bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Processing of visual and non-visual naturalistic spatial information in the "parahippocampal place area"
Authors: Häusler Christian O. , Eickhoff Simon B. , Hanke Michael
Published: April 2022

The “parahippocampal place area” (PPA) in the human ventral visual stream exhibits increased hemodynamic activity correlated with the perception of landscape photos compared to faces or objects. Here, we investigate the perception of scene-related, spatial information embedded in two naturalistic stimuli. The same 14 participants were watching a Hollywood movie and listening to its audio-description as part of the open-data resource studyforrest.org. We model hemodynamic activity based on annotations of selected stimulus features, and compare results to a block-design visual localizer. On a group level, increased activation correlating with visual spatial information occurring in the movie is overlapping with a traditionally localized PPA. Activation correlating with semantic spatial information occurring in the audio-description is more restricted to the anterior PPA. On an individual level, we find significant bilateral activity in the PPA of nine individuals and unilateral activity in one individual. Results suggest that activation in the PPA generalizes to spatial information embedded in a movie and an auditory narrative, and may call for considering a functional subdivision of the PPA.
Characterization of an engineered mucus microenvironment for in vitro modeling of host–microbe interactions
Authors: Huang Andy J. , O’Brien Courtney L. , Dawe Nicholas , Tahir Anas , Scott Alison J. , Leung Brendan M.
Published: April 2022

The human mucus layer plays a vital role in maintaining health by providing a physical barrier to pathogens. This biological hydrogel also provides the microenvironment for commensal bacteria. Common models used to study host–microbe interactions include gnotobiotic animals or mammalian–microbial co-culture platforms. Many of the current in vitro models lack a sufficient mucus layer to host these interactions. In this study, we engineered a mucus-like hydrogel Consisting of a mixed alginate-mucin (ALG-MUC) hydrogel network by using low concentration calcium chloride (CaCl2) as crosslinker. We demonstrated that the incorporation of ALG-MUC hydrogels into an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) co-culture platform can support the growth of a mammalian monolayer and pathogenic bacteria. The ALG-MUC hydrogels displayed selective diffusivity against macromolecules and stability with ATPS microbial patterning. Additionally, we showed that the presence of mucin within hydrogels contributed to an increase in antimicrobial resistance in ATPS patterned microbial colonies. By using common laboratory chemicals to generate a mammalian–microbial co-culture system containing a representative mucus microenvironment, this model can be readily adopted by typical life science laboratories to study host–microbe interaction and drug discovery.
Ceramides and phospholipids in plasma extracellular vesicles are associated with high risk of major cardiovascular events after carotid endarterectomy
Authors: Timmerman Nathalie , Waissi Farahnaz , Dekker Mirthe , de Borst Gert J. , van Bennekom Joelle , de Winter Robbert J. , Hilvo Mika , Jylhä Antti , Pasterkamp Gerard , de Kleijn Dominique P. V. , Laaksonen Reijo
Published: April 2022

Ceramides and phosphatidylcholines (PCs) are bioactive lipids and lipid bilayer membrane components. Distinct ceramides/PCs (ratios) predict cardiovascular outcome in patients with coronary artery disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are proposed biomarkers for cardiovascular disease and contain ceramides/PCs. Ceramides/PCs have not been studied in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA) nor in EVs. We therefore investigated whether levels of ceramides/PCs in plasma and EVs are associated with postoperative risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) following CEA. In 873 patients undergoing CEA of the Athero-Express biobank, we quantitatively measured seven ceramides/PCs in preoperative blood samples: Cer(d18:1/16:0), Cer(d18:1/18:0), Cer(d18:1/24:0), Cer(d18:1/24:1), PC(14:0/22:6), PC(16:0/16:0) and PC(16:0/22:5) in plasma and two plasma EV-subfractions (LDL and TEX). We analyzed the association of ceramides, PCs and their predefined ratios with the three-year postoperative risk of MACE (including stroke, myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death). A total of 138 patients (16%) developed MACE during the three-year follow-up. In the LDL-EV subfraction, higher levels of Cer(d18:1/24:1) and Cer(d18:1/16:0)/PC(16:0/22:5) ratio were significantly associated with an increased risk of MACE (adjusted HR per SD [95% CI] 1.24 [1.01–1.53] and 1.26 [1.04–1.52], respectively). In the TEX-EV subfraction, three ratios Cer(d18:1/16:0)/Cer(d18:1/24:0), Cer(d18:1/18:0)/Cer(d18:1/24:0) and Cer(d18:1/24:1)/Cer(d18:1/24:0) were positively associated with MACE (adjusted HR per SD 1.34 [1.06–1.70], 1.24 [1.01–1.51] and 1.31 [1.08–1.58], respectively). In conclusion, distinct ceramides and PCs in plasma EVs determined in preoperative blood were independently associated with an increased 3-year risk of MACE after CEA. These lipids are therefore potential markers to identify high-risk CEA patients qualifying for secondary preventive add-on therapy.
Chronic pancreatitis and cancer risk in a matched cohort study using national claims data in South Korea
Authors: Han Minji , Tran Thi Phuong Thao , Oh Jin-Kyoung
Published: April 2022

This study aimed to examine the association between chronic pancreatitis (CP) and cancer incidence and mortality among the Korean population. Based on a cancer-free cohort of 8,317,616 individuals between 2002 and 2010, a matched cohort study was conducted, including 10,899 patients with CP, matched for sex and age with 32,697 individuals without CP. The case and control groups were followed up until the date of onset of cancer or death or the end of follow-up date (December 31, 2018). Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to assess the risk of cancer incidence and mortality. Compared to the control group, patients with CP had a higher risk of all cancers with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–1.3]. CP was associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer (HR 3.9, 95% CI 1.8–8.5) and pancreatic cancer (HR 3.9, 95% CI 2.7–5.5) and a decreased risk of colorectal cancer (HR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5–0.9). Regarding cancer mortality, patients with CP had a 1.2-fold risk of all cancer mortality (95% CI 1.1–1.4), compared with the control group. Patients with CP had a higher risk of death from esophageal cancer (HR 3.5, 95% CI 1.5–8.0) and pancreatic cancer (HR 3.3, 95% CI 2.3–4.7) but had a lower risk of death due to stomach cancer (HR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2–0.8). Patients with CP had a higher risk for both incidence and mortality of all cancer types, especially pancreatic and esophageal cancers, compared with the sex- and age-matched control group.
Anatomical considerations for appropriate mini-plate positioning in open-door laminoplasty to avoid plate impingement and screw facet violation
Authors: Yang Jae Jun , Park Sehan
Published: April 2022

This study aimed to describe a safe zone for mini-plate positioning that can avoid instrument-related complications in laminoplasty. Fifty-one patients who underwent laminoplasty and were followed up for at least 1 year were retrospectively reviewed. The posterior surface length and inferior pole angle of the lateral mass were measured at each level using computed tomography. The safe zone was defined based on these measurements. Incidences of screw facet violation and plate impingement were recorded. Patient-reported outcome measures were compared between the appropriate position (AP) and inappropriate position (IP) groups. Among 40 patients included, 15 (37.5%) had inappropriate plate positioning, causing screw facet violation or plate impingement, which more commonly occurred at distal (C5, C6) and proximal (C3, C4) levels, respectively. Lateral mass posterior surface length was shorter at the proximal levels, and the inferior pole angle of the lateral mass was smaller at the distal levels, signifying that the lateral mass became thin and long at the distal levels. Patient-reported outcome measures were not significantly different between the two groups. However, cervical range of motion at the final follow-up was significantly less in the IP group (p = 0.01). The suggested safe zone demonstrates that inserting the mini-plate with plate-to-lateral mass inferior pole distances of 4–5 mm and 5–6 mm at the C3–C5 and C6–C7 levels, respectively, would avoid instrument-related complications. The risk of plate impingement was higher at the proximal level, whereas the risk of screw facet violation was higher at the distal level in open-door cervical laminoplasty. These risks coincide with anatomical differences at each level. Despite inappropriate positioning of the mini-plate, clinical outcomes were not adversely affected.
XGB-DrugPred: computational prediction of druggable proteins using eXtreme gradient boosting and optimized features set
Authors: Sikander Rahu , Ghulam Ali , Ali Farman
Published: April 2022

Accurate identification of drug-targets in human body has great significance for designing novel drugs. Compared with traditional experimental methods, prediction of drug-targets via machine learning algorithms has enhanced the attention of many researchers due to fast and accurate prediction. In this study, we propose a machine learning-based method, namely XGB-DrugPred for accurate prediction of druggable proteins. The features from primary protein sequences are extracted by group dipeptide composition, reduced amino acid alphabet, and novel encoder pseudo amino acid composition segmentation. To select the best feature set, eXtreme Gradient Boosting-recursive feature elimination is implemented. The best feature set is provided to eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), Random Forest, and Extremely Randomized Tree classifiers for model training and prediction. The performance of these classifiers is evaluated by tenfold cross-validation. The empirical results show that XGB-based predictor achieves the best results compared with other classifiers and existing methods in the literature.
Intelligent escalator passenger safety management
Authors: Osipov Vasily , Zhukova Nataly , Subbotin Alexey , Glebovskiy Petr , Evnevich Elena
Published: April 2022

This article addresses an approach to intelligent safety control of passengers on escalators. The aim is to improve the accuracy of detecting threatening situations on escalators in the subway to make decisions to prevent threats and eliminate the consequences. The novelty of the approach lies in the complex processing of information from three types of sources (video, audio, sensors) using machine learning methods and recurrent neural networks with controlled elements. The conditions and indicators of safety assurance efficiency are clarified. New methods and algorithms for managing the safety of passengers on escalators are proposed. The architecture of a promising safety software system is developed, and implementation of its components for cloud and fog computing environments is provided. Modeling results confirm the capabilities and advantages of the proposed technological solutions for enhancing the safety of escalator passengers, efficiency of control decision making, and system usability. Due to the proposed solutions, it has become possible to increase the speed of identifying situations 3.5 times and increase the accuracy of their determination by 26%. The efficiency of decision making has increased by almost 30%.
Molecular mechanisms of Huanglian jiedu decoction on ulcerative colitis based on network pharmacology and molecular docking
Authors: Yang Jing , Tang Chaotao , Jin Ruiri , Liu Bixia , Wang Peng , Chen Youxiang , Zeng Chunyan
Published: April 2022

Huanglian jiedu decoction (HLJDD) is a heat-clearing and detoxifying agent composed of four kinds of Chinese herbal medicine. Previous studies have shown that HLJDD can improve the inflammatory response of ulcerative colitis (UC) and maintain intestinal barrier function. However, its molecular mechanism is not completely clear. In this study, we verified the bioactive components (BCI) and potential targets of HLJDD in the treatment of UC using network pharmacology and molecular docking, and constructed the pharmacological network and PPI network. Then the core genes were enriched by GO and KEGG. Finally, the bioactive components were docked with the key targets to verify the binding ability between them. A total of 54 active components related to UC were identified. Ten genes are very important to the PPI network. Functional analysis showed that these target genes were mainly involved in the regulation of cell response to different stimuli, IL-17 signal pathway and TNF signal pathway. The results of molecular docking showed that the active components of HLJDD had a good binding ability with the Hub gene. This study systematically elucidates the “multi-component, multi-target, multi-pathway” mechanism of anti-UC with HLJDD for the first time, suggesting that HLJDD or its active components may be candidate drugs for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.
Infection with the hepatitis C virus causes viral genotype-specific differences in cholesterol metabolism and hepatic steatosis
Authors: Sheridan David A. , Shawa Isaac Thom , Thomas E. Louise , Felmlee Daniel J. , Bridge Simon H. , Neely Dermot , Cobbold Jeremy F. , Holmes Elaine , Bassendine Margaret F. , Taylor-Robinson Simon D.
Published: April 2022

Lipids play essential roles in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle and patients with chronic HCV infection display disordered lipid metabolism which resolves following successful anti-viral therapy. It has been proposed that HCV genotype 3 (HCV-G3) infection is an independent risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma and evidence suggests lipogenic proteins are involved in hepatocarcinogenesis. We aimed to characterise variation in host lipid metabolism between participants chronically infected with HCV genotype 1 (HCV-G1) and HCV-G3 to identify likely genotype-specific differences in lipid metabolism. We combined several lipidomic approaches: analysis was performed between participants infected with HCV-G1 and HCV-G3, both in the fasting and non-fasting states, and after sustained virological response (SVR) to treatment. Sera were obtained from 112 fasting patients (25% with cirrhosis). Serum lipids were measured using standard enzymatic methods. Lathosterol and desmosterol were measured by gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (MS). For further metabolic insight on lipid metabolism, ultra-performance liquid chromatography MS was performed on all samples. A subgroup of 13 participants had whole body fat distribution determined using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. A second cohort of (non-fasting) sera were obtained from HCV Research UK for comparative analyses: 150 treatment naïve patients and 100 non-viraemic patients post-SVR. HCV-G3 patients had significantly decreased serum apoB, non-HDL cholesterol concentrations, and more hepatic steatosis than those with HCV-G1. HCV-G3 patients also had significantly decreased serum levels of lathosterol, without significant reductions in desmosterol. Lipidomic analysis showed lipid species associated with reverse cholesterol transport pathway in HCV-G3. We demonstrated that compared to HCV-G1, HCV-G3 infection is characterised by low LDL cholesterol levels, with preferential suppression of cholesterol synthesis via lathosterol, associated with increasing hepatic steatosis. The genotype-specific lipid disturbances may shed light on genotypic variations in liver disease progression and promotion of hepatocellular cancer in HCV-G3.
Compensative movement ameliorates reduced efficacy of rapidly-embodied decisions in humans
Authors: Kobayashi Akemi , Kimura Toshitaka
Published: April 2022

Dynamic environments, such as sports, often demand rapid decision-making and motor execution. The concept of embodied decision refers to the mutual link between both processes, but little is known about how these processes are balanced under severe time constraints. We address this problem by using a baseball-like hitting paradigm with and without Go/No-go judgment; participants were required to hit (Go) a moving target in the strike area or not to hit (No-go) other targets. We found that Go/No-go judgments were effective with regard to task performance, but efficacy was lost below the time constraint of 0.5 seconds mainly due to a reduction in judgment accuracy rather than movement accuracy. However, either slowing movement initiation in Go trials or canceling the movement in progress in No-go trials improved judgment accuracy. Our findings suggest that embodied decision efficacy is limited in split-second periods, but compensation is possible by changing ongoing movement strategies.
Development of electrospun, biomimetic tympanic membrane implants with tunable mechanical and oscillatory properties for myringoplasty
Authors: Benecke Lukas , Chen Zhaoyu , Zeidler-Rentzsch Ines , von Witzleben Max , Bornitz Matthias , Zahnert Thomas , Neudert Marcus , Cherif Chokri , Aibibu Dilbar
Published: April 2022

The mechanical and oscillatory behavior of the biomimetic electrospun SF-PCL TM implants can be tuned by adjusting the solution concentration, the SF-PCL mixing ratio and the electrospinning parameters to achieve comparable properties to human TMs.
Switchable light vs. acid-induced transformations of complex framework compounds at room temperature
Authors: Kobzev Maxim S. , Titov Alexander A. , Borisova Tatiana N. , Voskressensky Leonid G. , Varlamov Alexey V. , D'Alterio Massimo Christian , Petrone Alessio , Luque Rafael , Talarico Giovanni
Published: April 2022

A novel protocol for the synthesis of complex framework compounds containing a VCP fragment is presented by means of UV conversion of CP derivatives at r.t., providing high yields of target products in an unprecedented atom economical reversible step.
Robust, anti-biofouling 2D nanogel films from poly(N-vinyl caprolactam-co-vinylimidazole) polymers
Authors: Hao Qing , Wang Jinghong , Shen Jie , Gu Rong , Rao Yu , Feng Jian , Wang Huanhuan , Brash John L. , Chen Hong
Published: April 2022

In analogy with adsorbed protein films, we have fabricated a family of 2D nanofilms composed of poly(N-vinyl caprolactam-co-vinylimidazole) (PNVCL) nanogels. The softness of the nanogels is controlled by the length of the cross-linking agent and reflected in the overall properties of the films.
Magnetic solid-phase extraction of pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticides separately in environmental water samples based on alkaline or acidic group-functionalized mesoporous silica
Authors: Han Rui , Wang Fei , Zhao Chuanfeng , Zhang Meixing , Cui Shihai , Yang Jing
Published: April 2022

In this work, amino- or carboxyl-functionalized magnetic KIT-6 have been synthesized separately. The two nanocomposites were successfully used to enrich pyrethroids and neonicotinoids insecticides from environmental water samples, respectively.
Solid-state separation of hypoxanthine tautomers through a doping strategy
Authors: Xue Rongrong , Liang Chengfeng , Li Yanping , Chen Xiuzhi , Li Fuying , Ren Shizhao , Chen Fenghua
Published: April 2022

The solid-state separation of hypoxanthine tautomers was realized by a doping strategy. The doping forms of hypoxanthine in HAmG, AG β and AG α are N7-hypoxanthine, and in GM and dehydrated-GM are N9-hypoxanthine.
High-throughput design of symmetrical dimeric SARS-CoV-2 main protease: structural and physical insights into hotspots for adaptation and therapeutics
Authors: Padhi Aditya K. , Tripathi Timir
Published: April 2022

Computational protein design of symmetrical and dimeric SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) unveils mutational hotspots for adaptation and signatures for stable Mpro dimers.
First-principles study of the defect-activity and optical properties of FAPbCl3
Authors: Nations Sean , Gutsev Lavrenty , Ramachandran Bala , Aldoshin Sergey , Duan Yuhua , Wang Shengnian
Published: April 2022

A theoretical defect formation energy study on FAPbCl3 reveals importance of optoelectronic structure.
Magnetically recyclable Co2P nanosheets as highly efficient catalysts for hydrogen generation from hydrolysis of sodium borohydride
Authors: Li Ye-Pei , Yang Guo-Ping , Wei Lei , Liu Jing-Yang , Zhang Ya-Ni , Cui Yu-Xin , Zhou Ya-Qian
Published: April 2022

A facile strategy was developed for the preparation of magnetically recyclable Co2P nanosheets with efficient catalytic activity for NaBH4 hydrolysis.
Copper-catalyzed asymmetric alkynylation of pyrazole-4,5-diones using chloramphenicol base-derived hydroxyl oxazoline ligands
Authors: Li Zhao-Feng , He Hong-Jiao , Wang Rong-Hui , Zhou Li-Yan , Xiao You-Cai , Chen Fen-Er
Published: April 2022

The asymmetric copper-catalyzed alkynylations of pyrazole 4,5-diones using a chloramphenicol base derived hydroxyl oxazoline ligand are reported. Diverse enantioenriched propargyl alcohols were obtained in good to excellent yields and ee's.
Layered post-transition-metal dichalcogenide SnGe2N4 as a promising photoelectric material: a DFT study
Authors: Dat Vo D. , Vu Tuan V.
Published: April 2022

The promising photoelectric semiconductor 2H SnGe2N4 has a tunable electronic structure which is favorable for the absorption of light in the infrared and visible regions.
Synthesis and evaluation of new chalcones and oximes as anticancer agents
Authors: Bukhari Syed Nasir Abbas
Published: April 2022

Discovery of multitarget anticancer agents by modifications of natural compound.
Sub-1.5 nm-gapped heterodimeric plasmonic nanomolecules
Authors: Song Xiaojun , Wang Yueliang , Hao Yan , Zhu Qingqing , Li Yanjuan , Song Lei , Deng Zhaoxiang
Published: April 2022

A whole set of plasmonic nanodimers with prescribed binary compositions are constructed in solution to enable symmetry-broken strong plasmonic coupling.
Localized interfacial activation effect within interconnected porous photothermal matrix to promote solar-driven water evaporation
Authors: Zhang Jingjing , Ma Jiaxiang , Liu Dongmei , Liu Dongqing , Han Yu , Xu Ying , Cui Fuyi , Wang Wei
Published: April 2022

A localized interfacial activation strategy for enhancing solar evaporation is proposed via an interconnected porous photothermal matrix weakening the vaporization enthalpy of interfacial water molecules by its localized amphiphilic micro-skeleton.
Tailoring a multifunctional magnetic cationic metal–organic framework composite for synchronous enrichment of phosphopeptides/glycopeptides
Authors: Qi He , Li Zheng , Ma Jiutong , Jia Qiong
Published: April 2022

A multifunctional magnetic cationic MOF composite (Fe3O4@ILI-01@Ti4+) was successfully prepared for the synchronous enrichment of phosphopeptides/glycopeptides.
Fabrication of NiFeB flexible electrode via electroless deposition towards selective and sensitive detection of dopamine
Authors: Kafle Alankar , Thakur Neha , Nagaiah Tharamani C.
Published: April 2022

A novel cost-effective and eco-friendly flexible electrochemical sensor was designed for highly selective and sensitive detection of dopamine to deal with the problems related to serious neurological disorders.
The potential of nature’s unseen industrious heroes: marine viruses
Authors: Allen Michael J. , Cicéron Félix , Monier Adam
Published: April 2022

The last two years have been a crash course in educating the world about viruses, virology and infectious diseases. Unsurprisingly, viruses have emerged as the harbingers of doom. However, with their newly acquired knowledge, the new armchair virologists fail to grasp the importance of viruses in the living world. They may cause us harm, but without their relentless activity, we’d all be dead anyway. In addition to owing them our lives, they also have the potential to improve our lives with novel biotechnological applications.
Effects of Medical Masks on Voice Quality in Patients With Voice Disorders
Authors: Lin Yuhong , Cheng Liyu , Wang Qingcui , Xu Wen
Published: April 2022

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of medical masks on the voice quality of patients with voice disorders.

Method:

We included 106 patients diagnosed with voice disorders. Among them, 59 were diagnosed with vocal-fold benign lesions, 27 with insufficient glottis closure, and 20 with precancerous lesions/early-stage glottic carcinoma. Perceptual parameters (GRBAS [grade, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, strain] scale), acoustic parameters (
f
o
, sound pressure level [SPL], jitter, shimmer, noise-to-harmonic ratio [NHR], and cepstral peak prominence [CPP]), and maximum phonation time (MPT) without and with medical masks were analyzed. Changes in the GRBAS scale after wearing medical masks were also evaluated.

Results:

With medical mask wearing, the G, R, and B scales in the vocal-fold benign lesion and insufficient glottic closure groups decreased, with a statistical significance seen in the G and R scales of the vocal-fold benign lesion group (G 1.07 ± 0.59, 0.95 ± 0.68,
p
< .01; R 1.07 ± 0.59, 0.95 ± 0.68,
p
< .01). The B scale in the precancerous lesions/early-stage glottic carcinoma (95%) and vocal-fold benign lesion groups (83%) and R scale in the insufficient glottic closure group (77.8%) were stable with mask wearing.
f
o
and SPL in the vocal-fold benign lesion group and
f
o
and jitter in the insufficient glottic closure group increased significantly with medical masks. The NHR and CPP in each group changed little, and all the parameters in the precancerous lesions/early-stage glottic carcinoma group showed no significant change.

Conclusions:

The effects of medical masks on the voice quality of patients with voice disorders were associated with the type of the disease, degree of hoarseness, and subjective scale influencing specific voice disorder. When wearing medical masks, the pitch and loudness of patients increased as compensation. Medical masks had the least impact on the precancerous lesions/early-stage glottic carcinoma group.
From Higher Education to Hands-On: A Qualitative Examination of the Preparation of Early Intervention Speech-Language Pathologists
Authors: Farrugia Audrey M.
Published: April 2022

Purpose:

The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association has outlined the primary roles and responsibilities of early intervention (EI)–based speech-language pathologists (SLPs). However, many SLPs feel underprepared to practice in EI. The purpose of this research note is to understand and describe the preparation experiences of EI-based SLPs practicing in Michigan, at a state level, as a first step in understanding the experiences of EI-based SLPs nationwide.

Method:

This qualitative investigation employed a phenomenological approach. Semistructured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 11 EI SLP participants practicing in the state of Michigan. When all interviews were completed and reviewed, the researcher conducted line-by-line focused coding to cluster frequently used terms and common experiences into specific themes.

Results:

The participants described their current roles and responsibilities in comparison to their preparation for EI. Despite variations in practice and location, the participants shared common experiences with lack of university preparation for practice and on-the-job learning.

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates the need to further explore the ways to better prepare SLPs to enter into the field of EI. Academic programs could begin this work by reaching out to local, practicing EI-based SLPs for guidance and consultation on course content so that it is rooted in actual practice and that connections for student observation and field experience can be made.
Probabilistic time series forecasting with deep non‐linear state space models
Authors: Du Heming , Du Shouguo , Li Wen
Published: April 2022

Probabilistic time series forecasting aims at estimating future probabilistic distributions based on given time series observations. It is a widespread challenge in various tasks, such as risk management and decision making. To investigate temporal patterns in time series data and predict subsequent probabilities, the state space model (SSM) provides a general framework. Variants of SSM achieve considerable success in many fields, such as engineering and statistics. However, since underlying processes in real‐world scenarios are usually unknown and complicated, actual time series observations are always irregular and noisy. Therefore, it is very difficult to determinate an SSM for classical statistical approaches. In this paper, a general time series forecasting framework, called Deep Non‐linear State Space Model (DNLSSM), is proposed to predict the probabilistic distribution based on estimated underlying unknown processes from historical time series data. We fuse deep neural networks and statistical methods to iteratively estimate states and network parameters and thus exploit intricate temporal patterns of time series data. In particular, the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is adopted to calculate marginal likelihoods and update distributions recursively for non‐linear functions. After that, a non‐linear Joseph form covariance update is developed to ensure that calculated covariance matrices in UKF updates are symmetric and positive definitive. Therefore, the authors enhance the tolerance of UKF to round‐off errors and manage to combine UKF and deep neural networks. In this manner, the DNLSSM effectively models non‐linear correlations between observed time series data and underlying dynamic processes. Experiments in both synthetic and real‐world datasets demonstrate that the DNLSSM consistently improves the accuracy of probability forecasts compared to the baseline methods.
Analysis of rotor winding interturn short circuits affected by the initial dynamic eccentricity in large synchronous condensers
Authors: Ma Minghan , Hou Yuejia , Li Yonggang , He Pengkang , Jiang Meng , Wu Yucai
Published: April 2022

To investigate the effect of initial dynamic eccentricity on the rotor winding turn‐to‐turn short circuit (RWISC) in a large synchronous condenser, this paper uses the study object of a 300 MVar dual water intercooler condenser. Firstly, the air gap flux density characteristics, unbalanced magnetic pull (UMP) and stator circulating current of the condenser under single and compound faults are derived theoretically. Then, a phase‐modulated field‐circuit coupling model is constructed using Anosoft software. It is used to simulate and analyse the condenser. Finally, the operation of the condenser was simulated with the SDF‐9 experimental setup, and the correctness of the theoretical derivation and simulation analysis was verified. The results show that the initial dynamic eccentricity of the condenser has a cutting effect on the fault characteristics generated by the RWISC. The 2nd harmonic of air gap flux density and stator circulating current and the fundamental wave of UMP decrease and increase with eccentricity. This study can provide theoretical guidance to eliminate disturbing factors to improve the accuracy of RWISC diagnosis in large synchronous condensers.
Saturated full model capability of virtual synchronous generator to improve transient stability of hybrid power system
Authors: Sedaghati Alireza , Al‐Durra Ahmed
Published: April 2022

In hybrid power system (HPS), there are many inverter‐based generators (IBGs) that inject renewable energy into the system as electrical power. Transient stability analysis of HPS in which synchronous generators (SGs) are operated in parallel with IBGs is necessary to operate the network safely under large disturbances. This paper examines the transient behaviour of IBGs with effective strategies, in which constraint on output current of IBGs is strictly considered to bring the results closer to reality. The control strategy is based on reference model tracking and substitution theory for networks, including parallel SG‐IBGs to full IBGs. First, for a network with full IBGs, a constant power model reference is proposed as a static model. Then a dynamic reference model called saturated full model of virtual synchronous generator (VSG) or simply SFMVSG is introduced as the final solution for the controller of IBG in HPS. The SFMVSG has all existing VSG features and provides virtual damping torque created by the interaction of virtual damping fluxes. The simulation results confirm that the study is efficient.
Impact of different electron thermal conductivity models on the performance of cryogenic implosions
Authors: Li Chuanying , Gu Jianfa , Ge Fengjun , Dai Zhensheng , Zou Shiyang
Published: April 2022

The electron thermal conduction strongly affects the hot-spot formation and the hydrodynamic instability growth in inertial confinement fusion implosions. A harmonic-mean flux-limited conductivity model has been widely used in implosion simulations. In this paper, using the high foot implosion N140520 as an example, we have performed a series of one-dimensional (1D) no-alpha simulations to quantify the impact of different conductivity models including the Spitzer–Harm model, the Lee–More model, and the recently proposed coupled Gericke-Murillo-Schlanges model [Ma et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 015001 (2019)] with the flux limiter fe ranging from 0.03 to 0.15 on the performance of cryogenic implosions. It is shown that varying fe has a bigger impact on the performance than changing conductivity models. Therefore, we have only performed two-dimensional (2D) no-alpha simulations using the Lee–More model with different flux limiters feLM to quantify the effect of the electron thermal conduction on the performance, with single-mode velocity perturbations with different mode numbers L seeded on the inner shell surface near the peak implosion velocity. We find that in both the 1D implosions and the 2D implosions with the same L, increasing fe leads to more hot-spot mass and lower hot-spot-averaged ion temperature, resulting in approximately constant hot-spot internal energy. In addition, the no-alpha yield Ynα is dominated by the neutron-averaged ion temperature Tn in these two cases. Increasing feLM from 0.0368 to 0.184 reduces Tn by ∼15% in 1D and by ∼20% for the 2D implosions with the same L, both leading to a ∼20% reduction in Ynα.
Silicon nitride waveguide polarization rotator and polarization beam splitter for chip-scale atomic systems
Authors: Gallacher Kevin , Griffin Paul F. , Riis Erling , Sorel Marc , Paul Douglas J.
Published: April 2022

The design, fabrication, and characterization of a silicon nitride waveguide polarization rotator and polarization beam splitter that operate with a polarization extinction ratio (PER) of ∼30 dB at the rubidium atomic transition of 780 nm wavelength are demonstrated. These polarization devices are fabricated on the same chip using a self-aligned process for integration of the rib and ridge waveguide structures. The polarization rotator is based on the mode evolution approach using adiabatic tapers and demonstrates a PER of ≥20 dB over a 100 nm bandwidth (730–830 nm wavelengths) with an insertion loss (IL) ≤1 dB. The polarization beam splitter is based on a cascaded tapered asymmetric directional coupler with phase matching between the fundamental and higher order TM modes, whereas the TE mode is separated by the through port. This provides a PER ≥ 20 dB with IL ≤ 1 dB over a 50 nm bandwidth for the cross port and a PER ≥ 15 dB with an IL ≤ 1 dB over an 18 nm bandwidth for the through port. These polarization control waveguide devices will enable photonic integrated circuits for saturated absorption spectroscopy of atomic vapors for laser stabilization on-chip.
Fermi–Löwdin orbital self-interaction correction of adsorption energies on transition metal ions
Authors: Withanage Kushantha P. K. , Sharkas Kamal , Johnson J. Karl , Perdew John P. , Peralta Juan E. , Jackson Koblar A.
Published: April 2022

Density functional theory (DFT)-based descriptions of the adsorption of small molecules on transition metal ions are prone to self-interaction errors. Here, we show that such errors lead to a large over-estimation of adsorption energies of small molecules on Cu+, Zn+, Zn2+, and Mn+ in local spin density approximation (LSDA) and Perdew, Burke, Ernzerhof (PBE) generalized gradient approximation calculations compared to reference values computed using the coupled-cluster with single, doubles, and perturbative triple excitations method. These errors are significantly reduced by removing self-interaction using the Perdew–Zunger self-interaction correction (PZ-SIC) in the Fermi–Löwdin Orbital (FLO) SIC framework. In the case of FLO-PBE, typical errors are reduced to less than 0.1 eV. Analysis of the results using DFT energies evaluated on self-interaction-corrected densities [DFT(@FLO)] indicates that the density-driven contributions to the FLO-DFT adsorption energy corrections are roughly the same size in DFT = LSDA and PBE, but the total corrections due to removing self-interaction are larger in LSDA.
Adhesive cutaneous conducting polymer electrodes
Authors: Dimov Ivan B. , Sautter Armin , Lövenich Wilfried , Neumann Christian , Malliaras George G.
Published: April 2022

Conducting polymers are widely used as electrode coatings in electrophysiology to lower impedance and achieve higher quality recordings and more efficient stimulation. Their availability as dispersions that can be processed directly from solution makes them particularly attractive for applications, where low cost and compatibility with mechanically flexible substrates are important. In this work, we demonstrate that poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-based conducting polymer films can be made adhesive to skin and polyimide by adding acrylic ester copolymer microparticles to the solution. The resultant films remained highly conducting despite incorporating at most 2.5% conducting polymer. We show that adhesive cutaneous electrodes fabricated using these coatings show comparable performance to commercial electrodes in forearm electromyography.
Magnetized ICF implosions: Scaling of temperature and yield enhancement
Authors: Walsh C. A. , O'Neill S. , Chittenden J. P. , Crilly A. J. , Appelbe B. , Strozzi D. J. , Ho D. , Sio H. , Pollock B. , Divol L. , Hartouni E. , Rosen M. , Logan B. G. , Moody J. D.
Published: April 2022

This paper investigates the impact of an applied magnetic field on the yield and hot-spot temperature of inertial confinement fusion implosions. A scaling of temperature amplification due to magnetization is shown to be in agreement with unperturbed two-dimensional (2D) extended-magnetohydrodynamic simulations. A perfectly spherical hot-spot with an axial magnetic field is predicted to have a maximum temperature amplification of 37%. However, elongation of the hot-spot along field lines raises this value by decreasing the hot-spot surface area along magnetic field lines. A scaling for yield amplification predicts that a magnetic field has the greatest benefit for low-temperature implosions; this is in agreement with simplified 1D simulations, but not 2D simulations where the hot-spot pressure can be significantly reduced by heat-flow anisotropy. Simulations including a P2 drive asymmetry then show that the magnetized yield is a maximum when the capsule drive corrects the hot-spot shape to be round at neutron bang time. An applied magnetic field is also found to be most beneficial for implosions that are more highly perturbed, exceeding the theoretical yield enhancement for symmetric hot-spots. Increasing the magnetic field strength past the value required to magnetize the electrons is beneficial due to the additional suppression of perturbations by magnetic tension.
Effect of bubble deformation on the coalescence of two ascending bubbles in a viscous liquid
Authors: Maruishi Takafumi , Toramaru Atsushi
Published: April 2022

We conduct a trajectory analysis for ascending bubbles with deformation at low Reynolds number Re≪1 to understand the effect of deformation on the cross section for coalescence. We derive equations of motion for the separation and shape of two bubbles with three controlling parameters: Bond number (Bo), size ratio (λ), and initial separation. These equations can be reduced to equations of motion of separation and shape contrast for two bubbles. A theoretical examination of the reduced equations provides the critical initial separation for collision as a function of Bo and λ. We develop a new model of the cross section for the coalescence of deformable bubbles by comparing the critical initial separation with experimental data. The cross section shows three different types of behavior depending on Bo. For small Bo, the cross section is independent of Bo and is proportional to λ. For moderate Bo, the cross section is proportional to Bo(1−λ)−1. For large Bo, the cross section is independent of Bo and is proportional to (1−λ)−4.
In situ detection of RF breakdown on microfabricated surface ion traps
Authors: Wilson Joshua M. , Tilles Julia N. , Haltli Raymond A. , Ou Eric , Blain Matthew G. , Clark Susan M. , Revelle Melissa C.
Published: April 2022

Microfabricated surface ion traps are a principal component of many ion-based quantum information science platforms. The operational parameters of these devices are pushed to the edge of their physical capabilities as the experiments strive for increasing performance. When the applied radio-frequency (RF) voltage is increased excessively, the devices can experience damaging electric discharge events known as RF breakdown. We introduce two novel techniques for in situ detection of RF breakdown, which we implemented while characterizing the breakdown threshold of surface ion traps produced at Sandia National Laboratories. In these traps, breakdown did not always occur immediately after increasing the RF voltage, but often minutes or even hours later. This result is surprising in the context of the suggested mechanisms for RF breakdown in vacuum. Additionally, the extent of visible damage caused by breakdown events increased with the applied voltage. To minimize the probability for damage when RF power is first applied to a device, our results strongly suggest that the voltage should be ramped up over the course of several hours and monitored for breakdown.
Restoring the conservativity of characteristic-based segregated models: Application to the hybrid lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: Wissocq G. , Coratger T. , Farag G. , Zhao S. , Boivin P. , Sagaut P.
Published: April 2022

A general methodology is introduced to build conservative numerical models for fluid simulations based on segregated schemes, where mass, momentum, and energy equations are solved by different methods. It is especially designed here for developing new numerical discretizations of the total energy equation and adapted to a thermal coupling with the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The proposed methodology is based on a linear equivalence with standard discretizations of the entropy equation, which, as a characteristic variable of the Euler system, allows efficiently decoupling the energy equation with the LBM. To this extent, any LBM scheme is equivalently written under a finite-volume formulation involving fluxes, which are further included in the total energy equation as numerical corrections. The viscous heat production is implicitly considered thanks to the knowledge of the LBM momentum flux. Three models are subsequently derived: a first-order upwind, a Lax–Wendroff, and a third-order Godunov-type schemes. They are assessed on standard academic test cases: a Couette flow, entropy spot and vortex convections, a Sod shock tube, several two-dimensional Riemann problems, and a shock–vortex interaction. Three key features are then exhibited: (1) the models are conservative by construction, recovering correct jump relations across shock waves; (2) the stability and accuracy of entropy modes can be explicitly controlled; and (3) the low dissipation of the LBM for isentropic phenomena is preserved.
Bubble size analysis in a two-phase countercurrent flow in the narrow rectangular column
Authors: Prakash Ritesh , Sangtam Bongliba T. , Hembrom Kalicharan , Majumder Subrata Kumar
Published: April 2022

The flow of bubbles in a two-phase system has great implications in chemical, petrochemical, and biochemical applications. This work enunciates the measurement of bubble size distribution and bubble aspect ratio in three-different axial zones in the countercurrent flow mode with a gas and liquid velocity range of 0.044–0.321 and 0.019–0.058 m/s, respectively. Bubble size is measured by the photographic technique. The bubble aspect ratio and bubble size distribution results reveal that the impact of gas and liquid velocities is significant on the Sauter mean bubble size. The Sauter mean bubble size increases as the gas velocity increases, whereas it decreases with the liquid velocity. The Sauter mean bubble diameter ranges from 2.65 to 6.16 mm. The distribution of bubble sizes follows the LogLogistic probability density function. In addition, a correlation is also proposed for the interpretation of bubble diameter in terms of Reynolds number and Froude number. The bubble aspect ratio changes with axial zones and gas and liquid velocities. Experiments reveal that the bubble aspect increases with liquid velocity while decreasing with gas velocity and axial zones. The bubble aspect ratio correlations are developed in terms of Eötvös and Reynolds numbers. The present results will be helpful for the process intensification of bubble-aided two-phase flow applications.
Thermochromic VO2 based sandwich structure Ag/Al2O3/VO2 with low solar absorption and tunable emittance for spacecraft
Authors: Wang Xiaoqian , Jin Haibo , Wang Boyu , Ling Chen , Yang Junlin , Li Donglai , Li Jingbo
Published: April 2022

The smart radiator device (SRD) with low solar absorption (αs) and large infrared emittance modulation (Δɛ) is desirable to a spacecraft thermal control system. In this work, the SRD was fabricated through depositing the Ag/Al2O3/VO2 triple-layer film on the Si substrate by magnetron sputtering. The properties of the SRD devices were optimized by tuning the thickness of the VO2 layer, and a fantastic SRD device was acquired, which showed low αs, high Δɛ, and intense high-temperature infrared emittance (ɛHT). For the device with a VO2 layer of 50 nm thickness, αs was as low as 29.7% and Δɛ reached 0.53 with ɛHT up to 0.87. The triple-layer film device shows great potential for applications in the spacecraft thermal control system.
Diffusiophoresis of a highly charged dielectric fluid droplet induced by diffusion potential
Authors: Fan Leia , Wu Yvonne , Jian Elaine , Tseng Jessica , Wan Renee , Tseng Andy , Lin Jason , Lee Eric
Published: April 2022

Diffusiophoresis of a dielectric fluid droplet in electrolyte solutions is investigated theoretically, focusing on the electrophoresis component resulting from the induced diffusion potential in the electrolyte solution when the diffusivities of cations and anions there are different. The resultant electrokinetic equations are solved with a pseudo-spectral method based on the Chebyshev polynomials. We found, among other things, that the electrophoresis component dominates at a larger Debye length, whereas the chemiphoresis component at a smaller Debye length for a dielectric droplet of a constant surface charge density. The two components are of comparable magnitudes in the NaCl solution. The dual between the spinning electric driving force tangent to the droplet surface and the hydrodynamic drag force reinforced by the motion-deterring electrokinetic Maxwell traction from the surrounding exterior osmosis flow is crucial in the determination of the ultimate droplet motion. Unlike the chemiphoresis component, which is independent of the sign of charges carried by the droplet, the droplet moving direction as well as its magnitude in the electrophoresis component depends on the sign of charges carried by the droplet as well as the direction of the electric field induced by the diffusion potential. This gives the electrophoresis component excellent maneuverability in practical applications like drug delivery and enhanced oil recovery, where migration of droplets toward regions of higher solute concentrations is often desired.