bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intravenous thrombolysis for patients with acute ischemic stroke while receiving a direct oral anticoagulant: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Roberts Megan Z. , Durham Spencer H. , Pinner Nathan A. , Starr Jessica A.
Published: January 2025

Recent guidelines for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) indicate administration of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in patients receiving direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) is not firmly established and may be harmful unless certain potential parameters are met. This systematic review and meta‐analysis explores safety outcomes and other clinical parameters from the growing number of publications describing patients taking a DOAC who experience an AIS that is treated acutely with IVT alone. Embase, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and PubMed were searched up to January 9, 2024 for studies including adult patients taking a DOAC who experienced an AIS treated with IVT and did not undergo endovascular therapy (EVT), regardless of the use of an anticoagulation reversal agent. Primary safety outcomes evaluated included symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), any intracranial hemorrhage, and in‐hospital mortality. A total of 873 patients from 78 studies, primarily case reports or case series of patients receiving dabigatran with or without idarucizumab reversal (n = 340), were included in the review. The rate of sICH during the index hospitalization was 3.3%. Seven high‐quality studies with low risk of bias included outcomes for patients on DOAC and comparator groups of either patients not taking an oral anticoagulant (no OAC) or patients taking a vitamin K antagonist (VKA) with INR primarily <1.7 at the time of AIS. No significant difference was observed in the incidence of sICH among patients receiving DOAC vs. no OAC (odds ratio [OR] 0.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.48–1.33) or among patients receiving DOAC vs. VKA (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.59–1.75). Similar findings of no difference were observed for other safety outcomes. Findings from this study suggest that utilization of IVT as sole recanalization therapy for AIS may be safe in patients taking a DOAC; however, further studies are needed to elucidate specific parameters that differentiate timepoints and variables to ensure safe, optimal treatment.
Development of Micro‐Crosslinked Poly(L‐Lactic Acid) With Flexible, Anti‐Aging, and Barrier Properties by In Situ Polymerization of Graphene Oxide
Authors: Zhang Jiatao , Dong Tungalag , Zhang Yuan , Guo Jia , Li Yulu , Yun Xueyan
Published: January 2025

Although poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) is biocompatible and degradable, its inherent brittleness, susceptibility to aging, low ultraviolet light (UV) resistance, and moderate gas barrier properties limit its diverse applications. In this study, graphene oxide (GO) was used as an initiator, unsaturated poly (butylene itaconate) (PBI) was used as a flexible chain segment, and GO‐grafted P(LA‐g‐BI) (GO‐g‐PLBI) copolymer was synthesized by in situ melt polycondensation of lactic acid. Nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results confirmed the successful synthesis of GO‐g‐PLBI and the formation of a multi‐branched structure. The GO‐g‐PLBI film demonstrated excellent ductility and oxygen barrier properties, with elongation at break increased by 73.8 times compared with PLLA, while oxygen permeability (OP) decreased by 40.3%. The incorporation of PBI facilitated micro‐crosslinking within the copolymer, thereby enhancing its thermal stability. More gg and gt conformations were formed in the copolymer, while the crystallization of the copolymer induced by aging was inhibited, thus showing excellent anti‐aging properties. Interestingly, the OP value of this micro‐crosslinked GO‐g‐PLBI film decreased by 60.9% after physical aging, demonstrating extremely high oxygen barrier properties. This study offers a viable approach to developing PLLA/graphene nanocomposites that exhibit adjustable flexibility, enhanced oxygen barrier, heat and UV resistance, anti‐aging properties, and high transparency.
High‐Performance UV–Vis–NIR Photodetectors Based on PEDOT Obtained by Plasma‐Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Hussaini Ali Akbar , Yılmaz Kurtuluş , Karaman Mustafa , Yıldırım Murat
Published: January 2025

This study presents the fabrication of organic UV–vis–NIR photodetectors based on poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) thin films synthesized via a plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition at 10, 20, and 30 W plasma power. The effects of plasma power on polymerization, as well as optical, structural, morphological, and optoelectronic properties, are analyzed using UV–vis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and scanning electron microscopy–energy‐dispersive X‐ray. The films, exhibiting a bandgap of 3.52–3.59 eV, are uniformly coated on Si surfaces. Photodiode and photodetector performance is evaluated through current–voltage and current–transient measurements under varying light intensities and wavelengths. PEDOT films synthesized at 10 W exhibit superior photodetector performance, with maximum responsivity and detectivity of 0.0975 A W−1 and 1.65 × 1010 cm Hz0.5 W−1 at 900 nm, and a noise‐equivalent power of 5.38 × 10−12 W Hz−1/2. Maximum external quantum efficiency is recorded as 23.975% at 450 nm. These results emphasize the suitability of low‐power PEDOT films for optoelectronic applications due to their superior morphology and optoelectronic characteristics.
Modification of Gallium Nitride Defect Structure by Microwave Radiation Treatment
Authors: Redko Roman , Milenin Grigorii , Safriuk‐Romanenko Nadiia , Redko Svitlana , Semenenko Mykola , Sarikov Andrey
Published: January 2025

GaN has incredible potential for applications in high‐electron‐mobility transistors, ultraviolet light‐emitting diodes, and gas sensor systems. Herein, the results of the study of modification of the structure of GaN films formed on sapphire substrates by microwave radiation treatment (MRT) are presented. In particular, the influence of the MRT (2.45 GHz) on the defect concentration in this material is investigated. Moreover, features of the long‐term evolution of the defect subsystem are tracked as well. Both spectral (photoluminescence (PL)) and structural (X‐ray) methods of investigation are applied to obtain reliable results about the concentration of defects in particular dislocations. PL and X‐ray diffraction spectra are measured to achieve this goal. These measurements are repeated after several days to estimate the temporal evolution of the defect level resulted from the MRT. It is found that the concentration of screw dislocations changes nonmonotonously after the MRT, while the concentration of edge dislocations almost does not change. The obtained results advance the understanding of the processes, which may be useful for defect engineering by MRT.
Anti‐Icing Effectiveness Investigation on Superhydrophobic Micro/Nanosurfaces from the Topography Point of View
Authors: Thi Thuy Trang Giap , Thi Minh Thuy Nguyen , Nguyen Thanh‐Binh
Published: January 2025

In this work, the influence evaluation of surface morphology on the anti‐icing performance including adhesive strength reduction and ice resistance of water‐repellent polymer thin film for potential applications is focused on. Uniform micro/nanostructures with comparable morphologies are prepared on Ecoflex substrates using the liftoff technique. The unit area fraction is proposed to figure out the contribution of surface roughness and a linear dependence is emphasized on bonding reduction. However, in the investigation in two same‐wettability micro/nanogroups, the significant difference in bonding strength is interestingly disclosed, documenting the crucial role of inner topography instead of qualitative observation. Furthermore, the ice‐resistance measurement in real‐time evinces the texture properties’ influence on ice formation and suggests rational designs for ice‐phobic surfaces.
Effect of Oblique Magnetic Field on Dynamic Nuclear Polarization in Single Self‐Assembled Quantum Dots Governed by Nuclear Quadrupole Interaction
Authors: Yamamoto Sota , Kaji Reina , Sasakura Hirotaka , Adachi Satoru
Published: January 2025

The dynamic nuclear spin polarization dominated by the nuclear quadrupole interaction has been studied in a single self‐assembled quantum dot. Spin transfer from an optically injected spin‐polarized electron to the lattice nuclear spin ensemble results in the nuclear spin polarization, which is probed by standard magnetophotoluminescence measurements under off‐resonant excitation. In an oblique magnetic field configuration, the observed electron spin depolarization curve, the Hanle curve, has a significantly different behavior compared to the previously reported anomalous Hanle curves obtained in a transverse magnetic field. In particular, an asymmetry in the Hanle curve depending on the sign of the external magnetic field indicates that the inclination of the magnetic field largely modifies the spin configurations during the dynamic nuclear spin polarization process. Numerical simulations based on a model in which the electron and nuclear spin states are described by the Bloch equation and the rate equation for the occupancy of nuclear spin eigenstates, respectively, reproduce the observations. This comparison supports the importance of the in‐plane component of the principal axis of the nuclear quadrupole interaction in generating the large in‐plane nuclear field, known as the anomalous Hanle effect.
Effect of an Instructional Program in Foundational Reading Skills on Early Literacy Development of Students in Kindergarten and First Grade
Authors: Lane Holly B. , Contesse Valentina A. , Gage Nicholas A. , Burns Matthew K.
Published: January 2025

Research has demonstrated the positive effects of systematically teaching phonemic awareness and phonics in kindergarten and first grade, but many commonly used reading curricula do not adequately incorporate these foundational skills. In this study, we examined the efficacy of an instructional program (UFLI Foundations) in foundational reading skills (i.e., phonemic awareness and phonics) with students in kindergarten and first grade. We compared students who received a full year of the instructional program to propensity score matched control students, who received business‐as‐usual instruction, with a cross‐cohort quasi‐experimental design. Multilevel modeling results demonstrated that adding instruction in foundational skills increased early literacy skills scores by more than 1.0 standard deviation. Further, we found that students of teachers who taught with greater adherence to the UFLI Foundations program had larger effects. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Femtosecond Laser Ablation (fs‐LA) XPS Depth Profiling of Lead Halide Perovskite Thin Film Solar Cells
Authors: Chandler C. W. , Devadasan D. S. , Bacon S. R. , Yun J. S. , Park H. H. , Nunney T. S. , Baker M. A.
Published: January 2025

Mixed organic–inorganic halide perovskites are finding strong interest as thin film solar cell materials. XPS depth profiling of a spin‐coated (FAPbI3)0.95(MAPbBr3)0.05 perovskite thin‐film solar cell, has been performed. Profiles have been recorded using traditional monatomic and cluster ion beam bombardment and compared to those obtained using a new femtosecond laser ablation (fs‐LA) approach. The femtosecond laser employed has a wavelength of 1030 nm and a pulse length of 160 fs. Monatomic and cluster ion sputter depth profiling of the halide perovskite results in preferential sputtering of C, N and I and the appearance of Pb0 in the Pb 4f spectrum as a preferential sputtering artefact. fs‐LA depth profiling is shown to retain the original composition and chemical state information of the perovskite layer with no chemical damage. An ablation rate of ≈33 nm through the perovskite layer was found at an incident laser energy of 42 μJ per pulse. A combined fs‐LA/monatomic sputtering depth profile enabled all layers in the cell to be identified whilst retaining the true composition of the perovskite layer.
Promoting CO2 Methanation Activity of NiAl Mixed Metal Oxide Catalysts Through Hydrophobicity Control
Authors: Lee Ju Hyeong , Kim Kwang Young , Oh Daewon , Byun Woo Jin , Lee Jae Sung
Published: January 2025

During CO2 methanation, the generation of H2O as a by‐product can lead to its strong adsorption on the catalyst's active sites, potentially blocking them or altering the active phase, thereby degrading catalytic performance. To mitigate this inhibition effect by water, we introduce a hydrophobic surface via stearic acid treatment to rapidly remove H2O formed during CO2 methanation over NiAl mixed metal oxide (MMO)‐derived catalysts. The crystal structure of NiAl MMO and the average Ni particle size of ∼13 nm remain unaltered by the hydrophobic treatment. The NiAl catalyst treated with an optimal concentration of stearic acid shows a nearly doubled CO2 conversion of 61.4% at 275 °C, compared to the pristine catalyst, and this high activity is sustained for over 100 h without deactivation. However, excessive stearic acid coverage inhibits CO2 adsorption significantly, causing a sharp drop in CO2 conversion to 10.8%. This study demonstrates that hydrophobic surface modification can effectively ameliorate catalyst deactivation due to by‐product H2O, which could be applied to many other catalytic reactions where H2O acts as an inhibiting by‐product.
Does Meaning in Life Mediate Associations Between Suffering and Subsequent Mental Well‐Being? Longitudinal Evidence From Two Non‐Western Samples
Authors: Cowden Richard G. , Fung Eric N. , Bechara Andrea O. , Cook Kaye V. , Kurniati Ni Made Taganing , Suwartono Christiany , Widyarini Nilam , VanderWeele Tyler J.
Published: January 2025

Narrative accounts have documented the potential for suffering to degrade a person's well‐being by undermining their sense of meaning in life, but few studies have investigated this among nonclinical samples living in non‐Western contexts of the Global South. Leveraging data from a set of three‐wave longitudinal studies with younger Indonesian (Study 1: Wave 1 [December 2020], Wave 2 [January 2021], Wave 3 [February 2021]; N = 620) and Colombian adults (Study 2: Wave 1 [August/September 2021], Wave 2 [October/November 2021], Wave 3 [February 2022]; N = 2626), the present research used causal mediation methods within a counterfactual framework to examine whether the associations between suffering (Wave 1) and subsequent anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, and general mental health (Wave 3) are mediated by meaning in life (Wave 2). Mediation analyses in both studies provided some evidence indicating that overall suffering (Wave 1) is indirectly associated with worse subsequent mental well‐being on all three outcomes (Wave 3) via lower meaning in life (Wave 2). Results were generally consistent with those found for overall suffering when the aspects of suffering were considered individually, although in Study 1 the evidence in support of mediation was stronger and more consistent for some aspects of suffering compared to others. Over both shorter (Study 1) and longer (Study 2) time lags, the findings suggest that meaning in life may be one of the mechanisms by which suffering degrades mental well‐being. Practical implications for mitigating and transcending the deleterious effects of suffering on mental well‐being are discussed.
Nanopore Detection of Small Molecules Based on Replacement and Complexation Chemical Interactions
Authors: Zheng Haiyan , Munusamy Sathishkumar , Zhou Shuo , Jahani Rana , Chen Jun , Kong Juanhua , Guan Xiyun
Published: January 2025

Small molecules play important roles in a variety of biological processes such as metabolism, cell signaling and enzyme regulation, and can serve as valuable biomarkers for human diseases. Moreover, they are essential to drug discovery and development, and are important targets for environmental monitoring and food safety. Due to the size incompatibility, small molecule transport is difficult to be monitored with a nanopore. A popular strategy for nanopore detection of small molecules is to introduce a molecular probe as a ligand (or recognition element) and rely on their effect on the ligand transport. One limitation for this sensing strategy is that the probe molecule needs to have a slightly smaller size than the nanopore constriction or can be easily unfolded or unzipped through the pore. Herein, by taking advantage of replacement and complexation chemical interactions, a generic approach is reported for detection of small molecules by using large biomolecules with well‐defined stable 3D structures such as aptamers as recognition elements. Given the versatile use of aptamers as capture agents for a wide variety of species, the developed nanopore sensing strategy should find applications in many fields.
Use of Quantum Dots as Nanotheranostic Agents: Emerging Applications in Rare Genetic Diseases
Authors: K M Neethu , Karmakar Shyamal , Sahoo Baishakhi , Mishrra Navniet , Moitra Parikshit
Published: January 2025

Rare genetic diseases (RGDs) affect a small percentage of the global population but collectively have a substantial impact due to their diverse manifestations. Although the precise reasons behind these diseases remain unclear, roughly 80% of cases are genetically linked. Recent efforts focus on understanding pathology and developing new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for RGDs. However, there persists a gap between fundamental research and clinical therapeutic approaches, where advancements in nanotechnology offer promising improvements. In this context, nanosized light‐emitting quantum dots (QDs), ranging from 2–10 nm, are promising materials for diverse applications. Their size‐tunable light emission, high quantum yield, and photostability allow for precise tracking of cargo. Additionally, QDs can be functionalized with therapeutic agents, antibodies, or peptides to target specific cellular pathways, enhancing treatment efficacy while minimizing side effects. By combining diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities in a single platform, QDs thus offer a versatile and powerful approach to tackle rare genetic disorders. Despite several reviews on various therapeutic applications of QDs, their utilization in the specific domain of RGDs is not well documented. This review highlight QDs’ potential in diagnosing and treating certain RGDs and addresses the challenges limiting their application.
Janus Protein Nanoparticles Tailoring Bicontinuous Aerogels for Efficient Heavy Metal Ion Absorption
Authors: Wang Zhigao , Chen Yao , Li Xuyuan , Wang Lifeng , Binks Bernard P. , Wang Tao
Published: January 2025

Bicontinuous structures are exquisite interpenetrating constructs with an optimal balance between connectivity and surface area. Such unique geometry favors exceptional mechanical properties and efficient inward mass diffusion essential for an absorbent material. Although bicontinuous structures are found across many length scales in nature, synthesizing artificial analogs using biological building blocks remains largely unexplored. In this study, it is shown that manipulation of the surface chemistry of rapeseed cruciferin nanoparticles (≈50 nm) leads to the formation of a highly amphiphilic stabilizer, ensuring equal wetting of water and oil phases in a demixed system, thereby enabling the formation of bicontinuous emulsions. By further eliminating both volatile liquid phases (water and toluene) through freeze‐drying, bicontinuous emulsions are transformed into bicontinuous aerogels featuring highly interpenetrating networks with uniform domain size. These materials, characterized by high surface area (224 m2 g−1) and mechanical robustness, can efficiently absorb various heavy metal ions multiple times displaying excellent absorption capacity (up to 200 mg g−1) and efficiency (less than 30 min). This study is at the forefront of constructing biomacromolecular bicontinuous structures, potentially expanding their applications in diverse fields such as food, cosmetics, and medicine.
Strong Interfacial Interaction in Polarized Ferroelectric Heterostructured Nanosheets for Highly Efficient and Selective Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Liu Xiao , Wang Yuyin , Tian Wenchao , Zhu Fangyuan , Wang Jicong , Wang Weijia , Li Yanrui , Zeng Kaizhu , Shi Jing
Published: January 2025

Heterojunctions are sustainable solutions for the photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) by regulating charge separation behavior at the interface. However, their efficiency and product selectivity are severely hindered by the inflexible and weak built‐in electric field and the electronic structure of the two phases. Herein, ferroelectric‐based heterojunctions between polarized bismuth ferrite (BFO(P)) and CdS are constructed to enhance the interfacial interactions and catalytic activity. The intrinsic polarization field depending on the ferroelectric state causes significant electrostatic potential difference and energy‐band bending. This helps overcome the unsatisfactory redox potential that differs from the classical catalytic mechanism, and synergy from the heterostructure facilitates effective separation and transfer of photogenerated charges with an extended lifetime (>20 ns) and significantly enhanced photovoltage (1002 times that of BFO). The optimized charge carrier dynamics allow the heterojunction to achieve a much higher CO yield compared to state‐of‐the‐art ferroelectric‐based photocatalysts, and 85.46 and 23.47 times higher than those of pristine CdS and BFO, respectively. Moreover, it maintains an impressive 100% product selectivity together with excellent repeatability and cycling. This work not only sheds light on how a strong inherent polarity promotes the performance of heterojunction photocatalysts but also provides new insights for designing efficient photocatalytic CO2RR.
Photothermal Material‐Based Solar‐Driven Cogeneration of Water and Electricity: An Efficient and Promising Technology
Authors: Bao Xiangxin , Luo Haopeng , Weng Tingyi , Chen Zihan , Yan Xing , An Fengxia , Jiang Fang , Chen Huan
Published: January 2025

With the increasing demand for fresh‐water and electricity in modern society, various technologies are being explored to obtain fresh‐water and electricity. Due to advances in materials science, solar‐driven interfacial evaporation (SDIE) systems have attracted widespread attention because they require only solar energy, and possess a high evaporation rate and little pollution. The researchers combined energy harvesting measures into the system to output electricity, further improving energy utilization. However, more in‐depth research and review remain on using SDIE systems for efficient water‐electricity cogeneration. Therefore, the mechanisms of different photothermal materials that utilize solar energy to produce thermal energy are first summarized in this paper. Subsequently, the mechanism and application of thermal, mechanical, chemical, and evaporation energy to produce electrical power in SDIE water‐electricity cogeneration systems are discussed. Concurrently, vital mathematical equations and widely used mathematical simulation methods for performance evaluation and practical applications are presented. The design and operation of water‐electricity cogeneration systems based on photothermal materials are analyzed and summarized. Based on a review and in‐depth understanding of these aspects, the future development direction of cogeneration is proposed to address the problems faced in basic research and practical applications.
Charge Capacitive Signatures at the Interface of E. coli/MOF Biohybrids to Create a Live Cell Biocapacitor
Authors: Andrew Ndepana , Trofe Anthony , Laws Eric , Pathiraja Gayani , Kalkar Swapna , Ignatova Tetyana , Rathnayake Hemali
Published: January 2025

The chemistry of the extracellular electron transfer (EET) process in microorganisms can be understood by interfacing them with abiotic materials that act as external redox mediators. These mediators capture and transfer extracellular electrons through redox reactions, bridging the microorganism and the electrode surface. Understanding this charge transfer process is essential for designing biocapacitors capable of modulating and storing charge signatures as capacitance at the electrode interface. Herein, a novel biointerfacial strategy is presented to investigate directional charge injection from a non‐exoelectrogenic living microbe to an electrode surface using the porous metal–organic framework (MOF), MIL‐88B. The biohybrid, formed by interfacing Escherichia coli (E. coli) with MIL‐88B, demonstrates symbiotic interactions between the biotic and abiotic components, facilitating EET from E. coli to the electrode via the MOF. Acting as a redox mediator, the MOF catalyzes E. coli's exoelectrogenic activity, generating distinct charge capacitive signatures at the E. coli‐MOF interface. This system integrates the capacitive signatures resulting from the EET process with the MOF's intrinsic pseudocapacitive properties and surface‐controlled capacitive effects, functioning as a highly efficient biocapacitor. Furthermore, this approach of converting the biochemical energy of a non‐exoelectrogenic microorganism into capacitive signatures opens a new pathway for translating biological signals into functional outputs, paving the way for autonomous biosensing platforms.
Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acid (tFNA)‐Loaded Metformin (Met) Modulates Cellular Pyroptosis and AMPK to Ameliorate Type II Diabetic Periodontitis
Authors: Han Qi , Li Jiaqi , Deng Hao , Shi Sirong , Zhou Mi , Cai Xiaoxiao , Chen Yu , Lin Yunfeng
Published: January 2025

Diabetic periodontitis presents a unique therapeutic challenge, primarily due to its chronic inflammatory profile and the associated bone loss driven by immune dysregulation. Metformin (Met) is recognized for its potent anti‐inflammatory properties, yet its limited cellular uptake has hindered its clinical effectiveness in diabetic periodontitis. A tetrahedral framework nucleic acid (tFNA)‐based delivery system is developed to enhance Met cellular uptake and investigate its effects on diabetic periodontitis in this study. The tFNA‐loaded Met complex (TMC) demonstrates efficient Met loading efficiency and rapid cellular internalization. These results show that in vitro, TMC significantly inhibited pro‐inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinaseat both mRNA and protein levels under high glucose conditions. Mechanistically, TMC suppresses NLRP3‐mediated pyroptosis by downregulating NLRP3, Caspase‐1, Caspase‐11, and GSDMD, ultimately reducing Mature‐IL‐1β and Mature‐IL‐18 production. Furthermore, TMC activates AMPK while inhibiting NF‐κB signaling, thus mitigating the inflammatory response in diabetic periodontitis. In vivo, intraperitoneal administration of TMC in a diabetic periodontitis mouse model significantly reduces inflammatory cell infiltration, collagen degradation, and osteoclast formation, thus alleviating alveolar bone loss. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of tFNA as an efficient Met delivery vehicle to tackle diabetic periodontitis‐associated inflammation and bone resorption, providing a promising strategy for managing diabetic complications.
Impact of Functional Fluorinated Porphyrins on the Efficiency and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Mai Chi‐Lun , Hung Chieh‐Ming , Huang Zhen‐Hao , Chen Bo‐Han , Wang Meng‐Chuan , Ho Fang‐Chi , Tsai Hsiao‐Chun , Liu Zong‐Han , Yang Shang‐Da , Chou Pi‐Tai , Chen Hsieh‐Chih , Yeh Chen‐Yu
Published: January 2025

Additives play a pivotal role in enhancing the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), and carefully designed additives contribute to major breakthroughs in device performance. In this study, a series of novel A–π–A‐type porphyrin derivatives—PPH‐1, PPH‐2, and PPF‐1—are synthesized, each incorporating pyridyl groups, specifically engineered to function as passivation agents for PSCs. The electron‐withdrawing properties of fluorine in PPF‐1 increase the molecular polarity, thereby strengthening its interaction with the perovskite and enhancing the passivation efficacy. Compared to PPH‐1 and PPH‐2, PPF‐1 not only improves crystallinity but also provides more efficient defect passivation at grain boundaries and interfaces. As a result, PSCs incorporating PPF‐1 achieve a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.96%, along with an open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.178 V, a short‐circuit current density (JSC) of 24.65 mA cm−2, and a fill factor (FF) of 85.96%, surpassing the PCEs of 23.36%, 24.11%, and 23.93% for pristine, PPH‐1‐, and PPH‐2‐modified PSCs, respectively. In addition, the incorporation of fluorinated porphyrin in PPF‐1 significantly improves the moisture resistance and thermal stability, while the device maintains high solar efficiency, opening up new alternative ways to promote solar cell innovation.
Better Knowledge Enhancement for Privacy‐Preserving Cross‐Project Defect Prediction
Authors: Wang Yuying , Li Yichen , Wang Haozhao , Zhao Lei , Zhang Xiaofang
Published: January 2025

Cross‐project defect prediction (CPDP) poses a nontrivial challenge to construct a reliable defect predictor by leveraging data from other projects, particularly when data owners are concerned about data privacy. In recent years, federated learning (FL) has become an emerging paradigm to guarantee privacy information by collaborative training a global model among multiple parties without sharing raw data. While the direct application of FL to the CPDP task offers a promising solution to address privacy concerns, the data heterogeneity arising from proprietary projects across different companies or organizations will bring troubles for model training. In this paper, we study the privacy‐preserving CPDP with data heterogeneity under the FL framework. To address this problem, we propose a novel knowledge enhancement approach named FedDP with two simple but effective solutions: 1. local heterogeneity awareness and 2. global knowledge distillation. Specifically, we employ open‐source project data as the distillation dataset and optimize the global model with the heterogeneity‐aware local model ensemble via knowledge distillation. Experimental results on 19 projects from two datasets demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms baselines.
Employing a Zn‐air/Photo‐Electrochemical Cell for In Situ Generation of H2O2 for Onsite Control of Pollutants
Authors: Behera Asutosh , Bhattacharyya Aninda Jiban
Published: January 2025

Industrial production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is energy‐intensive and generates unwanted byproducts. Herein, an alternative production strategies of H2O2 are demonstrated in a Zn‐air and a photoelectrochemical cell. Employing an optimally produced reduced graphene oxide (rGO) electrocatalyst@air‐cathode, an impressive power density of 320 Wmgeo−2 (geo = geometric area) is achieved along with a high H2O2 production rate of 3.17 mol mgeo−2h−1 (operating potential = 0.8 V). Systematic investigations reveal the critical role of specific functional groups (viz. C─O─C, chemisorbed O2, C≐C) to be responsible for enhancing the yield of H2O2. The in situ generated superoxide (O2˙) and hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) act as oxidants to efficiently degrade onsite, a model textile dye pollutant (viz. rhodamine B) inside the Zn‐air cell. Using the identical rGO as the photoelectrode in an H‐type cell, the H2O2 production is remarkably enhanced under visible light illumination. Simultaneously, the onsite pollutant degradation occurs five times faster than the Zn‐air cell (at the same operating potential = 0.8 V). This work opens a new paradigm for electrosynthesis, wherein an underlying redox can be utilized to synthesize industrial chemicals for onsite control of environmental pollution sustainably.
Pyridinic‐N Seized Co in Biphasic Nanoarchitecture for Reversible Oxygen Electrocatalysis Enabling Longevous (>1200 h) Aqueous and Dual‐Anion Kosmotropic Electrolyte Stabilized High Power Quasisolid‐State Zn–Air Battery
Authors: Das Srijib , Bolar Saikat , Siddharthan Erakulan E. , Pathak Arupjyoti , Thapa Ranjit , Phadikar Ujjwal , Kolya Haradhan , Kang Chun‐Won , Kuila Tapas , Murmu Naresh Chandra , Kundu Aniruddha
Published: January 2025

Integration of different active sites by heterostructure engineering is pivotal to optimize the intrinsic activities of an oxygen electrocatalyst and much needed to enhance the performance of rechargeable Zn–air batteries (ZABs). Herein, a biphasic nanoarchitecture encased in in situ grown N‐doped graphitic carbon (MnO/Co‐NGC) with heterointerfacial sites are constructed. The density functional theory model reveals formation of lattice oxygen bridged heterostructure with pyridinic nitrogen atoms anchored Co species, which facilitate adsorption of oxygen intermediates. Consequently, the well‐designed catalyst with accessible active sites, abundant oxygen vacant sites, and heterointerfacial coupling effects, simultaneously accelerate the electron/mass transfer and thus promotes the trifunctional electrocatalysis. The assembled aqueous ZAB delivers maximum power density of ≈268 mW cm−2 and a specific capacity of 797.8 mAh gzn−1 along with excellent rechargeability and extremely small voltage gap decay rate of 0.0007 V h−1. Further, the fabricated quasisolid‐state ZAB owns a remarkable power density of 163 mW cm−2 and long cycle life, outperforming the benchmark air‐electrode and many recent reports, underlining its robustness and suitability for practical utilization in diverse portable applications.
High‐Uniformity, Shape‐Controlled Silicon Nanowires for Enhanced Performance in Optoelectronic Devices
Authors: Zhao Zhi‐Jun , Shin Sang‐Ho , Xu Xianwu , Kim You Jin , Yang Zu‐Po , Hwang Soonhyoung , Jeon Sohee , Yu Bingjun , Qian Linmao , Ju Byeong‐Kwon , Jeong Jun‐Ho , Kim Munho
Published: January 2025

Silicon nanowires (Si NWs) have attracted considerable interest owing to their distinctive properties, which render them promising candidates for a wide range of advanced applications in electronics, photonics, energy storage, and sensing. However, challenges in achieving large‐scale production, high uniformity, and shape control limit their practical use. This study presents a novel fabrication approach combining nanoimprint lithography, nanotransfer printing, and metal‐assisted chemical etching to produce highly uniform and shape‐controlled Si NW arrays. By optimizing the process parameters, Si NWs with various diameters (100, 200, and 400 nm) are successfully fabricated on 6‐inch wafers, achieving high uniformity confirmed through statistical and surface reflection analyses. Furthermore, a conformal coating of titanium nitride on the uniform Si NWs enables broadband absorption with average absorption of 75% in the wavelength range from 250 to 2500 nm, demonstrating their potential for next‐generation optoelectronic devices. These findings provide valuable insights for the scalable production of Si NWs and their integration into high‐performance electronic systems.
Autonomous Self‐Healing Magnetoelectric I‐Skin from Self‐Bonded Deep Eutectic Polymer
Authors: Wu Yixuan , Cai Ling , Li Zhuofan , Chen Guangxue , Maharjan Sushila , He Minghui , Su Bin
Published: January 2025

Next‐generation ionic skin (i‐skin) should be self‐healing and self‐powered, promoting its development toward lightweight, miniaturization, compact, and portable designs. Previously reported self‐powered i‐skin mostly either lack the ability to self‐repair damaged parts or only have self‐healing capabilities some components, falling short of achieving complete device self‐healability. In this work, a self‐bonding strategy is presented to obtain an all‐polymerizable deep eutectic solvent (PDES) magnetoelectric i‐skin (MIS) that simultaneously achieves self‐powering and full‐device autonomous self‐healability. The three‐layered MIS can easily restore mechanical and electrochemical performance at the full‐device level without requiring any external stimulus. The developed MIS can be easily configured into various 3D architectures with highly compatible magnetic and conductive components, offering promising potential for the advancement of embodied energy technologies. The present work provides a versatile and user‐friendly platform for producing a wide range of intrinsic self‐healing multi‐layered devices made from soft materials, with potential applications extending beyond human‐machine interfaces and artificial intelligence.
Effect of BPFz on the Performance of Inorganic Perovskite Film and Solar Cells
Authors: Qi Shanshan , Wang Pengyang , Sun Hongrui , Liu Yali , Chang Jianlong , Li Jiahui , Zhao Ying , Zhang Xiaodan
Published: January 2025

Inorganic perovskite exhibits an appropriate bandgap and excellent light and thermal stability, making it an ideal top‐cell material for silicon tandem solar cells. However, significant non‐radiative recombination losses due to surface defects in inorganic perovskite films, along with phase stability issues in humid environments, restrict the efficiency improvement of inverted inorganic perovskite solar cells (IPSCs). This work reports the preparation of efficient, stable inverted IPSCs by using a multifunctional molecule, bis (pentafluorophenyl) zinc (BPFz), as surface treatment for CsPbI2.85Br0.15 films. After treatment with BPFz, the inorganic perovskite film undergoes secondary grain growth, significantly increasing grain size. Simultaneously, BPFz can passivate undercoordinated Pb2+, effectively suppressing nonradiative recombination. Additionally, the fluorinated phenyl group endows the inorganic perovskite film surface with superhydrophobic properties, protecting the perovskite layer from the influence of environmental humidity, while also helping to suppress ion diffusion within the device, enhancing device stability. Ultimately, after surface treatment with BPFz, the efficiency of inverted IPSCs increases from 18.18 to 20.22%, and VOC increases from 1.169 to 1.231 V, with excellent moisture and thermal stability. This work provides a new approach for the development of high‐efficiency and stable IPSCs in the future.
Challenges and Outlook of Veterinary Education in Iran: A Survey of Veterinary Students at Urmia University During the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Hadian Mojtaba , Dalir‐Naghadeh Bahram
Published: January 2025

Background

Veterinary science remains a challenging and less appreciated subject in the Iranian higher education system and society.

Objectives

This survey aimed to assess the satisfaction and outlook of veterinary students at Urmia University, one of the major veterinary faculties in Iran. The survey was conducted during the COVID‐19 pandemic, which also significantly impacted veterinary education.

Methods

A questionnaire was used to gather the opinions of 292 students.

Results

The results revealed that 50.2% of respondents were either completely unsatisfied or less satisfied with the quality of teaching. Poor clinical training, the curriculum and distance learning were identified as the primary reasons. In addition, 40.3% of students expressed a desire to change their major. Most students (82.6%) expressed a desire to continue their education after completing their undergraduate course. Regarding future employment, 45.8% of participants wanted to start their own business or practice, whereas 54.2% preferred employment opportunities. A significant 81.6% of participants said they would consider emigrating to pursue better career prospects.

Conclusion

The study highlighted various challenges in veterinary education in Iran, including dissatisfaction with the quality of teaching, an oversupply of trained veterinarians and limited career options. The COVID‐19 pandemic and distance learning further exacerbated these issues.
Detection and Whole Genome Amplification of the 4d Type of Porcine Hepatitis E Virus in Eastern Tibet, China
Authors: Lou Yongzhi , Xin Jiaojiao , Suolang Sizhu , Qiong Da , Dawa Zhuoma , Gong Ga
Published: January 2025

Genomic and evolutionary analysis of epidemic porcine hepatitis E virus (HEV) in the Tibetan Plateau was performed. Faecal samples were collected from 216 Tibetan pigs and 78 Tibetan Yorkshire (Large White) and 53 tissue samples from Yorkshire from the Linzhi City slaughterhouse. Total RNA was extracted from faeces and fragments of HEV open reading frame 2 (ORF2) detected by reverse transcription and nested polymerase chain reaction (RT‐nPCR) and cloned. Twenty‐three samples (23/347; 6.63%) were positive for the virus, including 6.94% (15/216) Tibetan pig and 6.11% (8/131) Yorkshire samples. No tissue samples tested positive for the virus. Cloned sequences were uploaded to GenBank (accession numbers: OR392679‐OR392685, OR355817‐OR355824 and OR909495‐OR909502) and a phylogenetic tree constructed. The entire viral genome was amplified using primers for the 5‐month‐old Tibetan pig sequence which confirmed that the strain belonged to HEV type 4, subtype d (GenBank accession number: OQ981960) and showed 93.30% homology with Sichuan Tibetan pig sequence, MK410044. Bayesian tree analysis showed that the earliest divergence was in 1999 and evidence of homologous recombination was found. Genomic and evolutionary analysis of HEV in the Tibetan Plateau is presented. The importance of continuous surveillance and genomic analysis of HEV is highlighted, especially in regions like the Tibetan Plateau where new strains may emerge. The findings contribute to our understanding of HEV's genetic diversity, evolutionary history and potential risks to animal and human health.
Successful use of pre‐operative melphalan and prednisolone for treatment of an oral extramedullary plasmacytoma in a 9‐year‐old Cairn Terrier
Authors: Chapman Thomas , Di Bella Andrea , Galliano Andrea
Published: January 2025

This case report describes the successful chemotherapeutic treatment and outcome of an oral extramedullary plasmacytoma using melphalan and prednisolone. A 9‐year‐old Cairn Terrier was presented with a maxillary oral extramedullary plasmacytoma, diagnosed with histopathology and immuno‐histochemistry. A chemotherapy protocol of melphalan and prednisolone was given for 100 days, and no evidence of neoplasia was found on histopathology of the subsequent maxillectomy. This is the first case report of chemotherapy being used successfully to treat an oral plasmacytoma.
Poincaré inequality for one-forms on four manifolds with bounded Ricci curvature
Authors: Honda Shouhei , Mondino Andrea
Published: January 2025

In this short note, we provide a quantitative global Poincaré inequality for one-forms on a closed Riemannian four manifold, in terms of an upper bound on the diameter, a positive lower bound on the volume, and a two-sided bound on the Ricci curvature. This seems to be the first non-trivial result giving such an inequality without any higher curvature assumptions. The proof is based on a Hodge theoretic result on orbifolds, a comparison for fundamental groups, and a spectral convergence with respect to Gromov–Hausdorff convergence, via a degeneration result to orbifolds by Anderson.
Volumetry of Selected Brain Regions—Can We Compare MRI Examinations of Different Manufacturers and Field Strengths?
Authors: Seehafer Svea , Schmill Lars-Patrick , Peters Sönke , Jansen Olav , Aludin Schekeb
Published: January 2025

Purpose

Magnetic Resonance Imaging based brain segmentation and volumetry has become an important tool in clinical routine and research. However the impact of the used hardware is only barely investigated. This study aims to assess the influence of scanner manufacturer, field strength and head-coil on volumetry results.

Methods

10 healthy subjects (27.4 ± 1.71 years) were prospectively examined in a Philips Achieva 1.5T, Philips Ingenia CX 3T, Siemens MAGNETOM Aera 1.5T and Siemens MAGNETOM Vida 3T, the latter equipped with three different head coils, within one day. Brain volumetry of the whole brain, total white and grey matter, the cortical grey matter of the supratentorial lobes as well as regions important for the differentiation of neurodegenerative diseases of the dementia and movement disorder spectrum and the ventricular system was performed using the CE-certified software mdbrain by mediaire (Berlin, Germany). Both raw volumetry results and percentile allocation provided by the software were analysed.

Results

This study reveals significantly different volumetry results for all examined brain regions beside the ventricular system between the different MRI devices but comparable results between the different head coils. When examining the percentile allocation provided by used software, the Intraclass-Correlation-Coefficient (ICC) values were even lower than the raw volume ICC values ranging from poor to excellent correlation.

Conclusion

The present study reveals highly relevant results that need to be considered both in clinical routine when analysing follow-up examinations from different scanner types and clinical research, especially when planning longitudinal and/or multicentre studies.
Incentives and peer effects in the workplace: On the impact of envy and wage transparency on organizational design
Authors: Kragl Jenny , Bental Benjamin , Safaynikoo Peymaneh
Published: January 2025

The article is concerned with understanding the impact of social preferences and wage transparency on the optimal organizational design of firms. We consider a moral-hazard environment with envious workers. The integration of workers in one organizational unit yields productive complementarities but also triggers income comparisons and envy. Separating workers rules out social comparison but also precludes productive synergies. Instead, the firm may impose a wage-secrecy policy to keep the latter while avoiding the former. We show that productive synergies and envy are substitutes under unlimited liability when wages are transparent while they become complements when workers earn rents. As a result, firms are much more likely to integrate workers when the latter are protected by limited liability. Furthermore, even when firms can impose wage secrecy, they prefer not to as long as workers are not too envious. In both cases, firms exploit the incentive effect of pay inequality to raise productive efforts and profits. For the same reason, firms may deliberately establish pay inequality by opting for individual performance pay rather than group bonuses. In this sense, transparency and “sunshine laws” may not be in the self-interest of employees, even more so under a positive minimum wage.
Evaluation of combined workflows for multimodal mass spectrometry imaging of elements and lipids from the same tissue section
Authors: Sarretto Tassiani , Westerhausen Mika T. , Mckinnon Jayden C. , Bishop David P. , Ellis Shane R.
Published: January 2025

The wide range of mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) technologies enables the spatial distributions of many analyte classes to be investigated. However, as each approach is best suited to certain analytes, combinations of different MSI techniques are increasingly being explored to obtain more chemical information from a sample. In many cases, performing a sequential analysis of the same tissue section is ideal to enable a direct correlation of multimodal data. In this work, we explored different workflows that allow sequential lipid and elemental imaging on the same tissue section using atmospheric pressure laser desorption/ionisation-plasma post-ionisation-MSI (AP-MALDI-PPI-MSI) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-MSI (LA-ICP-MSI), respectively. It is found that performing lipid imaging first using matrix-coated samples, followed by elemental imaging on matrix-coated samples, provides high-quality MSI datasets for both lipids and elements, with the resulting distributions being similar to those obtained when each is performed in isolation. The effect of matrix removal prior to elemental imaging, and of performing elemental imaging first were also investigated but found to generally yield lower quality elemental imaging data but comparable lipid imaging data. Finally, we used the ability to acquire both elemental and lipid imaging data from the same section to investigate the spatial correlations between different lipids (including ceramides, phosphatidylethanolamine, and hexosylceramides) and elements within mouse brain tissue.

Graphical Abstract