bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First Application in Mexico and New World Depth Record for MPD Concentric Nitrogen Injection to Drill Horizontal Wells in Low Pressure Reservoirs at Samaria Field
Authors: Urbieta A. , Lupo C. , Castellanos J. M. , Scarcelli D. , Ramirez O. , Puerto G. , Bedoya J.
Published: March 2009

Samaria oilfield, located in southern Mexico 20 km west of Villahermosa, Tabasco, with an area of about 160 km2 is one of the world's largest in extension and one of the oldest oilfields in Mexico, historic crude oil exploitation targets the Cretaceous Upper Medium and Lower (4200 mts TVD to 4500 mts TVD). Formation pressure in these naturally fractured carbonates has been decreasing over the last 20 years with current values down to 0.4 gr/cc. Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) techniques are implemented using Nitrogen injected through Drill Pipe to avoid lost circulation, formation damage and differential sticking. However the significant amount of nitrogen inside the DP generates important limitations for current MWD tools. The need for Horizontal wells to increase the drainage area has become a priority for the Mexican National oil company thus directional control and LWD capabilities must be prioritized. The nitrogen concentric injection technique was then taken into consideration to bring solutions to the MWD pulse signal transmission and downhole temperature handicaps. This paper describes the experience gained in planning and executing the first horizontal well in the Samaria field using Nitrogen Concentric String injection also recorded as the deepest ever concentric injection point (4171 mts MD and 4117 mts TVD). The paper will guide the technical community over the design, planning and execution process: geological review and candidate selection, pre-engineering study, transient and steady state multiphase flow modeling, final drilling program, training, safety, contingencies, directional planning for geo-steering with MWD/LWD, lessons learned and production enhancement results.
Innovative Design Rotary Steerable Technologies Overcome Challenges of Complex Well Profiles in a Fast Growing Unconventional Resource— Woodford Shale
Authors: Janwadkar Sandeep , Hümmes Olof , Freyer Carsten , Rogers Tom , Simonton Steve , Black Don
Published: March 2009

Woodford Shale of Oklahoma is emerging as one of the fastest growing natural gas fields in North America because it has all the characteristics required for a profitable shale-gas play. More than $2 billion were spent in 2008 on some of the major productive intervals in this field. Although the upside potential is tremendous, efficient extraction of natural gas from the Woodford Shale poses several drilling and completion challenges. Low porosity and permeability limits well productivity. Complex well profiles and extended length laterals are required to maximize productivity. Long laterals posed several drilling challenges such as excessive slide drilling time, difficulty controlling well trajectory, unacceptably low penetration rates, high torque, and high drag. Engineers determined that wellbore tortuosity and high friction factors caused inefficient transfer of weight on bit and reduced rate of penetration (ROP). Existing rotary steerable systems available are typically cost prohibitive for this application/environment. To overcome these challenges, research, field testing and several years of experience gained with other automated rotating and non-rotating rib steering systems has culminated in the development of a new state-of-the-art rotary steerable closed-loop system (RCLS). This system, specifically designed for 3D wellbores for rotary steerable directional drilling in low spread cost land-drilling applications uses an automated rib-steering closed-loop system. Since the introduction of this innovative system, many wells have been drilled in North America with build/drop of 8°/100 ft. Bottomhole assembly (BHA) modeling software with finite element analysis was used to optimize BHA design. This strategy has been implemented to drill several wells in the Woodford Shale with excellent results. The new design of RCLS coupled with advanced BHA modeling software has significantly improved the drilling performance. The results achieved are excellent control over the well trajectory in the curve and lateral, improved transfer of weight to the bit, minimum torque and drag. Drilling complex well profiles have increased the length of laterals by several hundred feet. This has enabled additional recovery of gas, and the days required to drill the lateral interval have been reduced by more than five days.
Flexible Cement Improves Wellbore Integrity in SAGD Wells
Authors: DeBruijn Gunnar , Garnier Andre , Brignoli Ronan , Bexte David , Reinheimer Don
Published: March 2009

Zonal isolation and cement sheath integrity are key requirements for heavy oil development and production. Current commercial production techniques use steam to provide heat to mobilize oil and allow production. One such technique is Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD). Maintaining cement sheath integrity prevents unwanted fluid migration, especially oil, gas, and or steam. Flexible cement systems can be designed and installed so that the cement sheath can withstand the expected stresses in the well. Installation practices are critical to providing a high quality cement sheath. Challenges that are prevalent in SAGD wells are centralization in the soft formations, assessment of the cement bond between the cement and formation, and assessment of the cement bond after steaming.

Case History - Comparison of two cement systems with flexible properties installed in seven SAGD well pairs (14 wells). Two cement systems were selected for installation and comparison in SAGD well pairs for a project in Alberta. These cement systems have flexible properties, with Young's Modulus varying from 2000 MPa to 6000 MPa. Careful planning and process control were required to deliver the system with the desired properties to the wellbore. Industry best practices were used for placement of the cement systems, including the use of centralizers, viscous fluid spacers and pipe movement.

Zonal isolation and wellbore integrity are examined with the use of cement cement evaluation logs and ultrasonic cement evaluation tools. These logs provide evidence that zonal isolation is achieved and is improved with the use of industry best practices for cement placement. The flexible cement systems are proven for zonal isolation in these SAGD wells.

More than half of the 9 to 13 trillion barrels of world oil resources in place are classified as "extra-heavy" and "oilsands and bitumen". Current commercial methods for developing these reserves such as SAGD may place significant stresses on the cement sheath which could lead to failure. The use of best practices for placing the cement slurry, and the use of cement systems with flexible properties improves well integrity enabling efficient development of world heavy oil reserves.
A Novel Strategy for Reducing Well Cost in the Piceance Basin by Using ECD Measurements and Air Injection Through a Parasite Aerating String
Authors: Okafor Zimuzor , Higgins Shannon , Akinniranye Goke , Bratton Tom , Avila Ricardo , Boone Danny
Published: March 2009

Drilling on top of the Mesa in the Piceance Basin presents a significant loss circulation and stuck pipe challenge to operators wanting to exploit the huge gas reserves in the area. Operators have experienced losses that exceed 4000 barrels of mud when the intermediate section is drilled using conventional techniques. This is due to a combination of natural fractures and weak rock. Various strategies have been deployed to tackle the problems, including under-balance drilling operations and Direction Casing While Drilling (DcWD). A new technique described in this paper is now the best practice for ConocoPhillips in the area. It involves acquiring realtime circulating density (ECD) measurements and control of mud weight in the annulus, using direct air injection through a parasite aerating string (PAS).

During the development stages of this new process an annular pressure sub (APWD) was run to gather diagnostic data. Analysis of the data shows conventional drilling practices often yield up to 3 ppg variation in circulating density exposed to the formation. Analysis of the data also suggests there is a fracture reopening gradient of approximately 8.3 ppg and there are huge circulating density variations during connections. The new strategy shows these wells can be drilled with an ECD in the range of 5–7 ppg using conventional water based mud systems. This strategy allows wells with a very narrow mud weight window to be drilled safely. This simple approach avoids the use of complex multiphase models, giving the flexibility to quickly deploy the technique to the well site without the need for expert personnel. The information enables the driller to control and keep the ECD within recommended limits, delivering a safe and productive well.

The alternative approach of using conventional well design techniques would result in multiple casing strings and cost overruns, while more advanced techniques such as DcWD and under-balance drilling would require specialized equipment and crews. This new technique uses existing and common drilling technologies along with new software tools for geomechanics analysis and drilling surveillance to achieve excellent results. This paper presents a simple risk management technique using today's conventional technologies to successfully manage loss circulation risk in the Piceance basin.
Determination of Effective Cation Exchange Capacity and Exchange Acidity by a One‐Step BaCl2Method
Authors: Schwertfeger Dina M. , Hendershot William H.
Published: March 2009

Routine laboratory procedures measure effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) and exchangeable acidity (EA) using separate extractants. This study assessed the suitability of a one‐step BaCl2extraction for the analysis of both ECEC and EA on organic and mineral soils by comparing results to those of a multi‐step BaCl2extraction already in use by Europe's International Cooperative Programme (ICP)–Forest program. The proposed one‐step BaCl2extraction procedure saves time and resources by analyzing both with a single extractant. In both methods, ECEC was calculated by summing base and acid cations, including H+determined by titration, and EA was determined by a second titration of the same BaCl2extracts. The effect of the different solution/soil ratios of the one‐step BaCl2method was also evaluated. For organic soils, despite the greater solution/soil ratio of the one‐step procedure, the multi‐step procedure extracted more Al and Fe. For mineral soils, increasing the solution/soil ratio of the one‐step method from 10:1 to 20:1 extracted more K, Al, H+, and EA. Adding the rinsing steps of the multi‐step procedure (resulting in a solution/soil ratio of 40:1) not only extracted more of these cations, but also extracted more Ca, Fe, and Mn. The acid cations Al, Fe, and H+were the most significantly affected cations resulting in 30 to 68% more EA and 11 to 41% greater ECEC obtained by the multi‐step procedure. The one‐step BaCl2method offers a simpler, more efficient way to analyze these routinely tested parameters.
Pyrolysis‐Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry of Soil Organic Matter Extracted from a Brazilian Mangrove and Spanish Salt Marshes
Authors: Ferreira Fernando Perobelli , Vidal-Torrado Pablo , Buurman Peter , Macias Felipe , Otero Xosé Luis , Boluda Rafael
Published: March 2009

The soil organic matter (SOM) extracted under different vegetation types from a Brazilian mangrove (Pai Matos Island, São Paulo State) and from three Spanish salt marshes (Betanzos Ría and Corrubedo Natural Parks, Galícia, and the Albufera Natural Park, Valencia) was investigated by pyrolysis‐gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py‐GC/MS). The chemical variation was larger in SOM from the Spanish marshes than in the SOM of the Brazilian mangroves, possibly because the marshes included sites with both tidal and nontidal variation, whereas the mangrove forest underwent just tidal variation. Thus, plant‐derived organic matter was better preserved under permanently anoxic environments. Moreover, given the low number of studied profiles and sedimentary–vegetation sequences in both areas, depth trends remain unclear. The chemical data also allow distinction between the contributions of woody and nonwoody vegetation inputs. Soil organic matter decomposition was found to cause: (i) a decrease in lignin contents and a relative increase in aliphatics; (ii) an increase in short‐chain aliphatics at the expense of longer ones; (iii) a loss of odd‐over‐even dominance in alkanes and alkenes; and (iv) an increase in microbial products, including proteins, sterols, short‐chain fatty acids, and alkanes. Pyrolysis‐gas chromatography/mass spectrometry is a useful tool to study the behavior and composition of SOM in wetland environments such as mangroves and salt marshes. Additional profiles need to be studied for each vegetation type, however, to improve the interpretability of the chemical data.
Molecular‐Scale Characterization of Hot‐Water‐Extractable Organic Matter in Organic Horizons of a Forest Soil
Authors: Balaria Ankit , Johnson Chris E. , Xu Zhihong
Published: March 2009

Hot‐water‐extractable organic matter (HWEOM) has been shown to be highly correlated with microbial biomass in forest soils. We conducted elemental and 13C solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analyses to assess the composition and structural chemistry of HWEOM and its variations with soil depth within O horizons in a forest site in New Hampshire. The HWEOM fraction exhibited a higher H/C ratio and higher O‐alkyl C proportion than the soil from which it was extracted. It also had a 30 to 40% lower C/N ratio than the whole soil. The relative proportion of O‐alkyl C in the HWEOM increased with soil depth in the forest floor, while alkyl C decreased, contrary to the pattern observed for the whole soil. The spectral and elemental properties of HWEOM present in these acidic Spodosols support the hypothesis that HWEOM is largely a mixture of carbohydrates and proteins. We estimate that while HWEOM includes both labile C fractions and microbial biomass, microbial biomass can account for no more than 40% of the C extracted by hot water.
Hydrologic Signature Analysis of Select Organic Hydric Soil Indicators in Northeastern Florida
Authors: Richardson Travis C. , Robison C. Price , Neubauer Cliff P. , Hall Greenville B.
Published: March 2009

The magnitude, duration, and return intervals of surface water flooding and dewatering of the landward extent of the hydric soil indicators muck (LM), histic epipedon (LHE), and Histosol (LH) were quantitatively defined, providing a better understanding of the hydrologic conditions maintaining these hydric soil indicators. Land surface elevations were determined for the LM, LHE, and LH at 16 lakes with long‐term (30–60‐yr) modeled or gauged hydrologic data. The probability of flooding and dewatering of the elevations of the LM, LHE, and LH were determined from frequency analysis of hydrologic data from each lake. The resulting hydrologic signatures for the LM, LHE, and LH are composed of magnitude and return interval of 1, 30, 90, 183, 274, and 365‐d duration flooding and dewatering events. As an example, the LM, LHE, and LH were flooded for 30 continuous days with average annual probabilities of 42, 65, and 77%, respectively. As a second example, the LM, LHE, and LH were dewatered for 365 continuous days with average annual probabilities of 49, 24, and 16%, respectively. Probabilities of flooding and dewatering for the LM, LHE, and LH are presented for 1, 30, 90, 183, 274, and 365‐d durations. Mean hydrologic signatures reduce variability and may be considered representative of each soil characteristic. Quantitatively defining the hydrology associated with the presence of the LM, LHE, and LH as well as other soil characteristics is essential for environmental protection, assessment of hydrologic impacts, wetlands restoration, wetlands creation, and other environmental management applications.
Envy-Free and Efficient Minimal Rights: Recursive No-Envy
Authors: Dominguez Diego A , Nicolo Antonio
Published: March 2009

In economics the main efficiency criterion is that of Pareto-optimality. For problems of distributing a social endowment a central notion of fairness is no-envy (each agent should receive a bundle at least as good, according to her own preferences, as any of the other agent's bundle). For most economies there are multiple allocations satisfying these two properties. We provide a procedure, based on distributional implications of these two properties, which selects a single allocation which is Pareto-optimal and satisfies no-envy in two-agent exchange economies. There is no straightforward generalization of our procedure to more than two-agents.
The Rural Poor in the American South: Case Studies of Exits from 20th Century Poverty
Authors: Coleman Mary Delorse
Published: March 2009

This work does not ask why poverty persisted in Indianola and other places in the rural south, but how—despite all the obstacles of state, society and market—the impoverished emerged from and exited poverty with civic assets as well as religious ones. The interdependency and citizenship pathways between families and the state and the pathways of aspiring agrarian capitalists led to a chronic and latent dysfunction—an inadequate protection of the welfare of all persons, especially the rural poor and black persons. This dysfunction was sustained, for much of the century gone‐by, by political reciprocity among United States presidents, southern white congressmen, federal district court judges, local southern elites and vigilantes, and their northern congressional counterparts. Dysfunctional state action fostered a racially‐based and insidious poverty and illiteracy—a system of servitude. Servitude is thus central to our understanding of how to unpack exits and understand pathways to full economic and political citizenship. I examined the lives of eight of the oldest families I could find in Sunflower County in the last decade of the twentieth century. Other than being elderly, I looked for families with some landowning status. These families ranged from fifty year sharecroppers who as women, girls, men and boys were subjected to violence and the insults that come with second‐class citizenship. The families in this study were sharecroppers, mule renters, black farmers, stay‐home mothers, welfare‐recipients, college graduates, primary and high school “incompleters,” community activists and the powerful. How did they exit poverty? It was not the social policy prescriptions or social provisions of the early and mid‐twentieth century that empowered the black rural poor, it was their collective refusal to see themselves as victims, their opportunities to own land, rear children, and their fierce will to sacrifice and function well as kinship families and religious communities that propelled exits from rural poverty in Mississippi and the Deep South.
Heat transfer effects on flow past an exponentially accelerated vertical plate with variable temperature
Authors: Muthucumaraswamy R. , Sathappan K.E. , Natarajan R.
Published: March 2009

An exact solution to the problem of flow past an exponentially accelerated infinite vertical plate with variable temperature is analyzed. The temperature of the plate is raised linearly with time t. The dimensionless governing equations are solved using Laplace-transform technique. The velocity and temperature profiles are studied for different physical parameters like thermal Grashof number Gr, time and an accelerating parameter a. It is observed that the velocity increases with increasing values of a or Gr.
Different approaches to Kovalevskaya top
Authors: Kukic Katarina
Published: March 2009

In this paper we study the equations of motion of a rigid body around a fixed point in the case of Kovalevskaya. We give interpretation of the 'mysterious substitution of variables' in Sofia Kovalevskaya's paper. The present paper also connects integration procedure proposed by Golubov with the original equations obtained by S. Kovalevskaya.
Predatory Efficacy of Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on the Two Spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Authors: Khalequzzaman M , Mondal Mina , Haque M Fazlul , Karim M Sajedul
Published: March 2009

The relative abundance Tetranychus urticae and Phytoseiulus persimilis as well as voracity of the predator were conducted on potted eggplants. After six weeks of release of ten female T. urticae in control plants, the highest mite population reached at 184.21 / leaf, against 67.92 and 107.48 / leaf in plants which received two predators after 1st and 3rd week respectively. After nine weeks the number of mite / leaf reduced to 13.21 and 23.97 / leaf after 1st and 3rd week of introduction of the predator, the control population was 81.32. Adult P. persimilis as single predator fed 8.2, 15.4 and 20.6 T. urticae eggs after 24, 48 and 72 h respectively. Again a single predator when tested separately fed 5.4, 10.8 and 14.6 T. urticae larvae after 24, 48 and 72 h respectively. A single adult predator fed on 3.6, 7.0 and 12.0 adult T. urticae after the same durations. When varying number (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50) of prey (larvae or adults) were provided to a single predator it fed 5.0, 6.6, 6.8, 9.0 and 9.4 larvae against 3.2, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6 and 3.6 adults respectively. Key words: Predation, spider mite, eggplant, voracity, release. Â  doi: 10.3329/jbs.v15i0.2152 J. bio-sci. 15: 127-132, 2007
Yield and Yield Components of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in Relation to Sowing Times
Authors: Alam MZ , Haider SA , Paul NK
Published: March 2009

A field experiment was carried out to study the influence of sowing times on yield and yield components of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Seeds of four barley cultivars (BB 1, Karan 19, Karan 163 and Karan 351) were sown with four sowing times (5 November, 17 November, 29 November and 11 December). Most of the yield and yield components were significantly highest in 17 November sowing. Among the cultivars most of the characters showed their highest values in BB 1 and the lowest in Karan 19. Harvest index was found highest in Karan 351 and lowest in BB 1. Key words: Barley, Sowing time, Yield. Â  doi: 10.3329/jbs.v15i0.2154 Â  J. bio-sci. 15: 139-145, 2007
Load of Aeromonas salmonicida in Swamp Water and its Pathogenicity to Koi, Anabas testudineus (Bloch)
Authors: Afza Rowshatul , Hussain M Afzal , Khatun Habiba , Yeasmin Sabina , Hossain Md Iqbal , Rahman M Habibur
Published: March 2009

Among the fishery resources, swamps are very important for various fish species such as Oreochromis nilotica, Oreochromis mossambica, Anabas testudineus, Channa punctatus and Heteropneustes fossilis. Swamps require shorter time and small investment for fish culture (Rahman et al. 1998). However, diseases are major problems in fish production both in culture system and wild condition in Bangladesh (Rahman and Chowdhury 1996). Bacteria, especially Aeromonas sp. is one of the causative agents of fish diseases. Bangladesh is situated in the tropical zone. Temperature is one of the important factors which affect the growth of pathogenic bacteria (Ljungh and Wadstrom 1982). Aeromonas sobria increases and grows at 17- 25Â°C (Rahman and Chowdhury 1996). Aeromonas sp. is the causative agent of various kinds of ulcerative disease of fishes (Karunasagar and Sugumar 1995). Yesmin et al. (2004) and Chowdhury and Baqui (1997) reported that Aeromonas is a very common pathogen in carps and live fishes. Hossain et al. (2006) worked on the bacterial load, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their artificial infection to Oreochromis niloticus. The present study was undertaken to investigate the bacterial load in swamp water and the pathogenicity of A. sobria in A. testudineus. Â  doi: 10.3329/jbs.v15i0.2162 J. bio-sci. 15: 181-184, 2007
Le bombardement de Sakiet Sidi Youssef en 1958 et la complexité de la guerre d'Algérie
Authors: Valette Jacques
Published: March 2009

Le bombardement de Sakiet Sidi Youssef en 1958 et la complexité de la guerre d’Algérie Ce bombardement aérien du village tunisien de Sakiet a été le prétexte d’une crise franco-tunisienne et d’une tentative d’intervention diplomatique anglo-américaine, les « Bons offices » au printemps 1958. Selon les archives devenues communicables, ce ne fut qu’un acte de guerre contre une base du FLN sur la frontière algéro-tunisienne, décidé par le commandement français avec l’autorisation du gouvernement. De cette base partaient des convois d’armes et de fellaghas vers les maquis de Kabylie et de l’Algérie orientale.
Une mobilisation contre-révolutionnaire : la refondation du syndicat autonome des enseignants de médecine en mai 1968 et sa lutte pour la « sélection »
Authors: Déplaude Marc-Olivier
Published: March 2009

Résumé Durant les années 1960, les pouvoirs publics, soutenus par une grande partie du corps médical, ont cherché à former un plus grand nombre de médecins. Pourtant, les événements de 1968, qui n'ont pas épargné les facultés de médecine, ont suscité en retour une mobilisation d'une partie du corps médical visant notamment à faire instituer un dispositif de « sélection » au début des études médicales ­ le futur numerus clausus. Comment expliquer un tel retournement ? C'est ce que nous nous proposons de comprendre en analysant l'une des figures les plus visibles et les plus puissantes de cette mobilisation « contre-révolutionnaire »  : le Syndicat autonome des enseignants de médecine, refondé par des universitaires parisiens à la fin du mois de mai 1968. En recourant conjointement aux instruments d'analyse proposés par la sociologie des mobilisations collectives (et notamment des phénomènes de contre-mobilisations) et par la sociologie des professions, nous cherchons plus généralement à montrer dans quelles sortes de circonstances les porte-parole d'un groupe professionnel ou d'un de ses segments peuvent être amenés à défendre ce qu'ils estiment être la spécificité de leur métier, quel type de rhétorique ils déploient à cet effet et en quoi peut consister son efficacité politique.
Professionnalisation académique et engagements partisans des économistes de la santé (1970-1990)
Authors: Benamouzig Daniel
Published: March 2009

Résumé Dans les décennies d'après-guerre, l'économie de la santé se structure en France auprès de l'administration. Dans les années 1970, l'État soutient son organisation académique dans un contexte de réforme du Plan et de l'enseignement supérieur. Devenus plus autonomes, les économistes de la santé peuvent lier certaines de leurs activités professionnelles à des engagements partisans, manifestes dans les années 1980. À gauche, certains économistes soutiennent un usage délibératif de l'expertise économique, tandis que d'autres, partisans du marché, défendent parallèlement l'idée de concurrence des services de santé. Dans le domaine de la santé, la professionnalisation académique des économistes apparaît comme un élément plausible d'explication du changement de référentiel des années 1980, d'ordinaire imputé aux élites administratives.
Conception participative par « moments » : une gestion collaborative
Authors: Caelen Jean
Published: March 2009

RÉSUMÉ L’article décrit une méthode de gestion de la conception participative. Cette méthode n’est pas une planification des tâches, ce qui serait illusoire en conception, mais un contrôle en cours de travail de façon à rendre maîtrisable et efficace cette phase du cycle de vie d’un produit. La méthode s’appuie sur des « moments » qui sont des granules d’activité élémentaires et génériques pour toutes les tâches de conception centrée utilisateur. À partir de ces tâches, la méthode propose un suivi évolutif formalisé par des graphes d’états dont les transitions sont contrôlées par des opérateurs de séquentialité conditionnels. Ainsi, les acteurs comme le chef de projet peuvent avoir accès à l’ensemble des documents, procédures, etc., dont ils ont besoin pour travailler soit en séance collective, soit de manière individuelle. Le processus de capitalisation est également intégré dans ce schéma, ce qui permet de réutiliser le savoir-faire acquis pour d’autres projets mais surtout d’éviter les reprises, remise en cause ou répétition dans le processus de conception.
Les prédications secondes à prédicat adjectival
Authors: Goes Jan
Published: March 2009

Résumé Cet article se propose d’étudier le continuum sémantique qui s’établit entre l’attribut de l’objet facultatif, l’attribut du sujet facultatif, l’apposition et le complément circonstanciel. Ces fonctions peuvent être très proches du point de vue sémantique lorsqu’elles sont remplies par un adjectif. Les caractéristiques communes de l’attribut de l’objet facultatif et de l’attribut du sujet facultatif nous ont amené à considérer ce dernier comme faisant partie intégrante de la prédication seconde. De plus, un même continuum sémantico-pragmatique conduit de ces deux types d’attribut à l’apposition adjectivale, qui elle-même se rapproche du complément circonstanciel (adjectif invarié). Qu’est-ce qui permettrait alors de délimiter ce qui semble bien être une ressemblance de famille sans frontières bien définies ? Nous estimons que l’introduction de deux critères nécessaires, mais non suffisants pourrait être une solution permettant de séparer la prédication seconde du complément circonstanciel : l’incidence nominale et la prédication de type attributif.
La structure à attribut de l'objet des verbes d'attitude propositionnelle : réflexions sur le rôle du verbe
Authors: Tobback Els
Published: March 2009

Résumé Cet article propose d’analyser les structures à attribut de l’objet accompagnant les verbes d’attitude propositionnelle dans le cadre des études menées en rapport avec les verbes à rection faible. En examinant si la caractérisation des verbes faibles est applicable aux verbes des structures attributives, notre contribution se veut une nouvelle réflexion en rapport avec le statut du verbe au sein de ces structures: occupe-t-il le statut de verbe recteur fort, régissant la relation prédicative établie entre l’objet et l’attribut de l’objet de la proposition ou a-t-il tendance à perdre ce statut? Au vu des données étudiées, l’analyse des verbes faibles paraît jusqu’à un certain point applicable dans certaines structures syntaxiques particulières, mais elle ne semble pas généralisable à l’ensemble de la structure attributive.
Les avatars d'une dichotomie saussurienne : synchronie et diachronie dans les théories modernes du changement linguistique
Authors: Verleyen Stijn
Published: March 2009

Résumé Cet article examine la façon dont la dichotomie saussurienne synchronie-diachronie a été interprétée et utilisée dans les théories modernes du changement linguistique, plus particulièrement dans le structuralisme fonctionnaliste, la linguistique diachronique générative, et la sociolinguistique historique. Partant d’une analyse de la position de Saussure à cet égard, nous avons constaté que les théories examinées alternent entre l’hypothèse de la continuité et celle de la discontinuité entre les deux ordres, et cela tant sur le plan méthodologique qu’au niveau de l’objet même. Qui plus est, les deux positions peuvent être trouvées au sein d’un même modèle, et les modèles analysés ont parfois considérablement évolué au cours du temps. La variété des positionnements sur ce point met en évidence la richesse de la pensée de Saussure, qui a défini un cadre épistémologique puissant pour les sciences du langage.
Highly Efficient and Versatile Phosphine‐Phosphoramidite Ligands for Asymmetric Hydrogenation
Authors: Eggenstein Matthias , Thomas Anika , Theuerkauf Jens , Franciò Giancarlo , Leitner Walter
Published: March 2009

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A set of novel phosphine‐phosphoramidite ligands possessing two elements of chirality have been prepared through a modular synthetic approach. The ligands (11bS)‐N‐[2‐(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]‐N‐[(S)‐1‐phenylethyl]dinaphtho[2,1‐d:1′,2′‐f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin‐4‐amine [(Sa,Sc)‐1a] and (11bR)‐N‐[2‐(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]‐N‐[(S)‐1‐(1‐naphthyl)ethyl]dinaphtho[2,1‐d:1′,2′‐f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin‐4‐amine [(Sa,Sc)‐1b] are unique in providing enantioselectivities ≥96% ee and ≥94% ee, respectively, in mechanistically distinct hydrogenations of CC, CN and CO double bonds in combination with three different transition metals (rhodium, iridium, and ruthenium, respectively). Particularly remarkable are the enantiomeric excesses up to 97% achieved in the iridium‐catalyzed hydrogenation of 2‐substituted quinolines, where (11bS)‐N‐[2‐(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]‐N‐[(S)‐1‐(naphthalen‐1‐yl)ethyl]‐8,9,10,11, 12,13,14,15‐octahydrodinaphtho[2,1‐d:1′,2′‐f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin‐4‐amine [(Sa,Sc)‐2] proved to be the most selective ligand. Substantially lower ees were obtained with the mismatched diastereomer (Ra,Sc)‐1b and with the N‐phenyl‐substituted ligand 1c, missing a second element of chirality.
Expanding the Suzuki–Heck‐Type Coupling Cascade: A New Indeno[1,2,3]‐Annelation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Quimby Jennifer M. , Scott Lawrence T.
Published: March 2009

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Fluoranthene derivatives can be constructed in a single operation by a palladium‐catalyzed cascade reaction sequence, starting from a peri‐dichloronaphthalene derivative and various arylboronic acids.
The TGM2 gene is associated with schizophrenia in a British population
Authors: Bradford Matilda , Law Matthew H. , Stewart Andrew D. , Shaw Duncan J. , Megson Ian L. , Wei Jun
Published: March 2009

Several lines of evidence have suggested an interesting link between gluten ingestion and schizophrenia. Increased levels of gliadin antibodies have been observed in patients with schizophrenia. Tissue transglutaminase (transglutaminase 2, TGM2) is involved in the production of gliadin antibodies. To investigate genetic association of the TGM2 gene with schizophrenia, we detected eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present in the gene among 131 family trios composed of fathers, mothers and affected offspring with schizophrenia. Data analysis with the UNPHASED program showed allelic association for rs2076380 (χ2 = 5.51, P = 0.019), rs7270785 (χ2 = 8.13, P = 0.004), rs4811528 (χ2 = 6.13, P = 0.013) and rs6023526 (χ2 = 6.13, P = 0.013). The global P‐value was 0.029 for 10,000 permutations with the TDT analysis. The strongest association was observed for the rs7270785–rs4811528 haplotypes (χ2 = 16.18, df = 3, P = 0.001), and the global P‐value was 0.008 for 10,000 permutations with the 2‐SNP haplotype analysis. The 8‐SNP haplotype analysis also revealed a strong haplotypic association (χ2 = 44.82, df = 18, P = 0.0004) and the 1‐df test showed that the A‐T‐A‐A‐T‐G‐A‐G haplotype was excessively transmitted (χ2 = 16.98, corrected P = 0.0007). The present results suggest that the TGM2 gene may be involved in the development of schizophrenia. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bidirectional Chemo‐Switching of Spin State in a Microporous Framework
Authors: Ohba Masaaki , Yoneda Ko , Agustí Gloria , Muñoz M. Carmen , Gaspar Ana B. , Real José A. , Yamasaki Mikio , Ando Hideo , Nakao Yoshihide , Sakaki Shigeyoshi , Kitagawa Susumu
Published: March 2009

Gasteinschluss und Spin: Das mikroporöse Koordinationspolymer {Fe(pz)[Pt(CN)4]} (1, pz=Pyrazin) enthält Spin‐Crossover‐Untereinheiten und kann als chemischer Schalter verwendet werden, der bei Raumtemperatur zwischen zwei magnetischen Zuständen wechselt. Magnetische Messungen unter Bedampfung belegen, dass die Einlagerung der meisten Gastspezies 1 aus dem Low‐Spin(LS)‐Zustand in den High‐Spin(HS)‐Zustand überführt; allein CS2 bewirkt den umgekehrten Übergang von HS nach LS.

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Evidence for CCl/CBr⋅⋅⋅π Interactions as an Important Contribution to Protein–Ligand Binding Affinity
Authors: Matter Hans , Nazaré Marc , Güssregen Stefan , Will David W. , Schreuder Herman , Bauer Armin , Urmann Matthias , Ritter Kurt , Wagner Michael , Wehner Volkmar
Published: March 2009

Attraktives Chlor: Nichtkovalente Wechselwirkungen zwischen Chlor‐ oder Brom‐Atomen und aromatischen Ringen in Proteinen bieten einen neuen Ansatzpunkt für die Beeinflussung der molekularen Erkennung. Die Einführung dieser Substituenten an spezifischen Positionen zweier Faktor‐Xa‐Inhibitoren erhöht deren freie Bindungsenergie durch die Wechselwirkung mit einer Tyrosineinheit. Das allgemeine Vorkommen dieses Strukturmotivs wird anhand zahlreicher Kristallstukturen und quantenchemischer Rechnungen belegt (siehe Bild).

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Charge‐Conversional Polyionic Complex Micelles—Efficient Nanocarriers for Protein Delivery into Cytoplasm
Authors: Lee Yan , Ishii Takehiko , Cabral Horacio , Kim Hyun Jin , Seo Ji‐Hun , Nishiyama Nobuhiro , Oshima Hiroki , Osada Kensuke , Kataoka Kazunori
Published: March 2009

Schleuser und ihre Tricks: Polyionische komplexe (PIC) Micellen, die Citaconamid oder cis‐Aconitamid enthalten, wurden entwickelt, um Proteine ins Zellplasma zu transportieren. Die erhöhte Ladungsdichte des transportierten Proteins stabilisierte die PIC‐Micellen, ohne dass eine Vernetzung nötig war; eine Ladungsänderung in Endosomen führte zur Dissoziation der PIC‐Micellen unter effizienter Freisetzung ihres Inhalts (siehe Bild).

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Metal‐Free Organic Dyes for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells: From Structure: Property Relationships to Design Rules
Authors: Mishra Amaresh , Fischer Markus K. R. , Bäuerle Peter
Published: March 2009

Works without ruthenium as well: Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) incorporating metal‐free organic dyes have been considerably improved in recent years. Various design strategies have been established and are employed successfully in the synthesis of novel sensitizers. In this Review, structure–property–efficiency correlations are deduced from a vast number of dyes, which should help to design new and highly efficient sensitizers.

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Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSC) have attracted considerable attention in recent years as they offer the possibility of low‐cost conversion of photovoltaic energy. This Review focuses on recent advances in molecular design and technological aspects of metal‐free organic dyes for applications in dye‐sensitized solar cells. Special attention has been paid to the design principles of these dyes and on the effect of various electrolyte systems. Cosensitization, an emerging technique to extend the absorption range, is also discussed as a way to improve the performance of the device. In addition, we report on inverted dyes for photocathodes, which constitutes a relatively new approach for the production of tandem cells. Special consideration has been paid to the correlation between the molecular structure and physical properties to their performance in DSSCs.
Charge‐Conversional Polyionic Complex Micelles—Efficient Nanocarriers for Protein Delivery into Cytoplasm
Authors: Lee Yan , Ishii Takehiko , Cabral Horacio , Kim Hyun Jin , Seo Ji‐Hun , Nishiyama Nobuhiro , Oshima Hiroki , Osada Kensuke , Kataoka Kazunori
Published: March 2009

Special delivery! Polyionic complex (PIC) micelles that contain the charge‐conversional moieties citaconic amide or cis‐aconitic amide were developed for cytoplasmic protein delivery. The increase of the charge density on the protein cargo helped the stability of the PIC micelles without cross‐linking, and the charge‐conversion in endosomes induced the dissociation of the PIC micelles to result in efficient endosomal release (see picture).

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Cover Picture: Enhancement of Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence and Radical Stability by Peripheral Multidonors on Alkynylpyrene Derivatives (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 14/2009)
Authors: Oh Jeong‐Wook , Lee Yeon Ok , Kim Tae Hyun , Ko Kyoung Chul , Lee Jin Yong , Kim Hasuck , Kim Jong Seung
Published: March 2009

A Powerful Luminophore that comprises a centered pyrene acceptor with peripheral amine multidonors is described by J. S. Kim and co‐workers in their Communication on page 2522 ff. The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) efficiency and radical stability of pyrene, a poor ECL luminophore, is markedly improved as the number of peripheral multidonor units is increased in a series of compounds. The ECL enhancement was rationalized by photophysical and electrochemical studies, and theoretical calculations.

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Inside Cover: A Nanoscale Molecular Switch Triggered by Thermal, Light, and Guest Perturbation (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 14/2009)
Authors: Duriska Martin B. , Neville Suzanne M. , Moubaraki Boujemaa , Cashion John D. , Halder Gregory J. , Chapman Karena W. , Balde Chérif , Létard Jean‐François , Murray Keith S. , Kepert Cameron J. , Batten Stuart R.
Published: March 2009

Continuous switching between high‐spin and low‐spin magnetic states can be accomplished by irradiation with red and green laser light, respectively. In their Communication on page 2549 ff., S. R. Batten and co‐workers report a metallo‐supramolecule that undergoes spin crossover (SCO) switching induced by temperature change or light irradiation. The SCO behavior is also dependent on the presence and nature of intercalated solvent molecules within the porous crystal structure.

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Effects of 20‐hydroxyecdysone and juvenile hormone on octopamine metabolism in females of Drosophila
Authors: Bogomolova E. V. , Adonyeva N. V. , Gruntenko N. E. , Rauschenbach I. Yu.
Published: March 2009

The effect of exogenous 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone (JH) on the activities of the tyrosine decarboxylase (TDC), the first enzyme in octopamine (OA) synthesis, has been studied in young females of wild type D. virilis and D. melanogaster under normal and heat stress (38°C) conditions. Flies fed 20E expressed increased TDC activity in both species. JH application decreased TDC activity in both species. A rise in JH and 20E levels did not prevent a TDC response to heat stress, but changed the response intensity. A long‐term increase in JH titre had no effect on the activity of main OA catabolyzing enzyme, arylalkylamine N‐acetyltransferase, in females of both species. A possible mechanism of regulation of OA levels by 20E and JH in Drosophila females is discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Current Synthesis of Triterpene Saponins
Authors: Yu Biao , Sun Jiansong
Published: March 2009

It′s complicated! Triterpene saponins are a structurally and biologically diverse class of glycoconjugates of triterpenes that are widely distributed in terrestrial plants and some marine organisms. Current synthesis of these complex glycoconjugates has been discussed, whereupon the stereocontrolled glycosylation, global protection/deprotection, and the total synthesis of four unusual triterpene saponins are highlighted.

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Triterpene saponins are a structurally and biologically diverse class of glycoconjugates of triterpenes that are widely distributed in terrestrial plants and some marine organisms. Current synthesis of these complex glycoconjugates has been discussed, whereupon the stereocontrolled glycosylation, global protection/deprotection, and the total synthesis of four unusual triterpene saponins are highlighted.
Catalytic resonance scattering spectral determination of ultratrace horseradish peroxidase using rhodamine S
Authors: Jiang Zhiliang , Liang Yueyuan , Huang Guoxia , Wei Xiaoling , Liang Aihui , Zhong Fuxin
Published: March 2009

A highly sensitive and selective resonance scattering spectral assay was proposed for the determination of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), based on its catalytic effect on the H2O2 oxidation of KI to form I3−. The I3− combined respectively with rhodamine (Rh) dye such as rhodamine S (RhS), rhodamine 6G (Rh6G), rhodamine B (RhB) and butyl‐rhodamine B (b‐RhB), to form association particles (Rh‐I3)n. The four Rh systems all exhibit a stronger resonance scattering (RS) peak at 424 nm. For the RhS, Rh6G, RhB and b‐RhB systems, HRP concentration in the range of 3.2 × 10−12 to 4.8 × 10−9, 2 × 10−11 to 3.2 × 10−9, 1.6 × 10−11 to 3.2 × 10−9 and 1.6 × 10−11 to 4 × 10−9 g/mL was linear to its RS intensity at 424 nm, with a detection limit of 2.2 × 10−12, 2.5 × 10−12, 4.4 × 10−12 and 2.6 × 10−12 g/mL, respectively. This RhS system was most sensitive and stable, and was applied for the determination of HRP in the hepatitis B surface antibody labeling HRP and water samples, with satisfactory results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A bioluminescent enzyme immunoassay for prostaglandin E2 using Cypridina luciferase
Authors: Wu Chun , Irie Saki , Yamamoto Shozo , Ohmiya Yoshihiro
Published: March 2009

Prostaglandin E2 is one of the major cyclooxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid. We developed a competitive immunosorbent assay for prostaglandin E2 utilizing a bioluminescent enzyme Cypridina luciferase. The prostaglandin E2 amount could be quantified over the concentration ranging from 7.8 to 500 pg/mL. The amount of unlabeled prostaglandin E2 required to displace 50% of the maximal binding of Cypridina luciferase‐labeled prostaglandin E2 (B/B0) was approximately 35 pg/mL. The results show a great potential of Cypridina luciferase as a new labeling enzyme for enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow‐injection analysis for meloxicam based on tris(2,2′‐bipyridine) ruthenium(II)–Ce(IV) chemiluminescent system
Authors: Ye Huazhen , Qiu Bin , Chen Jing , Lin Jinming , Chen Guonan
Published: March 2009

It was found that meloxicam could enhance the chemiluminescence (CL) of the tris(2,2'‐bipyridine) ruthenium(II)–Ce(IV) system in the medium of sulfate acid. Based on this phenomenon a new flow‐injection system with chemiluminescent detection has been proposed for determination of meloxicam. Under optimum conditions, meloxicam had a good linear relationship with the CL intensity in the concentration range of 6.0  10−4 to 1.0 µg/mL and the detection limit was 3.7 × 10−4 µg/mL. The proposed method was applied to detect meloxicam in tablets and a satisfactory recovery was obtained. The possible mechanism for this CL system is also discussed in this paper. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Biological Characterisation of Novel N‐Alkyl‐Deoxynojirimycin α‐Glucosidase Inhibitors
Authors: Rawlings Amy J. , Lomas Hannah , Pilling Adam W. , Lee Marvin J.‐R. , Alonzi Dominic S. , Rountree J. S. Shane , Jenkinson Sarah F. , Fleet George W. J. , Dwek Raymond A. , Jones John H. , Butters Terry D.
Published: March 2009

Illuminating glucosidases: The shown photoaffinity probe for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) α‐glucosidases was found to be a highly potent inhibitor of α‐glucosidase I in vitro and equally effective at inhibiting cellular ER glucosidases, as determined by a free oligosaccharide (FOS) analysis.

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The N‐alkylated deoxynojirimycin compound, N‐(6′‐(4′′‐azido‐2′′‐nitrophenylamino)hexyl)‐1‐deoxynojirimycin (6) was synthesised as a potential photoaffinity probe for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) α‐glucosidases I and II. Surprisingly this compound was a highly potent inhibitor of α‐glucosidase I (IC50, 17 nM) in an in vitro assay and proved equally effective at inhibiting cellular ER glucosidases, as determined by a free oligosaccharide (FOS) analysis. A modest library of compounds was synthesised to obtain structure–activity information by variation of the N‐alkyl chain length and modifications to the azido‐nitrophenyl group. All of these compounds failed to improve on the efficacy of compound 6, but most showed greater enzyme inhibitory potency than N‐butyl‐deoxynojirimycin (NB‐DNJ), a pharmacological agent that has been evaluated for the treatment of several viruses for which infectivity is dependent on host cell glycosylation.