bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Personality and Persona: Personality Processes in Self‐Presentation
Authors: Leary Mark R. , Allen Ashley Batts
Published: September 2010

This article examines the role that personality variables and processes play in people's efforts to manage their public images. Although most research on self‐presentation has focused on situational influences, people differ greatly in the degree to which they care about others’ impressions of them, the types of impressions they try to convey, and their evaluations of their self‐presentational effectiveness. Personality constructs such as public self‐consciousness, approval motivation, and fear of negative evaluation are associated with the motive to manage one's impressions, and people who differ in self‐disclosure and desire for privacy differentially reveal information about themselves to others. Other variables relating to people's self‐concepts, interpersonal goals, and traits influence the construction of specific images. Finally, the extent to which people believe they are capable of making desired impressions influences their impression management strategies and how they respond to other people's evaluations.
Living downwind from corporate social responsibility: a community perspective on corporate practice
Authors: Brueckner Martin , Mamun Mohammed Abdullah
Published: September 2010

This paper critiques dominant corporate social responsibility (CSR) theory, which claims that commercial and social goals overlap and coincide. It is suggested that this uncritical portrayal and treatment of complex industry–community relations risks neglecting the potential tensions that may arise should these goals diverge or be in conflict. In this context, the experiences of residents in a small Western Australian town are presented to describe a long‐running conflict between community members and their corporate neighbour. The data point to a range of community impacts as a result of corporate activities and unearth strong differences between ‘local’ and ‘corporate’ understandings of CSR. Based on the perceived shortcomings of an economically underpinned CSR approach, we question the possibility of meeting local needs by means of economic efficiency. Calls are made for critical reflection on the key assumptions underlying dominant CSR theory and consideration is given to questions of guidance for CSR practitioners.
Fair trade, ethical decision making and the narrative of gender difference
Authors: Morrell Kevin , Jayawardhena Chanaka
Published: September 2010

Fair trade (FT) is of growing interest to those carrying out research into ethical decision making. In this paper, we report findings from a recent survey of FT purchasing among 688 retail shoppers in the United Kingdom. We examined the relationship between individual differences, in terms of gender and age, and three outcome measures: purchasing, word of mouth (WOM) recommendation and social advocacy. Though age appeared to have no significant effects, we found evidence of gender difference in each outcome measure. Females in our sample were more likely to purchase FT goods, to recommend them by WOM, and to advocate FT purchasing to friends and family. We discuss the implications of these findings in terms of the literature on ethical decision making and gender difference.
Partial Utilitarianism as a suggested ethical framework for evaluating corporate mergers and acquisitions
Authors: Collett Nick
Published: September 2010

Prior literature on ethical concerns in mergers and acquisitions (M&As) has often concluded that many stakeholders, such as workers and communities, have unjustly suffered as a result of takeovers and associated defences and that their rights as stakeholders have been violated. However, very few papers provide any guidance on how to evaluate a merger or acquisition from an ethical standpoint. This study looks at how ethical frameworks could be used to assess the ethical impact of a merger or acquisition and gives practical guidance. It is proposed that decision makers should consider the impact on four stakeholder groups: shareholders, employees, customers and directors. We call the proposed method for doing this Partial Utilitarian analysis. We suggest two possible ways of applying the Partial Utilitarian analysis. One approach could rely on the evidence from a sample of recent deals. For this, empirical analysis is conducted on a sample of large M&As in the United Kingdom in the period 1993–2003. Alternatively, a better approach, requiring considerable management time, requires forecasting of the economic impact on the four groups of stakeholders. The paper shows how to do this.
Stock picking, market timing and style differences between socially responsible and conventional pension funds: evidence from the United Kingdom
Authors: Ferruz Luis , Muñoz Fernando , Vargas Maria
Published: September 2010

As far as we are aware, this study presents the first comparative analysis of the stock picking and market timing abilities of managers of conventional and socially responsible (SR) pension funds, and of their use of superior information. For the United Kingdom, the results obtained show a slight stock picking ability on the part of SR pension fund managers (although it disappears if multifactorial models are considered), and a negative market timing ability on the part of both SR and conventional pension fund managers (these results hold for multifactorial models controlled by home bias). In relation to the management styles, both conventional and SR pension funds usually invest in small cap and growth values, although it is the SR pension funds that are the most exposed to these styles. We also observed that, while conventional pension fund managers make certain use of superior information to follow stock picking strategies, managers of SR pension funds use superior information to follow market timing strategies.
Conventional ethics and the United Nations debt relief project
Authors: Tullberg Jan
Published: September 2010

It is often assumed that conventional ethics will contribute positively to economics and business, but here, this judgment will be examined. The conventional ethics of our time is dominated by altruistic philosophy, which has deep roots in religion. Such an idealistic ‘altruistic ethics’ especially emphasizes helping the least advantaged. This principle is contrasted with a more profane ‘reciprocal ethics.’ This term is used for the principle of mutual advantage central to a number of significant philosophers. This latter principle is compatible with the practical norms constituting the morals of the market, while the former implies major adjustment of behavior and policies. Many ethicists consider their field to be ‘applied ethics,’ bringing the concrete rules and practices of the economic sector closer to honored first principles of philosophy. Is it reasonable to expect an influence by the ideas of altruistic ethics to improve the morals and policies of the economy? The process of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative of the United Nations illustrates a probably crucial connection with altruistic ethics. Is this project, supported by religiously inspired groups, a sound way to treat a serious global problem? The disadvantages of this project are discussed and alternatives with better potential are presented. The article suggests that altruistic ethics is a dubious foundation for constructive morality and that its dominance in contemporary philosophy constitutes a major obstacle to a more open‐minded analysis and sound policies.
Ethics, spirituality and self: managerial perspective and leadership implications
Authors: Rozuel Cécile , Kakabadse Nada
Published: September 2010

This paper argues that the self, as both the centre of our identity and the focus of our spiritual life, has not been given enough consideration with regard to the ethics of managers and leaders. Informed by models of self‐realisation and the Jungian process of individuation, our discussion suggests that the way we perceive and interpret our self affects our moral behaviour. In particular, integrity of the self fully participates in enhancing servant leadership and consistent ethical practice. We illustrate the argument with comments from various managers on the statement: ‘Being true to your self’.
The influence of culture on ethical perception held by business students in a New Zealand university
Authors: Brunton Margaret , Eweje Gabriel
Published: September 2010

The demand for principled and transparent corporate moral judgement and ethical decision making in the workplace makes it necessary for business students as future managers to understand the expectations of ethical workplace conduct. Corporate scandals mean that there is enhanced interest in ensuring that ethical content is included in curricula in universities. In this study, we re‐visit the question of whether culture has an influence on ethical perceptions of workplace scenarios, using students enrolled in a College of Business in a New Zealand (NZ) university as respondents. Consistent with current research, this study demonstrated mixed results. However, we also found evidence to suggest some identifiable patterns in the data across cultural groups. Overall, Chinese and Other respondents were more likely than NZ European to consider the scenarios as ethical. On the other hand, Chinese respondents were significantly less likely to report that their peers would carry out ethically questionable actions.
Virtual Video Camera: Image‐Based Viewpoint Navigation Through Space and Time
Authors: Lipski C. , Linz C. , Berger K. , Sellent A. , Magnor M.
Published: September 2010

We present an image‐based rendering system to viewpoint‐navigate through space and time of complex real‐world, dynamic scenes. Our approach accepts unsynchronized, uncalibrated multivideo footage as input. Inexpensive, consumer‐grade camcorders suffice to acquire arbitrary scenes, for example in the outdoors, without elaborate recording setup procedures, allowing also for hand‐held recordings. Instead of scene depth estimation, layer segmentation or 3D reconstruction, our approach is based on dense image correspondences, treating view interpolation uniformly in space and time: spatial viewpoint navigation, slow motion or freeze‐and‐rotate effects can all be created in the same way. Acquisition simplification, integration of moving cameras, generalization to difficult scenes and space–time symmetric interpolation amount to a widely applicable virtual video camera system.
Efficient and Quality Contouring Algorithms on the GPU
Authors: Schmitz L. , Scheidegger L. F. , Osmari D. K. , Dietrich C. A. , Comba J. L. D.
Published: September 2010

Interactive isosurface extraction has recently become possible through successful efforts to map algorithms such as Marching Cubes (MC) and Marching Tetrahedra (MT) to modern Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) architectures. Other isosurfacing algorithms, however, are not so easily portable to GPUs, either because they involve more complex operations or because they are not based on discrete case tables, as is the case with most marching techniques. In this paper, we revisit the Dual Contouring (MC) and Macet isosurface extraction algorithms and propose, respectively: (i) a novel, efficient and parallelizable version of Dual Contouring and (ii) a set of GPU modules which extend the original Marching Cubes algorithm. Similar to marching methods, our novel technique is based on a case table, which allows for a very efficient GPU implementation. In addition, we enumerate and evaluate several alternatives to implement efficient contouring algorithms on the GPU, and present trade‐offs among all approaches. Finally, we validate the efficiency and quality of the tessellations produced in all these alternatives.
Linking credentialed skills, social class, working conditions and self‐reported health: a focus on health inequality‐generating mechanisms
Authors: Vanroelen Christophe , Levecque Katia , Moors Guy , Louckx Fred
Published: September 2010

In this study, focus is on the mechanisms linking credentialed skills and social class relations to five dimensions of occupational stressors and three self‐reported health outcomes: persistent fatigue, musculoskeletal complaints and emotional wellbeing. We test for direct health associations of skills/class. Moreover, indirect health associations of skills/class, through differential exposure to occupational stressors and effect modifications of the occupational stressors, are tested. A modified LISREL analysis is applied to a representative cross‐sectional sample of 11,099 Flemish wage‐earners. The direct health effects of credentialed skills/class are limited, but they are clearly indirectly related to the self‐reported health outcomes through differential exposure to occupational stressors. The indirect mechanisms point to both reinforcing and moderating effects on socio‐economic health inequalities. Two cases of effect modification are also observed: social class modifying the association between control and persistent fatigue; and skills affecting the association between the quality of social relations and emotional wellbeing. Differential exposure to occupational stressors is a crucial mechanism linking skills/class to socio‐economic health inequalities. Direct effects and effect modification of class/skills are relevant, but of limited importance. One of the effect modifications found suggests that a specific focus on contradictory class positions might be warranted in future research.
The Stability Analysis of the Periodic Traveling Wave Solutions of the mKdV Equation
Authors: Deconinck B. , Nivala M
Published: September 2010

The stability of periodic solutions of partial differential equations has been an area of increasing interest in the last decade. In this paper, we derive all periodic traveling wave solutions of the focusing and defocusing mKdV equations. We show that in the defocusing case all such solutions are orbitally stable with respect to subharmonic perturbations: perturbations that are periodic with period equal to an integer multiple of the period of the underlying solution. We do this by explicitly computing the spectrum and the corresponding eigenfunctions associated with the linear stability problem. Next, we bring into play different members of the mKdV hierarchy. Combining this with the spectral stability results allows for the construction of a Lyapunov function for the periodic traveling waves. Using the seminal results of Grillakis, Shatah, and Strauss, we are able to conclude orbital stability. In the focusing case, we show how instabilities arise.
Sense and Sensibility in Kant's Practical Agent: Against the Intellectualism of Korsgaard and Sidgwick
Authors: Wuerth Julian
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Drawing on a wide range of Kant's recorded thought beyond his Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, this essay presents an overview of Kant's account of practical agency as embodied practical agency and argues against the intellectualized interpretations of Kant's account of practical agency presented by Christine Korsgaard and Henry Sidgwick. In both Kant's empirical‐psychological and metaphysical descriptions of practical agency, he presents a recognizably human practical agent that is broader and deeper than the faculty of reason alone. This agent chooses action from a reflective distance, but not from the complete affective distance of reason. We choose neither as reason alone, nor even as the sum of all of our ‘higher’ faculties, of cognition (including reason), feeling, and desire, in Kant's view. Instead, we choose as an agent that also has ‘lower’, ‘sensible’ faculties, of cognition (including sense), feeling, and desire, which together comprise our ‘sensibility’. These mental states of sensibility are not merely confused versions of our higher cognitions, feelings, or desires, and so different from them in degree only, but are instead distinct from our higher states in kind also; and these distinct sensible states are not dependent on our higher states and so on a commitment to the value of humanity, for example. For this reason, a choice in favour of sensible states and in opposition to the moral law need in no way undermine its own foundations and thus be incoherent, as Korsgaard and Sidgwick argue, but instead only immoral. Because Kant does not reduce the problem of immoral choice to one of insufficient reflection and ensuing confusion, he does not view moral progress in cognitive terms alone, whether in the form of a clearer understanding of the moral law, improved judgment in applying it, or deeper insight into our own nature as practical agents. Kant instead recognizes the crucial importance of cultivating our feelings and desires over the course of a lifetime both as a way to make ourselves worthy of the humanity within us directly and also as a way to facilitate future moral choices.
The Russian Federation: Confronting the special challenges of ageing and social security policy in an era of demographic crisis
Authors: Eberstadt Nicholas , Groth Hans
Published: September 2010

This article focuses on the Russian Federation's demographic crisis and the implications it holds for the ability of the Russian government (or the Russian people through their own efforts) to generate enough funds to provide a reasonable level of old‐age economic security. Although Russia's overall population profile structure stands to be broadly similar to that of other more‐developed societies, both today and in coming decades, the challenges of providing for an ageing population are far more acute for Russia than for typical Member States of the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development. One factor that adds significantly to the problem is that working‐age Russians today suffer substantially worse health and higher mortality than residents of other countries at similar — and indeed even at much lower — levels of income. Although the arguments presented focus on pensions, the same factors that will make it difficult to supply adequate pensions also mean that other aspects of social protection will be similarly difficult to fulfil. Successful social security policy for Russia, consequently, will depend upon much more than social programmes alone: it will require the reduction of mortality rates for working‐age individuals, the revitalization of higher education, and fundamental reform of the country's institutions and economic policies.
An ageing workforce and strategic human resource management: Staffing challenges for social security administrations
Authors: McKinnon Roddy
Published: September 2010

Public‐service employment grew rapidly through the 1970s and early 1980s in the high‐income countries. During this period, the social protection sector was one of the areas that grew most extensively. Many of the public‐service employees hired during these years have retired or are soon to do so. As a consequence, social security administrations across the OECD area are set to lose significant proportions of their current staff across all grades over a relatively short time‐period. Despite calls for a greater use of strategic staff planning and a growing awareness of the challenges presented by an ageing public‐service workforce, public‐service organizations, including social security administrations, have been slow to react. This article addresses the human resource management challenges for social security administrations posed by an ageing public‐sector workforce, outlines proposed policy responses and assesses the difficulties of successfully implementing these in a systematic manner.
Social protection for migrants: The challenges of delivery in the context of changing migration flows
Authors: Sabates‐Wheeler Rachel , Koettl Johannes
Published: September 2010

Access to social protection differs widely among international migrants. This article focuses on the issue of earnings‐related contributions to social security programmes and their (frequent) lack of portability across borders — a problem that particularly affects South‐South migrants. Furthermore, attention is drawn to the fact that in many low‐income countries a lack of administrative capacity in the operation of social security programmes is often, in the first instance, a greater problem than the lack of portability of any potential earned rights to cash benefits provided under them. Commonly, the inability of migrants to benefit, both from social security programmes that are in place in the country of origin and in the host country detracts significantly from the well‐being and security of migrants and their families. The article concludes that South‐South migration must be understood as being significantly different from North‐North migration, where social protection issues are much more tractable.
Population dynamics: Social security, markets, and families
Authors: Mason Andrew , Lee Ronald , Lee Sang‐Hyop
Published: September 2010

Upward intergenerational flows — from the working ages to old age — are increasing substantially in the advanced industrialized countries and are much larger than in developing countries. Population ageing is the most important factor leading to this change. Thus, in the absence of a major demographic shift (e.g. a return to high fertility), an increase in upward flows is inevitable. Even so, three other important factors will influence the magnitudes of upward flows. First, labour income varies at older ages due to differences in average age at retirement, productivity, unemployment, and hours worked. Second, the age patterns of consumption at older ages vary primarily due to differences in spending on health. Third, spending on human capital (i.e. spending on child health and education) varies. Human capital spending competes with spending on the elderly, but it also increases the productivity of subsequent generations of workers and the resources available to support consumption in old age. All contemporary societies rely on a variety of institutions and economic mechanisms to shift economic resources from the working ages to the dependent ages — the young and the old. Three institutions dominate intergenerational flows: governments which implement social security, education, and other public transfer programmes; markets which are key to the accumulation of assets (e.g. funded pensions and housing); and families which provide economic support to children in all societies and to the elderly in many. The objectives of this article are, first, to describe how population ageing and other changes influence the direction and magnitude of intergenerational flows; and, second, to contrast the institutional approaches to intergenerational flows as they are practiced around the world. The article relies extensively on National Transfer Accounts (NTA), a system for measuring economic flows across age in a manner consistent with the United Nations' System of National Accounts. These accounts are currently being constructed by research teams located in 33 countries on six continents representing wide variations in the level of development, demographics, and policies regarding intergenerational transfers.
Exploring steady‐state visual evoked potentials as an index for intermodal and crossmodal spatial attention
Authors: Zhang Dan , Hong Bo , Gao Xiaorong , Gao Shangkai , Röder Brigitte
Published: September 2010

The present study used steady‐state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) recorded in parallel to a task‐relevant auditory/visual stimulation to study the process of intermodal and crossmodal spatial attention on visual processing. SSVEPs were elicited by task‐irrelevant 10/15Hz pattern‐reversing checkerboards. The participants were asked to respond to deviant transient stimuli of the attended side in the attended modality only. A phase‐locking index (PLI) method was employed to characterize SSVEPs. Both unimodal and crossmodal spatial attention resulted in an increase of PLI values over contralateral occipital brain regions. Intermodal attention effects were observed as an increase of the PLI over the same brain areas when the auditory rather than the visual modality was attended. These findings support recent hypotheses that the phase resetting of the brain activity in early sensory cortices is an essential mechanism of multisensory interaction.
Object‐substitution masking modulates spatial attention deployment and the encoding of information in visual short‐term memory: Insights from occipito‐parietal ERP components
Authors: Prime David J. , Pluchino Patrik , Eimer Martin , Dell'acqua Roberto , Jolicœur Pierre
Published: September 2010

If object‐substitution masking (OSM) arises from mask representations replacing target representations, OSM should impede the formation of representations in visual short‐term memory (VSTM). We utilized event‐related potentials to examine the effect of OSM on target processing. An N2pc was observed on trials with delayed‐offset masks, indicating that focused attention was directed to the target. The sustained posterior contralateral negativity (SPCN), an index of VSTM storage, was observed in delayed‐offset trials only on trials with correct responses. This supports the hypothesis that inaccurate performance on delayed‐offset trials arises from a failure to encode the target in VSTM. On co‐termination trials, accuracy was high and neither the N2pc nor SPCN was observed. This indicates that, in the absence of masking, the task was accomplished by maintaining a diffuse attentional state that enabled the joint encoding of the potential target items.
Synthesis, accumulation, and release of d‐aspartate in the Aplysia californica CNS
Authors: Scanlan Cory , Shi Ting , Hatcher Nathan G. , Rubakhin Stanislav S. , Sweedler Jonathan V.
Published: September 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 1234–1244.

d‐Aspartate (d‐Asp) is an endogenous molecule that is often detected in CNS and endocrine tissues. Using capillary electrophoresis and a variety of radionuclide detection techniques, we examine the synthesis, release, and uptake/accumulation of d‐Asp in the CNS of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica. We observe the preferential synthesis and accumulation of d‐Asp over l‐aspartate (l‐Asp) in neuron‐containing ganglia compared to surrounding sheath tissues. Little conversion of d‐Asp to l‐Asp is detected. The Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin and elevated extracellular potassium stimulates release of d‐Asp from the cerebral ganglia. Lastly, radioactive d‐Asp in the extracellular media is efficiently taken up and accumulated by individual F‐cluster neurons. These observations point to a role for d‐Asp in cell‐to‐cell signaling with many characteristics similar to classical transmitters.
Expression of Ttyh1, a member of the Tweety family in neurons in vitro and in vivo and its potential role in brain pathology
Authors: Stefaniuk Marzena , Swiech Lukasz , Dzwonek Joanna , Lukasiuk Katarzyna
Published: September 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 1183–1194.

We have previously shown that Ttyh1 mRNA is expressed in neurons and its expression is up‐regulated in the brain during epileptogenesis and epilepsy. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the role of Ttyh1 in neurons. We found widespread expression of Ttyh1 protein in neurons in vivo and in vitro. Ttyh1 immunoreactivity in vitro was frequently found in invaginations of dendritic spines; however, Ttyh1, seldom co‐localized with synaptic markers in vivo. Silencing Ttyh1 expression with siRNA in hippocampal cultures resulted in alterations of MAP2 distribution along neurites causing it to appear in the form of chains of beads. Over‐expression of Ttyh1 caused intense neuritogenesis and the formation of numerous filopodia‐like protrusions. Similar protrusions were also produced in SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells over‐expressing Ttyh1. Using a biotin‐streptavidin pull‐down assay and mass spectrometry, we identified proteins that can form complexes with Ttyh1 in the brain. Ttyh1 binding proteins are often expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi apparatus or are localized at synapses. Finally, we found increased expression of Ttyh1 in the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus in an animal model of epilepsy. On the basis of our findings, we propose Ttyh1 involvement in brain pathology.
Estimation of minimum area requirement of river‐connected lakes for fish diversity conservation in the Yangtze River floodplain
Authors: Liu Xueqin , Wang Hongzhu
Published: September 2010

Aim  Hydrological disconnection of floodplains from rivers is among the top factors threatening river‐floodplain ecosystems. To keep enough floodplain area is of great importance to biodiversity conservation. In the Yangtze River floodplain, most lakes were disconnected from the mainstream by dams in 1950–1970s. By analysing fish diversity data, we aim at determining the effects of river‐lake disconnection on fish diversity, at estimating the minimum protected area of river‐connected lakes and at proposing a holistic strategy for fish conservation in the mid‐lower reaches of the river.

Location  The Yangtze River floodplain, China.

Methods  We collected recorded data of fish diversity of 30 Yangtze floodplain lakes. Species–area relationships were analysed and compared between river‐connected and river‐disconnected lakes. Cumulative species–area models were constructed to estimate the minimum protected area of river‐connected lakes.

Results  River‐lake disconnection reduced fish diversity of Yangtze lakes by 38.1%, so that the river‐connected lakes play an important role in maintaining the floodplain biodiversity. The minimum protected area of river‐connected lakes was estimated to be 14,400 km2. Therefore, we should not only protect the existent connected lakes of 5500 km2, but also reconnect disconnected lakes of at least 8900 km2 in the Yangtze basin.

Main conclusions  Species–area relationships are of importance in reserve design. We suggest that cumulative species–area model might be more suitable for ecosystems with high connectivity among regions such as floodplains. As the Yangtze River floodplain is an integrative ecosystem, we suggest establishing a holistic nature reserve in the mid‐lower basin for effective conservation of biodiversity.
Monitoring marine macroalgae: the influence of spatial scale on the usefulness of biodiversity surrogates
Authors: Smale Dan A.
Published: September 2010

Aim  To examine the influence of spatial scale on the usefulness of commonly employed biodiversity surrogates in subtidal macroalgae assemblages.

Location  South‐west Australia.

Methods  The relationship between biodiversity surrogates and univariate and multivariate species‐level patterns was tested at multiple spatial scales, ranging from metres (between quadrats) to hundreds of kilometres (between regions), using samples collected from almost 2000 km of temperate coastline that represented almost 300 species. Biodiversity surrogates included commonly used cost‐effective alternatives to species‐level sampling, such as those derived from functional groups and from taxonomic aggregation.

Results  Overall, surrogates derived from taxonomic aggregation to genus or family level correlated strongly with species‐level patterns, although the family‐level surrogate was a less effective predictor of species richness at large spatial scales. Surrogates derived from aggregation to coarser taxonomic levels and functional groups performed poorly, while the effectiveness of a surrogate measure derived from canopy‐forming species improved with increasing spatial scale.

Main conclusions  A critical, but rarely examined, assumption of biodiversity surrogates is that the relationship between surrogate and species‐level patterns is consistent in both space and time, and across a range of spatial and temporal scales. As the performance of all surrogates was, to some degree, scale‐dependent, this work empirically demonstrated the need to consider the spatial extent and design of any biodiversity monitoring programme when choosing cost‐effective alternatives to species‐level data collection.
Decrease in the osteocyte lacunar density accompanied by hypermineralized lacunar occlusion reveals failure and delay of remodeling in aged human bone
Authors: Busse Björn , Djonic Danijela , Milovanovic Petar , Hahn Michael , Püschel Klaus , Ritchie Robert O. , Djuric Marija , Amling Michael
Published: September 2010

Aging decreases the human femur’s fatigue resistance, impact energy absorption, and the ability to withstand load. Changes in the osteocyte distribution and in their elemental composition might be involved in age‐related bone impairment. To address this question, we carried out a histomorphometric assessment of the osteocyte lacunar distribution in the periosteal and endosteal human femoral cortexes of 16 female and 16 male donors with regard to age‐ and sex‐related bone remodeling. Measurements of the bone mineral density distribution by quantitative backscattered electron imaging and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis were taken to evaluate the osteocyte lacunar mineral composition and characteristics. Age‐dependent decreases in the total osteocyte lacunar number were measured in all of the cases. This change signifies a risk for the bone’s safety. Cortical subdivision into periosteal and endosteal regions of interest emphasized that, in both sexes, primarily the endosteal cortex is affected by age‐dependent reduction in number of osteocyte lacunae, whereas the periosteal compartment showed a less pronounced osteocyte lacunar deficiency. In aged bone, osteocyte lacunae showed an increased amount of hypermineralized calcium phosphate occlusions in comparison with younger cases. With respect to Frost’s early delineation of micropetrosis, our microanalyses revealed that the osteocyte lacunae are subject to hypermineralization. Intralacunar hypermineralization accompanied by a decrease in total osteocyte lacunar density may contribute to failure or delayed bone repair in aging bone. A decreased osteocyte lacunar density may cause deteriorations in the canalicular fluid flow and reduce the detection of microdamage, which counteracts the bone’s structural integrity, while hypermineralized osteocyte lacunae may increase bone brittleness and render the bone fragile.
Fathering an ADHD Child: An Examination of Paternal Well‐being and Social Support*
Authors: Neff Patricia E.
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of having a child diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on the social and emotional well‐being of fathers. While mothers have been carefully scrutinized in ADHD‐related literature, fathers have been largely excluded from research designs developed to explore the effects of raising a child with ADHD. Prior research has been primarily based on small, clinically referred and homogenous samples, often without comparisons or controls. This research utilizes a nationally representative sample from the 2001 U.S. National Health Interview Survey to determine differences between fathers of children with ADHD and control fathers and to analyze how the ADHD status of the child, problematic behavior, use of medication, and paternal social support influences fathers’ sense of well‐being. This research is also designed to determine whether there are child and family contexts in which the effect of ADHD status on paternal well‐being is moderated. Contrary to previous findings about the emotional and social burden associated with raising an ADHD child, few differences between fathers were found.
Marching Toward Reproductive Justice: Coalitional (Re) Framing of the March for Women’s Lives*
Authors: Luna Zakiya T.
Published: September 2010

This article examines how coalition frames develop and what happens to that frame after the formal coalition ends. To that end, I analyze the frame shift around the 2004 March for Women's Lives (March). The March initially focused on established ideas of reproductive rights around which the four national mainstream co‐sponsors previously organized. However, after a newer reproductive justice organization joined the coalition, material and organizing reflected a shift in framing to reproductive justice. How did this change happen? What are the impacts of this event for the women's movement? Through document analysis and interviews, I trace the negotiations that facilitated this framing shift. I argue that this new coalition frame translated into positive lasting changes in organizing for women's reproductive health even as the coalition dissolved and some of the tensions within the larger women's movement remain.
Beyond the Depleting Model of Parenting: Narratives of Childrearing and Change*
Authors: Silva Jennifer M. , Pugh Allison J.
Published: September 2010

A great deal of scholarship investigates the effects of parenting on adults who parent. While existing literature has identified the ways in which parenting affects parents adversely, we argue that more attention needs to be paid to how having children may enhance parents’ lives. Thus, we draw upon twenty‐four in‐depth interviews with young parents in order to investigate this process. First, we identify five ways in which parents say caregiving has changed their worldviews, relationships, and expectations, leading them to 1) erect barriers, 2) aspire for more, 3) view parenthood as a second chance, 4) hew a new path, and 5) make connections. Second, we uncover two central metaphors that parents rely on to explain the effect that having responsibility for children has had on their lives: the child as witness and the child as tether. We also point to future areas of investigation, arguing that only with an adequate understanding of what parenting does to parents can we understand what changing trends in families and inequality hold for ourselves and our futures.
Church, Place, and Crime: Latinos and Homicide in New Destinations*
Authors: Shihadeh Edward S. , Winters Lisa
Published: September 2010

Latinos are moving beyond traditional areas and settling in new, potentially disorganized destinations. Without an established immigrant community, new destinations appear to rely more on the local religious ecology to regulate community life and to keep crime low. We examine the link between religious ecology and Latino homicide victimization for traditional and new destination counties. We observe four findings. (1) A Catholic presence has no effect on Latino violence in the old and well‐organized traditional settlement areas. But in new Latino settlement areas, a Catholic presence substantially lowers violence against Latinos. In contrast, mainline Protestantism is linked to high levels of violence against Latinos in new destinations. (2) Previous claims that Latino communities are safe do not apply to new destinations, where Latinos are murdered at a high rate. (3) Previous claims that areas with high Latino immigration are safe for Latinos are not true for new destinations. (4) New Latino destinations offer little insulation from the effects of economic deprivation on violence. We discuss the implications of the findings.
Anti‐Americanism, Political Cartoons, and a Socio‐Geographic Imagination: An Invitation to Further Work*
Authors: Long Mark , Bunch Rick , Lloyd Robert E.
Published: September 2010

This research note synopsizes previous studies to present future directions for the measurement of anti‐Americanism within the United States and comparatively. We explain new vectors in our research design and posit new hypotheses for future research. The note highlights the importance of cross‐national investigation of anti‐Americanism, and suggests some methodological considerations in that endeavor.
Clinical and molecular insights into the hepatocellular carcinoma tumour marker des‐γ‐carboxyprothrombin
Authors: Inagaki Yoshinori , Tang Wei , Makuuchi Masatoshi , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Sugawara Yasuhiko , Kokudo Norihiro
Published: September 2010

Des‐γ‐carboxyprothrombin (DCP) is known as a tumour marker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Various tumour markers have been developed for serological diagnosis of cancers, including HCC, in order to increase the survival rate of cancer patients. The currently recommended combined testing of DCP and α‐fetoprotein (AFP) or Lens culinaris agglutinin‐reactive fraction of α‐fetoprotein has been established to diagnose HCC. This combined testing using several tumour markers helps to increase the sensitivity of diagnosis of HCC, thus significantly increasing the clinical usefulness of DCP. The excessive production of DCP may be related to worse tumour behaviour, such as the presence of vascular invasion and intrahepatic metastasis of HCC cells. A high level of DCP was suggested to be useful as one of the factors in new recipient selection criteria of liver transplantation. The clinical use of DCP, therefore, might play a vital role in predicting tumour behaviour in patients with HCC. That said, the basic mechanism of DCP production has not been fully clarified. Various factors such as vitamin K2 and γ‐glutamyl carboxylase may contribute to the production of DCP and have a complex relationship. Moreover, recent studies have revealed that DCP functions as a growth factor and might play significant roles in cancer progression. Thus, DCP represents a potential target of drug discovery to establish new chemotherapeutic strategy for HCC. However, various issues have to be resolved to construct a novel therapy for HCC‐targeting DCP. Innovation is required to make further progress in examining DCP.
The army ant Aenictus silvestrii and its related species in Southeast Asia, with a description of a new species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Aenictinae)
Authors: JAITRONG Weeyawat , YAMANE Seiki
Published: September 2010

Three species of Aenictus with reduced numbers of antennal segments (8–9) occur in Southeast Asia: A. jarujini sp. nov., A. latifemoratus and A. silvestrii. Aenictus latifemoratus is new to Java and Borneo, while A. silvestrii is recorded for the first time from Borneo.
Seasonal occurrence and diapause induction of a predatory bug Andrallus spinidens (F.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: SHINTANI Yoshinori , MASUZAWA Yuka , HIROSE Yuzuru , MIYAHARA Ryôhei , WATANABE Fumiya , TAJIMA Jun‐ya
Published: September 2010

The bug Andrallus spinidens (F.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) is a polyphagous predator of insect larvae, which is distributed in tropical and warm temperate zones worldwide. Seasonal occurrence and diapause induction of this bug were studied in a population in Miyazaki, southern Kyushu, Japan. The field research showed that A. spinidens produces three or four generations a year and is most abundant from mid‐summer to autumn. Reproductive activity of field‐collected adults decreased from late summer to autumn, indicating that this bug enters adult diapause in autumn. Only adults were found in early spring and these were reproductive. Laboratory experiments showed that, irrespective of photoperiod, adult diapause is induced at lower temperatures (≤22.5°C), whereas it is avoided at higher temperatures (≥25°C). Ambient temperature falls across the critical range from late summer to autumn. Thus, the bug clearly overwinters in adult diapause induced by low temperatures and this diapause is terminated during the course of winter.
Rearing the pale grass blue Zizeeria maha (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae): Toward the establishment of a lycaenid model system for butterfly physiology and genetics
Authors: HIYAMA Atsuki , IWATA Masaki , OTAKI Joji M.
Published: September 2010

Although some nymphalid butterflies have been intensively used to study mechanisms of the colour pattern formation on butterfly wings, lycaenid butterflies are equally attractive, having easily identifiable distinct spot patterns and highly diverse colour patterns among species. To establish a lycaenid model system for physiological and genetic experiments, we here describe a series of methods for rearing the Japanese pale grass blue Zizeeria maha (Kollar) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) in a small laboratory space with an artificial diet for generations. Adult individuals readily mated and oviposited in a small cage with sufficient light, flowers, and host plants. Eggs were harvested in the cage, and larvae were successfully reared to normal adults with an artificial diet made from fresh leaves (AD‐F), although they were smaller than those reared with a natural diet. Feeding an artificial diet made from dried leaves (AD‐D) frequently produced adult individuals with aberrant wing colour patterns. Using our rearing methods, it is now possible to rear this species in a laboratory and to establish specific strains for physiological and genetic experiments on the wing colour pattern development, diversity, and evolution.
Laboratory studies on the larval food habits of the ground beetleAmara(Curtonotus)gigantea(Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Zabrini)
Authors: SASAKAWA Kôji
Published: September 2010

Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) are important components of soil ecosystems in temperate zones, but our knowledge regarding the ecology of many species is limited. This study examined larval food habits in the ground beetleAmara(Curtonotus)gigantea(Motschulsky) using laboratory‐rearing experiments. Because this beetle is a member of the tribe Zabrini, which includes several species that exhibit granivory during larval and/or adult stages, three diet types were tested, with starvation as a control:Tenebriolarvae, mixed seeds (Bidens pilosa(Asteraceae),Setariaspp.,Digitaria ciliaris(both Poaceae), andHumulus scandens(Moraceae)), andTenebriolarvae + mixed seeds. Because of high larval mortality during overwintering under laboratory‐rearing conditions, survival and the duration of development through pre‐overwintering stages (first and second instars) were compared. Larvae fed the diet ofTenebriolarvae + mixed seeds showed the highest survival (89%), followed by the diet ofTenebriolarvae (83%), but the difference between the two treatments was not significant; similarly, developmental durations did not differ between these two diets. Larvae fed the mixed‐seeds diet showed markedly lower survival, and no larvae reached the second instar. Therefore, forA. gigantealarvae, animal food results in high larval performance, whereas seeds provide a low value diet; animal food is essential for larval development, but seeds provide no benefit, even as a dietary supplement. Overall, the present results suggest thatA. gigantealarvae are omnivorous but with a mainly carnivorous food habit.
Effects of genotype variation in the cultivated rice species on the biology and galling characteristics of the African rice gall midge,Orseolia oryzivora(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: OMOLOYE Adebayo A.
Published: September 2010

This study assessed the effects of genotype variations in two cultivated rice species:Oryza glaberrimaandOryza sativaon the biology and galling characteristics of the African rice gall midge (AfRGM),Orseolia oryzivoraHarris and Gagné. The study was conducted in the screen house at ambient temperature (27 ± 3°C), 70 ± 5% relative humidity and 12:12 h photoperiod. Shoot galling, the most visible response of rice genotypes to attack by the insect, was greatly suppressed, being only 0.7 cm long in theO. glaberrimagenotypes compared to 34 cm in theO. sativaspecies. Larval mortality (70–88%) in theO. glaberrimagenotypes was significantly higher at the first instar compared toO. sativa. Gall setting was confirmed to be an irredeemable tiller loss. Even in the susceptibleO. sativagenotypes, where many larvae may colonize a tiller, only one survived to the second instar. Resistant and susceptible rice genotypes had significantly different effects on the development and reproductive anatomy of the AfRGM. The female reproductive anatomy which consists of two ovaries, each with a potential complement of 192 eggs was affected by interspecific variation in rice genotypes causing reduced potential fecundity (32); morphological distortion, 60% reduction of egg size of F1 emergent inO. glaberrimacompared to emergent from the susceptibleO. sativagenotypes.