bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Immunohistochemical Study of the Organization of Ganglia and Nerve Fibres in the Mucosa of the Porcine Intestine
Authors: Balemba O. B. , Hay‐Schmidt A. , Assey R. J. , Kahwa C. K. B. , Semuguruka W. D. , Dantzer V.
Published: March 2003

In order to elucidate the organization of the enteric nervous system in the mucous plexus, wholemounts from six intestinal regions in six pigs were studied by vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, nitric oxide synthase and neurofilament proteins immunohistochemistry. The mucous plexus of both large and small intestine contained ganglia and isolated neurons. They were many and comparably larger in the caecum and colon, few in the ileum, and fewer and smaller in the jejunum. The mucous plexus was subdivided into the lamina muscularis mucosae and lamina proprial subplexuses, and based on location the latter was subdivided further in order to clarify their variations with respect to the amount, sizes and shapes of ganglia and neurons, sizes and orientation of nerve strands and immunoreactivities. Ganglia were situated at different topographical levels in the lamina muscularis mucosae subplexus, outer proprial and interglandular proprial meshworks in the lamina proprial subplexus with the majority of ganglia occurring in the outer proprial meshwork. The mucous plexus in the intestine of the pig is thus a ganglionated plexus showing marked segmental variation in the amount of intramucosal ganglia and isolated nerve cells. These new observations, calls for a re‐examination of the mucous plexus to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of importance in mucosal functions and consideration of the mucous plexus in the intestine of the pig to be one of the major ganglionated plexuses.
Growth Marks Observation: Preferential Techniques and Teeth for Ageing of Spanish Red Deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus)
Authors: Azorit C. , Analla M. , Hervas J. , Carrasco R. , Muñoz‐Cobo J.
Published: March 2003

A total of 207 teeth belonging to 53 deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) from Sierra Morena (South of Spain) were analysed using histological thin sections and/or polished thick sections. Growth marks were observed in dentine and cementum of incisors, molars and canines. Tooth, region of the tooth, and type of preparation giving the best performance in terms of sharpness and interpretation ease of the growth marks, when used for Spanish deer ageing, were identified. The tissue chosen for the study was the cellular cementum of the inter‐radicular pad from molars and the acellular cementum of the root from incisors, both observed through longitudinal cuts. Histological sections obtained with a conventional microtome were optimal for a reliable identification of the first growth marks. In sections thicker than 15 μm the first rest line, when observed in cementum can be confused with the cementum–dentine junction; whereas in the polished sections from molars it will not appear at all. Dentine interpretation was more difficult. Its observation should only be accomplished using cross‐sections of the molar root. Secondary or accessory marks were visible in every tooth, being those from the molar pad the easiest to distinguish. Canines were the less suitable teeth for this study.
Anatomicohistological Characteristics of the Genital Tubular Organs of the Female Brush‐tailed Porcupine (Atherurus africanus, Gray 1842) from Gabon
Authors: Mayor P. , López‐Béjar M. , Jori F. , Rutllant J. , López‐Plana C. , López‐Gatius F.
Published: March 2003

The present study examines the anatomic and histological characteristics of the female genital tract of the wild brush‐tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus). A description of the macroscopic and microscopic features of the tubular genital organs based on observations made in 18 wild adult females is presented. The histological stains used were haematoxylin and eosin, 1% toluidine blue, PAS–haematoxylin and Masson's trichrome. Observations indicate that the fimbriated infundibulum of the oviduct completely surrounds and is attached to the entire ovarian surface. The uterus is bicornuate, being composed of two uterine horns separated by a velum uteri, a small uterine body and a cervix. In both pregnant and non‐pregnant females, the uterine horns and body of the uterus present a pseudostratified, columnar ciliated epithelium containing sparse simple tubular glands. In pregnant females, the endocervical canal is filled by a viscous cervical secretion. The different patterns observed in the endometrium and myometrium of the uterine horns and in the vaginal epithelium suggest a relationship with the reproductive state of the brush‐tailed porcupine female.
Morphological Aspects of the Capybara Stomach (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris): Gross and Microscopic Structure
Authors: de Barros Moraes P. T. , Pacheco M. R. , de Souza W. M. , Da Silva R. A. , Neto P. B. S. , de Figueiredo Barreto C. S. , Ribeiro A. A. C. M.
Published: March 2003

The digestive system of the capybara has been investigated because of its coprofagia habits, important for their absorptive activity. These species present differences in terms of gastrointestinal morphological characters when compared with other rodents. Macroscopiclly, the stomach of the capybara is constituted of the following parts: cardiac, pyloric, body, fundic and gastric diverticulum. It presents two curvatures, one big and another small. Externally, the presence of gastric bands (tenias) is observed. With regards to the volumetric view, the gastric capacity varies from 850 to 2010 ml, with an average of 1498.57 ml. So, the stomach of this animal can be classified as a simple stomach, in the format of a curved sack and similar to an inverted letter ‘J’. The gastric mucous membrane presents a surface filled by numerous tortuous gastric folds and longitudinally distributed along all its extension. The mucous tunic also possesses recesses located among the successive gastric folds, which were denoted as gastric parts with numerous openings described as gastric pits. In the cardiac part, a glandular epithelium with cardiac glands is noticed containing a lot of parietal and mucous neck cells. The fundic part, body and gastric diverticulum contain proper gastric glands with main, parietal and mucous neck cells. Finally, the pyloric part has pyloric glands with two cellular types, mucous neck and parietal cells.
Surface Alterations in the Bovine Pelvic Peritoneum following Rectal Examination of Reproductive Organs: a Scanning Electron Microscopy Study
Authors: Yániz J. , Santolaria P. , López‐Gatius F.
Published: March 2003

The aim of the present study was to evaluate possible injury provoked by an intensive reproductive programme based on rectal palpation in the cow. Alterations to the mesothelial surface of the peritoneum and to the oviductal mucosa were explored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Nine multiparous Friesian cows were selected from each of two commercial dairy herds. Cows in herd 1 were maintained on a weekly reproductive health programme, while those in herd 2 were not subjected to gynaecological exploration. Surface features of the mesothelial cells of the reproductive tract and adjacent ligaments, and the oviductal mucosa were explored by SEM observation of tissue specimens from each animal. Six cows in the intensive reproductive programme showed microscopic alterations of the peritoneal surface. Strands were observed in the oviducts and adjacent ligaments in five of these cows. These strands, composed of filaments covered with mesothelial cells, were probably adhesions. Cells with abundant vacuoles on their surface were detected in the mesothelium corresponding to three animals, two of which also showed microscopic strands. No peritoneal surface alterations were observed in the cows from herd 2. No oviductal mucosal modifications were detected in either group. These findings suggest that intensive reproductive programmes based on rectal palpation may increase the risk of peritoneal surface alterations in the cow, but effects on reproductive physiology are unlikely.
Cleavage Line Patterns in Beagle Dogs: as a Guideline for Use in Dermatoplasty
Authors: Oiki N. , Nishida T. , Ichihara N. , Nakajima H. , Amasaki H. , Asari M.
Published: March 2003

We prepared a map of the cleavage lines for beagle dogs, as a guideline for use of cleavage lines in dermatoplasty. The cleavage lines at the head resembled the orientation of the underlying muscles. Although the cleavage lines in the trunk were perpendicular to the body axis, those in the thoraco‐abdominal region were parallel to the body axis. The cleavage lines at the limbs were parallel to the long axis of the limb on the cranial surface, but were perpendicular to the long axis of the limb on the lateral and caudal surfaces. Also, we recorded in detail the cleavage lines in the distal regions of the limbs.
Large Interarcuate Spaces in the Cervical Vertebral Column of the Tyrolean Mountain Sheep
Authors: Turkof E. , Jurasch N. , Grassberger M. , Schwendenwein S. , Habib D. , Knolle E. , Losert U.
Published: March 2003

Large interarcual spaces have been described between the arcus vertebrae C5/C6 and C6/C7 in the cervical vertebral column of Nubian goats. This aperture enables direct access to spinal cord and rootlets without the need to perform a hemilaminectomy. The present study was performed in order to determine whether these large interarcual spaces can also be found in the vertebral column of the Tyrolean mountain sheep, as this small ruminant, which is anatomically very similar to the Nubian goat, is frequently used for experimental purposes at the Surgical University Clinic in Austria.

The carcasses of 10 sheep (six females, four males; range of age: 2.5–6 years, range of weight: 52–89 kg) were dissected and the vertebral column was exposed.

All 10 sheep showed elliptic openings between the fourth cervical and the first thoracal vertebrae. Three sheep had additional openings between the first and the second thoracal vertebrae. All openings were covered solitarily by the ligamentum flavum and under this ligamentum lay the spinal cord without any further osseous or ligamentous protection. These findings are not mentioned in the common textbooks of veterinary anatomy and deserve attention, as they can be a step forward towards non‐traumatic experimental surgery on the spinal cord.
Age‐Related Changes in Rat Optic Nerve: Morphological Studies
Authors: Cavallotti C. , Cavallotti D. , Pescosolido N. , Pacella E.
Published: March 2003

Age‐related changes of the optic nerve were studied in 3‐month‐old (young), 12‐month‐old (adult) and 24‐month‐old (aged) male Sprague–Dawley rats. Cross sections of the intracranial portion of the optic nerves of animals of different age groups were stained with haematoxylin–eosin and examined under a light microscope at low and high magnification. Other sections were stained with crystal violet for demonstration of glial cells. A third group of sections were stained immunohistochemically to detect glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) which is a marker for localizing and characterizing astrocytes. All morphological results were subjected to the quantitative analysis of images and to statistical analysis to identify significant morphometrical data. Tissue protein concentrations were determined on homogenized fragments of optic nerve. Our results demonstrate the following age‐related changes : (1) increase of the optic nerve sheaths (meningeal membranes); (2) increased number of astrocytes; (3) increase of areal density of GFAP immunoreactivity; (4) increased diameter and area of the optic nerve; (5) decreased number of nerve fibres; (6) decreased size of nerve fibres and (7) decrease of the nerve fibres/meningeal membrane ratio from 3 : 1 to 1 : 1. Moreover, the protein amount does not change with age. The rat optic nerve, therefore, appears sensitive to ageing processes and can be considered as a useful model for the studies on neuronal ageing.
Alcohol Effects on the Principal and Clear Cells of the Caput Epididymis of Albino Rats
Authors: Pereira M. A. S. , Orsi A. M. , Molinari S. L. , Garcia P. J.
Published: March 2003

Ultrastructural observations of principal cells of the epithelium lining of the proximal caput epididymis in experimental alcoholic albino rats at 180 days of treatment showed pyknotic nuclei, ill‐defined cellular organelles and clusters of electrondense bodies, perhaps lysosomes. It was also verified for a progressive accumulation of lipid droplets initially in the basal and perinuclear cytoplasm and finally in the apical cytoplasm of principal cells at 60, 120 and 180 days of experimentation, respectively. The clear cells of alcoholic rats at 180 days showed the cytoplasm totally filled with lipid droplets. These findings were taken comparatively with the morphological features of the same epididymal cells in control (normal) rats.
Localization of Neuropeptide Y‐like Immunoreactive Structures in the Brain of the Pejerrey, Odontesthes bonariensis (Teleostei, Atheriniformes)
Authors: Traverso J. M. , Ravaglia M. A. , Vissio P. G. , Maggese M. C. , Paz D. A.
Published: March 2003

The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of Neuropeptide‐Y (NPY) immunoreactive neurons and fibres in the brain and pituitary of Odontesthes bonariensis by immunohistochemical methods. A wide distribution of immunoreactive NPY (ir‐NPY) cells and fibres in the forebrain and midbrain was observed. A prominent ir‐NPY nucleus was found in the ventral telencephalon and other ir‐NPY cells groups were recognized at the dorso‐medial telencephalon. The diencephalon showed ir‐NPY cells in the Nucleus entopeduncularis, the Nucleus preopticus periventricularis and in the Nucleus lateralis tuberis. Ir‐NPY fibres were conspicuous in the preoptic region and the hypothalamus. There were also numerous ir‐NPY fibres at the epithalamic level running ventrally to the hypothalamus and the pituitary stalk. At the rhomboencephalic level, the ir‐NPY neurons were observed in the Locus coeruleus. Double‐labelled immunostaining showed a close association between ir‐NPY fibres that reach the adenohypophysis and growth hormone (GH)‐ and gonadotropin (GtH)‐expressing cells. Although our results exhibit some relevant differences when compared to other fish groups, they support the existence of a conserved NPY system in teleosts.
Post‐Natal Maturation of Acinar Cells of the Guinea Pig Pancreas: An Ultrastructural Morphometric Study
Authors: De Assis G. F. , Cestari T. M. , Sesso A. , Taga R.
Published: March 2003

The morphological maturation of the acinar cells of the guinea pig pancreas during post‐natal development was characterized morphometrically by determining the intracytoplasmic accumulation of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and zymogen granules. The following results were obtained for the period analysed, i.e., from 2 to 70 days of post‐natal life: (a) the acinar cell volume increased by 210% (P < 0.01); (b) the mostly cisternal RER occupied more than 30% of the cytoplasm at any age studied and their total volume and surface in the cell were increased by 300 and 534% (P < 0.01), respectively; (c) maturation in the morphological pattern of the RER was observed; (d) the mean number of zymogen granules per cell increased from 261 at 2 days to 422 at 70 days (P < 0.01), while their mean diameter increased from 0.52 to 0.94 μm (P < 0.01) during the same period; (e) these increases in granule number and size were responsible for a 500% (P < 0.01) increase in total volume from 2 to 70 days and for a 304% increase (P < 0.01) in total surface from 2 to 35 days; (f) the RER and the zymogen granules together occupied 44, 54, 55 and 57% of the cytoplasm at 2, 14, 35 and 70 days of age, respectively. We conclude that although the pancreatic acinar cells of the guinea pig are morphologically well differentiated at 2 days of age, with the cytoplasm already showing a large amount of RER and zymogen granules, they are still immature. Morphological maturation of the acinar cell occurs during the first months of post‐natal life and is characterized by a substantial gain in cell volume and intracytoplasmic accumulation of RER and zymogen granules, which significantly increase of both their absolute volume and total surface, with a higher growth rate being observed during the period from 2 to 14 days of post‐natal life.
Atrophic and Regenerative Changes in Rabbit Mimic Muscles after Lidocaine and Bupivacaine Application
Authors: Çalgüner E. , Gözi̇l R. , Erdoǧan D. , Kurt İ. , Keski̇l S. , Elmas Ç. , Sabuncuoǧlu H.
Published: March 2003

Destruction and denervation atrophy in skeletal muscles caused by the injection of local anaesthetics was investigated by injecting lidocaine or bupivacaine around the rabbit facial nerve to produce facial paralysis. Animals were then sacrificed at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks post‐injection, and changes in mimic muscle tissue were assessed at each stage by light microscopy and electron microscopy. Atrophic changes were observed at 2–6 weeks after injection, and regeneration started at 6–8 weeks. Compared to bupivacaine, lidocaine caused more dramatic atrophic changes and was associated with slower muscle regeneration.
Untersuchungen über Fichtengallenläuse, Dreyfusia spp. (Hom., Adelgidae) und deren Predatoren in der Nord‐Türkei
Authors: Eichhorn Von O.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: In the East Pontic mountains at Giresun (Black Sea shore) three species of the genus Dreyfusia have been established: D. nordmannianae Eckst. and D. prelli Grosm. on Abies nordmanniana Link. and Picea orientalis Link. and Dreyfusia nov. spec. on A. nordmanniana. The latter species, earlier known from Greece and the Balkans, but not yet described is most probably unholocyctic on fir.

In the Zigana mountains between Trabzon and Gümüsane a species producing plenty galls on young P. orientalis trees and closely resembling D. merkeri Eichh. has been observed. Further investigations are necessary to evaluate whether or not it lives unholocyclic on spruce.

In the West Pontic mountains near Bolu D. nordmannianae was intensively studied in twig infestations on A. bornmülleriana Mattf. The pattern of attack differs greatly from the one experienced in central Europe in that almost exclusively the current year’s shoots are attacked whereas the leader and the older twig axis remain free of attack. In Europe all parts of the trees are colonized.

Considering the known facts about generation‐ and morph sequences, morph determination and phenological behaviour of D. nordmannianae the characteristics of their population dynamics in Turkey and the interactions of the curious mode of attack and the extraordinary efficiency of their special predators have been completely evaluated.
Induction of a malathion‐resistant strain in the common predacious mite Amblyseius cydnodactylon (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Authors: El‐Banhawy By E. M. , Amer S. A. A. , Saber S. A.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: This study demonstrates a laboratory induction of a malathion ‐ resistant strain in Amblyseius cydnodactylon Shehata & Zaher and effect of selection on reproduction. Initially 500 sensitive females obtained from a laboratory mass culture were exposed to malathion at LC70. Subsequent selections were conducted every two generations at progressive LC70 values and number of eggs/female/day was recorded at each selection. Experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions of 24‐28°C and 70‐80 % R. H. The LC70 in the parent generation was 5.19 ppm and increased to 20 ppm in F4 selection generation. The dosage mortality relationships continued to increase up to a maximum of 282.3 ppm in F16. The rate of developing resistance increased from 1.75 folds in F2 to 1.97 folds in F4 and gradually reached a maximum of 54.39 folds in F16. There was an obvious decrease in reproduction corresponded to increasing resistance. For example, the number of eggs/female/day in F 16 was 8 eggs, contrasting 3 eggs in the parent generation.
Die Verbreitung der Roßkastanien‐Miniermotte Cameraria ohridellaDesch. & Dimic (Lepid., Gracillariidae) in der Region Südtirol‐Trentino
Authors: Hellrigl Von Klaus , Ambrosi Paolo
Published: March 2003

Abstract: A survey on the present distribution of the horse chestnut leafmining moth, Cameraria ohridella Desch. & Dimic 1986, in Europe and in Italy is given: In Europe, within a period of 15 years, the leafminer – recently introduced into Central Europe – has settled in an area that spreads over 13 latitudinal and about 20 longitudinal degrees; in Northern Italy, an area of approximately 50,000 km2 has been afflicted in the 5 years since the leafminer’s introduction in South Tyrol and Julian Venetia in 1993.

The development of the distribution in the region of South Tyrol and Trentino is shown: In the province of Bozen‐South Tyrol, between 1995 and 1999 the moth has spread in all the three principal valleys (Eisacktal, Pustertal, Etschtal); in the Trentino province, first local attacks began only in 1998, near Trento and Riva, but spread over the entire Etschtal/Adige Valley in 1999. While in South Tyrol C. ohridella was introduced from the North (North Tyrol), the introduction into the Trentino occured from the South (Verona).

At present the attacks in Trentino province are preponderantly low (resulting heavy only in the city of Trento and in Riva del Garda) and limited to altitudes ranging from 70 to 700 in. In South Tyrol, attacks are mainly heavy in altitudes ranging from 250 to 900/950 m, while they are low in the increasingly affected higher altitudes of 1,000 to 1,230 m. Numeric attack parameters are given to show attack intensities.

The number of generations per year depends on the respective climatic conditions: in lower‐altitudes, usually three generations develop in a year, but in higher altitudes (800 to 1,100 m) only two generations; in the climatically favoured area around the Lake Garda a (partial) fourth generation appears possible.

The question of host plants (Aesculus sp., Acer sp.) and the larval parasitism of C. ohridella is discussed. The parasitism of the larvae, principally by Eulophidae (Hym., Chalcidoidea), was ascertained already in the first years of attack: In South Tyrol, 16 species of parasitoids appeared, and 8 in the Trentino province, but only two species were dominant: Minotetrastichus sp. and Pnigalio sp. The level of parasitism reached was low, comparable to other Central European countries.
Effects of seed potato tuber treatment with imidacloprid on some soil and foliar insects in Croatia
Authors: Igrc‐Barčić By J. , Dobrinčić R. , Maceljski M. , Barčić J.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: The treatment of seed potato tubers by imidacloprid, as well as the standard granular insecticides applied in the furrow, did not, in four years of trials, sufficiently prevent damage from wireworms, noctuid larvae and mole crickets to potato tubers. The main reason for this failure is the spatial and temporal distance between the application of insecticides and the moment when their action is needed. On the other hand, the effects of imidacloprid applied as seed tuber treatment on the larvae of the Colorado potato beetle was very good: depending upon conditions, it lasted from at least 55, to 70 days at the most. It protected the foliage from any substantial damage from the entire first generation, and ensured high yields. Therefore a decision on seed tuber treatment with imidacloprid in Croatia should primarily depend upon the cost/benefit calculation based on damage expected from the CPB (or aphids), and not from soil insect pests.
Cereal aphid flight activity in Hungary and England compared by suction traps
Authors: Basky By Z. , Harrington> R.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Cereal aphid flight was monitored by 12.2 m suction traps at Szolnok in the middle of the Great Hungarian Plain and at Rothamsted, UK. Flight activities of Rhopalosiphum padi, Metopolophium dirbodum and Sitobion avenae were compared by the cross correlation function (CCF) between Hungary and UK. There was significant synchrony between flight a‐tivity in Hungary and UK of R padi, M. dirbodum and S. avenae based on the eight years weekly sample data. The peak flight occurred 1, 3 and 2 weeks later at Rothamsted than at Szolnok for the three species (the CCF values were at – 1 week lag, r = 0.854, – 3 week lag r = 0.809, – 2 week lag r = 0.883, P < 0.05 respectively). When the flights in individual years were compared within species and between places the syn‐chrony was lowest for R. padi: – in 4 years out of 8 and there was no synchrony, in the other years when synchrony occurred the time lag varied between – 1 week and – 4 weeks. For M. dirhodum the time lag varied between 1 and – 5 weeks, the synchrony was the best for S. avenae the week lag varied between 0 and – 3 weeks.

Our results show that flight activity of cereal aphids at Szolnok occurs 1‐3 weeks earlier than at Rothamsted. The crop season is earlier in Hungary than in England.
Host plant preference of Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.) (Hom., Aphididae)
Authors: Mezey Á. , Szalay‐Marzsó L.
Published: March 2003

Host plant preference of the Russian wheat aphid Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.) was studied on 11 cultivars of 9 plant species: winter barley, spring barley, winter wheat, spring wheat, rye, oat, Triticale, canary grass, red millet yellow millet and maize. Seeds of the host plants were sown in a circle near the edge of pots. The host plant choice was evaluated 24 hours after releasing 55 Diuraphis noxia female adults in the middle of each pot. The suitability of different hosts for aphid development was evaluated 2, 7 and 14 days after infestation based on the mean number of Russian wheat aphid individuals per plant. Red millet, yellow millet and maize were chosen by significantly fewer aphids than grain crops. Winter and spring barley were chosen as hosts most frequently, and the progeny production was also the highest on these plants. The growth rate of D. noxia was significantly affected by the host plants and the date of assessment and their interaction.
Treatment of rice with diatomaceous earth and effects on the mortality  of the Red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)
Authors: Mewis Inga , Ulrichs Christian
Published: March 2003

Diatomaceous earth has been demonstrated in Australia, Germany, and the USA to protect stored products from infestation by insect pests. However, application of diatomaceous earth has rarely been used in Asian countries for the protection of stored grain from insect damage. These facts and the paucity of existing data from the tropics prompted the present study of storage with diatomaceous earth. We exposed rice treated with the diatomaceous earth product Fossil Shield® to infestation by Tribolium castaneum Herbst. During the dry season, when tests were conducted, the mean temperature was 29 ± 2 °C and relative humidity was 80 ± 3 %. The population of T. castaneum in rice was significantly reduced after treatment with Fossil Shield®. Diatomaceous earth at 1 g and 2 g per kilogram rice reduced population growth of T. castaneum to a coefficient of 0.27, and 0.02 respectively after 42 days. Fossil Shield® at 0.5 g per kilogram rice increased the mortality of T. castaneum, but did not stop population growth.
Passive dispersal of the grape rust mite Calepitrimerus vitis Nalepa 1905 (Acari, Eriophyoidea) in vineyards
Authors: Duffner K. , Schruft G. , Guggenheim R.
Published: March 2003

Modes of passive dispersal of the grape rust mite Calepitrimerus vitis (Eriophyoidea) were investigated in a vineyard of South‐Western Germany. More than 200 Eriophyoidea per month were trapped in a wind chamber during summer (32,1 % C. vitis) suggesting long‐distance dispersal by air currents. Rain washed part of the adult C. vitis population from the foliage. SE micrographs suggest that quiescent nymphs are affixed to the leaf by a substance of unknown nature. However, the role of rain in C. vitis colonisation of uninfested vineyards is still unclear, as is the role of phoretic transport by arthropods. For the first time, evidence of rust mite dispersal by human activity is presented. A large number of C. vitis was found adhering to clothes and hands of workers carrying out customary cultural practices in the vineyard. Other arthropods, including Typhlodromus pyri, the main predator of C. vitis, were also passively transported by wind, rain and human activity.
Beetles (Coleoptera) caught with pheromones of Gnathotrichus retusus and G. sulcatus (Col., Scolytidae) in southern Finland
Authors: Martikainen P. , Viiri H. , Räty M.
Published: March 2003

The ambrosia beetle Gnathotrichus materiarius, which originally came from North America, was discovered in southern Finland in 1996. In 1997, using Norwegian drainpipe traps baited with pheromones of Gnathotrichus retusus and G. sulcatus, we collected beetles in the region where the first specimen had been caught in order to determine whether this potential pest species had become established in the area. Samples from a total of 16 traps included 79 species of beetles and 719 individuals, but no specimens of G. materiarius. The most abundant species in the samples were the ambrosia beetles Xyleborus dispar and Trypodendron lineatum. Several predators and other associates of bark beetles were also captured. The majority of the beetles caught were saproxylic species.
The scale Nemolecanium graniformis (Wunn) (Homoptera: Coccidae) in Greece
Authors: Stathas G. J.
Published: March 2003

The phenology and natural enemies of Nemolecanium graniformis (Wunn) (Homoptera: Coccidae) in infesting Abies cephalonica, were studied in Greece during 1998 – 1999. This oviparous species develops one generation per year in Central Greece (Attica) and overwinters as 2nd instar nymph. Young adult females appear by the end of July, and the first instar nymphs by the middle of August. By the middle of October, the whole population of the scale is recorded as 2nd instar nymphs. The parasitoids Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker), Coccophagus Westwood sp., Aphycoides Mercet sp. and the predator Exochomus quadripustulatus L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), were observed as natural enemies of the scale. The average fecundity of N. graniformis was 188.4 eggs.
The effect of carbon dioxide under pressure against eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller and adults of Stegobium paniceum (L.) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.)
Authors: Nielsen P. S.
Published: March 2003

The efficacy of an atmosphere with a high content of carbon dioxide under a pressure of 5 and 10 bar against young eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lep.: Pyralidae) and adults of Stegobium paniceum (L.) (Col.: Anobiidae) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Col.: Cucujidae) was investigated. At a pressure level of 10 bar, a 100 % mortality in eggs of E. kuehniella was obtained after 4 hours. Complete control was not obtained with the adult beetles, except for a 2 hour‐treatment at 10 bar with individuals of S. paniceum, which not were offered protection. It is demonstrated that when working with an atmosphere of carbon dioxide under pressure of 10 bar for 2 hours, even a slight protection from food material will influence the mortality. The reason for these findings are discussed.
Use of standard toxicity tests with Typhlodromus pyri and Aphidius rhopalosiphi to establish a dose‐response relationship
Authors: Grimm C. , Schmidli H. , Bakker F. , Brown K. , Campbell P. , Candolfi M. , Chapman P. , Harrison E. G. , Mead‐Briggs M. , Schmuck R. , Ufer A.
Published: March 2003

The existing standardised test systems for assessing the toxicity of crop protection products to the non‐target arthropods Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) are limit tests designed to compare a single‐use rate of the product with a water control. The suitability of these test systems for generating dose‐response data as required for refined ecotoxicological risk assessment was evaluated. Data on dose‐response toxicity of crop protection products to T. pyri and A. rhopalosiphi were generated under worst‐case laboratory and to T. pyri under extended laboratory conditions and analysed using the standard Probit method, a logistic regression, a generalised Probit analysis, and the moving average‐angle method in order to calculate the LR50‐values (application rate killing 50 % of the exposed organisms). The fit of the models, the precision of the resulting LR50 values, and the required minimum number of replicates were compared. In 85 % of the studies, at least one of the statistical methods led to satisfactory results. The moving average‐angle method was the most widely applicable method. The results show that the existing guidelines can be used to perform dose‐response tests. Implications for risk assessment are discussed.
Additional diet of the parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the parasitizing of the Elm Bark Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Manojlovic B. , Zabel A. , Stankovic S. , Kostic M.
Published: March 2003

Supplementing the diet of Coeloides scolyticida, Dendrosoter protuberans and Ecphylus silesiacus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with Parker’s diet and the nectars of melliferous plants: Daucus carota L., Sinapis alba L. and Stachys recta L. had a significant effect on longevity, reproduction, developmental rate, and parasitizing of Scolytus scolytus (Fab.), Scolytus multistriatus (Marsh.) and Scolytus pygmaeus (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). These values were considerably lower for wasps fed with the nectar of Sinapis arvensis L. and Trifolium repens L. and the lowest for those without dietary additives.  Parker’s diet had the most significant effect on the parasitoids and parasitizing of the bark beetles. Nectar of S. recta and S. alba proved most suitable for C. scolyticida and D. protuberans, while E. silesiacus using the nectar from D. carota flower significantly increased parasitizing of S. pygmaeus. T. repens flowers were not a suitable additive for the diet of parasitoids. The parasitoids without additives in their diet had shorter lives, shorter development, and were less effective in reducing host numbers. E. silesiacus wasps had the longest development, and C. scolyticida the shortest. Generally, the parasitoids of the second generation had a slightly prolonged development (1 – 2 days).
Reproductive potential of the parasitic wasp Microplitis rufiventris Kok. (Hym.: Braconidae), reared in hosts treated with chitin synthesis inhibitors
Authors: Khafagi W. E. , Hegazi E. M.
Published: March 2003

Different developmental stages of Microplitis rufiventris Kok. larvae were each exposed to a sublethal dosage (0.4 ppm) of Lefenuron [N‐{2,5‐dichloro‐4‐(1,1,2,3,3,3‐hexafluoropropoxy)‐phenylaminocarbonyl}‐2, 6‐difluorobenzamide] or Lefenuron/Deltanet [O‐n‐butylO‐(2.2‐dimethyl‐2, 3‐dihydrobenzofuran‐7‐y1)‐N, N’‐dimethyl‐N‐N’‐thiodicarbamate] by feeding treated artificial diets to parasitized Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) larvae to evaluate their effects on the reproductive potential of resulting parasitoids. Lefenuron treatments caused a great reduction in the reproductive ability of either the host insect or its parasitoid. Ovaries of parasitoid females (1 day old) emerged from Lefenuron/Deltanet treatments contained more ova than those from either Lefenuron or controls. Experienced females from Lefenuron/Deltanet treatments deposited significantly more eggs and contained at death more remaining mature oocytes in their calyx and egg‐reservoirs. The combination of carbamate insecticide (Deltanet) and chitin‐inhibiting growth regulator (Lefenuron) may enhance the reproductive ability of insect parasitoid and may provide a potential means for developing more effective biological control methods against insect pests.
Untersuchungen zur überlebensfähigkeit und Entwicklung der Larven zweier Herkünfte des Schwammspinners Lymantria dispar L. (Lep.: Lymantriidae) in Abhängigkeit von der Fraßpflanze*
Authors: Lobinger G. , Skatulla U.
Published: March 2003

The polyphagous gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) is able to feed on about 400 different woody plant species. In general, oak species are preferred – on the other hand some other groups of plants are avoided on account of the presence of toxic substances. These unfavoured hosts are, for example, most of the Papilionaceae, like locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). We compared survival rate and development of two populations of different origin with long‐term habituation to oak and locust, respectively. Larvae from the population habituated to oak proved unable to develop on locust food. There must be a lack of detoxification systems to modify the toxic alcaloids and flavenoids produced by Robinia pseudoacacia. On the other hand, larvae isolated from an locust stand were able to feed on oak leaves without problems in larval development or eclosion of adults. Gypsy moth larvae specialized on locust as host showed increased mortality (up to 27 %) in the early larval instars, but the surviving animals, especially female individuals, reached significantly higher pupal weights and showed better fecundity: 40 % higher egg numbers/egg mass compared to those feeding on oak. These results indicate that the gypsy moth population originating from the locust forest had achieved a high level of metabolic adaptation to this host plant and formed a ‘biotype’ of Lymantria dispar with optimal reproductive conditions in this special habitat.
Cono‐ and seminiphagous insects of Abies alba Mill. in the Gorce National Park in Poland during 1996 – 19981
Authors: Skrzypczyńska M. , Sudoł‐Kornalewicz A. , Kornalewicz A. , Biczak J. , Rodkiewicz S.
Published: March 2003

A study was conducted on the insects infesting seeds and cones of Abies alba Mill. in the Gorce National Park, in southern Poland during 1996 – 1998. A total of 856 cones were collected from 66 trees growing at 11 sites located in partially or strictly protected forest reserves. Of this sample, 217 cones with 54,958 seeds were dissected. This study yielded 5,816 specimens of insects, namely: seminiphagous Resseliella piceae Seitn., Megastigmus suspectus Borr. as well as conophagous Earomyia impossibile Morge, Barbara herrichiana Obr. and Dioryctria abietella (Den. et Schiff.). The most abundant species was R. piceae with 4,186 individuals. The index of cone infestation was calculated. It showed great variability between forest reserves and study‐years. The numbers of insect individuals, numbers of viable and infertile seeds, and seeds damaged by M. suspectus and R. piceae, in both strict and partial reserves in the consecutive years were compared statistically. The test of significant differences between two frequencies at 0.05 level was used in statistical analysis. In both strict and partial reserves, statistically significant differences were found between studied variables.
Suppression of development of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Col.: Bruchidae) in bambara groundnut seeds exposed to solar heat in the Nigerian savanna
Authors: Lale N. E. S. , Ajayi F. A.
Published: March 2003

The effect of solarization on the development of Callosobruchus maculatus was investigated in the Nigerian savanna during the hot season from April to May, 1999. Development of C. maculatus adult progeny was completely suppressed in seeds of bambara groundnut, Vigna subterranea bearing bruchid eggs or harbouring first and second instar larvae that were exposed to the sun in metal tins, clay pots or polypropylene sacks for 7, 14 or 28 h. Adults of C. maculatus developed only in seeds that were not exposed to sun. Solarization did not have a significant adverse effect on germinability of bambara groundnut seeds.
Effect of Neem extract on Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) and Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Zabel A. , Manojlovic B. , Rajkovic S. , Stankovic S. , Kostic And M.
Published: March 2003

High antifeedancy and low toxicity of the plant preparation Neem (azadirachtin), on the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. larvae were proved under laboratory conditions. A high index of Neem antifeedancy was confirmed in all tested concentrations. Under laboratory conditions the Neem had satisfying antifeedancy on Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say third instar larvae too. Field experiments also proved that the foliage protective effect of Neem was very significant. Experiments showed that some antifeedants or repellents, such as Neem, should control olygophagous (L. decemlineata, Coleoptera) insects as well as very polyphagous insects such as L. dispar (Lepidoptera). As a biological, plant‐derived preparation, Neem could be suitable for integrated pest management (IPM) programs, especially in small orchards, parks, and tree rows in urban environments and on small private gardens.
Parasitism of the horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridellaDeschka and Dimic (Lep., Gracillariidae), in Serbia and Macedonia
Authors: Freise J. F. , Heitland W. , Tosevski I.
Published: March 2003

A study concerning the parasitism of Cameraria ohridella, a pest of Aesculus hippocastanum invading Europe, has been carried out in Serbia and Macedonia in 1998 and 1999. From C. ohridella 14 species of parasitoids were reared, which are polyphagous and occur in the whole of Europe. Twelve of the species found belong to the Chalcidoidean family Eulophidae. The rates of parasitism at different sampling dates did not exceed 25 %. The results, when compared with data from central Europe, showed that C. ohridella most certainly does not originate from Serbia or Macedonia – the regions in which C. ohridella was observed for the first time – as an indigenous leaf miner on A. hippocastanum.
Entomophthoralean fungi associated with the common nettle aphid (Microlophium carnosum Buckton) and the potential role of nettle patches as reservoirs for the pathogens in landscape
Authors: Barta M. , Cagáň L.
Published: March 2003

Populations of the common nettle aphid, Microlophium carnosum Buckton, inhabiting nettle patches in an agricultural landscape were surveyed for entomophthoralean infection during 1998, 1999 and 2001. Five pathogenic species were identified from the aphid in the course of the survey. Erynia neoaphidis Remaudière & Hennebert, Neozygites fresenii (Nowakowski) Remaudière & Keller, and Neozygites microlophii Keller affected aphid colonies every year. Two minor pathogens, Entomophthora planchoniana Cornu and Conidiobolus obscurus (Hall & Dunn) Remaudière & Keller, were observed only in 2001.

An artificial transmission of the three main fungi was carried out to prove horizontal transmission of infection between the common nettle aphid and different aphid species co‐occurring in landscape. N. microlophii, probably monophagous pathogen, did not infect any of the six recipient aphid species in the experiment. Transmissions of E. neoaphidis and N. fresenii conidia were successful with five and four aphid species, respectively. The average mortality of tested aphids after transmission ranged from 0 to 33.33 % for E. neoaphidis and from 0 to 15 % for N. fresenii.

The potential of nettle patches as natural reservoirs for pathogens in the agroecosystem is discussed.
Occurrence of pathogens in associated living bark beetles (Col., Scolytidae) from different spruce stands in Austria
Authors: Händel U. , Wegensteiner R. , Weiser J. , Zizka Z.
Published: March 2003

Pathogen occurrence was studied in 16 099 adult specimens of 10 different bark beetle species, which live associated on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Beetles (mainly Ips typographus L. and Pityogenes chalcographus L.) were collected from 6 different localities in Austria (4 secondary spruce stands and 2 natural forest type stands, 9 sampling plots in total) in elevations between 400 m and 1600 m. Various viral, protozoan, and fungal pathogens could be diagnosed with a light microscope in the examined beetles. Numerous pathogen species were known from former studies, some pathogens were totally new or could be found in a new host species beside their type host. The most dominant pathogen species were Protozoa, Gregarina cf. typographi, Malamoeba cf. scolyti, and Chytridiopsis cf. typographi. Over the whole investigation period, the highest pathogen diversity with eight pathogen species was found in I. typographus. Differences were observed in the pathogen complex of each beetle species from the different collection sites and in different years of investigation. Several species showed an overlapping in their host range and infected various bark beetle species. Furthermore, pathogen occurrence and prevalence differed in bark beetles from 4 different sampling plots in an area (one locality) within a distance of a few kilometres.
Photobiological aspects of sunscreen re‐application
Authors: Pruim Bert , Green Adèle
Published: March 2003

A single application of a high sun protection factor (SPF) sunscreen has been shown to prevent sunburn, but the existence of a further protective effect following re‐application of sunscreen has received little attention. The aim of this study was to quantify the ultraviolet radiation (UVR) protection against sunburn afforded by a re‐application of sunscreen relative to a single application. The study methods were based on the Australian Standard SPF testing regimen, using human volunteers, standardized applications of sunscreen and an artificial solar simulating UVR source. Sunscreen was initially applied, followed by a suberythemal UVR dose; sunscreen was then re‐applied, followed immediately by a second period of controlled UV exposure sufficient to induce mild erythema. Compared to the first application, the second sunscreen application afforded 3.1 times more protection against minimal UVR‐induced erythema. The combined effect of two sunscreen applications gave on average 2.3 times better protection from UVR than a single sunscreen application. Health authorities worldwide have recommended sunscreen re‐application for the prevention of sunburn for some time. This is the first quantitative study to substantiate such recommendations.
Specific skin lesions occurring in a patient with Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Authors: Pagliaro John A , White Stephen I
Published: March 2003

A 47‐year‐old man presented with a several month history of non‐specific acquired ichthyosis, an unknown period of generalized lymphadenopathy and a short history of erythematous papules and nodules affecting the cutaneous drainage area of his right axillary lymph nodes. Histology confirmed these lesions to be specific lesions of Hodgkin’s lymphoma; that is, metastatic retrograde lymphatic spread from his axillary lymph nodes of CD30+, CD15+, Reed–Sternberg cells as well as mononuclear Hodgkin’s cells. This is the most common site and mode of spread of Hodgkin’s disease to the skin. As is typical of advanced Hodgkin’s disease, as evidenced by specific cutaneous involvement, this patient died shortly after definitive diagnosis was made.
Allergic contact dermatitis due to para‐tertiary‐butylcatechol in a resin operator
Authors: Lee Penny A , Freeman Susanne
Published: March 2003

Para‐tertiary‐butylcatechol (PTBC) is a rare but potent contact allergen. This is a report of occupational allergic contact dermatitis to PTBC in a resin operator.
The descriptive epidemiology of atopic dermatitis in the community
Authors: Mar Adrian , Marks Robin
Published: March 2003

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common condition in the community, particularly amongst children. Although comparison of prevalence data between surveys is made difficult by differences in methodology, the available data suggest that there has been a substantial rise in the prevalence of AD, and that social, geographical and racial variation in disease frequency exists. There is a lack of quality data relating to the prognosis of AD. Recently a reliable set of diagnostic criteria has been developed and a number of severity scoring systems have been proposed for use in epidemiological studies.