bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity, Mental Health and Wellbeing of Adults within and during the Easing of COVID-19 Restrictions, in the United Kingdom and New Zealand
Authors: Faulkner James , O’Brien Wendy J. , Stuart Beth , Stoner Lee , Batten John , Wadsworth Daniel , Askew Christopher D. , Badenhorst Claire E. , Byrd Erin , Draper Nick , Elliot Catherine , Fryer Simon , Hamlin Michael J. , Jakeman John R. , Mackintosh Kelly A. , McNarry Melitta A. , Mitchelmore Andrew , Ryan-Stewart Helen , Saynor Zoe , Schaumberg Mia A. , Spiegelhalter Emily , Stone Keeron , Lambrick Danielle
Published: February 2022

Physical activity (PA) participation was substantially reduced at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between PA, mental health, and wellbeing during and following the easing of COVID-19 restrictions in the United Kingdom (UK) and New Zealand (NZ). In this study, 3363 adults completed online surveys within 2–6 weeks of initial COVID-19 restrictions (April/May 2020) and once restrictions to human movement had been eased. Outcome measures included the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short-Form, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-9 (mental health) and World Health Organisation-5 Wellbeing Index. There were no differences in PA, mental health or wellbeing between timepoints (p > 0.05). Individuals engaging in moderate or high volume of PA had significantly better mental health (−1.1 and −1.7 units, respectively) and wellbeing (11.4 and 18.6 units, respectively) than individuals who engaged in low PA (p < 0.001). Mental health was better once COVID-19 restrictions were eased (p < 0.001). NZ had better mental health and wellbeing than the UK (p < 0.001). Participation in moderate-to-high volumes of PA was associated with better mental health and wellbeing, both during and following periods of COVID-19 containment, compared to participation in low volumes of PA. Where applicable, during the current or future pandemic(s), moderate-to-high volumes of PA should be encouraged.
The Influence of Intraocular Lenses (IOLs) on the Properties of Filters Protecting Human Eyes against Optical Radiation in the Work Environment
Authors: Owczarek Grzegorz , Szkudlarek Joanna , Skuza Natalia
Published: February 2022

Under the specific illumination conditions of many workplaces, e.g., in the metallurgical industry, decreased lighting may impair workers’ vision and, as a result, their productivity. Spectrophotometric tests of two types of protective optical filters (welding filters and infrared protection filters), two types of intraocular lenses (IOLs with and without yellow chromophore), and filter-IOL systems were carried out. In spectrophotometric studies, the spectral characteristics of transmission and the coefficients for the assessment of light transmission were determined. This study explores the relationship between the eye protection levels offered by filters and the use of intraocular lenses (IOLs), and especially those containing a yellow chromophore which may lower the luminous transmittance of protective filters. In our previous works, we studied a large number of optical protective filters and many factors influencing their performance. A review of the literature has shown the absence of prior research on the subject. For this purpose, transmittance reduction factors were defined for the evaluation of the filter-IOL system. The spectral characteristics of luminous transmittance for the tested IOLs indicate a significant decrease of transmittance for those with yellow chromophore within the range up to approx. 475 nm, as compared to IOLs without chromophore. The main objective of this study was to determine whether people with IOLs need different protective filters against harmful optical radiation as well as whether IOLs may change the required category of protective filters. The key finding is that while the use of IOLs in conjunction with protective filters does change the light transmission coefficient, it does not affect the filter protection levels. The transmittance reduction factors were similar (0.95 to 0.99 relative units) for all filter-IOL systems irrespective of the presence or absence of yellow chromophore. It must be said clearly that, in reference to the requirements specified in the standards, IOLs did not affect the filter protection levels. This means that the quality of vision did not change significantly when using the analyzed filters and IOLs.
Are Small Animal Practitioners Occupationally Exposed to Leptospirosis? Results of a Serological Survey
Authors: Mazzotta Elisa , Lucchese Laura , Salata Cristiano , Furlanello Tommaso , Baroni Ermenegildo , Zotti Alessandro , Venturi Gabriele , Fincato Alice , Marchione Silvia , Capello Katia , Natale Alda
Published: February 2022

Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis frequently responsible for clinical disease in dogs and rarely reported in human people. The risk of human exposure to Leptospira has been investigated in a sample population working in the northeast of Italy, a geographical area with high endemicity of canine leptospirosis. Two-hundred twenty-one human serum samples were analyzed for Leptospira microagglutination test (MAT): 112 clinical freelance small animal practitioners (exposed subjects) and 109 people not occupationally exposed to Leptospira-infected animals (unexposed subjects) were voluntarily enrolled. Despite the previously reported serological detection of antibodies vs. Leptospira in people in different Italian regions, this study did not detect any reactivity in the investigated population. This study shows that veterinarians do not appear to be at a greater risk of leptospirosis than the reference population. This may be due to both veterinarian awareness of the Leptospira zoonotic risk and the efficiency of the preventive measures and management of patients. Moreover, it could be the result of the relatively low excretion of Leptospira in symptomatic dogs, which can be considered as an environmental sentinel for Leptospira presence rather than a vehicle of transmission.
Financial Factors and Psychological Distress during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland
Authors: Sekścińska Katarzyna , Trzcińska Agata , Pankowski Daniel , Pisula Ewa , Wytrychiewicz-Pankowska Kinga
Published: February 2022

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many factors have simultaneously affected people’s psychological distress (PD). The most commonly studied types of factors have been those relating to health risks involving SARS-CoV-2 infection and sociodemographic factors. However, financial changes at both the national and global levels and these changes’ influences on people’s personal finances constitute another group of factors with the potential to cause symptoms of anxiety and depression. A correlation study of 1135 working adults in Poland was conducted to analyze the roles of a wide range of financial variables in explaining the extent of people’s PD during the pandemic. Three groups of financial factors predicted PD over and above sociodemographic variables and COVID-19 health-related factors: a person’s objective financial situation, their subjective financial situation, and their individual financial disposition, the last of these being the most important. The present study adds to the current state of knowledge by showing that financial variables explain a significant portion of variance in PD over and above sociodemographic and COVID-19 health-related factors. Moreover, the study also identified individual financial variables that were capable of predicting people’s psychological distress during the pandemic.
Effects of Large-Scale Municipal Safe Routes to School Infrastructure on Student Active Travel and Physical Activity: Design, Methods, and Baseline Data of the Safe Travel Environment Evaluation in Texas Schools (STREETS) Natural Experiment
Authors: Hoelscher Deanna M. , Ganzar Leigh Ann , Salvo Deborah , Kohl Harold W. , Pérez Adriana , Brown Henry Shelton , Bentley Sarah S. , Dooley Erin E. , Emamian Amir , Durand Casey P.
Published: February 2022

Past evaluations of Safe Routes to School (SRTS) programs have been relatively small in scope and have lacked objective measurements of physical activity. A 2016 Mobility Bond in Austin, Texas, USA, allocated USD 27.5 million for infrastructure changes to facilitate active commuting to schools (ACS). The Safe TRavel Environment Evaluation in Texas Schools (STREETS) study aims to determine the health effects of these infrastructure changes. The purpose of this paper is to describe the STREETS study design, methods, and selected baseline results. The STREETS study is comprised of two designs: (1) a serial cross-sectional design to assess changes in ACS prevalence, and (2) a quasi-experimental, prospective cohort to examine changes in physical activity. Differences between study arms (Austin SRTS and comparison) were assessed for school demographics, ACS, and school programs. At baseline, 14.3% of school trips were made by ACS, with non-significant differences between study arms. Only 26% of schools implemented ACS-related programs. Some significant differences across SRTS and comparison schools were identified for several school- and neighborhood-level characteristics. Substantial changes are needed across area schools and neighborhoods to promote optimum ACS. STREETS study longitudinal findings will be critical for informing optimal future implementations of SRTS programs.
Evaluating the Oral-Health-Related Quality of Life of Oral Submucous Fibrosis Patients before and after Treatment Using the OHIP-14 Tool
Authors: Memon Abdul Bari , Rahman Aneela Atta Ur , Channar Kashif Ali , Zafar Muhammad Sohail , Kumar Naresh
Published: February 2022

The objective of the present study was to assess the oral-health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) patients before and after standard treatment. A convenient sampling technique was used to recruit the clinically diagnosed patients of OSMF (n = 130). Based on the medical treatment, the patients were randomly divided into two study groups (group A and B). The group A patients received submucosal intralesional injections of dexamethasone (2 mL; 4 gm/mL), while group B patients received hyaluronidase (1500 IU). Both the group A and B patients received respective medical therapy biweekly for a period of five weeks. At the follow up visit (6 months), the impact of treatment on OHRQoL was assessed using the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14). Data were analyzed by a chi-square test for quantitative variables and an independent t-test for qualitative variables. The comparison of all clinical parameters before and after treatment was performed by a paired t-test. The results after treatment showed that there was a significant improvement in all domains of OHIP-14 (p = 0.001) except psychological disability (p = 0.243). In addition, the OHRQoL of patients was significantly improved following the treatment.
Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Lung Function in Children with Asthma: A Mediation Analysis
Authors: Cilluffo Giovanna , Ferrante Giuliana , Murgia Nicola , Mancini Rosanna , Pichini Simona , Cuffari Giuseppe , Giudice Vittoria , Tirone Nicolò , Malizia Velia , Montalbano Laura , Fasola Salvatore , Pacifici Roberta , Viegi Giovanni , La Grutta Stefania
Published: February 2022

Studies investigating the association between urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and asthma in children provided inhomogeneous results. We aimed to use Mediation Analysis to discover whether a link between urinary PAHs and lung function exists and if it might be ascribed to a direct or a symptom-mediated (indirect) effect in children with asthma. This single-center prospective study was conducted in Palermo, Italy, between March and July 2017 and involved 50 children with persistent mild-moderate asthma, aged 6–11 years. At each time visit (day 0, 30, 60, and 90), physical examination, spirometry, and urine collection for detection of urinary cotinine and PAHs were performed. A symptom score was computed. The sum of individually calculated molar mass of nine PAH metabolites (ΣPAH), naphthalene metabolites (ΣPAHn) and phenanthrene metabolites (ΣPAHp) were calculated. Three children withdrew from the study due to technical problems (n = 1) and adverse events (n = 2). PAHs indirect effects on FEV1 (ΣPAH: −0.011, p = 0.04; ΣPAHn: −0.011, p = 0.04; ΣPAHp: −0.012, p < 0.001) and FVC (ΣPAH: −0.012, p = 0.02; ΣPAHn: −0.0126, p = 0.02; ΣPAHp: −0.013, p < 0.001) were statistically significant. In conclusion, PAHs exposures have significant indirect (symptom-mediated) effects on lung function, emphasizing the role of PAHs-induced respiratory morbidity in decreasing lung function in children with asthma.
Dual Use of Public and Private Health Care Services in Brazil
Authors: Silva Bianca , Hens Niel , Gusso Gustavo , Lagaert Susan , Macinko James , Willems Sara
Published: February 2022

(1) Background: Brazil has a universal public healthcare system, but individuals can still opt to buy private health insurance and/or pay out-of-pocket for healthcare. Past research suggests that Brazilians make combined use of public and private services, possibly causing double costs. This study aims to describe this dual use and assess its relationship with socioeconomic status (SES). (2) Methods: We calculated survey-weighted population estimates and descriptive statistics, and built a survey-weighted logistic regression model to explore the effect of SES on dual use of healthcare, including demographic characteristics and other variables related to healthcare need and use as additional explanatory variables using data from the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey. (3) Results: An estimated 39,039,016 (n = 46,914; 18.6%) persons sought care in the two weeks before the survey, of which 5,576,216 were dual users (n = 6484; 14.7%). Dual use happened both in the direction of public to private (n = 4628; 67.3%), and of private to public (n = 1855; 32.7%). Higher income had a significant effect on dual use (p < 0.0001), suggesting a dose–response relationship, even after controlling for confounders. Significant effects were also found for region (p < 0.0001) and usual source of care (USC) (p < 0.0001). (4) Conclusion: A large number of Brazilians are seeking care from a source different than their regular system. Higher SES, region, and USC are associated factors, possibly leading to more health inequity. Due to its high prevalence and important implications, more research is warranted to illuminate the main causes of dual use.
Prevalence of Post COVID-19 Condition in Primary Care: A Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Montenegro Patricia , Moral Irene , Puy Alicia , Cordero Esther , Chantada Noa , Cuixart Lluis , Brotons Carlos
Published: February 2022

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is a major challenge for health systems, citizens and policymakers worldwide. It is not known how many people are affected with longer term sequelae after acute COVID-19 and a wide range of prevalence estimates have been reported with a high heterogeneity between studies. Methods: We designed a cross-sectional study to estimate the prevalence of post COVID-19 conditions in a community setting. We selected a random sample of 579 individuals from three different primary health care centers and collected information on symptoms through a standardized questionnaire. Results: Our main study finding was an overall population prevalence of 14.34% (95% CI 11.58–17.46%) of post COVID-19. Only 9% of patients were hospitalized in our study. Prevalence was higher in women than men (15.63% versus 13.06%) and the most frequent persistent symptoms were fatigue (44.6%), smell impairment (27.7%) and dyspnea (24.09%). Conclusions: The prevalence of post COVID-19 condition was lower than expected according to other studies published in the literature. The prevalence was higher in women than men, and the most frequent persistent symptoms were fatigue, smell impairment, and dyspnea.
Vulnerability, Risk and Harm for People Who Use Drugs and Are Engaged in Transactional Sex: Learning for Service Delivery
Authors: Matheson Catriona , Bon Lesley , Bowman Louise , Hannah Adrienne , MacLeod Katy
Published: February 2022

Against a backdrop of high levels of drug related harms in Scotland, this research aimed to inform training development to aid the upskilling of the workforce to support people who use drugs and are involved in transactional sex. Sixteen qualitative interviews were conducted with participants recruited across four health board areas and a range of services covering sexual health and/or harm reduction. Interviews explored initiation, frequency, and the nature of transactional sex; drug use, and experience of services. A thematic analysis was undertaken. Vulnerability was a key emerging theme when discussing drug use, sexual behavior, and service use. Vulnerability increased risk of a range of harms from sexual assault to injecting harms and overdose. Participants were often, but not always, introduced to drugs and transactional sex by someone who had power over them or was more experienced in drug use and/or sex. High risk drug use was evident in terms of polydrug use, consuming large quantities of drugs, sharing crack pipes/injecting equipment. There is a need for information and services to reduce the risk of harm from drugs, sexual violence, and unprotected sex as well as non-judgmental, trauma aware services. The workforce needs to be skilled to recognize and manage these potentially complex syndemics.
Measuring Productivity, Perceived Stress and Work Engagement of a Nationally Delivered Workplace Step Count Challenge
Authors: Ryde Gemma C. , Tomaz Simone A. , Sandison Krissi , Greenwood Carl , Kelly Paul
Published: February 2022

Workplace step count challenges show promise with regard to increasing physical activity, with walking linked to many positive physical and mental health benefits. Few studies have investigated their effects on work-related outcomes. The aim of this study was to describe (1) the process of collecting work-related outcomes as part of a real-world workplace intervention, the Step Count Challenge, and (2) report step counts and work-related outcomes (productivity, perceived stress and work engagement) during the Step Count Challenge. This pre-post study was conducted as part of a four-week 2018 National Step Count Challenge (SCC) in Scotland, UK. A survey was administered to collect self-reported steps, productivity (HWQ), perceived stress (Cohen Perceived Stress Scale) and work engagement (UWES) on the week prior to the intervention starting (baseline), week 1 and week 4. Process data such as recruitment and response rates were monitored throughout. Of 2042 employees who signed up to the SCC, baseline data were reported for 246 (12% of total; mean age 42.5 years, 83% female). Process data suggest low uptake to the study and poor compliance between surveys time points. Preliminary data suggest positive changes in step counts (3374 steps/day by week 4), stress and productivity. No changes in work engagement were found. The findings highlight the need to integrate research more effectively into real-world interventions, including a true baseline period. The Step Count Challenge may have positive change on some work-related outcomes warranting further investigation into how robust research designs can be delivered without negatively influencing real-world interventions.
Predicting Self-Medication with Cannabis in Young Adults with Hazardous Cannabis Use
Authors: Wallis Dorothy , Coatsworth J. Douglas , Mennis Jeremy , Riggs Nathaniel R. , Zaharakis Nikola , Russell Michael A. , Brown Aaron R. , Rayburn Stephanie , Radford Aubrie , Hale Christopher , Mason Michael J.
Published: February 2022

Using cannabis to reduce psychological and physical distress, referred to as self-medication, is a significant risk factor for cannabis use disorder. To better understand this high-risk behavior, a sample of 290 young adults (ages 18–25; 45.6% female) were recruited from two U.S. universities in January and February of 2020 to complete a survey about their cannabis use and self-medication. Results: seventy-six percent endorsed using cannabis to reduce problems such as anxiety, sleep, depression, pain, loneliness, social discomfort, and concentration. When predicting reasons for self-medication with cannabis, logistic regression models showed that lower CUDIT-R scores, experiencing withdrawal, living in a state where cannabis was illegal, and being female were all associated with higher rates of self-medication. Withdrawal symptoms were tested to predict self-medication with cannabis, and only insomnia and loss of appetite were significant predictors. To further explore why young adults self-medicate, each of the original predictors were regressed on seven specified reasons for self-medication. Young adults experiencing withdrawal were more likely to self-medicate for pain. Participants living where cannabis is legal were less likely to self-medicate for anxiety and depression. Living where cannabis is illegal also significantly predicted self-medicating for social discomfort—though the overall model predicting social discomfort was statistically non-significant. Finally, female participants were more likely to self-medicate for anxiety. These results suggest widespread self-medication among young adults with likely CUD and underscore the complexity of their cannabis use. The findings have implications for understanding why young adults use cannabis in relation to psychological and physical distress and for accurately treating young adults with cannabis use disorder.
Optogenetics for Understanding and Treating Brain Injury: Advances in the Field and Future Prospects
Authors: Sun Yuwen , Li Manrui , Cao Shuqiang , Xu Yang , Wu Peiyan , Xu Shuting , Pan Qian , Guo Yadong , Ye Yi , Wang Zheng , Dai Hao , Xie Xiaoqi , Chen Xiameng , Liang Weibo
Published: February 2022

Optogenetics is emerging as an ideal method for controlling cellular activity. It overcomes some notable shortcomings of conventional methods in the elucidation of neural circuits, promotion of neuroregeneration, prevention of cell death and treatment of neurological disorders, although it is not without its own limitations. In this review, we narratively review the latest research on the improvement and existing challenges of optogenetics, with a particular focus on the field of brain injury, aiming at advancing optogenetics in the study of brain injury and collating the issues that remain. Finally, we review the most current examples of research, applying photostimulation in clinical treatment, and we explore the future prospects of these technologies.
Road to The Red Carpet of Edible Crickets through Integration into the Human Food Chain with Biofunctions and Sustainability: A Review
Authors: Kemsawasd Varongsiri , Inthachat Woorawee , Suttisansanee Uthaiwan , Temviriyanukul Piya
Published: February 2022

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that more than 500 million people, especially in Asia and Africa, are suffering from malnutrition. Recently, livestock farming has increased to supply high-quality protein, with consequent impact on the global environment. Alternative food sources with high nutritive values that can substitute livestock demands are urgently required. Recently, edible crickets have been promoted by the FAO to ameliorate the food crisis. In this review, the distribution, nutritive values, health-promoting properties (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-obesity), safety, allergenicity as well as the potential hazards and risks for human consumption are summarized. Cricket farming may help to realize the United Nations sustainable development goal No. 2 Zero Hunger. The sustainability of cricket farming is also discussed in comparison with other livestock. The findings imply that edible crickets are safe for daily intake as a healthy alternative diet due to their high protein content and health-promoting properties. Appropriate use of edible crickets in the food and nutraceutical industries represents a global business potential. However, people who are allergic to shellfish should pay attention on cricket allergy. Thus, the objective of this review was to present in-depth and up-to-date information on edible crickets to advocate and enhance public perception of cricket-based food.
The Isoxazole Derivative of Usnic Acid Induces an ER Stress Response in Breast Cancer Cells That Leads to Paraptosis-like Cell Death
Authors: Pyrczak-Felczykowska Agnieszka , Reekie Tristan A. , Jąkalski Marcin , Hać Aleksandra , Malinowska Marcelina , Pawlik Anna , Ryś Kamil , Guzow-Krzemińska Beata , Herman-Antosiewicz Anna
Published: February 2022

Derivatives of usnic acid (UA), a secondary metabolite from lichens, were synthesized to improve its anticancer activity and selectivity. Recently we reported the synthesis and activity of an UA isoxazole derivative, named 2b, against cancer cells of different origins. Herein, the molecular mechanisms underlying its activity and efficacy in vivo were tested. The viability of breast cancer or normal cells has been tested using an MTT assay. Cell and organelle morphology was analyzed using light, electron and fluorescence microscopy. Gene expression was evaluated by RNAseq and protein levels were evaluated by Western blotting. In vivo anticancer activity was evaluated in a mice xenograft model. We found that 2b induced massive vacuolization which originated from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ER stress markers were upregulated both at the mRNA and protein levels. ER stress was caused by the release of Ca2+ ions from the ER by IP3R channels which was mediated, at least partly, by phospholipase C (PLC)-synthetized 1,4,5-inositol triphosphate (IP3). ER stress led to cell death with features of apoptosis and paraptosis. When applied to nude mice with xenografted breast cancer cells, 2b stopped tumour growth. In mice treated with 2b, vacuolization was observed in tumour cells, but not in other organs. This study shows that the antiproliferative activity of 2b relates to the induction of ER stress in cancer, not in healthy, cells and it leads to breast cancer cell death in vitro and in vivo.
The Human Microbiota and Skin Cancer
Authors: Woo Yu Ri , Cho Sang Hyun , Lee Jeong Deuk , Kim Hei Sung
Published: February 2022

Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the US with an increasing prevalence worldwide. While ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a well-known risk factor, there is emerging evidence that the microbiota may also contribute. In recent years, the human microbiota has become a topic of great interest, and its association with inflammatory skin diseases (i.e., atopic dermatitis, acne, rosacea) has been explored. Little is known of the role of microbiota in skin cancer, but with the recognized link between microbial dysbiosis and inflammation, and knowledge that microbiota modulates the effect of UV-induced immunosuppression, theories connecting the two have surfaced. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the key literature on human microbiota, especially the skin microbiota, and skin cancer (i.e., non-melanoma skin cancer, melanoma, cutaneous T cell lymphoma). Also, mechanistic perspectives as to how our microbiota influence skin cancer development and treatment are offered.
Fine Regulation during Wound Healing by Mast Cells, a Physiological Role Not Yet Clarified
Authors: Bacci Stefano
Published: February 2022

Mast cells (MCs) are bone marrow-derived cells capable of secreting many active molecules, ranging from the mediators stored in specific granules, some of which have been known about for several decades (histamine, heparin), to small molecules produced immediately upon stimulation (membrane lipid derivatives, nitric oxide), to a host of constitutively secreted, multifunctional cytokines. With the aid of a wide array of mediators, the activated MCs control the key events of inflammation and therefore participate in the regulation of local immune response. On the basis of the structure, origin, principal subtypes, localization and function of these cells, their involvement in injury repair is therefore to be considered in acute and chronic conditions, respectively. The importance of MCs in regulating the healing processes is underscored by the proposed roles of a surplus or a deficit of their mediators in the formation of exuberant granulation tissue (such as keloids and hypertrophic scars), the delayed closure or dehiscence of wounds and the transition of acute to chronic inflammation.
Type I Interferons Enhance the Repair of Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced DNA Damage and Regulate Cutaneous Immune Suppression
Authors: Sherwani Mohammad Asif , Ahmad Israr , Lewis Monica J. , Abdelgawad Ahmed , Rashid Harunur , Yang Kevin , Chen Ching-Yi , Raman Chander , Elmets Craig A. , Yusuf Nabiha
Published: February 2022

Type I interferons (IFNs) are important enhancers of immune responses which are downregulated in human cancers, including skin cancer. Solar ultraviolet (UV) B radiation is a proven environmental carcinogen, and its exposure contributes to the high prevalence of skin cancer. The carcinogenic effects of UV light can be attributed to the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and errors in the repair and replication of DNA. Treatment with a single dose of UVB (100 mJ/cm2) upregulated IFNα and IFNβ in the skin of C57BL/6 mice. IFNα and IFNβ were predominantly produced by CD11b+ cells. In mice lacking the type I IFN receptor 1 (IFNAR1), the repair of CPD following cutaneous exposure to a single dose of UVB (100 mJ/cm2) was decreased. UVB induced the expression of the DNA repair gene xeroderma pigmentosum A (XPA) in wild-type (WT) mice. In contrast, such treatment in IFNAR1 (IFNAR1-/-) mice downregulated XPA. A local UVB regimen consisting of UVB radiation (150 mJ/cm2) for 4 days followed by sensitization with hapten 2,4, dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) resulted in significant suppression of immune responses in both WT and IFNAR1-/- mice. However, there were significantly higher CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells in the draining lymph nodes of IFNAR1-/- mice in comparison to WT mice. Overall, our studies reveal a previously unknown action of type I IFNs in the repair of photodamage and the prevention of UVB-induced immune suppression.
Minocycline Counteracts Ectopic Calcification in a Murine Model of Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum: A Proof-of-Concept Study
Authors: Bouderlique Elise , Nollet Lukas , Letavernier Emmanuel , Vanakker Olivier M.
Published: February 2022

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is an intractable Mendelian disease characterized by ectopic calcification in skin, eyes and blood vessels. Recently, increased activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) was shown to be involved in PXE pathogenesis, while the DDR/PARP1 inhibitor minocycline was found to attenuate aberrant mineralization in PXE cells and zebrafish. In this proof-of-concept study, we evaluated the anticalcifying properties of minocycline in Abcc6−/− mice, an established mammalian PXE model. Abcc6−/− mice received oral minocycline supplementation (40 mg/kg/day) from 12 to 36 weeks of age and were compared to untreated Abcc6−/− and Abcc6+/+ siblings. Ectopic calcification was evaluated using X-ray microtomography with three-dimensional reconstruction of calcium deposits in muzzle skin and Yasue’s calcium staining. Immunohistochemistry for the key DDR marker H2AX was also performed. Following minocycline treatment, ectopic calcification in Abcc6−/− mice was significantly reduced (−43.4%, p < 0.0001) compared to untreated Abcc6−/− littermates. H2AX immunostaining revealed activation of the DDR at sites of aberrant mineralization in untreated Abcc6−/− animals. In conclusion, we validated the anticalcifying effect of minocycline in Abcc6−/− mice for the first time. Considering its favorable safety profile in humans and low cost as a generic drug, minocycline may be a promising therapeutic compound for PXE patients.
Autophagy-Related Gene PlATG6a Is Involved in Mycelial Growth, Asexual Reproduction and Tolerance to Salt and Oxidative Stresses in Peronophythora litchii
Authors: Wang Jingrui , Zhou Gangqiang , Huang Weixiong , Li Wen , Feng Dinan , Liu Liuchen , Xi Pinggen , Jiang Zide , Kong Guanghui
Published: February 2022

Autophagy is ubiquitously present in eukaryotes. During this process, intracellular proteins and some waste organelles are transported into lysosomes or vacuoles for degradation, which can be reused by the cell to guarantee normal cellular metabolism. However, the function of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins in oomycetes is rarely known. In this study, we identified an autophagy-related gene, PlATG6a, encoding a 514-amino-acid protein in Peronophythora litchii, which is the most destructive pathogen of litchi. The transcriptional level of PlATG6a was relatively higher in mycelium, sporangia, zoospores and cysts. We generated PlATG6a knockout mutants using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The P. litchii Δplatg6a mutants were significantly impaired in autophagy and vegetative growth. We further found that the Δplatg6a mutants displayed decreased branches of sporangiophore, leading to impaired sporangium production. PlATG6a is also involved in resistance to oxidative and salt stresses, but not in sexual reproduction. The transcription of peroxidase-encoding genes was down-regulated in Δplatg6a mutants, which is likely responsible for hypersensitivity to oxidative stress. Compared with the wild-type strain, the Δplatg6a mutants showed reduced virulence when inoculated on the litchi leaves using mycelia plugs. Overall, these results suggest a critical role for PlATG6a in autophagy, vegetative growth, sporangium production, sporangiophore development, zoospore release, pathogenesis and tolerance to salt and oxidative stresses in P. litchii.
Fractal Analysis of DNA Sequences Using Frequency Chaos Game Representation and Small-Angle Scattering
Authors: Anitas Eugen Mircea
Published: February 2022

The fractal characteristics of DNA sequences are studied using the frequency chaos game representation (FCGR) and small-angle scattering (SAS) technique. The FCGR allows representation of the frequencies of occurrence of k-mers (oligonucleotides of length k) in the form of images. The numerically encoded data are then used in a SAS analysis to enhance hidden features in DNA sequences. It is shown that the simulated SAS intensity allows us to obtain the fractal dimensions and scaling factors at various scales. These structural parameters can be used to distinguish unambiguously between the scaling properties of complex hierarchical DNA sequences. The validity of this approach is illustrated on several sequences from: Escherichia coli, Mouse mitochondrion, Homo sapiens mitochondrion and Human cosmid.
Nanomedicine Strategies for Management of Drug Resistance in Lung Cancer
Authors: Haider Mohamed , Elsherbeny Amr , Pittalà Valeria , Consoli Valeria , Alghamdi Maha Ali , Hussain Zahid , Khoder Ghalia , Greish Khaled
Published: February 2022

Lung cancer (LC) is one of the leading causes of cancer occurrence and mortality worldwide. Treatment of patients with advanced and metastatic LC presents a significant challenge, as malignant cells use different mechanisms to resist chemotherapy. Drug resistance (DR) is a complex process that occurs due to a variety of genetic and acquired factors. Identifying the mechanisms underlying DR in LC patients and possible therapeutic alternatives for more efficient therapy is a central goal of LC research. Advances in nanotechnology resulted in the development of targeted and multifunctional nanoscale drug constructs. The possible modulation of the components of nanomedicine, their surface functionalization, and the encapsulation of various active therapeutics provide promising tools to bypass crucial biological barriers. These attributes enhance the delivery of multiple therapeutic agents directly to the tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in reversal of LC resistance to anticancer treatment. This review provides a broad framework for understanding the different molecular mechanisms of DR in lung cancer, presents novel nanomedicine therapeutics aimed at improving the efficacy of treatment of various forms of resistant LC; outlines current challenges in using nanotechnology for reversing DR; and discusses the future directions for the clinical application of nanomedicine in the management of LC resistance.
Looking at Developmental Neurotoxicity Testing from the Perspective of an Invertebrate Embryo
Authors: Bicker Gerd
Published: February 2022

Developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) of chemical compounds disrupts the formation of a normal brain. There is impressive progress in the development of alternative testing methods for DNT potential in chemicals, some of which also incorporate invertebrate animals. This review briefly touches upon studies on the genetically tractable model organisms of Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster about the action of specific developmental neurotoxicants. The formation of a functional nervous system requires precisely timed axonal pathfinding to the correct cellular targets. To address this complex key event, our lab developed an alternative assay using a serum-free culture of intact locust embryos. The first neural pathways in the leg of embryonic locusts are established by a pair of afferent pioneer neurons which use guidance cues from membrane-bound and diffusible semaphorin proteins. In a systematic approach according to recommendations for alternative testing, the embryo assay quantifies defects in pioneer navigation after exposure to a panel of recognized test compounds for DNT. The outcome indicates a high predictability for test-compound classification. Since the pyramidal neurons of the mammalian cortex also use a semaphorin gradient for neurite guidance, the assay is based on evolutionary conserved cellular mechanisms, supporting its relevance for cortical development.
DMSO and TMAO—Differences in Interactions in Aqueous Solutions of the K-Peptide
Authors: Godlewska Julia , Cieśla Bartosz , Wawer Jarosław , Bruździak Piotr
Published: February 2022

Interactions between a solvent and their co-solute molecules in solutions of peptides are crucial for their stability and structure. The K-peptide is a synthetic fragment of a larger hen egg white lysozyme protein that is believed to be able to aggregate into amyloid structures. In this study, a complex experimental and theoretical approach is applied to study systems comprising the peptide, water, and two co-solutes: trimethylamide N-oxide (TMAO) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Information about their interactions in solutions and on the stability of the K-peptide was obtained by FTIR spectroscopy and differential scanning microcalorimetry. The IR spectra of various osmolyte–water–model-peptide complexes were simulated with the DFT method (B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)). The FTIR results indicate that both solutes are neutral for the K-peptide in solution. Both co-solutes affect the peptide to different degrees, as seen in the shape of its amide I band, and have different influences on its thermal stability. DFT calculations helped simplify the experimental data for easier interpretation.
Multi-Centered Solid-Phase Quasi-Intramolecular Redox Reactions of [(Chlorido)Pentaamminecobalt(III)] Permanganate—An Easy Route to Prepare Phase Pure CoMn2O4 Spinel
Authors: Franguelli Fernanda Paiva , Kováts Éva , Czégény Zsuzsanna , Bereczki Laura , Petruševski Vladimir M. , Barta Holló Berta , Béres Kende Attila , Farkas Attila , Szilágyi Imre Miklós , Kótai László
Published: February 2022

We synthesized and structurally characterized the previously unknown [Co(NH3)5Cl](MnO4)2 complex as the precursor of CoMn2O4. The complex was also deuterated, and its FT-IR, far-IR, low-temperature Raman and UV-VIS spectra were measured as well. The structure of the complex was solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and the 3D-hydrogen bonds were evaluated. The N-H…O-Mn hydrogen bonds act as redox centers to initiate a solid-phase quasi-intramolecular redox reaction even at 120 °C involving the Co(III) centers. The product is an amorphous material, which transforms into [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2, NH4NO3, and a todorokite-like solid Co-Mn oxide on treatment with water. The insoluble residue may contain {Mn4IIIMnIV2O12}n4n−, {Mn5IIIMnIVO12}n5n− or {MnIII6O12}n6n− frameworks, which can embed 2 × n (CoII and/or CoIII) cations in their tunnels, respectively, and 4 × n ammonia ligands are coordinated to the cobalt cations. The decomposition intermediates decompose on further heating via a series of redox reactions, forming a solid CoIIMIII2O4 spinel with an average size of 16.8 nm, and gaseous N2, N2O and Cl2. The CoMn2O4 prepared in this reaction has photocatalytic activity in Congo red degradation with UV light. Its activity strongly depends on the synthesis conditions, e.g., Congo red was degraded 9 and 13 times faster in the presence of CoMn2O4 prepared at 550 °C (in air) or 420 °C (under N2), respectively.
The Nutritional Quality and Structural Analysis of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Flour before and after Defatting
Authors: Zozo Bongisiwe , Wicht Merrill Margaret , Mshayisa Vusi Vincent , van Wyk Jessy
Published: February 2022

This study aimed to assess the nutritional information and structural overview of the BSFL (black soldier fly larva) flours (full fat and defatted). The BSFL flours were obtained by freeze-drying the larvae and the removal of fat using hexane and isopropanol ratio of 3:2 (v/v), these solvents were used due to their defatting efficiency and because they are less toxic. Nutritional and structural analyses were conducted using standard methods. The full-fat and defatted flours had high protein content (45.82% and 56.11% respectively). Defatting significantly (p < 0.05) increases the protein content by approximately 10%, while the fat content decreased from 25.78% in full-fat larvae to 4.8% in defatted larvae. The compositional data were qualitatively confirmed with Universal Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (UATR-FTIR) mainly in the amide I and II regions. Thermal gravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis, showed the conformational physical changes induced due to removal of fat which affected protein denaturation. DSC analysis displayed curves of both endothermic and exothermic reactions. During the first heating program, both samples had wide endothermic heating peaks ranging from 42 to 112 °C, which may be attributed to the water content in the samples evaporating. The first stage of the decomposition process was important, with loss of free and loosely bound water up to 150 °C, according to TGA curves. Protein and carbohydrates volatilized during the second stage of decomposition. The third level may be linked to polypeptide decomposition. FTIR revealed that the defatting process induced structural modifications on the amide I (1650 cm−1) and amide II (1540 cm−1) regions. Defatting has a significant effect on the functional groups and nutritional value of the BSFL. Defatted as well as full-fat flour both show good nutritional and structural characteristics for use in many food applications, however the improved proximate composition of the defatted BSFL can be applied to food products using BSFL flour as an alternative ingredient.
An Interactive Teaching Tool Describing Resistance Evolution and Basic Economics of Insecticide-Based Pest Management
Authors: Nansen Christian
Published: February 2022

Effective teaching of complex concepts relies heavily on the ability to establish relevance of topics and to engage students in a constructive dialogue. To connect students with abstract concepts and basic theory, instructors foster and facilitate an engaging teaching environment. Population modeling is a cornerstone in applied entomology. However, it is also a topic and skill set that requires both basic mathematical and biological knowledge, and it may be perceived by students as being abstract and exceedingly theoretical. As a way to introduce entomology students at both that undergraduate and graduate levels to hands-on experience with population modeling, a well-established and widely used deterministic genetic population model is presented as an interactive teaching tool. Moreover, the general model describes three genotypes (SS = homozygous susceptible, SR = heterozygous, and RR = homozygous resistant) during 30 discrete and univoltine generations under a shared population density dependence (carrying capacity). Based on user inputs for each genotype (survival, fitness cost, reproductive rate, emigration, and immigration) and an initial resistance allele frequency, model outputs related to resistance evolution are produced. User inputs related to insecticide-based pest management (pest density action threshold, crop damage rate, insecticide treatment costs, and profit potential) can also be introduced to examine and interpret the basic economic effects of different insect pest management scenarios. The proposed model of resistance evolution and basic economics of pest management relies on a large number of important simplifications, so it may only have limited ability to predict the outcomes of real-world (commercial) scenarios. However, as a teaching tool and to introduce students to a well-known and widely used genetic population model structure, the interactive teaching tool is believed to have considerable utility and relevance.
Sizing the Knowledge Gap in Taxonomy: The Last Dozen Years of Aphidiinae Research
Authors: Petrović Andjeljko
Published: February 2022

Taxonomic impediment is one of the main roadblocks to managing the current biodiversity crisis. Insect taxonomy is the biggest contributor to the taxonomic impediment, both in terms of the knowledge gap and the lack of experts. With this study, we tried to size the knowledge gap by analyzing taxonomical studies on the subfamily Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) conducted from 2010 to 2021. All available taxonomic knowledge gathered in this period is critically summarized: newly described species, detection of alien species, published identification keys, etc. All findings are discussed relative to the current state of general taxonomy. Future prospects for taxonomy are also discussed.
Time Resolution of an Irradiated 3D Silicon Pixel Detector
Authors: Betancourt Christopher , De Simone Dario , Kramberger Gregor , Manna Maria , Pellegrini Giulio , Serra Nicola
Published: February 2022

We report on the measurements of time resolution for double-sided 3D pixel sensors with a single cell of 50 μm × 50 μm and thickness of 285 μm, fabricated at IMB-CNM and irradiated with reactor neutrons from 8 ×1014 1MeV neq/cm2 to 1.0 ×1016 1MeV neq/cm2. The time resolution measurements were conducted using a radioactive source at a temperature of −20 and 20 °C in a bias voltage range of 50–250 V. The reference time was provided by a low gain avalanche detector produced by Hamamatsu. The results are compared to measurements conducted prior to irradiation where a temporal resolution of about 50 ps was measured. These are the first ever timing measurements on an irradiated 3D sensor and which serve as a basis for understanding their performance and to explore the possibility of performing 4D tracking in high radiation environments, such as the innermost tracking layers of future high energy physics experiments.