bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Translation and Exegesis of the Religious Texts and the Need for Religious Linguistics
Authors: Al-Quraishi Talib
Published: November 2023

Linguistics, the science which studies the humanitarian languagesscientifically, tackled from its beginning in the 19th century certain linguistic aspectssuch as, Phonetics, Syntax, Morphology, and Semantics. In the course of time, thisscience has witnessed continuous developments so as to include other lingualdisciplines and secondary lingual sciences, like Historical Linguistics,Psycholinguistics, Contrastive Linguistics, not to mention the other lingual sciencesand theories, such as Language Acquisition and Learning, Discourse Analysis,Stylistics and others. In spite of the fact that all these disciplines have come aboutfrom General Linguistics, still there is a field which needs a great deal of study andconcern, namely the effect of the religious texts or religion in general on language. Itis a well-known fact that different religious interpretations and exegeses, especiallythose dealt with Divine religions, created sectarian outlooks which led to blood shedsin European Christian communities since the middle ages and recently amongstArab and Muslim peoples. This can be attributed to the lack of understandinglanguages since they are pregnant with rich heritages of their own, something whichrequires the need of dedicating a new branch of linguistic study, namely ReligiousLinguistics. The oriental linguists, whether Muslims, Christians and Jews cancontribute greatly in this field of studies since these Jewish, Christian and Islamicholy books were basically written in their Hebrew, Aramaic/Syriac and Arabicrespectively, and had different translations and exegeses. Such a new field, then, willlead to revise the holy books, their exegeses, rhetoric, idioms, style and all theirlingual aspects scientifically, and to more understating, harmony and rapprochementbetween all the followers of these religions.
تجليات التضاد في شعر الحطيئة واثره في الدلالة
Authors: نبراس خماس محمد
Published: November 2023

الحمد لله رب العالمين والصلاة والسلام على نبينا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه وسلم تسليم ا كثي ا رأما بعد :تقوم هذه الد ا رسة على محاولة استجلاء واستنطاق النص من منظور يؤمن بأن النص الشعري هو نص مفتوح للق ا رءةلاكتشاف العلاقات بين النصوص من خلال التضاد الذي يعد مثي ا ر أسلوبيا ؛ لكونه خروج عن مألوف اللغة مما يشكل مفاجأةللقارئ ، والحطيئة هذا الشاعر يبدو التضاد اكثر وضوحا في شعره لتناغمه مع حياته واضط ا ربه ، بل إنه يمثل التضاد بحدذاته ، فقد اجتمع التضاد فيه كما وصفه الاصمعي ، وسنقف في هذا البحث على نماذج من تجليات التضاد في شعره.
The Use of Personification and Apostrophe as Facilitators in Teaching Poetry
Authors: Sayakhan Najat Ismael
Published: November 2023

In this paper, the author presents a rationale and offers suggestions forwhy personification and apostrophe, as main figures of speech, could beused in the EFL classroom as well as how teachers and/or teachers intraining might use them to enhance understanding and appreciatingEnglish poetry, in other words, to facilitate learning. First the researcherdefines the two figures, giving examples, and then the function of bothfigures would be stated. The author makes a survey of the methods ofteaching personification and apostrophe in English poetry. A list ofaccessible personification and apostrophe resources is shared at the end.
Writing Apprehension among EFL Undergraduate Iraqi Students
Authors: Majeed Nahida Taha , Ali Mahmood Ahmed , Hasan Ala'a Ali
Published: November 2023

This study is an attempt to find out 1.the average of EFL universitystudents' achievement in writing.2. Whether there are any significant differencesbetween male students' mean scores and that female students' in achievement ofwriting. and 3. whether there are any significant differences in the mean scores ofstudents of the University of Tikrit ,College of Education for Human Sciences(CEHS)and College of Education for Women (CEW) and the University of Samara', Collegeof Education (CE) in achievement of writing .This study is an attempt to find out 1.the average of EFL university students'achievement in writing.2. Whether there are any significant differences between malestudents' mean scores and that female students' in achievement of writing. and 3.whether there are any significant differences in the mean scores of students of theUniversity of Tikrit ,College of Education for Human Sciences(CEHS) and College ofEducation for Women (CEW) and the University of Samara', College of Education(CE) in achievement of writing .These aims are supposed to be achieved through testing the following hypotheses.1. The average of Iraqi EFL University students' is within the theoretical mean scores, inachievement of writing.2. There are no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of malestudents' and that of female students' in achievement of writing.3. There are no statistically significant differences in the mean scores of students' of theUniversity of Tikrit, College of Education for Human Sciences (CEHS) and College ofEducation for Women (CEW) and that of the University of Samara', College of Education(CE)inachievement of writing.In order to verify the hypotheses of the current study and achieve its aims, twoinstruments, i.e. a questionnaire and an achievement test have been constructed for datacollection. The questionnaire includes thirty items and distributes to the EFL students at theUniversity of Tikrit (CEHS) and (CEW) and those of the University of Samara' (CE) in order toassess students' apprehension of writing. While, the test is used to assess students' achievementof writing the two instruments have been applied to a sample of 109 EFL fourth year Universitystudents.The study ends up with a number of conclusions, recommendations andsuggestions for further studies.
Contrast: The Binary of Slavery and Liberty in Ahlam Mostaghanemy's Black is Suitable for You and its Role in the Text's Cohesion
Authors: Al-Atiya Ayub Gorgees
Published: November 2023

Contrast is one of the figures f speech used in writing for rhetorical andpsychological reasons…. According to classical linguists it was a meansof decoration in the literary tects while for the contemporarygrammarians it isextended to be a device for the interpretation of thetext nd its cohesion. This paper is a study of contrast in AhlamMostaghanemi's novel Black is Suitable for You, because there isfrequent use of contrast which is essential for the cohesion of the textand its meaning to achieve rhetorical purposes and intellectualpsychological values. It becomes a structural network for linking theparts of the text together. The paper therefore, is divided into anintroduction and four sections and it concludes that the novel is prolificwith examples of contrast, both verbal and semantic, represented in abinary opposition which I called the binary of 'slavery" and "liberty"
The Rhetorical Aspects of the Qur'anic Readings According to Ibn Jinni's book Al-Muhtasib
Authors: Al-Bayati Qais Khalaf Ibrahim
Published: November 2023

This paper tries to shed light on the rhetorical aspects of the Qur'anicreadings as the recurred in Abu-Fath Othman Ibn Jinni's book Al-Muhtasib in Explaining the Aspects of Irregular Readings (A.H.392).The paper is divided into seven sections: the statement, the composition,the foregoing and delaying, summing up, redundancy, separation andconnection, and definite and indefinite. The researcher depends on theavailable sources dealing with the meanings of the Holy Qur'an, booksof Qu'anic interpretation and books on Qur'anic readings.
A Cultural and Sociolinguistic Analysis of English and Iraqi Arabic Certain Animal Proverbs
Authors: Hummadi Hassan Khalaf Amer , Salman Muhammad Barjes
Published: November 2023

This study deals with some dog proverbs with the aim of showingthe way in which the English and the Iraqi Arabs interpret and use animalproverbs. Some dog proverbs have been. picked out and worked withLeech's (1981) connotations and Holmes' (2013) social factors. Amongthe findings, it is found out that English and Iraqi Arabs have differentattitudes towards. their animal proverbs which give the proverbs differentconnotations, and in turn, influence the way they interact with socialfactors. It is also figured out that both cultures associate the frequent useof dog proverbs with the lower prestigious occupations (e.g., farmers).Moreover, the English are more flexible in using animal proverbs withsocially remote participants more than the Iraqi Arabs do. Finally, it isconcluded that the only variable that coincides in the two cultures is theinformality variables. This means the inappropriate use of dog proverbsin the formal type of interactions in England and Iraqi Arabic speechcommunities.
Difficulties of Learning Listening Comprehension Faced by First Stage English Department Students at Anbar University
Authors: Yassein M.A. Mohammed Talib
Published: November 2023

The present study aims at investigating difficulties of learning listening comprehension skill that faces first-stage studentswho study English in the Department of English/College of Education for Humanities/Anbar University and finding whether there is any significant difference in listening difficulties between students who study English in the Department of English/College of Education for Humanities/Anbar University in Ramadi city for the academic year (2017-2018). To achieve the aims of the present study, two hypotheses are set. Firstly, it is hypothesizedthat first-stage EFL students face difficulties in learning listeningcomprehension skill. Secondly, it is hypothesized that there is a significant difference in the difficulties of learning listening comprehension skillbetween males and females of the sample according to the variable ofgender at the level (0.05).The sample of this study includes 63 students (26 male and 37 female).A questionnaire was used as the main instrument for collecting data. After subjecting the sample to the questionnaire, responses were analyzed byobtaining the means, standard deviations and percentagesof the collected data to achieve the first aim of the study. Moreover,t-test for independent samples was used to accomplish the second aim.Results revealed that EFL students in face difficulties in learning listening comprehension skill. Also, it is found that there are no significant differences between male and female students in their listening difficulties. Finally, onthe basis of the findings, the researcher offered suggestions, conclusionsand recommendations.
The Turkmanish Words in Talafar accent The poet Ridha Jolak as a sample for this
Authors: Khalaf Instructor Sarhan Adnan
Published: November 2023

The establishing of Turkman poetry goes back the beginning ofTurkman society and The writing in Turkman language which Turkmen use itin their daily lives . That's why such a kind of poetry got separated outamong all levels of Turkmen societyTurkman sociaty . The written poemwhich the public ( local ) poet uses consists of simplewords and the stanza was used for the structure of the rhythm of poemswhich the Turkman use in their nationalism performances so within thisperformance of poetry the especial music can be formed for this reasonand aspect . This paperdeals with the scientific luxuritry about this subjectwhich includes ( The Turkmanish words in Talafar accent The poet Ridha Jolakas a sample for this ) includes the following:1- The poet's life and short from his back ground city Telafer in additionthe Period that the poet lived in and his personality and his style andeffective on other poets in writing of poems .2- includes converting his on published poetries in to modern Turkish one3- This unit includes picking the words which are used in Telafer andcomparing them with Modern Turkish language by making an indexaccording to theto the words in Alphabetical order which she's the number of page andlines for each words and its meaning in modern turkish language and at theconclusion .
The Relationship between Mastering Dictation and University Students' Achievement of Spelling Vocabulary and Writing Text
Authors: Musa Abdullh Hameed
Published: November 2023

Dictation has been used in the field of language learningfor several years. However, most of the language instructors andmethodologists regard this method as useless and out-of-date. Indeeddictation is a teaching technique which enables English teachers tofocus on the language proficiency of their students . This paper explainswhat the teachers should do to help the students enhance enthusiasmand confidence for learning , stimulate learning motivation , reduce oreliminate their difficulty and take measures to improve their ownlanguage skills . This paper aims at investigating the relationshipbetween mastery of dictation and university students' achievement inspelling which in order to raise students' efficiency in vocabulary andtexts. This paper consists of three sections, the first as an introduction,and the second deals with literature review and the third is theconclusion.
Abstract: The Pragmatics of the Communicative Ability in the Rhetoric of the Linguistic Structures
Authors: Abboud Muhannad Marsus
Published: November 2023

This paper is an attempt to explore the pragmatic elements in the rhetorics ofthe linguistic structures which are implicit in the original meaning such asdemand, command, promise and other ends concerning the reaction of thereceiver such as refusal and acceptance. The researcher firstly selected a line ofverse for Al-Buhtari whichsucceeds in achieving psychological communicationamong individuals for humanitarian ends in the light of the examples ofbahavioural verbs from two perspectives: verbs of psychological nearness andverbs of psychological separatness. Secondly, the paper attempts an analysis ofthe kinguistic discourse of Prophet Mohammads "Farewell Address". Thirdly,the paper deals with the functions of language by examining classical poems inthe light of Roman Jacobson's theory.
Examples of Arabic verbs in the Holy Quran and its Persian translation in terms of morphological and alphabets
Authors: Majeed Rana Ali , Shuwail Ghazi Laibi
Published: November 2023

Knowledge of language and its meanings are sound, semantic,syntactic and semantic. Especially if the circle of this knowledge goes away inverses of the Holy Qur'an and its subjects. Using these new levels oflinguistics, researchers have tried to explain the specifics and characteristics ofthe lives of the old tribes, especially in the field of audio and video. Those whowere corrupt, ruthless and unscrupulous, and also why the Qur'anic versesemphasized certain verbs. Such as verbs:(Seer), (Sarezr), (earthquake), and how could they be told through phonemes,vowels, and phrases in the way and manner of life that the relatives achieved,along with the style and manner of translating these verbs into Persian bytranslators How did their culture translate into other languages, research andexploration, and does this translation entirely match the themes? It is worthnoting that every person can normally see the face of a person or animal ortree not willing to see, or hear their voice or understand their way of life, butthrough the Qur'anic interpretation and its relation to the development of soundand physical sciences can be practically all See and hear the creatures, this isreally one of the new ways of expressing the concepts and themes of the HolyQuran in the context of linguistics and its descriptive metho
Manichaeism in John Steinbeck’s East of Eden
Authors: Jasim Shaima’ Abdullah
Published: November 2023

Theories from all fields of knowledge affected the English noveldirectly or indirectly. This genre has become a platform of all conceptscreated through the other fields of knowledge. Manichaeism is areligious movement which believed in the association between darknessand evil, light and good. It will be noticed that they deal with theeverlasting struggle between good and evil. This doctrine of light-goodand dark-evil was the major dogma in Manichaeism.Although Manichaeism died out, its belief in the fight between good andevil can be detected in mostly all English novels. This study inspectsManichaeism in John Steinbeck's East of Eden. In spite of being extinct,its doctrine highlights this principal theme in all literary works.
T. S. Eliot's Four Quartets and St. John of the Cross
Authors: Al-Douri Hamdi Hameed
Published: November 2023

Four Quartets (1942) is a sequence of four poems:'Burnt Norton' (1936), 'East Coker' (1940), 'The Dry Salvages'(1941) and 'Little Gidding' (1942). The main sources of themystical symbols in T.S. Eliot's masterpiece, Four Quartets,are some of Saint John of the Cross's writings and this has notbeen given its due of study. This paper aims at exploring St.John of the Cross's influence on Eliot's Four Quartets,especially his Dark Night of the Soul and The Ascent ofMount Carmel. The downward movement, the descent intothe inner darkness and the symbols of ascending anddescending of the stairs in Eliot's poems were among theoutstanding mystical symbols used by John of the Cross. Eliotalso strongly echoes John of the Cross in his emphases thatone must die to self and undergo mortification of the bodybefore one can hope for the perfect union of the soul withGod. The paper attempts to investigate Eliot's use of these andother symbols relating them to their counterparts in the worksof St. John of the Cross .
Places of Articulation According to Abi Omer Al-Dani: A Phonological Study
Authors: Qaddouri Sawsan Ghanim
Published: November 2023

This paper aims at exploring the phonological lessonaccording to Abi Omer Al-Dani who is considered one of the greatestscholars of Qur'anic recitation and one of the founers of the science ofQur'anc recitation. The paper examines the places of articulation againstthe views of Saybawaih and other scientist. Al-Dani focused on theplaces of articulation beginning with the glottis and ending with the lipsfollowing in that the method of Saybawaih. The paperis divided intomany sections: one is devoted to Al-Dani's major phonological works inwhich he dealt with places of articulation with a brief explanation of themajor points that recurred in them, an attempt to define plae ofarticulation according to Al-Dani, the number of places of articulationand their sequence, an attempt to explain Al-Dani's views and tocomment on them, and a conclusion which sums up the results of thestudy.
The Concept of Light and Dark Sounds in Arabic Phonology
Authors: Ibrahim Bu Daud Bulqasim
Published: November 2023

Any reflection on a notional taxonomy, previously used throughArab phonetic studies, is immediately challenged by the diversity ofinfinite uses of divergent concepts that overlap and interfering,tending, in short, to confine themselves by the semantic charge theyconvey in gnoseological fields other than those in which theyoriginated, and by the ambiguity which restricts the functional andusable dimension of other concepts, especially those which theprecursors have failed to establish as levers of the construction of thelinguistic norm with all the necessary rigor allowing them to codifylanguage levels, starting with the phonetic and lexical system, toreach the semantic level, and this, like the Légèreté et lourise, Pointof articulation, Phoneme and Grapheme, Principal and accessory,Rhythm and cadence. As a result, the need has arisen to lay theground work for a new conception supported by an operative devicecapable of decapitating the signs of these conceptual variations and ofelucidating its effects manifest through the historicity of the Arabic
Cultural representations in the novel (Chicago)
Authors: Khamis Ibrahim Mustafa Hamd
Published: November 2023

Ala' Al Aswani's novel CHICAGO belongs topostmodernist Arabian novels. The study attempts to identifythe most important technical and objective issues dealt with inthe novel and to reveal the patterns of the novel's discourse.The study falls into an introduction, four chapters and aconclusion which sums up the findings of the study. Thestudy made use of findings of cultural criticism and did notdeny the idiomatic and conceptual overlap, which serves andenriches the process of tbe research and makes it more agilein responding to the requirements of the study.
The Literary Language of KassemTawfiq (Daring, Stylistic, Symbolism)
Authors: Tishkar Mohammed Shireen , Kafi Murad
Published: November 2023

Jordanian novelist QasemTawfik, generatingthe largest property ahead with the novels he wrote in modernArabic literature, criticizing the tradition sinherent in Arabsociety and sometimes is pushing the boundaries ofimagination.So, we aim to dive deeper into the style andliterary language used by Qasem Tawfiq in creating hisworks, and to see the hidden facts behind the erotic narrativesused by the author. In this article we discuss some of thefeatures of the literary language used by Qasem Tawfiq likecourage, rationality, and symbolism. In addition, to disclosesome of the hidden aspects of the society of sexuality thatdoes not ignore the sexuality here and to emphasize whetherthe goal is to emphasize. This point is one of the goals of ourarticle and if we talk about other objectives; The aim of thecourse is to touch upon the author's philosophical philosophyand his courageous literary style
Mathematical Applications of Negating of Conditional Sentences in the Arabic Language
Authors: Nassar Amer Fadhel
Published: November 2023

This paper studies the negation of conditionalsentences in Arabic language by using mathematicalapplications with three steps. The first step is to convert theconditional sentence to be negated from the Arabic to themathematical statement. The second step is to negate themathematical conditional statement obtained in the first stepusing the negatives in mathematical logic. The third step isto convert the mathematical conditional statement obtainedin the second step to an Arabic sentence.
Lola" in the Holy Quran Analytical Grammatical Study "Selected Models"
Authors: Mahdi Alhan Saleh
Published: November 2023

Lula is one of the most important tools of the grammaticalrequirement in the Holy Quran. Because of its significant impact in thestatement of the most important meanings of the verse in which it wasreceived and its linguistic and grammatical significance.The study dealt with the most important opinions of the sculptors in astatement of the meaning of "Lula" types and aspects of the literature,and then take samples of the types of "Lula" in the Koran and studiedanalytical grammar based on the most important grammar books andinterpretations.Therefore, the research included an introduction and a preface, in whichthe statement of the meaning of "Lula" and its composition and what itsuseful grammar and how to enter the types of sentences in Arabic.The research dealt with two topics: The first topic dealt with tworequirements: First: the statement of the aspects of "Lula" Arabism and
Justice in Khawaja Nidham-ul- Mulk's Siyasatnama
Authors: Jasem Tay Hatham
Published: November 2023

In this research, a reference is made to the book entitled “Siasatnama” by Khawaja Nidhamul-Mulk. No important indicator isspotted but only the topic of justice. Thus, the research is entitled"justice in the Siasatnama by Khawaja Nidhamul-Mulk”.Based on this, thinkers explore the history of political thoughtstarting with the ideas of Greeks, looking for the visions of Plato andAristotle, and pointing to the roots of political schools. But KhawajaNidhamul-Mulk did not address any old political school from Greece orelsewhere; and if the statements of Khawaja Nidhamul-Mulk and hispolicy for nearly 30 years in the ministry of Seljuks are reviewed, thereis nothing but social justice, fighting injustice and encouraging theexpanding of science.The research is divided into three sections; the first is related tothe following topics:- Khawaja Nidhamul-Mulks Biography- ministry of Nidhamul-Mulk- the mysterious killing of Nidhamul-Mulk
The Influence of Syntax on Learning The Second :The Example of Kurdish and Arabic
Authors: Ahmed Sirwan Samin , Majeed Aram Rashid
Published: November 2023

The research entitled (Effect of syntax level inlearning the second language - Kurdish and Arabic language model).The aim of the research is to determine the effect of syntactic structuresespecially phrase structure in the process of learning the secondlanguage. The research is divided into three sections. The first sectionpresents a theoretical framework on linguistic concepts and theories inthe process of learning the second language. In the second part of theresearch we identified the syntactic structures and phrases in theKurdish language. Among the phrases: noun phrase, verb phrase, adverbphrase and adjective phrase. We also defined concepts; such as: head,complement and adjunct in the structure of the internal structure of thephrases. We introduced syntax, sentence structure, and phrases order insentence. The third part of the research is devoted to the syntacticstructures and phrases in the Arabic language. We introduced thestructure and structure of the sentence and the order of phrases syntaxsentence. We discussed the concept of (Ordering) in the Arabicsentence. We also identified the similarities and differences between thestructure of the phrases in the two languages (Kurdish and Arabic), andthe most important research findings that knowledge of similarities andSyntactic differences between the two languages is a factor in thelearning of the second language .
Postmodern Narrative Techniques Louise Erdrich's Love Medicine
Authors: Ahmad Khatab Mohammed
Published: November 2023

The present study discusses the postmodern narrative technique in Louise Erdrich‟s novel Love Medicine. Though the novel is one of the richest models of postmodern literary writings, the paper confines itself to four prominent perspectives of postmodernism which are related, covertly or overtly, to the socio-political crisis of the Indian Americans or as they want to call themselves the Native Americans. Identity, fragmentation, postcoloniality and multi-narration are taken in focus to show how the mixed-blood writer Louise Erdrich has mixed the oral traditions of her tribe with the contemporary most recent narrative techniques to produce a landmark in the Western literary canon.
The Effect of Using Motivational Videos in Teaching Language
Authors: Aied Enas Flah
Published: November 2023

This study examined the language learning and motivational effects of a video project, including students‟ perceptions of the processes, and the impact of peer evaluations. In this study many online materials and integrating music and pictures is used to illustrate their ideas. Itshowed that the language learning effects were more obvious in the low proficiency group than in the high proficiency one. Results from t-test analyses of pre- and post- motivation questionnaires showed that studentsincreased their learning motivation, and interview data showed that students felt that making videos boosted their confidence and improved their technological capability. An examination of peer assessments of videos showed that they promoted peer learning and encouraged self-reflection. This study‟s findings support the adoption of video projects with lower proficiency students in order to stimulate language production.
Translating Quranic Metaphor into English
Authors: Hamdan Mahmood Ibrahim
Published: November 2023

The aim of this paper is to highlight metaphor in both Arabic and English languages as well as to explore the main problems encountered in translating Arabic metaphor into English. The present paper tries to underline the strategies followed by translators from different cultures as they tackle this culture-bound subject and how failing to notice this rhetorical device may produce fallacious translation.The paper hypothesizes that perfect translation of Arabic metaphor necessitates a good knowledge of Arabic and English cultures. The correct choice of translation strategy adopted would make the TL receptor experience the same effect experienced by the SL receptor. The paper hypothesizes that , by the virtue of the cultural breach that lies between Arabic and English, the inexpert translators would produce literal translation in their attempt to translate Arabic metaphor. Consequently, they would adhere to the form at the expense of the meaning.
Structured Story Reading and Story Retell Strategy and their Effects on University Students' Achievement in English Short Story
Authors: Hameed Dunia Tahir
Published: November 2023

This research is concerned with importance of the role of using Structured Story Reading (SSR) and Story Retell (SR) strategy on the achievement of the second year university students in English short story. The participants of the study consists of the whole second year students of English Department at College of Education for Humanities at Tikrit University during the academic year 2018-2019. A sample consists of sixty students has been selected and distributed into two equal groups to be an experimental groups (A and B ) and thirty students to be a control group. They have been taught the same English material for a period of twelve weeks. The experimental group(A) is taught by using Structured story reading strategy While the experimental group (B) is taught by using Story retell strategy and the control group is taught by traditional strategy. test It has been constructed an achievement and applied to three groups of students , at
Levels of Surprise in the Holy Qur'an
Authors: Ahmad Khalid Mudhir
Published: November 2023

Eloquence (Al-Bayan) is of great importance in uncovering thegraphic facts. It is the secret in which the minds are competing and thedictionaries pass through the pens which may be hidden by manyscholars and scholars. The scholars and commentators studied theQuranic text in all its aspects, and its signs, Which may lie behind themiraculous text, especially the mysteries that relate to itsmiraculousness.The paper is divided into two sections: Section One is devoted to thelevels of surprise: the strength of surprise and the surprise of theundesirable. The second is devoted to the subjects of surprise, namelythe surprise in metaphor, movement in surprise without itha (if) and thewonderful movement among times, places and events. The paper endswith a concusion which sums up the results of the study.
The effect of The Algerian revolution on woman's personality in Ahlam Mostghanmis novel : The Body's Memory
Authors: Al_ Mustansiriya Hasanin Ghazi ,
Published: November 2023

Revolution and military coups have a real impact onliterature. We can see this in Ahlam Mostaganemi's novel The Memoryof the Body. One can find an evident impact and implementation of thevalues of the Algerian revolution during the 1950s. The writer was ableto make her characters a reflection of the spirit of revolution rather thanits form. This paper, therefore, is an attempt to explore the majorinfluences of the Algerian Revolution on the image of woman inliterature. It is not surprising that a novelist like Ahlam Mostaganemi isable to make a part of her spirit a real part of the memory of therevolution and the memory of the place (Constantine), of suspendedbridges; it is not a coincidence that it is the creativity of the writer .
The Features of Poetic Discourse of Deek Al-Jinn
Authors: AL-Dulaiim Raid Ogla Khalaf
Published: November 2023

This research examines the features of the poetic discourse of Deek Al-Jinn in three areas. The first involves the Textural significance that is based on the stylistic formation through the use of language and the ways that the context provides in the treatment of poetic discourse. The second represents the rhythmic and musical structure of discourse, and the third deals with the shifts in the discourse which means the instability, that is, the contradiction and inconsistent views, thus explaining the poet’s lack of stability and his volatility. At the end there is a conclusion that sums up the most important results of the paper.
Al-Asma'i’s Efforts in the Arabicized, the Foreign, and the Generated Words: A Lexical Study
Authors: Ibrahim Saad Ahmed
Published: November 2023

Al-Asma'i has made a very clear effort in Arabization, and therefore, he was highly trusted by his contemporary scholars or those who came after him, such as Al-Khalil, Sibawaih, Abu Obaid, Abu Hatem, and many others, and his impact is very obvious on everyone who studied the Arabicized, the foreign and the generated words. Al-Asma'i had explained the Arabicized words and attributed them to the language that they came from ssuch as Syriac, Roman, Nabataean Aramaic, or Persian, as he was very well known for mastering some of these languages. This also indicates that Arab scholars had knowledge of these languages. It is well known that Al-Asma'i is one of the first scholars of language, and most importantly, he was known for knowing the origin of the Arabic language, and for collecting and classifying it in separate linguistic studies in the middle of the second
Apostrophizing the Silent Nature: Meditative and Philosophical Apostrophe in the Fourth Century A.H.
Authors: Al-Jubouri Ramadhan Salih Ebad
Published: November 2023

Nature is considered a source of inspiration for many poets in different ages, in which the poet uses his imagination, wandering in its field inspiring from its phenomena and its elements ideas and images to help his poetic text creatively and aesthetically. This research deals with Apostrophizing the Silent Nature: Meditative and Philosophical Apostrophe, a study of the phenomenon of apostrophizing, which is an emotional discourse that emerges from the depth of the human self, loaded with deep feelings and emotions by which the poets apostrophize natural phenomena such as ( ruins- night – stars – wind – etc. ), and they attempt to make them talk using the device of personification to share their sorrows and problems in order to reduce the psychological, and emotional crisis they have experienced. In this case, nature was a friend and an entertainer to the poet who suffered from loneliness and alienation and what he
Most Common Grammatical Mistakes Made in English by L1 Arabic LearnersRobert Lado (1957), as well as most contrastive linguists, have shown that the learner's first language may have a big role to play in the process of second language learning. Due to di
Authors: Thyab Rana Abid
Published: November 2023

Robert Lado (1957), as well as most contrastive linguists, have shown that the learner's first language may have a big role to play in the process of second language learning. Due to differences between languages, whether in their syntactic, grammatical, pragmatic, or phonological systems, difficulties in learning a second language may arise. One of the most frequent difficulties Arabic L1 students face when learning the English language is learning the English language grammatical system and their ability to communicate effectively according to that.This paper pinpoints common grammatical mistakes which English learners make and possible solutions to such mistakes are listed and explained. Illustrations are given of how the differences between the Arabic and English language regarding the grammatical system cause L1 Arabic learners of English to make mistakes and errors in their English learning process and how this prevents learners from meaningful English communication. The aim of this paper is to prove that English students make similar grammatical and syntactic mistakes which are repeated and frequent. That is, many grammatical mistakes of Arabic native language speakers are orderly made and
Problems Encountered in Translating Alternative Questions From Arabic into English
Authors: Hazem Ali Hussein , Kamil Dina Fahmi
Published: November 2023

This paper is an attempt to tackle problems and difficulties faced by the university students of English when translating alternative questions from Arabic into English in their written performance. A questionnaire of 10 sentences taken from Modern standard Arabic is designed and distributed to a sample of 40 students. The participants have been asked to translate Arabic alternative questions into English. It is hypothesized that the learners of English are not fully aware when translating alternative questions from Arabic to English. The study aims at examining the students’ awareness of alternative questions and trying to focus on the problems that students face when they want to express the alternative questions in both English and Arabic in order to be understood and helpful for learners, translators and other
Floating above the Stream: A Brechtian Reading of Edward Bond's Narrow Road to Deep North
Authors: Suliman Amer Hamed
Published: November 2023

Among British established dramatists, the most notable one whose theatrical works seem most related to Brechtian traditions is Edward Bond. Bond belonged to the first-wave generation of the 1960s and 1970s, who suffered from the dreadful outcome of the two World Wars. In his plays, one can notice some recurrent themes such as social injustice, persecution of minorities and lower classes, indictment of war and its proponents, disbelief in religion and authority, resentment of politicians and their hypocritical behaviour, etc. The paper, however, is limited to focus on exploring one of Edward Bond’s most significant works; Narrow Road to Deep North and argue that it represents the playwrights’ main attempt to use and develop forms of Brechtian complex seeing.
La Problématique de la Traduction de la Polysémie Dans le Coran: Étude Comparative de Trois Traductions
Authors: Abid Rana Ghanim , Hamad Ahmed Khalaf
Published: November 2023

Cette recherche comprend une exposition de la problématique dela traduction de la polysémie dans le Coran, et la comparaison detrois traductions de trois différents traducteurs, le but de tellecomparaison c'est d'arriver à comprendre au premier plan, lesvraies dimensions de cette même problématique, et au deuxièmeplan, de choisir quelle traduction d'entre eux se considère la plusproche du texte coranique en ce qui concerne le sens. Au début,nous parlons de l'importance de la polysémie dans une langue etcomment les linguistes et les spécialistes considèrent la polysémiecomme nécessite linguistique parce qu'elle nous délivre de mettreun mot pour chaque sens, en tant qu'un seul mot porte de plusieurssens unis phonétiquement, c'est pourquoi on l'appelle
The Poet and Identity: A Critical Reading of Identity and Belonging in Mahmud Darwish's Poetry
Authors: Atiya Mahmood Ayed
Published: November 2023

A new literary and critical phenomenon emerged lately after theappearance of globalization and it attracted the attention of Arabcritics and scholars because it raises a question about the position ofArabic literature and thought in the contemporary intellectual milieu.It also indicated that an intellectual crisis is at hand which may drivethe Arab intellectual to the verge on the unknown creating disorderand confusion in his thinking by trying to thrust him into the turmoilof the information technological revolution, driving him to forget hispast under the pretext of the demise of ideology, self-denial, freedomand awareness. In the field of literature and literary criticism, thesenomenclatures produced new literary and critical movements whichdid not belong to a particular identity; on the contrary, they wereclose to unconsciousness and absorbed in unawareness andirresponsibility which contributed to man's loss of identity. Thesethoughts caused the vanishing of many principles and values of theArabs. However, literature as an enormous organism of valuesretained some of them that upkept the spirit of belonging and showedthe importance of identity as thought and practice which are able tobring originality back to maintain the Arabian poet's attitude to
Discourse in Surat ul-Lail A Study in Textual Semantics
Authors: Aziz Manal Salahaddin
Published: November 2023

The textual studies are considered the last of the linguistic studiesafter the structural school which focused on the structure led by deSaussure, and semantics which attempted to focus on determining thesemantic dimension of the linguistic value represented by thetransformative generative school led by Noam Chomsky, followed bythe approach that targeted the linguistic activity, which was foundedon the principle of dialogue under the theory of communication(Pragmatics), led by Del Hyms, to finally reach the stage of textualstudies, which called for the search for a larger unit of sentence to bea field of study. The text appeared and received great interest fromscholars such as Harris, Helmsley, Stumble, Dick Van and others.This paper is an attempt to explore a number of the textualfeatures of "Al-Lail Sura" and it begins with an introduction whichdeals with a review of what the modern critical studies say about thetext, how these features are included in the miraculous text of thissura which helped in exploring the various textual phenomena in itscontext. The study begins with the title of the sura, the other features
Metaphor in Minhat ul-Bari bi Sharhi Saheeh il- Bukhari
Authors: Khalaf Ghassan Alwan
Published: November 2023

This paper aims at shedding light on one of the books ofcommentaries on the Hadith, namely Minhat ul-Bari bi SharhiSaheeh il-Bukhari (The Gift of God in Explaining Sahih al-Bukhari) and exploring the rhetorical aspects employed by thecommentator in his book regarding the three types of metaphor:the conceit, implicit and explicit metaphor. The paper also triesto compare his views with his predecessors and followers and toshow his rhetorical points of strength..
The Technical Aspests of Abdul-Qahir AL-Jurjani's Theory of Versification
Authors: Mtair Arkan Husein
Published: November 2023

This paper is an attempt to explore the technical aspectsof Sheikh Abdul-Qahir Al-Jurjani's theory of versification which isscattered in his book Dala'il ul-I'jaz and to collect these dispersed parts.Al-Jurjani's theory of versification represented an outstandingcritical and rhetorical achievement in the Arabic critical rhetoricaltradition because it provided answers to many critical questions at thatearly epoch in the history of Arabic literary criticism. It, therefore,attracted the attention of critics and rhetoricians at all subsequenttimes. Such a theory can never be found in his predecessors except forsome hints in Ibnul Muqaffa' and Al-Jahidh's works though the idea ofversification was common among the Mu'tazila and Ash'ariya but itwas not evident; it was just mere hints which no one had interpreted indetail except Al-Jurjani who gave it much importance and talked aboutit in details, linking sound to sense, rhetorical figures of speech to themiraculous nature of Qur'anic language. Al-Jurjani's theory ofversification has become a scientific basis for the interpretation of theHoly Qur'an. Furthermore, some critics tried to link Al-Jurjani's theorywith contemporary stylistics and poetics.
Modern American Dramatization of Poetry: An Analytical Study of Selected Poems by Kenneth Koch
Authors: Nassief Muslihed-Dien
Published: November 2023

The ingenuity is to employ the dramatic elements in dramatizing a poem. The present paper assumes that the correlation between drama and poetry may facilitate this literary touch. Another assumption is that this sensitive relationship between these two genres lies on different circumstantial forces and necessities that are impacted by time and culture. To verify the ingenuity of creating dramatic poetry by transferring the dramatic elements into a poem, and to confirm the assumptions mentioned above, the present paper is devoted to analyze representative poems.Kenneth Koch (1925 – 2002) was an American author. He was a poet, playwright, and narrator. It may be said that he was the pacemaker of the movement of the modern dramatization of poetry. He was a nonstop writer until his death. He dramatized a great number of famous poems with important contribution in prospering the movement of dramatization of poetry like "Earth" (1959), "Thank You and Other Poems" (1962), "The Art of Love" (1975), "Duplications" (1977), "From the Air" (1979), "Days and
The Principles and Elements of School Dictionaries with an Evaluation of Some Kurdish School Dictionaries
Authors: Qadir Nawzad Hassan , Tahir Shahab Tayyb
Published: November 2023

The present study tackles the lexicographicalstandards, criteria and properties that are required for the compilationof school dictionaries. The school dictionaries refer to thesedictionaries used in the successive stages of schools to assist thestudents in language learning. This pedagogical tool is overused by theschool students side by side with the other pedagogical subjects; theschool dictionary is used not only for looking up the meaning ofvocabularies, but also for pronunciation, spelling, grammar,synonymy, antonym, use of words, and etymology. These dictionariesshould be provided with a simple language, clear definitions,explanations, illustrative examples, and fascinating colorful pictures.The advancement of technology has extremely influenced the schooldictionaries because various types of newly invented and ornamentaltools have made these dictionaries more interesting and attractive; thisincreases the students’ favor for using and reading. This study aims toprovide a comprehensive account for the school dictionaries and itprobes into the scientific standards of lexicography existing in these
Assessing Anbar University Undergraduates' Receptivity of Learning English as a Foreign Language in Humanitarian Specializations
Authors: Ali Ayad Hammad , Abass Hanaa
Published: November 2023

This paper deals with the receptivity of EFL learners whostudy English as a foreign language at the Faculty of Arts at AnbarUniversity in Iraq. Departments of Geography, Sociology and Arabicwere taken as samples of the study because they have been studyingEnglish for four years. The objective of the study is to evaluate thelearners' acceptability of learning English for four years and theiropinions about the curriculum designed for eight courses. As thestudy attempts to measure the validity of teaching humanitariandepartments English for four years and whether they are convincedin this decision or not. It has been proved that the learners of the threedepartments request to reduce the numbers of courses from eight tofour with the average of two years. Achieving the questionnairewhich consists of (11) questions facilitates evaluating the
Bearable with Humor, Pain in Sherman Alexie’s The Business of Fancydancing: Stories and Poems
Authors: Al-Refi'I Jassim M. Jassim , Abdullah Alaa Ahmed
Published: November 2023

For the time being Native Americans still doubt and question theirstatus amid the American nation. The consciousness of being marginaland subjugated appears clearly in their literature. Within the risingvoices that echo widely against repression and injustice, they have hadtheir voice, a voice that reflects historical agony, cultural deprivation,and political stings. Moreover, what distinguishes their voices is theamount of mutilation and loss that turns into humor and sarcasm. Thisvoice ceaselessly tries to bring back a fragmented identity from ashes.Sherman Alexie, a poet, novelist, short story writer, filmmaker,essayist, and comedian, is one of the best to adopt the role of fightingfor his people to reclaim their status. His people and their dignified andexcruciating survival inform much of his multi-genre works and unifyhis style. Frequently, the black humor technique pops up in his poems
A Contrastive Study of Certain Syntactic Aspects in English and Arabic
Authors: Salih Rajaa Hamid
Published: November 2023

One of the main undertakings of the youthful human being is tobecome familiar with the language of the general public into which theindividual is conceived. Typically, it takes numerous years to obtainthe dominance of language expected of mature adult. But, methods ofstudying languages are getting developed to help people to get moreinformation about languages (whether their L1 or other languages theyare interested in) with less effort and time. One of the methods iscontrastive study. Studies of this kind help people with interest toknow more about languages by seeing the differences and similaritiesbetween their elements.Moreover , a contrastive analysis of syntactic aspects of languagesshows how languages share some universal syntactic properties, forexample VP is seen to be universal , and , at the same time, howgenerating the constituents may vary substantially. The current