bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential Effect of Casein PhosphopeptideAmorphous Calcium Phosphate on Salivary Properties in Patients with Xerostomia: A Narrative Review
Authors: Almutairi Azizah , Aldawsari Maha , Ali Hafsah Al , Tounsi Abrar
Published: January 2023

Changes in the makeup of saliva and/or a reduction in saliva flow are the two main causes of dry mouth. Dental caries, oral fungal infections, difficulty speaking and chewing or swallowing, mucositis, and burning mouth syndrome are associated with xerostomia, all of which have a detrimental effect on the quality of life associated with oral health. Although xerostomia is common in the general population, there are no standardised treatment standards. Recent research has indicated that topical treatments available without a prescription cannot be routinely recommended. Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate complexes (CPP-ACP) and Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Fluoride have been shown to play a significant role in reducing dental caries, plaque, and pathological microorganisms, maintaining pH, and treating hypersensitivity. There is insufficient evidence that CPP-ACPs can induce salivation in patients with hyposalivation. This article reviews recent studies on the effect of CPP-ACPs on salivary traits and their use in treating patients with xerostomia.
Green Banking Practices of State Bank of India – Some Insights
Authors: Kumar S. Shiva , Akula Ravi
Published: January 2023

Green banking refers to a set of banking procedures that attempts to preserve natural resources and save the environment while taking into consideration all social and environmental concerns. State Bank of India, the largest public sector bank in India is putting its humble efforts in reducing the carbon footprints by eliminating the paper printout work to the maximum extent possible. Deploying solar power systems in the bank as well as ATMs, encouraging the customers to use internet banking, extending loans towards green initiatives by corporates etc. are few to mention out of many. The present study is chosen with an objective of studying the green banking practices of SBI.  The study has been carried out by administering a structured questionnaire among 400 Hyderabad based State Bank of India (SBI) customers and analyzed with the help of suitable statistical tools. An attempt is made to examine whether customers are aware of green banking products and services or not, it is also intended to study whether there is significant difference between the satisfaction levels towards green banking practices with regard to age of the customers. The study reveals that out of 400 respondents, 345 respondents are aware of green banking products/practices. In addition, this study also reveals that there is significant difference between the respondent’s perceptions towards green banking practices with regard to age.
Cultivation of Black Cardamom and Climate Economic Management Challenges in Mountainous Regions of Bhutan
Authors: Koirala Bhakti S. , Suberi Bhagat , Chhetri Rekha , Sherub Karma , Chhetri Laxmi , Koirala Deepa S.
Published: January 2023

Black Cardamom are commonly grown crop in eastern Himalayan countries and in Bhutan, the cultivation of Black Cardamom are specially done in south western districts whereby the people immensely depend on the crop for their livelihood income. Further, the crop significantly contributes in gross domestic product growth as it falls under the top ten highly exported commodity of the country. The high value obtained from Black Cardamom has encouraged farmers to expand the cultivation in different land use types. When the farmers are gaining income, the challenges in management of cultivated Black Cardamom are also increasing. In the recent times, vital change in climate activity have been recorded. The erratic temperature and rainfall are declining the yield of Black Cardamom. The increasing number of pest and diseases outbreak in cultivated land are creating concern and challenge on the farmers depending on Black Cardamom for living. The farmers are in dismay with no proper management skills and techniques taught to them. Relying on traditional methods for improving the productivity has failed to be a good strategy with changing time and climate being erratic. The climate resilient management activity need to be initiated and enormous studies are in need to prevent the future catastrophe on Black Cardamom and the cultivator’s livelihood.
Application of Biostimulants Ameliorates Terminal Heat Stress in Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)
Authors: Ingle Rahul Nandkishor , Kavita .
Published: January 2023

Lentil is a second major winter sown legume after chickpea. Due to climate change, lentil crop sustains heat stress at various phases of growth mainly at flowering and pod filling, which causes major yield loss. To reduce the adverse effects of terminal heat stress, a pot experiment was carried out in Pusa (Samastipur), Bihar during 2021-22 with the objective to study the response of biostimulants on antioxidant system and yield of lentil grown under late sowing date vis-à-vis normal sowing date. Two genotypes viz., IPL 220 and KLS 218 were sown in pots with two sowing dates i.e., normal (control) and late sown (to expose plants to terminal heat stress) in completely randomized design with three replications. Experiments comprised of eight treatments having various combination of seaweed extract (SWE) and humic acid (HA) applied as seed priming and/or foliar spray at 40 and 60 Days after sowing. Results showed that lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidative enzymes decreased by the application of humic acid and seaweed extract as seed priming and foliar application. Seed priming + foliar application (40+60 DAS) with SWE followed by seed priming + foliar application (40+60 DAS) with HA was found significantly superior in reducing the adverse effects of terminal heat stress in lentil. Hence, it is concluded that application of humic acid and seaweed extract with the combination of seed priming or foliar spray helps in ameliorating terminal heat stress in late sown crop of lentil.
Outdoor Play as a Mitigating Factor in the Association Between Screen Time for Young Children and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes
Authors: Sugiyama Mika , Tsuchiya Kenji J. , Okubo Yusuke , Rahman Mohammad Shafiur , Uchiyama Satoshi , Harada Taeko , Iwabuchi Toshiki , Okumura Akemi , Nakayasu Chikako , Amma Yuko , Suzuki Haruka , Takahashi Nagahide , Kinsella-Kammerer Barbara , Nomura Yoko , Itoh Hiroaki , Nishimura Tomoko
Published: January 2023

Importance

Whether the association between higher screen time in infancy and later suboptimal neurodevelopment can be mitigated by frequency of outdoor play is unknown.

Objective

To investigate whether higher screen time at age 2 years is associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 4 years and whether this association is mediated by frequency of outdoor play at age 2 years 8 months.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Participants were a subsample of the Hamamatsu Birth Cohort Study for Mothers and Children (HBC Study, N = 1258). Children were born between December 2007 and March 2012 and followed up from 1 year 6 months to 4 years. The analysis was conducted from April 2021 to June 2022.

Exposures

Screen time longer than 1 hour a day at age 2 years was coded as higher screen time.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Standardized scores for communication, daily living skills, and socialization domains of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, second edition, at age 4 years were used (mean [SD], 100 [15]). The mediating factor was frequency of outdoor play at age 2 years 8 months, with 6 or 7 days per week coded as frequent outdoor play.

Results

Of 885 participants, 445 children (50%) were female; mean (SD) screen time per day was 2.6 (2.0) hours. Causal mediation analyses revealed that higher screen time at age 2 years was associated with lower scores in communication at age 4 years (nonstandardized coefficient b = −2.32; 95% CI, −4.03 to −0.60), but the association was not mediated by frequency of outdoor play. Higher screen time was also associated with lower scores in daily living skills (b = −1.76; 95% CI, −3.21 to −0.31); 18% of this association was mediated by frequency of outdoor play. Frequency of outdoor play was associated with socialization (b = 2.73; 95% CI, 1.06 to 4.39), whereas higher screen time was not (b = −1.34; 95% CI, −3.05 to 0.36).

Conclusions and Relevance

Higher screen time at age 2 years was directly associated with poorer communication at age 4 years. It was also associated with daily living skills, but frequency of outdoor play at age 2 years 8 months alleviated it, suggesting outdoor play mitigated the association between higher screen time and suboptimal neurodevelopment. Future research should specify the nature of the associations and intervention measures, enabling targeted interventions that reduce the potential risk in screen time.
Imaging phenotypes from MRI for the prediction of glioma immune subtypes from RNA sequencing: A multicenter study
Authors: Duan Jingxian , Zhang Zhenyu , Chen Yinsheng , Zhao Yuanshen , Sun Qiuchang , Wang Weiwei , Zheng Hairong , Liang Dong , Cheng Jingliang , Yan Jing , Li Zhi‐Cheng
Published: January 2023

Tumor subtyping based on its immune landscape may guide precision immunotherapy. The aims of this study were to identify immune subtypes of adult diffuse gliomas with RNA sequencing data, and to noninvasively predict this subtype using a biologically interpretable radiomic signature from MRI. A subtype discovery dataset (n = 210) from a public database and two radiogenomic datasets (n = 130 and 55, respectively) from two local hospitals were included. Brain tumor microenvironment‐specific signatures were constructed from RNA sequencing to identify the immune types. A radiomic signature was built from MRI to predict the identified immune subtypes. The pathways underlying the radiomic signature were identified to annotate their biological meanings. The reproducibility of the findings was verified externally in multicenter datasets. Three distinctive immune subtypes were identified, including an inflamed subtype marked by elevated hypoxia‐induced immunosuppression, a “cold” subtype that exhibited scarce immune infiltration with downregulated antigen presentation, and an intermediate subtype that showed medium immune infiltration. A 10‐feature radiomic signature was developed to predict immune subtypes, achieving an AUC of 0.924 in the validation dataset. The radiomic features correlated with biological functions underpinning immune suppression, which substantiated the hypothesis that molecular changes can be reflected by radiomic features. The immune subtypes, predictive radiomic signature, and radiomics‐correlated biological pathways were validated externally. Our data suggest that adult‐type diffuse gliomas harbor three distinctive immune subtypes that can be predicted by MRI radiomic features with clear biological significance. The immune subtypes, radiomic signature, and radiogenomic links can be replicated externally.
Characterization of the preferred cation cofactors of chloroplast protein kinases in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Espinoza‐Corral Roberto , Schwenkert Serena , Schneider Anja
Published: January 2023

Chloroplasts sense a variety of stimuli triggering several acclimation responses. One prominent response is the mechanism of state transitions, which enables rapid adaption to changes in illumination. Here, we investigated the link between divalent cations (calcium, magnesium, and manganese) and protein kinase activity in Arabidopsis chloroplasts. Our results show that manganese ions are the strongest activator of kinase activity in chloroplasts followed by magnesium ions, whereas calcium ions are not able to induce kinase activity. Additionally, the phosphorylation of specific protein bands is strongly reduced in chloroplasts of a cmt1 mutant, which is impaired in manganese import into chloroplasts, as compared to the wild‐type. These findings provide insights for the future characterization of chloroplast protein kinase activity and potential target proteins.
Korean Wave (Hallyu)
Authors: Jin Dal Yong
Published: January 2023

The “Korean wave” (Hallyu), referring to the rapid growth of local cultural industries and the exports of cultural products, including television programs, films, music, and digital games, started in 1997. In its first stage, up to the mid‐2000s, Hallyu was popular mainly in Asia; however, it has gradually penetrated the global markets in the 2010s to become one of the most widespread non‐western cultural products. The Korean wave has changed significantly in its major dimension since the late 2000s as local culture, both popular culture and digital technology, began to penetrate western markets. From K‐pop to digital games and smart phones, Korean cultural products and digital technologies have appeared widely in North America, Western Europe, and Latin America. Social media and digital technologies in particular have become new drivers to form the latest Korean wave, which has become a transnational cultural phenomenon that originated in a small, once peripheral country.
Hegemony
Authors: Fontana Benedetto
Published: January 2023

Hegemony delineates a particular relation between force and consent which together exist in an unstable equilibrium. Since the ancient Greeks, hegemony has shown a tendency to degenerate into empire, consent into force. Yet these two presuppose one another, and one cannot exist without the other. Force as pure violence is inherently unstable. What is required is an “economy of violence,” to use Sheldon Wolin's felicitous phrase, which is only possible with the manufacture of ideological and moral/intellectual ideas. Without the latter, force is merely mindless violence, purposeless and without direction. It is the mixture of principles and force that moves history and politics toward enduring stable sociopolitical institutions.
Globalization, Education, and Society
Authors: Zajda Joseph
Published: January 2023

This entry analyzes current emerging research trends in education reforms around the world, critiquing and evaluating neoliberal education policy reform globally and discussing meta‐ideological hegemony and paradigm shifts in education. It analyzes globalization processes, impacting on education and policy reforms globally, that are designed to promote economic competitiveness, national identity, and social equity through education reforms. The entry reviews standards‐driven and outcomes‐defined policy. It also offers a brief analysis of education policy reforms, and the resultant social stratification in the global culture, which demonstrates a complex nexus between globalization, ideology, and education reforms – where, on the one hand, democratization and progressive pedagogy is equated with equality, inclusion, equity, tolerance, and human rights, while on the other hand, globalization is perceived, by some critics at least, to be a totalizing force that is widening the socioeconomic status (SES) gap and cultural and economic capital between the rich and the poor, and bringing power, domination, and control by corporate bodies and powerful organizations.
Offshore Outsourcing
Authors: Peck Jamie
Published: January 2023

Offshore outsourcing, the corporate practice of “shipping jobs overseas,” is predicated on the principle of labor arbitrage, the exploitation of geographical differentials in the cost and control of labor. With its origins in the 1970s, and the relocation of blue‐collar jobs from North America and Western Europe to lower‐cost locations in Latin America and Eastern Europe, “offshoring” would later spread to services and knowledge‐based occupations, prompting the rise of back‐office and call‐center economies in India, the Philippines, and elsewhere. In the global north, the vantage point from which offshoring is seen, its cultural connotations are almost entirely negative, in light of enduring associations with job loss and economic insecurity. Neither a singular event, nor a unidirectional phenomenon, offshore outsourcing is a relational and transformative process; it continues to coevolve with the restructuring of “onshore” economies through sociotechnical and organizational change.
Empirical Realism
Authors: Abela Paul
Published: January 2023

“Empirical realism” is a term coined by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804). It is introduced and developed in Kant's
Critique of Pure Reason
(1781/1787). The doctrine serves as the capstone to Kant's epistemology as it applies to empirical reality. It assigns an active role to the mind in the cognition of empirical objects while simultaneously endorsing the view that the existence of such objects is worthy of the “realist” designation. In addition to epistemology, the doctrine has influence in the philosophy of science and implications for moral theory.
Differential Association Theory
Authors: Matsueda Ross L. , Lanfear Charles C.
Published: January 2023

Edwin Sutherland's (1947) differential association theory of crime specified three inter‐related concepts explaining crime at three levels of explanation.
Normative conflict
– the condition of society in which groups disagree over the appropriateness of following laws – explains societal rates of crime.
Differential association
– in which definitions favorable and unfavorable to crime are learned in primary groups – explains individual acts of crime.
Differential social organization
– the extent to which a group is organized in favor of crime versus organized against crime – explains group rates of crime. Differential association theory has been supported by empirical research and continues to stimulate contemporary criminological research.
Conversion, Religious
Authors: Jindra Ines W.
Published: January 2023

In this entry, the definition of conversion will be tackled first, followed by a discussion of the origin of the concept and its various dimensions. Phases in the development of the concept will be outlined, such as the development of the two paradigms of conversion research, and the shift from a focus on deprivation to network influence and from a realist to a constructivist stance. The entry also includes an overview of some current trends, such as work that takes the practical, emotional aspects of conversion seriously. It ends with a description of weaknesses in the existing research, and a few suggestions for future development.
Crisis Negotiation
Authors: Buoncompagni Giacomo
Published: January 2023

The term “negotiation” (from Latin
negotium
) means an interactive process in which two or more parties try to agree on a mutually acceptable result in a conflict‐of‐interest situation, in the form of a relationship between two or more social subjects with the aim of reaching a certain agreement and target. In the specific situation of hostage kidnapping by a third party, we are talking about crisis negotiation, where communication and listening become strategic tools to protect the kidnapped individual and to take time for the crisis situation to be better resolved. Some scholars trace the start of research on the different ways of managing crisis situations in the presence of hostages to an episode that occurred in Munich in September 1972, when a number of Palestinian terrorists took hostage 11 Israeli athletes who were participating in the Olympic Games. On that occasion, the requests made by the terrorists were rejected and the Munich police decided on armed intervention. The episode had an even greater resonance due to the context in which it developed, and it induced many countries to reconsider the role of the police force.
Wright, Erik Olin (1947–2019)
Authors: Movahed Masoud
Published: January 2023

Erik Olin Wright was a distinguished sociologist and, from 2011 to 2012, president of the American Sociological Association. He died on January 23, 2019, leaving behind an inspiring moral and intellectual legacy and a tremendous oeuvre spanning more than 40 years. He generated a vast panoply of innovative research across an exceptionally wide array of subfields including social stratification, ethnography, political sociology, economic sociology, and sociology of gender. He will be remembered as the most influential theorist of class within the Marxist tradition in the second half of the twentieth century.
Wallerstein, Immanuel (1930–2019)
Authors: Chase‐Dunn Christopher , Grell‐Brisk Marilyn
Published: January 2023

Immanuel Wallerstein developed a global sociological perspective on modern world history with several colleagues that generated a widening school of scholarly research and theorizing that has been carried on by several generations of sociologists. World‐system analysis has developed in several different directions and has become institutionalized in professional associations, annual conferences, scholarly journals, and an interuniversity consortium. The world‐system perspective was founded and developed by Wallerstein, Terence K. Hopkins, Samir Amin, Andre Gunder Frank, and Giovanni Arrighi. That generation is now gone, along with many others who helped elaborate and develop our comprehension of the modern world‐system. This entry explains the key theoretical elements and the intellectual roots of Wallerstein's world‐system perspective and surveys the several different theoretical and research sub‐schools and developments in related macro‐sociologies that have been inspired by the work of Immanuel Wallerstein and the other progenitors.
Twitter Revolution
Authors: Schneider Christopher J.
Published: January 2023

Twitter is a social media platform with hundreds of millions of users around the world. Twitter has had a discernible impact across the twenty‐first‐century zeitgeist in the broad reshaping of global politics, activism and social movements, government social control efforts, corporate marketing strategies, journalism, celebrity influence, and mass media agenda‐setting, among other issues. Of the many contributions Twitter has made to popular culture, the “hashtag” (#) is a notable standout. Twitter and hashtags have been used by activists to draw increased awareness to systemic injustices, helping to both organize and accelerate various global social movements. This entry highlights the relevance of Twitter in relation to the Arab Spring, Occupy Wall Street, #MeToo, and Black Lives Matter.
Junk Food
Authors: Carolan Michael
Published: January 2023

Sociologists have to engage with the concept “junk food” from multiple angles. Importantly, applying the sociological imagination to the concept implies thinking through
why
we eat the foods we do. When sociologists engage with the question “What is junk food?” the results of these inquiries look very different compared to when nutritionists and food scientists engage with the subject. That is because sociologists recognize the moralizing discourse attached to the term. To talk about junk food, in other words, is to make normative assumptions about particular foods and the food practices and people attached to these objects.
Freyre, Gilberto (1900–1987)
Authors: Castelo Cláudia
Published: January 2023

Gilberto Freyre is one of the most revered South American social thinkers of the twentieth century. His bookCasa‐grande & senzala(The Masters and the Slaves), from 1933, is considered one of the books that invented Brazil and had great impact inside and outside the country. Drawing on several disciplines, from social and natural sciences, and using primary sources and qualitative methods in a creative manner, Freyre recognized the importance of Africans and indigenous peoples to the formation of Brazilian society and explained the success of Portuguese colonization in America by the conjugation of three characteristics of the Portuguese since the Middle Ages: the capacity for miscegenation, mobility, and acclimation. His interpretation of Brazil, using the United States as a comparison, was afterwards enlarged to every area of Portuguese influence, resulting in the Lusotropicalism theory. His oeuvre on colonial and nineteenth‐century Brazil keeps challenging labels and inspiring interest at the beginning of the twenty‐first century, especially for its early attention to “intimate history,” hybridity, and ecology.
Distant Work
Authors: Olson Judith , Olson Gary M.
Published: January 2023

Distant work is work conducted by a team not collocated, connected by technologies to communicate and create their work objects. By analyzing the coupling of the work, the skills of the manager, and the motivation, one can choose the right technologies and social practices to alleviate the myriad of challenges.
Nuclear Family
Authors: de Bel Vera , Widmer Eric D.
Published: January 2023

The concept of the nuclear family is used to designate a socially meaningful unit of family members. In this entry, the use of the concept of the nuclear family is positioned in two perspectives. First, when defined by demographic criteria, the nuclear family refers to a residential unit. Second, when adopting a structural functionalist perspective, the nuclear family refers to a functional unit featuring specific interactions between genders and generations. Criticism of the concept of the nuclear family as well as conceptual changes and further developments are discussed.
Cyberspace Contention in China
Authors: Miao Ying
Published: January 2023

The Chinese Internet is a deeply contentious space. While, in the early years, commentators made optimistic comments regarding how cyber dissent might play a significant role in China's democratization process, from 2013 onwards, researchers have noted an overall narrowing of contentious space on the Chinese Internet. Aside from well‐known, top‐down technological forms of censorship such as the Great Firewall of China, the Party‐state is now taking a more proactive, user‐participatory approach to censorship, and contention management strategies are growing in sophistication. Doubts remain about whether contention in Chinese cyberspace will ever result in collective action.
Pure Relationship
Authors: Guizzardi Luca
Published: January 2023

The aim of this entry is to describe Anthony Giddens's theoretical pure relationship model. Giddens uses the model to try to describe the main transformations in the sphere of intimate relations in modern society. Two main elements of pure relationships are analyzed: confluent love and plastic sexuality.
Social Practices
Authors: Rouse Joseph
Published: January 2023

The concept of a social practice was introduced to characterize the basic make‐up of human social interactions and institutions. Practice‐based conceptions share three primary motivations. First, they forge a middle way for explanatory priority between individual agency and social or cultural structure. Second, they treat performances' responsiveness and accountability to one another in practice as more basic than explicit governing rules, norms, or meanings. Third, they challenge both behaviorist and cognitivist approaches by understanding practices and situations as publicly meaningful. Practice‐based accounts have split over four major issues: the composition of practices as “social” phenomena; the grounds for understanding performances as belonging to practices and thereby rendered intelligible; the roles of bodily skill and discursive or conceptual articulation in practices; and whether social practices are loci of tradition, community, and social stability, or are instead sites of contestation, power, difference, and change.
Deterritorialization
Authors: Eko Lyombe
Published: January 2023

This entry explores the philosophical concept of deterritorialization advanced by Deleuze and Guattari. It shows how they applied it to religion, anthropology, and art. It then explores how the concept has been used in a wide range of fields, specifically in Internet and online communication. The premise is that deterritorialization, in its etymological sense of removal and separation
from
the terrestrial planet we call earth, or from specific geographical territories, is very salient in the age of the Internet and the virtual, dematerialized world of cyberspace. The Internet is an innovative assemblage of technologies that triggered the convergence of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and led to the deterritorialization of governmentalities and huge swathes of economic, political, social, and cultural life from real space to cyberspace. The United States, Russia, and China have deterritorialized their governmentalities and politico‐cultural and economic ideologies from physical space to the dematerialized realms and platforms of cyberspace.
Rationality
Authors: Marshall Douglas A.
Published: January 2023

“Rationality” is a singularly central concept to sociology, beginning with the discipline's origins. Most famously and influentially, Max Weber posited the process of “rationalization” as the central organizing principle of the modern world. Later, rational choice theory aimed to supersede previous sociological theories and claimed to explain social behavior with an approach built upon the assumption that all social actors behave rationally. In this entry, we define and discuss “rationality” as – at successive levels of resolution – intentionality, consistency, and calculated maximization. Rationality remains central to sociology's future, primarily as a dependent variable to be explained and as an institutionalized cultural assumption to be accounted for.
Hooks, Bell (1952–2021)
Authors: Woodson Hue
Published: January 2023

bell hooks, the pseudonym of Gloria Jean Watkins, was an African American public intellectual, social activist, cultural critic, film theorist, and feminist philosopher, whose work intersects both feminism and womanism, literary and critical theories, Marxist and postcolonial critiques, the spiritual and the religious, and gender and queer theories, through her key idea of “the oppositional gaze” and her approach to “critical pedagogy,” both of which hold significance in critiquing and interrogating black womanhood, systemic and structural issues of oppression and domination inherent in white supremacy, capitalism, and patriarchy.
Bifurcated Consciousness, Line of Fault
Authors: Doran Nob
Published: January 2023

Dorothy Smith's feminist career began with her theorizing of the “bifurcation of consciousness” in a manner that went well beyond Alfred Schütz's earlier thinking on the topic. This was quickly followed by her integration of specific insights from the “line of fault” that the women's movement had opened up at that time. And within a decade, both of these “discoveries” proved themselves foundational for her subsequent elaboration of the theory/method now known as “institutional ethnography.”
Sociology in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Mujagić Nermina , Bakić Sarina
Published: January 2023

This entry looks at the development of sociology in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It focuses on several historical periods from the beginning of the twentieth century when sociology in Bosnia and Herzegovina started to be institutionalized. Concerning this process of institutionalization, it is necessary to stress the influence of different ideologies (socialism, nationalism, capitalism) that directly influenced this very new scientific discipline. Despite the fact that sociology, together with society itself, faced serious challenges, it managed to resist marginalization, and sociology continues to develop as a significant field in the social sciences.
Cities in Europe
Authors: Petrillo Agostino
Published: January 2023

According to Weber, the European city constitutes a unique urban type: It is a political city where new forms of citizenship come to life, distinguishing it right away from the “apolitical” oriental counterpart. Despite criticism leveled against a view judged to be Eurocentric, cities in Europe have to date preserved their specific nature: the weight of history, the ability to integrate and have social cohesion, the density of inhabitants, and the planning of growth – even if the challenges set by globalization are questioning these hallmarks. New “American” urban models are emerging – characterized by spatial dispersion and social polarization – that are competing with the European model. For the moment, it is difficult to tell whether the European city will be able to resist this challenge and actualize its myth, by launching itself once again as an original type of social and spatial organization.
Consumption, Experiential
Authors: Caprariello Peter A.
Published: January 2023

Experiential consumption concerns the personalized and subjective construal of value: Value is in the eye of the beholder. An experiential perspective furthers understanding of consumption phenomena such as daydreaming, leisure activities, and the arts; however, any stimulus can provide experiential value, and the experiential perspective seeks to understand the observer's assessment of that value. Experiential value derives from the ability of a stimulus to deliver symbolic, subjective, and multisensory experiences, which appeal to consumers' aesthetic, hedonic, and emotional preferences. A diverse array of experiences and experiential products are available in the modern marketplace.
Control Balance Theory
Authors: Savelsberg Joachim J. , Garnai Erez
Published: January 2023

The entry describes control balance theory, as developed by Charles Tittle, a theory that explains deviance as a consequence of control imbalance. It summarizes theoretical critiques and evaluates empirical tests, summarizes Tittle's response, and points at future potential.
Daily Life Pollution
Authors: Hasegawa Koichi
Published: January 2023

“Daily life pollution” refers to the type of environmental contamination caused by the everyday life activities of ordinary citizens and consumers. In contrast to the pollution caused by industrial production processes, daily life pollution includes detergent pollution in rivers, lakes, or the ocean caused by washing clothes, and landfill and incineration pollution caused by excessive household garbage. Although the individual impact each citizen has on the environment is negligible, cumulatively their behavior can create severe environmental and social problems. This cumulative effect resembles the old proverb, “Many drops make a flood.” Theoretically, “the tragedy of the commons” and the subsequent studies of the “social dilemma” neatly model this mechanism. In many cases of daily life pollution, the effects appear directly and visibly for ordinary citizens within a relatively limited geographic range. Current issues of climate change and ocean plastic waste are examples of the worldwide effects that will affect future generations.
Deviance
Authors: Goode Erich
Published: January 2023

We can divide the study of deviance into two principal endeavors: the effort to understand how social norms are constructed, how such normative constructions are applied, and with what consequences; and the effort to explain why some people engage in behaviors that are considered wrong. Social norms can be violated in several ways – as a result of non‐normative behavior, beliefs, conditions, and physical characteristics. However, sociologists and criminologists apply explanatory theories almost exclusively to
behavior
, rarely to beliefs, and never to conditions; in addition, some sociologists have attempted to understand and account for mental disorder – especially mental illness – which
manifests
itself in particular kinds of deviant behavior. Of the many ways we might define deviance, statistical rarity and pathology are two that have no sociological purchase whatsoever. Deviance often enters into the picture when norms are violated, but not all normative violations result in censure or punishment; different observers may react to the same normative violation in different ways. These seeming contradictions are components of the fundamental complexity that constitutes deviance.
Enterprise Unions
Authors: Taylor Bill
Published: January 2023

Enterprise unions are labor unions organized and controlled by a membership employed within a single enterprise. Enterprise unions are usually referenced as Japanese‐style enterprise‐based labor unions, which have formed industrial federations and made up the majority of union membership in Japan since the 1960s. Thus, there are two approaches to defining “enterprise unions”: the first is to examine the characteristics of unions based on a single employer, and the other is to briefly examine their history and practice in Japan.
Family, Men's Involvement In
Authors: Shafer Kevin
Published: January 2023

Most of the scholarship looking at men in families focuses on fathers and their engagement in the lives of children and how they partner with their co‐parents. There have been significant changes in how scholars conceptualize and operationalize paternal involvement and engagement with children and families. Current models use multidimensional models and address the significance of father–child relationship quality. This involvement has significant positive effects on children, co‐parents, and fathers themselves. However, there are significant structural factors that can either facilitate or impede men's involvement in families – potentially impacting the well‐being of children and families. There are, importantly, significant differences in paternal engagement across a diverse range of characteristics which intersect with these structural characteristics. Future directions are discussed.
Fascism
Authors: Betz Hans‐Georg
Published: January 2023

Fascism refers to a political doctrine, a movement, and a type of totalitarian regime. Its ideational roots lie in late nineteenth‐century revolutionary nationalism. Elitist by nature, fascism celebrated the superior wisdom of the leader, destined to educate the people and release their hidden energies. Vehemently opposed to liberalism and liberal democracy, fascism propagated the complete subordination of the individual to the state. Economically, fascists favored class co‐operation along corporatist lines; in foreign policy, they pursued a course of aggressive territorial expansionism. Fascism's appeal was to be found in both the image of virility, élan, and violence it projected and the fascination it exerted among leading intellectual fellow travelers who promoted its ideas. This explains, in part, why fascism continued to influence right‐wing extremist groups and movements in the postwar period.
Feminist Anthropology
Authors: Silverstein Leni M. , Lewin Ellen
Published: January 2023

Feminist anthropology emerged as a field in the 1970s. This entry traces its origins and contributions to the wider discipline.
Football Hooliganism
Authors: Williams John
Published: January 2023

“Football hooliganism” is a slippery term which covers many types of deviant fan behavior, from individual frustration‐based forms of mild aggression to planned collective violence. It is generally accepted that the collective activity of organized male football hooligan groups is primarily targeted at identifiable rival peers, though the police can also be targets and other fans might get caught up in its wake. Theories divide on the likely causes of hooliganism, from sociopsychological explanations around crowd contagion, team overidentification, or frustration, to sociological and socioanthropological approaches, which focus more on the deeper sociocultural roots of collective fan behavior, and on the complex motivations of those younger men who are routinely involved in violent and aggressive honor contests around football. Using his “socio‐ecological model,” the Dutch sociologist Ramon Spaaij has recently tried to resolve some disciplinary differences and key debates around the binaries of aggression and violence, order and disorder, structure and action, and spontaneity and planned attacks in football fan conflict. As a response to hooliganism, elite European football stadia today are increasingly becoming rational, safe, and rather tame sporting landscapes, the antitheses of democratic spaces of open access, excitement, and freedom.
High‐Speed Transportation Pollution
Authors: Hasegawa Koichi
Published: January 2023

High‐speed transportation pollution refers to a type of environmental pollution consisting of high levels of noise, vibration, and air pollution. These disturbances cause damage to daily life, such as sleep deprivation or the disturbance of conversation at home, as well as stress‐related health issues. High‐speed transportation is essential for highly industrialized urban life; it is a basic condition for developing efficient modern economies, greatly reducing time spent traveling. High‐speed transportation pollution is especially serious in metropolitan areas and in high‐density population countries like Japan. In many ways, high‐speed transportation pollution is quite distinct from industrial pollution. At first glance, the impact on the environment for each flight, bullet train service, or individual automobile looks inconsequential, but the cumulative effect is very great. For many years, planners and administrators of transportation systems focused only on the “benefit sphere”: speed, safety, convenience, and economic effect. They overlooked the “negative,” environmental effects for local residents. Effective regulation only came about with the rise of protest movements and the recognition of serious social issues.
Information and Resource Processing Paradigm
Authors: Hasegawa Koichi
Published: January 2023

Tamito Yoshida's notion of the information and resource processing paradigm was influenced by information theory, particularly Norbert Wiener's 1948
Cybernetics
. The basic idea of Yoshida's general systems theory evolved originally from Wiener's work through generalizing of his logic. His central own hypothesis comprises the following: the natural world is divided into “non‐controlled nature,” “inorganic nature” such as the universe, and “controlled nature.” Controlled nature is composed of “organic nature” controlled by “genetic information” and “human nature” controlled by “cultural information.” From Yoshida's own “evolutionist” perspective, any natural system – including that of plants, animals, human beings, and any level of society – has the common basic structure of an “information and resource processing system.” This means that any controlled system is “the system of resources and resource processing” controlled by “information and information processing.” “Information” and “resources” are defined in very broad and abstract terms. For instance, cherry blossoms only bloom when the temperature is higher than 20 degrees, hence they are controlled by temperature, by information. Similarly, human action involves a highly complicated process of information and resource processing. Human actions are controlled by a wide variety of cultural and social information such as language, signs, symbols, norms, and values.
Indigenous Movements
Authors: Grey Sam , Abhainn Michael
Published: January 2023

Indigenous movements – including their frameworks, tools, and goals – remain underexamined in the literature, despite persuasive critiques of the applicability of mainstream theories in Indigenous contexts. Instead of more familiar mobilizations and analyses thereof, Indigenous movements are intergenerational, expressly counter‐hegemonic projects, flowing equally from Indigenous ontologies and lived experiences of Settler colonialism, that aim not for inclusion or recognition but decolonization and self‐determination. Although they can be “scaled up” and are often highly networked, these movements remain rooted in frameworks that are specific to particular Indigenous groups (nations, communities, and clans).
Key Informants
Authors: Terry Gareth
Published: January 2023

This entry discusses the history, contemporary use, and importance of engaging with key informants in research. It begins by locating key informant engagement within the anthropological tradition, before exploring the trends associated with its wider uptake in the social sciences. Various ways that key informant engagement can enhance research are then discussed.
Migration, Ethnic Conflicts, and Racism
Authors: Scherschel Karin , Immerfall Stefan
Published: January 2023

Migration refers to a process of people shifting across borders. Recently, sociology has discussed migration as a core element of globalization. Some theorists have gone so far as to label the twentieth century the “Age of Migration,” offering the following reasons for doing so: The number of countries and of people now involved in migratory processes is higher than at any previous time in history; the present migration movement is different in character from earlier forms of migration; and migration flows have become more heterogeneous in composition and more globally significant because of the improvement in travel and communication facilities. But migration is also an old phenomenon: People have been migrating since the dawn of human history.
Mill, John Stuart (1806–1873)
Authors: Miller Dale E.
Published: January 2023

This entry offers a brief overview of the life and intellectual career of the Victorian philosopher and political economist John Stuart Mill. It pays particular attention to aspects of Mill's thought that are likely to be of interest to sociologists, such as his views about what sorts of methodologies are appropriate to the social sciences, his relationship with Auguste Comte, and his political economy.
Mythogenesis
Authors: Zelinsky Dominik
Published: January 2023

The phenomena of myth and mythogenesis (the process of myth creation) have been a perennial moot point for humanities, theology, and the social sciences. Why do people demonstrate an inexhaustible capacity to create stories that have little relation to everyday life and conventional physics, stories which feature gods, demigods, demons, and other unreal figures struggling with exceptional and unexceptional human beings over the control of their world, but also assisting them in everyday tasks?
The Scaling of Occupations
Authors: Hällsten Martin
Published: January 2023

Occupation is a central dimension of social stratification, but it lacks a manifest and intuitive measurement scale. This entry discusses the common scales and their limitations.
Property Crime
Authors: Copes Heith , Lavender Logan
Published: January 2023

Property crimes are defined as those offenses where offenders take money or property from victims without the use or threat of force. They include a long list of behaviors such as burglary, larceny‐theft, motor vehicle theft, arson, shoplifting, fraud, embezzlement, and forgery. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines the first four of these offenses as Part 1 property crimes. The remaining offenses are classified as Part 2 property crimes in the Uniform Crime Report (UCR). Part 1 crimes make up the property crime index published yearly in the UCR. Most data collected by the FBI on property crime are concentrated around Part 1 offenses.
Sacrifice
Authors: Davies Douglas J.
Published: January 2023

Through ritual‐symbolic idioms of life and death, often grounded in reciprocal behavior related to supernatural agencies, sacrifices typically intensify core social values to foster individual and community well‐being following crisis or conflict. Speculative and ethnography‐grounded theories have played significant roles in the development of social science, especially anthropology. Predating anthropology's late nineteenth‐century birth, however, complex theological, cultural, and political issues over sacrifice helped drive the major Catholic–Protestant division in sixteenth‐century Christianity. From the twentieth century, anthropological material and beliefs from world religions influenced psychologists, philosophers, and literary theorists, making “sacrifice” a disputed existential issue, while sacrificial ideas retain extensive popular appeal in religions and many ordinary contexts.