bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Degradable block polyurethanes from nontoxic building blocks as scaffold materials to support cell growth and proliferation
Authors: Rechichi A. , Ciardelli G. , D'Acunto M. , Vozzi G. , Giusti P.
Published: July 2007

Linear degradable polyurethanes were prepared and proposed for tissue engineering applications. Biocompatible segments were selected for the synthesis to promote their integration with the biological environment. Physicochemical and morphological characterization (SEC, DSC, DMTA, AFM) revealed that the properties of these polymeric systems can be easily tuned by varying the nature and the composition of the constituent segments. In vitro biological assays (citotoxicity, fibroblast adhesion, and proliferation) showed that all polymers are not toxic, promoting the adhesion and proliferation of fibroblast cells, with slight differences depending on the material hydrophilicity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Adhesion of eukaryotic cells and Staphylococcus aureus to silicon model surfaces
Authors: Müller R. , Ruhl S. , Hiller K.‐A. , Schmalz G. , Schweikl H.
Published: July 2007

Silicon wafers modified by silanisation with different functional groups are used to study the bioactivity of surfaces with varying physicochemical properties. Oxidation of the wafers created very hydrophilic surfaces, and moderately wettable surfaces were produced by coating with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Immobilization of hydrocarbon chains to the wafers produced hydrophobic surfaces, and hydrophobicity was further increased by fluorocarbon coatings. The oxidized and the hydrocarbon‐modified surfaces supported the adhesion of human MG‐63 osteoblasts and 3T3 mouse fibroblasts as well as Staphylococcus aureus 8325‐4. Adhesion of osteoblasts and fibroblasts, however, was decreased on highly hydrophobic fluorocarbon surfaces, whereas adhesion of S. aureus was supported. Coating of the fluorocarbon surface with fibronectin increased the number of attached eukaryotic cells, but the accumulation of bacteria remained unchanged. In contrast, surface coatings with PEG‐groups inhibited the binding of S. aureus; however, the adhesion of the eukaryotic cells was high. The number of S. aureus on PEG‐modified surfaces covered with fibronectin increased about twofold, yet it was still decreased to 25–30% related to the number of bacteria on other surfaces. These findings provide evidence that the PEG‐modified surfaces showed selective bioactivity, preventing the attachment of a microbial pathogen but supporting the adhesion of eukaryotic cells. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Acute hypoxia differentially affects the γ‐aminobutyric acid type A receptor α1, α2, β2, and γ2 subunit mRNA levels in the developing chick optic tectum: Stage‐dependent sensitivity
Authors: Plazas Sara Fiszer de , Rapacioli Melina , Gil Diego J. Rodríguez , Vacotto Marina , Flores Vladimir
Published: July 2007

This investigation analyzes the effect of an acute hypoxic treatment on the level of four (α1, α2, β2, and γ2) subunit mRNAs of the GABAA receptor in layer “i” of the developing chick optic tectum. Our results show that 1 hr of normobaric acute hypoxia significantly changes the subunit mRNA levels. Different subunit mRNAs display different sensitivity to hypoxia: α1, β2, and γ2 mRNAs are highly sensitive, whereas α2 mRNA is almost not affected. The sensitivity of the mRNA levels to hypoxia is stage dependent. The mean percentages of variation produced by the hypoxia in the level of expression of the four subunits were 20% at ED12, 5% at ED16, and only 2% at ED18. These changes in the mean percentages of expression modify the probability of coexpression. In the case of double mRNA combinations, the hypoxia produced a mean variation in the probability of coexpression of 37% at ED12, 8% at ED16, and only 4% at ED18. With regard to the triple subunit mRNAs combinations, the variations were 206% at ED12, 11% at ED16, and only 7% at ED18. The quadruple combination values were 1,500% at ED12, 21% at ED16, and only 11% at ED18. This study demonstrates that the subunit mRNA levels are highly sensitive during the early stages, suggesting that GABAA receptor composition might undergo environment‐dependent plastic changes providing a high degree of plasticity to the GABA neurotransmitter system development. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell‐specific expression of neutral glycosphingolipids in vertebrate brain: Immunochemical localization of 3‐O‐acetyl‐sphingosine‐series glycolipid(s) in myelin and oligodendrocytes
Authors: Dasgupta Somsankar , Bhat Narayan R. , Spicer Samuel S. , Hogan Edward L. , Furuya Shigeki , Hirabayashi Yoshio
Published: July 2007

The tissue‐ and cell‐specific expression of three neutral glycosphingolipids, gangliotetraosylceramide (GA1), gangliopentaosylceramide (GalNAc‐GA1), and the novel 3‐O‐acetyl‐sphingosine‐series glycolipid (FMC‐5), were examined with monospecific polyclonal antibodies. Immunohistochemical studies of rodent brain cross‐sections indicated that both GA1 and FMC‐5 antibodies stained myelin. In contrast, GalNAc‐GA1 antibody distinctly stained neurons in cerebral cortex, but only partially delineated Purkinje cells and other neurons in cerebellum. Preliminary studies of mixed glial cultures suggested the following: 1) both FMC‐5 and GA1 antibodies stained oligodendrocytes and oligo progenitors, and 2) GalNAc‐GA1 antibody did not stain any cells in the culture. Because the GalNAc‐GA1 was associated with neurons, we examined the immunoreactivity of GalNAc‐GA1 antibody in primary neuronal cultures. Further studies using primary cultures of rat brain oligodendrocytes, and dissociated cerebellar neuronal cultures indicated that both GA1 and FMC‐5 are specifically expressed by oligodendrocytes, whereas GalNAc‐GA1 is primarily localized in interneurons and to some extent in Purkinje neurons. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression profile of cancer‐related genes in human adult bone marrow–derived neural stemlike cells highlights the need for tumorigenicity study
Authors: Zhu Rusen , Xu Ruxiang , Jiang Xiaodan , Cai Yingqian , Zou Yuxi , Du Mouxuan , Qin Lingsha
Published: July 2007

Human adult bone marrow–derived neural stemlike cells (MDNSCs) may serve as ideal seed cells for cell replacement therapy for human neurological disorders and injuries. However, the long‐term safety of this cell population after transplantation must be thoroughly explored before clinical application, and tumorigenicity is a major concern. In this study, we generated MDNSCs capable of forming neurospherelike aggregates and with the potency to differentiate into neural lineage cells in vitro and investigated hundreds of cancer‐related genes in MDNSCs in order to determine whether there were any characteristics that could help in the evaluation of their tumorigenic potential. According to the results of testing by PCR and DNA sequencing, there were no mutations at the frequent mutation sites of tumor‐suppressor genes p53, p16, and Rb1. Of the 440 cancer‐related genes covered by Oligo GEArray Human Cancer Microarray OHS‐802, 63 were found to be significantly overexpressed compared with that in fresh normal human adult bone marrow depleted of red blood cells (RBCs). In particular, the overexpressed genes included those promoting cell proliferation and cell invasion and metastasis and members of several oncogenic signaling pathways. The overexpression of MYC, MMP2, Notch2, STC1, ITGA3, STAT5b, RhoC, and Wnt1 was also revealed by quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR. Because it has been shown that activation of some of these genes promote tumorigenesis, our findings highlight the need for further studies of long‐term tumorigenicity in MDNSCs. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Natural halotrichites—an EDX and Raman spectroscopic study
Authors: Locke Ashley J. , Martens Wayde N. , Frost Ray L.
Published: July 2007

Raman spectroscopy has been used to characterise four natural halotrichites: halotrichite FeSO4.Al2(SO4)3. 22H2O, apjohnite MnSO4.Al2(SO4)3.22H2O, pickingerite MgSO4.Al2(SO4)3.22H2O and wupatkiite CoSO4.Al2(SO4)3.22H2O. A comparison of the Raman spectra is made with the spectra of the equivalent synthetic pseudo‐alums. Energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX) was used to determine the exact composition of the minerals. The Raman spectrum of apjohnite and halotrichite display intense symmetric bands at ∼985 cm−1 assigned to the ν1(SO4)2− symmetric stretching mode. For pickingerite and wupatkiite, an intense band at ∼995 cm−1 is observed. A second band is observed for these minerals at 976 cm−1 attributed to a water librational mode

The series of bands for apjohnite at 1104, 1078 and 1054 cm−1, for halotrichite at 1106, 1072 and 1049 cm−1, for pickingerite at 1106, 1070 and 1049 cm−1 and for wupatkiite at 1106, 1075 and 1049 cm−1 are attributed to the ν3(SO4)2− antisymmetric stretching modes of ν3(Bg) SO4. Raman bands at around 474, 460 and 423 cm−1 are attributed to the ν2(Ag) SO4 mode. The band at 618 cm−1 is assigned to the ν4(Bg) SO4 mode. The splitting of the ν2, ν3 and ν4 modes is attributed to the reduction of symmetry of the SO4 and it is proposed that the sulphate coordinates to water in the hydrated aluminium in bidentate chelation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The chief executive and strategic change
Authors: Thomas Anisya S. , Herbert Theodore T.
Published: July 2007

This paper discusses the role of the chief executive in formulating and implementing strategy during various phases of organizational evolution. We explore the relative influence of top managers during (a) organizational founding and (b) periods of stability to set the stage for a conceptual examination of leadership and strategic change. We suggest that strategic change will be most successful when it is accompanied by change of the executive at the helm of the organization.
Use of a corporate culture index for strategic planning
Authors: Migliore R. Henry , Martin Rinne T.
Published: July 2007

The culture of an organization is important. Survival into the 21st century is not guaranteed. Therefore, organizations must adapt. Culture has an impact on how change takes place. This article proposes a method to measure culture. How culture can be managed within the strategic planning process is covered.
The resilient organization: Sustaining organizational renewal and performance
Authors: Acar William , Winfrey Frank L.
Published: July 2007

This paper integrates the literature on culture and economic systems to specify the integrative devices required for organizations to adapt, survive and renew in an increasingly complex and competitive business environment. A matrix of contingent integrators is introduced and sustainable performance implications are then elaborated and discussed in relation to necessary strategic integrators.
The strategic significance of the process model
Authors: Rhodes David
Published: July 2007

The paper sets business‐process re‐engineering in the total business context by means of a simple model

The model enables managers to identify and modify processes where tangible benefits can be obtained and it promotes effective corporate control

The model is a powerful tool for formulating strategy and can easily be applied to alternative business boundaries

The approach supports the specification of information systems and the design of management reports

.
Xerox: Envisioning a corporate transformation
Authors: Bounds Greg , Hewitt Fred
Published: July 2007

Xerox is a global company engaged in a total corporate transformation. This article provides a case history of that transformation. It shows:

The dramatic results achieved.

The actions taken to achieve those results.

How the change in management approach was managed.

How all employees were mobilized to bring about changes.

The tools involved, including quality, benchmarking and process improvement.

Restructuring for continuous change.
Managing change, human resource management and Timex
Authors: Martin Graeme , Dowling Martin
Published: July 2007

This article:

sets out the attempts to bring about strategic change at Timex in Dundee over a 50 year association with the city;

discusses the problems of moving from a mass production, make‐for‐stock strategy to a subcontracting, make‐to‐order strategy in the context of the Timex corporation's global strategy and organizational configuration;

discusses the role of leadership, management style and human resource management in bringing about culture change:

explains the problems of Timex as a failure of the US and home‐based management to think strategically and think culturally.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Migliore R. H.
Published: July 2007

Editor's note: I am pleased to publish the following letter which is a response by Professor Migliore to criticism by Dr. Charles Despres. The original article by Migliore and Martin appeared in Volume 3 number 2 (March‐April 1994). The response by Despres was published in volume 4 number 2 (March‐April 1995).
Structure and Innovation
Authors: Dunphy Steve , Herbig Paul A. , Palumbo Frederick A.
Published: July 2007

The particular set of cultural attributes inherent within a given society heavily influences the technological sourcing of that society.

Culture alone is insufficient to explain the differences seen between societies in their ability to source technological innovations.

External forces such as the political and economic structure that surrounds the culture have considerable influence over a society's eventual innovative potential.

This paper examines these structural influences and makes propositions about selected attributes' effects upon a society's innate ability to source technological innovations.
Strategic innovation
Authors: Eppink D. Jan
Published: July 2007

Professor Eppink's article deals with the need for strategic innovation as a counter to slack economic conditions. It discusses:

the various types of strategic innovation;

how much innovation is desirable;

the important issue of how much is possible.
The economic evolution of innovation: The rise of national innovative capacities Case studies of East and Southeast Asia
Authors: Herbig Paul A. , Palumbo Frederick , Golden James E. , Howard Carol
Published: July 2007

A growing prosperous society must at some time pursue radical innovative activities in order to maintain the rapid growth to which it has become accustomed. A nation is limited in the growth it can achieve by an innovative policy of imitation only or as a low‐cost offshore assembly base. For a society to prosper and join the ranks of the industrialized countries, it must pass beyond imitation, and move to the creation and processing of innovations including radical technological innovations.

We argue that an evolutionary innovation path is followed by most societies as they proceed from an undeveloped to developing to newly industrialized economy to the last step, an industrialized society, taking their place in the industrialized world.

In particular we use the examples of the Asian minidragons and the ASEAN countries to provide support for our propositions.

We provide observations and recommendations for other countries who are likely in the future to follow this evolutionary path.
The greening of corporate strategy in the chemical industry: Two steps forward, one step back
Authors: Tapon Francis , Sarabura Matthew
Published: July 2007

Network analysis can introduce deep structure of information flow, social and instrumental exchanges, and power within an organization or a group, and can reflect individual as well as structural characteristics.
Strategic planning: Steering the small community bank to profitability
Authors: Newkirk‐Moore Susan
Published: July 2007

This study looked at the effect of formal strategic planning efforts on small firms in a regulated industry.

The planning activity of US commercial banks was studied to determine the effect of planning on performance after deregulation of interest rate ceilings.

Findings point to a significant difference in interest rate spread for planning banks and in overhead expenses.

This study has particular significance for the community banker who must compete against large money‐centre banks.
Three new steroidal saponins from the rhizome of Paris polyphylla
Authors: Zhao Yu , Kang Li‐Ping , Liu Yi‐Xun , Zhao Yang , Xiong Cheng‐Qi , Ma Bai‐Ping , Dong Fang‐Ting
Published: July 2007

A mixture of a pair of stereoisomeric new spirostanol saponins (1a and 1b) and a new cholestane saponin (2) were isolated from the rhizome of Paris pollyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis. Their structures were elucidated as (25R)‐spirost‐5‐en‐3β, 7β‐diol‐3‐O‐α‐L‐arabinofuranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐[α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1 → 2)]‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (1a), (25R)‐spirost‐5‐en‐3β, 7α‐diol‐3‐O‐α‐L‐arabinofuranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐[α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1 → 2)]‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (1b) and 26‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(25R)‐Δ5(6), 17(20)‐dien‐16, 22‐dione‐cholestan‐3β, 26‐diol‐3‐O‐α‐L‐arabinofuranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐[α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1 → 2)]‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (2) by a combination of HR‐ESI‐MS, FAB‐MS, 1D and 2D NMR techniques (including 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, 1H1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new finite element integration scheme. Application to a simple shear test of anisotropic material
Authors: de Montleau Pierre , Habraken Anne Marie , Duchêne Laurent
Published: July 2007

Finite element simulations involving large strains and large displacements imply the setting up of a precise kinematics for the integration scheme. Moreover, anisotropic mechanical behaviours have to be expressed in an appropriate local reference frame. In the present paper, a computational procedure is derived from a particular velocity gradient definition. Its implementation in a finite element
code is described. Application to a simple shear test is proposed. For anisotropic materials, a sinusoidal behaviour of the shear stress component is emphasized. This is due to the anisotropic yield locus and appears in the case of a saturated isotropic hardening law. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of an acoustic horn with respect to efficiency and directivity
Authors: Udawalpola Rajitha , Berggren Martin
Published: July 2007

We consider the problem of designing an acoustic horn in order to efficiently transmit the incoming wave energy and favorably distribute the energy in the far field. A finite element solution of the Helmholtz equation, in planar or cylindrical symmetry, models the wave propagation. The transmission efficiency is monitored by measuring the back reflections into the feeding waveguide, and the far‐field directivity pattern is computed using an integral expression known from scattering theory. The design problem is formulated as a non‐linear least‐squares problem, which is solved using a gradient‐based algorithm, where the gradients are provided by solutions of the associated adjoint equations. The results demonstrate that this approach can generate horns with almost perfect transmission in a wide frequency band. Due to the improved transmission properties at the lower‐frequency region, the optimization with respect to efficiency also generates improved far‐field directivity patterns, that is, patterns that vary less with frequency. It is possible to obtain even more uniform
directivity patterns by explicitly including directivity requirements in the optimization. However, those improvements in directivity seem to be associated with a substantial loss of efficiency. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intravenous pentamidine is effective as second line Pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis in pediatric oncology patients
Authors: Kim Su Young , Dabb Alix A. , Glenn Donald J. , Snyder Kristen M. , Chuk Meredith K. , Loeb David M.
Published: July 2007

Background

Pneumocystis jirovecii, formerly carinii, pneumonia (PCP) poses a life‐threatening risk to oncology patients. The use of trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (TMP‐SMZ) prophylaxis virtually eliminates the risk of infection; however, many patients cannot tolerate TMP‐SMZ. We performed a retrospective analysis to determine the PCP breakthrough rate in pediatric oncology patients receiving intravenous pentamidine as second line PCP prophylaxis.

Procedure

We conducted a retrospective chart review of pediatric oncology patients who received intravenous pentamidine from 2001 to 2006 at our institution. The diagnosis, age and bone marrow transplant (BMT) status were determined. A subset of patients had review of their records to determine the justification for discontinuing TMP‐SMZ. Children who developed symptoms of pneumonia with a clinical suspicion of PCP underwent bronchoscopy, allowing for identification of Pneumocystis.

Results

A total of 232 patients received 1,706 doses of intravenous pentamidine and no toxicities were identified. The main reasons for discontinuing TMP‐SMZ were bone marrow suppression and drug allergy. Three children developed PCP, equating to a breakthrough rate of 1.3%. Two of these children had undergone BMT (1.9% breakthrough rate) and both were under the age of two (6.5% breakthrough rate).

Conclusions

The use of intravenous pentamidine as PCP prophylaxis results in a breakthrough rate of 1.3%. TMP‐SMZ is the first choice for PCP prophylaxis. However, when necessary, the use of intravenous pentamidine has an acceptably low failure rate, even in high‐risk BMT patients. Other options should be considered for children less than 2 years of age. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:779–783. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ewing tumors in infants
Authors: van den Berg Henk , Dirksen Uta , Ranft Andreas , Jürgens Heribert
Published: July 2007

Background

Malignancies in infancy are extremely rare. Ewing tumors are hardly ever noted in these children. Since it is generally assumed that malignancies in infancy have an extremely poor outcome, we wanted to investigate whether this was also the case in Ewing tumors.

Procedure

We identified in the Munster data bases of CESS81, CESS86, EICESS92 and EuroEwing99 14 children <12 months of age with a tumor of the Ewing family. Numbers of girls and boys were equal.

Results

All infants had axial tumors, including pelvic primaries; 80% of the tumors were <200 ml. An uncommon pathology distribution was noted; the majority were peripheral neuroectodermal tumors, only two atypical Ewing, one classical Ewing, and one unspecified PAS positive small round blue cell soft tissue sarcoma was found. Three patients had metastatic disease at initial diagnosis. Treatment modalities were comparable with patients of older age. The number of cytostatic courses ranged from 6 to 15. Dose reductions were limited, ranged from 73% to 90%. Outcome results were similar to those in patients of older ages (5‐year EFS 65%, OS 72%).

Conclusions

Infants with Ewing family tumors are in the majority of cases PNETs and are predominantly axial tumors. Outcome is similar to patients with Ewing tumors at older ages. Generally accepted adverse prognostic factors did not influence outcome. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:761–764. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of reduction of therapy on infectious complications in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Graubner Ulrike B. , Porzig Simone , Jorch Norbert , Kolb Reinhard , Wessalowski Rüdiger , Escherich Gabriele , Janka Gritta E.
Published: July 2007

Background

Infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and only limited information is available on infectious complications.

Patients and Methods

We investigated infectious complications in 293 children during different treatment phases of the multicenter protocol COALL‐06‐97. We also evaluated whether therapy reduction in prognostically good risk patients receiving either the low risk or high risk treatment arm would lead to fewer infectious complications.

Results

Thirty of 293 patients had no infections; 263 patients had 682 infectious complications (median 2, range 1–9), five of them lethal. Two thirds of the infections occurred during periods of neutropenia. The most frequent infectious episodes were fever of unknown origin (FUO): 483/682 (70.8%), microbiologically documented infections (MDI): 100/682 (14.6%), (61 gram‐positive, 36 gram‐negative, 3 fungal isolates), and clinically documented infections (CDI): 99/682 (14.5%). With standard reinduction, 44% low risk and 57% high risk patients had infections versus 26% low risk and 38% high risk patients with reduced reinduction therapy (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Most patients treated with intensive combination therapy for ALL experience one to several serious infections during treatment. The wide range in number of infectious episodes and the lack of infections in a small subset of patients in spite of uniform treatment suggest genetic as well as possibly environmental factors to have a role. Moderate reduction of chemotherapy may significantly reduce the rate of infectious episodes. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:259–263. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self and proxy‐reported health status and health‐related quality of life in survivors of childhood cancer in Uruguay
Authors: Fluchel Mark , Horsman John R. , Furlong William , Castillo Luis , Alfonz Yasmine , Barr Ronald D.
Published: July 2007

Background

The incidence of cancer in children in Uruguay is similar to that in industrialized societies but the survival rate is half as great. This study assesses another important measure of treatment effectiveness: the health‐related quality of life (HRQL) of survivors.

Methods

All new patients diagnosed in a 3‐year period were eligible if free of disease for at least 2 years after therapy and at least 7 years of age at the time of study. A sample of convenient subjects for comparison was obtained from schools and clinics for well children. During a 7‐month period, Spanish language interviewer‐administered questionnaires were used to collect Health Utilities Index data from survivors and the comparison group (self‐reports), and from proxies (parents, physicians, and teachers).

Results

Of 113 eligible survivors, 95 (84%) participated together with 96 “control” subjects. Control subjects have a higher mean HRQL utility score than survivors (P < 0.001). The mean score for survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): 0.72 (n = 49) is higher than the score for survivors of brain tumors: 0.60 (n = 20), as expected. Inter‐rater agreement is highest between survivors and parents, and lowest between controls and physicians or teachers.

Conclusions

The burden of morbidity in survivors of childhood cancer in Uruguay is considerable and greater than that in a comparative group of healthy children. Survivors of ALL have better HRQL than survivors of brain tumors, mirroring experience elsewhere. The level of inter‐rater agreement is related to the degree of familiarity of the pair‐members of respondents with each other. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:838–843. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dilemma of contingent gifts
Authors: Fuerst Rita A.
Published: July 2007

Contributors occasionally wish to impose conditions on valid gifts. These conditions must be consistent with the intent to make a gifts.
Fundraising and the courts
Authors: Copilevitz Errol
Published: July 2007

The courts uphold the rights of nonprofits to solicit under the protection of the First Amendment.
The education of fundraisers
Authors: Marion Barbara H.
Published: July 2007

By default, the education of fundraisers was left to fundraisers in the past. By design, that is changing, the author says, because the stakes are too high to leave to chance the education of a profession essential to the American way of life.
Licensure and credentialing as professionalizing elements
Authors: Carbone Robert F.
Published: July 2007

The author suggests how to help move fundraising along the continuum toward becoming more professionalized.
The role of associations in the professionalizing process
Authors: Bloland Harland G.
Published: July 2007

Associations play an important role in achieving the pragmatic, moral, and cognitive forms of legitimacy that characterize professional occupations.
The ins and outs of lipid domain proteomics
Authors: Sprenger Richard R. , Horrevoets Anton J. G.
Published: July 2007

Lipid domains, also known as lipid rafts, are segregated from the bulk of the plasma membrane and have been attributed a multitude of important cellular functions in both health and disease. The large number of recent proteomic studies of their composition has produced a stunning list of potential constituents, leading to many contradictory conclusions. The actual methodology used in the different studies therefore seems to be of pivotal importance with regard to the derived lipid domain proteomes. In this review, we attempt to interpret recent findings in light of the methodology used and identify potential artifacts. This integrative view tries to tentatively define the core composition, the associated functions, the topology, as well as the dynamics of lipid domain proteomes. In other words: who's in and who's out.
Preparation of carboxyl‐end‐group polyacrylamide with low polydispersity by ATRP initiated with chloroacetic acid
Authors: Jiang Jianguo , Lu Xiaoyan , Lu Yun
Published: July 2007

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of acrylamide was successfully carried out with chloroacetic acid as initiator and CuCl/N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) as catalyst either in water at 80 °C or in glycerol–water (1:1 v/v) medium at 130 °C. In both cases, carboxyl‐end‐group polyacrylamide was obtained with lower polydispersity ranging from 1.03 to 1.44 depending on the polymerization condition. Polymerization kinetics showed that the polymerizations proceeded with a living/controlled nature and accelerated at a higher temperature. The effect of pH in the reaction system on the polymerizations was further studied, revealing that chloroacetic acid not only served as a functional initiator for the ATRP of acrylamde but also provided the acidic polymerization condition, which effectively protected the ATRP of acrylamide from the unexpected complexation and cyclization side‐reactions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3956–3965, 2007
Novel use of mesoporous aluminas as supports for Cp2ZrCl2 and Cp*ZrMe3: Ethylene polymerization and formation of polyethylene nanofibers
Authors: Turunen Jani P. J. , Venäläinen Tapani , Suvanto Sari , Pakkanen Tuula T.
Published: July 2007

Mesoporous aluminas with average pore sizes of 4.3–7.8 nm were prepared by anodization of an aluminum film (AAO), and by a sol–gel templating method (TPL). In addition to a commercial alumina and sulfated TPL, the aluminas were used as supports for cyclopentadienyl zirconocene dichloride (Cp2ZrCl2) and trimethyl(η5‐pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)zirconium (Cp*ZrMe3) and tested in the polymerization of ethylene. The metallocenes supported on the alumina prepared with the templating method and its sulfated modification exhibited polymerization activities of 440 and 350 kgPE/(molZr × h × bar), respectively, comparable to that obtained with silica‐supported metallocenes (390 kgPE/(molZr × h × bar)). The acid site distribution of the aluminas was studied with FTIR and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of pyridine, and also the amount of medium and strong acid sites was determined gravimetrically from the adsorption of pyridine. Relative to the surface area, AAO with the highest amount of acid sites (2.10 μmolpy/m) adsorbed Cp2ZrCl2 and Cp*ZrMe3 the most. Study of the polymers' morphology with a scanning electron microscope revealed polyethylene nanofibers in all the polymer samples, also in those obtained from the reference polymerizations with homogeneous Cp2ZrCl2 and Cp*ZrMe3. This finding suggests that a catalyst support with a tubular pore structure is not a prerequisite for the formation of polymer nanofibers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4002–4012, 2007
Synthesis of graft copolymers with “V‐shaped” and “Y‐shaped” side chains via controlled radical and anionic polymerizations
Authors: Yu Fengping , He Junpo , Wang Xiaojun , Gao Guangzheng , Yang Yuliang
Published: July 2007

A combination of nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization and living anionic polymerization was used to synthesize a series of well‐defined graft (co)polymers with “V‐shaped” and “Y‐shaped” branches. The polymer main chain is a copolymer of styrene and p‐chloromethylstyrene (PS‐co‐PCMS) prepared via nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization. The V‐shaped branches were prepared through coupling reaction of polystyrene macromonomer, carrying 1,1‐diphenylethylene terminus, with polystyryllithium or polyisoprenyllithium. The Y‐shaped branches were prepared throughfurther polymerization initiated by the V‐shaped anions. The obtained branches, carrying a living anion at the middle (V‐shaped) or at the end of the third segment (Y‐shaped), were coupled in situ with pendent benzyl chloride of PS‐co‐PCMS to form the target graft (co)polymers. The purified graft (co)polymers were analyzed by size exclusion chromatography equipped with a multiangle light scattering detector and a viscometer. The result shows that the viscosities and radii of gyration of the branched polymers are remarkably smaller than those of linear polystyrene. In addition, V‐shaped product adopts a more compact conformation in dilute solution than the Y‐shaped analogy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4013–4025, 2007
Characterization of the chemical composition of a block copolymer by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray ionization
Authors: van Leeuwen Suze M. , Tan BoonHua , Grijpma Dirk W. , Feijen Jan , Karst Uwe
Published: July 2007

Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in the positive and negative ion modes was used for the characterization of a block copolymer consisting of methoxy poly(ethylene oxide) (mPEO), an ε‐caprolactone (CL) segment and linoleic acid (LA), used as surfactant in water‐based latex paints. Chromatographic separation was obtained based on the number of CL units in the polymer species and the presence of an mPEO and/or LA tail. Different ionization methods were found to be complementary and only their combination allowed the qualitative profiling of the chemical composition. The LC/MS method has proven valuable for following the reaction in time, as well as for comparison of different polymeric surfactants. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid white truffle headspace analysis by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry and comparison with solid‐phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Aprea Eugenio , Biasioli Franco , Carlin Silvia , Versini Giuseppe , Märk Tilmann D. , Gasperi Flavia
Published: July 2007

The gastronomic relevance and high price of white truffle are related mainly to its unique aroma. Here we evaluate, for the first time, the possibility of characterizing in a rapid and non‐destructive way the aroma of white truffles based on proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR‐MS). We indicate that anonymous PTR‐MS fingerprinting allows sample classification and we also compare qualitatively and quantitatively PTR‐MS data with measurements made by solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography (SPME‐GC) of the same samples under the same conditions. PTR‐MS fragmentation data of truffle‐relevant compounds are also published here for the first time. Most of the sulfur‐containing compounds detected by GC and relevant for white truffle aroma have a high positive correlation with single PTR‐MS peaks. Our work indicates that, after preliminary comparison with GC data, PTR‐MS is a new tool for the rapid, quantitative and non‐invasive characterization of white truffle by direct headspace injection without any pre‐concentration. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘LC‐electrolyte effects’ improve the bioanalytical performance of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric assays in supporting pharmacokinetic study for drug discovery
Authors: Wang Li , Sun Yan , Du Feifei , Niu Wei , Lu Tong , Kan Jingmin , Xu Fang , Yuan Kaihong , Qin Tao , Liu Changxiao , Li Chuan
Published: July 2007

The development of rapid and sensitive bioanalytical methods in a short time frame with acceptable levels of precision and accuracy is imperative for successful drug discovery. We previously reported that the use of a mobile phase containing an extremely low concentration of ammonium formate or formic acid increased analyte electrospray ionization (ESI) response and controlled against matrix effects. We designated these favorable effects ‘LC‐electrolyte effects’. In order to support rapid pharmacokinetic (PK) studies for drug discovery, we applied LC‐electrolyte effects to the development of generic procedures that can be used to quickly generate reliable PK data for compound candidates. We herein demonstrate our approach using four model tested compounds (Compd‐A, ‐B, ‐C, and ‐D). The analytical methods involve generic protein precipitation for sample clean‐up, followed by application of fast liquid chromatographic (LC) gradients and the subsequent use of electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) for individual measurement of the tested compounds in 20‐µL plasma samples. Good linearity over the concentration range of 1.6 or 8–25000 ng/mL (r2 > 0.99), precision (RSD, 0.45–13.1%), and accuracy (91–112%) were achieved through the use of a low dose of formic acid (0.4 mM or 0.015‰) in the methanol/water‐based LC mobile phase. The analytical method was quite sensitive, providing a lower limit of quantification of 1.6 pg on‐column except for Compd‐C (8 pg), and showed negligible ion suppression caused by matrix components. Finally, the assay suitability was demonstrated in simulated discovery PK studies of the tested compounds with i.v./p.o. dosing of rats. This new assay approach has been adopted with good results in our laboratory for many recent discovery PK studies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and application of stable carbon isotope analysis to the detection of cortisol administration in cattle
Authors: Bichon E. , Kieken F. , Cesbron N. , Monteau F. , Prévost S. , André F. , Le Bizec B.
Published: July 2007

The use of anabolic agents in food‐producing animals has been prohibited within the EU since 1988. The control of the illegal use of natural steroid hormones in cattle is still an exciting analytical challenge as no definitive method and nonambiguous analytical criteria are available. We have used gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) to demonstrate the administration of cortisol to cattle. The method consisted of an efficient combination between OASIS HLB solid‐phase extraction (SPE), oxidation, SiOH SPE and semi‐preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for glucocorticoid purification. By comparison of the 13C/12C isotopic ratio of the oxidised product of cortisol, i.e. 5β‐androstane‐3,11,17‐trione (5βAAT), with an endogenous reference compound (ERC), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), the differentiation of cortisol metabolite origin, either endogenous or exogenous, has been achieved. After treatment of an animal, the δ13CVPDB values of 5βAAT reached −30 to −32‰, whereas the δ13CVPDB values of DHEA remained at −25‰. A significant difference in the δ13CVPDB values between DHEA and 5βAAT was measurable over a period of 3 days after a single administration of cortisol to the animal. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clustering of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization and laser desorption mass spectrometry
Authors: Cristadoro Anna , Räder Hans Joachim , Müllen Klaus
Published: July 2007

The desorption/ionization behaviour of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and laser desorption (LD) mass spectrometry was studied by the solvent‐free sample preparation method. As the understanding of the desorption/ionization mechanism in MALDI is normally hampered by the different ionization and desorption efficiencies of the analytes, this work was focused on the analyses of a homologous series of four hexabenzocoronenes (HBCs) possessing virtually the same ionization efficiency: HBC parent, hexamethyl‐hexabenzocoronene (HBC‐C1), hexapropyl‐hexabenzocoronene (HBC‐C3) and hexakis(dodecyl)‐hexabenzocoronene (HBC‐C12). The different signal intensities obtained in their mass spectra can be related to differences in their desorption efficiencies, which are attributed to the different strengths of the intermolecular interactions between unsubstituted and alkylated HBCs in the solid state. The influence of the aromatic structure of PAHs on their photoionization/desorption probability was investigated. As a model system, an equimolar mixture composed of HBC‐C12 and hexakis(dodecyl)‐hexaphenylbenzene (HPB‐C12) was chosen. The aromatic structures of both molecules and thus their absorption coefficients at the laser wavelength differ substantially and have a huge influence on their photoionization efficiency. The combined effect of laser light absorption and intermolecular interactions on the desorption/ionization behaviour of giant PAHs was further studied by using an equimolar mixture composed of a larger PAH (C222H42) and its dendritic precursor (C222H150). This mixture shows the opposite behaviour to that of the former example, because the balance between desorption and ionization efficiency has changed significantly. The present investigation should be of interest for providing a better understanding of MALDI and LD spectra obtained from natural PAH‐containing samples, such as heavy oils, asphaltenes or pitches, for which our artificial mixtures represent suitable model systems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospray tandem mass spectroscopic characterisation of 18 antiretroviral drugs and simultaneous quantification of 12 antiretrovirals in plasma
Authors: Gehrig Anne‐Kathrin , Mikus Gerd , Haefeli Walter E. , Burhenne Jürgen
Published: July 2007

The determination of antiretroviral drug concentrations in patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is an essential part of optimum patient management because of the multitude of pharmacokinetic drug interactions between these drugs and the risk of treatment failure or viral resistance if therapeutic concentrations are not reached. Currently, 21 different antiretrovirals are used in various combinations rendering therapeutic drug monitoring a laborious task. We therefore aimed to simultaneously determine as many antiretrovirals as possible using triple quadrupole mass spectroscopy with electrospray ionisation. For this purpose, spectra and fragmentation patterns of the protease inhibitors amprenavir, atazanavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir, the non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors delavirdine, efavirenz, and nevirapine, the nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitors abacavir, didanosine, emtricitabine, lamivudine, stavudine, zalcitabine, and zidovudine, and the nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir were evaluated. A bioanalytical method to determine all protease and non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and zalcitabine and zidovudine concentrations in biological matrices was developed. Samples were prepared by protein precipitation with methanol after addition of three different internal standards. Antiretrovirals were separated by high‐performance liquid chromatography on a Nucleosil C18‐100 Nautilus column using a gradient of 20 mM ammonium acetate including 0.1% aqueous acetic acid and acetonitrile and detected by electrospray ionisation/tandem mass spectrometry in the negative (efavirenz, stavudine, zidovudine) or positive ionisation mode (all other compounds). The bioanalytical method was successfully validated according to FDA guidelines and applied to plasma and cerebrospinal fluid samples of patients treated for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a tabletop time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer with an ion attachment ionization technique
Authors: Saito Naoaki , Nanjyo Jyun‐ichi , Taneda Yasuyuki , Shiokawa Yoshiro , Tanimoto Mitsumori
Published: July 2007

We report a new type of mass spectrometry based on a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer combined with an ion attachment ionization technique (IA‐TOF). In contrast to electron ionization mass spectra, IA‐TOF mass spectra are not complicated by peaks due to fragmentation of the molecular ion; the adduct ion formed in IA does not fragment. We developed a tabletop IA‐TOF system and evaluated its performance by analyzing specimens originally in the gas, liquid, and solid phases. We obtained fragment‐free spectra covering a mass range up to m/z 3400 with a mass resolution of about 4700. Our IA‐TOF system realizes accurate and versatile real‐time mass spectrometry. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross‐cultural teaching apprehension: A coidentity approach toward minority teachers
Authors: Wei Fang‐Yi Flora
Published: July 2007

Teaching apprehension is used to frame the author's anxiety about being a young Asian female teacher in a four‐year research‐oriented university. The chapter explores how demographic characteristics influence teaching styles, the use of language, and self‐efficacy beliefs.
Establishing credibility in the multicultural classroom: When the instructor speaks with an accent
Authors: McLean Chikako Akamatsu
Published: July 2007

Applying theories of cultural dimensions, teacher credibility, and nonverbal immediacy, this chapter explores classroom management techniques used by Asian female teachers to establish credibility.
From behind the veil: Students' resistance from different directions
Authors: Muhtaseb Ahlam
Published: July 2007

In this chapter, critical race and expectancy violation theories are used to deconstruct students' resistance to a female faculty member of color, a Muslim Arab American who wears the traditional Islamic cover. The author provides a narrative of her teaching experience and some techniques she has used to face such resistance.
Women of Color teaching students of Color: Creating an effective classroom climate through caring, challenging, and consulting
Authors: Saavedra Dora E. , Saavedra Marisa L.
Published: July 2007

Being a Hispanic female faculty member in South Texas can be a challenge. This chapter discusses three pedagogical tools (caring, challenging, and consulting) that we use to create a classroom climate that enhances Hispanic students' success by engaging and motivating them to succeed in one of the poorest areas of the country.
“She must be trippin'”: The secret of disrespect from students of Color toward faculty of Color
Authors: Hendrix Katherine Grace
Published: July 2007

In this chapter, the author explores student incivility in higher education, with an emphasis on the often hidden circumstance of students of color exhibiting disrespectful behavior toward their professors of the same race.
High pressure liquid chromatography for the analysis of soluble carbohydrates in defatted oilseed flours
Authors: Cegla G. F. , Bell K. R.
Published: July 2007

The soluble carbohydrate content of four defatted oilseed flours (cottonseed, soybean, peanut, and sun‐flower) was determined by using high pressure liquid chromatography. The best method of separating the sugars from the other components of water extracted flour was found to be thin layer chromatography. Plates of Silica Gel H with a running solvent of iso‐propanol‐water‐ehtyl acetate (54:26:20) gave good isolation of the sugars. The μ BONDAPAK/ Carbohydrate column was used to analyze the sugars. An eluting solvent of acetonitrile and water (75:25 and 72:28) at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min gave the best resolution of the carbohydrates. The major carbohy‐drates in the oilseed flours were glucose, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose. Small amounts of trehalose and an unidentified disaccharide were found in the flour of sunflower.