bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘How I would alter things!’
Authors: Karlin Daniel
Published: November 2024

The manuscript of The Ring and the Book, now in the British Library, is the longest extant manuscript by Robert Browning. Although described as a ‘printer’s fair copy’, in many places it is anything but ‘fair’, and it contains some of the most interesting and revealing evidence of Browning’s method of composition and revision that we possess. It also contains a genuine puzzle—the status of book 4 of the 12-book poem is inexplicably anomalous, in that large parts of it consist of barely metrical ‘lines’ which must have been ‘versified’ in proof. The manuscript has received surprisingly little critical attention, and this chapter is the first to give an in-depth account of it. Besides the conundrum of book 4, the chapter pays special attention to the ‘running revisions’ in the text, the places where Browning changed his mind in the flow of copying from his draft. These instances give us an unrivalled insight into the ‘moment’ of composition and some of them are of real consequence for our reading of the poem.
The Memory of Crowds
Authors: O’Brien Michael J. , Bentley R. Alexander
Published: November 2024

All animals face myriad adaptive issues, such as how to find and store food, how to plan, how to avoid danger, how to recognize cheaters, and how to choose a mate. The question is why humans developed such an exceptional memory system compared to other species and how such a complex adaptive system evolved in the first place, given that the benefits received would have required an energetic expense not incurred by other animals. The story of human evolution used to be the purview primarily of palaeontologists, but it has become increasingly clear that human evolution must also be told in terms of the evolution of the mind, which requires collaboration among biologists, evolutionary anthropologists, palaeoanthropologists, experimental psychologists, linguists, and cognitive neuroscientists. No longer can one be genuinely Darwinian in terms of how behaviour is analysed and simultaneously be agnostic as to what psychology brings to the table. To understand the evolution of human behaviour requires an understanding of the role played by social learning over the past 300,000 years. Many cognitive processes—for example, judgement, inference, affect, and emotion—structure the use of social information for learning, but our evolutionary perspective prioritizes the cognitive results of learning that occur under three scales of memory—individual, group, and cultural.
The Value of a Comparative Approach to Investigating Adaptive Memory and Cognitive Processes across Species
Authors: Perdue Bonnie M. , Wilson Megan L. , Maple Terry L.
Published: November 2024

Through natural selection, memory processes that aid in survival may be selected for over time and can be observed in modern humans as well as nonhuman animals. By taking a comparative perspective, one can better understand a phenomenon of interest, including adaptive memory. As a field, comparative psychology is rooted in evolutionary principles and focuses on assessing abilities across species to identify continuities and discontinuities in these abilities. In this chapter, we present on various aspects of natural history, such as habitat and species-specific behaviours in the order Carnivora and hoofed mammals. We describe existing cognitive research, though this is sometimes limited, across these taxa, and also offer a framework for considering how and why certain elements of adaptive memory might have emerged that can guide future testing. Adopting a comparative approach is beneficial for a broader understanding of adaptive memory.
The Development of Adaptive Memory During Childhood
Authors: Cooper Lauren M. , Howe Mark L. , Wang Jane , Otgaar Henry
Published: November 2024

In this chapter we explore the development of adaptive memory during childhood. The survival processing advantage is said to enhance learning and memory because evolution has led to the prioritization of the retention of fitness-relevant information. However, various studies have demonstrated that survival processing involves elaborate, distinctive, relational, and self-referential encoding, which can predict the memorial advantage of survival processing and other adaptive memory benefits. Furthermore, research suggests that these effects are consistent across development, indicating that fitness-relevant survival processing is observable even very early in children’s memory. Throughout the chapter we examine how fitness-relevant information processing engages multiple cognitive processes simultaneously, leading to mnemonic advantages. These processes begin to develop early in childhood and can be observed in various contexts. We review the position that although our current memory system is the result of evolutionary pressures, it is not essential for an evolutionary hypothesis of memory to consider the survival processing advantage as a distinct component of adaptive memory that remains invariant across development. We conclude by emphasizing the need for further scientific investigation to understand the functional properties of memory, including both the role of proximate mechanisms in adaptive memory in general and survival processing specifically. Although research in this area has started, there is still much to be discovered about the development of these mechanisms and their relevance to changes in our adaptive memory systems.
Aristotelian Objections
Authors: Deranty Jean-Philippe
Published: November 2024

This chapter studies objections to the centrality of work that rely on the conceptual distinction between actions that are intrinsically valuable (praxis) and actions whose value is only instrumental (poiesis). Work is a paradigm example of the latter. Section 5.1 outlines the distinction and shows how it has been at the heart of influential diagnoses of modern society (e.g., Marx in some passages, Arendt, Habermas, and MacIntyre). Section 5.2 emphasizes modes of acting and of being that this strand of critique contrasts to work, such as aesthetic activity, play, leisure, religious cults, and spiritual contemplation. Section 5.3 shows that the distinction is highly unstable conceptually and this conceptual fuzziness undermines diagnoses of modern society premised on the distinction. Moreover, several leading Aristotelians who use the distinction do so to defend positive conceptions of work. The section ends by responding to the challenges from play, leisure, and cults.
Nihilistic Work
Authors: Deranty Jean-Philippe
Published: November 2024

This chapter is dedicated to critiques of the centrality of work inspired by the thought of Friedrich Nietzsche. Section 6.1 reviews Nietzsche’s own pronouncements on work. Section 6.2 studies the ‘Heidegger case’. While Heidegger’s texts on technology are major reference points for critiques of industrial society, his writings of the 1930s, which formulate a fascistic conception of work redolent of national-socialist ideology, have been read as exemplary of the totalitarian implications of the centrality of work. Section 6.3 investigates the impact of Nietzschean and Heideggerian themes on French thinkers, who influenced contemporary writing on work through their visions of a community beyond work, and the paradoxical notion of ‘unworking’. Section 6.4 shows that a positive conception of work can be identified in Nietzsche’s own writing. Section 6.5 demonstrates that work is not inherently repressive of self and other. In conclusion, a positive notion of work is also found in Heidegger.
The Long History of Work
Authors: Deranty Jean-Philippe
Published: November 2024

This chapter begins the substantive case for work by returning to the objections identified in the first chapter. A wealth of anthropological and historical scholarship is surveyed, which demonstrates that work has been central in many human societies besides modern, industrial ones. Section 11.1 focuses on horticultural societies, which have been studied in founding texts of cultural anthropology. Section 11.2 considers the popular claim that early human societies were ‘leisure societies’ in which people knew how to limit their needs and thereby also the need to work. Recent evidence shows this to be a myth. Section 11.3 reads recent cultural histories of work in ancient Greece and Rome to debunk the other popular claim that pre-modern societies despised work and valued other activities. Based on the scholarship reviewed, Section 11.4 responds to the accusation that endorsing the centrality of work is ethnocentric and a misguided form of essentialism.
The Social Centrality of Work
Authors: Deranty Jean-Philippe
Published: November 2024

This chapter considers the different ways in which work is central in a social sense. Section 12.1 responds to the objection presented in Chapter 8 that the very idea of an institution being ‘central’ is a category mistake. This objection relies on the assumption that work is one sphere among others, but the view from social reproduction shows that work cannot properly be called a sphere, since work is required to reproduce all social spheres. Sections 12.2 and 12.3 mobilize the theory of social action of Jürgen Habermas to show in detail how work activities are interwoven in all aspects of social life, including its cultural and ‘communicative’ aspects. Based on this fine-tuned description of the work of social reproduction and referencing classical social philosophers, Section 12.4 identifies seven different senses in which work can be considered ‘socially’ central.
Organizing Necessity
Authors: Deranty Jean-Philippe
Published: November 2024

This chapter applies the ‘view from necessity’ from the previous chapter to the way in which a collective organizes itself, to highlight the political significance of work. Section 14.1 describes what is entailed in a collective facing the necessities that work responds to through its social and economic organization. As this organization of necessity creates many ‘pressure points’, all kinds of normative issues become vivid and demand to be answered as a result. Section 14.2 explores this first sense of work’s political centrality. Section 14.3 outlines a second, positive sense of work’s political centrality, via the different ways in which the collective organizing of necessity can also be a condition of freedom in several senses: psychological, democratic, and social.
Love in Plato and Aristotle
Authors: Sheffield Frisbee C. C.
Published: November 2024

Ancient philosophers put love on the philosophical agenda. The Greeks distinguished between various forms of love, two of which (erōs, roughly ‘passionate desire’ and philia, often construed as ‘friendship’) concern Plato and Aristotle in particular (though the former to a lesser extent for Aristotle). It is the task of this paper to explain the nature and role of these forms of love in the ethical and political writings of Plato and Aristotle. Plato’s preoccupation with erōs speaks to his concern with how what we love most passionately both reflects what we take to be of supreme value in life and shapes our attitude toward those bearers of value. The central ethical question of how to live, then, inevitably involves reflection on desire and love (erōs). The interpersonal aspect of love is developed by both Plato and Aristotle in accounts of philia, the paradigmatic forms of which are love between family and friends. Though ancient ethics is often seen as egoistic, centrally concerned with achievement of the agent’s own flourishing, the importance of philia for both Plato and Aristotle shows that neither their ethics nor their politics is limited to self-interested concerns. The central importance of love, for Plato and Aristotle, mitigates the egoism in their ethics.
The Personal Experience of Transcendental Love
Authors: Van Dyke Christina
Published: November 2024

Transcendental love occupies a central place in medieval contemplative philosophy. Contemplative discussions in the Rome-based Christian tradition in particular tend to focus on the practice of love (what sorts of activities and disciplines develop and increase love), the nature of love, and the experience of love. This chapter follows suit, first addressing the widespread medieval belief that imaginative meditation is the best way to learn how to love, and then turning to different understandings of both what love is and what love feels like. Today, a distinction is often drawn between sacred love (caritas) and secular love (amor). In the later Middle Ages, however, not only were these terms used more or less interchangeably, but the tropes associated with the terms overlapped extensively as well, with medieval contemplatives and mystics frequently using the language of ‘courtly love’ or fin’amor to depict their religious experiences.
Anne Conway on the Love-Worthiness and Perfectibility of All Things
Authors: Mercer Christia
Published: November 2024

Love plays a central role in the radical proposals of the seventeenth-century English philosopher, Anne Conway (1631–1679). Because God, as first substance, shares its infectious “vital” love with all creatures, each loves all the others. Love is the primary motivating force and connective glue among the infinity of the world’s creatures and so guarantees the world’s ultimate perfectibility. An examination of love’s role in Conway’s metaphysics not only uncovers unnoticed features of her philosophy, it also reveals the unique place her thought occupies in love’s history. Her philosophy, as it turns out, is more radical and original than has been previously understood.
Kierkegaard’s Theistic Conception of Love, Existentially Considered
Authors: Krishek Sharon
Published: November 2024

Søren Kierkegaard, the nineteenth-century Danish philosopher, is well known for his existential thought, but no less significantly he was a profound religious thinker. These two different philosophical tendencies are interestingly united in his understanding of love. Indeed, his influential Works of Love—the only essay he explicitly devoted to the exploration of the nature of love—is specifically religious. However, this chapter aims to show that it is rather the conflation of Kierkegaard’s religiosity and his existentialism that results in his unique thesis of love. This thesis not only reconciles between neighborly (religious) love and romantic love but allows for a reclaiming of the value of the latter.
“Always ready to invest in treason”
Authors: Egerton Douglas R.
Published: November 2024

Although Higginson continued to publish articles in the Atlantic Quarterly on various reform causes, including women’s “dress reform,” he continued to speak at women’s rights conventions beside Stone and Anthony, just as he did at antislavery meetings beside Frederick Douglass. As a former Kansas “free-stater,” Higginson was contacted by John Brown, now back in the East, and became a major fundraiser for Brown’s ever-evolving plans to liberate Southern bondsmen. Together with five other activists, Higginson became part of the “secret six,” Brown’s benefactors. The chapter ends with word arriving of Brown’s failure to capture Harpers Ferry, a plan unknown to Higginson.
“The crowning years”
Authors: Egerton Douglas R.
Published: November 2024

With public reform largely behind him, Higginson continued to write, publishing short essays in Ladies’ Home Journal, Harper’s Bazar, and Century magazine. His history book grew into a larger and very profitable version for adults, and his reminiscences of his war years, Army Life in a Black Regiment, sold well among Northern whites and Southern Blacks. Together with Mabel Todd, he published the first collection of Emily Dickinson’s poetry, and with journalist Upton Sinclair, attorney Clarence Darrow, novelist Jack London, and feminist Charlotte Perkins Gilman formed the Inter-Collegiate Socialist Society. His always robust health failed him in early 1911, but his poetry and essays lived on after his death. Army Life was republished in 1963 in time for the centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation.
Hard Neighbors
Authors: Calloway Colin G.
Published: November 2024

Hard Neighbors: The Scotch-Irish Invasion of Native America and the Making of an American Identity examines the shifting relationships of Scotch-Irish people living on the frontier, neighboring Indian peoples, and more distant governments. Scotch-Irish people refers to the distinct ethnic group who repeatedly inserted themselves on Native land despite the collusion and conflict with colonial authorities. The Scotch-Irish fought Indian wars and shaped the frontier, and their experiences living near and fighting against Indians shaped their identity and their attitudes towards government. Moreover, Scotch-Irish people influenced national attitudes and policies. Hard Neighbors provides an overview of how Scotch-Irish people reaffirmed their reputation as Indian-killers and transformed themselves into Americans.
Indian-Killers
Authors: Calloway Colin G.
Published: November 2024

This chapter focuses on Indian killers. It starts with the Paxton massacre that was typically singled out as marking the ultimate descent into darkness, finally shattering patterns and policies of peaceful coexistence that William Penn had instilled in Pennsylvania. Essentially, the social tensions fueled a new political culture of backcountry nationalism. The telling and retelling of Indian raids and terrors turned backcountry settlers into Indian-killers and also turned them against their government. The chapter then provides an overview of the political repercussions of the Paxton Massacre and the subsequent pamphlet war of 1764 where Paxtonian defenders argued that killing Indians was a legitimate form of opposition to bad government.
Scotch-Irish Captives and Scotch-Irish Indians
Authors: Calloway Colin G.
Published: November 2024

This chapter explores settler suffering in Indian warfare in correlation with Scotch-Irish captives and Scotch-Irish Indians. Captive-taking highlighted the brutality and violence of Indian resistance while revealing and creating connections between Native people and Scotch-Irish people who contested the same land. Moreover, Indian captors often targeted children for adoption. The chapter cites that captives found that time and the wealth of kinship relations in Native communities healed many wounds and kept them in Indian country. It explains that the return of captives effectively stopped plenty of people from becoming white Indians, as they returned with Indian skills, languages, and relatives.
Innovation and Economic Growth
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian
Published: November 2024

This chapter provides an introduction to models of economic growth that incorporate R&D investment and technical change. It reviews the various growth models of Solow-Swan, Romer, Jones, and Aghion-Hewitt. This is followed by an explanation of how to use growth accounting and total factor productivity (TFP) analysis to measure the returns to innovation at the economywide level. The chapter goes on to present ways in which the contribution of knowledge spillovers to growth and the social returns to innovation can be measured empirically. A final section explains how R&D investment and innovation output have been included in the national income accounts (NIAs) of a number of countries.
Patents, Utility Models, Design Rights, and Plant Breeder Rights
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian
Published: November 2024

This chapter covers the patent system. It describes the basic structure and purpose of patent systems, and the process and legal requirements for obtaining an invention patent. It also reviews the various specialized patents: utility models, design patents, and plant patents. The chapter discusses international aspects of patent protection, including international agreements, institutions, and harmonization efforts. The main economic arguments for having a patent system are presented. The chapter then explains the several definitions of patent quality and patent value, and the ways in which researchers have tried to estimate these quantities.
Software, Business and Financial Methods, Open Source, and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian
Published: November 2024

This chapter focuses on the use of patents on software, business and financial methods, and artificial intelligence (AI). It begins by describing the basic characteristics of the software industry (broadly defined), and the R&D and product development process in that industry. It reviews the legal and policy debate around patent protection of software and business and financial methods in the United States, which has also impacted other patent systems. The role the patent system plays in the software industry, and the effect of software and business method patents on innovation in that industry are explored. The chapter also covers open-source software and its relation to proprietary software and the current debates on the interaction between AI and the patent system.
Patent Trolls
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian
Published: November 2024

This chapter discusses the controversial topic of patent trolls, which are also referred to as nonpracticing entities (NPEs) or patent assertion entities (PAEs). It defines what is meant by these terms and presents the different types, which include universities and former users of the patented technology as well as firms specialized in asserting patents in court. The ambiguous theoretical effects of NPEs on innovation and welfare is discussed. The chapter then reviews the different enforcement strategies of NPEs and the existing empirical evidence on the effect of NPEs on innovation and welfare. The final section discusses the various responses to the activities of patent trolls in the form of defensive aggregators, invalidation entities, and litigation insurances.
Honor, Heroism, and Tragedy in The Iliad
Authors: Rahman Smita A.
Published: November 2024

This chapter critically examines the heroic capacity for action that honor seems to inspire. Its proponents see it as a bulwark against the erosion of freedom but ignore the tragic nature of heroic agency. The chapter analyzes The Iliad, whose plot is ignited by the stripping of Achilles’s honor and his subsequent withdrawal from the Greek army and the carnage that ensues. It offers a close reading of the central drama of The Iliad in conversation with Nietzsche’s work on tragedy and Bernard Knox on the heroic temper, and also engages with the therapeutic work done by Jonathan Shay, who found remarkable parallels between The Iliad and his treatment of PTSD in his Vietnam War veteran patients. Reading these texts together highlights the tragic dimensions of the heroic agency of honor in the political imagination and underlines both its affirmative appeal and its potential costs.
Honor, Nostalgia, and Democratic Anxiety in the Marvel Cinematic Universe’s Captain America
Authors: Rahman Smita A.
Published: November 2024

This chapter looks at the genre of superheroes by focusing on the most ostensibly honorable and patriotic superhero of them all: Captain America. It examines the iconic superhero through films and television series in the Marvel Cinematic Universe to analyze the interstices of honor and democracy. His journey in the MCU films and TV series embodies democratic struggle, appearing when democracy faces threats but also capturing the tension between democratic equality and (super)heroic action. The chapter examines the links between honor, nostalgia, and democracy and, in doing so, draws attention to the silences of American democracy and how its nostalgic fantasies of heroism can both conceal and perpetuate racial injustice. It therefore argues that the MCU’s Captain America, in its many forms, embodies the unsettled relationship between democracy and honor itself: he is a figure who is essential to the mythic imaginary of American democracy but also threatens its very stability with his unyielding attachment to honor.
Introduction
Authors: Kim Norman , Coker Ross Carolyn , Fuller Mazella , Small Charlynn
Published: November 2024

Antiblackness is ubiquitous and has had a profound impact on the development of our health care and mental health systems. We exist in a landscape of inequitable access to health care for Black people, which is that way by design. Health care organizations and providers function within systems that do not treat all people equitably, and those implicit biases are particularly evident in the quality of care that Black Americans routinely receive. Black and Brown people’s understandable and survival-based reactions to discrimination, racism, and poverty are being pathologized because our systems are not set up to deal with the racism-based trauma at the core of these experiences. Providers neither routinely examine the historical and structural roots of the distress Black people experience nor look at their own biases and how they might impact upon the ways they assess and treat.
Black American Women in Academia and Clinical Settings
Authors: Conley Jacqueline A. , Holden Kisha B. , Standifer Maisha , Randolph Courtney E.
Published: November 2024

Many Black women in the United States have unique experiences that have impacted their career trajectories and their mental and physical well-being. “Black Women in Academia and Clinical Settings: Challenges and a Way Forward” shares a compilation of lived experiences of Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) women academicians/clinicians in the field of psychology. It also presents research on both gendered and racial microaggressions and structured racism and discrimination and their impact on BIPOC, specifically Black women in psychology. It is imperative that positive ecosystems and practices are cultivated in various settings that support BIPOC women professionals for enacting successful career paths and promoting their positive mental and physical well-being.
Camouflaged Microaggressions
Authors: Davis Cy’Tique T.
Published: November 2024

There is a daunting misconception that African American service members are exempt from the microaggressions that their civilian counterparts experience daily, and that serving your country exempts you from the rugged nature of the world around you. “Camouflaged Microaggressions: Thank You for Your Service” sheds light on how the most common exchange between service members and civilians—“thank you for your service”—shows respect and grace that African American service members would not otherwise receive as civilians. This respect is given because they have chosen to die for a country that sees them as superhuman while sometimes being regarded as subhuman. The truth is, the microaggressions experienced are just like the uniforms they wear: camouflaged. This conclusion rests on a review of institutional analyses in three areas on which scholars focused: appearance standards, promotion opportunities, and the administration of military justice.
The Dearth of Black Male School Psychologists
Authors: Small Charlynn
Published: November 2024

Of the estimated 21,529 school psychologists currently employed in the United States, 73.2% are women and 26.8% are men. The overwhelming majority of them are White (83.7%), followed by Hispanic or Latinx (8.1%), Black (3.3%), and Asian (3.1%). It is estimated that Black men make up less than 1% of the profession. Meanwhile, Black boys make up nearly 8% of the U.S. K–12 public school population. This essay, “The Dearth of Black Male School Psychologists,” considers the tremendous benefits to be gained by increasing the representation of Black men in the profession and focuses on the roles Black male school psychologists can fill in the lives of Black boys. Attention is given to the need for mental health support for urban learners as a result of the pandemic. In addition, recommendations are offered for recruitment strategies and ways to increase the numbers of Black men school psychologists (BMSPs).
The Fight for Civil Rights and Its Connection to Mental Health in Black Communities
Authors: Louder Ceewin N. , Franklin Alexis R. , Meyer Marisol L. , del Rey Gabrielle M. , Gutierrez Melissa A. , Dorsett Joelle , Masters Brandon Wise , Nicolas Guerda
Published: November 2024

Racism in the United States served as a catalyst for the civil rights movement and continues to fuel the civil rights struggle to this day. “The Fight for Civil Rights and Its Connection to Mental Health in Black Communities” explores how participating in protests may positively impact mental health. This chapter defines the term “protest” and expands it to include multiple types of nonviolent and violent resistance. The authors connect how protesting in response to racial oppression may positively impact mental health through belonging, self-concept, autonomy, catharsis, and hope. Mental health professionals and educators are encouraged to consider how protesting in response to racial oppression can serve as a unique vehicle for coping and learning.
Mental Health Industry Challenges and the Need for Black Psychological Allyship
Authors: DeCarlo Alonzo C.
Published: November 2024

Rarely does the professional literature chronicle the equipotential of the big four (counseling, social work, psychology, and psychiatry) in the mental health industry as a pivotal influence in coping balance for Black Americans through authentic advocacy. “Mental Health Industry Challenges and the Need for Black Psychological Allyship” introduces new definitions for “black psychological allyship” and “antiblackness” as critical elements in Black Americans’ well-being. It discusses conventional etiological contributions to Black Americans’ tenuous relationship to the mental health industry, such as institutional bias/bigotry. It also reviews the underpinnings of long-term maintenance of mental health disparities for Black Americans from assessment to treatment. Finally, policy and practice suggestions are made to mitigate antiblackness and structural bias barriers that contribute to mental health disparities for Black Americans.
My Fellow Americans
Authors: Widmer Ted
Published: November 2024

Every four years, the incoming president of the United States delivers an inaugural address in a tradition that dates back to 1789, with George Washington’s first inauguration. The address informs Americans—and peoples around the world—about the nation’s past achievements and its potential future. In a speech laden with importance, the president shares their fears, their hopes, and their deepest aspirations for the nation and for democracy. This book brings together all of the inaugural addresses—from George Washington's first in 1789 through Joseph Biden’s in 2021. It includes original essays by leading scholars, speechwriters, historians, biographers, and editors of presidential papers that contextualize each speech within the presidential administration that followed. Each of the contributors explores what a president expected to be dealing with when entering the highest office in the land, what they hoped to do for the country, and how things really turned out. The chapters examine decisions the president made and how this impacted the nation’s trajectory. They also reflect on how the address relates to the president's legacy in and out of office. The chapters also offer distinctive approaches: some consider the political, economic, and military status of the country; others the composition of the address itself; and still others the personal circumstances of the president at the time of his inauguration.
Thomas Jefferson’s Second Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents Thomas Jefferson’s Second Inaugural Address on March 4, 1805. Jefferson begins by reporting on the work of his administration. In the transaction of foreign affairs, his administration has “endeavored to cultivate the friendship of all nations, and especially of those with which we have the most important relations.” With regard to domestic policy, Jefferson claims that “the suppression of unnecessary offices, of useless establishments and expenses, enabled us to discontinue our internal taxes.” He then mentions the acquisition of Louisiana, the freedom of religion, and his policy concerning Native Americans. Finally, Jefferson expresses his wish that “the public efforts may be directed honestly to the public good, that peace be cultivated, civil and religious liberty unassailed, law and order preserved, equality of rights maintained, and that state of property, equal or unequal, which results to every man from his own industry or that of his father’s.”
Andrew Jackson’s Second Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents Andrew Jackson’s Second Inaugural Address on March 4, 1833. Jackson begins by acknowledging how “the foreign policy adopted by our Government soon after the formation of our present Constitution, and very generally pursued by successive administrations . . . has elevated our character among the nations of the earth.” With regard to domestic policy, he highlights “two objects which especially deserve the attention of the people and their Representatives”: the preservation of the rights of the States, and the integrity of the Union. Jackson then vows “to exercise my constitutional powers in arresting measures which may directly or indirectly encroach upon the rights of the States, or tend to consolidate all political power in the General Government.” He also aims “to encourage simplicity and economy in the expenditures of the Government” and “to raise no more money from the people than may be requisite for these objects.”
James K. Polk’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents James K. Polk’s inaugural address on March 4, 1845. Polk begins by declaring that “each State is a complete sovereignty within the sphere of its reserved powers. The Government of the Union, acting within the sphere of its delegated authority, is also a complete sovereignty.” Polk then highlights his “duty to recommend to Congress and, as far as the Executive is concerned, to enforce by all the means within my power the strictest economy in the expenditure of the public money which may be compatible with the public interests.” He also addresses the adjustment of revenue laws and the levy of taxes necessary for the support of Government; the annexation of Texas to the United States; the management of foreign relations; and the strict performance of duty that will be exacted from all public officers.
Rutherford B. Hayes’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents the Inaugural Address of Rutherford B. Hayes. In the address, Hayes indicates that the permanent pacification of the country secures the complete protection of all its citizens in the free enjoyment of all their constitutional rights. Moreover, the evils which afflict the Southern states can only be removed or remedied by the united and harmonious efforts of both races. Hayes also acknowledges the depression of the country’s financial conditions. The address also notes that universal suffrage depends on universal education, so liberal and permanent provisions should be made for the support of free schools by the state governments, supplemented by legitimate aid from the national authority.
Chester A. Arthur’s Address upon Assuming the Office of President of the United States
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents Chester A. Arthur’s Inaugural Address upon assuming the office of president of the United States. The address starts with a brief acknowledgment that the country is filling the vacancy of the executive chair for the fourth time after the murder of the preceding president. The Constitution defines the functions and powers of the executive as clearly as those of either of the other two departments of the government. Arthur indicates how he will rely on the aid of divine guidance and the virtue, patriotism, and intelligence of the American people following the high duties, responsibility, and trust imposed by the Constitution. The address mentions how prosperity blesses the country, which is fixed by law that is well-grounded and generally approved.
Grover Cleveland’s First Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents Grover Cleveland’s First Inaugural Address. In his address, Cleveland accepts the duty and responsibility he owes to all people of the land, highlighting that the fearless and faithful application of democratic principles is the surest guarantee of good government. Cleveland assures that the government will remain for all the people, despite being transferred to new keeping. The address cites the duty of those serving the people in public places to closely limit public expenditures to the actual needs of the government, economically administered. It notes the demand for reform in the administration of the government and the application of business principles to public affairs.
Warren G. Harding’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents the Inaugural Address of Warren G. Harding. According to Harding, the recorded progress of the Republic proves the wisdom of the inherited policy of non-involvement in Old World affairs. Harding indicates that the success of their popular government rests wholly upon the correct interpretation of the deliberate, intelligent, dependable popular will of America. The address also indicates Harding’s belief that ties of trade bind nations in closest intimacy, while mentioning that the business world reflects the disturbance of war’s reaction. It also includes the acknowledgment of Harding with regard to the nationwide induction of women into American political life.
“One-Third of a Nation . . .”
Authors: Kennedy David M.
Published: November 2024

This chapter reviews the Second Inaugural Address of Franklin D. Roosevelt. It explains that Roosevelt’s Inaugural Address was an anaphoric litany of national failings that culminated in the famous declaration about “one-third of a nation ill-housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished.” Moreover, Roosevelt offered a commendably succinct summary of the critique of legacy political institutions and practices. The chapter presents the similarities between the inauguration speeches of Abraham Lincoln and Roosevelt, especially concerning how the remarks around moral and political precepts are framed. It highlights how the Second Inaugural Address reflected Roosevelt’s deep commitment to the positive state and bringing his fellow citizens into the full richness of American life.
Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Third Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter provides the Third Inaugural Address of Franklin D. Roosevelt. In the speech, Roosevelt encourages people to rediscover their identity through history to avoid the risk of isolation and inaction. Roosevelt highlights how the lives of nations are determined by the lifetime of the human spirit instead of the count of years. Roosevelt also disputes the argument that democracy, as a form of government and a frame of life, is limited or measured by a kind of mystical and artificial fate and that freedom is an ebbing tide. He also looks at the action to be taken within the three-way framework of the Constitution of the United States.
Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Second Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Second Inaugural Address, which begins by seeking the blessings of Almighty God and stating that “the hopes in our hearts fashion the deepest prayers of our whole people.” Eisenhower mentions that one-third of all mankind has entered upon a historic struggle for the freedom from grinding poverty. He highlights nations impoverished by the recent world war that sought to restore their means of livelihood, such as Germany that was tragically divided at the time. The address includes Eisenhower’s consideration of International Communism as a divisive force that is dark in purpose and clear in practice. Eisenhower promotes the building of peace with justice in a world where moral law prevails.
Jimmy Carter’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents Jimmy Carter’s inaugural address, which oozed humility and stood out for its brevity and lack of pretension. Carter opens his speech by quoting his high school teacher, Julia Coleman, whose admonition to her students in a humble Georgia schoolhouse set the tone for everything that followed. It cites Micah 6:8, which Carter selected to send a message by stressing his dedication to justice, mercy, and walking humbly with God. Carter retained notes of self-effacement, telling the American people that their strength can compensate for his weakness and their wisdom can help to minimize his mistakes. Carter appeals to a spirit of individual sacrifice for the common good, urging that Americans must simply do their best, rather than striving to do everything.
Bill Clinton’s First Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter details Bill Clinton’s First Inaugural Address, which was just fourteen minutes long, but did not lack substance. After thanking his predecessor and others of his generation for their service and sacrifice, Clinton proclaims that a new generation has come to power, a generation raised in the shadow of the Cold War. Clinton invokes George Washington and Thomas Jefferson and pays homage to Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address by calling for a celebration of the mystery of American renewal. Echoing John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address, Clinton emphasizes the necessity of sacrifice and service. Clinton positions himself within a specific political genealogy that stood for liberalism’s deepest values by summoning the themes of rebirth, experimentation, and sacrifice.
The Comeback Kid
Authors: Gillon Steven M.
Published: November 2024

This chapter reviews the First Inaugural Address of Bill Clinton, who embraced the narrative about striking a balance between activist social policy and more punitive measures. By straddling political divides, the Clinton presidency seemed for many observers to promise a turning point, a shift away from the stale partisan debates that had divided the nation since the 1960s. It notes that Clinton challenged young Americans to embark on what he called a season of service and pledged that his administration would do its part to revitalize the country. The chapter looks at the tumultuous events of the 1960s that shaped Clinton’s political views, such as the civil rights movement, antiwar protests, and a youth-led rebellion against authority. With an identity born from the revolutionary era, Clinton appeared to intimately understand the nature of radical change.
A Vision of America
Authors: Rozell Mark J.
Published: November 2024

This chapter discusses the delivery of George W. Bush’s Second Inaugural Address on January 20, 2005. The terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, transformed Bush’s presidency and established the context for a Second Inaugural Address that differed greatly from his first. It describes Bush’s projection of a bold vision of the United States’ worldwide leadership in promoting human freedom and liberty. In making the call for the expansion of freedom around the globe, Bush was providing a defense of his administration’s military actions in the Middle East and was calling on the United States to embark on an even larger role of international leadership in defense of freedom. The chapter considers Bush’s Second Inaugural Address as his legacy that is largely hinged on his administration’s policies of military intervention abroad.
Joe Biden’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents Joe Biden’s Inaugural Address, which stresses unity and empathy and invokes American history to convey that the people of the imperfect American nation should have reason for optimism. Although the overall theme of Biden’s speech is unity, he begins by talking about the January 6 insurrection. Biden affirms at the outset that the inauguration represents the triumph not of a candidate, but of the cause of democracy. Outlining the challenges the American nation would face, Biden emphasizes that there is much to repair, restore, heal, build, and gain. The address affirms Biden’s consideration of the threats to American democracy as not solely the insurrectionists, but also “white supremacy” and “domestic terrorism.”
Becoming a Learning Community
Authors: Miller Robin Lin , Ayala George
Published: November 2024

This chapter characterizes the process by which transformative evaluators, community psychologists, and kindred engaged research professionals cultivate the relationships that are at the heart of community partnerships. Chapter 4 describes how the transnational leadership team at MPact incorporated an evaluator into it. It sets the process of developing a learning team between the evaluator and MPact, the project’s implementing partner, within the context of the advocacy and human rights evaluation literatures. It also describes how the MPact leadership team, including the evaluator, established the relationships necessary to support their role as mentors and implementing partners.
Canada First, Not Canada Alone
Authors: Chapnick Adam , McKercher Asa
Published: November 2024

This book traces the history of Canadian foreign policy from a time when positioning Canada first meant shunning international obligations to the more collective approach that is common today. It highlights key decisions taken and not taken in Ottawa that have shaped Canadians’ safety, security, and prosperity over the last one hundred years. The chapters are organized around the governments of Canadian prime ministers. They begin with an overview of foreign policy during the period. Case studies focused on issues including immigration, environmental reform, the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, foreign trade, international development, hostage diplomacy, and wartime strategy illustrate the breadth of challenges that shape Canada’s global realm. Chapters include comprehensive bibliographies based on the latest research. A Beyond the Book case concludes each chapter with an introduction to an additional issue and suggested further reading. Canada First, Not Canada Alone argues that Canada’s national interests have been well served by general policies of diplomatic prudence, compromise, and multilateralism even if in recent years Canadian citizens have often yearned to be leaders on the world stage. Such leadership has been exceptional and, even then, has rarely been undertaken without the support of likeminded allies and associates. Like any country, Canada must look out for its own interests first, but in the modern world it cannot do so effectively without co-operating with other states and non-state actors.
Jean Chrétien, Frugality, and Boldness, 1993–2001
Authors: Chapnick Adam , McKercher Asa
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines the foreign policy of Liberal Prime Minister Jean Chrétien from 1993 through 2000. It covers the 1995 Quebec referendum, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Team Canada trade missions, globalization and its impact on human rights, Canadian involvement in Haiti, conflicts with the United States over split-run magazines and Cuba, Lloyd Axworthy’s human security agenda, the decline of the Canadian Forces, UN peacekeeping, and the Rwandan genocide. The cases deal with the Turbot War between Canada and the European Union, the Ottawa Process and efforts to ban anti-personnel landmines, and NATO’s intervention in Kosovo. The Beyond the Book case examines the establishment of a sanctions regime to end the conflict diamond trade in Angola. This chapter also considers the sharp divisions among external analyses of the Chrétien government’s effectiveness in world affairs.