bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Src, and Akt modulate acute ventilation-induced vascular permeability increases in mouse lungs
Authors: Miyahara Takashige , Hamanaka Kazutoshi , Weber David S. , Drake Douglas A. , Anghelescu Mircea , Parker James C.
Published: February 2007

To determine the role of phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase (PI3K) pathways in the acute vascular permeability increase associated with ventilator-induced lung injury, we ventilated isolated perfused lungs and intact C57BL/6 mice with low and high peak inflation pressures (PIP). In isolated lungs, filtration coefficients ( Kf) increased significantly after ventilation at 30 cmH2O (high PIP) for successive periods of 15, 30 (4.1-fold), and 50 (5.4-fold) min. Pretreatment with 50 μM of the PI3K inhibitor, LY-294002, or 20 μM PP2, a Src kinase inhibitor, significantly attenuated the increase in Kf, whereas 10 μM Akt inhibitor IV significantly augmented the increased Kf. There were no significant differences in Kfor lung wet-to-dry weight (W/D) ratios between groups ventilated with 9 cmH2O PIP (low PIP), with or without inhibitor treatment. Total lung β-catenin was unchanged in any low PIP isolated lung group, but Akt inhibition during high PIP ventilation significantly decreased total β-catenin by 86%. Ventilation of intact mice with 55 cmH2O PIP for up to 60 min also increased lung vascular permeability, indicated by increases in lung lavage albumin concentration and lung W/D ratios. In these lungs, tyrosine phosphorylation of β-catenin and serine/threonine phosphorylation of Akt, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), and ERK1/2 increased significantly with peak effects at 60 min. Thus mechanical stress activation of PI3K and Src may increase lung vascular permeability through tyrosine phosphorylation, but simultaneous activation of the PI3K-Akt-GSK3β pathway tends to limit this permeability response, possibly by preserving cellular β-catenin.
Asbestos-mediated CREB phosphorylation is regulated by protein kinase A and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2
Authors: Barlow Christy A. , Barrett Trisha F. , Shukla Arti , Mossman Brooke T. , Lounsbury Karen M.
Published: February 2007

Asbestos is a ubiquitous, naturally occurring fiber that has been linked to the development of malignant and fibrotic lung diseases. Asbestos exposure leads to apoptosis, followed by compensatory proliferation, yet many of the signaling cascades coupled to these outcomes are unclear. Because CREs (Ca2+/cAMP-response elements) are found in the promoters of many genes important for regulation of proliferation and apoptosis, CREB (CRE binding protein) is likely to play an important role in the development of asbestos-mediated lung injury. To explore this possibility, we tested the hypotheses that asbestos exposure leads to CREB phosphorylation in lung epithelial cells and that protein kinase A (PKA) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) are central regulators of the CREB pathway. Persistent CREB phosphorylation was observed in lung sections from mice following inhalation of crocidolite asbestos. Exposure of C10 lung epithelial cells to crocidolite asbestos led to rapid CREB phosphorylation and apoptosis that was decreased by the inhibition of PKA or ERK1/2 using the specific inhibitors H89 and U0126, respectively. Furthermore, crocidolite asbestos selectively induced a sustained increase in MAP kinase phosphatase-1 mRNA and protein. Silencing CREB protein dramatically reduced asbestos-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation, yet significantly increased the number of cells undergoing asbestos-induced apoptosis. These data reveal a novel and selective role for CREB in asbestos-mediated signaling through pathways regulated by PKA and ERK1/2, further providing evidence that CREB is an important regulator of apoptosis in asbestos-induced responses of lung epithelial cells.
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids improve host response in chronicPseudomonas aeruginosalung infection in mice
Authors: Pierre Maud , Husson Marie-Odile , Berre Rozenn Le , Desseyn Jean-Luc , Galabert Claude , Béghin Laurent , Beermann Christopher , Dagenais André , Berthiaume Yves , Cardinaud Bruno , Barbry Pascal , Gottrand Frédéric , Guery Benoît P.
Published: February 2007

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative bacilli frequently encountered in human pathology. This pathogen is involved in a large number of nosocomial infections and chronic diseases. Herein we investigated the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. C57BL/6 mice were fed for 5 wk with specifically designed diets with high contents in either omega-3 (ω-3) or ω-6 PUFA and compared to a control diet. P. aeruginosa included in agarose beads was then instilled intratracheally, and the animals were studied for 7 days. On the 4th day, the mice fed with the ω-3 diet had a higher lean body mass gain and a lower ω-6:ω-3 ratio of fatty acids extracted from the lung tissue compared with the other groups ( P < 0.05). The ω-3 group had the lowest mortality. Distal alveolar fluid clearance (DAFC) as well as the inflammatory response and the cellular recruitment were higher in the ω-3 group on the 4th day. The effect on DAFC was independent of α-epithelial Na+channels (α-ENaC), β-ENaC, and α1-Na-K-ATPase mRNA expressions, which were not altered by the different diets. In conclusion, a diet enriched in ω-3 PUFA can change lung membrane composition and improve survival in chronic pneumonia. This effect on survival is probably multifactorial involving the increased DAFC capacity as well as the optimization of the initial inflammatory response. This work suggests that a better control of the ω-6/ω-3 PUFA balance may represent an interesting target in the prevention and/or control of P. aeruginosa infection in patients.
Roles of accumulated endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, enhanced arginase activity, and attenuated nitric oxide synthase activity in endothelial cells for pulmonary hypertension in rats
Authors: Sasaki Akihito , Doi Shouzaburoh , Mizutani Shuki , Azuma Hiroshi
Published: February 2007

Nitric oxide (NO) has been suggested to play a key role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH). To determine which mechanism exists to affect NO production, we examined the concentration of endogenous nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors and their catabolizing enzyme dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) activity and protein expression (DDAH1 and DDAH2) in pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) of rats given monocrotaline (MCT). We also measured NOS and arginase activities and NOS protein expression. Twenty-four days after MCT administration, PH and right ventricle (RV) hypertrophy were established. Endothelium-dependent, but not endothelium-independent, relaxation and cGMP production were significantly impaired in pulmonary artery specimens of MCT group. The constitutive NOS activity and protein expression in PAECs were significantly reduced in MCT group, whereas the arginase, which shares l-arginine as a common substrate with NOS, activity was significantly enhanced in PAECs of MCT group. The contents of monomethylarginine (MMA) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), but not symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), were increased in PAECs of MCT group. The DDAH activity and DDAH1, but not DDAH2, protein expression were significantly reduced in PAECs of MCT group. These results suggest that the impairment of cGMP production as a marker of NO production is possibly due to the blunted endothelial NOS activity resulting from the downregulation of endothelial NOS protein, accumulation of endogenous NOS inhibitors, and accelerated arginase activity in PAECs of PH rats. The decreased overall DDAH activity accompanied by the downregulation of DDAH1 would bring about the accumulation of endogenous NOS inhibitors.
TNF-α induced CD38 expression in human airway smooth muscle cells: role of MAP kinases and transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1
Authors: Tirumurugaan K. G. , Jude J. A. , Kang B. N. , Panettieri R. A. , Walseth T. F. , Kannan M. S.
Published: February 2007

In human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells, the expression of CD38, which synthesizes the calcium-mobilizing molecule cyclic ADP-ribose, is augmented by TNF-α, a cytokine implicated in asthma. We determined the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the activation of NF-κB and AP-1 in the regulation of CD38 expression in HASM cells. In HASM cells exposed to TNF-α (40 ng/ml), the inhibitors of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, or c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) decreased CD38 expression and ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity. Transfection of HASM cells with a dominant negative MEK decreased while a wild-type ERK increased TNF-α-induced CD38 expression. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) were performed using nuclear proteins and consensus sequences to detect the effect of the MAPKs on NF-κB and AP-1 activation. EMSAs confirmed the role of p38 and JNK in mediating NF-κB and AP-1 activation. Transfection of a dominant negative c-Jun decreased TNF-α-induced CD38 expression indicating involvement of AP-1. Stability of TNF-α-induced CD38 transcripts were determined in the presence of MAPK inhibitors after arresting the transcription with actinomycin D. Transcript stability decreased in the presence of ERK and p38 MAPK, but not the JNK, inhibitors. These results indicate that regulation of CD38 expression through p38 and JNK MAPKs involves NF-κB and AP-1 activation, and ERK and p38 MAPKs also regulate expression posttranscriptionally through message stability.
Role of MAPK and PKA in regulation of rbOCT2-mediated renal organic cation transport
Authors: Soodvilai Sunhapas , Chatsudthipong Atip , Chatsudthipong Varanuj
Published: February 2007

The effects of protein kinases MAPK and PKA on the regulation of organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) were investigated both in a heterologous cell system [Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells stably transfected with rabbit (rb)OCT2] and in native intact rabbit renal proximal S2 segments. Inhibition of MEK (by U-0126) or PKA (by H-89) reduced transport activity of rbOCT2 in CHO-K1 cells. The inhibitory effect of U-0126 combined with H-89 produced no additive effect, indicating that the action of PKA and MAPK in the regulation of rbOCT2 is in a common pathway. Activation of PKA by forskolin stimulated rbOCT2 activity, and this stimulatory effect was eliminated by H-89, indicating that the stimulation required PKA activation. In S2 segments of rabbit renal proximal tubules, activation of MAPK (by EGF) and PKA (by forskolin) stimulated activity of rbOCT2, and this activation was abolished by U-0126 and H-89, respectively. This is the first study to show that MAPK and PKA are involved, apparently in a common pathway, in the regulation of OCT2 activity in both a heterologous cell system and intact renal proximal tubules.
Reparative myocardial mechanisms in adult C57BL/6 and MRL mice following injury
Authors: Haris Naseem R. , Meeson Annette P. , Michael DiMaio J. , White Michael D. , Kallhoff Justin , Humphries Caroline , Goetsch Sean C. , De Windt Leon J. , Williams Maurice A. , Garry Mary G. , Garry Daniel J.
Published: February 2007

Previous studies have suggested that the heart may be capable of limited repair and regeneration in response to a focal injury, while other studies indicate that the mammalian heart has no regenerative capacity. To further explore this issue, we performed a series of superficial and transmural myocardial injuries in C57BL/6 and MRL/MpJ adult mice. At defined time intervals following the respective injury ( days 3, 14, 30 and 60), we examined cardiac function using echocardiography, morphology, fluorescence-activated cell sorting for 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine-positive cells and molecular signature using microarray analysis. We observed restoration of myocardial function in the superficial MRL cryoinjured heart and significantly less collagen deposition compared with the injured hearts of C57BL/6 mice. Following a severe transmural myocardial injury, the MRL mouse has increased survival and decreased ventricular remodeling compared with the C57BL/6 mouse but without evidence of complete regeneration. The cytoprotective program observed in the severely injured MRL heart is in part due to increased cellular proliferation, increased vasculogenesis, and decreased apoptosis that limits the extension of the injury. We conclude that MRL injured hearts have evidence of myocardial regeneration, in response to superficial injury, but the stabilized left ventricular function and improved survival observed in the MRL mouse following severe injury is not associated with complete myocardial regeneration.
Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram
Authors: Kligfield Paul , Gettes Leonard S. , Bailey James J. , Childers Rory , Deal Barbara J. , Hancock E. William , van Herpen Gerard , Kors Jan A. , Macfarlane Peter , Mirvis David M. , Pahlm Olle , Rautaharju Pentti , Wagner Galen S.
Published: February 2007

This statement examines the relation of the resting ECG to its technology. Its purpose is to foster understanding of how the modern ECG is derived and displayed and to establish standards that will improve the accuracy and usefulness of the ECG in practice. Derivation of representative waveforms and measurements based on global intervals are described. Special emphasis is placed on digital signal acquisition and computer-based signal processing, which provide automated measurements that lead to computer-generated diagnostic statements. Lead placement, recording methods, and waveform presentation are reviewed. Throughout the statement, recommendations for ECG standards are placed in context of the clinical implications of evolving ECG technology.
Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram
Authors: Mason Jay W. , Hancock E. William , Gettes Leonard S.
Published: February 2007

This statement provides a concise list of diagnostic terms for ECG interpretation that can be shared by students, teachers, and readers of electrocardiography. This effort was motivated by the existence of multiple automated diagnostic code sets containing imprecise and overlapping terms. An intended outcome of this statement list is greater uniformity of ECG diagnosis and a resultant improvement in patient care. The lexicon includes primary diagnostic statements, secondary diagnostic statements, modifiers, and statements for the comparison of ECGs. This diagnostic lexicon should be reviewed and updated periodically.
The Gospel of Barnabas, the Diatessaron, and Method
Authors: Schmid Ulrich , den Hollander August
Published: February 2007

Since the beginning of the 20th century research aiming at reconstructing Tatian's lost Gospel harmony Diatessaron utilizes a growing number of late 13-15 c. texts extant in various Western vernaculars for this purpose. As the most recent example Jan Joosten introduced the so-called Gospel of Barnabas, a composition perhaps as late as the 16th or 17th century as a potential source for readings of the Diatessaron (2nd c.). With special emphasis on methodological issues, this essay offers a detailed critique of Joosten's analysis as well as a general critique of that type of research as carried out by other scholars in the past.
A Note on the Status of Origen's De Principiis in English
Authors: Rombs Ronnie
Published: February 2007

The standard English translation of Origen's De principiis, translated by G.W. Butterworth and published in 1936, is based upon the earlier critical edition of Paul Koetschau. Origen's text survives through the Latin translation of Rufinus, a version that Koetschau fundamentally distrusted: Rufinus had admittedly expurgated Origen's text and could not, accordingly, be trusted. Hence the job of the editor and translator was judged to be the reestablishment—as far as was possible—of Origen's original text. Such suspicion of the text led to, among other problems, the awkward printing of parallel Greek and Latin passages in columns in Butterworth's English edition. Greek fragments and Origenistic material—that is to say, passages that were not direct quotations of De principiis, nor even directly Origen's—were inserted into Koetschau's text based upon presumed doctrinal parallels between those fragments and Origen's 'authentic' thought.We cannot reconstruct the Greek text; what we have inherited for better or worse is Rufinus's Latin translation of Peri archôn, a text that the more recent scholarship of G. Bardy and others have significantly rehabilitated confidence in. With the notable exception of English, translations of De principiis have been made in French, Italian and German, based upon more recent and more balanced critical editions. The author proposes a new English translation of Rufinus's Latin text based upon the critical edition of Henri Crouzel and Manlio Simonetti, published in the Sources Chrétiennes series.
Anastasius I and Innocent I: Reconsidering the Evidence of Jerome
Authors: Dunn Geoffrey
Published: February 2007

The comment of Jerome in his letter to Demetrias (Epistula 130) that Innocent I, bishop of Rome from 402 to 417, was the son of his predecessor Anastasius I has been taken at face value by a number of commentators and has been repeated, often without reference to sources, on any number of Internet web sites. The fact that Liber Pontificialis offers a different parentage for Innocent is often ignored. This paper seeks to reconcile and evaluate the two accounts. The argument advanced here is that in Jerome's highly rhetorical letter the reference is to be understood metaphorically and not literally, given that the use of familial terms of address was common in early Christian letters to indicate a hierarchical rather than a biological relationship. Jerome was asserting that Innocent had been a deacon of Rome under Anastasius. Even beyond this common usage, in this letter such metaphor was part of a rhetorical strategy by which he sought to persuade a powerful Roman senatorial family to back his anti-Pelagian campaign and to use their influence on Innocent to do the same.
Socratic Dialogue or Courtroom Debate? Judicial Rhetoric and Stasis Theory in the Dialogue on the Life of St. John Chrysostom
Authors: Katos Demetrios
Published: February 2007

The Dialogue on the Life of St. John Chrysostom (written c. 407/8) has long puzzled modern readers on account of its choice of the dialogue form and its bewildering organization. Its attribution to Palladius of Helenopolis (c. 363-430) has often been contested, too. This article proposes that the dialogue form was chosen to convey the spirit of advocacy that lies at the heart of this composition, and then demonstrates that various compositional decisions can be explained by principles of judicial rhetoric and late antique stasis (issue) theory, particularly those of Hermogenes of Tarsus (c. 160-230) whose rhetorical handbook had become important by the fourth and fifth centuries in rhetorical training. These elements suggest that the author of the Dialogue was well trained in judicial rhetoric and that he composed this work primarily to make a case for John's restoration to the diptychs as bishop, rather than as a biographical or historical record as previously assumed. The influence of stasis theory in this composition also confirms the continued importance of judicial rhetoric in the late empire and bolsters the case for the authorship of Palladius, who had been commissioned by John to investigate charges raised against Antoninus of Ephesus and by Innocent of Rome to petition Arcadius for John's restoration.
'Microstructure' in Greek Tragedy: From Bad to Worse—Wrong Guesses in Euripidean Stichomythia (Including a Comparison with Aeschylus and Sophocles): Part I. Description and Analysis)
Authors:   Dubischar
Published: February 2007

This publication is subdivided into two major parts. Part I brings to attention and analyzes a hitherto undiscovered set-piece of Euripidean stichomythic dialogue. This dialogue occurs most regularly and most powerfully in the Euripidean tragedies up to the year 415, in situations when bad news is revealed to an unknowing character. This small pattern—for which film theory offers the suitable term 'microstructure'—consists of one speaker's false guess (or guesses) before he (or she) learns the truth. In Part II of this contribution the earlier findings are set within a larger context by means of comparison, by tentatively tracing the pattern's origin and determining what Euripides' specific achievement may be, and, finally, by pointing out fundamental similarities between the production of ancient Greek tragedy and the production of modern popular film.
Ctesias of Cnidus, a Reappraisal
Authors: Stronk Jan
Published: February 2007

The works of Ctesias of Cnidus have frequently been regarded as second rate at best. His reliability as a historian has been seriously questioned in particular, not only by Felix Jacoby and many historians after him, but also by authors in antiquity. Doubts were especially raised about Ctesias' Indica, but also the trustworthiness of his Persica was—and still is—considered dubious. This verdict appears to be unfair, for two reasons. The first is that hardly anything that can be attributed directly to Ctesias has survived: the overwhelming majority of material ascribed to Ctesias has been transmitted by other authors, who used their source not necessarily with proper care. The second is to be found in Demetrius' On Style: here a new perspective on Ctesias is offered. It shows that we should no longer regard Ctesias primarily as a historian, but as a forerunner of a new literary genre (culminating in the classical novel) mixing historical fact with fictitious elements. It is only because of the lack of a proper word in antiquity to describe this genre that the term 'history' was applied to his work as well. It would confuse many generations of historians and deny Ctesias his proper place in Greek literary history.
Strategic Differences: Seneca and Plutarch on Controlling Anger
Authors:   van Hoof
Published: February 2007

In a span of less than a century, Seneca and Plutarch both wrote works arguing against anger. This article studies these texts as speech acts, that is, as discourses through which the authors, by various means, seek to produce a certain effect in their readers. The comparison of several parallel passages from Seneca's On Anger and Plutarch's On the Control of Anger with regard to genre, philosophical technicality, rhetorical strategies, and specific argumentation brings to the fore how Seneca, in his plea for the eradication of anger, instills a concept of virtue substantially different from what most Romans would be familiar with, whereas Plutarch promotes the control of anger as an important part of the way a gentleman presents himself in a civilised society.
The Role of the Ekphrasis in Plot Development: The Painting of Europa and the Bull in Achilles Tatius' Leucippe and Clitophon
Authors: Reeves Bridget
Published: February 2007

This article examines the effectiveness of the ekphrasis of Europa and the bull which is placed at the beginning of Achilles Tatius' Leucippe and Clitophon, in order to shed light on its role in the development and progression of the plot in the novel. Although some critics have discussed the ekphrasis' anticipatory effectiveness with regard to the main characters, Leucippe and Clitophon, nevertheless much more can be said about the function of the set-piece description as a tool for foreshadowing events which transpire for the hero and heroine. In addition, this article demonstrates that the ekphrasis depicting Europa and the bull is not limited to prefiguring the actions of the main narrative as previously believed, but seems to act as a template for the plots of all of the mini-episodes that occur in the novel. By way of a table at the end of this article I present the template and the features common to the Europa-ekphrasis and to each of the mini-episodes in order to illuminate further the set-piece description's anticipatory effectiveness.
Freeing the Mind through the Body: Women's Thoughts on Physical Education in Late Qing and Early Republican China
Authors: Gimpel Denise
Published: February 2007

Physical education (tiyu/ticao) was an important topic in China at the turn of the nineteenth century. Healthy citizens were to provide the foundations of a healthy China, one that could find its rightful place among the strong nations of the world and no longer be considered the "sick man of Asia." Many texts dealt with the kind of physical education that was perceived as necessary, and the physique was an issue in both educational regulations, school curricula and general reform demands. However, as elsewhere in the world, there was a clear distinction made between what was felt appropriate and necessary for men and women. Moreover, as the present article shows, there was also a clear gender line in the manner in which physical training and culture were functionalized by individual writers. By highlighting some of the different approaches to and interpretations of the concept of tiyu/ticao, the present text seeks to demonstrate how it could be used to maintain the status quo by simply remolding the subordinate female role but also to seek a real autonomous realm for female development.
The Rhetoric of Legitimation: Prefaces to Women's Poetry Collections from the Song to the Ming
Authors: Xu Sufeng
Published: February 2007

This paper investigates the legitimation of women's literary culture in the late Ming by examining the rhetoric in male-authored prefaces to women's poetry collections produced from the Song to the Ming. It aims to show that the very strategy of associating women's poetry with the Shijing was not only a late imperial phenomenon as often assumed, but a general approach in Neo-Confucian scholarship beginning in the Northern Song. Furthermore, this article demonstrates that the late Ming preface-writers often associated folk songs and "licentious songs" (yin shi) with the Shijing to legitimize the unorthodox. It concludes that the anthologizing of women's poetry and the promotion of women's culture in the late Ming functioned more as opportunities or strategies for male literati to negotiate and sustain their unofficial power than as genuine efforts to construct a canon of women poets.
Praise and Slander: The Evocation of Empress Lü in the Shiji and the Hanshu
Authors: van Ess Hans
Published: February 2007

This article contains a close reading of the accounts of Empress Lü in the Shiji and the Hanshu. Its main argument is that the views of Sima Qian and Ban Gu about her are marked by considerable differences, although they may seem alike at first sight. For Sima Qian, the main feature dominating the life of Empress Lü was fear for herself and for her clan, whereas Ban Gu attributed her actions to naked cruelty. According to Sima Qian, the battle between the Lü family and those members of the Liu family who put Emperor Wen on the throne was one between two equal competitors, whereas for Ban Gu it was a struggle between the dynasty itself and a family who had wrongfully usurped power. Because Ban Gu changed the account of Sima Qian, albeit in very subtle ways, his image of Empress Lü has become more influential than the original version by his predecessor.
Extreme Makeover: Daiyu and Baochai in Two Early Sequels to Honglou Meng
Authors: Widmer Ellen
Published: February 2007

The paper attempts to make sense of two radically changed characters in two early sequels to Honglou meng. One is the managerial Daiyu of Hou Honglou meng, the other is the military Baochai of Honglou fumeng. The analysis begins with a comparison to oral literature, especially the genre known as zidishu. It concludes that the likeliest influences lie elsewhere, perhaps in such vernacular novels as Shuihu zhuan and the rhymed prosimetric text Zaisheng yuan. Readerly dissatisfaction with the parent novel certainly also played a role. There are some grounds on which to argue that women readers had input into Baochai's transformation, although the case cannot be made for sure.
Galen and the Stoics: Mortal Enemies or Blood Brothers?
Authors: Gill Christopher
Published: February 2007

Galen is well known as a critic of Stoicism, mainly for his massive attack on Stoic (or at least, Chrysippean) psychology in On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato (PHP) 2-5. Galen attacks both Chrysippus' location of the ruling part of the psyche in the heart and his unified or monistic picture of human psychology. However, if we consider Galen's thought more broadly, this has a good deal in common with Stoicism, including a (largely) physicalist conception of psychology and a strongly teleological view of natural entities, shared features which are acknowledged in several treatises outside PHP. Why, then, is Galen such a remorseless and negative critic of Stoicism in PHP? Various factors are relevant, including the shaping influence on Galen of the Platonic-Aristotelian (part-based) psychological framework. But, it is suggested here, an important underlying factor is the contrast between two ways of thinking about the part-whole relationship, a 'composition' and a 'structure' approach or an atomistic and holistic approach. This contrast is most evident and explicit in one section of PHP 5, where Galen, criticising Chrysippus' holistic psychology, denies that the Stoic thinker is entitled to use the concept of part at all. But the contrast is also seen as pervading Galen's response to Stoic thought more generally, in PHP and elsewhere, in ways that inform his explicit disagreements with Stoic theory. Stoicism is presented here as having a consistently 'structure' (or holistic) approach. Galen's approach is seen as more mixed, sometimes sharing, or aspiring towards, a holistic picture, and yet sometimes (especially in PHP 5), adopting a strongly 'composition' or atomistic standpoint. This (partial) contrast in conceptual frameworks is presented as offering a new perspective on Galen's critique of Stoic psychology in PHP and on his relationship to Stoic thought more generally.
Blood and the Nations in Ritual and Myth
Authors: Geyer John B.
Published: February 2007

In my book Mythology and Lament (2004) I suggested that the oracles about the nations might have had their Sitz im Leben in the ceremonies of the Day of Atonement (more properly called the Day of Purgation) as this developed into the celebration of the Year of Jubilee. The present paper is an initial exploration of that possibility linking ritual, myth and stories about the elimination of the enemy. Anat's blood bath (KTU I 3 ii) is seen as having the same purpose as Lev. xvi in terms of cleansing the sanctuary through blood rites which, in the case of Anat, means the slaughter of the unspecified foe. Exod. xvii 8-16 is found to be a narrative that applies the same principles and the same ritual setting to the slaughter of a supposed foe. It is suggested that the oracles about the nations fit into the same mythological/ritual setting.
Reforming History: The Hermeneutical Significance of the Books of Chronicles
Authors: Jonker Louis
Published: February 2007

Different views have been expressed in past scholarship about the nature of the Books of Chronicles. Some regard the Chronicler to be an exegete, others see the Chronicler as theologian, and still others see the Chronicler as a historian. The opinion expressed in this article is that Chronicles could be characterized as "reforming history". The ambiguity of this designation is intentional. The Books of Chronicles are an attempt to reformulate and sanitize the past. It is, however, simultaneously an attempt to reformulate the identity of God's people during the Second Temple period. Such a "reforming history" forms a unique bridge between past and present. The focus of this article is therefore on the hermeneutical significance of the Books of Chronicles.
David in the Service of King Achish of Gath: Renegade to His People or a Fifth Column in the Philistine Army?
Authors: Shemesh Yael
Published: February 2007

The biblical presentation of David's ostensible willingness to fight on the side of the Philistines against Israel (1 Sam. xxvii-xxix) is examined. Through a literary analysis it is shown that David is not depicted as intending to betray Saul and Israel. On the contrary, the narrator provides many hints that the Philistine commanders' assessment of David is correct and that had he not been sent away he would have fought against the Philistines and for Israel. His dismissal, instigated by the Philistine commanders, is compatible with the divine plan for Israel's defeat, the destruction of the House of Saul, and David's succeeding Saul on the throne of Israel (1 Sam. xxviii 16-19).
Permutatio religionis – Ps. cxxxix und der Wandel der Israelitischen Religion zur Bekenntnisreligion
Authors: Wagner Andreas
Published: February 2007

In the Old Testament, religion is a matter of constant change and development. Various religious contexts have led to changing kinds of text forms. This paper sees Psalm cxxxix as an abjuration form for an individual believer. We find three sections (Ps. cxxxix 1-6; 7-12; 13-18) declaring the qualities of JHWH, whereas in the last part (vv 19-24) the praying person separates himself from those inimical to JHWH (vv 21-22). The implication is that JHWH is the only and true God who demands abjuration from nonbelievers and true confession (cf. Ps. xci with its similar thought). This type of JHWH religion is typical for the post-exilic time. Ps. cxxxix may be taken as a kind of "performance" of the "Mosaic distinction" (Jan Assmann).
The Metaphor of the So-Called 'Weaned Child' in Psalm cxxxi
Authors: Labuschagne C.J.
Published: February 2007

Iconographic evidence is adduced to show that the practice of carrying an infant on the back was known in the Ancient Near East. Documentary evidence from the Old Testament shows that it was also known in Ancient Israel. This insight sheds new light on the interpretation of the cruces in both Deut. xxxiii 12 and Ps. cxxxi 2 and renders every emendation of MT unnecessary.
Finding the Naked Woman in Hosea ii 11
Authors: Mitchell Matthew W.
Published: February 2007

A recent proposal concerning the meaning of Hosea ii 11 (MT) argues that both modern and ancient interpreters have misread the meaning of the verse by associating the root ksh with the verse's infinitive, and that the root kss provides a better meaning in the context. Reading kss allows for an interpretation within the legal language of the ancient Near East. This short note argues that the proposal to read kss ignores some important considerations for reading Hosea ii, and that there are still compelling reasons for interpreters to see a naked woman in Hosea ii 11.
Computer-Assisted Analysis of Parallel Texts in the Bible. The Case of 2 Kings xviii-xix and Its Parallels in Isaiah and Chronicles
Authors: van Peursen Wido , Talstra Eep
Published: February 2007

In literary-critical and text historical studies of the Bible the comparison of parallel texts plays an important role. Starting from the description of the proximity of parallel texts as a continuum from very close to very loose, this article discusses the way in which the computer can facilitate a comparison of various types of parallel texts. 2 Kings 18-19 and Isaiah 37-38 are taken as an example of two closely related texts. The Kings chapters and their parallels in 2 Chronicles 32 occupy a position at the other side of the continuum. These chapters differ so much, that it is sometimes impossible to establish which verses should be considered parallel. The computer-assisted analysis brings to light some striking correspondences, that disappear in traditional synopses, such as Ben David's Parallels in the Bible. These observations have an impact on our evaluation of the Chronicler's user of his sources and his literary taste.
Nematodes of the order Rhabditida from India. Description of Sclerorhabditis tridentatus gen. n., sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae)
Authors: Ahmad Irfan , Shah Ali Asghar , Mahamood Mohammad
Published: February 2007

A new rhabditid nematode, Sclerorhabditis tridentatus gen. n., sp. n. is
described and illustrated. The body is small, less than 0.5 mm, and has an
unusual labial and cephalic organisation. The dorsal and ventral lips have
strongly sclerotised tridentate structures with the free ends of the forks
directed towards the stoma, and the anterior margins of the lateral lips are
sclerotised. An unusual feature of this species is the contour of the
cephalic border that has axillae-like structures on the lateral sides. The
stoma is wide and lacks a glottoid apparatus. The females are amphidelphic
with reflexed ovaries and elongate conoid tails. Males were not found. The
new genus resembles Diploscapter and the related genus Carinoscapter in
having membranous lateral lips, absence of glottoid apparatus and
amphidelphic reproductive system, but is clearly distinguishable by the
shape and orientation of the sclerotisation of the dorsal and ventral lips
and by the presence of a cephalic border.
Distribution of Meloidogyne chitwoodi in potato tubers and comparison of extraction methods
Authors: Viaene Nicole , Mahieu Tina , de la Peña Eduardo
Published: February 2007

Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. fallax are quarantine organisms in Europe. One
measure to restrict the spread of these nematodes is careful inspection of
potato tubers. The distribution of M. chitwoodi in heavily infected tubers
was studied and several methods for extraction of these nematodes from
tubers were compared. The majority of the nematodes (96%) were found in the
first 5.25 mm of the tuber, corresponding to the depth of the vascular ring.
About half of them were found between 1.75 and 3.50 mm deep. Incubation of
small pieces of tuber on Baermann funnels in the misting chamber during 36
days yielded about 12 times fewer juveniles than mixing potato tissues and
extracting them using zonal centrifugation, a process that took about 1 h.
Enzymatic maceration of potato tissues for 24 or 48 h did not liberate more
nematodes than 2 min of blending the tissues at high speed. More nematodes,
with 95% consisting of eggs, were extracted by zonal centrifuging than by
pouring the macerated suspension over a set of 500 μm, 250 μm and 20 μm
sieves.
Redescription of Enchodelus species studied by Thorne in 1939 (Dorylaimida: Nordiidae)
Authors: Guerrero Pablo , Peña-Santiago Reyes
Published: February 2007

Six species belonging to the genus Enchodelus that were studied by Thorne in 1939 and deposited at the Nematode Collection of the United States Department of Agriculture, are redescribed, namely: E. arcuatus, E. brevidentatus, E. geraldi, E. hopedorus, E. macrodorus, and E. striatus. Complete descriptions, measurements, illustrations, photographs and remarks for all the species, are provided. Special attention has been paid to lesser known characters, such as the morphology of the female genital system. In addition, the identity of subsequent records of the same species are analysed and discussed.
Cohabitation of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, and fungal species in pine trees inoculated with B. xylophilus
Authors: Sriwati Rina , Takemoto Shuhei , Futai Kazuyoshi
Published: February 2007

The relationship between the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus
xylophilus, and fungi cohabiting in 15-year-old Japanese black pine, Pinus
thunbergii, was examined at intervals of 2 months over a year following
inoculation with PWN. The population of PWN in the trees was large in
August, but decreased slightly in December then increased again in February.
Eighteen species of fungi were isolated from wood samples of the pine trees
examined. Among them were Phialophora repens, Sphaeropsis sapinea,
Pestalotiopsis spp. and Rhizoctonia sp., which were detected most frequently
every season. All of these dominant fungi had positive effects on increasing
the nematode population except for Rhizoctonia sp., on which PWN propagated
less. Under laboratory conditions, 18 species of fungi isolated from pine
trees and Botrytis cinerea cultured on potato dextrose agar served as food
for PWN, and PWN population build up was compared at 20°C. PWN increased
significantly on Pestalotiopsis sp. 1, Pestalotiopsis sp. 2, Sphaeropsis
sapinea, Phialophora repens and B. cinerea from 10-15 days after
inoculation. From the viewpoint of food quality and their cohabiting
ability, we concluded that the species of fungi that were dominant in the
pine trees, except for Rhizoctonia sp., had a compatible relationship with
PWN, whilst Rhizoctonia sp. and Penicillium spp. were neutral, and
Trichoderma spp. had an incompatible relationship with PWN.
Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for plant-parasitic nematodes
Authors: Costa Joana C. , Lilley Catherine J. , Urwin Peter E.
Published: February 2007

Many studies on aspects of the biology of plant-parasitic nematodes can be
facilitated by using the information and resources available for the model
species Caenorhabditis elegans. Comparative genomics of shared processes can
provide insights into plant-parasitic nematode biology that would otherwise
be intractable. In this article we consider some of the resources available
for C. elegans. We describe the practical utility of C. elegans and the use
of available information to facilitate the characterisation of
neurobiological processes in plant-parasitic nematodes.
Application of alkaline-stabilised biosolids for Meloidogyne incognita suppression in microplots
Authors: Zasada Inga , Rogers Stephen , Sardanelli Sandra
Published: February 2007

N-Viro Soil (NVS) is an alkaline-stabilised biosolid that has been shown to
suppress Meloidogyne incognita. In separate microplot studies, NVS was
applied either alone at different rates (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 dry t ha−1), or
in combination with M. incognita-resistant and M. incognita-susceptible
cultivars, to different M. incognita initial densities (0, 37 500, 75 000
eggs/microplot). NVS suppressed M. incognita. During year 1, increasing
rates of NVS resulted in higher soil solution pH and greater M. incognita J2
and egg suppression. Soil solution pH remained higher in NVS-amended plots
compared to the unamended control in years 2 and 3. NVS was more effective
in reducing moderate than in reducing high initial nematode populations,
with 94-100% reduction in egg and juvenile populations compared to 75-79%,
respectively. In all experiments, a reduction in nematode populations by
NVS, alone or in combination with a resistant cultivar, did not occur
consistently in years 2 or 3. Unfortunately, the application rate of NVS
required to achieve this reduction in nematode populations is probably not
agronomically realistic. Additional research may allow the rate of NVS
required to suppress plant-parasitic nematodes to be reduced.
Riders on the sperm: sperm dimorphism and spermatozeugmata in nematodes from the genus Steinernema (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)
Authors: Yushin Vladimir V. , Yoshida Mutsuhiro , Spiridonov Sergei E.
Published: February 2007

A comparative ultrastructural study of the male gametes in entomopathogenic
nematodes of the genus Steinernema (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) is based
on two species producing monomorphic (S. feltiae) and dimorphic (S. tami)
spermatozoa. The spermatozoa of both species are basically the same as in
many other Rhabditida. Immature spermatozoa from the testis are unpolarised
cells containing a nucleus without a nuclear envelope, mitochondria and
membranous organelles (MO), a unique component of the nematode spermatozoa.
Mature spermatozoa have a nucleus, mitochondria and emptied MO, each
attached to a sperm plasmalemma and opening to the exterior via a pore.
Monomorphic mature spermatozoa of S. feltiae are 5 μm in diam., bear
pseudopods, and form chains of several cells joined by gap junctions. The
dimorphic immature spermatozoa of S. tami form spermatozeugmata where the
single giant megaspermatozoon (30-35 μm diam.) bears numerous tiny, 3 μm
microspermatozoa, intimately attached to the megaspermatozoon surface by gap
junctions. Mature megaspermatozoa from the uterus are motile cells 35-50 μm
diam.; they have prominent pseudopods and convey immotile, 2 μm
microspermatozoa towards the oviduct. Unlike many other invertebrates, sperm
dimorphism in S. tami does not change the basic set and structure of
organelles, only their number. The genus Steinernema has two strategies for
sperm agglomeration: i) chains of monomorphic spermatozoa of normal size, as
in S. feltiae; and ii) spermatozeugmata based on a dramatic size difference
between spermatozoa formed in the testis, as exemplified by S. tami.
According to the types of sperm agglomeration, the genus Steinernema is
divided into two main clades.
Role of the surface coat of Romanomermis culicivorax in immune evasion
Authors: Shamseldean Muhammad M. , Platzer Edward G. , Gaugler Randy
Published: February 2007

Interactions of the mermithid nematode Romanomermis culicivorax with the
immune system of mosquito larvae were examined by scanning electron
microscopy. The host immune system rapidly recognised invading parasites, as
granulocytes and discharged granules were observed attached to parasitic
nematodes within 5 min. Melanin deposition was infrequently observed. As a
counter measure, the parasites secreted and shed an extracellular surface
coat which aided immune evasion. During the first 4 days of infection, when
parasite growth was limited, the coat served as a disposable, renewable
barrier between parasite and host that was intermittently shed to cleanse
the nematode of adhering host immune products. In the later infection phase
the parasite grew rapidly and was beyond the effect of the depleted host
immune response. The broad host range of R. culcivorax within culicines may
be partly a function of the nonspecific defence it mounts against the host
immune system. In summary, shedding of the surface coat is an adaptive
counter response by R. culicivorax to the mosquito immune reaction to
infection and provides a classic example of host-parasite coevolution.
Bacterial residence time in the intestine of Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Ghafouri Shervin , McGhee James D.
Published: February 2007

We fed adult Caenorhabditis elegans fluorescent microspheres mixed with their
Escherichia coli food and then measured the total fluorescence of expelled
faeces as a function of time after transfer to unlabelled bacteria.
Intestinal clearance obeys a simple first-order decay or dilution curve: we
estimate that 43 ± 10% of the maximum intestinal volume is expelled in each
defecation and the average residence time of a bead (by inference, a
bacterium) is less than 2 min. Our results raise questions how bacteria can
be sufficiently digested in this brief period to provide energy and material
to sustain the high rate of C. elegans oocyte production.
Plant induced spatial distribution of nematodes in a semi-natural grassland
Authors: Viketoft Maria
Published: February 2007

This study describes the nematode community in a semi-natural grassland and investigates if certain individual plant species can cause a spatial structure in the nematode fauna. Nematode communities were analysed in soil under Trifolium repens, Festuca ovina and from randomly taken samples. Seventy-nine nematode genera were identified. Some of the species found have not previously been reported from Sweden. Multivariate analysis separated the nematode communities associated with the two selected plant species from each other, and several individual nematode genera differed in abundance between the plant species. Trifolium repens supported greater populations of the plant feeder Tylenchorhynchus and the bacterial feeders Eucephalobus, Chiloplacus, Eumonhystera and Panagrolaimus, but fewer numbers of the bacterial feeder Achromadora. Soil under F. ovina contained more nematodes from the family Alaimidae. A comparison is given with other studies from grassland systems in Sweden.