bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Schemes for recording nanosecond high-power microwave pulses by detectors on hot carriers
Authors: Klimov A.I.
Published: November 2022

The paper considers two schemes for detecting nanosecond high-power microwave pulses by detectors on hot carriers, with the source of the bias voltage pulse located near the detector and at a distance. The corresponding detector calibration schemes are analyzed.
Influence of voltage pulse polarity on excitation of high-frequency oscillations in a nonlinear transmission line with saturated ferrite
Authors: Priputnev P. , Romanchenko I. , Maltsev S. , Sobyanin R.
Published: November 2022

Experimentally and using numerical simulation the process of excitation of high-frequency oscillations in a nonlinear transmission line with saturated ferrite, depending on the polarity of the incident voltage pulse, was studied. As part of the work, an effect was discovered in which the voltage pulses generated at the output of the transmission line depend on the direction of rotation of the magnetization vector of the ferrite filling. The shape and characteristics of these pulses were studied and compared depending on the polarity of the incident voltage pulse.
Plasma instability in a laser controlled high-voltage switch for RADAN type electron accelerator
Authors: Lipchak A.I. , Volkov N.B. , Barakhvostov S.V. , Chingina E.A. , Turmyshev I.S.
Published: November 2022

The paper presents the results experimental investigation of triggering a high-voltage gas gap by YAG: Nd3+ laser. The gas gap was used as the primary switch of a high-current pulsed e-beam RADAN-type accelerator. The operating regime with the instability and delay time appeared to be minimal was experimentally found. The developed laser controlled switch and the found operating regimes sustain the instability not more than 0.3 ns. The physical mechanisms determining the switch-on delay and the obtained level of instability are discussed. The processes on the ionization wave front seem to be determined mainly both by the absorption/excitation of gas atoms and the effects of a high-field domain proposed. Keywords: laser controlled switch, triggering stability.
Decomposition of SF6 in the plasma medium of an electron beam
Authors: Hongda Li. , Sosnovskiy S. , Pushkarev A. , Sachkov V. , Golovkov N.
Published: November 2022

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is commonly used as an etching/etching-aid gas in fabricating the submicrometer features of modern integrated circuits because it has a higher fluorine content than CF4 but does not undergo polymerization. However, the destruction of SF6 has attracted much interest because of the important environmental issues and the toxicity of sulfur compounds. The results of experimental study of plasmachemical processes which are flowing past at injection of a high-current pulsed electron beam in a mixture of the gases SF6, H2, N2, O2 and Ar are introduced. Effective excitation of vibrational levels of the molecules occurs in the plasma of pulsed electron beam. The studies showed that in the conversion of sulfur hexafluoride plasma the electron beam pulse is realized effect. The parameters of electron beam are the following: electron energy is 400–500 keV, pulse duration at the half-height is 60 ns, frequency rate is up to 5 pulses per second, energy per pulse is up to 200 J. The electron beam is injected to the closed reactor through the anode foil. The isotope effect under the action of a pulsed electron beam on a gas mixture is considered.
Формирование биполярных наносекудных импульсов различной длительности в схеме с одним разрядником
Authors: Ефремов A.М. , Алексеенко В.М.
Published: November 2022

Показана принципиальная возможность формирования биполярных импульсов различной длительности в схеме с одним разрядником. Создан четырехканальный формирователь синхронных биполярных импульсов с амплитудой до 80 кВ, длительностью 1 нс (2 канала) и 2 нс (2 канала) и частотой повторения 100 Гц на нагрузках по 50 Ом. По сравнению с аналогичными формирователями, где каждый канал имеет два разрядника, данный формирователь отличается более стабильными выходными параметрами и простотой настройки схемы.
Study of URT-1M accelerator in submicrosecond operation
Authors: Balezin M.E. , Sokovnin S.Yu. , Gerasimov A.S.
Published: November 2022

The purpose of this work was to investigate the operation of the URT-1M accelerator with a power system without SOS switch. The approaches used in the high-voltage pulse generation system of this accelerator allow generating a pulse with an amplitude of up to 500 kV, a duration of ~450 ns and a supply repetition rate up to 50 pps during discharge of the second circuit capacitor. It was found that in this mode, an accelerator with a metal dielectric cathode works stably at a charging voltage of up to 35kV (accelerating ~350 kV). Further increase of voltage is limited by breakdown of feedthrough vacuum insulator with shielding of dielectric surface.
Nanosecond discharge in atmospheric air in submillimeter gaps in a uniform electric field
Authors: Mesyats G.A. , Vasenina I.V.
Published: November 2022

A nanosecond electric discharge in air in submillimeter gaps at the overvoltages up to 15-fold is under investigation. The initial electric field in such discharges is up to 106 V/cm. This field is sufficient for the electrons that initiate the discharge, as well as those obtained during the discharge, to go into the runaway mode. These electrons are called runaway electrons (RE). REs create plasma in the period 10-9 s. When the plasma density is reached of 104 cm-3, a glow discharge (GD) is initiated. The process of transition of the discharge to the GD mode lasts 10-11 s. During this time, about 5·1010 pieces of runaway electrons are formed, which, falling on the anode, lead to the formation of an X-ray beam. This beam is due to a rapid increase in the plasma density during the discharge. In the GD stage, the electric field between the cathode and the anode is divided into two parts: the cathode layer (CL) and the plasma column. The electric field in the CL exceeds 106 V/cm. At such a field, field emission (FE) from microprotrusions on the cathode surface takes place on the cathode. It leads to the explosive emission of electrons and the formation of a cathode spot and the transition of the discharge to the arc mode.
Influence of a voltage pulse rise time and pressure of air and nitrogen on the parameters of runaway electron beams
Authors: Beloplotov D.V. , Tarasenko V.F. , Sorokin D.A.
Published: November 2022

The generation of runaway electron beams with different high-voltage generators has been studied. The current of runaway electron beams generated during breakdown in air and nitrogen at a pressure range of 25–100 kPa was measured. It has been shown the conditions for electron runaway are easily realized at voltage pulse rise time of up to 200 ns. It has been found that to measure electron beam current at minimum voltages (tens of kilovolts) and a long rise time of the voltage pulse, anodes from a grid with a small cell size should be used. It follows from this work and the results of our previous studies that the generation of a runaway electron initiates the formation of a streamer, the development of which leads to an initial drop in the voltage across the gap.
Characteristics of stationary negative corona discharge in atmospheric air
Authors: Kokovin A.O. , Kozyrev A.V. , Kozhevnikov V.Yu. , Semeniuk N.S.
Published: November 2022

The paper presents a 2D-axisymmetric multi-fluid model of a stationary negative corona discharge in atmospheric-pressure air in the needle-to-plane diode. Discharges with a cathode tip with a curvature radius of 20–200 μm, a gap length of 3–10 mm, and a power source voltage of 5–35 kV were studied. The spatial distribution of the discharge plasma at a current level of 2.2 mA with a gap voltage of 5.8 kV, gap length of 10 mm, tip radius of 100 μm is described in detail. This corona discharge has a glow discharge structure with a subnormal current density of 5 A/cm2.
Dependence of the oscillations frequency in a nonlinear transmission line with saturated ferrite on magnetic fields and line dimensions
Authors: Mutylin O.O. , Priputnev P.V. , Romanchenko I.V. , Tarakanov V.P.
Published: November 2022

In the course of experiments on the excitation of high-frequency oscillations in the nonlinear transmission lines (NLTL) with saturated ferrite, it was shown that the frequency of the excited oscillations in the line depends on the strength of the magnetic fields in which the process of pulsed magnetization reversal of the ferrite filling occurs. It was found that an increase in the frequency of the excited oscillations corresponds to an increase in the azimuthal component of the magnetic field strength, while the frequency decreases with an increase in the strength of the longitudinal magnetic field saturating ferrite. However, to date, it is not possible to determine all the factors that affect the frequencies of excited oscillations in a NLTL, since today there is no analytical model for describing this process that considers non-TEM modes, and experimental study is too expensive. The solution to this problem can be the use of numerical simulation to conduct a numerical experiment on the process of excitation of oscillations in the NLTL. This work is devoted to the determination of the main factors affecting the frequency of excited oscillations in the NLTL with saturated ferrite. The influence of the magnetic field strengths, the coefficient of ferrite transverse filling, and the transverse dimensions of the line on the frequency and efficiency of the excited oscillations was studied.
Электрический взрыв жидкометаллических струй при взаимодействии с плазмой катодного пятна вакуумной дуги
Authors: Уйманов И. , Месяц Г.
Published: November 2022

Разработана двумерная осесимметричная модель развития тепловой и электрогидродинамической неустойчивости в жидкометаллической струе, образующейся на границе катодного кратера. Модель включает в себя описание взаимодействия поверхности струи с плазмой катодного пятна вакуумной дуги в рамках модели бесстолкновительного катодного слоя объемного заряда. Проведен самосогласованный расчет гидродинамики и нагрева струи с учетом поверхностного тока и теплового потока в предположении квадратичного уменьшения концентрации плазмы от границы кратера. Показано, что при концентрациях плазмы на границе кратера Np0 > 8·1019см-3 в струе развивается тепловая неустойчивость, приводящая к нагреву области основания струи до критической температуры. Данный процесс может рассматриваться как механизм инициирования новых ячеек катодного пятна вакуумной дуги на границе кратера.
BRUGADA SYNDROME. PECULARITIES IN CHILDREN
Authors: Федорец Виктор Николаевич , Василенко Владимир Станиславович , Скоробогатова Екатерина Игоревна , Гончар Наталья Олеговна
Published: November 2022

Со времен описания синдрома Бругада (СБ) достигнут заметный прогресс в понимании основных механизмов развития заболевания, в стратификации риска внезапной сердечной смерти и желудочковых аритмий у пациентов с СБ. Синдром Бругада - это наследственный клинико -электрокардиографический аритмический синдром, характеризующийся высоким риском развития желудочковых аритмий, которые, согласно современным данным, являются причиной внезапной сердечной смерти в 4-12 % всех случаев внезапной смерти. Оценка истинной частоты встречаемости CБ в популяции осложняется частым бессимптомным течением данного синдрома. У мужчин СБ встречается в 8-10 раз чаще, чем у женщин. При проведении электрокардиографического исследования у больных с СБ наблюдается характерная ЭКГ-картина с элевацией сегмента ST ЭКГ в правых грудных отведениях. Стратификация риска развития желудочковых аритмий и внезапной сердечной смерти у больных с СБ имеет решающее значение, поскольку от нее зависит тактика лечения пациента. Специфического лечения заболевания не существует, применяют медикаментозную (антиаритмическую) терапию, осуществляют имплантацию кардиовертер -дефибрилляторов, также возможно проведение радиочастотной катетерной абляции. Наиболее частым первичным проявлением СБ у детей является семейный анамнез (47 %), случайные ЭКГ-находки (25 %), обмороки (14 %), аритмии (13 %), внезапная сердечная смерть (1 %).

Since description of Brugada syndrome, noticeable progress has been made in understanding the key mechanisms of the disease, as well as in the diagnosis and stratification of the risk of sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmias in patients with Brugada syndrome (SB). Brugada syndrome is a hereditary clinical -electroсardiographic arrhythmic syndrome characterized by a high risk of developing ventricular arrhythmias, which, according to modern data, are the cause of sudden cardiac death in 4-12 % of all sudden death cases. Assessment of the real frequency of occurrence of SB in the population is complicated by the frequent asymptomatic course of this syndrome. In men, SB occurs 8-10 times more often than in women. When conducting electrocardiography in patients with SB, a characteristic ECG pattern is observed. ST segment elevation in the right chest leads. Risk stratification of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in patients with SB is critical, as it affects the patient’s management. There is no specific treatment for the disease, drug (antiarrhythmic) therapy is used, implantation of cardioverter defibrillators is performed, and radiofrequency catheter ablation is also possible. The most common primary manifestations of SB in children are family history (47 %), accidental ECG findings (25 %), syncope (14 %), arrhythmias (13 %), sudden cardiac death (1 %).
Incidencia de hipercalcemia maligna en carcinoma de pene
Authors: Espinosa Diego E. , Menocal María Florencia , Giménez A. Carolina , Arroyo Elisa M. , Segovia Rodrigo , Arcuri Jorge , Zarbá Juan José
Published: November 2022

El cáncer de pene es una neoplasia maligna poco frecuente en países desarrollados. Su incidencia aumenta sensiblemente en países en vías de desarrollo. La hipercalcemia maligna es la complicación metabólica más frecuente en pacientes oncológicos. Se presenta con mayor frecuencia en cáncer de pulmón, cáncer de mama, mieloma múltiple y cáncer de riñón. No se encuentra en la bibliografía alta incidencia de hipercalcemia en carcinoma escamoso de pene. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, de corte transversal. Los datos se recolectaron de historias clínicas de pacientes atendidos en el Servicio de Oncología del Hospital Centro de Salud Zenón J. Santillán desde enero de 2012 a junio de 2017. De un total de 16 pacientes, 50% (n=8) presentó hipercalcemia maligna; la edad promedio fue 57 años; estadio: I: 12.5% (n=1), III: 75% (n=6), IV: 12.5% (n=1); enfermedad avanzada al momento del diagnóstico: 100% (n=8) ; performance status: II: 12.5% (n=1), III: 27% (n=3), IV: 50% (n=4); hipercalcemia leve 12.5% (n=1), moderada: 37.5% (n=3), grave: 50% (n=4); medidas generales: 100% (n=8); uso de bifosfonatos: 87.5% (n=7); supervivencia media a partir de episodio de hipercalcemia: 1.6 meses; resolución de la hipercalcemia: 87.5%; metástasis óseas: 0%. Se encontró una incidencia significativamente alta de hipercalcemia maligna en pacientes con carcinoma escamoso de pene en nuestro servicio con respecto a lo descripto en la bibliografía, afectando a la mitad de nuestros pacientes, por lo que recomendamos la pesquisa en esta enfermedad para su tratamiento precoz y su utilidad pronóstica.
Pengembangan Sistem Informasi Perpustakaan SMA Kumnamu Berbasis Web
Authors: Robert  , Saludin Muis  , Yohanes Ari Setiawan
Published: November 2022

Pada zaman ini, sistem informasi merupakan suatu hal yang penting untuk sebuah organisasi miliki. Perpustakaan SMA Kumnamu saat ini masih dilakukan secara manual dengan hanya mengandalkan buku besar yang berisikan transaksi peminjaman buku dan pendataan buku serta anggota hanya dilakukan menggunakan Microsoft Excel. Berdasarkan masalah yang dijelaskan, dapat dihasilkan hipotesis bahwa perpustakaan SMA Kumnamu memerlukan sistem informasi yang dapat mengelola seluruh administrasi secara terkomputerisasi agar seluruh transaksi, data buku, dan data anggota dapat tersimpan secara baik dalam database sistem serta untuk melihat perkembangan tingkat literasi siswa/i-nya. Sistem informasi dibangun menggunakan metode Waterfall untuk mendeskripsikan alur penelitian, tahapan untuk merancang sistem menggunakan UML, MySql sebagai database sistem, dan PHP serta HTML untuk bahasa pemrograman, sedangkan metode pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara dan studi literatur.
the Effect of Der and Risk on Stock Return on Consumer Goods Companies
Authors: Pasca Yelsha Dwi
Published: November 2022

Background: In the capital market, the stock price of a company can be used as a measure of whether or not the company's financial performance is good so it can be said that under reasonable and normal conditions, an increase in the financial performance of a company, its share price also increases or increases.
Aim: to find out (1) the effect of the Debt to Equity Ratio on Stock Returns in Consumer Goods Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2016-2019, (2) the effect of Risk on Stock Returns in Consumer Goods Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2016-2019, and (3) the simultaneous effect of Debt to Equity Ratio and Risk on Stock Returns in Consumer Goods Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2016-2019.
Method: This study uses descriptive and verification methods with a quantitative approach.
Findings: Based on hypothesis testing using the t-test, it is concluded that the partial debt to equity ratio has a positive and insignificant effect on stock
returns, while risk has a positive and significant effect on stock returns. Based on the F test, it is concluded that simultaneously debt to equity ratio and risk have a positive and significant effect on stock returns. Several things can be used as input for investors to pay more attention to the analysis of debt to equity and the systematic risk of the shares to be purchased. So that investors can predict and provide an overview of which stocks will provide returns that are in line with investor expectations
Αντιμετωπίζοντας την προσφορά ουσιών: οι εμπειρίες παιδιών προεφηβικής ηλικίας
Authors: McIntosh James , Macdonald Fiona , McKeganey Neil , Χριστοφίλη Τζίνη
Published: November 2022

Στόχοι: Να ερευνηθούν οι τρόποι με τους οποίους παιδιά προεφηβικής ηλικίας αναμένουν και αντιμετωπίζουν την προσφορά των ουσιών. Σχεδιασμός: ποιοτική μελέτη με ημι-δομημένες συνεντεύξεις με μαθητές ηλικίας 10-12 ετών Χώρος: Στις πόλεις Γλασκώβη (Σκωτία) και Νιούκαστλ (Αγγλία) Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο. Συμμετέχοντες: Το δείγμα αποτέλεσαν 216 παιδιά προ-εφηβικής ηλικίας. Σαράντα τρία από αυτά είχαν κάνει χρήση ουσιών σε τουλάχιστον μια περίσταση, σε 42 είχαν προσφερθεί ουσίες αλλά δεν είχαν κάνει χρήση και 131 ούτε είχαν κάνει χρήση ούτε τους είχαν ποτέ προσφερθεί ουσίες. Η πλειοψηφία των αποτελεσμάτων αυτού του άρθρου στηρίζεται στις εμπειρίες των 42 παιδιών που ανέφεραν πώς αρνήθηκαν την προσφορά ουσιών. Ευρήματα: Ενώ τα παιδιά που δεν είχαν ποτέ εκτεθεί στην προσφορά ουσιών εξέφρασαν υψηλό βαθμό εμπιστοσύνης στην ικανότητά τους να αντιμετωπίσουν μια τέτοια περίπτωση, τα παιδιά που είχαν πραγματικά κληθεί να αντιμετωπίσουν τέτοιες προσφορές αντιμετώπισαν πολλές δυσκολίες. Η ευκολία με την οποία μια προσφορά μπορούσε να απορριφθεί φάνηκε να εξαρτάται από δύο βασικούς παράγοντες: αφενός από το άτομο που τους προσέφερε την ουσία και αφετέρου από το περιβάλλον στο οποίο γινόταν. Σύμφωνα με τα λεγόμενα των παιδιών, οι προσφορές από ανθρώπους με τους οποίους υπήρχε στενή σχέση και από ανθρώπους πιεστικούς ή που ενθάρρυναν τη χρήση ήταν ιδιαίτερα δύσκολο να αντιμετωπιστούν. Συμπεράσματα: το άρθρο καταλήγει ότι υπάρχει ανάγκη καλύτερου εφοδιασμού των νέων ανθρώπων με διαπροσωπικές δεξιότητες, τις οποίες θα χρειαστούν για να αντιμετωπίσουν τις διάφορες καταστάσεις προσφοράς ουσιών, που είναι πιθανό να συναντήσουν. Μια ευρεία προσέγγιση ενημέρωσης για τις ουσίες βασισμένη σε δεξιότητες ζωής μπορεί να αποτελεί τον καλύτερο τρόπο αντιμετώπισης τέτοιων καταστάσεων από τους νέους ανθρώπους. Λέξεις κλειδιά: παιδιά, ενημέρωση για τις ουσίες, προσφορά ουσιών, νέοι άνθρωποι.
Οι διαφημίσεις αλκοόλ ενισχύουν τη χρήση αλκοόλ στους εφήβους; Αποτελέσματα από μια μακροχρόνια εκτίμηση
Authors: Ellickson Phyllis L. , Collins Rebecca L. , Hambarsoomians Katrin , McCaffrey Daniel F.
Published: November 2022

Στόχοι: Να διερευνηθεί η σχέση ανάμεσα στη χρήση αλκοόλ από εφήβους και στην έκθεση σε διαφημίσεις για το αλκοόλ, στις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες. Να αξιολογηθεί, εάν η συμμετοχή σε κάποιο πρόγραμμα πρόληψης για τη χρήση αλκοόλ και ναρκωτικών ουσιών μπορεί να μετριάσει αυτή τη σχέση. Σχεδιασμός: Μοντέλα παλινδρόμησης με πολλαπλές μεταβλητές ελέγχου, οι οποίες διερεύνησαν τη σχέση ανάμεσα στην έκθεση των εφήβων σε διαφημίσεις για το αλκοόλ στη δεύτερη τάξη του γυμνασίου και στην κατανάλωση αλκοόλ στην τρίτη τάξη του γυμνασίου, σε δύο ομάδες εφήβων από τη Νότια Ντακότα: (1) μαθητές στην πρώτη τάξη του γυμνασίου που δεν κατανάλωναν αλκοόλ (n= 1206) και (2) μαθητές στην πρώτη τάξη του γυμνασίου που κατανάλωναν αλκοόλ (n= 1905). Διερευνήθηκε η αλληλεπίδραση ανάμεσα στο πρόγραμμα παρέμβασης και στους σημαντικούς παράγοντες πρόβλεψης της χρήσης αλκοόλ που σχετίζονται με τις διαφημίσεις. Χώρος: Σαράντα ένα σχολεία μέσης εκπαίδευσης στην Νότια Ντακότα στις ΗΠΑ. Συμμετέχοντες: Συνολικά 3.111 μαθητές της πρώτης τάξης του γυμνασίου, οι οποίοι ακολουθήθηκαν μέχρι την τρίτη τάξη του γυμνασίου. Μετρήσεις: Διαμορφώθηκαν μεταβλητές, για τα τέσσερα είδη διαφημίσεων αλκοόλ τα οποία προβλήθηκαν στην τηλεόραση, σε μαγαζιά, σε περιοδικά και σε σημεία πώλησης μπύρας. Άλλοι παράγοντες πρόβλεψης που ελέγχθηκαν, περιελάμβαναν τις κοινωνικές επιρροές, τους κοινωνικούς δεσμούς, τις προβληματικές συμπεριφορές, τις αντιλήψεις σχετικά με το αλκοόλ, την έκθεση στην τηλεόραση και τα δημογραφικά χαρακτηριστικά. Ευρήματα: Για τους μαθητές της πρώτης τάξης του γυμνασίου που δεν κατανάλωναν αλκοόλ, η έκθεση σε διαφημίσεις μπύρας σε μαγαζιά και σε σημεία πώλησης μπύρας σε χώρους μουσικών και αθλητικών εκδηλώσεων, προέβλεπε τη συχνότητα κατανάλωσης αλκοόλ στην τρίτη τάξη του γυμνασίου. Αν και η έκθεση σε διαφημίσεις μπύρας στην τηλεόραση είχε σημαντική διμεταβλητή σχέση με τη χρήση αλκοόλ από τους μαθητές της πρώτης τάξης του γυμνασίου που δεν κατανάλωναν αλκοόλ, δεν αποτέλεσε σημαντικό παράγοντα πρόβλεψης για την κατανάλωση αλκοόλ για καμία από τις δύο ομάδες στην ανάλυση των πολλαπλών μεταβλητών. Η συμμετοχή στο πρόγραμμα πρόληψης ALERT Plus περιόρισε τη μελλοντική κατανάλωση αλκοόλ και στις δύο ομάδες και εξουδετέρωσε την επιρροή από την έκθεση σε διαφημίσεις μπύρας σε μαγαζιά. Συμπεράσματα: Οι διάφορες μορφές διαφήμισης του αλκοόλ μπορούν να προβλέψουν την κατανάλωση αλκοόλ από εφήβους. Όσον αφορά ωστόσο το ποιες πηγές θα επικρατήσουν εξαρτάται από την προηγούμενη εμπειρία-σχέση του παιδιού με το αλκοόλ. Τα προγράμματα και οι πολιτικές πρόληψης θα μπορούσαν να βοηθήσουν τα παιδιά να αντιδράσουν στις διαφορετικού τύπου διαφημίσεις αλκοόλ και να περιορίσουν την έκθεση σε αυτές. Λέξεις κλειδιά: υγεία στην εφηβεία, αλκοόλ, μέσα μαζικής ενημέρωσης.
Εγκατάλειψη του σχολείου, χρήση ουσιών και παραβατικότητα
Authors: Παπανδρέου Περικλής , Τουλούμη Γιώτα , Πουλόπουλος Χαράλαμπος
Published: November 2022

Η παρούσα αναδρομική μελέτη αξιοποιεί στοιχεία που προσέφεραν, μέσω συνεντεύξεων, 8.322 χρήστες ψυχοτρόπων ουσιών, οι οποίοι προσέγγισαν τις υπηρεσίες του ΚΕ.Θ.Ε.Α., κατά την οκταετία 1995 – 2002. Στόχος της μελέτης είναι η διερεύνηση του τρόπου με τον οποίο συσχετίζεται η εκπαιδευτική αποτυχία με τη χρήση ψυχοτρόπων ουσιών και την παραβατικότητα. Η σύγκριση μέσω μοντέλων πολλαπλής λογιστικής εξάρτησης αυτών που εγκατέλειψαν πρόωρα το δευτεροβάθμιο σχολείο με αυτούς που απόκτησαν απολυτήριο Λυκείου ανέδειξε σημαντικές διαφοροποιήσεις σε ότι αφορά (α) στο κοινωνιοδημογραφικό υπόβαθρο των δύο ομάδων, (β) τον βαθμό εμπλοκής τους με την παραβατικότητα και (γ) την επικινδυνότητα των πρακτικών χρήσης ναρκωτικών ουσιών. Στην συνέχεια η μελέτη εστιάζει αποκλειστικά σε αυτούς που εγκατέλειψαν πρόωρα το δευτεροβάθμιο σχολείο. Η στατιστική ανάλυση με μοντέλα πολλαπλής γραμμικής παλινδρόμησης προσέφερε τόσο τη δυνατότητα της ταξινομητικής περιγραφής του πληθυσμού, όσο και αυτή της διερεύνησης υποθέσεων σχετικών με την χρονική σειρά εμφάνισης των προβληματικών συμπεριφορών (εγκατάλειψη του σχολείου, χρήση ψυχοτρόπων ουσιών και παραβατικότητα). Αναδείχθηκαν δύο διακριτές υποομάδες και αντίστοιχα μοντέλα κλιμάκωσης της προβληματικής συμπεριφοράς. Για τους χρήστες για τους οποίους ισχύει το πρώτο μοντέλο, ο πειραματισμός με τη χρήση ψυχοτρόπων ουσιών ξεκίνησε σε μικρή ηλικία (13 – 14 ετών) και φαίνεται ότι διαδραμάτισε σημαντικό ρόλο στην διαδικασία απομάκρυνσης τους από το σχολείο. Το δεύτερο μοντέλο αφορά το τμήμα τού υπό εξέταση πληθυσμού στο οποίο ανήκουν όσοι έχουν εγκαταλείψει το δευτεροβάθμιο σχολείο πιθανώς για λόγους που είτε είναι σχετικοί με τις φτωχές σχολικές τους επιδόσεις είτε με τις οικονομικές δυσκολίες της οικογένειας του. Αυτοί φαίνεται ότι άρχισαν χρήση σε σχετικά μεγάλη ηλικία (17 ετών κατά μέσο όρο) και πιθανόν στο πλαίσιο ενός εν γένει παραβατικού τρόπου ζωής. Τα ευρήματα αυτά μπορούν να αξιοποιηθούν για την βελτίωση των πολιτικών πρόληψης τόσο της χρήσης ουσιών όσο και της σχολικής διαρροής. Περαιτέρω μελέτες, κυρίως ποιοτικές, απαιτούνται για την πληρέστερη κατανόηση του χαρακτήρα των διεργασιών που λαμβάνουν χώρα στο σύγχρονο ελληνικό δευτεροβάθμιο σχολείο και οδηγούν σε ενίσχυση των παρεκκλινόντων συμπεριφορών.
Ένα μοντέλο ολιστικής προσέγγισης πρωτογενούς πρόληψης στην πρωτοβάθμια εκπαίδευση. Η εφαρμογή του σε δημοτικό σχολείο της Αθήνας
Authors: Κυρίτση Ιωάννα , Τσιώτρα Σωτηρία
Published: November 2022

Στο παρόν άρθρο, παρουσιάζεται το μοντέλο ολιστικής προσέγγισης πρωτογενούς πρόληψης στο χώρο της Πρωτοβάθμιας Εκπαίδευσης, το οποίο αναπτύχθηκε και υλοποιείται από τον Τομέα Πρόληψης του ΚΕ.Θ.Ε.Α. Είναι ένα πολυεπίπεδο, ολοκληρωμένο πρόγραμμα πρωτογενούς, καθολικής πρόληψης με τελική ομάδα στόχο, παιδιά ηλικίας 6-12 χρονών, το οποίο περιλαμβάνει παρεμβάσεις τόσο σε όλες τις υποομάδες του σχολείου (δάσκαλοι, μαθητές, γονείς), όσο και στο σχολείο ως όλον και ως μέρος της ευρύτερης κοινότητας. Στο παρόν άρθρο αναφέρεται η επιστημολογία, το πλαίσιο, η μεθοδολογία και η στρατηγική που ακολουθείται καθώς και το μακροχρόνιο και συστηματικό πρόγραμμα που σχεδιάστηκε, εφαρμόστηκε, αξιολογήθηκε και βραβεύτηκε από τον διεθνή οργανισμό πρόληψης Mentor Foundation. Αναφέρονται επίσης η μεθοδολογία αξιολόγησής του, καθώς και αποτελέσματα από την αξιολόγηση. Παρατίθενται στοιχεία αξιολόγησης καθώς και προτάσεις.
Urgensi Tafsir Al-Tarbawi dalam Pendidikan
Authors: Nur Muhammad Hafid
Published: November 2022

Mejadi salah satu langkah penting dan juga merupakan terobosan yang dilakukan oleh akademisi keilmuan khususnya dalam bidang pendidikan menuju pendidikan yang benar-benar islami dengan berlandaskan al-Qur’an sebagai pedomannya. Dalam ijtihadnya akdemisi pendidikan dijadikan mata kuliah Tafsir Tarbawi sebagai mata kuliah wajib di setiap jurusan keguruan khususnya di PTIN dan PTIS. Dengan hal tersebut warna pendidikan nampak jelas sudah pendekatan yang dilakukan para akademisi bukanlah langkah yang salah. Disisi lain tafsir tarbawi juga memberikan kesan keteguhan iman dan akhlakul karimah yang tidak diajarkan dalam pendidikan bernuansa barat, maka tafsir tarbawi bisa dikatakan objektif memegang peran ini walaupun bukan merupakan disiplin ilmu sendiri.

Abstract

To be an important step and also a breakthrough made by scientific academics, especially in the field of education, towards a truly Islamic education with the Koran based on as recently. In its ijtihad, education academics is used as a Tarbawi Tafsir course as a compulsory subject in every teacher training department, especially in PTIN and PTIS. With this, the color of education seems that the approach taken by academics is clearly the wrong step. On the other hand the tarbawi interpretation also gives the impression of the firmness of faith and morals that do not teach in western-style education, so the tarbawi interpretation can be said to be objective in holding this role even though it is not a discipline in itself.
Sukses Kepemimpinan dalam Pandangan Alquran
Authors: Suwarno Suwarno
Published: November 2022

Abstrak

Setiap bangsa dan negara menghendaki kemajuan dan kesejahteraan, demikian juga Indonesia yang saat ini Indonesia menjadi Negara yang paling banyak terpapar di kawasan Asia Tenggara dengan jumlah 311.176  kasus positif pertanggal 06 Oktober 2020, Indonesia sebagai Negara yang penduduknya mayoritas beragama islam dengan Al Quran sebagai kitab suci sangat perlu dan dituntut untuk mendalami nilai-nilai luhur yang diajarkan Alquran, terutama untuk para pemimpin dan calon pemimpin. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa sukses kepemimpinan berdasarkan Al-Qur’an terdiri kedalam jika mau belajar dengan terhadap nilai-nilai ibadah yang diajarkan Alquran yang terdiri dari sholat yang mengajarkan kedisiplinan, puasa yang mengajarkan jiwa amanah, zakat yang mengajarakan kepedulian, dan haji yang mengajarkan totalitas dan dalam pengorbanan.

Abstract

Every nation and country wants progress and prosperity, as well as Indonesia, which is currently the most exposed country in the Southeast Asia region with a total of 311,176 positive cases as of October 6, 2020, Indonesia as a country with a majority Muslim population with the Al-Quran as the holy book it is very necessary and required to deepen the noble values ??taught by the Koran, especially for leaders and prospective leaders. The results of this study indicate that successful leadership based on the Qur'an consists in learning the values ??of worship taught by the Koran which consists of prayer that teaches discipline, fasting that teaches the spirit of trust, zakat which teaches caring, and hajj that teaches totality and in sacrifice.
MANFAAT TUMBUHAN DALAM AL QUR’AN BAGI KESEHATAN (PENDEKATAN TAFSIR ‘ILMI)
Authors: Rifaannudin Mahmud , Hibban Muhammad faishal
Published: November 2022

Al Quran bukanlah sebuah kitab ilmiah akan tetapi di dalam nya memberikan  Ilmu pengetahuan, Fadl Rahman di dalam buku nya mengukapkan bahwa alam semesta dan semua proses kauniyahnya adalah tanda tanda (ayat) atau bukti terpenting dari penciptaan Allah, Semua yang tercipta di dunia ini mempunyai manfaat bagi manusia begitu pula dengan Tumbuh tumbuhan Karena tumbuhan dianggap sebagai sumber sebagian besar makanan yang dimakan manusia untuk kesehatan sedangkan pada zaman ini masalah kesehatan menjadi semakin menakutkan. Dalam berbagai literatur dan fakta menunjukan bahwa tinginya tingkat kerentanan manusia terhadap penyakit Untuk mengurai permasalahan di atas penulis menggunakan metode deskriptif dan Analisis dan pengumpulan data dari perpustakaan dengan metode kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini: Mentimun untuk Kesehatn kulit. Bawang putih untuk mencegah flu dan penyakit jantung. Bawang merah untuk mengurangi kadar gula. Kacang kacangan untuk menjaga kesehatan pencernaan. Jahe untuk menyembuhkan sembelit dan menghangatkan tubuh. Bidara untuk mengurangi cidera hati dan penvernaan. Zaitun untuk mencegah penyakit jantung. Anggur untuk memperlancar peredaran darah Delima untuk kesehatan empedu. Dan tin untuk mengobati sakit perut.
Divinator: A Visual Studio Code Extension to Source Code Summarization
Authors: Durelli Rafael S. , Durelli Vinicius H. S. , Bettio Raphael W. , Dias Diego R. C. , Goldman Alfredo
Published: November 2022

Software developers spend a substantial amount of time reading and understanding code. Research has shown that code comprehension tasks can be expedited by reading the available documentation. However, documentation is expensive to generate and maintain, so the available documentation is often missing or outdated. Thus, automated generation of brief natural language descriptions for source code is desirable and has the potential to play a key role in source code comprehension and development. In particular, recent advances in deep learning have led to sophisticated summary generation techniques. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, no study has fully integrated a state-of-the-art code summarization technique into an integrated development environment (IDE). In hopes of filling this gap, we developed a VS Code extension that allows developers to take advantage of state-of-the-art code summarization from within the IDE. This paper describes Divinator, our IDE-integrated tool for source code summarization.
Exploring Pull Requests in Code Samples
Authors: Melo Matheus , Menezes Gabriel , Cafeo Bruno
Published: November 2022

The interaction between organizations and their clients (actors) around a common platform can be studied as Software Ecosystem (SECO). Code samples are software projects made available by organizations to help their clients in the learning process of the features from their platforms. In this context, actors’ interactions are important to keep a healthy SECO. Pull requests can be a tool to facilitate these interactions. In this study, we explore the contributions of code sample clients through pull requests. In addition, we assess the distribution of review activity between code sample maintainers. As result, we found that majority of pull requests are reviewed and accepted. Also, accepted pull requests take less time to be reviewed. Finally, few maintainers are responsible to review them.
Empirical investigation of the influence of continuous integration bad practices on software quality
Authors: Silva Ruben Blenicio Tavares , Bezerra Carla
Published: November 2022

Continuous Integration (CI) is a powerful tool to leverage software development in a safe, reliable, and efficient way. However, in day-to-day of software development, bad habits can arise in working with CI, which can make CI not reach its full potential in projects. These bad habits we call CI bad practices. This paper presented an exploratory study on closed-source projects to investigate how CI bad practices can affect software quality. We observe (1) the impact on the quality internal attributes after the implantation of CI, (2) the evolution of software quality indicators over time, and (3) the bad practices considered most harmful to the software quality by the development teams. Our results mean that projects affected by CI bad practices will not necessarily have their quality impaired. However, this does not mean that quality will be maintained or improved over time. Our analysis of the quality indicators has allowed us to observe that, generally, they have remained stable, and the number of quality issues reported has not decreased considerably either. Finally, the quality indicator most affected by the CI bad practices was maintainability, followed by reliability and security. In addition, the vast majority of the bad practices analyzed were classified as having a medium level of effort for resolution. In this sense, we also classify bad practices according to the level of effort/impact on the quality that can help prioritize their resolution.
Aulas inclusivas: práctica pedagógica de los profesores que favorecen la atención a la diversidad
Authors: Calderón Guerrero Sandra Inés , Gordillo Bernal Magdaly , Martinez Rojas Francy Yulieth , Sora Garcia Ana Carolina
Published: November 2022

El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar la práctica pedagógica de los profesores que favorece la educación inclusiva y contribuye a la atención de la diversidad. Desde el enfoque cualitativo se realizó un estudio de caso instrumental, con la participación de profesores, estudiantes y padres de familia de los grados tercero y cuarto de primaria de cuatro instituciones educativas distritales. Para la recolección de la información se usaron encuestas, grupos focales y observación. Se encontró que a pesar de mantener una práctica pedagógica homogeneizarte, se detectan acciones que están a favor de la diversidad. Se puede decir entonces, que la práctica pedagógica de los docentes se caracteriza por acciones que van encaminadas a reconocer las particularidades de los estudiantes; pero, aún están presentes prácticas homogeneizantes. Basados en los hallazgos encontrados, se dió paso a un nuevo trabajo investigativo, liderado por la investigadora Sandra Inés Calderón denominada “Didáctica para el desarrollo humano, en la práctica pedagógica de la educación en diversidad” (Calderón, 2019), cuyo objetivo fue fundamentar una didáctica para el desarrollo humano, definiendo los conceptos de práctica pedagógica, educación inclusiva, atención a la diversidad, didáctica y desarrollo humano.
Mapping Dream and Favourite Destinations’ Perceptions: The Indian Tourists’ Brands Spatial Scales
Authors: Dias Francisco , Sawant Madhuri , Cardoso Lucília , Saraswati Arvind Kumar
Published: November 2022

Understanding the perceptions of tourists is a key element for predicting their behavior and providing them the tourist experiences that are part of their expectations. This study aims to assess destination preferences of Indian tourists, using a new methodological approach to investigate the brand equity of tourism destinations competing in the globalized world. Using the top-of-mind approach, respondents (N = 697 Indian citizens) were asked through an online questionnaire to inform their “dream destinations” (destination they did not visit yet but they desire to visit in the near future) and their “favorite destinations” (destination they have visited and liked the most). Results confirmed both study hypotheses: (1) “dream destinations” are mostly located far away from India; (2) “favorite destinations” are mostly domestic or located in the neighboring countries. Furthermore, the study shows that local (municipal) scale is more frequently used to categorize destinations related to the following motivations: ecotourism, cultural, rural, mountain, creative tourism, city tourism, and shopping tourism; but sun and sea is more frequently framed by regional scale; however, the country scale is more frequently used to designate dream destinations as well as wellness tourism destinations. Finally, the study delivers useful managerial insights, particularly for DMO aiming to attract repeat Indian tourists.
Major Factors Affecting Employee Turnover in the Tourism Industry: With Special Reference to Travel Agencies and Tour Operators of Pune City
Authors: Sawant Madhuri , Kamlesh Biwal Archana
Published: November 2022

Tourism is one of the largest segments of the service industry. Over the years employee turnover has become a part of the tourism industry’s challenge to attract and retain new workforce. This paper explained the turnover issues of employees related to the travel agents and tour operators of Pune, a major commercial city in the State of Maharashtra in India. For this,417 employees were selected randomly from the approved Travel Agencies/Tour Operator Companies of Ministry of Tourism (MOT), International Air Transport Association (IATA) and Travel Agents Association of India (TAAI). Using SPSS, Under Factor Analysis, Principal Component Analysis method was implemented for the Dimension Reduction and Identification of the Significant Factors for turnover of employees. Results shows that training and team work, monetary issues & promotion, job hopping and lack of loyalty were the common factors perceived by the employees for their turnover. Suggestions are given to curb the turnover issues and retain performing employees.
Thông báo và thư mời đại Hội Tim mạch Toàn quốc lần thứ 18 và Lễ Kỷ niệm 30 năm thành lập Hội Tim mạch học Việt Nam
Authors: ĐẶNG VẠN PHƯỚC
Published: November 2022

THÔNG BÁO VÀ THƯ MỜI ĐẠI HỘI TIM MẠCH TOÀN QUỐC LẦN THỨ 18VÀ LỄ KỶ NIỆM 30 NĂM THÀNH LẬP HỘI TIM MẠCH HỌC VIỆT NAM

(Thông báo số 1)

Hà Nội, ngày 15 tháng 03 năm 2022

Kính gửi: - Các thành viên BCH Hội Tim mạch Học Việt Nam- Hội viên Hội Tim mạch học Việt Nam và các quý vị đồng nghiệp

Theo kế hoạch đã thống nhất của Ban Chấp hành Hội Tim mạch học Việt Nam và nhằm liên tục cập nhật,bổ sung các kiến thức cũng như giao lưu hợp tác trong lĩnh vực Tim mạch, Hội Tim mạch học Việt Nam sẽ tổchức Đại hội Tim mạch toàn quốc lần thứ 18 với chủ đề “30 năm Tim mạch học Việt Nam: Hình thành - Hộinhập - Phát triển”tại Trung tâm Hội nghị Quốc gia, Mỹ Đình, TP. Hà Nội từ ngày 07-09/10/2022.
Khi nào nên đóng lỗ thông liên nhĩ có tăng áp mạch phổi ?
Authors: Nguyen Minh Hung , Pham Manh Hung
Published: November 2022

Bệnh nhân bị thông liên nhĩ (TLN) lỗ thứ phát kèm theo có tăng áp động mạch phổi (TAĐMP) trung bình và nặng là tình huống lâm sàng khó và đặc biệt. Nếu đóng TLN khi TAĐMP cố định, không thể đảo ngược và không đóng lỗ TLN khi TAĐMP có thể đảo ngược có thể khiến bệnh nhân có kết cục tồi tệ, cả về chất lượng sống và tuổi thọ của người bệnh. Do vậy, không có thông số duy nhất nào có thể giúp ra quyết định trong nhóm bệnh nhân đặc biệt này và do đó chúng ta nên tiếp cận bệnh nhânđa chiều, qua nhiều thông số như triệu chứng lâm sàng, phim XQ tim phổi, điện tâm đồ và các thông số huyết động học. Nhìn chung, TLN kèm theo suy tim trái có thể dẫn đến tăng áp lực tĩnh mạch phổi, với biểu hiện lâm sàng là tình trạng phù phổi cấp tính đe dọa tính mạng sau khi đóng lỗ TLN. Những bệnh nhân có nguy cơ cao nên được sử dụng thuốc lợi tiểu và thuốc giãn mạch trước khi bít lỗ TLN và nên được đánh giá bằng nghiệm pháp bít tạm thời với bóng trước khi quyết định bít TLN hoàn toàn. Trong những trường hợp TLN với TAĐMP nặng, với chỉ định đóng lỗ thông ở mức ranh giới (đóng/không đóng) hoặc suy tim trái nặng, thiết bị đục lỗ có thể hữu ích trong việc ngăn ngừa các biến chứng cấp tính hoặc lâu dài của việc bít TLN hoàn toàn.
Thay đổi chức năng thất trái trên siêu âm tim sau 6 tháng ở bệnh nhân có bệnh máu ác tính được ghép tế bào gốc tạo máu điều trị
Authors: TRẦN THỊ BẢO YẾN , LÊ THỊ PHƯƠNG , NGUYỄN THỊ MAI PHƯƠNG , ĐỖ KIM BẢNG , NGUYỄN THỊ MAI
Published: November 2022

Objective: Evaluation of the impact of treatment with hematopoietic stem cells transplantation (HSCT) after six months on echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular fuction in patients with hematological malignancies.Methods: Cardiac function was prospectively assessed in 31 patients by echocardiography after bone marrow transplantation for Hodgkin or non- Hodgkin lymphoma; acute leukemia and multiple myeloma. Studies were performed before (baseline) and six months after chemotherapy conditioning followed by hematopoietic stem cells transplantation.Results: Mean ages at hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was 44.61 (range, 21 to 65 years). Baseline means left ventricular end diastolic dimension was 46.35 ± 5.25 mm and decreased considerably to 44.58 ± 4.68 mm after 6 months post-HSCT. End diasystolic volume followed a similar pattern with significantly decline (96.00±18.08 ml vs 88.61 ± 20.52 ml). In addition, the subgroup of the patients who had previously been treated with Anthracycline had lower global longitudinal speckle strain than those without anthracycline exposure in 6 months post-HSCT (-17.76 ± 2.70 % vs -19.81 ± 1.90 %).Conclusion: There was a significant decline in dimension and volume of left ventricular after six months post- HSCT. Chemotherapy conditioning regimen for bone marrow transplant and anthracyclines exposure are associated to cardiotoxicity.
Filosofía, tecnociencia e industria 4.0: una mirada desde el medioambiente
Authors: Jumbo González William Ítalo
Published: November 2022

Actualizar la experiencia y la práctica tecnocientífica en el siglo XXI y encontrar respuestas proactivas en un contexto de crisis ética, personal, familiar y de convulsión social, económica y política es, sin duda, uno de los retos de la ciencia y tecnología. Ante esta situación, el autor presenta una propuesta de formación -tecnoaxiológica y tecnoética de diálogo interdisciplinar- que tiene como objetivo la creación de proyectos con tecnologías limpias y amigables con el medioambiente. Superar el mito del progreso tecnocientífico y caminar hacia el desarrollo sustentable forma parte de la llamada “Revolución Industrial 4.0”
Study of the mechanical behavior of hydraulic concrete: Addition of fibers and microparticles from plastic bottles Estudio del comportamiento mecánico del concreto hidráulico: Adición de fibras y micro partículas de botellas plásticas
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (Colombia), Olarte Buritica S.
Published: November 2022

The use of recyclable materials in the elaboration of hydraulic concrete is currently booming in order to reduce environmental impacts and improve the mechanical properties of concrete, representing optimal adhesion between aggregates, cement and water. The objective of this work was to evaluate the mechanical behavior of hydraulic concrete with the addition of nylon fibers and microparticles of PET plastic bottles. The mortars or specimens had their physical properties evaluated in fresh state and hardened their resistance to compression and flexural tensile, for these 6 dosages were made: a control mixture and others with designed fibers. For the execution of the tests, an Amsler universal testing machine with a nominal capacity of 30,000 kilograms and a resolution of 10 kg, calibrated for analysis in accordance with ISO 376, was used. It was evidenced that the flexural strength improved by 80% (c), 75% (d), 80% (e) and 95% (f) at 28 days, for compression an 80% increase in strength was evidenced in all samples with respect to the control specimen. It was concluded that the performance of hydraulic concrete with the addition of PET fibers was better than conventional concrete, the properties of the studied specimens improve with respect to the control specimen.
The Solution of Fractional Diffusion-reaction Equation Via the Regular Perturbation Method (RPM)
Authors: Yiyuréboula Bationo Jérémie , Moussa Yaya , Francis Bassono
Published: November 2022

In this paper, we implement Regular Perturbation Method (RPM) of the Solving fractional diffusion-reaction equation, in order to determine the exact analytical solutions of some linear fractional diffusion-reaction equation. In general, the solving using this method allow to obtain exact or approximate solutions. For the case of the diffusion and diffusion-convection equations solved in this document, the solutions obtained are exact. By comparing these solutions with those obtained by other researchers using other methods for a certain value of the parameter \(\alpha\), we obtain the same results.
Managing Retinoblastoma at a Tertiary Eye Hospital in Kaduna, Nigeria - A Five Year Retrospective Cohort Review
Authors: Abdulrahman Aminatu , Hassan Amina , Danjuma Musa , Alhassan Mahmoud
Published: November 2022

Purpose: To review the outcome of retinoblastoma management at a tertiary eye hospital in Nigeria over a five - year period since chemotherapy became available at our institution.

Methods: A retrospective review of hospital records of patients managed for retinoblastoma between January 2014 and December 2018 was done. Information on age, gender, clinical findings, treatment, duration of follow up and survival as at June 2021. The International Retinoblastoma Classification and Staging Systems were used.

Results: 120 eyes of 94 patients with RB were reviewed. Mean age at presentation was 24.1 ± 11.4 months (range 25 days - 9 years). There were 55 (58.5%) males, 68 (72.3%) had unilateral disease while 17 (18.1%) presented within the first year of life. Leucocoria and proptosis were the most common presenting signs in 53.2% and 40.4% respectively. International Retinoblastoma Stages III and IV disease were seen in 40.4% and 5.3% of patients respectively. Thirty-four patients (36.2%) received a combination of systemic chemotherapy and enucleation while 27 (28.7%) did not receive any treatment. Overall patient survival was 20% while 41% were lost to follow up as at June 2021.

Conclusion: the major challenges encountered in RB management are advanced disease at presentation, difficulties in out-of-pocket financing of treatment, poor follow up and survival. There is an urgent need for a national public screening and treatment programme for this life-threatening condition.