bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Labial-Mandibular Coordination in the Production of Speech: Implications for the Operation of Motor Equivalence
Authors: Hughes Olive Marie , Abbs James H.
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this study was to explore select properties of speech movement coordination. Values of displacement for the upper lip, lower lip and jaw were obtained during repetitive productions of three vowels (æ, i, Ε in CVCVC contexts) by six subjects at two speaking rates. These data were analyzed to determine the relative contribution of each of these articulators to the superior-inferior distance between the upper and lower lips. The results of these analyses provided substantive evidence for the operation of motor equivalence in the speech movement coordination of the labial-mandibular system. The theoretical implications of these findings for the neural control mechanisms underlying speech movements are discussed.
The Distribution of /e/-/ε/ in French Verb Endings
Authors: Richman Marie
Published: November 2009

This study, the ninth in a series of reports on the ‘Paris Project’, was undertaken to investigate the status of /e/ and /Ε/ in verb endings in the dominant dialect of contemporary French, as it is spoken by educated middle-class Parisians. The data source is a collection of voice spectrograms derived from a corpus of surreptitiously taped conversations of representative speakers. The results show that the traditional /e/–/Ε/ phonemic opposition is still generally maintained, although the phonetic realization of /Ε/ in open syllables is approximately midway between canonical /e/ and /Ε/.
Stress and Tone in the Phonology of Diuxi Mixtec
Authors: Pike Eunice V. , Oram Joy
Published: November 2009

Each word in Diuxi Mixtec has a stressed syllable which is marked by a long vowel. In addition to this stress, some words have a second stress. This second stress occurs only on the last syllable of the word and is marked by intensity and by allotones of both high and low tone. There is a contrast of high versus low tone, and there are allotones which occur in relation to the presence versus absence of word-final stress.
An Experimental Investigation of Tone and Intonation in Cantonese
Authors: Vance Timothy J.
Published: November 2009

It is generally believed that all languages, no matter how tonal, have grammatical intonation of some kind. A fall in pitch at the end of ordinary declarative sentences is thought to be universal. Hong Kong Cantonese has six contrastive tones, two rising and four level, according to the impressionistic account given here. The experimental results presented here indicate that sentence-final tone lowering does occur in Cantonese while contrastive stress apparently does not have a significant effect on pitch. In addition, it appears that although intelligibility is somewhat worse sentence-finally than sentence-medially, the tonal distinctions are not neutralized in final position.
A propos du «VOT»: le cas du bourouchaski
Authors: Marchal A. , Tiffou E. , Warren R.
Published: November 2009

Our phonetic study of Bourouchaski shows that the homorganic plosives of this language cannot be distinguished by a specific difference in voice onset time (VOT). This finding leads us to the question whether this phonetic feature is of real interest not only for the phonological description of a language, but also in a more general sense for the theory of phonology.
On the Interaction between Tone and Vowel Length: Evidence from Thai Dialects
Authors: Gandour Jack
Published: November 2009

The loss of a phonological distinction in vowel length historically among certain Thai dialects (spoken in Thailand) may be seen to be principally conditioned by tone. Available auditory, acoustic and other experimental data on the interaction between tone and vowel (syllable or tone-bearing unit) duration evidenced in several geographically and typologically distinct tone languages point to universal phonetic tendencies having to do with the production of tone. These phonetic tendencies are believed to have caused the changes in vowel duration thus bringing about a change in the phonological status of vowel length – a restructuring of the synchronic phonological systems among dialects and languages of the Tai language family. It is further suggested that the use of indivisible unit-contour tone features leads to an economic, explanatory diachronic and synchronic description of these phenomena.
The L2 Acquisition of /r/
Authors: Wode Henning
Published: November 2009

Four German children aged 4–9 learned English as their second language (L2) the natural way, i.e. without formal teaching. They acquired the local L2 /r/ – Which varied from central frictionless continuant to retroflex – in the same developmental sequence. The first non-zero substitute for the L2 /r/ was [w], then a frictionless continuant [É¹] and, finally, a retroflex [r]. Additional evidence from other first-language (LI) and L2 studies suggests that, at least under non-school-room conditions, the L2 acquisition of the various types of r’s is not accomplished by relying on the prior LI /r/. This contrasts sharply with the acquisition of other types of phonetic-phonological elements like the L2 target vowels, plosives, and others, which are first replaced by LI elements.
Tenseness in Vowels: an Ultrasonic Study
Authors: MacKay Ian R.A.
Published: November 2009

Ultrasonic imaging was used to measure the distance from the external neck wall to the anterior pharyngeal wall (APW). Measurements were made in the centre of the vocalic segment of 50 CVC syllables. 5 ‘tense’ and 5 ‘lax’ vowels of Standard American English were used. The APW was shown to position itself according to a combination of tongue height, frontness and ‘tenseness’ of the vowel, and coarticulation effects of neighbouring consonants. Tense vowels showed APW advancement compared to lax vowels having similar tongue height and frontness. Coarticulation effects depend on voicing and place of articulation. The ultrasonic equipment used is described briefly. Implications for distinctive feature theory are mentioned.
Jointure au niveau glottal (Juncture on Glottal Level)
Authors: Pétursson Magnús
Published: November 2009

In this research, which was made with the photoglottographic method, the possibility was examined that a juncture might influence the glottal movements. No such influence was found which might be exclusively attributed to the presence of a juncture. However, the careful examination of the glottograms shows that the glottal movements cannot be adequately understood solely on the basis of mechanical principles. There must be some other underlying principle and it is argued that this principle be the phoneme.
Perceived Dimensions of 13 Tones: A Multidimensional Scaling Investigation
Authors: Gandour Jackson T.
Published: November 2009

24 native speakers of American English made direct ratings of dissimilarity between 13 pitch patterns superimposed on a synthetic speech-like syllable. A multidimensional scaling analysis of the data revealed four perceptual dimensions, which were interpreted as average pitch, endpoint, extreme endpoint and length. The relative importance of these dimensions varied across individual subjects.
A Before and After for Tonogenesis
Authors: Purcell E.T. , Villegas G. , Young S.P.
Published: November 2009

The development of tone in Panjabi from the loss of certain consonants has often been cited as an instance of the consonantal origins of a tonal system. Acoustic data demonstrating the correlation between Panjabi tones and Hindi consonants are presented. Panjabi high tone matches a higher fundamental frequency on a Hindi vowel preceding a breathy voiced consonant. Panjabi low tone matches a lower fundamental frequency on a Hindi vowel following a breathy voiced consonant. It is interesting that the data exhibit the spread of the consonantal effect throughout the entire word.
Intonation und Prosodie (Intonation and Prosody)
Authors: Artemov V.A.
Published: November 2009

The modern understanding of prosody and its correlation to intonation on the basis of the author’s Moscow Laboratory experimental data is given in this article. Intonation is not subjected to prosody; the latter is also regarded as the lingual phenomenon sui generis. The hypothesis on communicative, lingual and psychological substance of prosody is proposed.
s Duration: Methodological Influences and Linguistic Variables
Authors: Ingrisano Dennis , Weismer Gary
Published: November 2009

Durational characteristics of [s] were estimated as a function of two experimental tasks, i.e. reading and delayed imitation. In the two tasks, each of six subjects produced 25 tokens of /s/; the s segments were embedded in sentences, and were controlled for location of lexical stress and syllable and morpheme boundaries. In addition, phonetic context effects on [s] were controlled. Results indicate that the reading task introduces exaggerated duration effects relative to those observed in delayed imitation. For example, the hypothesis that an underlying double s may account for longer [s] in the first member of stimulus pairs such as misstep-mistake was shown to be true under the reading condition but not the delayed imitation condition.
Breathing, Pausing and Reading
Authors: Grosjean François , Collins Maryann
Published: November 2009

An analysis of the breathing patterns of speakers in a variable-rate reading task shows that the duration and frequency of breathing pauses are dependent both on the rate of speaking and the syntactic nature of the pause location. Non-breathing pauses follow the same pattern of occurrence as breathing pauses, but are always shorter and tend to occur primarily at minor constituent breaks. At slow and normal rates, speakers accommodate their need to inhale to the preplanned pause patterns. At fast rates, however, the physiological need to breathe is the sole determinant of pausing.
Interprétation monophonématique et neutralisation syntagmatique
Authors: Herrmann M.
Published: November 2009

The phonological interpretation of sound groups depends on the distinction between paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations. Since the segmentability of phonemes is based, not upon substitution (in absentia), but upon implementation (in praesentia) of distinctive features, the monophonematic interpretation of phoneme combinations has to be made in the same way. If we admit, differing from Trubetzkoy, the neutralization of multilateral oppositions and the existence of ‘omnilateral’ oppositions based upon the invariance of phonemic category, we may interpret certain combinations of two phonemes as an implementation of three phonematic units: each phoneme is considered as an archi phoneme and a constituent of a new phoneme, resulting from neutralization of a syntagmatic contrast.
An Articulatory Experiment on Voice Onset Time in German Stop Consonants
Authors: Haag Winfried K.
Published: November 2009

The study investigates voice onset time (VOT) in German stop consonants and its relationship to place of articulation in a variety of phonetic environments. The outstanding findings are the consistently lowest values for the alveolars and the particular susceptibility of the VOT of bilabials to environmental variables like position in the utterance and stress. Highest values for velar stops are only achieved in initial position and medially before stress. Airflow measurements suggest a direct relationship between VOT and rate of articulation and airflow.
Sentence Intonation in Swedish
Authors: Gårding Eva
Published: November 2009

In ‘A Prosodic Typology for Swedish Dialects’ (Nordic Prosody 1978), Bruce and Gårding proposed a schema for generating fundamental frequency patterns of statements in four Swedish dialects. Dialectal variation was obtained by timing word accents and sentence accent differently in a common frame expressing statement intonation. In addition to presenting the method, this paper also shows how it can be applied to two different interrogative frames, one for yes/no questions with non-inverted word order and one for inverted order.
NADPH Oxidases: Functions and Pathologies in the Vasculature
Authors: Lassègue Bernard , Griendling Kathy K.
Published: November 2009

Reactive oxygen species are ubiquitous signaling molecules in biological systems. Four members of the NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzyme family are important sources of reactive oxygen species in the vasculature: Nox1, Nox2, Nox4, and Nox5. Signaling cascades triggered by stresses, hormones, vasoactive agents, and cytokines control the expression and activity of these enzymes and of their regulatory subunits, among which p22phox, p47phox, Noxa1, and p67phox are present in blood vessels. Vascular Nox enzymes are also regulated by Rac, ClC-3, Poldip2, and protein disulfide isomerase. Multiple Nox subtypes, simultaneously present in different subcellular compartments, produce specific amounts of superoxide, some of which is rapidly converted to hydrogen peroxide. The identity and location of these reactive oxygen species, and of the enzymes that degrade them, determine their downstream signaling pathways. Nox enzymes participate in a broad array of cellular functions, including differentiation, fibrosis, growth, proliferation, apoptosis, cytoskeletal regulation, migration, and contraction. They are involved in vascular pathologies such as hypertension, restenosis, inflammation, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. As our understanding of the regulation of these oxidases progresses, so will our ability to alter their functions and associated pathologies.
Impact of Diastolic Dysfunction on the Development of Heart Failure in Diabetic Patients After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Aronson Doron , Musallam Anees , Lessick Jonathan , Dabbah Saleem , Carasso Shemy , Hammerman Haim , Reisner Shimon , Agmon Yoram , Mutlak Diab
Published: November 2009

Background—

Diabetes is often associated with an abnormal diastolic function. However, there are no data regarding the contribution of diastolic dysfunction to the development of heart failure (HF) in diabetic patients after acute myocardial infarction.

Methods and Results—

A total of 1513 patients with acute myocardial infarction (417 diabetic) underwent echocardiographic examination during the index hospitalization. Severe diastolic dysfunction was defined as a restrictive filling pattern (RFP) based on E/A ratio >1.5 or deceleration time <130 ms. The primary end points of the study were readmission for HF and all-cause mortality. The frequency of RFP was higher in patients with diabetes (20 versus 14%;
P
=0.005). During a median follow-up of 17 months (range, 8 to 39 months), 52 (12.5%) and 62 (5.7%) HF events occurred in patients with and without diabetes, respectively (
P
<0.001). There was a significant interaction between diabetes and RFP (
P
=0.04) such that HF events among diabetic patients occurred mainly in those with RFP. The adjusted hazard ratio for HF was 2.77 (95%, CI 1.41 to 5.46) in diabetic patients with RFP and 1.21 (95% CI, 0.75 to 1.55) in diabetic patients without RFP. A borderline interaction (
P
=0.059) was present with regard to mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.39 [95% CI, 1.57 to 7.34] versus 1.61 [95% CI, 1.04 to 2.51] in diabetic patients with and without RFP, respectively).

Conclusion—

Severe diastolic dysfunction is more common among diabetic patients after acute myocardial infarction and portends adverse outcome. HF and mortality in diabetic patients occur predominantly in those with concomitant RFP.
Monoamine Oxidase A–Mediated Enhanced Catabolism of Norepinephrine Contributes to Adverse Remodeling and Pump Failure in Hearts With Pressure Overload
Authors: Kaludercic Nina , Takimoto Eiki , Nagayama Takahiro , Feng Ning , Lai Edwin W. , Bedja Djahida , Chen Kevin , Gabrielson Kathleen L. , Blakely Randy D. , Shih Jean C. , Pacak Karel , Kass David A. , Di Lisa Fabio , Paolocci Nazareno
Published: November 2009

Rationale:Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are mitochondrial enzymes that catabolize prohypertrophic neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine and serotonin, generating hydrogen peroxide. Because excess reactive oxygen species and catecholamines are major contributors to the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure, MAOs could play an important role in this process.

Objective:Here, we investigated the role of MAO-A in maladaptive hypertrophy and heart failure.

Methods and Results:We report that MAO-A activity is triggered in isolated neonatal and adult myocytes on stimulation with norepinephrine, followed by increase in cell size, reactive oxygen species production, and signs of maladaptive hypertrophy. All of these in vitro changes occur, in part, independently from α- and β-adrenergic receptor–operated signaling and are inhibited by the specific MAO-A inhibitor clorgyline. In mice with left ventricular dilation and pump failure attributable to pressure overload, norepinephrine catabolism by MAO-A is increased accompanied by exacerbated oxidative stress. MAO-A inhibition prevents these changes, and also reverses fetal gene reprogramming, metalloproteinase and caspase-3 activation, as well as myocardial apoptosis. The specific role of MAO-A was further tested in mice expressing a dominant-negative MAO-A (MAO-Aneo), which were more protected against pressure overload than their wild-type littermates.

Conclusions:In addition to adrenergic receptor–dependent mechanisms, enhanced MAO-A activity coupled with increased intramyocardial norepinephrine availability results in augmented reactive oxygen species generation, contributing to maladaptive remodeling and left ventricular dysfunction in hearts subjected to chronic stress.
Remote Supervision of IV-tPA for Acute Ischemic Stroke by Telemedicine or Telephone Before Transfer to a Regional Stroke Center Is Feasible and Safe
Authors: Pervez Muhammad A. , Silva Gisele , Masrur Shihab , Betensky Rebecca A. , Furie Karen L. , Hidalgo Renzo , Lima Fabricio , Rosenthal Eric S. , Rost Natalia , Viswanathan Anand , Schwamm Lee H.
Published: November 2009

Background and Purpose—

Because of a shortage of stroke specialists, many outlying or “spoke” hospitals initiate intravenous (IV) thrombolysis using telemedicine or telephone consultation before transferring patients to a regional stroke center (RSC) hub. We analyzed complications and outcomes of patients treated with IV tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) using the “drip and ship” approach compared to those treated directly at the RSC.

Methods—

A retrospective review of our Get With the Guidelines Stroke (GWTG-Stroke) database from 01/2003 to 03/2008 identified 296 patients who received IV tPA within 3 hours of symptom onset without catheter-based reperfusion. GWTG-Stroke definitions for symptomatic intracranial (sICH), systemic hemorrhage, discharge functional status, and destination were applied. Follow-up modified Rankin Score was recorded when available.

Results—

Of 296 patients, 181 (61.1%) had tPA infusion started at an outside spoke hospital (OSH) and 115 (38.9%) at the RSC hub. OSH patients were younger with fewer severe strokes than RSC patients. Patients treated based on telestroke were more frequently octogenarians than patients treated based on a telephone consult. Mortality, sICH, and functional outcomes were not different between OSH versus RSC and telephone versus telestroke patients. Among survivors, mean length of stay was shorter for OSH patients but discharge status was similar and 75% of patients walked independently at discharge.

Conclusions—

Outcomes in OSH “drip and ship” patients treated in a hub-and-spoke network were comparable to those treated directly at an RSC. These data suggest that “drip and ship” is a safe and effective method to shorten time to treatment with IV tPA.
The Spot Sign Score in Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage Identifies Patients at Highest Risk of In-Hospital Mortality and Poor Outcome Among Survivors
Authors: Delgado Almandoz Josser E. , Yoo Albert J. , Stone Michael J. , Schaefer Pamela W. , Oleinik Alexandra , Brouwers H. Bart , Goldstein Joshua N. , Rosand Jonathan , Lev Michael H. , Gonzalez R. Gilberto , Romero Javier M.
Published: November 2009

Background and Purpose—

The spot sign score is a potent predictor of hematoma expansion in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We aim to determine the accuracy of this scoring system for the prediction of in-hospital mortality and poor outcome among survivors in patients with primary ICH.

Methods—

Three neuroradiologists retrospectively reviewed CT angiograms (CTAs) performed in 573 consecutive patients who presented to our Emergency Department with primary ICH over a 9-year period to determine the presence and scoring of spot signs according to strict criteria. Baseline ICH and intraventricular hemorrhage volumes were independently determined by computer-assisted volumetric analysis. Medical records were independently reviewed for baseline clinical characteristics and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at hospital discharge and 3-month follow-up. Poor outcome among survivors was defined as a mRS ≥4 at 3-month follow-up.

Results—

We identified spot signs in 133 of 573 CTAs (23.2%), 11 of which were delayed spot signs (8.3%). The presence of any spot sign increased the risk of in-hospital mortality (55.6%, OR 4.0, 95% CI 2.6 to 5.9,
P
<0.0001) and poor outcome among survivors at 3-month follow-up (50.8%, OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4 to 4.3,
P
<0.0014). The spot sign score successfully predicted an escalating risk of both outcome measures. In multivariate analysis, the spot sign score was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2 to 1.9,
P
<0.0002) and poor outcome among survivors at 3-month follow-up (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.1,
P
<0.0065).

Conclusion—

The spot sign score is an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality and poor outcome among survivors in primary ICH.
The Political Economy of Technological Innovation and Employment
Authors: Jingjing Huo  , Hui Feng
Published: November 2009

Building on the varieties of capitalism thesis of comparative advantages in technological innovation, the authors theorize the effect of sociopolitical coordination from a dynamic perspective and then apply the dynamic theories to the political economy of employment, in comparison to the existing employment literature situated in a constant-technology context. Based on cross-sectional survey as well as pooled time-series aggregate data, the authors argue that new technologies not only increase productivity through process innovation but also generate rents through product innovation. By preventing opportunistic behavior between firms, sociopolitical coordination intensifies reciprocal sharing of innovation, which increases productivity returns but dilutes rents, leading to comparative advantage in process over product innovation. Because process innovation is labor saving but product innovation is employment friendly, interfirm coordination further leads to comparative disadvantage in job creation from innovation. In other words, the Anglo-Saxon employment creation advantage, currently identified on the static basis of noninnovative low-skill industries, is reinforced by a similar advantage from the dynamic perspective, based on strength in job-friendly innovation.
Web-based Distributed Network Analyzer using a System Entity Structure over a Service-oriented Architecture
Authors: Kim Taekyu , Chungman Seo  , Zeigler Bernard P.
Published: November 2009

As a network’s uses, and especially the number of internet users, increases rapidly, an efficient system for managing large-network traffic datasets becomes an important issue. Although there are several network traffic analysis tools, such as tcpdump, Ethereal, and other applications, these tools have weaknesses, namely the limited size of files, the use of command line execution, the large memory and huge computational power requirements. In addition to these scalability limitations, both tcpdump and Ethereal have security issues. Files captured by these tools keep all of the packet information, such as internet protocol (IP) addresses, port numbers, and packet sizes. As well as basic network traffic information, the captured files contain secure information: user identification numbers (IDs) and passwords. Therefore, the captured files should not be allowed to be leaked out. However, network analyses need to be performed outside the target networks in some cases. This paper presents an approach to efficiently and quickly analyze a large number of network behaviors. This is achieved by applying System Entity Structure (SES) theory. To speed up evaluation time, a web-based distributed simulation approach over Service-oriented Architecture (SOA) is applied. Discrete Event System Specification/Service-oriented Architecture (DEVS/SOA) is used to deploy workloads into multi-servers, increasing overall system performance. A web-based distributed simulation contains two fundamental processes: distributing and analyzing among loosely coupled models through message-passing methods. The distributed simulation — allocating distributing models inside networks and assigning analyzing models outside networks — also allows the analysis of network behaviors out of networks while keeping important information secured.
Desirudin Dosing and Monitoring in Moderate Renal Impairment
Authors: Nafziger Anne N. , Bertino Joseph S.
Published: November 2009

Desirudin is a renally eliminated direct thrombin inhibitor approved to prevent venous thromboembolism. Empiric dosage adjustment and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) monitoring in patients with moderate renal impairment are recommended, but supportive data are lacking. The objective of this study was to evaluate appropriate desirudin dosing in moderate renal impairment and the effect of desirudin on aPTT in moderate renal impairment. Desirudin plasma concentration and aPTT data were extracted from 6 studies. Participants with normal renal function or moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance [ClCr] 31–60 mL/min) were included. Pharmacokinetic and Monte Carlo simulations were done. After administration of desirudin 15 mg every 12 hours subcutaneously (SC) to steady state, peak desirudin concentrations were 35 and 47 nmol/L in the normal and moderate renal function groups, respectively. Monte Carlo simulations found median 2‐hour Cmax concentrations of 51.7 nmol/L in normal renal function and 52.4 nmol/L in moderate renal impairment. Desirudin exhibits a linear relationship when the square root of desirudin concentration is plotted versus the aPTT ratio (r2 = 0.76). These analyses support the dosing of desirudin at 15 mg every 12 hours SC without aPTT monitoring in patients with moderate renal impairment.
Characteristics of Acrylic Rubber Composites with Mica and Carbon Black
Authors: Fernandes Renata M.B. , Visconte Leila L.Y. , Nunes Regina C.R.
Published: November 2009

In this work mica or carbon black were used as filler in composites of acrylic rubber (ACM). The fillers differ not only in nature, mica being a mineral material and carbon black being organic, but also in form and particle size. The content of filler varied from 0 to 50 phr and its influence on ACM was evaluated based on cure parameters, mechanical, and swelling properties. The cure parameters allow the conclusion that the presence of mica does not have a negative effect on the cure or processability; the swelling results indicated a weak interaction between ACM and mica even though the mechanical properties of ACM composition with 40 phr of mica were found to be similar to those of 20 phr carbon black. As a result of mica being less expensive than carbon black, is light colored and easily processible, these properties are of industrial importance. All properties analyzed were compared with gum type composition (without filler).
Conscription and Democracy: The Mythology of Civil— Military Relations
Authors: Pfaffenzeller Stephan
Published: November 2009

The assumption of a mutually conditional relationship between democracy and conscription is a persistent aspect of the debate on civil—military relations. This article discusses the relationship between conscription and democracy, in a general sense and with reference to the German case. Following a review of conventional motives for conscription, it proceeds to discuss the relationship between conscription and democracy in terms of empirical coincidence and as a means of subjective military control. Continued assertion of an innate democracy—conscription nexus is found to be at variance with the evidence while retaining some influence over the ongoing debate on conscription. The conflation of democratic citizenship with conscription is linked to tensions with individual liberty and equality before the law.
Compensatory Rationalizations and the Resolution of Everyday Undeserved Outcomes
Authors: Gaucher Danielle , Hafer Carolyn L. , Kay Aaron C. , Davidenko Nicolas
Published: November 2009

People prefer to perceive the world as just; however, the everyday experience of undeserved events challenges this perception.The authors suggest that one way people rationalize these daily experiences of unfairness is by means of a compensatory bias. People make undeserved events more palatable by endorsing the notion that outcomes naturally balance out in the end—good, yet undeserved, outcomes will balance out bad outcomes, and bad undeserved outcomes will balance out good outcomes.The authors propose that compensatory biases manifest in people’s interpretive processes (Study 1) and memory (Study 2). Furthermore, they provide evidence that people have a natural tendency to anticipate compensatory outcomes in the future, which, ironically, might lead them to perceive a current situation as relatively more fair (Study 3).These studies highlight an understudied means of justifying unfairness and elucidate the justice motive’s power to affect people’s construal of their social world.
Filial Piety, Caregiving Appraisal, and Caregiving Burden
Authors: Lai Daniel W. L.
Published: November 2009

This study examined the effects of filial piety on the appraisal of caregiving burden by Chinese-Canadian family caregivers. A quantitative telephone survey was used as the research design for this study. A total of 339 randomly selected Canadian-Chinese family caregivers of elderly were interviewed by telephone. A hypothesized model denoting both the direct and indirect effects of filial piety on caregiving burden was tested using structural equation modeling. While stressors and appraisal factors reported direct predicting effects on caregiving burden, filial piety indirectly affected caregiving burden by altering appraisals of the caregiver role. Filial piety served as a protective function to reduce the negative effects of stressors and to enhance the positive effect of appraisal factors on caregiving burden.
Making Sense Through Face: Identity and Social Interaction in a Consultancy Task Force
Authors: Patriotta Gerardo , Spedale Simona
Published: November 2009

In this article we investigate the dynamic connection between individual and social processes of sensemaking in the context of group-based interaction. Drawing on Goffman’s theory of face-to-face behaviour, we develop two main arguments. First, the grounding of identity underlying group-based interaction typically involves repeated face games during which participants attempt to influence the patterns of interaction while maintaining a coherent image of self. Second, face games generate an ‘interaction order’ that has structuring properties and is therefore central to the social construction of sense within a group setting. We illustrate our contribution through an empirical study of face games and sensemaking within a consultancy task force. The study shows that the co-presence of participants during group-based interaction is in itself an occasion for sensemaking as it enacts language-based controversies that require composition through shared construction of meaning. In addition, our findings highlight that early impressions generate sticky patterns of interaction that constrain further exchanges and affect the development and outcomes of group sensemaking. A main implication is that positive outcomes of sensemaking are contingent upon the ability of the participants collectively to generate interaction orders that are conducive to working consensus. In this regard, sensegiving mechanisms such as leadership can constructively orient interaction amongs professionals by providing a common set of expectations about behaviours.
The Changing Challenge of Europeanization to Politics and Governance in Turkey
Authors: Ulusoy Kivanç
Published: November 2009

This study reviews the transformation of governing structures in Europe over two centuries and examines the structural impact of the European Union (EU) on Turkish politics and polity. The Ottoman elites reformed governing structures during the 19th century and transformed a multinational and multireligious empire into a nation-state with a modern administrative structure similar to European examples. Today the Turkish governing elites are faced with a European challenge on similar terms, but with crucial differences in dimensions and impact. The EU conditions for Turkish membership are of a revolutionary character in that they require fundamental changes in the governing structures of the republican regime. Although Turkey—EU relations are evaluated in terms of EU conditionality, Europeanization poses a tremendous challenge to the nation-state and requires a transformation of basic governing structures and mentalities.
Review: Cultural conceptualizations of hospice palliative care: more similarities than differences
Authors: Bosma Harvey , Apland Lars , Kazanjian Arminée
Published: November 2009

The role of culture is significant in hospice palliative care (HPC). While mainstream HPC has been well described in many Western countries, there is no conceptual clarity regarding the meaning of HPC among minority cultures and ethnicities. In this article we describe and critically appraise the findings of a literature synthesis of 15 qualitative studies regarding the conceptualization of HPC among culturally diverse populations. Three primary themes emerged regarding HPC. They highlight: (i) that HPC should attend to the physical, psychosocial and spiritual aspects of death and dying; (ii) that the ideal HPC provider demonstrates excellent knowledge and expertise about end-of-life care, and is respectful, genuine and compassionate; and (iii) that HPC should include a range of resources that alleviate the potential burdens associated with end-of-life care. The synthesis of this knowledge suggests that expectations regarding the scope of HPC across ethnic and cultural groups have more similarities than differences to the goals of mainstream HPC.
Generating Uniform Incremental Grids on SO(3) Using the Hopf Fibration
Authors: Yershova Anna , Jain Swati , LaValle Steven M. , Mitchell Julie C.
Published: November 2009

The problem of generating uniform deterministic samples over the rotation group, SO(3 ), is fundamental to computational biology, chemistry, physics, and numerous branches of computer science. We present the best-known method to date for constructing incremental, deterministic grids on SO(3 ); it provides: (1) the lowest metric distortion for grid neighbor edges, (2) optimal dispersion-reduction with each additional sample, (3) explicit neighborhood structure, and (4) equivolumetric partition of SO(3 ) by the grid cells. We also demonstrate the use of the sequence on motion planning problems.
A Force Control Approach to a Robot-assisted Cell Microinjection System
Authors: Xie Y. , Sun D. , Liu C. , Tse H.Y. , Cheng S.H.
Published: November 2009

Robotic cell microinjection is a technique that utilizes automation technology to insert substances into a single living cell with a fine needle. Compared with manual microinjection, the main benefits of the robotic cell injection are quality, productivity and repeatability. In this paper we aim to control the penetration force during robotic cell injection to quantify the influence of the penetration force on cells. A force-control-based cell injection approach that is capable of regulating the penetration force in a desired force trajectory is developed. The proposed force control framework includes two control loops. The inner loop is an impedance control used to specify the interaction between the needle and the cell. The outer loop is a force tracking non-linear controller using a feedback linearization technique. The cell model is identified online with a least-squares parameter estimator. With the proposed force control approach, the penetration force can be regulated explicitly to follow the desired force trajectory during the cell injection process. Experiments performed on fish embryos verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Effect of Impaction Sequence on Osteochondral Graft Damage: The Role of Repeated and Varying Loads
Authors: Kang Richard W. , Friel Nicole A. , Williams James M. , Cole Brian J. , Wimmer Markus A.
Published: November 2009

Background

Osteochondral autografts and allografts require mechanical force for proper graft placement into the defect site; however, impaction compromises the tissue. This study aimed to determine the effect of impaction force and number of hits to seat the graft on cartilage integrity.

Hypothesis

Under constant impulse conditions, higher impaction load magnitudes are more detrimental to cell viability, matrix integrity, and collagen network organization and will result in proteoglycan loss and nitric oxide release.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Osteochondral explants, harvested from fresh bovine trochleae, were exposed to a series of consistent impact loads delivered by a pneumatically driven device. Each plug received the same overall impulse of 7 Ns, reflecting the mean of 23 clinically inserted plugs. Impaction loads of 37.5 N, 75 N, 150 N, and 300 N were matched with 74, 37, 21, and 11 hits, respectively. After impaction, the plugs were harvested, and cartilage was analyzed for cell viability, histology by safranin-O and picrosirius red staining, and release of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and nitric oxide. Data were compared with nonimpacted controls.

Results

Impacted plugs had significantly lower cell viability than nonimpacted plugs. A dose-response relationship in loss of cell viability with respect to load magnitude was seen immediately and after 4 days but lost after 8 days. Histological analysis revealed intact cartilage surface in all samples (loaded or control), with loaded samples showing alterations in birefringence. While the sulfated GAG release was similar across varying impaction loads, release of nitric oxide increased with increasing impaction magnitudes and time.

Conclusion

Impaction loading parameters have a direct effect on the time course of the viability of the cartilage in the graft tissue.

Clinical Relevance

Optimal loading parameters for surgical impaction of osteochondral grafts are those with lower load magnitudes and a greater number of hits to ensure proper fit.
Danish Health Care Providers’ Perception of Breastfeeding Difficulty Experienced by Women Who Are Obese, Have Large Breasts, or Both
Authors: Katz Karin A. , Nilsson Ingrid , Rasmussen Kathleen M.
Published: November 2009

Maternal obesity is associated with short duration of breastfeeding, and many obese women also have large breasts. To determine if health professionals who support lactating women can distinguish between these maternal characteristics as obstacles to breastfeeding, the authors conducted a mail survey of 242 Danish health professionals. They thought that initiating was more difficult ( P < .0001) than continuing breastfeeding for women with large breasts and/or obesity. These difficulties were thought to be lowest for women with large breasts, higher for obese women, and highest for obese women with large breasts ( P < .0001). These difficult ratings were significantly related in a complex manner to the respondents’ personal characteristics and type of training. These findings indicate the importance of recognizing and treating large breasts and maternal obesity as separate obstacles to successful breastfeeding and that interventions to reduce these obstacles should be designed to account for characteristics of the person providing them.
Review: Toward a Clarification of the Concept of Mastitis as Used in Empirical Studies of Breast Inflammation During Lactation
Authors: Kvist Linda J.
Published: November 2009

The objective of this study is to clarify use of the term mastitis in empirical studies of lactational mastitis. Eighteen articles published between 1998 and 2008 were critically analyzed, and a concept clarification of the term mastitis was carried out. Four articles suggested that mastitis was an infection, 4 made no mention of the etiology of symptoms, and 10 articles described mastitis as an inflammation or an infection. Eight studies made no use of distinctions between milk stasis, noninfectious mastitis, and infectious mastitis. Bacterial cultivation was used in 5 articles, and 1 article measured leukocytes and C-reactive protein. Several different causes were cited. Antibiotics were suggested as appropriate treatment in 4 articles. Use of the concept of mastitis in empirical studies remains inconsistent and may do so until the etiology of symptoms is understood. Understanding is also needed as to why some women who present with symptoms suggesting septic reaction recover without antibiotic therapy. J Hum Lact . 26(1):53-59.
The Pointer Sisters: Creating Cartographies of the Present
Authors: Roets Griet , Roose Rudi , Claes Lien , Verstraeten Marijke , Vandekinderen Caroline
Published: November 2009

In this article, acquired knowledge is considered as a temporary reflection that expresses the enactment of a social life that produces and reproduces social realities. Researchers need to engage with an open-ended process of de- and reconstruction of meanings between many players of the social world. As the poststructuralists Deleuze and Guattari reveal, our knowledge base is inherently trapped in lines of flight, on a voyage for which there pre-exists no map. For researchers involved with a reconstructive move, we explore and apply their concept of the map (cartography) as a potentially innovative methodological and analytical approach. Creating cartographies of the present allows researchers to deal with uncertainties, complexities and effects of surprise as participants in the production of knowledge, so to create sustainable and innovative understandings of situations and realities with research subjects.
“Can We Seal the Deal?”: An Examination of Uncertainty in the Development Process
Authors: Kimelberg Shelley McDonough
Published: November 2009

Studies of firm location decisions suggest that an organization’s desire to reduce the uncertainty associated with operating in a new or unfamiliar location plays a role in determining where it will choose to locate. To date, however, little attention has been paid to the experience of uncertainty in the preoperational phase (i.e., during the development process). When the development process in a given municipality is rife with ambiguity or unpredictability, it may deter firms from moving there, even if the location is attractive on the basis of its long-term operating economics. This study draws on in-depth interviews to explore how real estate professionals experience uncertainty while navigating the development process. The findings reveal that real estate professionals’ conceptualizations of uncertainty reflect five related, but distinct, themes: municipal support, community opposition, process, cost, and feasibility.
Forced Migration and US Imperialism: The Dialectic of Migration and Development
Authors: Delgado Wise Raúl
Published: November 2009

James Petras has been and continues to be a prolific writer whose monumental work over the years is linked to a biting criticism of contemporary capitalism and US imperialism. His writings, always polemical in the best sense of the word, cover a broad range of issues linked to the class struggle and the popular movement. Although his specific contributions to the study of migration have been few and sporadic, they provide a vital contribution to a critical Marxist analysis of labor migration in the current conjuncture of capitalist development and US imperialism. In many ways, his work has been a major inspiration to my own reflections and work in the area, especially as it relates to the notion of ‘forced migration’ and to what my colleague, Humberto Márquez Covarrubias, and I have termed the dialectics of migration and development.
Complete complement deficiency in a large cohort of familial systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Aggarwal R. , Sestak AL , D'Sousa A. , Dillon SP , Namjou B. , Scofield RH
Published: November 2009

Genetic complete deficiency of the early complement components such as C1, C2 and C4 commonly results in a monogenetic form of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, previous studies have examined groups of complete complement deficient subjects for SLE, while a familial SLE cohort has not been studied for deficiencies of complement. Thus, we undertook the present study to determine the frequency of hereditary complete complement deficiencies among families with two or more SLE patients. All SLE patients from 544 such families had CH50 determined. Medical records were examined for past CH50 values. There were 66 individuals in whom all available CH50 values were zero. All but four of these had a SLE-affected relative with a non-zero CH50; thus, these families did not have monogenetic complement deficient related SLE. The four remaining SLE-affected subjects were in fact two sets of siblings in which three of the four SLE patients had onset of disease at <18 years of age. Both patients in one of these families had been determined to have C4 deficiency, while the other family had no clinical diagnosis of complement deficiency. In this second family, one of the SLE patients had had normal C4 and C3 values, indicating that either C1q or C2 deficiency was possible. Thus, only 2 of 544 SLE families had definite or possible complement deficiency; however, 1 of 7 families in which all SLE patients had pediatric onset and 2 of 85 families with at least 1 pediatric-onset SLE patent had complete complement deficiency. SLE is found commonly among families with hereditary complement deficiency but the reverse is not true. Complete complement deficiency is rare among families with two or more SLE patients, but is concentrated among families with onset of SLE prior to age 18. Lupus (2010) 19, 52—57.
Explaining Racial and Ethnic Differences in Antidepressant Use Among Adolescents
Authors: Kirby James B. , Hudson Julie , Miller G. Edward
Published: November 2009

We investigate the extent to which antidepressant use among adolescents varies across racial and ethnic subgroups. Using a representative sample of U.S. adolescents, we find that non-Hispanic White adolescents are over twice as likely as Hispanic adolescents, and over five times as likely as non-Hispanic Black adolescents to use antidepressants. Results from a decomposition analysis indicate that racial/ethnic differences in characteristics, including household income, parental education, health insurance, and having a usual source of care explain between one half and two thirds of the gap in antidepressant use between Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites. In contrast, none of the gap between Whites and Blacks in antidepressant use is explained by differences in observed characteristics. Further analysis suggests that there are large racial/ethnic differences in the extent to which behavioral and mental health problems prompt antidepressant use and that this may, in part, account for the large differences across race/ethnicity observed in our study.