bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A simple apparatus for the artificial feeding ofRhodnius prolixus(Hemiptera, Reduviidae)
Authors: Harington J. S.
Published: June 2009

1. A simple apparatus for feeding all stages ofRhodnius prolixusthrough a rubber membrane is described.

2. Observations have been made on the behaviour ofRhodniusduring feeding, and on the effect of different diets on the insect.

3.Rhodniushas been shown to feed and grow successfully on freshly drawn rat and horse blood, and on whipped ox blood. Horse serum was readily taken and showed no effect on the development of the bugs until after the third stage, when they either failed to moult or emerged deformed.

Ringer's solution, aqueous solutions of ‘Marmite’ and cow's milk provided good feeds, though caused mortality after 24 hr. Stored oxalated blood killed bugs 21 days after feeding. No feeding took place when diets of water, glycine and ascorbic acid were offered.
Studies on Indian Rhynchobdellid leeches. I
Authors: Baugh Sanjib Chandra
Published: June 2009

Our knowledge of the Indian Rhynchobdellid leeches is still in its infancy, and the little that we have, we owe to the researches of Harding, Kaburaki, and Moore. After the publication of the Hirudinea volume by Harding & Moore (1927) in theFauna of British IndiaSeries, Bhatia (1930a,b, 1934, 1939), Chelladurai (1934) and Raj (1951, 1954a,b) have contributed to the systematics of this group. The present work has been undertaken with a view to advancing further our knowledge of Indian Rhynchobdellid leeches. In this work, the neurosomic theory of somite limits launched independently by Castle (1900) and Moore (1900) has been followed in counting the annular composition of somites. This paper, the first of the series, deals with the description of four Glossiphonid leeches, of which three are new to science, while the fourth one is of zoogeographical importance.
Two new species of trichostrongyle nematodes from the Australian pouched mouse, Phascogale flavipes (Waterhouse)
Authors: Mawson Patricia M.
Published: June 2009

The nematodes described below were collected by M. L. Emanuel from two specimens of the pouched mouse, at Innisfail, North Queensland. They were very kindly sent to the author by Dr M. J. Mackerras of the Queensland Institute of Medical Research. Both species of parasite were present in both host animals. Trichostrongyles have not previously been described from phascogales but a metastrongyle, two spirurids, and a rictulariid, are listed by Dr Mackerras in her check-list of parasites of Australian mammals (Mackerras, 1958). To these may now be added the present records, the details of which are as follows: Phascogale flavipes (Waterhouse, 1838). Innisfail, Queensland. Nicollina phascogale sp.nov., Tetrabothriostrongylus mackerrasae gen.nov., sp.nov.
Further observations on the in vitro development of the gametocytes of Plasmodium gallinaceum
Authors: Bishop Ann , McConnachie Elspeth W.
Published: June 2009

1. Gametocytes of Plasmodium gallinaceum emerged from the erythrocytes and the male gametocytes exflagellated normally in vitro, in normal or inactivated horse serum, or in rabbit plasma.

2. Gametocytes, washed and suspended in normal horse serum, completed their sexual development and produced oocysts in mosquitoes.

3. Hyperimmune chick plasma, as compared with normal chick plasma, did not significantly affect the time of onset or the frequency of exflagellation.

4. In a solution, isotonic to bird blood and adjusted to approximately pH 8, containing NaCl, KC1, CaCl2, Na2HPO4, MgSO4, NaHCO3 and Tris buffer, the in vitro development of the gametocytes was normal, and the numbers developing were comparable to those in horse serum, or in plasma or serum from the normal host. The development of the gametocytes was inhibited by the omission of Na or HCO3 ions, but the omission of Mg, K, Ca, SO4 or HPO4 ions had no effect.

5. Further experiments showed that the gametocytes emerged from the corpuscles and the males exflagellated normally in a solution containing only Na, C1 and HCO3 ions. Other combinations of ions were tested, but although gametocytes emerged from the corpuscles in some of these solutions, exflagellation either did not take place or did so infrequently, and the gametes produced were feeble in their movements. Within the range of inorganic salts tested, Na, HCO3 and C1 ions constituted the minimal requirement for the normal in vitro development of the male gametocytes.
On a new haplosporidian (protozoa) Nephridiophaga xenoboli in the gut of a millipede Xenobolus carnifex
Authors: Ganapati P. N. , Narasimhamurti C. C.
Published: June 2009

1. The morphology and life history of a new haplosporidian parasite, Nephri-diophaga xenoboli sp.nov. from the gut of a millipede, Xenobolus carnifex are described.

2. The earliest stage hatched from the spore is a free uninucleate amoebula which penetrates the gut epithelium and grows into a multinucleate plasmodium.

3. The uninucleate gametes are formed by a process of endogeneous budding in the centre of the plasmodium and the sporoblast is formed as a result of fusion of two such gametes.

4. A characteristic cyst membrane enclosing about forty to fifty sporoblasts is formed immediately after fertilization is completed which is accompanied by a disintegration of the peripheral layer of the cytoplasm of the plasmodium.

5. Each sporoblast develops into a bivalved simple spherical spore, 3·0μ in diameter.
New species of trichoneminae [nematoda] from Australian kangaroos
Authors: Davey D. G. , Wood W. A.
Published: June 2009

The four new species of Macropostrongylus Yorke & Maplestone, 1926, and the one new species of Pharyngostrongylus Yorke & Maplestone, 1926, which are described in this paper formed part of a collection of nematodes obtained by the Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine, and forwarded by Dr G. M. Heydon to the British Museum (Natural History). Co-type specimens will be deposited in both institutions.
Two new coccidia, Wenyonella uelensis n.sp. and Wenyonella parva n.sp., from two Congolese rodents
Authors: van den Berghe Louis
Published: June 2009

Two new species of coccidia belonging to the genus Wenyonella are diagnosed here by the characters of their oocysts. Wenyonella uelensis and W. parva are geographically related (Uele, Belgian Congo) to the type species, W. africana Hoare (Uganda). By their hosts, two rodents of which one is a terrestrial squirrel, one can relate them to the second species, W. hoarei found in an Indian squirrel by Ray & Das Gupta. W. uelensis is sharply differentiated from the two previously known species, W. africana and W. hoarei, by its oval form, whilst W. parva is noticeably smaller.
Selenocystis foliata (Ray) from Scolelepis fuliginosa Clpde. and its identity with Haplozoon sp.
Authors: Dibb M. J.
Published: June 2009

1. The so-called parasitic dinoflagellate occurring in the gut of the polychaete worm Scolelepis fuliginosa Clpde. is described and is shown to be the sexual phase of the gregarine “Selenidium foliatum” Ray.

2. The gametocytes (often very unequal) associate by their posterior ends while in situ. One remains attached and its epimerite is transformed into a foot-like organ serving to attach the gametocyst to the host throughout the rest of development. The gametocyst is elongate and pyriform (26−226 × 9−34 μ) and its formation involves very little alteration in the shape of the gametocytes. Solitary encystment also occurs.

3. The first gametocytic nuclear division is described. Forerunners of the gamete nuclei are formed within the nuclear area of the gametocyte. Flagellated isogametes are formed. There is no residuum.

4. The spores are spherical, averaging 8·5μ in diameter, the number depending on the size of the cyst enveloping them. When ripe, they contain four or eight spindle-shaped sporozoites 9·4−14 × 2−3·75μ and, in vivo, a central, spherical, refrigent residuum.

5. A new genus Selenocystis is proposed for this organism, with S. foliata (Ray) as the type species. Although I have not found its asexual phase, the probability is that it may still be classified among the schizogregarines.
A revision of the species of the genus Trichobius
Authors: Jobling B.
Published: June 2009

This paper deals with the species of the commonest genus of the American Streblidae. The descriptions of the species were made from specimens mounted on slides, in Canada balsam. Here I wish to point out again that spirit preserved specimens are unsuitable for the study of these Diptera. These specimens do not show clearly the details of the structure of some sclerotized parts, and especially the arrangement of the small setae on the thorax, which in some cases, are the only reliable characters for the separation of the species. The study of unmounted specimens of these Diptera may easily lead to incorrect identification, or to the increase of undesirable synonyms.
On some larval stages of two species of Ichneumonidae, Bassus tetragonus Thunb. and Homocidus fissorius Grav., parasitizing Sphaerophoria flavicauda Zett. (Diptera, Syrphidae)
Authors: Bhatia Madan Lal
Published: June 2009

During a study of syrphid larvae I met with several instances of their being parasitized by hymenopterous larvae. The species of syrphid larvae most commonly parasitized, in my material, was Sphaerophoria flavicauda. From the puparia of this species I obtained two species of ichneumonids, which Mr J. F. Perkins, of the Natural History Museum, London, very kindly identified for me as Bassus tetragonus Thunb. and Homocidus fissorius Grav. Out of seven puparia of Sphaerophoria flavicauda, one adult of Homocidus fissorius and six of Bassus tetragonus were obtained. This paper therefore deals mainly with the larvae of the latter species.
Morphological and taxonomic studies on mammalian trypanosomes
Authors: Hoare Cecil A. , Bennett S. C. J.
Published: June 2009

An account is given of two aberrant strains of Trypanosoma evansi recovered from Sudanese camels.

One of these—like the four other ones described in a previous paper—was totally akinetoplastic (= akinetonucleate) and has been kept under observation for eighteen months in the course of which the aberrant condition remained unchanged.

The second strain was characterized by a wide fluctuation in the proportion of akinetoplastic forms which ranged from zero to over 70% at different periods of observation.

The bearing of this fluctuation upon the production of akinetoplastic strains is discussed and it is concluded that these probably arise in nature either indirectly, through the inoculation by the insect vector of new hosts with trypanosomes lacking the kinetoplast, or directly, by the strain becoming totally akinetoplastic within the same host.

From an analysis of the fluctuating strain it would appear that the variation in the proportion of akinetoplastic trypanosomes depends upon the following factors: (1) irregular division (without bipartition of the kinetoplast), which is the most important factor; (2) rate of reproduction of normal and aberrant individuals; (3) mortality rate of the different types of dividing and non-dividing forms.

The primary cause of the disappearance of the kinetoplast could not be ascertained.
Studies on Trypanosoma avium Danilewsky 1885 I. Incidence in some birds of Hertfordshire
Authors: Baker J. R.
Published: June 2009

1. A survey of 227 rooks (Corvus frugilegus frugilegus L.) and seventy jackdaws (C. monedula spermologus Vieill.) was conducted in Hertfordshire. The birds were examined by means of cultures of their peripheral blood, or (in the case of eleven rooks and one jackdaw only) bone-marrow, on N.N.N. medium. Twenty-seven rooks (11·9%) and six jackdaws (8·6%) were found to be infected.

Some of the rooks were examined at a time of year when the trypanosomes are not present in the peripheral circulation; other rooks were examined in the first year of their life before adults of Ornithomyia avicularia (the vector of this parasite) were present. Ignoring birds of these two groups, twenty-six out of seventy-eight (33·3 %) adult rooks were found to be infected. This value probably approximates to the natural infection rate among adult rooks (and perhaps jackdaws).

2. The trypanosome in question is a large spindle-shaped form, measuring an average of 48·2µ in length (excluding flagellum) and 5·5µ in width. There is a tapering aflagellar region extending 14·1µ (on the average) beyond the kineto-plast. This trypanosome is assigned to the species T. avium Danilewsky, 1885.
A revision of the hypoaspid mites associated with Myriapoda with descriptions of three new species of the subgenus Julolaelaps Berl. (Acarina: Laelaptidea)
Authors: Ryke P. A. J.
Published: June 2009

1. A key to the laelaptid paraphages of Myriapoda is given.

2. Hypoaspis (Hypoaspis) spirostrepti Oudms is transferred to the subgenus Jululadaps. J. rotundatus Berl. is regarded as a synonym of this species.

3. Hypoaspis (Hypoaspis) indicus Vitzth. is regarded as a synonym of Julolaelaps luctator Berl.

4. Hypoaspis (Coleolaelaps) amazon is figured.

5. The subgenus Julolaelaps is defined and a key given to the species. The type species is figured.

6. Three new species are described, namely Hypoaspis (Julolaelaps) peritremalis, H. (J.) myriapodalis and H. (J.) pararotundatus.

7. A list of all the known species of Laelaptidae occurring on millipedes is given.
New mite parasites of African birds (Myobiidae, Cheyletidae)
Authors: Lawrence R. F.
Published: June 2009

The majority of the parasitic mites described in the following pages were collected in various provinces of Southern Africa by Dr F. Zumpt of the South African Institute for Medical Research at Johannesburg, to whom I tender my hearty thanks. One species was contributed by Mr P. H. Vercammen-Grandjean from a host taken at Bukavu in the Belgian Congo, while a few others were recorded from birds examined by myself at Pietermaritzburg, Natal. Only one species of this group of mites, Harpyrhynchus crista-galli, had previously been taken from a South African bird.
The nervous system ofThelastoma bulhõesi(Magalhães, 1900; Travassos, 1929), a nematode parasitic in cockroaches
Authors: Lee D. L.
Published: June 2009

The nervous system of the female ofThelastoma bulhõesiis described. Three granular lobed structures, presumably arcade cells, are present at the anterior end of the female and of the male.
Neosprostonia, a new name for Sprostonia Jain, 1959
Authors: Jain S. L.
Published: June 2009

In a recent issue of Parasitology, I have described (Jain, 1959) a new genus of freshwater Tetraonchinae, Sprostonia, from the gill filaments of some Indian fishes. In a personal communication Dr Nora G. Sproston has kindly pointed out to me that the same name has been used by Bychowsky in his monograph on Monogenea (1957), published by the Institute of the Zoological Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., for Sprostonia squatinae (MacCallum, 1921) which he makes genotype and removes it from Trochopodinae to a new subfamily Megalocotylinae in Capsalidae. I therefore change the name of the genus which I have described to Neosprostonia, Sprostonia being preoccupied.
On the hatching of Nematodirus battus, with some remarks on N. filicollis
Authors: Christie M. G.
Published: June 2009

1. The hatching of N. battus under laboratory conditions was investigated. A high hatch of ripe eggs was obtained on exposure to constant temperatures in the approximate range 8–15° C., and very little hatching took place at temperatures outside this range.

2. These, and other published results can be explained in terms of a hypothesis transferred from the study of the breaking of insect diapause. This hypothesis supposes that two processes underly the completion of hatching—a cold process with low temperature optimum and a warm process with a higher temperature optimum and which can only proceed as the cold process is completed.

3. It is not easy to apply these findings directly to field events, but the attempt to do so leads to the suggestion that the apparent synchrony of hatching and the presence of susceptible lamb hosts in the north-east of the British Isles may be partly fortuitous, and that in slightly different climatic circumstances many eggs might hatch in the autumn or during the winter.

I wish to thank Mr A. V. Cunningham of Threepwood, Galashiels, and Mr J. M. M. Cunningham of the Edinburgh School of Agriculture for their generous help in making sampling of their flocks possible, and Dr J. T. Stamp for advice on the presentation of this paper.
Studies on the adult and metacercaria ofHolostephanus lüheiSzidat, 1936
Authors: Erasmus David A.
Published: June 2009

The metacercaria ofHolostephanus lüheiSzidat (1936) is described together with comments on both its linear and tissue distribution within the host (Gasterosteus aculeatusL.), host-parasite reaction and numbers of cysts in relation to the size of the fish.

The adult ofHolostephanus lüheiSzidat (1936) (syn.H. bursiformisSzidat, 1936) obtained experimentally from the duck and pigeon, is re-described in detail. It is noted that this species is amphitypic and it is suggested thatH. dubius(Szidat, 1936) (syn.Cyanocotyloides Dubius, Szidat, 1936) should be reduced to synonymy withH. lühei.

Grateful acknowledgement is expressed to Dr G. Dubois for his interest, advice and valuable opinions given in connexion with this study.
Epidemiology of coccidiosis (Eimeria spp.) in an experimental population of the Australian wild rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.)
Authors: Mykytowycz R.
Published: June 2009

The epidemiology of coccidiosis involving Eimeria perforans, E. media, E. stiedae, E. irresidua, E. magna and E. piriformis was studied for a period of 35 months in a free-living population of wild rabbits, confined to an experimental enclosure.

Relations between the seasonal fluctuations of the above species, on the one hand, and severity of infection and age and social status of hosts, on the other hand, based on the oocyst counts from 2326 faecal samples collected at regular monthly intervals, are indicated.

Mortality within the population was analysed, and coccidiosis was found not to be responsible for the general mortality pattern.

Thanks are due to Mr M. Dudzinski of the Division of Mathematical Statistics, C.S.I.R.O., Canberra for statistical analysis of the data. Mr H. McL. Gordon and Dr J. C. Boray of MacMaster Laboratories, C.S.I.R.O., Sydney, and Dr W. L. Nicholas, of the Australian National University, Canberra, read the manuscript and offered many helpful suggestions. Messrs E. R. Hesterman and D. Purchase of the Wildlife Survey Section, C.S.I.R.O., Canberra, provided valuable technical assistance.
Studies on tapeworm physiology
Authors: Smyth J. D.
Published: June 2009

1. A technique is described for the preparation of axenic cultures of protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus.

2. Protoscolices removed aseptically from hydatid cysts are treated with 0·02% crystalline pepsin at pH 2·0 for 10 min. at 38°C. in order to remove (a) daughter cyst germinal membranes, and (b) dead or degenerating protoscolices.

3. Protoscolices may be maintained for more than 100 days in a variety of media. These include media containing various proportions of some of the following: chick embryo extract, beef embryo extract, hydatid fluid, bovine amniotic fluid, Parker 199, bovine serum.

4. 10–20 ml. of culture media was used at 38°C., either in roller tubes or shaken in a water-bath. Media were renewed every 48 hr.

5. Protoscolices developed into cysts by two routes, either (a) by becoming vesicular, gradually growing in size, and finally becoming enclosed in a laminated envelope, or (b) by forming a ‘posterior bladder’ which became relatively enormous and ultimately absorbed the scolex region, the whole forming a cyst within an envelope as in (a).

6. In the majority of media, after about 31–48 days' culture, a thin envelope was secreted which developed later into a thick laminated membrane.

7. Cysts with laminated membranes ultimately underwent fatty degeneration and became cytologically abnormal.

8. In the most successful experiments, cells or clusters of cells formed within the cysts and these may have represented the anlagen of the protoscolices.

9. In no case was segmentation, or any other sign of strobilar development, obtained.

10. These results show that the laminated membrane in E. granulosus is initially of parasite origin and not of host origin as believed by some workers to be the case.

11. Since there is evidence from the literature that E. multilocularis does not form such an envelope in vitro, a clear developmental difference appears to exist between the two species.

12. It is suggested that this difference offers an explanation for the formation of unilocular or multilocular cysts. Since E. granulosus secretes a laminated envelope, its development is limited to a single or unilocular type of cyst. In the case of E. multilocularis no such limitation occurs, so that the invasive multilocular type of cyst could more easily develop.
A histological study of the caecal epithelium of Fasciola hepatica L.
Authors: Dawes Ben
Published: June 2009

A secretory cycle has been revealed in the intestinal epithelial cells of Fasciola hepatica. The basal regions of tall cells contain mitochondria-like bodies which stain deeply with basic dyes. These granules become numerous and are then arranged in vertical arrays of variable height which extend into the middle region of their cells. The distal halves of the epithelial cells contain numerous granules or droplets which have no affinity for basic stains and tend to swell, with consequent disarray of the secretory products. In the terminal parts of the cells vacuole-like formations appear, usually one to each cell, and eventually the lumen of the caecum becomes occluded by a froth-like mass of vacuoles. When food enters the caecum in small amount, the vacuoles are broken down and some secretion is liberated and mixed with the incoming homogenate. Meanwhile the vacuole-like structures encroach more deeply into the cell and eventually the residual secretion is discharged. New cell boundaries are being established near the nuclear zone and after complete discharge of secretion the distal parts of the cells consist of aggregates of long cytoplasmic filaments, which form a kind of fringe on the free borders of the now much shortened cells. These delicate cytoplasmic fringes, are abraded, probably by the physical action of streams of food, and typical short cells in caeca which contain food have much shorter fringes no more than one-half the height of the shallow cells. Ultimately all traces of such residual cytoplasm remaining after completion of the secretory cycle disappear. Short cells containing few granules are presumed to increase in height subsequently by regeneration of cytoplasm and, possibly, nuclear changes also, until they attain the form seen in cells commencing the secretory cycle. Such changes are especially difficult to observe because of variability in the heights of cells normally forming the epithelium. The especially tall cells which are seen, isolated or in small groups, at the height of the secretory cycle—the so-called pyramidal cells—are believed to be merely cells which have had their secretory activities delayed; ultimately, they are denuded in the same way as other cells during the secretory cycle. The type of secretory activity disclosed is therefore of the apocrine type, which is considered appropriate to the suctorial method of feeding employed by the fluke.
Ecological and life-history studies on a strigeid metacercaria (Trematoda: Diplostomatidae) from freshwater fishes of Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Ganapati P. N. , Rao K. Hanumantha
Published: June 2009

1. The ecological relationships and life history of a Diplostomulum type of strigeid metacercaria encountered in several fresh-water fishes of Andhra Pradesh are described.

2. The development of the adult strigeid in the pond heron and cattle egret and structure and development of the miracidium have been traced.

3. The adult individuals are identical with Diplostomum ketupanensis Vidyarthi, 1937. It is suggested that D. heronei described by Srivastava (1954) may be a synonym of D. ketupanensis.

4. Attention is drawn to the possible relationship between D. heronei and the metacercaria Diplostomulum pigmentata Singh, 1956, which in its turn appears to be similar to the Diplostomulum in the present study.

We thank Sri S. Nagaraja Rao of Fisheries Department, Andhra Pradesh, for his kind help and co-operation.
Plasmodium gallinaceum in tissue culture. Observations after one year of cultivation
Authors: de Oliveira M. Xavier , Meyer H.
Published: June 2009

P. gallinaceum was cultivated in tissue cultures for 1 year. The cultures showed the same high-grade infection as has been observed previously with Toxoplasma and Trypanosoma cruzi, and made possible new observations upon the living parasite.

It has not been possible to obtain in vitro the passage from the exo- into the endoerythrocytic form.

The parasites can survive in tissue cultures, maintained at room temperature, for 23 days.

Observations concerning the periodicity and the phases of the cycle in tissue cultures are being investigated.
Observations on the course of Eperythrozoon coccoides infections in mice, and the sensitivity of the parasite to external agents
Authors: Thurston June P.
Published: June 2009

Non-splenectomized mice developed acute infections of Eperythrozoon coccoides after inoculation, but were then immune to re-infection. Splenectomy evoked acute infections that were heavier and longer in duration than the primary infection; during this phase, the parasites doubled in number in about 5 hr. The presence of splenic tissue transplanted subcutaneously did not prevent this evocation by splenectomy.

The number of eperythrozoa decreased rapidly after the peak of infection had been reached, but no immune factor was detected in the blood. No immune factor or infection was transmitted from mother to offspring through the milk.

Citrated blood remained infective for 11 days at 3° C., for 17 hr. at 16–17·7°C. and for 3 hr. at 37° C. It was not infective after 24 hr. at either 24° C. or 16–17·7°C., or after 5 hr. at 37° C. Parasitized blood was not infective after drying.

Citrated blood was infective to mice when given by mouth, but was not infective when applied externally. Urine and faeces were non-infective.

Eperythrozoa remained infective when infected blood was diluted with twice its volume of water and left for 24 hr. at 3° C. Phenol, 0·5%, rendered citrated blood non-infective in 1 hr. Neoarsphenamine, 0·1%, reduced the infectivity of citrated blood in 16 hr., and rendered it non-infective in 26 hr.

Cortisone did not affect the course of infection of E. coccoides in mice when given subcutaneously, 1·0 mg. per 20 g. mouse, once daily for 6–9 days.

Concurrent infection with Plasmodium berghei evoked relapses of E. coccoides during the terminal stages of the P. berghei infection.
The bacteria associated with Triatoma infestans and some other species of Reduviidae
Authors: Goodchild A. J. P.
Published: June 2009

An account is given of the bacterial flora isolated from the blood-sucking Reduviid bugs, Triatoma infestans and T. protracta, and the predatory Reduviid, Sinea diadema. The micro-organisms which have been found in Triatoma spp. differ from that found in Rhodnius prolixus (Actinomyces rhodnii), in both specific identity and in their relation to the cells of the mid-gut. The symbiont occurring most frequently in T. infestans has been identified as a diphtheroid organism resembling Coryne-bacterium hofmannii, and sections show this organism inside vacuoles within some of the endothelial cells of the insect's intestine. The organism occurring in R. prolixus, on the other hand, cannot be found in this situation, but remains in the lumen of the gut. While the occurrence of the bacteria found in T. infestans in so intimate a connexion with the cells of its host seems to suggest a more highly organized state of affairs, T. infestans does not show the fixed association with one species of micro-organism which is shown by R. prolixus. Other bacteria occur commonly in T. infestans, although they do not occur in cell-vacuoles; and the range of bacterial types is so great that it seems unlikely that the species recorded in this paper are the only ones that may occur. The presence of these other bacteria may be due either to the anti-biotic action of the Corynebacterium sp. being weaker than that of A. rhodnii, or to masking of the anti-biotic action by the cell wall that encloses the organisms. The situation in R. prolixus shows clearly that a constant symbiotic association with a micro-organism can be maintained without the presence of specialized organs of the mycetome type.

With regard to the predatory species, no general conclusion can be reached on the evidence so far available. Compared with the blood-sucking Reduviids, insects of this kind usually have powerful proteolytic enzymes secreted in the anterior mid-gut, while the same region of the blood-suckers is a simple storage and concentration sac, digestion taking place lower down the intestine. Thus the region of the gut where bacteria are found in blood-suckers might not be a favourable situation for them in predatory bugs. Hence it is perhaps significant that most of the few successful isolations from a predatory type were from the rectum of the insect. It is the usual opinion that insects with a predatory diet do not need bacterial symbionts, but the aim in examining the predatory Reduviidae has been to find out whether they show a condition which might have evolved into that found in their blood-sucking relatives. The search is still in progress for a rather unspecialized type of predatory Reduviid in which the salivary and anterior mid-gut digestion is less strongly developed than in those species which have been available for study up to the present.
A fine structural study on the merozoite of Eimeria tenella with special reference to the conoid apparatus
Authors: Mclaren Diane J. , Paget G. E.
Published: June 2009

The ultrastructure of the merozoite of Eimeria tenella has been studied by means of electron microscopy. The first-generation merozoite is approximately 3·4 μm in length, and 1·2 μm in width, while the second-generation merozoite is approximately 10·5 μm in length and 1·5 μm in width.

The cell wall of the merozoite consists of a double membrane, but at the anterior extremity the existence of a fluted collar gives the appearance of two narrow double membranes separated by a zone of less electron-dense material. Twenty-four surface fibrils are distributed around the periphery; they extend along the entire length of the organism and lie beneath the double limiting membrane.

The anterior end of the merozoite is distinguished by a conoid apparatus which includes several components. A bulbiform outer annulus is invested by a fluted collar, and itself encloses an extrusible papilla. Two osmiophilic fibrils, the paired organelles, arise within the extrusible papilla and extend longitudinally into the cytoplasm. Twenty-four smaller fibrils, or toxonemes, also arise within the conoid and pass back into the main body of the organism.

The cytoplasm of the merozoite includes mitochondria, glycogen, dense elliptical granules and endoplasmic reticulum, together with a definite Golgi complex. A nucleus is located in the posterior third of the organism and is enclosed by a perforated double membrane. At the posterior extremity the double membrane which bounds the organism is broken by a pore 700 A in diameter.

Our sincere thanks are due to Mr P. Richmond for technical assistance, and we are grateful to the Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Weybridge, for supplying the strain of Eimeria tenella.
Two new species of the sucking lice (Hoplopleuridae, Anoplura) from Rattus (Muridae, Rodentia) in Thailand
Authors: Kim Ke Chung
Published: June 2009

The adult and two nymphal stages of Hoplopleura kitti sp.nov. from Rattus berdmorei Blyth, and the adult stage of Polyplax pricei sp.nov. from Rattus niveiventer Hodgson are described and illustrated.

I thank Dr K. C. Emerson, 2704 N. Kensington Street, Arlington, Virginia 22207 for making these specimens available to me for this study. I am grateful to Dr Edwin F. Cook of the University of Minnesota for reading the manuscript.
Cestodes from Bermuda fishes and an account ofAcompsocephalum tortum(Linton, 1905) gen.nov. from the lizard fishSynodus intermedius(Agassiz)
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

Of 414 Bermuda fishes belonging to 58 species 69 belonging to 20 species were infested with adult or larval cestodes. Five species of adult and five species of larval cestodes were recovered. There are 18 new host records and seven new records for Bermuda. Four of the adult cestodes were found in the cub sharkCarcharinus platyodon(Poey). Larval cestodes were found in 66 individuals of 18 species of fishes mainly groupers and rock fishes from the outer reefs and deep water where sharks abound. It is suggested that the restriction of cestodes of Bermuda fishes is due to the isolation of the fishes into the deep water population of the outer reefs and beyond and the shallow water population of the inner reefs.

Acompsocephalum tortum(Linton) was the only cestode from a teleostSynodus intermedius(Agassiz). It has been included in a new family in the Pseudophyllidea but has affinities, also, with the Spathebothridea. It is described and its significance relative to the evolution of the strobilate cestodes is discussed.
Monogenea of the subfamily Heteronchocleidinae, Price, 1968 (Dactylogyridae) from African freshwater fish
Authors: Paperna Ilan
Published: June 2009

Three new species of dactylogyrid monogeneans with three anchors are described: two of them, Eutrianchoratus magnum and E. minutus, from Ophiocephalus obscurus, and Heteronchocleidus ctenopomae from the anabantid Ctenopoma kingsleyae, all from south Ghana.

Analysis of the variation in the morphological patterns of the anchors and the bars in the known species of the Heteronchocleidinae suggests gradual specialization from an ancyrocephaliid type with two pairs of anchors to types with three anchors arranged in triangular symmetry.

Heteronchocleidinae occur on both ophiocephaliid and anabantiid fish in Southeast Asia as well as in West Africa.
Immunological variation between two strains of Eimeria acervulina
Authors: Joyner L. P.
Published: June 2009

Two strains of Eimeria acervulina were compared. The more recently isolated strain had a higher reproductive potential and produced slightly longer oocysts. Otherwise both strains conformed to the characteristics of the species.

The two strains were not immunologically identical and birds which were solidly immune to one strain would support a degree of infection with the other.

Acknowledgements are due to Mr C. C. Norton for technical assistance and to Dr Helen Hein who provided access to experimental data prior to publication and discussed some aspects of the results. The statistical calculations were carried out by Miss N. Hebert.
The host-parasite interface of strigeoid trematodes
Authors: Erasmus David A.
Published: June 2009

A detailed study of the structure of the tegument of D. phoxini has been carried out using probe and transmission electron microscope. The distribution of spines and sense organs on the forebody has been described, as well as the nature of the lappets in the everted and retracted state. The adhesive organ exhibits two different surfaces which also differ from the surface of the rest of the body. The use of the ‘Stereoscan’ has confirmed and extended the concept of surface specialization based on transmission studies.
Serum factors inRaja radiatatoxic toAcanthobothrium quadripartitum(Cesoda: Tetraphyllidea), a parasite specific toR. naevus
Authors: McVicar A. H. , Fletcher Thelma C.
Published: June 2009

Acanthobothrium quadripartitum, a tapeworm parasitic in the intestine ofRaja naevus, is not found in the closely relatedR. radiata. The tapeworm survivesin vitrofor over 24 h in fresh serum from the natural host, but fresh serum fromR. radiatais extremely toxic; about 80% are killed within 2 h with the formation of a characteristic external precipitate. The toxicity of freshR. radiataserum was abolished by procedures known to inactivate complement and restored by the addition of fresh serum from the natural hostR. naevus. This observation suggests that both species of ray possess a similar complement system in fresh serum but onlyR. radiatacontains a natural serum antibody toxic toA. quadripartitum. No toxicity could be demonstrated inR. radiatamucousin vitro, probably due to the serum factors being present in low concentrations.

The results are discussed in relation to the observed inability ofA. quadripartitumto survive in the intestine ofR. radiata.
The amino acid requirements of the rediae of Cryptocotyle lingua and Himasthla leptosoma and of the sporocyst of Cercaria emasculans Pelseneer, 1900
Authors: Watts Stuart D. M.
Published: June 2009

Few workers have studied the amino acid requirement of larval Digenea in vivo. Cheng (1963) conducted a study of three species of parasites, each from a different host, and suggested that both free and bound host amino acids act as food sources. His assumptions are based on the disappearance of free amino acids from the sera of infected molluscs and the qualitative similarities between parasite and host with respect to both free and bound amino acids. Negus (1968), working on Turritella communis infected with the sporocysts of Cercaria doricha, described an almost identical qualitative composition of both the free amino acid pools and the hydrolysates of host gonad and parasite tissue. He was of the opinion that this was not coincidental. Considerable quantitative similarities between the free amino acids were also evident. Read, Rothman & Simmons (1963), in discussing cestode metabolism and membrane transport, proposed that it is the molar ratios of amino acids in the host which are important to the parasite and that the amino acid requirement may be more subtle than a simple need for certain components. Indeed, they suggest that this may form one basis for physiological host specificity.
The interactionin vitrobetween bovine immunoglobulin and juvenileFasciola hepatica
Authors: Duffus W. P. H. , Franks D.
Published: June 2009

Freshly excystedFasciola hepaticapossess an outer glycocalyx which stimulates an antibody response in cattle infected withF. hepaticametacercariae. Sera from animals receiving either a single or a double infection were examined for levels of IgM, IgG1and IgG2specific for the outer glycocalyx of intact live juvenileF. hepatica. High levels of specific IgG1were found to predominate. Using positive sera in an indirect fluorescent antibody assay, the bovine immunoglobulins labelled the outer glycocalyx in a characteristic reticulated pattern. On incubation at 37 °C this pattern rapidly broke up into discrete clumps and progressed until the entire antibody–outer glycocalyx complex was shed. The shedding phenomenon was shown to be continuous and, by using preparations of Fab fragments, was not due to the bivalent binding of the sensitizing antibody.
Reversibility of the effects of the host immune response on the intestinal phase of Trichinella spiralis in the mouse, following transplantation to a new host
Authors: Kennedy M. W. , Bruce R. G.
Published: June 2009

On day 10 of a primary infection of Trichinella spiralis in NIH mice, when adult worms were in the process of being expelled, their fecundity was markedly depressed. Upon transplantation to new host mice, the worms were able to establish successfully in their usual position in the anterior small intestine, even if originally recovered from the large intestine of mice expelling their worms, and these worms fully recovered their fecundity after 7 days in recipients. On day 5 of secondary and tertiary infections, immediately before loss of worms began, the adult worms were stunted and had a depressed fecundity. However, such worms, when transplanted, were able to establish in normal numbers and in a normal position in the intestine of recipient mice. Additionally, these worms were found to have developed a fecundity, and grown to a length, comparable to that of normal worms, but slightly less than that of control worms transplanted from day 7 of a primary infection, after 7 days in a new host. Electron microscopy showed that worms taken at the time of expulsion in primary and tertiary infections showed structural abnormalities, including large quantities of lipid in intestinal cells and somatic musculature and decreased quantities of stored glycogen. Upon transplantation to new host mice, these worms were found to have recovered a normal ultrastructural appearance within 7 days, although there was still evidence of a slightly elevated lipid and depressed glycogen content. It is concluded that immune expulsion of T. spiralis from mice does not involve irreversible damage to the worms.
Schistosoma mansoni: an examination of the reproductive status of females from single sex infections
Authors: Shaw J. R. , Erasmus D. A.
Published: June 2009

The variation in the development of the reproductive system of female Schistosoma mansoni from single sex infections is described. Vitelline cell development was assessed by staining for phenolic substances and the development of Mehlis' gland and the ovary by electron microscopy. Although there was considerable variation in the development of worms from individual mice harbouring infections of the same age, the mean values indicated that there was a low level of differentiation and turnover of vitelline cells in worms 30–200 days post-infection. The proportion of females which possessed mature vitelline cells showed a general increase with age. The ovary was always in an immature stage but the development of Mehlis' gland showed some variation. The results suggest that the stimulus given by the male to the female is not necessarily to initiate development of the reproductive system but to increase the rate of development of the vitelline gland and to co-ordinate the development of the entire reproductive system.
Copepods of the family Chondracanthidae (Cyclopoida) parasitic on South African marine fishes
Authors: Ho Ju-Shey
Published: June 2009

Six species of South African parasitic copepods belonging to the family Chondracanthidae were restudied. A redescription was given of Acanthochondria lepidionis, Ghondracanthus colligens and Ch. neali. Ch. lophii reported by Barnard (1955a) is actually a new species; it was named Ch. barnardi and redescribed. Ch. congiopodi Barnard, 1955, is conspecific with Ch. tuberculatus Nordmann, 1832. A redescription of this species was given based on Barnard's collection. Ch. merluccii was only mentioned and not redescribed.
Permeability and membrane transport in the larva ofTaenia crassiceps
Authors: Pappas Peter W. , Read Clark P.
Published: June 2009

The free pool amino acids ofTaenia crassicepsmetacestodes (advanced larvae) were analyzed quantitatively. In addition, the uptake of L-glutamic acid, L-proline, L-phenylalanine, L-lysine, and L-methionine was studied. Proline and glutamic acid absorption followed straight-line kinetics with respect to substrate concentration, and were not inhibited by their own molecular species. Lysine, phenylalanine and methionine were found to enter larvae by a combination of diffusion and mediated processes. Lysine absorption was inhibited only by lysine, arginine and ornithine. Phenylalanine and methionine uptake was not inhibited by lysine or arginine, but was inhibited by several other amino acids. The data suggested the presence of a basic amino acid transport locus and two distinct transport loci for methionine absorption. In addition, both immature and advanced larvae were found to be impermeable to [14C]inulin (M.W.ca.5000). These results are discussed and compared with the results of earlier investigations of protein and amino acid absorption byT. crassicepslarvae.
The life-cycle ofProsorhynchus crucibulum(Rudolphi, 1819) Odhner, 1905, and a comparison of its cercaria with that ofProsorhynchus squamatusOdhner, 1905
Authors: Matthews R. A.
Published: June 2009

The adult ofP. crucibulumis redescribed to form a basis for comparison with the cercaria and metacercaria. Particular emphasis is given to the structure and function of the rhynchus, digestive system and reproductive system. Some features, notably prepharyngeal glands and spematophores, have not previously been recorded in this species.

The sporocyst and cercaria which were found inMytilus edulisare described for the first time. Out of 6907 mussels examined from Borth Rocks, Cardigan Bay, 0·26% were infected withP. crucibulumand 0·06 % withP. squamatus. The cercaria of the latter is redescribed on a comparative basis with that ofP. crucibulum, to avoid confusion. The two cercariae are clearly distinguished by three features – flame-cell formula, shape of the excretory vesicle, and structure of the tail stem (this being bilobed inP. crucibulumand trilobed inP. squamatus). The significance of the two types of tail in securing attachment to the second intermediate host is discussed.

Metacercariae ofP. crucibulumwere obtained experimentally in ‘O’ group specimens ofScophthalmus maximus. Three other species of fish, namelyLimanda limanda, Onus mustelusandGobius minutuswere also successfully infected. The metacercariae did not develop in the following fish:S. rhombus, Pleuronectes platessa, Cottus bubalisandBlennius pholis. Possible mechanisms which might account for host specificity within Pleuronectidae andScophthalmusare suggested.

The development of the metacercaria in the connective tissues and musculature ofS. maximuswas followed over a period of 10 months. Within 1 month of infection the hyaline cyst of parasitic origin breaks down, enabling the parasite to feed directly on the host tissues. This feature is thought to account for the advanced development of the metacercaria, which 1 month after infection could clearly be identified with the adult on the basis of comparative morphology, and at 2 months resembles the adult in every respect except the development of the vitellaria. Egg production only occurs within the intestine ofConger conger, the definitive host.
Structural changes in the bovine nematode Haemonchus placei, that may be associated with host immune response
Authors: Harness E. , Smith K. , Bland Patricia
Published: June 2009

The structure of H. placei adult worms, obtained from calves at 4, 7, 10 or 11–13 weeks after primary infection, has been studied. A reorganization of rough endoplasmic reticuhim in the cytoplasm of the gut cells was seen at 10 weeks and this was followed by marked vacuolation of many of these cells, associated with an increase in lipid production. Increases of lipid were also found in the hypodermis, lateral cords and occasionally muscle cells of worms examined at 11–13 weeks after infection.

It is suggested that these changes are the result of the host immune response, because they resemble changes which occur in the rat nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and which are known to be caused by host immunity.