bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Political Liberty: Montesquieu’s Missing Manuscript
Authors: de Dijn Annelien
Published: April 2011

This essay draws attention to the importance of Montesquieu’s earliest and unpublished writings on liberty for our understanding of the famous eleventh book of the Spirit of the Laws. Montesquieu’s investigation of the nature and preconditions of liberty, the author argues, was much more polemical than it is usually assumed. As an analysis of his notebooks shows, Montesquieu set out to wrest control over the concept of liberty from the republican admirers of classical antiquity, a faction that he believed to be dangerously populist and revolutionary. In order to do so, Montesquieu came up with a redefinition of the concept of liberty that allowed him to argue that monarchical subjects could be just as free as republican citizens. This conclusion has important implications not just for our understanding of Montesquieu’s writings but also and more broadly for our understanding of the intellectual history of liberalism.
David Hume and the “Politics of Humanity”
Authors: Hanley Ryan Patrick
Published: April 2011

Recently a call has gone up for a revival of the “politics of humanity.” But what exactly is the “politics of humanity”? For illumination this paper turns to Hume’s analysis of humanity’s foundational role in morality and modern politics. Its aims in so doing are twofold. First, it aims to set forth a new understanding of the unity of Hume’s practical and epistemological projects in developing his justifications for and the implications of his remarkable and underappreciated claim that humanity is the only sentiment on which a moral system can be founded. Second, by attending to Hume’s substantive definition of humanity and its relationship to benevolence and sympathy in particular, it aims to clarify the relationship between the principal elements of the politics of humanity: “humanism” or secularism, “humane” or other-directed values, and mutual recognition of our shared “humanness.”
Prevalence and Correlates of Dietary Supplement Use in Individuals With Diabetes Mellitus at an Academic Diabetes Care Clinic
Authors: Odegard Peggy S. , Janci Mary M. , Foeppel Melanie P. , Beach Jennifer R. , Trence Dace L.
Published: April 2011

Objectives

This study sought to describe the prevalence of supplement use by those with diabetes mellitus receiving care at an academic outpatient diabetes care center and to identify any association of supplement use with glycemic control.

Methods

This study is based on a retrospective audit of provider-verified and patient–self-reported medication and supplement use by adults with diabetes at the University of Washington Diabetes Care Center during four 2-week periods from fall 2006 through summer 2007 (1 period per season).

Results

Verified medication and supplement histories for 459 adults demonstrated a per-person average use of 7 ± 4.1 prescription medicines and 0.4 ± 0.9 over-the-counter medicines daily, with 55% using some form of vitamin, mineral, or nonvitamin–nonmineral supplement on a daily basis. The rate of nonvitamin–nonmineral use was nearly twice that for type 2 diabetes mellitus as for type 1 diabetes mellitus (39.3% vs 20.3%), and A1c was lower in those using any supplement compared to those not using supplements. Vitamin use was associated with reduced A1c; however, this relationship did not hold at A1c < 7.0%.

Conclusions

The findings highlight the prevalence of supplement use in diabetes mellitus and association of supplement use with improved glycemic control. Findings are limited by the retrospective design.
Putting the Bio in Biobehavioral
Authors: Holden Janean E.
Published: April 2011

Animal models are useful in research that examines physiological mechanisms and, as such, are invaluable in developing therapies to alleviate illness and promote health. Ethical considerations are essential for proper animal use and include replacement by nonanimal models where possible, reduction in the numbers of animals used, and refinement of experimental protocols to reduce animal suffering. Choosing the optimum model depends on the long- and short-term goals of the project, and the choice of a model goes hand in hand with appropriate study design. Five key features to think about when choosing a model are as follows: model asymmetry, necessary differences, specificity to the study, model validity, and model improvement. Appropriate use of both male and female animals has also become an important issue in recent times. These considerations will assist in understanding animal model use.
Mandibular Osteoradionecrosis in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx
Authors: Monnier Yan , Broome Martin , Betz Michael , Bouferrache Kahina , Ozsahin Mahmut , Jaques Bertrand
Published: April 2011

Objective

Mandibular osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a serious complication of radiotherapy (RT) in head and neck cancer patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of and risk factors for mandibular ORN in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity and oropharynx.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

University tertiary care center for head and neck oncology.

Subjects and Methods

Seventy‐three patients treated for stage I to IV SCC of the oral cavity and oropharynx between 2000 and 2007, with a minimum follow‐up of 2 years, were included in the study. Treatment modalities included both RT with curative intent and adjuvant RT following tumor surgery. The log‐rank test and Cox model were used for univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

The incidence of mandibular ORN was 40% at 5 years. Using univariate analysis, the following risk factors were identified: oral cavity tumors (P <. 01), bone invasion (P <. 02), any surgery prior to RT (P <. 04), and bone surgery (P <. 0001). By multivariate analysis, mandibular surgery proved to be the most important risk factor and the only one reaching statistical significance (P <. 0002).

Conclusion

Mandibular ORN is a frequent long‐term complication of RT for oral cavity and oropharynx cancers. Mandibular surgery before irradiation is the only independent risk factor. These aspects must be considered when planning treatment for these tumors.
Dexamethasone and Tonsillectomy Bleeding
Authors: Geva Alon , Brigger Matthew T.
Published: April 2011

Objective

To use meta‐analytic techniques to examine the effect of dexamethasone on the risk of postoperative bleeding following tonsillectomy.

Data Sources

PubMed and Embase databases accessed on April 23, 2009, and April 28, 2009.

Review Methods

Using principles of meta‐analysis, inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed to identify all randomized controlled trials of patients undergoing tonsillectomy in which perioperative intravenous dexamethasone was administered in at least 1 treatment arm and bleeding complications were reported. Electronic databases were searched to identify candidate articles. Two authors independently abstracted data from each article. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus. A fixed‐effects model was used to pool relative risks among studies using the Mantel‐Haenszel method. Studies were assessed for publication bias using a funnel plot of studies’ effect size vs standard error of the effect size as well as Begg test and Egger test. A P value <.05 was considered significant.

Results

The primary search identified 85 potential studies. Fourteen met inclusion criteria and were selected for meta‐analysis. No significant heterogeneity was found among studies (I2< 0.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0%‐55%; P =. 68). The pooled relative risk (RR) of postoperative bleeding did not differ significantly between patients receiving dexamethasone and controls (RR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.65‐1.61; P =. 92). When studies were stratified by age, primary vs secondary hemorrhage, and follow‐up duration, no further significant differences in bleeding rate were identified. No evidence of publication bias was found using Begg (P =. 70) or Egger (P =. 73) tests.

Conclusion

The results of this meta‐analysis indicate that perioperative dexamethasone does not confer an increased risk of postoperative bleeding in patients undergoing tonsillectomy.
Another ‘Great Transformation’ or Common Ruin?
Authors: Smart Barry
Published: April 2011

In the aftermath of the 1930s Great Depression, and as the Second World War was drawing to a close, Karl Polanyi concluded a critical analysis of market capitalism on an optimistic — and with the benefit of hindsight we can add premature — note, remarking that the ‘primacy of society’ over the economic system had been ‘secured’. Eighty years later, amidst the unresolved turmoil of another comparable global capitalist economic crisis and accumulating signs of a growing environmental crisis, both a direct legacy of the operation of the ‘market economy’, the remedy advocated by governments and policy-makers is effectively a return to ‘business as usual’. Notwithstanding various manifestations of public expression of dissatisfaction with the consequences of global ‘free-market’ capitalism, which include increasing inequality, poverty, unemployment, depletion of scarce natural resources, environmental destruction, pollution and waste, the default policy setting remains to restore global economic growth, to generate further increases in production and cultivate ever-rising rates of consumption, even if the risk is ‘common ruin’. However, there are a number of realistic, progressive and radical alternatives proposed by critical analysts, including a political program for ‘de-growth’ , a reinvention of communism and detailed policy proposals outlining the measures necessary to promote a transition to a ‘post-capitalist’ society with a sustainable economy.
‘ . . . Our Fate as a Living Corpse . . . ’
Authors: Abdullah Hannah , Benzer Matthias
Published: April 2011

In this interview, Boris Groys discusses his key cultural-theoretical ideas, positions his thought in relation to debates on the cultural economy and clarifies questions emerging from his work. The conversation focuses on his untranslated cultural-theoretical contributions, notably Über das Neue [On the New] and Topologie der Kunst [Topology of Art], but also touches on his writings available in English, for example Art Power. The interview contains three sections. The first revisits Groys’s challenge to the postmodern claim about the end of cultural innovation. He problematizes this claim with reference to the current rise of digital archives and the loss of individual and collective memory. Groys goes on to elucidate the centrality of the ready-made method to cultural innovation. Cultural activity, he argues, constitutes a ritual which promises immortality in a world of perpetual change. Finally, Groys clarifies and illustrates the questions guiding his phenomenological investigation of the ‘scene of evidence’ and the ‘mode of suspicion’. The second section is dedicated to the topology of culture in 21st-century capitalism. Groys sets out from his observation of the privatization and fragmentation of archival space. Humanity is entering a ‘new virtual Middle Age’, where individuals are engaged in a series of self-installations, travelling through a string of heterogeneous valorizing spaces (e.g. personal websites). The ‘chance’ of genuine art in these conditions lies in its withdrawal from exchange. As inexchangeable ‘commodity corpses’ demanding eternal preservation, artworks can provocatively indicate the possibility of a ‘life after capitalism’. His considerations also lead Groys to discuss his notion of Soviet Communism as an installation in pursuit of the wish to ‘step out of time’. The third section centres on the problems of politics and critique. Responding to a question about the political potential of art, Groys proposes consideration of the increasing intensity — presently illustrated by the conflict in the Middle East — with which politics acts in the realm of aesthetics. The interview closes with reflections on the possibility of intellectual resistance. Referring to Nietzsche and Adorno, Groys locates the potential of opposition in a resentful critique of time: a ‘rejection of everything’ and the insistence upon the possibility that what is will vanish.
Postcoloniality and Religiosity in Modern China
Authors: Yang Mayfair Mei-hui
Published: April 2011

In the long 20th century, modern China experienced perhaps the world’s most radical and systematic secularization process and the decimation of traditional religious and ritual cultures. This article seeks to account for this experience by engaging with postcolonial theory, a body of discourse seldom found relevant to China Studies. The article attempts a two-pronged critique of both state secularization and some aspects of existing Postcolonial Studies/theory. It shows the many ways in which nationalist elites in modern China unwittingly absorbed Western Orientalist discourse even as their words and actions were ostensibly anti-colonial, and much of the article examines the consequences of this native Orientalism upon Chinese religiosities. Finally, the article suggests that one cannot discuss governmentality in modern China without understanding how it is intertwined with a sovereign power that is both archaic and, at the same time, has experienced renewal and expansion in modernity.
Single-Row Versus Double-Row Capsulolabral Repair
Authors: Kim Doo-Sup , Yoon Yeo-Seung , Chung Hoi-Jeong
Published: April 2011

Background: Despite the attention that has been paid to restoration of the capsulolabral complex anatomic insertion onto the glenoid, studies comparing the pressurized contact area and mean interface pressure at the anatomic insertion site between a single-row repair and a double-row labral repair have been uncommon.

Purpose: The purpose of our study was to compare the mean interface pressure and pressurized contact area at the anatomic insertion site of the capsulolabral complex between a single-row repair and a double-row repair technique.

Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.

Methods: Thirty fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders (mean age, 61 ± 8 years; range, 48-71 years) were used for this study. Two types of repair were performed on each specimen: (1) a single-row repair and (2) a double-row repair. Using pressure-sensitive films, we examined the interface contact area and contact pressure.

Results: The mean interface pressure was greater for the double-row repair technique (0.29 ± 0.04 MPa) when compared with the single-row repair technique (0.21 ± 0.03 MPa) ( P = .003). The mean pressurized contact area was also significantly greater for the double-row repair technique (211.8 ± 18.6 mm2, 78.4% footprint) compared with the single-row repair technique (106.4 ± 16.8 mm2, 39.4% footprint) ( P = .001).

Conclusion: The double-row repair has significantly greater mean interface pressure and pressurized contact area at the insertion site of the capsulolabral complex than the single-row repair.

Clinical Relevance: The double-row repair may be advantageous compared with the single-row repair in restoring the native footprint area of the capsulolabral complex.
Volunteers as the ‘new’ model citizens: Governing citizens through soft power
Authors: Pak Lei Chong Gladys
Published: April 2011

Voluntary services and the word ‘volunteer’ have been discursively highlighted as something ‘new’ in China in the last few years. The large number of volunteers involved in relief work following the 5/12 Sichuan earthquakes, in the Beijing Olympics in 2008, and in the 2010 Shanghai Expo are examples of this yet understudied phenomenon. This article aims to examine volunteerism and its close relationship with the production of model citizens. It attempts to shed light on how China uses soft power — through appeal and attraction — in its governing strategies. Informed by Foucault’s work on governmentality, this article aims to show how promotional strategies and training materials pertaining to volunteering programmes acted as governing strategies that invoked and produced specific power relationships through which the state governed its citizens. Taking the Beijing Olympic volunteer programme as a case to examine how a new model citizenry is produced, I trace three discourses: dream and glory, hosting a great Olympics, and not to ‘lose face’. These discourses shape citizens’ everyday lives; they help volunteers internalize and embody the ideal of a model citizen, and as such they are part of the organized practices through which subjects are governed in China.
Nationalism and the Net: Online discussion of Goguryeo history in China and South Korea
Authors: Chase Thomas
Published: April 2011

This study investigates the growing volume of online discussion of Goguryeo history in both China and South Korea. While first analysing how nationalism and national identity underpin this historical dispute, this article then critiques common arguments that emerge within online Chinese and South Korean commentary on Goguryeo. The findings of this study show that while the Internet has facilitated a broadening of participation in the discussion of Goguryeo, this has not led to a more objective or rigorous treatment of this history, nor a more critical evaluation of its relationship to national identity. This study’s findings also indicate that national identity is neither static nor monolithic, and that online discussion of Goguryeo history is part of a dynamic process contributing to the gradual change and evolution of national identity in both countries.
“Healthy” discussions about risk: The Corn Refiners Association’s strategic negotiation of authority in the debate over high fructose corn syrup
Authors: Heiss Sarah N.
Published: April 2011

Many foods and eating practices have been framed as risky by risk societies. Recently, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) has become a highly scrutinized food additive. Informed by a social construction of risk framework, I analyze the discursive contributions of the Corn Refiners Association, a trade association, to public negotiations of HFCS risks. I describe how the association’s Sweet Surprise campaign advertisements rely on a deficit model to shape understandings of who should participate in conversations about HFCS. I conclude by exploring the practical implications of this analysis, particularly how trade associations can negotiate tensions between promoting health and serving commercial interests, and how these decisions contribute to understandings of the public’s role in risk negotiation.
DETERMINATION OF β-GLUCURONIDASE IN MICROGRAM QUANTITIES OF TISSUE AND ITS DISTRIBUTION IN THE COW ADRENAL
Authors: WATTENBERG LEE W. , GLICK DAVID
Published: April 2011

The procedure of Talalay, Fishman and Huggins was adapted to the determination of β-glucuronidase activity in microgram quantities of tissue.

The quantitative histological distribution of β-glucuronidase activity in the cow adrenal was studied, and it was found that the activity is high in the glomerulosa and outer fasciculata but comparatively low in other regions.
BIOCHEMICAL HETEROGENEITY OF THE CYTOPLASMIC PARTICLES ISOLATED FROM RAT LIVER HOMOGENATE
Authors: NOVIKOFF ALEX B. , PODBER ESTELLE , RYAN JEAN , NOE ELSIE
Published: April 2011

By separating the cytoplasmic granules of 0.88 M sucrose homogenates of rat liver into eight fractions it has been possible to demonstrate marked chemical and enzymatic heterogeneity among the isolated microsomes and less pronounced heterogeneity among the isolated mitochondria. The more readily sedimented microsomes are rich in ribose nucleic acid and show high esterase, adenosine-5’-phosphatase, acid phosphatase and uricase activities, while the less readily sedimented microsomes, although rich in ribose nucleic acid esterase and adenosine-5’-phosphatase have low levels of acid phosphatase and uricase activities. The very small mitochondria differ from the larger ones in the levels of activities of all enzymes studied, with the exception of adenosine-5’-phosphatase; the most striking differences were found in the cases of acid phosphatase and uricase.

A centrifugation schedule is given to isolate a "nuclear fraction," a mitochondrial fraction, a mixed fraction of smallest mitochondria and microsomes (of two types differing in optical density), a fraction of optically less dense microsomes, and a "supernatant fluid."
PRECIPITATION OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE IN THE HISTOCHEMICAL METHOD FOR PHOSPHATASE
Authors: GOMORI GEORGE , BENDITT EARL P.
Published: April 2011

Ca phosphate, when precipitated by the addition of phosphate to solutions similar in composition to the histochemical substrate mixture, does not show any experimentally demonstrable tendency to supersaturation. The factors which may contribute to false localizations of enzymatic activity its the Ca-CoS method for alkaline phosphatase are not well understood and certainly not amenable to mathematical analysis for the time being. At present, diffusion artifacts do not appear to be an important source of error, provided incubation time is not unduly extended.
INACTIVATION EXPERIMENTS ON THE DOPA FACTOR
Authors: VAN DUIJN P.
Published: April 2011

1. It is demonstrated that the interpretation of the histochemical dopa reaction, discovered by Bloch, correlated with mammalian melanogenesis in vivo has been greatly influenced by the analogy of the tryosinase-tyrosin reaction in vitro with the same process.

2. Repeating Bloch's histochemical pretreatment experiments on fixed tissue proved that the extreme lability found by Bloch must be attributed to detachment of the factor from the section or insufficient control of pH of the pretreatment solution.

3. Sufficient lability remains to be in line with an enzymatic nature, though classifying the factor in the realm of copper containing enzymes must be considered premature for lack of comparable data in the extract enzymological field.
DIAZO-SAFRANIN FOR STAINING ENTEROCHROMAFFIN
Authors: LILLIE R. D. , BURTNER H. J. , HENSON J. P. GRECO
Published: April 2011

Freshly diazotized safranin O colors enterochromaffin cell granules black. Background staining can be kept down to a fairly light red. Fairly stable acid aqueous safranin solution and normal sodium nitrite solution can be kept on hand and mixed ex tempore to prepare the diazo solution. A diazotization time of 15 minutes at 3°C is adequate, and the coupling (staining) time of 5 minutes should not he exceeded. Both the specific and the background stains are acid fast. A 1:40 dilution in M/10 Na2HPO4 produces the desired grade of alkalinity and a proper dilution for best. contrast.

In vitro alkaline coupling reactions with diazo-safranin produced colored precipitates with phenol, cresols, naphthols, resorcinol, hydroquinone, pyrogallol and tyrosine. Definite colors were produced on gelatin paper impregnated with resorcinol and the naphthols, less definite with phenol and the cresols. Gelatin paper models gave positive reactions with diazotized α-naphthylamine for catechol, pyrogallol and phloroglucinol as well as for resorcinol and the naphthols.

The positive coupling with diazo-safranin speaks against a catechol or hydroquinone structure and supports the thesis of a resorcinol structure.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL STRUCTURE
Authors: PALADE GEORGE E.
Published: April 2011

A characteristic pattern of organization was found with the help of the electron microscope in sectioned animal mitochondria irrespective of the species providing the specimen and of the cell type examined.

Each mitochondrion was found to possess:

1) A limiting membrane.

2) A mitochondrial matrix that appears structureless at present levels of resolution.

3) A system of internal ridges (cristae mitochondriales) that protrude from the inside surface of the membrane towards the interior of the organelles. In many mitochondria the cristae are perpendicular to the long axis of the organelles and occur in series within which they lie parallel to one another at more or less regular intervals.

In favorable electron micrographs the mitochondrial membrane appears to be double and the cristae appear to be folds of a second, internal mitochondrial membrane.
HISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE AND NUCLEIC ACIDS IN THE OOCYTES OF THE BLUEGILL, LEPOMIS MACHOCHIRUS (RAFINESQUE)
Authors: KUGLER OTTO E.
Published: April 2011

1. Histochemical methods were employed for the localization of alkaline phosphatase, desoxyribonucleic acid, and ribonucleic acid in the oocytes of the bluegill, Lepomis machochirus (Rafinesque).

2. With the Gomori technique, as employed in this study, alkaline phosphatase was found only in the follicular epithelium, and was not detected in the oocyte proper.

3. While the Feulgen reaction for desoxyribonucleic acid was positive in the nuclei of the follicular epithelium, it was negative in the chromosomes of the germinal vesicles of the oocytes examined.

4. With the use of the Unna-Pappenheim stain and ribonuclease digestion, ribonucleic acid was localized in the cytoplasm of the follicular epithelium and in the cytoplasm of the oocytes. In the oocytes, the concentration of cytoplasmic ribonucleic acid was highest in the youngest oocytes; and it lessened as the egg cells increased in size. In all growth stages of the oocytes, the nucleoli were conspicuously ribonucleic acid positive.

5. Since the presence of alkaline phosphatase was not detected within the germinal vesicle, it could not be established that activity of the enzyme coincided with sites of nucleic acid abundance within the egg nuclei.
PHOSPHAMIDASE CONTENT OF NORMAL AND PATHOLOGIC TISSUES OF THE ORAL CAVITY
Authors: MEYER JULIA , WEINMANN J. P.
Published: April 2011

The phosphamidase content in normal and pathologic tissues of 37 biopsies from the oral cavity was examined using the histochemical method of Gomori.

High concentrations of phosphamidase were found in the epithelia of epidermoid carcinoma, leukoplakia, papilloma, pleomorphic salivary gland tumor, in the proliferating connective tissue of a giant cell tumor and in the epithelium adjacent to a fibroma and in the epithelium of blastomycosis. Low concentrations of phosphamidase were found in a few cases of inflammation of the mucous membrane associated with hyperkeratosis.

The phosphamidase reaction was negative for normal epithelium and connective tissue of the oral mucous membrane, the lining of the maxillary sinus and mucous glands.

The present limitations of the technique are discussed and some precautions against erroneous conclusions presented.
A METHOD FOR RETAINING BACTERIAL CELLS IN PLACE FOR STAINING AND CYTOCHEMICAL TESTS FOR LIGHT OR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: DONDERO NORMAN C. , ZELLE M. R.
Published: April 2011

A method of retaining bacterial cells in place on glass cover slips or on electron microscope films for cytochemical tests was described. The method consisted basically of applying a film of "formvar" over the cells on cover slips or on electron microscope object-supporting screens. The "formvar" film did not interfere with many stains and cytochemical tests, nor with the use of enzymes.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATASE IN THE LIVER AND KIDNEY OF THE MOUSE
Authors: CHIQUOINE A. DUNCAN
Published: April 2011

Glucose-6-phosphatase has been demonstrated in frozen sections of mouse liver and kidney. In both organs, the enzyme is present only within parenchymal elements and is absent from stromal tissues. The enzyme is more abundant in the peripheral third of the hepatic lobule than in the inner two-thirds. Within the hepatic cell the enzyme is concentrated about the nuclear membrane. Studies were made of the distribution of the enzyme in the liver in relation to the diurnal cycle but no significant changes in enzyme distribution were observed. In the kidney the enzyme is found in the proximal convoluted tubule, concentrated at the basal pole of the cells, and in portions of the renal glomerulus. The evidence and experimental results are described which indicate that glucose-6-phosphatase is an enzyme distinct from nonspecific acid and alkaline phosphatases and that this enzyme can be so demonstrated histochemically. The presence of this enzyme in the liver and kidney is correlated with the ability of these organs to produce blood-sugar.
LIBERATION, DIFFUSION, AND PRECIPITATION OF PHOSPHATE IN THE GOMORI TEST
Authors: JOHANSEN GORDON , LINDERSTRØM-LANG K.
Published: April 2011

On the basis of recent X-ray and electron microscopic investigations by Carlsen, Jensen, and Johansen, and in connection with the article by Gomori and Benditt, the question of liberation, diffusion, and precipitation of calcium phosphate in the Gomori test has been discussed again. In spite of several modifications of our picture of the precipitation of calcium phosphate we maintain that the Gomori test for phosphatase distribution within a single cell still needs a thorough experimental investigation before it is put into the hands of the cytologists as a routine method.
CHLOROACYL ESTERS AS HISTOCHEMICAL SUBSTRATES
Authors: GOMORI G.
Published: April 2011

α-Chloroacyl esters of α-naphthol and of naphthol AS are hydrolyzed by mast cells and myeloid elements at a much faster rate than the corresponding regular acyl esters. The enzyme responsible for their hydrolysis is not a cholinesterase.
OXIDATIVE REACTIONS OF MYELOID ELEMENTS
Authors: GOMORI G.
Published: April 2011

The naphthol, M-nadi and benzidine reactions of myeloid elements show a number of differential features which indicate that their mechanisms are not identical. The naphthol reaction probably depends on the binding of some naphtholic polymer by an unidentified substrate, resulting in lipid-like staining properties and phenolic functions. The mechanism of the M-nadi reaction is not clear. The benzidine reaction is contingent on a peroxidase-like effect; whether enzymatic or not, cannot be determined on the basis of data available.
THE HISTOCHEMICAL DETECTION OF ZINC
Authors: MAGER MILTON , MCNARY WILLIAM F. , LIONETTI FABIAN
Published: April 2011

A histochemical technique specific for zinc was achieved by means of a dithizone complex-forming solution. With this solution, zinc in prostate and stomach sections could be clearly differentiated from other metallic constituents. Dithizone in aqueous-acetone solution alone demonstrated non-specific staining in stomach, prostate, pancreas, and erythrocytes and fat of dog, man, rabbit, and rat. The staining of metals as contrasted with fat concentration of the dye was shown by loss of stain in tissues previously chelated with ethylenediaminetetracetic acid. Staining of phagocytized zinc oxide in macrophages indicated penetration of the cellular membranes by dithizone. Zinc acetate given intravenously to rabbits showed a marked concentration of zinc in the epithelial cells of small and large intestine. This experiment indicated that the intestines, particularly the small intestine, were a possible excretory route for zinc.
THE USE OF BASIC POLYSACCHARIDES IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY; II. THE DEMONSTRATION OF ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDES IN TISSUE SECTIONS USING FLUORESCEIN-LABELLED DEACETYLATED CHITIN
Authors: KENT SIDNEY P. , EVANS E. EDWARD
Published: April 2011

A method for demonstrating acidic polysaccharides in formalin fixed parafin embedded tissue sections using fluorescein labelled deacetylated chitin is described. Epithelial and connective tissue acidic polysaccharides have been studied in a number of organs. The distribution of acidic polysaccharides as seen with fluorescein-labelled deacetylated chitin is similar to results obtained with alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff and fluorescein-labelled Aspergillus polysaccharide. Previously reported fluorescent staining methods for acidic polysaccharides such as iron-hematoxylin-acridine orange and atabrine as well as fluorescein-labelled deacetylated chitin may prove to be useful adjuncts to the light microscopic methods of demonstrating mucins. Other possible uses of deacetylated chitin, a colorless macro-cation, in histochemistry and cytochemistry are noted.
THE USE OF BASIC POLYSACCHARIDES IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY: IV. PRECIPITATION AND AGGLUTINATION OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS BY ASPERGILLUS POLYSACCHARIDE AND DEACETYLATED CHITIN
Authors: EVANS E. EDWARD , KENT SIDNEY P.
Published: April 2011

Solutions of the basic compounds, Aspergillus polysaccharide and deacetylated chitin were tested for their ability to precipitate various materials synthesized by biological cells. All acidic (anionic) polysaccharides tested were precipitated, but non-polar polysaccharides like glycogen and dextran failed to react. Both basic polysaccharides were also able to precipitate ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid as well as several proteins.

Both polysaccharides agglutinated a variety of bacteria and yeasts as well as erythrocytes and liver, kidney, spleen, sperm and tumor cells of mammalian origin. The significance of these observations was discussed.
THE PERIODIC-ACID-SCHIFF REACTION IN THE VAGINAL AND CERVICAL EPITHELIA OF FETAL, IMMATURE, AND ADULT RATS
Authors: FORSBERG JOHN-GUNNAR
Published: April 2011

The author has studied the occurrence of periodic-acid-Schiff-positive materials in the vaginal and cervical epithelia of albino rats. The Müllerian ducts first lack periodic-acid Schiff-positive substances; later there occurs a storing of glycogen in the Müllerian epithelium In immature animals the glycogen is gradually replaced by saliva resistant periodic-acid-Schiff-positive materials. It adult animals glycogen has been found in the stratified cervical epithelium only in proestrus and early estrus.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF GRAM'S STAIN IN MAMMALIAN TISSUE
Authors: MURRAY MARVIN
Published: April 2011

A method for demonstrating nuclear ribonucleic acid is given. This entails the use of Grams' stain of heat fixed tissues. The selectivity of crystal violet for nuclear ribonuclei acid suggests a fundamental difference between the nuclear and cytoplasmic varieties of this substance.
NUCLEOLAR LOCALIZATION OF SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE
Authors: DE P. , CHATTERJEE R. , MITRA S.
Published: April 2011

Nuclear localization of succinic dehydrogenase is being reported in normal and malignant cells from epidermoid carcinomatous tissue of human cervix. This is a new finding apart from its well established cytoplasmic counterpart.
HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF MITOCHONDRIAL ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN TISSUE SECTIONS
Authors: WACHSTEIN MAX , BRADSHAW MAIRE , ORTIZ JOSÉ M.
Published: April 2011

A comparative study was made of the distribution of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase activity in several organs of rat and rabbit using both the calcium and lead techniques. Certain modifications in these techniques assured both improved intracellular morphology and considerable preservation of enzyme activity. Of particular importance was the low temperature (–2 to –3°C) of the neutral calcium-formol solution, and, following short fixation (lead method), a subsequent wash in neutral buffer. Mitochondrial activity was similar with both techniques, but the lead method proved to be less costly, less time-consuming, and above all, far less capricious than the calcium technique. In good preparations, the appearance of mitochondria is as clearly defined as in sections stained with non-enzymatic, conventional techniques. Long exposure of cryostat sections to formalin or preparation of sections from tissue blocks fixed in neutral formalin leads to the complete abolition of mitochondrial activity; on the other hand, it accentuates enzyme staining of other structures, such as, for instance, bile canaliculi in the liver and the secretory capillaries in the pancreas and salivary glands. It also visualizes the infolding membranes in certain tubules of the rat and dog kidney. It is assumed that formalin-fixation aids in the enzymato-morphologic distinction of these two different intracellular structures.
THE USE OF BASIC POLYSACCHARIDES IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY: I. THE DEMONSTRATION OF ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDES IN TISSUE SECTIONS WITH FLUORESCEIN-LABELLED ASPERGILLUS POLYSACCHARIDE
Authors: EVANS E. EDWARD , KENT SIDNEY P.
Published: April 2011

A procedure was described for demonstrating acidic polysaccharides in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections using fluorescein-labelled Aspergillus polysaccharide. This material is a basic polysaccharide composed of units of galactosamine and N-acetyl galactosamine and is synthesized by the mold Aspergillus parasiticus.

The distribution of acidic polysaccharides shown by the fluorescein-labelled Aspergillus polysaccharide method was similar to results with the alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff sequence and to those with fluorescein labelled deacetylated chitin. Both epithelial and connective tissue mucins were demonstrated by the fluorescein-labelled basic polysaccharide.

Aspergillus polysaccharide may be considered a colorless polyvalent cation that acts as a carrier for the fluorochrome in this procedure. Since it can react with many types of biological cells as well as with various substances isolated from cells, it may have other important applications in histochemistry and cytochemistry.
HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF UNSATURATED LIPIDS BY A BROMINE-SILVER METHOD
Authors: NORTON WILLIAM T. , KOREY SAUL R. , BROTZ MIRIAM
Published: April 2011

A new method for the histochemical demonstration of unsaturated lipids having a sounder chemical basis than previously reported methods has been developed. Formalin fixed frozen sections are treated with aqueous KBr3; silver bromide is precipitated at the site of bromination by treatment with silver nitrate in dilute nitric acid; free silver is then formed by reduction with a photographic developer. Specificity is shown by the abolition of staining following any of these control reactions: a) elimination of the bromination step; b) prior blockade of double bonds with performic acid; c) extraction of lipids with chloroform-methanol or d) extraction of silver bromide before development with thiosulfate or cyanide solutions. In addition to normal tissues, atherosclerotic tissues and sections of central nervous tissues exhibiting lipid dystrophies have been examined. This technique has been fully demonstrated on pure compounds deposited on filter paper. Hydrogenated or performic acid treated compounds give negative results.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SECTIONED BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
Authors: HALLÉN OLLE
Published: April 2011

Some sources of significant error in quantitative cytochemical work are discussed and methods for their control and elimination described. These recommendations are based on a study of distortion and thickness variation in histological sections of embedded biological tissues. To achieve the objectives of the investigation, it proved necessary to manufacture special microtome knives having standardized properties and to develop an optico-mechanical procedure for topographic mapping of section thickness. Altogether 10,500 thickness determinations were made on 140 sections, there being 10 similar sections in each of 14 series which differed with respect to tissue type, embedding substance, microtome drive and feed setting. The results disclosed that, even under ideal sectioning conditions and irrespective of tissue type or embedding substance, considerable variations in thickness must be anticipated, particularly between sections in a series. The mean coefficient of variation for the deviations between and within sections nominally 5 µ thick was 28% and 5% respectively.

A method has been devised whereby the thickness of a duplicate of a biological section can be used as an estimate of the mean thickness of that section, thus enabling the magnitude of the intersectional thickness variation in a series to be assessed and corrected for. In this method the microtome knife cuts simultaneously with the section of biological material a plastic duplicate thereof. Such plastic duplicates are optically homogeneous and their thickness can readily be determined in an interference microscope. The method has been adapted for embedded as well as for frozen tissue. Its value has been checked by making a total of 714 thickness determinations on 51 tissue sections and their duplicates. Analysis of regression showed that when the nominal section thickness indicated by the microtome feed setting was used as an estimate of mean section thickness the coefficient of variation was 13% for paraffin sections and 45% for frozen sections with a nominal thickness of 5 µ. The corresponding figures when thickness duplicates were used as estimates of mean section thickness amounted to merely 7% and 14% respectively.
LOCALIZATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF TESTICULAR ESTERASES IN THE RAT
Authors: NIEMI MIKKO , HÄRKÖNEN MATTI , KOKKO AULIKKI
Published: April 2011

Both the Leydig and Sertoli cells of the rat testis have been shown to be rich in non-specific esterase, but lacking in cholinesterase and "true" lipase. No esterolytic activity has been observed in other elements of testicular tissue. The enzyme activity of the Sertoli cells is mainly localized to the long cytoplasmic processes of these cells, where the sperm heads are embedded. The distribution of esterase activity inside the seminiferous tubules undergoes cyclic variations corresponding to those seen in the morphology of the Sertoli cells.

An essentially similar distribution of esterase activity was noticed when α-naphthyl acetate, naphthol-AS acetate, o-indoxyl acetate or Tweens 20 to 60 were used as substrates. Indoxyl acetate was, however, hydrolysed even in an acid medium and this activity was, furthermore, resistant to an organophosphorus inhibitor (E600). It is therefore concluded that the testicular Leydig and Sertoli cells have both A-type and B-type esterase activity, of which the former behaves much like an intracellular peptidase. Demonstration of the activity of electrophoretically separated enzyme proteins have further shown that the histochemically demonstrated non-specific esterase activity in the testis is composed of about eight different enzyme proteins, whose behavior towards inhibitors corresponds to that of tissue sections.
IMPROVED TECHNIQUES FOR THE ENZYMATIC EXTRACTION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS FROM TISSUE SECTIONS
Authors: AMANO MINORU
Published: April 2011

Since the removal of only one of the two nucleic acids, ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic, is often necessary in biological work, the optimum conditions for the specific removal of either nucleic acid by the corresponding enzyme were investigated. The specific removal of nucleic acids by enzyme treatment was tested by toluidine blue staining and by quantitative study of the radioautographic reactions produced by the labelled deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid appearing in tissues of a cytidine-H3 injected mouse.

For the removal of ribonucleic acid by ribonuclease, the tissues must be fixed in freshly prepared Carnoy's solution for 24 hours, as a shorter fixation permits the loss of ribonucleic acid from control tissue sections. Ribonuclease extraction (1 mg crystallized salt-free Worthington ribonuclease per 1 ml of distilled water) is carried out for 4 hours at 40°C.

For the removal of deoxyribonucleic acid by deoxyribonuclease, it was also necessary to use 24 hour fixation in freshly prepared Carnoy. A high concentration of magnesium was found to be necessary in the incubation solution (0.05 mg crystallized Worthington deoxyribonuclease per 1 ml of 0.2 M Mg-containing Gomori's Tris maleic acid buffer solution). The incubation was carried out for 24 hours at 37°C.

The toluidine blue stained basophilic material and the radioautographic reactions in the tissues of the cytidine-H3 injected mouse were lost following a double treatment with ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease or by hot trichloracetic acid extraction. Therefore all the reactions appearing over the histological tissue sections are due to the tritium incorporated into deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid.

The basophilic material from cytoplasm and nucleolus was removed specifically and completely by ribonuclease treatment. The deoxyribonuclease treatment removed nuclear basophilia exclusively. However, controls of ribonuclease or deoxyribonuclease treatment showed no loss of basophilia, except on occasion in the pancreas.

The radioautographic reactions found in the mouse tissues 24 hours after cytidine-H3 injection were exclusively localized over the nuclear basophilia of some nuclei after ribonuclease treatment, but were largely over the cytoplasmic basophilia after deoxyribonuclease treatment. Quantitative radioautographic study showed that either enzyme treatment removed its specific substrate completely and exclusively without loss in control preparations.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE COATING TECHNIQUE OF RADIOAUTOGRAPHY
Authors: KOPRIWA BEATRIX MARKUS , LEBLOND C. P.
Published: April 2011

The 1958 coating technique of Messier and Leblond for radioautography—the most recent modification of the liquid emulsion method—was investigated in the hope of eliminating artefacts and discovering the optimum conditions for reliable quantitative radioautography.

From a review of the properties of the various bulk emulsions available, it is concluded that NTB2 bulk emulsion is the most suitable. The proper handling of the emulsion (transportation, storage and testing operations) is described, as well as the details of an improved coating techniqe. Comparison is made of this method with the other most widely used, the strippingfilm technique.

The main features of the improved coating technique are as follows:

1. Various fixatives may be used for radioautography. Zenker and presumably other mercury-containing fixatives are unreliable, but can be used after complete removal of mercury salts.

2. Dipping the sections into celloidin prevents the infiltration of the tissue by emulsion, but is otherwise unnecessary and may be omitted for routine work.

3. Emulsion coating is done by dipping sections in a bubble-free emulsion at 40°C.

4. Drying of the coated preparations is best accomplished by keeping them vertical over moistened tissue paper at 28°C and 80% relative humidity.

5. Exposure is done in a dry atmosphere at 4°C.

6. Processing is carried out at 17-18°C, as even a slight rise in temperature increases the background fog and decreases the efficiency of the emulsion. The optimal duration of development is 2 minutes for D-72 (Dektol), 6 minutes for D-l70 (Dolmi) and 3 minutes for D-178. For fixation, best results are obtained using acid fixer with hardener (or 24% hypo) for 3 minutes.

7. Mounting is done by successive immersions in an alcohol-cedar oil mixture, a xylene-balsam mixture, and balsam. Malinol may replace balsam.

The improved coating technique arising from these observations was tested for its quantitative response, measured by grain counts. The suitability of the technique for quantitative radioautography is demonstrated by the fact that the reaction intensity is proportional to exposure up to at least 80 days with hematoxylin-cosin stained sections, and 1 year with unstained sections. The background increases slowly with time, but the increase is more rapid on slides with C14-labelled sections than on those labelled with H3.

In conclusion, the improved coating technique using the NTB2 emulsion is now quite satisfactory. The next major improvement would be for the industry to provide emulsions with a standardized sensitivity and a constant, low level of fog. Nevertheless, in its present state, it is a convenient method permitting the preparation of large numbers of high quality radioautographs and is well suited to the grain counting required for quantitative radioautography.
HISTOCHEMISTRY AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF MITOCHONDRIAL ADENOSINETRIPHOSPHATASE
Authors: LAZARUS SYDNEY S. , BARDEN HERBERT
Published: April 2011

A study of the requirements for histochemical demonstration of mitochondrial adenosinetriphosphatase demonstrated that fixation of cryostat sections for 15 minutes in cold 0.05 M manganese chloride in 3% formol saturated with CaCO3 (pH 6.9) gave best results. By this means the enzyme could be demonstrated with both the calcium and lead incubation media. The adenosinetriphosphatase activity was demonstrated ultramicroscopically and was found to be compartmentalized in the intereristal matrix.

The histochemically demonstrated enzyme showed responses to inhibitors and activators characteristic of adenosinetriphosphatase of damaged mitochondria obtained by ultracentrifugation.