bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of fresh biowastes for biogas production and environmental health in Niger Delta, Nigeria
Authors: Ogbole Faith Ajiebabhio , Ogbuta Anthony Anwuli , Okagbue Hilary Izuchukwu
Published: September 2024

Background

Environmental pollution is a public health problem in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to: identify the major fresh biowastes in Bayelsa State, Niger Delta; quantify the biogas yields from mono-digestion and co-digestion of identified biowastes; determine the first day of biogas production during hydraulic retention time; assess pH variations during anaerobic digestion; and evaluate biogas flame colours.

Methods

Fifteen communities in Bayelsa State were randomly selected, and on-the-spot assessment and quantification of the biowastes found in each community were carried out daily per week. Mono-digestion of 20 kg of each biowaste and co-digestion of 10 kg of animal waste with 10 kg of plant waste were carried out respectively under anaerobic conditions. Cumulative biogas yield and pH were measured using a pH meter and weighing scale respectively. Biogas flame colours during combustion were visually assessed.

Results

Exactly 120.61 metric ton of fresh biowastes was found to be generated per week in Bayelsa State, Niger Delta. Industrial biowastes were the highest [47.6 tonnes, (39.46%)], followed by abattoir biowastes [33 tonnes (27%)], market and roadside sellers biowastes [25.5 tonnes (21.14%)], and farm biowastes [14.51 (12.03%)]. Biogas yields (kg) were: 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 14, 2, 18, 16, 17, 15 and 1 kg for palm oil mill effluent (POME), orange fruit waste (OFW), pineapple peels (PP), plantain peels, cassava mill effluent (CME), rumen digesta (RD), cow dung, sewage, PP-RD, plantain peels-cow dung, POME-rumen digesta, OFW-cow dung, and CME-sewage respectively. The first day of biogas production for RD, cow dung, sewage, PP-RD, plantain peels-cow dung, POME-RD, OFW-cow dung, and CME-sewage was on the 6th, 32nd. 56th, 1st, 26th, 18th, 25th, and 60th day of hydraulic retention time respectively. A dominant blue flame colour mixed reddish yellow or orange flames were found during biogas combustion. A slight increase in pH was found in all the biodigester media.

Conclusions

In the present study, a variety of biowastes yielding various quantities and qualities of biogas were identified in Bayelsa State, Niger Delta. The study’s findings have provided evidence-based data that might be explored as a road map and catalyst for policy creation against inadequate biowaste management and as sustainable alternatives to the expensive liquefied petroleum gas. The potential of current research study to be scaled up for commercial use is implicated in the present study.
Sexual Dimorphism in the Musculoskeletal System: Sex Hormones and Beyond
Authors: Plotkin Lilian I , Bruzzaniti Angela , Pianeta Roquelina
Published: September 2024

Mounting evidence indicates that whereas some fundamental aspects of bone cell differentiation and function are similar in females and males, there is a clear contribution of sex/gender on the effects of signaling molecules on bone mass and strength and, consequently, on the effects of pharmacologic approaches to treat skeletal disorders. However, until recently, most studies were designed and performed using only 1 sex, resulting in a scarcity of published information on sexual dimorphism of the musculoskeletal system, including the mandible/masticatory muscles and the axial and appendicular bones and skeletal muscles. Further, it is now recognized that scientific rigor requires the study of both males and females. Therefore, there is an increasing need to understand the molecular and cellular basis for the differential outcomes of genetic manipulations and therapeutic agent administration depending on the sex of the experimental animals. Studies have shown higher muscle mass, cancellous bone mass, and long bone width in males compared with females as well as different traits in the pelvis and the skull, which are usually used for gender identification in forensic anthropology. Yet, most reports focus on the role of sex hormones, in particular, the consequences of estrogen deficiency with menopause in humans and in ovariectomized animal models. In addition, emerging data is starting to unveil the effects of gender-affirming hormonal therapy on the musculoskeletal system. We summarize here the current knowledge on the sex/gender-dependent phenotypic characteristics of the bone and skeletal muscles in humans and rodents, highlighting studies in which side by side comparisons were made.
Nursing care of 80 years-old patient with type 2 diabetes at home
Authors: Ryś Bogusława , Górna Kamila , Bąk Ewelina , Kostka Julia
Published: September 2024

Type 2 diabetes is one of the diseases of civilization that affects older people relatively more often.  It is called the plague of the 21st century. As the body ages, insulin sensitivity decreases significantly, which often results in impaired insulin secretion in the body. Type 2 diabetes in the elderly is currently a major clinical problem. Improperly treated diabetes leads to many dysfunctions in the body, such as: diabetic nephropathy, coronary artery disease, and in some cases it may lead to atherosclerosis occlusive of the arteries of the lower limbs. The theoretical part of the work included information about type 2 diabetes. The practical part included a case report of an 80-year-old patient with type 2 diabetes.
Obesity and the Risk of Thyroid Cancer: A Literature Review
Authors: Piątkowska Karolina , Jaroń Aleksandra , Wiklińska Agata , Śliwińska Martyna , Wójtowicz Katarzyna , Walczak Agata , Niegowska Wiktoria , Wirkijowski Jakub , Gajek-Flanczewska Wiktoria , Flanczewski Sebastian , Woźniak Paulina , Kidacki Kajetan
Published: September 2024

Introduction and aim of the study: Thyroid cancer is considered the most common endocrine malignant worldwide in recent years. Also, obesity has become a true pandemic. The correlation between the increase in cases of not only obesity but also thyroid cancer could not be explained solely by earlier and more meticulous cancer diagnoses. This study aims to review the literature on the relationship between obesity and the risk of thyroid cancer.
Materials and Methods: The authors conducted a comprehensive review of the literature available in PubMed and Medline databases focusing on the terms "thyroid cancer" and "obesity".
Results: Obesity is associated with a state of chronic inflammation and nonspecific activation of the immune system, leading to the production of cytokines and adipokines. These elements, through complex mechanisms, directly and indirectly promote carcinogenesis. Despite the association of excessive body weight with malignant tumor development, oncological treatment cannot rely solely on lifestyle changes and should be conducted precisely as it is for individuals with normal body weight. Another popular research topic in recent years has been circadian rhythm disorders. These disorders are confirmed to be a pro-carcinogenic factor but are also considered as an element that could accelerate diagnosis.
Conclusions: Understanding the relationship between obesity and thyroid cancer, primarily molecular mechanisms is essential for developing effective preventive and therapeutic strategies to reduce the risk of thyroid cancer in obese patients.
The role of vitamin D in multiple sclerosis and its mechanisms of action
Authors: Kowalczyk Agata , Kiełbasa Justyna , Przestrzelska Magda , Rykucka Aleksandra , Wąs Marcin , Zozula Natalia , Tomczewska Zuzanna , Bil Katarzyna , Ślesicka Iga , Latała Aleksandra
Published: September 2024

Introduction and Purpose: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a prevalent autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system, particularly in young people. Characterized by neurodegenerative and demyelinating processes, MS is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Research indicates that sufficient levels of vitamin D can reduce the risk of developing MS. Studies show that higher sun exposure and dietary vitamin D intake are associated with a lower incidence of MS. Moreover, vitamin D supplementation may benefit those already diagnosed by alleviating symptoms and improving their quality of life. This review explores the potential benefits of vitamin D and its neuroprotective mechanisms in MS.
State of Knowledge: MS research and treatments have focused on immunomodulation, with less emphasis on neuroprotection, including the role of vitamin D. It is well-established that vitamin D has anti-inflammatory effects on the immune system in MS. It influences the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells and oligodendrocytes, enhances neurotrophin expression, reduces reactive astrogliosis, decreases oxidative stress, and stabilizes the blood-brain barrier. Research suggests that adequate vitamin D levels and supplementation might improve MS outcomes.
Conclusion: New diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to address the complex nature of MS, which includes inflammation, neuronal death, demyelination, and oxidative stress. Promoting vitamin D sufficiency and supplementation, alongside developing new neuroprotective agents, remains a valuable approach in combating MS. Understanding the mechanisms of MS and the effects of vitamin D could lead to better management strategies and enhanced quality of life for patients.
impact of lifestyle on male fertility - review
Authors: Wiklińska Agata , Śliwińska Martyna , Wójtowicz Katarzyna , Walczak Agata , Jaroń Aleksandra , Piątkowska Karolina , Niegowska Wiktoria , Wirkijowski Jakub , Gajek-Flanczewska Wiktoria , Flanczewski Sebastian , Woźniak Paulina , Kidacki Kajetan
Published: September 2024

Introduction and aim of study: The World Health Organization defines infertility as the disease of reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. It is estimated that 30% of infertility is due to the male factor, and 25% to the coexistence of the male and female factors. The purpose of this review study was to provide an overview of lifestyle risk factors for male infertility and their impact on the organism.
Materials and methods: The authors conducted an extensive review of articles available in PubMed, Google Scholar, UpToDate, Science Direct, and Cochrane databases. The keywords infertility, lifestyle, testosterone, men were the basis of the review.
Results: Leading an unhealthy lifestyle can significantly impact male fertility. The function of the reproductive system can be affected by inadequate body weight, as well as leading a sedentary lifestyle, using stimulants or anabolic steroids. They not only affect the endocrine system by disrupting steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis but may also directly damage sperm. This leads to impaired semen quality and increases the risk of recurrent pregnancy loss and poor pregnancy outcomes.
Conclusion: Lifestyle significantly affects male fertility. A balanced diet, adequate physical activity and avoidance of stimulants can all have a beneficial effect.
Polycystic ovary syndrome: the impact of diet and physical activity on the course of the disease
Authors: Ciułek Urszula , Bilska Wiktoria , Dubińska Michalina , Paduch-Jakubczyk Wiktoria , Zduńczyk Wiktoria , Żydek Ada , Dobosz Anna
Published: September 2024

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, affecting between 6% and 26% of women. More than 50% of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome are obese, which contributes to the development of insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and other disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. These disorders in turn lead to weight gain and hormonal imbalance, creating a 'vicious circle' between the causes and effects of the disease.
Therefore, preventing and treating obesity itself is extremely important in PCOS. A balanced diet and regular exercise will help to reduce fat. Adopting healthy eating habits and increasing physical activity has a positive effect on hormone management, improving fertility and reducing hirsutism or acne. It also helps to improve wellbeing and reduce symptoms of mental health problems.
The most effective methods of treating and alleviating the symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome are the implementation of a balanced diet and increased physical activity.
Mitigating the Adverse Effects of Night Shifts: A Review of Strategies for Enhancing Health Outcomes in Shift Workers
Authors: Wasiewicz-Ciach Paulina , Marzec Marcelina Teresa , Choiński Maciej , Kuczyński Piotr , Marszałek Anna , Wydra-Rojek Aleksandra , Łakoma Aleksandra , Marzec Weronika Zofia , Kutyla Katarzyna , Mokot Wojciech Jan
Published: September 2024

Introduction and PurposeShift work, essential for continuous operation in industries like healthcare, transportation, and security, disrupts circadian rhythms and adversely affects health. This review consolidates findings on the multifaceted impacts of night shift work, emphasizing interventions to mitigate these effects and improve worker health and well-being.
Brief Description of the State of KnowledgeNight shift work disrupts circadian rhythms, leading to cognitive decline, sleep disorders, mental health risks, cardiovascular issues, metabolic disturbances, and cancer susceptibility. Effective interventions include limiting shift lengths and frequency, incorporating rest breaks and napping, aligning meal times with circadian rhythms, using melatonin supplementation and light therapy to improve sleep quality, engaging in regular aerobic exercise, and employing stress management techniques.
Summary Implementing proposed interventions can mitigate the adverse health effects of night shift work, enhancing worker well-being, efficiency, and job satisfaction. Tailoring strategies to different age groups optimizes effectiveness, with structured approaches beneficial for older workers and flexible options suitable for younger workers. Further research should explore long-term intervention effects and develop personalized strategies for diverse populations.
This review provides comprehensive guidelines for managing the health impacts of night shift work, supporting improved patient safety, reduced accidents, and enhanced work performance across various industries.
From Stiffness to Strength: The Role of Physical Activity in Managing Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Koper Mateusz , Rosińska Kamila , Janicka Ewelina Justyna , Perko Agnieszka , Bochenek Oliwia , Łojewska Julia Natalia , Niedźwiedzka Monika , Rosiński Mateusz
Published: September 2024

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation, pain, and potential disability. While pharmacological treatments are central to managing RA, physical activity plays a crucial role in improving patient outcomes. This article explores the influence of physical activity on RA, detailing its benefits, challenges, and best practices. Physical activity offers numerous benefits for RA patients, including reduced pain, improved joint function, enhanced physical mobility, and better mental health. Regular exercise also mitigates the risk of cardiovascular disease, improves bone density, and contributes to overall quality of life. Suitable forms of physical activity for RA patients include low-impact aerobic exercises, strength training, flexibility exercises, balance training, and mind-body practices like yoga and Tai Chi. Despite these benefits, RA patients face challenges in engaging in physical activity, such as pain, fatigue, and psychological barriers. Properly tailored exercise programs, guided by healthcare professionals, can help overcome these challenges, ensuring that patients can safely incorporate physical activity into their management plans. This article highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, integrating physical activity with conventional RA treatments, to optimize patient outcomes and enhance their quality of life.
Physical Activity in Pregnancy: The Role of Exercise in Promoting Maternal and Fetal Health
Authors: Dubińska Michalina , Paduch-Jakubczyk Wiktoria , Bilska Wiktoria , Ciułek Urszula , Dobosz Anna , Zduńczyk Wiktoria , Żydek Ada
Published: September 2024

Introduction and Objective:  There is no doubt that engaging in regular physical activity is beneficial for individuals of all ages. Pregnancy is a special time of life for most women. This period presents a unique opportunity for them to improve their lifestyle choices and adopt healthier habits such as exercise. The aim of this article is to find out if regular physical activity during pregnancy has a positive impact for both the mother and the baby.Review and Methods: Review and summary of available studies and meta-analyses found in open-access formats on Google Scholar and PubMed.State of Knowledge: The WHO defines physical activity as any bodily movement requiring energy expenditure, including during leisure, transport, work, and domestic activities. Regular exercise reduces the risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and poor health outcomes, while sedentary behavior contributes to this and burdens healthcare systems. For pregnant and postpartum women, physical movement decreases the risk of various complications, with no negative effects on birthweight or stillbirth risk.
Conclusions: Studies show that physical activity decreased risk of pre-eclampsia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, excessive gestational weight gain, delivery complications, postpartum depression and newborn complications.
Nursing Care in the Home Environment of a 76-Year-Old Female Patient With Chronic Myocardial Failure After Implanted Cardiostimulator
Authors: Ryś Bogusława , Wątroba Kinga , Bąk Ewelina , Kostka Julia
Published: September 2024

Chronic heart failure is one of the diseases of affluence It relatively more often affects the elderly, as well as those who suffer from cardiovascular diseases. The theoretical part of the paper contains information on chronic myocardial insufficiency enriched with an artificial pacemaker. In the practical part, a case report of a 76-year-old female patient with chronic myocardial failure after an implanted pacemaker was presented.
Auditing the microbiological quality of the air in operating theatres
Authors: Whyte William , Thomas Andrew M.
Published: September 2024

The critical relationship between airborne microbiological contamination in an operating theatre and surgical site infection (SSI) is well known. The aim of this annotation is to explain the scientific basis of using settle plates to audit the quality of air, and to provide information about the practicalities of using them for the purposes of clinical audit. The microbiological quality of the air in most guidance is defined by volumetric sampling, but this method is difficult for surgical departments to use on a routine basis. Settle plate sampling, which mimics the mechanism of deposition of airborne microbes onto open wounds and sterile instruments, is a good alternative method of assessing the quality of the air. Current practice is not to sample the air in an operating theatre during surgery, but to rely on testing the engineering systems which deliver the clean air. This is, however, not good practice and microbiological testing should be carried out routinely during operations as part of clinical audit.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(9):887–891.
Early Motion and Directed Exercise (EMADE) following ankle fracture fixation: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial
Authors: Matthews Paul A. , Scammell Brigitte E. , Coughlin Tim A. , Nightingale Jessica , Ollivere Ben J.
Published: September 2024

Aims

This study aimed to compare the outcomes of two different postoperative management approaches following surgical fixation of ankle fractures: traditional cast immobilization versus the Early Motion and Directed Exercise (EMADE) programme.

Methods

A total of 157 patients aged 18 years or older who underwent successful open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of Weber B (AO44B) ankle fractures were recruited to this randomized controlled trial. At two weeks post-surgical fixation, participants were randomized to either light-weight cast-immobilization or the EMADE programme, consisting of progressive home exercises and weekly advice and education. Both groups were restricted to non-weightbearing until six weeks post-surgery. The primary outcome was assessed using the Olerud-Molander Ankle Score (OMAS) questionnaire at 12 weeks post-surgery, with secondary measures at two, six, 24, and 52 weeks. Exploratory cost-effectiveness analyses were also performed.

Results

Overall, 130 participants returned their 12-week OMAS questionnaires. The mean OMAS was significantly higher in the EMADE group compared with the immobilized group (62.0 (SD 20.9) vs 48.8 (SD 22.5)), with a clinically meaningful mean difference of 13.2 (95% CI 5.66 to 20.73; p < 0.001). These differences were maintained at week 24, with convergence by week 52. No intervention-related adverse events, including instability, were reported.

Conclusion

The EMADE programme demonstrated an accelerated recovery compared to traditional six-week cast immobilization for those who have undergone ORIF surgery to stabilize Weber B (AO44B) ankle fractures. The study found the EMADE intervention to be safe.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(9):949–956.
Management of zone 2 fifth metatarsal fractures varies based on treating specialty
Authors: Kingery Matthew T. , Kadiyala Manasa L. , Walls Raymond , Ganta Abhishek , Konda Sanjit R. , Egol Kenneth A.
Published: September 2024

Aims

This study evaluated the effect of treating clinician speciality on management of zone 2 fifth metatarsal fractures.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with acute zone 2 fifth metatarsal fractures who presented to a single large, urban, academic medical centre between December 2012 and April 2022. Zone 2 was the region of the fifth metatarsal base bordered by the fourth and fifth metatarsal articulation on the oblique radiograph. The proportion of patients allowed to bear weight as tolerated immediately after injury was compared between patients treated by orthopaedic surgeons and podiatrists. The effects of unrestricted weightbearing and foot and/or ankle immobilization on clinical healing were assessed. A total of 487 patients with zone 2 fractures were included (mean age 53.5 years (SD 16.9), mean BMI 27.2 kg/m2 (SD 6.0)) with a mean follow-up duration of 2.57 years (SD 2.64).

Results

Overall, 281 patients (57.7%) were treated by orthopaedic surgeons, and 206 patients (42.3%) by podiatrists. When controlling for age, sex, and time between symptom onset and presentation, the likelihood of undergoing operative treatment was significantly greater when treated by a podiatrist (odds ratio (OR) 2.9 (95% CI 1.2 to 8.2); p = 0.029). A greater proportion of patients treated by orthopaedic surgeons were allowed to immediately bear weight on the injured foot (70.9% (178/251) vs 47.3% (71/150); p < 0.001). Patients treated by podiatrists were immobilized for significantly longer (mean 8.4 weeks (SD 5.7) vs 6.8 weeks (SD 4.3); p = 0.002) and experienced a significantly longer mean time to clinical healing (12.1 (SD 10.6) vs 9.0 weeks (SD 7.3), p = 0.003).

Conclusion

Although there was considerable heterogeneity among zone 2 fracture management, orthopaedic surgeons were less likely to treat patients operatively and more likely to allow early full weightbearing compared to podiatrists.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(9):942–948.
Long-term outcomes of anterior latissimus dorsi tendon transfer for irreparable subscapularis tears
Authors: Baek Chang H. , Kim Jung G. , Kim Bo T.
Published: September 2024

Aims

Favourable short-term outcomes have been reported following latissimus dorsi tendon transfer for patients with an irreparable subscapularis (SSC) tendon tear. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term outcomes of this transfer in these patients.

Methods

This was a retrospective study involving 30 patients with an irreparable SSC tear and those with a SSC tear combined with a reparable supraspinatus tear, who underwent a latissimus dorsi tendon transfer. Clinical scores and active range of motion (aROM), SSC-specific physical examination and the rate of return to work were assessed. Radiological assessment included recording the acromiohumeral distance (AHD), the Hamada grade of cuff tear arthropathy and the integrity of the transferred tendon. Statistical analysis compared preoperative, short-term (two years), and final follow-up at a mean of 8.7 years (7 to 10).

Results

There were significant improvements in clinical scores, in the range and strength of internal rotation and aROM compared with the preoperative values in the 26 patients (87%) who were available for long-term follow-up. These improvements were maintained between short- and long-term follow-ups. Although there was a decreased mean AHD of 7.3 mm (SD 1.5) and an increased mean Hamada grade of 1.7 (SD 0.5) at final follow-up, the rate of progression of cuff tear arthropathy remained low-grade. Comparison between the isolated SSC and combined SSC and reparable supraspinatus tear groups showed no significant differences. At final follow-up, one patient (3.8%) had undergone revision surgery to a reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). No neurological complications were associated with the procedure.

Conclusion

Latissimus dorsi transfer for an irreparable SSC tendon tear resulted in a significant clinical improvement, particularly in pain, range and strength of internal rotation and aROM, which were maintained over a mean of 8.7 years following surgery. Given that this was a long-term outcome study, there was a low-grade progression in the rate of cuff tear arthropathy. Thus, the long-term clinical efficacy of latissimus dorsi tendon transfer in patients with irreparable SSC was confirmed as a joint-preserving procedure for these patients, suggesting it as an effective alternative to RSA in young, active patients without degenerative changes of the glenohumeral joint.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(9):957–963.
Understanding the mechanism of injury and fracture pattern of paediatric triplane ankle fractures versus adult trimalleolar fractures
Authors: Prijs Jasper , Rawat Jaideep , ten Duis Kaj , Assink Nick , Harbers Jorrit S. , Doornberg Job N. , Jadav Bhavin , Jaarsma Ruurd L. , IJpma Frank F. A.
Published: September 2024

Aims

Paediatric triplane fractures and adult trimalleolar ankle fractures both arise from a supination external rotation injury. By relating the experience of adult to paediatric fractures, clarification has been sought on the sequence of injury, ligament involvement, and fracture pattern of triplane fractures. This study explores the similarities between triplane and trimalleolar fractures for each stage of the Lauge-Hansen classification, with the aim of aiding reduction and fixation techniques.

Methods

Imaging data of 83 paediatric patients with triplane fractures and 100 adult patients with trimalleolar fractures were collected, and their fracture morphology was compared using fracture maps. Visual fracture maps were assessed, classified, and compared with each other, to establish the progression of injury according to the Lauge-Hansen classification.

Results

Four stages of injury in triplane fractures, resembling the adult supination external rotation Lauge-Hansen stages, were observed. Stage I consists of rupture of the anterior syndesmosis or small avulsion of the anterolateral tibia in trimalleolar fractures, and the avulsion of a larger Tillaux fragment in triplanes. Stage II is defined as oblique fracturing of the fibula at the level of the syndesmosis, present in all trimalleolar fractures and in 30% (25/83) of triplane fractures. Stage III is the fracturing of the posterior malleolus. In trimalleolar fractures, the different Haraguchi types can be discerned. In triplane fractures, the delineation of the posterior fragment has a wave-like shape, which is part of the characteristic Y-pattern of triplane fractures, originating from the Tillaux fragment. Stage IV represents a fracture of the medial malleolus, which is highly variable in both the trimalleolar and triplane fractures.

Conclusion

The paediatric triplane and adult trimalleolar fractures share common features according to the Lauge-Hansen classification. This highlights that the adolescent injury arises from a combination of ligament traction and a growth plate in the process of closing. With this knowledge, a specific sequence of reduction and optimal screw positions are recommended.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(9):1008–1014.
Neuroprotective effects of Paederia foetida Linn. on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in rats
Authors: Pakaprot Narawut , Khamphaya Tanaporn , Kwankaew Pattamaporn , Ninsuwan Sarawut , Laisunthad Sutida , Thonoi Kotchaporn , Kuraeiad Saruda
Published: September 2024

Background and Aim: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) poses a significant health-care challenge, often linked to cognitive decline caused by oxidative stress. This study investigated the potential neuroprotective effects of the Paederia foetida leaf extract (PFE) in rats that exhibited scopolamine-induced dementia mimicking AD.

Materials and Methods: Forty-two male rats were treated with either donepezil (0.5 mg/kg) or PFE at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg for 14 days before and 14 days after the beginning of Alzheimer’s-like symptoms after 14 consecutive days of scopolamine administration. Behavioral tests, including the open-field test for locomotor activity and the Morris water maze task for learning and memory assessment, were conducted. Neuronal cell counts and biochemical assays were performed to further analyze outcomes.

Results: All groups exhibited normal locomotor activity. The scopolamine group displayed longer escape latency times, reduced time in the target quadrant, decreased number of surviving neurons, and increased malondialdehyde and decreased glutathione levels compared with the control group. However, pre-treatment with 1000 mg/kg PFE notably mitigated the neurotoxic effects of scopolamine.

Conclusion: The neuroprotective properties of PFE are highlighted, suggesting its potential as a promising treatment strategy for AD.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, neuroprotection, oxidative stress, Paederia foetida, scopolamine.
Formulation and evaluation of salicylic acid hydrogel based on hydrotropic solubility enhancement technique
Authors: Younis Sara , Hussein Nozad
Published: September 2024

Background and objective: Salicylic acid (SA) has keratolytic activities and it is used topically to treat dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. The hydrotropic phenomenon in pharmaceutical preparations is utilized to enhance the solubility of water-insoluble drug molecules that promoted to prepare the salicylic acid as a hair gel for local effect and it can extend its keratolytic action for a longer period compared to the salicylic acid solution. Methods: Preformulation study was performed to exclude any unwanted chemical interaction between SA and excipients using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The solubility of SA was determined separately in sodium acetate and sodium citrate solutions at a concentration of 1, 3, and 5 %w/v, using distilled water as a solvent. An optimum gel formulation was developed and it was used to prepare the SA gel formulation. Characterizations were performed in terms of physical appearance, viscosity, pH, and spreadability, in-vitro studies were performed in physiological pH, and ex-vivo diffusion studies were performed utilizing rats’ skin. Results: FTIR did not show any chemical interaction between the drug and sodium citrate. The hydrotropic solution of sodium citrate with a concentration of 5% w/v increased the solubility of SA by 28 folds, while the sodium acetate solutions with a concentration of 5% w/v increased the solubility of SA by 19 folds. The optimum gel formula (F1) with a drug content of 97% showed a slow dissolution rate and minimum diffusion through the skin. Conclusion: The hydrotropic solubilization technique significantly influenced the solubilization of salicylic acid in the water and the highest solubility rate was achieved from 5% w/v sodium citrate solution. The formulated hydrogels using carbopol 971P as gelling agent decreased the diffusion rate of SA.
Toxicity of antiviral Remdesivir on human liver’s ATP binding cassette subfamily D member 3 transporters
Authors: Yaba Saber Sarwin , Hassan Hedy
Published: September 2024

Background and objective: The World Health Organization advises against the use of the antiviral drug Remdesivir to treat severe COVID-19 infections due to potential toxicity. The molecular mechanism of this toxicity is not well established. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters play an essential role in the transport of various drugs in many illnesses. Objective: This study examines the possible role of ATP-binding cassette, subfamily D, member 3 (ABCD3) in Remdesivir toxicity. Methods: Real-time PCR and MTT assays were used to demonstrate the toxicity of Remdesivir on ABCD3 gene expression in the HepG2 cell line. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect serum ABCD3 levels, Prestige24i was used to detect C-reactive protein (CRP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the serum. Nano-Checker710 was used to detect D-dimer in the serum of the patients. Results: Remdesivir exhibits dose-dependent toxicity to the HepG2 cell line. The drug toxicity is significantly increased at three doses of 5, 10, and 20 µg/ml in virus-free hepatic cell lines. It suppressed ABCD3 gene expression in both the HepG2 cell line and COVID-19 patients’ sera. COVID-19 virus increases serum levels of CRP, ALT, AST and D-dimer. The drug lowers serum CRP, transiently lowers D-dimer, and increases ALT and AST levels. Conclusion: Remdesivir suppressed ABCD3 gene expression and increased levels of inflammatory markers. Remdesivir contributes to hepatocyte damage independently of the COVID-19 virus.
Patterns of Cigarette and Waterpipe Smoking in Erbil City, Iraq. A Household Survey
Authors: Hamad kareem , Al-Tawil Namir
Published: September 2024

Background and objective: Globally, tobacco use is one of the most serious public health concerns and preventable causes of morbidity and mortality, expected to reach annually more than 8 million deaths by the year 2030. In light of this estimation and limited surveillance of smoking, this study aimed to identify the tobacco use trends and patterns in various forms in Erbil city. Methods: A community‐based cross‐sectional household survey was carried out from September 2021 through June 2022, on a sample of 2601 respondents selected through a multi‐stage cluster sampling method in Erbil city. A specially designed questionnaire through direct interviews was used to collect socio-demographic and smoking-related data. Results: The prevalence of current daily smoking was 44.3%, occasional smoking was 14.5%, Ex-smoking was 8.0%, and those who never smoked before 33.2%.The prevalence of cigarette, and waterpipe smoking was 37.2%, and 46.5%respectively. More than half (51.0%) had tried to quit smoking at least once in their life, while 11.9% succeeded to quit. The main reason behind quitting was anticipated health risks (97.3%). The prevalence of smoking was significantly higher among those aged 20-29 years, single, males, college education, those having skilled manual /non-manual occupations, those who have smoker friends, and from a middle socioeconomic level Conclusion: The prevalence of smoking (current daily and occasional) was more than half and about one-third never smoked before. More than half had tried to quit smoking at least once in their life but (11.9%) succeeded to quit due to anticipate health risks and family pressure.
Application of Speech Therapy Techniques in Teaching Russian language to Spanish-speaking Students
Authors:   Southern Federal University, Karantyshch Galina Vladimirovna , Guterman Larisa Alexandrovna ,   Southern Federal University, Martinez Polanco Tatyane ,   Southern Federal University
Published: September 2024

Currently, there is an increase in Spanish-speaking students studying at Russian universities. Therefore, the problem of developing approaches, methods and means to minimize the difficulties associated with the adaptation of foreign speakers to learning remains relevant. However, issues related to the use of speech therapy techniques for teaching Russian as a foreign language remain insufficiently studied. The purpose of the study is to study the effectiveness of using speech therapy techniques to teach Russian as a foreign language to Spanish-speaking students. The article describes the practice of using speech therapy techniques when Spanish-speaking students study Russian as a foreign language, as well as the influence of this approach to teaching the Russian language on the indicators of psychological adaptation of these students. Research methods. Fifty-three Spanish-speaking first-year undergraduate students participated in the study. The students were interviewed, during which they found out their level of Russian language proficiency, as well as what difficulties they encountered while studying. During speech therapy diagnostics using the methods of T. F. Fotekova and T. V. Akhutina studied the state of the pronunciation side of speech; To study psychological adaptation, we used the scale for assessing the level of reactive and personal anxiety by Ch. D. Spielberg, Yu. L. Hanina. To correct speech pronunciation disorders, speech therapy work was carried out using the principles of universal design when building a university education system. Research results. During the diagnostics, specific auditory-pronunciation difficulties were identified among Spanish-speaking students, which negatively affected their communication with classmates and teachers and psychological adaptation. After speech therapy work, Spanish-speaking students showed an improvement in the sound pronunciation aspect of speech, foreign language phonemic hearing and rhythm and intonation design of phrases. A decrease in the level of situational anxiety was also observed. Conclusion. Speech therapy work at the stage of adaptation of Spanish-speaking students to study at a university helps to reduce auditory-pronunciation difficulties, situational anxiety, and reduce manifestations of maladjustment.
Features of Distance Educational Technologies within the Framework Implemented by the Federal State Educational Standard
Authors:   State Agrarian University of the Northern Trans-Urals, Melyakova Olga A.
Published: September 2024

This article discusses the main normative documents regulating the forms and levels of professional training of students. Special attention is paid to the features of distance learning technologies (DOT) implemented as part of correspondence education at the agrarian University. The purpose of the research article is the application of new educational technologies in higher education. Research methodology and methods: theoretical analysis and descriptive method, including methods of comparative analysis of developed materials. In the course of this work, a comparative analysis of educational and methodological complexes of disciplines developed by the teaching staff was carried out. The results of the study. The university has developed an approximate structure of methodological materials, which includes an educational and methodological manual, funds of evaluation tools and additional educational and methodological materials. The approximate structure of the lesson in blocks is revealed: organizational, student and certification. Conclusion. Based on the studied materials, a generalizing conclusion can be drawn. The developed regulatory framework clearly regulates the organization and procedure for conducting distance learning.
Formation and Training of the Staff of Preschool Institutions in Western Siberia in the 1920s–1930s
Authors:   Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University, Sidorchuk Sofiia Dmitrievna
Published: September 2024

The article analyzes the process of formation and training of personnel for preschool institutions in Western Siberia in 1920–1930s. Based on the use of archival materials, the process of training preschool workers in 1920–1930s is characterized, the key points of work in kindergartens in cities and villages of Western Siberia in accordance with the goals of state policy in the specified period are determined. A comprehensive analysis of methodological recommendations and materials for work in preschool institutions allowed to identify the main directions of professional training of teachers. The aim of the article is to reveal the process of formation and training of the staff of preschool institutions in Western Siberia in 1920–1930s. Methodology. The methodological basis of the research was formed by a set of general scientific principles, among which the leading place belongs to: the principles of dialectics, historicism, objectivity, integrity of approach in the process of studying and evaluating the revealed facts, the systematic nature of the phenomena and processes under consideration; the principles of scientific and pedagogical research. The historical-system method contributed to the consideration of the functioning of preschool institutions as a single integrated system within the framework of the relationship “kindergarten – pedagogical staff”. Results of the study. The conclusion is made that the process of formation of staff composition of preschool institutions in Western Siberia in 1920-1930 was influenced by the following factors. The organization of kindergarten staff training consisted of short-term courses, which began to open actively from the early 1920s in the cities of Western Siberia. The system of short-term courses could not always correspond to the actual work in kindergartens. Despite the active development of the network of preschool institutions by the 1930s, kindergartens still needed more professional staff.
Implementation of Contextual learning Technology in the Formation of Professional and legal culture of Cadets at a Departmental University
Authors:   Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, Tyulina Anastasia S.
Published: September 2024

The article actualizes the problem of forming the professional and legal culture of cadets of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia using contextual technology. The topic under consideration is more relevant than ever, since the main task in training cadets of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia at the present stage is not only the formation of relevant special knowledge in them, but also the development of certain personal qualities necessary for future employees of internal affairs bodies for the competent implementation of professional activities. A key position in the professional activity of an employee is played by professional and legal culture, which determines the degree to which students have mastered their profession and their readiness to perform it well. The article analyzes the implementation of contextual technology in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, aimed at developing a professional and legal culture among cadets, which is an integral quality of the personality of an internal affairs officer. The understanding of the categories “context” and “contextual technology” is analyzed, and some imperfections of the traditional approach to training cadets are noted. The article presents the leading forms of activity in the implementation of contextual technology: educational activities of the academic type, quasi-professional, educational-professional. The purpose of the study is to develop contextual technology that contributes to the formation of professional and legal culture of cadets of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Methodology. The study was conducted using theoretical research methods and involved the development of contextual technology as an effective means of developing the professional and legal culture of cadets of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. In conclusion, it is concluded that the developed contextual technology makes it possible to improve the formation of professional legal culture among cadets as an integral quality of a specialist.
A Study of an EOQ Model of Deteriorated Items with Pentagonal Dense Fuzzy Demand Rate
Authors: Maity Aparna , Hazra Jayeeta , Pal Karuna K.
Published: September 2024

In this project work, we deal with an economic order quantity inventory model of deteriorating items under non-random uncertain demand. Here we consider the customers screen the fresh items during the selling period. After a certain period of time, the deteriorated items are sold at a discounted price. Firstly, we solve the crisp model, and then the model is converted into a fuzzy environment. Here we consider the pentagonal dense fuzzy, trapezoidal dense fuzzy, and triangular dense fuzzy for a comparative study. We have taken the numerical result using LINGO 18.0 software. Finally, sensitivity analysis and graphical illustration have been given to check the validity of the model.
THE CHRISTIAN MEANING OF DOSTOEVSKY’S PUSHKIN SPEECH
Authors:   Petrozavodsk State University, Zakharova Olga
Published: September 2024

The article examines Christian ideas, notions and concepts of Dostoevsky’s Pushkin speech, which was delivered on June 8, 1880. The study provides a critical analysis of the newspaper-magazine controversy that unfolded after the publication of the speech and the release of the “Writer’s Diary.” Dostoevsky invested the most intimate thing that he had nurtured all his life in Pushkin speech. In his analysis of Pushkin’s artistic typology, Dostoevsky revealed the Christian ideal, which is manifested in the image of Tatyana Larina and corresponds to the popular ideal. Almost immediately, the enthusiasm of the listeners was replaced by a stormy controversy around the key ideas of Dostoevsky’s speech. A particular misunderstanding of critics was triggered by his concept of “pan-human (vsechelovek),” which became the subject of criticism by K. D.Kavelin, K. N. Leontiev, V. V. Rozanov and others, ridicule by D. D. Minaev and I. S. Turgenev. In order to discredit the concept, the writer and poet came up with their own parodic neologisms: “all-woman”, “all-wife.” The theological and philosophical meaning of the “pan-human (vsechelovek)” concept is revealed in the works of St. Justin, S. F. Bulgakov, in the works of modern researchers. For Dostoevsky, the pan-human (vsechelovek) is a follower of Christ, “to become pan-human (vsechelovek)” for the writer means to be a Christian. The time has come to understand and accept the ideas of Dostoevsky’s Pushkin speech.
Using Virtual Reality–Based Simulation in Neonatal Resuscitation Program Training
Authors: McAdams Ryan M. , Trinh GiaKhanh
Published: September 2024

In this article, we investigate the incorporation of virtual reality (VR) into Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) training. We describe the potential advantages and challenges of the use of VR with NRP. We compare conventional training approaches to VR-based simulation, reviewing diverse VR platforms and their specific roles in neonatal resuscitation education. In addition, technological and ethical aspects in medical training, current research, and prospective developments in this innovative educational tool are discussed.