bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Penafsiran Ayat–Ayat Amar Ma’ruf Nahi Munkar menurut Muhammad Fethullah Gülen
Authors: Djuned Muslim , Ozdemir Pinar
Published: April 2022

Amar ma'rūf nahi munkar is the command of Allah swt. to invite to the good things and prevent the bad for society. Many interpreters have explained the meaning of the verses amar ma'rūf nahi munkar. Fethullah Gülen is a character who tries to give an interpretation of the verse by relating it to the reality of people's lives. This paper discusses the verses of amar ma'ruf nahi munkar interpreted by Muhammad Fethullah Gülen and issues surrounding the position of enforcing amar ma'rūf nahi munkar. This research is a descriptive literature study, wanting to describe the figure of Gulen who wants to be researched based on facts from existing news, books, and magazines. The results showed that Gülen classified the interpretation of the verses of amar ma'ruf nahi munkar in 3 parts. First, amar ma'rūf nahi munkar as the goal of life. Second, amar ma'ruf nahi munkar as a sign of a believer. Third, enforce the commandments of ma'rf nahi munkar in accordance with nature. According to Gülen, people who carry out this sacred task well, then they will be protected by Allah from all disasters that come from heaven or earth, even though the number of people who carry out this task is not much. Meanwhile, those who forget this task are feared to die in a state of hypocrisy, for neglecting the task that Allah has assigned to every Muslim. Amar ma’rūf nahi munkar merupakan perintah Allah swt. untuk mengajak kepada hal-hal yang baik dan mencegah yang buruk bagi masyarakat. Banyak penafsir yang telah menjelaskan makna ayat-ayat amar ma’rūf nahi munkar. Fethullah Gülen merupakan seorang tokoh yang mencoba memberi penafsiran ayat tersebut dengan mengaitkannya pada realitas kehidupan masyarakat. Tulisan ini membahas ayat-ayat amar ma’ruf nahi munkar yang ditafsirkan oleh Muhammad Fethullah Gülen dan persoalan seputar kedudukan menegakkan amar ma’rūf nahi munkar. Penelitian ini bersifat kajian kepustakaan yang bersifat deskriptif, ingin menggambarkan sosok Gulen yang ingin diteliti berdasarkan fakta dari berita, buku, dan majalah yang ada. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Gülen mengklasifikasikan penafsiran ayat-ayat  amar ma’ruf nahi munkar dalam 3 bagian. Pertama, amar ma’rūf nahi munkar  sebagai tujuan hidup. Kedua, amar ma’ruf nahi munkar sebagai tanda orang mukmin. Ketiga, menegakkan amar ma’rūf nahi munkar sesuai dengan fitrah. Menurut Gülen, masyarakat yang melakukan tugas suci ini dengan baik, maka mereka itu akan dilindungi Allah dari segala bencana yang datangnya dari langit atau bumi, meskipun jumlah orang yang menjalankan tugas ini tidak banyak. Sedangkan yang melupakan tugas ini, dikhawatirkan akan meninggal dalam keadaan munafik, karena melalaikan tugas yang dibebankan Allah kepada setiap orang Muslim.
Comparative study on growth and survival of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (Oreochromis nitoticus) fry reared under two different culture systems
Authors:   Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi-628 008, India, Bhosle R.V. , Sampathkumar J.S. ,   Directorate of Sustainable Aquaculture, Tamil Nadu Dr.J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Nagapattinam-611 002, India, Antony Cherly ,   Department of Aquaculture, Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri-601 204, India, Aanand S. ,   Erode Bhavanisagar Center for Sustainable Aquaculture, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Erode-638 451, India, Senthilkumar V. ,   Thanjavur Center for Sustainable Aquaculture, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thanjavur-614 904, India, Betsy C.J. ,   Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute,Thoothukudi-628 008, India, Lingam R.S.S. ,   Krishnagiri-Barur Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Krishnagiri-635 201, India
Published: May 2022

Aim: The aim of the present study was to analyze two different culture systems for their suitability in rearing the Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia fry. Methodology: Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia fry (Average body weight 0.50 g) were stocked, at a rate of 1500 fry,in tank and hapa.Three cement tanks (2 m × 2 m × 1 m; 4000 l) and three nursery hapa (2 m × 2 m × 1 m) were used for this experiment following completely randomized design. Fry were fed using prepared diet (crude protein 32%) at a feeding rate of 8-10 % of their body weight for 45 days. Fortnightly, feeding rate was adjusted based on the sampling. Results: After 45 days of rearing, tilapia fry attained a body weight of 5.44 g and 7.47±0.00 g in cement tanks and hapa based production systems, respectively. The specific growth rate significantly differed and it was higher (5.98 %/day) in hapa based system. Similarly, survival was significantly higher (92.00 %) in hapa based system. In contrast, increased feed conversion ratio was noticed in tank-based culture system (2.06) than the hapa based system (1.69). The protein efficiency ratio was significantly higher (1.97) in hapa based system. The recorded water quality parameters were within the optimal range for rearing of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia fry. Interpretation: Overall, the results of this study demonstrated that rearing of Genetically Improved Farmed tilapia fry in hapa, installed in earthen pond, would lead to better growth, feed utilization and survival. This method can be disseminated to farmers for better profitability in seed production of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia.
Impact of bioorganic nutrients and chemical fertilizers on sustainable production of French bean and soil health
Authors:   Department of Soil Science and Water Management, College of Horticulture and Forestry  (Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry), Hamirpur-171 001, India, Sharma R. , Thakur I. ,   Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, India
Published: May 2022

Aim: To determine the impact of bioorganic nutrients and chemical fertilizers on sustainable production and profitability of french bean and soil health improvement. Methodology: The effects of bioorganic nutrients (jeevamrurth, ghan-jeevamrurth, vermicompost, and FYM) and chemical fertilizers on french bean were studied during 2018 and 2019 with nine treatment combinations on growth parameters, yield attributes, productivity, and profitability of french bean. Residual soil fertility in terms of various soil properties was also assessed after the completion of the experiment. The economic analysis of different treatments was worked out to select the most profitable nutrient combination. Results: Results showed that plant height, branches per plant, nodules per plant, green pod length, green pods per plant, pods weight per plant and total pod yield of french bean were significantly greater with the application of vermicompost 5t ha-1 + jeevamrurth @ 5% at a weekly interval as compared to all other treatments. This superior combination recorded 42.2% increase in green pod yield over control with the highest net returns (₹ 1,47,530 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (2.56). Also, this treatment significantly enhanced soil organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, culturable microbial count and available nutrient contents as compared to control thus improving soil health. Interpretation: Application of vermicompost 5 t ha-1 + jeevamrurth @ 5% at weekly interval treatment performed best amongest all treatment combination for growth and yield attributes of French bean with better economic output and soil health improvement in terms of a positive nutrient balance.
High throughput anther culture response in an upland rice cross ‘Khandagiri x Dular’
Authors:   Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, India, Tripathy S.K.
Published: May 2022

Aim: The experiment was conducted to maximize anther culture response in an upland indica rice cross amenable for drought tolerance breeding. Methodology: The cold pre-treated anthers of a cross Khandagiri (drought sensitive) x Dular (drought tolerant) were cultured on N6, SK3, MS and CIM media at varying concentration of hormones (2,4-D, Kn and NAA) to assess callusing response. Embryogenic calli were placed on regeneration medium (RM) with varying concentration of Kn, BAP and NAA for plant regeneration. The plantlets were acclimatized in half-strength MS basal liquid medium for one week before transferring to pot mixture (peat moss: perlite 2:1, v/v) for plant establishment in glasshouse under partial shade. Finally, the plantlets were checked for doubled haploid status by cytological study of root tips. Results: Anther culture response was found to be media and genotype-specific. F1-progenies responded better than either of the parents. A modified MS callus induction medium (CIM) with 1.5mg/l 2,4-D + 0.5mg/l Kn resulted impressively higher callusing response (30.2%) with nodular calli than SK3>MS>N6. High frequency (12.8%) of albino-free green plant regeneration with well developed rooting was achieved in RM medium (a modified MS) containing 2mg/l BAP and 0.5mg/l NAA. A total 129 doubled haploid (DH) plants (each with 12 pairs of chromosomes) were recovered which maintained normal growth, set seeds and resulted in true breeding DH lines. Interpretation: The high throughput regeneration system is amenable for doubled haploid production from indica crosses. Besides, the present doubled haploid stock can serve as an ideal mapping population and as such targeted for marker aided selection for early development of drought tolerant rice varieties.
Fællesskabelse – opbrud, nedbrud eller nybrud i organisering af velfærd mellem offentlig sektor og civilsamfund
Authors: Aakjær Marie , Pallesen Eva , Bjergkilde Dorethe
Published: April 2022

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Europa er atter i åben krig efter 80 års fred
Authors: Melander Preben
Published: April 2022

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Flat Chest of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Reversed by Lung Transplantation: A Case Report
Authors: Zhao Kai , Ding Zhi-Dan , Xia Zong-Jiang , Zhao Gao-Feng
Published: April 2022

We report a case of a severely underweight and flat chest woman with
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis who was successfully treated with
cadaveric sequential bilateral lung transplantation. By the fourth
months after transplantation, we found three-dimensional CT volumetry is
a feasible way to evaluate postoperative thoracic cage change.
Study of the Fragile Points Method for solving two-dimensional linear and nonlinear wave equations on complex and cracked domains
Authors: Abbasbandy Saeid , Haghighi Donya , Shivanian Elyas
Published: April 2022

In the current research, we present the meshless Fragile Points Method
for the two-dimensional linear and nonlinear wave equations on irregular
and complex domains. In addition, problems with domains that have
cracks, fractures, or any other type of discontinuity have been studied.
This method uses a simple Galerkin with the domain divided into
subdomains by a Voronoi diagram. Based on selected points in the domain,
the method of generalized finite difference is applied for deriving the
test and trial functions. These functions are simple, local, and
discontinuous polynomials. Discontinuity of test and trial functions may
cause FPM method inconsistency. In this study, we apply numerical flux
corrections to avoid incompatibilities. Time derivatives of the wave
equation are eliminated using finite difference schemes and the theorems
of stability and convergence of this semi-discrete scheme are presented.
FPM is very suitable for solving equations that have complex, irregular
that have fractures, cracks, and rupture domains. Numerical examples of
solving a two-dimensional wave equation on domains with complex geometry
are presented to illustrate the capabilities of FPM. These examples
presented with random and uniform points demonstrate the reliability and
robustness of the method at different times. It is also shown how the
number of points selected from the domain correlates with the accuracy
of the calculations. Also, according to the number of points used, the
final time, and the time steps, the method has a good computational
speed.
A Hybrid Model of a Flexible Rough Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm (FRNN-GA) in Numerical Weather Forecasting Using Emotional Learning Strategy
Authors: Fateri Soheil , Teshnehlab Mohammad , Shoorehdeli Mehdi Aliyari
Published: April 2022

The forecast of atmospheric processes is of great importance in planning
and management. Meteorological parameters are highly nonlinear
phenomena, varying with time and location, and many climatic factors
affect their changes. In this paper, a hybrid method consisting of a
flexible rough neural network (FRNN) and a genetic algorithm (GA)
proposed for forecasting meteorological parameters. Emotional learning
process used for learning rough neural network parameters by having
memories of previous learning history parameters. The forecasting
parameters used in this study are temperature, pressure, relative
humidity, wind speed, dew point, and visibility. In FRNN neurons,
instead of using an activating function, a combination of three
different sigmoid, tangent hyperbolic and linear functions is used to
add neuron flexibility. The genetic algorithm has also been used to
select the number and type of network input parameters. It expected that
the proposed method will work well for a chaotic system of uncertainty.
To evaluate the performance of the proposed hybrid method, data from the
Tehran Meteorological Database from 2008 to 2012 used. The results of
the implementation demonstrate the effective efficiency of FRNN-GA in
forecasting meteorological parameters compared to similar methods, and
using emotional learning increased the accuracy.
Water chemistry variation promotes adaptive radiation in three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
Authors: Begum Mahmuda , Maccoll Andrew , Nolan Victoria
Published: April 2022

The context and cause of adaptive radiations has been widely described
and explored but why rapid evolutionary diversification does not occur
in related evolutionary lineages has yet to be understood. One possible
answer to this is simply that evolutionary diversification is provoked
by environmental diversity, and that some lineages do not encounter the
necessary environmental diversity. Three-spined stickleback on the
Scottish island of North Uist show enormous diversification, which seems
to be associated with the diversity of aquatic habitats. Stickleback on
the neighbouring island of South Uist have not been reported to show the
same level of evolutionary diversity, despite levels of environmental
variation that we might expect to be similar to North Uist. In this
study, we compared patterns of morphological and environmental diversity
on North and South Uist. Ancestral anadromous stickleback from both
islands exhibited similar morphology including size and bony ‘armour’.
Resident stickleback showed significant variation in armour traits in
relation to pH of water. However, North Uist stickleback exhibited
greater diversity of morphological traits than South Uist and this was
associated with greater diversity in pH of the waters of lochs on North
Uist. Highly acidic and highly alkaline freshwater habitats are missing,
or uncommon, on South Uist. Thus, pH appears to act as a causal factor
driving the evolutionary diversification of stickleback in local
adaptation in North and South Uist. This is consistent with
diversification being more associated with ecological constraint than
ecological opportunity.
Improved frequency stability HBT oscillator with temperature compensation technique
Authors: Sun Xiaohong , Yang Yijun , Zhang Xiaodong
Published: May 2022

Here, we describe a heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT)
voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) showing extremely low frequency
drift with temperature using a compensation capacitor CCO across the
base-collector electrodes. CCO has a 5~10 times value of
junction capacitor and it efficiently shields resonance frequency
stability from junction capacitance fluctuation with temperature. Taking
advantage of the added capacitor CCO, we can use smaller capacitors to
implement the Clapp-like structure oscillator with a compact layout.
Fabricated with 2μm GaAs HBT technology, the oscillator achieves a
frequency drift rate < 0.6MHz/℃ and >8dBm output
power in 2.5-7.2GHz output frequency band. Excellent 2nd harmonics
suppression <-30dBc and superior phase noise of
-87dBc/Hz@10KHz and -105dBc/Hz@100KHz are observed at room temperature.
Uso de adrenalina en el tratamiento de la hematuria persistente
Authors: Escribano-Castillo Rubén , González Beneyto Verónica , López-Bas Valero Rafael
Published: April 2022

La hematuria persistente es un signo habitual en los cuidados paliativos cuyo tratamiento sigue siendo un desafío. En este caso, la hematuria se presentó en una paciente de 78 años anticoagulada en el contexto de una fractura iliopúbica que se complicó con trombosis venosa profunda y tromboembolismo pulmonar. Para el tratamiento, se optó en un primer momento por lavados vesicales continuos con suero fisiológico. Dada la persistencia de la hematuria y la agudización de la anemia, se decidió añadir a los lavados con suero una ampolla de adrenalina. La paciente presentó buena tolerancia hemodinámica al tratamiento con adrenalina y mostró una mejoría clínica significativa, lo que permitió retirar la adrenalina y añadir a los lavados con suero ácido tranexámico (no realizado antes por el riesgo de obstrucción de la sonda por coágulos). Tras dos días con orina de aspecto claro se retiraron los lavados continuos.
Mejora de la calidad de vida de un paciente domiciliario de 76 años tras 38 cambios de medicación con la ayuda de un Sistema Personalizado de Dosificación: Un caso de Atención Farmacéutica Domiciliaria (SPD)
Authors: Domingo-Pueyo Andrea , Campos-Martínez Beatriz
Published: April 2022

Resumen

El paciente domiciliario de 76 años acude a la farmacia sita en Alfaz del Pi (Alicante) a retirar su medicación. Durante el acto de dispensación y tras observar la amplia farmacoterapia, se le ofrece formar parte del Servicio de Sistema Personalizado de Dosificación (SPD).

Durante los 11 meses que el paciente domiciliario forma parte del Servicio, el médico le modifica 38 veces el tratamiento. Con la ayuda del SPD, el paciente ha aumentado la adherencia a su amplia polifarmacia y consecuentemente ha mejorado su calidad de vida y disminuir el número de comprimidos diarios.

Con la participación del farmacéutico en el Sistema de Salud a través de los SPD, se consigue por un lado evitar los posibles problemas relacionados con la medicación, evitar los resultados negativos asociados a la misma, mejorar la salud del paciente al aumentar la adherencia a los tratamientos y consecuentemente suponer un ahorro económico a la Sanidad Nacional.

Palabras clave: Servicio de salud a domicilio; Servicios comunitarios de farmacia; Polifarmacia; Calidad de vida; Cumplimiento y adherencia al tratamiento; Sistema Personalizado de Dosificación
Paedomorphic Blotched Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma mavortium melanostictum) in ovo counts, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Ashpole Sara , Nati Marissa
Published: April 2022

Reproductively mature larval morphs, known as paedogens, are a rare occurrence in Blotched Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma mavortium melanostictum). The Southern Mountain population of this subspecies, confined to the southern interior of British Columbia, is listed federally as Endangered and has been facing increasing pressures from anthropogenic stressors in both their aquatic and terrestrial landscapes. In 2017, we examined a subset of 36 frozen Blotched Tiger Salamander paedogens collected in September 1985 after rotenone treatment in preparation for a recreational fishery near Oliver, British Columbia. We estimated total in ovo numbers in nine gravid individuals to gain insight into paedogen reproductive condition. The number of eggs per individual averaged 227 ± 109 [SD]; range 28–421), with larger dark eggs accounting for 133 ± 69 and smaller pale eggs (possibly follicles or colour may be an artifact of storage) accounting for 94 ± 49. Salamanders were collected in September after the expected egg-laying period for the terrestrial form (early spring); thus, the reproductive stage of the eggs is unclear, but is assumed to be post-breeding and representative of developing eggs and follicles. Canadian data on in ovo counts within the body cavity have not been reported for Blotched Tiger Salamander paedogens and our study provides valuable information on the reproductive condition of paedogens. Although terrestrial forms have been observed, the presence of paedogens in the treated wetland has yet to be detected.
Another mention of Meadow Vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) found in pellets of Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus) in northern Ungava Peninsula, Canada
Authors: Arbez Louis , Royer Aurélien , Therrien Jean-François , Montuire Sophie
Published: April 2022

The examination of raptor pellets can be used to evaluate Arctic biodiversity. We found the remains of Meadow Vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) and Ungava Collared Lemming (Dicrostonyx hudsonius) in pellets from Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus) nesting in the northern part of the Ungava Peninsula. We differentiated the two species by visual identification and geometric morphometric analysis of molar shape. The results of our study combined with historical data suggest that most commonly used range maps of Meadow Vole should be revised.
Gimme shelter: anthropogenic structures as resting sites for American Marten (Martes americana)
Authors: Jung Thomas , Slough Brian
Published: April 2022

Several species of martens (Martes spp.) are reported to use buildings as resting or den sites. However, such behaviour has not been attributed to American Marten (Martes americana). We report American Marten using occupied buildings and evidence of suspected use of an abandoned cabin, as resting sites in southern Yukon, Canada. These observations further highlight the behavioural flexibility of North American species of Martes with regard to using novel structures as resting sites.
Personal Names in the Hebrew Bible with Second-Millennium B.C. Antecedents
Authors: HESS RICHARD S.
Published: April 2022

Recent studies in the phonemic representations of ancient Near Eastern languages in cuneiform and Hebrew, as well as the growing inventory of these names, have resulted in the need to revisit claims for and against the presence of personal names and name elements of the second millennium B.C. as thought to occur in Biblical Hebrew sources. Using the non-Israelite personal names in the biblical book book of Joshua as a test case, I will argue that some names previously thought to be attested no later than the second millennium now can be found in first-millennium sources as well. On the other hand, new evidence will also confirm that several personal names remain unattested in later sources but demonstrate more widespread appearance in the second-millennium B.C. sources than earlier evidence had formerly suggested. This study will make use of recent publications of Hurrian and Anatolian texts and names, as well as research on the phonemic representation of these languages in a West Semitic script such as Hebrew, which is not commonly used for the language. Conclusions regarding names and their sources provide important evidence (1) for dating onomastic sources in the earliest traditions that may lie behind the biblical text, and (2) for evidence of the presence of north Syrian cultural influence in the southern Levant during the Early Iron Age.
The Use of Tradition-Material in the Epistle of Jude
Authors: CHARLES J. DARYL
Published: April 2022

The history of the interpretation of Jude, broadly speaking, is one of omission or misunderstanding. Most commentary on the epistle over the last hundred years, while being highly derivative in nature, has lacked thoughtful inquiry. One factor that has discouraged serious study is the writer's use of OT and extrabiblical tradition-material. Surviving Jewish literature from the last two centuries B.C. and first century A.D. is decisive in helping to explain the religious thought-world reflected in the NT. This is particularly the case in Jude. The use of Jewish tradition-material in the epistle invites the reader to give attention to the writer's exegetical methodology— a methodology owing to a distinctly Palestinian Jewish-Christian cultural milieu. In Jude, significant theological truth is wrapped in literary arguments of the day. Literary sources, all part of a well-calculated literary strategy, are marshalled for the purpose of addressing urgent pastoral need. Lessons from the past bear forcefully on the present as a means of admonishing the Christian community.
Diachronic Analysis and the Features of Late Biblical Hebrew
Authors: ROOKER MARK F.
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence for the existence of a later linguistic strand within the Hebrew Bible known as late biblical Hebrew. After surveying the history and methodology of the diachronic study of the Hebrew language, I examine orthographic, morphological, and syntactical evidence, which demonstrates a linguistic shift from the preexilic to the postexilic period. I demonstrate how these same late biblical features of the postexilic period became commonplace in Rabbinic Hebrew and in the Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls. I discuss the different views regarding the reasons biblical Hebrew experienced linguistic change and argue that the events of the Babylonian exile contain all the components linguists regard as necessary to account for language change. An appendix is provided which contrasts the fourteen accepted features of late biblical Hebrew with their early biblical Hebrew counterparts.
Cry of Dereliction or Cry of Judgment? Mark 15:34 in Context
Authors: SCHMIDT THOMAS E.
Published: April 2022

The trinitarian theological implications of Jesus' cry from the cross have sidetracked scholars from the context. The theme of judgment against the Jews is strong in the surrounding verses, and the Gospel repeatedly follows rejection on the part of the Jews with reception on the part of Gentiles. Psalm 22, to which allusion is common elsewhere in chapter 15, expresses judgment issuing in universality. The centurion confirms this, functioning as a symbolic recipient of the gospel following the judgment sign of the veil-rending. In the cry from the cross, Jesus the sufferer prophesies as the representative of the Jews, pronouncing their rejection and the hope of the gospel for all people.
The Globalization of Biblical Interpretation: A Test Case—John 3–4
Authors: BLOMBERG CRAIG L.
Published: April 2022

The globalization of hermeneutics has generated recent, intense debate. One useful definition views it as the process of asking new questions of the text, particularly in light of the experiences of marginalization of a large percentage of the world's population. John 3–4 and its dialogues between Jesus and the contrasting characters of Nicodemus and the Samaritan woman offer a fruitful test case of this process. Striking inversions of contemporary expectations about their roles result. Interesting answers emerge from raising questions of liberation theology, feminism, politics and religious pluralism. Metacriticism, however, must move us beyond these more parochial, though often overlooked, concerns. Ultimately John subordinates both characters to his focus on the significance of Jesus.
4Q246
Authors: COOK EDWARD M.
Published: April 2022

The Aramaic text 4Q246 (the "son of God" text) is recognized as a document of first-rate importance, but scholars have not been able to agree on its interpretation. The present study offers new readings, translation, and commentary, and suggests that a proper understanding of the fragment's internal poetic structure and of its affinity to the Akkadian prophecies leads to the conclusion that the text represents the "son of God" as a negative figure. The probable historical background of 4Q246 is the Seleucid period, especially the struggle against Antiochus IV Epiphanes.
The Seventh Johannine Sign: A Study in John's Christology
Authors: KÖSTENBERGER ANDREAS J.
Published: April 2022

A proper identification of the Johannine signs significantly sharpens one's grasp of John's Christology. While there is substantial agreement regarding six signs, no consensus has yet been achieved regarding possible further signs in John. After an exploration of the "signs" concept in the OT, three criteria for Johannine signs are established, resulting in a working definition. These preliminary considerations then function as parameters in the search for potential additional signs in the Fourth Gospel. The essay concludes with a brief discussion of the implications of the study's findings for the structure of John's Gospel.
Pauline Authorship and the Pastoral Epistles: Implications for Canon
Authors: PORTER STANLEY E.
Published: April 2022

The question of authorship usually dominates discussions of the states of the Pastoral Epistles in the New Testament canon. A number of factors have often been suggested as important to consider: chronology, epistolary format, style, content, and theology. This paper's concern is not ultimately to adjudicate the issue of authorship, but to examine some of the evidence, and then to raise some questions regarding canon that are suggested by the conclusions.
The "Moveable Well" in 1 Cor 10:4: An Extrabiblical Tradition in an Apostolic Text
Authors: ENNS PETER E.
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this study is to explore the presence and implications of a Jewish exegetical tradition in Paul's appeal to the exodus/wilderness episode in 1 Cor 10:4. The goal is threefold: (1) to establish that 1 Cor 10:4 is in fact an example of a ubiquitous exegetical tradition that understood the rock in the desert (Exodus 17; Numbers 20–21) as being in some sense mobile: it "followed" the Israelites; (2) to explore briefly the exegetical process that gave rise to this tradition; and (3) to explore some of the implications raised by the presence of this tradition in Paul's letter, specifically concerning the nature of inspiration and scriptural authority, and to offer a time-honored suggestion toward a solution.
Pauline Authorship and the Pastoral Epistles: A Response to R. W. Wall's Response
Authors: PORTER STANLEY E.
Published: April 2022

Robert Wall and I clearly disagree regarding the priority of historical and theological criteria that determined the final canonical shape of the New Testament. Wall, while recognizing that my approach is historical, essentially brackets out such concerns and pursues theological issues. I, on the other hand, believe that theological issues then and now have played too large a role in the issue of canon, and consequently believe that historical criteria must take priority. This is necessary in order to ensure that theological conclusions are grounded in historical reality.
Blessing the Nations: Toward a Biblical Theology of Mission from Genesis
Authors: CARROLL R. M. DANIEL
Published: April 2022

A number of different themes from the OT have been utilized in standard missiological literature to establish God's concern for humanity. This essay proposes the consideration of the blessing theme in the book of Genesis as a helpful starting point for the elaboration of an OT theology of mission. This theme is traced throughout Genesis in order to underline that a comprehensive vision of the mission of the people of God in a fallen world should include material, spiritual, and character formation dimensions.
Dissonant Prophecy in Ezekiel 26 and 29
Authors: ULRICH DEAN
Published: April 2022

Ezek 26:1–21 and 29:17–21 present a formidable challenge to the deuteronomic criterion for a true prophet. In the former passage Ezekiel predicted that Nebuchadnezzar's army would conquer Tyre and plunder its wealth. In the latter passage, written 16 years later, Ezekiel admitted that Nebuchadnezzar's army obtained no plunder from its campaign against Tyre. He issued a corrective prophecy that promised Egyptian booty as a consolation. For the most part scholarship has considered the historical problem the key to the first prophecy. Whereas some interpreters appeal to multiple historical fulfillments, others allow the evidence to impugn Ezekiel's integrity. By appealing to the function of mythological imagery in Ezekiel's oracles against the nations, this article proposes an alternate approach to the impasse.
An Analysis of Isaiah 40:1–11 (17)
Authors: EDDINGER TERRY W.
Published: April 2022

Isa 40:1–11 is a passage filled with ambiguity of language but containing a high degree of order in form. This article presents a poetic, structural analysis of the pericope, examining critical issues such as parallelism, double entendre, meter, word/syllable count, and so on. It also contains a discussion of the setting of the text, including the commonly held position that the passage is a call narrative in a heavenly council meeting. The passage is divided into four strophes, each one discussed separately.
Job's Advocate: A Tempting Suggestion
Authors: OBLATH MICHAEL D.
Published: April 2022

An analysis of the Advocate Passages in the book of Job indicates that Satan may be proposed as that advocate. This, in turn, opens the door to another look at the prologue of this text. With an analysis of the roll Satan plays in Yahweh's heavenly court, a different translation is proposed for Job 1:5, 11, and 2:5, rendering the root ברך as "blessing" rather than the euphemistic "curse." The resulting revision of the relationship between Yahweh and Satan also leads to an interpretation of Job as a human at the mercy of an indifferent God and world.
נתן נפשׁוֹ: Paradigms of Self-Sacrifice in Early Judaism and Christianity
Authors: PHILLIPS ELAINE A.
Published: April 2022

Mekilta de Rabbi Ishmael presents Moses and David as key figures whose willingness to sacrifice themselves on behalf of Torah, Israel, the Temple, and justice was exemplary. Attaching their names to these symbols ensured memory and continuity in the face of difficult circumstances. The Sages further suggested that being faithful meant all Israelites' willingness likewise to give themselves. This may have been a subtle response to the Christian communities who were appropriating the symbols of Torah associated with the redemptive process.
The Prophetic Speeches in Chronicles: Speculation, Revelation, and Ancient Historiography
Authors: SPARKS KENT
Published: April 2022

Scholars have for some time recognized that the Chronicler's prophetic speeches are his own compositions rather than materials that he has culled from source materials. The fictive nature of these speeches raises important questions regarding both the nature of Hebrew historiography and also the nature of the Chronicler's work as scripture. When the Chronicler's use of speeches is compared to a similar use of speeches in Greek historiography, it becomes clear that his fictive contributions to the history are a legitimate means to bring his theological Tendenz to bear on the narrative. A close reading of the speeches also shows that their theology has been exegetically derived from the Chronicler's canonical texts.
Jechoniah and His Brothers (Matthew 1:11)
Authors: NOLLAND JOHN
Published: April 2022

Matthew directs his reader's engagement with the genealogy he provides by means of framing materials and the use of internal annotation. The omission of three generations of kings from the genealogical list (1:8) and the confusions involved in identifying Josiah as father of Jechoniah and his brothers (v. 11) can be shown to have a similar annotative role: by careful manipulation of the traditions available to him Matthew is able to use these apparent abberations not only to achieve his fourteen generations schema, but also to evoke significant elements in the history of the period covered by his genealogy.
Big Dreams and Broken Promises: Solomon's Treaty with Hiram in Its International Context
Authors: MOORE MICHAEL S.
Published: April 2022

Opinions remain divided over whether the Hebrew term běrît in 1 Kgs 5:12 refers to a preexilic idea rooted in Israel's past or a postexilic idea reformulating Israel's past. Both positions harbor elements of truth, yet the repeated occurrence of the words kittu ("treaty"), raḫâmu ("love"), aḫḫûtu ("brotherhood"), māmītu ("oath-treaty"), and epēšu šulmu ("make peace") in the Amarna Letters implies an entire history of covenant-making prior to Solomon's treaty with Hiram. To imagine this relationship as having no history prior to the fifth century B.C. is to deny the witness of history itself, particularly as evidenced in the Amarna texts.
Monotheism, Polytheism, Monolatry, or Henotheism? Toward an Assessment of Divine Plurality in the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Heiser Michael S.
Published: April 2022

Israel's view of God and his relationship to other divine beings in the Hebrew Bible has long been the subject of scholarly debate. The dominant critical consensus since the late nineteenth century holds that Israel's faith evolved from polytheism or henotheism to monotheism. Passages in the Hebrew Bible that assume the existence of other gods are compared to other passages that put forth the declaration that "there are no other gods besides" the God of Israel as proof of this view. Other scholars who reject this evolutionary paradigm tend to assume passages evincing divine plurality actually speak of human beings, or that the other gods are merely idols. This view insists that "monotheism" must mean that the existence of other gods is denied. Both views are problematic and fall short of doing justice to the full description of Israel's view of God and the heavenly host in the Hebrew Bible. This article overviews the difficulties of each view and offers a coherent alternative.
Discerning Corinthian Slogans through Paul's Use of the Diatribe in 1 Corinthians 6:12–20
Authors: BURK DENNY
Published: April 2022

Commentators continue to disagree over the presence of Corinthian slogans in 1 Cor 6:12–20. Yet the context and form of 6:12–20 suggest that at least some of these words should be read as interjections from real Corinthian interlocutors. In order to verify this thesis, I argue for (1) the presence of diatribal features in 6:12–20 and (2) the features that indicate that Paul has made a special adaptation of the diatribal form to address real Corinthian interlocutors. The structure of Paul's diatribe suggests the presence of Corinthian slogans in vv. 12, 13, and 18.
Jesus' Supposed Blasphemy (Mark 14:61b–64)
Authors: Gundry Robert H.
Published: April 2022

Historically, Jesus' supposed blasphemy before the Sanhedrin consisted in the claim that he would sit at God's right hand and come with the clouds of heaven, a divine mode of transport. Though replaced with "the Power" in public reporting, "Yahweh" in Jesus' actual quotation of Ps 110:1 made the supposed blasphemy deserving of death in agreement with m. Sanh. 7:5.
On the Meaning of זעקת מושל in Qohelet 9:17b
Authors: PINKER ARON
Published: April 2022

In this article, I suggest that זַעֲקַת מוֹשֵל is a metaphoric idiom derived from the loud shouts requesting a supplicant's recognition in a ruler's public appearance. Consequently, זַעֲקַת מוֹשֵל indicates a particular kind of a "loud voice." This meaning establishes a clear and apt contrast between דִּבְרֵי נַחַת and זַעֲקַת מוֹשֵל, and between תֲכָמִים and כְּסִילִים in the two cola of Qoh 9:17.
Ethical Rhetoric and Divine Power: Reflections on Matthew 10:17–20 (and Parallels)
Authors: CHASE KENNETH R.
Published: April 2022

Appearing four times in the Synoptics, Jesus' warning to his disciples that they will be coerced into a witness involves a command not to worry about what to say and a promise of divine assistance. This is direct instruction about rhetorical practice, yet few scholars have made explicit the connection between Jesus' logion and the broader range of Christian strategic communication. By considering the communication assumptions embedded in Jesus' command and promise, I uncover how time and power can serve as coordinates for an ethic of Christian rhetoric. These directly affect how a disciple is to conceptualize normatively the strategic preparation and presentation of the gospel.
A Farewell to Arms: Goliath's Death as Rhetoric against Faith in Arms
Authors: WONG GREGORY T. K.
Published: April 2022

In a 1978 article, Deem proposes to read מצחו in 1 Sam 17:49 as "his greave" rather than "his forehead," thereby asserting that it was not Goliath's forehead but one of his greaves that David's stone hit. This article attempts to lend further support to that view by focusing on the rhetorical function of specific pieces of armament first cited in 17:5–7 and subsequently allowed to recur within the narrative. In light of the narrative's prevailing overall rhetoric against a faith in arms, it will be argued that there is every indication that the author/redactor has crafted his narrative intending מצחו in 17:49 to be referring to one of Goliath's greaves rather than his forehead.
The Human Ideal, the Problem of Evil, and Moral Responsibility in 4 Maccabees
Authors: DESILVA DAVID A.
Published: April 2022

Though lying outside the Jewish and Christian canons, 4 Maccabees raises questions fundamental to what it means to be moral beings in relationship to a holy God and thus addresses questions of primary importance for ethics and theology. What does it mean to be fully human? Where is God, and what is the proper human response, in the midst of the experience of evil? What role do convictions about life beyond death play in the confrontation of evil in human experience? 4 Maccabees promotes a view of the human being and a set of convictions concerning death and the life beyond that nurture moral accountability beyond self-preservation and self-interest. These convictions free the individual from the domination of these drives for other-centered moral actions–empowering one to resist inducements to perpetrate evil or cooperate with evil–that give us life, in a sense, beyond ourselves.
The First Glimpse of Saul and His Subsequent Transformation
Authors: HAWKINS RALPH K.
Published: April 2022

Many recent studies of Saul have understood him as a tragic figure whose story was shaped by Dtr in a way that emphasizes his failures in order to provide a backdrop for David's rise. This paper examines select elements related to Saul's character and transformation within 1 Samuel 9:1–10:16. It seeks to make the case that, even after having reshaped his sources, Dtr did not eliminate the affirmative dimensions of Saul's character, but retained them in 1 Samuel in its current form.
Rewriting Prophets in the Corinthian Correspondence: A Window on Paul's Hermeneutic
Authors: Stark J. David
Published: April 2022

Recent discussions of "rewritten Bible" have largely focused on generic characteristics that might define and hold together usefully a certain body of Jewish literature. But more profitable is a characterization of rewritten Bible that stresses the hermeneutical process that has produced a given "rewriting" of a biblical text. When appreciated, this way of considering rewritten Bible also provides a firmer basis for connecting these documents with Paul's letters and elucidating these letters' hermeneutics. For example, juxtaposing 1 Cor 1:31 and 2 Cor 10:17 with L.A.B. 50:2 and Tg. Neb. Jer 9:22–23 highlights the Corinthian letters' transformation of 1 Kgdms 2:10 and Jer 9:23 (MT, OG; English: v. 24) within the world-restructuring narrative of יהוה's acts in Jesus.
Authority and Motivation in the Apocalypse of John
Authors: STEWART ALEXANDER E.
Published: April 2022

This study explores how John constructs and utilizes authority in the Apocalypse to support his motivational argumentation. Four mutually reinforcing levels of authority support John's rhetorical goals: God's authority over the entire cosmos and the unfolding of human history; Christ's authority over the churches and the kingdoms of the world; John's authority as a Christian prophet through whom Christ was speaking to his church; and the derivative authority of the Apocalypse itself as a self-attested inspired text. These four levels of authority interact to increase the motivational power of the Apocalypse among hearers who share John's early Christian world view.
Reassessing the Origins of Deuteronomic Prophecy: Early Moses Traditions in Deuteronomy 18:15–22
Authors: ATKINS J. D.
Published: April 2022

The prophet like Moses in Deut 18:15–18 and the test of the false prophet in Deut 18:21–22 are often judged to be exilic (or postexilic) insertions that retrospectively redefine prophecy in response to a crisis in prophecy that arose during the final years of the Judean monarchy. Against this standard critical reconstruction, this article argues that the ideas recorded in Deut 18:15–22 are rooted in earlier traditions about Moses and prophecy, and therefore, that the passage is better characterized as a compilation and formalization of early traditions than as a late innovation or redefinition of prophecy. Arguments for a preexilic date of composition are also proposed.
Chrysostom and Epiphanius: Long Hair Prohibited as Covering in 1 Corinthians 11:4, 7
Authors: BROWN A. PHILIP
Published: April 2022

Recent surveys of extrabiblical Hellenistic literature by Ben Witherington III and Preston Massey claim that κατὰ κεφαλῆς ἔχων in 1 Cor 11:4 necessarily refers to the wearing of a material head covering. This essay argues (1) that these surveys misread the extrabiblical data, (2) that examples of κóμη as the object of ἔχω highlight the viability of taking κóμη as the implied object of ἔχων in 1 Cor 11:4, (3) that two significant church fathers understood the covering to which Paul refers to be or include κóμη, and (4) that data in the context of 1 Cor 11:2–16 better supports understanding κóμη as the covering Paul has in mind.
Warts and Its Management Through Homoeopathic Constitutional Medicine
Authors:   Department of Practice of Medicine (P.G Section), R.B.T.S Govt. Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital, Muzaffarpur, K Kajal
Published: May 2022

Warts are external manifestations, they represent the internal derangement and are of diagnostic value to us in distinguishing between different stages of the disease and the maism enveloped in the individual. It becomes pertinent to treat warts on constitutional bases rather than viewing them as mere local growths. In this article, I discussed regarding the different types of warts, how Homoeopathy manages such kind of external malady & summary of a case.