying (in)justice, across the lifecourse and historical generations, as shaped by the political economy and political ecology of the societies in which people live. The counter is to dominant narratives that attribute primary causal agency to people’s allegedly innate biology and their allegedly individual (and decontextualized) health behaviors, and also to misleading narratives of “gene-environment interaction.” The step-by-step explication of ecosocial constructs includes: processes and pathways of embodiment, including embodying (in)justice; the cumulative interplay of exposure, susceptibility, and resistance and agency and accountability, together within and across levels, lifecourse, and historical generation; levels, pathways, and power; structured chance; and emergent embodied phenotypes. Also discussed is the relationship of ecosocial theory to “intersectionality” and ecosocial analysis of biological expressions of injustice versus unjust interpretations of biology (especially in relation to racism and gender).
Challenges
Authors: Krieger Nancy
Published: October 2021

Chapter 3 connects embodied truths and causal narratives in the service of health justice, using the examples of police violence and climate change, whereby expanding the focus to address their embodied and inequitable harms to people’s health has expanded options for galvanizing constructive change. It then uses ecosocial theory to pose new paths for research and action for a thriving world. Examples considered include: fossil fuel extraction and sexually transmitted infectious disease; health benefits of organic food—for whom? (consumers, workers, other species); public monuments, symbols, and the people’s health (including removal of Confederate symbols and university reckonings with places named after past eugenic leaders); and light, vision, and the health of people and other species (including light pollution and countering rising reading/screen-time-induced myopia with more outdoor time). It concludes by discussing the work that ecosocial theory and “embodied truths” can do for improving knowledge and action for health justice.
Mental Toughness
Authors: Weinberg Robert , Butt Joanne
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this chapter is to highlight what is known (relative consistency based on research) and what is unknown (inconsistency or lack of research) regarding the research area of mental toughness. The specific areas of mental toughness chosen that are known included (a) psychological attributes; (b) genetic versus learned aspects; (c) multidimensional or unidimensional in nature; (d) mental toughness, hardiness, and resilience; and (e) behaviors of mentally tough athletes. Through a combination of targeting theoretical questions, applied questions, and methodological questions, the mental toughness areas chosen that are unknown included (a) the stability of mental toughness; (b) mental toughness and physical toughness; (c) the relationship between mental toughness, mental health, and physical health; and (d) identifying mental toughness. Within these four areas, future directions for research are presented.
Expert Performance
Authors: Baker Joe , Young Brad
Published: October 2021

Although public discourse about the origins of exceptional performance can be traced to Plato, it was not until the 1800s and the work of Francis Galton that scientific approaches to this outcome were first conceptualized. Since his initial work, discussions around the notion of talent and innate ability have increased considerably. This chapter explores current, notable questions from the field of expert performance, ranging from (a) theoretical issues such as how best to conceptualize the influence of the myriad nature-and-nurture variables on athlete development and (b) measurement issues including how to best determine the value of specific forms of practice or replicate the unique constraints of the performance environment in laboratory settings to (c) practical issues regarding how to best engage athlete development stakeholders to identify the next series of “unknowns” to advance understanding of expert performance and its development.
Decision-Making
Authors: Basevitch Itay , Tenenbaum Gershon
Published: October 2021

Decision-making (DM) has been studied from two main perspectives: cognitive and ecological. Findings indicate that experts have advanced DM skills that enhance performance. The underlying mechanisms of DM skills relate to the attention and anticipation capacities to function without interruption under pressure of time and to counter various sources of stress (e.g., self-regulation and coping strategies). There are still many questions that must be addressed to fully account for the DM process and apply the findings in a real-world environment. The most urgent questions relate to the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying DM, team DM processes, training and measuring DM, making creative decisions, and comprehending the process of coaches’ DM during competitive conditions and other real-life situations.
Group Dynamics
Authors: Filho Edson , Leo Francisco Miguel
Published: October 2021

This chapter puts forth five research questions on group dynamics in sport, exercise, and performance psychology. Specifically, it proposes that future research should explore the antecedents of key team processes and seek to evolve an integrated and parsimonious theory of team dynamics linking cohesion, team mental models, collective efficacy, transactive memory systems, coordination, and team performance. The chapter suggests that future research should clarify the key individual and team-level mechanisms associated with the development of resilient teams, and how team resilience differs from other team processes. Furthermore, it proposes that novel research using psychophysiological monitoring and big analytic methodologies is needed to advance understanding of physiological and neural markers underpinning team processes and outcomes. Finally, the chapter suggests that advancing research on multibrain monitoring will allow for the development of shared (multiperson) bio- and neurofeedback interventions.
Affective Responses to Exercise
Authors: Ekkekakis Panteleimon , Hartman Mark E.
Published: October 2021

Textbooks of exercise psychology describe the relation between exercise and affect with the statement that “exercise makes people feel better.” However, this seems at odds with evidence that most people are not physically active. Reinvestigating this relation with an updated methodology, researchers have found that the “feel better” effect of exercise is present but conditional and that affective responses can predict subsequent physical activity. The following five questions are expected to inspire research in the coming years. First, what are the mechanisms of the “feel better” and “feel worse” responses? Second, how can we improve the affective experience of exercise? Third, how do affective experiences shape memories of exercise? Fourth, can affect-related messages replace traditional exercise promotion campaigns focusing on health benefits? Fifth, how do affective and reflective processes interact in determining exercise behavior?
Career Transitions and Change
Authors: Samuel Roy David
Published: October 2021

Over the last decade, the athlete’s career transition literature has shifted from a deterministic (or linear) to a probabilistic (nonlinear) perspective. Athletes’ careers can be perceived as a roller coaster ride, shaped by transitions (i.e., normative, nonnormative, quasi-normative, dual career, cultural, crisis), a change-event, appraisals, decision-making, coping, and environmental influences. Athletes can enjoy a fruitful and meaningful career as long as they positively adapt to the various transitional periods and changes encountered, potentially creating multiple career pathways. Furthermore, research has expanded to additional sport performers, including coaches and referees. Finally, the lives of sport performers have tremendously changed in the past decade as a result of the globalization process, social media, and migration, requiring career researchers to modify existing conceptualizations. This chapter, therefore, provides a critical examination of the recent developments in the career transition and change literature, mainly focusing on critical questions to be asked and a prospective view of this field.
Injury and Concussion
Authors: Podlog Leslie , Podlog Stefanie , Caron Jeffrey G.
Published: October 2021

Research on the psychological aspects of sport injury has flourished over the past 30 years. Evidence suggests that a variety of intra- (e.g., stress, motivation, self-efficacy beliefs) and interpersonal (e.g., patient-practitioner relationships, social support) factors play a key role in injury risk, rehabilitation, and return to play. In the present chapter, we first synthesize cutting-edge research on psychological factors influencing musculoskeletal and concussive injury risk, rehabilitation, and return to play. We argue that scholarship on the psychological aspects of sport injuries has traditionally been siloed and/or limited in focus. The second section of the chapter expounds upon five major research questions designed to advance theory, methods, and injury-related practice. These research questions are put forth in the hope that they can contribute to the continued growth and interest in research around the psychological aspects of musculoskeletal and concussive injury.
Supervision
Authors: Tod David , Eubank Martin , McEwan Hayley E , Chandler Charlotte , Lafferty Moira
Published: October 2021

This chapter reviews research on supervision. Descriptive investigations document practices, obstacles, and both supervisors’ and supervisees’ expectations and experiences in supervision. Related studies reveal how trainees develop personally and professionally as they gain applied experience. Topics that will advance knowledge include exploring (a) the amounts and types of supervision trainees and practitioners receive, (b) the optimal ways to match models of supervision with trainees’ development needs, (c) the ways to train supervisors effectively, (d) the active ingredients in supervision, and (e) the influences and challenges of culture and context on supervision. Research on these topics will inform educators’ and supervisors’ efforts to help trainees and practitioners attain the competencies needed to help clients, build satisfying careers, and contribute to enhancing sport and exercise psychology’s role in the sporting world.
Love Dances
Authors: Kwan SanSan
Published: October 2021

Our current geopolitical moment is characterized by shockingly aggressive forms of xenophobia and racism. This alarming, though not new, predicament compels us to seek creative modes for resisting hatred and encouraging care across difference. Love Dances: Loss and Mourning in Intercultural Collaboration explores the possibilities for global interrelationality in the realm of dance. The book contends that performances of interculturalism in dance offer opportunities for practicing intersubjective connection. Body-to-body engagement in the studio and on the stage carries the potential to shape everyday encounters with difference in the world. Looking specifically at duets, Love Dances examines how pairs of dance artists from unique cultural and aesthetic backgrounds—from Asia, the Asian diaspora, and the West; trained in contemporary dance, hip-hop, flamenco, Thai classical dance, kabuki, and butoh—find ways to co-create, in spite of contention, histories of power, misunderstanding, and mistranslation. Love Dances explores the ethics and politics of intercultural collaboration, acknowledging the forces of dissension, prejudice, and violence present in any contact zone, but ultimately arguing that choreographic invention across difference can be an act of love in the face of loss and serve as a model for difficult, imaginative, compassionate global affiliation.
Introduction
Authors: Kwan SanSan
Published: October 2021

The introduction draws upon the author’s personal experience with loss to introduce the key concerns of the book. It lays out a brief history of intercultural discourse in dance and theater and positions the work of the book in the conversations around “new interculturalism.” It introduces the East-West dance duets that will be studied in the book and considers the main expressive modes operational in these duets—talking, choreography, and improvisation—asking questions about the efficaciousness of these various approaches. The introduction acknowledges that the politics of loss, failure, and refusal are constitutive operations in any intercultural collaboration, reviewing relevant literature in racial melancholy, Afro-pessimism, and queer negativity. Likewise referencing scholarship on the ethics of intersubjectivity, as well as theories of love, intimacy, community, and friendship, however, the chapter ultimately posits loving as the central condition for cross-cultural understanding. Finally, it argues that intercultural collaboration requires the third space of the viewer in order for the work to effectively exemplify the ethics and politics of intercultural exchange and point toward an aesthetics of decolonization.
Mourning
Authors: Kwan SanSan
Published: October 2021

Chapter 2 examines two duets in which cultural miscomprehension occurs alongside personal expressions of loss. It begins with a discussion of Flash, a duet between Rennie Harris, a popper, and Michael Sakamoto, a butoh artist. Flash is compared to Simulacrum, a duet between an Argentinian contemporary dancer who also studies kabuki and a Japanese dancer famous for flamenco. Analyzing both works’ multimodal incorporation of dancing and talking, this chapter demonstrates how the grief the artists disclose to each other and the conjunctions and disjunctions they find in the different forms of danced mourning they practice result in a moving expression of cross-cultural empathy, an impetus toward understanding in the face of the incommensurability of tragedy.
Loving
Authors: Kwan SanSan
Published: October 2021

The third chapter of the book turns to love as the motivation to connect, even in the face of incommensurability. It examines two more duets: Spiel, an improvised partnership between Vietnamese French choreographer Emmanuelle Huynh and Japanese butoh artist Kasai Akira; and Talking Duet, a talking and dancing improvisation between Huynh and another Japanese, butoh-inspired choreographer, Otake Eiko. These are messy, experimental, loving collaborations. The chapter notes the artists’ exceptional commitment to the complicated work of connecting. Huynh is deeply aware of the failures, the losses, the refusals, and the miscomprehensions that happen in collaboration, as well as attentive to the fragility and impermanence of living. It is her persistence through continual loving acts of not-knowing that makes these collaborations meaningful.
Controlling the Wandering Mind
Authors: Touron Dayna R.
Published: October 2021

Older adults typically report less mind wandering compared to young adults, both in responses to thought probes that interrupt laboratory tasks and in experience sampling studies during everyday activities. Possible explanations for older adults’ reduced mind wandering include factors related to affect as well as task interest and engagement. Older adults also show differences in the content of off-task thoughts. Whereas younger people typically report thoughts about internal sensations (often hunger or fatigue) or daydreams, older people report evaluative thoughts about their task performance. Older adults’ greater tendency to monitor their task performance suggests that they are more motivated or concerned about performing well. Regular spontaneous performance monitoring may improve metacognitive accuracy; age-related increases in evaluative thoughts may contribute to findings that older adults’ monitoring abilities are largely spared with aging. Older adults’ tendency to reflect on their task performance may improve their strategic approach to cognitive tasks.
Negotiating Democracy and Religious Pluralism
Authors: Kaviraj Sudipta , Naresh Vatsal
Published: October 2021

Negotiating Democracy and Religious Pluralism examines the relationship between the functioning of democracy and the prior existence of religious plurality in three societies outside the West: India, Pakistan, and Turkey. In the introduction, editors Karen Barkey, Sudipta Kaviraj, and Vatsal Naresh frame the theoretical and historical context of each country’s transition from imperial statehood to modern democratic regime. In the subsequent chapters, contributors examine various trajectories of political thought, state policy, and the exercise of social power during and following a transition to democracy, and, reflexively, the political categories that shape our understanding of these concepts in South Asia and Turkey.
Itineraries of Democracy and Religious Plurality
Authors: Barkey Karen , Kaviraj Sudipta , Naresh Vatsal
Published: October 2021

In the introduction, volume editors Karen Barkey, Sudipta Kaviraj, and Vatsal Naresh introduce the key question of the collection: how does a society’s history of religious pluralism affect its transition to and experience of democracy; and reflexively, how do democratic institutions and society shape the prospects of religious accommodation? The editors frame the theoretical and historical context of the transition from imperial statehood to modern democratic rule in India, Pakistan, and Turkey. They discuss democracy, plurality, religious pluralism, and identity, and propose a thorough appreciation of the deep heterogeneity embedded in each concept. The introduction proceeds to outline the arc of the volume, describing the various essays in the volume.
Liberalism and the Path to Treason in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1923
Authors: Philliou Christine
Published: October 2021

This chapter looks at the final decade of the Ottoman Empire to examine the way that liberalism went from being part of the sensibility and worldview of an elitist Ottoman establishment, to a term of opprobrium as the Committee of Union and Progress took up the reins of power in the Ottoman government and state. While in recent years the discussion of pluralism has focused on how one state, as a unitary actor, has treated confessional or ethnic minorities, I show here that the very question of political pluralism was the source of a fissure in the Ottoman establishment, and ultimately a cause of conflict as the empire was dissolved and the Kemalist Republic was established.
Is Turkey a Postsecular Society?
Authors: Altınordu Ateş
Published: October 2021

This chapter investigates democratic politics and religious pluralism in contemporary Turkey through the lens of the concept of “postsecular society.” The author first reconstructs Habermas’s notion of postsecular society as an ideal type and proposes three criteria by which one can identify postsecular formations: secular differentiation, committed pluralism, and complementary learning processes. He then utilizes this framework to investigate relations between religion, state, and civil society in contemporary Turkey, focusing in particular on compulsory religious instruction in primary and secondary schools, the standing of atheism and unbelief in the public realm, and the rise and political suppression of a postsecular ethics of citizenship in the course of the Gezi protests of 2013. This analysis demonstrates that the concept of postsecular society, when applied critically, provides a powerful tool for identifying the forces for and against religious pluralism in contemporary societies, including those outside Europe.
The Meaning of Religious Freedom
Authors: Nelson Matthew J.
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines the political circumstances that transformed the meaning of constitutional provisions protecting a right to religious freedom (“subject to . . . public order”) as they migrated from anti-colonial Ireland, via postcolonial India, to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Even as constitutional texts guaranteeing a fundamental right to peaceful religious practice were imported, almost verbatim, into Pakistan, political, legal, and conceptual modulations ensured that certain forms of peaceful religious practice were recast as a source of religious “provocation” posing a threat to “public order.” This chapter shows how, far from protecting religious freedom, a refashioning of imported constitutional clauses via references to public order underpinned the formal restriction of an otherwise explicit right.
Changing Modalities of Violence
Authors: Basu Amrita
Published: October 2021

Drawing on recent developments in India, this chapter proposes new ways of conceptualizing violence that recognize its significance, independent of the scale of any single incident; appreciate the links between discursive violence and physical assault; and identify the webs of complicity between the state, political parties, and civil society. This entails appreciating multiple forms of violence and systematic forms of humiliation and coercion by dominant groups that are designed to subjugate, denigrate, silence, and intimidate people on the basis of their identities and beliefs. The chapter argues that the character and extent of violence result from the unprecedented success of Hindu nationalists in capturing state power by tethering religious nationalism to right-wing populism and thereby being able to pursue their long-standing agenda of transforming India into a Hindu nation.
Muslim Rights and Political Belonging After the Congress of Berlin
Authors: Greble Emily
Published: October 2021

How did Muslims first experience citizenship in Europe? How did nineteenth-century nation-building projects conceptualize Muslims? In 1878, over a million Ottoman Muslims became citizens of other European states. They were assured confessional self-governance. Beginning with an overview of the complex international processes that led to a new political and legal order in southeastern Europe, this chapter analyzes how Muslims in Serbia, Montenegro, and Austria-Hungary experienced and responded to the abrupt transition to new states and the imposition of citizenship. It examines political representation, property rights, and religious freedom—three pillars of the citizenship contract and how they were tested by new nation-building agendas, specifically through policies of education, conscription, and taxation.
“The Bonfire of Muslim Unity”
Authors: Greble Emily
Published: October 2021

Minority protections only gave power to groups of minorities, not individuals, and so Muslims in Yugoslavia felt great pressures to unify on some grounds. Already in the early 1920s, internal factionalization grew across many different fault lines: language, region, class, political goals, and religious practice. Exploring these rifts, this chapter draws attention to different kinds of political spaces that Muslims used in their efforts to shape their place in Europe: political parties, madrasas, cultural associations, waqf boards, nationalist organizations, and activist groups. It also reveals how over the course of the 1920s and into the early 1930s, a period in Yugoslavia that included both troubled democracy and authoritarianism, being Muslim became understood, both within and outside of the community, as having political inflections.
The Stagnation of OPEC
Authors: Colgan Jeff D.
Published: October 2021

Chapter 4 explains why OPEC has stagnated as an organization. From the early 1980s onward, OPEC has sought to act as a cartel that limited world oil supply, stabilized prices, and raised long-term average revenues. It has proved thoroughly ineffective in that effort, because it has no form of punishments for noncompliance. My analysis shows that its members cheat on their commitments 96 percent of the time. Worse still, cheating is only one of OPEC’s problems. The members of OPEC agree only to those commitments that reflect what they were going to do anyway (mostly), even in the absence of OPEC. It persists as an organization partly out of inertia and partly because it offers political benefits to its members. National leaders like the late Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez have capitalized on OPEC’s prestige and status.
Introduction
Authors: Heilinger Jan-Christoph
Published: October 2021

This chapter introduces Philip Kitcher’s lectures on moral progress, in which he offers a twenty-first-century version of Deweyan pragmatism. It provides an overview about the lectures’ main themes and arguments: a pragmatic account of moral truth and progress, a methodology for solving problems and overcoming obstacles to progress, and the ideal of a “Deweyan society” that would integrate the pragmatic insights.
Response to the Commentaries
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: October 2021

The response to commentaries takes up the individual points raised by each of the commentators. Their distinctive concerns are pursued in three separate sections. The last section attempts to address a charge common to all three: whether the account of moral progress is too optimistic about the prospects for replacing power struggles with institutions for democratic discussion. It suggests that, even if the recommended approach cannot entirely eliminate those struggles, it may mitigate them.
News After Trump
Authors: Carlson Matt , Robinson Sue , Lewis Seth C.
Published: October 2021

Donald Trump’s rapid—and seemingly improbable—ascension from reality show star to polarizing president threw into question many assumptions about how our media and political worlds work. His habit of lying, history of racist statements, and disdain for conventions upended traditional relations between journalists and political elites. Taking an expansive view of the contemporary media and political environment during the Trump years, News After Trump portrays a media culture in transition. As journalism’s very relevance comes to be increasingly questioned, we focus on how different actors—from Trump to small-town newspaper editors—use their cultural power to define journalism, assess its value, and question what the news should look like. The chapters chronicle how Trump and his allies turned attacks on journalists into a central component of a right-wing populist formula, with journalists positioned as just one more self-interested, out-of-touch elite. Over time, this anti-press rhetoric escalated, with Trump regularly debasing journalists as the enemy of the people. While journalists responded by falling back on cherished norms of objectivity and neutrality to trumpet their democratic role, many among their ranks questioned whether past commitments still had value in a changed media culture and if their reporting practices did more harm than good. To move forward, News After Trump does not advocate for a nostalgic return to the past, but instead argues for a journalism that is more assertive in speaking in a moral voice on behalf of communities, more comfortable in rendering judgments, and more self-aware of its shortcomings.
Breaking Racial Rules through Rage
Authors: Cherry Myisha
Published: October 2021

Recognizing that a person might be tempted to think that Lordean rage is only effective when it leads to traditional, public action (e.g., mass protest), chapter 4 argues that those with Lordean rage can break racial rules through rage. This too is important for dismantling racial domination projects, although it doesn’t require participation in any social movement. While feminist philosophers have made connections between emotions and feeling rules, noting the gender asymmetry as well as its transgressive nature, this chapter claims that particular rules are unique to race that can be broken with rage. The text introduces the concept of racial rules as emotive, cognitive, and behavioral norms that reinforce racial domination. Since racial rules are essential to racial domination, the chapter argues that Lordean rage plays an important role in antiracist struggle in that it breaks these rules.
Introduction
Authors: Talbott William J.
Published: October 2021

In the Introduction, the author defines epistemic rationality by contrasting it with practical rationality: epistemic rationality is aimed at truth, while practical rationality is aimed at other goals. To more clearly explain this definition, the author uses a science fiction dialogue with a philosophical anthropologist from a planet orbiting one of the Alpha Centauri stars to dramatize Western epistemology’s susceptibility to intellectual pathologies. The author resolves to recapitulate the history of Western epistemology to try to diagnose its susceptibility to these pathologies and to find a cure. His stated goal for this book is not to refute other approaches to epistemology, but to articulate a new vision and a new pathway for addressing issues in epistemology. The Introduction ends with an overview of the book.
Two Crises for the Proof Paradigm in the Enlightenment
Authors: Talbott William J.
Published: October 2021

In Chapter 2, the author critically discusses the epistemologies of David Hume and Immanuel Kant. The author distinguishes the skeptical Hume from the naturalist Hume. The author presents the skeptical Hume’s philosophy as a response to what he calls Berkeley’s puzzle. He argues that Hume’s skeptical arguments are self-refuting and self-undermining and that Hume’s analysis of cause is an example of an explanation-impairing framework substitution. Hume’s solution to his skeptical arguments was a new kind of epistemology, a naturalistic epistemology. The author presents Kant’s epistemology as a response to the state of rationalist metaphysics at the time of Kant’s first Critique. Kant’s epistemology was similar to Hume’s in one important respect. Just as Hume had psychologized the idea of causal necessity, Kant psychologized the idea of metaphysical necessity. The author argues that both solutions were a form of relativism. This chapter primarily serves to motivate a search for a non-skeptical, non-relativist, non-Platonist theory of epistemic rationality.
Epistemology for the Real World
Authors: Talbott William J.
Published: October 2021

Chapter 7 is about important real-world cases of epistemic irrationality. The author begins with a discussion of Wollstonecraft’s and Du Bois’s work as “epistemologies of ignorance” before the term had been invented. He develops a decision theoretic analysis of desiring to believe that p even if p is not true in order to explain the biasing effects of prejudice on cognitive processing. The author shows oppressive or exploitative social structures can depend for their stability on legitimization narratives supported by this kind of prejudice. He illustrates this phenomenon with a discussion of inequity in the US criminal justice system. He uses studies on exoneration to calculate the probability that a Black defendant convicted of murdering a white victim will be exonerated. He also discusses tribal and fascist epistemologies to explain how they generate and rely on conspiracy theories built up out of alt-facts and alt-truth. He concludes by articulating a principle of epistemic irrationality.
Consumers Go to War
Authors: Lytle Mark H.
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines the influence consumerism had in shaping the American conduct of the war in Vietnam. To supply the war and support troop morale with a vast array of consumer goods, the United States built an elaborate infrastructure. The expense of building and maintaining that infrastructure triggered a hyperinflation, disturbed the environment, and displaced millions of Vietnamese, both North and South. Failed efforts to dislodge North Vietnamese forces from an area known as the Iron Triangle demonstrated the folly of fighting a war without territorial objectives. The chapter also considers how the use of defoliants to make war on nature disrupted the peasant economy and failed to do more than delay the Viet Cong’s march toward victory. The use of Agent Orange triggered a debate in the United States about the issue of chemical warfare and adherence to the Geneva Convention.
Introduction
Authors: Buckle Toby
Published: October 2021

This introduction sets the stage and provides an overview of the content in the book. It starts by outlining the plurality of meanings that have been ascribed to freedom historically, from the ancient world through to today. It describes how it was invoked by both sides of the American Civil war, by both supporters and critics of imperialism, and both for and against the creation of welfare states. The principle project of the book is outlined—to provide a broad range of perspectives on this value from historians, philosophers, and activists. Finally the introduction considers recurring themes—issues that came up independently across all the conversations.
Do Patents Foster International Technology Transfer?
Authors: Menaldo Victor
Published: October 2021

Why do developing countries protect the intellectual property rights (IPR) of foreign inventors? Does this facilitate technology transfer from the industrial frontier? This chapter addresses those questions by telling the story of when and how technology was transferred through patent licensing to Spanish iron and steelmakers from the rest of Europe. It focuses on the period between 1850 and 1929, during which foreigners’ IPR were relatively well protected. Modern steelmaking was a quantum leap over previous techniques vis-à-vis scale and sophistication. In turn, this required a revolution in technology, knowledge, and skills. However, the transition to modern steelmaking was marked by a challenging process that has gone largely unrecognized by researchers: inventors had to find ways to transfer tacit knowledge to adopters that was inordinately difficult to codify, as it was arrived at via intuition and learning by doing. Patents played a key role in broadcasting new steelmaking techniques to Spaniards working in that industry. They also helped Spaniards connect with original, foreign inventors and establish enduring relationships with them. The latter shared their know-how and expertise with the former under the aegis of licensing agreements and brought them into their networks of suppliers and technicians. Moreover, when disruptive steelmaking innovations were patented in Spain, this spurred second generation foreign inventors to patent improvements. It also induced Spanish inventors to contribute their own add on innovations, which they themselves patented.
Administrative Law
Authors: Sutton Jeffrey S.
Published: October 2021

This chapter shifts from separation-of-powers features of the state constitutions that have no equivalent in the federal constitution (the plural executive and line-item vetoes) to a separation-of-powers topic that arises under both the state and federal constitutions (administrative law). It examines a distinct aggregation-of-power issue in the executive branch, the growth of administrative agencies. Few at the founding contemplated this utility-player branch, which consolidates executive, legislative, and judicial powers about a single subject in one agency. Here, too, many states have marked their own paths. In contrast to the federal courts, state courts frequently prohibit their legislatures from delegating policymaking power to agencies, and frequently curb the power of agencies to interpret state laws or altogether reject the Chevron-deference model used by the federal courts.
Trying to Make Legislatures More Representative
Authors: Sutton Jeffrey S.
Published: October 2021

Gerrymandering is the time-honored, if usually scorned, practice of drawing legislative districts to favor incumbents and the prevailing political party. It’s a knotty division-of-powers problem for American governments because state legislatures draw state and federal electoral districts, and attempts to curb it involve state and federal law and state and federal actors. Efforts to judicially refine prohibitions on racial gerrymandering have generated complications of their own. How do courts ensure that legislators draw majority-minority districts that are consistent with the 1965 Voting Rights Act but do not overly pack such districts for partisan ends every ten years? Both experiences confirm that constitutional innovation designed to fix one problem sometimes creates another. This chapter takes on the thorny challenges of drawing legislative lines and of resolving recurrent fights over voting rights, and compares the federal and state treatment of these perennial challenges.
Introduction
Authors: Woodward James
Published: October 2021

This introduction provides an overview of some of the main assumptions that will guide my subsequent discussion. The overall theme (which I hope is uncontroversial) is that causal thinking is shaped by goals and abilities possessed by human beings. I also describe certain dichotomies that I regard as misused in contemporary philosophical discussion, including contrasts between metaphysics and epistemology, and between the normative and the descriptive. The distinctions themselves are not problematic; what is problematic is the way in which they are deployed in current discussion, where they effectively function as strategies of dismissal. That is, they are used to argue that epistemic and more metaphysical inquires as well as descriptive and normative inquiries can be pursued entirely independently of each other. I argue, on the contrary, that the study of causation and causal cognition will be enriched if these various inquiries are viewed as closely interconnected.
The Normative and the Descriptive
Authors: Woodward James
Published: October 2021

This chapter introduces some of the basic themes of Causation with a Human Face. Accounts of causal reasoning can either be normative (concerned with how we ought to reason) or descriptive (concerned with how we in fact reason). The two kinds of accounts will be related to the extent that people are “rational” in their causal reasoning—that is, reason in normatively appropriate ways. The rationality or normativity of causal reasoning is understood within a means/ends framework—that is, causal reasoning is rational to the extent that it is an effective means to ends or goals associated with causal reasoning.
Experimental Results Concerning Invariance: Cheng, Lombrozo, and Others
Authors: Woodward James
Published: October 2021

This chapter discusses some psychological theories and experimental results (due to Cheng and Lombrozo, among others) having to do with the role of invariance in causal cognition. The models and results broadly support the claim that invariance considerations are important in causal reasoning but I also use them to explore some methodological issues that arise in experimental studies of causal cognition. These include the sensitivity of experimental results to the verbal probe employed and other aspects of experimental design. It is suggested that philosophical appeals to intuitions raise similar issues.
Counties
Authors: Mossberger Karen , Tolbert Caroline J. , LaCombe Scott J.
Published: October 2021

This chapter offers a comprehensive view of broadband subscriptions and economic impacts across all counties, urban, suburban, and rural. Using 2017 data, the first available for all counties in the United States, this chapter explores how broadband subscriptions are related to prosperity, median income, and recovery from the 2008 recession. These findings are further tested for causal effects with two-stage models, time series analysis for larger counties, and pooled models over time. Broadband subscriptions demonstrate significant benefits for counties, and comparison shows they are better predictors of community fortunes than traditional measures such as broadband provision.
Smart Cities and Neighborhoods
Authors: Mossberger Karen , Tolbert Caroline J. , LaCombe Scott J. , Lee Bomi
Published: October 2021

This chapter portrays the inequalities in broadband adoption that exist across and within the nation’s largest cities, even those at the forefront of gigabit networks and smart city advances. Neighborhood maps show wide disparities in broadband subscriptions between affluent and poor zip codes, with up to 50-percentage-point differences in connectivity within cities. People in poor communities are much more likely to rely on cell phones for internet access, while residents of more affluent communities have both home broadband and smartphones. This chapter also describes local government efforts to address these inequalities and an evaluation of Chicago’s Smart Communities program. The Smart Communities initiative demonstrated a significant level of neighborhood change toward its goal of building a culture of technology use throughout the community.