bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low-intrusive colour-enhanced pattern coating of plastics for fluid-mechanics laboratory experiments
Authors: Valero Daniel , Felder Stefan , Seidel Frank , Moreno-Rodenas Antonio , Franca Mário J.
Published: March 2024

Plastic transport experiments have been conducted under laboratory conditions over the past five-year period. The primary objective of these experiments is to obtain physical insights into the interactions among fluids, plastics, and solids. These insights aim to facilitate the upscaling of findings to riverine or maritime environments for predictive purposes. Despite the significant progress, challenges persist, notably in tracking plastic particles, potentially employing multi-camera setups. Traditional imaging methods, such as contrast-based detection or moving-object algorithms (based on selected computer vision or background differentiation techniques), can encounter several limitations. For instance, samples with low contrast relative to the background are more susceptible to errors, and the slow movement of samples can yield weaker signals compared to fluctuating light reflections in the area of interest. Additionally, 3D tracking can introduce compounded errors across multiple cameras, leading to amplified errors.In response to these difficulties, our research introduces a novel colour-based contrast enhancement technique, based on a multi-colour water-proof coating for plastic samples. Our protocol leads to coating added masses remaining below 1%, while facilitating the precise detection of transparent and deformable plastics. We present the current limitations in detectability, including light dependency, and discuss the potential advancements enabled by our proposed methodology.
Analysis of reservoir security indicators regarding water supply for energy, food, and ecosystem sectors on a climate change perspective
Authors: da Silva Pedro Gustavo Câmara , Benso Marcos Roberto , Sankarankutty Rebecca , Silva Gabriel Marinho e , Mendiondo Eduardo Mário , Krol Martinus Servatius
Published: March 2024

Climate change impacts water resource users across various sectors. In almost all biomes, socioeconomic patterns are barriers to accelerating the transition toward sustainable lifestyles, aiming to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and improving the adaptation to mitigate hydrological risks. One strategy is to understand the operation of multipurpose reservoirs, which play a crucial role for guaranteeing water security. However, these systems face challenges on policy strategies due to the high number of variables, strong coevolution of change drivers, and underlying constraints of objective functions, in the pursuit of reducing vulnerability and increasing resilience. Overcoming these challenges is essential to decrease vulnerability and improve resilience in water management practices. These challenges are exacerbated in developing countries due to inadequate measurement of these factors, coupled with a lack of comprehensive hydrological information and operational strategies necessary to effectively manage the water demands of the energy, food, and ecosystem sectors. Thus, the objective of this study is to understand the patterns of reservoir operation in hydrological regions of Brazil and the problems around the absence of appropriate indicators to improve water security and adaptive management. This will be done by collecting information of the databases established by National Water and Sanitation Agency of Water (Agência Nacional de Águas e Saneamento – ANA), which is legally liable for implementing the National Water Resources Management System (SINGREH), created to ensure the sustainable use of rivers and lakes for the current and future generations in Brazil. The data collection will include the fixed and occasional demands associated with the reservoirs, as well as the data related to their water supply. Furthermore, watershed management plans, water allocation permit, characterization of dam structures and reservoir monitoring data will give support for the future analyses. Through an investigation centered on Brazil's hydrological regions and the National Water and Sanitation Agency, this study aims evaluate quantitative indicators for water security and adaptive management, we aim to optimize the operations of multipurpose reservoirs, enhancing their resilience in face of the environmental changes. Our goal is to propose operational indices that can assist the monitoring and implementation of national policies for ensuring water security and adaptive management of these reservoirs under environmental change.Keywords: WEFE nexus, multipurpose reservoirs, adaptive water security, climate change.
Rodingite Occurrence in Ciletuh Ophiolitic Mélange Complex (Indonesia): Evidence of Fluid-Rock Interaction in Subducted Oceanic Crust
Authors: Ikhram Rinaldi , Hoshide Takashi , Ohba Tsukasa , Rosana Mega Fatimah
Published: March 2024

The presence of ophiolitic mélanges in the Indonesian archipelago has been acknowledged as pivotal for the paleo-tectonic reconstruction of the Southeast Asia Region (southwestern Sundaland). However, the occurrence of rodingite as an integral component of ophiolite in Indonesia has not been thoroughly documented. The rodingites within the Ciletuh Ophiolitic Mélanges in Western Java are notably fresh and widespread, providing a valuable opportunity to initiate comprehensive research on rodingites, particularly focusing on the interplay of metasomatism between serpentinite and meta-gabbro. These metasomatic processes can provide valuable insights into reconstructing the evolution of P-T conditions and elemental transfer involving fluids in a subduction zone. This study aims to focus on field occurrences, petrography, whole-rock geochemistry, with the application of P-T pseudosection modeling to describe their metamorphic conditions.Rodingitized gabbro in Ciletuh occur as dykes intersecting serpentinized peridotite with sharp and diffuse contact. These dykes are controlled by faults in direction opposite perpendicular or diagonal to the shearing direction of serpentinites. Sheared-foliated rodingite and serpentinite are common, usually forming boudinages. Rodingites are classified into six types which are: (1) Fine to medium grain clinopyroxene rich, (2) Fine to medium grain hydrogarnet rich, (3) Coarse grain, (4) Schistose, (5) Diffused serpentinite-rodingite at peripheral dyke, and (6) Diffused serpentinite-rodingite embedded within serpentinite.  Type (1) to (3) are dykes which mostly composed by garnetized plagioclase (47-49%) and clinopyroxene (29-32%), orthopyroxene (20%), olivine (
The coupled evolution of crystal orientation fabric and ice flow in ice streams
Authors: Rysager Laura , Rathmann Nicholas , Hvidberg Christine , Grinsted Aslak
Published: March 2024

The evolution of grain orientations as a function of flow in polycrystalline glacier ice can greatly affect the bulk viscous anisotropy of ice, and hence mass loss from Earth’s large ice sheets through fast-flowing ice streams where such effects are thought to be important. In this study, we model the strain-induced evolution of grain orientation (fabric) of Lagrangian parcels of ice propagating into, and through, the North-East Greenland Ice Stream (NEGIS) given the local deformation as observed from satellite-derived surface strain rate fields. This allows us to estimate the local flow enhancement factors to be better at understanding the relevance of viscous anisotropy of ice in the ice streams. As the parcels move into and through the ice stream, very different strain-rate regimes are encountered (outside, in the shear margin, and inside the ice stream) which change the fabric over short spatial/temporal scales. To test the model predictions, we compare the modeled fabric eigenvalues with horizontal eigenvalue differences inferred from radar measurements made near the EGRIP drill site.
Worldwide Accumulation of Atmospheric Mercury in Glacier Cryoconite
Authors: Pasieka Agnieszka , Brudecki Kamil , Niedzielski Przemysław , Proch Aleksandra , Takeuchi Nozomu , Ambrosini Roberto , Owens Phil , Zawierucha Krzysztof , Baccolo Giovanni , Clason Caroline , Beard Dylan , Yde Jacob Clement , Łokas Edyta
Published: March 2024

Mercury (Hg) is a chemical element recognized as one of the most toxic among all naturally occurring elements, with health risks depending on its form, concentration, route and time of exposure. Mercury appears in the environment as a result of human activities, which include burning coal or lignite, improper waste disposal, oil refining, use of mercury-containing pesticides and fertilizers, and industrial development such as mining, chemical, pharmaceutical and paper industries. The element also appears in the environment as a consequence of natural phenomena, among which are volcanic emissions, rock erosion, biomass burning and geothermal processes, but also as a result of re-emissions. Mercury can persist in the atmosphere for up to several months, which promotes the transfer of the element to areas far from the emitting source.Cryoconite, a sediment accumulating on the surface of glaciers, is known to accumulate atmospheric contaminants such as Hg likely due to biofilm producing extracellular polymeric substances. Mercury is a contaminant of primary concern in the global environment, including cryosphere environments such as glaciers, due to its high toxicity to biota. This study, for the first time, presents a comprehensive global analysis of the variation in Hg concentrations, observed in cryoconite holes and deposits from the surface of 27 glaciers in both hemispheres, comprising 105 samples in total. Concentrations of Hg were determined through ICP-MS/MS.  The results indicate a higher Hg content in cryoconite from glaciers located in the Northern Hemisphere, which can be linked to the proximity of highly industrialized areas, which contrasts to glaciers located in the Southern Hemisphere. The highest Hg content was measured in cryoconite located in Norway and Alaska (up to 0.7 ppm), and the Alps (close to 0.5 ppm), correlated with the levels of industrialization in these regions. Our results reveal a broad pattern of reduction in Hg concentrations in cryoconite with altitude, which may be related to the topographical relief affecting the transport of contaminants from higher altitudes to lower.As a result of global warming, the majority of glaciers are retreating. The accumulated Hg in the cryoconite can be released during melting of glaciers and thus may also contribute to contamination of the downstream ecosystems and local communities through consumption of contaminated food and water in polar and alpine regions. Therefore, studies like this are needed to monitor the levels and fate of Hg in glaciers and ice caps.
Discrepancies in temporal pCO2 variability from Earth System Models and pCO2-products related to high-latitude mixed layer dynamics and equatorial upwelling
Authors: Danek Christopher , Hauck Judith
Published: March 2024

The air-sea CO2 flux FCO2 is an important component of the global carbon budget and understanding its response to climate change is crucial to adjust mitigation pathways. Multi-linear regression supports the expectation that the balance between the CO2 partial pressures of air and the sea surface (pCO2) is the most important driver of temporal FCO2 variability. Discrepancies between state-of-the-art Earth System Models (ESMs) and gridded pCO2-products suggest that systematic biases exist across an ensemble of ESMs. In the equatorial regions, upwelling variability of carbon-rich water is biased in ESMs as modeled and observed sea surface temperature are generally uncorrelated. In the high latitudes, the climate change induced trend towards lighter sea water is overestimated in ESMs, which yields - in contrast to observations - shallower mixed layers over the contemporary period and hence a suppressed carbon supply from depth. While mixed layer depth variability and trends appear biased throughout the global ocean, this is not a determining factor for pCO2 variability in subtropical gyres. The results highlight the importance of accurately modeling hydrographic properties to obtain robust estimates of FCO2 and its variability.
HALIOS  an innovative and clever Broad Band OBS.
Authors: Hello Yann , Rebour Charles , Sigloch Karin , Bonnieux Sebastien , Philippe Olivier
Published: March 2024

A fruitful close collaboration between teams of researchers and engineers of Geoazur, a research laboratory specializing in seismic observation, and Osean, a dynamic company combining the talents of engineers in low-noise, low-power electronics specialized in underwater acoustics, gives this instrument a guarantee of robustness, reliability and innovation by capitalizing on all their knowledge in their respective fields. Halios has an autonomy of 18 months, dimensions of 1.1 x 1.1 x 1m and a total weight with ballast of 346 kg. Electrical power is supplied by lithium or alkaline batteries. Halios is made entirely from corrosion-resistant materials. The 4-panel, mortise-and-tenon structure naturally creates a well in which the seismometer is protected. This well is covered by two flaps that open when the OBS sinks into the water, and close when the OBS stops on the bottom. During descent, the seismometer is suspended in the well. Once the OBS is in place, the seismometer is released automatically or by an acoustic command to land on the ground without any mechanical contact with the structure. This type of coupling is ideal, and protects the sensor from underwater currents. Communication with the OBS is possible via Ethernet, Wi-fi or acoustics once in the water by non-specialists. An acoustic module makes it possible to retrieve a health report on demand, which groups together the essential parameters of the station, and to modify some of them once the OBS is in the water. Halios incorporates precise clock or a CSAC-type atomic clock, if time precision is required.The seismometer is a compact Nanometrics Trillium, integrated in a dedicated container which also houses an accelerometer. An hydrophone, a precision temperature sensor and an absolute pressure sensor complete the range of sensors integrated on Halios. An dedicated acoustic modem also enables partial data retrieval from the surface.To retrieve the OBS, an acoustic command activates a mechanical release which frees the ballast. Dynamic assistance from leaf springs accelerates the positive thrust provided by the OBS's high-density syntactic foam. This foam is injected into a PHD shell, which effectively protects the whole unit and, thanks to its compact shape, provides effective anti-shock protection. The ascent of the OBS into the water column can be monitored by the acoustic module.Once at the surface, the time difference between the OBS clock and the GPS datum is automatically calculated. The OBS sends its GPS coordinates to the ship by VHF to facilitate recovery. At night, an LED flashing light can also be used to pinpoint its position. Halios is equipped with an interface that enables it to be connected to a real-time cable network, making it a versatile OBS of the highest performance and innovation.
Comparison of cloud-to-cloud distance calculation methods for change detection in spatio-temporal point clouds
Authors: Diaz Vitali , van Oosterom Peter , Meijers Martijn , Verbree Edward , Ahmed Nauman , van Lankveld Thijs
Published: March 2024

The advantages of using point clouds for change detection analysis include comprehensive spatial and temporal representation, as well as high precision and accuracy in the calculations. These benefits make point clouds a powerful data type for spatio-temporal analysis. Nevertheless, most current change detection methods have been specifically designed and utilized for raster data. This research aims to identify the most suitable cloud-to-cloud (c2c) distance calculation algorithm for further implementation in change detection for spatio-temporal point clouds. Eight different methods, varying in complexity and execution time, are compared without converting the point cloud data into rasters. Hourly point cloud data from monitoring a beach-dune system's dynamics is used to carry out the comparison. The c2c distance methods are (1) the nearest neighbor, (2) least squares plane, (3) linear interpolation, (4) quadratic (height function), (5) 2.5D triangulation, (6) natural neighbor interpolation (NNI), (7) inverse distance weight (IDW) and (8) multiscale model to model cloud comparison (M3C2). We evaluate these algorithms, considering both the accuracy of the calculated distance and the execution time. The results can be valuable for analyzing and monitoring the (build) environment with spatio-temporal point cloud data.Key terms: point cloud, spatio-temporal analysis, c2c distance, beach-dune systemReferencesVan Oosterom, P., van Oosterom, S., Liu, H., Thompson, R., Meijers, M. and Verbree, E. Organizing and visualizing point clouds with continuous levels of detail. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 194 (2022) 119. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ISPRSJPRS.2022.10.004Vos, S., Anders, K., Kuschnerus, M., Lindenbergh, R., Höfle, B., Aarninkhof, S. and de Vries, S. A high-resolution 4D terrestrial laser scan dataset of the Kijkduin beach-dune system, The Netherlands. Sci Data 9, 191 (2022). https://doi-org.tudelft.idm.oclc.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01291-9
20 years of the ICGEM Service and the new developments  
Authors: Ince E. Sinem , Reißland Sven , Förste Christoph , Flechtner Frank
Published: March 2024

ICGEM is one of the five services coordinated by the International Gravity Field Service (IGFS) of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). The service has been actively responding to the needs of the scientific community for the last two decades with an archive of static, temporal, and topographic global gravity field models of the Earth in a standardized format with the possibility to assign DOIs. Furthermore, ICGEM provides interactive calculation and visualisation services of gravity field functionals. Maintenance of such a service and development of new “demand-based” tools are of utmost importance to provide state-of-the-art products.In 2016, the ICGEM portal has been renewed to guarantee a smooth transition to future needs. Since then, the last remaining component of the previous ICGEM portal, the G3 Browser, has been upgraded and integrated into the present ICGEM portal. The G3 Browser (http://icgem.gfz-potsdam.de/g3) aims to compute time series of equivalent water height interactively and gives users the opportunity to compare different gravity model time series as well as impacts of corrections (e.g., GIA, C20) or filters. The G3 Browser is complementary to existing services such as GFZ’s GravIS portal which provides ready-to-use products based on GFZ and COST-G solutions with already applied corrections and filters. On the other hand, the ICGEM G3 Browser includes time series from further processing centres and institutions and different filtering options.Recently, ICGEM has included simulated models (http://icgem.gfz-potsdam.de/sl/simulated) in its archive that are relevant to future gravity mission studies. Currently available simulated Level 2a models are from the ESA’s MAGIC simulation studies and they are the first of their kind on the ICGEM Service. Monthly and weekly series of different scenarios have been made available on the relevant pages together with the links to the publications provided by the authors.As demanded by the users, ICGEM plans to include some practical tools in the service, such as comparison of the functionals computed based on two different models and interactive evaluation tools n spatial and spectral domains. Finally, a new project called SAMDAT (Service and Archive for Mass Distribution And mass Transport data) that is funded by the German Research Foundation will be realized during the next three years which aims to expand the ICGEM service based on FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) data and a sustainable data archive principles.
Proposal for a new meteotsunami intensity index.
Authors: Lewis Clare
Published: March 2024

Atmospherically generated coastal waves labelled as meteotsunami are known to cause destruction, injury and fatality due to their rapid onset and unexpected nature. These progressive shallow water waves with a period of 2 to 120 minutes tend to be initiated by sudden pressure changes (±1 mb over a few tens of minutes) and wind stress from moving atmospheric systems out on the open water. As these waves arrive at the shoreline they are amplified by localised resonances. Unlike other related coastal hazards such as tsunami, there exists no standardised means of quantifying this phenomenon which is crucial for understanding its impacts and to establish a shared language and framework for meteotsunami analysis and comparison.In this study, we present a new 5-level Lewis Meteotsunami Intensity Index (LMTI) primarily trialled in the United Kingdom (UK) but designed for global applicability. A comprehensive dataset of meteotsunami events recorded in the UK were verified and applied to the index which yielded results that identified a predominant occurrence of Level 2 or moderate intensity meteotsunamis (69%), with distinct hotspots identified in Southwest England and Scotland. Further trial implementation and calibration of the LMTI in a global capacity revealed its adaptability to other meteotsunami prone regions facilitating the potential for further research into preparedness and hazard mitigation strategies.
Regional-scale magnetotelluric data processing and interpretation in Transdanubia, Hungary
Authors: Szebenyi Renáta , Kiss János
Published: March 2024

Magnetotellurics is often used as a tool in general geologic research. At the Supervisory Authority for Regulatory Affairs (SARA), Hungary, one of our aims is to form large-scale magnetotelluric (MT) key sections in order to be able to gain new insights into the diverse geologic and tectonic settings of our area through mapping the distribution of rocks’ electrical properties. For this purpose, MT sections have been created which cross Hungary from one country border to the other. Mainly archived MT data is used but, in some cases, new field measurements are needed to fill data gaps in the created profiles.One of the magnetotelluric key sections is the MTOA-02 which crosses the western part of Hungary in a NW-SE direction. It is composed of three archived sub-sections and new supplementary MT stations which were measured during the past year in order to fill a 20 km long part of the profile without data. All these data were integrated into the dataset, analyzed and processed together which resulted in an approximately 210 km long magnetotelluric section. The processing of the data in this way is considered a novelty in the institute’s activity since previously, archived sub-sections were not handled together, they were only processed separately at the period of their acquisition.As a part of data processing filtering, smoothing, the correction of static shift, 1D, and 2D inversions were carried out. For the interpretation both inversion results and observations from raw magnetotelluric data were used accompanied with information from other geological-geophysical methods (gravity, magnetism, geologic maps and cross sections) to confirm our conclusions from the resistivity profiles. As a result, main tectonic elements and geologic units were identified. Main structural lines include the Rába line, Balaton line, Kapos line and Mecsekalja line. Identified geologic units are as follows: the Penninic Unit and the subducted European passive margin, the Austroalpine Unit, the Transdanubian Range Unit, the Mid-Hungarian Megaunit, the Tisza Megaunit and Miocene sedimentary rocks filling the Pannonian back-arc basin. During data analyzes, we have noticed that phase-depth sections may be used to identify the depth of the Pre-Cenozoic basement in certain areas where low resistivity sedimentary rocks filling the basins do not show significant resistivity contrast with the underlying strata and hence the basement cannot be distinguished accurately on resistivity sections. This may help interpretations in the area of the Little Hungarian Plain.
Towards an operational global coastal altimetry product: AltiCAP (ALTimetry Innovative Coastal Approach Product)
Authors: Léger Fabien , Birol Florence , Bignalet-Cazalet François , Cancet Mathilde , Dagneaux Quentin , Daguze Jean-Alexis , Faugère Yannice , Ferrari Ramiro , Fkaier Wassim , Fouchet Ergane , Maraldi Claire , Niño Fernando , Pujol Marie-Isabelle , Tran Ngan , Thibaut Pierre , Tolu Léna
Published: March 2024

Although spatial altimetry was originally developed for measurements on the open sea, it can be used in a coastal context, even though this type of use is far more complex. Part of the problem lies in the land contamination of radar observation in the last few kilometers from the coast. In the last few dozen kilometers approaching the coastline, this problem is further aggravated by the poor quality of some of the geophysical corrections applied. In view of the large number of altimetry applications, the international community and space agencies have been trying to resolve this issue for more than 15 years. Following extensive work and studies, a number of processing algorithms have been developed and a few experimental products have proposed.In order to move towards the routine use of sea level altimetry measurements along the coastal strip on a global scale, we have conducted a Round Robin study aimed at comparing 25 algorithms used to calculate sea level anomalies (SLA) from altimetry in low resolution mode (LRM) and targeting the ocean region between 0 and 200 km from the coast. For each one, a significant number of diagnostics was carried out at global and regional levels. The most immediate outcome of this study is the new global AltiCAP altimetry product available on the AVISO+ portal since January 2024.Note that the processing solution which was adopted is a compromise between:
The capability of each algorithm (correction or parameter) to provide the best SLA dataset over the entire strip between 0 and 200 km from the coast (and not necessarily in the most coastal zone) in order to guarantee continuity with the open ocean.

The availability of the correction or parameter on several altimetry missions.

A guarantee of product continuity in the future.

Integrated with the Jason-3 mission in the first instance, this high resolution (20Hz) altimetry product will rapidly include other missions in order to extend the use of the product in time and space, and ensure a long-term implementation. It is provided with different case studies in the form of Python notebooks. Its distribution will also be supported by training workshops for the international community (virtual schools).
Remotely sensed vegetation indices improve machine learning performance in predicting Fagus sylvatica L. forest transpiration in Mediterranean climate
Authors: Kabala Jerzy Piotr , Massari Christian , Niccoli Francesco , Avanzi Francesco , Natali Martina , Battipaglia Giovanna
Published: March 2024

Transpiration accounts for more than a half of the evaporative water fluxes from land. However, several criticalities still exist in its quantification over the whole land surface. Sap-flux measurement is a widespread technique that allows to retrieve data, at a high temporal resolution, for individual plants or trees. Unfortunately, due to practical constraints the spatial extent of sap-flux data is limited, and the campaigns of measurement are most often limited to one or few vegetative seasons. Hydro-meteorological data can be obtained in a much simpler way than sap-flux, while the vegetation condition is monitored frequently and at a high spatial resolution and with a wide coverage by several remote sensing satellite missions; both this kind of data are related to the transpiration process: on one hand the meteorological forcings drive the evaporation process, while the vegetation exerts control on the stomatal resistance, in response to both the environmental condition as well as its own physiological conditions. Machine learning (ML) is a suitable methodology for extracting and reproducing complex patterns from data; and thus might be able to predict sap-flux based on its physical drivers or proxies.The objective of this research was to test three different ML algorithms (namely Regression Tree, Random Forest and XGBoost) on timeseries of transpiration based on sap-flux measurements taken in a Fagus sylvatica L. forest located in Southern Italy, during the 2021 and 2022 vegetative seasons, and to evaluate the performance of different vegetation indices (namely NDVI, EVI2 from Sentinel-2 and Cross-Ratio from Sentinel-1) in improving the prediction accuracy. As meteorological predictors Radiation, Air Temperature, Vapour Pressure Deficit, and Soil Moisture were selected. The accuracies obtained by training the algorithms on the meteorological dataset, were compared to those gained with the addition of the different vegetation indices.The results showed that the vegetation indices always improved the prediction accuracy. EVI2 was the most effective vegetation index, and this is the first study to show that the Sentinel-1 Cross-Ratio is a valuable predictor of vegetation transpiration. With respect to algorithm performance Random Forest and XGBoost outperformed the Regression Tree and showed comparable accuracies between them.
Automated and flexible measuring of grain size and shape in images of sediment with deep learning
Authors: Mair David , Witz Guillaume , Do Prado Ariel Henrique , Garefalakis Philippos , Schlunegger Fritz
Published: March 2024

The size and shape of sediment particles record crucial information on erosion, transport, and deposition mechanisms during sedimentary processes. Therefore, data on grain morphometry is a critical component in understanding sediment production and transport dynamics in various environments, such as fluvial or hillslope settings. However, traditional field methods are labor-intensive, and results may suffer from a limited number of observations. At the same time, remote measurements in images or point clouds still need improvements to counter low accuracy or the need for time-consuming manual corrections (e.g., Steer et al., 2022). These persisting challenges impede the capability of routinely obtaining size and shape information.Here, we present a new and automated approach (Mair et al., 2023) for obtaining morphometric information on coarse sediment particles from segmented images. To do so, we tap into the capability for transfer learning of deep neural networks. In particular, we use state-of-the-art deep learning, developed to find cells in biomedical images, to segment individual grains in pictures of various sediments and image types. Our method validation includes assessing segmentation performance against ground truth from annotated images and evaluating the measurement quality by comparing results to independent measurements in the field and in images. This approach facilitates precise and rapid grain segmentation and outperforms existing methods. In addition, we observe that higher segmentation quality directly leads to improved precision and accuracy for grain size and shape data. Furthermore, any model of the used architecture can easily be re-trained for new image conditions, which we successfully did for several different settings. This highlights the potential for easy adapting to different environments and scales with comparatively small datasets.ReferencesMair, D., Witz, G., Do Prado, A. H., Garefalakis, P., and Schlunegger, F.: Automated detecting, segmenting and measuring of grains in images of fluvial sediments: The potential for large and precise data from specialist deep learning models and transfer learning, Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5755, 2023.Steer, P., Guerit, L., Lague, D., Crave, A., and Gourdon, A.: Size, shape and orientation matter: fast and semi-automatic measurement of grain geometries from 3D point clouds, Earth Surf. Dyn., 10, 1211–1232, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1211-2022, 2022.
Spatiotemporal variation and drivers of cool microclimates in high-latitude ecosystems
Authors: Lehtinen Johanna , Aalto Juha , Luoto Miska
Published: March 2024

Microclimates have recently been emphasized for their key role in shaping local ecosystems. Their profound impact on species distributions and ecosystem dynamics are increasingly recognized. The variations in temperature, humidity, and other climatic factors within microenvironments may be important for the adaptability and resilience of diverse species. For example, in warming climate, cold-adapted species can occur and persist in cool microclimate pockets beyond their macro-climatic ranges.In this study, we explore the spatial and temporal variations of cool microclimates at the forest-tundra ecotone, situated at 68° N latitude in the Pallas region, northern Finland. This study seeks to identify the locations and factors influencing the persistence and spatial structuring of cool microclimatic pockets. We build our study on continuous in-situ near-surface temperature measurements during peak growing season from 193 study sites, representing diverse topographical settings, soil conditions, vegetation types and land covers such as peatlands.We generated microclimate surfaces at a spatial resolution of 10m using statistical multivariate modelling. This process allowed for the mapping of cool microclimates throughout the entire study area.The results showed the versatility of temperature variations in the landscape. The average daily minimum temperatures in July ranged between 3.7° C and 8.8° C, whereas the average daily maximum temperatures ranged between 15.5° C and 24.5° C, respectively. During the coldest period of the day, typically nighttime, the coolest areas were open wetlands in the bottoms of valleys, whereas during the warmest period of the day, typically afternoon, the coolest areas were the shaded hill slopes with poleward aspects and characterized by coniferous forests. The cool microclimates during nighttime were strongly driven by the cold air pooling into low-elevation areas and the intense long-wave radiative cooling in treeless environments. In contrast, the daytime cool microclimates were determined by the interactive effect of low short wave-solar radiation conditions on north-facing slopes and the dense canopies of mature spruce forests. Cool microclimates exhibited connected spatial patterns both during the nighttime and daytime, but due to different driving factors, these patterns rarely overlapped.Our results offer novel understanding on the spatiotemporal variation and drivers of cool microclimates in topographically versatile boreal-tundra ecotone. We expect this information to be important in highlighting the significance of cool microclimates for the persistence of cold-adapted species under climate change across high-latitude ecosystems.
Visible Geology: a revolutionary shift in earth-related science education is here.
Authors: Murtagh Rachel , Joynt Peter , Chapman Holly
Published: March 2024

Seequent knows how important the study of earth-related sciences is to shape a better future for our planet. With dwindling interest from the younger digital native generation, widespread defunding, and departmental cuts, it is imperative the geoscience community respond rapidly and holistically with a digital-first mindset. That's why Seequent, as a world-leading, integrated subsurface software company are committed to investing in Visible Geology, proffering a revolutionary web-based application that is free and accessible to all.Visible Geology helps students grasp fundamental geological concepts in a captivating and fun, digital environment. Move beyond traditional 2D and paper-based methods, and empower students with immersive 3D modelling, collaborative classroom features, and digitised stereonets unlike anything you’ve seen before.For educators, Visible Geology’s simple, intuitive interface makes it’s effortless to modernize teaching practices and integrate into your curriculum. Plus, it’s fun – you’ll enjoy exploring topographies, intrusions, cross-sections, drill holes, and even stereonets just as much as your students.In this presentation, I will introduce and demonstrate the Visible Geology application, showcasing several key features and workflows. I will share information and resources for the audience to not only avail of themselves but for them to contribute, add and evolve. I will present them with the opportunity to become a part of the effort to collaborate, strategize and advance geoscientific education in the most modern and exciting way.  
Mid-Holocene ecosystem reorganisation in the Weddell Sea: dynamic sea ice and climate inferred from novel Antarctic snow petrel deposits (Heimefrontfjella Range)
Authors: Stevenson Mark , Hodgson Dominic , Bentley Michael , Gröcke Darren , McClymont Erin
Published: March 2024

Sea ice in Antarctica is closely coupled to the climate system, influencing water mass upwelling, albedo and the exchange of heat and gas between the ocean and atmosphere. Sea ice also supports a diverse ecosystem which is sensitive to changes in climate and biogeochemistry. The Heimefrontfjella mountain range in East Antarctica features the nesting sites of the snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea) where finely laminated stomach-oil deposits (regurgitated dietary contents) are deposited. Such deposits can provide valuable information on Holocene dietary changes of the snow petrel that may relate to palaeoclimatic variations. Snow petrel feeding grounds in the Weddell Sea range from neritic (coastal) zones rich in fish, to the productive open ocean where Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) become increasingly important. Distinct dietary signatures are recorded in the biomarkers of these deposits, providing new evidence of changing sea-ice and climate in the Weddell Sea.Here we focus on stomach-oil deposits from Heimefrontfjella. A highly resolved radiocarbon-dated (14C-AMS) sequence spanning ~6,500 to 2,000 cal. yr BP has been investigated for organic biomarkers (fatty acids, sterols), stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C, δ15N) and inorganic composition by X-ray fluorescence (XRF).  From ~6,500 to 6,000 cal. yr BP fatty acid markers were generally high in concentration, with particularly high levels of C14:0 mirrored by high δ15N suggesting food sources rich in Antarctic krill and periods of enhanced feeding in the open ocean. Subsequently between 6,000 and 4,500 cal. yr BP there was a marked reduction in C14:0, C18:0 and δ15N, although phytol concentration remained high. This trophic shift suggests a transitional Weddell Sea still rich in productivity with snow petrels feeding in both the open ocean and close to the shore on a mixture of fish, krill and squid. This is consistent with regional mid-Holocene warmth, and also suggests dynamic variable meteorological and oceanographic conditions during this period. Subsequently, between ~4,500 and 2,000 cal. yr BP organic marker concentrations were markedly lower, suggesting a relatively low productivity period, which we anticipate required more coastal feeding by snow petrels. This change is consistent with evidence from regional reconstructions suggesting movement into neoglacial conditions.Together these findings highlight that the Weddell Sea experienced relatively short-term decadal and centennial-scale changes in sea ice and climate during the Holocene. Our results support existing regional proxies (e.g. offshore sediment records, lake records, ice-core records and palaeo-glacial thinning history) and highlight the importance of snow petrel deposits in recording palaeo-dietary and ecosystem changes in Antarctic marine systems.
Deformation processes during seamount dismemberment and underplating along the shallow subduction interface: a case study from the Chugach Complex, Alaska
Authors: Behr Whitney , Akker Ismay Venice , Rast Markus
Published: March 2024

Topographic features such as seamounts can influence the buoyancy of the slab and the short- and long-timescale mechanical properties of the subduction interface. How seamounts in the trench interact with the upper plate accretionary wedge during subduction— their stress field, their potential for ‘decapitation’, and their ability to host large megathrust earthquakes— is not fully understood. We utilize exhumed rocks to investigate seamount–upper plate interactions at shallow subduction interface conditions. We focus on a 250-m-thick cross-section of deformed, weakly metamorphosed basalt, limestone, chert, argillite and greywacke exposed in the inboard part of the Chugach accretionary complex near Grewingk glacier, southern Alaska. Temperatures from Raman spectroscopy on graphite yield ~260°C, suggesting deformation and metamorphism down to ~15-20 km depth. Detrital zircon data from greywacke lenses within and outside the shear zone overlap within error suggesting emplacement over less than ~1 m.y. at ~167 Ma. Basalts in the shear zone are dismembered into ~3 slices up to 35 m thick, all of which contain limestone patches suggesting the basalt is derived from the seamount’s very top (limited decapitation). The basalt slices are bounded by high-strain melange-like shear zones up to 25 m thick, interpreted to represent décollements along which the seamount slices were underplated. These mélange belts exhibit a block-and-matrix texture with a macroscopically ductile argillite and chert matrix, and pervasively disaggregated and brittlely deformed greywacke and basalt lenses. Both the matrix and the blocks show several generations of dilational and shear veins, suggesting high fluid pressures and low differential stresses. Features suggesting deformation at fast (potentially seismic) strain rates include fluidized cataclasites, but these do not extend along strike for more than 0.25 m and do not occur within the larger (m-to-dm-scale) basalt lenses, suggesting that large-magnitude earthquakes were limited during seamount underplating. Instead, the observed mix of brittle and macroscopically ductile deformation at high fluid pressures is more consistent with a potential record of shallow tremor and slow slip.Our findings support geophysical observations and numerical models that suggest relatively weak mechanical and seismic coupling between seamounts and the overriding plate, and are consistent with recent suggestions (e.g. for the Hikurangi margin) that sediment envelopes around subducting seamounts are conducive to slow slip and tremor.
To tile or not to tile?
Authors: Thurner Melanie A. , Rodriguez-Lloveras Xavier , Beer Christian
Published: March 2024

Soils and landscapes vary within centimeters to decameters, which is not captured by state-of-the-art land-surface models that operate on kilometer scale. This leads to potential mismatches when simulating the exchange of energy, water and gasses between land and atmosphere, which are summarized under the term “aggregation error”, and is a major source of uncertainty. To overcome this issue and account for subgrid-scale heterogeneity so-called tiling approaches are used, which separate grid cells internally into different tiles that interact with each other. Although this is a valid approach, it remains unclear, if and to what extend tiling reduces the aggregation error and consequently, if tiling is sufficient to account for subgrid-scale heterogeneity.Permafrost soils are especially heterogeneous and the aggregation error when simulating permafrost landscapes is especially problematic, because it can make the differences between frozen and unfrozen, as well as waterlogged and unsaturated areas. This affects the presence of permafrost itself, the build of soil ice and resulting frost heave, and determines pond locations as well as the duration and thickness of the seasonal snow cover, which all together influence vegetation and thus ecosystem dynamics.To address the sufficiency of tiling at permafrost landscapes, we apply the two-dimensional pedon-scale soil model DynSoM at a non-sorted circle site. We run DynSoM with four different horizontal resolutions: (i) with an explicit resolution of 10cm, (ii) with three tiles, representing center, rim, and interface area, (iii) with two tiles, representing center and rim, and (iv) without tiling, representing a typical state-of-the-art land surface model. By comparing mean simulations, we assess the benefits, but also the shortcomings and limitations of the different tiling set-ups, and discuss implications for tiling within kilometer-scale land-surface models.
Categorization Framework of Adaptation Measures in Urban Dry Arid Climate 
Authors: Nadler Realpe Shiran , Jabareen Yosef
Published: March 2024

Since the rise of the global climate change crisis, it has become urgent that cities apply climate-change-oriented adaptation measures as an integral part of their planning and development endeavors. Specifically, this study focuses on arid-dryland climate regions that are considered with high confidence to face a disproportionately high risk due to climate change impacts. A critical review of the literature on urban adaptation measures reveals that adaptation measures applicable to the context of the arid urban environment are spread out across various studies. Yet, there needs to be a comprehensive framework that unifies, categorizes, and further contextualizes them regarding planning parameters. Therefore, this paper aims to provide a unified framework for adaptation measures that constitute the scientific knowledge base for climate-focused city planning and development and are adjusted to the requirements of hot and dry arid environments. The review of adaptation measures for arid urban areas identified four major adaptation categories: The building code, the urban design category, the green infrastructure category, and the sustainable water management category. The outcome of our proposed procedure is the construction of inclusive adaptation categories tables that include arid-oriented climate change adaptation measures and their related planning parameters. Here, we provide the necessary landmarks for applying adaptation measures to cope with climate change threats regarding the planning of hot and dry arid climate cities. 
Identifying and Tracking Solar Flux Ropes in Simulation Data and Deflection Analysis of AR11176 and AR12473 Flux Ropes
Authors: Wagner Andreas , Bourgeois Slava , Kilpua Emilia , Sarkar Ranadeep , Price Daniel , Kumari Anshu , Pomoell Jens , Poedts Stefaan , Barata Teresa , Erdélyi Robertus , Oliveira Orlando , Gafeira Ricardo
Published: March 2024

To improve our understanding of how space weather affects our near-Earth space environment, magnetic field modelling of solar eruptive structures is essential. In particular, modelling flux ropes in a time-dependent manner to investigate their destabilization in the low corona as well as their morphological evolution and propagation can yield important information about the eruption's impact at Earth. However, finding and tracking the magnetic field lines that pertain to the flux rope in simulation data is a non-trivial task. Therefore, we developed a methodology to extract and track flux ropes in a semi-automatic way, using a combination of some flux rope proxies (like the twist parameter) and mathematical morphology algorithms. This procedure is also wrapped into a graphical user interface (GUI) to increase the user-friendliness of the methodology. We subsequently apply this methodology to time-dependent magnetofrictional method (TMFM) simulations of active regions AR12473 and AR11176. For the former, we chose to simulate a time window which featured an eruption, while for the latter, we model the active region at a time where there was only mild activity. We then analyse the propagation of the flux ropes through the low corona. We find that the eruptive flux rope of AR12473 clearly shows significant changes in the propagation direction with deflection angles peaking at 60 degrees. The AR11176 flux rope appears to be more stable, but still features non-negligible deflections peaking at about 40 degrees.