bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation, Structure Determination and Cytotoxicity of the PdII·Bleomycin A2 Complex
Authors: Papakyriakou Athanasios , Bratsos Ioannis , Katsarou Maria , Katsaros Nikos
Published: May 2004

The solution structure of the PdII·bleomycin A2 complex was resolved by NMR spectroscopy in combination with molecular modelling. The preparation of the complex in 1.0 M NaCl aqueous solutions leads to the formation of a major compound, which is very stable at ambient temperature. Our NMR spectroscopic data demonstrate that bleomycin is coordinated through the β‐aminoalanine secondary amine, the pyrimidine ring N1, the deprotonated histidyl amide and the imidazole N1, in contrast to an earlier study that proposed coordination of the valerate amide. 2D NMR spectroscopic data were used as distance constraints in simulated annealing molecular‐dynamics calculations and the first solution structure of a square‐planar metallo‐bleomycin is reported. In order to assess the toxicity of PdII·bleomycin, cytotoxicity measurements were performed in U937 and K562 leukemia cell lines using two methods. In both cell lines the free drug and the complex exhibit similar toxicity as a function of time. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Syntheses and Reactions of a Stable 1,2‐Dichloro‐1,2‐diborolane and Aromatic Tetraboranes
Authors: Präsang Carsten , Sahin Yüksel , Hofmann Matthias , Geiseler Gertraud , Massa Werner , Berndt Armin
Published: May 2004

The 1,2‐dichloro‐1,2‐diborolane 1b was isolated in good yield after the reaction of the 1,2‐bis(dimethylamino)‐1,2‐diborolane 2c with BCl3. We prepared 2c from 1,2‐bis(dimethylamino)‐1,2‐dichlorodiborane(4) (3) and TMEDA‐free [1,3‐bis(trimethylsilyl)allyl]lithium (5a·Li), which is accessible by deprotonation of 1,3‐bis(trimethylsilyl)propene (4a) with n‐butyllithium in diethyl ether. Upon its reaction with lithium in THF, the 1‐allyl‐2‐chlorodiborane(4) 6a obtained in the first step undergoes an unprecedented ring closure with 1,2‐migration of a trimethylsilyl substituent to yield the boron‐stabilized carbanion 7a. Reaction of 7a with either chlorotrimethylsilane or HCl gives 2c or 2d, respectively. The latter compound cannot be transformed into an isolable 1,2‐dichloro‐1,2‐diborolane; this observation demonstrates that a trimethylsilyl substituent next to each boron atom is essential for the stability of 1,2‐dichloro‐1,2‐diborolanes. Compound 1b is a versatile starting material, inter alia for the syntheses of the aromatic tetraboranes(6) cis‐11 and trans‐13 and the aromatic tetraborane(4) cis‐12. The isomerization cis‐11 → trans‐13 can be explained on the basis of reactions occurring under the conservation of two‐electron aromaticity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Broadband wireless access based on VSF‐OFCDM and VSCRF‐CDMA and its experiments
Authors: Atarashi Hiroyuki , Maeda Noriyuki , Kishiyama Yoshihisa , Sawahashi Mamoru
Published: May 2004

This paper presents broadband packet wireless access schemes based on variable spreading factor (VSF)‐orthogonal frequency and code division multiplexing (OFCDM) in the downlink and variable spreading and chip repetition factors (VSCRF)‐CDMA in the uplink for the systems beyond IMT‐2000. In our design concept for wireless access in both links, radio parameters such as the spreading factor (SF) are optimally controlled so that the system capacity is maximized according to the cell configuration, channel load and radio channel conditions, based on the tradeoff between efficient suppression of other‐cell interference and the capacity increase in the target cell by exploiting orthogonality in the time and frequency domains. We demonstrate that the peak throughput of greater than 100 Mbps and 20 Mbps is achieved by the implemented base station and mobile station transceivers using the 100‐MHz and 40‐MHz bandwidths in the downlink and uplink respectively. Moreover, the simulation results show the possibility of the peak throughput of approximately 1 Gbps for short‐range area applications using the 100‐MHz bandwidth OFCDM downlink by applying four‐branch multiple input multiple output (MIMO) multiplexing with 16 QAM data modulation and punctured turbo coding. Copyright © 2004 AEI
Efficient packet data service in a spread spectrum OFDM cellular system with 2‐dimensional radio resource allocation
Authors: Novak Robert , Krzymien Witold A.
Published: May 2004

This paper describes and evaluates a novel 2‐dimensional radio resource allocation scheme for high‐throughput cellular packet data access. The proposed system employs spread spectrum orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with adaptive time and frequency allocation (SS‐OFDM‐F/TA) of radio resources. In order to achieve high spectral efficiency of downlink packet transmissions to multiple mobile users, multi‐user diversity available in the multi path fading environment is exploited through the use of adaptive modulation and coding, best serving sector selection, suitable scheduling of packet transmissions and hybrid ARQ employing soft‐packet combining and incremental redundancy. The data throughput, packet delay and fairness of the system with slow and fast best sector selection are examined. A method of grouping disjoint sub‐bands for use in highly frequency‐selective environments is described and evaluated. Packet re‐transmission options including a proposal of several asynchronous re‐transmission algorithms and constraining the maximum re‐transmission interval are also considered. It is demonstrated that the proposed spread spectrum OFDM system is capable of reaching a spectral efficiency of about 1.7 b/sec/Hz/sector with single receive and transmit antennas, and seems to provide a promising solution for high‐throughput best‐effort delay‐tolerant data services in future cellular radio systems. Copyright © 2004 AEI
Spreading sequences for multi‐carrier CDMA systems with nonlinear amplifier
Authors: Saito Masato , Hara Takao , Gima Tetsuhito , Okada Minoru , Yamamoto Heiichi
Published: May 2004

Multi‐carrier CDMA (MC‐CDMA) system with a nonlinear amplifier is evaluated in this study. This paper proposes to use the amplifier at the saturation by minimizing the degradation of MC‐CDMA signal due to the nonlinearity. Peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) of MC‐CDMA signals for various spreading sequences is also evaluated for both up‐ and down‐links. As spreading sequences, M‐sequences and their variations are considered in this study. As a result, Golay complementary sequences are suitable for the up‐link and low‐traffic down‐link. Meanwhile, Hadamard sequences provide the minimum PAPR in the down‐link with heavy traffic. Copyright © 2004 AEI
A novel soft handoff technique using STTD for MC‐CDMA in a frequency selective fading channel
Authors: Lee Kyesan , Nakagawa Masao
Published: May 2004

Antennas are commonly located in close proximity to each other and there is high correlation between them. In such cases, there exists correlated fading among antennas. The correlated fading degrades the performance of this system. This paper presents an effective soft handoff technique using space time transmitter diversity (STTD) with two base stations for multi‐carrier (MC)‐CDMA to achieve high diversity gain in a wireless broadband channel. The proposed system is a dual step diversity scheme in frequency selective fading channel environments combining the frequency diversity effect achieved by the use of multi‐carriers and the antenna diversity gain afforded by STTD. This is an effective diversity scheme, which improves the signal quality at the receiver by simple processing across two transmit antennas. No feedback from the receiver to the transmitter is required in this system and the computation complexity is low. Copyright © 2004 AEI
Synchronization sensitivity of multicarrier systems
Authors: Steendam Heidi , Moeneclaey Marc
Published: May 2004

In this paper, we give an overview of the sensitivity of a number of multicarrier systems to carrier and clock synchronization errors. A comparison is made between orthogonal frequency division multiplexing/multiple access (OFDM(A)) and two combinations of the orthogonal multicarrier technique and the code‐division multiple access (CDMA) technique, i.e. multicarrier CDMA (MC‐CDMA), where the spreading is accomplished in the frequency domain and multicarrier direct‐sequence CDMA (MC‐DS‐CDMA), where the spreading is done in the time domain. We evaluate the effect of small synchronization errors on the BER performance by deriving simple analytical expressions for the BER degradation that are based upon truncated Taylor series expansions. To allow a fair comparison, all considered systems are able to accommodate the same number of users and each user operates at the same data rate. Under these conditions, we show that all multicarrier systems exhibit the same sensitivity to carrier phase jitter and timing jitter. Further, when the number of carriers is equal to the maximum number of users, the different multicarrier systems also are equally affected by a carrier frequency offset or a clock frequency offset. Copyright © 2004 AEI
A numerical‐variational procedure for laminar flow in curved square ducts
Authors: Hatzikonstantinou P. M. , Sakalis V. D.
Published: May 2004

A new numerical method is presented for the solution of the Navier–Stokes and continuity equations governing the internal incompressible flows. The method denoted as the CVP method consists in the numerical solution of these equations in conjunction with three additional variational equations for the continuity, the vorticity and the pressure field, using a non‐staggered grid. The method is used for the study of the characteristics of the laminar fully developed flows in curved square ducts. Numerical results are presented for the effects of the flow parameters like the curvature, the Dean number and the stream pressure gradient on the velocity distributions, the friction factor and the appearance of a pair of vortices in addition to those of the familiar secondary flow. The accuracy of the method is discussed and the results are compared with those obtained by us, using a variation of the velocity–pressure linked equation methods denoted as the PLEM method and the results obtained by other methods. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large eddy simulation of turbulent concentric annular channel flows
Authors: Liu Nan‐Sheng , Lu Xi‐Yun
Published: May 2004

Fully developed turbulent concentric annular channel flow has been investigated numerically by use of large eddy simulation (LES) technique coupled with a localized one‐equation dynamic subgrid‐scale (SGS) model. The objective of this study is to deal with the behaviour of turbulent flow near the inner and outer walls of the concentric annular channel and to examine the effectiveness of LES technique for predicting the turbulent flow influenced by the transverse curvature effect. The computations are performed for the Reynolds number Reτ=180, 395 and 640, based on an averaged friction velocity and the annular channel width with the inner and outer cylinder radius being Ri=1 and Ro=2. To validate the present approach, calculated results for turbulent pipe flow and concentric annular channel flow are compared with available experimental data and direct numerical simulation results, which confirms that the present approach can be used to study turbulent concentric annular channel flow satisfactorily. To elucidate turbulence characteristics in the concentric annular channel, some typical quantities, including the resolved velocity, turbulence intensity, turbulent eddy viscosity, SGS kinetic energy, SGS dissipation rate, Reynolds stress budgets, and turbulence structures based on the velocity fluctuations, are analysed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dll3 pudgy mutation differentially disrupts dynamic expression of somite genes
Authors: Kusumi Kenro , Mimoto Mizuho S. , Covello Kelly L. , Beddington Rosa S.P. , Krumlauf Robb , Dunwoodie Sally L.
Published: May 2004

Mutations in the notch ligand delta‐like 3 have been identified in both the pudgy mouse (Dll3pu; Kusumi et al.: Nat Genet 19:274–278, 1998) and the human disorder spondylocostal dysostosis (SCD; Bulman et al.: Nat Genet 24:438–441, 2000), and a targeted mutation has been generated (Dll3neo; Dunwoodie et al.: Development 129:1795–1806, 2002). Vertebral and rib malformations deriving from defects in somitic patterning are key features of these disorders. In the mouse, notch pathway genes such as Lfng, Hes1, Hes7, and Hey2 display dynamic patterns of expression in paraxial mesoderm, cycling in synchrony with somite formation (Aulehla and Johnson: Dev Biol 207:49–61, 1999; Forsberg et al.: Curr Biol 8:1027–1030, 1998; Jouve et al.: Development 127:1421–1429, 2000; McGrew et al.: Curr Biol 8:979–982, 1998; Nakagawa et al.: Dev Biol 216:72–84, 1999). We report here that the Dll3pu mutation has different effects on the expression of cycling (Lfng and Hes7) and stage‐specific genes (Hey3 and Mesp2). This suggests a more complex situation than a single oscillatory mechanism in somitogenesis and provides an explanation for the unique radiological features of the human DLL3‐type of SCD. genesis 39:115–121, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased cytotoxic potential of microglia from ALS‐transgenic mice
Authors: Weydt Patrick , Yuen Eric C. , Ransom Bruce R. , Möller Thomas
Published: May 2004

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal, adult‐onset motor neuron disease. A subset of cases is caused by mutations of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene. The mechanisms how the mutations in this ubiquitous enzyme mediate the highly selective motor neuron degeneration, however, remain poorly understood. Recent results from transgenic animal models suggest a “non‐cell autonomous” mechanism; i.e., cells other than neurons play an active role in motor neuron death. To investigate a possible effect of mtSOD1 on microglial cells, we compared primary cultured microglia from mtSOD1‐transgenic mice and nontransgenic litter controls at neonatal (3 days) and adult (60 days) age. We found that mtSOD1 expression increases the production of TNF‐α and attenuates IL‐6‐release by LPS‐activated adult microglia. Neonatal microglia, however, showed no differences. Our findings suggest an increased cytotoxic potential of adult mtSOD1 microglia, which only becomes apparent after microglial activation. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Resident microglia from adult mice are refractory to nitric oxide‐inducing stimuli due to impaired NOS2 gene expression
Authors: Brannan Courtney A. , Roberts Margo R.
Published: May 2004

Microglia are the immunoregulatory cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and share many characteristics with resident macrophages in extracerebral tissues. Nitric oxide (NO) is secreted by macrophages following induction of the NO synthase gene NOS2 by stimuli elicited during a T‐cell response and/or by microbial products. NO regulates both innate and adaptive immune responses, such as killing intracellular pathogens and inhibiting T‐cell proliferation. Regulation of NO production by microglia, however, is poorly understood. We find that microglia from healthy adult mice produce negligible amounts of NO compared with resident macrophages during restimulation of peptide‐specific CD8 T cells, and therefore cannot block T‐cell proliferation. The impaired NO response extends to exogenous NOS2‐inducing stimuli, including cytokines, CD40 ligation, and lipopolysaccharide. In contrast, microglia produce proinflammatory cytokines in response to these same stimuli, and therefore possess a relatively selective block in NO production. We go on to show that resident microglia fail to produce detectable levels of either the NOS2 enzyme or NOS2 RNA in response to NO‐inducing stimuli. We therefore propose that microglia in the healthy adult brain exist in an “NO‐incompetent” state in which NO production is blocked at the level of NOS2 RNA. The inability of resident microglia in the healthy CNS to produce NO may allow these immunoregulatory cells to modulate immune processes temporally, and may serve to protect the CNS from irreparable damage at the onset of infection or injury. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Pederic Acid and Related Model Studies
Authors: Breitfelder Steffen , Schuemacher Anne C. , Rölle Thomas , Kikuchi Makoto , Hoffmann Reinhard W.
Published: May 2004

{[2‐(Trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl} (SEM)‐protected pederic acid 16 was prepared by deriving the stereogenic center at C(7) from mannitol and those at C(2) and C(3) (mycalamide numbering) from trans‐2,3‐dimethyloxirane. Routes to pederamides involving a late oxygenation at C(7) were explored.
Scanning electron microscopy of the tongue papillae in the pig (Sus scrofa)
Authors: Kumar Suraj , Bate Luis A.
Published: May 2004

A clear understanding of the role of different papillae in the pig may permit the development of a more palatable diet, thus, better utilizing anatomical structures and morphological characteristics to enhance health and productivity in this domestic species. The study used ten healthy market‐size, mixed‐breed pigs to properly describe the surface structure of the tongue papillae using standard scanning electron microscopic techniques. Two types of sharp and blunt filiform papillae were identified. Fungiform papillae, located on the lateral side of the tongue, were circular and large with surface taste pores. The majority of oval papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue contained multidirectional surface grooves and lacked taste pores. The foliate papillae, located principally on the caudal third and lateral part of the tongue, were comprised of four to five leaves and they had additional pseudopapillae. The two vallate papillae, found in the caudal third and dorsum of the tongue, had a well‐defined vallum and pseudopapillae on their surface. At the root of the tongue, two types of conical papillae with or without apex were observed. The entire area covered by conical papillae was deeply occupied by lingual tonsils. The lingual tonsils were scattered with varying sized lymph nodules in the propria mucosa of the conical papillae deep to epithelium. Functionally, the filiform and conical papillae appeared to have a mechanical role whereas fungiform, foliate, and vallate papillae apparently perform a gustatory role in the pig. The tonsillar location at the root of the tongue provides an ideal experimental model for immunohistological and immunological studies on the lymphoid tissue in man. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:253–258, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An EBSP study of isothermally‐annealed cold‐rolled nickel
Authors: Baker I. , Li J.
Published: May 2004

Scanning electron microscopy and electron backscattered patterns, EBSP, have been employed to reveal both the grain structure and texture of 90% cold‐rolled polycrystalline nickel after 1‐hour anneals at a variety of temperatures. After annealing at either 400° or 500°C, small, cube‐oriented, equi‐axed grains were produced via primary recrystallization. At 600°C, large {124}<211> oriented grains accounted for an increasing proportion of the microstructure, until at 1000°C only large grains (∼600 μm) and a sharp {124}<211> texture were present. Detailed EBSP analyses of the grain boundaries surrounding the large abnormally grown grains observed at 600°C demonstrated that formation of the secondary recrystallization texture was due to migration of high‐mobility, random high‐angle boundaries around grains that had a size advantage, consistent with the Abbruzzese‐Lücke model. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:289–297, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Total mesorectal excision for middle and lower rectal cancer: A single institution experience with 337 consecutive patients
Authors: Piso Pompiliu , Dahlke Marc‐Hendrik , Mirena Petrit , Schmidt Ursula , Aselmann Heiko , Schlitt Hans Juergen , Raab Rudolf , Klempnauer Juergen
Published: May 2004

Background and Objectives

There have been reports on improved prognosis after TME for middle and lower rectal cancer. No prospective randomized studies have yet been performed. This is a large single institution series evaluating its own results of TME.

Methods

This retrospective study analyses data of 337 patients with middle and lower rectal cancer, treated with either curative or palliative intention between 1990 and 1998.

Results

Of all patients, 212 had lower rectal and 125 middle rectal carcinomas. The rate of rectal resections with TME was 96%. A total of 223 patients were treated by anterior rectal resection; 92 patients had to undergo abdomino‐perineal resection. Ten patients were operated by a Hartmann resection. Postoperative morbidity was 35% with a leakage rate of 9%. Postoperative mortality was 4%. The rate of local recurrence was 8.6%. The 5‐year survival rate after curative resection was 69.3%. The multivariate analysis outlined the tumor stage as independent prognostic factor.

Conclusions

In our experience, TME is feasible with acceptable postoperative morbidity and low mortality. The local recurrence rate can be decreased to lower than 10%. The almost 70% 5‐year survival rate indicates a clear benefit for the patients. These findings recommend TME as standard procedure for middle and lower rectal cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;86:115–121. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social capital and nonprofit leaders
Authors: King Nancy K.
Published: May 2004

The concept of social capital seems to be a very compatible, useful, and important one for nonprofit organizations. Nonprofits must sustain and enhance the original social capital with which they were formed and broaden it into a variety of key areas. Nonprofits and their leaders must foster social capital in order to recruit and develop board members, raise philanthropic support, develop strategic partnerships, engage in advocacy, enhance community relations, and create a shared strategic vision and mission within the organization and its employees. Nonprofit executives have a pivotal role in carrying out these functions, but they do so through relationships and networks with others. These activities are time‐consuming and demanding, and they require planning.

This article provides a focused literature analysis on the concept of social capital as it applies to nonprofit management and leadership. The author views the literature with respect to definitions of social capital and the way nonprofits generate and mobilize social capital in order to achieve organizational goals. The author also cites methods for measuring social capital.
Paediatric malignant tumours of the gastrointestinal tract in the West Midlands, UK, 1957–2000: A large population based survey
Authors: Hameed R. , Parkes Sheila , Davies P. , Morland B. J.
Published: May 2004

Background

To investigate the incidence, clinical characteristics and survival of malignant tumours of the gastrointestinal tract in children in the West Midlands in Britain over a 44‐year span time, to identify any change over this period and to compare the data with the world literature.

Procedure

Retrospective population based study. Fifty‐seven patients were identified from the records of the West Midlands Regional Children's Tumour Registry. Age‐standardised incidence rates were calculated using the world standardised population method. Statistical tests used were the Log rank test and survival curves were produced using the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

The age‐standardised incidence of overall gut tumours during the period 1957–2000 was 1.10/million/year. The age standardised incidence of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) was calculated as 0.9/million/year and for adenocarcinoma 0.14/million/year.

Conclusion

Malignant tumours of the gastrointestinal tract remain rare in children. No changing trends in incidence were observed over the 44‐year period. NHL was the commonest malignancy overall and of the small bowel while equal number of adenocarcinoma and NHL were identified in the large bowel. There was no significant difference in survival between sexes, site and age groups in both NHL and adenocarcinoma. Survival has improved over the last four decades for NHL patients but remains poor for the adenocarcinoma patients. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complementary therapies: considerations for diabetes care
Authors: Dunning T
Published: May 2004

Complementary therapies (CTs) are receiving increasing attention in mainstream health care. Over 50% of the global population between 25% 30% of people with diabetes use CTs. In addition, health professionals are increasingly incorporating CT into their practice or referring patients to CT practitioners. This paper explores the philosophy underlying CT, gives an overview of the types of therapies used, outlines the reasons people use CTs the risks benefits for people with diabetes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does the Implicit Association Test for assessing anxiety measure trait and state variance?
Authors: Schmukle Stefan C. , Egloff Boris
Published: May 2004

The stability of the Implicit Association Test for assessing anxiety (IAT‐Anxiety) is lower than its internal consistency, indicating that the IAT‐Anxiety measures both stable and occasion‐specific variance. This suggests that the IAT‐Anxiety may be not only a valid measure of trait anxiety but also one of state anxiety. To test this assumption, two studies were conducted in which state anxiety was experimentally induced by a public speaking task. However, both studies showed that the IAT‐Anxiety score did not change when a state of anxiety was induced. Thus, it seems that occasion‐specific factors other than variations in state anxiety lead to occasion‐specific variance in the IAT‐Anxiety score. Implications for the indirect assessment of personality dispositions with the IAT are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What matters most to prejudice: Big Five personality, Social Dominance Orientation, or Right‐Wing Authoritarianism?
Authors: Ekehammar Bo , Akrami Nazar , Gylje Magnus , Zakrisson Ingrid
Published: May 2004

Whereas previous research has studied the relation of either (i) personality with prejudice, (ii) personality with social dominance orientation (SDO) and right‐wing authoritarianism (RWA), or (iii) SDO and RWA with prejudice, the present research integrates all approaches within the same model. In our study (N = 183), various causal models of the relationships among the Big Five, SDO, RWA, and Generalized Prejudice are proposed and tested. Generalized Prejudice scores were obtained from a factor analysis of the scores on various prejudice instruments (racism, sexism, prejudice toward homosexuals, and mentally disabled people), which yielded a one‐factor solution. The best‐fitting causal model, which was our suggested hypothetical model, showed that Big Five personality had no direct effect on Generalized Prejudice but an indirect effect transmitted through RWA and SDO, where RWA seems to capture personality aspects to a greater extent than SDO. Specifically, Generalized Prejudice was affected indirectly by Extraversion, Openness to Experience, and Conscientiousness through RWA, and by Agreeableness through SDO, whereas Neuroticism had no effect at all. The results are discussed against the background of previous research and the personality and social psychology approaches to the study of prejudice. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics and mechanisms of elimination of ethyl 3‐phenyl and ethyl 3‐methyl‐3‐phenyl glycidates in the gas phase
Authors: Chuchani Gabriel , Tosta María , Rotinov Alexandra , Herize Armando
Published: May 2004

The gas‐phase elimination kinetics of the title compounds were examined in a static reaction system over the temperature range 350.2–399.7°C and the pressure range 16.5–107 Torr (1 Torr = 133.3 Pa). The reactions are homogeneous, unimolecular and follow a first‐order rate law. The rate coefficients are given by the following Arrhenius equations: for ethyl 3‐phenylglycidate, log [k1 (s−1)] = (12.15±0.46)−(190.1±5.8) kJ mol−1 (2.303 RT)−1, and for ethyl 3‐methyl‐3‐phenyl glycidate, log [k1 (s−1)] = (12.02±0.19)−(182.9±2.4) kJ mol−1 (2.303 RT)−1. The ethyl side of the ester is eliminated as ethylene through a concerted six‐membered cyclic transtion state, while the unstable intermediate glycidic acid rapidly decarboxylates to give the corresponding substituted aldehyde. The glycidic acid appears to lose CO2 gas by way of a five‐membered cyclic transition state type of mechanism. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phage display identifies novel peptides that bind extracellular‐regulated protein kinase 2 to compete with transcription factor binding
Authors: Rainey Mark A. , Linse Klaus D. , Dalby Kevin N.
Published: May 2004

Extracellular‐regulated protein kinase 2 (ERK2) is a serine/threonine‐specific protein kinase capable of phosphorylating multiple protein substrates within a cell. In an attempt to identify novel peptides that bind and inhibit the function of an active form of ERK2, phage display was carried out using a disulfide‐constrained peptide library (X2CX14CX2). Several phage clones were identified by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that competed with both a protein substrate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for immobilized ERK2. A chemically synthesized peptide derived from these experiments, NH2‐KKKIRCIRGWTKDIRTLADSCQY‐COOH, inhibited ERK2 phosphorylation of the protein substrate EtsΔ138, exhibiting competitive and mixed inhibition towards EtsΔ138 and MgATP2−, respectively. Surprisingly, the same peptide displayed equally potent inhibition towards the phosphorylation of ATF2 by p38 MAPKα, another MAP kinase that has ∼46% sequence similarity to ERK2. This study indicates that active ERK2 can be targeted by phage display to find novel antagonists to kinase function and suggests that protein‐binding sites within the MAPK family may contain conserved features that render them susceptible to ligand binding. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Free energy relationships and intramolecular general acid catalysis
Authors: Greig Ian R. , Kirby Anthony J.
Published: May 2004

Variations in reactivity of substituted salicylic acid derivatives are appraised in the light of the work of Jencks on transition‐state structures, variations in transition‐state structure and variations in reaction mechanism. The transition states for the intramolecular general acid‐catalysed hydrolyses of a variety of compounds derived from salicylic acid are shown to be closely related to those for the corresponding spontaneous hydrolysis reactions of compounds derived from substituted phenols. Free energy relationships are used to estimate the potential benefits of improving intramolecular hydrogen bond geometry in an aqueous environment. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of variation of [PMDETA]0/[Cu(I)Br]0 ratio on atom transfer radical polymerization of n‐butyl acrylate
Authors: Huang Jinyu , Pintauer Tomislav , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof
Published: May 2004

A kinetic study was conducted to examine the effect of varying the ratio of ligand to transition metal in a Cu(I)Br/N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) catalyst system for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of n‐butyl acrylate (nBA) using methyl 2‐bromopropionate as the initiator. Experimental molecular weights were higher than theoretical when low molecular weight polymers were targeted at low ratios of [PMDETA]0/[Cu(I)Br]0 (< 1), indicating inefficient initiation/deactivation. A downward curvature in the plot of Mn versus conversion was observed at high monomer conversion when targeting high molecular weight polymers. This deviation became more significant when an excess of ligand was used, indicating a contribution of chain transfer to ligand. The maximum rate of polymerization was obtained at [PMDETA]0/[Cu(I)Br]0 ≈ 0.5 for bulk ATRP of nBA; however for polymerization in the presence of 10 vol% DMF, the maximum appeared at the ratio ≈ 1:1. Addition of acetone or DMF improved solubility of Cu(II) complex, which consequently improved the level of control over the polymerization at low ratios of [PMDETA]0/[Cu(I)Br]0, but also reduced the reaction rate. The polymerization rate increased with temperature, but at the expense of increased polydispersities. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3285–3292, 2004
Ready‐to‐eat mussel meat processed in retort pouches for the retail and export market
Authors: Bindu J. , Srinivasa Gopal T.K. , Unnikrishnan Nair T.S.
Published: May 2004

A processing method has been developed to prepare ready‐to‐eat mussel meat, retaining its natural texture and succulence. The product was vacuum‐packed in an indigenously developed retortable pouch and processed in a still over‐pressure retort. Time and temperature data was collected during heat processing using an Ellab data recorder cum F0 and cook value integrator. The heat penetration characteristics were determined using a formula method. The total process time was 35 min with a F0 value of 9.8 and a cook value of 90.3 min. These vacuum‐packed retort‐processed samples were rated excellent by the taste panel and remained in good condition even after storage for 1 year at room temperature. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A characterization of an acceptable solution of the extended nonlinear complementarity problem
Authors: Fang Y. , Huang N.
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this paper is to give a sufficient and necessary condition for an acceptable solution of an extended nonlinear complementarity problem. As a consequence, a characterization of an acceptable solution of a vertical implicit nonlinear complementarity problem is also established.
On the expansion of a penny‐shaped crack by a rigid circular disc inclusion in a thick plate
Authors: Vrbik J. , Singh B.M. , Rokne J. , Dhaliwal R.S.
Published: May 2004

This paper examines the problem of symmetric indentation of a penny‐shaped crack by a smoothly embedded rigid circular disc inclusion in a thick layer. Expressions for the resultant pressure applied to the inclusion and for the stress intensity factor at the boundary of the penny‐shaped crack are obtained. The mathematical form of the expressions for the resultant stress fields and the tractions along the inclusion are also derived. Numerical results for the resultant pressure and stress intensity factor, resultant stress fields and the resultant tractions along the inclusion are obtained and displayed graphically.
On the generalized Lyapunov–Schmidt reduction
Authors: Lijun Y.
Published: May 2004

The generalized Lyapunov‐Schmidt reduction is thoroughly investigated in this paper. Some new and known properties of the reduction are presented transparently. Among others we obtain two main results, an alternative proof of the equivalence of the generalized reduction and an approximation relation between the generalized Lyapunov‐Schmidt reduction and the center manifold reduction.
New methods for transcervical cannulation of the Fallopian tube
Authors: Kerin J.F.
Published: May 2004

Technological advances have led to major improvements in the design and application of Fallopian tube cannulation devices using the transcervical approach. Presently such cannulation systems are being used to overcome infertility disorders. These transcervical access systems are now able to displace debris that may block the tube, break down intraluminal adhesions or place egg, sperm or embryos in the tube to facilitate conception. Conversely, these same or modified devices could be used to place sclerosing agents or occlusive devices within the Fallopian tubes using similar transcervical access technology. Transcervical delivery systems incorporating a very fine endoscopic fiber have also been developed to visibly assess the inside lumen of the Fallopian tube using a transcervical approach. Such a system could be used to accurately identify specific sites in the tube for placement of such devices. The potential for placing permanent or temporary devices in the tube and the option of reversible sterilization may become a possibility in the future. One of the biggest obstacles against a wide distribution of these devices, particularly in third world countries, will be cost and the relative technical complexity in using them. These factors will need to be addressed more carefully in assessing the overall strategy of population control. The pressure on governments and international agencies to place more resources into population control may facilitate the accelerated development, application and cost containment of these new devices and delivery systems.
Quinacrine: sclerosing agent of the utero‐tubal junction in women, with anticarcinogenic actions in transplanted tumors in mice
Authors: Zipper J. , Dabancens A. , Guerrero A. , Trujillo V.
Published: May 2004

Quinacrine, an acridine derivative that was in widespread use as an anti‐malarial, has been shown to have both sclerosant and anticarcinogenic actions. The sclerosant action of quinacrine has been used to produce occlusion of Fallopian tube in both experimental animals and women, and several clinical studies are reviewed. Both actions of quinacrine are potentiated by steroidal and non‐steroidal antiprostaglandins as well as by ionic copper. Combinations of quinacrine with antiprostaglandin drugs, and also with copper, improved the efficacy of quinacrine when used for female sterilization and reduced side effects. A review of the experimental and epidemiological evidence suggests that quinacrine has no carcinogenic effects.
Quality of life and patient preference for sequential versus continuous combined HRT: the UK Kliofem® multicenter study experience
Authors: Ulrich L.G. , Barlow D.H. , Sturdee D.W. , Wells M. , Campbell M.J. , Nielsen B. , Bragg A.J. , Vessey M.P. ,   The UK Continuous Combined HRT Study Investigators
Published: May 2004

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) must be taken for many years to attain the long‐term benefits on osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. However, this level of compliance with HRT is rarely achieved. This analysis documents the effect of continuous combined HRT with Kliogest® on the relief of menopausal symptoms, and the patient preference for HRT over a 9‐month treatment period. A total of 2151 postmenopausal women, of whom 1435 were currently on sequential therapy and 716 had not been previously treated, were enrolled from 55 centers in the UK. Women received a daily tablet of Kliogest for 9 months. Quality of life was assessed using the Greene Climacteric Scale, and the women completed patient preference questionnaires. Treatment with continuous combined therapy was at least as effective as previous sequential regimens in alleviating menopausal symptoms. By the study conclusion, patient preference was strongly in favor of Kliogest with 91% of completers preferring it to their previous sequential therapy. Improved quality of life and patient preference for continuous combined therapy may encourage long‐term compliance with treatment, allowing more women to experience the long‐term beneficial effects of HRT on osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL APPROACHES TO WITCHCRAFT: POTENTIAL FOR A NEW COLLABORATION?
Authors: HUTTON RONALD
Published: May 2004

In the 1960s a comparative approach, covering different continents and periods of time, was common in the study of witchcraft. During the 1970s it fell out of fashion because of criticism by some anthropologists, and collusion between the disciplines of anthropology and history over the subject more or less ended. In the 1990s, unnoticed by virtually all historians, some anthropologists and sociologists began again to emphasize a global, and interdisciplinary, perspective on the issue. The following article reviews these debates, and then pools research undertaken in various parts of the world to suggest that a supranational model for the figure that English-speakers call the witch is indeed viable. It also distinguishes attributes of the figure that do vary significantly between various cultures, and identifies many peoples among whom the witch-figure does not seem to have existed at all. In doing so, it suggests that anthropology may once again be one of the disciplines with which historians of Europe have the option of collaborating over the subject to mutual benefit.
THE BALTINGLASS REBELLION, 1580: ENGLISH DISSENT OR A GAELIC UPRISING?
Authors: MAGINN CHRISTOPHER
Published: May 2004

When news arrived in summer 1580 that James Eustace, third viscount Baltinglass, had entered into rebellion with Gaelic elements in Leinster, Tudor officials in Ireland could barely contain their mystification. How, they wondered, had this important Tudor noble, whose family had for centuries served as a bulwark against the menace of marauding Gaelic clans, become ‘so forgetful of himself’? In seeking to explain the rebellion historians too have sought to understand Eustace's motivation, and in so doing have come to emphasize his integral position in conceiving and leading the revolt. Yet this approach has obscured the rebellion's Gaelic dimension. The rebellion would not have been possible without the support of the O'Byrnes and O'Tooles who sought to uproot the English county administration then being erected in place of their quasi-independent lordships. Fiach MacHugh O'Byrne emerged from this interest to become the rebellion's true strength and in August 1580 dealt a shattering defeat to the English army in Ireland.
AUTHORITY AND POWER IN EARLY MODERN ITALY: RECENT ITALIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY Fonti ecclesiastiche per la storia sociale e religiosa d'Europa: XV–XVIII secolo. Edited by Cecilia Nubola and Angelo Turchini. Bologna: Società editrice il Mulino, Annali dell'Istituto storico italo-germanico in Trento, 50, 1999. Pp. 563. ISBN 88-15-07070-2. Benandanti e inquisitori nel Friuli del Seicento. By Franco Nardon. Foreword by Andrea Del Col. Trieste: Editioni Università di Trieste, 1999. Pp. 254. ISBN 88-8303-022-2. Tempi e spazi di vita femminile tra medioevo ed età moderna. Edited by Silvana Seidel Menchi, Anne Jacobson Schutte, and Thomans Kuehn. Bologna: Società editrice il Mulino, Annali dell'Istituto storico italo-germanico in Trento, 51, 1999. Pp. 577. ISBN 88-15-07234-9. Partial translation: Time, space, and women's lives in early modern Europe. Kirksville, MS: Truman State University Press, Sixteenth Century Essays and Studies, no. 57, 2001. Pp. 336. ISBN 0-943549-82-5 (hb). ISBN 0-943549-90-6 (pb). Church, censorship and culture in early modern Italy. Edited by Gigliola Fragnito. Translated by Adrian Belton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. 264. ISBN 0-521-66172-2. Court and politics in papal Rome, 1492–1700. Edited by Gianvittorio Signorotto and Maria Antonietta Visceglia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. 257. ISBN 0-521-64146-2.
Authors: SLUHOVSKY MOSHE
Published: May 2004

The five books under review represent some of the recent achievements of Italian historiography of the early modern period. The gradual opening of Inquisitional archives in the 1990s and the growing sophistication of historical analysis of Inquisitorial documents have expanded dramatically our knowledge of and familiarity with the institutional and legal histories of the Inquisition and of the operation of justice in the Italian peninsula. One result of this is that the earlier and innovative work of Carlo Ginzburg in Inquisitorial archives has come under scrutiny. The books under review present a new view of the functioning of the Italian Inquisition, and by so doing shed new light on issues of authority and power in early modern Italy. Implicitly, the books under review also posit themselves against microstoria and address the larger working of power over long periods of time.
Mapping seabed biotopes at two spatial scales in the eastern English Channel. Part 2. Comparison of two acoustic ground discrimination systems
Authors: Foster-Smith Robert L. , Brown Craig J. , Meadows William J. , White William H. , Limpenny David S.
Published: May 2004

Spatial surveys of marine benthic habitats and biota based on the interpretation of acoustic data were carried out at two sites in the eastern English Channel each representing different scales of geographic area and intensity of survey. A small area (4×12 km) crossing the Hastings Shingle Bank was surveyed at a relatively high intensity (track spacing 400 m) and was nested within a larger area between Hastings and Dungeness (12×40 km), which was surveyed at a lower intensity (track spacing 2 km). Surveys were conducted with two acoustic ground discrimination systems (AGDS), RoxAnn and QTC-VIEW and the primary purpose of the investigation was to compare the performance of the two AGDS using a common approach to analysis of the different data outputs (E1 and E2 for RoxAnn and the Q eigenvectors from QTC-VIEW). Exploratory data analysis using variography indicated that interpolation between tracks was justified for the smaller site to create a complete coverage, but was limited to the creation of a digital image of the track data for the larger area. Grab and video sample data were available for supervised classification of the AGDS data and interpreted sidescan images for comparison with unsupervised classification. Both AGDS gave similar outputs, although RoxAnn consistently gave slightly better levels of performance than QTC-VIEW as measured using error matrices. Although the investigation was not designed to compare the performance of AGDS and sidescan, the outputs from AGDS were similar to the visual interpretation of the sidescan sonar data. It was concluded that despite the inherent limitations of AGDS, they may be suitable for providing distribution maps at a broad scale that can give a context for the interpretation of finer scale survey of smaller, nested areas.
Temporal variation of several structure descriptors in animal-dominated benthic communities in two Mediterranean caves
Authors: Martí Ruth , Uriz Maria J. , Ballesteros Enric , Turon Xavier
Published: May 2004

The structural parameters of sponge-dominated benthic communities from two Mediterranean caves in two seasons, autumn (November) and spring (June) were compared. The percentage of species in common between communities in each cave was calculated as a rough estimate of the capacity of species dispersion in each cave. The Shannon diversity index and Kulczynski similarity index were calculated for each community. Moreover, we studied the spatial distribution, patchiness and interspecies contacts of the most abundant species. The value of α-diversity was quite constant among communities of the Cabrera cave but decreased from the external to the innermost community in the Medes cave. The Kulczynski similarity index was generally lower among samples of the Cabrera cave. The most abundant sponge species showed a predominantly clumped distribution, especially in the most internal communities of the two caves. The innermost community of the Medes cave had the highest number of patches. Finally, the study of contacts among species that were non-random (meaning species that were in contact with a given species significantly more or less frequently than expected) showed that they were very common in the two seasons and in all communities, indicating the importance of biotic associations among benthic species in cave assemblages.