bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population‐specific frequencies for LRRK2 susceptibility variants in the genetic epidemiology of Parkinson's disease (GEO‐PD) consortium
Authors: Heckman Michael G. , Soto‐Ortolaza Alexandra I. , Aasly Jan O. , Abahuni Nadine , Annesi Grazia , Bacon Justin A. , Bardien Soraya , Bozi Maria , Brice Alexis , Brighina Laura , Carr Jonathan , Chartier‐Harlin Marie‐Christine , Dardiotis Efthimios , Dickson Dennis W. , Diehl Nancy N. , Elbaz Alexis , Ferrarese Carlo , Fiske Brian , Gibson J. Mark , Gibson Rachel , Hadjigeorgiou Georgios M. , Hattori Nobutaka , Ioannidis John P.A. , Boczarska‐Jedynak Magdalena , Jasinska‐Myga Barbara , Jeon Beom S. , Kim Yun Joong , Klein Christine , Kruger Rejko , Kyratzi Elli , Lesage Suzanne , Lin Chin‐Hsien , Lynch Timothy , Maraganore Demetrius M. , Mellick George D. , Mutez Eugénie , Nilsson Christer , Opala Grzegorz , Park Sung Sup , Petrucci Simona , Puschmann Andreas , Quattrone Aldo , Sharma Manu , Silburn Peter A. , Sohn Young Ho , Stefanis Leonidas , Tadic Vera , Theuns Jessie , Tomiyama Hiroyuki , Uitti Ryan J. , Valente Enza Maria , Van Broeckhoven Christine , van de Loo Simone , Vassilatis Demetrios K. , Vilariño‐Güell Carles , White Linda R. , Wirdefeldt Karin , Wszolek Zbigniew K. , Wu Ruey‐Meei , Hentati Faycal , Farrer Matthew J. , Ross Owen A. ,   on behalf of the Genetic Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease (GEO‐PD) Consortium
Published: August 2013

Background

Variants within the leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 gene are recognized as the most frequent genetic cause of Parkinson's disease. Leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 variation related to disease susceptibility displays many features that reflect the nature of complex, late‐onset sporadic disorders like Parkinson's disease.

Methods

The Genetic Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease Consortium recently performed the largest genetic association study for variants in the leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 gene across 23 different sites in 15 countries.

Results

Herein, we detail the allele frequencies for the novel risk factors (p.A419V and p.M1646T) and the protective haplotype (p.N551K‐R1398H‐K1423K) nominated in the original publication. Simple population allele frequencies not only can provide insight into the clinical relevance of specific variants but also can help genetically define patient groups.

Conclusions

Establishing individual patient‐based genomic susceptibility profiles that incorporate both risk factors and protective factors will determine future diagnostic and treatment strategies. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Clinical presentation and early evolution of spastic ataxia of Charlevoix‐Saguenay
Authors: Duquette Antoine , Brais Bernard , Bouchard Jean‐Pierre , Mathieu Jean
Published: August 2013

Background

Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix‐Saguenay (ARSACS) is an increasingly recognized form of spastic ataxia worldwide, but early diagnosis remains a challenge.

Methods

We reviewed the initial presentation (n = 40) and early clinical evolution (n = 50) of a large ARSACS cohort that was followed at the Saguenay Neuromuscular clinic.

Results

The average age at presentation was 3.41 ± 1.55 years. Increased deep tendon reflexes were more common than spasticity initially, and the neuropathy only became apparent clinically in the second decade. Despite a homogeneous genetic background, some patients showed no signs of neuropathy or spasticity by the age of 18 years.

Conclusions

At presentation, ARSACS lacks certain features that are considered typical in adults after years of evolution. Considering that ARSACS is probably under‐diagnosed, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of early onset ataxias with or without pyramidal features and is worthwhile to consider in older patients, even when some features are absent. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
A short proof of the generalized Bonnet theorem
Authors: Kanbay Filiz
Published: August 2013

In three‐dimensional Euclidean space E3, the Bonnet theorem says that a curve on a ruled surface in three‐dimensional Euclidean space, having two of the following properties, has also a third one, namely, it can be a geodesic, that it can be the striction line, and that it cuts the generators under constant angle. In this work, in n dimensional Euclidean space En, a short proof of the theorem generalized for (k + 1) dimensional ruled surfaces by Hagen in is given. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Error estimates for some quadrature rules with maximal trigonometric degree of exactness
Authors: Stanić Marija P. , Cvetković Aleksandar S. , Tomović Tatjana V.
Published: August 2013

In this paper, we give error estimates for quadrature rules with maximal trigonometric degree of exactness with respect to an even weight function on ( − π,π) for integrand analytic in a certain domain of complex plane. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variational approach to solutions for a class of fractional Hamiltonian systems
Authors: Zhang Ziheng , Yuan Rong
Published: August 2013

In this paper, we investigate the existence of infinitely many solutions for the following fractional Hamiltonian systems:

urn:x-wiley:01704214:media:mma2941:mma2941-math-0001 where α ∈ (1 ∕ 2,1), , , and are symmetric and positive definite matrices for all , , and ∇ W is the gradient of W at u. The novelty of this paper is that, assuming L is coercive at infinity, and W is of subquadratic growth as | u | → + ∞ , we show that (FHS) possesses infinitely many solutions via the genus properties in the critical theory. Recent results in the literature are generalized and significantly improved. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of polyaniline/TiO2 nanocomposite film with good adhesion behavior for dye‐sensitized solar cell application
Authors: Kawata Keisuke , Gan Seng‐Neon , Ang Desmond Teck‐Chye , Sambasevam Kavirajaa Pandian , Phang Sook‐Wai , Kuramoto Noriyuki
Published: August 2013

In this study, novel Polyaniline (PAni)/TiO2 nanocomposites were applied on fluoride‐doped tin oxide (FTO) glass to act as an efficient counter electrode in dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSSC) application. PAni/TiO2 nanocomposites were synthesized via chemical oxidation process using di‐2‐ethylhexylsulfosuccinate sodium salt (NaDEHS) as dopant. The nanocomposites were characterized using fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet‐visible spectrometers. In the application of PAni as the counter electrode in the solar cell, the film showed poor adhesion on the FTO glass. Palm oil‐based alkyd was introduced into the nanocomposite mixture to improve the adhesion of the film. The findings in the work show that strong adhesion of PAni on FTO glasses has led to higher incident photon to current conversion efficiency (IPCE) in solar cell. The short circuit current (Jsc), Voc (open circuit voltage), and IPCE of the resulted PAni/TiO2 counter electrode with good adhesion in DSSC are 15.8 mA/cm2, 670 mV, and 3.0%, respectively. POLYM. COMPOS., 34:1884–1891, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation and characterization of a core‐shell curing agent for the composite repair prepreg system
Authors: Xing Suli , Yang Jinshui , Yin Changping , Zeng Jingcheng , Xiao Jiayu
Published: August 2013

A core‐shell curing agent, in which E‐44 epoxy resin modified 4,4'‐diaminodiphenylmethane (M‐DDM) is used as the core material and toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate (TDI) as the shell monomer, was prepared by an in situ interfacial polymerization technique to prolong the shelf life of the composite repair prepreg system. The shell was formed on the surface of the M‐DDM particles by the polyaddition of M‐DDM and TDI monomers, and the mean thickness of the shell is about 100 nm. The core‐shell particles showed an irregular sphere‐like shape with a narrow size distribution, and the mean size of the core‐shell particles was about 2.54 μm. The core‐shell curing agent exhibited an excellent curing ability and a promising storage property of about 6 months, which can be applied in the field of the prepreg system for the rapid composite repair of the damaged structures. POLYM. COMPOS., 34:1892–1900, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Open hole flexural and izod impact strength of unidirectional flax yarn reinforced polypropylene composites as a function of laminate lay‐up
Authors: Kannan T. Gobi , Wu Chang Mou , Cheng Kuo Bing
Published: August 2013

An open hole flexural strength and impact energy of flax yarn‐reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites were studied in this work. Highest flexural strength and strength retention were observed for axial (06) and cross‐ply (0/90/0)s laminates, respectively, while also examining the influence of laminate lay‐up and open hole size on flexural strength. It was found that maleic anhydride‐grafted polypropylene (MAPP)‐treated composite laminates achieved marginal improvement on flexural strength for all kinds of laminate lay‐up. Off‐axial laminates (±456) showed a good strength retention for open hole laminates after MAPP treatment. The fractography study confirmed microbuckling and matrix crack propagation over the compressive and tensile side of the laminate, respectively. Furthermore, severe surface damage was detected over the tensile side of 8‐mm hole size laminates. Impact test of the flax/PP laminates showed slight improvement by MAPP treatment. High‐ and low‐impact energy was experienced for axial and off‐axial laminates. The damaged impact sample shows evidence of fiber pull‐out for untreated flax yarn reinforced laminates. POLYM. COMPOS., 34:1912–1920, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Interfacial shear strength in carbon fiber‐reinforced poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) composites
Authors: WenBo Liu , Shu Zhang , LiFeng Hao , WeiCheng Jiao , Fan Yang , XiaoFei Li , RongGuo Wang
Published: August 2013

We studied interfacial shear strength (IFSS) in carbon fiber (CF)‐reinforced poly (phthalazinone ether ketone) (PPEK) composites system, with emphasis on the influence of forming temperature of composite and sizing agent on CFs. To obtain apparent IFSS of CF‐reinforced PPEK composites shaped at various forming temperatures ranged from 20 up to 370°C, microbond test was carried out at single‐fiber composites. Results of microbond test showed that apparent IFSS was directly proportional to the difference between the matrix solidification temperature (forming temperature) and the test temperature and approximately 80% of the apparent IFSS in CF/PPEK composite system was attributed to residual radial compressive stress at the fiber/matrix interface. By sizing CF with sizing agent, the wettability of the fiber by the matrix was improved and the final apparent IFSS was also improved. POLYM. COMPOS., 34:1921–1926, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation of stimuli‐responsive nanogels of poly [2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate] by heterophase and microemulsion polymerization using gamma radiation
Authors: Meléndez‐Ortiz Héctor Iván , Peralta René D. , Bucio Emilio , Zerrweck‐Maldonado Laura
Published: August 2013

Poly [2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate], PDMAEMA, was synthesized by heterophase polymerization at 70°C using sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) as stabilizer and potassium persulfate (KPS) as the initiator. Conversions were 60%, polymer content 18%, and intensity average particle diameter, Dp, 32 nm. γ‐rays irradiation of PDMAEMA nanolatexes and DMAEMA/H2O/SDS microemulsions using ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate produced nanogels responding to temperature and pH. Nanogels shrinked as temperature increased, swelled excessively in acidic solutions (maximum Dp: 498 nm) and deswelled (minimum Dp: 257 nm) in basic solutions for the case of the nanogels obtained from PDMAEMA nanolatexes. pH response to swelling is due to protonation of amine groups in the backbone of PDMAEMA in acidic conditions leading to electrostatic interactions in the nanogel. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1625–1631, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Simulation of models for multifunctional photopolymerization kinetics
Authors: Altun‐Ciftçioğlu Gökçen A. , Ersoy‐Meriçboyu Ayşegül , Henderson Clifford L.
Published: August 2013

In this study, two different models of photopolymerization of multifunctional monomers are developed. The first is a kinetic model and is based on first order nonlinear ordinary differential equations describing the rates of photoinitiator, monomer, and live and dead radicals of different chain lengths. In the second model, a stochastic Monte Carlo approach is used to predict the time evolution of the photopolymerization process. In this model the chain affects are incorporated both in the propagation and termination rate constants. The simulations of these models for the predictions of gelation times are compared with the experimental values measured in the absence of oxygen in the reaction volume by using passive microrheology technique. The nonlinear decrease of gelation time with increasing photoinitator concentration and number of acrylate fragments on each monomer is best captured with the second model. Furthermore, the second model is successfully verified with kinetic data generated from FTIR and DSC experiments. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1737–1746, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
The spontaneous hydrolysis of 2‐pyridyl phosphate is a good model for the special mechanism for the hydrolysis of phosphate monoester monoanions
Authors: Medeiros Michelle , Manfredi Alex M. , Kirby Anthony J. , Nome Faruk
Published: August 2013

The microscopic pKa of the pyridine N of the phosphate monoester 2‐pyridyl phosphate (MPP) is 2.76, significantly higher than that expected for the leaving group (RO) oxygen of a typical monoester ROPO3=. This favours the prototropic equilibrium considered to be the key step in the rapid hydrolysis of a typical monoester, and the observed rate of hydrolysis of the monoanion MPP− is shown to be close to that expected for the protomer MPP+=, with neutral 2‐pyridone as the leaving group. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new pH fluorescent molecular switch by modulation of twisted intramolecularcharge transfer with protonation
Authors: Shen Ping , Xiao Shuzhang , Zhan Xuqin , Zhang Wei , Chang Kedi , Yang Changying
Published: August 2013

A pH fluorescent molecular switch, BOPIM‐dma, a boron 2‐(2′‐pyridyl) imidazole complex derivatives, was investigated in aqueous system. BOPIM‐dma shows weak or no fluorescence in conventional solvents due to twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT). Upon protonation of the dimethylamino groups in BOPIM‐dma, its fluorescence was turned on ascribed to the inhibition of TICT. Its emission can be switched ‘on’ or ‘off’ between pH 2.4 and 4.0, and it undergoes a reversible protonation–deprotonation reaction with a pKa of 3.12. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joint analysis of stochastic processes with application to smoking patterns and insomnia
Authors: Luo Sheng
Published: August 2013

This article proposes a joint modeling framework for longitudinal insomnia measurements and a stochastic smoking cessation process in the presence of a latent permanent quitting state (i.e., ‘cure’). We use a generalized linear mixed‐effects model and a stochastic mixed‐effects model for the longitudinal measurements of insomnia symptom and for the smoking cessation process, respectively. We link these two models together via the latent random effects. We develop a Bayesian framework and Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm to obtain the parameter estimates. We formulate and compute the likelihood functions involving time‐dependent covariates. We explore the within‐subject correlation between insomnia and smoking processes. We apply the proposed methodology to simulation studies and the motivating dataset, that is, the Alpha‐Tocopherol, Beta‐Carotene Lung Cancer Prevention study, a large longitudinal cohort study of smokers from Finland. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marginal regression approach for additive hazards models with clustered current status data
Authors: Su Pei‐Fang , Chi Yunchan
Published: August 2013

Current status data arise naturally from tumorigenicity experiments, epidemiology studies, biomedicine, econometrics and demographic and sociology studies. Moreover, clustered current status data may occur with animals from the same litter in tumorigenicity experiments or with subjects from the same family in epidemiology studies. Because the only information extracted from current status data is whether the survival times are before or after the monitoring or censoring times, the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator of survival function converges at a rate ofn1∕3to a complicated limiting distribution. Hence, semiparametric regression models such as the additive hazards model have been extended for independent current status data to derive the test statistics, whose distributions converge at a rate ofn1∕2, for testing the regression parameters. However, a straightforward application of these statistical methods to clustered current status data is not appropriate because intracluster correlation needs to be taken into account. Therefore, this paper proposes two estimating functions for estimating the parameters in the additive hazards model for clustered current status data. The comparative results from simulation studies are presented, and the application of the proposed estimating functions to one real data set is illustrated. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cox models with dynamic ridge penalties on time‐varying effects of the covariates
Authors: Perperoglou Aris
Published: August 2013

Analysis of long‐term follow‐up survival studies require more sophisticated approaches than the proportional hazards model. To account for the dynamic behaviour of fixed covariates, penalized Cox models can be employed in models with interactions of the covariates and known time functions. In this work, I discuss some of the suggested methods and emphasize on the use of a ridge penalty in survival models. I review different strategies for choosing an optimal penalty weight and argue for the use of the computationally efficient restricted maximum likelihood (REML)‐type method. A ridge penalty term can be subtracted from the likelihood when modelling time‐varying effects in order to control the behaviour of the time functions. I suggest using flexible time functions such as B‐splines and constrain the behaviour of these by adding proper penalties. I present the basic methods and illustrate different penalty weights in two different datasets. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phanerozoic surface history of the Slave craton
Authors: Ault Alexis K. , Flowers Rebecca M. , Bowring Samuel A.
Published: August 2013

New apatite (U‐Th)/He (AHe) thermochronometry data and key geologic constraints from Slave craton kimberlites are used to develop a model for the Phanerozoic burial, unroofing, and hypsometric history of the northwestern Canadian shield. AHe dates range from 210 ± 13 to 382 ± 79 Ma, are older in the eastern Slave craton and decrease westward, and resolve the spatial extent, thickness, and history of now‐denuded sedimentary units. Results indicate Paleozoic heating to temperatures ≥85–90°C, suggesting regional burial beneath ≥2.8 km of strata while the region was at sea level, followed by the westward migration of unroofing across the craton. This Paleozoic‐Mesozoic history does not correlate with sea level change, instead requiring Paleozoic subsidence of the craton followed by surface uplift. The AHe data restrict Cretaceous burial to ≤1.6 km, followed by unroofing, Eocene terrestrial sediment deposition, and removal of Phanerozoic sedimentary cover across the region by present day. The craton underwent ≥300 m of post‐100 Ma elevation gain, based on ~100 Ma marine sedimentary xenoliths entrained in ~75–45 Ma kimberlites at modern elevations of 550–600 m. The transition from Paleozoic‐Mesozoic subsidence to surface uplift may signal a change from predominantly northern (Franklinian‐Innuitian) to western (Canadian Cordillera) plate boundary controls on continental interior processes, with the latter driving the east‐to‐west wave of unroofing. Canadian Cordillera evolution also affected the Cretaceous‐early Tertiary history. Dynamic topography due to changing mantle flow regimes and proximity to sediment sources influenced the Phanerozoic surface evolution of the northwestern Canadian shield.
Building a Career in English: Users of English as an Additional Language in Academia in the Arabian Gulf
Authors: Buckingham Louisa
Published: August 2013

This study investigates how a group of 30 multilingual academics, all users of English as an additional language (EAL) working at a private university in Oman, acquired discourse community membership in their disciplines through publishing in English, and the strategies they use to sustain the level of literacy needed to disseminate their research in refereed journals while working on the periphery. The participants, from the natural sciences, information technology, and economics, originate from countries in the surrounding region and, although many did not study in one of the traditional Anglophone countries, their academic literacy skills in English have been the cornerstones of their peripatetic academic careers. Participants describe their experience publishing from the periphery and perceptions of reviewer bias, and identify strategies used to overcome material shortcomings and linguistic challenges. The practice of language reuse to support the drafting of particular sections of an article is a recurring theme in many interviews. The article discusses the importance of conventional language in the sciences and the differing understandings of plagiarism among academics from the humanities and sciences. An implication from this study is the need for greater institutional support for the writing process in environments where most faculty members areEALusers.
The Impact of Experience Abroad and Language Proficiency on Language Learning Anxiety
Authors: Thompson Amy S. , Lee Junkyu
Published: August 2013

This study aims to investigate the effect of experience abroad and second language proficiency on foreign language classroom anxiety. Particularly, this study is an attempt to fill the gap in the literature about the affective outcomes after experiences abroad through the anxiety profiles of Korean learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) while taking second language (L2) proficiency into account. Of particular interest was the analysis of an emerging theme in the second language acquisition literature: tolerance of ambiguity (e.g., Dewaele & Wei, 2012). On a computerized online survey, 148 Korean EFL participants answered the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS; Horwitz, Horwitz, & Cope, 1986) and completed a background questionnaire to collect information regarding amount of experience abroad and English proficiency. Regression analyses show that experience abroad and L2 proficiency were jointly related to the subfactors of the anxiety scores, which had been previously calculated by a factor analysis. Additionally, the follow‐up effect size analyses indicate differentiated practical significance in terms of the relationship between time spent abroad and anxiety scores. This study brings to the forefront crucial issues involving experience abroad, language learning anxiety, and English proficiency, especially with regard to the crucial concept of tolerance of ambiguity.
An upper size of vertical axis wind turbines
Authors: Ottermo F. , Bernhoff H.
Published: August 2013

The scaling behaviour of a straight‐bladed vertical axis wind turbine is considered. A scaling scheme is described that, in the presence of a wind shear profile, aims at leaving the material stresses of the scaled construction unchanged. On the basis of a recent 200 kW three‐bladed H‐rotor design, a structural upper size of the turbine is proposed, this size being the scale at which the gravitational force starts to become important. As gravity has a much worse scaling behaviour than the aerodynamic and centrifugal forces, the construction work will become increasingly more difficult above this scale. The upper size is estimated to be around 30 MW. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strong signatures of right-handed compositeness
Authors: Redi Michele , Sanz Veronica , de Vries Maikel , Weiler Andreas
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Right-handed light quarks could be significantly composite, yet compatible with experimental searches at the LHC and precision tests on Standard Model couplings. In these scenarios, that are motivated by flavor physics, one expects large cross sections for the production of new resonances coupled to light quarks. We study experimental strong signatures of right-handed compositeness at the LHC, and constrain the parameter space of these models with recent results by ATLAS and CMS. We show that the LHC sensitivity could be significantly improved if dedicated searches were performed, in particular in multijet signals.
Nontargeted Lipidomic Characterization of Porcine Organs Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography and Off‐Line Two‐Dimensional Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Cífková Eva , Holčapek Michal , Lísa Miroslav
Published: August 2013

Lipids form a significant part of animal organs and they are responsible for important biological functions, such as semi‐permeability and fluidity of membranes, signaling activity, anti‐inflammatory processes, etc. We have performed a comprehensive nontargeted lipidomic characterization of porcine brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, spinal cord, spleen, and stomach using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) to describe the representation of individual lipid classes in these organs. Detailed information on identified lipid species inside classes are obtained based on relative abundances of deprotonated molecules [M−H]−in the negative‐ion ESI mass spectra, which provides important knowledge on phosphatidylethanolamines and their different forms of fatty acyl linkage (ethers and plasmalogens), phosphatidylinositols, and hexosylceramides containing nonhydroxy‐ and hydroxy‐fatty acyls. The detailed analysis of identified lipid classes using reversed‐phase liquid chromatography in the second dimension was performed for porcine brain to determine more than 160 individual lipid species containing attached fatty acyls of different acyl chain length, double‐bond number, and positions on the glycerol skeleton. The fatty acid composition of porcine organs is determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection after the transesterification with sodium methoxide.
Fatty Acid Profile of the Initial Oral Biofilm (Pellicle): an In‐Situ Study
Authors: Reich Marco , Kümmerer Klaus , Al‐Ahmad Ali , Hannig Christian
Published: August 2013

The first step of bioadhesion on dental surfaces is the formation of the acquired pellicle. This mainly acellular layer is formed instantaneously on all solid surfaces exposed to oral fluids. It is composed of proteins, glycoproteins and lipids. However, information on the lipid composition is sparse. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the fatty acid (FA) profile of the in‐situ pellicle for the first time. Furthermore, the impact of rinses with safflower oil on the pellicle's FA composition was investigated. Pellicles were formed in situ on bovine enamel slabs mounted on individual upper jaw splints. The splints were carried by ten subjects over durations of 3–240 min. After comprehensive sample preparation, gas chromatography coupled with electron impact ionization mass spectrometry (GC–EI/MS) was used in order to characterize qualitatively and quantitatively a wide range of FA (C12–C24). The relative FA profiles of the pellicle samples gained from different subjects were remarkably similar, whereas the amount of FA showed significant interindividual variability. An increase in FA in the pellicle was observed over time. The application of rinses with safflower oil resulted in an accumulation of its specific FA in the pellicle. Pellicle formation is a highly selective process that does not correlate directly with salivary composition, as shown for FA.
Physicochemical Properties and Minor Lipid Components of Soybean Germ
Authors: Yu Dianyu , Elfalleh Walid , He Shenghua , Ma Ying , Jiang Lianzhou , Li Lin , Hu Lizhi , Zhang Jianing
Published: August 2013

This study aimed to determine and to compare the main phytochemicals from soybean and soybean germ of different Chinese varieties. The results indicate that the soybean germ contains low protein (38.19 %), lipids (10.98 %), and crude fiber (7.47 %) compared with soybean. Specific gravity, refractive index, and saponification values of soybean germ oil were comparable to those of soybean oil. However, unsaponifiable matter of the germ oil was significantly higher (6.982 %) than soybean oil (1.072 %). The tocopherol contents in soybean germ oil ranged as follows: γ‐tocopherol, 176.39 mg/100 g oil; δ‐tocopherol, 57.29 mg/100 g oil; α‐tocopherol, 50.67 mg/100 g oil; and β‐tocopherol, 8.15 mg/100 g oil. The main sterols in soy germ oil were β‐sitosterol (1,681.90 mg/100 g oil), crevesterol (358.02 mg/100 g oil), stigmasterol (189.62 mg/100 g oil), and brassicasterol (3.70 mg/100 g oil). Furthermore, soybean germ oil seemed to be an important source of triglyceride, fatty acids, and particularly the fatty acids in the sn‐2 position of triacylglycerol. The important nutritional value of all these phytochemicals makes soybean germ and particularly germ oil sources of functional molecules and additives for the food industry.
Getting to 70%: Barriers to modern contraceptive use for women in Rwanda
Authors: Brunie Aurélie , Tolley Elizabeth E. , Ngabo Fidèle , Wesson Jennifer , Chen Mario
Published: August 2013

Objective

To identify reasons for non‐use of modern family planning in Rwanda, to examine specific barriers to contraception, and to explore psychosocial factors influencing modern contraceptive use.

Methods

In total, 637 in‐union, parous, and non‐pregnant women aged 21–49 years participated in a cross‐sectional community‐based survey in 5 districts. In‐depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted with 54 women and 27 male partners. Multivariate logistic regression examined correlates of current non‐use. IDI transcripts were analyzed independently and compared thematically with survey findings.

Results

Overall, 50% of survey respondents were using a modern method. Fertility‐ and partner‐related variables were key correlates of non‐use. The most commonly reported reasons for non‐use were related to perceived fecundity. Men were mostly supportive of contraceptive use and had an important role in a woman's decision to use contraception. Women's IDIs revealed misperceptions about fertility leading to gaps in contraceptive coverage, particularly postpartum. Those IDIs also highlighted how provider practices, including screening for pregnancy through direct observation of menses, may hamper contraceptive use.

Conclusion

Programmatic recommendations include increasing information efforts aimed at men; developing effective messages about postpartum risk of pregnancy and training providers on postpartum contraceptive eligibility and needs; and reinforcing use of alternative pregnancy‐screening methods.
How information systems help create OM capabilities: Consequents and antecedents of operational absorptive capacity
Authors: Setia Pankaj , Patel Pankaj C.
Published: August 2013

In contemporary business environments, the ability to manage operational knowledge is an important predictor of organizational competitiveness. Organizations invest large sums in various types of information technologies (ITs) to manage operational knowledge. Because of their superior storage, processing and communication capabilities, ITs offer technical platforms to build knowledge management (KM) capabilities. However, merely acquiring ITs are not sufficient, and organizations must structure information system (IS) designs to leverage ITs for building KM capabilities. We study how technical and strategic IS designs enhance operational absorptive capacity (OAC) – the KM capability of an operations management (OM) department. Specifically, we use a capabilities perspective of absorptive capacity to examine potential absorptive capacity (POAC) and realized absorptive capacity (ROAC) capabilities – the two OAC capabilities that create and utilize knowledge, respectively. Our theory proposes that integrated IS capability, – an aspect of technical IS design – is an antecedent of POAC and ROAC capabilities, and business‐IT alignment – an aspect of strategic IS design – moderates the relationship between integrated IS capability and ROAC capability. Combining data gleaned from a multi‐respondent survey with archival data from COMPUSTAT, we test our hypotheses using a dataset from 153 manufacturing organizations. By proposing that IS design enables an OM department's KM processes, i.e., the POAC and ROAC capabilities, our interdisciplinary theoretical framework opens the “black box” of OAC and contributes to improved understanding of IS and OM synergies. We offer a detailed discussion of our contributions to the literature at the IS‐OM interface and implications for practitioners.
Relationship between temporal and spatial averages in grid turbulence
Authors: Djenidi L. , Tardu S. F. , Antonia R. A.
Published: August 2013

A long-time direct numerical simulation (DNS) based on the lattice Boltzmann method is carried out for grid turbulence with the view to compare spatially averaged statistical properties in planes perpendicular to the mean flow with their temporal counterparts. The results show that the two averages become equal a short distance downstream of the grid. This equality indicates that the flow has become homogeneous in a plane perpendicular to the mean flow. This is an important result, since it confirms that hot-wire measurements are appropriate for testing theoretical results based on spatially averaged statistics. It is equally important in the context of DNS of grid turbulence, since it justifies the use of spatial averaging along a lateral direction and over several realizations for determining various statistical properties. Finally, the very good agreement between temporal and spatial averages validates the comparison between temporal (experiments) and spatial (DNS) statistical properties. The results are also interesting because, since the flow is stationary in time and spatially homogeneous along lateral directions, the equality between the two types of averaging provides strong support for the ergodic hypothesis in grid turbulence in planes perpendicular to the mean flow.
Effect of hinged leaflets on vortex pair generation
Authors: Das Prashant , Govardhan R. N. , Arakeri J. H.
Published: August 2013

We experimentally study the effect of having hinged leaflets at the jet exit on the formation of a two-dimensional counter-rotating vortex pair. A piston–cylinder mechanism is used to generate a starting jet from a high-aspect-ratio channel into a quiescent medium. For a rigid exit, with no leaflets at the channel exit, the measurements at a central plane show that the trailing jet in the present case is never detached from the vortex pair, and keeps feeding into the latter, unlike in the axisymmetric case. Passive flexibility is introduced in the form of rigid leaflets or flaps that are hinged at the exit of the channel, with the flaps initially parallel to the channel walls. The experimental arrangement closely approximates the limiting case of a free-to-rotate rigid flap with negligible structural stiffness, damping and flap inertia, as these limiting structural properties permit the largest flap openings. Using this arrangement, we start the flow and measure the flap kinematics and the vorticity fields for different flap lengths and piston velocity programs. The typical motion of the flaps involves a rapid opening and a subsequent more gradual return to its initial position, both of which occur when the piston is still moving. The initial opening of the flaps can be attributed to an excess pressure that develops in the channel when the flow starts, due to the acceleration that has to be imparted to the fluid slug between the flaps. In the case with flaps, two additional pairs of vortices are formed because of the motion of the flaps, leading to the ejection of a total of up to three vortex pairs from the hinged exit. The flaps’ length (${L}_{f} $) is found to significantly affect flap motions when plotted using the conventional time scale$L/ d$, where$L$is the piston stroke and$d$is the channel width. However, with a newly defined time scale based on the flap length ($L/ {L}_{f} $), we find a good collapse of all the measured flap motions irrespective of flap length and piston velocity for an impulsively started piston motion. The maximum opening angle in all these impulsive velocity program cases, irrespective of the flap length, is found to be close to 15°. Even though the flap kinematics collapses well with$L/ {L}_{f} $, there are differences in the distribution of the ejected vorticity even for the same$L/ {L}_{f} $. Such a redistribution of vorticity can lead to important changes in the overall properties of the flow, and it gives us a better understanding of the importance of exit flexibility in such flows.
Upper Silurian miospores from the Precordillera Basin, Argentina: biostratigraphic, palaeonvironmental and palaeogeographic implications
Authors: GARCÍA MURO V. J. , RUBINSTEIN C. V. , STEEMANS P.
Published: August 2013

This study is concentrated on Ludlow (to Pridoli?) miospores from the Los Espejos Formation at the Quebrada Ancha locality, Central Precordillera, San Juan Province, Argentina. The Ludlow age is in agreement with the age based on acritarchs. The assemblage of continental palynomorphs is composed of 43 miospore species (29 trilete spores and 14 cryptospores). A new synonymy is proposed:Chelinospora poecilomorphais here considered a junior synonym ofClivosispora verrucata. In addition, specimens belonging toC. verrucatavar.verrucataandC. verrucatavar.convolutaare included in a new morphon. This study represents the second Late Silurian miospore assemblage described from South America; the first was from the Urubu River, Amazon Basin, northern Brazil. The Quebrada Ancha assemblages allow a reasonably good correlation with biozones established for the Upper Silurian from the Cantabrian Mountains, northern Spain. The dendrogram analysis between coeval miospore assemblages from different localities shows a strong palaeogeographic affinity with the miospores recovered from northern Brazil and North Africa. Miospore assemblages from Spain show influences from Baltica and North Africa, demonstrating their intermediate position between these two continental plates. Conversely, dissimilarities recognized between Libya and Tunisia are most probably owing to local ecology and/or environmental conditions.
I am a warm robot: the effects of temperature in physical human–robot interaction
Authors: Park Eunil , Lee Jaeryoung
Published: August 2013

What factors affect users' perceptions of physical human–robot interactions? To answer this question, this study examined whether the skin temperature of a social robot affected users' perceptions of the robot during physical interaction. Results from a between-subjects experiment (warm, intermediate, cool, or no interaction) with a dinosaur robot demonstrated that skin temperature significantly affects users' perceptions and evaluations of a socially interactive robot. Additionally, this study found that social presence had partial mediating effects on several dependent variables. Important implications and limitations for improving human–robot interactions are discussed here.
Married women and their landholdings: the evidence from feet of fines, 1310–1509
Authors: YATES MARGARET
Published: August 2013

Despite the recent expansion in studies of medieval women, uncertainty surrounds their married lives due to the social and legal constraints that existed at that time. Here it is argued that feet of fines provide a lens, albeit partial, on the activities of married women who were effectively managing the disposal and inheritance of their landed estates. At the same time the importance to the purchaser of ensuring the lawful acquisition of the property is also observed. As a result, greater insights into married women and their property in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries are obtained.
Women, violent crime and criminal justice in Georgian Wales
Authors: WATSON KATHERINE D.
Published: August 2013

This article examines encounters of women with the criminal justice system in Wales during the century before the Courts of Great Sessions were abolished in 1830. Drawing on evidence from cases of sexual assault and homicide, it argues that women who killed were rarely convicted or punished harshly. A gendered discretion of sorts also acted against rape victims, as trials never resulted in conviction. Using violence as a lens, the paper reveals a distinctively Welsh approach to criminal justice, and offers quantitative evidence on which further comparative studies of the history of law and crime in England and Wales may be based.
Association between recent herpes zoster but not herpes simplex infection and subsequent risk of malignancy in women: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: BUNTINX F. , BARTHOLOMEEUSEN S. , BELMANS A. , MATHEI C. , OPDENAKKER G. , SWELDENS K. , TRUYERS C. , VAN RANST M.
Published: August 2013

The association between herpes zoster and subsequent cancer risk is still unclear. Consequently, doubts remain regarding the need for investigation of herpes patients for co-existing or subsequent malignancy. This is a retrospective cohort study comparing cancer risk in patients after herpes zoster and age-/sex-matched non-herpes zoster patients, in a primary care-based continuous morbidity database. We tested for interaction by gender, age, diabetes, HRT use or antiviral therapy. Analyses were repeated for patients with and without herpes simplex. The hazard ratio (HR) comparing cancer risk in herpes zoster vs. control patients was significant in all women, women aged > 65 years and subgroups of breast and colorectal cancer (HRs 1·60, 1·82, 2·14, 2·19, respectively). For men, a significant association was found for haematological cancers (HR 2·92). No associations were found with herpes simplex. No interaction was identified with antiviral therapy, diabetes or HRT treatment. We concluded that there was a moderate significant association between herpes zoster and subsequent cancer risk in women aged > 65 years, without any influence of antiviral therapy. No association was found with herpes simplex. There is insufficient reason for extensively testing older patients with herpes zoster or herpes simplex for the presence of occult cancer.
Cluster investigation of mixed O76:H19 Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coliand atypical enteropathogenicE. coliinfection in a Spanish household
Authors: SÁNCHEZ S. , CENOZ M. GARCÍA , MARTÍN C. , BERISTAIN X. , LLORENTE M. T. , HERRERA-LEÓN S.
Published: August 2013

A Spanish household was identified through a Public Health follow up on a Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC)-positive 14-month-old girl reporting bloody diarrhoea, with the four household members experiencing either symptomatic or asymptomatic STEC and/or atypical enteropathogenicE. coli(aEPEC) shedding. In total, two different O76:H19 STEC strains and six aEPEC strains belonging to multiple serotypes were isolated and characterized in the household during a 5-month period. Prolonged asymptomatic shedding of O76:H19 STEC and O51:H49 aEPEC was detected in two family members. Although there was no conclusive evidence, consumption of vegetables fertilized with sheep manure was the suspected source of infection. This study highlights the risk of cross-infections posed by prolonged asymptomatic carriage and close household contact between family members, and illustrates the importance of molecular epidemiology in understanding disease clusters.
A relationship between acute respiratory illnesses and weather
Authors: COSTILLA-ESQUIVEL A. , CORONA-VILLAVICENCIO F. , VELASCO-CASTAÑÓN J. G. , MEDINA-DE LA GARZA C. E. , MARTÍNEZ-VILLARREAL R. T. , CORTES-HERNÁNDEZ D. E. , RAMÍREZ-LÓPEZ L. E. , GONZÁLEZ-FARÍAS G.
Published: August 2013

Weekly data from 7 years (2004–2010) of primary-care counts of acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) and local weather readings were used to adjust a multivariate time-series vector error correction model with covariates (VECMX). Weather variables were included through a partial least squares index that consisted of weekly minimum temperature (coefficient = − 0·26), weekly median of relative humidity (coefficient = 0·22) and weekly accumulated rainfall (coefficient = 0·5). The VECMX long-term test reported significance for trend (0·01, P = 0·00) and weather index (1·69, P = 0·00). Short-term relationship was influenced by seasonality. The model accounted for 76% of the variability in the series (adj. R2 = 0·76), and the co-integration diagnostics confirmed its appropriateness. The procedure is easily reproducible by researchers in all climates, can be used to identify relevant weather fluctuations affecting the incidence of ARIs, and could help clarify the influence of contact rates on the spread of these diseases.
Articulatory mapping of Yoruba vowels: an ultrasound study
Authors: Allen Blake , Pulleyblank Douglas , Ajíbóyè Ọládiípọ̀
Published: August 2013

This paper examines the articulation of harmonically distinct classes of vowels in Standard Yoruba. There has been considerable disagreement as to whether the distinction between [e o] and [∊ ɔ] is one of vowel height or tongue-root advancement/retraction. This paper reports on an ultrasound investigation of Yoruba vowels. Results are consistent with harmonic classes distinguished by a tongue-root advancement/retraction feature, not by vowel height. We also investigate the relation between articulations of the tongue root and its neutral position between utterances, theinter-speech posture(ISP). We find more variability in ISP-to-articulation mapping than previous studies, but our results are still partially compatible with a postulated correlation between phonologically ‘active’ feature values and articulatory displacement from ISP. Overall, our results support an analysis of Yoruba vowels in terms of a tongue-root feature, and provide insight into the mapping between phonetics and phonology.
Visual intonation in two sign languages
Authors: Dachkovsky Svetlana , Healy Christina , Sandler Wendy
Published: August 2013

In a detailed comparison of the intonational systems of two unrelated languages, Israeli Sign Language and American Sign Language, we show certain similarities as well as differences in the distribution of several articulations of different parts of the face and motions of the head. Differences between the two languages are explained on the basis of pragmatic notions related to information structure, such as accessibility and contingency, providing novel evidence that the system is inherently intonational, and only indirectly related to syntax. The study also identifies specific ways in which the physical modality in which language is expressed influences intonational structure.